bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design and Development of a Multi-Purpose Low-Cost Hyperspectral Imaging System
Authors: Abd-Elrahman Amr , Pande-Chhetri Roshan , Vallad Gary
Published: March 2011

Hyperspectral image analysis is gaining momentum in a wealth of natural resources and agricultural applications facilitated by the increased availability of low-cost imaging systems. In this study, we demonstrate the development of the Vegetation Mobile Mapping System (VMMS), a low-cost hyperspectral sensing system that is supported by consumer-grade digital camera(s). The system was developed using off-the-shelf imaging and navigation components mainly for ground-based applications. The system integrates a variety of components including timing and positioning GPS receivers and an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU). The system was designed to be modular and interoperable allowing the imaging components to be used with different navigation systems. The technique used for synchronizing captured images with GPS time was presented. A relative radiometric calibration technique utilizing images of homogeneous targets to normalize pixel gain and offset parameters was used. An empirical spectral calibration method was used to assign wavelengths to image bands. Data acquisition parameters to achieve appropriate spatial coverage were presented. The system was tested in ground-based data collection and analysis experiments that included water quality and vegetation studies.
Ontological Problem-Solving Framework for Dynamically Configuring Sensor Systems and Algorithms
Authors: Qualls Joseph , Russomanno David J.
Published: March 2011

The deployment of ubiquitous sensor systems and algorithms has led to many challenges, such as matching sensor systems to compatible algorithms which are capable of satisfying a task. Compounding the challenges is the lack of the requisite knowledge models needed to discover sensors and algorithms and to subsequently integrate their capabilities to satisfy a specific task. A novel ontological problem-solving framework has been designed to match sensors to compatible algorithms to form synthesized systems, which are capable of satisfying a task and then assigning the synthesized systems to high-level missions. The approach designed for the ontological problem-solving framework has been instantiated in the context of a persistence surveillance prototype environment, which includes profiling sensor systems and algorithms to demonstrate proof-of-concept principles. Even though the problem-solving approach was instantiated with profiling sensor systems and algorithms, the ontological framework may be useful with other heterogeneous sensing-system environments.
Monitoring Radiographic Brain Tumor Progression
Authors: Mehta Ankit I. , Kanaly Charles W. , Friedman Allan H. , Bigner Darell D. , Sampson John H.
Published: March 2011

Determining radiographic progression in primary malignant brain tumors has posed a significant challenge to the neuroncology community. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM, WHO Grade IV) through its inherent heterogeneous enhancement, growth patterns, and irregular nature has been difficult to assess for progression. Our ability to detect tumor progression radiographically remains inadequate. Despite the advanced imaging techniques, detecting tumor progression continues to be a clinical challenge. Here we review the different criteria used to detect tumor progression, and highlight the inherent challenges with detection of progression.
Imaging of Convection Enhanced Delivery of Toxins in Humans
Authors: Mehta Ankit I. , Choi Bryan D. , Raghavan Raghu , Brady Martin , Friedman Allan H. , Bigner Darell D. , Pastan Ira , Sampson John H.
Published: March 2011

Drug delivery of immunotoxins to brain tumors circumventing the blood brain barrier is a significant challenge. Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) circumvents the blood brain barrier through direct intracerebral application using a hydrostatic pressure gradient to percolate therapeutic compounds throughout the interstitial spaces of infiltrated brain and tumors. The efficacy of CED is determined through the distribution of the therapeutic agent to the targeted region. The vast majority of patients fail to receive a significant amount of coverage of the area at risk for tumor recurrence. Understanding this challenge, it is surprising that so little work has been done to monitor the delivery of therapeutic agents using this novel approach. Here we present a review of imaging in convection enhanced delivery monitoring of toxins in humans, and discuss future challenges in the field.
Arf6-Dependent Intracellular Trafficking of Pasteurella multocida Toxin and pH-Dependent Translocation from Late Endosomes
Authors: Repella Tana L. , Ho Mengfei , Chong Tracy P. M. , Bannai Yuka , Wilson Brenda A.
Published: March 2011

The potent mitogenic toxin from Pasteurella multocida (PMT) is the major virulence factor associated with a number of epizootic and zoonotic diseases caused by infection with this respiratory pathogen. PMT is a glutamine-specific protein deamidase that acts on its intracellular G-protein targets to increase intracellular calcium, cytoskeletal, and mitogenic signaling. PMT enters cells through receptor-mediated endocytosis and then translocates into the cytosol through a pH-dependent process that is inhibited by NH4Cl or bafilomycin A1. However, the detailed mechanisms that govern cellular entry, trafficking, and translocation of PMT remain unclear. Co-localization studies described herein revealed that while PMT shares an initial entry pathway with transferrin (Tfn) and cholera toxin (CT), the trafficking pathways of Tfn, CT, and PMT subsequently diverge, as Tfn is trafficked to recycling endosomes, CT is trafficked retrograde to the ER, and PMT is trafficked to late endosomes. Our studies implicate the small regulatory GTPase Arf6 in the endocytic trafficking of PMT. Translocation of PMT from the endocytic vesicle occurs through a pH-dependent process that is also dependent on both microtubule and actin dynamics, as evidenced by inhibition of PMT activity in our SRE-based reporter assay, with nocodazole and cytochalasin D, respectively, suggesting that membrane translocation and cytotoxicity of PMT is dependent on its transfer to late endosomal compartments. In contrast, disruption of Golgi-ER trafficking with brefeldin A increased PMT activity, suggesting that inhibiting PMT trafficking to non-productive compartments that do not lead to translocation, while promoting formation of an acidic tubulovesicle system more conducive to translocation, enhances PMT translocation and activity.
Peatlands as Filters for Polluted Mine Water?—A Case Study from an Uranium-Contaminated Karst System in South Africa—Part III: Quantifying the Hydraulic Filter Component
Authors: Winde Frank
Published: March 2011

As Part III of a four-part series on the filter function of peat for uranium (U), this paper focuses on the hydraulic component of a conceptual filter model introduced in Part II. This includes the quantification of water flow through the wetland as a whole, which was largely unknown and found to be significantly higher that anticipated. Apart from subaquatic artesian springs associated with the underlying karst aquifer the higher flow volumes were also caused by plumes of polluted groundwater moving laterally into the wetland. Real-time, quasi-continuous in situ measurements of porewater in peat and non-peat sediments indicate that rising stream levels (e.g., during flood conditions) lead to the infiltration of stream water into adjacent peat deposits and thus allow for a certain proportion of flood water to be filtered. However, changes in porewater quality triggered by spring rains may promote the remobilization of possibly sorbed U.
Structural and magnetic properties of ternary Fe1–xMnxPt nanoalloys from first principles
Authors: Gruner Markus E , Entel Peter
Published: March 2011

Background: Structural and magnetic properties of binary Mn–Pt and ternary Fe1–xMnxPt nanoparticles in the size range of up to 2.5 nm (561 atoms) have been explored systematically by means of large scale first principles calculations in the framework of density functional theory. For each composition several magnetic and structural configurations have been compared.

Results: The concentration dependence of magnetization and structural properties of the ternary systems are in good agreement with previous bulk and thin film measurements. At an intermediate Mn-content around x = 0.25 a crossover between several phases with magnetic and structural properties is encountered, which may be interesting for exploitation in functional devices.

Conclusion: Addition of Mn effectively increases the stability of single crystalline L10 particles over multiply twinned morphologies. This, however, compromises the stability of the ferromagnetic phase due to an increased number of antiferromagnetic interactions. The consequence is that only small additions of Mn can be tolerated for data recording applications.
γδT cells in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: Higher Percentages of Synovial Vδ1+ and Vγ9+ T Cell Subsets Are Associated with Milder Disease
Authors: BERKUN YACKOV , BENDERSKY ANNA , GERSTEIN MAYA , GOLDSTEIN ITAMAR , PADEH SHAI , BANK ILAN
Published: March 2011

Objective.

To analyze γδT cell subsets in peripheral blood (PB) and synovial fluid (SF) of patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), and to correlate γδT cell subsets with clinical characteristics.

Methods.

γδT cell subsets as percentages of CD3+ T cells in samples of PB (n = 25) and SF (n = 93) were analyzed by flow cytometry in 93 JIA patients. The percentage of Vγ9+ γδT cells after 10 days ofin vitroexpansion with either interleukin 2 (IL-2) or isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) plus IL-2 was determined.

Results.

Both Vδ1+ and Vγ9+ γδT cell subsets were detected in SF of all patients, but only the percentage of Vδ1+ cells was higher in SF compared to PB (p < 0.01). The distribution of γδT cell subsets was similar in different JIA subgroups, whereas antinuclear antibody (ANA)-positive patients had a higher percentage of SF Vδ1+ T cells than ANA-negative patients (p < 0.01). The percentage of SF Vδ1+ T cells was inversely associated with age at onset, recurrence of synovitis, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate; and that of SF Vγ9+ T cells was inversely correlated with age at onset and was higher in patients who recovered from disease (n = 15). IPP-induced expansion of SF Vγ9+ T cells correlated with disease remission, whereas the expansion of SF Vγ9+ T cells in media with IL-2 alone was significantly greater in patients with uveitis.

Conclusion.

The percentage of Vδ1+ and Vγ9+ γδT cells among the SF T cells and their ability to respond to IPP or IL-2 correlated with specific outcomes of JIA, suggesting their role in the immunopathogenesis of this disease.
Prevalence of and Factors Associated with Hypertension in Young and Old Women with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: SABIO JOSÉ MARIO , VARGAS-HITOS JOSÉ ANTONIO , NAVARRETE-NAVARRETE NURIA , MEDIAVILLA JUAN DIEGO , JIMÉNEZ-JÁIMEZ JUAN , DÍAZ-CHAMORRO ANTONIO , JIMÉNEZ-ALONSO JUAN
Published: March 2011

Objective.

Hypertension (HT) is more prevalent in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) than among the general population and it has been associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases in these patients. We examined the proportion of HT and factors associated with it in young and old women with SLE.

Methods.

Participants (112 women with SLE and 223 healthy age-matched women) were categorized as young (age ≤ 40 years) or old (age > 40 years). We compared cardiovascular and specific SLE-related variables and inflammatory markers in hypertensive and normotensive women with SLE for each age range. We also assessed the factors independently associated with HT in the entire cohort and in each age range by means of a multivariate regression analysis.

Results.

The prevalence of HT was higher in women with SLE than in controls (56% vs 29%; p < 0.001), and was proportionally higher in younger women with SLE (40% vs 11%; p < 0.001) than in older women with SLE (74% vs 47%; p = 0.001). After adjustment for potential confounders, HT was associated with renal involvement and higher nonobesity-related insulin levels in younger women with SLE. In older patients, HT was associated with age, renal involvement, and obesity. Finally, in the entire cohort, HT was associated with age, insulin, renal involvement, and the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index score.

Conclusion.

An association between HT and insulin has been identified in women with SLE, particularly younger ones. Factors associated with HT in women with SLE differed depending on their age. HT was more prevalent in women with SLE than in control subjects, being proportionally higher in young women with SLE.
Trois petits tours et puis s'en va...
Authors: Fertikh Karim
Published: March 2011

Résumé Bad Godesberg (1959) serait pour le marxisme du SPD le moment d'une mort sans phrase dans un programme qui ne fait pas référence à Karl Marx. Cet article s'interroge sur la trajectoire de cette référence savante à Marx au sein du SPD à partir des processus concrets d'écriture de ce célèbre programme. Il identifie une séquence dans ce travail d'écriture : entre mars 1958 (projet de programme de Stuttgart) et novembre 1959 (programme de Bad Godesberg), la référence à Marx est abandonnée. Il s'agit de décrire les mécanismes concrets de cette disparition de Marx et montre qu'elle résulte pour partie des transformations des rapports de force intrapartisans après 1945. La modification de la morphologie du personnel intellectuel « programmateur » et le déplacement concomitant des équilibres intrapartisans la rendent possible. Les « intellectuels » ne sont plus, au contraire des années 1920, les hommes d'État sociaux-démocrates dominants ; le « marxisme » n'est plus la doxa d'une classe dirigeante. La référence à Marx est portée par un groupe d'experts fortement dotés en capital intellectuel, mais marginaux dans l'espace partisan et, à ce titre, incapables de faire officialiser leur compromis programmatique dans la lutte intrapartisane. Cet article constitue donc, tout à la fois, une réflexion sur la genèse des programmes et une révision de l'historiographie faisant de Bad Godesberg une nécessité historique.
Que faire de la théorie au Parti socialiste ?
Authors: Yon Karel
Published: March 2011

Résumé L'analyse des reconversions politiques mobilise généralement deux registres : les trajectoires biographiques et les contraintes structurales qui les encadrent. Cet article propose d'explorer une troisième piste : les formes de théorisation mobilisées par les acteurs dans le cours même de leur évolution. On s'interroge ainsi sur les modalités d'évaporation de la référence marxiste dans la trajectoire du groupe « Convergences socialistes » (CS), passé du trotskysme au Parti socialiste en 1986. Pour ce faire, la notion de carrière offre une grille de lecture originale. Plutôt que d'aborder la théorie comme un discours de justification des pratiques, elle permet de la considérer en elle-même comme une pratique. À cette aune, « le marxisme » de C.S. prend successivement trois formes. L'article décrit l'enchaînement de ces séquences, qualifiées de militante-constituante, intellectuelle-distinctive et morale-mémorielle. Souligner le caractère décisif des changements organisationnels dans les transitions d'une forme à l'autre permet de montrer que le marxisme se dissout en même temps que le groupe change de nom : initialement appelé « Convergences socialistes », il est rebaptisé « Jean-Christophe Cambadélis » au cours du chemin.
Harnessing DNA Synthesis to Develop Rapid Responses to Emerging and Pandemic Pathogens
Authors: Runco Lisa M. , Coleman J. Robert
Published: March 2011

Given the interconnected nature of our world today, emerging pathogens and pandemic outbreaks are an ever-growing threat to the health and economic stability of the global community. This is evident by the recent 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) pandemic, the SARS outbreak, as well as the ever-present threat of global bioterrorism. Fortunately, the biomedical community has been able to rapidly generate sequence data so these pathogens can be readily identified. To date, however, the utilization of this sequence data to rapidly produce relevant experimental results or actionable treatments is lagging in spite of obtained sequence data. Thus, a pathogenic threat that has emerged and/or developed into a pandemic can be rapidly identified; however, translating this identification into a targeted therapeutic or treatment that is rapidly available has not yet materialized. This commentary suggests that the growing technology of DNA synthesis should be fully implemented as a means to rapidly generatein vivodata and possibly actionable therapeutics soon after sequence data becomes available.
A Review of Bovine Tuberculosis in the Kafue Basin Ecosystem
Authors: Munyeme Musso , Munang'andu Hetron Mweemba
Published: March 2011

The Kafue basin ecosystem is the only remaining natural habitat for the endangered Kafue lechwe antelope (Kobus leche Kafuensis). However, hydroelectricity power production, large-scale sugar plantations, commercial fishing and increasing livestock production are threatening its natural existence and sustainability. Further, increasing human settlements within and around the Kafue basin have resulted in decreased grazing grounds for the Kafue lechwe antelopes despite a corresponding increase in cattle population sharing the same pasture. Baseline epidemiological data have persistently reported findings of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) in both wild and domestic animals, although these have been deficient in terms of describing direct evidence in the role of either lechwe antelopes or cattle in the reported observations. Despite the current literature being deficient in establishing the casual role and transmission patterns of BTB, a bimodal route of infection at the livestock/wildlife interface has been postulated. Likewise, it is not known how much of (BTB) has the potential of causing disease in humans. This paper, seeks to underline those aspects that need further research and update available data on BTB in the Kafue basin with regards to the prevalence, distribution, risk factors, threats on wildlife conservation, livestock production, public health implications, and possible mitigatory measures.
Changing the nature of special needs: Utilizing a function-based approach to special needs planning
Authors: Clary, JD Colleen , Pui-Ka So, JD Angelique
Published: March 2011

When preparing for emergencies, planners should be cognizant of individuals with “special needs.” Analyzing various governmental agencies’ definitions demonstrates a lack of general consensus on who should be considered “special needs,” thus making it difficult to accommodate these individuals in current emergency plans. Compounding this problem is the “list of lists” approach currently used by many emergency planners. This approach mistakenly seeks to define “special needs” by compiling lists of disabilities, rather than focusing on the functional limitations of individuals in a particular emergency.The result of the “list of lists” approach is that some individuals are counted more than once and some are not counted at all. This article advocates the adoption of a uniform, functional based approach, which is supported by disability advocates and the Federal Emergency Management Agency. This functional approach focuses on factors that limit a person’s ability to care for himself or herself during an emergency. This methodology provides for those who have special needs before, during, and after an emergency, by assessing their functional limitations based on five broad categories, namely: maintaining independence, communication, transportation, supervision, and medical care. After reviewing the benefits of adopting a functional approach and examining some preliminary considerations for functional based planning, this article advocates the adoption of a function-based approach to special needs planning to best serve the needs of these individuals during an emergency.
Preparing public school personnel to effectively respond to a large-scale crisis: Evaluation of an emergency management training
Authors: Allen, PsyD Korrie , Will, PhD Kelli England , Brennon, MD Delon , Poirier, MD Michael P.
Published: March 2011

Objective: School administrators, teachers, and support staff are required to receive annual education and training regarding the implementation of emergency management procedures. School personnel recognize the importance of school safety and the majority of school systems ensure their plans are up to date as mandated by federal and state legislation; however, they rarely conduct comprehensive training and drills coordinated with local, state, or federal emergency responders due to limited time and funding.Methods: This study examined the impact of an emergency management program as a means of improving school responses to crises situations. A multidisciplinary team developed a comprehensive program to train all school personnel to prevent, prepare for, respond to, and recover from situational crises that could occur in the school setting. The program infused current guidelines and theories of behavior change. A train-the-trainer model was used for dissemination, with school administrators and crisis management team (CMT) members from each school trained to educate all school personnel in their respective buildings.Results: One hundred sixty CMT members were trained to deliver the training to 950 school personnel. Comparisons of the pretest and post-test measures demonstrated that the train-the-trainer intervention significantly changed knowledge of policies and procedures, as well as school personnel’s perceptions of risk and efficacy regarding potential crises and their management.Conclusions: The significant finding of increased knowledge following the training among both CMT members and other school personnel indicates that the curriculum and train-the-trainer model had a positive effect.
Exploring strategic plans to improve NIMS training and implementation for volunteer firefighters in Indiana
Authors: Dawalt Jr, JD, DPA (ABD) Phillip R.
Published: March 2011

September 11, 2001, has caused considerable change in the landscape for first responders everywhere. Unfortunately, a significant group, volunteer firefighters, who make up more than 80 percent of firefighters both in Indiana and nationwide, have had a difficult time adapting to the new method of response to emergency incidents that have come about as a result of this tragedy, the National Incident Management System (NIMS). There is confusion and lack of communication between state and local groups who are involved in this effort. This study proposes an attempt to support volunteer first responders more effectively and efficiently by the development of a group to act as trainers and liaisons, with lines of communication between state officials and local volunteer emergency first responders. Such a plan to utilize another agency of volunteers to train and support volunteer firefighters, if put into effect, could actually improve the training and implementation of NIMS procedures during actual emergencies. In short, it could save lives.
Scandinavian comparison of selection and training of incident commanders in the fire fighting sectors
Authors: Sommer, MSc Morten , Njå, PhD Ove
Published: March 2011

This article presents findings from a study designed to analyze the selection process and formalized training of incident commanders for fire fighting services in Sweden, Denmark, and Norway. On the basis of a survey covering all fire services in the three countries and participant observations of commander education from a fire academy in each of the three countries, similarities and differences have been explored. Our main finding is that the similarities between the three countries are greater than the differences. As a general rule, individuals have many years of experience from the fire department through rising from fire fighter through all the ranks until their appointment as incident commander. There are two distinct career paths to the incident commander position. The first path is very practically oriented and the required reading is undemanding. The other path is more academic, for personnel holding a bachelor’s degree in fire engineering. In Sweden, engineers follow a comprehensive commander education, which Norway and Denmark could possibly benefit from. In addition, Sweden provides incident commanders with thorough technical/professional knowledge. Response coordination is given major emphasis in the education at highest level, but transfer of command is not a prioritized topic.
Terrorism and US-sponsored microcredit program: Macroglobal returns
Authors: Glasser, MS, CPP, CEM, CHS-V, MCAS Marc , Kelso, JD, PhD Chandrika
Published: March 2011

Terrorism continues to plague society, more frequently in some parts of the world and infrequently in other areas, and some of the root causes of terrorism have been linked to the lack of appropriate economic and social conditions.This social and economic vulnerability may be reduced through the establishment of USsponsored microcredit programs in the affected regions. US-sponsored microcredit programs could be made accessible and available to the young and unemployed, those most vulnerable to Islamic extremist terrorist recruitment or those who would otherwise participate in terrorist attacks against America or American interests. This program could replace lack of opportunity, despair and feelings of anti-Americanism with economic opportunity, hope, and empowerment resulting in an improved global image of America. The net result of a successful American-sponsored microcredit program would reduce the risk of an attack by Islamic extremist terrorist organizations on America as well as improve the lives, livelihoods and societies of those who participate and beyond.This article examines and evaluates the proposal of reducing economic and social vulnerability through an American-sponsored microcredit program; it also addresses the history and concept of microcredit, possible program pitfalls and financial considerations.
Improving notification and call-up of key players in emergencies through use of a commercial emergency notification system
Authors: Carpenter, MS Holly J. , Edwards, PhD David A.
Published: March 2011

As a disaster unfolds, emergency management agencies are responsible for conveying critical information to the community of responders and affected parties to protect life, safety, and property. Automated notification systems provide a solution to the problem of getting information out to recipients rapidly. In early 2006, the Maricopa County Department of Emergency Management agreed to be the test department for the County’s new automated notification system Communicator!® NXT. This study measures and evaluates the system’s effectiveness from the perspective of people who received notifications during a County Flood Exercise in 2008. The system was proven to be of value in terms of getting critical information out quickly. Most people surveyed responded favorably to receiving notifications. Key issues included the following: (i) the need to balance the conciseness of messages with more useful content and (ii) the intelligibility of text-to-speech messaging. A need for future exploration of system functionality was discovered. Additionally, it was learned that the system needs regular testing and personnel need training to reveal the limitations and nuisances so that end users can provide input allowing modifications of the system to better meet their needs. A need for further education for message receivers was also identified so that end users can get the benefit of more accurate summary reports for confirmation of message receipt.
A sublimation technique for high-precision measurements of δ13CO2 and mixing ratios of CO2 and N2O from air trapped in ice cores
Authors: Schmitt J. , Schneider R. , Fischer H.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. In order to provide high precision stable carbon isotope ratios (δ13CO2 or δ13C on CO2) from small bubble and clathrate ice core samples we developed a new method based on vacuum sublimation extraction of the CO2 and gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-IRMS). In a first step the trapped air is quantitatively released from ~30 g of ice and CO2 together with N2O are separated from the bulk air components and stored in a miniature glass tube. In an off-line step, the extracted sample is introduced into a helium carrier flow using a minimised tube cracker device. Prior to measurement, N2O and organic sample contaminants are gas chromatographically separated from CO2. Pulses of a CO2/N2O mixture are admitted to the tube cracker and follow the path of the sample through the system. This allows an identical treatment and comparison of sample and standard peaks. The ability of the method to reproduce δ13C from bubble and clathrate ice is verified on different ice cores. We achieve reproducibilities for bubble ice between 0.05‰ and 0.07‰ and for clathrate ice between 0.05‰ and 0.09‰ (dependent on the ice core used). A comparison of our data with measurements on bubble ice from the same ice core but using a mechanic extraction device shows no significant systematic offset. In addition to δ13C, the CO2 and N2O mixing ratios can be volumetrically derived with a precision of 2 ppmv and 8 ppbv, respectively.
Towards accounting for dissolved iron speciation in global ocean models
Authors: Tagliabue A. , Völker C.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. The trace metal iron (Fe) is now routinely included in state-of-the-art ocean general circulation and biogeochemistry models (OGCBMs) because of its key role as a limiting nutrient in regions of the world ocean important for carbon cycling and air-sea CO2 exchange. However, the complexities of the seawater Fe cycle, which impact its speciation and bioavailability, are highly simplified in such OGCBMs to avoid high computational costs. In a similar fashion to inorganic carbon speciation, we outline a means by which the complex speciation of Fe can be included in global OGCBMs in a reasonably cost-effective manner. We use our Fe speciation to suggest the global distribution of different Fe species is tightly controlled by environmental variability (temperature, light, oxygen and pH) and the assumptions regarding Fe binding ligands. Impacts on bioavailable Fe are highly sensitive to assumptions regarding which Fe species are bioavailable. When forced by representations of future ocean circulation and climate we find large changes to the speciation of Fe governed by pH mediated changes to redox kinetics. We speculate that these changes may exert selective pressure on phytoplankton Fe uptake strategies in the future ocean. We hope our modeling approach can also be used as a ''test bed'' for exploring our understanding of Fe speciation at the global scale.
Seasonality in a boreal forest ecosystem affects the use of soil temperature and moisture as predictors of soil CO2 efflux
Authors: Niinistö S. M. , Kellomäki S. , Silvola J.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. Our objectives were to identify factors related to temporal variation of soil CO2 efflux in a boreal pine forest and to evaluate simple predictive models of temporal variation of soil CO2 efflux. Soil CO2 efflux was measured with a portable chamber in a Finnish Scots pine forest for three years, with a fourth year for model evaluation. Plot averages for soil CO2 efflux ranged from 0.04 to 0.90 g CO2 m−2 h−1 during the snow-free period, i.e. May–October, and from 0.04 to 0.13 g CO2 m−2 h−1 in winter. Soil temperature was a good predictor of soil CO2 efflux. A quadratic model of ln-transformed efflux explained 76–82% of the variation over the snow-free period. The results revealed strong seasonality: at a given soil temperature, soil CO2 efflux was higher later in the snow-free period than in spring and early summer. Regression coefficients for temperature (approximations of a Q10 value) of month-specific models decreased with increasing average soil temperatures. Efflux in July, the month of peak photosynthesis, showed no clear response to temperature or moisture. Inclusion of a seasonality index, degree days, improved the accuracy of temperature response models to predict efflux for the fourth year of measurements, which was not used in building of regression models. Underestimation during peak efflux (mid-July to late-August) remained uncorrected. The strong influence of the flux of photosynthates belowground and the importance of root respiration could explain the relative temperature insensitivity observed in July and together with seasonality of growth of root and root-associated mycorrhizal fungi could explain partial failure of models to predict magnitude of efflux in the peak season from mid-July to August. The effect of moisture early in the season was confounded by simultaneous advancement of the growing season and increase in temperature. In a dry year, however, the effect of drought was evident as soil CO2 efflux was some 30% smaller in September than in the previous wet year. Although soil temperature was a good overall predictor of soil CO2 efflux, possibly partly due to its proxy-like quality for covarying processes, strong seasonality of the temperature response observed in this boreal forest corroborates recent findings concerning the importance of seasonal changes in carbon inputs to processes producing CO2 in soil.
Rockfall monitoring by Terrestrial Laser Scanning – case study of the basaltic rock face at Castellfollit de la Roca (Catalonia, Spain)
Authors: Abellán A. , Vilaplana J. M. , Calvet J. , García-Sellés D. , Asensio E.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. This case study deals with a rock face monitoring in urban areas using a Terrestrial Laser Scanner. The pilot study area is an almost vertical, fifty meter high cliff, on top of which the village of Castellfollit de la Roca is located. Rockfall activity is currently causing a retreat of the rock face, which may endanger the houses located at its edge. TLS datasets consist of high density 3-D point clouds acquired from five stations, nine times in a time span of 22 months (from March 2006 to January 2008). The change detection, i.e. rockfalls, was performed through a sequential comparison of datasets. Two types of mass movement were detected in the monitoring period: (a) detachment of single basaltic columns, with magnitudes below 1.5 m3 and (b) detachment of groups of columns, with magnitudes of 1.5 to 150 m3. Furthermore, the historical record revealed (c) the occurrence of slab failures with magnitudes higher than 150 m3. Displacements of a likely slab failure were measured, suggesting an apparent stationary stage. Even failures are clearly episodic, our results, together with the study of the historical record, enabled us to estimate a mean detachment of material from 46 to 91.5 m3 year−1. The application of TLS considerably improved our understanding of rockfall phenomena in the study area.
Mongolia’s Asia Policy
Authors: Tumurchuluun G
Published: March 2011

DOI: 10.5564/mjia.v0i13.11Mongolian Journal of International Affairs No.13 2006 pp.88-94
Present Situation of Mongolian Development and its Future Prospects
Authors: Tsedendamba L
Published: March 2011

DOI: 10.5564/mjia.v0i13.13Mongolian Journal of International Affairs No.13 2006 pp.109-118
Economic and Political Liberalization in Mongolia
Authors: Choikhand J
Published: March 2011

DOI: 10.5564/mjia.v0i13.14Mongolian Journal of International Affairs No.13 2006 pp.119-131
Keynote Speech by the H.E. Mr N. Enkhbayar, President of Mongolia at the Inauguration Session of the "Ulaanbaatar Forum for East Asia"
Authors: Enkhbayar Nambaryn
Published: March 2011

DOI: 10.5564/mjia.v0i13.3Mongolian Journal of International Affairs No.13 2006 pp.7-12
2006: Russia's View on the NorthEast Asia Security Landscape - The Mongolian Aspect
Authors: Lousianin Sergey G
Published: March 2011

DOI: 10.5564/mjia.v0i13.5Mongolian Journal of International Affairs No.13 2006 pp.26-31
Purification of Nano‐Porous Silicon for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Koynov Svetoslav , Pereira Rui N. , Crnolatac Ivo , Kovalev Dmitry , Huygens Ann , Chirvony Vladimir , Stutzmann Martin , de Witte Peter
Published: March 2011

Recently, various bio‐medical applications of nanoporous silicon (np‐Si) have been suggested. This work investigates the biocompatibility of np‐Si particles taking into account hazardous residua confined in the pores after preparation. The emphasis is on the potential application of such particles as oxygen photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy of cancer, which requires both negligible toxicity of np‐Si particles in darkness and a high photo‐cyto‐toxic effect due to generation of singlet oxygen under illumination. Considerable amounts of water soluble toxic impurities are found to be present in the nanoporous shell of micrometer‐sized np‐Si particles immediately after their preparation by chemical etching of bulk silicon powder. The effects of several ordinary cleaning treatments are investigated by using thermal effusion mass‐spectroscopy and FTIR spectroscopy. A particular purification procedure is developed, capable to reduce the concentration of residual impurities to levels acceptable for bio‐medical applications while preserving the required photo‐activity of the np‐Si particles.
Organic Solar Cells: Polythiophene: Perylene Diimide Solar Cells – the Impact of Alkyl‐Substitution on the Photovoltaic Performance (Adv. Energy Mater. 2/2011)
Authors: Kamm Valentin , Battagliarin Glauco , Howard Ian A. , Pisula Wojciech , Mavrinskiy Alexey , Li Chen , Müllen Klaus , Laquai Frédéric
Published: March 2011

The photovoltaic parameters, i.e., the short‐circuit current, open‐circuit voltage and device fill factor, of bulk heterojunction solar cells that use perylene diimide (PDI) derivatives as electron acceptors are often far below the theoretically expected values for reasons still not entirely understood. This article demonstrates that the photovoltaic characteristics of blend films of regioregular poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (rr‐P3HT) and PDI molecules are improved upon using a core‐alkylated PDI derivative instead of the often used N‐alkylated PDI molecules. A doubling of the power conversion efficiency of P3HT:PDI solar cells by using the core‐alkylated PDI derivative is observed leading to an unprecedented power conversion efficiency of 0.5% for a P3HT:PDI solar cell under AM1.5 solar illumination. Furthermore, the optical properties of the novel PDI derivative are compared to two standard exclusively N‐alkylated PDI derivatives by steady‐state and time‐resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy in solution and solid state. The experiments reveal that aggregation in the solid state determines the photophysics of all PDI derivatives. However, the emission energy and excited state lifetime of the aggregates are clearly influenced by the alkyl‐substitution pattern through its effect on the packing of the PDI molecules. X‐ray diffraction experiments before and after thermal annealing of PDI:polystyrene and PDI:P3HT blends reveal subtle differences in the packing characteristics of the different PDI derivatives and, problematically, that P3HT ordering is suppressed by all of the PDI derivatives.
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Microstructure of Nanoscaled La0.6Sr0.4CoO3‐δ Cathodes for Intermediate‐Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (Adv. Energy Mater. 2/2011)
Authors: Dieterle Levin , Bockstaller Pascal , Gerthsen Dagmar , Hayd Jan , Ivers‐Tiffée Ellen , Guntow Uwe
Published: March 2011

Nanocrystalline La1‐xSrxCoO3‐δ (LSC) thin films with a nominal Sr‐content of x = 0.4 were deposited on Ce0.9Gd0.1O1.95 electrolyte substrates using a low temperature sol‐gel process. The structural and chemical properties of the LSC thin films were studied after thermal treatment, which included a calcination step and a variable, extended annealing time at 700 °C or 800 °C. Transmission electron microscopy combined with selected‐area electron diffraction, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometry, and scanning transmission electron microscopy tomography was applied for the investigation of grain size, porosity, microstructure, and analysis of the local chemical composition and element distribution on the nanoscale. The area specific resistance (ASR) values of the thin film LSC cathodes, which include the lowest ASR value reported so far (ASRchem = 0.023 Ωcm2 at 600 °C) can be interpreted on the basis of the structural and chemical characterization.
Can bottle design prevent bacterial contamination of nasal irrigation devices?
Authors: Foreman Andrew , Wormald Peter‐John
Published: March 2011

Background

Saline nasal irrigation is a mainstay in the medical management of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with proven efficacy. However, bacterial contamination of irrigation bottles has recently been reported and this may contribute to recurrent infections. Sterilization is effective but could a change in bottle design obviate the need for regular sterilization?

Methods

A total of 20 stable CRS patients were given a NasalCare® (Techworld Corporation, Inc., Downington, PA) irrigation bottle to use regularly for 1 week. This bottle incorporates a 1‐way valve to prevent irrigant regurgitation. Swabs were taken from their sinonasal cavity and 3 sites on the bottle—nozzle, valve, and inner surface.

Results

This study cultured a range of organisms from all sites of the bottle, including common CRS pathogens such as S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli. Whereas the bottle's inner surface had the lowest bacterial recovery rate, the frequent culture of organisms at this site suggests a 1‐way valve cannot completely prevent irrigant reflux. The high rate of organism detection at the nozzle and valve of the bottle is concerning, as bacteria at these sites may be transported to the nose during nasal douching.

Conclusion

Saline irrigation will continue to be an essential component of CRS management. However, despite employing a 1‐way liquid valve in this study, nasal irrigation bottles can still become contaminated with bacteria. Thus, patient education, irrespective of bottle design, will be essential in preventing bacterial contamination of nasal irrigation devices. The results of our survey suggest this message is not getting across to our patients. © 2011 ARS‐AAOA, LLC.
Wenn C‐H‐Bindungen sprechen könnten – selektive Oxidationen von C‐H‐Bindungen
Authors: Newhouse Timothy , Baran Phil S.
Published: March 2011

Die C‐H‐Oxidation hat eine lange Geschichte und ist seit jeher Teil der Spitzenforschung in der Chemie und verwandten Gebieten. Folgerichtig wurde bereits eine große Zahl sehr nützlicher Originalbeiträge und Übersichten zu diesem Thema veröffentlicht. Logischerweise wurden diese Artikel im Allgemeinen mit Blick auf die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten und Grenzen der verwendeten Reagentien geschrieben. Ziel dieses Kurzaufsatzes ist es hingegen, stattdessen die durch die Eigenschaften der Substrate hervorgerufene Chemoselektivität herauszuarbeiten. Dies bringt es mit sich, dass viele bahnbrechende Entdeckungen auf dem Gebiet der C‐H‐Oxidationen nicht behandelt werden; die hier eingenommene Sichtweise wird aber hoffentlich eine schnellere Aufnahme von C‐H‐Oxidationsreaktionen in Syntheseplanungen ermöglichen.
If CH Bonds Could Talk: Selective CH Bond Oxidation
Authors: Newhouse Timothy , Baran Phil S.
Published: March 2011

CH oxidation has a long history and an ongoing presence in research at the forefront of chemistry and interrelated fields. As such, numerous highly useful articles and reviews have been written on this subject. Logically, these are generally written from the perspective of the scope and limitations of the reagents employed. This Minireview instead attempts to emphasize chemoselectivity imposed by the nature of the substrate. Consequently, many landmark discoveries in the field of CH oxidation are not discussed, but hopefully the perspective taken herein will allow CH oxidation reactions to be more readily incorporated into synthetic planning.
Tensile fatigue, stress relaxation, and creep behaviors of worsted core spun yarns
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Siddhartha , Ghosh Anindya , Ali Syed Yusuf
Published: March 2011

The objective of this research was to investigate the time‐dependent behaviors of yarns, which have significant bearings upon the properties of stretch fabrics made from them. In this study, 100% wool, wool–lycra (W‐L) (97 : 3), and polyester–wool–lycra (P‐W‐L) (52 : 45 : 3) blended yarns were considered. These yarns were subjected to the tensile fatigue failure, stress relaxation, and creep experiments. The findings showed that of these three yarns, P‐W‐L blend exhibited maximum fatigue lifetime, stress retention, and creep recovery, the pure wool yarn followed suit albeit to a lesser extent, whereas the W‐L blend made it least. The investigation suggests that wool alone with lycra as a core component is not sufficient to impart the expected properties upon stretch fabrics, rather a blend of polyester and wool with lycra as in the former would definitely make a worthwhile product. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Calculation of water ingress in a HV subsea XLPE cable with a layered water barrier sheath system
Authors: Hellesø S. M. , Hvidsten S. , Balog G. , Furuheim K. M.
Published: March 2011

The main aging mechanism of electrical cables with polymeric electrical insulation is the growth of water trees. Water trees are initiated if the relative humidity (RH) in the electrical insulation is above a critical level. Delaying the water ingress into the electrical insulation system delays the water tree initiation and reduces water tree growth, thus extending the service life of the cable. For a cable without any metallic water barrier, the water ingress can be significantly delayed by the use of an outer sheath material with low water permeability. An even greater delay in the water ingress into the electrical insulation can be achieved using a layered sheath system. To explore the possibilities of a layered sheath system, calculations of water ingress into a typical cable cross section has been performed using a finite element method. The water diffusion and sorption data used in the calculation has been measured for typical cable materials. Calculations have been performed for uniform temperature conditions and for a temperature gradient due to resistive current heating. The time to reach critical humidity levels and stationary humidity levels in the insulation system has been determined for several different arrangements of the sheath system. A sheath system with an outer layer of a material with low water permeability and an inner layer of a material with a high water absorption capacity is shown to give a significant delay of the water ingress into the electrical insulation. For the sheath materials used in this study, there is an optimum distribution of thickness of each layer. The calculations also show that a temperature gradient across the insulation system of a cable in operation gives an advantageous RH profile. With a temperature gradient the equilibrium RH level in parts of the electrical insulation can be lower than the critical value for water tree initiation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011