bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Limited Access Trial Using Amifostine for Protection Against Cisplatin- and Three-Hour Paclitaxel–Induced Neurotoxicity: A Phase II Study of the Gynecologic Oncology Group
Authors: Moore David H. , Donnelly James , McGuire William P. , Almadrones Lois , Cella David F. , Herzog Thomas J. , Waggoner Steven E.
Published: November 2003

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine whether amifostine (WR-2721) prevents or ameliorates clinically significant (grade 2 to 4) neurotoxicity associated with cisplatin and 3-hour paclitaxel chemotherapy.

Materials and Methods: The chemotherapy program consisted of intravenous paclitaxel 175 mg/m2 over 3 hours followed by amifostine 740 mg/m2 and cisplatin 75 mg/m2 administered over 90 minutes beginning 15 minutes after amifostine administration. At baseline, before each treatment cycle, and for 3 months after completing chemotherapy, patients were evaluated for evidence of neurotoxicity and other treatment-related adverse effects using three methods: standard clinical evaluation (National Cancer Institute common toxicity criteria [CTC] grading), a neurotoxicity questionnaire to assess symptoms and limitations imposed by peripheral neuropathy, and vibration perception threshold (VPT) testing.

Results: Four of 27 assessable patients developed grade 2 to 4 neurotoxicity based on clinical assessments and CTC grading. This number of neuropathic events exceeded the predetermined threshold level for a second stage of accrual and the study was closed.

Conclusion: Amifostine’s level of activity in this trial was insufficient to warrant further study in a phase III trial. Based on the receiver operating characteristic analysis, it would appear that VPT measurements are less sensitive to the development of peripheral neuropathy than the neurotoxicity questionnaire. The questionnaire, referred to as the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy/Gynecologic Oncology Group–Neurotoxicity, may be used instead of VPT measurements in future studies of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy.
Overcoming Drug Resistance in Multiple Myeloma: The Emergence of Therapeutic Approaches to Induce Apoptosis
Authors: Yang Hank H. , Ma Mark H. , Vescio Robert A. , Berenson James R.
Published: November 2003

Drug resistance remains a major clinical challenge for cancer treatment. Early studies suggested that overexpression of P-glycoprotein was a major contributor to the chemotherapy resistance of myeloma cells and other tumor cells. Attempts in several clinical studies to reverse multidrug resistance protein (MDR) by using MDR modulators have not yet generated promising results. Recently, the emerging knowledge about the importance of overcoming antiapoptosis and drug resistance in treating a variety of malignancies, including multiple myeloma (MM), raises new hope of improving the treatment outcome for patients with cancer. The therapeutic value of targeting therapies that aim to reverse the antiapoptotic process in MM cells has been explored in a number of experimental systems, and the results have been promising. The proteasome inhibitor PS-341 is a new specifically targeted proapoptotic therapy that has been tested in clinical studies. The results indicate that PS-341 alone is an effective therapy for patients with MM who experience disease relapse. Recent in vitro data also demonstrate that PS-341 can markedly sensitize chemotherapy-resistant MM cells to various chemotherapeutic agents. On the basis of these encouraging results, clinical studies are underway to test the efficacy of PS-341 and chemotherapeutic agents as combination therapy in treating patients with refractory and relapsed MM.
Changing strategic management practice within the UK construction industry
Authors: Price A.D.F. , Ganiev B.V. , Newson E.
Published: November 2003

The aim of this paper is to review the current use of strategic management within UK construction organizations. Assessments are made on such aspects as its degree of formality, the tools and techniques used, the role of individuals, the strengths and weaknesses of current processes, the time frames adopted and the attitude of management to the strategic management process. This assessment has been used to identify how the strategic management process could be improved within construction organizations.

Data were obtained through a literature analysis, detailed postal questionnaire survey, follow‐up telephone interviews and case studies. This paper mainly deals with the information obtained through a questionnaire survey and included the following topics: the structure of the strategic management process; the tools and techniques adopted; the perceived strengths and weaknesses and contextual questions relating to the background of strategic leaders, size of the organizations and type of work.

Many large construction organizations were found to be rapidly developing their strategic management capabilities and allocating substantial resources to the task. However, strategic management was found to be a low‐profile activity within many small and medium‐size construction organizations.

Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetic investigation on the oxidation of nitrite by oxochromium(V) ion in aqueous and micellar systems
Authors: Kanthimathi Mookandi , Nair Balachandran Unni
Published: November 2003

The kinetics of oxidation of nitrite by [O = CrV (5‐chlorosalen)]+ complex has been studied spectrophotometrically at [CrV] = 0.5 × 10−3 M, [NO2−] = 0.01–0.1 M, [H+] = 0.0001–0.05 M, I = 0.15 M, and T = 25°C in the presence of cationic surfactant, cetyl pyridium chloride (CPC), and anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS),in aqueous acidic medium. The oxygen atom transfer reaction from O = CrV to nitrite ion is influenced by the ionic nature of the micelle. The redox reaction is accelerated in presence of CPC and slowed down by 40 times in presence of SDS. The mechanism of the reaction involves an inner‐sphere process involving the formation of an intermediate followed by oxo transfer process. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 36: 79–86 2004
Application of laser capture microdissection combined with two‐dimensional electrophoresis for the discovery of differentially regulated proteins in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Shekouh Ali R. , Thompson Christopher C. , Prime Wendy , Campbell Fiona , Hamlett Jane , Herrington C. Simon , Lemoine Nicholas R. , Crnogorac‐Jurcevic Tatjana , Buechler Markus W. , Friess Helmut , Neoptolemos John P. , Pennington Stephen R. , Costello Eithne
Published: November 2003

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most lethal of all the common malignancies and markers for early detection or targets for treatment of this disease are urgently required. The disease is characterised by a strong stromal response, with cancer cells usually representing a relatively small proportion of the cells in the tumor mass. We therefore performed laser capture microdissection (LCM) to enrich for both normal and malignant pancreatic ductal epithelial cells. Proteins extracted from these cells were then separated by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (2‐DE). The limited amounts of protein in the LCM procured samples necessitated the detection of 2‐DE resolved proteins by silver staining. Consequently, loading equivalent amounts of protein onto gels was essential. However, we found that conventional means of measuring total protein in the samples were not sufficiently accurate. We therefore adopted a strategy in which the samples were first separated by one‐dimensional sodium dodecyl sulphate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, stained with silver stain and subjected to densitometry. Evaluation of the staining intensity was then used to normalise the samples. We found that the protein profiles from undissected normal pancreas and LCM‐acquired non‐malignant ductal epithelial cells from the same tissue block were different, underpinning the value of LCM in our analysis. The comparisons of protein profiles from nonmalignant and malignant ductal epithelial cells revealed nine protein spots that were consistently differentially regulated. Five of these proteins showed increased expression in tumor cells while four showed diminished expression in these cells. One of the proteins displaying enhanced expression in tumor cells was identified as the calcium‐binding protein, S100A6. To determine the incidence of S100A6 overexpression in pancreatic cancer, we carried out immunohistochemical analysis on sections from a pancreas cancer tissue array containing 174 duplicate normal and malignant pancreatic tissue samples, from 46 pancreas cancer patients. Normal pancreatic ductal epithelia were either devoid of detectable S100A6 or showed weak expression only. Moderately or poorly differentiated tumors, by contrast, showed a higher incidence and a higher level of S100A6 expression. These observations indicate that the combination of LCM with 2‐DE provides an effective strategy to discover proteins that are differentially expressed in PDAC.
Proteomic analysis of differential protein expression induced by ultraviolet light radiation in HeLa cells
Authors: Decker Emily D. , Zhang Yinong , Cocklin Ross R. , Witzmann Frank A. , Wang Mu
Published: November 2003

Cells treated with ultraviolet (UV) radiation undergo cell cycle arrest at the S‐phase and G1/S boundary, allowing DNA repair to occur. Several proteins such as replication protein A and DNA‐dependent protein kinase have been suggested to be involved in UV‐induced inhibition of DNA replication. However, the role of these proteins in inhibiting DNA replication remains unknown. Other proteins may play important roles in modulating functions of these proteins in response to UV‐irradiation. To understand the broad range of proteins involved in this inhibition, we carried out a systematic study to identify specific proteins involved in UV‐induced replication arrest using two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Unique changes in protein expression level for 31 proteins were observed over a 24‐hour time course, including calgizzarin, cyclophilin A, and macrophage migration inhibitory factor. The expression level changes of these proteins are dynamically correlated to DNA replication activity, suggesting involvement of these proteins in modulating DNA replication and repair activities. This proteomic approach provides opportunities to gain insights into the mechanism by which DNA replication is inhibited.
GLYCO‐FRAGMENT: A web tool to support the interpretation of mass spectra of complex carbohydrates
Authors: Lohmann Klaus K. , von der Lieth Claus‐W.
Published: November 2003

Mass spectrometry is frequently used to analyze complex oligosaccharides and glycopeptides. The spectra of glycans can be complicated and difficult to interpret without reference data. Unfortunately, no libraries of suitably pure and homogeneous standards have so far been compiled. The web‐based tool GLYCO‐FRAGMENT allows the generation of all theoretically possible MS relevant fragments of oligosaccharides as defined using the extended IUPAC nomenclature. The main focus of GLYCO‐FRAGMENT is to support the manual assignment of all peaks contained in mass spectra of complex carbohydrates. The service is available at http://www.dkfz.de/spec/projekte/fragments/.
Overcoming technical variation and biological variation in quantitative proteomics
Authors: Molloy Mark P. , Brzezinski Erin E. , Hang Junqi , McDowell Michael T. , VanBogelen Ruth A.
Published: November 2003

Quantitative proteomics investigates physiology at the molecular level by measuring relative differences in protein expression between samples under different experimental conditions. A major obstacle to reliably determining quantitative changes in protein expression is to overcome error imposed by technical variation and biological variation. In drug discovery and development the issue of biological variation often rises in concordance with the developmental stage of research, spanning from in vitro assays to clinical trials. In this paper we present case studies to raise awareness to the issues of technical variation and biological variation and the impact this places on applying quantitative proteomics. We defined the degree of technical variation from the process of two‐dimensional electrophoresis as 20–30% coefficient of variation. On the other hand, biological variation observed experiment‐to‐experiment showed a broader degree of variation depending upon the sample type. This was demonstrated with case studies where variation was monitored across experiments with bacteria, established cell lines, primary cultures, and with drug treated human subjects. We discuss technical variation and biological variation as key factors to consider during experimental design, and offer insight into preparing experiments that overcome this challenge to provide statistically significant outcomes for conducting quantitative proteomic research.
Functional proteomics of neurokinin B in the placenta indicates a novel role in regulating cytotrophoblast antioxidant defences
Authors: Sawicki Grzegorz , Dakour Jamal , Morrish Donald W.
Published: November 2003

Neurokinin B (NKB) has recently been demonstrated to be secreted from the placenta in abnormally high amounts in preeclampsia (PE) and to cause hypertension in rats, suggesting it may be a mediator of some pathophysiological features of PE. It is also known that NKB receptors exist in the placenta. To determine the effect of high levels of NKB on the placenta, we have performed proteomics on five separate preparations of cultured purified human term cytotrophoblast cells. The results showed a statistically significant decrease in 20 proteins, of which five were unknown proteins. Proteins important in antioxidant defenses that decreased were thioredoxin, cyclophilin A, cytokeratin 1, and peroxiredoxin 5. Two proteins that inhibit intravascular anticoagulation, cytokeratin 1 and annexin 11 were also decreased. Pathways involving pro‐inflammatory cytokine activation of NF‐κB are opposed by Raf kinase inhibitor protein, which was also decreased. Cofilin 1, a protein involved in defense against bacteria, was also decreased. Among other proteins that were suppressed by NKB were proteasome proteins, desmoplakin, and calgizzarin. Western blots confirmed the decrease in cytokeratin 1 and cyclophilin A protein after NKB exposure. In PE, there is reduced antioxidant activity and increased intravascular coagulation. The findings that high levels of NKB, similar to those observed in PE, can impair these two classes of activity support the hypothesis that high NKB levels may contribute to the pathogenesis of PE.
Carbon starvation survival of Listeria monocytogenes in planktonic state and in biofilm: A proteomic study
Authors: Helloin Emmanuelle , Jänsch Lothar , Phan‐Thanh Luu
Published: November 2003

The proteomes of Listeria monocytogenes expressed in suspension and biofilm state, in the presence and absence of a caron source, were analysed by two‐dimensional electrophoresis with the help of computer software. The up‐regulated proteins in each case were identified by peptide sequencing using electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry and a database search against the Listeria genome was performed. Relevant functions could be attributed to a number of the induced proteins which contibute to the understanding of the mechanisms of starvation survival of L. monocytogenes in planktonic state and in biofilm.
Toward the identification of liver toxicity markers: A proteome study in human cell culture and rats
Authors: Thome‐Kromer Birgit , Bonk Ines , Klatt Mathias , Nebrich Grit , Taufmann Marion , Bryant Stewart , Wacker Ulrich , Köpke Andreas
Published: November 2003

The effects of toxic and nontoxic compound treatments were investigated by high resolution custom developed 2–11 pH gradient NEPHGE (non equilibrium pH gradient electrophoresis) two‐dimensional electrophoresis. Two models were compared: (i) in vivo rat and (ii) the human cell line HepG2, to test their suitability in a proteomics based approach to identify a toxicity marker. 163 and 321 proteins were identified from the rat liver and the HepG2 proteome. These represent various isoforms of 113 and 194 different NCBI annotated gene sequences, respectively. Nine compounds were selected to induce proteome variations associated with liver toxicity and metabolism. The rat liver proteome database consists of 78 gels, the HepG2 database of 52 gels. Variant proteins were assessed regarding their usefulness as a toxicity marker by evaluating their treatment specificity against multiple control treatments. Thirteen potential toxicity marker proteins were found in rat liver and eight in HepG2. Catalase and carbamoylphosphate synthetase‐1 isoforms were found to be significantly changed after treatment by 4/4 and 3/4 toxic compounds in rat liver, respectively. Aldo‐keto‐reductase family 1, member C1 was implicated for 3/4 liver cell toxic compounds in HepG2. Our approach was able to differentiate the quality of potential toxicity markers and provided useful information for an ongoing characterization of more compounds in a wider number of toxicity classes.
Proteome of Caulobacter crescentus cell cycle publicly accessible on SWICZ server
Authors: Vohradsky Jiri , Janda Ivan , Grünenfelder Björn , Berndt Peter , Röder Daniel , Langen Hanno , Weiser Jaroslav , Jenal Urs
Published: November 2003

Here we present the Swiss‐Czech Proteomics Server (SWICZ), which hosts the proteomic database summarizing information about the cell cycle of the aquatic bacterium Caulobacter crescentus. The database provides a searchable tool for easy access of global protein synthesis and protein stability data as examined during the C. crescentus cell cycle. Protein synthesis data collected from five different cell cycle stages were determined for each protein spot as a relative value of the total amount of [35S]methionine incorporation. Protein stability of pulse‐labeled extracts were measured during a chase period equivalent to one cell cycle unit. Quantitative information for individual proteins together with descriptive data such as protein identities, apparent molecular masses and isoelectric points, were combined with information on protein function, genomic context, and the cell cycle stage, and were then assembled in a relational database with a world wide web interface (http://proteom.biomed.cas.cz), which allows the database records to be searched and displays the recovered information. A total of 1250 protein spots were reproducibly detected on two‐dimensional gel electropherograms, 295 of which were identified by mass spectroscopy. The database is accessible either through clickable two‐dimensional gel electrophoretic maps or by means of a set of dedicated search engines. Basic characterization of the experimental procedures, data processing, and a comprehensive description of the web site are presented. In its current state, the SWICZ proteome database provides a platform for the incorporation of new data emerging from extended functional studies on the C. crescentus proteome.
High‐throughput proteomic analysis of human infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast
Authors: Somiari Richard I. , Sullivan Anthony , Russell Stephen , Somiari Stella , Hu Hai , Jordan Rick , George Alisha , Katenhusen Richard , Buchowiecka Alicja , Arciero Cletus , Brzeski Henry , Hooke Jeff , Shriver Craig
Published: November 2003

Large‐scale proteomics will play a critical role in the rapid display, identification and validation of new protein targets, and elucidation of the underlying molecular events that are associated with disease development, progression and severity. However, because the proteome of most organisms are significantly more complex than the genome, the comprehensive analysis of protein expression changes will require an analytical effort beyond the capacity of standard laboratory equipment. We describe the first high‐throughput proteomic analysis of human breast infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDCA) using OCT (optimal cutting temperature) embedded biopsies, two‐dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2‐D DIGE) technology and a fully automated spot handling workstation. Total proteins from four breast IDCAs (Stage I, IIA, IIB and IIIA) were individually compared to protein from non‐neoplastic tissue obtained from a female donor with no personal or family history of breast cancer. We detected differences in protein abundance that ranged from 14.8% in stage I IDCA versus normal, to 30.6% in stage IIB IDCA versus normal. A total of 524 proteins that showed ≥ three‐fold difference in abundance between IDCA and normal tissue were picked, processed and identified by mass spectrometry. Out of the proteins picked, ∼ 80% were unambiguously assigned identities by matrix‐assisted laser desorbtion/ionization‐time of flight mass spectrometry or liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry in the first pass. Bioinformatics tools were also used to mine databases to determine if the identified proteins are involved in important pathways and/or interact with other proteins. Gelsolin, vinculin, lumican, alpha‐1‐antitrypsin, heat shock protein‐60, cytokeratin‐18, transferrin, enolase‐1 and β‐actin, showed differential abundance between IDCA and normal tissue, but the trend was not consistent in all samples. Out of the proteins with database hits, only heat shock protein‐70 (more abundant) and peroxiredoxin‐2 (less abundant) displayed the same trend in all the IDCAs examined. This preliminary study demonstrates quantitative and qualitative differences in protein abundance between breast IDCAs and reveals 2‐D DIGE portraits that may be a reflection of the histological and pathological status of breast IDCA.
Proteomic analysis of mdx skeletal muscle: Great reduction of adenylate kinase 1 expression and enzymatic activity
Authors: Ge Yue , Molloy Mark P. , Chamberlain Jeffrey S. , Andrews Philip C.
Published: November 2003

To investigate the pathophysiological events of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, we analyzed alterations of protein expression in hindlimb muscles of three month old mdx mice using two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. About 40 differentially expressed proteins from the cytosolic fraction and 20 from the microsomal fraction of mdx hindlimb muscles were identified. Among these altered proteins, adenylate kinase 1 (AK 1) was particular interesting because its decrease in abundance was so dramatic (> four‐fold). Enzymatic assays demonstrated that AK 1 activity was also decreased in mdx mice. Furthermore, the expression and enzymatic activity of AK 1 were consistently reduced in mdx mice at one and six months of age, suggesting a direct relationship between the lack of dystrophin and alteration of AK 1. Along with AK 1, creatine kinase (CK) provides a major pathway for regulation of nucleotide ratios and energy metabolism in muscles. To gain a better understanding of mechanisms of energy metabolism, we also investigated CK activities in these mdx mice at different ages. Our results suggested that decreased AK 1 expression and activity might result in redistribution of energy flow through the alternative CK system, thus a compensatory potential might limit cellular energy failure in mdx skeletal muscle.
Differential expression of the liver proteome in senescence accelerated mice
Authors: Cho Young‐Moon , Bae Soo‐Han , Choi Byung‐Kwon , Cho Sang Yun , Song Chang‐Woo , Yoo Je‐Kwon , Paik Young‐Ki
Published: November 2003

The senescence‐accelerated mouse (SAM) is a useful animal model to study aging or age‐associated disorders due to its inherited aging phenotype. To investigate proteins involved in the aging process in liver, we compared the young (4‐ or 20‐week old) and the aged group (50‐week‐old) of SAMP8 (short life span) and SAMR1 (control) mice, and identified 85 differentially expressed distinct proteins comprising antioxidation, glucose/amino acid metabolism, signal transduction and cell cycle systems using proteomics tools. For the antioxidation system, the aged SAMP8 mice showed a large increase in glutathione peroxidase and decreases in glutathione‐S‐transferase and peroxiredoxin, ranging from 2.5‐ to 5‐fold, suggesting lower detoxification potentials for oxidants in the aged SAMP8 liver. Similarly, levels of key glycolytic enzymes decreased greatly in the aged SAMP8 compared to SAMR1, indicating a disturbance in glucose homeostasis that may be closely related to the typical deficits in learning and memory of the aged SAMP8. Protein profiles of amino acid metabolic enzymes suggest that accumulation of glutamine and glutamate in tissues of the aged SAMP8 may be due to hyperexpression of ornithine aminotransferase and/or glutamate dehydrogenase. Decreases in levels of proteins involved in signal transduction/apoptosis (e.g., cathepsin B) in the aged SAMP8 may support the previously proposed negative relationship between apoptosis and aging. However, the changes described above were not markedly seen in the young group of both strains. For cell cycle systems, levels of selenium binding protein increased about four‐fold with age in SAMP8. Yet, almost no change occurred in either the young or the aged SAMR1, which may explain problems associated with cell proliferation and tissue regeneration in the aged SAMP8. In conclusion, composite profiles of key proteins involved in age‐related processes enable assessment of accelerated senescence and the appearance of senescence‐related pathologies in the aged SAMP8.
Turtles all the way down: outlines for a dynamic theory of epistemology
Authors: Neuman Yair
Published: November 2003

The most serious problem facing epistemological research is how to establish solid foundations for epistemology within a recursive system of knowing. The aim of this paper is to respond to this problem by presenting some outlines for a dynamic theory of epistemology. This theory suggests that the most basic unshakeable unit of epistemology is a process of differentiation, which is a self‐referential activity. This paper elaborates on this thesis and illustrates its relevance to solving the problem of embodiment in Piaget's genetic epistemology. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The paradigm of the science of management and of the management science disciplines
Authors: van Gigch John P.
Published: November 2003

This essay explores C. West Churchman's contributions to the development of the paradigm of the science of management and of management science. No other contemporary thinker has contributed more than Churchman to the elaboration of the management paradigm. In his unique way, and throughout his professional life, he has raised our level of consciousness concerning the unfinished business of the discipline. Given the eclectic nature of Churchman's mind, it would be impossible to do him justice and make a complete list of the methodological and epistemological issues that he has studied. In this essay, we illustrate the ideas that, to our mind, will have the greatest impact on the future direction of the discipline. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of normative sources for systems thinking: an inquiry into religious ground‐motives for systems thinking paradigms
Authors: Eriksson Darek M.
Published: November 2003

In celebration of C. West Churchman's work, this article investigates one of the most cherished endeavours of his thinking: to provide a normative meaning for the conduct of human affiars. Churchman has always emphasized ‘What‐Ought‐To‐Be’, at the expense of the ‘What‐Is’. To achieve this purpose, four Systems Thinking paradigms, namely Hard Systems Thinking, Soft Systems Thinking, Critical Systems Thinking, and Multimodal Systems Thinking, are investigated with regard to their foundations for normative guidance. This investigation is made by identifying their respective basic convictions in the form of so‐called ‘religious ground‐motives’, which are based on the assumption that all human thinking and acting starts with a credal conviction, be it Christian, Jew, Islamic, Buddhist, or other. As a result it is found that these systems thinking paradigms are either founded on an inherent contradiction or provide a normative foundation that lacks a social contract for their implementation, and therefore these paradigms do not provide a stable and satisfactory normative guidance for system design.

Note: The key claim of this author is that, to be normative, an ethical theory must be grounded in a transcendental justification which is based on some religious faith. The opinions presented in this paper are strictly the author's, who does not claim that his beliefs have more merit or are more ethical than those of any competitive faiths. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical modeling of avalanches based on Saint Venant equations using a kinetic scheme
Authors: Mangeney‐Castelnau A. , Vilotte J.‐P. , Bristeau M. O. , Perthame B. , Bouchut F. , Simeoni C. , Yerneni S.
Published: November 2003

Numerical modeling of debris avalanche is presented here. The model uses the long‐wave approximation based on the small aspect ratio of debris avalanches as in classical Saint Venant model of shallow water. Depth‐averaged equations using this approximation are derived in a reference frame linked to the topography. Debris avalanche is treated here as a single‐phase, dry granular flow with Coulomb‐type behavior. The numerical finite volume method uses a kinetic scheme based on the description of the microscopic behavior of the system to define numerical fluxes at the interfaces of a finite element mesh. The main advantage of this method is to preserve the height positivity. The originality of the presented scheme stands in the introduction of a Dirac distribution of particles at the microscopic scale in order to describe the stopping of a granular mass when the driving forces are under the Coulomb threshold. Comparisons with analytical solutions for dam break problems and experimental results show the efficiency of the model in dealing with significant discontinuities and reproducing the flowing and stopping phase of granular avalanches. The ability of the model to describe debris avalanche behavior is illustrated here by schematic numerical simulation of an avalanche over simplified topography. Coulomb‐type behavior with constant and variable friction angle is compared in the framework of this simple example. Numerical tests show that such an approach not only provides insights into the flowing and stopping stage of the granular mass but allows observation of interesting behavior such as the existence of a fluid‐like zone behind a stopped solid‐like granular mass in specific situations, suggesting the presence of horizontal surfaces in the deposited mass.
Snow avalanche formation
Authors: Schweizer Jürg , Bruce Jamieson J. , Schneebeli Martin
Published: November 2003

Snow avalanches are a major natural hazard, endangering human life and infrastructure in mountainous areas throughout the world. In many countries with seasonally snow‐covered mountains, avalanche‐forecasting services reliably warn the public by issuing occurrence probabilities for a certain region. However, at present, a single avalanche event cannot be predicted in time and space. Much about the release process remains unknown, mainly because of the highly variable, layered character of the snowpack, a highly porous material that exists close to its melting point. The complex interaction between terrain, snowpack, and meteorological conditions leading to avalanche release is commonly described as avalanche formation. It is relevant to hazard mapping and essential to short‐term forecasting, which involves weighting many contributory factors. Alternatively, the release process can be studied and modeled. This approach relies heavily on snow mechanics and snow properties, including texture. While the effect of meteorological conditions or changes on the deformational behavior of snow is known in qualitative or semiquantitative manner, the knowledge of the quantitative relation between snow texture and mechanical properties is limited, but promising developments are under way. Fracture mechanical models have been applied to explain the fracture propagation, and micromechanical models including the two competing processes (damage and sintering) have been applied to explain snow failure. There are knowledge gaps between the sequence of processes that lead to the release of the snow slab: snow deformation and failure, damage accumulation, fracture initiation, and fracture propagation. Simultaneously, the spatial variability that affects damage, fracture initiation, and fracture propagation has to be considered. This review focuses on dry snow slab avalanches and shows that dealing with a highly porous media close to its melting point and processes covering several orders of scale, from the size of a bond between snow grains to the size of a mountain slope, will continue to be very challenging.
Melt mixing and crystallization under Theistareykir, northeast Iceland
Authors: Maclennan J. , McKenzie D. , Grönvold K. , Shimizu N. , Eiler J. M. , Kitchen N.
Published: November 2003

Analysis of the compositions of crystals and melt inclusions from a suite of 40 gabbroic and wehrlitic nodules in a single eruptive body provides a record of concurrent mixing and crystallization of melts under NE Iceland. The crystals in the nodules have a similar range of compositions to those found as phenocrysts in the flow, and many of the nodules may have been generated by crystallization of a magma with a similar composition to that of the host flow. While plagioclase is only present in nodules where the average forsterite content of olivines is <Fo88.5, clinopyroxene is found in nodules with average olivine forsterite contents of up to Fo91.6. The order of crystallization ol → ol + cpx → ol + cpx + plg is consistent with generation of the nodules at pressures >0.8 GPa and is in agreement with estimates of crystallization pressures for the host basalt. The relationship between the compositional variability of melt inclusions and the forsterite content of the host olivine is revealed by REE analyses of over 120 melt inclusions. The degree of variability in REE concentrations and REE/Yb ratios decreases with falling forsterite content of the host olivine, as expected if melt mixing and fractional crystallization are operating together. The standard deviation of the REEs falls by a factor of ∼4 between Fo90 and Fo87. This change in olivine composition can be produced by crystallization of 20% which occurs on cooling of ∼50°C. The relative rates of mixing, cooling and crystallization may provide constraints upon the dynamics of magma bodies. The oxygen isotopic composition of olivines from the nodules and phenocrysts is highly variable (δ18O from 3.3–5.2 per mil) and shows little correlation with the forsterite content of the olivine. The full range of oxygen isotope variation is present in olivines with Fo89–90, and the low δ18O signal is associated with melts of high Mg# and La/Yb. Such geochemical relationships cannot be produced by assimilation of low Mg# crustal materials alone, and may reflect oxygen isotopic variation within the mantle source. The geochemistry of the melt inclusions and their host crystals can be accounted for by fractional melting of a mantle source with variable composition, followed by concurrent mixing and crystallization beneath the Moho.
Volcanic ash retrieved from the GRIP ice core is not from Thera
Authors: Keenan Douglas J.
Published: November 2003

Tephra found in an ice core from Greenland (GRIP) has been claimed to be from the Minoan eruption of Thera (Santorini), Greece. If true, this would date the eruption, thereby resolving a decades‐long debate in chronology. Herein, it is shown that the methods used to match the Greenlandic tephra with Thera are flawed and that the geochemical data imply the tephra is not from Thera.
Mercury's tides and interior structure
Authors: Van Hoolst T. , Jacobs C.
Published: November 2003

An accurate tide‐generating potential series for Mercury has been calculated on the basis of VSOP87 ephemerides for the solar system planets. Due to the 3:2 spin‐orbit resonance, the tides on Mercury cannot be divided into the three classically known tidal frequency bands for the Earth: the diurnal, semidiurnal, and long‐period tides. Instead, the tides all have periods of the order of one Mercury day, or, equivalently, one Mercury year, and their amplitudes have been calculated with an accuracy of 10−5 m2s−2. Basic Mercury models with varying inner and outer core radii and core sulfur concentration have been constructed in order to test the sensitivity of tides to these parameters. To determine the reaction of Mercury to the tidal forcing, the Love numbers h, l, and k and the gravimetric factor δ were calculated for the interior models. Tidal displacements, gravity variations, and external gravitational potential variations have also been calculated for the models. It is shown that especially the measurement of the external potential variations will be extremely useful for constraining the inner and outer core.
Homologous recombination in human telomerase‐positive and ALT cells occurs with the same frequency
Authors: Bechter Oliver E , Zou Ying , Shay Jerry W , Wright Woodring E
Published: November 2003

Homologous recombination is thought to be the molecular mechanism for maintaining telomere length in alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) cells. We used a recombination reporter system to show that the frequency of homologous recombination is the same for ALT‐ and telomerase‐positive cells, suggesting that if ALT cells have a recombination defect it specifically involves telomeric sequences. We compared internal and telomere‐adjacent positions of our reporter construct to investigate if telomeric sequences near an induced double‐strand break alter the frequency of recombination between nontelomeric sequences, and found no differences among the different cell lines analysed. Our results indicate that the underlying defect in homologous recombination in ALT cells does not affect sequences independent of their chromosomal location but is likely to be primarily a specific telomeric defect.
E‐commerce, Transportation, and Economic Geography
Authors: Anderson William P. , Chatterjee Lata , Lakshmanan T.R.
Published: November 2003

ABSTRACT This paper explores possible ways in which growth in Internet retailing (e‐retailing) may affect the spatial distribution of economic activities. After a brief overview of e‐retailing, a categorization of possible spatial impacts is introduced. These include impacts on the retail industry, such as substitution of e‐retail for brick‐and‐mortar retail, impacts on transportation, such as substitution of freight transportation for personal transportation in goods delivery, and pervasive impacts that affect the whole economy. The latter category includes uniform delivered pricing, spatial leveling of accessibility, and marketing strategies that target individuals rather than regions. The question of whether e‐retailing and brick‐and‐mortar retailing are truly substitutes is taken up in the next section, along with potential implications of multi‐channel retailing. The final section of the paper defines some critical research directions.
Impacts of IT Advances and E‐commerce on Transportation in Producer Services
Authors: Beyers William B.
Published: November 2003

ABSTRACT Producer services have been among the most rapidly growing industries, as measured by employment, in the United States and in Europe in recent decades. The production and delivery of these specialized forms of service industry work require the use of transportation and communications systems in a variety of ways, including the physical movement of people working in these industries, as well as the movement of the information related to the production and distribution of their work. Some of this work is performed in localized markets, requiring travel between clients and suppliers in local transportation modes, such as auto, bus, or other types of transportation. Other work is done by specialists who travel interregionally and globally to do their work, primarily traveling to their clients. There is little knowledge of how these production relationships have changed with the advent of the Internet and the widespread use of e‐mail in the business production process. Within the framework of this STELLA initiative, this paper outlines research needs in this area, and frames an approach that would produce badly needed knowledge about impacts on the producer services of the Internet and related e‐commerce initiatives on physical transportation systems at a local to interregional scale.
Logistics Strategy and Transport Service Choices: An Adaptive Stated Preference Experiment
Authors: Bolis Simona , Maggi Rico
Published: November 2003

ABSTRACT This paper presents the results of a microanalysis of freight transport demand in a logistics context. Current research concentrates, with few exceptions, on shippers’ choice of a transport mode. However, in a global context, shippers’ behavior has to be conceived as a complex decision, which considers transport mode choice as only a part of a firm's logistics strategy. Since no data exist to directly estimate the marginal values for different qualities of transport and logistics services, a stated preference approach is applied. Adaptive stated preference experiments were performed for twenty‐two firms in Italy and in Switzerland. The experimental results—forty hypothetical binary choices per firm—were completed by background information on the firms’ long‐term logistics strategies. The results confirm the relevance of the logistics context (e.g., JIT strategies on the supplier's or customer's side) for transport demand. The calculated marginal values of time and characteristics (reliability, frequency, etc.) provide important insights and permit generalized costs in freight transport models to be recalibrated.
Effects of sinus lifting on voice quality
Authors: Tepper Gabor , Haas Robert , Schneider Berit , Watzak Georg , Mailath Georg , Jovanovic Sasha A. , Busenlechner Dieter , Zechner Werner , Watzek Georg
Published: November 2003

Abstract: A variety of potential complications associated with sinus lift surgery have been reported in the literature. However, potential alterations of voice quality following sinus elevation have so far not been mentioned or evaluated scientifically. For the majority of patients, slight changes of the voice pattern are of no importance. However, for voice professionals, whose voices have become part of their distinctive profession or trademark, minimal changes may have dramatic consequences. This specific group of patients, such as speakers, actors and singers, depend on the particular quality and timbre of their voice for their livelihood. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to assess the effects of sinus lifting on voice quality in the above patient group. In a collaborative interdisciplinary effort, the Departments of Oral Surgery and Otorhinolaryngology, Section of Phoniatrics and Logopedics, thoroughly evaluated a series of voice parameters of four patients undergoing sinus lifting pre‐ and postoperatively. The parameters analyzed included pitch, dynamic range, sound pressure level, percent jitter, percent shimmer and noise‐to‐harmonics ratio with special emphasis on formant analysis. No changes were detected in any of the commonly evaluated parameters. These were rated subjectively by patients and their friends or relatives and objectively with instrumental tools under isolated phoniatric lab conditions. In conclusion, sinus lift surgery appears to be a safe, predictable evidence‐based method for regenerating the highly atrophic posterior maxilla, which does not jeopardize the individual characteristic voice pattern of high‐profile patients critically dependent on their voices for their livelihood.
Effect of the additional installation of implants in the posterior region on the prognosis of treatment in the edentulous mandibular jaw
Authors: Miyamoto Youji , Fujisawa Kenji , Takechi Masaaki , Momota Yukihiro , Yuasa Tetsuya , Tatehara Seiko , Nagayama Masaru , Yamauchi Eiji
Published: November 2003

The aim of this study was to elucidate the effect of the additional installation of implants in the posterior region on the prognosis of treatment in the edentulous mandibular jaw. Fifteen patients who had received implants (Brånemark system, Nobel Biocare, Gotebörg, Sweden) in the edentulous mandible and completed a 1‐year follow‐up after the fitting of implant‐anchored fixed prostheses were selected. In seven patients (Group A), four or five implants were installed between the mental foramina, and in eight patients (Group P), one or two implants, one on each side, were installed in the posterior regions in addition to the implants between the foramina. All implants of both groups achieved osseointegration. In Group A, there was no implant loss after loading. Six implants were lost in five patients of Group P within 1 year after loading. All of them were located in the posterior region. To elucidate whether or not the failure rate of the implants in the posterior region of Group P after loading was especially high, the failures were also compared with 89 implants, which were installed in the posterior region of the mandibles to support implant‐anchored fixed partial prosthesis, during the same period (Group C). The cumulative survival rate of the implants of Group P was 60%, while that of the implants of Group C was 100% (P<0.001). When the survival rates of posterior implants with the same length of the two groups were compared, there were significant differences for the 7‐ and 10‐mm‐length implants only. These data demonstrate that the posterior implants in Group P are at greater risk. Deformation of the mandible due to jaw movement was thought to be the most likely cause of the implant loss. Therefore, when such modified treatment is chosen, it should be performed with meticulous attention.
Tissue response to titanium implantation in the rat maxilla, with special reference to the effects of surface conditions on bone formation
Authors: Shirakura Masaki , Fujii Noritaka , Ohnishi Hideo , Taguchi Yuya , Ohshima Hayato , Nomura Shuichi , Maeda Takeyasu
Published: November 2003

Abstract: Tissue responses to titanium implantation with two different surface conditions in our established implantation model in rat maxillae were investigated by light and transmission electron microscopy and by histochemistry for tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAPase) activity. Here we used two types of implants with different surface qualities: titanium implants sandblasted with Al2O3 (SA‐group) and implants coated with hydroxyapatite (HA‐group). In both groups, bone formation had begun by 5 days postimplantation when the inflammatory reaction had almost disappeared in the prepared bone cavity. In the SA‐group, however, the bone formation process in the bone cavity was almost identical to that shown in our previous report using smooth surfaced implants (Futami et al. 2000): new bone formation, which occurred from the pre‐existing bone toward the implant, was preceded by active bone resorption in the lateral area with a narrow gap, but not so in the base area with a wide gap. In the HA‐group, direct bone formation from the implant toward the pre‐existing bone was recognizable in both lateral and base areas. Many TRAPase‐reactive cells were found near the implant surface. On the pre‐existing bone, new bone formation occurred with bone resorption by typical osteoclasts. Osseointegration around the implants was achieved by postoperative day 28 in both SA‐ and HA‐groups except for the lateral area, where the implant had been installed close to the cavity margin. These findings indicate that ossification around the titanium implants progresses in different patterns, probably dependent on surface properties and quality.