bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination of areas with the most significant shift in persistence of pests in Europe under climate change
Authors: Svobodová Eva , Trnka Miroslav , Dubrovský Martin , Semerádová Daniela , Eitzinger Josef , Štěpánek Petr , Žalud Zdeněk
Published: July 2013

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to estimate the impact of climate change on the ranges of crop pest species in Europe. The organisms included in the study were species from the family Tortricidae (Cydia pomonella, Lobesia botrana) and the family Pyralidae (Ostrinia nubilalis), Chrysomelidae beetles (Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Oulema melanopus) and species from the family Aphididae (Ropalosiphum padi, Sitobion avenae). Climate conditions in the year 2055 were simulated using a subset of five representative global circulation models. Model simulations using these climate change scenarios showed significant shifts in the climatic niches of the species in this study.

RESULTS

For Central Europe, the models predicted a shift in the ranges of pest species to higher altitudes and increases in the number of generations (NG) of the pests. In contrast, in the southern regions of Europe, the NG is likely to decrease owing to insufficient humidity. The ranges of species are likely to shift to the north.

CONCLUSION

Based on the ensemble‐scenario mean for 2055, a climate‐driven northward shift of between 3° N (O. nubilalis) and 11° N (L. botrana) is expected. The areas that are most sensitive to experiencing a significant increase in climate suitability for future pest persistence were identified. These areas include Central Europe, the higher altitudes of the Alps and Carpathians and areas above 55° N. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
TL characterization of CVD diamond films deposited at different growth parameters
Authors: Mitura‐Nowak Marzena , Karczmarska Agnieszka , Marczewska Barbara , Marszałek Marta
Published: July 2013

Diamonds can be used as dosimeters due to their high sensitivity to the ionizing radiation, radiation hardness as well as mechanical and chemical resistance. Moreover diamond, as the allotropic form of carbon, is tissue‐equivalent what is an important property in regard to its potential future application in medical physics. Diamond films deposited on Si substrates by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method using SEKI plasma reactor at the Institute of Nuclear Physics in Krakow were investigated to the aspect of their thermoluminescent (TL) properties. The deposition was performed at different oxygen concentration and the thermoluminescence of diamond films was studied. All grown diamond films were characterized in terms of surface morphology (scanning electron microscopy), chemical (Raman spectroscopy) and structural properties (X‐ray diffraction). The influence of three types of radiation: α (241Am, 5.49 MeV), β (90Sr/90Y, 2.27 MeV), γ (60Co, 1250 keV) on the shape of the TL curves was also examined.
Prevalence, Severity and Risk Factors for Depressive Symptoms and Insomnia in College Undergraduates
Authors: Gress‐Smith Jenna L. , Roubinov Danielle S. , Andreotti Charissa , Compas Bruce E. , Luecken Linda J.
Published: July 2013

Although the college years represent a high‐risk period for depressive symptoms and insomnia, little research has explored their prevalence, comorbidities and risk factors within this developmental period. Two studies were conducted; the first evaluated the prevalence and comorbidity of depressive symptoms and insomnia in 1338 students (ages 18–23 years) from a large Southwestern University. Mild depressive symptoms were endorsed by 19% of students and 14.5% reported moderate to severe symptoms. Forty‐seven percent of students reported mild insomnia and 22.5% endorsed moderate to severe insomnia severity. A second study investigated perceived stress as a potential mediator of the relation between self‐reported childhood adversity and concurrent depressive symptoms and insomnia. Undergraduates (N = 447) from a Southwestern and Southeastern University reported prior childhood adversity, current perceived stress, insomnia and depressive symptoms. Self‐reported childhood adversity predicted higher levels of depressive symptoms and insomnia severity, partially mediated by perceived stress. Results support the high prevalence of depressive symptoms and insomnia among undergraduates. The risk for depressive and insomnia symptoms may be increased among students who experienced greater levels of childhood adversity. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Representation of Oxidation Ability for Metallurgical Slags Based on the Ion and Molecule Coexistence Theory
Authors: Yang Xue‐min , Zhang Meng , Zhang Jian‐liang , Li Peng‐cheng , Li Jin‐yan , Zhang Jian
Published: July 2013

The defined oxidation ability of metallurgical slags based on the ion and molecule coexistence theory (IMCT), i.e., the comprehensive mass action concentration of iron oxides, has been verified through comparing the calculated and the reported activity of iron oxides in the selected FetO‐containing slag systems. To calculate the defined comprehensive mass action concentration of iron oxides in the selected slag systems, a thermodynamic model for calculating the mass action concentrations of structural units or ion couples in CaO–SiO2–MgO–FeO–Fe2O3–MnO–Al2O3–P2O5 type slags, i.e., the IMCT‐Ni thermodynamic model, has been developed. The defined comprehensive mass action concentration of iron oxides is more accurate than the measured activity of iron oxides to represent the slag oxidation ability of the selected FetO‐containing slag systems. The calculated comprehensive mass action concentration of iron oxides or the reported activity of iron oxides in the selected FetO‐containing slag systems shows an increase tendency with an increase of optical basicity of the slags by taking as 0.93 and as 0.69, or as 1.0 and as 0.75, rather than by taking as 0.51 and as 0.48. The slag oxidation ability represented by the defined comprehensive mass action concentration of iron oxides or the measured activity of iron oxides is not only decided by the effects of iron oxides, but also by the comprehensive effects of both iron oxides and basic oxides as CaO or MgO or MnO in the selected FetO‐containing slag systems.
On the efficiency of semi‐active smart structures: self‐regulating MR dampers control system for tall buildings
Authors: Rahbari Nima Mohajer , Talatahari Siamak
Published: July 2013

Many severe dynamical loadings such as earthquakes and strong winds may subject to structural systems during their lifetime and lead to changes in structural characteristics. Hence, employing an adaptive control strategy that can deal with these alterations compound with design of the structural elements would undoubtedly be the most effective alternative design for the old‐fashioned design methods, which are relatively inefficient in response to these unforeseen conditions. In the current study, benefits of employing the modern control systems for design of tall buildings in comparison with the uncontrolled traditionally designed structures are thoroughly investigated. To contract the vibrational responses due to seismic excitations, the innovative direct‐modulating semi‐active controller is designed for magneto‐rheological dampers, which are installed in an 11‐storey sample building converting it to a smart structure. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lossless compression of mammographic images with region‐based predictor selection
Authors: Karimi Nader , Samavi Shadrokh , Mahmoodzadeh Elham , Shirani Shahram
Published: July 2013

One of the main tools for early diagnosis of breast cancer is digital mammography. These images require large storage space and are difficult to be transmitted over communication links. In this paper we propose a context‐based method for lossless compression of these images. Some modifications are performed to customize the activity level classification model (ALCM) predictor to work best in mammograms. The function of the modified predictor changes for different main regions of these images. Also, best qualities of two other predictors are exploited and the results of the fittest predictor are selected adaptively for the prediction of a pixel. Moreover, context modeling is used for a better categorization of the prediction errors. The proposed algorithm was tested using images from a well‐known database and the results were compared with two standard compression methods of lossless mode of JPEG2000 and JPEG‐LS. The proposed method was proved to produce better compression results than those of the standard algorithms. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Virus‐encoded endonucleases: expected and novel functions
Authors: Read G. Sullivan
Published: July 2013

Endonucleases catalyze critical steps in the processing, function, and turnover of many cellular RNAs. It is, therefore, not surprising that a number of viruses encode endonucleases that play important roles in viral gene expression. The virion host shutoff (Vhs) endonuclease of herpes simplex virus, the SOX protein of Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus (KSHV), and the influenza virus PB1 endonuclease have well‐characterized functions that stem from their abilities to cleave RNA. Vhs accelerates turnover of many cellular and viral mRNAs, redirecting the cell from host to viral gene expression, counteracting key elements of the innate immune response, and facilitating sequential expression of different classes of viral genes. SOX reduces synthesis of many host proteins during the lytic phase of KSHV infections. PB1 is a component of the influenza RNA polymerase that snatches capped oligonucleotides from cellular pre‐mRNAs to serve as primers during viral mRNA synthesis. However, all three proteins have important second functions. Vhs stimulates translation of the 3′ cistron of bicistronic mRNAs that have selected cellular internal ribosome entry sites, and stimulates polysome loading and translation of selected viral mRNAs at late times during productive infections. SOX has an alkaline exonuclease activity that is important for processing and maturation of newly synthesized copies of the KSHV genome. The influenza RNA polymerase binds the cap and 5′ region of viral mRNAs and recruits eIF4G and other factors to viral mRNAs, allowing them to be translated under conditions of reduced eIF4E functionality. This review will discuss the novel and expected functions of these viral endonucleases. WIREs RNA 2013, 4:693–708. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1188

This article is categorized under:

Translation > Translation Mechanisms

RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Turnover/Surveillance Mechanisms

RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Regulation of RNA Stability
Mixed Micellar and Interfacial Interactions of a Triblock Polymer (EO37PO56EO37) with a Series of Monomeric and Dimeric Surfactants
Authors: Banipal Tarlok Singh , Sood Ashwani Kumar
Published: July 2013

The mixed micellar and interfacial properties of mixtures of triblock polymer (TBP) with a series of monomeric (dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide, tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide, and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, and dimeric (dimethylene bis[alkyldimethylammonium bromide],m‐2‐m, wherem= 10, 12, and 14) cationic surfactants were investigated using surface tension and viscosity measurements in aqueous solutions at different temperatures. Various physicochemical properties such as critical micelle concentration, mixed micellar mole fraction, interaction parameter, interfacial, and thermodynamic parameters were evaluated. All the binary mixtures exhibit synergistic interactions which increase with temperature and pass through a minimum with the increase in hydrophobic chain length of the cationic surfactants. The contribution of TBP in mixed micelle formation also increases with the hydrophobic chain length of the surfactants. The interfacial and thermodynamic parameters reveal that the adsorption of the surfactant mixtures at the air–solution interface is more favorable than that of micelle formation and the unfavorable enthalpy changes are overwhelmed by favorable entropy changes. Further, the mixtures of TBP with smaller chain length surfactants show a sharp rise in relative viscosity at higher mole fractions of these surfactants.
Automatic switching between the AAI and the DDD algorithm can prevent repetitive non‐reentrant ventriculoatrial synchrony
Authors: Kitamura Takeshi , Fukamizu Seiji , Nauchi Masahiro , Nishimura Takuro , Watanabe Tomohiko , Iwasawa Jin , Shimada Hiroshi , Ishikawa Tae , Matsushita Noriko , Abe Tomomi , Hojo Rintaro , Hayashi Takekuni , Komiyama Kota , Tanabe Yasuhiro , Tejima Tamotsu , Nishizaki Mitsuhiro , Sakurada Harumizu , Hiraoka Masayasu
Published: July 2013

A 67‐year‐old man with non‐obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy had received an implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) for an unstable, sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) induced by programmed stimulation during an electrophysiological study 5 years earlier. An intracardiac electrogram recorded by the ICD revealed repetitive, non‐reentrant ventriculoatrial synchrony (RNRVAS) associated with hypotension. Electrophysiologic and hemodynamic studies indicated that RNRVAS was induced and reproducibly termed by a single ventricular extrastimulus from the right ventricular apex. Following attainment of the elective replacement indicator, we replaced the ICD with another having managed ventricular pacing, which automatically switched AAI and DDD, thereby avoiding unnecessary ventricular pacing. Thus far, the patient has not experienced further RNRVAS. Thus, we believe that automatic switching between AAI and DDD can prevent RNRVAS.
Dislodgement of a Screw to the Bronchial Tree after Anterior Cervical Plating Surgery
Authors: Tsz-Kit Wu , On-Ming Chung
Published: July 2013

Anterior cervical plating is a common procedure that is performed after decompression and reconstruction in cervical spine surgery. Screw dislodgement is a rare but potential complication of cervical plating. The common site of screw migration is within the gastrointestinal tract. Our patient is the first reported case of cervical screw dislodgement to the bronchial tree. It presented ten months after the patient had undergone placement of an anterior cervical locking plate. The dislodgement was confirmed by X-ray imaging, computed tomography (CT) scan, and bronchoscopy. Spine surgeons should be aware of this type of complication in case of screw loosening. Early intervention with implant removal should be considered.
Externalization of policy advice: Theory, methodology and evidence
Authors: Veselý Arnošt
Published: July 2013

This paper examines to what extent advisory activities previously performed inside the government have been relocated to places outside of government. Although this process, labelled as externalization of policy advice, is widely taken as a universal trend, here it is shown that empirical findings suggest a more complicated picture. The level of externalization differs across policy domains, countries and over time. There are also different meanings of externalization and it has both quantitative and qualitative dimensions. In this article it is argued that the provision of policy advice can be conceptualized in terms of two competing processes: externalization and filling-in. The strength of these processes depends upon a wide range of factors. An overview of the empirical findings on externalization is provided and the factors assumed to be conducive to externalization are outlined. The article concludes with implications for further research, arguing that empirical research should be more theory-driven and enhanced by the inclusion of other research designs and methods.
Interfacial instability of coupled-rotating inviscid fluids
Authors: Ghantous Malek , Bye John A. T.
Published: July 2013

We consider the three-dimensional, cylindrical equivalent to the problem of instability between two inviscid fluids due to a velocity shear between them, known as Kelvin–Helmholtz instability. We begin by developing the solution to the linearized equations for a rotating fluid. While this solution is not in itself new, we carry the analysis further than previous treatments by including non-zero modes and considering the effect of the surface tension, particularly on the dispersion relation. We then consider a system of two fluids rotating at different rates and derive its dispersion relation, which is rather more complicated than that for a single rotating fluid. While a general analytic solution is unattainable, by investigating some special cases we show that the fundamental mode is always stable, and that Kelvin–Helmholtz instability also exists for the system. We compare our results with experiments and conclude by suggesting some hypothetical links between the theory and nature.
Unsteady separation leading to secondary and tertiary vortex dynamics: the sub-- and sub--phenomena
Authors: Kalita Jiten C. , Sen Shuvam
Published: July 2013

Studies on the$\alpha $- and$\beta $-phenomena, terms coined by Bouard & Coutanceau (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 101, 1980, pp. 583–607) for the flow past an impulsively started circular cylinder, have been confined only to the very early stages of the flow. In this paper, besides making a comprehensive in-depth analysis of these phenomena for a much longer period of time, we report the existence of some tertiary vortex phenomena for the first time, which we term the sub-$\alpha $- and sub-$\beta $-phenomena. The mechanism of unsteady flow separation at high Reynolds numbers for the flow past a circular cylinder developed in the last two decades has been used to understand these flow phenomena. The flow is computed using a recently developed compact finite difference method for the biharmonic form of the two-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations for the range of Reynolds number$500\leq \mathit{Re}\leq 10\hspace{0.167em} 000$. We specifically choose$\mathit{Re}= 5000$to describe the interplay among the primary, secondary and tertiary vortices leading to these interesting vortex dynamics. We also report a$\beta $-like phenomenon which is very similar to the$\beta $-phenomenon, but slightly differs in details. We offer a new perception of the$\alpha $-phenomenon by defining its existence in a strong and weak sense along with a clearer characterization of the$\beta $-phenomenon. Apart from numerical computation, a detailed theoretical characterization using topological aspects of the boundary layer separation leading to the secondary and tertiary vortex phenomena has also been carried out. We compare our numerical results with established experimental and numerical results wherever available and an excellent match with the experimental results is obtained in all cases.
Laminarization mechanisms and extreme-amplitude states in rapidly rotating plane channel flow
Authors: Wallin Stefan , Grundestam Olof , Johansson Arne V.
Published: July 2013

Fully developed plane channel flow rotating in the spanwise direction has been studied analytically and numerically. Linear stability analysis reveals that all cross-flow modes are stable for supercritical rotation numbers, $Ro\gt R{o}_{c} $, where $R{o}_{c} $ will approach 3 from below for increasing Reynolds number. Plane Tollmien–Schlichting (TS) waves are independent of rotation and always linearly unstable for supercritical Reynolds numbers. Direct numerical simulation (DNS) of the laminarization process reveals that the turbulence is damped when $Ro$ approaches $R{o}_{c} $. Hence, the laminarization is dominated by linear mechanisms. The flow becomes periodic for supercritical Reynolds numbers and rotation rates, i.e. when $Ro\gt R{o}_{c} $ and $Re\gt R{e}_{c} $. At such rotation rates, all oblique (cross-flow) modes are damped and when the disturbance amplitude becomes small enough, the TS modes start to grow exponentially. Secondary instabilities are initially blocked by the rotation since all cross-flow modes are linearly stable and the breakdown to turbulence will be strongly delayed. Hence, the TS waves will reach extremely high amplitudes, much higher than for typical turbulent fluctuations. Eventually, the extreme-amplitude state with TS-like waves will break down to turbulence and the flow will laminarize due to the influence of the rapid rotation, thus completing the cycle that will then be repeated. This flow is strongly dominated by linear mechanisms, which is remarkable considering the extremely high amplitudes involved in the processes of laminarization of the turbulence at $Ro\geq R{o}_{c} $ and the growth of the unstable TS waves.
Grid turbulence in dilute polymer solutions: PEO in water
Authors: Vonlanthen Richard , Monkewitz Peter A.
Published: July 2013

Grid turbulence of polyethylene oxide (PEO) solutions (Polyox WSR-301 in${\mathrm{H} }_{2} \mathrm{O} $) has been investigated experimentally for three concentrations of 25, 50 and 100 weight ppm, at a turbulence Reynolds number based on a Taylor microscale of${\mathit{Re}}_{\lambda } \approx 100$. For the first time, time sequences of turbulence spectra have been acquired at a rate of 0.005 Hz to reveal the spectral evolution due to mechanical degradation of the polymers. In contrast to spectra averaged over the entire degradation process, the sequence of spectra reveals a clear but time-dependent Lumley scale at which the energy spectrum changes abruptly from the Kolmogorov${\kappa }^{- 5/ 3} $inertial range to a${\kappa }^{- 3} $elastic range, in which the rate of strain is maintained constant by the polymers. The scaling of the initial Lumley length with Kolmogorov dissipation rate${\epsilon }_{0} $and molecular weight is determined, and a cascade model for the temporal decrease of molecular weight, i.e. for the breaking of polymer chains is presented. Finally, a heuristic model spectrum is developed which covers the cases of both maximum and partial turbulence reduction by polymers.
Two-scale dynamics of flow past a partial cross-stream array of tidal turbines
Authors: Nishino Takafumi , Willden Richard H. J.
Published: July 2013

The characteristics of flow past a partial cross-stream array of (idealized) tidal turbines are investigated both analytically and computationally to understand the mechanisms that determine the limiting performance of partial tidal fences. A two-scale analytical partial tidal fence model reported earlier is further extended by better accounting for the effect of array-scale flow expansion on device-scale dynamics, so that the new model is applicable to short fences (consisting of a small number of devices) as well as to long fences. The new model explains theoretically general trends of the limiting performance of partial tidal fences. The new model is then compared to three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) computations of flow past an array of various numbers (up to 40) of actuator disks. On the whole, the analytical model agrees well with the RANS computations, suggesting that the two-scale dynamics described in the analytical model predominantly determines the fence performance in the RANS computations as well. The comparison also suggests that the limiting performance of short partial fences depends on how much of device far-wake mixing takes place within the array near-wake region. This factor, however, depends on the structures of the wake and therefore on the type/design of devices to be arrayed.
Split energy–helicity cascades in three-dimensional homogeneous and isotropic turbulence
Authors: Biferale L. , Musacchio S. , Toschi F.
Published: July 2013

We investigate the transfer properties of energy and helicity fluctuations in fully developed homogeneous and isotropic turbulence by changing the nature of the nonlinear Navier–Stokes terms. We perform a surgery of all possible interactions, by keeping only those triads that have sign-definite helicity content. In order to do this, we apply an exact decomposition of the velocity field in a helical Fourier basis, as first proposed by Constantin & Majda (Commun. Math. Phys, vol. 115, 1988, p. 435) and exploited in great detail by Waleffe (Phys. Fluids A, vol. 4, 1992, p. 350), and we evolve the Navier–Stokes dynamics keeping only those velocity components carrying a well-defined (positive or negative) helicity. The resulting dynamics preserves translational and rotational symmetries but not mirror invariance. We give clear evidence that this three-dimensional homogeneous and isotropic chiral turbulence is characterized by a stationary inverse energy cascade with a spectrum ${E}_{back} (k)\sim {k}^{- 5/ 3} $ and by a direct helicity cascade with a spectrum ${E}_{forw} (k)\sim {k}^{- 7/ 3} $. Our results are important to highlight the dynamics and statistics of those subsets of all possible Navier–Stokes interactions responsible for reversal events in the energy-flux properties, and demonstrate that the presence of an inverse energy cascade is not necessarily connected to a two-dimensionalization of the flow. We further comment on the possible relevance of such findings to flows of geophysical interest under rotations and in thin layers. Finally we propose other innovative numerical experiments that can be achieved by using a similar decimation of degrees of freedom.
A variable neighborhood search method for a two-mode blockmodeling problem in social network analysis
Authors: BRUSCO MICHAEL , DOREIAN PATRICK , LLOYD PAULETTE , STEINLEY DOUGLAS
Published: July 2013

This paper presents a variable neighborhood search (VNS) algorithm that is specially designed for the blockmodeling of two-mode binary network matrices in accordance with structural equivalence. Computational results for 768 synthetic test networks revealed that the VNS heuristic outperformed a relocation heuristic (RH) and a tabu search (TS) method for the same problem. Next, the three heuristics were applied to two-mode network data pertaining to the votes of member countries on resolutions in the United Nations General Assembly. A comparative analysis revealed that the VNS heuristic often provided slightly better criterion function values than RH and TS, and that these small differences in criterion function values could sometimes be associated with substantial differences in the actual partitions obtained. Overall, the results suggest that the VNS heuristic is a promising approach for blockmodeling of two-mode binary networks. Recommendations for extensions to stochastic blockmodeling applications are provided.
REGULAR CONGRUENCES ON AN IDEMPOTENT-REGULAR-SURJECTIVE SEMIGROUP
Authors: GIGOŃ ROMAN S.
Published: July 2013

A semigroup $S$ is called idempotent-surjective (respectively, regular-surjective) if whenever $\rho $ is a congruence on $S$ and $a\rho $ is idempotent (respectively, regular) in $S/ \rho $, then there is $e\in {E}_{S} \cap a\rho $ (respectively, $r\in \mathrm{Reg} (S)\cap a\rho $), where ${E}_{S} $ (respectively, $\mathrm{Reg} (S)$) denotes the set of all idempotents (respectively, regular elements) of $S$. Moreover, a semigroup $S$ is said to be idempotent-regular-surjective if it is both idempotent-surjective and regular-surjective. We show that any regular congruence on an idempotent-regular-surjective (respectively, regular-surjective) semigroup is uniquely determined by its kernel and trace (respectively, the set of equivalence classes containing idempotents). Finally, we prove that all structurally regular semigroups are idempotent-regular-surjective.
EMERGING CHRISTIAN MEDIA IN EGYPT: CLERICAL AUTHORITY AND THE VISUALIZATION OF WOMEN IN COPTIC VIDEO FILMS
Authors: Armanios Febe , Amstutz Andrew
Published: July 2013

This article examines the depiction of women and gender within Coptic Orthodox video films or “hagiopics” produced between 1987 and 2010. As part of a recent religious renewal, hagiopics have expanded, altered, and reinvented traditional stories of saints and pious figures and have also generated, within this traditionally patriarchal setting, a wider space for the articulation of female voices. While their inclusion can be seen as potentially empowering for women, this paper suggests that during Pope Shenouda III's reign (1971–2012), the films became a powerful vehicle for broadcasting the church's conservative teachings on female power and authority, marriage and marital dissolution, spousal abuse, and femininity. By highlighting an array of exemplary female characters, hagiopics capture women's role as custodians of a distinctive Coptic ethos and of family and communal cohesiveness. The films’ emphasis on women's physical modesty, submissiveness, and obedience to male figureheads also hints at the modern church's anxieties about women's increasing autonomy in choosing marriage partners and their growing demands for more equal treatment within the church.
Networked Objects
Authors: Roberts Mary
Published: July 2013

Over the last decade an approach to 19th-century visual culture that focuses on cross-cultural contact and exchange has begun to supplement an earlier model of Orientalist critique focused primarily on the iconographic analysis of European Orientalist tropes and stereotypes. In this essay I engage with these discussions by analyzing what I will call networked objects. Tracking the mobility of art works and artifacts across cultural boundaries and their differing signification in varying sites of reception impels a nuanced understanding of how visual culture has been implicated in these networks of power. Influenced by anthropological debates, my approach focuses on the circulation of images and objects across cultures and within the region, exploring their function at divergent sites. Social networks of artists and patrons facilitated the transplantation of ideas and images, but the meanings of networked objects morphed independently of authorship according to their displacement to new geographic locations. Networked objects were also entangled within patterns of misinterpretation, blockage, and rupture as visual forms were created, reshaped, or productively misinterpreted in the environments into which they were transplanted, thus provoking challenges from the peripheries and divergent forms of indigenous agency.
Translations in Architecture
Authors: Akcan Esra
Published: July 2013

In a recently discovered photograph of German architect Bruno Taut's retrospective exhibition at the Istanbul Academy of Fine Arts, which opened on 4 June 1938, Taut in-exile stands with Erica Taut and his assistant Şinasi Lugal in front of a display (see Figure 1). What interests me in this image is not so much the frontal figures who posed for it as the documentary value of the exhibit in the background, the photographs inside the photograph. These images display Taut's Siedlungen (residential settlements/collective housing projects), designed and constructed as part of the Berlin Housing Program (1924–33) just before Taut was exiled from Germany due to the rise of National Socialism. After stays in Russia and Japan, Taut moved to Turkey, where he became head of the Architecture Department at the Istanbul Academy. Through a seminar and a studio he taught on Siedlung, he participated in a translation of the idea of collective housing that would shape the discursive space and practice of architecture in Turkey for decades to come. Most of the images in the exhibition were taken by the now-famous photographer Arthur Köster. The exhibit bears witness to the fact that Turkish architects were exposed not only to the influential Siedlungen of the Weimar period in Germany but also to their soon-to-be canonical photographs earlier than most of their colleagues around the world.
MEMORY STUDIES: LEBANON AND ISRAEL/PALESTINE
Authors: Slyomovics Susan
Published: July 2013

Why are humans fated to remember and forget? For Plato, it is because we are wounded by our memory of a previous existence, namely the Platonic “realm of ideas,” to which we forever long to return. In the social sciences, especially history and anthropology, burgeoning cross-disciplinary methodologies and approaches have emerged to study the ways in which humanity remembers and forgets; “cultural memory studies” and the “anthropology of memory” constitute a contemporary realm of ideas concerned with discursive contestations over memory and history. The books under review here, all of which relate to the study of collective memory in Lebanon or Israel/Palestine, have recourse to French theories, despite time lags due to delayed English translation. Foundational writers of a field loosely grouped under the rubric “memory studies” include French sociologist Maurice Halbwachs, whoseLes cadres sociaux de la mémoire(1925) and posthumously publishedLa mémoire collective(1950) both appeared in English in 1980, under confusingly similar titles. The English-language publication of Halbwachs’ corpus on the individual in relation to “collective memory” coincidentally corresponded with the American Psychiatric Association's 1980Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, in which categories of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) extended collective memory into collectivetraumaticmemory, through the notion that “Post-traumatic disorder is fundamentally a disorder of memory.” Another seminal thinker in this field is Pierre Nora, especially the multivolume, multiauthored essays produced under his direction entitledLes Lieux de mémoire, which appeared in French between 1984 and 1992.
Nonlinear interaction of obliquely propagating Alfvén waves and kinetic Alfvén waves in solar wind plasmas
Authors: YADAV NITIN , SHARMA R. P.
Published: July 2013

The nonlinear interaction of kinetic Alfvén waves (KAWs) with other possible plasma modes is considered to be responsible for the observed solar wind turbulent spectrum. In the present paper, a new channel of interaction between a KAW and an obliquely propagating Alfvén wave (AW) has been proposed. The governing dynamical equations are derived and the nonlinear interaction between the two wave modes KAW and AW is studied. The growth rate of modulational instability has been calculated. The nonlinear evolution of KAW filamentation and turbulent spectra has also been discussed. In the inertial range, energy cascade follows nearly Kolmogorov scaling, and after inertial range it follows −2.5 scaling in dispersive range. The obtained results indicate that the proposed mechanism may be responsible for transferring the energy from smaller wavenumbers to larger wavenumbers in the solar wind plasmas. The relevance of the present study with recent Cluster spacecraft observations has also been pointed out.
Harmonic generation by the propagation of two-colour laser beams in an underdense plasma
Authors: JHA PALLAVI , VERMA NIRMAL KUMAR , SAROCH AKANKSHA
Published: July 2013

An analytical theory is developed for studying the phenomenon of generation of efficient odd and even high harmonics by the propagation of two-colour linearly polarized laser beams in a homogeneous underdense plasma. The wave equation governing the evolution of the amplitude of various harmonics driven by the current density at corresponding frequencies is set up. The ratio of the fundamental frequencies of the two laser beams is considered to be an arbitrary integer. A numerical evaluation of amplitudes of the third, fourth and fifth harmonics has been presented. It is seen that the third harmonic amplitude generated by the two-colour system is enhanced in comparison to that obtained by a single laser beam. The detuning distance for the former is also increased in comparison to the latter case.
Administrator-scholars and the Writing of History in Early British India: A review article
Authors: LEES JAMES
Published: July 2013

The histories of Asian peoples penned by British East India Company officials during the early years of colonial rule—rightly—have long been considered to be doubtful source material within the historiography of South Asia. Their credibility was suspect well before the middle of the twentieth century, when Bernard Cohn's work began to present the British colonial state as one that relentlessly sought to categorize Indian society, and to use the distorted information thus gained to impose its government.

However, the histories of these administrator-scholars still retain value—not as accurate studies of their subjects, perhaps, but as barometers of the times in which they were written and also in the unexpected ways in which some continue to resonate in the present. To illustrate that point, this paper will review three recent monographs which deal with the writings and historical legacies of some of the Company's most prominent early nineteenth-century administrator-scholars. These are: Jason Freitag'sServing Empire, Serving Nation: James Tod and the Rajputs of Rajasthan; Jack Harrington'sSir John Malcolm and the Creation of British India; and Rama Mantena's work centred around the antiquarian pursuits of Colin Mackenzie,The Origins of Modern Historiography in India: Antiquarianism and Philology, 1780–1880.1
Critical population status of the jaguar Panthera onca in the Argentine Chaco: camera-trap surveys suggest recent collapse and imminent regional extinction
Authors: Quiroga Verónica Andrea , Boaglio Gabriel Iván , Noss Andrew Jay , Di Bitetti Mario Santiago
Published: July 2013

The population of jaguars Panthera onca in the semi-arid Chaco Province is the least well-known in Argentina. Its status in the region is described only from interviews that confirmed its presence until 2003. To update information on the distribution and population density of this species we undertook three camera-trap surveys, combined with searches for sign, at sites across latitudinal and protection gradients, and 156 interviews with local inhabitants across three larger areas. The camera-trap sites were located in areas with the highest density of records in the Argentine Chaco: Copo National Park (1,204 trap days, 24 stations, 344 km of transects), Aborigen Reserve (1,993 trap days, 30 stations, 251 km of transects) and El Cantor (2,129 trap days, 35 stations, 297 km of transects). We did not obtain any photographs of jaguars. We recorded very few jaguar tracks, and only in the Aborigen Reserve (n = 3) and El Cantor (n = 1). The map of distribution points confirmed through interviews suggests that the jaguar range has not changed significantly in the past 10 years; however, the camera-trap and sign surveys suggest that densities are extremely low. Before our study the Chaco population was thought to be the largest in Argentina. This perception was incorrect: the Chaco jaguar population is the most threatened in the country. Systematic, intensive studies are essential to provide the necessary information for decision-making for the management and conservation of threatened species.
On the Structure and Life Histories of British Fresh-water Furcocercariae
Authors: Harper W. F.
Published: July 2013

Three species of furcocercariae are described. By means of direct animal experiment with secondary, intermediate and final hosts I have shown that one species develops into Tetracotyle typica Dies., the larva of Strigea tarda Steenstrup, and a connected detailed account of this life cycle is here given. Of the two other species, both of which are new, I have been able to trace the development of one into Tetracotyle n.sp. in Planorbis crista L., and P. albus Müll. Feeding experiments with this new Tetracotyle using ducklings as final hosts failed, however, to produce the corresponding adult.

Effect of the parasite on the host. The usual results of helminth infection of this nature are observable, namely, marked disruption of liver tissue and in many cases complete parasitic castration of the molluscs infected.

Double infection. In the course of my investigations on larval Trematodes I have met with one example of double infection with sporocysts, viz. Cercaria F.1 and F.2, within one and the same individual of Planorbis albus Müll. This condition was found only on one occasion, Cercaria F.1 being in predominance. Instances of double infection have been recorded by Faust (1971) and Sewell (1922), and from this country by Hesse (1923) and Brown (1926). The condition, however does not appear to be a common one.
Some Digenetic Trematodes of Marine Fishes of Beaufort, North Carolina
Authors: Manter H. W.
Published: July 2013

In 1928, a collection of marine fish trematodes was made at the United States Bureau of Fisheries Station at Beaufort, North Carolina; thirty-six of fifty-one species of fishes examined contained trematodes; only one or two specimens of some species were examined. Only Monogenea were collected from Elasmo branchs. The following report includes the digenetic forms identified. Type specimens of all new species are deposited in the United States National Museum.
Stars & Stones: Astronomy and Archaeology in the Works of the Mexican Polymath Antonio León y Gama, 1735–1802
Authors: Pimentel Juan
Published: July 2013

The main square of Mexico City, known as the Zocalo, occupies a central place in the make-up of the city, the nation, and even the national identity of Mexico. As we all know, the conquistadors built Mexico City on the site of Tenochtitlán, the capital of the Aztec empire. Indeed, the ruins of the Great Temple of the old city lie hidden under the square itself. This essay deals with the moment when the native past began to emerge from beneath the plaza, when a viceroy had the ground paved, and undertook a series of public works to solve the problems of drainage and water channelling which had existed throughout the history of the city. In his effort to modernise, the viceroy brought his contemporaries face to face with a long-buried past. For amidst the construction work two great archaeological pieces were discovered in 1790. These findings were subsequently studied by the multi-talented Creole, Antonio León y Gama, one of the most steadfast representatives of the Enlightenment in New Spain. By examining elements of Leon y Gama's work, I want to do a bit of historical excavation myself and reveal the existence of what we might describe, following Mary Louise Pratt, as a contact zone—one in which contemporary tools for investigatively ordering time and space were brought to bear on natural and cultural phenomena alike, in order to situate Mexico and its cultural heritage historically as well as geographically.
Science and World Cities: Thinking Urban Knowledge and Science at Large (16th-18th century)
Authors: Romano Antonella , Van Damme Stéphane
Published: July 2013

Through its focus on the question of circulation, world history attained a central position amongst the historical configurations in the last decade. Indicative of our fundamentally changing world, the past thereby reveals itself to have been shaped by commercial, human and intellectual flows of global dimension. The history of science has been particularly receptive to such methodological developments, especially with regard to works influenced by a markedly social approach to science and knowledge, which has focused for some time on the analysis of intellectual networks. From the French provincial Enlightenment to Athansius Kircher's circles—including the relationships of patronage of mathematicians and court philosophers—social, intellectual and epistemological configurations have been designed, allowing us to consider different scales in the circulation of knowledge.
Thinking through drawing
Authors: Magnani Lorenzo
Published: July 2013

The concept ofmanipulative abductionis devoted to capture the role of action in many interesting cognitive situations: action provides otherwise unavailable information that enables the agent to solve problems by starting and performing a suitable abductive process of generation or selection of hypotheses. We observe that many external things, usually inert from an epistemological point of view, can be transformed intoepistemic mediators. I will present some details derived from the history of the discovery of the non-Euclidean geometries that illustrate the relationships between strategies for anomaly resolution and visual thinking. Geometrical diagrams are external representations that play both amirrorrole (to externalize rough mental models) and anunveilingrole (as gateways to imaginary entities). I describe them as epistemic mediators able to perform various explanatory, non-explanatory, and instrumental abductive tasks (discovery of new properties or new propositions/hypotheses, provision of suitable sequences of models as able to convincingly verifying theorems, etc.). I am also convinced that they can be exploited and studied in everyday non-mathematical applications also to the aim of promoting new trends in artificial intelligence modeling of various aspects of hypothetical reasoning: finding routes, road signs, buildings maps, for example, in connection with various zooming effects of spatial reasoning. I also think that the cognitive activities of optical, mirror, and unveiling diagrams can be studied in other areas of manipulative and model-based reasoning, such as the ones involving creative, analogical, and spatial inferences, both in science and everyday situations so that this can extend the epistemological, computational, and the psychological theory.
‘CANNOT BE FED ON WHEN STARVING’: AN ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMIC THOUGHT SURROUNDING CHINA’S EARLIER USE OF PAPER MONEY
Authors: HORESH NIV
Published: July 2013

This article argues that Western impressions of the Chinese pre-modern monetary experience might have been excessively colored by Marco Polo’s favorable commentary on the stability of the Mongol polity and its dissemination of paper money. Experiments with unconvertible paper money had ultimately been no more successful in late-imperial China than they were in the early-modern West. By 1430, in fact, the Ming dynasty was forced to abandon the issuance of paper money altogether. The genesis of paper money both in China and it the West had originally emanated from private institutions. However, royally chartered banks of issue were conspicuously absent from the Chinese setting until the late nineteenth century.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for major depression: a multisite, naturalistic, observational study of quality of life outcome measures in clinical practice
Authors: Janicak Philip G. , Dunner David L. , Aaronson Scott T. , Carpenter Linda L. , Boyadjis Terrence A. , Brock David G. , Cook Ian A. , Lanocha Karl , Solvason Hugh B. , Bonneh-Barkay Dafna , Demitrack Mark A.
Published: July 2013

Background

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is an effective and safe therapy for major depressive disorder (MDD). This study assessed quality of life (QOL) and functional status outcomes for depressed patients after an acute course of TMS.

Methods

Forty-two, U.S.-based, clinical TMS practice sites treated 307 outpatients with a primary diagnosis of MDD and persistent symptoms despite prior adequate antidepressant pharmacotherapy. Treatment parameters were based on individual clinical considerations and followed the labeled procedures for use of the approved TMS device. Patient self-reported QOL outcomes included change in the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) and the EuroQol 5-Dimensions (EQ-5D) ratings from baseline to end of the acute treatment phase.

Results

Statistically significant improvement in functional status on a broad range of mental health and physical health domains was observed on the SF-36 following acute TMS treatment. Similarly, statistically significant improvement in patient-reported QOL was observed on all domains of the EQ-5D and on the General Health Perception and Health Index scores. Improvement on these measures was observed across the entire range of baseline depression symptom severity.

Conclusion

These data confirm that TMS is effective in the acute treatment of MDD in routine clinical practice settings. This symptom benefit is accompanied by statistically and clinically meaningful improvements in patient-reported QOL and functional status outcomes.