bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pinch Grafting for Chronic Ulcers on Lower Extremities
Authors: Ceilley Roger I. , Rinek Mitchell A. , Zuehlke Richard L.
Published: May 2014

Chronic ulceration of the skin of the lower extremities continues to be a difficult therapeutic problem. Pinch grafting of ulcers of the legs from a variety of causes, has proved to be highly successful. The success rate and complications of this procedure performed in the Department of Dermatology at the University of Iowa over a five‐year period (1971–1975) are reviewed. The basic technique and pre‐operative and post‐operative care are outlined. Management of difficult cases by using such techniques as the Jobst pump, heterograft skin dressings, and sublesional steroid injection is also discussed.
Cryosurgery for Ocular and Periocular Lesions
Authors: Fraunfelder Frederick T. , Farris Harold E. , Wallace Thomas R.
Published: May 2014

The results of cryosurgical management of 1,200 ocular and periocular squamous‐cell carcinomas in cattle and 270 benign and malignant ocular and periocular lesions in humans are reviewed. Cryosurgery, in our opinion, will eventually become the treatment of choice for basal‐ and squamous‐cell carcinoma of the eyelids.
A Case of Basal‐Cell Carcinoma in a Patient with the Wyburn‐Mason Syndrome
Authors: Gulick Arthur W. , Taylor William B.
Published: May 2014

A young man with the Wyburn‐Mason syndrome was found to have a large basal‐cell carcinoma. It is not known if the lesion was merely coincidental or in some way related to this rare anomaly.
Sclerosing Epithelial Hamartoma
Authors: Bernstein Gerald , Roth Gilbert J.
Published: May 2014

Two cases of sclerosing epithelial hamartoma are presented. This recently described benign fibroepithelial tumor needs to be distinguished from trichoepithelioma, syringoma and morphea‐like epithelioma. The distinctive clinical and histologic features are discussed.
The Promotion of Wound Healing Following Chemosurgery (Mohs' Technique) By Dressings with a Lotion of Benzoyl Peroxide
Authors: Lynch William S. , Bailin Philip L.
Published: May 2014

A lotion of benzoyl peroxide was applied postoperatively to chemosurgical wounds in a small group of patients. The technique of utilizing dressings of benzoyl peroxide is described and illustrated. Enhanced wound healing was observed in all cases. The effects appear to be due, at least in part, to antimicrobial activity, debriding activity, hyperbaric oxygenation, and stimulation of granulation.
A Flap Suspension Technique in Blepharoplasty on Lower Lids
Authors: Webster Richard C. , Smith Richard C. , Davidson Terence M. , Dmytryshyn John D. , Johnson Calvin M. , Smith Randolph R. , White Malvin F.
Published: May 2014

Blepharoplasty on lower lids frequently results in a downward pull on the free border of the lid and inferomedially on the lateral canthus. Extending the incision in the lower lid upward and lateral to the outer canthus allows most of the excision to occur laterally. Closure then pulls superolaterally, which tends to prevent the commonest complications of blepharoplasty on lower lids.
Treatment of Nevi Aranei by Means of an Argon Laser
Authors: Apfelberg David B. , Maser Morton R. , Lash Harvey
Published: May 2014

Sixteen patients with 18 telangiectatic lesions have been treated by means of an argon laser over a 7‐year period. The physics and medical uses of the laser are reviewed and the pathology of the laser wound is discussed. Seventeen of 18 lesions responded satisfactorily and suggest that the argon laser is a simple, effective clinical tool for the treatment of cutaneous vascular lesions.
Reflections on Dermatologic Surgery and The Management of Perioral and Labial Lesions
Authors: Simmonds Wayne L.
Published: May 2014

Techniques of surgical management of skin lesions on the upper and lower lips are presented emphasizing details of the procedures.
Thermal Injury on the Foot and Ankle of a Paraplegic: Report of a Case from Exposure to Sunshine
Authors: Chung Bok S. , El‐Toraei I. , Furnas David W.
Published: May 2014

The case of a paraplegic patient who sustained a full‐thickness thermal injury to his left foot from exposure to sunshine is described. Electromagnetic energy from the sun can cause enough damage to full thickness of the skin when the heat is intense enough or not dissipated sufficiently. The lesson of it is that paralyzed and anesthetic individuals should be cautious about sunbathing.
Grenz Rays: Adequate or Antiquated?
Authors: Jansen G. Thomas
Published: May 2014

Selected benign dermatoses, recalcitrant to most other forms of therapy, respond to grenz‐ray therapy. When appropriately administered, this is a safe treatment for such conditions. This paper delineates the practical application of grenz‐ray therapy at the present time.
Adverse Effects of Superficial X‐Ray Therapy and Recommendations for Safe Use in Benign Dermatoses
Authors: Rowell Neville
Published: May 2014

The danger of superficial radiotherapy for benign dermatoses has been exaggerated. It is safe if certain precautions are observed. The permissible life‐time maximum cumulative dose of conventional superficial X rays generated at 50 kV given to any area of skin is 1000 R, and of grenz rays, 5000 R.
Radiation Therapy for Plantar Warts
Authors: Shair Hilliard M. , Hanshaw William J. , Grayson Leonard D.
Published: May 2014

Follow‐up examinations were done on 598 plantar wart sites treated by radiation 3 to 28 years earlier. In 45 cases, minor skin changes were detectable. There were ho frank radiation sequelae. Of three X‐ray schedules used, a one‐dose method is recommended because of its simplicity, efficacy and safety.
Radiotherapy for Kaposi's Sarcoma
Authors: Borok Thomas , Farina Anthony T. , Leider Morris
Published: May 2014

Kaposi's sarcoma is a malignancy for which there is no satisfactory standardized, nor even a very good, method of treatment. When the condition is indolent and but slowly progressive on the feet, where it is most common, conservative measures of good local hygiene and palliation of edema, if present, by mechanical support of circulation by elastic garments is generally advised. Small, dispersed nodules on the feet or hands, if symptomatic or subject to trauma, are amenable to extirpation by minor surgical procedures. When, however, the disease becomes continuous, symptomatic, extensive, or rapidly progressive and threatens to become disabling, radiotherapy is a first and best treatment. Helpful as radiotherapy may be in such cases, it is not and cannot be expected to be curative because it is practiced only on limited areas of clinically evident process and in that way does not influence the unpredictable rate of progression nor prevents development of multicentric foci of the disease in its capricious course. It is suggested that widespread radiotherapy in conservative doses be accorded early and prophylactically in cases of Kaposi's sarcoma immediately upon diagnosis and surely upon threat of rapid progression. There is precedent for such treatment in the extensive radiation practiced in Hodgkin's disease. Such treatment may prevent or at least halt progression of Kaposi's sarcoma by affecting clinically undetectable, active foci and foci in potential of malignant transformation. It can be designed to do no harm.
Trichilemmoma
Authors: Chan Philip , White Stephen W. , Pierson Dean L. , Rodman O. G.
Published: May 2014

Trichilemmoma is an uncommon cutaneous neoplasm that originates in the outer hair sheath. We are reporting two cases, one of lobular pattern, the other a massing of cells of the follicular infundibulum. In each case, the clinical appearance was nonspecific and the mistaken clinical diagnosis was basal‐cell carcinoma.
Electro‐Excision of Melanomas
Authors: Epstein Ervin
Published: May 2014

Excision of primary malignant melanomas by a cautery (actual heat) or by endothermy (electric cutting current) is a simple method of management. It consists of excision of a disc of tissue that contains the evident malignancy plus some surrounding normal‐appearing skin.
Management of Malignant Melanomas: An Overview
Authors: Epstein William L.
Published: May 2014

This paper presents an overview of the management of malignant melanoma. It considers the value of wide reexcision relative to the depth of invasion of the melanoma. It considers the indications for elective lymphadenectomy and presents a critical review of chemotherapy, immunotherapy and other procedures, such as X ray. The conclusion is that surgery, wherever feasible, is still the best approach.
Management of Hyperhidrosis Axillaris
Authors: Harahap Marwali
Published: May 2014

To many people, particularly women, hyperhidrosis of the axillae is a personal discomfort and a social handicap. Previously practiced topical and internal medicinal measures and surgical techniques of management are reviewed and a modified surgical technique is described.
Immediate Repair of Wounds Following Operations by Mohs' Fresh‐Tissue Technique
Authors: Robins Perry , Pollack Sheldon V. , Robinson June K.
Published: May 2014

With the introduction of the Mohs fresh‐tissue technique, immediate repair of surgical wounds has become feasible in selected cases. In this article several case reports are presented to illustrate the use of primary closures, skin grafts, and flaps in an office facility.
Basal‐Cell Carcinomas on Eyelids: Experience with Cryosurgery
Authors: Biro Laszlo , Price Ely
Published: May 2014

An experience of treating 40 basal‐cell carcinomas on eyelids is recounted. Modern technology and technique for such treatment are discussed.
Vesiculation of Focal Acantholytic Dyskeratosis in Acral Lentiginous Malignant Melanoma
Authors: Botet Miguel Vázquez , Sánchez Jorge L.
Published: May 2014

A case of acral lentiginous malignant melanoma is presented in detailed clinical and histologic features because it showed an unusually large vesicle in which there were findings consistent with an exaggerated focal acantholytic dyskeratosis.
The Treatment of Ulcers on Legs with Split‐Thickness Skin Grafts: Report of a Simple Technique
Authors: Michaelides Paraskevas , Camisa Charles
Published: May 2014

The placing of split‐thickness skin grafts on chronic ulcers on legs in the usual way is tedious and time consuming. An effective technique that is simply and quickly done is described and illustrated herein. At least two weeks of hospitalization is required to insure complete healing.
Book Reviews
Authors: Albom Michael
Published: May 2014

CANCER DERMATOLOGY. Frederick Helm, M.D., F.A.C.P., FR.C.P.(C), ed. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, Pa., 501 pages, 1979, $45.00.
Principles of Design and the Dynamics of Movement of Flaps
Authors: Stegman Samuel J.
Published: May 2014

Forethought about the design of flaps and understanding of the dynamics of their movement are necessary to their success and to cosmetically acceptable results. These considerations are discussed, and techniques are described and illustrated for advancement, rotation, and rhomboid flaps.
Neurological Complications of Cryosurgery
Authors: Millns John L. , Fenske Neil A. , Pierce Douglas
Published: May 2014

Among the few serious complications of cryosurgery are neuropathies. Three cases are reported. Prevention of neuropathy from cryosurgery depends upon awareness of the superficiality of the course of certain peripheral nerves in certain anatomic sites and cautious practice or avoidance of cryosurgery in those sites.
Adverse Cutaneous Effects of Ionizing and Non‐Ionizing Electromagnetic Radiation
Authors: Testa Elsie R. , Cooper Jay S.
Published: May 2014

Modern man is constantly exposed to many forms of electromagnetic radiation, both ionizing and nonionizing. Although many uses of electromagnetic radiation artfully administered serve man well, injudicious exposure carries a potential for harm. Various types of electromagnetic radiation and possible hazards from them are discussed.
A Study of Dermabrasion and Chemical Peels in an Animal Model
Authors: Stegman Samuel J.
Published: May 2014

An animal model was designed to compare the histology of the injuries resulting from dermabrasion and various escharotics presently used for face peeling. The results suggest that dermabrasion, although a superficial wounding process, leads to deep dermal and subcutaneous injuries. The deep dermal wound probably accounts for the correction of actinically damaged skin and wrinkling so often seen after dermabrasion. The injuries after peels were proportional to the concentration of the acid used: 50% phenol being stronger than 50% trichloracetic acid, which is stronger than 25% trichloracetic acid. The effects of epidermal irritants such as croton oil, the effects of occlusion, and the dose‐dependent responses of phenol are all presented and discussed.
How We Treat Rhinophyma
Authors: Verde S. Fidalgo , Oliveira António Da Silva , Picoto António Da Silva , Martins Orlando
Published: May 2014

Twenty cases of rhinophyma were treated, 17 by electrodesiccation and three by cryosurgery, all with good cosmetic and functional results.
Surgical Management of Hailey‐Hailey Disease: Report of a Case
Authors: Peled Isaac , Weinrauch Louis , Kaplan Haim , Wexler Menachem R.
Published: May 2014

An intractable and disabling case of Hailey‐Hailey disease largely in the groins is reported. Conservative treatment was ineffective, but surgical excision and grafting had good results.
Verrucous Malignant Melanoma
Authors: Schwartz Robert Allen , Hill Warren E. , Hansen Ronald C. , Fleishman Jay S.
Published: May 2014

Two cases of malignant melanomas with unusual surface characteristics are reported. In both the surfaces were verrucous and in one the lesion was sessile whereas in the other it was pedunculated. Their appearance suggested hyperplastic seborrheic keratoses, but biopsies revealed their true nature. It is suggested that the term verrucous malignant melanoma be added to the other terms that categorize clinical types of malignant melanomas and keep one's index of suspicion at a proper level.
Extirpation by Electrocautery of Massive Lesions of Condyloma Acuminatum in the Genito‐Perineo‐Anal Region
Authors: Robinson June K.
Published: May 2014

A technique for the electrosurgical removal of massive lesions of condyloma acuminatum in the genito‐perineo‐anal region is described. The method of caudal block and preoperative and postoperative management of the patient are discussed.
Direct Microscopy of Skin in Vivo as a Diagnostic Aid and Research Tool
Authors: Goldman Leon
Published: May 2014

In a large series of patients over a period of years, the new mobile and flexible stereoscopic colposcope of the gynecologist was evaluated as an aid in clinical diagnosis of cutaneous conditions. Comparisons were made with magnifiers, head loupes, and several other types of microscopes purveyed for direct microscopy of skin in vivo. The mobility of the gynecologist's instrument makes it particularly practicable for direct microscopy of many small and early lesions on the skin and mucous membranes and for capillaroscopy. Pigmented lesions of the skin, cutaneous malignancies, actinic keratoses, warts, keratoacanthomas, lesions of molluscum contagiosum, pathologic hairs, lesions caused by arthropods, and the arthropods themselves—all lend themselves to examination by direct microscopy. Training and experience are necessary for interpretation of what one sees by direct microscopy, much as one needs training and experience in interpreting what one sees in microscopy by transmitted light. Only then can the practice of direct microscopy be brought to usefulness in clinical activity, research, and education of students of dermatology.
Analgesia Induced by Nitrous Oxide and Oxygen as an Adjunct to Local Anesthesia in Dermatologic Surgery: Results of Clinical Trials
Authors: Maloney J. Michael , Coleman William P. , Mora Ricardo
Published: May 2014

Clinical trials were carried out to determine if analgesia induced by nitrous oxide and oxygen could be useful as an adjunct to local anesthesia in dermatologic surgery. Patients readily accepted the procedure. The analgesia obtained reduced anxiety and pain, and no important adverse side effects were encountered. Overall, the agents and method are effective and have advantages over more commonly used agents and methods used as adjuncts to local anesthesia.
Blues of a Guest Editorialist
Authors: Erger Benjamin D.
Published: May 2014

This is the fifth time that a reader has taken advantage of the offer of this space to expound on things he feels strongly about. The essayist writes passionately and scathingly about what he conceives to be bad writing. In his covering letter he predicted that there would be “an avalanche of letters” in response to him, letters he thinks will be condemnatory of him and of the Editor of this journal who permitted him to sound off. The Editor is not so sanguine that many will take notice and reply. If anyone does and wishes to make rejoinder, this space or our department of CAPITAL LETTERS is available for rebuttal (or praise).
Resection of Platysma Bands in Face‐lift Surgery
Authors: Deutsch Harold L.
Published: May 2014

The anatomy and function of the platysma muscle, its hypertrophy together with the submental fat pad in producing cosmetic defects, and the technique of resecting hypertrophied platysma muscle and submental fat to remove cosmetic defects are discussed and described.
Scalp Reduction as an Adjunct to Hair Transplantation: Review of Relevant Literature and Presentation of an Improved Technique
Authors: Alt Thomas H.
Published: May 2014

The literature on scalp reduction is reviewed and an improved technique of scalp reduction is presented. The amount of bald skin that can be excised by the author'S technique exceeds that previously reported by two to three times. The technique rests on tried principles of wide undermining in the galeal‐periosteal plane, use of serial relaxing incisions in the galea, closure of specially designed flap edges under increased tension, and the administration of adrenocorticosteroids postoperatively.
Cancers, Precancers, and Pseudocancers on the Male Genitalia: A Review of Clinical Appearances, Histopathology, and Management
Authors: Mikhail George R.
Published: May 2014

Leukoplakia penis and balanitis xerotica obliterans are precancerous lesions. Bowen'S disease, erythroplasia (Queyrat), and extramammary Paget'S disease are carcinomas in situ. Lesions of both types may closely mimic benign skin conditions that may occur in the genital region. Histologic examination is usually the only certain means of diagnosis. The same considerations apply to pseudomalignancies, e.g., giant condyloma acuminatum (Buschke‐Loewenstein), which clinically behaves as a carcinoma but histologically appears benign, and Bowenoid papulosis, a new entity that is believed to be benign although it has histologic features of a carcinoma in situ.
Widespread Cutaneous Angiolymphoid Hyperplasia with Eosinophilia
Authors: Sarnoff Deborah S. , Schiff Gilbert M.
Published: May 2014

Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (AHE) is classically characterized by benign vascular tumors on the head and neck of young adults. An unusual case of widespread cutaneous AHE that clinically mimicked prurigo nodularis is presented and illustrated. The relationship of AHE to the recently described entity, histiocytoid hemangioma, is discussed.
Treatment of Prurigo Nodularis: Use of Cryosurgery and Intralesional Steroids Plus Lidocaine
Authors: Stoll David M. , Fields James P. , King Lloyd E.
Published: May 2014

Two patients with prurigo nodularis resistant to most modalities of therapy were treated successfully with the combined use of cryosurgery and intralesional steroids plus lidocaine. This appears to be a successful treatment regimen for a dermatosis that is often difficult to control.
Pseudosarcomatous Angioplasia: Atypical Presentation of Pyogenic Granuloma
Authors: Goldman R. David , Gottlieb Bernard , Indianer Leo , Marmelzat Jeffrey , Rea Thomas H.
Published: May 2014

An unusual case of pyogenic granuloma is presented. Clinical and histological features of this lesion are reviewed. Differential diagnosis, common variants, and treatment modalities are also discussed.
Sun Exposure Habits in Patients with Cutaneous Melanoma: A Case Control Study
Authors: Lew Robert A. , Sober Arthur J. , Cook Nancy , Marvell Richard , Fitzpatrick Thomas B.
Published: May 2014

Telephone interviews were conducted with 111 patients with cutaneous melanoma and 107 controls to determine sun‐exposure habits during various life periods. Painful or blistering sunburns during either childhood or adolescence were associated with subsequent increased risk of developing cutaneous melanoma. While solar exposure does not appear to be a factor in some patients, when patients were divided into subgroups by age, sex, or sun type, each subset showed some increased risk associated with a factor related to short‐term excessive sun exposure. Ill effects due to such exposures appeared to increase the risk of melanoma.
How Can We Improve Mediterranean Cropping Systems?
Authors: Benlhabib O. , Yazar A. , Qadir M. , Lourenço E. , Jacobsen S. E.
Published: May 2014

In the Mediterranean region, crop productivity and food security are closely linked to the adaptation of cropping systems to multiple abiotic stresses. Limited and unpredictable rainfall and low soil fertility have reduced agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability. For this reason, crop management technologies have been developed, with a special focus on the Mediterranean region, to enhance crop production by increasing land productivity and sustaining soil fertility under influence of climate changes and population increases. The main objective of this study was to analyse dryland Mediterranean cropping systems, and to discuss and recommend sustainable cropping technologies that could be used at the small‐scale farm level. Four crop management practices were evaluated: crop rotations, reduced tillage, use of organic manure, and supplemental and deficit irrigation. Among the tested interventions, incorporation of crop residues coupled with supplementary irrigation showed a significantly positive effect on crop productivity, yield stability and environmental sustainability.
The moderating effect of prior attitudes on intergroup face‐to‐face contact
Authors: Graham Heather E. , Frame Mark C. , Kenworthy Jared B.
Published: May 2014

The present study examined cooperative contact as an antecedent to reducing negative attitudes toward gay men and lesbians, as measured by Herek's Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men Scale—Short Form (ATLG). In a scripted role‐play, participants were paired with a confederate who declared their character's sexual orientation as either heterosexual or homosexual. Hierarchical regression analysis demonstrated that contact with homosexual individuals affected participants' attitudes toward gay men and lesbians over and above the participants' prior ATLG scores. A moderating effect for prior ATLG scores was also found. The effect of confederate's sexual orientation was stronger for participants with more negative ATLG scores compared to those with more favorable attitudes. Implications for decreasing homophobia in organizations are discussed.
Biogeography of the Kimberley, Western Australia: a review of landscape evolution and biotic response in an ancient refugium
Authors: Pepper Mitzy , Scott Keogh J.
Published: May 2014

Aim

We review the biogeography of the Kimberley, with a particular focus on the geological and landscape history of the region. We identified broad geological and biogeographical discontinuities across the Kimberley, and propose a number of testable hypotheses concerning how the evolution of these land‐forms may have harboured and structured genetic diversity across the region.

Location

The Kimberley region, north‐western Australia.

Methods

The literature available on the Kimberley is summarized, in particular regarding the evolution of Kimberley landscapes and climate. Previous genetic work was assessed in order to establish whether common patterns exist, and to identify concordance with four putative broad‐scale biogeographical breaks to be tested when appropriate fine‐scale genetic data become available: (1) the geological division between the Kimberley Plateau and surrounding deformation zones of the King Leopold and Halls Creek orogens; (2) the east–west geological divide between different sandstone units of the Kimberley Plateau; (3) major drainage divisions and river courses; and (4) the previously defined bioregions and subregions of the Interim Biogeographical Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA), the Northern and Central Kimberley.

Results

Genetic patterns across a number of taxonomic groups in the Kimberley lend support to the four biogeographical scenarios we outline, and these now need to be tested with additional data.

Main conclusions

The biogeographical patterns emerging from studies of Kimberley biota are characterized by high endemism and deep divergences. In addition, a complex relationship between the Kimberley and other monsoon tropical bioregions and the adjacent deserts suggests multiple expansions into the arid zone, and vicariance and isolation in upland refugia within the topographically complex region. Fine‐scale genetic data are beginning to be accumulated for Kimberley taxa, and concordant phylogeographical patterns across disparate groups suggest that regional differences in geological structure and land‐forms may have played an important role in shaping the distribution and evolutionary patterns of extant biota. Future palaeoecological, geomorphological and finer scale phylogenetic investigations based on increased sampling and emerging genetic technologies will shed more light on the evolution of the Kimberley biome amidst one of the greatest environmental changes in the Cenozoic: the widespread aridification of the Australian continent.
Ciliates in Extreme Environments
Authors: Hu Xiaozhong
Published: May 2014

As eukaryotic microbial life, ciliated protozoan may be found actively growing in some extreme condition where there is a sufficient energy source to sustain it because they are exceedingly adaptable and not notably less adaptable than the prokaryotes. However, a crucial problem in the study of ciliates in extreme environments is the lack of reliable cultivation techniques. To our knowledge, only a tiny fraction of ciliates can be cultured in the laboratory, even for a very limited period, which can partly explain the paucity of our understanding about ciliates diversity in various extremes although the interest in the biodiversity of extremophiles increased significantly during the past three decades. This mini‐review aims to compile the knowledge of several groups of free‐living ciliates that can be microscopically observed in extreme environmental samples, although most habitats have not been sufficiently well explored for sound generalizations.
Macroeconomic Factors and Microlevel Bank Behavior
Authors: BUCH CLAUDIA M. , EICKMEIER SANDRA , PRIETO ESTEBAN
Published: May 2014

We analyze the link between banks and the macroeconomy using a model that extends a macroeconomic VAR for the U.S. with a set of factors summarizing conditions in about 1,500 commercial banks. We investigate how macroeconomic shocks are transmitted to individual banks and obtain the following main findings. Backward‐looking risk of a representative bank declines, and bank lending increases following expansionary shocks. Forward‐looking risk increases following an expansionary monetary policy shock. There is, however, substantial heterogeneity in the transmission of macroeconomic shocks, which is due to bank size, capitalization, liquidity, risk, and the exposure to real estate and consumer loans.
Dynamics of Banks' Capital Accumulation
Authors: BARNEA EMANUEL , KIM MOSHE
Published: May 2014

We construct a dynamic neoclassical model of banking capital where the dynamics are governed by the process of financial capital accumulation and credit risk realizations in a structure where stylized banking characteristics are maintained. This is aimed at focusing on how the profit‐maximizing capital ratio of banks evolves and how it reacts to exogenous shocks particularly so during periods of prolonged downturn of the economy. We examine impulse responses of our model to credit risk shock, business cycle shock, and monetary policy shock. The convergence of financial capital to its optimal level is also explored.
Regulation of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor β/δ expression and activity levels by toll‐like receptor agonists and MAP kinase inhibitors in rat astrocytes
Authors: Chistyakov Dmitry V. , Aleshin Stepan , Sergeeva Marina G. , Reiser Georg
Published: May 2014

Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor β/δ (PPARβ/δ) is a potential regulator of neuroinflammation. Toll‐like receptors (TLR) are innate immunity‐related receptors of inflammatory stimuli. In the present report, we evaluate the molecular mechanisms of regulation of mRNA, protein, and transcriptional activity levels of PPARβ/δ by agonists of TLR4, TLR1/2, and TLR5, using lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan, and flagellin, respectively. We found that these stimuli increase the PPARβ/δ levels in astrocytes. Expression and activity of PPARβ/δ are separately regulated by inhibitors of p38, MEK1/2, extracellular signal‐regulated kinases 1/2, and c‐Jun N‐terminal Kinase mitogen‐activated protein kinases. The LPS‐induced kinetics of PPARβ/δ expression is similar to that of the proinflammatory gene cyclooxygenase 2. Moreover, for both genes the expression depends on nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells and p38, and is induced after inhibition of protein synthesis. The up‐regulation of the expression after inhibition of protein synthesis signifies the participation of a labile protein in regulation of PPARβ/δ expression. In contrast to cyclooxygenase 2, the cycloheximide‐sensitive PPARβ/δ expression was not responsive to nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells inhibition. Measurements of PPARβ/δ mRNA stability showed that the PPARβ/δ mRNA levels are regulated post‐transcriptionally. We found that in LPS‐stimulated astrocytes, the half‐life of PPARβ/δ mRNA was 50 min. Thus, we demonstrate that PPARβ/δ expression and activity are regulated in TLR agonist‐stimulated astrocytes by mechanisms that are widely used for regulation of proinflammatory genes.

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Protein expression level of nuclear receptor PPARβ/δ is important for functions of this transcription factor. We investigate the regulatory mechanisms of PPARβ/δ in rat primary astrocytes stimulated by agonists of toll‐like receptors (TLR): TLR4, TLR1/2, and TLR5. Expression, activity, mRNA stability, and superinduction of PPARβ/δ were up‐regulated after TLR stimulation. These processes are sensitive to MAPKs and NF‐kB inhibitors. Superinduction is up‐regulation of mRNA expression after inhibition of protein synthesis.
Protein kinase CK2 contributes to diminished small conductance Ca2+‐activated K+ channel activity of hypothalamic pre‐sympathetic neurons in hypertension
Authors: Pachuau Judith , Li De‐Pei , Chen Shao‐Rui , Lee Hae‐Ahm , Pan Hui‐Lin
Published: May 2014

Small conductance calcium‐activated K+ (SK) channels regulate neuronal excitability. However, little is known about changes in SK channel activity of pre‐sympathetic neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in essential hypertension. SK channels, calmodulin, and casein kinase II (CK2) form a molecular complex. Because CK2 is up‐regulated in the PVN in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), we hypothesized that CK2 increases calmodulin phosphorylation and contributes to diminished SK channel activity in PVN pre‐sympathetic neurons in SHRs. Perforated whole‐cell recordings were performed on retrogradely labeled spinally projecting PVN neurons in Wistar‐Kyoto (WKY) rats and SHRs. Blocking SK channels with apamin significantly increased the firing rate of PVN neurons in WKY rats but not in SHRs. CK2 inhibition restored the stimulatory effect of apamin on the firing activity of PVN neurons in SHRs. Furthermore, apamin‐sensitive SK currents and depolarization‐induced medium after‐hyperpolarization potentials of PVN neurons were significantly larger in WKY rats than in SHRs. CK2 inhibition significantly increased the SK channel current and medium after‐depolarization potential of PVN neurons in SHRs. In addition, CK2‐mediated calmodulin phosphorylation level in the PVN was significantly higher in SHRs than in WKY rats. Although SK3 was detected in the PVN, its expression level did not differ significantly between SHRs and WKY rats. Our findings suggest that CK2‐mediated calmodulin phosphorylation is increased and contributes to diminished SK channel function of PVN pre‐sympathetic neurons in SHRs. This information advances our understanding of the mechanisms underlying hyperactivity of PVN pre‐sympathetic neurons and increased sympathetic vasomotor tone in hypertension.

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Small conductance calcium‐activated K+ (SK) channels, calmodulin, and protein kinase CK2 form a molecular complex and regulate neuronal excitability. Our study suggests that augmented CK2 activity in hypertension can increase calmodulin (CaM) phosphorylation, which leads to diminished SK channel function in pre‐sympathetic neurons. Diminished SK channel activity plays a role in hyperactivity of pre‐sympathetic neurons in the hypothalamus in hypertension.
The mediated innovation model: A framework for researching media influence in language change
Authors: Sayers Dave
Published: May 2014

Linguistic innovations that arise contemporaneously in highly distant locations, such as quotative be like, have been termed ‘global linguistic variants’. This is not necessarily to suggest fully global usage, but to invoke more general themes of globalisation vis‐à‐vis space and time. This research area has grown steadily in the last twenty years, and by asserting a role for mass media, researchers have departed intrepidly from sociolinguistic convention. Yet they have largely relied on quite conventional sociolinguistic methodologies, only inferring media influence post hoc. This methodological conservatism has been overcome recently, but uncertainty remains about the overall shape of the new epistemological landscape. In this paper, I review existing research on global variants, and propose an epistemological model for researching media influence in language change: the mediated innovation model. I also analyse the way arguments are constructed in existing research, including the use of rhetorical devices to plug empirical gaps – a worthy sociolinguistic topic in its own right.
Gender identity and lexical variation in social media
Authors: Bamman David , Eisenstein Jacob , Schnoebelen Tyler
Published: May 2014

We present a study of the relationship between gender, linguistic style, and social networks, using a novel corpus of 14,000 Twitter users. Prior quantitative work on gender often treats this social variable as a female/male binary; we argue for a more nuanced approach. By clustering Twitter users, we find a natural decomposition of the dataset into various styles and topical interests. Many clusters have strong gender orientations, but their use of linguistic resources sometimes directly conflicts with the population‐level language statistics. We view these clusters as a more accurate reflection of the multifaceted nature of gendered language styles. Previous corpus‐based work has also had little to say about individuals whose linguistic styles defy population‐level gender patterns. To identify such individuals, we train a statistical classifier, and measure the classifier confidence for each individual in the dataset. Examining individuals whose language does not match the classifier's model for their gender, we find that they have social networks that include significantly fewer same‐gender social connections and that, in general, social network homophily is correlated with the use of same‐gender language markers. Pairing computational methods and social theory thus offers a new perspective on how gender emerges as individuals position themselves relative to audiences, topics, and mainstream gender norms.
Melatonin improves cerebrovascular function and decreases oxidative stress in chronically hypoxic lambs
Authors: Herrera Emilio A. , Macchiavello Roberto , Montt Camilo , Ebensperger Germán , Díaz Marcela , Ramírez Santiago , Parer Julian T. , Serón‐Ferré María , Reyes Roberto V. , Llanos Aníbal J.
Published: May 2014

Chronic hypoxia during gestation and delivery results in oxidative stress and cerebrovascular dysfunction in the neonate. We assessed whether melatonin, a potent antioxidant and potential vasodilator, improves the cerebral vascular function in chronically hypoxic neonatal lambs gestated and born in the highlands (3600 m). Six lambs received melatonin (1 mg/kg per day oral) and six received vehicle, once a day for 8 days. During treatment, biometry and hemodynamic variables were recorded. After treatment, lambs were submitted to a graded FiO2 protocol to assess cardiovascular responses to oxygenation changes. At 12 days old, middle cerebral arteries (MCA) were collected for vascular reactivity, morphostructural, and immunostaining evaluation. Melatonin increased fractional growth at the beginning and improved carotid blood flow at all arterial PO2 levels by the end of the treatment (P < 0.05). Further, melatonin treatment improved vascular responses to potassium, serotonin, methacholine, and melatonin itself (P < 0.05). In addition, melatonin enhanced the endothelial response via nitric oxide‐independent mechanisms in isolated arteries (162 ± 26 versus 266 ± 34 AUC, P < 0.05). Finally, nitrotyrosine staining as an oxidative stress marker decreased in the MCA media layer of melatonin‐treated animals (0.01357 ± 0.00089 versus 0.00837 ± 0.00164 pixels/μm2, P < 0.05). All the melatonin‐induced changes were associated with no systemic cardiovascular alterations in vivo. In conclusion, oral treatment with melatonin modulates cerebral vascular function, resulting in a better cerebral perfusion and reduced oxidative stress in the neonatal period in chronically hypoxic lambs. Melatonin is a potential therapeutic agent for treating cerebrovascular dysfunction associated with oxidative stress and developmental hypoxia in neonates.
Both butyrate incubation and hypoxia upregulate genes involved in the ruminal transport of SCFA and their metabolites
Authors: Dengler F. , Rackwitz R. , Benesch F. , Pfannkuche H. , Gäbel G.
Published: May 2014

Butyrate modulates the differentiation, proliferation and gene expression profiles of various cell types. Ruminal epithelium is exposed to a high intraluminal concentration and inflow of n‐butyrate. We aimed to investigate the influence of n‐butyrate on the mRNA expression of proteins involved in the transmembranal transfer of n‐butyrate metabolites and short‐chain fatty acids in ruminal epithelium. N‐butyrate‐induced changes were compared with the effects of hypoxia because metabolite accumulation after O2 depletion is at least partly comparable to the accumulation of metabolites after n‐butyrate exposure. Furthermore, in various tissues, O2 depletion modulates the expression of transport proteins that are also involved in the extrusion of metabolites derived from n‐butyrate breakdown in ruminal epithelium. Sheep ruminal epithelia mounted in Ussing chambers were exposed to 50 mM n‐butyrate or incubated under hypoxic conditions for 6 h. Electrophysiological measurements showed hypoxia‐induced damage in the epithelia. The mRNA expression levels of monocarboxylate transporters (MCT) 1 and 4, anion exchanger (AE) 2, downregulated in adenoma (DRA), putative anion transporter (PAT) 1 and glucose transporter (GLUT) 1 were assessed by RT‐qPCR. We also examined the mRNA expression of nuclear factor (NF) κB, cyclooxygenase (COX) 2, hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF) 1α and acyl‐CoA oxidase (ACO) to elucidate the possible signalling pathways involved in the modulation of gene expression. The mRNA expression levels of MCT 1, MCT 4, GLUT 1, HIF 1α and COX 2 were upregulated after both n‐butyrate exposure and hypoxia. ACO and PAT 1 were upregulated only after n‐butyrate incubation. Upregulation of both MCT isoforms and NFκB after n‐butyrate incubation could be detected on protein level as well. Our study suggests key roles for MCT 1 and 4 in the adaptation to an increased intracellular load of metabolites, whereas an involvement of PAT 1 in the transport of n‐butyrate also seems possible.
What do they do at home? The literacies of children living in residential care in Malaysia
Authors: Tan Jennifer
Published: May 2014

This paper presents an ethnographic study of the out of school literacy practices of children living in residential care in Malaysia. Although residential homes generate much publicity, especially during the festive seasons, not much is known about the children living within the confines of these homes. Even more lacking is research on their literacy practices, despite the embeddedness of literacy in the everyday lives of these children, which includes formal schooling, after‐school tuition classes and devotion sessions with volunteers.
Not just ‘sunny days’: Aboriginal students connect out‐of‐school literacy resources with school literacy practices
Authors: Wiltse Lynne
Published: May 2014

In this paper, I report on a school‐university collaborative research project that investigated which practices and knowledges of Canadian Aboriginal students not acknowledged in school may provide these students with access to school literacy practices. The study, which took place in a small city in Western Canada, examined ways to merge the out‐of‐school literacy resources with school literacy practices for minority language learners who struggle with academic literacies. Drawing on the third space theory, in conjunction with the concept of “funds of knowledge,” I explain how students' linguistic and cultural resources from home and community networks were utilised to reshape school literacy practices through their involvement in the Heritage Fair programme. I analyse a representative case study of Darius, a 10‐year‐old boy who explored his familial hunting practices for his Heritage Fair project. This illustrative exemplar, “Not just sunny days,” highlights the ways in which children's out‐of‐school lives can be used as a scaffold for literacy learning. In conclusion, I discuss implications for educators and researchers working to improve literacy learning for minority students by connecting school learning to children's out‐of‐school learning.
Adherence to a moderate sodium restriction diet in outpatients with cirrhosis and ascites: a real‐life cross‐sectional study
Authors: Morando Filippo , Rosi Silvia , Gola Elisabetta , Nardi Mariateresa , Piano Salvatore , Fasolato Silvano , Stanco Marialuisa , Cavallin Marta , Romano Antonietta , Sticca Antonietta , Caregaro Lorenza , Gatta Angelo , Angeli Paolo
Published: May 2014

Background & Aims

A moderate sodium restriction diet should be indicated in patients with cirrhosis and ascites. Nevertheless, there is a lack of specific investigation on its correct application. To evaluate the adherence of patients with cirrhosis and ascites to a moderately low‐salt diet and the impact on intake of total calories and serum sodium concentration.

Methods

A total of 120 outpatients with cirrhosis and ascites were interviewed with a pre‐established questionnaire. A quantitative assessment of nutrient and salt intake was performed.

Result

A moderately low‐salt diet was followed by 37 patients (Group A). Of the 83 patients who did not follow the diet (Group B), 54 thought that they were following it. The mean daily sodium intake was 79.5 ± 5.5 mmol/day (Group A) and 205.9 ± 14.1 mmol/day (Group B), P < 0.0001. The adherence to diet was related to the severity of cirrhosis, and was higher among candidates for liver transplantation and in patients followed through the Care Management Program. Patients of Group A had reduced the mean daily calorie intake by 20% compared with Group B patients (P < 0.0005), while there was no difference on the occurrence of hyponatraemia.

Conclusions

This study shows a poor adherence of patients with cirrhosis and ascites to a moderate dietary sodium restriction. Adherence to a diet seems to increase with the worsening of liver disease, probably because of the reduction of alternative therapeutic options. In addition, a deficiency in the educational process can lead the patient to follow a sodium‐reduced diet by means of dangerous tools, such as reducing the overall daily food intake.
Testing the efficiency of nested barriers to dispersal in the Mediterranean high mountain plant Edraianthus graminifolius (Campanulaceae)
Authors: Surina Boštjan , Schneeweiss Gerald M. , Glasnović Peter , Schönswetter Peter
Published: May 2014

Due to strong spatial heterogeneity and limited Pleistocene glaciation, the Balkan Peninsula is a major European biodiversity hot spot. Surprisingly little, however, is known about patterns and processes of intraspecific diversification of its biota in general and of high‐altitude species in particular. A well‐suited system to test hypotheses with respect to various isolating factors acting at different geographic scales and to explore full‐range phylogeographic patterns on the Balkan Peninsula is Edraianthus graminifolius (Campanulaceae), distributed in the western Balkan mountain systems, the southwestern Carpathians and the Apennine Peninsula. To this end, we used a dense population sampling and employed amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers and plastid DNA sequences supplemented by ecological niche modelling. The strongest splits were inferred to separate southern and northern Balkan populations from the central ones, from where range extension occurred to the Carpathians and, in more recent times, once or twice to the Apennine Peninsula. The three genetic groups in the western Balkan Peninsula were remarkably congruent among molecular markers, suggesting that the barriers to gene flow acted over long time periods facilitating allopatric differentiation. Each main group of Balkan populations contained genetically and geographically distinct subgroups, which likely are the result of local refugia during warmer periods. Evidently, the topographically highly complex and during the Last Glacial Maximum only locally glaciated Balkan Peninsula is a hot spot of species richness and endemism as well as a sanctuary of intraspecific genetic diversity, even if the underlying causes remain insufficiently understood.