bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interlocking Legal Orders in the European Union and Comparative Law
Authors: Lenaerts Koen
Published: November 2004

Even if an external observer who takes an interest in the case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Communities and of the Court of First Instance of the European Communities may not have such an impression at first sight, comparative law plays a central role in the activities of these courts. It means much more than simply looking at solutions given to certain problems in the legal orders of the Member States. As a former president of the Court of Justice rightly observed, recourse to comparative law is for the Court of Justice essentially a method of interpretation of Community law itself.1 For the Court of Justice and the CFI (below often referred to as ‘Community judge’ or ‘Community courts’), it is one method amongst other methods of interpretation of the law (such as literal, exegetic, historical, systematic interpretation) and it constitutes a tool for establishing the law.2
A Role For Tort In Pre-Contractual Negotiations? An Examination Of English, French, And Canadian Law
Authors: Paula Giliker
Published: November 2004

The common law has traditionally regarded the question of pre-contractual liability as a matter of contract formation.2 Where the claimant is able to satisfy the rules of offer and acceptance, consideration, an intention to be bound, and certainty, contract law possesses a number of tools capable of resolving disputes arising prior to contract. For example, the courts will utilise the law of misrepresentation and mistake and, if necessary, imply terms to respond to questions such as the effect of pre-contractual representations or whether the claimant should be paid for work commenced prior to contract.3 Notably where a transaction between two commercial parties has been executed, the English courts have shown themselves particularly willing to intervene and ensure the validity of the agreement reached between the parties.4
Consent Precluding State Responsibility: A Critical Analysis
Authors: Abass Ademola
Published: November 2004

Chapter V (Part 1) of the ILC&s1Articles on State Responsibility2contains sixcircumstances which, when invoked justify, or excuse,3the commission of acts that are otherwise unlawful against another State.4The circumstances attenuate or remove responsibility entirely. These circumstances are namely: consent (Article 20), selfdefence (Article 21), countermeasures (Article 22), force majeure (Article 23), distress (Article 24), and necessity (Article 25). Nonetheless, Article 26 of the ILCASR states that ‘[n]othing in this Chapter precludes the wrongfulness of a State which is not in conformity with anobligation arising under a peremptory norm of general international law.’
International Regulation Of Undersea Noise
Authors: Scott Karen N
Published: November 2004

In September 2002 seventeen whales were stranded off the coast of the CanaryIslands at a time when NATO was testing its active sonar system designed to detect silent enemy submarines.1The suggestion has been made that the use of sonar caused these whales to strand. In fact, sonar is just one of a variety of anthropogenic undersea sounds which, scientific research increasingly suggests, impacts negatively on marine biodiversity. Pollution of an acoustic nature is currently omitted from traditional works on the protection of the marine environment and is as yet the subject of very little jurisprudential discussion.2However the topic, which has received scientific attention for over 30 years, has recently been identified as acause for concern and consequently, for action, within the parameters of a number of global and regional environmental instruments.
CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS: II. The Free Movement of Persons
Authors: Lonbay Julian
Published: November 2004

There has been much activity since the last report on this topic,1 not least that the citizenship provisions of the Treaty have burst into life with a series of cases and proposals which threaten to overturn the old order. The Commission's initial proposal2 to consolidate and radically reshape rights of residence has been revised in the legislative process,3 but is still un-adopted; the cases though are more dramatic.
Palestrina as Historicist: The Two L'homme armé Masses
Authors: Haar James
Published: November 2004

Two traits distinguishing the music of the Renaissance may be singled out as relevant to this study: a spirit of emulation leading to appropriation by composers of various aspects of the music of their peers and the development, to a degree not previously seen, of a historical sense. Both in my opinion play a role in the choices made by Palestrina in approaching the L'homme armé theme.
Lili Boulanger's La Princesse Maleine: A Composer and her Heroine as Literary Icons
Authors: Fauser Annegret
Published: November 2004

On 22 July 1917 Maurice Maeterlinck wrote to the composer Lili Boulanger:

Dear Mademoiselle and Friend,

All my thoughts are with you in your pain and your anxiety. But I have a confidence which comes to me from I don't know where and which I would like to share with you. I feel – I would nearly say, I know – that the child-genius who must give a voice to La princesse Maleine cannot pass away before having accomplished her work, which seems fused with her destiny.
Re-Reading Poppea: Some Thoughts on Music and Meaning in Monteverdi's Last Opera
Authors: Carter Tim
Published: November 2004

There is a convenient fiction maintained by all but the most fervent postmodernist concerning the interpretation of opera: that the music somehow reveals how a particular drama should be played out on the stage. Whether a reading (or a production) is supposedly authentic, traditional or modernist in intent and delivery, support is invoked for it within the musical score by assuming a clarity in the semiotic play of signifier and signified that in turn validates our various responses to opera as drama. We know an aria signifying ‘love’, ‘triumph’, ‘rage’ or ‘lament’ when we hear one, and we respond accordingly, indeed conventionally to the extent that we often focus less on what is being sung about than on how it is being sung. And whether or not one agrees with Joseph Kerman's battle-cry ‘In opera, the dramatist is the composer’, the notion of the composer as musician-orator, persuading and moving at will, is a powerful one, reinforcing deep-seated beliefs concerning the transcendental truths about the human condition conveyed by the canon of operatic masterpieces. It is also a trope adopted early in the history of opera. When the unknown librettist of Claudio Monteverdi's Le nozze d'Enea in Lavinia (1641; now lost) praised its composer for he was not only invoking a topos drawn from classical antiquity; he was also affirming an aesthetic stance that retains its fascination even today.
Vienna's Private Theatrical and Musical Life, 1783–92, as Reported by Count Karl Zinzendorf
Authors: Link Dorothea
Published: November 2004

Because of its bearing on his freelance career, the question of private patronage in Vienna during the 1780s is of great interest to Mozart scholarship. Serious investigation into this question, however, has been hampered by a lack of sources. The chief source to date has been the Mozart correspondence, especially Wolfgang's letter of 20 March 1784 to his father, in which he lists the subscribers to his forthcoming concert series. Another valuable source exists in the Zinzendorf diaries, which, although often dipped into, have not been systematically examined for their potential in this regard. My recent transcription of all the passages in the diaries that deal with theatre and music in Vienna from Easter 1783 to Easter 1792 includes the private entertainments of the nobility in whose circles Zinzendorf moved. These are summarized in Appendix 1, which forms the basis of the present discussion.
Re-Visioning the ‘Missing’ Scene: Critical and Tonal Trajectories in Britten'sBilly Budd
Authors: McKellar Shannon
Published: November 2004

Those familiar with Herman Melville's last novella, published posthumously in 1924 and entitledBilly Budd, Foretopman, will know that one of the most memorable scenes is in fact barely there. In the so-called ‘missing’ scene, all that readers know with any certainty is that Edward Fairfax Vere, captain of the warshipIndomitable(later editions rename the shipBellipotent), communicates to Billy Budd, a sailor, the verdict of a drumhead court. Billy is to die in the early hours of the following morning for the crime of striking and killing the master-at-arms, the malevolent John Claggart. Precisely what passes between Vere and Billy in the crucial scene — one pivotal for the denouement of the story — has remained for ever a literary mystery. Although the narrator provides some conjecture as to what may have happened in the compartment where Billy is held, all he can say for sure, in a sentence endlessly cited by Melville's critics, is ‘Beyond the communication of the sentence, what took place at this interview was never known.’
The ‘Guerra Manuscript’ (c.1680) and the Rise of Solo Song in Spain
Authors: Torrente Álvaro , Rodríguez Pablo-L.
Published: November 2004

The discovery of a new anthology of secular songs from Madrid fills an important lacuna in our understanding of secular music in seventeenth-century Spain. The Biblioteca Xeral of the University of Santiago de Compostela — near the romanesque cathedral for which the famous Codex Calixtinus was written — preserves a manuscript of 111 folios (E-SCu MS 265) which has hitherto escaped the attention of both musicological and literary scholars. It contains 100 anonymous songs, all but two for solo voice and continuo, and was copied by a certain José Miguel Guerra, scribe of the Spanish Royal Chapel. The manuscript is undated but, as we will argue later, it appears to have been compiled around 1680. If this estimate is correct, it would make this anthology the earliest collection of its kind, a significant missing link between the latest polyphonic cancioneros of the mid-seventeenth century and the numerous anthologies of solo songs and cantatas from the 1690s onwards. This article represents a preliminary investigation of the manuscript, its contents and the circumstances of its compilation, though many of the questions surrounding the collection will have to await further study.
Texting Practices in Manuscript Sources of Early Fifteenth-Century
Polyphony
Authors: King Jonathan
Published: November 2004

The majority of surviving fifteenth-century polyphonic music is vocal,
and a great many upper-voice parts are provided with text in the oldest
manuscripts; however, it is not always clear from these sources which notes
are meant to be sung to which syllables. Much research has been devoted to
helping editors and performers to cope with this situation, principally by
providing editorial guidelines for the application of verbal texts to
musical lines. This article does not aim to resolve such ambiguities as
remain. Rather, it presents new evidence for an informed view of the
situation in the sources. This may have implications for the development of
editorial guidelines. However, its greater importance is as a contribution
to the more general understanding of text-music relations in the
period.
The Fair Sax: Women, Brass-Playing and the Instrument Trade in 1860s Paris
Authors: Ellis Katharine
Published: November 2004

On 29 August 1865, an audience of critics and the general public gathered at the Salle Herz in Paris to witness and pass judgment on the results of an experiment set up three years earlier by the instrument manufacturer Alphonse Sax Jr, who aimed to demonstrate not only that women were capable of playing brass instruments, but that it was in their interests — on moral, health and potentially even career grounds — to do so. Although this concert of brass-band music, with supplementary items for harp and voice, marked the band's third public appearance (they had performed at the Palais d'Industrie in December 1864 and at a brass-band competition in Orbec earlier in August 1865), it was their first appearance at a major concert venue and represented their début in front of the massed Parisian press. When they walked on stage, members of the audience sniggered at the sight of a group of young women carrying brass instruments covering the entire range from the portable cornet to the heavyweights of the bass section. Plainly dressed, with only moderately full skirts, they proceeded to play an arrangement of Partant pour la Syrie, a popular romance set as a quick march, which was then thought to be by Eugénie de Beauharnais, and which under the reign of her son Napoléon III had gained the status of a national hymn. The march had been arranged by the group's conductor, Laure Micheli, who directed the ensemble in two other pieces. To wide acclaim, Émilie Lacroix then played a set of variations for cornet à pistons, arranged by J.-B. Dias, on the tune Le carnaval de Venise. The remaining members of the sextet are shadowy figures: Mlle Dias on second cornet (presumably the sister or daughter of the arranger Dias), Mlle Suzanne Legrand and Mme Neckra in the alto section, and Mlle Marie Legrand (presumably the sister of Suzanne) and Mme Worms playing bass instruments. The supporting artists were all women: the singers Mlle Marcus (also referred to in the press as Mlle Marens or Mlle Marius) and Mme Neulat de Chambon, and the harpist Mlle Waldteufel (a joint first-prize winner at the Paris Conservatoire and former pupil of Antoine Prumier); Suzanne Legrand doubled as accompanist for the singers.
Musical Decay: Luciano Berio's Rendering and John Cage's Europera 5
Authors: Metzer David
Published: November 2004

Restoration and reproduction have served as two of the primary means by which the present has approached the past. These practices are the focus of Luciano Berio's Rendering and John Cage's Europera 5, two recent works that draw upon earlier compositions. In Rendering, Berio ‘restores ’ the drafts for what would have been Schubert's Tenth Symphony. Contrary to conventional restorations, Berio not only builds up the sketch materials but also fragments them, having Schubert's themes disappear into musical voids. Europera 5 looks back at eighteenth- and nineteenth-century opera, which is presented in a collage of live performance and reproductions. During the course of the work, opera gradually disappears into a world of reproductions, losing its vocality and presence. In both compositions, restoration and reproduction ultimately make the past more distant and inaccessible. A similar use of these two practices occurs in recent visual artworks by Igor Kopystiansky and Mike and Doug Starn. Both the musical and visual artworks create scenes of decay, in which the past appears as crumbling and the present as an emptiness.
Schubert's Homecoming
Authors: Marston Nicholas
Published: November 2004

This article explores the metaphorical identification of the tonic key as ‘home’ in relation to the first movement of Schubert's Piano Sonata in B♭, D.960. Rejecting conventional readings whereby a ‘foreign’ or ‘alien’ element is ultimately assimilated into the ‘home’ sphere, it argues that in this movement Schubert succeeds in doing the reverse, rendering the tonic ‘unhomely’ (unheimlich; ‘uncanny’) at a critical moment in the recapitulation. Schubert's practice in this instance is contrasted with that of Beethoven in selected middle-period works; and Schubert's own fragmentary continuity draft for the movement, as well as songs from Die Winterreise and Schwanengesang, are brought to bear on the investigation of ‘home’ and ‘das Unheimliche’.
Spanish and French Mission Music in Colonial North America
Authors: Koegel John
Published: November 2004

Despite the many negative aspects of European colonization endured by indigenous peoples throughout North America, music served as a powerful and positive force. This study demonstrates that musical life in the Franciscan and Jesuit missions throughout Spanish North America was fully developed, was a most important part of the evangelization process, and involved music similar to that performed in other mission areas in Spanish America. Musical life in New France and Louisiana is summarized here to show that the French operated a parallel system of musical evangelization and that the establishment of French settlements in North America corresponded in certain ways to Spanish practices.
Pulp, Pornography and Spectatorship: Subject Matter and Subject Position in Pulp's This is Hardcore
Authors: Dibben Nicola
Published: November 2004

Sheffield pop band Pulp's album This is Hardcore (1998) problematizes media constructions of fame, masculinity, youth and sexuality as self-aggrandizing fantasies. Pornography and glamour function in the album as cyphers for the disparity between fantasy and reality - a disparity fuelled by the media and their highly alienated cultural forms. The album's critique of these fantasies is made both in its subject matter and through the alienated subject position it solicits - a subject position at odds with constructions of macho masculinity as the protagonist in sexual encounters, and with constructions of fame and stardom. Drawing on media theory, I situate the album as part of a more general critique of spectatorship and voyeurism, and of the forms of cultural consumption (including music) which encourage passivity and disengagement.
Metaphors for Meyerbeer
Authors: Newark Cormac
Published: November 2004

The avowed inability of nineteenth-century Parisian critics to express in words their impressions of music (whether instrumental or lyric) doubtless has something to do with a more or less general lack of training, but in the case of the works of Meyerbeer it also points to a particular idea of opera. An intense interest in orchestration (outlined here in reviews ofRobert le diable, Les Huguenots, Le prophèteandL'Africaine;also in Berlioz'sGrand traité d'instrumentation et d'orchestration modernes) is articulated in enthusiastic examination of the instruments themselves, and in striking metaphors of science, technology and manufacture. The presence of this gloss on Meyerbeer in otherwise Romantic appreciations (for example Balzac'sGambara) suggests a way of reading opera reception in tune with the urban culture of the period.
Towards a Verdian Ideal of Singing: Emancipation from Modern Orthodoxy
Authors: Freitas Roger
Published: November 2004

To try to understand the vocal styles demanded by the famously exacting Giuseppe Verdi, I consider a wide range of evidence, including the composer's scores and letters, contemporary treatises, reports on performances, and selected early recordings. On the basis of this material, I contend that the vocal styles known and advocated by Verdi differed radically from what is proposed by most modern pedagogues and nearly always heard in opera houses today. An examination of the evidence, as it bears on specific technical and expressive procedures, sheds light on nineteenth-century vocal style, offering novel interpretative possibilities to the modern performer.
Improvisation as ‘Other’: Creativity, Knowledge and Power – The Case of Iranian Classical Music
Authors: Nooshin Laudan
Published: November 2004

This article traces the discourses which have dominated the musicological study of creativity over the last 50 years or so, focusing on the concept of improvisation and its relationship to composition, particularly as applied to musics outside the notated Western tradition. Arguing that such discourses have served specific ideological purposes, the author illustrates the ways in which these continue to be implicated in an essentializing and orientalist exercise of power over ‘other’ musical traditions. Considering the specific case of Iranian classical music, the author discusses the impact of Western discourses on concepts of musical creativity in Iran and, through detailed musical analyses, illustrates the problematic nature of such discourses in the context of this musical tradition.
The meteorology of the Western Indian Ocean, and the influence of the East African Highlands
Authors: Slingo Julia , Spencer Hilary , Hoskins Brian , Berrisford Paul , Black Emily
Published: November 2004

This paper reviews the meteorology of the Western Indian Ocean and uses a state–of–the–art atmospheric general circulation model to investigate the influence of the East African Highlands on the climate of the Indian Ocean and its surrounding regions. The new 44–year re–analysis produced by the European Centre for Medium range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) has been used to construct a new climatology of the Western Indian Ocean. A brief overview of the seasonal cycle of the Western Indian Ocean is presented which emphasizes the importance of the geography of the Indian Ocean basin for controlling the meteorology of the Western Indian Ocean. The principal modes of inter–annual variability are described, associated with El Niño and the Indian Ocean Dipole or Zonal Mode, and the basic characteristics of the subseasonal weather over the Western Indian Ocean are presented, including new statistics on cyclone tracks derived from the ECMWF re–analyses.

Sensitivity experiments, in which the orographic effects of East Africa are removed, have shown that the East African Highlands, although not very high, play a significant role in the climate of Africa, India and Southeast Asia, and in the heat, salinity and momentum forcing of the Western Indian Ocean. The hydrological cycle over Africa is systematically enhanced in all seasons by the presence of the East African Highlands, and during the Asian summer monsoon there is a major redistribution of the rainfall across India and Southeast Asia. The implied impact of the East African Highlands on the ocean is substantial. The East African Highlands systematically freshen the tropical Indian Ocean, and act to focus the monsoon winds along the coast, leading to greater upwelling and cooler sea–surface temperatures.
Coral recovery at Aldabra Atoll, Seychelles: five years after the 1998 bleaching event
Authors: Stobart Ben , Teleki Kristian , Buckley Raymond , Downing Nigel , Callow Martin
Published: November 2004

Changes in reef benthos were assessed at Aldabra Atoll following the mass coral bleaching event of 1998. Video transects were used to survey the benthos and analysed using the Australian Institute of Marine Science five–dot method. Comparison of coral cover data collected by the Cambridge Southern Seychelles Atoll Research Programme with data collected during this study revealed that mortality of coral at Aldabra following the bleaching event was approximately 66% at 10 m depth and 38% at 20 m depth. Five years on, there are signs of hard coral recovery at some locations, but in spite of several years of high coral recruitment (7–9 recruits per m
2
at 10 m depth, 4–6 recruits per m
2
at 20 m depth, where recruits are defined as any colony under 5 cm maximum diameter), recovery of hard coral has not occurred at a significant level. There has been a considerable increase in soft coral cover at some locations, which was dominated by the genus
Rhytisma
. Macro algal cover did not increase following the bleaching event, although, as would be expected, dead corals have been colonized by coralline algae. There have been no further events leading to large–scale coral mortality at Aldabra since 1998.
Variability, interaction and change in the atmosphere–ocean–ecology system of the Western Indian Ocean
Authors: Spencer T. , Laughton A. S. , Flemming N. C.
Published: November 2004

Traditional ideas of intraseasonal and interannual climatic variability in the Western Indian Ocean, dominated by the mean cycle of seasonally reversing monsoon winds, are being replaced by a more complex picture, comprising air–sea interactions and feedbacks; atmosphere–ocean dynamics operating over intrannual to interdecadal time–scales; and climatological and oceanographic boundary condition changes at centennial to millennial time–scales. These forcings, which are mediated by the orography of East Africa and the Asian continent and by seafloor topography (most notably in this area by the banks and shoals of the Mascarene Plateau which interrupts the westward–flowing South Equatorial Current), determine fluxes of water, nutrients and biogeochemical constituents, the essential controls on ocean and shallow–sea productivity and ecosystem health. Better prediction of climatic variability for rain–fed agriculture, and the development of sustainable marine resource use, is of critical importance to the developing countries of this region but requires further basic information gathering and coordinated ocean observation systems.
The Freezing of Streams and Ponds: A Simple—But Uncomfortable—Experiment
Authors: Bohren Craig F.
Published: November 2004

Within the span of a year, I twice faced the same question in slightly different forms. The first time it came from Tom Schlatter, who fields questions from readers of Weatherwise. He wrote to me that a reader had “asked why running water freezes more slowly than still water. The stock answer is friction, but I would like to do better than that.” I responded with quantitative arguments that (fluid) friction is irrelevant, and there the matter stood.
A Generalized Wave Diagram for Moving Sources
Authors: Alt Robert , Wiley Sam
Published: November 2004

Many introductory physics texts1–5 accompany the discussion of the Doppler effect and the formation of shock waves with diagrams illustrating the effect of a source moving through an elastic medium. Typically these diagrams consist of a series of equally spaced dots, representing the location of the source at different times. These are surrounded by a series of successively smaller circles representing wave fronts (see Fig. 1). While such a diagram provides a clear illustration of the shock wave produced by a source moving at a speed greater than the wave speed, and also the resultant pattern when the source speed is less than the wave speed (the Doppler effect), the texts do not often show the details of the construction. As a result, the key connection between the relative distance traveled by the source and the distance traveled by the wave is not explicitly made. In this paper we describe an approach emphasizing this connection that we have found to be a useful classroom supplement to the usual text presentation. As shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3, the Doppler effect and the shock wave can be illustrated by diagrams generated by the construction that follows.
Physics Teacher by Choice or Chance?
Authors: MacIsaac Dan , Henry David , Zawicki Joe
Published: November 2004

If you're not a physics teacher by preparation, but you've just been assigned to teach physics, you're not alone.
Older people’s understanding of cumulative risks when provided with annual stroke risk information
Authors: Fuller R , Dudley N , Blacktop J
Published: November 2004

Understanding how cumulative health risks increase over time constitutes an important part of decision making about treatment risks and benefits. In this study, wide ranging perceptions of cumulative risk led to significant overestimation and underestimation of risks over time. Time has shown to significantly impact on the personal interpretation of cumulative risk information by patients, with many subjects struggling to understand the concept of cumulative risks. This suggests that a careful explanation of the effect of cumulative risk over time to patients should contribute to more effective decision making.
Management of traumatic brain injury: some current evidence and applications
Authors: Guha A
Published: November 2004

Traumatic brain injury remains a worldwide problem. Newer modalities in the management of such injuries include both drugs and therapeutic strategies. Continuing research in animal models has provided a better understanding of the pathophysiological processes that follow head injury, and this in turn has enabled workers to work on improved treatment targets. Although there are exciting and novel approaches emerging, there is no substitute for meticulous initial resuscitation. Additionally, some of the more well known management options are now better understood. These concepts are discussed in the article.
Anatomical distribution of colorectal cancer over a 10 year period in a district general hospital: is there a true “rightward shift”?
Authors: Gomez D , Dalal Z , Raw E , Roberts C , Lyndon P J
Published: November 2004

Introduction: Recent studies of patients with colorectal cancer have suggested a shift towards the proximal colon and an increase in the incidence of right sided colon cancer. This study aimed to determine the anatomical distribution of colorectal cancer over a 10 year period in a district general hospital.

Methods: Records of patients diagnosed with primary colorectal cancer from 1993 to 2002 were reviewed for demographic data, histology subtype, and anatomical location of the tumour. Tumours located at and proximal to the splenic flexure were defined as right sided cancer and tumours arising distal to the splenic flexure were defined as left sided cancer.

Results: A total of 763 patients were included in the study, of whom all had adenocarcinoma and 99% were white. Sixty nine percent of cancers were left sided and 31% were right sided. Although there was a 4% increase in the proportion of right sided cancers, there was no statistically significant increase using logistic regression analysis. Mann-Whitney U test revealed no significant difference in age at diagnosis between the right and left sided cancers. Although a higher proportion of females were diagnosed with right sided cancer compared with left sided cancer, this was not statistically significant.

Conclusion: The anatomical distribution of colorectal cancer has been fairly stable at this hospital with no evidence of a shift towards the proximal colon. No differences were identified in the tumour distribution with respect to gender and age at diagnosis. Our findings support the initial application of flexible sigmoidoscopy for investigating patients with suspected colorectal malignancy and follow up colonoscopy for selected patients to exclude right sided pathology.
Cachexia in malaria and heart failure: therapeutic considerations in clinical practice
Authors: Onwuamaegbu M E , Henein M , Coats A J
Published: November 2004

Cachexia is an independent prognostic marker of survival in many chronic diseases including heart failure and malaria. Morbidity and mortality from malaria is high in most of the third world where it presents a very challenging public health problem. Malaria may present in the UK as fever in the returning traveller or as fever in overseas visitors. How and why cachexia develops in malaria in a manner similar to the cachexia of chronic heart failure and the treatment strategies that would alter outcomes in both diseases are discussed in this review.
Histochemical analysis of the root epidermal mucilage in maize and wheat
Authors: Schildknecht Pedro HPA , Castro Marília de M , Vidal Benedicto C
Published: November 2004

The root epidermal mucilage is an important structure at the rootsoil interface, but its composition is not fully understood. In contrast to the root cap mucilage, the epidermal mucilage layer is firmly attached to the cell walls and cannot be collected easily in water. In this work, we examined histochemically the compounds present in the epidermal mucilage of Zea mays L. and Triticum aestivum L., as well as its anisotropic characteristics. Birefringence analysis showed a highly crystalline array of microfibrils arranged parallel to the root surface. Tests for lignin, lipophilic compounds, pectin, callose, and cellulose detected only the two latter compounds. Callose occurred sporadically as interrupted deposits in the epidermal mucilage and was detected in only a few plants. Cellulose was the main compound of this layer. We speculate that the epidermal mucilage is synthesized by the root epidermal cells and is firmly anchored to the wall at so many points as to give the appearance of being part of the cell wall. The cellulose present in the outer surface of the roots may act as a filtering mesh and a barrier to the external environment. The epidermal mucilage may also be involved in protection against physical, biological, and chemical agents.Key words: cell wall, root mucilage, cellulose, rhizosphere, maize.
Histological studies of Phytophthora ramorum in Rhododendron twigs
Authors: Pogoda Friederike , Werres Sabine
Published: November 2004

Freshly cut Rhododendron twigs were inoculated with Phytophthora ramorum S. Werres, A.W.A.W. de Cock & W.A. Man in't Veld. Disease development (discoloration of the twigs) was observed. Tissue samples were taken for reisolation and for histological studies from four different zones of the inoculated twigs. Thin sections were stained with toluidine blue O. Reisolation of the pathogen was successful from all samples. The histological studies showed that P. ramorum was not only present in the brown zones of the Rhododendron twigs, but also in the healthy-looking green zones. Hyphae were found in different twig zones and in different tissues, but chlamydospores occurred only in brown twig zones where they developed mainly in the cortical parenchyma. Results from the histological studies provide a basis for how P. ramorum colonizes host tissue in Rhododendron twigs.Key words: Phytophthora ramorum, Rhododendron, histological studies, tissue colonization.
Effects of light intensity and artificial wounding on monoterpene production in Myrica cerifera from two different ecological habitats
Authors: Wang Min , Lincoln David E
Published: November 2004

The contributions of multiple factors to plant defense and herbivory in different habitats has received limited study. This study examines the contributions of genotypic differentiation and modification by physical factors to chemical defense and herbivory of Myrica cerifera L. in contrasting habitats. The constitutive leaf monoterpene content of M. cerifera was higher in a sunny habitat than in an adjacent shady habitat at a southeastern USA coastal site. Leaf area loss was higher in the shady habitat than in the sunny habitat. A significant negative correlation of monoterpene content and leaf area loss suggests that monoterpenes may play toxic or deterrent roles in these plants. When plants from the two habitats were grown under uniform greenhouse conditions, the contents and compositions of leaf monoterpenes were not significantly different, implying that two ecotypes were not involved. The plants treated in high light intensity had significantly higher monoterpene content, higher growth rate, and denser glandular trichomes than the plants treated in low light intensity. Artificial wounding induced a significant increase of monoterpene production. However, the wounding responses of the plants from the two habitats were not different, nor did irradiance modify the response.Key words: ecotype, herbivory, light intensity, monoterpenes, wounding induction, Myrica cerifera.
The impact of burn intensity from wildfires on seed and vegetative banks, and emergent understory in aspen-dominated boreal forests
Authors: Lee Philip
Published: November 2004

This paper compares seed and vegetative banks, and the emergent understory in unburned, lightly burned, and intensely burned patches within an aspen-dominated boreal forest in northeastern Alberta, Canada. Propagule banks were measured immediately after the fire, while the understory was surveyed 2 years later. Seedling and shoot emergence techniques were used to assess the abundance and assemblage of species within seed and vegetative banks. Median seed density was ordered unburned > lightly burned = intensely burned patches. A cumulative index of vegetative bank abundance was ordered unburned > lightly burned > intensely burned patches. Species assemblages were significantly different amongst burn intensities for seed banks and emergent understory. Vegetative bank assemblages were significantly different between unburned and burned patches but not between lightly and intensely burned patches. Furthermore, seed and vegetative bank assemblages within each burn intensity were also significantly different. Indicator species analysis suggested that all significant differences were due largely to broad assemblage differences rather than a few unique species. Ordination with nonmetric multidimensional scaling correspondence analysis separated seed and vegetative banks, and emergent understory along two axes (88.8% of the total variation). The first axis (50.3% of the total variation) indicated that the unburned and lightly burned species assemblages were more similar to the vegetative bank, while the intensely burned patches were more similar to the seed bank. The second axis (38.5% of the total variation) placed vegetative banks closer to emergent vegetation than seed banks.Key words: seed bank, bud bank, vegetative bank, aspen, boreal, fire.
Macrofungi from six habitats over five years in Clayoquot Sound, Vancouver Island
Authors: Roberts Christine , Ceska Oluna , Kroeger Paul , Kendrick Bryce
Published: November 2004

Over 5 years, macrofungi from six habitats in Clayoquot Sound, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, were documented. Habitats were categorized as dune, spruce fringe, old-growth rainforest, second-growth forest, bog, or estuarine. All but the second-growth forest are natural ecosystems. A total of 551 taxa of macrofungi were recorded. Between 17% and 36% of the species in any one habitat were found only in that habitat. The most frequently encountered and ubiquitous species was Craterellus tubaeformis (Fr.) Quel., found in all years, habitats, and sites. Of the 551 taxa, only 28 were found every year, and 308 were found in only 1 year. Rare species that were recorded include Cordyceps ravenelii Berkeley & Curtis, Hygrophorus inocybiformis Smith, and Tricholoma apium Schaeffer in the dunes and Stereopsis humphreyi (Burt) Redhead in the spruce fringe. Similarities between habitats based on taxa in common showed that bog and estuarine habitats had only 9%17% in common with each other and the other habitats, whereas dune, spruce fringe, and the two forest types shared 21%31% of their species. Old-growth rainforest yielded approximately 4 times as many species as bog and estuarine habitats, and approximately 1.5 times as many as the other three habitats.Key words: Clayoquot Sound, Vancouver Island, macrofungi, habitats, biodiversity.
Connecting a process-based forest growth model to stand-level economic optimization
Authors: Hyytiäinen K , Hari P , Kokkila T , Mäkelä A , Tahvonen O , Taipale J
Published: November 2004

This study extends the economic literature on forest stand management by applying a process-based, rather than empirical, stand growth model. The economics of timber production is investigated using a distance-independent, individual tree process model specified for pure Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands. Stem taper and crown morphology information are used for bucking the harvested trees into several roundwood categories according to quality and dimension requirements applied in the Finnish timber markets. Explicit inclusion of causality and timber quality in stand-level economic optimization generates a set of new results. Economic optimization decreases biomass production but increases roundwood production, compared with undisturbed stands. Optimal rotation length is insensitive to changes in the rate of interest beyond 4% owing to nonmonotonic value growth. Better quality attributes and higher productivity in resource use are partial reasons for favoring lower canopy trees in optimal thinnings. The first thinnings are light, irrespective of the rate of interest, because of their favorable feedback effects on the quality of residual trees. Production of the highest-grade roundwood is rational only at rates of interest lower than those prevailing in the capital markets. An example of two optima representing distinct timber management strategies is shown.
The influence of N addition on nutrient content, leaf carbon isotope ratio, and productivity in a Nothofagus forest during stand development
Authors: Davis Murray R , Allen Robert B , Clinton Peter W
Published: November 2004

To test whether increased nitrogen (N) availability might increase productivity in maturing mountain beech (Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides (Hook. f.) Poole) forest in central South Island, New Zealand, we applied N to 25-year-old sapling and 125-year-old pole stands. Nitrogen fertilizer increased foliar and fine-root N concentrations, fine-root growth, and leaf litter production in both sapling and pole stands but had no effect on stem basal area increment or individual leaf area, and it decreased individual leaf mass marginally. Heavy flowering and seeding occurred in the second year after fertilizer was applied, and N increased production of both. Leaf litter production and flowering responded similarly to N in sapling and pole stands, but N increased fine-root and seed productivity more in pole stands than in sapling stands, confirming our hypothesis that productivity of pole stands was more limited by low N availability. Resource allocation to fine roots and seed production may have restricted stem basal area increment response to N in the short term. Pole stands had higher leaf δ13C values than sapling stands. It is concluded that both low N availability and moisture stress may contribute to the decline in productivity and wood biomass previously found in mature mountain beech stands.
Relationship between plot size and the variance of the density estimator in West African savannas
Authors: Picard N , Nouvellet Y , Sylla M L
Published: November 2004

The relationship between the variance of the density estimator and the plot size in forest inventories based on fixed area plots was characterized in West African savannas. Nine sites ranging from dry to moist savanna were surveyed, and the variance of the density estimator was assessed for varying sample plot sizes. An approximate theoretical expression of the variance was derived, taking into account the uncertainty on plot limits. In six sites, a Matérn process was fitted to the spatial pattern of trees. The point process was used to generate spatial patterns, yielding simulated values of the variance. A power function was also fitted to observed and simulated data. The theoretical expression and simulations showed that the contribution of uncertain plot limits to the variability of the density estimator was negligible with respect to the contribution of the spatial pattern of trees. The theoretical expression matched the data for small areas, but was inaccurate for large areas. The power function provided better fits. Nevertheless, the theoretical expression did not require any statistical fit to data and established a clear link between the spatial pattern of trees and the variance of the density estimator, with interpretable parameters.
Mountain maple and balsam fir early response to partial and clear-cut harvesting under aspen stands of northern Quebec
Authors: Bourgeois Laurence , Messier Christian , Brais Suzanne
Published: November 2004

This study is a component of the Sylviculture et aménagement forestier écosystémique project, which examines ecosystem-based forest management strategies in mixedwood boreal forests. Four harvesting treatments, one no-harvest, one clearcut, and two partial cuts (33% and 61% of basal area removed), were applied to even-aged aspen stands according to a complete block design. Mountain maple (Acer spicatum Lamb.) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) early response was examined to understand how they react to and interact with canopy opening. Only in clearcuts was maple's response (increase in growth and density) sustained and significant. Balsam fir suffered from a very slight "growth shock" 1 year after harvesting in both clear-cut and two-thirds partial-cut treatments, but growth and vigour increased with canopy opening during the next 2 years. The first year following harvesting, balsam fir growth was negatively affected by understorey aspen and mountain maple. Our results show that the two-thirds partial harvesting treatment could speed up the conversion of pure aspen stands toward mixedwood.
Effects of ectomycorrhizal inoculants on survival and growth of interior Douglas-fir seedlings on reforestation sites and partially rehabilitated landings
Authors: Teste François P , Schmidt Margaret G , Berch Shannon M , Bulmer Chuck , Egger Keith N
Published: November 2004

We studied the effects of commercially available (Laccaria laccata (Scop.:Fr.) Berk. & Br. and Rhizopogon parksii Smith (Oregon source)) and native (R. parksii (British Columbia source)) ectomycorrhizal (EM) inoculants on the survival and growth of commercially grown interior Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco) seedlings outplanted on reforestation sites (burned piles and clearcuts) and partially rehabilitated (shallow- and deep-tilled to a depth of 15 and 50 cm, respectively) landings. We also examined the physical and chemical properties of the soil and the EM status and foliar element levels of noninoculated Douglas-fir seedlings to provide information on the growing conditions found on these types of sites. Inoculation treatments did not significantly increase survival and growth of Douglas-fir seedlings 2 years after outplanting. However, because the average percent EM colonization of inoculated seedlings at time of outplanting was low (36%), the beneficial effects of these inoculants may not have been attained. It is possible that nursery conditions partially account for the low EM colonization of inoculated seedlings. We therefore suggest that nurseries try to modify growing conditions to favor good EM formation before outplanting interior Douglas-fir. Benefits of inoculations on landings may have been restricted by the poor soil conditions, potentially toxic levels of Fe and Al, and competition from well-adapted native EM fungi.
INTEGRATED ADAPTIVE THRESHOLD BURST MODE RECEIVERS FOR OPTICAL DATA LINKS—AN ANALYSIS
Authors: SWARTZ ROBERT G. , OTA YUSUKE
Published: November 2004

This paper provides a detailed analysis of the principles of the adaptive threshold, burst mode receiver circuit, covering architectures for both current and voltage input modes. In it we derive the circuit’s fundamental operating equations, and look at steady-state and dynamic stability issues. The paper also describes techniques for active threshold reset, and reviews factors affecting performance of the circuit over temperature.
SPHERICAL SUBSPACE TRACKING ON SYSTOLIC ARRAYS
Authors: FU ZUQIANG , DOWLING ERIC M. , DeGROAT RONALD D.
Published: November 2004

The spherical subspace tracker is a low complexity adaptive algorithm that converges to the dominant (or subdominant) subspace. Spherical subspace updating is a fast way to monitor slowly time-varying subspaces, which arise in high resolution direction of arrival tracking algorithms. In real time sonar and radar array processing applications, it becomes necessary to find parallel algorithms and pipelined architectures that provide high speed solutions to these tracking problems. In this paper the spherical subspace tracker is parallelized and mapped onto systolic array architectures. The arrays are ideally suited for implementation with custom VLSI or networks of available parallel numeric processing chips such as iWarps and TMS320C40s. C-language like cell programs specify the functionality and timing of the systolic array in concrete terms.
LAYER ASSIGNMENT FOR HIGH-SPEED MCM PACKAGING
Authors: CHAO KAI-YUAN , WONG D.F.
Published: November 2004

In this paper, we present a layer assignment method under high-performance multi-chip module environments. In contrast with treating global routing and layer assignment separately, our method assigns nets to layers while considering preferable global routing topologies simultaneously. We take transmission line effects into account to avoid noise in high-speed electronics packages besides the conventional optimization goal such as routability or performance. The problem is formulated as a quadratic Boolean programming problem and an algorithm is presented to solve the problem after linearization. The proposed method is applied to a set of benchmark circuits to demonstrate the effectiveness.