bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Popular Morality and Unpopular Philosophy
Authors: Taylor C C W
Published: November 2023

The reader of K.J. Dover‘s magisterial Greek Popular Morality in the Time of Plato and Aristotle (hereafter GPM) cannot but be struck by the fact that, while the names of Plato and Aristotle appear in the title as an indication of the temporal scope of the work, reference to their writings in the book itself is comparatively sparse. This comparative neglect stems directly from his conception of the project. In his preface (pp. xi-xii) he distinguishes the subject of the work, viz. ‘the data relevant to popular morality‘, from ‘systematic ethical thought‘ (i.e. the ethical theories of Plato and Aristotle), and points out that he has not attempted (in GPM) to investigate the relation between the two. The existence of the distinction between popular morality and ethical theory I take as self evident, and I have no quarrel with Dover‘s decision not to undertake the complex task of investigating the relations between the two in the Greece of the fourth century BC; he rightly sees GPM as devoted to the prior task of providing part of the data for such an investigation. But the writings of Plato and Aristotle may themselves be expected to provide, in addition to their authors‘ theoretical views, some evidence of current moral attitudes. Any author writing on morality must take some interest in, and therefore provide evidence for, views current at the time of writing. Moreover, the character of the works of Plato and Aristotle gives special reasons for expecting them to be fruitful sources of such evidence. Plato writes dialogues in which some characters express, not Plato‘s own beliefs, but views which Plato presumably believed to be current at the time; Aristotle‘s ethical method explicitly counts current moral beliefs as among the ϕ α iν ó μ ϵ ν α which it is the task of ethical theory to systematize and harmonize (EN 1095a28-30, EE 1216b26-35, 1235b13-18).
The Meaning of α λ α ζ ω ν
Authors: Macdowell Douglas
Published: November 2023

"It is characteristic of great writers that their work attracts scholia, in which lesser men try to expound and enlarge on what the great men have said. This paper is a scholium on a short comment written by Kenneth Dover. Arist. EN n27a 2off., b17ff., defines α λ α ζ ω ν as a man who claims a respect which he does not deserve, and this accords well (better, in fact, than Theophr. Char. 23, where α λ α ζoν ϵiα is practically confined to boasting about wealth) with the passages of Ar. in which the word is used (e.g. 449, Ach. ro9, 135).
Aristides
Authors: Swain Simon
Published: November 2023

Aelius Aristides enjoyed enormous popularity for his rhetorical prowess in his own lifetime and thereafter. His canonization as a model of atticist style in antiquity itself and his popularity in the Byzantine period have ensured that very many of his works survive. Undoubtedly the most singular side of his character was his devotion to the healing god Asclepius and his long struggle to be well. I have already had occasion to say something about Aristides’ obsession with his health in the course of discussing the modern conception of the second sophistic period as an ‘age of anxiety’. Aristides’ recollections of his struggle were also famous in antiquity. ‘He himself speaks of the nature of his disease ... in the Sacred Books, and these form some sort of diary for him, and such diaries are excellent teachers of how to speak well on any subject.’ The six Sacred Tales (Orr. xlvii-lii), as they are normally called, are certainly one of the most interesting works to have come down to us from this period. They are records not so much of Aristides’ disease as of the treatments suggested for it by Asclepius.
Pachomius and Shenoute: The Other Classic Model
Authors: Elm Susanna
Published: November 2023

Tensions between male and female, between settled and wander ing life, between members of the clergy and desert-dwellers, were not the only ones the Desert Fathers had to come to terms with. In time tensions also arose between the anchorite or semi anchorite life per se and yet another organizational model, which emerged at the same time as the deserts of Lower Egypt began to be populated. This model originated in Upper Egypt, in the Thebaid, and was in principle based on the same premises as the ascetic life represented by Antony and Amoun, but it carried the aspects of hospitality, charity, and mutual dependence to their logical conclusion: Pachomian cenobitism.
The Moderns
Authors: Smith Paul Julian
Published: November 2023

This book offers a radically new account of the rich and varied culture of contemporary Spain. It focuses on three intellectuals who chronicle contemporary life (including journalist Francisco Umbral); three filmmakers who engage with the many nationalisms of the Spanish state (Victor Erice, Bigas Luna, and Julio Medem); and three crucial topics that are expressed in many media (the replaying of history, the rise and fall of the city, and the practice of everyday life). Ranging from the ethnographic photography of Cristina García Rodero to the high tech architecture of Santiago Calatrava and from the hyperrealist painting of Antonio López to the neo-flamenco dance of Joaquín Cortés, this book is also the first to draw on theorists of the intellectual field, the production of space, and the arts of bricolage (Pierre Bourdieu, Henri Lefebvre, and Michel de Certeau). Refuting the charge that contemporary Spanish culture is trivial or superficial, this book argues that it is fully engaged in the aesthetic and historical project of modernity.
The Papin Sisters
Authors: Edwards Rachel , Reader Keith
Published: November 2023

The 1933 killing by the Papin sisters of their mistress and her daughter was an act of unexampled violence by women against women, whose repercussions have been felt in French culture ever since. It received wide journalistic coverage at the time, and subsequently prominent literary figures such as Jean-Paul Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir and Jean Genet have dealt with the case, which has also formed the basis of a stage play (by Wendy Kesselmann) and films by Nico Papatakis, Nancy Meckler and Claude Chabrol. The case casts fascinating light on French provincial life between the wars, the role of women (especially unmarried ones) in French society, and French views of the criminal outsider. Its impact on psychoanalytic discourse, through the work first of Jacques Lacan, then of Francis Dupré and Marie-Magdeleine Lessana, has also been considerable, notably in its contribution to the development of the key notion of the mirror-phase. The almost obsessive recurrence of the case makes of it a fascinating prism through which to examine multiple aspects of recent French culture.
Haydn and the Enlightenment
Authors: Schroeder David P
Published: November 2023

This book sets out to challenge the widely-held view of Haydn as an inspired instrumental musician who composed in isolation from eighteenth-century enlightened thinking. By means of both documentary and musical investigation the author seeks instead to present him as a culturally and politically sensitive representative of the Age of the Enlightenment. Of fundamental importance in this survey is Haydn's relationship with his audience, which, it is argued, had a significant bearing on the nature of the works. The author suggests that Haydn was well acquainted with the contemporary view that works of literature or music should serve a moral function and he points to numerous instances in the late symphonies where this end is effectively pursued.
Beethoven and the Creative Process
Authors: Cooper Barry
Published: November 2023

Beethoven's habit of composing by making large numbers of preliminary drafts and sketches was sufficiently unusual to attract attention even during his lifetime, and his creative process has attracted a good deal more attention since. The present book incorporates the findings of recent studies on this fascinating subject as well as providing many additional new insights. Cooper examines Beethoven's underlying creative motivation and there is and introduction to his compositional methods in general. The final part of the book is a detailed study of particular compositional problems in six different works, selected to provide a wide range of genres, dates, and types of problem. The book as a whole adds considerably to our understanding of one of the greatest figures in the history of our culture.
Mahler’s Fourth Symphony
Authors: Zychowicz James L
Published: November 2023

Following the earlier volumes in the Studies in Musical Genesis and Structure series, Mahler’s Fourth Symphony is a study of the origins of the work as well as a thorough examination of Mahler’s compositional process. The source of the Fourth Symphony was the song Das himmlische Leben, which Mahler completed in 1892 and later wished to include in a large-scale work. Originally part of a collection of settings from Des Knaben Wunderhorn, the song became, for a time, part of the Third Symphony (1896). Eventually Mahler made Das himmlische Leben the source and goal of the Fourth Symphony, which he completed in 1901. In this book, James Zychowicz explores how Mahler’s compositional process for the Fourth, from the early movement plans to preliminary sketches, short score, draft score, and fair copy. At each stage of the process, Mahler added details, decided on textures, and explored tonalities until he arrived at the finished score. This is the first comprehensive study of Mahler’s compositional method, concerning a pivotal work in his oeuvre. The Fourth Symphony looks back toward the earlier Wunderhorn period and simultaneously forward to the less programmatic style of his middle symphonies.
Turmoil and Apprenticeship 1854-1858
Authors: Avins Styra , Eisinger Josef
Published: November 2023

When Johannes Brahms returned to Hamburg, in December 1853, he came home to a changed city. Doors which had long been closed to him now stood open; Schumann’s public pronouncement had done its work. Prominent musicians, who had taken only passing note of his prodigious talent and then allowed him to slide back out of sight ‘to create in quiet obscurity’, in Schumann’s words, were eager now to welcome him into their homes and on their concert programmes.
Johannes de Grocheio, the Litterati, and Verbal Subtilitas in the Ars Antiqua Motet
Authors: Page Christopher
Published: November 2023

IN the previous chapter I suggested that the base for the materials of the Ars antiqua motet was a broad one, and I now wish to propose that it may have been matched by a breadth in the constituency of the audience for these pieces. The audience for medieval secular music has received little attention, perhaps because it is an issue where musicology dissolves into social and cultural history. As far as the Ars antiqua motet is concerned, the consensus is that these pieces were performed for ‘an intellectual élite’, but what manner of person—what manner of mind—does that phrase evoke in a thirteenth- or fourteenth-century context?
Liturgical
Authors: Simeone Nigel , Tyrrell John , Němcová Alena
Published: November 2023

Janá ček’s autograph is undated, but he wrote the piece into an album containing com¬ positions mostly originating during his studies at the Prague Organ School in 1874-5, where it is flanked by the Graduale ‘Speciosus forma’ 11/1 (dated 29 Dec 1874) and Benedictus 11/5 (dated 17 Feb 1875). The Jan 1875 date is further corroborated by the fact that the text which it sets would have been used, in 1874-5, on Sunday 3 Jan 1875.
Arrangements And Transcriptions
Authors: Simeone Nigel , Tyrrell John , Němcová Alena
Published: November 2023

Text and tune ‘Gott erhalte den Kaiser’: music by Joseph Haydn, words by Lorenz Leopold Haschka, first published in 1797 in Vienna, without publisher, plate number or date (see Fuld 1985, 214). A slightly revised version of the same tune was used in the second movement of Haydn’s ‘Emperor’ Quartet op.76 no.3, published in 1799.
Folk-Music Editions
Authors: Simeone Nigel , Tyrrell John , Němcová Alena
Published: November 2023

In addition to the 2057 numbered songs and dances, there are many others included in Janacek’s Introduction and 17 street cries in an Appendix (pp.1157-63). Most items are given as a single-stave tune, but some (e.g. nos 1729-39) are given in score for a variety of folk instruments. The book was originally issued in two parts: i (1899; 907 songs); ii (1901; 1150 songs).
Chopin
Authors: Samson Jim
Published: November 2023

This new Master Musician interweaves biographical and musical commentary to produce a well-rounded portrait of Chopin the man and the musician. Avoiding complex technical language, Jim Samson addresses such questions as pedagogy, musical influences, and pianistic idiom. He examines the composer's mature musical style, considers his unique approach to the genres of nineteenth-century piano music, and investigates the nature of his compositional process as revealed through manuscripts and early printed scores. In ceading the book we begin to understand why this frail and fastidious musician from Warsaw, whose music is so immensely refined and innovatory, has captured the imagination of generations of music lovers the world over.
Jan Dismas Zelenka
Authors: Stockigt Janice B
Published: November 2023

Only in the latter half of the twentieth century did the star of Jan Dismas Zelenka begin to ascend. Why did this major Bohemian composer of the Baroque era – who was known to, and esteemed by Johann Sebastian Bach – remain in the shadows for so long? Although most of Zelenka’s music was composed to serve the Catholic liturgy, he left a handful of secular compositions, including six remarkable chamber sonatas. When these were first published in the 1960s, the resurrection of the almost-forgotten Zelenka was heralded. Drawing upon surviving musical materials, contemporary accounts, and Jesuit documentation, this volume presents insights into Zelenka’s life and his music and the brilliant context in which he worked – the Dresden court during the reigns of the Kings of Poland and Electors of Saxony, Friedrich August I and II. A catalogue of Zelenka’s compositions is also included.
Makers Of The Piano
Authors: Clinkscale Martha Novak , Watson John R
Published: November 2023

This book continues the overview of early pianos begun in Clinkscale’s Makers of the Piano 1700-1820 (OUP, 1993). Although a few of the biographies overlap, the majority of the makers are completely new. Approximately 2,400 makers and manufacturers and about 2,200 pianos are listed. Of this total, about 645 are English, the majority of whom were active in London; more than 200 of the London makers have not been discussed in previous publications.
Mendelssohn’s ‘Italian’ Symphony
Authors: Cooper John Michael
Published: November 2023

Mendelssohn’s posthumously published Symphony in A Major has become one of the staples of the nineteenth-century symphonic canon, and is often considered emblematic of Mendelssohn’s stylistic strengths and weaknesses - yet the version by which the work has always been known is the first complete version (1833), which was rejected by the composer and rewritten by him the following year. This study documents the Symphony’s complicated genesis, examines the reception history of that version, and explores the far-reaching changes incorporated in the 1834 reworking. The book concludes with chapters about the validity and implications of the traditional ‘Italian’ epithet and the ways in which the music of the two principal versions can shape our understanding of Mendelssohn, his music, and his significance as a cultural figure in the musical culture of the nineteenth century.
The Visionary and the Dramatic in the Music of Lutos’awski
Authors: Casken John
Published: November 2023

Much has been written and said about Lutos ławski’s compositional style and technique. Detailed analysis has provided important insights into the composer’s methods of pitch organization, his concept of harmony and melody, and he him self has talked at length about formal organization. During his lifetime, however, Lutosławski discouraged discussion of those aspects of his art which lay beyond the musical materials and dramatic forms themselves, confirming perhaps that we often prefer analysis as a substitute for what we want to say, but cannot express, about a work of art. It is this very area which will be addressed here in an attempt to establish that there is something of the visionary in Lutos ławski’s music, and one question which begs to be answered is why, in each of Lutoslaw ski’s mature works, attention seems to focus on one particular moment or episode when a new level is reached.
‘Dans la Nuit’: The Themes of Death and Night in Lutos ławski’s ceuvre
Authors: Trochimczyk Maja
Published: November 2023

The start of Lutos ławski’s musical career was marked by the coupling of social and artistic responses to death: in 1937 he composed a eulogy in words and a requiem in sound. The former, an article entitled ‘Tchnienie wielkosci’ (The Aura of Greatness) expressed the young composer’s reaction to the death of Karol Szymanowski (1882-1937). The latter was Lutos ławski’s graduation piece of the same year, a Requiem, one part of which, Lacrimosa, has survived to be recorded and included in his catalogue.
Alan Rawsthorne
Authors: Mccabe John
Published: November 2023

This is the first comprehensive study of the life and music of Alan Rawsthorne (1905-71), one of the leading British composers of the twentieth century. Rawsthorne came from the same generation of composers as Britten, Walton, Tippett, and Constant Lambert. Since his death in 1971 his music, after a period of comparative neglect, is currently enjoying a revival in performance and recording. The composer and pianist John McCabe here brings a lifetime’s knowledge of the man and his music to a vivid portrait of Rawsthorne’s life, drawing on conversations with his family, friends, and colleagues as well as contemporary documentation. Almost every one of his works is discussed, many of them in detail, demonstrating the versatility and range of Rawsthorne’s vision, from popular works, such as Street Corner and the piano concertos, to the remarkable power of his lesser-known later works. In particular McCabe draws attention to the astonishing renewal of Rawsthorne’s creative enery during his later period, and the immense broadening of his emotional and technical horizons leading to such masterpieces as the Third Symphony and Carmen Vitale. He makes a powerful case for a thorough reassessment of Rawsthorne’s oeuvre. A complimentary CD provides the reader with a representative sample of Rawsthorne’s music. Please note, customers are required to send away for the accompanying CD. To request your copy please email: apkmusicprom@ntlworld.com.
Bloch, Schoenberg, and Bernstein
Authors: Schiller David M
Published: November 2023

David Schiller’s study of three works of Jewish music - Ernest Bloch’s ‘Sacred Service’ (1933), Arnold Schoenberg’s ‘A Survivor from Warsaw’ (1947), and Leonard Bernstein’s ‘Kaddish’ (1963) - reveals how, in the mid-twentieth century, the problem of assimilation was acutely felt as the unfinished business of European Jewry, at a time when American Jewry was creating its own distinctive culture (albeit with European roots). He shows how the business of ‘assimilating Jewish music’ is as much a process audiences themselves engage in when they listen to Jewish music as it is something critics and musicologists do when they write about it. He further asserts that this process of assimilation is performed by the music itself - that Jewish music assimilates into the Western tradition of art music when it appears in the form of concert genres like the oratorio, cantata, and symphony. In rethinking the Jewish works of Bloch, Schoenberg, and Bernstein as part of the legacy of assimilation, David Schiller sheds new light on an important aspect of their cultural and aesthetic achievements.
Arnold Schoenberg’s A Survivor from Warsaw
Authors: Schiller David M
Published: November 2023

This chapter on Arnold Schoenberg’s A Survivor from Warsaw resembles the previous one in its organization. The first section deals with the intellectual and political forces that stimulated and sustained Schoenberg’s interest in Jewish music and prayer, particularly in the period after his arrival in the United States in October of 1933. The second section focuses on the Survivor itself. It presents an analysis and discussion of the score, interpreting it as a cantata on the theme of Jewish survival and stressing its connections with Zionist thought. The third section of the chapter explores Survivor’s reception. By reopening some early discussions of the Survivor, it qualifies subsequent interpretations of the work as a triumph of the human spirit and underscores the agonistic ethos from which the work emerged.
American Impressions (n940)
Authors: Kildea Paul
Published: November 2023

First of all the size. Coming from England where, I believe, there is no place more than 80 miles from the sea, the immense distances one can travel here and is expected to travel here are unbelievable. The other side of the Atlantic the journey of two hundred odd miles between London and Paris is, for the majority of Englishmen an event only to be undertaken after much thought and preparation and one which will clearly distinguish one year from another. Here the number of miles has no such significance. Americans commute distances which Englishmen travel for their summer vacations. And not only size in distances, in opportunities. For a musician this is especially obvious. If, as a composer, he has a success with an orchestral work, there are over 60 first-class orchestras to play this work1-in England there are perhaps six. If a singer, a tour of only the women’s clubs of this country will keep him busy for several months. I am told that music is the third largest industry in this country, and having spent some time in the Middle West listening to a Band Clinic, in which a University Band of some 300 strong took part, and talking to numberless directors of similar bands, I can well believe this. The demand for music of all types is enormous, and serious composing should be a most profitable business.
The Modern Movement
Authors: Baldick Chris
Published: November 2023

The Oxford English Literary History is the new century’s definitive account of a rich and diverse literary heritage that stretches back for a millennium and more. Each of these groundbreaking volumes offers a leading scholar’s considered assessment of the authors, works, cultural traditions, events, and the ideas that shaped the literary voices of their age. The series will enlighten and inspire not only everyone studying, teaching, and researching in English Literature, but all serious readers. This exciting new volume provides a freshly inclusive account of literature in England in the period before, during, and after the First World War.
Historical Introduction: The Novel Comes of Age
Authors: Raven James
Published: November 2023

The modern novel is a product of the eighteenth century. With roots extending to the sixteenth- and seventeenth-century romance and to the influence of French, Italian, and Spanish writers, what has for long been called the ‘rise of the novel’ is very largely an eighteenth-century development. In 1785 Clara Reeve, an accomplished fiction writer herself, set about chronicling the history of the novel in her Progress of Romance. ‘We had early translations of the best Novels of all other Countries’, she concluded, ‘but for a long time produced very few of our own.’ In recent times-and she brought her account down to 1770-the situation had been transformed, even though she confessed to fright in trying to review the subject and admitted that any conclusion to her story ‘is yet a great way off’. As Reeve’s account suggested, a new critical maturity in English novel writing was reached in the three decades before 1770 and this furnished the climax to her ‘investigation of novels’.
Frames and Narrators in Chaucerian Poetry
Authors: Phillips Helen
Published: November 2023

‘Chaucerian’ poetry is not a precise term. To define it simply as poetry that imitates Chaucer would be both too wide and too narrow. Critically it makes most sense to see it as the English and Scottish subgroup within a larger tradition: the tradition of dits amoureux and associated lyric genres, which developed in French literature from the thirteenth century and continued to flourish on both sides of the Channel for two centuries after Chaucer. ‘Chaucerian’ is obviously not the right term for all of this (indeed, there is no good term for the whole tradition: ‘courtly’ or dits amoureux are in their own ways just as far from being adequate), but when considering writing in English within that wider tradition, ‘Chaucerian’ has the advantage both of familiarity (established especially by Skeat’s seminal I897 anthology, Chaucerian and other Pieces) and of marking the centrality of Chaucer for composition in these genres in England and Scotland.
The Verse Forms of Jon the Blynde Awdelay
Authors: Stanley Eric
Published: November 2023

‘It deserves mention here, since it is almost totally neglected by critics’, says Douglas Gray, writing of the alliterative ‘De tribus regibus mortuis’ (I43 lines long in eleven thirteen-line stanzas), preserved only in Bodleian MS Douce 302 in which the poems of John Audelay have come down to us, poem 54 in the standard edition of his verse.
Ossian as a Poetry of Knowledge
Authors: Mcgann Jerome
Published: November 2023

When James Macpherson published his Fragments of Ancient Poetry in June 1760, Gray was ‘extasie with their infinite beauty’ (Gray, 1925: letter of 20 June 1760). His early reaction forecast the extraordinary career of Macpherson’s ‘Ossian’ over the next fifty years and more. Despite—perhaps even because of—the controversy that raged over the question of the authenticity of the Ossianic materials, this work’s influence on the literary scene of the late eighteenth-century eclipsed all others. More particularly, Ossian set the literature of sentiment and sensibility on a whole new footing.
Learning by Doing: The Example of ‘The Amourous Lady’
Authors: Mcgann Jerome
Published: November 2023

Sensibility is the language of spontaneous overflow. From the perspective of feeling and emotion and all affective philosophy, it is unteachable. That belief is ancient, but in the eighteenth century it began to be scrupulously re-explored. A passion for enlightenment drove the quest for the reasons of the heart. The project is therefore riven with paradox from the outset.
A Lesson from Michelangelo
Authors: Fenton James
Published: November 2023

In old age, Giambologna used to tell his friends the story of how, as a young man, a Flemish sculptor newly arrived in Rome, he made a model to his own original design, finished it coll’alito, ‘with his breath’-that is to say, with the utmost care, bringing it to the very peak of finish-and went to show it to the great Michelangelo. And Michelangelo took the model in his hands and completely destroyed it, and then remodelled it to his way of thinking, and did so with marvel lous skill, so that the outcome was quite the opposite of what the young man had done. And then Michelangelo said to Giambologna: Now go and learn the art of modelling before you learn the art of finishing.
The Shakespeare First Folio: The History of the Book
Authors: West Anthony James
Published: November 2023

Existing copies of the Shakespeare First Folio (1623) were surveyed and counted a hundred years ago, in Sidney Lee’s Census of 1902. Since then, some seventy copies have come to light, some of which are only now identified as First Folios. This new Census lists 229 copies, giving concise descriptions of each. The entries cover condition (including the number of original leaves), items of special interest, provenance, and binding. A concordance of Lee and West numbers is also provided. To set the stage, the volume tells the story of the search for copies and the detective work involved in dealing with doubtful identifications. Because Folios survive in such a wide variety of condition, the tests for defining what to count as a copy are described, then demonstrated with three unnumbered, unrecognized copies at the Folger Shakespeare Library. Finally, details of missing copies are given, to increase the likelihood of their rediscovery.
The Shakespeare First Folio
Authors: West Anthony James
Published: November 2023

The Shakespeare First Folio is arguably the greatest book ever written in the English language, and it is the only source for half the plays (including Macbeth and The Tempest). Vast amounts have been written on it up to its publication - for example on its printing and proofreading - but very little since it left the press in 1623. And yet its story is a highly significant contribution to the history of the book worldwide, and crucial to the study of Shakespeare's 'afterlives'. The present volume breaks new ground in its account of the price and sales history of the books - from one pound in the seventeenth century to over half a million pounds today - placing this in the context both of Shakespeare's standing and of the contemporary world of antiquarian book sales. It charts the number and distribution of copies at the beginning and end of the twentieth century, surveys the nineteen facsimile editions since 1807, and assesses earlier listings of the work since 1824, including Sidney Lee's Census (1902). It also indicates the history of the volumes' ownership - ranging from counry parson to President of Standard Oil.
Natural Law and Rights
Authors: Weinreb Lloyd L
Published: November 2023

The philosophy of natural law has on the whole not been much concerned with the matter of rights. Greek sources from which natural law emerged scarcely noticed the subject at all. On the contrary, they sought to locate the individual within a natural order that might strike an individual down without warning or apparent explanation but that was a normative order all the same. The development of this line of thought in Christian theology, which achieved its classic expression in the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas, likewise did not in the first instance uphold rights of the individual; rather, it confirmed his personal responsibility while still within and subject to the Providence of an omnipotent God. Divine Providence contained an assurance of God’s benevolent regard for humanity, something that the Greek notion of moira (fate) had lacked. and some of the duties that defined one’s responsibility were for the benefit of other persons. But any suggestion that, without reference to God, rights are an independent basis of obligations was remote indeed.
Innovation and Continuity
Authors: Brown Lesley
Published: November 2023

Prologue

In Greek mythology, Zeus and the other Olympian deities were challenged in a mighty battle by the race of giants, a battle which, with the help of Herakles, the gods won. Unlike the earlier battle of the Titans, in which Zeus’s party defeated and supplanted their own forebears, the Titans, the Gigantomachia ended with the preservation of the old order in the face of the newcomers’ challenge.

The battle of gods and giants forms the theme of this essay at more than one level. Plato’s Sophist has been something of a battleground for interpreters of his later philosophy. Some have made bold claims for revolutionary methods and results, deriving in part from Plato’s new-found interest in philosophy of language, in part from his post-Parmenides rethinking of the theory of Forms. Others have insisted on greater continuity of both method and doctrine with the approaches of the middle dialogues, and strongly reject interpretations which represent Plato as abandoning metaphysics for logic or philosophy of language, or which see him backtracking on central theses such as the unchangeability of Forms, or self-predication. Again, the replacement of Socrates as main speaker by a stranger from Elea may be interpreted as bringing major changes in both method and doctrine; some have associated it with an abandonment of genuine dialectic for a more dogmatic laying out of philosophical theses.
Interpreting Aristotle’s Directions
Authors: Broadie Sarah
Published: November 2023

In the course of examining practical wisdom in Nicomachean Ethics VI, Aristotle takes a good look at theoretical wisdom too. One of his reasons is completeness: the Ethics is mainly a study of human virtue, moral and intellectual, and Aristotle wants to cover every subdivision of the field. Then there is the need to prepare for subsequent arguments showing that even the best practical activities fail to qualify as consummate happiness, at least when compared with god-like theoretical activity. 1 And yet another reason, which concerns me here, lies in Aristotle’s hope of throwing light on the nebulous topic of practical wisdom through comparison and contrast with the theoretical kind. With this in view, he summons up for us in broad strokes the picture of theoretical science (episteme) which he has already drawn in detail ‘in the [sc. Posterior] Analytics’.2 It seems not to have occurred to him that the reverse comparison might also be helpful: that an account of practical wisdom and practical reason might shed light on their theoretical counterparts too. But this possibility has not been lost on some of his interpreters.
Possessives in English
Authors: Taylor John R
Published: November 2023

This book is about a single morpheme - the possessive morpheme - in English. Often realized as 's, it occurs in a variety of constructions (the man's hat, a friend of mine, without my saying so, a girls' school). What does the morpheme actually mean? What category does it belong to? What is its contribution to the meaning of the expression in which it occurs? And how can we account for the various restrictions on its use? Dr Taylor proposes a unitary account of the morpheme, within the theoretical framework of Cognitive Grammar. In the earlier chapters he introduces and explains the conceptual apparatus of the theory, and in the later chapters he develops a coherent account of the full range of possessive constructions. A special feature of this book is that it also provides a wide-ranging critique of alternative, and especially Government and Binding accounts of possessive expression, highlighting the profound conceptual differences between the contrasting approaches as well as some of the points of convergence.
Language Wars and Linguistic Politics
Authors: Calvet Louis-Jean
Published: November 2023

Non-linguistic conflicts - economic, religious, territorial - are often projected on to language differences, and may be played out in the language policies of governments and other holders of power. Jean-Louis Calvet deals broadly, in a non-technical and introductory style, with this interaction of language issues and political process. He examines the fundamental problems arising from language contact, multilingualism, and the conflicts caused by inequalities symbolized in various patterns of language use. The author draws extensively on his own research and uses numerous case studies to illustrate the power-political dimensions of language policies from many parts of the world, such as Africa, China, South America, the former Soviet Union, and Europe. He cites the former Soviet Union as a prime example of an attempt to impose, for ideological reasons, a supra-national vehicular language, in order to supersede the languages of regional nationalism. Professor Calvet offers no simple solutions to the `war of languages' but urges all those involved in language intervention - from the professional `language planners' to school teachers - to combine the need to promote majority languages with respect for the diversity of local languages and language varieties.
Spinoza the Stoic
Authors: James Susan
Published: November 2023

In a letter to William van Blyenbergh, Spinoza alludes to himself as ‘a Philosopher pure and simple, who .. has no other touchstone for truth than the natural understanding’.1 To be a philosopher is, in his view, to pursue truth by means of reason, undistracted by such purported sources of justification as empirical observation or established authority. It is to overcome all prejudice and superstition and submit arguments and conclusions to the rigorous scrutiny of reason. From the standpoint of this ahistorical conception of the philosopher’s task, temporal categories such as ‘ancient’ and ‘modern’ are superfluous. If the canons of reason by which we distinguish truth from falsehood are eternal, and if, as Spinoza firmly believed, people are and have always been prone to misunderstand them, the historical origins of a proposition or theory can have no bearing on its truth. Old or new, the question remains whether it can be rationally demonstrated.
Deciding How to Decide
Authors: velleman J David
Published: November 2023

By ‘deciding how to decide’, I mean using practical reasoning to regulate one’s principles of practical reasoning. David Gauthier has suggested that deciding how to decide is something that every rational agent does.1 Whether or not we agree with Gauthier about agents in general, we might think that his suggestion applies well enough to many of us moral philosophers. We assess rival principles of practical reasoning, which tell us how to choose among actions; and assessing how to choose among actions certainly sounds like deciding how to decide.
Reasons and Reason
Authors: Skorupski John
Published: November 2023

We have reasons to believe, to act, to feel. We deal in reasons at every turn—for example, I have reason to believe you covered for me in an emergency, reason to feel grateful, and so reason to thank you in some more or less substantial way. What we make of a person turns on how that person responds or fails to respond to reasons in one or other of these three domains—belief, feeling, and action. Personality is the manner of one’s responsiveness to reasons. A testy person is more easily annoyed than he has reason to be. A credulous person believes when there is insufficient reason to believe. A precipitate person acts when there is insufficient reason to act.
Semantic Change and the Conceptualization of Spatial Relationships in Austronesian Languages
Authors: Blust Robert
Published: November 2023

It is well known that the conceptualization of spatial relationships may differ widely between languages, particularly if they belong to different genetic groupings. This is often quite clear in relation to the directional system, or what I will call ‘macro-orientation’. Thus, in reconstructing earlier stages of Austro nesian no basis is found for positing terms for the cardinal directions, even though cardinal direction terms have entered a number of attested languages either through borrowing or through internal semantic evolution. The system of macro-orientation which is attributable to Proto-Malayo-Polynesian.
Downstream to Here Geographically Determined Spatial Deictics in Aralle-Tabulahan (Sulawesi)
Authors: Mckenzie Robin
Published: November 2023

Aralle-Tabulahan, a west Austronesian language, is a member of the Pitu Ulunna Salu subgroup of the south Sulawesi group of languages (see Strømme 1987). Most of its 8,000 speakers live in vil1ages in the northern part of the Mambi subdistrict of the Polewali-Mamasa district. As with other South Sulawesi languages, Aralle-Tabulahan (A-T) uses a set of geographically related locatives and directionals as part of its spatial deictic system. In most cases their usage can clearly be observed to relate directly to either contour or river. What is perhaps of greater interest is where the utterance does not relate directly to geography, or at least not to the immediately perceptible landscape. In these cases the perception of the speaker may be conditioned by other extra linguistic determinants, such as social or historical factors.
Key Topics in Text-Processing Research
Authors: Emmott Catherine
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides an overview of the main areas of study in text-processing research and discusses some of the current controversies about how information is held in the mind. This review aims both to set my research in the context of the field as a whole and to introduce key notions which will be drawn on throughout the book.
Tarski’s Thesis and the Ontology of Mathematics
Authors: Chihara Charles
Published: November 2023

According to some philosophers, there is a widespread belief that model theory provides us with an accurate conceptual analysis of the intuitive, pre analytic notions of logical consequence and logical truth, at least when the sentences to which these notions are to be applied are those of certain formalized languages. To undermine this belief is the principal goal of John Etchemendy’s book. Vann McGee has continued this attack in his article (McGee 1992). In this paper, I shall assess some of the objections of these two philosophers, focusing especially on Etchemendy’s ‘contingency argument’, which raises questions about the existence and nature of mathematical objects.
Occam’s Razor and Scientific Method
Authors: Maddy Penelope
Published: November 2023

Entities are not to be multiplied beyond necessity, says the legendary razor of the legendary William of Occam, chief of the legendary medieval nominalists. My topic will be the role of this dictum in the philosophy of the last half-century and the science of the last half-millennium. My topic will thus be history. but it will not be the history of medieval philosophy.
The Finite and the Infinite in Frege’s Grundgesetze der Arithmetik
Authors: Heck Richard G
Published: November 2023

Some of the best-known work on the foundations of mathematics done in the late nineteenth century was concerned with the concepts of the finite and the infinite, rigorous characterizations of which were famously given by both Cantor and Dedekind. It is little known, however, that, in his Grundgesetze der Arithmetik, Frege also studied the notions of finitude and infinity.
The Limits of Abstraction
Authors: Fine Kit
Published: November 2023

This paper has been written more from a sense of curiosity than commitment. I was fortunate enough to attend the Munich Conference on the Philosophy of Mathematics in the Summer of 1993 and to overhear a discussion of recent work on Frege’s approach to the foundations of mathematics.
Introduction
Authors: Stassen Leon
Published: November 2023

This book is an essay in linguistic typology. As such, it can be placed within the modem tradition of comparative linguistics, which has constantly increased in importance over the last three decades. Taking the pioneering research on word order by Greenberg (1963, 1966) as a starting-point, a steady flow of typological publications has pursued a wide variety of topics from all areas of syntax and morphology. 1 The research results achieved in these publications do not add up to a monolithical typological theory, and are not intended to do so; typological linguistics is not a ‘school’ in the narrow sense of the term. However, all authors working within the framework share at least a number of background assumptions and convictions. Typological linguists take as a point of departure the undeniable fact that languages vary greatly in their structural properties, but they reject the old structuralist dictum that this variation is random, and therefore unpredictable. Thus, an axiom of all typological linguistic inquiry is that cross-linguistic variation is subject to Universal Restrictions. Whatever the selected topic of a typological investigation may be, the aim is always to chart the limitations on the Structural (or Formal) Encoding of a linguistically relevant property in the languages of the world. Typological linguists feel that the results of such enterprises can bring to light hitherto unknown aspects of the nature of human language. Since these typological results could not, in the typical case, have been arrived at by an in-depth analysis of single languages, typological linguistics forms a welcome supplement to other approaches in theoretical linguistics. In some cases, typological generalizations may even be used as an evaluation measure for different competing analyses in linguistic theory formation.
Absolute Simultaneity and the Infinity of Time
Authors: Smith Quentin
Published: November 2023

Philosophers frequently assume that the nature of things, events. properties, causality, free will, and the like is a matter for philosophers to determine, not scientists. But many philosophers assume that the nature of time is the topic of physics, specifically, Einstein’;s theory of relativity, and that this nature is not something that can be discovered in part or as a whole by philosophical investigation alone.
The “Great Death”
Authors: Fischer Steven Roger
Published: November 2023

The wonder arrived at a difficult period in Rapanui’s history. In 1770 the two main descent groups-the western Tu’u and eastern ‘Otu ‘lti-were apparently still locked in their fatal struggle for supremacy over a remnant population of approximately 4,000 Rapanui who were dwelling among the ruins of their “former spectacular architectural and artistic accomplishments” (Mulloy/Figueroa, 1966: 18). That James Cook and his party in 1774 saw no inscribed artefacts might suggest that the protracted war delayed the elaboration of an indigenous writing system on the island for several more years. It seems likely that the rongorongo found fruitful soil for its development only once this war between the Tu’u and ‘Otu ‘Iti was finally over, perhaps just before La Perouse’s visit in 1786.
Rediscovery
Authors: Fischer Steven Roger
Published: November 2023

In 1864 Joseph-Eugene Eyraud had been the first foreigner to witness rongorongo “in all the houses” of Rapanui during his nine-month sojourn there. Though his reporting of this extraordinary discovery twice appeared in print in the year 1866 (Eyraud, 1866; Anon., 1866), no one thereafter seems to have attached any importance to the event. In March 1866 Eyraud had already returned to Rapanui as an authorised lay brother of the SSCC, together with the French Father Hippolyte Roussel (1824-98) and four proselytes from Mangareva and Mangaia. The six were joined in November 1866 by the German Father Kaspar (Gaspard) Zumbohm (1823-87) and French Brother Theodule Escolan (1818-1904). There were no longer any incised inscriptions in daily evidence on the island, the majority of these objects having been concealed or destroyed the year before. There was no reason, then, that Eyraud should have informed his companions of a curious ethnological observation which apparently no longer obtained. And, with this, the matter of Rapanui’s extraordinary “hieroglyphics” might well have been relegated to the forgotten footnotes of history.
The Informant Problem
Authors: Fischer Steven Roger
Published: November 2023

It is anything but the end of the rongorongo story. A whole mind-set has been forgotten-that of the people who created the remarkable rongorongo artefacts. We have as much to learn about rongorongo from the Rapanui of the first half of the nineteenth century as we have gleaned from the many Western scholars investigating the matter as of the second half of the nineteenth century: if we can first learn how to filter the contaminated and corrupted information the Victorian Rapanui korohua and nuahine bequeathed us. With what we learn from the Rapanui themselves, together with the results of the succeeding 130 years of Western research into rongorongo, we shall perhaps slowly begin to approach a comprehensive appreciation of the premissionary rongorongo social context and its literary expression.
Songs
Authors: Fischer Steven Roger
Published: November 2023

The categories of inscriptions mentioned above do not include the many types of additional songs or chants that perhaps comprised a portion of the original rongorongo corpus. It would be wrong here to separate song (‘a short musical composition of words and music’) from chant (‘a rhythmic monotonic utterance’), as one is wont to do with other societies’ oral literature. Ancient Polynesian music lacked those melodic and structural elaborations that would require such a distinction.