bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impacto del H-564C, híbrido de maíz con alta calidad de proteína para el trópico húmedo de México
Authors: Sierra Macías Mauro , Rodríguez Montalvo Flavio , Palafox Caballero Artemio , Gómez Montiel Noel , Espinosa Calderón Alejandro
Published: May 2021

El maíz con alta calidad de proteína puede mejorar el nivel nutricional en México, en especial niños, mujeres lactantes y ancianos. El Campo Cotaxtla, ha generado híbridos y variedades de maíz y produce semilla básica y registrada, para su multiplicación por las empresas semilleras. En 2009 fue liberado el H-564C con el número de registro ante el Servicio Nacional de Inspección y Certificación de Semillas (SNICS) 2257-MAZ-1133-300609/C. Durante 2010 a 2012 se distribuyeron 695 kg de la cruza LT158xLT159 y 265 kg de la línea LT160 de semilla registrada para 48 has de producción de semilla del H-564C y se obtuvieron 144 toneladas de semilla certificada, para una siembra comercial de 7,200 has en el trópico mexicano. De una muestra de 14 productores en 17.5 hectáreas de siembra se obtuvo un rendimiento de 7.11 t ha-1.
Situación ictiológica, limnológica y pesquera del lago de Zapotlán
Authors: Michel Parra Guadalupe J. , Gómez Galindo Carlos , Hernández Terrones María del Carmen , Santibañez Escobar Rene , Santoyo Téllez Felipe
Published: May 2021

Prioridades para este milenio, proteger, conservar, aprovechar y manejar sustentablemente humedales, mediante actividades integrales pesca, fuentes de alimento, empleo, descanso y esparcimiento, en el Lago de Zapotlán se impulsan investigaciones en aspectos ictiológico, limnológico, pesquero, que fortalecen la conservación de ecosistemas. El crecimiento poblacional y consumismo aumentan los impactos biológicos y efectos sociales perjudiciales para los humedales. Objetivo: Determinar la situación ictiológica, limnológica y pesquera en el Lago de Zapotlán. El estudio fue de mayo 2012 a abril 2013 en Laguna de Zapotlán, localizada en sur de Jalisco. El trabajo fue transversal, descriptivo

 

variables ictiológicas, limnológica y pesquera, aplicando métodos estadísticos. Resultados: Ictiológicas: Carpa (Cirpinus carpio comunis.), (Cirpinus carpio especualaris.), tilapia (Orechromis spp.), lobina (Micropterus salmoides), charal (Menidia grandocule), pescado lodero (Goodea atripinnis) y pintitas (Poecliopis infans). Limnología: temperatura 21.9ºC, oxígeno disuelto 4.0 a 6.0 mg/L; agua alcalina de 145 ppm y dureza 155 ppm, pH 9.11, con bajo/alto contenido de amonio y ortofosfato disuelto y Clorofila de 74 mg/m. Diagnóstico pesquero: tilapia, carpa, lobina y charal para pesca comercial. Esfuerzo pesquero: dos organizaciones con 64 pescadores. Captura por pescador 40 kg/día, promedio anual de 488 tons. Especímenes capturados: carpa (de 24 a 31 cm y peso de 600 a 800 grs) y tilapia (de 22.25 cm. y peso de 236 grs. en promedio). Artes de pesca: Redes agalleras longitud de 60 m abertura y malla de 3½” a 4½”, embarcaciones lanchas de fibra de vidrio de 14 pies. Reproducción: Carpa: marzo-septiembre y Tilapia: marzo-octubre.
A ARTE DE RUA: BELEZA, LUTA E CONSCIENTIZAÇÃO
Authors: Castro Elis Crokidakis
Published: May 2021

No bairro de Santa Teresa, no Rio de Janeiro, as ruas servem às mais variadas formas artísticas e de resistência. O direito à cidade visto sob o prisma da arte e como esta pode de alguma maneira interferir no processo de conscientização, luta e ajudar no embelezamento do olhar de que passa nas ruas. A street art como forma de democratização da arte no espaço da cidade. Asreflexões proporcionadas ao sujeito que vê as imagens nos muros da cidade e sua importância na formação das identidades edas subjetividades.
ETAPAS DO MÉTODO CIENTÍFICO COM ALUNOS DO ENSINO FUNDAMENTAL
Authors: Ferraz Ícaro Gabriel Delgado , Barros Kíria Guida , Campolina Camargo Luca , De Carvalho Moara  Chimento , Da Silva Alexsandro Santos , Teixeira Silva Fabio
Published: May 2021

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimular o saber científico nos educandos desde a Educação Básica de Ensino através do desenvolvimento das etapas dos métodos científicos. Buscou-se descrever, neste trabalho, o relato sobre um conjunto de ações investigativa, seguindo os passos do Método científico. O método utilizado foi a observação de uma publicação em site sobre o comportamento de uma espécie de formiga (Camponotus terebrans), foi levantado o problema (Será que a formiga pixixica (Wasmannia auropunctata) também prefere xixi do que água açucarada?), elaboração de hipóteses, início de experimentação, análise dos resultados, aceitação ou rejeição da hipótese. O comportamento das formigas (W. auropunctata) observadas nas quatro experiências, levou os alunos a aceitarem a hipótese  "a formiga prefere água açucarada do que xixi" diferente do comportamento da formiga C. terebrans relatada no site https://www.valedoitaunas.com.br/artigo/formigas-preferem-ingerir-xixi-a-acucar-e-isso-faz-bem-ao-planeta. Firmando-se nos relatórios, percebe-se que os educandos compreenderam, através da prática, o assunto que estava exposto no livro didático, bem como demonstraram um caráter científico.
Художественно-анималистические образы универсально-трансферной связи мира природы и музыки в творчестве Абая
Authors: Какимова Лаура
Published: May 2021

На основе анализа идей известных ученых раскрывается и делается попытка рассмотреть феномен национальной музыкальной культуры посредством произведений творчества Абая. Показываются универсально-трансферные связи мира природы и художественно-анималистических образов произведений, которые воплощают в себе ценности и идеалы общества, приемлемые к организации музыкально-творческой деятельности обучающихся в работе педагога-музыканта. В эпоху глобализациии культурных перемен, происходящих в настоящее время в Казахстане, с духовным возрождением нации и осознанием своей ментальности, а вместе с этим и новым взглядом на отечественную музыкальную культуру, актуальным встает разработка элективного курса по музыкальному абаеведению. Авторский коллектив научного проекта предлагает выстроить элективный курс по трем модулям, раскрывающий многогранное творческое наследие великого Абая – философа и гуманиста, поэта и музыканта конца XIX – начала XX века. Согласно разработанному курсу качества обучения и привлечения обучающихся к духовно-художественным ценностям авторами теоретически обоснованы условия решения трех взаимосвязанных проблем – развитие личностного потенциала, формирование творческой среды и повышение качества образования подрастающего поколения. Цель курса направлена на популяризацию музыкального стиля абаевской лирики, жанровой своеобразности творчества и на привлечение талантливой молодежи к миру искусства. В представленной статье определены и рассмотрены темы художественно-анималистических образов через призму произведений поэта. Раскрываются сущностные характеристики музыкально-художественного творчества Абая, которое воплощает в себе эстетические, духовно-нравственные, художественные ценности, созвучные времени и потребностям современного общества. Посредством музыкального наследия Абая рассматриваются возможности приобщения подрастающей молодежи к национальной культуре и искусству, путем возрождения их национального самосознания и осмысления музыкального воспитания и образования.
Cultural marginality and its social implications
Authors: Temirgaliev Kudaibergen , Jamaliyeva Gaziza
Published: May 2021

The article is devoted to exam the problem of cultural marginality. Due to the fact that nowadays, during the formation of new social forces and relations, many societies, including Kazakhstan’s, more-less experience a vacuum of values and norms. Marginal individuals in the conditions of new landmarks formation are lacking the stable social orientations; it is very hard for them to identify themselves with sufficient certainty. A marginal state characterizes by the fact that a human, having left one culture, leaving it on the outer plane of his being, does not fit into a culture new for him, does not come to it, although he lives in the presence of its innumerable displays. The individual is in the stage of mastering new cultural features, but he cannot yet master them completely. This is the marginality as the natural paradox for being transitional, borderline social and cultural status. Usually, it is precisely in transition eras that the process of marginalization intensifies sharply and expands in its scale. People feel insecure and socially unstable. In this regard, the purpose of this article is to thoroughly exam the problem of marginality. In writing the article, we used the methods of cognitive-evaluative analysis, the methodology of cross-cultural-psychological research and the principle of the historical traditions unity. Based on the research of marginality problem, we conclude that the personality absorbs single and diverse, whole and detailed, universal and individual. In this regard, the problem of marginalization should be resolved through personal self-determination. This article was written by virtue of the works of various philosophers, sociologists and educators who studied the problems of marginality. The article offers a number of recommendations for solving the problem of marginality in the new realities.
ПОЛУЧЕНИЕ ОКСИХЛОРИДА АЛЮМИНИЯ ИЗ ТРИГИДРОКСИДА АЛЮМИНИЯ И СОЛЯНОЙ КИСЛОТЫ
Authors: Масакбаева Софья Руслановна , Токарева Анна Валерьевна , Несмеянова Римма Михайловна , Ковтарева Светлана Юрьевна
Published: May 2021

В статье описан эксперимент по получению оксихлорида алюминия из гидроксида алюминия и соляной кислоты в лабораторных условиях. Рассмотрена возможность синтеза коагулянта из сырья различного качества. Описана схема и принцип работы лабораторной установки по получению коагулянтов. В статье предоставлены результаты анализа полученных продуктов. Исследованы способы получения оксихлорида алюминия при единоразовом и дробном введении реагентов в реактор.
РАЗРАБОТКА АНАЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ МОДЕЛИ ВЕРОЯТНОСТНОГО ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ТОЧНОСТИ ИСПОЛНИТЕЛЬНОГО РАЗМЕРА С УЧЕТОМ ВЛИЯНИЯ МАСШТАБНОГО ФАКТОРА
Authors: Барзов Александр Александрович , Денчик Александр Иванович , Мусина Жанара Керейовна , Ткачук Андрей Александрович
Published: May 2021

Предложено анализировать точность деталей машин с учетом масштабного фактора (МФ), описываемого соответствующей вероятностной зависимостью. В основе такого подхода используется понятие функционально значимого технологического возмущения (ФЗТВ) процесса формирования некоторого исполнительного размера, которое приводит к возникновению соответствующей погрешности изготовления в широком понимании данного термина. В рамках данной работы МФ характеризует вероятность наличия потенциально опасных микрозон ФЗТВ в пределах размера (l). В работе на основе математического анализа показано, что вероятность воздействия случайных факторов при механической обработке (МО) на точность исполнительного размера описывается известным выражением , где C – средняя концентрация случайных факторов; V – область распределения случайных факторов. Необходимо подчеркнуть, что данное выражение, хорошо известно в статистической механике разрушения, как масштабный фактор (МФ) прочности твердых тел [1]. В рамках поставленной задачи под (V) понимается область вероятного проявления функционально значимого технологического воздействия (ФЗТВ) случайного фактора на выходные параметры МО резанием в системе СПИД – станок, приспособление, инструмент, деталь. В работе анализируется роль МФ, который следует рассматривать не только как специфическую характеристику поврежденности материала, вероятностно зависящую от его габаритов, но и как более общий фактор, значимо влияющий на функциональное качество различных объектов анализа при МО.
МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКАЯ МОДЕЛЬ ДЛЯ ПРОВЕРКИ РАЗМЕРОВ ОТВЕРСТИЙ В ЦИЛИНДРИЧЕСКОМ ЗОЛОТНИКОВОМ ПЕРЕДАТЧИКЕ
Authors: Татанов Пётр Владимирович , Янюшкин Андрей Романович , Янюшкин Александр Сергеевич
Published: May 2021

Металлообработка, на сегодняшний день является наиболее интенсивно развивающейся отраслью. Доля ее постоянно увеличивается. Для повышения производительности и качества обработки необходимо использовать режущий инструмент со сменными твердосплавными пластинами. В данной статье рассматривается проблема использования вторичного ресурса твердосплавных многогранных режущих пластин. Цель работы – найти альтернативные способы повторного использования пластин из твердого сплава. Методика решения – разработка нового вида режущего инструмента, использующего незадействованный рабочий потенциал отработанных пластин. Результаты и обсуждения – были спроектированы и изготовлены токарный резец и торцевая фреза. Инструмент прошел успешную эксплуатацию в производственных условиях.
Sleep Quality in Semi-Professional Male Basketball Players in Bermuda
Authors: Roopchand-Martin Sharmella
Published: May 2021

Objectives: This study sought to determine the quality of sleep using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the presence of sleepiness using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and the association between sleep quality and sleepiness in basketball players in Bermuda.

Methods: Once ethical approval was granted, players were recruited from the Bermuda Basketball Association League. All participants completed the PSQI and the ESS questionnaires based on their recollection of events as they occurred over the previous 30 days. Their responses were analysed using the IBM SPSS version 19 for Windows.

Results: A total of 71 subjects, mean age 24.96 ± 3.19 years, participated in this study. The mean PSQI score was 7.8 ± 4.7 (scores of 5 or more indicate poor sleep quality). Thirty percent of players rated their sleep quality as fairly bad to very bad. The mean sleepiness score was 7.35 ± 4.17 and over 60% of persons surveyed had more than normal levels of sleepiness. There was a significant correlation between sleep quality and sleepiness; 0.61 (p < 0.01), as well as a correlation between age and Global PSQI which had a score of 0.31 (p < 0.01).

Conclusion: Basketball players in Bermuda are experiencing less than optimal sleep. Insomnia was among the most popular self-reported cause of sleep disturbances. Further research is required in this population, exploring causal factors for poor sleep quality.

Key words: Athletes, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Sleep Quality.
HIGHER-LEVEL THINKING SKILLS DEVELOPMENT BY READING LITERARY AND INFORMATIONAL TEXTS IN LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE TEXTBOOKS IN 3-4 GRADES
Authors: Venskuvienė Nadia
Published: May 2021

Reading and reading comprehension is necessary for almost every area of life. Therefore, it is important to start develop reading comprehension skills already in primary school.
According to the international (PIRLS, 2001, 2006, 2011) and the national (2005, 2007, 2012) student achievement is observed that some 4 grade students literary and informational texts comprehension skills are deteriorating. Particular attention should be given to higher-order thinking skills development, i.e. textual information interpretation, integration, evaluation, because the results of these skills significantly descended over the past five years.
Study of two alternative Lithuanian language textbooks for 3-4 grades helped to identify that given comprehension tasks develops student’s lower and higher-order thinking skills but some differences noticed as well. One textbook contains questions and tasks oriented to the lower level of thinking, i.e., the knowledge, understanding and the application of skills. In another textbook there are more questions and tasks that focus on higher-level thinking, i.e. analysis, synthesis and evaluation skills. Either in researched textbooks differ the number of questions and tasks for understanding literary and informational texts.
This article presents results of the study, which revealed a higher-level thinking skills development by reading literary and informational texts in alternative Lithuanian language textbooks for 3-4 grades.
Key words: higher-level thinking skills, reading comprehension, textbooks.
Developing a web-based research administration and management system : case study of a South African higher education institution
Authors:   , Nyirenda Misheck
Published: May 2021

Research has become one of the major activities of higher education institutions (HEIs) worldwide. Increasingly important is research information that emanates from the published research as it has now become one of the major sources of funding especially within the South African higher education landscape. However, many HEIs are facing numerous problems managing research information to sustain and attract more funding. The lack of resources to build or acquire appropriate systems for managing research information has been identified as one of the major challenges in HEIs. However, recent studies show that advancements have been made in some countries to address the challenge. For instance, in South Africa, a proprietary research information management system (RIMS) has been implemented in some HEIs. Nevertheless, some HEIs still face problems regarding the use of RIMS. Studies further show that most proprietary systems do not adequately satisfy requirements as desired by the HEIs. This is mostly because proprietary systems are developed without fully understanding the user requirements of individual HEIs. Moreover, most proprietary systems are developed following ad hoc approaches which neglect the requirements specification stage in the development life cycle. Requirements specification is important as it brings developers and users to a common understanding about the requirements of the system before development. The initial lack of consensus about system requirements results in systems that have technical barriers which make users shun from using them. For instance, such systems do not adapt very well to devices with small screens such as mobile phones, and do not have attractive interfaces to make users want to use them. Proprietary systems are also costly to acquire and maintain. Moreover, HEIs may not be able to immediately implement the new desired features in the system because proprietary systems usually do not allow them access to the source code. This study develops a web-based research administration and management system (RAMS) as a proposed solution to the problems of using a proprietary system to manage research information at a South African higher education institution. The study emphasises the use of formal methods for requirements specification to build an optimal system. Consequently, the Zermelo-Fraenkel Z specification language was used to specify the requirements of the proposed system which was developed in close collaboration with the intended users who also assessed its usability. The system evaluation responses were made on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree. The overall results of the evaluation show that RAMS is usable and suitable for managing research information, nonetheless improvements are recommended.
Evaluation of quality administrative practices in three selected Technical and Vocational Education and Training colleges in KwaZulu-Natal
Authors:   , Mpanza Nomzamo Monica
Published: May 2021

This dissertation evaluates the quality of administrative practices in three selected Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) colleges in KwaZulu-Natal, situated in the Durban area. TVET Colleges, formerly known as Further Education and Training (FET) colleges in South Africa, have undergone numerous changes since 1994. The South African government has recognized the sharp increase in unemployment, particularly among the youth of the country. There is a dearth of trained employees possessing a certain skills set required in the South African vocational industry and the government has identified TVET colleges as the panacea to address this skills shortage. Student satisfaction is important in higher education as it influences effective learning. This study adopted a mixed methods approach involving a set of questionnaires administered to students. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with administrative clerks and administrative managers. A stratified sampling technique was used when collecting data from staff and a convenience sample was applied when collecting data from students. A SERVQUAL theoretical framework was employed in this study; this model explains the students’ perceptions and expectations in evaluation of administrative practices which have been used to measure service quality in an administrative service context. The result of the research indicated great importance for all TVET colleges to implement an appropriate set of processes for the administrative practices and to continuously review and refine the application system (COLTECH) being used to capture academic information for students, and the lack of support to the administrative clerks in dealing with all students’ enquiries expeditiously. Following an in-depth analysis of the results, this study recommends more consultation with students regarding administrative practices; flexibility in accessing academic information on time; a high level of communication in any enquiries; and proper monitoring of the application system (COLTECH). Administrative clerks should be authorised to rectify errors as soon as possible; continuous training; workshops and the COLTECH application system should be continuously upgraded.
Investigating the root cause of solar power unsustainability in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Authors:   , Mdlolo Bantubenzani Nelson
Published: May 2021

Like many other countries, South Africa as a developing country relies on electricity as the most important basic amenity needed for development. KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) is a province in South Africa affected by an erratic supply of electricity. In the past few years, some areas in KZN region have continued to experience load shedding, while other areas do not have access to electricity at all. Municipalities are responsible for electricity supply and regulation in the KZN communities. Due to its geographical location KwaZulu-Natal enjoys a warm subtropical climate and receives year-round sunshine even in the winter months. It is thus an ideal region for the implementation of solar power on a large scale. Renewable energy in the form of solar power could easily generate an adequate supply of electricity to meet the electricity demand requirements and energy sustainability of the KZN province. South Africa has a renewable electricity generation of about 2% as per the research of United Nation Statistics Division of 2009 (Manju and Suger, 2017). However, the current access to electricity still faces the challenge of meeting demand and shortage of coal to generate electricity which the most important required to all South Africans; therefore, an effective alternative such as solar power is a necessity. The main challenge to the solar electricity supply is its unsustainability in the region. Intermittent load shedding coupled with the unsustainability of solar power, has negatively affected the economic performance of the region. This challenge (solar power unsustainability) limits the region from meeting the energy demands facing the KZN region. The main aim of this study was to investigate the root cause of solar power unsustainability in the KZN region. A quantitative method as well as a cost-benefit analysis was used to interrogate the solar power crisis in the KZN region. The Cost Benefit Analysis CBA gave an assurance of an early (financial) investment when implementing solar power in the eThekwini region. The adopted multiple regressions also revealed the high possibility of solar power performance of 0.75 r²-value. All challenges facing solar power are investigated through the cause and effect diagram as well. The Economical, Methodological and Environmental (EME) framework was proposed to address the unsustainability of solar power discovered in the region of KwaZulu-Natal. However, more work still needs to be done to investigate the potential growth of solar power in the region.
Strategies, challenges and best practices in implementing black economic empowerment in selected South African companies
Authors:   , Juggernath Swastika
Published: May 2021

This study presents an exploration of the challenges, strategies, and best practices in implementing Black Economic Empowerment within selected organisations in South Africa. The practise of Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment (BBBEE) within industry aims to provide redress for the imbalances of the apartheid era with the support of businesses. The focus area for this study is centred around the organizational implementation of BEE, which has become an unavoidable imperative for many South African companies if they wish to maintain long term profitability (Business Map, 2005). The challenge that arises is that, BEE legislation is not mandatory for the private sector, and businesses have no legal obligation to comply with it should they wish not to. This allows room for organisations to decide whether BEE will be profitable for the business or not and therefore, some organisations are hesitant and/or too slow to implement BEE, and hence, the pace of BEE compliancy is further questioned. The priorities and responsibilities of management in driving BEE, as well as the challenges, strategies, and best practices in implementing it, were investigated through this study, using both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. To achieve the objectives of the study, a survey using questionnaires and interviews was adopted. Questionnaires were administered to organisations on the 2018 Empowerdex List of Top 100 Companies and twenty of the respondents were selected for interviews. The findings from the study showed that the government and BEE consultants can support organisations with BEE implementation. Various departments must be accountable for successful BEE implementation together with the sound guidance of managers and ethical leadership for genuine transformation. Whilst various challenges were noted, strategies and best practices area also noted for successful BEE implementation. Based on the findings, a BEE Implementation Framework based on best practice was developed to assist South African businesses with their BEE implementation. The study is of significance to South African organisations, particularly those engaged in BEE implementation, government and academics who are exploring development and transformation within South African organisations.
Comparative analysis of differentially expressed miRNAs related to uterine involution in the ovine ovary and uterus
Authors: Yang Heng , Fu Lin , Luo Qifeng , Li Licai , Zheng Fangling , Wen Jiayu , Luo Xingxiu , Li Chenjing , Zhao Zongsheng , Xu Huihao , Wang Gaofu
Published: May 2021

Abstract. To examine the possible miRNA molecular regulatory mechanisms
during maternal uterine involution after delivery, we selected ovary and
uterus tissues that are structurally connected as experimental materials. We
employed Illumina HiSeq sequencing to screen and analyze the quantity and
characteristics of miRNA in postpartum ewes in the methylergometrine-treated
group and physiological saline control group. Results showed that 16 miRNAs
were identified in the ovary libraries, including 4 known miRNAs and 12
novel miRNAs. In the uterus libraries, 54 miRNAs were identified, which
included 5 known miRNAs and 49 novel miRNAs. At the same time, target gene
prediction, GO annotation, and KEGG signaling pathway enrichment analysis
were employed. We found that maternal uterine involution after delivery may
involve two miRNA-target gene pairs, i.e., miRNA-200a-ZEB1 and YAP1. The
YAP1/Hippo signaling pathway is used to construct an ovary–uterine axial
regulatory mechanism to regulate the restoration of postpartum maternal
uterine morphology and function. In view of this, the identification of
miRNAs with significant differences in this study fills a gap in research on
miRNAs associated with regulation of postpartum uterine recovery in ewes and
provided an important reference for comprehensive understanding and in-depth
research on the regulatory molecular network mechanism for postpartum
uterine involution in small ruminants.
Extreme Ice Crystal Events Linked to Biomass and Fossil Fuel Combustion
Authors: Raga Graciela B. , Baumgardner Darrel , Rios Blanca , Díaz-Esteban Yanet , Jaramillo Alejandro , Gallagher Martin , Sauvage Bastien , Wolff Pawel , Lloyd Gary
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Eight years of upper tropospheric (UT) ice crystal measurements with the Backscatter Cloud Probe (BCP), operated as part of the In-Service Aircraft for a Global Observing System (IAGOS), have been analyzed to assess the frequency and characteristics of extreme ice crystal events (EIE), defined in this study as encounters with clouds that have number concentrations exceeding 5000 L−1. A total of 6490 events, in clouds of horizontal extent ≥ 2.5 km, were identified during the period from December 2011 to March 2020 in the global band between 30° S and 30° N. Evaluation of in situ measurements of carbon monoxide in these UT clouds, combined with back-trajectories and carbon monoxide emission inventories, allow the identification of regional anthropogenic sources. An evaluation of low- and upper-level kinematic variables from the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2), combined with spatial distribution of aerosol optical depth and regions of biomass burning, reveal the physical mechanism by which the particles are lofted to flight levels in regions of deep convection. The maps of lightning frequency derived from the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) contribute additional evidence of the role of deep convection lofting ice forming aerosols to the UT. The MERRA-2 analysis shows clear spatial correlations that link dust, black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC) and sulfate particles with regions of EIE. Given the composition of the source aerosols and the nature of their transport to the UT, the ice clouds are likely of liquid origin whereby droplets formed on these particles are lofted and freeze heterogeneously as have been reported in previous studies. The results from this study have important ramifications related to climate change, satellite measurement validation, weather forecasting and aircraft operations.
Complex refractive indices in the ultraviolet and visible spectral region for highly absorbing non-spherical biomass burning aerosol
Authors: Womack Caroline C. , Manfred Katherine M. , Wagner Nicholas L. , Adler Gabriela , Franchin Alessandro , Lamb Kara D. , Middlebrook Ann M. , Schwarz Joshua P. , Brock Charles A. , Brown Steven S. , Washenfelder Rebecca A.
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Biomass burning aerosol is a major source of PM2.5,
and significantly affects Earth's radiative budget. The magnitude of its
radiative effect is poorly quantified due to uncertainty in the optical
properties of aerosol formed from biomass burning. Using a broadband cavity-enhanced spectrometer with a recently increased spectral range (360–720 nm) coupled to a size-selecting aerosol inlet, we retrieve complex
refractive indices of aerosol throughout the near-ultraviolet and visible
spectral region. We demonstrate refractive index retrievals for two standard
aerosol samples: polystyrene latex spheres and ammonium sulfate. We then
retrieve refractive indices for biomass burning aerosol from 13 controlled
fires during the 2016 Missoula Fire Science Laboratory Study. We demonstrate
that the technique is highly sensitive to the accuracy of the aerosol size
distribution method and find that while we can constrain the optical
properties of brown carbon aerosol for many fires, fresh smoke dominated by
fractal-like black carbon aerosol presents unique challenges and is not
well-represented by Mie theory. For the 13 fires, we show that the accuracy
of Mie theory retrievals decreases as the fraction of black carbon mass
increases. At 475 nm, the average refractive index is 1.635 (±0.056)
+0.06 (±0.12)i, and at 365 nm, the average refractive index is 1.605
(±0.041) +0.038 (±0.074)i.
Spatial and temporal changes of the ozone sensitivity in China based on satellite and ground-based observations
Authors: Wang Wannan , van der A Ronald , Ding Jieying , van Weele Michiel , Cheng Tianhai
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Ground-level ozone (O3) pollution has been steadily
getting worse in most parts of eastern China during the past 5 years. The
non-linearity of O3 formation with its precursors like nitrogen oxides
(NOx= NO + NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are
complicating effective O3 abatement plans. The diagnosis from
space-based observations, i.e. the ratio of formaldehyde (HCHO) columns to
tropospheric NO2 columns (HCHO / NO2), has previously been proved to
be highly consistent with our current understanding of surface O3
chemistry. HCHO / NO2 ratio thresholds distinguishing O3 formation
sensitivity depend on regions and O3 chemistry interactions with
aerosol. To shed more light on the current O3 formation sensitivity
over China, we have derived HCHO / NO2 ratio thresholds by directly
connecting satellite-based HCHO / NO2 observations and ground-based
O3 measurements over the major Chinese cities in this study. We find
that a VOC-limited regime occurs for HCHO / NO2 < 2.3, and
a NOx-limited regime occurs for HCHO / NO2 > 4.2. The
HCHO / NO2 between 2.3 and 4.2 reflects the transition between the two
regimes. Our method shows that the O3 formation sensitivity tends to be
VOC-limited over urban areas and NOx-limited over rural and remote
areas in China. We find that there is a shift in some cities from the
VOC-limited regime to the transitional regime that is associated with a rapid drop
in anthropogenic NOx emissions, owing to the widely applied rigorous
emission control strategies between 2016 and 2019. This detected spatial
expansion of the transitional regime is supported by rising surface O3
concentrations. The enhanced O3 concentrations in urban areas during
the COVID-19 lockdown in China indicate that a protocol with simultaneous
anthropogenic NOx emissions and VOC emissions controls is essential for
O3 abatement plans.
Planetary radar science case for EISCAT 3D
Authors: Tveito Torbjørn , Vierinen Juha , Gustavsson Björn , Narayanan Viswanathan Lakshmi
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Ground-based inverse synthetic aperture radar is a tool that can provide insights into the early history and formative processes of planetary bodies in the inner solar system.
This information is gathered by measuring the scattering matrix of the target body, providing composite information about the physical structure and chemical makeup of its surface and subsurface down to the penetration depth of the radio wave.
This work describes the technical capabilities of the upcoming 233 MHz European Incoherent Scatter Scientific Association (EISCAT) 3D radar facility for measuring planetary surfaces.
Estimates of the achievable signal-to-noise ratios for terrestrial target bodies are provided. While Venus and Mars can possibly be detected, only the Moon is found to have sufficient signal-to-noise ratio to allow high-resolution mapping to be performed.
The performance of the EISCAT 3D antenna layout is evaluated for interferometric range–Doppler disambiguation, and it is found to be well suited for this task, providing up to 20 dB of separation between Doppler northern and southern hemispheres in our case study.
The low frequency used by EISCAT 3D is more affected by the ionosphere than higher-frequency radars. The magnitude of the Doppler broadening due to ionospheric propagation effects associated with traveling ionospheric disturbances has been estimated.
The effect is found to be significant but not severe enough to prevent high-resolution imaging.
A survey of lunar observing opportunities between 2022 and 2040 is evaluated by investigating the path of the sub-radar point when the Moon is above the local radar horizon.
During this time, a good variety of look directions and Doppler equator directions are found, with observations opportunities available for approximately 10 d every lunar month.
EISCAT 3D will be able to provide new, high-quality polarimetric scattering maps of the nearside of the Moon with the previously unused wavelength of 1.3 m, which provides a good compromise between radio wave penetration depth and Doppler resolution.
Zooplankton mortality effects on the plankton community of the northern Humboldt Current System: sensitivity of a regional biogeochemical model
Authors: Hill Cruz Mariana , Kriest Iris , José Yonss Saranga , Kiko Rainer , Hauss Helena , Oschlies Andreas
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Small pelagic fish off the coast of Peru in the eastern tropical South Pacific (ETSP) support around 10 % of global fish catches. Their stocks fluctuate interannually due to environmental variability which can be exacerbated by fishing pressure. Because these fish are planktivorous, any change in fish abundance may directly affect the plankton and the biogeochemical system. To investigate the potential effects of variability in small pelagic fish populations on lower trophic levels, we used a coupled physical–biogeochemical model to build scenarios for the ETSP and compare these against an already-published reference simulation. The scenarios mimic changes in fish predation by either increasing or decreasing mortality of the model's large and small zooplankton compartments. The results revealed that large zooplankton was the main driver of the response of the community. Its concentration increased under low mortality conditions, and its prey, small zooplankton and large phytoplankton, decreased. The response was opposite, but weaker, in the high mortality scenarios. This asymmetric behaviour can be explained by the different ecological roles of large, omnivorous zooplankton and small zooplankton, which in the model is strictly herbivorous. The response of small zooplankton depended on the antagonistic effects of mortality changes as well as on the grazing pressure by large zooplankton. The results of this study provide a first insight into how the plankton ecosystem might respond if variations in fish populations were modelled explicitly.
Exploration of the close chemical space of tryptophan and tyrosine reveals importance of hydrophobicity in CW-photo-CIDNP performances
Authors: Torres Felix , Renn Alois , Riek Roland
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Sensitivity being one of the main hurdles of nuclear
magnetic resonance (NMR) can be gained by polarization techniques including
chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (CIDNP). Kaptein
demonstrated that the basic mechanism of the CIDNP arises from
spin sorting based on coherent electron–electron nuclear spin dynamics
during the formation and the recombination of a radical pair in a magnetic
field. In photo-CIDNP of interest here the radical pair is between a dye and
the molecule to be polarized. Here, we explore continuous-wave (CW)
photo-CIDNP (denoted CW-photo-CIDNP) with a set of 10 tryptophan and tyrosine analogues, many of
them newly identified to be photo-CIDNP active, and we observe not only signal
enhancement of 2 orders of magnitude for 1H at 600 MHz (corresponding
to 10 000 times in measurement time) but also reveal that polarization
enhancement correlates with the hydrophobicity of the molecules.
Furthermore, the small chemical library established indicates the existence
of many photo-CIDNP-active molecules.
Stratospheric intrusion depth and its effect on surface cyclogenesis: An idealized PV inversion experiment
Authors: Barnes Michael A. , Ndarana Thando , Sprenger Michael , Landman Willem A.
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Stratospheric intrusions of high potential vorticity (PV) air are well-known drivers of cyclonic development throughout the troposphere. PV anomalies have been well studied with respect to their effect on surface cyclogenesis. A gap however exists in the scientific literature describing the effect that stratospheric intrusion depth has on the amount of surface cyclogenetic forcing at the surface. Numerical experiments using PV inversion diagnostics reveal that stratospheric depth is crucial in the amount of cyclogenesis at the surface. In an idealised setting, shallow intrusions (above 300 hPa) resulted in a marginal effect on the surface, whilst growing stratospheric depth resulted in enhanced surface pressure anomalies and surface cyclogenetic forcing. The horizontal extent of the intrusion is shown to be more important in developing deeper surface cyclones than the vertical depth of the stratospheric intrusion. The size of vertical intrusion depths is however an important factor determining the surface relative vorticity, with larger intrusions resulting in stronger cyclonic circulations. Deeper stratospheric intrusions also result in intrusions reaching closer to the surface. The proximity of intrusions to the surface is a crucial factor favouring surface cyclogenetic forcing. This factor is however constrained by the height of the dynamical tropopause above the surface.
Multi-day hail clusters and isolated hail days in Switzerland – large-scale flow conditions and precursors
Authors: Barras Hélène , Martius Olivia , Nisi Luca , Schroeer Katharina , Hering Alessandro , Germann Urs
Published: May 2021

Abstract. In Switzerland, hail regularly occurs in multi-day hail clusters. The atmospheric conditions prior to and during multi-day hail clusters are described and contrasted to the conditions prior to and during isolated hail days. The analysis focuses on hail days that occurred between April and September 2002–2019 within 140 km of the Swiss radar network. Hail days north and south of the Alps are defined using a minimum area threshold of a radar-based hail product. Multi-day clusters are defined as 5-day windows containing 4 or 5 hail days and isolated hail days as 5-day windows containing a single hail day. The reanalysis ERA-5 is used to study the large-scale flow in combination with objectively identified cold fronts, atmospheric blocking events, and a weather type classification. Both north and south of the Alps, isolated hail days have frequency maxima in May and August-September whereas clustered hail days occur mostly in July and August. Composites of atmospheric variables indicate a more stationary and meridionally amplified atmospheric flow both north and south of the Alps during multi-day hail clusters. On clustered hail days north of the Alps, blocks are more frequent over the North Sea, and surface fronts are located farther from Switzerland than on isolated hail days. Clustered hail days north of the Alps are also characterized by significantly higher convective available potential energy (CAPE) values, warmer daily maximum surface temperatures, and higher atmospheric moisture content than isolated hail days. Hence, both stationary flow conditions and anomalous amounts of moisture are necessary for multi-day hail clusters on the north side. In contrast, differences in CAPE on the south side between clustered hail days and isolated hail days are small. The mean sea level pressure south of the Alps is significantly deeper, the maximum temperature is colder, and local moisture is significantly lower on isolated hail days. Both north and south of the Alps, the upper-level atmospheric flow over the eastern Atlantic is meridionally more amplified three days prior to clustered hail days than prior to isolated days. Moreover, Moreover blocking occurs prior to more than 10 % of clustered hail days over Scandinavia, but no blocks occur prior to isolated hail days. Half of the clustered hail days south of the Alps are also clustered north of the Alps. On hail days clustering only south of the Alps, fronts are more frequently located on the Alpine ridge, and local low- level winds are stronger. The temporal clustering of hail days is coupled to specific synoptic- and local- scale flow conditions, this information may be exploited for short to medium-range forecasts of hail in Switzerland.
Diagnostic And Therapeutic Approaches For Non-Variceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Authors: AYYILDIZ Talat , DUYGULU Mustafa
Published: May 2021

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is a common, life-threatening medical condition. Non-variceal causes account for more than 90% of bleeding episodes. Peptic ulcer disease is the most frequent cause of non-variceal UGIB. Patients present with hematemesis and/or melena but hematochezia might be present in patients with severe bleeding. Despite advances in diagnostic and therapeutic methods, mortality remains high in the elderly and patients with comorbidities. Endoscopy is the primary procedure that should be performed to identify the etiology of UGIB and for treatment purposes following adequate resuscitation of patients. Early endoscopy (within the first 24 hours) has considerably improved the clinical outcomes. A number of scoring systems are being used in patients with UGIB to identify the risk of complications, rebleeding risk, the need for interventional procedures and the risk of death. The most commonly used scoring tools are the Rockall score, Glasgow-Blatchford score and AIMS65 score. Primary treatment modalities include adequate resuscitation, intravenous fluid support, transfusion of red blood cell suspension, acid suppression therapy and administration of prokinetic agents. In general, angiography, computed tomography, technetium-99m-labeled red blood cell scintigraphy and capsule endoscopy may be used in patients whose bleeding cannot be detected endoscopically. Interventional radiological procedures should be initially performed for hemorrhages that cannot be stopped endoscopically and surgical options should be considered when interventional radiological procedures are out of reach or unsuccessful.
A comparison of propofol with ketofol for sedation quality and side effects in patients undergoing colonoscopy.
Authors: ÇAM Ender , BARİS Sibel , KARAKAYA Deniz
Published: May 2021

Colonoscopy is an endoscopic method and ıt is better to perform this procedure under sedoanalgesia in order to eliminate patients’ anxiety, the colic-like pain and discomfort that occur during the procedure [1]. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of propofol and propofol+ketamine (ketofol) on sedation and side effects in patients undergoing colonoscopy. Material-Method: 50 patients with ASA I-II that are between the ages of 18-65. The patients in the propofol group and Ketofol group were given 0.1mL/kg of drug and/or combination of drugs. The vital parameters, injection pain, spontaneous time of opening eyes, the time of Modified Aldrete Score (MAS) ≥ 9 and the amount of medication used during the procedure and in the recovery room were recorded. Results: There was no significant difference between the two groups during the procedure and in the recovery room (p<0.05). It was shown that the ketamine reduces the amount of propofol by 50% and propofol induced injection pain. Ketofol had no positive effects on hemodynamic and respiratory parameters. Conclusion: We assert that the ratio of combinations will vary depending on the necessary sedation level and analgesic need of the procedure to be performed and depending on the frequency of the administration of additional doses. Although ketofol is being used in different procedures and different age groups in the recent years, there is still need for studies conducted with different drug dosages of this combination.