bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Em Busca de um Algoritmo de Retransmissão em Redes LoRaWAN
Authors: Almeida Thiago Vinney Oliveira , Pastório João Pedro , Souza Álvaro R. C. , Spanhol Fabio A. , Camargo Edson T. de
Published: January 2022

A rede de comunicação sem-fio e longa distância LoRaWAN vem sendo amplamente adotada para fornecer conectividade a objetos localizados tanto em centros urbanos quanto em localidades mais remotas. No entanto, o padrão LoRaWAN não apresenta uma estratégia para reenviar pacotes perdidos, apesar de apresentar marcações para solicitar a confirmação de um pacote recebido. Este trabalho propõe um algoritmo chamado CR-LoRaWAN para gerenciar a retransmissão de pacotes em redes LoRaWAN. Considerando um cenário de rastreamento de objetos em movimento, o algoritmo proposto foi avaliado em modelos de simulação bem como na implementação em um dispositivo de rastreamento. Os resultados apresentam a eficiência do algoritmo proposto ao compará-lo a uma estratégia onde não há confirmação.
iWalk: Uma Solução para Medição e Análise da Caminhabilidade de Cidades com Portais de Dados Abertos
Authors: Pisco Vinícius Gonçalves , Marques-Neto Humberto Torres
Published: January 2022

Entender o interesse da movimentação de pedestres por uma região é uma tarefa importante para melhorar a efetividade de aplicações móveis e possui relação direta com a qualidade de vida dos espaços urbanos. Neste sentido, este trabalho apresenta o iWalk, uma solução baseada nos cálculos de índice de caminhabilidade presentes na literatura. Por meio da computação urbana e utilizando dados abertos, com o iWalk, é possível medir e analisar a qualidade das infraestruturas urbanas de maneira escalável, sem a necessidade de visitas in loco. Os resultados das simulações indicam que a solução proposta consegue apresentar um modelo eficiente para a análise de indicadores de caminhabilidade, utilizando dados abertos disponíveis em portais governamentais.
Identificação de perfis de comportamento de usuários no Ethereum utilizando técnicas de aprendizado de máquina
Authors: Valadares Júlia A. , Oliveira Vinicius C. , Sousa José Eduardo de Azevedo , Bernardino Heder S. , Villela Saulo Moraes , Vieira Alex B. , Gonçalves Glauber Dias
Published: January 2022

Ethereum é uma das maiores plataformas de cripto ativos atualmente, e vem se tornando um ambiente de negócios digitais entre usuários. O Ethereum foi concebido para permitir transações descentralizadas entre usuários anônimos. Contudo, o desenvolvimento de métodos para identificar perfis de comportamentos de usuários, mantendo suas identidades anônimas, têm o potencial para alavancar negócios nessa plataforma. Nesse trabalho, investigamos o uso de aprendizado de máquina para classificar um perfil de usuário como profissional ou comum a partir de atributos de suas transações. Essa classificação é desafiadora devido à pequena fração de usuários publicamente rotulados no Ethereum e ainda a fração consideravelmente menor de usuários profissionais. Para conduzir essa investigação, treinamos modelos considerando conjuntos cuidadosamente balanceados de transações com usuários rotulados. Nossos resultados mostram modelos de alto desempenho para a classificação de perfis, alcançando desempenho superior a 90% para acurácia, precisão, revocação e demais medidas relacionadas. Adicionalmente, identificamos as características mais relevantes em transações para essa classificação.
User-Centric Health Data Using Self-sovereign Identities
Authors: Siqueira Alexandre , Conceição Arlindo Flávio da , Rocha Vladimir
Published: January 2022

This article presents the potential use of the Self-Sovereign Identities (SSI), combining with Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLT), to improve the privacy and control of health data. The paper presents the SSI technology, lists the prominent use cases of decentralized identities in the health area, and discusses an effective blockchain-based architecture. The main contributions of the article are: (i) mapping SSI general and abstract concepts, e.g., issuers and holders, to the health domain concepts, e.g., physicians and patients; (ii) presenting and instantiating an architecture to deal with the use cases mentioned, effectively organizing the data in a user-centric way, that uses well-known SSI and Blockchain technologies.
Quantum Walks in a Superconducting Quantum Computer
Authors: Santos Jaime , Chagas Bruno , Chaves Rodrigo
Published: January 2022

Quantum Walks are among the most widely used techniques with which we can construct new quantum algorithms. This paper aims to outline how to construct a circuit for the continuous-time quantum walk (CTQW) over circulant graphs using the Quantum Fourier Transform (QFT) due to the spectral properties of those graphs. Furthermore, we examine how the Approximate Quantum Fourier Transform (AQFT) allows us to shorten the size of the circuit by reducing the number of controlled rotation gates. The contributions of this paper consist of the development of a general circuit implementation of the CTQW for an important class of graphs that does not scale up with time, and the study of the cases where the AQFT decreases the error by controlling the approximation. Finally, we provide a statistical analysis for several circulant graphs, running experiments in a IBM's superconducting quantum computer, and we also explore the pretty good state transfer (PGST) for some graphs.
Reference Clock Signal Distribution for Quantum Key Distribution
Authors: Ramos Mariana F. , Silva Nuno A. , Muga Nelson J. , Pinto Armando N.
Published: January 2022

Quantum key distribution (QKD) requires high synchronization accuracy, specially in systems that use gated detectors at the receiver station. In this work, we present a reference clock distribution method to support long-term QKD. An average quantum bit error rate (QBER) of 1.8% was measured, which is suitable for different QKD implementations. This method is suitable for longdistance and long-term QKD implementations and does not require additional transmitted qubits for synchronization.
Feature Selection: supporting the mining process on cyber-physical systems result datasets
Authors: Silva Hebert , Basso Tania , Moraes Regina
Published: January 2022

Cyber physical systems (CPs) often generated large sets of data during monitoring or testing processes. Analyzing these results manually is not practical as it requires great human effort. Machine learning can be a valuable approach to support the analysis and can help the responsible professional to make urgent decisions. Moreover, most of time these datasets contain missing, extreme, duplicate or defective values that can bias the general classification methods, which can be worked around with feature selection techniques. However, identifying all the possible combinations of features and select the best set of them is not an easy task. In this work, we present a feature selection study to automate the analysis of CPs test result datasets by the support of machine learning. The idea is to automatically identify a set of attributes that optimize the accuracy of the chosen machine learning model. Three scenarios that use large amounts of data from cyber physical systems were used and the results of feature selection were surprising in some cases.
Mean...Moody...Magnificent!
Authors: Rice Christina
Published: January 2022

By the early 1950s, Jane Russell (1921-2011) should have been forgotten. Her career was launched on what is arguably the most notorious advertising campaign in cinema history, which invited filmgoers to see Howard Hughes's The Outlaw (1943) and to "tussle with Russell." Throughout the 1940s, she was nicknamed the "motionless picture actress" and had only three films in theaters. With such a slow, inauspicious start, most aspiring actresses would have given up or faded away. Instead, Russell carved out a place for herself in Hollywood and became a memorable and enduring star.Christina Rice offers the first biography of the actress and activist perhaps most well-known for her role in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953). Despite the fact that her movie career was stalled for nearly a decade, Russell's filmography is respectable. She worked with some of Hollywood's most talented directors—including Howard Hawks, Raoul Walsh, Nicholas Ray, and Josef von Sternberg—and held her own alongside costars such as Marilyn Monroe, Robert Mitchum, Clark Gable, Vincent Price, and Bob Hope. She also learned how to fight back against Howard Hughes, her boss for more than thirty-five years, and his marketing campaigns that exploited her physical appearance.Beyond the screen, Rice reveals Russell as a complex and confident woman. She explores the star's years as a spokeswoman for Playtex as well as her deep faith and work as a Christian vocalist. Rice also discusses Russell's leadership and patronage of the WAIF foundation, which for many years served as the fundraising arm of the International Social Service (ISS) agency. WAIF raised hundreds of thousands of dollars, successfully lobbied Congress to change laws, and resulted in the adoption of tens of thousands of orphaned children. For Russell, the work she did to help unite families overshadowed any of her onscreen achievements.On the surface, Jane Russell seemed to live a charmed life, but Rice illuminates her darker moments and her personal struggles, including her empowered reactions to the controversies surrounding her films and her feelings about being portrayed as a sex symbol. This stunning first biography offers a fresh perspective on a star whose legacy endures not simply because she forged a notable film career, but also because she effectively used her celebrity to benefit others.
Silas House
Authors: Giardina Denise
Published: January 2022

Bestselling author, journalist, playwright, and activist Silas House has focused nearly all of his work on Appalachia. His acclaimed and diverse body of work includes the novels Clay's Quilt, A Parchment of Leaves, The Coal Tattoo, Eli the Good, and Southernmost. Well known for its lyrical style, diverse and sympathetic characters, and political engagement, House's work is overdue for deeper critical study. In this groundbreaking book, editor and coauthor Sylvia Bailey Shurbutt brings together established and rising scholars to discuss House and his writings through a critical lens. Various chapters address different aspects of House's fiction and nonfiction, including the ways in which he deconstructs regional stereotypes, how he explores issues of diversity, his environmental activism, and his approach to LGBTQ issues. The collection begins with a foreword by Denise Giardina and concludes with a chapter by celebrated poet Maurice Manning exploring the lyricism that distinguishes House's work. Featuring an interview with House that further illuminates his philosophy and art, this timely volume offers an important critical appraisal of his oeuvre to date and illustrates why he is one of the most significant voices in Appalachian and American literature today.
U.S. Naval Gunfire Support in the Pacific War
Authors: Mitchener Donald K.
Published: January 2022

On November 20, 1943, the U.S. military invaded the Tarawa Atoll of the Gilbert Islands as part of the first American offensive in the Central Pacific region during World War II. This invasion marked more than one first, as it was also the introductory test of a doctrine developed during the interwar years to address problems inherent in situations in which amphibious assaults required support by naval gunfire rather than land-based artillery. In this detailed study, Donald K. Mitchener documents and analyzes the prewar development of this doctrine as well as its application and evolution between the years 1943-1945. The historical consensus is that the test at Tawara was successful and increased the efficiency with which U.S. forces were able to apply the doctrine in the Pacific theater for the remainder of the Second World War. Mitchener challenges this view, arguing that the reality was much more complex. He reveals that strategic concerns often took precedence over the lessons learned in the initial engagement, and that naval planners' failure to stay up to date with the latest doctrinal developments and applications sometimes led them to ignore these lessons altogether. U.S. Naval Gunfire Support in the Pacific War presents an important analysis that highlights the human cost of misinterpreting strategic and tactical realities.
The U.S. Catholic Church, Elections, and a Holistic Ethic of Life
Authors: Sniegocki John ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: January 2022

This paper explores the reasons that led many Catholics to support the candidacy of Donald Trump in the 2016 and 2020 presidential elections in the United States and the role played by the leadership of the U.S. Catholic bishops in the electoral process. Also explored are the outlines of an alternative approach, shaped by the more holistic “consistent ethic of life” contained in the teachings of Pope Francis. Attention is given to how this Francis-inspired alternative could provide a model for more constructive and prophetic engagement of the U.S. Catholic Church in the political arena. Brief profiles are presented of several U.S. Catholic bishops modeling this more holistic approach.
African Voices from the Inquisition, Vol. 1
Authors: Green Toby , Havik Philip J. , Ribeiro da Silva F.
Published: January 2022

This book contains some of the richest written material in existence for precolonial West Africa with unique insights into daily life in an Afro-Atlantic coastal trade settlement. Presenting the complete translated and annotated text of the Inquisition trial of Crispina Peres, an African woman born in the Guinea-Bissau region, of a Portuguese father and an African mother, it documents the Portuguese Inquisition's religious persecution of Africans on African soil. Set in a slave port in 17th century West Africa, the trial focuses on the worldview of an African woman accused of engaging in African rites and witchcraft, who is imprisoned and brought before Inquisitioners in Lisbon. It highlights her resourcefulness, resilience and spirited defence of her innocence, providing precious details on her life, household, work, health and social and commercial networks in this understudied African region.
A Transferência entre as Modalidades de Retroalimentação Visual e Proprioceptiva na Aprendizagem de uma Destreza Motora
Authors: Matos Nelson Dagoberto de
Published: January 2022

Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a influência das informações de retroalimentaçao visual e proprioceptiva, e da trans­ferência entre ambas, na aprendizagem de uma destreza motora. Parti­ciparam da pesquisa 60 alunas que foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em 4 grupos experimentais. O grupo 1 recebeu retroalimentação visual nas 20 primeiras e nas 20 últimas tentativas. O grupo 2 recebeu re­troalimentação proprioceptiva nas 20 primeiras e nas 20 últimas ten­tativas. O grupo 3, retroalimentação visual nas 20 primeiras tenta­tivas e proprioceptiva nas 20 últimas tentativas. O grupo 4, retroalimentação proprioceptiva nas 20 primeiras e visual nas 20 últimas tentativas. Conluiu-se que, tanto a informação de retroalimentação visual quanto a proprioceptiva propiciam aprendizagem da tarefa, sendo que a modalidade visual provocou melhores resultados com esco­res de erros mais inferiores, com respeito a transferência entre as duas modalidades, não se observou nenhuma melhoria nos escores dos 4 grupos estudados.
JOGOS TRADICIONAIS NO CONTEXTO EDUCATIVO
Authors: Palma Míriam Stock , Almeida Bruna Góis Soares de , Turcati Vanessa Borowski , Pontes Maicon Felipe Pereira
Published: January 2022

O objetivo deste estudo é o de refletir sobre a importância doresgate dos jogos tradicionais nas aulas de educação física escolar. Para levara cabo este estudo de revisão, foram analisadas obras de autores clássicos naárea do jogo e educação, além de artigos e teses referentes ao tema. Assim,serão discutidos os elementos da cultura lúdica infantil, as relações entre jogo eeducação, os aspectos sociais e culturais que têm privado crianças da vivênciados jogos e, por fim, a indicação da instituição escolar como o espaço privilegiadopara o resgate dos jogos tradicionais nos diferentes contextos de aprendizagem.
Aventuras estudantis no CEFD: sonhos, trajetórias e desencantos no diretório acadêmico
Authors: Zimmermann Ana Cristina , Santos Ana Lúcia de Lima
Published: January 2022

A memória é uma das maiores riquezas que podemos compartilhar. No momento em que o CEFD comemora 50 anos consideramos importante registrar nosso reconhecimento a esta instituição. O objetivo principal deste artigo é contribuir com o registro histórico do CEFD, descrevendo a perspectiva estudantil a partir das experiências de atuação no Diretório Acadêmico (DACEFD) nos anos de 1992 a 1994. Os relatos apresentam as ações realizadas seguidos de reflexões correlatas, e estão pautados na memória pessoal das autoras bem como em documentos de acervo pessoal. A defesa da universidade pública tem sido uma luta constante, renovada a cada geração, o que permite que ainda existam oportunidades de acesso ao ensino público e de qualidade. A formação política durante a graduação acompanha e fortalece a formação acadêmica que ultrapassa o âmbito das disciplinas curriculares, e se concretiza também pela oportunidade da diferença, do diálogo, da experiência do espaço público e democrático.
Por que o Jogo: a contribuição do CEFD/UFSM na vida acadêmica
Authors: Stein Fernanda , Marin Elizara Carolina
Published: January 2022

Este artigo trata de uma trajetória acadêmica em Educação Física que inicia e se consolida no Centro de Educação Física e Desporto da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Destaca o envolvimento com a produção de pesquisas da iniciação científica à pós-graduação, organização de eventos nacionais e internacionais pela via da participação no Grupo de Pesquisa em Lazer e Formação de Professores, em específico, acerca do tema Jogo. Mostra as várias possibilidades de crescimento e qualificação profissional e humano que a instituição proporciona para aqueles que nela trilham sua jornada acadêmica e compartilham parte de suas vidas.
PROPOSTA METODOLÓGICA PARA O DESENVOLVIMENTO DA CRIATIVIDADE EH COMBINAÇÕES DE BALANCEAMENTO DE BRAÇOS
Authors: Paixão Jacira da Silva
Published: January 2022

Estudos sobre criatividade apontam ser este um dos aspectos mais importantes em todas as áreas do conhecimento. Em relação a area da Educação Fisica, cujo objeto de estudo é o movimento humano, este as pecto torna-se relevante, pelas inúmeras possibilidades de variações que apresenta. Verifica-se, nesta área, que poucos são os trabalhos que apre­sentam uma metodologia da criatividade. Entre estes trabalhos desta ca-se, em primeira linha, TAFFAREL (1985)(que realizou uma pesquisa experimental, analisando as influencias da utilização de métodos cró^ ativos no desenvolvimento de temas relacionados com alterações das regras dos jogos e a utilização multifuncional de locais e materiais Sugere essa autora "novas pesquisas para abrangência do estudo considerando-se o grande valor pedagógico do desenvolvimento da cri­atividade através de métodos criativos de ensino" (p. 69). Com isso, surge a necessidade, por parte dos professores de Educação Fisica, de criarem novas propostas, as quais, mesmo com temas especificos, possam contribuir para uma metodologia no desenvolvimento da cria­tividade em Educação Fisica.
Os entrelaçamentos temporais e mitológicos das presenças das deusas antigas na personagem Kaguya no anime Naruto Shippuden
Authors: Costa Daniel Lula , Bastos Rodolpho Alexandre Santos Melo
Published: January 2022

As animações japonesas, conhecidas como animes, são produzidas para públicos diversos e muito populares fora do Japão, como é o caso do Brasil. Algumas dessas animações se utilizam de narrativas e imagens mitológicas possíveis de serem identificadas pelo estudo da alegoria histórica (BENJAMIN, 1984) presente na narrativa, em suas imagens e, principalmente, emanada pela presença de temporalidades múltiplas, que emanam o anacronismo das imagens (DIDI-HUBERMAN, 2011). Esse é o caso da personagem Kaguya do anime Naruto Shippuden. Essa personagem transmite entrelaçamentos culturais e mitológicos que estão ligados a figura da deusa presente nas mitologias antigas. O objetivo é analisar as presenças transtemporais da imagem da deusa transmitidas pela personagem Kaguya no anime Naruto Shippuden. Para isso, serão utilizados os conceitos de alegoria histórica (BENJAMIN, 1984), presenças do passado (GUMBRECHT, 2010) e anacronismo da imagem (DIDI-HUBERMAN, 2011).
Restoring blood flow to the lateral plantar artery after elevation of an instep flap or medialis pedis flap
Authors: Velazquez-Mujica Jonathan , Amendola Francesco , Spadoni Davide , Chen Hung-Chi
Published: January 2022

The instep flap and medialis pedis flap are both originate based on the medial plantar artery. The medialis pedis flap is based from the deep branch and the instep flap is based from the superficial branch. To increase the axial rotation, it is acceptable to ligate the lateral plantar artery. However, this can partially affect the blood supply of the plantar metatarsal arch. We restored the blood flow with a vein graft between the posterior tibial artery and the ligated stump. From 2012 to 2020, 12 cases of heel reconstruction, including seven instep flaps and five medialis pedis flaps, were performed with ligation of the lateral plantar artery. The stump of the lateral plantar artery was restored with a vein graft and between the posterior tibial artery and the ligated stump. Patients were followed for 18 months. Long-term results showed the vascular restoration of the lateral plantar artery remained patent demonstrated by doppler ultrasonography. Restoring blood flow to the lateral plantar artery maintains good blood supply to the toes. If the patient in the future develops a chronic degenerative disease, with microvascular complications, bypass surgery can still be performed because of the patency of both branches.
Initial report of extraperitoneal pedicle dissection in deep inferior epigastric perforator flap breast reconstruction using the da Vinci SP
Authors: Jung Ji Hyuk , Jeon Yeo Reum , Lee Dong Won , Park Hyung Seok , Lew Dae Hyun , Roh Tae Suk , Song Seung Yong
Published: January 2022

The deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap has been widely used for autologous breast reconstruction after mastectomy. In the conventional surgical method, a long incision is needed at the anterior fascia of the rectus abdominis muscle to obtain sufficient pedicle length; this may increase the risk of incisional hernia. To shorten the incision, several trials have investigated the use of endoscopic/robotic devices for pedicle harvest; however, making multiple additional incisions for port insertion and operating in the intraperitoneal field were inevitable. Here, we describe the first case, in which a DIEP free flap was successfully made using the da Vinci SP model. Our findings can help surgeons perform operations in smaller fields with a single port in the extraperitoneal space. Moreover, this method is expected to lead to fewer donor-related complications and faster healing.
A comparison of using a smartphone versus a surgical microscope for microsurgical anastomosis in a non-living model
Authors: Jianmongkol Surut , Vinitpairot Chaiyos , Thitiworakarn Navapong , Wattanakamolchai Settapon
Published: January 2022

Background Although they may not replace standard training methods that use surgical microscopes, smartphones equipped with high-resolution screens and high-definition cameras are an attractive alternative for practicing microsurgical skills. They are ubiquitous, simple to operate, and inexpensive. This study compared anastomoses of chicken femoral vessels using a smartphone camera versus a standard operative microscope.

Methods Forty anastomoses of non-living chicken femoral vessels were divided into four groups. A resident and an experienced microsurgeon performed anastomoses of femoral chicken vessels with 8-0 and 10-0 sutures, using a smartphone camera and a surgical microscope. The time to complete the anastomosis and the number of anastomosis errors were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test.

Results The time taken to perform an anastomosis by the experienced microsurgeon was significantly longer when using the smartphone (median: 32.5 minutes vs. 20 minutes, P<0.001). The resident completed the anastomoses with both types of equipment without a significant difference in the operative times. When using a smartphone, the operation times were not significantly different between the resident and the experienced microsurgeon (P=0.238). The resident showed non-significant differences in operation time and the number of errors when using a smartphone or an operative microscope (P=1.000 and P=0.065, respectively).

Conclusions Microsurgical practice with non-living chicken femoral vessels can be performed with a smartphone, though it can take longer than with an operative microscope for experienced microsurgeons. The resident may also experience frustration and tend to make more anastomosis errors when using a smartphone versus an operative microscope.
Closed extensor tendon rupture caused by Kienböck disease: a case report
Authors: Choi Jong Yun , Cha Won Jin , Jung Ee Room , Seo Bommie F. , Jung Sung-No
Published: January 2022

Kienböck disease, a rare disease that can cause chronic pain and motor dysfunction, occurs due to avascular necrosis of the lunate bone, which leads to dislocation of the carpal bone. Among various other etiologies, Kienböck disease can cause closed tendon rupture of the finger. In this report, we introduce a case of total rupture of the second extensor digitorum communis and the extensor indicis proprius tendons caused by undiagnosed Kienböck disease in an elderly female patient.
Development and Evaluation of Bluetooth Low-Energy Device for Electronic
Encounter Metrics
Authors: Keenan Kathryn E. , Aumentado José , Booth Harold , Briggman Kimberly A. , Kraft Mikail , Martin Michele N. , Peralta René C. , Robinson Angela Y. , Shalm Krister , Stephens Michelle S. , Townsend Emily A. , Nam Sae Woo
Published: January 2022

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic led to the need for tracking of physical contacts and potential exposure to disease. Traditional contact tracing can be augmented by electronic tools called “electronic contact tracing” or “exposure notification.”. Some methods were built to work with smartphones; however, smartphones are not prevalent in some high-contact areas (e.g., schools and nursing homes). We present the design and initial testing of low-cost, highly privacy preserving wearable exposure notification devices. Several devices were constructed based on existing hardware and operated independently of a smartphone. The method (devices and analyses) was not able to reliably use the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) as a proxy for distance between pairs of devices; the accuracy of RSSI as a proxy for distance decreased dramatically outside of the idealized conditions. However, even an imperfect device could be useful for research on how people use and move through spaces. With some improvement, these devices could be used to understand disease spread and human or animal interaction in indoor environments.
Dependence of spallstrength on temperature, grain size and strain rate in pure ductile metals
Authors: Zhang Feng-Guo , Zhao Fu-Qi , Liu Jun , He An-Min , Wang Pei ,   Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
Published: January 2022

When a shockwave, which can be generated by high velocity impact or explosive detonation, reflects from the free surface of a metal, it usually creates tensile stress inside the metal. While the tensile stress is large enough, voids nucleation, growth and coalescence happen inside the metal, causing the metal to spall. As one of the main contents of the spallation damage research, the spallation strength, which is often characterized by features of the free surface velocity history measured in spallation experiments, represents the maximum tensile stress that the material can withstand, and is actually a complex interaction among several competing mechanisms. Optimizing the spallation strengths of metals is important for their applications in the aerospace, automotive, and defense industries, and can be achieved by using the advanced manufacturing strategies, if we can know better the meaning and present analytic model of the spallation strength of metal. A large number of experiments show that the spallation strength of ductile metal is strongly dependent on the tensile strain rate, grain size and temperature of material. Based on the analysis of early spallation evolution and influence of grain size and temperature on the material, a simple analytic model of spallation strength is presented in this paper, which takes into account the effects of strain rate, grain size and temperature in materials. The applicability of this model is verified by comparing the calculated results from the model with the experimental results of spall strength of typical ductile metals such as high purity aluminum, copper, and tantalum.
The Rhetorical Sense of Philosophy
Authors: Verene Donald Phillip
Published: January 2022

Philosophy and rhetoric are both old enemies and old friends. This book sets out to shift our understanding of the relationship between philosophy and rhetoric from that of separation to one of close association. The book outlines how ancient rhetors focused on the impact of language regardless of truth, ancient philosophers utilized language to test truth; and ultimately, this separation of right reasoning from rhetoric has remained intact throughout history. It is time, the book argues, to reassess this ancient and misunderstood relationship. The book traces this argument utilizing the writing of ancient and modern authors from Plato and Aristotle to Descartes and Kant; it also explores the quarrel between philosophy and poetry, as well as the nature of speculative philosophy. The author's argument culminates in a unique analysis of the frontispiece as a rhetorical device in the works of Hobbes, Vico, and Rousseau. The book bridges the stubborn gap between these two fields, arguing that rhetorical speech both brings philosophical speech into existence and allows it to endure and be understood. The book depicts the inevitable intersection between philosophy and rhetoric, powerfully illuminating how a rhetorical sense of philosophy is an attitude of mind that does not separate philosophy from its own use of language.
Realism and Repulsion
Authors: Samalin Zachary
Published: January 2022

This chapter presents how literary production in the period responded to the new centrality of disgust to Victorian social life. It addresses the complex relationship of realism and repulsion that is hinted at by Charles Dickens's evocative image. Attending to literary works such as Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre and Charles Dickens's Little Dorrit, the chapter offers a clearest view of the Victorian structure of unwanted feeling and allows us to observe the new roles and functions that were being ascribed to disgust over the second half of the century. The chapter then displays a critical genealogy of the role of disgust in seminal theories of the realist novel, from György Lukács and Eric Auerbach to Fredric Jameson and Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick. It offers a complex and nuanced view of the aesthetic conception of disgust, with its presumptions about how the emotion worked, what rules and rationalities it followed, what its articulation meant, and crucially, when it should and shouldn't be provoked. Taken together, it shows how this discourse of disgust came to function beyond the confines of the specifically aesthetic domain.
Conclusion
Authors: Samalin Zachary
Published: January 2022

This chapter considers the function of disgust in the Indian Rebellion, as well as more broadly in the context of British imperialism and race thinking. It recalls the opening treatment of the Great Stink and how disgust was a rationalizing emotion, whose affective volatility could be put to work in the reorganization and administration of public space. The chapter refocuses on the emotion's complex and unpredictable itinerary across domains. While disgust did not play precisely the same role in the transformation of each of these domains, the appeal to the emotion nonetheless proved to be a highly flexible discursive activity. The chapter shows how disgust functioned as a technology for regulating sexuality and racial difference throughout the British Empire.
The Pitfalls of Piety for Married Women
Authors: Idema Wilt L.
Published: January 2022

This book shows how problematic the practice of Buddhist piety could be in late imperial China. Two thematically related “precious scrolls” (baojuan) from the Ming dynasty, The Precious Scroll of the Red Gauze and The Precious Scroll of the Handkerchief, illustrate the difficulties faced by women whose religious devotion conflicted with the demands of marriage and motherhood. These two previously untranslated texts tell the stories of married women whose piety causes them to be separated from their husbands and children. While these women labor far away, their children are cruelly abused by murderous stepmothers. Following many adventures, the families are reunited by divine intervention and the evil stepmothers get their just deserts. While the texts in The Pitfalls of Piety for Married Women praise Buddhist piety, they also reveal many problems concerning married women and mothers. The text translations are preceded by an introduction that places these scrolls in the context of Ming dynasty performative literature, vernacular literature, and popular religion. Set in a milieu of rich merchants, the texts provide a unique window to family life of the time, enriching our understanding of gender during the Ming dynasty. These popular baojuan offer rare insights into lay religion and family dynamics of the Ming dynasty, and their original theme and form enrich our understanding of the various methods of storytelling that were practiced at the time.
England's Cross of Gold
Authors: Morrison James Ashley
Published: January 2022

This book challenges the conventional view that the UK's ruinous return to gold in 1925 was inevitable. Instead, the book offers a new perspective on the struggles among elites in London to define and redefine the gold standard — from the first discussions during the Great War; through the titanic ideological clash between Winston Churchill and John Maynard Keynes; to the final, ill-fated implementation of the “new gold standard.” Following World War I, Churchill promised to restore the ancient English gold standard — and thus Britain's greatness. Keynes portended that this would prove to be one of the most momentous — and ill-advised — decisions in financial history. From the vicious peace settlement at Versailles to the Great Depression, the gold standard was central to the worst disasters of the time. Economically, Churchill's move exacerbated the difficulties of repairing economies shattered by war. Politically, it set countries at odds as each endeavored to amass gold, sowing the seeds of further strife. The book reveals that these events turned crucially on the beliefs of a handful of pivotal policymakers. It recasts the legends of Churchill, Keynes, and their collision, and it shows that the gold standard itself was a metaphysical abstraction rooted more in mythology than material reality.
Understanding “The Norman Conquest of $4.86”
Authors: Morrison James Ashley
Published: January 2022

This chapter highlights the “Norman Conquest of $4.86,” which has come to define how we understand the transformation of British monetary policy in the 1920s. Each element plays a crucial role in that canonical story. Beginning at the end, the key objective was to ensure a specific value of the pound in terms of the US dollar. This was both the goal and the measure of success: in the exchange rate market, one pound ought to be worth $4.86. Next, this was a conquest. It began with a struggle between contending claimants for England's throne, but it did not end until many of England's political, social, and economic institutions had been transformed. Finally, that struggle was won, totally and utterly, by Montagu Norman, governor of the Bank of England. Ultimately, the UK did return to the gold standard and Norman did transform — “Normanize” — the UK's monetary system.
The Birth of Torgsin
Authors: Osokina Elena
Published: January 2022

This chapter discusses how the Special Bureau for Trade with Foreigners on the Territory of the USSR, Torgsin for short, was created on July 18, 1930. The emergence of Torgsin was part of a sweeping process of centralization and monopolization conducted by the Soviet state at the end of the 1920s and the beginning of the 1930s. By opening Torgsin's stores for foreigners, the Soviet government aimed to concentrate the entire domestic hard-currency trade in the hands of a single organization. The service required from Torgsin was clear — to prevent foreign visitors from taking their currency back home. Although foreigners, unlike Soviet citizens, were allowed to have hard currency in their possession, the People's Commissariat of Finance (Narkomfin), a passionate advocate of the monopoly, tried to minimize the use of foreign currency as a means of purchase within the Soviet Union. This was true even for Torgsin. However, the acute needs of industrialization forced the leadership to loosen the state's currency monopoly.
Why Did Stalin Need Torgsin?
Authors: Osokina Elena
Published: January 2022

This chapter assesses why Joseph Stalin needed Torgsin. The analysis of Soviet foreign trade data, foreign debt, gold and currency reserves, and gold production shows a direct and tight correlation between the opening of Torgsin and the currency needs of industrialization. The year 1931, when Torgsin began its large-scale operation of buying up gold from the population, marked the high point of industrial imports. The country was deep in debt and had little with which to pay it off: exports had failed to bring in the expected currency earnings, and the gold reserve of the Russian Empire had been exhausted. The acute gold and hard-currency crisis defined the moment when the elite “for foreigners only” Torgsin began to turn into a people's enterprise. The urgent need for Torgsin was also determined by the fact that the country's gold mining industry had yet to be created.
Introduction
Authors: Lucey Colleen
Published: January 2022

This introductory chapter explores the historical context behind prostitution in Russia as well as Russian attitudes toward it. It examines Russia's robust literary and artistic tradition founded predominantly on the image of the sold woman. Over the course of the nineteenth century, the responsibility of shaming sexually transgressive women shifted back and forth between the regulatory offices of the state and the intimate world of fiction. In order to make sense of her sexual difference, various writers contained the prostitute's plot through endings that expelled her from the social order. Narrative techniques to sublimate anxieties about women sexually active outside of marriage mirrored the system of regulation and tolerance. These “plots of containment” allow for the prostitute's tale to be “interpreted, defined, and endowed with social significance” to channel and control unbridled desire.
Russia’s Babylon
Authors: Lucey Colleen
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores how writers allegorically connected the city of St. Petersburg to the urban, registered prostitute. Built to resemble the capitals of western Europe, St. Petersburg looked and felt distinctly alien in the Russian landscape. Peter the Great's “Window to Europe” functioned symbolically as a passageway through which vice — and particularly prostitution — entered Russia. Cultural production turned to the image of the “fallen woman” (padshaia zhenshchina) to amplify the city's status as “fallen” in the eyes of God and the nation. But sexual commerce on the city streets, in particular Nevsky Prospect, and in the numerous cafés and taverns also offered St. Petersburg citizens a chance for adventure and sexual excitement. Examining the body of literature on prostitution in St. Petersburg shows how visual and print culture of the period mapped the duality of the city onto the prostitute's physical body and spiritual state.
Tricks of the Trade
Authors: Lucey Colleen
Published: January 2022

This chapter moves to the image of the elite prostitute, the demimondaine (dama polusveta). Unlike her corollary working in the brothel, the demimondaine freely moved about the city space and blended in with women of the cultural elite. A lady “between worlds,” the demimondaine occupied a precarious position in imperial Russia. More selective than a brothel worker and unlike the kept woman who settled with one lover, the demimondaine confused sexual and social boundaries by appropriating the behaviors, pastimes, and clothing of the elite. The source texts for the chapter include the numerous representations of elite prostitutes in print by the day's leading lithographers as well as depictions in famous paintings by Ilia Repin (A Parisian Café, 1875) and Ivan Kramskoi (Unknown Woman, 1883). These works codified the new behaviors of demimondaines as part of an emerging leisure culture modeled on European trends.
Commodifying Domestic Bliss
Authors: Lucey Colleen
Published: January 2022

This chapter analyzes the kept woman (soderzhanka), who occupied the most fluid position in imperial Russia and thus appears as a highly complex figure in literature and art of the period. The chapter looks at the ambiguity of the kept woman's status as representative of new changes in women's position at the turn of the century. Works by Fyodor Dostoevsky, Nadezhda Khvoshchinskaia, and Tolstoy feature kept women at various stages of spiritual agony. These writers question to what degree economic independence is predicated on sexual autonomy, and they depict the kept woman because of her social status as an outcast. Operating within a parallel polis and mirroring aspects of marital monogamy while possessing none of the legal rights of matrimony, the kept woman came to symbolize the promise of extramarital relations and the threat venal love posed to the traditional family unit.
Partisans, Liberators, and Militias
Authors: Thomas Ward
Published: January 2022

This chapter begins with recounting the case study on nonstate militias and paramilitary groups, which are major players in many of the world's most violent and intractable conflicts. It examines how the power and influence of these actors has grown dramatically. The chapter then shifts to briefly describe how states in the Westphalian period worked to establish monopolies over the use of force, by both physical coercion and the construction of norms justifying their authority and delegitimizing alternative sources of power. It details how this normative framework was challenged in the twentieth century, and especially in the years following World War II, by the principle of national self-determination. The chapter also analyzes the 1974–1977 Diplomatic Conference in Geneva, which was intended to update the laws of armed conflict but was nearly derailed by a bitter split between Western and non-Western delegations over the subject of guerrilla warfare. The chapter reviews the broader outcomes of these episodes of contestation, arguing that the changes they produced in the legal and normative landscapes created tensions that were impossible to contain within a narrow legal or historical context and thus “spilled over” to create unintended consequences.
A hyper-matheuristic approach for solving mixed integer linear optimization models in the context of data envelopment analysis
Authors: Gonzalez Martin , López-Espín Jose J. , Aparicio Juan , Talbi El-Ghazali
Published: January 2022

Mixed Integer Linear Programs (MILPs) are usually NP-hard mathematical programming problems, which present difficulties to obtain optimal solutions in a reasonable time for large scale models. Nowadays, metaheuristics are one of the potential tools for solving this type of problems in any context. In this paper, we focus our attention on MILPs in the specific framework of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), where the determination of a score of technical efficiency of a set of Decision Making Units (DMUs) is one of the main objectives. In particular, we propose a new hyper-matheuristic grounded on a MILP-based decomposition in which the optimization problem is divided into two hierarchical subproblems. The new approach decomposes the model into discrete and continuous variables, treating each subproblem through different optimization methods. In particular, metaheuristics are used for dealing with the discrete variables, whereas exact methods are used for the set of continuous variables. The metaheuristics use an indirect representation that encodes an incomplete solution for the problem, whereas the exact method is applied to decode the solution and generate a complete solution. The experimental results, based on simulated data in the context of Data Envelopment Analysis, show that the solutions obtained through the new approach outperform those found by solving the problem globally using a metaheuristic method. Finally, regarding the new hyper-matheuristic scheme, the best algorithm selection is found for a set of cooperative metaheuristics ans exact optimization algorithms.
Fire Disaster Emergency Preparedness of Selected Markets in South-south Region of Nigeria
Authors: Okwuonu I. E. , Umeuduji J. E. , Okeah G. O. Chukwu
Published: January 2022

Aim: The study assessed fire disaster emergency preparedness of selected markets in South-South Nigeria

Methodology: The study adopted survey research design and questionnaire for data collection among shop owner/space occupant across major markets in Rivers, Bayelsa and Cross-Rivers States. 384 respondents in form of shop/space occupants and owners in various markets were selected. The research hypothesis was analysed using Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC).

Results: There were disagreement about market carrying out fire hazard and risk assessment (76.6%), conducting vulnerability assessment towards fire hazard causal agents (71.9%), response unit are well-equipped for their activities (64.3%), space occupants are drill towards fire hazard response (62.5%) and generally prepared towards fire disaster (72.1%). The factors limiting the practice of fire disaster preparedness were literacy level (24.7%), lack of resources (20.8%), reliance on market association (16.7%) and religious believe (16.4%). Majority of respondents indicated that the way forward is through involvement of other agencies (37.5%) and public enlightenment (27.3%). Preparedness practices such as “vulnerability assessment to identify causes of fire disaster and emergency response unit that respond to fire disaster”, showed moderate correlation and significant (where r = 0.420, 0.394, and p = 0.000, 0.000) to fire outbreak in the market. Practice such as “emergency response unit uses the necessary equipment to contain fire outbreak from causing havoc, market engaged shop owners in preparedness practices”, showed weak correlation and significant (where r = 0.394, 0.297, 0.250, 0.172, 0.158 and p = 0.000, 0.000) while “information about fire disaster is communicated to marketers” showed no correlation and not significant (where r = -0.057 and p= 0.262).

Conclusion: there are limited fire disaster preparedness activities across the markets places; hence, the need for collaboration among stakeholders to review various rules and regulation guiding the establishment of market places.