bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detailed integrative taxonomic analysis reveals large-scale species misidentification of barnacles based on DNA barcoding data
Authors: Moesges Zoe , Brandis Dirk , Ewers Christine
Published: October 2023

Morphological species identification is the traditional way to identify species. More recently, biodiversity studies have depended on DNA barcoding for species identification. Mismatches between morphological and genetic species identification caused by voucher specimen misidentifications lead to ambiguous species identification. We used barnacles of the genera Amphibalanus and Balanus to investigate this issue. The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy of the Barcoding of Life database and determine the true species affinity of three inconsistent barnacle barcode index numbers using an integrative taxonomic approach. To this end, we re-identified barcoded voucher specimens, or we identified specimens based on a dichotomous key that we barcoded subsequently. We found that 75% of Barcoding of Life clades representing genetic species showed inconsistent species assignments. One clade (BOLD: AAG0069), containing mostly unidentified Balanus sp. individuals, was morphologically and genetically Balanus balanus (Linneaus, 1758); a second clade (BOLD: AAB1410), containing specimens mostly identified as B. balanus, turned out to be morphologically and genetically Balanus crenatus Bruguière, 1789; and a third clade (BOLD: AAE2482), containing different species of Amphibalanus, was Amphibalanus improvisus (Darwin, 1854). This study showed that morphological species identification and taxonomic expertise can resolve the widespread misidentification in barcoding data. To prevent this problem in the future, morphological taxonomy and molecular species identification need to interact more closely.
CLINICAL OUTCOMES OF RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL DETACHMENT REPAIR IN PATIENTS WITH NYSTAGMUS
Authors: Torjani Ava , Shahlaee Abtin , Salabati Mirataollah , Mahmoudzadeh Raziyeh , Klufas Michael A.
Published: October 2023

Purpose:

To report the anatomical and visual outcomes of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repair in patients with congenital or acquired nystagmus.

Methods:

This was a case series involving a retrospective review of medical records from January 1, 2015, to April 1, 2021, of eight eyes of eight patients (seven men and one woman) with documented nystagmus who underwent rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repair. Primary outcomes included final reattachment rate and single surgery anatomical success at three months postoperatively. Secondary outcomes included final visual acuity and mean number of additional procedures required for retinal reattachment.

Results:

Mean age was 52.1 years (range: 14–77 years), and mean follow-up time was 18.6 months (range: 2.8–32.9 months). Pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) was performed in four patients (50.0%), scleral buckle in 3 (37.5%), and PPV/scleral buckle in 1 (12.5%). A repeat PPV was required in three eyes (37.5%) because of proliferative vitreoretinopathy, two of which initially underwent PPV, and one had PPV/scleral buckle. Two eyes (25%) required a third PPV because of proliferative vitreoretinopathy or retinal breaks. Mean time to first redetachment was 29 days. Single surgery anatomic success at three months was achieved in five patients (62.5%). Complete final retinal reattachment was achieved in all patients. Final visual acuity improved or stabilized in seven eyes (87.5%).

Conclusion:

Despite a 100% final retinal reattachment rate, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repair can be challenging among patients with nystagmus, including postoperative complications such as recurrent retinal detachment because of retinal breaks. No silicone oil emulsification or related complications were observed in our series.
Radiation Exposure in Extracorporeal Life Support
Authors: Krishnan Sudhir , Soltesz Edward , Hanks Justin , Adi Ahmad , Elgharably Haytham , McCurry Kenneth , Bribriesco Alejandro
Published: October 2023

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) exposes patients to multiple radiologic studies. We hypothesized ECMO patients endure radiation exposure in excess of the International Commission of Radiological Protection (ICRP) recommendations of cumulative effective dose (CED, >20 mSv and 5-year cumulative limit of CED >100 mSv). We conducted a retrospective observational study in an academic medical center between January 2016 and December 2018 involving adult admissions (N = 306) on ECMO. Ionizing radiation was calculated from reference values to determine CED. Approximately 9.4% (N = 29) patients accrued CED >50 mSv and 4.5% (N = 14) accrued CED >100 mSv during ECMO. Over the entire hospitalization, 28% (N = 85) accrued >50 mSv and 14.7% (N = 45) accrued CED >100 mSv. Median CED during ECMO was 2.3 mSv (IQR, –0.82 to 8.1 mSv), and the entire hospitalization was 17.4 mSv (IQR, –4.5 to 56.6 mSv). Thirteen percent of the median CED accrued during hospitalization could be attributed to ECMO. Longer hospitalization was associated with a higher CED (50 days [IQR, –25 to 76 days] in CED >50 vs. 19 days [IQR, –10 to 32 days] in CED <50). Computer tomography (CT) scans and interventional radiology (IR) procedures contributed to 43.8% and 44.86%, respectively, of CED accrued on ECMO and 52.2% and 37.1% of CED accumulated during the whole hospitalization. Guidelines aimed at mitigating radiation exposure are urgently needed.
Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for the management of age- and disease-related declines in skeletal muscle mass, strength and physical function
Authors: Phillips Nathan , Gray Stuart R. , Combet Emilie , Witard Oliver C.
Published: October 2023

Purpose of review

This review uses the hierarchy of evidence as a framework to critically evaluate the effect of long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCn-3 PUFA) ingestion alone, or as an adjunctive intervention to resistance training, on muscle health-related outcomes in healthy and clinical older adult populations.

Recent findings

Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials consistently report small, but clinically-relevant, effects of LCn-3 PUFA ingestion on strength outcomes, whereas mixed findings have been reported regarding changes in muscle mass and physical function. Cohort studies indicate an association between higher dietary LCn-3 PUFA intake and reduced likelihood of a sarcopenia diagnosis. Acute metabolic studies provide limited evidence for an effect of LCn-3 PUFA ingestion alone, or in combination with resistance training, on free-living integrated rates of MPS, static markers of muscle protein breakdown, or satellite cell activation in healthy older adults.

Recent data supports the efficacy of LCn-3 PUFA ingestion to facilitate small, but clinically relevant, improvements in muscle strength in healthy and clinical older adult populations. The mechanism(s) that underpin the action of LCn-3 PUFA in promoting strength outcomes remain unknown, but likely relate to neuromuscular function.
Correlates of Past Childhood Homelessness in a Nationally Representative Sample of US Adults
Authors: Bommersbach Tanner J. , Rhee Taeho Greg , Zhou Bin , Rosenheck Robert
Published: October 2023

Limited empirical data have been available on the adult sequelae of childhood homelessness. Using nationally representative data from the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions-III, we compared a hierarchy of adults who were never homeless, those who were only homeless as children, and those who were homeless both as children and adults, hypothesizing greater adversity as one moved up the three-level hierarchy on sociodemographic, behavioral, and lifetime mental health diagnostic characteristics. As a further evaluation of the status of adults who were homeless as both children and adults, we compared this highest risk group to those who had been homeless only as adults. Individuals who experienced childhood homelessness were 46.9 times more likely than others to also experience adult homelessness. Testing the hierarchical hypothesis, compared with those who were never homeless, individuals who experienced homelessness only as children reported numerous associated disadvantages, including childhood sexual abuse/neglect, parental adversities, adult incarceration, psychiatric disorders, and low academic achievement/employment. Those reporting both child and adult homelessness, in contrast to childhood homelessness alone, additionally met the criteria for multiple substance use disorders, confirming our hierarchical hypothesis. Those reporting both child and adult homelessness also showed more numerous social and psychiatric problems when compared with those experiencing homelessness for the first time as adults. This study demonstrates how homelessness in childhood is associated with extensive social and psychiatric adversities in both childhood and adulthood.
Using Public Health Detailing to Increase Access and Confidence in COVID-19 Vaccines and Reinvest in Disproportionately Impacted NYC Communities
Authors: Shabbat Nina , Dresser Michelle G. , Petrsoric Lysa J. , Bhatnagar Ansari Avani , Morse Michelle E.
Published: October 2023

Context:

COVID-19 vaccination rates in New York City (NYC) began to plateau in the spring of 2021, with unacceptable inequities in vaccination rates based on race.

Program:

To address racial inequities in vaccination rates and COVID-19 health outcomes, the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene adapted a preexisting provider outreach and education program for public health emergency use with the goals of community reinvestment and increasing patient confidence and access to the COVID-19 vaccines. The Vaccine Public Health Detailing (VPHD) program was delivered as part of a larger community outreach initiative and brought timely updates, materials, and access to technical assistance to primary care providers and staff in NYC neighborhoods experiencing COVID-19 health inequities. Outreach representatives also collected feedback from providers on resource needs to inform the agency's response.

Implementation:

Sixteen outreach representatives were rapidly trained on COVID-19–related content and strategic communication techniques and launched a 3-wave campaign across targeted neighborhoods throughout NYC. The campaign ran from May 2021 to March 2022 and was conducted in coordination with other community engagement initiatives aimed at the general public to promote greater collective impact.

Evaluation:

In total, 2873 detailing sessions were conducted with 2027 unique providers at 1281 sites. Outreach representatives successfully completed visits at more than 85% of practices that were in scope and operating. Approximately 20% (285) of the sites requested a referral for technical assistance to become a COVID-19 vaccination site or enroll in the Citywide Immunization Registry. Qualitative information shared by providers offered a more in-depth understanding of vaccine-related sentiments and challenges faced by providers on the ground.

Discussion:

VPHD is an effective method for supporting community providers, gathering feedback on resource needs and practice challenges, and increasing health systems efficacy during a public health emergency while also prioritizing racial equity and community reinvestment.
Stack versus Te Technique for Central Slip Reconstruction during Vascularized Toe Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Transfer
Authors: Peng Chi , Lee Che-Hsiung , Chen Shih-Heng , Huang Ren-Wen , Hsu Chung-Cheng , Lin Cheng-Hung , Lin Yu-Te
Published: October 2023

Background:

Significant extension deficit is a common problem after a vascularized toe proximal interphalangeal joint transfer. One of the main causes related to extensor lag is central slip deficiency of the donor toes. In their clinical practice, the authors performed both the Stack and Te techniques to reconstruct central slip function during a joint transfer. The aim of this study was to compare the long-term outcomes of vascularized joint transfers between these two techniques.

Methods:

From May of 2009 to October of 2021, 38 digits in 36 patients (28 men and 8 women) underwent free vascularized toe joint transfer requiring central slip reconstruction. Eight and 30 digits were reconstructed with the Stack technique and the Te technique, respectively.

Results:

The median length of follow-up was 19 months (range, 5 to 78 months). The overall median extension lag was 20 ± 20 degrees and flexion was 80 ± 20 degrees. There were no significant differences in extension lag (25 ± 29 degrees versus 20 ± 15 degrees; P = 0.281), flexion (75 ± 10 degrees versus 85 ± 20 degrees; p = 0.13), or range of motion (53 ± 23 degrees versus 63 ± 15 degrees; P = 0.076) of the joints between the Stack and Te techniques after the transfers.

Conclusions:

From the limited number of cases, both the Stack and Te techniques provided similar outcomes in correcting extension lag in vascularized joint transfers. The Te technique is a simplified and effective method for central slip reconstruction, whereas caution is advised when using the Stack technique because of potential complications.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:

Therapeutic, III.
A Case of Solitary Pulmonary Capillary Hemangioma
Authors: Nakai Ayano , Horibe Akihiro , Sago Haruna , Hayashi Kana , Hara Masaki , Kobayashi Mizuho
Published: October 2023

Solitary pulmonary capillary hemangioma (SPCH) is a very rare disease that has been reported to be difficult to diagnose preoperatively because the unenhanced computed tomography (CT) findings resemble adenocarcinoma in appearance. On the other hand, the findings of contrast-enhanced (CE) CT have not been reported as far as we could find in PubMed. In this article, we report a case of SPCH with its chest radiograph and dynamic CECT. Dynamic CECT could depict the pathologic features of capillary proliferation, especially dense in the central component of the lesion, edema, and congestion of the alveolar interstitium, and intra-alveolar edema in the periphery of the lesion. Dynamic CECT might be helpful for differentiating SPCH from other solitary pulmonary nodules.
Improving the biological realism of predator–prey size relationships in food web models alters ecosystem dynamics
Authors: Murphy Kieran J. , Pecl Gretta T. , Everett Jason D. , Heneghan Ryan F. , Richards Shane A. , Richardson Anthony J. , Semmens Jayson M. , Blanchard Julia L.
Published: October 2023

Body-size relationships between predators and prey exhibit remarkable diversity. However, the assumption that predators typically consume proportionally smaller prey often underlies size-dependent predation in ecosystem models. In reality, some animals can consume larger prey or exhibit limited changes in prey size as they grow larger themselves. These distinct predator–prey size relationships challenge the conventional assumptions of traditional size-based models. Cephalopods, with their diverse feeding behaviours and life histories, offer an excellent case study to investigate the impact of greater biological realism in predator–prey size relationships on energy flow within a size-structured ecosystem model. By categorizing cephalopods into high and low-activity groups, in line with empirically derived, distinct predator–prey size relationships, we found that incorporating greater biological realism in size-based feeding reduced ecosystem biomass and production, while simultaneously increasing biomass stability and turnover. Our results have broad implications for ecosystem modelling, since distinct predator–prey size relationships extend beyond cephalopods, encompassing a wide array of major taxonomic groups from filter-feeding fishes to baleen whales. Incorporating a diversity of size-based feeding in food web models can enhance their ecological and predictive accuracy when studying ecosystem dynamics.
Prudent burrow-site selection in a landscape of fear
Authors: Torsekar Viraj R. , Lajmi Aparna , Hawlena Dror
Published: October 2023

Prey should select safer breeding sites over riskier sites of otherwise similar habitats. This preference, however, may differ between conspecifics of different competitive abilities if the costs of intraspecific competition overpower the benefits of breeding in a safer site. Our goal was to test this hypothesis by exploring the burrow-site selection of different-sized desert isopods (
Hemilepistus reaumuri
) near and away from a scorpion burrow. We found that larger females are more likely to occupy burrows than smaller females, regardless of whether these burrows were close or away from scorpion burrows. We also found that larger females stayed longer in safer burrows and that smaller females tended to stay longer in riskier sites even in the absence of direct competition, implying a prudent burrow-site selection. We found no association between male size and the tendency to occupy or to spend time in a burrow, regardless of whether these burrows were close or away from scorpion burrows. Our work highlights the need to consider intraspecific competition when exploring how predators regulate prey behaviour.
Numerically solving a nonlinear integral equation when the reciprocal of the solution lies in the integrand
Authors: Sarkar Indranil , Singh Gaurav
Published: October 2023

The objective of the present work is to develop a numerical method for solving a nonlinear integral equation given by

y
(
t
)
=
f
(
t
)
+

∫

0

1

k
(
t
,
s
)

1

[
y
(
s
)
]

α

 
d
s
,

where

y
(
t
)
∈

C
2

[
0
,
1
]

with

y
(
t
)
>
0

,

f
(
t
)
∈
C
[
0
,
1
]

with

f
(
t
)
≥
0

, the kernel function

k
(
t
,
s
)

is non-negative and continuous on

[
0
,
1
]
×
[
0
,
1
]

and

α
>
0

. The existence of a continuous positive solution of this equation is well-established in the literature. However, there is no reported method to solve it numerically for any

α
>
0.

To attain the desired objective, the renowned Chebyshev collocation method is used. Having unknown Chebyshev coefficients, this method converts the integral equation into a matrix equation that produces a set of nonlinear algebraic equations. To solve these equations, computationally, the well-established Newton’s method is employed. To validate the effectiveness and precision of the method, various numerical examples with well-defined exact solutions are examined. Obtained numerical solutions confirm the accuracy and validity of the numerical method.
Symmetry-breaking bifurcations and excitations of solitons in linearly coupled NLS equations with PT-symmetric potentials
Authors: Song Jin , Malomed Boris A. , Yan Zhenya
Published: October 2023

We address symmetry-breaking bifurcations (SBBs) in the ground state (GS) and dipole-mode (DM) solitons of the one-dimensional linearly coupled NLS equations, modelling the propagation of light in a dual-core planar waveguide with the Kerr nonlinearity and two types of

P
T

-symmetric potentials. The

P
T

-symmetric potential is employed to obtain different types of solutions. A supercritical pitchfork bifurcation occurs in families of symmetric solutions of both the GS and DM types. A novel feature of the system is interplay between breakings of the

P
T

and inter-core symmetries. Stability of symmetric GS and DM modes and their asymmetric counterparts, produced by SBBs of both types, is explored via the linear-stability analysis and simulations. It is found that the instability of

P
T

-symmetric solutions takes place prior to the inter-core symmetry breaking. Surprisingly, stable inter-core-symmetric GS solutions may remain stable while the

P
T

symmetry is broken. Fully asymmetric GS and DM solitons are only partially stable. Moreover, we construct symmetric and asymmetric GS solitons under the action of a pure imaginary localized potential, for which the SBB is subcritical. These results exhibit that stable solitons can still be found in dissipative systems. Finally, excitations of symmetric and asymmetric GS solitons are investigated by making the potential’s parameters or the system’s coupling constant functions, showing that GS solitons can be converted from an asymmetric shape onto a symmetric one under certain conditions. These results may pave the way for the study of linear and nonlinear phenomena in a dual-core planar waveguide with

P
T

potential and related experimental designs.
Modification of Turing patterns through the use of time-varying anisotropic diffusion
Authors: Önder Yaprak , Van Gorder Robert A.
Published: October 2023

The Turing mechanism underpinning pattern formation in reaction–diffusion relies on the interplay between diffusion parameters and reaction kinetics. Diffusion is typically assumed isotropic, however anisotropic diffusion is known to arise in both nature and laboratory conditions. We study how the Turing instability and resulting Turing patterns are modified when the underlying diffusion tensor is both anisotropic and time-dependent, modelling, for instance, chemical species reacting and diffusing through time-varying anisotropic media. We show that the set of unstable wavenumber vectors corresponding to Turing modes evolve in a spatially biased manner under this anisotropy, thereby modifying the spatial scale and structure of any resulting Turing patterns differently along each spatial coordinate. We employ this spatial bias to develop control strategies to modify the shape or even structure of Turing patterns over time. We are able to make minor changes to the aspect ratio of Turing patterns, such as morphing circular Schnakenberg spots into elliptical spots, as well as more major changes to the structure of patterns, for instance converting Gierer–Meinhardt spots into stripes or FitzHugh–Nagumo labyrinthine patterns into target patterns. Our results suggest that time-varying anisotropic media may be used as a tool by which to modify and even control Turing patterns.
Human decision-making in a non-ergodic additive environment
Authors: Vanhoyweghen A. , Ginis V.
Published: October 2023

Ergodicity Economics presents an intriguing perspective on the validity of the ergodic hypothesis within economic models and the influence of ergodicity breaking on human decision-making processes. Prior research has illuminated the impact of ergodicity breaking within multiplicative settings. However, the implications of ergodicity breaking within additive dynamics, especially in situations carrying a ‘risk of ruin’ or a complete loss, remain largely unexplored. In our research, we introduce the concept of ‘risk of ruin’ into our decision-making model to examine the effects of non-ergodicity in additive dynamics. Our theoretical framework and experiments show that human decision-makers are sensitive to non-ergodicity within purely additive dynamics. This sensitivity manifests itself in significantly different levels of risk aversion depending on the distance and associated likelihood of ruin. These findings underscore the critical role of time averages in human decision-making, suggesting that humans are less irrational than conventionally assumed in behavioural models rooted in expected values. Drawing on evidence from Ergodicity Economics, incorporating non-ergodicity has the potential to illuminate common trends in decision-making within compounding systems, like multiplicative growth dynamics. Our research underscores a similar potential for understanding decision-making patterns within additive dynamics when the risk of ruin is present.
Processive movement ofStaphylococcus aureusessential septal
peptidoglycan synthases is independent of FtsZ treadmilling and drives cell
constriction
Authors: Schäper Simon , Brito António D. , Saraiva Bruno M. , Squyres Georgia R. , Holmes Matthew J. , Garner Ethan C. , Hensel Zach , Henriques Ricardo
Published: October 2023

Bacterial cell division is mediated by the tubulin-homolog FtsZ, which
recruits peptidoglycan (PG) synthesis enzymes to the division site. Septal PG
synthases promote inward growth of the division septum, but the mechanisms
governing the spatiotemporal regulation of these enzymes are poorly understood.
Recent studies on various organisms have proposed different models for the
relationship between the movement and activity of septum-specific PG synthases
and FtsZ treadmilling. Here, we studied the movement dynamics of conserved cell
division proteins relative to the rates of septum constriction and FtsZ
treadmilling in the Gram-positive pathogenStaphylococcus
aureus. The septal PG synthesis enzyme complex FtsW/PBP1 and
its putative activator protein, DivIB, moved processively, around the division
site, with the same velocity. Impairing FtsZ treadmilling did not affect FtsW
and DivIB velocities or septum constriction rates. Contrarily, inhibition of PG
synthesis slowed down or completely stopped both septum constriction and the
directional movement of FtsW/PBP1 and DivIB. Our findings support a model
forS. aureusin which a single population of
processively moving FtsW/PBP1 remains associated with DivIB to drive cell
constriction independently of treadmilling FtsZ filaments.
Opportunities to Address Specialty Care Deserts and the Digital Divide: VA’s Virtual Hub-and-Spoke Cardiology Clinic
Authors: Tisdale Rebecca , Purmal Colin , Kalwani Neil , Sandhu Alexander , Heidenreich Paul , Zulman Donna , Hussain Tanvir
Published: October 2023

Background

Access to specialty care, including cardiology, in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) varies widely across geographic regions. VHA’s clinical resource hub (CRH) model of care offers mostly-virtual specialty care to individuals in low access regions and has recently been implemented in cardiology. How implementation of this predominantly virtual cardiology program affects the reach of cardiology specialty care in VHA is not known. This study describes the association between patient characteristics and use of CRH cardiology care in VHA’s Sierra Pacific region (Northern California, Nevada, and the Pacific Islands).

Methods

We compared patients who used CRH cardiology services between 7/15/2021 and 3/31/2023 to non-CRH Sierra Pacific cardiology patients, then used multivariate logistic regression to estimate the association between patient-level factors and odds of being a CRH user.

Results

There were 804 CRH users over the study period with 1,961 CRH encounters, and 19,583 non-CRH users with 83,489 encounters. Among CRH users, 8% were women and 41% were ≥75 years, compared to 5% and 49% respectively among non-CRH users. Similar proportions in both groups were rural (26% for both CRH and non-CRH), highly-disabled (48% CRH, 47% non-CRH), and low-income (21% CRH, 20% non-CRH). In multivariate logistic models, adjusted odds of using CRH were higher for women (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.70 [95% CI 1.46-1.98]) and lower for older Veterans (AOR 0.33 for ≥75 [95% CI 0.23-0.48]). Highly rural Veterans also had higher adjusted odds of using CRH (AOR 1.88 [95% CI 1.30-2.69]).

Conclusions

The Sierra Pacific CRH cardiology program served a disproportionately high number of women and highly rural Veterans and similar proportions of highly-disabled and low-income Veterans as conventional VA care in its first two years of operation. This predominately-virtual model of cardiology care may be an effective strategy for overcoming access barriers for certain individuals, though targeted efforts may be required to reach older Veterans.
Photobiomodulation for postoperative pain relief in endodontic surgery: a randomized controlled study protocol
Authors: Cirisola Rolf Wilhem Consolandich , Moya Luis Eduardo Pascuali , Olazabal María Victoria García , Wagmann Daniela Anat Amzallag , Suarez Guendalina Palermo , Wince Carolina , Bruno Laura Hermida , Salaberry Daniel Rodriguez , Chavantes Maria Cristina , Longo Priscila Larcher , Motta Lara Jansiski , Bussadori Sandra Kalil , Duran Cinthya Cosme Gutierrez , Fernandes Kristianne Porta Santos , Mesquita Ferrari Raquel Agnelli , Horliana Anna Carolina Ratto Tempestini
Published: October 2023

Photobiomodulation (PBM) has shown favorable results in the postoperative period of endodontic surgery, however, up to now, the level of evidence in this procedure is low. The objective of this study will be to evaluate if photobiomodulation (PBM) can reduce postoperative pain in patients who will undergo endodontic surgery. For this randomized, controlled, and double-blind clinical study, 34 patients without comorbidities who need endodontic surgery in the upper jaw (15 to 25 teeth) will be recruited. They will be randomly divided into an experimental group (n = 17) photobiomodulation (808nm, 100 mW, and 4J/cm2with 5 points per vestibular). Applications will be made in the immediate postoperative period and 24 hours after surgery. Control group (n = 17) PBM simulation will be performed in the same way as in the experimental group. In this group, the required analgesia will be administered within the standard with ibuprofen. Both groups will perform the necessary conventional procedures considered the gold standard in the literature. Both the patient and the evaluator will be blinded to the intervention performed. The primary outcome variable of the study will be postoperative pain, which will be assessed using the visual analogue scale at all postoperative control visits (baseline, 24 hours and 7 days). As for the secondary outcome variables, the amount of systemic medication received according to the patient’s need (will be provided by the investigator). Radiographic images will be obtained after 1 and 3 months for evaluation of the repair (dimensions of the lesion, radiopacity). These radiographs will be taken digitally with the positioners implemented. Edema, ecchymosis, and evaluation of soft tissues in the anterior portion of the intra and extraoral maxilla will also be evaluated. In addition, the temperature with a digital thermometer. These parameters will be evaluated 24 hours and 7 days after the intervention. The intervention and the X-rays will be taken in the 1stand3rdmonth respectively. Once all the data have been collected, their normality will be tested, and the one-way ANOVA test and the complementary Tukey test will be carried out. Data will be presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and the accepted p-value will be <0.05.
Measuring Frailty Using Self-Report or Automated Tools to Identify Risk of Cardiovascular Events and Mortality: The Million Veteran Program
Authors: Qazi Saadia , Seligman Benjamin , Preis Sarah R. , Rane Manas , Djousse Luc , Gagnon David R. , Wilson Peter W.F. , Gaziano J. Michael , Driver Jane A. , Cho Kelly , Orkaby Ariela R.
Published: October 2023

Background

Frailty, a syndrome of physiologic vulnerability, increases cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Whether in person or automated frailty tools are ideal for identifying CVD risk remains unclear. We calculated three distinct frailty scores and examined their associations with mortality and CVD events in the Million Veteran Program (MVP).

Methods

MVP is a prospective cohort of U.S. Veterans that has enrolled nearly one million Veterans. We included participants aged ≥50 years who enrolled from 2011-2018. Frailty was calculated using three tools: two frailty indices (FI) based on the accumulation of deficits theory, the 36-item MVP-FI using self-reported answers to questionaries, and the 31-item VA-FI developed using claims data. Finally, we calculated the 3-item Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Fried physical frailty score from self-report. The primary outcomes were CVD and all-cause mortality. Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models (adjusted for age, sex, smoking, statin use, antihypertensive use, hyperlipidemia, and survey year). Secondary outcomes were myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and heart failure (HF).

Results

Among 190,688 MVP participants (mean age 69 ±9 years, 94% male, 85% white), there were 33,233 (17%) all-cause and 10,115 (5%) CVD deaths. Using MVP-FI, 29% were robust, 42% pre-frail, and 29% frail. Frailty prevalence increased by age group, from 27% in 50–59-year-olds to 42% in age≥90 years. Follow-up duration was 6±2 years. Using the MVP-FI, pre-frail and frail Veterans had a higher incidence of both all-cause mortality (pre-frail: HR=1.66, 95%CI: 1.61-1.72; frail: 3.05, 2.95-3.16) and CVD death (pre-frail: 1.76, 1.65-1.88; frail: 3.65, 3.43-3.90), as compared to robust individuals. These findings remained significant among Veterans ≥ 50 years. Findings were similar for CVD events. When frailty was measured using the VA-FI and SOF results were concordant.

Conclusion

Irrespective of frailty measure used, frailty is associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality and CVD events. Further study of frailty in individuals <60 years old is warranted.
A state with increased arousal threshold inAraneus diadematus(Araneidae) measured in the wild: new evidence for sleep in spiders
Authors: Rößler Daniela C. , Herberstein Marie E.
Published: October 2023

Sleep is a seemingly universal behavior across the animal kingdom, yet for the majority of species, experimental evidence thereof is still lacking. The recent report of REM sleep-like behavior in a jumping spider has highlighted the potential of spiders as a non-model organism to study invertebrate sleep. While behavioral evidence of potential sleep-states in spiders is strong, a crucial piece of evidence is so far lacking: a shift in arousability during sleep compared to awake states. Targeting a spider exquisitely suited for conducting experiments in the wild, we collected arousal threshold data for the diurnal orb-web spiderAraneus diadematus. Our field experiments revealed significant differences in response latency between day- and night-times. Using a sound stimulus of 400 Hz with increasing amplitude that robustly triggers an anti-predatory response (raising of front legs), we tested both immobile and active spiders during the day and during the night. We found that spiders had a significantly longer response latency to the stimulus during nighttime immobility compared to immobile spiders during the day. There was no difference in the response latency between active spiders at night and active spiders during the day. Overall, our data demonstrate a shift in arousability during periods of night-time immobility in support of sleep inA. diadematus. Additionally, however, we found eight spiders that did not respond to the stimulus within the set time limit, most of which we encountered during daytime immobility hinting at additional sleep behavior during the day and a potential bimodal sleep pattern. Our study, along with recent work on jumping spider sleep-like behavior showcases the suitability of spiders for sleep research.
Assessment of the macrovascular contribution to resting-state fMRI functional connectivity at 3 Tesla
Authors: Zhong Xiaole Z. , Tong Yunjie , Chen J. Jean
Published: October 2023

In resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) functional connectivity (FC) mapping, temporal correlation are widely assumed to reflect synchronized neural-related activaty. Although a large number of studies have demonstrated the potential vascular effects on FC, little research has been conducted on FC resulting from macrovascular signal fluctuations. Previously, Tong et al. found (Tong et al., 2019b) a robust anti-correlation between the fMRI signals in the internal carotid artery and the internal jugular vein (and the sagittal sinus). The present study extends the previous study to include all detectable major veins and arteries in the brain in a systematic analysis of the macrovascular contribution to the functional connectivity of the whole-GM. This study demonstrates that: 1) The macrovasculature consistently exhibited strong correlational connectivity among itself, with the sign of the correlations varying between arterial and venous connectivity; 2) GM connectivity was found to have a strong macrovascular contribution, stronger from veins than arteries; 3) functional connectivity originating from the macrovasculature displayed disproportionately high spatial variability compared to across all GM voxels; 4) macrovascular contributions to connectivity were still evident well beyond the confines of the macrovascular space. These findings highlight the extensive contribution to rs-fMRI BOLD and FC predominantly by large veins, but also by large arteries. These findings pave the way for future studies aimed at more comprehensively modeling and thereby removing these macrovascular contributions.
Assessing the relationship between female aggression and male phenotype in two sisterMalurusfairywren species
Authors: Jones John Anthony , Feeney William E , Jones Darryl N , Nason Doka , Ketaloya Serena , Karubian Jordan
Published: October 2023

In a large and ever-growing number of animal species, it is now appreciated that females use colors as a visual signal in a range of social interactions, including both courtship and territorial aggression. Yet, it remains unclear whether female color phenotypes and/or aggressive behaviors are correlated with any attributes of their mate’s phenotype. For example, we might expect species in which males contribute more to parental care or territorial defense to have more colorful or aggressive females. On the other hand, within species, we might expect those females mated to higher quality males to be more colorful or aggressive than those mated to lower quality males. To begin to address these possibilities, we conducted a preliminary study in two sister taxa of fairywren (Maluridae) with distinct life-history strategies and plumage dichromatism: white-shouldered fairywrens (Malurus alboscapulatus moretoni) in tropical Papua New Guinea, a species in which both males and females have ornamented plumage and jointly defend territories year-round, and red-backed fairywrens (M. melanocephalus melanocephalus) in temperate Australia, a sexually dichromatic species with ornamented males and unornamented females. At the between species level, we predicted white-shouldered fairywren females would be more aggressive in same-sex interactions than red-backed fairywrens, as both white-shouldered males contribute to year-round territorial defense, whereas territories break-down during non-breeding in red-backed fairywrens. Further, we predicted that, within species, females mated to males of higher quality would be more aggressive in simulated same-sex encounters. Between species, female white-shouldered fairywrens were more aggressive on average than female red-backed fairywrens as predicted. Within both species, indices of male quality were not related to female aggression (although there was a non-significant tendency for more aggressive female white-shouldered fairywren to have heavier mates with longer tails). These results point to a need for additional research exploring relationships between life history, female plumage, and female aggressive behaviors in a wider range of species.
Dissemination of influenza B virus to the lower respiratory tract of mice is restricted by the interferon response
Authors: Schwab Lara S.U. , Do Thi H. T. , Koutsakos Marios
Published: October 2023

The global burden of disease caused by Influenza B virus (IBV) is substantial, however IBVs remain overlooked. Understanding host-pathogen interactions as well as establishing physiologically relevant models of infection are important for the development and assessment of therapeutics and vaccines against IBV. Here, we assessed an upper respiratory tract (URT)-restricted model of mouse IBV infection, comparing it to the conventional administration of virus to the total respiratory tract (TRT). We found that URT infections with different strains of IBV resulted in limited dissemination of IBV to the lungs. Infection of the URT did not result in weight loss or systemic inflammation even at high inoculum doses and despite robust viral replication in the nose. Dissemination of IBV to the lung was enhanced in mice lacking functional type I IFN receptor (IFNAR2) but not IFNγ. Conversely, in mice expressing the IFN-inducible gene Mx1 we found reduced IBV replication in the lung and reduced dissemination of IBV from the URT to the lung. Both URT and TRT inoculation with IBV resulted in seroconversion against IBV. However, priming at the TRT conferred superior protection from a heterologous lethal IBV challenge compared to URT priming, as determined by improved survival rates and reduced viral replication throughout the respiratory tract. Overall, our study establishes a URT-restricted IBV infection model, highlights the critical role of IFNs in limiting dissemination of IBV to the lungs but also demonstrates that the lack of viral replication in the lung may impact protection from subsequent infections.

Importance

Our study investigated how IBV spreads from the nose to the lung of mice, the impact this has on disease and protection from re-infection. We found that when applied to the nose only, IBV does not spread very efficiently to the lungs in a process controlled by the interferon response. Priming immunity at the nose only was less protective from re-infection than priming immunity at both the nose and lung. These insights can guide the development of potential therapies targeting the interferon response as well as of intranasal vaccines against IBV.
Monocytes reprogrammed by 4-PBA potently contribute to the resolution of inflammation and atherosclerosis
Authors: Geng Shuo , Lu Ran , Zhang Yao , Wu Yajun , Xie Ling , Caldwell Blake , Pradhan Kisha , Yi Ziyue , Hou Jacqueline , Xu Feng , Chen Xian , Li Liwu
Published: October 2023

Background

Chronic inflammation initiated by inflammatory monocytes underlies the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. However, approaches that can effectively resolve chronic low-grade inflammation targeting monocytes are not readily available. The small chemical compound 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) exhibits broad anti-inflammatory effects in reducing atherosclerosis. Selective delivery of 4-PBA reprogrammed monocytes may hold novel potential in providing targeted and precision therapeutics for the treatment of atherosclerosis.

Methods

Systems analyses integrating single-cell RNA-sequencing and complementary immunological approaches characterized key resolving characteristics as well as defining markers of reprogrammed monocytes trained by 4-PBA. Molecular mechanisms responsible for monocyte reprogramming was assessed by integrated biochemical and genetic approaches. The inter-cellular propagation of homeostasis resolution was evaluated by co-culture assays with donor monocytes trained by 4-PBA and recipient naïve monocytes. Thein vivoeffects of monocyte resolution and atherosclerosis prevention by 4-PBA were assessed with the high fat diet-fedApoE-/-mouse model withi.p.4-PBA administration. Furthermore, the selective efficacy of 4-PBA trained monocytes were examined byi.v.transfusion ofex vivotrained monocytes by 4-PBA into recipient high fat diet-fedApoE-/-mice.

Results

In this study, we found that monocytes can be potently reprogrammed by 4-PBA into an immune-resolving state characterized by reduced adhesion and enhanced expression of anti-inflammatory mediator CD24. Mechanistically, 4-PBA reduced the expression of ICAM-1 via reducing peroxisome stress and attenuating SYK-mTOR signaling. Concurrently, 4-PBA enhanced the expression of resolving mediator CD24 through promoting PPARγ neddylation mediated by TOLLIP. 4-PBA trained monocytes can effectively propagate anti-inflammation activity to neighboring monocytes through CD24. Our data further demonstrated that 4-PBA trained monocytes effectively reduce atherosclerosis pathogenesis when administeredin vivo.

Conclusion

Our study describes a robust and effective approach to generate resolving monocytes, characterizes novel mechanisms for targeted monocyte reprogramming, and offers a precision-therapeutics for atherosclerosis based on delivering reprogrammed resolving monocytes.
Preliminary efficacy of a community health worker homebased intervention for the control and management of hypertension in Kiambu County, Kenya- A randomized control trial
Authors: Mbuthia Grace Wambura , Mwangi James , Magutah Karani , Oguta James Odhiambo , Ngure Kenneth , McGarvey Stephen T.
Published: October 2023

In Sub Saharan Africa, there is a growing burden of non-communicable diseases, which poses a big challenge to the weak health system in these resource-limited settings. The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a community health workers (CHW) home-based lifestyle interventions to improve blood pressure (BP) control and body composition among hypertensive patients in low-income populations of Kiambu County, Kenya. This was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) involving 80 patients with uncontrolled high BP (systolic BP (SBP) ≥140mmHg and/or diastolic BP (DBP) ≥90) randomized to either a CHW homebased intervention or a usual care (control) arm and followed up for 6 months. The intervention involved monthly CHW home-visits for health education and audits on behavioral risk factors that affect BP. An adapted WHO stepwise questionnaire and international physical activity questionnaire was used to collect data on behavioral cardiovascular risk factors. To assess the main outcomes of BP, body mass index (BMI) and waist-height-ratio (WHtR), a survey was conducted at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. Data regarding univariate, bivariate and multivariate (repeated measurements between and within groups) analysis at 5% level of significance were analyzed using STATA 18. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) for repeated measures were used to estimate changes in BP, BMI and WHtR, and to examine the association between the CHW intervention and BP control. The study revealed that 77.5% and 92.5% of the participants in usual care and intervention groups completed the follow-up, respectively. After 6 months of follow-up, there was a reduction in the mean SBP and DBP for both arms, and reductions in BMI and WHtR only in the intervention arm. The adjusted mean reduction in SBP (-8.4 mm Hg; 95% CI, -13.4 to -3.3; P=0.001) and DBP (-5.2 mm Hg 95% CI, -8.3 to -2.0; P<0.001) were significantly higher in the intervention group compared to the control group. The proportion of participants who achieved the controlled BP target of <140/90 mm Hg was 62.2% and 25.8% for the intervention and usual care arm, respectively. The proportion with controlled BP was significantly higher in the intervention arm compared to the usual care arm after adjusting for baseline covariates (AOR 2.8, 95% CI 1.3-6.0, p=0.008). There was no significant effect of the intervention on BMI and WHtR. In conclusion, a home-based CHW intervention was significantly associated with reduction in BP among hypertensive patients compared to usual care. Future fully powered RCTs to test the effectiveness of such interventions among low-income populations are recommended.