bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Childhood
Authors: Lowrie Walter
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses Kierkegaard's perspectives on his own childhood. It first describes a document authored by Kierkegaard which contains a review of the first twenty-six years of his life, though that document has since been lost to history. The chapter then embarks on a more general discussion of Kierkegaard's early years; including his childhood habits, mannerisms, the people he encountered, and most especially how his father remained a formidable presence in his young life. It contains not only Kierkegaard's own reflections and perspectives on his childhood years, but also of testimonies made by his kindred and other people who were close to him at the time, both of which the chapter reveals to ensure a fuller portrait of Kierkegaard's early life. Finally, the chapter relates an excerpt from Kierkegaard's Stages On Life's Way (1845), entitled “The Quiet Despair.”
The Great Earthquake
Authors: Lowrie Walter
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses certain events surrounding Kierkegaard's twenty-second birthday—most notably the occurrence of a “great earthquake,” a “frightful upheaval” which serves as a turning point in the young Kierkegaard's life. Here, Kierkegaard describes the earthquake in conjunction with the end of his childhood—or at any rate the period prior to which he had struck out his own path, independent from his father's will. The chapter also quotes from a few of Kierkegaard's stories which hint at the secret that lies at the heart of Kierkegaard's earth-shattering revelations, such as that of a story between David and Solomon. The secret here, as the chapter surmises, may be that for Kierkegaard the Great Earthquake was the revelation of his father's sensuality.
Death and Burial
Authors: Lowrie Walter
Published: November 2017

This chapter chronicles Kierkegaard's final moments as well as his subsequent burial. After falling unconscious on October 2, 1855 and suffered paralysis in his legs thereafter, Kierkegaard was admitted to Frederik's Hospital, where he died after forty days. The chapter details the more intimate moments of his time at the hospital, adding to his deathbed scenes the impressions made by his relatives upon visiting him there. It then describes the aftermath of his death on November 11. His burial was handled somewhat ineptly, and the funeral ceremonies, as this chapter shows, were beset with some difficulties—so much so that no one knows precisely where he was buried in the family lot.
"Kierkegaard's Last Words
Authors: Lowrie Walter
Published: November 2017

This chapter quotes two of Kierkegaard's last words—in this sense, the passages he had written in his Journal as a “report to history,” rather than his final utterances in the hospital. As Kierkegaard himself had remarked in Fear and Trembling (1843), every “intellectual tragic hero” must have a last word to say which illuminates the significance of his life and makes clear the pertinence of his sacrifice. He had penned two such last words. The first, “The Wild Goose: A Symbol,” illuminates figuratively the significance of his life, written in 1854 and possessing coincidental parallels with Hans Christian Andersen's “The Ugly Duckling.” The second passage, “‘The Sacrificed Ones,’ The Correctives,” is more pertinent to his death.
How Kierkegaard Got into English
Authors: Lowrie Walter
Published: November 2017

This chapter tells the story of how Kierkegaard's works came to be translated and published in English. It also provides a brief bibliography of his English-translated works, as well as an annotated bibliography of works in English which are about Kierkegaard himself. This chapter details the author's (Walter Lowrie's) own initial encounters with Kierkegaard, which were translated—albeit not very faithfully—in German, and his subsequent attempts to secure interest and funding for an English translation of Kierkegaard's works. At the time Kierkegaard had already taken the place of Nietzsche as the literary vogue in higher circles, and had already drawn interest even among the author's peers, some of whom had published, or were attempting to publish, Kierkegaard's works with varying degrees of success.
The Education of Marcus Mosiah Garvey
Authors: Ewing Adam
Published: November 2017

This chapter contends that the education of Marcus Garvey was both grounded in the decades-old discourse of global pan-Africanism and shaped by the ferment of his era. His youthful experiences and experiments in Jamaica, Central America, and Europe—many of which seem to fly in the face of popular understandings of Garvey and Garveyism—suggest much about the diversity of the pan-African tradition out of which he emerged, and hint at the model of politics Garvey ultimately embraced. Proscribing neither radicalism nor conservatism, neither boldness nor caution, neither separatism nor interracial cooperation, the pan-African tradition offered clever and ambitious activists like Marcus Garvey a “potter's clay” that, under the right conditions, might unite a scattered race.
Imperatives of Asian American Citizenship
Authors: Wu Ellen D.
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter describes the racial order in twentieth-century America—its evolution, consequences, and significance. Japanese and Chinese Americans, the largest ethnic Asian populations, and the two that figured most prominently in the public eye between the 1940s and 1960s, are central to this investigation. Their trajectories unfold separately in order to illuminate their distinct histories. Yet Japanese and Chinese Americans also appear in tandem to emphasize the many parallels that account for their concurrent emergence as model minorities. As a mix of cultural, social, and political history, the chapter highlights how the discursive and the material mattered for Japanese American, Chinese American, and ultimately Asian American identity formation from World War II through the “Cold War civil rights” years.
Nisei in Uniform
Authors: Wu Ellen D.
Published: November 2017

This chapter talks about how the Nisei soldier, the Japanese American Citizens League's (JACL) brainchild, answered various race and citizenship imperatives in the 1940s and 1950s. For all Japanese Americans, Nisei fighters guaranteed their claims to assimilability and national belonging by responding to the call to arms, recasting them from enemy aliens to loyal citizens in the process. As the pinnacle of wartime masculinity, soldiering allowed Japanese American men in particular to rebut deep-rooted popular beliefs that the gender identities of “Oriental” men were feminized, ambiguous, or deviant. For JACL, the ascendance of the warrior persona, recognized and lauded by the public and policymakers, offered reassurance that its orientation was indeed the righteous path to redemption for both itself and the ethnic community.
Success Story, Japanese American Style
Authors: Wu Ellen D.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines how, in seeking to produce new envisagements about Japanese Americans, Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) spoke to mid-twentieth-century liberals' confidence in the ability of educational campaigns and social science to transform existing ideas about race and alter the country's racial order. Constituents of the era's race relations complex identified Nikkei citizenship as an American dilemma to be repaired in order to prove the nation's capacity for righting its wrongs, thereby protecting the United States' global position. The celebration of Japanese Americans as model minorities seemed to vindicate the assimilationist approach to rehabilitating Nikkei citizenship as espoused by JACL and its allies. Yet at the same moment, the emergence of this image undermined the league's dominant position within the Nikkei community.
The Melting Pot of the Pacific
Authors: Wu Ellen D.
Published: November 2017

This chapter deals with the concept of Hawaiʻi as a racial paradise. In the 1920s and 1930s, intellectuals began to tout the islands' ethnically diverse composition—including the indigenous population, white settler colonists, and imported labor from Asia and other locales—as a Pacific melting pot free of the mainland's social taboos on intermingling. After World War II, the association of Hawaiʻi with racial harmony and tolerance received unprecedented national attention as Americans heatedly debated the question of whether or not the territory, annexed to the United States in 1898, should become a state. Statehood enthusiasts tagged the islands' majority Asian population, with its demonstrated capability of assimilation, as a forceful rationale for admission.
Epilogue
Authors: Wu Ellen D.
Published: November 2017

This concluding chapter discusses how, by the twilight of the civil rights era, the success stories of Japanese and Chinese America had themselves become success stories. The cross pressures of exigencies and desires both within and beyond the ethnic communities had effectively midwifed the rebirth of the Asiatic as the model minority. Since then, the model minority has remained a fixture of the nation's racial landscape, ever present yet constantly evolving to speak to a host of new imperatives in the late twentieth century and early twenty-first. Recent iterations depart from the original in notable ways, but retain many of the themes that first coalesced in the postwar period: self-reliance, valorization of family, reverence for education, and political moderation.
The State Rules without Rules, 1968–2003
Authors: Dawisha Adeed
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses the events following the military coup on July 17, 1968, that ushered in the Ba'thist/Saddamist era. The Ba'thists were in no mood to share power with officers claiming fidelity to the nationalist cause but eschewing membership in the Ba'th Party. Particularly adamant on the necessity for the Party to monopolize power was Saddam Husayn. On July 30, a new Cabinet was formed and announced to the Iraqi public. As the names of the Cabinet Ministers were read, no one would have any doubt that this time the Ba'th Party alone would shape the structure, and command the direction, of the Iraqi state.
Elaborations
Authors: Chwe Michael Suk-Young
Published: November 2017

This chapter begins by describing two competing kinds of explanations to the one offered in the preceding chapter. The first is the way in which rituals are thought to influence behavior through direct psychological stimulation. The second is based on how being physically together in a group of people affects individual emotions. It addresses the question of whether common knowledge is an impossible ideal. It then discusses how publicity—or more precisely, common knowledge generation—and content are never really separable, in contrast to the book's argument that both must be considered in understanding cultural practices such as rituals. The chapter goes on to explain how historical precedent can generate common knowledge and generating community through common knowledge.
Damned for God’s Glory: William James and the Scientific Vindication of Protestant Culture
Authors: Hollinger David A.
Published: November 2017

This chapter interprets William James' entire career in the light of his affinity with the liberal Protestant elite of his time and place on the one hand, and his devotion to the calling of modern science on the other. It takes seriously his many references in Pragmatism to religious searching and indeed to “salvation,” so often left out of account by secular students of his thought. It reads Varieties of Religious Experience as the pivotal point in James' turn from a “separate spheres” defense of religion to an effort to mobilize a community of inquiry willing to test religious claims by experience. Against scholars who prefer to read James' corpus as a synchronic whole, the chapter shows that the meaning of his various works is best grasped when his career is approached diachronically, with each text analyzed according to the stage it marks in the development over time of his preoccupation with religion's relation to science.
Reinhold Niebuhr and Protestant Liberalism
Authors: Hollinger David A.
Published: November 2017

This epilogue offers a historical perspective on the career of Reinhold Niebuhr, the most acclaimed intellectual within a distinctive American Protestant generation: the generation that brought the tradition of Protestant liberalism to its greatest moments of public authority, and then presided over that tradition's decline in relation to secular dispositions on the one hand and evangelical sensibilities on the other. Niebuhr's career displays the fissures and fusions that constitute much of Protestant liberalism's struggle to define its own relation to the United States and its various component parts. At issue, often, has been to what extent the faithful should make common cause with, or against, people who do not profess Christianity at all, or who profess the wrong kind. Those fissures and fusions have been propelled by many immediate historical conditions, but also by a variety of often conflicting senses of how Protestant Christianity can best accommodate the Enlightenment.
Soft Force
Authors: McLarney Ellen Anne
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on the work of Heba Raouf Ezzat. Ranked the thirty-ninth most influential Arab on Twitter, with over 100,000 followers, voted one of the hundred most powerful Arab women by ArabianBusiness.com, and elected a Youth Global Leader by the World Economic Forum, Raouf Ezzat has articulated and disseminated her Islamic politics in a global public sphere. Her writings and lectures develop an Islamic theory of women's political participation but simultaneously address other contested questions about women's leadership, women's work, and women's participation in the public sphere. Heba Raouf Ezzat is one of the most visible public figures in the Arab and Islamic world today, a visibility that began with her book on the question of women's political work in Islam, Woman and Political Work.
Fann wa-Fiṭra: Art and Instinct
Authors: McLarney Ellen Anne
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses Bint al-Shatiʾ's Omdurman lecture “The Arab Literary Woman Yesterday and Today,” where she reflects at length on women's literary and intellectual participation in public life. She also talks about (romantic) affect and an instinct for the divine—two concepts, wijdān and fiṭra, that she weaves together. She connects affect to the “law of instinct and the model (the sunna) of nature”—what has been fertile ground, she declares, for woman>'s “literary existence” in Arab and Islamic history. Fiṭra is profoundly gendered in the writings analyzed in this book.
Time
Authors: Fowden Garth
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the role that late antique scholarship has occasionally assigned to Islam, with particular emphasis on the work of Alois Riegl, Josef Strzygowski, Henri Pirenne, and Peter Brown. It begins with an overview of the roots of late antique studies on Islam, citing the impetus given by theological and philosophical concerns to interest in late Antiquity up to and including the nineteenth century. It also considers the catalytic role of art, architectural history, and archaeology in the “slow transformations” of the late antique world. It shows that questions about Islam were already present at the very birth of modern late antique studies.
Beyond Economism
Authors: Ahlquist John S. , Levi Margaret
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores the variation in organizational norms, governance arrangements, and social networks that produce systematic differences in aggregate behavior. Left-wing longshore union members give up time and money to fight on behalf of social justice causes from which they can expect no material return. Parishioners of churches throughout the United States risk jail to shelter asylum seekers. Altruism is common enough, and so are volunteering, political commitment, and unselfish service to others. The chapter asks why and how do some organizations produce membership willingness to self-sacrifice on behalf of a wide range of political and social justice issues. In some instances, the answer may be simple: self-selection. The more interesting cases are those in which individuals join for one reason but come to pursue goals they may not have considered previously.
An Injury to Anyone Is an Injury to All
Authors: Ahlquist John S. , Levi Margaret
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on two more politically committed unions, the International Longshore and Warehouse Union (ILWU) and the Waterside Workers' Federation (WWF). It identifies the pivotal historical moments and leaders in these organizations and discusses their attitudes toward the appropriate scope of union activity and the type of rents they hoped to secure in exchange for taking up the costly and risky task of leading a labor organization in the 1930s–1970s. The chapter also distinguishes the explicit set of organizational principles that formalize these beliefs about union scope of action and shows how the organizational governance institutions are consistent with both the stated principles and the form of the leader's rents studied in the previous section.
Interplay between the Political Ideal and Reality
Authors: Chan Joseph
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter discusses how Confucian political philosophy can be modernized and enrich liberal democratic theories and political practices. It examines Confucian political thought from a perspective that explores the intricate interplay between political ideal and reality. Political philosophy has a dual character: viewed as a philosophical field of study, it searches for an ideal social and political order that expresses the best aspects of humanity; viewed as a political field of study, it aims to present an understanding of the real world and give principled guidance as to how people should act. The challenge of such two-track theorizing is twofold: to demonstrate the attractiveness of the ideal even though it is unlikely to work in the real world, and to show that a feasible nonideal conception of order still tallies with the ideal conception.
Mixing Confucianism and Democracy
Authors: Chan Joseph
Published: November 2017

This chapter elaborates on the relationship between Confucian political perfectionism and democracy, suggesting that the two are complementary and can strengthen each other. Democracy promotes Confucian political ends such as the improvement of people's well-being and directly expresses the Confucian ideal political relationship. Meanwhile, the Confucian perfectionist approach to ethics and politics provides a robust ethical foundation for a well-functioning democracy. The chapter argues that Confucian moral education, which is humanity-based rather than citizen-based, provides a stronger incentive for citizens to cultivate civility than liberal civic education, as well as a more comprehensive foundation of virtues. Confucian political perfectionism can also offer some reflection on how to select virtuous and competent people to serve in politics.
Social Justice as Sufficiency for All
Authors: Chan Joseph
Published: November 2017

This chapter asserts that the principles of resource distribution in Menciuscan be conceived as principles of sufficiency. The aim of social justice, according to this perfectionist view, is to enable every member of a community to live a good life. What is morally significant is whether each person has sufficient resources to lead a good life, not whether each has the same amount. The Confucian conception of the good life sets a rough standard for sufficiency—namely, the amount a person generally needs to live a decent material life and feel secure enough to pursue the higher, ethical life. On the matter of distribution of resources, Confucian justice is not of an egalitarian but a sufficientarian view.
Paradox of Proof
Authors: Kaplow Louis
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores the “paradox of proof.” This paradox grows out of the interplay of two starting points: deeming agreement to require more than demonstration of successful interdependence—such as by also using certain sorts of communications—and needing to infer the existence of agreement from circumstantial evidence, out of a recognition that parties hide their actions from legal scrutiny. It is assumed that, in adjudication, it frequently will be impossible to observe the communications that the defendant firms employed. Nevertheless, the factfinder must infer whether or not certain means of communication were used, based on what can be observed about market conditions, notably, how conducive they are to successful oligopolistic coordination and whether such successful coordination appears to have occurred.
Liability Assessment
Authors: Kaplow Louis
Published: November 2017

This chapter emphasizes that the internal sources of information discussed in the previous chapter are complementary to each other and to market-based techniques. In deciding whether to assign liability in a particular case, all such evidence on detection should be considered in light of the decision-theoretic approach articulated previously. Some forms of proof are more reliable than others and give rise to different risks of particular types of errors. For example, some market-based techniques that attempt to determine firms' marginal costs could result in adverse incentive effects in the case of underestimation, making it optimal to find liability only if the measured price elevation is substantial or other confirming evidence is present. The chapter also considers two additional matters: liability for attempts and the problem of determining which firms should be held liable.
Further Topics
Authors: Kaplow Louis
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers a number of additional subjects. It first considers the determination of sanctions under a communications-based prohibition, focusing on differences that arise when employing a communications-based prohibition rather than when basing liability on the presence of successful oligopolistic coordination. The chapter then turns to an alternative rule under which liability cannot be based on circumstantial evidence, contrary to the long-standing norm in competition law. Hereafter, implications of the contrasting approaches for other areas of competition law, such as the stringency of limits on horizontal mergers and the regulation of practices that might facilitate oligopolistic coordination, are discussed. Finally, the chapter looks into the manner in which rapid evolution in communications technology might influence the analysis, particularly concerning detection.
Interpreting the Reagan Deficits
Authors: Sargent Thomas J.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the large net-of-interest deficits in the U.S. federal budget that have marked the administration of Ronald Reagan. It explains the fiscal and monetary actions observed during the Reagan administration as reflecting the optimal decisions of government policymakers. The discussion is based on an equation whose validity is granted by all competing theories of macroeconomics: the intertemporal government budget constraint. The chapter first considers the government budget balance and the optimal tax smoothing model of Robert Barro before analyzing monetary and fiscal policy during the Reagan years: a string of large annual net-of-interest government deficits accompanied by a monetary policy stance that has been tight, especially before February 1985, and even more so before August 1982. Indicators of tight monetary policy are high real interest rates on government debt and pretax yields that exceed the rate of economic growth.
Introduction
Authors: Ghaziani Amin
Published: November 2017

This book explores why gay neighborhoods are changing in the so-called post-gay era so as to better understand how shifting conceptions of sexuality—especially allegations that its significance is declining in terms of how we define ourselves and how we structure our everyday lives—affect where we choose to live. It examines the conditions under which gayborhoods can retain their resonance for certain people, despite ongoing gay flight and a steady stream of straight newcomers into them. It also considers the possibility that new gay and lesbian settlements are emerging, if we just know how and where to look for them. In the course of the discussion, the book highlights the multiple, seemingly contradictory meanings that gayborhoods have for both gays and straight residents; why those meanings matter; and how they inform the many material stakes that are involved for those who live in and visit these places.
The Secular City in Cross-Cultural Perspective
Authors: Cox Harvey
Published: November 2017

This chapter illustrates the rich variety of the secularization process, looking at four cities representing four distinctive regions. These cities include New Delhi, Rome, Prague, and Boston. They represent the march of secularization and urbanization in, respectively, Southeast Asia, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, and the United States. Each of the four has felt the pressure of secularization differently, in part because of their diverse histories. The careers of these cities prove that the emergence of a world-wide urban civilization need not obliterate the distinctive coloration of particular cities or erase the uniqueness of their character. The chapter also demonstrates an important distinction made in an earlier chapter—the difference between secularization as a historical movement and secularism as ideology.
The Church as Cultural Exorcist
Authors: Cox Harvey
Published: November 2017

This chapter looks at the contemporary extension of exorcism in the ministry of the church in the secular city. Men must be called away from their fascination with other worlds—astrological, metaphysical, or religious—through which they wrongly perceive the social reality around them, and from habitual forms of action or inaction stemming from these illusions. This is the work of social exorcism. The ministry of exorcism in the secular city requires a community of persons who, individually and collectively, are not burdened by the constriction of an archaic heritage. It requires a community which, if not fully liberated, is in the process of liberation from compulsive patterns of behavior based on mistaken images of the world. In performing its function, the church should be ready to expose the fallaciousness of the social myths by which the injustice of a society is perpetuated and to suggest ways of action which demonstrate the wrongness of such fantasies.
Work and Play in the Secular City
Authors: Cox Harvey
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses the three basic alterations on work that urbanization and secularization produce. First, they separate the place of work from the place of residence; second, they transform work more and more into bureaucratic patterns of organization; and third, they emancipate work from the religious character it has retained from the period when it was interpreted as a spiritual discipline. All of these modifications of work have been viewed with alarm and criticized, frequently by religious people. Attempts have been made to reintroduce familial elements into the life of the modern corporation; objections have been voiced to the organization with its characteristic impersonality; laments have been expressed over the disappearance of a sense of vocation in work.
The Church and the Secular University
Authors: Cox Harvey
Published: November 2017

This chapter studies the secularization of the university. The university, like the culture it influences and is influenced by, has become a secular institution, a center of clashing ideas, enormous dangers, and fantastic possibilities. Its dechristianization is not yet complete, and there is always a possibility that it will relapse into one or another orthodox world-view, but the process is gaining on all fronts. Some Christians believe it is the task of the church to wage total war against this process of secularization. From its inception, the university has been a kind of problem child for the church. Try as it would to use the university as an instrumentality for producing a leadership elite faithful to its philosophies and theologies, the church never succeeded very well.
To Speak in a Secular Fashion of God
Authors: Cox Harvey
Published: November 2017

This concluding chapter argues that speaking about God in a secular fashion is both a sociological problem and a political issue. The reason speaking about God in the secular city is in part a sociological problem is that all words, including the word God, emerge from a particular sociocultural setting. When words change their meanings and become problematical, there is always some social dislocation or cultural breakdown which lies beneath the confusion. There are basically two types of such equivocality; one is caused by historical change, the other by social differentiation. However, speaking about God in a secular fashion is not just a sociological problem. Since views of the world in today's period are being politicized, in which the political is replacing the metaphysical as the characteristic mode of grasping reality, “naming” today becomes in part also a political issue.
Mathematical Model
Authors: Epstein Joshua M.
Published: November 2017

This part of the book describes explicit mathematical models for the affective, cognitive, and social components of Agent_Zero. It first considers some underlying neuroscience of fear and the role of the amygdala before turning to Rescorla–Wagner equations of conditioning. In particular, it explains how the fear circuit can be activated and how fear conditioning can occur unconsciously. It then reviews some standard nomenclature adopted by Ivan Pavlov in his study, Conditioned Reflexes: An Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the Cerebral Cortex, with emphasis on David Hume's “association of ideas,” the theory of conditioning, and the Rescorla–Wagner model. After examining “the passions,” the discussion focuses on reason, Agent_Zero's cognitive component, and the model's social component. The central case is that the agent initiates the group's behavior despite starting with the lowest disposition, with no initial emotional inclination, no evidence, the same threshold as all others, and no orders from above.
Agent-Based Computational Model
Authors: Epstein Joshua M.
Published: November 2017

This part describes the agent-based and computational model for Agent_Zero and demonstrates its capacity for generative minimalism. It first explains the replicability of the model before offering an interpretation of the model by imagining a guerilla war like Vietnam, Afghanistan, or Iraq, where events transpire on a 2-D population of contiguous yellow patches. Each patch is occupied by a single stationary indigenous agent, which has two possible states: inactive and active. The discussion then turns to Agent_Zero's affective component and an elementary type of bounded rationality, as well as its social component, with particular emphasis on disposition, action, and pseudocode. Computational parables are then presented, including a parable relating to the slaughter of innocents through dispositional contagion. This part also shows how the model can capture three spatially explicit examples in which affect and probability change on different time scales.
Exorcising the Ghost of Richard Nixon
Authors: Wright Rigueur Leah
Published: November 2017

This chapter explains how the appearance of grass-roots black Republican groups was far from unconventional; a spirit of self-determination had buttressed the formation of the National Negro Republican Assembly (NNRA) in 1964. But autonomy, political influence, and growth—the objective goals for most, if not all, black Republican groups—simply was not the reality, as most splinter organizations deteriorated just as quickly as they had risen. The NNRA was reduced to a passing biographical reference by 1969, as most members shifted their political energies elsewhere, while the group's successor, the National Council of Concerned Afro-American Republicans (NCCAAR), disbanded a year after its launch, as a result of infighting and lack of funds.
Nationalizing Rivers, Expropriating Lands
Authors: Pravilova Ekaterina
Published: November 2017

The previous discussion on forests and minerals showed that Russian professional and industrial elites were quite unhappy with the state's passivity and its reluctance to take on the management of common resources. The government explained its withdrawal from this sphere as an expression of its allegiance to the principle of private property. This chapter analyzes how the Russian state used its power to regulate the use of one publicly important resource—rivers, which had been rendered into the private ownership of nobles by Catherine the Great's manifesto of 1782. A comparison of the treatment of rivers with other spheres of expropriation, across diverse geographical areas, including the Russian southern colonies, will show when and why the state was eager to seize private properties, when it refused to do so, and why.
Social Networks and the East Indiaman
Authors: Erikson Emily
Published: November 2017

This chapter identifies how organizational context affects individual behavior and the propensity to incorporate information from peers into important operational decisions. The identification of this relationship illuminates, in turn, the larger question of how—or the mechanisms by which—decentralization contributed to the pattern of innovation found in the English Company. The analysis focuses on evaluating the relative importance of different types of information in leading captains to choose trade in one port over another, including formal orders given by the Company, a personal history of contact with ports, and information transmitted via social networks from ship to ship. The results show that social networks were an important source of information for captains when deciding which port to travel to next.
From Patriae Amator to Amator Pauperum and Back Again
Authors: Brown Peter
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the ways in which classical, Christian, and Jewish practices of public-spirited gifts, justice, and civic charity converged in European cities between late antiquity and the early middle ages, ca. 300–600. More specifically, it looks at changes in the social imagination of populations of the Roman and post-Roman, Latin West throughout these centuries. It shows how the forms and recipients of gift-giving practices were altered: the poor displaced the citizenry; the horizons of charity expanded out beyond the locality; its social terms grew bleaker even as its spirit grew more exalted. The chapter considers how these shifting practices gave rise to new forms of “pastoral” power and an understanding of wealth, poverty, and society that heralded the beginnings of Western modernity and displaced a “classical,” pointedly civic notion of society.
The US Intelligence Community’s Assessments of Soviet Intentions
Authors: Yarhi-Milo Keren
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the indicators used by U.S. intelligence organizations to assess the intentions of the Soviet Union. Drawing on National Intelligence Estimates (NIEs) produced on the Soviet Union between 1977 and 1980, the chapter considers the degree to which history confirms the predictions of the selective attention thesis's organizational expertise hypothesis. It also tests the capabilities, strategic military doctrine, and behavior theses. After providing a brief overview of the U.S. intelligence community's estimates of Soviet intentions earlier in the 1970s, the chapter discusses the intelligence organizations' views about Soviet intentions during Jimmy Carter's presidency. It shows that an effort to understand the adversary's political intentions did not play a significant role in the U.S. intelligence community's intentions assessments, and particularly in the NIEs' judgments of the threat posed by the USSR. Instead, most of the NIEs were dedicated to estimating current and projected Soviet strategic forces as well as military intentions.
Summary and Implications
Authors: Yarhi-Milo Keren
Published: November 2017

This chapter summarizes the book's empirical findings and explains their practical policy implications as well as their significance for international relations theory. The selective attention thesis is pitted against the capabilities thesis, strategic military doctrine thesis, and behavior thesis for each of the three historical episodes of intentions assessment. The selective attention thesis is more successful than the capabilities, strategic military doctrine, and behavior theses in accounting for the empirical patterns observed for the three cases. The evidence shows that when assessing intentions, decision makers rely on their personal impressions and are influenced by indicators that are consistent with their own theories about how the world operates as well as their preexisting stance toward an adversary. In contrast, intelligence organizations pay selective attention to those indicators that match their bureaucratic expertise. The chapter concludes by suggesting important avenues for further research.
Quarreling over Tragedy
Authors: Billings Joshua
Published: November 2017

This chapter begins with a consideration of the comparison of antiquity and modernity. From the Renaissance until around 1800, evaluative comparison of antiquity and modernity was an important mode of thought throughout Western Europe. These inquiries are often grouped under the name of the Querelle des Anciens et des Modernes. Towards the end of the eighteenth century, though, these comparisons began to disappear. They were replaced by an understanding of cultural difference and relativism that is recognizably modern. This change is known as historicization, the assumption that past societies have their own unique modes of existence, which are not necessarily comparable to one another or immediately comprehensible in contemporary terms. The chapter then, as well as the next, traces the rise of historicization and its consequences for thinking about Greek tragedy.
Revolutionary Freedom
Authors: Billings Joshua
Published: November 2017

This chapter traces the concept of freedom in revolutionary context, and argues that Greek tragedy was a privileged vehicle for the investigation of freedom within history. Two revolutions, the French and the Kantian, contributed to making the concept of freedom newly tragic for German thinkers of the 1790s. Far from undermining tragedy's contemporary importance, though, the new sense of historical singularity made tragedy even more necessary to philosophical definitions of modernity. Greek tragedy provided a lens for exploring questions of freedom as they related to the historical basis of individual and collective experience. The writings of F.W.J. Schelling and Friedrich Schiller consider the relation between freedom in ancient tragedy and the modern possibility of freedom with particular tenacity and insight. Their reflections, in turn, are taken up and applied by A.W. Schlegel and Gottfried Hermann, who elaborate ways of reading Greek tragedy as a genre fundamentally concerned with human freedom.
Leading monomials of escape regions
Authors: Kiwi Jan
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers a leading monomial vector, which uniquely determines the escape region and within which is encoded important information about the limiting behavior of the periodic critical orbit. Thus, for each p ≥ 1, this chapter considers the affine algebraic curve Sₚ formed by all monic and centered cubic polynomials with a marked critical point which has period p under iterations. Each unbounded hyperbolic component of Sₚ, called an escape region, has an associated vector of leading monomials which encodes the asymptotic behavior of the periodic critical orbit. The chapter shows that this vector determines the escape region, giving a positive answer to a question posed by Bonifant and Milnor.
On Ecalle-Hakim 's theorems in holomorphic dynamics
Authors: Arizzi Marco , Raissy Jasmin
Published: November 2017

This chapter provides detailed proofs for the results by M. Hakim regarding the dynamics of germs of biholomorphisms tangent to the identity of order k + 1 ≥ 2 and fixing the origin. One of the main questions in the study of local discrete holomorphic dynamics, i.e., in the study of the iterates of a germ of a holomorphic map of ℂᵖ at a fixed point, which can be assumed to be the origin, is when it is possible to holomorphically conjugate it to a “simple” form, possibly its linear term. It turns out that the answer to this question strongly depends on the arithmetical properties of the eigenvalues of the linear term of the germ.
Bifurcation currents and equidistribution in parameter space
Authors: Dujardin Romain
Published: November 2017

This chapter reviews the use of techniques of positive currents for the study of parameter spaces of one-dimensional holomorphic dynamical systems (rational mappings on P¹ or subgroups of the Möbius group PSL(2,C)). The topics covered include the construction of bifurcation currents and the characterization of their supports, the equidistribution properties of dynamically defined subvarieties of the parameter space. Emphasis will be placed as much as possible on the similarities between methods of higher-dimensional dynamics, of the study of families of rational maps, and that of Möbius subgroups. The chapter also states a number of open questions to foster further developments of this theory.
Entropy for hyperbolic Riemann surface laminations I
Authors: Dinh Tien-Cuong , Nguyen Viet-Anh , Sibony Nessim
Published: November 2017

This chapter introduces a notion of entropy for possibly singular hyperbolic laminations by Riemann surfaces. It also studies the transverse regularity of the Poincaré metric and the finiteness of the entropy. The chapter first focuses on compact laminations, which are transversally smooth, before turning to the case of singular foliations, showing how the Poincaré metric on leaves is transversally Hölder continuous. In addition, the chapter considers the problem in the proof that the entropy is finite for singular foliations is quite delicate and requires a careful analysis of the dynamics around the singularities. Finally, the chapter discusses a notion of metric entropy for harmonic probability measures and gives some open questions.
Intersection theory for ergodic solenoids
Authors: Munoz Vicente , Perez-Marco Ricardo
Published: November 2017

This chapter undertakes a systematic study of the interplay between dynamics and algebraic topology by developing the intersection theory associated to immersed, oriented, and measured solenoids. In a previously published work the concept of k-solenoid has been defined as an abstract laminated space and proved that a solenoid with a transversal measure immersed in a smooth manifold defines a generalized Ruelle–Sullivan current. Considering as object the abstract space with the inmersion provides a more versatile concept than previously considered by other scholars. This chapter intends to study and develop the geometric intersection theory of such objects.
Invariants of four-manifolds with flows via cohomological field theory
Authors: Garcia-Compeân Hugo , Santos-Silva Roberto , Verjovsky Alberto
Published: November 2017

This chapter argues that the Jones–Witten invariants can be generalized for smooth, nonsingular vector fields with invariant probability measure on three-manifolds, thus giving rise to new invariants of dynamical systems. After a short survey of cohomological field theory for Yang–Mills fields, Donaldson–Witten invariants are generalized to four-dimensional manifolds with non-singular smooth flows generated by homologically non-trivial p-vector fields. The chapter studies the case of Kähler manifolds by using the Witten's consideration of the strong coupling dynamics of N = 1 supersymmetric Yang–Mills theories. The whole construction is performed by implementing the notion of higher-dimensional asymptotic cycles. In the process Seiberg–Witten invariants are also described within this context. Finally, the chapter gives an interpretation of the asymptotic observables of four-manifolds in the context of string theory with flows.
The Legal Context of Turnout
Authors: Leighley Jan E. , Nagler Jonathan
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers the electoral impact the new, wider array of voter registration and election administration laws using a new data set collected on state electoral rules between 1972 and 2008. States vary tremendously as to how easy it is to register and to vote, and previous research suggests that these laws affect who votes because they change the cost of voting. However, most of these studies rely on cross-sectional data, and usually consider the influence of one reform at a time. The chapter provides aggregate (state-level) analyses of the effects of changes in these rules on voter turnout. These analyses help us address the question of whether overall voter turnout has increased as a result of these legal changes. It finds modest effects of election day registration, of absentee voting, and of moving the closing date for registration closer to the election on overall turnout. The effect of early voting is less clear.
Presidents in Charge
Authors: Auerswald David P. , Saideman Stephen M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses primarily on two presidential systems, those of the United States and France. In each country, an individual is empowered to make significant military decisions or delegate those decisions to subordinates. There are two particular elements that distinguish how the Americans ran their war compared to many of the other countries: agent selection and incentives. Because the United States led an ad hoc effort (Operation Enduring Freedom) and only later became the leader of the NATO effort, the primary means of control was leadership selection and termination. The chapter then turns to the French case, where there is a significant change in behavior on the ground that followed the presidential transition from Jacques Chirac to Nicolas Sarkozy. Chirac placed significant restrictions on where the French were deployed and with what capabilities. Sarkozy lifted those restrictions but still answered the phone when questions arose in the field. The chapter also briefly addresses the case of Poland.
Selected Theorems by Eli Stein
Authors: Fefferman Charles
Published: November 2017

This chapter is an overview of the scope and originality of Eli Stein's contributions to analysis. His work deals with representation theory, classical Fourier analysis, and partial differential equations. He was the first to appreciate the interplay among these subjects, and to perceive the fundamental insights in each field arising from that interplay. No one else really understands all three fields, hence the need for this chapter. However, deep understanding of three fields of mathematics is by no means sufficient to lead to Stein's main ideas. Rather, at crucial points, Stein has shown extraordinary originality, without which no amount of work or knowledge could have succeeded.
On the Bounded L2 Curvature Conjecture
Authors: Klainerman Sergiu
Published: November 2017

This chapter deals with a fundamental application of new methods to a geometric quasilinear equation to settle an important conjecture in General Relativity. According to the bounded L² curvature conjecture, the time of existence of a classical solution to the Einstein-vacuum equations depends only on the L²-norm of the curvature and a lower bound on the volume radius of the corresponding initial data set. At a deep level the L² curvature conjecture concerns the relationship between the curvature tensor and the causal geometry of an Einstein vacuum space-time. Thus, though the result is not optimal with respect to the standard scaling of the Einstein equations, it is nevertheless critical with respect to a different scaling tied to its causal properties.