bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metabolic syndrome and smoking are associated with persistence of nocturia after transurethral resection of the prostate
Authors: De Nunzio Cosimo , Tema Giorgia , Lombardo Riccardo , Cicione Antonio , Nacchia Antonio , D’Annunzio Simone , Sarchi Luca , Proietti Flavia , Brassetti Aldo , Tubaro Andrea
Published: May 2019

Aims

The aim of our study was to evaluate the relationship between smoking, metabolic syndrome (MetS) and persistence of nocturia in patients with moderate/severe nocturia (nocturia episodes ≥2), lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTSs), and benign prostatic enlargement (BPE) undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP).

Methods

From 2015 onward, a consecutive series of patients with moderate/severe nocturia (nocturia episodes ≥2), LUTS, and BPE undergoing TURP were prospectively enrolled. Medical history, physical examination, and smoking status were recorded. MetS was defined according to Adult Treatment Panel III. Moderate/severe persistent nocturia after TURP was defined as nocturia episodes ≥2. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the risk of persisting nocturia.

Results

One hundred two patients were enrolled with a median age of 70 years (interquartile range: 65/73). After TURP, moderate/severe nocturia was reported in 43 of 102 (42%) of the patients. Overall 40 of 102 (39%) patients presented a MetS, and out of them, 23 of 40 (58%) presented a moderate/severe persistent nocturia after TURP (
P = .001). Overall 62 of 102 (61%) patients were smokers, and out of them, 32 of 62 (52%) presented moderate/severe persistent nocturia after TURP (
P = .034). On multivariate analysis, prostate volume, MetS, and smoking were independent risk factors for moderate/severe persistent nocturia after TURP.

Conclusion

In our single‐center study, MetS and smoking increased the risk of moderate/severe persistent nocturia after TURP in patients with LUTS‐BPE. Although these results should be confirmed, and the pathophysiology is yet to be completely understood, counseling smokers and MetS patients about the risk of postoperative persistent nocturia is warranted.
Robust quaternion matrix completion with applications to image inpainting
Authors: Jia Zhigang , Ng Michael K. , Song Guang‐Jing
Published: May 2019

In this paper, we study robust quaternion matrix completion and provide a rigorous analysis for provable estimation of quaternion matrix from a random subset of their corrupted entries. In order to generalize the results from real matrix completion to quaternion matrix completion, we derive some new formulas to handle noncommutativity of quaternions. We solve a convex optimization problem, which minimizes a nuclear norm of quaternion matrix that is a convex surrogate for the quaternion matrix rank, and the ℓ1‐norm of sparse quaternion matrix entries. We show that, under incoherence conditions, a quaternion matrix can be recovered exactly with overwhelming probability, provided that its rank is sufficiently small and that the corrupted entries are sparsely located. The quaternion framework can be used to represent red, green, and blue channels of color images. The results of missing/noisy color image pixels as a robust quaternion matrix completion problem are given to show that the performance of the proposed approach is better than that of the testing methods, including image inpainting methods, the tensor‐based completion method, and the quaternion completion method using semidefinite programming.
A parareal approach of semi‐linear parabolic equations based on general waveform relaxation
Authors: Li Jun , Jiang Yao‐Lin , Miao Zhen
Published: May 2019

We present a parareal approach of semi‐linear parabolic equations based on general waveform relaxation (WR) at the partial differential equation (PDE) level. An algorithm for initial‐boundary value problem and two algorithms for time‐periodic boundary value problem are constructed. The convergence analysis of three algorithms are provided. The results show that the algorithm for initial‐boundary value problem is superlinearly convergent while both algorithms for the time‐periodic boundary value problem linearly converge to the exact solutions at most. Numerical experiments show that the parareal algorithms based on general WR at the PDE level, compared with the parareal algorithm based on the classical WR at the ordinary differential equations (ODEs) level (the PDEs is discretized into ODEs), require much fewer number of iterations to converge.
Interpolymer association of amphiphilic diblock copolymers bearing pendant siloxane and phosphorylcholine groups
Authors: Kozuka Shohei , Kuroda Keita , Ishihara Kazuhiko , Yusa Shin‐ichi
Published: May 2019

In this study, amphiphilic diblock copolymers (PMPCm‐PTSMn) composed of hydrophilic poly(2‐methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) (PMPC) and hydrophobic poly(3‐(tris(trimethylsiloxy)silyl)propyl methacrylate) (PTSM) were prepared via RAFT‐controlled radical polymerization. The subscripts m and n represent the degrees of polymerization of the PMPC and PTSM blocks, respectively. Thus, the m/n ratio represents the hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance of the block copolymer. We prepared PMPCm‐PTSMn with m/n ratios of 12, 1.8, and 0.3 and studied their association behaviors in water. PMPCm‐PTSMn with m/n ratios of 12 and 1.8 could dissolve in water. However, PMPCm‐PTSMn with an m/n ratio of 0.3 did not directly dissolve in water. First, PMPCm‐PTSMn with an m/n ratio of 0.3 dissolved in ethanol, whose solution was dialyzed in water to prepare the aqueous solution. The solubilizing state of these polymers in water was examined by light scattering, a fluorescence probe method, and TEM. These polymers took interpolymer aggregation state with various morphologies. The m/n ratios of 12, 1.8, and 0.3 yielded spherical shapes, cylindrical micelles, and vesicle interpolymer aggregate shapes, respectively. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 1500–1507
Fabrication of Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 Thin Films by Sulfurization of Precursor Evaporated from Cu2ZnSnSe4 Compound
Authors: Nakashima Mitsuki , Uenishi Kazuki , Yamaguchi Toshiyuki , Sasano Junji , Izaki Masanobu
Published: May 2019

Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 thin films and solar cells are prepared by sulfurization of the precursors evaporated from Cu2ZnSnSe4 compound and their properties are investigated. Each materials of Cu2ZnSnSe4, Zn + Sn + Se, and NaF + Se are sequentially evaporated on Mo/soda lime glass substrate. The substrate temperature of Zn + Sn + Se evaporation is changed from 300 to 550 °C. These precursors are crystallized by sulfurization in sulfur/tin mixing atmosphere for 30 min at 550 °C. From the Raman spectra, two kind of precursor formations such as Cu2ZnSnSe4 and Cu2SnSe3 by changing the substrate temperature are confirmed. The high Voc of 574 mV is obtained in the sample which sulfurized from Cu2SnSe3 precursor, and it is higher than the sample which sulfurized from Cu2ZnSnSe4 precursor (Voc = 449 mV). The finding of this study is to have revealed a new crystallization process of fabrication of the Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 thin film.
Pulmonary endometriosis: a rare cause of hydropneumothorax
Authors: Alzayer Husam
Published: May 2019

Pulmonary involvement in endometriosis is well described in the literature but asymptomatic significant hydropneumothorax is considered an unusual presentation. It classically coincides with a menstrual cycle and can be a cause of recurrent disease. We present a young lady who was found to have an incidental asymptomatic right hydropneumothorax on a pre‐employment health screen. She comes from an endemic area of tuberculosis, thus we pursued several diagnostic tests to rule it out. A diagnosis of catamenial hydropneumothorax was reached through a pleural biopsy. This case highlights the importance of adopting a systematic approach in managing uncommon presentations.
Multiple primary lung adenocarcinomas pre‐operatively diagnosed by discordant epidermal growth factor receptor mutations
Authors: Katayama Yuki , Kawai Sayaka , Miyagawa‐Hayashino Aya , Takemura Yoshizumi
Published: May 2019

A 49‐year‐old woman with an abnormal shadow on her chest X‐ray visited our hospital. Chest computed tomography revealed a 13‐mm diameter nodule in S9 on the right and a 47‐mm diameter mass in segment (S) 1 + 2 on the left. She underwent transbronchial biopsy, which revealed that both tumours had the same histology of papillary adenocarcinoma. The indications of radical surgery differ between metastatic and multiple primary cancers; however, the epidermal growth factor receptor mutation screenings turned out to be discordant, with exon 19 deletion in the right and exon 21 L858R mutation in the left tumour. This is the first case report of a pre‐operative diagnosis of multiple primary adenocarcinomas eligible for radical surgery. Thorough assessment is recommended in cases wherein the differential diagnosis is considered to be a factor for surgical indication. Genetic screening provides additional diagnostic information despite the presence of tumours manifesting the same histological type.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Benzofurans via Cu–Catalyzed Tandem Sonogashira Coupling‐Cyclization Reactions
Authors: Thomas Anns Maria , Asha Sujatha , Menon Rajasree , Anilkumar Gopinathan
Published: May 2019

An efficient one‐pot strategy for the synthesis of 2‐arylbenzofuran derivatives has been achieved using a Cu‐catalyzed tandem Sonogashira coupling‐cyclization methodology. This protocol is found to be cost effective and has wide substrate scope compared to the conventional Pd‐catalyzed methods. Additionally, this protocol was successfully applied for the synthesis of the natural product Corsifuran C.
Prolinamide‐Catalysed Asymmetric Organic Transformations
Authors: Yadav Geeta Devi , Deepa  , Singh Surendra
Published: May 2019

Proline was reported as an enantioselective organocatalyst for direct asymmetric aldol reaction in the early 1971 s by two independent groups of researchers and the reaction was called the Hajos‐Parrish‐Eder‐ Sauer Wiechert reaction. The breakthrough of enantioselective organocatalysis was demonstrated by List and co‐workers in 2000 for intermolecular aldol reaction between benzaldehydes and ketone using proline as a catalyst. After this report many researchers were applied the proline as a catalyst for other organic transformation. The proline has a carboxylic functional group which can easily convert to the amide and known as prolinamide. Prolinamides were found to be a better catalyst compared to proline in the most of cases. In this review article we are compiling the results of the prolinamides catalyzed asymmetric organic transformation with insight of the mechanism of catalysis.
Monolithic LaBO3 (B=Mn, Co or Ni)/Co3O4/cordierite Catalysts for o‐Xylene Combustion
Authors: Sun Xuewei , Wu Dongfang
Published: May 2019

Perovskite/perovskite‐like (LaBO3, B=Mn, Co or Ni)/Co3O4 with different morphologies were successfully integrated onto the surface of three‐dimensional (3‐D) cordierite honeycomb ceramics by two‐step combination method of hydrothermal synthesis and impregnation for the catalytic combustion of o‐xylene. The La2NiO4/Co3O4 composite exhibits a 3D hierarchical hollow microsphere construction assembled by numerous nanowires, which is different from the nanowire structure of LaMnO3.15/Co3O4 and LaCoO3/Co3O4. Compared to LaMnO3.15/cordierite, Co3O4/cordierite, LaMnO3.15/Co3O4/cordierite and LaCoO3/Co3O4/cordierite, the La2NiO4/Co3O4/cordierite catalyst possesses lower light‐off temperature and better catalytic performance. The higher catalytic activity of La2NiO4/Co3O4/cordierite catalyst may be correlated with higher specific surface area, larger oxygen storage and the synergistic effect of the La2NiO4 and Co3O4. In addition, when the perovskite‐like loading was 11.39 wt% and calcined at 600 °C for 4 hours, it exhibited the best catalytic performance for o‐xylene oxidation with 90% conversion at 299 °C. In addition, the catalyst also has good conversion stability.
2‐Amino‐5‐arylazothiazole‐Based Derivatives: In Vitro Cytotoxicity, Antioxidant Properties, and Bleomycin‐Dependent DNA Damage
Authors: Al‐Anazi Khalid M. , Mahmoud Ahmed H. , AbulFarah Mohammad , Allam Ahmed A. , Fouda Moustafa M. G. , Gaffer Hatem E.
Published: May 2019

Efficient and inexpensive synthesis of 2‐amino‐5‐arylazothiazoles derivatives was made in simple steps and in good yields. Spectral and physical analyses techniques were applied to prove the structures of all synthesized analogues. It was obvious that the synthesized derivatives exhibited efficient biological activities as antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer. The antioxidant activity of the synthesized analogues was explored.  In addition, the synthesized 2‐amino‐5‐arylazothiazoles were screened as cytotoxic agents against four well‐known cell lines and the results revealed potent activity of the compounds relative to the results of an antibiotic standard.
Effect of Alumina on Liquid Phase Formation in Sintering Process of Iron Ore Fines
Authors: Guo Hui , Guo Xing‐Min
Published: May 2019

The formation of liquid phase is of great significance for improving the quality of high basicity sinter which is widely used as raw materials in blast furnace ironmaking. As an important component of gangue in iron ore, alumina affects the amount of liquid phase by influencing the formation of calcium ferrites‐bonding phase. In this work, the hematite solid solution with aluminum (Hss) was prepared and sintered with CaO to investigate the effect of alumina on liquid phase formation in sintering process of iron ore fines. Three homogeneous phases of CaFe2O4 (CF), Ca2Fe15.57O25.56 (CF3.9), and Ca3.18Fe15.48Al1.34O28 (CFA) are prepared to determine the melting temperature by using DSC method. XRD, SEM‐EDS, and optical microscope are used to characterize the change of mineral and microstructure of sintered samples. The results show that an Fe‐rich calcium ferrite CF3.9 is produced above 1200 °C in Fe2O3‐CaO binary system. The liquid phase formation temperature can be reduced to 1206 °C when CF3.9 and CF coexist. The ternary calcium ferrite CFA, which has a eutectic temperature of 1201 °C with CF, is generated above 990 °C in Fe2O3‐CaO‐Al2O3 ternary system. The formation of liquid phase is promoted by adding alumina in moderation through changing the mass ratio of CF to CFA, and the largest amount of liquid phase is produced when the ratio is 8:2.
Transition to convection in single bubble diffusive growth
Authors: Moreno Soto Álvaro , Enríquez Oscar R. , Prosperetti Andrea , Lohse Detlef , van der Meer Devaraj
Published: May 2019

We investigate the growth of gas bubbles in a water solution at rest with a supersaturation level that is generally associated with diffusive mass transfer. For $\text{CO}_{2}$ bubbles, it has been previously observed that, after some time of growing in a diffusive regime, a density-driven convective flow enhances the mass transfer rate into the bubble. This is due to the lower density of the gas-depleted liquid which surrounds the bubble. In this work, we report on experiments with different supersaturation values, measuring the time $t_{conv}$ it takes for convection to dominate over the diffusion-driven growth. We demonstrate that by considering buoyancy and drag forces on the depleted liquid around the bubble, we can satisfactorily predict the transition time. In fact, our analysis shows that this onset does not only depend on the supersaturation, but also on the absolute pressure, which we corroborate in experiments. Subsequently, we study how the depletion caused by the growth of successive single bubbles influences the onset of convection. Finally, we study the convection onset around diffusively growing nitrogen $\text{N}_{2}$ bubbles. As $\text{N}_{2}$ is much less soluble in water, the growth takes much longer. However, after waiting long enough and consistent with our theory, convection still occurs as for any gas–liquid combination, provided that the density of the solution sufficiently changes with the gas concentration.
The evolution of the initial flow structures of a highly under-expanded circular jet
Authors: Zhang Huan-Hao , Aubry Nadine , Chen Zhi-Hua , Wu Wei-Tao , Sha Sha
Published: May 2019

The three-dimensional flow characteristics of the compressible vortex ring generated by under-expanded circular jets with two typical pressure ratios, i.e. $n=1.4$ (moderate) and 4.0 (high), are investigated numerically with the use of large-eddy simulations. Our results illustrate that these two pressure ratios correspond to different shock structures (shock cell and Mach disc, respectively) within the jet. These two typical types of flow structures and characteristics are discussed and validated with experiments, and the different generation mechanisms of the secondary vortex rings are compared. Moreover, detailed information about the evolution of the secondary vortex ring, primary vortex ring and turbulence transition features, including the radial and azimuthal modes, is investigated. The geometric features and mixing effects of the jets are also explored.
Multiscale preferential sweeping of particles settling in turbulence
Authors: Tom Josin , Bragg Andrew D.
Published: May 2019

In a seminal article, Maxey (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 174, 1987, pp. 441–465) presented a theoretical analysis showing that enhanced particle settling speeds in turbulence occur through the preferential sweeping mechanism, which depends on the preferential sampling of the fluid velocity gradient field by the inertial particles. However, recent direct numerical simulation (DNS) results in Ireland et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 796, 2016b, pp. 659–711) show that even in a portion of the parameter space where this preferential sampling is absent, the particles nevertheless exhibit enhanced settling velocities. Further, there are several outstanding questions concerning the role of different turbulent flow scales on the enhanced settling, and the role of the Taylor Reynolds number $R_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}$. The analysis of Maxey does not explain these issues, partly since it was restricted to particle Stokes numbers $St\ll 1$. To address these issues, we have developed a new theoretical result, valid for arbitrary $St$, that reveals the multiscale nature of the mechanism generating the enhanced settling speeds. In particular, it shows how the range of scales at which the preferential sweeping mechanism operates depends on $St$. This analysis is complemented by results from DNS where we examine the role of different flow scales on the particle settling speeds by coarse graining the underlying flow. The results show how the flow scales that contribute to the enhanced settling depend on $St$, and that contrary to previous claims, there can be no single turbulent velocity scale that characterizes the enhanced settling speed. The results explain the dependence of the particle settling speeds on $R_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}$, and show how the saturation of this dependence at sufficiently large $R_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}$ depends upon $St$. The results also show that as the Stokes settling velocity of the particles is increased, the flow scales of the turbulence responsible for enhancing the particle settling speed become larger. Finally, we explored the multiscale nature of the preferential sweeping mechanism by considering how particles preferentially sample the fluid velocity gradients coarse grained at various scales. The results show that while rapidly settling particles do not preferentially sample the fluid velocity gradients, they do preferentially sample the fluid velocity gradients coarse grained at scales outside of the dissipation range. This explains the findings of Ireland et al., and further illustrates the truly multiscale nature of the mechanism generating enhanced particle settling speeds in turbulence.
Psilocybin lacks antidepressant-like effect in the Flinders Sensitive Line rat
Authors: Jefsen Oskar , Højgaard Kristoffer , Christiansen Sofie Laage , Elfving Betina , Nutt David John , Wegener Gregers , Müller Heidi Kaastrup
Published: May 2019

Objective:

Psilocybin is a serotonin receptor agonist with a therapeutic potential for treatment-resistant depression and other psychiatric illnesses. We investigated whether the administration of psilocybin had an antidepressant-like effect in a rat model of depression.

Methods:

Using the Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) rat model of depression, we assessed the antidepressant-like effect of psilocin and psilocybin, measured as a reduction in immobility time in the forced swim test (FST). We measured locomotor activity in an open field test (OFT) to control for stimulant properties of the drugs. We performed a set of experiments to test different doses, treatment paradigms, and timing of the tests in relation to the drug administration.

Results:

Psilocin and psilocybin showed no effect on immobility, struggling, or swimming behaviour in the FST and no effect on locomotor activity in the OFT. FSL rats did show significantly more immobility than their control strain, the Flinders Resistant Line, as expected.

Conclusion:

Psilocin and psilocybin showed no antidepressant-like effect in the FSL rats, despite a positive effect in humans. This suggests that other animal models of depression and other behavioural tests may be more appropriate for translational studies in the effects of psilocybin.
Modeling Context-Dependent Latent Effect Heterogeneity
Authors: Ferrari Diogo
Published: May 2019

Classical generalized linear models assume that marginal effects are homogeneous in the population given the observed covariates. Researchers can never be surea prioriif that assumption is adequate. Recent literature in statistics and political science have proposed models that use Dirichlet process priors to deal with the possibility of latent heterogeneity in the covariate effects. In this paper, we extend and generalize those approaches and propose a hierarchical Dirichlet process of generalized linear models in which the latent heterogeneity can depend on context-level features. Such a model is important in comparative analyses when the data comes from different countries and the latent heterogeneity can be a function of country-level features. We provide a Gibbs sampler for the general model, a special Gibbs sampler for gaussian outcome variables, and a Hamiltonian Monte Carlo within Gibbs to handle discrete outcome variables. We demonstrate the importance of accounting for latent heterogeneity with a Monte Carlo exercise and with two applications that replicate recent scholarly work. We show how Simpson’s paradox can emerge in the empirical analysis if latent heterogeneity is ignored and how the proposed model can be used to estimate heterogeneity in the effect of covariates.
Perestroika and International Law
Authors: Quigley John
Published: May 2019

Soviet positions on international law and organizations are changing sharply under the influence of the policy of perestroika (restructuring) introduced by General Secretary M. S. Gorbachev. This development was brought to the attention of the American Society of International Law at its Annual Meeting in April 1988 by the noted Soviet international lawyer, G. I. Tunkin.
Correspondence
Authors: Stańczyk Janusz
Published: May 2019

The American Journal of International Law welcomes short communications from its readers. It reserves the right to determine which letters should be published and to edit any letters printed. Letters should conform to the same format requirements as other manuscripts.
Science and Religion in the Anglo-American Periodical Press, 1860–1900: A Failed Reconciliation
Authors: Ungureanu James C.
Published: May 2019

Historians of science and religion usually trace the origins of the “conflict thesis,” the notion that science and religion have been in perennial “conflict” or “warfare,” to the historical narratives of John William Draper (1811–1882) and Andrew Dickson White (1832–1918). While Draper and White have been designated cofounders of the conflict thesis, there has been little research on how contemporaries responded to their narratives. This paper examines the early reception of these narratives by considering the extensive commentary they received in British and American periodicals from 1856 to 1900. Sampling a selection of this material suggests that while many rejected Draper and White's interpretation of the past, many others agreed with them in affirming that theological dogmatism came into conflict with the advance of human knowledge. This essay also suggests that Draper and White may have had a more nuanced position about the history of science and religion than has been contended by modern scholars. Whatever their intentions, however, their historical narratives had the unintended consequence of creating in the minds of their contemporaries and later generations the belief that science and religion have been and are at war.
Romans 4 as Apologetic Theology
Authors: Guerra Anthony J.
Published: May 2019

In recent years, scholars have maintained that sections of the genuine Pauline epistles (especially 1 and 2 Corinthians) and even entire epistles are selfapologies in which Paul defends his apostleship. In the ancient sources, the term “apology” is not restricted to self-defense; the most characteristic Jewish Hellenistic apologies were propaganda on behalf of the law rather than an author's defense against personal accusations. Some fifty years ago, Günther Bornkamm proposed that Paul adapted and modified Jewish Hellenistic apologetic traditions in Rom 1:18 — 3:21. For the most part the thesis of Bornkamm's article and its implications for interpreting Romans have been benignly neglected; even those who accept it only emphasize its pertinence specifically for Romans 1–3. Ernst Käsemann, for instance, believes that with Romans 4, Paul fully embraces “rabbinic methods” and other more traditional Jewish modes of argumentation. This article challenges Käsemann's claim and affirms that Romans 4 is best understood as apologetic theology.
Early Christian Architecture: The Beginnings(A Review Article)
Authors: Finney Paul Corby
Published: May 2019

Since the end of the Second World War, both in scholarship and in the practical affairs of churches, there has been a burgeoning interest in the material setting of early Christian worship. Scholarship on the subject is impressive, both in its scope and its quality. On the practical side, European Christians, both Protestants and Catholics, have been faced with the often daunting task of rebuilding their places of worship. At the same time, they have been at pains to recover the principles of early church planning and design. The themes that have emerged out of this search for the past have had a profound effect in shaping the attitudes of post-war European Christendom.
Japan: Law and Ministerial Order Relating to the Handling of Legal Business by Foreign Lawyers
Authors: Porges Amelia
Published: May 2019

On April 1, 1987, Japan's new system for regulation of activities of foreign lawyers came into effect. After considerable internal and external debate, Japan joined those other jurisdictions that have provided a regularized, limited professional status for foreign lawyers advising on foreign and international law. On May 21, the first three foreign lawyers gained approval from the Ministry of Justice. Meanwhile, in 1986–87, the District of Columbia, Michigan, Hawaii and California joined New York in permitting practice by foreign legal consultants. Similar rules are now pending in Texas as well. The California, District of Columbia and New York rules appear at I.L.M. page 977.
Netherlands: New Statute on Arbitration
Authors: Gaillard Emmanuel
Published: May 2019

On July 2, 1986, the Dutch Parliament adopted a statute modernizing Dutch law on arbitration. Although it does not technically distinguish between domestic and international arbitration, this statute, following the trend initiated by the United Kingdom [1979 Arbitration Act, 18 I.L.M. 1249 (1979)], France [Decree of May 12, 1981, 20 I.L.M. 917 (1981)], and Belgium [March 27, 1985 Statute, 25 I.L.M. 725 (1986)], clearly purports to liberalize Dutch law on international arbitration. The travaux preparatoires states that it does not substantially depart from the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration [24 I.L.M. 1302 (1985)]. The statute came into force on December 1, 1986, and applies to pending arbitration cases.
Israel and the Law of Outer Space
Authors: Hurwitz Bruce A.
Published: May 2019

With the launching of Israel's first satellite, Offeq–1, on September 19, 1988, Israel's commitments in international space law came into practical effect. Specifically, Israel is bound through ratification to the 1967 Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies; the 1968 Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts, the Return of Astronauts and the Return of Objects Launched Into Outer Space; and the 1972 Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects. Two additional treaties, the 1975 Convention on Registration of Objects Launched Into Outer Space, and the 1979 Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, have yet to be signed or ratified by Israel.
The recent increase in contraceptive discontinuation in Egypt
Authors: Khalifa Mona , Abdelaziz Wafaa , Metwally Soha , Sakr Ehab
Published: May 2019

This study sought to establish whether recent changes in discontinuation of contractive use and switching in Egypt can be considered an important cause of the unexpected increase in overall fertility and slight fall in contraceptive prevalence in the country. The analysis was based on calendar data from the 2008 and 2014 Egyptian DHS. Single/multiple decrement life tables were built to calculate contraceptive discontinuation rates and examine these by reasons for discontinuation focusing on three methods: IUDs, pills and injectables. The unit of the analysis was ‘segment of use’, defined as a continuous period of use/non-use of a contraceptive method (in months). It was found that over the period 2008–2014 the rise in the ‘all method’ discontinuation rate was mainly due to the shift away from IUDs to hormonal methods, which have higher discontinuation rates. Segments of use were more likely to be discontinued for ‘method/service-related’ reasons than for ‘reduced need’ reasons. This was due to an increase in contraceptive failure and side-effect/health concerns. Also, ‘the desire to get pregnant’ increased to become the second highest reason-specific discontinuation rate. This has coincided with a recent increase in ideal family size in Egypt. About half of the women who reported discontinuing for reasons related to method/services switched to another method, while the rest became subject to the risk of an unintended pregnancy. The rate of switching, rather than stopping use, increased for IUDs, remained the same for pills and increased slightly for injectables, indicating an improvement in switching behaviour. However, a marked high percentage of switchers moved to less-effective methods. If these issues are not addressed, many women in Egypt have an unmet need for contraception, leading to an increase in unintended pregnancies. Specific interventions that would greatly benefit the family planning programme in Egypt include improvement in counselling at the time of IUD insertion and removal and the reduction in failure rates for hormonal methods.
Life-history traits of the striped red mullet Mullus surmuletus (Linnaeus, 1758) in the south Aegean Sea (eastern Mediterranean)
Authors: Kousteni Vasiliki , Anastasopoulou Aikaterini , Mytilineou Chryssi
Published: May 2019

Although the red striped mullet is one of the main target fish of the Hellenic demersal fisheries, information about its biology is limited. The aim of this study was to describe the reproductive biology and growth of the species in the south Aegean Sea based on 1032 individuals sampled under the Data Collection Framework Program in 2016. According to the monthly variation of the maturity stages and the gonadosomatic index, spawning activity took place from March to July, although it appeared to occur throughout the year. Length at 50% maturity (L50) was 153.3 and 139.2 mm in females and males, respectively. Individual ages were determined by counting the annuli of otoliths macroscopically. Marginal increment analysis (MIA) combined with complementary information derived from otolith edge analysis, the assessment of the reproductive period and the length–frequency distribution modes of the population showed that annulus formation occurs between February and April. The length–weight relationship revealed a significant sex effect and was described by the parametersα= 0.0155 andb= 2.915 in females, andα= 0.0032 andb= 2.976 in males. The von Bertalanffy growth function (VBGF) parameters for sexes combined wereLinf= 346.1 mm,k= 0.299 year−1andt0= −0.984 years. Longevity (tmax) was estimated at 11.75 years. This study provides valuable data for the stock assessment ofM. surmuletusin one of the major Hellenic fishing grounds located in the south Aegean Sea.
Lupeol induces immunity and protective efficacy in a murine model against visceral leishmaniasis
Authors: Kaur Gurpreet , Chauhan Kalpana , Kaur Sukhbir
Published: May 2019

The available chemotherapeutics for the cure of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) are linked with many detrimental effects. Moreover, VL is associated with the suppression of protective Th1 immune response of the host and induction of disease exaggerating Th2 immune response. Therefore, there is an urgent requirement of therapeutics which can augment the immune status of the host to cure this disease. In the current investigation, the antileishmanial potential of lupeol was monitored in vitro and in vivo in inbred BALB/c mice against Leishmania donovani. Lupeol showed potent antipromastigote activity via arresting parasites at sub G0/G1 phase in vitro. Lupeol significantly decreased the splenic parasite burden by inducing strong delayed-type hypersensitivity responses in contrary to untreated infected animals. The therapeutic efficacy of lupeol was observed to be similar to the reference drug, AmB. Treatment of infected animals with lupeol depicted enhanced levels of T cells and Th1 cytokines in contrast to only infected controls. Further lupeol treatment upregulated the levels of nuclear factor κ B and nitric oxide synthase genes and elevated the production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide. Unlike AmB, lupeol-treated infected animals did not show any toxicity. These findings are promising and indicate that lupeol can serve as a prototype drug for the cure of VL.
Effect of Adjuvants on Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) Sensitivity to Quizalofop1,2
Authors: Ruizzo Michael A. , Gorski Stanley F.
Published: May 2019

Cucumber [Cucumis sativusL. ‘Calypso′] susceptibility to the ethyl ester of quizalofop {2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-quinoxyalinyl)oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid} was investigated under field and greenhouse conditions. Cucumber yield was significantly reduced under field conditions with a single or repeated application of quizalofop at 0.14 or 0.28 kg ai/ha. Under greenhouse conditions, quizalofop significantly suppressed cucumber plant fresh weight with or without the presence of an adjuvant. Enhancement of herbicide activity was related to the concentration of adjuvant. At a higher rate of quizalofop, addition of the lower concentration of an adjuvant increased the herbicidal effect (growth suppression and visually estimated phytotoxicity). At a lower concentration, increasing adjuvant concentration enhanced visually estimated phytotoxicity.
Comparison of Site Preparation Methods for Weed Control in Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda) Plantations
Authors: Lantagne Douglas O. , Burger James A.
Published: May 2019

Twelve 20-ha stands of natural loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.)-mixed hardwoods were harvested and site preparation treatments applied as follows: no site preparation (harvest only); glyphosate [N-(phosphomethyl)glycine] aerially applied at 0.25 kg ai/ha and the site burned 6 weeks later; roller-drum chopped, then burned; sheared and disced in one pass; sheared, then V bladed and disced; sheared, then raked; and sheared, raked, and then disced in three separate passes. Loblolly pine survival was 16% and volume 58% greater after the first two growing seasons on mechanically treated areas than on untreated stands or on areas treated with herbicide and then burned. Total vegetative cover was highest during both growing seasons on sites that had been sprayed and burned, and lowest on sites that were mechanically cleared and tilled. Grass and hardwood cover was negatively correlated with loblolly pine height and seedling volume during both growing seasons.
Economics of Sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia) Management
Authors: Bridges David C. , Walker Robert H.
Published: May 2019

Research was conducted from 1979 through 1982 in east-central Alabama to determine the effect of various cropping and sicklepod (Cassia obtusifoliaL. # CASOB) management systems on yields and total net returns to land and management. Intense weed management inputs resulted in higher levels of sicklepod control than did standard inputs with spring tillage, but sicklepod control was good regardless of management intensity with no spring tillage. Sicklepod control in soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] – corn (Zea maysL.) rotations was similar to that in continuous soybeans regardless of planting method. Even though intense management inputs often resulted in increased sicklepod control, total net returns from these systems were often less due to increased herbicide and application costs. Total net returns from summer-fallow systems were generally low since only a winter wheat crop was produced each year.
Interspecific Hybridization Between Common Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) and Giant Ragweed (A. trifida)
Authors: Vincent Gilles , Cappadocia Mario
Published: May 2019

Common ragweed [Ambrosia artemisiifoliaL. # AMBEL (2n=36)] and giant ragweed[A. trifidaL. # AMBTR (2n=24)] are two abundant annuals that are widespread throughout northeastern North America. They are also the main cause of hay fever in Eastern Canada. The formation of a hybrid between the two species has been reported only once and just one type of hybrid was recovered; namely, common ragweed × giant ragweed. In order to create additional suitable material for future studies of the biochemical features characterizing the allergenic pollen, the production of reciprocal hybrids between common and giant ragweed was attempted. A number of hybrid plants derived from crosses of the type common ragweed × giant ragweed were easily obtained; the reciprocal crosses, however, failed to produce viable plants. In this last case, evidence of postzygotic barriers of interspecific incompatibility were shown by the presence of underdeveloped embryos contained in the few seeds recovered. Embryo culture techniques, therefore, were used in order to bypass such barriers. By this method fifteen plants of hybrid constitution survived to maturity.
Weed Control in Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) with Imazaquin
Authors: Sims Gregory R. , Wehtje Glenn , Mcguire John A. , Patterson Michael G.
Published: May 2019

Field evaluations were made on the effects of imazaquin {2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid} on Florida beggarweed [Desmodium tortuosum(SW) DC. # DEDTO] and sicklepod (Cassia obtusifoliaL. # CASOB) control in peanuts (Arachis hypogaeaL.). Crop yield was reduced at 392 and 504 g ae/ha and with preemergence applications. Florida beggarweed control was not achieved with this herbicide. Maximum sicklepod control (approximately 80%) was achieved with 392 and 504 g/ha applied postemergence. In a separate study, several herbicide systems utilizing imazaquin were compared to a standard weed control program. All these systems provided weed control and yields that were comparable to the standard weed control system; thus the inclusion of imazaquin offered no advantage over the standard system.
The use of Biologically Realistic Equations to Describe the Effects of Weed Density and Relative Time of Emergence on Crop Yield
Authors: Cousens Roger , Brain Philip , O'Donovan John T. , O'Sullivan P. Ashley
Published: May 2019

A model, based on a rectangular hyperbola, has been developed to describe the relationship between population density and relative time of seedling emergence of wild oat (Avena fatuaL. # AVEFA) and yield of barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) and wheat (Triticum aestivumL.). The equation iswhere yLis percent yield loss, D is weed density, T is relative time of emergence of weed and crop, and a, b, and c are nonlinear regression coefficients. Significant differences in fitted equations were found between years. From the values of regression coefficients it was concluded that barley is a better competitor than wheat and is less affected by late-emerging wild oat. The model was tested on previously published data. It provided only a slightly better description of the data than a multiple-regression model, but avoided a number of undesirable, implausible properties inherent in the more frequently used approach. In particular, the model does not predict a loss in yield when no weeds are present or a yield increase from late-emerging weeds.
Influence of Prior Pesticide Treatments on EPTC and Butylate Degradation
Authors: Bean Brent W. , Roeth Fred W. , Martin Alex R. , Wilson Robert G.
Published: May 2019

Field and laboratory studies were conducted to examine the influence of previous pesticide use, number of prior EPTC (S-ethyl dipropyl carbamothioate) and butylate [S-ethyl bis(2-methylpropyl)carbamothioate] applications, and pretreatment of soil with EPTC and butylate metabolites on EPTC and butylate degradation. EPTC degradation was enhanced in Clay Center and Scottsbluff soils following three annual EPTC, butylate, or vernolate (S-propyl dipropylcarbamothioate) applications, but was not affected in soils following three annual atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N′-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine], cyanazine {2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl] amino]-2-methylpropanenitrile}, metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide], alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide], or cycloate (S-ethyl cyclohexylethylcarbamothioate) applications. EPTC degradation rate was not affected in a Scottsbluff soil following three annual carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamate) applications, but was partially enhanced in a Clay Center soil. Self- and cross-enhanced degradation of EPTC and butylate did not change regardless of the number of prior annual applications of each herbicide. The degradation rates of EPTC and butylate were not affected by soil pretreated with butylate sulfone, but the degradation rates-were fully enhanced by pretreatment with the respective sulfoxides of each herbicide. In cross-enhancement testing, EPTC and butylate degradation was partially enhanced in Clay Center soil pretreated with the sulfoxides of each.
Effect of Soil pH on Imazaquin and Imazethapyr Adsorption to Soil and Phytotoxicity to Corn (Zea mays)
Authors: Renner K. A. , Meggitt W. F. , Penner D.
Published: May 2019

Adsorption of14C-imazaquin {2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid} and imazethapyr [2-(4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-5-ethyl-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid] to soil increased as soil pH decreased from 8.0 to 3.0 in laboratory studies. Significantly more imazethapyr3(AC-263,499) than imazaquin was adsorbed at soil pH levels 3.0 and 5.5, while the greatest difference in adsorption behavior between the two herbicides was observed at a soil pH of 5.5. In greenhouse studies, phytotoxicity to corn (Zea maysL.) was greater for imazaquin than AC-263,499 applied at 26 and 53 g ai/ha. There were significant pH by herbicide and pH by rate interactions, but in trend analysis only a small proportion of the corn response (r2= 0.01 to 0.35) was attributed to increasing soil pH values. In field studies where imazaquin was applied to soil pH levels of 4.2 to 4.8, 5.4 to 5.5, and 5.8 to 6.2, injury to corn across all pH levels decreased as the time delay between herbicide application and corn planting increased. There was no significant effect of soil pH on imazaquin injury to corn planted in July or August. Decreased injury from imazaquin was observed in 1985 on corn planted in June on the soil pH of 5.8 to 6.2. Imazaquin injury was less for June-planted corn in 1984 than in 1985, across all soil pH levels.
Influence of Rate, Method of Application, and Tillage on Imazaquin Persistence in Soil
Authors: Renner K. A. , Meggitt W. F. , Leavitt R. A.
Published: May 2019

Preplant-incorporated (PPI) applications of 280 g ai/ha of imazaquin {2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid} had significantly greater persistence than preemergence surface (PES) applications throughout the growing season in 1985. In 1984 there was no statistical difference in imazaquin remaining between PPI and PES treatments. Very little imazaquin was detected below 10 cm in the soil profile for all sampling dates each year. Imazaquin dissipated rapidly both years during the first 30 days following PPI and PES applications. A subsequent decrease in the dissipation rate occurred in the next 120 days of the growing season. Spring tillage had no significant effect on injury to corn (Zea maysL.) planted into the field the year following imazaquin application. Corn planted in 1986 into imazaquin-treated plots of 1985 had no growth reduction when compared to corn grown in plots where zero imazaquin had been applied. However, corn planted in 1985 into imazaquin applications of 1984 had significant injury. Greatest injury occurred where imazaquin had been incorporated, and injury increased as imazaquin rate was increased.
Populations of EPTC-Degrading Microorganisms in Soils by Accelerated Rates of EPTC Degradation
Authors: Moorman Thomas B.
Published: May 2019

Reduced effectiveness of carbamothioate (thiocarbamate) herbicides in certain soils has been attributed to rapid herbicide degradation by soil microorganisms. Studies were conducted to determine if greater populations of EPTC (S-ethyl dipropyl carbamothioate)-degrading microorganisms were responsible for increased rates of degradation observed following repeated applications of EPTC to a Grenada silt loam soil. EPTC-degrading microorganism populations, measured with a14C-MPN (most-probable-number) technique, were not larger in soils with accelerated rates of EPTC degradation, and degrader populations did not increase after application of 6 mg EPTC/kg of soil. Degrader populations increased after application of 60 mg EPTC/kg of soil only in soil previously treated for 6 yr with EPTC. Increased rates of metabolism of EPTC were apparently responsible for the increased rates of degradation, rather than increased populations of degraders.
An Air-Assist Spray Nozzle for Applying Herbicides in Ultralow Volume
Authors: McWhorter Chester G. , Fulgham Floyd E. , Barrentine William L.
Published: May 2019

An air-assist spray nozzle was constructed to apply herbicides in oil or water at volumes as low as 2.3 L/ha. The spray was metered through a disc orifice inside the nozzle and forced into an airstream which atomized the liquid. The nozzle produced 16 to 54 spray droplets/cm2with air pressures from 3.4 to 62 kPa from a 2-mm outlet using a lightweight paraffinic oil. The number of spray droplet deposits produced with a paraffinic oil at 34 kPa increased from 7 droplets/cm2with a 0.8-mm outlet to 48 droplets/cm2with a 2.4-mm outlet. The nozzle was designed primarily to apply herbicides in oil at 2.3 to 4.7 L/ha, but it has the capability of applying 150 L/ha of oil or water.