bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Economic versus Political Factors in the Incidence of Intergovernmental Transfers in Nigeria
Authors: Alm James , Boex Jameson
Published: October 2008

The main element of Nigeria's system of intergovernmental fiscal transfers – known as the "Federal Allocations" – is driven by a set of vertical and horizontal allocations formulae. The vertical sharing formula determines the share of national revenues that is passed on to state and local governments, and it typically receives the greatest political attention. However, the horizontal allocation formula is also of major importance, and determines the allocation of resources among Nigeria's 36 states. In this paper we use a unique data set on Federal Allocations to examine the distribution (or the "incidence") of transfers across the states. Our empirical analysis suggests that the current allocation formula fails to achieve its stated objectives of equalizing expenditure needs and stimulating fiscal effort. Instead, the current incidence of transfers does not channel more resources to states with greater expenditure needs, and does not stimulate fiscal effort. The formula in fact is pro-wealthy, and provides disproportionately greater transfers to less populous states.
Connecting National Freedom and Population Concentration
Authors: Gibson Huston John
Published: October 2008

This article considers the relationship of national political systems, freedom and individual rights, with the spatial distribution of population. It is hypothesized that nations lacking sufficient levels of political freedoms and rights will have high percentages of population clustered in their principal urban agglomerations, where the majority of national investments are concentrated; as it is in these cities where quality-of-life access opportunities will be most abundant. This study employs multivariate OLS regression analysis to measure correlations between political systems, political rights and civil liberties with compiled population data from 89 countries and territories. Findings show the hypothesis to have merit and offer contribution to international development planning discourse.
Linkage Between Production and Consumption of an Agricultural Household
Authors: Quayes Shakil , Rashid Salim
Published: October 2008

The importance of modeling farm households in LDC's as being both producers and consumers of the same good has been recognized for some time. Using a Cobb-Douglas specification for the production function and a linear expenditure system, the paper presents empirical evidence of the linkage between the consumption and production decisions of the agricultural household in Bangladesh. In addition, the study finds that the government price support policy for rice results in higher real wages and hence benefits the landless labor.
Factors Affecting Investment in Developing Countries: A Panel Data Study
Authors: Salahuddin Mohammad , Islam Md. Rabiul
Published: October 2008

This paper investigates the gross investment behavior in a panel of 97 developing countries spanning a period between 1973 and 2002. Fixed Effect Model is employed to analyze data. Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) test is conducted to ensure that the data are free from multicollinearity. Also, Granger Causality test is conducted to see if reverse causality exists. 2-Step 1 st Difference Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) dynamic panel estimator has been employed to offset unobserved heterogeneity and endogeneity of regressors. The results suggest that investment decisions still seem to be significantly affected by traditional determinants such as growth, domestic savings, trade openness etc. The variable aid appeared to potentially affect investment which calls for developing country's measures to ensure proper utilization of it. However, we failed to highlight the effect of real interest rate and uncertainty on investment attributing the former to macroeconomic volatility and latter to lack of data on corruption index.
Household Standard of Living and Children's Health in Cameroon
Authors: Yongsi H.B. Nguendo , Ntetu Antoine Lutumba
Published: October 2008

On the eve of the 1978, the World Health Organization has had a conference marked by the Alma Ata Declaration regarding primary health care. From this conference, the Cameroonian government took upon itself to guarantee equity on health care within the framework of a development policy oriented towards attaining social justice and assuring "health for all by the year 2000". It is from this perspective that, in 2002, a research program based on health in the urban settings was conducted in order to examine the status of health of the population. The objective of this study was to identify diarrhea risk factors in the city and to measure their prevalence and establish their spatial distribution in order to be able to evaluate the degree of progress achieved in the area of infant health since 1978. Microbiological tests revealed a diarrhea prevalence of 14.4%. Amongst all risk factors examined, the standard of living of households was closely linked to the incidence of diarrhea in Yaoundé. In addition, it was established that the incidence of diarrhea varied considerably from individual and area level.
How Effective Are Fiscal Incentives to Attract FDI to Sub-Saharan Africa?
Authors: Cleeve Emmanuel
Published: October 2008

Given the role of foreign direct investment in the development process, one of the most important challenges facing Africa is how to attract foreign direct investment. A number of attempts have been made, but most have been unsuccessful because of various factors that work against the business environment for foreign investment. This paper analyses the impact of fiscal incentives, the most popular instrument, for attracting foreign investment to Sub-Saharan Africa. It uses cross-sectional time series data on 16 Sub-Saharan African countries, and an econometric model of three proxies of fiscal incentive, after controlling for traditional and other policy variables. The results show that traditional variables and government policies to attract foreign investment to Africa are important. Of the fiscal incentives, tax holidays seem to be the most significant. What could also be important are political and macroeconomic stability at the national and regional levels, property rights protection and other investment-supporting regulations and improvements in infrastructure and service support systems.
Money Demand in a Dollarizing Economy: The Case of the Dominican Republic
Authors: Sánchez-Fung José R.
Published: October 2008

This paper investigates money demand in the Dominican Republic. The study employs monthly economic time series covering a period of stabilization and rapid economic growth alongside financial dollarization. The analysis reveals meaningful long-run relations for narrow and for broad monetary aggregates. Importantly, the study argues that the broad money demand function's peso-dollar interest rate differential coefficient could be capturing financial dollarization. However, short-run modeling unveils coefficient instability, and that could jeopardize money demand's traditional role in designing and executing monetary policy.
The Impact of Investment Climate Indicators on Gross Capital Formation in Developing Countries
Authors: Dao Minh Quang
Published: October 2008

This paper examines the impact of investment climate indicators on gross capital formation in developing countries. Based on data from the World Bank Investment Climate Surveys for a sample of thirty-six developing countries, we find that corruption constraint as measured by the share of senior managers that ranked "corruption" as a major or very severe constraint, courts constraint as measured by the share of senior managers that ranked "courts and dispute resolution systems" as a major or very severe constraint, tax administration constraint, loss as a share of sales for those firms reporting a crime such as theft, vandalism or arson in the previous year, management time dealing with officials with regard to requirements imposed by government regulations (e.g. taxes, customs, labor regulations, licensing and registration etc.) as a percent of management time in a given week, and the share of firms with less than 20 employees that have a loan from a formal financial intermediary, linearly affect the share of gross capital formation in the GDP of a developing country. We also note that the coefficient estimate for corruption, loss as a share of sales, and the share of small firms has the unexpected sign and attribute this finding to the severe multicollinearity that exists among these variables and between them and the other variables.
Feminization of the Labor Force, Development, and Economic Reform: Effects on Job Segregation by Sex
Authors: Ball Jennifer A.
Published: October 2008

This article explores the relationship between occupational segregation by sex and economic development, feminization of the workforce, and neoliberal structural adjustment. Using Anker-adjusted Duncan indices calculated from detailed occupational data for 49 countries to measure occupational segregation by sex, an OLS analysis suggests that job segregation of the nonagricultural workforce is positively related to economic development and negatively related to feminization of the workforce. The analysis is inconclusive regarding job segregation and neoliberal structural adjustment, but it does provide some evidence of a negative relationship. Although there are a few existing studies focusing on export sectors of particular countries, this is the first large scale cross-national study to examine the relationship between structural adjustment and job segregation by sex. This study also adds to the evidence provided by other scholars regarding the relationship between job segregation and economic development, and between job segregation and feminization of the labor force.
Do Race-Based Preferences Perpetuate Discrimination Against Marginalized Ethnic Groups?
Authors: Wydick Bruce
Published: October 2008

Race-based preferential policies have been employed in the United States and other countries such as Malaysia, South Africa, Brazil, and India to foster economic development among economically marginalized ethnic groups. This research applies a two-player signaling model to help understand labor-market effects of race-based preferential policies used in college admissions. The model shows that in the context of imperfect information in the labor market, purely race-based forms of preferential policies in college admissions are likely to lead to statistical discrimination by future employers, reducing the equilibrium wage of targeted minority groups for both college graduates and non-college graduates. In addition, average wages of the targeted group remain unchanged in the model, with the targeted group being worse off to the extent that educational signaling is costly. In conclusion, the paper argues that race-base preferences cannot substitute for policies and programs that genuinely address imbalances in college preparation between ethnic groups.
Education Expenditure and Economic Growth: Some Empirical Evidence from the GCC Countries
Authors: Al-Yousif Yousif Khalifa
Published: October 2008

This paper examines the nature and direction of the relationship between education expenditure as a proxy for human capital and economic growth in the six GCC economies using time-series data for the period 1977-2004. The analysis employs a Granger-causality test within an error-correction framework. The empirical results are mixed and vary across both countries and measures of human capital. The implications of the results are two fold. First , to deepen our understanding of the complex relationship between education and economic growth, additional studies need to be conducted on the issues at hand with a special focus on countries that are similar in their policy and institutional environment using time-series data. Second , empirical results in this area can be more insightful if researchers could develop more accurate measures of human capital than the existing ones.
Budget Deficits, Money and Inflation: The Case of Ethiopia
Authors: Wolde-Rufael Yemane
Published: October 2008

The paper investigates the causal link among inflation, money and budget deficits in Ethiopia for the period 1964 to 2003 using the bounds test approach to cointegration due to Pesaran et al. (2001) and using a modified version of the Granger causality test due to Toda and Yamamoto (1995). To check the robustness of the bounds test, we also used two additional long run tests: the dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) due to Stock and Watson (1993) and the fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) due to Phillips and Hansen (1990). The empirical evidence shows that there was a long run cointegrating relationship among the series with a unidirectional Granger causality running from money supply to inflation and from budget deficits to inflation. In contrast, fiscal policy does not seem to have any impact on the growth of money supply. The implication is that fiscal balance and the control of the money supply are essential policy tools for the long-run macroeconomic stability of Ethiopia.
The Fog of OECD and Non-OECD Country Efficiency: A Data Envelopment Analysis Approach
Authors: Hsu Maxwell , Luo Xueming , Chao Gary H.
Published: October 2008

Focusing on three input variables (i.e., government efficiency, business efficiency, and infrastructure advancement) and one output variable (i.e., economic performance), we employ the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique in an attempt to make an efficiency comparison between the developed economies (i.e., OECD countries) and the less developed economies (i.e., non-OECD countries). Among the studied sample nations, Indonesia and Argentina are found to outperform other nations across all efficiency measures. Our findings also reveal a significant difference between the OECD and the non-OECD countries in terms of the scale efficiency and overall technical and scale efficiency . We recommend further studies to incorporate additional inputs/outputs (e.g., risk factor) in the DEA model and find innovative ways and means to facilitate the cross-country benchmark process.
Morganand the New Dealers
Authors: Ernst Daniel
Published: October 2008

Readers of theNew York Timeswere not accustomed to encountering in its pages a Cabinet official picking a fight with the Supreme Court, but that is what they did on May 8, 1938. Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes, writing for a majority of the Supreme Court, had recently ruled that Secretary of Agriculture Henry A. Wallace had used the wrong procedures to set the rates that “commission men” charged farmers for marketing cattle, pigs, and sheep at Kansas City's stockyards. It was the second time the case had come before the Court. On the previous occasion, the justices had sent the case back to the lower courts to determine whether the secretary had personally studied the factual record before issuing the rates. In fact, Wallace had given the matter “more personal attention than any previous Secretary of Agriculture had ever given to any case under the Packers and Stockyards Act or for that matter any half dozen cases,” so when the case returned to the Court, the justices had to shift their ground. Now they objected that the Department of Agriculture had not revealed its case to the commission men, leaving them with no way of addressing the government's arguments. Wallace fumed that Hughes had implied that “the present Administration” was to blame for the procedures he followed, when in fact earlier, Republican administrations had established them. Besides, the procedures had already been revised in light of the Supreme Court's first decision in the case.
Gender Research as Labor Activism: The Women's Bureau in the New Era
Authors: Hendrickson Mark
Published: October 2008

On June 5, 1920, Congress established the Women's Bureau, charging it to “formulate standards and policies which shall promote the welfare of wage-earning women, improve their working conditions, increase their efficiency, and advance their opportunities for profitable employment.” Support for the bureau was such that the House passed the bill by a vote of 255 to 10, and the Senate passed it without a recorded vote, though theMonthly Labor Reviewnoted that “there was some opposition.” During a decade when policymakers celebrated the fruits of economic abundance garnered with only the lightest touch from the state, bureau leaders and investigators saw gender research as a form of labor activism that would advance the cause of all workers. The bureau provided a unique site for discourse and deliberation concerning labor standards that did not exist in any other branch of the federal government. No other organization in the federal government thought harder about how policies could be constructed to protect workers, irrespective of gender, from the continued harsh reality of employment in American industry. Along the way, advocates of protective legislation for women sought not only to protect the particular interests of women workers, but also to drive a wedge through a post-Adkinsunderstanding of the “right to contract” and to expand the number of issues that should be seen as affected with a public interest.
“The Most Unjust Piece of Legislation”: Section 213 of the Economy Act of 1932 and Feminism During the New Deal
Authors: McGuire John Thomas
Published: October 2008

In February 1936, a former federal government worker named Gussie E. Howell penned a letter to Grace Brewer, director of the Governmental Workers' Council (gwc) of the National Woman's Party (nwp). Howell, who lived in Texas, had apparently heard from colleagues about a questionnaire sent out by thenwpabout the effects of Section 213 of the Economy Act of 1932 (“Section 213”). Howell said that while she had not seen the questionnaire, she wanted to describe the effect of Section 213 on her life.
AT&T and the Private-Sector Origins of Private-Sector Affirmative Action
Authors: Williams Benton
Published: October 2008

In January 1973, American Telephone & Telegraph, then the world's largest private-sector employer, entered into a Consent Decree with the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. In this decree, following a fourteen-month dispute before the Federal Communications Commission,at&tagreed to implement specific goals and timetables for hiring women in traditionally male jobs, men in traditionally female jobs, and minorities in jobs in which they had been traditionally underrepresented.at&t's adoption of affirmative action immediately preceded the routine application of affirmative action hiring and promotion policies in large, private-sector U.S. firms regardless of federal contractor status. Nonetheless, the importance ofat&t's action remains misunderstood by critics and supporters of affirmative action alike.
Contesting National and Gender Boundaries: Flora Tristan's Promenades dans Londres
Authors: Pauk Barbara
Published: October 2008

This article shows how the French feminist and socialist Flora Tristan uses discourses on nationality and ideas of foreignness and exclusion to challenge contemporary gender ideologies in Promenades dans Londres (1840). She casts herself in the role of a disinterested and invisible observer and knowledgeable narrator who describes another nation, England, whose population is marked as "other" and inferior, particularly in her description of her visit to the houses of Parliament. Tristan aligns herself with English travellers such as Lady Mary Wortley Montagu and orientalises the houses of Parliament, thereby simultaneously endorsing and overturning notions of civilisation and superiority, the basis of Western patriarchy. At the same time, by adopting the role of a victim and accusing the members of Parliament of inappropriate behaviour and disrespect, Tristan conceals her own transgressions and establishes an alternative set of social rules. This strategy is repeatedly adopted in her work. ( BP )
Digesting Les Fleurs du Mal : Imaginative Spaces and Liquid Modernity in Baudelaire
Authors: Acquisto Joseph
Published: October 2008

The 1857 edition of Les Fleurs du Mal constructs images of consumption and digestion in ways that introduce questions of metaphysical or theological significance through the body, which mediates between the poetic word and transcendent reality. The physical act of internalizing matter becomes a vehicle for rethinking Baudelaire's relationship to the body and the transcendent world. Zygmunt Bauman's concept of "liquid modernity" illuminates the notion of fluidity, strongly present in the "pre-urban" 1857 Fleurs , where poetry freely circulates between inside and outside spaces and thus succeeds in mediating between the physical and the metaphysical through its negotiation of the quotidian and cosmological. ( JA )
Spousal Collaborations in Naturalist Fiction and in Practice
Authors: Irvine Margot
Published: October 2008

Artistic collaborations between spouses were becoming more frequent in the early years of the Third Republic. Literary representations of such collaborations are found in the fiction of Émile Zola ("Madame Sourdis" 1880), Guy de Maupassant ( Bel-Ami 1885) and Alphonse Daudet ( Femmes d'artistes , 1878), with disastrous results in each case. They were shown in a more positive light in the women's magazine, Femina , and provided a way for women, like Daudet's own wife and collaborator, Julia A. Daudet (1844–1940), to launch literary careers of their own. The polemics that spousal collaborations inspired reflect changing notions of authorship and gender roles in the late nineteenth century. ( MI )
Osmazômes (Huysmans)
Authors: Smeets Marc
Published: October 2008

It is generally known that in J.-K. Huysmans, the fascination with concentrates appears in two semantic fields: in nutrition and in æsthetics. To that, in our view, may be added a third: religion. Through a process we have dubbed “a reduction to the essence,” we argue that the osmazôme alluded to in A rebours, the ptomaïne mentioned in En rade , and the sacred essences discussed in Sainte Lydwine de Schiedam and La Cathédrale express in dialectical terms Huysmans’s fascination with an authentic presence. ( ms ) (in French)
Une Négociation stratégique du discours littéraire et du discours social: Le Dévoilement des dessous (in) humains dans l'œuvre romanesque de Rachilde
Authors: Laporte Dominique
Published: October 2008

Scholars of Rachilde have rarely taken into consideration her novels published after 1900 because of their sentimentality. For instance, La Femme Dieu is a conventional remake of La Princesse des ténèbres , which is conversely an unsentimental response to Émile Zola's The Rêve . On the other hand, L'Homme aux bras de feu subverts the traditional romance by eluding the popular reading codes. Nevertheless, the sentimental plots and characters in the Rachilde's works are the standard (or ironical) narrative borderline which puts an end to the underlying anarchic or colonial discourse of her unsentimental novels written between 1890 and 1940. ( dl ) (in French)
Heightening the Lowly (Baudelaire: "Je n'ai pas oublié . . ." and "A une passante")
Authors: Chambers Ross
Published: October 2008

"Heightening the Lowly (Baudelaire: 'Je n'ai pas oublié . . .' and 'A une passante')" Framed by a concept of fetish æsthetics that links Baudelaire and Proust's fictional painter, Elstir, the article examines the evolution of Baudelaire's fetishizing understanding of "modern beauty." It does so by asking the question: why was "Je n'ai pas oublié . . ." moved in 1861 to the new "Tableaux Parisiens" section of the Fleurs du Mal? and by proposing that the proximity of "Je n'ai pas oublié . . ." to "A une passante" figures the disharmony introduced into Baudelaire's fetishizing metaphysics by the events of 1848–51. Thus, the latter poem is itself an allegory of history as the devestatingly preteritional "passing by" that permits a glimpse of eternity as the manifestation of le mal. The statues of "Je n'ai pas oublié . . ." ("cachant leurs membres nus") and the statuesque woman of "A une passante" ("avec sa jambe de statue") together motivate an examination of the statue as fetish figure in post-1851 Baudelaire and of the "noisy chiasmus" as his new figure of a world awry – one constructed fetishistically as an x-like meeting-place where an encounter with the not-known can result only in alienated knowledge.
Violence and Civilization in Flaubert's Salammbô
Authors: Toumayan Alain
Published: October 2008

This essay argues that in Salammbô Flaubert marks a rigorous cultural distinction between the civilized Carthaginians and the barbarous mercenaries that is based on particular practices of violence specific to each one. In drawing this distinction, in maintaining an equivalency in the capacity of each for atrocity, excess, and depravity, and in conferring emblematic status to this conflict, Flaubert disallows any privileging of one cultural order over the other. In this way, Flaubert undermines the principles, tools, and strategies of historical analysis or understanding and figures the events of the story in such a way as to maintain their essential otherness and to situate them at the limits of our conceptual horizon.
"Le chapitre de Jenlain," ou la mise en abyme fantasmatique de Germinal
Authors: Armstrong Marie-Sophie
Published: October 2008

Fait remarquable dans Germinal , le "chapitre de Jenlain" (chapitre 6, quatrième partie) se désinteresse au plus haut point de la question sociale, substituant à l'évocation de la grève des mineurs et de ses enjeux des pages pleines de ludisme et de fantaisie (méfaits de gamins, partie de crosse). L'on aurait toutefois tort de se désintéresser de ces épisodes d'aspect anodin. C'est que le message politique et social du roman fait place à un message qui engage l'oeuvre en profondeur. L'espace de quelques pages en effet, le souffle de l'inconscient remplace celui de la révolte tandis que la fantaisie, comme dans l'univers onirique, recouvre le fantasme. Pierre d'angle du roman, le chapitre de Jeanlin se révèle comme le garant de la cohérence psychique de Germinal , sinon même, de la série. ( M-SA ) (In French)
Rewriting the Chronicle Tradition: The Alliterative Morte Arthure and Arthur's Sword of Peace
Authors: Armstrong Dorsey
Published: October 2008

The Alliterative Morte Arthure poet has revised his sources to create a poem that tells two stories of King Arthur and his conflict with Rome: the first, dominant, narrative is emphatically martial; the second, latent, narrative suggests peaceful alternatives to Arthur's warlike actions. The presence of this second narrative that functions as a critique of the king's actions becomes clear with the appearance of Arthur's sword Clarent in Mordred's hand, a moment unique in the Arthurian tradition.
'What Are You?': The Staging of Messenger-Function in Antony and Cleopatra
Authors: Madelaine Richard
Published: October 2008

Messengers have more vital roles in Antony and Cleopatra than in any other play of the period, and an investigation of staging issues relating to messenger-function in the play demonstrates the need to give more attention to the agency of messengers in early modern drama. There is evidence for the instant recognizability of messengers-by-trade – by way of costume, accessories, and/or manner – and this recognizability is associated with their metatheatrical function of revealing 'truth' in association with crises of identity and authority. Messenger parts offer useful verbal and non-verbal opportunities for inexperienced actors, and may sometimes have been used for apprentice-training.
Defiant Devotion in MS Laud Misc. 108: The Narrator of Havelok the Dane and Affective Piety
Authors: Couch Julie Nelson
Published: October 2008

Resituating the early Middle English romance Havelok the Dane in its hagiographical manuscript context helps to account for its effusive, emotional narrator. Juxtaposed to the personal, prayerful narrator of the South English Legendary found in the same manuscript, Bodleian Library, Laud Misc. 108, the narrator of Havelok emerges as an instigator of affective, meditative response. Reading the responsive role of the Havelok audience as possessing a meditative aspect aligns the poem with the manuscript's devotional concerns and practices. Ultimately, Havelok directs an audience's affective receptivity toward an investment in rightful secular power.
'Bugbears in Apollo's Cell': Metamorphoses of Character in Drayton's Idea and Daniel's Delia
Authors: Kambasković-Sawers Danijela
Published: October 2008

Samuel Daniel and Michael Drayton remodel Ovid's Metamorphoses in original ways to build complex, contradictory first-person speakers for their sonnet sequences Delia and Idea , creating fresh voices to engage the reader and place the writing process on display. Daniel's and Drayton's use of Ovidian subtext in character-building relates strongly to their cultural context, including the work of other contemporary mythographers, themes appearing in contemporary narrative genres, and, in Michael Drayton's case, astrology. Drayton not only makes original semantic use of figures of Roman mythology, but also combines figures of astrology with Ovidian imagery to generate new meanings.
Popular Chaucer: The BBC's Canterbury Tales
Authors: Forni Kathleen
Published: October 2008

Joining a growing corpus of cinematic treatments of Chaucer's texts, the BBC's Canterbury Tales (2003) is the first to offer versions of the tales in modern dress. In order to attract a wide commercial audience, the writers adapted Chaucer's tales to popular film and television genres while remaining true to the 'spirit' of the original texts. But the series also appeals to a smaller audience familiar with Chaucer, providing both the pleasure of intertextuality and some insight into those aspects of Chaucer's texts that continue to engage modern audiences.
Resituating Romance: The Dialectics of Sanctity in MS Laud Misc. 108's Havelok the Dane and Royal Vitae
Authors: Bell Kimberly K.
Published: October 2008

The only complete copy of the Middle English Havelok the Dane romance is collated with the earliest version of a collection of Middle English temporale and sanctorale narratives known as the South English Legendary in Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Laud Miscellaneous 108. When Havelok is read within its manuscript context, the vast number of hagiographic texts dictates a reading or listening audience's horizon of expectations of the romance. When considered alongside the legendary 's four royal vitae in particular, certain hagiographic features of Havelok are brought to the foreground; as a result, the romance is received as hagiographic romance.
To School or Not to School: Tudor Views on Education in Drama and Literature
Authors: Potter Ursula
Published: October 2008

Historians of education have identified the sixteenth century as a period of growth in endowed schooling which in turn led to increased education levels in the lower and middling orders of English society. This broadening of the enrolment base (for boys) gave rise to a number of problems at grammar school level such as discrimination in student selection criteria, issues with retention rates, and tailoring the curriculum to suit the differing needs of students. An examination of a number of prominent pedagogical treatises in circulation in the sixteenth century together with selected Elizabethan and Jacobean plays can provide insights into the Tudor education debate and its implications for the poor and middling sort.
Debitum Obedientie : Heloise and Abelard on Governance at the Paraclete
Authors: Smith Julie Ann
Published: October 2008

Governance was a fundamental issue of monastic life and of the normative texts that shaped it. The letters of Heloise and Abelard on the monastic life, and the Institutiones Nostrae written by Heloise, or perhaps under her guidance, explore (among other things) the problem of governance for nunneries. Abelard's recommendation that monks should manage both the spiritual and mundane governance of an enclosed women's community was neutralized by Heloise's formulation of the Institutiones Nostrae (a very concise expression of the apostolic lifestyle of the Paraclete) in which she clearly located authority in the abbess.
Presentation and Management of Congenital Dacryocystocele
Authors: Wong Rupa Krishnamurthy , VanderVeen Deborah K.
Published: October 2008

OBJECTIVE. Our goal was to report the presentation, complications, and treatment strategies for infants with congenital dacryocystocele.

PATIENTS AND METHODS. We performed a retrospective chart review of all patients presenting with dacryocystoceles to Children's Hospital Boston between the years of 1997 and 2006. This study was approved by the institutional review board.

RESULTS. Forty-two patients (46 eyes) were identified (18 male, 24 female), presenting at a median age of 7 days of life. Twenty-eight (65%) patients presented with cellulitis or dacryocystitis and required systemic antibiotics. Four (9.5%) patients presented with respiratory compromise. Resolution occurred with conservative treatment for 10 eyes, but 36 (78%) required surgical intervention. Seventeen (37%) eyes received probing in the office or nursery, and 13 (76%) were successful. Probing in the operating room was required for 21 patients, 8 of whom required marsupialization of an intranasal cyst.

CONCLUSIONS. Although congenital dacryocystoceles may resolve with conservative measures, many become infected and require systemic antibiotic treatment, and most require surgical intervention. Referral in the early neonatal period can aid in timely intervention before complications such as infection occur.
Several stages — one piano: Philological and compositional problems with reference to Liszt’s unfinished or fragmentary Rossini arrangements
Authors: Gyarmati Eszter
Published: November 2008

The following study starts out from the examination of two fragmentary piano compositions by Liszt:
Introduction des variations sur une marche du Siège de Corinthe
and
Maometto Fantasy
, which were based on two Rossini operas,
Le Siège de Corinthe
and
Maometto II
, respectively. Since the literature has tended to confound the sources related to these two works, I strive to clarify and reinterpret the intricate connections between the two fragments and their different manuscript sources. I propose that the “Maometto — Mosè Fantasy,” the
Valse à capriccio sur deux motifs de Lucia et Parisina
, the
Variations de bravoure pour piano sur des thèmes de Paganini
, the
Fantasie über Motive aus Figaro und Don Juan
and the
God Save the Queen. Paraphrase de concert
all reflect the composer’s intense concern with the integration of themes of different origins in a single work — an aesthetic problem that haunted him for decades, and remained unresolved in most of the above cases. Liszt appears to have been able to solve this problem satisfactorily only if he could rely on some kind of “outside” musical help, like the common genre of the waltz in the
Valse à capriccio
; or if he succeeded in “sublimating” one of the themes, as in the case of
God Save the Queen
. For want of such extraordinary solutions, all other compositions that experimented with the integration of themes of different origins in the late 1830s and early 1840s were eventually buried in oblivion by Liszt himself.
Polyvictimization by Dating Partners and Mental Health Among U.S. College Students
Authors: Sabina Chiara , Straus Murray A.
Published: October 2008

Studies on mental health effects of partner violence often ignore multiple victimizations or polyvictimization. The current study had several objectives: (a) examine the rate of physical, psychological, and sexual victimization and combinations of them (polyvictimization) among a sample of students at 19 U.S. colleges; (b) examine the association between victimization and depressive symptoms and posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms; and (c) examine the relation of polyvictimization to these mental health effects. A substantial number were polyvictims. As predicted, polyvictimization in almost all analyses was the strongest predictor of PTS symptoms for both men and women. Polyvictimization was a significant predictor of depressive symptoms for women. These findings highlight the importance of including polyvictimization in future work on the mental health effects of partner violence.
Police Officer Perceptions of Intimate Partner Violence: An Analysis of Observational Data
Authors: DeJong Christina , Burgess-Proctor Amanda , Elis Lori
Published: October 2008

This article explores police officer perceptions of intimate partner violence (IPV) using observational data from police ride-alongs. We performed a qualitative analysis of narrative data from the Project on Policing Neighborhoods (POPN) to examine officers’ views of IPV as well as whether policing philosophy is related to officers’ attitudes toward IPV. Results indicate that POPN officers expressed problematic views of IPV (including simplification of IPV, victim blaming, patriarchal attitudes toward women, and presumption of victim noncooperation) as well as progressive views of IPV (including recognition of the complexity of IPV, awareness of barriers to leaving, and consideration of IPV as serious and worthy of police intervention). Additionally, our analysis offers tentative support for a relationship between policing philosophy and officers’ attitudes toward IPV. While this study is largely exploratory, we address the implications of our findings both for police practice and training and for future research.
Crime Victims’ Perceptions of Restitution: The Importance of Payment and Understanding
Authors: Ruback Barry R. , Cares Alison C. , Hoskins Stacy N.
Published: October 2008

The Office for Victims of Crime recommends that victims should be informed, consulted, respected, and made whole, rights that relate to informational, procedural, interpersonal, and distributive justice. We surveyed 238 victims in two Pennsylvania counties to test whether crime victims’ satisfaction with the criminal justice system was related to their perceptions of the fairness of the process and of their outcomes in their case, particularly with regard to restitution. Results indicated that payment of restitution, perception of fair process, and good interpersonal treatment were positively related to victims’ willingness to report crimes in the future but that satisfaction with information about the process was not. Victims’ understanding of the restitution process was a significant predictor of willingness to report in a multivariate analysis.
Homicide Victimization in California: An Asian and Non-Asian Comparison
Authors: Wu Bohsiu
Published: October 2008

Previous literature has not specified the contextual differences that adequately explain Asian Americans’ underinvolvement in homicide. This study examines the social contexts within which homicide takes place. Homicide data from 1991 to 1999 in California are analyzed, and the results show that, compared to other groups, Asian homicide victims are more likely to be killed by family members, to be female, and to be married. Results of a negative binomial regression analysis also show that an acculturation factor that weakens the institution of family tends to affect general homicide more for Asian Americans than non-Asians but does not affect Asian family homicide. Social disadvantage factors affect non-Asian homicide more than Asian homicide.
Hostile Attributional Bias, Early Abuse, and Social Desirability in Reporting Hostile Attributions Among Chinese Immigrant Batterers and Nonviolent Men
Authors: Jin Xiaochun , Eagle Morris , Keat Jane E.
Published: October 2008

This study examined differences in reporting hostile attributional bias (HAB) between court-referred Chinese immigrant batterers and a nonviolent community sample. It measured social desirability (SD) in their reporting of HAB by including an SD measure and a covert indirect measure of HAB. Further, it explored the relationship between HAB and childhood exposure to violence. The batterers scored lower on the overt measure but higher on the covert measure of HAB. Their scores on the overt measure were negatively correlated with their SD scores. Childhood exposure to violence was positively correlated with HAB among the batterers but not among the nonviolent men. The role of HAB in intimate partner violence needs more research, and future studies and batterer interventions need to consider SD in assessing and addressing HAB.
Including operational data in QMRA model: development and impact of model inputs
Authors: Jaidi Kenza , Barbeau Benoit , Carrière Annie , Desjardins Raymond , Prévost Michèle
Published: October 2008

A Monte Carlo model, based on the Quantitative Microbial Risk Analysis approach (QMRA), has been developed to assess the relative risks of infection associated with the presence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in drinking water. The impact of various approaches for modelling the initial parameters of the model on the final risk assessments is evaluated. The Monte Carlo simulations that we performed showed that the occurrence of parasites in raw water was best described by a mixed distribution: log-Normal for concentrations > detection limit (DL), and a uniform distribution for concentrations < DL. The selection of process performance distributions for modelling the performance of treatment (filtration and ozonation) influences the estimated risks significantly. The mean annual risks for conventional treatment are: 1.97E−03 (removal credit adjusted by log parasite = log spores), 1.58E−05 (log parasite = 1.7 × log spores) or 9.33E−03 (regulatory credits based on the turbidity measurement in filtered water). Using full scale validated SCADA data, the simplified calculation of CT performed at the plant was shown to largely underestimate the risk relative to a more detailed CT calculation, which takes into consideration the downtime and system failure events identified at the plant (1.46E−03 vs. 3.93E−02 for the mean risk).
Rainfall and outbreaks of drinking water related disease and in England and Wales
Authors: Nichols Gordon , Lane Chris , Asgari Nima , Verlander Neville Q. , Charlett Andre
Published: October 2008

A case-crossover study compared rainfall in the 4 weeks before drinking water related outbreaks with that in the five previous control years. This included public and private drinking water related outbreaks in England and Wales from 1910 to 1999. Of 111 outbreaks, 89 met inclusion criteria and the implicated pathogens included Giardia, Cryptosporidium, E. coli, S. Typhi, S. Paratyphi, Campylobacter and Streptobacillus moniliformis. Weather data was derived from the British Atmospheric Data Centre There was a significant association between excess cumulative rainfall in the previous 7 days and outbreaks (p=0.001). There was an excess of rainfall below 20 mm for the three weeks previous to this in outbreak compared to control weeks (p=0.002). Cumulative rainfall exceedances were associated with outbreak years. This study provides evidence that both low rainfall and heavy rain precede many drinking water outbreaks and assessing the health impacts of climate change should examine both.
Comparing centralised and decentralised anaerobic digestion of stillage from a large-scale bioethanol plant to animal feed production
Authors: Drosg B. , Wirthensohn T. , Konrad G. , Hornbachner D. , Resch C. , Wäger F. , Loderer C. , Waltenberger R. , Kirchmayr R. , Braun R.
Published: October 2008

A comparison of stillage treatment options for large-scale bioethanol plants was based on the data of an existing plant producing approximately 200,000 t/yr of bioethanol and 1,400,000 t/yr of stillage. Animal feed production – the state-of-the-art technology at the plant- was compared to anaerobic digestion. The latter was simulated in two different scenarios: digestion in small-scale biogas plants in the surrounding area versus digestion in a large-scale biogas plant at the bioethanol production site. Emphasis was placed on a holistic simulation balancing chemical parameters and calculating logistic algorithms to compare the efficiency of the stillage treatment solutions. For central anaerobic digestion different digestate handling solutions were considered because of the large amount of digestate. For land application a minimum of 36,000 ha of available agricultural area would be needed and 600,000 m3 of storage volume. Secondly membrane purification of the digestate was investigated consisting of decanter, microfiltration, and reverse osmosis. As a third option aerobic wastewater treatment of the digestate was discussed. The final outcome was an economic evaluation of the three mentioned stillage treatment options, as a guide to stillage management for operators of large-scale bioethanol plants.
Simultaneous Treatment of Graywater and Waste Gas in a Biological Trickling Filter
Authors: McLamore Eric , Sharvelle Sybil , Huang Zhen , Banks Kathy
Published: October 2008

Biological processors are typically used in liquid‐ and gas‐phase remediation as separately staged systems. This research presents a novel application of a biotrickling filter operated for simultaneous treatment of contaminants present in graywater and waste gas (ammonia and hydrogen sulfide). Liquid‐ and gas‐phase contaminants were monitored via bioreactor influent/effluent samples over the course of a 300‐day study. An oxygen‐based bioassay was used to determine spatial location of the functional groups involved in the biodegradation of surfactants, dissolved hydrogen sulfide, and ammonium. Results indicated that a biotrickling filter is able to support the wide range of microbial species required to degrade the compounds found in graywater and waste gas, maintaining conversion efficiencies greater than 90% for parent surfactant compounds and waste gas constituents. These results provide evidence of an operational scheme that potentially reduces footprint size and cost of graywater/waste gas biotreatment.
Solid‐Phase Extraction and Preconcentration of Copper in Mineral Waters with 4‐(2‐Pyridyl‐Azo) Resorcinol‐Loaded Amberlite XAD‐7 and Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Authors: Ince Muharrem , Kaplan Olcay , Yaman Mehmet
Published: October 2008

A simple, sensitive, accurate, and selective method for determination of ultratrace levels of copper is modified. The method is based on preconcentration of copper on the 4‐(2‐pyridyl‐azo) resorcinol‐loaded amberlite XAD‐7 (non‐ionic copoly[styrene‐acrylic compound]) at pH 5.0 to 6.5 for contact time as low as 45 minutes. The adsorbed copper was eluted with concentrated nitric acid and measured by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Recoveries of up to 90% were achieved. The optimized preconcentration method was applied to copper determination in various water samples. The detection limit was found to be 0.09 ng mL −1. The relative standard deviation was found to be 9% using 300 mL of 5.0 ng mL −1 for 10 replicate preconcentration procedures. Copper concentrations in the studied water samples were found to be in the ranges of 0.4 to 18.0 ng mL −1.