bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment milk yield of cows of different genetic groups based simmental breed
Authors: Yemets Z. V. , Khrutskyi S. S. , Basko S. A.
Published: July 2020

Aim. The “genetic group” was used as one of the genetic factors and as a result the genetic and mathematical analysis of fat content on cow’s milk and the output of milk fat depending on the origin of genetic groups simmental breed on the farms, mainly in Kharkiv region have been carried out. Methods. Studies were performed on materials pedigree registered in Kharkiv region agribusinesses and farms in research Institute of Animal NAAN of Ukraine, cows of different genetic groups created on the basis of Simmental. Variability, heritability and repeatability milk yield of cows and output of milk fat was determined on the basis of the relevant factors for the methods M.A. Plohinskoho (1969) using a personal computer. Results. According to the research the highest fat content in the milk of cows observed in hybrids C1 / 4 + G1 / 4 + M1 / 2 (4.01 %) and C1 / 4 + G1 / 4 + A1 / 2 (3.99 %). The high fat content are also hybrids C1 / 4 + M3 / 4 (3.96 %), C1 / 4 + M1 / 4 + A1 / 2 (3.95 %), C1 / 4 + A1 / 4 + G1 / 2 (3.94 %), C1 / 4 + A1 / 4 + M1 / 2 (3.92 %), C1 / 4 + A3 / 4 (3.92 %). The lowest content of milk fat with dvuporodni hybrids Simmental Holstein with C1 / 4 + G3 / 4 (3.82 %) and C1 / 2 + G1 / 2 (3.86 %). Conclusions. Factor "genetic group" based on a credible Simmental (P>0,999) effect on the fat content in the milk of cows (ç2=0,029). The degree of influence of this factor on the yield of milk fat is (ç2=0,049) with a high degree of reliability (P>0,999).

Keywords: Simmental, breed, “genetic group”, factors, milk, fat, yield, cow’s.
Domestication process and appearance of world centers of animal domestication
Authors: Khokhlov A. M. , Baranoskyi D. I.
Published: July 2020

Aim. To study the phylogenetic regularities of has evolutional process in animal domestication has been the object of research. To cover the materials of ancient Tripilskiy Settlement (Luka-Vrublivetska, Usatovo, Prychornomorye) has been the task of our research. Methods. Archeological (skeletons of wild and domestic animals), zootechnical (measures, parameters, indices) comparative and anatomic (skull, bones, muscles, internal organs), immune and genetic (blood group, protein polymorphism) were the methods. Results. Ancestors of domestic animals habited on the large areals of Ukraine and surrounding territories (wolves, wild boars, wild bulls, wild horses, wild ancestors of sheep and goats have been the object for hunting and domestication. Tripilska culture occupied the large territory long the banks of Dniper, Dnister, South Buh, Dunai. Ukraine has become one of the world centers of animal domestication in that epoch. Conclusions.Domestication of animals – is complicated and long process with its change ability of features, selection of excessive and dominant mutations. On the base of long-team investigations of animals domestication we offer to name this new world center of dog, swine, sheep, goat, cattle, horse and bee domestication as – Tripilska.

Keywords: domestication, population, selection, gen, genome.
Clinical and genealogical study of patients with endometrial hyperplasia and cancer in Kyiv region
Authors: Buchynska L. G. , Hlushchenko N. M. , Nesina I. P. , Yurchenko N. P.
Published: July 2020

Aim. To determine the informativeness of genealogical and morphological characteristics of patients with endometrial hyperplasia and cancer. Methods. Clinical and genealogical analysis, mathematical and statistical method, method of selection of informative factors – Kullback informativeness criterion. Results. Information about the health of 243 first- and 413 second-degree relatives was received from 50 patients with endometrial hyperplasia. Data on 2026 first- and 3685 second-degree relatives was also obtained from 413 patients with endometrial cancer. It was found that the most significant clinical indicators (I>0,5) for risk of endometrial cancer are the next: age over 60 years (I=2,76); presence of cancer of female reproductive organs and gastrointestinal tract in pedigrees of patients with atypical hyperplasia (I=1,51); duration of menopause more than 11 years (I=1,40); dysfunctional uterine bleeding (I=0,85); III–IV class of obesity (I=0,59); bleeding in menopause (I=0,55). Conclusions. Predicative effectiveness of studies of family histories of patients with atypical endometrial hyperplasia was substantiated that has clinical value and allow assessing the personalized risk of endometrial cancer.

Keywords: endometrial hyperplasia and cancer, clinical and genealogical analysis, pedigrees.
A comparison of NGS and FISH technologies: comprehensive 24-chromosome screening of embryo
Authors: Gontar Yu. V. , Verlynskyi O. Yu. , Kyrpyi A. , Ylyn I. E. , Fedota A. M.
Published: July 2020

Aim. Optimization of the algorithm of complex 24 chromosomes screening in programs of assisted reproductive technologies. Methods. Research of non-disjunction chromosomes in preimplantation embryos based on the results of trophectoderm nucleus diagnostics using FISH and NGS-based CCS. During the preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) on the nucleus by FISH were used probes for chromosomes 13, 16, 18, 21, 22, X, Y. Results. Among the demonstrated cases of embryo diagnosis there was only one embryo that showed a coincidence in the results obtained by different investigation methods. In the other sample, where was diagnosed non-mosaic 18 and 22 monosomy by FISH, the NGS-based CCS showed only monosomy 18. The other embryo had ploidy mosaicism indicated by FISH, but according to NGS results it was evaluated as euploid. Conclusions. Embryos obtained in ART programs must be screened for chromosomal aneuploidy in the preimplantation period to increase the effectiveness in the programs of assisted reproductive technologies, using combination of FISH and NGS methods.

Keywords: preimplantation genetic diagnosis, assisted reproductive technologies, aneuploid embryos, NGS, FISH.
Positioning Jewish Character in World Narration
Authors: Moqbel Al Areqi Rashad Mohammed
Published: July 2020

The Jewish character has passed in a variety of transformations through different stages of history. The study explores the position of Jewish character in the world narration, how the Arabs depict the contemporary Jewish character in their literary works compared to the Western/Christian community and their attributes in the Nobel Quran. The Jewish character becomes in a position of concern for the world writers during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. The Jewish character has occupied a large part of writing, particularly in the area of narratives. Is there a difference between the past writers and the contemporary ones in addressing the Jewish character in the literary works? The focus is on some selective contemporary Arabic narratives: Ali Al Muqri’s The Handsome Jew (2009) and Ala Al Aswani’s Chicago (2007), in addition to Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Vince and Christopher Marlow’s The Jew of Malta as presented the Jew character in the Elizabethan era. The study of the narratives, whether the past or the contemporary ones, revealed the Jewish character as greedy, opportunistic, intolerant, arrogant if they are powerful, and humble if they are weak, obsessed by love of money, dealing with usury, revengeful, keeping no promises, stubborn, full of hate and spite for the community and easy to embrace a new religion for safety or love as Al Muqri’s Salem, Shakespeare’s Shylock, and Marlowe’s Abigal. Further, the narratives showed the second generation of Arabs/ Muslims and Jews in mutual understanding, tolerance, forgiving, and attempting to find common ground to build the bridges of trust and love. They work on normalizing the relations with each other. However, they found themselves social outcasts, hybrid, living in between and the third space, suffering from problematic of identity as Saeed and his son, Ibrahim, the hybrids in Al Muqri’s The Handsome Jew.
A Study of Metaphors used for Bingu wa Mutharika and Peter Mutharika as Presidents of Malawi and the Impact on their Political Legacy
Authors: Kondowe Wellman , Fishani Ngwira Flemmings , Chibambo Mackenzie
Published: July 2020

Metaphor analysis has been a very attractive area of scholarly research within cognitive linguistics in which different abstract ideas get mapped into tangible concepts. In Africa, it has become common that individuals like presidents are given metaphors to conceptualise their performance in office with the objective world. However, such political metaphors have not received much attention in academic discourse, and research studies that address the impact of metaphors on presidents’ political legacy are rare. Therefore, this paper analyses metaphors that Malawians have used in relation to their political leaders by drawing examples from two State Presidents: Bingu wa Mutharika and Arthur Peter Mutharika, and how the legacy of the two eventually has come to be associated with the metaphors. In politics, metaphors are essential because they are the lens through which people view and assess their leaders at both theoretical and functional level. Using the approach outlined by Schmitt (2005), the study analyses four major metaphors, namely: MOSE WA LERO (The New Moses), NGWAZI (The Conqueror/The Great Warrior), CHITSULO CHA NJANJI (The Railway Steel), and ADADI (The father/Dad). This paper argues that political metaphors, whether for praise or self-glorification, have an impact on influencing, shaping, and preserving the image of political leaders during their tenure of office which eventually become their legacy. The study acknowledges that presidents’ legacy can be traced through metaphor analysis. The analyses can become meaningful and valid in unearthing the history of conduct and performance of individual leaders.
Expresión de alfa sinucleína en sangre y su relación con el estreñimiento crónico en población residente en Bogotá, D.C., con problemas de consumo de alcohol
Authors: Martínez-Rodríguez Tania Yadira , Rey-Buitrago Mauricio
Published: July 2020

Introducción. El consumo excesivo de alcohol resulta en neuroadaptación, neurodegeneración y expresión diferencial de numerosos genes.Objetivo. Determinar la relación entre la expresión del gen de la alfa sinucleína (SNCA) en sangre, las variantes de nucleótido único (Single Nucleotide Variant, SNV) en su región promotora y el estreñimiento crónico en personas con problemas de consumo de alcohol.Materiales y métodos. La muestra estuvo conformada por 35 controles y 27 casos, seleccionados según el puntaje obtenido con la herramienta AUDIT. En el diagnóstico del estreñimiento se aplicaron los criterios de Roma IV. La extracción de ácidos nucleicos se hizo a partir de sangre periférica y se evaluó la expresión del gen mediante qPCR, la cuantificación proteica por ELISA y la presencia de SNV en la región promotora del gen por la secuenciación de Sanger.Resultados. Se observó sobreexpresión génica relativa de ARNm del gen SNCA en el grupo de casos sin relación con el estreñimiento crónico. Se evidenció un riesgo 4,8 veces mayor de presentar estreñimiento en el grupo de casos. Se encontraron nueve variantes de nucleótido simple en un segmento de la región promotora del gen rica en secuencias reguladoras CpG, con frecuencia similar entre los grupos, y se detectó una variante en la posición -2171 que no se encuentra reportada en GenBank para variantes clínicas y cuyo genotipo A/T se relacionó con el incremento de la expresión del ARNm del SNCA.Conclusión. En personas con problemas de consumo de alcohol se evidenció la sobreexpresión del ARNm de alfa sinucleína, lo cual no se relacionó con el diagnóstico de estreñimiento crónico.
Abdominal angiostrongyliasis, report of two cases and analysis of published reports from Colombia
Authors: Bolaños Fernando , Jurado-Zambrano Leonardo Favio , Luna-Tavera Rina L. , Jiménez Jaime M.
Published: July 2020

Abdominal angiostrongyliasis is a parasitic zoonosis, endemic in the American continent. Its etiological agent is Angiostrongylus costaricensis, a nematode whose definitive hosts are rats and other rodents and the intermediate hosts, slugs. Mammals acquire the infection by consuming vegetables contaminated with L3 larvae. The disease shows a heterogeneous clinical spectrum and given its low incidence its diagnosis is a great challenge.In Colombia, the first case was reported in 1979 and until 1998, only five additional cases have been reported. However, in the last two decades, no new cases were reported. Here we discuss two cases of children from Huila and Caquetá departments who developed the disease. Both cases required long in-patient care and multiple surgical interventions. The diagnosis was achieved by histopathological observation of parasitic elements inside the mesenteric arteries. One of the children died while the other fully recovered.We discuss the epidemiology, pathogenic cycle, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and prevention strategies of this disease paying particular attention to our patients’ features and the Colombian context.
Targeting secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) inhibits colorectal cancer cell growth, migration and invasion via downregulation of AKT
Authors: Wei Zhijiang , Liu Guiying , Jia Rufu , Zhang Wei , Li Li , Zhang Yuanyuan , Wang Zhijing , Bai Xiyong
Published: July 2020

The secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) is a serine protease inhibitor which plays important role in bacterial infection, inflammation, wound healing and epithelial proliferation. Dysregulation of SLPI has been reported in a variety of human cancers including glioblastoma, lung, breast, ovarian and colorectal carcinomas and is associated with tumor aggressiveness and metastatic potential. However, the pathogenic role of SLPI in colorectal cancer is still unclear. Here we showed that SLPI mRNA level was significantly upregulated in colorectal cancer tissues compared to adjacent normal controls. Targeting SLPI by siRNA inhibited proliferation, migration and invasion of colorectal cancer cells lines HT29 and HT116 in vitro. Mechanistically, blockage of cancer cell growth and metastasis after SLPI knockdown was associated with down-regulation of AKT signaling. In conclusion, SLPI regulated colorectal cell growth and metastasis via AKT signaling. SLPI may be a novel biomarker and therapeutic target for colorectal cancer. Targeting AKT signaling may be effective for colorectal cancer treatment.
A Contemporary History of Exclusion: The Roma Issue in Hungary from 1945 to 2015
Authors: Majtényi Balázs , Majtényi György
Published: July 2020

This study presents the changing situation of the Roma in the second half of the twentieth century. The authors examine the effects of the policies of the Hungarian state towards minorities by analyzing legal regulations, policy documents, archival sources and sociological surveys. The book offers theoretical background to one of the most burning issues in east Europe. In the first phase (1945-61), the authors show the efforts of forced assimilation by the communist state. The second phase (1961-89) began with the party resolution denying nationality status to the Roma. The prevailing thought was that Gypsy culture was a culture of poverty that must be eliminated. Forced assimilation through labor activities continued. In the 1970s Roma intellectuals began an emancipatory movement, and its legacy can still be felt. The third phase (1989-2010) brought about some freedoms and rights for the Roma, with large sums spent on various Roma-related programs. Despite these efforts, the situation on the ground did not improve. Segregation and marginalization continues, and is rampant.
Propagation Studies in Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims.) Using Cuttings
Authors: Joseph Annjoe V. , Sobhana A.
Published: July 2020

Passion fruit is a high value export oriented crop, which is gaining popularity among farmers. One of the constraints in expansion of this crop is availability of quality planting material. Passion fruit is propagated through seed, cutting and grafting. Among these methods, cuttings encourage the production and multiplication of true to type planting material. Therefore, a study was conducted at the Fruits Crops Research Station, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Thrissur, during August 2019 - November 2019 to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of NAA and number of nodes on the rooting of cuttings and survival percentage. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design with twenty treatments and two replications. Experiment consisted of two factors, viz. NAA concentration (200 ppm, 400 ppm, 600 ppm, 800 ppm and control) and number of nodes (one node, two node, three node and four node), following quick dip method. The study revealed that there was significant variation among the treatments. When the effect of number of nodes alone was considered, four noded cutting had the maximum survival percentage, and higher root and shoot parameters. Improved survival percentage, and enhanced root and shoot characteristics were noticed with the increasing NAA concentration. From the present study, it was concluded that combined effect of more number of nodes and higher NAA concentration had profound effect on survival percentage, shoot length, root length, number of leaves and leaf area and four noded cuttings dipped in 800 ppm NAA, for 3-5 seconds was found to be the best successful propagule for passion fruit.
The Problem of Expansion in Erosion and Sedimentation Extensions of Drinking Water in Libya: A Case Study of Kufra City
Authors: Alnakra Hanan Ahmed , Saleh Abdul Salam Othman , Bouzid Ibrahim
Published: July 2020

Corrosion problems that occur in all fields in engineering activities cause high negative economic impacts, therefore research into operations of different wear mechanisms is a prerequisite for mitigating the effects of corrosion problems can reduce economic loss. Groundwater is  vital and the sole resource in most of the studied region in the city of kufra. In this study, some physical and chemical analysis studies were conducted on the water samples in the study area, which included: pH, total soluble salts, sulfate, chloride, calcium and magnesium. The values of these concentrations in the studied water samples indicate that they constitute a chemically suitable environment for corrosion and precipitation reactions, additionally, the pH values for the studied water samples ranged between (6.02 - 8.2), EC ranges between (266 - 3054) microseism/cm, temperature values ranged from 34.8 C0 to 37.4 C0, TDS between (270 - 1936 ppm). It was found that the Aggressiveness coefficient ranged between (9.03 to 11.58) and this indicates that the water in this region is highly corrosive and the Ryzner coefficient ranges between (8.98 -11.49), which indicates the water condition is the cause of corrosion. The Langelier coefficient index shows that the negative values are the cause of the increase in wear rate values from -2.73 to -0.89.
Comparison of Compression Performance and Energy Absorption of Lattice Structures Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting
Authors: Shi Xin , Liao Wenhe , Li Peifeng , Zhang Changdong , Liu Tingting , Wang Cong , Wu Jiajing
Published: July 2020

Selective laser melting (SLM) enables the fabrication of highly complex lattice structures, such as a novel triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) lattice structure. This article investigates the compression performance and energy absorption capacity of four SLM TPMS lattice structures with Gyroid, Diamond, IW, and Primitive unit cells. The deformation and failure modes are analyzed by both the mechanical experiments and finite‐element simulation. The compression performance and energy absorption of Gyroid and IW structures with different relative densities are also researched. The results show that the deformation mode is bending‐torsional coupling dominated in Gyroid, Diamond, and IW structures. IW and Gyroid structures have higher compression performance and energy absorption. However, Primitive structures have highest compression performance and lowest energy absorption for its stretch‐dominated deformation mode. The compressive strength and modulus of Gyroid and IW structures can be related to the relative density by the Gibson–Ashby model. With the relative densities of 4.6–8.6%, the Gyroid structure has higher energy absorption. However, the IW structure has higher energy absorption with the relative densities of 8.6–12.6%.
Applications of High Diffusion Resistance Multi‐component AlCrTaTiZrRu/(AlCrTaTiZrRu)N0.7 Film in Cu Interconnects
Authors: Li Rongbin , Chen Tongtong , Jiang Chunxia , Zhang Jing , Zhang Yong , Liaw Peter K.
Published: July 2020

Herein, a multi‐component AlCrTaTiZrRu/(AlCrTaTiZrRu)N0.7 double‐layer structure is prepared by direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering as a diffusion barrier for Cu interconnection. To verify the diffusion‐barrier properties at high temperatures, the Cu/AlCrTaTiZrRu/(AlCrTaTiZrRu)N0.7/Si structures are annealed at 700–900 °C for 30 min in high vacuum. The barrier layer remains amorphous with few nanocrystalline structures after annealing at 800 °C. Cu particle agglomeration begins to appear on the surface, but no Cu‐silicide compound is found on the Si substrate, indicating that the layer can effectively defer the interdiffusion of Cu and Si. Under annealing at high temperature of 900 °C, Cu silicides and other intermetallic compounds are formed on the surface of the Cu film, with the film resistivity increasing significantly, indicating that the AlCrTaTiZrRu/(AlCrTaTiZrRu)N0.7 double‐layer structures have completely failed.
Screen‐Printed Dry Electrodes: Basic Characterization and Benchmarking
Authors: Zalar Peter , Saalmink Milan , Raiteri Daniele , van den Brand Jeroen , Smits Edsger C. P.
Published: July 2020

The electrical performance of screen‐printed dry electrodes on thermoplastic polyurethane substrates are evaluated according to their conformance to international standards, skin–electrode impedance, and ability to gather high quality electrocardiograms. The electrical behavior of seven screen‐printed electrodes (Ag, Ag/PEDOT:PSS, Ag/AgCl, Ag/AgCl/PEDOT:PSS, C, C/AgCl, and PEDOT:PSS) is compared to two commercially available gel electrodes (3M RedDot 50 and Philips NeoLead) which represent the state‐of‐the‐art. After basic standard electrical characterization (electrode–electrode impedance, direct current [DC] offset voltage, defibrillation recovery, bias stress, and noise), it is shown that layers such as AgCl or PEDOT:PSS help to reduce the contact impedance of dry electrodes. However, the quality of the electrical signal is primarily governed by the skin impedance, which, without physical disruption or preparation, maintains a high impedance. For this reason, the impedance of all screen‐printed dry electrodes allows the collection of electrocardiograms with a quality equal to that of gel electrodes. Dry electrodes, while capable of obtaining similar electrical signal quality also bring the advantages of reusability, comfort, and the capability for long‐term measurements.
Printable and Large‐Area Organic Solar Cells Enabled by a Ternary Pseudo‐Planar Heterojunction Strategy
Authors: Liu Siqi , Chen Dong , Hu Xiaotian , Xing Zhi , Wan Ji , Zhang Lin , Tan Licheng , Zhou Weihua , Chen Yiwang
Published: July 2020

Bulk heterojunction (BHJ) processing technology has had an irreplaceable role in the development of organic solar cells (OSCs) in the past decades due to the significant advantages in achieving high‐power conversion efficiency (PCE). However, the difficulty in exploring and regulating morphology makes it inadequate for upscaling large‐area OSCs. In this work, printable high‐performance ternary devices are fabricated by a pseudo‐planar heterojunction (PPHJ) strategy. The fullerene derivative indene‐C60 bisadduct (ICBA) is incorporated into PM6/IT‐4F system to expand the vertical phase separation and facilitate an obvious PPHJ structure. After the addition of ICBA, the IT‐4F enriches on the surface of active layer, while PM6 is accumulated underneath. Furthermore, it increases the crystallinity of PM6, which facilitates exciton dissociation and charge transfer. Accordingly, 1.05 cm2 devices are fabricated by blade‐coating with an enhanced PCE of 14.25% as compared to the BHJ devices (13.73%). The ternary PPHJ strategy provides an effective way to optimize the vertical phase separation of organic semiconductor during scalable printing methods.
Functionalized Zn@ZnO Hexagonal Pyramid Array for Dendrite‐Free and Ultrastable Zinc Metal Anodes
Authors: Kim Ji Young , Liu Guicheng , Shim Ga Young , Kim Hansung , Lee Joong Kee
Published: July 2020

Here, an electrode comprising a Zn hexagonal pyramid array (HPA) coated with a functionalized ZnO layer (Zn@ZnO HPA) is prepared using a periodic anodizing technique. The HPA structure markedly increases the electroactive surface area of Zn anode, thus decreasing the local current density. Furthermore, the functionalized ZnO coating layer has a gradient thickness that plays an important role in the selective deposition of Zn ions and the mitigation of side reactions at the interface. The electrochemical stability of the Zn@ZnO HPA electrode, which is closely related to the electroactive surface area and charge transfer resistance, is determined by the “split” value, i.e., ratio of current‐off to current‐on time, a parameter of the periodic anodizing process. Compared with the pristine Zn‐based symmetric cell, the Zn@ZnO HPA‐based symmetric cell is safely operated in the investigated experimental range with the 10‐fold improved running life and 25‐fold enhanced current density without Zn dendrite growth. Moreover, the Zn@ZnO HPA/MnO2 battery exhibits outstanding long‐term cyclability (nearly 100%) with greater than 99% Coulombic efficiency after 1000 cycles at a current density of 9 A g−1. This periodic anodizing technique for ultrastable Zn metal anodes is expected to contribute to the development of inherently safe energy storage systems.
Highly Efficient, Bright, and Stable Colloidal Quantum Dot Short‐Wave Infrared Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Pradhan Santanu , Dalmases Mariona , Baspinar Ayse‐Bilgehan , Konstantatos Gerasimos
Published: July 2020

Unbalanced charge injection is deleterious for the performance of colloidal quantum dot (CQD) light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) as it deteriorates the quantum efficiency, brightness, and operational lifetime. CQD LEDs emitting in the infrared have previously achieved high quantum efficiencies but only when driven to emit in the low‐radiance regime. At higher radiance levels, required for practical applications, the efficiency decreased dramatically in view of the notorious efficiency droop. Here, a novel methodology is reported to regulate charge supply in multinary bandgap CQD composites that facilitates improved charge balance. The current approach is based on engineering the energetic potential landscape at the supra‐nanocrystalline level that has allowed to report short‐wave infrared PbS CQD LEDs with record‐high external quantum efficiency in excess of 8%, most importantly, at a radiance level of ≈5 W sr−1 m2, an order of magnitude higher than prior reports. Furthermore, the balanced charge injection and Auger recombination reduction has led to unprecedentedly high operational stability with radiance half‐life of 26 068 h at a radiance of 1 W sr−1 m−2.
Ionic‐Conducting and Robust Multilayered Solid Electrolyte Interphases for Greatly Improved Rate and Cycling Capabilities of Sodium Ion Full Cells
Authors: Yuan Haocheng , Ma Fengxin , Wei Xianbin , Lan Jin‐Le , Liu Yuan , Yu Yunhua , Yang Xiaoping , Park Ho Seok
Published: July 2020

The energy storage performance of sodium‐ion batteries has been greatly improved by pairing ether‐based electrolytes with high‐capacity alloy‐type anodes. However, the origin of this performance improvement by a unique electrode/electrolyte interface has yet to be explored. To understand such results, herein, the deterministic and distinct interfacial chemistries and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layers in both the ether‐ and ester‐based electrolytes are described, as verified by post mortem, in‐depth X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electron energy loss spectroscopy analyses, employing a hierarchical Bi/C composite anode as the model system. In the ether‐based electrolyte, fast sodium‐ion storage kinetics and structural integrity are achieved due to the highly ionic‐conducting and robust multi‐layered SEI consisting of an inner dense bismuth‐containing inorganic and outer polyether layer. No drastic capacity decay is observed over 1000 cycles and high capacity retention of 89% is achieved, increasing rates from 0.1 to 10 A g−1. The benefit of this SEI is confirmed to demonstrate a high energy density of 162 Wh kg−1 in a full‐cell and a high areal capacity of 3.3 mAh cm−2 even at a high mass loading of 11 mg cm−2, which is nearly equivalent to the loading of commercial lithium‐ion battery anodes.
Separation of liquid–liquid dispersion in a batch settler: CFD‐PBM simulations incorporating interfacial coalescence
Authors: Thaker Abhijeet H. , Buwa Vivek V.
Published: July 2020

Several commercially important chemical processes involve liquid–liquid phase separation. In the present work, we have developed a multi‐fluid Eulerian CFD model using OpenFOAM that incorporates binary and interfacial coalescence processes. We simulated separation of kerosene dispersed in water in a batch settler and validated the predictions using the measurements of time‐evolution of coalescing and settling interfaces, local dispersed‐phase volume fraction (αO) and drop size distribution (DSD). Simulations are performed to understand the contributions of binary and interfacial coalescence processes to the phase separation process. While the time‐evolution of coalescing and settling fronts can be predicted reasonably well using the two‐fluid model with empirically‐corrected drag models, local αO and DSD could not be predicted. We have shown that the comprehensive multi‐fluid Eulerian model, which incorporates binary and interfacial coalescence, predicts the time‐evolution of the coalescing and settling fronts, local αO and the DSD in an excellent agreement with the measurements.
Influence of convective intermittent drying schemes on drying induced stress–strain of a 3D clay object
Authors: Heydari Mohsen , Khalili Khalil , Ahmadi‐Brooghani Yousef
Published: July 2020

Drying process of industrial green in‐process products especially those susceptible to cracking, need great care, and optimally arrangement of parameters of convective drying. Intermittent drying is a new technique in drying area and is a promising solution for product quality enhancement. The intermittent drying with variable air temperature and the intermittent drying with variable air humidity are the most used techniques. The current study is devoted to 3D modeling and simulation of intermittent drying with variations of both air humidity and temperature and it is then compared with each of the cases of the intermittent drying with variable air temperature and the intermittent drying with variable air humidity. It was observed that the best dried product quality was obtained in intermittent drying with periodic changes of air temperature. Vapor condensation in the intermittent drying with variable air humidity is an undesirable phenomenon that significantly reduces the effectiveness of this process.
Hybrid System Analysis and Control of a Soft Robotic Gripper with Embedded Proprioceptive Sensing for Enhanced Gripping Performance
Authors: Park Myungsun , Jeong Bomin , Park Yong-Lae
Published: July 2020

Soft robots are considered to have infinite degrees of freedom based on their structural compliance, providing high adaptability to the environments, and recent study has focused mostly on advancement of their physical designs for increasing the adaptability. However, interaction itself with the environment has not been taken into serious account in previous studies despite the importance in applications. A soft robot as a hybrid system described by both discrete and continuous states is considered and a method of analysis for enhanced manipulation is proposed. The method is tested with a soft gripper composed of a pneumatic bending actuator and an embedded soft sensor for a task of object gripping. The optimum sensor location on the actuator based on the calibration map obtained from the actuator characterization is first determined. Using the sensor information, the interaction with the environment (i.e., object) classified into four discrete states is understood. In addition, a control strategy to find the best position to grip the object based on the estimated states is developed. The gripper is able to successfully complete the task using the proposed method for three test scenarios with different initial conditions and control parameters. Finally, the results are demonstrated with supporting videos.
Association of poor psychological well‐being with co‐exposure to psychosocial factors at work in Korean regular workers
Authors: Park Jungsun , Oh Yeon Suh , Kim Yangho
Published: July 2020

Background

This study evaluated the association of co‐exposure to different psychosocial factors with poor psychological well‐being of Korean regular workers.

Methods

This was a secondary analysis of data from the fifth Korean Working Conditions Survey, conducted in 2017. Multiple logistic regression was used to determine adjusted odd ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals for poor psychological well‐being associated with self‐reported psychosocial factors. Poor psychological well‐being was measured using the Well‐Being Index of the World Health Organization. For each question on psychosocial factors (long weekly working hours, lack of decision latitude, work pressure, lack of autonomy, lack of role clarity, organizational injustice, lack of reward, and lack of support from managers), answers of “always” and “most of the time” were classified as affirmative and answers of”sometimes,” “rarely,” and “never” were classified as negative.

Results

Poor psychological well‐being was significantly associated with most individual work stressors for both sexes (aORs = 1.22‐1.83). Furthermore, poor psychological well‐being had a positive association with co‐exposure to different psychosocial factors (aORs = 1.71‐8.08). Co‐exposure to an increasing number of psychosocial factors showed greater association with poor psychological well‐being.

Conclusion

We found that poor psychological well‐being was associated with co‐exposure to psychosocial factors in Korean workers in regular employment. Thus, we suggest that employers provide comprehensive measures that will protect workers from simultaneous exposure to adverse psychosocial factors.
Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Syntheses of Indazoles
Authors: Janardhanan Jith C. , Bhaskaran Rasmi P. , Praveen Vakayil K. , Manoj Narayanapillai , Babu Beneesh P.
Published: July 2020

Indazole is an important heterocyclic scaffold exhibiting a wide range of biological and pharmacological properties and plays a crucial role in drug design. In recent years, indazoles have gained attention in materials chemistry owing to their promising photophysical properties. The biomedical importance and natural rarity inspire the development of new practical syntheses of the indazole core. In this review, we are presenting a comprehensive overview of recent developments in the transition metal‐catalyzed synthesis of indazole during the last decade.
A case of pediatric duodenal transection caused by abuse successfully treated by duodenojejunostomy
Authors: Kato Hirotaka , Mitani Yasuyuki , Goda Taro , Watanabe Takashi , Kubota Akio , Yamaue Hiroki
Published: July 2020

Background

Abuse can be a cause of pediatric duodenal injury. Patients who have been injured by abuse tend to have delay before medical examination, they may therefore have especially poor prognosis.

Case presentation

A 3‐year‐old boy presented with abdominal pain and was diagnosed with duodenal perforation. He was urgently transferred to our hospital for surgery. There was no clear history of trauma according to initial parent interviews, but old bruises were observed in several places. Paternal remarks about the injury mechanism were contradictory to bruit findings. Eventually, the mother reported daily paternal domestic violence against the patient. Duodenal perforation was considered to be caused by physical abuse, and emergent surgery was carried out. Intraoperative findings revealed transection at the horizontal part of the duodenum. Primary repair was difficult due to severe damage, so duodenojejunostomy was undertaken.

Conclusion

Duodenojejunostomy was successfully carried out as emergent surgery for severely damaged duodenal transection.
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Associated with Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Müller‐Schmitz Katharina , Krasavina‐Loka Natalia , Yardimci Tugba , Lipka Tim , Kolman Aschwin G. J. , Robbers Sabine , Menge Til , Kujovic Milenko , Seitz Rüdiger J.
Published: July 2020

Objective

The aim was to investigate whether neurodegenerative biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) differentiate patients with suspected normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) who respond to CSF drainage from patients who do not respond.

Methods

Data from 62 consecutive patients who presented with magnetic resonance imaging changes indicative of NPH were studied with regard to cognitive and gait functions before and after drainage of 40–50ml of CSF. Additionally, S100 protein, neuron‐specific enolase, β‐amyloid protein, tau protein and phospho‐tau were determined in CSF. Statistical analyses were carried out with ANOVA and multiple linear regression.

Results

Patients with CSF constellations typical for Alzheimer's disease (n = 28) improved significantly in cognitive and gait‐related functions after CSF drainage. In contrast, those patients without a CSF constellation typical for Alzheimer's disease (n = 34) did not improve in cognitive and gait‐related functions after CSF drainage. In addition, positive CSF biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease predicted these improvements.

Interpretation

Our data suggest an association between Alzheimer's disease and NPH changes, supporting the recently suggested dichotomy of a neurodegenerative NPH and a true idiopathic NPH, with the latter appearing to be rare. ANN NEUROL 2020;88:703–711
Saturated Bioisosteres of ortho‐Substituted Benzenes
Authors: Denisenko Aleksandr , Garbuz Pavel , Shishkina Svetlana V. , Voloshchuk Nataliya M. , Mykhailiuk Pavel K.
Published: July 2020

Saturated bioisosteres of ortho‐disubstituted benzenes (bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes) were synthesized, characterized and validated. These cores were incorporated into the bioactive compounds Valsartan, Boskalid and Fluxapyroxad instead of the benzene ring. The saturated analogues showed a similar level of antifungal activity compared to that of Boskalid and Fluxapyroxad.
Quinolactacin Biosynthesis Involves Non‐Ribosomal‐Peptide‐Synthetase‐Catalyzed Dieckmann Condensation to Form the Quinolone‐γ‐lactam Hybrid
Authors: Zhao Fanglong , Liu Zhiwen , Yang Shuyuan , Ding Ning , Gao Xue
Published: July 2020

Quinolactacins are novel fungal alkaloids that feature a quinolone‐γ‐lactam hybrid, which is a potential pharmacophore for the treatment of cancer and Alzheimer's disease. Herein, we report the identification of the quinolactacin A2 biosynthetic gene cluster and elucidate the enzymatic basis for the formation of the quinolone‐γ‐lactam structure. We reveal an unusual β‐keto acid (N‐methyl‐2‐aminobenzoylacetate) precursor that is derived from the primary metabolite l‐kynurenine via methylation, oxidative decarboxylation, and amide hydrolysis reactions. In vitro assays reveal two single‐module non‐ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPs) that incorporate the β‐keto acid and l‐isoleucine, followed by Dieckmann condensation, to form the quinolone‐γ‐lactam. Notably, the bioconversion from l‐kynurenine to the β‐keto acid is a unique strategy employed by nature to decouple R*‐domain‐containing NRPS from the polyketide synthase (PKS) machinery, expanding the paradigm for the biosynthesis of quinolone‐γ‐lactam natural products via Dieckmann condensation.
Acid–Base Free Main Group Carbonyl Analogues
Authors: Loh Ying Kai , Aldridge Simon
Published: July 2020

Main group carbonyl analogues (R2E=O) derived from p‐block elements (E=groups 13 to 15) have long been considered as elusive species. Previously, employment of chemical tricks such as acid‐ and base‐stabilization protocols granted access to these transient species in their masked forms. However, electronic and steric effects inevitably perturb their chemical reactivity and distinguish them from classical carbonyl compounds. A new era was marked by the recent isolation of acid–base free main group carbonyl analogues, ranging from a lighter boracarbonyl to the heavier silacarbonyls, phosphacarbonyls and a germacarbonyl. Most importantly, their unperturbed nature elicits exciting new chemistry, spanning the vista from classical organic carbonyl‐type reactions to transition metal‐like oxide ion transfer chemistry. In this Review, we survey the strategies used for the isolation of such systems and document their emerging reactivity profiles, with a view to providing fundamental comparisons both with carbon and transition metal oxo species. This highlights the emerging opportunities for exciting “crossover” reactivity offered by these derivatives of the p‐block elements.
Evolution of the Diels–Alder Reaction Mechanism since the 1930s: Woodward, Houk with Woodward, and the Influence of Computational Chemistry on Understanding Cycloadditions
Authors: Houk Kendall N. , Liu Fang , Yang Zhongyue , Seeman Jeffrey I.
Published: July 2020

This review article describes the evolution of Woodward's mechanistic thinking, beginning in the late 1930s and early 1940s with his proposal of a charge‐transfer mechanism for the Diels–Alder reaction, eventually leading to the Woodward–Katz two‐stage concerted mechanism in 1959, and then to its mechanistic solution in terms of orbital symmetry control. Houk′s research in the Woodward labs, testing the predictions of this theory, is described. Subsequent modern calculations with quantum mechanics and molecular dynamics simulations have shown that Woodward indeed had perfectly described not only the cyclopentadiene dimerization mechanism, but a new class of transition states now known as ambimodal or bis‐pericyclic transition states. In recent years, the Houk group has found that ambimodal reactions are operative in the [6+4] cycloaddition. Molecular dynamics simulations of many Diels–Alder and ambimodal cycloadditions provide a time‐resolved picture of how these reactions occur. Lastly, Roald Hoffmann provides a Coda in which he describes his joy in “being taken along the journey” of the cycloaddition story from Woodward's youth to today's trajectory simulations.
Photo‐Induced Ruthenium‐Catalyzed C−H Arylations at Ambient Temperature
Authors: Korvorapun Korkit , Struwe Julia , Kuniyil Rositha , Zangarelli Agnese , Casnati Anna , Waeterschoot Marjo , Ackermann Lutz
Published: July 2020

Ambient temperature ruthenium‐catalyzed C−H arylations were accomplished by visible light without additional photocatalysts. The robustness of the ruthenium‐catalyzed C−H functionalization protocol was reflected by a broad range of sensitive functional groups and synthetically useful pyrazoles, triazoles and sensitive nucleosides and nucleotides, as well as multifold C−H functionalizations. Biscyclometalated ruthenium complexes were identified as the key intermediates in the photoredox ruthenium catalysis by detailed computational and experimental mechanistic analysis. Calculations suggested that the in situ formed photoactive ruthenium species preferably underwent an inner‐sphere electron transfer.
Aggregation‐Induced Emission (AIE): A Historical Perspective
Authors: Würthner Frank
Published: July 2020

Aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) has attracted considerable interest over the last twenty years. In contrast to the large number of available reviews focusing specifically on AIE, this Essay discusses the AIE phenomenon from a broader perspective, with an emphasis on early observations related to AIE made long before the term was coined. Illustrative examples are highlighted from the 20th century where fluorescence enhancement upon rigidification of dyes in viscous or solid environments or J‐aggregate formation was studied. It is shown that these examples already include typical AIE luminogens such as tetraphenylethylene (TPE) as well as stilbenes and oligo‐ or polyphenylenevinylenes and ‐ethynylenes, which became important fluorescent solid‐state materials in OLED research in the 1990s. Further examples include cyanine dyes such as thiazole orange (TO) or its dimers (TOTOs), which have been widely applied as molecular probes in nucleic acid research. The up to 10 000‐fold fluorescence enhancement of such dyes upon intercalation into double‐stranded DNA, attributable to the restricted intramolecular motion (RIM) concept, afforded commercial products for bioimaging and fluorescence sensing applications already in the early 1990s.
Cobalt Nanoparticles‐Catalyzed Widely Applicable Successive C−C Bond Cleavage in Alcohols to Access Esters
Authors: Luo Huihui , Wang Lianyue , Shang Sensen , Li Guosong , Lv Ying , Gao Shuang , Dai Wen
Published: July 2020

Selective cleavage and functionalization of C−C bonds have important applications in organic synthesis and biomass utilization. However, functionalization of C−C bonds by controlled cleavage remains difficult and challenging because they are inert. Herein, we describe an unprecedented efficient protocol for the breaking of successive C−C bonds in alcohols to form esters with one or multiple carbon atoms less using heterogeneous cobalt nanoparticles as catalyst with dioxygen as the oxidant. A wide range of alcohols including inactive long‐chain alkyl aryl alcohols undergo smoothly successive cleavage of adjacent −(C−C)n− bonds to afford the corresponding esters. The catalyst was used for seven times without any decrease in activity. Characterization and control experiments disclose that cobalt nanoparticles are responsible for the successive cleavage of C−C bonds to achieve excellent catalytic activity, while the presence of Co‐Nx has just the opposite effect. Preliminary mechanistic studies reveal that a tandem sequence reaction is involved in this process.
A Generalizable and Noncovalent Strategy for Interfacing Aptamers with a Microelectrode for the Selective Sensing of Neurotransmitters In Vivo
Authors: Hou Hanfeng , Jin Ying , Wei Huan , Ji Wenliang , Xue Yifei , Hu Jingbo , Zhang Meining , Jiang Ying , Mao Lanqun
Published: July 2020

The selective sensing of neurochemicals is essential for understanding the chemical basis of brain function and pathology. Interfacing the excellent recognition features of aptamers with in vivo compatible carbon fiber microelectrode (CFE)‐based electroanalytical systems offers a plausible means to achieve this end. However, this is challenging in terms of coupling chemistry, stability, and versatility. Here, we present a new interfacial functionalization strategy based on the assembly of aptamer cholesterol amphiphiles (aptCAs) on the alkyl chain‐functionalized CFE. The noncovalent cholesterol‐alkyl chain interactions effectively immobilize aptamers onto the CFE surface, allowing the generation of a highly selective system for probing neurochemical dynamics in living systems and opening up a vast array of new opportunities for designing in vivo sensors for exploring brain chemistry.