bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on Product Lifecycle Model-Based on UML
Authors: Xia Zihang , Yang Jiping , Yin Sheng , Hu Tao
Published: January 2021

Aiming at the difficulties of data integration and consistency maintenance caused by product BOM differences, based on the analysis of product data meta-models and product requirements, the data meta models in the stages of product design, process manufacturing, sales and operation, and maintenance services are Foundation, put forward a unified meta-model that supports the full life cycle of the product, and verify the validity of the model through product examples.
Classification and extraction of medical clinical trial screening standard texts based on Bi-LSTM and Attention mechanism
Authors: Du Lin , Cao Dong , Li Jinghua , Ye Hui
Published: January 2021

The medical recruitment of human subjects in clinical trials often requires manual comparison of the subject's medical records and clinical trial screening criteria, which is a time-consuming and labor-consuming method to determine candidates. In order to solve this problem, it has a great clinical value to study a method of classifying clinical trial data screening standards automatically. This paper attempts to propose a medical short text classification model of clinical medicine based on BiL-Att (Bi-LST M + Attention) model. It uses Word2vec prepossessing to get short text vector as the model input. The results showed that the classification effect of BiL-Att model reached t he highest Average F1 value of 80.26%.
Preparation and Characterization of Polyimide/Multiple-wall Carbon Nanotubes Composites
Authors: Zhang Fen , Chen Xiaoqi , Li Xiaojian , Zhou Haijun , Li Cangxu , Zhou Mengmeng , Bai Lu , Li Yantao
Published: January 2021

The PI/MWNTs composites are prepared by using pyromelic dianhydride (PMDA), 3,3’,4,4’-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA), 4,4’-diaminodiphenyl ether (ODA) and multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) through the ultrasonic in-situ polymerization method. The effect of MWNTs on the molecular structure, mechanical performance and chemical resistance performance are studied. The result shows that the carboxylated long MWNTs could improve the tensile performance of the composites, and the adding of MWNTs will not affect the molecular structure and the chemical resistance performance of polyimide (PI) material.
Research progress on the effect of antibiotics on anaerobic fermentation gas production and microorganisms of animal manure
Authors: Zhang Xin
Published: January 2021

Antibiotics are widely used in animal husbandry as veterinary drugs and feed additives, resulting in a large amount of antibiotic residues in animal feces. In order to achieve harmless and resourceful utilization of livestock manure, anaerobic fermentation is the most extensive treatment method in the world. It briefly introduces the residues of antibiotics such as oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, and tetracycline, which are currently used the amount. The effects of antibiotics on anaerobic fermentation gas production performance and research progress are discussed in recent years. A large number of results indicate that the influence of antibiotics on the fermentation system mainly occurs in the initial stage of fermentation. There are mainly H2 / CH4 reduction path ways, acetic acid fermentation pathways and methyl conversion pathways. Methanogenic and acidogenic microorganisms are closely related to these pathways in the fermentation system. And the effects of antibiotics on the methanogenic microorganisms in the fermentation system are described. It is suggested that the future research direction should further study the effect of antibiotics on antibiotic resistance genes in livestock and poultry manure.
On Low-carbon and Its Realization in Tourism
Authors: He Jianbo , Wang Dan
Published: January 2021

Global warming, caused by rising concentration of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, has made great damage to the earth ecological environment. Low carbonization has become an inevitable trend of social development. Developing low-car bon economy, promoting low-carbon life and reducing carbon emissions have become the target and responsibility of all countries in the world. Tourism is a comprehensive human activity, a comprehensive experience of material civilization and spiritual civilization. Low-carbon tourism, as a new type, is a practical need to protect ecological environment and realize sustainable development. Starting from connotation of low-carbon as well as low-carbon tourism, the paper fully analyzes and expounds the necessity of developing low-carbon tourism. On this basis, it puts forward some concrete implementation paths for developing low-carbon tourism.
Research on the effect of industrial pollution treatment on organizational stability
Authors: Xiong Chan , Xue Yanan , Wu Lili
Published: January 2021

The industrial firms are the backbone of the national economy and a prominent source of environmental pollution. Industrial pollution contributes more than half of the total annual emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and smoke (dust) emissions in China. A large amount of energy consumption and pollution emissions force industrial firms to control pollution. This research focus on the effect of industrial pollution treatment on organizational stability. The results showed that ICSR and ECSR are positively related to organizational stability. Compared with industrial pollution treatment, employees are more concern about ICSR. Firms’ industrial pollution treatment should attention the equilibrium between ICSR and ECSR.
The energy future of Saudi Arabia is not batteries and photovoltaic solar panels
Authors: Boretti A , Castelletto S , Al-Kouz W , Nayfeh J
Published: January 2021

Recently, North European academics claimed that “Saudi Arabia can accomplish a 100% renewable energy by 2040 that is overwhelmed by PV single-axis following and battery storage”. They moreover say “Battery capacity contributed up to 30% of the full power request in 2040 and the commitment increments to 48% by 2050”. Based on geology, climate conditions, and resources of Saudi Arabia, it is clarified as batteries and photovoltaic solar panels are not the best choice for the country’s energy sector. To cover all the energy supply of Saudi Arabia by solar photovoltaic, plus battery capacity to compensate for the solar energy fluctuations, and unpredictability, is not convenient, for both the economy and the environment. Superior results for the environment and the economy may be accomplished by valorising the fossil fuel assets, through the development of high-efficiency plants such as the combined cycle gas turbine plants of Qurayyah, the advancement of innovations for the generation of clean power, counting oxyfuel combustion and carbon capture and storage, and also developing nuclear energy. The development of nuclear power plants may be more advantageous to the economy and the environment than photovoltaic and batteries. Concerning solar energy, parabolic trough solar thermal power plants also along the coast have advantages versus solar photovoltaic, as thermal energy storage could provide dispatchability. Additionally, a centralized power plant works better than many rooftops photovoltaic that will be likely covered by sand, rusted, or cracked after a few years.
Numerical investigation of conical vortex tube with combined axial-tangential injection
Authors: Guen M. , Miloud A. , Imine O.
Published: January 2021

The present work is a numerical investigation of the combined axial- tangential injection effect on conical Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube performances. An orifice in the center of the conical control valve is created, allowing the injection of compressed air axially. The computational fluid dynamics CFD commercial software ANSYS CFX has been used for the present investigation, and the mean field is determined using the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations RANS method. The main results show that the conical configuration causes a considerable drop in temperature of the cold and hot outlet flows up to 3 °C on average and a significant increase in the cold mass flow of 25% compared to the cylindrical vortex tube with axial injection.
Risk analysis of radioecological effect of e-waste lead (Pb) content on life forms
Authors: Emetere M.E. , Aghogho E. , Afolalu S.A.
Published: January 2021

Electronic waste (e-waste) has been proven to pollute the soil, air, and groundwater significantly. Aside from the physical effect of coming in contact with pollution, the radioecological impact of the pollution may be dangerous either directly or indirectly to persons living at the source of pollution. In this study, the lead (Pb) pollution from e-waste was used to calculate several organisms’ radioecological parameter. It is was observed that there was a moderate reduction in the number of plants with leaves (22%), a major reduction in cumulative stem growth (43% the control value), a severe increase in the number of chlorophyll mutations, severe changes in leaf colour (4.9-fold), and a major increase in mortality for all organism. It is recommended that landfill areas where e-wastes are dumped be excavated 9 m depth as a corrective measure to reduce the negative outcome on landfill workers.
Performance Test Research of New Viscous Damper
Authors: Luo Ye , Liang Yanfang , Zhai Minghui , He Jiangtao , Zhao Yongxi , Li Jinli , Luo Yuxiang , Tian Zhen , Sun Jianyun , Geng Dongqing , Yang Shaolin , Li Wei , Li Yuting
Published: January 2021

With the progress of engineering, technology viscous damper are widely used in the field of engineering structures. Its principle is that when the external normal disturbance on the structure, the viscous damper will not generate damping force on the structure; when there is a strong external disturbance (strong earthquake, strong wind), The dampers can produce a reaction force, which can reduce the damage of the structure and improve its seismic capability. In this paper, the new viscous damper has been experimentally tested, including: 1. Test for maximum damping force; 2. Test for damping coefficient, damping exponent; 3. hysteresis curve. By analyzing the experimental data, the actual performance parameters of the new viscous damper are obtained, which provides certain support for future mass production and use of the product.
The Nonlinear Research on Rotational Stiffness of Cuplock Joint
Authors: Liuyu Zhang , Di Mo , Qiang Yan
Published: January 2021

As an important equipment in the construction field, cuplock scaffold plays an important role in the construction process. As a scaffold connecting member, cuplock joint is of great importance. In order to explore the rotational stiffness non-linear characteristics changing features of different structural forms of cuplock joint in different tightening torque condition under different condition of load, ANSYS is used to establish four kinds of cuplock joint models with different forces to simulate the real force situation. By setting the different applying condition, that is, the cuplock is loaded at a certain distance from the cuplock joint in a certain direction until the cuplock is damaged, and considering the gap between the cross bar joint and the vertical bar, the differences in the influence of the structural form and tightening torque on the rotation stiffness of the cuplock under different load conditions are compared. It is significantly important to improve the accuracy of calculating bearing capacity and stability of the cuplock steel tubular scaffolding.
The experimental study on the behavior of Coated Concretes
Authors: Ma Lingyun , He Jingjing , Sun Yufei , Di Shengjie , Zhang Ying , Huang Peng
Published: January 2021

In this paper, different waterproof materials are used to brush the concrete surface, and the influence of different coating materials on the microstructure, porosity, mechanics and durability of concrete is analysed. The results show that the frost resistance of concrete after coating treatment is improved to varying degrees, and the water absorption characteristics are reduced to varying degrees, among which the effect of modified methyl ester coating material is the most significant. The results of micro analysis show that the coating material can form a film on the surface of concrete, improve its surface microstructure and reduce the porosity of concrete.
Application of non-equal interval GM (1,1) model in prediction of building settlement
Authors: Wei Jiameng , Jiang Huagen , Diao Jianpeng
Published: January 2021

In order to solve the impact of the uneven settlement of the building on the construction process and safety evaluation of the building, this paper takes the building settlement as the monitoring object, and uses the non-equidistant GM (1, 1) model to construct the model, and applies it to the construction of a building. Settlement analysis. In addition, the prediction accuracy of the model is tested for the posterior error ratio and small probability error to ensure the reliability and accuracy of the model application.
Finite Element Analysis On The Mechanical Behaviors Of New Cross-slanted Corrugated Steel Plate Shear Wall
Authors: Yiwei Li , Xiuyong Liu , Xiaohui Zhai , Taochun Yang
Published: January 2021

In order to study the mechanical behaviour of the cross-slanted corrugated steel plate shear wall, the performance of the wall under one-way loading and low cycle loading was analyzed using the finite element analysis software ABAQUS. And the performance compared between flat steel plate shear wall (FSPW), single inclined corrugated steel plate shear wall (SCSPW) and horizontal corrugated steel plate shear wall (CSPW) was studied. The results show that the effect of self buckling of the models of cross-slanted corrugated steel plate shear wall (CCSPW) is significant due to the interaction of two layers of corrugated steel plates. The yield bearing capacity, ultimate bearing capacity and out of plane deformation of CCSPW are better than those of CSPW, SCSPW and FSPW with the same thickness. The yield bearing capacity is 1.09 times of the same thickness of CSPW, 1.22 times of the same thickness of SCSPW. The ultimate bearing capacity is 1.25 times of the same thickness of CSPW, 1.57 times of SCSPW. And the out of plane deformation is 1/3 of the same thickness of CSPW. Under the low cycle loading, the hysteretic curve of CCSPW is shuttle shaped, full and stable. And there is no obvious “pinching” phenomenon in the whole loading process. Compared with CSPW, SCSPW and FSPW, The CCSPW has better hysteretic performance and energy consumption capacity.
Studies on mechanical matching calculation of low aspect ratio vertical cambered otter board in trawl system under heeling
Authors: Rao Xin , Huang Hongliang , Li Lingzhi , Chen Shuai , Yang Jialiang
Published: January 2021

In this paper, for obtaining the influence of otter board heeling condition, a trawl system mechanical matching calculation model was established based on the equilibrium equation of otter board and tension equation of wrap, a widely used low aspect ratio vertical cambered otter board was selected, based on the hydrodynamic performance experiment data, combining with the data of Longteng vessel and four patch and big mesh size mid water trawl experiment results, mechanical calculation and analysis under heeling condition was conducted, the attack angle, warp tension and length, net depth, horizontal drag force and other trawl system parameters were obtained. The influences of otter board parameters under heeling condition were analyzed, the rules of mechanical matching calculation under heeling were summarized, it was proved that: warp tension and net depth increases with the increase of outward heeling angle, the range was separately 18145N-18225N and 51.2m-52.4m; decreases with the increase of inward heeling angle; the range was separately 49.6m-51.2m and 18069N-18145N.
Laser sintering of copper conductive traces on primer pre-treated additive manufactured 3D surfaces
Authors: Olsen Ejvind , Overmeyer Ludger
Published: January 2021

This paper introduces a novel process for creating conductive copper traces on 3D surfaces from different additive manufacturing technologies by employing printed electronics techniques. An essential step in this process was the dip-coating pre-treatment with a primer to reduce the surface roughness below 100 nm, seal pores if present, and increase the thermal stability. This was followed by a dip-coating with copper nanoparticle ink, drying using a heat gun and thermal curing by laser sintering. The experiments determined the optimal laser peak intensity for achieving conductors with the lowest electrical resistance possible. The laser parameters’ processing window provided conductive traces on 3D surfaces with properties comparable to photonic sintering on planar substrates. Thereby, the conductive traces reached electrical specific resistances lower than 18 µΩ cm (elemental copper: ρ = 1.8 µΩ cm) and a copper material percentage higher than 90 atom %. Shear tests validated the assembly with surfacemount device (SMD) resistors. Electrical tests resulted in maximum current densities higher than 100 A mm−2 and lateral breakdown voltages higher than 2kV mm−1. Thus, this paper presents essential prerequisites for a future application of the technology.
On quantum Hall effect, Kosterlitz-Thouless phase transition, Dirac magnetic monopole, and Bohr–Sommerfeld quantization
Authors: Buot Felix A , Elnar Allan Roy , Maglasang Gibson , Otadoy Roland E S
Published: January 2021

We addressed quantization phenomena in open systems and confined motion in low-dimensional systems, as well as quantized sources in 3-dimensions. The thesis of the paper is that if we simply cast the Bohr–Sommerfeld (B-S) quantization condition as a U(1) gauge theory, like the gauge field of Chern-Simons gauge theory or as in topological band theory (TBT) of condensed matter physics in terms of Berry connection and Berry curvature to make it self-consistent, then the quantization method in all the physical phenomena treated in this paper are unified in the sense of being traceable to the self-consistent B-S quantization. These are the stationary quantization of due to oscillatory dynamics in compactified space and time for steady-state systems (e.g., particle in a box or torus, Brillouin zone, and Matsubara time zone or Matsubara quantized frequencies), and the quantization of sources through the gauge field. Thus, the self-consistent B-S quantization condition permeates the quantization of integer quantum Hall effect (IQHE), fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE), the Berezenskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless vortex quantization, Aharonov–Bohm effect, the Dirac magnetic monopole, the Haldane phase, contact resistance in closed mesoscopic circuits of quantum physics, and in the monodromy (holonomy) of completely integrable Hamiltonian systems of quantum geometry. In transport of open systems, we introduced a novel phase-space derivation of the quantized conductance of the IQHE based on nonequilibrium quantum transport and lattice Weyl transform approach.
Deep dose plugin: towards real-time Monte Carlo dose calculation through a deep learning-based denoising algorithm
Authors: Bai Ti , Wang Biling , Nguyen Dan , Jiang Steve
Published: January 2021

Monte Carlo (MC) simulation is considered the gold standard method for radiotherapy dose calculation. However, achieving high precision requires a large number of simulation histories, which is time-consuming. The use of computer graphics processing units (GPUs) has greatly accelerated MC simulation and allows dose calculation within a few minutes for a typical radiotherapy treatment plan. However, some clinical applications demand real-time efficiency for MC dose calculation. To tackle this problem, we have developed a real-time, deep learning (DL)-based dose denoiser that can be plugged into a current GPU-based MC dose engine to enable real-time MC dose calculation. We used two different acceleration strategies to achieve this goal: (1) we applied voxel unshuffle and voxel shuffle operators to decrease the input and output sizes without any information loss, and (2) we decoupled the 3D volumetric convolution into a 2D axial convolution and a 1D slice convolution. In addition, we used a weakly supervised learning framework to train the network, which greatly reduces the size of the required training dataset and thus enables fast fine-tuning-based adaptation of the trained model to different radiation beams. Experimental results show that the proposed denoiser can run in as little as 39 ms, which is 11.6 times faster than the baseline model. As a result, the whole MC dose calculation pipeline can be finished within ∼ 0.15 s, including both GPU MC dose calculation and DL-based denoising, achieving the real-time efficiency needed for some radiotherapy applications, such as online adaptive radiotherapy.
50th anniversary of the discovery of reverse transcriptase
Authors: Coffin John M.
Published: January 2021

The simultaneous discovery in 1970 of reverse transcriptase in virions of retroviruses by Howard Temin and David Baltimore was perhaps the most dramatic scientific moment of the second half of the 20th century. Ten years previously, Temin’s observation of cells transformed by Rous Sarcoma virus led him to the conclusion that retroviruses replicate through a DNA intermediate he called the provirus. This heretical hypothesis was greeted with derision by fellow scientists; Temin and Baltimore performed a simple experiment, rapidly reproduced, and convincing to all. Its result was a major paradigm shift—reversal of the central dogma of molecular biology. It immediately grabbed the attention of both the scientific and lay press. It also came at a key time for cancer research, at the start of the “War on Cancer.” As a theoretical base and fundamental molecular tool, it enabled a decade of (largely fruitless) search for human oncogenic retroviruses but laid the foundation for the discovery of HIV 13 years later, leading to the development of effective therapy. I had the good fortune, as a student in Temin’s lab, to witness these events. I am honored to be able to share my recollection on the occasion of their 50th anniversary.
Computational approaches to amino acid side-chain conformation using combined NMR theoretical and experimental results: leucine-67 in Desulfovibrio vulgaris flavodoxin
Authors: San Fabián Jesús , Omar Salama , García de la Vega José Manuel
Published: January 2021

In this paper, we show that the combination of NMR theoretical and experimental results can help to solve the molecular structure of peptides, here it is used as an example the residue Leucine-67 in Desulfovibrio vulgaris flavodoxin. We apply a computational protocol based on the leucine amino acid dipeptide, which, using calculated and experimental spin–spin coupling constants, allows us to obtain the conformation of the amino acid side chain. Calculated results show that the best agreement is obtained when three conformers around the lateral chain angle $\chi _1$ are considered or when the dynamic effect in the torsional angles is included. The population of each structure is estimated and analyzed according to the correlation between those two approaches. Independently of the approach, the estimated $\chi _1$ angle in solution is close to the staggered value of -60$^\circ $ and deviates significantly from the average x-ray angle of -90$^\circ $.
Intravascular ultrasound-guided shockwave lithotripsy of heavily calcified bilateral renal artery stenosis: a case report
Authors: Yousif Nooraldaem , Bardooli Fawaz , Shivappa Sadananda , Noor Husam A
Published: January 2021

Background

Calcified lesions represent a hard obstacle to overcome in renal arteries, particularly when renal angioplasty represents the only feasible course of action in the setting of high-risk bilateral renal artery stenosis (RAS) with refractory systemic hypertension and recurrent flash pulmonary oedema.

Case summary

We herein report a case of symptomatic bilateral severely calcified RAS, treated successfully with intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)-guided coronary and peripheral intravascular shockwave lithotripsy systems and stenting.

Discussion

Intravascular shockwave lithotripsy is an attractive modality for the treatment of challenging, heavily calcified renal arteries that combines the calcium-disrupting capability of lithotripsy with the familiarity of balloon catheters to facilitate proper stent deployment.
Exploring G protein-coupled receptors and yeast surface display strategies for viral detection in baker's yeast: SARS-CoV-2 as a case study
Authors: Maneira Carla , Bermejo Pamela Magalí , Pereira Gonçalo Amarante Guimarães , de Mello Fellipe da Silveira Bezerra
Published: January 2021

Viral infections pose intense burdens to healthcare systems and global economies. The correct diagnosis of viral diseases represents a crucial step towards effective treatments and control. Biosensors have been successfully implemented as accessible and accurate detection tests for some of the most important viruses. While most biosensors are based on physical or chemical interactions of cell-free components, the complexity of living microorganisms holds a poorly explored potential for viral detection in the face of the advances of synthetic biology. Indeed, cell-based biosensors have been praised for their versatility and economic attractiveness, however, yeast platforms for viral disease diagnostics are still limited to indirect antibody recognition. Here we propose a novel strategy for viral detection in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which combines the transductive properties of G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) with the Yeast Surface Display (YSD) of specific enzymes enrolled in the viral recognition process. The GPCR/YSD complex might allow for active virus detection through a modulated signal activated by a GPCR agonist, whose concentration correlates to the viral titer. Additionally, we explore this methodology in a case study for the detection of highly pathogenic coronaviruses that share the same cell receptor upon infection (i.e. the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2, ACE2), as a conceptual example of the potential of the GPCR/YSD strategy for the diagnosis of COVID-19.
Strategy, rationality, and the idea of public opinion in Britain, 1870–1914
Authors: Morgan-Owen David
Published: January 2021

This article examines how shifts in political culture affect the formation of strategy. It does so by focusing upon the role that ‘public opinion’ played in debates over strategy in Britain from 1870 to 1914. The article makes three contributions. First, it challenges the notion that linkages between democracy and strategy were creations of the twentieth century or the result of developments in air power. Second, it deepens our understanding of civil-military relations in this period by examining how the armed forces responded to the age of mass politics. Finally, it contributes to recent work on the concept of ‘public opinion’.
More on Normic Support and the Criminal Standard of Proof
Authors: Smith Martin
Published: January 2021

In this paper I respond to Marcello Di Bello’s criticisms of the ‘normic account’ of the criminal standard of proof (Di Bello 2019). In so doing, I further elaborate on what the normic account predicts about certain significant legal categories of evidence, including DNA and fingerprint evidence and eyewitness identifications.
Tianwen-1 and China's Mars exploration program
Authors: Zhao Weijie
Published: January 2021

About every 26 months, the distance between Earth and Mars reaches a minimum, and that is the best time window for Mars exploration from Earth. In July 2020, three spacecraft started their journey to Mars: the Hope orbiter of the United Arab Emirates, the Tianwen-1 mission of China and the Perseverance rover of the United States’ National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). If all go well, these spacecraft will reach Martian orbit in February 2021 and start their scientific observations.

Tianwen-1 is China's first mission to Mars. It includes an orbiter, a lander and a rover. It carries 13 scientific payloads and will investigate the topography, soil composition, water-ice distribution, internal structure, atmospheric environment and physical fields (electromagnetic and gravitational) of Mars. In this interview, we talked with the mission's Chief Scientist Yongxin Pan (潘永信) and Scientific Payload Sub-System Director Chi Wang (王赤) about this scientific mission and China's future plans for Mars exploration.
Complementary feeding of infants and young children 6 to 23 months of age
Authors: Lutter Chessa K , Grummer-Strawn Laurence , Rogers Lisa
Published: January 2021

Complementary feeding, when foods are introduced to complement a milk-based diet, generally occurs between 6 and 23 months of age. It is a critical period for both physical and cognitive development. During this period, the growth rate of the brain is one of the fastest during the life span and, consequently, the timing, dose, and duration of exposure to specific nutrients can result in both positive and negative effects. Complementary feeding is more than ensuring an adequate intake of nutrients; it also is about avoiding excess intakes of calories, salt, sugars, and unhealthy fats. Meals are cultural and social events where young children observe, imitate, learn about foods to like or dislike, and form lifelong eating habits and practices. Meals are also when a child learns to touch foods and connect food tastes to how foods look and feel. Ideally, complementary feeding is responsive and promotes child autonomy, but it can also be used to manage behavior problems or overly indulge a child, resulting in long-term consequences for nutrition and health. Therefore, in addition to what a child is fed, attention to how a child is fed is also important. In this review, 12 topics relevant for updating global guidance on complementary feeding were identified: age of introduction of complementary foods; continued breastfeeding; responsive feeding; safe preparation and storage of complementary foods; food textures, flavors, and acceptance; energy and meal and snack frequency; fats, protein, and carbohydrates; dietary diversity; milks other than breast milk; fluid needs; unhealthy foods and beverages; and use of vitamin and mineral supplements or supplementary foods.
Lipid-modifying effects of lean fish and fish-derived protein consumption in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Tou Janet C , Gucciardi Enza , Young Ian
Published: January 2021

Context

Consumption of lean fish and fish-derived proteins were effective for improving lipid profiles in published studies; however, evidence remains inconclusive.

Objective

To evaluate the effectiveness of lean fish or fish-derived protein on serum/plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels by conducting a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis of available randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Data sources

Medline (Ovid), Scopus, CINAHL, and Food and Nutritional Sciences databases were searched from the start date of each database to September 2019 to identify RCTs determining the effect of lean fish on lipid profile.

Study selection Included

RCTs investigated lean fish and fish-derived proteins intake and determined at least 1 major lipid or lipoprotein measurement.

Data extraction

Two reviewers independently evaluated 1217 studies against the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Relevant studies were assessed for risks of bias, and random-effects meta-analysis was conducted to generate average estimates of effect.

Results

A total of 24 studies met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis of data from 18 to 21 eligible crossover and parallel-design RCTs with a total of 1392 to 1456 participants found triacylglycerol-lowering effects for lean fish compared with no fish consumption. Lean fish intake showed no significant differences related to total cholesterol or lipoprotein levels. Subanalysis showed that parallel-group RCTs tended to find greater reduction effects on circulating triacylglycerol than did crossover RCTs.

Conclusion

Additional better-designed, longer, and larger RCTs, particularly crossover RCTs, are needed to clarify the impact of lean fish and fish proteins on the serum/plasma lipid profile. Findings from such studies would enable practitioners to provide their patients evidence-based recommendations to meet the American Heart Association guidelines for fish consumption to reduce cardiovascular disease risk.
Career Assessment
Authors: McIlveen Peter , Perera Harsha N. , Brown Jason , Healy Michael , Hammer Sara
Published: January 2021

Career assessment is inherent in the professional practices of career development. Career assessment has its scientific, technical, and aesthetic foundations in applied psychology and education. It takes the forms of objective or subjective observation of another—a student or client—or reflectively of self. Assessment enables the practitioner, researcher, client, and student to conceptualize behaviour essential to performing acts of career development, such as identifying vocational interests, decision-making, and making meaning in diverse contexts of education and work. Its utility in higher education is demonstrated by examples of qualitative and quantitative methods of career assessment focused on employability. Considerations are given to the future potential and limitations of career assessment.
Greek and Roman Views of Ancient Nubia
Authors: Burstein Stanley M.
Published: January 2021

This article traces the history of Greek and Roman views about Nubia from the end of the Bronze Age to Late Antiquity. Throughout this period, knowledge of Nubia was mediated through Egypt. As a result, it is clear that knowledge of the geography and ethnography of Nubia fluctuated with the extent of involvement in Egypt, expanding in the 5th century bce, again in the 3rd century bce and finally in the late 1st century bce, periods when contact between Nubia and Egypt were most intense. Although none of the ancient accounts of Nubia are extant in their original form except for the Histories of Herodotus, much of their content survives in the form of excurses in general histories and geographies and encyclopedias like those of Diodorus, Strabo, and Pliny the Elder that are important sources for the history of ancient Nubia and its peoples.
Trade in Ancient Nubia
Authors: Bashir Mahmoud Suliman , Emberling Geoff
Published: January 2021

While traded goods are routinely identified in Nubian archaeology, there have been no comprehensive discussions of economic exchange (“trade”) in ancient and medieval Nubian societies. This chapter introduces some broader perspectives on ancient economies, including Polanyi’s modes of distribution (reciprocity, redistribution, and market exchange), to highlight research questions that Nubian archaeology might begin to ask. The chapter summarizes evidence for routes and modes of transportation, makes some preliminary observations on the history of economic structures in Nubia, and presents more detailed evidence for trade between the Nile Valley and the Red Sea in the Meroitic Period
Nubian Rock Art
Authors: Paner Henryk
Published: January 2021

Nubian rock art consists of handmade works on rock surfaces that differ significantly from the official images and texts of pharaonic Egypt. The oldest examples of such art are dated to the late Palaeolithic age and the Epipaleolithic Period. These are geometric representations as well as naturalistic depictions of bovids (wild cattle or aurochs), birds, hippopotamuses, gazelles, fish, hartebeest and stylized human figures, dated as far back as 15,000 bce. Similar motifs can be found both in the Nile Valley and in the adjacent desert areas of Upper Egypt and Lower Nubia, indirectly cited as proof of the existence of common cultural traditions in these regions and the notable mobility of contemporary hunter groups. Although Upper Egypt and Lower Nubia as early as the Early Dynastic Period (3200–3050 bce) saw the evolution of rock art from the “Preformal artistic stage” to a “Formal canonical phase” and became standardized and formalized, such a conclusion would be unsuitable for Upper Nubia, in which the evolution of rock art occurred in entirely different cultural circumstances. International activities aimed at rescuing Nubia’s heritage, under the auspices of the Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP), has led to the discovery of many sites with rock art and to recording changes that occurred in the cultural landscape of the Fourth Nile Cataract over the course of several thousand years. This has provided reliable foundations for an analysis of the changes to Upper Nubian rock art within its specific archaeological and historical context and environmental setting.
Archaeological Practice in the 21st Century
Authors: Humphris Jane , Bradshaw Rebecca , Emberling Geoff
Published: January 2021

Archaeological research on the African continent developed hand in hand with European colonization. Although many countries became independent over sixty years ago, archaeological practice today can bear negative traces of colonial legacies. Often these legacies can be identified in the ways in which archaeologists have tended to interact—or indeed not interact—with local communities. A number of archaeological teams have therefore been developing “community engagement” strategies as a step towards decolonizing their practice. This chapter presents an overview of some of the community engagements currently being carried out in Sudan, and includes case studies from archaeological projects at Meroe and El-Kurru.
Forecasting Political Events
Authors: Horowitz Michael C.
Published: January 2021

Forecasting political events is a critical activity for social scientists. Forecasting can help test competing theories, let researchers grapple with the true substantive effects of their models, and bridge the gap between academia and the policy world. Forecasting is an academic activity with direct relevance for policymakers. Yet, a variety of cognitive biases can make forecasting challenging, even for experts. Despite these limitations, interest in forecasting is growing. This chapter describes several different approaches to forecasting political events, especially international political events. These methods include game theory, machine learning, statistical analysis, and event data algorithms. Recent research also suggests the way models drawing on the wisdom of the crowds, forecasting teams, and prediction markets can generate large improvements in accuracy when forecasting geopolitical events. All have strengths and weaknesses, given the inherent uncertainty that exists in the political world.
Co-occurrence of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Down Syndrome
Authors: Shulman Cory
Published: January 2021

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) refers to a heterogeneous condition characterized by deficits in social communication and the presence of restricted, repetitive, and stereotypic behaviors, interests, or activities. While some neurodevelopmental disorders have a well-established correlation with ASD, people continue to believe that because individuals with Down syndrome are characteristically perceived as affectionate and engaging, a diagnosis of ASD is contradictory. However, some people with Down syndrome indeed do meet diagnostic criteria for ASD and this chapter examines the research literature regarding Down syndrome and ASD, presenting information regarding the establishment of a diagnosis of ASD in individuals with Down syndrome and research techniques to understand the dual diagnosis of ASD and Down syndrome. Behavioral manifestations of ASD in Down syndrome are presented and research methodologies which address possible underlying mechanisms in Down syndrome and ASD are surveyed. Finally, the need for specification of behavioral profiles for individuals with a dual diagnosis of Down syndrome and ASD, in order to design and implement appropriate therapeutic interventions, is highlighted. Once a person with Down syndrome is diagnosed with ASD, he or she should automatically receive a combined treatment approach incorporating direct instruction, natural environment teaching, and incidental teaching. The manifestation of ASD in individuals with Down syndrome can shed light on our understanding of how ASD and intellectual disability are associated and what impact these diagnoses have on individuals and their families. This knowledge can help shape public policy and our research agenda in the areas of ASD, intellectual impairment, and Down syndrome.
Wisdom and Wisdom Literature
Authors: Kynes Will
Published: January 2021

This chapter introduces the volume by arguing that the study of biblical wisdom is in the midst of a potential paradigm shift, as interpreters are beginning to reconsider the relationship between the concept of wisdom in the Bible and the category Wisdom Literature. This offers an opportunity to explore how the two have been related in the past, in the history of Jewish and Christian interpretation, how they are connected in the present, as three competing primary approaches to Wisdom study have developed, and how they could be treated in the future, as new possibilities for understanding wisdom with insight from before and beyond the development of the Wisdom Literature category are emerging.
Wisdom in Dialogue with Greek Civilization
Authors: Legaspi Michael C.
Published: January 2021

This article surveys attempts to explore the relation of the so-called Wisdom Literature of the Hebrew Bible—the books of Job, Proverbs, and Ecclesiastes—to figures and texts within Greek civilization. “Classical” and “biblical” texts have furnished a two-sided wisdom discourse within Western culture throughout the late antique, medieval, and early modern periods. Nevertheless, focused, comparative examinations of Wisdom texts in the two streams of tradition have not featured prominently in modern critical treatments of Wisdom in the Hebrew Bible. This article provides a brief review of essential backgrounds: the old dialectic between “Athens” and “Jerusalem” as well as modern attempts to distinguish “Hebrew thought” from “Greek thought.” The final section of the article turns to more recent examinations of specific parallels between the book of Ecclesiastes and Greek skepticism, the book of Job and Greek tragedy, and the book of Proverbs and virtue ethics.
History and Wisdom Literature
Authors: Millar Suzanna R.
Published: January 2021

“Wisdom Literature” has sometimes been defined in opposition to “historical writings.” However, it is likely that these texts all came from a shared scribal world. If we read the historical texts through a lens informed by Wisdom Literature, interesting themes emerge, revealing that both sets of literature were grappling with shared clusters of ideas. In particular, both explore the nature of human wisdom and divine intervention. This chapter examines five historical texts—the stories of Adam and Eve, Joseph, the Succession Narrative, Solomon, and Esther—to show how these “Wisdom” themes emerge.
Song of Songs
Authors: Hagedorn Anselm C.
Published: January 2021

The essay reviews the current trend of classifying Song of Songs as a Wisdom book. Instead of hastily subsuming the unique expressions of love under the rubric of wisdom and allegory, it is proposed that Song of Songs is a powerful lyric creation of a counter-world, where sentiments—otherwise carefully veiled—can be freely expressed. Song of Songs is not a Wisdom book but a form of poetic and erotic literature that deeply impacted a developing sapiential corpus and whose language enabled other authors to create their own discourses about sexual relationships.
Wisdom Psalms
Authors: Bellinger W.H.
Published: January 2021

Psalms scholars from the last century have grappled with the question of whether “Wisdom psalms” exist as a distinctive type of psalms, and if so, what criteria should be used to define them. This essay offers an overview of various answers to these questions by drawing on form-critical observations on Wisdom psalms as well as the insights from those who cultivate the “shape and shaping” discussions of the Hebrew Psalter. In addition to these traditional studies, recent works suggest more flexible or modified concepts of genre as ways to identify Wisdom psalms and correlate wisdom with torah and cult. Varying understandings of wisdom in Psalms highlight that Psalms bear didactic elements both within the individual psalms and in the Psalter as a whole.
Mesopotamian Wisdom Literature
Authors: Cohen Yoram , Wasserman Nathan
Published: January 2021

This chapter provides an overview of Mesopotamian Wisdom Literature. The introduction discusses the origins and distribution of Mesopotamian Wisdom Literature. It moves on to demonstrate how Mesopotamian Wisdom Literature can be approached. The chapter treats four subcategories of Wisdom Literature: proverbs and instructions, Vanity Theme works, existential works, and satire and parody. The conclusion offers an assessment of the nature of Mesopotamian Wisdom Literature and refers to its transmission and diffusion to other literatures of the East Mediterranean basin, the ancient Near East, the biblical Wisdom books, and beyond.
Genetics and the Law
Authors: Hartlev Mette
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses how the legal and ethical aspects of gene technology are both a national concern for European states and a European concern addressed by both the Council of Europe (CoE) and the European Union (EU). The CoE has been engaged in bioethical issues since the beginning of the 1980s and has adopted a number of recommendations and resolutions concerned with developments in biomedical science and technologies. Most notable is the adoption of the CoE Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine (Oviedo Convention) in 1997, which focuses on a number of selected human rights aspects of developments in biomedicine. The Convention includes a number of general legal principles applying to medical interventions on human beings, including informed consent and the right to privacy. The chapter then assesses informed consent and genetic counselling, as well as specific issues related to genetic testing of adults, children, fetuses, and embryos. It also considers genetic research, direct-to-consumer genetic testing, genetic discrimination, gene therapy, and the protection of genetic information.
Genetics and the Law
Authors: Mehlman Maxwell , Hartlev Mette , Suter Sonia
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores the similarities and differences in the legal approaches in the United States and Europe to genetic issues. Both the United States and Europe value informed consent and autonomy in this context. As a result, individuals must give informed consent to genetic testing and can decide to opt out of being informed by their health professionals about genetic sequencing results, including results that are clinically relevant. All states in the United States conduct newborn screening using DNA samples, and most do so without parental consent. In Europe, most countries have a newborn screening program, and most of these require parental consent. The chapter also looks at the legal approaches to genetic discrimination, as well as human gene therapy and gene therapy research. As genetic technologies continue to evolve, the United States and Europe will likely continue to face similar ethical and legal issues regarding the regulation of that genetic technology. However, their approaches will likely overlap in some ways and diverge in others, reflecting differences in the legal structures and cultures of each jurisdiction.