bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L'essence du mouvement de productivité : une étude à partir des sources américaines
Authors: Sunaga Kinsaburo
Published: February 2010

Résumé

Le mouvement de productivité démarra tardivement au Japon, avec la création, en 1955, du Centre Japonais de Productivité. Soutenu par l'International Cooperation Administration (ICA), le programme d'assistance technique eut des conséquences bénéfiques sur l'économie japonaise. En premier lieu, les hommes d'affaires japonais adoptèrent la production de masse, le marketing de masse et l'organisation décentralisée des affaires, sur le modèle américain. En second lieu, à la recherche des gains de productivité en construisant un style de management efficace associant pratiques traditionnelles et innovations venues d'Amérique. Enfin, ce mouvement de productivité ne se limita pas à la seule dimension technologique, mais consistait en une nouvelle attitude ouverte l'adoption de méthodes nouvelles de management.
Le climat de Bourgogne et d'ailleurs (XIVe-XXe siècle)
Authors: Le Roy Ladurie Emmanuel , Daux Valérie , Luterbacher Jürg
Published: February 2010

Résumé

À partir des dates de vendanges bourguignonnes, et d'autres données, plus vastes, les auteurs tentent une réflexion d'ensemble sur l'histoire du climat, régional et même nord-français, pour les sept derniers siècles. Leurs motivations respectives sont diverses, ex-scientistes, post-marxistes, dix-septièmistes ou relatives au « Petit âge glaciaire » (PAG). La date de vendange, précoce ou tardive, est liée au plus ou moins de chaleur, des six ou sept mois qui « courent » de mars à septembre d'une année donnée. Les sources sont bourguignonnes, voire extra-bourguignonnes. Au point de départ, on rencontre d'assez jolies périodes à tendance « chaleureuse » : les 1380's ; puis de 1415 à 1435, incluant la famine « d'échaudage » de 1420. Rafraîchissement, ensuite, lors de la seconde moitié du « Quattrocento ». On « l'illustrera » par la famine de 1481, née de pluie et de froid. Depuis 1500 jusqu'à 1560, la variabilité laisse place à des bouffées de chaleur lors des 1500's, des 1520' s, des 1530's, et des 1550's. Vient alors post-1560 la forte poussée du PAG. Le « songe d'une nuit d'été » (1596-1597) peut parfois virer au cauchemar... Et puis, un « long XVIIe siècle » froid ? De 1570 à 1630, c'est assez net (Pfister) avec quand même un léger mieux vers 1600-1620. Notons quand même en plein XVIIe siècle, de superbes vagues d'étés chauds lors des 1630' s, des 1660' s, des 1680' s. Le Minimum (des taches solaires) dit de Maunder, entre 1645 et 1715, a-t-il induit, synchrone, un léger refroidissement ? Dans ce cas, il s'agirait surtout du Late Maunder Minimum (LMM) 1675-1715, avec les rudes fraîcheurs de 1675, des 1690' s, et de 1709- 1715. Et puis... l'un de nous (J-L) a beaucoup insisté sur un certain réchauffement du XVIIIe siècle. De fait les années 1704-1707, 1718-1719, les 1720's, les 1730's, les années 1757-1765 et surtout 1778-1781, la décennie 1780 vont dans ce sens. N'oublions pas quand même les millésimes frais-froids-humides du pot au noir (1725, 1740, 1770). Le PAG qui ne s'est jamais tout à fait interrompu, redevient vigoureux de 1812 à 1860, grâce à de grosses neiges hivernales. À quoi s'ajoutent les vraies fraîcheurs quand même de 1812-1817 (l'explosion indonésienne du Tambora (1815) ; et peut-être le minimum solaire de Dalton ?). Evoquons la forte canicule de 1846, anticéréales. Pour conclure, fin (sans retour) du PAG à partir de 1860 et jusqu'à nos jours. Réchauffement du XXe siècle à partir de 1900, date large, avec accélération d'icelui (l'effet de serre ?) depuis 1976 et les 1990's.
Une entreprise face à la gestion de « risques majeurs » : la compagnie des mines de Courrières (1852-1944)
Authors: Conus Marie-France
Published: February 2010

Résumé

Au cours de son existence (1852-1944), la compagnie des mines de Courrières a été confrontée à trois risques majeurs : les destructions partielles ou totales de ses installations lors de la catastrophe du 10 mars 1906 et de la Première Guerre mondiale, et la crise du marché charbonnier à partir de 1928. L'objet de cet article est d'analyser les différentes stratégies ayant permis à l'entreprise de renouer après chacune de ces épreuves, avec un dynamisme en termes d'extraction, d'investissement et de performances financières.
« Socialisme municipal » contre « socialisme d'État ». Ressorts et effets du développement de la fonction publique en France et en Grande-Bretagne avant 1914
Authors: Dormois Jean-Pierre
Published: February 2010

Résumé

En dépit d'une histoire politique souvent décrite comme à rebours l'une de l'autre, la constitution des bureaucraties d'État au XIXe siècle, en France et en Grande-Bretagne présente de nombreux points de rencontre. Au cours de la période 1870-1914, moment décisif de cette construction, l'intervention croissante des pouvoirs publics suggéra aux économistes libéraux que la France glissait insensiblement sur la pente du « socialisme d'État ». En Grande-Bretagne à la même époque, la création de « services publics » par les collectivités locales dans les grandes villes, donna naissance à l'expression de « socialisme municipal ». La comparaison des indicateurs en termes de moyens et de résultat révèle que pour des populations du même ordre, les deux États obtenaient des résultats semblables pour des fonctions identiques à la veille de 1914. La différence en termes de productivité s'explique essentiellement par l'accroissement plus rapide de la fonction publique en France initiée par la Troisième République, une stratégie qui devait perdurer jusqu'à la fin du XXe siècle et qui explique qu'en France, contrairement à la Grande-Bretagne, la création d'emplois publics est perçue comme partie de la politique sociale.
Sur quelques emplois particuliers de « pas » et « point » à l'aube du français classique
Authors: Muller Claude
Published: February 2010

Claude Millier : Sur quelques emplois particuliers de pas et point à l'aube du français classique

During the 1 7th century, the two negative words pas and point begin to be used exactly as they are now in Modern French. But beyond the appearance of an identical use in the two terms negation of French since that period of time, it remains in the beginning of the 17th century survivals of older values of these two words, and the semantic value of the two negative markers ne and pas, point is not the same as now: ne had still a strong negative value. On the contrary, pas and point maintained some remnants of older, non fully negative, values: that of a "semi-negation", word associated with negation like personne, jamais, allowing negative concord; and that of a negative polarity item, dissociated from the syntactic combination with ne. These values, which disappeared in standard French during that period, marginally survived for a long time in popular or dialectal French.
Les verbes substituts lexicaux de la négation dans le théâtre classique. Le corpus racinien
Authors: Berlan Françoise
Published: February 2010

Françoise Berlan : Les verbes substituts lexicaux de la négation dans le théâtre classique. Le corpus racinien

Verbs of negative meaning are as commonly used in French as negative adverbs, and have always been during the different periods of this language models underlying this possibility of substitution appear more clearly using the theory of support verbs and predicative nouns (ex: manquer de courage is almost synonym of ne pas avoir de courage). These lexical resources have been extensively used in french over the XVI Ith century. This phenomenon affects mainly constrained forms of writing such as verses and in particular dramatic alexandrine. It is linked to the large number of sentences with support verbs and rests on preferences and prohibitions. We suggest that this process eventually offers an immediately available solution, because of its obvious conveniency. Although it cannot be said to have affected the linguistic system, its influence still exists nowadays.
La modalisation du discours de soi : éléments de description sémantique des expressions pour moi, selon moi et à mon avis
Authors: Coltier Danielle , Dendale Patrick
Published: February 2010

In this article we compare three expressions of modalization of the discourse of the speaker: pour moi, selon moi et o mon avis in exophrastic use. Semantically related, these expressions share the characteristic that they communicate a "view of the mind". They present however some differences of meaning as shown by their conditions of use. Pour moi fits best for the expression of completely individual views of the mind, sometimes having no link with reality and truth (Pour moi tu es mort). À mon avis and selon moi present the view of the mind as related to reality and truth, with a mon avis permitting the expression of spontaneous views of the mind as nearly instinctive reactions to a situation while selon moi presents them, on the contrary, as well weighed up, assessed.
À propos du mode de l'atténuation
Authors: Foullioux Caroline , Tejedor de Felipe Didier
Published: February 2010

Three principles underiy the approach adopted in this paper (i) mood is a basic feature of any statement with a conjugated verb, (ii), "attenuation" implies specific markers in the utterance to produce such an effect, (iii) any utterance comprising such markers combines representation of viewpoints with the expression of the speaker's attitude towards them. We focus on viewpoints that constitute likely arguments in favor of a given type of conclusions. We also discuss the way in which there are represented by statements where the conditional is combined with pouvoir or devoir, indeed, the use of Tu aurais pu/dû descendre les poubelles is not only a way of alluding to Tu n'as pas descendu les poubelles, but also to the addressee's obligations as well as his/her capacity of fulfilling them.
L'ontotype : une sous-catégorie pertinente pour classer les insultes ?
Authors: Ernotte Philippe , Rosier Laurence
Published: February 2010

In this study, we consider a specifie category of insults that we defmed in a previous work as "ontotypical" (Ernotte et Rosier 2001). In parallel to sociotypes (Lafont) and ethnotypes (Bres) which classify the individual on a scale of ideological values based on supra-individual and extra-linguistic criteria (this scale being evaluated as such by the very speakers), ontotypical insults target the addressee's own self (ontologically). The typically linguistic forms of ontotypical insults call into question the addressee in two main, nominative ways: either in relating to a part of his being allegedly linked to a specifie situation (situational insuit: Feignasse !) or in referring to fundamental membership in a class, not limited to the praxeological context motivating the insuit (essentialist insuit: Pédale !). The line between thèse two catégories is examined here in order to establish whether phonetic, semantic and pragmatic différences supports or defeats such a distinction; we'll evaluate as well the mechanism of ideological bleaching involved in ontotypes.
L'insulte : la parole et le geste
Authors: Fisher Sophie
Published: February 2010

It is the title of Leroy-Gourhan's work in this inverted order that will lead our path: insults are not limited to screams or vocatives - they are very often expressed by gestures, whether or not thèse are accompanied by words. The recent example of the "anarchist- entarteur" who targeted the French politician Chevènement clearly shows the link between an act and an interpretation by its victim. Thus, insults are not necessarily some abuse or a swearword; they may be a punctual act. Such an act further supposes in an enunciative analysis the recognition of the central role of the enunciator in action interprétation. This is evidenced by a corpus based on Sobrino's Spanish-French grammar as well as Argentinean, Brazilian, Spanish and French data. This study concentrâtes on the notions of injunction, exclamation and onomatopoeia, which belong to the borders of the structured systems studied by grammars.
Les marques morpho-dynamiques de l'insulte en Langue des Signes Française
Authors: Le Corre Geneviève
Published: February 2010

Insults belong to an intimate speech register which relates to emotional exchanges. More than any other, this speech register involves attitudes and corporal expression. The status of corporal expression is a cause of frequent misinterpretations in the analysis of French Sign Language (FSL) System, as FSL makes the body both the substance and the form of its expression (after Hjemslev 1971, following Saussure), and the situational context and enunciation marks may hardly be compared to those of oral languages. The examples quoted in this study corne from field observation, elicited syntactic constructions from sign games and the lexicon. Their analysis presented here insists on some of the defining characteristics of FSL as opposed to those found in oral languages.

These characteristics comprise structural variations in the vocabulary of insults; the function of movement function in the dynamics of meaning organisation calls for a different approach with respect to grammatical catégorisation as belonging solely to oral languages (in the opposition for instance of nouns and verbs). The issue ofthe function of movement in FSL is related to that of the verb's dynamic in oral language. From a general point of view, the opposition between nouns and verbs are conveyed by movement alone; and movement is central to the communication of such a dynamic phenomenon as insults. The criteria for the identification of pragmatic distinctions in FSL are still vague as they are again borrowed from oral languages. The analysis of the enunciation marks characterising insults in FSL is bound to shed a new light on the division between pragmatic markers and purely linguistic ones. Contributing to the topology of relationships posed by insults in a three-dimensional language space, these markers are different from the oral language markers (i.e. intonation, behaviour, etc.) in that they do not use the canonical forms of the linguistic units.
L'acquisition du lexique verbal et des connecteurs temporels dans les récits de fiction en français L1 et L2
Authors: Demagny Annie-Claude , Paprocka-Piotrowska Urszula
Published: February 2010

Annie-Claude Demagny, Urszula Paprocka-Piotrowska: The acquisition of the verbs and adverbs lexicon in French Ll and L2.

We present research about the lexicon of verbs and temporal adverbs in French Ll and L2 in narrative discourse. The data come from French and Polish children (4, 7 and 10 years old) Ll, French and Polish adults Ll and Polish adults who learn French as a second language. One of the questions, which guides our research, was if the development of the verbal and adverbial lexicons is the same for the children (Ll) and the adults (L2)? Our analysis of the discourse construction brings to the fore the differences of the acquisition of the Ll and the L2 and the strategies of the learners for a complex task. The results show that the developments are not similar: the children have to manage the concept of temporality and the linguistic means even when the adults have to manage only the linguistic means. The latter present transfers of the aspectual features from their Slavonic mother tongue.
Une coordination particulière: les syntagmes N conj N en français
Authors: Roodenburg Jasper
Published: February 2010

Jasper Roodenburg: French NPs of the form N Conj N. This article examines French NPs of the form N Conj N (Il a rangé livres et cahiers ' He put away books and notebooks'). Since French does not allow NPs without a determiner as semantic arguments of a

predicate in a general way, it is clear that their acceptability derives from the presence of the coordinating conjunction. an intriguing phenomenon. Moreover, such NPs raise serious problems for the widespread assumption according to which French is a language with no " Bare Nouns". On the basis of a cross-linguistic analysis comparing both their distributional and their semantic properties with their (non)-coordinated equivalents in Romance languages like Italian and Germanie languages

like English, it is shown that the présence of the conjunction leads to striking and unexpecled similarities of the French N Conj N construction with Bare Nouns of the Germanie type.
Liaison et formation des mots français: un scénario développemental
Authors: Chevrot Jean-Pierre , Dugua Céline , Fayol Michel
Published: February 2010

lexical status of the liaison consonant are proposed to account for this later stage characterized by the formation of more abstract constructions including liaison.
Proto-déterminant et acquisition de la liaison obligatoire en français
Authors: Wauquier-Gravelines Sophie , Braud Virginie
Published: February 2010

This paper presents a new analyse of acquisition of liaison in French, supporting that liaison errors that are systematically observed between 2 and 3 years in the context of obligatory liaison (determiner + noun, i.e. un-n-ours [ènuRs] a bear' could be produced like un-z-ours [èzuRs], or un-t-ours [êtuRs]) are consecutive to the segmentation of the determiner which is originally produced as a proto-form completely integrated to the lexical unit. Analyses of data suggest that children procède in a "template" that is the domain of their generalisations ant that they apply systematically the Maximal Onset Principle to perform their segmentation. The paper supports a conception of phonological acquisition that is guided by general universal principles of grammar and morphological bootstrapping and not by a lexical storage of supplétive forms that the child should find out in the speech signal during the processing.
Le traitement cognitif de la liaison dans la reconnaissance de la parole enchaînée
Authors: Spinelli Elsa , Meunier Fanny
Published: February 2010

How do French listeners recognise words in liaison environments? This article presents a literature review on liaison processing by French adults. First, we will see that despite phonological variations and resyllabification associated to the liaison phenomenon, lexical access is not impaired for bound words. We will then examine various factors that are involved in lexical access for words that undergo liaison. We will see that the resolution of liaison depends partly on acoustic cues that distinguish liaison consonants from non-liaison consonants, and partly on the availability of lexical support for a liaison interpretation.
Terminologie et approche interculturelle : terminologies scientifiques du chinois
Authors: Metailié Georges
Published: February 2010

Georges Métailié : Terminologie et approche interculturelle : terminologies du chinois.

Is Chinese language able to describe world? Can we think with such a language? These questions were rather frequent a few years ago. The paper is dealing with the way Chinese language, by virtue of its way of designating reality, classifies the world. The ideograms, using mimetic keys, cannot but classify objects. There are several historical reasons explaining the constitution of scientific Chinese. Here are described some of them, picking up examples in terminologies of modern Chinese.
Neuf motifs de révision des textes procuraux : l'apport de la catégorisation contextuelle et des graphes contextuels à l'explication du savoir-faire
Authors: Tijus Charles , Ganet Leslie , Brézillon Patrick
Published: February 2010

Charles TIJUS, Leslie GANET et Patrick BRÉZILLON: Neuf motifs de révision des textes procéduraux: l’apport de la catégorisation contextuelle et des graphes contextuels à l’explication du savoir-faire

Know-how is made of knowledge on the actions intervening in the accomplishment of a task. Expressed verbally, this knowledge is itself a task. Studies on problem solving let us to identify, on the one hand, the prerequisite knowledge needed to understand and learn how to accomplish a task, and, on the other hand, the task structure in which the knowledge is embedded. Thus, this approach allows to associate know-how with understanding, learning and with verbal production revision. We point out how two context-based formalism for representing knowledge and reasoning, namely contextual categorization and contextual graphs, can be used for simulating the revision of verbal production of the know-how. The procedural explanation, which can be analyzed in terms of exposition, categorization and implication on the object side to justify the organization of actions in a structure of contextaware goals, is a didactical competence that is not really studied although this competence would help to improve the writing of instructions, and more widely, the teaching of practical knowledge. Thus, we list nine components of the process of revising the verbal production of know-how.
Révision et co-révision de texte à distance. Vers de nouvelles perspectives pour la recherche et la didactique de la production de texte en contexte
Authors: Marin-Porta Brigitte , Legros Denis
Published: February 2010

Brigitte MARIN et Denis LEGROS: Révision et co-révision de texte à distance. Vers de nouvelles perspectives pour la recherche et la didactique de la production de texte en contexte plurilingue

The ideas of the revision vary according to the field of research and the various points of view of the researcher. We propose doing an analysis of the various points of view on the revision in a situation where the reviser is on his own and in a situation of co-revision. Then we propose a review of the works on the technological assistances to the production and the revision of texts. Finally we suggest new prospects for research offered by the open-ended Internet environments and take into account the linguistic and cultural contexts in remote corevision and co-construction of knowledge.
La modification adjectivale en anaphore associative : le cas de l'église romane
Authors: Salles Mathilde
Published: February 2010

Mathilde Salles : Associative anaphora and adjectival modification

Adding a modifier in the anaphoric NP can impede the good formation of the associative anaphora. If, in the famous example ofthe village and the church (Un village... L''église...), we substitute l''église romane for l''église, the anaphoric séquence becomes déviant. According to G. Kleiber, this kind of séquence is not well-formed because there is no stereotypical relation between the two référents. We can find however well-formed associative anaphors with a non stereotypical adjectival modifier in the anaphoric NP. In this case, two factors, which are linked to the value of existential uniqueness that the definite article présupposes, are décisive : 1° the restrictive or descriptive feature ofthe adjective ; 2° if the adjective has a restrictive feature, the stereotypical amount of " parts".
La négation des comparatives
Authors: Vazquez Molina Jesus F.
Published: February 2010

: Inequality comparative constructions are found amongst the so-called " négative polarity" contexts. Actually, it has often been suggested that comparison opérations contain an underlying négation: in addition, comparative clauses form part of structures allowing for the présence of an explétive négation in some languages, like French or Spanish.

In this paper, we intend to examine the comparisons which can présent that supposed négative mark in French -ne -from a semantic perspective on the basis of certain assumptions from O.

Ducrot's polyphonie theory and from J.-C. Anscombre's stereotypical theory. Specifically. the internai polyphonie structure of those séquences are analysed hère as a conglomeration of points of view conveying argumentative instructions and a hypothesis is presented which accounts for the internai " negativity" of comparisons.
Négation et polarité : les métaphores de la quantité
Authors: Hernandez Paricio Francisco
Published: February 2010

Francisco Hernândez Paricio: Négation and Polarity: Metaphors of Quantity

The connection between négation and polarity has been studied from many points of view, the resulting work comprising a whole array of metaphors on the actual object of study: quantity. In

this paper I provide some arguments supporting the relation between the concepts of quantity, négation, and polarity, which should actually be construed as a single concept if a scale based on quantification is established. This scale will necessarily be polar and négation will be a

constitutive part of it. Quantity is the élément that justifies the connections between scalar implicature and négative polarity. Starting with the logical traditional square, and having in mind Jespersen's ideas on this

question, a triangular scheme (an escherian scale) is presented describing the basic values of

the System of quantification in Spanish (its basic quantifiers and the peripheral ones) and the

relation between the most fréquent lexical items for the logical modalities. The main conséquence proposed is that polar values should be considered, at least in thèse cases, as the semantic contents of the corresponding lexical entries.
Négation, polarité, asymétrie et évènements
Authors: Moeschler Jacques
Published: February 2010

Jacques Moeschler: Négation, polarity, asymmetry and events

This paper is focused on the effect of négative polarity on presuppositions and scalar

implicatures, négative quantifiers and négative events. The main thesis is that the semantics of négation, depending on its scope, does not cover ail the properties and relations of sentence meaning. When ordinary négation is used, the presupposition is not affected, whereas when négation is metalinguistic, it either asserts or negates the proposition, and either asserts or negates its implication. When négation is used with a négative particular (down-bounded quantifier), it préserves its négative scalar up-bounded implicature. Finally, when used with an

event, négation préserves the relational domain of the semantics of event, i. e. its temporal (directional) inference. Thèse properties of négation contrast with the complément function of logical négation.
La nécessité logique et la contingence linguistique des expressions polarisées
Authors: Tyvaert Jean-Emmanuel
Published: February 2010

Jean-Emmanuel Tyvaert: Logical necessity and linguistic contingency in polarity expressions

A comparison is proposed between the peculiar behaviour of statements containing négative

polarity items and the minimal logie (nontraditional logie) négation operator. Under this

approach, the habituai filiation of statement validation (where the négative statement " cornes

after" a positive one by applying a négation operator to the positive statement) becomes inverted and turns into an uncommon filiation, where the négative statement cornes first and

the positive statement (i. e. the opposite version of the négative statement) cornes later, including no logical operator. Statements containing négative polarity items can't be validated compositionally (i. e. as the positive version is not available, it can't be used to calculate the value of the négative statement). They need to be validated directly through their linguistic sensé, their status of " figures" being thus capital to perform this step.

In our perspective, far from being peculiar éléments of utterances statements containing négative polarity items are in fact necessaiy formulations of natural languages appearing in

highly varied forms. They are an essential part to achieve a rational approach to négative statements as a whole.
Sémiotique de l'interjection
Authors: Kleiber Georges
Published: February 2010

Georges Kleiber: Semiotics of Interjection

The aim of this paper is to draw some new spécifie aspects of the interjections semiotic functions. This analysis will allow us to comprehend in a better way the type of category we are

dealing with. Within this perspective, our investigation is based on the semiotic comparison between interjections and onomatopoeia. We suggest that two levels of formation exist and that the distinction operated between them will reveal the semiotic specificity of this enigmatic sign -«ce canard boiteux... des signes» -that interjection is.
L'interjection : entre deixis et anaphore
Authors: Swiatkowska Marcela
Published: February 2010

Marcela Swiatkowska: Interjection. Between deixis and anaphora This paper deals with the problem of the construction of the meaning of interjection. This category of words is usually described as contextually dépendent. We claim that there are some semantic values in the interjection which décide about the choice the speaker is making. We

refer to two notions deixis and anaphora in order to reveal what is the spécifie contribution of each interjection (deictic élément), what can be conventional and specifically mentorized, and

what dépends on the context. We want to show that inteijections are indexical expressions, but that it is necessary. in order to identity other semantic constituents, to use the information given by the interpretive paraphrases, the previous context or the stereotyped knowledge.
Interjections issues d'un verbe de mouvement : étude comparée français-espagnol
Authors: Sierra Soriano Ascension
Published: February 2010

Ascension Sierra Soriano: Interjections emanating from verbs of movment in the imperative mood: a French-Spanish comparated study

In this paper, we analyse and compare the interjections proceeding from movement verbs in

imperative: «allez, allons» in French and <> anda. venga. vamos, vaya» in Spanish. The aim is to show the use and the process of grammaticalisation of thèse interjections in both languages.

We also demonstrate that they aren't simple discursive particles within lexical meaning seeing that it's their polysemy that créâtes most of the problems in translation. The contrastive analyse brings supplementary data to a study which would be undoubtedly unfinished if it would

be doue in only one language.
Formes et fonctions structurantes. A propos de quelques interjections en ancien et en moyen francais
Authors: Vincensini Jean-Jacques
Published: February 2010

Jean-Jacques Vincensini: Structuring Forms and Functions: Interjections in Old and

Middle French

The fictional works in Old and Middle French display with a particular clarity some issues raised by the interjection, while at the same time, providing their own solutions. We think about, among others, semiological (relative to the sign's arbitrariness), syntactical (phrasal freedom or constraint), or semantical questions (textual création and stéréotypes, affective or conceptual expression). In order to consider some of the issues raised by Médiéval language and writing, we will work on a double corpus: the only manuscript from the 13th century which keeps the " chantefable" Aucassin et Nicolette; and the manuscript from the beginning of the 15th century which provides the best version of the Roman de Mélusine of Jean d'Arras. First we will consider the forms and functions of the interjections, in the poetics of rhythm and the building of the spécifie effects of dramatization in Aucassin et Nicolette. The reading of

Mélusine will lead us to the study of the lexigenesis, to the séquence of writing, and therefore, to punctuation, and also to the translation of certain interjections. We surmise that thèse two texts will not be viewed as évidence of the évolution of a similar set of problems or of a similar interjectional form, but as illustrations of spécifie questions raised by two states language two centuries apart.
De la vive voix à l'écriture vive. L'interjection et les nouveaux modes d'organisation textuels
Authors: Rosier Laurence
Published: February 2010

Laurence Rosier: Interjection and the cybergenres

In this paper, we study the interjection in some numeric discourse. The work on this kind of

numeric corpus obliges to interrogate about the borders between onomatopoeia and interjection. In the internet discourse, it is less the rôle of expressive " super-enounciation" of

the interjection that is exploited (this raie being held by the neographemes, the onomatopoeias and the smileys, thèse ones not yet used at the most of their potential meaning) than its rôle of

first slice or splint of conversation.

The confrontation of new practices of writing thus obliges to create functional catégories which transform the names as onomatopoeias (by the graphie déformations who are supposed imitate

a certain intonation) or transform them as interjections (by marking the key-moments of interactional starts again). So certain papers of the internet are less a written orality than a real living writing.
Perception catégorielle dans une tâche de discrimination de phonèmes et apprentissage de la lecture
Authors: Delahaie Marc , Sprenger-Charolles Liliane , Serniclaes Willy , Billard Catherine , Tichet Jean , Pointeau Sandrine , Vol Sylviane
Published: February 2010

Les capacités métaphonologiques, et particulièrement les capacités métaphonémiques, sont des prédicteurs de l’apprentissage de la lecture qui ont été très intensivement étudiés. Très peu d’études ont par contre porté sur l’incidence des capacités précoces de catégorisation phonémique sur cet apprentissage. Or, dans une écriture alphabétique, la mise en place de la procédure phonologique de lecture nécessite de pouvoir d’une part isoler et d’autre part discriminer les phonèmes. Dans la présente étude, on a examiné l’évolution sur deux années des capacités de perception catégorielle d’un groupe de 227 enfants initialement scolarisés en Grande Section de Maternelle, en contrôlant leurs habiletés d’identification de logatomes écrits et leurs caractéristiques socio-démographiques. Les résultats indiquent que les habiletés de perception catégorielle ne sont que partiellement développées chez l’enfant pré-lecteur, et d’autre part que l’apprentissage de la lecture, mais également la qualité de la médiation linguistique orale intra-familiale, pourraient constituer des facteurs de leur émergence.
La résolution de problèmes en français scriptural : un outil pour enseigner/apprendre
Authors: Balslev Kristine , Claret-Girard Véronique , Mazurczak Katia , Saada-Robert Madelon , Veuthey Carole
Published: February 2010

Kristine Balslev, Véronique Claret-Girard, Katia Mazurczak, Madelon Saada-Robert et Carole Veuthey - La resolución de problemas en francés escrito. Un instrumento para enseñar/aprender. Esta contribución pretende esencialmente contestar a dos preguntas : ¿ constituye la resolución de problemas un instrumento pertinente para la enseñanza y el aprendizaje del francés escrito ? Además, ¿ ofrece un marco de análisis para comprender las prácticas docentes, las suyas propias en calidad de docente o las de la enseñanza analizada por el investigador ? Este artículo analiza cómo alumnos de edades muy diversas, dentro de dispositivos diferentes, consiguen resolver problemas de lectura, de escritura y de ortografía, con la ayuda más o menos directa de sus docentes.
Comparaison des relations entre l'éducation parentale et les performances scolaires dans deux milieux socio-culturels contrastés (populaire et non-populaire)
Authors: Tazouti Youssef , Flieller André , Vrignaud Pierre
Published: February 2010

Youssef Tazouti, André Flieller, Pierre Vrignaud -Vergleich bei Verhältnissen zwischen der elterlichen Erziehung und den Schulleistungen in zwei verschiedenen soziokulturellen Milieus (das Arbeitermilieu und die anderen) Die meisten Forschungsarbeiten über die Verhältnisse zwischen elterlicher Erziehung und Schulleistungen beruhen auf dem ausdrücklichen oder impliziten Postulat, dass diese Beziehungen unabhängig vom soziokulturellen Milieu sind. Vorliegende Studie beschäftigt sich im Gegenteil mit eventuellen Unterschieden in jenen Verhältnissen zwischen Arbeitermilieu und andere Milieus. Die Hypothese wurde mittels einer sekundären Analyse der Untersuchung 20 Jahre später auf die Probe gestellt (Flieller, Manciaux & Kop, 1995). Ein Erklärungsmuster der Schulleistungen wurde aufgrund der in dieser Studie verfügbaren Daten gebaut. Wir haben die Übereinstimmmung der Daten mit dem theoretischen Muster geprüft durch Analysen der kausalen Zusammenhäge mit Hilfe der Sofware AMOS und LISREL, einerseits über die gesamte Probegruppe (492 Schüler aus dem CM1 * und ihre Familien), andererseits über zwei verschiedene Untergruppen (246 aus dem Arbeitermilieu und 246 aus anderen Milieus). Die Ergebnisse zeigen die Übereinstimmung der Daten mit dem Muster, das 59 % der Abweichung in den Schulleistungen erklären kann. Vor allem zeigt aber mit Hilfe struktureller Gleichungen der Vergleich zwischen der Probegruppe aus dem Arbeitermilieu und der anderen, dass das Beziehungsnetz zwischen den Daten des Musters erhebliche Unterschiede aufweist. Es könnte sein, dass der Einfluß des soziokulturellen Milieus auf die Schulleistung eher über die Schule für Kinder aus dem Arbeitermilieu, eher über die Erziehung in der Familie für Kinder aus anderen Milieus geht. Diese Auslegung der Ergebnisse muss jedoch durch weitere Forschungsarbeiten bestätigt werden.
Recherches cliniques d’orientation psychanalytique dans le champ de l’éducation et de la formation
Authors: Blanchard-Laville Claudine , Chaussecourte Philippe , Hatchuel Françoise , Pechberty Bernard
Published: February 2010

Cette note de synthèse se propose de faire le point des travaux de recherche publiés dans le champ de l’éducation et de la formation depuis 1987 et relevant d’une approche clinique d’orientation psychanalytique. Ce travail fait suite à la note de synthèse parue à cette date dans la Revue française de pédagogie et qui témoignait de la constitution de ce champ spécifique de recherches dans la ligne de ce que S. Freud a énoncé en 1913, à savoir que la psychanalyse pouvait présenter un certain intérêt pour la pédagogie. Dans la première partie de l’article, nous nous sommes attachés à décrire l’évolution de cette approche dans les deux dernières décennies, en la resituant dans le cadre d’une évolution plus large du contexte social et d’une évolution concomitante de la clinique psychanalytique. Cela nous amène à discuter plusieurs questions concernant l’épistémologie de ces recherches. Dans la deuxième partie de l’article, nous proposons un panorama des travaux et des recherches, en les ayant regroupés sous trois rubriques, «l’infantile», «le(s) rapport(s) au(x) savoir(s)» et le tryptique «groupesinstitutions-organisations», dont nous avons pensé qu’elles constituaient des notions organisatrices et/ ou fédératrices de ce champ.
Les médiateurs académiques dans le système éducatif français : la force d’une « autorité sans pouvoir »
Authors: Buisson-Fenet Hélène
Published: February 2010

Les pratiques de «médiation» se sont développées depuis une vingtaine d’années dans le champ de l’action publique, à la fois comme facteurs de modernisation des services, et comme éléments de régulation des conflits dans la rencontre bureaucratique, susceptibles d’éviter la procédure contentieuse. L’Éducation nationale n’échappe pas à ce phénomène, et des médiateurs ont été nommés dans chacune des académies depuis la rentrée 1999. C’est à cerner les particularités de leur rôle que cet article est consacré: dressant d’abord les traits les plus marquants du collectif des médiateurs scolaires, il vise à mettre en évidence les facettes de leur rôle, et partant, la légitimité institutionnelle à laquelle ils peuvent prétendre - non sans difficultés.
A « Sanatorial method » for the good alpine and desert air
Authors: Guignard Adrien
Published: February 2010

Abstract : As director of the « Sanatorium Populaire » in Leysin and of the Al Hayat sanatorium near Cairo, René Burnand put into practice his « sanatorial method ». Through analysis of Burnand's work, this article suggests viewing the notion of the therapeutic value of air as a product of the disciplinary structures of a sanatorial dis- cursive order. Indeed, medicalised air is shown to have often been associated with a kind of geographical determinism. In addition, this article explores links between Dagognet's thesis on the air cure and certain of Foucault's writings.
Le corps comme « perception du paysage » : quelques repères historiques sur la question des effets psychophysiologiques de l'altitude (1870-1930)
Authors: Piccand Marc
Published: February 2010

Résumé : Cet article analyse, dans une perspective historique, un aspect particulier des travaux réalisés sur l'influence de l'air d'altitude : la valeur affective et sensible prêtée aux séjours dans les Alpes. Certains médecins, de même que des alpinistes, ont en effet conçu l'altitude comme un « déterminant du paysage » dont l'influence s'exerce sur l'individu au travers de la cénesthésie - laquelle croise sensations et vie psychique - bien plus qu'au travers des modifications physiologiques apportées par la diminution de la pression ou la raréfaction de l'oxygène. Par la mise en évidence de discus- sions internes à la physiologie, cet article fait donc voir les dispositions affectives de certaines explications sur les effets de l'air des montagnes. Il s'agit de discours qui, étonnamment, s'écartent du registre scientifique de la recherche fondamentale à laquelle ils appartiennent. Il en ressort que le bien-être, les excitations sensorielles positives, voire les états mentaux bénéfiques ont été portés au crédit du bon air des Alpes non seulement par les poètes et les guides touristiques, mais aussi par les physiologistes.
Alpine Economy : Transition from Subsistence to Global Competition
Authors: Boesch Martin
Published: February 2010

Abstract : The transition from subsistence to global division of labour and hence global competition is obvious and visible in the transformation of the economic structure, from agriculture to industry to a knowledge-based service economy. Obviously the Alpine realm is also subject to this process of segregation of well and less suited locations, probably with a wider than average span of location costs, and hence larger disparities and uneven (diverging) development. Given such conditions we want to explore the сonsequences for the А1pinе economy , and subsequently the Alps. Shall we regard the Alpine economy as something special, not subject to the general titles of development? Will there be a specifically Alpine eco- nomic policy to even out the gaps created by market conditions. Given the heterogeneity of the Alpine realm, it is safe to think of the Alpine ecconomy as a complementary system of uneven regions. The true challenge will therefore be to decide the dispute between free-market models with incoherent accidental decision processes along the line of the market logic, or some type of regional governance substituting chance by democratically approved perspectives. But what should be the criteria to base such decisions upon ?
Sustainable Management of Alpine Water Potentials
Authors: Meissner Simon , Relier Armin
Published: February 2010

Abstract : In Europe the need for high-quality freshwater has been increasing by a factor often since the beginning of the 20th century. Due to their geographic position and topographic feature the Alps are a major freshwater collector and hydrological storage system. Thus the Alps provide considerable amounts of various water resources feeding fundamental needs for human and natural life in the alpine region, but evenly in adjacent areas. The reliable availability and high quality of alpine freshwater resources are of growing concern to the European Community. Some of these concerns to be mentioned are the production of electricity by hydropower plants, an ever increasing demand of drinking, irrigation and industrial water as well as the use for providing tourist infrastructures, in particular for generating artificial snow. All these activities impose an enormous strain for the irritable ecological systems of the Alps. Thus, water is often regarded as a commodity for agricultural and industrial production or for trade. Social, ecological and vital implications in the different alpine eco-spheres are not considered. Therefore new strategies for a sustainable management of water resources are required in the Alps. Additionally a relocation of management and control of access and use of the alpine water resources into external alpine areas has taken place within the last years. The use of hydropower and privatization and liberalization of the European water sector are some examples among others. This leads to a decreasing self-determination of the alpine area, i.e. of its political entities. Prerequisites for a responsible utilization of alpine water resources comprise the direct participation of stakeholders as decision takers. Environmentally benign and innovative water management and water marketing solutions offering adequate economic perspectives have to be developed. These solutions may serve as model for water management systems not only in the Alps but also in regions where access to freshwater is not guaranteed and therefore vital.
La Montagne Une et Indivisible ? Maîtriser les avalanches malgré la segmentation territoriale des massifs et des hommes
Authors: Cartier Stéphane , Mettoux Anne-Paul
Published: February 2010

Résumé : Prévenir les avalanches appelle une régulation croissante des activités montagnardes. La sécurité justifie la modification des dispositifs de contrôle des activités par la professionnalisation des métiers, la croissance des stations, l'augmentation de la fréquentation, l'amélioration des techniques sportives et des secours, les avancées scientifiques, l'évolution des réglementations. L'imbrication entre connaissances, maîtrise physique et contrôle social segmente les territoires selon les responsabilités.
The Mountain, One and Indivisible ? Controlling avalanches despite the territorial divisions of mountains and men
Authors: Cartier Stéphane , Mettoux Anne-Paul
Published: February 2010

Abstract: Reventing avalanches means maintaining greater control over mountain activities. Several factors have made it necessary to change the mechanisms used to control activities in order to improve safety ; professionalisation of occupations, expansion of resorts, increasing numbers of visitors, improved sports and rescue techniques, scientific progress, changes in regulations. The interplay between knowledge, physical expertise and social control divides mountain « territories » according to responsibilities.
Agriculture in peri-urban areas of the alpine corridor : an image of nature for inhabitants ?
Authors: Guisepelli Emmanuel
Published: February 2010

Abstract : The place of agriculture in the alpine corridor (sillon alpin) is undergoing rapid change in both social and spatial terms. How can agriculture adapt to regional changes ? The article attempts to clarify this question from the point of view of the social representations of both the region (territoire) and agriculture of a category of people from whom we rarely hear, despite their importance ; the inhabitants. We first define their profiles, and then go on to show the nature of their concerns about the place where they live and the possibilities that these concerns open up for the new fonctions of agriculture in peri-urban areas and the alliances that the agricultural world can form with society in general.