bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bitumen products alter bax, bcl‐2 and cytokeratin expression: An in vivo study of chronically exposed road pavers
Authors: Loreto Carla , Rapisarda Veneranda , Carnazza Maria Luisa , Musumeci Giuseppe , D’Agata Velia , Valentino Matteo , Martinez Giuseppe
Published: June 2007

Background:  The skin of road pavers is chronically exposed to bitumen fumes, a mixture of volatile compounds and particles, containing several carcinogenic and non‐carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Bitumen fumes can alter cutaneous barrier integrity in various ways and induce skin diseases. The present study was devised to investigate the expression of apoptosis proteins (bax and bcl‐2) and the cytokeratin pattern in skin specimens from road paving workers exposed to bitumen fumes using immunohistochemical techniques.

Methods:  Skin forearm punch biopsies from 16 occupationally exposed workers and an unexposed control group were processed for immunohistochemistry using a broad‐spectrum anti‐cytokeratin antibody and monoclonal antibodies for bax and bcl‐2 immunostaining. Urinary 1‐hydroxypyrene (1‐OHP) was also determined.

Results:  Morphological specimen evaluation showed epidermal thinning of exposed skin and flattened dermal papillae. In sections from exposed subjects, grade 3 bax overexpression and cytokeratin immunoreaction was detected in all layers, while bcl‐2 expression was downregulated (grade 1) and confined to the basal layer. There was a significant difference in 1‐OHP values between road pavers and the control group (p < 0.05).

Conclusion:  Overexpression of the cytokeratin pattern and bax and underexpression of bcl‐2 in chronically bitumen‐exposed skin suggest that bitumen fumes induce activation of apoptosis as a defense mechanism.
Viral‐associated trichodysplasia in a patient with lymphoma: a case report and review
Authors: Osswald Sandra S. , Kulick Kevin B. , Tomaszewski Maria‐Magdalena , Sperling Leonard C.
Published: June 2007

Viral‐associated trichodysplasia is a recently described entity associated with immunosuppression. We describe a 68‐year‐old man with a history of treated lymphoma who developed numerous, disfiguring, papular and spiny lesions involving most of the central face. Both facial and body alopecia was noted. Histopathologic findings of a facial papule showed dramatic alterations of the hair bulbs, including bulbar distention, lack of hair shaft formation and a marked expansion of inner root sheath type epithelium. These findings were identical to those of previously described cases, so electron microscopy was performed. Numerous intranuclear virus particles were identified. Shortly after the diagnosis of trichodysplasia was made, the patient was found to have a relapse of his lymphoma, which may represent the source of his immunosuppression. Based on his skin biopsy findings, successful antiviral therapy was initiated. This case and a review of previously reported cases are discussed in this study.
Vascular endothelial cell distribution and adhesion molecule expression in xanthoma
Authors: Matsumoto Masaaki , Kunimitsu Sawa , Wada Kana , Ikeda Mitsunori , Yokogawa Maki , Keyama Akira , Kodama Hajime
Published: June 2007

Background:  The migration of circulating monocytes into the dermis is considered to be essential for both the initiation and the progression of xanthoma. The contribution of vascular endothelial cells to the migration process is unclear.

Methods:  Twenty cases of xanthelasma and six cases of tuberous xanthoma lesions were analyzed using immunohistochemical staining.

Results:  Xanthoma lesions contained up to 25‐fold more von Willebrand factor‐stained endothelial cells than normal skin. The prevalence of E‐selectin‐positive endothelial cells increased by up to threefold more in xanthoma lesions than in normal skin. In contrast, the prevalence of intercellular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) decreased up to 3.5‐fold more in xanthoma lesions than in normal skin. In xanthoma lesions, almost all ICAM‐1‐positive endothelial cells co‐expressed with E‐selectin but many endothelial cells, which only expressed E‐selectin, were also found in the lesions and the ratio of macrophages to endothelial cells was higher (10:1) than that in normal skin (5:1).

Conclusions:  Endothelial cells proliferate and express E‐selectin rather than ICAM‐1 under a microenvironment in which macrophages predominate rather than endothelial cells, thereby promoting macrophage migration into xanthoma lesions.
Histopathology of Gottron’s papules – utility in diagnosing dermatomyositis
Authors: Mendese Gary , Mahalingam Meera
Published: June 2007

Dermatomyositis (DM) is an uncommon connective tissue disease that presents with a characteristic violaceous skin eruption as well as proximal muscle weakness, primarily of the upper extremities. Cutaneous stigmata of DM include Gottron’s papules, similarly colored papules and plaques overlying the extensor surfaces of finger joints. While biopsy of the typical poikilodermatous skin eruption found in patients with suspected DM is a standard algorithmic component in the workup and diagnosis of the disease, Gottron’s papules are rarely sampled for histopathologic assessment. The precise reason for this is not known but may be related to problems associated with healing because of constant motion forces in the vicinity of the joint. Given this, sparse literature is available on the histopathologic features of Gottron’s papules. In this study, we present two cases in which the presence of papular (Gottron’s papules) lesions on the fingers led to a presumptive diagnosis of DM and prompted biopsies of the same. The study illustrates the diagnostic utility of biopsies from Gottron’s papules.
Mitoses in conventional melanocytic nevi
Authors: Jensen Sarah L. , Radfar Arash , Bhawan Jag
Published: June 2007

Given that nevi may grow in size, mitotic figures may be expected in melanocytic nevi. We reviewed the literature for studies addressing this issue. We sought to determine the number of mitotic figures we might discover upon review of a group of randomly collected, conventional nevi. We reviewed 157 nevi from patients and found seven nevi exhibiting mitotic figures, comprising 4% of our sample. We noted the location of the mitoses within the nevi, the presence of any congenital features, as well as other features such as signs of inflammation or irritation. Through this study we have shown that occasional mitoses occur within unremarkable, conventional nevi.
Solitary fibrous tumors of the skin: a clinicopathologic study of 10 cases and review of the literature
Authors: Erdag Gulsun , Qureshi Hina S. , Patterson James W. , Wick Mark R.
Published: June 2007

Abstract:  Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is a relatively uncommon neoplasm that most commonly arises in the pleura. However, SFT is now known to affect various other anatomic sites as well, including rare examples in the skin, where the histologic features of this lesion may create diagnostic confusion with a variety of other spindle‐cell tumors. In order to further the characterization of cutaneous SFT, all available cases of that entity were retrieved from the authors’ institutional files. Immunohistochemical analysis for CD‐34, CD‐99, vimentin, bcl‐2, factor XIIIa, S100 protein, smooth muscle actin, pankeratin, epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) and desmin was performed on those neoplasms and the corresponding clinical information was obtained whenever possible. There were eight men and two women in the study group, with a median age of 43 years. Sites of involvement included the trunk (two cases), cheek (two), scalp (one), forehead (one), lip (one), temple (one), heel (one) and toe (one). All patients were treated with local excision; only one lesion recurred locally, but it required multiple re‐excisions. All of the neoplasms were composed of bland spindle cells with a variably fibrous but focally hyalinized collagenous stroma. A variety of case‐specific growth patterns were observed. Mitoses were generally rare, ranging from 0 to 3 per 10 ×400 microscopic fields. Immunostains showed reactivity for vimentin in all SFTs, CD‐34 in 8 of 10 cases, CD‐99 and bcl‐2 in 4 of 10 (each) and smooth‐muscle actin in 3 of 10 cases. None of the lesions was labeled for factor XIIIa, keratin, EMA, desmin or S100 protein. SFT of the skin appears to be a ‘borderline’ neoplasm that only uncommonly recurs. Immunoreactivity for CD‐34, – especially together with bcl‐2 or CD‐99, or both – is helpful in identifying this tumor.
Thomas Manns Doktor Faustus Mythos und Lebensbeichte
Authors: Sørensen Bengt Algot
Published: June 2007

Der Begriff des Mythos wurde erst spät für Th. Mann ein sein Welt‐ und Menschenbild bestimmendes Erlebnis. Nach dem Jahre 1925 etwa wendet er sich aber mit immer steigendem Interesse dem Religionshistorischen und der Erforschung des Mythischen zu, sodass sein dichterisches Schaffen der folgenden Jahre völlig im Zeichen des Mythos steht, was natürlich vor allem die Joseph‐Bände, aber auch ein Roman wie Lotte in Weimar bezeugen. Dass diese Begegnung mit dem Mythos für die Dichtung Manns so fruchtbar wurde, beruht darauf, dass er in seiner Entwicklung zu einem Punkt gelangt war, an dem seine eigene, tiefenpsychologisch geschulte Einsicht in das Wesen der menschlichen Natur mit den Erkenntnissen der neuesten Mythenforschung überraschend übereinstimmte. Th. Mann, der bisher mit Hilfe der Tiefenpsychologie schon im Tod in Venedig und im Zauberberg in die Nacht des Unbewussten gedrungen war, stiess jetzt anhand der Mythologie ins Dunkel der Vorzeit vorzwei Wege, die sich an einem gewissen Punkt berühren und zusammenfallen können, wie es die Züricher psychoanalytische Schule und auch Freud selber z.B. im Totem und Tabu gezeigt hatten. So wurde es möglich, dass Mann jetzt in seinen früheren Werken wie z.B. im Zauberberg zu seiner eigenen Überraschung verdeckte, mythische Erkenntnisse feststellen konnte. Im Werk Th. Manns vollzieht sich eben eine Begegnung der modernen Psychologie mit der modernen Mythenforschung.
A History of Danish Literature1
Authors: Toldberg Helge
Published: June 2007

Professor Mitchell is a frequent and much appreciated guest in Denmark, and we welcome the fact that he of all men has taken on his shoulders the burdensome task of composing a survey of Danish literature and Danish authors throughout the ages. It is a big effort, as he is responsible for the whole book, except for the introductory chapter, on Danish literature before 1300, which is written by Hr. Mogens Haugsted, M.A., Deputy Chief Librarian in the Royal Library in Copenhagen. To some foreign readers, whose knowledge of Danish classics is limited to Hans Andersen and Søren Kierkegaard and perhaps a few others, the scope may not seem impressive, but connoisseurs in Denmark and abroad will estimate the achievement as one they might have shrunk from themselves, since it is next to impossible for one man to command the whole field. So there is ample justification for this survey, which introduces Danish literature to English‐speaking audiences throughout the world; and when reading the inevitable criticism of some weak points below, this should be borne in mind.
La genèse du Dictionaire historique et critique de Pierre Bayle
Authors: Nedergaard Leif
Published: June 2007

Puisque le Dictionaire historique et critique de Pierre Bayle, plus qu'aucun autre ouvrage, contribuait à déclencher les transformations de la pensée qu'accomplirent les philosophes encyclopédistes du XVIIIe siècle, il est plus que légitime de jeter un regard sur la genèse de cet ouvrage gigantesque, que pourra élucider un volume en manuscrit inédit, appartenant à la Bibliothèque Royale de Copenhague.
Zu einem Motto im West‐östlichen Divan
Authors: Jungbluth Günther
Published: June 2007

Zwanzig Jahre liess ich gehn Und genoss was mir bescbieden; Eine Reihe völlig schön Wie die Zeit der Barmekiden.1

1. Sämtliche Zita te nach den von Ernst Grumach besorgten Divanbänden der Akademieausgabe, Berlin 1952.
Bayard and Troilus: Chaucerian Non‐paradox in the Reader
Authors: Renoir Alain
Published: June 2007

When considered within the context of the information provided by Chaucer in the opening lines of Troilus and Criseyde, the first three images of the poem assume what recent criticism would call an affective function and thus enable us to interpret the narrative from a point of view hitherto ignored by modern audiences. As in the case of other mediaeval masterpieces– notably the Gunnlaugssaga Ormstungu and the Nibelungenlied– the beginning of the poem cues us in to the subsequent action, but the three images in question prompt us to draw upon a folkloristic and literary background which, though different today from what it would have been in the fourteenth century, affects our reaction to Troilus' behavior and helps us reconcile some bothersome discrepancies between the opening and the conclusion. The affective element seems particularly strong when one reads a well‐known allusion to the horse Bayard in the light of the French story of the four sons of Aymon as it must have been known in mediaeval England rather than as a substantial body of scholarship has accounted for it. The arguments presented here bear out a view of Chaucer's narrative technique which E. Talbot Donaldson has advanced over the years.
Realismus und Romanästhetik: Überlegungen zu einem problematischen Aspekt der deutschen Literatur
Authors: Bullivant Keith
Published: June 2007

Während der Realismus im angelsächsischen Raum weder als ein kanonisierter Stil noch als zeitbegrenzt aufgefaßt wird, wird er in der Germanistik bis heute noch weitgehend als ein epochenspezifischer Begriff verstanden. Merkwürdig ist aber, daß die meisten deutschen theoretischen Erörterungen vorwiegend von nichtdeutschen Romanen ausgehen, was darauf hinzudeuten scheint, daß der deutsche »realistische« Roman nicht unproblematisch ist und daß die Wechselwirkung zwischen Gesellschaft und literarischer Produktion eine andere war als in anderen europäischen Ländern. Die u.a. von Hegel, Vischer, Schopenhauer und Ludwig formulierte Ästhetik, die einen eher idealistischen als realistischen Romanstil propagierte, läßt sich z.T. durch die spezifischen Erfahrungen des deutschen Bildungsbürgertums erklären, das mehr oder weniger abseits von der raschen Entwicklung des modernen Kapitalismus in Deutschland stand; z.T. aber erklärt sie sich auch durch seine Unfähigkeit, die Folgen des schnellen gesellschaftlichen Wandels für den einzelnen Autor einzusehen, der ‐ mit einer ihm zunehmend fremden Gesellschaft konfrontiert ‐ einen stärker individuellen erzählerischen Standpunkt einnehmen mußte. Fontane und Arno Holz bieten zwei Ansätze zu einem solchen realistischen Erzählen, vor allem weist aber der »moderne« Realist Wilhelm Raabe auf eine Möglichkeit, eine den Erfahrungen des Bildungsbürgertums adäquate realistische Romanform zu entwickeln, die gleichzeitig die tradierte Auffassung des Realismus als zeitbegrenzter, einheitlicher Stilrichtung in Frage stellt.
Beginnings and the Representation of Time in Jacques le fataliste
Authors: Mésavage Ruth Matilde
Published: June 2007

The present essay attempts to throw new light on the question of time in Jacques le fataliste by studying this aspect as a structure, rather than as a theme, and the way this principle is encoded in, as well as influenced by, the various incipit the reader encounters on the way.

Two categories of beginnings in this novel are analyzed as to their temporal structure and its relation to meaning. The first contains narratives that experience difficulties in beginning, and are, therefore, considered “reflexive,” in that they turn back on themselves. The second are considered “projective” in that they reach beyond toward what follows. The reflexive beginning is further distinguished from a real or “radical” beginning which has no example in literature; it is a concept, and not a reality.

The mixture of reflexive and projective beginnings in Jacques le fataliste reveals a narrative that is aware of its status as fiction, and questions itself and its relation to those arbitrary rules that implicitly govern fictions. The relation between the two types of beginnings and their representation of time is only one example of how the narrative consciously creates itself as an entity freed from the reality of chronological time.
Die Schönheit des Trivialen Oder: Bürger im Niemandsland. Theodor Fontane zwischen Naturalismus und poetischem Realismus
Authors: Glogauer Walter
Published: June 2007

Die Literaturszenerie in der letzten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts ist geprägt durch eine dezidierte Theoretisierung und damit Politisierung, wobei sich gängige Kategorisierungen wie bürgerlicher (konservativer) und poetischer Realismus hie‐ und Naturalismus da als politisch vermittelt decouvrieren an ihrer jeweiligen ästhetischen Anwendung: Daß die in Fontanes Romanen perfektionierte Forminnovation der sogenannten »Objektivierung des Subjektiven« (Brinkmann) das spezifisch realistische Dilemma zwischen Wirklichkeitstreue und Wirklichkeitsverfallenheit zu einem Problem der Rezeptionsästhetik und ihrer Kritik werden läßt, erweist sich an dem zentralen Theorem von Fontanes rudimentärer Romantheorie, der Rede von der Verklärung, die erreicht werde in jener von Lukácz so definierten »Wiederherstellung des Konkreten«, des poetisierten Nebensächlichen als Essenz der Zeit‐geschichte.

Das dafür eingesetzte Stilmittel der humorvoll‐distanzierten Ironisierung vermag dabei weder jenes eindeutige sozialkritische Identifikationsangebot (das Realismus wie Naturalismus zu Unrecht als stilbildend nachgesagt wurde) noch die Befriedigung der vorraugigen Leserschicht, des spätwilhelminischen Bürgertums, zu leisten. Indem er jedoch mit eklatanten affirmativen Spekulationen gleichzeitig als gründerzeitlicher Tendenzschriftsteller erscheint, erweist sich die stilgeschichtliche Bedeutung Fontanes darin, daß seine Werke von keiner der herkömmlichen Klassifikationsstrategien in ihrer Komplexität zu beschriben sind.
Mystère, secret et tromperie: sur la généalogie du roman d'espionnage français
Authors: Bleton Paul
Published: June 2007

L'auteur examine l'hypothèse génologique d'une filiation directe roman policier/roman d'espionnage. II faut à la fois retracer historiquement l'origine et le développement de ce dernier genre dans la paralittérature française et en proposer une définition systématique pour pouvoir le comparer au roman policier.

L'auteur récuse cette hypothèse de la filiation directe, et suggère une autre généalogie. Les interprétants du «pouvoir mystérieux» des romans d'aventures mystérieuses des années 1830–1840 ont été réactivés et réaménagés dans un nouveau genre, sous la pression de considérations extra‐littéraires: propagande anti‐anglaise puis anti‐allemande de 1890 à 1918. L'influence de la structure syntaxi‐que du roman policier n'a été que secondaire.
La vie mode d'emploi: mode d'emploi
Authors: Noreiko Stephen F.
Published: June 2007

Peree's La vie mode d'emploi is a fascinatingly dense, wide‐ranging, and allusive novel. The article looks at some aspects of this richness of texture, paradoxically generated from an arbitrary mathematical structure, and suggests that the novel, with its deliberate contradictions, is, fittingly, an account of the process of reading.
Le Iecteur dans le texte
Authors: Nøjgaard Morten
Published: June 2007

Le concept de lecteur est un des apports récents de la linguistique de la communication à la théorie de l'analyse textuelle. L'article résume les diverses acceptions que la théorie littéraire actuelle donne à ce concept et propose une analyse systématique des significations possibles et utiles. Dans le cadre d'un modèle général des instances de l'émetteur et du récepteur d'un message littéraire, l'article examine dans quelle mesure la structure de l'oeuvre littéraire englobe des éléments qui prédéterminent la réception de l'oeuvre. En particulier il étudie le «personnage de lecteur», c.‐à‐d. l'instance évaluatrice interne qui harmonise toutes les valorisations d'un texte en un système transformant les attitudes diverses et les positions souvent contradictoires représentées dans le texte en idéologie. Ce faisant, l'article se penche sur la façcon dont les oeuvres littéraires inculquent des régles morales aux enfants (l'esthétique de l'identification et la manipulation des normes sociales) et il discute la pertinence pour la description des systèmes de valeurs littèraires du diffèrentiel sèmantique et de la mèthode de Rokeach. Enfin l'article illustre l'instance du lecteur compëtent par une analyse des procédés sémantiques mis en oeuvre pour établir une vraisemblance narrative dans les actions fictives.
The Misanthropic Painting or Settling on Account with the Almighty Mother: The Vivisector ‐ Patrick White's Universal Work of Art
Authors: Burman Beyla
Published: June 2007

Patrick White's The Vivisector (1970) is the first universal work of art in world literature in which the art of painting and music are presented in the artistic form of language.

To be able to exemplify this I have chosen one of the most important paintings, Lantana Lovers under Moonfire. In my account I allow the nine different levels that I have found in the world of The Vivisector to overlap each other ‐ with the exception of the musical level, which is presented last.

At the historical level it is the concrete events that appear, while Hero and Olivia reveal their attitude to art in their “lives” at the socio‐cultural level. The visionary level allows the reader to follow how the vision of the idea emerges to Hurtle out of his conflict with the past, and it is also here that the importance these three persons are to have for each other is foreshadowed. At the pictorial level Hurtle tackles his conflicts and cuts himself loose from the straitjacket of the past. The symbolic level complements the two levels just mentioned in that the symbols clarify the meaning of the visions and the painting. At the religious level we learn of Hurtle's as yet incomplete insight into the existence of the Evil One in God and, at the animus‐anima level, fear of the Almighty Mother drives him to start to seek his anima. The failure of his initiation is related at the mythical level and finally the events are recapitulated at the musical level.
Deterministic Acceptance Versus Moral Outrage: A Problem of Literary Naturalism in Frank Norris' The Octopus
Authors: Pettersson Torsten
Published: June 2007

In Frank Norris' novel The Octopus the reader is on the one hand invited to launch a moral protest against the conditions prevailing in the fictional world, but on the other hand he is encouraged to accept them in the spirit of determinism. This article argues that this inconsistency in the novel is inescapable, and examines the elements from which it arises in some detail. It is then shown that the inconsistency can be traced back to Norris' intellectual background, where naturalism, Calvinism and American philosophies of evolution provided conflicting impulses. Finally, it is argued that the tension between determinism and moral outrage can also be observed in other naturalist writers, and that both qualities can be seen to stem, in different ways, from the emphasis which these writers laid on the conditioning forces of heredity and environment.
Irrtum als dramatische Sprachfigur. Sozialzerfall und Erziehungsdebatte in J.M.R. Lenz' Hofmeister
Authors: Bohnen Klaus
Published: June 2007

Der Beitrag sucht einen Zusammenhang zwischen der dramatischen Inszenierung des Irrtums und der dem Stück eingelagerten Erziehungsdebatte in Lenz' «Hofmeister»herzustellen. Dem Fiktionsspiel des Sozialzerfalls und dessen komödiantischer Aufhebung wird mit der ‐ von Lenz ersichtlich herangezogenen ‐ pädagogischen Autorität A. F. Büschings («Unterricht für Informatoren und Hofmeister») ein Wirklichkeitsbezug entgegengehalten, dessen Funktion einerseits in der sachlichen Absicherung der im Stück entwickelten politisch‐radikalen Gesellschaftsanalyse und andererseits in der Prognostik eines gangbaren Wegs für eine zukünftige Aufbehung des ‘Irrtums’ besteht. Lenz' Problematisierung von Fiktionslösungen mündet so ein in eine vom zeitgenössischen Diskussionsstand abgeleitete und an die pädagogische Vernunft appellierende ‘konkrete Utopie’.
Experience with docetaxel in hormone‐refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) at three Australian cancer centers: A retrospective study
Authors: HOVEY Elizabeth , GABRIEL Gabriel , GEORGE Monika , SHAPIRO Jeremy , CHERN Boris , MOYLAN Eugene
Published: June 2007

Background:  Hormone‐refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) is associated with a poor prognosis and has historically been considered relatively chemoresistant. Emerging data demonstrate clinical benefit with the use of docetaxel in HRPC, culminating in two recent published phase III studies demonstrating survival benefit. Currently, docetaxel is registered but not reimbursed for HRPC in Australia.

Aim:  To retrospectively review prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) response rate, and survival following the use of docetaxel for metastatic HRPC.

Methods:  Retrospective audit of the use of docetaxel for HRPC from 1 January 2001 to 1 April 2004 in three medical oncology practices. Demographic data, baseline PSA, ECOG (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group) Performance Status, sites of disease, number of cycles received and PSA response rates were collected.

Results:  Thirty five patients (median age, 71 years; range, 50–88) had an ECOG status of 0 (eight), 1 (20) and 2 (seven). The mean duration from initial prostate cancer diagnosis to start of docetaxel was 5.4 years (range, 0.2–13.5 years). The mean baseline PSA doubling time, available for 29/35 patients, was 1.9 months (range, 0.4–4.9). The median number of metastatic sites was 1 (range, 1–4): bone (34 patients), lymph nodes (10), liver (seven) and lung (seven). Twelve patients were chemotherapy naive; 23 had received prior chemotherapy (21/23 received mitoxantrone). Twenty patients received docetaxel three times weekly; 15 were on weekly schedules. Their mean dose density was 23 mg/m2/week. Patients received an average of 3.2 months of treatment (range, 0.2–11.8). There were 170 recorded toxicities, 13 of which were grade 3–4, and two likely treatment‐related deaths (sepsis). Twelve patients (34%) had >50% PSA response (four were chemotherapy naive); of these 12 responders, seven patients had a >75% PSA response (four chemotherapy naive). Median survival from start of docetaxel was 8 months with 37% alive at 12 months and 23% alive at 24 months.

Conclusion:  Docetaxel is active in HRPC (in both chemotherapy naive and exposed patients) with a predictable toxicity profile. More research is warranted to identify predictors of response and toxicity.
Utilization of radiotherapy for rectal cancer in Greater Western Sydney 1994–2001
Authors: HEGI‐JOHNSON Fiona , GABRIEL Gabriel , KNEEBONE Andrew , WONG Cyril , JALALUDIN Bin , BEHAN Sharon , BARTON Michael
Published: June 2007

Background and purpose:  Despite evidence for the efficacy of radiotherapy in stages II and III rectal cancer, utilization rates remain low. The aim of this study is to examine patient, provider and service factors affecting utilization of radiotherapy in rectal cancer patients.

Materials and methods:  Patients with a diagnosis of curable rectal cancer were identified from the colorectal tumor databases of three Sydney Area Health Services between 1994 and 2001. Data were collected on tumor characteristics such as site and stage, provider factors such as type of surgery and surgeon caseload, and patient factors including socioeconomic status and access to radiotherapy.

Results:  Thirty‐five percent of stage II and 57% of stage III rectal cancer patients received radiotherapy. Independent determinants of utilization were age less than 70 years (odds ratio, 2.96; 95% confidence interval, 1.75–5.03), high‐volume surgeons (OR, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.17–3.24), stage III disease (OR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.25–3.41) and abdominoperineal resections (OR, 3.67; 95% CI, 1.94–6.94).

Conclusion:  Radiotherapy utilization rates remain low. Age, and being referred to a surgeon with a high caseload, has a greater impact on radiotherapy utilization than other provider, socioeconomic or service factors.
A novel HLA‐A*29 allele (A*2916) of a Caucasian relative to an ALL patient containing a point mutation in a putatively conserved region which was identified through the loss of a specific amplificate in a low‐resolution SSP‐PCR kit
Authors: Erhuma M. , Radam C. , Schlaf G. , Seliger B. , Behre G. , Altermann W. W.
Published: June 2007

A novel HLA‐A29 (HLA‐A*2916) allele has been identified in a Caucasian man from Middle Europe using single‐allele‐specific sequencing strategy. This allele is identical to the HLA‐A*29010101 allele except for one point mutation in the putatively conserved codon 128 (GAG→CAG) resulting in an amino acid exchange from glutamic acid (E) to glutamine (Q).
CLASIFICATION OF SWEET CORN AROMAS BY STEPWISE DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS
Authors: FLORA L. F. , WILEY R. C. , MOON L. C.
Published: June 2007

Cooked sweet corn aroma volatiles were analyzed by gas chromatography using a headspace technique. Aroma profiles of corn from early and late plantings, different stages of maturity, different cultivars, and different processes were submitted to stepwise discriminant analysis (BMD‐0–7M). Processes were most often classified correctly with slight overlaps between brine‐pack canned cron and vacuum‐packed canned corn and more notable overlapping between frozen and vaccum frozen corn. Corn from different plantings were classified correctly about two‐thirds of the time on the basis of their aroma profiles. Stylepak and NK199 cultivars were most often classified correcltly; similarities expressed in overlapping classifications were apparent among Butersweet, Silver Queen NK199 and among code 556, Buttersweet and Silver Queen. Fancy grade corn was correctly classified about 45% of the time, extra standard about 67% of the time, and standard about 68% of the time. By strafifying the data by processing method prior to discriminant analysis, improved classification was achieved for cultivars and maturities.
COMPARISON OF RAT AND TETRAHYMENA PYRIFORMIS GROWTH ASSAYS IN DETERMINING NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF PROTEIN IN MEAT AND MEAT ANALOGS DURING PROLONGED STORAGE AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES
Authors: BUTRAUM RITVA R. , KRAMER AMIHUD
Published: June 2007

Meat patties containing TVP and/or CSP, or rehydrated TVP, SCP, or dried milk solids, lost a small but significant protein efficiency ratio (PER), or relative nutritive value(RNV) of the proteins during the first three months of frozen storage, but little further loss was noted in storage for as long as 18 months at temperatures of – 10 to – 30d̀C.The correlation coefficient of R = 0.98 between PER and RNV, indicated that at least for ground beef products extended with various protein concentrates, the much more rapid Tetrahymena method of measuring protein bioavailability is essentially the same as using the official PER rat assay method.
A SURVEY OF HISTAMINE LEVELS IN COMMERCIALLY PROCESSED SCOMBROID FISH PRODUCTS12
Authors: TAYLOR STEVEL. , LEBER ELLEN R. , LEATHERWOOD MATTHEW
Published: June 2007

Analysis of 100 samples of each of 3 types of commercially processed scombroid fish products obtained at the retail level showed mean histamine concentrations (mg/100 g) of 3.58 for chunk light tuna, 1.50 for albacore tuna, and 2.56 for mackerel. Only 2 samples of chunk light tuna and 2 of mackerel contained greater than 10 mg% histamine. The highest level of histamine found in albacore tuna was 5.35 mg/100 g, while 99% ofthe samples had less than 5 mg% histamine. Chunk light tuna samples contained up to 28.0 mg/100 g, and mackerel samples contained up to 31.5 mg/100 g; 92% of the chunk light tuna and 95% of the mackerel had less than 5% histamine. The histamine levels found in these products were far below any level associated with food poisoning incidents.
EFFECT OF PROTEIN EXTENDERS ON FATTY ACIDS, CHOLESTEROL, SENSORY QUALITY AND COOKING LOSS OF BEEF PATTIES1
Authors: KAMEL BASIL S.
Published: June 2007

Ten different formulations of beef patties were processed to contain 20–50% fat from lean beef containing not more than 7% fat and beef fat consisting of not less than 90% fat and were extended with different levels of textured soy protein (TSP) at 5, 10 and 20% and single cell protein (SCP) at 2.5, 5 and 7.5%. The patties were stored at −18°C for 6 months. Sensory quality evaluation showed that patties with 80% lean and 20% fat and patties with 40% lean, 40% fat and 20% TSP were the least acceptable, but lower levels of TSP and SCP addition were found to improve panel rating. A 17% increase in protein content and a reduction of about 13.5% in fat content was observed due to TSP and SCP incorporation. An average cooking loss in the different formulations was 33%, addition of protein extenders was found to reduce cooking loss by about 22% while fat loss averages 30.2%. A reduction of 21.1% of 18:1 and a reduction of approximately 18.7% of total FAME and 32% cholesterol were observed due to the addition of TSP and SCP.
Hydrophobic Interactions in Complexes of Antimicrobial Peptides with Bacterial Polysaccharides
Authors: Kuo Hsin H. , Chan Celine , Burrows Lori L. , Deber Charles M.
Published: June 2007

Biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are responsible for chronic lung infections in cystic fibrosis patients, where they are characterized by overproduction of the exopolysaccharide alginate and are recalcitrant to treatment with conventional antibiotics. Cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAPs) are potential alternatives for the treatment of multi‐drug‐resistant P. aeruginosa. However, alginate in P. aeruginosa biofilms has been proposed to bind these peptides through hydrophobic interactions, consequently reducing their activity [Chan et al., J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 38749–38754]. Here we perform biophysical analyses of the interactions of alginate with a series of novel peptide antibiotics (α‐CAPs) of prototypic sequence KK‐AAAXAAAAAXAAWAAXAAA‐KKKK (where X = Phe, Trp or Leu). The hydrophobic interaction interface in alginate was investigated by examining (i) the effects of polysaccharide composition with respect to d‐mannuronate and l‐guluronate content; (ii) glycan chain length; (iii) α‐CAP Trp fluorescence; and (iv) 1‐anilinonaphthalene‐8‐sulfonate fluorescence. The results show that, while M and G residues produce equivalent effects, hydrophobic interactions between alginate and α‐CAPs require a minimal glycan chain length. Peptide interactions with alginate are deduced to be mediated by hydrophobic microdomains comprised of pyranosyl C–H groups that are inducible upon formation of α‐CAP–alginate complexes due to charge neutralization between the two species.
HYDROLOGIC STUDIES OF THE LOWER COLORADO RIVER REGION1
Authors: Olmsted F. H. , McDonald C. C.
Published: June 2007

Summary The Geological Survey in 1960 began a comprehensive study of the hydrology of the lower reaches of the main Colorado River valley from Davis Dam to the international boundary, and of certain adjacent areas that receive water from the river. The study includes an appraisal of the probable water supply available to the area, consumptive uses by crops, native vegetation, and evaporation, with greatest emphasis on the location and movement of ground water which may be available for development. Although final results of the study are not yet available, the objectives, scope, methods used, and some preliminary results are described.
REFORESTATION WITH CONIFERS ‐ ITS EFFECT ON STREAMFLOW IN CENTRAL NEW YORK1
Authors: Ayer Gordon R.
Published: June 2007

During the early 1930's, more than 340,000 acres of abandoned farmland in New York State were purchased by the State Conservation Department for the planting, growing, and harvesting of trees. Since then, this land has developed from a heavy cover of weeds and brush into dense coniferous woodlands with trees averaging well over 30 feet high.

Hydrologic data have been collected since 1932 in Central New York to determine the effect of the reforestation on streamflow. Data are available for three small partly reforested areas and for one non‐reforested control area.

Intensive statistical analyses of the data from the four study areas were made in 1958. It was determined at that time that significant reductions in total runoff had occurred which were attributed to increases in interception and transpiration. Reductions in peak discharges during the dormant season also were indicated which were attributed to increased interception and sublimation of snowfall, and gradual desynchronization of snowmelt runoff from the wooded and open areas of partly reforested watersheds.

Updating of the studies relating to peak discharges was completed in 1967 and indicated that no further changes in relative peaks had taken place since 1958. From this it is concluded that the influence exerted by the forest had become maximum by 1958 and has remained stable since then.
THE STATUS OF GEOHYDROLOGY IN INDIA
Authors: Chaterji G. C.
Published: June 2007

Geohydrological studies in India commenced as early as 1804, but were restricted to specific local problems. Groundwater investigations have formed a part of the regular activities of the Geological Survey of India since its inception in 1851. Until 1930, such studies were restricted mostly to problems of rural and urban water‐supply, and yielded valuable geohydrological information which formed the nucleus of the knowledge that exists today. Major expansion in this field occurred after independence; and systematic regional geohydrological studies began in the year 1953 with the inception of the All‐India Groundwater Exploration Project. Since then, during the three plan periods, groundwater exploration activities have spread all over the country, and the scale of investigation has increased manifold.
WATER RESOURCES OF MEXICO1
Authors: del Rodolfo Arenal C.
Published: June 2007

The aim of this paper, based fundamentally on the experiences and data obtained by staff members of the Secretaria de Recursos Hidráulicos, is to present a general view of the water resources of the Mexican territory. Unfortunately, there does not exist a rational and adequate distribution of those resources, due to a great number of factors, mainly natural, which we must control to attain a convenient rationalization to meet the requirements of a growing population and industry.
SOME EFFECTS OF MAN‐MADE CONTROLS IN THE UPPER REACHES OF A SMALL DRAINAGE BASIN
Authors: Shindala Adnan , Priest Melville S.
Published: June 2007

Governmental agencies have been instrumental in the construction of numerous dams and other control structures in the small watersheds of the State of Mississippi. Although some of the consequences are predictable, there are some effects which are not yet well defined. This paper concerns the physical effects of such works on a particular stream and its channel. As was anticipated, peak discharges appear to have been somewhat reduced. Changes in channel cross‐section depend, to some extent, upon location along the stream. However, there appears to have been a narrowing of the channel in that portion of the stream for which cross‐sections were available.
A STATISTICAL SIMULATION TECHNIQUE FOR NORTHERN NEW JERSEY MONTHLY PRECIPITATION1
Authors: Zwack Peter P. , Shulman Mark D. , Philpot John W.
Published: June 2007

A 30‐year record of monthly precipitation for Northern New Jersey was analyzed for its statistical components. With a weak annual periodicity eliminated, the series was found to be random. The data for each month were fit with a gamma distribution using Thom's suggested best estimates of the distribution parameters. A one‐thousand‐year simulated monthly precipitation series was generated using random values from the twelve gamma distributions. The statistical properties of the simulated and sample time series agreed well. Numerous anomalous precipitation regimes were observed in the simulated data.
LAKE EUTROPHICATION–A NATURAL PROCESS1
Authors: Greeson Phillip E.
Published: June 2007

Lake eutrophication is an economic, recreational, and aesthetic problem that affects every lake of the world. Eutrophication is the natural process of lake aging, and progresses irrespective of man's activities. Pollution, however, can hasten the natural rate of aging and shorten the life expectancy of a body of water. The eutrophication of a lake consists of the gradual progression from one life stage to another based on the degree of nourishment or productivity. The extinction of a lake is attributed to enrichment by nutritive materials, biological productivity, decay, and sedimentation. Presently used methods for retarding eutrophication are the abatement of cultural enrichment, treatment of eutrophic symptoms, and control of fundamental causes.
A NOTE ON AREAL RAINFALL DEFINITION
Authors: Hershfield David M.
Published: June 2007

A discussion is presented of the likely sources of error in defining areal rainfall on a storm basis. These include the instrumental error, sampling fluctuations over the area, and network density. The analysis of dense raingage data provides some perspective of the magnitude of the errors that might be encountered from the natural variability of rainfall. Except for one watershed in Arizona, the coefficient of variation, based on a sample of storm totals from the individual gages in various size areas, remains relatively constant with increasing area for a particular storm. The error due to rainfall variability over the area is probably the most important and must be considered in experiments which attempt to resolve small‐area hydrologic problems.
FORECASTING SNOW AND RAIN FOR THE NEW YORK CITY AREA USING THE METHOD OF ORDERED STATISTICS1
Authors: Greenway A. Roger , Shulman Mark D.
Published: June 2007

The occurrence of rain and snow for New York City is examined in relation to atmospheric parameters at three levels for four first order weather bureau stations. An objective forecasting guide is developed using order statistic properties. Incorporating surface and upper level data, the guide is a highly accurate forecast tool.
ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS RELATIVE TO WATER QUALITY1
Authors: Whipple William
Published: June 2007

Our immense national water quality control program has been launched on a wholly empirical basis, much as our ancestors initiated early navigation improvements and flood control. Not only has there been no effort to determine the benefits of water quality control; the theoretical groundwork for optimization has not been developed. Three main national objectives for consideration are national economic efficiency, preserving and improving the national environment for man's use and development (conservation), and regional development. Although popular at present, the regional development objective is not particularly useful from an economic viewpoint. Efficiency objectives other than environmental can be evaluated but are apt to be minor. Other water quality benefits can be broken down appropriately into four main categories: (a) man's recreational environment; (b) man's home environment; (c) man's working environment; (d) intangibles related to scientific, historic, health and cultural values. In management of water quality, various technical relationships must be considered, particularly as to quantity of water needed for waste disposal, and relationship of this use to water supply withdrawals. Advanced waste treatment must be compared with other alternatives, not only of flow augmentation, but also technological process changes, distribution of effluents, and artificial river aeration.
OWNERSHIP OF INTERNATIONAL WATERS1
Authors: Ferguson John A.
Published: June 2007

When the boundaries of nations cover the same watershed, who owns the border water? The answer to that question is the premise of this paper. A discussion of international water law is given. Implementing the law is portrayed in an outline for (1) administration, (2) a procedure for data collecting, and (3) a computer system for data processing and determining ownership of water for each country. Special situations are considered, and a conclusion developed. After international law between two countries has been established, determining the ownership of boundary water is both feasible and practical. A computer method is shown whereby this is accomplished. The unique aspect of the method is the fact that cooperation and mutual esteem between individuals of both countries are necessary in order to obtain results.
THE FREQUENCY AND INTENSITY OF WET AND DRY SEASONS AND THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIPS1
Authors: Hershfield David M.
Published: June 2007

The probabilities of wet‐ and dry‐day sequences (wet and dry periods) of various lengths were determined for several intensities. Intensity (or threshold) refers to the daily amount of rainfall in the sequence, i.e., for the dry sequences each day has no rain or less than a given amount, whereas for the wet sequences, each day has an amount equal to or greater than a given amount.

Dry‐ and wet‐day sequences were studied from actual records of daily precipitation from 35 stations, most of which are east of Denver, for the purpose of describing their statistical distribution. The geometric distribution is shown to represent the variation in the length of wet‐day sequences. It had previously been demonstrated that the cumulative distribution function provides a reasonable description of the frequencies of dry‐day sequences up to at least 20 days. The results are identical to those derived from a simple Markov chain model. A relationship is presented which can be used with published data to obtain the one parameter required for the geometric distribution. The average relationship between this one parameter for both the wet and dry sequences is presented. Another illustration displays the relationship between the variability of annual rainfall and the total number of dry (or wet) sequences as a function of the annual number of precipitation days. In general, the larger the number of rain days, the less variability in the annual rainfall totals from year to year and the larger the number of dry (or wet) sequences. Examples are presented which show the probabilities of occurrence associated with recent dry periods in Minnesota and the Washington, D.C., area.
THE WATERSHED IN PRINCIPLE1
Authors: Black Peter E.
Published: June 2007

Three fundamental concepts linking drainage basin characteristics, stream behavior, and management of watersheds are deduced from field data and observations. An electrical analogy of a watershed clarifies definitions and broadens understanding of this complex natural resource. The three basic principles deal with (1) the interrelationships of watershed morphology, constitution, and appearance; (2) the nature of the control man can exert over runoff‐influencing forces, and (3) the efficiency of watershed management efforts. Recognition of these principles can assist educators, managers, planners and researchers to more fully inform students and to more effectively guide and evaluate management decisions.
SIMULATION OF SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL CHANGES IN WATER QUALITY WITHIN A HYDROLOGIC UNIT1
Authors: Dixon N. , Hendricks D. W.
Published: June 2007

Water quality must be considered in the development and planning aspects of water resource management. To accomplish this, the decision‐maker needs to have at his disposal a systematized procedure for simulating water quality changes in both time and space. The simulation model should be capable of representing changes in several parameters of water quality as they are influenced by natural and human factors impinging on the hydrologic system.

The objective of this work is two‐fold. The first goal is to demonstrate the feasibility of developing and utilizing a water quality simulation model in conjunction with a hydrologic simulation model. The model represents water quality changes in both time and space in response to changing atmospheric and hydrologic conditions and time‐varying waste discharges at various points in the system. This model has been developed from and verified with actual field data from a prototype system selected for this purpose. The second aim is to set forth procedural guidelines to assist in the development of water quality simulation models as tools for use in the quality‐quantity management of a hydrologic unit.