bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Auto‐Immune Hemolytic Anemia Caused by Anti‐K131
Authors: Marsh W. L. , DiNapoli Janet , Øyen Ragnhild
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A case of auto‐immune hemolytic anemia caused by auto anti‐K13 is described. Direct antiglobulin tests using monospecific reagents showed that IgG and the C3 component of complement were present on the patient's red cells. Eluted auto‐antibody did not react with Ko or with K:–13 cells. Kell blood group antigenicity of the patient's red cells did not appear to be reduced.
Oka: An Erythrocytic Antigen of High Frequency
Authors: Morel P. A. , Hamilton H. B.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Clinically significant antibodies to a ‘new’ high‐frequency antigen on red blood cells have been detected in the serum of a Japanese woman. The notation Oka has been given to this antibody and its corresponding antigen. Two of the patient's siblings are Ok (a–) but a large number of red cell samples lacking common antigens were tested and found to be Ok (a +). The antibody reacted by the antiglobulin test with blood samples from random blood donors and with more than 4,000 red cell samples from Oriental blood donors and patients.
The Influence of Ionic Strength, Albumin and Incubation Time on the Sensitivity of the Indirect Coombs' Test
Authors: Jørgensen J. , Nielsen M. , Nielsen C. B. , Nørmark J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The sensitivity of the indirect Coombs' test was investigated using saline, albumin, or low ionic strength (LIS) in the incubation phase and an incubation time varying from 5 to 120 min. Titration of 41 antibodies showed that LIS always resulted in a higher or almost the same mean scores as the other solutions after the same incubation time. The maximum mean score was always higher with LIS than with saline and was reached after a shorter period of incubation, only 20–40 min even with the weakest antibodies. With LIS, a longer incubation time than 40 min resulted in a sudden decrease in mean score. The maximum mean score using saline or albumin was reached after 40–60 min incubation. The same mean score was obtained after only 15–20 min, when LIS was used. Albumin gave only slightly higher mean scores than saline.
Acquired B Antigen, Tk Activation and A1 Destroying Enzyme Activity in a Patient with Septicaemia
Authors: Byrne V. , Brown A. , Ropars C. , Moore B. P. L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. During the course of septicaemia, a group A1 patient developed several RBC antigenic modifications. Acquired B antigen, Tk transformation and a partial disappearance of A1 receptors associated with an increase of H reactivity were observed.
Studies on the Preservation of Red Blood Cells
Authors: Szymanski Irma O. , Odgren Paul R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Utilizing an automated antiglobulin test, we have investigated the presence of the third and fourth components of human complement on normal red blood cells (RBCs). Only negligible amounts of the fourth component, C4, could be detected on either freshly collected or stored RBCs. The fragment C3d of the third component, C3, was detectable on both freshly collected and stored normal RBCs. A product derived from C3 and reacting with anti‐C3c antibody was only barely detectable on freshly collected normal RBCs. During storage of blood at 4°C, increasing quantities of this material were detected on the RBC membrane. Bromelin treatment rendered stored RBCs completely nonreactive with anti‐C3c antibody, whereas only partial loss of reactivity was observed following incubation with heated plasma. In contrast, incubation of EC43 with heated plasma completely abolished their ability to react with anti‐C3c antibody.

We suggest that the presence of this C3 fragment on stored RBCs may contribute to the development of ‘preservation injury’.
Subtypic Linearity in the Bovine B Blood Group System
Authors: Auditore Karen J. , Morris B. G. , Suzuki Yoshiko , Stormont Clyde
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The technique of proteolytic digestion employing the enzymes trypsin, chymotrypsin, and protease was used to investigate the physical order of subtypic determinants occurring on bovine erythrocytes. In the B system subgroup Y1, Y2, the determinants behaved as if linearly arranged in the same order as predicted from their serological behavior; furthermore, the differences between the two subtypes appeared to be quantitative rather than qualitative. In the E'1, E'2, E'3 subgroup, however, the subtypic determinants did not appear to be physically linear, although they are serologically linear.
Influence of Glycerol on ATP and 2,3–DPG Levels of Human Erythrocytes1
Authors: Moroff Gary , Meryman Harold T.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Glycerolization of freshly collected human erythrocytes leads to a reduction in ATP levels which return to their original values following deglycerolization. The reduction in ATP levels is largely prevented by pyruvate but not by inosine and glucose, singly or in combination. This implies that the ATP lesion associated with glycerolization reflects mainly a decrease in the NAD/NADH ratio and accordingly a reduced glyceraldehyde–3–phosphate dehydrogenase activity. 2,3–DPG levels were not influenced by glycerolization and deglycerolization.

Erythrocytes depleted of ATP in the presence of glycerol can have their ATP levels repleted by either pyruvate or inosine, but require the presence of both compounds for maintenance during a post‐rejuvenation incubation period. This indicates that the prolonged presence of glycerol influences both the NAD/NADH ratio and the carbon‐containing intermediates of glycolysis. Glycerol did not influence ATP repletion of erythrocytes stored at 4°C for 20 days by inosine in combination with pyruvate, but substantially decreased the repletion of their 2,3–DPG levels.
Improved Yields of Factor VIII from Heparinized Plasma
Authors: Rock G. A. , Cruickshank W. H. , Tackaberry E. S. , Palmer D. S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The Factor VIII procoagulant activity in plasma, cryoprecipitate, and their polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitates is markedly increased if blood is collected into heparin rather than into citrate phosphate dextrose (CPD). There is a 34% increase in the initial level of the Factor VIII activity in the heparinized plasma with 78% of this initial activity (184 U) recovered in the cryoprecipitate. As well, the stability of the Factor VIII activity is improved: after 24 h of incubation at 22°C, 99% of the initial activity is retained in heparinized plasma whereas only 64% remains in CPD plasma. The cryoprecipitate prepared from heparinized plasma is equally stable after 24 h. The PEG concentrate prepared from the cryoprecipitate of heparinized plasma is increased to 128 U compared to only 54 U from CPD plasma. Relative recoveries were 531 U/l for heparinized plasma versus 215 U/l for CPD plasma. This represents a 147% increase in yield.
Incompatibility in vitro and in vivo Demonstrated Only with Saline‐Suspended Red Cells
Authors: Davey Richard J. , O'Gara Catherine , McGinniss Mary H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An unusual IgG complement‐binding antibody was observed in a 64‐year‐old man prior to surgery. This antibody was detectable by the indirect antiglobulin test when the red cells were suspended in saline, but not when they were suspended in acid citrate dextrose or albumin solutions. Positive reactions were obtained with the patient's own red cells and with the cells of all donors tested.

In vivo chromium survival studies showed that donor cells and patient cells, when suspended in saline, had 1‐hour survivals of 32 and 46%, respectively. In contrast, donor and patient cells suspended in ACD solution had 1‐hour survivals of 77 and 93%, respectively.

We conclude that this phenomenon may cause accelerated destruction of saline‐suspended cells and should be suspected whenever in vitro incompatibility is noted only with red cells suspended in saline.
Transfusion of Hydroxyethylated Amylopectin‐Protected Frozen Blood in Man
Authors: Mishler John Milton , Parry Ernest S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In man following the autologous transfusion of blood previously frozen with 14% low molecular weight‐hydroxyethylated amylopectin (cryo‐HES), the clearance of this material from the intravascular space was compound, and appeared to consist of exponential components. The overall half‐life ‐ however, was 10.6 ± 3.0 (SD) h. Approximately 17% of the total infused cryo‐HES was excreted in the urine 1 h postinjection, and 40% by 72 h. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was not affected by the presence of this substance in the bloodstream of the recipient. The results indicate that cryo‐HES is removed rapidly following the transfusion of blood previously frozen with this material.
The Utilisation of a New Strength Citrate Anticoagulant during Centrifugal Plateletpheresis
Authors: Zitko Miroslav , Reuter Hans , Borberg Helmut , Mishler John Milton
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Employing the Haemonetics Blood Processor (IFC), a relatively pure platelet concentrate can be prepared by collecting only the first portion of the PRP leaving the centrifuge bowl (Fraction I). A subsequent fraction containing RBC and WBC contaminants (Fraction II*) can be purified by means of a second centrifugation, using a conventional blood bank centrifuge (Fraction II), if transfusion of these contaminants would be detrimental to the recipient. Utilising the new 1.4% Na3‐citrate anticoagulant, platelet metabolic parameters (ATP, ADP, AMP, lactate and pyruvate) as well as O2‐uptake, were determined in Fractions I and II prepared from 10 normal healthy subjects. In contrast to previous studies reporting marked dysfunction in platelets contained in Fraction II when standard ACD‐A was used during IFC, we observed no significant difference (Student's t test) in the present study between Fractions I and II, in regard to platelet metabolism, when using the new anticoagulant. It is further concluded that the second centrifugal manipulation does not exert a detrimental effect on platelet metabolism.
HLA Antigens in HBsAg Infection
Authors: Sengar D. P. S. , Rashid A. , Jindal S. L. , Christie C. J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The HLA typing of hemodialysis patients and normal subjects suggests a negative association of B8 and positive association of B5 with the development of anti‐HBs and a negative association of BW35 with HBsAg antigenemia.
Recurrent Hepatitis Caused by Two Viruses Acquired Simultaneously during Blood Transfusion
Authors: Ben‐Dov I. , Fainaru M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. We here report 2 patients who have acquired two consecutive episodes each of acute hepatitis, within 6 months after blood transfusion. The clinical and biochemical course was typical of recurrent acute viral hepatitis, and the patients recovered completely after each episode. The first infection was probably caused by non‐A, non‐R hepatitis virus, whereas the second episode was caused by hepatitis B‐virus. Thus, in addition to the absence of cross‐immunity between hepatotrophic viruses, one may simultaneously acquire more than one virus without apparent interference.
A Method for the Automated Screening for Hepatitis B Surface Antigen
Authors: Kunitomo K. , Saji H. , Yahara S. , Hosoi T.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A reverse passive hemagglutination (RPHA‐G) technique for the automated screening of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) on the Groupamatic 360 (Kontron International, Zürich, Switzerland) has been developed. It is more sensitive than manual RPHA (RPHA‐M) and nearly as sensitive as radioimmunoassay (RIA); it detects 6 ng/ml of HBsAg, compared to 3 ng/ml by RIA and 25 ng/ml by RPHA‐M. Although it is slightly inferior to the other two methods in respect of specificity, the incidence of false‐positive reactions was only 0.34%. The test can also be performed manually without the Groupamatic.
An Example of Auto‐Anti‐A1 Agglutinins
Authors: Wright J. , Lim F. C. , Freedman J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The serum of an elderly man, group A1 Le(a+b−), contained an IgM antibody that agglutinated his own cells and the cells of random group A1 donors. Over a period of 5 months, the titre of these auto‐anti‐A1 agglutinins was 4 at 22°C.
H2O2 Release from Filtration Leukapheresis‐Procured Leukocytes
Authors: Suzuki Hitoshi , Kakinuma Katsuko , Shimizu Masaru , Sakamoto Hisaharu , Shimada Kokichi
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Filtration leukapheresis‐procured leukocytes (FL‐leukocytes), which were collected by the elution of filtration columns with vigorous tapping, released a certain amount of H2O2, even in the absence of any phagocytic stimuli. Furthermore, FL‐leukocytes, eluted with either gentle or vigorous tapping, exhibited a marked release of H2O2 during phagocytosis. The myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity of FL‐leukocytes was lower than that of leukocytes collected by the dextran sedimentation method (DS‐leukocytes). The data suggest that the release of both H2O2 and MPO from FL‐leukocytes may be related to adverse transfusion reactions and abnormal post‐transfusion kinetics of FL‐leukocytes due to their toxic effects on living cells.
Some Notes on the Specificity of Anti‐A1 Reagents
Authors: Lopez M. , Benali J. , Cartron J.P. , Salmon C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The agglutinability of red blood cells of A1, A2, A3, Ax and cis‐AB phenotypes by several anti‐A1 reagents was quantitatively evaluated and found to correlate with the number of A antigenic sites/cell determined by using 125I‐labelled IgG anti‐A. Moreover, anti‐A1 sera could be absorbed by some A2 red blood cells and were inhibited by concentrated saliva from A2 secretor individuals. The significance of these findings is discussed in the light of recent data from the literature.
A Family in which the Targett (Rh: 40) Antigen is Carried with (‐D‐)1
Authors: Humphreys J. , Stout T.D. , Kaita H. , Lewis M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Statistical and serological evidence supporting the assignment of Tar to the Rh blood group system is presented. The association of the presence of the Tar antigen with a weak expression of D is confirmed, and the rare Rh complex (‐D‐) Tar ‐positive described. The expression of the Tar antigen is influenced by the Rh complex with which it is associated.
Determination of Tetanus Antitoxin Levels in Hyperimmunized Volunteers
Authors: Rubin M.E. , Sayed H. I. , Bowman J. M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A method is described using double diffusion with a perspex template for determining tetanus antitoxin levels in the plasma of volunteers who have been hyperimmunized with tetanus toxoid for the purpose of producing human tetanus immune globulin. This test is simple to perform, economical, sentitive, reproducible and is in excellent agreement with the standard toxin neutralization test in mice. Comparisons with the in vivo toxin neutralization test are presented for this test, the passive hemagglutination, radial immunodiffusion and counter electrophoresis methods.
Detection of Penicillins in the Sera of ‘Healthy’ Blood Donors
Authors: Michel J. , Sharon R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 10,853 sera, collected from ‘healthy’ blood donors during the period December 1977 to May 1979, were tested for the presence of penicillinase‐sensitive penicillins by a bio‐assay technique using Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 as test organism. Their presence could be demonstrated in 30 sera (0.27%), at concentrations equivalent to 0.2–4.0 μg/ml of penicillin G.

The implications of these findings are discussed, particularly the possibility of their relationship to nonhemolytic adverse reactions to transfusion.
Increased Incidence of Haemolytic Disease of the New‐Born Caused by ABO‐Incompatibility when Tetanus Toxoid is Given during Pregnancy
Authors: Gupte S. C. , Bhatia H. M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. To determine whether tetanus toxoid given during pregnancy increases the risk of haemolytic disease of the new‐born, 818 group 0 pregnant women were given one to three doses of tetanus toxoid during the third trimester. There was a significant increase in the incidence of neonatal jaundice among the ABO‐incompatible infants of women given toxoid, compared to a control group. Comparative studies were also done at two hospitals: tetanus toxoid was not given during pregnancy at one hospital and was used routinely at the other. More of the mothers given toxoid had high titres of igG anti‐A or anti‐B and more of their ABO‐incompatible infants became jaundiced. Thus these studies suggest an increased risk of haemolytic disease of the new‐born due to ABO incompatibility when tetanus toxoid injections are given during pregnancy.
Changing Patterns in the Distribution of Hepatitis B Subtypes
Authors: Gust Ian D. , Dimitrakakis Mary , Lucas C. Ronald
Published: March 2009

Abstract. From July 1, 1969, to June 30, 1977, 4,413 patients with acute viral hepatitis were admitted to Fairfield Hospital, Melbourne, of whom 1,129 (25.6%) had hepatitis type B. Only two of the four major subtypes of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were detected, HBsAg/ ayw and HBsAg/adw, and of these HBsAg/ayw was present in 80.4% of cases. Over the 8‐year period, hepatitis B became more common in Melbourne and the proportion of patients infected with the ayw subtype increased from 75 to 91%. Approximately 50% of the patients with hepatitis B were intravenous drug abusers. In most of the others the source of infection was unknown.
Follow‐Up of Blood Donors Positive for Hepatitis B Surface Antigen
Authors: Reesink H. W. , Wesdorp I. C. E. , Grijm R. , Hengeveld P. , Jöbsis A. C. , Aay C. , Reerink‐Brongers E. E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. From 1973 to 1977 in Amsterdam the incidence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in blood donations from new donors was 0.224 and from known donors 0.034%. 65 donors, previously found positive for HBsAg, were re‐examined. Persistence of HBsAg in new donors (28 of 31) occurred significantly (p<0.0005) more often than in known donors (15 of 34). All carriers were classified into HBeAg (21%) or anti‐HBe (79%) by a sensitive Elisa technique. Abnormal liver function tests (LFTs) were observed in 30% of the carriers and were significantly (p<0.005) more often found in HBeAg than in anti‐HBe‐positive carriers. When the LFTs remained abnormal, in almost all (8 of 9) carriers moderate to severe histological liver disease was diagnosed.
Comparative Automated Assay of Anti‐P1 Antibodies in Acute Hepatic Distomiasis (Fascioliasis) and in Hydatidosis
Authors: Ben‐Ismail R. , Rouger P. , Carme B. , Gentilini M. , Salmon C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An automated assay of anti‐P1 allohemagglutinins has been carried out on 133 P2 subjects: 13 with acute hepatic distomiasis (Fascioliasis), 20 with hydatidosis and 100 healthy blood donors. Anti‐P1 were detected in 100% of the distomatid sera, in 50% of the hydatid and in 29% of the healthy individuals. When compared to a reference serum test (anti‐P1 standard), their concentration was found to be weak in healthy subjects, moderate in hydatidosis and exceptionally increased in acute distomiasis (up to 5–6 times the standard anti‐P1 level). The 2‐mercaptoethanol treatment showed that even the increased distomatid anti‐P1 sera were of an IgM nature. The respective origin, synthesis and strength of these allohemagglutinins are discussed and the advantages of using distomatid IgM anti‐P1 as human sera test are emphasized.
Human Serum Antibodies to Melibiose and Other Carbohydrates
Authors: Bird G. W. G. , Roy T. C. F.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Human sera were screened by passive haemagglutination for antibodies to various sugars. A high incidence of antibodies to melibiose was observed. There were also a few antibodies to other sugars and to dextran.
Selection of a Tetanus Toxoid for Hyperimmunization of Human Volunteers
Authors: Rubin M. E. , Sayed H. I. , Bowman J. M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Five tetanus toxoids of different manufacture and of different concentrations were used to determine the most effective formulation and strength of toxoid for the production in human volunteers of sustained high levels of tetanus antitoxin suitable for the production of human tetanus immune globulin. The most satisfactory results were obtained with a fluid, low‐protein, column‐purified tetanus toxoid. 79% of volunteers injected with a 36 Lf dose of this material achieved antitoxin levels of ≥10 antitoxin units/ml. The mean duration of these levels was 125 days.
In vitro Granulocyte Function as Affected by Filter Loading Time and Tapping during Filtration Leukapheresis
Authors: Stegmann Gerhard , Mishler John Milton , Mattelé H. Leo , Borberg Helmut
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Granulocytes (PMNs) were harvested from 16 normal subjects by filtration leukapheresis (FL) in which the filter loading time (FLT) ranged between 30 min and 4 h, and the rate of filter perfusion was 60 ml whole blood · min‐1. The function of PMNs eluted from filters with or without the aid of manual tapping (MT) at each of the various FLTs was assessed in vitro by tests of chemotaxis, phagocytosis and bactericidal capacity. The results indicated that the function of PMNs in vitro was compromised by eluting filters with MT, and this appeared to be independent of the FLT. PMNs collected without MT were nearly normal relative to the control regardless of the FLT.
Further Examples of the Wulfsberg Antigen
Authors: Young S. , Mllan M. , Case J. , Moulds J. , Beal R. W.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 4 Wu‐positive donors were found in a total of 16,476 South Australians. Family studies showed Wu to be independent of the Lutheran and P blood group systems. Of six examples of anti‐Wu detected in 4,200 blood donors by a Technicon Auto Analyzer, only two were detectable manually.
An Improved Method for the Preparation of Intermediate‐Purity Antihemophilic Factor Concentrate for Therapeutic Usage
Authors: Liu Daniel T. H. , Irwin J. F. , LeFave R. O. , Grzenczyk B. , Pai R. C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An improved method involving pH changes in the process for the preparation of intermediate‐purity antihemophilic concentrate offers several advantages over the standard method. Antihemophilic concentrates thus prepared are more soluble, more purified and more stable than the standard antihemophilic concentrates. High‐potency antihemophilic concentrates with good solubility may be obtained by concentrating the [in‐process] solution before lyophilization.
Fatty Acid Patterns during Plasma Fractionation
Authors: Morgenthaler J.‐J. , Baillod P. , Friedli H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. When albumin is prepared from human blood plasma by the cold ethanol method, nonesterified long chain fatty acids present in the plasma do not strictly copurify with albumin. About half of them are lost to the various globulin fractions precipitated in the first steps of the fractionation procedure. A different behavior is observed for the short chain fatty acid, caprylic acid. On the other hand, if fractionation of plasma proteins is done by ammonium sulfate precipitation, both long and short chain fatty acids remain with the albumin.
Influence of Age, Sex and Blood Groups on 15 Blood Coagulation Laboratory Variables in a Reference Material Composed of 80 Blood Donors
Authors: Wahlberg Thomas B. , Savidge Geoffrey F. , Blombäck Margareta , Wiechel Barbro
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 15 blood coagulation and fibrinolysis variables were determined in 80 healthy blood donors. Males were shown to have significantly higher levels of factor VII and factor X, and in subjects with blood group O significantly lower levels of VIIIR:AG were observed. In individuals with blood group O a skewed distribution of VIIIR:AG suggested a mixed population of this antigenic determinant. No significant correlation (r<0.36) was found between age and any of the laboratory variables.
Lewis Phenotypes of American Caucasians, American Negroes and Their Children
Authors: Lyndall Molthan MD
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Lewis antisera produced in goats was used to test the red blood cells of 1,818 unrelated American adults and 758 unrelated children. All lived in northeastern states of the USA. Among 935 Caucasian adults, the frequency of Le(a‐b‐), Le(a+b‐), and Le(a‐b+), red cell phenotypes was 9.7, 20.1 and 70.2%, respectively. Among 883 Negro adults, the frequency of these phenotypes was 28.5, 19.6 and 51.9%, respectively. Among 469 infants aged 1–24 months, the red cell phenotype Le(a+b+) was found in 37.4% of 265 Caucasians and 13.2% of 204 Negroes.
Population Study of Heterophile Antibodies
Authors: Hawkins B.R. , Saueracker G.C. , Dawkins R.L. , Davey M.G. , O'Connor K.J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Sera from 2,829 participants in a population health survey were tested for the presence of a heterophile antibody, detectable by immunofluorescence. The antibody was found in 9.8% of the sera from women and in 12.4% of the sera from men. The age‐specific prevalence of the antibody was relatively constant in women but rose steeply in men. The antibody occurred more frequently in individuals with a history of blood transfusion and in multiparous females. It is suggested that the antibody may result from immunization by a ubiquitous agent which can be transmitted by blood transfusion.
Blood Group ABH Antigens on Human Cord Red Cells
Authors: Schenkel‐Brunner Helmut
Published: March 2009

Abstract. When the blood group H sites of cord erythrocytes obtained from newborn infants of groups O, A, B and AB were labelled specifically by incubation of the whole cells with the A1 gene dependent a‐N‐acetylgalactosaminyl transferase in the presence of UDP‐N‐acetyl [14C]‐galactosamine, the incorporation of radioactivity was considerably lower than that found for cells from adults. Based on the amount of label recovered in the membranes, average values of 326,000 H sites per single O cell and 68,000 H sites per single A, B and AB cell were calculated. Following fractionation of the stromal blood group substances thus labelled, it was found that, on the average, 66% of the radioactivity was bound to glycoprotein material, 2.7% to glycosphingolipids with short carbohydrate chains, and about 24% to polyglycosylceramides. As these values are similar to those previously determined for O cells from adults, this result shows that there are probably no substantial differences between erythrocytes from adults and newborn infants concerning the overall membrane disposition, but rather provides evidence for variations in the carbohydrate chains of the stromal glyco‐conjugates.
Significance of β2‐Microglobulin in Liver Diseases
Authors: Revillard J. P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Serum levels of β2‐microglobulin (β2‐M) were found to be significantly elevated in acute viral hepatitis, chronic persistent or active hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. β2‐M values were significantly lower in chronic persistent hepatitis than in the three other groups. Serum β2‐M was normal in 75 asymptomatic carriers of HBsAg. Steroid therapy was followed by reduction of serum β2‐M levels in 11 cases of chronic active hepatitis. Variations of β2‐M were independent from that of transaminases, bilirubin and γ‐globulins.
Demonstration of β2‐Microglobulin in the Kidney by Direct Immunofluorescent Staining
Authors: Chung‐Park Moonja , Enojo Paz Villamil , Hall Philip W.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Direct immunofluorescent staining with fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated goat anti‐human β2‐microglobulin (β2M) was used to determine the localization of β2M in kidney tissue, obtained by biopsies or nephrectomies for various renal diseases. β2M was found in the renal tubular epithelial cell cytoplasm and occasionally in the tubular basement membranes in 48 out of 79 pathologic specimens tested, but not in 3 normals. β2M was seen in the tubular cells in all cases of primary tubulointerstitial disease and in all cases with secondary tubular damage associated with glomerular disease or systemic disease. This supports the concept that β2M is metabolized in proximal tubular epithelial cells, and its deposition indicates impairment of tubular handling.
Biochemical Studies on McLeod Phenotype Erythrocytes
Authors: Tang Lin Lan , Redman C. M. , Williams D. , Marsh W. L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Red cells of the McLeod phenotype in the Kell blood group system have an acanthocytic morphology. The membrane protein composition analyzed on sodium dodecylwlfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the ATP level and the activities of a large number of intracellular enzymes appear to be normal. Membranes prepared from McLeod red cells incubated with γAT[32P] and MgCl2 incorporated twice as much radioactivity into spectrin and also showed a slight elevation of phosphorylation in band 3 protein when compared to membranes from normal cells. Intact normal red cells incubated with carrier‐free [32P] incorporated radioactivity into several proteins. with most incorporation in spectrin and band 3 protein. In comparison, McLeod cells incorporated three times more radioactivity into spectrin and band 3 protein but increased phosphorylation also occurred in other, but not all, membrane proteins. Intact McLeod red cells also showed increased phosphorylation of membrane phospholipids, but they incorporated [32P] into intracellular nucleotide phosphates in a normal manner.
Glycoprotein‐Sialyltransferase Activity of Normal Human, Thrombasthenic and Bernard‐Soulier Platelets
Authors: Bauvois Brigitte , Cartron Jean‐Pierre , Nurden Alan , Caen Jacques
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Some properties of the sialyltransferase activity of homogenates prepared from normal human platelets were investigated using asialo‐fetuin as substrate. The enzyme activity was optimal at pH 6.5 and was stimulated by divalent cations in the order Mg2+ > Mn2+ > Ca2+. Buffers of high ionic strength strongly reduced the activity. ATP and ADP were not inhibitors at 0.1 mM concentration, but AMP, CTP and CMP reduced the activity by 15–30%. A native endogenous acceptor for the enzyme activity was located in the platelet homogenates. The range of fetuin‐sialyltransferase activity found in platelets isolated from 6 normal donors was 79 ± 39 pmol/h/mg protein (mean±SD). The platelets of patients with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia and the Bernard‐Soulier syndrome, which are characterized by different membrane glycoprotein deficiencies, were shown to have fetuinsialyltransferase activities within the normal range indicating that the membrane glycoprotein defects in the platelets of these patients are not associated with the absence of sialyltransferase activity.
Red‐Cell Enzyme Activities and Properties of Mutant Pyruvate Kinase after 1‐Year Storage in a ‐80°C Freezer
Authors: Ishida Yoji , Miwa Shiro , Takegawa Susumu , Fujinami Noboru , Yamato Kunio
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Red cells from 5 healthy adults and an unstable mutant pyruvate kinase (PK), PK Maebashi, were stored for 12 months in a ‐80°C freezer. With an exception of triosephosphate isomerase and phosphoglycerate kinase activities, normal red‐cell enzyme activities remained essentially unchanged. Mutant PK was characterized by the methods recommended by the International Committee for Standardization in Haematology (ICSH). Normal control and PK Maebashi remained essentially unchanged in their characteristics after storage in a ‐80°C freezer for 12 months. These results indicate that the red cells stored over a long term in a ‐80°C freezer can be used for the study of unstable mutant PK.
Significance of Antibody to Hepatitis Be Antigen (Anti‐HBe) in HBsAg‐Negative Individuals
Authors: Hess G. , Arnold W. , Gahl G.M. , Vogl E. , Büschenfelde K.H. Meyer zum
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A study was initiated to assess the significance of antibody to hepatitis B e antigen (anti‐HBe) in HBsAg‐negative individuals. Anti‐HBe was demonstrated in the majority of sera positive for anti‐HBs and anti‐HBc. All sera positive for anti‐HBs and negative for anti‐HBc and most sera positive for anti‐HBc but negative for anti‐HBs were anti‐HBe‐negative. This implies that the antibody response to HBeAg is of shorter duration than that to HBsAg and HBcAg. Anti‐HBe may help to discriminate between various states of hepatitis B virus infection found to be associated with anti‐HBc‐positive but HBsAg‐ and anti‐HBs‐negative sera. 2 individuals were anti‐HBe‐positive but HBsAg‐, anti‐HBs‐ and anti‐HBc‐negative, this finding is not understood.
Monoclonal Anti‐B as a New Blood‐Typing Reagent
Authors: Sacks S. H. , Lennox E. S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Stable cloned lines of anti‐B‐secreting cells have been derived by fusing spleen cells of a mouse immunized by group B antigen with a mouse myeloma line. The tissue culture supernatant of one of them (NBI/19.112.28) containing secreted monoclonal anti‐B antibody is an especially good blood‐grouping reagent, well suited for use with manual and automated methods. The unlimited availability of a potent reagent of uniform properties, cheaply produced by a single source, makes monoclonal anti‐B a serious competitor to human typing serum.
Comparison of Approaches to National Automation: Iran and The Netherlands
Authors: Pálffy S. , Kothe F. C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Two styles of approach to national automation are discussed. Iran represents the approach labeled ‘centralistic’ and the Netherlands represents the ‘federalistic’ approach. There are obviously numerous compromises between these two extremes. None is necessarily inherently superior to any other; which one is adopted will generally depend upon local circumstances‐ funding patterns, national attitudes rooted in history, geographic factors and the development history of the blood‐banking services.
Groupamatic System: Overview, History of Development and Evaluation of Use
Authors: Muller A. , Garretta M. , Hebert M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. This paper presents an overview and history of the Groupamatic system from the original conception by C. Matte through the present Groupamatic 360‐C and the Minigroupamatic. The report includes the results of a recent evaluation in which 79 centres throughout the world participated.
Recommendations of the Task Force on Record‐Keeping and Blood Distribution Systems
Authors: Hirsch R. L. , Cazal P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The objectives of an automated donor record system are reviewed and recommendations as to file content and structure of a computer‐based system are outlined. Four sections are suggested, data related to donor identification, demography, date of last donation and special services requirements. Alternative means of data entry and donor‐donation links are discussed as well as desirable capabilities of unit record and patient record systems. Two types of blood distribution systems are outlined, namely the reactive type where hospital blood bank inventories are replenished on demand and the predictive type where inventory requirements are predicted in advance and inventories are replenished on a fixed, previously agreed on schedule.
Ripley‐Like Serum and other Anti‐Rh Sera in Detection of Fc Receptor‐Bearing Human Lymphocytes
Authors: Maślanka Krystyna , Zupańska Barbara
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Three anti‐Rh sera useful for the EAhum test were found (one comparable to Ri serum). It was shown that the usefulness of anti‐Rh sera for the EAhum test depends on the amount of anti‐Rh antibodies absorbed onto red cells demonstrated in the manual antiglobdin test. It does not depend on the quality of antibodies and the ability of complement binding.
A Simplified Method for the Preparation of Immune‐Serum Globulin1
Authors: Hao Yu‐lee , Wickerhauser Milan
Published: March 2009

Abstract. This report describes the recovery of highly purified immune‐serum globulin (ISG) from the 42% ethanol precipitate fraction (42% P) generated during the first step of albumin purification. The method consists of three purification steps: (1) reprecipitation of the 42% P at 20% ethanol, pH 7.2; (2) solubilization of ISG at 17% ethanol, pH 5.2, and (3) isoelectric precipitation of ISG at 25% ethanol, pH 7.2. ISG prepared by this method was homogeneous when subjected to immunoelectrophoresis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and gave a yield equivalent to 4.7 g/l plasma, corresponding to a final recovery of over 48%.
Controversial and Changing Trends in Blood Transfusion
Authors: Hollán Susan R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Advances in techniques of blood and plasma donation, cell separation and preservation as well as new methods for plasma fractionation have made component therapy available in countries with an advanced transfusion service. This has broadened the evergreen subject of use and abuse of whole blood with problems emerging from the clinical use of blood products. Without any attempt to cover this endless subject, this paper will be focused on some controversial and changing trends in the use of cell concentrates.
A Patient with Post‐Hepatitis B Immune Deficiency: Nonspecific Helper Factor Partially Restores the in vitro Immune Response1
Authors: Sheehy Michael J. , Miller Nanci J. , Rappeport Joel M. , Gozes Yehoshua , Parkman Robertson , Strom Terry B. , Yunis Edmond J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A patient with severe post‐hepatitis B aplastic anemia had depressed B and T cell responses. In mixed leukocyte culture, her cells were unresponsive to unrelated control stimulating cells, but responded well to a pool of cells from the same unrelated controls. She had reduced production of lymphocyte mitogenic factor (MF), suggesting a helper cell defect, and she had few or no cells reactive with the monoclonal anti‐T cell antibodies OKT3, OKT4 or OKT5. Her cells proliferated in response to MF produced by a pool of cells without mitogen, however. Furthermore, her cells became specifically cytotoxic when stimulated by cells plus MF, but not when stimulated by either cells or MF alone. Thus her T cell deficiency was correctable by nonspecific helper factor in vitro.
Nea, a New Blood Group Antigen in Finland
Authors: Sistonen P. , Nevanlinna H.R. , Virtaranta‐Knowles K. , Pirkola A. , Leikola J. , Kekomäki R. , Gavin June , Tippett Patricia
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A previously unrecognized blood group antigen is described. The antigen was shown to be different from many rare blood group antigens, to be inherited as an autosomal dominant character and not to be closely linked to the established blood group systems nor to several other polymorphic markers of blood. The antigen is well developed at birth. About 5% of Finns have this antigen. In contrast only 1 donor in 502 Swiss blood donors and 2 unrelated donors in 395 Swedish blood donors were found to be positive for the antigen.

The antigen is provisionally called Nea and the respective antibody anti‐Nea. At least three Ne(a+) blood units were given to a patient on different occasions before anti‐Nea was detected in compatibility tests. Since the discovery of the first anti‐Nea, three additional examples of this antibody have been identified in serum from multitransfused patients. Anti‐Nea is capable of shortening the in vivo survival of transfused incompatible Ne(a+) cells.
A New Preparation of Modified Immune Serum Globulin (Human) Suitable for Intravenous Administration
Authors: Schroeder Duane D. , Tankersky Donald L. , Lundblad John L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The commercial immune serum globulin (ISG) product is suitable for use in passive immunization only by intramuscular administration; intravenous use results in vasomotor side reactions. We report the functional characterization of a chemically modified ISG (MISG) that is essentially free of nonspecific complement‐binding activity and contains no new antigenic determinants. The half‐life values for MISG given intravenously to rabbits, guinea pigs, and humans are shown not to be different from that of ISG. The MISG we describe is shown to fulfill the in vitro and in vivo criteria of stability, safety, function, and half‐life, making it suitable for human intravenous administration.
Binding of Protein A to Some Human Gamma‐Globulins Used Intravenously
Authors: Ceska M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. We examined the binding capacity of radioiodinated protein A ([125I] PA) for several human IgG immunoglobulins. Most of them are commercial preparations used in immunosubstitution therapy. Two experimental approaches were chosen. In the first, the binding of [125I] PA to solidified IgG preparations was studied. In the second approach, the inhibition of [125I] PA binding to a given immunoglobulin by various human immunoglobulin samples was established. Both the binding and inhibition criteria were used to estimate the order of the relative binding capacities of the Fc region in studied IgG preparations. The various commercial gamma‐globulin preparations were also compared using single radial immunodiffusion and cross‐immunoelectrophoretic techniques.
Genetic Polymorphism of Plasminogen: A New Basic Variant (PLG B) and Population Study in Japanese
Authors: Nishimukai Hiroaki , Kera Yoshio , Sakata Kiyoshi , Yamasawa Kichihei
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Genetic polymorphism of human plasminogen in the Japanese population was studied using agarose gel isoelectric focusing followed by immunofixation. A new basic variant, PLG B, was found as a heterozygous state PLG l‐B, which was genetically determined. The allele frequencies calculated from 258 individuals were PLG1=0.958, PLG2=0.020 and PLGB=0.022.
Filtered Microaggregate‐Free Erythrocyte Concentrates with 35‐Day Shelf Life
Authors: Lovric V. A. , Schuller M. , Raftos J. , Wisdom L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Packed erythrocytes which are white cell and microaggregate poor and virtually platelet free, with a long shelf life (35 days), can be prepared from a routinely used plastic pack system incorporating a cotton wool filter module. The filtered packed cells have improved physical and biochemical properties after prolonged storage, and with acceptable autologous erythrocytic survivals the system lends itself to routine clinical practice. It avoids the need for microaggregate filters at administration, at the same time reducing the immunogenicity of the transfused blood. Blood component harvesting is not compromised.
Alterations of Saponin Hemolysis during Storage of ACD Blood
Authors: Tatsumi N.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A dynamic hemolysis curve was examined on stored ACD blood by a new instrument (mean cell volume or MCV continuous analyzer) during treatment with either saponin or with hypotonic medium. Several changes of the dynamic hemolysis curves were recorded during storage. With saponin hemolysis, these changes appeared earlier and were more marked than those of hypotonic hemolysis.
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn Due to Anti‐Leb
Authors: Bharucha Z. S. , Joshi S. R. , Bhatia H. M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A case of hemolytic disease of the newborn due to anti‐Leb is described. The mother possessed high titer IgG anti‐Leb reacting at 37°C and complement binding in nature. The infant had mild hemolytic disease with a positive direct Coombs' test using anti‐IgG and anticomplement. Anti‐Leb could be eluted from the infant's red cells.
Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn Due to Rhesus Anti‐ē Antibody
Authors: Chapman Judith , Waters A.H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Haemolytic disease of the newborn due to rhesus anti‐ē alone is a rare occurrence. This condition is described in the second child of an R2R2 mother who had not previously been transfused. The antibody was of IgG subclasses IgG1+IgG3 and was detectable on the baby's cells for 4 months after birth. The anaemia was mild and persisted for the same period.
Regional Blood Inventory Management Development, Implementation and 30‐Month Follow‐Up1
Authors: Lau Peter , Morand Patrick G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A regional inventory management system—consignment of blood supply based on Brodheim's inventory model, rotation of blood units tailored to changeable hospital needs and removal of a credit system—was implemented in the Northwest Ohio Regional Blood Services Unit for a 30‐month period. The system successfully reduced outdates from 14.7 to 5.3% and better utilized available blood inventory. It also strengthened partnership and promoted cooperation among all participants.
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia Associated with Autoanti‐Ge
Authors: Reynolds Marilyn V. , Vengelen‐Tyler Virginia , Morel Phyllis A.
Published: March 2009

The first reported example of autoimmune hemolytic anemia due to an autoanti‐Gerbich is described. The patient's red blood cells exhibited a strongly positive direct antiglobulin test with both IgG and complement antiglobulin reagents. The serum contained a potent antibody which produced agglutination of red blood cells as well as a positive indirect antiglobulin test. Treatment of the serum with 2‐mercaptoethanol demonstrated that the antibody contained both IgG and IgM components. The serum antibody and the antibody eluted from the patient's red blood cells had anti‐Gerbich specificity. The patient's cells typed as Gerbich‐positive with saline‐agglutinating anti‐Gerbich sera. Of great interest was the fact that the patient's mother also has acquired immune hemolytic anemia, but the IgG antibody in her serum and eluted from her red blood cells had anti‐pdl specificity.
Distribution of Human IgG Subclasses in Commercial Intravenous Immunoglobulin Preparations: A Rate Nephelometric Method
Authors: Beck Oscar E. , Kaiser Paul E.
Published: March 2009

The relative amount of human IgG subclasses and/or subclass‐specific determinants were measured in seven commercial i.v. immunoglobulin preparations and one human serum preparation ‐ Paul Ehrlich Institute Plasma Protein Reference No, 2. Quantification was done by means of subclass‐specific antisera and a human IgG subclass standard HOO‐02 using the recently established rate nephelometric method. The differences between the one human serum preparation and those of normal human serum are much smaller than those between the i.v. immunoglobulin preparations, being for IgG2 the greatest and for IgG3 the smallest. This does not come as a surprise because the various treatment processes used in the manufacture of i.v. immunoglobulin preparations are likely to result in loss and/or masking of the subclass‐specific determinants.

Although little is known about the genetical ramifications which could arise through the use of i.v. immunoglobulin preparations in which there is variation in the subclass distribution, attention should be given to this subject as passive immunotherapy becomes more popular.
Characteristics of an Antibody Causing Agglutination of M‐Positive Non‐Enzymatically Glycosylated Human Red Cells
Authors: Reid M.E. , Ellisor S.S. , Barker J.M. , Lewish T. , Avoy D.R.
Published: March 2009

An alloagglutinin was identified in the serum of an M‐negative diabetic patient. The agglutinin reacted with all commercial M‐positive red cell samples. Routine cross‐matches showed no incompatibility. This anti‐M would only agglutinate M‐positive red cell samples that had been incubated in 2% glucose for a minimum of 2 h at 37°C, 2 days at 22°C, or 1 week at 4°C. Reactive red cell samples, when washed and incubated in saline, gradually became non‐reactive. This antibody reacted optimally in low ionic strength solution at 16°C for 20 min where MM red cells were agglutinated to a titer of 256, score 85; and MN red cells were agglutinated to a titer of 128, score 66. The antibody was denatured by 2‐mercaptoethanol and was inhibited by a crude M tryptic isolate and by 2 % glucose, but not by other sugars prepared at a 2% concentration.
A Two‐step Procedure for the Purification of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg)
Authors: Einarsson Monica , Kaplan Lennart , Pertofi Hikan
Published: March 2009

Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was purified by a simple, rapid, two‐step procedure comprising chromatography on dextran sulfate‐Sepharose 4B, followed by preparative rate zonal centrifugation on a sucrose gradient. A 230‐fold purification of HBsAg was achieved with a yield of about 80%.