bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zur Argumentation von Galater 3.10–12
Authors: BACHMANN MICHAEL
Published: September 2007

The passage Gal 3.10–12, well embedded into its context, is important with regard to the doctrine of justification; however, it is a crux interpretum. This essay tries to settle the problems by paying attention to the quotations from the scriptures in v. 10b (see Dtn 27.6), v. 11b (see Hab 2.4) and v. 12 (cf. Lev 18.5), in which the emphasis on individual regulations of the Torah is striking (vv. 10b, 12); the particles which twice (vv. 10b–11a; vv. 11b–12) form a ‘for …, but …’ are also taken into consideration. This leads to the thesis of two syllogisms linked to each other: vv. 10a–11a (Barbara) and vv. 11a–12 (Camestres). The quotations from the scriptures here supply three arguments, and v. 11a, the propositio of vv. 11a–12, is (as praemissa of v. 10a–11a) the fourth. The objective of the argumentation is v. 10a.
T. C. Skeat, [prod ]64+67 and [prod ]4, and the Problem of Fibre Orientation in Codicological Reconstruction
Authors: CHARLESWORTH S. D.
Published: September 2007

Because of the uniformity of the text, NT papyri are well suited to codicological reconstruction. If there are two or more pieces of papyrus from the same codex, sound reconstructions are often possible. But good methodology will account for the fibre orientation of the fragments. Flawed conclusions are the inevitable result of neglecting such analysis. Skeat erred in this direction as regards [prod ]64+67 and [prod ]4. Nevertheless, his contribution in the area was substantial and enduring. It only remains for scholars to appreciate the insights that codicology can bring to the study of the NT text.
Primary structure, expression and localization of two intermediate subunit lectins ofEntamoeba disparthat contain multiple CXXC motifs
Authors: TACHIBANA H. , CHENG X.-J. , KOBAYASHI S. , OKADA Y. , ITOH J. , TAKEUCHI T.
Published: September 2007

We have recently identified 2 surface proteins inEntamoeba histolyticaas intermediate subunits of galactose- andN-acetyl-D-galactosamine-inhibitable lectin (EhIgl1 and EhIgl2); these proteins both contain multiple CXXC motifs. Here, we report the molecular characterization of the corresponding proteins inEntamoeba dispar, which is neither pathogenic nor invasive. TwoIglgenes encoding 1110 and 1106 amino acids (EdIgl1 and EdIgl2) were cloned from 2 strains ofE. dispar. The amino acid sequence identities were 79% between EdIgl1 and EdIgl2, 75–76% between EdIgl1 and EhIgl1, and 73–74% between EdIgl2 and EhIgl2. However, all the CXXC motifs were conserved in the EdIgl proteins, suggesting that the fold conferred by this motif is important for function. Comparison of the expression level of theIglgenes by real-time RT-PCR showed 3–5 times higher expression ofEdIgl1compared toEdIgl2. Most EdIgl1 and EdIgl2 proteins were co-localized on the surface and in the cytoplasm of trophozoites, based on confocal microscopy. However, a different localization of EdIgl1 and EdIgl2 in intracellular vacuoles and a different level of phenotypic expression of the two Igls were also observed. These results demonstrate that Igls are important proteins even in non-pathogenic amoeba and that Igl1 and Igl2 may possess different functions.
Radiocarbon dating of walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) remains from Greenland
Authors: Bennike Ole , Andreasen Claus
Published: September 2007

Radiocarbon age determinations of 32 walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) remains show that the species has been a member of the Greenland fauna since at least the middle Holocene. The oldest date is 7280–7160 calendar years BP. However, most dated remains come from archaeological sites and are of late Holocene age
Contribution of environmental factors to temperature distribution at different resolution levels on the forefield of the Loven Glaciers, Svalbard
Authors: Joly Daniel , Brossard Thierry
Published: September 2007

The climate and its components (temperature and precipitation) are organised according to different spatial scales that are structured hierarchically. The aim of this paper is to explore the dependence between temperature and deterministic factors at different scales on a 10 km2 study area on the northwestern coast of Svalbard. A GIS was developed which contained three sources of information: temperature, remotely sensed imagery and digital elevation models (DEM), and derived raster data layers. The first layer, temperatures, was acquired at regularly observed temporal intervals from 53 stations. The second layer comprised remotely sensed images (aerial photography and SPOT imagery) and DEM data at 2 m and 20 m resolution, respectively. From these, a windowing procedure was applied to derive several spatial subsets of different spatial resolutions (6, 14, 30, 60, 140, and 300 m). The third layer comprised slope, aspect, and a theoretical solar radiation value derived from the DEM, and a vegetation index derived from the remotely sensed imagery. Linear regressions were then systematically conducted on the datasets, with temperature as the dependent variable, and each of the other data layers as the independent variables. By using graphical analysis, we link the correlation coefficients obtained for each factor, from the smallest spatial resolution (6 m) to the largest resolution (300 m). The results indicated that each explanatory variable and scale brings a specific contribution to changes in temperature. For example, the effect of elevation remains constant for all spatial resolutions, reflecting a quasi ‘non-scalar’ pattern of this variable. For other variables however, the effect of spatial scale can have a strong effect. In the case of solar radiation, a maximum of explanation was obtained for spatial resolutions of 14 m and 60 m; for vegetation index the optimum contribution was related to the 300 m resolution. Thus, different environment characteristics may have significant effects on changes in temperature when differences in spatial scale are taken into account.
Obituary
Authors: Holdgate Martin
Published: September 2007

Allan Bryant Crawford MBE, who died on 5 March 2007 aged 94, had a unique knowledge of Tristan da Cunha, compiled during nearly seventy years of close association with the island and its people.
The 9th Circumpolar Remote Sensing Symposium
Authors: Markon Carl
Published: September 2007

Most of the papers in this issue of Polar Record are a result of research performed by a cadre of scientists specifically dealing with remote sensing applications in the Arctic environments. These studies, and other similar activities, were presented originally at the 9th Circumpolar Remote Sensing Symposium held in Seward, Alaska, from 15–19 May 2006. The symposium provided a forum to the 40 international scientists attending it for the exchange of current applied research, the presentation of new technology, and the advancement of internal co-operation in the circumpolar Arctic and Antarctic regions. Oral presentations in the 10 plenary sessions focused on snow, ice, and cryosphere studies, climate and the environment, environmental monitoring, arctic vegetation inventory, monitoring and analysis, databases, data processing and GIS. In addition there was a special plenary session on remote sensing for the International Polar Year. At the end of the symposium, there was a special panel discussion on recommendations for future sensors for boreal and polar remote sensing.
Multivariate predictors of social skills performance in middle-aged and older out-patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders
Authors: Sitzer D. I. , Twamley E. W. , Patterson T. L. , Jeste D. V.
Published: September 2007

Background

Cognitive impairment and negative symptoms are two of the primary features of schizophrenia associated with poor social functioning. We examined the relationships between clinical characteristics, specific cognitive abilities and social skills performance in middle-aged and older out-patients with schizophrenia and normal comparison subjects.

Method

One hundred and ninety-four middle-aged and older schizophrenia out-patients and 60 normal comparison subjects were administered a standardized, performance-based measure of social skills using role-plays of various social situations [Social Skills Performance Assessment (SSPA)] and measures of current level of social contact (the Lehman Quality of Life Interview), psychiatric symptom severity [the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD)], insight [the Birchwood Insight Scale (IS)] and cognitive functioning [the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (DRS)].

Results

Patients demonstrated worse social skills compared with normal subjects. Better performance on the SSPA was associated with having less severe positive and negative symptoms, fewer social contacts, and better attention, initiation/freedom from perseveration, visuospatial ability, abstraction ability and memory. After controlling for demographic, clinical and insight-related factors, abstraction ability was the strongest predictor of social skills performance, followed by frequency of social contact.

Conclusions

Social functioning (as measured through direct observation of social skills performance) was related to cognitive ability in out-patients with schizophrenia. Addressing such cognitive impairment may help to improve social functioning and result in greater overall quality of life.
Conduct disorder among Asians and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders in the USA
Authors: Sakai J. T. , Risk N. K. , Tanaka C. A. , Price R. K.
Published: September 2007

Background

Conduct disorder (CD) is a relatively common disorder of childhood and adolescence in the USA with substantial associated morbidity, yet little has been published on CD among Asians and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders (NH/PI) in the USA.

Method

We used the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) to examine the prevalence and correlates of retrospectively reported CD within Asians and NH/PI (18 years and older). We also completed logistic regressions to explore factors associated with CD within Asians (n=1093) and, separately, NH/PI (n=139) and to explain racial differences in CD prevalence.

Results

Asians were about a third as likely [odds ratio (OR) 0.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.22–0.58] whereas NH/PI were about two and half times more likely (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.31–5.06) to have had CD compared with Caucasian respondents. Within Asians and NH/PI, CD was strongly associated with adult antisocial behavior, substance use and affective disorders. Demographic factors, the age that subjects came to the USA, measures of family environment and family history could not explain the observed differences in prevalence of CD for NH/PI relative to Caucasians.

Conclusions

Asian and NH/PI youth with CD represent a subgroup of Asian youth at very high risk for a number of serious psychiatric disorders. Further investigation is needed to explain the high CD prevalence among NH/PI.
Post-traumatic stress disorder following disasters: a systematic review
Authors: Neria Y. , Nandi A. , Galea S.
Published: September 2007

Background

Disasters are traumatic events that may result in a wide range of mental and physical health consequences. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is probably the most commonly studied post-disaster psychiatric disorder. This review aimed to systematically assess the evidence about PTSD following exposure to disasters.

Method

A systematic search was performed. Eligible studies for this review included reports based on the DSM criteria of PTSD symptoms. The time-frame for inclusion of reports in this review is from 1980 (when PTSD was first introduced in DSM-III) and February 2007 when the literature search for this examination was terminated.

Results

We identified 284 reports of PTSD following disasters published in peer-reviewed journals since 1980. We categorized them according to the following classification: (1) human-made disasters (n=90), (2) technological disasters (n=65), and (3) natural disasters (n=116). Since some studies reported on findings from mixed samples (e.g. survivors of flooding and chemical contamination) we grouped these studies together (n=13).

Conclusions

The body of research conducted after disasters in the past three decades suggests that the burden of PTSD among persons exposed to disasters is substantial. Post-disaster PTSD is associated with a range of correlates including sociodemographic and background factors, event exposure characteristics, social support factors and personality traits. Relatively few studies have employed longitudinal assessments enabling documentation of the course of PTSD. Methodological limitations and future directions for research in this field are discussed.
Impulsive-aggressive behaviours and completed suicide across the life cycle: a predisposition for younger age of suicide
Authors: McGirr A. , Renaud J. , Bureau A. , Seguin M. , Lesage A. , Turecki G.
Published: September 2007

Background

It is unclear whether the association between impulsive-aggressive behaviours and suicide exists across different ages.

Method

Via psychological autopsy, we examined a total of 645 subjects aged 11–87 years who died by suicide. Proxy-based interviews were conducted using the SCID-I & SCID-II or K-SADS interviews and a series of behavioural and personality-trait assessments. Secondarily, 246 living controls were similarly assessed.

Results

Higher levels of impulsivity, lifetime history of aggression, and novelty seeking were associated with younger age of death by suicide, while increasing levels of harm avoidance were associated with increasing age of suicide. This effect was observed after accounting for age-related psychopathology (current and lifetime depressive disorders, lifetime anxiety disorders, current and lifetime substance abuse disorders, psychotic disorders and cluster B personality disorders). Age effects were not due to the characteristics of informants, and such effects were not observed among living controls. When directly controlling for major psychopathology, the interaction between age, levels of impulsivity, aggression and novelty seeking predicted suicide status while controlling for the independent contributions of age and these traits.

Conclusions

Higher levels of impulsive-aggressive traits play a greater role in suicide occurring among younger individuals, with decreasing importance with increasing age.
A pasting lemma and some applications for conservative systems
Authors: ARBIETO ALEXANDER , MATHEUS CARLOS
Published: September 2007

We prove that in a compact manifold of dimension n≥2, C1+α volume-preserving diffeomorphisms that are robustly transitive in the C1-topology have a dominated splitting. Also we prove that for three-dimensional compact manifolds, an isolated robustly transitive invariant set for a divergence-free vector field cannot have a singularity. In particular, we prove that robustly transitive divergence-free vector fields in three-dimensional manifolds are Anosov. For this, we prove a ‘pasting’ lemma, which allows us to make perturbations in conservative systems.
Flattening functions on flowers
Authors: HARRISS EDMUND , JENKINSON OLIVER
Published: September 2007

Let T be an orientation-preserving Lipschitz expanding map of the circle ${\mathbb T}$. A pre-image selector is a map $\tau : {\mathbb T} \to {\mathbb T}$ with finitely many discontinuities, each of which is a jump discontinuity, and such that τ(x)∈T−1(x) for all $x\in {\mathbb T}$. The closure of the image of a pre-image selector is called a flower and a flower with p connected components is called a p-flower. We say that a real-valued Lipschitz function can be Lipschitz flattened on a flower whenever it is Lipschitz cohomologous to a constant on that flower. The space of Lipschitz functions which can be flattened on a given p-flower is shown to be of codimension p in the space of all Lipschitz functions, and the linear constraints determining this subspace are derived explicitly. If a Lipschitz function f has a maximizing measure S which is Sturmian (i.e. is carried by a 1-flower), it is shown that f can be Lipschitz flattened on some 1-flower carrying S.
Pattern-equivariant cohomology with integer coefficients
Authors: SADUN LORENZO
Published: September 2007

We relate Kellendonk and Putnam’s pattern-equivariant (PE) cohomology to the inverse-limit structure of a tiling space. This gives a version of PE cohomology with integer coefficients, or with values in any Abelian group. It also provides an easy proof of Kellendonk and Putnam’s original theorem relating PE cohomology to the Čech cohomology of the tiling space. The inverse-limit structure also allows for the construction of a new non-Abelian invariant, the PE representation variety.
A tribute to William N. “MAC” McFarland
(1926–2004)
Authors: LOEW ELLIS
Published: September 2007

On August 31, 2004 William N. “MAC” McFarland died in Mt.
Vernon, Washington just 11 days shy of his 79th birthday. He was into his
second post-retirement professorship (from Cornell and USC) at the Friday
Harbor Labs of the University of Washington. Rather than the usual CV with
a list of awards and accomplishments, of which Mac had many, I would like
to posit the following question, “Why should Mac be honored in this
issue?” To those of us who knew and worked with him, the fact that
he was “Mac” says it all. However, to those who did not know
him, more justification is needed.
Perception of illusory surfaces and contours in goldfish
Authors: WYZISK KATJA , NEUMEYER CHRISTA
Published: September 2007

Goldfish(Carassius auratus)were trained to discriminate triangles and squares using a two choice procedure. In the first experiment, three goldfish were trained with food reward on a black outline triangle on a white background, while a black outline square was shown for comparison. In transfer tests, a Kanizsa triangle and a Kanizsa square were presented, perceived by humans as an illusory triangle- or square-shaped surface of slightly higher brightness than the background. The choice behavior in this situation indicates that goldfish are able to discriminate between both figures in almost the same way as in the training situation. In control experiments goldfish did not discriminate between shapes in which humans do not perceive the illusion. A series of generalization experiments was performed indicating the similarity between the tested shapes and the training triangle. From all these findings we conclude that goldfish are able to perceive an illusory triangle or square within the Kanizsa figures. In a second experiment, four goldfish were trained on a white outline triangleversusa white outline square, both on black background with white diagonal lines. In transfer tests in which the shapes were replaced by gaps within the white diagonal lines, goldfish were clearly able to discriminate between the two patterns based on the illusory contours. This was not the case in tranfer tests with phase shifted abutting lines.
Visual function in regenerating teleost retina following surgical
lesioning
Authors: MENSINGER ALLEN F. , POWERS MAUREEN K.
Published: September 2007

Regeneration of the teleost retina following surgical extirpation of
25% to 100% of the neural retina was investigated in goldfish
(Carrasius auratus) and sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus). The
retina will regenerate following removal of up to 95% of the neural
retina, however complete extirpation prevented regeneration. Visual
sensitivity was assessed by examining components of the electroretinogram
(ERG) and the dorsal light reflex (DLR) during regeneration. B-wave
amplitudes in the experimental eyes increased throughout the study and
central connections were reestablished as indicated by the progressive
improvement in the dorsal light reflex. The recovery of visual function
was closely correlated with retinal regeneration. Visual recovery
progressed more slowly than following complete cytotoxic destruction of
the mature retina (Mensinger & Powers, 1999)
because the surgery removed a large number of the pluripotent cell
population and restricted the number and distribution of regenerating
foci.
Spectral sensitivities of the seahorsesHippocampus subelongatusandHippocampus barbouriand the pipefishStigmatopora argus
Authors: MOSK VIRGINIA , THOMAS NICOLE , HART NATHAN S. , PARTRIDGE JULIAN C. , BEAZLEY LYN D. , SHAND JULIA
Published: September 2007

The Syngnathidae are specialized diurnal feeders that are known to possess a retinal fovea and use independent eye movements to locate, track, and strike individual planktonic prey items. In this study, we have investigated the spectral sensitivities of three syngnathid species: a pipefish and two seahorses. We used spectrophotometry to measure the spectral transmission properties of ocular lenses and microspectrophotometry to measure the spectral absorption characteristics of visual pigments in the retinal photoreceptors. The pipefish,Stigmatopora argus, together with the seahorseHippocampus subelongatus, is found in “green-water” temperate coastal seagrass habitats, whereas the second seahorse,H. barbouri, originates from a “blue-water” tropical coral reef habitat. All species were found to possess short wavelength absorbing pigment(s) in their lenses, with the 50% cut-off point ofS. argusandH. subelongatusat 429 and 425 nm respectively, whereas that ofH. barbouriwas located at 409 nm. Microspectrophotometry of the photoreceptors revealed that the rods of all three species contained visual pigment with the wavelength of maximum absorption (λmax) at approximately 500 nm. The visual pigment complement of the cones varied between the species: all possessed single cones with a λmaxclose to 460 nm butH. barbourialso possessed an additional class of single cone with λmaxat 430 nm. Three classes of visual pigment were found in the double cones, the λmaxbeing approximately 520, 537, and 560 nm in the two seahorses and 520, 537, and 580 nm in the pipefish. The spectral sensitivities of the syngnathids investigated here do not appear to conform to generally accepted trends for fishes inhabiting different spectral environments. The influence of the specialized feeding regime of the syngnathids is discussed in relation to our findings that ultra-violet sensitivity is apparently not necessary for zooplanktivory in certain habitats.
Bipolar cells in the “grouped retina” of the
elephantnose fish (Gnathonemus petersii)
Authors: WAGNER HANS-JOACHIM
Published: September 2007

To elucidate the specific properties of retinae with grouped
photoreceptors the neural pathways in the outer and inner plexiform layer
were studied. Photoreceptor bundles in this species consist of more than
100 rods and up to 50 cones, and are usually regarded as functional units.
Golgi impregnation in thick and thin sections and light microscopy were
used to identify bipolar cell types linking photoreceptors to amacrine
and/or ganglion cells. Nine different types were distinguished based
on their dendritic morphology and the position of the axon terminal in the
inner plexiform layer. Small cells have dendritic fields smaller than the
diameter of a photoreceptor bundle and are contacted mostly by cones. The
dendritic field size of bushy cells matches that of a photoreceptor
bundle; they are contacted mainly by rods. Flat cells receive about equal
input from rods and cones; their dendritic field size exceeds the bundle
diameter. Within the three major classes there are subtypes addressing
three sublaminae of the inner plexiform layer, the proximal On-centre
region (sl b), the distal Off-centre region (sl a) and a central sublayer
(sl c) probably with transient activity. These observations suggest that
cone vision has a spatial acuity better than the “bundle
grain”. In rod dominated vision the resolution matches that of the
bundles; for this pathway, the hypothesis of the bundle as a functional
unit is confirmed. The mesopic flat cell pathway has a resolution inferior
to the “bundle grain”; it may therefore be dedicated to
movement detection.
Small field motion detection in goldfish is red-green color blind and mediated by the M-cone type
Authors: GEHRES MARTIN , NEUMEYER CHRISTA
Published: September 2007

Large field motion detection in goldfish, measured in the optomotor response, is based on the L-cone type, and is therefore color-blind (Schaerer & Neumeyer, 1996). In experiments using a two-choice training procedure, we investigated now whether the same holds for the detection of a small moving object (size: 8 mm diameter; velocity: 7 cm/s). In initial experiments, we found that goldfish did not discriminate between a moving and a stationary stimulus, obviously not taking attention to the cue “moving.” Therefore, random dot patterns were used in which the stimulus was visible only when moving. Using black and white random dot patterns with variable contrast between 0.2 and 1, we found that the fish could see motion only with high (0.8) contrast. In the decisive experiment, a red-green random dot pattern was used. By keeping the intensity of the red dots constant and reducing the intensity of the green dots, a narrow intensity range was found in which goldfish could no longer discriminate between the moving random dot stimulus in random dot surround and the stationary random dot pattern. The same was the case when a red moving disk was presented in green surround. This is the evidence that object motion is red-green color blind, i.e., color information cannot be used to detect the moving object. Calculations of the cone excitation values revealed that the M-cone type is decisive, as this cone type (and not the L-cone type) is not modulated by that particular red-green pattern in which the moving stimulus was invisible.
Visual pigments of Baltic Sea fishes of marine and limnic origin
Authors: JOKELA-MÄÄTTÄ MIRKA , SMURA TEEMU , AALTONEN ANNA , ALA-LAURILA PETRI , DONNER KRISTIAN
Published: September 2007

Absorbance spectra of rods and some cones were measured by microspectrophotometry in 22 fish species from the brackish-water of the Baltic Sea, and when applicable, in the same species from the Atlantic Ocean (3 spp.), the Mediterranean Sea (1 sp.), or Finnish fresh-water lakes (9 spp.). The main purpose was to study whether there were differences suggesting spectral adaptation of rod vision to different photic environments during the short history (<104years) of postglacial isolation of the Baltic Sea and the Finnish lakes. Rod absorbance spectra of the Baltic subspecies/populations of herring (Clupea harengus membras), flounder (Platichthys flesus), and sand goby (Pomatoschistus minutus) were all long-wavelength-shifted (9.8, 1.9, and 5.3 nm, respectively, at the wavelength of maximum absorbance, λmax) compared with their truly marine counterparts, consistent with adaptation for improved quantum catch, and improved signal-to-noise ratio of vision in the Baltic light environment. Judged by the shape of the spectra, the chromophore was pure A1 in all these cases; hence the differences indicate evolutionary tuning of the opsin. In no species of fresh-water origin did we find significant opsin-based spectral shifts specific to the Baltic populations, only spectral differences due to varying A1/A2 chromophore ratio in some. For most species, rod λmaxfell within a wavelength range consistent with high signal-to-noise ratio of vision in the spectral conditions prevailing at depths where light becomes scarce in the respective waters. Exceptions were sandeels in the Baltic Sea, which are active only in bright light, and all species in a “brown” lake, where rod λmaxlay far below the theoretically optimal range.
Cellular correlates of proneural and notch-delta gene expression in the regenerating zebrafish retina
Authors: YURCO PATRICK , CAMERON DAVID A.
Published: September 2007

Fish can regenerate retinal neurons following ocular injury. Evidence is mounting that astrocytic glia function as inducible, regenerative stem cells in this process, but the underlying molecular events that enable neuronal regeneration are comparatively unclear. In the current study gene array, quantitative real-time PCR,in situhybridization, and immunohistochemical approaches were used to identify, in the damaged retina of adult zebrafish, correlations between transcriptional events and entry into the cell cycle by Müller cells, a type of astrocytic cell present in all vertebrate retinas that is a candidate ‘stem cell’ of regenerated neurons. A proneural gene (achaete-scute homolog 1a,ash1a) and neurogenic components of the Notch signaling pathway, includingnotch3anddeltaA, were implicated. An injury-induced, enhanced expression ofash1awas observed in Müller cells, which is hypothesized to contribute to the transition of these cells, or their cellular progeny, into anotch3-expressing, regenerative progenitor. A model of vertebrate retinal repair is suggested in which damage-induced expression of proneural genes, plus canonical Notch-Delta signaling, could contribute to retinal stem cell promotion and subsequent regenerative neurogenesis.
Travelling-wave analysis of a model describing tissue degradation by bacteria
Authors: HILHORST D. , KING J. R. , RÖGER M.
Published: September 2007

We study travelling-wave solutions for a reaction-diffusion system arising as a model for host-tissue degradation by bacteria. This system consists of a parabolic equation coupled with an ordinary differential equation. For large values of the ‘degradation-rate parameter’ solutions are well approximated by solutions of a Stefan-like free boundary problem, for which travelling-wave solutions can be found explicitly. Our aim is to prove the existence of travelling waves for all sufficiently large wave speeds for the original reaction-diffusion system and to determine the minimal speed. We prove that for all sufficiently large degradation rates, the minimal speed is identical to the minimal speed of the limit problem. In particular, in this parameter range,non-linearselection of the minimal speed occurs.
Transitional justice: (re)conceptualising the field
Authors: Bell Christine , Campbell Colm , Ní Aoláin Fionnuala
Published: September 2007

Transitional justice discourse is generally accepted as having its foundations located in the theoretical, policy and practical implications of dealing with past human rights violations in societies that have experienced either repressive politics or violent conflict. Many theorists and policy-makers resolutely assume or defend the notion that ‘dealing with the past’ is where the debates about, and contribution of, the transitional justice paradigm uniquely lie.2Understood in this way, transitional justice as a field of study has grown exponentially, comprising theoretical debates, the comparative assessment of domestic accountability schemes, international criminal justice, the study of truth commissions, and ethical-legal debate concerning the morality of compromise on accountability for gross and systematic violations of human rights.

This foreword, building on the previous work of its authors,3extends and expands our contention that transitional justice in this narrow sense must be located in a broader and more problematised understanding of justice in contemporary transitions. We also use the opportunity provided by this symposium to highlight an expansion of conceptual horizons being carried out at the Transitional Justice Institute (University of Ulster), and the innovative approach to the transitional justice field being advanced by a group of diverse inter-disciplinary scholars. The approach advocates both drawing on other disciplines, and firmly supporting parallel disciplinary fields to work alongside a legal research agenda; affirming the importance of rigorous cross-jurisdictional comparisons; and utilising empirical and socio-legal methodology to advance legal inquiry.
Engendering transitional justice: questions of absence and silence
Authors: Rooney Eilish
Published: September 2007

The globalisation of transitional justice as a framework for the resolution of conflicts is a remarkable phenomenon of the post-Cold War era (Bell and Craig, 2000). In different contexts this framework has significant consequences for women’s equality. This article asserts that a conceptualisation of gender that intersects with other dimensions of inequality in state formation provides an important tool for understanding contemporary transitional justice processes. This complex tool of intersectional analysis is used to explore the issue of women’s equality in Northern Ireland’s transition. This is applied to the problems of women’s absence from negotiations and the silence in these negotiations on matters to do with women’s day-to-day lives. The Good Friday/Belfast Agreement and the enactment of the equality legislation enacted in the Northern Ireland Act 1998 are the textual sites of analysis. These documents comprise the formal transitional framework for Northern Ireland. The article examines the theoretical tensions and practical implications inherent in universal claims for women’s equality in a situation where recognition of ‘difference’ is enshrined in both the equality legislation and the mechanisms for future democratic representation. The article concludes by suggesting that transitional justice discourse can benefit from the theoretical challenges posed by intersectionality and that social stability in NI and in other conflicted societies may be strengthened through addressing the corrosive impacts of inequality.
Tectonic evolution of arcuate mountain belts on top of a retreating subduction slab: The example of the Calabrian Arc
Authors: Cifelli Francesca , Mattei Massimo , Rossetti Federico
Published: September 2007

In this paper, new paleomagnetic results from the Calabrian Arc are presented, together with a critical review of all paleomagnetic data collected in the last decades in southern Italy. Our study is focused on the upper Miocene to middle Pleistocene deposits of the Crati extensional basin, a sector of the arc where an abrupt change in the sense of paleomagnetic rotations is observed. Paleomagnetic data indicate that the Crati basin underwent a uniform clockwise (CW) rotation of about 15°–20° in its central and southern part, whereas the northern sector is organized in small‐scale fault‐bounded blocks, which rotated independently. We interpret this pattern of deformation as the evidence of the complex nature of this area, which represents the boundary between two domains characterized by opposite rotations: the southern Apennines, which rotated counterclockwise, and the Calabria and Sicily, which rotated CW. Integrating these new paleomagnetic data with paleomagnetic data from southern Italy, we reconstruct the history of paleomagnetic rotations through time. Paleomagnetic rotations highlight the peculiarity of the formation of the Calabrian Arc curvature and imply that either an oroclinal bending model or a progressive arc model cannot be simply applied to the Calabrian Arc formation. We describe a realistic tectonic‐geodynamic model, where the progressive curvature of the Calabrian Arc is framed within the space‐time evolution of the Ionian subduction system.
Observations and modeling of dense water cascading from the northwestern Laptev Sea shelf
Authors: Ivanov Vladimir V. , Golovin Pavel N.
Published: September 2007

We examine dense water cascading from the northwestern Laptev Sea shelf in the Arctic Ocean. This region is believed to be a potential site of dense water formation through ice freezing and brine ejection. Climate data indicate the presence of saltier/denser water on the shelf all year round. Tongues of dense water spreading from the shelf to the continental slope and reaching a depth of 300–400 m are reported in some historical hydrographic surveys. In this study we recreate dense water cascading from the Laptev Sea shelf by filling a gap between two sequential hydrographic surveys with numerical model output. From October 1984 to April 1985, ice formation over the shelf provided salt input almost 5 times greater than the amount that was accumulated in the shelf waters. This excessive salt was transported off the shelf mainly by baroclinic eddies and also by mean outflow through the bottom boundary layer. Shelf origin dense water would have reached at least 1000‐m depth, but strong stratification prevented it from penetrating deeper than 400 m downslope. Contribution of mean downslope flow to heat and salt exchange between shelf and slope is on the average 4 times smaller than that caused by eddy fluxes. Hence, although the volume transport associated with cascading is relatively small (∼0.02 Sv), heat and salt fluxes are large enough to provide cooling and freshening of Atlantic Water, which propagates along the Siberian continental slope.
GPS and ionospheric scintillations
Authors: Kintner P. M. , Ledvina B. M. , de Paula E. R.
Published: September 2007

Ionospheric scintillations are one of the earliest known effects of space weather. Caused by ionization density irregularities, scintillating signals change phase unexpectedly and vary rapidly in amplitude. GPS signals are vulnerable to ionospheric irregularities and scintillate with amplitude variations exceeding 20 dB. GPS is a weak signal system and scintillations can interrupt or degrade GPS receiver operation. For individual signals, interruption is caused by fading of the in‐phase and quadrature signals, making the determination of phase by a tracking loop impossible. Degradation occurs when phase scintillations introduce ranging errors or when loss of tracking and failure to acquire signals increases the dilution of precision. GPS scintillations occur most often near the magnetic equator during solar maximum, but they can occur anywhere on Earth during any phase of the solar cycle. In this article we review the subject of GPS and ionospheric scintillations for scientists interested in space weather and engineers interested in the impact of scintillations on GPS receiver design and use.
Spatial separation of groundwater flow paths from a multi‐flow system by a simple mixing model using stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen as natural tracers
Authors: Nakaya Shinji , Uesugi Kenji , Motodate Yusuke , Ohmiya Isao , Komiya Hiroyuki , Masuda Harue , Kusakabe Minoru
Published: September 2007

Stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen have the potential to serve as tracers for both source and flow paths in a groundwater system. The ratios of stable isotopes of oxygen (δ18O) and hydrogen (δD) can be used as natural tracer parameters to separate multiflow groundwater paths by applying a simple inversion analysis method to determine the differences between observed and calculated δ18O and δD data in a simple mixing model. The model presented here assumes that the distribution of natural tracers in the steady state is governed by simple mixing between flow paths with a normal distribution of flow rate. When the inversion analysis and simple mixing model were applied to the multiflow system of the Matsumoto Basin, which is surrounded by Japanese alpine ranges, the end‐members of the relationship between observed δ18O and δD could be separated spatially into specific groundwater flow paths in the multiflow system of shallow and deep groundwater flow paths.
Variations in the strontium isotope composition of seawater during the Paleocene and early Eocene from ODP Leg 208 (Walvis Ridge)
Authors: Hodell David A. , Kamenov George D. , Hathorne Ed C. , Zachos James C. , Röhl Ursula , Westerhold Thomas
Published: September 2007

We refined the strontium isotope seawater curve for the Paleocene and early Eocene by analysis of samples recovered from the Walvis Ridge during Ocean Drilling Project (ODP) Leg 208. The highest 87Sr/86Sr values occurred in the earliest Paleocene at ∼65 Ma and generally decreased throughout the Paleocene, reaching minimum values between 53 and 51 Ma in the early Eocene before beginning to increase again at ∼50 Ma. A plausible explanation for the 87Sr/86Sr decrease between 65 and 51 Ma is increased rates of hydrothermal activity and/or the eruption and weathering of large igneous provinces (e.g., Deccan Traps and North Atlantic). Strontium isotope variations closely parallel sea level and benthic δ18O changes during the late Paleocene and early Eocene, supporting previous studies linking tectonic reorganization and increased volcanism to high sea level, high CO2, and warm global temperatures.
ITRF2005: A new release of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame based on time series of station positions and Earth Orientation Parameters
Authors: Altamimi Z. , Collilieux X. , Legrand J. , Garayt B. , Boucher C.
Published: September 2007

Unlike the past International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF) versions where global long‐term solutions were combined, the ITRF2005 uses as input data time series (weekly from satellite techniques and 24‐h session‐wise from Very Long Baseline Interferometry) of station positions and daily Earth Orientation Parameters (EOPs). The advantage of using time series of station positions is that it allows to monitor station non‐linear motion and discontinuities and to examine the temporal behavior of the frame physical parameters, namely the origin and the scale. The ITRF2005 origin is defined in such a way that it has zero translations and translation rates with respect to the Earth center of mass, averaged by the Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) time series spanning 13 years of observations. Its scale is defined by nullifying the scale and its rate with respect to the Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) time series spanning 26 years of observations. The ITRF2005 orientation (at epoch 2000.0) and its rate are aligned to the ITRF2000 using 70 stations of high geodetic quality. The estimated level of consistency of the ITRF2005 origin (at epoch 2000.0) and its rate with respect to the ITRF2000 is respectively 0.1, 0.8, 5.8 mm and 0.2, 0.1, 1.8 mm/yr along the X, Y and Z‐axis. We estimate the formal errors on these components to be 0.3 mm and 0.3 mm/yr. We believe that this low level of agreement between the two frame origins is most probably due to the poor SLR network geometry and its degradation over time. The ITRF2005 combination involving 84 co‐location sites revealed a scale inconsistency of 1 ppb (6.3 mm at the equator), at epoch 2000.0, and 0.08 ppb/yr between the SLR and VLBI long‐term solutions as obtained by the stacking of their respective time series. Possible causes of this inconsistency may include the poor SLR and VLBI networks and their co‐locations, local tie uncertainties, systematic effects and possible inconsistent model corrections used in the data analysis of both techniques. For the first time of the ITRF history, the ITRF2005 rigorous combination provides self‐consistent series of EOPs, including Polar Motion from VLBI and satellite techniques and Universal Time and Length of Day from VLBI only. A velocity field of 152 sites with an error less than 1.5 mm/yr is used to estimate absolute rotation poles of 15 tectonic plates that are consistent with the ITRF2005 frame. This new absolute plate motion model supersedes and significantly improves that of the ITRF2000 which involved six major tectonic plates.
Probabilistic forecasting of solar flares from vector magnetogram data
Authors: Barnes G. , Leka K. D. , Schumer E. A. , Della‐Rose D. J.
Published: September 2007

Discriminant analysis is a statistical approach for assigning a measurement to one of several mutually exclusive groups. Presented here is an application of the approach to solar flare forecasting, adapted to provide the probability that a measurement belongs to either group, the groups in this case being solar active regions which produced a flare within 24 hours and those that remained flare quiet. The technique is demonstrated for a large database of vector magnetic field measurements obtained by the University of Hawai'i Imaging Vector Magnetograph. For a large combination of variables characterizing the photospheric magnetic field, the results are compared to a Bayesian approach for solar flare prediction, and to the method employed by the U.S. Space Environment Center (SEC). Although quantitative comparison is difficult as the present application provides active region (rather than whole‐Sun) forecasts, and the present database covers only part of one solar cycle, the performance of the method appears comparable to the other approaches.
IUPAC-NIST Solubility Data Series. 82. Alcohols with Water–Revised and Updated: Part 5. C8–C17 Alcohols with Water
Authors: Goral Marian , Wisniewska-Goclowska Barbara
Published: September 2007

The mutual solubilities and related liquid–liquid equilibria of C8–C17 alcohols with water are exhaustively and critically reviewed. Reports of experimental determination of solubility in 21 chemically distinct binary systems that appeared in the primary literature prior to the end of 2004 are compiled. For 12 systems sufficient data are available to allow critical evaluation. All data are expressed as mass percent and mole fraction as well as the originally reported units. In addition to the standard evaluation criteria used throughout the Solubility Data Series, a new method based on the evaluation of the all experimental data for a given homologous series of saturated alcohols was used.
Instability of isolated planar shock waves
Authors: Bates J. W.
Published: September 2007

Previously, expressions governing the temporal evolution of linear perturbations to an isolated, planar, two-dimensional shock front in an inviscid fluid medium with an arbitrary equation of state were derived using a methodology based on Riemann invariants and Laplace transforms [J. W. Bates, Phys. Rev. E 69, 056313 (2004)]. An overlooked yet immediate consequence of this theory is that the stability limits of shocks can be readily determined from an inspection of the poles of the transformed ripple amplitude. Here, it is shown that two classes of instabilities exist for isolated planar shock waves: one in which perturbations grow exponentially in time, and the other in which disturbances are stationary. These results agree with those derived by D’yakov and Kontorovich (by more arduous and somewhat ambiguous means), and serve as an important addendum to our earlier analysis.
Novel perturbation approach for the structure factor of the attractive hard-core Yukawa fluid
Authors: Melnyk Roman , Moučka Filip , Nezbeda Ivo , Trokhymchuk Andrij
Published: September 2007

A novel perturbation approach for the structure factor S(k) of the Lennard-Jones-type Yukawa fluid with z=1.8 is presented. An approach is based on a new reference system, that is, the short-range Yukawa model with z0>z=1.8. By choosing for the reference system the value z0=6, it is shown that (i) the proposed approach for S(k) performs much better than the traditional hard-sphere reference perturbation method does; (ii) the use of an approximate mean spherical (MSA) description of the reference structure factor provides the results for S(k) that are more accurate as those obtained from the direct MSA computations; and (iii) the results obtained for S(k) tend to reproduce “exact” simulation results when accurate simulation data for the reference system are used.