bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In planta transposon sequencing for virulence gene identification inXylella fastidiosa
Authors: Burbank Lindsey , Deyett Elizabeth , Her Nancy , Rodriguez Sydney Helm , Magdeleno Mayra , Rolshausen Philippe E. , Roper Caroline
Published: September 2024

In bacterial genetics, large-scale screening approaches such as sequencing transposon mutant pools can be highly effective for identifying and characterizing genes with unknown functions. In the plant pathogen,Xylella fastidiosa, this approach is challenging due to the fastidious nature of this bacterial species and its niche-specific growth in the plant xylem tissue. The purpose of this study was to explore the feasibility of transposon sequencing (Tnseq) for identification of virulence genes inX. fastidiosa, with the hypothesis that this would uncover genes or pathways not previously associated with plant infection. Predicted essential genes were compared afterX. fastidiosastrain M23 was grownin vitroandin plantausing two known susceptible host species (grapevine and almond). After growthin planta, several gene categories were predicted as essential including hemagglutinins, tRNAs, toxin-antitoxin systems, and prophage genes. Three predicted essential genes (XfasM23_0359, XfasM23_0360, XfasM23_0972) were chosen for further validation by making targeted deletion mutants. Deletion mutants exhibited reduced disease in grapevines, but normal growth and aggregation phenotypesin vitro. Overall, the Tnseq approach has some practical limitations due to the nature of theX. fastidiosapathosystem, and significant bottleneck effects of inoculation, but was still able to identify genes contributing to disease in plants. Recommendations for future Tnseq studies inX. fastidiosaare discussed based on the challenges and results of this work.

Importance

Xylella fastidiosais a plant pathogenic bacterial species that causes significant economic damage in multiple agricultural industries. Globally, disease epidemics in citrus, grapes, almonds, and olives launched widespread efforts in pathogen surveillance, and quarantine restrictions on plant commodities. Research efforts onX. fastidiosabiology and pathogenesis have still not yielded many new and effective disease control measures, and management in most areas relies primarily on insect vector control. Expansion of available genetic research tools to include high-throughput mutant screening protocols forin plantaexperiments will facilitate identification of novel disease control targets for this pathogen.
Repetition suppression for mirror images of objects and not Braille letters in the ventral visual stream of congenitally blind individuals
Authors: Korczyk Maksymilian , Rączy Katarzyna , Szwed Marcin
Published: September 2024

Mirror-invariance effect describes the cognitive tendency to perceive mirror-image objects as identical. Mirrored letters, however, are distinct orthographic units and must be identified as different. Mirror-invariance must be ‘broken’ to enable efficient reading. Consistent with this phenomenon, a small, localized region in the ventral visual stream, the Visual Word Form Area (VWFA), exhibits repetition suppression to identical and mirror pairs of objects but only to identical pairs of letters. The ability of congenitally blind individuals to ‘break’ mirror invariance for pairs of mirrored Braille letters has been demonstrated behaviorally. However, its neural underpinnings have not yet been investigated. Here, in an fMRI repetition suppression paradigm, congenially blind individuals (both sexes) recognized pairs of everyday objects and Braille letters in identical (’p’ & ’p’), mirror (’p’ & ’q’), and different (’p’ & ’z’) orientations. We found repetition suppression for identical and mirror pairs of everyday objects in the parietal and ventral-lateral occipital cortex, indicating that mirror-invariant object recognition engages the ventral visual stream in tactile modality as well. However, repetition suppression for identical but not mirrored pairs of Braille letters was found in the left parietal cortex and the lateral occipital cortex but not in the VWFA. These results suggest notable differences in reading-related orthographic processes between sighted and blind individuals, with the LOC region in the latter being a potential hub for letter-shape processing.

Significance Statement

Mirror invariance is a tendency to recognize rotated objects as identical. Letters are unique shapes as people learn to recognize mirrored letters (e.g., ‘b’ and ‘d’) as distinct objects. In our study, we investigated the neural underpinnings of tactile mirror invariance in congenitally blind individuals. We demonstrated engagement of the parietal, occipital, and ventral visual regions in mirror-invariant tactile object recognition, indicating that this perceptual bias extends beyond the visual modality. Moreover, we found that unlike in the sighted, it was the parietal and lateral occipital cortex that showed neural signatures of breaking mirror invariance for Braille letters in congenitally blind individuals, suggesting substantial differences between visual and tactile reading.
GABAergic neuron dysregulation in a human neurodevelopmental model for major psychiatric disorders
Authors: Guo Ziyuan , Su Yijing , Huang Wei-kai , Yao Xiang Sean , Hong Yan , Gordin Alice , Nguyen Ha Nam , Wen Zhexing , Ringeling Francisca Rojas , Chen Gong , Li Shiying , Lu Lu , Xia Menghang , Zheng Wei , Sawa Akira , Chen Guang , Christian Kimberley M. , Song Hongjun , Ming Guo-li
Published: September 2024

“GABA dysfunction” is a major hypothesis for the biological basis of schizophrenia with indirect supporting evidence from human post-mortem brain and genetic studies. Patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have emerged as a valuable platform for modeling psychiatric disorders, and previous modeling has revealed glutamatergic synapse deficits. Whether GABAergic synapse properties are affected in patient-derived human neurons and how this impacts neuronal network activity remain poorly understood. Here we optimized a protocol to differentiate iPSCs into highly enriched ganglionic eminence-like neural progenitors and GABAergic neurons. Using a collection of iPSCs derived from patients of psychiatric disorders carrying aDisrupted-in-Schizophrenia 1(DISC1) mutation and their unaffected family member, together with respective isogenic lines, we identified mutation-dependent deficits in GABAergic synapse formation and function, a phenotype similar to that of mutant glutamatergic neurons. However, mutant glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons contribute differentially to neuronal network excitability and synchrony deficits. Finally, we showed that GABAergic synaptic transmission is also defective in neurons derived from several idiopathic schizophrenia patient iPSCs. Transcriptome analysis further showed some shared gene expression dysregulation, which is more prominent inDISC1mutant neurons. Together, our study supports a functional GABAergic synaptic deficit in major psychiatric disorders.
BDNF augmentation reverses cranial radiation therapy-induced cognitive decline and neurodegenerative consequences
Authors: El-Khatib Sanad M. , Vagadia Arya R. , Le Anh C. D. , Ng Ding Quan , Baulch Janet E. , Du Mingyu , Tan Zhiqun , Xu Xiangmin , Chan Alexandre , Acharya Munjal M.
Published: September 2024

Cranial radiation therapy (RT) for brain cancers is often associated with the development of radiation-induced cognitive dysfunction (RICD). RICD significantly impacts the quality of life for cancer survivors, highlighting an unmet medical need. Previous human studies revealed a marked reduction in plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) post-chronic chemotherapy, linking this decline to a substantial cognitive dysfunction among cancer survivors. Moreover, riluzole (RZ)-mediated increased BDNFin vivoin the chemotherapy-exposed mice reversed cognitive decline. RZ is an FDA-approved medication for ALS known to increase BDNFin vivo. In an effort to mitigate the detrimental effects of RT-induced BDNF decline in RICD, we tested the efficacy of RZ in a cranially irradiated (9 Gy) adult mouse model. Notably, RT-exposed mice exhibited significantly reduced hippocampal BDNF, accompanied by increased neuroinflammation, loss of neuronal plasticity-related immediate early gene product, cFos, and synaptic density. Spatial transcriptomic profiling comparing the RT+Veh with the RT+RZ group showed gene expression signatures of neuroprotection of hippocampal excitatory neurons post-RZ. RT-exposed mice performed poorly on learning and memory, and memory consolidation tasks. However, irradiated mice receiving RZ (13 mg/kg, drinking water) for 6-7 weeks showed a significant improvement in cognitive function compared to RT-exposed mice receiving vehicle. Dual-immunofluorescence staining, spatial transcriptomics, and biochemical assessment of RZ-treated irradiated brains demonstrated preservation of synaptic integrity and neuronal plasticity but not neurogenesis and reduced neuroinflammation concurrent with elevated BDNF levels and transcripts compared to vehicle-treated irradiated brains. In summary, oral administration of RZ represents a viable and translationally feasible neuroprotective approach against RICD.
Leveraging the Genetics of Psychiatric Disorders to Prioritize Potential Drug Targets and Compounds
Authors: Parker Nadine , Koch Elise , Shadrin Alexey A. , Fuhrer Julian , Hindley Guy F. L. , Stinson Sara , Jaholkowski Piotr , Tesfaye Markos , Dale Anders M. , Wingo Thomas S. , Wingo Aliza P. , Frei Oleksandr , O’Connell Kevin S. , Smeland Olav B. , Andreassen Ole A.
Published: September 2024

Background

Genetics has the potential to inform biologically relevant drug treatment and repurposing which may ultimately improve patient care. In this study, we combine methods which leverage the genetics of psychiatric disorders to prioritize potential drug targets and compounds.

Methods

We used the largest available genome-wide association studies, in European ancestry, of four psychiatric disorders [i.e., attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), bipolar disorder, depression, and schizophrenia] along with genes encoding drug targets. With this data, we conducted drug enrichment analyses incorporating the novel and biologically specific GSA-MiXeR tool. We then conducted a series of molecular trait analyses using large-scale transcriptomic and proteomic datasets sampled from brain and blood tissue. This included the novel use of the UK Biobank proteomic data for a proteome-wide association study of psychiatric disorders. With the accumulated evidence, we prioritize potential drug targets and compounds for each disorder.

Findings

We reveal candidate drug targets shared across multiple disorders as well as disorder-specific targets. Drug prioritization indicated genetic support for several currently used psychotropic medications including the antipsychotic paliperidone as the top ranked drug for schizophrenia. We also observed genetic support for other commonly used psychotropics (e.g., clozapine, risperidone, duloxetine, lithium, and valproic acid). Opportunities for drug repurposing were revealed such as cholinergic drugs for ADHD, estrogens for depression, and gabapentin enacarbil for schizophrenia. Our findings also indicate the genetic liability to schizophrenia is associated with reduced brain and blood expression ofCYP2D6,a gene encoding a metabolizer of drugs and neurotransmitters, suggesting a genetic risk for poor drug response and altered neurotransmission.

Interpretation

Here we present a series of complimentary and comprehensive analyses that highlight the utility of genetics for informing drug development and repurposing for psychiatric disorders. Our findings present novel opportunities for refining psychiatric treatment.
Structural studies of β-glucosidase from the thermophilic bacterium Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus
Authors: Sotiropoulou Anastasia I. , Hatzinikolaou Dimitris G. , Chrysina Evangelia D.
Published: September 2024

β-Glucosidase from the thermophilic bacterium Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus (Bgl1) has been denoted as having an attractive catalytic profile for various industrial applications. Bgl1 catalyses the final step of in the decomposition of cellulose, an unbranched glucose polymer that has attracted the attention of researchers in recent years as it is the most abundant renewable source of reduced carbon in the biosphere. With the aim of enhancing the thermostability of Bgl1 for a broad spectrum of biotechnological processes, it has been subjected to structural studies. Crystal structures of Bgl1 and its complex with glucose were determined at 1.47 and 1.95 Å resolution, respectively. Bgl1 is a member of glycosyl hydrolase family 1 (GH1 superfamily, EC 3.2.1.21) and the results showed that the 3D structure of Bgl1 follows the overall architecture of the GH1 family, with a classical (β/α)8 TIM-barrel fold. Comparisons of Bgl1 with sequence or structural homologues of β-glucosidase reveal quite similar structures but also unique structural features in Bgl1 with plausible functional roles.
Effect of Zn amount on AlZn-based composite material produced by high speed mechanical alloying method
Authors: Erturun Veysel , Ozbay Eyyup
Published: September 2024

Purpose

The purpose of this study is AlZn-based produced by high speed mechanical alloying method to investigate the effect of Zn amount on the composite material, Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-SiC composite material billets are obtained by sintering.

Design/methodology/approach

Mechanical alloying, X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) graphics, sintering, polishing, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analyzer (EDX) images and micro hardness tests were applied, respectively.

Findings

In the XRD analysis results, it was observed that the Al peak height decreased as the alloying time increased. When the samples sintered for 90 min are examined, it can be clearly seen that the hardness increases as the Zn ratio increases. EDX analysis results also support XRD results.

Originality/value

Increase in strength will require the use of thinner sheet metal and smaller rivets to achieve the same strength. This will reduce the weight of the aircraft. Weight reduction also means less fuel consumption and more economical flight. This increase in strength is a very important scientific achievement.
Microcredit via digital innovation platforms: its drivers and impact on fish farms' yield and income in Nigeria
Authors: Mukaila Ridwan
Published: September 2024

Purpose

Fish farmers in Africa often operate on small-scale culture units, primarily due to poor access to funding and low technology adoption. Digital innovation platforms seek to enhance farmers’ access to finance, production and farmers’ income. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence to support these claims. Therefore, this study investigated the factors influencing fish farmers’ access to microcredit from digital innovation platforms and the impact of this microcredit on fish farms’ yield and income in Nigeria.

Design/methodology/approach

A mixed-methods approach was adopted, and data were gathered from 387 fish farmers through a well-structured questionnaire and focus group discussion. The data were analyzed using probit regression and instrumental variable two-stage least squares regression.

Findings

The results revealed that ownership of smartphones, awareness of digital agricultural innovation platforms, farmers’ education, income, fish farming as a primary occupation, cooperative society and extension contacts positively influenced farmers’ access to microcredit from digital innovation platforms. The age of farmers and household size negatively influenced their access to digital microcredit. Digital microcredit positively and significantly impacted fish farms’ yield and farmers’ income.

Practical implications

Digital microcredit significantly increased fish farm yield and income. Therefore, digital innovation platforms should be encouraged and promoted through the creation of awareness about their ability to solve inadequate financing in agriculture by agricultural extension agents.

Originality/value

This study contributes to our understanding of the influencing factors for farmers accessing digital microcredit and how digital microcredit enhances farm yield and income.
Retrospective analysis of the challenges and highlights of parenting two-year-old children who were subsequently recognised as autistic
Authors: Yanga Regina , Underwood Lisa , Schoeps Anja , Waldie Karen Elizabeth , Morton Susan M.B. , Peterson Elizabeth Ruth
Published: September 2024

Purpose

This study retrospectively investigates the parenting experiences of mothers of two-year-old children who expressed concerns that their child may have autism up to when they were 4.5 years old. This study aims to identify early parenting challenges and joys and explore whether certain challenges are associated with a subsequent autism diagnosis.

Design/methodology/approach

Using a longitudinal design, this study draws from a cohort of 6,853 children, focusing on 103 mothers who reported concerns that their child may have autism when they were between 2 and 4.5 years old, compared to a demographically matched control group. It also tracks whether children initially flagged for autism concerns at 2 to 4.5 years had received a formal diagnosis by age eight.

Findings

Mothers of autistic children were more likely to mention early challenges with their child’s psychosocial development and family cohesion. However, the nature of the challenges discussed within these categories were similar across the two groups, suggesting that these two challenges, while important, are not definitive indicators of autism on their own. Many mothers highlighted their love and joy in watching their child develop. By age eight, 56% of the children who were flagged with autism concerns at aged 4.5 had an autism diagnosis, underscoring the importance of early concerns.

Originality/value

This novel research leverages a large, diverse longitudinal cohort to retrospectively explore mothers’ views on raising two-year-old children who were subsequently recognised as being autistic. It uniquely balances the exploration of parenting challenges with the highlights, offering a more holistic view of parenting a child who may later be diagnosed with autism, and considers the link between early parental concerns and challenges and subsequent autism diagnosis.
Mapping trade opportunities in Central and South Asia: an exploration through trade indices and metrics
Authors: Wani Nassir Ul Haq , Rasa Mohammad Mirwais
Published: September 2024

Purpose

This study aims to explore the possibilities for regional (intra and inter) trade between Central Asia and South Asia (CASA) by examining several frameworks that impact the economic integration of these regions.

Design/methodology/approach

The study uses five indices, specifically the export diversification index, export survival rates, export sophistication, revealed comparative advantage and intra-industry trade index in South and Central Asia, from 2005 to 2021.

Findings

The findings show a twofold increase in the potential trade value between the two regions compared to the actual level. The intra-regional trade in Central Asia accounts for less than 5% of trade with all countries, whereas the intra-regional trade in South Asia accounts for 1.5%, and the inter-regional trade accounts for between 0.2 and 4% of total trade to all destinations. The intensity of trade measurements shows that inter-regional trade flows are modest because they make up a relatively small percentage of the entire trade volume, which includes all destinations, ranging from 0.2 to 4 %.

Research limitations/implications

These findings have a significant impact on the successful implementation of trading-related measures, initiatives and institutional mechanisms for encouraging improved trade between and within both regions.

Practical implications

Export diversification initiatives aim to provide favourable outcomes for all parties involved, focusing on expanding the range of goods and services exchanged. CASA countries with higher diversification have shown more favourable outcomes than those relying on a restricted range of products. The authors expect policies promoting a broader array of exports to boost market shares, while maintaining a narrow focus may hinder new export prospects. In addition, regional value chains and policy initiatives promoting trade and investment could lead to increased value additions to exports, technological transfers and job creation.

Social implications

The study emphasises the significance of trade-related policies, programmes and institutional mechanisms in promoting trade between CASA. It emphasises the need for policies that support investment and trade, adopt new requirements of the Agreement on Trade Facilitation and promote diversity and latency.

Originality/value

Based on economic analysis, the study offers practical insights and strategies for businesses in the CASA regions. It also provides analytical tools for academics and decision makers, as well as policy and programme recommendations for government agencies, development partners, researchers and individuals interested in trade dynamics in these regions.
The relativity of perspective: exploring the disconnect between Indigenous and Western paradigms of disaster risk perception
Authors: Magadza Tsitsi Trina , Coetzee Christo , Kruger Leandri
Published: September 2024

Purpose

This article demonstrates how psycho-sociological concepts have a place in disaster risk sciences. It draws attention to the relationship between risk perception and disaster management from Western and traditional viewpoints.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper is conceptual and draws from published works. The systematic literature review (SLR) methodology was adopted to analyse existing literature on the subject matter.

Findings

Risk perception evolved over centuries and disciplines until it found applicability in modern times. Despite the proliferation of western science-based approaches to risk perception, Indigenous knowledge systems still hold sway over communities’ understanding of risk. These perspectives are enshrined in religious and cultural convictions that become the lenses through which a society assigns cause, effect and remedy to risk events. A deeper understanding of these convictions enables disaster risk management strategies to be better accepted by those at risk and to align with their lived realities.

Originality/value

Risk perception becomes the lens through which we better understand the realities and complexities of populations at risk. Indigenous knowledge systems have a strong influence on society’s perception of risk and if they are not harnessed and studied, they will stand in conflict with Western approaches. Hence, the study of the nexus between risk perception and disaster management presents an opportunity for policymakers and practitioners to design risk management solutions that have a higher chance of acceptance and sustainability.
From passion to profit: the growth of Mambokadzi Bath and Body
Authors: Ndofirepi Takawira Munyaradzi , Mtisi Samson
Published: September 2024

Learning outcomes

By the end of the lesson, students should be able to identify and think critically about common business problems and come up with possible solutions, explain how a business owner’s attributes can influence the business decisions they make, use available information to assess the viability and sustainability of a business model/strategy, determine the strengths and weaknesses of a particular marketing strategy and suggest ways to improve it and use the information provided to evaluate the risks and benefits of business growth strategies and determine their appropriateness for specified circumstances.

Case overview/synopsis

Mambokadzi is a small business with considerable potential in Zimbabwe’s beauty and personal care industry. The case study spans several years, highlighting Sharon Chingwaro’s journey as she navigates the difficulties of starting and growing a business with limited resources. The case study delves into various aspects of running a small business, such as production, marketing, distribution, human resources and intellectual property. It also discusses the value of resilience and endurance, as well as the need for resourcefulness when starting and growing a business under difficult circumstances. This case study is intended to teach entrepreneurship and marketing strategies to both under- and postgraduate students, with a particular emphasis on the difficulties of starting and growing a business in a limited-resource environment. It has applications in a variety of fields, including entrepreneurship, strategic management and marketing.

Complexity academic level

This case study is suitable for undergraduate and postgraduate students.

Supplementary materials

Teaching notes are available for educators only.

Subject code

CSS 3: Entrepreneurship.
The effect of essential skills on perceived employability: a case of Malaysian undergraduates in energy-focused universities
Authors: Mohamad Nurrahmani Madiah , Jaaffar Amar Hisham , Abd Majid Nurshahirah , Isa Aerni
Published: September 2024

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of technical skills, soft skills and social mobility skills on the perceived employability of Malaysian undergraduates in energy-focused universities. This study also aims to investigate the moderating effects of academic performance on such relationships.

Design/methodology/approach

To accomplish these objectives, this study employed partial least squares-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) to analyse data obtained from 247 Malaysian undergraduates from public and private energy-focused universities across Malaysia. The Human Capital Theory served as the overarching theoretical framework for the study.

Findings

The study reveals that even if an undergraduate has stellar grades, they will not help him/her to land a job if they lack basic technical and computing skills. This study also indicates that undergraduates’ current academic performance affects their perceived employability despite already possessing the necessary soft skills. Along with academic performance, social mobility skills can be a determining factor in how graduates see their own employability. This is because social mobility has a significant impact on graduates’ chances of finding gainful employment.

Research limitations/implications

This study provides insights into how technical skills, soft skills and social mobility skills influence the perceived employability of Malaysian undergraduates, especially in energy-focused universities, and the role of various parties involved. These parties, such as higher education institutions, are the key players that can initiate strategies to enhance specific skills and steer a public conversation towards a more methodical strategy for boosting graduates’ employability for future employment. This research also sheds light on how to better prepare for emerging job opportunities in the energy sector.

Originality/value

The study examines the effect of technical skills, soft skills and social mobility skills on the perceived employability of Malaysian undergraduates in energy-focused universities for future employment among Malaysia’s universities’ graduates. By providing a multidisciplinary viewpoint, this study paves the way for future research partnerships among experts in higher education, researchers in related fields and career researchers.
To rule or not to rule? The policy process of the excise tax on sugar-sweetened beverages in Indonesia
Authors: Murwendah Murwendah , Salsabila Tasya Dinasari , Khozen Ismail
Published: September 2024

Purpose

The rising incidence of non-communicable diseases and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) consumption in Indonesia is a concern to the central government. However, the excise tax policy proposal for SSBs, introduced by the Minister of Finance in a 2020 meeting with the Parliament, remains unapproved until 2023. This study analyzes the process and factors influencing stakeholders in managing the implementation of the excise tax policy on SSBs in Indonesia.

Design/methodology/approach

This research is based on Kingdon’s Multiple Streams Theory (MST), focusing on the problem, policy and politics streams. It employs a qualitative design and combines a literature review and in-depth interviews in data collection. Interviews were conducted with policymakers, civil servants, senior representatives from nongovernmental health and consumer organizations, trade associations and academics in nutrition, health and taxation.

Findings

We identified that policy entrepreneurs have not succeeded in aligning the policy with the ideology of decision-makers and broader government goals. Therefore, the Parliament has not ratified the SSB excise tax policy until 2023. The effectiveness of interventions is expected to be the primary driver of policy adoption. Despite the complexity of this policy process, we conclude that implementing some reinforcing strategies may be necessary to facilitate policy change. In the Indonesian context, other actors who proactively manage potential criticism from multiple stakeholders are needed. The power of the Coordinating Ministry for Economic Affairs is expected to navigate political complexities and interests among stakeholders. Support for adopting the SSB excise tax policy will likely rise when framing policy alternatives aligns with decision-makers values, involves coordination between ministries, and has a broad public appeal.

Originality/value

Despite the constitutional mandate to regulate levies through legislation, there is no research on policy processes in Indonesia, specifically regarding levies and taxes. Examining the Indonesian institutional context in which a policy process takes place may improve the understanding of the many components of MST under unique conditions, providing insights into the specific factors that drive policy change in certain cases.
Stability analysis of electrorheological (ER) lubricant operated multilobe hydrodynamic journal bearing
Authors: Narwat Kuldeep , Kumar Vivek , Singh Simran Jeet , Kumar Abhishek
Published: September 2024

Purpose

An electrorheological (ER) fluid consists of dielectric particles blended in a nonconducting oil. ER lubricants are often considered smart lubricants. This paper aims to examine the steady state and dynamic response of multilobe journal bearings using an ER lubricant.

Design/methodology/approach

Reynold’s equation has been used to describe the lubricant flow in the journal-bearing clearance space. The Bingham model is used to characterize the nonlinear behavior of the lubricant. The solution of the Reynolds equation is obtained using the Newton–Raphson method, with gaseous cavitation in the fluid film numerically addressed by applying a mass-conserving algorithm. The effects of lobe geometry and the applied electric field are investigated on film pressure profile, fluid film thickness, direct stiffness and damping parameters. The equation of motion for journal center coordinates is solved using the fourth-order Runge–Kutta method, to predict journal center motion trajectories.

Findings

Using ER lubricant combined with two-lobe journal bearing significantly improved the minimum film thickness by 49.75%, the direct stiffness parameter by 132.18% and the damping parameter by 206.3%. However, the multilobe configuration was found to negatively impact the frictional powerloss of the bearing system. In the case of multilobe configurations of journal bearings using ER lubricant, linear motion journal trajectories are observed to be reduced and exhibit increased stability.

Originality/value

This study presents the effect of an ER lubricant and multilobe configuration on the rotor-dynamic performance and stability analysis of hydrodynamic journal bearings.

Peer review

The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-06-2024-0201/
Mobile money, stockouts and informal microenterprise performance: evidence from sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Nan Wenxiu , Peng Yuqi , Park Minseok , Li Tao
Published: September 2024

Purpose

The extensive use of mobile money (MM) has been widely recognized as a digital engine of socioeconomic development in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This paper aims to focus on the effects of MM use and stockouts on informal microenterprise performance and investigate whether MM use mitigates the relationship between stockouts and firm performance.

Design/methodology/approach

This study utilizes firm-level data from the latest World Bank Informal Sector Enterprise Surveys across six SSA countries. We employ instrumental variable-adjusted and propensity score-weighted regressions to investigate the buffering effect of MM use.

Findings

We find a significantly positive effect of MM use and a significantly negative impact of stockouts on informal microenterprise performance. Importantly, we establish that MM use attenuates the negative impact of stockouts on firm performance. We further document that the attenuating effect of MM use is more profound for firms using MM for transactions with supply chain partners, located in communities with high MM use rates, and operating in the retail industry.

Practical implications

Our research generates important managerial and policy implications. Future policies should capitalize on MM to foster an effective financial ecosystem in which informal microenterprises can survive and grow, thereby deepening their contributions to sustainable development.

Originality/value

Whereas the business benefits of MM among small, medium and large firms are well-documented, the role of MM use on informal microenterprise performance is less understood. This study fills the research gap in the literature by focusing on the influence of MM use on the relationships between informal microenterprise operations and performance.
Nudging manufacturing small and medium enterprises in developing communities to energy management: exploring the role of institutional pressure dimensions
Authors: Arinaitwe Alice , Tukamuhabwa Benjamin R. , Bagire Vincent , Nkurunziza Gideon , Nassuna Agnes
Published: September 2024

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate whether all the dimensions of institutional pressures matter for energy management (EM) of manufacturing small and medium enterprises using evidence from Uganda.

Design/methodology/approach

This study used a cross-sectional design using evidence from 195 manufacturing small and medium enterprises in Uganda. The study was conducted by administering a questionnaire to obtain quantitative data which were analyzed using Smart Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling.

Findings

The findings revealed that two dimensions of institutional pressures (coercive and mimetic) positively and significantly predict EM, unlike normative pressures. Notable is that coercive pressures contribute more to EM than mimetic pressures.

Research limitations/implications

This study uses a quantitative design; thus, future studies through interviews would offer more knowledge on EM. The government should reinforce regulations to achieve sustainable energy for all communities. Additionally, governments and industry associations should pay attention to the critical pressures (coercive and mimetic) to step up EM. Moreso, enterprise managers should comprehend government regulations and peers’ actions for effective EM.

Originality/value

This study contributes to EM literature by using institutional theory to examine the contribution of individual dimensions of institutional pressures to EM from the context.
Biodegradation of DDT using multi‐species mixtures: From genome‐mining prediction to practical assessment
Authors: Vu Phuong Ha , Nguyen Dang Huy , Vu Tung Son , Le Anh Hien , Tran Trang Quynh Thi , Nguyen Yen Thi , Nguyen Thuy Thu Thi , Mai Linh Dam Thi , Bui Ha Viet Thi , Tran Hanh My , Nguyen Huy Quang , Nguyen Thao Kim Nu , Truong Bao Gia , Tran Huyen Thanh Thi , Pham Hai The
Published: September 2024

DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) is a commonly used insecticide that is recalcitrant and highly stable in the environment. Currently, DDT residue contamination, especially in agricultural soil, is still a concern in many countries, threatening human health and the environment. Among the approaches to resolve such an issue, novel biodegradation‐based methods are now preferred to physicochemical methods, due to the sustainability and the effectiveness of the former. In this study, we explored the possibility of building mixed microbial cultures that can offer improved DDT‐degrading efficiencies and be more environmentally transilient, based on genome annotation using the KEGG database and prediction of interactions between single strains using the obtained metabolic maps. We then proposed 10 potential DDT‐degrading mixed cultures of different strain combinations and evaluated their DDT degradation performances in liquid, semi‐solid and solid media. The results demonstrated the superiority of the mixtures over the single strains in terms of degrading DDT, particularly in a semi‐solid medium, with up to 40–50% more efficiency. Not only did the mixed cultures degrade DDT more efficiently, but they also adapted to broader spectra of environmental conditions. The three best DDT‐degrading and transilient mixtures were selected, and it turned out that their component strains seemed to have more metabolic interactions than those in the other mixtures. Thus, our study demonstrates the effectiveness of exploiting genome‐mining techniques and the use of constructed mixed cultures in improving biodegradation.
Wolbachia modify host cell metabolite profiles in response to short‐term temperature stress
Authors: Zhu Yu‐Xi , Zhang Yi‐Yin , Wang Xin‐Yu , Yin Yue , Du Yu‐Zhou
Published: September 2024

Wolbachia are common heritable endosymbionts that influence many aspects of ecology and evolution in various insects, yet Wolbachia‐mediated intracellular metabolic responses to temperature stress have been largely overlooked. Here, we introduced the Wolbachia strain wLhui from the invasive Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) into a Drosophila Schneider 2 cell line (S2) and investigated the metabolite profile of wLhui‐infected (S2_wLhui) and uninfected cell lines (S2_wu) under short‐term exposure to either high (37°C), moderate (27°C), or low (7 and 17°C) temperatures. We find that Wolbachia infection, temperature stress, and their interactions significantly affect cellular metabolic profiles. Most significantly, when comparing the changes in metabolites between S2_wLhui and S2_wu, glycerophospholipids, amino acids, and fatty acids associated with metabolic pathways, microbial metabolism in diverse environments, and other pathways were significantly accumulated at either low or high temperatures. Our findings suggest Wolbachia‐induced cellular physiological responses to short‐term temperature stress, which may in turn affect the fitness and adaptive ability of its host as an invasive species.
USP22 promotes gefitinib resistance and inhibits ferroptosis in non‐small cell lung cancer by deubiquitination of MDM2
Authors: Lu Peng , Li Zhaoguo , Xu Hang
Published: September 2024

Background

The emergence of chemoresistance markedly compromised the treatment efficiency of human cancer, including non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In the present study, we aimed to explore the effects of ubiquitin‐specific peptidase 22 (USP22) and murine double minute 2 (MDM2) in gefitinib resistance in NSCLC.

Methods

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay, quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) assay and western blot assay were carried out to determine the expression of USP22 and MDM2. Transwell assay and flow cytometry analysis were performed to evaluate cell migration and apoptosis. Cell Counting Kit‐8 (CCK‐8) assay was employed to assess gefitinib resistance. The phenomenon of ferroptosis was estimated by related commercial kits. The oxidized C11‐BODIPY fluorescence intensity by C11‐BODIPY staining. The relation between USP22 and MDM2 was analyzed by ubiquitination assay and co‐immunoprecipitation (Co‐IP) assay.

Results

USP22 was abnormally upregulated in NSCLC tissues and cells, and USP22 silencing markedly repressed NSCLC cell migration and facilitated apoptosis and ferroptosis. Moreover, our results indicated that ferroptosis could enhance the suppressive effect of gefitinib on NSCLC cells. Besides, USP22 overexpression enhanced gefitinib resistance and ferroptosis protection in NSCLC cells. Mechanically, USP22 stabilized MDM2 and regulated MDM2 expression through deubiquitination of MDM2. MDM2 deficiency partially restored the effects of USP22 on gefitinib resistance and ferroptosis in NSCLC cells. Of note, we validated the promotional effect of USP22 on gefitinib resistance in NSCLC in vivo through establishing the murine xenograft model.

Conclusion

USP22/MDM2 promoted gefitinib resistance and inhibited ferroptosis in NSCLC, which might offer a novel strategy for overcoming gefitinib resistance in NSCLC.
Early detection and prediction of non‐fatal drug‐related incidents and fatal overdose outbreaks using the Farrington algorithm
Authors: Patton Thomas , Trillo‐Park Sharon , Swift Bethan , Bórquez Annick
Published: September 2024

Aims

The aim of this study was to assess the validity of undertaking time‐series analyses on both fatal and non‐fatal drug overdose outcomes for the surveillance of emerging drug threats, and to determine the validity of analyzing non‐fatal indicators to support the early detection of fatal overdose outbreaks.

Design, setting and participants

Time‐series analyses using county‐level data containing fatal overdoses and non‐fatal overdose counts were collected at monthly intervals between 2015 and 2021 in California and Florida, USA. To analyze these data, we used the Farrington algorithm (FA), a method used to detect aberrations in time‐series data such that an abnormal increase in counts relative to previous observations would result in an alert. The FA's performance was compared with a bench‐mark approach, using the standard deviation as an aberration detection threshold. We evaluated whether monthly alerts in non‐fatal overdose can aid in identifying fatal drug overdose outbreaks, defined as a statistically significant increase in the 6‐month overdose death rate. We also conducted analyses across regions, i.e. clusters of counties.

Measurements

Measurements were taken during emergency department and emergency medical service visits.

Findings

Both methods yielded a similar proportion of alerts across scenarios for non‐fatal overdoses, while the bench‐mark method yielded more alerts for fatal overdoses. For both methods, the correlations between surveillance evaluations were relatively poor in the detection of aberrations (typically < 35%) but were high between evaluations yielding no alerts (typically > 75%). For ongoing fatal overdose outbreaks, a strategy based on the detection of alerts at the county level from either method yielded a sensitivity of 66% for both California and Florida. At the regional level, the equivalent analyses had sensitivities of 81% for California and 77% for Florida.

Conclusion

Aberration detection methods can support the early detection of fatal drug overdose outbreaks, particularly when methodologies are applied in combination rather than individual methods separately.
Control and Resistance in Automated Shops: Retail Transparency, Deep Learning, and Digital Refusal
Authors: Dekeyser Thomas , Lynch Casey R.
Published: September 2024

Through the enrolment of big data, deep learning, sensor fusion, and computer vision technologies, Amazon Go and similar shops pursue the automated management of retail subjects, goods, and transactions. Tracing the logics of automated shop technology, the paper makes two contributions. First, it proposes a theory of “retail transparency” to attend to how automated shops reimagine space as a series of pockets of excess (actions that escape circuits of capitalist valuation) to be countered through acts of making‐transparent (datafication for integration into digital systems of control). Retail transparency is underpinned by interventions aimed at perceiving, incorporating, and productivising excess. Second, we argue that logics of deep learning raise important challenges to traditional conceptions of resistance in digital geographies, as these tend to rely on a celebration or cultivation of excess. Instead, we offer a speculative reflection outlining a politics of “circuit‐breaking” which refuses to engage algorithmic logics on their own terms.
Centralisation of extremely preterm births and decreased early postnatal mortality in Sweden, 2004‐2007 versus 2014‐2016
Authors: Gadsbøll Christian , Björklund Lars J. , Norman Mikael , Abrahamsson Thomas , Domellöf Magnus , Elfvin Anders , Farooqi Aijaz , Hellström‐Westas Lena , Håkansson Stellan , Källén Karin , Normann Erik , Serenius Fredrik , Sävman Karin , Um‐Bergström Petra , Ådén Ulrika , Ley David
Published: September 2024

Aim

We evaluated the increased centralisation of extremely preterm (EPT) births in Sweden in relation to the changes in mortality and morbidity.

Methods

Population‐based data covering Swedish live births from 22 + 0 to 26 + 6 weeks of gestation during 2004–2007 and 2014–2016 were analysed for associations between time‐period, birth within (inborn) or outside (outborn) regional centres, and outcomes.

Results

Among 1626 liveborn infants, 703 were born in 2004–2007 and 923 in 2014–2016. Birth outside (vs. within) regional centres was associated with a higher infant mortality even after adjustment for birth cohort, gestational age, birthweight standard deviation score and infant sex (adjusted odds ratio 2.01, 95% confidence interval 1.31–3.07, p = 0.001). The higher 1‐year mortality in outborn infants was mainly due to more deaths within 24 h after birth. Outborn infants had a higher incidence of intraventricular haemorrhage grade 3–4 than inborn infants (22% vs. 14% in 2004–2007, and 22% vs. 13% in 2014–2016, both p < 0.05). While survival to 1 year without major morbidity increased in inborn infants (33%–40%, p = 0.008), it remained unchanged in outborn infants (29% vs. 30%, p = 0.88).

Conclusion

Centralisation of EPT births contributed to a lower 1‐year mortality in 2014–2016 than that in 2004–2007, attributed to a decrease in deaths before 24 h among inborn infants.
New French height velocity growth charts: An innovative big‐data approach based on routine measurements
Authors: Scherdel Pauline , Taine Marion , Bergerat Manon , Werner Andreas , Breton Julien Le , Polak Michel , Linglart Agnès , Reynaud Rachel , Frandji Bruno , Carel Jean‐Claude , Brauner Raja , Chalumeau Martin , Heude Barbara
Published: September 2024

Aim

Height velocity is considered a key auxological tool to monitor growth, but updated height velocity growth charts are lacking. We aimed to derive new French height velocity growth charts by using a big‐data approach based on routine measurements.

Methods

We extracted all growth data of children aged 1 month–18 years from the electronic medical records of 42 primary care physicians, between 1 January 1990 and 8 February 2018, throughout the French metropolitan territory. We derived annual and biannual height velocity growth charts until age 15 years by using the Lambda‐Mu‐Sigma method. These new growth charts were compared to the 1979 French and 2009 World Health Organisation (WHO) ones.

Results

New height velocity growth charts were generated with 193 124 and 209 221 annual and biannual values from 80 204 and 87 260 children, respectively, and showed good internal fit. Median curves were close to the 1979 French or 2009 WHO ones, but SD curves displayed important differences. Similar results were found with the biannual height velocity growth charts.

Conclusion

We produced new height velocity growth charts until age 15 years by using a big‐data approach applied to measurements routinely collected in clinical practice. These updated growth charts could help optimise growth‐monitoring performance.