bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interlimb Transfer of Changes in Tactual Acuity following Occlusion of a Circumscribed Area of the Skin
Authors: Aftanas Marion , Zubek John P.
Published: September 2011

Three groups of Ss were used, one serving as control and the others exposed to either a week of no tactual stimulation of a circumscribed area on the left forearm or a week of constant light pressure to the same skin area. Two measures of tactual acuity, namely two-point threshold and tactual fusion, were taken before and after each condition. Both measures indicated an increase in acuity following the “no stimulation” condition and a decrease in acuity after constant stimulation. No effect was shown by the control group. Changes in tactual acuity similar to those produced on the experimental arm, but not as pronounced, were also present on a homologous but not on a non-homologous area of the contralateral arm. A differential sensory input hypothesis is postulated as an explanation of the results.
Span of Apprehension in Relation to the Number of Stimulus Alternatives
Authors: Wilson Jerusa Carl
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this experiment was an attempt to quantify the Gestalt Law of Similarity. The present S-R translation of the Law of Similarity states that the level of a response to a stimulus configuration depends on the number of different types of elements in the stimulus field. The hypothesis is that, as the reciprocal number of element alternatives increases, response accuracy increases as a growth function. 100 university students were shown slides on which from 5 to 9 dots were randomly placed. The slides were divided into five stimulus element alternative levels. The 20 slides in each set involved four replications of stimulus element numerosity. Each S viewed one set of slides, so that 20 Ss viewed each set and reported the number of objects seen. The equation best fitting the experimental data expresses a power relationship: a = 0.13 (n−1)1.70, where a designates response accuracy, and n−1 represents reciprocal number of stimulus alternatives. Empirical points did not deviate significantly from the fitted equation. As response accuracy increased with increase in stimulus element similarity, the S-R analogue of the Gestalt Law of Similarity was verified.
Effect of Dramamine on the Objective Electrical Vestibulogram
Authors: Dzendolet Ernest
Published: September 2011

The effects of Dramamine and a placebo (Vitamin C) were investigated on subjective responses and on the objective electrical vestibulogram. The latter is a plot of objectively determined absolute thresholds (RLs) against stimulus frequency for a lateral swaying response in standing, blindfolded Ss to sinusoidal electrical stimuli of various frequencies passed between S's mastoid processes. Numbers of subjective responses were not significantly different under the Dramamine and placebo conditions. The only effect on the objective vestibulogram was a rise in the RL at 0.20 cps. The results did not suggest any hypothesis as to the site of action of the drug, but did suggest that its mechanism in preventing the symptoms of motion sickness is very specific.
Simple Measures of Handwriting as Indices of Drug Effects
Authors: Legge David , Steinberg Hannah , Summerfield Arthur
Published: September 2011

Six measures of handwriting size were examined as indices of the effects of several concentrations of nitrous oxide, a central depressant drug. Nitrous oxide produced a systematic increase in the size of handwriting which was greater the greater the concentration, up to 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen which was the highest concentration used. The baseline length of words was the most sensitive and reliable index; it is a relatively quick and simple measure to make, and thus might find practical application.
Effect of Mamillary Body Lesions on Brightness Discrimination
Authors: McDonald R. D. , Ross J. A. , Cladel C. E.
Published: September 2011

Following extensive lesion of the neural structures adjacent to the third ventricle, eight thirst-motivated albino rats were trained on an alternative black-white brightness discrimination in a 3-choice-point straightaway. Acquisition performance (number of errors) of these animals was comparable to that of an equal number of operated controls. These and other data reported support the position that nuclei surrounding the third ventricle play no essential role in mediating the acquisition of a thirst-motivated brightness discrimination.
Electromyographic Variation Concomitant with Concept Identification Parameters
Authors: Pishkin Vladimir
Published: September 2011

A significant positive correlation was found between learning rates and muscle action potentials of 27 chronic schizophrenics. Time per trial and number of trials to criterion were also related to muscle tension and to CI rate. S's motivation may help to understand the results.
The Southern Society in Retrospect: An Abbreviated History of the First Sixty Years of the Southern Society for Philosophy and Psychology, 1904–1964
Authors: Harris Marjorie , Alluisi Earl A.
Published: September 2011

A short history is presented of the oldest of the regional psychological societies in the United States. The Southern Society for Philosophy and Psychology was founded in 1904 and is celebrating its diamond-jubilee year during 1964. “The Southern Society is the symbol of a conviction, grounded in the history of inquiry, that special and vital relations exist between philosophic reflection and psychological science.” The Society devotes its principal energies “to providing a platform and a congenial convention atmosphere for the academic-experimental-theoretical aspects” of psychology and philosophy.
Motor-Sensory Feedback versus Need in Adaptation to Rearrangement
Authors: Held Richard , Mikaelian Harutune
Published: September 2011

Lack of directional adaptation to prism-rearrangement after wheelchair conveyance might be attributed to motivational deficiency instead of inappropriate information from the motor-sensory feedback loop. However, even when Ss must propel and guide themselves in the chair by manipulating the wheels, they fail to adapt despite their motivation.
Discrepancies in Interpersonal Perception, Adjustment and Therapeutic Skill
Authors: Parsons Oscar A. , Altrocchi John , Spring Faye E.
Published: September 2011

From interpersonal theories of Sullivan, Leary, and Rogers, it was predicted that discrepancy between self-description and others' description of S, disagreement among others in describing S, and maladjustment would be positively interrelated and negatively related to skill in psychotherapeutically oriented psychiatric nursing. These predictions were tested in two groups of student nurses from successive years. Adjustment was rated from the MMPI. The discrepancy and disagreement measures were derived from Interpersonal Check List self and peer ratings. Psychotherapeutic skillfulness was rated by two psychiatric supervisors on a specially devised scale. Results from Group I ( N = 64) provided some support for the major predictions but were not cross-validated in Group II ( N = 74). Reasons for lack of replication were discussed.
Effect of Very Brief Interpolated Activity on Short-Term Retention
Authors: Mortenson F. Joseph , Loess Henry
Published: September 2011

Short-term retention of 4-, 6-, and 8-digit messages was tested after 1 and 10 sec. Retention intervals were either unfilled or partially filled following a procedure used by Conrad. Retention of 4-digit messages was essentially perfect under all conditions. Retention after 1 sec. was significantly reduced for 6- and 8-digit messages if “0” was interpolated during the interval. Retention of 8-digit messages was significantly reduced, but retention of 6-digit messages was not reduced, by interpolation of “0” in a 10-sec. interval. Results are interpreted as being compatible with both decay and interference interpretations of forgetting and as indicating that interpolation of a brief activity will significantly reduce retention only when messages approach the limit of memory span.
Long-Term Observation of the Autokinetic Illusion: Frequency and Direction of Movement
Authors: Stern Robert M.
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to test the following hypotheses: (a) reports of autokinetic movement increase with increasing exposure time; (b) reports of movement in the vertical plane occur with greater frequency than reports of movement in the horizontal plane. Forty Ss, who were told that they were radar watchkeepers, observed a pin point of light in a dark room for 30 min. and indicated the direction of apparent movement. The results obtained supported both hypotheses. The increase in reports of movement is accounted for in terms of increased suggestibility due to the effects of sensory deprivation. A possible explanation for the greater frequency of reports of vertical movement is discussed in terms of Kuennapas' theory of the relevance of the horizontally-extended oval shape of the visual field for the horizontal-vertical illusion.
User Thickness Preferences for Plastic Rope Box Handles
Authors: Weasner M. Harold , Mydosh Joseph , Strauss Paul S.
Published: September 2011

In the design of inexpensive boxes for ammunition or similarly heavy items, one of the pertinent problem areas is the choice of diameter and surface of rope or plastic rope handles. The plastic rope box handles considered in this experimental field study were .1875, .25, .375, .5, and .75 in. outside diameter. Two materials, polypropylene (rough surfaced) and polyethylene (smooth surfaced) were investigated. In terms of user preference and comfort the smallest acceptable and/or tolerable handle diameter is .375 in., the most desirable handle diameter is .5 in., and there is no difference in user preference between rough and smooth surfaces.
Tracking Rotary Motion After-Effect with Different Illuminations of Inspection and Test Fields
Authors: Ross P. L. , Taylor M. M.
Published: September 2011

Taylor's psychophysical theory of figural after-effects was used to predict the effect of changes in illumination of inspection and test fields on the amount and the rate of decay of the rotary motion after-effect. As predicted, the brighter inspection disc produced more after-effect, while the brighter test disc produced a smaller and faster-decaying after-effect.
Apparatus for Automatic Non-Repeating Presentation of Event Sequences and Recording of Response Chains for Sequential Analysis
Authors: Bergman Mervyn O. , Wright John C.
Published: September 2011

A basic apparatus is described for programming events (discriminative stimuli, reinforcements, etc.) automatically. An indefinitely long sequence of dichotomous events can be scheduled with any distribution desired, by means of pre-punched cards. Manual overrides are provided for each automatic function of the programmer, and the state of the system and location of the program are continuously displayed. It is suggested that the unit is of most value in studies employing fixed and changing schedules of partial reinforcement, in probability learning studies, and in other situations requiring noncontingent reinforcement. Auxiliary apparatus used in studying response sequences under noncontingent reinforcement is described, and circuits for construction are specified.
Illumination Preference of Albino Rats in a Closed Hexagonal Maze
Authors: Johnson Roger N.
Published: September 2011

Ss were allowed to choose among 6 illumination conditions by altering their location in a maze. For a choice among 0 (darkness), 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 ft.-candles in Exp. 1, preference decreased with increasing intensities. Ss tested during the dark portion of their cycle showed a stronger preference for darkness than Ss tested during the lighted portion of their cycle. In Exp. 2, preference for 0, .01, .1, 1.0, 10.0, and 25.0 ft.-candles was again inversely related to intensity, except that there was no difference between preference for darkness and .01 ft.-candles.
Effects of Overtraining on Reversal and Nonreversal Discrimination Shifts in a Free Operant Situation
Authors: Uhl Charles N.
Published: September 2011

Rats were trained on a single-stimulus, successive discrimination in a free operant situation. An irrelevant stimulus dimension was present at ail times. Following attainment of the acquisition criterion, Ss were shifted immediately or given 4 or 8 days of overtraining before being shifted. Half of Ss were given a reversal shift and half a nonreversal shift. Overtraining did not affect reversal or nonreversal learning. These results were contrasted with those of Mackintosh (1962). Various theoretical issues were discussed in light of the present findings. It was tentatively concluded that the overtraining effect depends upon the role of observing behavior in the formation and overtraining of a discrimination.
Auditory Distraction and Compensatory Tracking
Authors: Hack J. M. , Robinson H. W. , Lathrop R. G.
Published: September 2011

As a partial replication of a study reporting no differences in compensatory tracking due to an intermittent auditory distraction, the current study included control of individual differences and a more sensitive measure of tracking performance. Results indicated an initial decrement in performance due to auditory distraction, followed by an adaptation to the distracting condition.
Apparatus for Measurement of Dynamic Visual Acuity
Authors: Burg Albert
Published: September 2011

An apparatus is described by means of which dynamic visual acuity, or the ability to perceive an object when there is relative motion between the observer and the object, can be measured. The system is based on a rotating slide projector (mounted above S's head) by means of which visual acuity targets are projected upon a cylindrical screen. The targets follow a horizontal, linear path at variable speeds. The system also is designed to provide flexibility in the study of the phenomenon of dynamic visual acuity.
Publication of Psychological Research among Ph.D.-Granting Institutions: 1952–1961
Authors: Golightly Carole , Byrne Donn , Capaldi E. J.
Published: September 2011

The psychological research productivity of Ph.D.-granting institutions over a 10-yr. period was investigated. For the decade 1952-1961, the number of articles published in nine APA journals by individuals at 93 universities was determined. As with individuals, a small proportion of departments contribute a relatively large proportion of the publication output. This index of research productivity correlated significantly with departmental size, average academic salary of the institution, and the productivity of clinical psychologists who were alumni of the institution. When these publication totals were grouped by states, the number of psychological articles published in each state was found to correlate significantly with percentage of population classified as urban, average salaries of classroom teachers in public schools, expenditure for schools per pupil, and per-capita personal income.
Dogmatism, Authoritarianism, and Contrast Effects in Judgment
Authors: White B. Jack , Alter Richard D.
Published: September 2011

The study assessed the combined effects of dogmatism and authoritarianism (D-F) on judgments of a series of lifted weights during a training session and an anchoring session. Contrary to expectations based on earlier work with the F scale, high D-F Ss did not differ from low D-F Ss in the number or range of judgmental categories used in the training session. In line with the results of previous studies, high D-F Ss were more resistant to change, i.e., evidenced less contrast effect, when a remote anchor was presented than were low D-F Ss.
Children, People's Troubles, and the Image of Psychologists
Authors: Clark Edward T.
Published: September 2011

Job titles given by two widely disparate samples, consisting of 100 male undergraduates and 304 (165 boys and 139 girls) culturally disadvantaged children in Grades 3 through 6, to the male figure of Plate M6 (personnel or social worker) of the Vocational Apperception Test indicates that, as compared with that of marriage counsellors or psychiatrists, the image of psychologists is negligible in both groups.
Automatic Measurement and Recording of Latency Data
Authors: Haber Ralph Norman
Published: September 2011

A method of recording latencies is described, which is used in conjunction with an IBM 024 keypunch. In this way, it is not necessary for the latency to be read and recorded visually, since it can be punched in digital form directly onto IBM cards. A number of applications are briefly enumerated, including a more detailed description of the use of a single system to record successive response times as S progresses through timed segments of a pathway.
Reliability as the Upper Limit of a Test's Communality
Authors: Mulaik Stanley A.
Published: September 2011

Assuming that a battery of all possible tests of a domain of performance contains an unlimited number of tests, each of which is related to an unlimited number of other tests in the battery which measure exactly the same thing but differ by having perfect to no reliability, a proof is given that the communality of a test in such a battery is its reliability coefficient.
Simplicity/Complexity or Symmetry/Asymmetry? A Re-Analysis of the Barron-Welsh Art Scales
Authors: Moyles E. W. , Tuddenham R. D. , Block J.
Published: September 2011

The Barron-Welsh Art Scale has been interpreted as a measure of Simplicity/Complexity within people. Re-analysis of the test by scaling the individual figures revealed that the stimulus dimension of Simplicity/Complexity (S/C) was highly confounded with the stimulus dimension of Symmetry/Asymmetry (S/A). It proved possible to separate these two stimulus dimensions and evaluate their significance independently. S/C and S/A appeared to be of equivalent and usually small importance in determining figure preferences. These results suggest the need for caution in attributing preferences to the single S/C attribute of the stimulus figures, or by extension, to the psychological simplicity or complexity of test-takers.
Ego Strength and Discrepancy between Conscious and Unconscious Self-Concepts
Authors: Pedersen Darhl M.
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that (a) ego strength is inversely related to the discrepancy between conscious and unconscious self-concepts, (b) Ss with high ego strength will have greater unconscious concern for achievement than Ss with low ego strength, and (c) Ss with low ego strength will have greater unconscious concern for security than those with high ego strength. Witkin's rod-and-frame test, used to operationally define ego strength, and two forms of a sentence completion test, designed to measure various discrepancies between conscious and unconscious self concepts, were administered to 49 Ss. The second hypothesis was accepted, and the first and third hypotheses were rejected.
Correlation of Auditory and Visual Autokinetic Effects
Authors: Anderson Theodore I.
Published: September 2011

This study involved an investigation of the relationships between visual and auditory autokinetic phenomena. An apparatus was designed to obtain quantifiable records of the perceived auditory autokinetic loudness and pitch effects. Several methods were devised to score these records. When the auditory and visual autokinetic scores were correlated, all of the obtained coefficients were positive, four correlations were significant at the .05 level (only one was expected by chance), and one correlation at the .01 level. Some associated unanswered questions were discussed to indicate certain problems for future investigation. The statistical analyses indicated a tentative affirmation of the hypothesis that both the auditory and visual autokinetic phenomena are to a significant extent determined by a central, relatively stable perceptual style. The relationship of this perceptual style to other stable character traits has been suggested by Voth and Mayman (18). They have reviewed some of the major dichotomous character typologies (e.g., extroversion-introversion, field dependent-field independent, etc.) in relation to the visual autokinetic effect. Although further discussion of these aspects is beyond the scope of this paper, Voth and Mayman propose psychotherapeutic as well as heuristic significance to their findings which future study may further validate.
Effects of Intense Noise on Processing of Cutaneous Information of Varying Complexity
Authors: Brown R. L. , Galloway W. D. , Gildersleeve K. R.
Published: September 2011

36 enlisted men identified a series of electropulse messages under varying auditory noise conditions. 3 levels of message complexity were combined factorially with intermittent noise, continuous noise, and no-noise conditions. Ss in Simple message groups were asked to indicate on each trial which 1 of 5 electrode locations was stimulated. Compound message groups identified both location of stimulation (1 of 5 loci) and pulse duration (.2, 1.6, or 2.5 sec.). Finally, Ss in Complex message groups received electropulses at 1 of 5 loci, 1 of 3 durations, and 1 of 2 intensities (1.0 or 1.3 v d. c.). The amount of information transmitted ( It) under differing noise conditions did not differ significantly. It did increase significantly with an increased number of coded elements. However, discrimination accuracy was not affected by the increased code difficulty. It was concluded that intense auditory noise has little effect upon the reception and processing of cutaneously presented information.
Comparison of Spatial Discrimination in the Temporal and Nasal Sectors of the Monocular Visual Field
Authors: Wyke Maria , Chorover Stephan L.
Published: September 2011

A study comparing monocular visual spatial discrimination in temporal and nasal half-fields was undertaken with the Tuebinger perimeter of Harms (1960). Twenty normal male college students performed a series of spatial visual discriminations in which “standard” and “comparison” stimuli were successively presented at varying distances from a fixation point along the mid-horizontal meridian. The results show that under conditions of relatively prolonged presentation of the test stimuli (1.0 sec.) monocular visual discriminations of this type are performed better with the left eye than with the right. The superiority of the left eye was maintained irrespective of whether nasal or temporal half-fields were tested. Furthermore, for a given eye, there was no significant difference in the performance of nasal and temporal half-fields.
Effects on Hand-Eye Coordination of Two Different Arm Motions during Compensation for Displaced Vision
Authors: Freedman Sanford J. , Hall Sarah B. , Rekosh Jerold H.
Published: September 2011

Comparisons were made between the compensations produced by sagittal and by transverse arm motions under equivalent conditions of exposure and test. Effects of exposure with sagittal motion generalize more to transverse than vice versa. The differences may be related to the greater precision of body midline judgments with saggital motion.
An Isolation Effect in Pattern Perception Similar to That in Serial Learning
Authors: Harcum E. Rae
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis was that the mechanisms involved in serial learning which produce the characteristic bowed curve of errors also operate in the perception of tachistoscopic patterns to determine the distribution of errors among element-positions. If the mechanisms are in fact the same, isolation of an element in a tachistoscopic pattern will alter the distribution of errors among elements in the same manner that isolation changes the bowed curve of serial learning. Since an isolation effect has not previously been found when O does not know of the isolation before the exposure, a postulate of the present experiment is that prior knowledge of the isolation is critical for the isolation effect. Therefore, in this study, in which O knew of the isolation before exposure of the pattern, it was predicted that there would be a relative decrease in errors for the isolated element. This was the result.
Effect of Sense Modality Switching on Serial Learning
Authors: Chan Adrian , Travers Robert M. W.
Published: September 2011

Previous research has indicated that, when a serial learning task involves switching sense modality, learning is depressed. The switching involves a period of about 200 msec., which is not a part of the time available for learning. In a serial learning task, with nonsense syllables, sense modality was switched from the auditory to the visual to the auditory or the reverse, but only one switch was involved in the 7-syllable list. The prediction was that a depression would be produced in the learning of the syllable following the switch and that the syllable involved in the switch would be influenced both by the von Restorff effect and by the reduction in time available for learning as a result of switching. At the faster of two speeds some evidence was consistent with predictions.
Perception Bibliography: XIX. Psychological Index No. 15, 1908
Authors: Ammons C. H. , Ammons R. B.
Published: September 2011

Alphabetical listing of 77 references to work in perception.
A Device for Measuring Simultaneous Flexion Strength of Both Wrists
Authors: Doolittle T. L. , Logan Gene A.
Published: September 2011

A description of a device for measuring the simultaneous flexion strength of both wrists is presented, with the necessary information for its construction. A study establishing the reliability of the device is reported.
Dependency and Brain Damage in Alcoholics
Authors: Goldstein Gerald , Chotlos John W.
Published: September 2011

From psychological test data of 50 hospitalized alcoholics and 50 control Ss absence of differences suggested heterogeneity of personality characteristics of alcoholics. There was some evidence for central nervous system damage in the alcoholic S and a suggestion that his world-view may differ from that of the non-alcoholic.
Color Tint Matching by Children
Authors: Navrat Marion L.
Published: September 2011

160 children, 10 males and 10 females each from age levels 3 through 10, made color tint matchings with 2 sets of materials. An 8 × 2 × 4 factorial design was employed. The results showed: (a) Ss matched figures with fewer errors than they made in matching squares; (b) success in color matching varied with age; (c) red, yellow, blue, and green were not discriminated with the same relative accuracy at all age levels; (d) Ss matched figures of most preferred-least preferred colors with fewer errors than squares of most preferred-least preferred colors; (e) the most preferred color was blue, followed by red, green, and yellow; and (f) no sex differences were observed.
Motor Development of Retarded Children
Authors: Dawson William W. , Edwards R. W.
Published: September 2011

Numerous reports have linked the level of childhood retardation to neuromuscular efficiency. Modern interest in the topic may be traced to the research of Terman and of Hollingworth during the first quarter of this century. Each report may be criticized methodologically. The requirement for physiological development control was satisfied routinely by matching for chronological age of normal and gifted, or normal and retarded Ss. In this research 163 low and high IQ Ss were assigned to groups matched for race, sex, socioeconomic factors, chronological age, and test time. A measure of static grip strength indicated statistically significant superiority ( p < 0.05) for the high IQ group. Rematching of Ss with weight and height included as indicative of physiological development resulted in a small and statistically insignificant mean difference. It was concluded that physiological development may account for a significant portion of the variation in strength of normal and retarded children.
Institutionalization and Perceptual Decrement in Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Johannsen Walter J. , O'Connell Michael J.
Published: September 2011

Data obtained from a cross-sectional study of perceptual changes in chronic schizophrenia were re-analyzed to determine what effects, if any, institutionalization exerted on perception. When duration of illness was held constant, it was found that schizophrenic Ss with a high percentage of institutionalization time were equivalent to Ss with a low percentage of institutionalization time on three perceptual tasks known to be affected by chronicity. Assertions that psychological changes take place through institutionalization alone are called into question.
Effect of Age, Sex, and Speed of Rotation on Rotary Pursuit Performance by Young Children
Authors: Davol Stephen H. , Hastings Mary Lynn , Klein Deborah A.
Published: September 2011

A rotary pursuit task was administered to 32 boys and 32 girls, kindergarten through third grade. Age, speed (33 and 45 rpm), and experimental trial were significant but sex differences were not; practice trials significantly magnified the effects of age and speed. Kindergarten children found the task very difficult and the oldest children did not approach adult performance. The data indicate that experimental measurement of specific motor abilities is possible at these age levels.
Monocular Stereoscopic Perception of Disparate Images
Authors: Stasiak Eugene A.
Published: September 2011

20 Ss were presented stereograms alternately to one eye. In a range of alternation rates of 2.1 to 10.0 cps with a mean of 5.5 cps, 18 Ss reported perception of stereoscopy. Due to retinal interactions between the two views the scene was also seen as vibrating. This phenomenon is important both to the question of the relation between monocular movement parallax and binocular stereopsis and to the theory of a binocular cyclopean field (Hochberg, 1964).
Thematic Analysis of Dreams: Inter-Scorer Reliabilities
Authors: Sheppard Edith , Rosenhan David
Published: September 2011

Psychoanalytically-based scales for the analysis of emotional and cognitive contents of dreams are described. Data for inter-scorer reliability and agreement are presented for each of three series of dreams. Prior to scoring each set, the raters underwent extensive training with the Dream Scales. The data indicate that inter-scorer reliability may decrease over time, but that with training, reliabilities and coefficients of agreement are sufficiently high to warrant further exploration of the utility of the scales.
Addition of Controlled Distortion to Delay of Auditory Feedback
Authors: Roehrig William C.
Published: September 2011

In an attempt to determine what types of sensory information are processed by the feedback mechanisms used to monitor speech production, the accuracy and duration of the speech production of 22 Ss was assessed when auditory feedback was undelayed or delayed (.197 sec. delay), and undistorted or distorted, either by “infinite” peak clipping or by differentiation followed by “infinite” peak clipping and integration. It was found that the degree to which speech was disrupted under delayed auditory feedback (DAF) could not be accounted for by the intelligibility of the auditory feedback. The results suggested that speech was maximally disrupted under DAF when the auditory feedback not only was highly intelligible but also contained information about the amplitude variation of the effector output (speech).
Differential Recognition of Tachistoscopically Presented English and Hebrew Words in Right and Left Visual Fields
Authors: Barton Melvin I. , Goodglass Harold , Shai Amnon
Published: September 2011

In this study, the role of lateral cerebral dominance in the consistent finding of lower tachistoscopic thresholds in the right than in the left visual field for alphabetic material was tested for readers of Hebrew and English. Twenty Israeli Ss were presented with Hebrew and English three-letter words, printed vertically, through a monocular tachistoscope, displaced to left or right of fixation by 2°21′. Ten American Ss were also tested for three-letter English words, under similar conditions. Significantly lower thresholds in the right field were found for both groups and for both languages, despite the fact that Hebrew, unlike English, is read from right to left. These findings tend to support the hypothesis that alphabetic stimuli arriving in the major cerebral hemisphere are more readily recognized than similar stimuli arriving in the hemisphere contralateral to the language areas.
Perceptual Learning of Incomplete Pictures
Authors: Gollin Eugene S.
Published: September 2011

Children and adults were tested for visual form recognition on incomplete representations of familiar common objects after training on complete representations of the objects. Number of training trials, delay between training and test, and age were found to affect recognition. The results are discussed in terms of reactive inhibition and perceptual learning.
Complex Discrimination with Two Stages of Solution
Authors: Goldstein Mymon , Turpin William B.
Published: September 2011

A 4-display contingent identity discrimination design was combined with a 4-display contingent position discrimination design to produce a merged task whose 8 displays appeared repeatedly over a sequence of trials. Human Ss solved the contingent identity portion of the task first in nearly all cases and maintained a high level of accuracy on the solved portion while coping with the remainder. Experimental variations related to the visual distinctiveness of the two portions proved unimportant.
Time Efficiency of Preference Scaling Methods
Authors: Eckenrode Robert T.
Published: September 2011

The time required by judges to complete the recording of their preferences among a series of items was measured in several situations. In an experiment concerning the judgment of the relative value of six weapon system criteria, time was measured on the recording of judgments by the following methods: ranking, rating, three versions of paired comparisons, and a method of successive comparisons. In a second experiment on judging six weapon system criteria, and a third on six manager characteristics, similar time data were collected by all methods but successive comparisons. In a fourth experiment, time data were collected on recording preferences for fruits, vegetables, colors, and vacation areas when 6, 10, 20, and 30 of each were ranked, and when paired comparisons was used for 6, 10, and 20 of each. Ranking consistently is by far the most efficient of the methods tested for recording such preferences, and, as previously reported research has shown, can yield preference scales similar to the other methods.
Learning Set in Squirrel Monkeys as Affected by Encasement of Problem Objects in Plexiglas Bins
Authors: Rumbaugh Duane M. , Ternes Joseph W. , Abordo Enrique J.
Published: September 2011

The effect of the presence or absence of the Plexiglas shell portion of the bins used to encase learning set (LS) problem objects, as in the apparatus used by Rumbaugh and Rice (1962), was assessed with 2 groups of 5 squirrel monkeys in the learning of a single discrimination problem, 6-trial/problem LS training, and the learning of 10 LS problems to a criterion. It was determined that quite apart from the fact that the transparent shell prevents direct hand contact with the stimulus objects, the bins appear to have characteristics that render squirrel monkeys nearly learning-setless in a 6-trial LS training situation.
Illumination Preference of Albino Rats in a Tilt Box as a Function of Age and Illumination Intensity
Authors: Johnson Roger N.
Published: September 2011

54 rats were tested for preference at 3 intensities (.01, 1.0, and 10.0 ft-c.) at 3 ages (30, 78, and 142 days). Results show that (a) age has no effect on either illumination preference or number of crossings in the tilt box; (b) darkness is preferred over 1.0 and 10.0 ft-c., but about equally preferred to .01 ft-c. The findings are discussed in terms of the reinforcing effect of stimulus change.
Human and Animal Vigilance
Authors: Jerison Harry J.
Published: September 2011

Experiments with both men and monkeys, summarized in this report, indicate that vigilance decrements are associated with the ease or difficulty of observing. A given set of signals may be detected often or rarely by human observers, depending on how easy it is to watch the background of stimulus events within which signals can occur.
Consistency and Style of Autokinetic Movement
Authors: Santos John F. , Farrow Bobby J. , Haines James R.
Published: September 2011

The records of Ss who were given a series of autokinetic (AK) trials in separate experimental sessions were discussed in terms of their inter-individual differences and intra-individual similarities.
Perception Bibliography: XXI. Psychological Index, No. 17, 1910
Authors: Ammons C. H. , Ammons R. B.
Published: September 2011

102 references to work in perception are listed alphabetically.
Alterations of Interhippocampal Impulses in Man during Natural Sleep and Distraction
Authors: Guerrero-Figueroa R. , Heath Robert G.
Published: September 2011

Interhippocampal evoked responses (IHR) were studied in two fully conscious men during wakefulness (w), natural sleep associated with slow wave electroencephalographic (EEG) activity (SS), sleep associated with rapid EEG activity (RS) and with rapid eye movements (REM), or both, and during distraction or attention. Striking incremental changes in amplitude of pre- and postsynaptic components of the IHR appeared during SS, whereas there was marked diminution in the amplitude of all components of the IHR during RS and REM, and while Ss solved a mathematics problem. It was suggested that hippocampal pre- and postsynaptic inhibition during attention and dreaming is dependent upon inhibitory influences from mesencephalic reticular formation.
Characteristics of Responses to Tests of Creativity: A Second Look
Authors: Mackler Bernard , Spotts James V.
Published: September 2011

This study sheds light on the controversy concerning measurement of creativity, that is, Guilford's trait approach versus Torrance's emphasis on the person involved in a creative process. Previous work with coed undergraduates supporting Torrance was substantiated by the present investigation using male undergraduates.
Admission IES Arrow-Dot Performance of Mental Patients Presenting Management Problems at a State Hospital
Authors: Roback Howard B.
Published: September 2011

The admission Arrow-Dot scores of 52 mental patients who were placed in a maximum security cottage of a state hospital because of their inability to control their impulses were compared with a control group of 52 patients whose behavior did not create a management problem for the institution. Statistical analysis showed that the Impulse and Ego scores of the two groups differed; the patients presenting a management problem had higher I scores and lower E scores. Females in the maximum security cottage had higher I scores and lower E scores than did the males.
A Rigid, Transparent Manipulandum for Visual Displays
Authors: Polidora V. J.
Published: September 2011

Commercially available glass coated with a transparent, electrically conductive surface can be used as a nonmoving manipulandum in front of visual displays. Window-touching responses are recorded with a contact relay circuit.
Some Implications of Muscle Tension Changes during Desynchronized Sleep
Authors: Yensen Roy
Published: September 2011

From a brief review of studies of muscle tension during sleep it is concluded that the widely accepted positive correlation between cerebral and psychological activity and muscle tension does not hold during desynchronized sleep (DS). Some similarities between DS and extreme relaxation are postulated, and a check of this hypothesis is suggested. Possible peripheral mechanisms involved in changes in muscle tension are discussed, and a technique of investigation is suggested whereby further insight into these mechanisms may be gained.
Response Bias in SAET Responses of Persons with Organic Brain Damage
Authors: Elliott Jacob J.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not patients suffering from organic brain damage were biased in their responses to the Spiral Aftereffect Test (SAET), which is currently being used as a clinical tool to aid in the detection of brain damage. The SAET was administered once to three groups of 15 brain-damaged patients and then readministered, with groups receiving non-stress, neutral, or stress instructions. It was hypothesized that the three organic groups would have different response levels on the second administration as a function of instructions. This was supported by analysis of covariance of raw scores.
Personality Correlates of Change-Seeking Behavior
Authors: Howard Kenneth I. , Diesenhaus Herman I.
Published: September 2011

60 hospitalized patients (30 psychiatric and 30 medical) completed three forms of the Maze Test at half-hour intervals, while answering the 16 PF personality questionnaire. Two of the maze forms appeared to be reliable alternate measures of stimulus-seeking behavior. Correlations of these two forms and the 16 PF indicated that (for hospitalized male patients) change-seeking is negatively related to the specific personality traits of “timidity and guilt proneness” and “anxious and high undischarged drive tension” and is positively related to the trait “experimental and critical nature.” These results are interpreted as empirical support at the questionnaire level for theoretical presentations of change-seeking behavior.
Measurement of Heart Rate Activity in Two Different Recording and Amplification Systems
Authors: Forgus Ronald H. , Taylor Jerome
Published: September 2011

Heart rate, measured by the Stoelting Polygraph and the Offner Dynograph systems, under varying levels of activation showed virtually no difference between systems. Method of transduction also made little difference, for short periods of recording.
Perception Bibliography: XXII. Psychological Index, No. 18, 1911
Authors: Ammons R. B. , Ammons C. H.
Published: September 2011

Alphabetical listing of 104 items on perception appearing in this volume.
Analog Computer Methods for Scoring Continuous Performance Records
Authors: Trumbo Don , Noble Merrill , Baganoff Fred
Published: September 2011

Methods for scoring continuous records of tracking performance with analog signal correlator and frequency analysis systems are described. An index of lead-lag obtained from the correlator output is compared with discrete lead-lag scores obtained by hand-scoring oscillographic records for three tasks which differ in amount of task coherence. The results indicate relatively high agreement between the two scoring methods and support the use of the correlator as the more efficient method. Sample data from the analog frequency analysis system are compared for operators with high and low integrated error scores. The results indicate consistently greater power in the response than in the input at the fundamental for both good and poor Ss, indicating a tendency to overshoot the target with the primary movement, but relatively more power in the initial odd harmonics for the better Ss. Ratios of target spectra to response spectra provide transfer functions for the human operator.
Proprioception among Intellectually Typical and Differentially Diagnosed Educable Mentally Retarded Boys
Authors: Auxter David M.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine differences on selected non-tactile proprioceptive tasks among intellectually typical boys and educable mentally retarded boys who were diagnosed as non-brain-damaged, brain-damaged, or undifferentiated by EEG interpretations, neurological examinations and supportive life histories. Within the limits of this study, it may be concluded that the function of the kinesthesis receptors is relatively unimpaired in educable mentally retarded children. The mentally retarded groups performed better on tests which required less integration of stimuli from both the vestibular and kinesthetic sensory media than on the balance test where greater integration of stimuli from both the vestibular and kinesthetic senses was needed for success.
Judgment as a Function of Manifest Anxiety and Social Conditions
Authors: Pribyl Joseph F. , Walker Ronald E. , Hunt William A.
Published: September 2011

Previous research has shown that the relative performance of high anxious (HA) and low anxious (LA) Ss (defined by scores on the Taylor MAS) on the initial trials of a judgmental task is different depending on whether the HA and LA Ss judged in a group or individually. In this study 64 male undergraduate Ss were given the task of rating the amount of confusion exhibited in 100 vocabulary test responses taken from schizophrenics' test protocols. Because of previous research HA Ss were expected to perform less well than LA Ss on the first trial when Ss judged individually. This expectation was not borne out. When HA Ss and LA Ss worked in a group, there was no difference in performance as expected. An analysis of variance was done on the z′ values of the mean interjudge reliabilities (essentially, a measure of how well the judges agreed with each other), the variables being level of anxiety (HA or LA), social situation (group or individual condition), and sets of stimuli. All three variables plus various interactions between them had significant effects on performance.
Self-Concepts of Visually Handicapped and Sighted Children
Authors: Zunich M. , Ledwith B. E.
Published: September 2011

The purposes of this study were to determine the self-concepts of visually handicapped children and to compare these self-concepts with those of sighted children. Fifty-eight students, 29 visually handicapped and 29 sighted, were Ss. The self-concept scale designed by Lipsitt (1958) was utilized. Only 4 significant differences among 22 comparisons appeared in self-concepts of the visually handicapped and sighted Ss.
Sibling Differences in Empathic Style
Authors: Rosenberg B. G. , Sutton-Smith B. , Griffiths Judith
Published: September 2011

The present study proposed that empathy as postural inference may characterize second-borns, while empathy defined as verbal understanding of the role of another may be more characteristic of first-borns. The former is likened to Miller and Dollard's “matched-dependent” behavior, the latter follows the principle of “copying.” Results with males tend to confirm the superiority of the verbal-understanding type of empathy in first-born males, while second-born males are superior on empathy measures which rely on postural cues. Results for females suggest that superiority on postural inference is affected by the presence of a brother, not ordinal position, while superiority on empathy as verbal understanding is an accompaniment of having a sister.
Toward a Psychology of Knowledge: Hypotheses regarding Rorschach Movement and Creativity
Authors: Stark Stanley
Published: September 2011

Can we say that scholars, scientists, and other intellectuals are free—apart from ideological and motivational constraints—to choose their professional and personal Weltanschauungen? This essay claims we cannot—that intellectuals are also and powerfully constrained by their particular cognitive styles. The analysis of this cognitive constraint comes under the heading of psychology of knowledge. The paper illustrates such an analysis at the level of speculation. Drawing upon the Rorschach movement and creativity literatures, and literatures outside psychology, it hypothesizes differential susceptibility to competing Weltanschauungen within specific disciplines (including psychology and sociology). The main theme is that a random sample of intellectuals subjected from birth to identical ideological and motivational influences will not respond identically to specific intellectual stimuli—that within individual disciplines they will tend to divide into the two cultures that C. P. Snow describes between disciplines.