bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Will the Expansion of Northern Snakehead Negatively Affect the Fishery for Largemouth Bass in the Potomac River (Chesapeake Bay)?
Authors: Love Joseph W. , Newhard Joshua J.
Published: September 2012

A modeling study was conducted to determine if the expansion of invasive northern snakehead Channa argus could negatively affect the largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides population size in Potomac River (Chesapeake Bay). Current distributions for both species were generated using catch records. Northern snakehead was not widely distributed during the study period and occurred mainly in upstream areas of tributaries. Many of these areas were moderately or highly suitable habitats for largemouth bass. Of sites where juvenile largemouth bass were collected, 10.6% were associated with northern snakehead. Using population modeling and measured predator–prey interactions, we determined that this level of co-occurrence would result in a 3.8% reduction in largemouth bass population size. This prediction is consistent with current observations that indicate there has not been a negative trend in the largemouth bass fishery. As co-occurrence was increased in the model, however, the negative impact of northern snakehead on largemouth bass monotonically increased. The time required for such increases in northern snakehead distribution is not known. If northern snakehead continues to expand its range in the absence of control measures, then our population model, with its assumptions, predicts a 35.5% reduction in the abundance of largemouth bass in the Potomac River.

Received February 6, 2012; accepted June 7, 2012
Influence of Hook Size and Style on Short-Term Survival of Deeply Hooked Bluegills
Authors: Robert Justin J. , Larocque Sarah M. , Cooke Steven J.
Published: September 2012

Catch and release is a common practice among recreational anglers. In instances when fish are deeply hooked, the proper techniques for promoting survival are poorly understood, although evidence suggests that the fishing line should be cut rather than attempting to remove the hook. Bluegills Lepomis macrochirus were used as a model to identify the role of hook size (sizes 8 and 12), style (Aberdeen, baitholder, single egg), and the presence of barbs (only for baitholder hooks in size 10) on survival and hook retention for fish deeply hooked and the line cut. Eight hook style and size variants were manually embedded in the dorsal esophagus of fish, monitored over 10 d, and compared with unhooked controls. There was some evidence that Aberdeen style and larger hooks (size 8) incurred greater mortality over the 10-d monitoring period, while barbless hooks did not improve survival. Hook retention was high (>90%) for all deeply hooked fish. “J” style hooks, such as Aberdeen, and larger hooks may not be warranted for bluegills; however, we suggest that anglers use an adaptive approach when they select for a gear type appropriate to their target catch and simply adjust for alternate gear and techniques if deep hooking persists.

Received May 25, 2012; accepted June 5, 2012
THE EFFECT OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS ON PARENTAL FINANCIAL SUPPORT FROM THE PERSPECTIVES OF THE GIVERS AND THE RECEIVERS
Authors: Majamaa Karoliina
Published: September 2012

The labour market and the welfare state have been the main institutions responsible for economic welfare in the Nordic countries, whereas the family's role has been mostly complementary. However, this may be changing as the welfare state's role weakens due to cost-containment goals. Based on data sets covering two generations, this study shows that well educated parents in particular are supporting their adult children financially especially while they are studying. Overall, the results suggest that the interaction between the parents' socio-economic position and parental financial backing is stronger than previous studies have indicated. This could lead to diminishing egalitarianism in education alongside class reproduction even in the Nordic welfare states. The results are based on questionnaire data obtained from families across two generations: baby boomers and their adult children. The former data set comprised 1,115 randomly selected Finns born in 1945–1950, and the latter consisted of 1,435 adult children. Merged data was obtained from 911 adult children who were identifiable as offspring of specific parents from the baby boomers' data set. Multinomial logistic regression was used in the analysis.
The Potential Use of Ultrasound to Control the Trematode Bolbophorus confusus by Eliminating the Ram's Horn Snail Planorbella trivolvis in Commercial Aquaculture Settings
Authors: Goodwiller Bradley T , Chambers James P
Published: September 2012

One method in the investigation of acoustics to improve aquaculture production is the use of ultrasound to control the trematode Bolbophorus confusus in commercial catfish Ictalurus spp. ponds. The trematode population can be controlled by eliminating the host, ram's horn snail Planorbella trivolvis, which is typically accomplished with chemical treatments. The work presented here investigates snail elimination via exposure to high amplitude ultrasound. Initial laboratory tests indicated that a commercially available sonicator (operating at 20 kHz) is capable of quickly killing individual snails in test tanks. More thorough testing indicated efficacy rates of at least 35% (potentially 65%) on batches of 10 snails in a reverberant environment. The experimental setup of these initial laboratory tests provided nearly 20 decibels of gain in sound levels compared to what is expected in ponds. This is due to reverberation from the air surrounding the tank walls, as opposed to absorption at the bottom and sides of ponds. Additional tests were run in an anechoic environment to mimic pond absorption and showed lower efficacy rates, indicating that the final field deployable device will need to compensate for the 20 decibels of gain. The work presented here constitutes the proof of concept and basic research for the design and development of a field deployable system capable of killing a significant percentage of a snail population with no or reduced amounts of chemicals.
Surplus Production Model Accuracy in Populations Affected by a No-Take Marine Protected Area
Authors: Pincin Jennifer S. , Wilberg Michael J.
Published: September 2012

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly used as a tool in fisheries management. However, implementation of an MPA violates common assumptions for fishery stock assessments that provide estimates of abundance and fishing mortality for management. Thus, it is important to understand the effects of MPAs on estimates from stock assessments. We conducted a simulation study to determine the effects of MPAs on accuracy of surplus production model (SPM) stock assessments. We simulated the dynamics of a population that had part of its range in an MPA, and we assessed the population with spatially aggregated and spatially explicit SPMs under a range of conditions, including different MPA sizes (percentage of the total stock area), different rates of migration between MPA and non-MPA regions, and scenarios with high and low observation error in the indices of abundance. We also considered a scenario in which there was no available index of abundance within the MPA. We used the median of the absolute value of relative error and the median relative error from 200 replicates/scenario to test SPM accuracy. In most cases, spatially explicit SPMs performed better in both accuracy and bias than spatially aggregated SPMs. The accuracy of the assessments also increased as MPA size increased except under the scenario of no index of abundance within the MPA; for that scenario, accuracy increased as MPA size decreased. Monitoring of the stock within the MPA is essential for conducting accurate stock assessments in areas with MPAs.

Received November 30, 2011; accepted April 7, 2012
A “True Likeness”: The Renaissance City Portrait*
Authors: Maier Jessica
Published: September 2012

Portraits of cities and of human beings shared a nomenclature and developed along parallel courses in the Renaissance. This article traces their common history, examining evolving notions of likeness and approaches to the visual fashioning of identity across both categories of imagery, then considers one urban subject, Rome, that embodied all the challenges of the genre. In representations of the Eternal City such as those by Leonardo Bufalini and Mario Cartaro, artists sought to convey the appearance of Rome in their own time along with that of its glorious past, and to balance what they could see with an imagined, timeless ideal. In this way, images of Rome offer new insight into early modern portraiture and representation in general.
War and Seduction in Cybele’s Garden: Contextualizing theBallet des Polonais*
Authors: Kociszewska Ewa
Published: September 2012

This article examines theBallet des Polonais(1573), a magnificent festival given by Catherine de Médicis on the occasion of the election of her son, Henri de Valois, the future Henri III of France, to the throne of Poland. It argues that the invention of spectacle, as described in the official Latin account by the poet and humanist Jean Dorat, is much more relevant to the political situation of the time than scholars have previously recognized. Placed in an immediate historical, literary, and visual context, the text of theBalletmakes allusions to contemporary topics, including the military glory of Henri de Valois and the imperial destiny of the French monarchy. The elaborate web of references to books 5 and 9 of theAeneidand to Catullus 64 displays the primary role of Catherine de Médicis, who is lauded for overcoming her maternal sorrow at Henri’s departure for the sake of promoting the Valois Empire.
Facultative parthenogenesis discovered in wild vertebrates
Authors: Booth Warren , Smith Charles F. , Eskridge Pamela H. , Hoss Shannon K. , Mendelson Joseph R. , Schuett Gordon W.
Published: September 2012

Facultative parthenogenesis (FP)—asexual reproduction by bisexual species—has been documented in a variety of multi-cellular organisms but only recently in snakes, varanid lizards, birds and sharks. Unlike the approximately 80 taxa of unisexual reptiles, amphibians and fishes that exist in nature, FP has yet to be documented in the wild. Based on captive documentation, it appears that FP is widespread in squamate reptiles (snakes, lizards and amphisbaenians), and its occurrence in nature seems inevitable, yet the task of detecting FP in wild individuals has been deemed formidable. Here we show, using microsatellite DNA genotyping and litter characteristics, the first cases of FP in wild-collected pregnant females and their offspring of two closely related species of North American pitviper snakes—the copperhead (
Agkistrodon contortrix
) and cottonmouth (
Agkistrodon piscivorus
). Our findings support the view that non-hybrid origins of parthenogenesis, such as FP, are more common in squamates than previously thought. With this confirmation, FP can no longer be viewed as a rare curiosity outside the mainstream of vertebrate evolution. Future research on FP in squamate reptiles related to proximate control of induction, reproductive competence of parthenogens and population genetics modelling is warranted.
Oxytocin and the Biopsychology of Performance in Team Sports
Authors: Pepping Gert-Jan , Timmermans Erik J.
Published: September 2012

Little is known about the biopsychological underpinnings of expert performance in team sports. In this paper we show that there is a vast support for oxytocin as a neuropeptide involved in the encouragement of important processes linked to greater team performance in sport. We argue that oxytocin is related to biopsychological processes aimed at convergence of emotions and moods between people, and in doing so it is a critical neuropeptide involved in the shaping of important team processes in sport such as trust, generosity, altruism, cohesion, cooperation, and social motivation, and also envy and gloating. Future research should examine the role of oxytocin in these essential components of sport performance. In particular, the link between oxytocin, emotional contagion and the cultivation of experiences of positive emotions is a worthwhile line of investigation for sport participation and development as well as high performance in sport.
Levels of PAHs in the Waters, Sediments, and Shrimps of Estero de Urias, an Estuary in Mexico, and Their Toxicological Effects
Authors: Jaward Foday M. , Alegria Henry A. , Galindo Reyes Jose G. , Hoare Armando
Published: September 2012

PAHs were measured in water, sediment, and shrimps of Estero de Urias, an estuary in Sinaloa, Mexico, during the rainy and dry seasons, and analyzed for eleven PAHs routinely detected in samples. Phenanthrene was the most dominant congener in the water, sediment, and shrimp samples comprising about 38, 24, and 25%, respectively, of the eleven PAHs detected, followed by pyrene and naphthalene in water and sediment samples, and pyrene and fluorine in the shrimp samples. Total PAH concentrations ranged from 9 to 347 ng/L in water, 27 to 418 ng/g in sediments, and 36 to 498 ng/g in shrimps. The sources of contamination are closely related to human activities such as domestic and industrial discharge, automobile exhausts, and street runoff. High concentrations were also measured during the rainy season and during the first quarter of the year. Toxicity tests were also carried out, exposing fish embryos and juvenile shrimps to some of these PAHs. Fish embryos exposed to PAHs showed exogastrulation, while juvenile shrimps showed significantly lower growth rates than controls. DNA and protein alterations were also observed. These toxicity tests indicate that PAH concentrations measured could be dangerous to some aquatic organisms, particularly during early stages of development.
Prevalence of Clinically Significant Extraosseous Findings on Unenhanced CT Portions of18F-Fluoride PET/CT Bone Scans
Authors: Chen Chao-Jung , Ma Shih-Ya
Published: September 2012

Objective. Due to the frequently interrupted supply of99mTc-methylene diphosphonate, the use of18F-fluoride positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) has become more popular. The study aims to determine the percentage of extraosseous findings from the unenhanced CT portion of18F-fluoride PET/CT scans.Materials and Methods. We retrospectively collected18F-fluoride PET/CT studies between March 2010 and February 2011. The unenhanced CT portions of18F-fluoride PET/CT were reviewed for each patient. Significant extraosseous findings related to malignancy from the unenhanced CT were recorded.Results. A total of 158 patients (110 females, 48 males) were included in the study. Clinically significant extraosseous findings from the unenhanced CT were found in 43 patients (27.2%). Previously unknown extraosseous findings were identified in 17 patients (10.8%) after a review of the18F-fluoride PET/CT scan results. Most of the extraosseous findings were small pulmonary metastases or enlarged metastatic lymph nodes.Conclusion. It is not rare to identify new clinically significant extraosseous findings from the unenhanced CT of18F-fluoride PET/CT studies. Therefore the clinical management of patients may be altered by the results, and a careful review of the unenhanced CT portion of18F-fluoride PET/CT is mandatory.
Proton pump inhibitors are associated with a high rate of serious infections in veterans with decompensated cirrhosis
Authors: Bajaj J. S. , Ratliff S. M. , Heuman D. M. , Lapane K. L.
Published: September 2012

Background

There is increasing evidence that proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) increase the rate of infections in patients with decompensated cirrhosis.

Aims

To estimate the extent to which proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) increase the rate of infections among patients with decompensated cirrhosis.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective propensity‐matched new user design using US Veterans Health Administration data. Only decompensated cirrhotic patients from 2001 to 2009 were included. New PPI users after decompensation (n = 1268) were 1:1 matched to those who did not initiate gastric acid suppression. Serious infections, defined as infections associated with a hospitalisation, were the outcomes. These were separated into acid suppression‐related (SBP, bacteremia, Clostridium difficile and pneumonia) and non‐acid suppression‐related. Time‐varying Cox models were used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% CIs of serious infections. Parallel analyses were conducted with H2 receptor antagonists (H2RA).

Results

More than half of persons with decompensated cirrhosis were new users of gastric acid suppressants, with most using PPIs (45.6%) compared with H2RAs (5.9%). In the PPI propensity‐matched analysis, 25.3% developed serious infections and 25.9% developed serious infections in the H2RA analysis. PPI users developed serious infections faster than nongastric acid suppression users (adjusted HR: 1.66; 95% CI: 1.31–2.12). For acid suppression‐related serious infections, PPI users developed the outcome at a rate 1.75 times faster than non‐users (95% CI: 1.32–2.34). The H2RA findings were not statistically significant (HR serious infections: 1.59; 95% CI: 0.80–3.18; HR acid suppression‐related infections: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.31–2.73).

Conclusion

Among patients with decompensated cirrhosis, proton pump inhibitors but not H2 receptor antagonists increase the rate of serious infections.
Towards a sustainable fisheries policy in Europe
Authors: Salomon Markus , Holm‐Müller Karin
Published: September 2012

The reform of the European Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) in 2013 decides whether the European fisheries can be put on a sustainable course in the next 10 years. The CFP reform must halt overexploitation of fish resources and stop harm to the marine environment by fishing activities. The European Commission published a reform proposal just recently. This proposal is already an important first step in the right direction, but is under threat of being watered down by the Fisheries Council. Necessary improvements of the current CFP include among others a binding definition of a sustainable stock management, a discard ban for all fish species, transferable fishing concessions and a cessation of all aid for building new vessels. These modifications pave the way for placing micromanagement in the hands of regions and fisheries so as to foster self‐responsibility among fishers and give greater consideration to regional circumstances.
Invasion of the shelter snatchers: behavioural plasticity in invasive red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii
Authors: HANSHEW BRETT A. , GARCIA TIFFANY S.
Published: September 2012

1. In many freshwater systems, competition for shelter plays an important role in determining the persistence of both native and alien species. The red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, is currently invading the native habitat of the signal crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus, in southern Oregon, and interspecific competition for shelter may be driving the species replacement in this region.

2. We designed a 2 × 3 factorial mesocosm experiment, with shelter density and species combination as factors, to investigate shelter occupancy and resource competition. Contrary to our predictions, the two crayfish species are equal competitors for shelter. Further, the invasive P. clarkii modified its shelter occupancy behaviour in the presence of the native P. leniusculus and has broader microhabitat preferences.

3. Specifically, we found that P. clarkii alters shelter occupancy and space use patterns when the two species occurred together, such that shelter use was identical between P. clarkii and P. leniusculus in mixed‐species treatments. In such treatments, both species increased their use of shelters when shelter density increased. When P. clarkii was alone, however, individuals did not alter shelter use as a function of shelter density, whereas P. leniusculus exhibited similar density‐dependent behaviour in both mixed‐ and single‐species treatments.

4. In a complementary field survey, we employed an ‘epicentre‐based’ design to sample two field sites. We observed patterns of microhabitat use and breadth for each species similar to those in our mesocosm experiment: the invasive P. clarkii was more abundant across different habitats and used a broader range of microhabitats than the native P. leniusculus. As such, we found that P. clarkii was more abundant across both field sites than the P. leniusculus, occupying microhabitats within and beyond the preferred range of P. leniusculus. Both field sites were affected by urban development and agriculture.

5. The use of microhabitats by both species was similar in the laboratory and the field. This study confirms that P. clarkii individuals can, and do, successfully occupy microhabitats preferred by P. leniusculus in the Willamette Valley. The results from our study may be relevant to other freshwater systems inhabited by P. clarkii and contribute to the understanding of ‘niche opportunity’, a concept which defines the environmental conditions that promote biological invasions.
Establishing criteria for higher‐level classification using molecular data: the systematics ofPolyommatusblue butterflies (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae)
Authors: Talavera Gerard , Lukhtanov Vladimir A. , Pierce Naomi E. , Vila Roger
Published: September 2012

Most taxonomists agree on the need to adapt current classifications to recognize monophyletic units. However, delineations between higher taxonomic units can be based on the relative ages of different lineages and/or the level of morphological differentiation. In this paper, we address these issues in considering the species‐richPolyommatussection, a group of butterflies whose taxonomy has been highly controversial. We propose a taxonomy‐friendly, flexible temporal scheme for higher‐level classification. Using molecular data from nine markers (6666 bp) for 104 representatives of thePolyommatussection, representing all but two of the 81 described genera/subgenera and five outgroups, we obtained a complete and well resolved phylogeny for this clade. We use this to revise the systematics of thePolyommatusblues, and to define criteria that best accommodate the described genera within a phylogenetic framework. First, we normalize the concept of section (Polyommatus) and propose the use of subtribe (Polyommatina) instead. To preserve taxonomic stability and traditionally recognized taxa, we designate an age interval (4–5 Myr) instead of a fixed minimum age to define genera. The application of these criteria results in the retention of 31 genera of the 81 formally described generic names, and necessitates the description of one new genus (Rueckbeiliagen. nov.). We note that while classifications should be based on phylogenetic data, applying a rigid universal scheme is rarely feasible. Ideally, taxon age limits should be applied according to the particularities and pre‐existing taxonomy of each group. We demonstrate that the concept of a morphological gap may be misleading at the genus level and can produce polyphyletic genera, and we propose that recognition of the existence of cryptic genera may be useful in taxonomy.
The ABCB6 mutation p.Arg192Trp is a recessive mutation causing the Lan− blood type
Authors: Saison C. , Helias V. , Peyrard T. , Merad L. , Cartron J.‐P. , Arnaud L.
Published: September 2012

Background and Objective  The membrane transporter ABCB6 has recently been shown to carry the high‐frequency red‐blood‐cell (RBC) antigen Lan. All the Lan− individuals genotyped so far have inherited two recessive null mutations in ABCB6. The finding of a family with the Lan− blood type occurring in two successive generations prompted this study.

Methods  Mutations in ABCB6 were searched by Sanger sequencing of exons and flanking intronic regions. Expression analysis of the Lan antigen was carried out by serology and flow cytometry. PCR‐RFLP genotyping and Western blot analysis were also applied.

Results  All the Lan− members of this family were homozygous for c.574C>T, p.Arg192Trp in ABCB6 while the Lan+ members were heterozygous for this missense mutation encoded by the SNP rs149202834. Homozygosity for p.Arg192Trp was associated not only with absence of the Lan antigen, but also of the ABCB6 transporter in RBC membrane. The complete absence of Lan expression resulting from p.Arg192Trp homozygosity was confirmed by the subsequent identification of five unrelated Lan− individuals who were homozygous for this mutation and who developed an anti‐Lan. We also provide evidence that three other single amino acid mutations in ABCB6 (c.826C >T, p.Arg276Trp; c.85_87delTTC, p.Phe29del; c.1762G >A, p.Gly588Ser) may also define ABCB6 null alleles.

Conclusion  p.Arg192Trp is the first ABCB6 missense mutation causing the Lan− blood type and appears to be a relatively frequent cause of this rare blood type. Like the previously reported frameshift, nonsense and essential splice‐site mutations in ABCB6, this missense mutation is recessive and defines an ABCB6 null allele. Other single amino acid mutations in ABCB6 may also cause the Lan− blood type.
Does an educational intervention improve the usefulness of the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales in an acute mental health setting?
Authors: Webster Joan , Bretherton Fiona , Goulter Nicole S. , Fawcett Lisa
Published: September 2012

The purpose of the current study was to measure the effect of an educational intervention on the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS) completion rates. Additionally, interrater reliability and accuracy amongst nurses completing the instrument was assessed. We used a pre‐ and post‐intervention design with videoed vignettes providing the basis for the educational intervention. Mental health nurses were assessed four times: at baseline, immediately after the intervention, 1 week later and again, 2 months after the intervention. There was a non‐statistical increase in the number of patients assessed on admission using the HoNOS from 12.5% to 22.6%. Interrater reliability was low and did not improve through the course of the study. Intraclass correlation coefficients ranged 0.41–0.48. Accuracy was poor when discrete scoring between 0–4 was analyzed but improved when scores were dichotomised to reflect a clinically significant cut‐off of 2 or more. The intervention improved completion rates marginally but interrater reliability and accuracy were low and did not improve over the study period. Opportunities for improvement were identified.
Decreased axonal transport rates in the Tg2576 APP transgenic mouse: improvement with the gamma‐secretase inhibitor MRK‐560 as detected by manganese‐enhanced MRI
Authors: Wang Fu‐Hua , Appelkvist Paulina , Klason Tomas , Gissberg Olle , Bogstedt Anna , Eliason Kristina , Martinsson Stefan , Briem Sveinn , Andersson Anders , Visser Sandra A. G. , Ivarsson Magnus , Lindberg Mattias , Agerman Karin , Sandin Johan
Published: September 2012

Neuropil deposition of beta‐amyloid (Aβ) peptides is believed to be a key event in the neurodegenerative process of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). An early and consistent clinical finding in AD is olfactory dysfunction with associated pathology. Interestingly, transgenic amyloid precursor protein (Tg2576) mice also show early amyloid pathology in olfactory regions. Moreover, a recent study indicates that axonal transport is compromised in the olfactory system of Tg2576 mice, as measured by manganese‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI). Here we tested whether the putative axonal transport deficit in the Tg2576 mouse model improves in response to a selective gamma‐secretase inhibitor, N‐[cis‐4‐[(4‐chlorophenyl)‐sulfonyl]‐4‐(2,5‐difluorophenyl)cyclohexyl]‐1,1,1‐trifluoromethanesulfonamide (MRK‐560). Tg2576 mice or wild‐type (WT) littermates were treated daily with MRK‐560 (30 μmol/kg) or vehicle for 4 (acute) or 29 days (chronic). The subsequent MEMRI analysis revealed a distinct axonal transport dysfunction in the Tg2576 mice compared with its littermate controls. Interestingly, the impairment of axonal transport could be fully reversed by chronic administration of MRK‐560, in line with the significantly lowered levels of both soluble and insoluble forms of Aβ found in the brain and olfactory bulbs (OBs) following treatment. However, no improvement of axonal transport was observed after acute treatment with MRK‐560, where soluble but not insoluble forms of Aβ were reduced in the brain and OBs. The present results show that axonal transport is impaired in Tg2576 mice compared with WT controls, as measured by MEMRI. Chronic treatment in vivo with a gamma‐secretase inhibitor, MRK‐560, significantly reduces soluble and insoluble forms of Aβ, and fully reverses the axonal transport dysfunction.
Traditional Retail Markets: The New Gentrification Frontier?
Authors: Gonzalez Sara , Waley Paul
Published: September 2012

This paper presents traditional retail markets in the UK caught between a narrative of decline and revival, on the edge of a gentrification frontier. Traditional indoor and outdoor markets have become somewhat residual in many British cities but essential for many low‐income citizens that rely on their affordability. At the same time, the market is being reinvented for a wealthier type of customer interested more in local, environmentally friendly, ethical and “authentic” shopping experience. We take the case of Kirkgate Market in Leeds, the largest of its kind in Britain to analyse the process of disinvestment by the local authority, displacement of traders and customers and rebranding of the market for a new wealthier customer base. The paper is based on an action‐research project on which one of the authors is involved alongside traders and other campaigners to defend the public nature of Kirkgate Market in Leeds.
Territorial Appeals in Post‐Wall German Filmmaking: The Case of Good Bye, Lenin!
Authors: Coulter Kimberly
Published: September 2012

Abstract:  How do institutions, markets, and stakeholders influence what stories are feasible and profitable for filmmakers to tell? This article discusses appeals to territorial interest and identity in filmmaking in post‐wall Germany and the conditions that shape them. By tracing the emergence of the film Good Bye, Lenin! (2003), we see how the project accumulated support from some territories and not others; how filmmakers persuaded colleagues and critics of their interpretation's legitimacy; and how individuals and institutions shape how the film would be used and remembered. My objective is to draw attention to the messiness and uncertainty as multiple stakeholders align, contest, or subsume competing appeals that would be otherwise invisible in a “finished” film. Addressing those interested in the geopolitics of cultural production, the article argues for more attention to the behind‐the‐scenes negotiations in funding, production, and distribution processes in order to keep issues of power and dependence visible.
“Bomb Back, and Bomb Hard”: Debating Reprisals during the Blitz*
Authors: Holman Brett
Published: September 2012

In Britain, popular memory of the Blitz celebrates civilian resistance to the German bombing of London and other cities, emphasising positive values such as stoicism, humour and mutual aid. But the memory of such passive and defensive traits obscures the degree to which British civilian morale in 1940 depended on the belief that if Britain had to “take it”, then Germany was taking it as hard or harder. Contrary to the received historical account, opinion polls, Home Intelligence reports and newspaper letter columns show that a majority of the British supported the reprisal bombing of German civilians by Bomber Command. The wartime reprisals debate was the logical legacy of prewar assumptions about the overwhelming power of bombing; but it has been forgotten because it contradicts the myth of the Blitz.
Cerebral hypoperfusion and white matter disease in healthy elderly and patients with Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Gurol M. E.
Published: September 2012

Click here to view the accompanying paper in this issue.
Elusive Evidence: Hard‐to‐Reach Drug Users and the Missing Values in Drug Policy Decision Making
Authors: Wilson Andrew , Hodgson Philip
Published: September 2012

The 1997 Labour Government's commitment to research‐based criminal justice policy held the promise of greater clarity in the drugs/crime link and evaluation of measures to tackle drug use. This article gives a critical assessment of the introduction of drug testing arrestees at police stations as part of the move to force drug users into treatment. The account supports the equivocal findings on the effectiveness of drug testing. It identifies how the rush for evidence with emphasis on quantitative methods conspired to leave the most marginalised problematic drug users hidden from the evaluation.
Baroreflex sensitivity in asymptomatic coronary atherosclerosis
Authors: Simula Sakari , Laitinen Tomi , Vanninen Esko , Pajunen Pia , Syvänne Mikko , Hedman Antti , Hartikainen Juha
Published: September 2012

Background

Baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) reflects the effectiveness of cardiac parasympathetic regulation. BRS becomes impaired in stable coronary artery disease (CAD) and after myocardial infarction and carries prognostic information in these patients. Whether impaired BRS is found already in asymptomatic subjects, with subclinical coronary atherosclerosis, has remained elusive.

Methods

The relationship between BRS and coronary atherosclerosis was evaluated in 31 subjects with high familial risk for CAD but without evidence of angina pectoris or myocardial ischaemia. Single photon emission tomography was performed with 99mTc‐sestamibi to rule out myocardial perfusion defects at rest and during exercise. BRS was assessed by phenylephrine technique. Coronary atherosclerosis was analysed by quantitative coronary angiography (QCA). Percentage of diameter stenosis (PDS) was calculated separately for LAD, LCX, RCA coronary arteries as well as for proximal (PROX), middle (MID) and distal (DIST) coronary artery regions; and for all coronary artery regions (global PDS).

Results

Baroreflex sensitivity averaged 7·8 ± 5·4 ms mmHg−1. BRS showed inverse correlation to PDS of the proximal coronary artery segments (r = −0·315; P<0·05) and with the most severe single coronary artery stenosis (r = −0·374; P<0·05). Five (16%) subjects had BRS ≤ 3 ms mmHg−1. They had more severe PDS of proximal coronary artery segment than subjects with BRS > 3 ms mmHg−1 (24 ± 7% versus 13 ± 11%, P<0·05, respectively).

Conclusions

Impairment of BRS was found to be associated with the severity of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis in healthy asymptomatic subjects with familial risk of CAD. Asymptomatic subjects with severely blunted BRS may have advanced coronary atherosclerosis.
The FAAH inhibitor URB597 efficiently reduces tyrosine hydroxylase expression through CB1‐ and FAAH‐independent mechanisms
Authors: Bosier Barbara , Muccioli Giulio G , Lambert Didier M
Published: September 2012

Background

Anandamide and 2‐arachidonoylglycerol are neuromodulatory lipids interacting with cannabinoid receptors, whose availability is regulated by the balance between ‘on demand’ generation and enzymatic degradation [by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH)/monoacylglycerol lipase]. Given the reported effects of anandamide on dopamine transmission, we investigated the influence of endocannabinoids and URB597, a well‐known FAAH inhibitor, on the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate‐limiting enzyme in dopamine synthesis.

Experimental Approach

We investigated TH expression in N1E115 neuroblastoma using a reporter gene assay, as well as mRNA and protein quantifications. FAAH inhibition was confirmed by measuring radiolabelled substrate hydrolysis and endogenous endocannabinoids.

Key Results

Anandamide decreased TH promoter activity in N1E115 cells through CB1 receptor activation. Unexpectedly, URB597 reduced TH expression (pEC50 = 8.7 ± 0.2) through FAAH‐independent mechanisms. Indeed, four structurally unrelated inhibitors of FAAH had no influence on TH expression, although all the inhibitors increased endocannabinoid levels. At variance with the endocannabinoid responses, the use of selective antagonists indicated that the URB597‐mediated decrease in TH expression was not directed by the CB1 receptor, but rather by abnormal‐cannabidiol‐sensitive receptors and PPARs. Further supporting the physiological relevance of these in vitro data, URB597 administration resulted in reduced TH mRNA levels in mice brain.

Conclusions

While confirming the implication of endocannabinoids on the modulation of TH, we provide strong evidence for additional physiologically relevant off‐target effects of URB597. In light of the numerous preclinical studies involving URB597, particularly in anxiety and depression, the existence of non‐CB1 and non‐FAAH mediated influences of URB597 on key enzymes of the catecholaminergic transmission system should be taken into account when interpreting the data.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Cannabinoids. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2013.169.issue‐4 & http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.167.issue‐8
Size‐dependent predation risk partly explains the sex‐related marking polymorphism in the sexually size‐dimorphic pygmy grasshopperTetrix japonica
Authors: Tsurui Kaori , Honma Atsushi , Nishida Takayoshi
Published: September 2012

The sexually size‐dimorphic grasshopperTetrix japonicaexhibits variation in body‐color markings on the pronotum even within a single local population. Such markings have been suggested to reduce the visual detectability of grasshoppers. However, some grasshoppers have no markings. In the present study, we examined the effect of the sex‐related difference in body size and the spotted markings on the degree of camouflage. We hypothesized that: (i) large individuals (females) are potentially more readily detectable than small individuals; (ii) large individuals (females) with spotted markings would realize a moderate degree of the camouflage effect, whereas large individuals (females) without spotted markings would be quite poorly camouflaged; (iii) small individuals (males) would be sufficiently less detectable, with or without markings; and (iv) large individuals (females) would tend to have spotted markings in the wild. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a morph‐frequency field survey and laboratory experiments on the body‐size dependency of the spotted markings. The field survey confirmed that all females exhibited spotted markings and that the majority of males were non‐spotted morphs. Next, to determine whether body size and the spotted markings affected crypsis, we conducted detection task experiments using humans as dummy predators by manipulating the body size, presence/absence of spotted markings, or both, of printed grasshoppers. The absence of spotted markings increased the detection risk in large and small grasshoppers, particularly in large‐sized females. These results suggest that female‐biased selective predation could have eliminated non‐spotted female morphs because they were too conspicuous.
Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori Infection
Authors: Delahay Robin M. , Rugge Massimo
Published: September 2012

Although Helicobacter pylori infection is highly prevalent in the global human population, the majority of infected individuals remain asymptomatic. A complex combination of host, environmental, and bacterial factors are considered to determine susceptibility and severity of outcome in the subset of individuals that develop clinical disease. These factors collectively determine the ability of H. pylori to colonize the gastric mucosa and profoundly influence the nature of the interaction that ensues. Many studies over the last year provide new insight into H. pylori virulence strategies and the activities of critical bacterial determinants that modulate the host environment. These latter include the secreted proteins CagA and VacA and adhesins BabA and OipA, which directly interact with host tissues. Observations from several studies extend the functional repertoire of CagA and the cag type IV secretion system in particular, providing further mechanistic understanding of how these important determinants engage and activate host signalling pathways important in the development of disease.
Laboratory Quality Assurance in the Department of Restorative Dentistry at the University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Dentistry
Authors: Chan Christopher T. , Sukotjo Cortino , Gehrke Kenneth W. , Yuan Judy Chia‐Chun , Campbell Stephen D. , Clark David M. , Fayz Farhad
Published: September 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate data collected in University of Illinois at Chicago College of Dentistry (UIC COD) laboratory quality assurance (QA) forms, analyze the collected data, and create a report of the findings. The goals of the study were to (1) identify the most common mistakes occurring during laboratory and clinical procedures when performing prosthodontic treatment, (2) note the incidence and trends of mistakes made by D3, D4, and IDDP2 students, and (3) observe any differences in the types of mistakes made by D3, D4, and IDDP2.

Materials and Methods: QA data from June 1, 2007 to May 31, 2009 were evaluated based on forms gathered from the QA dental laboratory from all D3, D4, and IDDP2 students’ submissions. All students had graduated from the UIC COD at the time of collection. Data were recorded for type of errors made in submission of laboratory work (Indirect Restorations [IR], Removable Partial Dentures [RPD], Complete Dentures [CD]), year of student in dental school (D3, D4, IDDP2), and frequency of rejection for each respective student. The frequency of common mistakes were pooled, evaluated, and reported by respective class year.

Results: The five most common laboratory submission errors for D3, D4, and IDDP2 students were nearly the same among student years for IR, RPD, and CD. D4 students had disproportionately higher numbers of work rejections compared to D3 and IDDP2 students.

Conclusions: D4 students had a higher percentage of laboratory submission errors compared to D3 students for all laboratory procedures. There were similar types of errors noted between foreign‐trained students (IDDP2) and domestically trained students (D3, D4).
Atrial Septostomy in Patients with End‐Stage Pulmonary Hypertension. No More Needles but Wires, Energy and Close Anatomical Definition
Authors: BAGLINI ROBERTO
Published: September 2012

Objectives

To assess the usefulness of a new approach to atrial septal puncture and septostomy in patients with end‐stage pulmonary hypertension.

Background

Atrial septostomy in end‐stage pulmonary hypertension has high mortality and morbidity rates mainly due to trans‐septal catheterization. New approaches to safety during this technical step are expected.

Methods

Twelve patients with end‐stage pulmonary arterial hypertension (5 males, 7 females, mean age 41, 9 ± 12, 0 years) underwent to balloon atrial septostomy. Intracardiac echography (ICE) was used to localize fossa ovalis while a radiofrequency wire was used to perforate the atrial septum. Then a septostomy was performed by progressive balloon dilatation of atrial septum. Septal perforation was successful at the first attempt in 4 patients and after 5 attempts in a single case, while Bas was successful in all.

Results

Pericardial effusion did not develop in any patient. Complications consisted in transient supraventricular tachyarrhythmia, transient cerebral ischemia and severe hypoxemia with ventricular tachycardia in 3 single patients. In‐procedure death rate was 0%. Systemic cardiac output increased immediately, while systemic O2 saturation decreased significantly in all. Mean follow‐up was 8, 2 ± 3, 8 months. Mortality was 16, 6% (2 patients). NYHA class improved in the rest of patients. Four patients (33, 2%) underwent to pulmonary transplant successfully.

Conclusions

This novel approach for trans‐septal catheterization has shown very low rate of major complication during atrial septostomy in patients with end‐stage pulmonary arterial hypertension. (J Interven Cardiol 2013;26:62–68)
Processing and Characterization of Lead Zirconate Titanate Nanopowders by a Simple Water‐Based Sol–Gel Method
Authors: Zhang Shaopeng , Wang Xiaohui , Li Longtu
Published: September 2012

Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) nanopowders with high sintering activity were synthesized from economical raw materials by a simple water‐based sol–gel method. Citric acid was used to complex with the metal cations, and the effect of the molar ratio of citric acid to metal cation (C:M) was investigated. The decomposition of the dried gel and the phase formation process of the PZT powders were investigated using thermal analysis, X‐ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic techniques. The average particle size of the PZT powders was 13 nm after calcination at 600°C for 3 h, as determined by transmission electron microscope. The nanopowders prepared could be sintered at a temperature as low as 900°C, and dense PZT ceramics of pure perovskite phase were obtained. The electric properties of the ceramics derived from nanopowders were compared with those prepared by the solid‐state method. The results show that due to larger c/a ratio and small grain size, the electric properties are enhanced.
A Bayesian Model of Biases in Artificial Language Learning: The Case of a Word‐Order Universal
Authors: Culbertson Jennifer , Smolensky Paul
Published: September 2012

In this article, we develop a hierarchical Bayesian model of learning in a general type of artificial language‐learning experiment in which learners are exposed to a mixture of grammars representing the variation present in real learners’ input, particularly at times of language change. The modeling goal is to formalize and quantify hypothesized learning biases. The test case is an experiment (Culbertson, Smolensky, & Legendre, 2012) targeting the learning of word‐order patterns in the nominal domain. The model identifies internal biases of the experimental participants, providing evidence that learners impose (possibly arbitrary) properties on the grammars they learn, potentially resulting in the cross‐linguistic regularities known as typological universals. Learners exposed to mixtures of artificial grammars tended to shift those mixtures in certain ways rather than others; the model reveals how learners’ inferences are systematically affected by specific prior biases. These biases are in line with a typological generalization—Greenberg's Universal 18—which bans a particular word‐order pattern relating nouns, adjectives, and numerals.
Current trends in paediatric and neonatal ventilatory care – a nationwide survey
Authors: Ålander Merja , Peltoniemi Outi , Saarela Timo , Anttila Eija , Pokka Tytti , Kontiokari Tero
Published: September 2012

Aim:  To assess daily practices in paediatric and neonatal ventilatory care in Finland.

Methods:  All neonatal and paediatric intensive care units in Finland were sent a questionnaire on ventilatory strategies and were offered a 3‐month prospective survey.

Results:  A total of 96% of units returned the questionnaire, and clinicians agreed on most of the principles of lung‐protective ventilation. Seventeen hospitals (94%) joined the prospective survey. On average, 2.3 new ventilation episodes were started daily, and totally 211 episodes were monitored. Pulmonary problems (64%) were the main cause of treatment in neonates and postoperative care (68%) in older children. Synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation with pressure support was the primary mode in 42% of episodes. Hypocapnia was observed repeatedly in all units. In adult intensive care units, children often received high oxygen fraction, leading to hyperoxia, and they were frequently sedated with propofol, which is not licensed for that purpose. A large proportion of children had only light sedation or no sedation at all. Despite the different strategies and practices, most episodes resulted in a favourable outcome.

Conclusion:  Most of the principles of lung‐protective ventilation have been well accepted by clinicians. More attention should be paid to achieving normocapnia and normoxia and to the correct use of sedatives, especially in units that only occasionally provide paediatric ventilation.