bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
OS DIREITOS PATRIMONIAIS DISPONÍVEIS COMO PRESSUPOSTO DE APLICAÇÃO DA CONSENSUALIDADE NA NLCC
Authors: Willeman Marianna Montebello , Farias Sara Jane Leite de
Published: October 2024

“O Estado, sempre que possível, promoverá a solução consensual de conflitos.” Essa regra contida no artigo 3º, § 2º, do atual Código de Processo Civil alcança os processos em âmbito judicial, administrativo e em sede de controle. Diante da pluralidade de eixos temáticos decorrentes da normatividade da consensualidade, este estudo busca tratar da gestão de conflitos na seara contratual, a partir da interpretação do conteúdo do artigo 151 na Nova Lei de Licitações e Contratos – Lei n. 14.333/2021, segundo o qual a aplicação dos instrumentos aptos a esse fim deve estar atrelada às controvérsias relacionadas aos direitos patrimoniais disponíveis, expressão que constitui um conceito jurídico indeterminado, demandando, assim, uma delimitação de seu alcance sob a ótica da racionalidade jurídica e também econômica, que devem nortear os contratos administrativos.
TECNOLOGIA, GOVERNO DIGITAL E A NOVA LEI DE LICITAÇÕES
Authors: Iwakura Cristiane Rodrigues , Cabral Flávio Garcia , Sarai Leandro
Published: October 2024

A introdução das novas tecnologias para a realização dos serviços públicos trouxe uma série de impactos na Administração Pública, que justificaram o processo de modernização normativa focado na desburocratização, simplificação e busca pela eficiência nas vias digitais. Neste contexto de Governo Digital, o objetivo do artigo é analisar como essas inovações repercutem na nova Lei de Licitações e Contratos Administrativos, Lei nº 14.133/2021, a partir de uma metodologia descritiva de caráter exploratório, com base em pesquisa bibliográfica e usando, como principal fonte de pesquisa, o texto legal. O resultado da pesquisa revelou que, especificamente em relação às contratações públicas, a tecnologia figura sob quatro diferentes aspectos na nova Lei: como instrumento processual, ferramenta de gestão, objeto de contratação e meio de fiscalização e controle. Quanto a esse último aspecto, constatou-se que o poder informacional e os potenciais tecnológicos podem contribuir para a melhoria da acessibilidade, comunicação e transparência nos serviços públicos prestados, em sintonia com as disposições da Lei de Governo Digital – a Lei nº 14.129/2021, que, por sua vez, possui direta relação com as atividades de controle externo, trazendo efeitos positivos para o desenvolvimento dos mecanismos de governança, fiscalização e accountability.
CIDADES INTELIGENTES E A GESTÃO PÚBLICA MUNICIPAL
Authors: Lengruber Marília de Andrade
Published: October 2024

Este trabalho busca identificar, por meio da apresentação e análise de experiências em curso, alguns dos modos pelos quais a moderna noção de Cidades Inteligentes pode contribuir para a gestão municipal e na consequente ampliação do bem-estar dos seus cidadãos, com foco na replicação de ideias e práticas. O crescimento populacional das áreas urbanas e a consequente ampliação da demanda por espaço e serviços públicos são desafios a serem enfrentados pelos gestores municipais no futuro próximo. As Cidades Inteligentes constituem uma gama de soluções para esses problemas, com a predominância do uso de ferramentas tecnológicas, além de criatividade, inovação, participação popular e sustentabilidade. A seleção das experiências que serviram de base ao presente estudo partiu de um índice especializado, o “Ranking Connected Smart Cities: cidades inteligentes, humanas e sustentáveis”, tendo em conta, ainda, a faixa populacional dos municípios analisados. A metodologia empregada envolve a revisão da literatura disponível e a coleta de dados, numa análise qualitativa com finalidade descritiva. Os resultados esperados, sem ignorar os desafios e sem pretender esgotar o debate, são no sentido de fomentar a inovação e demonstrar as diversas possibilidades que envolvem a construção de uma Cidade Inteligente.
REVISÃO DE CONTRATOS DE CONCESSÃO EMRAZÃO DA COVID-19
Authors: Nunes Hudson Hipólito Ferreira , Pelech Junior Jones de Azevedo , Gomes Leonardo Cesar
Published: October 2024

A pandemia impôs grande alteração na rotina da população e relevante modificação das bases estabelecidas nos contratos administrativos, especialmente aqueles de longo prazo. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar as principais ferramentas utilizadas na aferição do equilíbrio (ou desequilíbrio) econômico-financeiro dos contratos de concessão, considerando os efeitos da pandemia de Covid-19. Adicionalmente, são formuladas recomendações úteis para gestores públicos em eventuais pleitos de reequilíbrio econômico-financeiro.
Projection neurons are necessary for the maintenance of the mouse olfactory circuit
Authors: Sánchez-Guardado Luis , Razavi Peyman , Wang Bo , Callejas-Marín Antuca , Lois Carlos
Published: October 2024

The assembly and maintenance of neural circuits is crucial for proper brain function. Although the assembly of brain circuits has been extensively studied, much less is understood about the mechanisms controlling their maintenance as animals mature. In the olfactory system, the axons of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) expressing the same odor receptor converge into discrete synaptic structures of the olfactory bulb (OB) called glomeruli, forming a stereotypic odor map. The OB projection neurons, called mitral and tufted cells (M/Ts), have a single dendrite that branches into a single glomerulus, where they make synapses with OSNs. We used a genetic method to progressively eliminate the vast majority of M/T cells in early postnatal mice, and observed that the assembly of the OB bulb circuits proceeded normally. However, as the animals became adults the apical dendrite of remaining M/Ts grew multiple branches that innervated several glomeruli, and OSNs expressing single odor receptors projected their axons into multiple glomeruli, disrupting the olfactory sensory map. Moreover, ablating the M/Ts in adult animals also resulted in similar structural changes in the projections of remaining M/Ts and axons from OSNs. Interestingly, the ability of these mice to detect odors was relatively preserved despite only having 1-5% of projection neurons transmitting odorant information to the brain, and having highly disrupted circuits in the OB. These results indicate that a reduced number of projection neurons does not affect the normal assembly of the olfactory circuit, but induces structural instability of the olfactory circuitry of adult animals.
Large-scale analysis of the integration of enhancer-enhancer signals by promoters
Authors: Martinez-Ara Miguel , Comoglio Federico , van Steensel Bas
Published: October 2024

Genes are often regulated by multiple enhancers. It is poorly understood how the individual enhancer activities are combined to control promoter activity. Anecdotal evidence has shown that enhancers can combine sub-additively, additively, synergistically, or redundantly. However, it is not clear which of these modes are more frequent in mammalian genomes. Here, we systematically tested how pairs of enhancers activate promoters using a three-way combinatorial reporter assay in mouse embryonic stem cells. By assaying about 69,000 enhancer-enhancer-promoter combinations we found that enhancer pairs generally combine near-additively. This behaviour was conserved across seven developmental promoters tested. Surprisingly, these promoters scale the enhancer signals in a non-linear manner that depends on promoter strength. A housekeeping promoter showed an overall different response to enhancer pairs, and a smaller dynamic range. Thus, our data indicate that enhancers mostly act additively, but promoters transform their collective effect non-linearly.
Nicotine enhances the stemness and tumorigenicity in intestinal stem cells via Hippo-YAP/TAZ and Notch signal pathway
Authors: Isotani Ryosuke , Igarashi Masaki , Miura Masaomi , Naruse Kyoko , Kuranami Satoshi , Katoh Manami , Nomura Seitaro , Yamauchi Toshimasa
Published: October 2024

Cigarette smoking is a well-known risk factor inducing the development and progression of various diseases. Nicotine (NIC) is the major constituent of cigarette smoke. However, knowledge of the mechanism underlying the NIC-regulated stem cell functions is limited. In this study, we demonstrate that NIC increases the abundance and proliferative activity of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) in vivo and ex vivo. Moreover, NIC induces Yes-associated protein (YAP) /Transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) and Notch signaling in ISCs via α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAchR) and protein kinase C (PKC) activation; this effect was not detected in Paneth cells. The inhibition of Notch signaling by dibenzazepine (DBZ) nullified the effects of NIC on ISCs. NIC enhances in vivo tumor formation from ISCs after loss of the tumor suppressor gene Apc, DBZ inhibited NIC-induced tumor growth. Hence, this study identifies a NIC-triggered pathway regulating the stemness and tumorigenicity of ISCs and suggests the use of DBZ as a potential therapeutic strategy for treating intestinal tumors.
Cortical beta oscillations map to shared brain networks modulated by dopamine
Authors: Chikermane Meera , Weerdmeester Liz , Rajamani Nanditha , Köhler Richard M , Merk Timon , Vanhoecke Jonathan , Horn Andreas , Neumann Wolf-Julian
Published: October 2024

Brain rhythms can facilitate neural communication for the maintenance of brain function. Beta rhythms (13–35 Hz) have been proposed to serve multiple domains of human ability, including motor control, cognition, memory and ewmotion, but the overarching organisational principles remain unknown. To uncover the circuit architecture of beta oscillations, we leverage normative brain data, analysing over 30 hours of invasive brain signals from 1772 channels from cortical areas in epilepsy patients, to demonstrate that beta is the most distributed cortical brain rhythm. Next, we identify a shared brain network from beta dominant areas with deeper brain structures, like the basal ganglia, by mapping parametrised oscillatory peaks to whole-brain functional and structural MRI connectomes. Finally, we show that these networks share significant overlap with dopamine uptake as indicated by positron emission tomography. Our study suggests that beta oscillations emerge in cortico-subcortical brain networks that are modulated by dopamine. It provides the foundation for a unifying circuit-based conceptualisation of the functional role of beta activity beyond the motor domain and may inspire an extended investigation of beta activity as a feedback signal for closed-loop neurotherapies for dopaminergic disorders.
Seed priming enhances seed germination and plant growth in four neglected cultivars of Capsicum annuum L.
Authors: Granata Angelo , Capozzi Fiore , Gaglione Anna , Riccardi Riccardo , Spigno Patrizia , Giordano Simonetta , Sorrentino Maria Cristina , Spagnuolo Valeria
Published: October 2024

Priming is basically a water-based technique inducing controlled seed rehydration to trigger the metabolic processes normally activated during the early phase of germination. It is regarded as an ecofriendly approach alternative to fertilizers in traditional agriculture, but also a method to synchronize off-field crops and resume stored seeds, improving vigor, and allowing for a rapid, uniform seedling emergence. In this work we tested several methods of seed priming (i.e., hydro-priming, halopriming by KNO3, and acid priming with HCl) in four ancient and neglected cultivars of Capsicum annuum L., a crop species belonging to Solanaceae family cultivated worldwide. We followed germination performance, seedling growth and selected morphological traits, antioxidant production in the leaves, and protein content of the seeds. Apart from acid priming, which inhibited root emergence, both hydropriming and halopriming decreased the mean germination time in all cultivars. The best treatments were KNO3 6% for 96 h > KNO3 4% for 48 h > hydropriming for 24 h. In particular, KNO3 6% for 96 h in all four cultivars significantly increased plant growth, simple vigor index, development germination index, leaf antioxidant concentration and protein content in the seeds, in comparison to control and other priming treatments, indicating the prompt activation of pre-germinative processes.
Ischemic Stroke Unveiling Takayasu Arteritis Complicated by Coronary Arteritis: A Case Study
Authors: Abdellah BOUCETTA , Ismail EL FAKIHI , Obeida SALEH , Maha BOUZIANE , Meriem HABOUB , Rachida HABBAL
Published: October 2024

Context: We present the case of a 38-year-old woman admitted for ischemic stroke. Etiological evaluation revealed halo signs on transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), suggestive of Takayasu arteritis.
Case Presentation: During hospitalization, the patient developed chest pain, elevated troponin levels (300 ng/L), left ventricular hypokinesia on echocardiography, and T-wave inversions on electrocardiogram (ECG), indicating coronary arteritis. High-dose corticosteroid therapy led to rapid improvement in inflammatory markers. The diagnosis of Takayasu arteritis was confirmed based on the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria. This case highlights the variable clinical presentation of Takayasu arteritis, including coronary involvement, and underscores the effectiveness of corticosteroid therapy in controlling inflammation.
Conclusion: Takayasu arteritis, though rare, can manifest with ischemic stroke and coronary arteritis. Prompt recognition and corticosteroid treatment are essential in managing this potentially life-threatening condition.
Influence of Seed Priming Treatments on Plant Growth Parameters of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)
Authors: Dixit Ravi , Maurya C L , Yadav V. K. , Singh P. K. , Kumar Anil , Kushwaha Parash , Babu Keshav
Published: October 2024

The effects of different seed priming treatments, namelytap water, KNO3 @ 2.5%, Thiourea @ 1000 ppm, CaCl2 @ 2%, Nacl2 @ 2%, ZnSo4 @ 1%, KH2PO4 @ 1% and Salicylic acid @ 100 ppm solutions, on plant growthparameters of Barley cv. K-1055 and K-409 in Factorial Randomized Block Design with three replications were investigated during Rabi 2022-23 and 2023-24 at Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur. Analysis of variance revealed that the plant growth parameters were significantly affected by various seed priming treatments. Priming with Thiourea @ 1000 ppm significantlyincreased the plant growth parameters.
Aktuelle BFH-Judikatur zu Verlusten nach § 15a EStG – Bestandsaufnahme und Gestaltungsüberlegungen
Authors: Prinz Ulrich
Published: October 2024

Der IV. Senat des BFH hat in jüngerer Zeit drei wichtige Urteile zu Detailfragen bei Verlusten nach § 15a EStG veröffentlicht, die im Beitrag analysiert und eingeordnet werden. Im Ergebnis werden nach Meinung des BFH einerseits verrechenbare Verluste nach § 15a Abs. 4 EStG bei Mitunternehmerkapitalgesellschaften nicht durch § 8c KStG beschädigt; des Weiteren ist der fiktive Gewinn i.S.d. § 15a Abs. 3 EStG auch bei unterjährigem Gesellschafterwechsel nicht beteiligungs-, sondern gesellschafterbezogen zuzurechnen. Beide Urteile sind aus Sicht der Praxis im Ergebnis erfreulich. Andererseits hält der BFH eine Aufwärtsabfärbung gem. § 15 Abs. 3 Nr. 1 EStG bei einer vermögensverwaltenden Oberpersonengesellschaft auch bei nur verrechenbaren Verlusten einer gewerblichen Unterpersonengesellschaft für geboten. Die Praxis muss hier einmal mehr äußerst umsichtig gestalten. Die aktuelle BFH-Judikatur weist aus Praktikersicht also „Licht und Schatten“ auf, ist dessen ungeachtet aber stets von systematischen Erwägungen im Rahmen transparenter Besteuerungsgrundsätze getragen.
Tagungs- und Diskussionsbericht zum 92. Berliner Steuergespräch am 16.9.2024 „Aktuelle Probleme und Perspektiven der Kapitalertragsteuer“
Authors: Richter Andreas , Welling Berthold
Published: October 2024

Der Fokus des 92. Steuergesprächs zu aktuellen Problemen und Perspektiven der Kapitalertragsteuer lag auf einer konstruktiven Diskussion. Das Problem der überlangen Bearbeitungsdauern von Freistellungs- und Erstattungsverfahren war durch die kleine Anfrage der CDU/CSU-Bundestagsfraktion offengelegt worden. Hierzu ging man besonders auf die Perspektiven und Lösungsansätze ein. Besondere Brisanz hat das Thema der Erstattung von Kapitalertragsteuer erst durch die Cum-Ex-Fälle und die weniger prominenten Cum-Cum-Fälle erlangt. Diese sollten im Rahmen des Steuergesprächs aber ausgeklammert werden, da die Kommission beim Bundesfinanzministerium sich in ihrem fast 300-seitigen Zwischenbericht Anfang des Jahres bereits ausreichend damit beschäftigt und sich das Gesetz an den relevanten Stellen bereits geändert hat. Thema des Steuergesprächs waren daher der aktuelle Stand von Reformvorschlägen zur Kapitalertragsteuer und deren Vereinbarkeit miteinander sowie ihre Umsetzbarkeit.
Substrate‐induced structural alterations of Mycobacterial mycothione reductase and critical residues involved
Authors: Kumar Arvind , Subramanian Manimekalai Malathy Sony , Grüber Gerhard
Published: January 2018

Redox homeostasis is a prerequisite for survival of the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) which employs the low molecular weight thiol mycothiol (MSH). The Mycobacterial NADPH‐dependent mycothione reductase (MtMtr), composed of an NADPH‐, FAD‐, and a dimerization‐domain connected by linkers, regulates the balance of oxidized–reduced MSH. Here, we demonstrate by small‐angle X‐ray scattering, that NADPH‐binding alters the oligomeric state equilibrium of the protein with no significant overall structural change after MSH‐binding. Mutation of critical residues in the linker regions of MtMtr eliminate partially or totally the NADPH‐induced oligomerization effect with simultaneous effect on enzyme activity. The data provide insight into the MtMtr linker regions involved in the novel oligomerization equilibrium of the Mycobacterial enzyme.
A robust gene signature for the prediction of early relapse in stage I–III colon cancer
Authors: Dai Weixing , Li Yaqi , Mo Shaobo , Feng Yang , Zhang Long , Xu Ye , Li Qingguo , Cai Guoxiang
Published: January 2018

Colon cancer patients experiencing early relapse consistently exhibited poor survival. The aim of our study was to develop an mRNA signature that can help to detect early relapse cases in stage I–III colon cancer. Public microarray datasets of stage I–III colon cancer samples were extracted from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Propensity score matching analysis was performed between patients in the early relapse group and the long‐term survival group from GSE39582 discovery series (N = 386), and patients were 1 : 1 matched. Global mRNA expression changes were then analyzed between the paired groups to identify the differentially expressed genes. Lasso Cox regression modeling analysis was conducted for the selection of prognostic mRNA. Fifteen mRNA were finally identified to build an early relapse classifier. With specific risk score formula, patients were classified into a high‐risk group and a low‐risk group. Relapse‐free survival was significantly different between the two groups in every series, including discovery [hazard ratio (HR): 2.547, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.708–3.797, P < 0.001)], internal validation (HR: 5.146, 95% CI: 1.968–13.457, P < 0.001), and external validation (HR: 1.977, 95% CI: 1.295–3.021, P < 0.001) sets of patients. Time‐dependent receiver‐operating characteristic at 1 year suggested more prognostic accuracy of the classifier [area under curve (AUC = 0.703)] than the American Joint Commission on Cancer tumor–node–metastasis staging system (AUC = 0.659) in all 951 patients. In conclusion, we developed a robust mRNA signature that can effectively classify colon cancer patients into groups with low and high risks of early relapse. This mRNA signature may help select high‐risk colon cancer patients who require more aggressive therapeutic intervention.
U.S. Hail Frequency and the Global Wind Oscillation
Authors: Gensini Vittorio A. , Allen John T.
Published: January 2018

Changes in Earth relative atmospheric angular momentum can be described by an index known as the Global Wind Oscillation. This global index accounts for changes in Earth's atmospheric budget of relative angular momentum through interactions of tropical convection anomalies, extratropical dynamics, and engagement of surface torques (e.g., friction and mountain). It is shown herein that U.S. hail events are more (less) likely to occur in low (high) atmospheric angular momentum base states when excluding weak Global Wind Oscillation days, with the strongest relationships found in the boreal spring and fall. Severe, significant severe, and giant hail events are more likely to occur during Global Wind Oscillation phases 8, 1, 2, and 3 during the peak of U.S. severe weather season. Lower frequencies of hail events are generally found in Global Wind Oscillation phases 4–7 but vary based on Global Wind Oscillation amplitude and month. In addition, probabilistic anomalies of atmospheric ingredients supportive of hail producing supercell thunderstorms closely mimic locations of reported hail frequency, helping to corroborate report results.
Inhibition ofDNAmethyltransferase leads to increased genomic 5‐hydroxymethylcytosine levels in hematopoietic cells
Authors: Vető Borbála , Szabó Pál , Bacquet Caroline , Apró Anna , Hathy Edit , Kiss Judit , Réthelyi János M. , Szeri Flóra , Szüts Dávid , Arányi Tamás
Published: January 2018

5‐Hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) is produced from 5‐methylcytosine (5mC) by Ten‐eleven translocation (TET) dioxygenases. The epigenetic modification 5hmC has crucial roles in both cellular development and differentiation. The 5hmC level is particularly high in the brain. While 5mC is generally associated with gene silencing/reduced expression, 5hmC is a more permissive epigenetic mark. To understand its physiological function, an easy and accurate quantification method is required. Here, we have developed a novelLC‐MS/MS‐based approach to quantify both genomic 5mC and 5hmC contents. The method is based on the liberation of nucleobases by formic acid. Applying this method, we characterized the levels ofDNAmethylation and hydroxymethylation in mouse brain and liver, primary hepatocytes, and various cell lines. Using this approach, we confirm that the treatment of different cell lines with theDNAmethyltransferase inhibitor 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine leads to a decrease in 5mC content. This decrease was accompanied by an increase in 5hmC levels in cell lines of hematopoietic origin. Finally, we showed that ascorbate elevates the levels of 5hmC and augments the effect of 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine without significantly influencing 5mC levels.
Alkanolamine – Methode zur Bestimmung von 11 Alkanolaminen in der Luft am Arbeitsplatz mittels Ionenchromatographie [Air Monitoring Methods in German language, 2018]
Authors: Breuer D. , Blaskowitz M. , Eshlaghi Ansari P. , Hebisch R. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2018

This analytical method is a validated measurement procedure for the limit value monitoring of 11 alkanolamines such as 2‐aminoethanol, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, aminomethyl propanol, 2‐dimethylaminoethanol, diglycolamin, methyl diethanolamine, 4‐amino‐1‐butanol, (s)‐3‐amino‐1,2‐propanediol, 1‐aminopropan‐2‐ol and 2‐amino‐2‐methyl‐1,3‐propanediol in workplace air. Sampling is performed by drawing a defined volume of air through a quartz fibre filter impregnated with methanesulfonic acid. The filter is positioned in a GSP sampling head which comply with the requirement of EN 481 for inhalable aerosol and EN 13936 for particle/vapour mixtures. The flow rate is set to 0.5 L/min with a recommended air sample volume of 60 L. After solvent extraction the sample solution is analysed by means of ion chromatography with conductivity detection. The quantitative determination of the alkanolamines is based on calibration functions obtained by means of multiple‐point calibrations. The limit of quantification for an individual alkanolamine is in the range from 0.087 to 0.58 mg/m3.
Probenahme und Analyse von Stoffen und Stoffgemischen, die gleichzeitig als Dampf und Partikel in der Luft am Arbeitsplatz vorkommen können [Air Monitoring Methods in German language, 2018]
Authors: Breuer D. , Dragan C.G. , Hebisch R. , Bartsch R. , Giesen Y. , Krämer W. , Nitschke L. , Nitz G. , Pannwitz K.‐H. , Tschickardt M. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2018

Due to their physical properties semi‐volatile substances can occur as particle/vapour mixtures in workplace air. Such mixtures are formed, e. g. as a result of mechanical processes such as the processing of metals or ceramics, during dipping processes in electroplating or during spraying processes. For that reason workplace air measurements must be carried out with a suitable sampling system for the collection of particles and vapours in workplace air. This report sets out the general principles of the physical behaviour of airborne aerosols and explains the different toxic effects of both phases by inhalation. Sampling strategies for collection of particle/vapour mixtures in workplace air using generally accepted combined sampling systems are described. In addition, several approved sampling heads and sampling systems such as GSP, GSP‐Mini, GGP/GGP‐U are presented. Influences on the measurement results such as temperature, humidity, sampling, transport and storage are discussed and the calculation of the expanded uncertainty when measuring these special kinds of substances is explained.
Addendum to Nitrobenzene [BAT Value Documentation, 2017]
Authors: Leng G. , Bolt H.M. , Drexler H. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2018

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated nitrobenzene (CAS No
98‐95‐3
) in 2016, considering aniline released from aniline‐haemoglobin conjugate to characterize the internal exposure and the methaemoglobin formation as critical effect.

After inhalative exposure, high nitrobenzene concentrations cause adenomas and carcinomas in liver, kidney and thyroid in rats as well as lung and mamma in mice. A MAK value of 0.1 ml nitrobenzene/m
3
was established. For the haemoglobin adduct of nitrobenzene, a BLW (biological guidance value) of 100 µg aniline (released from aniline‐haemoglobin conjugate)/l blood corresponding to a methaemoglobin formation of 5% was evaluated based on field studies.
Formamide, dimethylformamide – Determination of formamide in urine by gas chromatography mass spectrometry [Biomonitoring Methods, 2018]
Authors: Scherer G. , Gilch G. , Aust B. , Blaszkewicz M. , Göen T. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2018

The working group “Analyses in Biological Materials” of the Permanent Senate Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area verified the presented biomonitoring method.

The method described herein allows the determination of formamide in urine by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). Due to its sensitivity, this method is suitable for the detection of occupational and environmental exposure to formamide. For the analytical determination 1 mL of urine is lyophilised after being spiked with
13
C,
15
N‐formamide as the internal standard. The lyophilisate is extracted with 200 µL methanol. After centrifugation, 1 µL of the extract is injected into a GC‐MS system. The method was extensively validated and the reliability data were confirmed by an independent laboratory, which has established and cross‐checked the whole procedure.
Methylvinylether [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2018

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) and the Pregnancy Risk Group of methyl vinyl ether [
107‐25‐5
].

There are no new data. Methyl vinyl ether was assessed in two 28 day inhalation studies, the first with 5 male and 5 female rats each and concentrations of 0, 500, 3500, 25 000 ml/m
3
and a second with 10 male rats each and concentrations of 0, 150, 500, 1500 ml/m
3
. In the first study 3500 ml/m
3
was the systemic NOAEC for females and local NOAEC for males and females. In male rats, changes in haematological and clinico‐chemical parameters were observed in all exposure groups independent of the concentration. These effects could not be reproduced in the second study. At 3500 ml/m
3
the body weight gain of male rats was reduced. This reduction was not seen in the second study with a higher number of animals. Therefore the commission now evaluates the effects at 3500 ml/m
3
as incidental, maybe due to the lower number of animals, and defined 3500 ml/m
3
as NOAEC. As the margin of the MAK value of 200 ml/m
3
to slight effects at 25 000 ml/m
3
is large enough it also accounts for the increased respiratory volume at the workplace (the blood:air partition coefficient of methyl vinyl ether is > 5; see List of MAK‐ and BAT values chapters I b and I c). Therefore the MAK value of 200 ml/m
3
is confirmed.

Since a systemic effect is critical, Peak Limitation Category II is retained. No data concerning half‐life are available; therefore the default excursion factor of 2 is confirmed.

For rats, the NOAEC for developmental toxicity after inhalation is 5000 ml methyl vinyl ether/m
3
, at 10 000 ml/m
3
variations and retarded ossification were observed. Even considering the increased respiratory volume at the workplace the difference of the NOAEC for developmental toxicity to the MAK value is sufficient so that methyl vinyl ether remains assigned to Pregnancy Risk Group C.
1,2‐Benzisothiazol‐3(2H)‐on [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2018

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated 1,2‐benzisothiazol‐3(2H)‐one [
2634‐33‐5
] considering all toxicological endpoints. Available publications are described in detail.

Critical effect of 1,2‐benzisothiazol‐3(2H)‐one is its strong irritancy seen in the rabbit eye test. Irritation of the respiratory tract after inhalation was not investigated but is to be expected. As there are no inhalation studies available, the derivation of a maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) for 1,2‐benzisothiazol‐3(2H)‐one is still not possible and the substance remains assigned to chapter II b of the List of MAK and BAT values.

In three prenatal toxicity studies in rats with gavage application, 1,2‐benzisothiazol‐3(2H)‐one results in reduced foetal body weights and delayed ossifications at 73 or 90 mg/kg body weight and day. The NOAELs for developmental toxicity are 29, 30, and 55 mg/kg body weight and day.

1,2‐Benzisothiazol‐3(2H)‐one is a skin sensitizer and therefore remains designated with “Sh”. It is not genotoxic and valid carcinogenicity studies are lacking. Skin contact is not expected to contribute significantly to systemic toxicity.
1,2‐Dihydro‐2,2,4‐trimethylchinolin, polymer [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2018

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated 1,2‐dihydro‐2,2,4‐trimethylquinoline, polymer [
26780‐96‐1
], an UVCB substance (“Unknown, of variable composition, or of biological origin”), considering all toxicological endpoints. Available publications and unpublished study reports are described in detail.

Critical effect is the liver toxicity observed in rats after 13‐week inhalative exposure resulting in a LOAEC of 15 mg/m
3
and 2‐year oral exposure with a NOAEL of 3.1 mg/kg body weight and day. In studies with rabbits the polymer does not irritate the eyes or skin. No maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) can be derived, as the compositions of the polymers used in the studies are unknown.

1,2‐Dihydro‐2,2,4‐trimethylquinoline, polymer, is neither mutagenic in vitro nor carcinogenic. Genotoxicity studies in vivo are not available. 1,2‐Dihydro‐2,2,4‐trimethylquinoline, polymer, shows developmental toxicity in rats at an oral dose of 300 mg/kg body weight and day which is toxic to the dams.

Skin contact is not expected to contribute significantly to systemic toxicity. Limited data show no sensitization.
Calciumbis(dinonylnaphthalinsulfonat) [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2018

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated dinonylnaphthalene sulfonic acid, calcium salt [
57855‐77‐3
], to derive a maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value), considering all toxicological endpoints. Available publications are described in detail. As the substance is irritating to rabbit eyes an irritating potential for the respiration tract of humans has to be assumed. Inhalation studies are lacking. Therefore, a MAK value could not be derived and the substance is assigned to Section II b of the List of MAK and BAT values. Data on the genotoxic potential is not available. The analogous barium salt is not genotoxic. Carcinogenicity studies and data on the potential of contact sensitization in humans are lacking. A Buehler test in guinea pigs has some limitations due to incomplete information on composition and purity of the test substance. Skin contact is not expected to contribute significantly to systemic toxicity.
tert‐Butanol [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2018

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the Pregnancy Risk Group of
tert
‐butyl alcohol [
75‐65‐0
].

In rats, fetal weights were reduced at 2000 ml/m
3
, the LOAEC for developmental toxicity after inhalation. A 95 % lower confidence limit of the benchmark dose for developmental toxicity of 1600 ml/m
3
was calculated. After now considering the increased respiratory volume at the workplace (see List of MAK and BAT values, chapters I b and I c) this concentration corresponds to 800 ml/m
3
at the workplace. The difference to the MAK value of 20 ml/m
3
is still sufficient so that damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely when the MAK value is observed.
tert
‐Butyl alcohol remains assigned to Pregnancy Risk Group C.

In a screening study based on OECD guideline 421 the NOAEL for fetotoxicity is 400 mg/kg body weight and day in rats. After toxicokinetic scaling this dose corresponds to a concentration of 233 ml/m
3
at the workplace. The difference between the NOAEL for fetotoxicity for rats and the MAK value of 20 ml/m
3
confirms the assignment to Pregnancy Risk Group C.

For mice, no NOAEL for developmental toxicity was obtained. At the LOAEL for developmental toxicity after gavage of 1600 mg/kg body weight and day, increased numbers of resorptions and reduced litter size, but no malformations occurred. After toxicokinetic scaling this dose corresponds to a concentration of 553 ml/m
3
at the workplace. The difference between the LOAEL for developmental toxicity for mice and the MAK value does not contradict the retention of the assignment to Pregnancy Risk Group C, particularly as a bolus administration (gavage) is considered to be a worst case compared with a continuous exposure at the workplace.
Calculation Methods for Vibration and Structure‐Borne Noise
Authors: Smith Malcolm G. , Roberts Simon N.
Published: January 2018

This article provides a review of prediction methods for vibration and structure‐borne noise on board ships and off‐shore platforms. Used at the design stage, these can help to ensure that a vessel is fit for purpose with respect to health, safety, comfort, and reliability criteria. The main focus is on predicting the level of vibration caused by on‐board machinery, and the design of effective methods of vibration control.

In the early stages of design, models of idealized structures may be appropriate. For many structures, however, more realistic numerical models are required. At low frequencies, this means finite element modeling, while for predictions of high‐frequency structure‐borne noise around the vessel, statistical energy analysis is used.
Service Performance and Operational Issues
Authors: Carlton John
Published: January 2018

This article examines the factors that influence the performance of ships when in service. It considers the effects of weather and fouling on resistance in addition to consideration of the options for hull coatings. Hull surface condition is also discussed. From these basic considerations, methods are then introduced to analyze ship performance data. Additionally, some consideration is also given to the influence of fouling and mechanical deterioration of the propeller on performance.
Wave Energy
Authors: Weber Jochem W.
Published: January 2018

After reflecting on the history of ocean wave energy research and technology development, the most prominent classification schemes for wave energy converter (WEC) technology concepts are produced, highlighting the diversity of WEC technologies that were or are under development at different levels of maturity and intensity. Three advanced WEC technology examples are provided in this article. The ocean wave energy resource is addressed with respect to its global energy potential, local variability, and issues associated with the established forms of spectral power presentation. The spectrum of theoretical modeling approaches is described, along with the range of simulation tasks and related tools. This article also covers the specific aspects of the physical modeling and scaled model testing of WES systems and subsystems. Following a comparison of the engineering and design challenges of wave energy and wind energy technology development, the WEC technology development status and process is described and analyzed. Finally, the requirements for successful WEC technology development for achieving economic WEC technology and energy production under commercial conditions are discussed, including a number of possible development and innovation pathways.
Dredging and Shallow Water Mining
Authors: van Muijen Henk
Published: January 2018

Dredging is a cheap method of bulk handling large volumes of material. The high single unit throughput makes it therefore attractive for wet mining applications.

Dredging has a long history, but societal trends led to innovative dredging applications and required technology innovation since the 1980s. Important applications are construction and maintenance of ports and waterways, land reclamation, coastal protection, offshore applications and renewables, environmental cleanup, and dredge mining.

Different types of dredging equipment exist of which designs are adapted to site constraints and soil conditions. For dredge mining applications, the equipment has to be adapted additionally to long‐term projects and often directly connected processing steps. Important dredge mining applications are inland based.

Shallow water mining is actually executed on drowned land‐based deposits, and besides the specific dredge mining constraints, the equipment and operation have to be adjusted to the marine environment. In this article, a number of examples are described such as tin, gold, and diamond mining; shell and reclamation sand extraction; and gravel winning.

As dredge mining is performed in a sensitive environment, sustainability is of essence. Both operational and technology development are focused on minimization of environmental impact.
Introduction to Nondestructive Testing and Condition Monitoring
Authors: Shorten Daniel C.
Published: January 2018

The marine industry seeks to design, build, operate, and dispose of its assets in an efficient and responsible way. In order to do so, intelligence must be gathered to allow informed decisions to be made. These decisions can assess component quality at manufacturer or detail a systems operational performance in use or indeed at many other phases within the asset life cycle. The performance of testing and the analysis of salient features can give rise to knowledge that can be used to avoid issues and/or to add value in operation. Dependent on the intended outcomes, these are often referred to as either nondestructive testing or condition monitoring. As data acquisition becomes more routine, these descriptions begin to blur; however for the purposes of this chapter, it is considered a useful exercise to be reminded about how these areas of technology developed and how they may continue to provide useful insight.
Port Efficiency and Performance Benchmarking
Authors: Bichou Khalid
Published: January 2018

This article reviews the main approaches and techniques for port performance and efficiency, highlights several shortcomings of the contemporary literature on the subject, and emphasizes the need to bridge the gap between theory and port practice. By laying the emphasis on the technology variations in port equipment and handling systems, the procedural differences in terminal operations, the network structure of port and terminal systems, and the interplay between controllable and uncontrollable factors, we demonstrate why such aspects must be taken into account when conducting empirical studies on port benchmarking and efficiency.

In this article, we review the literature on port performance and point out its shortcomings with a view to link theory with port practice. The focus of the discussion is on the potential distortions stemming from both the limitations of the selected methodology and the difficulty to incorporate port practice into performance benchmarking models.
The Port Security Framework
Authors: Bichou Khalid
Published: January 2018

Since the terrorist attacks in the United States in September 2001, the international community has acknowledged the new security threats to maritime trading and transportation systems and the need for an improved regulatory regime. As a result, several frameworks aimed at enhancing maritime and port security have been introduced, with a special emphasis being placed on protecting the vulnerability of containerized sea‐trade operations. In this article, we outline port‐related new security initiatives and review the literature on compliance and procedural costs.
Port Logistics and Hinterland Development
Authors: Bichou Khalid
Published: January 2018

In recent years, the inland component of the port system has become a key factor in shaping performance and competitive strategies of seaports. Physical and capacity constraints at berths, along with the trend of optimization and standardization of quayside operations, suggest that more focus must be placed on land‐interface logistics operations. On the one hand, the increase in trade volumes and the emergence of new distribution patterns mean that the demand on port seashore infrastructure (and the immediate land behind it) is nearing capacity, hence the need to expand landwise to accommodate future volume growth and logistics‐driven capacity requirements. On the other hand, reported inefficiencies in ports indicate that landside logistics operations are far behind their optimal efficiency, with most observed malfunctions (unproductive moves, congestions, delays, etc.) taking place at inland and intermodal port interfaces.
Seakeeping: Waves and Wave Spectra
Authors: Carlton John
Published: January 2018

This article discusses some of the more practical physical aspects of regular and irregular wave systems as well as introducing various forms of wave spectra that are used to describe sea states. In the context of seakeeping, the three probability distributions of importance in fitting observed data are introduced: the Normal or Gaussian, the log‐normal, and the Rayleigh distributions. The following sea state spectra are discussed: Pierson‐Moskowitz, Bretschneider, International Ship and Offshore Structures Congress, JONSWAP, and the Ochi six‐parameter family of spectra. The basis of the early trochoidal wave theory is also introduced.
Electric Propulsion Drives and Power Electronics
Authors: Atutxa Iñigo , Abad Gonzalo , Carlton John
Published: January 2018

This article discusses ship electric propulsion from the point of view of the motor and power electronic configurations that can be deployed. The discussion embraces asynchronous, synchronous, and direct current machines as well as the variety of power electronic systems that can be used as well as discussing the quality of power supplies and control strategies.
The “Cyber‐Enabled Ship”—What Are the Risks and What Are the Mitigations?
Authors: Twomey Bernard J.
Published: January 2018

The introduction of technologies that provide “off‐ship” support is moving forward at a rapid rate and is a technology embedded by a number of manufacturers.

Where are the boundaries of the system when “off‐ship” support is provided, and what level of assurance is required to ensure that this does not introduce a key hazard when utilizing this technology?

In the event of a malicious attack, the risk may not be covered if clause CL 380 is included in the insurance policy. Where the event is nonmalicious with the same outcome as a malicious attack, what stance will be taken by the insurance companies?

Is the safety of the vessel maintained, and does “off‐ship” access have an impact on the continued classification of the vessel?

What is the impact of “off‐ship” support on the ship's staff, and what role do humans play when the “off‐ship” technology is activated?

Will the role of the engineering staff change, and could they be considered as a contributing factor to a key hazard if the “off‐ship” support fails?

Can the ship's staff rely on the results of data analytics, and what evidence exists to demonstrate that the attributes of data that preserve safety are adequately considered?

What's happening at the International Maritime Organization (IMO), and how are the Flag States reacting?

This article will address these questions and look at the risks associated with the adoption of this technology and the potential solutions to mitigate the risk to a tolerable level.
Ice Model Tests
Authors: Wilkman Göran , Leiviskä Topi , Suojanen Reko‐Antti
Published: January 2018

Ice model tests are tests, which are performed in ships or offshore structures in model scale. The tests are conducted in order to verify the performance, operational capability, or other features before building the final object. To be able to conduct the ice model tests, there must be an ice model basin and model ice. The tests vary very much from the open water model tests, because there are different types of model ice and the ice propertie do not always match exactly the sea ice properties in scale. This article gives a short overview on the history of ice model tests and basins, lists the current basins, and describes the different ice conditions to be modeled and what kind of tests are typically conducted in ice model basins. Also, the most typical measurements of the mechanical properties of model ice are presented.