bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How are the cardiomyocytes aggregated together within the walls of the left ventricular cone?
Authors: Anderson Robert H. , Niederer Peter F. , Sanchez‐Quintana Damian , Stephenson Robert S. , Agger Peter
Published: June 2019

The manner of packing together of the cardiomyocytes within the walls of the cardiac ventricles has now been investigated for over half a millennium. In 1669, Lower dissected the ventricular mass, likening the arrangement to skeletal musculature, in the form of a myocardial band extending between the right and left atrioventricular junctions. Pettigrew subsequently showed obvious helical arrangements to be evident within the ventricular walls, but emphasised that the cardiomyocytes were attached to each other, and could not justifiably be compared with skeletal cardiomyocytes. Torrent‐Guasp then reactivated the notion that the ventricular mass was formed of a solitary band. Unlike Lower, he dissected the band as extending between the pulmonary to the aortic roots. Multiple investigations conducted using gross dissection and histology, and more recently diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomographic analysis, have shown an absence of any anatomical boundaries within the walls that might permit the mass uniformly to be dissected so as to reveal the band. A response to a recent letter to the Journal, nonetheless, claimed that the dissections had been validated by clinicians interpreting the findings so as to provide an explanation for ventricular cardiodynamics, arguing that the findings provided a suitable anatomical model for this purpose. Anatomical models, however, are of no value unless they are anatomically correct. In this review, therefore, we summarise the evidence showing that the cardiomyocytes making up the ventricular walls, rather than forming a ventricular myocardial band, are instead aggregated together to form a three‐dimensional myocardial mesh.
GENDER PAY GAPS IN THE FORMER SOVIET UNION: A REVIEW OF THE EVIDENCE
Authors: Khitarishvili Tamar
Published: June 2019

The goal of this paper is to examine the patterns and movements of the gender pay gaps in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU) and to place them in the context of advanced economies. We survey over 30 publications and conduct a meta‐analysis of this literature. Gender pay gaps in the region are considerable and above the levels observed in advanced economies. Similar to advanced economies, industrial and occupational segregation widen the gaps in the FSU countries, whereas gender differences in educational attainment tend to shrink them. However, a much higher proportion of the gaps remains unexplained, pointing toward the role of unobserved gender differences related to actual and perceived productivity. Over the last 25 years, the gaps contracted in most FSU countries, primarily due to the reduction in the unexplained portion. Behind the contraction at the mean are different movements in the gap across the pay distribution. Although the glass‐ceiling effect has diminished in some FSU countries, it has persisted in others. We investigate the reasons underlying these findings and argue that the developments in the FSU region shed new light on our understanding of the gender pay gaps.
Intersubjective Traps over Tricks on the Kazakhstani Puppet Stage: Animation as Dicentization
Authors: Barker Meghanne M.
Published: June 2019

This article introduces puppet animation as a process of dicentization, in which the puppet's resemblance to a living creature is treated as if it resulted from the object being alive. This act requires recognition that the puppet is only an object, accompanied by a momentary forgetting. At a state‐funded theater in Kazakhstan, animation is achieved through a complex participant framework. Any component can jeopardize successful animation, yet this configuration enables a range of possibilities for how animation can unfold. A director's shifting of animation techniques transformed social relations and enabled artists to play with new possibilities of puppetry. Coordinating animation requires—and thus assigns—values to those who participate. Understanding animation as dicentization highlights the endeavor as one that generates signs across the proscenium.
Effects of lingual strength training on oropharyngeal muscles in South Korean adults
Authors: Park Ji‐Su , Hwang Na‐Kyung , Kim Hwan‐Hee , Choi Jong‐Bae , Chang Moon‐Young , Jung Young‐Jin
Published: June 2019

Background

Lingual strength training (LST) has been reported to positively affect the activation of submental muscles, as well as to increase lingual muscle strength. However, there is little evidence to support its effectiveness.

Objectives

This study aimed to investigate the effect of LST on the strength and thickness of oropharyngeal muscles in healthy adults.

Methods

The study included 30 subjects who were assigned to the experimental (n = 15) and the control groups (n = 15). The experimental group performed LST based on tongue‐to‐palate resistance exercise method. LST was categorised as isometric and isotonic exercise. The intervention was performed five times a week for 6 weeks. The control group did not receive any intervention. The lingual strength was measured using the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument. Changes in the thickness of the mylohyoid and the digastric muscles and the lingual were assessed ultrasonographically.

Results

After the intervention, the thickness of the mylohyoid and the digastric muscles in the experimental group was significantly greater than that in the control group (P = 0.037 and 0.042).

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that LST increases the thickness and the strength of oropharyngeal muscles. Therefore, LST is a useful option in patients with dysphagia or in elderly patients prone to swallowing dysfunction.
Full‐Arch Implant‐Supported Rehabilitation Guided by a Predicted Lateral Profile of Soft Tissue
Authors: Shao Jingjing , Xue Chaoran , Zhang Hai , Li Lei
Published: June 2019

In full‐arch implant‐supported rehabilitation of patients with severe periodontitis, prediction of lateral facial profile with modified dental position remains a challenge, especially for patients with protruded anterior teeth. This clinical report describes a digital workflow to predict lateral profiles and then guide the implant placement and restoration fabrication.
Psychopathology and the self: Human actors, agents, and authors
Authors: McAdams Dan P.
Published: June 2019

The articles included within this special issue of the Journal of Personality all conceptualize psychopathology as the result of problems in human selfhood. As such, they implicate a wide assortment of self‐related constructs, from self‐objectification to self‐esteem, in the etiology and maintenance of psychopathology, and they point to interventions designed to alter these self‐processes in order to alleviate suffering. In this commentary, I reinterpret and reorganize many of the ideas presented in the articles from the standpoint of a tripartite perspective on the reflexive human self. The self is first and foremost an inherent duality of I and Me. Psychologically speaking, the I/Me dynamic plays out in three different guises—the self as (1) social actor, (2) motivated agent, and (3) autobiographical author. Problems in human selfhood as they pertain to psychopathology may be profitably reconceived in terms of the corresponding performative styles expressed by social actors, the motivational agendas of values and goals that energize human striving and determine self‐esteem, and the internalized life stories that human beings, as authors of the self, fashion and narrate to make sense of the reconstructed past and imagined future.
Understanding Why Religious Involvement's Relationship With Education Varies by Social Class
Authors: Lee Bo Hyeong J. , Pearce Lisa D.
Published: June 2019

Religiosity's impact on adolescent educational outcomes has been widely documented in the sociology of religion literature. Building upon King's conceptual framework of ideological, social, and transcendent resources that are made available to youth through religious participation, we use qualitative and quantitative data from the National Study of Youth and Religion (NSYR) to explore how the associations between religious involvement and educational outcomes may vary among lower and higher socioeconomic status youth. Our findings indicate significant positive effects of transcendent and ideological resources on educational outcomes, especially among youth from disadvantaged backgrounds, but limited influence of social resources through youth's religious participation.
Processes of Religious and Spiritual Influence in Adolescence: Introduction to a Special Section
Authors: Hardy Sam A. , King Pamela Ebstyne
Published: June 2019

This paper serves as the lead article introducing the special section of the Journal of Research on Adolescence focused on processes of religious and spiritual influence during adolescence. The purpose of the special section is to review prior theory and research on the processes by which religiosity and spirituality might influence youth outcomes, present original cutting‐edge theory and research on processes of religious and spiritual influence, and point to the most fruitful directions and methodological approaches for future work in the area. The special section is guided by eight research questions which push researchers to go beyond mere bivariate associations between religion/spirituality and youth outcomes to unpacking the processes of influence at work.
Language, discourse, and class: What's next for sociolinguistics?
Authors: Chun Christian W.
Published: June 2019

Drawing from the various theoretical constructs and analyses of class in sociology, economics, cultural studies, and sociolinguistics, I discuss a number of issues regarding class and possible future research avenues for sociolinguists. These include addressing and exploring how to move beyond the static categorical groupings of class membership, including those of researchers themselves in their work on class, appraising the relevance and utility of the concept of overdetermination (Althusser, 1977; Resnick & Wolff, 1987) in examining the enactments of class, discursive self‐positionings in different domains and scales, the need to re‐examine the construct of intersectionality, and problematizing the notion of identity politics as it relates to class.
Assessment and management of tic disorders and Tourette syndrome by Australian paediatricians
Authors: Efron Daryl , Payne Jonathan , Gulenc Alisha , Chan Eunice
Published: June 2019

Aim

The diagnosis and management of tic disorders and Tourette syndrome (TS) can be challenging. A better understanding of current approaches by paediatricians is important to inform research and education to improve patient outcomes. We aimed to investigate current assessment and management practices for tics/TS by Australian paediatricians.

Methods

An online survey was sent to members of the Australian Paediatric Research Network. Primary outcomes of interest included assessment processes, referrals, behavioural interventions and pharmacological management. Four scenarios were presented to elicit information regarding treatment of different types of cases.

Results

Of 340 eligible paediatricians, 139 (41%) responded, with 116 (84%) reporting that they diagnose and manage tics/TS as part of their practice. Questionnaires were used more to identify comorbidities (43%) than to quantify tics (12%). Referrals were most likely to be made to psychologists. Medication was considered important in the management of TS by 45% of respondents, with clonidine identified as the first‐choice medication by 69%. There was wide variation in both the pharmacological and behavioural management strategies reported.

Conclusions

There is substantial practice variation among Australian paediatricians in the assessment and management of patients referred with tics/TS. This may reflect insufficient evidence regarding best practice, as well as limited training in this area. There is a need for improved education of Australian paediatricians in the assessment and management of tics/TS, as well as further research to identify optimal treatments.
Dual influence of terrestrial and marine historical processes on the phylogeography of the Brazilian intertidal red alga Gracilaria caudata
Authors: Ayres‐Ostrock Lígia M. , Valero Myriam , Mauger Stéphane , Oliveira Mariana C. , Plastino Estela M. , Guillemin Marie‐Laure , Destombe Christophe
Published: June 2019

In this study, we explored how past terrestrial and marine climate changes have interacted to shape the phylogeographic patterns of the intertidal red seaweed Gracilaria caudata, an economically important species exploited for agar production in the Brazilian north‐east. Seven sites were sampled along the north‐east tropical and south‐east sub‐tropical Brazilian coast. The genetic diversity and structure of G. caudata was inferred using a combination of mitochondrial (COI and cox2‐3), chloroplast (rbcL) and 15 nuclear microsatellite markers. A remarkable congruence between nuclear, mitochondrial and chloroplast data revealed clear separation between the north‐east (from 03° S to 08° S) and the south‐east (from 20° S to 23° S) coast of Brazil. These two clades differ in their demographic histories, with signatures of recent demographic expansions in the north‐east and divergent populations in the south‐east, suggesting the maintenance of several refugia during the last glacial maximum due to sea‐level rise and fall. The Bahia region (around 12° S) occupies an intermediate position between both clades. Microsatellites and mtDNA markers showed additional levels of genetic structure within each sampled site located south of Bahia. The separation between the two main groups in G. caudata is likely recent, probably occurring during the Quaternary glacial cycles. The genetic breaks are concordant with (i) those separating terrestrial refugia, (ii) major river outflows and (iii) frontiers between tropical and subtropical regions. Taken together with previously published eco‐physiological studies that showed differences in the physiological performance of the strains from distinct locations, these results suggest that the divergent clades in G. caudata correspond to distinct ecotypes in the process of incipient speciation and thus should be considered for the management policy of this commercially important species.
Abiotic drivers of interannual phytoplankton variability and a 1999–2000 regime shift in the North Sea examined by multivariate statistics
Authors: Peperzak Louis , Witte Harry
Published: June 2019

The Dutch coastal zone is a region of the North Sea with a marked interannual and long‐term abiotic and phytoplankton variability. To investigate the relationship between abiotic variability and phytoplankton composition, two routine water monitoring data sets (1991–2005) were examined. Multivariate statistics revealed two significant partitions in the data. The first consisted of interannual abiotic fluctuations that were correlated to Rhine discharge that affected the abundance of summer and autumn diatom species. The second partition was caused by a shift in the abiotic data from 1998 to 1999 that was followed by a shift in phytoplankton composition from 1999 to 2000. Important factors in the abiotic shift were decreases in suspended matter (SPM) and phosphate (DIP) concentrations, as well as in pH. The decrease in SPM was caused by a reduction in wind speed. The increase in water column daily irradiance from the decrease in SPM led to increases in the abundance of winter–spring species, notably the prymnesiophyte Phaeocystis globosa. Because wind speed is related to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index it was possible to correlate NAO index and P. globosa abundance. Only five abiotic variables representing interannual and long‐term variability, including Rhine discharge and NAO index, were needed to model the observed partitions in phytoplankton composition. It was concluded that interannual variability in the coastal phytoplankton composition was related to year‐to‐year changes in river discharge while the long‐term shift was caused by an alternating large‐scale meteorological phenomenon.
The Roles of Age, Attitude, and Use in First Language Development and Attrition of Turkish–English Bilinguals
Authors: Schmid Monika S. , Karayayla Tuğba
Published: June 2019

Recent decades have seen an increase in research informing our understanding of the complex ways in which bilingual development is shaped by biological, cognitive, and behavioral factors. We investigate the predictors that shape, drive, and constrain the development of the first language (L1) of bilinguals, focusing on 92 Turkish–English bilingual adults with a wide range (0–42) of age at onset (AaO). We tested their productive command of L1 lexical, morphological, and syntactic features, investigating to what extent background variables relating to AaO, experience, and attitudes toward the Turkish language and culture predict the relative level of proficiency across these features. To obtain a comprehensive picture of the interaction of these linguistic and extralinguistic factors, we employed structural equation modeling. We show that for speakers with younger AaOs, exposure‐related factors are associated with the level of L1 proficiency they retain as adults; for later bilinguals, exposure‐related factors matter less.
Adipopenia correlates with higher portal pressure in patients with cirrhosis
Authors: Rodrigues Susana G. , Brabandt Ben , Stirnimann Guido , Maurer Martin H. , Berzigotti Annalisa
Published: June 2019

Background & Aims

In cirrhosis, hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) and imaging body composition assessment can influence prognosis. We assessed whether adipose and skeletal muscle tissues reflect the severity of portal hypertension (PH), and whether they improve non‐invasive prediction of decompensation and death.

Methods

We included 84 cirrhosis patients with HVPG and computed tomography (CT) within 12 weeks of HVPG at a single centre. L3 vertebra CT images were used for body composition indexes (cm2/m2): total adipose tissue index (TATI), visceral adipose tissue index (VATI), subcutaneous adipose tissue index (SATI), intramuscular adipose tissue index (IMATI), skeletal muscle index (SMI) and psoas muscle index (PMI). Correlations were calculated between indexes, HVPG and standard non‐invasive tests for PH. Twelve‐month decompensation and death predictors were determined.

Results

The following were the characteristics for the patients included in the study: male 61%; BMI 28 ± 5 kg/m2; alcoholic liver disease in 51%, non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis in 24%; HVPG 14 ± 6 mm Hg; 45% compensated. The median follow‐up was 11 (4‐17) months. HVPG correlated with SATI (r = −0.282, P = 0.01), TATI (r = −0.220, P = 0.045) and SATI/VATI index (r = −0.240, P = 0.03). In compensated patients, lower VATI (HR 0.94 (0.90‐0.99), P = 0.01) was associated with 12‐month decompensation. Combining TATI and liver stiffness × spleen size over‐platelet count risk score added discriminative capacity for 12‐month decompensation (AUROC 0.91 vs 0.87). IMATI was independently associated with mortality in decompensated patients. MELD‐Na combined with IMATI discriminated excellently for mortality (AUROC 0.94; P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Hepatic venous pressure gradient inversely correlates with imaging markers of adipose tissue, while markers of sarcopenia were unrelated to PH. In compensated patients, TATI improves non‐invasive prediction of decompensation. In decompensated patients, IMATI independently predicted mortality.
Serum sphingolipids predict de novo hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis C cirrhotic patients with sustained virologic response
Authors: Mücke Victoria T. , Thomas Dominique , Mücke Marcus M. , Waidmann Oliver , Zeuzem Stefan , Sarrazin Christoph , Pfeilschifter Josef , Vermehren Johannes , Finkelmeier Fabian , Grammatikos Georgios
Published: June 2019

Background & Aims

Curing hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection reduces the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development, yet HCC occurs despite sustained virologic response (SVR) in 2%‐8% of cirrhotic patients. Sphingolipids (SLs) have been identified as new biomarkers of chronic liver disease and HCC. The aim of this study was to evaluate serum SLs as diagnostic HCC biomarkers in patients with HCV‐associated cirrhosis at SVR12.

Methods

From 2014 to 2016, 166 patients with HCV‐cirrhosis and SVR were recruited and SL profiles were measured at baseline and 12 weeks after completion of direct‐acting antiviral (DAA) therapy. All patients received HCC surveillance in line with current guideline recommendations. Minimum follow‐up period comprised 6 months.

Results

Our study included 130 (78%) patients without history of HCC, 25 (15%) with history of HCC prior DAA therapy and 11 (7%) patients with de novo HCC after FU12. In those with upcoming de novo HCC serum C24DHC (P = 0.006), C24:1DHC (P = 0.048) and C16Cer (P = 0.011) were significantly upregulated at FU12, but not AFP (P = 0.138). Contemporaneous ultrasound did not visualize HCC, at this time. C16Cer stayed sole independent predictor with high diagnostic accuracy of AFP‐positive (AUC = 0.741) and ‐negative (AUC = 0.766) HCC development. Serum SL parameters decreased from baseline to SVR12.

Conclusions

C24DHC, C24:1DHC and especially C16Cer were superior to AFP in early detection of AFP‐positive and ‐negative de novo HCC development. We observed significant SL profile changes upon SVR. SLs may play a role in non‐invasive HCC surveillance and hepatocarcinogenesis.
Living with/out Dementia in Contemporary South Korea
Authors: Lee Jieun
Published: June 2019

While the debate on diagnostic disclosure is often based on the premise that knowing about one's condition (the diagnosis and its prognosis) is essential in securing the patient's autonomy, many people with dementia in Korea are not told directly about their diagnosis. This article concerns the laborious and ethically contentious post‐diagnostic living undertaken by the families of people with dementia, which I call “living with/out dementia.” This is a paradoxical form of living that has emerged through the increasing biomedicalization of dementia, the socialization of elder care, and an enduring fear of dependency in old age. Attending to how living with/out dementia comes to be initiated and maintained through efforts of care, I argue that nondisclosure entails a kind of ethical process through which dementia is un/done in the caregivers’ struggle to truthfully engage with the person with dementia while actively hiding the diagnostic truth from him or her.
Nuances of the psychogastroenterology patient: A predictive model for gastrointestinal quality of life improvement
Authors: Riehl Megan E. , Kinnucan Jami A. , Chey William D. , Stidham Ryan W.
Published: June 2019

Background

Gastrointestinal conditions are multifactorial in nature, and certain patients can benefit greatly from brain–gut psychotherapies delivered by mental health professionals who specialize in psychogastroenterology. This study aimed to identify features associated with improvements in GI‐specific quality of life scores following behavioral health interventions (BHI). The second aim was to create a psychogastroenterology referral care pathway incorporating identified characteristics for greatest benefit from GI‐specific behavioral therapy.

Methods

We performed a prospective observational study of 101 (63 women; median age, 45 years) gastroenterology patients referred for psychogastroenterology consultation at a single center. Patients attended an average of seven sessions with a single GI psychologist where evidence‐based brain–gut psychotherapies were employed. GI‐specific quality of life (IBS‐QOL) and psychological distress (BSI‐18) were assessed before and after BHI. Patients completed self‐reported questionnaires. We performed a multivariable analysis to determine predictors associated with IBS‐QOL score improvement.

Key Results

A total of 53 (52.5%) patients experienced improvement in IBS‐QOL score. Patients with improved IBS‐QOL scores had significantly higher baseline BSI general domain T‐scores (61.9 vs. 56.9, P = 0.002). Female gender (odds ratio [OR], 3.2), pretreatment BSI somatization T‐score ≥63 (OR, 3.7), and a diagnosis of depression (OR, 4.2) were associated with greater odds of IBS‐QOL score improvement following BHI.

Conclusions and Inferences

We identified factors associated with response to GI‐specific BHI to aid in optimizing the utilization of psychogastroenterology services and provide referring providers with information to inform treatment recommendations. Female patients with disorders of gut–brain interaction (DGBIs), high somatization, and depression should be considered a priority for brain–gut psychotherapies.
Surgical Treatment of Intra‐Articular Distal Humeral Fractures by using a Combined Medial and Lateral Approach: An Anatomic Study
Authors: Wei Li‐biao , Hu Tu , Liu Jie , An Zhi‐quan
Published: June 2019

Objective

To determine the visible size of the distal humeral articular surface by using a novel combined medial‐lateral approach as an alternative method of surgical treatment for intra‐articular distal humeral fractures.

Methods

In this anatomical study, 12 adult fresh‐frozen cadaveric elbows were randomly divided into a medial‐lateral group and an olecranon osteotomy group, with 6 in each group. In the medial‐lateral group, a medial approach was first used, and then a lateral approach. The sizes of the distal humeral articular surface exposed by each incision and the joined size were measured and calculated. In the olecranon osteotomy group, a posterior olecranon osteotomy approach was applied, and the maximal visible sizes of the articular surface were marked and calculated. Ratios of the maximal sizes of the distal humeral articular surface of the two approaches were compared.

Results

In the medial‐lateral group, the medial approach could expose 2/5 of the medial trochlea and 1/3 of the capitellum, while the mean visible size of the distal humeral articular surface was 6.8 cm2, 34.8% of the entire surface; the lateral approach can expose 3/7 of the capitellum and 1/4 of the medial trochlea, while the mean visible size of the distal humeral articular surface was 6.7 cm2, 33.9% of the whole surface; for the combined medial‐lateral approach, the mean scope exposed of the medial and lateral visible articular surface was 38.2% and 43.1%, respectively. Meanwhile, in the olecranon osteotomy group, the posterior olecranon osteotomy was found to expose most of the posterior distal humeral articular surface, except for 1/3 of the anterior trochlea and 1/4 of the anterior capitellum, and the visible range of articular surface was 65.3%. The combined medial‐lateral approach exposed 9.2 cm2 in total, 46.9% of the whole distal humeral articular surface, which averaged 19.6 cm2. However, the visible size of the distal humeral articular surface for the olecranon osteotomy approach was 13.7 cm2, 63.1% of the entire distal humeral articular surface, which averaged 21.3 cm2. There was a significant difference observed between the medial‐lateral group (46.9%) and the olecranon osteotomy group (63.1%) for the maximal visible size of the distal humeral articular surface (t = 7.201, P = 0.001).

Conclusions

The combined medial‐lateral approach can expose 46.9% of the distal humeral articular surface, concentrating on the anterior part, so it can be recommended to treat intra‐articular fractures with a simple pattern in the posterior with the anterior side of the distal humerus less comminuted.
Compared to What? Changes in Interest Group Resources and the Proposal and Adoption of State Teacher Policy
Authors: Marianno Bradley D.
Published: June 2019

What is the relationship between changes in interest group resources and the proposal and adoption of state policy? Using a dataset of proposed and enacted teacher policies across five legislative cycles in all 50 states and measures of interest group relative and absolute resource strength, I estimate a series of within‐state fixed effects models that gain identification from changes in interest group resources and teacher policy over time. I find that legislatures propose more unfavorable and fewer favorable policies toward teachers' unions in states where teachers' union opposition interest groups are expending more election (but not lobbying) resources over time. Further, I find that more unfavorable and fewer favorable policies are adopted in states where teachers' union opposition groups are growing in election resource strength. Expanding on prior empirical work, this study suggests that interest group resources matter for policy change and highlights the importance of capturing interest group resource dynamics over time.
A differential role for human hippocampus in novelty and contextual processing: Implications for P300
Authors: Fonken Yvonne M. , Kam Julia W. Y. , Knight Robert T.
Published: June 2019

The role of the hippocampus in P300 has long been debated. Here, we present a theoretical framework that elucidates hippocampal contributions to scalp P300 based on intracranial and lesion research combined with emerging evidence on the role of the hippocampus in rapid statistical learning, memory, and novelty processing. The P300 has been divided in two subcomponents: a fronto‐central P3a related to novelty and distractor processing, and a parietal P3b related to target detection. Interest in a role for hippocampus in scalp P300 was sparked by P3‐like ERPs measured intracranially in human hippocampus. Subsequent medial temporal lobe lesion studies show intact scalp P3b, indicating that the hippocampus is not critical for P3b. This contrasts with the scalp P3a, which was significantly diminished in human patients with lesions in the posterior hippocampus. This suggests a differential role for hippocampus in P3a and P3b. Our framework purports that the hippocampus plays a central role in distractor processing that leads to P3a generation in cortical regions. We also propose that the hippocampus is involved at the end of the cognitive episode for both P3a and P3b implementing contextual updating. P3‐like ERPs measured in hippocampus may reflect input signals from cortical regions implementing updates based on the outcome of cognitive processes underlying scalp P3, enabling a model update of the environment facilitated by the hippocampus. Overall, this framework proposes an active role for the hippocampus in novelty processing leading up to P3a generation, followed by contextual updating of the outcome of both scalp P3a and P3b.
Reward‐related distracters and working memory filtering
Authors: Ward Richard T. , Miskovich Tara A. , Stout Daniel M. , Bennett Kenneth P. , Lotfi Salahadin , Larson Christine L.
Published: June 2019

Reward‐related stimuli capture attention, even when they are task irrelevant. A consequence of attentional prioritization of reward‐related stimuli is that they may also have preferential access to working memory like other forms of emotional information. However, whether reward‐related distracters leak into working memory remains unknown. Here, using a well‐validated change detection task of visual working memory capacity and filtering, we conducted two studies to directly assess the impact of reward‐related distracters on working memory. In both studies, the distracters consisted of colored bars or circles that were previously associated with monetary reward. In Experiment 1, results indicated that previously rewarded distracters did not impact behavioral measures of working memory filtering efficiency compared to neutral distracters. In Experiment 2, using ERPs, we measured the contralateral delay activity (CDA), a psychophysiological index of the number of items retained in working memory, to further assess filtering efficiency. We observed that the CDA for high reward distracters was similar to low reward and neutral distracters. However, in early trials, behavioral measures revealed that previously rewarded stimuli negatively impacted working memory capacity, an effect not observed with neutral distracters. This effect, though, was not found for the CDA in early trials. In summary, our findings across two studies suggest that attentional capture by task‐irrelevant reward may have minimal impact on visual working memory—findings that have important implications for delineating the boundaries of reward‐cognition interactions.
Adapting mechanized vascular plant seed dispersal technologies to biocrust moss restoration
Authors: Doherty Kyle , Bowker Matthew A. , Durham Rebecca A. , Antoninka Anita , Ramsey Philip , Mummey Daniel
Published: June 2019

Biocrust restoration is an emerging field relevant to management of rangelands. Manual dispersal of biocrust is an effective approach, though there are few examples of biocrust restoration greater than a square meter, in part because specialized machinery has yet to be developed or adapted for dispersal across larger areas. Restoration with vascular plants is now conducted using a variety of equipment for work at small to large scales. We investigated the potential of two tractor draft implements, a rangeland seed drill and imprinter, to establish moss. We assessed three treatments: moss passed through a seed drill, manually broadcasted over imprinted soil, and manually broadcasted onto unaltered soil. We conducted these treatments at two sites that differed in management histories and vegetative cover. To use the seed drill to disperse moss we needed to amend moss materials to prevent jamming, which reduced application rate. Imprinted treatments established the most cover, a result we attribute to creation of favorable microsites for establishment. Broadcast methods established a comparable number of moss colonies to broadcast‐over‐imprinted soil, but less cover. Drill treatments were not effective by any metric, likely due to burial of moss. Final differences between our highest cover treatment and controls were positive, but small: 2.38% in imprinted versus 0.44% in controls. However, moss cover in imprinted areas increased during our two‐year experiment at this site, while controls did not. Future work should focus on integrating biocrust and vascular plant treatments and identifying equipment to efficiently achieve these goals.
Apps can help bridge restoration science and restoration practice
Authors: Sperry Katie P. , Shaw Allison K. , Sullivan Lauren L.
Published: June 2019

Scientists need to find innovative ways to communicate their findings with restoration practitioners in an era of global change. Apps are a promising bridge between restoration science and practice because they apply broad scientific concepts to specific situations. For example, habitat connectivity promotes ecological function, but practitioners lack ways to incorporate connectivity into decision‐making. We created an app where users calculate how habitat restoration or loss affects connectivity. By providing our app as an example and discussing the benefits and challenges in creating apps for practitioners, we encourage other restoration ecologists to similarly create apps that bridge science with practice.
Patient and spouses experiences with transition from intensive care unit to hospital ward – qualitative study
Authors: Herling Suzanne Forsyth , Brix Helene , Andersen Lise , Jensen Liz Daugaard , Handesten Rie , Knudsen Heidi , Bové Dorthe Gaby
Published: June 2019

Background and purpose of study

Transition from the intensive care unit to the hospital ward can be considered as a vulnerable period for patients as nursing care changes hands. How the transition is experienced by the ICU patient and the family is influenced by how it is organised, communicated and executed. The transition may positively or negatively affect patient recovery.

Aim

To explore the experiences of intensive care unit patients and their relatives during the transition to hospital ward in order to find ways of supporting them during the transition process.

Methods

Eligible participants were asked for participation from April to September 2016 from a mixed medical and surgical intensive care unit (Level II) at a university hospital. We conducted six semi‐structured interviews with former intensive care unit patients and four dyad interviews with patients and spouses. Data were analysed according to the methodology Interpretive Description with the aim to discover associations, relationships and patterns within the phenomenon.

Results

Our analysis revealed the following three themes: (1) Taking up the mantel (2) Adjusting to ‘being one in the crowd’ and (3) Integrated spouses became visitors. It was a change from an environment with high dependence to increasing independence and a shift from attention to loneliness. Focus moved from the bodily functions to basic activities of living. Spouses experienced that their position was reduced from integrated relatives in the intensive care unit to visitors of the hospital ward.

Conclusions

This article shows that it is important to mentally prepare patients and their family for transfer and a gradual withdrawal of intense nursing observation and monitoring. Discharge planning should begin early and involve spouses to a higher extent as they have a major role in the recovery process far beyond hospitalisation.
The association of grip strength with depressive symptoms and cortisol in hair: A cross‐sectional study of older adults
Authors: Smith Lee , Firth Joseph , Grabovac Igor , Koyanagi Ai , Veronese Nicola , Stubbs Brendon , Soysal Pinar , Yang Lin , Jackson Sarah E.
Published: June 2019

Background

Low handgrip strength has been shown to be associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms. One area of mental health that is understudied in relation to grip strength is chronic stress, which can exist independently to depression, or as a comorbidity or precursor to this condition. The present study examined cross‐sectional associations between grip strength, an established marker of physical function, and (a) depressive symptoms and (b) chronic stress utilizing hair cortisol concentrations, while accounting for multiple pertinent confounding variables.

Method

Data were used from wave 6 (2012/13) of the English Longitudinal Study of Aging, a panel study of older (≥50 years) community‐dwelling men and women. Grip strength was measured in kg using a hand‐held dynamometer. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the 8‐item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale. Hair cortisol concentrations (pg/mg) were determined from samples of scalp hair and log‐transformed for analysis to correct skewness. Associations of grip strength with depressive symptoms and hair cortisol concentration were tested using linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, wealth, smoking status, physical activity, body mass index, limiting long‐standing illness, arthritis, diabetes, and hair treatment.

Results

The sample comprised of 3741 participants (mean age 68.4 years, 66.4% female). After adjustment for age and sex, grip strength was significantly and negatively associated with both depressive symptoms (B = −0.038, SE = 0.004, P < 0.001) and hair cortisol (B = −0.003, SE = 0.001, P = 0.029). However, in the fully‐adjusted models, both associations were attenuated and only the association with depressive symptoms remained statistically significant (B = −0.015, SE = 0.004, P < 0.001; hair cortisol B = −0.002, SE = 0.001, P = 0.088).

Conclusion

In a large sample of older adults in England, grip strength was negatively associated with depressive symptoms. Results were inconclusive regarding the association between grip strength and chronic stress. Further research examining the longitudinal relationships between muscular strength and specific aspects of mental health, while also exploring the neurobiological mechanisms underlying these associations, is warranted before recommendations for policy and practice can be made.
Objectively assessed vigorous physical activity and motor coordination are associated in 11‐year old children
Authors: Blomqvist Minna , Mononen Kaisu , Tolvanen Asko , Konttinen Niilo
Published: June 2019

This cross‐sectional study examined the associations between gender, sports club (SC) participation, physical activity (PA), motor coordination (MQ) and object control skill (TC). 11 year‐old children (n = 477) wore accelerometers during seven consecutive days for the analysis of moderate PA (MPA) and vigorous PA (VPA). To detect motor competence (MC), children's motor coordination was measured using the KTK (MQ), and object control skill with throw‐and‐catch task (TC). Sports club (SC) status was obtained by a questionnaire. Boys had higher levels of MPA (F = 50.45, P<0.001) and VPA (F = 11.13, P = 0.001), and were better in TC (F = 39.83, P < 0.001) than girls. SC participants outperformed non‐participants in MPA (F = 5.45, P = 0.020) and VPA (F = 11.71, P = 0.001), MQ (F = 31.56, P < 0.001), and TC (F = 15.60, P < 0.001). Moreover, better TC was associated with higher MPA (β = 0.88, t = 2.16, P = 0.031), and higher MQ was associated with higher VPA (β = 0.21, t = 3.87, P < 0.001). The association between PA and MC was found showing that different intensities of PA were associated with different aspects of MC. SC participation may be one important factor promoting PA and MC in children. Therefore, all children, especially girls, should be encouraged to participate in various practices to ensure the development of adequate level of motor competence to be physically active.
Trunk muscle strength and lumbo‐pelvic kinematics in adolescent athletes: Effects of age and sex
Authors: Arampatzis Adamantios , Frank Johannes , Laube Gunnar , Mersmann Falk
Published: June 2019

Considering their potential relevance for low‐back pain, we investigated trunk muscle strength, sagittal lumbo‐pelvic alignment while standing and lumbo‐pelvic ratio during trunk flexion in adolescent athletes with regard to the effects of age and sex. Twenty‐two early adolescent (EA: 13‐15 years, 10 females) and 28 late adolescent (LA: 16‐19 years, 14 females) high‐level athletes (training duration more than 12 hours per week) participated in the study. We measured trunk extension and trunk flexion moments during maximum voluntary isometric contractions using a dynamometer. Further, we examined lumbo‐pelvic kinematics in the upright standing position and during forward trunk bending using two 3‐dimensional accelerometers. Using a lineal regression model in which the flexion moment from each participant was used as predictor for the corresponding extension moment, we found higher residuals (P < 0.001) in the EA compared to LA, indicating greater imbalances in the trunk muscle strength in EA. We found a higher lordosis in the upright position, greater pelvic rotation, and greater lordotic posture during the forward bending in females (P < 0.01). These age‐related imbalances and sex‐related characteristics in lumbo‐pelvic kinematics might affect the neuromuscular control of trunk stability and the magnitude of spine loading. We recommend the implementation of specific coordination and stabilization programs for muscle groups that contribute to lumbo‐pelvic kinematics and training routines that support a balanced strength development within the trunk muscles in adolescent athletes.
Whose voice counts? Gender, power, and epistemologies in the seminary classroom
Authors: Wright Almeda
Published: June 2019

This article wrestles with the question “whose voice counts?” as an entrée into a discussion of the challenges students encounter in learning to value different epistemologies and that professors encounter in attempting to teach for inclusion of voices. The essay reflects on an experience teaching a graduate seminar on gender and epistemology in which students encounter challenges reflecting on readings that present theology in the form of personal narratives, rather than in a more abstract or theoretical form. Course content and genres of writing are both gendered and subject to power dynamics associated with the uneven treatment of different types of knowledge. The paper focuses primarily on the lens of gender but notes as well the intersectional nature of gender – and the ways in which the course dynamics are complicated by the race, sexuality, and even the class of the authors, students, and teacher. The paper makes two substantial arguments. First, it names a pedagogical meta‐question at the intersection of gender and pedagogy: Even when women are on the syllabus, how are educators ensuring that the epistemologies at work in their classrooms allow for equal authorial authority in the classroom? Second, the paper challenges educators to make changes in their classrooms to allow students time to engage and employ epistemologies they discuss and to see the importance of these practices for wider systemic change in institutions and society.
Quantitative COBAS AmpliPrep/COBAS TaqMan test shows good performance for HIV screening among blood donors in Maputo, Mozambique
Authors: Chambo Evelina , Ismael Nália , Vubil Adolfo , Zicai Ana Flora , Loquilha Osvaldo , Mussá Tufária , Mabunda Nédio
Published: June 2019

Background and Objectives

The major interventions used to reduce the risk of HIV transmission from blood transfusion include the nucleic acid amplification assays (NAT). In Mozambique, screening for HIV infection in blood donors using serological assays is performed routinely. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of a NAT test to screen blood donors at the blood bank of Hospital Central de Maputo.

Material and Methods

A cross‐sectional study was conducted in a blood bank in the city of Maputo. Overall, 1500 blood donors were enrolled in the study from November 2014 to October 2015. The blood from each participant was drawn and used for both serological and HIV quantification. For HIV viral load quantification, mini‐pools of six specimens were tested and, if positive, each sample was retested separately.

Results

Among the 1500 blood donors, the median age was 31 years old, 78·2% were men, and 74·7% were replacement donors. Our results showed a good sensitivity of (80/80) 100·0% (95·5–100%) and a specificity of (1408/1409) 99·9% (99·6–100%) for the NAT when compared to the serological assay used at the blood bank. The kappa value of 0·99 (0·98–1·0) and confidence interval of 95·0% were observed indicating a good correlation between the NAT and serological assay.

Conclusion

Our data show that the HIV nucleic acid quantification assay has a good performance when compared to the serological assays, can detect infected donors/donations and can be used in mini‐pools to minimize HIV infection resulting from the blood transfusion in the blood banks of Mozambique.
Evaluating the Impact of Two Dialogical Feedback Methods for Improving Pre-Service Teacher's Perceived Confidence and Competence to Teach Physical Education Within Authentic Learning Environments
Authors: Eather Narelle , Riley Nicholas , Miller Drew , Imig Scott
Published: June 2019

This novel study investigates the effectiveness of two dialogical feedback methods, peer dialogue assessment and dialogical feedback provided by an academic, when they are used as assessment as learning tools in undergraduate physical education courses. Education students from the University of Newcastle, Australia (n=288), participated in this investigation and completed eight weeks of face-to-face on-campus physical education studies followed by a 3 or 4 week in-school teaching program (~1.5 hrs/week). Students engaged in either peer dialogue assessment or dialogue provided by an academic at the completion of each concurrent teaching session with their respective peer group or academic. Both feedback groups exhibited equivalent and significant improvements in teaching self-efficacy, teaching competence and teaching confidence. This study provides support for embedding formative assessment tasks in an authentic teaching environment in undergraduate physical education courses, and using dialogical feedback (peer or academic) to facilitate reflection and furthering learning in this context.