bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evolution in the synthesis of 1,4-benzothiazines over the last decade (2014 to 2024)
Authors: Rundla Hemant Kumar , Soni Shivani , Teli Sunita , Agarwal Shikha , Agarwal Lokesh Kumar
Published: February 2025

This article provides an overview of various synthetic approaches to 1,4-benzothiazines using a range of substrates over the last decade (2014–2024).
Saline Microalgae Cultivation for the Coproduction of Biofuel and Protein in the United States: An Integrated Assessment of Costs, Carbon, Water, and Land Impacts
Authors: Zhang Jingyi , Zhu Yunhua , Hawkins Troy , Klein Bruno , Coleman Andre , Singh Udayan , Davis Ryan , Ou Longwen , Xu Yiling , Kar Saurajyoti , Wiatrowski Matthew , Gao Song , Valdez P
Published: February 2025

The development of microalgal biorefineries, utilizing high-value coproducts, offers a strategy to lower production costs, while the use of saline-tolerant microalgal species contributes to reducing freshwater consumption. This study evaluates...
A Highly Sensitive Caffeic Acid Fluorescent Probe for Detecting Laccase in Grape Juice and Mushrooms
Authors: Zhang Haolin , He Zixu , Zhang Xiaofan , Li Xiaohua
Published: February 2025

Laccase is a kind of copper-containing polyphenol oxidase with similar properties of different sources, of which catalytic reaction requires only oxygen and releases only water. The most widely used method...
Electrically coherent manipulation of individual atomic and molecular spins on surface
Authors: Xuan Dalong , Wang Yu , Zhang Xue
Published: February 2025

Coherent quantum manipulation at the atomic scale.
Archetype of hydrogen bonding observed in cationic dimers of carboxy-functionalized ionic liquids by means NMR solid state spectroscopy – Reminiscent of salt bridges, peptides and DNA
Authors: Khudozhitkov Alexander E. , Hunger Lasse , Al-Sheakh Loai , Stepanov A. , Kolokolov Daniil Igorevich , Ludwig Ralf
Published: February 2025

Ion pair formation is a fundamental concept in chemistry. The association between ions of opposite charge is widely used in synthesis and catalysis. In contrast, there is little evidence for...
Label-free differentiation of living versus dead single yeast cells using broadband electrical impedance spectroscopy
Authors: Favakeh Amirhossein , Mokhtare Amir , Asadi Mohammad Javad , Hwang James C. M. , Abbaspourrad Alireza
Published: February 2025

A bio impedance chip focused and trapped a single non-adherent cell between coplanar waveguide electrodes. The cell's electrical properties as measured by broadband electrical impedance spectroscopy differentiated between live and dead cells.
Correction: 2D Ni-BDC-stabilized Pickering emulsion for enabling friction-reducing application
Authors: Xu Yi-yan , Song Chao , Fan Lei , Cheng Zhi-lin
Published: February 2025

Correction for ‘2D Ni-BDC-stabilized Pickering emulsion for enabling friction-reducing application’ by Yi-yan Xu et al., New J. Chem., 2025, https://doi.org/10.1039/d4nj05170j.
Speech-Language Pathologists' Perceptions of the Severity of Speech Sound Disorder
Authors: Moser Alexis , Farquharson Kelly , Bush Erin J. , Louw Brenda
Published: February 2025

Purpose:

Severity is a qualitative judgment typically made by speech-language pathologists (SLPs) to represent the impact of speech sound disorder (SSD) on a child's functional communication. Despite the influence of severity on clinical practice, there is no gold standard as to how SLPs should determine such a rating. The purpose of this study was to explore SLPs' perceptions regarding the concept of severity of SSD.

Method:

An embedded mixed-methods research design was selected for this study to support the collection and analysis of both quantitative and qualitative data. An online survey of 30 closed-ended and 10 open-ended questions was created using Research Electronic Data Capture and disseminated to currently practicing SLPs across the United States. A total of 296 surveys were completed, and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics for the quantitative data and inductive content analysis for the qualitative data.

Results:

The majority of SLPs reported that they determine severity when assessing children with SSD. However, the mixed-methods analysis showed that SLPs disagreed in their decision making on whether to use severity ratings. The top five factors SLPs consider when judging severity are types of errors, intelligibility, perceptual judgment, normative data for speech sound development, and standardized percentile rankings with the addition of stimulability through qualitative responses.

Conclusions:

SLPs need a standard biopsychosocial model for determining severity that truly evaluates the “impact” of SSD on a child's communicative participation and attitudes. Recommendations for clinical use of holistic assessments and future research on currently established severity rating scales are discussed.
New JWST redshifts for the host galaxies of CDF-S XT1 and XT2: understanding their nature
Authors: Quirola-Vasquez J. , Bauer F.E. , Jonker P.G. , Levan A. , Brandt W.N. , Ravasio M. , Eappachen D. , Xue Y.Q. , Zheng X.C.
Published: February 2025

CDF-S XT1 and XT2 are considered two ``canonical'' extragalactic fast X-ray transients (FXTs). In this work, we report new constraints on both FXTs, based on recent JWST NIRCam and MIRI photometry, as well as NIRspec spectroscopy for CDF-S XT2 that allow us to improve our understanding of their distances, energetics, and host galaxy properties compared to the pre- JWST era. We use the available HST and JWST archival data to determine the host properties and constrain the energetics of each FXT based on spectral energy distribution (SED) photometric fitting. The host of CDF-S XT1 is now constrained to lie at z_ phot implying a host absolute magnitude M_ R -19.14 mag, stellar mass M_ ≈ times 10^8 M_⊙, and star formation rate SFR$ ≈ 0.62$ M_⊙ yr^-1. These properties lie at the upper end of previous estimates, leaving CDF-S XT1 with a peak X-ray luminosity of L_ X,peak ≈ times erg s^-1. We argue that the best progenitor scenario for XT1 is a low-luminosity gamma-ray burst (GRB), although we do not fully rule out a proto-magnetar association or a jetted tidal disruption event involving a white dwarf and an intermediate-massive black hole. In the case of CDF-S XT2 JWST imaging reveals a new highly obscured component of the host galaxy, previously missed in HST images, while NIRspec spectroscopy securely places the host at z_ spec ± 0.0022. The new redshift implies a host with M_ R -21.76 mag, M_ ≈ times M_⊙, SFR$ ≈ 160$ M_⊙ yr^-1, and FXT L_ X,peak ≈ times erg s^-1. The revised energetics, similarity to X-ray flash event light curves, small host offset, and high host SFR favor a low-luminosity collapsar progenitor for CDF-S XT2. Although a magnetar model is not ruled out, it appears improbable. While these HST and JWST observations shed light on the host galaxies of XT1 and XT2, and by extension, on the nature of FXTs, a unique explanation for both sources remains elusive. Rapid discovery, for instance, with the Einstein Probe satellite, and contemporaneous multiwavelength detections of FXTs remain essential for clarifying the nature of FXTs.
The H_2 jet and disk wind of the Class I protostar HOPS 315
Authors: Vleugels C. , McClure M. , Sturm A. , Vlasblom M.
Published: February 2025

Protostellar outflows are important to many areas of star formation. They enable protostars to build mass by removing angular momentum from accreting material, mix hot solids into the comet-forming regions of young disks, and they provide chemical feedback to star-forming molecular clouds. However, the launching mechanisms of protostellar outflows at early ages are still debated. HOPS 315, a young Class I protostar known to exhibit a purely molecular H_2 jet, provides an interesting case to constrain launching models. We aim to investigate the physical structure, kinematics, and spatial distribution of the outflowing material of HOPS 315 to constrain its components and their launching mechanism. We analyse spatially resolved JWST MIRI and NIRSpec spectra of HOPS 315 and perform Gaussian fits to rotational and ro-vibrational H_2 emission lines. By constructing rotation diagrams in each spaxel, we map the morphology, velocity, temperature, and ortho-to-para ratio (OPR) in the outflow. We find that the mid-infrared 0--0 S(1)--S(5) rotational H_2 emission traces a wide-angle wind component, which peaks along the jet axis, while near-infrared ro-vibrational H_2 emission traces the collimated jet. The wind exhibits velocities ≳ km.s^ temperatures of $500- K $, and an OPR of 3. We estimate a terminal velocity of $120- km.s^ $ for the jet and a temperature of $2400- K $. The OPR in the jet decreases from 3 near the protostar to $2.49^ $ by SI au from the protostar. Our observations may be explained by an magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) disk wind, wide-angled wind-driven outflows, or jet bow shock-driven outflows. The ortho-to-para disequilibrium in the jet possibly results from grain surface ortho-to-para conversion reactions in the inner disk. The presence of disk winds at this age is potentially consistent with theories of radial transport of hot material to the comet-forming regions of the Solar System.
Water depletion and 15NH3 in the atmosphere of the coldest brown dwarf observed with JWST/MIRI
Authors: Kühnle H. , Patapis P. , Mollière P. , Tremblin P. , Matthews E. , Glauser A.M. , Whiteford N. , Vasist M. , Absil O. , Barrado D. , Min M. , Lagage P.-O. , Waters L.B.F.M. , Guedel M. , Henning Th. , Vandenbussche B. , Baudoz P. , Decin L. , Pye J.P. , Royer P. , van Dishoeck E.F. , Östlin G. , Ray T.P. , Wright G.
Published: February 2025

With a temperature of ∼285 K, WISEJ0855–0714 (hereafter, WISE 0855) is the coldest brown dwarf observed thus far. Studying such cold gas giants allows us to probe the atmospheric physics and chemistry of evolved objects that resemble Solar System gas giants. Using James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), we obtained observations to characterize WISE 0855's atmosphere, focusing on vertical variation in the water steam abundance, measuring trace gas abundances, and obtaining the bulk parameters for this cold object. We observed the ultra-cool dwarf WISE 0855 using the Mid-Infrared Instrument Medium Resolution Spectrometer (MIRI/MRS) on board JWST at a spectral resolution of up to 3'750. We combined the observation with published data from the Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) G395M and PRISM modes, yielding a spectrum ranging from 0.8 to 22 µm. We applied atmospheric retrievals using petitRADTRANS to measure the atmospheric abundances, pressure-temperature structure, radius, and gravity of the brown dwarf. We also employed publicly available clear and cloudy self-consistent grid models to estimate the bulk properties of the atmosphere such as the effective temperature, radius, gravity, and metallicity. Atmospheric retrievals have constrained a variable water abundance profile in the atmosphere, as predicted by equilibrium chemistry. We detected the mathrm NH_3 isotopolog and inferred a ratio of volume fraction of mathrm NH_3 /mathrm NH_3 for the clear retrieval. We measured the bolometric luminosity by integrating the presented spectrum, obtaining a value of mathrm log(L/ L _⊙) = -7.291 ± 0.008. The detected water depletion indicates that water condenses out in the upper atmosphere due to the very low effective temperature of WISE 0855. The height in the atmosphere where this occurs is covered by the MIRI/MRS data, thereby demonstrating the potential of MIRI to characterize the atmospheres of cold gas giants. After comparing the data to retrievals and self-consistent grid models, we did not detect any signs of water ice clouds, although their spectral features have been predicted in previous studies.
Linear-quadratic optimal control for infinite-dimensional input-state-output systems
Authors: Reis Timo , Schaller Manuel
Published: February 2025

We examine the minimization of a quadratic cost functional composed of the output and the final state of abstract infinite-dimensional evolution equations in view of existence of solutions and optimality conditions. While the initial value is prescribed, we are minimizing over all inputs within a specified convex subset of square integrable controls with values in a Hilbert space. The considered class of infinite-dimensional systems is based on the system node formulation. Thus, our developed approach includes optimal control of a wide variety of linear partial differential equations with boundary control and observation that are not well-posed in the sense that the output continuously depends on the input and the initial value. We provide an application of particular optimal control problems arising in energy-optimal control of port-Hamiltonian systems. Last, we illustrate the our abstract theory by two examples including a non-well-posed heat equation with Dirichlet boundary control and a wave equation on an L-shaped domain with boundary control of the stress in normal direction.
Materials For Photovoltaics and Batteries: A Brief Review
Authors: Shashidhar Reddy K. , Bhupathi Hari Prasad , Lokeshwar Reddy Ch. , Anirudh Ch. Sai , Pranav V. Sree
Published: February 2025

The electricity sector has increasingly adopted solar photovoltaic (PV) systems as a renewable energy source. Concerns over the environmental impact of fossil fuels and their contribution to global warming have driven significant advancements in PV technology. Over the past two decades, solar cell technology has seen rapid development, driven by ongoing research and innovation. However, a major challenge remains in storing the energy generated by solar panels, which is where batteries play a crucial role. Batteries are essential for ensuring a consistent supply of solar energy, even when the sun isn’t shining. This paper reviews the technologies and materials involved in the production and use of solar panels and batteries, focusing on their efficiency, environmental impacts, and technological advancements.
Smart Home and Security Systems: An IoT-Based Approach Utilizing ESP 32 and Multi-sensor Integration
Authors: Prakash S. Suriya , Usha Rapaka , Karuppiah N. , Saravanan S. , Kalaiyarasi M. , Karunanithi K.
Published: February 2025

This paper introduces an innovative IoT-based smart home and security system employing the ESP 32 microcontroller for comprehensive automation and safety. The system integrates various sensors, including a rain sensor for precipitation detection, a fire sensor for early fire warnings, a gas sensor for identifying flammable gases like LPG, and a moisture sensor to manage garden irrigation based on humidity levels. Additionally, a unique QR code calling bell system with video capability allows visitors to initiate a video call notification on the homeowner’s mobile device, facilitating remote door access. Family members can bypass the video call for seamless entry, while vehicles equipped with a QR code scanner can trigger automatic door opening via servomotors. The notification board, featuring LEDs and buzzers, ensures immediate alert delivery. This paper explores the architecture, implementation, and benefits of the proposed system, emphasizing its contribution to enhanced home security and automation.
Insurance and In-hospital Outcomes of Type A Aortic Dissection Repair: A Population Study of National Inpatient Sample from 2015–2020
Authors: Li Renxi , Huddleston Stephen
Published: February 2025

Background Although insurance status has been linked to surgical outcomes in thoracic aortic operations, its specific association with the outcomes of Type A Aortic Dissection (TAAD) repair remains underexplored. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive, population-based analysis to assess the association between insurance status and in-hospital outcomes after TAAD repair using a national registry.

Methods Patients who underwent TAAD repair were identified in National Inpatient Sample from the last quarter of 2015 to 2020. Multivariable logistic regressions were used to compare in-hospital outcomes between patients using public and private insurance while adjusting for demographics, comorbidities, hospital characteristics, primary payer status, and transfer-in status.

Results There were 2,380 (55.58%) and 1,468 (34.28%) patients under public and private insurance, respectively. Patients under public and private insurance had comparable time from admission to operation (p = 0.08) and adjusted in-hospital mortality rates (aOR = 1.172, 95 CI = 0.925–1.484, p = 0.19). However, patients under public insurance had higher mechanical ventilation (aOR = 1.185, 95 CI = 1.024–1.373, p = 0.02), acute kidney injury (aOR = 1.213, 95 CI = 1.052–1.399, p = 0.01), and infection (aOR = 1.428, 95 CI = 1.087–1.876, p = 0.01). Moreover, patients under public insurance had higher transfer-out rate (p < 0.01), longer length of stay (p < 0.01), and higher total hospital charge (p < 0.01).

Conclusion Although patients with public insurance had comparable adjusted mortality outcomes to those of privately insured patients, they experienced higher rates of postoperative complications and resource utilization. Future studies should investigate the underlying systemic reasons for these disparities and explore strategies for improving surgical outcomes and ensuring equitable healthcare delivery for these vulnerable populations.
Temporal Trends in Pulmonary Embolism Mortality Associated with COVID-19 in the United States: A 5-Year Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Lippi Giuseppe , Mattiuzzi Camilla
Published: February 2025

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been strongly associated with thrombotic complications, particularly pulmonary embolism (PE). This study aims to analyze the real-world impact of COVID-19 on PE-related mortality in the United States over the first 5 years of the pandemic. We conducted a retrospective observational study using the CDC WONDER database, combining data on mortality from PE and COVID-19 using the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) codes I26 (PE) and U07.1 (COVID-19). The analysis spanned from 2020 to 2024. We found a peak in COVID-19-associated PE deaths in 2021, with an estimated crude rate of 211 × 1,000 PE deaths. This rate progressively declined over the following years, being 141 × 1,000 in 2022, 44 × 1,000 in 2023, and 29 × 1,000 in 2024, respectively. The estimated crude rate for COVID-19-associated PE in the United States was 111 × 1,000 PE deaths throughout the 5-year period. The results of our study show that COVID-19 may have contributed to nearly one-tenth of all PE deaths throughout the first 5 years of the pandemic. Despite the gradual decline over the years since its peak in 2021, the still sustained mortality suggests ongoing thrombotic risks, especially impacting high-risk populations, emphasizing the need for continued vigilance and prevention of thrombotic complications in COVID-19 patients.
Using untethered microrobots to remove blood clots
Authors: Daniel Hannah
Published: February 2025

Ex vivo studies show efficacy of these remote-controlled robots to break up and treat blood clots
Wireless mechanical and hybrid thrombus fragmentation of ex vivo endovascular thrombosis model in the iliac artery
Authors: de Boer Marcus C. J. , Ligtenberg Leendert-Jan W. , Mulder Iris , Goulas Constantinos , Klingner Anke , Lomme Roger , Rot Emily A. M. Klein , Wasserberg Dorothee , Lu Yitong , Liefers Remco , van der Mijle Meijer Joep K. , Tuijthof Gabriëlle J. M. , Ami Doron Ben , Sadeh Udi , Shoseyov Oded , Leclerc Julien , Becker Aaron T. , Jonkheijm Pascal , Warlé Michiel , Khalil Islam S. M.
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the efficacy of an untethered magnetic robot (UMR) for wireless mechanical and hybrid blood clot removal in ex vivo tissue environments. By integrating x-ray-guided wireless manipulation with UMRs, we aim to address challenges associated with precise and controlled blood clot intervention. The untethered nature and size of these robots enhance maneuverability and accessibility within complex vascular networks, potentially improving clot removal efficiency. We explore mechanical fragmentation, chemical lysis, and hybrid dissolution techniques that combine mechanical fragmentation with chemical lysis, highlighting their potential for targeted and efficient blood clot removal. Through experimental validation using an ex vivo endovascular thrombosis model within the iliac artery of a sheep, we demonstrate direct revascularization of a 13-mm-long, 1-day-old blood clot positioned inside the left common iliac artery. This was achieved by deploying a UMR into the abdominal aorta within 15 min. Additionally, both mechanical fragmentation and hybrid dissolution achieve a greater volume rate of change compared to no intervention (control) and chemical lysis alone. Mechanical fragmentation exhibits clot removal with a median of 0.87 mm3/min and a range of 2.81 mm3/min, while the hybrid approach demonstrates slower but more consistent clot removal, with a median of 0.45 mm3/min and a range of 0.23 mm3/min.
Self-diffusion and interface diffusion in crystalline and amorphous Ni/Ti multilayer: A molecular dynamics study
Authors: Biswas A. , Bhattacharyya D.
Published: February 2025

Diffusion phenomena in crystalline and amorphous Ni/Ti binary multilayer systems have been simulated by the molecular dynamics (MD) technique in a wide temperature range of 473–1600 K and compared with the experimental results. Evolution of the diffusion process and crystalline phase formation has been investigated as a function of annealing temperature. Formation of the B2-phase (austenite) of the NiTi alloy has been noticed at the interface for an amorphous multilayer system at a relatively lower temperature compared to the crystalline multilayer system, which corroborates well with our earlier experimental findings on this system. MD simulation has also helped to study the diffusion of Ni and Ti separately and it is observed that the diffusion of Ni and Ti in an amorphous system is higher than the corresponding diffusion in a crystalline system. A very interesting difference has been noticed with self-diffusion being dominant in Ti and interface diffusion in Ni. As a result, the formation of new FCC and BCC Ti phases has been observed in the amorphous Ti layer. Individual diffusion coefficients of Ni and Ti are estimated for both crystalline and amorphous systems, and it is observed that the variation of diffusion coefficients with temperature follows the Arrhenius-type relation, with lower activation energies obtained for the amorphous system over the crystalline system. Furthermore, the diffusion mechanism for both the systems is discussed. The above study gives important insight into the interface diffusion process of a technologically important multilayer system and would be immensely helpful in designing applications of such multilayers.
Phase-space single electron-hole acceleration
Authors: Guillevic A. , Lesur M. , Mandal D. , Garbet X. , Gravier E. , Lo-Cascio G. , Ghizzo A. , Réveillé T.
Published: February 2025

Single electron-hole dynamics in a one-dimensional plasma composed of two species, electrons and protons, with reduced mass ratio, is investigated through numerical kinetic Vlasov–Maxwell simulations. The electron-hole's growth of phasetrophy and acceleration are systematically studied as a function of different plasma and electron-hole parameters such as electron drift velocity vd, initial hole velocity δvh, electric potential amplitude ϕ0, and gradients of the distribution functions fe,h′ and fi,h′. A first parameter scan shows two different regimes of positive exponential increase for the electron-holes growth-rate at both positive and negative gradient sides of the electron distribution function. Linear growth of an electron-hole is observed as a function of both ion and electron distribution functions. Moreover, two power laws are measured as a function of the electric potential amplitude in both low- and high-amplitude regimes. Finally, a qualitative agreement between measurements of phasetrophy growth-rate against an effective gradient is found, the latter considering variations and effects of the electron distribution function gradient over the electron-hole's width.
Scaling effects on the microstructure and thermomechanical response of through silicon vias (TSVs)
Authors: Lyu Shuhang , Beechem Thomas , Wei Tiwei
Published: February 2025

The dimensional scaling of through silicon vias (TSVs) is critical for the advancement of high-density 3D integration in future logic-on-logic and logic-on-memory computing architectures. Realizing such scaling demands an understanding of the thermomechanical response at the relevant length scales as both the microstructure and properties of the copper making up the majority of the TSV are dependent upon the size. In response, we examine here the residual stress development of the surrounding Si and microstructural evolution of Cu within TSVs as they are scaled from 5 to 1 μm diameter and thermally annealed. Using a combination of Raman spectroscopic and electron backscatter diffraction imaging accompanied by thermomechanical modeling, a non-monotonic trend between equivalent stress and TSV diameter is revealed. The non-monotonic trend is interpreted using an elastic thermomechanical model that accounts for competition between the global bending of the wafer and local Cu shrinkage. The elastic behavior is attributed, in large part, to a decrease in the mean grain size of Cu—and the accompanying increase in strength—that occurs with reduced TSV diameter. Thus, given the consistency of measured stress with the elastic model and the improved mechanical strength with decreased grain size, annealed Cu TSVs are deduced to remain more elastic compared to their larger counterparts as they scale from 5 to 1 μm.
Advanced property calculation approach considering real gas effects in supercritical carbon dioxide compressors
Authors: Liang Chengbin , Zheng Qun , Jiang Yuting , Li Yuqiang , Fu Tao
Published: February 2025

To optimize the performance of supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) Brayton cycle, the core component, the compressor inlet, is often positioned at the critical point. This manifests in a strong presence of real gas effect in the flow, directly impacting the predictive performance of the compressor. Addressing the limitations of traditional low-degree linear property calculations in property tables, such as high computational cost and inability to ensure continuity of first derivatives, a high-degree, easily scalable property calculation method is introduced, which simultaneously avoids the low precision associated with solving property derivatives. Beginning with a comparison of property calculation accuracy, the coupled relationship between property calculations and flow field at the stable operating boundaries of sCO2 compressor is explored. Analyses of high-dimensional computational precision and cost are conducted. Results indicate that this high-degree method exhibits the smallest overall deviation in property calculations, together with a reduced deviation along the saturation line. Fully considering the real gas effect leads to performance prediction curves closely align with experiment data within a 5% margin. The movement patterns of low-energy fluid clusters are better captured, yielding flow field consistent with conventional dense property tables while reducing computational costs by 16.9% and 19.7% at operation boundary points.
Mechanism of hydraulic fracture propagation and deflection in the vicinity of normal fault
Authors: Li Xinrui , Wang Yiteng , Liu Liming , Lu Tianle
Published: February 2025

Due to the influence of faults, the distribution of the in situ stress field in the reservoir is uneven, which affects the fracture propagation behavior during hydraulic fracturing and subsequently affects the reservoir production increase effect. This study systematically analyzes the influence of fault characteristics on hydraulic fracture propagation using numerical simulations to optimize fracturing designs and reduce geological disaster risks. Focusing on normal faults, four key parameters were selected: elastic modulus ratio (KE), fault dip angle (FD), fault thickness (FT), and vertical distance from the wellbore to fault (VD). A seepage-stress-damage coupling model was used to investigate the influence of these four key parameters on hydraulic fracture propagation. Results show that when VD is less than 25 m, fracture propagation is significantly affected by fault stress disturbance, with deflection angles reaching up to 27°. When VD exceeds 40 m, fracture propagation returns to being controlled by the maximum principal stress direction. Fracture deflection is significant when KE is below 0.3 but diminishes when KE exceeds 0.35. FD produces the maximum deflection angle at 45°, while the stimulated reservoir area (SRA) reaches its maximum at 60°. Increased fault thickness reduces the stress disturbance range and the risk of fault reactivation. These findings provide parameter guidance for optimizing hydraulic fracturing designs and reducing risks in faulted reservoirs.
A potential-based linear stability analysis of bilayer Couette and film flow with topography present
Authors: Scholle M. , Al Ahmadi Hammou M. , Gaskell P. H.
Published: February 2025

A new potential-based first-integral approach is proposed and formulated, facilitating the efficient generation of base-flow solutions for a particular class of bilayer Couette and film flows and a subsequent linear stability analysis of the same. A complicating feature of the flows investigated is the presence of surface topography. The methodology employed gives rise to (i) an advantageous dynamic boundary condition at a layer-separating interface or free-surface; (ii) base-flow solutions having a semi-analytic form; and (iii) the convenient mapping of the associated flow domains to regular rectangular counterparts. Typical base-flow results are provided for periodically repeating surface topography of differing amplitude. The novel stability analyses performed compare results obtained when surface topography is present with those for the corresponding benchmark case when surface topography is absent.
Numerical simulation of flow around a transversely oscillating square cylinder at different frequencies
Authors: Wu Jian , Liu Yakun , Zhang Di
Published: February 2025

This study employed the k–ω Shear StressTransport turbulence model and the Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian dynamic mesh method in OpenFOAM to investigate the effects of the oscillation frequency ratio (fr) on flow characteristics around a square cylinder at Re = 2.2 × 104. The results revealed that the time-averaged drag coefficient (Cd¯) and the Root Mean Square (RMS) of the lift coefficient (Cl′) reached the peak values when fr = 1.0. For fr ≥ 2.5, the time-averaged pressure coefficient (Cp¯) on the leeward side of the square cylinder exhibited a distribution pattern characterized by higher values in the middle and lower values near the edges, while the RMS of the pressure coefficient (Cp′) demonstrated the opposite trend. As fr increased, the secondary recirculation bubbles along the sidewalls of the square cylinder gradually diminished, while the primary recirculation bubbles in the wake and near the sidewalls shortened. Additionally, the RMS of the transverse velocity (Uy′) exceeded that of the streamwise velocity (Ux′) in the wake region. The energy transfer coefficient (CE) in the synchronous range was significantly lower than that in the non-synchronous range at different fr. It is worth noting that in the synchronous range, the energy transferred from the cylinder to the fluid attained its maximum value. The amplitude spectrum of the lift coefficient exhibited chaotic characteristics, containing exclusively odd-order superharmonics. With increasing fr, the vortex structures on both sides of the cylinder became increasingly fragmented, and the wake's vortex pattern transitioned from a single-row to a double-row structure. These findings provide a deeper theoretical understanding of turbulence and the flow-induced motion of structures.
A dual-channel ultra-short-term ship motion prediction model using temporal convolutional network, frequency-enhanced channel attention, and informer
Authors: Mao Zhiyuan , Zhao Yong , Zhao Jiuxiu , Shao Luheng , Zuo Hui
Published: February 2025

Due to the complexity of the marine environment, ultra-short-term ship motion prediction has always been challenging. This study proposes a dual-channel network architecture, TF-Informer, which integrates temporal convolutional network (TCN), frequency-enhanced channel attention mechanism (FECAM), and Informer to improve prediction accuracy, abbreviated as TF-Informer. TCN handles short-term dependencies and extracts local features, while FECAM introduces frequency information to enhance the model's ability to capture frequency signals during feature extraction. Informer, with its self-attention mechanism, captures long-term dependencies by extracting global information. The parallel integration of these components enables the TF-Informer model to address complex nonlinear and non-stationary characteristics, capturing both short-term fluctuations and long-term trends, thus significantly improving prediction accuracy. This study conducted multiple tests using experimental ship model motion data, including multistep prediction, coupled data prediction, and generalization studies. The results indicate that, compared to the Informer model, the TF-Informer model reduces the mean squared error (MSE) by up to 29.53% in multistep prediction tests for accuracy. In complex and variable mixed sea conditions, the R2 value for single-step prediction approaches 1, and multistep predictions can also maintain high computational accuracy. In terms of generalization, the MSE of the forecast is reduced by up to 66.68%. Compared to the Informer model, the proposed TF-Informer model demonstrates significant improvements in prediction accuracy and generalization ability, offering a distinct advantage in ultra-short-term ship motion prediction in complex marine environments.
Comparison between wet vs dry methods: Fabrication process of tungsten oxide thin film enhances performances of smart windows based on electrochromism
Authors: Taguchi Ryo , Kubota Takashi , Watanabe Hiroshi , Tajima Kazuki
Published: February 2025

In response to the increasing demand for smart window technologies in autonomous vehicles, an electrochromic device (ECD), which can control solar energy transmission, such as light and heat, through dynamic changes in its optical properties, has emerged as a promising solution. This study focuses on improving the performance of complementary ECDs incorporating Prussian blue and tungsten oxide (WO3) thin films, which were previously developed. We employ two fabrication methods, wet and dry, based on spin-coating and vapor deposition, respectively, to prepare WO3 thin films and then evaluate their impact on the performance of ECDs. The increasing thickness of WO3 films in the wet-method-based ECDs resulted in enhanced switching velocity between the colored and colorless states and conversely decreased the switching efficiency and optical density contrast. On the other hand, the dry-method-based ECDs provided balanced improvements across all performance metrics. These findings highlight the potential of fabrication methods in optimizing ECD performance for future applications in autonomous vehicles and smart windows.
The AaFoxA factor regulates female reproduction through chromatin remodeling in the mosquito vector Aedes aegypti
Authors: Cheng Yang , Wang Xuesong , Ding Yike , Zhang Houhong , Jia Zhenyu , Raikhel Alexander S.
Published: February 2025

Female mosquitoes are vectors of many devastating human diseases because they require blood feeding to initiate reproduction. Thus, elucidation of molecular mechanisms managing female mosquito reproduction is essential. Although the regulation of gene expression during the mosquito gonadotrophic cycle has been studied in detail, how this process is controlled at the chromatin level remains unclear. Chromatin must be accessible for transcription factors (TFs) governing gene expression. A specialized class of TFs, called pioneer factors (PFs), binds and remodels closed chromatin, permitting other TFs to bind DNA and activate the gene expression. Here, we identified a homolog of the vertebrate PF FoxA in the mosquito
Aedes aegypti
and used the CRISPR-Cas9 system to generate mosquitoes deficient in
AaFoxA
. We found that ovary development was severely retarded in mutant females. Multiomics and molecular biology analyses have shown that AaFoxA increased histone acetylation and decreased methylation of H3K27 by controlling the chromatin accessibility of histone modification enzymes and chromatin remodelers. AaFoxA is bound to the loci of chromatin remodelers, changing their chromatin accessibility and modulating their temporal expression patterns. AaFoxA increased the accessibility of the ecdysone receptor (EcR) and E74 loci, indicating the important role of AaFoxA in the hormonal regulation of mosquito reproductive events. Further, the CUT&RUN and ATAC-seq analyses revealed that AaFoxA temporarily bound closed chromatin, making it differentially accessible during the mosquito gonadotrophic cycle. Hence, this study demonstrates that AaFoxA modulates chromatin dynamics throughout female mosquito reproduction.
A bipartite interaction with the processivity clamp potentiates Pol IV-mediated TLS
Authors: Chang Seungwoo , Laureti Luisa , Thrall Elizabeth S. , Kay Marguerite S. , Philippin Gaëlle , Jergic Slobodan , Pagès Vincent , Loparo Joseph J.
Published: February 2025

Processivity clamps mediate polymerase switching for translesion synthesis (TLS). All three
Escherichia coli
TLS polymerases interact with the β
2
processivity clamp through a conserved clamp-binding motif (CBM), which is indispensable for TLS. Notably, Pol IV also interacts weakly with the rim of the clamp through non-CBM residues. Ablating this “rim contact” in cells results in selective sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents, raising the question how the rim contact contributes to TLS. Here, we show that the rim contact is critical for TLS past a strong replication block but barely necessary for a weak blocking lesion. Within the in vitro reconstituted
E. coli
replisome, the rim mutation compromises Pol IV-mediated TLS past 3-deaza-methyl dA, a strong block, whereas barely affecting TLS past N
2
-furfuryl dG, a weak block. Similar observations are also made in
E. coli
cells bearing a single copy of these lesions in the genome. At lesion-stalled replication forks, single-stranded DNA binding protein locally enriches Pol IV, enabling it to bind the low-affinity rim site. This interaction poises Pol IV to better compete with Pol III, the replicative polymerase, which competitively inhibits Pol IV from interacting with the clamp through its CBM. We propose that this bipartite clamp interaction enables Pol IV to rapidly resolve lesion-stalled replication at a strong block through TLS, which reduces damage-induced mutagenesis.
Prediction of new functional fluorooxoborates with expected anionic framework: a case of CaB3O5F
Authors: Zhang Ke-Wang , Jin Wen-Qi , Li Ke , Tudi Abudukadi , Liu Lin-Lin , Xie Cong-Wei , Xie Yu
Published: February 2025

The prediction of new fluorooxoborates as ultraviolet (UV)/deep ultraviolet (DUV) opto-electronic functional materials from a largely unexplored chemical space is a challenging task. It has been suggested that the anionic frameworks formed by B-O and B-O-F units significantly influence on the physical properties of fluorooxoborates. Therefore, the rational design of anionic frameworks could facilitate the materials discovery process. Herein, we propose that a candidate anionic framework can be efficiently derived from an existing one by slightly altering its oxygen content. Following this idea, we hypothesized the existence of a 1D [B3O5F]∞ chain from the well-known 2D [B6O9F2]∞ layer. Accordingly, seven CaB3O5F structures with the expected anionic framework were successfully predicted. First-principles calculations show that all these structures have potential in the UV/DUV birefringent or nonlinear optical (NLO) material field, indicating that the 1D [B3O5F]∞ chain is indeed a promising anionic framework for achieving UV/DUV birefringent and NLO performance.
VAE+CycleD2GAN-based Generative Method of synchronous Solar/planetary Spectral Pairs for Celestial Doppler Difference Velocimetry Navigation
Authors: Liu Jin , Zhang Zijun , Ning Xiaolin , MA Xin , Chen Xiao
Published: February 2025

The measurement of the celestial Doppler difference velocimetry navigation is the Doppler difference between the solar spectrum and the planetary spectrum. The asynchronous solar/planetary spectral pairs in the existing database lead to the difficulty in the verification of the celestial Doppler difference velocimetry navigation. To solve this problem, we propose a VAE+CycleD2GAN-based generative method of synchronous solar/planetary spectral pairs, which fuse variational auto-encoder (VAE), cycle generative adversarial network (CycleGAN), dual discriminator generative adversarial nets (D2GAN). In CycleGAN, asynchronous solar spectra and planetary spectra are used as the training set to generate synchronous solar/planetary spectral pairs. Due to small samples in the existing spectral database, we explore the strong generalization ability of the latent space in VAE to improve CycleGAN and ensure its learning effectiveness. A double discriminator structure is introduced in VAE+CycleGAN to restrain the disadvantage of training instability and mode collapse, which can effectively capture spectral distribution patterns and improve the quality of generated spectra. Experimental results show that, compared with the asynchronous solar/planetary spectral pairs, the VAE+CycleD2GAN-based generative method produces synchronous solar/planetary spectral pairs, improving the velocimetry accuracy of the synchronous ones by more than 50%, and enhancing the position and velocity accuracies of navigation by more than 12% and 33%, respectively. The research demonstrates that the proposed method provides strong technical support for the feasibility of the celestial Doppler difference velocimetry navigation.
Plateaux of probability for the expanded quantum inﬁnite well
Authors: Chamizo Fernando , Raboso Dulcinea , Santillan Osvaldo P
Published: February 2025

If the standard 1D quantum infinite potential well initially in its ground state suffers asudden expansion, it turns out that in the evolution of the system they may appear plateauxof probability for some fractional times, as noticed by C. Aslangul in 2008. We introduce amathematical framework to explain this phenomenon. Remarkably, the characterization ofthese plateaux depends on nontrivial number theoretical considerations.
Interacting Mathieu equation, synchronization dynamics and collision-induced velocity exchange in trapped ions
Authors: Benbouza Asma , Lin Xiaoshui , Cui Jingming , Gong Ming
Published: February 2025

Recently, large-scale trapped ion systems have been realized in experiments for quantum simulation and quantum computation. They are the simplest systems for dynamical stability and parametric resonance. In this model, the Mathieu equation plays the most fundamental role for us to understand the stability and instability of a single ion. In this work, we investigate the dynamics of trapped ions with the Coulomb interaction based on the Hamiltonian equation. We show that the many-body interaction will not influence the phase diagram for instability. Then, the dynamics of this model in the large damping limit will also be analytically calculated using few trapped ions.Furthermore, we find that in the presence of modulation, synchronization dynamics can be observed, showing an exchange of velocities between distant ions on the left side and on the right side of the trap. These dynamics resemble to that of the exchange of velocities in Newton’s cradle for the collision of balls at the same time. These dynamics are independent of their initial conditions and the number of ions. As a unique feature of the interacting Mathieu equation, we hope this behavior, which leads to a quasi-periodic solution, can be measured in current experimental systems. Finally, we have also discussed the effect of anharmonic trapping potential, showing the desynchronization during the collision process. It is hopped that the dynamics in this many-body Mathieu equation with damping may find applications in quantum simulations. This model may also find interesting applications in dynamics systems as a pure mathematical problem, which may be beyond the results in the Floquet theorem.
Non-Markovian effects on the steady state properties of a damped harmonic oscillator
Authors: Farooq Faisal , Dar Irfan Ahmad , Lone Muzaffar Qadir
Published: February 2025

We study the steady-state characteristics of a damped harmonic oscillator (system) in presence of a non-Markovian bath characterized by Lorentzian spectral density. Although Markovian baths presume memoryless dynamics, the introduction of complex temporal connections by a non-Markovian environment radically modifies the dynamics of the system and its steady-state behavior. We obtain the steady-state Green's functions and correlation functions of the system using the Schwinger-Keldysh formalism. In both rotating and non-rotating wave approximation, we analyzed various emergent properties like effective temperature and distribution function. We also explore the impact of dissipation and non-Markovian dynamics on the quantum Zeno and anti-Zeno effects. We show that a transition between Zeno to anti-Zeno effect can be tuned by bath spectral width and the strength of dissipation.
A high light yield neutron scintillator based on Ce3+-doped lithium glass
Authors: Song Rui-Qiang , Liu Chuang , Long Yi-Yang , Han Ji-Feng , Ren Jing , Qian Sen
Published: February 2025

The development of low-cost and highly efficient thermal neutron detection materials to substitute the rare and expensive 3He gas is important for the area. Lithium-based glass (Li glass) is a promising candidate due to its simple fabrication process and low cost. This paper reports the optical properties and scintillation performance of a new Ce3+-doped Li glass, whose luminescence efficiency is significantly enhanced with a light yield of about 4770 ph/MeV, which is about 54% of that of BGO crystal, and the energy resolution is 14.5% for 662 keV gamma rays. The Ce3+-doped Li glass showed a high light yield of about 7058 ph/neutron, which is about 1.18 times that of the reference GS20 glass. The Ce3+ doped Li glass exhibits stronger gamma rays suppression capability compared to GS20 glass samples. Further optimizing the Ce3+ concentration and 6Li content is expected to achieve much superior neutron detection efficiency, positioning it as a promising alternative to 3He gas for efficient thermal neutron detection.
Strain-modulated Superconductivity of Monolayer Tc2B2
Authors: Liu Zhengtao , Zhang Zihan , Song Hao , Cui Tian , Duan Defang
Published: February 2025

Two-dimensional (2D) superconductors have attracted significant research interest due to their promising potential applications in optoelectronic and microelectronic devices. Herein, we employ first-principles calculations to predicted a new 2D conventional superconductor, Tc2B2, demonstrating its stable structural configuration. Remarkably, under biaxial strain, the superconducting transition temperature (T
c) of Tc2B2 demonstrates a significant enhancement, achieving 19.5 K under 3% compressive strain and 9.2 K under 11% tensile strain. Our study reveals that straininduced modifications in Fermi surface topology significantly enhance the Fermi surface nesting effect, which amplifies electron-phonon coupling interactions and consequently elevates T
c. Additionally, the presence of the Lifshitz transition results in a more pronounced rise in T
c under compressive strain compared to tensile strain. These insights offer important theoretical guidance for designing 2D superconductors with high-T
c through strain modulation.