bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inequalities in the distribution of National Institutes of Health research project grant funding
Authors: Lauer Michael S , Roychowdhury Deepshikha
Published: September 2021

Previous reports have described worsening inequalities of National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding. We analyzed Research Project Grant data through the end of Fiscal Year 2020, confirming worsening inequalities beginning at the time of the NIH budget doubling (1998–2003), while finding that trends in recent years have reversed for both investigators and institutions, but only to a modest degree. We also find that career-stage trends have stabilized, with equivalent proportions of early-, mid-, and late-career investigators funded from 2017 to 2020. The fraction of women among funded PIs continues to increase, but they are still not at parity. Analyses of funding inequalities show that inequalities for investigators, and to a lesser degree for institutions, have consistently been greater within groups (i.e. within groups by career stage, gender, race, and degree) than between groups.
Indirect effects of the SARS CoV-2 pandemic on the prevalence of breastfeeding: Modeling its impact
Authors: Jácome Álvaro , Castañeda-Orjuela Carlos , Barahona Nayide
Published: September 2021

Introduction: Breastfeeding has a protective effect against acute respiratory and diarrheal infections. There are psychological and social effects due to physical isolation in the population in the mother-child group.Objective: To assess the impact on infant mortality due to a decrease in the prevalence of breastfeeding during 2020 due to the physical isolation against the SARS CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic in Colombia.Materials and methods: We used the population attributable risk approach taking into account the prevalence of breastfeeding and its potential decrease associated with the measures of physical isolation and the relative risk (RR) of the association between exclusive breastfeeding and the occurrence of acute infection consequences in the growth (weight for height) of children under the age of five through a mathematical modeling program. Results: We found an increase of 11.39% in the number of cases of growth arrest in the age group of 6 to 11 months with a 50% decrease in breastfeeding prevalence, as well as an increase in the number of diarrhea cases in children between 1 and 5 months of age from 5% (5.67%) on, and an increased number of deaths in children under 5 years (9.04%) with a 50% decrease in the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding.Conclusions: A lower prevalence of breastfeeding has an impact on infant morbidity and mortality in the short and medium-term. As a public health policy, current maternal and childcare strategies must be kept in order to reduce risks in the pediatric population.
A new affinity matrix weighted k-nearest neighbors graph to improve spectral clustering accuracy
Authors: Ahmed Muhammad Jamal , Saeed Faisal , Paul Anand , Jan Sadeeq , Seo Hyuncheol
Published: September 2021

Researchers have thought about clustering approaches that incorporate traditional clustering methods and deep learning techniques. These approaches normally boost the performance of clustering. Getting knowledge from large data-sets is quite an interesting task. In this case, we use some dimensionality reduction and clustering techniques. Spectral clustering is gaining popularity recently because of its performance. Lately, numerous techniques have been introduced to boost spectral clustering performance. One of the most significant part of these techniques is to construct a similarity graph. We introduced weighted k-nearest neighbors technique for the construction of similarity graph. Using this new metric for the construction of affinity matrix, we achieved good results as we tested it both on real and artificial data-sets.
ABCDE: Approximating Betweenness-Centrality ranking with progressive-DropEdge
Authors: Mirakyan Martin
Published: September 2021

Betweenness-centrality is a popular measure in network analysis that aims to describe the importance of nodes in a graph. It accounts for the fraction of shortest paths passing through that node and is a key measure in many applications including community detection and network dismantling. The computation of betweenness-centrality for each node in a graph requires an excessive amount of computing power, especially for large graphs. On the other hand, in many applications, the main interest lies in finding the top-k most important nodes in the graph. Therefore, several approximation algorithms were proposed to solve the problem faster. Some recent approaches propose to use shallow graph convolutional networks to approximate the top-k nodes with the highest betweenness-centrality scores. This work presents a deep graph convolutional neural network that outputs a rank score for each node in a given graph. With careful optimization and regularization tricks, including an extended version of DropEdge which is named Progressive-DropEdge, the system achieves better results than the current approaches. Experiments on both real-world and synthetic datasets show that the presented algorithm is an order of magnitude faster in inference and requires several times fewer resources and time to train.
Clinicopathological value of long non-coding RNA profiles in gastrointestinal stromal tumor
Authors: Zhao Yan , Liu Xinxin , Xiao Keshuai , Wang Liwen , Li Yuping , Kan Mingyun , Jiang Zhiwei
Published: September 2021

Background

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been implicated in diagnosis and prognosis in various cancers. However, few lncRNA signatures have been established for prediction of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). We aimed to explore a lncRNA signature profile that associated with clinical relevance by mining data from Gene Expression Ominus (GEO) and Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program.

Methods

Using a lncRNA-mining approach, we performed non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) consensus algorithm in Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) cohorts (61 patients from GSE8167 and GSE17743) to cluster LncRNA expression profiles. Comparative markers selection, and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) algorithm were performed between distinct molecular subtypes of GIST. The survival rate of GIST patients from SEER stratified by gender were compared by Kaplan–Meier method and log-rank analysis. lncRNA-mRNA co-expression analysis was performed by Pearson correlation coefficients (PCC) using R package LINC. Somatic copy number alterations of GIST patients (GSE40966) were analyzed via web server GenePattern GISTIC2 algorithm.

Results

A total of four lncRNA molecular subtypes of GIST were identified with distinct biological pathways and clinical characteristics. LncRNA expression profiles well clustered the GIST samples into small size (<5 mm) and large size tumors (>5 mm), which is a fundamental index for GIST malignancy diagnosis. Several lncRNAs with abundant expression (LRRC75A-AS1, HYMAI, NEAT1, XIST and FTX) were closely associated with tumor size, which may suggest to be biomarkers for the GIST malignancy. Particularly, LRRC75A-AS1 was positively associated with tumor diameters and suggested an oncogene in GIST. Co-expression analysis suggested that chromosome region 17p11.2–p12 may contribute to the oncogenic process in malignant GIST. Interestingly, the gender had a strong influence on clustering by lncRNA expression profile. Data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program were further explored and 7983 patients who were diagnosed with GISTs from 1973 to 2014 were enrolled for analysis. The results also showed the favorable prognosis for female patients. The survival rate between male and female with GIST was statistically significant (P < 0.0001). Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) indicated distinct pathways between female and male, and malignant GIST was associated with several cancer metabolism and cell cycle associated pathways.

Conclusions

This lncRNAs-based classification for GISTs may provide a molecular classification applicable to individual GIST that has implications to influence lncRNA markers selection and prediction of tumor progression.
El potencial de las redes basadas en la API Google Vision para el estudio de imágenes digitales nativas
Authors:   Center for Advanced Internet Studies (CAIS), Omena Janna Joceli , Elena Pilipets ,   Universität Klagenfurt, Departamento de Medios y Comunicaciones, Gobbo Beatrice ,   Politecnico di Milano, DensityDesign Lab, Jason Chao ,   Universität Siegen, Centro Colaborativo de Investigación “Medios de Cooperación”
Published: September 2021

En este artículo presentamos los potencia­les de las redes basadas en la API Google Vision para el estudio de las imágenes en lí­nea, abordando tres modalidades importan­tes como parte de una metodología visual crítica: el contenido de la propia imagen, su forma específica de “audienciación” a través de referencias web (o metadatos de la ima­gen) y los sitios de circulación de la imagen. En primer lugar, definimos conceptual y técnicamente diferentes redes construidas a partir de ciertas características de visión artificial: imagen-etiqueta, imagen-entidades web e imagen-dominio. En segundo lugar, presentamos un diagrama de protocolo de investigación que ilustra cómo construir redes de imágenes con sus respectivas des­cripciones o sitios de circulación. En tercer lugar, discutimos las potencialidades de las redes de visión artificial como dispositivos de investigación, enfatizando sus (trans) formaciones relacionales de datos y sus especificidades interpretativas. Se presen­tarán tres diferentes estudios de caso como ejemplo. En conclusión, sostenemos que una metodología visual de este tipo requiere prácticas técnicas críticas que tengan en cuenta las múltiples capas de mediación técnica que están involucradas.
Catálogos de video con proceso curatorial basado en datos: republicación de secuencias de video
Authors:   Universidad de Ámsterdam, Facultad de Humanidades, Departamento de Estudios Mediales, Colombo Gabriele , Bardelli Federica ,   Universidad de Ámsterdam, Facultad de Humanidades, Departamento de Estudios Mediales
Published: September 2021

Este proyecto ilustra de qué manera los catálogos de video con proceso curatorial basado en datos pueden ofrecer un enfoque para analizar secuencias de video. Tenien­do ricas y diversas colecciones de video como input, los catálogos basados en datos buscan identificar objetos comunes y reor­ganizarlos en clústeres temáticos que se muestran en formato de video. La técnica se inspira en dos prácticas científicas (el mues­treo de núcleos y la difracción de la luz) y en dos formatos de publicación (los supercuts y los catálogos visuales). Los catálogos de video con proceso curatorial basado en da­tos se utilizan para republicar una colección de imágenes de la marea alta de Venecia de 2019, la que devastó la ciudad en forma inédita. A partir de una selección editorial de imágenes extraídas de YouTube, se utilizan varios procesos algorítmicos para demarcar y reorganizar el material en series temáticas de videos (personas, barcos y pájaros). Los catálogos de video resultantes permiten un tipo de análisis visual que va más allá de las formas tradicionales de medición, al tiempo que presentan un poder expresivo.
In vitro Organogenesis in Cotton (Gossypium spp) for Ex-situ Conservation Issue
Authors: Sinha Marius Guillaume , Cacaï Gilles Habib Todjro , Houngue Jerome Anani , Houédjissin Serge Sètondji , Sossou Thiéris Dassoudo , Ahanhanzo Corneille
Published: September 2021

Background: Monovarietal cultivation of cotton plant allowed the genetic erosion for traditional cotton varieties that proceed essential traits mainly involved in cotton genetic breeding. These varieties need to be preserved for future used. This study aims to evaluate the effect of gibberellic acid on cotton seed germination and the effect of Benzylaminopurin (BAP), Kinetin (KIN), α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and activated charcoal (CA) on cotton seedlings growth obtained from different type of explants.

Methodology: The seeds of three improved varieties (KET782, ANG956, OKP768) and five local varieties (Q62, Q64, Q85, Q88, Q92) were germinated with different concentration of gibberellic acid (GA3). Different explants were collected from the germinated plantlets and cultivated in different culture media containing plants growth regulators and activated charcoal in different concentration.

Results: We found that Gibberellic Acid activity on cotton seeds germination significantly varied according to the variety and GA3 concentration in the medium. 63.33% germination rate in OKP768 was obtained on the medium containing 0.5 mg/L of GA3 while the medium with 1 mg/l of GA3 gave the highest seed germination in Q85 (75%), Q64 (69.17%), and ANG956 (40.83%). The plantlets regeneration rate varied within the explants in different varieties used. 100%of axillary nodes were regenerated in Q62; Q85 and Q92 varieties while 60% were regenerated with the zygotic embryos in ANG956, and OKP768. Moreover, the medium supplemented with GA3 (1mg/l) + NAA (1 mg/l) induced the greatest number of roots (2.75 roots/plantlet) in the ANG956 and OKP768 varieties. With activated charcoal (10 g/l), ANG956 and OKP768 varieties achieved better performance with respective roots length average of 3.4 cm/plantlet and 2.1 cm/plantlet. The activated charcoal at 10 g/l highly influenced the length of roots with an average of 7.7cm in ANG956 variety.

Implication: The protocol established during this study will be useful for in vitro regeneration and conservation for cotton local varieties.
Ethnobotanical Survey of Flora and Fauna Species in Kainji Lake National Park New-Bussa Local Government Area, Niger State, Nigeria
Authors: Umar M. R.
Published: September 2021

This study was carried out to identify the Ethnobotanical uses of flora and fauna species in Kainji Lake National Park New-Bussa Local Government Area, Niger State, Nigeria. The study objectives were to document knowledge and generate data on identification and uses of Plant species and animal species in Borgu and Zugurma sector of the park. Ethnobotanical surveys based on interviews from the park ranges, plant taxonomist and zoologist staff of the park and Botanical survey was carried out based on sample plots. A stratified random sampling was used to select sample sites within the two sector of the Park, based on flora and fauna sub-classification. A total Ten (10) plots of 100m x 100m strips were demarcated within the two sectors. In each plot a total of four (4) 20m x 20m sub-plots were randomly selected for identification of Flora and Fauna resources in both the two sector of the park. Results from Flora resources shows a total of 45 plants species belonging to 21 families were selected.in both the two sector. Family- Leguminosae and Combretaceace were the dominant family in terms of number of species represented. The species are multipurpose and are exploited to satisfy different subsistence needs. Bark and Leaf are the most commonly used Flora parts for medicinal in KLNP. Results from Fauna resources shows that Family-Bovidea and Felidae are the most dominate in the Mammal species, Family-Pythonidea is dominate in Reptile species, Birth has different family and species. Alestidae and Cyprinidae are the dominates in fish found in KLNP while Family-Mochokidae and Bagridae are the most dominates in the fresh-water fish species in Kainji Lake (Northern Nigeria).
Evaluating the Relationship between Stakeholder Pressure and Innovation in Ghanaian SMEs: Moderating Role of Firm Size
Authors: Otchere Samuel Kofi , Tian Hongyun , Coffie Cephas Paa Kwasi
Published: September 2021

The study examines the relationship between stakeholder pressure and innovation (Technological and non-technological) in Ghanaian SMEs. Further, it explores the moderating role of firm size in this relationship. This is in response to the ongoing debate on the role of innovation in the performance and survival of small businesses in Ghana. Using the survey response of 523 registered SMEs, the SmartPLS model estimate reveals that; stakeholder pressure influences both technological and non-technological innovation in Ghanaian SMEs. Further, the size of the SMEs has no significant moderation in the positive relationship between stakeholder pressure and innovation in Ghana. Consequently, SMEs in Ghana can take advantage of the pressure from internal and external stakeholders to innovate for sustainable growth. Again, the government should provide avenues for innovative collaborations between universities, government agencies, and SMEs. Finally, studies should focus on inexpensive innovation channels capable of transforming the SME industry of Ghana.
Application of Neural Network Algorithm in Propylene Distillation
Authors: Lu Jinwei , Zhao Ningrui
Published: September 2021

Artificial neural network modeling does not need to consider the mechanism. It can map the implicit relationship between input and output and predict the performance of the system well. At the same time, it has the advantages of self-learning ability and high fault tolerance. The gas-liquid two phases in the rectification tower conduct interphase heat and mass transfer through countercurrent contact. The functional relationship between the product concentration at the top and bottom of the tower and the process parameters is extremely complex. The functional relationship can be accurately controlled by artificial neural network algorithms. The key components of the propylene distillation tower are the propane concentration at the top of the tower and the propylene concentration at the bottom of the tower. Accurate measurement of them plays a key role in increasing propylene yield in ethylene production enterprises. This article mainly introduces the development process of neural network model and its application progress in propylene distillation tower.
Public Health Impact of Environmental Pollution in Areas with Gas Flares
Authors: Obi Nkemdilim I. , Bwititi Phillip T. , Nwose Ezekiel U.
Published: September 2021

Background: A variety of pollutants are discharged during gas flaring and these are detrimental to animals and the environment. These pollutants are linked to a range of adverse health impacts including cancer, neurological, reproductive and developmental effects. Furthermore, some of the pollutants such as sulphur dioxide cause environmental issues including acid rain as well as the production of greenhouse gases and this contributes to climate change. This article evaluates the public health impact of environmental pollution in areas with gas flares. 

Methodology: This research followed a mixed method approach of quantitative and qualitative analysis. Descriptive statistics were followed with frequency distribution of respondents to the Likert scaled questions. The nominal knowledge level of respondents was determined from their Likert scaled responses to questions. ANOVA comparisons were made between the subgroups of demographic factors to determine differences in knowledge level. MANOVA was also carried out to determine the influence of educational and social levels as well as duration of stay in the community.

Outcome: Evaluation of the nominal knowledge level of respondents determined from Likert scale shows no statistically significant differences between demographic subgroups. Further, ANOVA of nominal knowledge between educational subgroups shows gradient increase but no statistical difference.

Conclusion: The community has knowledge on the negative impact of gas flaring. This report increases understanding of community awareness about the effects of gas flares on the environment and health.
Age-Related Haematological Variations in Patients with Asymptomatic Malaria in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
Authors: Obeagu Emmanuel Ifeanyi , Busari Ayomiposi Ibironke , Uduchi Immaculata Ogochukwu , Ogomaka I. A. , Ibekwe Adaobi Maryann , Vincent C. C. N. , Chijioke Udunma Olive , Okafor Chukwuma J. , Okoroiwu Henshaw U. , Adike Calista Ndidi
Published: September 2021

Background: Malaria is a life-threatening infectious disease of widespread burden. Malaria remains a leading communicable disease in the developing countries of the world. It occurs mostly in the tropical and subtropical regions and accounts for considerable morbidity and death. Malaria which is liable for a major amount of mortalities in endemic countries has been revealed to have both direct and indirect impacts on the haematologicalparameters.The study was done to compare the levels of haematological parameters of asymptomatic malaria patients based on age groups.

Methods: The study is a cross-sectional study among asymptomatic malaria patients based on age groups. This study was conducted in Oda Road area of Akure, Ondo State. Two hundred (200) subjects were recruited for this study with each group comprising of 100 subjects for patients with asymptomatic malaria for the 2 age groups (16-30 years and 31-65 years). The data were presented in tables and as mean ± standard deviation and analyzed using student-test for parametric data and chi-square for non parametric data by statistical packages for social sciences (SPSS, Version 20.0) and level of significance set at as p≤ 0.05.

Results: The results showed that subjects on age group 16-30 years were 100(50%) comprising of 50 males (25%) and 50 females (25). Also age group 31-65 years has 100 subjects (50%) comprising of 50 males (25%) and 50 females (25).The results showed significant difference in MCV (p=0.008), MCH (p=0.024) and no significant difference in PCV (p=0.675), WBC (p= 0.224), LYM (p=0.109), GRAN (p=0.061), MID (p=0.066), RBC (p=0.119), Hb (p=0.546), MCHC (p=0.262), PLT (p=0.783), when compared between age groups in years (16-30 and 31-65).

Conclusion: The study showed increase in MCV and MCH of asymptomatic malaria patients within the age group of 31-65 years compared to asymptomatic malaria patients on 16-30 years age group. This shows that microcytic hypochromic anaemia may be experienced in asymptomatic malaria patients within the age group of 16-30 years more than in 31-65 years age group.
Selective Optimization of Side Activities (SOSA) as an Efficient Approach for Generation of New Leads from Old Drugs
Authors: Mehta Preeti P. , Ozarde Yogita , Gadhave Ranjit , Swami Arti
Published: September 2021

The selective optimization of side activities (SOSA) approach appears to be a promising strategy for lead generation. In this approach old drugs are used to generate new hits or leads. The objective of SOSA is to prepare analogues of the hit molecule in order to transform the observed “side activity” into the main effect and to strongly reduce or abolish the initial pharmacological activity. The idea of taking a molecule with a primary activity in humans and then enhancing a secondary effect through structural changes describes the most common implementation of SOSA. An advantage to starting a drug discovery program with molecules that have already been tested in humans is that those molecules have already satisfied many safety criteria. Such molecules also likely have favourable pharmacokinetic profiles. In the present review different successful examples of SOSA switches are summarized. We hope that the present review will be useful for scientists working in the area of drug design and discovery.
Review on Abhrasindoora: A Sublimated Mercurial Formulation as a Herbo-Bio-Mineral Metallic Compound for Respiratory Ailments
Authors: Bramhankar Rakesh , Arya Jaimini , Mishra Abhaya Kumar , Das Snigdha , Munishwar Nisha , Raghuveer H.
Published: September 2021

Abhrasindoora is a unique mercurial formulation as a herbo-bio-mineral metallic compound which is mentioned under Kupipakwa Rasayana Prakarana in Rasendra Sambhava. There are four formulations are mentioned with the name of Abhrasindoora, amongst them one in Rasendra Shambhava and three in Rasayogasagara. In this review article we have focused on the specific method mentioned in Rasendra Sambhava, which is a combination of Dhanyabhraka, Shodhita Parada (Mercury), Shodhita Gandhaka (Sulphur) in equal proportion (1:1:1). Its method of preparation initiates with the Kajjali formation followed by impregnation of Latex of Calotropis procera (QS) and freshly expressed arial root juice of Ficus bengalensis (QS) and cooking into mud smeared seven layered glass bottle using sand bath heating system. Specific heating pattern consisting of mild (1200C-2500C) moderate (2500C-4500C) and intense (4500C-6500C) heat should be maintained for preparation of Abhrasindoora. Previous pharmaceutical study done by Dr. Jyoti B. (2018) had yielded approximately 28% bright red color Abhrasindoora. In Rasayogasagara, bhasmikarana process is mentioned for preparation of Abhrasindoora which is not appropriate as per current trend. Hence, Rasendra Sambhava method is appropriate to prepare Abhrasindoora. This formulation has broad spectrum activity along with suitable adjuvants. The therapeutic indications are Cough, Bronchial Asthma, Fever etc. This herbo-bio-mineral metallic compound is quick acting, low dose, highly stable, good palatability and helps to treats chronic ailments.
Giant Mixed Vesical Calculus in a Patient in North Central, Nigeria: A Case Report
Authors: Longwap Saleh A. , Rabiu Ahmed M. , Edeh Cecilia N. , Aina Daniel O. , Affi Ayuba , Manshor David M. , Innocent Emmanuel , Embu Henry , Isichei Mercy , Shugaba Ali I.
Published: September 2021

A 30-year old male Business man presented at the accident and emergency unit of Abnira Medical Centre in Jos city on account of inability to pass urine for over fifteen hours. There was concomitant excruciating lower abdominal pain and swelling that is tender to touch. A positive history of generalized weakness, fatigue, nausea, heamaturia was given. However, no fever, vomiting, headache nor history of fainting attacks. On examination, he was afebrile, acyanosed with associated tachycardia (pulse rate 121bpm) and tachypnea (respiratory rate of 27c/min).He was oriented in place, person and time with no focal neurological deficit. There were no cardiac and other respiratory signs picked on examination. His abdomen was soft and non-tender, with normal bowel sounds. However, there was renal angle tenderness. Biochemical investigations done on presentation showed normal sodium, potassium, chlorite, and bicarbonate. He has some evidence of dehydration and pre-renal azotemia (increased creatinine, urea and uric acid).His liver function tests, lipase, thyroid function test, phosphate, magnesium and albumin-corrected calcium were all normal.
Unraveling the relevance of the polyadenylation factor EhCFIm25 in Entamoeba histolytica through proteomic analysis
Authors: Salgado‐Martínez América Itzallana , Avila‐Bonilla Rodolfo Gamaliel , Ramírez‐Moreno Esther , Castañón‐Sánchez Carlos Alberto , López‐Camarillo César , Marchat Laurence A.
Published: September 2021

We recently reported that silencing of the polyadenylation factor EhCFIm25 in Entamoeba histolytica, the protozoan which causes human amoebiasis, affects trophozoite proliferation, death, and virulence, suggesting that EhCFIm25 may have potential as a new biochemical target. Here, we performed a shotgun proteomic analysis to identify modulated proteins that could explain this phenotype. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD027784. Our results revealed changes in the abundance of 75 proteins. Interestingly, STRING analysis, functional GO‐term annotations, KEGG analyses, and literature review showed that modulated proteins are mainly related to glycolysis and carbon metabolism, cytoskeleton dynamics, and parasite virulence, as well as gene expression and protein modifications. Further studies are needed to confirm the hypotheses emerging from this proteomic analysis, to thereby acquire a comprehensive view of the molecular mechanisms involved.
Experimental and Simplified Predictive Determination of Extinction Coefficients of Ceramic Open‐Cell Foams Used for Metal Melt Filtration
Authors: Heisig Lisa-Marie , Markuske Katrin , Werzner Eric , Wulf Rhena , Fieback Tobias M.
Published: September 2021

A main application area of ceramic open‐cell foams is the foundry, where the porous media are used for conditioning and filtration of the melt flow. As characterization of heat transfer in such high‐temperature applications requires consideration of thermal radiation, knowledge of the radiative properties of the foams is essential. Instead of elaborative measurements or simulations, empirical correlations often serve as a simple and fast method to predict extinction coefficients. However, significant differences up to 100 m−1 occur between calculated values of various models presented in the literature. Herein, it is aimed to characterize the radiation behavior of different ceramic foams experimentally and identify reliable, simple yet accurate methods for the prediction of extinction coefficients of these materials by comparison with experimental results. The influences of pore density (10 and 20 pores per inch [ppi]) and filter material (Al2O3, ZrO2, SiC, Al2O3−C) on the transmittance, reflectance, and extinction coefficients are investigated by spectroscopic measurements. Two models from the literature are determined, which are well suited to predict extinction coefficients with an average deviation of less than 20%. Furthermore, accurate estimation with an average deviation of 12% can be also achieved using a projection method based on computed tomography scans of the foams.
Modification of the Intermediate Binding Energies on Ni/Ni3N Heterostructure for Enhanced Alkaline Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction
Authors: Su Lixin , Gong Dan , Yao Na , Li Yunbo , Li Zhen , Luo Wei
Published: September 2021

Developing highly efficient and stable non‐precious metal‐based electrocatalysts for alkaline hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) is essential for the commercialization of alkaline exchange membrane fuel cells but remains a big challenge. Here, a simple strategy for constructing the Ni/Ni3N heterostructure electrocatalyst with remarkable catalytic performance toward HOR under alkaline electrolyte is reported. Density functional theory calculations and experimental results reveal that the inter‐regulated d‐band center of interfacial Ni and Ni3N derived from electron transfer from Ni to Ni3N across the interface can lead to the weakened hydrogen binding energy of Ni and strengthened hydroxyl binding energy of Ni3N, which, together with the decreased formation energy of water species, contributes to the outstanding HOR performance.
Donor–Acceptor‐Type Organic‐Small‐Molecule‐Based Solar‐Energy‐Absorbing Material for Highly Efficient Water Evaporation and Thermoelectric Power Generation
Authors: Cui Yuanyuan , Liu Jing , Li Zhiqiang , Ji Mingyang , Zhao Meng , Shen Meihua , Han Xue , Jia Tao , Li Chenglong , Wang Yue
Published: September 2021

Recently, owing to the great structural tunability, excellent photothermal property, and strong photobleaching resistance, organic‐small‐molecule photothermal materials are proposed as promising solar absorbent materials. Herein, through fusing two strong electron‐withdrawing units dibenzo[f,h]quinoxaline and anthraquinone units, a rigid planar acceptor dibenzo[a,c]naphtho[2,3‐h]phenazine‐8,13‐dione (PDN) with stronger electron‐withdrawing ability is obtained and used to construct donor–acceptor‐type organic‐small‐molecule solar‐energy‐absorbing material, 2,17‐bis(diphenylamino)dibenzo[a,c]naphtho[2,3‐h]phenazine‐8,13‐dione (DDPA‐PDN). The new compound exhibits a strong intramolecular charge transfer character and conjugates rigid plane skeleton, endowing it with a broadband optical absorption from 300 to 850 nm in the solid state, favorable photothermal properties, high photothermal conversion ability, and good photobleaching resistance. Under laser irradiation at 655 nm, the solid photothermal conversion efficiency of the resulting DDPA‐PDN molecule reaches 56.23%. Additionally, DDPA‐PDN‐loaded cellulose papers equipped with abundant microchannels for water flow are integrated with thermoelectric devices, thus achieving an evaporation rate and voltage as high as 1.07 kg m−2 h−1 and 83 mV under 1 kW m−2 solar irradiation, respectively. This study demonstrates the application of photothermal organic‐small‐molecules in water evaporation and power generation, therefore offering a valuable prospect of their utilization in solar energy harvesting.
Eco‐Friendly Colorimetric Nanofiber Design: Halochromic Sensors with Tunable pH‐Sensing Regime Based on 2‐Ethyl‐2‐Oxazoline and 2‐n‐Butyl‐2‐Oxazoline Statistical Copolymers Functionalized with Alizarin Yellow R
Authors: Schoolaert Ella , Merckx Ronald , Becelaere Jana , Rijssegem Serge , Hoogenboom Richard , De Clerck Karen
Published: September 2021

Colorimetric nanofibers provide visual, easy‐to‐interpret sensors for personal use as well as advanced applications. The potential of 2‐n‐butyl‐2‐oxazoline (B) and 2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline (E) statistical copolymers as a universal, versatile support platform for nanofibrous halochromic sensor design is demonstrated. These polymers are electrospinnable from eco‐friendly solvent systems, while wettability, moist adsorption capacity, and water‐solubility of the membranes can be easily tuned by changing the B/E monomer ratio, ensuring wide applicability. The halochromic sensing functionality is introduced by incorporating the alizarin yellow R (AYR) chromophore, which is covalently modified with an ethyl ester‐group or a short poly(2‐n‐butyl‐2‐oxazoline) chain, which is demonstrated to simultaneously prevent dye‐leaching and allows tuning of the halochromic pH‐sensing window. The colorimetric nanofibrous sensors reversibly respond toward aqueous solutions of different pH, (hydrochloric) acid and alkaline (ammonia) vapors, and several biogenic amines with detection limits as low as 5 ppb. Tunability of sensor responsivity, sensitivity, and pKa via manipulation of dye–polymer interactions, determined by support polymer structure and semi‐crystallinity, as well as the chain length of the AYR‐modified polymer, are discussed. Preliminary proof‐of‐principle studies indicate the potential of the developed sensors for sub‐ppm biogenic amine vapor detection, which may serve as the basis for future applications in food packaging or breath analysis.
Sulfated Alginate Hydrogels Prolong the Therapeutic Potential of MSC Spheroids by Sequestering the Secretome
Authors: Gionet‐Gonzales Marissa , Casella Alena , Diloretto Daphne , Ginnell Clara , Griffin Katherine H. , Bigot Anne , Leach J. Kent
Published: September 2021

Cell‐based approaches to tissue repair suffer from rapid cell death upon implantation, limiting the window for therapeutic intervention. Despite robust lineage‐specific differentiation potential in vitro, the function of transplanted mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in vivo is largely attributed to their potent secretome comprising a variety of growth factors (GFs). Furthermore, GF secretion is markedly increased when MSCs are formed into spheroids. Native GFs are sequestered within the extracellular matrix (ECM) via sulfated glycosaminoglycans, increasing the potency of GF signaling compared to their unbound form. To address the critical need to prolong the efficacy of transplanted cells, alginate hydrogels are modified with sulfate groups to sequester endogenous heparin‐binding GFs secreted by MSC spheroids. The influence of crosslinking method and alginate modification is assessed on mechanical properties, degradation rate, and degree of sulfate modification. Sulfated alginate hydrogels sequester a mixture of MSC‐secreted endogenous biomolecules, thereby prolonging the therapeutic effect of MSC spheroids for tissue regeneration. GFs are sequestered for longer durations within sulfated hydrogels and retain their bioactivity to regulate endothelial cell tubulogenesis and myoblast infiltration. This platform has the potential to prolong the therapeutic benefit of the MSC secretome and serve as a valuable tool for investigating GF sequestration.
Advances in Microsensors and Wearable Bioelectronics for Digital Stethoscopes in Health Monitoring and Disease Diagnosis
Authors: Lee Sung Hoon , Kim Yun‐Soung , Yeo Woon‐Hong
Published: September 2021

Acoustic stethoscopes have demonstrated beneficial factors aiding diagnosis from the doctors with accurate body sounds. Still, the conventional acoustic stethoscopes require a substantial amount of clinical experience and hearing skills for the physicians to accurately diagnose symptoms from abnormal sounds. Especially for cardiopulmonary systems, it is crucial to collect sounds with precision since they contain valuable information in specific frequency ranges for various sounds. This review paper summarizes recent advances and technical developments in microsensors, circuits, chips, and integrated electronics for fabricating different digital stethoscopes that offer portable detection of body sounds. They solve the limitations of conventional stethoscopes, aiming for wireless auscultation in digitized medicine. Overall, this comprehensive review will help researchers design and develop new wearable electronics and digital stethoscopes for advancing human healthcare, continuous monitoring, and better diagnosis.
Localized Graphitization on Diamond Surface as a Manifestation of Dopants
Authors: Catalan Francesca Celine I. , Anh Le The , Oh Junepyo , Kazuma Emiko , Hayazawa Norihiko , Ikemiya Norihito , Kamoshida Naoki , Tateyama Yoshitaka , Einaga Yasuaki , Kim Yousoo
Published: September 2021

Doped diamond electrodes have attracted significant attention for decades owing to their excellent physical and electrochemical properties. However, direct experimental observation of dopant effects on the diamond surface has not been available until now. Here, low‐temperature scanning tunneling microscopy is utilized to investigate the atomic‐scale morphology and electronic structures of (100)‐ and (111)‐oriented boron‐doped diamond (BDD) electrodes. Graphitized domains of a few nanometers are shown to manifest the effects of boron dopants on the BDD surface. Confirmed by first‐principles calculations, local density of states measurements reveal that the electronic structure of these features is characterized by in‐gap states induced by boron‐related lattice deformation. The dopant‐related graphitization is uniquely observed in BDD (111), which explains its electrochemical superiority over the (100) facet. These experimental observations provide atomic‐scale information about the role of dopants in modulating the conductivity of diamond, as well as, possibly, other functional doped materials.
Congener‐Induced Sulfur‐Related Metabolism Interference Therapy Promoted by Photothermal Sensitization for Combating Bacteria
Authors: He Renke , Ding Cheng , Luo Yao , Guo Geyong , Tang Jin , Shen Hao , Wang Qiaojie , Zhang Xianlong
Published: September 2021

Metabolic homeostasis is vital for individual cells to keep alive. Stronger metabolic homeostasis allows bacteria to survive in vivo and do persistent harm to hosts, which is especially typical in implant‐associated infection (IAI) with biofilm intervention. Herein, based on the competitive role of selenium (Se) and sulfur (S) in bacteria metabolism as congeners, a congener‐induced sulfur‐related metabolism interference therapy (SMIT) eradicating IAI is proposed by specific destruction of bacteria metabolic homeostasis. The original nanodrug manganese diselenide (MnSe2) is devised to generate permeable H2Se in bacteria, triggered by the acidic microenvironment. H2Se, the congener substitution of H2S, as a bacteria‐specific intermediate metabolite, can embed itself into the H2S‐utilization pathway and further alternatively disrupt the downstream sulfur‐related metabolism state inside bacteria. A proteomic study indicates ribosome‐related proteins are heavily downregulated and the basic metabolic pathways are mainly disordered after SMIT, revealing the destruction of bacteria metabolic homeostasis. The efficiency of SMIT is significantly promoted with the mild temperature sensitization provided by the photothermal treatment (PTT) of MnSe2 nanoparticles, verified by the proteomic study and the anti‐IAI effect in vitro and in vivo. With the intelligent nanodrug, a PTT‐promoted SMIT strategy against IAI is provided and a new insight into the interference design toward metabolic homeostasis with biochemical similarity is demonstrated.
Continuous‐Flow Synthesis of Orange Emitting Sn(II)‐Doped CsBr Materials
Authors: Das Adhikari Samrat , Masi Sofia , Echeverría‐Arrondo Carlos , Miralles‐Comins Sara , Sánchez Rafael S. , Fernandes Jesum Alves , Chirvony Vladimir , Martínez‐Pastor Juan P. , Sans Victor , Mora‐Seró Iván
Published: September 2021

An ongoing demand toward lead‐free all‐inorganic cesium metal halide perovskites has presented Sn(II) as an ideal substitute of Pb(II) for applications in optoelectronic devices. The major concern regarding Sn(II) is the instability due to the ambient oxidation to Sn(IV). To expand the scope of traditional perovskite and analogues, herein the synthesis and optical performance of Sn(II)‐doped CsBr, a new material formed by interstitial doping of Sn(II) into the CsBr matrix, are reported for the first time. This material is prepared following an antisolvent mediated recrystallization method using a continuous flow reactor, which is beneficial for scaling up the production compared to traditional batch reactors. Sn(II)‐doped CsBr exhibits broadband orange emission with full‐width‐half‐maximum of 180 nm and a photoluminescence quantum yield of 21.5%. The emission turned to be highly stable over 7 months despite containing Sn(II). It is suggested that this is due to interstitial location of Sn(II) atoms in bulk of microcrystals. A broadband emission and high aerobic stability are attractive properties of the material for white‐light emitting applications.
Interleukin‐33 is a Novel Immunosuppressor that Protects Cancer Cells from TIL Killing by a Macrophage‐Mediated Shedding Mechanism
Authors: Wu Jing , Chen Ziqing , Wickström Stina L. , Gao Juan , He Xingkang , Jing Xu , Wu Jieyu , Du Qiqiao , Yang Muyi , Chen Yi , Zhang Dingding , Yin Xin , Guo Ziheng , Jensen Lasse , Yang Yunlong , Tao Wei , Lundqvist Andreas , Kiessling Rolf , Cao Yihai
Published: September 2021

Recognition of specific antigens expressed in cancer cells is the initial process of cytolytic T cell‐mediated cancer killing. However, this process can be affected by other non‐cancerous cellular components in the tumor microenvironment. Here, it is shown that interleukin‐33 (IL‐33)‐activated macrophages protect melanoma cells from tumor‐infiltrating lymphocyte‐mediated killing. Mechanistically, IL‐33 markedly upregulates metalloprotease 9 (MMP‐9) expression in macrophages, which acts as a sheddase to trim NKG2D, an activating receptor expressed on the surface of natural killer (NK) cells, CD8+ T cells, subsets of CD4+ T cells, iNKT cells, and γδ T cells. Further, MMP‐9 also cleaves the MHC class I molecule, cell surface antigen‐presenting complex molecules, expressed in melanoma cells. Consequently, IL‐33‐induced macrophage MMP‐9 robustly mitigates the tumor killing‐effect by T cells. Genetic and pharmacological loss‐of‐function of MMP‐9 sheddase restore T cell‐mediated cancer killing. Together, these data provide compelling in vitro and in vivo evidence showing novel mechanisms underlying the IL‐33‐macrophage‐MMP‐9 axis‐mediated immune tolerance against cancer cells. Targeting each of these signaling components, including IL‐33 and MMP‐9 provides a new therapeutic paradigm for improving anticancer efficacy by immune therapy.
3D Nickel Skeletons as Ultrabroadband Terahertz Absorbers
Authors: Yang Peidi , Dai Mingcong , Xiong Hongting , Hao Sibo , Zhang Weihao , Zhang Baolong , Ouyang Chen , Li Qiao , He Feng , Miao Jungang , Wu Xiaojun
Published: September 2021

Recent advances in terahertz (THz) absorbing materials and technology show futuristic potentials for practical applications in THz radars and telecommunications, stealth and shielding. However, the lack of versatile materials naturally working in this specific electromagnetic wave region with simultaneously featuring high absorption efficiencies, ultrabroad bandwidths, low‐costs, good stabilities, and flexibilities, is impeding the proliferation of real THz disruptive applications. Here a kind of flexible structure material, 3D nickel (Ni) skeleton, fabricated from an electroplating sintering method with irregular pore distribution makes possible the successful realization of a highly absorbing response for ultrabroadband THz waves due to the effective combination of both material and structural absorption mechanisms. 3D Ni skeletons with 90 ppi nonuniform pore‐size ranges enable >99% absorption capabilities in the frequency range of 0.5–2.0 THz independent on both the THz incidence angles and polarizations. Experimental validation of THz shielding implemented on both 100 GHz and 4.3 THz video imaging systems corroborates the highly efficient absorbing with frequency expansibility. Such capabilities are further verified on millimeter‐wave security checkers for 32–36 GHz. This prototypical demonstration lays the foundation for the next‐generation THz absorbing technology, accelerating advanced THz technologies toward practical applications.
Characterization and management of metsulfuron‐resistant Rumex dentatus biotypes in Northwest India
Authors: Dhanda Sachin , Kaur Simerjeet , Chaudhary Ankur , Jugulam Mithila , Hunjan Mandeep Singh , Sangha Manjeet Kaur , Bhullar Makhan S.
Published: September 2021

Evolution of herbicide resistance in weeds is a serious threat for sustainable crop production. There were reports of poor control of toothed dock (Rumex dentatus L.) with metsulfuron‐methyl herbicide, an acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor used in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at farmers’ fields in Northwest India. Two‐year greenhouse and field studies were conducted to (a) determine the level of metsulfuron resistance in toothed dock biotypes collected from farmers’ fields and (b) find effective herbicides for its management. Metsulfuron‐resistant toothed dock biotypes were 6.8‐ to 23.0‐fold less sensitive relative to the susceptible biotype based on resistance index values. Metabolic herbicide resistance is less likely as there was no evidence of involvement of cytochrome P450s those inhibited by malathion. The resistant toothed dock biotypes had a Trp‐574‐Leu amino acid substitution in the ALS gene. Application of premixes such as metsulfuron methyl plus carfentrazone ethyl (5 + 20 g ha–1) and halauxifen plus fluroxypyr (7.3 + 233.3 g ha–1) resulted in effective control of metsulfuron‐resistant toothed dock biotypes in screenhouse and field studies. This first report elucidating the mechanism of resistance to metsulfuron methyl in toothed dock from India will help in devising sustainable weed management approaches.
Current state of the art in treatment of Mendelian disease: Skeletal dysplasias
Authors: Hoover‐Fong Julie
Published: September 2021

The current state of the art in treatment of Mendelian disease, specifically skeletal dysplasias, benefits tremendously from Dr. Victor McKusick's early delineation and standardization of the nomenclature surrounding these conditions. Through close observation and careful description of each dysplasia to flesh out the nosologic backbone of the genetic skeletal disorders, individuals with the same diagnosis were identified and grouped together for genetic interrogation. These efforts have resulted in the identification of the genetic etiology of nearly all recognized skeletal disorders. This, in turn, is leading to disease‐specific treatment for many of the skeletal dysplasias in this new era of precision medicine. Furthermore, Dr. McKusick's natural history descriptions of many genetic skeletal disorders helped to establish the baseline disease state against which the effect of new treatment is compared.