bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differences in job stress experienced by female and male Japanese psychiatric nurses
Authors: Yada Hironori , Abe Hiroshi , Omori Hisamitsu , Matsuo Hisae , Masaki Otsubo , Ishida Yasushi , Katoh Takahiko
Published: June 2014

In psychiatric nursing, female nurses tend to spend more time building rapport with patients and developing cooperative working relationships with colleagues; they encounter more sexual harassment by patients. In contrast, male nurses respond to aggressive patients and tend to resist physically caring for female patients; they encounter more physical and verbal assault from patients. These gender differences might result in differences in job‐related stress. We quantitatively examined gender differences in psychiatric nurses' job stress. The Psychiatric Nurse Job Stressor Scale and the Stress Reaction Scale of the Brief Job Stress Questionnaire were administered to 159 female and 85 male Japanese psychiatric nurses. The results indicated that female nurses had significantly higher stress levels than males related to psychiatric nursing ability, attitude towards nursing, and stress reactions of fatigue and anxiety. Moreover, the factors affecting stress reactions differed somewhat between sexes. In particular, male nurses reported that greater irritability was affected by patients' attitudes. Their anxiety and somatic symptoms were affected by their attitude towards nursing, and depressed mood was affected by psychiatric nursing ability. Knowledge of these differences can lead to better mental health‐care interventions for psychiatric nurses.
A non‐randomised, controlled clinical trial of an innovative device for negative pressure wound therapy of pressure ulcers in traumatic paraplegia patients
Authors: Srivastava Rajeshwar N , Dwivedi Mukesh K , Bhagat Amit K , Raj Saloni , Agarwal Rajiv , Chandra Abhijit
Published: June 2014

The conventional methods of treatment of pressure ulcers (PUs) by serial debridement and daily dressings require prolonged hospitalisation, associated with considerable morbidity. There is, however, recent evidence to suggest that negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) accelerates healing. The commercial devices for NPWT are costly, cumbersome, and electricity dependent. We compared PU wound healing in traumatic paraplegia patients by conventional dressing and by an innovative negative pressure device (NPD). In this prospective, non‐randomised trial, 48 traumatic paraplegia patients with PUs of stages 3 and 4 were recruited. Patients were divided into two groups: group A (n = 24) received NPWT with our NPD, and group B (n = 24) received conventional methods of dressing. All patients were followed up for 9 weeks. At week 9, all patients on NPD showed a statistically significant improvement in PU healing in terms of slough clearance, granulation tissue formation, wound discharge and culture. A significant reduction in wound size and ulcer depth was observed in NPD as compared with conventional methods at all follow‐up time points (P = 0·0001). NPWT by the innovative device heals PUs at a significantly higher rate than conventional treatment. The device is safe, easy to apply and cost‐effective.
Role of duodenal iron transporters and hepcidin in patients with alcoholic liver disease
Authors: Dostalikova‐Cimburova Marketa , Balusikova Kamila , Kratka Karolina , Chmelikova Jitka , Hejda Vaclav , Hnanicek Jan , Neubauerova Jitka , Vranova Jana , Kovar Jan , Horak Jiri
Published: June 2014

Patients with alcoholic liver disease (ALD) often display disturbed iron indices. Hepcidin, a key regulator of iron metabolism, has been shown to be down‐regulated by alcohol in cell lines and animal models. This down‐regulation led to increased duodenal iron transport and absorption in animals. In this study, we investigated gene expression of duodenal iron transport molecules and hepcidin in three groups of patients with ALD (with anaemia, with iron overload and without iron overload) and controls. Expression of DMT1, FPN1, DCYTB, HEPH, HFE and TFR1 was measured in duodenal biopsies by using real‐time PCR and Western blot. Serum hepcidin levels were measured by using ELISA. Serum hepcidin was decreased in patients with ALD. At the mRNA level, expressions of DMT1, FPN1 and TFR1 genes were significantly increased in ALD. This pattern was even more pronounced in the subgroups of patients without iron overload and with anaemia. Protein expression of FPN1 paralleled the increase at the mRNA level in the group of patients with ALD. Serum ferritin was negatively correlated with DMT1 mRNA. The down‐regulation of hepcidin expression leading to up‐regulation of iron transporters expression in the duodenum seems to explain iron metabolism disturbances in ALD. Alcohol consumption very probably causes suppression of hepcidin expression in patients with ALD.
HBP1 promoter methylation augments the oncogenic β‐catenin to correlate with prognosis in NSCLC
Authors: Tseng Ruo‐Chia , Huang Way‐Ren , Lin Su‐Feng , Wu Pei‐Chen , Hsu Han‐Shui , Wang Yi‐Ching
Published: June 2014

β‐catenin nuclear accumulation is frequently identified in human non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The HMG‐box transcription factor 1 (HBP1) is a known repressor of β‐catenin transactivation. However, the role of HBP1 in relation to β‐catenin nuclear accumulation has not been addressed in human cancer patients. In addition, the mechanism of HBP1 gene alteration in NSCLC remains unclear, although HBP1 mutation and gene deletion of HBP1 are reported in breast and colon cancers. Here, we demonstrate that HBP1 acts as a tumour suppressor and serves as a prognostic biomarker in NSCLC clinical and cell models. The immunohistochemistry data indicated that 30.5% (25/82) of tumours from NSCLC patients showed absence or low expression of HBP1 protein. A significant inverse correlation between mRNA/protein expression and promoter hypermethylation suggested that promoter hypermethylation is responsible for low expression of HBP1 in NSCLC patients. Reactivation of HBP1 expression by demethylation reagent or ectopic expression of HBP1 suppressed β‐catenin transactivation. Conversely, HBP1 knockdown increased β‐catenin transactivation. Importantly, preserved expression of HBP1 had a significantly protective effect on prognosis in patients with β‐catenin nuclear accumulation, suggesting that low expression of HBP1 in NSCLC patients with β‐catenin nuclear accumulation was one of the major determinants of prognosis. Our data from cellular and clinical models suggest that HBP1 is a suppressor of cancer progression, making it a potential prognostic predictor and therapeutic target to attenuate lung cancer progression.
Misregulation of spermatogenesis genes in Drosophila hybrids is lineage‐specific and driven by the combined effects of sterility and fast male regulatory divergence
Authors: Gomes S. , Civetta A.
Published: June 2014

Hybrid male sterility is a common outcome of crosses between different species. Gene expression studies have found that a number of spermatogenesis genes are differentially expressed in sterile hybrid males, compared with parental species. Late‐stage sperm development genes are particularly likely to be misexpressed, with fewer early‐stage genes affected. Thus, a link has been posited between misexpression and sterility. A more recent alternative explanation for hybrid gene misexpression has been that it is independent of sterility and driven by divergent evolution of male‐specific regulatory elements between species (faster male hypothesis). The faster male hypothesis predicts that misregulation of spermatogenesis genes should be independent of sterility and approximately the same in both hybrids, whereas sterility should only affect gene expression in sterile hybrids. To test the faster male hypothesis vs. the effect of sterility on gene misexpression, we analyse spermatogenesis gene expression in different species pairs of the Drosophila phylogeny, where hybrid male sterility occurs in only one direction of the interspecies cross (i.e. unidirectional sterility). We find significant differences among genes in misexpression with effects that are lineage‐specific and caused by sterility or fast male regulatory divergence.
Asynchronous hatching in the burying beetle,Nicrophorus quadripunctatus, maxmizes parental fitness
Authors: Takata M. , Hayashi S. , Thomas C. E. , Koyama S. , Satoh T. , Fugo H.
Published: June 2014

Life history theory predicts that natural selection favours parents who balance investment across offspring to maximize fitness. Theoretical studies have shown that the optimal level of parental investment from the offspring's perspective exceeds that of its parents, and the disparity between the two generates evolutionary conflict for the allocation of parental investment. In various species, the offspring hatch asynchronously. The age hierarchy of the offspring usually establishes competitive asymmetries within the brood and determines the allocation of parental investment among offspring. However, it is not clear whether the allocation of parental investment determined by hatching pattern is optimal for parent or offspring. Here, we manipulated the hatching pattern of the burying beetleNicrophorus quadripunctatusto demonstrate the influence of hatching pattern on the allocation of parental investment. We found that the total weight of a brood was largest in the group that mimicked the natural hatching pattern, with the offspring skewed towards early hatchers. This increases parental fitness. However, hatching patterns with more later hatchers had heavier individual offspring weights, which increases offspring fitness, but this hatching pattern is not observed in the wild. Thus, our study suggests that the natural hatching pattern optimizes parental fitness, rather than offspring fitness.
“Is There a Gun in the Home?” Assessing the Risks of Gun Ownership in Older Adults
Authors: Pinholt Ellen M. , Mitchell Joshua D. , Butler Jane H. , Kumar Harjinder
Published: June 2014

An important ethical and safety concern that geriatricians, primary care providers, and home health professionals need to address is gun ownership by elderly adults. Those aged 65 and older now have the highest rate of gun ownership in America, and they also have a high prevalence of depression and suicide. Dementia can add additional layers of risk. Even older gun owners who are otherwise intellectually intact may benefit from information about gun safety with the increasing numbers of children being cared for by grandparents. Health professionals should ask patients, “Is there a gun in the home?” in the clinic and during home visits. Healthcare professionals must have knowledge and skills to address safe gun ownership in elderly adults. The 5 L's (Locked, Loaded, Little children, feeling Low, Learned owner) will assist professionals in addressing all aspects of safe ownership.
Induction of serpinb1a by PACAP or NGF is required for PC12 cells survival after serum withdrawal
Authors: Seaborn Tommy , Ravni Aurélia , Au Ruby , Chow Bill K. C. , Fournier Alain , Wurtz Olivier , Vaudry Hubert , Eiden Lee E. , Vaudry David
Published: June 2014

PC12 cells are used to study the signaling mechanisms underlying the neurotrophic and neuroprotective activities of pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide (PACAP) and nerve growth factor (NGF). Previous microarray experiments indicated that serpinb1a was the most induced gene after 6 h of treatment with PACAP or NGF. This study confirmed that serpinb1a is strongly activated by PACAP and NGF in a time‐dependent manner with a maximum induction (~ 50‐fold over control) observed after 6 h of treatment. Co‐incubation with PACAP and NGF resulted in a synergistic up‐regulation of serpinb1a expression (200‐fold over control), suggesting that PACAP and NGF act through complementary mechanisms. Consistently, PACAP‐induced serpinb1a expression was not blocked by TrkA receptor inhibition. Nevertheless, the stimulation of serpinb1a expression by PACAP and NGF was significantly reduced in the presence of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase, calcineurin, protein kinase A, p38, and PI3K inhibitors, indicating that the two trophic factors share some common pathways in the regulation of serpinb1a. Finally, functional investigations conducted with siRNA revealed that serpinb1a is not involved in the effects of PACAP and NGF on PC12 cell neuritogenesis, proliferation or body cell volume but mediates their ability to block caspases 3/7 activity and to promote PC12 cell survival.

image

Pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide (PACAP) and nerve growth factor (NGF) induce a strong increase in serpinb1 a expression in PC12 cells. Functional investigations revealed that this increase in serpinb1a does not affect cell proliferation or differentiation but inhibits caspase 3 activity and promotes cell survival.
Cross‐Border Mergers and Market Segmentation
Authors: Ray Chaudhuri Amrita
Published: June 2014

This paper shows that cross‐border mergers are more likely to occur in industries which serve multiple segmented markets rather than a single integrated market, given that cost functions are strictly convex. The product price rises in the market where an acquisition is made but falls in the other, decreasing the acquisition price of other firms (in contrast to the results in the existing merger literature on integrated markets). Although the sum of consumer surplus across the countries may rise in response to a given acquisition, one of the countries gains at the expense of the other.
Is the ‘Linkage Principle’ Valid? Evidence from the Field
Authors: Cho Sung‐Jin , Paarsch Harry J. , Rust John
Published: June 2014

We present field evidence concerning experienced bidders that supports the linkage principle—specifically, the prediction that in affiliated‐values auction environments the expected revenues generated at open‐outcry, ascending‐bid auctions are higher than those under auction formats that reveal less information to participants. Using field data from a large seller of automobiles who experimented with different selling formats, we have found that average revenues were significantly higher under an English auction than under a dynamic Internet auction format that revealed less information to bidders.
Motivating a Supplier to Test Product Quality
Authors: Yehezkel Yaron
Published: June 2014

This paper considers a supplier that offers a buyer a new product of unknown quality. The supplier can run a test that partially reveals unverifiable information concerning the quality, and the buyer can learn the actual quality after agreeing to buy the new product. I identify two main features of a contract for motivating the supplier to run the test. First, the contract may specify an upward or downward quantity distortion. Second, the contract may include slotting allowances, which may be welfare reducing when they discriminate against financially constrained suppliers.
Environmental determinants of type 1 diabetes: A role for overweight and insulin resistance
Authors: Islam Sadia T , Srinivasan Shubha , Craig Maria E
Published: June 2014

Rates of type 1 diabetes are rising globally, with a decreasing proportion of high‐risk genotypes and twin concordance rates below 50%. Therefore, environmental factors such as viruses, nutrition and overweight have been examined as putative aetiological agents. The accelerator hypothesis proposes that overweight and insulin resistance are central to both type 1 and type 2 diabetes and may explain, in part, the rise in type 1 diabetes incidence. The temporal rise in body mass index at type 1 diabetes onset and the observation that pre‐diabetic children are heavier and more insulin resistant than their peers suggests convergence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes phenotypes. The influence of insulin resistance may begin in utero, although the aetiological role of birthweight in type 1 diabetes remains unclear. Further research to elucidate the role of these modifiable risk factors in today's obesogenic environment may provide future potential for diabetes prevention.
Exploratory study of sleeping patterns in children admitted to hospital
Authors: Herbert Anthony R , de Lima Jonathan , Fitzgerald Dominic A , Seton Chris , Waters Karen A , Collins John J
Published: June 2014

Aims

Sleep is considered an important time of healing and restoration during illness. The primary aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of self‐reported sleep disturbance in children admitted to a tertiary children's hospital with a variety of medical diagnoses.

Methods

Parents of children admitted to the hospital, aged between 1 and 18 years, were asked to complete a sleep diary during one night of their child's hospital stay. Children older than 12 years were asked to complete a diary independently. Descriptive statistics were used to summarise the data.

Results

Overall, 107 children were surveyed for one hospital inpatient night. The overall prevalence of poor sleep was 52.3%. The wide age range and variety of diagnosis limited further detailed analysis of specific causes of this problem. Poor sleep prior to admission was the strongest predictor of poor sleep in hospital suggesting that these children already had an underlying sleep problem. Unprompted awakenings were predominantly due to toileting (17.8%) or were spontaneous (17.8%). Factors specific to the hospital environment that woke children were nursing cares (25.2%), alarms (12.1%) and pain (12.1%).

Conclusions

Children admitted to hospital have a higher prevalence of poor sleep compared with healthy children in the community. Children were woken frequently by both external noise and attention provided by hospital staff. Education of hospital staff about the importance of sleep for children and factors that affect children's sleep may reduce the negative impact of hospitalisation on children's sleep.
Comparative Economics of US Catfish Production Strategies: Evidence from a Cross‐sectional Survey
Authors: Johnson Kamina , Engle Carole , Wagner Bruce
Published: June 2014

Understanding the effects of specific management strategies on yields and economic outcomes on commercial catfish farms could provide useful guidance to catfish farmers on the most profitable sets of production practices. Data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture–National Animal Health Monitoring System (USDA–NAHMS) 2009 survey of production practices on catfish farms in Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi were used to identify five clusters of catfish farms that use various stocking densities, channel versus hybrid catfish, different aeration levels, and utilize automated oxygen sensors. The lowest production costs ($1.96/kg) were found in cluster 1 and were followed in order of increasing costs per kilogram of clusters 2 and 4 ($2.16/kg) and cluster 5 ($2.73/kg); the highest cost corresponded to cluster 3 ($2.84/kg). The lowest risk levels corresponded to the clusters with the lowest production costs per kilogram of fish and the highest risk levels to the highest production costs. This analysis demonstrated that different types of management models can achieve similar levels of production costs ($/kg), and it appears that there is not one single economically optimum way to raise catfish. The key to least‐cost production is to balance the use of inputs, their associated costs, and the yield produced to achieve economic efficiency within the farm's overall business and management model.
Potassium Permanganate is Not an Effective Pond Disinfectant to Control Dero digitata
Authors: Mischke Charles C. , Griffin Matt J. , Wise David J. , Greenway Terrence E.
Published: June 2014

Proliferative gill disease (PGD) is a major problem in cultured channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. This parasite requires Dero digitata to complete its life cycle. It is believed potassium permanganate disinfects ponds and reduces D. digitata populations, but this practice has not been verified experimentally. We evaluated potassium permanganate as a pond disinfectant to reduce D. digitata populations before stocking fish. In the first study, 2 L catfish pond mud and 18 L pond water were placed in each of 16 20‐L microcosms. Four microcosms were dosed at each of four potassium permanganate treatment levels (0, 10, 20, and 30 mg/L). After treatment, D. digitata present in the sample were counted. In a second study, benthic populations were compared in 10 0.04 ha ponds before and after treatment with 20 mg/L potassium permanganate. In the microcosm study, all treatment levels significantly (P < 0.05) reduced D. digitata populations relative to controls. However, in the field trial, there were no significant (P < 0.05) differences pre‐ and post‐treatment with potassium permanganate at 20 mg/L in Dero populations or total benthic organism populations. Although we believed such high levels of potassium permanganate would sterilize the pond, the results of the pond treatments in this study indicate otherwise.
Dietary Niacin Requirement of GIFT Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, Reared in Freshwater
Authors: Jiang Ming , Huang Feng , Wen Hua , Yang Changgeng , Wu Fan , Liu Wei , Tian Juan
Published: June 2014

The aim of our experiment was to determine the dietary niacin requirement of genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT) tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, reared in freshwater. Six semi‐purified diets were formulated to contain graded levels of niacin (6.4 [basal diet], 16.8, 36.8, 68.5, 143.8, and 297.8 mg/kg). Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of 30 fish (initial average weight 87.2 ± 3.3 g) for 12 wk in 5.6‐m3 aquaria (r = 1.5 m, h = 0.8 m). Results showed that the weight gain rate (WGR) of the fish increased linearly with dietary niacin levels increasing, but there were no further benefits above 36.8 mg/kg. The niacin concentrations in fish livers were positively correlated with dietary levels of niacin and plateaued when niacin in diet exceeded 84.6 mg/kg. With increasing dietary niacin level, serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) content significantly increased, while serum triacylglycerol (TG) content significantly decreased (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in serum glucose (GLU) and total cholesterol (T‐CHO) contents in the separate fish groups (P > 0.05). Broken‐line regression analysis showed that GIFT tilapia (87–376 g) require a minimum of 20.4 mg/kg niacin in the diet for maximal growth, and 84.6 mg/kg for the highest liver niacin accumulation.
Evaluation of Ovaprim and Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Doses on Spawning Induction and Egg and Larval Quality of Pigfish, Orthopristis chrysoptera
Authors: DiMaggio Matthew A. , Broach Jason S. , Ohs Cortney L.
Published: June 2014

Pigfish, Orthopristis chrysoptera, readily undergo vitellogenesis in captivity, but final oocyte maturation (FOM), ovulation, and spawning can be unpredictable. The objectives of this investigation were to assess the effects of various doses of Ovaprim® (sGnRHa [salmon gonadotropin‐releasing hormone analog] + domperidone) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) on FOM, ovulation, and spawning in pigfish. Ovaprim dosages investigated were 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, and 2.00 mL/kg, which were injected into the dorsal musculature of female pigfish. Male pigfish received one half the dosage administered to females to ensure spermiation. HCG doses of 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 IU/kg were administered to female pigfish, with male pigfish once again receiving half the female dosage. Eggs were collected over a 72‐h period postinjection and enumerated and assessed for fertilization, hatching percentage, and survival to first feeding. Eggs and larvae were photographed and a suite of morphological parameters was determined. Hormone dose evaluations with pigfish showed that the low‐dose (0.25 and 0.50 mL/kg) Ovaprim treatments resulted in better spawning performance. However, superior egg and larval characteristics validate the 0.50 mL/kg dose as the preferred choice for use with pigfish. The four doses of HCG administered to pigfish performed unreliably in this study; thus, no dose recommendation could be made.
Performance of Alternative Diets Containing Solvent‐Extracted Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles Compared to Traditional Diets for Pond‐Raised Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, and Hybrid Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus × Ictalurus furcatus
Authors: Renukdas Nilima , Engle Carole , Lochmann Rebecca , Li Menghe H. , Avery Jimmy , Tucker Craig S. , Bosworth Brian
Published: June 2014

Two concurrent pond studies were initiated in April 2011 to evaluate feeds containing solvent‐extracted distillers dried grains with solubles (SE‐DDGS) in both 28 and 32% protein catfish feeds. Channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, were stocked in multiple‐batch production ponds at the University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff (UAPB) and hybrid catfish, ♀ Ictalurus punctatus × ♂ Ictalurus furcatus, in single‐batch production ponds at the National Warmwater Aquaculture Center (NWAC), Mississippi State University, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA. The experimental design was a 2 × 2 factorial with two protein levels (32 and 28% protein), with and without 20% SE‐DDGS. Fish were fed once daily to apparent satiation, and managed similarly to a commercial farm for 186 d at UAPB and 172 d at NWAC. For channel catfish, two‐way ANOVA showed significant effects of both protein level (28% being better than 32%) and protein source (20% SE‐DDGS diets being better than traditional diets) on yield, survival, total diet fed, and feed conversion ratio (FCR), due primarily to effects on the understocked fingerlings. Partial budget analysis suggested that the 28% protein diet with the 20% SE‐DDGS was preferred economically for the prevailing feed costs. For hybrid catfish, two‐way ANOVA did not show significant differences in total diet fed, yield, survival, and processing yields, but use of SE‐DDGS resulted in a lower FCR. Results showed that both channel and hybrid catfish can utilize 20% SE‐DDGS in the diet without adversely affecting production or processing characteristics.
Numerical models of the thermomechanical evolution of planetesimals: Application to the acapulcoite‐lodranite parent body
Authors: Golabek Gregor J. , Bourdon Bernard , Gerya Taras V.
Published: June 2014

The acapulcoite‐lodranite meteorites are members of the primitive achondrite class. The observation of partial melting and resulting partial removal of Fe‐FeS indicates that this meteorite group could be an important link between achondrite and iron meteorites, on the one hand, and chondrite meteorites, on the other. Thus, a better understanding of the thermomechanical evolution of the parent body of this meteorite group can help improve our understanding of the evolution of early planetesimals. Here, we use 2‐D and 3‐D finite‐difference numerical models to determine the formation time, initial radius of the parent body of the acapulcoite‐lodranite meteorites, and their formation depth inside the body by applying available geochronological, thermal, and textural constraints to our numerical data. Our results indicate that the best fit to the data can be obtained for a parent body with 25–65 km radius, which formed around 1.3 Ma after calcium‐aluminum‐rich inclusions. The 2‐D and 3‐D results considering various initial temperatures and the effect of porosity indicate possible formation depths of the acapulcoite‐lodranite meteorites of 9–19 and 14–25 km, respectively. Our data also suggest that other meteorite classes could form at different depths inside the same parent body, supporting recently proposed models (Elkins‐Tanton et al.; Weiss and Elkins‐Tanton).
Magnetic properties of the LL5 ordinary chondrite Chelyabinsk (fall of February 15, 2013)
Authors: Bezaeva Natalia S. , Badyukov Dmitry D. , Nazarov Mikhail A. , Rochette Pierre , Feinberg Joshua M. , Markov Gennadiy P. , Borschneck Daniel , Demory François , Gattacceca Jérôme , Borisovskiy Sergey E. , Skripnik Anna Ya
Published: June 2014

Here we characterize the magnetic properties of the Chelyabinsk chondrite (LL5, S4, W0) and constrain the composition, concentration, grain size distribution, and mineral fabric of the meteorite's magnetic mineral assemblage. Data were collected from 10 to 1073 K and include measurements of low‐field magnetic susceptibility (χ0), the anisotropy of χ0, hysteresis loops, first‐order reversal curves, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and X‐ray microtomography. The REM and REM′ paleointensity protocols suggest that the only magnetizations recorded by the chondrite are components of the Earth's magnetic field acquired during entry into our planet's atmosphere. The Chelyabinsk chondrite consists of light and dark lithologies. Fragments of the light lithology show logχ0 = 4.57 ± 0.09 (s.d.) (n = 135), while the dark lithology shows 4.65 ± 0.09 (n = 39) (where χ0 is in 10−9 m3 kg−1). Thus, Chelyabinsk is three times more magnetic than the average LL5 fall, but is similar to a subgroup of metal‐rich LL5 chondrites (Paragould, Aldsworth, Bawku, Richmond) and L/LL5 chondrites (Glanerbrug, Knyahinya). The meteorite's room‐temperature magnetization is dominated by multidomain FeNi alloys taenite and kamacite (no tetrataenite is present). However, below approximately 75 K remanence is dominated by chromite. The metal contents of the light and dark lithologies are 3.7 and 4.1 wt%, respectively, and are based on values of saturation magnetization.
Plant host and soil origin influence fungal and bacterial assemblages in the roots of woody plants
Authors: Bonito Gregory , Reynolds Hannah , Robeson Michael S. , Nelson Jessica , Hodkinson Brendan P. , Tuskan Gerald , Schadt Christopher W. , Vilgalys Rytas
Published: June 2014

Microbial communities in plant roots provide critical links between above‐ and belowground processes in terrestrial ecosystems. Variation in root communities has been attributed to plant host effects and microbial host preferences, as well as to factors pertaining to soil conditions, microbial biogeography and the presence of viable microbial propagules. To address hypotheses regarding the influence of plant host and soil biogeography on root fungal and bacterial communities, we designed a trap‐plant bioassay experiment. Replicate Populus, Quercus and Pinus plants were grown in three soils originating from alternate field sites. Fungal and bacterial community profiles in the root of each replicate were assessed through multiplex 454 amplicon sequencing of four loci (i.e., 16S, SSU, ITS, LSU rDNA). Soil origin had a larger effect on fungal community composition than did host species, but the opposite was true for bacterial communities. Populus hosted the highest diversity of rhizospheric fungi and bacteria. Root communities on Quercus and Pinus were more similar to each other than to Populus. Overall, fungal root symbionts appear to be more constrained by dispersal and biogeography than by host availability.
Stress response or beneficial temperature acclimation: transcriptomic signatures inAntarctic fish (Pachycara brachycephalum)
Authors: Windisch H. S. , Frickenhaus S. , John U. , Knust R. , Pörtner H.‐O. , Lucassen M.
Published: June 2014

Research on the thermal biology ofAntarctic marine organisms has increased awareness of their vulnerability to climate change, as a flipside of their adaptation to life in the permanent cold and their limited capacity to acclimate to variable temperatures. Here, we employed a species‐specific microarray of theAntarctic eelpout,Pachycara brachycephalum, to identify long‐term shifts in gene expression after 2 months of acclimation to six temperatures between −1 and 9 °C. Changes in cellular processes comprised signalling, post‐translational modification, cytoskeleton remodelling, metabolic shifts and alterations in the transcription as well as translation machinery. The magnitude of transcriptomic responses paralleled the change in whole animal performance. Optimal growth at 3 °C occurred at a minimum in gene expression changes indicative of a balanced steady state. The up‐regulation of ribosomal transcripts at 5 °C and above was accompanied by the transcriptomic activation of differential protein degradation pathways, from proteasome‐based degradation in the cold towards lysosomal protein degradation in the warmth. From 7 °C upwards, increasing transcript levels representing heat‐shock proteins and an acute inflammatory response indicate cellular stress. Such patterns may contribute to a warm‐induced energy deficit and a strong weight loss at temperatures above 6 °C. Together, cold or warm acclimation led to specific cellular rearrangements and the progressive development of functional imbalances beyond the optimum temperature. The observed temperature‐specific expression profiles reveal the molecular basis of thermal plasticity and refine present understanding of the shape and positioning of the thermal performance curve of ectotherms on the temperature scale.
Cysteine desulphurase plays an important role in environmental adaptation of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus kodakarensis
Authors: Hidese Ryota , Inoue Takahiro , Imanaka Tadayuki , Fujiwara Shinsuke
Published: June 2014

The sulphur atoms of sulphur‐containing cofactors that are essential for numerous cellular functions in living organisms originate from L‐cysteine via cysteine desulphurase (CSD) activity. However, many (hyper)thermophilic archaea, which thrive in solfataric fields and are positioned near the root of the evolutionary tree of life, lack CSD orthologues. The existence of CSD orthologues in a subset of (hyper)thermophilic archaea is of interest with respect to the evolution of sulphur‐trafficking systems for the cofactors. This study demonstrates that the disruption of the csd gene of Thermococcus kodakarensis, a facultative elemental sulphur (S0)‐reducing hyperthermophilic archaeon, encoding Tk‐CSD, conferred a growth defect evident only in the absence of S0, and that growth can be restored by the addition of S0, but not sulphide. We show that the csd gene is not required for biosynthesis of thiamine pyrophosphate or molybdopterin, irrespective of the presence or absence of S0, but is necessary for iron‐sulphur cluster biosynthesis in the absence of S0. Recombinant form of Tk‐CSD expressed in Escherichia coli was obtained and it was found to catalyse the desulphuration of L‐cysteine. The obtained data suggest that hyperthermophiles might benefit from a capacity for CSD‐dependent iron‐sulphur cluster biogenesis, which allows them to thrive outside solfataric environments.
Molecular stratification of medulloblastoma: comparison of histological and genetic methods to detect Wnt activated tumours
Authors: Goschzik Tobias , zur Mühlen Anja , Kristiansen Glen , Haberler Christine , Stefanits Harald , Friedrich Carsten , von Hoff Katja , Rutkowski Stefan , Pfister Stefan M. , Pietsch Torsten
Published: June 2014

Aims

Wnt activation in medulloblastomas is associated with good outcome. Upfront testing and risk‐adapted stratification of patients will be done in future clinical studies. In a cohort of 186 paediatric medulloblastomas our aim was to identify the optimal methods in standard clinical practice to detect this subgroup.

Methods

Nuclear accumulation of β‐catenin was analysed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). DNA of FFPE tissue was amplified by PCR for single‐strand conformation polymorphism analysis and direct sequencing of CTNNB1 exon 3. Copy number of chromosome 6 was analysed by multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification and molecular inversion profiling.

Results

Different automated immunostaining systems showed similar results. Twenty‐one of 186 samples had nuclear accumulation in ≥5% of cells, 17 samples showed <5% β‐catenin positive nuclei. None of these 17 cases had CTNNB1 mutations, but 18 of 21 cases with ≥5% accumulation did, identifying these 18 cases as Wnt‐subgroup medulloblastomas. Fifteen of 18 mutated cases showed monosomy 6, 3 had balanced chromosome 6. On the contrary, none of the CTNNB1 wild‐type tumours had monosomy 6.

Conclusions

Standard neuropathological evaluation of medulloblastoma samples should include IHC of β‐catenin because tumours with high nuclear accumulation of β‐catenin most probably belong to the Wnt subgroup of medulloblastomas. Still, IHC alone may be insufficient to detect all Wnt cases. Similarly, chromosome 6 aberrations were not present in all CTNNB1‐mutated cases. Therefore, we conclude that sequencing analysis of CTNNB1 exon 3 in combination with β‐catenin IHC (possibly as pre‐screening method) is a feasible and cost‐efficient way for the determination of Wnt medulloblastomas.
Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor usage and acute kidney injury: A secondary analysis of RENAL study outcomes
Authors: Wang Amanda Y , Bellomo Rinaldo , Ninomiya Toshiharu , Lo Serigne , Cass Alan , Jardine Meg , Gallagher Martin ,   RENAL Study Investigators and the ANZICS Clinical Trials Group
Published: June 2014

Aim

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with increased mortality. While angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) are known to slow progression of chronic kidney disease, their role in AKI remains unclear.

Methods

The Randomised Evaluation of Normal vs. Augmented Level Replacement Therapy (RENAL) study data were analysed according to ACEI use over time. The primary outcome was all‐cause mortality at 90 days following randomisation. Analyses used a multivariate Cox model adjusted for either baseline or for time‐dependent covariates, and a sensitivity analysis of patients surviving to at least the median time to ACEI initiation.

Results

Of the 1463 participants with available data on ACE inhibitors usage, 142 (9.7%) received ACEI at least once during study data collection. Participants treated with ACEI were older (P = 0.02) and had less sepsis at baseline (P < 0.001). ACEI use was significantly associated with lower mortality at 90 days (HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.30‐0.71, P < 0.001), and an increase in renal replacement therapy‐free days (P < 0.001), intensive care unit‐free days (P < 0.001) and hospital free‐days (P < 0.001) after adjusting for baseline covariates. Using the time‐dependent analysis, however, the effect of ACEI administration was not significant (HR 0.78, 95% CI 0.51‐1.21, P = 0.3). The sensitivity analysis in day 8 survivors produced similar results.

Conclusion

In the RENAL study cohort, the use of ACEI during the study was not common and, after adjustment for time‐dependent covariates, was not significantly associated with reductions in mortality. Further assessment of the effect of ACEI use in AKI patients is needed.
Retracted: Can the transtheoretical model motivate patients with coronary heart disease to exercise?
Authors: Zhu Li‐Xia , Ho Shuk‐Ching , Sit Janet WH , He Hong‐Gu
Published: June 2014

Li‐Xia Zhu, Shuk‐Ching Ho, Janet WH Sit and Hong‐Gu He

The above article from Nursing & Health Sciences, “Can the transtheoretical model motivate patients with coronary heart disease to exercise?” by Li‐Xia Zhu, Shuk‐Ching Ho, Janet WH Sit and Hong‐Gu He, published online on 4th June 2014 on Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinlibrary.com) DOI: 10.1111/nhs.12150, has been retracted by agreement between the lead author, the journal's Editor in Chief, Teresa Stone, and Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd. The retraction has been agreed due to the main study having been previously published.

References to the previously published articles:

Zhu L‐X, Ho S‐C, Sit JWH, He H‐G. . Patient Educ. Couns. 2014; 95: 384–392. http://www.pec‐journal.com/article/S0738‐3991(14)00129‐3/abstract

Zhu L‐X, Ho S‐C, Sit JWH, He H‐G. . J. Adv. Nurs. 2014. doi:10.1111/jan.12469 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jan.12469/abstract

Zhu L‐X, Ho S‐C, Sit JWH, He H‐G. . J. Cardiovasc. Nurs. 2014. DOI: 10.1097/JCN.0000000000000162. http://journals.lww.com/jcnjournal/Citation/publishahead/Effect_of_a_Transtheoretical_Model_Based.99700.aspx
Your blues ain't like mine: considering integrative antiracism in HIV prevention research with black men who have sex with men in Canada and the United States
Authors: Nelson LaRon E. , Walker J. J. , DuBois Steve N. , Giwa Sulaimon
Published: June 2014

Evidence‐based interventions have been developed and used to prevent HIV infections among black men who have sex with men (MSM) in Canada and the United States; however, the degree to which interventions address racism and other interlocking oppressions that influence HIV vulnerability is not well known. We utilize integrative antiracism to guide a review of HIV prevention intervention studies with black MSM and to determine how racism and religious oppression are addressed in the current intervention evidence base. We searched CINAHL, PsychInfo, MEDLINE and the CDC compendium of evidence‐based HIV prevention interventions and identified seventeen interventions. Three interventions targeted black MSM, yet only one intervention addressed racism, religious oppression, cultural assets and religious assets. Most interventions' samples included low numbers of black MSM. More research is needed on interventions that address racism and religious oppression on HIV vulnerability among black MSM. Future research should focus on explicating mechanisms by which multiple oppressions impact HIV vulnerability. We recommend the development and integration of social justice tools for nursing practice that aid in addressing the impacts of racism and other oppressions on HIV vulnerability of black MSM.
Why the Negation Problem Is Not a Problem for Expressivism
Authors: Schwartz Jeremy , Hom Christopher
Published: June 2014

The Negation Problem states that expressivism has insufficient structure to account for the various ways in which a moral sentence can be negated. We argue that the Negation Problem does not arise for expressivist accounts of all normative language but arises only for the specific examples on which expressivists usually focus. In support of this claim, we argue for the following three theses: 1) a problem that is structurally identical to the Negation Problem arises in non‐normative cases, and this problem is solved once the hidden quantificational structure involved in such cases is uncovered; 2) the terms ‘required’, ‘permissible’, and ‘forbidden’ can also be analyzed in terms of hidden quantificational structure, and the Negation Problem disappears once this hidden structure is uncovered; 3) the Negation Problem does not arise for normative language that has no hidden quantificational structure. We conclude that the Negation Problem is not really a problem about expressivism at all but is rather a feature of the quantificational structure of the required, permitted, and forbidden.
Stay‐green alleles individually enhance grain yield in sorghum under drought by modifying canopy development and water uptake patterns
Authors: Borrell Andrew K. , van Oosterom Erik J. , Mullet John E. , George‐Jaeggli Barbara , Jordan David R. , Klein Patricia E. , Hammer Graeme L.
Published: June 2014

Stay‐green is an integrated drought adaptation trait characterized by a distinct green leaf phenotype during grain filling under terminal drought. We used sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), a repository of drought adaptation mechanisms, to elucidate the physiological and genetic mechanisms underpinning stay‐green.

Near‐isogenic sorghum lines (cv RTx7000) were characterized in a series of field and managed‐environment trials (seven experiments and 14 environments) to determine the influence of four individual stay‐green (Stg1–4) quantitative trait loci (QTLs) on canopy development, water use and grain yield under post‐anthesis drought.

The Stg QTL decreased tillering and the size of upper leaves, which reduced canopy size at anthesis. This reduction in transpirational leaf area conserved soil water before anthesis for use during grain filling. Increased water uptake during grain filling of Stg near‐isogenic lines (NILs) relative to RTx7000 resulted in higher post‐anthesis biomass production, grain number and yield. Importantly, there was no consistent yield penalty associated with the Stg QTL in the irrigated control.

These results establish a link between the role of the Stg QTL in modifying canopy development and the subsequent impact on crop water use patterns and grain yield under terminal drought.
Long‐term study of root biomass in a biodiversity experiment reveals shifts in diversity effects over time
Authors: Ravenek Janneke M. , Bessler Holger , Engels Christof , Scherer‐Lorenzen Michael , Gessler Arthur , Gockele Annette , De Luca Enrica , Temperton Vicky M. , Ebeling Anne , Roscher Christiane , Schmid Bernhard , Weisser Wolfgang W. , Wirth Christian , de Kroon Hans , Weigelt Alexandra , Mommer Liesje
Published: June 2014

Biodiversity experiments generally report a positive effect of plant biodiversity on aboveground biomass (overyielding), which typically increases with time. Various studies also found overyielding for belowground plant biomass, but this has never been measured over time. Also, potential underlying mechanisms have remained unclear. Differentiation in rooting patterns among plant species and plant functional groups has been proposed as a main driver of the observed biodiversity effect on belowground biomass, leading to more efficient belowground resource use with increasing diversity, but so far there is little evidence to support this. We analyzed standing root biomass and its distribution over the soil profile, along a 1–16 species richness gradient over eight years in the Jena Experiment in Germany, and compared belowground to aboveground overyielding.

In our long‐term dataset, total root biomass increased with increasing species richness but this effect was only apparent after four years. The increasingly positive relationship between species richness and root biomass, explaining 12% of overall variation and up to 28% in the last year of our study, was mainly due to decreasing root biomass at low diversity over time. Functional group composition strongly affected total standing root biomass, explaining 44% of variation, with grasses and legumes having strong overall positive and negative effects, respectively. Functional group richness or interactions between functional group presences did not strongly contribute to overyielding. We found no support for the hypothesis that vertical root differentiation increases with species richness, with functional group richness or composition. Other explanations, such as stronger negative plant–soil feedbacks in low‐diverse plant communities on standing root biomass and vertical distribution should be considered.
Perceptions towards lesbian, gay and bisexual people in residential care facilities: a qualitative study
Authors: Neville Stephen J. , Adams Jeffery , Bellamy Gary , Boyd Michal , George Nigel
Published: June 2014

Background

Internationally, increases in the numbers of older people will be reflected in larger numbers of more socioculturally diverse groups of older people requiring care provided by residential care facilities. Covert and overt instances of homophobia are evident within residential care services provided to older lesbian, gay and bisexual people.

Aims

To explore the perceptions of care staff working in residential care homes towards older lesbian, gay and bisexual people.

Design

Critical gerontology formed the methodological foundations for focus group discussions with care staff from seven residential care facilities. Hypothetical vignettes were used to stimulate discussion amongst participants.

Results

Thematic analysis of the seven focus group interviews illuminated three themes: ‘Knowing me knowing you’, ‘Out of sight out of mind’ and ‘It's a generational thing’. Subtle as well as not so subtle forms of homophobia were evident in each of the themes. Care staff felt they were largely unprepared to provide care to older lesbian, gay and bisexual people.

Conclusion

This small‐scale New Zealand study identifies that the residential care sector is not always supportive, or prepared, to provide a care service to those people identifying as lesbian, gay and bisexual.

Implications for practice

Findings from this study recommend the implementation of principle‐based guidelines, opportunities to participate in ongoing education and partnering with non‐heterosexual community organisations in order to provide culturally appropriate care to older lesbian, gay and bisexual people.