bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Serological response against myxoma virus and rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus in European wild rabbits using commercial vaccines
Authors: Arenas Antonio J. , Napp Sebastian , Arenas‐Montes Antonio , Borge Carmen , Carbonero Alfonso , Perea Anselmo , Cadenas Rafael , García‐Bocanegra Ignacio
Published: August 2011

We carried out an experimental study to determine the serological response against myxoma virus (MV) and rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) in wild rabbits using commercial vaccines. Seroconversion against MV ranged between 72.7% and 97.2% in animals vaccinated by subcutaneous and intradermal route, respectively, whereas between 75.0% and 77.8% of the animals presented antibodies against RHDV after inoculation with subcutaneous and intradermal vaccines, respectively. Regardless of the inoculation route, vaccination against MV resulted in a significant increase of seropositivity 5 days post‐vaccination (dpv), which did not occur in animals vaccinated against RHDV. Furthermore, seroconversion against MV was significantly higher and faster in intradermally vaccinated rabbits as compared to those inoculated subcutaneously due to either the route of application and/or the type of vaccine used. The results indicated that vaccination significantly increased the prevalence of antibodies against MV and RHDV and suggested that the vaccines currently available induce a safe and effective immune response against both diseases in wild rabbits. Vaccination may be a useful management tool to control both viral diseases in field conditions, particularly in wild rabbits captured for translocations and restocking purposes in which a large number of animals are handled. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Gender‐related invasion differences associated with mRNA expression levels of melatonin membrane receptors in colorectal cancer
Authors: León Josefa , Casado Jorge , Carazo Ángel , Sanjuán Laura , Maté Ana , Muñoz de Rueda Paloma , de la Cueva Paloma , Quiles Rosa , Ruíz Sergio , Ruíz‐Extremera Ángela , Salmerón Javier
Published: August 2011

Melatonin inhibits growth and invasive capacity of colon cancer cells in vitro through its membrane (MT1 and MT2) and/or nuclear receptors (RORα). Previous studies showed that this indoleamine is present in both the normal and colon cancer at similar levels. Therefore, we analyzed MT1, MT2, and RORα expression in tumor samples versus normal mucosa (NM) from patients suffering from colorectal cancer (CRC). Given the existence of sex differences in the incidence and pathology of CRC and the involvement of steroid receptors in the oncostatic actions of melatonin in some types of cancer, we also analyzed the expression of androgen (AR) and estrogen receptor (ER) α and ERβ. Finally, we conducted some experiments in colon cancer cell lines to corroborate the experiments carried out in human tumors. We found a decreased expression of MT1, MT2, AR, ERα, and ERβ in tumor samples versus NM, but no changes in RORα expression in the whole cohort of patients. Classifying tumors by stage and gender, MT1, MT2, AR, ERα, and ERβ expression decreased in both early stage and advanced tumors, but only in male patients. On the other hand, MT1 and MT2 expression correlated positively with AR, ERα, and ERβ expression in male patients and with ERα or ERβ in female patients. In vitro, the invasive capacity was higher in cells with the least expression of MT1, MT2, and AR, and nonselective MT1/MT2 agonists inhibited cell growth and invasion. These results could indicate a possible interaction of these pathways. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimizing Selection of Technologies in a Multiple Stage, Multiple Objective Wastewater Treatment System
Authors: Tarun Prashant K. , Chen Victoria C. P. , Corley H. W. , Jiang F.
Published: August 2011

In this paper, a multiple stage wastewater treatment system (WTS) is solved for the selection of technological options at each stage to minimize (economic cost, size, odour emissions) and to maximize (nutrient recovery, robustness, global desirability). Stages in the wastewater treatment system are the levels of treatment. There are 17 levels of treatment, where the first 11 levels are for the liquid treatment and the last 6 levels are for the solid treatment. This results in a 20‐dimensional, continuous‐state, 17‐stage, 6‐objective, stochastic optimization problem. The resulting multiple stage, multiple objective (MSMO) WTS is solved using the three‐phase methodology in conjunction with the multiple objective version of high‐dimensional, continuous‐state, stochastic dynamic programming (SDP). The three‐phase methodology comprises the input phase, the matrix generation phase and the weighting phase. The primary goal of three‐phase methodology is to obtain weight vectors at each stage of the WTS utilizing expert's opinions in the input phase, computing pairwise comparison matrices at each stage using the geometric mean‐based methods in the matrix generation phase, and then calculating weight vectors at each stage using the eigenvector method in the weighting phase. The weight vectors are then used to scalarize the vector optimization problem, which is solved using the high‐dimensional, continuous‐state SDP augmented for handling multiple objectives at each stage.

The results obtained are practical as evidenced by the selection of new technologies in levels 1 and 5 thereby validating expert's decision to include them in the evaluation process. In addition to encouraging reviews from WTS experts, the implementation results satisfy a set of external constraints in the form of interstage dependencies between technological options in the WTS. Furthermore, the solution technique presented here utilizes expert's opinions in the solution development process, and is quite general in its application to a variety of large‐scale MSMO problems. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gel‐based phosphoproteomics analysis of sarcoplasmic proteins in postmortem porcine muscle with pH decline rate and time differences
Authors: Huang Honggang , Larsen Martin R. , Karlsson Anders H. , Pomponio Luigi , Costa Leonardo Nanni , Lametsch René
Published: August 2011

Meat quality development is highly influenced by the pH decline caused by the postmortem (PM) glycolysis. Protein phosphorylation is an important mechanism in regulating the activity of glycometabolic enzymes. Here, a gel‐based phosphoproteomic study was performed to analyze the protein phosphorylation in sarcoplasmic proteins from three groups of pigs with different pH decline rates from PM 1 to 24 h. Globally, the fast pH decline group had the highest phosphorylation level at PM 1 h, but lowest at 24 h, whereas the slow pH decline group showed the reverse case. The same pattern was also observed in most individual bands in 1‐DE. The protein phosphorylation levels of 12 bands were significantly affected by the synergy effects of pH and time (p<0.05). Protein identification revealed that most of the phosphoproteins were glycometabolism‐related enzymes, and the others were involved in stress response, phosphocreatine metabolism, and other functions. The phosphorylation of pyruvate kinase and triosephosphate isomerase‐1 showed to be related to PM muscle pH decline rate. Our work sheds light on the potential role of protein phosphorylation on regulating meat quality development.
Kinetic investigation on carbamate formation from the reaction of carbon dioxide with amino acids in homogeneous aqueous solution
Authors: Yamamoto Yuki , Hasegawa Jun‐ya , Ito Yoshikatsu
Published: August 2011

The kinetics of carbamate formation from the reaction of carbon dioxide with α‐amino acids in D2O was first investigated by means of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Potassium carbonate was used as the CO2 source. For each amino acid, the maximum carbamate yield, the apparent rate constant for the carbamate formation kapp, and the rate constants for the formation k1 and the breakdown k−1 of the carbamate were estimated. Plots of log k1 or log k−1 versus pKa of amino acids indicated that the formation rate k1 increased with the basicity (pKa) of amino acid, while the decomposition rate k−1 decreased. A Brϕnsted β value of 0.39 was obtained from the former plot, being in good agreement with the previously reported ones (0.26–0.43). The observed negative pKa dependence of log k−1 (Brϕnsted α = 0.34) is reasonable, because the carbamate decomposition is acid‐catalyzed and the steady‐state concentration of H+ should be higher for weaker basic amines. The charge (σ) and the lone‐pair energy (EN) at the nitrogen atom of the amino group were calculated. Although log k1 correlated with σ and EN, log k−1 was unrelated with both of these parameters. Considering that the carbamate formation (k1) is not only base‐catalyzed but should also be promoted by the nucleophilicity of the amino nitrogen, its correlation with σ and EN in addition to pKa is rational. The irrelevance of log k−1 to σ and EN is not surprising, because σ and EN are not a direct measure of [H+] of the solution. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental and computational determination of Brønsted coefficients for equilibrium transfer of the O,O‐dimethyl phosphorothioyl group between oxyanion nucleophiles
Authors: Edwards David R. , Maxwell Christopher I. , Harkness Robert W. , Neverov Alexei A. , Mosey Nicholas J. , Stan Brown R.
Published: August 2011

An experimental determination of the βEq value for equilibrium transfer of the O,O‐dimethyl phosphorothioyl group between oxyanion nucleophiles in water and methanol at 25 °C is presented. The respective βEq values in the two solvents are experimentally the same at −1.45 ± 0.08 and −1.39 ± 0.12. Based on the observation that the Brønsted correlation for the nucleophilic reaction of phenoxides in water with substrate 1d (dimethyl 4‐nitrophenyl phosphorothioate, pKaHOAr of 7.14) is linear over the entire range of phenoxides employed (5.53 ≤ pKaNu ≤ 12.38), the reaction for phenoxide nucleophiles displacing phenoxide leaving groups is probably concerted. The obtained data allow one to calculate, for a symmetrical transition state involving 2,4,5‐trichlorophenoxide as a nucleophile and leaving group, an approximately 60% P–OAr cleavage and about 40% P–Nuc bond formation. A computational method is presented for the rapid prediction of the βEq values for such processes in water and methanol, and the results are compared with known values from the literature. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetics and mechanisms of the reactions of transient silylenes with amines
Authors: Kostina Svetlana S. , Singh Tishaan , Leigh William J.
Published: August 2011

The N–H insertion reactions of dimethyl‐, diphenyl‐, and dimesitylsilylene (SiMe2, SiPh2, and SiMes2, respectively) with n‐butylamine (BuNH2) and diethylamine (Et2NH) were studied in hexanes by steady‐state and laser photolysis methods. The process begins with the formation of the corresponding Lewis acid–base complexes, which decayed with second‐order kinetics at rates that show modest sensitivity to silylene and amine structures. The complexation process, which was also studied using triethylamine (Et3N), proceeds at rates close to the diffusion limit, but the rate constants vary systematically with steric bulk in the amine. Equilibrium constants were determined for the complexation of Et2NH and Et3N with SiMes2, which proceeds reversibly. The complexes of SiMe2 and SiPh2 with BuNH2 and Et2NH decayed with pseudo‐first‐order rate coefficients in the 104–105 s–1 range. This is consistent with upper limits of about 106 M–1 s–1 for the rate constants for amine‐catalyzed H‐migration, which is thought to be the dominant mechanism for product formation from the complexes. The results are compared to published kinetic data for the O–H insertion reactions of these silylenes with alcohols, which also proceeds via initial complexation followed by catalytic proton transfer. The results indicate that catalyzed H‐transfer in the amine complexes is at least 104 times slower than the analogous process in silylene–MeOH complexes. The experimental data are compared to the results of theoretical calculations of the SiMe2 + NH2Me and SiMe2 + MeOH potential energy surfaces, carried out at the Gaussian‐4 and B3LYP/6‐311 + G(d,p) levels of theory. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Plasma Treatments of Bisphenol A Polycarbonate on the Characteristics of Carbon Materials Obtained by Further Pyrolysis
Authors: Méndez‐Liñán Laura , Pérez‐Mendoza Manuel , Paredes J. Ignacio , Martínez‐Alonso Amelia , Tascón J. Manuel D. , Domingo‐García María , López‐Garzón F. Javier
Published: August 2011

This paper deals with the effect that microwave plasma treatments of Bisphenol A Polycarbonate (PC) have on the textural characteristics of carbon materials obtained by further pyrolysis. The plasma pre‐treated PC, once it has been pyrolysed, results in carbons with largely increased nitrogen surface areas (SBET, from 22 m2 g−1, for the untreated pyrolysed PC, to 323–388 m2 g−1 for the carbons obtained from modified PC). This can be explained by the matter removed by gasification during the plasma treatments; otherwise carbon deposits are produced in the pyrolysis that partially block the microporous network. Once the volatile products have been eliminated, the surface areas of the pyrolysed materials greatly increase.

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Continuous Wave Laser Irradiation of Explosives
Authors: McGrane Shawn D. , Moore David S.
Published: August 2011

Quantitative measurements of the levels of continuous wave (CW) laser light that can be safely applied to bare explosives during contact operations were obtained at 532 nm, 785 nm, and 1550 nm wavelengths. A thermal camera was used to record the temperature of explosive pressed pellets and single crystals while they were irradiated using a measured laser power and laser spot size. A visible light image of the sample surface was obtained before and after the laser irradiation. Laser irradiation thresholds were obtained for the onset of any visible change to the explosive sample and for the onset of any visible chemical reaction. Deflagration to detonation transitions were not observed using any of these CW laser wavelengths on single crystals or pressed pellets in the unconfined geometry tested. Except for the photochemistry of DAAF, TATB and PBX 9502, all reactions appeared to be thermal using a 532 nm wavelength laser. For a 1550 nm wavelength laser, no photochemistry was evident, but the laser power thresholds for thermal damage in some of the materials were significantly lower than for the 532 nm laser wavelength. No reactions were observed in any of the studied explosives using the available 300 mW laser at 785 nm wavelength. Tables of laser irradiance damage and reaction thresholds are presented for pressed pellets of PBX9501, PBX9502, Composition B, HMX, TATB, RDX, DAAF, PETN, and TNT and single crystals of RDX, HMX, and PETN for each of the laser wavelengths.
Castration resistant prostate cancer is associated with increased blood vessel stabilization and elevated levels of VEGF and Ang‐2
Authors: Tomić Tajana Tešan , Gustavsson Heléne , Wang Wanzhong , Jennbacken Karin , Welén Karin , Damber Jan‐Erik
Published: August 2011

BACKGROUND

Angiogenesis is important for the progression of prostate cancer and may be a target for treatment in castration resistant (CR) disease. This study was performed to investigate blood vessel stabilization and expression of the pro‐angiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Angiopoietin‐2 (Ang‐2) in CR and hormone naïve (HN) prostate cancer. The effect of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) on these parameters was also studied.

METHODS

VEGF and Ang‐2, as well as pericyte coverage of blood vessels were studied in HN and CR prostate tumors by immunohistochemistry. The effects of ADT on VEGF expression and microvessel density (MVD) were investigated in biopsies at diagnosis, 3 months after starting ADT and at tumor relapse. Plasma was also analyzed for VEGF and Ang‐2 with ELISA.

RESULTS

CR tumors had higher levels of VEGF and Ang‐2 as well as increased blood vessel stabilization compared to HN tumors. Three months after initiated ADT an increase of VEGF but not MVD in the tumors was observed. In contrast, plasma levels of VEGF decreased after ADT, and increased again at time of tumor relapse. Ang‐2 levels were unaffected.

CONCLUSIONS

CR prostate cancer is associated with elevated levels of VEGF and Ang‐2, indicating that these factors could be used as targets for anti‐angiogenic treatment. Still, the observed increase in blood vessel stabilization in CR tumors could influence the outcome of anti‐angiogenic treatment. Furthermore, increased VEGF expression after 3 months of ADT justifies the use of VEGF‐based anti‐angiogenic drugs in combination with ADT for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Prostate 72:705–712, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis and diuretic activities of pseudoproline‐containing analogues of the insect kinin core pentapeptide
Authors: Zhang Bo , Gong Junbin , Yang Yinliang , Dong Shouliang
Published: August 2011

C‐2 dimethylated/unmethylated thiazolidine‐4‐carboxylic acid and C‐2 dimethylated oxazolidine‐4‐carboxylic acid were introduced into the insect kinin core pentapeptide in place of Pro3, yielding three new analogues. NMR analysis revealed that the peptide bond of Phe2‐pseudoproline (ΨPro)3 is practically 100% in cis conformation in the case of dimethylated pseudoproline‐containing analogues, about 50% cis for the thiazolidine‐4‐carboxylic acid analogue and about 33% cis for the parent Pro3 peptide. The diuretic activities are consistent with the population of cis conformation of the Phe2‐ΨPro3/Pro3 peptide bonds, and the results confirm a cis Phe‐Pro bond as bioactive conformation. Copyright © 2011 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An investigation of rotational influences on tropical‐cyclone size and intensity
Authors: Smith Roger K. , Schmidt Christoph W. , Montgomery Michael T.
Published: August 2011

We investigate the rotational constraint on the intensity and size of a tropical cyclones using a minimal, three‐layer, axisymmetric tropical‐cyclone model. In the first of two sets of experiments, the same initial baroclinic vortex is spun up in a quiescent environment with different levels of background rotation, characterized by the Coriolis parameter, f. It is found that the strongest vortices, as characterized by their final intensity, develop in environments with intermediate background rotation. It is found also that there exists a similar optimum background rotation strength to obtain the largest storm as measured by the radius of gale‐force winds. These results appear to be in line with those of classical laboratory experiments by Turner and Lilly, an analogy that we explore in the present article. While the analogy is found to have certain limitations, including the fact that spin‐up of the maximum tangential winds in the inner‐core in the model takes place in the boundary layer, the study raises aspects of tropical‐cyclone dynamics that we believe to be of fundamental importance and require further investigation.

As an aid to understanding the foregoing results, a second set of calculations is carried out with the vortex forced by a prescribed radial profile of diabatic heating rate typical of that in the first set and with other moist processes excluded. For this distribution of heating rate, there is no optimum background rotation rate for intensity within a realistic range of values for f, implying that the relationship between the forcing strength and rotation strength is an important additional constraint in tropical cyclones. However, in these experiments, there is an optimum latitude for size, comparable with that in the first set of experiments. An interpretation is offered for these findings. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Scanning of the internal structure part with laser ultrasonic in aviation industry
Authors: Swornowski Pawel J.
Published: August 2011

The detection of internal defects is a major production and safety issue for the newest generations of aircraft. New materials and manufacturing processes in the aircraft industry demand efficient quality assurance in manufacturing and inspection in maintenance. Advanced metallic material processes (titanium) are used or developed for the production of heavily loaded flying components (in fan blade construction). The inspection of these parts mainly made out of titanium (or CFRP) requires the determination of the percentage of bonded grain sizes around 10–30 µm. This is primarily due to the advantages of a high signal‐to‐noise ratio and good detection sensitivity. In this article, a diagnosing method of the blade interior by means of the laser ultrasonic is presented. Identification of small fatigue cracks presents a challenging problem during nondestructive testing of fatigue‐damaged structures. Laser ultrasonic is a technique that uses two laser beams; one with a short pulse for the generation of ultrasound and another with a long pulse or continuous coupled to an optical interferometer for detection. The results of research of the internal blade structure are presented. SCANNING 33: 378–385, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Large Array of Sub‐10‐nm Single‐Grain Au Nanodots for use in Nanotechnology
Authors: Clément Nicolas , Patriarche Gilles , Smaali Kacem , Vaurette François , Nishiguchi Katsuhiko , Troadec David , Fujiwara Akira , Vuillaume Dominique
Published: August 2011

A uniform array of single‐grain Au nanodots, as small as 5–8 nm, can be formed on silicon using e‐beam lithography. The as‐fabricated nanodots are amorphous, and thermal annealing converts them to pure Au single crystals covered with a thin SiO2 layer. These findings are based on physical measurements, such as atomic force microscopy (AFM), atomic‐resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy, and chemical techniques using energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. A self‐assembled organic monolayer is grafted on the nanodots and characterized chemically with nanometric lateral resolution. The extended uniform array of nanodots is used as a new test‐bed for molecular electronic devices.
Biaxial Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior and Martensite Formation of a Metastable Austenitic Cast TRIP Steel Under Proportional Loading
Authors: Kulawinski D. , Ackermann S. , Glage A. , Henkel S. , Biermann H.
Published: August 2011

In this paper the biaxial low cycle fatigue behavior under proportional loading of a recently developed metastable austenitic stainless cast steel is presented. Total strain controlled tests were carried out on a 250 kN biaxial servohydraulic tension‐compression testing machine equipped with a biaxial orthogonal extensometer to measure the principal strains in the gauge area of the used cruciform specimens. The principal stresses were determined based on the compliance after the load reversals. The low cycle fatigue behavior under biaxial synchronous loading is compared to the uniaxial behavior. Therefore, biaxial single step tests and a biaxial multiple step load increase test were carried out. The dependence of the stress state on the cyclic deformation curves, cyclic stress‐strain curves and the formation of martensite are described. Finally, the fatigue life relationship according to Basquin and Manson‐Coffin was determined and compared to the Smith, Watson and Topper damage parameter, which provides a satisfactory fatigue life prediction.
Microwave assisted synthesis and characterization of Sago starch‐g‐acrylamide
Authors: Singh Akhilesh V. , Nath Lila K. , Guha Manisha
Published: August 2011

In the present investigation, sago starch was modified through microwave assisted chemical synthesis using acrylamide as grafting monomer. Grafted copolymer was characterized by fourier transform infra red spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray powder diffractometer (XRD) and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). Swelling study was also performed at various temperatures to access its suitability in diverse industrial application. The optimum reaction conditions were found as follows: starch, 1 g; acrylamide (AMD), 5 g; microwave power, 600 W, reaction time, 3 h. Grafting on the starch backbone confirmed by FTIR spectral analysis, while XRD confirmed formation of more crystalline structure after AMD grafting. TGA analysis showed formation of more thermostable copolymer after grafting, while swelling study proved its suitability for various industrial applications due to its extensive swelling at higher temperatures.
Programming in R
Authors: Horgan Jane M.
Published: August 2011

R programming is now a major resource for statistical analysis, research, and teaching and has an impressive suite of applications and packages. In this article, we introduce the basic features of the language including data entry, data description, graphical procedures, writing simple programs, and simulation. It is not the intention to provide an exhaustive list of features of the language, just enough to give a flavor of the structure of R, and how to get help to proceed further. WIREs Comp Stat 2012, 4:75–84. doi: 10.1002/wics.183

This article is categorized under:

Software for Computational Statistics > Software/Statistical Software
Patient Choice Systems and Waiting Times for Scheduled Services
Authors: Lorenzetti Diane L. , Noseworthy Tom
Published: August 2011

Access to scheduled healthcare is a continuing challenge. A synthesis of the international literature was conducted to examine the potential of patient choice systems to reduce waiting times in Canada. A multitude of factors appear to influence the actions and outcomes of patients, providers, and systems. For choice systems to be effective, there must be uptake, which requires incentives and supports. Choice should be considered as but one element of a comprehensive waiting time management strategy.
Diagnosis, etiology, and outcome of fetal ascites in a South African hospital
Authors: Boutall Alison , Urban Michael F. , Stewart Chantal
Published: August 2011

Objective

To analyze the etiology and outcome of fetal ascites in a hospital in a low‐resource country.

Method

Data were reviewed for patients with fetal ascites who attended Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, from 1 January, 2006, to 31 December, 2009.

Results

There were 50 cases of fetal ascites. Prenatal investigations included detailed ultrasonography, Doppler studies, TORCH screening and chromosome analysis if amniocentesis was accepted by the patient. The underlying cause was diagnosed prenatally for 41 (82%) cases. The following etiologies were documented: secondary to a genetic cause (n = 10); structural fetal abnormality (n = 20); congenital syphilis (n = 4) or other infection (n = 3); fetal environment (n = 3); placenta (n = 3); and unknown origin (n = 7). The perinatal mortality was 72%. Factors predicting a poor prognosis included multiple abnormalities (100% fetal loss), cardiac anomalies (91% loss), hydrops fetalis (80% loss), and infection (71% loss). Ascites of unknown origin and ascites secondary to renal causes had the best prognosis (perinatal loss of 17% and 25%, respectively).

Conclusion

The cause, and therefore the prognosis, was identified in 82% of cases of fetal ascites. The prognosis for prenatally diagnosed ascites was poor; however, a few patients did well, which has important implications for genetic counseling.
ON A PROBLEM OF BERNIK, KLEINBOCK AND MARGULIS
Authors: BUDARINA NATALIA
Published: August 2011

In this paper, the Khintchine-type theorems of Beresnevich (Acta Arith.90(1999), 97) and Bernik (Acta Arith.53(1989), 17) for polynomials are generalised to incorporate a natural restriction on derivatives. This represents the first attempt to solve a problem posed by Bernik, Kleinbock and Margulis (Int. Math. Res. Notices2001(9) (2001), 453). More specifically, the main result provides a probabilistic criterion for the solvability of the system of inequalities |P(x)| < Ψ1(H) and |P′(x)| < Ψ2(H) in integral polynomialsPof degree ≤nand heightH, where Ψ1and Ψ2are fairly general error functions. The proof builds upon Sprindzuk's method of essential and inessential domains and the recent ideas of Beresnevich, Bernik and Götze (Compositio Math.146(2010), 1165) concerning the distribution of algebraic numbers.
The Geographic Mobility of Elderly Canadians
Authors: Northcott Herbert C. , Petruik Courtney R.
Published: August 2011

La monographieChanging Residence: The Geographic Mobility of Elderly Canadians(Northcott, 1988) a examiné les travaux de recherche qui avaient été fait vers le milieu des années mi-1980 sur la mobilité géographique des personnes âgées au Canada et ailleurs. Le but de cet article est de fournir une mise à jour et une vue d’ensemble des développements dans l’étude de la mobilité géographique des personnes âgées, depuis le milieu des années 1980, avec un accent particulier sur le Canada. Dans cette revue, tout d’abord nous examinons le progrès au cours des derniers 25 ans dans la recherche sur la mobilité géographique des personnes âgées et se concentrons sur trois thèmes : le deplacement et la concentration géographique des personnes âgées, la migration saisonnière « retraités migrateurs » et les migrations internationales. Deuxièmement, nous évaluons l’état actuel de la recherche sur la migration des personnes âgées au Canada. Enfin, nous identifions les défis futurs et des questions sans réponses et offrons des suggestions pour la recherche du futur.
SHEEP GERM PLASM IN ETHIOPIA
Authors: Galall E.S.E.
Published: August 2011

Four of the many Ethiopian sheep breeds are described. These four breeds have evolved in different ecological zones, the Adal and the Somali Blackhead breeds in the lowland up to an altitude of 1100 m, the Horro in the middle altitude from 1400 to 2000 m, and the Menz in altitudes higher than 2500 m. Available estimates on their performance are reported.
CATTLE BREED EVALUATION STUDIES BY THE INTERNATIONAL LIVESTOCK CENTRE FOR AFRICA (ILCA)
Authors: Trail J.C.M.
Published: August 2011

This note describes work being carried out by ILCA on evaluation of the productivity of N'Dama, Sahiwal and Boran cattle breeds. Indications of the potential of the N'Dama to increase output from areas of trypanosomiasis risk has led to studies throughout West and Central Africa concerned with aspects of trypanotolerant livestock. Studies on the Sahiwal and many different crosses between Sahiwal and Ayrshires under a range of production systems have allowed suggestions to be made on achieving and maintaining optimal contributions from the Sahiwal breed. Similar ongoing studies on the Boran breed are described.
LES PARCS NATURELS DE FRANCE ET LA CONSERVATION GENETIOUE ANIMALE
Authors: Audiot Annick
Published: August 2011

National and Regional Parks in France are cooperating in the conservation of rare livestock breeds as follows:

Park

Volcans d'Auvergne

Cévennes

Landes de Gascogne

Marais Poitevin

Luberon

Breed

Ferrandaise cattle

Raïole sheep

Landais sheep

Poitou ass

Rove goat
MOBILIZATION OF THE FORCES OF SOCIETY FOR THE CONSERVATION OF ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES
Authors: Alderson Lawrence
Published: August 2011

Increasing awareness of the contribution of native breeds to the quality of human life has created widespread support for conservation of rare breeds in Britain. The organizations concerned with conservation are either commercially oriented or charitable agencies. Public support for the latter is created through radio and television programmes, publications in magazines, demonstrations in agricultural shows and special farm parks for rare breeds.
POURQUOI ET COMMENT PRESERVER LES RACES BOVINES NAMCHI ET KAPSIKI AU CAMEROUN
Authors: Sauveroche B. , Thys E.
Published: August 2011

Les races taurines Namchi et Kapsiki sont les témoins résiduels de peuplements taurins anciens au Cameroun. Ces animaux représentent une forte valeur socio-culturelle pour les ethnies qui les élèvent. Ils possèdent de plus des potentialités pouvant les rendre économiquement attractifs. Après une revue des connaissances sur ces races et une justification de l'intérêt de leur sauvetage, les auteurs présentent des propositions pour leur préservation. Certaines sont déjà appliquées, d'autres devraient être mises en oeuvre.
SHEEP AND CATTLE IN YEMEN
Authors: Hasnain H.U. , Nokhie A. A. Al , Iryani A. R. F. Al
Published: August 2011

The present Republic of Yemen (RDY) was formed in 1991 with the union of two Yemens namely, Yemen Arab Republic (YAR) or North Yemen and the Peoples Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY) or South Yemen. Studies on livestock breeds were undertaken in the former YAR during 1985–87 under the FAO Project UTFN/YEM/011. It was supplemented with a rapid survey for the former PDRY in 1991 by the senior author (HUH) under the FAO Project UTF/ PDY/013. The information on goats in Yemen has recently been published in FAO Animal Genetic Resources Information No: 8 (1992). Here is presented the information of the Yemeni sheep and cattle population.
LE CHEVAL DE MERENS
Authors:   CNCE,   UNIC
Published: August 2011

RÉSUMÉ: Le cheval de Mérens, survivance du cheval préhistorique, est l'unique modèle restant aujourd'hui, du pur sang gaulois. L'image habituelle du cheval de race pure est ici renversée et les amateurs de pur-sang classique seront étonnés par le robuste et massif cheval de Mérens ; son berceau se trouve dans une terre peu connue des Pyrénées françaises : l'Ariège. On peut admirer plusieurs peintures rupestres représentant l'ancêtre du Mérens dans les grottes de Niaux (Ariège-Pyrénées). Doux et endurant, fort et élégant, disponible, confiant et économique, le cheval de Mérens retrouve cinq mois par an les pÂturages d'estives de haute montagne. Ce cheval peut être monté par des enfants en toute sécurité. Il a toutes les qualités du cheval de loisir. II est aussi champion de France d'attelage.

Ces aptitudes nombreuses ont assuré au Mérens une reconnaissance internationale. Il s'exporte aujourd'hui en Hollande, en Espagne, en Allemagne, en Tunisie ainsi qu'en Outre-Mer.
THE KOREAN HANWOO BEEF CATTLE
Authors: Song Chan - Won
Published: August 2011

The Hanwoo cattle of Korea are probably one of the oldest autochthonous breeds in the world that are known to have populated a specific geographic region for over 2000 years. They are also a unique case of a domestic animal genetic resource (DAGR) that after having followed the classical tendency of dangerously and rapidly decreasing numbers (I 740 000 in 1940 down to 393 000 in 1950) moved slowly back to near 2 000 000 in 1993, following an exemplary and voluntary conservation programme and a well organized national improvement scheme. This wellplanned selection scheme made it possible for the average live weight of Hanwoo cattle to nearly double their measure adult weight since the first in official controls were made in the early seventies: sires from 290 kg to 477 kg and cows from 246 kg to 309 kg in a more than 30 year period. This is a unique reference case of D.A.G.R. conservation, of domestic preservation, development, and economic use within the traditional production ten-ns and management conditions of a specific geo-cultural environment.
LA RAZA RUBIA GALLEGA ECOTIPO DE MONTAÑA
Authors: Legide M. , Ceular A.
Published: August 2011

La Rubia Gallega de montaña se localiza en el Norte de la provincia de Lugo. Presenta caracteres étnicos muy relacionados con el medio agreste en que se desenvuelve (menor formato, extremidades cortas, etc.)

Posee buenas aptitudes matemales y una especial predisposicién para aprovechar recursos naturales en zonas dificiles que le han asegurado su permanencia en estas Areas, compitiendo con otras razas de mayor formato y mejores cualidades carniceras. Palabras clave: Razas locales, bovinos, España
GENETIC EROSION ON CAMELIDAE
Authors: Fernandez-Baca S.
Published: August 2011

El autor describe la situación actual de los camélidos en América del Sur, aportando información sobre la geografia, distribución y número de las tres especies existentes: llama, alpaca y vicuña. Vienen presentados igualmente datos estadísticos importantes sobre las razas y sus sistemas de producción. Algunas indicaciones también sobre la escasa, pero cierta, erosión genética como consecuencia de las transformaciones ambientales y de gestión, asi como del cambio registrado en la demanda de productos.
LA CHEVRE NOIRE MAROCAINE CAPACITÉS D'ADAPTATION AUX CONDITIONS ARIDES
Authors: Hossaini-Hilaii J. , Benlamlih S.
Published: August 2011

RESUME

La chèvre noire Marocaine peuple les régions arides et semi-arides du Maroc où elle survit et produit du lait et de la viande pour la population rurale des zones défavorisées. L'objectif du présent article est de présenter cette race tout en mettant l'accent sur ses capacités d'adaptation aux conditions arides d'élevage. Il ressort des études réalisées que cette race possède un faible turnover de l'eau corporelle et une autorégulation précise de la masse corporelle. Ceci lui permet une grande mobilité et agilité pour chercher de l'eau et de la nourriture dans son biotope. La production laitière est faible mais le lait sécrété est concentré. Durant les périodes de privation d'eau ou d'aliments (2 jours), cette chèvre montre une bonne capacité àpréserver le poids corporel. D'autres études sont nécessaires (effet du stress thermique) afin d'élucider d'éventuelles capacités adaptatives.
LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION AND ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES IN CROATIA
Authors: Wilson R. T.
Published: August 2011

This paper describes the organization of livestock production in Croatia and briefly outlines the contribution of the various species of domestic livestock to the national economy. In the final part, the animal genetic resources of Croatia are described and the status of domestic animal diversity described.
THE PINEIA HORSE
Authors: Alexandridis Chirstos
Published: August 2011

The Pineia horse is a rather small horse bred in a limited population size (373 mares and 6 stallions) in the Western Peloponnese (Greece). It is descended from the Greek mountain pony crossed by anglo-arab, anglo-norman and nonius stallions at the beginning of this century. It is characterized by a robust conformation, a lively temperament and a perfect adaptation to difficult mountainous environments. It is used for vegetation management and pack transport and as a stepping pacer it offers a comfortable ride.
THE MALVI CAMEL: A NEWLY DISCOVERED BREED FROM INDIA
Authors: Köhler Rollefson Ilse , Rathore H. S.
Published: August 2011

SUMARY

This paper describes the Malvi camel, a very distinctive breed from northern Madhya Pradesh (India), which is characterized by considerable milk production potential. Although the Malvi camel has long been recognized as a distinct population by local camel breeders, scientists were previously not aware of the existence of this breed. Information about the distribution area, estimated population size, and physical characteristics of the Malvi camel is provided and the prevailing management and production system is described. It is concluded that the Malvi camel represents a valuable genetic resource and that steps are necessary to ensure its survival as a separate gene-pool. The way in which this breed was discovered also demonstrates the need for utilizing local indigenous knowledge in the identification and documentation process of animal genetic resources.
Le cheval Mbayar dans la partie centrale du bassin arachidier Sénégalais
Authors: Dehoux J. -P. , Dieng A. , Buldgen A.
Published: August 2011

Le Sénégal dispose d'un important cheptel équin dont l'effectif croît régulièrement. Le cheval occupe une place prépondérante dans l'économie sénégalaise. Très apprécié comme animal de trait léger pour les travaux agricoles et le transport ou comme cheval de course, le poney MBayar, principale race chevaline locale, est un animal docile, sobre et endurant.

Une enquête réalisée entre octobre 1994 et janvier 1996 a porté sur un effectif de 612 chevaux de race Mbayar. Par ailleurs, 397 animaux ont été examinés lors des consultations vétérinaires.

En milieu rural, l'âge au premier poulinage se situe vers 4 ans. Le taux de fécondité est estimé à 41,7 %. Le poids de naissance est de 30,2 ± 2,2 kg. A un an, le poulain pèse 135,7 ± 33,0 kg. Le poids adulte est de 245,6 ± 34,0 kg chez le mâle et de 230,9 ± 29,7 kg chez la femelle. Le taux de mortalité périnatale est de 13,6 %.

La sous-alimentation, le manque de soins, le surmenage, l'absence de mesures prophylactiques et le faible niveau de connaissance et de revenus des éleveurs de chevaux expliquent la faible productivité de cette race locale.
The Florina (Pellagonia) sheep breed
Authors: Triantafillidis D. , Ligda C. , Georgoudis A. , Boyazoglu J.
Published: August 2011

The Florina (or Pellagonia) sheep, which have descended from ancient indigenous Greek populations, are on the way to extinction. A small number of animals are found in the region of West Macedonia. The breed belongs to the semi fat-tailed Ruda wool type sheep, is well adapted to harsh mountain conditions and shows resistance to diseases. Recorded farms are kept at the Agricultural Research Station of Koila in Kozani, at the T. E. I. farm of Florina, at the Animal Husbandry Institute of Gianitsa and at the Agricultural Research Station of Komotini. The average commercialised milk production is 96±38.6 kg during a lactation period of 156 days and the average litter size is 1.4±0.52.
Indigenous cattle of Zanzibar: the need for conservation
Authors: Ali K. O.
Published: August 2011

The indigenous cattle of Zanzibar commonly referred to as Zanzibar Zebu belong to the Small East African Zebu but with some influences of Boran and Somali cattle. The breed is under pressure from cross-breeding and from economic reforms that may lead to genetic erosion. This paper is an attempt to describe the characteristics and environment of these cattle as well as highlighting the implications of the prevailing conditions for conservation.
Caballo Chilote
Authors: Escobar A. , Oltra J. , Ortiz M. , Voeltz J.
Published: August 2011

The present paper includes an historical briefing, a morphological description of blood polymorphism, and current use of the Chilote pony horse breed. Its characteristics differentiate it from other horse breeds present in Chile.

Historical records, phenotypic and genetic characteristics show that the ancestors of this breed were brought to Chiloé by the Spanish conquerors.

The actual population of the Chilote pony in Chiloé islands, as estimated by the present study, is not more than 300 horses. In order to maintain this genetic material it appears relevant to start with a conservation project for this horse in Chile.
El ganado criollo Romosinuano (Romo)
Authors: Martínez Correal G.
Published: August 2011

Este artículo reseña el origen del ganado criollo colombiano Romosinuano (Romo), el Valle del río Sinú, Costa Norte de Colombia. También, se describen las características zootécnicas de la raza, sus cualidades y aptitudes productivas como raza pura y en cruzamientos. Se presentan los resultados de heterosis, individual y materna, de características de crecimiento pre y posdestete, el cálculo de producción de carne al destete por vaca expuesta a toro en el hato, el peso presacrificio y el rendimiento en canal del Romo puro y sus cruces con Cebú (Brahman) y Charolais.
Genetic resistance to endoparasites in sheep and goats. A review of genetic resistance to gastrointestinal nematode parasites in sheep and goats in the tropics and evidence for resistance in some sheep and goat breeds in sub-humid coastal Kenya
Authors: Baker R.L.
Published: August 2011

The evidence for both between- and within- breed genetic variation for resistance to gastrointestinal (GI) nematode parasites is reviewed. It is concluded that much of the published research on breed characterisation for resistance suffers from poor experimental design. Prior to the initiation of a 6-year study that has just been completed in coastal Kenya there were no estimates of within-breed genetic variation (i.e. heritabilities) of resistance in sheep or goats in the tropics. This study has confirmed that Red Maasai sheep and Small East African (SEA) goats are more resistant to GI parasites (predominantly Haemonchus contortus) than Dorper sheep and Galla goats. Heritability estimates for logarithm transformed faecal egg counts (an indicator of resistance) in 8-month-old lambs was 0.18±0.08 for all lambs, but higher in the susceptible Dorper-sired lambs (0.35±0.16) than in the resistant Red Maasai-sired lambs (0.06±0.07). This difference in heritability suggests that many centuries of natural selection have fixed most of the genes for resistance in the Red Maasai sheep. The resistant Red Maasai sheep and SEA goats were two to three times more productive than the susceptible Dorper sheep and Galla goats in the sub-humid coastal Kenya environment.
The Black Maltese: a Mediterranean, light breed of poultry
Authors: Mallia J.G.
Published: August 2011

The Black Maltese is a nearly-extinct light breed of non-sitting, egg-type chicken, present in the Maltese Islands. Formerly widely reared under backyard conditions for its abundant, white eggs, it has now been entirely replaced by intensely-reared synthetic strains of poultry. This breed is also absent from the remaining backyard flocks in Malta, having been replaced by Rhode Island Red commercial strains. The Black Maltese survives in dwindling numbers as a curiosity and show-bird for poultry shows. The current spatial distribution and breed population size were determined, and breed standard was established. Suggestions on safeguarding this breed were also discussed.
Rabbit genetic resources of Egypt
Authors: Khalil M.H.
Published: August 2011

In Egypt, there are three breeds of rabbits, Giza White, Baladi and Gabali. For Baladi rabbits, there are three strains; Baladi Red, Baladi White and Baladi Black, while Sinai Gabali and Desert Gabali are considered the two strains of Gabali rabbits. Giza White rabbits are usually called improved Giza or El-Giza El-Mohassan. These Egyptian rabbits are medium-sized breeds and used mainly for meat production. Giza White and Baladi rabbits are docile, while Gabali rabbits are moderately tractable. Origin, physical description, and census data for these Egyptian genetic resources were described. Also, they were characterized with regard to their performance (e.g. reproductive efficiency, lactational and maternal abilities, growth rate, feed conversion ratio, carcass traits and meat composition, hair and fur quality, etc.) and adaptability to heat stress.
Characterisation of Jamunapari goats in their home tract
Authors: Rout P.K. , Saxena V.K. , Khan B.U. , Roy R. , Mandal A. , Singh S.K. , Singh L.B.
Published: August 2011

The improvement programme in Jamunapari goats was started with the active participation of farmers in two adopted villages and efforts have been made to characterise the performance of Jamunapari goats in their home tract in relation to production, reproduction performance and field conditions relating to socio-economic status of farmers. The phenotypic measurements are also described in the breed in its habitat. Jamunapari is a tall, white and large size milch goat breed of India and their numbers have been reducing over the years for various reasons. The description in relation to housing, feeding, management, growth parameters, milk yield, parasitic load, blood polymorphism and constraints in field conditions has been made in detail. Body weights at birth, three, six and nine months were 2.75 kg, 12.3 kg, 16 kg and 22 kg, respectively. Milk yield at 90 and 150 days was 102 and 145 litres, respectively. The peak breeding season of this goat in field conditions is in May-June and twining percentage is about 52 percent. The overall mortality in village conditions is about 3.7 percent and is mostly due to diarrhea and pneumonia. The mortality was 3.7 percent, 1.9 percent, 9.8 percent and 2.0 percent in 0–3, 3–6, and 6–12 months, and adult goats, respectively over the years. The native goat in its home tract is endangered for several reasons and utmost care is needed from all angles to save this germplasm.