bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Historical Views of Homosexuality: European Colonialism
Authors: Aldrich Robert
Published: June 2020

The history of colonialism encompassed diverse meetings between societies and cultures, providing chances for discovery (by both the colonizing and the colonized) of differing sexual attitudes and behaviors. Varying sexual cultures inspired European ethnographical research, relativised sexual certainties and incited both fantasies and moral concern. Eroticised images of foreign men appeared in art, and affective relationships between Europeans and non-Europeans featured in literary works. The sex lives of “natives” and Europeans overseas provided subjects of speculation. The conquest of overseas territories by European and other expanding powers also led to the imposition of Western law codes regulating sexuality, including same-sex relations, gender norms, and marriage. Prohibitions on “sodomy” entered law codes throughout the British Empire, often with provisions of severe penalties. Only in the late 1900s did decriminalization occur in the British settler Dominions, though less often in former colonies in Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean. For European countries where same-sex activity had been decriminalized, such as France, it generally remained legal in the colonies, though surrounded with taboos and social opprobrium. Same-sex desire (and relations between Europeans or between them and indigenous people) appeared in many forms in colonial societies and in the lives of men associated with overseas empires. It was castigated by authorities as a menace to colonial mores but experienced by some men in the colonies as an opportunity for pleasure and a source of male bonding; non-Western sexual cultures provided arguments for both campaigns of “moralization” and for homosexual emancipation in Europe. Occasional scandals underscored the ways in which debates about sexual difference intertwined with colonial-era attitudes and policies.
Equivalency Framing in Political Decision Making
Authors: Olsen Asmus
Published: June 2020

Politics is increasingly reliant on numerical descriptions of the world. Numbers are relied upon for their ability to communicate some unambiguous facts of life. Equivalence frames are equivalent descriptions of the same quantity and they help us understand how different ways of presenting the objectively same piece of numerical information affect political behavior. Equivalence framing effects denote that these different presentation of the fundamentally same fact have very profound effects on preferences. However, most research in political behavior have relied on other forms of framing and largely regarded equivalence framing as a well-defined concept without much relevance to real-world politics. The standard form of equivalence framing changes the valence of a label which describes the same numerical fact. This form of negative and positive framing of the same metric will often elicit very different responses for the recipient of the information. A less studied type of equivalence framing in political behavior manipulates the same numerical fact but with a different metric or scale. These have often not been explicitly recognized as equivalence frames but are clearly an important example in a world of numbers. As for valence manipulation, changing the metric can also have profound effects. Moving forward studies of equivalence framing must both gain a better descriptive understanding of the actual use and abuse of equivalence frames in observational setting and at the same time aim to understand the causal properties of equivalence frames in the field—outside the controlled environment of the survey or lab where they most often are studied.
Social Media Lessons on the Nature of Political Decision Making
Authors: Pierce Douglas R.
Published: June 2020

Traditional models of political decision making tend to focus on the subject’s information levels or information-processing strategy. One of the most common conceptions of political decision making assumes that voters who are informed by a store of factually accurate policy information make more optimal decisions—that is, decisions more in line with their supposed political interests—than those who lack such information. However, this traditional view of political decision making minimizes the roles of affect and social influence on judgment. No phenomenon underscores the primary place of these constructs more so than the meteoric rise of online social media use. Indeed, scholars working at the intersection of social media use and political judgment have made important revisions to the traditional model of political decision making. Specifically, the popularity of online social networks as a tool for exchanging information, connecting with others, and displaying affective reactions to stimuli suggest that new models of competent political decision making which take into account social, affective, and cognitive elements are replacing older, information-based and rational choice models. In this essay, I review some of the pertinent literature on social media use and decision-making and argue that motivation, emotion, and social networks are key components of political judgment and are in fact more relevant to understanding political decisions than political knowledge or political sophistication. I also propose that new models of political decision-making would do well to take into account automaticity, social approval, and the role of information in both rationalizing preferences and persuading others.
Scientific Racism and North American Psychology
Authors: Winston Andrew S.
Published: June 2020

The use of psychological concepts and data to promote ideas of an enduring racial hierarchy dates from the late 1800s and has continued to the present. The history of scientific racism in psychology is intertwined with broader debates, anxieties, and political issues in American society. With the rise of intelligence testing, joined with ideas of eugenic progress and dysgenic reproduction, psychological concepts and data came to play an important role in naturalizing racial inequality. Although racial comparisons were not the primary concern of most early mental testing, results were employed to justify beliefs regarding Black “educability” and the dangers of Southern and Eastern European immigration. Mainstream American psychology became increasingly liberal and anti-racist in the late 1930s and after World War II. However, scientific racism did not disappear and underwent renewal during the civil rights era and again during the 1970s and 1990s, Intelligence test scores were a primary weapon in attempts to preserve segregated schools and later to justify economic inequality. In the case of Henry Garrett, Arthur Jensen, and Philippe Rushton, their work included active, public promotion of their ideas of enduring racial differences, and involvement with publications and groups under control of racial extremists and neo-Nazis. Despite 100 years of strong critiques of scientific racism, a small but active group of psychologists helped revive vicious 19th-century claims regarding Black intelligence, brain size, morality, criminality, and sexuality, presented as detached scientific facts. These new claims were used in popular campaigns that aimed to eliminate government programs, promote racial separation, and increase immigration restriction. This troubling history raises important ethical questions for the discipline.
Teacher Self-Efficacy
Authors: Lazarides Rebecca , Warner Lisa Marie
Published: June 2020

A teacher’s belief in his or her own capability to prompt student engagement and learning, even when students are difficult or unmotivated, has been labeled “teacher self-efficacy” in the context of social learning and social cognitive theory developed by Albert Bandura. Research shows that teachers with high levels of self-efficacy are more open to new teaching methods, set themselves more challenging goals, exhibit a greater level of planning and organization, direct their efforts at solving problems, seek assistance, and adjust their teaching strategies when faced with difficulties. These efforts pay off for self-efficacious teachers themselves, who have been found to be affected by burnout less often and are more satisfied in their jobs but also for their students, who show more motivation, academic adjustment, and achievement. While self-efficacy of the individual teacher explains how the individual teacher’s beliefs relate to students’ academic development, collective teacher efficacy helps to understand the differential effect of faculty and whole schools on student outcomes. Consequently, systematically exploring effective techniques to increase teacher self-efficacy is highly relevant to the teaching context.

Previous research has suggested four sources related to the development of self-efficacy: mastery experience, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, and somatic and affective states. Although there is ample evidence that teacher self-efficacy and collective self-efficacy are important for teacher and student outcomes, and some intervention programs for teachers in trainings, career teachers, and upon school factors show promising results, there is still a lack of longitudinal and experimental research on the independent effect of each of the four sources on teacher self-efficacy.
The Amazons of Dahomey
Authors: Adedze Agbenyega
Published: June 2020

The Amazons in general come from Greek legend and myth without any palpable historical evidence. However, there is no doubt about the historical female fighters of the erstwhile Kingdom of Dahomey (Danhome or Danxome) in West Africa, which survived until their defeat by the French colonial forces in 1893. The history of the historical Amazons of the Kingdom of Dahomey stems from vast amounts of oral tradition collected and analyzed over the years, as well as written accounts by Europeans who happened to have visited the kingdom or lived on the West African coast since Dahomey’s foundation in the 17th century to its demise in the late 19th century. These sources have been reviewed and debated by several scholars (including Amélie Degbelo, Stanley B. Alpern, Melville J. Herskovits, Hélène d’Almeida-Topor, Boniface Obichere, Edna G. Bay, Robin Law, Susan Preston Blier, Auguste Le Herisse, etc.), who may or may not agree on the narrative of the founding of the kingdom or the genesis of female fighters in the Dahomean army. Nonetheless, all scholars agree that the female forces traditionally called Ahosi/Mino did exist and fought valiantly in many of Dahomey’s battles against their neighbors (Oyo, Ouemenou, Ouidah, etc.) and France. The history of the Ahosi/Mino is intricately linked to the origins and political and social development of the Kingdom of Dahomey. Ahosi/Mino are still celebrated in the oral traditions of the Fon.
Studying Long-Term Changes in the Economy and Society Using the HISCO Family of Occupational Measures
Authors: van Leeuwen Marco H.D.
Published: June 2020

Occupations are a key characteristic for analyzing momentous changes in economy and society. Classical economists rooted their analyses in occupational divisions, emphasizing the division of work and its continuous evolution. Modern economists and economic historians also debate the wealth of nations by looking at the global changes in the labor force, at changing labor force participation rates, at winners and losers in the class structure, and in variations in this across the globe—stressing the importance of human capital for work and of changes therein for economic growth. To study such momentous changes over past centuries, historical occupational data are needed as well as measures and procedures to work with these data systematically and comparatively. The Historical International Standard Classification of Occupations (HISCO) maps occupational titles into a common coding scheme across the globe. HISCO-based measures of economic sector and economic specialization have been derived. To answer a number of interesting questions, the HISCO family has been extended to include HISCO-based measures of social status (HISCAM) and social classes (HISCLASS). Armed with his toolbox, scholars are able to study the development of the economy and society over past centuries.
Modern Human Behavior
Authors: Willoughby Pamela R.
Published: June 2020

In evolutionary terms, a modern human is a member of our own species, Homo sapiens. Fossil skeletal remains assigned to Homo sapiens appear possibly as far back as 300,000 or 200,000 years ago in Africa. The first modern human skeletal remains outside of that continent are found at two sites in modern Israel, the Mugharet es Skhūl and Jebel Qafzeh; these date between 90,000 and 120,000 years ago. But this just represents a short, precocious excursion out of Africa in an unusually pleasant environmental phase. All humans who are not of direct sub-Saharan African ancestry are descended from one or more populations who left Africa around 50,000 years ago and went on to colonize the globe. Surprisingly, they successfully interbred with other kinds of humans outside of Africa, leaving traces of their archaic genomes still present in living people. Modern human behavior, however, implies people with innovative technologies, usually defined by those seen with the earliest Upper Paleolithic people in Eurasia. Some of these innovations also appear at various times in earlier African sites, but the entire Upper Paleolithic package, once known as the Human Revolution, does not. Researchers have had to split the origin of modern biology and anatomy from the beginnings of modern cultural behavior. The first clearly evolves much earlier than the latter. Or does it?
Asian and Asian American Women in the United States before World War II
Authors: Hune Shirley
Published: June 2020

Asian women, the immigrant generation, entered Hawai’i, when it was a kingdom and subsequently a US territory, and the Western US continent, from the 1840s to the 1930s as part of a global movement of people escaping imperial wars, colonialism, and homeland disorder. Most were wives or picture brides from China, Japan, Korea, the Philippines, and South Asia, joining menfolk who worked overseas to escape poverty and strife. Women also arrived independently; some on the East Coast. US immigration laws restricting the entry of Asian male laborers also limited Asian women.

Asian women were critical for establishing Asian American families and ensuring such households’ survival and social mobility. They worked on plantations, in agricultural fields and canneries, as domestics and seamstresses, and helped operate family businesses, while doing housework, raising children, and navigating cultural differences. Their activities gave women more power in their families than by tradition and shifted gender roles toward more egalitarian households. Women’s organizations, and women’s leadership, ideas, and skills contributed to ethnic community formation.

Second generation (US-born) Asian American women grew up in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and negotiated generational as well as cultural differences. Some were mixed race, namely, biracial or multiracial. Denied participation in many aspects of American youth culture, they formed ethnic-based clubs and organizations and held social activities that mirrored mainstream society. Some attended college. A few broke new ground professionally.

Asian and Asian American women were diverse in national origin, class, and location. Both generations faced race and gender boundaries in education, employment, and public spaces, and they were active in civic affairs to improve their lives and their communities’ well-being. Across America, they marched, made speeches, and raised funds to free their homelands from foreign occupation and fought for racial and gender equality in the courts, workplaces, and elsewhere.
The Rise of Paganism and the Far Right in Europe
Authors: Aitamurto Kaarina
Published: June 2020

Since the end of the 19th century, pagan ideas have inspired some representatives of nationalist, conservative, and far right political ideologies. The idea of a native tradition connected to land and ancestry, as well as the image of organic, hierarchical societies with warrior values, has fascinated conservative thinkers. Paganism as the suppressed other has also served as a symbol for various subversive ideologies. However, the use of pagan symbols, mythology, and imagery in political movements is often superficial. Therefore, it is crucial to distinguish between different forms of paganism. While some appear more unambiguously religious, others can be better described as political, cultural, or philosophical paganism. Having said that, neither contemporary pagan religious movements nor pagan-inspired politics can be understood separately from each other. Ideas, concepts, and individuals move between the two, and they are both shaped by changes in the surrounding society. In the early 21st century, the mainstream pagan religious organizations of many European countries have adopted a generally apolitical and anti-racist stance. However, the rise of xenophobia and far right parties provides fertile ground for the rise of illiberal and exclusivist forms of paganism as well.
The African Presence in Central American History
Authors: Herrera Robinson
Published: June 2020

Far from monolithic, the seven Central American countries—Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama—each have unique cultural traditions and historical trajectories. Their different geographies, while not deterministic in any facile manner, influenced their development in ways that continue to shape their national characteristics. The cataclysmic 16th-century Spanish Conquest introduced new peoples and cultural traditions to the region. African slaves, primarily from the sub-Saharan region, accompanied the first Spanish ventures, and, later, as the colonies consolidated and grew, peoples of African descent, both enslaved and free, became a part of the area’s economic and cultural landscape. Starting in the late 18th century, African peoples from the Caribbean—whether forcefully exiled or as a result of searching for economic opportunities—traveled to Central America. Despite a contemporary collective historical amnesia that imagines Africans isolated in specific regions, namely the Caribbean coast, peoples of African descent can be found throughout the Central American nations.

Rather than addressing each country, a thematic approach that focuses on the Spanish Conquest, slavery, emancipation, the ethnogenesis of African connected cultures, the historical erasure of Africans, and the contributions of peoples of African descent helps to understand the complex ways that peoples of African descent have impacted the history of modern Central America. For far from isolated to small populations along the Caribbean, the African presence can be discerned throughout the region, even in places often perceived as entirely devoid of its influence.
Radical Right Ideologies and Movements in Brazil
Authors: Bertonha João Fábio
Published: June 2020

Far-right movements, groups, and parties are a constant in Brazilian history. Following the first moment in which we can identify the presence of the radical right in Brazil (1889), its history had several phases and moments: ultraconservative movements and monarchists in the early years of the Old Republic (1889–1930), reactionary leagues fighting socialism and the labor movement during and after World War I (1917–1922) and the first groups and fascist movements (1922–1932). In the 1930s, in turn, the formation of the largest fascist movement outside Europe, Integralism (1932–1938), and Getúlio Vargas’s Estado Novo (1937–1945) represented the peak of the far right in the country, when it almost became a valid alternative to power.

Between 1945 and 1964, the far right rebuilt itself in reactionary Catholic and anti-communist groups, close or not to neofascism. Under the military dictatorship of 1964–1985, it was in the fringes of power, remaining in the shadows after the redemocratization in 1985. In the 21st century, in turn, it acquired power and visibility, equaling or perhaps even surpassing that of the 1930s.

Recent Brazilian historiography, after attempts to reconstruct the history of the national right wing, has been moving toward a comparative approach in order to understand the dialogue between the national and the international within the specific field of the radical right. Dialogue is a fitting term, since the far right in Brazil was never completely original, but nor was it simply a copy of a foreign model. It is the role of the historian to understand this dialogue through the investigation of the links and mechanisms of transmission of ideas, concepts, and perspectives, the symbolic and material exchanges, between the world and Brazil.
Water Security
Authors: Sadoff Claudia , Grey David , Borgomeo Edoardo
Published: June 2020

Water security has emerged in the 21st century as a powerful construct to frame the water objectives and goals of human society and to support and guide local to global water policy and management. Water security can be described as the fundamental societal goal of water policy and management. This article reviews the concept of water security, explaining the differences between water security and other approaches used to conceptualize the water-related challenges facing society and ecosystems and describing some of the actions needed to achieve water security. Achieving water security requires addressing two fundamental challenges at all scales: enhancing water’s productive contributions to human and ecosystems’ well-being, livelihoods and development, and minimizing water’s destructive impacts on societies, economies, and ecosystems resulting, for example, from too much (flood), too little (drought) or poor quality (polluted) water.
Womanism and Domestic Violence
Authors: Rodgers Selena T.
Published: June 2020

Domestic violence is a public health problem shown to inflict severe mental and physical injury on millions of individuals and has considerable social costs. Absent from the literature is an examination of womanism ideologies, which provide a greater understanding of the full praxis that black women who experience domestic violence engage. Drawing from initial conceptualizations of womanism and later contributions of Africana womanism, this article brings into focus pervasive acts of violence perpetrated against black women, their racial loyalty to protect black men, and the limitations of existing domestic violence models and interventions. This entry addresses how these three interconnected areas are treated within the conceptual framework of womanism. An overview of violence against black women reveals the historical and contemporary forms of knowledge and praxis that have sought to overcome the social problem of intimate partner abuse, including the social construction of controlling images and the Power and Control Wheel (The Duluth Model). This entry also examines the prevalence of violence perpetrated against black women and compounding factors. In addition, this author considers the Violence Against Women Act and its consequences on laws and policies that affect the race, gender, and class experiences of black women coping with domestic violence. Also analyzed is the quintessential role of demographics, the culture of domestic violence, and international debates about womanism, including how black women intellectuals are prioritizing race-empowerment perspectives and a reference point to articulate healthy black relationships are prioritized. The article also reviews social work practice with black women victims/survivors of domestic violence and their families.
Neuroscience and Social Work
Authors: Matto Holly
Published: June 2020

Environmental conditions, interpersonal relationships, and adverse experiences affect developmental outcomes and human functioning. Their affect is perhaps no more clearly visible than when examined through a neuroscientific lens. Key focus is specifically on mind-body-environment transactions which can be beneficial or destructive; the neuroscience of adversity which can explain whether and why hardship will result in toxic stress;s, and the neuroscience behind behavior change which can help tailor strategic interventions.e. The brain’s lifelong capacity to change and grow gives relevance to the hard work of the social work profession, as our interventions can be understood as potential neurobiological turning points across the life course. As will be seen, neuroscience helps to explain many of the challenges social workers confront in their work with clients and client systems. Yet neuroscience can also serve as a guide to address these same challenges by directing targeted interventions. As more and more schools of social work incorporate neuroscience into their curricula and social work scholars write about how this science could inform social work practice, the social work professionwill become a central partner in interdisciplinary coalitions that use neuroscientific discoveries to inform programs and policies to advance optimal human functioning and wellbeing across all system levels.
Sacks, Oliver Wolf
Authors: Sorrent-Diaczenko Amanda
Published: June 2020

Oliver Wolf Sacks, MD, FRCP, CBE (1933–2015), was a brilliant and unconventional neurologist, scientist, university educator, and acclaimed author. With unquieted scientific curiosity, openness to new ideas, and a profound sense of humanism, Sacks worked to increase understanding of the brain and neurological conditions, while advocating for persons affected to be listened to, considered, and included, in treatment. A person-centered practitioner, Sacks is best known for his literary collections of case histories and empathic narratives, which document his scientific explorations in neurology and illustrate the personal aspects of neurological diseases.
A dilemma for permissibility-based solutions to the paradox of supererogation
Authors: Uzunova Marina , Ferguson Benjamin
Published: June 2020

We argue that permissibility-based solutions to the paradox of supererogation encounter a nested dilemma. Such approaches solve the paradox by distinguishing moral and rational permissions. If they do not also include a bridge condition that relates these two permissions, then they violate a very plausible monotonicity condition. If they do include a bridge condition, then permissibility-based solutions either amount to rational satisficing or they collapse back into the classical account of supererogation and fail to resolve the paradox.
Patients who failed to conceive following an in vitro fertilization cycle can be clustered into different failure causes using gene expression hierarchical analysis†
Authors: Fortin Chloé S , Hamilton Scot , Laforest Martin , Léveillé Marie-Claude , Sirard Marc-André
Published: June 2020

The patient’s response to an IVF stimulation protocol is highly variable and thus difficult to predict. When a cycle fails, there are often no apparent or obvious reasons to explain the failure. Having clues on what went wrong during stimulation could serve as a basis to improve and personalize the next protocol. This exploratory study aimed to investigate if it is possible to distinguish different failure causes or different follicular responses in a population of nonpregnant IVF patients. Using qRT-PCR, we analyzed a panel of genes indicative of different failure causes in patients who did not achieve pregnancy following an IVF cycle. For each patient, a pool of follicular cells from all aspirated follicles was used as a sample which gives a global picture of the patient’s ovary and not a specific picture of each follicle. We performed hierarchical clustering analysis to split the patients according to the gene expression pattern. Hierarchical analysis showed that the population of nonpregnant IVF patients could be divided into three clusters. Gene expression was significantly different, and each cluster displayed a particular gene expression pattern. Follicular cells from patients in clusters 1, 2 and 3 displayed respectively a pattern of gene expression related to large incompetent follicles with a higher apoptosis (over matured), to follicles not ready to ovulate (under mature) and to an excess of inflammation with no visible symptoms. This study reinforces the idea that women often have different response to the same protocol and would benefit from more personalized treatments.
Genetic and microstructural differences in the cortical plate of gyri and sulci during gyrification in fetal sheep
Authors: Quezada Sebastian , van de Looij Yohan , Hale Nadia , Rana Shreya , Sizonenko Stéphane V , Gilchrist Courtney , Castillo-Melendez Margie , Tolcos Mary , Walker David W
Published: June 2020

Gyrification of the cerebral cortex is a developmentally important process, but the mechanisms that drive cortical folding are not fully known. Theories propose that changes within the cortical plate (CP) cause gyrification, yet differences between the CP below gyri and sulci have not been investigated. Here we report genetic and microstructural differences in the CP below gyri and sulci assessed before (at 70 days of gestational age [GA] 70), during (GA 90), and after (GA 110) gyrification in fetal sheep. The areal density of BDNF, CDK5, and NeuroD6 immunopositive cells were increased, and HDAC5 and MeCP2 mRNA levels were decreased in the CP below gyri compared with sulci during gyrification, but not before. Only the areal density of BDNF-immunopositive cells remained increased after gyrification. MAP2 immunoreactivity and neurite outgrowth were also increased in the CP below gyri compared with sulci at GA 90, and this was associated with microstructural changes assessed via diffusion tensor imaging and neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging at GA 98. Differential neurite outgrowth may therefore explain the localized changes in CP architecture that result in gyrification.
Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: Impact Caused by School Closure and National Lockdown on Pediatric Visits and Admissions for Viral and Nonviral Infections—a Time Series Analysis
Authors: Angoulvant François , Ouldali Naïm , Yang David Dawei , Filser Mathilde , Gajdos Vincent , Rybak Alexis , Guedj Romain , Soussan-Banini Valérie , Basmaci Romain , Lefevre-Utile Alain , Brun-Ney Dominique , Beaujouan Laure , Skurnik David
Published: June 2020

A time series analysis of 871 543 pediatric emergency visits revealed that the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown and school closures were associated with a significant decrease in infectious diseases disseminated through airborne or fecal–oral transmission: common cold, gastroenteritis, bronchiolitis, and acute otitis. No change was found for urinary tract infections.
Neutralizing Antibody Responses to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Inpatients and Convalescent Patients
Authors: Wang Xiaoli , Guo Xianghua , Xin Qianqian , Pan Yang , Hu Yaling , Li Jing , Chu Yanhui , Feng Yingmei , Wang Quanyi
Published: June 2020

Background

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic with no specific antiviral treatments or vaccines. There is an urgent need for exploring the neutralizing antibodies from patients with different clinical characteristics.

Methods

A total of 117 blood samples were collected from 70 COVID-19 inpatients and convalescent patients. Antibodies were determined with a modified cytopathogenic neutralization assay (NA) based on live severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The dynamics of neutralizing antibody levels at different time points with different clinical characteristics were analyzed.

Results

The seropositivity rate reached up to 100.0% within 20 days since onset, and remained 100.0% till days 41–53. The total geometric mean titer was 1:163.7 (95% confidence interval [CI], 128.5–208.6) by NA and 1:12 441.7 (95% CI, 9754.5–15 869.2) by ELISA. The antibody level by NA and ELISA peaked on days 31–40 since onset, and then decreased slightly. In multivariate generalized estimating equation analysis, patients aged 31–45, 46–60, and 61–84 years had a higher neutralizing antibody level than those aged 16–30 years (β = 1.0470, P = .0125; β = 1.0613, P = .0307; β = 1.3713, P = .0020). Patients with a worse clinical classification had a higher neutralizing antibody titer (β = 0.4639, P = .0227).

Conclusions

The neutralizing antibodies were detected even at the early stage of disease, and a significant response was shown in convalescent patients.
Theorizing Principled Collaboration
Authors: Heath Renee Guarriello , Isbell Matthew G
Published: June 2020

Interorganizational collaboration is often at the crux of making decisions that impact and are impacted by inherent tensions of the human experience. Many theoretical models and literature reviews conceptualize collaboration through a teleological lens where being "good" is tied to accomplishing the collaboration's goals. In this essay, we broaden the understanding of collaboration problematizing what is meant by a good outcome. We propose collaboration is a principled activity with associated processes and outcomes and advance three arguments. First, that collaboration when viewed as a principled activity changes our understanding of collaborative processes and the way we might evaluate collaborative outcomes. Second, that dialogue operates as "ethical practice" and is woven through communication in collaboration that facilitates principles such as legitimacy, accountability, and shared power. Third, a principled lens of collaboration further develops the principled negotiation process, problematizing so-called objective criteria for decision making. This essay begins by attending to certain principles associated with collaboration processes. We review the experience of communication in collaboration as being oriented toward dialogue, interests, conflict, consensus, and solutions. Building on the ways in which communication is oriented to in collaboration, we use an empirical example to posit the importance of conceptualizing and evaluating collaboration as principled. By directing attention to principles as an important component of collaboration, scholars are positioned to recognize useful responses and the implications of those responses for collaborating.
Inverting magnetotelluric data with distortion correction—stability, uniqueness and trade-off with model structure
Authors: Moorkamp M , Avdeeva A , Basokur Ahmet T , Erdogan Erhan
Published: June 2020

Galvanic distortion of magnetotelluric (MT) data is a common effect that can impede the reliable imaging of subsurface structures. Recently, we presented an inversion approach that includes a mathematical description of the effect of galvanic distortion as inversion parameters and demonstrated its efficiency with real data. We now systematically investigate the stability of this inversion approach with respect to different inversion strategies, starting models and model parametrizations. We utilize a data set of 310 MT sites that were acquired for geothermal exploration. In addition to impedance tensor estimates over a broad frequency range, the data set also comprises transient electromagnetic measurements to determine near surface conductivity and estimates of distortion at each site. We therefore can compare our inversion approach to these distortion estimates and the resulting inversion models. Our experiments show that inversion with distortion correction produces stable results for various inversion strategies and for different starting models. Compared to inversions without distortion correction, we can reproduce the observed data better and reduce subsurface artefacts. In contrast, shifting the impedance curves at high frequencies to match the transient electromagnetic measurements reduces the misfit of the starting model, but does not have a strong impact on the final results. Thus our results suggest that including a description of distortion in the inversion is more efficient and should become a standard approach for MT inversion.
Approach to Latent Tuberculosis Infection Screening Before Biologic Therapy in IBD Patients: PPD or IGRA?
Authors: Hashash Jana G , Abou Fadel Carla , Hosni Mohammad , Hassoun Lara , Kanafani Zeina , Regueiro Miguel D
Published: June 2020

The use of biological agents for the treatment of chronic inflammatory conditions such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) has been on the rise.1,2 Current biological therapies include antitumor necrosis factor-α (anti-TNF-α), anti-interleukin-12/23, and anti-integrin agents. Before initiation of biological drugs, screening for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is required to avoid reactivation or worsening of disease after immunosuppression. It has been shown that anti-TNF-α treated patients have a 14-fold increased risk of tuberculosis (TB) infection/reactivation compared with healthy controls.3 The methods for screening for TB have evolved over time and vary from region to region.
The unrecognized power of health services accreditation: more than external evaluation
Authors: Mitchell Jonathan I , Graham Ian D , Nicklin Wendy
Published: June 2020

While it is widely recognized that accreditation enables an organization to improve its performance and sustain a culture of quality, changing healthcare practices to align with evidence-informed guidelines (clinical and administrative) is a complex process that takes time. The true value of accreditation lies in its contribution to healthcare safety and quality as a means to prompt and support ‘knowledge to action’, a key value of accreditation that ‘has yet to be articulated’. Using the ‘knowledge to action’ cycle, a planned action framework, we illustrate that accreditation is a knowledge translation (KT) or implementation intervention that seeks to improve and increase the uptake of evidence in healthcare organizations. The accreditation components, including the quality framework, standards, self-assessment process and on-site survey visit, ultimately serve to improve quality, decreasing variation in practice and strengthening a culture of quality. With a unique perspective and alignment obtained through the implementation lens, we examine the accreditation process and components relative to the ‘knowledge to action cycle’ with implications for enhancing the value of accreditation beyond current appreciation to both accreditation bodies worldwide and those organizations that participate in accreditation programs. Until organizations and accreditation bodies embrace the accreditation process as a knowledge to action intervention to bring about meaningful and sustained change, the full benefits of the process will not be optimized nor achieved.
A multi-institutional randomized phase III trial comparing anatomical segmentectomy and wedge resection for clinical stage IA non-small cell lung cancer in high-risk operable patients: Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study JCOG1909 (ANSWER study)
Authors: Shimoyama Ryo , Tsutani Yasuhiro , Wakabayashi Masashi , Katayama Hiroshi , Fukuda Haruhiko , Suzuki Kenji , Watanabe Shun-ichi ,   the Lung Cancer Surgical Study Group
Published: June 2020

Anatomical segmentectomy or wedge resection is recommended for high-risk operable patients with clinical stage IA non-small cell lung cancer in guidelines of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network and the Japanese Lung Cancer Society. However, there is no clear evidence comparing the sublobar resections. The less invasive and more generally performed is wedge resection but anatomical segmentectomy may have better survival benefits than wedge resection owing to its superiority in locoregional control. In April 2020, we have initiated a randomized phase III trial in Japan to confirm the superiority of anatomical segmentectomy over wedge resection in high-risk operable patients with clinical stage IA non-small cell lung cancer. We plan to enroll a total of 370 patients from 47 institutions over a period of 5 years. The primary endpoint is overall survival; the secondary endpoints are adverse events, postoperative respiratory function, relapse-free survival, proportion of local recurrence, operative time and blood loss.
Children as Research Subjects: A Dilemma
Authors: Kopelman Loretta M.
Published: June 2020

A complex problem exists about how to promote the best interests of children as a group through research while protecting the rights and welfare of individual research subjects. The Nuremberg Code forbids studies without consent, eliminating most children as subjects, and the Declaration of Helsinki disallows non-therapeutic research on non-consenting subjects. Both codes are unreasonably restrictive. Another approach is represented by the Council for the International Organizations of Medical Science, the U.S. Federal Research Guidelines, and many other national policies. They allow research ethics committees or institutional review boards to authorize studies with acceptable balances of likely benefits and harms, but neither clarify how to balance them nor explain the meaning of pivotal concepts, like “minimal risk.” Paths to the improvement of balancing or consequentialist approaches include (1) improving standardizing of risk assessment, (2) rejecting crude utilitarianism, (3) identifying and justifying normative or moral judg-ments, and (4) acknowledging extra-regulatory thresholds and deontological or non-negotiable duties to children.
From protective to connective professionalism: Quo Vadis professional exclusivity?
Authors: Adams Tracey L , Kirkpatrick Ian , Tolbert Pamela S , Waring Justin
Published: June 2020

This essay is composed of commentaries from four scholars critically evaluating Noordegraaf’s article ‘Protective or Connective Professionalism? How Connected Professionals Can (Still) Act as Autonomous and Authoritative Experts’. All four scholars, in different ways and from their different perspectives, question the dichotomy at the heart of Noordegraaf’s article, arguing that professionals have always been connective and connected, and moreover, that protective professionalism has not disappeared. They recommend more conceptual development to unpack the changing nature of connectivity and protectionism, as well as more attention to inequalities within and among professions, power, and professional agency.
Intervention Services
Authors: Papazoglou Emily
Published: June 2020

This chapter introduces the reader to the different types of intervention available. This includes state-based early intervention services as well as the supports available through the public school system. Information on services provided by the public school system will be discussed including how to set-up an individualized education program, what steps to take if you are told your child does not qualify for school-based services, and whether you should consider grade retention. Private therapies and therapeutic preschool programs also will be discussed. Strategies to help you recognize when an intervention might be based on pseudoscience will be presented along with tips for identifying good quality information, including research articles that might be relevant for your child.
Preventing Microaggressions in Therapy (and Life in General)
Authors: Williams Monnica T.
Published: June 2020

Abstract: This chapter outlines ways in which clinicians can prevent committing microaggressions and grow in cultural competence. Critical self-examination, which means bringing hidden racism to light, is essential before one can make a change. As such, it is important that all clinicians take stock of their biases through a fearless moral inventory. Challenging personal stereotypes, clinicians must be willing to examine and correct any stereotypical beliefs because they are not immune from the cultural forces that produce these difficulties as normative processes. The chapter describes ways to cultivate a multicultural perspective through the use of thoughtfully planned exercises aimed at confronting differences, which will reduce anxiety, increase confidence, and reduce the propensity to microaggress. This includes discussion of connecting with others who are different. Learning to acknowledge, address, and navigate power, privilege, and racism in cross-racial friendships may be similar to doing the same within a therapeutic relationship, and these non-professional relationships may inform a therapist’s personal and professional development. Allies are people who recognize the unearned privilege they receive from society’s patterns of injustice and take responsibility for changing these patterns. Through an example of a couple’s session, allyship and providing therapy for microaggressions experienced by one of the clients are outlined. Finally, supportive racial statements including positive statements about a person’s culture can be an important means of helping them feel understood, appreciated, and supported.
Christmas Surprises
Authors: Croskerry Pat
Published: June 2020

Case 1 introduces a middle-aged woman with bradycardia who is transferred from a rural hospital to the emergency department of a community hospital. She has an external pacemaker and is unconscious on arrival. An account of the course of her management is provided, along with an exploration of prevailing conditions and cognitive processes and biases that led to the case outcome.
An Incommoded Interior Designer
Authors: Croskerry Pat
Published: June 2020

This case discusses an elderly woman who presents at an emergency department with relatively mild upper respiratory tract infection symptoms who is overdiagnosed and subjected to an invasive and unnecessary test, an error of commission. The biases of availability, affect, and familiarity are evident in the case, as well as attempts to reduce the likelihood that the decision maker will experience chagrin and anticipated regret in their decision making.
A Model Pilot
Authors: Croskerry Pat
Published: June 2020

In this case, a 43-year-old male presents to the emergency department complaining of blurred vision during the past few days. He appears apprehensive. His eye examination is completely normal. On the basis of his increased respiratory rate and apprehension, a diagnosis of anxiety state is made, and he is discharged home. He returns the next day with continuing symptoms. On this occasion, an arterial blood gas is ordered, which eventually reveals his correct diagnosis.
The Representativeness Representative
Authors: Croskerry Pat
Published: June 2020

This case, involving a young male, focuses on one of the metaheuristics first described in the cognitive science literature: representativeness. Essentially, it is about pattern matching—one is more inclined to believe a patient is a member of a particular class the more features the patient manifests of that class. If these features are not present, one is less inclined to believe the patient belongs to that class—thus, prototypical presentations of disease may result in representativeness restraint as evidenced in this case.
Overdosing the Overdosed
Authors: Croskerry Pat
Published: June 2020

In this case, a middle-aged male presents to the emergency department (ED) of a general hospital with dizziness and weakness and a history of falling the previous day associated with seizures. There is also a possibility of head injury. He is well known to the department and has been seen previously by the head of the department regarding inappropriate use of the ED. Some difficulty ensues in terms of whether he has been having seizures or not, which, combined with a medication error and a laboratory error, results in him being overdosed with a significantly toxic drug. The case is an example of groupthink as well as fundamental attribution error.
The Lost Guide
Authors: Croskerry Pat
Published: June 2020

In this case, a previously healthy, middle-aged woman presents at the emergency department of a teaching hospital in severe hemorrhagic shock. Despite this being a reasonably straightforward medical emergency, she is exposed to a succession of significant iatrogenic events, including procedural error, from which she makes a full recovery. The most striking cognitive failure in the case is a collective inattentional blindness in a variety of individuals from several different specialties.