bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preventing Prejudice Emerging from Misleading News among Adolescents: The Role of Implicit Activation and Regulatory Self-Efficacy in Dealing with Online Misinformation
Authors: Corbelli Giuseppe , Cicirelli Paolo Giovanni , D’Errico Francesca , Paciello Marinella
Published: August 2023

This paper explores the possibility of preventing prejudice among adolescents by promoting the analytical processing of social media content emerging from racial misinformation. Specifically, we propose, at this aim, an intervention that centers on recognizing stereotypical beliefs and other media biases about a group of people in misleading news. To better understand the variables that contribute to improving socio-analytical performance in the face of such misinformation, we investigated the influence of implicit associations as a tendency toward the automatic labeling of groups, as well as two dimensions of perceived self-efficacy in the face of misinformation, one active and one inhibitory. Our results demonstrate the presence of a negative link between affective prejudice and socio-analytical processing, and that this analytical performance toward misleading news is negatively related to the individual tendency toward implicit activation, and is also explained by the inhibitory factor of the perceived efficacy toward misinformation. The role of the active factor related to the perceived ability of fact-checking is not significant. This research suggests that education focused on the socio-analytical processing of misleading news in social media feeds can be an effective means of intervening in online affective prejudice among adolescents; the implications and limitations of our findings for future research in this area are discussed.
Detection of a Rotating Conveyor Roller Casing Vibrations on a Laboratory Machine
Authors: Hrabovský Leopold , Pravda Štěpán , Šebesta Radim , Nováková Eliška , Kurač Daniel
Published: August 2023

The article describes the basic parts and the overall design of the laboratory machine, which can be used to measure vibrations generated by a rotating conveyor roller attached to the flattened parts of its axis in the cut-outs of the conveyor idler support. On the structurally modified support of the conveyor idler consisting of the insertion of a plastic element placed between the roller axis and the support cut-out, the vibration acceleration values of the rotating roller from symmetric analysis were measured and compared with the values from asymmetric analysis of the traditional roller axis placement in the steel support. The size of the peripheral speed of the roller was determined, during the experimental measurements, by controlling the speed of the electric motor using a frequency converter. The obtained results of the measured values of vibration velocities in three mutually perpendicular planes showed a reduction in vibration values of about 15% when using plastic holders. The paper aims to present one of the possible technical solutions that can limit the vibration values transmitted to the supporting structure of the conveyor belt, generated by the rotating casing of the conveyor roller.
Understanding the Continuance Intention for Artificial Intelligence News Anchor: Based on the Expectation Confirmation Theory
Authors: Huang Yuke , Yu Zhiyuan
Published: August 2023

The Metaverse accelerates the development of the meta-human industry and human-AI interactions in both traditional media outlets and online platforms. As a typical application of meta-human, artificial intelligence (AI) news anchors have been gradually utilized for program reports instead of newscasters in China. In this paper, through the lens of expectation confirmation theory, we establish a conceptual model consisting of perceived anthropomorphism (ANT), perceived intelligence (PI), perceived attractiveness (PA), perceived novelty (PN), information quality (IQ), confirmation of expectation (CE), trust (TRU), and satisfaction (SAT) to explore continuous intention (CI) of watching news reported by AI anchors among online users. By leveraging on a sample of 598 eligible questionnaires, the partial least square structural equation model is employed and the results show that the holistic continuing intention for AI news anchor is positive but not robust. Further analysis indicates that SAT, PI, and TRU can predict CI directly, meanwhile CE, ANT, and PA associate with CI through the mediation of satisfaction. In addition, trust and satisfaction serve as serial mediators between IQ and CI. There is no direct relationship between CE & CI, ANT & CI, and PN & SAT. Nevertheless, user gender and previous experience can moderate the relationships of ANT & CI and PN & SAT, respectively. It can be seen that the proposed model can explain 80.1% of the variance in CI. The implications are intended to provide references for further commercialization of AI news anchors.
A Novel Methodology for Estimating Technology Value and Importance of Factors in Market-Based Approach
Authors: Yoon Juho , Bose Aparajita , Park Hun , Lee Jongtaik , Kim Byunghoon
Published: August 2023

Technology valuation methods are classified into income-based, cost-based, and market-based approaches depending on the perspective of valuing technology. The market approach evaluates the value of technology by referring to cases in which similar technologies have been traded before. In this study, we use prior technology transaction data to estimate the technology value based on the market approach and to identify influential factors to the estimated value. To this end, we adopt a multivariate k-nearest neighbor (MKNN) regression model to accommodate mixed-type input variables aiming at estimating multivariate technology values, selecting influencing factors, and the relative importance of the selected factors. In addition, we can optimize the number of transaction cases k in k-NN regression. Our proposed regression model outperforms an embedding model with cosine similarity in predicting multivariate response variables. In addition, we illustrate how to select and assess the influential factors based on the real-life dataset.
Tourist Perceptions of Climate Change Impacts on Mountain Ecotourism in Southern Mexico
Authors: Deason Ginger , Seekamp Erin , Terando Adam , Rojas Camila
Published: August 2023

Climate change impacts on tourism are well documented, with most studies focusing on challenges facing ski or beach tourism. While non-ski, mountain tourism accounts for almost one fifth of tourism worldwide, there is a dearth of research on tourists’ perceptions of climate change impacts and their effects on tourism demand in these areas. This study, conducted at the ecotourism destination of the Pueblos Mancomunados in the Sierra Norte Mountains of southern Mexico, helps to fill that gap by identifying important tourist decision factors and determining how tourists’ decisions to visit may change under different climatic conditions. Using on-site intercept survey research methodology involving 188 tourists, we found that some climate change scenarios affect tourists’ perceptions of the desirability of visiting nature-based tourism sites. Results indicate that community-based ecotourism businesses, such as the one that operates in the Pueblos Mancomunados, need to specifically plan for climate change impacts, as they may need to alter tourism offerings to sustain demand.
Comparing Catastrophic Costs: Active vs. Passive Tuberculosis Case Finding in Urban Vietnam
Authors: Dinh Luong V. , Wiemers Anja M. C. , Forse Rachel J. , Phan Yen T. H. , Codlin Andrew J. , Annerstedt Kristi Sidney , Dong Thuy T. T. , Nguyen Lan , Pham Thuong H. , Nguyen Lan H. , Dang Ha M. T. , Tuan Mac H. , Le Phuc Thanh , Lonnroth Knut , Creswell Jacob , Khan Amera , Kirubi Beatrice , Nguyen Hoa B. , Nguyen Nhung V. , Vo Luan N. Q.
Published: August 2023

Active case finding (ACF) is a strategy that aims to identify people with tuberculosis (TB) earlier in their disease. This outreach approach may lead to a reduction in catastrophic cost incurrence (costs exceeding 20% of annual household income), a main target of WHO’s End TB Strategy. Our study assessed the socio-economic impact of ACF by comparing patient costs in actively and passively detected people with TB. Longitudinal patient cost surveys were prospectively fielded for people with drug-sensitive pulmonary TB, with 105 detected through ACF and 107 passively detected. Data were collected in four Vietnamese cities between October 2020 and March 2022. ACF reduced pre-treatment (USD 10 vs. 101, p < 0.001) and treatment costs (USD 888 vs. 1213, p < 0.001) in TB-affected individuals. Furthermore, it reduced the occurrence of job loss (15.2% vs. 35.5%, p = 0.001) and use of coping strategies (28.6% vs. 45.7%, p = 0.004). However, catastrophic cost incurrence was high at 52.8% and did not differ between cohorts. ACF did not significantly decrease indirect costs, the largest contributor to catastrophic costs. ACF reduces costs but cannot sufficiently reduce the risk of catastrophic costs. As income loss is the largest driver of costs during TB treatment, social protection schemes need to be expanded.
Mathematical Modelling of Virus Spreading in COVID-19
Authors: Luo Liaofu , Lv Jun
Published: August 2023

A mathematical model is proposed to analyze the spreading dynamics of COVID-19. By using the parameters of the model, namely the basic reproduction number (R0) and the attenuation constant (k), the daily number of infections (DNI) and the cumulative number of infections (CNI) over time (m) are deduced and shown to be in good agreement with experimental data. This model effectively addresses three key issues: (1) inferring the conditions under which virus infections die out for a specific strain given R0; (2) explaining the occurrence of second waves of infection and developing preventive measures; and (3) understanding the competitive spread of two viruses within a region and devising control strategies. The findings highlight the potential of this simple mathematical framework in comprehensively addressing these challenges. The theoretical insights derived from this model can guide the evaluation of infection wave severity and the formulation of effective strategies for controlling and mitigating epidemic outbreaks.
Oral Immunization with rVSV Bivalent Vaccine Elicits Protective Immune Responses, Including ADCC, against Both SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A Viruses
Authors: Ouyang Maggie Jing , Ao Zhujun , Olukitibi Titus A. , Lawrynuik Peter , Shieh Christopher , Kung Sam K. P. , Fowke Keith R. , Kobasa Darwyn , Yao Xiaojian
Published: August 2023

COVID-19 and influenza both cause enormous disease burdens, and vaccines are the primary measures for their control. Since these viral diseases are transmitted through the mucosal surface of the respiratory tract, developing an effective and convenient mucosal vaccine should be a high priority. We previously reported a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV)-based bivalent vaccine (v-EM2/SPΔC1Delta) that protects animals from both SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses via intramuscular and intranasal immunization. Here, we further investigated the immune response induced by oral immunization with this vaccine and its protective efficacy in mice. The results demonstrated that the oral delivery, like the intranasal route, elicited strong and protective systemic immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus. This included high levels of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against SARS-CoV-2, as well as strong anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (SP) antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and anti-influenza M2 ADCC responses in mice sera. Furthermore, it provided efficient protection against challenge with influenza H1N1 virus in a mouse model, with a 100% survival rate and a significantly low lung viral load of influenza virus. All these findings provide substantial evidence for the effectiveness of oral immunization with the rVSV bivalent vaccine.
Evaluation of Hematological Profiles and Monocyte Subpopulations in Water Buffalo Calves after Immunization with Two Different IBR Marker Vaccines and Subsequent Infection with Bubaline alphaherpesvirus-1
Authors: Grandoni Francesco , Hussen Jamal , Signorelli Federica , Napolitano Francesco , Scatà Maria Carmela , De Donato Immacolata , Cappelli Giovanna , Galiero Giorgio , Grassi Carlo , De Carlo Esterina , Petrini Stefano , De Matteis Giovanna , Martucciello Alessandra
Published: August 2023

Bubaline alphaherpesvirus-1 (BuAHV-1) and Bovine alphaherpesvirus-1 (BoAHV-1) are respiratory viruses that can cause an infection known as “Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis” (IBR) in both water buffalo and bovine species. As the main disease control strategy, vaccination can protect animals from clinical disease through the development of specific humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. In the present study, the time-related circulatory kinetics of hematological profile and bubaline monocyte subsets have been investigated in vaccinated buffalo calves after challenge infections with BuAHV-1. Thirteen buffalo calves were selected and grouped into the VAX-1 group, which received an IBR-live-attenuated gE-/tk-deleted marker vaccine; the VAX-2 group, which received an IBR-inactivated gE-deleted marker vaccine; the CNT group, which remained an unvaccinated control. Fifty-five days after the first vaccination, the animals were infected with 5 × 105.00 TCID50/mL of wild-type BuAHV-1 strain via the intranasal route. Whole blood samples were collected at 0, 2, 4, 7, 10, 15, 30, and 63 days post-challenge (PCDs) for the analysis of hematological profiles and the enumeration of monocyte subsets via flow cytometry. The analysis of leukocyte compositions revealed that neutrophils were the main leukocyte population, with a relative increase during the acute infection. On the other hand, a general decrease in the proportion of lymphocytes was observed early in the post-infection, both for the VAX-1 and VAX-2 groups, while in the CNT group, the decrease was observed later at +30 and +63 PCDs. An overall infection-induced increase in blood total monocytes was observed in all groups. The rise was especially marked in the animals vaccinated with an IBR-live-attenuated gE-/tK-deleted marker vaccine (VAX-1 group). A multicolor flow cytometry panel was used to identify the bubaline monocyte subpopulations (classical = cM; intermediate = intM; and non-classical = ncM) and to investigate their variations during BuAHV-1 infection. Our results showed an early increase in cMs followed by a second wave of intMs. This increase was observed mainly after stimulation with live-attenuated viruses in the VAX-1 group compared with the animals vaccinated with the inactivated vaccine or the non-vaccinated animal group. In summary, the present study characterized, for the first time, the hematological profile and distribution of blood monocyte subsets in vaccinated and non-vaccinated water buffalo in response to experimental infection with BuAHV-1. Although not experimentally proven, our results support the hypothesis of a linear developmental relationship between monocyte subsets.
The Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Immune Status and Societal Restrictions in Controlling COVID-19 across the World
Authors: Stroo Jasmijn , Lepolder Michaëla , Murk Jean-Luc , Rijkers Ger T.
Published: August 2023

To control the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries implemented vaccination and imposed societal restrictions both at the national level and for international travel. As a check of corona status, COVID passes have been issued. A COVID pass could be obtained when either fully vaccinated against COVID-19, or after recovering from a documented COVID-19 episode, or after a recent (24–48 h) negative SARS-CoV-2 antigen test. A global analysis of SARS-CoV-2 immune status determined by past infection and/or vaccination, vaccination rates, as well as societal restrictions in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic is presented. The data show that across the world, vaccination was more effective in reducing SARS-CoV-2 infections with the delta variant than the omicron variant. Strict societal restrictions could control spread of the virus, but relief of the restrictions was associated with an increase in omicron infections. No significant difference in SARS-CoV-2 infections were found when comparing countries or territories which did or did not implement a COVID pass.
Dosis diarias de vacuna COVID-19 administradas en el mundo
Authors: Díaz-Pinzón Jorge Enrique
Published: August 2023

Introducción: La pandemia de COVID-19, producida por el SARS-CoV-2, sigue siendo una crisis de salud pública mundial. Las vacunas COVID-19 de ARN mensajero (ARNm), comprendidas las de ARNm-1273 (Moderna) y BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech), son muy eficaces para prever infecciones por SARS-CoV-2 y hospitalizaciones por COVID-19. Objetivo: mostrar los países con las mayores dosis diarias por cada 100 habitantes en porcentaje y el cambio absoluto de dosis diarias para COVID-19, entre el 1 de diciembre de 2021 al 7 de enero de 2022.  Metodología: la esta investigación se realizó bajo un estudio transversal, la información se obtuvo de la página web de la información recolectada por parte Our World in Data COVID-19. Resultados: se determinó que los países con mayores cambios absolutos de dosis aplicadas para COVID-19 en porcentaje estuvieron: Gibraltar (321,02), Cuba (253,08), Chile (23,66), Emiratos Árabes Unidos (219,9), Brunéi (87,27), Singapur (216,94). Conclusión: Más allá del acceso a las vacunas, los países no deben minimizar la necesidad de recursos a nivel local para llevar adelante los planes nacionales de vacunación contra el COVID-19. En este sentido, para administrar las vacunas es necesario contar con capacidad instalada, especialmente en el primer nivel de atención, y con disponibilidad de insumos.

Palabras clave: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, pandemia, vacunas.
Principles of tax expenditure management
Authors: Frumina S. V.
Published: August 2023

The subject of the article is tax expenditures that affect the formation of budget revenues of the budgetary system. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the principles of tax expense management. The principles are considered as the key rules on the basis of which the impact on tax expenditures is carried out according to the set goals. In the article, tax expenditures are equated with the falling budget revenues. The principles of tax expenditure management are considered as a symbiosis of the legislatively fixed principles of the budget system, the principles of taxation and the classical principles of the management system. The author presents arguments confirming, on the one hand, the intersection of individual principles, and, on the other, their independence. The paper defines the lack of priority of principles. A conclusion is made about the need to comply with them at each stage of management. The author describes the characteristics of the principles and justifies the need for their application in the process of managing tax expenditures. When writing an article, empirical (description, comparison) and experimental-theoretical (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction) research methods are used. The practical significance of the work lies in the possibility of applying the proposed principles in justifying tax expenditures.
Introduction of technologies into the business process of financial intermediaries
Authors: Donetskova O. Y.
Published: August 2023

The processes of digitalization in the financial market began relatively recently, but they have a rapid upward trend of development. To determine the quantitative assessment of digitalization in the market, the calculation of indices is assumed. The author shows that the development of technologies in the business processes of financial intermediaries is mainly associated with the digitalization of intermediary relations in the market. The relevance of the article is determined by the role of digital technologies in the development of business processes of financial intermediaries. The purpose of the study is to predict the development of digital technologies in the activities of financial intermediaries. General scientific methods (analysis and synthesis, analogy, comparison) were used, on the basis of which conclusions were drawn. Research by Russian and foreign authors, data from the Bank of Russia, etc. are used as information sources.
Inclusion and trust in community-engaged scholarship: A case study of a county visioning project
Authors: Ryan Ava , Edwards Mark , Linnell Dusti
Published: August 2023

In recent decades, local governments have sought to increase community engagement in collaborative governance processes, such as community visioning and strategic planning, to develop policies that are inclusive and supportive of those who live in the community. A key component of the community visioning process is the inclusion of diverse community members and stakeholders which can enhance the effectiveness and legitimacy of the process in addition to providing an opportunity for civic engagement. We review how trust was an essential component required for developing strong community engagement in a community visioning project in Tillamook County, Oregon.
Why Turkish Parents Refuse Childhood Vaccination? A Qualitative Study
Authors: Aslan Salih , Ozkara Adem , Kasım Ismail , Aksoy Hilal
Published: August 2023

Background: Anti-vaccination is spreading among parents. In 2017, 23000 families in Turkey refused vaccinations for their children. Meanwhile an increase in infectious diseases was observed, which might be caused by vaccination rejection. The reasons why families do not vaccinate their children may be very different, such as side effects, or advocation for "healthy life" by gurus. However, the real reasons for vaccine refusal are unknown. Our aim is to determine the reasons for anti-vaccination in Turkey. Methods: In order to reveal the real reasons for not taking the vaccine, we planned to conduct interviews with the representatives of the vaccine rejection group using qualitative research methodology with the "grounded theory" method. We searched some anti-vaccination blogs to find candidates for interviews. Within the scope of our study, parental concerns about vaccinations were classified by analyzing the data obtained from semi-structured questions and interviews recorded with voice recorders in face-to-face interviews with 21 parents in 13 cities of Turkey. Results: The obtained findings were classified under the headings of ‘’mistrust’’, ‘’vaccine efficacy-importance’’, ‘’decision-making processes - bases’’, and ‘’law-ethics’’. Mistrust was the main theme, almost singularly, as the most important reason for vaccine rejection. The salient reasons for mistrusts were: Companies which produce vaccines especially international companies because of conspiratory beliefs; health authorities, because of the belief about non-transparency in epidemiologic data, immunization council etc. and healthcare professionals, because of their non-communicative and non-concerned attitude. Conclusion: Mistrust is hard to overcome. The beliefs of the patients cannot be easily changed. As a result of our study, we made some recommendations for health authorities, healthcare professionals, companies and other related stakeholders.
Celecoxib in Treatment of Postpartum Depression: A Case Report
Authors: Esalatmanesh Sophia , Kashani Ladan , Akhondzadeh Shahin
Published: August 2023

Postpartum depression (PPD) impairs mother-infant interaction and has negative effects on the child’s emotional, behavioral, and cognitive skills. There is considerable evidence to suggest that inflammation plays a role in the pathogenesis of depression. Controlled trials indicate that celecoxib has antidepressant effects in patients with major depressive disorder. A 34-year-old woman with mild to moderate PPD received a celecoxib capsule twice a day. This treatment has not been reported in previous studies and is novel in clinical practice. The patient was assessed using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). Moreover, levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and inflammatory cytokines were measured at baseline and at the end of celecoxib therapy. This case suggests that celecoxib can improve depressive symptoms in patients with mild to moderate PPD. No adverse effects occurred during follow-up.
Expanding the Molecular Spectrum of HK1-Related Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, Type 4G; the First Report in Iran
Authors: Goleyjani Moghadam Masoumeh , Elahi Zohreh , Soveyzi Mohamad , Arzhangi Sanaz , Nafissi Shahriar , Najmabadi Hossein , Kahrizi Kimia , Fattahi Zohreh
Published: August 2023

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 4G (CMT4G) was first reported in Balkan Gypsies as a myelinopathy starting with progressive distal lower limb weakness, followed by upper limb involvement and prominent distal sensory impairment later in the patient’s life. So far, CMT4G has been only reported in European Roma communities with two founder homozygous variants; g.9712G>C and g.11027G>A, located in the 5’-UTR of the HK1 gene. Here, we present the first Iranian CMT4G patient manifesting progressive distal lower limb weakness from 11 years of age and diagnosed with chronic demyelinating sensorimotor polyneuropathy. Whole-exome sequencing for this patient revealed a homozygous c.19C>T (p. Arg7*) variant in the HK1 gene. This report expands the mutational spectrum of the HK1-related CMT disorder and provides supporting evidence for the observation of CMT4G outside the Roma population. Interestingly, the same Arg7* variant is recently observed in another unrelated Pakistani CMT patient, proposing a possible prevalence of this variant in the Middle Eastern populations.
The Role of Abdominal Ultrasound in the Prediction of GDM in Early Pregnancy
Authors: Dalili Maryam , Moeinaddini Shahrzad , Gozashti Mohammad Hossein , Torabi Mehdi , Mirzaee Moghaddameh , Mahdizadeh Afsaneh
Published: August 2023

Background: To detect gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in pregnant women as soon as possible, this study aimed to investigate the role of ultrasound in predicting GDM in early pregnancy by measuring the thickness of abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue. Methods: This paper is a longitudinal study performed on pregnant women at 11-14 weeks of pregnancy. All the women referred during this period were screened for the thickness of abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue, which was measured using trans-abdominal ultrasound. The patients were followed up by performing the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) between the weeks of 24 and 28. Finally, abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness and other variables were compared between women with and without GDM. Oral consent was obtained from patients. Results: Overall, 210 pregnant women at 11-14 weeks of gestation were enrolled in the study. The mean of abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness was measured using linear probe ultrasound as 1.72±0.33 mm. The incidence of GDM was significantly associated with maternal age and weight, parity, family history of diabetes, and histories of preeclampsia, hypertension, and recurrent abortion. There was also a statistically significant relationship between GDM and ultrasound-derived subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness at weeks 11-14 of pregnancy (P<0.0001). At the cut-off point of 2.01, the sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) values were 91%, 92%, and 0.96, respectively. Conclusion: Measuring the thickness of the abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue during early pregnancy may be useful in predicting GDM in the second trimester of pregnancy. Maternal higher age and weight gain, increased parity, and positive family histories of diabetes, preeclampsia, hypertension, and recurrent abortion may also increase the risk of GDM.
Does Repeating Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumors Change Treatment Plan for All T1 Tumors?
Authors: Mohammadi Reza , Pakmanesh Hamid , Hashemian Morteza , Poorjafari Abbas
Published: August 2023

Background: The main problem in the proper management of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is the under-staging of lesions after initial transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TUBRT). Under staging is much more evident in T1 tumors when the detrusor muscle is absent. So, we evaluated under-staging and residual tumors in patients with complete initial TURBT whose initial pathological samples revealed the presence of the detrusor muscle. Methods: In this prospective study performed in Bahonar hospital, Kerman, Iran, from August 2018 to April 2020, 51 patients with newly diagnosed T1 bladder tumors were enrolled according to our criteria and underwent standard Re-TURBT about eight weeks after the initial TURBT. Results: Of 51 patients who underwent Re-TURBT, 12 (23.5%) had tumors, of whom eight had microscopic, and four had macroscopic tumors. None of them were upstaged or upgraded. There was a statistically significant relationship between the presence of tumors in Re-TURBT and the size of the primary tumor (>3 cm) and the number of tumors (>1). No changes were observed in the stage and grade of the disease, besides, the treatment plan of patients did not change despite imposing financial burdens on patients and the healthcare system. Conclusion: Re-TURBT is not necessary for all superficial bladder tumors, especially in the case of complete initial TURBT, and also in the presence of the detrusor muscle in the pathological sample and when the tumor is single and less than three centimeters in size.
Prevalence of Acute Complications of Transfusion in Children with β-thalassemia Major in Southeast Iran: A Prospective Study
Authors: Miri-Aliabad Ghasem , Asgarzadeh Leila , Dorgalaleh Akbar , Bahraini Mehran
Published: August 2023

Background: Acute complications of transfusion are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in chronically transfused patients. One of the main goals of blood transfusion is to reduce complications and improve blood safety and patient health care worldwide. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of acute complications of transfusion beta-thalassemia major (TM) patients in Southeast Iran. Methods: In a prospective study, 23882 transfusions were evaluated in TM patients of a thalassemia clinic for acute reactions during a two-year period. Data were collected by forms to record the information related to blood transfusion at the time of reaction occurrence. Results: The assessment of the data revealed that 228 TM patients (0.95%) had acute complications of transfusion. Among 23882 TM patients undergoing transfusion, 211 (0.87%) developed allergic reactions, 11 (0.04%) were diagnosed with febrile non-hemolytic reaction, and one patient (0.004%) had experienced acute hemolytic transfusion reaction. Conclusion: The results of the current study support preventive measures for the reduction of these complications to improve patients’ health. Acute complications occurred may be due to insufficient ability to perform blood bank tests, lack of standard operating instructions, and lack of necessary monitoring during the transfusion process. The best way to reduce the risk of blood transfusion reactions is to provide special care to the patients during the first 24 hours after transfusion. Creating a consistent and continuous education system with standard operating instructions and establishing an error reporting system leads to improve knowledge about transfusion guidelines and best practices.
Maun, dut ve kızılağaç odunlarının toprakta gelişen çeşitli zararlı organizmalara karşı maruz kalması sonrasında meydana gelen renk özelliklerinin belirlenmesi
Authors: ULAY Göksel , AYATA Ümit
Published: August 2023

Her ağaç türü farklı yapısal özelliklere sahip olduğundan dolayı, aynı aktif toprak ortamında bulunan ve bu ortamda gelişen çeşitli zararlı organizmalara karşı farklı bir direnç özelliği sergilemektedir. Bu çalışmada, dut, maun ve kızılağaç odunlarına ait olan deney örnekleri aktif olarak bulunan bir toprak ortamına yerleştirilmiş olunup, 12 hafta süreyle toprağa maruz bırakılmıştır. Belirtilen bu süre tamamlandıktan sonra, deney örnekler topraktan çıkarılmıştır. Daha sonra numuneler suyla yıkanmış olunup, devamında bir fırında kurutma işlemine tabi tutulmuştur. Daha sonra deney örnekleri üzerinde renk parametrelerine ait olan ölçümler yapılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, b*, L*, C*, a* ve ho parametreleri için varyans analizi sonuçları anlamlı olarak elde edilmiştir. Toplam renk farkı değerlerinde ise en düşük kızılağaçta ∆E*: 11.54 olarak elde edilirken, maun odununda ∆E*: 18.11 ve dut ahşabında ∆E*: 19.07 olarak bulunmuştur. Her üç ağaç türü için aktif toprağa maruz kalması sonrasında L*, a*, b* ve C* değerlerinin azaldığı görülmüştür. h açısı değerinde ise maun ve kızılağaç odunlarında artışlar görülmüş, dut odununda ise azalmalar elde edilmiştir. Yapılan toprak testinin ahşap malzemelerin yapısal özellikleri ile sahip oldukları doğal renginde değişikliklere sebep olduğu görülmüştür.
GÊNEROS LITERÁRIOS E O USO DA LINGUAGEM NO COMBATE AO ANALFABETISMO FUNCIONAL EDUCAÇÃO PÓS-PANDEMIA E OS SEUS DESAFIOS
Authors: VITÓRIA PEREIRA VIRGÍNIO ANA
Published: August 2023

The present study seeks to investigate functional illiteracy, which arises in a wide variety of contexts, as well as to investigate possible impacts of the covid-19 pandemic on the literacy of children in Brazilian schools. Emphasizing the other existing problems, verifying strategies taken for the continuity of teaching and observing the existence of possible consequences of this new condition, through data collected through the SAEB (Basic Education Assessment System), which it showed inability to perform basic skills, such as writing, interpreting and paraphrasing texts, in addition to performing mathematical calculations. It also shows some existing difficulties in the adult life of the cited functional illiterates
Denizcilik Alanında Kullanılan Risk Analizi Yöntemleri ve Fine Kinney Yöntemiyle Bir Uygulama
Authors: YORULMAZ Murat , SEZEN Kübra
Published: August 2023

Denizcilik sektöründe; denizden karaya, karadan denize veya gemiden gemiye olmak üzere çeşitli hizmetler sağlanmaktadır. Çeşitli hizmetlerin etkisiyle sektör, kapsamlı çalışma alanına sahip olmakta ve birçok kişiye istihdam alanı sağlamaktadır. Sektörde çalışan sayısının fazla olması, operasyonların yoğun tempolu şekilde ve eş zamanlı olarak yürütülmesi gibi nedenlerden dolayı çalışma alanında iş sağlığı ve güvenliği (İSG) açısından tehlikeli ortam ve davranışların oluşması muhtemeldir. Tehlikeli ortam ve davranışların sonucu gerçekleşebilecek iş kazalarına karşı İSG tedbirlerinin belirlenmesi elzemdir. Tedbirlerin belirlenmesi noktasında temel basamak olan risk analizi karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Denizcilik alanında yaşanması muhtemel iş kazalarının önlenebilmesi adına risk analiz yöntemlerinden biri olan Fine Kinney yönteminin bu alanda uygulanabilirliğinin gösterilmesi çalışmanın amacını oluşturmaktadır. Amaç doğrultusunda gerçekleştirilen literatür incelemesine göre denizcilik alanında 10 adet tehlike tespit edilmiştir. Tespit edilen deniz tehlikelerinin risk analizi, denizcilik alanında uzman bir karar vericinin katılımıyla Fine Kinney yöntemi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Risk analizi aşamasında her tehlikenin ölüm, yaralanma, maddi hasar ve deniz kirliliği/çevre kirliliği riskleri ayrı ayrı değerlendirilmiştir. Risk değerlendirmesi sonucunda “geminin yapısındaki hasarlar, bozulmalar” tehlikesinin ölüm riski en yüksek, “deniz haydutluğu” tehlikesinin deniz kirliliği/çevre kirliliği riski ise en düşük risk skoruna sahip olacak şekilde hesaplanmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre eşit risk skorları hesaplanmış ve risk yönetimi hususunda Fine Kinney yöntemi yetersiz kalmıştır. Bu hususta Fine Kinney yönteminin farklı risk analiz yöntemleriyle birlikte kullanımı önerilmektedir.
Pulsos comunitarios en la escritura de Julio Cortázar: una aproximación desde el archivo
Authors:   , Relva Lisandro
Published: August 2023

Esta tesis aborda el pulso de lo común en la escritura de Julio Cortázar desde una perspectiva archi-filológica. Se trata de pensar y describir eso que la existencia de la escritura de Julio Cortázar pudo y puede efectuar en lxs lectorxs: la pregunta por cómo moviliza sentidos que no le pertenecen, que no nacen en esa escritura pero que la circulan y que, en ocasiones, se dejan leer porque emergen fugazmente y buscan una mirada en empatía para después sumergirse otra vez siguiendo siempre un movimiento aleatorio. La apuesta principal de esta tesis, en este sentido, consiste en abrir dicha producción a nuevas vías y formas de ingreso y estudio a través de una mirada desde el archivo entendido como política de lectura (Goldchluk, 2015), perspectiva que no supone leer “nuevos textos” sino leer textos –tanto los más conocidos como los menos transitados por la crítica, así como eventuales exhumaciones– en una disposición que atienda a procesos de escritura y conexiones imprevistas.
PERFIL EPIDEMIOLÓGICO DAS OCORRÊNCIAS DE TRAUMATISMO CRÂNIO ENCEFÁLICO NO HOSPITAL DE URGÊNCIA E EMERGÊNCIA DE RIO BRANCO O PERÍODO DE JANEIRO A JUNHO DE 2014
Authors: Santana de Almeida Neto Rubens , Naildo Cardoso Leitão Francisco , Bianca Barbary de Deus Maura , Cordeiro Araripe Marcos , José Lima de Souza Maria , José de Deus Morais Mauro
Published: August 2023

Introdução: O Traumatismo Crânio Encefálico constitui um dos principais problemas de saúde pública mundial e suas características variam de acordo com a população envolvida. Objetivo: Descrever o perfil clínico epidemiológico das ocorrências de Traumatismo Crânio Encefálico no Hospital de Urgência e Emergência de Rio Branco-Acre no período de janeiro a junho de 2014. Método: Trata-se de um estudo de caráter epidemiológico descritivo com a abordagem quantitativa e natureza documental. Resultados: As principais causas das ocorrências de TCE são: quedas (60%), acidentes de trânsito (28%) e agressão física (12%). O gênero masculino predomina com 60% das ocorrências, o sábado é o dia semana com mais admissões por trauma (24%) e a faixa etária predominante é de 31 a 45 anos (25%). Conclusão: Comprovou-se o predomínio das vítimas abaixo de 40 anos de idade, do sexo masculino. As areas lesionadas foi a frontal, seguidas da area parietal e occipital.

Descritores: Traumatismo Crânio Encefálico; Urgência e Emergência; Causas de TCE.
Formulation of Peel Off Gel Mask from Robusta green coffee bean (Coffea canephor) Ethanolic Extract with Polyvinyl Alcohol
Authors: Desiyana Lydia Septa , Faradilla Meutia , Istiqomah Arienovita Nurul
Published: August 2023

Robusta green coffee beans (Coffea canephora) have strong potential to be used as antioxidants which can inhibit free radicals that causes premature aging. The peel-off gel mask is a cosmetic product that increases the penetration of active ingredients, is easy to use, and maintains the natural moisture of the skin. This research aimed to examine the possibility of the ethanolic extract of Robusta green coffee beans into a peel-off gel preparation. A peel-off gel mask made from the ethanolic extract of Robusta green coffee beans was formulated using 3 polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) concentrations to obtain the best preparation, which were 10% (F1), 12% (F2), and 14% (F3). All preparations produced a clear yellowish gel. Only F3 met the qualifications for all evaluation tests. The results of a mechanical property test showed that F3 has the best value for tensile strength and elongation. There were statistically significant differences between the results of the evaluation tests before and after the stability test. The results of irritation tests showed that none of the formulas caused irritation. The best peel off gel mask preparation made with ethanolic extract of Robusta green coffee beans was formula F3 that used 14% PVA.
Informasi Obat pada Pasien Diabetes Mellitus Rawat Jalan di RSUD X Surabaya: Apa yang diberikan dan apa yang diketahui?
Authors: Santoso Shieny Agustin , Setiadi Adji Prayitno , Widjaja Karina Kumaladewi , Wibowo Yosi Irawati
Published: August 2023

Prevalensi Diabetes Mellitus (DM) di Indonesia mengalami peningkatan sebanyak 0,5% dalam lima tahun terakhir. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat informasi yang diberikan dan tingkat pengetahuan pasien DM terkait pengobatan yang diterima di klinik rawat jalan di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah (RSUD) X, Surabaya, Indonesia. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian cross-sectional dengan menggunakan checklist yang dikembangkan dari Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan (BPOM) dimana terdiri dari 11 jenis informasi. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif, dan untuk melihat hubungan antara informasi yang diberikan dan tingkat pengetahuan pasien digunakan analisis korelasi Spearman. Terdapat 110 pasien yang bersedia berpartisipasi di dalam penelitian ini (response rate 90,91%). Ratarata jumlah informasi yang diberikan dan dipahami adalah 6,48/11±0,73 dan 7,48/11±0,90. Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara jumlah informasi yang diberikan dan yang diketahui pasien (p=0,001). Faktor karakteristik seperti usia (nilai p=0,001), tingkat pendidikan (nilai p=0,001), dan sumber informasi terkait DM (nilai p=0,014) dapat mempengaruhi pengetahuan pasien DM terhadap pengobatannya. Penelitian ini menunjukkan pentingnya pemberian informasi yang jelas dan lengkap terutama pada pasien yang menjalani pengobatan jangka panjang karena dapat meningkatkan pengetahuan, sehingga diharapkan dapat meningkatkan kepatuhan dan mengoptimalkan keberhasilan terapi.
Antimetabolic Syndrome Effect of 70% Ethanol Leaves Extract Ficus carica Linn. in Streptozotocin-Induced and High-Fat Diet Rats
Authors: Qodriah Rahmatul , Kumala Shirly , Syamsudin Syamsudin , Yuliana Nancy Dewi , Dushenkov Vyacheslav , Carrista Carrista
Published: August 2023

Diabetes and obesity are risk factors for metabolic syndrome. Fig (Ficus carica L.) one of the plants is well known in traditional medicine system for their medicinal and therapeutic potentials. Fig leaves contain flavonoid and triterpenoid compounds which have antimetabolic effect. Streptozotocin is used to make diabetogenic rats to produce hyperglycemia conditions in test animals and high-fat diet to make rats model obesity. This study aimed to test the antidiabetic and antiobesity effect of 70% ethanol extract of fig leaves based on the parameters of measuring blood glucose levels with glucometer and Cholesterol strips. In thisstudy, rats were divided into 6 groups, namely normal, negative, positive control, and 3 control groups at 70%ethanol extract dose level (250, 500, and 600 mg/kgBW) per oral. The measurement results in normal, negative, and positive control dose of 250, 500, 600 mg/kgBW at blood glucose levels were 105.8, 192, 134.2, 161, 157.75, 145.2 mg/dL. The conclusion of the results obtained was that 70% ethanol extract of fig leaves with a dose of 600 mg/kgBW can have an antidiabetic and obesity effect by lowering blood glucose levels as measured using glucometer, cholesterol strips and decreased body weight rats.
Evaluation of optical constants in oxide thin films using machine learning
Authors: Saeki Kyosuke , Makino Takayuki
Published: August 2023

This paper describes an inverse analysis method using neural networks on optical spectroscopy, and its application to the quantitative optical constant evaluation. The present method consists of three subprocesses. First, measurable UV–visible spectroscopic quantities were calculated as functions of the optical constants of the solid based on the Tomlin equations [J. Phys. D 1 1667 (1968)] by carefully eliminating the unpractical combinations of optical constants. Second, the backpropagation neural network is trained using the calculated relationships between the measurable quantities and the optical constants. Finally, the trained network is utilized to determine the optical constants from measured responses. The conventional (Newton–Raphson) method tends to require the judgment of a well-experienced analyst, while machine learning shows automatically human-free performance in data conversion.
Dissipative particle dynamics simulation for peptoid nanosheet with non-empirical parameter set
Authors: Tachino Yusuke , Okuwaki Koji , Doi Hideo , Akisawa Kazuki , Mochizuki Yuji
Published: August 2023

Peptoids are biomimetic materials in which the substituent groups are located on the nitrogen atom of the peptide bond, facilitating the formation of nanosheet structures as reported by Mannige et al. [Nature, 526, 415 (2015)]. Dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations were performed to investigate the aggregation stability of peptoids with different unit lengths. The crucial effective interaction parameters were determined by fragment MO (FMO) calculations, which allowed to evaluate different molecular interactions (electrostatic and dispersion) in a balanced way. The experimental observation of the unit length dependence was finally reproduced by this FMO-DPD method.
ﺛﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺗﺣﺎﺩﻳﻳﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺎ ۱۹۰۸
Authors: ﺃ.ﻡ.ﺩ.ﻛﺭﻳﻡ ﻁﻼﻝ ﻣﺳﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻛﺎﺑﻲ
Published: August 2023

ﺘرﺠﻊ اﻟﻤﺤﺎوﻻت اﻻﺼﻼﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟدوﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻰ ﻋﻬد اﻟﺴﻠطﺎن ﻤﺤﻤود

اﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ (١٨٣٩-١٨٠٨) اذ ﻗﺎم ﺒﻤﺠﻤوﻋﺔ ﻤن اﻻﺠ ارءات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺘرﻛت اﺜﺎر واﻀﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ

اﻟدوﻟﺔ (١) . وأﻋﺘﻘد رﺠﺎﻝ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺄن ﻋﻼج اﻟﺘدﻫور اﻟﺤﺎﺼﻝ ﻓﻲ اﻟدوﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ

ﻴﻛﻤن ﻓﻲ ﺤرﻛﺔ اﺼﻼح ﻨظﺎم اﻟﺤﻛم واﻻدارة اﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ٬ اذ ﻨﺘﺞ ﻋن ذﻟك ﻤﺎ اﺴﻤوﻩ

ﺒـ(اﻟﺘﻨظﻴﻤﺎت) ﻓﻲ ﺴﻨﺔ ٬١٨٣٩ واﻟﺘﻲ اﻤﺘدت ﻓﻲ أري اﻟﻛﺜﻴر ﻤن اﻟﻤؤرﺨﻴن اﻟﻰ ﺴﻨﺔ ١٩٠٨

 

ﻋﻨدﻤﺎ أﻋﻴد اﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺒﺎﻟدﺴﺘور ﻤرة أﺨرى .

ﺒدأت ﻫذﻩ اﻟﺤرﻛﺔ ﺒﺄﻋﻼن اﻟﺴﻠطﺎن ﻋﺒد اﻟﻤﺠﻴد ١٨٦١-١٨٣٩ اﻟﺒﻴﺎن اﻻﺼﻼﺤﻲ

اﻟﻤﻌروف ﺒـ(ﺨط ﺸرﻴف ﻛوﻟﺨﺎﻨﺔ) ﻋﺎم (٢) ١٨٣٩ . وﺨط ﻫﻤﺎﻴون ﻋﺎم (٣) ١٨٥٦ . وﺼدرت

ﻤ ارﺴﻴم ﻋدﻴدة ﻟﻼﺼﻼﺤﺎت اﻟﺠدﻴﺔ ﺒﻌد ذﻟك (٤) . ﻏﻴر ان ﻫذﻩ اﻻﺼﻼﺤﺎت ﻛﺎﻨت ﺘذﻫب

ﺴدى ﻻﻨﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻨت ﻤرﺘﺠﻠﺔ وﻋﺎﺒرة ﻤن ﺠﻬﺔ ٬ وﻻن اﻟدوﻝ اﻻورﺒﻴﺔ اﻟطﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟدوﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ

ﻟم ﺘدع ﻟﻬﺎ ﻓرﺼﺔ اﻟﻨﺠﺎح ﻤن ﺠﻬﺔ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ٬ وﻻن اﻟﺴﻼطﻴن اﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﻴن اﺜﻨﺎء ﻫذﻩ اﻟﻤﺤﺎوﻻت

ﻛﺎﻨوا ﻤﺴﺘﺒدﻴن وﻤﺴرﻓﻴن ﻓﻠم ﻴﺘﺒﻨوا اﻟرﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺼﻼح ﺘﺒﻨﻲ اﻟﻤدرك واﻟﻤﺨﻠص ﻤن ﺠﻬﺔ

 

ﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ (٥) .
ﺳﻳﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺭﻳﻛﻳﺔ ﺗﺟﺎﻩ ﺗﺷﻳﻛﻭﺳﻠﻭﻓﺎﻛﻳﺎ (۱۹۳۹­۱۹۱۸)
Authors: ﺩ. ﺳﺣﺭ ﻋﺑﺎﺱ ﺧﺿﻳﺭ
Published: August 2023

ﻴرﺘﺒط ﺘﺎرﻴﺦ اﻟوﻻﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤدة اﻷﻤرﻴﻛﻴﺔ ﺒﺘﺎرﻴﺦ اوروﺒﺎ ارﺘﺒﺎطﺎ ﺠدﻟﻴﺎ ٬ً ﻻ ﺴﻴﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ

اﻟﻘرون اﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ اﻻوﻟﻰ ٬ ﻤﻨذ ﺘﺎرﻴﺦ اﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎف ١٤٩٤ وﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺎرﻴﺦ اﻻﺴﺘﻘﻼﻝ ٬١٧٨٣ وﻻ

ﻴﻤﻛن ﺒﺄي ﺤﺎﻝ ﻤن اﻻﺤواﻝ ﻓﺼﻝ اﻟﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻴن ﻋن ﺒﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ ﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎ ارت ﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﺒرزﻫﺎ ان

ﺠذور ﺴﻛﺎن اﻟوﻻﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤدة اﻟﻴوم ﻫﻲ ﺠذور اوروﺒﻴﺔ ٬ وان اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻫﻨﺎك ﻫﻲ ﻟﻐﺔ

اورﺒﻴﺔ ٬ وان اﻟﻛﺜﻴر ﻤن اﻻﺤداث اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ اﻻورﺒﻴﺔ ٬ ﻟﻬﺎ اﻨﻌﻛﺎﺴﺎﺘﻬﺎ اﻟواﻀﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﺎﺤﺔ

اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ داﺨﻝ اﻟوﻻﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤدة. ورﻏم اﺘﺒﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ اﻟﻌزﻟﺔ او ﻤﺎ ﻋرف ﺒﻤﺒدأ ﻤوﻨرو ﻤﻨذ

 

اﻟﻌﺎم ١٨٢٣ اي اﻻﺒﺘﻌﺎد ﻋن ﺸؤون اﻟﻘﺎرة اﻻوروﺒﻴﺔ وﻤﺸﺎﻛﻠﻬﺎ.

اﺨﺘﺎرت اﻟوﻻﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤدة اﻟﻌزﻟﺔ طوﻋﻴﺎ ٬ً رﻏﺒﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ان ﺘﻨﻔرد ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺎرﺘﻴن

اﻻﻤرﻴﻛﻴﺘﻴن ﻟوﺤدﻫﺎ وﻻﺠﻝ ﺘﻌزﻴز ﺠﻬودﻫﺎ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻴﺔ واﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ واﻟﻌﺴﻛرﻴﺔ ﻟدﻋم ﺘواﺠدﻫﺎ

اﻟﻤﺎدي واﻟﻤﻌﻨوي اﻟﻰ اﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ واﻟﺠﻨوب ﻤن ﺤدود ﺒﻼدﻫﺎ ٬ رﻏم اﻋﻼﻨﻬﺎ ان اﻟﺴﺒب ﻓﻲ

اﺨﺘﻴﺎرﻫﺎ ﻛﺎﻨت اﻟﺤروب اﻟﻨﺎﺒﻠﻴوﻨﻴﺔ (١٨١٥-١٨٠٤) وﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﺒﺘﻪ ﻤن ﻛوارث ﺒﺸرﻴﺔ وطﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ٬

وﻟﻛﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ ذﻟك ﻛﺎﻨت ﺘﺘدﺨﻝ ﻓﻲ اوروﺒﺎ او ﺒﺎﻗﻲ اﺠ ازء اﻟﻌﺎﻟم ﺒﻴن اﻟﻔﻴﻨﺔ واﻻﺨرى ﺨدﻤﺔ

ﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺤﻬﺎ اﻟﻘوﻤﻴﺔ ٬ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻴﺔ وﺘﺒﺸﻴرﻴﺔ ٬ وﻓﻲ ذﻟك اﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻋدﻴدة ﺘﺎرة ﻤﻊ اﻟدوﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ

 

وﺘﺎرة ﻤﻊ اﻟﺼﻴن واﺨرى ﻓﻲ اﻓرﻴﻘﻴﺎ ٬ وﻏﻴر ذﻟك.

ورﻏم ﺘﺨﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋن ﻤﺒدأ ﻤوﻨروﻋﺎم ١٩١٧ ﻋﻨدﻤﺎ ﺸﺎرﻛت ﺒﺠدﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻝ ﺴﺎﻫﻤت

ﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ٬ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻘﻴق اﻟﻨﺼر ﻟﻠﺤﻠﻔﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤرب اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ اﻻوﻟﻰ (١٩١٨-١٩١٤) ﺜم

ﺸﺎرﻛت ﺒوﻓد ﻤﺜﻠﻬﺎ ﺒﺎرﻓﻊ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎت اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤؤﺘﻤر اﻟﺴﻼم ﺒﺒﺎرﻴس ١٩١٩ اﻻ اﻨﻬﺎ

ﻋﺎدت ﻤرة اﺨرى اﻟﻰ ﻤﺒدأ اﻟﻌزﻟﺔ ﺒﻌد ان ﻗﻴد اﻟﻛوﻨﻐرس اﻻﻤرﻴﻛﻲ ﻴد رﻴﺌس ﺒﻼدﻩ ودور

وﻟﺴن (١٩٢١-١٩١٣/ ١٩٢١-١٨٥٩) Wilson Woodroul Thomas ﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺎً.

وﺒﻘﻴت ﻫذﻩ اﻟﻌزﻟﺔ ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻋﺎم ١٩٤١ ﻋﻨدﻤﺎ ﺘﻤﻛن اﻟرﺌﻴس ﻓ ارﻨﻛﻠﻴن دﻴﻼﻨو روزﻓﻠت D.

(١٩٤٥-١٩٣٣/ ١٩٤٥-١٨٨٢) Franklin Roosevelt ﻤن اﻗﻨﺎع اﻟ أري اﻟﻌﺎم

اﻻﻤرﻴﻛﻲ ﺒﻀرورة اﻟﺘواﺠد ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﺎﺤﺔ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ اﻻوروﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﺎﺨ ارج اﻟوﻻﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤدة

اﻷﻤرﻴﻛﻴﺔ ٬ ﺴﺎﻋدﻩ ﻓﻲ ذﻟك اﻟﻬﺠوم اﻟﻴﺎﺒﺎﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻴﻨﺎء ﺒﻴرﻝ ﻫﺎرﺒر ﻓﻲ ٧ ﻛﺎﻨون اﻻوﻝ