bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental Study on Unconfined Compressive Strength of Organic Polymer Reinforced Sand
Authors: Liu Jin , Feng Qiao , Wang Yong , Zhang Da , Wei Jihong , Kanungo Debi Prasanna
Published: March 2018

The natural sand is loose in structure with a small cohesive force. Organic polymer can be used to reinforce this sand. To assess the effectiveness of organic polymer as soil stabilizer (PSS), a series of unconfined compressive strength tests have been performed on reinforced sand. The focus of this study was to determine a curing method and a mix design to stabilize sand. The curing time, PSS concentration, and sand density were considered as variables in this study. The reinforcement mechanism was analyzed with images of scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results indicated that the strength of stabilized sand increased with the increase in the curing time, concentration, and sand density. The strength plateaus are at about curing time of 48 h. The UCS of samples with density of 1.4 g/cm3 at 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% PSS concentration are 62.34 kPa, 120.83 kPa, 169.22 kPa, 201.94 kPa, and 245.28 kPa, respectively. The UCS of samples with PSS concentration of 30% at 1.4 g/cm3, 1.5 g/cm3, and 1.6 g/cm3 density are 169.22 kPa, 238.6 kPa 5, and 281.69 kPa, respectively. The chemical reaction between PSS and sand particle is at its microlevel, which improves the sand strength by bonding its particles together and filling the pore spaces. In comparison with the traditional reinforcement methods, PSS has the advantages of time saving, lower cost, and better environment protection. The research results can be useful for practical engineering applications, especially for reinforcement of foundation, embankment, and landfill.
Indoor Corridor Wideband Radio Propagation Measurements and Channel Models for 5G Millimeter Wave Wireless Communications at 19 GHz, 28 GHz, and 38 GHz Bands
Authors: Al-samman Ahmed M. , Abd Rahman Tharek , Azmi Marwan Hadri
Published: March 2018

This paper presents millimeter wave (mmWave) measurements in an indoor environment. The high demands for the future applications in the 5G system require more capacity. In the microwave band below 6 GHz, most of the available bands are occupied; hence, the microwave band above 6 GHz and mmWave band can be used for the 5G system to cover the bandwidth required for all 5G applications. In this paper, the propagation characteristics at three different bands above 6 GHz (19, 28, and 38 GHz) are investigated in an indoor corridor environment for line of sight (LOS) and non‐LOS (NLOS) scenarios. Five different path loss models are studied for this environment, namely, close‐in (CI) free space path loss, floating‐intercept (FI), frequency attenuation (FA) path loss, alpha‐beta‐gamma (ABG), and close‐in free space reference distance with frequency weighting (CIF) models. Important statistical properties, such as power delay profile (PDP), root mean square (RMS) delay spread, and azimuth angle spread, are obtained and compared for different bands. The results for the path loss model found that the path loss exponent (PLE) and line slope values for all models are less than the free space path loss exponent of 2. The RMS delay spread for all bands is low for the LOS scenario, and only the directed path is contributed in some spatial locations. For the NLOS scenario, the angle of arrival (AOA) is extensively investigated, and the results indicated that the channel propagation for 5G using high directional antenna should be used in the beamforming technique to receive the signal and collect all multipath components from different angles in a particular mobile location.
Neural Models for Imputation of Missing Ozone Data in Air‐Quality Datasets
Authors: Arroyo Ángel , Herrero Álvaro , Tricio Verónica , Corchado Emilio , Woźniak Michał
Published: March 2018

Ozone is one of the pollutants with most negative effects on human health and in general on the biosphere. Many data‐acquisition networks collect data about ozone values in both urban and background areas. Usually, these data are incomplete or corrupt and the imputation of the missing values is a priority in order to obtain complete datasets, solving the uncertainty and vagueness of existing problems to manage complexity. In the present paper, multiple‐regression techniques and Artificial Neural Network models are applied to approximate the absent ozone values from five explanatory variables containing air‐quality information. To compare the different imputation methods, real‐life data from six data‐acquisition stations from the region of Castilla y León (Spain) are gathered in different ways and then analyzed. The results obtained in the estimation of the missing values by applying these techniques and models are compared, analyzing the possible causes of the given response.
High‐Density Lipoproteins‐Associated Proteins and Subspecies Related to Arterial Stiffness in Young Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Zhu Xiaoting , Shah Amy S. , Swertfeger Debi K. , Li Hailong , Ren Sheng , Melchior John T. , Gordon Scott M. , Davidson W. Sean , Lu L. Jason
Published: March 2018

Lower plasma levels of high‐density lipoproteins (HDL) in adolescents with type 2 diabetes (T2D) have been associated with a higher pulse wave velocity (PWV), a marker of arterial stiffness. Evidence suggests that HDL proteins or particle subspecies are altered in T2D and these may drive these relationships. In this work, we set out to reveal any specific proteins and subspecies that are related to arterial stiffness in youth with T2D from proteomics data. Plasma and PWV measurements were previously acquired from lean and T2D adolescents. Each plasma sample was separated into 18 fractions and evaluated by mass spectrometry. Then, we applied a validated network‐based computational approach to reveal HDL subspecies associated with PWV. Among 68 detected phospholipid‐associated proteins, we found that seven were negatively correlated with PWV, indicating that they may be atheroprotective. Conversely, nine proteins show positive correlation with PWV, suggesting that they may be related to arterial stiffness. Intriguingly, our results demonstrate that apoA‐I and histidine‐rich glycoprotein may reverse their protective roles and become antagonistic in the setting of T2D. Furthermore, we revealed two arterial stiffness‐associated HDL subspecies, each of which contains multiple PWV‐related proteins. Correlation and disease association analyses suggest that these HDL subspecies might link T2D to its cardiovascular‐related complications.
Evaluating the Agreement of Risk Categorization for Fetal Down Syndrome Screening between Ultrasound-Based Gestational Age and Menstrual-Based Gestational Age by Maternal Serum Markers
Authors: Chaksuwat Pakorn , Sirichotiyakul Supatra , Luewan Suchaya , Tongsong Theera
Published: March 2018

Objective. To evaluate the agreement of risk categorization for Down syndrome screening between ultrasound scan-based gestational age (GA) and last menstrual period-based gestational age in both first and second trimesters by maternal serum markers. Methods. Data comprising 4,055 and 4,016 cases of first and second trimester screening were used. The maternal serum markers were analyzed using the ultrasound-based GA and menstrual age. The subjects whose menstrual age and ultrasound-based GA fell in different trimesters were excluded because the risk could not be calculated due to the different serum markers used in each trimester. The agreement of risk categorization for fetal Down syndrome was evaluated. Results. The agreement of Down syndrome screening in the first and the second trimesters were 92.7% and 89%, respectively. The study found a good agreement of risk categorization by Kappa index, which was 0.615 for the overall screening. The menstrual age had a slight decrease in the detection rate and a lower false-positive rate. Conclusion. Menstrual age is acceptable in cases of accurate last menstrual period. However, in places where ultrasonography is not readily available, gestational age estimation by menstrual age along with clinical examination that corresponds to the gestational age can be reliable.
BMPER Enhances Bone Formation by Promoting the Osteogenesis-Angiogenesis Coupling Process in Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Xiao Fei , Wang Chuandong , Wang Chenglong , Gao Yuan , Zhang Xiaoling , Chen Xiaodong
Published: March 2018

Background/Aims: During bone repair and remodeling, osteogenesis is coupled with angiogenesis. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonists are important modulators of BMP signaling and bone homeostasis. Several investigations have demonstrated that one ‘BMP antagonist’, BMP-binding endothelial cell precursor-derived regulator (BMPER), participates in the regulation of BMP signaling. In this study, we examined the role of BMPER in the osteogenesis-angiogenesis coupling process. Methods: Human bone mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used in this experiment. After overexpressing or silencing BMPER with lentiviruses or siRNA, hBMSCs were stimulated by BMP-2, and osteogenic differentiation activity was detected by alkaline phosphatase and alizarin red staining. VEGF and endostatin release were assessed by ELISA. HUVEC migration was detected by the cell scratch test and transwell migration assay, and in vitro angiogenesis was determined by the tube formation assay. Bone formation was assessed using in vivo femoral monocortical defect and ectopic bone formation models. Results: BMP-2 upregulated BMPER expression. Overexpression of BMPER remarkably enhanced BMP-2-induced osteogenic differentiation, while suppression of BMPER effectively inhibited this process both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, overexpression of BMPER promoted BMP-2-induced VEGF expression in vitro and vascularization in the ectopic bone formation model. Conclusion: BMPER functions as a positive regulator of the osteogenesis-angiogenesis coupling process in hBMSCs, suggesting a novel therapeutic role of BMPER in the regenerative capacity of bone repair.
Analysis of Long Noncoding RNA and mRNA Expression Profiles in IL-9-Activated Astrocytes and EAE Mice
Authors: Liu Xiaomei , Zhang Qing , Wang Weixiao , Zuo Dongjiao , Wang Jing , Zhou Feng , Niu Liping , Li Xiangyang , Qin Suping , Kou Yanbo , Kong Fanyun , Pan Wei , Wang Yugang , Gao Dianshuai , Sun Hong , Meves Jessica M. , Zheng Kuiyang , Tang Renxian
Published: March 2018

Background/Aims: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease in the central nervous system associated with demyelination and axonal injury. Astrocyte activation is involved in the pathogenesis of MS and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. This study was designed to find potential lncRNAs in EAE mice and activated astrocytes. Methods: we performed microarray analysis of lncRNAs from the brain tissues of EAE mice and primary mouse astrocytes treated with IL-9(50 ng/ml). 12 lncRNAs were validated through real-time PCR. Gene ontology and KEGG pathway analysis were applied to explore the potential functions of lncRNAs. Results: Differentially expressed 3300 lncRNAs and 3250 mRNAs were in the brain tissues of EAE mice, and 3748 lncRNAs and 3332 mRNAs were in activated astrocytes. Notably, there were 2 co-up-regulated lncRNAs and 3 co-down-regulated lncRNAs both in the brain tissues of EAE mice and in activated astrocytes, including Gm14005, Gm12478, mouselincRNA1117, AK080435, and mouselincRNA0681, which regulate the ER calcium flux kinetics, zinc finger protein and cell apoptosis. Similarly, there were 7 mRNAs co-up-regulated and 2 mRNAs co-down-regulated both in vivo and in vitro. Gene ontology and KEGG pathway analysis showed that the biological functions of differentially expressed mRNAs were associated with metabolism, development and inflammation. The results of realtime PCR validation were consistent with the data from the microarrays. Conclusions: Our data uncovered the expression profiles of lncRNAs and mRNAs in vivo and in vitro, which may help delineate the mechanisms of astrocyte activation during MS/EAE process.
Predicting Long Term Outcome in Patients Treated With Continuous Flow Left Ventricular Assist Device: The Penn—Columbia Risk Score
Authors: Birati Edo Y. , Hanff Thomas C. , Maldonado Dawn , Grandin E. Wilson , Kennel Peter J. , Mazurek Jeremy A. , Vorovich Esther , Seigerman Matthew , Howard Jessica L.L. , Acker Michael A. , Naka Yoshifumi , Wald Joyce , Goldberg Lee R. , Jessup Mariell , Atluri Pavan , Margulies Kenneth B. , Schulze P. Christian , Rame J. Eduardo
Published: March 2018

Background

Predicting which patients are unlikely to benefit from continuous flow left ventricular assist device (LVAD) treatment is crucial for the identification of appropriate patients. Previously developed scoring systems are limited to past eras of device or restricted to specific devices. Our objective was to create a risk model for patients treated with continuous flow LVAD based on the preimplant variables.

Methods and Results

We performed a retrospective analysis of all patients implanted with a continuous flow LVAD between 2006 and 2014 at the University of Pennsylvania and included a total of 210 patients (male 78%; mean age, 56±15; mean follow‐up, 465±486 days). From all plausible preoperative covariates, we performed univariate Cox regression analysis for covariates affecting the odds of 1‐year survival following implantation (
P
<0.2). These variables were included in a multivariable model and dropped if significance rose above
P
=0.2. From this base model, we performed step‐wise forward and backward selection for other covariates that improved power by minimizing Akaike Information Criteria while maximizing the Harrell Concordance Index. We then used Kaplan–Meier curves, the log‐rank test, and Cox proportional hazard models to assess internal validity of the scoring system and its ability to stratify survival. A final optimized model was identified based on clinical and echocardiographic parameters preceding LVAD implantation. One‐year mortality was significantly higher in patients with higher risk scores (hazard ratio, 1.38;
P
=0.004). This hazard ratio represents the multiplied risk of death for every increase of 1 point in the risk score. The risk score was validated in a separate patient cohort of 260 patients at Columbia University, which confirmed the prognostic utility of this risk score (
P
=0.0237).

Conclusion

We present a novel risk score and its validation for prediction of long‐term survival in patients with current types of continuous flow LVAD support.
Left Ventricular Unloading Using an Impella CP Improves Coronary Flow and Infarct Zone Perfusion in Ischemic Heart Failure
Authors: Watanabe Shin , Fish Kenneth , Kovacic Jason C. , Bikou Olympia , Leonardson Lauren , Nomoto Koichi , Aguero Jaume , Kapur Navin K. , Hajjar Roger J. , Ishikawa Kiyotake
Published: March 2018

Background

Delivering therapeutic materials, like stem cells or gene vectors, to the myocardium is difficult in the setting of ischemic heart failure because of decreased coronary flow and impaired microvascular perfusion (
MP
). The aim of this study was to determine if mechanical left ventricular (
LV
) unloading with the Impella increases coronary flow and
MP
in a subacute myocardial infarction.

Methods and Results

Anterior transmural myocardial infarction (infarct size, 26.0±3.4%) was induced in Yorkshire pigs. At 2 weeks after myocardial infarction, 6 animals underwent mechanical
LV
unloading by Impella, whereas 4 animals underwent pharmacological
LV
unloading using sodium nitroprusside for 2 hours.
LV
unloading with Impella significantly reduced end‐diastolic volume (−16±11%,
P
=0.02) and end‐diastolic pressure (EDP; −32±23%,
P
=0.03), resulting in a significant decrease in
LV
end‐diastolic wall stress (
EDWS
) (infarct: 71.6±14.7 to 43.3±10.8 kdynes/cm
2
[
P
=0.02]; remote: 66.6±20.9 to 40.6±13.3 kdynes/cm
2
[
P
=0.02]). Coronary flow increased immediately and remained elevated after 2 hours in Impella‐treated pigs. Compared with the baseline,
MP
measured by fluorescent microspheres significantly increased within the infarct zone (109±81%,
P
=0.003), but not in the remote zone. Although sodium nitroprusside effectively reduced
LV
‐
EDWS
, 2 (50%) of sodium nitroprusside–treated pigs developed profound systemic hypotension. A significant correlation was observed between the infarct
MP
and
EDWS
(
r
2
=0.43,
P
=0.03), suggesting an important role of
EDWS
in regulating
MP
during
LV
unloading in the infarcted myocardium.

Conclusions

LV
unloading using an Impella decreased
EDWS
and increased infarct
MP
without hemodynamic decompensation. Mechanical
LV
unloading is a novel and efficient approach to increase infarct
MP
in patients with subacute myocardial infarction.
New water mite species of the genus Albaxona Szalay, 1944 (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Aturidae) from Russia
Authors: TUZOVSKIJ PETR V.
Published: March 2018

Illustrated descriptions of four water mite species: Albaxona (Albaxona) primoryensis sp. n., A.(Albaxona) sidorovi sp. n., A. (Vietsaxona) similis sp. n., A. (Vietsaxona) steklyanukhaensis sp. n. from running waters of the Far East of Russia are given.
Revision of the Neotropical genus Protoconnus Franz (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scydmaeninae)
Authors: JAŁOSZYŃSKI PAWEŁ
Published: March 2018

The Neotropical genus Protoconnus Franz, belonging to the tribe Glandulariini, is revised. Protoconnus is redefined based on detailed morphological study, and all known species are revised, including 10 originally placed in Protoconnus, one transferred from Euconnus, and 14 described as new. The following species are treated: P. andicola Franz (Peru), P. peruensis Franz (Peru), P. minutus Franz (Peru), P. minutissimus Franz (Peru), P. venezolanus Franz (Venezuela), P. araguanus Franz (Venezuela), P. bolivianus Franz (Bolivia), P. comarapae Franz (Bolivia), P. robustus Franz (Bolivia), P. paraguayanus Franz (Paraguay), P. princeps (Franz), comb. n. (ex Euconnus) (Peru), P. quillabambanus sp. n. (Peru), P. ecuadoranus sp. n. (Ecuador), P. napoanus sp. n. (Ecuador), P. magnus sp. n. (Ecuador), P. impressifrons sp. n. (Bolivia), P. angustus sp. n. (Bolivia), P. acutus sp. n. (Bolivia), P. tunarianus sp. n. (Bolivia), P. apaapa sp. n. (Bolivia), P. maximus sp. n. (Costa Rica), P. minusculus sp. n. (Costa Rica), P. costaricanus sp. n. (Costa Rica), P. inexpectatus sp. n. (Costa Rica), and P. volcanbaru sp. n. (Panama). Lectotypes are designated for P. andicola and P. peruensis.
Type catalog from the fish collection of the Museu de Ciências Naturais, Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Authors: BERTACO VINICIUS A. , AZEVEDO MARCO A.
Published: March 2018

The catalog of type material deposited at the fish collection of the Museu de Ciências Naturais (MCN), Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul, includes 315 specimens from 96 lots, representing six holotypes and 309 paratypes of 34 nominal species. Currently, two of them are synonymy and one have a questionable taxonomic status. Corrections and additional information from the original descriptions are included in the remarks for each species or lot. Photos of holotypes and paratypes are presented.
Checklist of the butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Montenegro
Authors: FRANETA FILIP
Published: March 2018

Montenegro is, from an entomological point of view, one of the least studied countries in Europe. The Lepidoptera order has been severely understudied and an updated butterfly checklist has not been published for more than 30 years. Without proper knowledge on the species composition, and their distribution throughout the country, appropriate conservation measures cannot be undertaken. Thus an updated checklist of the butterflies of Montenegro was urgently needed. In this paper a list of 192 species of butterflies is presented, based on all available literature and on the authors’ own data gathered from 1998 to 2017. The inclusion or omission of some species from the list, as well as the occurrence and distribution of rare species, is discussed. A short historic overview of entomological research in Montenegro is also included. Records of five species, Lycaena thersamon, Kretania sephirus, Neptis sappho, Arethusana arethusa, and Erebia alberganus, discovered for the first time in the country, are presented.
Prevention in Psychiatry: Australian Contributions
Authors: Raphael Beverley
Published: March 2018

Objective

To provide a historic context for developing a framework for preventive mental health research in Australia.

Method

A literature review was undertaken and references were selected for their relevance to describing the contributions of Australian researchers and clinicians to an epidemiological approach to mental health disorders, particularly schizophrenia.

Results

Australian researchers and clinicians have made major innovative contributions to preventive mental health research.

Conclusions

Australian mental health services, in collaboration with academic departments, are in a highly favourable position to expand preventive research activities into schizophrenia.
The Epidemiology of the Genetic Liability for Schizophrenia
Authors: Hallmayer Joachim
Published: March 2018

Objective

The low incidence of schizophrenia prohibits large scale prevention trials, and the question arises whether such studies become more feasible by taking into account genetic factors. The aim of the paper was to inform preventive endeavours with an account of the genetic background to schizophrenia.

Method

The family, twin and adoptive studies of schizophrenia are reviewed and recent molecular genetic data presented.

Results

Children of a parent diagnosed with schizophrenia have a ten-fold increased risk of developing the disorder. Twin and adoption studies strongly suggest the risk increase is mainly due to genetic factors. On an individual level, a positive family history is the strongest known risk factor for schizophrenia. For a prevention study, very large numbers of families have to be screened in order to reach a sufficient sample size.

Conclusions

One obvious way to increase the accuracy of predicting who is at high risk of developing schizophrenia would be to find specific mutations in the human genome. Attempts to isolate specific genes by means of linkage and association studies have been unsuccessful so far and, given the number of genes involved, it is extremely unlikely that the predictive value of individual genes will be high enough to warrant intervention. Genetic studies also suggest the genetic liability extends beyond the traditional clinical phenotypes. Prevention trials might become possible by adopting a broader approach.
Universal Interventions for the Primary Prevention of Schizophrenia
Authors: McGrath John
Published: March 2018

Objective

To speculate on the role of universal (population-based) interventions designed to prevent schizophrenia.

Method

A nonsystematic review of candidate risk factors for schizophrenia, with particular emphasis on the quality of the evidence, effect size of the risk factor, population attributable risk and potential for population-based intervention.

Results

In order to design population-based interventions for the prevention of schizophrenia, we need to identify weak but prevalent risk factors. Based on current knowledge, the leading risk factors for schizophrenia include genes, season and place of birth, obstetric complications, prenatal exposure to viruses and prenatal nutrition. For the nongenetic exposures, we need to consider if potential interventions are effective, safe, cheap and acceptable.

Conclusions

Vaccinations and interventions related to improving prenatal nutrition and antenatal care appear to be the most plausible options for universal prevention.
Use of Quantitative Rating Scales to Assess Outcome in Schizophrenia Prevention Studies
Authors: Halpin Sean A. , Carr Vaughan J.
Published: March 2018

Objective

To present a summary of quantitative scales relevant to schizophrenia prevention studies.

Method

Fifteen scales were reviewed and summarised in terms of structure, domains assessed, previous use and psychometric properties. Instruments of symptom measurement, role functioning and global functioning were considered, along with multidimensional instruments and other scales of potential interest to research in schizophrenia prevention.

Results and conclusions

No scales of potential value in measuring premorbid risk for schizophrenia have been sufficiently tested for reliability and validity in the context of primary prevention of schizophrenia. The absence of a sufficiently sensitive and specific means for identifying those at high risk of schizophrenia before the onset of psychosis is a major barrier to valid measurement of the outcome of attempts at primary prevention. However, there have been advances in the development of instruments relevant to the goals of secondary and tertiary prevention. Most studies use instruments developed for patients with established psychoses and have applied them to early psychosis groups with some success, although possible ‘floor’ effects may confound measurement in the ‘prodromal’ period.
A Risk Factor Screening and Assessment Protocol for Schizophrenia and Related Psychosis
Authors: Carr Vaughan , Halpin Sean , Lau Namson , O'Brien Sian , Beckmann Jane , Lewin Terry
Published: March 2018

Objective

The Psychological Assistance Service (PAS) opened in Newcastle, New South Wales in 1997 as a clinical service for the assessment and treatment of young people at high risk of psychosis and those experiencing a first psychotic episode. The aim of this paper is to describe the assessment protocol of PAS, which is strongly influenced by the neurodevelopmental perspective on early onset psychosis.

Method

The systematic assessment of patients referred to PAS using a protocol over a 2 week period is described. The protocol includes a narrative history, structured diagnostic interview, quantitative assessment of symptoms and other clinical features, a neurological examination and comprehensive neuropsychological test battery.

Results

The clinic has received over 250 referrals in a 2 year period and accepted 116 patients for a full assessment, of whom 60 were deemed to be ‘at-risk’ of psychosis and 56 were experiencing their first psychotic episode. Both groups were similar with respect to gender and there were minor age differences. The first-episode group experienced more reality distortion, schizotypal and negative symptoms. While both groups showed some neuropsychological and neurological impairment, there were no statistically significant differences between the groups on these variables except for a test of executive functioning in which the first-episode group was more impaired than the ‘at-risk’ group. A low rate of conversion to psychosis occurred in the ‘at-risk’ group.

Conclusions

The minor differences between the two groups may have been related to relatively small sample sizes, although some similarities between the groups were to be expected. The low rate of conversion to psychosis in the ‘at-risk’ group is discussed. Further analyses using larger samples are necessary to determine the validity of the various ‘at-risk’ categories and this will involve following a sufficiently large sample over an adequate time. The most efficient way of doing this would be to pool data across centres with comparable early intervention programs.
The Ethics of Research into Schizophrenia Prevention: A Carer's Perspective
Authors: Peterson Dymphna Rees
Published: March 2018

Objective

To outline from a carer's/family's perspective the ethical concerns raised by research into screening for factors in people at risk of schizophrenia.

Method

The need for families and carers of people with schizophrenia to seek a voice in the ethics of research into schizophrenia prevention is described. The possibility that societal myths, literature and language have created sustained ignorance about psychotic illnesses, resulting in fear and/or prejudice, is considered. The impact of these factors greatly exacerbating the burden of schizophrenia for sufferers and their families is discussed.

Results

There is evidence that people with schizophrenia share the disadvantages of other disempowered minorities. It is necessary for ethical constraints to be cognisant of this; research should include critically exploring reasons for attempting to eliminate the condition.

Conclusions

Development of an ethical framework for prevention research into schizophrenia should include carer/family input. From a carer/family perspective, research into schizophrenia should be directed at ameliorating the effects of the illness by advancing methods of early diagnosis and by finding suitable treatments that do not carry punitive side-effects, thus allowing people with the illness to reach their potential in all aspects of their lives. Therapeutic relief combined with the elimination of social ostracism would greatly benefit people with schizophrenia and their families.
Ethics of Early Prevention in Schizophrenia
Authors: Rosen Alan
Published: March 2018

Objective

To represent a cross-section of current thinking on the ethics of early (primary) prevention in schizophrenia.

Method

Ethical considerations presented at the First Australian Schizophrenia Prevention Conference, Sydney, March 1999, particularly from the final session on ‘Ethics’, are recorded here together with complementary referenced material.

Results

Ethical concerns arise in the arenas of research over clinical priorities; screening ethics, including stigma, confidentiality, informed consent and support required through waiting periods; and the ethics of prolonged assessments in the absence of disorder, the right not to know and the possible ethical prematurity or otherwise of screening for schizophrenia.

Conclusions

There are several legitimate ethical concerns that must be understood and addressed by those undertaking the developing of primary preventive measures in schizophrenia. Such measures must still be regarded as more experimental the further ahead the measures are undertaken from the onset of the disorder. Anticipatory ethical guidelines should be developed to inform such research.
Characteristics of Correctly Identified Pediatric Obesity and Overweight Status and Management in an Academic General Pediatric Clinic
Authors: Morais Ana , Kelly Joseph , Bost James E. , Vaidya Susma Shanti
Published: March 2018

This study identified and characterized the rates of documentation and guideline-based management of overweight and obese children within an academic pediatric clinic through a retrospective electronic medical record review of 7422 well-child visits in 2016. Diagnosis and treatment were analyzed by patient’s weight diagnosis, sex, age, and provider training level. The percentages of correctly identified severely obese (90.2%), obese (77.0%), and overweight (42.0%) children were much higher than in previous retrospective chart reviews; however, less than 30% of children were referred for more intensive weight management to a dietitian or pediatric obesity weight management program. Increased provider training level was associated with a lower adherence to pediatric obesity guidelines. Strategic modifications to electronic medical records that automatically offer body mass index–associated weight diagnoses with a link to treatment pathways and resources are needed to facilitate improved compliance with current pediatric obesity guidelines in the primary care setting.
Traumatic life events and development of post-traumatic stress disorder among female factory workers in a developing country
Authors: Fitch Taylor Jennelle , Yu Xiao , Chien Lung-Chang , Karim Mohammad Monjurul , Alamgir Hasanat
Published: March 2018

Background:

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may be more prevalent and burdensome in developing countries.

Aims:

The goals of this study were to (1) determine the prevalence of PTSD, (2) identify types and number of traumas related to screening positive for PTSD and (3) determine other sociodemographic risk factors and health/medical conditions that may be correlated to PTSD among garment-factory workers and a comparable working population in Bangladesh.

Method:

A survey was administered to a convenient sample of 607 lower socio-economic status (SES) working women in Bangladesh, 310 of who were garment workers. The primary outcome PTSD was measured by the PTSD Checklist. The Life Events Checklist determined the number and type of traumatic events.

Results:

The prevalence of PTSD was found to be 17.79% – 7.25% in garment workers and 21.55% in the comparison worker group. In multivariate analysis, PTSD was found to be significantly associated with age, income, chronic pain and number of stressful events. Participants between 45–50 years of age had the greatest odds of reporting PTSD – 15.68 fold (95% confidence interval (CI) = 4.08, 60.29) compared with those younger than 24 years. PTSD was more common in those with lower income (2,000–4,000 taka) (odds ratio (OR) = 1.60; 95% CI = 0.79, 3.26), who had chronic pain (OR = 2.48; 95% CI = 1.51, 4.07) and who experienced over three traumatic life events (OR = 11.25; 95% CI = 4.59, 27.59). The mean number of traumatic events experienced by this entire population was 4.9 with PTSD being more likely in those who experienced physical assault (OR = 6.35; 95% CI = 4.07, 9.90), who caused serious harm or death to someone else (OR = 4.80; 95% CI = 1.36, 16.87) and who had exposure to combat or war (OR = 4.76; 95% CI = 1.17, 19.34).

Conclusion:

Undiagnosed and untreated PTSD impacts the quality of life and decrease worker productivity among working-age women in this developing country.
Influence of multi-wall carbon nanotube content on dry and corrosive wear performances of pure magnesium
Authors: Turan Muhammet E , Sun Yavuz , Aydın Fatih , Akgul Yasin
Published: March 2018

The present study aims to investigate the effect of Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotube on dry sliding and corrosive wear performance of pure magnesium. Multi-wall carbon nanotube reinforced composites with different weight fractions (0.25 wt.% and 0.5 wt.%) were fabricated by semi powder metallurgy. Hardness test was performed for all samples. To evaluate wear performance of the samples, three different loads (10 N, 20 N, and 40 N) were applied at the room temperature in both dry and 3.5 wt.% NaCl corrosive environments. Worn surfaces and microstructures of the samples were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscope. Results show that carbon nanotubes embedded in the matrix without any macro-defects. The hardness of pure magnesium was improved with the addition of multi-wall carbon nanotube considerably. 0.5 wt.% multi-wall carbon nanotube reinforced composite exhibited best wear performance both in dry and corrosive conditions.
Endothelin-1 Elicits TRP-Mediated Pain in an Acid-Induced Oral Ulcer Model
Authors: Nodai T. , Hitomi S. , Ono K. , Masaki C. , Harano N. , Morii A. , Sago-Ito M. , Ujihara I. , Hibino T. , Terawaki K. , Omiya Y. , Hosokawa R. , Inenaga K.
Published: March 2018

Oral ulcer is the most common oral disease and leads to pain during meals and speaking, reducing the quality of life of patients. Recent evidence using animal models suggests that oral ulcers induce cyclooxygenase-dependent spontaneous pain and cyclooxygenase-independent mechanical allodynia. Endothelin-1 is upregulated in oral mucosal inflammation, although it has not been shown to induce pain in oral ulcers. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of endothelin-1 signaling with oral ulcer–induced pain using our proprietary assay system in conscious rats. Endothelin-1 was significantly upregulated in oral ulcers experimentally induced by topical acetic acid treatment, while endothelin-1 production was suppressed by antibacterial pretreatment. Spontaneous nociceptive behavior in oral ulcer model rats was inhibited by swab applications of BQ-788 (ETB receptor antagonist), ONO-8711 (prostanoid receptor EP1 antagonist), and HC-030031 (TRPA1 antagonist). Prostaglandin E2 production in the ulcers was suppressed by BQ-788. Mechanical allodynia in the model was inhibited not only by BQ-788 and HC-030031 but also by BQ-123 (ETA receptor antagonist), SB-366791 (TRPV1 antagonist), and RN-1734 (TRPV4 antagonist). In naive rats, submucosal injection of endothelin-1 caused mechanical allodynia that was sensitive to HC-030031 and SB-366791 but not to RN-1734. These results suggest that endothelin-1 production following oral bacterial invasion via ulcerative regions elicits TRPA1-mediated spontaneous pain. This pain likely occurs through an indirect route that involves ETB receptor-accelerated prostanoid production. Endothelin-1 elicits directly TRPA1- and TRPV1-mediated mechanical allodynia via both ETA and ETB receptors on nociceptive fibers. The TRPV4-mediated allodynia component seems to be independent of endothelin signaling. These findings highlight the potential of endothelin signaling blockers as effective analgesic approaches for oral ulcer patients.
What Might an Alternative to the DSM Suitable for Psychotherapists Look Like?
Authors: Raskin Jonathan D.
Published: March 2018

Recent research suggests that psychologists and counselors are dissatisfied with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, and open to seeing the development of alternatives to it. Any alternative suitable for psychotherapists must meet certain requirements. A successful alternative must (a) place psychosocial factors on equal footing with biological factors; (b) categorize problems, not people; (c) be scientifically grounded; (d) be collaboratively developed; and (e) be usable across orientations, professions, and constituencies.
Unstable angina in the era of high-sensitivity troponin testing: a genuine entity and a cautionary tale
Authors: Krysztofiak Thomas , Byrne John
Published: March 2018

High-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays have emerged as a powerful tool in the management of patients presenting acutely to hospital with suspected cardiac chest pain. Recent guidelines emphasize the reassurance offered by low troponin concentrations early after admission. We describe a patient with known coronary artery disease, who presented with a classical history of recurrent myocardial ischaemia. High-sensitivity cardiac Troponin-I concentrations remained in the low-normal sex-specific reference range, despite serial testing on the day of admission, and despite recurrent pain with dynamic ECG changes. Urgent coronary angiography confirmed severe multi-vessel disease. He required an intra-aortic balloon pump within 24 h due to clinical instability, and had urgent coronary artery bypass surgery a few days later. This case confirms that “unstable angina” remains a genuine entity. It highlights the hazards of over-reliance on any single test and serves as a reminder of the importance of integrating tests with clinical assessment.
Report on Pilot Study of Treatment of Breast Cancer by Quadrantic Excision with Axillary Dissection and no Other Therapy1
Authors: Greening W P , Montgomery A C V , Gowing N F C
Published: March 2018

This paper is a report on a pilot study designed to test the hypothesis that with a negative node status minimal surgery and conservation of the breast is indicated. The preliminary figures giving the recurrence rate and survival time tentatively suggest that this is true.
Misdiagnosis of Testicular Tumours1
Authors: Hill James T
Published: March 2018

One hundred cases of testicular tumour have been reviewed: 37% of cases were initially misdiagnosed mainly because of confusion between testicular tumour and epididymo-orchitis. A more aggressive surgical approach to doubtful testicular swellings is suggested.
Degenerative Disease of the Temporomandibular Joint and Pain-Dysfunction Syndrome
Authors: Ogus Hugh
Published: March 2018

It is proposed that pain-dysfunction syndrome and degenerative disease ofthe temporomandibular joint may both be expressions of the same problem, i.e, repetitive overload of the joint system. Acceptance of this proposal will explain the contrasting, although often successful, methods of treatment.
Survey of Management in Acute upper Gastrointestinal Haemorrhage1
Authors: Thomas G E , Cotton P B , Clark C G , Boulos P B
Published: March 2018

The answers to a questionnaire concerning attitudes of members of the British Society of Gastroenterology to the management of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding are analysed. In the majority of cases patients were admitted to general wards under the care of physicians. Use of intensive therapy units and venous pressure monitoring varied widely. Emergency endoscopy appeared readily available and was usually the first diagnostic procedure. Double contrast radiology and emergency angiography were available in relatively few centres. Specific nonoperative treatments (angiographic and endoscopic) were scarcely employed. Most respondents agreed that elderly patients fared badly, but there was little agreement concerning other factors which influence re-bleeding or outcome. There was a wide divergence of opinion concerning the need for surgical intervention in certain hypothetical clinical situations. Despite the difficulties involved, we believe that controlled trials are necessary to improve the management of bleeding patients.
EDS IV (Acrogeria): New Autosomal Dominant and Recessive Types
Authors: Pope F M , Nicholls A C , Jones P M , Wells R S , Lawrence D
Published: March 2018

Evidence is presented that type IV of the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS IV) is genetically variable. A benign autosomal dominant form and two autosomal recessive variants are described with clinical and biochemical features that are distinct from classical acrogeria.
Plasma Vasopressin Response to Hypertonic Saline Infusion to Assess Posterior Pituitary Function
Authors: Baylis P H , Robertson G L
Published: March 2018

Hypertonic saline was infused into 11 volunteers to osmotically stimulate vasopressin secretion. A strong positive correlation between plasma arginine vasopressin (PAVP) and plasma osmolality (Pos) was obtained, defined by the function PAVP = 0.63 (Pos – 284), r = +0.80, P < 0.001. The sensitivity of vasopressin secretion to osmotic stimulation was represented by the slope of the expression and the theoretical threshold of vasopressin release by the abscissal intercept. Plasma osmolality at the onset of thirst was 298.5 ± 1.1 mmol/kg. Application of hypertonic saline infusion to 10 polyuric patients clearly separated those with normal osmoregulation of vasopressin secretion from those with cranial diabetes insipidus.
Neuropharmacological agents modifying endotoxin-induced changes in mice
Authors: Wright David J M , Weller Malcolm P I
Published: March 2018

A variety of neuropharmacological agents were tested to elucidate how chlorpromazine influenced an endotoxin-induced reaction. The results obtained, particularly with beta-adrenergic blocking agents, reserpine and fusaric acid, suggested that the primary locus of chlorpromazine's action was mediated by peripheral beta-adrenergic receptor blockade. Such a locus is compatible with the low doses of propranolol which suppress the reaction, and with successful treatment of shock with dopamine.
Regional Variation in Cataract Extraction Rates and their Relationship with Resource Supply and Need
Authors: Sanderson Hugh F
Published: March 2018

There are large variations in cataract extraction rates between different regions of England, which may indicate differences in the availability of the operation in different parts of the country. Analysis shows that there is a relationship between the availability of ophthalmic beds and operation rates, but it is not possible to determine whether the bed supply determines the operation rate or vice versa.
Sequelae of Arthrodesis of the Hip
Authors: Greiss M E , Thomas R J , Freeman MAR
Published: March 2018

Twenty-two patients with unilateral arthrodesis of the hip were reviewed clinically and radiologically ten years or more after operation. There was evidence of degenerative disease in 63.6% of the contralateral hips, 68.2% of the ipsilateral knees and in 59.1% of the contralateral knees. Both knees were affected in 50% of cases. All the patients had some degree of backache. The incidence of these problems in contrast with previously reported series is discussed.
Calcium Metabolism in Bone Disease: Effects of Treatment with Microcrystalline Calcium Hydroxy Apatite Compound and Dihydrotachysterol1
Authors: Dent C E , Davies I J T
Published: March 2018

Microcrystalline calcium hydroxyapatite compound (MCHC) was given orally together with small doses of dihydrotachysterol (DHT) to a number of patients with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). Serial calcium and phosphate balances in three patients representing wide variations in severity of OI are presented over periods from eight months to two years. The combination of MCHC and DHT resulted in an immediate positive calcium balance which was maintained throughout the period of assessment in 2 cases. However, no radiological improvement could be demonstrated. Substituting calcium gluconate for MCHC resulted in a reduction of positive balance. No adverse effects were noted. The reasons why MCHC with DHT should result in increased calcium retention are discussed. This combination of MCHC and DHT could be of benefit in many common situations of bone demineralization, such as osteoporosis.
Photostress Recovery Times in Cases of Central Serous Retinopathy
Authors: Natsikos V E , Dean Hart J C
Published: March 2018

Photostress recovery times were measured in 50 normal individuals in the age group 20–50 years and in 27 patients who had developed central serous retinopathy. A flash generator of a commercially available fundus camera was used to provide the appropriate stimulus. The results showed that photostress recovery times were grossly abnormal in patients with central serous retinopathy for the first few weeks after the onset of symptoms, but gradually returned to normal values by 5 months and remained so thereafter. In a few patients during the recovery phase a transient paradoxical response was noted, whereby the photostress recovery times became less than in the unaffected control eye.

It appears that the use of a fundus camera to provide photostress stimulus has merit because the light source is subject only to slight variation in intensity, standardization of responses is possible and the technique can be employed on patients about to have fluorescein angiographic studies for diagnostic or documentation purposes.
Radiological Appearances in Early Oesophageal Carcinoma1
Authors: Zheng-Yan Wang
Published: March 2018

The radiological appearances in 30 cases of early oesophageal carcinoma are described. The main changes are: (1) localized superficial filling defect; (2) changes in the mucosal folds, such as thickening, tortuosity, interruption, destruction and convergence; (3) minute ulceration. Spasm and stiffness in the affected segment are frequently observed.
Hospital Bed Occupancy due to Drug-Related Problems1
Authors: Ghose Karabi
Published: March 2018

The number of patients admitted for drug-related problems and the duration of inpatient treatment required primarily for drug reactions and/or related problems during the period 1 October to 31 December 1979 were studied in one of the three general medical units of a district general hospital. 93% of all patients were admitted as emergencies either through the casualty department or at the their own general practitioner's request. Acute self-poisoning (9.9%) and other drug-related problems (8.8%) were, respectively, the third and fifth most common causes of hospital admission. These two conditions jointly (all drug-related problems) appeared to be the second most common cause and accounted for 18.7% of hospital admissions. The mean duration of hospitalization in patients with drug-related problems, excluding self-poisoning, was approximately 8 days. This was almost identical to hospital bed occupancy due to bronchopulmonary diseases (8.3 days) and complications of diabetes mellitus (8.4 days).