bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Journalists and the Evacuation of Civilians from Burma, 1942
Authors: Woods Philip
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at the reporting of the story of the largest group of victims of the British defeat in Burma, the civilian refugees. The majority of the refugees were Indian, and tens of thousands of them died in the long trek into India. The journalists’ coverage of this issue was not their finest reporting. They were slow to recognize the enormity of the problems raised by tens of thousands of refugees trying to reach India by land, sea and air, and the potential for a repetition of the racial discrimination that had been shown in the Malaya evacuation. Some defended the government from accusations of racial discrimination in the evacuation. Some of the most sympathetic coverage was provided in George Rodger’s photographs. Some of the journalists also had to take the refugee routes out of Burma, and some of them, Wilfred Burchett, George Rodger and Jack Belden published their stories of escape.
The Case for Pop Ensembles in the Curriculum
Authors: Patch Justin
Published: May 2017

Music programs should include pop pedagogy, a serious engagement with applied popular music, as they adjust their curricula for the twenty-first century. Pop pedagogy is relevant for pragmatic reasons of future employment and also to meet long-standing missions of higher education. Pop performance, arranging, and songwriting have implications beyond creating music professionals—they open a music department up to students who might never take classes otherwise, teach critical communication skills and civics, provide opportunities for student leadership and applied learning, and prepare skilled amateur musicians for lifelong engagement with music making. Through flipping the classroom and creating a rigorous atmosphere for students to engage with musics that they regularly listen to and participate in, pop ensembles augment the intellectual and practical experiences of students, diversify the curriculum, and keep music education relevant.
Making a Living, Making a Life
Authors: Klemperer Paul
Published: May 2017

To be a professional musician in today’s marketplace, regardless of musical style or tradition, is largely a balancing act. Time allocated to artistic development or career development all too often involves sacrificing one for the other. Faced with major economic, demographic, and technological changes in the twenty-first century, it falls to the musician to develop a multifaceted career trajectory. This includes a diverse skill set including not only fluency in various musical traditions but expertise in business, computer software, sound engineering, and copyright law as well. The musician’s balancing act thus involves choosing which educational programs will be of most help within realistic time constraints. Professional musicians who return to academia often bring a creative and practical approach to curriculum change based on their real world experiences.
Sample Curricular Models
Authors: Moore Robin D. , Agudelo Juan , Chapman Katie , Dávalos Carlos , Durham Hannah , Harris Myranda , Moench Creighton
Published: May 2017

By examining degree plans and conducting interviews with faculty and students at various national and international institutions, the authors of this chapter have generated four curricular models that suggest how existing degree plans and/or core music courses might be productively modified. The enhanced core model (1) aims to broaden the scope of existing curricula by emphasizing more diverse, cross-disciplinary content. The pluralist model (2) requires students to diversify their focus during their first two years of study in order to incorporate a greater degree of critical thinking, creative engagement, and broad skill sets into the major. The integrated model (3) emphasizes music making as the primary mode of learning basic skills and reduces overall requirements by combining courses such as ear training, music theory, and keyboard skills into a single class. Finally, the capstone model (4) demonstrates how self-directed and highly individualized projects can be incorporated into degree plans.
Introduction
Authors: Mele Alfred R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter introduces key concepts and provides a preview of the book. Featured concepts include action, action-individuation, intention, intentional action, and free will. Some standard terminology in the literature on free will is introduced, including agent causation, compatibilism, determinism, incompatibilism, and libertarianism. The notion of free action central to the book is identified as moral-responsibility-level free action—free action of such a kind that if all the freedom-independent conditions for moral responsibility for a particular action were satisfied without that sufficing for the agent’s being morally responsible for it, the addition of the action’s being free to this set of conditions would entail that he is morally responsible for it.
Deciding to Act
Authors: Mele Alfred R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter defends the thesis that to decide to do something, A, is to perform a momentary mental action of forming an intention to A and that we do sometimes decide to do things. Deciding to A is distinguished from other ways of acquiring intentions to A, some of which involve practical reflection and some of which are relatively automatic. The content of intentions—plans—and the role intentions play in producing decisions are discussed. It is argued that practical decision-making is a response to uncertainty about what to do and that in deciding to A one settles on A-ing. It is explained why intending to decide to A normally does not play a role in producing decisions to A and why intending to decide what to do is well suited to play such a role.
Two Libertarian Theories
Authors: Mele Alfred R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the relative merits of two different event-causal libertarian views. One is Robert Kane’s well-known view, and the other is the “daring libertarian” view floated in Alfred Mele’s 2006 book, Free Will and Luck. It is argued that event-causal libertarians should prefer the latter view to Kane’s view. Special attention is paid to a problem that luck poses for libertarian theories—a problem that the two views at issue attempt to solve in different ways. The problem is applied both to the decisions of adults and to the decisions of young children. A suggestion about how human beings come to be in a position to perform their earliest free actions is developed.
Living Without Agent Causation
Authors: Mele Alfred R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores a question about agent causation: If we were to learn that agent causation is impossible, what effect might that have on some philosophers’ reasoning about event-causal libertarianism? It is argued that, with agent causation off the table, event-causal libertarianism’s appeal would grow stronger for some philosophers. The stage for this argument is set partly by means of a review of issues about luck, control, and settling that surround some arguments subjected to critical scrutiny earlier in the book: namely, the same-control argument, the more-control argument, and Derk Pereboom’s disappearing agent argument. Special attention is paid to direct control. Two different accounts of direct control are offered.
David Hume
Authors: Johnsen Bredo
Published: May 2017

In this chapter the author presents Hume’s “skeptical” argument for the conclusion that there is no rational link between our observational and memorial/observational knowledge of the world and our theories about it, and defends it at length against the objection that it fails to consider probabilistic connections between evidence and theory. The author also defends Hume’s claim that our most elementary inferences are not made by any process of reasoning, but by habit and custom, against the charge that it fails to solve the problem of the missing rational link. His critics have misunderstood his claim, which is simply to have identified the means by which we arrive at the conclusions of those inferences. The author then presents Hume’s solution to the problem they have in mind, namely how any of our inductive inferences are justified: reflective equilibrium theory.
Mainstream Epistemology
Authors: Johnsen Bredo
Published: May 2017

Here the author discusses the relationship between Hume and foundationalism, coherentism, and infinitism, the three responses to Agrippa’s trilemma. What those theories share is the traditional, commonsense and anti-Humean idea that our theories are justified to the extent that they are probable relative to the fact that they (or we) meet various conditions specified by those theories. The author goes on to discuss Ernest Sosa’s version of virtue theory, and Robert Nozick’s distinctive theory of knowledge. Finally, the author argues that the concept of knowledge is of no epistemological interest. The argument is a simplification and generalization of Gettier’s argument against the idea that knowledge is justified true belief.
Reflective Equilibrium Theory
Authors: Johnsen Bredo
Published: May 2017

In this chapter the author clarifies reflective equilibrium theory. He answers some important questions about it that have not been addressed. The author offers an extended version of the theory. He argues that Hume, Popper, Goodman, and Quine would all have endorsed that extension. This new version, the author argues, constitutes a completely general theory of epistemic justification for our beliefs about the existence and nature of the physical world.
Ludwig Wittgenstein
Authors: Johnsen Bredo
Published: May 2017

Over half of Wittgenstein’s raw, unedited remarks in On Certainty were written in seven weeks ending two days before his death, and he often expresses dissatisfaction with his progress. Unsurprisingly, they are rife with tensions. The author focuses on two topics centering on his crucial notion of “the propositions that are beyond doubt”: what it is for a proposition to have that status for someone, and whether Wittgenstein thinks we can defend our beliefs in such propositions. The author argues that his struggles can be seen to be leading him to views much like Quine’s. Three points of agreement stand out: (i) One cannot be faulted either for retaining any particular belief or for taking any particular belief as fundamental if doing so does not violate (iii). (ii) One can be wrong about the truth of any proposition. (iii) One’s world view must be kept squared with experience.
Against Harmony
Authors: Shields James Mark
Published: May 2017

Against Harmony traces the history of progressive and radical experiments in Japanese Buddhist thought and practice from the mid-Meiji period through the early Shōwa period (1885–1935), when historical events coalesced to eliminate all such experiments. It is a work of both intellectual history and of critical, comparative thought. Perhaps the two best representations of progressive Buddhism during this period were the New Buddhist Fellowship (1899–1915) and the Youth League for Revitalizing Buddhism (1931–1936). Both were nonsectarian, lay movements comprising young men with education in classical Buddhist texts as well as Western literature, philosophy, and religion. Their work effectively collapses commonly held distinctions between religion, philosophy, ethics, politics, and economics. Unlike many others of their day, these “New Buddhists” did not regard the novel forces of modernization as problematic and disruptive, but rather, as an opportunity to explore and expand the possibilities of the dharma. Moreover, these and similar Buddhist and Buddhist-inspired movements experimented with novel, alternative forms of modernity, rooted in variations on what might be called “dharmic materialism.” In short, they did not simply inherit or mimic the dominant Western model(s). For this reason, their work remains of relevance in the early twenty-first century.
Unification and Spiritual Activism
Authors: Shields James Mark
Published: May 2017

Chapter 2, "Unification and Spiritual Activism: Murakami and Manshi" begins with an analysis of an academic movement called Daijō hibusseturon大‎乗‎非‎仏‎説‎論‎, which argued for a return to early Buddhism by critiquing the Mahāyāna derivations that had come to dominate in East Asia. It then turns to the work of two scholar-priests, both associated with the Ōtani-ha (Higashi Honganji) branch of the Shin sect: Murakami Senshō and Kiyozawa Manshi. Murakami and Kiyozawa might accurately be considered late representatives of the Buddhist Enlightenment. However, this chapter argues that they establish a bridge from the work of the early Buddhist modernists and reformers to the New Buddhists of the early twentieth century. In short, these two immensely influential figures established two distinctive possibilities for the emergent Buddhist modernisms of the early twentieth century.
Zen and the Art of Treason
Authors: Shields James Mark
Published: May 2017

Chapter 4, “Zen and the Art of Treason: Renegade Priests of Late Meiji,” explores the rise and eventual fall of so-called radical Buddhism in the closing decade of the Meiji period—a time marked by the Russo-Japanese War and its aftermath. Radical Buddhism is defined here as the self-conscious use of Buddhist doctrines, ideas, or principles to foment resistance to the imperial state, and it takes on various forms during this tumultuous period. This chapter examines and explores the life and work of two “renegade” monks—Takagi Kenmyō and Uchiyama Gudō—in order to explore the underlying assumptions, problems, and possibilities of Buddhist-inspired radical politics in late Meiji and subsequent decades.
Anarcho-Buddhist Utopia
Authors: Shields James Mark
Published: May 2017

Chapter 5, “Anarcho-Buddhist Utopia: Taishō Tolstoyans,” focuses on several new developments within Buddhism during the brief but immensely significant Taishō period, beginning in 1912. This period witnessed the full emergence of a powerful if diverse socialist movement in urban Japan, which would inspire prominent writers such as Kawakami Hajime and Miyazawa Kenji to explore the possibilities of Buddhist(ic) social activism and economic reform. In addition, the life and work of Russian writer and thinker Count Leo Tolstoy had an immense impact on the intellectual, religious, and political culture of the period. This chapter examines these developments in light of modernist sensibilities and argues that much of Taishō Buddhism—at least at the intellectual level—can be characterized by a utopian and an “aesthetic” turn, one that diverged from both the state-centered program of earlier Buddhist reform movements, and the social concerns of New Buddhism.
Prelude: Red Pines and Black Sheep
Authors: Shields James Mark
Published: May 2017

This Prelude to Chapters One through to Six introduces the story of three generations of the Akamatsu family, whose tri-generational patriline illustrates well the changes which shaped institutional and lay Buddhism in the five decades from the Buddhist Enlightenment through the beginning of the Asia Pacific War.
Conclusion
Authors: Shields James Mark
Published: May 2017

The Conclusion examines the various theoretical and practical problems of the accommodation between Buddhism and Marxism, in particular the convergence of Japanese Buddhist ethics with philosophical and historical materialism, through an analysis of some the theoretical writings of figures discussed in the preceding chapters. This convergence is situated within the context of notable political shifts and events—namely, World War II and the devastation of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945—which weakened and muted much progressive Buddhism. Instead, a type of nonsectarian, “existential” Buddhism rose to prominence at this time. Finally, the larger issue of “dharmic materialism” is raised, in relation to traditional Buddhist ethics, Marxism, and contemporary humanism.
Introduction
Authors: Wimbush Vincent L.
Published: May 2017

The author introduces the concept of scripturalectics as an elaboration of, and framework and matrix for, his conceptualization (in previous work) of the phenomenon of scripturalization. Both fraught terms grow out of and aim to make more expansive and complex the popular usage and understanding of the English term “scriptures.” Far beyond the level of exegetical or lexical meanings, the term needs to be exploded in analysis and taken far beyond the project of exegesis with its imbrication in apologetics. The author maintains that what we mean by the term “scriptures” and by the dynamics associated with them at the most profound level point to the meta-lexical and meta-discursive, to the ultimate politics of language as part of the making and striving of the human, including humans’ need to know and the fears and anxieties around knowing. Different types of fears and anxieties inspire and provoke scriptures, and scriptures are made to stoke and more broadly manage fears and anxieties. Using Chinua Achebe’s classic novel Things Fall Apart as touchstone, chapter divisions unpack what are some of those fears and anxieties and what responses we have made to them.
“We Have Fallen Apart”
Authors: Wimbush Vincent L.
Published: May 2017

This chapter is exploration of the conditions and reasons for the near destruction of the villagers who are ensnared by the colonial project and its forms of violence. Beyond expropriation of their land, the villagers face erasure of their local customs and traditions, their rituals, their language, their rhythms, and so forth, as the colonial power commandeers discourse itself. We are presented a frightening picture of the destructive work that scriptures—texts, yes, but more broadly, textual and discursive politics—can be made to do. The new religion and its government—the British colonials—effectively tear Umuofians from their own world. Such rupture is evident to most Umuofians. Beyond honest recognition of things having fallen apart, the challenge is to figure out what to make of the rupture.
A Theory of Uncertainty in Nonvoting
Authors: Ragsdale Lyn , Rusk Jerrold G.
Published: May 2017

Abstract: This chapter sets out the theory of uncertainty in nonvoting. It rests on five premises: (1) uncertainty prohibits candidates and the eligible electorate from accurately predicting the future. (2) Uncertainty arises from novelty or surprise—how drastically elements of the national scene change in the months prior to the election. (3) This uncertainty produces risk—the likelihood of making a decision that leads to a negative outcome—electing the candidate who is least likely to reduce uncertainty. (4) People choose to vote to reduce uncertainty in response to the novelty of political occurrences. (5) The higher (lower) the level of uncertainty, the more (less) likely eligible voters will go to the polls.
A Period of Government Reassessment: 1974–1990
Authors: Ragsdale Lyn , Rusk Jerrold G.
Published: May 2017

Abstract: This chapter examines the period after Watergate, during which nonvoting increased. The chapter finds that the introduction of cable television into American homes was principally associated with this increase. With cable television, people could avoid politics by selecting channels that were expressly not political. In contrast, the uncertainty defined by the stagflation of the period—in which both inflation and unemployment increased in tandem—reduced nonvoting. The chapter also considers youth nonvoting in depth. The chapter continues the analysis of nonvoting at the individual level, confirming that the less people know about the campaign context and the less they make judgments about the candidates, the more likely they will be nonvoters.
Information Technology Years: 1992–2012
Authors: Ragsdale Lyn , Rusk Jerrold G.
Published: May 2017

Abstract: This chapter examines the fourth historical period from 1992 through 2012, which encompasses the launch of the Internet, advances in computer technology, and the growth of economic globalization. Like the post-war period, the Internet technology period is one of low nonvoting. During this period, nonvoting declined as the Internet expanded. It also declined with economic swings including the early 1990s boom and the Great Recession beginning in 2008. The chapter also considers how polarization affects the views held by individual voters and nonvoters of presidential and House candidates. It finds that both voters and nonvoters hold more polarized views about the candidates during this period than the previous ones. Those people who make the weakest ideological comparisons between the candidates are much more likely not to vote than others.
Democracy to Come
Authors: Dallmayr Fred
Published: May 2017

The book seeks to lay the groundwork for a new conception of democracy. By contrast to traditional views which located its distinctive character simply in the expansion of the number of rulers, the book presents the rise of modern democracy as a basic ‘paradigm shift’ involving multiple dimensions of change (including political, metaphysical, and even theological dimensions). Harking back to Montesquieu’s stress on the needed ‘spirit of equality,’ the new conception focuses on ethical ‘relationality’ and human ‘potentionality,’ that is, on the cultivation of ethical relations with others and the potentiality for genuine engagement (on an equal basis). In this manner, the modal radically challenges the dominant (liberal) conception anchored in egocentrism, voluntarism, and individual or collective self-interests. More specifically, the new model is predicated on the tensional balance of three key elements: the ‘people’ (potentia); political actors or policy makers (potestas); and the political aim or purpose (‘good life,’ bonum commune). The book extends the relational model to the global level, insisting on progressive indigenous democratization without hegemonically imposed ‘regime change.’
Introduction
Authors: Dallmayr Fred
Published: May 2017

Tocqueville asserted that the principle of democratic equality is a “providential fact.” In its actual unfolding, however, the “providential” aspect was replaced by a strictly empirical, humanly engineered process or development, and the spirit of “equality” gave way to the unleashing of unlimited self-interest, which produced growing inequality. This chapter traces the transformation from a qualitative conception into a purely quantitative, empirical, and “minimalist” definition of democracy. Apart from violating equality, the transformation also ignores the “paradigm shift” of democracy (vis-à-vis monarchy): that popular sovereignty cannot be occupied, but remains (in the terms of Claude Lefort) an “empty space.” The chapter also discusses the steady globalization of this definition, meaning the transfer of liberal minimalism from the Western “center” to the non-Western “periphery,” often through policies of “regime change.” In this manner, the domestic rise of inequality is paralleled by the rise of global elitism and hegemonic domination.
Democracy and Liberation
Authors: Dallmayr Fred
Published: May 2017

Dussel’s The Invention of the Americas depicted the Spanish Conquest as a constitutive event in the rise of the modern Eurocentric world order, with its autocratic dichotomy between “center” and “periphery.” Dussel does not impugn the trajectory of modernization and democratization as such, but only their use as instruments of foreign domination—what he calls the “myth of modernity.” With Todorov, he laments the lack of relationality, that is, the unwillingness to recognize the qualitative equality of others; to overcome this lack, he advocates a radical paradigm shift to “transmodernity.” As Dussel explains in The Underside of Modernity, overcoming domestic and global autocracy requires both active resistance and the articulation of counter-discourses, such as the “philosophy of liberation.” He perceives modern democracy as a tensional correlation of three factors: people (potentia); political actors (potestas); and shared goal (eudaimonia). His argument is basically directed against the “self-referentially” of political power.
The Prospect of Confucian Democracy
Authors: Dallmayr Fred
Published: May 2017

Recent times have seen resolute efforts seeking to reconcile Asian traditions with democracy, specifically by bending some hierarchical features of the past in the direction of the qualitative equality and relationality demanded in our age. The chapter concentrates on debates in several Asian countries, including China, about the compatibility of Confucian teachings with the democratic requirement of equal citizenship. The chapter distinguishes between a minimalist, a maximalist, and a balanced approach. In the first case, Confucian teachings are restricted to the purely private sphere removed from public life. This model robs Confucianism of the crucial element of social relationality. In the second type, Confucianism is elevated to a dominant creed, in violation of the constitutive openness (or emptiness) of the democratic public space. The last version rejects this totalizing ambition, but without abandoning Confucianism’s educational and socializing qualities, thus arriving at a social-democratic vision.
Gandhi for Today
Authors: Dallmayr Fred
Published: May 2017

The chapter shifts the focus from East Asia to India’s struggle for independence and democracy, under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. In many ways, Gandhi’s example provided inspiration for later emancipatory movements in the non-Western world. Seen from this angle, Gandhi’s political agenda can be described as a “philosophy of liberation” that (as in Dussel’s case) seeks to transcend the “center-periphery” paradigm in the direction of a “transmodern” democratic equality. The latter idea was captured in Gandhi’s notion of “self-rule” (swaraj), a notion that—far removed from autocracy—implies the ability to rule over oneself, thus making room for the practice of relational care and respect. This practice was also the cornerstone of two other key notions of Gandhi’s work: nonviolence (ahimsa) and striving for justice (satyagraha). These features lift Gandhian democracy far above the procedural minimalism of liberal self-interest, bringing into view the potentiality of a democracy “to come.”
Political Theology in a New Key
Authors: Dallmayr Fred
Published: May 2017

The chapter returns to the metaphysical and quasi-theological implications of the “paradigm shift” from Eurocentric modernity to global transmodernity. The change from autocracy to democracy has deep implications. Traditional autocratic regimes were patterned on the dominance of a supreme power (a transcendent deity or immutable substance). Initial challenges to this conception surfaced in the metaphysics of Leibniz and especially in Montesquieu’s work. What these initiatives brought into view was a decentered worldview of multiple, but related factors and a qualitative equality in lieu of autocracy . What needs to be added here is the dynamic, unstable character of the new constellation. Democracy is not a finished condition but an open-ended potentiality and creative genesis. The chapter introduces conceptions familiar from “process theology” and other nontraditional forms of theology, especially the view of the world as an ongoing creation—with citizens as engaged participants in a process of creatio continua.
Singing the Rite to Belong
Authors: Phelan Helen
Published: May 2017

Why do so many people feel part of something bigger than themselves when they sing with others? How does listening to people sing, especially in certain ritual contexts, give us this same feeling? With this book, singer and scholar Helen Phelan draws on over two decades of musical and educational research to explore the agency of singing in fostering experiences of belonging through ritual performance. Set against the backdrop of “the new Ireland” of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, it charts Ireland’s growing multiculturalism, changing patterns of migration, the diminishing influence of Catholicism, and synergies between local and global forms of cultural expression in its investigation of rights and rites of belonging. Richly autobiographical and autoethnographic, it examines a range of religious, educational, civic, and community-based rituals, including religious rituals of new migrant communities in “borrowed” rituals spaces; baptismal rituals in the context of the Irish citizenship referendum; rituals that mythologize the core values of an educational institution; a ritual laboratory for students of singing; and community-based festivals and performances. These close to the ground narratives peel back the physiological, emotional, and cultural layers of singing to investigate how it functions as a potential agent of belonging. Each chapter engages theoretically with one of five core characteristic of singing (resonance, somatics, performance, temporality, and tacitness) anchored in ethnographic descriptions of performed rituals. In doing so, it builds a persuasive theory of ritually framed singing as a potent tool in the creation of inclusive communities of belonging.
Finding Your Own Voice
Authors: Phelan Helen
Published: May 2017

Chapter 3 introduces the Irish World Academy of Music and Dance and its emergence as a key site of cultural debate and performance in the 1990s. It explores ways in which mythology, symbol, and ritual are constantly evoked within the Academy to reinforce, contest, and perform its core values of inclusivity, creativity, and respect for diversity. It examines the impact of practice theory on understandings of performance. Practice theory and performance studies have helped singers, dancers, and musicians recast their activities, not as passive “inscriptions” onto their bodies in socially structured rituals, but as active, intelligent practices, influencing social and cultural space through performance. It suggests that the Academy continuously ritualizes and performs its ethos of creative belonging.
Singing the Rite to Belong
Authors: Phelan Helen
Published: May 2017

Chapter 6 focuses on a watershed moment in Irish history in defining a legal sense of belonging: the Irish citizenship referendum of 2004. It is contrasted with another kind of belonging performed through the ritual of Christian baptism. It focuses on a baptismal ritual conducted in Limerick 10 days after the citizenship referendum. Through an analysis of two communion songs sung by Trinity Choir (an African women’s ensemble) and Elikya Choir (a Congolese-led Choir) it argues that the sung, ritualized performance of belonging gained a heightened significance in the face of the rejection by the Irish state of so many of “the new Irish.”
Paulus Vladimiri and the Development of the Doctrine of Coexistence of Christian and Non-Christian Countries (1963)
Authors: Alexandrowicz C. H.
Published: May 2017

The problem of relations between Christian and non-Christian countries was the subject of a protracted public controversy at the Council of Constance (1414–18), when the conflict between the Kingdom of Poland and the Teutonic Order (Ordo Cruciferorum) over Poland’s relations with the pagan communities of Lithuania came up for consideration. This conflict would not by itself justify the special attention of historians of the law of nations were it not for the defence of Polish–Lithuanian co-operation by a prominent Polish theologian and lawyer, Paulus Vladimiri, who may be considered one of the forerunners of a progressive doctrine on the fundamental legal issue of the coexistence of the Christian world with non-Christian countries. This chapter focuses on the work of Vladimiri, which anticipates significant doctrinal developments in the law of nations (particularly connected with European–Asian relations).
Puffendorf–Crull and the Afro–Asian World (1968–69)
Authors: Alexandrowicz C. H.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the work of Samuel Puffendorf (1632–94) and Jodocus Crull. Puffendorf, a professor at the Universities of Heidelberg and Lund, completed his main work on the Law of Nature and Nations in 1672. Ten years later he released the first volume of the Introduction to the History of the Principal States of Europe and volumes (II–III) appeared in the next few years. This treatise on European affairs was later extended to other continents constituting an Introduction to the History of Asia, Africa, and America. Evidence suggests that the original text of volume IV was written by Jodocus Crull. This is of particular interest to historians of the family and law of nations, as it was the first work on the history of universal inter-state relations covering all continents, civilizations, and various types of state formation, making its appearance within the framework of Puffendorf’s treatise.
A Treatise by J. H. G. Justi on Asian Government (1960–61)
Authors: Alexandrowicz C. H.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines Johann Heinrich Gottlieb von Justi’s treatise entitled ‘Vergleichungen der Europäischenmit den Asiatischen und anderen vermeintlich Barbarischen Regierungen’. Justi was one of the greatest German political writers of the eighteenth century. His treatise compared the system of government as known in Europe with that prevailing in Asia, and the expression ‘Vermeintlich Barbarische Regierungen’ reflects Justi’s critical attitude towards a climate of opinion in certain European circles which looked upon Asian civilization as an inferior one. While Justi failed to employ a systematic method in the comparative exposition of European and Asian government, his views on the development of European–Asian relations are of considerable interest to the historian of the law of nations.
Doctrinal Aspects of the Universality of the Law of Nations (1961)
Authors: Alexandrowicz C. H.
Published: May 2017

The process of European consolidation can be traced back to the second half of the eighteenth century when some classic writers on the law of nations first conceived or pronounced the existence of a legally ‘organized’ European community of States. This regional conception has been contrasted with that of the universal and natural conception of the law of nations which found itself in juxtaposition with new trends, and the ensuing conflict between them raised the question of whether the positivist European reality was reconcilable with the idea of the universalism of the law of nations. Various answers have been offered to this question and some of the leading classical writers showed comparatively less understanding of its solution in the long run than some of the lesser-known writers. This chapter recalls their views and compares them with those expressed in the well-known treatises of the late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century positivists.
The Continuity of the Sovereign Status of China in International Law (1956)
Authors: Alexandrowicz C. H.
Published: May 2017

Historians of the law of nations agree that China enjoyed the position of a fully sovereign State up to the conclusion of the Sino–British treaty of Nanking in 1842. Likewise, no international lawyer questioned the sovereign status of China in the period after the end of the First World War, when limitations on Chinese territorial sovereignty imposed by a number of powers were removed one by one. However, the peculiar nature of the interim period between 1842 and 1918, in which these limitations were in force, led some writers to conclude that China’s position as a subject of international law was to some extent doubtful. This chapter examines the opening stages of this interim period. It discusses one of the first diplomatic missions sent to Beijing/Peking for the purpose of establishing closer relations with the Chinese Empire, and looks into some of the nineteenth-century diplomatic correspondence.
The Role of Treaties in the European–African Confrontation in the Nineteenth Century (1975)
Authors: Alexandrowicz C. H.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the origins and characteristic features of statehood in Africa, in particular the position at the time of the arrival of European agencies. It examines the climate of opinion in which the first treaties were concluded and compares it with the sui generis relationship between the contracting parties that later developed at the height of the European–African confrontation. The rapidity of change resulted in some abnormal legal institutions, including the ‘colonial protectorate’. A number of fundamental questions arise in the analysis of treaties: the legal capacity of the contracting parties, particularly of the African rulers and chiefs; the freedom of consent in the particular African circumstances as emphasised at the Berlin Conference of 1885; and the form of treaties and the application of various treaty rules. Among the particular stipulations, those referring to the establishment of protectorates and to jurisdictional capitulations are singled out for special attention.
The Juridical Expression of the Sacred Trust of Civilization (1971)
Authors: Alexandrowicz C. H.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the principle of the sacred trust of civilization in nineteenth-century international law. The establishment of the principle of the sacred trust of civilization is strictly connected with the transfer by the African communities of their territory, their sovereignty, and their destiny to the European Powers, which, through the relevant transactions, assumed the role of guardians of these communities. The chapter looks at the International Court of Justice’s decision in the second phase of the South West Africa Cases (Ethiopia v. South Africa and Liberia v. South Africa) on 18 July 1966. It also considers participation by the United States in the Berlin Conference of 1884–1885. Such an examination enables a critical discussion of the restrictive view expressed by the International Court of Justice to the effect that the mandate system is the sole juridical expression of the principle.
The Theory of Recognition in Fieri (1958)
Authors: Alexandrowicz C. H.
Published: May 2017

The historian of international law attempting an inquiry into the law of recognition of States and governments during its formative stage, particularly into eighteenth-century sources, is bound to consult the first historical survey of the literature of the law of nations by D. H. L. Ompteda, published in 1785. Ompteda referred to problems of recognition under the general heading of the fundamental right of nations to freedom and independence. All the essays he mentioned as being directly or indirectly relevant to problems of recognition of new States or rulers were written by comparatively unknown authors. Among them, Justi and Steck were perhaps the most active participants in the first attempts to formulate a theory of recognition. This chapter considers these early attempts, in particular the direct influence of Justi and Steck on Martens and Klueber, and through them on Henry Wheaton and some of the early nineteenth-century writers.
The Quasi-Judicial Function in Recognition of States and Governments (1952)
Authors: Alexandrowicz C. H.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses whether the legal element in recognition can be identified with the quasi-judicial function, and whether the latter is performed by the recognizing state in the same way as it is exercised by administrative authorities in the national field. The exercise of power by an administrative authority often involves a process which is partly executive and partly judicial. The judicial element may be called quasi-judicial, and thus the whole power quasi-judicial. Whenever a new state or government appears in the international sphere, it will as a rule become a candidate or applicant for recognition. It will, by unilateral request, approach other Powers who become, individually, the judges of the case. The Powers exercising a quasi-judicial function apply rules of international law and are agents of an international order.
Powers and Poiēseis
Authors: Krulak Todd
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on an allusion to the ritual of statue animation found in Proclus’ Commentary on the Timaeus. Through this ritual, statues were considered as being consecrated, ‘ensouled’ by deity, and thus rendered fit to communicate oracles. In the Commentary on the Timaeus, Proclus hints that the deity could appear in lesser or greater degrees. Those who obtained but a dim manifestation of the god, experienced only the secondary and tertiary powers of the deity, while those who encountered the god fully and clearly, were thought to participated in its creative activities. The chapter argues that ‘powers’ and ‘creative activities’ are technical terms and seeks to unpack how Proclus may have understood them to function in this context and what they might signify with respect to the benefits of the rite for the telestic expert.
Divine Powers in Philo of Alexandria’s De opificio mundi
Authors: Decharneux Baudouin S.
Published: May 2017

Philo of Alexandria (c.25 BC–c.50 CE) stands at the background of both the pagan Neoplatonic and the Christian schools, in so far as he develops Platonic thinking and simultaneously inaugurates its use as a tool for understanding the Old Testament. This chapter focuses on De opificio mundi, Philo’s most important and best-known work dealing with the creation of the world, and shows that, in this treatise, the treatment of divine powers is equally indebted to biblical and Greek, mostly Platonic, ideas. Further, it argues for a Philonic conception of demiurgy (including the creation of Man) which is properly dynamic in a sense that anticipates some Neoplatonic conceptions of the demiurgic process.
The Self-giving Power of God
Authors: Hill Jonathan
Published: May 2017

This chapter puts forward the idea of a distinctively early Christian understanding of divine power in terms of a logic driven primarily by concerns about apostolic mission and preaching. It maintains that first-century Christian authors, notably Paul and Luke in Acts, offer a reimagining of the nature of divine power in six different ways: the Christological, communicative, pneumatological, kerygmatic, pre-eminence, and weakness aspects to the concept. Further, the essay seeks to trace the way in which these features of the divine dunamis are reinterpreted, and, sometimes, extended quite radically, by three early Christian authors of very different kinds: Ignatius of Antioch, who wrote epistles to some degree after Paul; Hermas, who wrote about visions and parables in a deeply allegorical style; and Justin Martyr, an apologist who used the language and concepts of contemporary Platonism.
Introduction
Authors: Thorat Sukhadeo , Verma Samar
Published: May 2017

For social sciences to play their emancipatory as well as instrumental role in public policymaking, it is imperative that the social science research ecosystem is dynamic and vibrant, institutions governing the research ecosystem are robust and effective, and those producing good quality research and researchers are strong and well governed. Underlying these is a serious issue about funding and availability of data on social science research (SSR) to facilitate informed decision-making and enable design of program policies and strategies. In collaboration with the Think Tank Initiative (TTI) Program of IDRC, ICSSR led this work to examine the present status of social science in the country. This Volume examines the status of SSR with respect to its multiple dimensions and recommends the need for a comprehensive national social science policy in India that is adequately resourced and delivered through well-governed national institutions in order to create a credible research culture in social sciences.
Research Infrastructure
Authors: Lakshmanan C.
Published: May 2017

The chapter provides an overarching perspective on the diverse aspects concerned with social science research (SSR) infrastructure in the Indian universities. The research infrastructure that is relevant for SSR include both physical and academic infrastructure. It covers the number of departments, number of sanctioned posts in the departments, filled posts, vacant posts, books in the department library, computers in the department, etc. The study indicates that highest numbers of departments are in disciplines like economics, education, law, and history. Disciplines like national security, population studies, and strategic studies are least popular disciplines with very few departments and chairs. Discipline-wise distribution of various social science courses shows that economics dominates in offering PhD degrees.
Research Institutes in SSR
Authors: Joshi Satyakam , Jha Sadan
Published: May 2017

Research institutes engaged in social science research (SSR) constitute an important component of research infrastructure. The data is collected for 311 research institutes including autonomous institutes, government institutes, and research and advocacy groups. The data shows that the average size of faculty in 148 autonomous institutes was seven. It may not be too farfetched to say that such tiny faculty strength will have direct impact on the volume as well as quality of research output from these institutes. ‘Economics and allied subjects’ leads the research in autonomous institutes. In the case of government-run institutes, the research component is weak as their focus is mainly on training and capacity enhancement of government and another staff. Research and advocacy groups have focused primarily on advocacy.
Research Output
Authors: Kumar Surinder , Trivedi Prashant Kumar , Singh Shilp Sikha
Published: May 2017

This chapter maps the present status of social science research (SSR) output under various disciplines and their respective subcategories. For this, the study explores social science journal articles and books to understand thematic focus of research in India. All articles published during the period of eleven years, 2005–15, and all books published over five years, 2010–14, were chosen for analyses. All together a total of 7235 books and 22309 articles published in 1113 journals were included for analysis. It was observed that the major share of research output comes from the discipline of economics, followed by sociology and political science.
Quality of Publication in International Context
Authors: Lalitha N. , Ghatak Amrita
Published: May 2017

This chapter analyses the status of India’s social science research (SSR) publications in global context. The outputs chosen to assess India’s comparative performance is the articles written and published by Indians in the field of social sciences either individually or in collaboration with researchers outside India. The study analysed journal articles published during 2008–14 drawn from Scopus database to examine the publication status of India in social sciences in an international context. The study found that the six-year period, 2009–14, India consistently ranks among the top 15 countries in the world. Discipline-wise analysis shows that the share of pure social science articles was significant but is declining. Of the total 30938 articles, 28 per cent are published with international collaboration. The USA and the UK contribute 52 per cent of total international collaborations.
Funding for Social Science Research: Government Sources
Authors: Gayithri K. , Bairagya Indrajit
Published: May 2017

This chapter aims at ascertaining the flows and priorities in accessing funds by various institutions involved in SSR in India from government sources. The analysis is mainly based on the data collected from the various ministries, Councils, etc. The study found that the share of expenditure on social science research (SSR) as percentage of total union budget of the central government was 0.025 per cent whereas it was 0.86 percent for pure science research. The share of SSR budget to GDP at market price for the year 2010–11 was 0.0062 per cent whereas it was 0.21 per cent in pure sciences. While estimating the demand supply gap, the study found that supply of funds to SSR is much less than requirement.