bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Macroprudential Regulation for the Chinese Banking Network System with Complete and Random Structures
Authors: Gao Qianqian , Fan Hong , Jiang Shanshan
Published: December 2018

There has been little quantitative research on macro-prudential regulation for the Chinese banking system while the existing relevant research in other countries has not considered the network structure. Therefore, the present paper constructs a dynamic Chinese banking network system with complete and random structures and a quantitative model of macro-prudential regulation using four risk allocation mechanisms (Component VaR, Incremental VaR, Shapley value EL, and ΔCoVaR). Then we analyze empirically the macro-prudential regulation effect on the dynamic Chinese banking network system. The results show that the macro-prudential regulation focus on capital requirements for the Chinese banking network system is very effective in that most banks’ default probabilities have been reduced. Moreover, the regulation effect of the ΔCoVaR mechanism is the most significant and it has strong applicability because it is not affected by the two network structures. The next effective methods are Component VaR and Shapley value EL mechanisms. The last is the Incremental VaR mechanism. The Chinese banking system with random network is more stable in most years than that of the complete network. Lastly, our analysis suggests that setting up capital requirements based on each bank’s systemic risk contribution is able to promote the stability of the Chinese banking system.
Spatially Differentiated Trends between Forest Pest-Induced Losses and Measures for Their Control in China
Authors: Cai Qi , Cai Yushi , Wen Yali
Published: December 2018

Historically, China has exhibited spatial differentiation in issues ranging from population distribution to ecological or economic development; forest pest-control work exemplifies this tendency. In recent times, global warming, man-made monoculture tree-plantations, increasing human population density, and intensified international trade aggravate forest pest outbreaks. Although the Chinese government has complied with internationally recommended practices, some aspects of pest management remain unaddressed due to existing differential regional imbalance in forest pest distribution and control capacities. Evidence shows that the high-income provinces in the south have taken advantage of economic and technological superiority, resulting in the adoption of more efficient pest-control measures. In contrast, the economically underdeveloped provinces of the northwest continue to experience a paucity of financial support that has led to serious threats of pest damage that almost mirror the demarcations of the Hu Huanyong Line. In this paper, we propose the introduction of a Public–Private–Partnership (PPP) model into forest pest control and the combination of the national strategies to enact regional prevention measures to break away from current spatially differentiated trends in China.
A Sustainability Perspective for Unbound Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) as a Pavement Base Material
Authors: Plati Christina , Cliatt Brad
Published: December 2018

The present study aims to investigate reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) materials for utilization for a pavement base layer material with the goal towards increasing the reutilization of materials and the movement towards increased pavement sustainability. Reduced cost for materials and transportation of materials, overall environmental benefits and many other advantages have led to increased interests in utilizing RAP in pavements including as base materials for highway/roadway construction projects. The potential advantages of utilizing RAP as an unbound base material are known; however, its overall application is still limited partially due to the lack of systematic evaluation studies for the parameterization of RAPs mechanical behavior in pavement design. With this in mind, the current investigation focuses on the resilient modulus (Mr) properties of RAP aggregates in terms of a material’s elastic response. Experimental data from tri-axial stress tests on specimens consisting of RAP, aggregates and a mixture of both materials are investigated. A number of constitutive models for the description of mechanical behavior of RAP materials are investigated. The required procedures for determining the constitutive constants of the constitutive models is outlined for the aforementioned materials. A comparative analysis is applied, and the related results are evaluated. The main conclusion is that RAP materials can be utilized as a base material in the framework of pavement sustainability, as its behavior under loading conditions are similar to virgin aggregate (VA) materials and can be simulated by using appropriate constitutive models for pavement design processes.
Predictors of Drought in Inland Valley Landscapes and Enabling Factors for Rice Farmers’ Mitigation Measures in the Sudan-Sahel Zone
Authors: Dossou-Yovo Elliott R. , Zwart Sander J. , Kouyaté Amadou , Ouédraogo Ibrahima , Bakare Oladele
Published: December 2018

Drought is a noteworthy cause of low agricultural profitability and of crop production vulnerability, yet in numerous countries of Africa little to no consideration has been paid to readiness for drought calamity, particularly to spatial evaluation and indicators of drought occurrence. In this study, biophysical and socio-economic data, farmers’ community surveys and secondary data from remote sensing on soil characteristics and water demand were used to evaluate the predictors of drought in inland valley rice-based production systems and the factors affecting farmers’ mitigation measures. The study intervened in three West African countries located in the Sudan-Sahel zone, viz. Burkina Faso, Mali and Nigeria. Significant drying trends occurred at latitudes below 11°30′ whilst significant wetting trends were discerned at latitude above 11°30′. Droughts were more frequent and had their longest duration in the states of Niger and Kaduna located in Nigeria and in western Burkina Faso during the period 1995–2014. Among 21 candidate predictors, average annual standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index and duration of groundwater availability were the most important predictors of drought occurrence in inland valleys rice based-production systems. Land ownership and gender affected the commitment of rice farmers to use any mitigation measure against drought. Drought studies in inland valleys should include climatic water balance and groundwater data. Securing property rights and focusing on women’s association would improve farmers’ resilience and advance drought mitigation measures.
Carbon Footprint of Academic Air Travel: A Case Study in Switzerland
Authors: Ciers Joachim , Mandic Aleksandra , Toth Laszlo Daniel , Op ’t Veld Giel
Published: December 2018

Relatively low travel costs and abundant opportunities for research funding in Switzerland and other developed countries allow researchers large amounts of international travel and collaborations, leading to a substantial carbon footprint. Increasing willingness to tackle this issue, in combination with the desire of many academic institutions to become carbon-neutral, calls for an in-depth understanding of academic air travel. In this study, we quantified and analyzed the carbon footprint of air travel by researchers from the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) from 2014 to 2016, which is responsible for about one third of EPFL’s total CO2 emissions. We find that the air travel impact of individual researchers is highly unequally distributed, with 10% of the EPFL researchers causing almost 60% of the total emissions from EPFL air travel. The travel footprint increases drastically with researcher seniority, increasing 10-fold from PhD students to professors. We found that simple measures such as restricting to economy class, replacing short trips by train and avoiding layovers already have the potential to reduce emissions by 36%. These findings can help academic institutions to implement travel policies which can mitigate the climate impact of their air travel.
Economic Analysis of Perennial Crop Systems in Dak Lak Province, Vietnam
Authors: Thuy Phan Thi , Niem Le Duc , Ho Thi Minh Hop , Burny Philippe , Lebailly Philippe
Published: December 2018

Dak Lak province, Central Highlands, Vietnam presents an interesting case in perennial crop systems, of which coffee and black pepper are the two premier commodities and contribute a large part to economic growth provincially and at the national level. In recent years, in addition to mono-cropping systems, intercropping systems for diversification have developed quickly. This paper focuses on (1) comparing the economic efficiency of mono-coffee systems (MCSes), mono-pepper systems (MPSes), and coffee and pepper intercropping (CPI) by analyzing startup cost, annual cost, and profits; and (2) identifying the main factors affecting farmers’ decisions to convert their crop systems. The study was carried out by investigating 90 perennial crop samples using the three perennial crop systems (MCSes, MPSes, and CPI) in 2017–2018. Additionally, in-depth interviews and focus group discussion (FGD) methods were applied to collect more information about the operations of each system. Another survey with 37 samples (new plantations) was carried out to compute the startup cost. The findings showed evidence that MCSes had the lowest startup and annual costs, whereas MPSes had the highest costs of the three perennial crop systems. MCSes used less manure or compost in the initial setup and overused chemical fertilizer in annual production. Similarly, MPSes had high pesticide-stimulant costs in the production process to sustain crop development. The study indicated that CPI not only had the highest economic efficiency, but also created the best family employment opportunities of the three systems. Additionally, the study found some social factors that strongly influenced farmers’ decisions to shift their cropping system: These included ethnicity, education, training, and crop failure, in addition to economic factors (profits).
The Impacts of Socioeconomic Development on Rural Drinking Water Safety in China: A Provincial-Level Comparative Analysis
Authors: Li Hongxing , Cohen Alasdair , Li Zheng , Zhang Mengjie
Published: December 2018

In China, achieving rural drinking water safety—meaning access to a safe, affordable, sufficient, and sustainable drinking water supply—remains a key challenge for government agencies and researchers. Using cross-sectional data at the provincial level, in this paper we examine the impacts of socioeconomic development on drinking water safety in rural China. Using a theoretical framework called Pressure-State-Response (PSR), existing data were organized into state and pressure indicators. Canonical Correlation Analysis was then used to analyze provincial-level relationships between the indicators. Significant drinking-water-safety-related differences were found across provinces. Our analyses suggest that, overall, China’s recent and rapid socioeconomic development yielded substantial benefits for China’s rural drinking water safety. However, this same development also negatively impacted rural drinking water safety via increased groundwater over-abstraction, reductions in water supply, and environmental contamination. The paper closes with a discussion of implications and options for improving drinking water policy, management, and regulation in rural China.
Secretory Structures of Pogostemon auricularius: Morphology, Development, and Histochemistry
Authors: Guo Jiansheng , Zhou Cheng
Published: December 2018

Pogostemon auricularius, an aromatic plant in Lamiaceae, has wide application in pharmaceutical preparations. However, little is known about the secretory structures that contain the medicinal compounds. In this study, two kinds of glandular trichome types, including peltate glandular trichomes and short-stalked capitate trichomes, were identified in the leaves and stems by cryo-scanning electron microscope. Oil secretion from the glands contained lipids, flavones, and terpenes, and the progresses of secretion were different in the two glands types. The investigation by transmission electron microscope indicated that the endoplasmic reticulum system and plastids were involved in the biosynthesis of oils in the two glandular trichomes. The vacuoles showed a new role in the oil preparations and storage. The synthesized oil could be transported from the head cell to the sub-cuticular space by different way in the two glands. Comparative analysis of the development, distribution, histochemistry and ultrastructures of the secretory structures in Pogostemon auricularius led us to propose that the two glands may make different contribution to the collection of medicinal compounds. Furthermore, the characteristics of two glands in the secretory stage probably indicated the synthesizing site of metabolite.
In Vitro Properties and Virulence of Contemporary Recombinant Influenza B Viruses Harboring Mutations of Cross-Resistance to Neuraminidase Inhibitors
Authors: Fage Clément , Abed Yacine , Checkmahomed Liva , Venable Marie-Christine , Boivin Guy
Published: December 2018

Three neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs: Oseltamivir, zanamivir and peramivir) are currently approved in many countries for the treatment of influenza A and B infections. The emergence of influenza B viruses (IBVs) containing mutations of cross-resistance to these NAIs constitutes a serious clinical threat. Herein, we used a reverse genetics system for the current B/Phuket/3073/2013 vaccine strain to investigate the impact on in vitro properties and virulence of H136N, R152K, D198E/N, I222T and N294S NA substitutions (N2 numbering), reported by the World Health Organization (WHO) as clinical markers of reduced or highly-reduced inhibition (RI/HRI) to multiple NAIs. Recombinant viruses were tested by NA inhibition assays. Their replicative capacity and virulence were evaluated in ST6GalI-MDCK cells and BALB/c mice, respectively. All NA mutants (excepted D198E/N) showed RI/HRI phenotypes against ≥ 2 NAIs. These mutants grew to comparable titers of the recombinant wild-type (WT) IBV in vitro, and some of them (H136N, I222T and N294S mutants) induced more weight loss and mortality in BALB/c mice in comparison to the recombinant WT IBV. These results demonstrate that, in contemporary IBVs, some NA mutations may confer RI/HRI phenotypes to existing NAIs without altering the viral fitness. This reinforces the need for development of novel antiviral strategies with different mechanisms of action.
Variability of Arctic Sea Ice (1979–2016)
Authors: Wu Zhankai , Wang Xingdong
Published: December 2018

This study is based on the daily sea ice concentration data from the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC; Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, CO, USA) from 1979 to 2016. The Arctic sea ice is analyzed from the total sea ice area, first year ice extent, multiyear ice area, and the variability of sea ice concentration in different ranges. The results show that the total sea ice area decreased by 0.0453 × 106 km2·year−1 (−0.55%/year) between 1979 and 2016, and the variability of the sea ice area from 1997 to 2016 is significantly larger than that from 1979 to 1996. The first-year ice extent increased by 0.0199 × 106 km2·year−1 (0.36%/year) from 1997 to 2016. The multiyear ice area decreased by 0.0711 × 106 km2·year−1 (−0.66%/year) from 1979 to 2016, of which in the last 20 years is about 30.8% less than in 1979–1996. In terms of concentration, we have focused on comparing 1979–1996 and 1997–2016 in different ranges. Sea ice concentration between 0.9–1 accounted for about 39.57% from 1979 to 1996, while from 1997–2016, it accounted for only 27.75%. However, the sea ice of concentration between 0.15–0.4 exhibits no significant trend changes.
Water Disinfection by Immobilized Photosensitizers
Authors: Valkov Anton , Raik Kate , Mualem-Sinai Yamit , Nakonechny Faina , Nisnevitch Marina
Published: December 2018

Fresh water shortage has become a global problem. A partial solution for this problem is the use of treated and disinfected wastewater for irrigation. However, most existing wastewater disinfection methods are based on the use of aggressive chemicals or power-consuming physical processes. Photodynamic eradication of waterborne bacteria by immobilized photosensitizers may be a good alternative to conventional methods. In the present work, the photosensitizers Rose Bengal sodium salt, Rose Bengal lactone, methylene blue, and hematoporphyrin were immobilized in polyethylene or polypropylene using a “green” method of co-extrusion, without addition of any chemicals, yielding polymeric strips and beads containing the photosensitizers. The antibacterial efficiency of these immobilized photosensitizers was tested against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli in batch and continuous regimes upon illumination with a white luminescent lamp. All examined photosensitizers demonstrated a good ability to decrease the bacterial concentration, up to their total eradication. Immobilized photosensitizers are proposed for batch or continuous disinfection of wastewater after secondary treatment.
Three-Dimensional Turbulence Numerical Simulation of Flow in a Stepped Dropshaft
Authors: Qi Yongfei , Wang Yurong , Zhang Jianmin
Published: December 2018

The dropshaft structure is usually applied in an urban drainage system to connect the shallow pipe network and the deep tunnel. By using the renormalization group (RNG) k~ε turbulence model with a volume of fluid method, the flow pattern and the maximum relative water depth over a stepped dropshaft with a different central angle of step were numerically investigated. The calculated results suggested that the flow in the stepped dropshaft was highly turbulent and characterized by deflection during the jet caused by the curvature of the sidewall. According to the pressure distribution on the horizontal step and the flow pattern above the step, the flow field was partitioned into the recirculating region, the wall-impinging region and the mixing region. In addition, with the increase in the central angle of step, the scope of the wall-impinging region and the mixing region increased and the scope of the recirculating region remained nearly unchanged. The maximum water depth increased with the increase in discharge. In the present work we have shown that, as the value of the central angle of step increased, the maximum water depth decreased initially and increased subsequently.
A Novel Authentication Mechanism to Prevent Unauthorized Service Access for Mobile Device in Distributed Network
Authors: V L Pavani
Published: December 2018

The growth of distributed computer networks (DCN) is simple for the user to share information and computing capabilities with the host. User identification is an essential access control mechanism for the client-server networking architecture. The perception of single sign-on allows a legitimate user to access a different service provider on a DCN using a single session key. Recently, several user identification techniques being proposed for DCN. Unfortunately, the existing proposals cannot maintain user anonymity when the majority of probable attacks. In addition, the further time synchronization mechanism they use can result in widespread overhead costs. To overcome these shortcomings, we propose a novel authentication mechanism to prevent unauthorized service access for a mobile device in distributed networks. The mechanism implements methods to generate securely encrypted keys using RSA algorithm to validate the authentication of user login id and password.  Later, it implements a secure session key generation using DH algorithm which allows accessing the different services without repeating the authentication mechanism. An experimental evaluation was performed to measure execution time overhead for the registration process, an authentication process, session key generation process and Service Request Performance. The comparison results with existing authentication mechanism show an improvisation in all the measures.
Mobile Game Design for Learning Chemical Bonds with Endless Run Approach
Authors: Hafis Muhammad , Supianto Ahmad Afif
Published: December 2018

This research focuses on the design of a mobile application game that uses endless run method to learn chemistry concept of chemical bonds, its design is analyzed thoroughly. Application-based learning is one of the method of learning that has been proven to be effective, however, previous studies focuses on the elements of serious gaming that neglects the fun elements in the game itself, disdaining the nature of a game. This research aims to discover the relevance of player happiness and fun level based when playing an educational game and its correlation with the level of learning while also focuses on understanding what hinders a player in the context of chemistry-based games. The testing planning are exposed along with a hypothesis that player happiness positively correlates with its level of learning, while the hindrance can be identified by using statistical approach.
Mobile-based Recommendation System for the Tour Package Using the Hybrid Method
Authors: Wirawan I Made Agus , Diarsa I Wayan Bayu
Published: December 2018

Although it has been a lot of research recommendation of the tourist attraction, there has been no research that discusses the recommendations of tour packages from a collection of travel in the past. Therefore, in this study it is important to conduct a related study 1) The development of a mobile recommendation system using the Hybrid Method. 2) Test system accuracy in providing tour package recommendations.

The study is using CBR stages in providing travel package recommendations from a collection of travel in the past. There are 4 stages of the process: Retrieve, Reuse, Revise, and Retain. In this study the main focus on the retrieve stage using the method hybrid method. The hybrid method of the mobile recommendation system is the combination of the Naive Bayes method, Bayes Theorem, and Dempster Shafer. Where Naive Bayes is used for calculating the probability of continuous criteria such as age and frequency of visits. The Bayes theorem is used for calculating the probability such as country, gender, and visiting purpose. To determine the mass value of the combination of evidence using the Dempster Shafer method. Based on system accuracy test, stated that the total system accuracy in giving recommendation is 95% consisting of 2 kinds of accuracy is 46% full accuracy and 49% of half accuracy. While the error rate of the system in providing tour package of 5%.
Empowering Teachers in the Socialization of the Anti-Sexual Violence Behavior in Primary Schools
Authors: Sediyono Eko , Kristinawati Wahyuni , Paseleng Mila Chrismawati
Published: December 2018

Facts showed that many cases of sexual harassment and violence occurred to elementary school students, yet they did not have the knowledge, courage, and skills to withstand against the people who harmed them. Teachers should become a good mediator for the students in understanding the basic sexual values, as well as skills against sexual abuses. This study developed a multimedia-based teaching media, animation, and user-friendly digital books to empower these teachers. The other aim to be achieved was the formation of communication and parent-student-teacher partnership. Hence, they were integrated into attaining one purpose which was protecting children from sexual violence. The method used was discussion forums, in where the teachers were divided into small groups, to achieve the goal which was the empowerment action among elementary school teachers in socialising of anti-sexual violence behaviour. All teachers involved were the principals and teachers of two elementary schools in Salatiga, Central Java, Indonesia. The impact of this action program was the establishment of tranquillity and comfort in the community's social life. The teachers were increasingly skilled and encouraged to have courage in socialising anti-sexual violence to the students. The teacher-student-parent communication was able to assist them in making an early identification, and appropriate responses to sexual violence occurred to the elementary students.
Water Consumption: Hydroelectric Generation
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Hydroelectric generation is the predominant form of electric generation in Canada. A major part of the economic history of Canada consisted of the development of sites with large hydroelectric potential such as Niagara and Shawinigan. Hydro developments have had
a substantial effect on rivers and lakes in Canada. There have been relatively few large hydro sites developed since the 1970s as the environmental and human effects to be avoided or mitigated in such large projects make them increasingly difficult and costly to plan and
build.
Water Consumption: Agricultural Water Consumption/Irrigation (by province and territory)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Irrigation is the provision of water to crops beyond what is provided by local rainfall. Irrigation is a vital part of agriculture in certain areas of Canada like the southern Prairies and the interior of British Columbia. The amount of water that needs to be
withdrawn for irrigation varies annually. It depends on winter precipitation, and weather and soil moisture during the growing season. Irrigation can have both positive and negative effects on the environment.
Very Large Livestock Farms, 2001
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Large livestock farms (which includes very large livestock farms) have been expanding in the last few years. This reflects the trend throughout Canadian agriculture towards fewer, larger farms producing more food, either for Canadian tables or for export. Large
livestock farms are found in most agricultural areas of Canada. Notably, theyve expanded in some of the countrys more intensely settled rural areas those within commuting distance of metropolitan centres where the human population has also been rising. An animal unit is the means of equally
measure farm animals of different sizes based on feed input and manure output.
The Search for a Western Passage c1519 to 1527
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The second phase of exploration of what is now Canada lasted from 1519 to 1533. During that period, explorers charted the Atlantic Coast in search of a western passage to Asia. This map shows the routes of four explorers: Fagundes (1519 to 1526), Verrazzano
(1524), Gomes (1525) and Rut (1527). The map also shows the extent of territory known to Europeans in the period 1497 to 1650; and the navigation of all exploration routes during the period of maritime exploration between 1497 and 1599. The historical names found on the map are derived from
contemporaneous maps and written documents of the period.
Territorial Evolution, 1895
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Ungava, Mackenzie, Yukon and Franklin are established in 1895 as additional districts in the Northwest Territories. The districts of Athabaska and Keewatin are enlarged. Canadas long and diversified settlement history is reflected in the two distinct patterns of
boundaries that differentiate between eastern and western Canada.
Territorial Evolution, 1876
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The District of Keewatin is formed from part of the Northwest Territories in 1876. Canadas long and diversified settlement history is reflected in the two distinct patterns of boundaries that differentiate between eastern and western
Canada.
Stress to the Atmosphere - Trends in Greenhouse Gas Emissions, 1998 to 2010
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The regional trends of greenhouse gas emissions for the period 1990 to 2020 are shown here. Also shown is a projection of regional carbon intensity in terms of tonnes of carbon dioxide per million dollars of Real Domestic Product. This map shows long-term
greenhouse gas emissions growth on a provincial and territorial basis. The pattern of emissions growth varies across provinces, largely reflecting the distribution of energy sources available, the existence of energy production, and the nature of manufacturing activities and projected population
growth. In relative terms, the provinces of British Columbia, Alberta and Saskatchewan are expected to experience the largest increases between 1990 and 2010. In absolute terms, Alberta and Ontario are expected to experience the largest increases in emissions.
Service Industries: Specialization in Financial Services, 1996
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

This map shows the difference between the actual employment in financial services and the expected level, based on the city's population and income. The financial services have become an important part of present-day consumption, providing a variety of banking,
insurance and investment services. Some activities act like convenience retail (banks and credit unions) and others are more like retail shopping activity (stockbrokers and insurance companies). Still others are oriented to businesses, or deal with each other in concentrated financial districts in
large cities. In general, smaller cities are more likely to have either high or low levels of specialization, since large cities tend to provide the full range of financial activities.
Service Industries - Specialization in Retailing, 1996
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Retailing is the most familiar service of all: goods are brought together, displayed and sold directly to consumers. This map shows the difference between the actual employment in retail and the expected level, based on the city's population and income. Retail
activity is usually divided into two categories: the provision of convenience goods, such as food, drugs and gasoline, that are purchased on a daily or weekly basis usually from the nearest outlet and the provision of shopping goods, such as clothes, furniture or new cars. Customers prefer to
compare several stores before buying shopping goods. The specialization in retailing is evident throughout western Canada, including British Columbia, wherever cities serve extensive trade (market) areas. There is a corresponding deficiency of retail facilities in the cities of Ontario and Quebec,
especially in and around the largest cities where trade areas are smaller.
Service Industries - Specialization in Recreation Services, 1996
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

This map shows the difference between the actual employment in recreation services and the expected level, based on the city's population and income.
Service Industries - Specialization in Provincial Employment, 1996
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Public administration includes employment at the three levels of government: federal, provincial and municipal. The map shows the difference between the actual employment in provincial employment and the expected level, based on the city's
population.
Service Industries - Service Market Influence, Index of Centrality, 1996
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

While the size of the market determines the amount of service activity within a city, it may have more service activity than indicated by the size of the market, and this surplus of facilities is called "centrality". A high index value of centrality implies that
the city is serving an extensive region outside the city, as well as the urban market itself. Conversely, a deficiency of service facilities suggests that the city's external role is quite limited, or that it may even import goods and service from nearby centres. In general the agricultural centres
of western Canada have the highest values of centrality, while the lower values are found in industrial cities of central Canada (Ontario and Quebec) or isolated resource towns. Centrality implies an extensive and well-populated service area.
Rural Health: Comparisons of 1991 and 2000 Old-Age Dependency Ratios
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

This map shows the change in old-age dependency ratios from 1991 to 2000. The data was computed for each census division by dividing the 2000 dependency-ratio value by the value for 1991. Census divisions where the dependency ratio is unchanged or has increased
during this time period have a value of 1.00 or greater. The old-age dependency ratio for Canada increased from 16.9 to 18.3. Many urban and rural area of the country experienced a significant shift to a "greyer" population during this period. However, while the actual old-age dependency ratio is
still higher in rural areas, the relative increase in the ratio has been more rapid in predominantly urban parts of Canada.
Rural Health: Average Distance to the Nearest Family Physician, 1998 (kilometres)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

An important aspect of health care is the distance a person has to travel to get medical services. This map shows the average distance that people in each census division have to travel to reach the nearest family physician living in the same province or
territory. (A family physician deals with the day-to-day health problems of family members, and is therefore considered to be a "non-specialist"). The pattern shows that people in the continuously-settled parts of Canada rarely have to travel more than 25 kilometres to see family physicians, whereas
people in the sparsely settled parts often have to travel much greater distances.
Road Network, 2006
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The 1.1 million kilometres of roads shown on the map form a national road network that connects people and goods from one community to another in Canada and to the rest of the continent. On the map, roads are classified based on the population of the communities
the roads connect; combined, the communities on the map represent 78% of the total population in 2001. Principal road corridors connect major cities with a population greater than 49 999 and major ports of entry into and out of the country. Secondary road corridors connect medium-sized populated
places (of between 10 000 and 49 999) to the principal road corridor. Major roads connect the smaller-sized populated places (of between 1000 and 9999) to the principal and secondary road corridors. Minor roads connect populated places with a population less than 1000 to the principal and secondary
road corridors, and to major roads. Minor roads also include roads connecting Indian Reserves. Local roads include all other roads not directly connected to the network by the population between two populated places. Winter roads serve remote and northern communities in the winter or when weather
conditions permit travel.
Renewable Energy Case Studies
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Renewable energy refers to several energy sources that all produce electrical, thermal, or mechanical energy without unnecessarily depleting resources. The renewable energy sources are generally classified as water, biomass, wind, solar, earth and energy from
wastes. Renewable energy case studies illustrate the importance of renewable energy and provide information on the cost-effectiveness of the projects, energy and technical statistics, and environmental impacts of the projects. The projects serve as prime examples of how renewable energy can be
implemented into the Canadian energy market. Canada is fortunate to have abundant renewable energy sources. The future of renewable energy is becoming more promising because of numerous environmental benefits it offers.
Rail Carriers, 2006 - VIA Rail
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

In 2006 there were 48 068 kilometres of railways, stretching from the Atlantic to the Pacific oceans. The two largest Class 1 carriers, Canadian National Railway Company (CN) which owns or leases 22 686 kilometres of railways and Canadian Pacific Rail Company
(CPR) which owns or leases 12 812 kilometres. The regional and shortline railways combined, own or lease a total of 11 734 kilometres. VIA rail is the dominant inter-city passenger carrier with revenues of 430 million and carried 4.1 million passengers in 2005.
Projected Market Share of Subcompact Cars - 2010 Model (Human Activities Leading to Emissions)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The projected change in the market share of subcompact cars in total light-duty vehicle sales, from the model year 1990 to 2010 based on the business-as-usual scenario is shown on this map. This scenario assumes that there are no major policy changes during the
1990 to 2010 period, which would affect vehicle preferences. Light-duty vehicles include all cars and light trucks. It is projected that the market share of subcompact cars would remain largely unchanged from the model year 1990 to that of 2010 for Canada as a whole (18.8% in 1990 and 18.2%
in 2010). The greatest changes would be in Saskatchewan and Manitoba, where the expected significant increases would be primarily due to a significant switch from large pick-up trucks to small passenger vehicles.
Projected Market Share of Small Utility Vehicles - 2010 Model (Human Activities Leading to Emissions)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The projected change in the market share of small utility vehicles in total light-duty vehicle sales, from the model year 1990 to 2010 based on the business-as-usual scenario is shown on this map. This scenario assumes that there are no major policy changes in
the 1990 to 2010 period, which would affect vehicle preferences. Light-duty vehicles include all cars and light trucks. Of all the new light-duty vehicle classes, the market share of small utility vehicles is expected to have the largest increase over the forecasting period 1990 to 2010. The largest
growth in the market share of small utility vehicles is expected to occur in the central region in terms of market share. Most areas in Ontario, where this market share was relatively large in 1990, would have the largest increase in the absolute number of small utility
vehicles.
Productive Forest Land Use
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Forty-five percent of the Canadian territory is forested corresponding to 417.6 million hectares. There are 234.5 million hectares of commercial forests and 0.4% is harvested each year. The forested areas managed for timber production are mostly located in
the Boreal Shield, Atlantic Maritime, Montane Cordillera and Pacific Maritime ecozones.
Probing the Rivers on the North Shore of the St. Lawrence 1651 to 1664
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Between 1651 and 1664, except for a few trader's agents, missionaries were the principal explorers in the lower reaches of some of the major rivers flowing from the north into the St. Lawrence. This map shows the routes of four expeditions: Buteux and Godefroy
(1651); Dablon and Druillettes (1661); Couture, Duquet and Langlois (1663); and Nouvel and Amiot (1664). The map also shows the extent of territory known to Europeans and the navigation of all exploration routes in the period 1651 to 1760. The historical names found on the map are derived from
contemporaneous maps and written documents of the period.
Potential Impacts: Wind Erosion Risk and Climate Sensitivity
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Wind erosion risk for unprotected soils in areas sensitive to climatic change is shown on this map. The regions that would have the highest sensitivity to a warming climate are likely to occur in the southern and central Prairies and in the southernmost part of
Ontario. This risk of wind erosion is based on the nature of local climate and vegetation. Areas with dryer, warmer climates and with sparse vegetation cover are more vulnerable to wind erosion. The levels of climate sensitivity were derived by comparing present and future ecoclimatic regions of
Canada, based on the assumption of a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations over pre-industrial levels.
Potential Impacts: Sensitivity of Peatlands to Climate Change
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The sensitivity of peatlands to climate warming is shown on this map. Peatlands are massive deposits of peat, a material consisting largely of organic residue that acts as a natural sink for carbon. With global warming, however, they have the potential to become
immense sources of greenhouse gases, and contribute significantly to further warming. The geographic areas where peatland will be most affected are the Hudson Bay lowlands, the Mackenzie River valley region and the northern parts of Alberta and Manitoba.
Potential Impacts: Coastal Sensitivity to Sea-Level Rise
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Sensitivity of the coastlines of Canada to the expected rise in sea level is shown on the map. Sensitivity here means the degree to which a coastline may experience physical changes such as flooding, erosion, beach migration, and coastal dune destabilization.
Climate warming is expected to cause warming of the oceans and the partial melting of glaciers and ice-caps, resulting in a global rise in sea level. Two major regions of high sensitivity are identified: Atlantic Canada and parts of the Beaufort Sea coast.
Other Industries Generating Stations, 1997
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The 54 plants are operated by a wide variety of industries. Plants run by these industries tend to be fairly small (the largest is 38 000 kilowatts). They also tend to be found in cities. By type, these plants are a mix of hydro and thermal stations. The hydro
plants tend to be older installations located in Eastern Canada.
October Mean Daily Minimum Temperatures
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The map shows the mean daily minimum temperatures for October. In October, longer nights and a return to below-freezing minimum temperatures is evident across most of Canada except for coastal British Columbia, southern Ontario and Quebec and most of the Atlantic
Provinces. Normal minimum temperatures in October of -10°C or colder are prevalent across most of Nunavut, the Mackenzie Delta and the northern Yukon.
Non-medical Determinants of Health: Female Average Income, 1995
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Poverty, usually measured using income, and poor health are closely related. Income is one of the non-medical determinants of health. The poor experience the highest rates of illness and premature death. The income measures are for the year 1995 as reported in
the 1996 Census. In that year, average total income for females was $19 208. However, significant regional variations in average income are apparent. Higher incomes predominate in Ontario, Alberta, and British Columbia. Most census divisions in Atlantic Canada fall within the lower income levels.
The distribution of average total income for males and females are similar. The income-health relationship is not well known, but general linkages have been identified. Notably, health improves at every step up the income ladder.
Model Forests
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Canada's Model Forest Program is an initiative to build partnerships towards achieving sustainable forest management. The network is composed of eleven model forests. Each model forest is a hands-on laboratory in which leading-edge techniques are researched,
developed, applied and monitored. These forests are an example of sustainable forest management.
Mode of Transportation to Work, 2006: Car, Truck or Van as Passenger (by census subdivision)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The number of people having to commute to work (usual place of work or no fixed workplace address) has risen considerably over the past five years from 13 450 900 in 2001 to 14 714 300 in 2006 or 9.4%. While the car is still the most frequently used mode of
transportation for getting to work, there was a decrease in the proportion of drivers in the past five years, from 73.8% of workers in 2001 to 72.3% in 2006. In 2006, 11% of Canadian workers used public transit to get to work, compared to 10.5% in 2001 and 10.1% in
1996.
Mode of Transportation to Work, 2001: Travelled to Work in Car, Truck, Van as Driver (by census subdivision)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Nearly 74% of Canadian commuters drove to work in 2001, up from 73.3% and about 10.5% of employed Canadians used public transportation to get to work in 2001, up marginally from 10.1% in 1996. In 2001, the proportion of workers who rode to work as
passengers in a car, truck or van decreased to 6.9% from 7.4% in 1996. About 6.6% of all employed Canadians walked to work in 2001, down slightly from 7.0% in 1996. The proportion of employed Canadians who cycled to work increased marginally to 1.2% in 2001 from 1.1% in
1996.
Mode of Transportation to Work, 2001: Public Transportation (by census division)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Nearly 74% of Canadian commuters drove to work in 2001, up from 73.3% and about 10.5% of employed Canadians used public transportation to get to work in 2001, up marginally from 10.1% in 1996. In 2001, the proportion of workers who rode to work as
passengers in a car, truck or van decreased to 6.9% from 7.4% in 1996. About 6.6% of all employed Canadians walked to work in 2001, down slightly from 7.0% in 1996. The proportion of employed Canadians who cycled to work increased marginally to 1.2% in 2001 from 1.1% in
1996.
Median Total Income of Individuals, 2000$ (by census division)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The median total income of individuals in Canada was $22 120 in 2000. Median total income for individuals has been increasing since 1997, when it was $20 464 nationally after adjusting for inflation. The median income is the amount which divides income size
distribution into two halves, where the incomes of the first half are below the median, while those of the second half are above the median. Total income is income accrued from earnings, government transfer payments and other income.
Market Share of Subcompact Cars: 1990 Model (Human Activities Leading to Emissions)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The percentage of subcompact cars in the total sales of light-duty vehicles with the model year 1990 is shown on this map for the populated areas. Light-duty vehicles include all cars and light trucks. There is a significant spatial variation for the market share
of subcompact cars with the model year 1990 across Canada. Almost all areas with subcompact car shares over 17% are found in southern Quebec, while the lowest subcompact car shares are in the Prairie Provinces. The Windsor-Quebec Corridor also had higher than average market shares of this
vehicle class, as did the Lower Mainland British Columbia. It is noticeable that urban areas have relatively higher market shares of subcompact cars than rural areas.
Market Share of Large Cars: 1990 Model (Human Activities Leading to Emissions)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The percentage of large cars in the total sales of light-duty vehicles with the model year 1990 is shown for the populated areas. Light-duty vehicles include all cars and light trucks. There is a significant spatial variation for the market share of large cars
with the model year 1990 across Canada. The higher market shares appear mainly in three areas: southern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, and central and southern Ontario. British Columbia, southern Quebec and Newfoundland have very low market shares of this vehicle class.