bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Self‐reported physical activity, sitting time, and mental and physical health among older cancer survivors compared with adults without a history of cancer
Authors: Rees‐Punia Erika , Patel Alpa V. , Nocera Joseph R. , Chantaprasopsuk Sicha , Demark‐Wahnefried Wendy , Leach Corinne R. , Smith Tenbroeck G. , Cella David , Gapstur Susan M.
Published: October 2020

Background

To the authors' knowledge, few studies to date have examined associations between moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sitting time with quality of life in cancer survivors compared with a cancer‐free group. The current study examined differences in global mental health (GMH) and global physical health (GPH) across levels of MVPA and sitting among cancer survivors and cancer‐free participants.

Methods

Cancer Prevention Study II participants (59.9% of whom were female with an age of 77.8 ± 5.8 years) were grouped as: 1) survivors who were 1 to 5 years after diagnosis (3718 participants); 2) survivors who were 6 to 10 years after diagnosis (4248 participants); and 3) cancer‐free participants (ie, no history of cancer; 69,860 participants). In 2009, participants completed MVPA, sitting, and Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System GMH/GPH surveys. Mean differences in GMH and GPH T scores across MVPA (none, 0 to <7.5, 7.5 to <15, 15 to <22.5, and ≥22.5 metabolic equivalent [MET]‐hours/week) and sitting (0 to <3, 3 to <6, and ≥6 hours/day) were assessed using multivariate generalized linear models.

Results

The mean GMH and GPH scores were statistically significantly higher in cancer‐free participants compared with cancer survivor groups, although the differences were not clinically meaningful (mean difference of 0.52 for GMH and 0.88 for GPH). More MVPA was associated with higher GMH and GPH scores for all 3 groups (P for trend <.001), and differences between the least and most active participants were found to be clinically meaningful (mean differences of ≥4.34 for GMH and ≥6.39 for GPH). Similarly, a lower duration of sitting was associated with higher GMH and GPH scores for all groups (P for trend <.001), with clinically meaningful differences observed between the least and most sedentary participants (mean differences of ≥2.74 for GMH and ≥3.75 for GPH).

Conclusions

The findings of the current study provide evidence of the importance of increased MVPA and decreased sitting for improved health in older adults with or without a prior cancer diagnosis.
Outcomes of adolescent males with extracranial metastatic germ cell tumors: A report from the Malignant Germ Cell Tumor International Consortium
Authors: Shaikh Furqan , Stark Daniel , Fonseca Adriana , Dang Ha , Xia Caihong , Krailo Mark , Pashankar Farzana , Rodriguez‐Galindo Carlos , Olson Thomas A. , Nicholson James C. , Murray Matthew J. , Amatruda James F. , Billmire Deborah , Stoneham Sara , Frazier A. Lindsay
Published: October 2020

Background

Adolescents with extracranial metastatic germ cell tumors (GCTs) are often treated with regimens developed for children, but their clinical characteristics more closely resemble those of young adult patients. This study was designed to determine event‐free survival (EFS) for adolescents with GCTs and compared them with children and young adults.

Methods

An individual patient database of 11 GCT trials was assembled: 8 conducted by pediatric cooperative groups and 3 conducted by an adult group. Male patients aged 0 to 30 years with metastatic, nonseminomatous, malignant GCTs of the testis, retroperitoneum, or mediastinum who were treated with platinum‐based chemotherapy were included. The age groups were categorized as children (0 to <11 years), adolescents (11 to <18 years), and young adults (18 to ≤30 years). The study compared EFS and adjusted for risk group by using Cox proportional hazards analysis.

Results

From a total of 2024 individual records, 593 patients met the inclusion criteria: 90 were children, 109 were adolescents, and 394 were young adults. The 5‐year EFS rate was lower for adolescents (72%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 62%‐79%) than children (90%; 95% CI, 81%‐95%; P = .003) or young adults (88%; 95% CI, 84%‐91%; P = .0002). The International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group risk group was associated with EFS in the adolescent age group (P = .0020). After adjustments for risk group, the difference in EFS between adolescents and children remained significant (hazard ratio, 0.30; P = .001).

Conclusions

EFS for adolescent patients with metastatic GCTs was similar to that for young adults but significantly worse than for that children. This finding highlights the importance of coordinating initiatives across clinical trial organizations to improve outcomes for adolescents and young adults.

LAY SUMMARY

Adolescent males with metastatic germ cell tumors (GCTs) are frequently treated with regimens developed for children.

In this study, a large data set of male patients with metastatic GCTs across different age groups has been built to understand the outcomes of adolescent patients in comparison with children and young adults.

The results suggest that adolescent males with metastatic GCTs have worse results than children and are more similar to young adults with GCTs. Therefore, the treatment of adolescents with GCTs should resemble therapeutic approaches for young adults.
Polymorphism of Amyloid Fibrils Induced by Catalytic Seeding: A Vibrational Circular Dichroism Study
Authors: Krupová Monika , Kessler Jiří , Bouř Petr
Published: October 2020

Amyloidal protein fibrils occur in many biological events, but their formation and structural variability are understood rather poorly. We systematically explore fibril polymorphism for polyglutamic acid (PGA), insulin and hen egg white lysozyme. The fibrils were grown in the presence of “seeds”, that is fibrils of the same or different protein. The seeds in concentrations higher than about 5 % of the total protein amount fully determined the structure of the final fibrils. Fibril structure was monitored by vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectroscopy and other techniques. The VCD shapes significantly differ for different fibril samples. Infrared (IR) and VCD spectra of PGA were also simulated using density functional theory (DFT) and a periodic model. The simulation provides excellent basis for data interpretation and reveals that the spectral shapes and signs depend both on fibril length and twist. The understanding of fibril formation and interactions may facilitate medical treatment of protein misfolding diseases in the future.
Genetic parameters, prediction, and selection in a white Guinea yam early‐generation breeding population using pedigree information
Authors: Asfaw Asrat , Aderonmu Dotun Samuel , Darkwa Kwabena , De Koeyer David , Agre Paterne , Abe Ayodeji , Olasanmi Bunmi , Adebola Patrick , Asiedu Robert
Published: October 2020

Better understanding of the genetic control of traits in breeding populations is crucial for the selection of superior varieties and parents. This study aimed to assess genetic parameters and breeding values for six essential traits in a white Guinea yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir.) breeding population. For this, pedigree‐based best linear unbiased prediction (P‐BLUP) was used. The results revealed significant nonadditive genetic variances and medium to high (.45–.79) broad‐sense heritability estimates for the traits studied. The pattern of associations among the genetic values of the traits suggests that selection based on a multiple‐trait selection index has potential for identifying superior breeding lines. Parental breeding values predicted using progeny performance identified 13 clones with high genetic potential for simultaneous improvement of the measured traits in the yam breeding program. Subsets of progeny were identified for intermating or further variety testing based on additive genetic and total genetic values. Selection of the top 5% progenies based on the multi‐trait index revealed positive genetic gains for fresh tuber yield (t ha−1), tuber yield (kg plant−1), and average tuber weight (kg). However, genetic gain was negative for tuber dry matter content and Yam mosaic virus resistance in comparison with standard varieties. Our results show the relevance of P‐BLUP for the selection of superior parental clones and progenies with higher breeding values for interbreeding and higher genotypic value for variety development in yam.
Diffractive Beam Shaper for Multiwavelength Lasers for Flow Cytometry
Authors: Han Yong , Zhao Jingjing , Jiao Zeheng , Chao Zixi , Tárnok Attila , You Zheng
Published: October 2020

Illumination spot in a flow cytometer is a crucial factor determining the measurement accuracy and stability. The traditional mechanism is to precisely calibrate multiple optical components to convert circular Gaussian beams into elliptical Gaussian beams, making it difficult to shape multiwavelength lasers simultaneously. A diffractive beam shaper for multicolor lasers with high simplicity, only containing one diffractive optical element and one focusing lens is created in this work. It can produce rectangular spots, of which the number, the sizes, and the positions are accurately determined by the incident wavelengths. Demonstrated in the customized microflow cytometer, the coefficient of variations (CV) of the optical signals by the beam shaper are 3.6–6.5%, comparable to those derived from the commercial instrument with 3.3–6.3% CVs. Benefiting from the narrow rectangular spots and the flexibility of diffractively shaped lasers, the measurement of bead sizes with 4–15 μm diameters and the real‐time detection of flow velocity from 0.79 to 9.50 m/s with the CV of <5% are achieved. © 2020 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
A tale of two seasons: The link between seasonal migration and climatic niches in passerine birds
Authors: Eyres Alison , Böhning‐Gaese Katrin , Orme C. David L. , Rahbek Carsten , Fritz Susanne A.
Published: October 2020

The question of whether migratory birds track a specific climatic niche by seasonal movements has important implications for understanding the evolution of migration, the factors affecting species' distributions, and the responses of migrants to climate change. Despite much research, previous studies of bird migration have produced mixed results. However, whether migrants track climate is only one half of the question, the other being why residents remain in the same geographic range year‐round. We provide a literature overview and test the hypothesis of seasonal niche tracking by evaluating seasonal climatic niche overlap across 437 migratory and resident species from eight clades of passerine birds. Seasonal climatic niches were based on a new global dataset of breeding and nonbreeding ranges. Overlap between climatic niches was quantified using ordination methods. We compared niche overlap of migratory species to two null expectations, (a) a scenario in which they do not migrate and (b) in comparison with the overlap experienced by closely related resident species, while controlling for breeding location and range size. Partly in accordance with the hypothesis of niche tracking, we found that the overlap of breeding versus nonbreeding climatic conditions in migratory species was greater than the overlap they would experience if they did not migrate. However, this was only true for migrants breeding outside the tropics and only relative to the overlap species would experience if they stayed in the breeding range year‐round. In contrast to the hypothesis of niche tracking, migratory species experienced lower seasonal climatic niche overlap than resident species, with significant differences between tropical and nontropical species. Our study suggests that in seasonal nontropical environments migration away from the breeding range may serve to avoid seasonally harsh climate; however, different factors may drive seasonal movements in the climatically more stable tropical regions.
Field‐based individual plant phenotyping of herbaceous species by unmanned aerial vehicle
Authors: Guo Wei , Fukano Yuya , Noshita Koji , Ninomiya Seishi
Published: October 2020

Recent advances in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAVs) and image processing have made high‐throughput field phenotyping possible at plot/canopy level in the mass grown experiment. Such techniques are now expected to be used for individual level phenotyping in the single grown experiment.

We found two main challenges of phenotyping individual plants in the single grown experiment: plant segmentation from weedy backgrounds and the estimation of complex traits that are difficult to measure manually.

In this study, we proposed a methodological framework for field‐based individual plant phenotyping by UAV. Two contributions, which are weed elimination for individual plant segmentation, and complex traits (volume and outline) extraction, have been developed. The framework demonstrated its utility in the phenotyping of Helianthus tuberosus (Jerusalem artichoke), an herbaceous perennial plant species.

The proposed framework can be applied to either small and large scale phenotyping experiments.
Equality, diversity, inclusion: ensuring a resilient future for geomorphology
Authors: Tooth Stephen , Viles Heather A.
Published: October 2020

Within and beyond academia, debates around equality, diversity and inclusion (EDI) have been gathering pace. We focus on EDI and geomorphology and address four main questions: (1) why does EDI matter for geomorphology?; (2) what are the barriers to greater EDI in geomorphology?; (3) how can we address these EDI barriers?; (4) can we ensure a resilient future for geomorphology by addressing EDI? At a time of critical environmental, social and economic transition, we contend that addressing EDI is essential for ensuring a resilient geomorphology, defined here as a discipline that is seen to be adapting to these changing external circumstances so that it remains relevant, vibrant and accessible to a wide cross‐section of society. Not doing so will limit the intellectual development of geomorphology, incur reputational risk for geomorphological groups and organizations like the British Society for Geomorphology, and ensure that the many potential benefits of geomorphology for science and society remain underutilized at best. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In Vitro Biotransformation Assays Using Liver S9 Fractions and Hepatocytes from Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Overcoming Challenges with Difficult to Test Fragrance Chemicals
Authors: Kropf Christian , Begnaud Frédéric , Gimeno Sylvia , Berthaud Fabienne , Debonneville Christian , Segner Helmut
Published: October 2020

In vitro metabolic stability assays using rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) isolated hepatocytes (RT-HEP) or hepatic S9 fractions (RT-S9) were introduced to provide biotransformation rate data for the assessment of chemical bioaccumulation in fish. The present study explored the suitability of the RT-HEP and RT-S9 assays for difficult test chemicals, and the in vitro–based predictions were compared to in silico–based predictions and in vivo–measured bioconcentration factors (BCFs). The results show that volatile or reactive chemicals can be tested with minor modifications of the in vitro protocols. For hydrophobic chemicals, a passive dosing technique was developed. Finally, a design-of-experiment approach was used to identify optimal in vitro assay conditions. The modified assay protocols were applied to 10 fragrances with diverse physicochemical properties. The in vitro intrinsic clearance rates were higher in the S9 than in the hepatocyte assay, but the in vitro–in vivo (IVIV) predictions were comparable between the 2 assays. The IVIV predictions classified the test chemicals as nonbioaccumulative (BCF < 2000), which was in agreement with the in vivo data but in contrast to the in silico–based predictions. The findings from the present study provide strong evidence that the RT-HEP and RT-S9 assays can provide reliable estimates of in vivo biotransformation rates for test chemicals with difficult physicochemical properties. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:2396–2408. © 2020 SETAC

Abstract

Difficult-to-test fragrance chemicals, challenges of in vitro bioconcentration factor assessment, and comparison to in silico and in vivo predictions. BCF = bioconcentration factor; KOW = octanol–water partition coefficient.
Combustion behavior of upholstered furniture. Important findings, practical use, and implications
Authors: Sundström Björn
Published: October 2020

“Combustion behavior of upholstered furniture (CBUF) ‐ Fire Safety of Upholstered Furniture ‐ EUR 16477 EN” was initiated by the European Commission (EC) since a major contributor to fire deaths in Europe was upholstered furniture. The EC and the participating research partners formulated this project to provide a scientifically sound basis for a European Union Directive. The aim of the directive was to improve fire safety in Europe as well as removing barriers to trade and creating a harmonized open market for upholstered furniture. The furniture directive never came through, but the project reached a significant understanding of how furniture burns, how furniture composition affects the heat release rate, and how well or poorly different models predict full‐scale test results and the developing hazard to people. The results were published as a book and presentations were made at several conferences. This article is a summary of some of the important findings in the CBUF project. It presents guidance for the design of low flammability upholstered furniture and the extent to which small‐scale test results can be used to predict room fire behavior. It presents test procedures and experimental data. However, much of the work that has been conducted is not presented in this article. In particular, background data and reasoning are omitted or reduced in favor of the results and conclusions.
Experimental study of time‐averaged upward fire propagation speed of expanded polystyrene external thermal insulation composite systems masonery façade
Authors: Zhou Biao , Yoshioka Hideki , Noguchi Takafumi , Wang Kai
Published: October 2020

Thermoplastic expanded polystyrene (EPS) external thermal insulation composite systems (ETICS) have caused serious results due to the ravages of frequent fire disasters in the world. Fire propagation of EPS ETICS was observed to be fast over exterior building wall, however, very few reports of time‐averaged fire propagation speed (FPS) is available currently. To have a quantitative understanding of FPS, a series of EPS ETICS façades were tested according to the intermediate‐scale Japanese JISA 1310 standard method. EPS thickness of ETICS varies from 100 mm to 300 mm and heat release rate (HRR) of window spilled flame differs from 600 kW to 1100 kW. It indicates that the time‐averaged FPS vs vertical distance is observed to be positive linear. The acceleration of FPS is found to be linear with a dimensionless item, which involves fire propagation index (FPI), HRR of window spilled flame and thickness of EPS. Finally, a calculation method for an upward fire spreading profile is proposed, which initially provides a theoretical basis for evaluation of the reaction‐to‐fire performance of EPS ETICS façade.
Experimental study and analysis of radiation heat fluxes received by a floor beneath an inclined ceiling
Authors: Tang Fei , Zhu Yuantao , Chen Lei , Sun Xiepeng , McNamee Margaret , Van Hees Patrick , Hu Longhua
Published: October 2020

This study experimentally investigates the radiation heat flux distribution received on the floor due to fire plume impinging upon an inclined ceiling, which has not been quantified previously. The radiation heat fluxes were measured on the floor for 160 experimental conditions, involving various fire source heat release rates, source‐ceiling heights, angles of ceiling inclination and dimensions (aspect ratios) of the rectangular sources. The main findings include that the declining rate of the radiation heat flux along with distance received by the downstream floor decreases, while that received by the upstream floor increases, with the increasing of ceiling inclination angle. The radiation heat flux received by the floor is higher as the ceiling inclination angle is smaller for the downstream side, while it is lower as the ceiling inclination angle is smaller for the upstream side. Both of these variations can be explained by change of the flow distribution as well as flame length due to combustion and heat released in the two directions beneath the inclined ceiling. Further, a model with various fire source heat release rates, source‐ceiling height, and ceiling inclination angles is proposed, to globally describe the radiation heat flux received by both the upstream and downstream floors.
Identification of a novel KMT2A/GIMAP8 gene fusion in a pediatric patient with acute undifferentiated leukemia
Authors: Berg Holly E. , Blackburn Patrick R. , Baughn Linda B. , Ketterling Rhett P. , Xu Xinjie , Greipp Patricia T. , Hoppman Nicole L. , Smadbeck James B. , Vasmatzis George , Shi Min , Reichard Kaaren K. , Viswanatha David S. , Jevremovic Dragan , Maher George M. , Peterson Jess F.
Published: October 2020

Acute undifferentiated leukemia (AUL) is a very rare hematologic neoplasm that expresses no markers specific for either myeloid or lymphoid lineages. While commonly observed in several acute leukemias, KMT2A rearrangements in AUL have been rarely reported in the literature. We report the third case to our knowledge of AUL harboring a KMT2A rearrangement. Furthermore, the KMT2A/GIMAP8 gene fusion identified in this case represents a novel KMT2A rearrangement.
Harnessing noncoding RNA‐based macrophage polarization: Emerging therapeutic opportunities for fibrosis
Authors: Zhou Dexi , Wu Yilai , Wang Sheng , Li Jun , Luan Jiajie
Published: October 2020

Aim

Organ fibrosis is a common pathological outcome of persistent tissue injury correlated with organ failure and death. Although current antifibrotic therapies have led to unprecedented successes, only a minority of patients with fibrosis benefit from these treatments. There is an urgent need to identify new targets and biomarkers that could be exploited in the diagnosis and treatment of fibrosis.

Methods

Macrophages play a dual role in the fibrogenesis across different organs either by promoting pro‐inflammatory or anti‐inflammatory responses. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been demonstrated to play key roles in macrophage functions by manipulating macrophage polarization. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of ncRNA‐associated macrophage polarization is important to move toward therapeutic interventions.

Results

In this review, we provide an overview of recent insights into the role of ncRNAs in different fibrotic diseases by modulating macrophage phenotypic plasticity and functional heterogeneity. We also discuss the potential mechanisms of different ncRNAs integrate heterogeneous macrophages in fibrogenesis,including regulatory signatures, networks, and reciprocal interactions.

Conclusions

A broader understanding of how ncRNA‐directed macrophage phenotype transition in immunity and fibrosis might promote the development of a novel strategy for antifibrotic treatment.
Explicating the impact of hierarchical CEO succession on small‐medium enterprises' performance and cash holdings
Authors: Sarfraz Muddassar , Shah Syed Ghulam Meran , Ivascu Larisa , Qureshi Muhammad Asim Ali
Published: October 2020

The objective of the study is to demonstrate the impact of hierarchical CEO succession on small‐medium enterprises (SMEs) performance. A comparison between SOEs and Non‐SOEs have been analysed empirically. In this regard, the data of listed Chinese SMEs have been accumulated for the years 2012–2016. Conclusively, hierarchical CEO succession, hierarchical CEO succession intensity and its three types have been formulated while contemplating the SMEs' profile. Empirical underpinnings witness the positive impact of hierarchical CEO succession and hierarchical CEO succession intensity on state‐owned SMEs performance. Moreover, medium hierarchical CEO successor has been declared to be a promoter of SMEs performance. Hierarchical CEO successor, specifically, medium hierarchical CEO successor mitigate the SMEs cash holdings vehemently. However, earnings management as a moderator invigorates the state‐owned SMEs cash holdings. Remarkably, SME' performance is splendid if it is matured, designates a large percentage of independent directors and attains maximum earnings per share. Significantly, the execution of 2SLS regression indicates the truthfulness of our results.
Industry momentum and reversals in stock markets
Authors: Apergis Nicholas , Plakandaras Vasilios , Pragidis Ioannis
Published: October 2020

Although price trends such as momentum and reversal patterns of stock prices are well established in the literature, little is known whether price patterns still hold at the international level. Using data from over 24,000 stock prices, the analysis forms international within and across industries portfolios for the EU and the Asia/Pacific regions and studies the presence of momentum and reversal patterns, compared with the typical benchmark, which is the U.S. market. Interestingly, it finds that both patterns are related to low capitalized firms. Price reversals appearing only at the short‐run validating the liquidity constraint assumption, while momentum holds for a longer period and is related to investors' underreaction. Finally, it finds that only a few sectors can predict the market as an indirect result of momentum. A trading strategy that builds on industries' portfolios own predictive ability beats the market. Overall, matching returns patterns from the national to the international level supports the presence of unobserved risk factors and behavioural biases.
Platelet‐to‐white blood cell ratio: A novel and promising prognostic marker for HBV‐associated decompensated cirrhosis
Authors: Zhang JinFei , Qiu YingPo , He Xia , Mao WeiLin , Han Zhong
Published: October 2020

Aim

The present study aimed to investigate associations of the platelet‐to‐white blood cell ratio (PWR)—a novel hematological indicator of inflammatory responses—with 30‐day outcomes in patients with HBV‐associated decompensated cirrhosis (HBV‐DeCi).

Methods

We recruited 131 patients with HBV‐DeCi for this retrospective study and extracted baseline clinical data and laboratory characteristics from medical records. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine major factors influencing 30‐day mortality. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve analyses was performed to compare the predictive values of prognostic markers.

Results

During the 30‐day follow‐up period, 15 patients died. The PWR was significantly different between nonsurvivors and survivors. Lower PWR was found to be associated with an increased risk of mortality, and PWR was found to be an independent predictor of mortality in patients with HBV‐DeCi.

Conclusions

Our results demonstrate that low PWR may be a predictor of poor prognosis in patients with HBV‐DeCi, and this factor may be a useful supplement to standard approaches to enable effective management of these patients.
Tadpole of the Amazonia frog Edalorhina perezi (Anura: Leptodactylidae) with description of oral internal and chondrocranial morphology
Authors: do Nascimento Filipe A. C. , de Sá Rafael O. , de A. Garcia Paulo C.
Published: October 2020

The genus Edalorhina consists of two species of small forest‐floor frogs inhabiting the Amazon basin. The tadpole of Edalorhina perezi, the most widely distributed species, was previously described based on a single and early stage (Gosner 25) individual. Herein, we provide a description of the tadpole in Gosner stages 35–36 including internal morphology data (i.e., buccopharyngeal cavity and larval skeleton) based on samples from two populations from Ecuador. Edalorhina shares a generalized morphology with most members of its closely related taxa; however, it is distinguished from the other species by having an almost terminal oral disc. The presence of a dextral vent tube is considered a synapomorphy for the clade consisting of Edalorhina, Engystomops, and Physalaemus. Within this clade, the combination of two lingual papillae, a filiform median ridge, and the lack of buccal roof papillae are diagnostic of E. perezi and putative autapomorphies of Edalorhina. Chondrocranial anatomy provides characteristics, that is, presence of and uniquely shaped processus pseudopterygoideus and cartilago suprarostralis with corpora and alae joined by dorsal and ventral connections that readily differentiates the genus from other Leiuperinae.
Single‐Center Experience with the Use of Teduglutide in Adult Patients with Short Bowel Syndrome
Authors: Lam Kwai , Schwartz Lauren , Batisti Jennifer , Iyer Kishore R.
Published: October 2020

Background

Teduglutide is a glucagon‐like peptide 2 (GLP‐2) analog that has been approved for the treatment of adult short bowel syndrome (SBS)–associated intestinal failure (IF; SBS‐IF). Teduglutide increases villus height and crypt depth in the small bowel mucosa, promoting nutrition absorption and enteral independence from parenteral nutrition (PN). We aim to report our single‐center experience with teduglutide in adult patients with SBS to provide real‐world context to its use.

Method

We conducted a retrospective analysis on patients managed within our tertiary‐level intestinal rehabilitation program to identify patients with SBS‐IF treated with teduglutide from 2009–2015. The current report includes all patients at our center who had any exposure to teduglutide, including those who received commercial drug after approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and outside the scope of clinical trials.

Results

A total of 18 patients were treated with teduglutide. Eleven patients (61%) achieved complete enteral independence from PN and/or intravenous fluids (IV) at a median time of 10 months (range: 3–36 months). PN/IV volume requirement was reduced in all patients except two. Ten of the 11 patients (91%) who achieved enteral autonomy had colon. All patients off PN/IV required additional oral vitamins and electrolyte supplementations.

Conclusion

Our preliminary experience is consistent with prior reports of successful partial or complete weaning from PN/IV with teduglutide treatment in adult patients with SBS. The presence of colon appears to be favorable in obtaining enteral independence from PN/IV, regardless of residual small bowel length. Patients on teduglutide may remain at high risk of micronutrient deficiencies.
Collective periodic motions in a multiparticle model involving processing delay
Authors: Liu Yicheng , Wu Jun , Wang Xiao
Published: October 2020

How to understand the dynamical collective performances is of particular significance in both theories and applications. In this paper, we are interested in investigating the combined influences of local interaction and processing delay on the asymptotic behavior in a particle model with local communication weights. With new observations, we show that the desired particle system undergoes both periodic flocking and periodic clustering behaviors when the processing delay crosses a threshold value and the eigenvalue 1 of average matrix is semi‐simple. In this case, the connectedness of the particle system may be absent. Also, the number of clusters is discussed by using subspace analysis. In results, some criteria on flocking and clustering emergence with exponential convergent rate are established by the standard functional differential equations analysis when the processing delay is small. When the processing delay reaches the threshold value, the system undergoes periodic flocking and periodic clustering emergence. It also shows that the processing time lags qualitatively change the emergent performances in a nonlinear way. Finally, we conclude this study with several numerical simulations that intuitively illustrate the validity of the theoretical results and address some discussions for both variable communication weight and distributed processing delay.
Urinary Excretion of 2/3‐Monochloropropanediol (2/3‐MCPD) and 2,3‐Dihydroxypropylmercapturic Acid (DHPMA) after a Single High dose of Fatty Acid Esters of 2/3‐MCPD and Glycidol: A Controlled Exposure Study in Humans
Authors: Abraham Klaus , Hielscher Jan , Kuhlmann Jan , Monien Bernhard H.
Published: October 2020

Scope

2‐ and 3‐monochloropropanediol (2/3‐MCPD) and glycidol are absorbed in the intestine after lipase‐catalyzed hydrolysis of their fatty acid esters.

Methods and results

In an exposure study with 12 non‐smoking participants, the complete urinary excretion of the metabolite 2,3‐dihydroxypropylmercapturic acid (DHPMA) and of 2/3‐MCPD is measured on four consecutive days before and after consumption of 50 g glycidyl ester‐rich palm fat or 12 g 2/3‐MCPD ester‐rich hazelnut oil. After controlled exposure, urinary excretion rates of 2/3‐MCPD per hour strongly increase, followed by a decrease with average half‐lives of 5.8 h (2‐MCPD) and 3.6 h (3‐MCPD). After consumption of hazelnut oil, mean excretion rates are 14.3% (2‐MCPD) and 3.7% (3‐MCPD) of the study doses. The latter rate is significantly higher (4.6%) after consumption of palm fat, indicating partial conversion (about 5%) of glycidol to 3‐MCPD under the acidic conditions in the stomach. The average daily “background” exposure is estimated to be 0.12 and 0.32 µg per kg body weight (BW) for 2‐MCPD and 3‐MCPD, respectively. The relatively high and constant urinary excretion of DHPMA does not reflect the controlled exposure.

Conclusion

Urinary excretion of 2‐ and 3‐MCPD is suitable as biomarker for the external exposure to the respective fatty acid esters.
Clinical commissioning of intensity‐modulated proton therapy systems: Report of AAPM Task Group 185
Authors: Farr Jonathan B. , Moyers Michael F. , Allgower Chris E. , Bues Martin , Hsi Wen‐Chien , Jin Hosang , Mihailidis Dimitris N. , Lu Hsiao‐Ming , Newhauser Wayne D. , Sahoo Narayan , Slopsema Roelf , Yeung Daniel , Zhu X. Ronald
Published: October 2020

Proton therapy is an expanding radiotherapy modality in the United States and worldwide. With the number of proton therapy centers treating patients increasing, so does the need for consistent, high‐quality clinical commissioning practices. Clinical commissioning encompasses the entire proton therapy system's multiple components, including the treatment delivery system, the patient positioning system, and the image‐guided radiotherapy components. Also included in the commissioning process are the x‐ray computed tomography scanner calibration for proton stopping power, the radiotherapy treatment planning system, and corresponding portions of the treatment management system. This commissioning report focuses exclusively on intensity‐modulated scanning systems, presenting details of how to perform the commissioning of the proton therapy and ancillary systems, including the required proton beam measurements, treatment planning system dose modeling, and the equipment needed.
Utility of Mid‐Upper Arm Circumference in Diagnosing Malnutrition in Children With Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Phong Rachel Y. , Taylor Sandra L. , Robinson Brandt A. , Jhawar Sanjay , Nandalike Kiran
Published: October 2020

Background

Standardized diagnostic indicators for malnutrition using growth percentile z‐scores (weight for length or body mass index [BMI]) and mid‐upper arm circumference (MUAC) z‐scores are being used in clinical practice; however, their application to the pediatric cystic fibrosis (CF) population is not well described. In this study, we aim to compare growth percentile z‐scores and MUAC z‐scores in diagnosing and classifying malnutrition in children with CF and assess the relationship between their degree of malnourishment and corresponding pulmonary function tests (PFTs).

Methods

In this retrospective observational outpatient study of 49 pediatric CF patients, data were collected on baseline characteristics, anthropometrics, and PFTs over 12 months. Agreement in malnutrition diagnoses was quantified by Cohen κ statistics. Pearson test assessed the correlation between MUAC and BMI z‐scores as well as PFTs and anthropometrics. Serial anthropometrics and PFTs were obtained and compared for a subset of patients (n = 28).

Results

Growth percentile and MUAC z‐scores were positively correlated in diagnosing malnutrition (Pearson correlation r = 0.87), but MUAC z‐scores identified more patients as malnourished compared with growth percentile z‐scores (49% vs 12%, Cohen κ of 0.22 [95% CI, 0.04–0.40]). There was no significant relationship between anthropometrics and PFTs. MUAC z‐scores increased significantly over time, but BMI z‐scores did not show this trend.

Conclusions

Our small‐scale data suggest a promising role for MUAC z‐scores in classifying malnutrition and in measuring changes in nutrition status over time in pediatric CF.
Epithelial Nr5a2 heterozygosity cooperates with mutant Kras in the development of pancreatic cystic lesions
Authors: Cobo Isidoro , Iglesias Mar , Flández Marta , Verbeke Caroline , del Pozo Natalia , Llorente Miriam , Lawlor Rita , Luchini Claudio , Rusev Borislav , Scarpa Aldo , Real Francisco X
Published: October 2020

Cystic neoplasms of the pancreas are an increasingly important public health problem. The majority of these lesions are benign but some progress to invasive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). There is a dearth of mouse models of these conditions. The orphan nuclear receptor NR5A2 regulates development, differentiation, and inflammation. Germline Nr5a2 heterozygosity sensitizes mice to the oncogenic effects of mutant Kras in the pancreas. Here, we show that – unlike constitutive Nr5a2+/− mice – conditional Nr5a2 heterozygosity in pancreatic epithelial cells, combined with mutant Kras (KPN+/−), leads to a dramatic replacement of the pancreatic parenchyma with cystic structures and an accelerated development of high‐grade PanINs and PDAC. Timed histopathological analyses indicated that in KPN+/− mice PanINs precede the formation of cystic lesions and the latter precede PDAC. A single episode of acute caerulein pancreatitis is sufficient to accelerate the development of cystic lesions in KPN+/− mice. Epithelial cells of cystic lesions of KPN+/− mice express MUC1, MUC5AC, and MUC6, but lack expression of MUC2, CDX2, and acinar markers, indicative of a pancreato‐biliary/gastric phenotype. In accordance with this, in human samples we found a non‐significantly decreased expression of NR5A2 in mucinous tumours, compared with conventional PDAC. These results highlight that the effects of loss of one Nr5a2 allele are time‐ and cell context‐dependent. KPN+/− mice represent a new model to study the formation of cystic pancreatic lesions and their relationship with PanINs and classical PDAC. Our findings suggest that pancreatitis could also contribute to acceleration of cystic tumour progression in patients. © 2020 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of temperature and fiber orientation on the tensile behavior of short carbon fiber reinforced PEEK composites
Authors: Chang Baoning , Gu Junfeng , Long Zhiqiang , Li Zheng , Ruan Shilun , Shen Changyu
Published: October 2020

Short carbon fiber reinforced poly‐ether‐ether‐ketone (SCF/PEEK) composites have attracted great attention in automobile and aerospace industries for their excellent thermal and mechanical properties. To investigate the anisotropy and temperature effects on mechanical properties of SCF/PEEK composites, tensile tests were conducted in various mold flow directions at 23, 80, 140, and 200°C. Results show that the tensile behavior of SCF/PEEK is highly influenced by temperature and fiber orientation. Both tensile strength and elastic modulus decrease with the increasing of temperature, and fracture strain increases with the increasing of temperature. Scanning electron microscopy was conducted to investigate the effects of anisotropy and temperature on fracture mechanism by scanning the tensile fracture surfaces. A shell‐core‐shell structure across the sample thickness was observed. Fibers are mainly aligned in mold flow direction in shell layers and perpendicular to the mold flow direction in core layers. The anisotropy of SCF/PEEK composites is fiber orientation dominated, and the temperature‐dependence of SCF/PEEK is matrix‐dominated. The variations of elastic modulus and tensile strength with temperature were mathematically represented. Constitutive model was established to predict the stress‐strain curves over a wide range of temperatures. Overall, the constitutive model could predict the temperature dependent stress‐strain relationships well.
CBD and THC: Do They Complement Each Other Like Yin and Yang?
Authors: Pennypacker Sarah D. , Romero‐Sandoval E. Alfonso
Published: October 2020

Increased public access to cannabis calls for a deeper understanding of cannabis’s constituents and how they interact to induce clinical effects. Whereas trans‐Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the main psychoactive component in cannabis, producing the associated “high” or “euphoria,” various findings demonstrate medical potential for cannabidiol (CBD), from anxiolytic to antiepileptic implications. This has translated into a public optimism and given way to the popular opinion that CBD can provide countless other therapeutic benefits, including the potential to mitigate some of the adverse side effects of THC, such as intoxication, psychomotor impairment, anxiety, and psychotic symptoms. This is particularly relevant for patients seeking to garner therapeutic benefits from cannabis without experiencing the burden of a significant subjective high. Thus, this article analyzes the scientific evidence available to support or disprove the idea that presence of CBD is beneficial and can exude a protective effect against THC. A thorough review of relevant literature, a basis from which to interpret such evidence through a critical mechanistic discussion, and the implications for patients are presented in this article.
Diagnosis in children with exercise‐induced respiratory symptoms: A multi‐center study
Authors: Pedersen Eva S. L. , Ardura‐Garcia Cristina , de Jong Carmen C. M. , Jochmann Anja , Moeller Alexander , Mueller‐Suter Dominik , Regamey Nicolas , Singer Florian , Goutaki Myrofora , Kuehni Claudia E.
Published: October 2020

Objective

Exercise‐induced respiratory symptoms (EIS) are common in childhood and reflect different diseases that can be difficult to diagnose. In children referred to respiratory outpatient clinics for EIS, we compared the diagnosis proposed by the primary care physician with the final diagnosis from the outpatient clinic and described diagnostic tests and treatments.

Design

An observational study of respiratory outpatients aged 0–16 years nested in the Swiss Paediatric Airway Cohort (SPAC).

Patients

We included children with EIS as the main reason for referral. Information about diagnostic investigations, final diagnosis, and treatment prescribed came from outpatient records. We included 214 children (mean age 12 years, range 2–17, 54% males) referred for EIS.

Results

The final diagnosis was asthma in 115 (54%), extrathoracic dysfunctional breathing (DB) in 35 (16%), thoracic DB in 22 (10%), asthma plus DB in 23 (11%), insufficient fitness in 10 (5%), chronic cough in 6 (3%), and other diagnoses in 3 (1%). Final diagnosis differed from referral diagnosis in 115 (54%, 95%‐CI 46%–60%). Spirometry, body plethysmography, and exhaled nitric oxide were performed in almost all, exercise‐challenge tests in a third, and laryngoscopy in none. 91% of the children with a final diagnosis of asthma were prescribed inhaled medication and 50% of children with DB were referred to physiotherapy.

Conclusions

Diagnosis given at the outpatient clinic often differed from the diagnosis proposed by the referring physician. Diagnostic evaluations, management, and follow‐up differed between clinics and diagnostic groups highlighting the need for evidence‐based diagnostic guidelines and harmonized procedures for children seen for EIS.
A major forest insect pest, the pine weevil Hylobius abietis, is more susceptible to Diptera‐ than Coleoptera‐targeted Bacillus thuringiensis strains
Authors: Tudoran Amelia , Nordlander Göran , Karlberg Anna , Puentes Adriana
Published: October 2020

BACKGROUND

The pine weevil (Hylobius abietis) is a major forest regeneration pest causing high levels of seedling mortality and economic losses. Current management relies on silviculture, stem coatings and insecticides. Here we evaluated for the first time the effects of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) strains on H. abietis adults: two producing the Coleoptera‐targeted toxins Cry3Aa (Bt tenebrionis NB‐176) and Cry8Da (Bt galleriae SDS‐502), and one producing the Diptera‐targeted Cry10A (Bt israelensis AM65‐52). Choice and nonchoice assays using individual and mixtures of Bt formulations, containing these strains respectively, were conducted.

RESULTS

We found that Bt had toxic and lethal effects on H. abietis, but effects varied with strain and formulation concentration. The Diptera‐targeted Bt israelensis had the most negative effects on weevil weight, feeding and mortality (70–82% feeding reduction, 65–82% greater mortality than control), whereas the effect was lower for the Coleoptera‐specific Bt tenebrionis (38–42%; 37–42%) and Bt galleriae (11–30%; 15–32%). Reduced weevil feeding was observed after 3 days, and the highest mortality occurred 7–14 days following Bt exposure. However, we found no synergistic toxic effects, and no formulation combination was better than Bt israelensis alone at reducing consumption and survival. Also, pine weevils were not deterred by Bt, feeding equally on Bt‐treated and non‐Bt treated food.

CONCLUSION

There is potential to develop forest pest management measures against H. abietis that include Bt, but only the Diptera‐targeted Bt israelensis would provide effective seedling protection. Its Diptera‐specificity may need reconsideration, and evaluation of other Bt strains/toxins against H. abietis would be of interest. © 2020 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Reurbanisation in my hometown? Effect of return migration on migrants' urban settlement intention
Authors: Yin Jiangbin , Huang Xiaoyan , Li Jiyuan , Jin Lixia , Chen Le
Published: October 2020

Return migration has become a critical socio‐economic phenomenon—both between countries and within countries—and profoundly affects the development prospects in a migrants' country or region of origin. Studies have mainly focused on the return of overseas migrants and their employment transformation and social integration upon return; few studies have investigated internal return migrants and their residential choice and urbanisation effect. To fill this gap, the present study used nationally representative data from China to construct a moderated mediation model for examining the relationship between internal return migration, nonagricultural employment, and urban settlement intention. The empirical results indicated that return migration affected urban settlement intention through two paths. In addition to directly strengthening migrants' urban settlement intention, return migration indirectly strengthened this intention by promoting nonagricultural employment. Compared with those returning to eastern China, returnees to central China were less likely to be in nonagricultural employment and had weaker intention to settle in a town. Among return migrants, the impacts of age at return and workplace during migration on the urban settlement intention were mainly through direct effects.