bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flashmobs, Flashboys und Flashbacks des automatisierten Handelns. Zur rechtlichen Konstruktion neuer Verantwortlichkeiten
Authors: Gruber Malte-Christian
Published: June 2016

In der Krise des individualistischen Kausalitäts- und Schuldzuordnungsdenkens reagiert das Recht zunehmend mit Kollektivierungen: Verantwortung für technische Risiken muss demnach von subjektiv-orientierten Zurechnungsfragen nach individueller Verursachung und Verschulden abstrahieren und in diesem Sinne objektiv zugerechnet werden, sei es einem Betrieb, einem Unternehmen oder sei es auch einer sonstigen Verbindung von Menschen und Dingen. Die Mechanismen der kollektivierenden Verantwortungszumutungen reichen dabei von einer Ausdehnung der Kausalhaftung als Gefährdungshaftung über eine weitere Verbindung von Haftungssubjekten zu besonderen Risikoassoziationen bis zu einer Re-Personalisierung der Haftungsverantwortlichkeit. Vor diesem Hintergrund lassen sich Verschiebungen der rechtlichen Verantwortungszuordnung nachzeichnen, die vor allem in informationstechnischen Kontexten beobachtbar sind und beispielsweise in den Exzessen von Flashmobs oder auch im Flash Trading des Hochfrequenzhandels auf weitere Herausforderungen stoßen.
Vanishing points. Responsibility as a normative shifting symbol and the search for social addressability
Authors: Bora Alfons
Published: June 2016

Focusing on the world society’s new regulatory settings, this article asks if the social form of responsibility can be replaced by other forms. The answer is based on the assumption that responsibility requires social addresses. In new forms of regulation, the question is whether this minimum requirement is still fulfilled. The paper's thesis claims that in advanced modes of governance and regulation, responsibility ultimately relies upon such addresses, which operate in the medium of meaning. Against this background the question finally arises, how regulation can work under conditions where it becomes increasingly difficult to identify such addresses.
Mit Zuckerbrot und Pfeife – Die Bedeutung unterschiedlicher Autoritätsformen im Rollenselbstbild von Schiedsrichtern / With a Carrot and a Whistle – The Importance of Different Forms of Authority in the Role Self-Perception of Referees
Authors: Rullang Christian , Emrich Eike , Pierdzioch Christian
Published: June 2016

Um den normativen Erwartungen an die soziale Position des Schiedsrichters gerecht zu werden, müssen Schiedsrichter als geachtete Autorität auf dem Spielfeld anerkannt werden. Ihre Autorität setzt sich dabei aus der institutionell vom Deutschen Fußball-Bund abgeleiteten Amtsautorität, der funktionalen Sachautorität und der persönlichen Autorität zusammen. In der Selbstwahrnehmung wird der Regelkenntnis und Ernsthaftigkeit die höchste Bedeutung beigemessen. Für Schiedsrichte­rinnen ist im Selbstbild die Physis ein signifikant bedeutenderer Faktor als bei Schiedsrichtern, die wiederum die Regelauslegung als signifikant wichtiger erachten als die Schiedsrichterinnen. Über alle Spielklassen ist die Regelkenntnis und Ernsthaftigkeit der wichtigste Faktor, während die Bedeutung der Physis in höheren Spielklassen stärker betont wird als in niedrigeren Spielklassen.
Zwischen Tradition und Managementmoderne
Authors: Gardini Marco A.
Published: June 2016

Angesichts der vorherrschenden Wettbewerbskräfte und des vielfach proklamierten Strukturwandels in der Hospitality-Industrie sowie den damit verbundenen Herausforderungen für die Unternehmensführung von Hospitality-Unternehmen, ergibt sich die zunehmende Notwendigkeit des Aufbaus eines effektiven Gestaltungs- und Führungswissens im Sinne allgemeiner und wissenschaftlich fundierter Management-Grundsätze in Hotellerie und Gastronomie. Daraus ergibt sich die Problemstellung, ob von der Notwendigkeit eines Paradigmenwechsel in der Managementausbildung zu sprechen ist, in der die tradierten Ausbildungsgänge und Berufsbilder neu zu hinterfragen sind und ob in diesem Zusammenhang eine stärkere Akademisierung und Vernetzung der Institutionen und Akteure in der deutschsprachigen Hospitality-Industrie einzufordern ist.
Braucht der Tourismus von morgen „bessere“ Curricula oder „bessere“ Lehre?
Authors: Friedl Harald A.
Published: June 2016

Tourismus gewinnt aufgrund seiner dynamischen Expansion zunehmend an Komplexität, wodurch sich für zukünftige und zukunftsorientierte touristische Ausbildungsprogramme neue Herausforderungen stellen. Um auf derartige Veränderungen zu reagieren, tendieren Entwicklungsteams von Curricula zumeist dazu, die „richtigen“ Inhalte zu definieren, statt den Augenmerk auf zukunftsfähige Didaktik zu richten, weshalb Expertenwissen, vermittelt durch Frontalunterricht, die didaktische Praxis touristischer Ausbildungen dominiert. Aufgrund merklicher Veränderungen der Lese-, Lern- und Aufmerksamkeitskompetenz unter der neuen, durch soziale Medien geprägten Studierendengeneration wird diese didaktische Praxis mit wachsenden Problemen konfrontiert. In Anpassung an die Dominanz des Frontalunterrichts neigen Studierende etwa dazu, sich prüfungsrelevante Inhalte im Hinblick auf deren kurzzeitige Reproduzierbarkeit anzueignen anstatt deren komplexen Zusammenhänge verstehen und praktisch umsetzen zu lernen. Auch wird die Effektivität von nicht-interaktiven Lehrmethoden durch Erkenntnisse der Hirnforschung in Frage gestellt, wonach interaktive Formen des problemorientierten Lernens dem Wesen des Lernens als selbstreferentieller Prozess besser entsprechen würden. Dieser Beitrag plädiert für die stärkere Berücksichtigung von konstruktivistischen, didaktischen Methoden bei der Entwicklung zukunftsfähiger touristischer Curricula gegenüber der Auswahl „richtiger“ Inhalte als nachhaltigen Beitrag zur Förderung von kritischem, kreativem und innovativem Denken unter zukünftigen Tourismusmanagern.
El beso de la quimera. Una historia del decadentismo en México (1893-1898)
Authors: Sánchez Shanik
Published: June 2016

RESEÑA
Malcolm Lowry en el ocaso del imperio
Authors: Anaya Ferreira Nair María
Published: June 2016

Este artículo propone una lectura de Bajo el volcán, de MalcolmLowry, centrada en la importancia de la historia moderna y lapresencia del Imperio Británico en la narración del último díade Geoffrey Firmin. Siguiendo la noción de una “lectura contrapuntística” de los textos canónicos ingleses formulada por Edward Said, planteo que al haber nacido en la India, el Cónsul (británico) no logra tener un sentido de pertenencia a la Gran Bretaña, sino que se encuentra en una situación intersticial y liminal que anticipa la ruptura entre una identidad imperial y una identidad nacional, una de las problemáticas mayores abordadas en los estudios teóricos actuales sobre la identidad (especialmente en los estudios poscoloniales). Desde esta perspectiva, el énfasis en situación imperial permite una lectura que rompe con las interpretaciones de México como un “paraíso infernal” que ha perpetuado el estereotipo de nuestro país incluso en estudios críticos sobre el novelista.
Teoría del Nuevo Cine Latinoamericano: de la militancia al neobarroco
Authors: Schoeder Rodríguez Paul A.
Published: June 2016

Este ensayo examina la transición de la militancia al neobarrocoen la teoría del Nuevo Cine Latinoamericano, a través de un análisis de manifiestos y películas de Fernando Birri, Glauber Rocha,Jorge Sanjinés y Paul Leduc. El estudio concluye que el cambiohacia una praxis neobarroca significó un giro hacia un proyectode izquierda más inclusivo y revolucionario ligado a lo que AníbalQuijano llama el privado-social.
La revalorización ontológica de la obra en las vanguardias: algunos apuntes teóricos
Authors: Osorno Maldonado Víctor Manuel
Published: June 2016

En este artículo se propone que el surgimiento de las vanguardias europeas constituye no sólo una transformación estilística, sino un cambio en la estructura esencial de las artes, es decir, una revalorización de la ontología inherente al quehacer estético. Para sustentar este planteamiento, el autor acude a reflexiones de algunos teóricos y filósofos como Renato Poggioli, Peter Bürger, Hans Magnus Enzensberger, Ortega y Gasset, entre otros, al tiempo que encuentra en varias características del arte de vanguardia, por ejemplo, el ensimismamiento, la paradoja, el humor, la fragmentariedady el shock, argumentos sólidos para explicar por qué laliteratura y las artes modificaron su ser esencial durante las primeras décadas del siglo XX. A manera de colofón, se menciona cómo esta serie de innovaciones de la vanguardia europea encuentran resonancia en algunas obras  latinoamericanas, no pasando por alto el problema que implica el fenómeno de la transculturación.
Foto-turismo: la constitución social de una mirada persistente
Authors: Fuentes Cecilia
Published: June 2016

Este artículo explora la visión del citadino y el turista, aficionados por excelencia a la captura y posesión del entorno inmediato y practicantes socialmente condicionados para el ejercicio de la imitación. La ciudad será adoptada como el referente por excelencia del extraviado viandante debido al consagrado decoro y su relativa permanencia. Entre los planteamientos centrales se revisará que: 1) el viaje favorece la actividad fotográfica; 2) la fotografía se convierte en una diligente empresa del viajero; 3) entre los cuidados que debe mostrar se priorizará en la localización y su reconocimiento público; 4) ante el ejercicio fotográfico el turista se valdrá de recetas estandarizadas —seguramente inconscientes—, y 5) en la pretensión de certificar su presencia omitirá la vivencia y su facultad judicativa.
Notas sobre el tedio y la ciudad moderna en el primer cuarto del siglo XX en el ámbito hispánico
Authors: Pascual Gay Juan
Published: June 2016

Este texto quiere mostrar cómo el progreso identificado con la ciudad moderna propició reacciones opuestas al sentido de ese progreso. La modernidad, consignada en la velocidad y el apresuramiento de la existencia cotidiana, adoptó también actitudes contrarias a aquello que significa. Una de esas actitudes fue el tedio que, a la vez que negaba la realidad, se asumía como una búsqueda del “hermano interior”.
Los sofistas al pancracio. Lenguaje y agonismo para la transformación de los valores ciudadanos
Authors: Delgado Esquivel David
Published: June 2016

El siguiente artículo pretende llevar a cabo un análisis de la compleja relación entre Platón y los sofistas ubicada en el contexto de la Ilustración ateniense. El interés particular de la investigación gira en torno a la búsqueda de un discurso adecuado para la formación ciudadana y la construcción del espacio político. Para ello era necesario cierto tipo de aptitudes y valores que habrán de ser inculcados en la población por vía del logos.
El temple de ánimo como horizonte de la reflexión: autoexamen, decisión y consideración emotiva
Authors: Ramírez Quepons Ignacio
Published: June 2016

El objetivo de este estudio es aclarar la idea de reflexión en el contexto de la explicitación de los horizontes del yo personal y su relación con la noción de “autoexamen”, como meditación sobre la propia vida con su valor concreto. Para ello hacemos un balance de la noción de autoexamen o Selbstbesinnung en diferentes escritos de Husserl con la finalidad de aportar una aclaración que permita comprender un sentido amplio de la reflexión, no necesariamente intelectualista, y su lugar en la idea de autoconocimiento como esclarecimiento del sentido de la vida concreta desde una perspectiva fenomenológica.
El sujeto fuera del ser. Reconstitución de la subjetividad en la filosofía de Emmanuel Lévinas
Authors: Castillo Becerra Patricia
Published: June 2016

Este escrito pretende retomar la andadura intelectual de la concepción de la subjetividad en la filosofía francesa contemporánea, desde la crítica heideggeriana a la conciencia como fundamentum inconcussum hasta la radicalización de la subjetividad como humanidad, presentada por Lévinas en los escritos de su madurez. Para explicar dicho decurso, haremos hincapié en los señalamientos sobre la metafísica de la presencia como fundamentación del cariz epistemológico que la mantenía anclada a un discurso sobre la manutención, impidiendo así que sus rendimientos respecto a lo humano fueran ampliados.
Buscando leer la historia mundial desde Nuestra América
Authors: G. H. Taboada Hernán
Published: June 2016

Existen en América Latina muchos y ya tradicionales reclamos por el abandono del eurocentrismo historiográfico, y en algún grado se han alcanzado resultados en cuanto a los discursos nacionales y regionales se refiere. Sin embargo, seguimos siendo deudores de la vieja historia “universal” originada en Europa, con su exponente clave que es Hegel pero también una difusión capilar en los libros escolares, enciclopedias y toda obra de vulgarización.Esta persistencia se debe a la hegemonía cultural de los grupos criollos en América Latina, que tienen una muy peculiar relación con Europa y su cultura. Su visión histórica, que hemos denominado “eurocriollismo”, sigue predominando mientras en la misma Europa ya ha sido desplazada. Las propuestas para una historia “mundial” policéntrica, que ya tienen varias décadas en otros países, apenas son conocidas en América Latina.El artículo aspira a definir brevemente dicha historia universal eurocriolla, a presentar brevemente las corrientes de la historia mundial, a criticar algunas lecturas supuestamente alternativas desde Nuestra América (Leopoldo Zea, Enrique Dussel) y a señalar el camino que falta recorrer.
Curiosidad y entendimiento para una teoría semiótica de la actualidad
Authors: Gámez Guerrero Marevna
Published: June 2016

RESEÑA
Looking Out for Something Better to Come: Interview with Director Hanna Polak
Authors: Shpolberg Masha
Published: June 2016

Hanna Polak was in the United States in December 2015 for a screening of Something Better to Come (2014) and The Children of Leningradsky (2004) at Yale University, where the interview was conducted. Polak's devastating documentary Something Better to Come swept through the festival circuit with force, winning a Special Jury Award at IDFA along with awards at over twenty other festivals. Shot illegally on a garbage dump just outside Moscow over the course of fourteen years, the film follows a girl named Yula from age 10 to 24, as she grows up doing the things that teenagers everywhere do—experimenting with her hair color and makeup, with cigarettes and alcohol—all while living in the most difficult of conditions.
The Vulnerable Spectator
Authors: Hastie Amelie
Published: June 2016

FQ Columnist Amelie Hastie mixes autobiography and film analysis in her column on Creed (Ryan Coogler, 2015), reflecting on the physical acrobatics of the sport of boxing and the grand narrative gestures of the film. She also addresses her treatment for a brain tumor, which has compressed her left optic nerve. The tumor is constantly visible in her own line of sight, and everpresent with her at the movies. Boxing, like dancing and trains, is one of cinema's early objects of entrancement: in both cases, the audience is compelled to watch things move, whether giant industrial vehicles or bodies in all their parts.
Gross Motor Milestones and Subsequent Development
Authors: Ghassabian Akhgar , Sundaram Rajeshwari , Bell Erin , Bello Scott C. , Kus Christopher , Yeung Edwina
Published: June 2016

OBJECTIVE:

We examined the longitudinal associations of age at achieving gross motor milestones and children’s development in a US cohort of singletons and twins.

METHODS:

In the Upstate KIDS study, a population-based study of children born between 2008 and 2010, information on age at achievement of motor milestones and developmental skills was available in 599 children (314 singletons, 259 twins, and 26 triplets). Mothers reported their children’s major motor milestones at ∼4, 8, 12, 18, and 24 months. At age 4 years, children’s development was clinically assessed by using the Battelle Developmental Inventory, Second Edition (BDI-2). Primary analyses by using multivariate linear regressions were conducted in singletons. We also examined the associations in twins.

RESULTS:

Later achievement of standing with assistance predicted lower BDI-2 scores in singletons in adjusted models (B per SD of age at achievement, –21.9 [95% confidence interval (CI), –41.5 to –2.2]). Post hoc analysis on age of standing with assistance showed that associations were driven by differences in adaptive skills (B = –5.3 [95% CI, –9.0 to –1.6]) and cognitive skills (B = –5.9 [95% CI, –11.5 to –0.4]). Analyses restricted to twins suggested no association between the age at achievement of milestones and total BDI-2 score after adjustment for gestational age and birth weight.

CONCLUSIONS:

This study provides evidence that the age of achieving motor milestones may be an important basis for various aspects of later child development. In twins, key predictors of later development (eg, perinatal factors) overshadow the predictive role of milestones in infancy.
Clinical Characteristics of Men Interested in Seeking Treatment for Use of Pornography
Authors: Kraus Shane W. , Martino Steve , Potenza Marc N.
Published: June 2016

Background and aims

This study examined the prevalence of, and factors associated with, men’s interest in seeking treatment for use of pornography.

Methods

Using an Internet-based data-collection procedure, we recruited 1,298 male pornography users to complete questionnaires assessing demographic and sexual behaviors, hypersexuality, pornography-use characteristics, and current interest in seeking treatment for use of pornography.

Results

Approximately 14% of men reported an interest in seeking treatment for use of pornography, whereas only 6.4% of men had previously sought treatment for use of pornography. Treatment-interested men were 9.5 times more likely to report clinically significant levels of hypersexuality compared with treatment-disinterested men (OR = 9.52, 95% CI = 6.72–13.49). Bivariate analyses indicated that interest-in-seeking-treatment status was associated with being single/unmarried, viewing more pornography per week, engaging in more solitary masturbation in the past month, having had less dyadic oral sex in the past month, reporting a history of seeking treatment for use of pornography, and having had more past attempts to either “cut back” or quit using pornography completely. Results from a binary logistic regression analysis indicated that more frequent cut back/quit attempts with pornography and scores on the Hypersexual Behavior Inventory – Control subscale were significant predictors of interest-in-seeking-treatment status.

Discussion and conclusions

Study findings could be used to inform current screening practices aimed at identifying specific aspects of sexual self-control, impulsivity, and/or compulsivity associated with problematic use of pornography among treatment-seeking individuals.
Pathological Gambling and Associated Drug and Alcohol Abuse, Emotion Regulation, and Anxious-Depressive Symptomatology
Authors: Jauregui Paula , Estévez Ana , Urbiola Irache
Published: June 2016

Background and aims

Pathological gambling is associated with comorbid disorders, such as anxiety, depression, and drug and alcohol abuse. Difficulties of emotion regulation may be one of the factors related to the presence of addictive disorders, along with comorbid symptomatology in pathological gamblers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the difficulties of emotion regulation, drug and alcohol abuse, and anxious and depressive symptomatology in pathological gamblers, and the mediating role of difficulties of emotion regulation between anxiety and pathological gambling.

Methods

The study sample included 167 male pathological gamblers (mean age = 39.29 years) and 107 non-gamblers (mean age = 33.43 years). Pathological gambling (SOGS), difficulties of emotion regulation (DERS), drug and alcohol abuse (MUTICAGE CAD-4), and anxious and depressive symptomatology (SA-45) were measured. Student’s t, Pearson’s r, stepwise multiple linear regression and multiple mediation analyses were conducted. The study was approved by an Investigational Review Board.

Results

Relative to non-gamblers, pathological gamblers exhibited greater difficulties of emotion regulation, as well as more anxiety, depression, and drug abuse. Moreover, pathological gambling correlated with emotion regulation difficulties, anxiety, depression, and drug abuse. Besides, emotion regulation difficulties correlated with and predicted pathological gambling, drug and alcohol abuse, and anxious and depressive symptomatology. Finally, emotion regulation difficulties mediated the relationship between anxiety and pathological gambling controlling the effect of age, both when controlling and not controlling for the effect of other abuses.

Discussion and conclusions

These results suggest that difficulties of emotion regulation may provide new keys to understanding and treating pathological gambling and comorbid disorders.
Addiction in Extreme Sports: An Exploration of Withdrawal States in Rock Climbers
Authors: Heirene Robert M. , Shearer David , Roderique-Davies Gareth , Mellalieu Stephen D.
Published: June 2016

Background and aims

Extreme sports athletes are often labeled “adrenaline junkies” by the media, implying they are addicted to their sport. Research suggests during abstinence these athletes may experience withdrawal states characteristic of individuals with an addiction (Celsi, Rose, & Leigh, 1993; Franken, Zijlstra, & Muris, 2006; Willig, 2008). Despite this notion, no research has directly explored withdrawal experiences of extreme sports athletes.

Methods

Using semi-structured interviews, we explored withdrawal experiences of high (n = 4) and average-ability (n = 4) male rock climbers during periods of abstinence. We investigated the psychological and behavioral aspects of withdrawal, including craving, anhedonia, and negative affect; and differences in the frequency and intensity of these states between groups.

Results

Deductive content analysis indicated support for each of the three categories of anhedonia, craving, and negative affect. Consistent with existing substance addiction literature, high-ability climbers recalled more frequent and intense craving states and negative affect during abstinence compared with average-ability climbers. No differences in anhedonic symptoms between high and average-ability participants were found.

Conclusions

Rock climbing athletes appear to experience withdrawal symptoms when abstinent from their sport comparable to individuals with substance and behavioral addictions. The implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.
First record of Promops nasutus (Spix, 1823) (Chiroptera: Molossidae) from Colombia
Authors: PaQui María F. , Muñoz-Garay Javier , Mantilla-Meluk Hugo , Sánchez Francisco
Published: June 2016

Specimens of the genus Promops (Chiroptera, Molossidae) are rare in Colombian scientific collections. Only one species, P. centralis, has been documented from the country. We report the first record of P.nasutus for Colombia, collected on the Eastern Cordillera of the Andes. External and cranial measurements, as well as morphological features in our specimen match those of P. nasutus. Our record of P. nasutus also represents a geographic extension in the distribution of the species of more than 755 km west from the closest known location in the Venezuelan Amazon.
CURRENT APPROACHES TO UNIVERSAL VACCINE AGAINST INFLUENZA VIRUS
Authors: Esmagambetov I. B. , Alekseeva S. V. , Sayadyan K. S. , Shmarov M. M.
Published: June 2016

Influenza is a seasonal infectious disease widespread across the globe. In Russia the share of influenza and other acute respiratory viral infections account for up to 90% of all infectious diseases. Scientific and reasonable method of influenza prevention is vaccination. However, traditional current influenza vaccines can’t induce protection against various virus strains that differ substantially in terms of their antigenic structure, and thus require periodic updates to its immunogenic components. In addition, there is the risk of a pandemic caused by an entirely new antigen in relation to variants of influenza virus A. Attempts to improve on traditional approaches to vaccination have focused primarily on improving production technologies and to increase immunogenicity of vaccines. Therefore, the urgent task is the creation of vaccines able to induce immune response a broad spectrum against different influenza virus strains and human strains of avian influenza, also can cause disease in humans. Protective effect of universal vaccine should be the induction of integrated immune response, based on the formulation of cross-reactive antibodies and T cells. The development of such universal vaccine could remove the need for periodical strain composition update of existing vaccines and, accor dingly, will be able to give the vaccine manufacturer itself, production planning regardless of epidemic seasons. Currently, the most widely studied antigens as key components of flu vaccines are proteins M2 and NP as well as the hemagglutinin of influenza virus. This review summarizes and lists some data of domestic and foreign research on a universal influenza virus vaccine.
THE POSSIBLE COLLISIONS IN VIRUS INFECTION IMMUNODIAGNOSTICS AND VACCINATION
Authors: Kharchenko E. P.
Published: June 2016

Antibodies (Ab), especially natural, display multiple specificity not only due to intrinsic conformational dynamics. With computational analysis the distribution of identical and homologous peptides has been studied in surface proteins from RNA and DNA viruses of widely distributed infections. It was established that each virus protein shared the fragments homologous to other virus proteins that allowed to propose the existence of the peptide continuum of the protein relationship (PCPR). Possible manifestations of PCPR are multiple reactivity and autoreactivity in Ab and therefore it is not possible to consider the immune methods of virus identification as high reliable because of crossing interactions. The PCPR excludes the existence of 100% specificity in immune tests for virus identification. Immunodiagnostic collisions may occur either in identification of virus itself or identification of Ab to viruses. Also PCPR may be responsible for heterologous immunity and consequently the infection associated with severe pathology. The comparative analysis of peptide relationship of H1N1 influenza virus nucleoprotein and human proteins found out, beyond early described its common motif with human hypocretin receptor 2, peptides homologous to those in melanotonin and glutamate receptors and three ion channels. It allows to propose that the sleep disorder narcolepsy associated with Pandemrix vaccination (an adjuvanted, influenza pandemic vaccine) and also with infection by influenza virus during the 2009 A(H1N1) influenza pandemic may be determined not only by Ab to the peptide motif common to influenza nucleoprotein and hypocretin receptor but also Ab to melanotonin and glutamate receptors and ion channels. Decreasing and even avoiding risks of complications from vaccination may be feasible by means of a computer analysis of vaccine proteins for the occurrence of epitopes homologous to the human protein those and particularly by an analysis of Ab profiles induced by vaccine using microarrays with the large number of human protein antigens.
Glyphosate-Resistant Horseweed (Conyza canadensis) Dose Response to Saflufenacil, Saflufenacil plus Glyphosate, and Metribuzin plus Saflufenacil plus Glyphosate in Soybean
Authors: Budd Christopher M. , Soltani Nader , Robinson Darren E. , Hooker David C. , Miller Robert T. , Sikkema Peter H.
Published: June 2016

The control of glyphosate-resistant (GR) horseweed (Conyza canadensis) in soybean has been variable with glyphosate plus saflufenacil. The objective of this research was to determine the biologically effective rate (BER) of saflufenacil, saflufenacil mixed with glyphosate, and metribuzin mixed with saflufenacil and glyphosate applied preplant (PP) for the control of GR horseweed in no-till soybean; a study was conducted to determine each of the three treatments. For each study, seven field sites infested with GR horseweed were used over a 2-yr period (2014, 2015). Saflufenacil alone at 25 and 36 g ai ha–1 provided 90 and 95% control of GR Horseweed 8 wk after application, while the BER to achieve 98% control was outside of the treatment range tested. The saflufenacil plus glyphosate (900 g ai ha–1) BER experiment found less saflufenacil was required as 25, 34, and 47 g ha–1 provided 90, 95, and 98% control of GR horseweed respectively. The metribuzin BER experiment found 61, 261, and 572 g ha–1 was required to provide 90, 95 and 98% control of GR horseweed, respectively, mixed with saflufenacil (25 g ha–1) and glyphosate (900 g ha–1). The addition of metribuzin with the recommended rate of saflufenacil (25 g ha–1) plus glyphosate improved control and a second effective herbicide mode of action for the control of GR horseweed. The use of a threeway herbicide mixture can be an effective weed management strategy to control GR horseweed in soybean.
Moisture effects on damage and failure of Bure claystone under compression
Authors: Liu Z. , Shao J.
Published: June 2016

The present work investigates moisture effects on damage and failure properties of Callovo–Oxfordian claystone, the possible host rock for French underground radioactive waste repositories. Claystone specimens of four different moisture levels (dry, 76, 85 and 98%) are tested in constant strain rate compression to characterise their strain–stress relations, damage and failure properties under 12·4 MPa in situ confining stress conditions. The shear and normal stresses on the shearing-induced fracture surface are determined based on the failure modes observed in tests. It is found that both peak and residual strength of the claystone are decreased by the increase in moisture content while its deformability is enhanced. The orientation of compression-induced shearing fracture in the claystone samples is also related to the moisture content. Moreover, more important damage is observed in specimens with higher moisture levels.
Sporting events as dramatic works in the UK copyright system
Authors: Elam Viola
Published: June 2016

The Court of Justice of the European Union, in the Football Association Premier League and Murphy rulings, categorically concluded that sporting events themselves, and in particular football matches, could under no circumstances be classified as works for the purposes of copyright at the EU level, as they are not a given ‘author’s own intellectual creations’, within the meaning of the Information Society Directive2001/29/EC. Besides dismissing copyright in a sporting event per se, the CJEU leaves open to domestic legal orders its inclusion into subject matter that is worthy of protection, comparable to that granted to works.The proposal advocated in this article is to entitle certain sporting events – the so called ‘choreographed’ sports – to copyright protection in the UK, rather than to other IPRs or specific agreements concluded between a ‘holder’ of IPRs and a broadcaster. Owing to the absence of UK case law on the issue, determining the extent to which a sporting event warrants copyright protection calls for an enquiry into existing and stipulated forms of expression and other requirements for copyright subsistence, specified in the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (‘CDPA’). It is submitted in this paper that the most plausible route is to ascertain whether an analogy can be drawn between a sporting event and a ‘dramatic work’, pursuant to section 3(1) of the CDPA, which is inclusive of a work of dance. The other conceivable option, in light of Norowzian v Arks Ltd (No 2), would be to qualify the content of films or broadcasts, reproducing sports competitions, as dramatic works.
The European Union and the fight against doping in sport: on the field or on the sidelines?
Authors: Vermeersch An
Published: June 2016

With the adoption of the European Anti-Doping Convention in 1989 the European continent claimed a flagship role in the fight against doping in sport. Moreover, in one way or another doping appeared on the limited but developing sports agenda of the European Union. Especially in the aftermath of the infamous 1998 ‘Festina Tour’, expectations of the EU’s anti-doping policy were high. As the European Commission was actively involved in the creation of the World Anti-Doping Agency, it seemed that the European Union was willing to take a leading role.However, a lack of legal competence at EC/EU level combined with financial issues at WADA level induced the European Union to moderate its ambitions. Concurrently, the worldwide struggle against doping was strengthened by the adoption of the World Anti-Doping Code at the World Conference on Doping in Sport (Copenhagen, March 2003) which resulted in an International Anti-Doping Convention adopted under the auspices of UNESCO.This paper undertakes an analysis of the EU’s anti-doping policy in a global context and explores the possible legal bases for a more profound action. A preliminary question would be whether the European Union should play a role at all in the fight against doping. The present EU’s anti-doping policy will then be analysed on the basis of the actions that have been undertaken so far. The Union’s possible future role will be outlined in the light of the limited legal competences the Community/Union is endowed with. In addition to the direct policy, the possible consequences of the Union’s indirect involvement in the anti-doping policy will be considered, including whether the Community rules on free movement and competition should be applied to sports regulations and anti-doping regulations in particular. Although this question was brought only rather incidentally before the Community judges in the Meca Medina case, the reasoning of the Court of First Instance may have some influence on the Union’s direct action.
Law and Popular Culture: Current Legal Issues Volume 7 edited by Michael Freeman
Authors: Bradney Professor Anthony
Published: June 2016

As Fiss has put it, academics are in law schools, ‘to study law and teach their students what they happen to discover’ (‘‘Of Law and the River,’ and Nihilism and Academic Freedom’ (1985) 35 Journal of Legal Education 1 at p 26). The idea that all questions about legal phenomena that can be asked should be asked, that nothing should remain unexplored, is slowly being accepted in modern university law schools. Institutions that were once the repositories of ephemeral case-notes and palimpsest textbooks are now beginning to bulge with extended analyses of an ever-increasing range of areas. Legal academics who were scribes have become explorers. Each day in the law school brings a new subject for enquiry and a new methodology to use in that enquiry. In this context an edited collection of essays on law and popular culture, one example amongst a number of recent or forthcoming publications on this subject, occasions surprise only at that the time that it has taken for law schools to turn their gaze in this particular direction. The 36 essays in this volume, together with Freeman’s introduction, testify to the intellectual depth, vitality and diversity that are already to be found in this area. At the same time they also serve to underscore the work that still needs to be done. Popular culture is franchising and with McDonaldization (Ahdar), Sendak’s ‘Where the Wild Things Are’ (Manderson), the outlaw country music of Johnny Cash (Ball), the cinema of Kiesloswski (Sherwin), the novels of JG Ballard (Williams and, separately, Gearey) and much more the essays range far and wide.
The Antitrust Implications of Minimum Advertised Pricing: The Case of the U.S. Music Industry
Authors: Fuhr Joseph P.
Published: June 2016

In May 2003, without admitting wrongdoing, music distributors and retailers settled with private plaintiffs and the Attorneys General of 43 States a civil suit regarding a conspiracy to inflate or support prices of prerecorded music products through an industry-wide strengthening of the music distributors Minimum Advertised Price (MAP) policies. The settlement leaves as an open question the proper economic and legal standard (rule of reason versus per se) to be adopted in such cases.MAP had both horizontal and vertical implications and may have facilitated a horizontal conspiracy between the music distributors. The MAP policies were alleged to be equivalent in effect to Retail Price Maintenance (RPM). The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) claimed that prices increased by approximately $2 per CD and that consumers paid an extra $480 million. The effectiveness of the MAP program in raising prices was due to the all-encompassing nature of the advertising restrictions, the industry-wide implementation of MAP programs, the payment and significance of the advertising subsidy, and the severe penalties imposed for a MAP violation. This paper illuminates the antitrust implications of MAP policies through consideration of related practices in the United States market for music CDs. When viewed from this vantage point, MAP appears to be as pernicious as RPM.
Literature and legal history: analysing methodology
Authors: Little Gavin
Published: June 2016

Whilst canonical literature has been used in conjunction with legal history, there is very little direct discussion of the broader methodological issues involved in doing so. This paper seeks to redress that balance by analysing a range of inter-disciplinary approaches and studies. After consideration of Richard Posner’s critique of depictions of law in literature, it is argued that, viewed in isolation, their significance in terms of the history of legal doctrine, procedural technicalities and institutional structures is limited. More broadly, however, and notwithstanding the abstract nature of the cultural inter-relationship between law and literature, it is possible to use literary sources to illuminate legal history. First, legal historians have used literature to provide cultural comparators and points of reference in order to offer fresh perspectives on the past. Second, at a more conceptual level, law and literature studies have augmented understanding of the ways in which literature has influenced the evolution of legal history. Third, recent developments in socio-cultural history have demonstrated that when literature is used in conjunction with other non-fictional sources, it has significant potential in constructing wider social and cultural contexts and analyses, which can then provide new insights into legal history.
Whose Rules are we playing by?
Authors: Lohn Matthew
Published: June 2016

This intervention examines the recent case of Flaherty v National Greyhound Racing Club [2005] EWCA Civ 1117 and the ongoing debates over the public law versus private law nature of sports governing bodies’ decision making processes. In particular, it focuses on the economic impact of such decisions and the different approaches to sporting self-regulation of the European and UK courts.
Post Editorial
Authors: Osborn Guy
Published: June 2016

Volume 11 of the ESLJ provided a great example of the eclectic nature of material that we receive and were delighted to publish. Coverage included a historical take on the censorship of film, concentrating on the role of local councils in the north west of England, a study on celebrity defendants in the USA and work on both player transfers in association football and character merchandising of fictional characters.
Caught Behind or Following-On? Cricket, the European Union and the ‘Bosman Effect’
Authors: Boyes Simon
Published: June 2016

English County Cricket has struggled for a number of years with the problems posed by ‘foreign’ players. This issue has been magnified by the judgments of the European Court of Justice in the Bosman and, latterly, Kolpak cases. Many ‘foreign’ players now play first-class cricket in England unrestricted as a result in the regulations adopted by the England and Wales Cricket Board in the light of those judgments. This article contends that cricket may, in fact, be in a position to legitimately exclude such players within the limitations of European Community law. It is argued that the unique structure of professional cricket within the European Union and globally places it in a different legal position to that of more widespread sports, such as football. Similarly it is argued that the internal configuration of cricket means that the protection of development of domestic players as a means of supporting the international team is a legitimate one. This is not least because international cricket provides the bulk of the finance for cricket in England and without this the game at all levels would struggle to be viable. The article contends that the socio-cultural importance of cricket means that discrimination aimed at, and proportionate to, the protection of the international game ought to be considered as lawful. It further argues that such an approach is supported by the existence of other measures aimed at this objective, such as central contracts and the re-structuring of domestic competition. Finally, the article contends that such an approach may be perceived as being valid where it also strives to enhance the game of cricket at a European level.
‘Papa’ Jack and US Federal Interventions
Authors: Warren Ian
Published: June 2016

After reviewing the significance of race and celebrity in comparative law, this examination details the legal encounters plaguing former world heavyweight champion boxer, Texan Arthur John (Jack) Johnson. On Boxing Day 1908 ‘Papa’ Jack became the first Afro-American to successfully cross the colour line by defeating Canadian Tommy Burns in the unlikely venue of Rushcutters Bay, Sydney. On returning to the United States, and successfully defending his title against ‘Gentleman’ James J. Jeffries, the federal government commenced a protracted series of legal interventions, virtually ending Johnson’s professional sports career. The legal relationships between the federal ‘white slavery’ and ‘fight film’ prohibitions are documented, illustrating the combination of paternalistic racial, moral and commercial justifications levelled against Johnson and images of his prize-fighting exploits. Various legal and bureaucratic implications of this multi-faceted purge within and beyond early modern sport, entertainment and film are also discussed.
Title IX in its Third Decade: The Commission on Opportunity in Athletics
Authors: Staurowsky Ellen
Published: June 2016

Since its passage in 1972, Title IX of the Education Amendments (44 Fed. Reg. at 71413) has, at times, provoked intense public interest and scrutiny when applied to federally funded, school-sponsored athletic programmes in the United States. In the year 2002, which marked the thirtieth anniversary of Title IX, the level and pace of the national debate on equity issues in athletics was again quite high. Within a contentious climate created by men’s sports advocates alleging that Title IX had been used to curtail or deny boys and young men equitable access to athletics, President George W. Bush charged the US Department of Education to appoint a commission to revisit longstanding and well-established enforcement guidelines, subjecting them to mass public comment and speculation. The purpose of this article is to examine the impact the appointment of the Commission on Opportunity on Athletics had on the national dialogue surrounding Title IX and its application to athletic programmes. The article concludes with an analysis of the political agenda behind the Commission’s work which was revealed in the tone and tenor of the Commission’s process and the final action taken by the Department of Education after the report of the Commission was issued.
Fear Factor: Is Art that can be Mistaken for Terrorism Protected by the First Amendment?
Authors: Hilden Julie
Published: June 2016

Can art that mimics, or comments on, terrorism also be a kind of terrorism – or, at least, a kind of criminal conduct? The question was raised by a controversial piece of public art created by a young New York City artist, Clinton Boisvert.
European Sports Federations: A Critical Review of the Options for Incorporation
Authors: Burns Tom
Published: June 2016

Most sports men and women would regard competition at the European and international level as one of the high points of a sporting career. In order to organise competitions at European level it is usually a pre-requisite to create a European association to organise the sport. From the earliest days of international sporting competitions in the nineteenth century to the present time, the strategic choices to be made when creating an international sport association have remained constant. These are: where to locate the association, geographically, and what legal form the international association should adopt? These basic questions have to be addressed, not only by those wishing to create new, international sports associations, but also by existing international associations. With regard to existing international sports associations, some of these may have to review their existing structures and locations as a result of expanding national memberships or the increasing commercial and legal pressures on the sports that they govern and represent. This article suggests that there is a strong case to be made for new and existing European sports associations to consider establishing some form of legal presence in Brussels, the administrative and political centre of the European Union. This is because, amongst other things, Brussels is the location where European sporting bodies might be better able to influence the regulatory and political decisions that may affect their various sports. This article then proceeds to consider what form that presence could take. Various options are examined and due attention is given to the special legal structures made available to international not-for-profit sports associations under Belgian law. What is of particular interest in this connection is the new Belgian Law of 2 May 2002 on not-for-profit associations, which came into force in July 2003. It is suggested that this new law provides two improved legal structures that could be valuable to those wishing to create new European sporting associations and to those existing associations who may be reviewing their existing structures to be more effective promoters of their sports.
The First-Sale Doctrine in International Intellectual Property Law: Trade in Copyright Related Entertainment Products
Authors: Papadopoulos Theo
Published: June 2016

The first-sale doctrine is a mechanism by which producers coordinate the international distribution of copyright related entertainment products and is the source of much litigation against unauthorised traders in copyright product. This article presents an economic analysis of copyright and the evolution of international intellectual property law. The objective is to highlight a contentious issue in international law; namely, the timing of the exhaustion of the right of first sale, and how this impacts upon trade in entertainment products, particularly sound recordings. The article demonstrates that international conventions, such as TRIPS, do not mandate the adoption of national exhaustion.