bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Curtobacterium
Authors: Saddler Gerard S. , Guimarāes Patricia Messenberg
Published: August 2015

Cur.to.bac.te'ri.um L. adj.curtusshortened; L. neut. n.bacteriuma small rod; N.L. neut. n.Curtobacteriuma short rodlet

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Microbacteriaceae / Curtobacterium

Short irregular rods(0.3–0.6 × 0.5–3.0 µm); pleomorphism is not distinctive. Cells become shorter to coccoid in older cultures. Branching is not found,bending type cell division. Nonsporeforming. Not all species are motile; generally motile species show peritrichous flagellation. Gram‐stain‐positive, but staining properties can be lost with age. Non‐acid‐fast. Colonies are generally ivory, yellow, or orange. Strictly aerobic chemoorganotrophs. Acid is produced weakly from glucose, fructose, and some other carbohydrates. Acetate, pyruvate, and lactate are assimilated in addition to other organic acids. Catalase and DNase‐positive; gelatin and esculin are hydrolyzed. Nitrate is not reduced; urease is not produced.The cell‐wall peptiodoglycan, based on the presence ofD‐ornithine, is type B2β.Acetyl is the peptidoglycan acyl type. Mycolic acids are not found. Nonhydroxylated fatty acids, specificallyanteiso‐methyl branched chains fatty acids predominate; ω‐cyclohexyl undecanoic acid is found in some species. Phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, and some glycosyldiacylglycerols are the major polar lipids. Spermidine and spermine are the major polyamines; putrescine and cadaverine are absent.Isoprenoid quinones, comprising menaquinones with 9 isoprene units(MK‐9),predominate.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 65.8–75.2 (Tm).

Type species:Curtobacterium citreum(Komagata and Iizuka, 1964) Yamada and Komagata 1972a, 425 (Brevibacterium citreumKomagata and Iizuka 1964, 498).
Gulosibacter
Authors: Manaia Célia M. , Nogales Balbina , Nunes Olga C.
Published: August 2015

Gu.lo.si.bac'ter. L. adj.gulosusgluttonous, luxurious, dainty, fond of tidbits; N.L. masc. n.bacterrod; N.L. masc. n.Gulosibacterrod fond of tidbits.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Microbacteriaceae / Gulosibacter

Irregular rod‐shaped cellswith tendency to form short filaments and branching. Gram‐stain‐positive. Nonsporeforming.Nonmotile. Obligately aerobic. Mesophilic. Catalase and oxidase‐positive.Chemo‐organotrophic. Few organic compounds, including amines and nitrogen bases, are used as sole source of carbon and energy.The diagnostic diamino acid of the peptidoglycan is d‐Orn. The major respiratory quinone is MK‐9. The polar lipid pattern is composed of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and minor amounts of an unknown glycolipid. Major cellular fatty acids are 12‐methyl‐tetradecanoic acid (C15:0anteiso), 14‐methyl‐pentadecanoic acid (C16:0iso), and 14‐methyl‐hexadecanoic acid (C17:0anteiso); C15:0anteiso and C16:0iso are predominant.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 65 (HPLC).

Type species:Gulosibacter molinativoraxManaia, Nogales, Weiss and Nunes 2004, 787VP.
Leifsonia
Authors: Evtushenko Lyudmila I.
Published: August 2015

Leif.so'ni.a. N.L. fem. n.Leifsonianamed after Einar Leifson, an American microbiologist who isolated and described the first organism of this genus.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Microbacteriaceae / Leifsonia

Young cultures produceslender (mostly 0.3–0.6 μm in diameter) irregular rods or filaments. Primary branching and V‐forms typically occur. Cultures a week or more old usually contain shorter rods, but some cells may be coccoid. No aerial mycelium is produced. Nonsporeforming. Some species aremotile by means of peritrichous flagella. Gram‐stain‐positivecell‐wall architecture.Non‐acid‐fast. Chemo‐organotrophs, metabolism is primarily respiratory with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Mostlycatalase‐positive. Oxidase reaction varies with strains or experiments. Acids are produced oxidatively rather weakly from carbohydrates. Most species grow well on standard laboratory media at near neutral pH. Some species are nutritionally very exacting. Mesophilic, optimum temperature ~24–30°C; growth range ~4–42°C.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 66–70.7.

Type species:Leifsonia aquatica(exLeifson 1962) Evtushenko, Dorofeeva, Subbotin, Cole and Tiedje 2000, 377VP(“Corynebacterium aquaticum” Leifson 1962, 161).
Microterricola
Authors: Matsumoto Atsuko , Takahashi Yōko
Published: August 2015

Mic.ro.ter.ri'co.la. Gr. adj.
mikros
small; L. fem. n.
terricola
dweller in soil; N.L. fem. n.
Microterricola
a small dweller in soil.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Microbacteriaceae / Microterricola

Irregular rod‐shaped cells
, 0.4–0.5 × 0.6–1.2 µm and longer in the early cultures. Gram‐stain‐positive.
Cells with long flagella have motility
(Figure 190, Figure 191). The color of colonies is pale yellow. Catalase‐positive; oxidase‐negative. Aerobic. Mesophilic.
The diamino acid in cell wall is diaminobutyric acid (DAB)
. The predominant menaquinone is MK‐12. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis shows that this genus belongs to the family
Microbacteriaceae
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 70.

Type species
:
Microterricola viridarii
Matsumoto, Yamada, Ōmura and Takahashi 2008, 1021
VP
.
Micrococcus
Authors: Busse Hans‐Jürgen
Published: August 2015

Mi.cro.coc'cus. Gr. adj.
mikros
small, little; N.L. masc. n.
coccus
(from Gr. masc. n.
kokkos
grain, seed) coccus; N.L. masc. n.
Micrococcus
small coccus.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Micrococcaceae / Micrococcus

Cells are spherical and nonmotile. Endospores are not formed. Gram‐stain‐positive. Aerobic.
Chemo‐organotrophic
, metabolism is strictly respiratory. Catalase‐ and oxidase‐positive. Mesophilic. Non halophilic. The
peptidoglycan contains I‐lysine as the diagnostic diamino acid
. The
peptidoglycan type
is either
A2
, with the interpeptide bridge consisting of a stem peptide or
A4
α both with lysine as the diagnostic diamino acid. The
predominant menaquinones
are either
MK‐8 and MK‐8
(

H
2

) or
MK‐8
(

H
2

) or
MK‐7
(

H
2

). The cytochromes are
aa
3
,
b
557
,
b
567
,
d
626
; cytochromes
c
550
,
c
551
,
b
563
,
b
564
and
b
567
may be present. Polar lipids are
phosphatidylglycerol
,
diphosphatidylglycerol
,
phosphatidylinositol
, an unknown
glycolipid
, and an unknown ninhydrin‐negative
phospholipid
. The cellular fatty acids are
iso‐ and anteiso‐branched fatty acids
, with
C

15
:
0

anteiso and C

15:
0

iso predominating. The major aliphatic hydrocarbons (br‐Δ‐C) are C
27
to C
29
. Mycolic acids and teichonic acids are absent; teichuronic acids may be present. Mannosamine‐uronic acid may be present as an amino sugar in the cell‐wall polysaccharide.
D
‐Arabinose,
p
‐arbutin,
D
‐cellobiose,
D
‐galactose,
D
‐melibiose,
D
‐ribose, and salicin are not assimilated. Members of the genus share the
Micrococcaceae
‐specific signature nucleotides at positions 293:304, 610, 598, 615:625, 1025:1036, 1026:1035, 1265:1270, and 1278 of the 16S rRNA gene sequence (
Escherichia coli
numbering) and lack the signature nucleotides at positions 640, 839:847, and 859 (Stackebrandt et al., 1997).

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 69–76.

Type species
:
Micrococcus luteus
(Schroeter) Cohn 1872, 153
AL
emend. Wieser Denner, Kämpfer, Schumann, Tindall, Steiner, Vybiral, Lubitz, Maszenan, Patel, Seviour, Radax and Busse 2002, 635.
Xylanimicrobium
Authors: Schumann Peter , Stackebrandt Erko
Published: August 2015

Xy.la.ni.mi.cro'bi.um. N.L. neut. n.
xylanum
xylan, a polysaccharide; N.L. neut. n.
microbium
microbe; N.L. neut. n.
Xylanimicrobium
xylan (‐hydrolyzing) microbe.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Promicromonosporaceae / Xylanimicrobium

Gram‐stain‐positive, non‐spore‐forming, irregular rod‐shaped cells, nonmotile, occurring singly or in pairs. Aerial mycelium not formed. Catalase, oxidase, and aminopeptidase‐positive.
Xylanolytic
; facultative anaerobic, acid is produced from some carbohydrates. The murein contains the amino acids lysine, glutamic acid, and serine, belonging to the
peptidoglycan type A4
α,
variation d‐Lys
←

L

‐
Ser
←

D

‐
Glu
.
N
‐glycolylmuramic acid, mycolic acids, and hydroxy fatty acids are absent. Whole cell sugars are rhamnose, galactose, and glucose. The main
menaquinone is MK‐9
(

H
4

).
Major fatty acid is C

15
:
0

anteiso.
Phospholipids are phosphatidylglycerol
,
diphosphatidylglycerol
,
phosphatidylinositol
, and three unknown phospholipids. Phylogenetically, the genus
Xylanimicrobium
is a member of the family
Promicromonosporaceae
with close relationship to
Xylanibacterium
and
Xylanimonas
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 70.

Type species
:
Xylanimicrobium pachnodae
(Cazemier, Verdoes, Reubsaet, Hackstein, van der Drift and Op den Camp 2004) Stackebrandt and Schumann 2004, 1385
VP
(
Promicromonospora pachnodae
Cazemier, Verdoes, Reubsaet, Hackstein, van der Drift and Op den Camp 2004, 1).
Actinoplanes
Authors: Vobis Gernot , Schäfer Jenny , Kämpfer Peter
Published: August 2015

Ac.ti.no.pla'nes. Gr. n.
aktis aktinos
ray, beam; Gr. masc. n.
planes
a wanderer, roamer; N.L. masc. n.
Actinoplanes
literally, a ray wanderer (intended to signify an actinomycete with swimming spores).

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micromonosporales / Micromonosporaceae / Actinoplanes

Substrate mycelium is developed on various agar media
. Hyphae are 0.2–1.2 µm in diameter, branched, and septated; fragmentation is very rare. Gram‐stain‐positive, although parts may be Gram‐stain‐negative. Non‐acid‐fast. Aerial mycelium is absent or scanty.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 69.0–73.0 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Actinoplanes philippinensis
Couch 1950, 89
AL
.
Verrucosispora
Authors: Stackebrandt Erko
Published: August 2015

Ver.ru.co.si.spo'ra. L. adj.
verrucosus ‐a ‐um
warty; Gr. fem. n.
spora
a seed and in biology a spore; N.L. fem. n.
Verrucosispora
an organism with warty spores.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micromonosporales / Micromonosporaceae / Verrucosispora

Gram‐stain‐positive, non‐acid‐fast,
aerobic organism with branching hyphae
.
Well developed septate mycelium
averaging 0.4 µm in diameter.
Nonmotile spores are borne singly
,
sessile
,
or on short or long sporophores
. Warty spore surface changes to a hairy appearance with increased age.
Aerial mycelium is absent
. Strictly aerobic. Chemo‐organotroph. Good growth occurs at temperatures between 30 and 40°C. The peptide side‐chain of the peptidoglycan contains
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid (
meso
‐A
2
pm), glycine, alanine, and glutamic acid. The peptide side‐chains are directly cross‐linked (type A1γ). The acyl type of the cell‐wall polysaccharides is glycolyl. Mannose and xylose are present in whole cell hydrolysates; arabinose is absent. Characteristic phospholipids are phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, and phosphatidylserine. Major menaquinone is MK‐(H
4
); minor amounts of MK‐9(H
6
), MK‐10(H
4
), and MK‐9(H
2
) are found. Major fatty acids (>15% of total) are C
15:0
iso, C
16:0
iso, and C
17:0
anteiso; C
17:0
iso, C
17:1
iso, and C
18:0
iso are found in minor amounts (>4% to <15%). Phylogenetically, a member of the
Micromonosporaceae
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 70 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Verrucosispora gifhornensis
Rheims, Schumann, Rohde and Stackebrandt 1998, 1126
VP
.
Actinopolymorpha
Authors: Evtushenko Lyudmila I.
Published: August 2015

Ac.ti.no.po.ly.mor'pha. Gr.n.
actis, actinos
a ray; Gr. adj.
polumorphos
multiform, manifold; N.L. fem. n. (N.L. fem. adj. used as a substantive)
Actinopolymorpha
actinomycete of many shapes.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Propionibacteriales / Nocardioidaceae / Actinopolymorpha

Branched fragmenting vegetative hyphae of uneven thickness to highly pleomorphic cells of different sizes
, both usually
growing on the agar surface
. Marked
apical and lateral budding
is often observable. Cells may remain attached after division, forming
short chains and small aggregates
. Colonies are white, yellow, or orange in color, mostly of a pasty consistency, smooth, or wrinkled. Scant or moderate aerial mycelium occasionally occurs in older cultures on some media. Endospores are not formed. Nonmotile. Gram‐stain‐positive. Non‐acid‐fast.
Chemo‐organotrophic with a respiratory type of metabolism
. Catalase‐ and oxidase positive. Grow aerobically on standard laboratory media, including the chemically defined (synthetic) media. Oxidative acid production from glucose and some other carbohydrates. Mesophilic (optimum temperature ~28°C), non‐salt‐requiring. Diagnostic diamino acid of the cell wall is

ll

‐
diaminopimelic acid
. Menaquinones are the sole respiratory quinones detected; the major component is tetrahydrogenated or hexahydrogenated menaquinone with nine isoprene units,
MK‐9
(

H
4

)
or MK‐9
(

H
6

). The fatty acid profile dominated by
iso‐branched acids
(
C

16
:
0

iso,
C

15
:
0

iso,
C

17
:
0

iso,
and C

16
:
0

); anteiso‐branched, hydroxylated, and 10‐methyl branched fatty acids usually contribute lesser or minor amounts. Polar lipid pattern includes
phosphatidylinositol mannosides, phosphatidylinositol, diphosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylglycerol
. The described
Actinopolymorpha
species have been isolated from soil or plant tissues.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 66.6–69.6.

Type species
:
Actinopolymorpha singaporensis
Wang, Zhang, Xu, Ruan and Wang 2001, 472
VP
.
Aeromicrobium
Authors: Evtushenko Lyudmila I. , Krausova Valentina I.
Published: August 2015

A.e.ro.mi.cro'bi.um. Gr. n.
aer, aeros
air; N.L. neut. n.
microbium
microbe; N.L. neut. n.
aeromicrobium
aerobic microbe.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Propionibacteriales / Nocardioidaceae / Aeromicrobium

Small irregular rods
(mostly 0.3–0.6 µm in diameter)
to coccoid forms
. Elongated rods, branched filamentous elements, and V‐forms rarely occur. A marked rod‐to‐coccoid growth cycle can be observed. Endospores are not formed. Nonmotile or motile. Extracellular diffuse haloes or capsules can be produced.
Gram‐positive
cell‐wall chemotype, non‐acid‐fast. Colonies are non‐pigmented, yellow or beige to amber‐beige in color.
Chemo‐organotrophs, metabolism primarily respiratory
with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor.
Mostly catalase‐positive
; negative catalase reaction may occasionally occur. Nitrate can be reduced by some species. Acids are produced oxidatively from some carbohydrates. Generally nutritionally exacting; grows aerobically on complex media based on peptone, yeast extract, and similar sources of nutrients. Some species can grow in chemically defined media. Mesophilic, optimal growth at 25–37°C; growth range is ~ 4–42°C. Mostly non‐halophilic or slightly halophilic; some species are salt‐requiring. Prefer a neutral to mildly alkaline pH.

The cell‐wall peptidoglycan contains
ll
‐diaminopimelic acid, along with alanine, glutamic acid, and glycine

. Menaquinones are the sole respiratory quinones detected; the tetrahydrogenated menaquinone with nine isoprene units

[MK‐9(H
4
)] is predominant. The major cellular fatty acids are octadecenoic (C
18:1
ω9
c
), hexadecanoic (C
16:0
), tuberculostearic (C
18:0
10‐methyl), and 2‐hydroxy hexadecanoic (C
16:0
2‐OH) acids

. Mycolates are absent. Principal polar lipids reported are diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylethanolamine, or diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylinositol. Occur in terrestrial and aquatic environments and can be associated with plants, animals, and humans.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 65.5–75.9.

Type species
:
Aeromicrobium erythreum
Miller, Woese and Brenner 1991, 367
VP
.
Marmoricola
Authors: Evtushenko Lyudmila I.
Published: August 2015

Mar.mo.ri'co.la. L. neutr. n.
marmor
marble; L. masc. suff. ‐
cola
inhabitant of;
Marmoricola
inhabitant of marble.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Propionibacteriales / Nocardioidaceae / Marmoricola

Spherical cells, mostly about 0.5–1.0 μm
in diameter, that occur singly, in pairs, short chains, or small clusters. Nonmotile or motile. Endospores are not formed.
Gram‐positive
cell‐wall type. Non‐acid‐fast.
Chemo‐organotrophic with a respiratory type of metabolism. Catalase‐positive, test for oxidase is usually negative
. Grow under aerobic conditions on a range of standard nutrient media, including the chemically defined (synthetic) media, forming circular, pasty, and
yellow or orange colonies
. Acids are produced oxidatively rather weakly from carbohydrates. Nitrate reduction varies among species.
Mesophilic
, grow best at 28–30°C; no growth occurs at 42°C. Prefer a neutral to mildly alkaline pH; some species are alkalitolerant or display alkaliphilic properties. Usually non‐halophilic.

The cell‐wall peptidoglycan contains
LL
‐diaminopimelic acid and glycine

as the diagnostic amino acid (
the peptidoglycan type A3
γ). The acyl type of muramic acid is acetyl.

Menaquinones are the only respiratory quinones; the major component is the tetrahydrogenated menaquinone with eight isoprene units, MK‐8(H
4
)

. The cellular fatty acid pattern is dominated by

straight‐chain saturated and unsaturated (C
16:0

and

C
18:1
) components. Tuberculostearic (C
18:0
10‐methyl) acid is usually detected

. Mycolic acids are absent. The principal identified polar lipids are
phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol, and diphosphatidylglycerol; phosphatidylcholine may be present
. Occur in various terrestrial and marine environments and can be found in bacterial communities associated with plants and humans.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 72–73 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Marmoricola aurantiacus
Urzì, Salamone, Schumann and Stackebrandt 2000, 534
VP
.
Propionibacterium
Authors: Patrick Sheila , McDowell Andrew
Published: August 2015

Pro.pio.ni.bac.te'ri.um. N.L. n.acidum propionicumpropionic aid; L. neut. n.bacteriuma small rod; N.L. neut. n.Propionibacteriumpropionic (acid) bacterium.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Propionibacteriales / Propionibacteriaceae / Propionibacterium

Pleomorphic rods, 0.2–1.5 µm ×, 1–5 µm, often diphtheroid or club‐shaped with one end rounded and the other tapered or pointed;however, cells may be coccoid, bifid, branched, or filamentous with lengths up to 20 μm. Cells may occur singly, in pairs or short chains, in V or Y configurations, or in clumps with “Chinese character” arrangement. Swollen spherical cells resembling sphaeroplasts, up to 5–20 µm in diameter, are formed by some strains. Highly filamentous microcolonies of long, branched, septate or non‐septate filaments may be formed.Gram‐stain‐positive, nonmotile, non‐acid‐fast, non‐sporeforming.Anaerobic‐to‐aerotolerant‐to‐microaerophilic, although some strains can grow aerobically, most grow better anaerobically. Chemo‐organotrophic mostly with complex nutritional requirements, grow in standard complex media: fermentation of sugars,polyhydroxy alcohols, or lactate produced by the fermentative activities of other bacteria (secondary fermentation) andproduce large amounts of propionic and acetic acidswhich is a distinguishing feature of the genus. Lesser amounts of iso‐valeric, formic, succinic, or lactic acids and carbon dioxide are also formed.Generally catalase‐positive. Optimum growth temperature 30–37°C. Colonies on solid media are smooth, convex, or rough. Floccular or granular masses of variable size may be observed in liquid media. White, gray, pink, red, yellow, or orange in color. Cell‐wall peptidoglycan contains eithermeso‐ orLL‐diaminopimelic acid (DAP) as the dibasic amino acid. Tetrahydrogenated menaquinones with nine isoprene units [MK‐9(H4)]are the major respiratory quinones. The long‐chaincellular fatty acids are of the straight‐chain saturated, iso‐ and anteiso‐methyl branched types, principally 12‐ and 13‐methyltetradecanoic acids (C15:0iso;C15:0anteiso); monounsaturated acids may also be present in small amounts.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 57–70.

Type species:Propionibacterium freudenreichiivan Niel 1928, 162AL.
Streptomyces
Authors: Kämpfer Peter
Published: August 2015

Strep.to.my'ces. Gr. adj.streptospliant, bent; Gr. masc. n.mukêsfungus; N.L. masc. n.Streptomycespliant or bent fungus.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Streptomycetales / Streptomycetaceae / Streptomyces

Aerobic, Gram‐stain‐positive, non‐acid‐fast bacteria that form extensively branched substrate and aerial mycelia. Chemoorganotrophic, having an oxidative type of metabolism. The vegetative hyphae (0.5–2.0 µm in diameter) rarely fragment.The aerial mycelium forms chains of three to many spores at maturity. Some species show short chains of spores on the substrate mycelium and others form sclerotia, pycnidial‐, sporangia‐, and synnemata‐like structures. The spores are nonmotile.Colonies are discrete and lichenoid, leathery, or butyrous. Often, colonies initially show a smooth surface, but later develop a weft of aerial mycelium that may appear floccose, granular, powdery, or velvety.Can produce a wide variety of pigments responsible for the color of the vegetative and aerial mycelia. Colored diffusible pigments may also be formed. Many strains are able to produce one or more antibiotic substances.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 66–78 (Tm).

Type species:Streptomyces albus(Rossi Doria 1891) Waksman and Henrici 1943, 339AL.
Nocardiopsis
Authors: Hozzein Wael N. , Trujillo Martha E.
Published: August 2015

No.car.di.op'sis. N.L. fem. n.Nocardiaa genus of the orderActinomycetales; Gr. fem. n.opsisappearance; N.L. fem. n.Nocardiopsisthat which has the appearance ofNocardia.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Streptosporangiales / Nocardiopsaceae / Nocardiopsis

Gram‐stain‐positive, aerobic, chemo‐organotrophic,nonacid‐fast, nonmotile filamentous actinomycetes. Substrate mycelium is well developed and hyphae are long and densely branched.Fragmentation into coccoid and bacillary elements may occur. Aerial mycelium is well developed and sparse‐to‐abundant;aerial hyphae are long, branched,straight to flexuous, or irregularly zig‐zagged, completely fragmenting into spores of various lengths. Spore surface is smooth. Wall peptidoglycancontainsmeso‐diaminopimelic acidand the muramic acid of the peptidoglycan is acetylated. No diagnostic sugars are found in whole‐organism hydrolysates.Mycolic acids are absent. Major phospholipids arephosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylinositol, with small amounts of diphosphatidylglycerol. Menaquinones are predominantly variably hydrogenated with ten isoprene units (MK‐10), with minor amounts of theMK‐9and/orMK‐11series. The main fatty acids are branched and10‐methyl‐branched fatty acids, 14‐methyl‐heptadecanoic acid, and 14‐methyl‐hexadecanoic acid. Growth temperature range is 10–45°C. Widely distributed in saline and alkaline soils, and found in compost, vegetable matter, indoor environments, and clinical material of animal and human origin.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 64–69.

Type species:Nocardiopsis dassonvillei(Brocq‐Rousseu 1904) Meyer 1976, 487AL.
Thermoleophilum
Authors: Perry Jerome J.
Published: August 2015

Ther.mo.le.o'phi.lum. Gr. n.
therme
heat; L. n.
oleum
oil; Gr. adj.
philos
loving; N.L. neut. n.
Thermoleophilum
heat‐ and oil‐loving microbe.

Actinobacteria / Thermoleophilia / Thermoleophilales / Thermoleophilaceae / Thermoleophilum

Very small rods
, 0.3–0.4 µm in diameter and 0.7–1.5 µm in length. Regular in shape.
No resting stage or endospores are observed
, Gram‐stain‐negative.
The major diamino acid in the cell wall is diaminopimelic acid
. Obligately
aerobic
. Nonmotile.
Optimum temperature for growth is 55–62
°
C
(minimum 45°C, maximum 70°C). pH optimum is 6–7.5.
Chemo‐organotrophic
,

utilizing
n
‐alkanes from 13 to 20 carbons in length

;
no other growth substrates are utilized
. Oxygen is terminal electron acceptor. Catalase‐positive. Unpigmented. Growth is not stimulated by increased oxygen tension (shaking).
Generation time is 6–9 h
. Isolated from both thermal and non‐thermal environments.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 68.8–70.4 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Thermoleophilum album
Zarilla and Perry 1986a, 355 (Effective publication: Zarilla and Perry 1984, 290.).
Desulfurobacterium
Authors: L'Haridon Stéphane , Jeanthon Christian
Published: August 2015

De.sul.fu.ro.bac.te' ri.um
. L. pref.
de
from; L. n.
sulfur
sulfur; Gr. neut. dim. n.
bakterion
a small rod; M.L. neut. n.
Desulfurobacterium
sulfur‐reducing rod‐shaped bacterium.

Aquificae / Aquificae / Aquificales / Aquificaceae / Desulfurobacterium

Rod‐shaped
cells, about 0.4–0.5 × 1–2 µm. The rods occur singly or in pairs during the logarithmic growth phase. Double‐layered cell envelope. Spores are not produced.
Gram‐negative
. Highly motile with monopolar flagellation.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 35.0.

Type species
:
Desulfurobacterium thermolithotrophum
L'Haridon, Cilia, Messner, Raguénès, Gambacorta, Sleytr, Prieur and Jeanthon 1998, 709.
Tannerella
Authors: Sakamoto Mitsuo , Tanner Anne C. R. , Benno Yoshimi
Published: August 2015

Tan.ne.rel'la. L. dim. suffix ‐
ella
; N.L. fem. dim. n.
Tannerella
named after the American microbiologist Anne C. R. Tanner, for her contributions to research on periodontal disease.

Bacteroidetes / Bacteroidia / Bacteroidales / Porphyromonadaceae / Tannerella

Fusiform cells
, generally 0.3–0.5 × 1–30 µm. Gram‐negative. Nonmotile.
Obligately anaerobic
.

N

‐
acetylmuramic acid
(
NAM
)
is required for growth
(some strains do not require NAM).
Growth is inhibited in the presence of 20
%
bile
. The major end products are acetic acid, butyric acid, isovaleric acid, propionic acid, and phenylacetic acid; smaller amounts of isobutyric acid and succinic acid may be produced. Esculin is hydrolyzed. Indole variable.
Trypsin activity is positive
. Glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH), malate dehydrogenase, and glutamate dehydrogenase are present. The principal respiratory quinones are menaquinones MK‐10 and MK‐11. Both nonhydroxylated and 3‐hydroxylated long‐chain fatty acids are present. The nonhydroxylated acids are predominantly of the saturated straight‐chain and anteiso methyl‐branched‐chain types.
The ratio of C

15
:
0

anteiso to C

15:
0

iso is high (>
20
).
Isolated originally and principally from human oral cavity
.

Tannerella forsythia
has been associated with periodontal disease

,
root canal infections
,
and peri‐implantitis
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 44–48.

Type species
:
Tannerella forsythia
corrig. (Tanner, Listgarten, Ebersole and Strezempko, 1986) Sakamoto, Suzuki, Umeda, Ishikawa and Benno 2002, 848
VP
(
Bacteroides forsythus
Tanner, Listgarten, Ebersole and Strezempko, 1986, 216).
Rikenella
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: August 2015

Ri.ke.nel'la. L. fem. dim. ending ‐
ella
; N.L. fem. dim. n.
Rikenella
named after the
RIKEN
‐Institute, Japan, where the organisms were originally isolated.

Bacteroidetes / Bacteroidia / Bacteroidales / Rikenellaceae / Rikenella

Rods with pointed ends
occurring singly, in pairs, or short chains. Short, filamentous, or swollen forms may occur in media with a high concentration of fermentable carbohydrate. Nonmotile. Nonsporeforming; strains do not survive 70°C for 10 min. Gram negative.
Anaerobic
. Growth enhanced by a fermentable carbohydrate (e.g., glucose). Optimum temperature ~37°C. Poor growth at 45°C and usually no growth below 25°C.
Relatively few sugars are fermented
, but glucose, lactose, mannose, and melibiose are fermented.
Major end products of glucose fermentation are propionic and succinic acids, with moderate amounts of acetic acid
, and trace amounts of alcohols.
Glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase, 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and glutamate dehydrogenase are absent
. Esculin is not hydrolyzed. Nitrate is not reduced. Nonhydroxylated and 3‐hydroxylated long‐chain fatty acids present.
The fatty acids are primarily of the iso‐methyl branched‐chain types
; moderate amounts of straight‐chain saturated acids are also present.
Menaquinones are produced
. Isolated from fecal or cecal specimens from calves, chickens, and Japanese quails.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 59.5–60.7.

Type species
:
Rikenella microfusus
(Kaneuchi and Mitsuoka 1978) Collins, Shah and Mitsuoka 1985a, 375
VP
(Effective publication: Collins, Shah and Mitsuoka 1985b, 80) (
Bacteroides microfusus
Kaneuchi and Mitsuoka 1978, 478.).
Algoriphagus
Authors: Nedashkovskaya Olga I. , Vancanneyt Marc
Published: August 2015

Al.go.ri.pha'gus. L. masc. n.
algor
cold; Gr. masc. n.
phagos
glutton; N.L. masc. n.
Algoriphagus
the cold eater

Bacteroidetes / Cytophagia / Cytophagales / Cyclobacteriaceae / Algoriphagus

Rods
usually measuring 0.3–0.7 × 0.3–10.0 µm.
Gliding motility is not observed
. Produce non‐diffusible carotenoid pigments. No flexirubin type of pigments are formed.
Chemo‐organotrophs
.
Aerobic
. Oxidase, catalase, alkaline phosphatase, and β‐galactosidase‐positive. Arginine dihydrolase and tryptophan deaminase are not produced.
Esculin is hydrolyzed
. Cellulose (CM‐cellulose and filter paper) and urea are not degraded, but agar, casein, gelatin, starch, DNA, Tweens, and chitin may be decomposed. Carbohydrates are utilized. Can grow without seawater or sodium ions. Hydrogen sulfide and indole are not produced.
The major respiratory quinone is MK‐7
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 35.0–49.0.

Type species
:
Algoriphagus ratkowskyi
Bowman, Nichols and Gibson 2003, 1351
VP
.
Roseivirga
Authors: Nedashkovskaya Olga I. , Kim Seung Bum
Published: August 2015

Ro.se.i.vir'ga. L. adj.
roseus
pink‐colored; L. fem. n.
virga
rod; N.L. fem. n.
Roseivirga
a pink‐colored and rod‐shaped marine bacterium.

Bacteroidetes / Cytophagia / Cytophagales / Flammeovirgaceae / Roseivirga

Thin rods
usually measuring 0.2–0.5 × 2.0–4.0 µm.
Gliding motility can be observed
. Produce nondiffusible pink‐orange pigments. Flexirubin type of pigments can be formed.
Chemoorganotrophs
.
Strictly aerobic
. Can require seawater or sodium ions for growth. Oxidase‐, catalase‐, and alkaline phosphatase‐positive. Arginine dihydrolase, lysine, and ornithine decarboxylases, and tryptophan deaminase are absent. Agar, casein, starch, urea, cellulose (CM‐cellulose and filter paper), and chitin are not attacked, but gelatin, DNA, and Tweens may be decomposed. H
2
S and indole are not produced.
The major respiratory quinone is MK‐7
.
Marine
, from coastal habitats.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 40–45.

Type species
:
Roseivirga ehrenbergii
Nedashkovskaya, Kim, Lee, Lysenko, Shevchenko, Frolova, Mikhailov, Lee and Bae 2005a, 233
VP
.
Chryseobacterium
Authors: Bernardet Jean‐François , Hugo Celia J. , Bruun Brita
Published: August 2015

Chry.se.o.bac.te'ri.um. Gr. adj.chryseosgolden; L. neut. n.bacteriuma small rod; N.L. neut. n.Chryseobacteriuma yellow rod.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Flavobacteriaceae / Chryseobacterium

Straight, single rodswith rounded ends typically about 0.5 µm in width and variable in length, often 1–3 µm; filamentous cells and pleomorphism also occur. Do not form endospores. Spherical degenerative forms do not appear in ageing liquid cultures.Colonies are pale to bright yellow due to the production of non‐diffusible, non‐fluorescent flexirubin‐type pigments. A strong, aromatic odor is produced. Gram‐stain‐negative.Nonmotile. Flagella, gliding movement, or swarming growth have not been reported. Obligately aerobic, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolismwith oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor.No denitrification occurs and most species do not reduce nitrate or nitrite. Chemo‐organotrophic. Most environmental isolates grow at 5°C, all grow at 15–30°C, and several grow up to 37°C; clinical isolates do not grow at 5°C, but grow at 15–37°C, and some grow at up to 42°C. Grow readily on the usual commercial media; no growth factors are required. Most species also grow in media containing up to 3–5% NaCl. No growth or weak growth on cetrimide agar, but members of a few species are able to grow on MacConkey agar.Catalase‐ and oxidase‐positive. Several carbohydrates are oxidized. Esculin is hydrolyzed, but agar is not. Strong proteolytic activity occurs.Most strains are resistant to a wide range of antimicrobial agents. Menaquinone‐6 (MK‐6) is the only or predominant respiratory quinone. Predominant cellular fatty acids are C15:0iso, C17:0iso 3‐OH, C17:1iso ω9c, and summed feature 4 (comprising C15:0iso 2‐OH and/or C16:1ω7c/t).Members of most species occur in soil and in fresh or seawater habitats. Two species and unclassified strains also occur in human clinical specimensand hospital environments, but their pathogenicity to man is not well‐documented. Two species and unclassified strains have been retrieved from diseased fish. Four species occur in food or dairy products; they may be involved in spoilage.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 29–39.

Type species:Chryseobacterium gleum(Holmes, Owen, Steigerwalt and Brenner 1984b) Vandamme, Bernardet, Segers, Kersters and Holmes 1994a, 830VP(Flavobacterium gleumHolmes, Owen, Steigerwalt and Brenner 1984b, 23).
Flavobacterium
Authors: Bernardet Jean‐François , Bowman John P.
Published: August 2015

Fla.vo.bac.te'ri.um. L. adj.
flavus
yellow; L. neut. n.
bacterium
a rod or staff and, in biology, a bacterium (so called because the first ones observed were rod‐shaped); N.L. neut. n.
Flavobacterium
a yellow bacterium.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Flavobacteriaceae / Flavobacterium

Straight or slightly curved, single rods
with rounded or slightly tapered ends typically about 0.3–0.5 µm in diameter and variable in length, often 2–5 µm; shorter (1 µm) or filamentous (10–40 µm) cells and pleomorphism also occur. The longer rods are flexible. Do not form endospores. Several species produce spherical degenerative forms (spheroplasts) in stationary growth phase.
Nonmotile or motile by gliding. Flagella have not been reported. Colonies are pale to bright yellow due to the production of nondiffusible, nonfluorescent carotenoid or flexirubin types of pigments or both
. Gram‐stain‐negative. Chemoorganotrophic.
Most species are obligately aerobic, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism
with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. A few species may also grow weakly under microaerobic to anaerobic conditions.
About half of the species are able to reduce nitrate to nitrite, but only one species is able to carry out complete denitrification
. The optimum growth temperature range is 20–30°C for most temperate species and 15–20°C for most cold‐living species. Most species grow readily on nutrient and tryptic soy agars; no growth factors are required. Most species also grow on media containing up to 2–4% NaCl.
Usually positive for catalase and oxidase
. About half of the species are able to oxidize carbohydrates. Esculin and starch are hydrolyzed by most species, but agar and carboxymethylcellulose are hydrolyzed by only a few species. Strong proteolytic activity occurs. Menaquinone MK‐6 is the only or predominant respiratory quinone. Predominant cellular fatty acids are C
15:0
, C
15:0
iso, C
15:0
iso 3‐OH, C
15:0
anteiso, C
15:1
ω6
c
, C
15:1
iso
G
, C
16:0
iso 3‐OH, and C
17:0
iso 3‐OH, as well as C
15:0
iso 2‐OH and/or C
16:1
ω7
c
and/or C
16:1
ω7
t
. Sphingophospholipids are absent in all tested species. Homospermidine is the major polyamine in all tested species.
Occur in soil and in freshwater, marine, or saline environments in warm, temperate, or polar locations. Three species are pathogenic for freshwater fish
and three others have occasionally been isolated from diseased freshwater fish.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 30–41.

Type species
:
Flavobacterium aquatile
(Frankland and Frankland 1889) Bergey, Harrison, Breed, Hammer and Huntoon 1923, 100 (
Bacillus aquatilis
Frankland and Frankland 1889, 381) (not
Flavobacterium antarcticum
as erroneously printed in Bernardet and Bowman, 2006).
Kordia
Authors: Kim Sang‐Jin
Published: August 2015

Kor'di.a. N.L. fem. n.
Kordia
arbitrary name derived from the acronym
KORDI
, which stands for Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Flavobacteriaceae / Kordia

Straight rods
. Nonmotile and nongliding. Gram‐stain‐negative. Strictly aerobic. Oxidase‐positive, but catalase‐negative. Produce
extracellular polysaccharides and carotenoid‐type pigments
, but not flexirubin‐type pigments. Several carbohydrates are used as sole carbon sources.
Unable to grow in the absence of any of the ions Na
+
,
Ca

2
+

,
and Mg

2
+

.
Require 1–5
% (
w
/
v
)
NaCl for growth
, with optimal growth in 3% NaCl. Degrade gelatin, skimmed milk, and starch. Major cellular fatty acids are saturated iso‐branched and 3‐hydroxy iso‐branched fatty acids. The respiratory quinone is menaquinone‐6.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 34.

Type species
:
Kordia algicida
Sohn, Lee, Yi, Chun, Bae, Ahn and Kim 2004 , 678
VP
.
Tenacibaculum
Authors: Suzuki Makoto
Published: August 2015

Te.na.ci.ba'cu.lum. L. adj. n.
tenax ‐acis
holding fast; L. neut. n.
baculum
stick; N.L. neut. n.
Tenacibaculum
rod‐shaped bacterium that adheres to the surface of marine organisms.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Flavobacteriaceae / Tenacibaculum

Rods
, 1.5–30 × 0.4–0.5 µm. Ring‐shaped cells and gas vesicles are not formed. Spores are not formed. Cells are
nonflagellated
.
Cells are motile by gliding
. Gram‐stain‐negative. Cells produce a yellow pigment that is mainly zeaxanthin.
Flexirubin‐type pigments are absent
.
Chemo‐organotrophic
.
Aerobic
.
Catalase‐ and oxidase‐positive
. Grow well on media containing seawater.
The major respiratory quinone is menaquinone‐6
. All strains have been isolated from marine environments.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 31–33.

Type species
:
Tenacibaculum maritimum
(Wakabayashi, Hikida and Masumura 1986) Suzuki, Nakagawa, Harayama and Yamamoto 2001, 1650
VP
[
Flexibacter maritimus
Wakabayashi, Hikida and Masumura 1986, 398 emend. Bernardet and Grimont 1989, 353;
Cytophaga marina
(
ex
Hikida, Wakabayashi, Egusa and Masumura 1979) Reichenbach 1989 a, 2044;
Flexibacter marinus
Hikida, Wakabayashi, Egusa and Masumura 1979 , 427].
Wautersiella
Authors: Kämpfer Peter
Published: August 2015

Wau.ter.si.el'la. N.L. fem. dim. n.
Wautersiella
named after Georges Wauters, a Belgian microbiologist, who first recognized this group of organisms as a separate entity.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Flavobacteriaceae / Wautersiella

Rods, 0
.
5–1
.
0
×
2
.
0–3
.
0
μ
m
, with rounded ends.
Nonmotile
. Gram‐stain‐negative.
Aerobic
, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor.
Oxidase‐ and catalase‐positive
. Colonies on blood agar at 37°C are circular, entire, slightly convex, smooth, glistening, and pale beige. Some strains display yellow‐pigmented colonies. The major cellular fatty acids are C
15:0
iso and summed feature 4 (C
15:0
iso 2‐OH and/or C
16:1
ω7
t
). The hydroxy acids include the hydroxylated fatty acids C
15:0
iso 3‐OH and C
17:0
iso 3‐OH. Isolated from clinical specimens.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 33.8–34.4.

Type species
:
Wautersiella falsenii
Kämpfer, Avesani, Janssens, Charlier, De Baere and Vaneechoutte 2006, 2328
VP
.
Chitinophaga
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: August 2015

Chi.ti.no'pha.ga. N.L. n.
chitinum
chitin; Gr. v.
phagein
to devour, to eat; N.L. fem. n.
Chitinophaga
chitin eater, chitin destroyer.

Bacteroidetes / Sphingobacteriia / Sphingobacteriales / Chitinophagaceae / Chitinophaga

Flexible rods
with rounded ends, 0.5–0.8 × ∼40 µm when fully developed. Occur singly.
A resting stage
(
microcyst
),
0
.
8–0
.
9
μ
m in diameter
,
is formed but is not highly refractile
. Macroscopic fruiting bodies are not formed.
Motility by gliding is possessed by some
,
but not all species
. Gram‐stain‐negative. Aerobic. Optimum temperature, 23–24°C; maximum, 37–40°C; minimum: 10–12°C. Optimum pH, 7; maximum, 8–10; minimum, 4. Chemo‐organotrophic.
Oxidative or fermentative
. Acid but no gas produced from some carbohydrates.
Some species hydrolyze chitin and some hydrolyze cellulose
.
Agar is not hydrolyzed
. Congo red is not absorbed. Cell masses are yellow. The major fatty acids are C
16:1
ω5
c
and C
15:0
iso. C
14:0
is not present. In those species that have been analyzed, the
quinone system is MK‐7
and the
major polyamine is homospermidine
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 43–46.

Type species
:
Chitinophaga pinensis
Sangkhobol and Skerman 1981, 285
VP
.
Terrimonas
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: August 2015

Ter.ri.mo'nas. L. n.
terra
soil; L. fem. n.
monas
a unit, monad; N.L. fem. n.
Terrimonas
soil monad.

Bacteroidetes / Sphingobacteriia / Sphingobacteriales / Chitinophagaceae / Terrimonas

Rods
,
occurring singly
. Nonmotile. No gliding motility. Gram‐stain‐negative.
Aerobic
. Growth is inhibited by >1.0% NaCl. Oxidase‐positive. Catalase weakly positive. Positive for gelatin liquefaction, Voges–Proskauer test, and nitrate reduction. Negative for urease production and chitin degradation. Major cellular fatty acids are C
15:0
iso, C
15:1
iso, C
17:0
iso 3‐OH, and summed feature 3. The predominant menaquinone is MK‐7; MK‐6 is a minor component. The major cellular fatty acids are C
15:0
iso, C
15:1
iso, C
17:0
iso 3‐OH, and summed feature 3 (comprised of C
15:0
iso 2‐OH and/or C
16:1
ω7
c
). Isolated from soil.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 47.2–48.9 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Terrimonas ferruginea
Xie and Yokota 2006, 1120
VP
[
Flavobacterium ferrugineum
Sickles and Shaw 1934, 429
AL
;
Pseudobacterium ferrugineum
(Sickles and Shaw 1934) Krasil'nikov 1949, 234;
Empedobacter ferrugineum
(Sickles and Shaw 1934) Prévot 1961, 181].
Aureispira
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: August 2015

Au.re.i.spi'ra. L. adj.
aureus
golden; L. fem. n.
spira
a spiral; N.L. fem. n.
Aureispira
golden spiral.

Bacteroidetes / Sphingobacteriia / Sphingobacteriales / Saprospiraceae / Aureispira

Cells are 0.8–1.2 × 1.5–2.5 µm, forming
flexible
,
unbranched
,
helical filaments
up to 100 µm long. Helix width is 1.5–2.0 µm; helix pitch is 4–9 µm.
Motile by gliding
. Gram‐stain‐negative. Colonies are yellow or yellowish‐orange. Chemo‐organotrophic.
Aerobic
.
Seawater is required for growth
. Positive for alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase. Oxidase and catalase are variable. The predominant fatty acid is C
20:4
ω6
c
(arachidonic acid); other characteristic fatty acids are C
16:0
and C
17:0
iso. The respiratory quinone is MK‐7.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 38–39.

Type species
:
Aureispira marina
Hosoya, Arunpairojana, Suwannachart, Kanjana‐Opas and Yokota 2006, 2933
VP
.
Ancalochloris
Authors: Gorlenko Vladimir M.
Published: August 2015

An.ca' lo.chlo' ris
Gr. masc. n.
ancalos
arm; Gr. adj.
chloros
green; M.L. neut. n.
Ancalochloris
arm (‐producing) green (microbe)

Chlorobi / “Chlorobia” / Subclass I “Chlorobiales” / “Chlorobiaceae” / Ancalochloris

Bacteria of irregular shape, forming prosthecae of irregular length that are wide at the base and pointed at the end
(Figure 1). The length of prosthecae can exceed the cell diameter. These bacteria
multiply by unequal fission
and form irregular chains of cells and typically form perforated microcolonies.
Non‐motile. Gram negative. Contain bacteriochlorophylls and carotenoid pigments
. The photosynthetic apparatus includes antenna structures of the
chlorosome
type, ovoid vesicles underlying and attached to the cytoplasmic membrane (Figures 1 and 2).
Cells contain gas vacuoles
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: unknown.

Type species
:
Ancalochloris perfilievii
Gorlenko and Lebedeva 1971, 1038.
Addendum to the Green Sulfur Bacteria Phototrophic green sulfur bacteria living in consortia with other microorganisms
Authors: Overmann Jörg
Published: August 2015

Phototrophic consortia are structural associations between green‐or brown‐colored and colorless bacteria. The regular structure of these consortia is unique in the microbial world (Schink, 1991). Colored cells contain chlorosomes (e.g., Caldwell and Tiedje, 1975b) and hybridize with 16S rDNA oligonucleotide probes specific for green sulfur bacteria (Tuschak et. al., 1999). This indicates that the colored cells belong to the green sulfur bacteria. So far neither the phototrophic nor the chemotrophic partner are available in pure culture. The isolation of a green sulfur bacterium from the “Chlorochromatium” consortium by Mechsner (1957) was the first step in this direction. Unfortunately, this green sulfur bacterium was lost before detailed metabolic and taxonomic studies were made. Not one of the consortia has so far been isolated in its intact form.

Chlorobi / “Chlorobia” / Subclass I “Chlorobiales” / Green Sulfur Bacteria / Green Sulfur Bacteria, Addendum: Phototrophic Green Sulfur Bacteria Living in Consortia with Other Microorganisms
Ignicoccus
Authors: Huber Harald , Stetter Karl O.
Published: August 2015

I' g.ni.coc' cus
. L. masc. n.
ignis
fire; Gr. masc. n.
koccos
berry; M.L. masc. n.
Ignicoccus
the fireball.

Crenarchaeota / Thermoprotei / Desulfurococcales / Desulfurococcaceae / Ignicoccus

Irregular cocci, about 1–3 μm in diameter
; monopolar polytrichous flagella. Gram negative.
Occurring singly and in pairs
. Cell envelope consists of cytoplasmic membrane, a periplasm (20–350 nm wide), and a sheath resembling an outer membrane. Cells contain phytanyl di‐ and tetraether lipids. No rigid sacculus. Murein, pseudomurein, or S‐layer absent.

Strictly anaerobic. Chemolithoautotrophic growth in the presence of H
2
and CO
2
with sulfur as electron acceptor

. Sulfate, sulfite, thiosulfate, tetrathionate, nitrate, and oxygen are not used as electron acceptors.

H
2
S formed during growth. Growth between 70 and 98°C

, pH optimum ~6, NaCl optimum ~2%. Ampicillin, rifampicin, and vancomycin resistant. Growth stimulated by addition of meat extract or tryptone (0.1% w/v).

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 41–45.

Type species
:
Ignicoccus islandicus
Huber, Burggraf and Stetter 2 0 0 0, 2099.
Form‐Chroococcus
Authors: Rippka Rosmarie , Castenholz Richard W. , Iteman Isabelle , Herdman Michael
Published: August 2015

Chro
.
o
.
coc
'
cus
. Gr. fem. n.
chroa
skin; Gr. n.
kokkos
grain or kernel; M.L. masc. n.
Chroococcus
kernel in skin.

Cyanobacteria / Subsection I / Incertae Sedis / Form‐ Chroococcus

Large cells (22–32 µm in diameter) that reproduce by binary fission in two successive planes at right angles; the cells occur in aggregates, generally of four cells, held together by multilaminated sheath material. Due to the constraints imposed by the tightly appressed sheath layers, a single, spherical, predivisional cell gives rise to hemispherical and quadrantal cells after the first and second cell divisions, respectively.
Form‐ Cyanobium
Authors: Rippka Rosmarie , Castenholz Richard W. , Herdman Michael
Published: August 2015

Cy
.
ano
'
bi
.
um
. Gr. adj.
kuanos
blue color; Gr. masc. n.
bios
life; M.L. neut. n.
Cyanobium
blue‐(green) life‐(form).

Cyanobacteria / Subsection I / Incertae Sedis / Form‐ Cyanobacterium

Unicellular cyanobacteria that reproduce by transverse binary fission in a single plane. Cells are spherical to rod‐shaped, 0.8–1.4 µm in diameter and contain peripheral thylakoids.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 66–71.

Type species
: (Botanical Code)
Cyanobium gracile
Rippka and Cohen‐Bazire 1983.
Form‐ Gloeocapsa
Authors: Herdman Michael , Castenholz Richard W. , Iteman Isabelle , Rippka Rosmarie
Published: August 2015

Gloe.o.cap' sa
. Gr. adj.
gloios
sticky; L. n.
capsa
box; M.L. fem. n.
Gloeocapsa
sticky box.

Cyanobacteria / Subsection I / Incertae Sedis / Form‐ Gloeocapsa

Unicellular cyanobacteria with spherical cells 3–10 µm in diameter that divide by binary fission in two or three successive planes at right angles to one another and occur in aggregates that are held together by a multilaminated sheath.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 40–46.
Form‐Microcystis
Authors: Herdman Michael , Castenholz Richard W. , Iteman Isabelle , Rippka Rosmarie
Published: August 2015

Mi.cro.cys' tis
. Gr. adj.
mikros
small; Gr. n.
cystis
bladder, bag; M.L. fem. n.
Microcystis
small bag.

Cyanobacteria / Subsection I / Incertae Sedis / Form‐ Microcystis

Planktonic unicellular cyanobacteria that reproduce by binary fission in two (or possibly three?) planes at right angles to one another. Cells are spherical, 3–6 µm in diameter. May be united into colonial aggregates by mucilage, but are never enclosed by multilaminated sheath material. Gas vesicles are normally present.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 42.