bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Raising levels of pupil achievement through school improvement
Authors: HARRIS ALMA
Published: May 2007

Alma Harris presents some findings from a research project which explored the characteristics of schools which were demonstrating raised levels of pupil achievement. All the schools were located in city contexts. The article contends that a school's commitment to staff development and continuous improvement are important pre‐requisites of enhanced pupil achievement. It further argues that there are common and identifiable components of sustained improvement. Certain collaborative processes are conducive to this effect.
In‐class support: A successful way of meeting individual student need?
Authors: WELDING JULIA
Published: May 2007

From the point of view of a learning support teacher (LST), Julia Welding takes issue with the arguments of Alan Dyson, published in earlier issues of this journal, that the speical educational needs co‐oridinator may disappear in favour of an ‘effective learning consultant’. Welding's own investigation suggests otherwise. In her situation there appears to be considerable support for in‐class assistance and such help is not only appreciated but extremely effective. The demise of the LST may well have to be postponed.
Imbalance in the numbers of boys and girls identified for referral to educational psychologists: Some issues
Authors: VARDILL ROBERT
Published: May 2007

Robert Vardill has undertaken a small‐scale research project into the number of boys and girls identified for referral to the educational psychology service in a northern city. The preponderance of boys referred for help has long‐been evident and accepted. However, Vardill takes this matter a little further, asking such basic questions as ‘Does this mean that we are giving less recognition to girls’ needs? He suggests schools. local education authorities and support systems, should monitor this more carefully, and further reseach is indicated.
MR. HATTATT'S PAINTER
Authors: KURTZ DONNA CAROL
Published: May 2007

Summary: Mr. Hattatt's vase is closely related to those of the Group of Faina 75 which were made under the influence of the Euphiletos Painter. It may provide evidence for the recognition of a new Athenian black‐figure artist—the Hattatt Painter—who also decorated neck‐amphorae of the Class of Cabinet des Médailles 218 and oinochoai of the Kuhn Class.
A RED‐FIGURE KRATER: SOUTH ITALIAN OR ETRUSCAN?
Authors: ROBERTSON MARTIN
Published: May 2007

Summary: A red‐figure krater at Port Sunlight presents problems of attribution. Unusual features of the subjects are discussed ‐ Dionysos reclining on a donkey; a youth with a mirror.
SEASONAL FEASTS IN ROMAN BRITAIN
Authors: HENIG MARTIN
Published: May 2007

Summary:Epigraphic sources for the celebration of festivals in Roman Britain mainly come from military sites. Archaeological evidence indicates that a calendar of festivals similar to that of Rome was also observed by civilians within the province. the temene of the larger temples, and theatres connected with such shrines, were obvious places for large‐scale, popular gatherings but there was also an intimate family cult represented by the care of ancestral tombs and the midwinter Saturnalia festivities.

Finds of sacred objects such as a cernus for first‐fruits (offered to Ceres) and a castration‐clamp (used in the worship of Cybele) as well as works of art, including gems and terracottas, also throw light on Roman religion. There were close resemblances with Celtic practice, and fusion between imported cults and native ones must have occurred very frequently.

In late Roman times, the Christian calendar came into use in Britain; the celebrations of Easter and the veneration of the Saints are both attested in Dark‐age written sources.
BONES, BODIES, and DIS‐EASE
Authors: REECE RICHARD
Published: May 2007

Summary: This paper considers the present state of cemetery studies in the north‐western provinces of the Roman Empire. Different aspects of the study are identified and a combination of these is put forward as the requirement for a perfect cemetery report, against which some recent publications are judged. the greatest failure is found to be the provision and assimilation of a bone report, whether anthropological or palaeo‐pathological. the potential of complete cemetery reports is stressed.
THE MOUNT BATTEN CELTIC COINS
Authors: SELLWOOD LYN
Published: May 2007

Summary. This article is the second published instalment of a series of studies concerning the site of Mount Batten, Devon, a source of rich Iron‐Age finds over the past 150 years. The subject of this study is the Celtic coins, and a review of the records concerning the finds is included, with the aim of establishing their precise nature and number. The intrinsic importance of the coins with regard to absolute and relative chronology is examined, and the significance of the collection is indicated by means of a comparison with similar material.
HOUSES, DEFENCES AND STATUS; THE TOWNS OF ROMAN BRITAIN IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE SECOND CENTURY A.D.
Authors: WALTHEW CHRISTOPHER V.
Published: May 2007

Summary. The appearance of spacious and well‐equipped houses in the towns of Roman Britain from the mid second century, following an initial period of resistance to urban dwelling on the part of the wealthy, requires explanation. Various possible motivating factors—the increasing prosperity of villa owners, the desire for security, official pressure coupled with renewed imperial interest in urban development, the availability of cheap building land, the example of the coloniae and the promotion of towns to higher rank—are considered. In many cases a combination of these factors will have applied, but the growing prestige of the towns themselves seems to have been a powerful attraction.
THE MAGDALENIAN SANCTUARY OF THE CAVE OF LABASTIDE (HAUTES‐PYRÉNÉES, FRANCE)
Authors: OMNÈS JACQUES
Published: May 2007

Summary. The parietal art in the cave of Labastide was discovered in 1932 by Norbert Casteret, the spelaeologist, but another 50 years were to pass before an exhaustive inventory was made of these figures, followed by their publication. The study of the parietal art has revealed a sanctuary with a predetermined layout in which the main panels were specially devoted to large figures representing a central Bison‐Horse theme. The cave is also of interest because of the discovery of traces of ‘Magdalenian IV’ occupation (14,260 b.p.): about twenty small, engraved stone slabs display stylistic analogies with the parietal art, and are the best means of dating it.
SETTLEMENTS AND CHAMBERED TOMBS IN NEOLITHIC FRANCE
Authors: SCARRE CHRIS
Published: May 2007

Summary. Chambered tombs of megalithic or dry‐stone construction are a leading element in the archaeological record of Neolithic France, but appear to have been associated with only small, insubstantial settlement sites. This point is illustrated by reference to evidence from West‐Central France, the Paris Basin, Southern France and Brittany. The tombs seem to have played an important rôle in the articulation of dispersed communities, particularly during periods when new land was being colonised. These findings suggest certain modifications to recent ideas about the origin and functions of the West European chambered tombs.
ON THE DATING OF THE TYRRHENIAN GROUP1
Authors: CARPENTER T. H.
Published: May 2007

Iconographic and epigraphic evidence suggest that the Attic black‐figure vases of the Tyrrhenian Group should be dated to the period c.560–530 BC rather than to the second quarter of the sixth century BC. Imagery on some vases, particularly those of the later painters, points to a lowering of the date for the end of the group to c. 530 BC. Epigraphic evidence, particularly the absence of crossed theta, closed heta and qoppa from almost all of the vases of the earlier painters allows the start of the group to be lowered to c. 560, closer to Exekias than to Kleitias.
THE HOPE HERAKLES RECONSIDERED
Authors: PALAGIA OLGA
Published: May 2007

Summary. The Hope Herakles, hitherto thought to be a Roman copy of a statue by Skopas, is here shown to be a pastiche. The head is tentatively recognised as a classicising portrait, while the body type, having come down to us in a variety of reproductions carrying a different head, is associated with the Argive School of the late 5th c BC. A dating of the latter's prototype close to the plague of 429 as well as the Attic provenance of some of the copies suggest a possible connection with Hageladas’Herakles Alexikakos at Melite.
EARLY BRONZE AGE TROJAN METAL SOURCES AND ANATOLIANS IN THE CYCLADES
Authors: STOS‐GALE Z.A. , GALE N. H. , GILMORE G.R.
Published: May 2007

Summary. New chemical analyses of EB II copper‐alloy artefacts from Troy show that about seventy per cent are of high tin, low arsenic, bronze; the remaining Trojan objects are of arsenical copper but contain no more than 3 per cent of arsenic. Lead‐isotope analyses suggest that at this time the Trojans made use of at least five different copper‐ore deposits and that at least two of these were not in the immediate vicinity of Troy itself.

At this period tin bronze was unknown in the Early Helladic, Cycladic or Minoan cultures. Low‐arsenic tin bronzes do however constitute sixty‐nine per cent of the copper‐alloy artefacts excavated at the fortified hilltop EC IIIA settlement at Kastri on Syros, but lead‐isotope analyses show that the copper in these objects is derived from three different ore deposits which are different from those exploited by the early Cycladic peoples on Amorgos, Paros, Kythnos and Chalandriani on Syros. For Kastri the alloy types are closely similar to and the copper ore sources used are identical with those employed in Troy II; in addition there are good Anatolian parallels for some of the metal types occurring at Kastri. Taken together with evidence from the pottery, the architecture and the nature of the site it seems inescapable that Kastri was a short‐lived settlement of Anatolians who lived, perhaps, in somewhat uneasy juxtaposition with their Cycladic neighbours. These Anatolians came most probably from Troy or the Troad since tin bronze was virtually unknown at this period elsewhere in Anatolia, and certainly not in Cilicia, except at the central Anatolian sites of Ahlatlibel, Alishar and Alaca Hüyük.
MYCENAEAN TOMBS AS EVIDENCE FOR SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ORGANISATION.1
Authors: MEE C.B. , CAVANAGH W.G.
Published: May 2007

Summary. A chronological and spatial analysis of Mycenaean tomb types is presented in the belief that burial practices reflect the social and political changes which occurred during the Late Helladic period. Interpretation of the evidence is complicated by the degree of regional diversity. However, it is suggested that the practices of the Middle Helladic period were not as simple as has been supposed and foreshadow the innovations of the early Mycenaean period which were inspired by political motives. The increasing standardisation in tomb types in LHIII was conditioned by the emergence of the Mycenaean palace system, the collapse of which engendered the changes seen in LHIIIC.
NEOLITHIC AXES FROM ROMAN SITES IN BRITAIN
Authors: ADKINS LESLEY , ADKINS ROY A.
Published: May 2007

Finds of Neolithic axes are usually regarded primarily as evidence for Neolithic occupation in the area of the findspot. Neolithic axes from Roman contexts are also usually regarded in this way, often being classed as residual material. However, a study of axes from Roman sites in Britain has shown that they may well have been deliberately collected, in the Roman period, for religious or superstitious reasons. Many have been found on sites of a religious nature (an aspect well documented for temple sites on the Continent) and the beliefs associated with such axes may have been widespread.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF DRESSEL 1 AMPHORAE IN NORTHWEST EUROPE
Authors: FITZPATRICK ANDREW
Published: May 2007

The dating and distribution of the trade in Italian wine to northwest Europe in the last two centuries BC is discussed. The previously recorded Atlantic emphasis is shown to be a product of differential research; many new finds in north‐eastern France, the Benelux countries, Germany and Switzerland are documented but finds are absent from ‘Germanic’ areas. The trade may start in the later second century BC, and around the middle of the first century BC there appears to be an increase in the availability of wine in non‐maritime Gaul and eastern England, possibly at the expense of the Atlantic routes. The debut of the trade in Spanish wine to north‐west Europe is discussed. Attention is briefly drawn to the importance of the revised distribution both to cross‐Channel links between Belgic Gaul and Britain and to the difference between ‘Celts’ and ‘germans’ and the idea of a ‘Nordwestblock’.
UNRETOUCHED BLADES IN THE LATE MESOLITHIC OF SOUTH SCANDINAVIA. A FUNCTIONAL STUDY
Authors: JENSEN HELLE JUEL
Published: May 2007

Summary. While most microwear analyses of flint artefacts have involved formal retouched tools, this paper concentrates on unretouched blades from 4 South Scandinavian Mesolithic sites, seeking to establish how frequently and on what materials such pieces were used and whether they were selected for identifiable morphological reasons. The results are based on a study of 496 specimens, from various archaeological contexts. The materials processed ranged from soft to medium hard and most blades were used once only, as disposable tools. Their role relates more to ‘manufacturing’than ‘subsistence’activities. Blades seem to have been selected mainly according to their edge angles, with specific tasks in mind (a situation for which ethnographic parallels can be quoted), and they were evidently deliberately struck with a view to use rather than being chosen from random débitage. Various aspects of these conclusions are discussed.
ANATOMY OF A TOMB‐WEST KENNET REVISITED
Authors: THOMAS JULIAN , WHITTLE ALASDAIR
Published: May 2007

Summary. The primary and secondary uses of the West Kennet long barrow are reconsidered. In the first phase, dating perhaps to a late period of the Earlier Neolithic, the monument was used for a variety of burial rites, including bone circulation. The patterned deposits may have belonged to a small social group, and detailed knowledge of the tomb contents may have been restricted to such a group. The secondary phase is seen as covering a long span of time from the end of the Earlier Neolithic to the developed stage of the Later Neolithic represented by Avebury and Silbury Hill. The secondary filling of the monument was both gradual and patterned, and the ritual involved may have been part of continued social competition in the area.
BLACKSMITHING TECHNOLOGY IN IRON AGE WESSEX
Authors: EHRENREICH ROBERT M.
Published: May 2007

Summary. The sophistication of Iron Age blacksmithing technology in Wessex was determined by the metallurgical examination of 503 iron artefacts using Optical Metallography, Electron Microprobe Analysis and Vickers Hardness Testing. Iron artefacts from the different regions and site types of Southern Britain were examined to determine both the capabilities of Iron Age blacksmiths to alter the properties of iron artefacts through cold‐working, carburization, heat‐treatment and alloy selection, and the distribution of these possible techniques. The reasons for the selection of the areas, the sites, and the actual artefacts chosen for examination are discussed.
THE LAST RIGHTS: MORE ON ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE DEAD
Authors: BAHN PAUL G. , PATERSON R.W.K.
Published: May 2007

Summary. In a recent paper, one of us (Bahn 1984) made a preliminary sketch of the main issues involved in the question of whether archaeologists have the right to disturb the dead. Since then, a number of important new case studies have featured prominently in the media, and more literature on the subject has started to appear—most notably a collection of papers (Green 1984) which, though focused on the particular problems of North America, contains much food for thought for archaeologists elsewhere. In this article we propose to look at the new data and consider what light moral philosophy can throw on the problem as a whole.
FUNERARY MONUMENTS AND FUNERARY RITES IN LATE ANTIQUE AQUITAINE
Authors: SIVAN H.S.
Published: May 2007

Summary.Within the major groups of late Roman sarcophagi and especially of late Gallic sarcophagi (those of Arles and Marseille), the sarcophagi of Aquitaine stand apart in both shape and style. This study traces the broad lines of their stylistic evolution from direct imitations of shape and decoration of the Arelasian models to the fully developed Aquitanian style with its exclusive floral and vegetal patterns, the trapezoid box and the rooflike lid.

Historical, cultural and religious factors point to the period of Visigothic rule in Aquitaine (AD 418–507) and to Visigothic patronage. Only this patronage can account for all the far‐reaching changes of style and form. It is also quite possible that the introduction of new, non‐Roman, funerary rites contributed to these changes, as can be gleaned from a small cemetery in Narbonne.
PUTTING LITHICS TO THE TEST: NON‐SITE ANALYSIS AND THE NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT OF SOUTHERN ENGLAND
Authors: SCHOFIELD A. J.
Published: May 2007

Summary. The earliest farming communities in Southern England were for a long time represented solely by the structural remains left behind in the form of burial monuments, henges and causewayed enclosures; only recently, through problem‐oriented surface collection, has any attempt been made to locate their settlements. This paper suggests that such attempts have been limited by the very desire to locate ‘sites’ which made the technique attractive in the first place. Instead it is suggested that we should be attempting to ‘think Mesolithic’, and by using our knowledge of Neolithic settlement and land‐use strategies, attempt to locate zones of continuity which undoubtedly occurred in certain ‘favourable locations’within the landscape. Case studies from East and West Hampshire are discussed and two types of adaptive behaviour are identified.
AN EARLY EUBOEAN SHIP
Authors: POPHAM MERVYN
Published: May 2007

Summary. A pyxis with the painting of a ship was found during the 1986 Greco‐British excavations in the Toumba Cemetery at Lefkandi, Euboea. It was part of a deposit of broken pottery included in the refill of a shaft grave which had apparently destroyed an earlier tomb. The vase can with fair certainty be dated around 850–825 B.C. by the Attic Middle Geometric I pottery associated with it and from its local style.

The painting of a ship contained in one of its panels is, therefore, among the earliest pictorial representations known from Iron Age Greece. It is proposed that the subject may have been suggested to the Lefkandian potter by similar ship scenes on the engraved catchplates of contemporary fibulae.
TRADE IN GREEK DECORATED POTTERY
Authors: BOARDMAN JOHN
Published: May 2007

Summary.The suggestions that Greek decorated pottery was cheap, and that in trade overseas it can be regarded as little more than ‘saleable ballast', are refuted by demonstration of its relative value, by weight and by volume, beside that of other commodities for which comparable evidence is available. From this its profitability may also be deduced.
MEGALITHIC MADNESS AND MEASUREMENT. OR HOW MANY OLIVES COULD AN OLIVE PRESS PRESS?
Authors: MATTINGLY DAVID J.
Published: May 2007

Summary. Nineteenth century explorers and travellers in north‐west Libya were intrigued by the hundreds of well‐preserved stone structures which they took to be prehistoric megaliths of ritual significance. H.S. Cowper made a particular study of them in this belief, measuring, sketching and photographing quite a number of the monuments. The admirably meticulous character of his work was undone by his fanciful interpretation and it was soon revealed that the stone structures were, in fact, parts of Roman olive presses.

This article, however, considers the lasting importance of Cowper's work in the context of a detailed discussion of the processing capacity of ancient olive presses (that is what quantity of olives comprised a single press load and how much olive oil was likely to be yielded). Comparison with literary and ethnographic evidence suggests that the Tripolitanian presses had a large potential capacity. An order of magnitude figure of c. 9–10,000 kg is proposed for the annual output of olive oil from one of these large presses.
THE BIRDS OF ROMAN BRITAIN
Authors: PARKER A.J.
Published: May 2007

Summary. Wild birds were probably of little importance for food in Roman Britain, but there is some advantage, for ecology, conservation, archaeological reconstruction and education, in establishing a tolerably correct list of species present in Roman times. There are special problems for the recovery and identification of bird bones; on the other hand, historical and other sources are wanting for Roman Britain. There is no evidence for falconry in the Roman period; birds would be caught, for sport by lime‐rods, and for food by a variety of methods. There is little definite evidence for religious use of wild birds in Roman Britain. The environment of Britain in the Roman period was, in many respects, quite similar to that of recent times, but the bird species recorded from Roman sites suggest that the landscape was rather varied, and favourable to wildlife. An up‐to‐date list of 94 wild species can be roughly quantified by the number of sites on which each has been found; both the more numerous species and the absentees offer some surprises, and the effect is to emphasize the Romanization of eating habits in the province.
LE GARDIEN DU TOMBEAU: FURTHER REFLECTIONS ON THE INITIAL NEOLITHIC
Authors: KINNES IAN , HIBBS JAMES
Published: May 2007

Summary. The unique carving of an armed human figure on a capstone in the Déhus passage grave, Guernsey, has been known for some 70 years but has hitherto eluded parallels and explanation. With the stimulus of recent researches in Brittany, it is now possible to suggest that here too is an example oficonoclasm and incorporation associated with the inception of the Neolithic and the formative stages of megalithic traditions.
TIN AND PREHISTORIC MINING IN THE ERZGEBIRGE (ORE MOUNTAINS): SOME NEW EVIDENCE
Authors: BOUZEK JAN , KOUTECKÝ DRAHOMÍR , SIMON KLAUS
Published: May 2007

Summary.A number of settlements and other traces of occupation have been identified in the mountainous areas near to tin and copper deposits in the Erzgebirge, and some of them excavated. The newly collected evidence seems to suggest that many small sources of metals, both tin and copper, were exploited, the former metal by washing from the river and creek beds. Though these sources were more modest than the British and Spanish tin supply, they seem to have served the Bohemian and Saxon Bronze Age cultures well.
THE NEOLITHIC TRANSITION IN SOUTHERN SCANDINAVIA: INTERNAL DEVELOPMENT OR MIGRATION?
Authors: SOLBERG BERGLJOT
Published: May 2007

Summary. During the last 10–15 years the neolithic transition in southern Scandinavia has been regarded mainly as the result of development among indigenous culture groups, frequently supported by a narrow material selection. In the present paper, botanical, zoological and archaeological materials from southern Scandinavia are reviewed and similarities to continental, mainly Polish, material discussed. The results strongly indicate that the introduction of agriculture in southern Scandinavia is mainly due to the expansion of the highly adaptive economy of continental TRB groups.
POTS AND POTTERS IN ATHENS AND CORINTH: A REVIEW
Authors: ARAFAT KARIM , MORGAN CATHERINE
Published: May 2007

Summary.In this article, we draw upon a wide range of archaeological, technical and iconographical evidence in order to examine the organisation and social role of fine pottery production in two contrasting Archaic and Classical poleis, Athens and Corinth. We examine developments in the relationship between the organisation of production, changes in decorative style and the degree of complexity of the social and political organisation of the two producer societies during a period of state formation. We also consider variation in the behavioural patterns surrounding ceramic use, and the role of production within the overall economy (and especially its relationship to subsistence activity). Such a study of comparative ceramic ecology not only offers a distinctive source of information about the internal ordering of producer societies, but also addresses the issue of the generation of variability in the ceramic record, an issue which has hitherto received little attention from Classical archaeologists, but which is central to a full understanding of ceramic trade and exchange.
THE RADIOCARBON CHRONOLOGY OF THE NEOLITHIC AND COPPER AGE OF NORTHERN ITALY
Authors: BAGOLINI BERNARDINO , BIAGI PAOLO
Published: May 2007

Summary. Until twenty years ago the chronology of the Neolithic and Copper Age settlement of Northern Italy was almost exclusively based on the stratigraphical sequence of the Arene Candide cave in Liguria. The research carried out since the sixties has strongly increased our knowledge of the earliest farming communities and the first copper using people who inhabited the country between the end of the seventh and the beginning of the fourth millennium BP. This article considers the available evidence for this period which is now supported by a good set of radiocarbon dates.
SKIN, AND WOOL‐TEXTILE REMAINS FROM HALLSTATT, AUSTRIA
Authors: RYDER M.L.
Published: May 2007

Summary. A study was made of wool cloth remains comprising 56 yarns and of 33 samples of haired animal skin from the Kilbwerk salt‐mine site at Hallstatt, Austria dated 6th to 8th century BC. Most of the wool in the cloth was primitive hairy‐medium or generalised‐medium type and over half the samples had natural coloration, the predominant colour being grey. One yarn was of medium wool type and four were of semi‐fine fleece type, neither of these having been previously reported before the Roman period. The skins were much hairier, only one‐third having fleece types found in the cloth, and only two of these were of the finer generalised medium variety. Most of the skins with the coarsest hair were probably from goats, and those with less coarse hair from true hairy sheep, a fleece type that is thought to have developed during the Iron Age. The staining reaction of the skin indicated rawhide or oil tanning. The presence of inactive hair follicles within the skin showed that over half had ceased to live during the autumn‐winter period.
PAINTINGS, PRESSES AND PERFUME PRODUCTION AT POMPEII
Authors: MATTINGLY D.J.
Published: May 2007

Summary. An unusual type of olive press, operated by wedges being driven into an upright frame, is known from four paintings found at Pompeii and Herculaneum. The technological and socio‐economic evidence contained in these depictions is presented in detail, together with supporting literary and archaeological information. It is established that the wedge press was essentially a specialised machine employed in the production of very high quality olive oil by or for the perfume industry (for which Campania was famed). The choice of the scene as decoration for wealthy houses indicates a connection between the urban elite and the various activities which comprised perfume manufacture. Furthermore, a number of finds of press beds from Pompeii which have in the past been identified (and reconstructed) as the remains of screw presses, can now be reinterpreted as wedge presses serving the town's perfume industry. The combination of the various categories of evidence (pictorial, literary, archaeological) creates a window on an area of Pompeian economic life which has hitherto been little appreciated.
ON THE COMPOSITION AND PROVENANCE OF METAL ARTEFACTS FROM POLIOCHNI ON LEMNOS
Authors: PERNICKA E. , BEGEMANN F. , SCHMITT‐STRECKER S. , GRIMANIS A.P.
Published: May 2007

Summary.The majority of the well‐stratified Early Bronze Age metal objects from Poliochni, with the exclusion of one hoard find, was analyzed for their chemical and lead isotope composition. The results show that a major change occurred in the metal used at Poliochni during periods contemporary with Troy I and Troy II. Unalloyed or arsenical copper with relatively high lead contents during the earliest two periods ‘azzurro’ and ‘verde’ is gradually replaced and supplemented by tin bronze which, during period ‘giallo’, i.e., by the end of Troy II, becomes the dominant metal type. Lead isotope abundance ratios in the earlier artefacts are consistent with a derivation of the metal from regional ore sources but the trace element abundance pattern is not. Concurrent with the appearance of tin bronzes is an increase in the diversity of ore deposits exploited; for about one third of the artefacts from period ‘giallo’ there is as yet no matching ore source in all Anatolia and the Eastern Mediterranean. It is argued that the tin bronzes have been imported as such but that the lead isotope signature does not provide any direct clues to the origin of the tin.
THE LAST WORD ON THE GOLDEN FLEECE LEGEND?
Authors: RYDER M.L.
Published: May 2007

Summary. Evidence is discussed for the three theories on the origins of the Golden Fleece legend. That the epithet ‘golden’referred to fine wool, because of its value, is thought to be not incompatible with the view that fleeces were used to collect gold particles from streams. That the fleece was yellow is unlikely since such discoloration is a wool fault, but it is just possible that ‘golden’ might refer to genetically ‘tan’ fibres.
TOWNS AND TOWN HIERARCHIES IN SAXON ENGLAND
Authors: ASTILL G.G.
Published: May 2007

Summary. The extent to which archaeological evidence can be used to identify and account for an urban hierarchy in England between the eighth and eleventh centuries AD is assessed in this article. Using the later medieval evidence as a control, it is suggested that the archaeological data could be used not only to compare the relative condition of towns but also to reconstruct the general economic trends which may have been responsible for emphasising differences between towns. Despite the apparently rudimentary character of the urban network in the eighth and early ninth centuries, the strength of the economy may have been underestimated. In contrast, the development of a three‐tier hierarchy coupled with ubiquitous urban growth in the tenth century may have been overemphasised. Town planning programmes in the south and midlands may not have been accompanied by rapid urban development whereas there is plentiful evidence for town growth in the north. This differential development may be explained by a greater economic vitality in the north which was not experienced in the south until the later tenth century. The later tenth and early eleventh centuries may have marked a period of pronounced and rapid urban growth and differentiation in the south.
EARLY GREEK VASES IN CYPRUS: EUBOEAN AND ATTIC
Authors: LEMOS IRENE S. , HATCHER HELEN
Published: May 2007

Summary. The aim of the present project is to put to the test by using chemical analysis the origin of early Greek vases imported to Cyprus. In the present case samples were taken from vases found in the cemetery at Amathus published by Prof. J. N. Coldstream. The scientific results coincide with his attributions and confirm the suggestion that there was a revival of communication between the Aegean and Cyprus from the end of the tenth century, and that Euboean vases were the earliest imports to have reached the island and outnumbered other imports.
A GROUP OF BYZANTINE BOWLS FROM SKOPELOS
Authors: ARMSTRONG PAMELA
Published: May 2007

Summary. Twenty glazed bowls of the late twelfth century A.D. from the Ashmolean Museum are published here. They probably come from a shipwreck off the island of Skopelos in the north‐west Aegean and are of intrinsic interest in expanding the already known categories of Middle Byzantine Incised Wares.
RESIDUALITY REVISITED
Authors: EVANS J. , MILLETT M.
Published: May 2007

Summary: Residuality has long been recognized as a problem for those interpreting archaeological assemblages, in particular those from urban excavations. This paper explores residuality through the examination of quantified pottery assemblages from a number of British sites. the causes of variation in the level of residuality at particular sites are discussed and general conclusions are drawn about the importance of the different factors isolated.
THE HIGHLANDS of ABOBOREIRA (NORTH‐WEST PORTUGAL): ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS FROM MIDDLE/LATE NEOLITHIC to EARLY BRONZE AGE. EVIDENCE FROM CHARCOAL ANALYSIS
Authors: VERNET J.‐L. , FIGUEIRAL I.
Published: May 2007

Summary: Charcoal analysis data from 15 megalithic monuments in the highlands of Serra da Aboboreira, north‐west Portugal, are presented and discussed. the results, interpreted only in terms of presence/absence of taxa, give us important information concerning the vegetal cover of this area and the relationships with man, from the Middle/Late Neolithic until the Early Bronze Age.
A FIELD METHOD FOR INVESTIGATING the DISTRIBUTION of ROCK ART
Authors: BRADLEY RICHARD , HARDING JAN , RIPPON STEPHEN , MATHEWS MARGARET
Published: May 2007

Summary: Recent studies of prehistoric rock art have analysed its position in the landscape and have suggested that it played an important role in a mobile pattern of settlement. But the distribution of petroglyphs is usually taken as given, with the result that it is difficult to assess the significance of this kind of patterning. We argue that such evidence should be compared with the distribution of uncarved rocks across the surrounding area, and illustrate this procedure by two case studies from northern England. In these examples rock carvings were carefully sited at viewpoints and may have overlooked important routes across the landscape.
ITALIAN TERRA SIGILLATA: A SOPHISTICATED ROMAN INDUSTRY
Authors: KENRICK PHILIP
Published: May 2007

Summary:The fine red terra sigillata pottery of Italy, associated in both ancient and modern times with the Etruscan town of Arezzo, is now known to have been produced in many different parts of the peninsula. Indeed, it is clear that some of the largest factories were capable of setting up distant manufacturing subsidiaries in order to take advantage of particular markets. It is also becoming apparent that the potters working at Arezzo itself might supply their products to quite distinct provincial or regional markets from one another. It is hoped that research now under way will clarify such complex patterns of manufacture and trade.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PREHISTORIC IRISH ROCK ART and IRISH PASSAGE TOMB ART
Authors: JOHNSTON SUSAN A.
Published: May 2007

Two major traditions of decoration from the later Neolithic and/or earlier Bronze Age, rock art and passage tomb art, are compared. Both traditions are briefly described, and are compared on the basis of both site and motif characteristics. Their chronological relationship is also discussed, indicating at least a large overlap in time between them. These two show a general affiliation on a number of levels, suggesting a similar degree of relationship between their respective makers. However, they also show important differences, suggesting that they are products of different sets of ritual or symbolic behaviour, or of similarly different groups of people.
MEDITERRANEAN CORAL: ITS USE and EXCHANGE IN and AROUND the ALPINE REGION DURING the LATER NEOLITHIC and COPPER AGE
Authors: SKEATES ROBIN
Published: May 2007

Different types of Mediterranean coral are described, and the potential sources of prehistoric coral in the central Mediterranean are considered. Early examples of coral artefacts from in and around the alpine region, as well as their finds‐contexts, are then described and chronologically defined, and their value, use, and exchange is discussed.
WOOL AT DANEBURY: A SPECULATION USING EVIDENCE FROM ELSEWHERE
Authors: RYDER MICHAEL L.
Published: May 2007

The high proportion of sheep bones and the finding of implements used in cloth manufacture have led to suggestions that this Iron Age hill fort in Hampshire was a centre for wool cloth making. In the absence of textile remains from the site, evidence from other Iron Age sites with such remains is used to suggest that the sheep kept at Danebury are likely to have had mainly primitive hairy and primitive woolly fleeces with an annual moult and a range of colours. the absence of shears suggests a more primitive method of harvesting the wool. White wool and dyed textiles from the other sites indicates the possibility of dyeing. A reassessment of the textile implements suggests that the textile activity was no more than domestic production. the weight of the spindle whorls is discussed in relation to the sort of wool spun, but further experimentation is proposed to answer such questions as the true use of the “weaving” combs. the slingshots might have been hurled with a wool sling and not only at a human enemy or at game, but to control sheep flocks.
REGIONAL PATTERNING AMONG THE MEGALITHS OF GALICIA (NW SPAIN)
Authors: BOADO F. CRIADO , VALCARCE R. FÁBREGAS , LASTRES J. VAQUERO
Published: May 2007

Summary. Within the extensive plateau crossed by the upper Miño there are a vast number of tumuli. Their distribution is fairly homogeneous and they reach densities of up to 6 mounds per km2. The grave goods recovered from some of these monuments bear little relation to those in the coastal areas, especially so by the later part of the 3rd millenium BC. Recent surveys have found that some of the biggest concentrations of tombs are located near to natural passes or ridges that connect the inland plateau with the eastern districts of La Coruña and Pontevedra provinces. We suggest that proximity to crossing points between different areas was an important factor in the local setting of the mounds. On a larger scale the same principle might explain the occurrence of considerable clusters of monuments close to natural passes between regions that were especially important during this period.
LONGBRIDGE DEVERILL COW DOWN, WILTSHIRE, HOUSE 3: A MAJOR ROUND HOUSE OF THE EARLY IRON AGE
Authors: HAWKES SONIA CHADWICK
Published: May 2007

Summary. The settlement complex on Longbridge Deverill Cow Down in west Wiltshire comprises two major farmsteads, with their associated trackways and field systems, which were in use from the 8th to the 2nd century BC. The excavations, between 1956 and 1960, could only sample Enclosures II and III, whose ditches turned out to be relatively late features belonging to the larger and longer lived of the two farms. However, by good fortune, the interior areas excavated contained the very well‐preserved post‐holes of no less than four successive great round houses, the largest up to 60 feet (18.30 m.) in diameter, with masses of surviving structural evidence, pottery and other finds. This article describes and discusses the latest and best preserved of the great houses, House 3 of the end of the 6th century, and it attempts to throw new light not just on the construction and internal lay‐out of these huge structures, but also the manner in which they may have been used, domestically and ceremonially, by their inhabitants at the end of the Late Bronze and beginning of the Iron Age in Wessex.
INCENSE, CAMELS AND COLLARED RIM JARS: DESERT TRADE ROUTES AND MARITIME OUTLETS IN THE SECOND MILLENNIUM
Authors: ARTZY MICHAL
Published: May 2007

Summary.The camel‐borne incense trade, from Arabia to the Levant, was an important element in the economy of the eastern Mediterranean region in the first millennium BC. This paper suggests that its origins can be traced back to the Late Bronze Age, and that the junction of overland and maritime routes explains the wealth of coastal sites such as Tel Nami, Israel. The occurrence there of Collared Rim Jars in contexts dating to the thirteenth century BC suggests that the form began as a transport container, capable of being carried on board ship or on land by camels.
BEAR‐CLAWS IN GERMANIC GRAVES
Authors: SCHÖNFELDER MARTIN
Published: May 2007

Summary. The remains of bear‐skins for cremation burials of the late pre‐Roman and early Roman Iron Age are a long neglected ‘grave‐good'. This is because of their scattered occurrence in graves on the continent in Sweden, north Germany, Bohemia and in the Celto‐Germanic ‘contact‐zone’ as far west as England. Their distribution and connection with many high‐status graves marks them as Germanic‘prestige goods'. This raises the question of ethnicity in these graves.
ESTIMATING THE DURATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL ACTIVITY USING14C DETERMINATIONS
Authors: BUCK C.E. , CHRISTEN J.A. , KENWORTHY J.B. , LITTON C.D.
Published: May 2007

Summary.One of the questions that archaeologists have always hoped to be able to answer using radiocarbon dating is: ‘How long did this activity last?'. It has for some time been accepted that this question cannot adequately be addressed by simply calibrating single radiocarbon determinations. Rather, it is necessary to find means for coherently relating such determinations to one another and to the archaeology from which they came. In addition, most archaeologists are aware that estimation of duration is likely to be greatly affected by the presence of any aberrant determinations (‘outliers') and that they should, therefore, be allowed for in the estimation procedure.

In this paper we look at the issues which relate to solving problems of this type and highlight some difficulties associated with one currently available method for approaching them. By adopting a Bayesian approach to estimating duration, it is possible to provide an explicit and coherent framework within which such investigations can take place and whereby each specific problem can be considered in its own right.

In archaeological terms, this paper has, we hope, clarified the problems involved in estimating the duration of a period of time represented by a series of unordered radiocarbon determinations, and in providing estimates of the calendar dates for its beginning and end. These estimates take in any archaeological evidence available, for example, termini ante/post quos (here the arrival of the Spanish in Peru forms a terminus ante quern), and may be repeated when new evidence becomes available. For the first time, we provide an objective method for identifying outliers in the data and documenting the effect of their removal. We have given an example for the Peruvian Chancay culture to demonstrate the potential of this approach.
THE HENSBACKA: A SUBSISTENCE STRATEGY OF CONTINENTAL HUNTER‐GATHERERS, OR AN ADAPTATION AT THE PLEISTOCENE‐HOLOCENE BOUNDARY?
Authors: SCHMITT LOU
Published: May 2007

Summary. In this paper, three aspects of the Hensbacka/Fosna assemblage are discussed. Although significant features of the inventory have been touched upon, emphasis is placed on two issues: firstly, the environmental premise of the assemblage and, secondly, the origin(s) of the group(s) behind the assemblage. In this regard, it is suggested that the Hensbacka/Fosna assemblage is an ‘expression’ that reflects subsistence strategies of Continental hunter/gatherers at the close of the Late Glacial. In support of this proposition, a discussion has been initiated that addresses the diagnostic features of tanged points and the rationality of human behaviour.
COMPLEX SOCIETIES IN COPPER AND BRONZE AGE IBERIA: A REAPPRAISAL
Authors: DÍAZ‐ANDREU MARGARITA
Published: May 2007

This paper starts from the conviction that it is not only important to study long‐term processes of change in a particular area, but to analyse the extent to which other areas have been implicated and affected by the processes occurring in it. The study of the emergence, maintenance and even disappearance of social complexity in the Iberian Peninsula during the Copper and Bronze Age has lacked such an approach. As a result, on the one hand it seemed that South‐east Spain and Portuguese Estremadura, the two areas where it was argued complexity first appeared, were isolated from each other and from the rest of the Peninsula during the Chalcolithic, and on the other, changes in the geographical distribution of complex societies in the Bronze Age had not been explained. This article reassesses these arguments and aims to show that it was not only intrinsical factors which provoked the social changes which took place in the various areas during the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age. Extrinsic factors were on occasion as if not more important. In addition, new data published in recent years has been used to give a broader picture of the expansion of complex societies in the Iberian Peninsula.
THE COMPOSITION OF IRON AGE STRUCK ‘BRONZE’COINAGE IN EASTERN ENGLAND
Authors: CLOGG PHILIP , HASELGROVE COLIN
Published: May 2007

EDXRF was used to analyse the composition of 88 Iron Age copper and copper alloy coins excavated from the site of a pre‐Roman shrine and Roman temple at Harlow, Essex. Most of the coins are local to the Essex‐Hertfordshire region, with a few of Kentish origin. The earliest struck base metal issues were struck from almost pure copper, but from the late first century BC, their composition shows more variety. Particularly interesting are a group of types belonging to the Romanizing phase of Tasciovanus’coinage, which were struck in brass and possibly represent a distinct denomination. Roman coinage and other metalwork imports from the Roman world presumably provided the initial impetus, and the ultimate source of the brass. However, this experiment was relatively short lived. Cunobelinus, who ruled eastern England during the earlier first century AD, mainly employed bronze to strike his abundant base metal coinage. The products of his Colchester mint reveal a consistently different composition from those struck at his unlocated second mint in the Hertfordshire area, although the precise alloy does vary, sometimes within the same type. This suggests that unlike gold and silver issues, the source and purity of the metal used for minting base metal coinage was not always critical.
PUNIC INFLUENCE IN THE DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE OF ROMAN VOLUBILIS (MOROCCO)
Authors: DANIELS ROBERT
Published: May 2007

Roman archaeologists in North Africa have assumed that there is a generic Romano‐African house, imitating the style in Rome, but perhaps with Greek influence. I argue here that at Volubilis we can detect a local tradition, drawn from a Punic heritage, which developed alongside the acceptance of Romanitas. That Volubilis appears distinct may be a product of our sample of data and other regional traditions may await identification. The relationship between architecture and action is discussed, especially in relation to seclusion. I suggest that further excavation of Punic houses in the western Mediterranean will reveal links between developments in Greek and Punic domestic architecture.
DID THE GREEKS GO TO COLCHIS FOR METALS?
Authors: TSETSKHLADZE GOCHA R.
Published: May 2007

A too simple understanding of the process of Greek colonisation, especially the reasons for it, sometimes leads modern scholars to unrealistic conclusions. This paper examines the view commonly found in the literature that the main reason for the arrival of the lonians in Colchis in the middle of the 6th century BC was the area's richness in metals. Archaeological material discussed here shows that Eastern Pontus was far from being so well endowed, and that the local tribes were less advanced in metallurgy than is often believed. The Scythian ‘incursion’into Colchis at the end of the 7th century BC both introduced Colchians to iron metallurgy and gave rise to a lacuna in the material culture of the area. New tribes in the Eastern Black Sea in the middle of the 6th century BC revived the iron industry, but it never again reached the scale of production achieved in the 7th century BC. The involvement of the Greeks in iron metallurgy is a matter of which, so far, we know nothing. Nevertheless, the Greeks, trying to adapt their art to the tastes of the local rulers, established in Colchis in the 5th century BC schools of gold‐ and silver‐smiths, as well as the production of metal seals and engraved gems.