bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Knowledge, Attitudes and Concussion Information Sources Among First Nations in Ontario
Authors: Hunt Cindy , Michalak Alicja , Johnston Elaine , Lefkimmiatis Chrissy , Macumber Leila , Jocko Tony , Ouchterlony Donna
Published: March 2018

Objective: Hockey is a popular sport played by many First Nation youth. Concussion frequently goes unrecognized and unreported in youth hockey. Unintentional injuries among Indigenous youth occur at rates three to four times the national Canadian average. The study sought to examine knowledge, attitudes and sources of concussion information among First Nations people attending a provincial hockey tournament. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was undertaken. The survey by Mzazik et al. were modified to use in this study. Participants included youth (6-18 years) hockey players (n=75), parents (n=248) and coaches (n=68). The main outcome measure was total knowledge index (TKI) which consisted of the sum of correct responses to 15 multiple choice questions. Additional data gathered included demographics, concussion history, attitudes toward concussion and sources of information. Descriptive statistics included proportion comparisons. Variables were tested using χ2 and analysis of variance. Results: Overall TKI scores (out of a total of 15) were low; players (5.9±2.8), parents (7.5±2.6) and coaches (7.9±2.6). Participants with higher knowledge scores reported more appreciation of the seriousness of concussion. Sources of information about concussion differed by study group, suggesting the need for multiple knowledge translation strategies to reach youth, parents and coaches. Conclusions: Future initiatives are urgently needed to improve education and prevention of concussion in First Nations youth hockey. Collaborating and engaging with communities can help to ensure an Indigenous lens for culturally safe interventions.
Challenges of Designing and Implementing High Consequence Infectious Disease Response
Authors: King Joan M. , Tiwari Chetan , Mikler Armin R. , O’Neill Martin
Published: March 2018

Ebola is a high consequence infectious disease—a disease with the potential to cause outbreaks, epidemics, or pandemics with deadly possibilities, highly infectious, pathogenic, and virulent. Ebola’s first reported cases in the United States in September 2014 led to the development of preparedness capabilities for the mitigation of possible rapid outbreaks, with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) providing guidelines to assist public health officials in infectious disease response planning. These guidelines include broad goals for state and local agencies and detailed information concerning the types of resources needed at health care facilities. However, the spatial configuration of populations and existing health care facilities is neglected. An incomplete understanding of the demand landscape may result in an inefficient and inequitable allocation of resources to populations. Hence, this paper examines challenges in implementing CDC’s guidance for Ebola preparedness and mitigation in the context of geospatial allocation of health resources and discusses possible strategies for addressing such challenges. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018;12:563–566)
Strategies for Improved Hospital Response to Mass Casualty Incidents
Authors: TariVerdi Mersedeh , Miller-Hooks Elise , Kirsch Thomas
Published: March 2018

Mass casualty incidents are a concern in many urban areas. A community’s ability to cope with such events depends on the capacities and capabilities of its hospitals for handling a sudden surge in demand of patients with resource-intensive and specialized medical needs. This paper uses a whole-hospital simulation model to replicate medical staff, resources, and space for the purpose of investigating hospital responsiveness to mass casualty incidents. It provides details of probable demand patterns of different mass casualty incident types in terms of patient categories and arrival patterns, and accounts for related transient system behavior over the response period. Using the layout of a typical urban hospital, it investigates a hospital’s capacity and capability to handle mass casualty incidents of various sizes with various characteristics, and assesses the effectiveness of designed demand management and capacity-expansion strategies. Average performance improvements gained through capacity-expansion strategies are quantified and best response actions are identified. Capacity-expansion strategies were found to have superadditive benefits when combined. In fact, an acceptable service level could be achieved by implementing only 2 to 3 of the 9 studied enhancement strategies. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018;12:778-790)
Corrosion behaviors of the copper alloy electrodes in ArF excimer laser operation process
Authors: Guo Xin , Ding Jinbin , Zhou Yi , Wang Yu
Published: March 2018

The corrosion behaviors of the ArF excimer laser copper alloy electrodes were studied. The morphology, composition and impurities were characterized by optical microscope, scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe and glow discharge mass spectrometer methods. The anode produces the reef, the corrosion pits, the hole layer and the $1{-}10~\unicode[STIX]{x03BC}\text{m}$ level flake impurity. The cathode produces the particles, the sputtering pits, the element reduce layer and the $1~\unicode[STIX]{x03BC}\text{m}$ level particle impurity. Besides the Cu element, other elements in the alloy participate in the corrosion: Al element in the reef is over 1.5 times of the anode, Zn element in the particles is 1.3 times of the cathode, many trace elements congregate on the copper surface several and even hundreds of times. These elements are responsible to a great degree for the impurities and the rapid energy decline of the long-time idled laser.
Target alignment in the Shen-Guang II Upgrade laser facility
Authors: Ren Lei , Shao Ping , Zhao Dongfeng , Zhou Yang , Cai Zhijian , Hua Neng , Jiao Zhaoyang , Xia Lan , Qiao Zhanfeng , Wu Rong , Ji Lailin , Liu Dong , Ju Lingjie , Pan Wei , Li Qiang , Ye Qiang , Sun Mingying , Zhu Jianqiang , Lin Zunqi
Published: March 2018

The Shen-Guang II Upgrade (SG-II-U) laser facility consists of eight high-power nanosecond laser beams and one short-pulse picosecond petawatt laser. It is designed for the study of inertial confinement fusion (ICF), especially for conducting fast ignition (FI) research in China and other basic science experiments. To perform FI successfully with hohlraum targets containing a golden cone, the long-pulse beam and cylindrical hohlraum as well as the short-pulse beam and cone target alignment must satisfy tight specifications (30 and $20~\unicode[STIX]{x03BC}\text{m}$ rms for each case). To explore new ICF ignition targets with six laser entrance holes (LEHs), a rotation sensor was adapted to meet the requirements of a three-dimensional target and correct beam alignment. In this paper, the strategy for aligning the nanosecond beam based on target alignment sensor (TAS) is introduced and improved to meet requirements of the picosecond lasers and the new six LEHs hohlraum targets in the SG-II-U facility. The expected performance of the alignment system is presented, and the alignment error is also discussed.
Systematic study of spatiotemporal influences on temporal contrast in the focal region in large-aperture broadband ultrashort petawatt lasers
Authors: Zhu Ping , Xie Xinglong , Kang Jun , Yang Qingwei , Zhu Haidong , Guo Ailin , Sun Meizhi , Gao Qi , Cui Ziruo , Liang Xiao , Yang Shunhua , Zhang Dongjun , Zhu Jianqiang
Published: March 2018

Temporal contrast is one of the crucial physical determinants which guarantee the successful performance of laser–matter interaction experiments. We generally reviewed the influences on the temporal contrast in three categories of noises based on the requirement by the physical mechanisms. The spatiotemporal influences on temporal contrast at the focal region of the chromatic aberration and propagation time difference introduced by large-aperture broadband spatial filters, which were spatiotemporally coupled with compression and focusing, were calculated and discussed with a practical case in SG-II 5 PW ultrashort petawatt laser. The system-wide spatiotemporal coupling existing in large-aperture broadband ultrashort petawatt lasers was proved to be one of the possible causes of temporal contrast degradation in the focal region.
Clostridium difficile Exposures, Colonization, and the Microbiome: Implications for Prevention
Authors: Revolinski Sara L. , Munoz-Price L. Silvia
Published: March 2018

New studies have been published regarding the epidemiology of Clostridium difficile in topics such as asymptomatic C. difficile colonization, community-associated C. difficile infection, environmental contamination outside healthcare settings, animal colonization, and the interactions between C. difficile and the gut microbiome. In addition to summarizing these findings, this review offers a perspective on the potential impact of high-throughput sequencing and other potential techniques on the prevention of C. difficile.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2018;39:596–602
Risk of Surgical Site Infection (SSI) following Colorectal Resection Is Higher in Patients With Disseminated Cancer: An NCCN Member Cohort Study
Authors: Kamboj Mini , Childers Teresa , Sugalski Jessica , Antonelli Donna , Bingener-Casey Juliane , Cannon Jamie , Cluff Karie , Davis Kimberly A. , Dellinger E. Patchen , Dowdy Sean C. , Duncan Kim , Fedderson Julie , Glasgow Robert , Hall Bruce , Hirsch Marilyn , Hutter Matthew , Kimbro Lisa , Kuvshinoff Boris , Makary Martin , Morris Melanie , Nehring Sharon , Ramamoorthy Sonia , Scott Rebekah , Sovel Mindy , Strong Vivian , Webster Ashley , Wick Elizabeth , Aguilar Julio Garcia , Carlson Robert , Sepkowitz Kent
Published: March 2018

BACKGROUND

Surgical site infections (SSIs) following colorectal surgery (CRS) are among the most common healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). Reduction in colorectal SSI rates is an important goal for surgical quality improvement.

OBJECTIVE

To examine rates of SSI in patients with and without cancer and to identify potential predictors of SSI risk following CRS

DESIGN

American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) data files for 2011–2013 from a sample of 12 National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) member institutions were combined. Pooled SSI rates for colorectal procedures were calculated and risk was evaluated. The independent importance of potential risk factors was assessed using logistic regression.

SETTING

Multicenter study

PARTICIPANTS

Of 22 invited NCCN centers, 11 participated (50%). Colorectal procedures were selected by principal procedure current procedural technology (CPT) code. Cancer was defined by International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes.

MAIN OUTCOME

The primary outcome of interest was 30-day SSI rate.

RESULTS

A total of 652 SSIs (11.06%) were reported among 5,893 CRSs. Risk of SSI was similar for patients with and without cancer. Among CRS patients with underlying cancer, disseminated cancer (SSI rate, 17.5%; odds ratio [OR], 1.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.23–2.26; P=.001), ASA score ≥3 (OR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.09–1.83; P=.001), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.06–2.53; P=.02), and longer duration of procedure were associated with development of SSI.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with disseminated cancer are at a higher risk for developing SSI. ASA score >3, COPD, and longer duration of surgery predict SSI risk. Disseminated cancer should be further evaluated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in generating risk-adjusted outcomes.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2018;39:555–562
The ‘Compleat Physician’ and Experimentation in Medicines: Everard Maynwaring (c.1629–1713) and the Restoration Debate on Medical Practice in London
Authors: Barry Jonathan
Published: March 2018

Restoration London saw a wave of publications by physicians advocating that the ‘compleat physician’ should be one who experimented and produced his own medicines. Only thus, they argued, could the medical hierarchy be restored and medical authority re-established on a defensible basis. This article seeks to explain the context for this unusual approach, and why it failed to attract mainstream physicians by the end of the century, by considering the sixty-year career of one of its leading advocates, Everard Maynwaring (c.1629–1713), a prolific medical author, and what his own failure to enter the medical establishment may show about the problems inherent in this model for the physician. A university-trained gentleman physician who converted to chymical medicinec.1660, Maynwaring published learned and relatively unpolemical texts to persuade both medical and lay audiences of the superiority of experimental medicine as a mode of learned practice, yet could not easily reconcile this with the advocacy and sale of his own chymical medicines (especially as he focused increasingly on a small group of ‘universal medicines’) without being branded an ‘empirick’. Fragmentary evidence regarding his career suggests he became increasingly marginalised, and as an old man was reduced to advertising his cures like the ‘empiricks’ from whom he had sought to distance both himself and physicians in general.
THE LIMITS OF STATE AND DIPLOMATIC IMMUNITY IN EMPLOYMENT DISPUTES
Authors: Sanger Andrew
Published: March 2018

TWO decisions of the Supreme Court – Benkharbouche v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs [2017] UKSC 62, [2017] 3 W.L.R. 957, and Reyes v Al-Malki [2017] UKSC 61, [2017] 3 W.L.R. 923 – demonstrate the limitations of state and diplomatic immunity in employment disputes, and raise important questions concerning the interaction between immunity and other rules of international law.
DRIVING FORCE: SELF-DEFENCE AND DANGEROUS DRIVING
Authors: Freer Elaine
Published: March 2018

InRiddell [2017] EWCA Crim 413, [2017] 1 W.L.R. 3593, the Court of Appeal held that self-defence could be a defence to an offence not inherently involving the use of force, namely, dangerous driving.
A historical account of how continental drift and plate tectonics provided the framework for our current understanding of palaeogeography
Authors: MEINHOLD GUIDO , CELÂL ŞENGÖR A. M.
Published: March 2018

Palaeogeography is the cartographic representation of the past distribution of geographic features such as deep oceans, shallow seas, lowlands, rivers, lakes and mountain belts on palinspastically restored plate tectonic base maps. It is closely connected with plate tectonics which grew from an earlier theory of continental drift and is largely responsible for creating and structuring the Earth's lithosphere. Today, palaeogeography is an integral part of the Earth sciences curriculum. Commonly, with some exceptions, only the most recent state of research is presented; the historical aspects of how we actually came to the insights which we take for granted are rarely discussed, if at all. It is remarkable how much was already known about the changing face of the Earth more than three centuries before the theory of plate tectonics, despite the fact that most of our present analytical tools or our models were unavailable then. Here, we aim to present a general conspectus from the dawn of ‘palaeogeography’ in the 16th century onwards. Special emphasis is given to innovative ideas and scientific milestones, supplemented by memorable anecdotes, which helped to advance the theories of continental drift and plate tectonics, and finally led to the establishment of palaeogeography as a recognized discipline of the Earth sciences.
HOMER AND ACHILLES’ AMBUSH OF TROILUS: CONFRONTING THE ELEPHANT IN THE ROOM
Authors: Lambrou Ioannis L.
Published: March 2018

A commonly attested episode in ancient art and literature is the brutal death of Troilus at the hands of Achilles. Priam's son is mostly depicted as a defenceless pais (‘young man’ or ‘boy’), slain in a cruel ambush outside Troy while on horseback on some non-military business. The Iliad makes no reference to the slaying of Troilus. The only mention of him is in Book 24, where Priam, after a visit from Iris, the divine messenger, becomes determined to go and visit Achilles in order to ransom the body of Hector. It is at this moment that in an emotional outburst the Trojan king berates his surviving sons for the mere fact that they still live, while Mestor, Troilus, and Hector, his three ‘most excellent sons’, have lost their lives as a result of the war (Il. 24.255–60):
THE ARCHERS OF CLASSICAL ATHENS
Authors: Pritchard David M.
Published: March 2018

The armed forces that Athens took into the Peloponnesian War had four distinct corps. The two that have been studied the most are the cavalry corps and the navy. The same level of focus is now paid to the hoplite corps. In contrast to these three branches, the archers continue to be largely unstudied. Indeed, the last dedicated study of this corps was published in 1913. This neglect of the archers by military historians is unjustified. The creation of the archer corps in the late 480sbcwas a significant military innovation. For the rest of the fifth century, Athens constantly deployed archers in a wide range of important combat roles. In the late 430s the state spent as much on them as it did on the cavalry.
Greek History
Authors: Vlassopoulos Kostas
Published: March 2018

Political and military history used to be the main staple of ancient Greek history. This review includes a number of volumes devoted to the subject. Matteo Zaccarini's book focuses on Cimon and the period between 478 and 450 bce. Sandwiched between Herodotus’ Persian Wars and Thucydides’ Peloponnesian War, the Pentekontaetia (478–431) is the most problematic period of classical Greek history, primarily because of the lack of a continuous narrative and our reliance on much later and fragmentary sources. Zaccarini has divided his work into two sections: the first studies the development of narrative traditions concerning Cimon and his age, from the fifth century to the Second Sophistic, and presents a context for interpreting the shaping of the information provided in these traditions. This is undoubtedly the most profitable part of the work, and a good model that others could imitate. The second part attempts to present a historical reconstruction of the period 478–450 on the basis of the conclusions of the first part. Many of Zaccarini's arguments are, in my view, correct: he shows the need to emancipate our narratives from models based on competition between aristocratic/popular or pro- and anti-Spartan leaders and programmes; he argues that the late 460s–450s is the crucial period of change in the balance of internal and external forces; and he minimizes the actual significance of Cimon's role. These sensible conclusions could have been strengthened by engaging with the rethinking of the nature of early Athenian imperialism by scholars such as Lisa Kallet and John Davies. But the volume is still a worthy contribution towards reassessing this crucial period.
Philosophy
Authors: Duncombe Matthew
Published: March 2018

Sarah Broadie writes on ‘The Knowledge Unacknowledged in theTheaetetus’ forOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy. Her paper makes two main claims: first, that Plato in theTheaetetusrejects the ‘additive’ picture for knowledge, namely, that knowledge is true judgement with something else (e.g. an account); and second, that in theTheaetetustrue judgement relies on prior knowledge, especially if that knowledge is arrived at methodically. Thus, true judgement is not necessary for knowledge and sometimes knowledge is necessary for true judgement. Broadie's argument, roughly, is that, in theTheaetetus, true judgement is already a high-level epistemic achievement. She has a number of pieces of evidence for this. The first isTheaetetus189e4–190a6, where Socrates stresses that a judgement is an assertion that results from a soul having a silent, internal debate. Broadie infers from this that a judgement involves reasons even if those reasons are not good reasons; judgement, for Plato, is more than a mere doxastic attitude (95–6). This already looks unfriendly to the additive picture. Once I have a judgement I have reasons, and when I have a true judgement, I havegoodreasons. If I have good reasons then what I have is reliable and secure. So, what morecouldI add to upgrade this cognitive achievement to make it knowledge? Broadie goes on to explore the alternative to the additive picture given in theSophistand theStatesman. There it turns out that there may be topics that simply cannot be captured by the additive picture: cases where there must be knowledge of an object in the absence of true judgements about that object. This is Broadie's knowledge unacknowledged.
General
Authors: Petrovic Ivana
Published: March 2018

I start with two Routledge publications. My general remark has nothing to do with the authors but is directed at the publisher: these books are very expensive as hardbacks, so a paperback, at a third of the cost, might appear to be an attractive alternative. However, my own paperback copy ofUnderstanding Greek Religionfell apart on the second opening and continues to disintegrate with every use because the paper is very thick and the pages are glued instead of bound. In the light of the fact that Larson's book aims to be ‘essential resource for both undergraduate and postgraduate students of Greek culture and ancient Mediterranean religions’ (i), the publisher's ‘caveat emptor’ approach is especially jarring. In addition, the format of both books (each chapter is followed by the endnotes and a separate bibliography) is not only impractical as it forces the reader to jump forwards and backwards constantly, but also contributes significantly to the further disintegration of the book. I hope that Routledge will be able to correct this problem with its paperbacks.
Papal Diplomacy by Proxy? Catholic Internationalism at the League of Nations’ International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation, 1922–1939
Authors: SHINE CORMAC
Published: March 2018

The Holy See's involvement in interwar multilateralism is rarely acknowledged, largely due to its exclusion from the Versailles settlement and resulting institutions. Using new archival findings, this article reevaluates the Vatican's role in the contestation and construction of this new order, focusing on the League's International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation. Unofficially acting as Vatican intermediaries, a number of League officials quietly promoted Catholic visions of internationalism from within this body. The activities of these individuals provided an alternative method for promoting the Holy See's interests within the emergent international order, in conscious competition with more dominant secular conceptions of internationalism.
A New Partial-Segmentation Approach to Modeling International Stock Returns
Authors: Karolyi G. Andrew , Wu Ying
Published: March 2018

We propose a new multi-factor model for international stock returns that includes size, value, and momentum factor portfolios and that builds them in a partial-segmentation capital market framework. Accounting for externalities driven by the incomplete accessibility to stocks and stock markets, our model not only captures strong common variation in international stock returns but also achieves low pricing errors and rejection rates relative to pure segmentation and pure integration models. This partial-segmentation approach is evaluated using monthly returns for over 37,000 stocks from 46 developed and emerging market countries over 2 decades and for a wide variety of test assets.
Why Has the Value of Cash Increased Over Time?
Authors: Bates Thomas W. , Chang Ching-Hung , Chi Jianxin Daniel
Published: March 2018

The value of corporate cash holdings has increased significantly in recent decades. On average, $1 of cash is valued at $0.61 in the 1980s, $1.04 in the 1990s, and $1.12 in the 2000s. This increase is predominantly driven by the investment opportunity set and cash-flow volatility, as well as secular trends in product market competition, credit market risk, and within-firm diversification. We document a secular decrease in the speed of adjustment (SOA) in cash holdings, particularly for financially constrained firms with cash deficits, suggesting that capital market frictions can account for the trend in the value of cash holdings.
TheSticta filixmorphodeme (Ascomycota:Lobariaceae) in New Zealand with the newly recognized speciesS. dendroidesandS. menziesii: indicators of forest health in a threatened island biota?
Authors: RANFT Hannah , MONCADA Bibiana , DE LANGE Peter J. , LUMBSCH H. Thorsten , LÜCKING Robert
Published: March 2018

We present a phylogenetic revision of theSticta filixmorphodeme in New Zealand. This non-monophyletic group of early diverging clades in the genusStictais characterized by a stalked thallus with a green primary photobiont and the frequent formation of a dendriscocauloid cyanomorph. Traditionally, three species have been distinguished in New Zealand:S. filix(Sw.) Nyl.,S. lacera(Hook. f. & Taylor) Müll. Arg. andS. latifronsA. Rich., with two cyanomorphs separated under the namesDendriscocaulon dendriothamnodesDughi ex D. J. Galloway (traditionally associated withS. latifrons) andD. dendroides(Nyl.) R. Sant. ex H. Magn. (traditionally associated withS. filix).Sticta lacerawas not included in the present study due to the lack of authentic material (all specimens originally identified under that name and sequenced clustered withS. filix);S. filixwas confirmed as a distinct species whereasS. latifronss. lat. was shown to represent two unrelated species,S. latifronss. str. and the reinstatedS. menziesiiHook. f. & Taylor. The cyanomorphs ofS. filixandS. latifronsare not conspecific with the types of the namesD. dendriothamnodesandD. dendroides, respectively; theD. dendriothamnodescyanomorph belongs to the Australian taxonSticta stipitataC. Knight ex F. Wilson, which is not present in New Zealand, whereas theD. dendroidescyanomorph corresponds to a previously unrecognized species with unknown chloromorph, recombined here asSticta dendroides(Nyl.) Moncada, Lücking & de Lange. Thus, instead of three species (S. filix,S. lacera,S. latifrons) with their corresponding cyanomorphs, five species are now distinguished in this guild in New Zealand:S. dendroides(cyanomorph only),S. filix(chloro- and cyanomorph),S. lacera(chloromorph only),S. latifrons(chloro- and cyanomorph) andS. menziesii(chloro- and cyanomorph). A key is presented for identification of the chloromorphs and the dendriscocauloid cyanomorphs of all species. Semi-quantitative analysis suggests that species in this guild are good indicators of intact forest ecosystems in New Zealand and that the two newly recognized species,S. dendroidesandS. menziesii, appear to perform particularly well in this respect. The use of lichens as bioindicators of environmental health is not yet established in New Zealand and so, based on our results, we make the case to develop this approach more thoroughly.
The inclusion of overlooked lichen microhabitats in standardized forest biodiversity monitoring
Authors: GASPARYAN Arsen , SIPMAN Harrie J. M. , MARINI Lorenzo , NASCIMBENE Juri
Published: March 2018

Epiphytic lichens are increasingly included in forest biodiversity monitoring schemes, but most of the standardized guidelines consider only lichens colonizing a small part of tree trunks (1·0–1·5 m) and overlook other important microhabitats, such as fallen branches and stumps. In this paper, we present results of a small-scale pilot study to evaluate the possible advantage of including four distinct microhabitats in standardized procedures for assessing epiphytic lichen diversity. Trunk bases, trunks between 100 and 150 cm above the ground, stumps, and fallen branches were each sampled with a different standardized sampling method along a forest age gradient in temperate deciduous forests of the Caucasian region. Plot-level species richness was contrasted between the standardized sampling procedures of different substrata and a non-probabilistic floristic sampling. The interactions between sampling procedure and stand age were analysed using linear mixed models, and non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and multi-response permutation procedures (MRPP) were used for comparing species composition. Overall, 97 species were recorded, their richness increasing with increasing stand age. Results were consistent across the gradient of stand age and demonstrated that the adoption of standardized sampling procedures which include stumps and fallen branches in addition to tree trunks would increase the capability of maximizing species capture. This approach would allow researchers to evaluate lichen patterns by simultaneously considering the response of different communities sensitive to different stand-related factors. Despite the likelihood that a non-probabilistic floristic survey would give a more exhaustive picture of the plot-level lichen diversity, standardized sampling procedures that include tree trunks, fallen branches and stumps are likely to represent a reasonable trade-off between exhaustiveness and cost-effectiveness.
Combining local knowledge and occupancy analysis for a rapid assessment of the forest elephantLoxodonta cyclotisin Cameroon's timber production forests
Authors: Brittain Stephanie , Ngo Bata Madeleine , De Ornellas Paul , Milner-Gulland E. J. , Rowcliffe Marcus
Published: March 2018

Information on the distribution and abundance of the forest elephantLoxodonta cyclotisis needed to allocate limited resources appropriately and set conservation goals for the species. However, monitoring at large scales in forest habitats is complicated, expensive and time consuming. We investigated the potential of applying interview-based occupancy analysis as a tool for the rapid assessment of the distribution and relative abundance of forest elephants in eastern Cameroon. Using single-season occupancy models, we explored the covariates that affect forest elephant occupancy and detectability, and identified spatial and temporal patterns in population change and occupancy. Quantitative and qualitative socio-demographic data offer additional depth and understanding, placing the occupancy analysis in context and providing valuable information to guide conservation action. Detectability of forest elephants has decreased since 2008, which is consistent with the decline in perceived abundance in occupied sites. Forest elephants occupy areas outside protected areas and outside the known elephant range defined by IUCN. Critical conservation attention is required to assess forest elephant populations and the threats they face in these poorly understood areas. Interview-based occupancy analysis is a reliable and suitable method for a rapid assessment of forest elephant occupancy on a large scale, as a complement to, or the first stage in, a monitoring process.
Haemosporidian parasites missed the boat during the introduction of common waxbills (Estrilda astrild) in Iberia
Authors: Lopes Ricardo J. , Correia Joana , Batalha Helena , Cardoso Gonçalo C.
Published: March 2018

Exotic species can experience fast expansion in new environments, especially if they left their pathogens behind (Enemy Release hypothesis) or brought novel pathogens to the native competitors (Novel Weapon hypothesis). Common waxbills (Estrilda astrild) are native to sub-Saharan Africa and invaded west Iberia since the 1960s. Past haemosporidian parasite surveys at four locations in Portugal showed that waxbills can be infected with parasites, though with very low prevalence. However, it is not known if this pattern generalizes across their distribution range, or if there are geographic differences in parasite prevalence. It is also not discussed if this is a case of Enemy Release, as opposed to waxbills being also little parasitized in their native range. We screened 617 waxbills in 23 sites in Portugal and detected nine parasite lineages, most of them only known to the Palearctic. Only ten individuals were parasitized, and there was no significant geographical pattern on the prevalence. Overall, this population shows very low prevalence of haemosporidians (1.6% prevalence), which contrasts with significantly higher prevalence in native grounds, as compiled from the literature. These data support Enemy Release as the most likely hypothesis, which may have been important for their success as an exotic species.
The evidential force of spiritual maturity and the Christian doctrine of sanctification
Authors: PORTER STEVEN L.
Published: March 2018

The truth of one's religious beliefs can be questioned by appeal to hypocrisy or blatant moral failure amongst the adherents of one's religion. Such an appeal implies that the absence of spiritual maturity within a religious individual or group can serve in some way as evidence against the truth of that religion and (presumably), conversely, that spiritual maturity within a religious individual or group can be thought of as providing some sort of evidence for the truth of that religion. The first part of this article attempts to get clear on what sort of evidential force the presence or absence of spiritual maturity has for the rational assessment of religious belief in general. This part of the article concludes that the evidential force of spiritual maturity must ultimately be assessed within the contours of a particular religion with a firm grasp on the sort of moral formational process envisaged by that religion. So, in the second part of the article, the evidential force of spiritual maturity is considered from a Christian perspective and an interpersonal model of sanctification is appealed to as an explanation of the lack of spiritual maturity amongst Christian believers.
The modal symmetry first cause argument
Authors: HAMRI SOUFIANE
Published: March 2018

I present a new First Cause argument that builds on modal notions to derive causal finitism, the thesis that all causal chains are of finite length. An independent uniqueness argument is then supplemented to establish the existence of a unique First Cause.
Anselm on divine justice and mercy
Authors: MANN WILLIAM E.
Published: March 2018

This article examines in detail chapters 8–11 of Anselm's Proslogion, in which he addresses the problem whether perfectly just God can consistently spare sinners who deserve eternal condemnation. The article argues that Anselm's discussion is framed by two doctrines that permeate the Proslogion: that God is the being than which none greater can be conceived and that God is ontologically simple. Anselm presents several principles about justice and mercy for consideration, some of which should be modified or rejected. The article offers a sympathetic construction of the perspectival solution he offers to the problem, but concludes that some important questions remain unanswered.
Enabling Popular Music Teaching in the Secondary Classroom – Singapore Teachers' Perspectives
Authors: Ng Hoon Hong
Published: March 2018

The pervasiveness of popular music and its associated practices in current youth cultures brings into question the relevance and effectiveness of more traditional music pedagogies, and propels a search for a more current and engaging music pedagogy informed by popular music practices. With this as the basis, this study seeks to explore factors that may enable the success and effectiveness of popular music programmes in public schools through the lenses of three Singapore secondary school teachers as they conducted their popular music lessons over seven to ten weeks. In the process, the study also describes how these teachers pragmatically negotiated the execution of these programmes within Singapore's unique educational context. The findings may serve to inform music teachers and school leaders keen to establish similar programmes as a matter of on-going dialogue.
Supporting Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, & Transgender Inclusivity in Long-Term Care Homes: A Canadian Perspective
Authors: Sussman Tamara , Brotman Shari , MacIntosh Heather , Chamberland Line , MacDonnell Judith , Daley Andrea , Dumas Jean , Churchill Molly
Published: March 2018

Il est indispensable que les foyers de soins de longue durée (FSLD) soient sensibilisés aux besoins des aîné(e)s lesbiennes, gays, bisexuels et transgenres. Considérant que le degré d’intégration de stratégies recommandées en ce sens dans le secteur des FSLD est inconnu, cette étude qualitative canadienne vise à présenter les résultats de deux initiatives principales ciblant cette lacune : des entrevues semi-structurées téléphoniques ont ainsi été menées avec des administrateurs de FSLD au Canada concernant les stratégies adoptées pour appuyer l’inclusion des personnes LGBT (n=32) et une rencontre de deux jours organisée sur la thématique de l’inclusivité des personnes LGBT dans les FSLD (n=25) a été organisée, le contenu des discussions de cette rencontre ayant été analysé dans la présente étude. Nos résultats révèlent que la formation concernant l’inclusivité LGBT était la stratégie la plus fréquemment adoptée dans les FSLD participant à l’étude. Ils montrent aussi que les pratiques plus visibles pour les résidents et les familles, telles que les programmations thématiques, l’utilisation d’un vocabulaire ou de symboles LGBT ou les initiatives conjointes avec les communautés LGBT étaient moins fréquentes, étant donné l’anticipation de réactions négatives de la part des résidents ou de leur famille. L’importance et les avantages de stratégies intégrées incluant le personnel, les résidents et les familles sont discutés.
Blogs, Online Seminars, and Social Media as Tools of Scholarship in Political Science
Authors: Esarey Justin , Wood Andrew R.
Published: March 2018

How do political scientists use online tools as part of their scholarly work? Are there systematic differences in how they value these tools by field, gender, or other demographics? How important are these tools relative to traditional practices of political scientists? The answers to these questions will shape how our discipline chooses to reward academics who engage with “new media” such as blogs, online seminars (i.e., webinars), Twitter, and Facebook. We find that traditional tools of scholarship are more highly regarded and used more often than any new media, although blogs are considered most important among new media. However, we also find evidence that these webinars are used and valued at rates comparable to traditional tools when they are provided in ways that meet political scientists’ needs. Finally, we observe that women and graduate students are substantially more likely than men and tenure-track academics to report that webinars and online videos are important sources of new ideas and findings.
White Voters, A Key Piece of the Puzzle: Education, Race, and Electoral Politics
Authors: Grove DeeAnn
Published: March 2018

In 2004, Jennifer L. Hochschild challenged political scientists to give greater attention to education policy and politics. Although it challenges Hochschild’s interpretation of the politics of school vouchers, this article demonstrates her central assertion that the era of school desegregation continues to impact American politics. Internal campaign strategy documents from presidential election campaigns reveal how the two parties have arrived at different school voucher positions because of the different challenges each party faced as a result of the battle over school desegregation. Republican strategists were concerned that white voters believed their candidates did not care about people of color. Supporting vouchers for urban Black children allowed Republicans to reassure white voters of their racial sensitivity. In contrast, Democratic candidates were more concerned that they might alienate white voters by taking another position that seemed to pander to Black voters. Strategists’ perceptions of white voters’ attitudes toward education and race comprise the thread that connects the past to the present.
Launching IALS Digital: Connections and Collaboration
Authors: Whittle Steven
Published: March 2018

During its 70th Anniversary celebrations the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, School of Advanced Study, University of London launched IALS Digital - a new name for established and evolving online services at IALS, bringing together resources, opportunities for new legal information initiatives, research projects and partnerships, and delivering support for digital legal scholarship. This paper written by Steven Whittle, IALS Digitial Manager, developed from presentations at the launch in November 2017, reports on the event and describes what the Institute plans to achieve through IALS Digital, explaining what it is, how it has developed and how it fits well with the IALS national role in the promotion and facilitation of legal research.
Inhalts- und prozessbezogene Anforderungen an die Gefährdungsbeurteilung psychischer Belastung im Kontext Industrie 4.0
Authors: Diebig Mathias , Jungmann Franziska , Müller Andreas , Wulf Ines Catharina
Published: March 2018

Zusammenfassung. Die Erfassung psychosozialer Belastung bei der Arbeit im Rahmen der Gefährdungsbeurteilung psychischer Belastung (GBU) verfolgt das Ziel, arbeitsbedingte psychische Belastungen zu messen und mögliche Gefährdungen zu verringern oder gänzlich zu vermeiden. Gängige Verfahren der GBU sind allerdings noch nicht an das veränderte Arbeitsumfeld angepasst, welches im Zuge der fortschreitenden technischen Entwicklung unter dem Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 zusammengefasst wird. Auf Basis von qualitativen Interviews mit 38 betrieblichen und überbetrieblichen Expert_innen des Arbeits- und Gesundheitsschutzes zeigt sich, dass Anpassungen bei der GBU bezogen auf deren Durchführungsprozess und deren Inhalte notwendig sind, um den Herausforderungen, die durch die veränderte Arbeitswelt entstehen, zu begegnen. Die Expert_innen benennen neuartige, veränderte Belastungen sowie konkrete Anforderungen an den Prozess der GBU. Die Ergebnisse der qualitativen Interviews werden abschließend kritisch reflektiert und mit bestehender Forschung verknüpft.
Work Ability Impairment and Facets of Workplace Perception Are Predictive of Sick Leave Duration in Persons With Work Anxiety
Authors: Muschalla Beate
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Individuals with work anxiety are at risk for long-term sick leave and create high costs for society, companies, and their own work biography. Understanding psychological return-to-work predictors is important for early reintegration of these persons into the work context. This longitudinal study for the first time investigates the predictive value of workplace perception and objective work ability impairment for future sick leave duration in persons with work anxiety. The investigation was carried out with 103 individuals with work anxieties. They were of working age and confronted with a return-to-work situation after somatic illness. Work ability impairment was assessed in a structured interview by a state-licensed sociomedical specialist using the established Mini-ICF-APP Scale. Participants completed a questionnaire on their workplace perception (KFZA). The degree of work ability impairment (Mini-ICF-APP) was predictive of longer sick leave as well as workplace perception (KFZA dimensions scope of action, social support, need for cooperation). Training and return-to-work support in persons with work anxiety should focus on both work ability impairment and on workplace perception.
How Schools Can Promote the Intercultural Competence of Young People
Authors: Barrett Martyn
Published: March 2018

Abstract. This paper reviews existing evidence on how the intercultural competence of young people can be promoted by schools. It begins by examining the concept of intercultural competence, and the values, attitudes, skills, knowledge, and understanding that together comprise this competence. The various actions that can be taken by schools to promote the intercultural competence of young people are then reviewed. These actions include: encouraging intercultural friendships; organizing periods of study abroad; arranging for students to have Internet-based intercultural contact; setting up school-community links and partnerships; encouraging and supporting students’ critical reflection on their intercultural experiences and on their own cultural affiliations; using pedagogical approaches such as cooperative learning and project-based learning; using pedagogical activities that enhance the development of some of the specific components of intercultural competence (such as role plays and simulations, the analysis of texts, films, and plays, and ethnographic tasks); using a culturally inclusive curriculum; and adopting a whole school approach to valuing diversity and human rights. It is argued that, while there is evidence for the effectiveness of all these various actions, further evaluation studies using more robust methods are still required. Additional research is also required to identify the circumstances under which each form of action is most effective and the subgroups of young people who benefit the most from each action.
Parenting in a New Land
Authors: Leyendecker Birgit , Cabrera Natasha , Lembcke Hanna , Willard Jessica , Kohl Katharina , Spiegler Olivia
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Immigrant parents face a double challenge in rearing their children in a foreign country. In addition to the tasks that all parents face, they must also try to find a balance between the norms and expectations of their heritage culture and those of the culture they live in. How do immigrant parents support their children and contribute to their positive adaptation? The goal of this review is to highlight selected aspects of parenting and family relationships that are strongly linked to children’s development and resilience. With regards to family processes, we underscore the contribution of fathers, the role of a potential acculturation gap between parents, and the benefit of speaking the heritage language in the family. For the connection to the world outside of the family, we highlight the advantage of having proficiency in the majority language and of parental involvement in schools. Finally, we outline the specific challenges and stressors as well as the importance of family relationships for families with refugee status. We conclude by making the case that immigrant parents should be encouraged and supported in rearing their children in a way that fosters family cohesion and reflects their heritage culture as well as the culture of the host country. This requires support and intervention programs that are not only culturally sensitive but are also two-generational and focus on mothers, fathers, and children.
Correction: Author Correction: Saturated palmitic acid induces myocardial inflammatory injuries through direct binding to TLR4 accessory protein MD2
Authors: Wang Yi , Qian Yuanyuan , Fang Qilu , Zhong Peng , Li Weixin , Wang Lintao , Fu Weitao , Zhang Yali , Xu Zheng , Li Xiaokun , Liang Guang
Published: March 2018

Nature Communications 8: Article number: 13997 (2017); Published: 3 January 2017; Updated: 19 March 2018 The original version of this Article contained an error in the Methods section entitled ‘Fatty acid-albumin complex’, where the bovine serum albumin concentration of the 5 mM palmitic acid solution used for in vitro experiments was incorrectly reported as being 28 μM, and should have read 627 μM.