bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Study of the Turning of Steel Employing a New-Type Three-Component Dynamometer
Authors: Boston O. W. , Kraus C. E.
Published: February 2023

This paper is intended to present the results obtained in measuring with a new type of dynamometer the three components of the cutting force when turning with single-point tools. This dynamometer measures the cutting force as a function of the elasticity of its steel members. The forces are read on dial indicators and are not recorded graphically. The dynamometer is very rigid and simple in construction. It was developed by the authors to overcome many difficulties of calibration inherent in hydraulic recording dynamometers previously used by them.

In the turning of steel, the cutting force is conveniently resolved into tangential, radial, and longitudinal components. The tangential component accounts for practically all of the power required to remove the metal, the longitudinal component accounts for the power for feeding the tool along the cylindrical work, and the radial component holds the tool to the correct depth of cut and in so doing produces no power. The magnitude of these forces and their relation to each other varies widely for different metals. For a given material they change as the feed and depth of cut are changed, or as the tool shape is changed. Only slight changes result from a change in cutting speed.

This paper presents the results of a fundamental study of several phases of machinability in which the three components of the cutting force are determined for various tool shapes and sizes of cut. The built-up edge, its shape, size, and stability are studied as functions of the cutting speed. The temperature developed at the cutting point as affected by the cutting speed was determined by the tool-work thermocouple.
Long-Time Creep Tests of 18 Cr 8 Ni Steel and 0.35 Per Cent Carbon Steel
Authors: Cross H. C. , Dahle F. B.
Published: February 2023

This paper, submitted under the sponsorship of the Joint A.S.T.M.-A.S.M.E. Research Committee on Effect of Temperature on the Properties of Metals, is a report on long-time creep tests now in progress on water-quenched 18 per cent Cr, 9.5 per cent Ni, 0.067 per cent C steel at 1200 F, and on an annealed 0.35 per cent C steel at 850 F. Stresses used were estimated to produce rates of deformation of approximately 0.0001 per cent per hour. The tests to date have progressed from 4000 to 7000 hours.
Pressure Losses in Rectangular Elbows
Authors: Madison R. D. , Parker J. R.
Published: February 2023

The authors present data on pressure losses in rectangular elbows as affected by (a) the radius ratios of the elbows, (b) the aspect ratios of the elbows, (c) angle of the bend, (d) the elbow size, (e) velocity of flow, (f) splitters in the elbows, and (g) compound elbows. In general, data are given (1) for the elbow situated in a duct system with ducts preceding and following the elbow, and (2) the elbow at the end of a duct and discharging freely into the air.
Power-Distribution Costs
Authors: Cooke Morris Llewellyn
Published: February 2023

The author states that generation costs in the power and light industry are well known, but that in the region of distribution systematic cost finding is especially inadequate, and he asserts that adequate methods of cost finding are imperative to enable managements to effect savings, to meet successfully new conditions created by rate reductions, and to provide regulatory bodies with data essential for proper regulation.

In a general manner the author discusses purposes and types of cost finding, power distribution as compared to manufacturing costs, and overhead, joint, differential, and deferred costs. He then attempts to show that in a public-service industry costs have a direct bearing on prices.

A brief review of historical developments in the study of costs of electrical distribution, with reference to papers and reports by Reed, Pike, and the Power Authority of the State of New York, concludes the paper.
Stress and Deflection of Helical Springs
Authors: Vogt R. F.
Published: February 2023

The author points out that old conventional formulas for determining stresses in helical springs are unsatisfactory and that the complicated equations offered in the past few years by different authors are too cumbersome, especially when the curvature of the bar, pitch angle, and bending stress for correct stress determination are considered. If all of the stress-influencing factors are considered, the equations introduced in recent years become so cumbersome that designers are tempted to sacrifice accuracy for convenience by neglecting these factors. Such short cuts for evading complications are unsatisfactory because the range of error thus introduced is not fully known nor realized. Because of these conditions, the author has developed new stress formulas for calculating stresses in helical springs and presents them in this paper.

These formulas are for use in determining the stresses in helical springs of circular-bar and rectangular-bar cross section. They include the proper consideration of bar curvature, pitch angle, and bending stress, but nevertheless they are extremely simple. The author makes the design calculations for tension and compression helical springs to show the application of the formulas he has developed.
The Electric Welding of Monel and Nickel
Authors: Flocke F. G. , Schoener J. G.
Published: February 2023

The authors discuss the metallic-arc and carbon-arc welding of monel and nickel as well as the welding of these two products to steel plate. They also give the chemical and physical properties of the two metals and the chemical and physical properties of deposited weld metal.
The Hydraulic-Machinery Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology
Authors: Knapp R. T.
Published: February 2023

This paper gives a description of the arrangement, equipment, and instrumentation of the hydraulic-machinery laboratory at the California Institute of Technology. This laboratory was designed essentially to work with problems involving high heads, high speeds, and moderately large powers and rates of flow. The instruments and equipment permit both speed and precision in testing, an overall accuracy of 0.1 per cent being attainable. For the past two years the laboratory has been used for the study of pumping problems of the Colorado River aqueduct, a project which will have pumps totaling 350,000 hp when completed.
Hydroelectric Practice in Canada
Authors: Hogg T. H.
Published: February 2023

The author discusses the advances in hydroelectric practice that have been made during the last twelve years, sketching first the revolutionary changes which had taken place in the earlier years of the century. An account of the rapid growth in hydraulic development in Canada, which reached a total of 7,909,000 horsepower by the end of 1935, is amplified by tabular and graphic records of the energy generated in central electric stations in the country.

A survey is then made of the principal changes made in various elements of hydroelectric developments. There has been a great advance in the use of propeller-type units, and their field has been extended in capacity and to higher heads than was the case in 1924, but no radical advance can be recorded in connection with Francis turbines of moderate specific speed. Reference is made to improvements in welding practice in connection with the renewal of pitted parts of turbine runners and in electric drives for governor flyball heads.

A survey is then made of electrical equipment, in which it is seen that, while advances in generator, transformer, connections, and switching practice are comparable to those experienced in the purely hydraulic portions of the installation, the most striking advances have been made in control and automatic-relay protection.
Performance of Lubricants Based on Diesel-Engine Service Conditions
Authors: Larson C. M.
Published: February 2023

The author discusses the effects of Diesel-engine design and operating conditions on the performance of lubricants used in these engines. He presents charts which can be used to select the proper lubricant for definite operating conditions of Diesel engines, and gives an example showing how to use one of the charts.
The Collection and Evaluation of Data for the Design of Steam-Generating Units
Authors: Cross B. J.
Published: February 2023

The author points out that rational progress in the development of steam-generating units can be made by careful deductions from known facts about such units, and by extrapolation of actual operating data. The purpose of the paper is to relate some of the difficulties encountered, and the care necessary, in making field measurements in obtaining such operating data.
Production and Quality Control of Sheets for Automobile-Body Fabrication
Authors: Olt T. F.
Published: February 2023

Comparisons of the older and newer methods of rolling wide mild-steel drawing sheets are presented in this paper. The aspects of quality control in the modern sheet mill are dealt with, and quantitative data are given covering the effects of variations in the cold-reduction, normalizing, box-annealing, and temper-rolling operations. The data presented are typical rather than exhaustive.
The Forced-Draft Spreader Stoker
Authors: Barkley J. F.
Published: February 2023

The author discusses the types of spreader stokers in use together with their adaptability for different boiler installations and for burning different grades of fuel. He presents the reasons for their adoption in various Government plants where boilers range in capacity from 100 to 400 hp. The paper contains a table of data showing the results of a number of complete boiler tests conducted on installations equipped with spreader stokers.
Resistance of Lightweight Passenger Trains
Authors: Totten A. I.
Published: February 2023

The author discusses the factors affecting the resistance of modern lightweight streamlined trains, using the fundamental data collected by different authors, and presents them in a more practical form than heretofore available. These factors include those due to track and journal resistance, flange resistance, and air resistance, as well as the resistance offered by natural or ground winds and by the installation of air-conditioning and lighting equipment on the cars. The author gives formulas for calculating such resistances, and includes in the paper examples showing how to apply the formulas.
Metallurgical Aspects of Hot and Cold Strip for Deep-Drawing Requirements
Authors: Angle J. E. , McGarrity W. F.
Published: February 2023

It is the purpose of this paper to give a brief but specific discussion of the basic underlying metallurgical features of hot and cold strip. Recrystallization in hot rolling, effects of finishing temperatures on the grain structure and properties of hot strip, effects of hot and cold coiling, and information regarding forming and drawing qualities of hot strip are discussed. Operating features and limitations are pointed out. Cold-strip processing, together with physical properties and other requirements for deep-drawing work are outlined.
Processing of Rayon Staple
Authors: Kennette Heath O.
Published: February 2023

Rayon staple has been produced for a number of years, but only recently came into prominence. It produces a fabric which is distinctly different from any other textile fiber. Because of its ability to blend readily with all other known fibers, it offers almost unlimited possibilities in fabric development. At the present time, it is being used extensively in dress goods, men’s suitings, necktie fabrics, upholstery, plushes, towels, knitted outerwear, and a great variety of novelty fabrics. Because of its distinctive qualities, rayon staple has earned its position in the textile industry and no doubt will become one of the most prominent textile fibers of the future.
Air Resistance of Railroad Equipment
Authors: Lipetz A. I.
Published: February 2023

The author reviews the fundamentals of railroad aerodynamics and the work done by previous experimenters in this field. He then presents the results of wind-tunnel tests conducted jointly by the American Locomotive, American Car & Foundry, and J. G. Brill companies at New York University, but devotes the greater part of the paper to drag tests, the object of which was the evaluation of the resistance of air to the motion of locomotives, cars, and trains. After determining the air-resistance formulas for the models used in the tests, the author expands the coefficients of the formulas to apply to full-scale equipment, and further simplifies the formulas for application to the prototypes of the models. He compares air-resistance of full-scale equipment as obtained from the formulas derived from test results and the simplified formulas, presenting such data in tabular as well as graphical form. The author concludes his paper with a discussion of air-resistance tests of full-size equipment and savings in power effected by streamlining.
Air Chambers for Discharge Pipes
Authors: Allievi Lorenzo
Published: February 2023

The author discusses the application of the general formulas of perturbed flow to the functioning of air chambers connected into discharge pipes. The law of oscillation of pressure rises and falls after the sudden stopping of the power actuating the pump is fully investigated. This law is expressed by an interlocked system of relations, each of which ties together three consecutive values of the pressure at intervals of phase, and are functions of a single parameter representing the ratio of the potential elastic energy of the air chamber and potential elastic energy of the piping.

This pendular system of finite differences is further investigated and modified with a view to giving consideration to the frictional resistance of the liquid, and it is found that (except for small discharges) it is not proper to neglect the influence of such resistance on the damping of the superpressures resulting from the sudden cessation of power, unless the volume of the chamber exceeds practical limits.

Finally, by means of approximate energy balances, extremely simple rules are found for the selection of the dimensions of the chamber and for the increased coefficient of friction of the descending flow.
Air Conditioning of Railroad Passenger Cars
Authors: Wallace L. W. , Early G. G.
Published: February 2023

The authors sketch briefly the development of railroad air conditioning and outline the methods of refrigeration that are used for cooling passenger cars. They give the results of a study of passenger-car air conditioning conducted in 1936 by the Association of American Railroads, which included: (a) Determination of the efficiency of the air-conditioning systems in use, by means of laboratory tests; (b) determination of the mechanical efficiency of the drive mechanisms; (c) a survey of the performance of the equipment in service; and (d) determination of the comparative costs of air conditioning. Based upon these tests, the authors develop the horsepower demand upon a locomotive by the different air-conditioning systems. They give formulas by which the cost of air conditioning per 1000 car-miles for the various systems may be calculated. These formulas take into consideration the variables confronted in actual operating service, namely, the length of the cooling season, the speed of the train, the total miles traveled per year, the cost of coal, water, ice, etc., and the proportion of time the equipment is operating and not operating during the cooling season. Tables and curves are given showing the total cost of the different methods of air conditioning for a variety of operating conditions.
Colors and Gums Used in Textile Printing
Authors: Chambers Ivan F.
Published: February 2023

The text summarizes the uses and methods of application of various types of colors employed in printing textiles. Each class of colors is discussed individually from the viewpoint of fastness, method, and mechanics of application, kind of goods it is best suited for, and its compatibility with other classes of colors.

Vat colors are particularly stressed both because of their all-round superior fastness as a class and because of their adaptability to both direct and discharge printing. An interesting feature is the description of how chemical research has extended the field of vat and insoluble azoic colors, not only in the range of colors made available, but also in the ease and simplification of their application.
Protecting Steel Against Intercrystalline Attack in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Schroeder W. C. , Berk A. A. , O’Brien R. A.
Published: February 2023

This paper reports the effectiveness of (a) sodium sulphate, (b) sodium phosphate and other inorganic compounds, and (c) a number of organic materials in protecting steel against intercrystalline attack. The test results, given in the tables, form the basis for concluding that certain materials are effective in protecting steel against such attack; from the least effective to the most effective these chemicals would be (1) sodium carbonate, (2) sodium phosphate, (3) sodium sulphate, (4) quebracho and Philippine cutch, (5) lignin sulphonate, and (6) concentrated sulphite waste liquor. The position of sodium sulphate and other inorganic salts in this list is determined by their action in solution rather than any possible mechanical plugging they may cause.
Experiments in the Planing of Hardwoods
Authors: Davis E. M.
Published: February 2023

This paper describes recent experiments in the planing of hardwoods at the Forest Products Laboratory of the Forest Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, which is maintained at Madison, Wis., in cooperation with the University of Wisconsin. The objects of the experiments were (1) to develop a technique for a standard planing test, (2) to determine how the woods studied compare in their planing qualities, and (3) to discover the conditions under which the woods can be planed most satisfactorily. Tests made to date cover only a small part of the whole field, and should be considered exploratory rather than final and complete.
European Progress in Hot-Press Bonding of Plywood in the Last Ten Years
Authors: Wegner L. M. C.
Published: February 2023

After describing briefly the production of plywood by hot-gluing from undried and dried veneers, the paper narrates the progress made in the last 15 years by European plywood manufacturers. This advance, says the author, is the result of the publication of articles in the technical and trade journals, cooperative research by press and glue manufacturers, shortage of raw material, and development of new bonding processes that required greater accuracy. Resin films are credited with improvements that have been made in equipment and accuracy of working. Column-type presses have been replaced by the so-called compensated or side-plate machines which can be guaranteed not to exceed a maximum deflection under full load of 0.0015 in. Heating of presses by steam has been replaced with hot water under high pressure, and an electric heating plate that was developed in 1925 is described. New applications of plywood to the production of tennis-racket frames, barrels, structural shapes, and straight blocks or curved material having from 45 to over 70 plies are commented upon briefly. Restrictions upon importation of certain hardwoods into some countries has led to development of multilaminated substitutes, which would not have been possible, in the author’s opinion, without the progress that has been made in hot-gluing. Development of cold-setting resin glues in the last four years is also commented upon, the point being stressed that different manufacturing methods and equipment must be used before the process will offer serious competition.
An Experimental Investigation of the Use of Oil for the Treatment of Coal
Authors: Sherman Ralph A. , Pilcher J. M.
Published: February 2023

This paper presents a progress report on the comprehensive investigation of the factors involved in the treatment of coal with petroleum products. Despite the rather wide use of light petroleum oils for several years, and the less extensive use of heavier oils and petrolatum in more recent years, quantitative data have been lacking on the relation of the type of oil and the amount of oil to the effectiveness and permanence of treatment.

The major portion of this investigation has been concerned with the treatment of coal in the laboratory with different oils in varying amounts and the determination of the reduction in dustiness after various periods of exposure to the weather. Data are presented for five different oils, for one petrolatum, and on coal from two typical seams. Data are also given showing the effect of oil treatment on segregation of coal in small stokers. Tests are still under way to show the effect of oil treatment on oxidation and spontaneous combustion.

The coal was treated in a machine designed to simulate on a laboratory scale the treatment of coal as it is done at the mine. Concentrations of oil varying from less than 1 to 12 qt per ton were applied. Dustiness tests were made on these coals, treated and untreated, after various periods of storage, using the dust-testing cabinet developed by Powell and Russell.

For conclusions reference must be made to the figures and discussion that present the data.
U. S. Navy Correlation of Laboratory Tests on Diesel Fuels With Service-Engine Operation
Authors: Joachim W. F.
Published: February 2023

The Diesel-fuel investigation at the U. S. Naval Engineering Experiment Station, authorized by the Bureau of Engineering in 1934, has included long-time storage tests, injection-pump tests at low temperatures, cold-starting tests, physical-chemical analyses, ignition-quality tests on the Cooperative Fuel Research engine, and combustion-shock, power and economy, carbonization, exhaust-smoke, and miscellaneous fuel-performance tests on several service Diesel engines. This paper presents a brief review of some of the work done in correlating the results of the physical-chemical analyses and ignition-quality tests on the Cooperative Fuel Research engine with fuel performance in service engines.
The Design of Railway Axles and Locomotive Crank Pins
Authors: Eksergian R.
Published: February 2023

Tendencies toward increase in speed have focussed attention on modifications in present axle proportions. High-speed locomotives require corresponding considerations, particularly in the proportioning of locomotive crank pins.

Great credit should be given to those responsible for the introduction of the standard A.A.R. axle, which has suitable proportions for normal operating conditions. With increased speeds, modifications of these established proportions are necessary. While the necessity for modification in the proportions has been recognized, the question of proper ratings for high-speed axles is still a matter for considerable discussion. The object of this paper has been to set forth various aspects of loading conditions and stress limitations. A comparison of various methods of axle proportioning has been made with the suggestion of a new interpretation of loadings. While axle design is necessarily empirical, based on statistical data of axle failures, it is desirable to guide the interpretation of such data by closer approximation to the true loading conditions. For this reason, the subject of axle design has been divided into two parts. Part 1 covers the subject of present methods of axle proportioning and an analysis of the division of the loading into various components; some consideration is given to stress concentrations and endurance limits of the material. In Part 2 some characteristics of the nature of dynamic loadings is given, based on simplification of various conditions met in actual operation. Part 3 of the paper discusses a correlated subject, locomotive crank pins.
Thrust Bearings
Authors: Linn F. C. , Sheppard R.
Published: February 2023

This paper deals with film-lubricated thrust bearings manufactured by and used on machinery built by the company with which the authors are associated. It discusses characteristics and presents test results.
Design of Flanged Joints for Valve Bonnets
Authors: Mattimore J. D. , Smith-Petersen N. O. , Bell H. C.
Published: February 2023

The paper explains in complete detail and by numerical example, an application of the recent Waters, Rossheim, Wesstrom, and Williams’ flange design formulas to a valve-bonnet flange joint. The adjustments required to be made in the formulas for fluid pressure conditions are also included, as well as a comparison of bonnet-flange designs with standard flanges.
Application of Temperature Controllers
Authors: Haigler Edmund D.
Published: February 2023

The author, like many others interested in the application of instruments to process control, has felt the need of an analytical approach to the problem, particularly in the case of temperature control, which includes the more common as well as the more difficult processing problems. He suggests a classification of controllers as on-and-off, floating, proportional narrow-band, proportional wideband, and proportional reset types. He then proposes a classification which considers the controlled process equipment as types of heat exchangers. Starting with counter-current exchangers, he considers the control requirements of the various simple and compound types, and identifies the design factors favoring controllability as minimum transportation and transfer lags, minimum temperature difference, and maximum ratio of demand-side to supply-side thermal capacity. Next he considers a few practical examples. Finally, he discusses the pitfalls of unsystematic behavior of the control system.

The author seeks critical comment, and urges cooperative effort so that some theory of control application soon may be developed on a quantitative basis.
Some Fundamental Considerations in the Application of Automatic Control to Continuous Processes
Authors: Bristol E. S. , Peters J. C.
Published: February 2023

Certain fundamental characteristics of continuous processes and automatic controllers are presented in this paper in order to establish a framework for a suggested terminology. A specific object is to assist in the work on standard terms being conducted by the A.S.M.E. Committee on Industrial Instruments and Regulators.

The authors’ treatment is essentially nonmathematical. Illustrations used deal primarily with the control of temperature. Attention is focused on the effects of important process lags through the analysis of elementary heating systems in which they are individually predominant. Characteristics of automatic control systems are discussed without going into the constructional details of particular mechanisms. Curves showing the response to sudden load changes serve to illustrate different types of corrective action.

The final section of the paper is devoted to a critical discussion of suggested terms.
Cooling-Tower Fundamentals and Their Application to Cooling Diesel and Gas Engines
Authors: Bischof Gustave J.
Published: February 2023

The size and cost of a cooling tower varies with certain conditions, some of which are inherent in the design, others are influenced by location and type of service, and still others may be fixed by the purchaser. In the last group are proper relation of water circulated and range of cooling for a given heat dissipation, the location of the cooling range in the temperature scale, and the relative size of the cooling tower compared to heat exchanger when both are operated as a unit. The purchaser is often unaware that reasonable modification of these factors may considerably reduce the size and cost of the cooling system.

Narrow cooling ranges with relatively high water circulations are conducive to optimum heat transfer, both from the standpoint of high temperature differences and high heat transfer coefficients in the heat exchanger.

The choice of the kind of engine-cooling system depends on many factors besides first cost, such as space requirements, operating cost, and trouble-free operation. The use of closed systems, while relatively high in first cost is often justified on the basis of yearly operating charges and low maintenance cost.
Wear in Lubrication Problems
Authors: Tichvinsky L. M.
Published: February 2023

Boundary or semifluid friction takes place in bearings of practically all rotating machines when they are started or brought to a standstill. This type of friction, lasting a short period of time, is usually accompanied by the wearing of the bearing surface, the journal surface, or both. Wear takes place also in the case of antifriction bearings due to sliding, rolling, or combined sliding and rolling friction. Many other causes, such as misalignment, dirt, or inadequate lubrication, might be responsible for wearing of any type of bearing. This paper deals with the methods which are employed to obtain the wear resistance of various metals, especially those used in the design of bearings.
Discharge Temperatures From Pulverizers
Authors: Craig Ollison
Published: February 2023

In view of the fact that the temperature of discharge from coal pulverizers was of interest because of the effect that it might have on the amount of air passing through the preheater, and on the amount of uncontrollable air through the furnace, data were taken in a number of plants covering temperature of air entering pulverizers, temperature of air in coal discharge, moisture of raw coal entering the pulverizer, moisture of discharged coal, and weight of coal pulverized per hour.

Two sets of points were plotted, one showing the temperature of discharge for given entering temperatures, and the other the temperature drop through the pulverizer for given entering temperatures. In plotting the data no consideration was given to the size of pulverizer, amount of coal pulverized, or the moisture content of the coal. The plotted points fell in a straight band having a width of approximately 65 deg. A straight line drawn through the band shows the average variation within 35 deg.

Sufficient information was obtained in the cases of two plants to calculate heat balances. From these heat balances leakage of uncontrolled air into the pulverizer was calculated. It was found that this amounted to about 2 per cent of the total air for combustion.
Motive-Power Characteristics and Lightweight Equipment
Authors: Eksergian R.
Published: February 2023

A common basis of units and ratings for the analysis of different types of locomotive power units is discussed. On the basis of these units a performance comparison of steam, Diesel-electric, and straight-electric locomotives is made. The characteristics of locomotive performance are expressed in terms of rated power and tractive force at rated speed. Consideration is given to the variation in power and tractive force in terms of a power-speed function and the tractive-force amplification relative to its rated value. The power and weight ratios of locomotive to train at different power-weight ratios for the locomotive itself are also discussed. Finally, the adhesion conditions and adhesion-weight ratio to total locomotive weight are shown to depend upon the rated speed, the tractive-force amplification and the power-weight ratio of the locomotive. The effect of power characteristics on grades and double heading are discussed. In the conclusion flexibility of ratings and economic considerations are discussed.
Stresses in Helical Compression Springs—Present Status of the Problem
Authors: Edgerton C. T.
Published: February 2023

Since Dr. Röver, in 1913, first formulated the modern theory of the stress distribution in a helical spring, including the effect of bar curvature, pitch angle, direct-shear stress, etc., a number of investigators have treated the problem. Wahl, Göhner, Adams, Vogt, Perkins, and Keysor have all presented interesting analyses. Most of these vary somewhat in the detailed method of treatment, but they all arrive at substantially the same result, in terms of the maximum fiber stress in the section. Wahl, in a notable series of experiments, demonstrated that these maximum stresses postulated by the theory are actually present in the spring.

Thus it would appear that we have a satisfactory working theory. But practical spring men feel that there must be something wrong; the theory, when applied to certain standard spring designs with very satisfactory service records, predict stresses which seem far too high to be compatible with good endurance in service. This feeling is supported by the results of a few endurance tests, which indicate rather clearly that the maximum stresses predicted by the theory, though undoubtedly present, do not correctly index the actual endurance.

In the author’s opinion, all the evidence points to the conclusion that the problem of design stresses in helical springs is not one for the mathematician, but must be worked out in the laboratories, by actual experiment.
Lignite—a Grate-Fired Fuel of the Future in the Southwest
Authors: Eckhardt Carl J.
Published: February 2023

The paper describes the development of methods and apparatus for the practical use of Texas lignite as a grate-fired fuel. After presenting information on the extent and character of the deposits, and the constituents and characteristics of the fuel, the author describes early attempts at using it on hand-fired grates and follows the development through the overfeed-stoker stage to the present type of traveling-grate stoker using forced-draft and special furnace construction. A comparative table of heat balances indicates the improvement made. The author then discusses operating experience on boiler units with capacities up to 75,000 lb of steam per hr which give efficiencies as high as 76 per cent.

A résumé is also given of information on the firing of pulverized lignite, and increasing use of this fuel is predicted not only for grate and pulverized firing but also as a source for liquid and gaseous fuels.
The Effect of Preparation on Ash Fusibility as Revealed by a Study of Selected Illinois Coals
Authors: McCabe L. C. , Rees O. W.
Published: February 2023

The authors discuss the effect of sizing, and of sizing and specific-gravity separation on the softening temperature of the ash from ten representative coals mined in Illinois. The ash-softening characteristics of the sized coals fall into four groups. With the possible exception of two mines, there appears to be no grouping of ash-softening characteristics into specific-gravity fractions. Great differences in softening temperature were obtained in the ash of sized coals of narrow specific-gravity range. In general, the combining of ash of widely different fusion characteristics is to lower the high softening temperatures and to raise low softening temperatures of the individual portions.
Joint Use of Diesel Engines and Utility Power
Authors: Kates Edgar J.
Published: February 2023

This paper shows that there are various ways in which a consumer of electric power may advantageously use both Diesel engines and public-utility service.

A brief review is first given of the different uses that steam and hydroelectric public utilities have themselves made of Diesel-engine power on their own systems.

The ways in which private power consumers have used Diesel engines and outside utility service jointly are discussed under the following classifications:

(a) Utility service as a stand-by for Diesel power; (b) Diesel power as stand-by for utility service; (c) Diesels to restrict the maximum demand on utility service; (d) utility service to check Diesel frequency and synchronous time; (e) utility service as auxiliary to Diesel power; (f) utility service to carry momentary load swings.

Data are given on the diversity factor of the use of utility breakdown service by a group of private power plants. The factor exceeds 10/1. The author proposes a new form of rate for breakdown and auxiliary service which he considers more equitable to all concerned than the usual forms of rate for such service.

The advantages to the power user of operating his Diesel plant electrically paralleled with the utility service are cited. The author discusses in detail the technical factors involved in parallel operation with which the power company is concerned. He concludes that if simple precautions are taken no difficulties should occur either on the utility system or in the Diesel plant. Actual experience confirms this, and such parallel operation is increasing.

Greater cooperation between private-plant owners and public-utility companies in facilitating the joint use of Diesel engines and utility service will benefit both parties.
Quantitative Analysis of Single-Capacity Processes
Authors: Spitzglass Albert F.
Published: February 2023

This paper is a continuation of a previous one in which the author gave methods of quantitative analysis for five types of single-capacity processes with three types of regulators. The present paper analyzes and compares the various equations obtained in the previous paper and lays the basis for critical analysis of the entire subject.

Concrete examples are utilized as a basis for the graphical analysis to complement the mathematical analysis. A number of criteria are discussed critically to emphasize the importance of each, and examples are cited to indicate the light that each of the criteria is capable of shedding on the entire problem. Derivations and solutions of important factors are given in an Appendix.
Problems of the Highway User in the United States
Authors: Horner Frederick C.
Published: February 2023

The present-day highway problem is made up of many elements, namely, cost of construction, ability of highway users to pay for highways as they are built or during their life expectancy, the kind of taxes providing revenue to pay for highways, types of roads required, competition between transportation systems, and kindred matters. No single solution exists for all of these. The author analyzes comprehensively each of the elements of this nation-wide problem and suggests practical approaches to their solution. Of all the factors making up this problem that of cost is probably dominant. How the costs are to be met is the crux of the situation as it now stands, with the ever-expanding highway needs pressing for action. It is the author’s view that a recent report of the Federal Works Agency, Public Roads Administration on the general question of “Toll Roads and Free Roads” offers the soundest long-range plan for national highway development yet advanced. A comprehensive analysis of this report has been included and appears as an Appendix to the paper.
Stability of Crankcase Oils
Authors: Weiland W. F.
Published: February 2023

In this paper the author attempts to answer two vital questions concerning lubricating oils, i.e., performance and useful life. Oxidation and corrosion tendencies constitute the major elements in the deterioration of crankcase oils. The essential requirements for conducting oxidation tests are outlined in the paper and the procedure and results of tests are indicated. Observations on the behavior of oils in service also offer a means for predicting oil performance. Acid-vapor tests to determine oil breakdown are discussed and the results of corrosion studies detailed.
Characteristics of Cloth Filters on Coal Dust–Air Mixtures
Authors: Mumford A. R. , Markson A. A. , Ravese T.
Published: February 2023

This paper deals with the installation, operation, and maintenance of cloth filters for handling vented air from pulverized-coal mills. The experiences of the authors in solving problems in connection with the cloth-bag filter system, as used at the Kips Bay Station of the New York Steam Corporation, are the basis on which the subject is developed. Complete performance tests on a 40-ton-mill installation are cited.
Helix Warping in Helical Compression Springs
Authors: Pletta D. H. , Maher F. J.
Published: February 2023

When helical springs are compressed between parallel planes, the load is usually eccentric with the longitudinal axis and the helix, in its deflected position, is no longer truly helical but assumes a sinusoidal or warped shape. The magnitude of the eccentricity and of the warping is a function of the number of turns in the spring.

The research reported on here illustrates this warping for a heavy helical spring, whose length was varied for the series of tests, and it also compares the test results with the theoretical behavior as outlined in the accompanying paper of H. C. Keysor. In general, the actual and theoretical behavior were in excellent agreement, thus apparently substantiating the theory. An analysis of the data also emphasizes the need of always assuming some eccentricity of load in practical design, to allow for the lack of perfect concentricity of the individual turns.
Boundary Film Investigations
Authors: Needs Sydney J.
Published: February 2023

This paper describes attempts made in Dr. Kingsbury’s laboratory to detect the influence of boundary surfaces on the viscosity of thin films of lubricant between two optically plane parallel disks. Investigations included both mineral and vegetable oils. Details of two testing machines are given and typical results with each machine are described.
High-Speed Lightweight Trains
Authors: Ripley C. T.
Published: February 2023

The purpose of this paper is to outline the changes which have occurred during the last five years in high-speed passenger-train cars and in motive power for hauling them and the economic factors which have brought about these changes. The new designs for passenger cars and the materials used in their construction are discussed. A detailed comparison of steam-locomotive and Diesel electric-locomotive characteristics as they affect the operation of these new high-speed trains is presented. Test data are included to indicate the importance of comparative stress in track produced by two types of power. Reference is made to the steady improvement which has been made in steam-locomotive design, but it is shown that there is a need for some rather extensive experimentation to make this type of power more suitable for this particular class of service. In conclusion, the author presents his views on the general results which have been secured from the operation of these new trains and the probable trend in their future development.
The Significance of, and Suggested Limits for, the Stress in Pipe Lines Due to the Combined Effects of Pressure and Expansion
Authors: Rossheim D. B. , Markl A. R. C.
Published: February 2023

This paper has been prepared as a vehicle for discussion of the following basic problems, on which agreement must be reached to establish a satisfactory working-stress basis for pipe lines:

1 Proper allowable stresses for combined pressure and expansion effects.

2 Influence of and limits for localized stresses under static and repeated loading.

3 Capacity of bolted joints to withstand expansion effects without leakage or damage to flanges, bolts, or gaskets.

4 Effect of prespringing, self-springing, creep, and yielding on operating and off-stream stresses.

An attempt has been made to point out various aspects of each issue, rather than limit the presentation to the personal views of the authors.
Properties and Performance of Plastic Bearing Materials
Authors: Tichvinsky L. M.
Published: February 2023

Bearings made of plastic materials can be used successfully not only for the case of perfect fluid lubrication but also for that of semifluid lubrication. Certain additions, such as graphite, will sometimes permit the application of these materials under conditions of dry friction.

By virtue of good physical properties these bearings find a wide application. Heavy-duty plastic bearings are used in the steel-mill industry. Lubricated and cooled with water, they carry heavy loads at pressures of several thousand pounds per square inch. As guide bearings their performance ranges from small, high-speed spindles, to large ship-propeller shafts. Oil-, water-, and grease-lubricated plastic bearings are used extensively in industrial, marine, and farm machinery.

There are many differences in the behavior of plastic and metal bearing materials by virtue of which the performance is also different. This article intends to point out the most important physical properties, as well as some of the characteristic performances of plastic bearing materials.
Neoprene as a Spring Material
Authors: Yerzley Felix L.
Published: February 2023

In this paper the mechanical properties of neoprene which are important for vibration isolation and damping are evaluated and compared with the analogous properties of rubber. Static and dynamic moduli and damping action are specifically treated.
An Investigation of Energy Losses in Steam-Turbine Elements by Impact-Traverse Static Test With Air at Subacoustic Velocities
Authors: New Winston R.
Published: February 2023

Efficiency of any turbine stage depends upon many variables. Blade pitch, orientation, height, and velocity ratio among purely geometrical quantities, and effects attributable to compressibility and viscosity of the medium all deserve special consideration. Investigation of energy losses as functions of the key variables is accomplished statically on various forms of equipment among which the impact-traverse tester is considered an important type. The necessary and sufficient conditions to be satisfied by the static test, in order that it represent fully dynamic conditions are (a) the flow relative to the given static element must be at all points the same in magnitude and direction as it would be if the element were in uniform rotation relative to the flow in a turbine; (b) output of the element measured statically must differ from power only by the linear-velocity term eliminated by the static test. The apparatus, procedure, and results attained in meeting these test requirements are explained by the author.
Performance Characteristics of Dye Jigs
Authors: Heinz W. B.
Published: February 2023

Examination of the tension, speed, and power characteristics of regular and “tensionless” dye jigs shows conclusively that the tensionless type maintains more uniform low tension in the cloth with less operator attention. However, it is impracticable to maintain as high a tension as in a regular jig, in spite of the larger motor which must be used. Although the cost of power is at least twice as much as for a regular jig handling the same production the difference is usually not of commercial importance. The cloth speed is not constant. When rolling a 30-in. roll on to a 6-in. beam, the cloth speed more than doubles after the start. The present paper derives formulas which may readily be used for computing the performance of any jig and batch of cloth. Thus are disclosed ways toward improvements in both types of jigs which should overcome their respective disadvantages. Such methods of improvement are believed to be of interest both to manufacturers and to users of dye jigs.
Combined Tension-Torsion Tests on a 0.35 Per Cent Carbon Steel
Authors: Davis E. A.
Published: February 2023

This paper contains the results of a group of combined tension-torsion tests on both cylindrical and notched bars. The author has tried to keep in mind the close relation between this type of test and the problem of bolting. The test results show the amount of reduction in the ultimate tensile strength when a torque is applied in combination with the tension load. They also show a similar reduction in the torsional strength when a tensile load is added.
Temperature Distribution and Sources in the Conventional Railway Journal Box
Authors: Pearce E. S.
Published: February 2023

The author presents the results of an investigation on heat distribution in a conventional journal-box assembly, in the process, outlining the exact test procedure followed. He concludes that the control of heat sources is the first step in avoiding limiting effects of temperature rise in the assembly, and that the condition of the waste, the oil used, and the bearing are the basic factors in controlling these sources.