bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accuracy of Skeletal Age Assessment in Children From Birth to 6 Years of Age With the Ultrasonographic Version of the Greulich‐Pyle Atlas
Authors: Bilgili Yasemin , Hizel Selda , Kara Simay Altan , Sanli Cihat , Erdal Haydar Hüseyin , Altinok Deniz
Published: January 2017

Objectives. For the evaluation of skeletal age, the methods of Greulich‐Pyle and Tanner‐Whitehouse are generally used in clinical practice. Our investigation was undertaken to determine whether the ultrasonographic version of the Greulich‐Pyle atlas is capable of assessing skeletal age. If so, we aimed to describe the standards for the ultrasonographic version of the Greulich‐Pyle atlas for each year during the first 6 years of life. Methods. Ninety‐seven subjects underwent left hand and wrist radiography and ultrasonographic examination for bone age assessment during a 1.5‐year study. Estimated bone ages derived from the plain radiography and “hand and wrist ultrasonography charts” interpreted by use of the Greulich‐Pyle atlas were compared statistically. Results.The estimated bone ages from plain radiography and hand and wrist ultrasonography charts interpreted by use of the Greulich‐Pyle atlas were significantly correlated; 71.1% of male patients had the same age in both methods, and in 84.4% of patients, the difference was less than 6 months. In 65.5% of female patients, both methods revealed the same age, and in 88.5% of them, the difference was less then 6 months. Conclusions. The ultrasonographic version of the Greulich‐Pyle atlas can be used to estimate bone age even in ultrasonography departments. This method is highly correlated and a valid alternative to plain radiography for bone age estimation. This enables estimation of skeletal age in ultrasonography departments easily without exposing the patient to radiation.
Percutaneous Sonographically Guided Treatment of Hydatid Cysts in Sheep
Authors: Paksoy Yahya , Ödev Kemal , Şahin Mustafa , Dik Bilal , Ergül Recep , Arslan Ahmet
Published: January 2017

Objective. The purpose of this study was to investigate the scolicidal effect of intracystic injection of benzimidazolic solutions in naturally infected sheep with hydatid disease. Methods. Twenty‐four sheep with 37 hydatid cysts were included in this study for percutaneous treatment with benzimidazolic solutions. The animals were divided into 3 groups: group I, treatment group with mebendazole; group II, treatment group with albendazole; and group III, control group with distilled water. All solutions were given percutaneously under sonographic guidance. Cyst contents were aspirated with a needle, and then scolicidal solutions were injected into the cysts; reaspiration was not done. Routine follow‐up sonographic images were taken on the 15th day after treatment, then once per month for 3 months, and then at 3‐month intervals thereafter. At the 1‐month follow‐up, the percutaneous aspirate yielded orange juice–like material containing necrotic debris without living scolices. Results. Sonography showed a reduction in cyst size in the benzimidazolic groups (groups I and II) and progressive changes in echo patterns. An anaphylactic reaction was observed during the procedure in 1 animal. After 12 months of sonographic follow‐up, the animals in all groups were killed, and macroscopic and microscopic changes in tissue samples were evaluated. At autopsy, no cysts with living scolices were found in the benzimidazolic groups, and the appearance of the treated cysts was different from that of those in the control group. Microscopic examination showed the degeneration, necrosis, and thickening of the cyst walls in the treatment groups. Conclusions. Intracystic injection of benzimidazolic solutions as scolicidal agents may be used for percutaneous treatment of hepatic hydatid cysts in sheep.
Percutaneous Ultrasonographically Guided Thrombin Injection of Iatrogenic Pseudoaneurysms in Unusual Sites
Authors: Ghersin Eduard , Karram Tony , Gaitini Diana , Ofer Amos , Nitecki Samy , Schwarz Henry , Hoffman Aaron , Engel Ahuva
Published: January 2017

Objectives. To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of percutaneous ultrasonographically guided thrombin injection as treatment of unusually positioned and unusually large iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms. Methods. Five patients with iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms were evaluated by color duplex ultrasonography. Two patients had additional digital angiography, and 2 had additional computed tomographic angiography. In 3 of the patients, large, painful iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms located proximal (2 patients) and distal (1 patient) to the arteriovenous hemodialysis fistulas had developed, most likely due to erroneous puncture of the arterial side (brachial artery) or venous side (cephalic vein) of the fistulas. An iatrogenic pseudoaneurysm of the anterior tibial artery had developed in the fourth patient after osteotomy of the fibula, and an iatrogenic pseudoaneurysm of the superficial femoral artery had developed in the fifth patient after erroneous puncture during venous transfemoral angiography. With a sterile technique and color duplex ultrasonographic guidance, a diluted solution of bovine thrombin was slowly injected directly into the iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms until cessation of blood flow was seen. Follow‐up color duplex ultrasonography was performed 24 to 48 hours after the ultrasonographically guided thrombin injection. Results. Four iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms were successfully thrombosed during 1 session. Two large iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms necessitated multiple repositions of the injecting needle and several injections of small amounts of thrombin into the residual patent lumen to induce complete thrombosis without an appreciable increase in the total thrombin dosage. Follow‐up examinations revealed complete and persistent thrombosis without evidence of distal embolization. One iatrogenic pseudoaneurysm involving the cephalic vein, distal to an arteriovenous hemodialysis fistula, recurred after apparently successful initial thrombosis. Conclusions. Most iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms are amenable to ultrasonographically guided thrombin injection as long as they are imaged adequately by color duplex ultrasonography.
Radiosensitivity of Rat Mammary Tumors Correlates With Early Vessel Changes Assessed by Power Doppler Sonography
Authors: Denis Fabrice , Bougnoux Philippe , Paon Lénaïc , le Floch Olivier , Tranquart François
Published: January 2017

Objective. To investigate the changes occurring in the vascularization of tumors during irradiation, we used a model of autochthonous mammary tumors in rats and assessed early vascular changes after irradiation by power Doppler sonography. Methods. Mammary tumors were induced in 24 female Sprague Dawley rats by a single subcutaneous injection of N‐nitroso N‐methyl urea. After tumor areas reached 1 cm2, the animals received a single fraction of 18‐Gy radiation or intraperitoneal saline injection. Power Doppler sonographic quantification of detected vessels was performed 1 day before irradiation and 7 days after the use of a power Doppler index of 5 different tumor imaging planes. Final tumor shrinkage was compared with early changes in the power Doppler index. Not all tumors regressed in a similar fashion. Radiosensitive tumors were defined as tumors with a greater than 50% decrease in baseline area 28 days after irradiation, whereas radioresistant tumors were tumors with a less than 50% decrease in baseline area. Statistical analysis was performed by the Mann‐Whitney U test. Results. Tumor area changes were similar in radioresistant and radiosensitive tumors 7 days after irradiation (–41% and –35%, respectively; P > .05, not significant), whereas reduction in the power Doppler index was significantly greater in radiosensitive tumors (mean value, –63%) than in radioresistant tumors (mean value, –12%) (P = .001). Late tumor regrowth was correlated with day 7 power Doppler index changes (P = .009). A 40% reduction in the power Doppler index at day 7 distinguished 8 of 9 radiosensitive tumors and 8 of 9 radioresistant tumors (P = .003). Conclusions. This study suggests that early changes in tumor perfusion as assessed by power Doppler sonography after tumor irradiation may precede the long‐term tumor regression.
Endothelial Cell Injury and Platelet Aggregation Induced by Contrast Ultrasonography in the Rat Hepatic Sinusoid
Authors: Shigeta Kouichirou , Itoh Kouichi , Ookawara Shigeo , Taniguchi Nobuyuki , Omoto Kiyoka
Published: January 2017

Objective. To determine whether contrast ultrasonography can affect the sinusoidal cells and platelets of the liver by using ultrastructural analysis in vivo. Methods. Fifteen Wistar rats were placed into the following 5 groups of 3 rats each: 3 control groups comprising a sham operation group, a contrast agent injection‐alone group, and an ultrasound exposure‐alone group; and 2 contrast agent injection with ultrasound exposure groups, split according to excision time. After a dose of an echo contrast agent (100 mg/kg of body weight) was administered through the femoral vein, the rats that received injections were subjected to ultrasound for the first minute, no ultrasound for the next 4 minutes, and then ultrasound sweep scanning for 10 seconds. The rats were perfused via the heart with cold physiologic saline containing 2% paraformaldehyde and 2.5% glutaraldehyde solution buffered with 0.1‐mol/L phosphate. The livers of the rats in 4 of the groups were excised immediately. The livers of the rats in 1 of the 2 contrast agent with ultrasound exposure groups were excised by the same procedure 5 hours after they received the injections. All specimens were studied with light and electron microscopy. Results. Platelet aggregation and injury to endothelial cells were more severe in the contrast agent injection and ultrasound exposure groups than in the other groups. Conclusions. Contrast ultrasonography can cause platelet aggregation and endothelial cell damage in the rat hepatic sinusoid.
Fetal Nasal Bone Length in Euploid and Aneuploid Fetuses Between 11 and 20 Weeks' Gestation
Authors: Cusick William , Provenzano Jacquelyn , Sullivan Christopher A. , Gallousis Francene M. , Rodis John F.
Published: January 2017

Objective. To develop normative data for nasal bone length between 11 and 20 weeks' gestation and to assess the utility of nasal bone hypoplasia in the detection of fetal aneuploidy in the second trimester. Methods. Well‐dated, nonanomalous fetuses were examined between 11 and 20.9 weeks' gestation. The nasal bone was assessed and measured, and normative data from 11 to 20 weeks' gestation were determined. The nasal bone lengths in fetuses with confirmed aneuploidy were compared with the normative data. Results. The fetal nasal bone length increased linearly with advancing gestational age. Nomograms including the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles were created. Nasal bone hypoplasia was seen in 6 of 6 cases of fetal trisomy in the second trimester. Conclusions. Nasal bone hypoplasia in the early second trimester identifies a cohort of fetuses at high risk for aneuploidy.
Sonographic Mimics of Renal Calculi
Authors: Durr-e-Sabih  , Khan Ali Nawaz , Craig Marveen , Worrall Joseph A.
Published: January 2017

Objectives. To review sonographic findings that can mimic renal calculi. Methods. We comment on a number of echoes that can mimic renal calculi. Results. There are a number of sonographic renal artifacts, vascular and nonvascular, that may confound a correct diagnosis. Conclusions. Awareness of these potential artifacts will result in a more specific sonographic examination and will accurately guide the referring physician toward appropriate patient treatment. The importance of other imaging modalities is also emphasized to ensure that a correct diagnosis is obtained whenever the sonographic findings are inconclusive.
Sonographically Guided Minimally Invasive Treatment of Unusual Ectopic Pregnancies
Authors: Doubilet Peter M. , Benson Carol B. , Frates Mary C. , Ginsburg Elizabeth
Published: January 2017

Objective. To present our experience with sonographically guided treatment of unusual ectopic pregnancies, defined as heterotopic pregnancies and pregnancies occurring at ectopic locations other than the extracornual portion of the fallopian tube. Methods. We retrieved and reviewed all cases of unusual ectopic pregnancies that underwent sonographically guided therapy at our institution. Twenty‐seven cases were identified, from 1992 through 2003, including 18 cervical, 6 cornual, 1 tubal heterotopic, and 2 cesarean scar implantations. Results. All of the cervical ectopic, cornual ectopic, and tubal heterotopic pregnancies were treated by sonographically guided injection of potassium chloride into the ectopic gestational sac or fetus. Guidance was via transvaginal sonography in all 18 cervical pregnancies, 3 of the 6 cornual pregnancies, and the tubal heterotopic pregnancy, and via transabdominal sonography in 3 cornual ectopic pregnancies. One of the cesarean scar pregnancies was treated by transvaginally guided potassium chloride injection, and the other was treated via transabdominally guided dilation and evacuation. Treatment was successful in 25 of the 27 patients, including all 23 patients with an ectopic pregnancy and no concomitant intrauterine pregnancy. Four patients had concomitant intrauterine and ectopic pregnancies (1 cervical, 2 cornual, and 1 tubal); in 3 the intrauterine fetuses resulted in live‐born infants, and in the fourth the intrauterine pregnancy was electively terminated. Eight of the 27 patients had subsequent intrauterine pregnancies. Conclusions. Sonographically guided minimally invasive treatments of unusual ectopic pregnancies are safe and effective alternatives to surgical and systemic medical therapy. These treatments ablate the ectopic pregnancy, permit normal continuation of a concomitant intrauterine pregnancy, and preserve the uterus for subsequent pregnancies.
Transvaginal Ultrasonography for Cervical Assessment Before Induction of Labor
Authors: Yang Soon Ha , Roh Cheong Rae , Kim Jong Hwa
Published: January 2017

Objective. To evaluate the value of ultrasonographic cervical assessment in predicting the outcome of labor induction and to compare its performance against the Bishop score. Methods. The Bishop score was determined by digital examination, and transvaginal ultrasonography was performed in 105 women at 37 to 42 weeks' gestation scheduled for labor induction. Ultrasonographic parameters evaluated were cervical length, the presence of funneling, funnel width, and funnel length and were blinded to managing physicians. The primary outcome was the occurrence of active labor within 2 days (successful labor induction). The interval from the onset of induction to active labor (duration of induction) was the secondary outcome. Statistical analysis was performed by the χ2 test, Wilcoxon rank sum test, Pearson correlation, receiver operating characteristic curves, logistic regression, Cox proportional hazards model, and generalized Wilcoxon test for survival data. Results. Induction of labor was successful in 93 women (89%). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for cervical length was greater than that of the Bishop score in predicting a successful labor induction (z = 2.18; P < .05). A cervical length of 3.0 cm or less had sensitivity of 75% (70 of 93) and specificity of 83% (10 of 12). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed a significant relationship between successful labor induction and cervical length but not the Bishop score (odds ratio = 0.24; 95% confidence interval, 0.096–0.59; P = .002). Only parity and cervical length had a significantly independent relationship with the duration of induction. Conclusions. Cervical length measured by transvaginal ultrasonography is a useful and independent predictor of successful labor induction and the duration of induction and provides better predictability of successful labor induction than the Bishop score does.
Utility and Safety of Ultrasound‐Guided Fine‐Needle Aspiration of Salivary Gland Masses Including a Cytologist's Review
Authors: Siewert Bettina , Kruskal Jonathan B. , Kelly Denis , Sosna Jacob , Kane Robert A.
Published: January 2017

Objective. To evaluate the utility and safety of ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration of the salivary glands for diagnosis of focal masses in the salivary glands, including the prevalence of nondiagnostic sampling, the impact of the presence of a cytologist during the procedure, and the usefulness of flow cytometry. Methods. A retrospective analysis of 43 ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspirations of the salivary glands from 36 lesions in 33 patients was performed. Fine‐needle aspirations were obtained under sonographic guidance, and 1 to 6 punctures were made with 20‐ to 25‐gauge needles. Ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspirations obtained in the presence of a cytologist were compared with those performed without a cytologist regarding the adequacy of the specimen and the number of punctures performed. Postprocedural complications and the frequency with which flow cytometry was performed were noted. Cytopathologic diagnosis was correlated with clinical follow‐up (n = 33) and surgical pathologic findings (n = 10). Results. Cytologic diagnosis was made in 31 (94%) of 33 patients, confirming a neoplastic process in 18 (50%) of 36 and a non‐neoplastic process in 16 (44%) of 36. Although the presence of a cytologist at the bedside resulted in a higher prevalence of diagnostic sampling (P < .05), it did not alter the number of punctures performed (mean, 3 punctures). No complications were encountered except for pain in 2 patients. Flow cytometry was helpful in 8 (22%) of 36 patients. Conclusions. Ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration of the salivary glands is a safe procedure with a low prevalence of nondiagnostic sampling. Approximately 44% of patients can be spared surgical intervention through diagnosis of a non‐neoplastic process. The presence of a cytologist increases the likelihood of obtaining a diagnostic sample. Flow cytometry was helpful in 22% of patients.
Sonographic Duplication Artifact of the Spinal Cord in Infants and Children
Authors: Austin Matthew J. , Gerscovich Eugenio O. , Fogata Maria , Gillen Marijo A. , Bijan Bijan
Published: January 2017

Objective. To describe the features of sonographic duplication artifacts that we have occasionally seen when imaging the spinal cord of infants and children, mostly with postrepair myelomeningocele. Methods. Sonography of the spine was performed for the evaluation of neonates with suspected spinal cord abnormalities and of older children in the follow‐up of postrepair open‐spine defects. Results. Each of our patients had a single spinal cord, but the duplication artifact was seen with 2 brands of scanners and with both linear array and vector array transducers. Conclusions. The finding of duplication artifacts when imaging the spinal cord of infants and children should be recognized as such and should not be misinterpreted as representing diastematomyelia or diplomyelia.
Sonographic Follow‐up After Visceral Artery Stenting
Authors: Morvay Zita , Nagy Endre , Bagi Róbert , Ábrahám Gyorgy , Sipka Róbert , Palkó András
Published: January 2017

Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sonographic features of stents and the flow parameters of the visceral arteries after stent implantation. Methods. Since 1996, 34 stenoses of the visceral arteries (2 mesenteric, 4 celiac trunk, and 28 renal arteries) in 28 patients have been treated with metallic stent implantation in the Department of Radiology of Szeged Medical University. All these patients were regularly followed sonographically. For the diagnosis of restenosis, previously published criteria were used. Results. All the mesenteric and celiac stents could be visualized, but none of the renal stents were clearly seen sonographically. The flow parameters could be established in all cases. Sonographic examination revealed 1 occlusion, 2 restenoses, and 1 stent displacement. All these abnormalities were confirmed by other imaging modalities. Conclusions. Sonography is a useful tool in the follow‐up of patients after visceral artery stenting. Despite the fact that none of the renal artery stents were visualized directly, the flow parameters could be evaluated, and the pathologic changes were found.
Value of 3‐Dimensional Transrectal/ Transvaginal Sonography in Diagnosis of Distal Ureteral Calculi
Authors: Mitterberger Michael , Pinggera Germar Michael , Maier Elisabeth , Neuwirt Hannes , Neururer Richard , Pallwein Leo , Gradl Johannes , Bartsch Georg , Strasser Hannes , Frauscher Ferdinand
Published: January 2017

Objectives

In a prospective study, the feasibility of 3‐dimensional (3D) transrectal/transvaginal sonography in comparison with transabdominal sonography and intravenous urography (IVU) in identifying distal ureteral calculi was evaluated.

Methods

Sixty‐two patients in the urologic clinic with clinical suspicion of distal ureteral calculi were included. The patients consisted of 44 men and 18 women with a mean age ± SD of 44 ± 17 years. These patients underwent 3D transrectal/transvaginal sonography, transabdominal sonography with IVU, and, finally, ureterorenoscopy.

Results

Fifty‐nine patients were confirmed to have distal ureteral calculi on the basis of urologic intervention (ureterorenoscopy). Three patients had a spontaneous stone passage immediately after imaging completion. The median size of the calculi was 3.7 ± 2.00 mm. Transabdominal sonography detected 34 of the 62 patients with calculi (sensitivity, 55%). The median size of the calculi was calculated as 5.0 ± 2.4 mm. The examination time was 6.5 ± 2.7 minutes. Intravenous urography detected 44 of the 62 patients with ureterolithiasis (sensitivity, 71%). Herein, the median stone size was measured as 3.9 ± 1.9 mm, and the examination time was 38 ± 17 minutes. The combination of transabdominal sonography and IVU in visualization of ureterolithiasis raised the sensitivity to 81% (50 of 62 patients). Three‐dimensional transrectal/transvaginal sonography showed ureterolithiasis in all 62 patients confirmed to have distal ureteral calculi (sensitivity and specificity, 100%). The median size of the calculi was calculated as 4.4 ± 2.2 mm, and the examination took 1.9 ± 0.6 minutes.

Conclusions

The data in our prospective study show that transrectal/transvaginal sonography with 3D image assessment is superior to IVU and abdominal sonography for diagnosing distal ureteral calculi.
Sonographic Findings in Trisomy 9
Authors: Schwendemann Wade D. , Contag Stephen A. , Wax Joseph R. , Miller Richard C. , Polzin William J. , Koty Patrick P. , Watson William J.
Published: January 2017

Objective. The purpose of this study was to identify the most common prenatal sonographic findings in fetuses with complete trisomy 9. Methods. A retrospective review of all cases of trisomy 9 at 5 participating institutions over a 15‐year interval was conducted. Indications for referral and sonographic findings in each case were reviewed to identify characteristic fetal structural anomalies. Results. Six cases of trisomy 9 are presented. Most patients were referred for abnormal sonographic findings on screening examinations (66%) or advanced maternal age (33%). Fetal heart defects and central nervous system malformations were the most frequent sonographic anomalies seen. Conclusions. Sonographic findings in trisomy 9 are similar to those found in other autosomal trisomies. Because trisomy 9 is uniformly lethal and is not included as part of the standard prenatal aneuploidy screening by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis, clinicians should be cautious in counseling patients with structurally abnormal fetuses until the full karyotype is available.
Retained Products of Conception
Authors: Kamaya Aya , Petrovitch Ivan , Chen Bertha , Frederick Carrie E. , Jeffrey R. Brooke
Published: January 2017

Objective. The purpose of this study was to characterize color Doppler imaging features of retained products of conception (RPOC) with gray scale correlation. Methods. Clinically suspected cases of RPOC between January 2005 and February 2008 were reviewed. Patient data and relevant color Doppler and gray scale features were recorded. Results. A total of 269 patients referred for sonographic evaluation for RPOC were identified. Thirty‐five patients had confirmed pathologic diagnoses, 28 of whom had RPOC. In those with RPOC, 5 (18%) were avascular (type 0); 6 (21%) had minimal vascularity (type 1); 12 (43%) had moderate vascularity (type 2); and 5 (18%) had marked vascularity (type 3). Peak systolic velocities ranged from 10 to 108 cm/s (average, 36.1 cm/s). Resistive indices in arterial waveforms ranged from 0.33 to 0.7 (average, 0.5). Five (45%) of the patients with type 0 vascularity had RPOC; 6 (86%) of those with type 1 had RPOC; and 17 (100%) of those with types 2 and 3 had RPOC. An echogenic mass had a moderate positive predictive value (80%) but low sensitivity (29%) for RPOC. Conclusions. Color Doppler evaluation of the endometrium is helpful in determining the presence of RPOC. Endometrial vascularity is highly correlated with RPOC, whereas the lack of vascularity can be seen in both intrauterine clots and avascular RPOC.
Three‐Dimensional Power Doppler Angiography of Cyclic Ovarian Blood Flow
Authors: Hope Joanie Mayer , Long Kara , Kudla Marek , Arslan Alan , Tsymbal Tatiana , Strok Irina , Timor-Tritsch Ilan E.
Published: January 2017

Objective. The purpose of this study was to assess the vascular indices generated by 3‐dimensional (3D) power Doppler angiography by evaluating the cyclic changes in the vascularity of normal ovaries, including those that were ovulating, nonovulating, and hormonally suppressed. Methods. In this prospective longitudinal observational study, a cohort of premenopausal regularly menstruating women with no known ovarian disease underwent 3D power Doppler imaging every 2 to 3 days for the duration of 1 menstrual cycle. Four indices were generated: vascularization index (VI), flow index (FI), vascularization‐flow index (VFI), and mean grayness. Comparisons of vascularity were made between ovulating, nonovulating, and hormonally suppressed ovaries. Normal ranges were established and graphed longitudinally. Results. Eighteen participants (36 ovaries) ages 28 to 45 years underwent an average of 10 examinations, yielding 368 acquired ovarian volumes for analysis. Seven participants used hormonal contraception. The VI, FI, and VFI were closely correlated (Pearson product moment correlation coefficients, 0.52–0.95). The vascular indices of ovulating ovaries were significantly higher than those of nonovulating ovaries (VI, FI, and VFI, all P < .001), with the largest discrepancies during the luteal phase. Hormonally suppressed ovaries had significantly lower vascularity throughout the cycle (VI, P < .002; FI, P < .001; VFI, P < .007). The vascular indices of all groups appeared to drop during the late follicular period and then rise again. Conclusions. The VI would suffice as the principal vascular parameter for 3D power Doppler analysis. Preovulatory scans may be more useful for distinguishing pathologic vascularization. Hormonally suppressed ovaries have significantly lower vascularity throughout the cycle. Normal‐appearing ovaries with vascular indices above the normal ranges established by these data may warrant further investigation.
Postabortion Doppler Evaluation of the Uterus
Authors: Müngen Ercüment , Dundar Özgür , Babacan Ali
Published: January 2017

Objective. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence and causes of uterine hypervascular lesions showing low‐impedance, high‐velocity flow on color Doppler sonography (CDS) after first‐trimester dilation and curettage (D&C). Methods. This was a prospective study of 65 consecutive women who underwent first‐trimester termination of pregnancy. Color Doppler sonography of the uterus was performed on days 3 and 10 after D&C. If the myometrial hypervascularity (MH) persisted on day 10, a second D&C was performed, and then the patients were followed with weekly Doppler examinations. Results. In 16 of 65 women (24.6%), MH was detected with CDS on day 3 after D&C. In 3 cases, MH resolved spontaneously by postabortion day 10. In the remaining 13 patients, the second D&C performed on day 10 revealed retained products of conception (RPOC) in 8 patients (61.5%), a hydatidiform mole in 2 (15.4%), endometritis in 1 (7.7%), and no abnormality in 2 (15.4%). Complete resolution of the MH occurred in all cases. The mean period to the resolution of MH after the second D&C ± SD was 16.54 ± 11.06 days (range, 7–48 days). Univariate analysis revealed that gestational age at D&C (P = .012) and a history of any uterine surgery (P = .044) were significantly associated with postabortion MH. On binary logistic regression analysis, gestational age at D&C was the only independent predictive factor for MH (P = .016; odds ratio, 1.47; 95% confidence interval, 1.08–2.02). Conclusions. The presence of hypervascular areas within the myometrium is a common finding in the postabortion period, and in most cases, the cause of this finding is RPOC.
Supratentorial Abnormalities in the Chiari II Malformation, III
Authors: Wong Suzanne K. , Barkovich A. James , Callen Andrew L. , Filly Roy A.
Published: January 2017

Objective. Our clinical observations noted an interhemispheric “cyst,” a protrusion of the posterior superior third ventricle, in fetuses with myelomeningocele (MMC). The study analyzed the frequency of this observation and features that influence its visualization. Methods. We searched for cases of fetal MMC sonographically detected between 1999 and 2007. Intracranial findings were retrospectively reviewed with attention to the interhemispheric cistern. Additionally, we reviewed 25 fetuses without a central nervous system anomaly and 10 fetuses with ventriculomegaly but no MMC. Results. Among 89 fetuses identified, the mean gestational age was 22 weeks 4 days. Thirty‐eight (43%) had an interhemispheric cyst. The frequency was similar on sonograms judged to be well visualized compared with studies judged to be suboptimally visualized. The degree of ventriculomegaly, timing of diagnosis, and severity of the Chiari II malformation did not appear to influence the frequency of the finding. Among fetuses without a central nervous system anomaly, no interhemispheric cysts were detected; a cyst was detected in 1 of 10 fetuses with ventriculomegaly. Interhemispheric cysts were more likely to be detected in fetuses with the Chiari II malformation than fetuses with ventriculomegaly but without the Chiari II malformation (P = .04). Conclusions. Interhemispheric cysts are a common supratentorial feature of the Chiari II malformation. Their presence appears to be unrelated to other features of the Chiari II malformation. Although interhemispheric cysts are seen in other abnormal fetuses, their striking prevalence in the Chiari II malformation should lead to a thorough examination for MMC.
Large‐scale InSAR monitoring of permafrost freeze‐thaw cycles on the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Daout Simon , Doin Marie‐Pierre , Peltzer Gilles , Socquet Anne , Lasserre Cécile
Published: January 2017

Multitemporal interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) observations are used to characterize spatial variations of the permafrost active layer and its temporal evolution in Northwestern Tibet. We develop a method to enhance InSAR performances for such difficult terrain conditions and construct an 8 year timeline of the surface deformation over a 60,000 km2 area. The ground movement induced by the active layer's response to climate forcing is limited to Cenozoic sedimentary basins and is spatially variable in both its seasonal amplitude (2.5–12 mm) and multiannual trend (−2 to 3 mm/yr). A degree‐day integrated model adjusted to the data indicates that subsidence occurs when the surface temperature exceeds zero (May to October) over areas where seasonal movements are large (>8 mm). The period of subsidence is delayed by 1–2 months over areas where smaller seasonal movements are observed, suggesting an unsaturated soil where water occurs in the deeper part of the active layer.
Contributions of physical and biogeochemical processes to phytoplankton biomass enhancement in the surface and subsurface layers during the passage of Typhoon Damrey
Authors: Pan Shanshan , Shi Jie , Gao Huiwang , Guo Xinyu , Yao Xiaohong , Gong Xiang
Published: January 2017

In this study, a one‐dimensional physical‐biogeochemical coupled model was established to investigate the responses of the upper ocean to Typhoon Damrey in the basin area of the South China Sea. The surface chlorophyll a concentration (Chl a) increased rapidly from 0.07 to 0.17 mg m−3 when the typhoon arrived and then gradually reached a peak of 0.61 mg m−3 after the typhoon's passage. The subsurface Chl a decreased from 0.34 to 0.17 mg m−3 as the typhoon arrived and then increased gradually to 0.71 mg m−3. Analyses of model results indicated that the initial rapid increase in the surface Chl a and the decrease in the subsurface Chl a were caused mainly by physical process (vertical mixing), whereas the subsequent gradual increases in the Chl a in both the surface and subsurface layers were due mainly to biogeochemical processes (net growth of phytoplankton). The gradual increase in the Chl a lasted for longer in the subsurface layer than in the surface layer. Typhoon Damrey yielded an integrated primary production (IPP) of 6.5 × 103 mg C m−2 (~14% of the annual IPP in this region).
Lattice Materials with Reversible Foldability
Authors: Ebrahimi Hamid , Mousanezhad Davood , Haghpanah Babak , Ghosh Ranajay , Vaziri Ashkan
Published: January 2017

The authors introduce a new class of lattice materials, where a controlled simultaneous folding of the lattice walls results in a significant size reduction while preserving the overall shape of the original lattice. This reversible folding scheme results in 67 and 50% reduction in size at each level for lattices with triangular and square grid topologies, respectively, while the design enables multiple levels of folding to achieve a desired final size. The authors study the elastic properties and the phononic band structure of the lattice at different stages of folding, using analytical and finite element methods. The proposed concept provides new opportunities for the development of multifunctional deployable structures through significant changes in the size and properties of lattice materials by folding.
Influence of Heat Treatment on Microstructure Stability and Mechanical Properties of a Carbide‐Free Bainitic Steel
Authors: Hofer Christina , Primig Sophie , Clemens Helmut , Winkelhofer Florian , Schnitzer Ronald
Published: January 2017

Carbide‐free bainitic steels represent attractive candidates for the automotive industry to meet the conflicting requirements of increasing safety and decreasing vehicle weight. Their fine‐grained multi‐phase microstructure enables a well‐balanced combination of high strength and ductility. To identify and characterize all phases in dependence of the isothermal transformation temperature, metallographic and high‐resolution techniques are applied. The stability of the individual phases is evaluated based on their C concentration determined by atom probe tomography and, subsequently, linked to the mechanical properties.
Open Celled Porous Titanium
Authors: Shbeh Mohammed Menhal , Goodall Russell
Published: January 2017

Among the porous metals, those made of titanium attract particular attention due to the interesting properties of this element. This review examines the state of research understanding and technological development of these materials, in terms of processing capability, resultant structure and properties, and the most advanced applications under development. The impact of the rise of additive manufacturing techniques on these materials is discussed, along with the likely future directions required for these materials to find practical applications on a large scale.
Toward Sensitive Room‐Temperature Broadband Detection from Infrared to Terahertz with Antenna‐Integrated Black Phosphorus Photoconductor
Authors: Wang Lin , Liu Changlong , Chen Xiaoshuang , Zhou Jing , Hu Weida , Wang Xiaofang , Li Jinhua , Tang Weiwei , Yu Anqi , Wang Shao‐Wei , Lu Wei
Published: January 2017

Graphene‐like two‐dimensional materials (graphene, transition‐metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs)) have received extraordinary attention owing to their rich physics and potential applications in building nanoelectronic and nanophotonic devices. Recent works have concentrated on increasing the responsivity and extending the operation range to longer wavelengths. However, the weak absorption of gapless graphene, and the large bandgap (>1 eV) and low mobility in TMDCs have limited their spectral usage to only a narrow range in the visible spectrum. In this work, we demonstrate for the first time a high‐performance, antenna‐integrated, black phosphorus (BP)‐based photoconductor with ultra‐broadband detection from the infrared to terahertz frequencies. The good trade‐off between the moderate bandgap and good mobility results in a broad spectral absorption that is superior to that of graphene. Different photoconductive mechanisms, such as photothermoelectric (PTE), bolometric, and electron–hole generation can be distinguished depending on the device geometry, incident wavelength, and power. Especially, the photoconductive response remains highly efficient, even when the photon energy is extended to the terahertz (THz) band at room temperature, which is driven by the thermoelectric‐induced well. The proposed photodetectors have a superior performance with an excellent sensitivity of over 300 V W−1, low noise equivalent power (NEP) (smaller than 1 nW Hz−0.5 (10 pW Hz−0.5) with respect to the incident (absorbed) power), and fast response, all of which play key roles in multispectral biological imaging, remote sensing, and optical communications.
Catalytic Asymmetric 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of β‐Fluoroalkylated α,β‐Unsaturated 2‐Pyridylsulfones with Nitrones for Chiral Fluoroalkylated Isoxazolidines and γ‐Amino Alcohols
Authors: Yang Xing , Cheng Feng , Kou Ying‐Da , Pang Shuai , Shen Yong‐Cun , Huang Yi‐Yong , Shibata Norio
Published: January 2017

2‐Pyridylsulfone‐ and fluoroalkylated group‐activated olefins underwent highly efficient diastereo‐ and enantioselective 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions across various aromatic and aliphatic nitrones in the presence of a chiral NiII/bis(oxazoline) catalyst. The process was tuned by 4 Å molecular sieves, chiral bis(oxazoline) ligands, reaction solvents, and temperature. A wide array of optically pure fluoroalkylated isoxazolidines were obtained, thus facilitating the asymmetric synthesis of an enantioenriched α‐trifluoromethylated γ‐amino alcohol in gram‐scale and a trifluoromethylated derivative of 1,3‐oxazinan‐2‐one with potential pharmaceutical interest. A stereochemical model, based on the absolute configuration of one adduct and some control experiments, was postulated to account for the observed endo‐ and enantioselectivity.
Photoredox‐induzierte stereoselektive desaromatisierende radikalische (4+2)‐Cyclisierungs/1,4‐Additions‐Kaskade zur Synthese hoch funktionalisierter Hexahydro‐1H‐carbazole
Authors: Alpers Dirk , Gallhof Malte , Witt Julian , Hoffmann Frank , Brasholz Malte
Published: January 2017

Eine stereoselektive Synthese funktionalisierter Hexahydrocarbazole basiert auf einer neuartigen photoredox‐induzierten desaromatisierenden radikalischen (4+2)‐Cyclisierungs/1,4‐Additions‐Kaskade von 3‐(2‐Iodethyl)indolen mit Akzeptor‐substituierten Alkenen. Mithilfe dieser Reaktion werden drei C‐C‐Bindungen und eine C‐H‐Bindung simultan gebildet sowie drei benachbarte Stereozentren aufgebaut. Die so erhaltenen Hexahydro‐1H‐carbazole sind vielversprechende Intermediate für die Synthese neuer Antibiotika sowie nichtnatürlicher Ring‐Homologe polycyclischer Indolin‐Alkaloide.
Rethinking the Claisen–Tishchenko Reaction
Authors: Morris Stacey A. , Gusev Dmitry G.
Published: January 2017

Pincer‐type complexes [OsH2(CO){PyCH2NHCH2CH2NHPtBu2}] and [OsH2(CO){HN(CH2CH2PiPr2)2}] catalyze the disproportionation reaction of aldehydes via an outer‐sphere bifunctional mechanism achieving turnover frequencies up to 14 000 h−1. The N−H group of the catalysts is a key player in this process, elucidated with the help of DFT calculations.
Plasmonic Imaging of the Interfacial Potential Distribution on Bipolar Electrodes
Authors: Hasheminejad Meisam , Fang Yimin , Li Meng , Jiang Yingyan , Wang Wei , Chen Hong‐Yuan
Published: January 2017

Bipolar electrochemistry is based on the gradient distribution of free‐electron density along an electrically isolated electrode, which causes a positive electrode potential at one end and a negative potential at the other, allowing for wide applications in analytical chemistry and materials science. To take full advantage of its wireless and high‐throughput features, various types of optical probes, such as pH indicators and fluorescence and electrochemiluminescence reagents, have often been used to indirectly monitor the interfacial electron transfer through chromogenic or fluorogenic reactions. Herein, we report the first probe‐free imaging approach that can directly visualize the distribution of the interfacial potential in bipolar electrodes, providing essential information for the validation and development of the theory and applications of bipolar electrochemistry. This approach is based on the sensitive dependence of surface plasmon resonance imaging on the local electron density in the electrode, which enables the direct mapping of potential with a spatial resolution close to the optical diffraction limit, a temporal resolution of 50 ms, and a sensitivity of 10 mV. In addition, in contrast to previous optical readouts that relied on faradaic reactions, the present work achieved the impedance‐based measurements under non‐faradaic conditions. It is anticipated that this technique will greatly expand the application of bipolar electrochemistry as a platform for chemical and biosensing.
Facile Synthesis of Polycyclic Pentalenes with Enhanced Hückel Antiaromaticity
Authors: Oshima Hiroya , Fukazawa Aiko , Yamaguchi Shigehiro
Published: January 2017

Pentalenes represent highly reactive Hückel antiaromatics with 8π electrons. Usually, pentalenes are stabilized by incorporation of two benzene rings in a fused fashion. In dibenzo[a,e]pentalenes, however, the high aromaticity of the fused benzene rings compromises the inherent antiaromaticity of the pentalene core. Herein, we disclose that this forfeited antiaromaticity can be restored by fusing four additional aromatic rings onto the peripheral positions of dibenzo[a,e]pentalenes. Such polycyclic pentalenes were prepared by successive transannular cyclizations via in situ‐generated tetrakisdehydro[16]annulenes. The thus obtained compounds showed intriguing properties, for example, characteristic absorptions in the visible‐to‐near‐infrared (NIR) region and low reduction potentials. These results hence afford a design principle to produce highly antiaromatic yet stable pentalenes. The antiaromaticity of the pentalene core can be widely tuned via the degree of aromaticity of the peripherally fused rings.
Oxide‐Nanotrap‐Anchored Platinum Nanoparticles with High Activity and Sintering Resistance by Area‐Selective Atomic Layer Deposition
Authors: Liu Xiao , Zhu Qianqian , Lang Yun , Cao Kun , Chu Shengqi , Shan Bin , Chen Rong
Published: January 2017

An area‐selective atomic layer deposition (AS‐ALD) method is described to construct oxide nanotraps to anchor Pt nanoparticles (NPs) on Al2O3 supports. The as‐synthesized catalysts have exhibited outstanding room‐temperature CO oxidation activity, with a significantly lowered apparent activation energy (ca. 22.17 kJ mol−1) that is half that of pure Pt catalyst with the same loading. Furthermore, the structure shows excellent sintering resistance with the high catalytic activity retention up to 600 °C calcination. The key feature of the oxide nanotraps lies in its ability to anchor Pt NPs via strong metal–oxide interactions while still leaving active metal facets exposed. Our reported method for forming such oxide structure with nanotraps shows great potential for the simultaneous enhancement of thermal stability and activity of precious metal NPs.
Visible‐Light‐Promoted Nickel‐ and Organic‐Dye‐Cocatalyzed Formylation Reaction of Aryl Halides and Triflates and Vinyl Bromides with Diethoxyacetic Acid as a Formyl Equivalent
Authors: Huang He , Li Xiangmin , Yu Chenguang , Zhang Yueteng , Mariano Patrick S. , Wang Wei
Published: January 2017

A simple formylation reaction of aryl halides, aryl triflates, and vinyl bromides under synergistic nickel‐ and organic‐dye‐mediated photoredox catalysis is reported. Distinct from widely used palladium‐catalyzed formylation processes, this reaction proceeds by a two‐step mechanistic sequence involving initial in situ generation of the diethoxymethyl radical from diethoxyacetic acid by a 4CzIPN‐mediated photoredox reaction. The formyl‐radical equivalent then undergoes nickel‐catalyzed substitution reactions with aryl halides and triflates and vinyl bromides to form the corresponding aldehyde products. Significantly, besides aryl bromides, less reactive aryl chlorides and triflates and vinyl halides serve as effective substrates for this process. Since the mild conditions involved in this reaction tolerate a plethora of functional groups, the process can be applied to the efficient preparation of diverse aromatic aldehydes.
Room Temperature Regioselective Catalytic Hydrodefluorination of Fluoroarenes with trans‐[Ru(NHC)4H2] through a Concerted Nucleophilic Ru−H Attack Pathway
Authors: Cybulski Mateusz K. , McKay David , Macgregor Stuart A. , Mahon Mary F. , Whittlesey Michael K.
Published: January 2017

The efficient and highly selective room temperature hydrodefluorination (HDF) of fluoroarenes by the trans‐[Ru(IMe4)4H2] catalyst, 3, is reported. Mechanistic studies show 3 acts directly in catalysis without any ligand dissociation and DFT calculations indicate a concerted nucleophilic attack mechanism. The calculations fully account for the observed selectivities which corroborate earlier predictions regarding the selectivity of HDF.
A 19th Century “Ideal” Oil Paint Medium: A Complex Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Gel
Authors: de Viguerie Laurence , Jaber Maguy , Pasco Hélène , Lalevée Jacques , Morlet‐Savary Fabrice , Ducouret Guylaine , Rigaud Baptiste , Pouget Thierry , Sanchez Clément , Walter Philippe
Published: January 2017

British 19th century painters such as J. M. W. Turner, commonly modified the properties of their paint by using gels called “gumtions”. These gels allowed them to easily tune the paint handling and drying properties. The fascinating properties of these “gumtions” were obtained by adding lead acetate to a ternary system based on mastic resin, linseed oil and turpentine. Herein, we report and investigate in depth the rheological properties of these gels as well as their structure at a molecular and supra‐molecular scale.
From microstructure to mechanical properties of compatibilized polylactide/thermoplastic starch blends
Authors: Ali Nezamzadeh Seyed , Ahmadi Zahed , Afshari Taromi Faramarz
Published: January 2017

Bio‐degradable polymer blends of polylactic acid/thermoplastic starch (PLA/TPS) were prepared via direct melt blending varying order of mixing of ingredients fed into the extruder. The effect of interface interactions between PLA and TPS in the presence of maleic anhydride (MA) compatibilizer on the microstructure and mechanical properties was then investigated. The prepared PLA/TPS blends were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), tensile, and rheological measurements. Morphology of PLA/TPS shows that the introduction of MA into the polymer matrix increases the presence of TPS at the interface region. DSC results revealed the reduction of glass transition temperature of PLA with contributions from both TPS and MA. The crystallization temperature was decreased by the addition of MA leading to reduction of overall crystallization of PLA/TPS blend. The mechanical measurements show that increasing MA content up to 2 wt % enhances the modulus of PLA/TPS more than 45% compared to the corresponding blends free of MA compatibilizer. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44734.