bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mindful Minds: Unveiling the Path to Sustainable Organization through Innovation and Employee Mindfulness – A Conceptual Framework and Research Propositions
Authors:   Banaras Hindu University, Srivastava Nidhi , Agarwal Dr.Nimisha ,   SCG IMT College of Management and Higher Studies
Published: February 2025

In today's dynamic business environment, organizations increasingly seek to foster innovation while ensuring sustainability. Employee mindfulness, characterized by heightened awareness and focused attention, emerges as a significant catalyst in this pursuit. This study proposes a comprehensive conceptual framework and seven research propositions that integrates mindfulness with organizational culture, effective leadership, and stakeholders' expectations to elucidate their collective impact on innovation and sustainability outcomes. Drawing on existing literature, the framework posits that employee mindfulness enhances cognitive flexibility and creativity, crucial for innovative processes. The influence of mindfulness on innovation is moderated by organizational culture, where supportive environments stimulate creativity and psychological safety. Effective leadership amplifies these effects by fostering a conducive climate for risk-taking and creative initiatives. Moreover, stakeholders' expectations play a pivotal role, inspiring mindful employees to align innovations with sustainability goals. Organizational cultures that prioritize sustainability integrate environmentally friendly practices and foster resilience; meeting stakeholder demands for comprehensive sustainability management. This study underscores the importance of aligning organizational strategies with stakeholder expectations and provides insights for enhancing mindfulness practices to drive sustainable innovation. Future research should empirically validate these propositions across diverse organizational contexts.
KAJIAN TEOLOGIS GEREJA DAN POLITIK: Analisis Transformasi Hubungan dan Keterlibatan Kontemporer
Authors: Petonengan Gerli Safira , Taidi Alvionita Indasari , Takalamingan Laura Indah , Metusala Yuningsi
Published: February 2025

This study aims to investigate the evolution of the relationship between church and politics from historical to contemporary times, and how the church can effectively engage in modern politics while adhering to Biblical moral and ethical principles. It provides insights into the historical changes in the church-politics relationship and offers practical guidance for the church's ethical participation in today's political arena. The research employs a qualitative descriptive method, utilizing observation and literature review techniques to collect data and analyze how the church can contribute to nation-building and social justice. The findings reveal a significant transformation in the church-politics dynamic, from the dominance of the Catholic Church in the Middle Ages, through the separation of church and state in the modern era, to the church's involvement in current global issues. The church often serves as a moral guide but faces challenges in maintaining integrity and avoiding narrow political interests. The study concludes that the church should act as a moral beacon in politics, emphasizing justice and integrity, and actively participate in advancing social welfare in alignment with Biblical principles.
SOROTAN KONSEP EKKLESIA: Analisis Praktis Fleksibilitas dan Inklusivitas Struktur Pemerintahan di GSPDI Filadelfia Immanuel Kawangkoan
Authors: Montong Zefanya Michael , Talumedun Leonardo Rivaldi , Budiman Devone Charisma Putra
Published: February 2025

Studi ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan penerapan konsep ekklesia di Gereja GSPDI Filadelfia Immanuel Kawangkoan dan memberikan rekomendasi untuk meningkatkan pemahaman dan praktik pertemuan dalam kehidupan gereja. Memahami penerapan konsep ekklesia dan mengevaluasi efektivitas struktur tata kelola gereja dalam mendorong persekutuan, kesaksian, dan pelayanan di antara anggotanya adalah manfaat utama dari penelitian ini. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif, melibatkan observasi langsung, wawancara dengan pemimpin dan anggota gereja, serta tinjauan pustaka dari berbagai sumber nasional dan internasional. Temuan mengungkapkan bahwa gereja ini mengintegrasikan berbagai model tata kelola gereja dengan pendekatan inklusif dan partisipatif. Penekanan pada persekutuan (koinonia), kesaksian (marturia), dan pelayanan (diakonia) terlihat dalam kegiatan dan pelayanan rutin gereja, yang melibatkan semua anggota tanpa pembatasan berdasarkan gender. Studi ini menyarankan bahwa gereja-gereja lain dapat belajar dari fleksibilitas dan inklusivitas yang dipraktikkan di GSPDI Filadelfia Immanuel Kawangkoan untuk meningkatkan keterlibatan anggota dan efektivitas pelayanan.
O Desafios Da Propriedade Intelectual Em Revistas Acadêmicas No Ambiente Digital
Authors: Falangola Renata de Farias , Santos Emerson Soares
Published: February 2025

A propriedade intelectual ganhou destaque na era digital, especialmente no meio acadêmico, onde o volume de produção científica cresce rapidamente e as revistas acadêmicas enfrentam desafios ao equilibrar a proteção dos direitos autorais com o avanço do acesso aberto. A digitalização e a facilidade de acessar informações fomentam a inovação, mas também levantam questões sobre o uso ético e a proteção de obras autorais. Entre os objetivos, destacam-se a análise das alterações legislativas e práticas editoriais que impactam os direitos autorais e a avaliação do impacto do acesso aberto na sustentabilidade financeira das publicações, e o problema central é como conciliar a proteção dos direitos dos autores com o acesso ao conhecimento científico. A metodologia utilizada foi bibliográfica, baseada na análise de artigos e relatórios especializados, permitindo mapear os desafios enfrentados pelas revistas acadêmicas no ambiente digital, destarte, foram analisados modelos de acesso aberto e fechado para identificar implicações práticas. Os resultados mostram que o acesso aberto democratiza o conhecimento, mas levanta dúvidas sobre a viabilidade financeira e a proteção autoral, já os modelos fechados oferecem maior controle, mas limitam o alcance da pesquisa, e como solução, sugere-se o uso de licenças flexíveis, modelos híbridos de publicação e tecnologias de gestão digital para equilibrar a proteção de direitos e a acessibilidade. Conclui-se que as revistas precisam adaptar suas políticas para promover esse equilíbrio, essencial para a inovação e a integridade acadêmica, assim, publicações que implementam práticas conciliadoras estão mais preparadas para os desafios futuros e para aproveitar as novas oportunidades no cenário acadêmico global.
A Poligamia: alteração de domicílio conjugal para o brasil e ilegitimidade em solo nacional dos casamentos subsequentes
Authors: Tavares dos Santos Daniel
Published: February 2025

O presente trabalho, baseado em pesquisa bibliográfica, aborda na sua primeira parte o conceito de direito internacional privado e o seu objeto de estudo. Em seguida, discorre-se sobre os elementos de conexão previstos na legislação brasileira e cada uma de suas espécies, aprofundando-se especialmente no elemento de conexão relacionado ao estatuto da pessoa natural e ligado às regras de direito de família. Ainda, disserta-se sobre o princípio da ordem pública como limite dos efeitos da extraterritorialidade da lei estrangeira. Em seguida, analisa-se o conceito e natureza da poligamia no ordenamento jurídico nacional, definindo se a prática é permitida no Brasil levando-se em conta o princípio monogâmico. Ao final, avalia- se a possibilidade de um estrangeiro polígamo domiciliado em solo brasileiro, cujo país de origem permita a poligamia, ter reconhecido no Brasil o segundo casamento no Brasil em decorrência da aplicação do regramento estrangeiro. Em conclusão, define-se que, em caso de conflito móvel de normas, com alteração de um elemento de conexão, como a mudança de domicílio dos cônjuges de tipo poligâmico para o Brasil, a legislação estrangeira permissiva não tem eficácia no Brasil, o que torna ilegítimo o reconhecimento dos casamentos subsequentes com base na violação da ordem pública nacional.
A Multi-Center Time Study of Home Infusion Pharmacist Professional Services
Authors:   National Home Infusion Association, Haines Danell , Garst Ryan , Sullivan Connie , Charron Jennifer
Published: February 2025

Introduction: Pharmacist professional services are paramount to the success of the home infusion process. Even though there is a general understanding of the type and scope of care that a pharmacist provides, the various tasks and how they differ between therapy types and drug administration method are unknown. Using home infusion pharmacist time utilization data collected in this study, the amount of time the home infusion pharmacist spends managing and caring for the patient was determined. The categories of professional services the pharmacist provides and the time and task differences between therapy types and methods of administration was also determined.

Methodology: This prospective time study analyzed pharmacist recall of time spent on a predetermined list of patient tasks using a formatted Excel® spreadsheet. Data was collected January-October 2021. The goal was to capture time data related to at least 2 dispensing cycles.

Results: The mean pharmacist time per patient per day was 35.85 minutes (SD=35.86). Based on this number, the direct salary costs associated with pharmacist services for the therapy categories described in this study is estimated to be $35.17 per patient per day. Over the course of the study, 400 pharmacist tasks were completed for 30 patients of which 49.30% involved drug preparation and compounding and 20.30% involved care coordination and communications. The mean tasks per patient was 13.33 (SD=7.03) and the mean tasks per patient per day was 1.33 (SD=.85). Anti-infective patients using an ambulatory pump required the most tasks per day (2.77, SD=1.20) and anti-infective patients using an IV push required the least (1.09, SD=.84). The mean time per task was 22.96 minutes (SD=28:29). Even though anti-infective patients who use a pump required the most time per day, they averaged the least number of study days (4.25) while anti-infective patients using an IV push averaged 14.39 study days.

Discussion: Patient assessments require the most time; 40:48 minutes per task. Assessments ensure that the patient’s therapy is appropriate, evaluates patient safety, and ensures the home environment and caregiver support is sufficient. Sterile drug preparation and compounding comprises half of all pharmacists’ services which is expected since compounding has grown increasingly complex.

Conclusion: This pharmacist time study illustrates the type of tasks and the amount of time dedicated to home infusion professional services. Pharmacist’s average 35.85 minutes per day caring for each patient. Even though the data shows that patient care is highly customized, there are trends that can be applied to understanding a pharmacist’s workflow

Keywords: Pharmacist services, time study, patient assessment, clinical monitoring, sterile compounding, plan of care, care coordination, infusion
A Multi-Center Study of Home Infusion Services in Rural Areas
Authors:   WellSky, Ward Steven , Noyes Bill ,   National Home Infusion Association, Sullivan Connie ,   National Home Infusion Association, Haines Danell
Published: February 2025

Introduction: Approximately 15% of the U.S. population lives in rural areas. It is recognized that rural Americans have fewer health care opportunities when compared to metropolitan residents. One area of health care is home infusion with approximately 1,000 providers in the U.S. What is not understood is the availability of home infusion to rural patients. This study aimed to determine the annual percentage of home infusion patients living and receiving home infusion services in rural areas.

Methodology: This retrospective, multi-center study analyzed patient rural/non-rural status data collected from home infusion providers who utilize the CPR+® and CareTend® platforms for electronic health records. Patients were classified as rural if their zip code fell within the rural designation defined by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) DMEPOS Competitive Bidding Program. The analyzed data was from 2018, 2019, and 2020, and included calculating the total number of unique patients and those who were considered rural. From this information, the overall percentage of rural patients was determined. The rural percentage for each provider was coded into 1 of 4 categories (0-10%, 11-25%, 26-49%, and 50% or greater). The frequency and percentage of providers who fell into each category was calculated so that trends could be observed, and data summaries more easily determined.

Results: Rural/Non-rural data from 200 individual pharmacy locations was submitted for analysis. For the 3-year period, there were 545,280 unique home infusion patients of which 71,278 were considered rural. Overall, 13.1% of patients served by these home infusion providers lived in rural areas. The number and percentage of rural patients served increased over the 3-year analysis period.

Discussion: This is the first study to quantify the use of home infusion in rural populations. It is known that patients in rural areas experience challenges with health care, including increased travel time for physician visits and chronic disease management. Unquestionably, home infusion alleviates patient travel barriers. The study data shows that most home infusion providers are serving patients living in rural areas and the percentage of rural patients has increased from 2018 to 2020.

Conclusion: Home infusion use in rural areas is well-established. Home infusion may offer advanced, infusion-based treatments more accessible to patients with limited health care options due to lack of proximity to urban centers.

Keywords: Rural population, infusion, health care disparity, access to care, travel barrier
Self-Description and Academic Performance Relation
Authors: Borje Josephine Caridad S. , Dolipas Bretel B. , Ramos Jennifer Lyn S.
Published: February 2025

The study aimed to determine the relationship between the fol­lowing self description factors: mathematics; verbal; academic; problem solving; physical ability; physical appearance; same sex peer relations; opposite sex peer relations; parent relations; spiritual values/religion; honesty/trustworthiness; emotional stability, and general esteem to aca­demic performance in mathematics and physics of students enrolled in Bachelor of Science in Information Technology (BSIT) and Bachelor of Science in Applied Statistics (BSAS) courses.
The result of the research could be used to improve the perform­ance of students in mathematics and physics. From the result, self de­scription factor significantly affecting academic performance could be the basis/bases of the procedures/techniques to be used in teaching the said fields and increase the academic performance of students in mathemat­ics and physics.
Results indicate that the overall self description was found to correlate with mathematical achievement of BSIT students although sta­tistically not significantly correlated. For BSAS students, there were no significant relationship of the different self concept areas to mathematical achievement The overall self description of BSAS students also has no significant relationship with achievement in mathematics.
The finding also shows that the self description on mathematical ability, problem solving ability, and on same sex peer relations, were sig­nificantly correlated with the BSIT student’s achievement in mathematics. The table also shows that the overall student’s self description positively correlated with their achievement in mathematics.
Class Size:
Authors: Dolipas Bretel B. , Ocampo Phil S. , Paza Chrisando P. , Ramos Jennifer Lyn S. , Teofilo Maria Teresa P.
Published: February 2025

The study attempted to find if there is an influence of class size to Faculty Evaluation by Students. Specifically it sought to determine if physics class size has an influence to physics, statistics, mathematics and information technology - teacher’s evaluation by student’s accord­ing to a. Mastery, preparation, organization and presentation of subject matter; b. Communication and teaching skills; c. Classroom manage­ment and d. Personal qualities, punctuality and attendance.
The result of the research could be used to improve the perform­ance of teachers in mathematics, information technology, statistics and physics. From the result, the factor of teacher’s evaluation by students that could be significantly influenced by the class size could be consid­ered in the preparation of faculty loadings made every semester. Appro­priate class size that would give a better performance of faculty in each area could be recommended.
The findings of the study show that the higher the class size, the lower the evaluation rating on: a) Mastery, preparation, organiza­tion and presentation of subject matter; b) Communication and teaching skills; c) Classroom management and d) Personal qualities, punctuality and attendance of physics and information technology teachers. It was also seen the higher the class size the lower the evaluation rate on mas­tery, preparation, organization and presentation of subject matter; and Personal qualities, punctuality and attendance of statistics teachers. The higher the class size the lower the evaluation rating on mastery, prepa­ration, organization and presentation of subject matter of mathematics teachers.
It is therefore concluded that class size has a significant influ­ence on physics and information technology - teacher’s evaluation by student’s according to: a). Mastery, preparation, organization and pres­entation of subject matter; b). Communication and teaching skills; c). Classroom management and d). Personal qualities, punctuality and at­tendance.
Class size has a significant effect to mathematics - teacher’s evaluation by students according to mastery, preparation, organization and presentation of subject matter. Class size has a significant influence on statistics - teacher’s evaluation by students according to mastery, preparation, organization and presentation of subject matter; and on per­sonal qualities, punctuality and attendance.
The Israeli Dairy Farming:
Authors: Wallang Bart A. , Walsiyen Myrna B.
Published: February 2025

This study was conducted to document the Israeli dairy farmingwhich includes dairy farmers, their operations and management practices,milk production performance, and milking procedures at Kefar Vitkin, KibbutzHama'apil, Kibbutz Ma 'abarot, Kibutz Eyal dairy farms and some Kibbutz farmin the northern part of Israel.The data gathered were based on the researcher's observations, personalinterview with the dairy farm owners and workers including Mr. Adin fromthe Ministry of Agriculture, Israel.Dairy farming in Israel is operated by two large sectors, the Moshav(private owned) and the Kibbutz (communal). Each dairy farm, may it be controlledby a Moshav or a Kibbutz, is given a quota by the government as to thevolume of milk that it should produce. All the milk produced by the differentdairy farms are monitored by the government. Any excess milk produce overthe farm quota is bought at 75% lower than the regular price.There is only one dairy breed maintained by the farmers. The Israeli Holsteinbreed was developed by the Israeli Breeders Association from a crossbetween the German Holstein bull and the Israeli Damascus cow.Dairy farmers breed their heifers at 15 months old for these heifers tohave their first calving at 24 to 25 months old. Cows are bred 70 days aftercalving, however, for second timers, breeding is done BO days after calving.This is to have a continuous milk supply Cows are milked for a period of sevenmonths from calving, after which, they are allowed to dry off for a period of 80days for the second timers and 70 days for older cows.Calves are separated from the cows immediately after birth and aresubjected to dehorning at two months old.Milking of cows is done twice a day but some milk their cow three type milking machine. The volume of milk produced by the Israeli Holsteincow per day can be as high as 46 liters particularly during the winter season.During summer, milk production is reduced by 15%. On the average, the IsraeliHolstein cow produces 36 liters of milk per day or 11, 118 kg of milk peryear containing 3. 14% protein and 3. 58% fats. The peak of milk production isreached on the third week of second month of lactation and start to decline onthe third month.The different dairy farms have to maintain good milk quality to get agood price. To do this, each farm has its own nutritionist who are responsiblein formulating the ration of the dairy farm animals.Each farm has also its own veterinarian who visits the farm twice aweek to look into the health of the animals and to perform insemination. Furthermore,the dairy farmers keep abreast with the Dairy Industry for new informationor disease warning on dairy farming through the internet.
Negotiating Climate Change: Vulnerabilities and Resilience of Four Benguet Communities
Authors: Batani Ruth S. , Napaldet Jones T. , Camfili Matyline A. , Gapasin Mursha D. , Ngina Karryl Mae C.
Published: February 2025

A part of a bigger project titled Enhanced Climate Change Adaptation Capacity of Communities in Contiguous Fragile Ecosystems in the Cordillera under the program Strengthening the Philippine Institutional Capacity for Adaptation to Climate Change, the study is a socioeconomic profiling and assessment of the vulnerability and adaptation mechanisms of Benguet communities to climate change. Conducted with another parallel study, the biophysical characterization of selected Benguet communities was done using key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and survey. Results indicate that Benguet communities with variable sources of livelihood are more resilient. Climatic changes observed and felt by respondents generally agree with observed changes by PAGASA noted as still ‘normal’ although the temperature and rainfall pattern are pronounced as some of the manifestations of climate change. These communities are also replete with mechanisms both at the farm and household level to negotiate changes in the climate. Such mechanisms, however, are not necessarily sustainable.
In-Situ Morphological Characterization and Diversity Analysis in Traditional Arabica Cultivars in Benguet
Authors: Tad-awan Belinda A. , Doco Joyce D.
Published: February 2025

The research on Arabica coffee (Coffeaarabica L.) was conducted to characterize the collection along phenology, relationships, and diversity and determine the nature of association among quantitative charactersin Arabica coffee collection.
Collection trips were done in the 13 municipalities of Benguet. During the trips, the Arabica coffee cultivars were characterized in-situ using the coffee descriptor’s list (IPGRI, 2006).The general phenological pattern of existing Arabica coffee cultivars in the different study areas was investigated. Estimate of variability for each qualitative character was computed using the standardized Shannon-Weaver Diversity Index. The Ward’s method was used for clustering the collections.
A total of 152 Arabica coffee accessions were collected in 13 municipalities of Benguet. Most of the Arabica coffee cultivars were found in the low (1,001 to 1,500 m asl) and mid (1,501-2,000 m asl) mountain zones while a few cultivars were observed in the high hills zone (500-1,000 m asl) such as Itogon, Sablan, Tuba and some parts of Bokod. Typica had the highest number of accessions with 53 followed by San Ramon (35), Granica (30), Bourbon (22), Yellow Caturra (4), Kenya (2), Mondo Nuvo (2), San Ramon Selection (2) and Moka (1).
Granica growing in the high hills zones was the earliest to flower at 33 days from flower bud initiation while San Ramon growing in the mid-mountain zones was the latest to flower. Coffee cultivars in the high hills zone were the earliest to flower compared with those cultivars grown in the low mountain and mid- mountain zones.
The mean diversity index for the quantitative characters of the Arabica coffee accessions was 0.18 which indicates low variation. Six clusters resulted in the 152 Arabica coffee collections. The first cluster consists of 55 accessions belonging to the cultivar Typica mostly from Atok and Kibungan. The second cluster (San Ramon) consists of three sub-clusters.The third cluster constitutes two accessions from Mondo Nuvo cultivars collected from Kibungan and Kabayan. Cluster 4 (Granica) consists of 34 accessions and sub-divided into two sub-clusters. Cluster 5 (Red Bourbon) had 23 accessions. Cluster 6 constitutes a lone accession of Moka collected in Atok.
Development of Sustainable Disease Management Strategies in Strawberry Production in Benguet, Philippines
Authors: Villanueva Luciana M.
Published: February 2025

Strawberry is grown only in Benguet Province because of its unique climatic conditions required by the crop. It has been a lucrative source of income for farmers adding revenue as well to the province of Benguet . However, diseases are important limiting factors in strawberry production in the area. This paper enumerated the fungal , bacterial and nematode diseases of strawberry, described their specific symptoms, and discussed the potential of the disease management strategies developed. Based on soil and plant samples collected from the strawberry- growing areas in Baguio City and Benguet Province, the following major diseases and nematode pests were identified: Verticillium wilt, red stele, leaf scorch, leaf spot, leaf blight, gray mold while the major nematode pests observed include the root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus penetrans) and strawberry crimp nematode (Aphelenchoides fragariae).
Among the six strawberry cultivars evaluated, only Sweet Charlie, the most preferred strawberry cultivar by the Benguet farmers was found to be resistant to some fungal pathogens and root lesion nematode. The following disease management options have shown potential in the management of the above diseases: use of indigenous mulching materials, crop rotation with broccoli, use of biocontrol agents, and application of baking soda.
Management of Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor.) on Cabbage using Trichoderma KA and Lime in Natubleng, Buguias, Benguet
Authors: Bulcio Jake M. , Nagpala Asuncion L.
Published: February 2025

The study validated the effect of Trichoderma KA as biological control against clubroot on cabbage (Scorpio variety) in seedbed and under field condition. Rates of 10,15 and 30 g and 10, 15 and 20 g of Trichoderma at spore concentrations of 1.4 x 106 were applied in 1 x 10 m2 in seedbed and in field plots, respectively. Lime was applied at 6 t ha-1 in plots where it is needed while flusulfamide at 300 kg/ha served as the check fungicide.Seeds were sown and seedlings were transplanted two weeks after the application of Trichoderma KA. Clubroot severity, incidence, percent clubroot control, fresh top and root weight, oven dry top and root weight and yield were recorded.
In the seedbed, 30 g Trichoderma effected the lowest clubroot severity and incidence and provided a control of 89.50% and was comparable to flusulfamide. Eighty-two days after transplanting in the field, the treatment comparable to the check was 20 g Trichoderma KA plus CaO. Plants receiving this treatment had the highest heaviest roots and tops. At harvest, this treatment also effected the widest polar circumference of 47.91 cm and produced the highest mean marketable yield of 9.5% t ha-1 with 80.8% clubroot control. This treatment is comparable to flusulfamide.
Carbon Stocked and Carbon Dioxide Sequestered by Eight -Year Alnus (Alnus japonica)
Authors: Tacloy John G. , Paran Lanie C.
Published: February 2025

The amount of carbon stocked and carbon dioxide sequestered by eight-year old Alnus trees were estimated using a destructive sampling method. The carbon contents were computed using the published average values for tropical trees which is 45 – 50 percent of dry matter and the CO2 sequestered was computed based on the published CO2 to C ratio which is 3.6663. The research was conducted in May 2012 at an Alnus stand at the BSUCollege of Forestry, La Trinidad, Benguet.
The average above-ground biomass (AGB) and below-ground biomass (BGB) of the Alnus trees was 140.99 kg per tree, and their average oven-dry weight was 70.91kg per tree. The AGB was 71.56%, and the BGB was 28.44% of the total biomass. The computed biomass of the Alnus trees using a published formula is much lower;their average AGB is 24.665%, their BGB is 12.58%, and their total computed biomass is 21.18% of the actual biomass.
Based on the oven-dried weight data, the computed average carbon contents of the Alnus trees was 31.91kg per tree, and the average carbon dioxide they sequestered was 116.999 kg per tree in eight-years, or an average of 14.63 kg per tree per year.
Based on the findings, Alnus trees can approximate or exceed the published average CO2 sequestration rate for mature trees which is 48 lb per year. Further, a hectare Alnus plantation with an average of 2m x 2m spacing cansequester about 292.6 tons of CO2 in eight years, or an average of 36.575 tons of CO2 per year which is equivalent to the CO2 emissions of about 16 persons.
Artifacts Speak
Authors: Anongos Stanley F.
Published: February 2025

The paper is part of the bigger endeavor to validate appellations, meanings, and histories of artifacts displayed at the Benguet State University museum. There were 70 distinct artifacts “brought back” in digital form to four communities in Benguet; Kabayan, Atok, Kibungan, and Bakun. This paper reflects on the current state of Benguet material culture from a perspective of social history of things, borrowing ArjunAppadurai’s concept of divergence and to a certain extent, Igor Kopytoff’s commoditization.
Diversions in the value of Benguet’s material culture were preceded by the transformed meaning of the materials brought about by a combination of trade, commercial vegetable farming, and other forces of modernity such as education and transportation developments. The alteration in the value and meaning of things has also changed the manner in which Benguet people themselves use these materials. Aside from non-use, some of these implements are now being displayed in private homes or used in other ways. Diversions of things, therefore, are not always manifested outside and only by other people but also within and from the people themselves.
Antique collection is a most common medium of artifact diversion in Benguet. It is in this practice that many of the Benguet implements were commodified, that is, developing a different value from its original value. As a commodified object, these implements extend their history from actual tools in the place of origin to an object of art and exoticism in another culture and country.
A more recent trend in the commoditization of these material cultures is in the context of cultural tourism and its accompanying craving for souvenirs. This shift demanded cultural symbols as souvenirs for tourists, which induced business minded persons to produce replica of traditional implements for souvenir seeking tourists.
Museums have also defined diversion in the history of things. It is another context where the value and meaning of things also change because they are transformed simply as displays for people to view. This way, their decontextualization alters the value of the tools into artifacts. The transfer of objects from origin to the museum translates the tool/implement/instrument into artifacts, the latter use being closely associated to objects of display, antiquity, and the museum.
Awareness and Support of Benguet Constituents on Cordillera Regional Autonomy
Authors: Camfili Matyline A. , Gapasin Mursha D. , Banes Gigy G. , Licyayo Christian M. , Batani Ruth S.
Published: February 2025

With the aim of getting a ‘pulse’ on the awareness and preparedness for the renewed move for Cordillera regional autonomy, two pulse surveys were conducted by Benguet State University in the province of Benguet in 2012 and 2013. The two pulse surveys was part of a region-wide survey initiated by RDC-NEDA with the objective of gathering inputs where information, education and campaign are needed. Using modified multi-stage random sampling for municipalities and barangays involving four and five municipalities in 2012 and 2013 respectively and a systematic random sampling of households for respondents, results showed that 20% (2012) and 22% (2013) of the residents in Benguet are aware of the renewed move for regional autonomy. Similar results were shown in a more recent survey in 2014, this time conducted by a commissioned service provider, the MNADUNOP Development Studies. Majority are still unaware of the contents and passage of House Bill 5595 passed in Congress for the third attempt for move for regional autonomy and so cannot give opinion about the matter and there is reliance on the decisions of officials, their organization or church membership. Radio and television broadcasting as well as print media (newspapers) appears to be the primary tool for communicating regional autonomy; however these may not be enough to reach other sectors of the voting population. Once again, the people of Benguet remain doubtful of the renewed move for Cordillera regional autonomy despite the three times revision of the House Bill for the establishment of a Cordillera Autonomous Region.
Diversity of Roots and Tubers Grown and Known by Indigenous Peoples of Northern Philippines
Authors: Gayao Betty T. , Meldoz Dalen T. , Backian Grace S.
Published: February 2025

Since the olden times, indigenous peoples of Northern Philippines like the Ivatans, Isnegs, Kalingas, Tingguians, Applais, Bagos, Kankana-eys, Iyattukas, Ibalois, Kalanguyas, Bugkalots, Aetas and Mangyans have considered rootcrops as their staple food. With the changing lifestyles of the younger generation of indigenous peoples, indigenous root and tuber resources are at risk of disappearing. There has likewise been lack of documentation on these. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the diversity of roots and tubers grown and known by indigenous peoples of Northern Philippines. More than 20 roots and tubers consisting of 10 cultivated species and more than 10 species of wild roots and tubers were identified by indigenous people in Northern Philippines. The roots and tubers planted are cassava (Manihot esculenta), sweetpotato (Ipomoea batata), greater yam (Dioscorea alata), taro (Colocasia esculenta), tannia (Xanthosoma sagittifolium), lesser yam (Dioscorea esculenta), arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea), potato (Solanum tuberosum), yacon or Peruvian ground apple (Smallanthus sanchifolius) and yambean (Pachyrhizus spp.). Wild roots and tubers include nami (Dioscorea hispida), elephant yam (Amorphopallus campanulatus), giant taro (Alocasia macrorrhizos; Cyrtosperma chamissonis), canna (Cannaceae), wild yam bean and wild species of taro, greater yam and lesser yam known only by their local names. The indigenous peoples’ familiarity with the local names has helped increase the number of roots and tubers they have grown or utilized. This ranged from 6-9 kinds among the Bugkalots, Iyattukas, Ivatans and Mangyans,10-13 kinds among the Kalanguyas, Aetas, Bagos, Kankana-eys, Applai-Kankana-eys and Isnegs and 14-15 kinds among the Kalingas, Ibalois and Tingguians. The diversity of roots and tubers observed is a reflection of the Indigenous peoples’ food security practices and coping mechanisms during food scarcity.
Employment Skills
Authors: Sito Leonila R.
Published: February 2025

The 21st century puts premium on employable skills - a combination of the technical or hard skills and the interpersonal or soft skills. This descriptive normative study aimed to ascertain how graduating college students of Benguet State University perceived their preparedness for employment. Data were subjected to Factor Analysis, Analysis of Variance t-test and Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient test. The respondents reported that they were capable enough in the identified employment skills. Female respondents are significantly more capable of teamwork, responsibility, writing, communication, problem- solving and self-management than their male counterparts. Respondents in the non-technical programs were significantly more capable along competencies in IT, communication, visualization, teamwork, reading and math than those from technical programs. Self-reported capacity for employment did not differ whether the respondents were officers or members of recognized student organizations. Positive and highly significant relationships were found among the contributory factors such as self-system, instructors’ guided activities and developmental activities, with employment skills. The results have implications for improving instruction and enhancing student development programs.
ERRATUM: Ragpat
Authors: Sagandoy Tecah C.
Published: February 2025

Among members of a Christian Spiritist group, it is believed that earthbound souls seek help from the living through omens, visions, dreams, mediums, or infliction of illness. Consequently, ragpat ti minatay [lifting of the soul], an intercessory prayer for the dead, is performed to help alleviate the sufferings of the earthbound soul seeking for help. As a member of the Spiritist group, I had the privilege to observe and participate in the conduct of ragpat ti minatay (ragpat, for brevity), thus, acquiring information that may not be readily accessible to non-members. My interviews with key informants and participants have revealed that the primary reason behind ragpat is helping ease the burdens of earthbound souls or suffering souls who are restless spirits fleeing to and fro or bounded in a dark state or place and ensuring these souls of a better spiritual state, happier and more peaceful than earthly life. For Spiritists considering themselves Christians, praying for the dead (i.e. ragpat) is a duty meant to be fulfilled in accordance with the Christian virtue of charity, in that loving and helping one another is extended to the living and the dead. A successful ragpat rests on the proper observance of its elements. Its success is also dependent on the soul’s willingness to repent, but ultimately, the success of ragpat rests on God’s forgiveness and abundant grace to repentant souls.
Mobile Learning: Its Effect on the Performance of Grade 9 Students on Unreal Conditionals
Authors: Ambat Warren L. , Panolong Kara S.
Published: February 2025

To improve the performance on English grammar specifically on if-clause statements (unreal conditionals), the researcher implemented Mobile Learning using an intranet set-up to overcome internet connectivity problems. MOODLE server was installed on a laptop while students used their mobile devices to access the interactive content. This study intended to find out whether Mobile Learning improve the performance of students in appropriately using unreal conditionals. Quasi-experimental quantitative design with focus groups for validation was utilized. Results confirmed the poor performance of students on unreal conditionals based on pretest mean scores. Likewise, results revealed that there is a significant difference between the posttest mean scores of the experimental group and control group. Furthermore, the effect of Mobile Learning in improving the performance on unreal conditionals of the experimental group was large. Grade 9 students have difficulty in appropriately using unreal conditionals, but Mobile Learning can be used to overcome this difficulty. Recommendations are forwarded in encouraging the productive use of students’ mobile devices in schools by rescinding existing DepEd orders that prohibit their use during class hours and creating guidelines on their appropriate usage.
Design, Fabrication, and Performance Evaluation of a Batch-Type Fluidized Bed Coffee Roaster for Small-Scale Coffee Growers
Authors: Meana Vanessa Rose L. , Kimkiman Nazer Sarapeo P. , Dulay Alvin C.
Published: February 2025

A batch-type fluidized bed coffee roaster was designed, fabricated, and evaluated at the College of Engineering and Applied Technology, Benguet State University to help small-scale farmers roast quantities of coffee beans. The machine is inexpensive with lower capacity, uncomplicated design, and simple to operate. The machine comprised a roasting assembly that included a blower, heating element, roasting chamber, chaff collector and frame. Performance evaluation results showed that the optimal airflow rate was at 9.2m/s with highest capacity and efficiency of 94.06% and 96.46% for medium and dark roast, respectively. Airflow rate of 9.7m/s attained the highest uniformity of 99.80% for medium roast while 10.2m/s attained the highest uniformity of 99.97% for dark roast. The fastest duration of roasting for medium roast took 13.68 min at 234.33°C while 17.98 min at 261.67°C was recorded for dark roast. The cost of the machine was computed at Php21,636. The payback period for medium roast is 1.2 months with return of investment of 212.27% while 1.92 months for dark roast with return investment of 131.37%. The break-even point of 155.18kg of coffee beans per year for medium roast and 185.24kg of coffee beans per year for dark roast.
Ensuring Intergenerational Ties:
Authors: Dacillo Mac James T. , Nuval Paul Joseph A.
Published: February 2025

Digitizing folktales of the indigenous peoples into Multimedia Based Learning System (MBLS) anchored in tradigital pedagogy can foster enhanced memory retention, improved values formation, increased socio-cultural awareness, and strengthened intergenerational tie among the young. Using Cybernetic Tradition of Communication and Participatory Communication Approach (PCA), the study transformed a folktale into an interactive and engaging pedagogical learning material developing a MBLS board game and a courseware. The study digitized one of the oral narratives of the Pidlisan Indigenous Peoples Organizaton in Sagada, Mountain Province - the one titled, “Ang Pinagmulan ng Fidelisan (The Origin of Fidelisan)” which reflects the Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) of the tribe. Through PCA, the MBLS was named “Pidlisan: A Cultural Quest.” The MBLS development underwent the processes of production, implementation, and evaluation. Under the production phase, the research was able to produce a culturally rooted board game, playing cards, a PowerPoint Presentation, and a courseware to complete the MBLS. The MBLS was implemented and evaluated from Pidlisan schools namely the Aguid Elementary School (AES), Bangaan Elementary School (BES), and Fidelisan Elementary School (FES). The MBLS exhibited an effective transmission of indigenous knowledge, values, and practices through tradigitalism as manifested in the pathway of intergenerational ties. The MBLS, an alternative platform for learning folktales in particular and culture in general, creates an interactive and engaging venue for education and social consciousness. Furthermore, the cybernetic lens employing the Shannon and Weaver’s Mathematical Communication Model was used to analyze the systems and units in the tradigitalism framework of the study. It revealed that intergenerational ties may be enacted and manifested if the communication system is properly implemented. The study also encourages yPidlisan to continue living their traditional culture to facilitate more efficient transmission of culture among the younger generation with the aid of appropriate and modern strategies.
Women’s Roles, Challenges, and Opportunities in Small-Scale Mining:
Authors: Banes Gigy G.
Published: February 2025

Small-scale gold mining is the primary livelihood of the Indigenous Peoples, specifically the Ibaloi's and Kankana-eys of Loacan, Itogon, Benguet. Mining is a part of their community life, providing the major means of livelihood for the people including women and children. This study documented the contextualized experiences of women in the community, specifically their vital roles, challenges, and opportunities in the small-scale mining set-up. The study employed descriptive qualitative exploratory research design specifically the key informant interviews and small focus group discussions. Results showed that gender roles are evident in the mining workplace. Men are more involve in the heavy works like digging or excavating ores while the women and children carries and processes the ores in the ball mill. The ball mill is considered as the women’s workplace—provided as avenue for them to negotiate their rights and welfare. Additionally, the women make decisions on health, education, reproductive and care role concerns, and on the general welfare of the community. Currently, the government’s order to close the small scale mining operation in Itogon is their paramount challenge as it resulted to higher unemployment rate. Amidst these, the women still play vital roles in the promotion of cultural value on equal sharing of resources.
Factors Influencing Mathematics Teaching as a Career Choice (FIMT-Choice): An Instrument Development and Validation
Authors: Madinno Carmelo W.
Published: February 2025

The study developed and validated an instrument that  assess the motivations of secondary mathematics pre-service  teachers (SMPTs) in choosing mathematics teaching as their  career, hereto referred as Factors Influencing Mathematics  Teaching as a Career Choice (FIMT-Choice). The study adopted  items from Factors Influencing Teaching as a Career Choice  (FIT-Choice) instrument by Watt and Richardson and calibrated  or added items suited to the local area. The notion that content  mathematics could be among the motivations of secondary  pre-service teachers in choosing math-teaching career was also  considered. The study generated 56 final items in the FIMT- Choice instrument, which were validated among 171 secondary  mathematics pre-service teachers (SMPTs) in two prominent  teacher education institutions in the Cordillera Administrative  Region, Philippines. Statistical tools such as Cronbach’s Alpha,  Bartlett's Test of Sphericity, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure  of Sampling Adequacy and the Principal Component Factor  Analysis were used to establish the reliability and validity of the  instrument. The results suggest that the SMPTs consider 10  valid and reliable constructs in choosing mathematics teaching  as their career. Particularly, the SMPTs separate the  mathematics, the teaching, and the combined mathematics teaching aspects      in their motivations      in entering the  mathematics-teaching career. Thus, the FIMT-Choice Scale assess  more specific areas of motivations in choosing mathematic- teaching as a career among SMPTs compared with the  FIT-Choice Scale by Watt and Richardson. Hence, the FIMT- Choice Scale is a more precise instrument in exploring the  motivations of SMPTs in entering the methematics teaching  career.