bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Noise Thermometry for Ultralow Temperatures
Authors: Fleischmann A. , Reiser A. , Enss C.
Published: September 2020

In recent years, current-sensing dc-SQUIDs have enabled the application of noise thermometry at ultralow temperatures. A major advantage of noise thermometry is the fact that no driving current is needed to operate the device and thus the heat dissipation within the thermometer can be reduced to a minimum. Such devices can be used either in primary or relative primary mode and cover typically several orders of magnitude in temperature extending into the low microkelvin regime. Here we will review recent advances of noise thermometry for ultralow temperatures.
Role of Hair Coverage and Sweating for Textile Friction on the Forearm
Authors: Lyu Jingchun , Özgün Novaf , Kondziela David J. , Bennewitz Roland
Published: September 2020

Friction of textiles on the human forearm is an important factor in comfort sensations of garments. We built an experiment to measure friction for textiles sliding on the forearm under loading conditions which are characteristic for wearing shirts or jackets. The hair coverage of the participants’ forearm was quantified by image analysis of photographs of the arm in the region of contact. Friction results for five standard textiles suggest to treat hair coverage in two classes. Sweating after physical activity leads to an increase of friction by factors of 2 to 5 for participants with less hairy forearms, while an increase by a factor of 1 to 1.7 only was found for participants with more hairy forearms. We introduce a method of wetting the forearm of study participants in a controlled way with water, which results in similar friction as for the sweating forearm after physical activity. The method allows for efficient studies of the role of skin moisture for friction including varying hair coverage of the skin.
On sample preparation methods for fermented beverage VOCs profiling by GCxGC-TOFMS
Authors: Zhang Penghan , Carlin Silvia , Lotti Cesare , Mattivi Fulvio , Vrhovsek Urska
Published: September 2020

Introduction

Aromas and tastes have crucial influences on the quality of fermented beverages. The determination of aromatic compounds requires global non-targeted profiling of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the beverages. However, experimental VOC profiling result depends on the chosen VOC collection method.

Objectives

This study aims to observe the impact of using different sample preparation techniques [dynamic headspace (DHS), vortex-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction (VALLME), multiple stir bar sorptive extraction (mSBSE), solid phase extraction (SPE), and solid phase micro-extraction (SPME)] to figure out the most suitable sample preparation protocol for profiling the VOCs from fermented beverages.

Methods

Five common sample preparation methods were studied with beer, cider, red wine, and white wine samples. After the sample preparation, collected VOCs were analyzed by two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time of flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-TOFMS).

Results

GCxGC oven parameters can be optimized with the Box–Behnken surface response model and response measure on peak dispersion. Due to the unavoidable column and detector saturation during metabolomic analysis, errors may happen during mass spectrum construction. Profiling results obtained with different sample preparation methods show considerable variance. Common findings occupy a small fraction of total annotated VOCs. For known fermentative aromas, best coverage can be reached by using SPME together with SPE for beer, and VALLME for wine and cider.

Conclusions

GCxGC-TOFMS is a promising tool for non-targeted profiling on VOCs from fermented beverages. However, a proper data processing protocol is lacking for metabolomic analysis. Each sample preparation method has a specific profiling spectrum on VOC profiling. The coverage of the VOC metabolome can be improved by combining complementary methods.
Joint Bayesian Estimation of Voxel Activation and Inter-regional Connectivity in fMRI Experiments
Authors: Spencer Daniel , Guhaniyogi Rajarshi , Prado Raquel
Published: September 2020

Brain activation and connectivity analyses in task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments with multiple subjects are currently at the forefront of data-driven neuroscience. In such experiments, interest often lies in understanding activation of brain voxels due to external stimuli and strong association or connectivity between the measurements on a set of pre-specified groups of brain voxels, also known as regions of interest (ROI). This article proposes a joint Bayesian additive mixed modeling framework that simultaneously assesses brain activation and connectivity patterns from multiple subjects. In particular, fMRI measurements from each individual obtained in the form of a multi-dimensional array/tensor at each time are regressed on functions of the stimuli. We impose a low-rank parallel factorization decomposition on the tensor regression coefficients corresponding to the stimuli to achieve parsimony. Multiway stick-breaking shrinkage priors are employed to infer activation patterns and associated uncertainties in each voxel. Further, the model introduces region-specific random effects which are jointly modeled with a Bayesian Gaussian graphical prior to account for the connectivity among pairs of ROIs. Empirical investigations under various simulation studies demonstrate the effectiveness of the method as a tool to simultaneously assess brain activation and connectivity. The method is then applied to a multi-subject fMRI dataset from a balloon-analog risk-taking experiment, showing the effectiveness of the model in providing interpretable joint inference on voxel-level activations and inter-regional connectivity associated with how the brain processes risk. The proposed method is also validated through simulation studies and comparisons to other methods used within the neuroscience community.
Analysis of conservative tracer measurement results inside a planted horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland filled with coarse gravel using Frechet distribution
Authors: Dittrich Ernő , Klincsik Mihály , Somfai Dávid , Dolgos-Kovács Anita , Kiss Tibor , Szekeres Anett
Published: September 2020

We worked out a method in Maple environment to help understand the difficult transport processes in horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands filled with coarse gravel (HSFCW-C). With this process, the measured tracer results of the inner points of a HSFCW-C can be fitted more accurately than with the conventionally used distribution functions (Gaussian, Lognormal, Fick (Inverse Gaussian) and Gamma). This research outcome only applies for planted HSFCW-Cs. The outcome of the analysis shows that conventional solutions completely stirred series tank reactor (CSTR) model and convection-dispersion transport (CDT) model do not describe the internal transport processes with sufficient accuracy. This study may help us develop better process descriptions of very complex transport processes in HSFCW-Cs. Our results also revealed that the tracer response curves of planted HSFCW-C conservative inner points can be fitted well with Frechet distribution only if the response curve has one peak.
Mineralogy and heavy metal assessment of the Pietra del Pertusillo reservoir sediments (Southern Italy)
Authors: Buccione Roberto , Fortunato Elisabetta , Paternoster Michele , Rizzo Giovanna , Sinisi Rosa , Summa Vito , Mongelli Giovanni
Published: September 2020

The Pietra del Pertusillo freshwater reservoir is a major artificial lake of environmental, biological, and ecological importance located in the Basilicata region, southern Italy. The reservoir arch-gravity dam was completed in 1963 for producing hydroelectric energy and providing water for human use, and nearby there are potential sources of anthropogenic pollution such as urban and industrial activities. For the first time, the minero-chemistry of the lake and fluvio-lacustrine sediments of the reservoir have been evaluated to assess the environmental quality. Moreover, the composition of fluvial sediments derived from the peri-lacual zone of the reservoir and of local outcropping bedrock were also studied to understand the factors affecting the behavior of elements in the freshwater reservoir, with particular attention paid to heavy metals. In Italy, specific regulatory values concerning the element threshold concentration for lake and river sediments do not exist, and for this reason, soil threshold values are considered the standard for sediments of internal waters. The evaluation of the environmental quality of reservoir sediments has been performed using enrichment factors obtained with respect to the average composition of a reconstructed local upper continental crust. We suggest this method as an innovative standard in similar conditions worldwide. In the studied reservoir sediments, the trace elements that may be of some environmental concern are Cr, Cu, Zn, As, and Pb although, at this stage, the distribution of these elements appears to be mostly driven by geogenic processes. However, within the frame of the assessment and the preservation of the quality of aquatic environments, particular attention has to be paid to As (which shows median value of 10 ppm, reaching a maximum value of 26 ppm in Quaternary sediments), constantly enriched in the lacustrine samples and especially in the fine-grained fraction (median = 8.5 ppm).
Influence of Hot Isostatic Pressing on the Hot Ductility of Cast Alloy 718: The Effect of Niobium and Minor Elements on the Liquation Mechanism
Authors: Singh Sukhdeep , Hanning Fabian , Andersson Joel
Published: September 2020

The influence of two hot isostatic pressing (HIP) treatments on liquation behavior was investigated and compared with regard to the extent of heat-affected zone liquation cracking in cast Alloy 718. The extent of liquation was seen to increase after HIP treatment at 1190 °C due to solute changes caused by the homogenization of Nb, which contributed to extensive grain boundary melting. The HIP treatment at 1120 °C exhibited lower liquation with contributions from particle liquation of the Laves phase and constitutional liquation of NbC carbides. This was also reflected in a lower ductility recovery temperature, with slower recovery for the former due to the extensive liquation. Interestingly, the nil ductility temperatures were both below the predicted equilibrium solidus of the alloy, which suggests that the ductility drop is related to liquation caused by solute segregation at the grain boundaries.
New ways of working and intrapreneurial behaviour: the mediating role of transformational leadership and social interaction
Authors: Gerards Ruud , van Wetten Sanne , van Sambeek Cecile
Published: September 2020

To promote innovativeness and efficiency, an increasing number of firms have adopted New ways of working (NWW). However, it is not clear what effect NWW has on innovation-related outcomes, such as intrapreneurial behaviour. Therefore, we provide a first investigation on the relation between the facets of NWW and intrapreneurial behaviour, while testing transformational leadership and co-worker social interaction as mediators. We use a sample of 254 employees of the Dutch working population and apply the Preacher and Hayes’ (Behav Res Methods 40(3):879–891, 2008) bootstrap method for multiple mediation to test our hypotheses. We find that NWW facets time- and location-independent work and management on output are positively related to intrapreneurial behaviour. In addition, we find that the relation between a freely accessible open workplace and intrapreneurial behaviour is mediated by transformational leadership. However, we find no relationship between co-worker social interaction and intrapreneurial behaviour and thus no mediating role for social interaction. Our research adds to the budding literature on the effects of NWW and to the literature on the determinants of intrapreneurial behaviour. We conclude that implementation of several NWW facets and a transformational leadership style could help foster intrapreneurial behaviour among employees, and that future research that further enhances the measurement of the NWW facets and investigates its configurational effects on intrapreneurial behaviour is welcome.
Reshaping Apple Juice Production Into a Zero Discharge Biorefinery Process
Authors: Vukušić Josipa Lisičar , Millenautzki Thomas , Cieplik Ronny , Obst Veit , Saaid Abdechafik Mokhlis , Clavijo Leonardo , Zlatanovic Slododan , Hof Jendrik , Mösche Marek , Barbe Stéphan
Published: September 2020

In the last decade, the utilization of waste by-product apple pomace has been extensively researched (due to its difficult disposal) and currently finds beneficial usage in various industries; as substrate for microbial growth or recovery of pectin, xyloglucan and polyphenols. In this research apple juice was produced at pilot scale. Furthermore, apple pomace was employed as substrate for the production of pectin, biofuel (pellets) and concentrated apple pomace extract. Extensive mass and heat balances were conducted to evaluate the feasibility of this approach on industrial scale. The produced pellets had very similar characteristics to wood pellets (net calorific value of 20.3 MJ/kg). Dried apple pomace contained 11.9% of pectin. Fed-batch cultivation of baker´s yeast with apple pomace extract demonstrated a potential for partial substitution of molasses in industrial bioprocesses. This concept shows how a zero discharge biorefinery process converts waste from apple juice production into three valuable products enabling connections between different industries.

Graphic Abstract
Introduction to the Special Issue on Intercultural Digital Ethics
Authors: Aggarwal Nikita
Published: September 2020

Recent advances in the capability of digital information technologies—particularly due to advances in artificial intelligence (AI)—have invigorated the debate on the ethical issues surrounding their use. However, this debate has often been dominated by ‘Western’ ethical perspectives, values and interests, to the exclusion of broader ethical and socio-cultural perspectives. This imbalance carries the risk that digital technologies produce ethical harms and lack social acceptance, when the ethical norms and values designed into these technologies collide with those of the communities in which they are delivered and deployed. This special issue takes a step towards broadening the approach of digital ethics, by bringing together a range of cultural, social and structural perspectives on the ethical issues relating to digital information technology. Importantly, it refreshes and reignites the field of Intercultural Digital Ethics for the age of AI and ubiquitous computing.
‘Believing without Belonging’ in Twenty European Countries (1981–2008) De-institutionalization of Christianity or Spiritualization of Religion?
Authors: Tromp Paul , Pless Anna , Houtman Dick
Published: September 2020

Extending and building on previous work on the merits of Grace Davie's theory about ‘believing without belonging’, this paper offers a comparative analysis of changes in the relationships between ‘believing’ and ‘belonging’ across countries. In doing so, two renditions of the theory that co-exist in Grace Davie's work are distinguished, i.e., the typically foregrounded version about a de- institutionalization of Christianity and its often unnoticed counterpart about a spiritualization of religion. Societal growth curve modelling is applied to the data of the European Values Study for twenty European countries (1981–2008) to test hypotheses derived from both theories. The findings suggest that the typically foregrounded version of a de- institutionalization of Christianity needs to be rejected, while the typically unnoticed version of a spiritualization of religion is supported by the data.
Cascaded deep learning classifiers for computer-aided diagnosis of COVID-19 and pneumonia diseases in X-ray scans
Authors: Karar Mohamed Esmail , Hemdan Ezz El-Din , Shouman Marwa A.
Published: September 2020

Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems are considered a powerful tool for physicians to support identification of the novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) using medical imaging modalities. Therefore, this article proposes a new framework of cascaded deep learning classifiers to enhance the performance of these CAD systems for highly suspected COVID-19 and pneumonia diseases in X-ray images. Our proposed deep learning framework constitutes two major advancements as follows. First, complicated multi-label classification of X-ray images have been simplified using a series of binary classifiers for each tested case of the health status. That mimics the clinical situation to diagnose potential diseases for a patient. Second, the cascaded architecture of COVID-19 and pneumonia classifiers is flexible to use different fine-tuned deep learning models simultaneously, achieving the best performance of confirming infected cases. This study includes eleven pre-trained convolutional neural network models, such as Visual Geometry Group Network (VGG) and Residual Neural Network (ResNet). They have been successfully tested and evaluated on public X-ray image dataset for normal and three diseased cases. The results of proposed cascaded classifiers showed that VGG16, ResNet50V2, and Dense Neural Network (DenseNet169) models achieved the best detection accuracy of COVID-19, viral (Non-COVID-19) pneumonia, and bacterial pneumonia images, respectively. Furthermore, the performance of our cascaded deep learning classifiers is superior to other multi-label classification methods of COVID-19 and pneumonia diseases in previous studies. Therefore, the proposed deep learning framework presents a good option to be applied in the clinical routine to assist the diagnostic procedures of COVID-19 infection.
Peritonitis in children on peritoneal dialysis
Authors: AlZabli Saeed M. , Alsuhaibani Mohammed A. , BinThunian Meshail A. , Alshahrani Dayel A. , Al anazi Abdulkarim , Varghese Sibi , Rose Vernice , Rahim Khawla A.
Published: September 2020

Background and Objective:

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) associated peritonitis is the most common cause of morbidity, mortality, and treatment failure in patients undergoing PD. We aimed to identify the incidence, pathogens, antibiotic susceptibility, and the outcome of peritoneal dialysis (PD)-associated peritonitis in children.

Methods:

Data from medical records of children who underwent PD between 2007 and 2018 in King Fahad Medical City were retrospectively collected. All children aged <14 years undergoing chronic PD were included. The demographic characteristics of patients, peritonitis rates, and clinical outcomes were collected.

Results:

In total, 131 children [boys, 68 (51.9%)] underwent automated PD for 305 years. The most common age group was 6–12 years (61 patients, 46.6%). A total of 74.0% of patients were new to dialysis; 25.2% were transferred from hemodialysis. Peritonitis incidence was 0.6 episodes/patient-year. Gram-positive and -negative organisms were identified in 50.1% and 22% episodes, respectively, whereas cultures remained negative in 20.5% episodes. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus was the most common isolated organism (22.1%), followed by methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (11.1%). Peritonitis was resolved in 153 (73.6%) episodes, whereas 52 (25.0%) episodes required removal through the catheter. The multivariate logistic regression analysis found the exit site infection to be a risk factor for catheter removal. Three (1.4%) episodes caused death due to peritonitis complicated by septic shock.

Conclusions:

Our data showed that the most common organisms causing peritonitis were similar to those reported in the previous international registry. The rate of peritonitis was high, but markedly improved in the past two years.
Estimation of body surface area in neonates, infants, and children using body weight alone
Authors: El Edelbi Ranaa Akkawi , Lindemalm Synnöve , Nydert Per , Eksborg Staffan
Published: September 2020

Background:

The aim of this study was to use Body Surface Area (BSA) data calculated with the Mosteller equation to test potential new equations that estimate BSA using Body Weight (BW) alone in children aged 0–18 years.

Mosteller's equation, the golden standard at our hospital, was used to calculate the BSA in infants and children aged 0–18 years using BW and height data from 27,440 hospital visits by 20,635 patients over one year.

Methods:

The best fit of three nonlinear regression equations (third-order polynomial, Meeh-type, and modified Boyd self-adjusting-type) to a plot of the calculated Mosteller BSA values versus BW was then investigated. The correlation between the BSA values estimated by these equations and the Mosteller BSA values was established by the Spearman rank correlation test. Bias and precision were evaluated as outlined by Sheiner and Beal. Measured and estimated BSA values were compared using the Eksborg plot.

Results:

The estimated BSA values from all three equations and the BSA values from the Mosteller equation were closely correlated (P < .0001). The third-order polynomial and Meeh-type equations overestimated BSA by 0.13% and 0.40%, respectively, while the Boyd self-adjusted-type equation underestimated BSA by 0.060%. For the entire pediatric population, the best fit was obtained with the Meeh-type equation: 99.2% of the Meeh/Mosteller BSA ratios were within the range of 0.9–1.1 when compared with 98.3% and 97.2% for the polynomial and Boyd-type equations, respectively.

Conclusion:

A single Meeh-type equation can be used to predict the results of Mosteller equation when H is not available with high precision and accuracy in children aged 0–18 years, including term neonates. We now plan to include the results of this study in CPOE systems in Sweden to improve drug dosage in all children.
Partner Responses to Low Desire: Associations with Sexual, Relational, and Psychological Well-Being Among Couples Coping with Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder
Authors: Rosen Natalie O. , Corsini-Munt Serena , Dubé Justin P. , Boudreau Carmen , Muise Amy
Published: September 2020

Background

The experience of distressing low sexual interest/arousal—female sexual interest/arousal disorder (FSIAD)—is prevalent in women of all ages and is associated with poorer sexual, relationship, and psychological well-being than women without this difficulty. Women who are partnered are almost 5 times more likely to be distressed by low desire and to receive a diagnosis of FSIAD than unpartnered women, indicating that interpersonal factors are highly relevant, although largely neglected in past research.

Aim

In a dyadic cross-sectional and longitudinal study, we examined whether partner responses to FSIAD were associated with the sexual, relationship, and psychological well-being of couples, and whether any effects persisted 1 year later.

Methods

Women diagnosed with FSIAD (N = 89) completed a validated measure of perceived partner positive vs negative responses to their low sexual interest/arousal and their partners reported on their own responses, as well as measures of sexual desire, sexual satisfaction, relationship satisfaction, sexual distress, and anxiety. 1 year later, couples (N = 66) completed the outcome measures again. Data were analyzed according to the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model.

Outcomes

Outcomes included were the Sexual Desire Inventory–Solitary and Partner-Focused Subscales; Global Measure of Sexual Satisfaction; Female Sexual Distress Scale; Couple Satisfaction Index; and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory–Short-Form.

Results

When women with FSIAD perceived more positive partner responses (eg, warm, supportive, compassionate) than negative responses (eg, hostile, unsupportive, indifferent), they were more satisfied with the relationship and they and their partners reported lower anxiety. When partners reported more positive than negative responses, they had greater relationship and sexual satisfaction and lower sexual distress and anxiety. Exploratory analyses revealed that women's perceptions of their partners' responses accounted for the link between partners' own responses and women's relationship satisfaction and anxiety. Partner responses did not predict any change in outcomes over time.

Clinical Implications

Findings support interpersonal conceptualizations of FSIAD and may inform the development of future couple-based interventions.

Strengths & Limitations

This study is one of the few dyadic investigations of FSIAD, as diagnosed via a clinical interview. Significant associations were only observed cross-sectionally, limiting causal conclusions. There was limited power to detect longitudinal effects.

Conclusion

More positive responses to women's low sexual interest/arousal by partners is linked to better adjustment among couples affected by FSIAD.
Application of Social Network Analysis to Major Petrochemical Accident: Interorganizational Collaboration Perspective
Authors: Abbassinia Marzieh , Kalatpour Omid , Motamedzade Majid , Soltanian Alireza , Mohammadfam Iraj
Published: September 2020

Objective:

Crisis management in major accidents requires the collaboration among different organizations. One of the most important problems of crisis management is the lack of coordination between executive organizations. The aim of this study was to examine the structural characters and problems of interorganizational network during crisis in the petrochemical industry and provide solutions to achieve the highest performance in crisis management.

Methods:

The organizations involved in crisis management were identified through interviews and questionnaires. Gephi (0.9.1) software was used to examine interorganizational relationships.

Results:

In this study, the crisis management team consisted of 25 public and private organizations and non-governmental organizations. The highest betweenness centrality was observed in Crisis Management of Provincial Government (CMPG) (142.16) and Fire Department of Petrochemical Complex (FDC) (89.3). The highest closeness centrality was observed in FDC (0.77), CMPG (0.7), Shazand Governorate (0.7), and Crisis Management of University of Medical Sciences (0.7).

Conclusions:

Coordination between organizations plays an important role in crisis and emergency management, and social network analysis helps identify strengths and weaknesses of organizations involved in crisis management, overcome those weaknesses, and consequently achieve the best performance in crisis management.
Co-existence of diabetes and TB among adults in India: a study based on National Family Health Survey data
Authors: Sil Apyayee , Patra Dinabandhu , Dhillon Preeti , Narasimhan Padmanesan
Published: September 2020

Multiple studies suggest that diabetes mellitus (DM) is a potential risk factor for tuberculosis (TB) development and treatment, especially in low- and middle-income countries. The study aimed to test concomitancy between DM and TB among adults in India. Data were from the 2015–16 National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4). The study sample comprised 107,575 men aged 15–54 and 677,292 women aged 15–49 for which data on DM status were available in the survey. The association between state-level prevalence of TB and DM was examined and robust Poisson regression analysis applied to examine the effect of DM on TB. A high prevalence of TB was observed among individuals with diabetes in India in 2015–16. A total of 866 per 100,000 men and 405 per 100,000 women who self-reported having diabetes also had TB; among those who self-reported not having diabetes the ratios were 407 per 100,000 men and 241 per 100,000 women. The risk of having TB among those who self-reported having DM was higher for both men (2.03, 95% CI: 1.26, 3.28) and women (1.79, 95% CI: 1.48, 2.49) than for those who did not self-report having DM. Adults who were diagnosed with diabetes (including pre-diabetes) also had a higher rate of TB (477 per 100,000 men and 331 per 100,000 women) than those who were not diagnosed (410 per 100,000 men and 239 per 100,000 women). Adults from poor families, with lower BMIs, lower levels of literacy and who were not working had a higher risk of TB–DM co-morbidity. The state-level pattern of co-morbidity, the under-reporting of DM (undiagnosed) and TB stigmatization are discussed. The study confirms that diabetes is an important co-morbid feature with TB in India, and reinforces the need to raise awareness on screening for the co-existence of DM and TB with integrated health programmes for the two conditions.
The incidence of psychotic disorders among migrants and minority ethnic groups in Europe: findings from the multinational EU-GEI study
Authors: Termorshuizen Fabian , van der Ven Els , Tarricone Ilaria , Jongsma Hannah E. , Gayer-Anderson Charlotte , Lasalvia Antonio , Tosato Sarah , Quattrone Diego , La Cascia Caterina , Szöke Andrei , Berardi Domenico , Llorca Pierre-Michel , de Haan Lieuwe , Velthorst Eva , Bernardo Miguel , Sanjuán Julio , Arrojo Manuel , Murray Robin M. , Rutten Bart P. , Jones Peter B. , van Os Jim , Kirkbride James B. , Morgan Craig , Selten Jean-Paul
Published: September 2020

Background

In Europe, the incidence of psychotic disorder is high in certain migrant and minority ethnic groups (hence: ‘minorities’). However, it is unknown how the incidence pattern for these groups varies within this continent. Our objective was to compare, across sites in France, Italy, Spain, the UK and the Netherlands, the incidence rates for minorities and the incidence rate ratios (IRRs, minorities v. the local reference population).

Methods

The European Network of National Schizophrenia Networks Studying Gene–Environment Interactions (EU-GEI) study was conducted between 2010 and 2015. We analyzed data on incident cases of non-organic psychosis (International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition, codes F20–F33) from 13 sites.

Results

The standardized incidence rates for minorities, combined into one category, varied from 12.2 in Valencia to 82.5 per 100 000 in Paris. These rates were generally high at sites with high rates for the reference population, and low at sites with low rates for the reference population. IRRs for minorities (combined into one category) varied from 0.70 (95% CI 0.32–1.53) in Valencia to 2.47 (95% CI 1.66–3.69) in Paris (test for interaction: p = 0.031). At most sites, IRRs were higher for persons from non-Western countries than for those from Western countries, with the highest IRRs for individuals from sub-Saharan Africa (adjusted IRR = 3.23, 95% CI 2.66–3.93).

Conclusions

Incidence rates vary by region of origin, region of destination and their combination. This suggests that they are strongly influenced by the social context.
Coarse graining of a Fokker–Planck equation with excluded volume effects preserving the gradient flow structure
Authors: BRUNA M. , BURGER M. , CARRILLO J. A.
Published: September 2020

The propagation of gradient flow structures from microscopic to macroscopic models is a topic of high current interest. In this paper, we discuss this propagation in a model for the diffusion of particles interacting via hard-core exclusion or short-range repulsive potentials. We formulate the microscopic model as a high-dimensional gradient flow in the Wasserstein metric for an appropriate free-energy functional. Then we use the JKO approach to identify the asymptotics of the metric and the free-energy functional beyond the lowest order for single particle densities in the limit of small particle volumes by matched asymptotic expansions. While we use a propagation of chaos assumption at far distances, we consider correlations at small distance in the expansion. In this way, we obtain a clear picture of the emergence of a macroscopic gradient structure incorporating corrections in the free-energy functional due to the volume exclusion.
Behavior of sulfentrazone in the soil as influenced by cover crop before no-till soybean planting
Authors: de Castro Macedo Gabrielle , Antonio Carbonari Caio , Domingues Velini Edivaldo , Gimenes Cotrick Gomes Giovanna Larissa , Alves de Matos Ana Karollyna , Batista de Castro Edicarlos , Roma Burgos Nilda
Published: September 2020

More than 80% of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in Brazil is cultivated in no-till systems, and although cover crops benefit the soil, they may reduce the amount of residual herbicides reaching the soil, thereby decreasing herbicide efficacy. The objective of this study was to evaluate sulfentrazone applied alone, sequentially after glyphosate, and in a tank mixture with glyphosate before planting no-till soybean. Experiments were performed in two cover crop systems: (1) pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] and (2) forage sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ssp. bicolor]. The treatments tested were: glyphosate (720 g ae ha−1) at 20 d before sowing (DBS) followed by sulfentrazone (600 g ai ha−1) at 10 DBS; glyphosate + sulfentrazone (720 g ae ha−1 + 600 g ai ha−1) for cover crop desiccation at 10 DBS; and sulfentrazone alone at 10 DBS without a cover crop. The accumulation of straw was 31% greater using sorghum rather than pearl millet. In the sorghum system, the concentration of sulfentrazone at 0 to 10 cm was 57% less with sequential application and 92% less with the tank mixture compared with the treatment without cover crop straw at 1 d after application (DAA). The same occurred in the pearl millet system, where the reduction was 33% and 80% for the sequential application and tank mixture, respectively. The absence of a cover crop resulted in greater sulfentrazone concentrations in the top layer of the soil when compared with the sequential application or tank mixture. At 31 and 53 DAA, the concentration of sulfentrazone at 10 to 20 and 20 to 40 cm did not differ among treatments. Precipitation of 90 mm was enough to remove the herbicide from the cover crop straw at 31 DAA when using sequential application. An additional 90-mm precipitation was necessary to promote the same result when using the tank mixture.
Stratospheric Incursion as a Source of Enhancement of the Isotopic Ratios of Atmospheric N2O at Western Pacific
Authors: Guha Tania , Mahata Sasadhar , Bhattacharya Sourendra Kumar , Singh Bhupendra Bahadur , Toyoda Sakae , Yoshida Naohiro , Liang Mao‐Chang
Published: September 2020

We present analyses of nitrogen and oxygen isotopic ratios and site‐preference (SP) values of atmospheric nitrous oxide samples obtained from Taiwan in west Pacific. Air samples were collected during September 2013 to January 2016 from Taipei and during November 2011 to December 2014 from Keelung, located in the northeastern coast of Taiwan. The average values of δ15N, δ18O, and SP are 6.4 ± 0.3 ‰, 44.0 ± 0.4 ‰, and 17.1 ± 1.0 ‰, respectively, at Taipei and 6.4 ± 0.2 ‰, 44.6 ± 0.4 ‰, and 17.9 ± 1.3 ‰, for δ15N, δ18O, and SP respectively, at Keelung, comparable to the average values (6.6 ± 0.2, 44.2 ± 0.2, and 18.1 ± 0.5 ‰, scaled to year 2014) from Hateruma, an open ocean station in western Pacific. Strong temporal variations in the delta values, however, are seen. During a subtropical jet‐strengthening period in October to mid‐December 2014, the δ15N, δ18O and SP values increased at the rate of 0.006 ± 0.002 ‰/day, 0.010 ± 0.002 ‰/day and 0.008 ± 0.002 ‰/day, respectively at Taipei and 0.013 ± 0.005 ‰/day, 0.011 ± 0.005 ‰/day and 0.011 ± 0.027 ‰/day at Keelung. This suggests intrusion of air to the lower troposphere from the stratosphere where δ15N, δ18O and SP values are higher. This is consistent with earlier observations of oxygen isotope anomaly in atmospheric CO2 and elevated 35S in sulfate aerosols, indicating frequent stratospheric intrusions in this region. The observed δ15N and δ18O values, along with the oxygen isotope anomaly in CO2 and multiple sulfur isotopes in sulfate, can be used to constrain local emissions from the surface, improving our knowledge of anthropogenic contribution to the global budget of N2O.
Communicating Science in Times of Pandemic
Authors: Borges de Amorim Pablo
Published: September 2020

How can scientists use YouTube livestreams to help the public better understand scientific concepts?
Improving Proxy Representations of Ocean Properties
Authors: Sidder Aaron
Published: September 2020

Many oceanic properties are not directly observed but are instead estimated using proxy measurements. A new method uses physics-based correlations to reduce uncertainty in this relationship.
A Mechanistic Study of Carbonic Anhydrase‐Enhanced Calcite Dissolution
Authors: Dong Sijia , Berelson William M. , Teng H. Henry , Rollins Nick E. , Pirbadian Sahand , El‐Naggar Mohamed Y. , Adkins Jess F.
Published: September 2020

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) has been shown to promote calcite dissolution (Liu, 2001,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6724.2001.tb00531.x; Subhas et al., 2017,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1703604114), and understanding the catalytic mechanism will facilitate our understanding of the oceanic alkalinity cycle. We use atomic force microscopy (AFM) to directly observe calcite dissolution in CA‐bearing solution. CA is found to etch the calcite surface only when in extreme proximity (~1 nm) to the mineral. Subsequently, the CA‐induced etch pits create step edges that serve as active dissolution sites. The possible catalytic mechanism is through the adsorption of CA on the calcite surface, followed by proton transfer from the CA catalytic center to the calcite surface during CO2hydration. This study shows that the accessibility of CA to particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) in the ocean is critical in properly estimating oceanic CaCO3and alkalinity cycles.
Revisiting the Role of Convective Deep Water Formation in Northern Baltic Sea Bottom Water Renewal
Authors: Giesse Céline , Meier H. E. Markus , Neumann Thomas , Moros Matthias
Published: September 2020

Deep water renewal and ventilation of the Baltic Sea is commonly considered to occur solely via saltwater inflows from the North Sea. However, recent analysis of geophysical and sediment proxy data suggests convective deep water formation during wintertime as a second process that has contributed to the ventilation of the northern and central Baltic Sea bottom waters during cold climate periods. Here, we investigate the role of deep water formation in the northern Baltic Sea in a regional ocean circulation model. Selecting the particularly cold winter 1986/1987 as a reference period, we perform sensitivity experiments in which the atmospheric temperature forcing is changed and/or localized brine rejection on subgrid scales is accounted for through a parameterization. We study the sinking and circulation of water masses via passive tracers introduced into the model. Generally, our model results support the established view that convective deep water formation does not play a major role in Baltic Sea deep water renewal. While a reduction of air temperatures does not qualitatively change the sinking and circulation of water masses in our experiments, brine rejection could potentially lead to localized deep water formation. However, the impact is too weak to possibly change the large‐scale deep water exchange between the Baltic proper and the northern Baltic sub‐basins. Although being in line with established knowledge, through consideration of the model limitations, our results provide insights on how and under which circumstances convective deep water formation could potentially have occurred during cold climate periods.
A More Important Role for the Ozone‐S(IV) Oxidation Pathway Due to Decreasing Acidity in Clouds
Authors: Li Jiarong , Zhu Chao , Chen Hui , Fu Hongbo , Xiao Hang , Wang Xiaofei , Herrmann Hartmut , Chen Jianmin
Published: September 2020

Clouds significantly affect the Earth's radiation budget and play a critical role in atmospheric sulfate formation. The pathways of S(IV) oxidations have recently caused a controversial attention under severe haze episodes due to the variable acidity and water content in aerosol particles. In this study, a total of 158 cloud samples were collected from 2014 to 2018 at the summit of Mt. Tai, China, to explore the roles of atmospheric oxidants in aqueous S(IV) oxidation. The results showed that the averaged pH value of cloud water increased dramatically from 3.86 (Guo et al., 2012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.07.016) in 2007–2008, ~5.5 in 2014, to ~6.4 in 2018, respectively, while water soluble secondary ions (SO42−, NO3− and NH4+) and S(IV) decreased significantly. The four pathways of S(IV) oxidation by O3, H2O2, NO2, and trace metal‐catalyzed autooxidation were further discussed, and the roles in S(IV) oxidation pathways were found changing significantly with pH value in clouds. The rate of H2O2 pathway contributed about 95.8% for S(IV) oxidation when pH was less than 4.0. For pH around 5.0, the rate of O3 pathway became comparable with the H2O2 pathway, and it accounted more than 95.2% for the total S(IV) oxidation rate when pH was larger than 6.0. Based on the long‐term field measurement, this study indicated that the high concentration of O3 and the increasing trend of pH promoted a shift of the dominant S(IV) oxidation from H2O2 pathway in a previous study (Shen et al., 2012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.07.079) to O3 pathway in clouds.
Variability of the Indian Monsoon in the Andaman Sea Across the Miocene‐Pliocene Transition
Authors: Jöhnck Janika , Kuhnt Wolfgang , Holbourn Ann , Andersen Nils
Published: September 2020

We reconstructed the variability of the Earth's strongest hydrological system, the Indian monsoon, over the interval 6.24 to 4.91 Ma at International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 353 Site U1448 in the Andaman Sea. We integrated high‐resolution benthic and planktic foraminiferal carbon and oxygen isotopes with Mg/Ca measurements of the mixed layer foraminifer Trilobatus sacculifer to reconstruct the isotopic composition of seawater (δ18Osw) and the gradient between planktic and benthic foraminiferal δ13C. A prominent increase in mixed layer temperatures of ~4°C occurred between 5.55 and 5.28 Ma, accompanied by a change from precession‐ to obliquity‐driven variability in planktic δ18O and δ18Osw. We suggest that an intensified cross‐equatorial transport of heat and moisture, paced by obliquity, led to increased summer monsoon precipitation during warm stages after 5.55 Ma. Transient cold stages were characterized by reduced mixed layer temperatures and summer monsoon failure, thus resembling late Pleistocene stadials. In contrast, an overall cooler background climate state with a strengthened biological pump prevailed prior to 5.55 Ma. These findings highlight the importance of internal feedback processes for the long‐term evolution of the Indian monsoon.
Investigation of MIMO Channel Characteristics in Tunnel at 1.4725 and 6 GHz
Authors: Sun Rongchen , Lei Yuchen , Chen Zengmao , Sun Zhiguo
Published: September 2020

In recent years, high‐speed railway and subway are being built rapidly in China. Tunnel scenario is a major scenario in some of the high‐speed railways and most of the subways. Channel characteristic is the decisive condition of wireless communication system design in tunnel. The availability of multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) in tunnel is an important issue in the next generation communication network. This paper presents results from a wideband measurement campaign at center frequency of 1.4725 and 6 GHz in a tunnel laboratory. The path loss, root‐mean‐square delay spread (RMS‐DS) characteristics by single‐input single‐output (SISO) measurement and the angle spread, channel matrix singular values, and MIMO capacity at various link distances by MIMO measurement are illustrated. and these provide insights for MIMO system deployment. And also, the threshold of singular value for channel matrix rank reduction is given.
The Transfer and Transport of a Passive Scalar Within an Isolated Array of Circular Cylinders in a Uniform Flow
Authors: Klettner Christian
Published: September 2020

The transfer and transport of a passive scalar T from an isolated array of circular cylinders of varying Reynolds number (
) and solid fraction (0.0023 < ϕ < 0.3) in a uniform steady flow are investigated. This problem is an abstraction of the flow past emergent vegetation or marine aquaculture, in which passive contaminants are continuously generated. The upstream flow (
) is uniform and incident on an array of Nc cylinders whose surfaces are set to
. Three‐dimensional numerical simulations were carried out to investigate the mean and fluctuating Nusselt number of the individual cylinders and the array as a whole. To help interpret the numerical results a mathematical model, partly based on empirical relationships, is developed to predict the transfer. The transfer of the scalar from the array was found to increase when the Reynolds number was increased. As the solid fraction is increased the transfer increases, reaches a maximum, and then decreases. This is due to the collective effect of all the cylinders resulting in (i) a modification of the incident flow and (ii) a reduction in the scalar gradient between the cylinder surface and the locally incident flow on individual cylinders. These effects are highly dependent on the solid fraction. Additional simulations were carried out to decompose the contribution of these two processes on the transfer of individual cylinders.
Environmental pH is a key modulator of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm development under predation by the virulent phage phiIPLA-RODI
Authors: Fernández Lucía , Gutiérrez Diana , García Pilar , Rodríguez Ana
Published: September 2020

Previous work had shown that, in some Staphylococcus aureus strains, low concentrations of the virulent phage vB_SauM_phiIPLA-RODI (phiIPLA-RODI) promoted the formation of DNA-rich biofilms, whose cells exhibited significant transcriptional differences compared to an uninfected control. This study aimed to dissect the sequence of events leading to these changes. Analysis of phage propagation throughout biofilm development revealed that the number of phage particles increased steadily up to a certain point and then declined. This partial phage inactivation seemed to be a consequence of medium acidification due to glucose fermentation by the bacterium. Computer simulation of phage–host dynamics during biofilm development showed how even small differences in pH evolution can affect the outcome of phage infection. An acidic pH, together with successful phage propagation, was also necessary to observe the phage-associated changes in biofilm architecture and in the transcriptional profile of the bacterial population. Altogether, this study shows how the dynamics between phage and host can be tightly coordinated through an environmental cue, even in the context of a complex biofilm population.