bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parental Suicide: An Organizing Event in the Development of Latency Age Children
Authors: Pfeffer Cynthia R.
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT: This paper proposes that children who are especially vulnerable to parental suicide have not resolved earlier developmental issues of separation‐individuation. Five children, ages 6 to 12, were studied intensively. Parental suicide during the child's latency age period has profound influences on children's ego development and character formation because during this time childhood ego functioning is rapidly maturing and superego functions are developing. The trauma of parental suicide is heightened when difficulties for the surviving parent in mourning interfere with open discussion between the parent and child about the death. Parental suicide may stimulate childhood suicidal impulses if the child identifies with and idealizes the dead parent and has wishes of reuniting with the deceased.
Hospital Suicides: Lawsuits and Standards
Authors: Litman Robert E.
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT: Based on personal experience as an expert witness in litigation following Hospital Suicides, the following recommendations are made: every hospital should have a Suicide Prevention Committee which establishes written guidelines after surveying security areas and talking with staff and patients. Reasonable treatment requires that each patient be evaluated for suicide risk, that a treatment plan be formulated, and that staff follow the treatment plan according to the hospital's own policies.
On “Therefore I Must Kill Myself”
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S.
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT: This article focusses on word “therefore” (and its near synonyms) and the role that it plays in syllogistic and nonsyllogistic reasoning, particularly in the phrase “… therefore I must kill myself.” It is shown that the traditional Aristotelian role of the syllogistic conjunction (‘therefore”) is greater than an automatic connection or transformation between the premises and the conclusion, and is, in fact, a bridge with a rather wide range of psychological and temporal dimensions. Some practical implications for the treatment of suicidal persons are cited.
The Structure of Fantasied Movement in Suicidal Children and Adolescents
Authors: Santostefano Sebastiano , Rieder Carolyn , Berk Steven A.
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT:Guided by the hypothesis that imagining actions is a way of rehearsing actions in the service of effective adaptations to reality, various characteristics of imagined motion, assessed by the Rorschach Test, were compared in hospitalized suicidal and nonsuicidal preadolescents and adolescents, and in public school children. A number of differences were found for example, suicidal children imagined less vigorous motion than distinguished suicidal and nonsuicidal children and preadolescent and adolescent suicidal children. Further, the scale devised to assess imagined motion successfully predicted about 75 percent of the suicidal children. Implications for diagnosis and treatment of suicidal children are discussed.
Confidentiality In Crisis Counseling: A Philosophical Perspective
Authors: Mayo David J.
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT: Crisis interventionists frequently confront a moral dilemma when violating client trust seems necessary if self‐destructive behavior is to be prevented. Two fundamental moral values conflict in such cases: concern for client welfare and respect for client rights and autonomy. Each of these values is grounded in one of two important Western ethical traditions: Utilitarianism and Kantian Formalism, respectively. Following critical examination of each of these theories, attention is given to a series of hypothetical cases involving the confidentiality dilemma.
Suicide Risk by Birth Cohort
Authors: Lester David
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT: An analysis of the suicide rates of successive birth cohorts in the USA indicated that male birth cohorts were characterized by a given suicide rate (low, average or high) throughout their life. In contrast, female birth cohorts varied during their life, with those having a higher suicide rate early in their life having a lower one twenty years later, and vice‐versa.
Psychological Models of Self‐Mutilation
Authors: Bennun I.
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT: The descriptive models of self‐mutilation fall into three broad categories. The psychodynamic formulation; the second category includes the anxiety reduction model, the hostility model, the behavioral learning model and the appeal model; the third social learning category includes the group‐epidemic model and aspects of the violence and punishment model. The three models support the view that there is no single cause or motive responsible for self‐mutilating behavior. Having a number of factors in mind allows for flexibility and enables clinicians to test particular hypotheses during management and gives them the opportunity to alter intervention accordingly. The problems faced by self‐mutilating patients are so varied that no single form of treatment is likely to be universally appropriate.
Vocabularies of Motive and Suicide
Authors: Stephens B. Joyce
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT:This paper presents a brief review of the vocabulary of motives tradition in sociology and argues for its applicability to the study of suicidal motivation. A comparison of motive statements in the notes of suicides and motive statements elicited from a nonsuicidal group reveals a measure of motive standardization. The findings promote viewing suicide motives as social constructions learned in interaction which permit the individual and others to assign meaning and acceptability to the suicidal act.
A Predictive Approach to Freud's Formulations Regarding Suicide
Authors: Leenaars Antoon A. , Balance William D. G.
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT: This study of suicide notes involved the deduction of 25 protocol sentences that reflected important specific aspects of Freud's formulations regarding suicide. Independent judges noted the incidence of contents corresponding to the protocol sentences in 33 genuine and 33 simulated notes. Comparisons between genuine and simulated notes revealed that the protocol sentences discriminated significantly as a set in favor of the genuine notes. Individual statements found significantly more frequently in genuine notes indicated loss and/or rejection, preoccupation with a lost person, ambivalence toward a lost person, identification with a lost person, communicating feelings of anger toward oneself but appearing to be angry toward someone else, turning back upon oneself murderous wishes or impulses, and seeing the act as a fulfillment of self‐punishment. A frequency count of the sentences in the notes indicated that these statements occurred quite frequently (i.e., at least one‐third of the time) in the genuine notes. Implications of the results are discussed.
Backgrounds of Higher Suicide Rates among “Name University” Students: A Retrospective Study of the Past 25 Years
Authors: Ishii Kan'ichiro
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT: Cases from the past 25 years of 143 students who committed suicide at Kyoto University, a “name university” in Japan since 1956, were investigated retrospectively. Then the total trends of the suicide rate were reexamined in comparison with a control group, and the recent trends after the student strife (1970) were confirmed in comparison with the 15‐year period before the strife. Thus, using a longer time span, the total pattern of suicide could be reidentified as the “performance type” within an “achievement‐oriented culture.” Seemingly healthy students from normal homes have suddenly committed suicide in this recent “pupa within a cocoon” syndrome, resulting from “unbalanced personality development” in the context of modern mass higher education.
Selected Behavioral Features of Patients with Borderline Personality Traits
Authors: Snyder Scott , Pitts Wesley M. , Pokorny Alex D.
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT: Selected behavioral features felt historically and empirically to be significant in the borderline personality disorder were evaluated in 4,800 psychiatric inpatients. Variables measured included number of hospitalizations and type of discharge, suicidal behavior, physical violence, and outcome after discharge. A statistical analysis was performed to determine the relationship between depth and severity of borderline traits and the aforementioned behavioral features. Results indicated that irregular discharges, frequent suicide attempts, first suicide attempt prior to age 40, violence within and outside the hospital, and gradual deterioration in social and occupational functioning were found significantly more often in patients with high levels of borderline personality traits.
Chronic, Early Exposure to Suicidal Ideation in a Parental Figure: A Pattern of Presuicidal Characteristics
Authors: Hutchinson Maureen Pat , Draguns Juris G.
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT: This paper explores the possibility that chronic exposure in childhood to parental suicidal ideation and/or behavior places an individual at significant risk of suicide later in life. Two case studies that provide the basis for this formulation are presented. Possible mechanisms that may account for the development of this syndrome are explored. They include (1) the effects of a chronic sense of powerlessness and guilt; (2) imitation by the child of the parent's self‐destructive attitudes and behavior; and (3) blocking of early identification with the other, nonsuicidal parent.
Suicide in Texas: A Cohort Analysis of Trends in Suicide Rates, 1945–1980
Authors: Lloyd Linda , Armour Philip K. , Smith Richard J.
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT: Recent clusters of teenage suicides in Texas suburban communities have focused national attention on the rise in teenage suicidal behavior. This study sought to clarify the teenage suicide phenomenon by using a cohort method of data analysis. Beginning with suicide rates for white males aged 15–19 in 1945, suicide rates were calculated and plotted for each 5‐year age cohort entering the late teenage years, when suicide risk factors dramatically increase. Our analysis of these cohort patterns confirmed the ever‐rising risk factor associated with the ages of 15–19. This trend is consistent with many studies suggesting that teenage suicide is a function of socioeconomic and psychological factors operating across community and national boundaries. In addition, our study revealed that as white males 15–19 years of age in 1945 aged, their suicide rates also increased, confirming earlier findings that the suicide risk factor increases with age. In fact, Texas data for 1980 revealed that older persons, not teenagers, had the highest suicide rates—a finding that confirms other studies' results. Finally, Texas cohort patterns for suicide revealed the recent curvilinearity tendencies of older adult male suicide rates. By 1980 Texas data revealed a bimodal distribution of high suicide risk, with white males in their late 20s and ages 55 and over having the highest rates.
Eventual Suicide in Interrupted and Uninterrupted Attempters: A Challenge to the Cry‐for‐Help Hypothesis
Authors: Steer Robert A. , Beck Aaron T. , Garrison Betsy , Lester David
Published: December 2015

A total of 499 patients hospitalized for suicide attempts (attempters) between 1970 and 1975 were followed until 1982; of this group, 28 (5.6%) eventually committed suicide. Six (14.6%) of the 41 patients who had been interrupted during their initial attempts eventually committed suicide, whereas only 22 (4.8%) of the 458 patients who had not been interrupted eventually committed suicide. The interrupted attempters were approximately three times more likely to commit suicide than the uninterrupted attempters.
Suicide Ideation and Attempts in Hispanics and Non‐Hispanic Whites: Demographic and Psychiatric Disorder Issues
Authors: Sorenson Susan B. , Golding Jacqueline M.
Published: December 2015

This study examined the lifetime prevalence of suicide ideation and attempts in a community sample of 1,425 Hispanics and 1,309 non‐Hispanic whites. The relationship between psychiatric disorder (as assessed by the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, or DIS) and suicide ideation and attempts was also examined. Fewer Hispanics reported suicide ideation (8.8% vs. 18.9%; p < .001) and suicide attempts (3.2% vs. 5.1%; p < .001) than non‐Hispanic whites. More women of both ethnic groups reported suicide attempts than men of either ethnic group (p < .001). Disrupted marital bonds were typically associated with higher rates of ideation and attempts. Individuals with any DIS diagnosis were more than four times as likely to think about killing themselves (p < .01) and more than seven times as likely to attempt suicide (p < .01) as those without a psychiatric disorder.
Suicidal Behavior in Hospitalized Schizophrenics
Authors: Prasad Ashoka Jahnavi , Kumar Nirmal
Published: December 2015

A group of 131 hospitalized schizophrenics who had attempted suicide within the past year was compared with another group of 70 hospitalized schizophrenics who had not attempted suicide, using the Present State Examination (PSE) depressive symptoms. The former had a significantly higher number of symptoms indicative of a depressive disorder.
A Critical‐Mass Theory of National Suicide Rates
Authors: Lester David
Published: December 2015

Suicide rates in nations of the world from 1970 to 1980 were examined to see whether absolute increases were related to the size of the suicide rates. It was found that nations with higher suicide rates experienced greater increases in their suicide rates. The results are seen as supporting a “critical‐mass” theory and are consistent with an explanation in terms of suggestion.
Suicide: Media Impacts in War and Peace, 1910–1920
Authors: Stack Steven
Published: December 2015

The literature of the impact of publicized suicide stories on suicide has neglected the influence of social contexts. In the present study, the context of a popular war was inspected. A Durkheimian perspective was tested, wherein the context of war would lower suicide through promoting social integration. Suicide stories in such times should have less of an impact than in times of peace. Data were collected on widely publicized suicide stories during the World War I decade. A Cochrane—Orcutt iterative time series analysis found that publicized suicide stories during war had no impact on suicide. In contrast, peacetime suicide stories were associated with an increase of 48 suicides. This is significant, since the electronic media were nonexistent and hence could not reinforce the publicity in the printed media, as they do today. Further analysis of the relationship found similar results for New York City.
An Analysis of the Suicide Rates of Birth Cohorts in Canada
Authors: Lester David
Published: December 2015

An earlier study (Lester, 1984) found that, in the United States, cohorts that had a high suicide rate at one point in their life span had low suicide rates at other points, and vice versa. This result suggested that only a limited number of people in each cohort were suicide‐prone. The present paper replicates this result, using Canadian data from 1921 to the present time.
Mass Suicide by Members of the Japanese Friend of the Truth Church
Authors: Takahashi Yoshitomo
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT: This paper reports an instance of mass suicide committed by seven members of a local religious cult following the leader's death in Japan in November 1986. The case is discussed from the following viewpoints: (1) a Japanese feudal form of suicide called Junshi; (2) religion and current social changes in Japanese society; and (3) the destructive aspects of a cult.
The Mercedes flap and its new variants: a ‘workhorse’ flap for the dermatological surgeon?
Authors: Valesky E.M. , Kaufmann R. , Meissner M.
Published: December 2015

Background

The plastic reconstruction of defects in problem regions, such as, e.g. the heel, temple, malleolar region, sternum and capillitium, is usually a challenge.

Objective

We describe the use of the Mercedes flap, a combination of the purse string and advancement flap, and new modifications for use in various body locations. These examples extend the scope of application in tumour surgery of the skin.

Methods

We demonstrate the different techniques and practical application of the repair and evaluate the benefits and limitations.

Results

The Mercedes flap and its modifications are an excellent method for repairing various defects in problem locations after tumour surgery of the skin.

Conclusion

The Mercedes flap and its modifications prove to be a good alternative to other closure types, especially in problem regions such as the shoulder, malleolar region, heel, etc. The procedure is fast and simple, with few side‐effects, and proves to be a ‘workhorse’ flap for the dermatological surgeon.
Leveraging of Reputation through Umbrella Branding: The Implications for Market Structure
Authors: Rasmusen Eric B.
Published: December 2015

The Klein–Leffler model explains how fear of reputation loss can induce firms to produce high‐quality experience goods. This paper shows that reputation can be leveraged across products via umbrella branding, but only by a firm with a monopoly on at least one product. Such a firm may be able to capture a market by using umbrella branding to make high quality credible at a lower price than the incumbent competitive firms. If monopolists compete for this capture, consumers are left better off than if the market remained competitive, in some cases even though the price increases.
The Welfare Effects of Consumers' Reports of Bribery
Authors: Amegashie J. Atsu
Published: December 2015

A primary means of bureaucratic oversight is consumer complaints. Yet this important control mechanism has received very little attention in the literature on corruption. I study a signaling game of corruption in which uninformed consumers require a government service from informed officials. A victim of corruption can report corrupt officials whose supervisors are negligent or conscientious but an official's type is his private information. I find that social welfare may be nonmonotonic in the proportion of conscientious supervisors. Several examples show that an increase in the proportion of conscientious supervisors decreases social welfare if the mass of conscientious supervisors is below a critical level. I find that this perverse result does not hold if (a) the bribe is very large, or (b) bribe‐giving is legalized. I also find that there is an equilibrium in which no one reports corruption.
The Impact of Information Availability on Destination Choice
Authors: Combes F. , De Palma A.
Published: December 2015

Consider a population of agents who choose one among a set of destinations located along a rectilinear road. Each of these destinations has a certain utility, modeled by a random variable. We compare a situation where the agents have to explore the destinations to observe the value of their utilities, to a situation where they know these values beforehand. We show that more information yields a higher welfare to the agents, and also, perhaps counter‐intuitively, higher distance traveled.
Pre‐frontal‐insular‐cerebellar modifications correlate with disgust feeling blunting after subthalamic stimulation: A positron emission tomography study in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Ory Sophie , Le Jeune Florence , Haegelen Claire , Vicente Siobhan , Philippot Pierre , Dondaine Thibaut , Jannin Pierre , Drapier Sophie , Drapier Dominique , Sauleau Paul , Vérin Marc , Péron Julie
Published: December 2015

Subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) has recently advanced our understanding of the major role played by this basal ganglion in human emotion. Research indicates that STN DBS can induce modifications in all components of emotion, and neuroimaging studies have shown that the metabolic modifications correlated with these emotional disturbances following surgery are both task‐ and sensory input‐dependent. Nevertheless, to date, these modifications have not been confirmed for all emotional components, notably subjective emotional experience, or feelings. To identify the neural network underlying the modification of feelings following STN DBS, we assessed 16 patients with Parkinson's disease before and after surgery, using both subjective assessments of emotional experience and 18[F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18FDG‐PET). The patients viewed six film excerpts intended to elicit happy, angry, fearful, sad, disgusted, and neutral feelings, and they self‐rated the intensity of these feelings. After DBS, there was a significant reduction in the intensity of the disgust feeling. Correlations were observed between decreased disgust experience and cerebral glucose metabolism (FDG uptake) in the bilateral pre‐frontal cortices (orbitofrontal, dorsolateral, and inferior frontal gyri), bilateral insula, and right cerebellum. We suggest that the STN contributes to the synchronization process underlying the emergence of feelings.
The role of orthodontics in the regeneration of the degenerated dentition
Authors: Melsen B.
Published: December 2015

The demand for regeneration of a degenerated dentition has been increasing as a result of the development of societies, where the life expectancy is increasing and fighting age‐related changes is in focus. Whereas removable dentures were acceptable and considered a norm earlier, patients do, to an increasing degree,demand fixed prosthetics; consequently, the development of implants has had an important impact. The balance in the chewing organ will change with time, due to age‐related changes within the bone and the loss of teeth due to caries or periodontal disease, and malocclusions may develop or aggravate. The re‐establishment of an aesthetical and functional satisfactory solution cannot be reached by replacing teeth by fixed prosthodontics and implants. The aim of this update was threefold: firstly, to demonstrate that age‐related changes, often unnoticed by both the patient and the general dentist, can lead to degeneration of the dentition; secondly, to explain how an interdisciplinary approach can make regeneration of even severe degeneration possible; and finally, to show the importance of the general dentist in the maintenance of the obtained results. Treatments should not aim for short‐term results but focus on maintainable results.
Are sickle cell anaemia and sickle cell trait predictive factors for periodontal disease? A cohort study
Authors: de Carvalho H. L. C. C. , Thomaz E. B. A. F. , Alves C. M. C. , Souza S. F. C.
Published: December 2015

Background and Objective

Periodontal diseases are associated with bacterial challenge and the host immune response, and are also modulated by genetic factors. There is evidence that sickle cell anaemia (SCA) does not represent a risk factor for periodontal diseases. However, it is still unclear whether the heterozygous condition [sickle cell trait (SCT)] is associated with periodontal diseases. SCT is a genetic condition that can cause vaso‐occlusive events, which may be associated with a propensity to bacterial infections. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of SCA and SCT with periodontal diseases by evaluating clinical and radiographic characteristics.

Material and Methods

The sample (n = 369) was selected and divided into two groups: exposed groups [HbSS (SCA genotype) and HbAS (SCT genotype) = 246] and a nonexposed group (HbAA = 123). HbAA consisted of individuals without SCA and SCT. The clinical parameters evaluated were plaque index, gingival index, calculus index, clinical probing depth, clinical attachment level, gingival recession, tooth mobility and furcation involvement. The percentage of alveolar bone loss was measured using a Schei ruler. Binomial and Poisson regressions were used to estimate correlations of interest (α = 0.05).

Results

None of the periodontal parameters was associated with SCA. SCT was associated with gingivitis (p = 0.041) and periodontitis (p = 0.002). Individuals with SCT had a lower plaque index (p = 0.044) but a higher calculus index (p = 0.003) and greater alveolar bone loss (p = 0.010) compared with subjects in the HbAA group.

Conclusions

SCT can act as a predictor for establishment of periodontal diseases. There was no correlation between SCA and periodontal diseases.
Sequence-based methods for detecting and evaluating the human gut mycobiome
Authors: Suhr M.J. , Banjara N. , Hallen-Adams H.E.
Published: December 2015

We surveyed the fungal microbiota in 16 faecal samples from healthy humans with a vegetarian diet. Fungi were identified using molecular cloning, 454 pyrosequencing and a Luminex analyte-specific reagent (ASR) assay, all targeting the ITS region of the rRNA genes. Fungi were detected in each faecal sample and at least 46 distinct fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were detected, from two phyla — Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Fusarium was the most abundant genus, followed by Malassezia, Penicillium, Aspergillus and Candida. Commonly detected fungi such as Aspergillus and Penicillium, as well as known dietary fungi Agaricus bisporus and Ophiocordyceps sinensis, are presumed to be transient, allochthonous members due to their abundance in the environment or dietary associations. No single method identified the full diversity of fungi in all samples; pyrosequencing detected more distinct OTUs than the other methods, but failed to detect OTUs in some samples that were detected by cloning and/or ASR assays. ASRs were limited by the commercially available assays, but the potential to design new, optimized assays, coupled with speed and cost, makes the ASR method worthy of further study.

Significance and Impact of the Study

Fungi play a role in human gut ecology and health. The field lags immensely behind bacterial gut microbiota research, and studies continue to identify new fungi in faecal samples from healthy humans. However, many of these ‘new’ species are incapable of growth in the human GI tract, let alone making a meaningful contribution to the gut microbial community. Fungi actually inhabiting and impacting the gut likely constitute a small set of species, and an optimized, targeted, probe-based assay may prove to be the most sensible way of quantifying their abundances.
Making sense in the city: Dolly Parton, early reading and educational policy‐making
Authors: Hall Christine , Jones Susan
Published: December 2015

In this paper, we present a case study of a philanthropic literacy initiative, Dolly Parton's Imagination Library, a book‐gifting scheme for under 5s, and consider the impact of the scheme on literacy policy in the English city where it was introduced. We bring four lenses to bear on the case study. First, we analyse the operation of the scheme in the community it was intended to serve; second, we consider the case study as an early literacy intervention aimed at promoting reading development; then we consider it from the perspective of theories about marketing and branding; and finally, we analyse it from the perspective of new philanthropy theory. We use these lenses to help us make sense of the current pressures on educational policy‐making in English cities, as city officials struggle to manage competing political agendas, to initiate reforms in situations where they have significant responsibilities but reduced power, and to maintain the distinctiveness of the places they represent. We argue for the need to reassess our understandings of the ways that literacy policies are made at the local level within this rapidly changing context.
Acidophilic actinobacteria synthesised silver nanoparticles showed remarkable activity against fungi‐causing superficial mycoses in humans
Authors: Anasane N. , Golińska P. , Wypij M. , Rathod D. , Dahm H. , Rai M.
Published: December 2015

Superficial mycoses are limited to the most external part of the skin and hair and caused by Malassezia sp., Trichophyton sp. and Candida sp. We report extracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by acidophilic actinobacteria (SF23, C9) and its in vitro antifungal activity against fungi‐causing superficial mycoses. The phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strains SF23 and C9 showed that they are most closely related to Pilimelia columellifera subsp. pallida GU269552T. The detection of AgNPs was confirmed by visual observation of colour changes from colourless to brown, and UV–vis spectrophotometer analysis, which showed peaks at 432 and 427 nm, respectively. These AgNPs were further characterised by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), Zeta potential, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The FTIR analysis exhibited the presence of proteins as capping agents. The TEM analysis revealed the formation of spherical and polydispersed nanoparticles in the size range of 4–36 nm and 8–60 nm, respectively. The biosynthesised AgNPs were screened against fungi‐causing superficial mycoses viz., Malassezia furfur, Trichophyton rubrum, Candida albicans and C. tropicalis. The highest antifungal activity of AgNPs from SF23 and C9 against T. rubrum and the least against M. furfur and C. albicans was observed as compared to other tested fungi. The biosynthesised AgNPs were found to be potential anti‐antifungal agent against fungi‐causing superficial mycoses.
Pediatric granulomatous orchitis: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Matsumura Misaki , Taketani Takeshi , Horie Akiyoshi , Mizota Yoko , Nakata Soichi , Kumori Koji , Nagase Mamiko , Harada Yuji , Tanaka Yuji , Yamaguchi Seiji
Published: December 2015

An 11‐year‐old boy presented with fever and abdominal pain, and was diagnosed with retroperitoneal lymphadenitis. At the same time, a painless right scrotal mass was observed. On imaging the testis and the epididymal mass both had abundant blood flow, although tumor markers were negative. Although the right testis had shrunk after antibiotic treatment, swelling was persistent and incisional biopsy was therefore performed, resulting in diagnosis of granulomatous orchitis (GO). No recurrence was found. In cases of scrotal swelling in both the testis and the epididymis of an older child, it is necessary to consider the possibility of inflammatory GO, and orchiectomy should not be performed without careful consideration.
Effect of hemodiafiltration therapy in a low‐birthweight infant with congenital sepsis
Authors: Tokumasu Hironobu , Watabe Shinichi , Tokumasu Satoko
Published: December 2015

The clinical course of congenital neonatal sepsis due to Streptococcus pneumoniae progresses rapidly and results in multiorgan failure with high mortality. The swift progression of the disease limits the timeframe for conventional treatment, which often requires waiting for antibiotics to show efficacy. Here, we describe the case of a very low‐birthweight (VLBW) female infant with congenital sepsis due to S. pneumoniae who was treated with continuous hemodiafiltration (CHDF) and polymyxin B‐immobilized fiber column–direct hemoperfusion (PMX‐DHP). The infant was born at 30 weeks’ gestation and diagnosed with hypotension, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and pulmonary hypertension. CHDF and PMX‐DHP were initiated approximately 11 h after birth. Mean blood pressure, oxygenation, and blood interleukin‐6 began to improve after dialysis commencement, and the patient survived with mild sequelae. Combined CHDF and PMX‐DHP may be effective in treating VLBW infants with severe septic shock.
Chondro‐osseous respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartoma of the nasal cavity
Authors: Fang Gaoli , Wang Chengshuo , Piao Yingshi , Zhang Luo
Published: December 2015

Chondro‐osseous respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartoma is a rare hamartomatous lesion of the nasal cavity, with only five cases reported in the literature to date. We report the case of a 3‐year‐old boy who presented with nasal obstruction and a mass in the left nasal cavity. The mass was completely resected on endoscopy. On microscopy, hamartomatous proliferation of respiratory‐type glands admixed with islands of immature hyaline cartilage, characteristic of chondro‐osseous respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartoma, was seen. Neither local recurrence nor distant metastasis was observed after 6 month follow up. Recognition of chondro‐osseous respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartoma as a benign lesion is important to avoid unnecessary surgical procedures.
A morphometric study to establish criteria for fetal and neonatal cerebellar hypoplasia: A special emphasis on trisomy 18
Authors: Murakami Ayumi , Tanaka Mio , Ijiri Rieko , Kato Keisuke , Yamashita Sumimasa , Kurosawa Kenji , Arai Nobutaka , Aoki Ichiro , Tanaka Yukichi
Published: December 2015

Cerebellar hypoplasia (CH) is one of the congenital abnormalities of the central nervous system and is seen in several diseases and syndromes. This study was conducted in order to examine methods for evaluating CH in fetus and neonate because CH has been diagnosed without any morphometric criteria at autopsy. We sampled 140 autopsied cases including nineteen trisomy 18 (T18), four non‐T18 with presumed CH, and 117 control cases without any brain malformation. Statistical significance was present in the cerebellar weight and weight ratio of cerebellum per total brain between T18 and the control. The exponential regression models (ERM) showed that cerebral weight, cerebellar weight, and weight ratio of cerebellum per total brain increased gradually relative to gestational age in both T18 and the control. However, cerebellar weight and weight ratio of cerebellum per total brain of T18 showed growth delay with clear distinction between the two groups. The non‐T18 with presumed CH showed similar results. Body weight, total brain, and gestational age should be considered totally when evaluating fetal and neonatal cerebellar development. Furthermore, the ERM results may be useful to evaluate the cerebellar development of fetus and neonate at autopsy.
THE PRESENCE OF GLUCOSE IN THE SALIVARY SECRETION AFTER THE ADMINISTRATION OF ADRENALIN
Authors: Hebb Catherine O. , Stavraky George W.
Published: December 2015

1. In cats anæsthetized with nembutal the saliva secreted by submaxillary gland in response to stimulation of the chorda tympani or the cervical sympathetic nerve is free from glucose, unless the blood sugar concentration is higher then 400 mg. per cent.

2. After intravenous administration of adrenalin a considerable amount of glucose may be detected in the saliva; the larger the dose of adrenalin, the greater will be the glucose content. If the adrenalin injections are discontinued, the glucose gradually decreases until there is no trace of it in the saliva.

3. The presence of the sugar in the saliva after adrenalin administration is due to the action of adrenalin on the gland itself and not to the hyperglycæmia produced by the adrenalin. However, if under these conditions the blood sugar concentration is raised by the injection of glucose, a larger amount of glucose is detectable in the saliva.

4. It is concluded that adrenalin renders the salivary glands permeable to the glucose present in the blood.

This work was made possible by financial assistance given to one of us (C. O. H.) by the Banting Research Foundation, and to the other (G. W. S.) by the Rockefeller Foundation, the help of both of which foundations is gratefully acknowledged. We are greatly indebted to Dr. B. P. Babkin, under whose direction the work was carried out, for his helpful advice and criticism.
THE EFFECTIVE REFRACTORY PERIOD, FULL RECOVERY TIME, AND PREMATURE RESPONSE INTERVAL OF VENTRICULAR MUSCLE IN THE INTACT UNANÆSTHETISED CAT AND RABBIT
Authors: Drury Alan N.
Published: December 2015

1. In the intact anæsthetised or unanæsthetised cat or rabbit it is possible, by suitable methods, to estimate the refractory period and the time of full recovery of conduction (full recovery time) and the premature response interval of the ventricular muscle.

2. The measurements closely agree with those which are obtained in the exposed heart.

3. The refractory period proves too variable to be used as a comparative measurement, but the full recovery time and premature response interval show a great constancy from one animal to another of the same species.

4. The full recovery time and premature response interval are definitely changed by injection of quinidine or barium, but are undisturbed when the heart is dilated by chloroform.

5. The method allows repeated observations of these measurements to be made upon the same animal.
Alpha‐aminoisobutyric acid transport in rat soleus muscle and its modification by membrane stabilizers and insulin.
Authors: Cooper G J , Kohn P G
Published: December 2015

The non‐metabolizable amino acid alpha‐aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) has been used to study the effects of insulin and a number of membrane stabilizers on amino acid transport in rat soleus muscle in an attempt to characterize the mechanisms present. 2. Insulin (5‐‐100 millimicron./ml) increases the net uptake of AIB two‐ to threefold. Since insulin is without significant effects on AIB efflux, stimulation of net uptake appears to result directly from an increased AIB influx. 3. All classes of membrane stabilizer tested affected AIB fluxes but the responses observed varied for different classes of compounds. 4. The total anaesthetic, tetracaine, reduced AIB accumulation both in the absence and presence of insulin by a similar proportion. The effects on AIB efflux were dependent on the concentration of tetracaine used. Efflux was suppressed by concentrations up to 1 mM whereas 4 mM‐tetracaine caused a massive stimulation of AIB efflux. Other local anaesthetics and barbiturates produced similar effects. 5. Another group of membrane stabilizers, exemplified by chlorpromazine, also suppressed AIB uptake, but at no concentration did they reduce AIB efflux. In fact, efflux of AIB began to be increased at concentrations of chlorpromazine which were giving only a modest inhibition of uptake. 6. Measurement of the initial rate of uptake showed that it involved two components. Tetracaine appears to inhibit the saturable component whilst leaving the non‐saturable component relatively unaffected. 7. The active uptake of AIB was shown to be Na+‐dependent, and under Na+‐free conditions tetracaine had no effect on the initial rate of uptake. The non‐saturable component was also shown to be Na+‐sensitive, uptake from high extracellular concentrations of AIB being reduced in Na+‐free media. 8. The possibility of the presence of a carrier‐mediated AIB efflux mechanism was investigated. AIB efflux was stimulated by extracellular AIB (homo‐exchange) or glycine (hetero‐exchange), but not mannitol. This suggests the involvement of a carrier‐mediated process in AIB efflux. 9. The present study has demonstrated a heterogeneity among different classes of membrane stabilizers in their actions on AIB efflux which is in marked contrast to previous observations of sugar and cation transport in this preparation. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed.
The influence of micelle formation on bile salt secretion.
Authors: O'Máille E R
Published: December 2015

1. The influence of micelle formation on bile salt secretion was assessed by analysing the secretory characteristics of, and interaction between, the natural micelle‐forming bile salts, taurocholate and cholate, and the artificial non‐micelle‐forming bile salts, taurodehydrocholate and dehydrocholate (both of which are subjected to reductive metabolism), in anaesthetized dogs. 2. Competitive secretory interaction between these two classes of bile salt was demonstrated thereby indicating that they share the same biliary transport system. Taurodehydrocholate had a lower affinity for the transport system than that of taurocholate and the metabolic derivatives of dehydrocholate. 3. The (initially determined) biliary secretory maxima for taurodehydrocholate (4 . 9 +/‐ 1 . 9 (S.D.) mumole/min. kg, n = 6) and total ‘dehydrocholate’ in taurine replete dogs (4 . 2 +/‐ 1 . 0 mumole/min. kg, n = 16) were both significantly less than those for taurocholate (8 . 0 +/‐ 1 . 8 mumole/min. kg, n = 16) and total cholate in taurine replete dogs (6 . 9 +/‐ 1 . 2 mumole/min. kg, n = 12). 4. The initially determined secretory maxima of taurodehydrocholate and ‘dehydrocholate’ were elevated by about 30 and 36%, respectively, by an earlier period of taurocholate administration; the most likely explanation (which is supported by independent morphological studies) for this effect is that taurocholate increases the number of functional ‘carriers’ in the canalicular membrane. When calculated for optimal conditions, the secretory maxima of the non‐micelle‐forming bile salts closely approached those of the micelle formers. 5. The above results would seem to indicate that micelle formation (in the hepatocyte, canalicular membrane or bile) is not essential for the effective translocation of bile salt by the specific canalicular membrane receptors. The results also suggest that the effective concentration of bile salt in bile (possibly 60‐‐70 times greater in the case of the non‐micelle‐formers) is not an important determinant of the net secretory performance of conjugated bile salt. 6. At the same bile salt secretion rate (3 . 06 mumole/min. kg), the bile flow rate associated with taurodehydrocholate (44 . 3 +/‐ 2 . 7 (S.D. along regression line) microliter/min. kg, n = 38) was significantly greater than that associated with taurocholate (29 . 5 +/‐ 7 . 7 microliter/min. kg, n = 80) but significantly less than that associated with ‘dehydrocholate’ in taurine replete dogs (51 . 7 +/‐ 4 . 8 microliter./min. kg, n = 33), ‘dehydrocholate’ after acute taurine depletion (61 . 2 microliter./min. kg, n = 1) and free cholate after taurine depletion (49 . 8 +/‐ 9 . 8 microliter/min. kg, n = 92). The extra flow associated with the free bile salts is derived by means that are largely or entirely independent of their osmotic activity in bile.
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, 5‐hydroxytryptamine and reflex hyperaemia in the small intestine of the cat
Authors: Eklund S. , Fahrenkrug J. , Jodal M. , Lundgren O. , de Muckadell O. B. Schaffalitzky , Sjöqvist A.
Published: December 2015

1. The release of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) into venous blood from the small intestine of the cat was studied when mechanically stimulating the intestinal mucosa and during close intra‐arterial infusions of 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) or isopropylnoradrenaline. The studies were performed on anaesthetized cats given atropine.

2. Mechanical stimulation of the intestinal mucosa induced a vasodilatation and a release of VIP into the intestinal venous blood. Intra‐arterial administration of tetrodotoxin was given in doses that blocked the vasoconstrictor effect of the regional sympathetic nerve fibres. This also abolished the vascular response and the release of VIP into blood upon mechanical stimulation.

3. Close intra‐arterial administration of 2‐bromo‐lysergic acid diethylamide reduced the VIP release and the intestinal vasodilatation upon mucosal stimulation to largely the same extent.

4. Close intra‐arterial infusions of 5‐HT produced a marked release of VIP from the intestine and a moderate vasodilatation. Close intra‐arterial infusions of isopropylnoradrenaline, which caused a pronounced intestinal vasodilatation, evoked only a small release of VIP.

5. The results are compatible with the hypothesis that the vasodilatation in the gut, induced by mechanical mucosal stimulation, is mediated via an intramural nervous reflex containing a neurone capable of releasing VIP. It is proposed that the nervous reflex is activated by the release of 5‐HT from the enterochromaffin cells evoked by mechanical stimulation of the mucosa.
Onset of inspiration in rabbit during artificial ventilation.
Authors: Davies A , Sant'Ambrogio F , Sant'Ambrogio G
Published: December 2015

1. We have investigated whether pulmonary stretch receptors are the only lung receptors determining the time of onset of inspiratory efforts in anaesthetized, paralysed rabbits. 2. New Zealand White rabbits were anaesthetized, paralysed and ventilated by intermittent positive pressure with a pattern that closely followed spontaneous breathing. Inspiratory efforts were recorded as bursts of activity in a root of the phrenic nerve. Lung stretch receptors were blocked with SO2 in air. Abolition of the Breuer‐Hering reflex was used as an index of stretch receptor block. 3. With stretch receptors functioning phrenic discharge invariably occurred during the deflation phase of ventilation. With stretch receptors blocked phrenic discharge occurred with no set relation to ventilation at spontaneous resting tidal volume but was locked to inflation and deflation phases of lung volume at 30% higher tidal volumes. 4. Bilateral vagotomy produced a pattern of phrenic discharge identical with that seen with stretch receptor block and low ventilating volumes. 5. Thus we have demonstrated a vagally mediated inspiratory initiating effect; it probably originates from rapidly adapting lung irritant receptors.
Distribution of ferrocyanide along the proximal tubular lumen of the rat kidney: its implications upon hydrodynamics.
Authors: Bonvalet J P , de Rouffignac C
Published: December 2015

1. Simultaneous determination of the single nephron glomerular filtration rate (s.n.g.f.r.) and the amount of [14C]ferrocyanide contained per unit length (Fe/mm) of the proximal tubule makes it possible to calculate the tubular radius and flow velocity along this structure. These measurements were made in normal rats, chronically salt‐loaded rats, and rats rendered hypotensive by controlled haemorrhage or aortic constriction. 2. In normal rats, Fe/mm remains constant along the proximal tubule, indicating a gradual decrease in tubular radius and constant flow velocity. 3. In salt‐loaded rats, with high s.n.g.f.r.s, Fe/mm also remains constant along the proximal tubule, but at a higher level than in normal rats. This indicates larger tubular radii, but the same evolutionary pattern for tubular radius and flow velocity along the proximal tubule, as in normal rats. 4. In rats with controlled haemorrhage, Fe/mm values are low but rise slightly along the proximal tubule. Tubular radius is reduced, and again, gradually decreases along the length. Considering the very low s.n.g.f.r.s, this implies that a large drop in reabsorption along the proximal tubule accompanies the reduction in s.n.g.f.r. 5. In rats with aortic construction, Fe/mm exhibits a large increase along the proximal tubule, suggesting a huge Fe concentration along the tubule, which in turn would indicate that water reabsorption may not diminish in proportion to the reduction in s.n.g.f.r. In some cases, this disruption of the glomerulo‐tubular balance led to the cessation of tubular flow in the proximal tubule. 6. In all cases, Fe/mm and the calculated radius in the initial portion of the proximal tubule were correlated to the s.n.g.f.r., suggesting passive adaptation of tubular radius to fluid delivery.