bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tandem mass tag-based quantitative proteomic analysis identification of succinylation related proteins in pathogenesis of thoracic aortic aneurysm and aortic dissection
Authors: Zhang Yu , Zhang Hongwei , Wang Haiyue , Wang Chenhao , Yang Peng , Lu Chen , Liu Yu , Xu Zhenyuan , Xie Yi , Hu Jia
Published: May 2023

Background

Thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection (TAAD) are devastating cardiovascular diseases with a high rate of disability and mortality. Lysine succinylation, a newly found post-translational modification, has been reported to play an important role in cardiovascular diseases. However, how succinylation modification influences TAAD remains obscure.

Methods

Ascending aortic tissues were obtained from patients with thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA, n = 6), thoracic aortic dissection (TAD) with pre-existing aortic aneurysm (n = 6), and healthy subjects (n = 6). Global lysine succinylation level was analyzed by Western blotting. The differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were analyzed by tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling and mass spectrometry. Succinylation-related proteins selected from the literature review and AmiGO database were set as a reference inventory for further analysis. Then, the pathological aortic sections were chosen to verify the proteomic results by Western blotting and qRT-PCR.

Results

The level of global lysine succinylation significantly increased in TAA and TAD patients compared with healthy subjects. Of all proteins identified by proteomic analysis, 197 common DEPs were screened both in TAA and TAD group compared with the control group, of which 93 proteins were significantly upregulated while 104 were downregulated. Among these 197 DEPs, OXCT1 overlapped with the succinylation-related proteins and was selected as the target protein involved in thoracic aortic pathogenesis. OXCT1 was further verified by Western blotting and qRT-PCR, and the results showed that OXCT1 in TAA and TAD patients was significantly lower than that in healthy donors (p < 0.001), which was consistent with the proteomic results.

Conclusions

OXCT1 represents novel biomarkers for lysine succinylation of TAAD and might be a therapeutic target in the future.
Innovations and smart technologies at Brazilian ports
Authors: Cunha Darliane Ribeiro , Cutrim Sérgio Sampaio , Porte Marcelo de Santana , Diniz Natália Viana
Published: May 2023

Innovations can help ports become smarter and more effective and differentiate themselves from competitors. This study aims to explore the current state of innovations and smart technologies at Brazilian ports. The study sampled sixteen ports, representing 70% of port movements in Brazilian public ports in 2021. This is an exploratory and descriptive field study involving qualitative analysis. The results show that the surveyed ports are seeking strategies to innovate. Only one of the surveyed ports had a registered patent. Half of all ports had agreements with educational/research institutions, companies, or other ports for developing innovations. By contrast, no port engaged in technology transfer contracts with educational/research institutions, companies, or other ports. Few surveyed ports collaborated with HUBs, laboratories, or innovation centres. The three most widely used smart technologies at the surveyed ports were cloud computing, automated systems, and drone technologies. This study shows that Brazilian ports are undergoing a transformation process, but they find themselves in different stages of maturity regarding the appropriation and development of new technologies. New technologies are still incipient for some ports, while others have yet to adopt them. For example, only a few surveyed ports used smart technologies such as the Internet of Things, blockchain technology, or automated systems. Innovations and the inclusion of new technologies can generate benefits, but they require time and financial resources.
Effect of Cowpea Trap Crop on the Control of [Aphis gossypii (Glover)] in Zimbabwean Cotton
Authors: Jimu F. , Mapuranga R. , Mubvekeri W. , Ngara B. , Kutywayo D.
Published: May 2023

Cotton aphids are major cotton pests causing significant yield losses of more than 65% in Zimbabwe. Field experiments to investigate the effectiveness of cowpea as a trap crop in reducing aphid pressure on cotton were conducted over three seasons 2010/11 to 2013/14 at Cotton Research Institute (CRI) in Kadoma, and Umguza in Matebeleland North, in Zimbabwe. Incidence of aphid predators on sole cotton, cotton intercropped with cowpea trap crop and the trap crop itself were also assessed. The measurements were aphid scores, aphid predator counts in both sole cotton, intercropped cotton and cowpea trap crop. Seed cotton yield was measured. Aphid scores and predator counts were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using GenStat 14th Edition software. The square root transformation [x + 3/8] was used for scores or counts not normally distributed. At CRI Cowpea trap crop significantly controlled aphids in intercropped cotton better than chemical control using Acetamiprid 20 SP (P< 0.05). Coccinellid grubs (ladybird beetle larval) populations were highest in cowpea trap crop. At Umguza poor germination of cowpea resulted in highest Coccinellid adults (ladybird beetle adults) in intercropped cotton. Yield of intercropped cotton was comparable to yield from plots where Acetamiprid 20SP was used as a standard practice. Farmers can adopt this technology of aphid control in cotton using commercial cowpea variety CBC 3 as cotton aphid trap crop.
Effect of Conservation Tillage on Changes in Soil Aggregate-associated Organic Carbon and Biological Pools to Nitrogen and Straw Alters in RWCS in North-Western India: A Review
Authors: Singh P. K. , Naresh R. K. , Singh N. K. , Bhatt Rajan , Sahoo Priyanka , Gupta Shilpi , Kaur Amanpreet , Tiwari Himanshu
Published: May 2023

To manage this issue, understanding the mineralization process of crop leftovers is helpful. C and N mineralization kinetics in surface-applied and soil-integrated rice and wheat residues were investigated. Rice and wheat residues bind nitrogen in the soil. The use of the residue increased soil organic carbon by 18% and aggregate stability by 55% compared to the control. This study concludes that instead of simply leaving agricultural wastes on the surface, it is best to work them into the soil, where they will decompose more quickly, the mineral N will be released more quickly, more organic matter will be produced, and the soil structure will be improved. Compost amendment was more effective in decreasing macro-aggregate and silt+clay fraction-specific activities than fertilizer NPK. Tillage and residue levels had a significant impact on soil organic carbon accumulation between 0 and 15 centimeters, but not between 15 and 30 centimeters. The SOC content of plots that used raised beds permanently and retained residue was 19.44 g kg-1, but the SOC content of plots that used zero-tilling was only 18.53 g kg-1. SOC levels in puddled rice grafts and conventionally tilled wheat were both 15.86 g kg-1. When compared to plots where the residue was removed, those where it was left but not tilled sequestered 0.91 g kg-1yr-1 SOC. After receiving NT treatments, the concentration of DOC in three different soil depths (bulk, >0.25 mm aggregate, and 0-5 cm soil) increased by 15.5%, 29.5%, and 14.1%, respectively. Increases in MBC ranged from 11.2% to 11.5% to 20%. The 0-50 cm depth SOC stock increased from 49.89 Mg ha-1 to 53.03 Mg ha-1 when the residue was removed. SOC stock was grown by 50 centimeters by rotational farming, but by just 5.35 percent through no-till farming. Bulk soil SOC was 12.9% higher in S treatments compared to NS treatments that removed crop residue, as were >0.25 mm aggregate (11.3%) and 0.25 mm aggregate (14.1%). While NT treatments increased DOC by 15.5%, 29.5%, and 14.1% in bulk soil, >0.25 mm aggregate, and 0.25 mm aggregate in the 0-5 cm soil layer, respectively, CT treatments increased MBC by 11.2%, 11.2%, and 20%. The 0-5 cm soil layer, bulk soil, and >0.25 mm aggregate all saw increases in DOC content of 23.2%, 25.0%, and 37.5% after receiving S treatments compared to NS treatments, while MBC increased by 29.8%, 30.2%, and 24.1%.
Impact of pre-sowing red laser irradiation of corn seeds on quality and quantity of harvest yield
Authors: Francisco de Jesus Rivera-Talamantes Carlos , Gabriela Gonzalez-Lopez , Alexandre Michtchenko
Published: May 2023

As the population increases, more people need to be fed. In order to find a physical method that influence the corn production, this work is dedicated to evaluating the impact of pre-sowing red laser irradiation of corn (Zea mays L.) seeds on harvest yield. The aim was to analyze the influence of red laser radiation on corn seeds, on the quantity and quality of yield, on large-scale and open field production. It is hypothesized that at least one red laser irradiation treatment could improve corn crop yield. In radiation, a red laser diode at 660 nm with a power of 100 mW was used, two radiation densities were used (D1: 2 mW cm-2 and D2: 4 mW cm-2), applied during 4 exposure times (T1: 15, T2: 30, T3: 60 and T4: 120 s) and a control group without treatment (C). A random arrangement was used, in a 2 x 4 factorial scheme, totaling 8 treatments and control, with four replications. The data were subjected to an ANOVA and the means were compared with the Tukey test (HSD; p ≤ 0.05). The D2-T4 treatment produced the most significant impact concerning the control, improving yield by 19±1% (3 t ha-1), cob length 18±1%, cob diameter 22±3%, weight (16±2%) and corn kernels size (14±2%). We also find negative effects on yield, D2-T1 decreased crop yield around 16±1% (2.24 t ha-1). The results show a way to include this technique as a technique that can to increase or decrease corn yield.
Keywords: Cob length; Maize; open field; Thousand kernel weight.
Surgeon Recommendation and Outcomes of Decompression With vs Without Fusion in Patients With Degenerative Spondylolisthesis
Authors: Seip Andreas , Hellum Christian , Fagerland Morten Wang , Solberg Tore , Brox Jens Ivar , Storheim Kjersti , Hermansen Erland , Weber Clemens , Brisby Helena , Banitalebi Hasan , Furunes Håvard , Indrekvam Kari , Ljøstad Inger , Austevoll Ivar Magne
Published: January 2025

Importance

The ability of surgeons to choose the right patient for fusion in addition to decompression when operating for degenerative spondylolisthesis with symptomatic spinal stenosis is debated. The addition of fusion increases risk, morbidity, and costs but has been claimed to give better results for selected patients.

Objective

To investigate whether following surgeons’ opinions regarding fusion was associated with clinical outcomes.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cohort study was conducted alongside the Norwegian Degenerative Spondylolisthesis and Spinal Stenosis randomized clinical trial, which showed noninferiority for decompression alone compared with decompression with fusion. From February 12, 2014, to December 18, 2017, trial surgeons from 16 Norwegian departments denoted their preferred treatment for 222 of 267 patients with symptomatic spinal stenosis and degenerative spondylolisthesis. For this analysis, the clinical outcomes of the patients who were and were not randomized to the recommended treatment were compared.

Main Outcome and Measures

The primary outcome was a reduction of at least 30% from baseline to 2 years after surgery on the Oswestry Disability Index, ranging from 0 (no impairment) to 100 (maximum impairment). Secondary outcomes included the Zürich Claudication Questionnaire, leg and back pain scores, and the EuroQol 5-Dimension score.

Results

Among 222 patients (155 [70%] female; mean [SD] age, 66.2 [7.7] years), decompression alone was recommended for 112 patients, of whom 59 received only decompression, and additional fusion for 110 patients, of whom 57 received fusion. At 2-year follow-up, 87 of 116 patients (75%) who received surgery in agreement with the surgeons’ recommendations and 77 of 106 (73%) who received surgery in disagreement with the surgeons’ recommendations reached the primary outcome (difference, 2.4 percentage points; 95% CI, −9.1 to 13.9 percentage points). All secondary outcomes were in the same direction as the primary outcome.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study of 222 patients with degenerative spondylolisthesis who participated in a randomized clinical trial, surgeons’ recommendations were not associated with better outcomes than a random allocation when deciding between decompression alone and decompression with instrumented fusion. The results suggest that surgeons performing degenerative spondylolisthesis surgery could rely safely on evidence of operating with decompression alone, despite the conflict of expert opinion.
Polyfunctional CD8+CD226+RUNX2hi effector T cells are diminished in advanced stages of chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Rezaeifar Maryam , Shahbaz Shima , Peters Anthea C. , Gibson Spencer B. , Elahi Shokrollah
Published: January 2025

CD8+ T cells, a subset of T cells identified by the surface glycoprotein CD8, particularly those expressing the co‐stimulatory molecule CD226, play a crucial role in the immune response to malignancies. However, their role in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), an immunosuppressive disease, has not yet been explored. We studied 64 CLL patients and 25 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls (HCs). We analyzed the proportion of CD226‐expressing cells among different CD8+ T cell subsets (including naïve, central memory, effector memory, and effectors) in CLL patients, stratified by Rai stage and immunoglobulin heavy‐chain variable region gene (IgHV) mutation status. Additionally, we compared the effector functions of CD8+CD226+ cells and their CD226− counterparts. We also quantified cytokine and chemokine levels in the plasma of CLL and HCs. Furthermore, we reanalyzed the publicly available bulk RNA‐seq on CD226+ and CD226−CD8+ T cells. Finally, we evaluated the impact of elevated cytokines/chemokines on CD226 expression. Our results showed that CD226‐expressing cells were significantly decreased within the effector memory and effector CD8+ T cell subsets in CLL patients with advanced Rai stages and unmutated IgHV, a marker of poor prognosis. These cells displayed robust effector functions, including cytokine production, cytolytic activity, degranulation, proliferation, and migration capacity. In contrast, CD8+CD226− T cells displayed an exhausted phenotype with reduced Runt‐related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) expression. Elevated levels of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and macrophage inflammatory protein‐1 beta (MIP‐1β) were inversely correlated with the frequency of CD8+CD226+ T cells and may contribute to the downregulation of CD226, possibly leading to T cell dysfunction in CLL. Our findings highlight the critical role of CD8+CD226+RUNX2hi T cells in CLL and suggest that their reduction is associated with disease progression and poor clinical outcomes. This study also underscores the potential of targeting IL‐6 and MIP‐1β to preserve polyfunctional CD8+CD226+ T cells as a promising immunotherapy strategy.
Complex Dynamic System Theory and Language Learning
Authors: van Dijk Marijn , van Geert Paul , Verspoor Marjolijn
Published: January 2025

Various studies have been published based on complex dynamic systems theoretical (CDST) interpretations of second language development (SLD). According to these approaches, a second language emerges in a specific and dynamic communicative context as a result of a process of self‐organization. This research has provided empirical support for the existence of the main theoretical concepts of CDST, such as the fact that the course of development is highly idiosyncratic, that SLD is nonlinear and variable, and that complex interactions exist between variables within and outside the individual.
Comparing Two Related Samples
Authors: Isbell Daniel R. , Jiang Xiangying
Published: January 2025

Comparing two related samples, where data of an outcome variable are paired, is a common task for applied linguistics researchers, such as when seeking to compare pretest and posttest scores among a single group in a (quasi‐)experimental research design or when pairs of individuals have been matched on some variable of interest before (random) group assignment. Of interest in such cases is the difference between values for each pair of observations. In such cases, a simple comparison of means is appropriate when the data are continuous and normally distributed, and a paired
t
‐test is suitable. When data are of an ordinal nature and/or non‐normally distributed, a comparison of ranks is appropriate, which can be accomplished with a Wilcoxon signed‐rank test. This entry provides an overview of both tests and includes step‐by‐step tutorials carrying out analyses.
Comparing 2+ Related Samples
Authors: Mihai Florin M.
Published: January 2025

Researchers in applied linguistics often employ designs that rely on repeated measures when comparing more than two samples. In this case, the most representative parametric techniques are one‐way or two‐way repeated measure (RM) ANOVA. A one‐way RM ANOVA is utilized to determine if a single variable differs significantly among the three or more levels of a set of conditions, also called a factor. Conversely, a two‐way design is used in experiments involving more than two sets of conditions. The chapter reviews the advantages and disadvantages of RM ANOVA, analyses the statistical assumptions associated with this research design, and discusses the components of an RM ANOVA output. Additionally, the chapter includes the Friedman analysis of variance by ranks or the Friedman test as a non‐parametric alternative to RM ANOVA.
Grammar in Political Debate
Authors: Fetzer Anita
Published: January 2025

Grammar is a complex phenomenon: it may refer to language users' competence of the rules of a language and of its constitutive systems, and it may refer to the description of such a system in a codified text, a reference grammar. In the analysis of political debate—as in other discourse‐based studies—the strategic use of grammar, that is, linguistic forms and their discursive functions in context, has become the focus of investigation. This holds for the strategic use of pronouns or agentless passives to enhance or deflect responsibility, the strategic use of tense, aspect, and modality to attenuate speaker commitment, the strategic use of verb semantics to do leadership in context targeting competence and responsiveness, or the use of quotations, small stories, and social and regional dialects to do ordinariness popularizing a debate to align with ordinary citizens.

Political debate comprises parliamentary debates in societal institutions as well as media debates in traditional media and in social media. The political debates may take place between the elites of society, sometimes integrating ordinary citizens (or their voices). With the advent of social media, political debate has been expanded to media users' commenting. With the mediation and medialization of political debate in and across social media, political debate has become a very important kind of mediated discourse, and it is not only the grammar of political debate, which is at issue, but also the grammar of mediated discourse.
Qualitative Research for Language Planning
Authors: Li Xuan , Payne Mark
Published: January 2025

This entry describes the development and framework of language planning (LP) research with particular attention given to qualitative studies of LP. With the shift in LP research from the macro level to the micro and meso level studies, qualitative research has come to the forefront. Qualitative approaches enable investigators to gain an in‐depth understanding of researched phenomena in the real‐world contexts: they give researchers the tools to probe and illuminate issues that were previously opaque or little known and to produce rich and holistic accounts of multiple perspectives and factors involved in the phenomena under study. For LP researchers, qualitative studies are well suited to the exploration of the dynamic, multilevel processes of LP as well as the language ideologies, practices, and agency of individual actors. Depending on the specific research aims and context, LP researchers may collect qualitative data using the approach of ethnography, case study, or narrative inquiry. These qualitative approaches and relevant methods are introduced briefly in this entry. Finally, the future directions of qualitative LP research are discussed.
Speaking as a Pedagogical Target
Authors: De Jong Nivja H.
Published: January 2025

What should teachers do to facilitate students' learning to speak a second language? This entry introduces speaking as a skill under time pressure; it describes how scholars have defined the speaking ability, including speaking in interaction, and looks at what knowledge and skills they deem necessary for successful speaking. It goes on to present what researchers have said about teaching these types of knowledge and skills. The entry concludes by reviewing aspects of teaching speaking that need future research attention.
Action Research
Authors: Banegas Darío Luis , Güngör Müzeyyen Nazlı
Published: January 2025

At the intersection of language education and applied linguistics, action research (AR) is a powerful form of inquiry which places teachers and learners in their context at the center of the research landscape. In this entry, AR is particularly characterized as inclusive, agentive, exploratory, and informed. Based on those features, the process of AR is understood through the notions of cycles and stages. The benefits and challenges of AR are subsumed under two issues: (a) practice enrichment and (b) collective growth. The entry underlines the potential of AR as an instrument to encourage the identity of teachers as researchers and intellectuals who can advance theories of practice.
Komorowska, Hanna
Authors: Gabryś‐Barker Danuta
Published: January 2025

Professor Hanna Komorowska's profile presents her most important achievements as an applied linguist and teacher educator. Her academic activity is well‐known not only in Europe but also world‐wide.
Multilingualism and English as a Lingua Franca
Authors: Fang Fan
Published: January 2025

This entry presents on the key aspects of English as a lingua franca (ELF) in different stages of development. It argues the importance of embracing multilingual perspectives when exploring ELF in social communication and education. In particular, ELF should be positioned within the multilingual paradigm as a multilingua franca (EMF) to recognize the diversity and complexity of ELF use and practice. The entry also proposes the EMF‐translanguaging symbiosis as both education and social discourses to promote inclusive education for a decolonizing pedagogy.
A Fractal‐Like Hierarchical Bionic Scaffold for Osseointegration
Authors: Tian Yulin , Jiang Wenbo , Deng Liang , Ran Zhaoyang , Min Na , Li Wei , Hao Yongqiang , Jin Xuejun
Published: January 2025

Millions of patients each year are impacted by critical‐size bone tissue defects, the repair of which involves inflammation and the formation of new tissue. In this study, a fractal biomimetic design for a 3D‐printed scaffold that combined 3D printing with high‐energy plasma tantalum alloy fabrication, enabling easy production on an industrial scale is proposed. The fractal bionic design leverages the principles of fractal geometry, employing self‐affine patterns and random fractals to attain self‐affine surface design on 3D scaffolds. This approach aimed to emulate the fractal dimensions observed in natural bone structures closely. While the surface roughness of implants plays a critical role in restoration outcomes, this findings suggest that incorporating the surface fractal dimension may hold greater significance than mere roughness. A rat skull‐defect model is utilized to assess the osteogenic potential of the three scaffolds, and photoacoustic technology is first employed for long‐term, in situ monitoring of physiological signals during the bone repair process. Results from both cell and animal experiments demonstrated that fractal bionic scaffolds offer notable advantages over surface‐modified scaffolds and 3D‐printed scaffolds. This experimental results showed that the bionic scaffold group manifested a better bone‐promoting process.
Advancements in Microfluidic Technologies for Male Infertility
Authors: Shahali Sahar , Akbaridoust Farzan , Neild Adrian , Nosrati Reza
Published: January 2025

Infertility affects ≈15% of couples worldwide, with ≈45% of these cases involving male factors. Semen analysis and sperm selection are critical and routine steps in achieving successful assisted reproductive outcomes. Conventional methods, which are widely used in clinics, are manual, subjective, time‐consuming, and simply not sufficient for the highly complex and multifaceted task of sperm analysis. Recently, microfluidics‐based devices, combined with high‐resolution microscopy, have offered promising opportunities for evaluating sperm quality, gaining a fundamental understanding of sperm motion, and selection of high‐quality sperm. Machine learning (ML) has also introduced automation and standardization in analyzing sperm morphology, intracellular characteristics, and motility. In this review, these state‐of‐the‐art methods are comprehensively discussed and provide directions to address unresolved challenges.
Ink‐Bath Interactions in Embedded Ink Writing for Producing Functional Parts
Authors: Zhang Cheng , Hua Weijian , Juarez Kurt , Mitchell Kellen , Ning Wenyu , Shi Weiliang , Hao Jiangtao , Duan Fei , Jin Wenbo , Zhang Jun , Jin Yifei , Zhao Danyang
Published: January 2025

Embedded ink writing (EIW) is an emerging 3D printing technique that is extensively applied for a variety of engineering applications. This technique is featured by printing a liquid functional ink within a yield‐stress fluid bath. Due to the selection of ink and bath materials with different hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity, diverse ink‐bath interactions occur that affect the filament formation in EIW. In this work, the interrelationships between ink‐bath interactions and three major physical phenomena (including filament diffusion, shrinkage, and breakage) are experimentally and systematically investigated. Several key parameters, such as interfacial tension between ink and bath materials, ink's elasticity, and bath's yield stress, significantly affect the morphology and/or geometry of as‐printed filaments. Based on the obtained knowledge, a functional index finger is printed, which demonstrates a good grasping capability in a robotic hand system.
Rational Design of Palladium and Platinum Chemosensors for Bio‐Applications
Authors: Tritton Daniel Nnaemaka , Kwan Chak‐Shing , Tang Fung‐Kit , Cai Zongwei , Li Min , Leung Ken Cham‐Fai
Published: January 2025

Palladium and platinum are non‐endogenous precious group 10 metals that are extensively used for catalytic materials, electronics, and drugs. These heavy metals have recently gained more attention in biomedical applications and drug development. At the same time, concerns arising from metal content in various sample types have provoked chemists to develop reliable analytical tools to evaluate the internalization of these metals. Fluorescence chemosensors serve as crucial tools for analytical chemistry and molecular imaging. In view of this, small molecular fluorescent chemosensors are attractive candidates because of their high sensitivity and non‐destructive nature for molecular imaging. This mini‐review summarizes recent examples of palladium and platinum chemosensors, and their detection mechanisms are highlighted with the applications used in the studies. Moreover, a brief discussion on sensor design and outlook is given as a reference for future palladium and platinum chemosensor development.
Full‐Spectrum Mechanochromic Photonic Films with Large Interparticle Distance
Authors: Lee Hwan‐Young , Kang Jun‐Gu , Kim Young‐Seok , Kim Shin‐Hyun
Published: January 2025

Non‐close‐packed crystalline arrays of colloidal particles in an elastic matrix exhibit mechanochromism. However, small interparticle distances often limit the range of reversible color shifts and reduce reflectivity during a blueshift. A straightforward, reproducible strategy using matrix swelling to increase interparticle distance and improve mechanochromic performance is presented. Photonic composites are initially prepared with silica particle arrays embedded in an elastomer matrix at volume fractions of 0.35–0.5. To increase interparticle distance, the composites are immersed in an elastomer‐forming monomer, causing the matrix to swell, followed by photopolymerization, thereby producing liquid‐free composites. The degree of swelling is controllable up to 3.16, depending on monomer choice, matrix volume fraction, and crosslinking density. The process can be repeated to further increase swelling up to 10.36. This method can reduce the volume fraction of silica particles from 40% to 3.8%, while interparticle distance increases from 53 to 257 nm. The swollen photonic composites exhibit a full visible spectrum under compression, while minimizing reflectivity loss. This allows red‐colored photonic composites to be transformed into vivid multicolor patterns when compressed with stamps featuring spatial height variations.
Multifunctional Native Defects Boosting the Thermoelectric Transport in Few‐Layer PdPS
Authors: Yu Zehao , Li Meilin , Yang Yu , Yu Peng , Suwardi Ady , Zhang Lifa , Zhao Yunshan
Published: January 2025

As a unique Cairo pentagonal 2D material, palladium phosphide sulfide (PdPS) has garnered immense interests due to its excellent optoelectronic properties, anisotropic electronic transport behavior, and good air‐stability. In addition, its puckered pentagon structure renders an ultralow thermal conductivity, making it a promising candidate for thermoelectrics applications. However, its thermoelectric transport has not been studied until now due to challenges in obtaining the atomic thin PdPS flake and further measurement. In this work, the thermoelectric performance of 2D PdPS is investigated. It is found that thermoelectric property of PdPS can be effectively manipulated via the delicate annealing treatment, which effectively regulate the defect concentrations. Remarkably, beyond regulating carrier concentrations and shifting the Fermi level closer to the conduction band, these defects also produce a large number of defect states. Consequently, ultra‐high power factor of 0.648 mW m−1 K−2 at room temperature is achieved, outperfoming other 2D materials reported to date. Furthermore, the anisotropic electronic transport properties of few‐layer PdPS are further studied and an extremely high electron anisotropic ratio of 47.37 are obtained at 20 K. The findings provide a new pathway for the development of nanoelectronic devices based on emerging 2D materials with high electronic anisotropy and thermoelectric performance.
High‐Performance n‐type Organic Thermoelectric Aerogels Toward Flexible Energy Harvesting and Sensing Devices
Authors: Zhang Chan , Liu Xi , Han Shaobo , Wu Menxing , Xiao Runfeng , Chen Shangzhi , Chen Guangming
Published: January 2025

Thermoelectric generators are one type of energy device widely used for wearable and flexible electronics to provide power to other devices. Organic aerogels with excellent thermoelectric and mechanical properties are promising candidates for such applications, but most of high‐performance organic aerogels are made of p‐type materials. It remains a great challenge to develop a low‐cost and air‐stable n‐type organic aerogels with comparable performance with the state‐of‐the‐art p‐type counterparts to form an efficient thermoelectric power generator. In this study, a novel strategy based on a cellulose nanofiber skeleton is developed to form a high‐performance n‐type organic aerogel. The obtained n‐type organic aerogels possess a Seebeck coefficient of −17 µV K−1 and can combine with their p‐type counterparts to form a generator outputting 1 µW with a temperature difference of 50 K. Using the n‐type organic aerogels, dual‐parameter pressure and temperature sensing with high precision and reproducibility can be realized. The n‐type aerogel will find its applications not only for outdoor self‐powered systems, but also for human health diagnosis systems with real‐time monitoring of multiple parameters without crosstalk.
Isolation and Structure Elucidation of the Heterocumulene Anions [NCC‐L]− (L=CO, CS, N2)
Authors: Le Dé Quentin , Zhang Yihao , Zhao Lili , Krischer Felix , Feichtner Kai‐Stephan , Frenking Gernot , Gessner Viktoria H.
Published: January 2025

Cumulenes are molecules characterized by a series of consecutive double bonds. They serve as important reagents and intermediates in the synthesis of polymers and a wide variety of functionalized compounds, including various heterocycles. Understanding the properties of cumulenes and developing synthetic routes to these often highly reactive species is essential for unlocking new applications. Here, we report the synthesis and isolation of the cyanodiazomethanide [NCCNN]− and cyanothioketenyl anion [NCCCS]−. These 5‐atomic anions exhibit unexpected stabilities but distinct structural differences. Despite the explosive nature of diazoacetonitrile, the [NCCNN]− anion was sufficiently stable at 0 °C to allow for first reactivity studies and its structure elucidation revealing a bent structure. The thioketenyl anion is stable at room‐temperature and can be accessed from the cyanoketenyl anion [NCCCO]− via a [2+2] cycloaddition and cycloreversion sequence with COS elimination. Comparative structural, spectroscopic and computational studies including those on the cyanoketenyl anion [NCCCO]−, demonstrate that the degree of bending of these heterocumulene anions [NCC‐L]− can be explained by a transition in the bonding situation from a cumulene structure to an anionic carbone, with the strongly π accepting CS ligand leading to a linear structure of the thioketenyl anion.
Late‐Stage Diazoester Installation via Arylthianthrenium Salts
Authors: Li Le , Müller Sven , Petzold Roland , Ritter Tobias
Published: January 2025

By leveraging the fast oxidative addition of arylthianthrenium salts (aryl‐TT+) to palladium(0), a regioselective diazoester installation has been developed. This approach enables the introduction of a diazo moiety to densely functionalized arenes at a late stage. The installed diazo group is amenable to facile further derivatization.
Unlocking CO2 Activation With a Novel Ni−Hg−Ni Trinuclear Complex
Authors: Rahimi Naser , Lepetit Christine , Zargarian Davit
Published: January 2025

Compounds featuring bonds between mercury and transition metals are of interest for their intriguing/ambiguous bonding and scarcely explored reactivities. We report herein the synthesis and reactivities of the new compound [(POCOP)Ni]2Hg, [Ni2Hg], featuring a trinuclear Ni−Hg−Ni core (POCOP=κP,κC,κP'‐2,6‐(i‐Pr2PO)2C6H3). [Ni2Hg] reacts with CO2 to give the carbonate‐bridged complex [Ni2CO3]. Bubbling CO gas through a solution of [Ni2CO3] gave its μ‐CO2 analogue [Ni2CO2], which itself reacts with CO2 to give back [Ni2CO3], indicating that these two compounds interconvert reversibly. This implies that the formation of [Ni2CO3] from [Ni2Hg] and CO2 constitutes a reductive disproportionation of two molecules of CO2 into CO32− and CO. Tests showed that this process proceeds through three steps, an initial CO2 insertion to give [Ni2CO2], followed by another CO2 insertion to give the second intermediate [Ni2C2O4], and the latter's decarbonylation to give [Ni2CO3]. Although the putative second intermediate could not be isolated, we have shown that it likely features a μ‐carbonyl‐carbonate rather than a μ‐oxalate moiety, because the latter complex is thermally stable to decarbonylation. Reduction of [Ni2CO3] with excess Na/Hg regenerates [Ni2Hg], establishing that the observed deoxygenation of CO2 in this system can, in principle, be catalytic in the presence of excess reductant.
CO2 Reduction at a Borane‐Modified Iron Complex: A Secondary Coordination Sphere Strategy
Authors: Durfy Connor S. , Zurakowski Joseph A. , Drover Marcus W.
Published: January 2025

This work addresses fundamental questions that deepen our understanding of secondary coordination sphere effects on carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction using derivatized hydride analogues of the type, [Cp*Fe(diphosphine)H] (Cp* = C5Me5−) – a well‐studied family of organometallic complex – as models. More precisely, we describe the general reactivity of [(Cp*‐BR2)Fe(diphosphine)H], which contains an intramolecularly positioned Lewis acid, and its cooperative reactivity with CO2. Control experiments underscore the critical nature of borane incorporation for transforming CO2 to reduced products, a reaction that does not occur for unfunctionalized [Cp*Fe(diphosphine)H]. Additional experiments highlight relevance of borane hybridization and substituent effects. Mechanistic studies performed in the presence and absence of CO2 emphasize the significance of carbonyl substrate to catalyst longevity. Lessons from these reactions were also transferable – with such borane‐containing complexes enabling the chemoselective reduction of aldehydes in the presence of alkenes. These findings provide valuable insights into metal‐ligand cooperative design strategies for carbonyl reduction and illustrate the versatility of intramolecularly positioned Lewis acids for otherwise challenging chemical transformations.
Technical Routes to Achieve High Circular Polarized Luminescence in Chiral Perovskites: A Mini‐Review
Authors: Yang Yongge , Yang Zhao , Shen Qing , Berry Joseph J. , Du Peng
Published: January 2025

Chiral hybrid organic‐inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) have emerged as promising materials for optoelectronic and spintronic applications, leveraging unique properties such as circularly polarized luminescence (CPL), circularly polarized nonlinear optical (NLO) emission, and chiral‐induced spin selectivity (CISS). However, challenges remain in stabilizing these materials under environmental stresses and precisely controlling chirality for scalable use. This review summarizes five main strategies to induce chirality in HOIPs, i.e., direct incorporation of chiral cations, surface modification with chiral ligands, ion doping, template‐induced chirality, and chiral metasurfaces. Each approach offers distinct advantages for optimizing CPL efficiency and device stability, paving the way for next‐generation applications in CPL detectors, information encryption, spintronic devices, etc.
Pathways for avoiding self‐sanction: How consumers give themselves a PASS on virtue violations
Authors: Lin Stephanie C.
Published: January 2025

Despite motivations to see themselves as virtuous, consumers commonly engage in behaviors that are bad for themselves or others, such as eating unhealthy food or refusing prosocial requests. I introduce the Pathways for Avoiding Self‐Sanction (PASS) model, which explains how consumers violate their standards for virtue without self‐sanction. This model posits that consumers have a subjective threshold that they must not cross lest they incur self‐sanction and outlines three main pathways through which consumers succumb to the temptation of bad behaviors without crossing this threshold: the self‐based path, the behavior‐based path, or the threshold‐based path. By drawing on shared psychological processes between self‐control and moral decision‐making, the PASS model organizes self‐sanction avoidance strategies across literature in marketing, psychology, organizational behavior, and behavioral economics, offering a comprehensive and parsimonious view of the mechanisms through which consumers engage in maladaptive behaviors that harm themselves, others, and society.
1,3,5‐Triformylphloroglucinol Derived β‐Ketoenamine‐Linked Functional Covalent Organic Frameworks with Enhanced Crystallinity and Stability–Recent Advances
Authors: Rajasekharan Sujatha Athira , Anil Aparna , Deni Raju Princy , Veettil Suneesh Chettiyam
Published: January 2025

Crystallinity, stability, and complexity are significant factors to consider in the design and development of covalent organic frameworks (COFs). Among various building blocks used, 1,3,5‐triformylphloroglucinol (Tp) is notable for enhancing both crystallinity and structural stability in COFs. Tp facilitates the formation of β‐ketoenamine‐linked COFs through keto‐enol tautomerism when reacted with aromatic amines. This review article examines the stability, crystallinity, and flexibility of synthetic methodologies involving Tp‐based COFs, while highlighting their recent applications. We emphasize the critical roles of non‐covalent interactions and keto‐enol tautomerism in achieving high levels of crystallinity and stability. Additionally, the diverse and straightforward synthesis methods available for Tp‐based COFs contribute to the prevalence of 1,3,5‐triformylphloroglucinol in COF development. We conclude by addressing the challenges and future prospects in this area, underscoring the significant potential of Tp‐based COFs for environmental and energy‐related applications due to their exceptional structural tunability and functionality.
Tailoring Förster Resonance Energy Transfer in Copper Nanoclusters‐Polymer Nanoparticles Composites through Ligands
Authors: Rashi  , Ghosh Srijon , Devi Aarti , Patra Amitava
Published: January 2025

Atomically precise metal nanoclusters (MNCs) represent an emerging class of nanomaterials for light harvesting materials. Here, we synthesized Cu₉ nanoclusters (NCs) with cysteine (CYS) and reduced glutathione (GSH) ligands, along with poly(N‐vinyl carbazole) (PVK) nanoparticles (PNPs). Nanocomposites of Cu₉ NCs with PVK PNPs via electrostatic attachment have been designed to investigate their energy transfer process. A significant overlap of their absorption spectra with the emission of PVK and the absorption band of Cu NCs facilitated the Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) from PVK PNPs to the Cu NCs. Steady‐state and time‐resolved spectroscopic studies confirm the FRET dynamics, and parameters, such as energy transfer efficiency, donor‐acceptor distance, rate constants, and the antennae effect were calculated. Our results revealed that Cu CYS/PVK PNP nanocomposite exhibited a higher energy transfer efficiency (77 %), faster energy transfer rate, and higher antennae effect than the Cu GSH/PVK PNP system. This was attributed to the shorter donor‐acceptor distance in the Cu CYS/PVK PNP system. The larger GSH ligand caused steric hindrance, reducing dipole‐dipole interactions and diminishing the FRET efficiency in the Cu GSH/PVK PNP system. These findings demonstrate the role of ligands in modulating FRET performance and designing high‐efficiency MNCs‐based light‐harvesting systems.
Reports of Echolalia and Related Behaviors in Autism From Parents, Teachers, and Clinicians: Evidence From the Simon Simplex Collection
Authors: McAllister Margaret L. , McFayden Tyler , Harrop Clare
Published: January 2025

Echolalia, the immediate or delayed repetition of speech, is a core diagnostic criterion for autism spectrum disorder. It has been studied for over 50 years and is well‐described; however, no consensus on prevalence estimates exists for echolalia's occurrence in autistic youth. The current study sought to (1) describe endorsement of echolalia‐related items using parent‐, teacher‐, and clinician‐reports in a well‐validated sample of autistic youth and (2) characterize relations between echolalia and other key factors, including age, language ability, and repetitive behaviors. Participants (n = 2555, 4–17 years, 13% female, 78% White) from the Simon Simplex Collection provided data from multi‐informant ratings of echolalia and related behaviors. Nine parent‐, clinician‐, and teacher‐report items were extracted from five measures to broadly capture echolalia through a composite score. Results indicated that as many as 90% of autistic individuals express echolalia at some point in their development. Hierarchical linear regression was conducted to evaluate relations between echolalia, verbal ability, and repetitive behaviors, controlling for age, sex, and autism severity. Results indicated the main effects of verbal ability and repetitive behaviors. A significant interaction qualified this main effect wherein age was negatively associated with echolalia for children with higher verbal ability, but not those with lower verbal ability, suggesting that adolescents with less generative speech may leverage echolalia as a communicative strategy. Echolalia was positively associated with repetitive behaviors across development. These associations support a dualistic interpretation of echolalia as functional communication and as a form of repetitive behavior. Future research is needed to understand the developmental trajectories of echolalia and develop affirming support for this autistic behavior.
A Reductive Environment‐Assisted Dealloying Approach for Hierarchical Porous Metals in Efficient Magnesium Metal Batteries
Authors: Lee Jun‐Won , Cho YongJun , Jo Hyeonmin , Ryu Hee Seung , Cho Eun Seon , Lim Hee‐Dae
Published: January 2025

This study introduces monolithic three‐dimensional nanoporous magnesium (3D‐NPMg) fabricated through a scalable solution‐based dealloying process as electrodes. By employing a naphthalene‐based reductive environment, this approach forms a hierarchically porous 3D structure with clean metallic surfaces, thereby forming a free‐standing 3D bicontinuous nanostructure. The resulting 3D‐NPMg addresses critical challenges in magnesium metal battery (MMB) anodes, including high polarization, dendritic growth, and limited cycling stability. Electrochemical performance tests show that 3D‐NPMg exhibits lower overpotentials, improved charge‐transfer kinetics, and a significantly extended cycling life. The interconnected porous structure facilitates efficient ionic transport and uniform Mg deposition, thus suppressing volume expansion and reducing top‐plating during cycling. With its rapid oxidation‐minimizing synthesis, this solution‐based dealloying process offers broad applications across various metals, which can advance the development of stable, high‐performance anodes for next‐generation MMBs.