bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selecting the reference image for registration of CEST series
Authors: Zhang Yi , Heo Hye‐Young , Lee Dong‐Hoon , Zhao Xuna , Jiang Shanshan , Zhang Kai , Li Haiyun , Zhou Jinyuan
Published: August 2015

Background

To compare different reference images selected for registration among chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) series.

Materials and Methods

Five normal volunteers and eight brain tumor patients were studied on a 3 Tesla scanner. Image registration was performed by choosing each of the acquired CEST saturation or unsaturation dynamic images as the reference. CEST images at 3.5 ppm (amide proton transfer, APT) were computed for each motion‐corrected data set after main magnetic field inhomogeneity correction. A uniformity index was defined to quantify the efficacy of image registration using different reference images. Joint histograms and the structural similarity index (SSIM) were used to analyze the intrinsic image similarity between various dynamic images.

Results

Image registration increased the average uniformity index by 18% if the 3.5 ppm saturated image was selected as the reference image. However, registering to the unsaturated dynamic image reduced the uniformity index by 13% on average. The joint histogram analysis showed that the saturated dynamic images were highly similar (SSIM = 0.89 ± 0.01), and were considerably different from the unsaturated dynamic image (SSIM = 0.58 ± 0.03).

Conclusion

The selection of the 3.5 ppm dynamic image as the reference image generated the highest uniformity index for APT imaging though other saturated images were equally suited as reference images. J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2016;43:756–761.
Automatic muscle and fat segmentation in the thigh from T1‐Weighted MRI
Authors: Orgiu Sara , Lafortuna Claudio L. , Rastelli Fabio , Cadioli Marcello , Falini Andrea , Rizzo Giovanna
Published: August 2015

Purpose

To introduce and validate an automatic segmentation method for the discrimination of skeletal muscle (SM), and adipose tissue (AT) components (subcutaneous adipose tissue [SAT] and intermuscular adipose tissue [IMAT]) from T1‐weighted (T1‐W) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images of the thigh.

Materials and Methods

Eighteen subjects underwent an MRI examination on a 1.5T Philips Achieva scanner. Acquisition was performed using a T1‐W sequence (TR = 550 msec, TE = 15 msec), pixel size between 0.81–1.28 mm, slice thickness of 6 mm. Bone, AT, and SM were discriminated using a fuzzy c‐mean algorithm and morphologic operators. The muscle fascia that separates SAT from IMAT was detected by integrating a morphological‐based segmentation with an active contour Snake. The method was validated on five young normal weight, five older normal weight, and five older obese females, comparing automatic with manual segmentations.

Results

We reported good performance in the extraction of SM, AT, and bone in each subject typology (mean sensitivity above 96%, mean relative area difference of 1.8%, 2.7%, and 2.5%, respectively). A mean distance between contours pairs of 0.81 mm and a mean percentage of contour points with distance smaller than 2 pixels of 86.2% were obtained in the muscle fascia identification. Significant correlation was also found between manual and automatic IMAT and SAT cross‐sectional areas in all subject typologies (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

The proposed automatic segmentation approach provides adequate thigh tissue segmentation and may be helpful in studies of regional composition. J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2016;43:601–610.
In‐service sensitization of a microstructurally heterogeneous AA5083 alloy
Authors: Wei W. , González S. , Hashimoto T. , Abuaisha R. R. , Thompson G. E. , Zhou X.
Published: August 2015

It was revealed that an AA5083 alloy had been severely sensitized after 40 years in service at ground atmosphere temperature. The degree of sensitization of the various regions through the alloy plate thickness is different, which is associated with the non‐uniform distribution of Mg through the plate thickness. The alloy plate exhibits Mg‐rich bands that promoted the heterogeneous distribution of Mg‐containing precipitates. The composition of these precipitates ranges from that for low Mg content intermetallics to that of the β′ phase. Structure characterization revealed the β′ phase and a cubic Al‐Mg phase that has lower magnesium contents compared to the β phase.
Pain in Parkinson's Disease: Current Concepts and a New Diagnostic Algorithm
Authors: Mylius Veit , Ciampi de Andrade Daniel , Cury Rubens Gisbert , Teepker Michael , Ehrt Uwe , Eggert Karla Maria , Beer Serafin , Kesselring Jürg , Stamelou Maria , Oertel Wolfgang H. , Möller Jens Carsten , Lefaucheur Jean‐Pascal
Published: August 2015

Background

Pain is a significant burden for patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) with a high impact on quality of life. The present article aims at summarizing epidemiological, pathophysiological, clinical, and neurophysiological data regarding pain in PD.

Methods

In this domain, a procedure of systematic assessment is still lacking for the syndromic diagnosis and should take into account pain characteristics, effects of dopaminergic treatment, motor fluctuations, and non‐PD‐associated pain.

Findings

We propose an original questionnaire addressing an algorithm suitable for daily clinical practice. The questionnaire is based on a three‐step approach addressing first the relationship between pain and PD (including temporal relationship with the course of the disease, association with motor fluctuations, and impact of antiparkinsonian treatment), before classifying pain into one of three main syndromes (i.e., musculoskeletal pain, psychomotor restlessness pain, and neuropathic pain).

Conclusions

The proposed questionnaire allows the characteristics of each pain type to be determined according to its relationship with the disease and its treatment. The validation of the clinical use of this questionnaire will be the goal of a forthcoming work.
Rotated stack‐of‐spirals partial acquisition for rapid volumetric parallel MRI
Authors: Deng Weiran , Zahneisen Benjamin , Stenger V. Andrew
Published: August 2015

Purpose

We present a volumetric sampling method that rotates the spiral interleaves of a stack of spirals (SOSP) trajectory for reduced aliasing artifacts using parallel imaging with undersampling.

Methods

The aliasing pattern in an undersampled SOSP acquisition was modified by consecutively rotating spiral interleaves in each phase‐encoding plane. This allows a sampling scheme with a high reduction factor when using a volumetric multireceiver array. Phantom and in vivo brain images at a resolution of 1 × 1 × 2 mm3 were acquired at 3T using a 32‐channel coil. Images reconstructed with a reduction factor of 16 were compared for aliasing artifacts and geometry factor (g‐factor).

Results

Phantom and in vivo brain image results revealed that the rotated SOSP acquisition with a reduction factor of 16 produces images with reduced aliasing and lower g‐factors than images acquired without rotation.

Conclusion

The proposed rotated SOSP sampling method is a highly efficient way to maximize the encoding power of volumetric receiver arrays in parallel imaging and is applicable to rapid volumetric scanning, including susceptibility‐weighted imaging and functional MRI. Magn Reson Med 76:127–135, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stromal expression of VEGF‐A and VEGFR‐2 in prostate tissue is associated with biochemical and clinical recurrence after radical prostatectomy
Authors: Nordby Yngve , Andersen Sigve , Richardsen Elin , Ness Nora , Al‐Saad Samer , Melbø‐Jørgensen Christian , Patel Hiten RH , Dønnem Tom , Busund Lill‐Tove , Bremnes Roy M
Published: August 2015

Background

There is probably significant overtreatment of patients with prostate cancer due to a lack of sufficient diagnostic tools to predict aggressive disease. Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and their receptors (VEGFRs) are potent mediators of angiogenesis and tumor proliferation, but have been examined to a limited extent in large prostate cancer studies. Meanwhile, recent promising results on VEGFR‐2 inhibition have highlighted their importance, leading to the need for further investigations regarding their expression and prognostic impact.

Design

Using tissue microarray and immunohistochemistry, the expression of VEGFs (VEGF‐A and VEGF‐C) and their receptors (VEGFR‐2 and VEGFR‐3) were measured in neoplastic tissue and corresponding stroma from radical prostatectomy specimens in 535 Norwegian patients. Their expression was evaluated semiquantatively and associations with event‐free survival were calculated.

Results

High expression of VEGFR‐2 in either stroma or epithelium was independently associated with a higher incidence of prostate cancer relapse (HR = 4.56, P = 0.038). A high combined expression of either VEGF‐A, VEGFR‐2 or both in stroma was independently associated with a higher incidence of biochemical failure (HR = 1.77, P = 0.011).

Conclusions

This large study highlights the prognostic importance of VEGF‐A and VEGFR‐2 stromal expression. Analyses of these biomarkers may help distinguish which patients will benefit from radical treatment. Together with previous studies showing efficiency of targeting VEGFR‐2 in prostate cancer, this study highlights its potential as a target for therapy, and may aid in future selection of prostate cancer patients for novel anti‐angiogenic treatment. Prostate 75:1682–1693, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Paeoniflorin ameliorates ANIT‐induced cholestasis by activating Nrf2 through an PI3K/Akt‐dependent pathway in rats
Authors: Chen Zhe , Ma Xiao , Zhu Yun , Zhao Yanling , Wang Jiabo , Li Ruisheng , Chen Chang , Wei Shizhang , Jiao Wenjuan , Zhang Yaming , Li Jianyu , Wang Lifu , Wang Ruilin , Liu Honghong , Shen Honghui , Xiao Xiaohe
Published: August 2015

Cholestasis causes hepatic accumulation of bile acids leading to liver injury, fibrosis and liver failure. Paeoniflorin, the major active compound isolated from the roots of Paeonia lactiflora pall and Paeonia veitchii Lynch, is extensively used for liver diseases treatment in China. However, the mechanism of paeoniflorin's hepatoprotective effect on cholestasis has not been investigated yet. In this study, we administered paeoniflorin to rats for 3 days prior to alpha‐naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) administration for once, then went on administering paeoniflorin to rats for 3 days. The data demonstrated that paeoniflorin significantly prevented ANIT‐induced change in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphates (ALP), serum total bilirubin (TBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL), total bile acid (TBA) and gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase (γ‐GT). Histology examination revealed that paeoniflorin treatment rats relieved more liver injury and bile duct proliferation than ANIT‐administered rats. Moreover, our data indicated that paeoniflorin could restore glutathione (GSH) and its related synthase glutamate‐cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLc) and glutamate‐cysteine ligase modifier subunit (GCLm) in ANIT‐treated group. In addition, the RNA and protein expression of Akt and nuclear factor‐E2‐related factor‐2 (Nrf2) were also activated by paeoniflorin in ANIT‐induced rats. These findings indicated that paeoniflorin protected ANIT‐induced cholestasis and increased GSH synthesis by activating Nrf2 through PI3K/Akt‐dependent pathway. Therefore, paeoniflorin might be a potential therapeutic agent for cholestasis. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Revenge Problem Without the Concept of Truth
Authors: Pinder Mark ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: August 2015

The vast majority of putative solutions to the liar paradox face the infamous revenge problem. In recent work, however, Kevin Scharp has extensively developed an exciting and highly novel “inconsistency approach” to the paradox that, he claims, does not face revenge. If Scharp is right, then this represents a significant step forward in our attempts to solve the liar paradox. However, in this paper, I raise a revenge problem that faces Scharp’s inconsistency approach.
Avian response to green roofs in urban landscapes in the Midwestern USA
Authors: Eakin Carly J. , Campa Henry , Linden Daniel W. , Roloff Gary J. , Rowe D. Bradley , Westphal Joanne
Published: August 2015

Green roofs present an opportunity to provide large areas of vegetation that could serve as bird habitat in urban areas. Point‐count surveys at 12 green‐roof study locations in the midwestern United States were conducted during the bird breeding season in 2010 and 2011. At each green roof location, birds were surveyed on building rooftops and at ground level around (<200 m) each building. Data collection resulted in 771 sampling periods during which 2,973 species detections (1,315 for native songbirds) were recorded. We estimated occupancy probabilities for birds with single‐ and multi‐species occupancy models, which accounted for detection and allowed for community‐level summaries such as species richness. Twenty‐six noninvasive, native bird species were detected on the roofs, and the estimated mean richness of native songbird and woodpecker species for each green roof was 10–21. Most species (approx. 90%) observed on green roofs also were observed in surrounding landscapes, and species richness estimates and species‐specific occupancy probabilities were typically lower for green roofs than for surrounding landscapes. Our results indicate that green roofs may contribute to habitat for a subset of birds already occurring in urbanized landscapes. Although surrounding areas likely provide greater bird habitat than vegetation on green roofs, several native songbird, woodpecker, and waterfowl species use green roofs in urban landscapes; hence, green roofs have potential to contribute to bird habitat in urban areas and may help mitigate negative effects of urbanization on birds. © 2015 The Wildlife Society.
Data acquisition varies by bat phonic group for 2 types of bat detectors when weatherproofed and paired in field settings
Authors: Kaiser Zachary D. E. , O'Keefe Joy M.
Published: August 2015

Manufacturers of acoustic bat detectors use proprietary microphones with different frequency responses, sensitivities, and directionality. Researchers implement various waterproofing strategies to protect microphones from inclement weather. These factors cause different detector models to have unique sampling areas and likely results in dissimilar data recording. We tested whether SM2BAT+ (SM2) and Anabat SD2 (Anabat) bat detectors record dissimilar data when weatherproofed in a manner suitable for long‐term passive sampling. We deployed detectors at 71 random points near Indianapolis, Indiana (USA), from May to August, 2012–2013. We used 45° polyvinyl chloride tubes to weatherproof directional Anabat microphones and the stock foam shielding to cover omnidirectional SM2 microphones. Anabat and SM2 microphones were paired at 2‐m and 5‐m heights. We adjusted file parameters to make Anabat and SM2 data comparable. We identified files to phonic group (low, midrange, and Myotis) using Bat Call ID software. The effects of detector type, phonic group, height, and their interactions on mean files recorded per site were assessed using generalized estimating equations and least‐significant‐differences pairwise comparisons. Anabats recorded more low and midrange files, but fewer Myotis files per site than did SM2s. When comparing the same model of detectors, deployment height did not affect data acquisition. Weatherproofing may limit the ability of Anabats to record Myotis, but Anabat microphones may have greater detection ranges for low and midrange bats. We demonstrated that the ability to record bat calls in different frequency ranges varies with microphone type and weatherproofing strategy, which implies that best practices for presence–absence surveys may also vary for bats in different phonic groups. © 2015 The Wildlife Society.
Continental crust of Gorny Altai: stages of formation and evolution; indicative role of granitoids
Authors: Kruk N.N.
Published: August 2015

The composition and mechanisms of formation of continental crust in Gorny Altai and the role of granitoid magmatism in its evolution are considered. Geochemical and isotope data for major types of rocks of primary crust and for Early–Middle Paleozoic granitoids of the region are presented. The role of granitoids as indicators of the different stages of the continental-crust evolution is discussed. A review of the main models of continental crust formation is maid, and their applicability to the Gorny Altai segment of the Central Asian Fold Belt is shown. Based on the complex of geological, geochemical, isotope, and geochronological data, it has been established that the formation of continental crust in the Early and Late Caledonian terranes of Gorny Altai proceeded nearly synchronously (in the Middle–Late Devonian). In the Early Caledonian terranes, this process was the consequence of the multistage fractionation of primary juvenile crust of basic composition, and in the Late Caledonian ones it was the result of one-cycle intracrustal melting of hybrid andesitic crust rich in recycled material.
Evolution of magmatic-hydrothermal system of the Kalaxiange’er porphyry copper belt and implications for ore formation (Xinjiang, China)
Authors: Jinggan Gao , Wenyuan Li , Chunji Xue , Qijun Tu , Zhanfeng Zhao , Wenping Yang , Youzhu Li , Volkova N.I.
Published: August 2015

The Kalaxiange’er porphyry copper ore belt is situated in the eastern part of the southern Altai of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt and forms part of a broad zone of Cu porphyry mineralization in southern Mongolia, which includes the Oyu Tolgoi ore district and other copper–gold deposits. The copper ore bodies are spatially associated with porphyry intrusions of granodiorite, quartz diorite, quartz syenite, and quartz monzonite and have a polygenetic (polychromous) origin (magmatic porphyry, hydrothermal, and supergene). The mineralized porphyries are characterized by almost identical REE and trace element patterns. The Zr/Hf and Nb/Ta ratios are similar to those of normal granite produced through the evolution of mantle magma. The low initial Sr isotope ratio ISr, varying within a narrow range of values (0.703790–0.704218), corresponds to that of primitive mantle, whereas the εNd(T) value of porphyry varies from 5.8 to 8.4 and is similar to that of MORB. These data testify to the upper-mantle genesis of the parental magmas of ore-bearing porphyry, which were then contaminated with crustal material in an island-arc environment. The isotopic composition of sulfur (unimodal distribution of δ34S with peak values of −2 to −4‰) evidences its deep magmatic origin; the few lower negative δ34S values suggest that part of S was extracted from volcanic deposits later. The isotopic characteristics of Pb testify to its mixed crust–upper-mantle origin. According to SHRIMP U–Pb geochronological data for zircon from granite porphyry and granodiorite porphyry, mineralization at the Xiletekehalasu porphyry Cu deposit formed in two stages: (1) Hercynian “porphyry” stage (375.2 ± 8.7 Ma), expressed as the formation of porphyry with disseminated and vein–disseminated mineralization, and (2) Indosinian stage (217.9 ± 4.2 Ma), expressed as superposed hydrothermal mineralization. The Re–Os isotope data on molybdenite (376.9 ± 2.2 Ma) are the most consistent with the age of primary mineralization at the Xiletekehalasu porphyry Cu deposit, whereas the Ar–Ar isotopic age (230 ± 5 Ma) of K-feldspar–quartz vein corresponds to the stage of hydrothermal mineralization. The results show that mineralization at the Xiletekehalasu porphyry Cu deposit was a multistage process which resulted in the superposition of the Indosinian hydrothermal mineralization on the Hercynian porphyry Cu mineralization.
Using cocrystallization coefficients of isomorphous admixtures for determination of element concentrations in ore-forming solutions (by the example of Mn/Fe ratio in magnetite)
Authors: Tauson V.L. , Smagunov N.V. , Lipko S.V.
Published: August 2015

The cocrystallization coefficient of Mn and Fe (DMn/Fe) in magnetite crystals is determined in hydrothermal-growth experiments with internal sampling at 450 and 500 °C and 100 MPa (1 kbar). It is weakly dependent on temperature in the studied PT-region and is constant over a wide range of Mn/Fe values. This permits using the magnetite composition as an indicator of Mn/Fe in the fluid under equilibrium: (Mn/Fe)aq ≈ 100 (Mn/Fe)mt. Since Mn is often a macrocomponent of the fluid and a microcomponent of magnetite, local analysis of fluid inclusions for Mn might help to determine Fe even in iron minerals. This will permit evaluation of the contents of other ore metals if the DMe/Fe values are known. For fine crystals (< 0.1–0.2 mm) with low contents of Mn (< 0.01–0.02%), it is necessary to take into account the fractionation of Mn into the surficial nonautonomous phase, in which its content can reach several percent. Comparison of these data with earlier data on the distribution of Mn in the system magnetite–pyrite–pyrrhotite–greenockite–hydrothermal solution shows that DMn/Fe remains constant in the presence of sulfur and sulfides. Precipitation of magnetite, in which Mn is a compatible admixture, cannot affect radically Mn/Fe in the solution because of the low DMn/Fe value. This effect is still more unlikely for pyrrhotite and pyrite, in which Mn is an incompatible admixture. The most probable mechanism of Mn fractionation into the solid phase is crystallization of FeOOH at lower temperatures. This is indirectly supported by the strong fractionation of Mn into the nonautonomous oxyhydroxide phase on the surface of magnetite crystals. The necessity of a more rigorous validation of “the new Fe/Mn geothermometer for hydrothermal systems” is substantiated.
Sources of gallium in ferromanganese crusts from the Sea of Japan
Authors: Mikhailik P.E. , Mikhailik E.V. , Blokhin M.G. , Zarubina N.V.
Published: August 2015

Possible sources of gallium in hydrothermal-sedimentary ferromanganese crusts of the Belyaevsky Seamount (Central Basin, Sea of Japan) are considered. Studies with successive selective leaching have shown that ~ 80% of Ga are present in the manganese fraction. The Changbaishan Volcano ash with up to 35.3 ppm Ga has been found in the marine sediment column located in the immediate vicinity of the Belyaevsky Seamount. This suggests that Ga of the Fe–Mn crusts of the seamount was supplied with the ash of volcanic rocks containing up to 300 ppm Ga.
Electron probe microanalysis of minerals: Microanalyzer or scanning electron microscope?
Authors: Lavrent’ev Yu.G. , Karmanov N.S. , Usova L.V.
Published: August 2015

The results of electron probe microanalysis of several rock-forming minerals by wavelength-dispersive spectrometry (WDS) and energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) are compared, and the metrological characteristics of both methods are studied. The measurements were made with the use of a JXA-8100 (JEOL) microanalyzer with five wavelength-dispersive spectrometers and a MIRA 3 LMU (Tescan) scanning electron microscope equipped with an INCA Energy 450 XMax 80 (Oxford Instruments) microanalysis system. Specimens with olivine, garnet, pyroxene, ilmenite, and Cr-spinel grains were analyzed.

The variation coefficients that characterize the repeatability of a single determination are found to be ~ 0.5% for WDS and ~ 0.9% for EDS in the compositional range of the main components (C > 10%). For minor components (1% < C < 10%), the variation coefficients are 1.4% and 3.0%, respectively, and for impurities (0.3% < C < 1%), 2.7% and 13%, respectively. For lower contents EDS is almost inapplicable. The ratio of the results obtained by the two methods is reproduced with high precision: For major components, the variation coefficient is 0.56%; for minor components, 1.7%; and even for impurities, it is ~ 8%. The magnitude of the bias is between 0.2 and 3.2 rel.%, which is acceptable.

The results show that the accuracies of WDS and EDS are similar for measuring major and minor components of rock-forming minerals. Energy-dispersive spectrometry is inferior to wavelength-dispersive spectrometry for impurities and is completely inapplicable for still lower contents. This method is easier to implement, and the results are available soon after switching on the instrument. Wavelength-dispersive spectrometry needs more time for preparation, but it ensures a precise high-efficiency large-scale analysis of samples of similar compositions, even when the element contents are lower than 1%.
The Upper Jurassic of the Laptev Sea: interregional correlations and paleoenvironments
Authors: Nikitenko B.L. , Knyazev V.G. , Peshchevitskaya E.B. , Glinskikh L.A.
Published: August 2015

The Late Jurassic evolution of Boreal and Arctic basins is reflected in the widespread deposition of organic-rich black shales (source rocks). In this connection, the priority should be placed on the development and refinement of zonal schemes for the Upper Jurassic of the Laptev Sea coast based on ammonites, foraminifers, ostracods, dinocysts, and spores and pollen from reference sections as the basis for stratigraphic, paleogeographic, and facies studies. The Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous reference section of interest is located on the left side of the Anabar Bay of the Laptev Sea (Nordvik Peninsula, Urdyuk-Khaya Cape). An uninterrupted and continuous section from Upper Oxfordian to Lower Valanginian is exposed in coastal cliffs and consists mainly of silty clay deposits with abundant macro- and microfossils. A reliable biostratigraphic subdivision of the Upper Jurassic interval of this section was taken as the basis for the assessment of the correlation potential of different fossil groups and subsequent interregional correlations, facies analysis, and detailed paleogeographic reconstructions of the study area. The analysis of variations in the composition of macrobenthic communities and microphytoplankton and terrestrial palynomorph assemblages and the biofacies analysis allowed the reconstruction of the evolution of marine paleoenvironmental settings in the western part of the Anabar–Lena sea and in the terrestrial settings in the adjacent land area of Siberia.
Forward modeling and inversion of LWD induction data
Authors: Epov M.I. , Glinskikh V.N. , Sukhorukova K.V. , Nikitenko M.N. , Eremin V.N.
Published: August 2015

The processing algorithms for high-frequency induction resistivity data are applied to logs acquired at different stages of well construction. Open-hole induction logging while reaming of vertical wells provides a priori information on geology and resistivity distribution. The resulting resistivity model can make reference in geosteering for deviated and horizontal drilling. Algorithms for inversion of high-frequency induction responses from layered media are used in a software package for processing LWD data. The software provides real-time inversion to recover resistivities and depths to layers in oil and gas reservoirs penetrated by wells of a complex trajectory. It also allows checking the inversion quality by analyzing the sensitivity of tool responses to model parameters with reference to the tool specifications.
Effect of local soil conditions on dynamic ground response in the southern coast of Izmir Bay, Turkey
Authors: Kuruoglu M. , Eskisar T.
Published: August 2015

The city of Izmir, located at the western end of Turkey, has experienced many strong earthquakes throughout its history. The southern coast of Izmir Bay, one of the most densely populated areas of Izmir, is located on deep alluvial sediments. It is important to determine the effect of local soil conditions on dynamic ground response in the study area, where thick loose water-saturated alluvial sediments exist. A database including geotechnical and geological information on the study area is constructed. Majority of the site is classified as D and E according to NEHRP provisions. Dynamic site response analyses are performed with EERA by utilizing the field and laboratory test results and earthquake time histories of moderate-scale earthquakes such as 1977 Izmir (ML = 5.3), 2003 Urla (Md = 5.6), and 2005 Uzunkuyu-Urla (ML = 5.9), which occurred in and nearby Izmir. In addition, a scenario ground motion generated by the Izmir Fault with a magnitude of 6.5, having an average distance of 10 km to the study area, is also considered. The output data obtained from the dynamic site response analyses are evaluated, and maps displaying variation in dynamic parameters on ground surface are prepared for the southern coast of Izmir Bay, Turkey. Consequently, the dynamic analyses performed with the soil models constituted for the study area verified the damage occurred in a close distance event of 1977 Izmir earthquake. The scenario earthquake resulted in peak ground accelerations more than 0.6g at the eastern and western ends of the study area. However, long distance events resulted in spectral amplifications by up to 5 times. With this study, it is emphasized that local soil conditions should be evaluated individually in the area of interest. Generation of a site-specific design spectrum is recommended for the areas located on deep alluvial sediments.
Soya products and serum lipids: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Tokede Oluwabunmi A. , Onabanjo Temilola A. , Yansane Alfa , Gaziano J. Michael , Djoussé Luc
Published: August 2015

Soya proteins and isoflavones have been reported to exert beneficial effects on the serum lipid profile. More recently, this claim is being challenged. The objective of this study was to comprehensively examine the effects of soya consumption on the lipid profile using published trials. A detailed literature search was conducted via MEDLINE (from 2004 through February 2014), CENTRAL (The Cochrane Controlled Clinical Trials Register) andClinicalTrials.govfor randomised controlled trials assessing the effects of soya on the lipid profile. The primary effect measure was the difference in means of the final measurements between the intervention and control groups. In all, thirty-five studies (fifty comparisons) were included in our analyses. Treatment duration ranged from 4 weeks to 1 year. Intake of soya products resulted in a significant reduction in serum LDL-cholesterol concentration, –4·83 (95 % CI –7·34, –2·31) mg/dl, TAG, –4·92 (95 % CI –7·79, –2·04) mg/dl, and total cholesterol (TC) concentrations, –5·33 (95 % CI –8·35, –2·30) mg/dl. There was also a significant increase in serum HDL-cholesterol concentration, 1·40 (95 % CI 0·58, 2·23) mg/dl. TheI2statistic ranged from 92 to 99 %, indicating significant heterogeneity. LDL reductions were more marked in hypercholesterolaemic patients, –7·47 (95 % CI –11·79, –3·16) mg/dl, than in healthy subjects, –2·96 (95 % CI –5·28, –0·65) mg/dl. LDL reduction was stronger when whole soya products (soya milk, soyabeans and nuts) were used as the test regimen, –11·06 (95 % CI –15·74, –6·37) mg/dl, as opposed to when ‘processed’ soya extracts, –3·17 (95 % CI –5·75, –0·58) mg/dl, were used. These data are consistent with the beneficial effects of soya proteins on serum LDL, HDL, TAG and TC concentrations. The effect was stronger in hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Whole soya foods appeared to be more beneficial than soya supplementation, whereas isoflavone supplementation had no effects on the lipid profile.
Smoothings of Fano Varieties With Normal Crossing Singularities
Authors: Tziolas Nikolaos
Published: August 2015

This paper obtains criteria for a Fano variety X defined over an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero with normal crossing singularities to be smoothable. In particular, we show that X is smoothable by a flat deformation X → Δ with smooth total space X if and only if where D is the singular locus of X.
Age of Tertiary volcanic rocks on the West Greenland continental margin: volcanic evolution and event correlation to other parts of the North Atlantic Igneous Province
Authors: LARSEN LOTTE M. , PEDERSEN ASGER K. , TEGNER CHRISTIAN , DUNCAN ROBERT A. , HALD NIELS , LARSEN JØRGEN G.
Published: August 2015

Radiometric ages for undated parts of the volcanic succession and intrusions in West Greenland were obtained by the40Ar–39Ar incremental heating method. Acceptable crystallization ages were obtained for 27 samples. Combined with published results the new data provide a volcanic stratigraphy correlatable throughout the Nuussuaq Basin. The thick onshore volcanic pile consists of four widespread formations: 62.5–61 Ma picrites (Vaigat Formation), 61–60 Ma depleted basalts (Maligât Formation and the Hellefisk-1 well), 60–58 Ma less-depleted basalts (Svartenhuk Formation) and 56–54 Ma enriched basalts (Naqerloq Formation). Two local successions comprise 53.5 Ma alkali basalts (Erqua Formation) and 38.7 Ma transitional basalts (Talerua Member). A central volcano developed on Ubekendt Ejland, leading to the Sarqâta qáqâ gabbro-granophyre intrusion at 57–55 Ma. Pre-break-up volcanism took place further south as early as 64–63 Ma. The offshore volcanic succession most probably comprises the known onshore succession plus some younger lavas. The change in spreading direction near the Paleocene–Eocene boundary took place west of the Nuussuaq Basinc.56.2 Ma. Some tectonomagmatic events are correlatable across the entire North Atlantic Igneous Province. A quiescent 58–56 Ma period correlates with similar periods in East Greenland and the Faroes, and the Naqerloq Formation is coeval with the Eocene basalts in East Greenland. The Paleocene and Eocene tholeiitic basalts are distinguishable chemically; in early Eocene time, mantle typical of the Iceland plume seems to have extended beneath the whole West Greenland margin as well as the central East Greenland margin.
Murderous Mumbo-Jumbo: The Significance of Fraternity to Three Criminal Organizations in Late Nineteenth-Century America
Authors: ALLERFELDT KRISTOFER
Published: August 2015

Over the past thirty years or so the study of American fraternity has been used to explore a variety of phenomena in the nation's evolution, especially around the turn of the twentieth century. Fraternities have been used to understand the exploration, taming and exploitation of the West. They have been shown to represent proof of the various turn-of-the century crises of gender, race and ethnicity. They have been seen as the very embodiment of bygone caring, sharing, communities. However, among the aspects to have escaped attention is the importance of fraternity in criminal organizations. Given that crime, then as now, was seen as one of the most pressing of social issues, and given that over these years there was a deep suspicion that there were a variety of ultra-secret fraternities organizing, facilitating and manipulating wide-ranging criminal activities, this may be considered a little odd. This article investigates the idea that there was really such a thing as a genuine criminal “fraternity.” Looking at three of the most famous of such organizations – the Ku Klux Klan (KKK), the Molly Maguires and the Mafia – it demonstrates that not only were ideas of fraternity central to their very existence, but they are also crucial to our understanding both of them and of the period in which they were situated.
Two new species of Rhinebothrium (Cestoda: Rhinebothriidea) from granulated guitarfish Glaucostegusgranulatus in the Gulf of Oman
Authors: Golestaninasab M. , Malek M.
Published: August 2015

During a study of the rhinebothriideans of rays in the Gulf of Oman, two new species of Rhinebothrium Linton, 1890, Rhinebothrium kruppi sp. n. and R. persicum sp. n., were identified in Glaucostegus granulatus (Cuvier). Some significant features that distinguish R.kruppi sp. n. from R. persicum sp. n. include: scolex characteristics (hinged with 42–46 loculi vs. fusiform with 68–62 loculi), number of testes (4–5 vs. 20–27), genital pore position (61.1–76.9% of proglottid length vs. 47.2–63.3%), ovarian morphology (lobulated vs. follicular), cirrus-sac expansion (past midline of proglottid vs. limited to poral side of proglottid), vas deferens configuration (spanning posteriorly to near ovarian isthmus vs. to the level of ovarian anterior margins) and details of microthrix morphology. In addition, a combination of the aforementioned characteristics can be used to distinguish these two new species from other valid species of Rhinebothrium. These are the first species of rhinebothriidean cestodes to be described systematically from the Gulf of Oman, Iran. The two new species reported here increase the number of valid species of Rhinebothrium to 43.
The Contraband Slave Trade to Brazil and the Dynamics of US Participation, 1831–1856
Authors: MARQUES LEONARDO
Published: August 2015

This article explores the US contribution to the illegal transatlantic slave trade to Brazil and the tensions generated by this hemispheric connection in the mid-nineteenth century. It combines qualitative and quantitative approaches, based on diplomatic records and Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database, in order to assess the size and variety of forms of US participation in the traffic to Brazil. More generally, the article examines the tensions caused by the rise of abolitionism and the limits to the enforcement of anti-slave trade legislation in the free trade international environment that emerged after the Napoleonic Wars. By framing the attitudes of the US government within a broader Atlantic context, this work shows why certain forms of US participation in the contraband slave trade (such as providing US-built ships) became more predominant than others (such as directly financing and organising slave voyages) by the mid-nineteenth century.
Age-dependent intra-specific competition in pre-adult life stages and its effects on adult population dynamics
Authors: LIU RONGSONG , RÖST GERGELY , GOURLEY STEPHEN A.
Published: August 2015

Intra-specific competition in insect and amphibian species is often experienced in completely different ways in their distinct life stages. Competition among larvae is important because it can impact on adult traits that affect disease transmission, yet mathematical models often ignore larval competition. We present two models of larval competition in the form of delay differential equations for the adult population derived from age-structured models that include larval competition. We present a simple prototype equation that models larval competition in a simplistic way. Recognising that individual larvae experience competition from other larvae at various stages of development, we then derive a more complex equation containing an integral with a kernel that quantifies the competitive effect of larvae of ageāon larvae of agea. In some parameter regimes, this model and the famous spruce budworm model have similar dynamics, with the possibility of multiple co-existing equilibria. Results on boundedness and persistence are also proved.
Helping Aged Victims of Crime (the HAVoC Study): Common Crime, Older People and Mental Illness – ERRATUM
Authors: Serfaty Marc , Ridgewell Anna , Drennan Vari , Brewin Chris R. , Wright Anwen , Laycock Gloria , Blanchard Martin
Published: August 2015

The author list previously published for this article was incomplete when received by the journal. It should also have included Gerard Leavey, University College London, UK, as an author, as follows:

Marc Serfaty, Anna Ridgewell, Vari Drennan, Chris R. Brewin, Gerard Leavey, Anwen Wright, Gloria Laycock, Martin Blanchard.
ON ISOMORPHISMS OF VERTEX-TRANSITIVE CUBIC GRAPHS
Authors: CHEN JING , LI CAI HENG , LIU WEI JUN
Published: August 2015

We study the isomorphism problem of vertex-transitive cubic graphs which have a transitive simple group of automorphisms.
DIVISION II: COMMISSION 12: SOLAR RADIATION AND STRUCTURE
Authors: Kosovichev Alexander , Cauzzi Gianna , Pillet Valentin Martinez , Asplund Martin , Brandenburg Axel , Chou Dean-Yi , Christensen-Dalsgaard Jorgen , Gan Weiqun , Kuznetsov Vladimir D. , Rovira Marta G. , Shchukina Nataliya , Venkatakrishnan P.
Published: August 2015

The President of C12, Alexander Kosovichev, presented the status of the Commission and its working Group(s). Primary activities included organization of international meetings (IAU Symposia, Special Sessions and Joint Discussion); review and support of proposals for IAU sponsored meetings; organization of working groups on the Commission topics to promote the international cooperation; preparation of triennial report on the organizational and science activities of Commission members. Commission 12 broadly encompasses topics of solar research which include studies of the Sun's internal structure, composition, dynamics and magnetism (through helioseismology and other techniques), studies of the quiet photosphere, chromosphere and corona, and also research of the mechanisms of solar radiation, and its variability on various time scales. Some overlap with topics covered by Commission 10 Solar Activity is unavoidable, and many activities are sponsored jointly by these two commissions. The Commission website can be found at http://sun.stanford.edu/IAU-Com12/, with information about related IAU Symposiums and activities, and links to appropriate web sites.
Anorexia Nervosa und Bulimia Nervosa: Ein Individuationsversuch?
Authors: Schröder Franziska Sophie
Published: August 2015

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Verschiedene Theorien thematisieren Konflikte um Autonomie, Autarkie und Kontrolle in der Ätiologie von Essstörungen. Fragestellung: Diese Studie untersucht die bisher kaum empirisch überprüfte Hypothese zu einem hohen Autonomie-, Autarkie- und Kontrolle-Motiv im Zusammenhang mit Essstörungen. Methode: Insgesamt 270 ProbandInnen ohne und mit den Essstörungen Anorexia Nervosa (AN), Bulimia Nervosa (BN), Binge Eating Disorder (BED) und remittierten Essstörungen (REC) beantworteten den Fragebogen zur Analyse Motivationaler Schemata (FAMOS). Ergebnisse: ProbandInnen mit Essstörungen berichteten ein höheres Autonomie-, Autarkie- und Kontrolle-Motiv als ProbandInnen ohne Essstörungen. Außerdem zeigten sich Unterschiede in den Motiven zwischen den Essstörungsdiagnosen. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Studienergebnisse deuten auf einen Zusammenhang zwischen einem ausgeprägten Autonomie-, Autarkie- und Kontrolle-Motiv und Essstörungen hin, der für die Therapie von Essstörungen relevant sein könnte.
Die Düsseldorfer Orthorexie Skala–Konstruktion und Evaluation eines Fragebogens zur Erfassung ortho-rektischen Ernährungsverhaltens
Authors: Barthels Friederike , Meyer Frank , Pietrowsky Reinhard
Published: August 2015

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Orthorektisches Ernährungsverhalten bezeichnet eine Fixierung auf gesunde Ernährung, die mit psychischen, körperlichen und sozialen Beeinträchtigungen einhergehen kann. Fragestellung: Konstruktion und Evaluation eines Messinstruments zur Erfassung orthorektischen Ernährungsverhaltens. Methode: Konstruktion der Düsseldorfer Orthorexie Skala (DOS, 10 Items) in einem mehrstufigen item- und faktorenanalytischen Selektionsprozess, Evaluation an einer Stichprobe von 1 340 Probanden. Ergebnisse: Reliabilität (Cronbachs α = .84) sowie Retest-Reliabilität (r = .79) liegen im guten Bereich. Hinweise zur Validität der Skala liefern Korrelationen mit Selbsteinschätzung des Essverhaltens als gesund (r = .21) und mit subjektiver Bedeutsamkeit gesunder Ernährung (r = .42). Schlussfolgerungen: Die ermittelte Prävalenz orthorektischen Ernährungsverhaltens fällt in der untersuchten Stichprobe mit 3 % deutlich niedriger aus als Prävalenzschätzungen in früheren Untersuchungen.
External Validity of SCORS-G Ratings of Thematic Apperception Test	Narratives in a Sample of Outpatients and Inpatients
Authors: Stein Michelle B. , Slavin-Mulford Jenelle , Siefert Caleb J. , Justin Sinclair Samuel , Smith Michaela , Chung Wei-Jean , Liebman Rachel , Blais Mark A.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. The Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale-Global Ratings Method (SCORS-G; Stein, Hilsenroth, Slavin-Mulford, & Pinsker-Aspen, 2011 ) is a reliable system for coding narrative data, such as Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) stories. This study employs a cross-sectional, correlational design to examine associations between SCORS-G dimensions and life events in two clinical samples. Samples were composed of 177 outpatients and 57 inpatients who completed TAT protocols as part of routine clinical care. Two experienced raters coded narratives with the SCORS-G. Data on the following clinically relevant life events were collected: history of psychiatric hospitalization, suicidality, self-harming behavior, drug/alcohol abuse, conduct-disordered behavior, trauma, and education level. As expected, the clinical life event variable associated with the largest number of SCORS-G dimensions was Suicidality. Identity and Coherence of Self was related to self-harm history across samples. Emotional Investment in Relationships and Complexity of Representations were also associated with several life events. Clinical applications, limitations of the study, and future directions are reviewed.
Exploring the role of MKK7 in excitotoxicity and cerebral ischemia: a novel pharmacological strategy against brain injury
Authors: Vercelli A , Biggi S , Sclip A , Repetto I E , Cimini S , Falleroni F , Tomasi S , Monti R , Tonna N , Morelli F , Grande V , Stravalaci M , Biasini E , Marin O , Bianco F , di Marino D , Borsello T
Published: August 2015

Excitotoxicity following cerebral ischemia elicits a molecular cascade, which leads to neuronal death. c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) has a key role in excitotoxic cell death. We have previously shown that JNK inhibition by a specific cell-permeable peptide significantly reduces infarct size and neuronal death in an in vivo model of cerebral ischemia. However, systemic inhibition of JNK may have detrimental side effects, owing to blockade of its physiological function. Here we designed a new inhibitor peptide (growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible 45β (GADD45β-I)) targeting mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7 (MKK7), an upstream activator of JNK, which exclusively mediates JNK’s pathological activation. GADD45β-I was engineered by optimizing the domain of the GADD45β, able to bind to MKK7, and by linking it to the TAT peptide sequence, to allow penetration of biological membranes. Our data clearly indicate that GADD45β-I significantly reduces neuronal death in excitotoxicity induced by either N-methyl-D-aspartate exposure or by oxygen–glucose deprivation in vitro. Moreover, GADD45β-I exerted neuroprotection in vivo in two models of ischemia, obtained by electrocoagulation and by thromboembolic occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAo). Indeed, GADD45β-I reduced the infarct size when injected 30 min before the lesion in both models. The peptide was also effective when administrated 6 h after lesion, as demonstrated in the electrocoagulation model. The neuroprotective effect of GADD45β-I is long lasting; in fact, 1 week after MCAo the infarct volume was still reduced by 49%. Targeting MKK7 could represent a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of ischemia and other pathologies involving MKK7/JNK activation. Moreover, this new inhibitor can be useful to further dissect the physiological and pathological role of the JNK pathway in the brain.