bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Animal exchange ratios: an alternative point of view
Authors: Kinyua P. I. D. , Njoka J. T.
Published: September 2009

An alternative interpretation is provided of the concepts of carrying capacity and exchange ratios, particularly suitable for game animal species, based on management models for a given area of rangeland or pasture. It involves modelling animal population dynamics as discrete‐time logistic equations. Carrying capacity is then generated endogenously using rainfall as a proxy. The model interaction parameters, also generated endogenously, represent the animal exchange ratios. Because these two parameters are generated endogenously, this approach takes into account all the animals' habitat requirements (food, cover, water and space) simultaneously, unlike other approaches that tend to consider food requirements only. This makes the approach amenable to multi‐species situations. It also captures the ecological definition of population growth models where the realized rather than the theoretical carrying capacity is determined endogenously.
Factors affecting the distribution and abundance of Cloeon and Caenis (Ephemeroptera) larvae in a tropical impounded river, Nigeria
Authors: Ogbogu Sylvester Sunday
Published: September 2009

Impoundment of rivers affects the mayfly (Ephemeroptera) fauna inhabiting such water bodies, especially with respect to their distribution and abundance. A two‐year study of the mayfly fauna and some of the physicochemical parameters of the Opa stream–reservoir revealed that there are two mayfly genera inhabiting it, Cloeon and Caenis. The number of Cloeon larvae collected was 10,930 while the number of Caenis larvae was 450. It was observed that although both genera occurred at all the sampling stations, their numbers were reduced in the stream below the dam due to increased water current velocity. There were significant differences in the abundance of Cloeon among the stations, but none for Caenis. Submerged aquatic plants and water current velocity were found to be the major factors responsible for the significant differences. There were significant correlations between the number of Cloeon larvae and pH as well as between dissolved oxygen concentration and Caenis. These findings are discussed with reference to inter‐specific differences in patterns of response to environmental parameters. A species‐specific approach is suggested for studies on the strategies that enable mayfly species maintain their populations in stressed and unstable aquatic ecosystems.
Adipokines in type 1 diabetes after successful pancreas transplantation: normal visfatin and retinol‐binding‐protein‐4, but increased total adiponectin fasting concentrations
Authors: Stadler Marietta , Storka Angela , Theuer Eva Anna , Krebs Michael , Vojtassakova Elena , Nowotny Peter , Pacini Giovanni , Kästenbauer Thomas , Luger Anton , Prager Rudolf , Wolzt Michael , Anderwald Christian
Published: September 2009

Objective  In type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), the release of many hormones, not only from beta‐cells, but also from adipocytes (adipokines) may be altered. After successful pancreas–kidney‐transplantation (PKTx), T1DM patients can revert to a nondiabetic metabolism, but it is unclear whether alterations of adipokines are still present after PKTx.

Design, patients and measurements  Concentrations of adipokines [visfatin, retinol‐binding protein‐4 (RBP‐4), adiponectin, high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin] were measured at fasting in 10 PKTx and in 19 T1DM. Nondiabetic healthy controls (CON, n = 9) and six nondiabetic patients after kidney transplantation (KTx) were examined as control groups. In PKTx, KTx and CON, indices of insulin sensitivity (OGIS) and beta cell function (adaptation index, AI) were calculated from 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) data.

Results  Fasting serum visfatin (T1DM: 56 ± 4 μg/l, PKTx: 42 ± 6 μg/l, KTx: 39 ± 3 μg/l, CON: 40 ± 3 μg/l) and RBP‐4 (T1DM: 490 ± 26 μg/l, PKTx: 346 ± 39 μg/l, KTx: 401 ± 13 μg/l, CON: 359 ± 36 μg/l) was increased by 40% and 36%, respectively (each P < 0·03) in T1DM only. Levels were positively correlated with HbA1c in all subjects (visfatin: r = 0·43, P < 0·004; RBP‐4: r = 0·46, P < 0·03). Fasting plasma adiponectin was 80% higher in T1DM and in PKTx (T1DM: 18 ± 2 mg/l, PKTx: 18 ± 3 mg/l, KTx: 12 ± 3 mg/l, CON: 10 ± 1 mg/l; P < 0·04) and was positively correlated with diabetes duration (r = 0·37, P < 0·02). HMW/total adiponectin ratio was increased in T1DM (P < 0·02). PKTx displayed a normoglycaemic metabolism as insulin sensitive as CON, but AI was lower than in CON and KT (P < 0·01).

Conclusions  T1DM after successful PKTx show normal fasting visfatin and RBP‐4 levels and HMW‐adiponectin/adiponectin‐ratio, which are elevated in T1DM, whereas total adiponectin levels are similarly increased in T1DM and PKTx patients.
The effect of growth hormone (GH) replacement on muscle strength in patients with GH‐deficiency: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Matthew Widdowson W. , Gibney James
Published: September 2009

Context/objectives  GH replacement increases muscle mass and reduces body fat in growth hormone deficiency (GHD) adults. A recent meta‐analysis has demonstrated that this improvement in body composition is associated with improved exercise performance. The current meta‐analysis was carried out to determine whether high‐quality evidence exists to support a beneficial effect of GH replacement on strength.

Design/methods  An extensive Medline search/literature review identified eight studies with utilizable, robust data, involving 231 patients in nine cohorts. Previously unpublished data were sought from authors and obtained in two cases. All studies included were randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, of parallel or cross‐over design and of an average 6·7 months duration. Information was retrieved in uniform format, with data pertaining to patient numbers, study‐design, GH‐dose, mean age, IGF‐I levels and muscle strength measurements (isometric or isokinetic quadriceps strength) recorded. Data were analysed using a fixed‐effects model, utilizing continuous data measured on different scales. A summary effect measure (ds) was derived for individual strength variables, whereas an overall summary effect was derived from the sum of all studies incorporating different variables; 95% CIs were calculated from the weighted variances of individual study effects.

Results  Analysis revealed no significant improvement, neither when all studies were combined (ds = +0·01 ± 0·26) nor when measured individually (isometric quadriceps strength, ds = +0·02 ± 0·32 and isokinetic quadriceps strength, ds = 0·00 ± 0·45).

Conclusions  Evidence from short‐term controlled studies fails to support a benefit on muscle strength of GH replacement in GHD patients, which is likely to occur over a longer time‐course, as seen in open‐label studies.
Two different CC‐NBS‐LRR genes are required for Lr10‐mediated leaf rust resistance in tetraploid and hexaploid wheat
Authors: Loutre Caroline , Wicker Thomas , Travella Silvia , Galli Paolo , Scofield Steve , Fahima Tzion , Feuillet Catherine , Keller Beat
Published: September 2009

Comparative study of disease resistance genes in crop plants and their relatives provides insight on resistance gene function, evolution and diversity. Here, we studied the allelic diversity of the Lr10 leaf rust resistance gene, a CC‐NBS‐LRR coding gene originally isolated from hexaploid wheat, in 20 diploid and tetraploid wheat lines. Besides a gene in the tetraploid wheat variety ‘Altar’ that is identical to the hexaploid wheat Lr10, two additional, functional resistance alleles showing sequence diversity were identified by virus‐induced gene silencing in tetraploid wheat lines. In contrast to most described NBS‐LRR proteins, the N‐terminal CC domain of LR10 was found to be under strong diversifying selection. A second NBS‐LRR gene at the Lr10 locus, RGA2, was shown through silencing to be essential for Lr10 function. Interestingly, RGA2 showed much less sequence diversity than Lr10. These data demonstrate allelic diversity of functional genes at the Lr10 locus in tetraploid wheat, and these new genes can now be analyzed for agronomic relevance. Lr10‐based resistance is highly unusual both in its dependence on two, only distantly, related CC‐NBS‐LRR proteins, as well as in the pattern of diversifying selection in the N‐terminal domain. This indicates a new and complex molecular mechanism of pathogen detection and signal transduction.
Copy number changes of the microcephalin 1 gene (MCPH1) in patients with autism spectrum disorders
Authors: Ozgen HM , Van Daalen E , Bolton PF , Maloney VK , Huang S , Cresswell L , Van Den Boogaard MJ , Eleveld MJ , Van‘t Slot R , Hochstenbach R , Beemer FA , Barrow M , Barber JCK , Poot M
Published: September 2009

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) represents a set of neurodevelopmental disorders with a strong genetic aetiology. Chromosomal rearrangements have been detected in 5–10% of the patients with ASD, and recent applications of array comparative genomic hybridisation (aCGH) are identifying further candidate regions and genes. In this study, we present four patients who implicate microcephalin 1 (MCPH1) in band 8p23.1 as an ASD susceptibility gene. Patient 1 was a girl with a syndromic form of autistic disorder satisfying the Autism Diagnostic Interview‐Revised (ADI‐R), Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM‐IV) criteria. Oligonucleotide aCGH (oaCGH) showed that she had a classic inv dup del(8)(qter‐> p23.1::p23.1‐> p21.2) containing at least three candidate genes; MCPH1 and DLGAP2 within the 6.9‐Mb terminal deletion and NEF3 within the concomitant 14.1‐Mb duplication. Three further patients with MCPH1 copy number changes were found using single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array analysis in a cohort of 54 families with ASD patients. Our results show that ASD can be a component of the classical inv dup del(8) phenotype and identify changes in copy number of MCPH1 as a susceptibility factor for ASD in the distal short arm of chromosome 8.
Community structure of bathyal decapod crustaceans off South‐Eastern Sardinian deep‐waters (Central‐Western Mediterranean)
Authors: Follesa Maria Cristina , Porcu Cristina , Gastoni Alice , Mulas Antonello , Sabatini Andrea , Cau Angelo
Published: September 2009

Community structure and faunal composition of bathyal decapod crustaceans off South‐Eastern Sardinian deep‐waters (Central‐Western Mediterranean) were investigated. Samples were collected during 32 hauls between 793 and 1598 m in depth over the 2003–2007 period. A total of 1900 decapod specimens belonging to 23 species were collected. Multivariate analysis revealed the occurrence of three faunistic assemblages related to depth: (i) an upper slope community at depths of 793–1002 m; (ii) a middle slope community at depths of 1007–1212 m and (iii) a lower slope community at depths greater 1420 m. In the upper and middle slopes the benthic (Polycheles typhlops) and epibenthic–endobenthic feeders (mainly Aristeus antennatus and Geryon longipes), which eat infaunal prey, were dominant, followed by the macroplankton–epibenthic feeders such as Acanthephyra eximia and Plesionika acanthonotus. In the deepest stratum, the most remarkable feature was the prevalence of macroplankton–epibenthic feeders (A. eximia and P. acanthonotus). A small percentage of the benthic deep‐sea lobster Polycheles sculptus was also present. The biomass presented higher values in the middle slope and declined strongly in the lower slope. There was no general pattern of mean individual weight/size versus depth among decapods, and the changes seemed to be species‐specific with different trends.
Spartina maritima (cordgrass) rhizosediment extracellular enzymatic activity and its role in organic matter decomposition processes and metal speciation
Authors: Duarte Bernardo , Almeida Pedro R. , Caçador Isabel
Published: September 2009

Seasonal monitoring was carried out to investigate the influence of extracellular enzymatic activity (EEA) on metal speciation and organic matter cycling in the rhizosediment of Spartina maritima. Heavy metal speciation was achieved by the Tessier scheme, and showed a similar pattern of variation of the organic‐bound fraction, indicating a decomposition process in progress. Both humic acid and organic matter showed the same seasonal pattern. The basal respiration of the rhizosediments also presented a similar seasonal pattern, indicating a microbial degradation of organic matter. The high organic‐bound fraction found in the summer gradually decreased towards the winter. This decrease was found to be related to the increase of activity of peroxidase, β‐N‐acetylglucosaminidase and protease. Also the activity of sulphatase was found to be related to the depletion on the exchangeable fraction, probably due to sulphide formation and consequent mobilization. The results show an interaction between several microbial activities, affecting metal speciation.
Stroke in China
Authors: Jia Qian , Liu Li‐Ping , Wang Yong‐Jun
Published: September 2009

1. Following rapid economic development in China, the epidemiological characteristics, management and prevention strategies for stroke are changing. In the present article, we review recent epidemiological data, as well as studies into the management and prevention of stroke in China.

2. The main findings of the studies reviewed suggest that stroke mortality in China has been reduced significantly. The percentage of haemorrhagic strokes in China is significantly higher than that reported in Western countries. The incidence and subtype of stroke varied widely in different regions in China. Some of the modifiable risk factors for stroke are on the increase in China, including hypertension.

3. Management of stroke is slowly being developed and standardized, as evidenced by the establishment of stroke units and improvements in emergency care. Studies on primary and secondary stroke prevention remain insufficient. Well‐designed epidemiological surveys and clinical trials for stroke prevention and management are urgently needed in China.
Lowering of blood pressure during chronic suppression of central sympathetic outflow: Insight from computer simulations
Authors: Iliescu Radu , Lohmeier Thomas E
Published: September 2009

1. Chronic electrical stimulation of the carotid sinuses has provided unique insight into the mechanisms that cause sustained reductions in blood pressure during chronic suppression of central sympathetic outflow.

2. Because renal denervation does not abolish the sustained fall in arterial pressure in response to baroreflex activation, this observation has seemingly challenged the concept that the kidneys play a critical role in the long‐term control of arterial pressure during chronic changes in sympathetic activity. The aim of the present study was to use computer simulations to provide a more comprehensive understanding of physiological mechanisms that mediate sustained reductions in arterial pressure during prolonged baroreflex‐mediated suppression of central sympathetic outflow.

3. Physiological responses to baroreflex activation under different conditions were simulated by an established mathematical model of human physiology (QHP2008; see Supporting Information (Appendix S1) provided in the online version of this article and/or http://groups.google.com/group/modelingworkshop). The model closely reproduced empirical data, providing important validation of its accuracy.

4. The simulations indicated that baroreflex‐mediated suppression of renal sympathetic nerve activity does chronically increase renal excretory function but that, in addition, hormonal and haemodynamic mechanisms also contribute to this natriuretic response. The contribution of these redundant natriuretic mechanisms to the chronic lowering of blood pressure is of increased importance when suppression of renal adrenergic activity is prevented, such as after renal denervation. Activation of these redundant natriuretic mechanisms occurs at the expense of excessive fluid retention.

5. More broadly, the present study illustrates the value of numerical simulations in elucidating physiological mechanisms that are not obvious intuitively and, in some cases, not readily testable in experimental studies.
Guidewire cannulation increases the success rate of needle‐knife fistulotomy for difficult bile duct access
Authors: Yoon Kyoung W , Park Chang H , Park Seon Y , Cho Sung B , Lee Wan S , Joo Young E , Kim Hyeun S , Choi Sung K , Rew Jong S
Published: September 2009

Background and Aim:  Selective bile duct cannulation is a prerequisite for performing therapeutic endoscopic biliary intervention. This study aimed to evaluate if using a soft‐tipped guidewire to cannulate the bile duct would increase the success rate of needle‐knife fistulotomy for difficult bile duct access.

Methods:  We reviewed sixty 60 patients with difficult bile duct access who underwent conventional cannulation with radiocontrast dye (29) or guidewire cannulation (31) after needle‐knife fistulotomy.

Results:  There were no significant differences in the demographic data between the two groups. The initial success rate of selective bile duct cannulation was significantly higher in the guidewire cannulation group compared with the conventional cannulation group: 100% versus 79.3%, P = 0.009. The success rate of selective biliary cannulation in the patients with non‐dilated common bile duct (< 8 mm) was significantly higher in the guidewire cannulation group compared with the conventional cannulation group: 100% versus 68.4%, P = 0.003. The incidence of post‐endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis was not significantly different between the two groups. No serious complications occurred in either group.

Conclusions:  In this retrospective and small case series, guidewire cannulation after needle‐knife fistulotomy increased the success rate of selective bile duct cannulation in patients with difficult bile duct access.
Micropulse diode laser photocoagulation for central serous chorio‐retinopathy
Authors: Gupta Bhaskar , Elagouz Mohammed , McHugh Dominic , Chong Victor , Sivaprasad Sobha
Published: September 2009

Abstract

Purpose:  Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is usually characterized by a localized detachment of the neurosensory retina that is self‐limiting. However, some cases may persist or recur leading to degenerative changes of the retinal pigment epithelium and the neurosensory retina resulting in severe visual loss and requiring intervention.

Methods:  This retrospective case series reports the long‐term visual outcome of the use of micropulse laser photocoagulation for this condition with a review of literature.

Results:  The mean follow up was 17.1 months. Four of the five patients had complete resolution of symptoms whereas one patient had recurrent CSC from a new leak that failed to resolve after repeat micropulse treatment despite improvement in symptoms.

Discussion:  The outcomes in this case series confirm the long‐term efficacy of micropulse laser in the management of CSC. It produces therapeutic effects that appear comparable to those of conventional photocoagulation with no detectable signs of laser‐induced iatrogenic damage.
Olfactory‐learning abilities are correlated with the rate by which intrinsic neuronal excitability is modulated in the piriform cortex
Authors: Cohen‐Matsliah Sivan I. , Rosenblum Kobi , Barkai Edi
Published: September 2009

Long‐lasting modulation of intrinsic neuronal excitability in cortical neurons underlies distinct stages of skill learning. However, whether individual differences in learning capabilities are dependent on the rate by which such learning‐induced modifications occur has yet to be explored. Here we show that training rats in a simple olfactory‐discrimination task results in the same enhanced excitability in piriform cortex neurons as previously shown after training in a much more complex olfactory‐discrimination task. Based on their learning capabilities in the simple task, rats could be divided to two groups: fast performers and slow performers. The rate at which rats accomplished the skill to perform the simple task was correlated with the time course at which piriform cortex neurons increased their repetitive spike firing. Twelve hours after learning, neurons from fast performers had reduced spike frequency adaptation as compared with neurons from slow performers and controls. Three days after learning, spike frequency adaptation was reduced in neurons from SP, while neurons from fast performers increased their spike firing adaptation to the level of controls. Accordingly, the post‐burst AHP was reduced in neurons from fast performers 12 h after learning and in neurons from slow performers 3 days after learning. Moreover, the differences in learning capabilities between fast performers and slow performers were maintained when examined in a different, complex olfactory‐discrimination task. We suggest that the rate at which neuronal excitability is modified during learning may affect the behavioral flexibility of the animal.
Remote facilitation of supraspinal motor excitability depends on the level of effort
Authors: Tazoe Toshiki , Sakamoto Masanori , Nakajima Tsuyoshi , Endoh Takashi , Shiozawa Shinichiro , Komiyama Tomoyoshi
Published: September 2009

Stretch reflexes and motor‐evoked potentials (MEPs) of a muscle are facilitated when performing intensive contraction of muscles located in a different segment (remote effect). We investigated to what extent the remote effect on MEPs in the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) in humans is modulated during sustained maximal and submaximal voluntary contractions of the ipsilateral quadriceps (remote muscle). We found that even when the force of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of the remote muscle declined during sustained MVC, the magnitude of the remote effect on MEPs remained constant. Maximal electrical stimulation of the remote muscle and transcranial magnetic stimulation of the corresponding motor cortex revealed that the level of voluntary activation gradually decreased during the sustained MVC. The motor response in the FCR following magnetic stimulation at the level of the foramen magnum, which preferentially elicits muscle response as a direct response of the corticospinal tract, was not modified by the remote effect during the sustained MVC. This finding suggested that the excitability of the spinal motoneuron pool remained constant. In contrast to the sustained MVC, during sustained submaximal contraction of the remote muscle, the magnitude of the remote effect on MEPs gradually increased as muscle fatigue developed. These findings suggest that the remote effect on MEPs was dependent on the level of effort driving the remote muscle, but not on the actual level of force output of the remote muscle, and that the origin of the remote effect was supraspinal, putatively upstream of the primary motor cortex.
Keeping the Wheels Turning: The Dynamics of Managing Networks of Practice
Authors: Agterberg Marlous , Van Den Hooff Bart , Huysman Marleen , Soekijad Maura
Published: September 2009

abstract

Intra‐organizational networks of practice (NOPs) confront managers with a dilemma: they must manage NOPs to reap benefits from integrating geographically dispersed knowledge, but the inherently emergent nature of NOPs implies that management control may frustrate practice‐related knowledge to be shared. Based on a case study of 22 NOPs in a geographically dispersed development organization (‘TDO’), we develop a model that disentangles the dynamics underlying this dilemma, helping to better understand it. Specifically, four dynamic relationships are interrelated and involve four kinds of embeddedness (organizational, in practice, relational, and structural) that relate dynamically to knowledge sharing in NOPs. Interventions in both the content shared in the network and the connections among network members can influence each of these relations. This study contributes to theoretical and practical understanding of how to manage NOPs without killing them.
Capitalized amenity value of urban wetlands: a hedonic property price approach to urban wetlands in Perth, Western Australia*
Authors: Tapsuwan Sorada , Ingram Gordon , Burton Michael , Brennan Donna
Published: September 2009

Up to 60 per cent of potable water supplied to Perth, Western Australia, is extracted from the groundwater system that lies below the northern part of the metropolitan area. Many of the urban wetlands are groundwater‐dependent and excessive groundwater extraction and climate change have resulted in a decline in water levels in the wetlands. In order to inform decisions on conserving existing urban wetlands, it is beneficial to be able to estimate the economic value of the urban wetlands. Applying the Hedonic Property Price approach to value urban wetlands, we found that distance to the nearest wetland and the number of wetlands within 1.5 km of a property significantly influence house sales price. For a property that is 943 m away from the nearest wetland, which is the average distance to the wetland in this study, reducing the wetland distance by 1 m will increase the property price by AU$42.40. Similarly, the existence of an additional wetland within 1.5 km of the property will increase the sales price by AU$6976. For a randomly selected wetland, assuming a 20 ha isolated circular wetland surrounded by uniform density housing, the total sales premium to surrounding properties was estimated to be around AU$140 million (AU$40 million and AU$230 million).
Role of credence and health information in determining US consumers’ willingness‐to‐pay for grass‐finished beef
Authors: Umberger Wendy J. , Boxall Peter C. , Lacy R. Curt
Published: September 2009

Consumer demand for forage‐ or grass‐finished beef is rapidly emerging in the US. This research uses data elicited from consumer surveys and experimental auctions to provide insight on product attributes (taste/flavour, credence and nutritional characteristics) and socio‐demographic factors that are most important in determining US consumers’ preferences and willingness to pay premiums for grass‐finished versus grain‐finished beef. Information related to beef production processes increased the probability consumers would be willing to pay a premium for grass‐fed beef. However, it appears that health‐related messages are more important drivers of willingness‐to‐pay, on average, than the absence of antibiotics and supplemental hormones and traceability. Labelling information regarding grass‐fed beef’s nutritional content and related production processes is vital for maintaining and growing premium niche markets for grass‐fed beef in the US. The relative size of the willingness to pay estimates compared to previous cost estimates suggest that the Australian beef industry may have a comparative advantage for finishing beef on forage and marketing premium grass‐fed differentiated beef products in the US market.
Semi‐Uniform Adaptive Patch Tessellation
Authors: Dyken C. , Reimers M. , Seland J.
Published: September 2009

We present an adaptive tessellation scheme for surfaces consisting of parametric patches. The resulting tessellations are topologically uniform, yet consistent and watertight across boundaries of patches with different tessellation levels. Our scheme is simple to implement, requires little memory and is well suited for instancing, a feature available on current Graphical Processing Units that allows a substantial performance increase. We describe how the scheme can be implemented efficiently and give performance benchmarks comparing it to some other approaches.
Best Practice in Temporary Labour Migration for Development: A Perspective from Asia and the Pacific
Authors: Hugo Graeme
Published: September 2009

The dominant mode of international migration in Asia and the Pacific is temporary contract migration of low‐skilled workers. The potential for such migration to deliver significant development dividends to origin communities is substantial because of its large scale and the fact that most migrant workers return to their home community. However, there are a number of barriers that are intervening to dampen these potential positive effects, such as high transaction costs, high costs of sending remittances, and the fact that some areas of origin lack the infrastructure and potential for productive investment. Moreover, destination countries have been very welcoming of high skill temporary migrants but highly restrictive in their attitudes toward their low skill counterparts.

This paper discusses the lessons of best practice in temporary labour migration programmes in the region, which can help to overcome these obstacles reducing the positive development impacts of migration. It assesses, in turn, best practice separately for each stage of the labour migration process ‐‐ recruitment and selection, and pre‐departure preparation ‐‐ at the destination and on return. In conclusion, a number of the barriers which impinge on Asian Pacific countries’ ability to introduce and sustain best practice are discussed. These include the need for capacity building, lack of cooperation between origin and destination countries, lack of data, poor governance of labour migration a failure among governments to recognise the significance of migration and the need for more “development friendly” migration policies in destinations.
Time‐related Histopathologic Changes in Fresh Frozen Carotid Xenografts in a Pig‐to‐Goat Implantation Model
Authors: Chang Ji M. , Kim Won G.
Published: September 2009

We performed an animal experiment with an emphasis on time‐related histopathologic changes to evaluate the clinical feasibility of immunologically nontreated xenogenic vascular grafts. Bilateral porcine carotid arteries were harvested, and then, after short‐term freezing at −70°C, interposed into goats' carotid arteries. An antiplatelet agent was administered orally for 3 months postoperatively. The goats were randomly assigned to five periods of observation (1 week, and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after implantation); two animals were observed at each of these times. Doppler ultrasonography was performed periodically during the observation period. At predetermined times, grafts were explanted and examined using hematoxylin and eosin, and Masson's trichrome stains. Immunohistochemical evaluations were conducted with T‐lymphocyte indicator and von Willebrand factor. Two goats died prematurely, one from respiratory problems related to anesthesia and the other from pneumonia. A total of 16 grafts from the remaining eight animals were evaluated. Grafts were all patent except one at 3 months after transplantation. Histologically, xenogenic arterial grafts showed early endothelial cell loss at 1 week. This was followed by a progressive spread of recipient endothelial cells from the anastomotic site, and re‐endothelialization was complete at 1 month. The degree of neointimal and medial thickening increased until 3 months, and then decreased. At 12 months, no additional growth of the intimal or medial layers was observed. Adventitial inflammation became severe at 3 months, but was reduced at 6–12 months. The proportions of CD3‐positive T‐lymphocytes among inflammatory cell infiltrations were very low. Fresh frozen xenogenic arterial grafts showed acceptable patency throughout the 12‐month period and showed no evidence of being unduly influenced by rejection reactions.
Teaching Basic Environmental Health in Universities Utilizing an Interdisciplinary Holistic Approach and Interactive Learning Methods
Authors: Yassi Annalee , Kjellstrom Tord , Kok Theo De , Weinger Merri
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT

The need to transcend disciplinary boundaries in the teaching of environmental studies has become increasingly obvious. It has been particularly recognized that the relationship between environmental factors and human health needs to be taught much more broadly at universities. An international collaborative effort was begun to develop a course to teach core knowledge in environmental health to health professionals as well as others from a wide variety of disciplinary backgrounds. The course utilizes interactive learning methods and takes a holistic approach to the subject matter, linking the macro socioeconomic issues with the physical, chemical, biological, mechanical, and psychological hazards, as well as with the human health effects. It also aims to build skills in risk assessment, management, and communication. Several meetings (with representatives from the World Health Organization, the United National Environment Programme, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation, and the Council of Rectors of European Universities), a survey completed by 120 universities, a 3‐day workshop (with teachers from across the globe), and three 2‐week train‐the‐trainer courses (one in the Baltic, one in the Danube region, and one in South Africa) led to the conclusion that interdisciplinary, interactive teaching materials were highly desired, feasible to develop through international collaboration, and conducive to conveying the basic principles and methodologies needed to address environmental health problems.
Successful treatment of a large hemangioma with propranolol
Authors: Mousa Waseem , Kues Kirsten , Haas Ellen , Lauerer Peter , Pavlakovic Helena , Schön Michael P. , Zutt Markus
Published: September 2009

Hemangiomas are the most common vascular tumors in children. They occur in 8–12% of all infants and in 22% of premature infants (female: male = 3: 1). Hemangiomas are usually sporadic; their etiology is unknown [1].

A premature female infant, born at 28 weeks of gestation, presented with a large hemangioma of the right thoracic wall. Within the first few weeks, the hemangioma showed rapid horizontal and vertical growth as well as ulceration, which led us to initiate systemic therapy.

The effectiveness of propranolol (non‐selective ß‐blocker) in the management of severe cases of hemangioma has been shown in a recent series of cases [2]. We began oral propranolol treatment, in close interdisciplinary cooperation. After a few days of therapy, the tumor had stopped expanding. After 18 weeks, there has been marked regression but the therapy is still being continued. We propose that propranolol may be an effective and relatively well tolerable alternative in the management of selected cases of severe hemangiomas in infancy, providing interdisciplinary cooperation between dermatologists and pediatricians is available.
QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF MEAT FROM WILD RED DEER (CERVUS ELAPHUS L.) HINDS AND STAGS
Authors: DASZKIEWICZ T. , JANISZEWSKI P. , WAJDA S.
Published: September 2009

The objective of the present study was to determine the chemical composition as well as physicochemical and sensory properties of meat (musculus longissimus lumborum) from red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) hinds and stags harvested in forests of north‐eastern Poland. Red deer meat was found to have a low fat content and a high content of total protein and water‐soluble nitrogen in relation to total nitrogen. The total collagen content of meat was relatively low. Meat from hinds contained larger amounts of the above components (except for collagen). Meat from both hinds and stags had physical properties typical of venison, i.e., a dark color and a low pH level. Meat from hinds was characterized by better water‐holding capacity. The relatively high TBARS value indicated lipid susceptibility to oxidation. The analyzed red deer meat had specific, but very good eating attributes (aroma, taste, juiciness, tenderness). Meat from stags was rated higher for taste and shear force.

PRACTICAL APPLICATION

Meat from animals raised under natural conditions has enjoyed a rise in popularity among consumers in recent years. The condition of “naturalness” is met by venison, which at the same time is known for its very high nutritive value and specific, but highly desirable, sensory properties. However, the nutritional and sensory qualities of venison should be analyzed in view of their great variation resulting from the impact of genetic and environmental factors, which remains insufficiently investigated, particularly with regard to wild populations.
Orexins (hypocretins) actions on the GHRH/somatostatin‐GH axis
Authors: López M. , Nogueiras R. , Tena‐Sempere M. , Diéguez C.
Published: September 2009

The secretion of growth hormone (GH) is regulated through a complex neuroendocrine control system that includes two major hypothalamic regulators, namely GH‐releasing hormone (GHRH) and somatostatin (SST) that stimulate and inhibit, respectively, GH release. Classical experiments involving damage and electrical stimulation suggested that the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) modulated the somatotropic axis, but the responsible molecular mechanisms were unclear. Evidence obtained during the last decade has demonstrated that orexins/hypocretins, a family of peptides expressed in the LHA controlling feeding and sleep, play an important regulatory role on GH, by inhibiting its secretion modulating GHRH and SST neurones. Considering that GH release is closely linked to the sleep–wake cycle and feeding state, understanding orexin/hypocretin physiology could open new therapeutic possibilities in the treatment of sleep, energy homeostasis and GH‐related pathologies, such as GH deficiency.
Attitudes of Egyptian nursing home residents towards staying in a nursing home: a qualitative study
Authors: Boggatz Thomas , Farid Tamer , Mohammedin Ahmed , Dassen Theo
Published: September 2009

Aim.  The aim of this study was to identify the attitudes of Egyptian nursing home residents towards staying in a nursing home and to differentiate between various types of these attitudes.

Background.  The number of older persons in Egypt who require nursing care is increasing. In response, nursing homes in bigger cities like Cairo were founded, although family care seems to be the prevalent norm.

Methods.  Semi‐structured guideline interviews were performed with 21 residents from four different nursing homes in Cairo. Interviews were analyzed using qualitative content analysis.

Findings.  One category of resident was those who were sent to the nursing home by persons closely related to them. Another category made their own decision to move to a nursing home. Relationships with social networks and self‐help abilities are factors of importance in influencing decision‐making.

Conclusion.  Nursing homes in Egypt fulfil different functions for different types of older persons. Charitable institutions are a last resort for those with no income and a disrupted social network. For better‐off older persons, nursing homes may provide the benefits of socialising with peers and receiving medical treatment.
Lymphoid Lineage Fate Decision of Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Authors: Akashi Koichi
Published: September 2009

To understand the mechanism in lymphoid development, it is critical to identify developmental intermediates downstream of hematopoietic stem cells, including cells responsible for seeding the thymus. Although early studies showed that hematopoietic stem cells choose either the myeloid‐erythroid or the lymphoid pathway, recent data suggest that myelo‐lymphoid precursors lacking erythroid potential exist in early hematopoiesis before cells are fully committed to the lymphoid lineage. We here summarize the phenotype and functional properties of such progenitors and the current developmental map for the lymphoid lineage.
Mapping the American Buddhist Terrain: Paths Taken and Possible Itineraries
Authors: Wilson Jeff
Published: September 2009

Many different approaches have been taken to the task of analyzing how many kinds of Buddhism exist within the United States. A topographical approach which draws on Thomas Tweed’s crossing and dwelling theory of religion provides a useful interpretative tool to understand the many Buddhisms in America. While ‘maps’ such as two Buddhisms, three Buddhisms, night‐stand Buddhists, and others will likely continue to prove useful, they are also incomplete and further approaches are needed. One important area that has been overlooked is regionalism within American Buddhism, a lens that comes into focus when Tweed’s sense of mapping religion and theoretical itineraries is applied.
Impact of Morphology, MIB‐1, p53 and MGMT on Outcome in Pilocytic Astrocytomas
Authors: Horbinski Craig , Hamilton Ronald L. , Lovell Colleen , Burnham Judith , Pollack Ian F.
Published: September 2009

Pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) is the most common glioma in the pediatric population. PAs can exhibit variable behavior that does not always correlate with location, yet at present there is no way to predict which tumors will be more aggressive. To address this problem, an institutional cohort of 147 PAs (118 with outcome data) from both cerebellar and noncerebellar locations (spine, diencephalon, midbrain, brainstem and cortex) was utilized. Parameters included quantification of characteristic morphologic variables as well as genes previously shown to be of relevance in high‐grade gliomas, including MIB‐1, p53 and MGMT. In this cohort, the classic biphasic appearance was most common in cerebellar tumors, whereas noncerebellar tumors were predominantly microcystic. Associations with outcome suggest that the presence of degenerative atypia may be a favorable factor in PAs. Oligodendroglial morphology and the absence of leptomeningeal invasion are adverse histologic factors, but only in cerebellar tumors. Conversely, MIB‐1 proliferation index and p53 and MGMT expression do not correlate with outcome. Morphologic biomarkers thus do exist for PAs, but the utility of each biomarker varies according to location. These results suggest that PAs differ fundamentally according to location; therefore, biological behavior may not simply depend on extent of resection.
Hilbert modular forms and p-adic Hodge theory
Authors: Saito Takeshi
Published: September 2009

For the p-adic Galois representation associated to a Hilbert modular form, Carayol has shown that, under a certain assumption, its restriction to the local Galois group at a finite place not dividing p is compatible with the local Langlands correspondence. Under the same assumption, we show that the same is true for the places dividing p, in the sense of p-adic Hodge theory, as is shown for an elliptic modular form. We also prove that the monodromy-weight conjecture holds for such representations.
Measurements of Secondary Losses in a Turbine Cascade With the Implementation of Nonaxisymmetric Endwall Contouring
Authors: Knezevici D. C. , Sjolander S. A. , Praisner T. J. , Allen-Bradley E. , Grover E. A.
Published: September 2009

An approach to endwall contouring has been developed with the goal of reducing secondary losses in highly loaded axial flow turbines. The present paper describes an experimental assessment of the performance of the contouring approach implemented in a low-speed linear cascade test facility. The study examines the secondary flows of a cascade composed of Pratt & Whitney PAKB airfoils. This airfoil has been used extensively in low-pressure turbine research, and the present work adds intrapassage pressure and velocity measurements to the existing database. The cascade was tested at design incidence and at an inlet Reynolds number of 126,000 based on inlet midspan velocity and axial chord. Quantitative results include seven-hole pneumatic probe pressure measurements downstream of the cascade to assess blade row losses and detailed seven-hole probe measurements within the blade passage to track the progression of flow structures. Qualitative results take the form of oil surface flow visualization on the endwall and blade suction surface. The application of endwall contouring resulted in lower secondary losses and a reduction in secondary kinetic energy associated with pitchwise flow near the endwall and spanwise flow up the suction surface within the blade passage. The mechanism of loss reduction is discussed in regard to the reduction in secondary kinetic energy.
Effects of Reynolds Number and Freestream Turbulence Intensity on the Unsteady Boundary Layer Development on an Ultra-High-Lift Low Pressure Turbine Airfoil
Authors: Zhang Xue Feng , Hodson Howard
Published: September 2009

The effects of Reynolds numbers and the freestream turbulence intensities (FSTIs) on the unsteady boundary layer development on an ultra-high-lift low-pressure turbine airfoil, so-called T106C, are investigated. The measurements were carried out at both Tu=0.5% and 4.0% within a range of Reynolds numbers, based on the blade chord and the isentropic exit velocity, between 100,000 and 260,000. The interaction between the unsteady wake and the boundary layer depends on both the strength of the wake and the status of the boundary layer. At Tu=0.5%, both the wake’s high turbulence and the negative jet behavior of the wake dominate the interaction between the unsteady wake and the separated boundary layer on the suction surface of the airfoil. Since the wake turbulence cannot induce transition before separation on this ultra-high-lift blade, the negative jet of the wake has the opportunity to induce a rollup vortex. At Tu=4.0%, the time-mean separation on the suction surface is much smaller. With elevated FSTI, the turbulence in the wake just above the boundary layer is no longer distinguishable from the background turbulence level. The unsteady boundary layer transition is dominated by the wake’s negative jet induced boundary layer variation.
Science Educators Can Help Shape Our Debate
Authors: Foster Bill
Published: September 2009

As a nation, we are facing great challenges—a troubled economy, high rates of unemployment, a dependence on foreign sources of energy, and a health care system in desperate need of reform. The answers to some of these problems will be complex, but to be sure, we are working to enact solutions to build a stronger economy, create more good-paying jobs, decrease our dependence on foreign oil, develop our own sources of clean, renewable energy, and make our health care system more accessible and affordable. To succeed in addressing all those issues, we need science and mathematics to play a greater role in informing and guiding the discussion.
Response to “Are Most People Too Dumb for Physics?”
Authors: Sobel Michael
Published: September 2009

I would like to begin by expressing my appreciation to TPT Editor Karl Mamola for the extra attention he paid to my article, which turned out, unexpectedly for me, to generate considerable controversy, and also to authors Lasry, Finkelstein, and Mazur (LFM) for their thoughtful response.
A More Intuitive Version of the Lorentz Velocity Addition Formula
Authors: Devlin John F.
Published: September 2009

The Lorentz velocity addition formula for one-dimensional motion presents a number of problems for beginning students of special relativity. In this paper we suggest a simple rewrite of the formula that is easier for students to memorize and manipulate, and furthermore is more intuitive in understanding the correction necessary when adding relativistic effects to the Galilean velocity addition formula.
Motional Mechanisms of Homopolar Motors & Rollers
Authors: Wong H. K.
Published: September 2009

The strong Nd2Fe14B permanent magnet has facilitated development of various fascinating yet simple homopolar motors However, the physics of these devices is often not explained, or is explained incorrectly. A major concern is that Newton's third law was overlooked in some of the earlier articles. In this paper, I will employ this law in explaining the motional mechanisms of these devices.