bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Embodiment of the Voyage of Sir Vivian Fuchs to the South Island in the Elmolo Oral Tradition
Authors: Mirzeler Mustafa Kemal
Published: January 2006

This article explores the incorporation of the memories of Sir Vivian Fuchs's voyage to the South Island and the deaths of two of his expedition members in 1934 into the Elmolo's oral traditions. The incorporation of the memory of the voyage brought out a new meaning in the Elmolo oral traditions, transformed their identity, and epitomized their traditional memory. What made the memory of Fuchs's voyage flourish and enter into Elmolo oral tradition is the story of their great tragic heroine Sepenya. The myth of Sepenya has made it possible for Fuchs's voyage and the deaths of two of its expedition members to flourish and to become a part of the Elmolo's oral traditions, as an objectification of the phenomenon of Sepenya.
The Turkana Patrol of 1918 Reconsidered
Authors: Collins Robert O.
Published: January 2006

This essay seeks to place the events in Turkan during the first decades of the twentieth century into a wider perspective. Despite their modest numbers and the wasteland they inhabited, the challenge to the Turkana did not come from their neighbors, whom they could raid with success or live in harmony with. The threat to their traditional way of life came from Ethiopian and British imperialism, the reasons and forces of which the Turkana were oblivious to. Britain could not tolerate an Ethiopian presence in Turkan and regarded the problem of the Turkana as largely an imperial contest with the “Abyssinians.” In the 1960s and 1970s revisionist historians challenged this interpretation, arguing that the Turkana, in order to defeat their African neighbors, adopted new leaders and military techniques in the 1880s that introduced into Turkana society a new and aggressive militarism. Since their territorial ambitions in Turkan appeared to have been satisfied by using these tactics by the 1890s, Turkana “militarism” was thereafter used to defend their pastures and waterholes from incursions by African neighbors, to recover livestock stolen by them, or to replenish Turkana herds lost to raids, drought, or disease. Turkana historians have thus argued that the representation of Turkana militarism for continued territorial expansion is more a Western creation, for the Turkana were more concerned to defend their acquired territory than participate in unprovoked belligerence against imperial invaders. Sadly, at the time neither of the protagonists could have predicted the subsequent unmitigated disaster for the Turkana in the aftermath of the Turkana Patrol of 1918, in which they had become the unwitting victims of a larger conflict for control of an imperial frontier.
Experimental stroke: ischaemic lesion volume and oedema formation differ among rat strains (a comparison between Wistar and Sprague–Dawley rats using MRI)
Authors: Walberer M , Stolz E , Müller C , Friedrich C , Rottger C , Blaes F , Kaps M , Fisher M , Bachmann G , Gerriets T
Published: January 2006

Investigating focal cerebral ischaemia requires animal models that are relevant to human stroke. This study was designed to evaluate the influence of early reperfusion and choice of rat strains on infarct volume and oedema formation. Thirty-six Wistar and Sprague–Dawley rats were subjected to temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 90 min (groups I and II) or to permanent MCAO (groups III and IV) using the suture technique. Ischaemic lesion volume and oedema formation were quantified 24 h after MCAO using 7T-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Impact of rat strains: Reperfusion led to significant larger ischaemic lesion volumes in Wistar rats as compared to Sprague–Dawley rats ( P<0.0005). Oedema formation was similar in both rat strains. Permanent MCAO led to significantly larger ischaemic lesion volumes in Sprague–Dawley rats ( P<0.05). Oedema formation, however, was significantly more accentuated in Wistar rats ( P<0.005). Impact of reperfusion: Reperfusion did not cause any changes in ischaemic lesion volume in Wistar rats. Oedema formation, however, was significantly reduced ( P<0.0005). In Sprague–Dawley rats, reperfusion caused a significant reduction of ischaemic lesion volume ( P<0.00005), but did not modify oedema formation. These findings emphasize the critical importance of rat strain differences in experimental stroke research.
Incipient spontaneous granulosa cell tumour in the gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus
Authors: Guzmán-Silva M A , Costa-Neves M
Published: January 2006

In 167 cases of granulosa cell tumour (GCT) in the gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus, 42.5% (71 cases) were in the ovaries, with no evidence of macroscopic lesion. In this paper, we describe the common findings in the incipient – microscopic – type of this spontaneous ovarian tumour occurring in gerbils younger than two years of age.
Successful protocol of anaesthesia for measuring transepithelial nasal potential difference in spontaneously breathing mice
Authors: Leal T , Lebacq J , Vanbinst R , Lederman Ch , De Kock M , Wallemacq P
Published: January 2006

Numerous difficulties arise during in vivo measurements of transepithelial nasal potential difference (PD) in mice, such as inadequate duration and depth of anaesthesia, bronchoaspiration of solutions perfused in the nose, and respiratory and/or cardiovascular depression.

Anaesthesia was induced in adult C57 mice with intraperitoneal injection of a combination of fentanyl, droperidol and medetomidine, each of these at either a small dose (0.20, 10 and 0.33 mg/kg, respectively) or at a large dose (0.40, 20 and 0.40 mg/kg, respectively), combined with a fixed dose of 0.375 μg clonidine. In order to establish a pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic relationship, blood concentrations of the first three drugs were measured in 24 animals by liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. At the end of the experiment, naloxone, a competitive morphinic antagonist, and atipamezole, an α-2 adrenergic antagonist, were administered. Bronchoaspiration was prevented by tilting the animal head downwards and by absorbing the excess fluid from the opposite nostril and from the oral cavity. Optimal assessment of anaesthesia associated with regular respiration, loss of blink, pupillary and pedal withdrawal reflexes was obtained with doses of fentanyl, droperidol and medetomidine corresponding to 0.20, 20 and 0.40 mg/kg, respectively. Blood concentrations of fentanyl around 17 ng/mL induced loss of respiratory efforts and were followed by death during the experiment. Integrity of ion transport was demonstrated under continuous perfusion by successive depolarization after amiloride and repolarization after chloride-free solution.

The combination investigated in this study lead to adequate surgical anaesthesia (stage III, plane 2) for prolonged nasal PD measurements in spontaneously breathing mice.
The interaction between DCL1 and HYL1 is important for efficient and precise processing of pri-miRNA in plant microRNA biogenesis
Authors: KURIHARA YUKIO , TAKASHI YUASA , WATANABE YUICHIRO
Published: January 2006

It has been reported that some double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) binding proteins interact with small RNA biogenesis-related RNase III enzymes. However, their biological significance is poorly understood. Here we examine the relationship between the Arabidopsis microRNA- (miRNA) producing enzyme DCL1 and the dsRNA binding protein HYL1. In the hyl1-2 mutant, the processing steps of miR163 biogenesis were partially impaired; increased accumulation of pri-miR163 and reduced accumulation of short pre-miR163 and mature miR163 as well as misplaced cleavages in the stem structure of pri-miR163 were detected. These misplaced cleavages were similar to those previously observed in the dcl1-9 mutant, in which the second double-stranded RNA binding domain of the protein was disrupted. An immunoprecipitation assay using Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana showed that HYL1 was able to form a complex with wild-type DCL1 protein, but not with the dcl1-9 mutant protein. We also examined miR164b and miR166a biogenesis in hyl1-2 and dcl1-9. Increased accumulation of pri-miRNAs and reduced accumulation of pre-miRNAs and mature miRNAs were detected. Misplaced cleavage on pri-miR164b was observed only in dcl1-9 but not in hyl1-2, whereas not on pri-miR166a in either mutant. These results indicate that HYL1 has a function in assisting efficient and precise cleavage of pri-miRNA through interaction with DCL1.
Evolutionary specialization of recoding: Frameshifting in the expression of S. cerevisiae antizyme mRNA is via an atypical antizyme shift site but is still +1
Authors: IVANOV IVAYLO P. , GESTELAND RAYMOND F. , ATKINS JOHN F.
Published: January 2006

An autoregulatory translational shift to the +1 frame is required for the expression of ornithine decarboxylase antizyme from fungi to mammals. In most eukaryotes, including all vertebrates and a majority of the studied fungi/yeast, the site on antizyme mRNA where the shift occurs is UCC-UGA. The mechanism of the frameshift on this sequence likely involves nearly universal aspects of the eukaryotic translational machinery. Nevertheless, a mammalian antizyme frameshift cassette yields predominantly −2 frameshift in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, instead of the +1 in mammals. The recently identified endogenous S. cerevisiae antizyme mRNA has an atypical shift site: UGC-GCG-UGA. It is shown here that endogenous S. cerevisiae antizyme frameshifting is +1 rather than −2. We discuss how antizyme frameshifting in budding yeasts exploits peculiarities of their tRNA balance, and relate this to prior studies on Ty frameshifting.
Rrp5p, a trans-acting factor in yeast ribosome biogenesis, is an RNA-binding protein with a pronounced preference for U-rich sequences
Authors: DE BOER PAULO , VOS HARMJAN R. , FABER ALEX W. , VOS JAN C. , RAUÉ HENDRIK A.
Published: January 2006

Rrp5p is a trans-acting factor important for biogenesis of both the 40S and 60S subunit of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ribosome. The protein contains 12 tandemly repeated S1 RNA binding motifs in its N-terminal region, suggesting the ability to interact directly with the pre-rRNA. In vitro binding studies, using immunopurified Rrp5p and in vitro transcribed, 32P-UTP-labeled RNA fragments, revealed that Rrp5p is a general RNA-binding protein with a strong preference for single-stranded sequences rich in uridines. Co-immunoprecipitation studies in yeast cells expressing ProtA-tagged Rrp5p showed that the protein is still associated with pre-ribosomal particles containing 27SA2 pre-rRNA but not with particles containing the 27SB precursor. Thus, Rrp5p appears to dissociate from the 66S pre-ribosome upon or immediately after further processing of 27SA2 pre-rRNA, suggesting the presence of (an) important binding site(s) within the 3′-terminal portion of ITS1. The location of these possible binding site(s) was further delimited using rrp2-1 mutant cells, which accumulate the 5′-extended 5.8S pre-rRNA species. The results indicate that association of Rrp5p with the pre-ribosome is abolished upon removal of a 30-nt region downstream from site A2, which contains two short, single-stranded U stretches. Sequence comparison shows that only the most 5′ of these two U-rich stretches is conserved among yeast species whose ITS1 can functionally replace the S. cerevisiae spacer. The implications for the role of Rrp5p in yeast ribosome biogenesis are discussed.
Nuclear RNA surveillance inSaccharomyces cerevisiae: Trf4p-dependent polyadenylation of nascent hypomethylated tRNA and an aberrant form of 5S rRNA
Authors: KADABA SUJATHA , WANG XUYING , ANDERSON JAMES T.
Published: January 2006

1-Methyladenosine modification at position 58 of tRNA is catalyzed by a two-subunit methyltransferase composed of Trm6p and Trm61p inSaccharomyces cerevisiae. Initiator tRNA (tRNAiMet) lacking m1A58 (hypomethylated) is rendered unstable through the cooperative function of the poly(A) polymerases, Trf4p/Trf5p, and the nuclear exosome. We provide evidence that a catalytically active Trf4p poly(A) polymerase is required for polyadenylation of hypomethylated tRNAiMetin vivo. DNA sequence analysis of tRNAiMetcDNAs and Northern hybridizations of poly(A)+ RNA provide evidence that nascent pre-tRNAiMettranscripts are targeted for polyadenylation and degradation. We determined that a mutant U6 snRNA and an aberrant form of 5S rRNA are stabilized in the absence of Trf4p, supporting that Trf4p facilitated RNA surveillance is a global process that stretches beyond hypomethylated tRNAiMet. We conclude that an array of RNA polymerase III transcripts are targeted for Trf4p/ Trf5p-dependent polyadenylation and turnover to eliminate mutant and variant forms of normally stable RNAs.
The preparation of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride-loaded chitosan and pectin microspheres
Authors: Orhan Z. , Cevher E. , Mülazimoglu L. , Gürcan D. , Alper M. , Araman A. , Özsoy Y.
Published: January 2006

Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride-loaded microspheres were prepared by a spray-drying method using pectin and chitosan. The effects of different polymers and drug ratios were investigated.

The most appropriate carriers were selected by in vitro testing. A rat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis model was used to evaluate the effects of the loaded microspheres.

The drug was released rapidly from the pectin carrier but this was more sustained in the chitosan formulation.

Chitosan microspheres loaded with ciprofloxacin hydrochloride were more effective for the treatment of osteomyelitis than equivalent intramuscular antibiotics.
Total hip replacement with a superolateral bone graft for osteoarthritis secondary to dysplasia
Authors: de Jong P. T. , Haverkamp D. , van der Vis H. M. , Marti R. K.
Published: January 2006

We evaluated the long-term results of 116 total hip replacements with a superolateral shelfplasty in 102 patients with osteoarthritis secondary to developmental dysplasia of the hip. After a mean follow-up of 19.5 years (11.5 to 26.0), 14 acetabular components (12%) had been revised. The cumulative survival at 20 years was 78%, with revision for loosening of the acetabular component as the end-point. All grafts were well integrated and showed remodelling. In six grafts some resorption had occurred under the heads of the screws where the graft was not supporting the socket. Apart from these 14 revisions, seven acetabular components had possible radiological signs of loosening at a mean follow-up of 14.5 years, one had signs of probable loosening, and five had signs of definite loosening. These results indicate that this technique of bone grafting for acetabular reconstruction in hip dysplasia is a durable solution for cemented acetabular components.
Lemierre’s syndrome
Authors: Park D. , Rezajooi K. , Sabin I.
Published: January 2006

We report a case of Lemierre’s syndrome complicated by an epidural abscess. This manifestation of Lemierre’s syndrome has not been described previously.
Are systemic emboli reduced in computer-assisted knee surgery?
Authors: Kalairajah Y. , Cossey A. J. , Verrall G. M. , Ludbrook G. , Spriggins A. J.
Published: January 2006

We undertook a prospective, randomised study using a non-invasive transcranial Doppler device to evaluate cranial embolisation in computer-assisted navigated total knee arthroplasty (n = 14) and compared this with a standard conventional surgical technique using intramedullary alignment guides (n = 10). All patients were selected randomly without the knowledge of the patient, anaesthetists (before the onset of the procedure) and ward staff. The operations were performed by a single surgeon at one hospital using a uniform surgical approach, instrumentation, technique and release sequence. The only variable in the two groups of patients was the use of single tracker pins of the imageless navigation system in the tibia and femur of the navigated group and intramedullary femoral and tibial alignment jigs in the non-navigated group.

Acetabular Doppler signals were obtained in 14 patients in the computer-assisted group and nine (90%) in the conventional group, in whom high-intensity signals were detected in seven computer-assisted patients (50%) and in all of the non-navigated patients.

In the computer-assisted group no patient had more than two detectable emboli, with a mean of 0.64 (SD 0.74). In the non-navigated group the number of emboli ranged from one to 43 and six patients had more than two detectable emboli, with a mean of 10.7 (sd 13.5). The difference between the two groups was highly significant using the Wilcoxon non-parametric test (p = 0.0003).

Our findings show that computer-assisted total knee arthroplasty, when compared with conventional jig-based surgery, significantly reduces systemic emboli as detected by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography.
A comparison of three methods of wound closure following arthroplasty
Authors: Khan R. J. K. , Fick D. , Yao F. , Tang K. , Hurworth M. , Nivbrant B. , Wood D.
Published: January 2006

We carried out a blinded prospective randomised controlled trial comparing 2-octylcyanoacrylate (OCA), subcuticular suture (monocryl) and skin staples for skin closure following total hip and total knee arthroplasty. We included 102 hip replacements and 85 of the knee.

OCA was associated with less wound discharge in the first 24 hours for both the hip and the knee. However, with total knee replacement there was a trend for a more prolonged wound discharge with OCA. With total hip replacement there was no significant difference between the groups for either early or late complications. Closure of the wound with skin staples was significantly faster than with OCA or suture. There was no significant difference in the length of stay in hospital, Hollander wound evaluation score (cosmesis) or patient satisfaction between the groups at six weeks for either hips or knees.

We consider that skin staples are the skin closure of choice for both hip and knee replacements.
Subperiosteal elevation of the ulnar nerve during internal fixation for fractures of the distal humerus assessed by intra-operative neurophysiological monitoring
Authors: Krkovič M. , Kordaš M. , Tonin M. , Bošnjak R.
Published: January 2006

Ulnar nerve function, during and after open reduction and internal fixation of fractures of the distal humerus with subperiosteal elevation of the nerve, was assessed by intra-operative neurophysiological monitoring. Intermittent recording of the compound muscle action potentials was taken from the hypothenar muscles in 18 neurologically asymptomatic patients.

The mean amplitude of the compound muscle action potential after surgery was 98.1% (sd 17.6; −37% to +25%). The amplitude improved in six patients following surgery. Despite unremarkable recordings one patient had progressive paresis. Motor impairment is unlikely if the compound muscle action potential is continuously preserved and not reduced by more than 40% at the end of surgery. Temporary decreases in amplitude by up to 70% were tolerated without clinical consequences. However, repeated clinical examination is obligatory to recognise and treat early post-operative palsy.
Posterior subluxation and dislocation of the shoulder in obstetric brachial plexus palsy
Authors: Kambhampati S. B. S. , Birch R. , Cobiella C. , Chen L.
Published: January 2006

We describe the results of surgical treatment in a prospective study of 183 consecutive cases of subluxation (101) and dislocation (82) of the shoulder secondary to obstetric brachial plexus palsy between 1995 and 2000. Neurological recovery was rated ‘good’ or ‘useful’ in all children, whose lesions fell into groups 1, 2 or 3 of the Narakas classification. The mean age at operation was 47 months (3 to 204). The mean follow-up was 40 months (24 to 124).

The mean gain in function was 3.6 levels (9.4 to 13) using the Mallet score and 2 (2.1 to 4.1) on the Gilbert score. The mean active global range of shoulder movement was increased by 73°; the mean range of active lateral rotation by 58° and that of supination of the forearm by 51°. Active medial rotation was decreased by a mean of 10°. There were 20 failures. The functional outcome is related to the severity of the neurological lesion, the duration of the dislocation and onset of deformity.
Syntheses and applications of conducting polymer polyaniline nanofibers
Authors: Huang Jiaxing
Published: January 2006

Nanofibers with diameters of tens of nanometers appear to be an intrinsic morphological unit that was found to "naturally" form in the early stage of the chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline. In conventional polymerization, nanofibers are subject to secondary growth of irregularly shaped particles, which leads to the final granular agglomerates. The key to producing pure nanofibers is to suppress secondary growth. Based on this, two methods - interfacial polymerization and rapidly mixed reactions - have been developed that can readily produce pure nanofibers by slightly modifying the conventional chemical synthesis of polyaniline without the need for any template or structural directing material. With this nanofiber morphology, the dispersibility and processibility of polyaniline are now much improved. The nanofibers show dramatically enhanced performance over conventional polyaniline applications such as in chemical sensors. They can also serve as a template to grow inorganic/polyaniline nanocomposites that lead to exciting properties such as electrical bistability that can be used for nonvolatile memory devices. Additionally, a novel flash welding technique for the nanofibers has been developed that can be used to make asymmetric polymer membranes, form patterned nanofiber films, and create polymer-based nanocomposites based on an enhanced photothermal effect observed in these highly conjugated polymeric nanofibers.
The International Harmonized Protocol for the proficiency testing of analytical chemistry laboratories (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Thompson Michael , Ellison Stephen L. R. , Wood Roger
Published: January 2006

The international standardizing organizations - International, ISO, and IUPAC - cooperated to produce the International Harmonized Protocol for the Proficiency Testing of (Chemical) Analytical Laboratories. The Working Group that produced the protocol agreed to revise that Protocol in the light of recent developments and the experience gained since it was first published. This revision has been prepared and agreed upon in the light of comments received following open consultation.
Comparison of Processing and Sectioning Methodologies for Arteries Containing Metallic Stents
Authors: Rippstein Peter , Black Melanie K. , Boivin Marie , Veinot John P. , Ma Xiaoli , Chen Yong-Xiang , Human Paul , Zilla Peter , O'Brien Edward R.
Published: January 2006

The histological study of arteries with implanted metallic scaffolding devices, known as stents, remains a technical challenge. Given that the arterial response to stent implantation can sometimes lead to adverse outcomes, including the re-accumulation of tissue mass within the stent (or in-stent restenosis), overcoming these technical challenges is a priority for the advancement of research and development in this important clinical field. Essentially, the task is to section the stent-tissue interface with the least amount of disruption of tissue and cellular morphology. Although many methacrylate resin methodologies are successfully applied toward the study of endovascular stents by a variety of research laboratories, the exact formulations, as well as subsequent processing and sectioning methodology, remain largely coveted. In this paper, we describe in detail a methyl methacrylate resinembedding methodology that can successfully be applied to tungsten carbide blade, as well as saw and grinding sectioning methods and transmission electron microscopy. In addition, we present a comparison of the two sectioning methodologies in terms of their effectiveness with regard to morphological, histochemical, and immunohistochemical analyses. This manuscript contains online supplemental material at http://www.jhc.org . Please visit this article online to view these materials.
Terminal α1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine in Helicobacter pylori-associated Intestinal Metaplasia of the Human Stomach and Gastric Carcinoma Cell Lines
Authors: Ferreira Bibiana , Marcos Nuno T. , David Leonor , Nakayama Jun , Reis Celso A.
Published: January 2006

Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection is associated with the development of gastric lesions including gastritis, intestinal metaplasia (IM), and gastric carcinoma. In humans, Hp is found almost exclusively in the foveolar epithelium of the gastric mucosa and rarely colonizes the deeper portions where mucous cells of the glands produce mucins with terminal α1, 4-GlcNAc O-glycans. This structure exerts antimicrobial activity against Hp. The development of IM in the stomach is characterized by Hp clearance from the metaplastic glands and by major alterations in the expression of mucins and mucin-carbohydrates. The present work evaluated whether terminal α1,4-GlcNAc and sialyl-Tn antigen are implicated in the process of Hp clearance from metaplastic glands by analyzing the expression of these antigens in different types of IM—complete ( n=12) and incomplete ( n=8)—and in gastric cell lines. Terminal α1,4-GlcNAc was not detected in IM except in a single foci of one case, indicating that this structure is not implicated in the clearance of Hp from IM, in contrast to what is observed in normal gastric mucosa. None of the gastric carcinoma cell lines studied showed terminal α1,4-GlcNAc, suggesting that they do not display a gastric gland mucous cell phenotype and therefore are useful models for in vitro Hp studies. Finally, sialyl-Tn antigen colocalizes with MUC2 mucin and is present in all cases of complete and incomplete IM, suggesting that either or both can be implicated in Hp clearance from IM. (J Histochem Cytochem 54:585-591, 2006)
Immunoassays Developed for Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A (PAPP-A) in Pregnancy May Not Recognize PAPP-A in Acute Coronary Syndromes
Authors: Qin Qiu-Ping , Kokkala Saara , Lund Juha , Tamm Natalia , Qin Xuezhong , Lepäntalo Mauri , Pettersson Kim
Published: January 2006

Background: Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) concentrations are increased in the circulation of patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and are associated with future adverse cardiac events. PAPP-A in ACS differs from PAPP-A in pregnancy in that PAPP-A in ACS is not complexed with the proform of eosinophil major basic protein (proMBP). We investigated the effect of antibody selection on the utility of PAPP-A assays for measurement of PAPP-A in pregnancy and/or ACS, and whether immunoassays for PAPP-A in pregnancy are suitable for PAPP-A in ACS.

Methods: We constructed 2-site sandwich time-resolved immunofluorometric assays using 22 monoclonal antibodies raised against pregnancy serum PAPP-A. All antibodies were studied in pairs, with each antibody used as either capture or tracer. We compared the reactivity of each antibody combination with PAPP-A/proMBP complex derived from pregnancy sera or with uncomplexed PAPP-A extracted from atherosclerotic plaques. Recombinant human PAPP-A and proMBP were also used to determine the specificity of the antibodies. We confirmed all major findings with serum samples collected from patients with myocardial infarction.

Results: Six monoclonal antibodies reacted with the proMBP subunit of the PAPP-A/proMBP complex. Epitopes of 3 proMBP-reactive antibodies largely overlapped, but were well separated from those of another group of 3 proMBP-reactive antibodies. Assays using any of the 6 proMBP-reactive antibodies failed to detect PAPP-A in ACS. In addition, some 2-site assays capable of detecting PAPP-A in pregnancy were almost incapable of detecting PAPP-A in ACS, although the individual epitopes remained detectable in PAPP-A in ACS.

Conclusions: Immunoassays developed for PAPP-A in pregnancy may not be suitable for PAPP-A in ACS. Assays for PAPP-A in ACS should be based on careful antibody selection and subjected to extensive testing with clinical ACS samples.
Advances in fire engineering design of steel structures
Authors: Bailey C. G.
Published: January 2006

Owing to its high thermal conductivity, exposed structural steel will increase in temperature very quickly during a fire, losing strength and stiffness. Designers must ensure that steel-framed buildings maintain sufficient stability, for a reasonable period of time, should a fire occur. A number of design approaches are available, of varying complexity, to ensure adequate fire safety. This paper explains the available design methods, including recent innovative approaches, ranging from the simple prescriptive approach of ‘blindly’ covering all exposed areas of steel with fire protection to carrying out a performance-based approach where the likely fire severity, heat transfer and structural response are considered. The advantages and disadvantages are summarised for each of the design methods described, allowing the optimum solution for individual projects to be determined.
Temperature Influences on Endophyte Growth in Tall Fescue
Authors: Ju H.‐J. , Hill N. S. , Abbott T. , Ingram K. T.
Published: January 2006

Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) is the predominant perennial cool‐season grass grown in the USA. Typically, tall fescue is infected with the endophyte, Neotyphodium coenophialum Morgan‐Jones & Gams, which produces alkaloids that are toxic to grazing animals. Nontoxic endophyte‐infected cultivars of tall fescue have been developed, but to maximize their utility for profitable livestock production a better understanding of conditions affecting seed and tiller transmission is needed to maintain endophytes in seed. Our understanding of mechanisms of endophyte transmission in planta is limited. Seasonal variations of endophyte in established tall fescue pastures in Watkinsville, GA, and seed fields near Salem, OR, were examined. Growth chamber experiments were conducted to examine temperature effects on plant and endophyte growth and to determine the cardinal minimum temperatures for each. Endophyte frequency varied over months in both Georgia and Oregon. Frequency averaged 93.4% when sampled April through December, but was 80.5% when sampled January through March in Georgia. Frequency averaged 64.5% when sampled February through April, but was 88.6% during other months in Oregon. Cardinal minimum temperature for plant growth was 5.2°C (± 0.5), but for endophyte was 10.3°C (± 0.7). Temperature appears to be a major variable affecting fluctuation of endophyte frequency in plant tissue.
Prevalence of vesivirus in a laboratory-based set of serum samples obtained from dairy and beef cattle
Authors: Kurth Andreas , Evermann James F. , Skilling Douglas E. , Matson David O. , Smith Alvin W.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To examine sera obtained from dairy and beef cattle to detect antibodies against vesivirus and compare seroprevalence among cattle within the sample population.

Sample Population—Cattle sera from 8 western states and Maryland submitted to the Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory during 1999 and 2000.

Procedure—Sera were analyzed for vesivirus-specific antibodies by use of a recombinant vesivirus–San Miguel sea lion virus serotype 5–capsid peptide antigen in an indirect ELISA.

Results—Overall, 693 sera were tested and 105 (15.2%) had positive results. Seropositive cattle were from 7 states (all cattle from Montana and Maryland 10 and 4, respectively were seronegative). Overall seroprevalence for antivesivirus antibody in herds ranged between 0% and 80% (median, 14%). Higher antibody prevalence was significantly associated with older age, dairy rather than beef cattle, and reasons for submission. Logistic regression of factors (abortion, respiratory tract disease, and all other reasons for sample submission) revealed that older age and other reasons were independently associated with higher seroprevalence. Higher seropositive optical density values for the ELISA were observed among older cattle and cattle that aborted, compared with values for cattle with respiratory tract disease or other reasons for submission.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—This laboratory-based surveillance sample provided a point estimate of seroprevalence against vesivirus among cattle in 9 US states. This suggests that vesivirus infection is widespread with high prevalence in some herds. Risk factors associated with vesivirus seroprevalence in beef and dairy cattle should be confirmed in population-based studies.
Evaluation of the effects of dietary n-3 fatty acid supplementation on the pharmacokinetics of doxorubicin in dogs with lymphoma
Authors: Selting Kim A. , Ogilvie Gregory K. , Gustafson Daniel L. , Long Michael E. , Lana Susan E. , Walton Judy A. , Hansen Rodney A. , Turner A. Simon , Laible Irene , Fettman Martin J.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine the effect of dietary n-3 fatty acids on the pharmacokinetics of doxorubicin in dogs with lymphoma.

Animals—23 dogs with lymphoma in stages IIIa, IVa, and Va.

Procedure—Dogs receiving doxorubicin chemotherapy were randomly allocated to receive food with a high (test group) or low (control group) content of n-3 fatty acids. Serum doxorubicin and doxorubicinol concentrations were measured via high-performance liquid chromatography before and 6 to 9 weeks after initiation of the diets. Lymph node concentrations of doxorubicin were assessed 6 hours after the initial treatment. Dogs' body composition was assessed by means of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans.

Results—No significant differences in doxorubicin pharmacokinetics were detected between treatment groups. Significant differences existed between the first and second sampling times among all dogs for area under the curve, maximum serum concentration, and clearance. Differences in body composition did not affect measured pharmacokinetic variables. The terminal elimination half-life was longer in dogs in which a long-term remission was achieved than in dogs that did not have remission.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Dietary supplementation of n-3 fatty acids is common in veterinary patients with neoplasia, but supplementation did not affect doxorubicin pharmacokinetics in this population of dogs. Explanations for the beneficial effects of n-3 fatty acids other than alterations in the pharmacokinetics of chemotherapy drugs should be investigated. Dogs may metabolize drugs differently prior to remission of lymphoma than when in remission. The pharmacokinetics of doxorubicin at the time of the first administration may predict response to treatment.
Effects of an alveolar recruitment maneuver on cardiovascular and respiratory parameters during total intravenous anesthesia in ponies
Authors: Wettstein Daniela , Moens Yves , Jaeggin-Schmucker Nicola , Böhm Stephan H. , Rothen Hans Ulrich , Mosing Martina , Kästner Sabine B. R. , Schatzmann Urs
Published: January 2006

Objective—To evaluate pulmonary and cardiovascular effects of a recruitment maneuver (RM) combined with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) during total intravenous anesthesia in ponies.

Animals—6 healthy adult Shetland ponies.

Procedure—After premedication with detomidine (10 μg/kg, IV), anesthesia was induced with climazolam (0.06 mg/kg, IV) and ketamine (2.2 mg/kg, IV) and maintained with a constant rate infusion of detomidine (0.024 mg/kg/h), climazolam (0.036 mg/kg/h), and ketamine (2.4 mg/kg/h). The RM was preceded by an incremental PEEP titration and followed by a decremental PEEP titration, both at a constant airway pressure difference ([.Delta]P) of 20 cm H2O. The RM consisted of a stepwise increase in [.Delta]P by 25, 30, and 35 cm H2O obtained by increasing peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) to 45, 50, and 55 cm H2O, while maintaining PEEP at 20 cm H2O. Hemodynamic and pulmonary variables were analyzed at every step of the PEEP titration–RM.

Results—During the PEEP titration–RM, there was a significant increase in PaO 2 (+12%), dynamic compliance (+ 62%), and heart rate (+17%) and a decrease in shunt (-19%) and mean arterial blood pressure (-21%) was recorded. Cardiac output remained stable.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Although baseline oxygenation was high, PaO 2 and dynamic compliance further increased during the RM. Despite the use of high PIP and PEEP and a high tidal volume, limited cardiovascular compromise was detected. A PEEP titration–RM may be used to improve oxygenation in anesthetized ponies. During stable hemodynamic conditions, PEEP titration–RM can be performed with acceptable adverse cardiovascular effects.
Influence of metoclopramide on gastroesophageal reflux in anesthetized dogs
Authors: Wilson Deborah V. , Evans A. Tom , Mauer Whitney A.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine the effect of 2 doses of metoclopramide on the incidence of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in anesthetized dogs.

Animals—52 healthy dogs undergoing elective orthopedic surgery.

Procedure—In this prospective clinical study, dogs were evaluated before and during orthopedic surgery. The anesthetic protocol used was standardized to include administration of acepromazine, morphine, thiopental, and isoflurane. Dogs were randomly selected to receive an infusion of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution, a low dose of metoclopramide, or a high dose of metoclopramide before and during anesthesia. Treatment groups were similar with respect to age, body weight, duration of food withholding before surgery, duration of surgery, and dose of thiopental administered. Dogs were positioned in dorsal recumbency during surgery. A sensor-tipped catheter was inserted to measure esophageal pH during anesthesia. We defined GER as a decrease in esophageal pH to < 4 or an increase to > 7.5 that lasted more than 30 seconds.

Results—The high dose of metoclopramide (bolus loading dose of 1.0 mg/kg, IV, followed by continuous infusion at a rate of 1.0 mg/kg/h) was associated with a 54% reduction in relative risk of developing GER. The low dose did not significantly affect the incidence of GER.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Administration of metoclopramide by bolus and constant rate infusion at doses much higher than commonly used will reduce the incidence but not totally prevent GER in anesthetized dogs undergoing orthopedic surgery.
Effects of femur position on radiographic assessment of completeness of femoral head and neck excision in medium- to large-breed dogs
Authors: Vinayak Arathi , Kerwin Sharon C. , Ward Michael P. , Bahr Anne , Peycke Laura E. , Mertens Walter D.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine the effect of femur positioning on radiographic assessment of completeness of excision after femoral head and neck excision (FHNE) in medium to large breed dogs.

Sample Population—10 femurs from canine cadavers (body weight > 20 kg).

Procedure—Complete FHNE was performed on 5 canine femurs. Excision consisting of inadequate removal of the medial distal aspect of the femoral neck was performed on the remaining 5 femurs. Each femur was positioned with predetermined amounts of internal and external rotation about the long axis and radiographed. Investigators evaluated a set of 8 radiographic views of each femur. Sensitivity (SE), specificity (SP), positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and completeness of excision assessment accuracy were estimated for each of the femur positions.

Results—Craniocaudal radiographic views of the femur positioned with external rotation of 15°, 30°, and 45° as a group had the highest SE, SP, and completeness of excision assessment accuracy relative to other radiographic views. The SE, SP, and accuracy of assessment were higher when the degree of external rotation was increased from 15° to 30° or 45°.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Craniocaudal radiographic views of the femur positioned in external rotation (15°, 30°, and 45°) improved the ability to detect adequacy of excision relative to standard craniocaudal and lateromedial radiographic views. Evaluation of craniocaudal radiographic views of the femur positioned in external rotation may increase the ability to assess FHNE adequacy in medium- to large- breed dogs.
Serum lipase activities and pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity concentrations in dogs with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
Authors: Steiner Jörg M. , Rutz Gabi M. , Williams David A.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine serum lipase activities and pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (PLI) concentrations in dogs with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI).

Animals—74 healthy dogs and 25 dogs with EPI.

Procedures—A diagnosis of EPI was made on the basis of clinical signs, low serum trypsin like immunoreactivity (TLI) concentration, and response to treatment with enzyme replacement. Median values for fasting serum lipase activity and serum PLI concentrations were compared between the 2 groups with a Mann-Whitney U test.

Results—Median fasting serum lipase activity was not significantly different between dogs with EPI (366.0 U/L) and healthy dogs (294.5 U/L), and only 1 dog with EPI had a serum lipase activity less than the lower limit of the reference range. Median serum PLI concentration was significantly lower in dogs with EPI (0.1 μg/L) than in healthy dogs (16.3 μg/L). All dogs with EPI had serum PLI concentrations less than the lower limit of the reference range.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Serum lipase activity is not limited to the exocrine pancreas in origin, whereas serum PLI is derived only from the exocrine pancreas. Unlike in serum TLI concentrations, there was a small degree of overlap in serum PLI concentrations between healthy dogs and dogs with EPI. Serum TLI concentration remains the test of choice for diagnosis of EPI.
Effects of a therapeutic riding program on at-risk and special education children
Authors: Kaiser Lana , Smith Katharine Ann , Heleski Camie R. , Spence Linda J.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine the effects of a therapeutic riding program on psychosocial measurements among children considered at risk for poor performance or failure in school or life and among children in special education programs.

Design—Observational study.

Population—17 at-risk children (6 boys and 11 girls) and 14 special education children (7 boys and 7 girls).

Procedure—For the at-risk children, anger, anxiety, perceived self-competence, and physical coordination were assessed. For the special education children, anger and cheerfulness were measured, and the children's and their mothers' perceptions of the children's behavior were assessed. Measurements were made before and after an 8-session therapeutic riding program.

Results—For boys enrolled in the special education program, anger was significantly decreased after completion of the riding program. The boys' mothers also perceived significant improvements in their children's behavior after completion of the program.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that an 8-session therapeutic riding program can significantly decrease anger in adolescent boys in a special education program and positively affect their mothers' perception of the boys' behavior.
Evaluation of a two-centimeter lateral surgical margin for excision of grade I and grade II cutaneous mast cell tumors in dogs
Authors: Fulcher Ryan P. , Ludwig Lori L. , Bergman Philip J. , Newman Shelley J. , Simpson Amelia M. , Patnaik Amiya K.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To evaluate completeness of excision and clinical outcome in dogs with cutaneous mast cell tumors (MCTs) excised with a lateral margin of 2 cm and a deep margin of 1 fascial plane.

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—16 client-owned dogs with 1 or more cutaneous MCTs.

Procedure—Excision of MCTs was performed with a 2-cm lateral margin and a deep margin of 1 fascial plane. Histologic tumor grading was performed; surgical margins were categorized as complete or incomplete. Follow-up information was obtained via repeat examination of the dogs by veterinarians or client-completed questionnaires.

Results—4 grade I and 19 grade II cutaneous MCTs were evaluated. Overall, 21 (91%) MCTs were completely excised; 2 grade II tumors had foci of mast cells at the 2-cm margin. Two dogs received adjunctive treatments following surgery. Follow-up information was available for all dogs (median follow-up period, 379 days; range, 51 to 538 days); no local recurrence was detected during this time. De novo MCTs were detected in 3 of 16 dogs at 37, 54, and 154 days after surgery. Via Kaplan-Meier analysis, median survival time and disease-free interval were both > 538 days (medians not yet reached). No prognostic variables were identified.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Excision with a 2-cm lateral margin and a deep margin of 1 fascial plane may result in satisfactory excision of grades I and II MCTs in dogs, with recurrence rates similar to those reported previously. Use of these margins may minimize complications associated with larger local tumor resection.
Serum alkaline phosphatase activity in Scottish Terriers versus dogs of other breeds
Authors: Nestor Derek D. , Holan Kate M. , Johnson Cheri A. , Schall William , Kaneene John B.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine whether Scottish Terriers have higher serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities and a higher prevalence of diseases commonly associated with high serum ALP activity than do dogs of other breeds.

Design—Retrospective case-control study.

Animals—85 Scottish Terriers and 340 age-matched control dogs that were not Scottish Terriers.

Procedure—Medical records were reviewed, and data for year of evaluation, age, sex, breed, serum ALP activity, and final diagnosis were recorded.

Results—Scottish Terriers had a significantly higher mean serum ALP activity than did control dogs (1,520 U/L vs 306 U/L). Regardless of breed, dogs that had a disease commonly associated with high serum ALP activity had a significantly higher mean serum ALP activity than did dogs without such diseases (1,304 U/L vs 427 U/L). Scottish Terriers were 2.4 times as likely to have a disease commonly associated with high serum ALP activity than were control dogs, but Scottish Terriers with diseases commonly associated with high serum ALP activity had a significantly higher mean ALP activity than did control dogs with such diseases (2,073 U/L vs 909 U/L), and Scottish Terriers without such diseases had a significantly higher mean serum ALP activity than did control dogs without such diseases (1,349 U/L vs 228 U/L).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that Scottish Terriers have higher serum ALP activities than do dogs of other breeds. Although Scottish Terriers also have a higher prevalence of diseases associated with high serum ALP activity, this alone did not explain the higher mean serum ALP activity in the breed.