bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High Abundances of Species in Protected Areas in Parts of their Geographic Distributions Colonized during a Recent Period of Climatic Change
Authors: Gillingham Phillipa K. , Alison Jamie , Roy David B. , Fox Richard , Thomas Chris D.
Published: June 2014

It is uncertain whether Protected Areas (PAs) will conserve high abundances of species as their distributions and abundances shift in response to climate change. We analyzed large datasets for 57 butterfly and 42 odonate species (including four that have recently colonized Britain). We found that 73 of 94 species with sufficient data for analysis were more abundant inside than outside PAs in the historical parts of their British distributions, showing that PAs have retained high conservation value. A significant majority (61 of 99 species) was also more abundant inside PAs in regions they have colonized during the last 30–40 years of climate warming. Species with relatively high abundances inside PAs in long‐established parts of their distributions were also disproportionately associated with PAs in recently colonized regions, revealing a set of relatively PA‐reliant species. Pas, therefore, play a vital role in the conservation of biodiversity as species’ ranges become more dynamic.
Corporate Governance in Microfinance Institutions: Board Composition and the Ability to Face Institutional Voids
Authors: Chakrabarty Subrata , Bass A. Erin
Published: June 2014

Manuscript Type

Empirical

Research Question/Issue

We utilize institutional theory to examine corporate governance in microfinance institutions (MFIs). Many MFIs operate at the bottom of the economic pyramid (BOP), which is usually agrarian, impoverished, and plagued with institutional voids. We investigate the link between the composition of the boards of MFIs and the ability of the MFIs to face institutional voids to ensure organizational viability.

Research Findings/Insights

We find that MFIs with boards that have more socio‐economic expertise and female representation are better able to lower the MFI's costs of operating at the BOP. However, this relationship weakens when the effectiveness of agrarian institutions at the BOP is low. When agrarian institutions are ineffective, the board of the MFI may have difficulty in helping the MFI reduce its costs of operating at the BOP. Agrarian crises arising from ineffective agrarian institutions tend to aggravate the various institutional voids present at the BOP, making it harder for the board to guide the MFI around the institutional voids.

Theoretical/Academic Implications

We extend institutional theory to understand how boards direct and control firms operating at the BOP to face institutional voids. In some cases, a firm can fill an institutional void. However, because other institutional voids exist, the board must also help the firm develop workarounds to ensure organizational viability. We extend existing literature on board composition to highlight how human capital and gender diversity of boards can help improve the viability of firms operating at the BOP.

Practitioner/Policy Implications

MFIs with high operating costs may benefit from electing a board with socio‐economic expertise and female representatives. Governments and policy makers can work toward building effective social, economic, and political institutions to help create contexts that are favorable to firms (such as MFIs) that often find it difficult to operate at the BOP.
Long‐term dosing patterns of enteric‐coated mycophenolate sodium or mycophenolate mofetil with tacrolimus after renal transplantation
Authors: Langone Anthony , Shihab Fuad , Pankewycz Oleh , Doria Cataldo , Wiland Anne , McCague Kevin , Chan Laurence
Published: June 2014

MORE was a four‐yr, prospective, observational study at 40 transplant centers in the US. Data were analyzed to evaluate changes in mycophenolic acid (MPA) dosing over time in 904 de novo kidney transplant recipients receiving enteric‐coated mycophenolate sodium (EC‐MPS, n = 616) or mycophenolate mofetil (MMF, n = 288) with tacrolimus. Induction therapy and steroid treatment were similar in the two subpopulations. The proportion of patients receiving the maximal recommended MPA dose was 80.5%, 43.9%, 39.2%, 34.6%, and 30.1% at baseline and years 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. More patients received the maximal recommended MPA dose with EC‐MPS vs. MMF at month 1 (79.2% vs. 71.7%, p = 0.016), month 3 (68.5% vs. 56.9%, p = 0.001), and month 6 (52.9% vs. 44.0%, p = 0.028). Multivariate analysis showed the risk of biopsy‐proven acute rejection, graft loss or death to be similar for EC‐MPS vs. MMF. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was similar with EC‐MPS vs. MMF at all time points. There were no significant differences in any category of adverse event between the EC‐MPS and MMF cohorts during follow‐up, including gastrointestinal events. In conclusion, MPA dose was maintained more effectively in the first six months after kidney transplantation using EC‐MPS vs. MMF, without an increase in adverse events.
An online daily diary study of alcohol use using Amazon's Mechanical Turk
Authors: Boynton Marcella H. , Richman Laura Smart
Published: June 2014

Introduction and Aims

In recent years, unprecedented levels of Internet access and the widespread growth of emergent communication technologies have resulted in significantly greater population access for substance use researchers. Despite the research potential of such technologies, the use of the Internet to recruit individuals for participation in event‐level research has been limited. The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief account of the methods and results from an online daily diary study of alcohol use.

Design and Methods

Participants were recruited using Amazon's Mechanical Turk. Eligible participants completed a brief screener assessing demographics and health behaviours, with a subset of individuals subsequently recruited to participate in a 2 week daily diary study of alcohol use.

Results

Multilevel models of the daily alcohol data derived from the Mechanical Turk sample (n = 369) replicated several findings commonly reported in daily diary studies of alcohol use.

Discussion and Conclusions

Results demonstrate that online participant recruitment and survey administration can be a fruitful method for conducting daily diary alcohol research. [Boynton MH, Richman LS. An online daily diary study of alcohol use using Amazon's Mechanical Turk. Drug Alcohol Rev 2014;33:456–461]
Situational and mood factors associated with smoking in young adult light and heavy smokers
Authors: Thrul Johannes , Bühler Anneke , Ferguson Stuart G.
Published: June 2014

Introduction and Aims

Antecedents of smoking have been widely researched in studies with older adults. However, less is known about the smoking patterns and antecedents of smoking in young adult smokers.

Design and Methods

In this study, we used ecological momentary assessment collected with an Internet‐based survey instrument and used the participants' own mobile phones to contrast the smoking patterns of young adult light and intermittent smokers (n = 23) with heavy smokers (n = 18). Overall, 1543 smoking and non‐smoking situations were analysed. By means of generalised estimating equations, we used a range of situational characteristics to predict smoking in both groups.

Results

Craving and smoking of others increased the odds of smoking, and smoking bans were associated with a decreased probability of smoking among both light and intermittent smokers and heavy smokers. Situational antecedents differed between both groups. Cue‐associated smoking played a bigger role for light and intermittent smokers than for heavy smokers. Situational antecedents, such as craving, being at the home of others, drinking alcohol and smoking by others, were more strongly associated with the smoking of light and intermittent smokers compared with heavy smokers.

Discussion and Conclusions

Smoking among young adults is associated with both internal and external situational characteristics. Compared with heavy smokers, light and intermittent smoking seems to be under more stimulus control and more characterised by social smoking. These results are consistent with several findings from previous studies and provide further information on different subgroups of smokers in early adulthood. [Thrul J, Bühler A, Ferguson SG. Situational and mood factors associated with smoking in young adult light and heavy smokers. Drug Alcohol Rev 2014;33:420–427]
Pathway model of parental help seeking for adolescents experiencing first‐episode psychosis
Authors: Chen Fang‐pei , Gearing Robin E. , DeVylder Jordan E. , Oh Hans Y.
Published: June 2014

Aim

Parents and caregivers are confronted with many challenges when caring for adolescents experiencing first‐episode psychosis (FEP). Understanding and support for parental help‐seeking process is essential for adolescents' timely access to treatment. The study aimed to develop a pathway model of parental help seeking for adolescents experiencing FEP and identify crucial time points for intervention.

Methods

Directed content analysis was conducted on semi‐structured qualitative interviews of 16 parents whose children had experienced FEP and focused on parents' experiences prior to and during FEP until first hospitalization.

Results

The resultant parental help seeking for FEP model included two stages and six phases. The contemplation stage is composed of phases of initial awareness, recognizing severity and considering options. The action stage entailed help‐seeking intention, securing help and service appraisal. All parents promptly began help seeking after recognizing severe symptoms and sought advice from professional and community supports, although parents' lack of initial awareness was common. Further analysis on individual parents' help‐seeking trajectories showed that among the 50% parents who reported pre‐existing childhood conditions, 87.5% did not report initial awareness of psychotic symptoms.

Conclusions

Findings recommend intervention at three specific periods of help seeking. First, psychoeducation is needed when parents first engage with health care for their children's disabling conditions. Professionals treating childhood conditions need training to vigilantly monitor the overall mental health of the children over time. Second, it is important to enhance the roles of formal and informal community resources in facilitating parental help seeking. Finally, family‐focused interventions are essential in supporting the family for securing needed treatment.
Does mindfulness have potential in eating disorders prevention? A preliminary controlled trial with young adult women
Authors: Atkinson Melissa J. , Wade Tracey D.
Published: June 2014

Aim

This preliminary randomized controlled trial assessed the feasibility of a pilot mindfulness‐based intervention with respect to reducing the risk of eating disorders in young women.

Methods

Forty‐four young adult women with body image concerns (Mage = 20.57, SD = 3.22) were randomly allocated to a mindfulness‐based or a dissonance‐based intervention (3 × 1 h weekly sessions), or to assessment‐only control. Self‐report measures of eating disorder risk factors, symptoms and related psychosocial impairment were compared at baseline, post‐intervention, and at 1‐ and 6‐month follow up.

Results

At post‐intervention, acceptability ratings for both interventions were high. Mindfulness participants demonstrated statistically significant improvements relative to control at post‐intervention for weight and shape concern, dietary restraint, thin ideal internalization, eating disorder symptoms and related psychosocial impairment; however, these gains were largely lost over follow up. Dissonance participants did not show statistically significant improvements relative to control on any outcomes, despite small to moderate effect sizes.

Conclusions

These preliminary findings demonstrate the acceptability and short‐term efficacy of a mindfulness‐based approach to reducing the risk of disordered eating in young women. This provides support for the continued evaluation of mindfulness in the prevention and early intervention of eating disorders, with increased efforts to produce maintenance of intervention gains.
Photoperiodic regulation of hippocampal neurogenesis in adult male white‐footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus)
Authors: Walton James C. , Aubrecht Taryn G. , Weil Zachary M. , Leuner Benedetta , Nelson Randy J.
Published: June 2014

Photoperiodic organisms monitor environmental day length to engage in seasonally appropriate adaptions in physiology and behavior. Among these adaptations are changes in brain volume and neurogenesis, which have been well described in multiple species of birds, yet few studies have described such changes in the brains of adult mammals. White‐footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) are an excellent species in which to investigate the effects of day length on adult hippocampal neurogenesis, as males, in addition to having reduced hippocampal volume in short days (SD) with concomitant impairments in hippocampus‐mediated behaviors, have photoperiod‐dependent changes in olfactory bulb neurogenesis. We performed the current experiment to assess the effects of photoperiod on hippocampal neurogenesis longitudinally, using the thymidine analog bromodeoxyuridine at multiple time points across 10 weeks of SD exposure. Compared with counterparts held in long day (LD) lengths, across the first 8 weeks of SD exposure hippocampal neurogenesis was reduced. However, at 10 weeks in SD lengths neurogenic levels in the hippocampus were elevated above those levels in mice held in LD lengths. The current findings are consistent with the natural photoperiodic cycle of hippocampal function in male white‐footed mice, and may help to inform research on photoperiodic plasticity in neurogenesis and provide insight into how the complex interplay among the environment, genes and adaptive responses to changing day lengths affects brain structure, function and behavior at multiple levels.
Suprachiasmatic vasopressin and the circadian regulation of voluntary locomotor behavior
Authors: Cormier Holly C. , Della‐Maggiore Valeria , Karatsoreos Ilia N. , Koletar Margaret M. , Ralph Martin R.
Published: June 2014

A role for arginine vasopressin in the circadian regulation of voluntary locomotor behavior (wheel running activity) was investigated in the golden hamster, Mesocricetus auratus. Spontaneous nocturnal running was suppressed in a dose‐dependent manner by systemic injections of vasopressin, and also in a concentration‐dependent manner by microinjections directly into the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus. Pre‐injections of a vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist into the nucleus reduced the suppression of behavior by vasopressin. Ethogram analyses revealed that peripheral drug injections predominantly increased grooming, flank marking, and sleep‐related behaviors. Central injections did not induce sleep, but increased grooming and periods of ‘quiet vigilance’ (awake but not moving). Nocturnal behavioral profiles following either peripheral or central injections were similar to those shown by untreated animals in the hour prior to the onset of nocturnal wheel running. Site control vasopressin injections into the medial preoptic area or periaqueductal gray increased flank marking and grooming, but had no significant effect on locomotion, suggesting behavioral specificity of a vasopressin target near the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Both peripheral and central administration increased FOS‐like immunoreactivity in the retinorecipient core of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. The distribution of FOS‐positive cells overlapped the calbindin subregion, but was more extensive, and most calbindin‐positive cells did not co‐express FOS. We propose a model of temporal behavioral regulation wherein voluntary behavior, such as nocturnal locomotor activity, is inhibited by the activity of neurons in the suprachiasmatic ventrolateral core that project to the posterior hypothalamus and are driven by rhythmic vasopressin input from the dorsomedial shell.
Across‐year social stability shapes network structure in wintering migrant sparrows
Authors: Shizuka Daizaburo , Chaine Alexis S. , Anderson Jennifer , Johnson Oscar , Laursen Inger Marie , Lyon Bruce E.
Published: June 2014

Migratory birds often form flocks on their wintering grounds, but important details of social structure such as the patterns of association between individuals are virtually unknown. We analysed networks of co‐membership in short‐term flocks for wintering golden‐crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia atricapilla) across three years and discovered social complexity unsuspected for migratory songbirds. The population was consistently clustered into distinct social communities within a relatively small area (~ 7 ha). Birds returned to the same community across years, with mortality and recruitment leading to some degree of turnover in membership. These spatiotemporal patterns were explained by the combination of space use and social preference – birds that flocked together in one year flocked together again in the subsequent year more often than were expected based on degrees of home range overlap. Our results suggest that a surprising level of social fidelity across years leads to repeatable patterns of social network structure in migratory populations.
Mechanical vulnerability explains size‐dependent mortality of reef corals
Authors: Madin Joshua S. , Baird Andrew H. , Dornelas Maria , Connolly Sean R.
Published: June 2014

Understanding life history and demographic variation among species within communities is a central ecological goal. Mortality schedules are especially important in ecosystems where disturbance plays a major role in structuring communities, such as coral reefs. Here, we test whether a trait‐based, mechanistic model of mechanical vulnerability in corals can explain mortality schedules. Specifically, we ask whether species that become increasingly vulnerable to hydrodynamic dislodgment as they grow have bathtub‐shaped mortality curves, whereas species that remain mechanically stable have decreasing mortality rates with size, as predicted by classical life history theory for reef corals. We find that size‐dependent mortality is highly consistent between species with the same growth form and that the shape of size‐dependent mortality for each growth form can be explained by mechanical vulnerability. Our findings highlight the feasibility of predicting assemblage‐scale mortality patterns on coral reefs with trait‐based approaches.
A bioenergetic framework for the temperature dependence of trophic interactions
Authors: Gilbert Benjamin , Tunney Tyler D. , McCann Kevin S. , DeLong John P. , Vasseur David A. , Savage Van , Shurin Jonathan B. , Dell Anthony I. , Barton Brandon T. , Harley Christopher D.G. , Kharouba Heather M. , Kratina Pavel , Blanchard Julia L. , Clements Christopher , Winder Monika , Greig Hamish S. , O'Connor Mary I.
Published: June 2014

Changing temperature can substantially shift ecological communities by altering the strength and stability of trophic interactions. Because many ecological rates are constrained by temperature, new approaches are required to understand how simultaneous changes in multiple rates alter the relative performance of species and their trophic interactions. We develop an energetic approach to identify the relationship between biomass fluxes and standing biomass across trophic levels. Our approach links ecological rates and trophic dynamics to measure temperature‐dependent changes to the strength of trophic interactions and determine how these changes alter food web stability. It accomplishes this by using biomass as a common energetic currency and isolating three temperature‐dependent processes that are common to all consumer–resource interactions: biomass accumulation of the resource, resource consumption and consumer mortality. Using this framework, we clarify when and how temperature alters consumer to resource biomass ratios, equilibrium resilience, consumer variability, extinction risk and transient vs. equilibrium dynamics. Finally, we characterise key asymmetries in species responses to temperature that produce these distinct dynamic behaviours and identify when they are likely to emerge. Overall, our framework provides a mechanistic and more unified understanding of the temperature dependence of trophic dynamics in terms of ecological rates, biomass ratios and stability.
Identification and characterization of a prophenoloxidase‐1 (PPO1) cDNA in the cabbage butterfly Pieris rapae L.
Authors: Lu Yan‐Li , Li Bin , Gong Wei , Gao Li , Zhang Xin , Xue Chao‐Bin
Published: June 2014

Phenoloxidase (PO) is a melanin‐synthesizing enzyme widely distributed in animals, plants and microorganisms. It plays an important role in insect immune response. Here we report the cloning of a prophenoloxidase (PPO) cDNA from Pieris rapae, prophenoloxidase‐1 (PrPPO1). The full‐length cDNA consisted of 3338 bp, containing an open reading frame of 2049 bp encoding 682 amino acid (aa) residues. Two putative copper‐binding sites, a proteolytic activation site, three conserved hemocyanin domains and a thiolester motif, but no signal sequence, were found in the deduced aa sequence. A BLASTp search and neighbor‐joining analysis showed the deduced aa sequence had high identity to the published sequence of PPO1 from other lepidopteran insects, ranging from 71.31 to 73.15%. The results of real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) showed that the highest expression of PrPPO1 was in the 4th instar larvae and the highest density of oenocytoids was observed in the 4th instar larvae also. PrPPO1 transcripts in the 4th instar larvae were significantly decreased at 6 h and 12 h with Beauveria bassiana infection; however, they were sharply increased at 72 h. PrPPO1 transcriptional level in the 5th instar larvae showed no significant changes compared with the control at 4 h with quercetin injection; however it was significantly increased at 12 h. The expression level of PrPPO1 was mainly related to the treatment time of the quercetin, but not the dose.
Examining common assumptions about recruitment: a meta‐analysis of recruitment dynamics for worldwide marine fisheries
Authors: Szuwalski Cody S , Vert‐Pre Katyana A , Punt André E , Branch Trevor A , Hilborn Ray
Published: June 2014

Assumptions about the future productivity of a stock are necessary to calculate sustainable catches in fisheries management. Fisheries scientists often assume the number of young fish entering a population (recruitment) is related to the biomass of spawning adults and that recruitment dynamics do not change over time. Thus, managers often use a target biomass based on spawning biomass as the basis for calculating sustainable catches. However, we show recruitment and spawning biomass are not positively related over the observed range of stock sizes for 61% of 224 stocks in the RAM Legacy Stock Assessment Database. Furthermore, 85% of stocks for which spawning biomass may not drive recruitment dynamics over the observed ranges exhibit shifts in average recruitment, which is often used in proxies for target biomasses. Our results suggest that the environment more strongly influences recruitment than spawning biomass over the observed stock sizes for many stocks. Management often endeavours to maintain stock sizes within the observed ranges, so methods for setting management targets that include changes within an ecosystem may better define the status of some stocks, particularly as climate changes.
Patterns of Income Instability Among Low‐ and Middle‐Income Households with Children
Authors: Wolf Sharon , Gennetian Lisa A. , Morris Pamela A. , Hill Heather D.
Published: June 2014

Concern about the effects of income and child poverty in the United States has spurred decades of research documenting the relationships between income level, family functioning, and children's development. Using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation, this study expands on this knowledge base by considering patterns of income change among low‐ and middle‐income households with children, a population often targeted by social policies and one of growing vulnerability. A household‐centered growth curve analysis first identified statistically significant variation in intrayear household income level over the period of the study. Cluster analysis was then used to distinguish between groups of households according to their distinct patterns of income instability using measures of frequency, magnitude, direction of income change, and income level. This work begins to establish a descriptive empirical evidence base of the realities of household income dynamics that has implications for future research, policy, and practice.
Romantic Partner and Biological Father Support: Associations with Maternal Distress in Low‐Income Mexican‐Origin Families
Authors: Gonzalez Henry , Barnett Melissa A.
Published: June 2014

Paternal support is often linked to lower levels of maternal psychological distress; however, research has seldom considered the increasing numbers of Mexican‐origin families with a romantic partner social (RPS) father (i.e., mothers' partners who are not formally identified as stepfathers). This study applied a bioecological systems framework to test linkages between support from RPS fathers and maternal depressive symptoms and parenting stress and to consider whether nonresident biological father support and instrumental social support moderate these associations. Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, the authors analyzed a subsample of Mexican‐origin mothers (N = 76) with 3‐year‐old children. Findings indicated that maternal perceptions of support from RPS fathers were inversely related to depressive symptomatology only when mothers also perceived high levels of support from biological fathers, and the relationship with the RPS father began recently. Neither RPS nor biological father support was associated with maternal parenting stress.
Complex Living Arrangements and Child Health: Examining Family Structure Linkages with Children's Health Outcomes
Authors: Ziol‐Guest Kathleen M. , Dunifon Rachel E.
Published: June 2014

Using data on 67,558 children (age 0 to 17) from the 1999 and 2002 rounds of the National Survey of America's Families, the association between complex living arrangements and children's health is examined. The authors consider children residing in a wide range of living arrangements, including with stepparents, single fathers, custodial grandparents, and nonkin foster parents. Findings suggest that children's health varies by family structure. The authors find a key role for living with a biological father when predicting children's health. Children living with a single father are less likely to have poor health outcomes than most other groups, whereas those with a stepfather have reduced health outcomes. The same is not true for those living with a single mother or stepmother. Children being raised by a grandparent and those in foster care have particularly poor health outcomes. Mediation analysis suggests income and health insurance status do not explain these relationships.
Plastic, viscoplastic and creep fracture problems with the boundary element method
Authors: Pineda‐León E. , Rodríguez‐Castellanos A. , Basaldúa‐Sánchez J. E. , Flores‐Méndez E. , Aliabadi M. H.
Published: June 2014

The present paper shows the applicability of the dual boundary element method to analyse plastic, viscoplastic and creep behaviours in fracture mechanics problems. Several models with a crack, including a square plate, a holed plate and a notched plate, are analysed. Special attention is taken when the discretization of the domain is performed. In fact, for the plasticity and viscoplasticity cases, only the region susceptible to yielding was discretized, whereas the creep case required the discretization of the whole domain. The proposed formulation is presented as an alternative technique to study these kinds of nonlinear problems. Results from the present formulation are compared to those of the well‐established finite element technique, and they are in good agreement. Important fracture mechanic parameters like KI, KII, J‐integrals and C‐integrals are also included. In general, the results, for the plastic, viscoplastic and creep cases, exhibit that the highest stress concentrations are in the vicinity of the crack tip and they decrease as the distance from the crack tip is increased.
Idiosyncratic Risk, Investor Base, and Returns
Authors: Chichernea Doina C. , Ferguson Michael F. , Kassa Haimanot
Published: June 2014

Using four different proxies for a firm's investor base we demonstrate that idiosyncratic risk premiums are larger for neglected stocks and smaller or economically insignificant for visible stocks. Since neglected stocks have greater idiosyncratic volatility (IV), the total IV risk premium (price × quantity) for neglected stocks will be greater than that of visible stocks. Additionally, we find a positive size effect and negative beta effect after controlling for IV. Overall, our results provide strong support for Merton's theory that market segmentation induced by incomplete information is an important component of the influence of IV in the cross‐section of returns.
Patterns of lake occupancy by fish indicate different adaptations to life in a harsh Arctic environment
Authors: Haynes Trevor B. , Rosenberger Amanda E. , Lindberg Mark S. , Whitman Matthew , Schmutz Joel A.
Published: June 2014

For six fish species sampled from 86 lakes on the Arctic Coastal Plain, Alaska, we examined whether lake occupancy was related to variables representing lake size, colonisation potential and/or the presence of overwintering habitat.

We found the relative importance of each factor for a given species could be related to its ecology and adult size. The three large‐bodied migratory species, least cisco (Coregonus sardinella), broad whitefish (Coregonus nasus) and arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus), were influenced by factors associated with the likelihood of fish recolonising lakes, including whether the lakes had a stream connection. Of the large‐bodied species, least cisco had the highest likelihood of occupancy (0.52 ± 0.05) and models provided evidence that least cisco exhibit both migratory and resident forms.

Models for small‐bodied fish differed among species, indicating different niches. Ninespine stickleback (Pungitius pungitius) were the most widespread and ubiquitous of the species captured (occupancy probability = 0.97 ± 0.01); they were captured in lakes that freeze to the bottom, suggesting that they disperse widely and rapidly after the spring freshet, including colonisation of sink habitats. Alaska blackfish (Dallia pectoralis) had a lower occupancy (occupancy probability = 0.76 ± 0.05) with a distribution that reflected tolerance to harsh conditions. Slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus) had an occupancy probability of 0.23 ± 0.06, with a distribution indicating its marine origin.

Based on these patterns, we propose an overall model of primary controls on the distribution of fish on the Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska. Harsh conditions, including lake freezing, limit occupancy in winter through extinction events while lake occupancy in spring and summer is driven by directional migration (large‐bodied species) and undirected dispersal (small‐bodied species).
Soil phosphorus constrains biodiversity across European grasslands
Authors: Ceulemans Tobias , Stevens Carly J. , Duchateau Luc , Jacquemyn Hans , Gowing David J. G. , Merckx Roel , Wallace Hilary , van Rooijen Nils , Goethem Thomas , Bobbink Roland , Dorland Edu , Gaudnik Cassandre , Alard Didier , Corcket Emmanuel , Muller Serge , Dise Nancy B. , Dupré Cecilia , Diekmann Martin , Honnay Olivier
Published: June 2014

Nutrient pollution presents a serious threat to biodiversity conservation. In terrestrial ecosystems, the deleterious effects of nitrogen pollution are increasingly understood and several mitigating environmental policies have been developed. Compared to nitrogen, the effects of increased phosphorus have received far less attention, although some studies have indicated that phosphorus pollution may be detrimental for biodiversity as well. On the basis of a dataset covering 501 grassland plots throughout Europe, we demonstrate that, independent of the level of atmospheric nitrogen deposition and soil acidity, plant species richness was consistently negatively related to soil phosphorus. We also identified thresholds in soil phosphorus above which biodiversity appears to remain at a constant low level. Our results indicate that nutrient management policies biased toward reducing nitrogen pollution will fail to preserve biodiversity. As soil phosphorus is known to be extremely persistent and we found no evidence for a critical threshold below which no environmental harm is expected, we suggest that agro‐environmental schemes should include grasslands that are permanently free from phosphorus fertilization.
The economics and greenhouse gas balance of land conversion to Jatropha: the case of Tanzania
Authors: Achten Wouter M. J. , Dillen Koen , Trabucco Antonio , Verbist Bruno , Messemaker Lode , Muys Bart , Mathijs Erik
Published: June 2014

Due to higher oil prices, abundance of labor and suitable land and its stable political climate, Tanzania attracted many investments in Jatropha. Although several studies on Jatropha's economic potential are available, its true economics are still uncertain. This paper aims to add to the growing body of knowledge on the socio‐economic performance of the Jatropha system by (i) studying the economic potential (net present value – NPV) of the current most prevailing Jatropha system for Tanzanian farmers and its regional differences, by (ii) making a greenhouse gas (GHG) balance and its economic value of the Jatropha activities on regional level, and by (iii) calculating break‐even thresholds for yield and seed price. Therefore, regional yield modeling, regional life‐cycle assessment, and NPV calculations based on Monte Carlo simulations, each with its set of assumptions, are combined. This study shows positive economic potential of Jatropha cultivation in most of the Tanzanian regions. However, the results also show that 13 of 20 Tanzanian regions will not attain a net positive GHG balance within 10 years. This indicates that the environmental impacts might be more restrictive for Jatropha's sustainability potential in Tanzania than the socio‐economic potential. These results are based on the combination of three models, which consists of strong interdisciplinary modeling work. However, this modeling also contains simplifications (e.g., no opportunity cost for ‘marginal’ land) and uncertainties (e.g., using globally modeled potential yield estimations), which have to be considered in the interpretation of the results.
Groundwater App to Determine Flow Direction and Gradient
Authors: Morrison Derek , Munster Clyde
Published: June 2014

A computational program, called the groundwater flow calculator, was created to quickly and easily determine the hydraulic gradient and direction of groundwater flow. The groundwater flow calculator automates the hand‐drawn process by Ralph Heath in the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Water Supply Paper 2220. In addition, a mobile app was developed to allow this procedure to run on a smart phone for use in the field.
Similar bleeding phenotype in young children with haemophilia A or B: a cohort study
Authors: Clausen N. , Petrini P. , Claeyssens‐Donadel S. , Gouw S. C. , Liesner R. ,   PedNet and Research of Determinants of Inhibitor development (RODIN) Study Group
Published: June 2014

The bleeding phenotype has been suggested to differ between haemophilia A and B. More knowledge on the bleeding phenotype at initiation of treatment is important to optimize patient care. The aim of this study was to investigate the severity of the bleeding phenotype and the variation in bleeding in children with severe or moderate haemophilia A and B. Consecutive, previously untreated patients with severe or moderate haemophilia A and B (factor VIII or IX activity <0.01 or 0.01–0.05 IU mL−1 respectively) born between January 1st 2000 and January 1st 2010 were included. Primary outcome was severity of bleeding tendency. Secondary outcome was variation in bleeding pattern. A total of 582 patients with severe haemophilia A and 76 with severe haemophilia B did not differ in age at first exposure to clotting factor (0.81 vs. 0.88 years, P = 0.20), age at first bleed (0.82 vs. 0.88 years, P = 0.36), and age at first joint bleed (1.18 vs. 1.20 years, P = 0.59). Patients with moderate haemophilia were older compared to patients with severe haemophilia. In patients with moderate haemophilia there were no clear differences between haemophilia A and B. Severity and variation in bleeding phenotype are similar during the early stage of treatment in patients with severe and moderate haemophilia A and B respectively. The findings imply that children with haemophilia B should be observed and treated as vigilantly as those with haemophilia A.
Risk assessment for coronary heart disease in patients with haemophilia: a single centre study in the United States
Authors: Sait A. S. , Kuo A. , Bettencourt R. , Bergstrom J. , Allison M. , von Drygalski A.
Published: June 2014

In haemophilia, coronary heart disease (CHD) occurs at a similar frequency as in the general population, but the contributing risk factors in haemophilia are incompletely understood. To investigate risk factors and 10‐year CHD risk in a single centre cohort of patients with haemophilia (PWH) ≥20 years old (n = 89). We retrospectively applied the modified Framingham National Cholesterol Education Program/Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP/ATP) III risk prediction equation. Three risk levels were defined: <10% (low), 10–20% (intermediate) and >20% (high). Results were compared to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Mean age in both cohorts was similar. Compared to NHANES, systolic blood pressures were significantly higher in PWH, but current smoking and cholesterol were lower. CHD risk differed significantly between PWH and NHANES (P = 0.005) with a higher proportion of PWH classified at low risk (77.5% vs. 61.0%). The proportion of low risk patients was also significantly higher for severe haemophilia patients compared to non‐severe haemophilia patients (88.6% vs. 66.7%, P = 0.02). Among PWH, and compared to PWH who were hepatitis C (HepC) negative, HepC positive patients had significantly lower cholesterol, LDL and triglycerides. The CHD risk of HepC positive patients differed significantly from NHANES (P = 0.03) with a lower proportion of HepC positives being classified as high risk (5.7% vs. 17.3%). Favourable CHD risk classification in PWH may be influenced by low cholesterol associated with HepC infection. Estimates of CHD risk in PWH by composite scoring may not be accurate and will require studies correlating risk factors with incident CHD.
Headaches, Quality of Life, and Academic Performance in Schoolchildren and Adolescents
Authors: Rocha‐Filho Pedro A.S. , Santos Patricia V.
Published: June 2014

Background

Just a few studies to date have focused on headaches, quality of life, and academic performance in children.

Objective

Determine the effect of headaches on the life of schoolchildren and the association between headaches and academic performance.

Methods

We conducted a cross‐sectional study. One hundred and ninety‐five students from an elementary school were randomly selected out of 355 students aged from 10 to 15 years old. Semi‐structured interview, the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Version 4.0, the Children's Depression Inventory, and the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory were used. The variables relating to academic performance were obtained by consulting the academic records.

Results

Prevalence of headaches: headache: 97.3% (179/184); migraine: 51% (94/184); tension‐type headache: 33% (61/184); primary stabbing headache: 7.6% (14/184); unclassified headaches: 5.4% (10/184). Migraine (relative risk: 3.11; 95% confidence interval: 1.54‐6.30) and more severe headaches (relative risk: 7.93; 95% confidence interval: 2.65‐23.7) were associated with lower quality of life (P < .01; multivariate logistic regression). More severe headaches were associated with lower grades in school (P < .01; multiple linear regression). Variables relating to headaches were not associated with “failing the school year” (P > .05; chi‐square test and Fisher's exact test).

Conclusion

Headaches were found to be associated with lower quality of life and poor academic performance.
Do serrated neoplasms of the small intestine represent a distinct entity? Pathological findings and molecular alterations in a series of 13 cases
Authors: Rosty Christophe , Campbell Catherine , Clendenning Mark , Bettington Mark , Buchanan Daniel D , Brown Ian S
Published: June 2014

Aims

To characterize pathological, immunohistochemical and molecular features of small intestinal serrated neoplasms.

Methods and results

We report 13 serrated neoplasms located predominantly in the duodenum (median age, 71 years; male to female ratio, 7:6). The serrated adenomas demonstrated prominent serration, ectopic crypt formations and cytological features reminiscent of colorectal traditional serrated adenomas. Almost half the serrated adenomas demonstrated high‐grade dysplasia or were associated with an adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemical and molecular analysis showed an intestinal (CDX2‐positive) phenotype in all tumours, abnormal β‐catenin staining in three cases (23%), abnormal p53 expression in four cases (31%), focal loss of MGMT expression in one case (8%), KRAS mutation in five cases (38%) and CpG island methylator phenotype in six cases (50%). A diffuse pattern of Ki67 expression was present in eight adenomas (62%) and was associated with high‐grade dysplasia (P = 0.02). No BRAFV600E mutation or loss of MLH1 expression was observed.

Conclusions

To our knowledge, this is the first series reporting serrated adenoma in the small intestine, a rare subtype of adenomas resembling traditional serrated adenoma with aggressive morphological features. The absence of the BRAFV600E mutation does not support a role for the serrated neoplasia pathway in the development of these lesions, as in colorectal serrated polyps.
Efficacy of lead‐in silibinin and subsequent triple therapy in difficult‐to‐treat HIV/hepatitis C virus‐coinfected patients
Authors: Braun DL , Rauch A , Durisch N , Eberhard N , Anagnostopoulos A , Ledergerber B , Metzner KJ , Böni J , Weber R , Fehr J
Published: June 2014

Objectives

The efficacy of current hepatitis C virus (HCV) triple therapy, including a protease inhibitor, is limited in HIV/HCV‐coinfected patients with advanced liver fibrosis and nonresponse to previous peginterferon‐ribavirin. These patients have a low chance (only 30%) of achieving a sustained virological response (SVR) during triple therapy and cannot wait for next‐generation anti‐HCV drugs. In a pilot study, we investigated the efficacy of a lead‐in therapy with silibinin before triple therapy in difficult‐to‐treat patients.

Methods

Inclusion criteria were HIV/HCV coinfection with advanced liver fibrosis and documented failure of previous peginterferon‐ribavirin treatment. Intervention was lead‐in therapy with intravenous silibinin 20 mg/kg/day for 14 days. Subsequently, peginterferon‐ribavirin combined with telaprevir was initiated for 12 weeks, followed by peginterferon‐ribavirin dual therapy until week 48 after initiation of triple therapy. The outcome measurements were HCV RNA after silibinin lead‐in, at weeks 2, 4 and 12 of triple therapy, and SVR at week 24 after the end of treatment.

Results

We examined six HIV/HCV‐coinfected patients (four infected with genotype 1a). All had fibrosis grade METAVIR ≥F3 and were on fully suppressive antiretroviral therapy. Mean HCV RNA decline after silibinin therapy was 2.6 log10 IU/mL (range 2–3 log10 IU/mL). Five of the six patients were virologically suppressed at weeks 2 and 4, and all six at week 12 of triple therapy. One experienced a viral breakthrough thereafter. Four of five patients (80%) showed an SVR 24. One patient had an SVR 12 but has not yet reached week 24.

Conclusions

A lead‐in with silibinin before triple therapy is highly effective and increases the probability of HCV treatment success in difficult‐to‐treat HIV/HCV‐coinfected patients with advanced liver fibrosis and previous failure of peginterferon‐ribavirin.
The ‘Sharpen’ filter improves the radiographic detection of vertical root fractures
Authors: Nascimento H. A. R. , Ramos A. C. A. , Neves F. S. , de‐Azevedo‐Vaz S. L. , Freitas D. Q.
Published: June 2014

Aim

To compare the diagnostic accuracy of digital enhancement filters in the diagnosis of vertical root fractures.

Methodology

The sample consisted of 40 single‐rooted teeth randomly divided into two groups: experimental and control. Vertical root fractures were induced in the experimental group using a universal testing machine. All teeth were individually radiographed with three different horizontal angles using the Digora Optime® digital system. Three observers separately examined the original and filtered images (3D Emboss, Negative, Sharpen and Shadow). The area under Receiver Operating Characteristic curve values (Az) for each protocol were compared by one‐way anova with post hoc Bonferroni test. The significance level was set at 5%.

Results

The highest Az value was obtained using the Sharpen filter, with significant differences from the original and other filtered images (P < 0.05). The 3D Emboss filter had the lowest Az value, which was significantly different from the other filtered images (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

When using the Digora Optime® system, the ‘Sharpen’ filter is recommended to improve the radiographic detection of vertical root fractures.
Acute Imaging Does Not Improve ASTRAL Score's Accuracy despite Having a Prognostic Value
Authors: Ntaios George , Papavasileiou Vasileios , Faouzi Mohamed , Vanacker Peter , Wintermark Max , Michel Patrik
Published: June 2014

Background

The ASTRAL score was recently shown to reliably predict three-month functional outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke.

Aim

The study aims to investigate whether information from multimodal imaging increases ASTRAL score's accuracy. Methods All patients registered in the ASTRAL registry until March 2011 were included. In multivariate logistic-regression analyses, we added covariates derived from parenchymal, vascular, and perfusion imaging to the 6-parameter model of the ASTRAL score. If a specific imaging covariate remained an independent predictor of three-month modified Rankin score > 2, the area-under-the-curve (AUC) of this new model was calculated and compared with ASTRAL score's AUC. We also performed similar logistic regression analyses in arbitrarily chosen patient subgroups.

Results

When added to the ASTRAL score, the following covariates on admission computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging-based multimodal imaging were not significant predictors of outcome: any stroke-related acute lesion, any nonstroke-related lesions, chronic/subacute stroke, leukoaraiosis, significant arterial pathology in ischemic territory on computed tomography angiography/magnetic resonance angiography/Doppler, significant intracranial arterial pathology in ischemic territory, and focal hypoperfusion on perfusion-computed tomography. The Alberta Stroke Program Early CT score on plain imaging and any significant extracranial arterial pathology on computed tomography angiography/magnetic resonance angiography/Doppler were independent predictors of outcome (odds ratio: 0·93, 95% CI: 0·87–0·99 and odds ratio: 1·49, 95% CI: 1·08–2·05, respectively) but did not increase ASTRAL score's AUC (0·849 vs. 0·850, and 0·8563 vs. 0·8564, respectively). In exploratory analyses in subgroups of different prognosis, age or stroke severity, no covariate was found to increase ASTRAL score's AUC, either.

Conclusions

The addition of information derived from multimodal imaging does not increase ASTRAL score's accuracy to predict functional outcome despite having an independent prognostic value. More selected radiological parameters applied in specific subgroups of stroke patients may add prognostic value of multimodal imaging.