bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conceptualizing “Race” and Racism in Health Disparities Discourse: A Critical Discourse Analysis
Authors: Vanidestine Todd
Published: June 2018

Critically analyzing how language and discourse influence health policy agendas to eliminate racial and ethnic health disparities (REHD) supports social work’s commitment to address oppression and marginalization. Various institutions construct health policy agendas regarding REHD without explicitly conceptualizing terms such as “race,” “racism,” “African American/Black,” “Latino/a,” “Asian,” and “White”, and their relationship to racialized health outcomes. However, there is limited research examining the inherent ideologies and meaning related to racial concepts, which rely heavily on conveying historical influences through discourse over time. The purpose of the current qualitative study is to explore how policy initiatives to address REHD conceptualized “race” and racism. By employing grounded theory (GT) and critical discourse analysis (CDA), the study examined the discourse underpinning city, state, and national policy agendas to eliminate REHD. The study’s findings highlighted how terminology, assigned meanings, and ideology are replicated over time to reproduce a non-critical analysis of “race” and racism. The resulting implications suggest that conceptualizing “race” void of understanding differential racial health outcomes as racism omits the structural, historical, and ethical characteristics of racial concepts. Within health disparities discourse, the meanings assigned to “race” and racism ultimately influence which interventions are identified to address REHD.
Comparison in the follow-up of two patients with persistent elevated PSA and negative prostate biopsy
Authors: Sciarra Alessandro , Panebianco Valeria
Published: June 2018

Purpose

To compare two clinical cases on the follow-up of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia at risck of progression, negative prostate biopsy and persistent elevated PSA levels.

Materials

After a first negative prostate biopsy for elevated PSA levels, Case A received dutasteride therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia, whereas Case B continued his therapy without dutasteride. In both cases, other diagnostic procedures or other biopsies were decided on the basis of PSA level modifications.

Results

Case A showed a stabilization of PSA levels with a new nadir; the patient did not undergo new biopsies or other diagnostic procedures till the presence (24 months of follow-up) of a PSA elevation despite dutasteride therapy. A new biopsy, then, showed a prostate adenocarcinoma. Case B showed persistent and progressive PSA elevation; the patient underwent other diagnostic procedures and 2 new negative biopsies. Only after 26 months of follow-up a further biopsy showed a prostate adenocarcinoma.

Conclusions

5-alpha-reductase inhibitors can reduce the number of unnecessary prostate biopsies.
Evolution and Measurement of Institutions in Kenya
Authors: Letete Emmanuel , Sarr Mare
Published: June 2018

This article presents the de jure political and economic institutional indicators for Kenya for the period 1884–2010, and discusses their evolution over time. The construction of these indicators is based on the leximetric framework proposed by Fedderke et al. (2001), which relies on the formal legislative history that governs immovable property, political rights, and civil liberties. In doing so, we are able to capture the notion of permanency that characterizes institutions according to Douglass North. We provide a narrative that demonstrates how existing political and economic rights in Kenya were largely shaped by the legal framework introduced by the British settlers since 1884. These laws were initially designed to create a settler economy in order to recoup the heavy investments cost of the Uganda railway. To this end, the colonial authorities promoted a liberal freehold property rights system for the benefit of the settlers while curtailing the indigenous populations’ basic civil liberties and customary rights to land. We correlate these newly constructed indexes with conventional institutional indicators for overlapping periods. Overall, we find high unconditional correlations, which suggests that our indicators may be fairly reliable even in the long run (126 years).
Showcasing the interaction of generative and emergent linguistic knowledge with case marker omission in spoken Japanese
Authors: Heffernan Kevin , Imanishi Yusuke , Honda Masaru
Published: June 2018

Linguists debate the nature of grammatical knowledge. Many argue it is innate knowledge of syntactic structure that we use when generating utterances; others argue it emerges from linguistic experience, and forms exemplars for modeling novel utterances. Yet, still others argue that grammatical forms are processed in parallel by both types of knowledge (innate or otherwise), and crucially, that these two processing routes compete with each other.Our objective is to support the dual route argument with a corpus study illustrating the interaction of these two types of knowledge. We interpret two proxies as indicators of these two types of knowledge: syntactic complexity for generative knowledge and dispersion for emergent knowledge. Previous psycholinguistic work has shown that increased syntactic complexity correlates with increased judgment reaction times. Conversely, increased dispersion correlates with decreased judgment reaction times. If these two processing mechanisms compete, then we predict an interaction: specifically, we hypothesize that the more dispersed a linguistic form is, the less influence syntactic complexity has.We conducted a mixed-effects logistic regression analysis on case marker omissions in Japanese. Our results show that a casual speech style, a dispersed object–verb pair, and a syntactically simple noun phrase for the object correlate with increased case marker omission. More importantly, syntactic complexity and dispersion interact: as dispersion decreases, the estimated coefficient for syntactic complexity increases. These results support the claim that generative knowledge and emergent knowledge compete during language processing.
DIGESTÃO ANAERÓBIA DE RESÍDUOS ALIMENTARES UTILIZANDO ENSAIOS BMP
Authors: Gueri Matheus Vitor Diniz , De Souza Samuel Nelson Melegari , Kuczman Osvaldo , Schirmer Waldir Nagel , Buratto William Gouvêa , Ribeiro Camilo Bastos , Besinella Geovanny Broetto
Published: June 2018

A preocupação com a preservação do meio ambiente e a necessidade de diversificação da matriz energética são alguns dos fatores que têm impulsionado a busca por energias alternativas. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho analisou o processo de digestão anaeróbia de resíduos alimentares provenientes de um restaurante popular, observando o potencial bioquímico da geração de metano. O experimento consistiu no uso de reatores anaeróbios em regime batelada com volume de 250 mL, sendo 150 mL de volume útil à geração de biogás (headspace) e 100 mL remanescente preenchido nas proporções de 1:1 de substrato:inoculo, em relação ao teor de sólidos voláteis (gSVinoculo:gSVsubstrato). Os reatores foram operados por 30 dias sob temperatura constante em 30°C. Os resultados obtidos apresentam o teor de sólidos voláteis dos resíduos alimentares de 85,21% e uma relação C/N de 18,81. Foi possível alcançar uma produção específica de metano de 0,311 Nm³.kgSVr-1 e reduções de 23,58% para SV e de 81,27% para DQO.
POTENCIAL DE PRODUÇÃO DE BIOGÁS E ENERGIA ELÉTRICA A PARTIR DE RESÍDUOS DE HORTIFRUTICULTURA EM COLOMBO-PR
Authors: Christo Giovanna Lunkmoss de , Sanquetta Carlos Roberto , Piva Luani Rosa de Oliveira , Corte Ana Paula Dalla , Maas Greyce Charllyne Benedet
Published: June 2018

O Brasil, ao aderir ao Acordo de Paris, comprometeu-se a cumprir metas de redução de emissão de gases de efeito estufa (GEEs) em 37% até 2025, juntamente com outros 194 países. Dentro do âmbito nacional, o Plano ABC (Agricultura de Baixo Carbono), visa organizar e planejar ações para a adoção de tecnologias de produção sustentáveis no setor agropecuário do país, com o objetivo de atender aos compromissos de redução de emissão de GEEs. Na cadeia produtiva do alimento ocorre a geração de expressiva quantidade de resíduos, além de perdas pós-colheita, podendo impactar significativamente o meio ambiente se não forem devidamente destinados e tratados. Uma das ações previstas na Política Nacional sobre Mudança do Clima é o incentivo fiscal para indústrias e agricultores que tenham relação com o fornecimento de suprimentos para o setor de biogás e geração de fertilizantes orgânicos. O presente estudo objetivou analisar o potencial de aproveitamento dos resíduos hortifruticultura no município de Colombo (Paraná), prospectando sua utilização para geração de biogás. Para tanto, foram realizadas entrevistas com 51 agricultores do município. No total, foi estimado que o município gera cerca de 43 t.dia-1 de resíduos pós-colheita, com um potencial de gerar 3.200 m3 de biogás por dia. Acredita-se que o aproveitamento dos resíduos de hortifruticultura no município pode trazer inúmeros benefícios econômicos, ambientais e sociais à região e aos agricultores envolvidos. Além disso, tal resultado contribui para atender às demandas para intensificar a participação de bioenergia sustentável na matriz energética do país, prevista nos recentes Acordos Climáticos firmados.
RENDIMENTO DO DESDOBRO DE MADEIRA EM SERRARIA CONVENCIONAL E DIFERENTES SIMULAÇÕES UTILIZANDO OTIMIZADOR COMPUTACIONAL
Authors: Serpe Edson Luis , Filho Afonso Figueiredo , Arce Julio Eduardo
Published: June 2018

O rendimento e a análise econômica do desdobro da madeira serrada de Pinus spp., em serraria convencional no município de General Carneiro, região sul do estado do Paraná, foram estudados utilizando a metodologia empregada pela serraria (método convencional) e simulando diferentes opções otimizadas de produtos, no software otimizador MaxiTora. Com objetivo de determinar o rendimento do desdobro e análise econômica para desdobro não programado e programado, para diferentes classes de diâmetro de toras, foram separadas em dois lotes, toras de classe tipo 1 (diâmetros acima de 23 cm) e toras de classe tipo 2 (diâmetro de 16 a 22,99 cm). A industrialização das toras foi realizada com cortes paralelos (live saw), sendo o desdobro principal realizado em serra fita e para o ajuste da largura das peças foi utilizada a serra circular. O rendimento do desdobro de toras não programado proporciona rendimento de 35,79 a 45,09%, contudo o rendimento do desdobro de toras considerando a utilização de software de otimização de toras varia de 36,81 a 55,15%. O maior benefício econômico de madeira serrada é produzido em toras de 16 a 23 cm de diâmetro.
EVOLUÇÃO DA DISTRIBUIÇÃO DIAMÉTRICA EM PLANTIOS DE Pinus caribaea Morelet var. caribaea Barrett & Golfari
Authors: Guera Ouorou Ganni Mariel , Aleixo da Silva José Antônio , Caraciolo Ferreira Rinaldo Luiz , Álvarez Lazo Daniel , Barrero Medel Héctor , Silva da Silva Diego Armando
Published: June 2018

O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi estudar a distribuição diamétrica em diferentes classes de idades de plantios de Pinus caribaea Morelet var. caribaea Barr. & Golf. estabelecidos para a produção de madeira para serraria na Empresa Florestal Integral (EFI) Macurije, Pinar del Río, Cuba. Para isso, foram ajustadas dez Funções de Densidade de Probabilidade (FDPs) por classe de idade de cinco anos para a predição de frequências de árvores por classe diamétrica em cada classe de idades. Os parâmetros das FDPs Weibull (3P), Beta, Burr (4P), Gamma 3P, Kumaraswamy, Lognormal 3P, Frechet 3P e Dagum (4P) foram estimados pelo método de estimação de máxima verossimilhança e os das funções SB de Johnson e Nakagami com o método dos momentos no software EasyFit v.5.6. Para testar o grau de concordância entre cada uma das distribuições e os valores observados de diâmetro, foi utilizado o teste de aderência de Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S). Os resultados indicaram que a função de Kamaraswamy foi a de maior aderência a base de dados completa sem separação por classes de idade.  A função Lognormal 3P foi a de melhor ajuste para as classes de idade 0-5 e 15-20 anos, a de Burr 4P para as classes 10-15, 20-25 e 25-30 anos, a de Gamma 3P para a classe 5-10 anos, a de Dagum 4P para a classe 30-35 e a função Beta para a classe 35-40 anos. Apenas as últimas duas classes etárias apresentaram probabilidades de se obter árvores com Diâmetro a Altura do Peito (DAP) ≥ 20 cm superiores a 0,5.
IMPACTO VOLUMÉTRICO E ECONÔMICO PARA DIFERENTES SORTIMENTOS EM TORAS DE PINUS
Authors: Serpe Edson Luis , Figueiredo Filho Afonso , Arce Julio Eduardo
Published: June 2018

O objetivo deste trabalho é testar diferentes alternativas de sortimentos para o censo florestal, avaliando o retorno econômico das melhores alternativas, comparando-as com o sortimento padrão da empresa. O impacto volumétrico e econômico para diferentes sortimentos em toras de pinus, foram estudados no município de Bituruna, região sul do estado do Paraná. Apesar de ser possível matematicamente a realização de inúmeros sortimentos que poderiam proporcionar melhores rentabilidades, o polo regional consumidor de madeira direciona a especificação dos tipos de produtos a serem produzidos pela floresta. As estimativas do volume total e comercial (diâmetro mínimo até 8 cm com casca), sortimentos e respectivas simulações, foram realizadas no software Fsign. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o sortimento utilizado influenciou diretamente no volume comercial, variando entre -21,51 a 1,94% e a receita bruta impactada negativamente em até -19,1%.
DINÂMICA EM SUPERFÍCIE, VOLUME, BIOMASSA E CARBONO NAS FLORESTAS NATIVAS BRASILEIRAS: 1990-2015
Authors: Sanquetta Carlos Roberto , Corte Ana Paula Dalla , Pelissari Allan Libanio , Tomé Margarida , Maas Greyce Charllyne Benedet , Sanquetta Mateus Niroh Inoue
Published: June 2018

Avaliou-se a dinâmica em área e em estoques de volume de madeira, biomassa e carbono nas florestas nativas do Brasil no período 1990 a 2015. A fonte utilizada para o trabalho foi o Relatório FRA2015 (Avaliação dos Recursos Florestais) submetido pelo Serviço Florestal Brasileiro à FAO (Organização das Nações Unidas para Alimentação e Agricultura). Os dados publicados foram analisados criticamente, deduções dos parâmetros empregados foram realizadas e alguns ajustes nos cálculos foram efetivados. A área de florestas nativas no Brasil decresceu no período de 25 anos, de 542 M ha para 486 M ha, o que corresponde a 10% da superfície inicial computada em 1990. As maiores perdas de áreas florestais ocorreram nos biomas Amazônia e Cerrado que representaram 85% do total e 56 M ha em todo o País, sendo equivalente à superfície do Estado da Bahia. O estoque volumétrico de madeira foi reduzido em 8,45% no período avaliado, de 103 G m3 para 95 G m3, com maior perda no bioma Amazônia (79%). A biomassa total seca estocada nas florestas também decresceu 8,44%, de 126 G t para 115 G t, com maior redução na Amazônia (79%). O estoque de carbono caiu de 63 G t para 58 G t, expressando uma perda de 8,40% que se deu em maior intensidade no bioma Amazônia (80%). Concluiu-se que as reduções em volume, biomassa e carbono são atribuídas à diminuição da cobertura florestal em todos os biomas e que tais reduções implicaram em emissões de gases de efeito estufa.
Influence of spunbond degradable floating row covers on microclimate modification and yield of field cucumber
Authors: Kalisz Andrzej , Siwek Piotr , Sulak Konrad
Published: June 2018

In recent years, there has been an increase in interest in innovative plastic materials for use in horticulture. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of (bio)degradable floating covers (polylactide nonwoven ‒ PLA, and oxo-degradable polypropylene nonwoven with 0.1% iron stearate ‒ PP photo, both 20 g/m2) compared to the conventional PP nonwoven (control, 20 g/m2) on microclimate modification and yield of field-grown cucumber. The greatest PAR transmittance was recorded for the control nonwoven (83%), while the degradable materials transmitted 8% less radiation. Maximum soil surface temperatures were the highest under the PLA nonwoven, but minimum temperatures ‒ under the oxo-degradable fleece. The mean temperature under the oxo-degradable material was comparable to the control, while PLA increased the soil temperature by 1.8 °C, on average. The yield from cucumber plants covered with degradable materials was similar to that from the plants cultivated under the conventional oil-based nonwoven fleece. There were no significant changes in dry weight and soluble sugar content in cucumber fruits in 2013; however, the degradable nonwovens decreased these parameters in 2012. The lifespan of the oxo-degradable nonwoven was limited only to one growing season, thus the durability of the polymer must be increased. Polylactide nonwoven can be a sustainable ecological alternative to conventional non-degradable PP covers.
On Optimal Allocation of Treatment/Condition Variance in Principal Component Analysis
Authors: Beauducel André , Hilger Norbert
Published: June 2018

The allocation of a (treatment) condition-effect on the wrong principal component (misallocation of variance) in principal component analysis (PCA) has been addressed in research on event-related potentials of the electroencephalogram. However, the correct allocation of condition-effects on PCA components might be relevant in several domains of research. The present paper investigates whether different loading patterns at each condition-level are a basis for an optimal allocation of between-condition variance on principal components. It turns out that a similar loading shape at each condition-level is a necessary condition for an optimal allocation of between-condition variance, whereas a similar loading magnitude is not necessary.
A atuação do designer instrucional na preparação de conteúdo para o ensino de português a distância
Authors: Rodrigues Liska Geraldo José
Published: June 2018

Tradicionalmente, tem-se vinculado à produção de material didático o designer instrucional, embora essa não seja sua única função. A incorporação das tecnologias de informação e comunicação, em especial a Internet, exige uma medida sistemática de planejamento e implementação de novas estratégias didáticas e metodologias de ensino-aprendizagem. Focamos neste artigo o ensino da língua portuguesa, especialmente o trabalho entre professor conteudista e designer instrucional, com a realização de um curso virtual sobre atualização em língua portuguesa para servidores de uma instituição pública de ensino superior. Descrevemos dois dos recursos utilizados pelo design instrucional, o mapa detalhado das atividades que foram realizadas e a matriz do DI, lembrando que ainda existe o storyboard, além da definição dos critérios de avaliação da aprendizagem, muito importantes para a consolidação do conhecimento do aluno. Todas as etapas de preparação de conteúdo têm o intuito de fornecer a uma equipe de educação a distância os aspectos, conteúdos, recursos e metodologia necessários para a implementação de um curso virtual. Quando se fala em aulas de Português, é costume direcionar o pensamento para as atividades de gramática normativa, somente. Isso é comum para a maioria dos participantes do curso, por terem saído da fase escolar há anos. Pensando nisso, houve a preocupação em elaborar o material didático atraente e interativo, para que eles pudessem com autonomia fazer o próprio caminho para o conhecimento, em casa ou nas horas vagas do trabalho.Palavras-chave: Design instrucional. Material didático. Educação a distância. Ensino de língua portuguesa.
Luis Sáez Rueda, El ocaso de Occidente
Authors: García Pérez María
Published: June 2018

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Althusser y Rozitchner: dos caminos hacia Spinoza
Authors: Yagüe Pedro Guillermo
Published: June 2018

En el presente trabajo realizaremos un contrapunto de los caminos que llevaron a las filosofías de Louis Althusser y de León Rozitchner desde los problemas abiertos por el marxismo hacia la filosofía de Spinoza. Intentaremos pensar el momento de la vida de cada teoría en que Spinoza hizo su irrupción, qué problemas teóricos condujeron en cada caso a un encuentro conceptual con el pensamiento del filósofo holandés y, en este sentido, qué aspectos de la filosofía de Spinoza fueron retomados. En el caso de Althusser, el hincapié aparecerá en Spinoza como antídoto contra toda teleología y como portador de una concepción materialista de la imaginación; en el caso de Rozitchner, Spinoza se hará presente en tanto ilumina una racionalidad profunda asociada a la vida afectiva de los hombres.
Review of Pharmacological Activities of Vetiveria zizanoide (Linn) Nash
Authors: Saroosh Zahoor  , Sammia Shahid  , Urooj Fatima
Published: June 2018

Vetiveria zizanioides (Linn) Nash is a perennial magical grass of family poaceae commonly known as Khas which is highly valued grass due to its adventitious root system. It is widely distributed in the Pakistan. It is cultivated in all provinces of Pakistan due to its great economic importance. This grass grows plain ascending up to 1200m. Mostly roots stem and leaves were used for treatment of different diseases by ancestors. Adventitious roots contain essential oil which used for multipurpose such as perfumery and in pharmacological industry. Vetiver oil contains approximately 150 compounds, including sesquiterpenoide, hydrocarbons. Phytochemical analysis of leaves shows the presence of flavonoides, saponins, tannins and phenols. Various tribes of India used this tuft grass for commercial purposes. Khas serve as broom, for cooling, roof of huts and as medicine for different diseases such as sunstroke, ulcer, fever, epilepsy and in skin diseases. In this study we summaries the magical pharmacological activities of Vetiveria zizanioides such as anti inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, and anti malarial, anti tubercular, anti hyperglycemic, anti hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity.
Le leadership : un processus distribué au sein des établissements scolaires? Le cas de la Suisse francophone
Authors: Progin Laetitia , Perrenoud Olivier
Published: June 2018

Dans cet article, nous étudions la manière dont le leadership est distribué au sein d’établissements scolaires de la Suisse francophone en mettant en parallèle les résultats de deux enquêtes. La première enquête porte sur le leadership des directions d’établissement scolaire débutantes et la seconde, sur le leadership des enseignantes et enseignants. Cette dernière enquête s’intéresse aux processus d’influence en place dans les établissements scolaires, en mettant l’accent sur l’influence exercée par les personnes qui ne bénéficient pas d’un statut formel de leader. Notre objectif, ici, est d’analyser la manière dont le leadership est partagé au sein des établissements, aussi bien auprès des personnes ayant un statut formel de leader (les directions) que des personnes qui n’en ont pas (les enseignants) dans la hiérarchie de l’école. Nos résultats mettent en évidence des réactions et des pratiques ambivalentes au sujet du partage du leadership, tant du côté des directions que du côté des enseignantes et enseignants. Ces résultats permettent également d’entrevoir une conceptualisation du leadership partagé en tant que transaction incertaine qui confronte chaque actrice ou acteur aux limites de son influence sur autrui.
La conciliation des pressions internes et externes dans la mise en oeuvre de la gestion axée sur les résultats par des directions d’établissement d’enseignement
Authors: Lapointe Pierre , Brassard André
Published: June 2018

En raison de leur capacité à influencer les conditions locales d’enseignement et d’apprentissage, les directions d’établissement d’enseignement sont fortement sollicitées dans l’actualisation des politiques éducatives. Toutefois, plusieurs questions subsistent quant à savoir comment elles parviennent à actualiser ce leadership. Dans le cadre d’une recherche sur la mise en oeuvre de la politique de gestion axée sur les résultats au Québec, le présent texte examine comment les directions composent avec les attentes des gestionnaires des services centraux et celles du personnel enseignant de leur établissement dans le processus de mise en application de cette politique. Dans une perspective compréhensive, inspirée des travaux dans le domaine, cette analyse prend appui sur des données d’entrevues. Nos résultats montrent que les directions modulent leurs interventions en fonction des directives de leurs supérieurs hiérarchiques et les ajustent selon l’état de réceptivité des enseignants de leur établissement. Pour susciter l’engagement de ces derniers, les directions déploient différentes stratégies d’intervention qui visent à légitimer l’adoption d’un plan d’action, à rassurer les enseignants quant aux finalités de la politique et à les inciter à se concerter en vue d’améliorer leurs pratiques. Les principaux constats de cette recherche sont discutés, en référence aux recherches dans ce domaine.
Discours racistes et propagande haineuse. Trois groupes populistes identitaires au Québec
Authors: Potvin Maryse
Published: June 2018

Cet article exploratoire vise à cerner les éléments de « propagande haineuse » utilisés par trois groupes populistes identitaires (Atalante, La Meute, la Fédération des Québécois de souche) sur leurs pages Facebook publiques entre le 29 janvier et le 15 mars 2017, après l’attentat du 29 janvier à la grande mosquée de Québec. L’article définit les groupes populistes de type identitaire au Québec et rappelle les principaux mécanismes du racisme, les procédés classiques utilisés par les médias traditionnels qui permettent d’influencer les idées et les représentations du public (agenda setting, framing, priming), les techniques classiques de propagande et les différentes balises juridiques (pénales et civiles) qui encadrent la propagande haineuse au Canada. L’article montre comment les leaders d’opinion et/ou administrateurs de ces pages Facebook publiques en font un usage stratégique (pour alimenter le néonationalisme, orienter les échanges sur des enjeux identitaires et maintenir un sentiment de crise et d’appartenance commune) et dont les effets préjudiciables sont visibles.
Comparative systematics and phylogeography of Quercus Section Cerris in western Eurasia: inferences from plastid and nuclear DNA variation
Authors: Simeone Marco Cosimo , Cardoni Simone , Piredda Roberta , Imperatori Francesca , Avishai Michael , Grimm Guido W , Denk Thomas
Published: June 2018

Oaks (Quercus) comprise more than 400 species worldwide and centres of diversity for most sections lie in the Americas and East/Southeast Asia. The only exception is the Eurasian Sect. Cerris that comprises 15 species, a dozen of which are confined to western Eurasia. This section has not been comprehensively studied using molecular tools. Here, we assess species diversity and reconstruct a first comprehensive taxonomic scheme of western Eurasian members of Sect. Cerris using plastid (trnH-psbA) and nuclear (5S-IGS) DNA variation with a dense intra-specific and geographic sampling. Chloroplast haplotypes primarily reflected geographic patterns of species coevolution within Sect. Cerris and its sister section Ilex. We identified two widespread and ancestral haplotypes, and less common, locally restricted, derived variants. Signatures shared with Mediterranean species of Sect. Ilex, but not with the East Asian Cerris siblings, suggest that the western Eurasian lineage came into contact with Ilex only after the first (early Oligocene) members of Sect. Cerris in Northeast Asia had begun to radiate and move westwards. Nuclear 5S-IGS diversification patterns were more efficient for establishing a molecular-taxonomic framework and to reveal hybridization and reticulation processes. Four main evolutionary lineages were identified. The first lineage comprises Q. libani, Q. trojana and Q. afares and appears to be closest to the root of Sect. Cerris. These taxa are morphologically most similar to the East Asian species of Cerris, and to both Oligocene and Miocene fossils of East Asia and Miocene fossils of western Eurasia. The second lineage is mainly composed of the widespread Q. cerris and the narrow endemic species Q. castaneifolia, Q. look, and Q. euboica. The third lineage comprises three Near East species (Q. brantii, Q. ithaburensis and Q. macrolepis), well adapted to continental climates with cold winters. The forth lineage appears the most derived and comprises Q. suber, the cork oak, and Q. crenata. Quercus cerris and Q. trojana displayed exceptional levels of variation; Q. macrolepis and Q. euboica, previously treated as subspecies of Q. ithaburensis and Q. trojana, likely deserve an independent species status. A trend towards inter-specific crosses was detected in several taxa; however, we found no clear evidence of a hybrid origin of Q. afares and Q. crenata, as currently assumed. Phylogeographic inferences on the origin and diversification of Quercus Sect. Cerris are provided to fill an important gap in the knowledge of oak diversity and evolution.
The H3K4 methyltransferase Setd1b is essential for hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell homeostasis in mice
Authors: Schmidt Kerstin , Zhang Qinyu , Tasdogan Alpaslan , Petzold Andreas , Dahl Andreas , Arneth Borros M , Slany Robert , Fehling Hans Jörg , Kranz Andrea , Stewart Adrian Francis , Anastassiadis Konstantinos
Published: June 2018

Hematopoietic stem cells require MLL1, which is one of six Set1/Trithorax-type histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methyltransferases in mammals and clinically the most important leukemia gene. Here, we add to emerging evidence that all six H3K4 methyltransferases play essential roles in the hematopoietic system by showing that conditional mutagenesis of Setd1b in adult mice provoked aberrant homeostasis of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Using both ubiquitous and hematopoietic-specific deletion strategies, the loss of Setd1b resulted in peripheral thrombo- and lymphocytopenia, multilineage dysplasia, myeloid-biased extramedullary hematopoiesis in the spleen, and lethality. By transplantation experiments and expression profiling, we determined that Setd1b is autonomously required in the hematopoietic lineages where it regulates key lineage specification components, including Cebpa, Gata1, and Klf1. Altogether, these data imply that the Set1/Trithorax-type epigenetic machinery sustains different aspects of hematopoiesis and constitutes a second framework additional to the transcription factor hierarchy of hematopoietic homeostasis.
Current CRISPR gene drive systems are likely to be highly invasive in wild populations
Authors: Noble Charleston , Adlam Ben , Church George M , Esvelt Kevin M , Nowak Martin A
Published: June 2018

Recent reports have suggested that self-propagating CRISPR-based gene drive systems are unlikely to efficiently invade wild populations due to drive-resistant alleles that prevent cutting. Here we develop mathematical models based on existing empirical data to explicitly test this assumption for population alteration drives. Our models show that although resistance prevents spread to fixation in large populations, even the least effective drive systems reported to date are likely to be highly invasive. Releasing a small number of organisms will often cause invasion of the local population, followed by invasion of additional populations connected by very low rates of gene flow. Hence, initiating contained field trials as tentatively endorsed by the National Academies report on gene drive could potentially result in unintended spread to additional populations. Our mathematical results suggest that self-propagating gene drive is best suited to applications such as malaria prevention that seek to affect all wild populations of the target species.
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells control dengue and Chikungunya virus infections via IRF7-regulated interferon responses
Authors: Webster Brian , Werneke Scott W , Zafirova Biljana , This Sébastien , Coléon Séverin , Décembre Elodie , Paidassi Helena , Bouvier Isabelle , Joubert Pierre-Emmanuel , Duffy Darragh , Walzer Thierry , Albert Matthew L , Dreux Marlène
Published: June 2018

Type I interferon (IFN-I) responses are critical for the control of RNA virus infections, however, many viruses, including Dengue (DENV) and Chikungunya (CHIKV) virus, do not directly activate plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), robust IFN-I producing cells. Herein, we demonstrated that DENV and CHIKV infected cells are sensed by pDCs, indirectly, resulting in selective IRF7 activation and IFN-I production, in the absence of other inflammatory cytokine responses. To elucidate pDC immunomodulatory functions, we developed a mouse model in which IRF7 signaling is restricted to pDC. Despite undetectable levels of IFN-I protein, pDC-restricted IRF7 signaling controlled both viruses and was sufficient to protect mice from lethal CHIKV infection. Early pDC IRF7-signaling resulted in amplification of downstream antiviral responses, including an accelerated natural killer (NK) cell-mediated type II IFN response. These studies revealed the dominant, yet indirect role of pDC IRF7-signaling in directing both type I and II IFN responses during arbovirus infections.
ZMYND10 functions in a chaperone relay during axonemal dynein assembly
Authors: Mali Girish R , Yeyati Patricia L , Mizuno Seiya , Dodd Daniel O , Tennant Peter A , Keighren Margaret A , zur Lage Petra , Shoemark Amelia , Garcia-Munoz Amaya , Shimada Atsuko , Takeda Hiroyuki , Edlich Frank , Takahashi Satoru , von Kreigsheim Alex , Jarman Andrew P , Mill Pleasantine
Published: June 2018

Molecular chaperones promote the folding and macromolecular assembly of a diverse set of ‘client’ proteins. How ubiquitous chaperone machineries direct their activities towards specific sets of substrates is unclear. Through the use of mouse genetics, imaging and quantitative proteomics we uncover that ZMYND10 is a novel co-chaperone that confers specificity for the FKBP8-HSP90 chaperone complex towards axonemal dynein clients required for cilia motility. Loss of ZMYND10 perturbs the chaperoning of axonemal dynein heavy chains, triggering broader degradation of dynein motor subunits. We show that pharmacological inhibition of FKBP8 phenocopies dynein motor instability associated with the loss of ZMYND10 in airway cells and that human disease-causing variants of ZMYND10 disrupt its ability to act as an FKBP8-HSP90 co-chaperone. Our study indicates that primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), caused by mutations in dynein assembly factors disrupting cytoplasmic pre-assembly of axonemal dynein motors, should be considered a cell-type specific protein-misfolding disease.
Cranial morphology ofSinovenator changii(Theropoda: Troodontidae) on the new material from the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China
Authors: Yin Ya-Lei , Pei Rui , Zhou Chang-Fu
Published: June 2018

A new three-dimensionally preserved troodontid specimen consisting of most of the skull, partial mandibles and six articulated cervical vertebrae (PMOL-AD00102) from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Beipiao, western Liaoning, China is identified asSinovenator changiion the basis of a surangular with a “T”-shaped cross-section. High-resolution computed tomographic data for the skull of this new specimen facilitated a detailed description of the cranial anatomy ofS. changii. New diagnostic features ofS. changiiinclude a well-developed medial shelf on the jugal, a slender bar in the parasphenoid recess, a lateral groove on the pterygoid flange of the ectopterygoid, and the lateral surface of the anterior cervical vertebrae bearing two pneumatic foramina. Our new observation confirms that the braincase ofSinovenatoris not as primitive as previously suggested, although it still shows an intermediate state between derived troodontids and non-troodontid paravians in having an initial stage of the subotic recess and the otosphenoidal crest. Additionally, this new specimen reveals some novel and valuable anatomical information of troodontids regarding the quadrate-quadratojugal articulation, the stapes, the epipterygoid and the atlantal ribs.
Weak population structure in the antFormica fusca
Authors: Johansson Helena , Seppä Perttu , Helanterä Heikki , Trontti Kalevi , Sundström Liselotte
Published: June 2018

Dispersal is a fundamental trait of a species’ biology. High dispersal results in weakly structured or even panmictic populations over large areas, whereas weak dispersal enables population differentiation and strong spatial structuring. We report on the genetic population structure in the polygyne antFormica fuscaand the relative contribution of the dispersing males and females to this. We sampled 12 localities across a ∼35 km2study area in Finland and generated mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotype data and microsatellite data. First, we assessed queen dispersal by estimating population differentiation from mtDNA haplotype data. Second, we analysed nuclear DNA microsatellite data to determine overall population genetic substructure in the study area with principal components analysis, Bayesian clustering, hierarchicalFstatistics and testing for evidence of isolation-by-distance. Third, we directly compared genetic differentiation estimates from maternally inherited mtDNA and bi-parentally inherited DNA microsatellites to test for sex-bias in dispersal. Our results showed no significant spatial structure or isolation by distance in neither mtDNA nor DNA microsatellite data, suggesting high dispersal of both sexes across the study area. However, mitochondrial differentiation was weaker (Fst-mt= 0.0047) than nuclear differentiation (Fst-nuc= 0.027), which translates into a sixfold larger female migration rate compared to that of males. We conclude that the weak population substructure reflects high dispersal in both sexes, and it is consistent withF. fuscaas a pioneer species exploiting unstable habitats in successional boreal forests.
The impact of PI3K inhibitors on breast cancer cell and its tumor microenvironment
Authors: Qin Hanjiao , Liu Linlin , Sun Shu , Zhang Dan , Sheng Jiyao , Li Bingjin , Yang Wei
Published: June 2018

The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway shows frequent aberrant alterations and pathological activation in breast cancer cells. While PI3K inhibitors have not achieved expectant therapeutic efficacy in clinical trials, and several studies provide promising combination strategies to substantially maximize therapeutic outcomes. Besides its direct impact on regulating cancer cells survival, PI3K inhibitors are also demonstrated to have an immunomodulatory impact based on the tumor microenvironment. Inhibition of the leukocyte-enriched PI3K isoforms may break immune tolerance and restore cytotoxic T cell activity by reprogramming the tumor microenvironment. In addition, PI3K inhibitors have pleiotropic effects on tumor angiogenesis and even induce tumor vascular normalization. In this review, we discuss the mechanism of PI3K inhibitor suppression of breast cancer cells and modulation of the tumor microenvironment in order to provide further thoughts for breast cancer treatment.
Developmentally Programmed
DNA
Rearrangements
Authors: Saettone Alejandro , Nabeel‐Shah Syed , Fillingham Jeffrey S
Published: June 2018

Developmentally programmed deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) rearrangements are structural reorganisations of the genome that occur reproducibly during the development of a variety of organisms. In the majority of cases, programmed DNA rearrangements function to alter gene expression. V(D)J recombination is a DNA rearrangement that occurs during the development of the human immune system to assemble functional genes encoding antibodies. Some human pathogens use programmed DNA rearrangements to evade the immune system by varying the expression of their antigenic surface proteins. However, in some cases, the function of large‐scale developmentally programmed DNA rearrangements remains unknown. In the ciliate protozoan
Tetrahymena thermophila
, a wide variety of programmed rearrangements occur during the development of the somatic nucleus including chromosome fragmentation and deletion of specific DNA sequences. In a related ciliate
Oxytricha trifallax
, programmed genome rearrangements are needed to unscramble segments to assemble functional genes.

Key Concepts

Programmed DNA rearrangements utilise diverse recombination mechanisms.

Human pathogens use programmed DNA rearrangements to vary expression of antigenic surface proteins to avoid the host immune system.

V(D)J recombination in human development assembles functional genes encoding antibodies.

Chromatin diminution in parasitic nematodes silences germ‐line‐specific gene expression in somatic cells.

The ciliate protozoa undergo large‐scale programmed DNA rearrangements during nuclear development.

The mechanism of programmed DNA deletion in the ciliate
Tetrahymena thermophila
involves small noncoding RNAs that direct formation of a specific chromatin structure.

The ciliate
Oxytricha trifallax
unscrambles gene segments during the development of its somatic nucleus.
Knockout and Knock‐In Animals
Authors: Mansouri Ahmed
Published: June 2018

The inactivation of a gene (knockout) or the insertion of a coding sequence into a gene of interest (knock‐in) provides genetically modified animals for the analysis of genetic circuits in developmental biology and for use as models for human disease. Recently developed approaches have facilitated the generation of mutant animals. Thus, designed nucleases, such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)–CRISPRs‐associated nucleases (CRISPR/Cas9), offer a platform to create knockout and knock‐in animals of various species without going through the route of embryonic stem cell technology. Custom nucleases allow the site‐specific recognition and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) cleavage to induce DNA repair machinery resulting in insertions and/or deletions (Indel) in the desired locus. Providing a construct with homologous sequences to the 5′ and 3′ end of the nuclease cleavage site will result in homologous recombination‐directed repair (HDR) of the gene of interest and giving rise to knock‐in animals.

Key Concepts

Animal behaviourists must participate in conservation planning to protect the future of biodiversity.

Lipid bilayers provide the fundamental architecture of biological membranes.

Knockout and knock‐in animals are absolutely required for the analysis of gene function.

Custom nucleases allow the generation of knock‐in animals from various species.

iPS cells may facilitate the establishment of pluripotent stem cells from various species.

Designed nucleases‐based gene editing provides a simple tool to create animal models that recapitulate human disease pathologies.
Genetic Networks
Authors: Materna Stefan C , Woo Stephanie
Published: June 2018

Genetic networks control the execution of the genetic program stored in an organism's deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) by orchestrating gene expression. Any biological function, in physiology or development, is dependent on the combined action of many genes, requiring their precise control. Expression of individual genes is determined by associated regions of regulatory DNA. These are bound by sequence‐specific regulatory proteins, called transcription factors, leading to activation or repression of transcription. The interactions among regulatory genes display the features of a network where the linkages are determined by the binding sites in the regulatory region of downstream genes. The architecture of genetic networks is intrinsically hierarchical, and discrete subcircuits that accomplish particular tasks can be identified. Certain linkage patterns are recurrent in subcircuits with similar biological function, although the regulatory genes involved differ. This suggests that the topology of the network, and not the identity of its constituents, determines the function.

Key Concepts

Genomic sequence determines the phenotype by specifying the amino acid sequence of proteins and their timing of expression.

Regulation of gene expression occurs primarily at the level of transcription.

Regulatory genes are sequence‐specific transcription factors that activate or repress transcription and signalling molecules that affect transcriptional activity in receiving cells.

Modular arrays of transcription factor target sites within the cis‐regulatory domains of genes determine the transcription of individual genes.

A genetic network is a set of regulatory genes that are functionally linked through sequence‐specific interactions.

Each regulatory interaction is contingent on the state of other interactions in the network.

Recurrent linkage patterns indicate that the network topology and not identity of individual regulators determines the biological function.

In development, the regulatory processes at each stage determine what will happen next, leading to progressive partitioning of the embryo, and ensuring that development is unidirectional.

Changes in network architecture are the underlying cause of phenotypic changes in evolution.
Molecular Ecology
Authors: Freeland Joanna R
Published: June 2018

Molecular ecology uses molecular genetic data (typically deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequences) from natural populations to address ecological questions. Historically, either relatively short DNA sequences or highly variable sequences known as microsatellites were most commonly used to genetically characterise populations and species. More recently, however, large amounts of DNA sequences are being generated using a relatively new approach known as high‐throughput sequencing (HTS), which allows researchers to simultaneously sequence thousands of genes from one or numerous individuals. HTS allows whole‐genome sequencing, and also the characterisation of natural populations on the basis of numerous (often thousands of) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which are DNA sequence variations that arise when a single nucleotide differs between individuals. Genetic characterisation allows researchers to quantify the genetic diversity within populations and the genetic similarity among populations, which in turn provides insight into specific questions pertaining to the ecology and evolution of populations and species.

Key Concepts

Molecular ecology uses molecular genetic data to address ecological questions.

A variety of molecular markers can be used to genetically characterise species and populations.

Next‐generation (high‐throughput) sequencing has greatly enhanced our ability to collect very large amounts of genetic data at relatively low cost.

Molecular genetic data from natural populations allow researchers to quantify the genetic diversity within populations and the genetic similarity among populations.

Genetic diversity is required for the long‐term survival of populations and species, and is influenced by a range of different factors.

Gene flow among populations strongly influences their genetic similarity.

Landscape genetics helps researchers to understand barriers to gene flow across different types of landscapes.

Landscape genomics investigates ways in which local adaptation influences the distribution of conspecifics across different types of habitat.

Behavioural molecular ecology uses highly variable molecular markers to quantify the relatedness among individuals, and thus describe dipsersal patterns or mating systems.

Phylogeography uses molecular genetic data to infer some of the ways in which historical events and processes have shaped the current distributions of species.