bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Magnetosensitive neurons mediate geomagnetic orientation in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Vidal-Gadea Andrés , Ward Kristi , Beron Celia , Ghorashian Navid , Gokce Sertan , Russell Joshua , Truong Nicholas , Parikh Adhishri , Gadea Otilia , Ben-Yakar Adela , Pierce-Shimomura Jonathan
Published: June 2015

Many organisms spanning from bacteria to mammals orient to the earth's magnetic field. For a few animals, central neurons responsive to earth-strength magnetic fields have been identified; however, magnetosensory neurons have yet to be identified in any animal. We show that the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans orients to the earth's magnetic field during vertical burrowing migrations. Well-fed worms migrated up, while starved worms migrated down. Populations isolated from around the world, migrated at angles to the magnetic vector that would optimize vertical translation in their native soil, with northern- and southern-hemisphere worms displaying opposite migratory preferences. Magnetic orientation and vertical migrations required the TAX-4 cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel in the AFD sensory neuron pair. Calcium imaging showed that these neurons respond to magnetic fields even without synaptic input. C. elegans may have adapted magnetic orientation to simplify their vertical burrowing migration by reducing the orientation task from three dimensions to one.
Optical methods for visualization of ultrasound fields
Authors: Kudo Nobuki
Published: June 2015

A brief review of optical techniques for visualizing ultrasound fields is given. Acousto-optic interaction is discussed as a basic principle for visualizing inhomogeneity in refractive index fields. Light diffraction and deflection are also discussed as important phenomena, especially for visualization of ultrasound fields. Three techniques, Schlieren, phase contrast, and shadowgraph techniques, used for visualization of ultrasound fields are reviewed with discussion of the differences in optical systems and visualized field images. A newly developed focused shadowgraph technique that achieves sensitive detection with simple optics is introduced, and its usefulness for visualization of very short pulses of diagnostic ultrasound equipment is shown.
Decreasing spatial variability in precipitation extremes in southwestern China and the local/large‐scale influencing factors
Authors: Liu Meixian , Xu Xianli , Sun Alex
Published: June 2015

Climate extremes can cause devastating damage to human society and ecosystems. Recent studies have drawn many conclusions about trends in climate extremes, but few have focused on quantitative analysis of their spatial variability and underlying mechanisms. By using the techniques of overlapping moving windows, the Mann‐Kendall trend test, correlation, and stepwise regression, this study examined the spatial‐temporal variation of precipitation extremes and investigated the potential key factors influencing this variation in southwestern (SW) China, a globally important biodiversity hot spot and climate‐sensitive region. Results showed that the changing trends of precipitation extremes were not spatially uniform, but the spatial variability of these precipitation extremes decreased from 1959 to 2012. Further analysis found that atmospheric circulations rather than local factors (land cover, topographic conditions, etc.) were the main cause of such precipitation extremes. This study suggests that droughts or floods may become more homogenously widespread throughout SW China. Hence, region‐wide assessments and coordination are needed to help mitigate the economic and ecological impacts.
Long‐term observation of permeability in sedimentary rocks under high‐temperature and stress conditions and its interpretation mediated by microstructural investigations
Authors: Yasuhara Hideaki , Kinoshita Naoki , Ohfuji Hiroaki , Takahashi Manabu , Ito Kazumasa , Kishida Kiyoshi
Published: June 2015

In this study, a series of long‐term, intermittent permeability experiments utilizing Berea sandstone and Horonobe mudstone samples, with and without a single artificial fracture, is conducted for more than 1000 days to examine the evolution of rock permeability under relatively high‐temperature and confining pressure conditions. Effluent element concentrations are also measured throughout the experiments. Before and after flow‐through experiments, rock samples are prepared for X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray fluorescence, and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy to examine the mineralogical changes between pre and postexperimental samples, and also for microfocus X‐ray CT to evaluate the alteration of the microstructure. Although there are exceptions, the observed, qualitative evolution of permeability is found to be generally consistent in both the intact and the fractured rock samples—the permeability in the intact rock samples increases with time after experiencing no significant changes in permeability for the first several hundred days, while that in the fractured rock samples decreases with time. An evaluation of the Damkohler number and of the net dissolution, using the measured element concentrations, reveals that the increase in permeability can most likely be attributed to the relative dominance of the mineral dissolution in the pore spaces, while the decrease can most likely be attributed to the mineral dissolution/crushing at the propping asperities within the fracture. Taking supplemental observations by microfocus X‐ray CT and using the intact sandstone samples, a slight increase in relatively large pore spaces is seen. This supports the increase in permeability observed in the flow‐through experiments.
Updating real‐time flood forecasts via the dynamic system response curve method
Authors: Si Wei , Bao Weimin , Gupta Hoshin V.
Published: June 2015

The accuracy of flood forecasts generated using spatially lumped hydrological models can be severely affected by errors in the estimates of areal mean rainfall. The quality of the latter depends both on the size and type of errors in point‐based rainfall measurements, and on the density and spatial arrangement of rain gauges in the basin. Here we use error feedback correction, based on the dynamic system response curve (DSRC) method, to compute updated estimates of the rainfall inputs. The method is evaluated via synthetic and real‐data cases, showing that the method works as theoretically expected. The ability of the method to improve the accuracy of real‐time flood forecasts is then demonstrated using 20 basins of different sizes and having different rain gauge densities. We find that the degree of forecast improvement is more significant for larger basins and for basins with lower rain gauge density. The method is relatively simple to apply and can improve the accuracy and stability of real‐time model predictions without increasing either model complexity and/or the number of model parameters.
Companion Animals
Authors: Palmer Clare
Published: June 2015

In Europe, North America, Australasia, and, more recently, Asia and South America, the practice of keeping animals as companions in the home has grown rapidly. By 2012, according to estimates from the American Pet Products Association, 47 percent of US households owned at least one dog, and 46 percent at least one cat. Living with animals as companions, and regarding them as “family members,” as two‐thirds of US dog owners say they do, is now commonplace. Although keeping animals as companions has not yet generated the intense ethical debate that surrounds laboratory and agricultural animals, there are still significant ethical questions. This essay will first clarify what's meant by “companion animals,” then discuss some of these questions, beginning with whether we should keep companion animals at all.
Dirty Hands
Authors: Blattberg Charles
Published: June 2015

When Machiavelli famously wrote that the prince who would govern effectively must learn “how not to be good,” he gave powerful articulation to an idea that has become commonplace, namely, that we cannot practice politics without “dirtying our hands.” To attempt otherwise is to court disaster – for oneself, of course, but also for one's subjects. Consider the “ticking time bomb” scenario, which has become prominent in the literature. A terrorist has been captured who has knowledge of a bomb that will soon explode, causing a great loss of innocent life. Should torture be authorized to obtain the information necessary for finding and defusing the bomb? On the one hand, many believe that torture is always wrong; on the other, there exists a responsibility toward all those innocent lives. Does this mean that, in politics, it can be right to do wrong? But is that not a contradictory, even paradoxical claim? Overall, moral and political philosophers can be said to have given three kinds of answers to these questions.
Compromise
Authors: May Simon Căbulea
Published: June 2015

The field of African political philosophy as an academic discipline is new, with systematic argumentation expressed in a corpus of written texts having appeared for the first time only in the postwar era. “African” in this context means thought informed by the indigenous mores salient among black peoples in the sub‐Saharan region, which differ from, say, the Islamic religious practices so predominant above the Sahara desert. Although professional African political philosophy has originated only recently, it has invariably drawn on ideas and practices that have been widely held below the Sahara desert for many centuries. Much of the sub‐Saharan project of philosophizing normatively about government consists of mining intellectual resources from traditional black African peoples with an eye to seeing what might be relevant to understanding and advancing justice today.
Berlin, Isaiah
Authors: Blattberg Charles
Published: June 2015

Regarded by many as a leading thinker of the twentieth century, Isaiah Berlin (1909–97) was an Oxford philosopher who specialized in the history of ideas, the philosophy of history, and moral and political philosophy. As a child he witnessed a scene of brutality during the Russian Revolution that had a great impact upon him, leaving him with a life‐long wariness toward the potential of ideologies such as communism to lead people to commit great cruelties; indeed, Berlin was later to become an important “Cold War liberal.” With respect to ethics, he is chiefly of interest for his doctrine of value pluralism and the related account of liberty as presented in his famous 1958 essay, “Two Concepts of Liberty.” How the two are related has been a matter of considerable controversy.
Gandhi, Mohandas K.
Authors: Gier Nicholas
Published: June 2015

Mohandas K. Gandhi was a major nationalist leader in the movement to free India from British rule. As a young man, Gandhi trained as an attorney in England, and his first position was representing Indian interests in South Africa. While there, he criticized caste divisions within his own Indian community, and then he led a nonviolent movement against the forced registration of the Indian population. When he returned to India in 1915, he focused his efforts in formulating and practicing nonviolent methods to end British colonialism. Gandhi repeatedly warned people that he was a political activist and not a scholar. Except for perhaps his autobiography andHind Swaraj, Gandhi wrote not for posterity but for what the exigencies of the time required. His famous “experiments with truth” forced him to constantly revise his thinking, so he advised readers to take his current statements, not his past remarks, as their guide. Given this proviso, this essay offers an interpretation of his comments on ethics that correspond with his Indian tradition and virtue ethics.
Di‐tert‐butyl Peroxide (DTBP)‐Mediated Oxidative Cross‐ Coupling of Isochroman and Indole Derivatives
Authors: Jin Likun , Feng Jie , Lu Guoping , Cai Chun
Published: June 2015

A metal‐free CC bond formation method via the oxidative cross‐coupling reaction of isochroman and indole derivatives was established. Various α‐fuctionalized cyclic ethers were achieved in satisfactory yields using di‐tert‐butyl peroxide (DTBP) as the oxidant. This method is also a potentially efficient strategy for the construction of cyclic ether‐containing targets.

magnified image
Pseudoephedrine‐Directed Asymmetric α‐Arylation of α‐Amino Acid Derivatives
Authors: Atkinson Rachel C. , Fernández‐Nieto Fernando , Mas Roselló Josep , Clayden Jonathan
Published: June 2015

Available α‐amino acids undergo arylation at their α position in an enantioselective manner on treatment with base of N′‐aryl urea derivatives ligated to pseudoephedrine as a chiral auxiliary. In situ silylation and enolization induces diastereoselective migration of the N′‐aryl group to the α position of the amino acid, followed by ring closure to a hydantoin with concomitant explulsion of the recyclable auxiliary. The hydrolysis of the hydantoin products provides derivatives of quaternary amino acids. The arylation avoids the use of heavy‐metal additives, and is successful with a range of amino acids and with aryl rings of varying electronic character.
Mechanically strong nanocomposite films based on highly filled carboxymethyl cellulose with graphene oxide
Authors: El Achaby Mounir , El Miri Nassima , Snik Asmae , Zahouily Mohamed , Abdelouahdi Karima , Fihri Aziz , Barakat Abdellatif , Solhy Abderrahim
Published: June 2015

Biopolymer nanocomposite films were prepared by adding exfoliated graphene oxide nanosheets (GOn) into carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) at low and high GOn loadings (0.4–7 wt %). As firstly evidenced by viscosity of film‐forming solutions, microscopic observations and infrared spectroscopy measurements, it was found that the GOn form a three‐dimensional network throughout strong interfacial interactions with CMC, confirming that the GOn were well dispersed within the CMC, even at high GOn content, owing to the presence of several multifunctional groups on both phases which ensured the high compatibility between them. The topography of as prepared films was characterized by atomic force microscopy measurements showing that the films have a smooth surface with a very low average roughness for all range of GOn contents. Furthermore, the thermal stability, glass transition temperature, and tensile properties of nanocomposite films were gradually increased with increasing of GOn contents. By adding 7 wt % GOn, 18% increases of thermal stability, 17% of glass transition temperature, 623% of Young's modulus, and 268% of tensile strength were achieved. This work produced structured CMC‐based nanocomposite films containing low and high loadings of well‐dispersed GOn. The high performances of these films can be expected to have potential in biomaterials or packaging materials applications. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2016,133, 42356.
Influences of Conjugation Extent on the Aggregation‐Induced Emission Quantum Efficiency in Silole Derivatives: A Computational Study
Authors: Xie Yujun , Zhang Tian , Li Zhen , Peng Qian , Yi Yuanping , Shuai Zhigang
Published: June 2015

The photophysical properties of a series of silole derivatives, with hydrogen (TPS), bromine (BrTPS), and conjugated phenyl (HPS), triphenylsilyethynyl (BTPES), and dimethylfluorene (BFTPS) substituents at 2,5‐positions in both gas and aggregate phases have been investigated computationally by employing the correlation function rate formalism coupled with a hybrid quantum/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) approach. It is found that the solid‐state fluorescence quantum efficiency first increases sharply with the degree of π‐conjugation of the 2,5‐substituents, then levels off, and finally starts to decrease slightly. This is because the side‐group conjugation tends to enhance the radiative decay rate in both gas and solid phases. However, a further increase in conjugation leads to saturation in the radiative decay rate but increases the non‐raditiave decay rate due to the decreased energy gap.
Prepare for the implications on campus of concealed carry laws
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: June 2015

A number of state legislatures have recently considered — or are currently considering — bills to allow permit holders to carry concealed weapons on college campuses. But many campus safety professionals agree that's a problem.
Bank good will, build relationships for effective policing
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: June 2015

The mission of Francis Mackesy's unit is to provide an environment where students can learn while having the flexibility to grow into adults. He's director of public safety and chief of the police department at the University of North Florida.
StructureActivity Relationships of Antimicrobial Gallic Acid Derivatives from Pomegranate and Acacia Fruit Extracts against Potato Bacterial Wilt Pathogen
Authors: Farag Mohamed A. , Al‐Mahdy Dalia A. , Salah El Dine Riham , Fahmy Sherifa , Yassin Aymen , Porzel Andrea , Brandt Wolfgang
Published: June 2015

Bacterial wilts of potato, tomato, pepper, and or eggplant caused by Ralstonia solanacearum are among the most serious plant diseases worldwide. In this study, the issue of developing bactericidal agents from natural sources against R. solanacearum derived from plant extracts was addressed. Extracts prepared from 25 plant species with antiseptic relevance in Egyptian folk medicine were screened for their antimicrobial properties against the potato pathogen R. solancearum by using the disc‐zone inhibition assay and microtitre plate dilution method. Plants exhibiting notable antimicrobial activities against the tested pathogen include extracts from Acacia arabica and Punica granatum. Bioactivity‐guided fractionation of A. arabica and P. granatum resulted in the isolation of bioactive compounds 3,5‐dihydroxy‐4‐methoxybenzoic acid and gallic acid, in addition to epicatechin. All isolates displayed significant antimicrobial activities against R. solanacearum (MIC values 0.5–9 mg/ml), with 3,5‐dihydroxy‐4‐methoxybenzoic acid being the most effective one with a MIC value of 0.47 mg/ml. We further performed a structure–activity relationship (SAR) study for the inhibition of R. solanacearum growth by ten natural, structurally related benzoic acids.
Enhancement of the Photocatalytic Activity of Carbon Nitrides by Complex Templating
Authors: Chen Zu Peng , Antonietti Markus , Dontsova Dariya
Published: June 2015

Carbon nitrides with the increased surface areas (≈90 m2 g−1) were prepared by the heat‐treatment of melamine–[Al(NO3)3]⋅9 H2O complexes. Here, [Al(NO3)3]⋅9 H2O was successfully used as a “green template” and a hydrogen‐bonding partner of melamine, simultaneously providing a distinct porosity and defined particle morphology for the resulting carbon nitrides. The influence of the solvent and precursors ratio on the stoichiometry of the complexes, as well as the morphology, optical properties, and photocatalytic activity of resulting products for Rhodamine B degradation and sacrificial hydrogen evolution were investigated. We also studied the temperature‐induced transformations of the starting complex to access the reaction mechanism. The developed synthesis procedure results in a significantly increased photocatalytic activity (up to 20‐fold) compared with that of the ground reference material.
Innovativeness and business relationships in women‐owned firms: The role of gender stereotypes
Authors: del Mar Fuentes‐Fuentes María , Bojica Ana Maria , Ruiz‐Arroyo Matilde , Welter Friederike
Published: June 2015

This paper investigates the relationship between business contacts and innovativeness in women‐owned firms and how women entrepreneurs’ perception of gender stereotypes affects this relationship. Data were collected through a survey of 107 women entrepreneurs in Spain. The results show that maintaining close contacts with managers/entrepreneurs in different industries and with customers is significant in explaining innovativeness in women‐owned firms. The stronger the women entrepreneurs’ perception of stereotypes that deviate from the masculine profile of the entrepreneur, the stronger the influence of these two types of close contact on innovativeness. Copyright © 2015 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure–Activity Relationships of 1,2‐Disubstituted Benzimidazoles: Selective Inhibition of Heme Oxygenase‐2 Activity
Authors: Kong Xianqi , Vukomanovic Dragic , Nakatsu Kanji , Szarek Walter A.
Published: June 2015

Devising ways to up‐ or down‐regulate heme oxygenase activity is attracting much interest as a strategy for the treatment of a variety of disorders. With a view of obtaining compounds that exhibit high potency and selectivity as inhibitors of the heme oxygenase‐2 (HO‐2) isozyme (constitutive) relative to the heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) isozyme (inducible), several 1,2‐disubstituted 1H‐benzimidazoles were designed and synthesized. Specifically, analogues were synthesized in which the C2 substituent was the following: (1H‐imidazol‐1‐yl)methyl, (N‐morpholinyl)methyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, or (norborn‐2‐yl)methyl. Compounds with the cyclic system in the C2 substituent being a carbocyclic ring, especially cyclohexyl or norborn‐2‐yl, and the N1 substituent being a ring‐substituted benzyl group, especially 4‐chlorobenzyl or 4‐bromobenzyl, best exhibited the target criteria of high potency and selectivity toward inhibition of HO‐2. The new candidates should be useful pharmacological tools and may have therapeutic applications.
Molecular Sensing with Hyperpolarized 129Xe Using Switchable Chemical Exchange Relaxation Transfer
Authors: Zamberlan Francesco , Lesbats Clémentine , Rogers Nicola J. , Krupa James L. , Pavlovskaya Galina E. , Thomas Neil R. , Faas Henryk M. , Meersmann Thomas
Published: June 2015

An approach for hyperpolarized 129Xe molecular sensors is explored using paramagnetic relaxation agents that can be deactivated upon chemical or enzymatic reaction with an analyte. Cryptophane encapsulated 129Xe within the vicinity of the paramagnetic center experiences fast relaxation that, through chemical exchange of xenon atoms between cage and solvent pool, causes accelerated hyperpolarized 129Xe signal decay in the dissolved phase. In this proof‐of‐concept work, the relaxivity of GadoliniumIII‐DOTA on 129Xe in the solvent was increased eightfold through tethering of the paramagnetic molecule to a cryptophane cage. This potent relaxation agent can be ′turned off′ specifically for 129Xe through chemical reactions that spatially separate the GdIII centre from the attached cryptophane cage. Unlike 129Xe chemical shift based sensors, the new concept does not require high spectral resolution and may lead to a new generation of responsive contrast agents for molecular MRI.
The animal rule: The role of clinical pharmacology in determining an effective dose in humans
Authors: Bergman KL
Published: June 2015

Development of drugs and biologics for which adequate and well‐controlled efficacy studies in humans cannot be ethically conducted or are not feasible poses significant challenges. For these agents, clinical pharmacology information is used to translate preclinical efficacy findings to humans and is a cornerstone that supports a human dose. This article focuses on the role of clinical pharmacology in determining the human dose for new drugs and biologics under the Animal Rule regulatory pathway.
Accumulation and activation of epidermal γδ T cells in a mouse model of chronic dermatitis is not required for the inflammatory phenotype
Authors: Sulcova Jitka , Maddaluno Luigi , Meyer Michael , Werner Sabine
Published: June 2015

Chronic skin inflammation resulting from a defective epidermal barrier is a hallmark of atopic dermatitis (AD). We previously demonstrated that mice lacking FGF receptors 1 and 2 in keratinocytes (K5‐R1/R2 mice) develop an AD‐like chronic dermatitis as a result of an impaired epidermal barrier. Here, we show that γδ T cells, which rapidly respond to various insults, accumulate in the epidermis of K5‐R1/R2 mice before the development of histological abnormalities. Their number and activation further increase as the phenotype progresses, most likely as a consequence of increased expression of Il‐2 and Il‐7 and the stress‐induced proteins Rae‐1, H60c, Mult1, PlexinB2, and Skint1. To determine the role of γδ T cells in the skin phenotype, we generated quadruple mutant K5‐R1/‐R2 mice lacking γδ T cells. Surprisingly, loss of γδ T cells did not or only marginally affect keratinocyte proliferation, epidermal thickness, epidermal barrier function, and accumulation and activation of different immune cells in the skin of K5‐R1/R2 mice, possibly due to partial compensation by αβ T cells. These results demonstrate that γδ T cells do not contribute to the development or maintenance of chronic inflammation in response to a defect in the epidermal barrier.
A systematic approach to improve data quality in high‐throughput batch adsorption experiments
Authors: Barker Gregory , Calzada Joseph , Ouyang Zheng , Domagalski Nathan , Herzer Sibylle , Rieble Siegfried
Published: June 2015

High‐throughput process development (HTPD) techniques are routinely used for making initial screening decisions, scaling up unit operations, and developing models for unit operations. With increased pressure to deliver candidate molecules to the clinic, HTPD approaches have become a necessity. Because of this increased reliance on HTPD methods, the fidelity of the data is of critical importance. Improving the robustness of each HTPD technique requires a systematic consideration of each step involved. In this work, multiple aspects of high‐throughput chromatography adsorption isotherms are explored for improvement: chromatography resin slurry dispensing, experimental design, and experimental execution. Chromatography resin slurry dispensing techniques have been presented in the literature, but the present work utilizes a dry resin mass basis to correlate settled column volume with slurry volumes dispensed via a liquid handler. In addition, a new graphical procedure is presented to determine optimal conditions for adsorption isotherm experiments where only an initial estimate of the maximum binding capacity is required. The final component of experimental optimization will be explored with examples of how careful scrutiny of multiple steps is required for robust data collection. The impact of these efforts vis‐à‐vis predictability of process conditions such as dynamic binding capacity is also explored.
The Role of Non‐Suicidal Self‐Injury and Binge‐Eating/Purging Behaviours in Family Functioning in Eating Disorders
Authors: Depestele Lies , Claes Laurence , Dierckx Eva , Baetens Imke , Schoevaerts Katrien , Lemmens Gilbert M. D.
Published: June 2015

This study aimed to investigate family functioning of restrictive and binge‐eating/purging eating disordered adolescents with or without non‐suicidal self‐injury (NSSI), as perceived by the patients and their parents (mothers and fathers). In total, 123 patients (between 14 and 24 years), 98 mothers and 79 fathers completed the Family Assessment Device. Patients completed the Self‐Injury Questionnaire‐Treatment Related and the Symptom Checklist 90‐Revised. No main effects were found of restrictive versus binge‐eating/purging behaviour nor of presence/absence of NSSI. For the parents, a significant interaction between binge‐eating/purging behaviour and NSSI emerged: Mothers and fathers reported worse family functioning in the binge‐eating/purging group in presence of NSSI, whereas mothers reported worse family functioning in the restrictive group without NSSI. Parental perception of family functioning is affected by the combined presence of binge‐eating/purging behaviour and NSSI. This finding should be taken into account when treating families living with eating disorders. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
The toxicity of glyphosate alone and glyphosate–surfactant mixtures to western toad (Anaxyrus boreas) tadpoles
Authors: Vincent Kim , Davidson Carlos
Published: June 2015

Pesticide choice based on toxicity to nontarget wildlife is reliant on available toxicity data. Despite a number of recent studies examining the effects of glyphosate on amphibians, very few have aimed to understand the toxicological effects of glyphosate in combination with surfactants as it is commonly applied in the field. Land managers interested in making pesticide choices based on minimizing impacts to nontarget wildlife are hindered by a lack of published toxicity data. Short-term acute toxicity trials were conducted for glyphosate in the form of isopropylamine salt (IPA) alone and mixed with 2 surfactants: Agri-dex and Competitor with western toad (Anaxyrus [Bufo] boreas) tadpoles. Glyphosate IPA mixed with Competitor was 6 times more toxic than glyphosate IPA mixed with Agri-dex, and both mixtures were more toxic than glyphosate IPA alone. The median lethal concentrations reported for 24-h and 48-h exposures were 8279 mg/L (24 h) and 6392 mg/L (48 h) for glyphosate IPA alone; 5092 mg/L (24 h) and 4254 mg/L (48 h) for glyphosate IPA mixed with Agri-dex; and 853 mg/L (24 h) and 711 mg/L (48 h) for glyphosate IPA mixed with Competitor. The present study indicates that the toxicity of a tank mix may be greatly increased by the addition of surfactants and may vary widely depending on the specific surfactant. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:2791–2795. © 2015 SETAC
Bioaccumulation and oxidative stress in Daphnia magna exposed to arsenite and arsenate
Authors: Fan Wenhong , Ren Jinqian , Li Xiaomin , Wei Chaoyang , Xue Feng , Zhang Nan
Published: June 2015

Arsenic pollution and its toxicity to aquatic organisms have attracted worldwide attention. The bioavailability and toxicity of arsenic are highly related to its speciation. The present study investigated the differences in bioaccumulation and oxidative stress responses in an aquatic organism, Daphnia magna, induced by 2 inorganic arsenic species (As(III) and As(V)). The bioaccumulation of arsenic, Na+/K+-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, total superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, total antioxidative capability, and malondialdehyde content in D. magna were determined after exposure to 500 µg/L of arsenite and arsenate for 48 h. The results showed that the oxidative stress and antioxidative process in D. magna exposed to arsenite and arsenate could be divided into 3 phases, which were antioxidative response, oxidation inhibition, and antioxidative recovery. In addition, differences in bioaccumulation, Na+/K+-ATPase activity, and total SOD activity were also found in D. magna exposed to As(III) and As(V). These differences might have been the result of the high affinity of As(III) with sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and the structural similarity of As(V) to phosphate. Therefore, arsenate could be taken up by organisms through phosphate transporters, could substitute for phosphate in biochemical reactions, and could lead to a change in the bioaccumulation of arsenic and activity of enzymes. These characteristics were the possible reasons for the different toxicity mechanisms in the oxidative stress process of arsenite and arsenate. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:2629–2635. © 2015 SETAC
Myths Dispelled: A Historical Account of Diversity and Inclusion at HBCUs
Authors: Gasman Marybeth , Nguyen Thai‐Huy
Published: June 2015

This chapter provides a historical and contemporary overview of diversity at HBCUs, challenges five myths related to diversity at HBCUs, and concludes with opportunities for future research consideration on diversity at HBCUs.
The Role of HBCUs in Addressing the Unique Needs of LGBT Students
Authors: Mobley Steve D. , Johnson Jennifer M.
Published: June 2015

This chapter highlights some of the extant literature on LGBT students at HBCUs and discusses some of the challenges they encounter at these institutions. Furthermore, it offers recommendations to help HBCUs be more intentional about creating a more affirming and inclusive campus environment for LGBT students.
SRC inhibition represents a potential therapeutic strategy in liposarcoma
Authors: Sievers Elisabeth , Trautmann Marcel , Kindler Dagmar , Huss Sebastian , Gruenewald Inga , Dirksen Uta , Renner Marcus , Mechtersheimer Gunhild , Pedeutour Florence , Åman Pierre , Nishio Jun , Schildhaus Hans‐Ulrich , Kirfel Jutta , Schirmacher Peter , Wardelmann Eva , Buettner Reinhard , Hartmann Wolfgang
Published: June 2015

Liposarcomas (LS) are the most common malignant mesenchymal tumors, with an overall long‐term mortality rate of 60%. LS comprise three major subtypes, i.e., well‐differentiated/dedifferentiated liposarcoma (WDLS/DDLS), myxoid/round cell liposarcoma (MLS) and pleomorphic liposarcoma (PLS). Aiming at the preclinical identification of novel therapeutic options, we here investigate the functional significance of SRC in primary human LS and in LS‐derived cell lines. Immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses reveal relevant levels of activated p‐(Tyr416)‐SRC in LS of the different subtypes with particular activation in MLS and PLS. Dysregulation of the SRC modifiers CSK and PTP1B was excluded as major reason for the activation of the kinase. Consistent siRNA‐mediated knockdown of SRC or inhibition by the SRC inhibitor Dasatinib led to decreased proliferation of LS cell lines of the different subtypes, with MLS cells reacting particularly sensitive in MTT assays. Flow cytometric analyses revealed that this effect was due to a significant decrease in mitotic activity and an induction of apoptosis. SRC inhibition by Dasatinib resulted in dephosphorylation of SRC itself, its interacting partners FAK and IGF‐IR as well as its downstream target AKT. Consistent with a particular role of SRC in cell motility, Dasatinib reduced the migratory and invasive potential of MLS cells in Boyden chamber and Matrigel chamber assays. In summary, we provide evidence that SRC activation plays an important role in LS biology and therefore represents a potential therapeutic target, particularly in MLS and PLS.
A Novel Covalently Linked Zn Phthalocyanine‐Zn Porphyrin Dyad for Dye‐sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Yamamoto Satoshi , Mori Shogo , Wagner Pawel , Mozer Attila J. , Kimura Mutsumi
Published: June 2015

A novel Zn phthalocyanine‐Zn porphyrin (ZnPc‐ZnPor) dyad (1), in which a zinc porphyrin moiety is linked covalently with an ABAB‐type zinc phthalocyanine moiety, has been designed and synthesized. The ZnPc‐ZnPor dyad 1 can absorb over a wide spectral range of visible light. The fluorescence spectrum of dyad 1 revealed an intramolecular efficient energy transfer from Zn porphyrin to Zn phthalocyanine. When dyad 1 was used as a light‐harvesting sensitizer for dye‐sensitized solar cells, the cell sensitized by dyad 1 provided a power conversion efficiency of 2.7 % under simulated air mass 1.5 global sunlight. The incident photon‐to‐current efficiency spectrum of the dyad 1 cell suggested the contribution of both components in dyad 1 for the current generation.
Determination of lansoprazole enantiomers in dog plasma by column‐switching liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry and its application to a preclinical pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Wang Hao , Sun Yantong , Meng Xiangjun , Yang Bo , Wang Jian , Yang Yan , Gu Jingkai
Published: June 2015

Lansoprazole, a selective proton pump inhibitor, has a chiral benzimidazole sulfoxide structure and is used for the treatment of gastric acid hypersecretory related diseases. To investigate its stereoselective pharmacokinetics, a column‐switching liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for the determination of lansoprazole enantiomers in dog plasma using (+)‐pantoprazole as an internal standard. After a simple protein precipitation procedure with acetonitrile, matrix components left behind after sample preparation were further eliminated from the sample by reversed‐phase chromatography on a C18 column. The fluent was fed to a chiral column for the separation of lansoprazole enantiomers. Baseline separation of lansoprazole enantiomers was achieved on a Chiralcel OZ‐RH column using acetonitrile/0.1% formic acid in water (35:65, v/v) as the mobile phase at 40°C. The linearity of the calibration curves ranged from 3 to 800 ng/mL for each enantiomer. Intra‐ and inter‐day precisions ranged from 2.1 to 7.3% with an accuracy of ±1.7% for (+)‐lansoprazole, and from 1.6 to 6.9% with an accuracy of ±3.5% for (–)‐lansoprazole, respectively. The validated method was successfully applied for the stereoselective pharmacokinetic study of lansoprazole in beagle dog after intravenous infusion.
Polymer‐Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles for Curcumin Delivery to Cancer Cells
Authors: Mancarella Serena , Greco Valentina , Baldassarre Francesca , Vergara Daniele , Maffia Michele , Leporatti Stefano
Published: June 2015

The new goal of anticancer agent research is the screening of natural origin drugs with lower systemic adverse effects than synthetic compounds. Here, we focus on curcumin, an important polyphenolic pigment classically used as spice in the Indian cuisine. The molecule has high pleiotropic activities including strong antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties. However, its clinical potential is limited due its low solubility and bioavailability. We have developed a layer by layer functionalization of Fe3O4 nanoparticles (nano‐Fe3O4) by coating biodegradable polyelectrolyte multilayers such as Dextran (DXS) and Poly(l‐lysine) (PLL). Physico‐chemical studies were performed to obtain a high upload of curcumin in Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Nano‐Fe3O4 were then tested against an ovarian cancer cell line, SKOV‐3, to demonstrate their therapeutic efficacy.
Coenzyme Q10 consumption promotes ABCG1‐mediated macrophage cholesterol efflux: A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, cross‐over study in healthy volunteers
Authors: Yan Xiao , Shen Tianran , Jiang Xinwei , Tang Xilan , Wang Dongliang , Li Huihua , Ling Wenhua
Published: June 2015

Scope

We have recently shown that coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) enhances macrophage reverse cholesterol transport via activator protein‐1/miRNA‐378/ABCG1 signal pathway in vivo and in vitro. Whether CoQ10 exerts similar beneficial effects in human is currently unknown. The present study evaluated the effect of CoQ10 on ABCG1‐mediated macrophage cholesterol efflux in 20 healthy volunteers.

Methods and results

Participants were given 100 mg CoQ10 twice daily or placebo for 1 week with a 1‐week washout period. Human monocyte‐derived macrophages (MDMs) were differentiated under pooled sera obtained before (preCoQ10) or after CoQ10 (postCoQ10) consumption. The CoQ10‐induced inhibition of MDMs foam cell formation was blocked by ABCG1 silencing in postCoQ10 MDMs incubated with postCoQ10 sera compared to preCoQ10 sera. The cholesterol efflux to HDL, and mRNA as well as protein expressions of ATP‐binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1) were augmented in postCoQ10 MDMs incubated with postCoQ10 sera compared to preCoQ10 sera. The change in the serum CoQ10 concentration positively correlated with cholesterol efflux to HDL and ABCG1 mRNA level in the CoQ10 group. MDMs treated with purified CoQ10 had an enhanced cholesterol efflux to HDL.

Conclusion

CoQ10 consumption may have an atheroprotective property by inducing ABCG1 expression and enhancing HDL‐mediated macrophage cholesterol efflux in healthy individuals.
Parallel reconstruction in accelerated multivoxel MR spectroscopy
Authors: Boer V. O. , Klomp D. W. J. , Laterra J. , Barker P. B.
Published: June 2015

Purpose

To develop the simultaneous acquisition of multiple voxels in localized MR spectroscopy (MRS) using sensitivity encoding, allowing reduced total scan time compared to conventional sequential single voxel (SV) acquisition methods.

Methods

Dual volume localization was used to simultaneously excite voxels in both hemispheres. Receiver coil sensitivity profiles were used to unfold the data. To demonstrate the method, MRS voxels in the left and right hippocampus were measured at 3 tesla (T) and the left and right motor cortices at 7T. Spectra were compared to conventional SV acquisitions. Spectra were also recorded from the lesion and contralateral hemisphere of a patient with a low‐grade oligodendroglioma at 7T.

Results

It was possible to generate signal in two voxels simultaneously and separate the signal originating from the different locations, with spectral results almost identical to those observed using conventional single voxel methods. The method results in an increased chemical shift displacement artifact, which might be improved by advanced pulse designs, and a noise increase due to the unfolding g‐factor, which was larger at 3T than 7T.

Conclusion

The simultaneous acquisition of voxels for MRS is possible by using modulated slice‐selective pulses and receive coil sensitivity profiles to unfold the resulting signals. Magn Reson Med 74:599–606, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fluctuations in histone H4 isoforms during cellular reprogramming monitored by middle‐down proteomics
Authors: Benevento Marco , Tonge Peter D. , Puri Mira C. , Nagy Andras , Heck Albert J.R. , Munoz Javier
Published: June 2015

Cellular reprogramming remodels the gene expression program by re‐setting the epigenome of somatic cells into an embryonic‐like pluripotent state. Post‐translational modifications of histones play an important role in this process. Previously, we found by ChIP‐seq widespread changes of specific histone H3 marks in two divergent reprogramming routes leading to alternative pluripotent sates . Here, using an unbiased middle‐down proteomics approach we have identified 72 unique isoforms of histone H4 and quantified 56 of them in the same set of samples. We found substantial differences between somatic and late‐phase reprogramming cells. Also, ESCs and iPSCs displayed higher levels of H4 acetylation and tri‐methylation concomitantly with lower levels of mono‐ and di‐methylation when compared to cells undergoing reprogramming. Our data shows that the epigenetic remodeling induced by the reprogramming process goes beyond histone H3 and reveals the importance of H4 modifications as well. The presented data is a valuable resource to study the epigenetic mechanisms involved in the acquisition of induced pluripotency. All MS data have been deposited in the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD002062 (http://proteomecentral.proteomexchange.org/dataset/PXD002062).
Yeast proteins Gar1p, Nop1p, Npl3p, Nsr1p, and Rps2p are natively methylated and are substrates of the arginine methyltransferase Hmt1p
Authors: Yagoub Daniel , Hart‐Smith Gene , Moecking Jonas , Erce Melissa A. , Wilkins Marc R.
Published: June 2015

The Hmt1 methyltransferase is the predominant arginine methyltransferase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. There are 18 substrate proteins described for this methyltransferase, however native sites of methylation have only been identified on two of these proteins. Here we used peptide immunoaffinity enrichment, followed by LC‐ETD‐MS/MS, to discover 21 native sites of arginine methylation on five putative Hmt1 substrate proteins, namely Gar1p (H/ACA ribonucleoprotein complex subunit 1), Nop1p (rRNA 2’‐O‐methyltransferase fibrillarin), Npl3p (nucleolar protein 3), Nsr1p (nuclear localization sequence‐binding protein), and Rps2p (40S ribosomal protein S2). The sites, many of which were found to be mono‐ or di‐methylated, were predominantly found in RGG (Arg‐Gly‐Gly) motifs. Heavy methyl‐SILAC validated the majority of these peptides. The above proteins, and relevant sites of methylation, were subsequently validated by in vitro methylation with recombinant Hmt1. This brings the total of Hmt1 substrate proteins for which native methylation sites have been identified to five.
The effects on caregivers of cancer patients' needs and family hardiness
Authors: Jeong Ansuk , Shin Dong Wook , Kim So. Young , Yang Hyung Kook , Shin Joo Yeon , Park Keeho , An Ji Yeong , Park Jong‐Hyock
Published: June 2015

Objectives

Family caregivers of cancer patients are anticipated to serve multiple roles but the factors that influence their reaction to caregiving have not gotten much attention. The current study aimed to investigate the effects of cancer patient's needs level and the family hardiness on the caregivers' reaction.

Methods

A national survey was conducted through regional branches of the National Cancer Center of South Korea, yielding 990 patient–caregiver dyads. Patients and caregivers provided self‐report questionnaires. Patient's medical records complemented the self‐report survey data.

Results

On all five domains of caregiver reaction, which were schedule, esteem, support, health, and finance, family hardiness was a significant predictor. Male, older, low‐income caregivers reported more burden in caregiving with some. The interaction effect of patient's needs and family hardiness was found only on esteem.

Conclusions

The implications based on the findings are discussed in terms of the psycho‐oncological and psycho‐social interventions for the cancer patients and their family caregivers. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the use of simulated photon paths to co‐register top‐of‐atmosphere radiances in EarthCARE radiative closure experiments
Authors: Tornow Florian , Barker Howard W. , Domenech Carlos
Published: June 2015

The Earth's Cloud, Aerosol and Radiation Explorer (EarthCARE) mission will retrieve vertical profiles of cloud and aerosol properties by combining data from active and passive instruments. The verisimilitude of retrievals will be assessed using data from its broad‐band radiometer (BBR), which measures top‐of‐atmosphere (TOA) short‐wave (SW) radiances at three along‐track viewing angles. BBR measurements will be compared with their modelled counterparts, simulated by a three‐dimensional (3D) Monte Carlo (MC) radiative transfer model acting on retrieved properties, thus defining a radiative closure experiment. Since cloud and aerosol microphysical and hence optical properties within each assessment domain vary horizontally and vertically, one challenge facing the closure process is selection of radiances that will foster the best assessments of retrievals. This study investigates whether co‐registration of radiances for closure assessment can be aided by information pertaining to photon paths from the MC model. Unlike methods that provide one effective reflecting layer (ERL), such as cloud‐top altitude, simulated photon paths can account for several reflecting layers. For this study, A‐Train satellite data provided cloud properties. The MC model was applied to this field to simulate BBR‐like measurements. Cloud properties were then perturbed randomly, to represent retrievals in approximate fashion, and the MC model reapplied to them. The resulting sets of radiances mimicked EarthCARE measured and modelled data, thus allowing a test of closure and co‐registration methodologies. Through the use of 3D photon path information, the rate of identification of inaccurate cloud retrievals improved over ERL approaches by ∼4% for cirrus clouds and ∼15% for broken clouds. For large‐scale deep convective clouds, however, inaccurate photon paths, ostensibly due to poor retrievals, reduced identification performance by 3%.
Commuter Students, Online Services, and Online Communities
Authors: Kretovics Mark
Published: June 2015

This chapter reviews student services and community‐building initiatives aimed at serving commuter students online.