bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neighborhood Poverty, College Attendance, and Diverging Profiles of Substance Use and Allostatic Load in Rural African American Youth
Authors: Chen Edith , Miller Gregory E. , Brody Gene H. , Lei ManKit
Published: October 2014

A subset of African American youth who live in impoverished neighborhoods displays resilient profiles academically and behaviorally. We hypothesized that this resilience might be “skin deep,” in that the ongoing efforts needed to achieve success might take a physiological toll on these youth. At age 19, a total of 452 rural African American youth were assessed on broader contextual risk (neighborhood poverty) and external indicators of success (college attendance). One year later, participants were assessed on substance use and cumulative physiological risk (allostatic load). African American youth from more disadvantaged neighborhoods who attended college had lower levels of substance use but higher levels of allostatic load compared with those from less disadvantaged neighborhoods who attended college or with those who did not attend college. These findings indicate that a subset of African American youth from poor neighborhoods exhibits a profile of “skin-deep resilience” characterized by external successes combined with heightened internal physiological risk.
Can Cognitive Bias Modification of Interpretations Training Alter Mood States in Children and Adolescents? A Reanalysis of Data From Six Studies
Authors: Lau Jennifer Y. F. , Pile Victoria
Published: October 2014

Anxiety disorders are common and impairing in childhood and adolescence. Cognitive bias modification of interpretations (CBM-I) training aims to alter information biases associated with anxiety disorders by training the person to endorse benign, rather than negative, interpretations of ambiguous situations. With an expanding evidence base, CBM-I training in childhood and adolescence may provide a key opportunity to prevent the development of anxiety disorders, particularly by capitalizing on the inherent flexibility of the adolescent brain to make durable changes. This article augments existing data with a reanalysis of a large sample of data ( N = 387). The reanalysis highlights that CBM-I is (a) effective in altering interpretation styles; (b) that changes in mood state, although weak, are evident; and (c) tentatively, that effectiveness may vary across age in males and females. We conclude by offering further suggestions on which factors associated with protocol (e.g., multiple sessions) and training package (e.g., use of imagery) may maximize training effectiveness.
Learning to Teach Graduate Students
Authors: Conway Colleen , Palmer C. Michael , Edgar Scott , Hansen Erin
Published: October 2014

This study examined our perceptions as a music education professor and three PhD students as we conducted a self-study of our individual and collective experiences teaching graduate students. We framed our work around the key question: How do PhD students describe experiences specifically in relation to perceived potential as teachers of graduate students in higher education? Findings concerning graduate teaching included (a) views of graduate teaching changed with increased experience, and (b) confidence increased with more experience teaching graduate classes and more time to process the content. The use of self-study as an approach to inquiry is discussed along with these findings.
Collaborate, Condemn, or Ignore? Responding to Non-Archaeological Approaches to Archaeological Heritage
Authors: Thomas Suzie
Published: October 2014

What do archaeologists do when approached by groups or individuals with unorthodox, or even simply inappropriate, approaches to, and ideas about the past? What should they do? While much guidance and literature points to education and engagement, in some of the more sensitive or difficult cases it is often more appealing, and simpler, to ignore the issue, in the hopes that it will simply go away. Similarly, on occasions when archaeologists step forward to criticize alternative approaches to archaeological heritage, this does not always meet with positive or desired results. In this paper, in light of recent personal experience with a controversial piece of television programming, I discuss different approaches to responding to challenges to the expertise (and authority) of archaeologists by problematic encounters with concepts of the past. I suggest that while there are arguments in support of (and against) all three of the approaches that I identify (collaboration, condemnation, or ignoring), none provide an absolute solution. In order to discuss these approaches, I draw upon key cases from the literature, as well as personal reflection.
The electronic and optical properties of quaternary GaAs1-x-yN
x
Bi
y
alloy lattice-matched to GaAs: a first-principles study
Authors: Ma Xiaoyang , Li Dechun , Zhao Shengzhi , Li Guiqiu , Yang Kejian
Published: October 2014

First-principles calculations based on density functional theory have been performed for the quaternary GaAs1-x-y
N
x
Bi
y
alloy lattice-matched to GaAs. Using the state-of-the-art computational method with the Heyd-Scuseria-Ernzerhof (HSE) hybrid functional, electronic, and optical properties were obtained, including band structures, density of states (DOSs), dielectric function, absorption coefficient, refractive index, energy loss function, and reflectivity. It is found that the lattice constant of GaAs1-x-y
N
x
Bi
y
alloy with y/x =1.718 can match to GaAs. With the incorporation of N and Bi into GaAs, the band gap of GaAs1-x-y
N
x
Bi
y
becomes small and remains direct. The calculated optical properties indicate that GaAs1-x-y
N
x
Bi
y
has higher optical efficiency as it has less energy loss than GaAs. In addition, it is also found that the electronic and optical properties of GaAs1-x-y
N
x
Bi
y
alloy can be further controlled by tuning the N and Bi compositions in this alloy. These results suggest promising applications of GaAs1-x-y
N
x
Bi
y
quaternary alloys in optoelectronic devices.
A survey of footwear advice, beliefs and wear habits in people with knee osteoarthritis
Authors: Paterson Kade L , Wrigley Tim V , Bennell Kim L , Hinman Rana S
Published: October 2014

Background

Expert opinion recommends cushioned and supportive footwear for people with knee osteoarthritis (OA). However, little is known about the footwear advice people receive from healthcare professionals, or the beliefs and footwear habits of people with knee OA. This study aimed to determine i) what types of shoes people are advised to wear for their knee OA and by whom; ii) establish which types of shoes people with knee OA believe are best for managing their knee OA symptoms and (iii) which shoes they wear most often.

Methods

204 people with symptomatic knee OA completed an online survey. The survey comprised 14 questions asking what footwear advice people had received for their knee OA and who they received it from, individual beliefs about optimal footwear styles for their knee OA symptoms and the types of footwear usually worn.

Results

Only one third (n = 69, 34%) of participants reported receiving footwear advice for their knee OA, and this was most frequently received from a podiatrist (n = 47, 68%). The most common advice was to wear sturdy/supportive shoes (n = 96, 47%) or shoes with arch supports (n = 84, 41%). These were also amongst the shoe styles that participants believed were best for their knee OA (n = 157 (77%) and n = 138 (68%) respectively). The type of shoes most frequently worn were athletic (n = 131, 64%) and sturdy/supportive shoes (n = 116, 57%).

Conclusions

Most people with knee OA who completed our survey had not received advice about footwear for their knee OA symptoms. Our participants typically believed that sturdy/supportive shoes were best for their knee OA and this shoe style was most frequently worn, which is reflective of expert opinion. Future research is needed to confirm whether sturdy/supportive shoes are indeed optimal for managing symptoms of knee OA.
Hospital mortality of adults admitted to Intensive Care Units in hospitals with and without Intermediate Care Units: a multicentre European cohort study
Authors: Capuzzo Maurizia , Volta Carlo Alberto , Tassinati Tania , Moreno Rui Paulo , Valentin Andreas , Guidet Bertrand , Iapichino Gaetano , Martin Claude , Perneger Thomas , Combescure Christophe , Poncet Antoine , Rhodes Andrew
Published: October 2014

Introduction

The aim of the study was to assess whether adults admitted to hospitals with both Intensive Care Units (ICU) and Intermediate Care Units (IMCU) have lower in-hospital mortality than those admitted to ICUs without an IMCU.

Methods

An observational multinational cohort study performed on patients admitted to participating ICUs during a four-week period. IMCU was defined as any physically and administratively independent unit open 24 hours a day, seven days a week providing a level of care lower than an ICU but higher than a ward. Characteristics of hospitals, ICUs and patients admitted to study ICUs were recorded. The main outcome was all-cause in-hospital mortality until hospital discharge (censored at 90 days).

Results

One hundred and sixty-seven ICUs from 17 European countries enrolled 5,834 patients. Overall, 1,113 (19.1%) patients died in the ICU and 1,397 died in hospital, with a total of 1,397 (23.9%) deaths. The illness severity was higher for patients in ICUs with an IMCU (median Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS) II: 37) than for patients in ICUs without an IMCU (median SAPS II: 29, P <0.001). After adjustment for patient characteristics at admission such as illness severity, and ICU and hospital characteristics, the odds ratio of mortality was 0.63 (95% CI 0.45 to 0.88, P = 0.007) in favour of the presence of IMCU. The protective effect of the IMCU was absent in patients who were admitted for basic observation, for example, after surgery (odds ratio 1.15, 95% CI 0.65 to 2.03, P = 0.630) but was strong in patients admitted to an ICU for other reasons (odds ratio 0.54, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.80, P = 0.002).

Conclusions

The presence of an IMCU in the hospital is associated with significantly reduced adjusted hospital mortality for adults admitted to the ICU. This effect is relevant for the patients requiring full intensive treatment.

Trial registration

Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01422070. Registered 19 August 2011.
New concepts in breast cancer genomics and genetics
Authors: Goncalves Rodrigo , Warner Wayne A , Luo Jingqin , Ellis Matthew J
Published: October 2014

Massively parallel DNA and RNA sequencing approaches have generated data on thousands of breast cancer genomes. In this review, we consider progress largely from the perspective of new concepts and hypotheses raised so far. These include challenges to the multistep model of breast carcinogenesis and the discovery of new defects in DNA repair through sequence analysis. Issues for functional genomics include the development of strategies to differentiate between mutations that are likely to drive carcinogenesis and bystander background mutations, as well as the importance of mechanistic studies that examine the role of mutations in genes with roles in splicing, histone methylation, and long non-coding RNA function. The application of genome-annotated patient-derived breast cancer xenografts as a potentially more reliable preclinical model is also discussed. Finally, we address the challenge of extracting medical value from genomic data. A weakness of many datasets is inadequate clinical annotation, which hampers the establishment of links between the mutation spectra and the efficacy of drugs or disease phenotypes. Tools such as dGene and the DGIdb are being developed to identify possible druggable mutations, but these programs are a work in progress since extensive molecular pharmacology is required to develop successful ‘genome-forward’ clinical trials. Examples are emerging, however, including targeting HER2 in HER2 mutant breast cancer and mutant ESR1 in ESR1 endocrine refractory luminal-type breast cancer. Finally, the integration of DNA- and RNA-based sequencing studies with mass spectrometry-based peptide sequencing and an unbiased determination of post-translational modifications promises a more complete view of the biochemistry of breast cancer cells and points toward a new discovery horizon in our understanding of the pathophysiology of this complex disease.
Stigmatization and racial selection after September 11, 2001: self-identity among Arab and Islamic Americans
Authors: Mason Patrick L , Matella Andrew
Published: October 2014

During the 2000s Arab and Islamic American racial identity selection was subjected to an exogenous racializing event, viz., public and private reaction to the Al Qaeda attacks of September 11, 2001. The Al Qaeda attacks clearly demarcate a period in which there was a structural increase in the intensity of US stigmatization of persons with Islamic religious affiliation and Arab ethnicity. This stigmatization created an exogenous reduction in the expected payoff to acculturation relative to non-acculturation. This paper uses self-identification as white as its measure of acculturation and the fraction of all hate crimes directed at Muslims as its measure of stigmatization after 9/11. Comparing 2002–2012 to 1996–2001, there is a statistically significant and substantively large decrease in the unconditional and conditional probabilities that Arab and Islamic Americans will self-identify as white. The data are combined cross sections of the Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Jel codes: J11, J15, Z13
Transition Deprogrammed
Authors: Toscano Alberto
Published: October 2014

Recent debates about communism, the commons, and communization have for the most part either neglected the question of transition or viewed it as an obstacle to the development of contemporary revolutionary thought and practice. This sidelining or criticism of transition frequently relies on ahistorical or one-dimensional renderings of it, which ironically mimic the very dogmas that they purport to attack. This article explores the possibility of “deprogramming” our image of transition and reconstructing it as problem worthy of our political present by revisiting a series of important texts by Étienne Balibar, published between 1965 and 1990. It homes in on two themes that Balibar returns to throughout these writings. The first theme is the centrality of temporality and of the figure of the ‘lag” (décalage) to thinking through transitional politics. The second is the question of social reproduction and the obstacles it poses to voluntarist conceptions of revolutionary change. The article concludes with a brief reflection on the distinction between socialism and communism in the work of Lenin, Balibar, and Negri and on the need to refocus our thinking of transition on temporal and spatial unevenness.
Nucleotide synthesis is regulated by cytoophidium formation during neurodevelopment and adaptive metabolism
Authors: Aughey Gabriel N. , Grice Stuart J. , Shen Qing-Ji , Xu Yichi , Chang Chia-Chun , Azzam Ghows , Wang Pei-Yu , Freeman-Mills Luke , Pai Li-Mei , Sung Li-Ying , Yan Jun , Liu Ji-Long
Published: October 2014

The essential metabolic enzyme CTP synthase (CTPsyn) can be compartmentalised to form an evolutionarily-conserved intracellular structure termed the cytoophidium. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the enzymatic activity of CTPsyn is attenuated by incorporation into cytoophidia in bacteria and yeast cells. Here we demonstrate that CTPsyn is regulated in a similar manner in Drosophila tissues in vivo. We show that cytoophidium formation occurs during nutrient deprivation in cultured cells, as well as in quiescent and starved neuroblasts of the Drosophila larval central nervous system. We also show that cytoophidia formation is reversible during neurogenesis, indicating that filament formation regulates pyrimidine synthesis in a normal developmental context. Furthermore, our global metabolic profiling demonstrates that CTPsyn overexpression does not significantly alter CTPsyn-related enzymatic activity, suggesting that cytoophidium formation facilitates metabolic stabilisation. In addition, we show that overexpression of CTPsyn only results in moderate increase of CTP pool in human stable cell lines. Together, our study provides experimental evidence, and a mathematical model, for the hypothesis that inactive CTPsyn is incorporated into cytoophidia.
In vitro co-culture systems for studying molecular basis of cellular interaction between Aire-expressing medullary thymic epithelial cells and fresh thymocytes
Authors: Yamaguchi Yoshitaka , Kudoh Jun , Yoshida Tetsuhiko , Shimizu Nobuyoshi
Published: October 2014

We previously established three mouse cell lines (Aire+TEC1, Aire+TEC2 and Aire+DC) from the medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) and dendritic cells (mDCs). These cells constitutively expressed “autoimmune regulator (Aire) gene” and they exhibited various features of self antigen-presenting cells (self-APCs) present in the thymic medullary region.

Here, we confirmed our previous observation that Aire+ thymic epithelial cells adhere to fresh thymocytes and kill them by inducing apoptosis, thus potentially reproducing in vitro some aspects of the negative selection of T cells in vivo. In this system, a single Aire+ cell appeared able to kill ∼30 thymocytes within 24 hrs. Moreover, we observed that ectopic expression of peripheral tissue-specific antigens (TSAs), and expression of several surface markers involved in mTEC development, increased as Aire+ cell density increases toward confluency. Thus, these Aire+ cells appear to behave like differentiating mTECs as if they pass through the developmental stages from intermediate state toward mature state. Surprisingly, an in vitro co-culture system consisting of Aire+ cells and fractionated sub-populations of fresh thymocytes implied the possible existence of two distinct subtypes of thymocytes (named as CD4+ killer and CD4− rescuer) that may determine the fate (dead or alive) of the differentiating Aire+mTECs. Thus, our in vitro co-culture system appears to mimic a part of “in vivo thymic crosstalk”.
Vesicular transport of a ribonucleoprotein to mitochondria
Authors: Mukherjee Joyita , Mahato Biraj , Adhya Samit
Published: October 2014

Intracellular trafficking of viruses and proteins commonly occurs via the early endosome in a process involving Rab5. The RNA Import Complex (RIC)-RNA complex is taken up by mammalian cells and targeted to mitochondria. Through RNA interference, it was shown that mito-targeting of the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) was dependent on caveolin 1 (Cav1), dynamin 2, Filamin A and NSF. Although a minor fraction of the RNP was transported to endosomes in a Rab5-dependent manner, mito-targeting was independent of Rab5 or other endosomal proteins, suggesting that endosomal uptake and mito-targeting occur independently. Sequential immunoprecipitation of the cytosolic vesicles showed the sorting of the RNP away from Cav1 in a process that was independent of the endosomal effector EEA1 but sensitive to nocodazole. However, the RNP was in two types of vesicle with or without Cav1, with membrane-bound, asymmetrically orientated RIC and entrapped RNA, but no endosomal components, suggesting vesicular sorting rather than escape of free RNP from endosomes. In vitro, RNP was directly transferred from the Type 2 vesicles to mitochondria. Live-cell imaging captured spherical Cav1− RNP vesicles emerging from the fission of large Cav+ particles. Thus, RNP appears to traffic by a different route than the classical Rab5-dependent pathway of viral transport.
Projected near-future CO2 levels increase activity and alter defensive behaviours in the tropical squid Idiosepius pygmaeus
Authors: Spady Blake L. , Watson Sue-Ann , Chase Tory J. , Munday Philip L.
Published: October 2014

Carbon dioxide (CO2) levels projected to occur in the oceans by the end of this century cause a range of behavioural effects in fish, but whether other highly active marine organisms, such as cephalopods, are similarly affected is unknown. We tested the effects of projected future CO2 levels (626 and 956 µatm) on the behaviour of male two-toned pygmy squid, Idiosepius pygmaeus. Exposure to elevated CO2 increased the number of active individuals by 19–25% and increased movement (number of line-crosses) by nearly 3 times compared to squid at present-day CO2. Squid vigilance and defensive behaviours were also altered by elevated CO2 with >80% of individuals choosing jet escape responses over defensive arm postures in response to a visual startle stimulus, compared with 50% choosing jet escape responses at control CO2. In addition, more escape responses were chosen over threat behaviours in body pattern displays at elevated CO2 and individuals were more than twice as likely to use ink as a defence strategy at 956 µatm CO2, compared with controls. Increased activity could lead to adverse effects on energy budgets as well as increasing visibility to predators. A tendency to respond to a stimulus with escape behaviours could increase survival, but may also be energetically costly and could potentially lead to more chases by predators compared with individuals that use defensive postures. These results demonstrate that projected future ocean acidification affects the behaviours of a tropical squid species.
Altered synaptic architecture and glycosylated synaptomatrix composition in aDrosophilaclassic galactosemia disease model
Authors: Jumbo-Lucioni Patricia , Parkinson William , Broadie Kendal
Published: October 2014

Classic galactosemia (CG) is an autosomal recessive disorder resulting from loss of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) that catalyzes conversion of galactose-1-phosphate and uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucose to glucose-1-phosphate and UDP-galactose, immediately upstream of UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine synthesis. These four UDP-sugars are essential donors driving synthesis of glycoproteins and glycolipids that heavily decorate cell surfaces and extracellular spaces. In addition to acute, potentially lethal neonatal symptoms, maturing CG patients develop striking neurodevelopmental, motor and cognitive impairments. Previous studies suggest association of neurological symptoms with glycosylation defects, with CG recently described as a Congenital Disorder of Glycosylation (CDG) showing defects in both N- and O-linked glycans. Here, we characterize behavioral traits, synaptic development and glycosylated synaptomatrix formation in a GALT-deficient Drosophila disease model. Loss of Drosophila GALT (dGALT) greatly impairs coordinated movement and results in structural overelaboration and architectural abnormalities at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Dietary galactose and mutation of galactokinase (dGALK) or UDP-glucose dehydrogenase (sugarless) genes are identified as critical environmental and genetic modifiers, respectively, of behavioral and cellular defects. Assaying the NMJ extracellular synaptomatrix with a broad panel of lectin probes reveals profound alterations in dGALT mutants, including depletion of galactosyl/N-acetylgalactosamine and fucosylated horseradish peroxidase (HRP) moieties, which are differentially corrected by dGALK co-removal and sugarless overexpression. Synaptogenesis relies on trans-synaptic signals modulated by this synaptomatrix carbohydrate environment, and dGALT null NMJs display striking changes in heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) co-receptor and Wnt ligand levels, which are also corrected by dGALK co-removal and sugarless overexpression. These results reveal synaptomatrix glycosylation losses, altered trans-synaptic signaling pathway components, defective synaptogenesis and impaired coordinated movement in a CG neurological disease model.
MicroRNA-mediated regulation of extracellular matrix formation modulates somatic cell reprogramming
Authors: Li Zhonghan , Dang Jason , Chang Kung-Yen , Rana Tariq M.
Published: October 2014

Somatic cells can be reprogrammed to reach an embryonic stem cell-like state by overexpression of defined factors. Recent studies have greatly improved the efficiency of the reprogramming process but the underlying mechanisms regulating the transition from a somatic to a pluripotent state are still relatively unknown. MicroRNAs (miRs) are small noncoding RNAs that primarily regulate target gene expression post-transcriptionally. Here we present a systematic and comprehensive study of microRNAs in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) during the early stage of cell fate decisions and reprogramming to a pluripotent state, in which significant transcriptional and epigenetic changes occur. One microRNA found to be highly induced during this stage of reprogramming, miR-135b, targeted the expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) genes including Wisp1 and Igfbp5. Wisp1 was shown to be a key regulator of additional ECM genes that serve as barriers to reprogramming. Regulation of Wisp 1 is likely mediated through biglycan, a glycoprotein highly expressed in MEFs that is silenced in reprogrammed cells. Collectively, this report reveals a novel link between microRNA-mediated regulation of ECM formation and somatic cell reprogramming, and demonstrates that microRNAs are powerful tools to dissect the intracellular and extracellular molecular mechanisms of reprogramming.
Up, up and away
Authors: Garner Lynne
Published: October 2014

How many forms of air transport can children name and do they know what keeps a plane in the sky? Use these activities to stimulate their interest and understanding.
Mid- to long-term outcomes of a medial-pivot system for primary total knee replacement
Authors: Fitch D. A. , Sedacki K. , Yang Y.
Published: October 2014

Objectives

This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to determine the mid- to long-term clinical outcomes for a medial-pivot total knee replacement (TKR) system. The objectives were to synthesise available survivorship, Knee Society Scores (KSS), and reasons for revision for this system.

Methods

A systematic search was conducted of two online databases to identify sources of survivorship, KSS, and reasons for revision. Survivorship results were compared with values in the National Joint Registry of England, Wales, and Northern Ireland (NJR).

Results

A total of eight studies that included data for 1146 TKRs performed in six countries satisfied the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Pooled component survivorship estimates were 99.2% (95% CI, 97.7 to 99.7) and 97.6% (95% CI, 95.8 to 98.6) at five and eight years, respectively. Survivorship was similar or better when compared with rates reported for all cemented TKRs combined in the NJR and was significantly better than some insert types at mid-term intervals. The weighted mean post-operative KSS was 87.9 (73.2 to 94.2), in the excellent range. Similar cumulative revision rates and KSS were reported at centres in the United States, Europe, and Asia.

Conclusions

The subject system was associated with survivorship and KSS similar or better than that reported for other TKR systems. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2014;3:297–304
Reprogramming the hand: Bridging the craft skills gap in 3D/digital fashion knitwear design
Authors: Taylor Jane , Townsend Katherine
Published: October 2014

Designer-makers have integrated a wide range of digital media and tools into their practices, many taking ownership of a specific technology or application and learning how to use it for themselves, often drawing on their experiential knowledge of established practices to do so. To date, there has been little discussion on how digital knitting practice has evolved within this context, possibly due to the complexity of the software, limited access to industrial machinery and the fact that it seems divorced from the idea of ‘craft’. Despite the machine manufacturers’ efforts to make knitting technology and software more user-friendly, the digital interface remains a significant barrier to knitwear designer-makers, generally only accessed via experienced technicians. This article focuses on how this issue is being explored through practice-led research being undertaken by Jane Taylor at Nottingham Trent University. The investigation is a response to a skills gap between knitwear designers and the latest flatbed knitting technology and is grounded within the researcher’s experience as both a knitwear designer and technologist. Through her practice, Taylor explores how the Shima Seiki SDS1 CAD system can be used as a design tool, in order to use the SWG (3D Knit) machines more creatively. Specialist training has built on the researcher’s tacit understanding of hand/machine knitting and pattern cutting, her established craft practice, where constant iterations can be made during the textile and shape creation stage. By reprogramming the hand, this research proposes a craft-based methodology that reverses the traditional relationship between making and technology, placing crafting at the centre of creative design practice where it can be applied to support and further the potential of advanced technology. This article is a revised version of a paper that was first presented by the authors at The First International Conference on Digital Fashion, at London College of Fashion in May 2013.
How to visualize design? Pupils’ experiences of designing in a textile craft project
Authors: Räisänen Riikka
Published: October 2014

In order to ideate a novel craft product and be able to discuss it with a teacher, a pupil must use some kind of elucidation technique to demonstrate his or her idea. Commonly, a piece of white paper and a pencil are used for this purpose, which often results in elucidating their idea with an illustration the size of a postage stamp. However, there are other possibilities for the visualization of a design idea. This article discusses different approaches to visualization and elucidation. The research aim was to investigate what effect the designing process, in particular the techniques for elucidating an idea, had on the final product, and on the pupils’ conception of the process. Data were collected from three design cases in textile craft education. The results indicated that, through art education, the pupils discovered visualization and elucidation techniques that were previously unknown to them and that they would not have thought of themselves. When applying the new techniques, the pupils concentrated more on the idea and the feeling of the illustration than on the details. The study shows that rough techniques seem to offer pupils a stronger visualization method and lower their threshold for creating. The outcomes may be useful for teachers when planning craft projects that include a complete craft process that promotes pupils’ own creativity and ideas. Through a well-planned craft project, it is possible to combine knowledge of different school subjects and promote skills that are essential in overall learning and education.
String figures matter: Embodied knowledge in action
Authors: Eastop Dinah
Published: October 2014

Understanding the interaction of maker and what is made is important for craft research. The position taken in this article is that the making of string figures (sometimes known as cat’s cradles) provides a useful model of, and for, the interaction between maker and what is made. String figures are both artefacts and representations, and making them is a process of embodiment and enacted knowledge.
Creating a new city centre with craft-based public art
Authors: Turpeinen Outi
Published: October 2014

Why is public art connected to city planning significant? How can history inspire public art? This article discusses an ongoing public art project from 2010–2016 (intended completion), which aims to reform a city centre in Tikkurila, Vantaa, Finland. The analysed project is a case study, where the presented craft artists’ methods include new collaborations, processes and ideas when working with industry. The article also intertwines other relevant studies in order to demonstrate the value of working with a team of artists. The aim of this article is to open up the process of how to create a city centre that will encourage people together in their everyday encounters. The article also discusses the benefits of public art. In the artist’s studio, working with various materials is common for many craft artists. What happened when in 2010, four contemporary craft artists were invited to create public art in a city centre, which is originally from the 1950s? In this embedded public art project, the history of the area is being used as a starting point for site-specific artworks that forms a new platform of stories and meanings for the area. This article shows the value of cooperation between multiple actors, such as city officials, public art curators, city-planning consultants, builders, lighting designers, environmental architects and an artist team. The article also discusses the value of working as a team of artists, and especially how the actual group work was vital for this project.
Personal anchor points in the development of craft/digital research practice
Authors: Wallace Jayne
Published: October 2014

Jayne Wallace reflects on key people, projects and influences that have enabled her to develop her craft and research practice as a digital jeweller. She describes a selection of projects that relate to the body’s extended agency through jewellery objects and how she attempts to reconcile bringing jewellery and digital technologies together whilst avoiding making gadgets or objects that have very limited lifespans due to our preconceived ideas of what digital devices are. She discusses some of the dynamics of how she works in hybrid teams with technologists to create the work and highlights key philosophical positionings that underpin the development of work into areas concerned with supporting personhood, sense of self and well-being. Central to the work is the aim of making pieces that have positive personal meanings for the people she makes them with and for, and she finally reflects on how co-creativity has become very important in her collaborations with technologists and also with participants in the research process.
Exhibition review
Authors: Sissons Juliana
Published: October 2014

Conceptual approaches to pattern cutting: A review of ‘Block Party: Contemporary craft inspired by the art of the tailor’

A Crafts Council Touring Exhibition, Orleans House, Twickenham, Surrey, UK, 27 July 2013–29 September 2013 (UK tour dates: 14 January 2012–24 January 2014)
Publication Review
Authors: Stewart Max
Published: October 2014

FUSION: Glass Art of Shelly Xue (2013)

Shanghai Museum of Glass, p/bk catalogue, 47 pp.
Inside the outsider’s ear – hyperacousia and marginalized character identification
Authors: O’Meara Jennifer
Published: October 2014

In this article, Michel Chion’s notion of hyperacousia (a character’s hypersensitivity to sounds, including inaudible ones) is used as the basis of analysis for sound design in The Unbelievable Truth (1989) by Hartley and Greenberg (2010) by Baumbach. I argue for the significance of hyperacousia to film character construction, as well as audience identification with these fictional personalities. In particular, I consider point-of-audition as a counterpart to point-of-view shots. Murray Smith’s cognitive approach to character identification is drawn on and developed from the perspective of the audioviewer’s access to subjective sound. Hyperacousia is suggested as a valuable channel for audience identification with a character, particularly marginalized ones, as well as a means through which sound can create an increased sense of interiority, something generally considered difficult to achieve in cinema. I argue that, in both films, a feature is made of the subtle sound effects, and that dialogue plays an important role in signposting these for the audience.
DOT, a videogame with no winner
Authors: Roscoe Henrique
Published: October 2014

Dot, a videogame with no winner (2011) is an audio-visual performance with synchronized sounds and images, played by a ‘game console’ built and programmed by the author, and controlled by retro videogame (Nintendo) joysticks. The instrument is completely autonomous and works without the need of a computer, using only a projector and a sound system to play its content. Five people from the audience are invited to play the performance along with me, adding a random aspect so that I no longer have complete control of the work. This article passes through the complete creative process of the performance, showing the artistic concept, aesthetic considerations and some generative techniques used to add some randomness to the process so that the show is different each time it is performed.
Silence observed in the Jesus cage
Authors: Reese Abbie
Published: October 2014

From nine years of research and hundreds of hours of video footage, audio interviews, and still photographs, Chosen (Custody of the Eyes) is Abbie’s feature-length documentary-in-progress focusing on one woman: Heather, evolving over time, from one identity to another – Sister Amata – as she integrates into a religious order that follows an ancient rule. Chosen is a collaborative endeavour; Abbie lent HD video cameras to Heather/Sister Amata, a painter and former blogger, and to the nuns. Set within the enclosed community, Chosen (Custody of the Eyes) tracks the nuns’ public and private performances in a highly ritualistic space – a rich material culture focused on the spiritual realm; the liminal phase that is the process of becoming (Heather attempting to construct a new individual and cultural identity, and becoming Sister Amata); the belief that one is ‘chosen’ and questions of fate and agency; and the certainty of adopting the rigid lifestyle of an ancient rule, contrasted by the nuns’ acceptance that they will not know the results of their sacrifice until the afterlife.
While his guitar gently weeps: Memory, documentary and the music biopic
Authors: O’Meara Radha , Stevens Carolyn S.
Published: October 2014

In George Harrison: Living in the Material World (2011), Martin Scorsese creates a homage not only to the ‘great man’, but also to the memories of the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s as seen through the eyes of those who shaped the era, represented through a palimpsest provided by contemporary media, memoirs and interviews. Although the documentary offers the authenticity of ‘insider’ accounts, it might be seen more usefully as a biopic, which chronicles broader historical movements through an individual’s story, and a meta-memoir, which self-consciously encourages the audience to reflect on their own achievements, failures and legacies. Rather than embedding this film in a conceptual framework of celebrity culture, we view the film with an emphasis on the affective dimension of historical representation through memory. The film can thus be seen as a work that refocuses the fans’ gaze from Harrison’s life back on themselves.
Review
Authors: Hyder Rehan
Published: October 2014

In the Field: The Art of Field Recording, Cathy Lane and Angus Carlyle (2013) Axminster: Uniform Books. 240 pp., ISBN-10: 0956855962, ISBN-13: 978-0956855961 p/bk, £12.00
Gross hematuria, irritative lower urinary tract symptoms, and bilateral hydroureteronephrosis: A concerning presentation of an ultimately benign case of concurrent nephrogenic adenoma and eosinophilic cystitis
Authors: H. Hannick Jessica , H. Blackwell Robert , Biemer John , M. Picken Maria , V. Farooq Ahmer , R. Mueller Elizabeth
Published: October 2014

Nephrogenic adenoma and eosinophilic cystitis are well-known, distinct pathologic bladder diagnoses that rarely occur concurrently in the published literature. We present the first adult case, and second reported case, of these two disease processes occurring synchronously. Our patient’s initial complaints were the characteristic symptoms of gross hematuria and urinary urgency, which were primarily worrisome for malignancy. She had no prior genitourinary history, whereas these two diagnoses are commonly associated with chronic bladder irritation, instrumentation, and trauma. Our patient did not respond to conservative management with prophylactic antibiotics and antihistamines, however experienced full resolution of her symptoms following resection of the lesions.
Sich zu dem, was man schon ist, erst machen zu müssen. Zur Logik von Personalität
Authors: Schürmann Volker
Published: October 2014

It is still controversial if and accordingly how the two aspects of the impossibility of the forfeiture of human dignity and the damage of dignity are compatible. The essential aim of the presented proposal is to illustrate the validity of a legal fact of basic law - here: of dignity and personality - as a process of becoming validity. That permits two emphases: The unquestionability of this validity is one of a conditional necessity, not an absolute necessity. And the process of becoming validity is no mere spelling out of a fixed actuality.
Solitons in Optical Metamaterials by Functional Variable Method and First Integral Approach
Authors: Biswas Anjan , Mirzazadeh M. , Eslami Mostafa , Milovic Daniela , Belic Milivoj
Published: October 2014

This paper addresses soliton solutions in optical metamaterials by functional variable method and first integral approach. These integration schemes lead to bright and singular 1-soliton solution. Topological soliton solution is also revealed. Additionally, as a byproduct, singular periodic solutions and continuous waves are obtained. The corresponding constraint conditions are also listed for these variety of solutions to exist. Finally, a numerical simulation of the bright 1-soliton solution is given.
Thalamomuscular Coherence in Essential Tremor: Hen or Egg in the Emergence of Tremor?
Authors: Pedrosa David J. , Quatuor Eva-Lotte , Reck Christiane , Pauls K. Amande M. , Huber Carlo A. , Visser-Vandewalle Veerle , Timmermann Lars
Published: October 2014

Thalamomuscular coherence in essential tremor (ET) has consistently been detected in numerous neurophysiological studies. Thereby, spatial properties of coherence indicate a differentiated, somatotopic organization; so far, however, little attention has been paid to temporal aspects of this interdependency. Further insight into the relationship between tremor onset and the onset of coherence could pave the way to more efficient deep brain stimulation (DBS) algorithms for tremor. We studied 10 severely affected ET patients (six females, four males) during surgery for DBS-electrode implantation and simultaneously recorded local field potentials (LFPs) and surface electromyographic signals (EMGs) from the extensor and flexor muscles of the contralateral forearm during its elevation. The temporal relationship between the onset of significant wavelet cross spectrum (WCS) and tremor onset was determined. Moreover, we examined the influence of electrode location within one recording depth on this latency and the coincidence of coherence and tremor for depths with strong overall coherence (“tremor clusters”) and those without. Data analysis revealed tremor onset occurring 220 ± 460 ms before the start of significant LFP-EMG coherence. Furthermore, we could detect an anterolateral gradient of WCS onset within one recording depth. Finally, the coincidence of tremor and coherence was significantly higher in tremor clusters. We conclude that tremor onset precedes the beginning of coherence. Besides, within one recording depth there is a spread of the tremor signal. This reflects the importance of somatosensory feedback for ET and questions the suitability of thalamomuscular coherence as a biomarker for “closed-loop” DBS systems to prevent tremor emergence.
Endogenous Cholinergic Input to the Pontine REM Sleep Generator Is Not Required for REM Sleep to Occur
Authors: Grace Kevin P. , Vanstone Lindsay E. , Horner Richard L.
Published: October 2014

Initial theories of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep generation posited that induction of the state required activation of the pontine subceruleus (SubC) by cholinergic inputs. Although the capacity of cholinergic neurotransmission to contribute to REM sleep generation has been established, the role of cholinergic inputs in the generation of REM sleep is ultimately undetermined as the critical test of this hypothesis (local blockade of SubC acetylcholine receptors) has not been rigorously performed. We used bilateral microdialysis in freely behaving rats (n= 32), instrumented for electroencephalographic and electromyographic recording, to locally manipulate neurotransmission in the SubC with select drugs. As predicted, combined microperfusion of D-AP5 (glutamate receptor antagonist) and muscimol (GABAAreceptor agonist) in the SubC virtually eliminated REM sleep. However, REM sleep was not reduced by scopolamine microperfusion in this same region, at a concentration capable of blocking the effects of cholinergic receptor stimulation. This result suggests that transmission of REM sleep drive to the SubC is acetylcholine-independent. Although SubC cholinergic inputs are not majorly involved in REM sleep generation, they may perform a minor function in the reinforcement of transitions into REM sleep, as evidenced by increases in non-REM-to-REM sleep transition duration and failure rate during cholinergic receptor blockade. Cholinergic receptor antagonism also attenuated the normal increase in hippocampal θ oscillations that characterize REM sleep. Using computational modeling, we show that ourin vivoresults are consistent with a mutually excitatory interaction between the SubC and cholinergic neurons where, importantly, cholinergic neuron activation is gated by SubC activity.
Medial Temporal Lobe Coding of Item and Spatial Information during Relational Binding in Working Memory
Authors: Libby Laura A. , Hannula Deborah E. , Ranganath Charan
Published: October 2014

Several models have proposed that different medial temporal lobe (MTL) regions represent different kinds of information in the service of long-term memory. For instance, it has been proposed that perirhinal cortex (PRC), parahippocampal cortex (PHC), and hippocampus differentially support long-term memory for item information, spatial context, and item–context relations present during an event, respectively. Recent evidence has indicated that, in addition to long-term memory, MTL subregions may similarly contribute to processes that support the retention of complex spatial arrangements of objects across short delays. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging and multivoxel pattern similarity analysis to investigate the extent to which human MTL regions independently code for object and spatial information, as well as the conjunction of this information, during working memory encoding and active maintenance. Voxel activity patterns in PRC, temporopolar cortex, and amygdala carried information about individual objects, whereas activity patterns in the PHC and posterior hippocampus carried information about the configuration of spatial locations that was to be remembered. Additionally, the integrity of multivoxel patterns in the right anterior hippocampus across encoding and delay periods was predictive of accurate short-term memory for object–location relationships. These results are consistent with parallel processing of item and spatial context information by PRC and PHC, respectively, and the binding of item and context by the hippocampus.