bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Student switchers and the regulation of residency: the interface of the individual and Australia's immigration regime
Authors: Robertson Shanthi
Published: November 2009

Since 1998, policy changes to Australia's skilled migration program have favoured international students as potential skilled migrants. This has included legislation allowing holders of an Australian tertiary qualification to apply for permanent residency (PR) onshore within 6 months of completing their study. This process, dubbed ‘student switching’ (McLaughlan and Salt, 2002) has created a distinct migration process through which increasing numbers of international students use their study in Australia as a pathway to residency. In this paper, I will address how individuals experience the bureaucratic processes of application for PR, in that the granting or denying of visas involves the interface between government and individual. I will explore how individuals' interactions with the power of the state as gatekeeper impact on their experiences as transnational subjects, and their social positioning within the new society. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ab‐initio investigation of thermoactivated directional transport of hydrogen molecules inside narrow carbon nanotubes
Authors: Fedorov A. S. , Sadreev A.F.
Published: November 2009

Using the pseudopotential DFT and the empirical potential methods we calculate the potential acting to the hydrogen molecules in narrow single‐wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) (6,0),(7,0) and (3,3). The potential forms a goffered potential surface and can be approximated as $V(z,r,\phi ) \approx V_0 \sin (2\pi z/a) + V(r)$. We show that in these SWCNTs transport of molecules is given mainly by thermoactivated hoppings between minima of the periodic potential along the tube axis. Taking into account that hydrogen density distribution inside nanotube is stationary and assuming the temperature is changed linearly along the SWCNT length we show that the H2 density is sufficiently variated, especially for the case of (6,0)SWCNT where the density on both SWCNT ends are different at ∼ 30 times when the temperature is changed along the SWCNTf rom 300K to 1200K. Suppose that H2 molecules can penetrate in the both open SWCNT ends, the molecules would move in the direction of the temperature decreasing. This effect may be used potentially to build up a molecular pump driven by the temperature gradient along narrow nanotube.
Junctions of left‐ and right‐handed chiral carbon nanotubes – nanobamboo
Authors: Koltai János , Rusznyák Ádám , Zólyomi Viktor , Kürti Jenő , László István
Published: November 2009

Single walled carbon nanotubes can be used as nanoscale reaction chambers for producing smaller nanotubes within the host tube from encapsulated fullerenes by annealing. The diameter of the host outer tube restricts the diameter of the inner tube due to van der Waals interactions, but not chirality; however, only a few chiralities are allowed for any given outer tube diameter. It is possible that inner tubes with different chiralities – or the same chirality but left‐ and right‐handedness– can start to grow in different places at the same time. A straight junction occurs at the connection of these two tubes. The geometry of different kinds of junctions containing pentagon and heptagon defects was optimized by density functional theory. The effect of the localized states on the electronic band structure was investigated. Geometry of our (6,4) nanobamboo from two points of view. The pentagon and heptagon defects are highlighted.

magnified image
Sensing mechanism of metal‐decorated single‐walled carbon nanotube field effect transistor sensors
Authors: Loh Young‐Seob , Lee Keum‐Ju , So Hye‐Mi , Chang Hyunju , Kim Ju‐Jin , Lee Jeong‐O
Published: November 2009

We investigate the sensing mechanism underlying metal‐decorated single‐walled carbon nanotube field effect transistor (SWNT‐FET) sensors. Upon lowering the temperature, two types of periodic oscillations appeared in the I–Vg characteristics of Ni‐decorated SWNT‐FETs, specifically, oscillations with a smaller period superimposed (beating) on larger oscillations. These oscillations may have originated from charging of the Ni nanoparticles. This behavior is consistent with a system of multiple quantum dots that are resistively coupled via the SWNT, in which charges generated through biomolecular interactions can be transferred from the metal nanoparticles to the SWNTs without delay.

magnified image

AFM image of a Ni‐decorated SWNT‐FET.
Raman investigation of strain effects in CdSe nanorods
Authors: Lange Holger , Artemyev Mikhail , Woggon Ulrike , Thomsen Christian
Published: November 2009

We use Raman spectroscopy to investigate strain in thin CdSe–ZnS core‐shell nanorods. Bare CdSe nanorods are compressed due to surface reconstruction mechanisms. The addition of an epitaxial ZnS shell around the nanorod leads to a compressive strain of the nanorod due to the lattice mismatch between ZnS and CdSe. The amount of strain in the CdSe lattice increases with an increasing shell size.

Longitudinal optical phonon Raman bands of CdSe nanorods. The nanorod covered with a ZnS shell is strained and the related Raman band is shifted.

magnified image
Validation of pentaacetylaldononitrile derivative for dual 2H gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and 13C gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry analysis of glucose
Authors: Sauvinet Valérie , Gabert Laure , Qin Du , Louche‐Pélissier Corinne , Laville Martine , Désage Michel
Published: November 2009

A reference method to accurately define kinetics in response to the ingestion of glucose in terms of total, exogenous and endogenous glucose is to use stable‐isotope‐labelled compounds such as 2H and 13C glucose followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS) analysis. The use of the usual pentaacetyl (5Ac) derivative generates difficulties in obtaining accurate and reproducible results due to the two chromatographic peaks for the syn and anti isomers, and to the isotopic effect occurring during acetylation. Therefore, the pentaacetylaldononitrile derivative (Aldo) was validated for both isotopes, and compared with the 5Ac derivative. A correction factor including carbon atom dilution (stoichiometric equation) and the kinetic isotopic effect (KIE) was determined.

Analytical validation results for the 2H GC/MS and 13C GC/C/IRMS measurements produced acceptable results with both derivatives. When 2H enrichments of plasma samples were ≤1 mol % excess (MPE), the repeatability (RSDAldo Intra assay and Intra day <0.94%, RSD5Ac Intra assay and Intra day <3.29%), accuracy (Aldo <3.4%, 5Ac <29.0%), and stability of the derivatized samples were significantly better when the Aldo derivatives of the plasma samples were used (p < 0.05).

When the glucose kinetics were assessed in nine human subjects, after glucose ingestion, the plasma glucose 2H enrichments were identical with both derivatives, whereas the 13C enrichments needed a correction factor to fit together. Due to KIE variation, this correction factor was not constant and had to be calculated for each batch of analyses, to obtain satisfactory results. Mean quantities of exogenous glucose exhibit marked difference (20.9 ± 1.3g (5Ac) vs. 26.7 ± 2.5g (Aldo)) when calculated with stoichiometric correction, but fit perfectly when calculated after application of the correction factor (22.1 ± 1.3g (5Ac) vs. 22.9 ± 1.9g (Aldo)).

Finally, the pentaacetylaldononitrile derivative, used here in GC/C/IRMS for the first time, enables measurement of 2H and 13C enrichments in plasma glucose with a single sample preparation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Founding conditions and the survival of new firms
Authors: Geroski P. A. , Mata José , Portugal Pedro
Published: November 2009

We analyze the effects of founding conditions on the survival of new firms. Based on arguments from several theoretical perspectives, namely economics, organizational ecology, and the resource‐based view of the firm, we develop hypotheses that relate the survival of firms to the conditions confronted by firms at each moment and to those prevailing at the time of founding. We develop an empirical model that allows the effects of founding conditions to be transitory and estimate how long such effects last. The results of estimating such a model indicate that founding effects are important determinants of exit rates. Moreover, in most cases, their effect on survival seems to persist with little attenuation for several years following the founding of the firm. Overall, our findings suggest that there is no absolute superiority of any of the aforementioned theoretical perspectives over the others, and there are important elements in all of them to explain the survival of firms. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of CEO pay deviations on CEO withdrawal, firm size, and firm profits
Authors: Fong Eric A. , Misangyi Vilmos F. , Tosi Henry L.
Published: November 2009

We build upon previous work on the effects of deviations in CEO pay from labor markets to assess how overcompensation or undercompensation affects subsequent voluntary CEO withdrawal, firm size, and firm profitability, taking into account the moderating effect of firm ownership structure. We find that CEO underpayment is related to changes in firm size and CEO withdrawal, and that the relationship between CEO underpayment and CEO withdrawal is stronger in owner‐controlled firms. We also show that when CEOs are overpaid, there is higher firm profitability; a relationship that is weaker among manager‐controlled firms. We then discuss the implications that these findings have for future research. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perspectives and Challenges of Emerging Single‐Molecule DNA Sequencing Technologies
Authors: Xu Mingsheng , Fujita Daisuke , Hanagata Nobutaka
Published: November 2009

The growing demand for analysis of the genomes of many species and cancers, for understanding the role of genetic variation among individuals in disease, and with the ultimate goal of deciphering individual human genomes has led to the development of non‐Sanger reaction‐based technologies towards rapid and inexpensive DNA sequencing. Recent advancements in new DNA sequencing technologies are changing the scientific horizon by dramatically accelerating biological and biomedical research and promising an era of personalized medicine for improved human health. Two single‐molecule sequencing technologies based on fluorescence detection are already in a working state. The newly launched and emerging single‐molecule DNA sequencing approaches are reviewed here. The current challenges of these technologies and potential methods of overcoming these challenges are critically discussed. Further research and development of single‐molecule sequencing will allow researchers to gather nearly error‐free genomic data in a timely and inexpensive manner.

magnified image
Efficient and Stable Solid‐State Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells Based on a High‐Molar‐Extinction‐Coefficient Sensitizer
Authors: Wang Mingkui , Moon Soo‐Jin , Xu Mingfei , Chittibabu Kethineni , Wang Peng , Cevey‐Ha Ngoc‐Le , Humphry‐Baker Robin , Zakeeruddin Shaik M. , Grätzel Michael
Published: November 2009

The high‐molar‐extinction‐coefficient heteroleptic ruthenium dye, cis‐Ru (4,4′‐bis(5‐octylthieno[3,2‐b] thiophen‐2‐yl)‐2,2′‐bipyridine) (4,4′‐dicarboxyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine) (NCS)2, exhibits an AM 1.5 solar (100 mW cm−2)‐to‐electric power‐conversion efficiency of 4.6% in a solid‐state dye‐sensitized solar cell (SSDSC) with 2,2′, 7,7′‐tetrakis‐(N,N‐di‐p‐methoxyphenylamine)9,9′‐spirobifluorene (spiro‐MeOTAD) as the organic hole‐transporting material. These SSDSC devices exhibit good durability during accelerated tests under visible‐light soaking for 1000 h at 60 °C. This demonstration elucidates a class of photovoltaic devices with potential for stable and low‐cost power generation. The electron recombination dynamics and charge collection that take place at the dye‐sensitized heterojunction are studied by means of impedance and transient photovoltage decay techniques.
Multifunctional Silver‐Embedded Magnetic Nanoparticles as SERS Nanoprobes and Their Applications
Authors: Jun Bong‐Hyun , Noh Mi Suk , Kim Jaeyun , Kim Gunsung , Kang Homan , Kim Min‐Soo , Seo Young‐Tae , Baek Jongho , Kim Jong‐Ho , Park Juyoung , Kim Seongyong , Kim Yong‐Kweon , Hyeon Taeghwan , Cho Myung‐Haing , Jeong Dae Hong , Lee Yoon‐Sik
Published: November 2009

In this study, surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)‐encoded magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) are prepared and utilized as a multifunctional tagging material for cancer‐cell targeting and separation. First, silver‐embedded magnetic NPs are prepared, composed of an 18‐nm magnetic core and a 16‐nm‐thick silica shell with silver NPs formed on the surface. After simple aromatic compounds are adsorbed on the silver‐embedded magnetic NPs, they are coated with silica to provide them with chemical and physical stability. The resulting silica‐encapsulated magnetic NPs (M‐SERS dots) produce strong SERS signals and have magnetic properties. In a model application as a tagging material, the M‐SERS dots are successfully utilized for targeting breast‐cancer cells (SKBR3) and floating leukemia cells (SP2/O). The targeted cancer cells can be easily separated from the untargeted cells using an external magnetic field. The separated targeted cancer cells exhibit a Raman signal originating from the M‐SERS dots. This system proves to be an efficient tool for separating targeted cells. Additionally, the magnetic‐field‐induced hot spots, which can provide a 1000‐times‐stronger SERS intensity due to aggregation of the NPs, are studied.
Challenges of Stem Cell Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury: Human Embryonic Stem Cells, Endogenous Neural Stem Cells, or Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells?
Authors: Ronaghi Mohammad , Erceg Slaven , Moreno-Manzano Victoria , Stojkovic Miodrag
Published: November 2009

Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes myelopathy, damage to white matter, and myelinated fiber tracts that carry sensation and motor signals to and from the brain. The gray matter damage causes segmental losses of interneurons and motoneurons and restricts therapeutic options. Recent advances in stem cell biology, neural injury, and repair, and the progress toward development of neuroprotective and regenerative interventions are the basis for increased optimism. This review summarizes the pathophysiological mechanisms following SCI and compares human embryonic, adult neural, and the induced pluripotent stem cell-based therapeutic strategies for SCI.
NOTCH Pathway Blockade Depletes CD133-Positive Glioblastoma Cells and Inhibits Growth of Tumor Neurospheres and Xenografts
Authors: Fan Xing , Khaki Leila , Zhu Thant S. , Soules Mary E. , Talsma Caroline E. , Gul Naheed , Koh Cheryl , Zhang Jiangyang , Li Yue-Ming , Maciaczyk Jarek , Nikkhah Guido , DiMeco Francesco , Piccirillo Sara , Vescovi Angelo L. , Eberhart Charles G.
Published: November 2009

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are thought to be critical for the engraftment and long-term growth of many tumors, including glioblastoma (GBM). The cells are at least partially spared by traditional chemotherapies and radiation therapies, and finding new treatments that can target CSCs may be critical for improving patient survival. It has been shown that the NOTCH signaling pathway regulates normal stem cells in the brain, and that GBMs contain stem-like cells with higher NOTCH activity. We therefore used low-passage and established GBM-derived neurosphere cultures to examine the overall requirement for NOTCH activity, and also examined the effects on tumor cells expressing stem cell markers. NOTCH blockade by γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) reduced neurosphere growth and clonogenicity in vitro, whereas expression of an active form of NOTCH2 increased tumor growth. The putative CSC markers CD133, NESTIN, BMI1, and OLIG2 were reduced following NOTCH blockade. When equal numbers of viable cells pretreated with either vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide) or GSI were injected subcutaneously into nude mice, the former always formed tumors, whereas the latter did not. In vivo delivery of GSI by implantation of drug-impregnated polymer beads also effectively blocked tumor growth, and significantly prolonged survival, albeit in a relatively small cohort of animals. We found that NOTCH pathway inhibition appears to deplete stem-like cancer cells through reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis associated with decreased AKT and STAT3 phosphorylation. In summary, we demonstrate that NOTCH pathway blockade depletes stem-like cells in GBMs, suggesting that GSIs may be useful as chemotherapeutic reagents to target CSCs in malignant gliomas.
Characterization of skin inflammation induced by repeated exposure of toluene, xylene, and formaldehyde in mice
Authors: Saito Asaka , Tanaka Hiroyuki , Usuda Haruki , Shibata Tomonori , Higashi Sayaka , Yamashita Hirotaka , Inagaki Naoki , Nagai Hiroichi
Published: November 2009

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are considered the main cause of sick building syndrome and they are likely to irritate the skin, eyes, and mucous membrane; however, the toxic threshold and the mechanisms of cutaneous reaction induced by long‐time VOC exposure have not been clarified. In the present study, we investigated the effect of repeated painting of VOCs onto mouse skin. Various concentrations of toluene, xylene, and formaldehyde (FA) were applied once a week for 5 weeks. While FA solution (2–10%) induced remarkable ear swelling and caused evident infiltration of inflammatory cells, high concentrations of toluene and xylene (50 or 100%) evoked mild ear swelling and marginal inflammatory cell invasion. In addition, FA exposure markedly increased the expression of interleukin‐4 (IL‐4), brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin‐3 (NT‐3), and transient receptor potential vanilloid‐1 (TRPV‐1) mRNAs in the ears and IL‐4 and NT‐3 mRNAs in the cervical lymph nodes. Furthermore, capsazepine, a TRPV‐1 antagonist, significantly suppressed ear swelling caused by repeated painting of 5% FA. These findings demonstrate that FA has more potent irritancy against skin than toluene or xylene and suggest that the Th2 response, neurotrophins and TRPV‐1 play important roles in FA‐induced skin inflammation. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2011.
Single HCC between 2 and 5 cm: the grey zone
Authors: Kudo Masatoshi , Chung Hobyung
Published: November 2009

Long term survival of single nodular hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) measuring 2–5 cm in size treated with radiofrequency ablation (RFA) was compared between 157 HCCs treated with RFA and 89 HCCs treated by operation. The 5 year survival rate was not significantly different between RFA and operation. In addition, the 17th nationwide survey of the Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan clearly showed that 5 year survival rate in 858 HCCs measuring 2–5 cm in size treated with RFA was similar to that in 6,574 HCCs measuring 2–5 cm in size treated by operation. In conclusion, RFA achieves outcomes similar to those of operation for Child‐Pugh A patients with HCCs measuring 2–5 cm in size.
The metaphor of illness: Medical culture in the dissemination of Catholicism in early Qing China
Authors: Xianqing ZHANG
Published: November 2009

During early Qing Dynasty, with the gradual spread of Catholicism among local society, the role of the Catholic Church in treating peoples’ disease became increasingly important. To fulfill the goal of converting Chinese, missionaries not only tried to make a favorable impression by distributing medicine, but also competed with Buddhism, Taoism and other folk religions by constructing a series of romantic images concerning illness in society in order to more successfully disseminate Catholic ideology. The “exorcising” ability of Holy-water, the Cross, the Rosary and other items used in Catholic worship, and the sacramental rituals were exaggerated by missionaries and Chinese Catholics when preaching the Catholic faith in grassroots communities. The dialogue between Catholicism and Buddhism, Taoism, and folk beliefs found in Catholic medical stories from early Qing Dynasty is an important part of Catholic medical culture.
The universal sentiment of Daoist morality
Authors: Jianliang XU
Published: November 2009

Daoism has often been misunderstood as moral nihilism or anti-moralism, but the true Daoism indeed adopts a positive attitude towards morality. At the foundation of its universal sentiment is an affirmation of morality. Daoism takes all things as the starting point of its values in moral philosophy, and ziran 自然 (sponstaneously so) as the foundation of its philosophy with the universal commitment. Daoism hopes to use “Dao” to create the best environment for survival, and to fulfill individual responsibility for all things in the world. This is a universal and open attitude towards values. The attraction of Daoist universal sentiment is that it takes ziran as its path, and “objectless desire”, “unprincipled knowing”, “non-coercive action” as ways and means to ensure the transfer of the universal value to all things, while ensuring that they realize their true values and make contributions to the whole society.
Truth, correspondence and deflationism
Authors: Young James O.
Published: November 2009

The central claim of this essay is that many deflationary theories of truth are variants of the correspondence theory of truth. Essential to the correspondence theory of truth is the proposal that objective features of the world are the truthmakers of statements. Many advocates of deflationary theories (including F. P. Ramsay, P. F. Strawson and Paul Horwich) remain committed to this proposal. Although T-sentences (statements of the form “sis true iffp”) are presented by advocates of deflationary theories of truth as truisms or analytic truths, T-sentences are often understood as entailing commitment to the central proposal of the correspondence theory.
Narrow memory and wide knowledge: An argument for the compatibility of externalism and self-knowledge
Authors: Ping TIAN
Published: November 2009

The development of the semantic externalism in the 1970s was followed by a debate on the compatibility of externalism and self-knowledge. Boghossian’s memory argument is one of the most important arguments against the compatibilist view. However, some compatibilists attack Boghossian’s argument by pointing out that his understanding of memory is internalistic. Ludlow and others developed the externalist view of memory to defend the compatibility of externalism and self-knowledge. However, the externalist view of memory undermines the epistemic status of memory since it gives memory a burden that is too heavy for it to carry. This paper argues that only if we take the content of memory to be narrow and take that of self-knowledge to be wide and replace Cartesian self-knowledge with contextually constrained self-knowledge, can the compatibility of externalism and self-knowledge be effectively defended.
Transcending the opposition between consciousness aesthetics and somaesthetics
Authors: Chunshi YANG
Published: November 2009

Modern aesthetics in its early phase was “consciousness aesthetics” which upheld spirit but obviated body, hence offered demonstration for the priority of refined art as well as elite culture. In its later period, modern aesthetics converted into “somaesthetics” which, at the same time when it affirmed the identity of consciousness and body, laid particular stress on body, hence offered basis for the reasonableness of popular art as well as mass culture. Thus consciousness aesthetics and somaesthetics have their respective reasonableness and limitation. We should transcend the opposition between them, acknowledging the spirit aspect of aesthetics as well as the body aspect of it and affirming the dominant position of spirit, so as to establish a modern aesthetics characterized by body-mind integration.
Plant Stanol Supplementation Decreases Serum Triacylglycerols in Subjects with Overt Hypertriglyceridemia
Authors: Theuwissen Elke , Plat Jogchum , van der Kallen Carla J. , van Greevenbroek Marleen M. , Mensink Ronald P.
Published: November 2009

Evidence is accumulating that high serum concentrations of triacylglycerols (TAG) are, like LDL cholesterol, causally related to cardiovascular disease. A recent meta‐analysis has indicated that plant stanol ester (PSE) intake not only lowered LDL cholesterol, but also serum TAG concentrations, especially in subjects with high baseline TAG concentrations. We therefore evaluated the effects of PSE supplementation on lipid metabolism in a population with elevated fasting TAG concentrations. In a randomized, placebo‐controlled, parallel study, 28 subjects with elevated TAG concentrations (>1.7 mmol/L) were studied. After a 1‐week run‐in period during which a control margarine was used, subjects consumed for 3 weeks either control or PSE‐enriched margarine (2.5 g/day of plant stanols). Serum plant stanol concentrations increased in all subjects receiving the PSE‐enriched margarines, demonstrating good compliance. PSE supplementation significantly decreased serum total (6.7%, P = 0.015) and LDL cholesterol (9.5%, P = 0.041). A significant interaction between baseline TAG concentrations and PSE intake was found; PSE intake lowered TAG concentrations, particularly in subjects with high baseline TAG concentrations (>2.3 mmol/L; P = 0.009). Additionally, a significant interaction between baseline total number of LDL particles (LDL‐P) and PSE intake was found (P = 0.020). PSE consumption lowered LDL‐P, primarily in subjects with elevated baseline values; this was mainly due to a non‐significant decrease in the number of atherogenic small LDL‐P. Circulating levels of hs‐CRP, glucose, and insulin were not changed after PSE intake. Taken together, PSE supplementation not only lowered LDL cholesterol, but also serum TAG concentrations, especially in subjects with overt hypertriglyceridemia.
1787 and 1867: The Federal Principle and Canadian Confederation Reconsidered
Authors: Vipond Robert C.
Published: November 2009

This article challenges the conventional interpretation of the intellectual origins of Canadian federalism. The article argues that the debate over Confederation can be interpreted as a debate over the meaning of sovereignty. It argues centrally that certain of the most prominent supporters of Confederation were more powerfully attracted to the conception of classical federalism and co-ordinate sovereignty than is usually assumed, thus creating a striking parallel to United States federalism that is not typically recognized. It concludes by showing how this understanding of classical federalism was used with great success in opposing the post-Confederation centralism of John A. Macdonald.
Recognizing the Variety Among Constitutional Conventions
Authors: Heard Andrew D.
Published: November 2009

This article argues that the traditional views of constitutional conventions have failed to illuminate the variety among this important group of constitutional rules. A fresh examination of conventional rules explains how they may vary in precision, acceptance and importance to basic constitutional principles and processes. A hierarchical ordering of five types of constitutional rules is proposed as a replacement for the simple dichotomy between usage and convention that is currently accepted. The implications of such an ordering, which reach beyond mere analytic classification, are then discussed.
Never Ask Who Should Rule: Karl Popper and Political Theory
Authors: Pickel Andreas
Published: November 2009

The philosophy of Karl Popper has rarely been examined with respect to its fruitfulness and relevance for political theory. While his contributions to the philosophy of science may appear to be of only marginal significance for the fundamental concerns of political theory, his own forays into the field, particularly in The Open Society and Its Enemies, have been polemical in tone and explicitly political in motivation. This article re-examines Popper's critique of the theory of sovereignty and his own approach to political theory by employing a largely neglected element of his critical approach, namely his problem-oriented method.
Emulation and Policy Adoptions in the Canadian Provinces
Authors: Lutz James M.
Published: November 2009

Previous research has analyzed the various characteristics associated with the adoption of policies by the Canadian provinces. Since a number of provinces have appeared as regional leaders in the adoption of these policies, there would seem to be an emulation effect among the provinces similar to that found for the adoption of policies by states in the United States. The provinces that demonstrated leadership varied to some extent, depending upon the types of policies in question.
Political Culture and the Problem of Double Standards: Mass and Elite Attitudes Toward Language Rights in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
Authors: Sniderman Paul M. , Fletcher Joseph F. , Russell Peter H. , Tetlock Philip E.
Published: November 2009

Language rights represent claims of entitlement not only on behalf of individuals, but also on behalf of linguistic communities. As such, they raise deep questions of identity and affinity for Canadians. This study, the first report of the Charter Project, investigates mass and elite attitudes toward language rights in Canada. Beginning with the problem of double standards—whether anglophones and francophones want to affirm certain rights for their own group but not for the other—this study finds that attitudes toward language rights are shaped by an interplay between core values to which citizens subscribe and their concern for the status of the groups, both linguistic and partisan, with which they identify.
Adjudication, Policy-Making and the Supreme Court of Canada: Lessons From the Experience of the United States
Authors: Manfredi Christopher P.
Published: November 2009

This article explores the relevance of studies of judicial policy-making in the United States to the decision-making of the Supreme Court of Canada under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The article suggests that literature concerning the political legitimacy of judicial policy-making is minimally relevant, since a broad form of judicial review appears to be well established in Charter jurisprudence. The literature on institutional decision-making capacity has greater relevance, since the Canadian Court faces the same information-processing constraints as its American counterpart. The article concludes by suggesting that attempts to overcome problems of institutional capacity may produce additional questions of political legitimacy.
State, Capital and World Economy: Bukharin's Marxism and the “Dependency/Class” Controversy in Canadian Political Economy
Authors: Kellogg Paul
Published: November 2009

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, “left-nationalist” dependency theories dominated Canadian political economy. However, Canada defied the predictions of dependency theory and developed all the class relations appropriate to advanced capitalist societies. The origins of Canadian industrial capitalism were not such that the country was locked into a staple-trap, notwithstanding the very real reliance of the economy on staple-export. In recent years, a number of political economists have offered an “orthodox” Marxist critique of dependency to account for these and other weaknesses in its overall framework. This article first summarizes the dependency arguments, then the arguments of its Marxist critics, and finally introduces a summary look at the ideas of Nikolai Bukharin, a little-examined but nonetheless important theorist whose insights on the relationship between the state as a capitalist and the growing internationalization of economic life are key to a Marxist re-theorization of Canadian political economy.
Economic Crisis and Post-Rentier Democratization in the Arab World: The Case of Jordan
Authors: Brynen Rex
Published: November 2009

The article argues that in many Arab countries the political economy of regional petroleum wealth has served to inhibit democratization. In the particular case of Jordan, petrodollar foreign aid and workers' remittances long served as a critical aspect of political stability, supporting regime neo-patrimonialism and blunting pressures for greater participation. Equally, the decline of those revenues in the late 1980s spurred the eventual collapse of the foundations upon which the old economic and political order had been built. With this came the need to negotiate a new social contract, resulting in a far-reaching process of political liberalization and partial democratization after April 1989.
Reason and Realpolitik: Kant's “Critique of International Politics”
Authors: Williams Michael C.
Published: November 2009

Immanuel Kant remains a figure of enduring interest to students of international politics both for the content of his writings and for the place which those writings have come to occupy within contemporary debates in International Relations theory. But most of the secondary literature does not have a sufficient appreciation of Kant's wider philosophy and hence misunderstands or distorts his theory of international relations. Once this background is more fully appreciated, Kant's analysis becomes largely immune from many of the standard criticisms levelled against it. A reinterpretation of Kant's critique of international politics is important not only for the position which Kant has come to occupy in contemporary debates. It also raises anew fundamental questions about the theoretical and practical adequacy of the Realist theory of international relations which continues to dominate the discipline.
Cultures autochtones et libéralisme au Canada: les vertus médiatrices du communautarisme libéral de Charles Taylor
Authors: Karmis Dimitrios
Published: November 2009

TheConstitution Act, 1982 recognized certain rights for aboriginal peoples. These rights were to be identified and defined subsequently. Ten years later, after several rounds of negotiations, the question of the recognition and definition of an aboriginal right to self-government remains unresolved. Many specialists claim that the problems faced during these negotiations result from the incompatibility between the main philosophical traditions guiding the actors. Through an analysis of the relationship between the cosmology underlying the aboriginal demands on the one hand and three of the main trends in contemporary Canadian liberal political philosophy on the other hand, this article tries to shed some light on the philosophical incompatibility thesis. While a strictly individualist liberalism rejects outright the notion ofcollective rightsand Will Kymlicka's revisionist liberal individualism limits considerably the scope of an aboriginal right to self-government, communitarian liberalism, like that of Charles Taylor, seems to provide a favourable framework for the integration of cultural co-existence with the First Nations, without repudiating its attachment tofundamentalindividual rights and freedoms.
Federalism as a Way of Life: Reflections on the Canadian Experiment
Authors: LaSelva Samuel V.
Published: November 2009

Federalism is commonly described, in Canada and elsewhere, as a political expedient, or a constitutional arrangement, or a sociological characteristic of some societies. Federalism can also be a moral experiment that seeks to realize a way of life. Canada is an instance of such an experiment. Moreover, the moral value that grounds the Canadian experiment is not freedom or diversity, but fraternity. Federalism as fraternity has its beginnings in Cartier's vision of Confederation, and provides a vision of federalism that can sustain Canadians in their times of trouble.
Evaluating the Citizens' Constitution Theory
Authors: Brodie Ian , Nevitte Neil
Published: November 2009

The Citizens' Constitution Theory, formulated by Alan Cairns, provides a powerful explanation of the changes in Canadian politics during the 1980s. It tackles a research question that has far-reaching implications for the fundamental dynamics of Canadian political life—namely, how does constitutional change affect political participation? Cairns's thesis has gained widespread acceptance in the relevant Canadian literature, but the linkages between attitudes and behaviour at the core of the theory have never been subjected to systematic tests with attitudinal research data. The purpose of this investigation, then, is to make operational the Citizens' Constitution Theory and to evaluate the empirical support for it. The authors outline the central elements of the Citizens' Constitution Theory and discuss how Cairns relates the core concepts to each other. They then suggest that the same concepts and their linkages might also be explained by an alternative theoretical perspective that comes from one variant of New Politics Theory. The empirical section of this analysis uses recently collected survey results to mount three different tests of the two theories. In the first instance, the focus is on the question: how well do both theories predict each set of linkages that can be found in the Citizens' Constitution Theory? The second test treats both theories comprehensively, as causal models, and examines the empirical support for them using path analysis. The final section evaluates the generalizability of both theories. The main finding is that New Politics Theory provides as good an explanation—and by some standards, a better explanation for recent changes in the patterns of Canadian political participation than does the Citizens' Constitution Theory.
Evaluations and Evolution: Public Attitudes toward Canada's Federal Political Parties, 1965–1991
Authors: Clarke Harold D. , Kornberg Allan
Published: November 2009

This article employs national survey data gathered over the past quarter century to analyze the evolution and present state of public attitudes toward Canada's federal political parties. A 1991 survey employing new questions on evaluations of party performance reveals that these evaluations are structured in terms of two dimensions, and that negative judgments on both dimensions are pervasive. The significance of the current negativism is assessed using 1965–1991 data on Canadians' feelings about and identifications with the federal parties. Although for a long time party affect has been lukewarm at best, and partisanship has been weak and unstable, negative trends have magnified the disaffection and dealignment. The discontent has accelerated in recent years, as the percentage of Liberal and Progressive Conservative identifiers has plummeted, and the non-identifier group has swelled to record levels, particularly in Quebec. The article concludes by considering the implications of these findings for the future of the federal party system.
Member Attributes and Corporate Contributions to United States Senators: Do Environmental Compliance Costs Matter?
Authors: Regens James L. , Gaddie Ronald Keith , Elliott Euel
Published: November 2009

This study examines corporate contributions through political action committees (PACs) to US Senate incumbents from 1978 to 1988 by those industries which have sustained substantial environmental compliance costs and consequently have an incentive to develop relatively precise targeting strategies. The findings suggest that party, ideology, regulatory costs, and challenger attributes play especially important roles in corporate allocation strategies. These industries pursue relatively precise, sophisticated campaign contribution strategies, which reflect these influences.
Phénoménologie du politique, normativité et droits de l'homme
Authors: Leydet Dominique
Published: November 2009

Can a phenomenological analysis of political reality tackle the issue of norms? We try to answer this question through an analysis of the opposition between Luc Ferry and Alain Renaut's Kantian philosophy of human rights and the phenomenological approach of Claude Lefort. Lefort's project is an attempt to elucidate reality and not to justify principles. But the normative dimension is not entirely absent from his thought. Lefort conceives of human rights not only as a political phenomenon but also as a sign of liberty, which he supports. Is this inconsistent with the nature of his phenomenological project?
Canada Votes: A Quarter Century of Canadian National Election Studies
Authors: Gidengil Elisabeth
Published: November 2009

This review essay examines the contribution of the Canadian National Election Studies to understanding vote choice in Canada. Analyses using both the sociological approach and the social-psychological approach are discussed. The essay starts with a review of the debates about the role of class, region and religion in Canadian voting and then goes on to discuss the applicability of the concept of party identification to Canada. An evaluation of both recursive and non-recursive models of vote choice follows. The review calls for social psychological approaches to take the social context of political choice more seriously and points to the need for sociological approaches to conceptualize social categories as live social forces.
Moving Right Along: The Roots of Amateurism in the Canadian House of Commons
Authors: Atkinson Michael M. , Docherty David C.
Published: November 2009

It has been argued that rapid membership turnover in the Canadian House of Commons robs the institution of a dedicated and experienced group of MPs and produces a Parliament stocked with political amateurs. Both electoral defeat and voluntary retirement have been seen to play a role in the amateurism phenomenon. The authors explore the roots of amateurism and critically examine the argument that a frustrating career structure in the House of Commons encourages voluntary vacancies. Using a random sample of former MPs, the authors find support for both a “frustration” and an “exhaustion” model of career choice. The article concludes that while amateurism—in the sense of short political careers—may be problematic, not all MPs are amateurs and the problem of amateurism cannot be addressed simply by satisfying frustrated ambition.
Two Types of Rights
Authors: Marshall Paul
Published: November 2009

The expression “human rights” is used currently to denote two distinct items: one is a guarantee given in positive law; the other is a moral claim purportedly innate to human beings. These two items commonly are conflated, implying that they have a necessary connection. Historically they do not; positive human rights have been defended by those with no concept of innate rights, while believers in extensive innate rights have argued for limited positive rights. The defence of positive rights of the type now found in international treaties would be served by distinguishing it from justifications of the contention that human beings have rights.
Foucault et l'Iran: À propos du désir de révolution
Authors: Olivier Lawrence , Labbé Sylvain
Published: November 2009

This article examines the position taken by Michel Foucault regarding the Iranian Revolution. Contrary to certain analysts who view his writings pertaining to Iran as an occasion to question Foucaltian politics, the authors maintain that his work constitutes more of an analysis of outright support for the Islamic government. How can we then explain the interpretation made by many analysts who see in these same writings support for Khomeiny? The authors find in Foucaltian analysis a polity of the intellectual. Inspired by Kant's essay on the Age of Enlightenment, Foucault's approach examines the way to surmise History's moments of rift and transformation through the very notion of revolution. In other words, Foucault tries to assess those value systems which lend sense and meaning to revolts. That some may not recognize themselves in this particular approach should not be too surprising as it suggests a form of political praxis which does not necessarily entail a “for or against” position, but rather an understanding of the way in which its discourse partakes in society's governmental inner workings.
Party Elites, Voters and Political Attitudes: Testing Three Explanations for Mass-Elite Differences
Authors: McAllister Ian
Published: November 2009

The extent of differences in mass-elite political opinion and their theoretical implications have long been a source of interest to democratic theorists. Early classical democratic theorists saw education as the solution to mass-elite political differences, with an educated mass public displaying the same support for democratic institutions as their elite counterparts. By contrast, the later democratic elitists saw little that would reduce mass-elite differences. More recently, modern elite theorists have argued that elites are more polarized on political issues than mass publics, and that political conflict can be moderated by the ability of elites to downplay potentially divisive issues. Using Australia as a case study, these three approaches to mass-elite political differences are analyzed using a matched survey of voters and candidates conducted at the Australia 1987 federal election. The results show little support for education as a factor reducing mass-elite differences and point to the democratic elitists' argument that mass-elite political differences are fixed and enduring. In line with modern elite theories, the results also confirm the existence of more intense issue polarization among elites than among voters, and elites' ability to control the issues that reach the political agenda.
Intergovernmental Relations in Canada: An Institutional Analysis
Authors: Painter Martin
Published: November 2009

From recent debates about the performance of the Canadian federal system, two images of processes of intergovernmental relations can be extracted: a “competitive” and a “collaborative” image. Differing propositions about the effects on processes and outcomes of the framework of rules and institutions of intergovernmental relations are embodied in these contrasting images. Elinor Ostrom's framework for institutional analysis is applied to the investigation of these effects. Using Fritz Scharpf's analysis of the “pathological” effects of a specific set of collaborative arrangements in West Germany as points of departure and contrast, the working rules underlying Canadian intergovernmental relations are elaborated. The author concludes that a competitive dynamic underpins a high degree of flexibility in these arrangements. Proposals to implement a more collaborative set of arrangements through constitutional reform are critically evaluated in this light, and the author makes suggestions about the course constitutional reform might take following the failure to adopt the Meech Lake Accord.
Can the Canadians Be a Sovereign People?
Authors: Russell Peter H.
Published: November 2009

No country had been engaged in macro-constitutional politics so intensively for so long as Canada. Macro-constitutional politics, unlike ordinary constitutional politics are about the very nature of the political community on which the constitution is to be based. When constitutional politics is at the macro level, the constitutional question tends to dwarf all other issues. Except for a few short intervals Canada has been engaged in constitutional politics since the mid-1960s. Through this experience and most recently. Canadians have adopted a new constitutionalism requiring popular participation in constitution-making. Thus, as Canadians enter the fifth, and what they hope will be, the final round of macro-constitutional politics, they will find out whether they share enough in common to constitute themselves a single sovereign people.