bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Proposal for the Effective Implementation of the Protective Mandate of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights
Authors: Uwazuruike Allwell
Published: October 2019

The African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights ushered in an era of human rights promotion and protection at the regional level. However, the African Commission, created for this purpose, continues to face challenges especially with regard to the protection of human rights. This article critically examines one of the core obstacles to the effective operation of the Commission’s protective mandate – the binding nature of its recommendations – and formulates a proposal for bypassing that obstacle. It argues for the strengthening of the Commission’s protective mandate through a distinct and unambivalent adoption of the Commission’s rulings as official decisions of the AU Assembly backed by the concomitant full sanctioning power of the latter. Such adoption, it is argued, must go beyond the current near ceremonious practice whereby the Assembly receives and ‘adopts’ the Commission’s Activity Reports and focus on the recommendations themselves. Adopting this new system, it is argued, will strengthen and add meaning to the Commission’s protective mandate and further project the status of human rights across the continent.
An Assessment of the Impact of Municipal Laws on the Policing of Cybercrimes in Nigeria
Authors: Olukolu Rasul Oriyomi
Published: October 2019

Internet crime can be defined as unlawful acts using the computer as either a tool or a target or both. Internet networks are used positively to conduct businesses, manage industrial and governmental activities, engage in personal communications, and conduct research. Also, certain confidential information is stored or passed through the medium of the internet. Credit cards containing information of users are used as the major means of buying and selling on the internet. Information infrastructure has become a critical part of the backbone of global economies; therefore, it is imperative that the general public be able to rely on the availability of such informational services with confidence that their communications and data are safe from unauthorized access or modification. It then becomes important for these and other information to be more secured. However, the speed of the internet, its affordability, and its elimination of distance make the internet the hotbed of crimes globally. Cybercrime growth has skyrocketed in recent times, especially in Nigeria; hence, the need for immediate action by law makers to stem the tide. This research, therefore, examines the adequacy or otherwise of the Nigerian legal framework in checking crimes being perpetrated using the internet as a platform with a view to making useful suggestions.
Unpacking the Laundry Machine: Why Is Dirty Money in the Social Club?
Authors: Nkoane Paul
Published: October 2019

The article provides an overview of the methods accepted to be critical for the laundering of illicit property, i.e. placement, layering, and integration. This is done to inform the reader of the obscurity the methods provide to illicit property and the possible costs involved. It is submitted that these typical methods would only be necessary when organised criminals launder huge sums of money. The article illustrates that when laundering relatively smaller amounts criminals prefer other cheaper methods to achieve the same end. The article, therefore, undertakes an objective analysis of the techniques of money laundering likely to be orchestrated in the South African social clubs schemes. The focus is on social organisations that engage in collecting money from members to deposit into a single account for a common goal. These organisations are termed stokvels. It is submitted that some of the collected amounts may not come from licit activities and may be highly difficult to identify. The article analyses the reason why people use social clubs and proposes methods that could be used to stall the refining of illicit money in such schemes.
Leveraging Modern Artificial Intelligence for Remote Sensing and NWP: Benefits and Challenges
Authors: Boukabara Sid-Ahmed , Krasnopolsky Vladimir , Stewart Jebb Q. , Maddy Eric S. , Shahroudi Narges , Hoffman Ross N.
Published: October 2019

Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques have had significant recent successes in multiple fields. These fields and the fields of satellite remote sensing and NWP share the same fundamental underlying needs, including signal and image processing, quality control mechanisms, pattern recognition, data fusion, forward and inverse problems, and prediction. Thus, modern AI in general and machine learning (ML) in particular can be positively disruptive and transformational change agents in the fields of satellite remote sensing and NWP by augmenting, and in some cases replacing, elements of the traditional remote sensing, assimilation, and modeling tools. And change is needed to meet the increasing challenges of Big Data, advanced models and applications, and user demands. Future developments, for example, SmallSats and the Internet of Things, will continue the explosion of new environmental data. ML models are highly efficient and in some cases more accurate because of their flexibility to accommodate nonlinearity and/or non-Gaussianity. With that efficiency, ML can help to address the demands put on environmental products for higher accuracy, for higher resolution—spatial, temporal, and vertical, for enhanced conventional medium-range forecasts, for outlooks and predictions on subseasonal to seasonal time scales, and for improvements in the process of issuing advisories and warnings. Using examples from satellite remote sensing and NWP, it is illustrated how ML can accelerate the pace of improvement in environmental data exploitation and weather prediction—first, by complementing existing systems, and second, where appropriate, as an alternative to some components of the NWP processing chain from observations to forecasts.
Improving the Representation of Subsurface Water Movement in Land Models
Authors: Gharari Shervan , Clark Martyn P. , Mizukami Naoki , Wong Jefferson S. , Pietroniro Alain , Wheater Howard S.
Published: October 2019

Land models are increasingly used and preferred in terrestrial hydrological prediction applications. One reason for selecting land models over simpler models is that their physically based backbone enables wider application under different conditions. This study evaluates the temporal variability in streamflow simulations in land models. Specifically, we evaluate how the subsurface structure and model parameters control the partitioning of water into different flow paths and the temporal variability in streamflow. Moreover, we use a suite of model diagnostics, typically not used in the land modeling community to clarify model weaknesses and identify a path toward model improvement. Our analyses show that the typical land model structure, and their functions for moisture movement between soil layers (an approximation of Richards equation), has a distinctive signature where flashy runoff is superimposed on slow recessions. This hampers the application of land models in simulating flashier basins and headwater catchments where floods are generated. We demonstrate the added value of the preferential flow in the model simulation by including macropores in both a toy model and the Variable Infiltration Capacity model. We argue that including preferential flow in land models is essential to enable their use for multiple applications across a myriad of temporal and spatial scales.
Visualizing Climate Change Adaptation: An Effective Tool for Agricultural Outreach?
Authors: Schattman Rachel E. , Hurley Stephanie E. , Greenleaf Holly L. , Niles Meredith T. , Caswell Martha
Published: October 2019

Landscape photovisualizations (PVZs) are digitally altered photographs that show existing landscapes altered to include a simulated future scenario. They are commonly used to support dialogue and decision-making in multistakeholder contexts. In agricultural sectors, stakeholders increasingly must contend with pressures to adapt to climatic changes and shifts in weather patterns. This study examines the potential of PVZs to engage agricultural stakeholders about climate change adaptation, specifically around best management practices (BMPs). In 2015, survey data were collected (n= 133) at six agricultural conferences Vermont. Participants were asked about their climate change knowledge, perceptions of adaptation, and their intentions to adopt or recommend one or more of the following BMPs: riparian buffers, drainage tiles with constructed wetlands, retention ponds, and silvopasture. In addition, respondents were asked about how well PVZs did or did not clarify their understanding of each BMP and its associated limiting factors. Results from five multivariate ordered logit models show an increase in interest among some agricultural stakeholders in adopting a BMP (among farmers) or recommending a BMP (among agricultural advisors) after seeing a PVZ depicting that practice. Interest in adoption or recommendation of BMPs was also more likely among respondents who believe that it is important for farms to adapt to climate change. Although PVZs are not common in agricultural outreach programs, these results suggest that PVZs are relevant to agricultural education and land-use decision-making, specifically in the domain of climate change adaptation.
Who Cares About Ouacil? The Postmortem Itinerary of a Young Border Crosser
Authors: Kobelinsky Carolina
Published: October 2019

On a sunny Tuesday afternoon in May 2015, two young women walking by a lighthouse in Melilla, a Spanish enclave on the northern shores of Morocco’s Mediterranean coast, found the lifeless body of a young man. As the police quickly soon confirmed, the boy had died while trying to jump on a ferry that would take him “to the real Europe” (i.e., the Iberian Peninsula). Using ethnography, this article aims at mapping the afterlives of this dead young man, in their multiple dimensions. It traces the body’s trajectory through the judicial system and bureaucratic registration; it investigates attempts made by various agencies at identifying the corpse and carrying it to its final destination; finally, it analyzes the efforts made to pay him tribute. By tracing the dead boy’s itinerary, this article sheds light on the conflictual interactions between different actors (state and municipal institutions, civil society groups, and migrants themselves) involved in the treatment of deaths at the borders.
Electronic Consults in Otolaryngology: A Pilot Study to Evaluate the Use, Content, and Outcomes in an Academic Health System
Authors: Gilani Sapideh , Bommakanti Krishna , Friedman Lawrence
Published: October 2019

Objectives:

To categorize the primary reasons for electronic consults (eConsults) to otolaryngology from primary care physicians (PCPs). To determine how many patients avoided subsequent in-person otolaryngology office visits.

Methods:

This is a retrospective analysis of a pilot study that took place between 2016 and 2017 regarding eConsults to adult otolaryngology placed by primary care physicians at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) Medical Center. The complaints were categorized as related to the following: ear, nose, throat or neck. Initial recommendations were classified as (1) providing education only (no intervention), (2) suggesting medical therapy provided by the PCP, or (3) suggesting surgical intervention. Univariate statistics and multinomial logistic regression were used to analyze the association of problem type with the need for follow-up in the otolaryngology offices. The data was analyzed for differences in patient age and gender.

Results:

The study population included 64 patients (average age 54.6 years, 60.9% male). Within this group, 41% of consults were for ear complaints, 15% for nose complaints, 28% had throat-related complaints, and 16% had neck-related complaints. In-person follow-up was not required for 82.8% of the consults. Overall, 76.9% of ear, 100% of nose, 88.9% of throat, and 70.0% of neck complaints did not require in-person visits.

Conclusions:

eConsults to otolaryngology were primarily for ear concerns. Of the eConsults, 82.4% did not require in-person follow-up. We therefore conclude that the use of eConsults prevented substantial office visits that would not otherwise be necessary. Efforts should be made to promote the widespread use of eConsults, which may to the more efficient use of resources.
Coming home: Why veterans with disabilities withhold workplace accommodation requests
Authors: Gonzalez Katerina , Tillman C Justice , Holmes Jeanne Johnson
Published: October 2019

Veterans with disabilities are often hesitant to request an accommodation in the workplace, despite the fact that many intranational legal frameworks require employers to provide reasonable accommodation. This study draws from social identity and disability help-seeking theoretical perspectives to examine various factors – veteran identity, disability attributes, and workplace inclusive climate perceptions – which shape feelings of psychological safety and the decision to request a disability accommodation among military veterans with disabilities. Findings suggest veteran identity strain (an incongruence between one’s civilian work and military identity) is related to withholding of an accommodation request through decreased psychological safety. We also find veteran identity strain is less likely to be associated with decreased psychological safety when an organization is perceived to have a strong climate of inclusion, especially for military veterans with higher degrees of disability invisibility. The current study sheds light on why veterans with disabilities might not engage in help-seeking behaviors, and contributes to research streams on workplace disability and veteran workplace integration. Practically, we encourage employers to be especially aware of the needs of vulnerable employees and to develop inclusive climates in order to better support all military personnel transitioning to a civilian workforce.
Understanding family perspectives on supported employment
Authors: Keefe Kristen , Styron Thomas , O’Connell Maria , Mattias Kate , Davidson Larry , Costa Mark
Published: October 2019

Background:

One integral way by which individuals in recovery pursue meaning and productivity in their lives is via employment. Unfortunately, the vast majority of individuals with serious mental illness (SMI) who express the desire to work remain unemployed. Families have the potential to play an important role in the domain of supported employment (SE), though may not have the knowledge or skills to do so.

Aims:

This quantitative study aimed to better understand the perspectives of family members on the role of employment in recovery and the barriers faced by their loved ones in pursuing work.

Method:

Participants included 86 family members of individuals with SMI who were affiliated with their state NAMI Chapter and agreed to take part in an online survey. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used to determine meaningful differences between the highest and lowest ranked statements for each main research question.

Results:

Family members recognize that employment is important to recovery and offers individuals with SMI a valued social role. Relative to other factors, financial independence and being employed in a competitive job were viewed as less important to recovery. The most salient barriers to employment included stable housing, need for transportation, concerns about losing benefits, low self-esteem, and medication side effects.

Conclusions:

While family members can appreciate the importance of SE and their loved ones’ desire to work, they still tend to rank other factors as more integral to recovery. This underscores the need for additional education about the potential for employment to facilitate these other factors in recovery.
Technological Enhancements of the Method of Loci for Facilitating Logographic Language Learning
Authors: Gelsomini Federico , Kanev Kamen , Barneva Reneta P. , Walters Lisa
Published: October 2019

Memorization is essential when new knowledge is based on association with existing knowledge. It is key in acquiring logographic languages, such as Chinese and Japanese. Such languages present challenges to students possessed of alphabet-based mother tongues. To meet these challenges, we discuss a technology-enhanced learning method to address the needs of second language learners and support the development of appropriate logographic skills. Our novel approach facilitates the memorization of pictograms through the augmented method of loci. We detail augmented method of loci, discuss its wide impact in a range of disciplines, and provide a case study of its application.
Destination Authenticity as a Trigger of Tourists’ Online Engagement on Social Media
Authors: Kim Minseong , Kim Jihye
Published: October 2019

This study empirically investigates the dimensions of destination authenticity from the perspectives of outbound travelers from the United States. East Asian countries have invited Western tourists to their destinations by offering authentic, unique experiences of local life and culture. In response to this trend, this study examines the influences of destination authenticity on international tourists’ place attachment, destination satisfaction, and engagement on social media. Based on the literature, three facets of destination authenticity are investigated: conformity, realness, and transformation. The empirical findings indicate that conformity and realness lead tourists not only to be emotionally attached to a destination but, in social media, to also click the “like” buttons and leave comments on the postings about destinations. With the empirical results, theoretical and managerial implications are discussed with an emphasis on tourists’ perception of destination authenticity and online behaviors.
A Cross-National Comparison of Intragenerational Variability in Social Media Sharing
Authors: Mulvey Michael S. , Lever Michael W. , Elliot Statia
Published: October 2019

Given Millennials’ early digital life experiences, the adoption of social media tends to be greater among members of this generation compared to older ones. However, studies that report such age-based generalizations tend to neglect the phenomenon of intragenerational variability in social media use, providing an oversimplified picture of how people behave. Moreover, studies that compare social media use across nations are lacking, and are also needed to establish the generality of this phenomenon. This paper investigates intragenerational variability in social media sharing among Millennial travelers in six nations (Canada, France, India, Japan, Mexico, and USA) using Destination Canada’s Global Tourism Watch database. A latent class segmentation model is used to identify groups of travelers with different ways of using social media to share trip experiences. Results supported five unique classes of social media sharing, ranging from nonuse to highly integrated sharing across many platforms. Additionally, class membership is predicted by covariates (nationality, travel experience, and social media use and goals) and is predictive of destination advocacy (offering recommendations). The identification of different classes of social media sharing advances theory on intragenerational and cross-national variability, and informs the development of international strategies that target Millennial travelers based on their tendency to share and advocate.
Be Social! The Impact of Self-Presentation on Peer-to-Peer Accommodation Revenue
Authors: Nieto García Marta , Muñoz-Gallego Pablo A. , Viglia Giampaolo , González-Benito Óscar
Published: October 2019

Online peer-to-peer platforms empower individual users and facilitate value-oriented exchanges. Personal profiles are the main point of contact with consumers on these platforms. Although individual sellers can use these profiles to market their own products, the optimal communication strategies that maximize their revenues remain uncertain. In line with construal-level theory, a self-presentation strategy that reduces social distance might increase sellers’ revenues. An empirical validation, based on 6,074 Airbnb listings, affirms that self-presentation that evokes social values leads to higher revenues. The length of the self-presentation also exerts a notable impact. Specifically, an inverted U-shaped effect on revenues reaches its peak at 424 words. This research has rich managerial implications, in that it demonstrates how sellers on peer-to-peer platforms can increase their revenues simply by emphasizing social values in their self-presentations.
The Fibrin Glue Application Enhances Surgical Success Rate in Endonasal Endoscopic Dacryocystorhinostomy With Lacrimal Sac Preservation
Authors: Ceylan Seyit Mehmet , Erdoğan Ceren , Sozen Tevfik , Kanmaz Mahmut Alper , Disikirik Ilyas , Jafarov Shamkhal , Tahir Emel
Published: October 2019

The purpose of this study to compare lacrimal sac flap preserving techniques with or without fibrin glue in patients undergoing endoscopic endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy. A retrospective study included 132 patients who underwent unilateral endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy between February 2011 and March 2016. Patients were divided into 2 groups: the nonfibrin glue group (n = 66) and fibrin glue anastomosis group (n = 66). Surgical success was defined as the patients’ subjective report of relief of epiphora and objective endoscopic confirmation of ostium patency confirmed by a positive functional dye test. These parameters were compared between the 2 groups. Both groups were similar, in terms of demographic and clinical characteristics. The surgical success rate was significantly higher in the fibrin glue anastomosis group (95.5%) than in the nonfibrin glue group (84.8%; P = .041). Complication rate was 6.1% in the nonfibrin glue group, whereas in the fibrin glue anastomosis group, it was 4.5%. The complication rate was similar in both groups ( P = .99). Creation of an anastomosis between the lacrimal sac flaps and the nasal mucosa using fibrin glue improves the outcome of endonasal endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy.
Commentary: The Problems of Grouping All Adversity Into a Special Populations Label
Authors: Sussman Steve , Kattari Shanna K. , Baezconde-Garbanati Lourdes , Glackin Shane N.
Published: October 2019

“Special populations” refer to groups of people whose needs are not fully addressed by traditional health services delivery. Greater access to these services, or tailored services, must be provided to reduce inequities in physical and mental health-care systems. Many different groups have been identified as special populations. We comment on controversies regarding the use of the term special populations in health practice and policy. Applicable conceptual issues include intersectionality, unitization, definitional drawbacks, and looping effects. There is a need to make clear the challenges posed by use of this term (e.g., discrimination, workability). An approach that acknowledges the diversity of groups and accommodates them where necessary without discrimination and unequal treatment is needed.
Aptamer-guided upconversion nanoplatform for targeted drug delivery and near-infrared light-triggered photodynamic therapy
Authors: Lin Hui-Chao , Li Wen-Tian , Madanayake Thushara W , Tao Can , Niu Qiang , Yan Si-Qi , Gao Bao-An , Ping Zhao
Published: October 2019

Current photodynamic therapy faces two major challenges, which are the limited tissue penetration of excitation light and poor tumor selectivity of the photosensitizer. To address these issues, in the present work, a photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX was delivered by aptamer-coated upconversion nanoparticles. The aptamer, namely, AS1411, could fold to G-quadruplex structures with the bi-functions of loading protoporphyrin IX and targeting the cancerous cells. The protoporphyrin IX aptamer-coated upconversion nanoparticle nanospheres exhibited good biocompatibility, high nuclease resistance, and targeted cellular internalization. The receptor blocking experiment indicated that the cellular uptake of protoporphyrin IX aptamer-coated upconversion nanoparticle mainly attributed to the binding of AS1411 to the nucleolin overexpressed on the cancerous cell membrane. Moreover, high-efficient photodynamic therapy of the as-prepared protoporphyrin IX aptamer-coated upconversion nanoparticle nanospheres was achieved to cancerous cells under the irradiation of near-infrared light, which was induced by the upconversion property of the upconversion nanoparticle. These results indicate that the fabricated protoporphyrin IX aptamer-coated upconversion nanoparticle nanoplatform has higher efficiency, lower toxicity, and less side effects compared to the free photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX, and thus is a new promising photodynamic therapy agent especially for the deep-seated tumors.
Cybersecurity for railways – A maturity model
Authors: Kour Ravdeep , Karim Ramin , Thaduri Adithya
Published: October 2019

With the advancements in and widespread adoption of information and communication technologies in infrastructures, cyber-attacks are becoming more frequent and more severe. Advanced cybersecurity threats with automated capabilities are increasing in such sectors as finance, health, grid, retail, government, telecommunications, transportation, etc. Cyber-attacks are also increasing in railways with an impact on railway stakeholders, e.g. threat to the safety of employees, passengers, or the public in general; loss of sensitive railway information; reputational damage; monetary loss; erroneous decisions; loss of dependability, etc. There is a need to move towards advanced security analytics and automation to identify, respond to, and prevent such security breaches. The objective of this research is to reduce cyber risks and vulnerabilities and to improve the cybersecurity capabilities of railways by evaluating their cybersecurity maturity levels and making recommendations for improvements. After assessing various cybersecurity maturity models, the Cybersecurity Capability Maturity Model (C2M2) was selected to assess the cybersecurity capabilities of railway organizations. The contributions of this research are as follows. First, a new maturity level MIL4 (Maturity Indicator Level 4) is introduced in the C2M2 model. Second, the C2M2 model is adapted by adding advanced security analytics and threat intelligence to develop the Railway-Cybersecurity Capability Maturity Model (R-C2M2). The cybersecurity maturity of three railway organizations is evaluated using this model. Third, recommendations and available standards & guidelines are provided to the three railway organizations to improve maturity levels within different domains. In addition, they are given an action plan to implement the recommendations in a streamlined way. The application of this model will allow railway organizations to improve their capability to reduce the impacts of cyber-attacks and eradicate vulnerabilities. The approach can also be extended to other infrastructures with necessary adaptations.
Conjoint analysis of Japanese households’ energy-saving behavior after the earthquake: The role of the preferences for renewable energy
Authors: Kinoshita Shin
Published: October 2019

Energy savings among households is an important energy challenge in Japan. After the Great East Japan Earthquake in March 2011, electricity shortages became a worry because nuclear power plants ceased operations. The conditions that households require to save electricity are analyzed in the paper by a conjoint analysis. An annual electricity bill, CO2 emissions, a stable electricity supply, and energy sources that generate electricity are considered. The role of energy sources, especially renewable energy, in energy savings is focused. When renewable energy such as solar and wind power is used, households who prefer it might use less electricity as well. A random parameter logit model is used for estimation. The promotion of renewable energy and energy savings should be encouraged in Japan’s official energy policy. If electricity generated by renewable energy is provided, households that prefer renewable energy choose such an electricity and will reduce their electricity usage. As a result, the promotion of renewable energy and energy savings could be addressed simultaneously. The estimation results indicated that households would save more electricity if an annual electricity bill is reduced. In addition, they also would save more electricity if CO2 emissions are reduced and if a stable electricity supply is secured. If nuclear power is used for electricity generation, they do not use less electricity. If renewable energy is provided, they tend to use less electricity. Thus, renewable energy provides incentives for households to reduce electricity usage. It is possible to promote energy savings by utilizing consumers’ interest in renewable energy.
The Strengths of People in Poverty
Authors: Frankenhuis Willem E. , Nettle Daniel
Published: October 2019

On average, psychological variables are often statistically different in people living in poverty compared with people living in affluence. The default academic response to this pattern is often the deficit model: Poverty damages or impairs brain function, which leads to poor performance that only exacerbates the poverty. Deficits and damage are real phenomena. However, there are also other processes: People living in poverty may have made reasonable psychological responses to their circumstances or may have developed strengths that enhance their ability to cope with challenges in their lives. We illustrate these points by discussing the linked examples of time preference, early reproduction, and hidden talents. We argue for a balanced approach to the psychology of poverty that integrates deficit and strengths-based models. Future research could focus on the ways in which impairment and adaptation interact.
Pharmacotherapy of ADHD in Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Effectiveness and Side Effects
Authors: Muit J. J. , Bothof N. , Kan C. C.
Published: October 2019

Objective: Symptoms of ADHD are expected to be more difficult to treat in patients with a combination of ADHD and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as opposed to only ADHD. Little evidence is available on the influence of ASD on the effects of pharmacotherapy in adults with ADHD. This study addresses this gap. Method: 60 adults with ADHD and comorbid ASD were selected from an outpatient clinic and compared with 226 adults from the same clinic with only ADHD. Similar treatment regimens were received. Results: Significant decreases in symptoms of ADHD were found in both groups. A diagnosis of ASD did not affect the reduction in symptoms of ADHD. No significant group differences in side effects or vital signs were found. Conclusion: Results show that medication for ADHD can effectively and safely be prescribed to patients with ADHD and comorbid ASD. Suggestions for future research are discussed.
Pre-attention and Working Memory in ADHD: A 25-Year Follow-Up Study
Authors: Torgalsbøen Bendik Rund , Zeiner Pål , Øie Merete Glenne
Published: October 2019

Objective: The aim of the study was to compare the development of working memory and preliminary stages of attentional processing in individuals with ADHD over a 23- to 25-year period. Method: Individuals with ADHD ( n = 19) and healthy controls ( n = 26) were followed up after 13 years (T2) and 23 to 25 years (T3) after initial assessment (T1). They were reassessed with diagnostic measures and the Backward masking task (pre-attention) and the Digit span distractibility test with and without distraction conditions (working memory). Results: The ADHD group performed below the healthy controls on all time points on the Digit span distractibility test. On the distractibility condition, we found a selective decline in performance from T2 to T3 for the ADHD group. Conclusion: The results highlight that ADHD individuals continue to display working memory deficits, also in adulthood, thus creating an imperative for cognitive rehabilitation techniques to help address attention difficulties.
Regional economic development and tourism: A literature review to highlight future directions for regional tourism research
Authors: Calero Claudio , Turner Lindsay W
Published: October 2019

This article reviews the literature on regional economics and economic geography, in connection with tourism to identify theoretical models, attempting to explain the role of tourism in regional development and growth, and their empirical applications. The review finds that in their early days, theories of regional development did not include tourism, mainly because the regional economics and location research community did not consider tourism significant enough to influence economic development but also because regional science researchers tend to give priority to manufacturing above services, while development planners tend to prioritize urban above rural. This neglect of tourism as a research field in its own right has led the tourism sector to develop its own scholarly agenda suitable to their own business needs, such as destination competitiveness and tourism promotion. The literature review here concludes upon suggested future directions required to further develop regional tourism research as a study based on economic development and growth.
Fight, freeze or flee: Exploring youngsters’ strategies in dealing with youth care interventions
Authors: Naert Jan , Roets Griet , Roose Rudi , Vanderplasschen Wouter
Published: October 2019

Continuity of care is seen as a challenge for youth care services. Research on continuity of care in relation to youth care services is scarce, and there is a strong tendency to overly stress the managerial and technical aspects of care. However, research on continuity from a youngster’s perspective suggests a more complex construction of continuity. The connection with youth care services is especially under pressure in the confrontation with difficulties and critical moments. In this narrative study, we aim at gaining insight into youngsters’ different strategies in vulnerable situations when facing difficulties in their trajectories in relation to youth care interventions. By retrospective reconstruction of their trajectories in relation to youth care interventions, youngsters were able to express significant moments in their biographical timeline. The narratives are analysed using the framework given in literature on users’ coping strategies in relation to dissatisfaction in services: loyalty, voice, exit and neglect. We have chosen three topical life stories of youngsters to represent the research findings that illustrate identified strategies of fighting, freezing and fleeing care, which are to be viewed as translations of the Hirschman coping strategies. However, a deeper analysis of these interactions results in a more complex view on strategies and shows that these can be misinterpreted by youth care workers. Different elements such as timing, clinical overshadowing or the pre-structured nature of youth care interventions are linked to this mismatch between what youngsters want and what youth care workers offer. Options are presented to handle these difficult interconnections.
Leak detection on water pipelines in unsaturated ground by discrete fibre optic sensing
Authors: Jacobsz Schalk Willem , Jahnke Sebastian Ingo
Published: October 2019

The article describes a study using discrete fibre optic sensing as a means of leak detection on water distribution pipes installed in unsaturated ground. A short length of pipe fitted with artificial leak points was installed, to which a fibre optic cable with fibre Bragg gratings was attached. An optical fibre with fibre Bragg gratings was also installed in the ground parallel to but separate from the pipe. Thermistors were installed at selected locations to measure temperature changes independent of strain. It was found that a simulated water leak resulted in clearly detectable temperature changes and thermally induced fibre Bragg grating wavelength changes in the ground around the pipe. However, significantly larger deformation-induced fibre Bragg grating wavelength changes were measured on the pipe walls and also in the initially unsaturated ground in response to leaks. A wetting front originating from a water leak propagating through unsaturated soil is associated with significant effective stress changes because the infiltrating water alters the ambient matric suction in the soil. This effective stress change is associated with significant ground deformation resulting in a fibre Bragg grating response which significantly exceeds the thermal response associated with (usually) colder water leaking into unsaturated soil. The study illustrates advantages of measuring ground deformation-induced fibre Bragg grating wavelength changes over pure temperature changes as an efficient means of leak detection in unsaturated ground. However, due to the limited number of fibre Bragg gratings that can be monitored along a single optical fibre, a leak detection system suitable for practical implementation should be based on distributed fibre optic strain sensing, an aspect requiring further research.
Meta-Analysis of Efficacy and Safety of Tadalafil Plus Tamsulosin Compared with Tadalafil Alone in Treating Men with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Erectile Dysfunction
Authors: Zhou Zhongbao , Zheng Xuesong , Wu Jitao , Gao Zhenli , Xu Zhunan , Cui Yuanshan
Published: October 2019

This meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of tadalafil plus tamsulosin compared with tadalafil alone in treating men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and erectile dysfunction (ED) after 12 weeks’ treatment. Systematic review was carried out using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses. MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register were searched to collect randomized controlled trials. The references of related articles were also searched. Four articles including 621 patients were involved in the analysis. The study identified that combination-therapy had significant improvements in total international prostate symptom score (IPSS), quality of life (QoL) and maximum urine flow rate (Qmax) compared with monotherapy, and there were no obvious significance in respects of post-void residual volume, international index of erectile function and IPSS storage. The difference of total IPSS was mainly reflected in the change of IPSS voiding. For safety, combination-therapy had a higher incidence rate of any adverse events (AEs) and discontinuation due to AEs than monotherapy with the exception of pain. In conclusion, the combination of tadalafil and tamsulosin provided a better improvement of IPSS voiding, QoL and Qmax compared with tadalafil alone in treating men with BPH and ED, and the former therapy appeared to show a higher incidence of AEs.
Effects of thermal and elastic deformations on lubricating properties of the textured journal bearing
Authors: Zhang Yu , Chen Guoding , Wang Lin
Published: October 2019

Hydrodynamic journal bearing is an important part of rotary machine and faces many challenges such as high rotating speed, heavy specific pressure, and large temperature rise with the development of industry. These challenges lead to notable thermal and elastic deformations of the journal bearing. Surface texture has been proved to be a valid method to promote bearing lubricating properties. However, effects of thermal and elastic deformations on lubricating properties of the textured journal bearing have not been clearly analyzed. Based on this, the article presents a method to transform thermal–structural–fluid interaction into thermal–structural interaction and thermal–fluid interaction based on textured journal bearing model. Cavitation and temperature-viscosity effects are also considered. Based on this method, action mechanisms of surface texture on lubricating properties are discussed considering elastic and thermal deformations, and effects of elastic and thermal deformations on the textured journal bearing are also investigated. The results show that the load carrying capacity and the maximum oil film pressure of the textured journal bearing both increase when elastic and thermal deformations are considered. Optimal texture parameters can enhance the backflow effect in dimples and restraint cavitation phenomenon in the oil film rupture region. Meanwhile, inertial and cavitation effects caused by surface texture have significant effects on elastic and thermal deformations of the journal bearing.
Comparison of Interstitial Fluid Glucose Levels Obtained by Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Flash Glucose Monitoring in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Undergoing Hemodialysis
Authors: Yajima Takahiro , Takahashi Hiroshi , Yasuda Keigo
Published: October 2019

Background:

The accuracy of flash glucose monitoring (FGM, FreeStyle Libre Pro [FSL-Pro]) remains unclear in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) undergoing hemodialysis.

Methods:

We assessed 13 patients with T2DM undergoing hemodialysis. They simultaneously underwent FGM, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM, iPro2), and self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG).

Results:

Parkes error grid analysis against SMBG showed that 49.0% and 51.0% of interstitial fluid glucose (ISFG) levels measured using FGM and 93.3% and 6.7% of those measured using CGM fell into zones A and B, respectively. Mean absolute relative difference (MARD) against SMBG for FGM was significantly higher than that for CGM (19.5% ± 13.2% vs 8.1% ± 7.6%, P < .0001). Parkes error grid analysis of 2496 paired ISFG levels between FGM and CGM showed that 53.6%, 46.2%, and 0.2% of the plots fell into zones A, B, and C, respectively. Mean ISFG levels were lower with FGM than with CGM (143.7 ± 67.2 mg/dL vs 164.6 ± 58.5 mg/dL; P < .0001). Mean absolute relative difference of ISFG levels between FGM and CGM was 19.2% ± 13.8%. Among three groups classified according to CGM ISFG levels (hypoglycemia, <70 mg/dL; euglycemia, 70-180 mg/dL; and hyperglycemia, >180 mg/dL), the MARDs for hypoglycemia (31.9% ± 25.0%) and euglycemia (22.8% ± 14.6%) were significantly higher than MARD for hyperglycemia (13.0% ± 8.5%) ( P < .0001 in both).

Conclusions:

Flash glucose monitoring may be clinically acceptable. Average ISFG levels were lower with FGM than with CGM, and MARDs were higher for hypoglycemia and euglycemia in patients with T2DM undergoing hemodialysis.
A social dilemma model of information self-disclosure, applied to the concussion domain
Authors: Foster Craig A , D’Lauro Christopher , Johnson Brian R
Published: October 2019

Under-reporting of concussions is a well-known public health problem. Unfortunately, concussion researchers and practitioners do not have an explicit theoretical foundation for understanding the psychology of concussion non-disclosure. We used interdependence theory, a theory based on the structure of social relationships, to develop a social dilemma model of personal information non-disclosure and apply it to the concussion domain. Self-disclosure becomes problematic when individuals perceive a need to report their concussions but also perceive that disclosure could be detrimental in some way. Individuals who experience these disclosure dilemmas can evaluate the value of concussion self-disclosure using direct outcomes (e.g. losing scholarships, improved recovery), self-concept outcomes (e.g. viewing disclosure as “weak” or “sensible”), and social status outcomes (e.g. being perceived poorly or favorably by teammates). These immediate, personal outcomes are integrated with relationship-specific motives and ethical considerations ultimately leading to disclosure or non-disclosure. Providing an explicit theoretical basis for self-disclosure dilemmas is critical for understanding concussion non-disclosure and mitigating its corresponding harm. Our social dilemma model highlights (a) the foundational psychological basis for concussion non-disclosure, (b) possible reasons that initiatives designed to increase concussion disclosure have been ineffective, and (c) the need to consider the decision-making autonomy of concussed individuals. Although we explain our social dilemma model using concussion self-reporting, we believe that this model is applicable to any domain where individuals are reluctant to disclose personal information to others who need it.
Matching People with Technology: Effect of HIWP on Technology Adaptation
Authors: Rubel Mohammad Rabiul Basher , Kee Daisy Mui Hung , Rimi Nadia Newaz
Published: October 2019

This article investigates the influences of high involvement work practice (HIWP) in terms of five-dimensional human resource management (HRM) practices, namely sharing information, management support, employee participation, reward and recognition, and training on the adaptation of information technology (IT) in the private banking organizations in Bangladesh. Drawing on the social exchange theory (SET), the article proposes that when employees share information, receive management support, reward and recognition, and adequate training, as well as have room to participate in decision-making, it triggers a reciprocal loop in the form of employee acceptance of technology introduced in the organizations. The findings of this cross-sectional study of 365 employees revealed a significant relationship between five-dimensional HIWP and technology adaptation. The article identifies and recommends HIWP as a crucial way of improving technology adaptation among the employees in the organization.
Improving Sleep in Intensive Care Unit: An Overview of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Options
Authors: Tiruvoipati Ravindranath , Mulder Juan , Haji Kavi
Published: October 2019

Good quality sleep is considered to be essential for healthy living and recovering from illness. It would be logical to think that good quality sleep is most required when a patient is critically ill in an intensive care unit (ICU). Several studies have demonstrated poor quality of sleep while the patients are in ICU. Subjective tools such as questionnaires while simple are unreliable to accurately assess sleep quality. Relatively few studies have used standardized polysomnography. The use of novel biological markers of sleep such as serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor concentrations may help in conjunction with polysomnography to assess sleep quality in critically ill patients. Attempts to improve sleep included nonpharmacological interventions including the use of earplugs, eye sleep masks, and pharmacological agents including ketamine, propofol, dexmedetomidine, and benzodiazepines. The evidence for these interventions remains unclear. Further research is needed to assess quality of sleep and improve the sleep quality in intensive care settings.