bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic accuracy of refractometry methods for estimating passive immunity status in neonatal beef calves
Authors: Akköse Mehmet , Buczinski Sebastien , Özbeyaz Ceyhan , Kurban Mert , Cengiz Murat , Polat Yadigar , Aslan Onur
Published: October 2022

Background

Assessing the inadequate transfer of passive immunity (ITPI) in beef calves is crucial because calves with ITPI are at high risk for morbidity and mortality.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of digital Brix (D‐BRIX) and digital serum total protein (D‐STP) refractometers to estimate different passive immunity status in beef calves and to determine the robustness of thresholds.

Methods

Blood samples were collected from 202 (1‐7 days old) beef calves. Serum total solid percentages, total protein concentrations, and IgG concentrations were measured with the D‐BRIX refractometer, D‐STP refractometer, and gold standard radial immunodiffusion (RID) assay, respectively. Data were analyzed using diagnostic test accuracy, areas under the receiver operating characteristics curve, Cohen's kappa coefficient, and misclassification costs analysis to estimate IgG concentrations <10, <16, and <24 mg/mL.

Results

For the prediction of serum IgG concentrations <10, <16 and <24 mg/mL, the optimal cut‐off values were determined to be <8.5% (Se: 100.0% (95% CI: 87.9‐100.0); Sp: 94.2% [95% CI: 89.6‐97.2]), <8.5% (Se: 92.1% [95% CI: 78.6‐98.2]; Sp: 97.6% [95% CI: 93.9‐99.3]), and <10.1% (Se: 88.8% [95% CI: 79.7‐94.7]; Sp: 67.2% [95% CI: 58.1‐75.4]), respectively, for the D‐BRIX refractometer; and <5.2 g/dL (Se: 100.0% [95% CI: 87.9‐100.0]; Sp: 93.6% [95% CI: 88.9‐96.8]), <5.2 g/dL (Se: 92.1% [95% CI: 78.6‐98.2]; Sp: 97.0% [95% CI: 93.0‐99.0]), and <6.4 g/dL (Se: 87.5% [95% CI: 78.2‐93.8]; Sp: 69.7% [95% CI: 60.7‐77.7]), respectively, for the D‐STP refractometer.

Conclusions

The digital Brix and digital serum total protein refractometers can be used as monitoring tools for assessing passive immunity transfer in neonatal beef calves.
Rostral nasopharyngeal CT measurements in Chihuahuas and Pomeranians are smaller than those measured in Dachshunds
Authors: Wijsman Saffiera , ter Haar Gert , Hertog Erik den , Boroffka Susanne
Published: October 2022

Chihuahuas and Pomeranians are often afflicted with obstructive upper respiratory tract disease. Previous computed tomographic (CT) studies have described the dimensions and abnormalities of different parts of the upper respiratory tract in brachycephalic dogs. However, Chihuahuas and Pomeranians were not included. The objective of this study was to determine the transverse‐sectional (TSA) dimensions of the nasopharynx, cricoid, and trachea of Chihuahuas and Pomeranians, and investigate whether or not Chihuahuas and Pomeranians had smaller airway dimensions than another non‐brachycephalic breed (Dachshund). A retrospective, descriptive, single‐center cross‐sectional cohort study was performed. CT studies of 88 dogs were included (42 Chihuahuas, 29 Dachshunds, and 17 Pomeranians). The TSA of the rostral, mid, and caudal aspect of the nasopharynx, the cricoid and trachea at the level of C4 were determined. For all these locations, TSA/weight, nasopharynx/cricoid, nasopharynx/trachea, and cricoid/trachea ratios were determined. The rostral nasopharynx was the smallest part of the upper airways in Chihuahuas and Pomeranians. Chihuahuas had significantly smaller rostral nasopharynx TSA/weight ratios compared to Dachshunds (P < 0.0001). The rostral nasopharynx TSA/cricoid ratio and the rostral nasoharynx/trachea ratio for Chihuahuas were significantly smaller than both that of Pomeranians (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.00027) and Dachshunds (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.00084). Pomeranians had significantly smaller cricoid TSA/weight ratios compared to Chihuahuas (P = 0.0014) and Dachshunds (P = 0.00028). This study demonstrated that the nasopharynx is narrow in Chihuahuas and Pomeranians, with the smallest dimensions located at the rostral part of the nasopharynx.
Can CT texture analysis parameters be used as imaging biomarkers for prediction of malignancy in canine splenic tumors?
Authors: Choi Bo‐Kwon , Park Seungjo , Lee Gahyun , Chang Dongwoo , Jeon Sunghoon , Choi Jihye
Published: October 2022

Splenic hemangiosarcoma has morphological similarities to benign nodular hyperplasia. Computed tomography (CT) texture analysis can analyze the texture of images that the naive human eye cannot detect. Recently, there have been attempts to incorporate CT texture analysis with artificial intelligence in human medicine. This retrospective, analytical design study aimed to assess the feasibility of CT texture analysis in splenic masses and investigate predictive biomarkers of splenic hemangiosarcoma in dogs. Parameters for dogs with hemangiosarcoma and nodular hyperplasia were compared, and an independent parameter that could differentiate between them was selected. Discriminant analysis was performed to assess the ability to discriminate the two splenic masses and compare the relative importance of the parameters. A total of 23 dogs were sampled, including 16 splenic nodular hyperplasia and seven hemangiosarcoma. In each dog, total 38 radiomic parameters were extracted from first‐, second‐, and higher‐order matrices. Thirteen parameters had significant differences between hemangiosarcoma and nodular hyperplasia. Skewness in the first‐order matrix and GLRLM_LGRE and GLZLM_ZLNU in the second, higher‐order matrix were determined as independent parameters. A discriminant equation consisting of skewness, GLZLM_LGZE, and GLZLM_ZLNU was derived, and the cross‐validation verification result showed an accuracy of 95.7%. Skewness was the most influential parameter for the discrimination of the two masses. The study results supported using CT texture analysis to help differentiate hemangiosarcoma from nodular hyperplasia in dogs. This new diagnostic approach can be used for developing future machine learning‐based texture analysis tools.
Facilitation–inhibition control of motor neuronal persistent inward currents in young and older adults
Authors: Orssatto Lucas B. R. , Fernandes Gabriel L. , Blazevich A. J. , Trajano Gabriel S.
Published: October 2022

A well‐coordinated facilitation–inhibition control of motor neuronal persistent inward currents (PICs) via diffuse neuromodulation and local inhibition is essential to ensure motor units discharge at required times and frequencies. Present best estimates indicate that PICs are reduced in older adults; however, it is not yet known whether PIC facilitation–inhibition control is also altered with ageing. We investigated the responses of PICs to (i) a remote handgrip contraction, which is believed to diffusely increase serotonergic input onto motor neurones, and (ii) tendon vibration of the antagonist muscle, which elicits reciprocal inhibition, in young and older adults. High‐density surface electromyograms were collected from soleus and tibialis anterior of 18 young and 26 older adults during triangular‐shaped plantar and dorsiflexion contractions to 20% (handgrip experiments) and 30% (vibration experiments) of maximum torque (rise‐decline rate of 2%/s). A paired‐motor‐unit analysis was used to calculate ∆F, which is assumed to be proportional to PIC strength. ΔF increased in both soleus (0.55 peaks per second (pps), 16.0%) and tibialis anterior (0.42 pps, 11.4%) after the handgrip contraction independent of age. Although antagonist tendon vibration reduced ΔF in soleus (0.28 pps, 12.6%) independent of age, less reduction was observed in older (0.42 pps, 10.7%) than young adults (0.72 pps, 17.8%) in tibialis anterior. Our data indicate a preserved ability of older adults to amplify PICs following a remote handgrip contraction, during which increased serotonergic input onto the motor neurones is expected, in both lower leg muscles. However, PIC deactivation in response to reciprocal inhibition was impaired with ageing in tibialis anterior despite being preserved in soleus.

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Key points

Motor neuronal persistent inward currents (PICs) are facilitated via diffuse neuromodulation and deactivated by local inhibition to ensure motor units discharge at required times and frequencies, allowing normal motor behaviour.

PIC amplitudes appear to be reduced with ageing; however, it is not known whether PIC facilitation–inhibition control is also altered.

Remote handgrip contraction, which should diffusely increase serotonergic input onto motor neurones, facilitated PICs similarly in both soleus and tibialis anterior of young and older adults.

Antagonist tendon vibration, which induces reciprocal inhibition, reduced PICs in soleus in both young and older adults but had less effect in tibialis anterior in older adults.

Data from lower‐threshold motor units during low‐force contractions suggest that PIC facilitation is preserved with ageing in soleus and tibialis anterior. However, the effect of reciprocal inhibition on the contribution of PICs to motor neurone discharge seems reduced in tibialis anterior but preserved in soleus.
ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION OF PREGNANCY-ASSOCIATED GLYCOPROTEINS
Authors: Yerzhanova N. , Iskakova I. , Zauatbayeva G. , Keyer V. , Sarina N.
Published: October 2022

The aim of these studies was to develop a protocol for the isolation and purification of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAG) from cotyledons from placenta of pregnant cows. As a result of this work, processes and parameters of the PAG isolation were determined, including: extraction in a buffer system, two-stage precipitation with ammonium sulfate (40% and 80% saturation) and purification of the target product using ion-exchange chromatography using Q Sepharose Fast Flow. The resulting product having a molecular weight of 55 kD was identified by MALDI-TOF mass-spectrometry analysis as "Pregnancy-associated glycoprotein 1". As a result of the immunoblotting, the presence of proteins with a molecular weight of 55 kDa in the obtained preparation, reacting with previously obtained monoclonal antibodies (MABs) specific to PAG1 was confirmed. To determine antigenic properties of the purified PAG, laboratory animals were immunized. It was found that immunization with the purified PAG efficiently elicits specific antibodies. These antibodies, after the proper purification procedure, can be used as components of immunological test systems for determining pregnancy in cows.
Effects of Blowing and Density Ratios on Unsteady Film Cooling Effectiveness Using Fast-Response Pressure-Sensitive Paint
Authors: Sounik Jeremy L. , Wright Lesley M.
Published: October 2022

The transient effect of unsteady wakes on film cooling effectiveness using a fast response pressure sensitive paint (PSP) was studied. Testing was performed in a five-passage, low-speed wind tunnel using a scaled-up high pressure, blade profile. The blowing ratios studied include 0.4, 0.8, and 1.2 with a density ratio of 1.0 and 1.5 at each blowing ratio. An upstream wake generator produced Strouhal numbers of 0.1 and 0.3 while the wind tunnel inlet mainstream Reynolds number was held at a constant value of 300,000 for every test case. The results in this paper confirm the overall time averaged reduction in film cooling effectiveness with the addition of an unsteady wake while providing more detailed information on the transient response of the film cooling effectiveness, presented in the form of film cooling effectiveness RMS values. Results show that film cooling effectiveness RMS values increase on the leading-edge region of the blade and show little change on the pressure side of the blade with an increase in the Strouhal number. On the suction side, the area-averaged effectiveness RMS values decrease for the 0.8 and 1.2 blowing ratios and remain unchanged for the 0.4 blowing ratio. A change in the density ratio of the coolant from 1.0 to 1.5 has a minimal effect on area-averaged effectiveness RMS values for all areas of the blade.
Analysis of Turbomachinery Averaging Techniques
Authors: Frey Christian , Ashcroft Graham , Müller Michael , Wellner Jens
Published: October 2022

In this paper, various averaging techniques commonly used in turbomachinery applications are analyzed. It is shown how the work average relates to Miller’s mechanical work potential and that it is, in a certain way, consistent with Hartsel’s cooled turbine efficiency. It is found that a key to understand these approaches is to analyze the impact that entropy variations at inflows have on them. Second-order asymptotics of mixing entropy are used to establish a close relationship between flux and work averages. It is found that the mixing entropy asymptotic due to entropy modes is identical for both averages. The work average, along with Miller’s mechanical work potential analysis, is as optimistic as the entropy average for vorticity and acoustic modes, but as pessimistic as the flux averaging for entropy variations. This explains why mechanical work potential-based analysis is pessimistic about the inflow and thus optimistic about the efficiency of a turbine for high entropy variations in the inflow, e.g., in the presence of hot streaks or film cooling. Radial averaging techniques are discussed and their impact on turbine performance is shown. Our findings are illustrated by means of the analysis of steady and unsteady flow simulations of a 1.5 stage turbine configuration.
Effect of Membrane Load on the Stability of an Electrostatically Actuated Initially Curved Circular Micro Plate
Authors: Medina Lior
Published: October 2022

The effects of membrane load on the axisymmetric bistable behavior of circular curved micro plates are studied via an axisymmetric reduced order (RO) model, incorporating radial prestress. The model is based on Kirchhoff’s hypothesis and Föppl-von-Kármán’s kinematics. The model is first validated for a “mechanical” (displacement-independent) load, against an RO model with 20 degrees-of-freedom (DOF), a finite differences (FD) solution, and finally, a finite elements (FE) model, serving as the reference. All solutions implement the “Riks” continuation method to track unstable branches, which can swerve in a complex form due to the presence of higher buckling modes. A convergence study is carried out for the snap-through location and load, as well as for the critical elevation and prestress required for bistability. Based on the validated results of the mechanical analysis, the reliability of the model for predicting the effect of prestress on the plate behavior under nonlinear (displacement-dependent) electrostatic load is then investigated while using FD as the reference. The study furnishes an expended RO model for curved plates, which includes the effect of prestress. The resulting model can further be used to estimate the value of residual membrane load present in electrostatically actuated curved plates, as well as predict the threshold for bistability.
Wind Parameters Effects on Floating Solar Array Design – Case Study: Japan’s Largest Floating Solar Array
Authors: Honaryar Amir , Karimirad Madjid , Abbasnia Arash , Whittaker Trevor
Published: October 2022

Floating solar energy is facing formidable challenges distinguish it from other marine systems. Wind parameters and wind/wave interaction effects strongly challenge the design and analysis of the floating solar systems. Having a broad area exposed to the wind in presence of the incident wave regime, the floating solar plant is highly affected by the wind parameters and wind/wave interaction. They are operating within the boundary layer of the wind flow close to the water free surface, where the viscous force is as important as the inertial force. Nevertheless, there is rather short research, standards, and guidelines associated with this emerging technology. This study is aimed at an assessment procedure to correlate wind parameters with floating solar array design. Hence, wind parameters such as speed and direction are identified to evaluate their impacts on the floating solar plant. Finally, some suggestions are stated for the design of floating solar system. Kyocera’s 13.7 MW floating project, Japan’s largest floating solar array that was damaged after Typhoon Faxai, is examined as a case study, and some suggestions on the main reasons behind this major incident are outlined.
Conceptual Design of a Concrete Multi-Column Floating Platform Supporting a 10 MW Offshore Wind Turbine
Authors: Hasan Muhammad S. , Munbua Wichuda , Malta Edgard B. , Gonçalves Rodolfo T. , Fujiyama Chikako , Maekawa Koichi
Published: October 2022

Wind energy is clean, eco-friendly, economic, and infinite-resource. In reducing carbon emissions, onshore and offshore wind energy becomes one of the essential considerations. The purpose of this paper is to conceptually design a concrete semi-submersible floating structure for 10 MW wind turbine using precast panel-based concrete, i.e. a concrete floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT). The design was applied by considering different parameters, such as main floater dimensions, thickness of the concrete panels, heave plate dimensions, draft of the platform, thick concrete portion at the connecting part between concrete floater and steel tower. The environmental conditions were taken from the Japanese coast, to analyze the dynamic behavior of the proposed concrete semi-submersible floater in waves and wind. A seawater ballast system was proposed for maintaining the draft of the platform during the operation and during the installation phase of the concrete FOWT. A parametric study was conducted based on some restrictions to check the feasible cases. A detailed comparison was presented for three cases and the best potential case was proposed. This paper successfully illustrated the hydrostatic, hydrodynamic and aerodynamic behavior to confirm the stability of the concrete floater for 10 MW FOWT.
A Three Degrees of Freedom Vibration Model for a Partially Installed Wind Turbine
Authors: Haselsteiner Andreas F. , Sander Aljoscha , Thoben Klaus-Dieter
Published: October 2022

Most offshore wind turbines are installed using the so-called single blade installation procedure. This means that after the tower, nacelle, and hub are installed, the rotor blades are mounted individually. This process step is difficult and sometimes leads to delays because relative motions between the hub and rotor blade need to be small and predictable to enable the successful mounting of the blade. Previously published measurements showed that the tower vibrates in a motion where the nacelle moves in “orbits” that often change shape and axis direction. In this work, we present a simple vibration model that captures some characteristics of the tower dynamics. The model represents the tower and the nacelle as two planar rigid bodies that are connected with a torsional spring. It has three degrees of freedom: the first body’s motion in x- and y-direction and the second body’s rotation around the first body. An offset between the second body’s center of mass and its point of rotation couples the translation of the first body with the rotation of the second body. For some configurations of the parameters that describe mass distribution, stiffness, and geometry, the model produces motion similar to wind turbines during installation: orbits that change in shape and direction. These complex motions occur even without external forcing. For other configurations, however, the tower vibrates in a stationary orbit.
Hydrodynamic Performance of an Innovative Semisubmersible Platform With Twin Wind Turbines
Authors: Elobeid Mujahid , Tao Longbin , Ingram David , Pillai Ajit C. , Mayorga Pedro , Hanssen Jan Erik
Published: October 2022

The deployment of offshore wind turbines has focused primarily on shallow seas (such as the North Sea, Chinese coastal waters, and the New England coast) using bottom fixed foundations. However, much of the world’s offshore wind resource lies in deeper waters where bottom-fixed foundations are not suitable, and floating platforms must be utilised. To date, the majority of floating concepts have been developed to support a single wind turbine. This leads to a high capital cost for each individual platform and consequently a high levelised cost of energy.

The W2Power platform (developed by EnerOcean S.L, Spain) currently supports a pair of 6 MW wind turbines on outward-leaning towers. The design significantly reduces the cost per installed MW, increases the structure’s natural period, added mass, and radiation damping. The platform, patented in 2009, was the world’s first twin-turbine platform and the first to be demonstrated at sea (2019).

This paper presents the hydrodynamics of a 1:40 scale model of the W2Power platform using the well-known OrcaFlex software. The analysis has been carried out under extreme and operational conditions, and the resulting hydrodynamic loads and motion response are presented.

The mooring system was found to be sensitive to wave direction, particularly when propagating along the current direction. Furthermore, the results showed advantages in the hydrodynamic responses for the W2Power platform as an innovative floating system.
Probabilistic Assessment of the Effect of Bolt Pre-Load Loss Over Time in Offshore Wind Turbine Bolted Ring-Flanges Using a Gaussian Process Surrogate Model
Authors: Jorgensen Jack , Hodkiewicz Melinda , Cripps Edward , Hassan Ghulam Mubashar
Published: October 2022

Achieving and maintaining a suitable level of bolt pre-load is critical to ensure structural reliability under the Fatigue Limit State for bolted ring-flanges in offshore wind turbine structures. Bolt pre-load is likely to vary over lifetime, with re-tensioning applied if relaxation exceeds design guideline allowance. An approach to assess the influence of varying bolt pre-load may be useful in the operational context. Recent work has demonstrated the suitability of a Gaussian Process surrogate model to emulate Finite Element Method structural simulations models of bolted ring-flanges, with computational efficiency gains. In this paper we predict cumulative fatigue damage in bolts over time, given uncertainty in bolt pre-load estimation, using a Gaussian Process surrogate model. We perform Structural Reliability Analysis to deliver approximations of annual Probability of Failure and the Reliability Index, under the Fatigue Limit State. Our approximations are compared to targets defined in relevant design standards. Furthermore, we incorporate observations, and maintenance actions, in updating the Structural Reliability Analysis during operation, and suggest practical applications of this method to inform inspection and maintenance practices.
Joint Extremes of Waves and Currents at Tidal Energy Sites in the English Channel
Authors: Mackay Ed B. L. , Hardwick Jon P.
Published: October 2022

Efficient and resilient design of tidal turbines requires knowledge of the environmental conditions which they will be exposed to over the course of their design life. Several sites in the English Channel have been identified by technology developers for potential deployments of tidal farms. These sites are exposed to strong tidal currents and large wave conditions. At sites of interest for tidal energy extraction, the largest currents are primarily driven by astronomical forcing and can be predicted from harmonic analysis of relatively short datasets. In contrast, wave conditions are stochastic in nature and require long hindcasts to accurately estimate extreme conditions. Moreover, at sites relevant to tidal energy, currents have a significant influence on the wave conditions. This necessitates that extremes of waves and currents are assessed using joint probabilistic models, in order to specify combinations of waves and currents to be used in the structural design of tidal turbines. In this work we use a coupled wave-current model of the English Channel to create a 31-year hindcast of conditions. We examine the joint distribution of wave and current conditions for tidal energy sites near the Isle of Wight (UK) and in the Alderney Race, off the coast of France. We construct 3D environmental contours of current speed, significant wave height and relative direction between the waves and currents. It is shown that the largest waves occur when waves and currents are in opposing directions. The directional misalignment between waves and currents is examined and the potential impact that this may have on the design of tidal turbines is discussed.
Development of 12MW Cross-Shaped Semi-Submersible Floating Offshore Wind Turbine
Authors: Matsuoka Ryo , Takeda Takashi , Kusumoto Hiroki , Kuwada Shu , Yoshimoto Haruki , Kamizawa Ken
Published: October 2022

We are developing cross-shaped semi-submersible floating structure composed of simple and lean stiffened plate structure. In this paper, we introduce the features and development studies of our 12MW semi-submersible floating offshore wind turbine. First, we introduce the main features of it. Second, we introduce the tank test of it, the purpose of which is verifying the behavior under the condition only wave load is applied. As a result of tank test, we verified motion response which is calculated by numerical calculation tool based on potential theory is well reasonable. Third, we introduce the initial structural analysis, the purpose of it is to decide initial scantling. Finally, we introduce the coupled analysis of our 12MW semi-submersible floating offshore wind turbine. Concerning the model of coupled analysis, we verified it from the several points of view. We verified the motion response of it under the condition that only wave load is applied. Compared to the result of numerical calculation and tank test, we confirmed motion response of coupled analysis model is valid. We also confirmed the natural frequency of the whole structure and the displacement due to both rigid motion and elastic deformation are reasonable compared to the result of FEM analysis. Then, we performed the coupled analysis under the condition that both wave load and wind load are applied considering the effect of turbine’s operation.
Experimental Study of the Effect of Heave Plate Dimensions on the Flow-Induced Motions (FIM) of a Multi-Column Floating Offshore Wind Turbine (FOWT)
Authors: Gonçalves Rodolfo T. , Malta Edgard B. , Simos Alexandre N. , Hirabayashi Shinichiro , Suzuki Hideyuki
Published: October 2022

Flow-Induced Motions (FIM) is an issue for multi-column platforms, such as Floating Offshore Wind Turbines (FOWT). The phenomenon can increase the fatigue failure of the mooring and/or cable systems and can also stop the turbine operation. One of the solutions to reduce the wave-induced motions (WIM) of FOWT designs is the inclusion of Heave Plates (HP). HP is used for increasing the added mass and viscous damping for the motions in waves; however, the behavior was not deeply investigated in the presence of currents. FIM model tests were performed for the Jappaku FOWT (JPK), a FOWT developed to operate in Brazilian waters. This paper aims to investigate the presence of FIM on the JPK to show the importance of HP design and to show how HP mitigates FIM. Three different HP dimensions were tested and compared with the condition without HP. In addition, two different incidence angles of the current were tested, namely 0 and 180 degrees. The results showed amplitudes in the transverse direction of around 100% of the diameter of the external platform column for the case without HP, which is larger than the ones observed for the deep-draft (DD) semi-submersible (SS). Conversely, FIM amplitudes decreased when increasing HP dimensions. The presence of the central column played an essential role in FIM. Due to the different diameters of the external and central columns, the FIM presented two different branches of response related to the vortex-shedding frequency around the columns. The results showed that significant FIM could occur for this specific JPK investigation even with HP. The HP design has a positive effect for reducing dynamic behaviors due to the wave and current incidences. Therefore, its design must be included in the preliminary stages of FOWT developments.
Wave-by-Wave Prediction in Narrowly Spread Seas Using Fixed- and Drifting-Point Wave Records: Validation Using Physical Measurements
Authors: Hlophe Thobani , Wolgamot Hugh , Taylor Paul H. , Kurniawan Adi , Orszaghova Jana , Draper Scott
Published: October 2022

Accurate and reliable phase-resolved prediction of ocean surface waves is crucial for many offshore operations in ocean engineering and marine science. One important application is in optimal control of a power take-off in a wave energy converter, leading to significantly higher power production. Our interest is the forecasting of wave fields based on measurements obtained from multiple upwave locations in moderate seas with small directional spreading angles, such as is prevalent along the south coast of Australia. The prediction model, based on FFTs and propagation of waves according to the linear dispersion relation, is applied to both wave groups and irregular wave fields generated in a wave basin and, additionally, to ocean waves measured with drifting wave buoys. To account for spreading, the model numerically advances linear, plane (i.e. long-crested) waves in space at an optimum offset angle equal to the underlying sea-state root-mean-square spreading angle. Averaging predictions based on a few slightly separated measurement locations, each weighted according to the estimated variance of the individual prediction, is shown to be more accurate than that from any single location. We also assess in detail the effect of drifting-buoy measurements in both long-crested and short-crested seas using synthetic wave records and show that it is possible to satisfactorily reconstruct the signal at fixed points based on the Doppler shift felt by the drifting buoy. The reconstructed signals give much better predictions compared to those completely neglecting the effect of even rather slow drift.
Experimental Investigation on a Speed Controlled Wells Turbine for Wave Energy Conversion
Authors: Licheri F. , Puddu P. , Cambuli F. , Ghisu T.
Published: October 2022

Ocean wave energy represents one of the most attractive renewable sources due to its high availability and predictability. Solutions based on the Oscillating Water Column (OWC) principle are one of the most promising for sea-wave energy conversion. The system is composed of two main units, an open chamber that converts the sea wave motion into an alternating airflow, and a turbine driven by this flow. The typical alternating airflow inside the OWC chamber requires a turbine with self-rectifying behavior. The Wells turbine is the simplest and most reliable turbine for this purpose in virtue of its rotor with symmetric blades staggered at 90 degrees relative to the axis of rotation.

The non-stationary operating conditions of the Wells turbine strongly affect its performance when working away from its optimal efficiency point. By controlling the turbine rotational speed, the operating conditions can be kept closer to the maximum efficiency point. Recent works, based on dynamic simulations, have proposed control strategies for the turbine rotational speed, to avoid stall occurring under variable wave conditions.

The present work investigates a rotational speed control in order to keep the operating conditions closer to the turbine’s maximum efficiency point. The analyses have been conducted in an experimental facility capable to simulate an OWC system with regular (sinusoidal) wave motion. Wells turbine performance has been evaluated for different control laws and it is compared to not-controlled turbine performance in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the control action.
Model Test and Validation of the Crown Floating Offshore Wind Turbine
Authors: Yu Wei , Lemmer Frank , Lehmann Katja , Cheng Po Wen , de Guzmán Santiago , Moreu Jaime , Battistella Tommaso
Published: October 2022

This work presents the results of a test campaign for a Floating Offshore Wind Turbine (FOWT) at a scale of 1:36. The floater is a Reduced-Draft-Spar platform for the DTU 10 MW reference wind turbine. A multifan system creating the equivalent aerodynamic thrust forces is used to replace the scaled physical turbine model, which is known as hybrid hardware-in-the-loop testing. The tests focus on different motion reduction techniques: an anti-heeling ballast and control system, a real-time observer, and a tuned liquid multi column damper, which are tested in a wave tank for the first time. Various tests are carried out to identify and calibrate the FOWT system. Results for regular waves, irregular waves and turbulent winds are presented in both time and frequency domain. Among the key results are the performance indicators of the motion reduction strategies. Several clear examples are provided along with a detailed analysis of the dynamic response for irregular wave conditions. The comparison of the numerically reproduced dynamic responses to the tests are presented as well, where a good agreement is found.
Mental Health Literacy Workshop for Youth Sport Coaches: A Mixed-Methods Pilot Study
Authors: Drew Breanna J. , Sutcliffe Jordan T. , Liddle Sarah K. , Bruner Mark W. , McLaren Colin D. , Swann Christian , Schweickle Matthew J. , Vella Stewart A.
Published: October 2022

Among other responsibilities, youth sport coaches are positioned to monitor and address the mental health needs of their athletes. Despite this, there are limited interventions aimed at improving coaches’ mental health literacy. Using a mixed-methods design, the aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and mental health literacy outcomes associated with a brief (75 min) workshop for youth sport coaches. Fourteen coaches (13 males, one female) completed pre- and postworkshop surveys measuring indices of mental health literacy, and 10 of these same participants engaged in a semistructured interview 1-month later. Overall, coaches who participated in the pilot workshop reported significant improvements in depression literacy, intentions to seek self-help for oneself and their athletes, and knowledge and confidence to provide help. In addition, coaches reported positive impressions of the workshop during the follow-up interviews and provided concrete examples of program content application. An important suggestion made by coaches was the need to align the workshop content to governing policy. Taken together, this pilot mental health literacy workshop for youth sport coaches shows strong promise and is ready for large-scale dissemination.
The Role of Daily Step Count in Determining Risk Factors for Falls
Authors: Jayakody Oshadi , Kirubasankar Aishwarya , Collyer Taya , Srikanth Velandai K. , Callisaya Michele L.
Published: October 2022

Falls risk is often assessed without considering exposure to risk. We examined the risk factors associated with falls in those with greater and lower levels of daily step count. Falls were recorded over 12 months using bimonthly calendars in community-dwelling older people (mean age 72.0, SD 6.9). Daily step count was measured using a pedometer worn consecutively for 7 days. A cut score of <5,575.5 steps/day was used to identify people with lower step count. Negative binominal models were used to identify cognitive, medical, and sensorimotor factors associated with falls in those with higher versus lower levels of daily step count. In those with lower daily step count, poorer executive function, slower gait speed, and lower steps per day were associated with increased falls risk. In those with higher step count, only mood was associated with increased falls risk. Considering daily step count is important when assessing falls risk in older people.
Spectral multiplexing of telecom emitters with stable transition frequency
Authors: Ulanowski Alexander , Merkel Benjamin , Reiserer Andreas
Published: October 2022

In a quantum network, coherent emitters can be entangled over large distances using photonic channels. In solid-state devices, the required efficient light-emitter interface can be implemented by confining the light in nanophotonic structures. However, fluctuating charges and magnetic moments at the nearby interface then lead to spectral instability of the emitters. Here, we avoid this limitation when enhancing the photon emission up to 70(12)-fold using a Fabry-Perot resonator with an embedded 19-micrometer-thin crystalline membrane, in which we observe around 100 individual erbium emitters. In long-term measurements, they exhibit an exceptional spectral stability of <0.2 megahertz that is limited by the coupling to surrounding nuclear spins. We further implement spectrally multiplexed coherent control and find an optical coherence time of 0.11(1) milliseconds, approaching the lifetime limit of 0.3 milliseconds for the strongest-coupled emitters. Our results constitute an important step toward frequency-multiplexed quantum-network nodes operating directly at a telecommunication wavelength.
An artificial remote tactile device with 3D depth-of-field sensation
Authors: Zhu Shanshan , Li Yuanheng , Yelemulati Huoerhute , Deng Xinping , Li Yongcheng , Wang Jingjing , Li Xiaojian , Li Guanglin , Gkoupidenis Paschalis , Tai Yanlong
Published: October 2022

Flexible tactile neuromorphic devices are becoming important as the impetus for the development of human-machine collaboration. However, accomplishing and further transcending human intelligence with artificial intelligence still confront many barriers. Here, we present a self-powered stretchable three-dimensional remote tactile device (3D-RTD) that performs the depth-of-field (DOF) sensation of external mechanical motions through a conductive-dielectric heterogeneous structure. The device can build a logic relationship precisely between DOF motions of an external active object and sensory potential signals of bipolar sign, frequency, amplitude, etc. The sensory mechanism is revealed on the basis of the electrostatic theory and multiphysics modeling, and the performance is verified via an artificial-biological hybrid system with micro/macroscale interaction. The feasibility of the 3D-RTD as an obstacle-avoidance patch for the blind is systematically demonstrated with a rat. This work paves the way for multimodal neuromorphic device that transcends the function of a biological one toward a new modality for brain-like intelligence.
Drosophila
HisT is a specific histamine transporter that contributes to histamine recycling in glia
Authors: Xie Jun , Han Yongchao , Liang Yufeng , Peng Lei , Wang Tao
Published: October 2022

Histamine is an important monoamine neurotransmitter that regulates multiple physiological activities in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Clearance and recycling of histamine are critical for sustaining histaminergic transmission. However, unlike other monoamine neurotransmitters, a histamine-specific transporter capable of clearing histamine from the synaptic cleft has not been identified. Here, through an in vitro histamine uptake screening, we identified an epithelial glia–expressing transporter, HisT (
His
tamine
T
ransporter), that specifically transports histamine into cells. HisT misexpression in both pre- and postsynaptic neurons revealed a critical in vivo role for HisT in histamine transport and synaptic transmission. Last, we generated null
hist
alleles and demonstrated key physiological roles of HisT in maintaining histamine pools and sustaining visual transmission when the de novo synthesis of histamine synthesis was reduced. Our work identifies the first transporter that specifically recycles histamine and further indicates that the histamine clearance pathway may involve both the uptake-1 and uptake-2 transport systems.
Ultrahigh-resolution full-color perovskite nanocrystal patterning for ultrathin skin-attachable displays
Authors: Kwon Jong Ik , Park Gyuri , Lee Gwang Heon , Jang Jae Hong , Sung Nak Jun , Kim Seo Young , Yoo Jisu , Lee Kyunghoon , Ma Hyeonjong , Karl Minji , Shin Tae Joo , Song Myoung Hoon , Yang Jiwoong , Choi Moon Kee
Published: October 2022

High-definition red/green/blue (RGB) pixels and deformable form factors are essential for the next-generation advanced displays. Here, we present ultrahigh-resolution full-color perovskite nanocrystal (PeNC) patterning for ultrathin wearable displays. Double-layer transfer printing of the PeNC and organic charge transport layers is developed, which prevents internal cracking of the PeNC film during the transfer printing process. This results in RGB pixelated PeNC patterns of 2550 pixels per inch (PPI) and monochromic patterns of 33,000 line pairs per inch with 100% transfer yield. The perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) with transfer-printed active layers exhibit outstanding electroluminescence characteristics with remarkable external quantum efficiencies (15.3, 14.8, and 2.5% for red, green, and blue, respectively), which are high compared to the printed PeLEDs reported to date. Furthermore, double-layer transfer printing enables the fabrication of ultrathin multicolor PeLEDs that can operate on curvilinear surfaces, including human skin, under various mechanical deformations. These results highlight that PeLEDs are promising for high-definition full-color wearable displays.
What we look for at
Science Robotics
Authors: Nelson Bradley J. , Dupont Pierre , Floreano Dario , Goldberg Ken , Gu Hongri , Jacobstein Neil , Laschi Cecilia , Lipson Hod
Published: October 2022

Science Robotics welcomes papers demonstrating technical and scientific advances, with potential for influence beyond robotics.
A cocktail of protective antibodies subverts the dense glycan shield of Lassa virus
Authors: Li Haoyang , Buck Tierra , Zandonatti Michelle , Yin Jieyun , Moon-Walker Alex , Fang Jingru , Koval Anatoliy , Heinrich Megan L. , Rowland Megan M. , Diaz Avalos Ruben , Schendel Sharon L. , Parekh Diptiben , Zyla Dawid , Enriquez Adrian , Harkins Stephanie , Sullivan Brian , Smith Victoria , Chukwudozie Onyeka , Watanabe Reika , Robinson James E. , Garry Robert F. , Branco Luis M. , Hastie Kathryn M. , Saphire Erica Ollmann
Published: October 2022

Developing potent therapeutics and effective vaccines are the ultimate goals in controlling infectious diseases. Lassa virus (LASV), the causative pathogen of Lassa fever (LF), infects hundreds of thousands annually, but effective antivirals or vaccines against LASV infection are still lacking. Furthermore, neutralizing antibodies against LASV are rare. Here, we describe biochemical analyses and high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structures of a therapeutic cocktail of three broadly protective antibodies that target the LASV glycoprotein complex (GPC), previously identified from survivors of multiple LASV infections. Structural and mechanistic analyses reveal compatible neutralizing epitopes and complementary neutralization mechanisms that offer high potency, broad range, and resistance to escape. These antibodies either circumvent or exploit specific glycans comprising the extensive glycan shield of GPC. Further, they require mammalian glycosylation, native GPC cleavage, and proper GPC trimerization. These findings guided engineering of a next-generation GPC antigen suitable for future neutralizing antibody and vaccine discovery. Together, these results explain protective mechanisms of rare, broad, and potent antibodies and identify a strategy for the rational design of therapeutic modalities against LF and related infectious diseases.
Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling To Guide Management of Drug Interactions between Elexacaftor-Tezacaftor-Ivacaftor and Antibiotics for the Treatment of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
Authors: Hong E. , Almond L. M. , Chung P. S. , Rao A. P. , Beringer P. M.
Published: October 2022

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are the pathogens of concern in people with cystic fibrosis (pwCF) due to their association with deterioration of lung function. Treatment requires the use of a multidrug combination regimen, creating the potential for drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)-modulating therapies, including elexacaftor, tezacaftor, and ivacaftor (ETI), which are eliminated mainly through cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A-mediated metabolism. An assessment of the DDI risk for ETI coadministered with NTM treatments, including rifabutin, clofazimine, and clarithromycin, is needed to provide appropriate guidance on dosing.
Whole-Genome Sequencing-Based Characterization of
Listeria
Isolates from Produce Packinghouses and Fresh-Cut Facilities Suggests Both Persistence and Reintroduction of Fully Virulent L. monocytogenes
Authors: Sullivan Genevieve , Orsi Renato H. , Estrada Erika , Strawn Laura , Wiedmann Martin
Published: October 2022

Listeria monocytogenes
is of particular concern to the produce industry due to its frequent presence in natural environments as well as its ability to survive in packinghouses and fresh-cut processing facilities over time. The use of whole-genome sequencing, which provides high discriminatory power for the characterization of
Listeria
isolates, along with detailed source data (isolation date and sample location) shows that the presence of
Listeria
in produce operations appears to be due to random and continued reintroduction as well as to the persistence of highly related strains in both packinghouses and fresh-cut facilities.
The Influence of Patterned Surface Features on the Accumulation of Bovine Synovial Fluid-Induced Aggregates of Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Gupta Niraj , Gupta Tripti Thapa , Patel Khushi , Stoodley Paul
Published: October 2022

Periprosthetic joint infections occurring after joint replacement are a major clinical problem requiring repeated surgeries and antibiotic interventions.
Staphylococcus aureus
is the most prominent bacterium causing most implant-related infections.
S. aureus
can form a biofilm, which is defined as a group of attached bacteria with the formation of an envelope that is resistant to antibiotics. The attachment and retention of these bacteria on implant surfaces are not clearly understood.
Epstein-Barr Virus Viral Processivity Factor EA-D Facilitates Virus Lytic Replication by Inducing Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase 1 Degradation
Authors: Lee Seungrae , Kim Jaehyun , Chung Woo-Chang , Han Ji Ho , Song Moon Jung
Published: October 2022

PARP1 acts as a negative regulator of lytic replication in EBV. To successfully enter the reactivation cycle, EBV has developed multiple strategies to counteract the host’s repressive mechanisms.
Nonlytic Quasi-Enveloped Hepatovirus Release Is Facilitated by pX Protein Interaction with the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase ITCH
Authors: Shirasaki Takayoshi , González-López Olga , McKnight Kevin L. , Xie Ling , Shiota Tomoyuki , Chen Xian , Feng Hui , Lemon Stanley M.
Published: October 2022

Mechanisms underlying the cellular release of quasi-enveloped hepatoviruses are only partially understood, yet play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of this common agent of viral hepatitis. Multiple NEDD4 family E3 ubiquitin ligases, including ITCH, have been reported to promote the budding of conventional enveloped viruses but are not known to function in the release of HAV or other picornaviruses from infected cells.
The Remarkable Genetics of Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Falush Daniel
Published: October 2022

The
Helicobacter pylori
genome is more thoroughly mixed by homologous recombination than by any other organism that has been investigated, leading to apparent “free recombination” within populations. A recent
mBio
article by F.
Complete Genome Sequences of Microbacterium paraoxydans Phages Cassita and Fransoyer
Authors: Bauer Brynn R. , Brookins Madelyn G. , Fobbe Spencer , Fredrickson Jade R. , Fretland Aidan D. , Grant Nicole D. , Katzenberger Abigail S. , Khan Ali I. , Kieffer Brea L. , Loken Andrew M. , Lopez Ignacio , Lutton Lindsay J. , Marquette Samantha A. , Mears MaKayla J. , Moe Cadence M. , Parent Alexandra K. , Payne Rodrick P. , Peterson Ida K. , Pucillo Hailey L. , Rickman Brina E. L. , Stubson Maddie A. , Zimmerman Elizabeth M. , Spring Ashlyn M. , Klyczek Karen K.
Published: October 2022

Phages Cassita and Fransoyer were isolated from soil in northwestern Wisconsin using
Microbacterium paraoxydans
as the host. The genomes of Cassita and Fransoyer are 61,868 bp and 62,277 bp, respectively, with direct terminal repeats. Both phages exhibit siphoviral morphology and are predicted to have lytic life cycles.