bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pt1.8Pd0.2CuGa Intermetallic Nanocatalysts with Enhanced Methanol Oxidation Performance for Efficient Hybrid Seawater Electrolysis
Authors: Xu Kaiyang , Liang Lecheng , Li Tong , Bao Mujie , Yu Zhipeng , Wang Jingwei , Thalluri Sitaramanjaneya Mouli , Lin Fei , Liu Quanbing , Cui Zhiming , Song Shuqin , Liu Lifeng
Published: May 2024

Seawater electrolysis is a potentially cost‐effective approach to green hydrogen production, but it currently faces substantial challenges for its high energy consumption and the interference of chlorine evolution reaction (ClER). Replacing the energy‐demanding oxygen evolution reaction with methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) represents a promising alternative, as MOR occurs at a significantly low anodic potential, which cannot only reduce the voltage needed for electrolysis but also completely circumvents ClER. To this end, developing high‐performance MOR catalysts is a key. Herein, a novel quaternary Pt1.8Pd0.2CuGa/C intermetallic nanoparticle (i‐NP) catalyst is reported, which shows a high mass activity (11.13 A mgPGM−1), a large specific activity (18.13 mA cmPGM−2), and outstanding stability toward alkaline MOR. Advanced characterization and density functional theory calculations reveal that the introduction of atomically distributed Pd in Pt2CuGa intermetallic markedly promotes the oxidation of key reaction intermediates by enriching electron concentration around Pt sites, resulting in weak adsorption of carbon‐containing intermediates and favorable adsorption of synergistic OH− groups near Pd sites. MOR‐assisted seawater electrolysis is demonstrated, which continuously operates under 1.23 V for 240 h in simulated seawater and 120 h in natural seawater without notable degradation.
Oxygen Doping Cooperated with Co‐N‐Fe Dual‐Catalytic Sites: Synergistic Mechanism for Catalytic Water Purification within Nanoconfined Membrane
Authors: Wang Ziwei , Yi Zhigang , Wong Lok Wing , Tang Xiang , Wang Hou , Wang Han , Zhou Chengyun , He Yangzhuo , Xiong Weiping , Wang Guangfu , Zeng Guangming , Zhao Jiong , Xu Piao
Published: May 2024

Atom‐site catalysts, especially for graphitic carbon nitride‐based catalysts, represents one of the most promising candidates in catalysis membrane for water decontamination. However, unravelling the intricate relationships between synthesis‐structure–properties remains a great challenge. This study addresses the impacts of coordination environment and structure units of metal central sites based on Mantel test, correlation analysis, and evolution of metal central sites. An optimized unconventional oxygen doping cooperated with Co‐N‐Fe dual‐sites (OCN Co/Fe) exhibits synergistic mechanism for efficient peroxymonosulfate activation, which benefits from a significant increase in charge density at the active sites and the regulation in the natural population of orbitals, leading to selective generation of SO4•−. Building upon these findings, the OCN‐Co/Fe/PVDF composite membrane demonstrates a 33 min−1 ciprofloxacin (CIP) rejection efficiency and maintains over 96% CIP removal efficiency (over 24 h) with an average permeance of 130.95 L m−2 h−1. This work offers a fundamental guide for elucidating the definitive origin of catalytic performance in advance oxidation process to facilitate the rational design of separation catalysis membrane with improved performance and enhanced stability.
Vertically Oriented Quasi‐2D Perovskite Grown In‐Situ by Carbonyl Array‐Synergized Crystallization for Direct X‐Ray Detectors
Authors: Chen Huiwen , Zhu Ziyao , Zhao Bo , Huang Weixiong , Qu Geping , Xu Zong‐Xiang , Yu Xue‐Feng , Xiao Quanlan , Yang Shihe , Li Yunlong
Published: May 2024

Quasi‐2D perovskite quantum wells are increasingly recognized as promising candidates for direct‐conversion X‐ray detection. However, the fabrication of oriented and uniformly thick quasi‐2D perovskite films, crucial for effective high‐energy X‐ray detection, is hindered by the inherent challenges of preferential crystallization at the gas‐liquid interface, resulting in poor film quality. In addressing this limitation, a carbonyl array‐synergized crystallization (CSC) strategy is employed for the fabrication of thick films of a quasi‐2D Ruddlesden‐Popper (RP) phase perovskite, specifically PEA2MA4Pb5I16. The CSC strategy involves incorporating two forms of carbonyls in the perovskite precursor, generating large and dense intermediates. This design reduces the nucleation rate at the gas‐liquid interface, enhances the binding energies of Pb2+ at (202) and (111) planes, and passivates ion vacancy defects. Consequently, the construction of high‐quality thick films of PEA2MA4Pb5I16 RP perovskite quantum wells is achieved and characterized by vertical orientation and a pure well‐width distribution. The corresponding PEA2MA4Pb5I16 RP perovskite X‐ray detectors exhibit multi‐dimensional advantages in performance compared to previous approaches and commercially available a‐Se detectors. This CSC strategy promotes 2D perovskites as a candidate for next‐generation large‐area flat‐panel X‐ray detection systems.
Exploring the Link Between Autophagy‐Lysosomal Dysfunction and Early Heterotopic Ossification in Tendons
Authors: Gao Chang‐He , Wan Qian‐Qian , Yan Jan‐Fei , Zhu Yi‐Na , Tian Lei , Wei Jian‐Hua , Feng Bin , Niu Li‐Na , Jiao Kai
Published: May 2024

Heterotopic ossification (HO), the pathological formation of bone within soft tissues such as tendon and muscle, is a notable complication resulting from severe injury. While soft tissue injury is necessary for HO development, the specific molecular pathology responsible for trauma‐induced HO remains a mystery. The previous study detected abnormal autophagy function in the early stages of tendon HO. Nevertheless, it remains to be determined whether autophagy governs the process of HO generation. Here, trauma‐induced tendon HO model is used to investigate the relationship between autophagy and tendon calcification. In the early stages of tenotomy, it is observed that autophagic flux is significantly impaired and that blocking autophagic flux promoted the development of more rampant calcification. Moreover, Gt(ROSA)26sor transgenic mouse model experiments disclosed lysosomal acid dysfunction as chief reason behind impaired autophagic flux. Stimulating V‐ATPase activity reinstated both lysosomal acid functioning and autophagic flux, thereby reversing tendon HO. This present study demonstrates that autophagy‐lysosomal dysfunction triggers HO in the stages of tendon injury, with potential therapeutic targeting implications for HO.
Carbon supply elasticity and determinants of farmer carbon farming decisions
Authors: Wang Tong , Jin Hailong , Clay David , Sieverding Heidi L. , Cheye Stephen
Published: May 2024

This paper analyzed farmers' willingness to accept (WTA) payment and uncertainties toward carbon market through a 2021 U.S. Midwest farmer survey. The findings showed that farmer carbon supply was elastic at intermediate prices ($20–50/Mg), but inelastic at low ($10–20/Mg) and high ($50–70/Mg) price levels. While perceived co‐benefits play significant roles in promoting participation at low‐price levels, variables such as age, education, farm size, and soil quality are more likely to influence producers' choices at intermediate‐ and high‐price levels. To enhance farmers' support for carbon programs, measures should be taken to improve benefit, while reducing cost and uncertainty.
Attracting and securing budgets for agricultural and applied economics departments
Authors: Holt Matthew T. , Homans Frances R. , Lusk Jayson , Nayga Rodolfo M.
Published: May 2024

The aim of this paper is to discuss the challenges in attracting and securing adequate budgets for departments of agricultural and applied economics, while recognizing that the institutional and political contexts matter. Agricultural and applied economics departments that operate with an entrepreneurial mindset, that maintain and grow their student numbers, and that have a vibrant demand for their extension and research activities will thrive. The good news is we often have considerable control over the factors that contribute to our longer‐term success.
Multi‐state photoluminescent properties of an overcrowded alkene‐based molecular motor in aggregates
Authors: Shan Yahan , Sheng Jinyu , Zhang Qi , Stuart Marc C. A. , Qu Da‐Hui , Feringa Ben L.
Published: May 2024

Photoisomerization and photoluminescence are two distinct energy dissipation pathways in light‐driven molecular motors. The photoisomerization properties of discrete molecular motors have been well established in solution, but their photoluminescent properties have been rarely reported—especially in aggregates. Here, it is shown that an overcrowded alkene‐based molecular motor exhibits distinct dynamic properties in solution and aggregate states, for example, gel and solid states. Despite the poor emissive properties of molecular motors in solution, a bright emission is observed in the aggregate states, including in gel and the crystalline solid. The emission wavelength is highly dependent on the nature of the supramolecular packing and order in the aggregates. As a result, the fluorescent color can be readily tuned reversibly via mechanical grinding and vapor fuming, which provides a new platform for developing multi‐stimuli functional materials.
Globally optimal simultaneous heat exchanger network synthesis and basic heat exchanger design
Authors: Oliva Diego G. , Nahes Andre L. M. , Lemos Julia C. , Costa André L. H. , Bagajewicz Miguel J.
Published: May 2024

In this article, we extend a previously developed globally optimal enumeration methodology for the synthesis of heat exchanger networks (HENs) to include the basic design of heat exchangers (HEXs). The method addresses together all trade‐offs between network structure, energy usage, and the basic design of the HEXs. Without loss of generality, we focus on shell‐and‐tube HEXs. Unlike previous approaches, such as Pinch Analysis, Metaheuristic methods, or Mathematical Programming, our procedure guarantees global optimality. The procedure is not iterative and does not present any convergence challenges. We enumerate HEN structures using a mixed‐integer linear programming method and we use Set Trimming followed by sorting for the HEX design. In addition, because some network structures are incompatible with single shell exchangers, we use multiple shell exchangers in series. The comparison of the results of the proposed approach with solutions obtained using two alternative methods extracted from the literature indicates that considerable cost reductions may be obtained.
Optimizing kinetic evaluation through CFD‐based analysis of heat and mass transfer in a high‐pressure TGA
Authors: An Fengbo , Küster Felix , Guhl Stefan , Gräbner Martin , Richter Andreas
Published: May 2024

Accurate measurement of heterogeneous reaction kinetics in thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) requires accurate estimation of concentration and temperature in the sample. However, this information is difficult to estimate during the measurement, especially at high temperatures and pressures. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is used to perform a comprehensive analysis of the temperature and species distribution throughout a high‐temperature, high‐pressure test rig, including temperature and species transport within the probe sample. The temperature and gas concentration within the sample are accurately calculated by CFD, providing a much deeper insight into the local temperature and species distribution. The numerical results show a significant decrease in gas concentration and temperature in the core region of the packed bed, indicating that bed diffusion dominates the overall conversion for the char reaction studied in this article. The re‐evaluation based on the model considers the limitations of heat and mass transfer at each measurement point. This forms the basis for a novel, model‐driven approach that derives heterogeneous kinetics from TGA measurements with significantly improved accuracy and reliability.
Unveiling the integrated function of metallo‐/ionic‐covalent organic polymers for boosting atmospheric CO2 conversion
Authors: Zhang Han , Zhang Wenwen , Liu Fusheng , Luo Zheng‐Hong , Gao Kunqi , Liu Mengshuai
Published: May 2024

Multifunctional metallo‐/ionic‐covalent organic polymers (TCTB@Zn‐iCOPs) were constructed through one‐pot multicomponent reaction in a deep eutectic solvent at room temperature. The structures of various TCTB@Zn‐iCOPs were characterized, demonstrating their successful integration of multiple sites and excellent structural stability. Then TCTB@Zn‐iCOPs were employed to transform atmospheric CO2 into cyclic carbonates. The results showed that satisfactory product yields were obtained under mild and additive‐free conditions, with a high TOF value of 101 h−1; furthermore, the optimized TCTB@Zn‐iCOP2 exhibited excellent versatility in catalyzing the cycloaddition reactions between various substituted epoxides and CO2, and its activity did not significantly decrease after being reused for five times. Compared with previously reported nonmetallic iCOPs, the TCTB@Zn‐iCOP2 shows significantly improved activity and stability. Finally, DFT calculations were conducted along with a comparison of energy barriers for possible reaction paths, gaining an in‐depth understanding of the synergistic catalytic mechanism involving multiple sites.
Size Control of Chiral Nanospheres Obtained via Nanoprecipitation of Helical Poly(phenylacetylene)s in the Absence of Surfactants
Authors: Núñez‐Martínez Manuel , Fernández‐Míguez Manuel , Quiñoá Emilio , Freire Félix
Published: May 2024

Nanostructuration of dynamic helical polymers such as poly(phenylacetylene)s (PPAs) depends on the secondary structure adopted by the polymer and the functional group used to connect the chiral pendant to the PPA backbone. Thus, while PPAs with dynamic and flexible scaffolds (para‐ and meta‐substituted, ω1<165°) generate by nanoprecipitation low polydisperse nanospheres with controllable size at different acetone/water mixtures, those with a quasi‐static behavior and the presence of an extended, almost planar structure (ortho‐substituted, ω1>165°), aggregate into a mixture of spherical and oval nanostructures whose size is not controlled. Photostability studies show that poly(phenylacetylene) particles are more stable to light irradiation than when dissolved macromolecularly. Moreover, the photostability of the particle depends on the secondary structure of the PPA and its screw sense excess. This fact, in combination with the encapsulation ability of these polymer particles, allows the creation of light stimuli‐responsive nanocarriers, whose cargo can be delivered by light irradiation.
Hydrazone‐Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks
Authors: Zhuang Huifen , Guo Can , Huang Jianlin , Wang Liwen , Zheng Zixi , Wang Hai‐Ning , Chen Yifa , Lan Ya‐Qian
Published: May 2024

Hydrazone‐linked covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with structural flexibility, heteroatomic sites, post‐modification ability and high hydrolytic stability have attracted great attention from scientific community. Hydrazone‐linked COFs, as a subclass of Schiff‐base COFs, was firstly reported in 2011 by Yaghi's group and later witnessed prosperous development in various aspects. Their adjustable structures, precise pore channels and plentiful heteroatomic sites of hydrazone‐linked structures possess much potential in diverse applications, for example, adsorption/separation, chemical sensing, catalysis and energy storage, etc. Up to date, the systematic reviews about the reported hydrazone‐linked COFs are still rare. Therefore, in this review, we will summarize their preparation methods, characteristics and related applications, and discuss the opportunity or challenge of hydrazone‐linked COFs. We hope this review could provide new insights about hydrazone‐linked COFs for exploring more appealing functions or applications.
Kopplung von CO2‐Reduktion und Acetyl‐CoA‐Bildung: Die Rolle eines CO‐fangenden Tunnels in der enzymatischen Katalyse
Authors: Ruickoldt Jakob , Jeoung Jae‐Hun , Rudolph Maik Alexander , Lennartz Frank , Kreibich Julian , Schomäcker Reinhard , Dobbek Holger
Published: May 2024

Der bifunktionelle CO‐Dehydrogenase/Acetyl‐CoA‐Synthase (CODH/ACS)‐Komplex koppelt die Reduktion von CO2 mit der Kondensation von CO, einer Methylgruppe und CoA zu Acetyl‐CoA. Die Katalyse erfolgt an zwei Stellen, die durch einen Tunnel verbunden sind, durch den das CO transportiert wird. Hier haben wir untersucht, wie der bifunktionelle Komplex und sein Tunnel die Katalyse unterstützen, indem wir die CODH/ACS aus Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans als Modell verwendeten. Obwohl die CODH/ACS so evolviert ist, dass ein stabiler bifunktioneller Komplexes mit einem abgeschlossenen Substrattunnel gebildet wurde, sind Katalyse und CO‐Transport noch effizienter, wenn zwei monofunktionelle Enzyme gekoppelt werden. Ein effizienter CO‐Transport scheint durch hydrophobe Bindungsstellen für CO gewährleistet zu werden, die eher einer Eimerkette als einem einfachen Röhre ähneln. Der Umbau des Tunnels zeigte, dass die Öffnung des Tunnels die Aktivität erhöhte, aber den gerichteten CO‐Transport beeinträchtigte. Eine Verengung des Tunnels beeinträchtigte die Aktivität und den CO‐Transport, was darauf hindeutet, dass sich der Tunnel eher zur CO‐Bindung als zur Maximierung des Umsatzes entwickelt hat.
Surface Coordination Modulated Morphological Anisotropic Engineering of Iron‐Benzoquinone Frameworks for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Geng Jiarun , Huang Yaohui , Guo Yihe , Li Haixia , Li Fujun
Published: May 2024

Morphological anisotropic engineering is powerful to synthesize metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with versatile physicochemical properties for diverse applications ranging from gas storage/separation to electrocatalysis and batteries, etc. Herein, we developed a carbon substrate guided strategy to manipulate the facet‐dependent coordination for morphology engineering of Fe‐THBQ (tetrahydroxy‐1,4‐benzoquinone) frameworks, which is built with cubic Fe octamer bridged by two parallel THBQ ligands along three orthogonal axes, extending to a three‐dimensional (3D) framework with pcu‐e network topology. The electronegative O‐containing functional groups on carbon surfaces compete with THBQ linkers to selectively interact with the unsaturated coordinated Fe cations on the {111} facets and inhibit crystal growth along the <111> direction. The morphology of Fe‐THBQ evolves from thermodynamically favored truncated cube to cuboctahedron depending on the content of O‐containing functional groups on the carbon substrate. The Fe‐THBQ with varied morphologies exhibits facet‐dependent performances for electrochemical lithium storage. This work will shed light on the morphology modulation of MOFs for promising applications.
Bioinspired Tetranuclear Manganese Cubane Complex as an Efficient Molecular Electrocatalyst for Two‐Electron Water Oxidation Towards Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Wang Tongshuai , Li Wenxiu , Wu Gang
Published: May 2024

Stable homogeneous two‐electron water oxidation electrocatalysts are highly demanded to understand the precise mechanism and reaction intermediates of electrochemical H2O2 production. Here we report a tetranuclear manganese complex with a cubane structure which can electrocatalyze water oxidation to hydrogen peroxide under alkaline and neutral conditions. Such a complex demonstrates an optimal Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 87 %, which is amongst (if not) the highest FE(H2O2) of reported homogeneous and heterogeneous electrocatalysts. In addition, active species were identified and co‐catalysts were excluded through ESI‐MS characterization. Furthermore, we identified water binding sites and isolated one‐electron oxidation intermediate by chemical oxidation of the catalyst in the presence of water substrates. It is evident that efficient proton‐accepting electrolytes avoid rapid proton building‐up at electrode and substantially improve reaction rate and selectivity. Accordingly, we propose a two‐electron catalytic cycle model for water oxidation to hydrogen peroxide with the bioinspired molecular electrocatalyst. The present work is expected to provide an ideal platform to elucidate the two‐electron WOR mechanism at the atomic level.
Industrial‐Scale Hard Carbon Designed to Regulate Electrochemical Polarization for Fast Sodium Storage
Authors: Wu Chun , Yang Yunrui , Zhang Yinghao , Xu Hui , Huang Wenjie , He Xiangxi , Chen Qinghang , Dong Huanhuan , Li Lin , Wu Xingqiao , Chou Shulei
Published: May 2024

Given the merits of abundant resource, low cost and high electrochemical activity, hard carbons have been regarded as one of the most commercializable anode material for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). However, poor rate capability is one of the main obstacles that severely hinder its further development. In addition, the relationships between preparation method, material structure and electrochemical performance have not been clearly elaborated. Herein, a simple but effective strategy is proposed to accurately construct the multiple structural features in hard carbon via adjusting the components of precursors. Through detailed physical characterization of the hard carbons derived from different regulation steps, and further combined with in‐situ Raman and galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) analysis, the network of multiple relationships between preparation method, microstructure, sodium storage behavior and electrochemical performance have been successfully established. Simultaneously, exceptional rate capability about 108.8 mAh g−1 at 8 A g−1 have been achieved from RHC sample with high reversible capacity and desirable initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE). Additionally, the practical applications can be extended to cylindrical battery with excellent cycle behaviors. Such facile approach can provide guidance for large‐scale production of high‐performance hard carbons and provides the possibility of building practical SIBs with high energy density and durability.
One‐Pot Synthesis of 1,3‐Cyclohexadienes by Birch Reduction in the Presence of Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Krüger‐Braunert Tobias , Linker Torsten
Published: May 2024

Birch reductions are well‐known transformations of arenes, applied for large scale synthesis of 1,4‐cyclohexadienes. Herein, we describe first reactions of benzoic acids in the presence of carbonyl compounds, affording aldol products in moderate to high yields. Alkyl aldehydes give the expected nonconjugated dienes by reaction at the α‐position. Interestingly, the intermediately formed enolate attacks aryl aldehydes and ketones from its γ‐position, which can be explained by steric hindrance. This opens the door for the one‐pot synthesis of 1,3‐cyclohexadienes, which are not accessible by classical Birch reductions. Our method is applicable to benzoic, m‐ and p‐toluic acid and various carbonyl compounds, and more than 25 new products were isolated in up to 93 % yield. Prochiral aryl aldehydes afford diastereomeric mixtures in ratios of about 4 : 1, but in the cyclohexadiene ring only trans isomers are formed with high selectivity. Finally, the 1,3‐cyclohexadienes are suitable precursors for further transformations, which we have demonstrated in first examples. Thus, aromatization affords products of a formal meta selective Friedel–Crafts alkylation, and four new stereocenters were generated by cycloaddition of singlet oxygen with excellent selectivity.
Electrochemiluminescence Microscopy
Authors: Knežević Sara , Han Dongni , Liu Baohong , Jiang Dechen , Sojic Neso
Published: May 2024

Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is rapidly evolving from an analytical method into an optical microscopy. The orthogonality of the electrochemical trigger and the optical readout distinguishes it from classic microscopy and electrochemical techniques, owing to its near‐zero background, remarkable sensitivity, and absence of photobleaching and phototoxicity. In this minireview, we summarize the recent advances in ECL imaging technology, emphasizing original configurations which enable the imaging of biological entities and the improvement of the analytical properties by increasing the complexity and multiplexing of bioassays. Additionally, mapping the (electro)chemical reactivity in space provides valuable information on nanomaterials and facilitates deciphering ECL mechanisms for improving their performances in diagnostics and (electro)catalysis. Finally, we highlight the recent achievements in imaging at the ultimate limits of single molecules, single photons or single chemical reactions, and the current challenges to translate the ECL imaging advances to other fields such as material science, catalysis and biology.
High‐quality and efficient recovery of waste agricultural mulch film mixture via solid‐state shear milling technology
Authors: Di Zhepeng , Yang Shuangqiao , Bai Shibing
Published: May 2024

The problem of white pollution caused by waste agricultural mulch film (WAMF) has a long history and has brought great damage to the soil and ecological environment. The recycled WAMF has no processing performance because it is doped with a large amount of cotton straw and soil inorganic particles. In this study, it was reported for the first time that high‐quality and efficient recovery of WAMF was carried out by means of solid‐state shear milling (S3M) technology. After the pretreatment of S3M, the recycled WAMF is transformed into an active composite powder with a particle size of microns, which regains certain processing performance. Then we prepared a composite material similar to WPC (wood‐plastic composite) by using the composite powder. It was found that under the action of strong three‐dimensional shear force, the phase domain size of the composite decreased significantly, and the compatibility of each component improved. The macroscopic performance was that the tensile strength was increased by 65% and the bending strength was increased by 74%, reaching 8.30 and 17 MPa, respectively. The 24‐h water absorption of this composite decreased by 13%. More importantly, the thermal stability was not significantly reduced during the milling process. This process does not require sorting, cleaning, or other operations, which can greatly simplify the process flow and improve recovery efficiency. It provides an effective solution to the problem of white pollution caused by WAMF.
Carbon balance: A technique to assess comparative photosynthetic physiology in poikilohydric plants
Authors: Coe Kirsten K. , Neumeister Nicolas , Gomez Maya I. , Janke Niko Carvajal
Published: May 2024

Premise

Poikilohydric plants respond to hydration by undergoing dry–wet–dry cycles. Carbon balance represents the net gain or loss of carbon from each cycle. Here we present the first standard protocol for measuring carbon balance, including a custom‐modified chamber system for infrared gas analysis, 12‐h continuous monitoring, resolution of plant–substrate relationships, and in‐chamber specimen hydration.

Methods and Results

We applied the carbon balance technique to capture responses to water stress in populations of the moss Syntrichia caninervis, comparing 19 associated physiological variables. Carbon balance was negative in desiccation‐acclimated (field‐collected) mosses, which exhibited large respiratory losses. Contrastingly, carbon balance was positive in hydration‐acclimated (lab‐cultivated) mosses, which began exhibiting net carbon uptake <15 min following hydration.

Conclusions

Carbon balance is a functional trait indicative of physiological performance, hydration stress, and survival in poikilohydric plants, and the carbon balance method can be applied broadly across taxa to test hypotheses related to environmental stress and global change.
Origin and distribution of the brachial plexus in red‐necked wallaby (Notamacropus rufogriseus, Marsupialia: Macropodidae)
Authors: Bakıcı Caner , Yunus Hasen Awel , Batur Barış
Published: May 2024

Notamacropus rufogriseus (red‐necked wallaby) are in the family Macropodidae, which is the second largest family of marsupials after the family Didelphidae. This study was conducted with the aim of providing a detailed description of the origin and distribution of the brachial plexus in N. rufogriseus. Two‐year‐old male and 3‐year‐old female red‐necked wallabies were used for the study. The brachial plexus was formed by ventral rami of C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, and T1 spinal nerves. It is composed of three trunks that give rise to 12 principal nerves. The cranial trunk is formed by the combination of the rami C4–C7; the middle trunk is formed by the combination of the rami C6 and C7; and the caudal trunk is formed by the combination of the rami C8 and T1. Differences between left and right side of the plexus brachialis were not observed. C6 ventral spinal rami contribute the most to brachial plexus nerve formation, while C4 contributes the least. The formation and distribution of the plexus in N. rufogriseus exhibited more resemblance to the patterns observed in marsupial animals rather than placental mammals. Marsupial mammals demonstrate the involvement of C4 in the development of the brachial plexus. The formation and branching of the brachial plexus sequentially adapt in accordance with changes in their thoracic limb activities and innervation points. Anatomical data from brachial plexus studies optimizes thoracic limb clinical and surgical treatments. This work can provide baseline data for future marsupial brachial plexus studies and fill gaps in the scarce literature.
Probing extreme black‐hole outflows on short timescales via high spectral‐resolution x‐ray imagers
Authors: Pinto C. , Steiner J. F. , Bodaghee A. , Chakraborty P. , Sobolewska M. , Pasham D. R. , Ogorzalek A. , Zuhone J. , Bogdan A. , Vogelsberger M.
Published: May 2024

We investigate outflows and the physics of super‐Eddington versus sub‐Eddington regimes in black hole systems. Our focus is on prospective science using next‐generation high‐resolution soft x‐ray instruments. We highlight the properties of black hole ultraluminous x‐ray source (ULX) systems in particular. Owing to scale invariance in accreting black holes, ULX accretion properties, including their outflows, inform our understanding not only of the closely related population of (similar‐mass) x‐ray binary systems but also of tidal disruption events (TDEs) around supermassive black holes. A subsample of TDEs are likely to transcend super‐Eddington to sub‐Eddington regimes as they evolve, offering an important unifying analog to ULXs and sub‐Eddington x‐ray binaries. We demonstrate how next‐generation soft x‐ray observations with resolving power and collecting area can simultaneously identify ultrafast and more typical wind components, distinguish between different wind mechanisms, and constrain changing wind properties over characteristic variability timescales.
Immediate or delayed trial without catheter in acute urinary retention in males: A systematic review
Authors: Christensen Veronika S. , Skow Marius , Flottorp Signe A. , Strømme Hilde , Mdala Ibrahimu , Vallersnes Odd Martin
Published: May 2024

Objective

To compare the success of establishing spontaneous micturition following immediate trial without catheter (TWOC) to delayed TWOC in males catheterized for acute urinary retention.

Materials and methods

In this systematic review, we included studies reporting success rates of immediate TWOC or delayed TWOC (≤30 days) among males ≥18 years of age catheterized for acute urinary retention. We excluded studies on suprapubic catheterization, postoperative/perioperative catheterization and urinary retention related to trauma. We searched the following databases: MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Open Grey and Clinicaltrials.gov. The search was concluded on 30 November 2022. There were no restrictions on language or publication date. Risk of bias was assessed using the ROB 2.0 and ROBINS‐I tools. We did random‐effects restricted maximum likelihood model meta‐analyses. Certainty of evidence was assessed using GRADE.

Results

We included 61 studies. In two randomized controlled trials (RCTs), both with some concerns for risk of bias, including in total 174 participants, the relative success rate was 1.22 (95% CI 0.84–1.76) favouring delayed TWOC. In two comparative cohort studies, both with serious risk of bias, including 642 participants, the relative success rate was 1.18 (0.94–1.47) favouring delayed TWOC. One study was excluded from this meta‐analysis because of critically low quality. Four studies reporting success rates for cohorts with immediate TWOC, all with serious risk of bias, including 409 participants, had an overall success rate of 47% (29–66). Fifty‐two studies reporting success rates for cohorts with delayed TWOC, all with serious risk of bias, including 12 489 participants, had an overall success rate of 53% (49–56). The certainty of the evidence was considered low for the RCTs and very low for the rest.

Conclusion

There was a limited number of appropriately designed studies addressing the research question directly. The evidence favours neither approach.
The impact of financial investment on corporate environmental sustainability: Reservoir effect or crowding‐out effect?
Authors: Shi Peihao , Huang Qinghua
Published: May 2024

This study empirically examines the impact of financial investment on environmental sustainability in publicly traded companies at the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges in China from 2011 to 2021. Using a generalized additive model (GAM), we scrutinize this relationship, revealing a consistent linear trend. Additionally, a panel model uncovers a crowding‐out effect of financial investment, particularly pronounced in firms with weaker environmental performance. Corporate financial investment primarily undermines environmental sustainability by cutting down primary business investment, inhibiting green innovation, and diminishing human capital investment. Furthermore, in regions with favorable institutional environments, financial investment transitions its impact on corporate environmental sustainability from crowding out to reservoir effects. This shift is particularly pronounced when the financial regulatory index and regional marketization index surpass the respective thresholds of 0.314 and 0.618. This evidence indicates that it is pertinent to circumvent the adverse impacts of corporate financial investment on environmental sustainability at the institutional level.
How receiving welfare assistance could be linked to children's bullying victimization: Exploring the potential pathways
Authors: Hong Jun Sung , Choi Mi Jin , Gómez Anthony , Padilla Yolanda C. , Espelage Dorothy L.
Published: May 2024

The study proposes and tests the pathways from receiving welfare assistance to children's bullying victimization. Specifically, the study examines whether children's difficulty making friends and school disconnection mediate the association between welfare assistance receipt to children's bullying victimization. The 2019 National Survey of Children's Health dataset was used, and the sample consisted of 12,230 caregivers of adolescents, aged 12–17 years. A path model was utilized to explore the proposed pathways. Findings suggest that welfare assistance receipt was not significantly associated with children's bullying victimization. It was positively related to children's bullying victimization through the mediating roles of having difficulty making friends and school disconnection. Schools and communities need to create spaces where youth can connect with peers, which is an important part of their development.
Long‐term survival outcomes and immune checkpoint inhibitor retreatment in patients with advanced cervical cancer treated with camrelizumab plus apatinib in the phase II CLAP study
Authors: Lan Chunyan , Lu Huaiwu , Zhou Lin , Liao Kunlun , Liu Junxiu , Xie Zhiwen , Liang Haixi , Zou Guorong , Yang Ting , Xu Qin , Huang Xin
Published: May 2024

Background

Camrelizumab plus apatinib have demonstrated robust antitumor activity and safety in patients with advanced cervical cancer (CLAP study; NCT03816553). We herein present the updated long‐term results of the CLAP study and explore potential biomarkers for survival. The outcomes of patients who underwent immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) retreatment were also reported.

Methods

In this phase II trial, eligible patients received camrelizumab 200 mg intravenously every two weeks and apatinib 250 mg orally once daily in 4‐week cycles for up to two years. Treatment was continued until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, or withdrawal of consent.

Results

Between January 21 and August 1, 2019, a total of 45 patients were enrolled. Data were analyzed as of July 31, 2023, representing > 48 months since treatment initiation for all patients. Nine (20.0%) patients completed the 2‐year study. The median duration of response (DOR) was 16.6 months, and 45.0% of patients achieved a DOR of ≥ 24 months. The 12‐month progression‐free survival (PFS) rate was 40.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 25.2‐55.6), with an 18‐month PFS rate of 37.8% (95% CI, 22.7‐52.8). The median overall survival (OS) was 20.3 months (95% CI, 9.3‐36.9), and the 24‐month OS rate was 47.8% (95% CI, 31.7‐62.3). Age > 50 years, programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) combined positive score (CPS) ≥ 1 (versus [vs.] < 1), CPS ≥ 10 (vs. < 1), high tumor mutational burden, and PIK3CA mutations were associated with improved PFS (hazard ratio [HR] < 1) and longer OS (HR < 1). Eight patients who initially responded in the CLAP trial but later experienced disease progression were retreated with ICIs. Among them, 2 (25.0%) achieved a partial response, while 5 (62.5%) had stable disease. Notably, four patients who received retreatment with ICIs survived for more than 45 months. No new safety signals were identified in the present study.

Conclusion

Long‐term survival follow‐up data demonstrated that camrelizumab plus apatinib has robust, sustained, and durable efficacy in patients with advanced cervical cancer who progress after first‐line platinum‐based chemotherapy. No new safety signals were noted with long‐term treatment.
Engineering of a Baeyer‐Villiger monooxygenase to Improve Substrate Scope, Stereoselectivity and Regioselectivity
Authors: Li Xu , Li Congcong , Qu Ge , Yuan Bo , Sun Zhoutong
Published: May 2024

Baeyer‐Villiger monooxygenases belong to a family of flavin‐binding proteins that catalyze the Baeyer‐Villiger (BV) oxidation of ketones to produce lactones or esters, which are important intermediates in pharmaceuticals or sustainable materials. Phenylacetone monooxygenase (PAMO) from Thermobifida fusca with moderate thermostability catalyzes the oxidation of aryl ketone substrates, but is limited by high specificity and narrow substrate scope. In the present study, we applied loop optimization by loop swapping followed by focused saturation mutagenesis in order to evolve PAMO mutants capable of catalyzing the regioselective BV oxidation of cyclohexanone and cyclobutanone derivatives with formation of either normal or abnormal esters or lactones. We further modulated PAMO to increase enantioselectivity. Crystal structure studies indicate that rotation occurs in the NADP‐binding domain and that the high B‐factor region is predominantly distributed in the catalytic pocket residues. Computational analyses further revealed dynamic character in the catalytic pocket and reshaped hydrogen bond interaction networks, which is more favorable for substrate binding. Our study provides useful insights for studying enzyme‐substrate adaptations.
Quality Control of mRNA Vaccines by Synthetic Ribonucleases: Analysis of the Poly‐A‐Tail
Authors: Zellmann Felix , Schmauk Nina , Murmann Nina , Böhm Madeleine , Schwenger Alexander , Göbel Michael W.
Published: May 2024

The effectivity and safety of mRNA vaccines critically depends on the presence of correct 5’ caps and poly‐A tails. Due to the high molecular mass of full‐size mRNAs, however, the direct analysis by mass spectrometry is hardly possible. Here we describe the use of synthetic ribonucleases to cleave off 5’ and 3’ terminal fragments which can be further analyzed by HPLC or by LC–MS. Compared to existing methods (e. g. RNase H), the new approach uses robust catalysts, is free of sequence limitations, avoids metal ions and combines fast sample preparation with high precision of the cut.
Tridentate Lewis Acids Based on Tribenzotriquinacene Chalices
Authors: Franke Maurice , Klingsiek Maximilian J. , Buth Julian , Mix Andreas , Lamm Jan‐Hendrik , Neumann Beate , Stammler Hans‐Georg , Mitzel Norbert W.
Published: May 2024

Chalice‐shaped tridentate poly‐Lewis acids (PLA) based on the tribenzotriquinacene (TBTQ) scaffold have been synthesised. Stannylation of the alkyne units, attached via phenyl‐spacers to the benzhydrylic positions to the TBTQ scaffold, with Me2NSnMe3 afforded the trimethyltin substituted TBTQ derivative. Replacement of these tin functions with other elements resulted in rigid boron‐ and aluminium‐functionalised PLAs. More flexible PLAs were obtained by hydrometallation reactions of the terminal alkyne groups of 4b,8b,12b‐tris((ethynyl)phenyl)tribenzotriquinacene. The resulting poly‐Lewis acids were tested for their acceptor abilities in host‐guest experiments with suitable bases. Preliminary tests with pyridine led to the synthesis of a large tridentate base with three pyridyl groups attached to a TBTQ backbone. Complexation of this Lewis base with the PLAs resulted in the formation of aggregates, which were studied in solution in more detail by 1H DOSY NMR experiments regarding their size. Further experiments were performed with the tridentate bases 1,4,7‐trimethyl‐1,4,7‐triazacyclononane and tris((dimethylphosphino)methyl)phenylsilane.
Impact of valvular surgery according to frailty risk in patients with infective endocarditis
Authors: Diaz‐Arocutipa Carlos , Moreno Guillermo , Vicent Lourdes
Published: May 2024

Background

Observational studies suggest that valvular surgery can reduce mortality in selected patients with infective endocarditis (IE). However, the benefit of this intervention according to frailty levels remains unclear. Our study aims to assess the effect of valvular surgery according to frailty status in this population.

Methods

We performed a retrospective study using the 2016−2019 National Inpatient Sample database. Adult patients with a primary diagnosis of IE were included. Frailty was assessed using the Hospital Frailty Risk Score. Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) was used to balance baseline differences between groups.

Results

A total of 53,275 patients with IE were included, with 18.3% underwent valvular surgery. The median age was 52 (34−68) years, with 41% females. Overall, 42.7% had low risk of frailty, 53.1% intermediate risk, and 4.2% high risk. After IPTW adjustment, in‐hospital mortality was similar both for the entire cohort between valvular and non‐valvular surgery groups (3.7% vs. 4.1%, p = .483), and low (1% vs. 0.9%, p = .952) or moderate (5.4% vs. 6%, p = .548) risk of frailty. However, patients at high risk of frailty had significantly lower in‐hospital mortality in the valvular surgery group (4.6% vs. 13.9%, p = .016). Renal replacement therapy was similar between groups across frailty status. In contrast, surgery was associated with increased use of mechanical circulatory support and pacemaker implantation.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that there was no difference in survival between valve surgery and medical management in patients at low/intermediate frailty risk, but not for high‐risk individuals.
The Hydrazine Moiety in the Synthesis of Modified Nucleosides and Nucleotides
Authors: Guillou Anaïs , Peyrottes Suzanne , Vasseur Jean‐Jacques , Mathé Christophe , Smietana Michael
Published: May 2024

Synthetic nucleoside mimics are re‐emerging as crucial contenders for antiviral and anticancer medications. While, Ribavirin stands out for its unique antiviral properties, predominantly associated with its distinctive triazole heterocycle as a nucleobase, the exploration of alternative nitrogen‐based aromatic heterocycles hold great promises for the discovery of novel bioactive nucleoside mimics. Although nucleoside derivatives synthesized from hydrazine‐ribose units have been in development for many decades, they have been little evaluated biologically and even less for their antiviral properties. With the aim of taking a closer look at these under‐explored derivatives and investigating their synthetic pathways, this review provides an overview of the molecular design, the chemical synthesis, and the biological activity, when available, of these nucleoside analogues. Overall, the entire body of work already done motivates further exploration of these analogues and encourages us of formulating structurally novel nucleoside drug candidates featuring innovative mode of action.
Bioequivalence Study of Atenolol Tablets in Healthy Chinese Subjects Under Fasting and Fed Conditions
Authors: Li Yongtao , Huang Yingying , Fu Xihua , Xia Jiajing , Su Jianfen , Gu Wenzhao , Liu Weixiong , Jian Jianqing , Xu Zuoheng
Published: May 2024

Atenolol, a cardioselective β1‐blocker, exhibits efficacy in treating cardiovascular diseases. We conducted a single‐center, randomized, open, single‐dose, 2‐preparation, 2‐cycle, 2‐sequence, double‐crossover trial with a 7‐day washout period to investigate the pharmacokinetics, bioequivalence (BE), and safety of test and reference atenolol tablets (25 mg) in healthy Chinese volunteers. Forty‐eight healthy participants were randomized into the fasting and fed arms. After administering a single oral dose of the test or reference formulation (25 mg), plasma atenolol concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained from concentration‐time profiles. In total, 23 and 24 individuals were included in the fasting and fed arms, respectively. The mean concentration‐time profiles for both formulations were similar, and Cmax, AUC0‐t, and AUC0‐∞ were within the BE range of 80%‐125%. Thirteen adverse events (AEs) were observed in 7 participants in the fasting arm; 1 withdrew from the trial early owing to an AE. In the fed arm, 20 AEs were observed in 8 participants, and none withdrew from the trial. All adverse reactions were grade I, with no serious AEs or deaths. Therefore, the 2 tablets are bioequivalent in healthy Chinese individuals under fasting and fed conditions, supporting their further clinical development.
Capacitance health monitoring in the modular multilevel converter using a method with minimum number of sensors and computational burden
Authors: Zoraghi‐Jedi Mahsa , Barakati Seyed‐Masoud , Rahmani‐Haredasht Mohsen , Barahouei Vahid , Yazdani Amirnaser
Published: May 2024

This paper proposes a method for capacitance health monitoring (CHM) of submodule capacitors in modular multilevel converters (MMCs) that uses a reduced number of voltage sensors. In the proposed method, the MMC arms are divided into some groups of submodules and one voltage sensor is used for each group. In addition, a capacitor voltage estimation technique with minimal computational complexity is used to determine the capacitor voltage. The ratio of the estimated to measured capacitor voltage during positive arm current is also used to demonstrate a simple and efficient capacitance monitoring method. Moreover, contrary to the limitations associated with traditional CHM methods, the proposed method reduces the required voltage sensors and minimizes data exchange between the power system and the central processor. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated through simulation and experimental results under various operating conditions.