bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, antimicrobial activity, and molecular docking studies of new fused pyrimidinethiones
Authors: Hussien Ahmed H. H. , El‐Qaliei Mohamed I. H. , Mousa Sayed A. S. , Atalla Ahmed A. , Khodairy Ahmed
Published: April 2022

2‐Cyano‐3‐(methylsufany)‐3‐(phenylamino)prop‐2‐enethioamide (3) was treated with dimethylformamide‐dimethylacetals (DMF‐DMA), dimedone, isatin, and/or 3‐iminobutanenitrile to give prop‐2‐enethioamide 4, N‐substituted thioamides 9, 10, and 5,6‐dihydropyridine 12, respectively. While, the reaction of bis‐thioamide 5 with DMF‐DMA gave 4‐thioxo‐1,4‐dihydropyrimidine 6. Cyclization of compound 4 using different conditions afforded pyrimidinethione 15, which reacted with guanidine, cyanothioacetamide, and/or 2‐cyanomethylpyrazole to yield the corresponding fused pyridopyrimidine 17 and pyrimidopyrimidines 18 and 20, respectively. Structures of the newly compounds were characterized by using their infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data and elemental analysis. The synthesized compounds were in vitro evaluated for their antibacterial activity through the zone of inhibition measurement. The results revealed promising antibacterial activity for compounds against the used pathogenic bacterial strains. Moreover, the antibacterial activity of the active compounds (4, 6, 9, 10, 12, 15, 17, 18, and 20) was interpreted using molecular docking against E. coliFabH‐CoA complex (PDB ID: 1HNJ) to determine the binding energy, binding interactions, and molecules' orientations inside the active site of the target protein.
Neutropenia and infections: Neutrophil replacement through genetic engineering
Authors: Dale David C , Price Thomas H
Published: April 2022

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The predictive value of galectin‐3 levels on left atrial low voltage areas assessed by high‐density mapping in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation
Authors: Aksan Gökhan , Yanık Ahmet , Yontar Osman Can , Boyacı Faruk , Uçar Melisa , Şahin Mustafa Kürşat , Soylu Korhan
Published: April 2022

Aims

Galectin‐3 is an inflammation biomarker that is associated with atrial fibrosis and plays a role in the development of atrial fibrillation (AF). Low voltage areas (LVAs) identified using an electroanatomical mapping system represent the presence of fibrotic tissue. The present study aimed to determine the relationship between coronary sinus (CS) serum sampling of galectin‐3 levels and the presence and extent of LVA in patients with paroxysmal AF.

Methods

A total of 115 consecutive paroxysmal AF patients underwent pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) included prospectively in the study. Voltage mapping was performed before PVI during sinus rhythm guided by multipolar high‐density mapping catheter and LVAs were defined as regions where bipolar peak to peak voltage was <0.5 mV. Galectin‐3 levels were measured via enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

CS serum sampling of galectin‐3 levels was significantly higher in paroxysmal AF patients with LVA than those without LVA (16.5 ± 3.7 ng/ml vs. 10.2 ±2.7 ng/ml, respectively, p < .001). CS serum sampling of galectin‐3 levels was significantly higher in paroxysmal AF patients with moderate and severe LVA than in paroxysmal AF patients with mild LVA (17 ± 3.5 ng/ml and 20.1 ± 1.3 ng/ml vs. 13.3 ± 2.3 ng/ml, respectively, p = .002). In the multivariate analysis female gender (odds ratio [OR] = 7.537, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.011–56.195; p = .049), left atrium volume (OR = 1.326, 95% CI: 1.052–1.67; p = .017), and CS serum sampling of galectin‐3 levels (OR = 1.704, 95% CI: 1.169–2.483; p = .006) were significant and independent predictors for LVAs.

Conclusion

In this study, we found that the CS serum sampling of galectin‐3 levels increased with the extent of LVA and was an independent predictor for the presence of LVA.
Burnout and scholarly productivity among junior counseling faculty: Mentoring as a moderator
Authors: Woo Hongryun , Lu Junfei , Storlie Cassandra A.
Published: April 2022

We examined the relationship between burnout and scholarly productivity, as well as mentoring as a moderator, among 145 full‐time junior counseling faculty members in universities across the United States. Results showed that faculty burnout was negatively associated with participants’ scholarly productivity (r = −0.63). Findings also supported the moderating role of faculty mentoring in the association between burnout and scholarly productivity. Authors addressed implications for employment within counseling programs and institutions.
Efficient Emission Outcoupling from Perovskite Lasers into Highly Directional and Long‐Propagation‐Length Bloch Surface Waves
Authors: Safronov Kirill R. , Popkova Anna A. , Markina Daria I. , Pushkarev Anatoly P. , Makarov Sergey V. , Bessonov Vladimir O. , Fedyanin Andrey A.
Published: April 2022

Halide perovskite micro‐ and nanolasers have become a novel platform for efficient generation of coherent emission in the whole visible range. However, the laser emission outcoupling from the perovskite microcrystals faces a number of problems related to large divergence angle, light‐soaking by a substrate, and high losses in the case of coupling with nanowaveguides. Here the perovskite nano‐ and microlasers are proposed to be integrated with a photonic crystal supporting Bloch surface waves (BSWs), which are coupled directly from the perovskite lasers with the efficiency of over 16%. The BSWs exciting at 535‐nm wavelength show high in‐plane directivity, down to 9, and long‐propagation length, up to 50 m. Moreover, a pronounced beam steering effect for the generated laser emission is demonstrated by varying the pumping laser beam position, which provides an additional degree of freedom for in‐plane control of the lasing mode outcoupling.
An Injectable Hydrogel for Treatment of Chronic Neuropathic Pain
Authors: Zeng Jiaqi , Su Ping , Li Fei , Yun Yangfang , Liang Haiying , Qu Kerun , Fan Yuanyuan , Zhang Mingwan , Song Jiamei , Yao Yuan , Shen Hong , Jiang Nan , Li Rui , Zhu Dongya
Published: April 2022

Current treatments for chronic neuropathic pain often fall short. A small‐molecular compound ZL006 can suppress N‐Methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR)‐mediated neuropathic pain behaviors without blocking essential NMDAR function and brings new hope for neuropathic pain therapy. The persistent nature of neuropathic pain mandates the long‐term treatment. However, similar to existing analgesics, ZL006 has only a short duration of action. To unleash the therapeutic potential of ZL006, the stability of ZL006 in aqueous solutions is investigated, and a ZL006‐incorporated P407‐based thermoresponsive injectable hydrogel is developed. The computational analysis is performed to help achieve the desired ZL006‐loaded hydrogel system and elucidate the gelation mechanism. The hydrogel matrix can be loaded with ZL006 in an aqueous phase at room temperature without costly specialized equipment and no organic solvent, where the sol is formed and injectable. On subcutaneous administration and subsequent rapid warming to physiological temperature, the sol is converted to a gel. The thermoresponsive hydrogel at body temperature enables the extended release of encapsulated ZL006, and therefore a single subcutaneous injection of ZL006‐hydrogel produces a prolonged and stable analgesic action in mice with spinal nerve ligation. The study provides a practical chronic neuropathic pain therapy and a new perspective on future applications of ZL006.
President's FY 23 budget proposal prioritizes workforce, crisis funding
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: April 2022

In a move that further advances President Joe Biden's unity agenda to address needed reform in this country's mental health system, and is consistent with his previously announced goal to transform behavioral health care, the White House on May 29 released its FY 23 budget proposal calling for investments in behavioral health crisis services, children's mental health and expanding coverage under Medicare.
Tennessee county reports workforce shortage, less care access
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: April 2022

A surge in demand for mental health care along with increases in clinical staff turnover represent mounting challenges facing Knox County residents in Tennessee, according to a new state report conducted to assess the community's needs.
A method of tone reproduction curves computation by means of gradation trajectories in the form of Bézier curves
Authors: Tarasov Dmitry , Milder Oleg
Published: April 2022

Tone reproduction curves (TRCs) have long been the basis for color adjustment in printing systems. Moreover, new algorithms for their processing and calculation, including tone value increase (TVI)‐based ones, are being constantly proposed. However, due to the fact that TRCs are just one‐dimensional curves covering only one colorant, they are not able to produce an exact match of all colors. Color adjustment with the help of the TRC is unstable, that is, a slight change in one color channel has a dramatic effect on the color reproduction in output. The use of gradation trajectories (GT) as an analytical model within the CIE Lab color space describing the behavior of the entire color gamut of the reproduction device makes it possible to more accurately adjust the individual color channel. Describing GT using the parametric Bézier curves further simplifies this process. In this work, we use GT to fit the TRC/TVI with the parameters recommended by ISO 12647‐2:2013.
A study on Caudrey–Dodd–Gibbon–Sawada–Kotera partial differential equation
Authors: Baskonus Haci Mehmet , Mahmud Adnan Ahmad , Muhamad Kalsum Abdulrahman , Tanriverdi Tanfer
Published: April 2022

Bernoulli sub‐equation function method is applied to obtain exact solutions of Caudrey–Dodd–Gibbon–Sawada–Kotera (CDGSK) nonlinear partial differential equation. As a result of this, exact traveling‐wave and some new oscillating solutions to CDGSK are obtained. It may be observed that Bernoulli sub‐equation function method employed here is very effective and reliable to get explicit solutions for this nonlinear partial differential equation. Profiles of all constructed solutions are graphically illustrated entirely as well.
Limited parameter denoising for low‐dose X‐ray computed tomography using deep reinforcement learning
Authors: Patwari Mayank , Gutjahr Ralf , Raupach Rainer , Maier Andreas
Published: April 2022

Background

The use of deep learning has successfully solved several problems in the field of medical imaging. Deep learning has been applied to the CT denoising problem successfully. However, the use of deep learning requires large amounts of data to train deep convolutional networks (CNNs). Moreover, due to the large parameter count, such deep CNNs may cause unexpected results.

Purpose

In this study, we introduce a novel CT denoising framework, which has interpretable behavior and provides useful results with limited data.

Methods

We employ bilateral filtering in both the projection and volume domains to remove noise. To account for nonstationary noise, we tune the σ parameters of the volume for every projection view and every volume pixel. The tuning is carried out by two deep CNNs. Due to the impracticality of labeling, the two‐deep CNNs are trained via a Deep‐Q reinforcement learning task. The reward for the task is generated by using a custom reward function represented by a neural network. Our experiments were carried out on abdominal scans for the Mayo Clinic the cancer imaging archive (TCIA) dataset and the American association of physicists in medicine (AAPM) Low Dose CT Grand Challenge.

Results

Our denoising framework has excellent denoising performance increasing the peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) from 28.53 to 28.93 and increasing the structural similarity index (SSIM) from 0.8952 to 0.9204. We outperform several state‐of‐the‐art deep CNNs, which have several orders of magnitude higher number of parameters (p‐value [PSNR] = 0.000,p‐value [SSIM] = 0.000). Our method does not introduce any blurring, which is introduced by mean squared error (MSE) loss‐based methods, or any deep learning artifacts, which are introduced by wasserstein generative adversarial network (WGAN)‐based models. Our ablation studies show that parameter tuning and using our reward network results in the best possible results.

Conclusions

We present a novel CT denoising framework, which focuses on interpretability to deliver good denoising performance, especially with limited data. Our method outperforms state‐of‐the‐art deep neural networks. Future work will be focused on accelerating our method and generalizing it to different geometries and body parts.
Factors impacting performance on the 6‐minute walk test by people with late‐onset Pompe disease
Authors: Tard Céline , Bayot Madli , Davion Jean‐Baptiste , Danjoux Loïc , Thomas Romain , Perez Thierry , Mallart Anne , Fry Stéphanie , Moreau Caroline , Nguyen Sylvie , Defebvre Luc , Delval Arnaud
Published: April 2022

Introduction/Aims

Pompe disease is a progressive myopathy that combines motor, respiratory, and cardiac impairments. The 6‐min walk test is the gold standard for assessing disease severity at the motor level. The objective of this study was to better determine the parameters that influence the total distance covered in patients with Pompe disease.

Methods

We performed a retrospective review of 15 patients with late‐onset Pompe disease who were followed regularly at a single referral center. Logistic regression was used to investigate the links between motor, respiratory and cardiac variables and 6‐min walk test performance.

Results

When considering baseline clinical and demographic variables, a seven‐step backward elimination regression analysis yielded a model with two predictors (age and the use of an assistive device) that explained 85.5% of the variance. When considering the cardiorespiratory variables monitored during gait, a three‐step backward elimination regression analysis showed that two predictors (heart rate recovery and the baseline partial pressure of carbon dioxide) explained 42.2% of the variance.

Discussion

Our results highlighted the importance of respiratory and cardiac adaptation during exercise (along with motor ability) during the 6‐min walk test in patients with Pompe disease. Further studies of larger cohorts are necessary to validate the model, which might enable investigators to determine whether intra‐individual fluctuations in 6‐min walk test performance are related to physiological parameters and/or to other variables such as the patient′s level of motivation during the test.
Preparation and characteristics of polymer matrix composite coatings with low infrared emissivity and high‐temperature resistance
Authors: Wang Yibo , Li Xiangyu , Wang Chenghao , Jian Xigao , Zong Lishuai , Wang Jinyan
Published: April 2022

With the rapid advances in detection technologies for modern warfare, it is of great significance to develop advanced infrared stealth technology. Owing to the complex operational environment of weapons and equipment during the practical application, a high thermal resistance is significant for infrared stealth materials. Therefore, in this study, a high‐temperature coating with low infrared emissivity was developed via spraying of poly(phthalazinone ether nitrile ketone) (PPENK) resin as binder and flake aluminum powder as filler. The variation in infrared emissivity of the composite coating with respect to filler content was studied. Apart from the thermal resistance of the composite coating, the effects of temperature on the surface morphology, chemical composition, mechanical properties, and infrared emissivity of the composite coatings were systematically examined. The lowest infrared emissivity (0.136) was achieved with 40% filler. Even after being heated at 450°C for 1 h, the composite coating exhibited excellent adhesion and impact resistance with negligible increase in emissivity, exemplifying its robust performance. The PPENK/Al composite coating can be engineered on a large scale, thanks to the simple preparation route and, has great potential as a new material for high‐temperature infrared stealth application.
Use of oral anticoagulants among individuals with cancer and atrial fibrillation in the United States, 2010–2016
Authors: Ardeshirrouhanifard Shirin , An Huijun , Goyal Ravi K. , Raji Mukaila A. , Segal Jodi B. , Alexander G. Caleb , Mehta Hemalkumar B.
Published: April 2022

Background

Anticoagulation among patients with cancer and atrial fibrillation is challenging due to elevated risk of bleeding and stroke. We characterized use of oral anticoagulants among patients with cancer and non‐valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF).

Methods

We used Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)‐Medicare data and included patients with cancer aged ≥66 years with an incident diagnosis of NVAF from 2010 to 2016. We used a Cox proportional hazard model and multivariable logistic regression to identify factors associated with anticoagulant use versus no use and direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) versus warfarin use, respectively.

Results

Of 27,702 patients with cancer and NVAF, 4469 (16.1%) used DOACs and 3577 (12.9%) used warfarin. Among 8046 anticoagulant users, DOACs use increased from 21.8% in 2011 to 76.2% in 2016, with a corresponding decline in warfarin use from 78.2% to 23.8%. Nearly 7 out of 10 patients with cancer and NVAF did not initiate anticoagulation in 2016. Anticoagulant use was more likely among those with higher CHA₂DS₂‐VASc scores (hazard ratio [HR] 1.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27–1.90 for score ≥6 vs. 1) or with lower HAS‐BLED scores (HR 1.96, 95% CI 1.67–2.30 for score 1 vs. ≥6). Among anticoagulant users, DOAC use was less likely than warfarin in those with higher CHA₂DS₂‐VASc scores (odds ratio [OR] 0.53, 95% CI 0.33–0.84 for score ≥6 vs. 1).

Conclusions

Nearly 7 out of 10 patients with cancer and NVAF did not receive anticoagulation. Use of DOACs increased from 2010 to 2016, with a corresponding decline in warfarin use. DOACs are used less than warfarin among those at higher risk of stroke.
Fatty acid synthases and desaturases are essential for the biosynthesis of α‐linolenic acid and metamorphosis in a major mulberry pest, Glyphodes pyloalis walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Wang Jiao , Song Yan , Hwarari Delight T , Liang Xin‐hao , Ding Jian‐hao , Yan Meng‐wen , Wu Fu‐an , Wang Jun , Sheng Sheng
Published: April 2022

BACKGROUND

α‐linolenic acid is an essential unsaturated fatty acid in organisms. However, there is a large gap between α‐linolenic acid accumulation and its synthesis mechanism in insects. Fatty acid synthases (FASs) and desaturases (Desats) are vital enzymes required for the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids.

RESULTS

The pupae of Glyphodes pyloalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), which is a destructive pest of mulberry trees, contain the highest level of α‐linolenic acid compared to other life‐history stages. To further explore the synthesis mechanism of α‐linolenic acid in G. pyloalis pupae, we constructed a pupal transcriptome dataset and identified 106 genes related to fatty acid metabolism from it. Among these, two fatty acid synthases (GpylFAS) and five desaturases (GpylDesat) were identified. A qRT‐PCR validation revealed that GpylFAS1 and GpylDesat1, 2, 3, 5 were expressed highest at pupal stages. Furthermore, the content of α‐linolenic acid decreased significantly after silencing GpylFAS1 and GpylDesat5, respectively. Besides, knocking down GpylFAS1 or GpylDesat5 resulted in more malformed pupae and adults, as well as lower emergence rates. Meanwhile, silencing GpylFAS1 or GpylDesat5 affected the expressions of the other GpylFASs and GpylDesats.

CONCLUSION

The present results illustrate the pivotal function of FASs and Desats in α‐linolenic acid biosynthesis and metamorphosis in insects. Our research also broadens the sources of unsaturated fatty acids, especially for α‐linolenic acid from insects, and provides novel insights for the management of mulberry insect pests from the perspective of utilization rather than control. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Attention across borders: Investor attention as a driver of cross‐border equity crowdfunding investments
Authors: Maula Markku V. J. , Lukkarinen Anna
Published: April 2022

Research Summary

Digital equity crowdfunding platforms have brought an unprecedented number of international investment opportunities to investors' reach. Although most equity crowdfunding investments are still made domestically, cross‐border investments often have a decisive role in a campaign's success. We therefore ask what drives cross‐border investments and theorize how international investors’ attention directs their investment choices. We leverage unique data and several complementary approaches to examine this question. Our contribution to the equity crowdfunding literature is twofold: (a) we theorize and empirically show how international investor attention affects cross‐border equity crowdfunding investments, and (b) we conduct the first empirical study of the drivers of cross‐border investments in equity crowdfunding. These findings also have implications for new venture internationalization research and the broader literature on investor attention.

Managerial Summary

Although most equity crowdfunding investments are still made domestically, cross‐border investing is growing, and cross‐border investments are often critical for campaign success. We show that to attract cross‐border investments, it is important for platforms and fundraising companies to capture foreign investors' attention. Platforms and companies can support this through measures such as international digital marketing. In addition, we found that cross‐border investors are more likely to invest in companies with investors' nationalities represented in the team. Companies can thus benefit from nurturing international diversity and marketing in their team members' countries of nationality. Also, companies can seek investments even from distant countries because once investors invest abroad, distance—be it geographic, institutional, cultural, or linguistic—no longer plays a major role in their investment decisions.
Covalent Microporous Polymer Nanosheets for Efficient Photocatalytic CO2 Conversion with H2O
Authors: Zhi Qianjun , Zhou Jun , Liu Wenbo , Gong Lei , Liu Wenping , Liu Heyuan , Wang Kang , Jiang Jianzhuang
Published: April 2022

It is still a challenging target to achieve photocatalytic CO2 conversion to valuable chemicals with H2O as an electron donor. Herein, 2D imide‐based covalent organic polymer nanosheets (CoPcPDA‐CMP NSs), which integrate cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) moiety for reduction half‐reaction and 3,4,9,10‐perylenetetracarboxylic diimide moiety for oxidation half‐reaction, are constructed as a Z‐scheme artificial photosynthesis system to complete the overall CO2 reduction reaction. Owing to the outstanding light absorption capacity, charge separation efficiency, and electronic conductivity, CoPcPDA‐CMP NSs exhibit excellent photocatalytic activity to reduce CO2 to CO using H2O as a sacrificial agent with a CO production rate of 14.27 µmol g−1 h−1 and a CO selectivity of 92%, which is competitive to the state‐of‐the‐art visible‐light‐driven organic photocatalysts towards the overall CO2 reduction reaction. According to a series of spectroscopy experiments, the authors also verify the photoexcited electron transfer processes in the CoPcPDA‐CMP NSs photocatalytic system, confirming the Z‐scheme photocatalytic mechanism. The present results should be helpful for fabricating high‐performance organic photocatalysts for CO2 conversion.
Florida public hurricane loss model: Software system for insurance loss projection
Authors: Tao Yudong , Wang Tianyi , Sun Anchen , Hamid Shahid S. , Chen Shu‐Ching , Shyu Mei‐Ling
Published: April 2022

A six‐month‐long Atlantic hurricane season impacts Florida residents every year and can result in devastating consequences, including loss of life, property damage, and business interruptions. Hurricane risk assessment and loss prediction are critical to various uses such as determining homeowner insurance premiums, regulating these premiums, conducting scenario analysis, conducting stress tests for companies, disaster management, and evaluating the benefits of disaster mitigation techniques. This article describes the Florida Public Hurricane Loss Model (FPHLM): a large‐scale catastrophe model with massive databases and analytics tools for business and government decision‐making. We will discuss the design and implementation of each component in FPHLM and explain the tools and techniques utilized to tackle challenges in data availability, data analytics, and the interface between the data, analytical techniques, and computing. Results are shown to validate the software system's effectiveness and reliability and illustrate some of the system's use cases.
Modeling Asymmetric Flow in the Thin‐Slab Casting Mold Under Electromagnetic Brake
Authors: Vakhrushev Alexander , Kharicha Abdellah , Karimi-Sibaki Ebrahim , Wu Menghuai , Ludwig Andreas , Nitzl Gerald , Tang Yong , Hackl Gernot , Watzinger Josef
Published: April 2022

Continuous casting (CC) is nowadays the world‐leading technology for steel production. The thin slab casting (TSC) is featured by a slab shape close to the final products and a high casting speed. The quality of the thin slabs strongly depends on the uniformity of the turbulent flow and the superheat distribution, defining the solid shell growth against a funnel‐shaped mold. In most studies, it is commonly assumed that the submerged entry nozzle (SEN) is properly arranged, and the melt inflow is symmetric. However, the misalignment or clogging of the nozzle can lead to an asymmetric flow pattern. Herein, the asymmetry is imposed via a partial SEN clogging: a) a local porous zone inside the nozzle reflects the presence of the clog material; b) the resistance of the clog is varied from low to high values. The solidification during TSC is modeled, including the effects of the turbulent flow. The variation of the flow pattern and the solidified shell thickness are studied for different permeability values of the SEN clogging. These effects are considered with and without the applied electromagnetic brake (EMBr) using an in‐house magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) and solidification solver developed within the open‐source package OpenFOAM.
Effect of Starch Chain Structure and Non‐Starch Components on the Hydrolysis of Starch by α‐Amylase
Authors: Zhang Xun , Wang Lili , Xu Jin , Yuan Jiugang , Fan Xuerong
Published: April 2022

There are differences in enzymatic hydrolysis of starch slurries determined by the starch‐iodine method, but the reason for this phenomenon is not clear. In this study, corn, cassava, and potato starches that are commonly used in warp sizing as the research object, separating amylose and amylopectin, removing lipids or lipids, and proteins in starch, to explore the effect of starch molecular structure and nonstarch components on the hydrolysis of starch catalyzed by α‐amylase. The results show that about 10% of the corn starch is resistant to hydrolysis, much more than cassava and potato starches. Differences in amylose structure have no significant effect on hydrolysis, but the degree of hydrolysis of corn amylopectin is significantly lower than that of the amylopectins in cassava and potato starch, because of its higher molecular density. Lipid removal has a slight effect on the hydrolysis, but protein removal obviously improves the hydrolysis of corn starch, with only ∼2% of resistant starch remaining. Endogenous protein has the most excellent inhibitory effect on the hydrolysis of starch slurry, followed by lipids and the higher molecular density of amylopectin.
Para‐phenylenediamine deteriorates oocyte quality by impairing mitochondrial function
Authors: Wang Xia , Zhao Xi , Chen Yannan , Wang Qingxin , Yang Hui , Xia Fei
Published: April 2022

Several studies demonstrate that para‐phenylenediamine (PPD) is often added to permanent oxidative hair dyes. Sub‐chronic topical exposure to PPD in male rats damages their testicular function; however, little is known about the effects of PPD exposure on the female reproductive system, especially on oocyte quality. In this study, we found that PPD can affect the meiotic capacity of oocytes and their fertilization potential. In particular, PPD can damage the spindle/chromosome structure and prevent oocytes from developing and maturing normally. Furthermore, PPD exposure compromised the dynamics of cortical granules and their component, ovastacin. In addition to the protein level of Juno, the sperm receptors on the egg membrane, were substantially impaired in PPD‐administered oocytes, thus leading to fertilization failure. Finally, we found that PPD exposure resulted in abnormal mitochondrial function, which led to oocyte degeneration, apoptosis, and increased ROS levels. Altogether, our study illustrates that mitochondrial dysfunction and redox perturbation are the major causes of the poor quality of oocytes exposed to PPD.
Participants, Purpose, Place: Planning for Content‐Area Talk
Authors: Barnes Erica M. , Hadley Elizabeth B.
Published: April 2022

Facility with language is critical for students’ academic success. In this article, we discuss the 3Ps model for planning for language use and instruction across content areas such as science, mathematics, and social studies in early childhood classrooms. Focusing on the participants, purpose, and place of communication can help teachers plan for incorporating content‐area registers across the school day.
Do dogs grieve their companions?
Authors: Mills Georgina
Published: April 2022

Georgina Mills discusses research looking into behavioural changes seen in dogs when a canine companion dies.
The OECD and the Field of Knowledge Brokers in Danish, Finnish, and Icelandic Education Policy
Authors: Ydesen Christian , Kauko Jaakko , Magnúsdóttir Berglind Rós
Published: April 2022

In this chapter, the authors look at the extent to which the OECD and national institutions function as data-driven knowledge brokers in the shaping of education in the Nordic region. The chapter offers an in-depth analysis of Denmark, Finland, and Iceland as empirical cases to understand the field of knowledge brokers in general and the role of the OECD in particular. The chapter presents a typology of the central policy instruments connecting the OECD with each national context and identifies the central institutions associated with these policy instruments. In conclusion, the chapter looks comparatively across the three cases. The chapter contributes to our understanding of policy flows via its illumination of the configuration and workings of the OECD-centered epistemic community, forming the modes of knowledge and governance woven into the Nordic education fabric.
Pilotierung des RoleGrid
Authors: Knauf Rhea-Katharina
Published: April 2022

In diesem Kapitel werden die Konstruktion eines Peer-Nominierungs-Fragebogens zur Erfassung der Rollen bei verschiedenen Formen von Schulbullying sowie seine Erprobung an einer Stichprobe von 576 Schülerinnen und Schülern der sechsten und achten Klasse beschrieben. Die Faktorenstruktur sowie die Reliabilitäten der Skalen werden berichtet und verschiedene Kriterien zur Bestimmung der Rollen einander gegenübergestellt. Neben Opfern und Tätern lassen sich Verstärker, Verteidiger und Außenstehende differenzieren. Schließlich werden Zusammenhänge zwischen Rollen und soziodemographischen sowie soziometrischen Merkmalen aufgezeigt.
Pilotierung des SKARB-Fragebogens
Authors: Knauf Rhea-Katharina
Published: April 2022

Die Entwicklung und Erprobung eines Selbstbericht-Fragebogens zur Erfassung der sozial-kognitiven und affektiven Reaktionen auf Bullying (SKARB) wird beschrieben. Dazu wurden 486 Schülerinnen und Schüler der sechsten und achten Klasse befragt. Im Einklang mit dem theoretischen Modell zeigen sich faktorenanalytisch fünf Skalen: Empathie, Moral Disengagement, Verantwortungsgefühl, Selbstwirksamkeitserwartungen und Befürchtungen. Diese werden mit soziodemographischen Variablen in Zusammenhang gebracht. Zudem werden die Reaktionen auf Schul- und Cyberbullying verglichen und es wird untersucht, ob es einen Unterschied macht, auf welche Weise jemand das Bullying mitbekommen hat.
Hauptstudie zur Charakterisierung der Rollen
Authors: Knauf Rhea-Katharina
Published: April 2022

Für die Hauptstudie wird das RoleGrid um Items zu Cyberbullying erweitert. Das erweiterte RoleGrid und der SKARB-Fragebogen werden an einer Stichprobe von 1174 Schülerinnen und Schülern der Stufen sechs bis zehn zusammengebracht, um die Rollen im Bullying-Gefüge hinsichtlich ihrer sozial-kognitiven und affektiven Reaktionen zu charakterisieren. Zu diesem Zweck werden Mehrebenenregressionen gerechnet, welche bekräftigen, dass sich die Rollen in Hinblick auf Empathie, Moral Disengagement, Verantwortungsgefühl und Verteidiger-Selbstwirksamkeit unterscheiden. Besonders klar zeichnen sich die Unterschiede – auch bei Berücksichtigung von Klassenstufe und Geschlecht – zwischen Verteidigern und Tätern bzw. Täter-Verstärkern ab.
Gesamtdiskussion
Authors: Knauf Rhea-Katharina
Published: April 2022

Die zentralen Befunde der Studien werden zusammengefasst und theoretische Schlussfolgerungen gezogen. Die Stärken und Grenzen der Arbeit werden aufgezeigt und ein Forschungsausblick gegeben. Die Diskussion endet mit den Praxisimplikationen und einem abschließenden Fazit.
What’s in This Book and Why?
Authors: Sencar Husrev Taha , Verdoliva Luisa , Memon Nasir
Published: April 2022

Multimedia forensics is a societally important and technically challenging research area that will need significant effort for the foreseeable future. While the research community is growing and work like that in this book demonstrates significant progress, many challenges remain.
Power Signature for Multimedia Forensics
Authors: Hajj-Ahmad Adi , Wong Chau-Wai , Choi Jisoo , Wu Min
Published: April 2022

There has been an increasing amount of work surrounding the Electric Network Frequency (ENF) signal, an environmental signature captured by audio and video recordings made in locations where there is electrical activity. ENF is the frequency of power distribution networks, 60 Hz in most of the Americas and 50 Hz in most other parts of the world. The ubiquity of this power signature and the appearance of its traces in media recordings motivated its early application toward time–location authentication of audio recordings. Since then, more work has been done toward utilizing this signature for other forensic applications, such as inferring the grid in which a recording was made, as well as applications beyond forensics, such as temporally synchronizing media pieces. The goal of this chapter is to provide an overview of the research work that has been done on the ENF signal and to provide an outlook for the future.
Data-Driven Digital Integrity Verification
Authors: Cozzolino Davide , Poggi Giovanni , Verdoliva Luisa
Published: April 2022

Images and videos are by now a dominant part of the information flowing on the Internet and the preferred communication means for younger generations. Besides providing information, they elicit emotional responses, much stronger than text does. It is probably for these reasons that the advent of AI-powered deepfakes, realistic and relatively easy to generate, has raised great concern among governments and ordinary people alike.
Video Frame Deletion and Duplication
Authors: Long Chengjiang , Basharat Arslan , Hoogs Anthony
Published: April 2022

Videos can be manipulated in a number of different ways, including object addition or removal, deep fake videos, temporal removal or duplication of parts of the video, etc. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the previous work related to video frame deletion and duplication and dive into the details of two deep-learning-based approaches for detecting and localizing frame deletion (Chengjiang et al. 2017) and duplication (Chengjiang et al. 2019) manipulations.
Image Provenance Analysis
Authors: Moreira Daniel , Theisen William , Scheirer Walter , Bharati Aparna , Brogan Joel , Rocha Anderson
Published: April 2022

The literature of multimedia forensics is mainly dedicated to the analysis of single assets (such as sole image or video files), aiming at individually assessing their authenticity. Different from this,image provenance analysisis devoted to the joint examination of multiple assets, intending to ascertain their history of edits, by evaluating pairwise relationships. Each relationship, thus, expresses the probability of one asset giving rise to the other, through either global or local operations, such as data compression, resizing, color-space modifications, content blurring, and content splicing. The principled combination of these relationships unveils the provenance of the assets, also constituting an important forensic tool for authenticity verification. This chapter introduces the problem of provenance analysis, discussing its importance and delving into the state-of-the-art techniques to solve it.
Anti-Forensic Attacks Using Generative Adversarial Networks
Authors: Stamm Matthew C. , Zhao Xinwei
Published: April 2022

The rise of deep learning has led to rapid advances in multimedia forensics. Algorithms based on deep neural networks are able to automatically learn forensic traces, detect complex forgeries, and localize falsified content with increasingly greater accuracy. At the same time, deep learning has expanded the capabilities of anti-forensic attackers. New anti-forensic attacks have emerged, including those discussed in Chap. 10.1007/978-981-16-7621-5_14 based on adversarial examples, and those based on generative adversarial networks (GANs). In this chapter, we discuss the emerging threat posed by GAN-based anti-forensic attacks. GANs are a powerful machine learning framework that can be used to create realistic, but completely synthetic data. Researchers have recently shown that anti-forensic attacks can be built by using GANs to create synthetic forensic traces. While only a small number of GAN-based anti-forensic attacks currently exist, results show these early attacks are both effective at fooling forensic algorithms and introduce very little distortion into attacked images.
Camera Identification at Large Scale
Authors: Taspinar Samet , Memon Nasir
Published: April 2022

Chapters 3 and 4 have shown that PRNU is a very effective solution for source camera verification, i.e., linking a visual object to its source camera Lukas et al. (2006). However, in order to determine the source camera, there has to be a suspect camera in the possession of a forensics analyst which is often not the case.
GAN Fingerprints in Face Image Synthesis
Authors: Neves João C. , Tolosana Ruben , Vera-Rodriguez Ruben , Lopes Vasco , Proença Hugo , Fierrez Julian
Published: April 2022

The availability of large-scale facial databases, together with the remarkable progresses of deep learning technologies, in particular Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), have led to the generation of extremely realistic fake facial content, raising obvious concerns about the potential for misuse. Such concerns have fostered the research on manipulation detection methods that, contrary to humans, have already achieved astonishing results in various scenarios. This chapter is focused on the analysis of GAN fingerprints in face image synthesis.
Prevention of severe injuries of child passengers in motor vehicle accidents: is re-boarding sufficient?
Authors: Spering Christopher , Müller Gerd , Füzesi László , Bouillon Bertil , Rüther Hauke , Lehmann Wolfgang , Lefering Rolf ,   and Section of Injury Prevention DGOU,   and TraumaRegister DGU
Published: April 2022

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether prolonged re-boarding of restraint children in motor vehicle accidents is sufficient to prevent severe injury.

Methods

Data acquisition was performed using the Trauma Register DGU® (TR-DGU) in the time period from 2010 to 2019 of seriously injured children (AIS 2 +) aged 0–5 years as motor vehicle passengers (MVP). Primarily treated and transferred patients where included.

Results

The study group included 727 of 2030 (35.8%) children, who were severely injured (AIS 2 +) in road traffic accidents, among them 268 (13.2%) as MVPs in the age groups: 0–1 years (42.5%), 2–3 years (26.1%) and 4–5 years (31.3%). The pattern of severe injury was head/brain (56.0%), thoracic (42.2%), abdominal (13.1%), fractures (extremities and pelvis, 52.6%) and spine/severe whiplash (19.8%). The 0–1-year-old MVPs showed the significantly highest proportion of brain injuries with Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) < 8 and severe injury to the spine. The 2–3-year-olds showed the significantly highest proportion of fractures especially the lower extremity and highest proportion of cervical spine injuries of all spine injuries, while the 4–5-year-olds, the significantly highest proportion of abdominal injury and second highest proportion of cervical spine injury of all spine injuries. MVPs of the 0–1-year-old and 2–3-year-old groups showed a higher median Injury Severity Score (ISS) of 21.5 and 22.1 points than the older children (17.0 points). They also suffered an AIS-6-injury significantly more often (9 of 21) of spine (p = 0.001). Especially the cervical spine was significantly more often involved. Passengers at the age of 0–1 years were treated with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) three times as often as older children in the prehospital setting and twice as often at admission in the Trauma Resuscitation Unit (TRU). Their survival rate was 7 out of 8 (0–1 years), 1 out of 6 (2–3 years) and 1 out of 4 (4–5 years).

Conclusion

Although the younger MVPs are restraint in a re-boarding position, severe injury to the spine and head occurred more often, while older children as front-faced positioned MVPs suffered from significantly higher rates of abdominal and more often severe facial injury. Our data show, that it is more important to properly restrain children in their adequate car seats (i-size-Norm) and additionally consider the age-related physiological and anatomical specific risks of injury as well as co-factors in road traffic accidents, than only prolonging the re-boarding position over the age of 15 months as a single method.
Does augmentation increase the pull-out force of symphyseal screws? A biomechanical cadaver study
Authors: Cavalcanti Kußmaul Adrian , Schwaabe Fanny , Becker Christopher Alexander , Kleber Christian , Linhart Christoph , Thorwächter Christoph , Rubenbauer Bianka , Böcker Wolfgang , Greiner Axel
Published: April 2022

Purpose

Open reduction and internal fixation using anterior plate osteosynthesis currently represents the gold standard for the treatment of symphyseal disruptions. Since postoperative screw loosening with consequent implant failure is frequently observed, this study aims to evaluate if and to what extent augmentation can increase the pull-out force of symphyseal screws to improve the constructs stability.

Methods

Twelve human cadaveric anterior pelvic rings were separated at the symphyseal joint for bilateral testing, consequently achieving comparable sites. First, one non-augmented screw was drilled into the superior pubic ramus, whereas the contralateral side was primarily augmented. The screws were then withdrawn with a constant speed of 10 mm/min and the fixation strengths determined by the force (N) displacement (mm) curve. Finally, the primary non-augmented site was secondary augmented, representing revision surgery after initial implant failure, and the corresponding fixation strength was measured again.

Results

Augmentation compared to non-augmented screws displayed significantly higher pull-out forces with an increase in pull-out force by 377% for primary and 353% for secondary augmentation (p < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the pull-out force comparing primary and secondary augmentation (p = 0.74).

Conclusions

Primary and secondary augmentation significantly increases the stability of symphyseal screws and, therefore, potentially decreases rates of implant failure.
Optical metrology for digital manufacturing: a review
Authors: Catalucci Sofia , Thompson Adam , Piano Samanta , Branson David T. , Leach Richard
Published: April 2022

With the increasing adoption of Industry 4.0, optical metrology has experienced a significant boom in its implementation, as an ever-increasing number of manufacturing processes are overhauled for in-process measurement and control. As such, optical metrology for digital manufacturing is currently a hot topic in manufacturing research. Whilst contact coordinate measurement solutions have been adopted for many years, the current trend is to increasingly exploit the advantages given by optical measurement technologies. Smart automated non-contact inspection devices allow for faster cycle times, reducing the inspection time and having a continuous monitoring of process quality. In this paper, a review for the state of the art in optical metrology is presented, highlighting the advantages and impacts of the integration of optical coordinate and surface texture measurement technologies in digital manufacturing processes. Also, the range of current software and hardware technologies for digital manufacturing metrology is discussed, as well as strategies for zero-defect manufacturing for greater sustainability, including examples and in-depth discussions of additive manufacturing applications. Finally, key current challenges are identified relating to measurement speed and data-processing bottlenecks; geometric complexity, part size and surface texture; user-dependent constraints, harsh environments and uncertainty evaluation.
T-cell surveillance of the human brain in health and multiple sclerosis
Authors: Smolders Joost , van Luijn Marvin M. , Hsiao Cheng-Chih , Hamann Jörg
Published: April 2022

Circulating and tissue-resident T cells collaborate in the protection of tissues against harmful infections and malignant transformation but also can instigate autoimmune reactions. Similar roles for T cells in the brain have been less evident due to the compartmentized organization of the central nervous system (CNS). In recent years, beneficial as well as occasional, detrimental effects of T-cell-targeting drugs in people with early multiple sclerosis (MS) have increased interest in T cells patrolling the CNS. Next to studies focusing on T cells in the cerebrospinal fluid, phenotypic characteristics of T cells located in the perivascular space and the meninges as well as in the parenchyma in MS lesions have been reported. We here summarize the current knowledge about T cells infiltrating the healthy and MS brain and argue that understanding the dynamics of physiological CNS surveillance by T cells is likely to improve the understanding of pathological conditions, such as MS.
Human pressures constrain Eurasian otter occurrence in semiarid Northern Africa
Authors: Calzada Javier , Clavero Miguel , Delibes Miguel , Fernández Néstor
Published: April 2022

Populations inhabiting the periphery of species distribution ranges may experience suboptimal environmental conditions and higher vulnerability to anthropogenic pressures. Disentangling the role of natural and human-related factors and the relationships among them in these marginal areas is thus key to understand and prevent species declines and range reductions. We analysed Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) occurrence patterns in relation to anthropogenic pressures and natural environmental gradients in Morocco, an area constituting the arid limit of the species’ global range. The probability of otter occurrence was higher as terrain ruggedness increased and at intermediate elevations, and lower in catchments exposed to higher anthropogenic pressures. Otters tended to be rare at higher elevations and in areas with less annual precipitation, probably as a result of trophic resource limitations and large water flow fluctuations, respectively. A combination of natural and anthropogenic factors, both at drainage area and local scales, was needed to understand the current occurrence of the species. Our study highlights a need for urgent action to conserve the Eurasian otter in northern Africa, where freshwater ecosystems and their associated biodiversity are threatened by rapid human development in areas of marginal climatic conditions.