bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Protocatechuic Acid Prevents oxLDL-Induced Apoptosis by Activating JNK/Nrf2 Survival Signals in Macrophages
Authors: Varì Rosaria , Scazzocchio Beatrice , Santangelo Carmela , Filesi Carmelina , Galvano Fabio , D’Archivio Massimo , Masella Roberta , Giovannini Claudio
Published: June 2015

Protocatechuic acid (PCA), one of the main metabolites of complex polyphenols, exerts numerous biological activities including antiapoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antiatherosclerotic effects. Oxidised LDL have atherogenic properties by damaging arterial wall cells and inducing p53-dependent apoptosis in macrophages. This study was aimed at defining the molecular mechanism responsible for the protective effects of PCA against oxidative and proapoptotic damage exerted by oxLDL in J774 A.1 macrophages. We found that the presence of PCA in cells treated with oxLDL completely inhibited the p53-dependent apoptosis induced by oxLDL. PCA decreased oxLDL-induced ROS overproduction and in particular prevented the early increase of ROS. This decrease seemed to be the main signal responsible for maintaining the intracellular redox homeostasis hindering the activation of p53 induced by ROS, p38MAPK, and PKCδ. Consequently the overexpression of the proapoptotic p53-target genes such as p66Shc protein did not occur. Finally, we demonstrated that PCA induced the activation of JNK, which, in turn, determined the increase of nuclear Nrf2, leading to inhibition of the early ROS overproduction. We concluded that the antiapoptotic mechanism of PCA was most likely related to the activation of the JNK-mediated survival signals that strengthen the cellular antioxidant defences rather than to the PCA antioxidant power.
Efficacy of Acute Intermittent Hypoxia on Physical Function and Health Status in Humans with Spinal Cord Injury: A Brief Review
Authors: Astorino Todd A. , Harness Eric T. , White Ailish C.
Published: June 2015

Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in a loss of motor and sensory function and is consequent with reductions in locomotion, leading to a relatively sedentary lifestyle which predisposes individuals to premature morbidity and mortality. Many exercise modalities have been employed to improve physical function and health status in SCI, yet they are typically expensive, require many trained clinicians to implement, and are thus relegated to specialized rehabilitation centers. These characteristics of traditional exercise-based rehabilitation in SCI make their application relatively impractical considering the time-intensive nature of these regimens and patients’ poor access to exercise. A promising approach to improve physical function in persons with SCI is exposure to acute intermittent hypoxia (IH) in the form of a small amount of sessions of brief, repeated exposures to low oxygen gas mixtures interspersed with normoxic breathing. This review summarizes the clinical application of IH in humans with SCI, describes recommended dosing and potential side effects of IH, and reviews existing data concerning the efficacy of relatively brief exposures of IH to modify health and physical function. Potential mechanisms explaining the effects of IH are also discussed. Collectively, IH appears to be a safe, time-efficient, and robust approach to enhance physical function in chronic, incomplete SCI.
Targeted Therapies Compared to Dacarbazine for Treatment of BRAFV600EMetastatic Melanoma: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
Authors: Shih Vanessa , ten Ham Renske M. , Bui Christine T. , Tran Dan N. , Ting Jie , Wilson Leslie
Published: June 2015

Purpose. Two BRAFV600Etargeted therapies, dabrafenib and vemurafenib, have received US approval for treatment of metastatic melanoma in BRAFV600Epatients, a mutation that affects ~50% of patients. We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of BRAF inhibitors and traditional chemotherapy for treatment of metastatic melanoma.Methods. A Markov model was developed using a societal perspective. Transition probabilities were derived from two Phase III registration trials comparing each BRAF inhibitor against dacarbazine. Costs were obtained from literature, national databases, and Medicare fee schedules. Utilities were obtained from published literature. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were run to test the impact of uncertainties.Results. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of dabrafenib was $149,035/QALY compared to dacarbazine. Vemurafenib was dominated by dabrafenib. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed that, at a willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold of ≤$100,000/QALY, dacarbazine was the optimal treatment in ~85% of simulations. At a WTP threshold of ≥$150,000/QALY, dabrafenib was the optimal treatment.Conclusion. Compared with dacarbazine, dabrafenib and vemurafenib were not cost-effective at a willingness-to-pay threshold of $100,000/QALY. Dabrafenib is more efficient compared to vemurafenib. With few treatment options, dabrafenib is an option for qualifying patients if the overall cost of dabrafenib is reduced to $30,000–$31,000 or a WTP threshold of ≥$150,000/QALY is considered. More comparative data is needed.
Synaptic Variability Introduces State-Dependent Modulation of Excitatory Spinal Cord Synapses
Authors: Parker David
Published: June 2015

The relevance of neuronal and synaptic variability remains unclear. Cellular and synaptic plasticity and neuromodulation are also variable. This could reflect state-dependent effects caused by the variable initial cellular or synaptic properties or direct variability in plasticity-inducing mechanisms. This study has examined state-dependent influences on synaptic plasticity at connections between excitatory interneurons (EIN) and motor neurons in the lamprey spinal cord. State-dependent effects were examined by correlating initial synaptic properties with the substance P-mediated plasticity of low frequency-evoked EPSPs and the reduction of the EPSP depression over spike trains (metaplasticity). The low frequency EPSP potentiation reflected an interaction between the potentiation of NMDA responses and the release probability. The release probability introduced a variable state-dependent subtractive influence on the postsynaptic NMDA-dependent potentiation. The metaplasticity was also state-dependent: it was greater at connections with smaller available vesicle pools and high initial release probabilities. This was supported by the significant reduction in the number of connections showing metaplasticity when the release probability was reduced by high Mg2+Ringer. Initial synaptic properties thus introduce state-dependent influences that affect the potential for plasticity. Understanding these conditions will be as important as understanding the subsequent changes.
Spatial and Temporal Abundance of Interacting Populations of White Clover and Grass Species as Assessed by Image Analyses
Authors: Bakken Anne Kjersti , Bonesmo Helge , Pedersen Bård
Published: June 2015

The dataset comprises detailed mappings of two communities of interacting populations of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and grass species under differing experimental treatments over 4-5 years. Information from digital photographs acquired two times per season has been processed into gridded data and documents the temporal and spatial dynamics of the species that followed from a wide range of spatial configurations that arose during the study period. The data contribute a unique basis for validation and further development of previously published models for the dynamics and population oscillations in grass-white clover swards. They will be well suited for estimating parameters in spatially explicit versions of these models, like neighborhood based models that incorporate both the dispersal and the local nature of plant-plant interactions.
Analysis of Wetting Characteristics on Microstructured Hydrophobic Surfaces for the Passive Containment Cooling System
Authors: Zhao Wei , Zhang Xiang , Tian Chunlai , Gao Zhan
Published: June 2015

As the heat transfer surface in the passive containment cooling system, the anticorrosion coating (AC) of steel containment vessel (CV) must meet the requirements on heat transfer performance. One of the wall surface ACs with simple structure, high mechanical strength, and well hydrophobic characteristics, which is conductive to form dropwise condensation, is significant for the heat removal of the CV. In this paper, the grooved structures on silicon wafers by lithographic methods are systematically prepared to investigate the effects of microstructures on the hydrophobic property of the surfaces. The results show that the hydrophobicity is dramatically improved in comparison with the conventional Wenzel and Cassie-Baxter model. In addition, the experimental results are successfully explained by the interface state effect. As a consequence, it is indicated that favorable hydrophobicity can be obtained even if the surface is with lower roughness and without any chemical modifications, which provides feasible solutions for improving the heat transfer performance of CV.
Laser Acupuncture for Postoperative Pain Management in Cats
Authors: Marques Virgínia I. , Cassu Renata N. , Nascimento Felipe F. , Tavares Rafaela C. P. , Crociolli Giulliane C. , Guilhen Rafael C. , Nicácio Gabriel M.
Published: June 2015

The aim of this study was to evaluate laser acupuncture as an adjuvant for postoperative pain management in cats. Twenty cats, undergoing ovariohysterectomy, were sedated with intramuscular (IM) ketamine (5 mg kg−1), midazolam (0.5 mg kg−1), and tramadol (2 mg kg−1). Prior to induction of anaesthesia, the subjects were randomly distributed into two groups of 10 cats: Laser: bilateral stomach 36 and spleen 6 acupoints were stimulated with infrared laser; Control: no acupuncture was applied. Anaesthesia was induced using intravenous propofol (4 mg kg−1) and maintained with isoflurane. Postoperative analgesia was evaluated by a blinded assessor for 24 h following extubation using the Dynamic Interactive Visual Analogue Scale and Multidimensional Composite Pain Scale. Rescue analgesia was provided with IM tramadol (2 mg kg−1), and the pain scores were reassessed 30 min after the rescue intervention. If the analgesia remained insufficient, meloxicam (0.2 mg kg−1IM, single dose) was administered. Data were analyzed usingt-tests, the Mann-Whitney test, and the Friedman test (P<0.05). The pain scores did not differ between groups. However, postoperative supplemental analgesia was required by significantly more cats in the Control (5/10) compared with the Laser group (1/10) (P=0.038). Laser acupuncture reduced postoperative analgesic requirements in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy.
Use of Insulin and Mortality from Breast Cancer among Taiwanese Women with Diabetes
Authors: Tseng Chin-Hsiao
Published: June 2015

Background. To evaluate whether insulin use was predictive for mortality from breast cancer in Taiwanese women with diabetes mellitus.Methods. A total of 48,880 diabetic women were followed up to determine the mortality from breast cancer during 1995–2006. Cox models were used, considering the following independent variables: age, sex, diabetes type, diabetes duration, body mass index, smoking, insulin use, and area of residence. Insulin use was also considered for its duration of use at cutoffs of 3 years and 5 years.Results. Age was a significant predictor in all analyses. The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval,Pvalue) for insulin use without considering the duration of use was not statistically significant (1.339 [0.782–2.293,P=0.2878]). Compared with nonusers, insulin users showed the following adjusted hazard ratios for insulin use <3 years,≥3 years, <5 years, and ≥5 years: 0.567 (0.179–1.791,P=0.3333), 2.006 (1.102–3.653,P=0.0228), 1.045 (0.505–2.162,P=0.9048), and 1.899 (0.934–3.860,P=0.0763).Conclusions. Insulin use (mainly human insulin) for ≥3 years may be associated with a higher risk of breast cancer mortality.
Curcumin Protects Neurons from Glutamate-Induced Excitotoxicity by Membrane Anchored AKAP79-PKA Interaction Network
Authors: Chen Kui , An Yu , Tie Lu , Pan Yan , Li Xuejun
Published: June 2015

Now stimulation of AMPA receptor as well as its downstream pathways is considered as potential central mediators in antidepressant mechanisms. As a signal integrator which binds to AMPA receptor, A-kinase anchoring protein 79-(AKAP79-) PKA complex is regarded as a potential drug target to exert neuroprotective effects. A well-tolerated and multitarget drug curcumin has been confirmed to exert antidepressant-like effects. To explore whether AKAP79-PKA complex is involved in curcumin-mediated antiexcitotoxicity, we detected calcium signaling, subcellular location of AKAP79-PKA complex, phosphorylation of glutamate receptor, and ERK and AKT cascades. In this study, we found that curcumin protected neurons from glutamate insult by reducing Ca2+influx and blocking the translocation of AKAP79 from cytomembrane to cytoplasm. In parallel, curcumin enhanced the phosphorylation of AMPA receptor and its downstream pathways in PKA-dependent manner. If we pretreated cells with PKA anchoring inhibitor Ht31 to disassociate PKA from AKAP79, no neuroprotective effects were observed. In conclusion, our results show that AKAP79-anchored PKA facilitated the signal relay from AMPA receptor to AKT and ERK cascades, which may be crucial for curcumin-mediated antiexcitotoxicity.
Recursive Gaussian Process Regression Model for Adaptive Quality Monitoring in Batch Processes
Authors: Zhou Le , Chen Junghui , Song Zhihuan
Published: June 2015

In chemical batch processes with slow responses and a long duration, it is time-consuming and expensive to obtain sufficient normal data for statistical analysis. With the persistent accumulation of the newly evolving data, the modelling becomes adequate gradually and the subsequent batches will change slightly owing to the slow time-varying behavior. To efficiently make use of the small amount of initial data and the newly evolving data sets, an adaptive monitoring scheme based on the recursive Gaussian process (RGP) model is designed in this paper. Based on the initial data, a Gaussian process model and the corresponding SPE statistic are constructed at first. When the new batches of data are included, a strategy based on the RGP model is used to choose the proper data for model updating. The performance of the proposed method is finally demonstrated by a penicillin fermentation batch process and the result indicates that the proposed monitoring scheme is effective for adaptive modelling and online monitoring.
Effect of Three Bioenzymes on Compaction, Consistency Limits, and Strength Characteristics of a Sedimentary Residual Soil
Authors: Khan Tanveer Ahmed , Taha Mohd Raihan
Published: June 2015

Bioenzymes are organic degradable materials, currently introduced as soil improvement additives. In this experimental study, three types of bioenzymes from three different countries were used to improve Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) soil. UKM soil has properties quite similar to soils recommended as suitable by bioenzyme suppliers. The effect of the three bioenzymes on Atterberg limits, compaction characteristics, and unconfined compressive strength was studied. Controlled untreated and treated samples for two dosages at curing times up to three months were prepared and tested after completion of the curing period. Some results showed little improvement in compaction characteristics, and unconfined compressive strength, but no notable improvement was noticed in Atterberg limits. X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) tests were conducted for untreated and treated soil samples after two months of curing. XRD and XRF did not show any change in mineralogy and chemical composition between controlled untreated samples and samples treated with the three bioenzymes. However, the FESEM images revealed a denser packing of particles for soil samples treated with two of the bioenzymes.
An Organ System Approach to Explore the Antioxidative, Anti-Inflammatory, and Cytoprotective Actions of Resveratrol
Authors: Malhotra Ashim , Bath Sundeep , Elbarbry Fawzy
Published: June 2015

Resveratrol is a phenolic phytochemical, with a stilbene backbone, derived from edible plants such as grape and peanut. It is a bioactive molecule with physiological effects on multiple organ systems. Its effects range from the neuroprotective to the nephroprotective, including cardiovascular, neuronal, and antineoplastic responses as a part of its broad spectrum of action. In this review, we examine the effects of resveratrol on the following organ systems: the central nervous system, including neurological pathology such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease; the cardiovascular system, including disorders such as atherosclerosis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy; the kidneys, including primary and secondary nephropathies and nephrolithiasis; multiple forms of cancer; and metabolic syndromes including diabetes. We emphasize commonalities in extracellular matrix protein alterations and intracellular signal transduction system induction following resveratrol treatment. We summarize the known anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and cytoprotective effects of resveratrol across disparate organ systems. Additionally, we analyze the available literature regarding the pharmacokinetics of resveratrol formulations used in these studies. Finally, we critically examine select clinical trials documenting a lack of effect following resveratrol treatment.
Yoga for Health-Related Quality of Life in Adult Cancer: A Randomized Controlled Feasibility Study
Authors: McCall Marcy , McDonald Melanie , Thorne Sally , Ward Alison , Heneghan Carl
Published: June 2015

An increase in patient-led uptake of complementary therapies in adult cancer has led to a need for more rigorous study of such interventions and their outcomes. This study therefore aimed to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of a yoga intervention in men and women receiving conventional treatment for a cancer diagnosis. Prospective, mixed methods feasibility trial allocated participants to receive one of three yoga interventions over a four-week study period. Data collection was completed through online survey of QOL-CA/CS and customized surveys. Fifteen participants were included (11 female) undergoing treatment for breast, prostate, colorectal, brain, and blood and lung cancer. Two participants dropped out and complete qualitative and quantitative data sets were collected from 12 participants and four yoga instructors. Other outcome measures included implementation costs patient-reported preferences for yoga intervention and changes in QOL-CA/CS. Three types of yoga intervention were safely administered in adult cancer. Mixed methods, cost-efficiency, QOL-CA/CS, and evidence-based design of yoga intervention have been used to establish feasibility and patient-preferences for yoga delivery in adult caner. Results suggest that, with some methodological improvements, a large-scale randomized controlled trial is warranted to test the efficacy of yoga for male and female cancer patients. This trial is registered with Clinicaltrials.govNCT02309112.
Lipase-SecretingBacillusSpecies in an Oil-Contaminated Habitat: Promising Strains to Alleviate Oil Pollution
Authors: Lee Li Pin , Karbul Hudzaifah Mohamed , Citartan Marimuthu , Gopinath Subash C. B. , Lakshmipriya Thangavel , Tang Thean-Hock
Published: June 2015

Lipases are of great interest for different industrial applications due to their diversity and versatility. Among different lipases, microbial lipases are preferable due to their broad substrate specificity, and higher stability with lower production costs compared to the lipases from plants and animals. In the past, a vast number of bacterial species have been reported as potential lipases producers. In this study, the lipases-producing bacterial species were isolated from an oil spillage area in the conventional night market. Isolated species were identified asBacillusspecies by biochemical tests which indicate their predominant establishment, and further screened on the agar solid surfaces using lipid and gelatin as the substrates. Out of the ten strains tested, four potential strains were subjected to comparison analysis of the lipolytic versus proteolytic activities. Strain 10 exhibited the highest lipolytic and proteolytic activity. In all the strains, the proteolytic activity is higher than the lipolytic activity except for strain 8, suggesting the possibility for substrate-based extracellular gene induction. The simultaneous secretion of both the lipase and protease is a mean of survival. The isolated bacterial species which harbour both lipase and protease enzymes could render potential industrial-based applications and solve environmental issues.
Discriminating the Geographical Origins of Chinese White Lotus Seeds by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemometrics
Authors: Xu Lu , Cai Chen-Bo , She Yuan-Bin , Chen Li-Juan
Published: June 2015

The traceability of a Chinese white lotus seed (WLS) with Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) was investigated using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and chemometrics. Three chemometrics methods, discrimination analysis (DA), class modeling, and a newly proposed strategy, the fusion of DA and class modeling, were investigated to compare their capacity to trace the geographical origins of WLS. Least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) was developed to distinguish the PDO WLS from non-PDO WLS of four main producing areas. A class modeling technique, one-class partial least squares (OCPLS), was developed only using the data of PDO WLS. By the fusion of LS-SVM and OCPLS, the best prediction sensitivity and specificity were 0.900 and 0.973, respectively. The results indicate that fusion of DA and class modeling can enhance the specificity for detection of non-PDO products. The conclusion is that DA and class modeling should be combined for tracing food geographical origins.
Review on the Applications and Molecular Mechanisms ofXihuangPill in Tumor Treatment
Authors: Guo Qiujun , Lin Jinyin , Liu Rui , Gao Yebo , He Shulin , Xu Xinyao , Hua Baojin , Li Conghuang , Hou Wei , Zheng Honggang , Bao Yanju
Published: June 2015

Xihuangpill (XH) is a complementary and alternative medicine that has been used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for the treatment of tumors since the 18th century. XH has clinical effects on non-Hodgkin lymphoma, breast cancer, gastric cancer, liver cancer, and bone metastasis. XH can also inhibit the growth of tumor cells and cancer stem cells, prevent tumor invasion and angiogenesis, and regulate the tumor microenvironment. XH is composed ofRu Xiang(olibanum),Mo Yao(Commiphora myrrha),She Xiang(Moschus), andNiu Huang(Calculus bovis). Some of the compounds found in these ingredients exert multiple antitumor effects and may synergize with the other ingredients. We aimed to summarize the clinical applications and molecular mechanisms of XH and its chemical composition. This review will provide potential new strategies and alternative perspectives for tumor treatments and basic research into complementary and alternative medicine.
Slope Stability Analysis of Earth-Rockfill Dams Using MGA and UST
Authors: Nansheng Li , Bo Tang , Lihui Xie
Published: June 2015

The nonlinear Unified Strength Theory (UST), which takes into account the effect of intermediate stress and nonlinear behavior on geotechnical strength, is applied in slope stability analysis of earth-rockfill dams (ERD) in this paper. The biggest drawback for general determination of slip surface is that it must presuppose the shape of slip surface and is unable to identify the critical noncircular slip surface more accurately. This paper proposes an optimal analytic model of slope stability analysis of ERD and employs modified genetic algorithm (MGA) to search for the slip surface on the basis of shear failure criteria of the nonlinear UST without prior assumption of the shape of slip surface. The application of MGA dependent on Matlab toolbox to the slope stability analysis of ERD shows that MGA can consequently overcome the weakness of easily falling into local optimal solutions brought by general optimal algorithms.
Tiliacora triandra, an Anti-Intoxication Plant, Improves Memory Impairment, Neurodegeneration, Cholinergic Function, and Oxidative Stress in Hippocampus of Ethanol Dependence Rats
Authors: Phunchago Nattaporn , Wattanathorn Jintanaporn , Chaisiwamongkol Kowit
Published: June 2015

Oxidative stress plays an important role in brain dysfunctions induced by alcohol. Since less therapeutic agent against cognitive deficit and brain damage induced by chronic alcohol consumption is less available, we aimed to assess the effect ofTiliacora triandraextract, a plant possessing antioxidant activity, on memory impairment, neuron density, cholinergic function, and oxidative stress in hippocampus of alcoholic rats. Male Wistar rats were induced ethanol dependence condition by semivoluntary intake of alcohol for 15 weeks. Alcoholic rats were orally givenT. triandraat doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg·kg−1BW for 14 days. Memory assessment was performed every 7 days while neuron density, activities of AChE, SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px and, MDA level in hippocampus were assessed at the end of study. Interestingly, the extract mitigated the increased escape latency, AChE and MDA level. The extract also mitigated the decreased retention time, SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px activities, and neurons density in hippocampus induced by alcohol. These data suggested that the extract improved memory deficit in alcoholic rats partly via the decreased oxidative stress and the suppression of AChE. Therefore,T. triandrais the potential reagent for treating brain dysfunction induced by alcohol. However, further researches are necessary to understand the detail mechanism and possible active ingredient.
Characterization of Waste Material Derived Willemite-Based Glass-Ceramics Doped with Erbium
Authors: Sarrigani G. V. , Quah H. J. , Lim W. F. , Matori K. A. , Mohd Razali N. S. , Kharazmi A. , Hashim M. , Bahari H. R.
Published: June 2015

We reported, for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, the production of erbium doped willemite-based glass-ceramic using waste material. In this work, a willemite-based glass-ceramic was prepared from waste material to obtain excellent crystallinity and then doped with trivalent erbium (Er3+) to yield ([(ZnO)0.5(SLS)0.5]1−x[Er2O3]x) final composition wherex=3 wt%. The samples were sintered at various temperatures (500–1100°C) to study the effects of sintering temperatures on microstructure and physical properties of the samples. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) were used to determine structural changes and functional groups in the samples, respectively. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray was used to observe surface morphology and to detect presence of elements in the samples. Findings showed that average grain size of the Er3+doped glass-ceramic sample increased as a function of the sintering temperature and the optimum temperature was 900°C.
The Characterization of Fish (Tilapia) Collagen Sponge as a Biomaterial
Authors: Yamamoto Kohei , Yoshizawa Yuu , Yanagiguchi Kajiro , Ikeda Takeshi , Yamada Shizuka , Hayashi Yoshihiko
Published: June 2015

For scaffold manufacturing, the utility of bioactive natural organic materials derived from marine products is useful and indispensable as an alternative to bovine collagen. The weakest feature of fish collagen for scaffold application is its low degeneration temperature (Td), indicating poor stability of fish collagen in mammalsin vivo. We have focused on the tropical fish tilapia as a candidate for generating a clinical scaffold. The aim of this study was to confirm theTdof tilapia type I atelocollagen (TAC) for biomedical application. Furthermore, the physical and structural properties were investigated and evaluated as a scaffold on a sponge form. Different concentrations {0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0% (v/v)} of TAC solution were analyzed. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that theTdof TAC was 35-36°C. The scanning electron microscopy results indicated that the pore size (90–160 μm) of TAC sponges is acceptable for cell proliferation. The tensile strength of porous sponges was in the range of 0.01–0.07 MPa. These findings indicate that the TAC sponge prepared from tilapia is one of candidates as a scaffold. The 1.0% (v/v) concentration of TAC solution is especially recommended to be advantageous for preparing and handling the solution and for sponge formation.
Oral Contraceptive Use and Colorectal Cancer in the Nurses' Health Study I and II
Authors: Charlton Brittany M. , Wu Kana , Zhang Xuehong , Giovannucci Edward L. , Fuchs Charles S. , Missmer Stacey A. , Rosner Bernard , Hankinson Susan E. , Willett Walter C. , Michels Karin B.
Published: June 2015

Background: It remains unclear if oral contraceptive (OC) use is associated with the incidence of colorectal cancer. Few studies have examined this association by duration of OC use, time since last OC use, and different cancer subsites.

Methods: Among 88,691 participants of the Nurses' Health Study I (NHSI) and 93,080 participants of the Nurses' Health Study II (NHSII), we assessed OC use every 2 years between 1976 and 2010 and categorized it as ever use, duration of use, and time since last use. We included incident colorectal cancer cases through 2010 (NHSI: age at diagnosis = 36–88, N = 1,764; NHSII: age at diagnosis = 33–64, N = 206). Multivariable hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression models.

Results: Ever OC use was not associated with colorectal cancer in NHSI [1.01 (0.91, 1.12)] nor NHSII [1.03 (0.69, 1.53)]. In NHSII, when compared with never-users, longer durations (5+ years) of OC use were inversely associated with the risk of colon cancers (Ptrend = 0.02) but the number of endpoints was limited. No other colorectal cancer subsites were associated with OC durations or times since last OC use in either cohort.

Conclusions: In two large prospective cohorts, we found little evidence that OC use may be protective for colorectal cancer, except potentially with longer durations of use among younger women.

Impact: Our results do not support the previous initial studies that reported an inverse association of recent OC use with colorectal cancer but instead support newer, larger studies demonstrating no such association. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(8); 1214–21. ©2015 AACR.
Prenatal Prediction of the Type of Omphalocele Closure by Different Medical Consultants
Authors: Peters Nina C.J. , Visser ‘t Hooft Michele E. , Eggink Alex J. , Tibboel Dick , Ursem Nicolette , Wijnen René M.H. , Bonsel Gouke J. , Cohen-Overbeek Titia E.
Published: June 2015

Introduction: To evaluate differences between consultants of different disciplines in the prenatal prediction of the type of postnatal surgical closure of an omphalocele. Material and Methods: Twenty-one images of prenatally detected omphaloceles prior to 24 weeks of gestation were included. A standardized form provided known prenatal information and an ultrasound image for each case. Nineteen consultants were asked to assess the probability of primary closure of an omphalocele and to state which information was the most important for their assessment. Results: Primary closure (13/21 images) was predicted correctly in 5/13 images. The number of correct predictions per image ranged from 63 to 89%. The type of closure was predicted correctly in 7/8 images of cases which were not closed primarily, ranging from 58 to 84% correct predictions per image. There was no significant difference between consultants of different disciplines. Individual accuracy ranged from 10 to 62%. The consultants regarded omphalocele content as the most important information (34%) for counseling. Discussion: The consultants did not differ in their prenatal judgment of the primary closure of an omphalocele. The consultants tended to be too negative in their assessment, since 75% assessed the probability of primary closure overall to be <60%, whereas 62% of the cases were primarily closed. Omphalocele content was the most important information for the consultants' judgment.
Acute Bacterial Cholangitis
Authors: Zimmer Vincent , Lammert Frank
Published: June 2015

Background: Acute bacterial cholangitis for the most part owing to common bile duct stones is common in gastroenterology practice and represents a potentially life-threatening condition often characterized by fever, abdominal pain, and jaundice (Charcot's triad) as well as confusion and septic shock (Reynolds' pentad). Methods: This review is based on a systematic literature review in PubMed with the search items ‘cholangitis', ‘choledocholithiasis', ‘gallstone disease', ‘biliary infection', and ‘biliary sepsis'. Results: Although most patients respond to empiric broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment, timely endoscopic biliary drainage depending on the severity of the disease is required to eliminate the underlying obstruction. Specific recommendations have been derived from the Tokyo guideline working group consensus 2006 and its update in 2013, albeit poorly evidence-based, providing a comprehensive overview of diagnosis, classification, risk stratification, and treatment algorithms in acute bacterial cholangitis. Conclusion: Prompt clinical recognition and accurate diagnostic workup including adequate laboratory assessment and (aetiology-oriented) imaging are critical steps in the management of cholangitis. Treatment is directed at the two major interrelated pathophysiologic components, i.e. bacterial infection (immediate antimicrobial therapy) and bile duct obstruction (biliary drainage). As for the latter, transpapillary endoscopic drainage by stent or nasobiliary drain and/or same-session bile duct clearance, depending on individual disease severity, represent first-line treatment approaches.
НАВЧАННЯ НА РОБОЧОМУ МІСЦІ ЛІКАРІВ І ПРОВІЗОРІВ – АНАЛІЗ МОЖЛИВОСТЕЙ
Authors: Мінцер О. П. , Голяновський О. В. , Денисенко С. В. , Гасемі Тахере
Published: June 2015

The knowledge transfer function appears to be the most important in the modern university. It is purposed to ensure the transfer and transformation of knowledge, including technology, experience and skills by learners, especially in continuous professional development. Modules of a new system of continuous learning of professionals are considered.
МАТЕМАТИЧНЕ МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ І ПРОГНОЗУВАННЯ ЗАХВОРЮВАНОСТІ НА РОТАВІРУСНУ ІНФЕКЦІЮ СЕРЕД ДІТЕЙ ДО П’ЯТИ РОКІВ В УКРАЇНІ
Authors: Соловйов С. О. , Терещенко І. О. , Дзюблик І. В.
Published: June 2015

Using data of clinical and laboratory observations of the epidemic process of rotavirus infection among children under 5 years in Ukraine it was developed the system of differential equations describing the dynamics of morbidity on the basis of the Baroyan-Rvachov model. The model was adequate to the real observational data for infection, and illustrates the distribution of cases for individual age groups and depending on the number of previously cases of disease. The model could be used to study the influence of various factors on the morbidity of rotavirus infection, including vaccination.
ПРОБЛЕМИ ДІАГНОСТИКИ І ЛІКУВАННЯ АРТРОЗУ: ІНФОРМАЦІЙНІ АСПЕКТИ І ВИСНОВКИ
Authors: Ryhan M. M.
Published: June 2015

There were considered the problems of integrated assessment clinic osteoarthritis in terms of quantifying the severity of patients, predicting treatment outcomes, selecting a period in the monitoring of patients when surgery gives the best results.
АДАПТАЦІЯ ВІЛЬНО РОЗПОВСЮДЖУВАНОГО ПЗ З ВІДКРИТИМ КОДОМ МOODLЕ ДЛЯ ПІДТРИМКИ НАВЧАЛЬНОГО ПРОЦЕСУ У МЕДИЧНОМУ ВНЗ
Authors: Semenets A. V.
Published: June 2015

An open-source software application is an important part of the modern approach to the medical education. The experience of the Moodle learning management system in Ternopil State Medical University by I. Ya. Horbachevsky implementation, adaptation and support was presented. Examples of application of the version control system to the open-source software adaptation and support also was shown.
The Public Nature of Critical Discourses on “Religion”
Authors: MacKendrick Kenneth G.
Published: June 2015

Review Essay of William E. Arnal and Russell T. McCutcheon’sThe Sacred is the Profane: The Political Nature of ‘Religion’(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013).
The Sacred is the Profane, Spirituality is not Religion
Authors: Huss Boaz
Published: June 2015

The review essay of The Sacred is The Profane takes up the challenge of the authors to offer a historical analysis and contextualization of the discourse that is critical of the concept of religion. The essay observes that criticisms of “religion” emerged and gained significant power in the context of the growing influence of critical theories in the humanities and social sciences in the last decades. Yet, apart from the obvious impact of critical theories on religious studies, the essay suggests that the radical criticism of religion is related to a major shift in the use of the term religion as a folk category in contemporary culture. It claims that criticism of religion as an analytic category and suggestions to dispense with it altogether were made possible by the diminishing social and political power of the modernist dichotomy between the religious and the secular in the postmodern era.
Understanding Iran’s Green Movement as a ‘movement of movements’
Authors: Pourmokhtari Navid
Published: June 2015

This paper examines how oppositional groups go about exploiting opportunities to mobilizeen massein settings that are less than auspicious. The Green Movement is used here as a case study, the aim of which is to show that understanding how a people go about mobilizing requires, first and foremost, examining the core beliefs that motivate them toseize opportunitieswhen conditions allow. To this end, a constructivist approach will be used to demonstrate that it was the oppositional forces that took a proactive role in constructing opportunities to mobilize becausethey perceivedthe circumstances to be favorable, which suggests that greater attention ought to be focused on the sociopolitical and historical context within which a given situation is viewed as conducive to mass mobilization. Citing the examples of the student and women’s groups involved in Iran’s Green Movement, and tracing their historical trajectories and particular experiences during Ahmadinejad’s first term (2004–2008), I argue that the Green Movement may be best described as a ‘movement of movements,’ the kind of mega social movement capable of harnessing the potential, not only of Iranians but of other Middle East peoples, to mobilize with a view to pursuing specific social and political goals. This approach has the virtue of offeringa way to understandspecific traits of social movements operating in repressive settings.
Three new Craticula species (Bacillariophyta) from the Maritime Antarctic Region
Authors: Van de Vijver Bart , Kopalova Katerina , Zidarova Ralitsa
Published: June 2015

Three new diatom taxa belonging to the genus Craticula were found during the ongoing taxonomic revision of the Antarctic freshwater and limno-terrestrial diatom flora: Craticula australis, sp. nov., C. obaesa, sp. nov and C. petradeblockiana, sp. nov. Detailed light and scanning electron microscope observations are used to better characterize the morphology and ultrastructure of these three new taxa. A fourth Craticula taxon, formerly identified as Navicula megacuspidata, described from South Georgia, is transferred to the genus Craticula and its taxonomy is briefly discussed. Comparisons with similar taxa and the ecological preferences of each species are added. The revision of these species confirms once again the endemic nature of the Antarctic diatom flora.
Contribution to the systematics of the genus Eurythenes S.I. Smith in Scudder, 1882 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Lysianassoidea: Eurytheneidae)
Authors: D’ACOZ CÉDRIC d’UDEKEM , HAVERMANS CHARLOTTE
Published: June 2015

The genus Eurythenes S.I. Smith in Scudder, 1882 was previously considered as consisting of three highly distinctive species: E. gryllus (Lichtenstein in Mandt, 1822), E. thurstoni Stoddart & Lowry, 2004 and E. obesus (Chevreux, 1905). E. gryllus has been considered as a common cosmopolitan and eurybathic species recorded down to a depth of 7800 m. However, the analysis of DNA sequences (COI, 16S, 28S) of newly collected specimens combined with GenBank sequences revealed the existence of nine genetic lineages within E. gryllus sensu lato. Specimens were recovered by tree-construction methods in distinct, well-supported clades and were separated by genetic divergences in the same range as interspecific values documented for other lysianassoid species. Furthermore, in some cases, different lineages were found at the same sampling locality. Specimens of six of the nine clades were examined directly. With one exception, these clades are separated by small but consistent morphological differences. As a consequence, five morphospecies are recognized herein within the E. gryllus complex: E. andhakarae sp. nov. (West Antarctica, abyssal), E. gryllus (bipolar, bathyal), E. magellanicus H. Milne Edwards, 1848 (Cape Horn and Brazil Basin, abyssal), E. maldoror sp. nov. (nearly cosmopolitan, abyssal), E. sigmiferus sp. nov. (at least West Atlantic, possibly nearly cosmopolitan, abyssal).
Insecure attachment strategies are associated with cognitive alexithymia in patients with severe somatoform disorder
Authors: Koelen Jurrijn A , Eurelings-Bontekoe Elisabeth HM , Stuke Frauke , Luyten Patrick
Published: June 2015

Objective

In light of interpersonal difficulties and their relation to alexithymia in patients with somatoform disorder, the primary aim of this study was to explore the association between two insecure attachment strategies (deactivation and hyperactivation strategies), and affective and cognitive alexithymia in a sample of 128 patients with severe somatoform disorder, over and above the levels of negative affectivity and personality pathology.

Method

In a cross-sectional study among patients with somatoform disorder, self-report data were obtained using measures for alexithymia (Bermond-Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire), attachment (Experiences in Close Relationships Questionnaire), personality pathology (Inventory of Personality Organization), and negative affectivity (Dutch Short Form of the MMPI). We used hierarchical regression analyses to test main effects of attachment deactivation and hyperactivation strategies in the prediction of both cognitive and affective alexithymia, while controlling for the levels of negative affectivity and personality pathology.

Results

Only cognitive alexithymia, i.e., the inability to analyze, identify, and verbalize emotions, was associated with personality dysfunction, in particular insecure attachment strategies. Affective alexithymia, i.e., the inability to fantasize and to experience emotions, was associated (negatively) with negative affectivity but not with the personality variables.

Conclusions

This study, therefore, indicates that both types of alexithymia are relevant for the assessment and treatment of severe somatoform disorder, yet each type may tap into different features of somatoform disorder.
Doppler Flowmetry in the Lower Thoracic Aorta
Authors: Smith H.-J. , Grøttum P. , Simonsen S.
Published: June 2015

Duplex scanning of the lower thoracic aorta was performed on 67 patients subjected to routine left and right heart catheterization with estimation of cardiac output ad modum Fick. Adequate Doppler signals from the lower thoracic aorta were obtained in 59 patients (88%), 26 of whom had aortic valve abnormality. A high correlation was found between the Doppler and Fick findings (r=0.89), with a regression line intercepting close to zero (cardiac output = 1.76 × Doppler flow+0.05). The presence of aortic valve abnormality did not seem to influence the accuracy of the Doppler flow results. It is concluded that Doppler flowmetry in the lower thoracic aorta is a useful method in estimation of resting cardiac output, especially in patients with aortic valve lesions making Doppler flowmetry in the ascending aorta impossible.
Diaphanography in Various Breast Disorders
Authors: Wallberg H.
Published: June 2015

Diaphanograms of various breast disorders were obtained and investigations were made concerning the ways in which changes in skin temperature, fine needle aspiration biopsy and surgery as well as anti-oestrogen treatment affect the findings. A lowering of the skin temperature made it impossible to detect some of the vessels in the breast and more difficult to interpret the diaphanograms. Cooling of the breast should therefore be avoided in diaphanography. Mastitis, haemorrhage after fine needle aspiration biopsy or an induced haemorrhagic cyst will result in the appearance of a shadow on the diaphanogram suggestive of malignancy. The shadow of a haemorrhagic cyst disappeared immediately after the cyst was emptied and diminished gradually in the other cases. Thus the nature of the breast disorder may be determined by diaphanography if it is repeated at short intervals. Fine needle aspiration biopsy may yield false positive findings and should therefore not be made until diaphanography has been performed.
The Course of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Authors: Mortensson W. , Lindroth M.
Published: June 2015

Forty-one low weight premature infants treated with intermittent positive pressure ventilation in infancy were followed clinically and with chest radiography for 4 to 6 years. One child died during the period (sudden infantile death) and 2 others were not available for follow-up examination. The abnormal chest pattern of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) resolved completely or improved during the period; residual changes were found in 34 per cent of the cases. The main part of the resolution occurred during the first 2 years. Mild BPD was more prone to heal. The persisting parenchymal changes—interstitial fibrosis or areas of hyperinflation or both—were generally slight. The frequency of infection of the lower respiratory tract was increased during the first 2 years of life and was positively correlated to the severity of the pulmonary abnormalities. The frequency of infection dramatically decreased during the subsequent 2 years.
Radiography of the Carpal Scaphoid
Authors: Lindequist S. , Larsen C. Falck
Published: June 2015

An experimental investigation demonstrating the value of oblique projections in radiographic examination of possible scaphoid fractures is described. Three cadaver specimens were used, fractured in different places, and radiographs were obtained at different angulations with respect to the vertical plane. Even non-dislocated fractures were well demonstrated and it was concluded that a p.a. projection with the tube tilted about 40° distally should always be included in radiographic examination of the carpal scaphoid.
Diagnosis of Tricuspid Insufficiency by Doppler Flowmetry in the Inferior Vena Cava
Authors: Smith H.-J.
Published: June 2015

Eighty-five patients subjected to routine heart catheterization were examined with duplex scanning of the inferior vena cava. Adequate Doppler recordings and a right ventricular angiography were obtained in 79 of them. Tricuspid insufficiency was found to be present in 34 patients at angiography and in 24 at duplex examination. No false positive Doppler diagnoses of tricuspid insufficiency occurred. The possibility of false positive angiographic diagnoses is discussed. A high correlation was found between percentage reversed flow in the inferior vena cava during ventricular systole and degree of angiographic tricuspid insufficiency. It is concluded that duplex scanning of the inferior vena cava seems to be a good alternative to angiography in the diagnosis and quantification of tricuspid insufficiency.