bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is morphosyntactic agreement reflected in acoustic detail? Thesduration of English regular plural nouns
Authors: SCHLECHTWEG MARCEL , CORBETT GREVILLE G.
Published: September 2022

Studies have challenged the assumption that different types of word-finalsin English are homophonous. On the one hand, affixal (e.g.laps) and non-affixals(e.g.lapse) differ in their duration; on the other hand, variation exists across several types of affixals(e.g. between the plural (cars) and genitive plural (cars’)). This line of research was recently expanded in a study in which an interesting side effect appeared: theswas longer if followed by a past tense verb (e.g.The pods/oddseventuallydropped), in comparison to a following present tense verb (e.g.The old screens/jeansobviouslyneedreplacing.). Put differently, thesbecame longer in the absence of overt morphosyntactic agreement, where it was mostly the sole plurality marker in the sentence. The objective of the present article is to examine whether this effect can be replicated in a more controlled setting. Having considered a large number of potential confounding variables in a reading experiment, we found an effect in the expected direction, one that is compatible with the literature on the impact that predictability has on duration. We interpret this finding against the background of the role of fine acoustic detail in language.
The impact of a healthy checkout intervention on fruit and vegetable ‘micro-pack’ purchases in New Mexico
Authors: Rogus Stephanie , Guthrie Joanne , Niculescu Mihai , Xu Lina
Published: September 2022

Objective:

Produce sold as plastic-wrapped packs of two to four individual items (i.e., produce micro-packs) that are low cost and placed at checkout may appeal to shoppers with budget constraints and provide a second chance to purchase items available elsewhere in the store. This study examined the impact of an intervention that placed produce micro-packs at checkout and promoted them in grocery stores across New Mexico, USA.

Design:

This quasi-experimental study placed produce micro-packs at checkout end-caps in thirteen stores (group 1), with eight stores serving as controls (group 2) from 1 July 2019 through 31 January 2020 (first phase). The intervention was extended to group 2 stores from 1 February 2020 through 30 June 2020 (second phase). Cashiers were directed to upsell the micro-packs to Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children recipients who had unspent cash value benefits for produce purchases.

Setting:

Twenty-one grocery stores across New Mexico.

Participants:

Twenty-one produce items sold as micro-packs in stores from July 2019 through June 2020.

Results:

A random effects model showed that the daily sales of micro-packs increased by 47 % during each intervention period. Group 2 stores had lower sales than group 1 stores during the first phase of the intervention. Once extended to group 2 stores, sales of micro-packs in those stores increased and sales in group 1 stores continued at the higher level.

Conclusions:

Placing produce micro-packs at checkout may increase produce sales and support health promotion efforts by public and private stakeholders.
Measurement and Calculation of X-Ray Production Efficiencies for Copper, Zirconium, and Tungsten
Authors: Procop Mathias , Terborg Ralf
Published: September 2022

Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) is based on physical relations between measured X-ray intensities of characteristic lines and their X-ray production efficiency, which depends on the specimen composition. The quality of the analysis results relies on how realistically the physical relations describe the generation and emission of X-rays. Special experiments are necessary to measure X-ray production efficiencies. A challenge in these experiments is the determination of the detection efficiency of the spectrometer as a function of the photon energy. An energy-dispersive spectrometer was used in this work, for which the efficiency was determined at metrological synchrotron beamlines with an accuracy of ±2%. X-ray production efficiencies for the L series and the Kα series of copper and zirconium and for the M and L series of tungsten were determined at energies up to 30 keV in a scanning electron microscope. These experimental values were compared with calculated X-ray production efficiencies using physical relations and material constants applied in EPMA. The objective of the comparison is the further improvement of EPMA algorithms as well as extending the available database for X-ray production efficiencies. Experimental data for the X-ray production efficiency are also useful for the assessment of spectrum simulation software.
Morpho-functional Analysis of the Head Glands in Three Auchenorrhyncha Species and Their Possible Biological Significance
Authors: Sevarika Milos , Di Giulio Andrea , Rondoni Gabriele , Conti Eric , Romani Roberto
Published: September 2022

The Cicadomorpha Philaenus spumarius, Neophilaenus campestris, and Cicadella viridis are known transmitters of the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa. Here, we studied the ultrastructural organization of their cephalic glands. Our investigations with scanning, transmission, focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopes and light microscope revealed for the first time in Auchenorrhyncha the presence of two types of cephalic glands. Both belonged to the Class III epidermal glands, according to the Noirot and Quennedey classification. Type A glands were the most common, being mainly located around antennae, lorum, and gena. Moreover, these glands were observed also on the abdomen and thorax, always in association with sensilla trichoidea. The second type of glands (type B) were located exclusively at the apical part of the postclypeus in P. spumarius and N. campestris. The ultrastructural organization was similar in both types, being composed of a secretory cell and a conducting canal. Differences were observed in the width of the cuticular opening, being smaller in the type II glands. In addition, we have recorded the presence of a maxillary sensory pit in all species and described sensilla trichoidea ultrastructural organization. Finally, we discussed the ultrastructural organization of the glands and their potential biological role.
LEAVITT PATH ALGEBRAS OF WEIGHTED AND SEPARATED GRAPHS
Authors: ARA PERE
Published: September 2022

In this paper, we show that Leavitt path algebras of weighted graphs and Leavitt path algebras of separated graphs are intimately related. We prove that any Leavitt path algebra$L(E,\omega )$of a row-finite vertex weighted graph$(E,\omega )$is$*$-isomorphic to the lower Leavitt path algebra of a certain bipartite separated graph$(E(\omega ),C(\omega ))$. For a general locally finite weighted graph$(E, \omega )$, we show that a certain quotient$L_1(E,\omega )$of$L(E,\omega )$is$*$-isomorphic to an upper Leavitt path algebra of another bipartite separated graph$(E(w)_1,C(w)^1)$. We furthermore introduce the algebra${L^{\mathrm {ab}}} (E,w)$, which is a universal tame$*$-algebra generated by a set of partial isometries. We draw some consequences of our results for the structure of ideals of$L(E,\omega )$, and we study in detail two different maximal ideals of the Leavitt algebra$L(m,n)$.
ON SHAVRUKOV’S NON-ISOMORPHISM THEOREM FOR DIAGONALIZABLE ALGEBRAS
Authors: KOLMAKOV EVGENY A.
Published: September 2022

We prove a strengthened version of Shavrukov’s result on the non-isomorphism of diagonalizable algebras of two
$\Sigma _1$
-sound theories, based on the improvements previously found by Adamsson. We then obtain several corollaries to the strengthened result by applying it to various pairs of theories and obtain new non-isomorphism examples. In particular, we show that there are no surjective homomorphisms from the algebra
$(\mathfrak {L}_T, \Box _T\Box _T)$
onto the algebra
$(\mathfrak {L}_T, \Box _T)$
. The case of bimodal diagonalizable algebras is also considered. We give several examples of pairs of theories with isomorphic diagonalizable algebras but non-isomorphic bimodal diagonalizable algebras.
“The worker deserves his wages”? Religion and support for organized labor in the U.S. Senate
Authors: McTague John , Pearson-Merkowitz Shanna
Published: September 2022

This article examines the relationship between senators' personal religious affiliations and their roll-call voting record on organized labor's policy agenda. While an impressive body of literature now demonstrates clear connections between religion and representation in the U.S. Congress, fewer studies have linked religion to issues outside of the realm of cultural and moral policy. Based on a data set spanning 1980 through 2020, our findings show that evangelical Protestants are significantly the most opposed to organized labor's legislative agenda, while Jewish senators are the most supportive. Other religions fall in between, depending on the decade. The findings imply that the reach of religion in Congress may run even deeper than is commonly understood. It extends beyond the culture wars to one of the most salient issue cleavages in the modern history of the American politics.
Use of Item Response Models in Assessing the Health Literacy Facet Understanding Health Information for Early Childhood Allergy Prevention and Prevention of COVID-19 Infections by Pregnant Women and Mothers of Infants
Authors: Schulz Anja Alexandra , Dresch Carolin , Heiberger Andrea , Wirtz Markus Antonius
Published: September 2022

Abstract. Appropriate parental health literacy (HL) is essential to preventively maintain and promote child health. Understanding health information is assumed to be fundamental in HL models. We developed N = 67 items (multiple-choice format) based on information materials on early childhood allergy prevention (ECAP) and prevention of COVID-19 infections to assess the parental HL facet Understand. N = 343 pregnant women and mothers of infants completed the items in an online assessment. Using exploratory factor analysis for ordinal data (RML estimation) and item response models (1-pl and 2-pl model), we proved the psychometric homogeneity of the item pool. 57 items assess the latent dimension Understand according to the assumptions of the 1-pl model (weighted MNSQ < 1.2; separation reliability = .855). Person parameters of the latent trait Understand correlate specifically with subjective socioeconomic status ( r = .27), school graduation ( r = .46), allergy status ( r = .11), and already infected with COVID-19 ( r = .12). The calibrated item pool provides a psychometrically sound, construct-valid assessment of the HL facet Understand Health Information in the areas of ECAP and prevention of COVID-19 infections.
Ocean Sciences Perspectives on Integrated, Coordinated, Open, Networked (ICON) Science
Authors: Graham Jasmin , Hannides Angelos , Mamnun Nabir , Sitz Lina E. , Walsh Ian D. , Wood‐Charlson Elisha M. , Ponsoni Leandro
Published: September 2022

This article is composed of three independent commentaries of how “Integrated, Coordinated, Open, and Networked” (ICON), as well as “Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable” (FAIR; under the umbrella of “Open” from ICON), principles are currently embedded in ocean sciences, and what are the opportunities and challenges by adopting them. Each commentary focuses on a different perspective as follows: (a) field sampling and experimentation to remote‐sensing and autonomous observations; (b) global collaboration, technology transfer and application, reproducibility, and data sharing and infrastructure; (c) increasing diversity and broadening participation in ocean sciences. Overall, there is a consensus that ocean sciences is well‐advanced in adopting many of the Integrated, Coordinated, Open, and Networked‐Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (ICON‐FAIR) principles regarding (a and b), although there are still plenty of opportunities to develop further by, for instance, making broader use of data‐of‐opportunity and citizen science, improving efforts toward standardized data organization and avoiding data fragmentation, and increasing training activities to implement good practices. On the other hand, fostering diversity, and broadening participation in ocean sciences is still in its infancy. Actions are needed to overcome under‐representation of women and other marginalized groups, create opportunities for early‐career scientists, and build bridges to support scientists from low‐income countries. We recognize that adopting ICON‐FAIR principles comes with high costs and efforts, but it has strong potential to develop ocean sciences in many aspects.
High Carbon Mineralization Rates in Subseafloor Hadal Sediments—Result of Frequent Mass Wasting
Authors: Zabel M. , Glud R. N. , Sanei H. , Elvert M. , Pape T. , Chuang P.‐C. , Okuma E. , Geprägs P. , Kölling M.
Published: September 2022

In the past 20 years, the exploration of deep ocean trenches has led to spectacular new insights. Even in the deepest canyons, an unusual variety of life and unexpectedly high benthic oxygen consumption rates have been detected while microbial processes below the surface of the hadal seafloor remains largely unknown. The information that exist comes from geophysical measurements, especially related to seismic research, and specific component analyses to estimate the carbon export. In contrast, no information is available on metabolic activities in deeper buried sediments of hadal environment. Here we present the first pore water profiles from 15 up to 11 m long sediment cores recovered during three expeditions to two hadal zones, the Japan Trench and the Atacama Trench. Despite low levels of organic debris, our data reveal that rates of microbial carbon turnover along the trench axes can be similar to those encountered in much shallower and more productive oceanic regions. The extreme sedimentation dynamics, characterized by frequent mass wasting of slope sediments into the trenches, result in effective burial of reactive, microbially available, organic material. Our results document the fueling of the deep hadal biosphere with bioavailable material and thus provide important understanding on the function of deep‐sea trenches and the hadal carbon cycle.
Topographic Rossby Wave‐Modulated Oscillations of Dense Overflows
Authors: Han Xianxian , Stewart Andrew L. , Chen Dake , Lian Tao , Liu Xiaohui , Xie Xiaohui
Published: September 2022

The global supply of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) is sourced from a handful of dense overflows. Observations from the Weddell Sea indicate that the overflow there exhibits prominent oscillations accompanied by dense eddies, while the Ross Sea overflow shows no significant oscillations other than tides, yet the genesis of these oscillations and their role in mediating AABW export remain poorly understood. Here idealized model simulations are used to investigate the dynamics of these oscillations. It is shown that the dominant oscillations result from the formation of Topographic Rossby waves (TRWs) associated with baroclinic instability of the dense overflow. A key finding is that the TRWs can feed back onto the dense overflow, producing coherent subsurface eddies of the same frequency. A series of sensitivity experiments reveal that these behaviors depend strongly on the local environment: steep topographic slopes suppress the baroclinic growth of TRWs, while strong downstream along‐slope flows suppress the upstream propagation of TRW energy and genesis of subsurface eddies. These results explain the varying prevalence of different oscillatory phenomena observed across different dense overflow regimes.
An Examination of SuperDARN Backscatter Modes Using Machine Learning Guided by Ray‐Tracing
Authors: Kunduri B. S. R. , Baker J. B. H. , Ruohoniemi J. M. , Thomas E. G. , Shepherd S. G.
Published: September 2022

The Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) is a network of High Frequency (HF) radars that are typically used for monitoring plasma convection in the Earth's ionosphere. A majority of SuperDARN backscatter can broadly be divided into three categories: (a) ionospheric scatter due to reflections from plasma irregularities in the E and F regions of the ionosphere, (b) ground scatter caused by reflections from the ground/sea surface following reflection in the ionosphere, and (c) backscatter from meteor trails left by meteoroids as they enter the Earth's atmosphere. Due to the complex nature of HF propagation and mid‐latitude electrodynamics, it is often not straightforward to distinguish between different modes of backscatter observed by SuperDARN. In this study, we present a new two‐stage machine learning algorithm for identifying different backscatter modes in SuperDARN data. In the first stage, a neural network that “mimics” ray‐tracing is used to predict the probability of ionospheric and ground scatter occurring at a given location along with parameters like the elevation angles, reflection heights etc. The inputs to the network include parameters that control HF propagation, such as signal frequency, season, UT time, and geomagnetic activity levels. In the second stage, the output probabilities from the neural network and actual SuperDARN data are clustered together to determine the category of the backscatter. Our model can distinguish between meteor scatter, 1/2 hop E‐/F‐region ionospheric as well as ground/sea scatter. We validate our model by comparing predicted elevation angles with those measured at a SuperDARN radar.
Using Noncontact Measurement of Water Surface Dynamics to Estimate River Discharge
Authors: Dolcetti G. , Hortobágyi B. , Perks M. , Tait S. J. , Dervilis N.
Published: September 2022

Estimating river discharge requires simultaneous measurement of velocity and flow depth. While surface velocities are relatively easy to measure using noncontact techniques, depth measurement usually requires physically intrusive instrumentation. This limits our capability to remotely monitor discharge in natural rivers subject to bed level variations. This work tests the potential to estimate the surface velocity, the water depth, the depth average velocity, and then discharge of a river using only a sequence of images of the dynamic water surface. The method is based on a comparison between the spatiotemporal Fourier spectra of the pixel intensities of these images and the theoretical dispersion relations of turbulence‐generated surface fluctuations and gravity‐capillary waves. The method is validated through the analysis of water surface videos obtained with fixed cameras from two river sections equipped with conventional discharge gauging. The applicability of the approach is demonstrated and the measurement uncertainties are quantified. The method is affected by two main sources of uncertainty: one derives from the estimation of the velocity index and the other from the obtainable resolution of the Fourier analysis. This resolution strongly controls the observation of depth and/or velocity variations in space and in time. The technique has advantages over current approaches: it has clear physical foundations; the equipment is low cost and is highly mobile; it does not need artificial tracers or physical equipment to measure depth; and it can directly provide estimates of the key flow parameters just from time series of images of the water surface.
Galileo reveals new lunar features
Authors: Anonymous
Published: September 2022

Exciting new images of the Moon taken by the Jupiter‐bound Galileo spacecraft December 8 and 9 promise to expand understanding of lunar geology. Galileo viewed the Moon from a new perspective, showing for the first time, through spectral techniques, the mineralogical composition of the lunar crust on the far side. The Galileo flyby also revealed the largest impact basin ever seen on the Moon.

The mosaic at left was constructed from images that Galileo's Solid‐State Imaging system obtained from a range of 567,000 km after the spacecraft had completed a flyby of Earth en route to Jupiter. The images were taken through violet and near‐infrared filters and overlain digitally on an airbrushed map of the Moon to show how the colors relate to geographic features.
The importance of “small” science
Authors: Dalrymple G. Brent
Published: September 2022

My subject is “small” science—not small in physical dimensions or significance, but science done by capable individuals or small teams of scientists who are motivated solely by curiosity about how nature works. I mean science unencumbered by the goals, direction, or guidance of administrators, funding agencies, or politicians. I mean science done without the slightest consideration of its practical worth to society or humankind.

How important is “small” science? I think it is the single most important thing that has made possible the technological revolution of the 20th century. This is by no means a new idea; it was expressed 45 years ago by Vannevar Bush, who wrote, “New products and processes are founded on new principles and conceptions which, in turn, are developed by research in the purest realms of science.” I also think, however, that the contributions of small science to the wealth and welfare of humankind are not well recognized today, either among the population at large or among those who fund science. It is fairly obvious to anyone who has looked at research budgets over the past decade or two that small science is being increasingly neglected in favor of big science and of science directed toward perceived national and global problems. In the long run this neglect will be detrimental to society, and the trend must be reversed.
JGR‐Oceans section on surface microlayers
Authors: Anonymous
Published: September 2022

A wide range of remote‐sensing techniques and air‐sea exchange processes are affected by modifications of marine surface microlayers. Recent information about surface microlayers, especially those surfaces modified so as to produce visible surface slicks, will be presented in a special section of JGR‐Oceans. William Garrett of Orincon Corporation will serve as guest editor for the section.

Manuscripts are solicited on all aspects of surface microlayers in general and surface slicks. Manuscripts are specifically sought on the chemical and biological composition of the surface microlayer, the relation of the surface microlayer to upper oceanic and lower atmospheric conditions, surface wave modifications, and the influence of surface microlayers on radar and microwave sensing techniques. Submission of papers is open to all interested researchers.
In Memoriam
Authors: Anonymous
Published: September 2022

Vladimir Vladimirovich Beloussov died in Moscow December 25, 1990, at age 83. He was a leader in Soviet and international geophysics for over 40 years. Belousssov was a member of the five‐man bureau for the International Geophysical Year and he served as president of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics from 1960 to 1963.
AGU Council looks to the future
Authors: Anonymous
Published: September 2022

Precollege education was the focus of an important action taken by the AGU Council at its December 4, 1990, meeting in San Francisco. An expenditure of $50,000 was authorized to provide staff time to develop and implement programs in this area. The Union is looking forward to significant grant support for these education activities. With the funds the Education and Human Resources Committee hopes to improve the flow of students into the Earth and space sciences and generate an appreciation of science among all students and the general public.

The Council also approved proceeding with plans for the construction of a new headquarters building. At current growth rates, the headquarters building will be full by 1994. After an extended study of a wide range of alternatives, the Ad Hoc Committee on Real Estate, chaired by Ned Ostenso, recommended that the current “obsolescent” building be demolished and a new and larger one built on the same site. While plans are being made for the next step in this process, a search will also be conducted for a suitable building in a good location in Washington that could be purchased at a reasonable price. The current state of the real estate market dictates keeping one's options open.
Catalog of solar‐terrestrial models available
Authors: Bilitza Dieter , King Joseph H.
Published: September 2022

The National Space Science Data Center, Greenbelt, Md., recently published “Solar Terrestrial Models and Applications Software,” by Dieter Bilitza (NSSDC 90‐19, July 1990, 98 pp.), which identifies and describes more than 70 model software packages in several areas of the solar‐terrestrial environment. Some of these may be accessed and run on the NSSDC Online Data and Information Services (NODIS) account by external researchers.

The principal areas and parameters covered include ionosphere (electron density and temperature, ion temperature, composition, and drift, electric field and current, precipitating particle flux, etc.), atmosphere (density, temperature, winds, etc.), magnetosphere (internal‐ and external‐source geomagnetic fields, energetic proton and electron fluxes, etc.), Sun and interplanetary space (IR and EUV reference spectra, solar protons, cosmic rays, etc.) and Venus atmosphere and ionosphere. Representative models include the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI), the Heppner‐Maynard‐Rich ionospheric electric field model, the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) Interna tional Reference Atmosphere (CIRA), the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF), the Tsyganenko geomagnetic models (1982, 1987, and 1989), the AP8 and AE8 trapped particle models, the revised SERF2 solar EUV Flux model [Tobiskas, 1990], the Jet Propulsion Laboratory solar proton model, and the CREME cosmic ray program.
Segail receives Macelwane medal
Authors: Anonymous
Published: September 2022

Paul Segail received the 1990 James B. Macelwane Medal, given in recognition of significant contributions to the geophysical sciences by a young scientist of outstanding ability, at the AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco, Calif.
Ocean drilling program sets FY 92 schedule
Authors: Austin James A.
Published: September 2022

At its November 28–December 1, 1990, meeting in Kailua‐Kona, Hawaii, the Planning Committee (PCOM) of the Ocean Drilling Program, in association with chairpersons of ODP's scientific advisory structure, has established its Program Plan for Fiscal Year 1992 (approximately mid‐November 1991 through mid‐January 1993). ODP is the successor to the Deep Sea Drilling Project and the International Phase of Ocean Drilling, and is a consortium of countries led by the United States with a broad mandate to conduct scientific ocean drilling in the world's ocean basins. Based upon ODP's Long Range Plan (available from Joint Oceanographic Institutions, Inc., Washington, D.C.) and the scientific priorities set by ODP's thematic panels, PCOM has placed seven 56‐day drilling legs on the proposed schedule, beginning with Leg 141.

The new schedule is generally consistent with long‐term ODP planning, which has stipulated that drilling operations will be concentrated in the eastern Pacific until late 1992, when the drill ship JOIDES Resolution will transit to the North Atlantic for operations there during calendar 1993. Each program in FY 1992 is briefly summarized below (see also Figure 1), both to alert the Earth sciences community to future opportunities for direct participation aboard the drill ship and to publicize a new ODP policy for “supplemental science” (see accompanying sidebar), which will be initiated for the period covered by legs 141–147.
FY 1992 Budget committed to R&D
Authors: Bush Susan
Published: September 2022

President's Bush's Fiscal Year 1992 budget for research and development is clear proof of his commitment to R&D as a long‐term investment for the next American century, according to D. Allan Bromley, Assistant to the President for Science and Technology and Director, Office of Science and Technology Policy. The FY 92 budget proposes to allocate $75.6 billion for research and development, an increase of $8.4billion, or 13% over the amount appropriated for FY 91. Calling it a “good budget,” Bromley revealed the specifics of research and development in the President's budget on February 4.

Bromley believes that as a nation we are underinvesting in research and development,but sees the 1992 budget increases as concrete steps to address this problem. The newly organized and revitalized Federal Coordinating Council for Science, Engineering, and Technology (FCCSET)—an interagency forum of Cabinet secretaries, deputy secretaries, and the heads of independent agencies that reviews, coordinates, and helps implement federal science and technology policy‐named three high‐priority cross—cutting areas of R&D and organized special interagency programs in these areas. The areas are high‐performance computing and communications, global change, and mathematics and science education.
An apologia for papers poorly scheduled
Authors: Baker Daniel N.
Published: September 2022

During the program planning for my last AGU annual meeting as SPR Magnetospheric section secretary, I realized the need to apologize to the many people who were upset or disappointed by the scheduling of their talks at the annual meetings. Thus, I apologize to those who were scheduled …

… on Monday or Friday (I also apologize to those who didn't want anything in the middle of the week.)

… just before lunch or just after lunch … just before coffee breaks or just after coffee breaks. (I should also apologize to those whose talks were “too early in the morning” or “too late in the afternoon.”)
Geomagnetic reference field: To license or not to license?
Authors: Anonymous
Published: September 2022

British scientists at a January 11 meeting of the Royal Astronomical Society were asked to consider a proposal to license commercial use of the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF). The income—which could reach over $2 million a year—would support geomagnetic observatories in developing countries. The proposal would not affect the access that research scientists presently have to the data free of charge.

IGRF has become the industry standard for all kinds of navigation, including that of airplanes and radio systems. In oil production, it is used for the highly accurate magnetic tools that direct bores. Even with modern navigational devices, the risk associated with mid‐direction makes magnetic reference more critical than ever, if only as a fail‐safe system.
Towed ADCP system to be developed
Authors: Anonymous
Published: September 2022

A towed Acoustic Doppler Current Profiling (ADCP) system is being developed in a joint effort by ENDECO/YSI, Inc., and RD Instruments. The goal is to mount direct‐reading or self‐contained ADCPs in a towed system. The latter is planned to consist of a 6‐foot V‐fin with pod and cable/fairing. The prototype system is expected to undergo sea trials in mid 1991. Although the vehicle will be initially designed for towing at shallow depths, a deep‐towed system is planned to be designed eventually.
Mid‐ocean ridges
Authors: Delaney John
Published: September 2022

The global mid‐ocean ridge system is a primary focus for energy transfer from the Earth's interior to the lithosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. In a coordinated effort to understand the causes and predict the consequences of mantle‐driven physical, chemical, and biological fluxes through the ridge‐crest system, the RIDGE (Ridge Inter‐Disciplinary Global Experiments) Initiative will launch in 1991 a series of integrated studies of the mid‐ocean ridge “RIDGE Steering Committee, 1989”.

Seafloor observatories will be developed for monitoring temporal variation in active hydrothermal and volcanic systems on a decadal scale. Innovative seafloor instrumentation and work systems will perform physical, chemical, and biological measurements and sampling to address covariation among magmatic, tectonic, hydrothermal, and water‐column components of the ridge‐crest system. Initial studies may be focused on the Northeast Pacific.
Magma dynamics
Authors: Bergantz George
Published: September 2022

What are the processes that drive magmatic diversity? How is it that volcanic centers can exist for millions of years erupting a variety of chemical types? What are the means by which large batholithic complexes become assembled? Magmas (silicate melts)differ from other geophysical fluids, such as oceans and atmospheres, in that their physiochemical history is largely governed by the processes of solidification and melting. This yields a system with strongly varying physical properties where bouyancy can be generated in complex ways. Much of the recent progress has come from numerical and experimental work specifically directed at the complex interactions of multicomponent systems undergoing phase changes and transport. Geochemical studies also indicate that magmatism is the result of thermal and chemical perturbations on a crustal scale.
The French program of circumterrestrial magnetic surveys using stratospheric balloons
Authors: Achache José , Cohen Yves , Unal Gilbert
Published: September 2022

The riddle propounded by numerous reports of sightings of silver and circular “unidentified flying objects” hanging in the sky of South Africa in northwest Pretoria was answered in the November 26, 1988, issue of the Pretoria News. UFO spotters had been watching two Infrared Montgolfiers (IRM) launched a few days earlier by the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) of France. Due to unexpectedly quiet weather conditions, the vehicles wandered for several days above South Africa before beginning their journeys across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans driven by zonal westward stratospheric winds near 25‐km altitude.

One of these balloons was carrying a magnetometer payload in a first attempt at performing a quasi‐circumterrestrial continuous magnetic anomaly profile. This experiment formed part of a program initiated in 1984 by the Département de Géomagnétisme of the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris to determine the intermediate wavelength (50–1000 km) magnetic anomaly field of crustal and lithospheric origin.
Historians probe geophysics in Seattle
Authors: Fleming James R.
Published: September 2022

The history of geophysics is becoming a “hot topic” among historians of science and technology. While previous annual meetings of the History of Science Society had few papers on the topic, the latest meeting of the society on October 25–28, 1990, in Seattle featured three sessions with a total of 11 papers. Two “works in progress” papers were also on geophysical topics.

The first session on the history of geophysics was Climate Change in Historical Perspective. In spite of all the recent attention given to global warming, it is important to remember that climatic change is not a new issue. Indeed, measured over the course of centuries, approaches to the study of climate and ideas about climatic change have been changing more rapidly than the climate itself. In addition to being interesting in its own right, the history of climatic change is beginning to play a crucial role in global change education, research, and policy decisions. Papers in this session spanned 200 years of the history of climatology as a science and climatic change as an issue.
U.S. global warming position called “smoke and mirrors”
Authors: Anonymous
Published: September 2022

“The administration's position on global warming due to greenhouse gases is purely and simply smoke and mirrors,” says Albert Gore (D‐Tenn.) and “is an insult to the intelligence of anyone who looks at it.”

Testifying before the House Health and the Environment Subcommittee, the Tennessee Democrat noted that the administration is hiding behind rhetoric by saying that it promises to stabilize greenhouse gases in the year 2000, not by the year 2000. This, Gore said, means that any year after 2000 is not covered, nor is any year between now and 2000, and that the administration will attempt to reduce greenhouse gases for 1 calendar year only, with no long‐term solutions to the problem.
SPR name change to “Space Physics and Aeronomy”
Authors: Tsurutani Bruce T.
Published: September 2022

In my candidacy for president‐elect of the SPR section (Eos, Vol. 68, No. 40, Oct. 6, 1987), I stated that I felt that our section name did not properly reflect the type of research we do, and if elected, I promised to try to get a consensus on this topic from our section members. In 1989, I attempted to formally open up a discussion by drafting an article for Eos. Prior to submission, this article was passed around to about a dozen leaders in the field for critical comments. The article with comments included was published in the Eos Forum section on August 1, 1989.
New hydrology bibliography available
Authors: Calder Jan R.
Published: September 2022

Hydrotitles is the first bibliography to be published specifically covering hydrology and hydrology‐related sciences. With the increasing numbers of journals and publications in this area, Hydrotitles fills a long‐felt need for assistance in guiding the practitioner through the mass of literature to publications that are relevant to his or her needs. The bimonthly publication is published by Geosystems (P.O. Box 40, Didcot, Oxon OX11 9BX, United Kingdom; ISSN 0953‐7589, $150 per year.)

Entries are arranged by a subject hierarchy according to Geosaurus, Geosystem's thesaurus of geoscience. The main subject headings are hydrology; hydrogeology; hydraulics; experimental hydrology and hydrometry; numerical hydrology; hydrogeochemistry; water quality, treatment, supply and management; environmental hydrology, water pollution and acid rain; fluvial geomorphology; glaciology; climate change; energy; equipment; computer methods; policy and law; limnology; and engineering. There follows a locational index, a stratigraphical index, a geographical index, and an author index.
Donnellan wins Outstanding Student Paper Award
Authors: Anonymous
Published: September 2022

For her paper, “Geodetically Determined Zone of Localized Deformation along the Northern Ventura Basin,” Andrea Donnellan, a Ph.D. student at the California Institute of Technology, has received the Geodesy Section's Outstanding Student Paper Award. Donnellan presented her paper at the AGU Fall 1990 Meeting, held December 3'7 in San Francisco.

Donnellan's paper presents her interest in the tectonics of Southern California, citing results achieved with the use of the Global Positioning System (GPS) to study rapid, ongoing deformation in that region's Ventura basin. Donnellan received her bachelor's degree from Ohio State University in 1986. While an undergraduate, she spent three seasons in Antarctica studying the ice streams of West Antarctica.
Underway Doppler current profiles in the Gulf of California
Authors: Badan‐Dangon Antoine , Lavin Miguel F. , Hendershott Myrl C.
Published: September 2022

The circulation of the Gulf of California has long been of scientific interest. The first hydrographic expedition there was in 1889 [Roden and Groves, 1959], followed half a century later by Sverdrup's cruise on the R/V E.W. Scripps [Suerdrup, 1941] in February and March of 1939. Since then, the Gulfs circulation has been the subject of active research [Alvarez‐Boirego, 1983]. During the 1980s, scientists at CICESE and at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography designed a cooperative effort, the Pichicuco project, to investigate some of the notable physical oceanographic features of the Gulf.

The Gulf of California is a marginal sea close to 1500 km long and about 200 km wide, oriented northwest to southeast, between the peninsula of Baja California and western continental Mexico. It consists of a succession of basins that shoal progressively from about 3500 m at the mouth, where the Gulf connects with the Pacific Ocean, to just over 2000 m in the central Guaymas Basin. In contrast, the far northern Gulf is a continental shelf sea whose depth exceeds 200 m only in a few small basins. The Gulf's circulation is profoundly influenced by processes taking place at the narrows that connect Guaymas Basin to the northern Gulf between 28°N and 29°N (see Figure 1). These are a sequence of channels, each about 15 km wide, between San Lorenzo, San Esteban, and Tiburón islands, which reduce the effective cross section of the Gulf to about 2.25×106m2. The westernmost connection, close to Baja California, is the Ballenas‐Salsipuedes (hereafter Ballenas) channel, whose depth exceeds 1600 m in its central part. It is bounded partially to the north by a lateral constriction with a maximum depth of 600 m, near the northern extreme of Angel de la Guarda island, and to the east by a ridge from which rise Angel de la Guarda, San Lorenzo, and other smaller islands. This ridge extends underwater about 20 km to the southeast from San Lorenzo into Guaymas Basin, where it forms the eastern wall of San Lorenzo sill, the southern end of Ballenas channel. A narrow canyon on this sill has a maximum depth of about 430 m. The central San Esteban channel is located between San Lorenzo and San Esteban islands, and is the deepest and widest of the three. It possesses a single, rather broad sill, formed by a westward underwater extension of San Esteban island. The third channel, between San Esteban and Tiburon islands, is narrower than the first two, has a broad sill at about 300 m depth, and connects the extension of the Sonoran shelf with the deeper basin to the north. Little studied before, it now appears to play a significant role in the regional exchange of water. A fourth, narrow channel between Tiburon island and mainland Mexico is too shallow to participate strongly in the circulation.
Ocean surface remote‐sensing program planned
Authors: Herr Frank , Luther Chuck , Marmorino George , Mied Richard , Thompson Don
Published: September 2022

In order to better understand the physics responsible for radar imaging of oceanographic submesoscale features, the Office of the Chief of Naval Research is sponsoring the High‐Resolution Remote Sensing Program, an accelerated research initiative managed by Frank Herr and Chuck Luther at the Office of Naval Research and Richard Mied at the Naval Research Laboratory. This program includes the disciplines of remote sensing, oceanography, meteorology, and microlayer physics. The approach will be to conduct a field program of simultaneous radar and in‐situ measurements and to conduct theoretical/modeling work to understand the feature generation, variability, and imaging physics.

Since the launch of SEASAT in 1978, there has been great interest in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging of oceanographic features. For example, SEASAT SAR images clearly showed evidence of internal waves, current boundaries, fronts, eddies, and tidal flow over variable bathymetry (see SEASAT Special Issue I, J. Geophys. Res., 87, C5, 1982). Unfortunately, there was little or no in‐situ data associated with most of these images, so there has been little validation of models that describe the imaging mechanism.
Soviets seek scientific exchange
Authors: Anonymous
Published: September 2022

GEOS‐A, associated with the Soviet Union's Institute of Earth Physics, is seeking to promote exchange between Soviet and Western geophysicists. GEOS‐A is a nonprofit, private organization formed by specialists from the U.S.S.R. Academy of Scientists.

GEOS‐A aims to promote the transfer of academic research results to industry and education. It also seeks to stimulate international scientific exchange and to support independent nongovernmental programs and expertise in geophysics and ecology. The organization would like to cooperate with Western universities in exchanging students and young scientists and in building scientific relationships between the two countries. This would include inviting students and young specialists for collaborative scientific research, consultations, language practice, and graduate study in any institute of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences. Participants would live in rented private apartments in downtown Moscow for approximately one week to several months. All living expenses would be covered at a rate higher than the academy's standard one (unfortunately travel to and from the Soviet Union cannot be covered).
Ivan Johnson recognized for service
Authors: Anonymous
Published: September 2022

A. Ivan Johnson was recognized by the officers and members of AGU's hydrology section for 43 years of service. Originally named at the 1990 Spring Meeting in Baltimore, Md., he recently received the plaque, which reads “for distinguished service, nationally and internationally, to ensure the development of the science of hydrology, and foster communication between scientists. Numerous scientific hydrology meetings sponsored by the International Association of Hydrological Sciences and the American Geophysical Union have been outstanding successes because of the singular contributions to their organization made by our dedicated colleague. Unselfish cooperation in science is exemplified by these exceptional contributions.”
How the House voted on Space Station
Authors: Anonymous
Published: September 2022

The House of Representatives voted 240 to 173 on June 6 to restore funding for Space Station Freedom in this year's appropriations bill for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Here is the breakdown of the vote, with representatives who favored the amendment restoring Freedom listed first.
Weather service upgrade too costly?
Authors: Bush Susan
Published: September 2022

America needs timely and accurate weather forecasting, said Ernest F. Hollings (D‐S.C.), chairman of the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on National Ocean Policy. Calling the existing warning and forecast system dangerously obsolete, Hollings said that new technology “should dramatically improve the accuracy and timeliness of weather predictions,” as we face the new challenge of bringing the National Weather Service into the 21st century. Hollings' committee heard testimony to consider the modernization of the NWS and pending legislation (S98, S916) on June 18.

Major components of the Weather Service Modernization program, according to John A. Knauss, administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, are the Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD), a new generation of Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES‐NEXT), the Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS), and the Advanced Weather Interactive Processing System (AWIA). The best defense against severe weather—early warnings—is probably hampered by outdated equipment, he added.
Scripps museum receives NSF grant
Authors: Anonymous
Published: September 2022

Scripps Institution of Oceanography has been awarded a $500,000 grant from the National Science Foundation for a 37,000‐square‐foot museum exhibition on ocean sciences entitled “Exploring the Blue Planet.” The exhibition will be installed in the Scripps Hall of Oceanography of the new Stephen Birch Aquarium‐Museum. The facility is under construction at the University of California, San Diego, and is scheduled to open in fall 1992.

NSF is providing approximately half of the funds required for “Exploring the Blue Planet,” which is designed to help visitors explore the many fields of oceanography. “This NSF grant will fund interactive exhibits and changing displays featuring the latest Scripps research that will allow children and adults to experience science as an approachable, creative process that can be used to understand the changing world,” said Luther Williams, NSF Assistant Director for Education and Human Resources.
Nonpoint pollution needs monitoring
Authors: Bush Susan
Published: September 2022

Since passage of the Clean Water Act in 1972, great efforts have been made to restore the quality of the nation–s water. However, many of these waters remain heavily polluted said Peter F. Guerrero of the General Accounting Office at a hearing of the House Subcommittee on Environment. Many of the contaminants, he said, have generated increased concern in recent years as health and environmental hazards.

Focusing mainly on nonpoint source pollution, groundwater research, water‐quality monitoring, and interagency coordination, the Subcommittee heard testimony on June 5 on Clean Water Act Research and Development and reviewed proposed Clean Water Act research legislation—“Clean Water Act Research Amendments of 1991.”