bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Concert Dress and Physical Appearance on Perceptions of Female Solo Performers
Authors: Griffiths Noola K.
Published: November 2015

This study investigates the importance of visual information in performance, focusing on the influence of dress on the musical evaluation of female classical soloists. In this study, four female violinists were filmed playing in four states of dress: jeans, a nightclubbing dress, black concert dress and point-light condition (body movement is apparent but not physical appearance). Each clip was recorded in two conditions: both as the performer's own version and with a mastertrack dubbed over the top. The dubbed versions therefore had a constant musical soundtrack. Fifteen male and 15 female musicians (age range 17–66 years) were asked to rate clips on six point scales in terms of technical proficiency, musicality, appropriateness of dress and attractiveness of performer. Significant effects were found of condition, dress and performer, and an interaction of performer and dress was observed on participant perceptions. Implications of these perceptions of female performers suggest that observers have a strong concept of what constitutes appropriate dress for a female recitalist, as the concert dress was overwhelmingly favoured above the nightclubbing dress and jeans. There is evidence that the historical dominance of mental attributes over physical attributes continues, as performer 3 is rated high for technical proficiency and musicality, but lower for appropriateness of dress.
Effects of Different Teaching Styles on the Development of Musical Creativity: Insights from Interviews with Music Specialists
Authors: Koutsoupidou Theano
Published: November 2015

This paper explores the effects of different teaching styles on the development of musical creativity among primary school children through insights of interviews with music specialists. An experimental study that was carried out first at a primary school in England revealed that children who had experienced creativity (improvisation) as part of their music lessons scored higher than those who did not in a test of creative thinking in music (Webster's MCTM-II). This finding suggested that creative thinking can be an acquired behaviour, and therefore it can be nurtured in the music classroom. The results of the experiment were followed up by interviews with music specialists. This paper reports on the findings of the interview study; it discusses the different objectives and outcomes of different teaching styles, as well as the links between theory and practice concerning the development of musical creativity. The analysis of the interviews leads to the identification of two different teaching styles: the didactic/teacher-led one and the creative/child-centred one. This study suggests that each teaching style can have different effects on the musical development of children. A creative teaching style could support and promote the creative development of children, as well as their psychological and social development.
Effects of Carrier and Phase on the Pitch of Long-Duration Vibrato Tones
Authors: Van Besouw Rachel M. , Howard David M.
Published: November 2015

Previous studies on the pitch of long-duration vibrato tones, where the modulator is a symmetric function (e.g. sine or triangular wave) have shown that the pitch perceived corresponds to either the arithmetic or geometric mean fundamental frequency of the vibrato tone. In one study the pitch of a vibrato tone consisting of a square wave modulated by a triangular wave was found to be inexplicably lower than that of a sine wave modulated by a triangular wave. An investigation into the pitch of short-duration vibrato tones also revealed an effect of phase on vibrato pitch. An experiment was undertaken with the aim of exploring the effects of carrier and phase on the pitch of long-duration vibrato tones. Six musically trained participants made matches between modulated and unmodulated tones using a method of adjustment and free response paradigm. The following carriers were investigated: a sinusoid, a complex tone with 4 resolved harmonics, a complex tone with 12 harmonics and a complex tone containing harmonics 10 to 15 (all of equal amplitude). Initial phases of 0 and π radians were also explored and the carrier frequency was set to 500 Hz for all conditions. A repeated measures analysis of variance with factors carrier, phase and adjustment tone starting frequency revealed a statistically significant main effect of phase ( F (1, 5) = 24.747, p < 0.005), but no significant main effect of carrier. The effect of phase was found to be in opposition with previous findings for short-duration vibrato tones and possible reasons are discussed.
The Columbia Graphophone Company, 1923–1931: Commercial Competition, Cultural Plurality and Beyond
Authors: Patmore David
Published: November 2015

Although the Columbia brand name has a long and distinguished history as a record label, it only reflected the work of an independent commercial organization in the United Kingdom between 1923 and 1931. At all other times it was part of a larger body. This article considers the work and achievements of the Columbia Graphophone Company during this short period, and assesses its influence, particularly in relation to the classical music repertoire and the performers who committed their interpretations to disc. The commercial and cultural impact of the merger of this company in 1931 with its rival, the Gramophone Company, to form Electric and Musical Industries Ltd. (EMI), is then considered, together with the longer-term influence of the American media industrialist, David Sarnoff, the chief executive officer of RCA-Victor and a board member of the Gramophone Company and of EMI at this time.
An embodied approach to music semantics
Authors: Leman Marc
Published: November 2015

This paper looks at a framework for music semantics, based on the concept of embodied music cognition (Leman, 2007). The first part presents the representational viewpoint on semantics and why one should aim at transcending this. The second part deals with different types of semantics, ranging from more mental to more corporeal ones. The third part discusses issues of semantics related to embodiment. It is argued that the embodiment approach, by focusing on the role of the human body as mediator in a musical meaning formation process, may be a useful extension, and may perhaps be an alternative to the representational approach. An embodied approach to music semantics is fully embedded within an empirical and evidence-based research approach. Within this approach, methodologies from both the natural sciences and the human sciences are combined. It focuses on the human body as a mediator between mind and physical environment, thus allowing a fully multimodal approach to music semantics.
Musical Parameters and Children's Images of motion
Authors: Tubul Zohar Eitan Nurit
Published: November 2015

Eitan & Granot (2006) investigated, using a visuokinetic imagery task, how adult listeners associate changes in musical parameters with bodily motion in physical space. Their results indicate that musical parameters significantly affect several dimensions of motion imagery. For instance, pitch contour affected imagined motion along all three spatial axes (not only verticality), as well as velocity and “energy.” In addition, surprising directional asymmetries were found, as a musical change in one direction often evoked a significantly stronger spatial analogy than its opposite (e.g., the association of pitch direction and verticality applies mostly to pitch falls, rather than rises).

This study examines whether Eitan & Granot's findings also apply to children, replicating their experiment with sixty 6 and 11 years old participants. As in the earlier study, participants were asked to associate melodic stimuli with imagined motions of a human character, and to specify the type, directions, energy level and pace change of these motions. The musical stimuli, selected from those in Eitan and Granot, consisted of pairs of brief musical figures, one member of a pair presenting an “intensification” in a specific musical parameter, the other an “abatement” (e.g., crescendo vs. diminuendo, accelerando vs. ritardando). Musical parameters manipulated included dynamics (loudness), pitch contour, and attack rate (IOI).

Comparison of results with those of non-musician adults in Eitan and Granot suggests that several music-motion associations (expectedly, dynamics and distance, pitch and verticality, IOI and speed) were shared by adults and children. In addition, some of the asymmetries reported for adults were also found for children. However, unlike adults, children of both age groups relate sound and motion primarily through changes in loudness. Loudness is associated not only with distance, but with verticality, speed, and energy. In contrast, pitch contour and IOI evoke fewer and weaker spatio-kinetic associations in children, as compared to adults.
Exploring the structural principles underlying the capacity of groups of notes to function concurrently in music
Authors: Ockelford Adam
Published: November 2015

This is a theoretical article, building on one of Irène Deliège's major areas of interest in the field of music psychology: the perception of similarity between groups of notes. Here the issue is concurrence: what are the cognitive and music-structural consequences when groups of musical sounds occur simultaneously, in whole or in part? Couched in the context of ‘zygonic’ theory, a taxonomy is presented of how musical events of discernible duration can relate in time, and what forms such relationships can take. A distinction is drawn between perceptual similarity and functional similarity. There is an extended discussion of the capacity of concurrent groups to exist within a single line of music, which entails a fresh look at the notion of hierarchy in musical structures and the Schenkerian notion of prolongation, using a phenomenological approach based on the thinking of Edmund Husserl. In this context, the music-theoretical concept of the appoggiatura is examined, and is shown to result from a cross-domain hierarchical anomaly. The article concludes with a consideration of the reality of hierarchical ‘depth’ in music, in relation to listening, compositional and analytical grammars.
Auditive analysis of the Quartetto per Archi in due tempi (1955) by Bruno Maderna
Authors: Addessi Anna Rita
Published: November 2015

The present study on Maderna's quartet aims to compare the “macroform” (the large-scale structure of a musical piece) perceived by subjects while listening to the piece in real time, and the “macroform” as perceived by professional analysts. The study also examines the correlation between “macroform” and perception of tension/relaxation. Two groups of subjects took part in the experiment: 25 non-musicians and 32 musicians. The experiment was carried out both in Bologna and in Edinburgh. We made use of a special computer program, which allows each subject to listen to a piece through head-phones and indicate the points of division and the tension/relaxation perceived while listening in real time. The experiment lasted approximately 60 minutes and involved various steps and tasks. After an initial listening which served to become familiar with the piece and with the computer program, the subjects had to listen to the piece again and identify its main sections. They then had to indicate the criteria they used in formulating their solutions. In the next listening they had to indicate the largest zones of tension and relaxation they perceived. The macroforms perceived by the subjects were compared with 4 macroforms indicated by professional analysts based on listening rather than on analytical theories. The data showed higher correlation between macroforms perceived by the subjects and only 2 macroforms indicated by the analysts, and correlation between the macroforms and tension/relaxation perceived by subjects. The differences between musicians and non musicians and Italian and Edinburgh groups were not significant.
Liking for Musical Styles
Authors: North Adrian C. , Hargreaves David J.
Published: November 2015

This paper reports two experiments on liking for musical styles. The first study investigated the relative extent to which liking for musical excerpts is associated with liking for the styles in which they are performed and for the pieces on which they are based. Fifty subjects were presented with 24 short musical excerpts comprising 5 original pop music pieces and 19 ‘cover’ versions of them in different musical styles. The results indicated that subjects' liking for the excerpts was more closely associated with their liking for the musical styles than for the pieces themselves. Given their apparent importance, the second study investigated whether liking for musical styles could be explained in terms of subjects' voluntary and involuntary exposure to them. This was done in the context of the preference-feedback hypothesis. Subjects were presented with 30 musical styles which were rated for either ‘liking’ or their degree of familiarity to subjects personally (voluntary exposure) and their prevalence in British culture (involuntary exposure). The results supported the prediction of the preference-feedback hypothesis that there should be a positive relationship between liking and voluntary exposure, although the prediction of an inverted-U relationship between liking and involuntary exposure was not confirmed.
Radikaler Konstruktivismus und Musikwissenschaft: Ideen und Perspektiven
Authors: Müllensiefen Daniel
Published: November 2015

Der Beitrag hat zum Ziel, die in der Musikwissenschaft bisher wenig beachteten Ideen des Radikalen Konstruktivismus vorzustellen und ihre möml;glichen Konsequenzen füml;r diese Disziplin aufzuzeigen. Dafüml;r werden zunäml;chst grundlegende Aspekte der “konstruktivistischen Theorie” erläml;utert, um dann allgemeine Konsequenzen füml;r wissenschaftliches Arbeiten daraus abzuleiten. Anschließend werden musikwissenschaftliche Forschungen vorgestellt, die bereits aus einer konstruktivistischen Perspektive zu bewerten sind, um dann schließlich füml;r den Bereich „Musik und Emotion” einen konstruktivistischen Forschungsansatz vorzuschlagen.
Les principes du même et du différent comme organisateurs du groupement rythmique chez le nourrisson. Une étude empirique
Authors: Mélen Marc
Published: November 2015

Le présent article relate une étude empirique concemant le groupement rythmique chez le nourrisson, inspirée des príncipes du même et du différent, proposés par Deliége (1987, 1989, 1991a) comme organisateurs de la perception musicale. Deux expériences relatives au groupement rythmique selon la similarité de registre, et réalisées au moyen de la procédure de rotation conditionnée de la tête, sont rapportées. L'expérience 1 visait à définir des valeurs de changement de registre également discriminables, mais distinctes sur le continuum physique de la hauteur. En function des données de l'expérience 1, deux changements de registre ont été introduits dans des séquences mélodiques et proposées à des nourrissons (expérience 2). En vertu des principes du même et du différent, il était prédit que les nourrissons répondraient davantage au grand changement de registre qu'au petit, témoignant ainsi d'une négligence des variations insuffisantes pour générer la sensation d'un groupement. Des experiences relatives à l'intensité sont également évoquées. Bien que les résultats démontrent L'intervention des principes du même et du différent à un niveau élémentaire de la perception musicale, des prolongements vers d'autres niveaux sont également suggérés. Les données sont également comparées avec celles émanant de recherches antérieures.
Concurrent Interdigital Neuroma and MTP Joint Instability: Long-term Results of Treatment
Authors: Coughlin Michael J. , Schenck Robert C. , Shurnas Paul J. , Bloome David M.
Published: November 2015

Introduction: An interdigital neuroma is a common source of forefoot pain, and while second metatarsophalangeal joint instability is a less common entity, it can be a concomitant source of pain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term clinical course and surgical outcomes of the treatment of these concomitant problems.

Methods: 121 consecutive patients (131 feet and 136 neuromas) were evaluated and treated for a symptomatic interdigital neuroma from 1981 to 1997. Of these, 24 patients (20%) had a concurrent interdigital neuroma (IDN) and second metatarsophalangeal (MTP) capsular instability that underwent surgical treatment. At the final follow-up examination, 20 patients (21 feet) were evaluated by an independent orthopaedic surgeon with a standardized clinical and radiographic examination, patient self-assessment and outcome measures.

Results: Overall, there were 18 females and two males (21 feet) treated with an average age of 54 years at the time of surgery that returned for examination and follow-up at an average of 80 months (48 to 108 months) following surgery. Seventeen patients (85%) rated their result as good or excellent and three as fair. Six patients had mild continued symptoms referable to the second toe and none to the neuroma. Simultaneous neuroma excision and second MTP stabilization was performed in 15 cases and in six cases a staged repair was performed. The mean visual analog pain score was 1.4 (0 = no pain, 10 = severe pain) and mean MHAQ score was 1.13 (1–1.625) with activity modification stemming from hip, back and knee complaints.

Conclusion: With careful patient selection and preoperative assessment, resection of an interdigital neuroma and stabilization of second metatarsophalangeal joint instability resulted in a high percentage of successful results at greater than four years following the procedure. Objective results were comparable to previous reports on the surgical treatment of isolated interdigital neuroma and crossover second toe reconstruction. Subjective patient satisfaction was high but both subjective and objective results were lower in patients with persistent symptoms of MTP instability.
Adjacent Interdigital Nerve Irritation: Single Incision Surgical Treatment
Authors: Hort Kurtis R. , DeOrio James K.
Published: November 2015

Twenty-three patients with clinical signs of adjacent intermetatarsal nerve irritation who underwent adjacent nerve release with single-nerve excision through one incision were studied. Mean follow-up was 11 months. Of 21 patients interviewed, 19 (90%) had resolution of all or most of their pain, 20 (95%) had no or only minimal activity limitation, and 20 (95%) were completely satisfied with their outcome. Of 19 patients examined, none had pain with compression of the interspace of the excised nerve, although two (11%) had discomfort with compression of the interspace of the nerve that was only released. Protective sensation was present postoperatively in all patients except one who had preoperative neuropathy.
Deformity and Degeneration in the Hindfoot and Midfoot Joints of the Adult Acquired Flatfoot
Authors: Greisberg Justin , Hansen Sigvard T. , Sangeorzan Bruce
Published: November 2015

Adult acquired flatfoot is generally characterized by loss of the longitudinal arch, hindfoot valgus, and forefoot abduction, but the precise deformity has not been adequately described at the level of individual joints. Simulated weightbearing CT scans and plain radiographs of 37 symptomatic flat feet were examined in this study. The degree of arthritic degeneration was assessed in the major hindfoot and midfoot joints, and the location of deformity was studied along the medial column of the arch. Moderate to severe degeneration was seen in about one-third of talonavicular, subtalar, and calcaneocuboid joints. The medial column of the arch collapsed through the talonavicular joint in some feet, through the medial naviculocuneiform joint in others, but rarely through both. First tarsometatarsal joint subluxation was a frequent finding as well. In this small series, neither the degree of degenerative arthritis nor the amount of joint deformity was seen to correlate with patient age. Furthermore, no correlation was observed between foot deformity and joint degeneration.
Use of Demineralized Bone Matrix in Ankle/Hindfoot Fusion
Authors: Thordarson David B. , Kuehn Sarah
Published: November 2015

Sixty-three patients who underwent complex ankle or hindfoot fusion had demineralized bone matrix placed in their fusion site to stimulate fusion. Thirty-seven patients had Grafton putty, a demineralized bone matrix product, and 26 patients had Orthoblast, a demineralized bone matrix mixed with crushed cancellous allograft bone placed to stimulate their fusion site. All patients were followed clinically and radiographically to fusion or nonunion. Of the 37 patients who had Grafton putty placed to stimulate ankle or hindfoot fusion, five (14%) developed a nonunion. Of the 26 patients who had Orthoblast placed to stimulate fusion, two (8%) developed a nonunion. These differences were not statistically significant. Nonunion rates of approximately 10% continue to be reported for ankle and hindfoot fusion procedures. In an attempt to minimize this complication, various bone graft substitutes have been used. We found no difference in efficacy of the two demineralized bone matrix compounds, and were not able to demonstrate a superior union rate compared to historical controls.
Interactive Computer Graphics for Simulation Displays
Authors: Crawford Alice M.
Published: November 2015

Interactive computer graphics were discussed within the context of recent research trends which represents a consolidation of simulation and learning technologies. Research that has utilized graphics for training was described and discussed in an attempt to assess the usefulness of the technology across a wide variety of applications.
More Information or More Data?: Some Experimental Findings
Authors: Dorris Alan L. , Connolly T. , Sadosky T. L. , Burroughs Mark
Published: November 2015

This paper reviews work which has investigated the relationship between the amount of information available to a decision maker and the quality of the resulting decision. Consideration is also given to research into the strategies employed by decision makers to cope with information overload. Some recent empirical results are presented which indicate that one must carefully distinguish between the amount of information and the amount of data given to the decision maker.
The Organization of Human Language Cortex: Special Adaptation or Common Cortical Design?
Authors: Hutsler Jeffrey J. , Gazzaniga Michael S.
Published: November 2015

Understanding the neural basis of language is one of the oldest and most difficult pursuits in neuroscience. Despite decades of accumulated data on aphasic subjects with cortical damage, we still know relatively little of how language functions are represented within the neural circuitry of the brain. A major issue of debate is whether language is a species-specific adaptation built into the neocortex, or a by-product of neocortical expansion. Cognitive studies emphasizing the universal nature of language abilities, the consistencies of language structure, and the consistent time course of language development have all indicated that language abilities are innate and must be built into the brain by evolutionary forces. Comparative studies of primates are equivocal since we have little evidence indicating that primate communication is homologous to human language systems. Much of this confusion is related to a lack of information regarding the neural basis of human communication. Recent anatomical data from human brains indicates that left hemisphere regions can have unique types of organization that may be responsible for functional specialization.
Neuroscience on the World Wide Web
Authors: Poolos Nicholas P.
Published: November 2015

There has been an explosion in the number of World Wide Web sites on the Internet dedicated to neuroscience. With a little direction, it is possible to navigate around the Web and find databases containing information indispensable to both basic and clinical neuroscientists. This article reviews some Web sites of particular interest. NEUROSCIENTIST 3:276–280, 1997
Nitric Oxide: Diverse Actions in the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems
Authors: Dawson Ted M. , Gonzalez-ZuluetaS Mirella , Kusel Julian , Dawson Valina L.
Published: November 2015

Nitric oxide (NO) has revolutionized our conceptions about neurotransmission. NO is not stored in synaptic vesicles, is not released by exocytosis, and does not mediate its action by binding to cell surface receptors. Instead, NO simply diffuses to its targets, and its actions are mediated through molecules that accept or share its unpaired electron. NO has diverse biological roles, including functions as the nitrergic transmitter of the peripheral nervous system, the major regulator of blood vessel tone, and actions as the cytotoxic agent of activated macrophages. In the CNS, NO function is just beginning to be explored, but it seems to play prominent roles in plasticity and the regulation of complex behaviors. Under conditions of excessive formation. NO has emerged as an important endogenous neurotoxin. Strategies aimed at reducing NO formation may therefore have therapeutic benefit. NEUROSCIENTIST 4:96–112, 1998
Advanced Placement: An Exemplary Honors Model
Authors: Cox June
Published: November 2015

This article, examining honors and Advanced Placement Courses, is the second in a series reporting on the Richardson Study, a national investigation of the educational opportunities available to able learners, being conducted by the Sid W. Richardson Foundation in Fort Worth, Texas. In addition to conducting a national survey and visiting schools throughout the country, I gathered information for the article by inviting six people actively involved with honors and Advanced Placement (AP) courses to meet with my committee and me to discuss these options from their respective vantage points. Working with us in Fort Worth on September 21 and 22, 1982 were Jewell Bindrup, Director of Gifted/Talented Programs for the Utah Department of Education; Steven Brown, Director of Academic Enrichment Programs for the Madison Elementary School District in Phoenix, Arizona; Robert Crawford, Director of College Counseling at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts; Dennis Day, teacher at Highland Park High School in Dallas, Texas; Marie Laine, teacher at O.D. Wyatt High School in Fort Worth, Texas; and Irwin Spear, Professor of Biological Science at the University of Texas at Austin. We sought diversity in selecting the programs for consideration. O.D. Wyatt High School in Fort Worth, with a student population of over 80% black, bears little resemblance to the high school in affluent Highland Park and even less to schools like Andover that “train the country's elite in the prep tradition, providing top education for top dollar” (Williams, et. al., 1981). The Utah Department of Education represents a statewide effort to implement AP programs; the University of Texas, Austin, is engaged in training teachers in AP methods and curricula; and the Madison Elementary School District in Phoenix is developing a Junior AP program — a project that may become a part of the College Board's official program. Ideas and information flowed freely during two days of spirited discussions. This article reflects many of the thoughts shared and the recommendations generated. — J.C.
What Makes People Understand Things?
Authors: Fearn Leif
Published: November 2015

Objective

Students will understand the role of problem in story plotting for, comma placement in multiple clause sentences, ratio as exemplified in percentage, the origins of World War II, or how final e influences the first vowel sound in a cvcv combination).
Those Worried, Hopeful, Gifted Children of the World
Authors: Presbury Jack H. , Henderson Morgan W. , Torrance E. Paul
Published: November 2015

Many teachers of gifted and talented children have been astonished and concerned that such children have a very pessimistic image of the future. During his lifetime, the eminent futurist Herman Kahn vented his wrath upon fellow futurists for their “gloom and doom” outlooks (Kahn & Bruce – Briggs, 1972). His “last vision” was to help educate the children of the world to develop a more optimistic image of the future. Much of his energy during the last year of his life was devoted to the development of pilot programs to attain this vision. This effort is described in the September, 1983 issue of Omni magazine.

After reading over 5,000 scenarios written by children throughout the world, the authors have concluded that gifted children throughout the world are hopeful, but they are also worried – worried about what we are doing to their tomorrow – worried that irreparable damage will be done before they have their chance at leadership.
Observing the Nature and Emergence of Leadership Talent among Gifted Youths
Authors: Feldhusen John F. , Kennedy Dorothy M.
Published: November 2015

What are the behaviors that constitute signs of leadership in gifted and talented youth? How are the behavioral signs of leadership linked to the giftedness or special talents of youth? Do boys and girls differ in the way leadership abilities emerge during their development? Can short intensive summer programs for the gifted facilitate growth of their leadership abilities?
The Washington Governor's School for Citizen Leadership
Authors: Stephens Anne
Published: November 2015

We're great at thinking up ideas. We generate lots of ideas, but we need people to help us carry them out. We tend to get impatient and can be disorganized.

We keep the group on task. We're organized and focused. We're great at carrying things out, but sometimes we get pushy if it's late. We need help in taking care of the group.

We're good listeners. We pay attention to how the group is getting along, who's not contributing, who's feeling left out. We try to make the group work well for everyone.
Virtual Reality
Authors: Benno Mark
Published: November 2015

Much has been written over the years about virtual reality. Frequently, it is explored in science fiction literature. Mass media outlets, from the National Enquirer to Popular Mechanics to the evening news have both celebrated and feared virtual worlds. The attention has escalated recently as more powerful computers have been developed and the public is aware of virtual events such as the rover on the surface of Mars.
Practical Advice for Guiding the Gifted
Authors: Cross Tracy
Published: November 2015

The following was originally intended to be the second installment in a two-part series on the social and emotional needs of gifted students. Instead, it has become the second in a series. In this series, I have broken with my past practice of trying to only forward ideas that have emerged from published research findings.
It's Ok to Be Gifted and Talented
Authors: Ford Randy
Published: November 2015

Recently, I met several friends for lunch to discuss high school reunion plans. Afterward, I was struck by the way many people settle for being mirror images of someone else rather than achieving personal satisfaction. One such person was with me at lunch; her name is “Susie.” Susie was the best student in our school.
The Economic Organization of Refuse Collection
Authors: Young Dennis R.
Published: November 2015

Under the influence of two important developments–major deterioration of public refuse collection in some large cities and growth of a vigorous private solid waste management sector–important changes in the organization of urban refuse collection appear imminent. Since refuse collection has some economic characteristics of public utilities, and because it is a service bearing importantly on public health and safety, a regulated monopoly structure has been advocated for providing this service under private management. This paper analyzes several different modes of organizing refuse collection and concludes that a competitive economic framework is both feasible and desirable. The suggested competitive arrangement, involving direct competition for accounts in high-density areas and competition for contracts in low-density areas, provides for both private profit-making and public nonprofit participation.
Some Economic Implications of John Rawls' Theory of Justice
Authors: Phillips Samuel T.
Published: November 2015

The difference principle of John Rawls is viewed as a modest reconstitution of the Pareto test for maximization of total welfare. The author illustrates through use of utility analysis that the difference principle for redressing inequities requires the least redistribution of the several options available to persons in Rawls' initial position. Furthermore, the Rawlsian framework is placed in a broader notion of equity which calls into question whether Rawls' theory adequately addresses the problem of absolute as opposed to relative advantages to the least advantaged.

Democratic institutions awaken and flatter the passion for equality without ever being able to satisfy it entirely. This complete equality is always slipping through the people's fingers at the moment when they think to grasp it, fleeing as Pascal says, in an eternal flight; the people grow heated in search of this blessing, all the more precious because it is near enough to be seen but too far off to be tasted.
The Equalization Equivalence of Flat Grants and Foundation Programs: A Reply and an Extended Analysis
Authors: Gilmer Robert W. , Morgan Daniel C.
Published: November 2015

This paper provides a rejoinder to a recent article by Talley, and shows that the “error” he demonstrates stems from his inability to perceive the nature of tax bases at different levels of government within a fiscal federalism. Talley does, however, express (at least implicitly) some proper concern over the effects of different tax bases at local and state levels, e.g., in school finance it is usual to find local districts levying against a property base and the state levying against income and/or sales. A careful examination of the effects of introducing this difficulty into the analysis yields the following rather intriguing conclusion. The different flat grant formulas do produce different redistributive results at the level of the individual resident. It does not matter when local governments are the units under equalization (redistribution) inspection whether or not central (state) governments levy on tax bases different from those employed by local (school district) governments.
On the Taxation of Life Income
Authors: Deutsch Antal
Published: November 2015

Progressive income tax systems penalize incomes that fluctuate from year to year. Legislation, both in the United States and in Canada, has provided for some relief through limited averaging provisions. This paper explores the properties of a tax system that bases its levy on the income earned over the taxpayers' entire life. The complications caused by errors in the outcome estimates, inflation, variations in interest rates, property income, capital market imperfections, and rate changes are discussed. Potential improvements through the successful implementation of a life income tax system include the equal treatment of equals, the possible inclusion of real capital gains in the tax base, and the neutral treatment of human and physical capital.
Revenue Sources and Local Government Employment
Authors: Lehne Richard
Published: November 2015

This note explores the relationship between variations in local government employment patterns and grant-in-aid receipts for three time periods, 1957–1962, 1962–1967, and 1967–1972. Three dimensions of local government employment patterns are explored: per capita payroll costs, average monthly wage per employee, and the number of public employees per capita. The methodology of this note follows the “determinants” analyses of public expenditure levels. The relationships between revenue sources and local government employment practices assume different forms in different time periods.
Property Rights within Government and Devices to Increase Government Efficiency
Authors: Amacher Ryan C. , Tollison Robert D.
Published: November 2015

This paper demonstrates that bureaucratic decision-making is a more complex process than the literature that focuses narrowly on the lack of appropriability of gains and losses from efficient decision-making implies. The paper delineates some of the other types of constraints under which the governmental decision maker operates. These factors lead to the conclusion that there are many devices (like the volunteer army) that can move decision makers toward significantly more efficient decisions without the presence of appropriability (narrowly defined).
Interstate Cigarette Smuggling
Authors: Manchester Paul B.
Published: November 2015

In recent years sizable differences between state cigarette taxes have led to the rise of interstate smuggling. This study presents an interstate demand analysis, using quarterly state sales data, to examine this and other aspects of the cigarette market. For the cases examined, nonresident purchases for 1970–1971 are estimated to have accounted for approximately 15% of the sales in the low tax states. In addition to price elasticities, income elasticities, “health scare,” and seasonal effects are estimated. The determinants of retail state cigarette prices are also explored in the Appendix.
A Model of College Selection
Authors: Korczyk Sophie
Published: November 2015

This article presents a policy-oriented microeconomics model of college selection by undergraduates. The data base is detailed information on 1,008 college students. College choice is explained as demand for a multifaceted commodity bundle which is the institution. Demand is a function of the student's ability, family income, and the prices and aid offers of the schools in the student's opportunity set. The sample was stratified by income class to lest for the stability of coefficients across income groups. The model yields predictions concerning the effects of recent federal legislation and of the Carter educational finance initiative on college attendance. Direct student aid is found to be far less effective than price cuts in increasing the range of schools financially accessible to lower- and middle-income students.
Budget-Maximizing Bureaucracy and the Effects of State Aid on School Expenditures
Authors: Beck John H.
Published: November 2015

This article estimates expenditure equations for Michigan school districts using Kelejian's (1971) procedure for dealing with the endogenous state aid variables. Alternative specifications of the expenditure equation are derived, based on (i) a median voter model and (ii) Niskanen's (1971) budget-maximizing model. Theoretical considerations imply different specifications of the aid variables than have been used in previous empirical work. The estimated effect of grants-in-aid is a larger increase in expenditures than is consistent with model (i) but less than is consistent with model (ii).
Virtual Multidisciplinary Teams for Cancer Care
Authors: Axford A T , Askill C , Jones A J
Published: November 2015

A recent report on cancer services in Wales recommended an integrated cancer service. The proposed model was difficult to introduce in rural areas, where health-care sites and staff are far apart. Videoconferencing equipment was installed in the Singleton Hospital, Swansea, and the Bronglais General Hospital, Aberystwyth, 120 km away. During the first year, 42 videoconferencing multidisciplinary team meetings were held using ISDN at 384 kbit/s. A total of 202 cases were reviewed. The cancers were colorectal, breast and lung. There was only one aborted session, which was due to an ISDN line fault. The average attendance at the meetings was 15 staff, of whom eight were essential team members. Regular multidisciplinary team meetings reduced the need for patients to travel. They also increased access to expert opinion and reduced the delay in implementing treatment.
Developing a Protocol for the Use of Telenursing in Community Health in Australia
Authors: Guilfoyle Clare , Perry Lesley , Lord Bev , Buckle Karen , Mathews Jenny , Wootton Richard
Published: November 2015

As the first step in developing a protocol for the use of video-phones in community health, we carried out a feasibility study among clients with a range of health needs. Clients were equipped with a commercially available video-phone connected using the client's home telephone line. A hands-free speaker-phone and a miniature video-camera (for close-up views) were connected to the video-phone. Ten clients participated: five required wound care, two palliative care, two long-term therapy monitoring and one was a rural client. All but two were aged 75 years or more. Each client had a video-phone for an average of two to three weeks. During the six months of the study, 43 client calls were made, of which 36 (84%) were converted to video-calls. The speaker-phone was used on 24 occasions (56%) and the close-up camera on 23 occasions (53%). Both clients and nurses rated the equipment as satisfactory or better in questionnaires. None of the nurses felt that the equipment was difficult to use, including unpacking it and setting it up; only one client found it difficult. Taking into account the clients' responses, including their free-text comments, a judgement was made as to whether the video-phone had been useful to their nursing care. In seven cases it was felt to be unhelpful and in three cases it was judged helpful. Although the study sample was small, the results suggest that home telenursing is likely to be useful for rural clients in Australia, unsurprisingly, because of the distances involved.
A Needs Assessment of the Potential Users of a South Pacific Telehealth Service
Authors: Kerr Karolyn , Dew Kevin , Abernethy David
Published: November 2015

Qualitative methods such as focus groups, individual interviews, case studies and participant observation were used to complete a needs assessment for a telehealth service in the South Pacific. Participants from the Cook Islands and Fiji were able to identify extensive uses for a telehealth service, but also identified barriers to its implementation. These included the extremely limited telecommunications and electrical infrastructure found in South Pacific countries, the high cost of Internet access and staffing shortages. The effective implementation of a telehealth site will probably require the use of ‘clinician drivers' with an interest in telehealth to encourage colleagues less enthusiastic to change their work practices. Telehealth in the South Pacific would improve services across a wide geographical area, but initial and continuing costs would be high due to the lack of infrastructure.
Teams and Teamworking in Hotels
Authors: Ingram Hadyn , Desombre Terry
Published: November 2015

This paper investigates teams and teamworking in multi-unit hotels in the UK. A review of the literature suggests that much of what is written about teamworking is discursive and some of the authors' conclusions are based on anecdotal research. The study methodology employs both qualitative and qualitative techniques and concludes that teamworking in hotels is a complex activity and that solutions vary according to unit and employee perception. Comparisons were made between two multi-unit hotel companies showing contrasting approaches to teamworking. The data show that all the hotels studied scored worse than a norm set of teams in diverse organisational settings, suggesting that teamworking in hotels needs more development.
Balancing the Vocational: The Theory and Practice of Liberal Education in Tourism
Authors: Tribe John
Published: November 2015

Research into the tourism curriculum has tended to concentrate on appropriate vocational elements. By contrast, this paper examines the theory and practice of liberal aspects of a tourism curriculum. The theoretical strand develops the underlying liberal concepts of truth, breadth, coherence, ‘the good life’ and liberation. The practical strand considers how these might be achieved through curriculum strategies in tourism such as encouraging reflection within modules, complementary studies, undergraduate projects, research methods, great books, and critical tourism studies. Finally, the limitations of a liberal curriculum are addressed.
Hotel Repositioning through Property Renovation
Authors: Hassanien Ahmed , Baum Tom
Published: November 2015

Kotler (1997) argues that regardless of the initial success of the brand position in the market, the firm may have to he forced to reposition it later. Similarly, Trout and Rivkin (1995) state that today is more the time for repositioning than positioning. This is due to the changing marketing environments that influence any organisation. However, renovation is costly, ongoing and inevitably essential for hotels to stay active and alive in the market. At any one time almost every hotel has recently been renovated, is under renovation, or is waiting for renovation. An examination of the literature uncovers the fact that hotel positioning and property renovation are inseparable in the hotel industry since most innovation is attained through renovation. It is the intention of this paper to concentrate on the process of property renovation in the hospitality industry and its role as a strategic marketing tool for hotel repositioning. A study of attitudes to hotel renovation in Egypt forms the empirical component of this paper.
Globalisation: An Old Phenomenon That Needs to Be Rediscovered for Tourism?
Authors: Reiser Dirk
Published: November 2015

Globalisation is a common concept in the social sciences; its meaning, however, is contested. Therefore in the first part the paper provides a framework of the term ‘globalisation’ as well as a definition. This definition is then connected with another contested term: ‘tourism’.

In the second part, the research methods used to research globalisation and tourism in a case study area, the Otago Peninsula in Dunedin, New Zealand, are outlined. The research methods are linked with specific historical developments in the case study area in the past, the present and the future.

The third part gives some preliminary results of the ongoing research project. Of particular interest is the model that links the history of the Otago Peninsula and its environments, tourism and globalisation.
Quality Implementation in Selected UK Hotels: Perspectives and Future Challenges
Authors: Harrington Denis
Published: November 2015

The strategic importance of quality management has grown in recent years. However, although the competitive implications of adhering to a quality agenda have been much alluded to within the literature, the evidence from a review of published studies suggests that service quality and strategy issues have been addressed as separate concerns by researchers. This study examines managerial perceptions of quality implementation and shows that two factors are important when implementing quality practices: ‘managers' feelings about things that they perceive themselves to control’ and ‘managers’ fears about areas outside their control'. Respondent managers clearly emphasise ‘areas within their control’ to be important when implementing quality practices. However, at the same time, the findings illuminate managerial fears towards practices associated with implementation. Further research ivill need to be carried out to examine managerial attitudes towards the actual practice of quality management in hotel organisations and to evaluate whether the factors are of importance or are perceived to be important by managers within the industry.
A Direct Reading Photoelectric Trichromatic Colorimeter
Authors: Winch G. T. , Palmer Evelyn H.
Published: November 2015

Details are given of the principle, development and construction of a new type of photoelectric colorimeter, which indicates the trichromatic co-ordinates directly on an RGB system closely and linearly related to the C.I.E., XYZ system. The method of calibration is described, and the Appendix contains a worked example of the transformation from the RGB to the XYZ system, together with a nomogram for the rapid conversion from one system to the other. Reference is made to the many applications of this instrument.