bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and modification of novel thiazole-fused quinoxalines as new insecticidal agents against the cotton leafworm Spodoptera litura: design, characterization, in vivo bio-evaluation, toxicological effectiveness, and study their mode of action
Authors: Elsisi Doaa M. , Abusaif Moustafa S. , El-Said Eman , Elqady Enayat M. , Salem Mohamed A. , Ammar Yousry A. , Ragab Ahmed
Published: January 2025

New insecticidal agents based on quinoxaline derivatives targeting the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera litura.
Grid disturbance resilience and stability improvement of grid-connected wind power plants
Authors: Al-Shetwi Ali Q.
Published: January 2025

This study develops an integrated control strategy for grid-connected wind power plants (GCWPPs) to address voltage and frequency stability challenges during disturbances, enabling them to operate similarly to conventional power stations.
Physical properties of circumnuclear ionising clusters III. Kinematics of gas and stars in NGC,7742
Authors: Zamora S. , Díaz A.I. , Terlevich Roberto , Terlevich Elena , Amorín R.
Published: January 2025

For this third paper in the series, we studied the kinematics of the ionised gas and stars, and calculated the dynamical masses of the circumnuclear star-forming regions in the ring of the face-on spiral NGC 7742. We used high spectral resolution data from the MEGARA instrument mounted on the Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC) to measure the kinematical components of the nebular emission lines of selected HII regions and the stellar velocity dispersions from the CaT absorption lines that allow the derivation of the associated cluster virialised masses. The emission line profiles show two different kinematical components: a narrow one with a velocity dispersion of ∼ 10 km/s and a broad one with a velocity dispersion similar to the values found for the stellar absorption lines. The derived star cluster dynamical masses range from 2.5 times 10^6 to 10.0 times 10^7 M_⊙. The comparison of gas and stellar velocity dispersions suggests a scenario where the clusters have formed simultaneously in a first star formation episode with a fraction of the stellar evolution feedback remaining trapped in the cluster, subject to the same gravitational potential as the cluster stars. Between 0.15 and 7.07 % of the total dynamical mass of the cluster would have cooled down and formed a new, younger, population of stars, responsible for the ionisation of the gas currently observed.
ESP32 charging system prototype for EV: Design and implementation using wireless energy transmission
Authors: Sallem Amin , Souissi Zied , Nasri Mohamed Aziz , Benhala Bachir , Masmoudi Nouri
Published: January 2025

Electric vehicles (EVs) are gaining popularity due to their cost-effectiveness and environmental advantages. The major objective is to design charging systems that can support extended vehicle usage. The current charging infrastructure relies on conductive ways, but technological advancements are offering wireless options. Inductive EV charging, a wireless alternative, eliminates the need for physical cables and runs on solar energy, hence removing the requirement for external power sources. This novel technology recharges EVs while they are in motion, removing the need for refueling. Batteries, transformers, solar panels, copper coils, regulator circuits, ESP32 controllers, AC / DC converters are among the prototype design components.
Material management comparison between lot for lot and field actual condition
Authors: Atmaja Jajang , Natalia Monika , Masrilayanti  , Ramadhani Siraj , Rahmadini Yessa , Sourkan Sulleyman
Published: January 2025

Project material management aims to regulate effective and efficient use materials because material is a resource the largest percentage of the total project cost. In reality, the process of providing materials encounters many obstacles such as late material arrival cause human error and natural disaster, materials not available, overcost, undercost. This research was carried out substructure of the Inpres Market Development Project located in Painan, Pesisir Selatan. Materials for substructure were imported from Padang, which is 70 km from project located. The topographic conditions of areas that prone to disasters such as floods and landslides, which cause connecting road Padang and Painan to be cut off. Arrival materials delay, which results in project delays and wasted costs, so material management is needed. This study aims to obtain the actual material management costs of the field, further compared to the lot for lot technique. The results, total cost field actual condition of Rp8,909,250,238.42, with a lot for lot technique of Rp8,789,667,046. The cost use lot for lot technique is cheaper by Rp119,583,192.42 or 1.34% due, this technique makes the storage cost zero, meaning that every material that comes will be used directly at the project site.
Assessment of electricity supply adequacy for tsunami refuge shelter planning in Universitas Andalas
Authors: Budikusuma Arif , Adrianti Adrianti , Nasir Muhammad , Nofendra Riko , Hakimah Ab Aziz Nur
Published: January 2025

Padang City is an earthquake-tsunami-prone area; therefore, preparedness to anticipate disasters is essential. The city has made evacuation routes and provided Temporary Evacuation Shelters and Final Evacuation Shelters. Universitas Andalas (Unand) is in the safe zone of a tsunami disaster and can be used as a final evacuation shelter. When a disaster occurs, most of the electrical network experiences damage. Hence, only local electrical power supply can be relied on. Unand has gensets and PV that can supply the refugee shelters. This study aims to analyse Unand’s power supply ability to provide electricity for planned refugee shelters. The research started with shelter location selection, measuring shelter area, determining shelter capacity, calculating shelter electric demand, and analysing the local supply adequacy in serving the electric demand. The results show that the shelters can accommodate 3704 refugees, and the peak demand is 55.1 Kw in the evenings. The peak demand is far lower than the power supply’s maximum output. Then, based on the demand and generating output, power flow simulations are carried out to determine the electrical conditions in the network. It is found that Unand can meet the refugee’s electrical power needs and the electricity quality is within standard.
Lowering the skyrmion depinning current in synthetic antiferromagnetic systems
Authors: Wang Yancheng , Xie Xin , Zhang Haobing , Fan Xintao , Wang Weiwei
Published: January 2025

Magnetic skyrmions, as topological spin textures, offer great potential for next-generation spintronic applications. Skyrmions in artificially synthesized antiferromagnets (SAFs) are particularly promising due to their ability to suppress the skyrmion Hall effect and achieve faster dynamics, making them highly attractive for spintronic devices. However, the critical current density required to drive SAF skyrmions using spin-transfer torque is significantly higher than in conventional ferromagnetic systems. In this work, we analytically and numerically demonstrate that the critical current density for SAF skyrmions can be significantly reduced by applying distinct currents to different layers within the system. This approach can be applied to periodically pinned skyrmions in SAFs, offering the dual benefits of a suppressed Hall effect and a reduced critical current density. Our findings pave the way for more efficient manipulation of SAF skyrmions in spintronic device architectures.
A tunable multi-resonance 2D V-groove metasurface
Authors: Qi Zhengqing , Chen Yipin , Zhao Tianjing , Chen Peng , Yang Huizhen
Published: January 2025

Based on the electromagnetic enhancement mechanism, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates with multi-resonance enhancement can achieve a higher enhancement factor (EF) by matching the resonance frequencies to both the excitation and Raman scattering frequencies. In this paper, we propose a theoretical design for a tunable multi-resonance 2D V-groove plasmonic substrate, constructed from an Ag–SiO2–Ag metasurface that incorporates established silicon processing technology. The excellent 2D multi-resonance substrate expands conventional electromagnetic “hotspot” to a “hot line,” thereby providing a larger and more robust coupling regime for SERS detection. The inclined plane serves as a “trap” and ensures the target molecules fall into the “hot line.” Theoretically, the EF of SERS can reach up to 5.12 × 1011, surpassing that of traditional nanoparticle antennas. The proposed 2D plasmonic substrate serves as an exceptional platform for multi-resonance SERS applications.
Mpemba effect in the relaxation of an active Brownian particle in a trap without metastable states
Authors: Biswas Apurba , Rajesh R.
Published: January 2025

We explore the role of activity in the occurrence of the Mpemba effect within a system of an active colloid diffusing in a potential landscape devoid of metastable minimum. The Mpemba effect is characterized by a phenomenon where a hotter system reaches equilibrium quicker than a colder one when both are rapidly cooled to the same low temperature. While a minimal asymmetry in the potential landscape is crucial for observing this effect in passive colloidal systems, the introduction of activity can either amplify or reduce the threshold of this minimal asymmetry, resulting in the activity-induced and suppressed Mpemba effect. We attribute these variations in the Mpemba effect to the effective translational shift in the phase boundaries, which occurs as activity is changed.
Influence of phase difference and amplitude ratio on Kelvin–Helmholtz instability with dual-mode interface perturbations
Authors: Xu Hao , Lin Chuandong , Lai Huilin
Published: January 2025

A two-component discrete Boltzmann method (DBM) is employed to study the compressible Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) instability with dual-mode interface perturbations, consisting of a fundamental wave and a second harmonic. The phase difference is analyzed in two distinct ranges, and the amplitude ratio is studied by varying the amplitude of either the first or second harmonic. The global average density gradient and the global mixing degree are analyzed from a hydrodynamic non-equilibrium perspective. The thermodynamic non-equilibrium (TNE) intensity is probed as a thermodynamic non-equilibrium variable. The system is also explored from a geometric perspective, with a focus on the rotation of two vortices, the mixing layer width, and the non-equilibrium area. Physically, under the influence of shear velocity, the fluid interface becomes distorted and progressively elongated, resulting in the formation of two small vortex structures and an enhancement of the physical gradient. The two vortices then begin to interact and merge into a single large vortex with complex fluid structures. Consequently, the physical gradient decreases, and the local TNE intensity weakens. Subsequently, the material interface elongates further, increasing the non-equilibrium region and enhancing the local TNE intensity. Finally, the physical gradient decreases due to dissipation and/or diffusion, weakening the local TNE intensity.
Particle-density segregation of rock–ice avalanche
Authors: Sun Zhiping , Li Shentian , Dong Jinkun , Dong Zhibo , Xiao Siyou
Published: January 2025

Rock-ice avalanches occurring in cold high-mountains have super mobility and enormous destructive potential. They consist mainly of ice and gravel with different physical properties, particularly density, leading to segregation and impacting the flow characteristics. However, how key factors affect segregation is still poorly understood. A series of simulations based on the discrete element method were conducted to quantify the effect of channel slope, ice content, and initial arrangement of ice-gravel on the segregation of rock-ice granular flow. Results show that a smaller slope and lower ice content promote density segregation of the rock-ice granular flow, allowing segregation to proceed more thoroughly, but interestingly, the initial arrangement of ice-gravel does not affect its final segregation state. This work provides insights into the effect of internal and external factors on the density difference-driven segregation for multi-component mixtures typified by rock-ice granular flow.
Research on the spatial state and electrical distance variation of overhead transmission lines with changes in foundation
Authors: Wang Shuai , Meng Xiaokai , Xu Siqing , Lu Zhumao , Bai Yang
Published: January 2025

This article conducts a thorough investigation into the spatial state variations of overhead lines in response to foundational changes, as well as alterations in the electrical distance between the conductor and both the ground and tower structures. These changes are crucial for maintaining the stability and safety of the power system. By establishing an appropriate coordinate system and analyzing how tower sinking affects the position of overhead lines, this study examines the combined effects of multiple factors on the position of overhead lines. These factors include the degree of tower sinking, the elasticity and tension of the overhead lines, the positions and heights of adjacent towers, wind force, temperature, and other environmental elements. A mathematical model was developed to describe the positional changes of overhead lines following tower sinkage, and formulas were used to calculate the new suspension point positions and electrical distance variations of the wires. In addition, the effects of wire oscillations due to wind forces on the electrical clearance at tower heads and the impact of insulator string deviation on wire stability and safety were analyzed. Finally, a series of measures were proposed to ensure the safe operation of the power system.
Potential grammaticalization of epistemic phrases
Authors: Lorenz David
Published: January 2025

This paper deals with the potential grammaticalization of
English (it) could be and (it) might be into
epistemic sentence adverbs in analogy to maybe. They can occur
in adverb-like positions and functions in informal language use, e.g.
(it) could be something good has begun, often with the
pronoun it omitted. But, given that no diachronic development
is attested, to what extent does their usage indicate innovation or an emerging
convention of adverbial could be / might be? How are they
differentiated from maybe? Following up on previous
corpus-based and experimental research, I present findings from two small
experiments. Experiment 1 elicits the morphosyntactic interpretation (clausal
vs. adverbial) with ratings of structurally different paraphrases; Experiment 2
aims at the semantic interpretation of epistemic stance. The results provide
little evidence of conventionalization of adverbial could be / might
be, and also no clear signs of semantic or pragmatic
differentiation. I conclude that weak conventions leave room for variability,
and propose that these forms have a proclivity to be continuously re-innovated
as micro-steps on a grammaticalization path, but this is not enough to drive
change beyond existing conventions.
Syntactic position of contrast markers in different registers of French
Authors: Brysbaert Jorina , Lahousse Karen
Published: January 2025

This paper presents a quantitative corpus analysis of three syntactically mobile contrast markers in different
registers of French: contrastive adverbs, emphatic pronouns, and emphatic pronouns introduced by quant à “as
for”. We show that the preferred syntactic position of the three markers is influenced by their form and discourse function, but
that the degree of this influence varies across registers. In informal written and spoken French, form and discourse function have
a greater impact on syntactic position than in formal written French, where the standard word order subject + verb + other
clause elements is favored, and non-neutral (inter)subjective peripheries are avoided. Hence, our analysis provides
evidence for the idea that informal written and spoken French are (becoming) more discourse-configurational.
Tracing relevance beyond codes and across modes
Authors: Al Tamimi Turath Awad , Altahmazi Thulfiqar H.
Published: January 2025

Drawing on Relevance Theory, the paper sketches out a framework that accounts for inference-making in creative
multimodal texts, taking advocacy campaign posters as its case study. The analysis shows that in each poster semiotic resources
are employed to create a micro-narrative exemplifying actors affected by a sociopolitical problem, whose function is to create
assumptions against which a higher-order intention is recognized. The text-internal relevance within the micro-narrative is
optimized by combining verbal and visual elements to communicate multimodal explicatures and implicatures. The visual elements are
employed to invoke non-propositional effects that activate perceptual mechanisms to maximize emotional attachment with the issue
advocated for. These non-propositional effects communicated by visual connotation carriers are essential, rather than extra,
elements, contributing to the understanding of the propositional meaning communicated at the text-external level. The analysis
shows that an inferential approach to multimodality is indispensable to account for (non)propositional content across different
modes.
Development of the first relativistic electron loss probe with pitch and energy resolution in the DIII-D tokamak
Authors: Du X D , Kramer G J , Heidbrink W W , Mischenko N , Taussig D , Hong S , Lasnier C J , Van Zeeland M A , Eidietis N W , Rueda-Rueda J , Liu D
Published: January 2025

A relativistic electron probe has been developed in the DIII-D tokamak, capable of simultaneously resolving pitch angles and energies of runaway electrons (REs) for the first time. Due to the relativistic speeds of REs, their gyro-orbit size becomes comparable to those of fast deuterium with energies in the tens of keV range. This allows for the measurement of RE strike images on a phosphor plane, with their orbits being deflected by the Lorentz force as they pass through a pinhole aperture. The strike positions correspond to the energies and pitch of the incident REs. Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code has shown that an ultra-thin phosphor coating significantly reduces the energy deposition from γ-rays, while allowing a much greater deposition from REs, minimizing the background noise. The novel system, developed for the DIII-D tokamak, is expected to provide unprecedented insights into the phase-space dynamics of REs.
Two-dimensional inference of divertor plasma characteristics: advancements to a multi-instrument Bayesian analysis system
Authors: Greenhouse D , Bowman C , Lipschultz B , Verhaegh K , Fil A , Harrison J
Published: January 2025

An integrated data analysis system based on Bayesian inference has been developed for application to data from multiple diagnostics over the two-dimensional cross-section of tokamak divertors. The divertor multi-instrument Bayesian analysis system (D-MIBAS) has been tested on a synthetic dataset (including realistic experimental uncertainties) generated from SOLPS-ITER predictions of the MAST-U divertor. The resulting inference was within 6%, 5%, and 30% median absolute percentage error of the SOLPS-ITER-predicted electron temperature, electron density, and neutral atomic hydrogen density, respectively, across a two-dimensional poloidal cross-section of the MAST-U Super-X outer divertor. To accommodate molecular contributions to Balmer emission, an advanced emission model has been developed. This is shown to be crucial for inference accuracy. Our D-MIBAS system utilises a mesh aligned to poloidal magnetic flux-surfaces, throughout the divertor, with plasma parameters assigned to each mesh vertex and collectively considered in the inference. This allowed comprehensive forward models of multiple diagnostics and the inclusion of expected physics. This is shown to be important for inference precision when including molecular contributions to Balmer emission. These developments pave the way for accurate, two-dimensional electron temperature, electron density, and neutral atomic hydrogen density inferences for MAST-U divertor experimental data for the first time.
Impurity effects on quasi-linear particle transport induced by ubiquitous modes in tokamak plasmas
Authors: He J Y , Li J , Shen Y , He R , Liu L , Zheng Y , Li M L , Zhang X Y
Published: January 2025

The impurity effects on quasi-linear turbulent transport induced by ubiquitous modes (UMs) and typical trapped electron modes (ty-TEMs) in tokamak plasmas are numerically investigated and identified, employing a full gyrokinetic description for main and impurity ions. The overall characterization of TEMs is demonstrated to be categorized into typical TEM (propagation in the electron diamagnetic drift direction

ω
~

r

>
0

) and UM (propagation in the ion diamagnetic drift direction

ω
~

r

<
0

). The behaviors of both instabilities and induced particle transports in the presence of impurity ions are studied in the broad parameter regions, containing the effects of concentration, density gradients, charge and mass numbers of impurity ions, temperature gradients as well as temperature ratio. The results indicate that the ty-TEM and UM instability and induced particle flux of main ion and electron exhibit distinct responses to the impurity density gradients, particularly for the case of negative

L

ez

. Moreover, large ion and electron temperature gradients, high electron-to-impurity temperature ratios, and heavier impurities with higher charge numbers

Z

significantly enhance the stabilizing effect on UMs and more effectively reduce the particle flux. Significantly, the inward particle fluxes of both electrons and main ions and outward impurity fluxes can be observed in a sufficiently high

k
θ

ρ

s

range, such as

k
θ

ρ

s

>
4

, where UMs dominate. The above benefits for the formation and maintenance of particle pinch and the mitigation of impurity ion accumulation.
Fluid versus kinetic response to low-n magnetic perturbations in high-β HL-3 plasmas and effect of edge safety factor variation
Authors: Li C Y , Hao G Z , Liu Y Q , Wang L , Dong G Q , Zhang N , Zhao Y F , Liu Y H Z
Published: January 2025

This work systematically studies the plasma response to externally applied resonant magnetic perturbation (RMP) fields designed to control edge localized modes (ELMs) in the HL-3 reference plasmas, utilizing the MARS-F/K code (Liu et al 2000 Phys. Plasmas
7 3681; Liu et al 2008 Phys. Plasmas
15 112503). The single-fluid resistive model predicts a significant increase in the plasma response amplitude as the plasma pressure approaches the Troyon no-wall limit (

β

N

no-wall-limit

), in contrast to strong suppression of the response amplitude with the MHD-kinetic hybrid model, for both the n = 1 and n = 2 perturbations (where n is the toroidal mode number). Based on the linear response analysis, it is proposed that the kinetic resonance between the RMP perturbation and particle drift motions changes the growth rate of the relevant modes (mainly kink modes), thereby altering the strength of the plasma response. Finally, results with the MHD-kinetic hybrid model indicate the presence of a window in edge safety factor for achieving ELM control at high-β

N
(near

β

N

no-wall-limit

), whose size and magnitude is essentially independent of pressure. This also supports the analytic results of the linear response model regarding the relationship between mode stability and response strength.
Dynamical interiors of black-bounce spacetimes
Authors: Pal Kunal , Pal Kuntal , Sarkar Tapobrata
Published: January 2025

Using the Israel-Darmois junction conditions, we obtain a class of regular dynamical interiors to the recently proposed black-bounce spacetimes
which regularises the Schwarzschild singularity by introducing a regularisation parameter. We show that a regularised Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker
like interior geometry can not be matched smoothly with the exterior black-bounce spacetime through a timelike hypersurface, as there
always exists a thin shell of non-zero energy-momentum tensor at the matching hypersurface. We obtain the expressions for the energy density
and pressure corresponding to the thin-shell surface energy-momentum tensor in terms of the regularisation parameter and derive an evolution equation for the
scale factor of the interior geometry by imposing physical conditions on these components. We also discuss the formation of the event horizon inside the interior in the case when the initial conditions are such that the
situation describes a collapsing matter cloud. We elaborate upon the physical implications of these results.
Constraining the impact of standard model phase transitions on primordial black holes
Authors: Pritchard Xavier , Byrnes Christian T.
Published: January 2025

Phase transitions in the early universe lead to a reduction in the equation of state of
the primordial plasma. This exponentially enhances the formation rate of primordial black
holes. However, this sensitivity to the equation of state is the same that primordial black hole
abundances show to the primordial curvature power spectrum amplitude. In this paper, we
investigate peaked power spectra and show the challenges associated with motivating populations of
primordial black holes with standard model enhancements. The parametrisation of different power
spectra plays an important role in this discussion. The allowed parameter space consistent with a
large QCD phase transition impact on the primordial black hole abundance differs greatly. This is
particularly evident for broader spectra. We also show that, in our framework, the electroweak
phase transition cannot significantly affect the overall abundance.
Inhomogeneous MHz-scale intensity noise in double-pass fiber amplifiers
Authors: Poddubrovskii N R , Lobach I A , Podivilov E V , Kablukov S I
Published: January 2025

Here we report about the first demonstration of periodic MHz-scale inhomogeneous relative intensity noise (RIN) induced in double-pass fiber amplifiers. An Er:Yb-doped double-pass fiber amplifier operating near 1570.2 nm and stable continuous-wave single-frequency radiation source are used for the demonstration. The periodic structure of RIN has typical period of units of MHz observed in the range of 0–50 MHz and is formed in the radio-frequency spectrum of the amplified signal. It was found that the key factor influencing period of the RIN structure is spacing between the active fiber and a reflector forming the double-pass amplifier configuration. The population dynamics gratings formed in the active fiber are considered to be responsible for the formation of the periodic RIN structure. Here we investigate an influence of various factors on the period and positions of the RIN structure maxima. The results obtained can be used for designing single-frequency double-pass fiber amplifiers.
Optimizing cost through dynamic stochastic resetting
Authors: Gupta Deepak , Cleuren Bart
Published: January 2025

The cost of stochastic resetting is considered within the context of a discrete random walk (RW) model. In addition to standard stochastic resetting, for which a reset occurs with a certain probability after each step, we introduce a novel resetting protocol which we dubbed dynamic resetting. This protocol entails an additional dynamic constraint related to the direction of successive steps of the RW. We study this novel protocol for a one-dimensional RW on an infinite lattice. We analyze the impact of the constraint on the walker’s mean-first passage time and the cost (fluctuations) of the resets as a function of distance of target from the resetting location. Further, cost optimized search strategies are discussed.
Residual analysis based neutron-gamma pulses segregation of liquid scintillator detector
Authors: Paul R.K. , Bhattacherjee R. , Bitragunta S. , Das A. , Banerjee A. , Dhara P. , Samanta T. , Pal S.
Published: January 2025

An innovative residual analysis based method is proposed for
pulse shape discrimination and segregation of neutron and gamma
pulses of liquid scintillator-based detector (BC501A). This study
develops a simple and efficient algorithm for discrimination of
neutrons and gammas from mixed environment and then segregate the
neutron and gamma pulses into two label datasets. This method
involves analyzing the residuals between the measured pulse and the
reference gamma pulse in normalized scale. By examining these
residuals, users can identify characteristics unique to each type of
radiation. The pulse shape discrimination performance obtained for a
5 inches by 5 inches (length by diameter) liquid scintillator
detector using this residual method is found to be 20% better
compared to that obtained using traditional charge comparison
method.
Optimizing spin dressing sensitivity for the nEDMSF experiment
Authors: Cianciolo V.
Published: January 2025

nEDMSF aims to measure the neutron electric dipole moment
(dn
) with unprecedented precision. In this paper we explore the
experiment's sensitivity when operating with an implementation of
the critical dressing method in which the angle between the neutron
and Helium-3 spins (ϕ
3n
) is subjected to a square modulation
by an amount ϕ

d
(the “dressing angle”). Several parameters
can be tuned to optimize sensitivity. We find roughly 10%
improvement over a previous estimate, resulting primarily from the
addition of a waiting period between the π/2 pulse that
initiates dn
-driven ϕ
3n
growth and the start of
ϕ
3n
modulation. We find negligible further improvement by
allowing ϕ

d
to vary continuously over the course of a run, and
no degradation resulting from the addition of an in situ
background measurement into each ϕ
3n
modulation sequence. A
complete simulation confirms a 300 live-day sensitivity of
σ = 1.45×10-28
e ·cm. At this level of
sensitivity, σ

ϕ

3n

0 = 1 mrad precision on the
initial n/3He angle difference is not negligible.
The establishment of blue-sky index: how to quantify the aerosol optical impacts on sky color
Authors: Shen Sunan , Wang Jiandong , Liu Chao , Xing Jia , Wang Jiaping , Cai Jing , Tian Zeyuan , Wang Peng , Zheng Guangjie , Jin Yuzhi , Wang Chenggang , Cao Le , Zhang Zhouyang , Wang Bin , Ding Aijun , Wang Shuxiao
Published: January 2025

Color of the sky serves as a direct indicator of haze, while also exerting substantial influence on human physiological and psychological well-being, as well as the overall environmental scenery. However, quantifying color changes is quite challenging. This research develops a quantitative approach for evaluating the influence of atmospheric aerosol pollution on the appearance of the sky. We first calculated the influence of atmospheric aerosols on the sky’s diffuse radiation, which is the source of sky color. Then, we mapped the diffuse radiation onto a perceptually uniform color space to quantify alterations in sky color. The results reveal that the relationship between aerosol concentration and sky color change follows a logarithmic-like distribution: the higher the concentration, the weaker the change in sky color per unit increase in aerosol concentration. Consequently, during the early phases of air pollution control implementation, there may be minimal observable changes in the color of the sky. However, as these measures are further enforced, a discernible bluing effect on the sky will become evident. Based on the quantification of the change of sky color, a blue-sky index (BSI) was established. We find that concurrent with improvements in air quality resulting from emission reduction measures, the BSI has significantly decreased in recent years in China. This trend indicates an increase in the frequency of blue-sky occurrences.
Satellite monitoring of annual US landfill methane emissions and trends
Authors: Balasus Nicholas , Jacob Daniel J , Maxemin Gabriel , Jenks Carrie , Nesser Hannah , Maasakkers Joannes D , Cusworth Daniel H , Scarpelli Tia R , Varon Daniel J , Wang Xiaolin
Published: January 2025

We use satellite observations of atmospheric methane from the TROPOMI instrument to estimate total annual methane emissions for 2019–2023 from four large Southeast US landfills with gas collection and control systems. The emissions are on average 6× higher than the values reported by the landfills to the US Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program (GHGRP) which are used by the US Environmental Protection Agency for its national Greenhouse Gas Inventory (GHGI). We find increasing emissions over the 2019–2023 period whereas the GHGRP reports a decrease. The GHGRP requires gas-collecting landfills to estimate their annual emissions either with a recovery-first model (estimating emissions as a function of methane recovered) or a generation-first model (estimating emissions from a first-order decay applied to waste-in-place). All four landfills choose to use the recovery-first model, which yields emissions that are one-quarter of those from the generation-first model and decreasing over 2019–2023, in contrast with the TROPOMI observations. Our TROPOMI estimates for two of the landfills agree with the generation-first model, with increasing emissions over 2019–2023 due to increasing waste-in-place or decreasing methane recovery, and are still higher than the generation-first model for the other two landfills. Further examination of the GHGRP emissions from all reporting landfills in the US shows that the 19% decrease in landfill emissions reported by the GHGI over 2005–2022 reflects an increasing preference for the recovery-first model by the reporting landfills, rather than an actual emission decrease. The generation-first model would imply an increase in landfill emissions over 2013–2022, and this is more consistent with atmospheric observations.
Digital light processing 3D bioprinting of biomimetic corneal stroma equivalent using gelatin methacryloyl and oxidized carboxymethylcellulose interpenetrating network hydrogel
Authors: Chand Rashik , Janarthanan Gopinathan , Elkhoury Kamil , Vijayavenkataraman Sanjairaj
Published: January 2025

Corneal blindness, a leading cause of visual impairment globally, has created a pressing need for alternatives to corneal transplantation due to the severe shortage of donor tissues. In this study, we present a novel interpenetrating network hydrogel composed of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) and oxidized carboxymethyl cellulose (OxiCMC) for bioprinting a biomimetic corneal stroma equivalent. We tested different combinations of GelMA and OxiCMC to optimize printability and subsequently evaluated these combinations using rheological studies for gelation and other physical, chemical, and biological properties. Using digital light processing (DLP) bioprinting, with tartrazine as a photoabsorber, we successfully biofabricated three-dimensional constructs with improved shape fidelity, high resolution, and excellent reproducibility. The bioprinted constructs mimic the native corneal stroma’s curvature, with central and peripheral thicknesses of 478.9 ± 56.5 µm and 864.0 ± 79.3 µm, respectively. The dual crosslinking strategy, which combines Schiff base reaction and photocrosslinking, showed an improved compressive modulus (106.3 ± 7.7 kPa) that closely matched that of native tissues (115.3 ± 13.6 kPa), without relying on synthetic polymers, toxic crosslinkers, or nanoparticles. Importantly, the optical transparency of tartrazine-containing corneal constructs was comparable to the native cornea following phosphate-buffered saline washing. Morphological analyses using scanning electron microscopy confirmed the improved porosity, interconnected network, and structural integrity of the GelMA-OxiCMC hydrogel, facilitating better nutrient diffusion and cell viability. In vitro biological assays demonstrated high cell viability (>93%) and desirable proliferation of human corneal keratocytes within the biofabricated constructs. Our findings indicate that the GelMA-OxiCMC hydrogel system for DLP bioprinting presents a promising alternative for corneal tissue engineering, offering a potential solution to the donor cornea shortage and advancing regenerative medicine for corneal repair.
Regulation on the pantograph-catenary arc by alternating transverse magnetic field
Authors: Yang Zefeng , Huang Chun , Luo Yunfeng , Huang Zhiwen , Xia Langyu , Zhang Huan , Zhou Shangang , Dong Keliang , Wei Wenfu
Published: January 2025

The pantograph-catenary arc has persistently posed a challenge, impeding the advancement of high-speed rail systems. As the velocity of high-speed trains continues to escalate and environmental conditions become increasingly complex, the phenomenon of pantograph-catenary arc drifting has intensified, thereby jeopardizing the safe operation of the trains. To enhance the stability of the pantograph-catenary arc, this paper proposes a method to regulate arc using an AC transverse magnetic field (ATMF) and investigates the regulation law of ATMF on an arc in airflow environment. The results indicate that ATMF can effectively maintain arc stability, with stability enhancing as magnetic field frequency increases up to a threshold value. In an airflow environment, the stabilization effect is maximized at a frequency of 50 Hz, with arc voltage fluctuation at 4.65 V, accounting for only 5.47% of total arc voltage. It is also found that the arc temperature increases with the frequency of the magnetic field, reaching 4743 K at 10 Hz and 4976 K at 1000 Hz. In addition, the effects of sinusoidal, triangular and rectangular magnetic field excitation currents on the arc are investigated, it is found that the arc shows the greatest stability in the triangular field, with a voltage fluctuation of 3.04 V. This study provides theoretical support for the application of ATMF regulation to enhance the stability of the pantograph-catenary arc.
Émile Paladilhe, Solo for Oboe (1898)
Authors: Lewis Nora Anderson
Published: January 2025

This chapter explores the historical context and musical analysis of Émile Paladilhe’s Solo for Oboe (1898). This era marked a separation between composer and performer roles, where performers tried to faithfully reproduce the intentions of composers. Georges Gillet, a renowned oboist, exemplified this divide and made significant contributions to define modern repertoire for the oboe. As a soloist and professor at the Paris Conservatory, Gillet championed repertoire and collaborated with composers for idiomatic works. Émile Paladilhe, a composer known for vocal music, created the Solo for Oboe as a result of Gillet’s commission for the annual Concours. The piece, characterized by melodic elegance and virtuosity, showcases the oboe as an operatic protagonist, blending fiery and lyrical passages. The B section provides contrast, leading to a triumphant conclusion. This gem of a piece remains enjoyable for both performers and audiences alike.
Ralph Vaughan Williams, Concerto for Oboe and Strings (1944)
Authors: Lewis Nora Anderson
Published: January 2025

This chapter focuses on Ralph Vaughan Williams, a renowned English composer who significantly influenced the English musical landscape and examines his Concerto for Oboe and String Orchestra (1944), within the context of his musical development and broader social and historical influences. Born into an esteemed family and raised between the idyllic countryside and London, Vaughan Williams defied familial expectations and pursued a musical career. His compositional approach was shaped by his international studies, notably with Ravel in Paris, and his deep connection to English folk music. His Oboe Concerto blends modal elements with pastoral themes and flexible rhythmic structures. The analysis reveals unconventional cadenza placements, a blurred rondo form, and tonal ambiguity, which recall his earlier work, The Lark Ascending. This piece serves as a compelling synthesis of his rich musical ideologies and his sustained commitment to creating English “National Music,” despite a changing musical landscape.
Richard Strauss, Concerto for Oboe and Small Orchestra, AV 144, TrV 292 (1945)
Authors: Lewis Nora Anderson
Published: January 2025

This chapter explores Richard Strauss’s Concerto for Oboe and Small Orchestra in D Major, AV 144, composed in 1945. Strauss, a prominent German composer born in 1864, experienced a transformative era, witnessing global events that influenced his compositional career. Initially celebrated as an avant-garde composer, Strauss adapted to changing musical trends, ultimately revealing his affinity for Classical composers like Mozart, influenced by his father’s conservative musical preferences. The chapter examines the historical context of the concerto’s genesis, tracing its inception from an encounter with an American serviceman, John de Lancie, an oboist who inspired Strauss to compose the work. The analysis explores the three interconnected movements, which highlight tonal conservatism and structural richness characteristic of late Romanticism. The Swiss and US premieres of the concerto, its reception, and the subsequent performances by renowned oboists, such as de Lancie and Mitch Miller, are discussed.
Bohuslav Martinů, Concerto for Oboe and Small Orchestra, H. 353 (1960)
Authors: Lewis Nora Anderson
Published: January 2025

This chapter discusses Bohuslav Martinů’s Concerto for Oboe and Small Orchestra, H. 353 (1960), threading the narratives of his personal history and compositional development. Raised in Polička’s St. James Church tower, in the Bohemian-Moravian highlands, Martinů’s isolated upbringing had profound effects on his composition style, emphasizing “space and nature” over human elements. His exposure to Czech folk songs influenced his musical lexicon, and despite his struggle at the Prague Conservatory, the cultural life there shaped his creative identity. The chapter discusses his Parisian years, American exile, and eventual return to Europe. Throughout, Martinů’s works reflect a blend of folk-like melodies and motor-like rhythms. The analysis of his Oboe Concerto reveals his tonally inspired yet rhythmically dynamic style, with narrative elements of opera and folk music. It examines the heavy orchestration and intertwining thematic material that reflect the nostalgia for his homeland, complexity of his life, and his innovative compositional style.
Antal Dorati, Five Pieces for Oboe Solo (1980)
Authors: Lewis Nora Anderson
Published: January 2025

This chapter offers historical context and musical analysis of Antal Dorati’s Five Pieces for Oboe Solo (1980). Born in Budapest amid the sociopolitical turmoil of central Europe, Dorati’s early experiences shaped his musical development, particularly under the tutelage of Weiner, Kodály, and Bartók. Despite primarily being known as a conductor, Dorati’s passion for composition permeated his works, reflecting his understanding of tradition and innovation in music. This chapter closely examines his work Five Pieces for Oboe Solo, highlighting its unique form, thematic complexity, and programmatic narrative. The five movements encapsulate different musical ideas, ranging from the chromatic interplay in La cigale et la fourmie, to the fugal complexities of the third movement. This piece demonstrates his ability to inject programmatic ideas into theoretical and formal frameworks and to captivate the listener through daring explorations of musical boundaries.
Integrating single-cell multimodal epigenomic data using 1D convolutional neural networks
Authors: Gao Chao , Welch Joshua D
Published: January 2025

Motivation

Recent experimental developments enable single-cell multimodal epigenomic profiling, which measures multiple histone modifications and chromatin accessibility within the same cell. Such parallel measurements provide exciting new opportunities to investigate how epigenomic modalities vary together across cell types and states. A pivotal step in using these types of data is integrating the epigenomic modalities to learn a unified representation of each cell, but existing approaches are not designed to model the unique nature of this data type. Our key insight is to model single-cell multimodal epigenome data as a multichannel sequential signal.

Results

We developed ConvNet-VAEs, a novel framework that uses one-dimensional (1D) convolutional variational autoencoders (VAEs) for single-cell multimodal epigenomic data integration. We evaluated ConvNet-VAEs on nano-CUT&Tag and single-cell nanobody-tethered transposition followed by sequencing data generated from juvenile mouse brain and human bone marrow. We found that ConvNet-VAEs can perform dimension reduction and batch correction better than previous architectures while using significantly fewer parameters. Furthermore, the performance gap between convolutional and fully connected architectures increases with the number of modalities, and deeper convolutional architectures can increase the performance, while the performance degrades for deeper fully connected architectures. Our results indicate that convolutional autoencoders are a promising method for integrating current and future single-cell multimodal epigenomic datasets.

Availability and implementation

The source code of VAE models and a demo in Jupyter notebook are available at https://github.com/welch-lab/ConvNetVAE
Utilization of the QuPath open-source software platform for analysis of mammalian spermatogenesis
Authors: Niedenberger Bryan A , Belcher Heather A , Gilbert Emma A , Thomas Matthew A , Geyer Christopher B
Published: January 2025

The adult mammalian testis is filled with seminiferous tubules, which contain somatic Sertoli cells along with germ cells undergoing all phases of spermatogenesis. During spermatogenesis in postnatal mice, male germ cells undergo at least 17 different nomenclature changes as they proceed through mitosis as spermatogonia (=8), meiosis as spermatocytes (=6), and spermiogenesis as spermatids (=3). Adding to this complexity, combinations of germ cells at each of these stages of development are clumped together along the length of the seminiferous tubules. Due to this, considerable expertise is required for investigators to accurately analyze changes in spermatogenesis in animals that have spontaneous mutations, have been genetically modified (transgenic or knockout/knockin), or have been treated with pharmacologic agents. Here, we leverage our laboratory’s expertise in spermatogenesis to optimize the open-source “Quantitative Pathology & Bioimage Analysis” software platform for automated analyses of germ and somatic cell populations in both the developing and adult mammalian testis.
Biomarkers of sepsis in burn injury: an update
Authors: Palmieri Tina L , Heard Jason
Published: January 2025

Sepsis, a dysregulated response to infection, is a leading cause of death after burn injury. Changes in the immune response as well as the loss of the skin, the primary barrier to infection, contribute to the increased risk for infection and sepsis in burn patients. This higher risk is further compounded by the development of the systemic inflammatory response and hypermetabolic state, which limit the utility of commonly used infection markers. As such, the development of sepsis biomarkers after burn injury is an imperative. A sepsis biomarker would facilitate earlier diagnosis and treatment of sepsis, thus decreasing length of stay, morbidity, and mortality after burn injury. Numerous different biomarkers, ranging from acute phase reactants, cytokines, and inflammatory markers to omics analyses and extracellular vesicles have been assessed as potential biomarkers in burn sepsis. To date no single biomarker has proven useful as the sole indicator for sepsis. The future of burn sepsis biomarkers will likely require a panel of biomarkers from all categories. The purpose of this review article is to list the various biomarkers that have been studied in burn sepsis and describe their clinical utility and future use in patients with burn injury.
Comment on ‘Modified intralesional acyclovir therapy in the management of recalcitrant palmoplantar and ungual warts: a case series of 14 patients’
Authors: Altunisik Nihal , Kanat Zekiye , Sezer Suat , Turkmen Dursun
Published: January 2025

We read with interest the article by Agarwal et al. published recently in Clinical and Experimental Dermatology.1 In their article, the efficacy of intralesional application of acyclovir combined with lignocaine was evaluated in 14 patients with treatment-resistant palmoplantar and ungual warts.