bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Invasive ductal carcinoma with a predominant intraductal component arising in a fibroadenoma of the breast
Authors: Kurosumi Masafumi , Itokazu Ritsuko , Mamiya Yutaka , Kishi Kiyozo , Takayama Shojiro , Nagasawa Masahiro , Kurihara Terumasa , Suemasu Kimito , Higashi Yasuhiro
Published: December 2008

A rare case of invasive ductal carcinoma with a predominant intraductal component arising within a fibroadenoma of the breast in a 42 year old Japanese female was investigated by light microscopy. The patient, who had a well‐defined, rubbery breast tumor measuring 2.0 X 3.0 cm, had undergone a tumorectomy 21 months after she noticed the tumor. Histologically, the fundamental architecture of the tumor showed an intracanalicular‐type of fibroadenoma, but extensive proliferation of atypical cells was noticed in the lumen of the ducts. Tumor cells in the canaliculi had characteristics of ductal carcinoma, such as solid, comedo and cribriform patterns. As most of the ducts were occupied by carcinoma cells with several foci of microinvasion in the stroma of the fibroadenoma, it was diagnosed as invasive ductal carcinoma with a predominant intraductal component arising within a fibroadenoma. This coexistence of in situ proliferation and invasive lesions of carcinoma within a fibroadenoma suggest the origin of the carcinoma to have been in the epithelial component of the fibroadenoma. In addition, this study clarifies the fact that carcinoma cells may proliferate and spread along the lumen of pre‐existing ducts of the fibroadenoma and speculates that the duct system of the fibroadenoma has complete continuity.
Hepatitis C virus and liver diseases
Authors: Esumi Mariko , Shikata Toshio
Published: December 2008

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) was identified molecularly and a procedure for its diagnosis was developed. In Japan, 70–80% of all cases of chronic liver disease, including hepatocellular carcinoma, are associated with HCV infection. Hepatitis C virus is a typical RNA virus with a high mutation rate. At least six variants of HCV have been identified by their nucleotide sequences. These variants are still classified into three types each containing at least two subtypes; that is, 1a (type I) and 1 b (type II), 2a (type III) and 2b (type IV), and 3a (type V) and 3b (type VI). Type 1 b (type II) is the predominant HCV in Japan. Even HCV cDNA clones isolated from a single patient showed mutations of HCV, especially in envelopecoding regions. Thus HCV may change during the course of chronic hepatitis due to the high mutation rate of HCV itself and elimination of some clones by immune reactions or interferon therapy. These findings explain the higher rate of chronic HCV infection and indicate that production of an effective vaccine is difficult.
Fibronectin and tenascin in rat tracheal wound healing and their relation to cell proliferation
Authors: Kanno Shigeto , Fukuda Yuh
Published: December 2008

To investigate the relationship between cell proliferation and distribution of fibronectin and tenascin during wound healing, light and electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry for fibronectin, tenascin, and 5‐bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) were performed following mechanical injury of rat trachea. Tenascin staining appeared 18h after curettage, when the percentage of BrdU‐positive nuclei was maximal in the epithelium. Once tenascin appeared, the labeling index of BrdU‐positive epithelial nuclei decreased rapidly. Distribution of tenascin was restricted to granulation tissue In curetted areas which were covered with regenerating epithelium, while fibronectin stained diffusely in both curetted and non‐curetted areas. Analysis of the relative intensity of fibronectin and tenascin staining showed that decreases of fibronectin staining were followed by increasing tenascin staining. It is proposed that fibronectin and tenascin may contribute differently to tissue repair in the trachea by interfering with cell proliferation of epithelial cells and fibroblasts.
Early metastatic stage of 2,7‐FAA‐induced leukemia in rats
Authors: Takayama Shojiro
Published: December 2008

The development from primary focus to metastasis was histologically investigated in 2,7‐FAA‐induced leukemia in rats. The Wistar and Sprague‐Dawley strains were used, and the results were similar in both strains. The spread of lesions was classified as solitary, scattered or diffuse. Scattered leukemia lesions were divided into two groups: A and B: (A) consisted of one or a few conspicuously large foci and many small foci, and (B) had no such large foci. The interval from the first appearance of orthochromatic erythroblasts to autopsy was short in animals with solitary lesions, slightly longer in those with scattered lesions in group (A), and still longer in group (B). Conspicuously large foci were predominantly localized in the bone marrow, while small foci were scattered in the bone marrow, spleen and liver. The (A) scattered lesions were considered to represent the early metastatic stage, since they consisted of the combination of large and small foci, and the time interval from the first appearance of erythroblasts to autopsy was between that of solitary lesions and (B) scattered lesions. The leukemia induced in rats by 2,7‐FAA occurred predominantly in the bone marrow, which was the primary site. It was thought that this leukemia spread rapidly to other regions of the bone marrow, and to the spleen and liver, by hematogenous metastasis.
Expression of EGF, EGF‐receptor, p53, v‐erb B and ras p21 in colorectal neoplasms by immunostaining paraffin‐embedded tissues
Authors: Hayashi Yoshitake , Widjono Yekti W. , Ohta Kyosuke , Hanioka Keisuke , Obayashi Chiho , Itoh Kyoko , Imai Yukihiro , Itoh Hiroshi
Published: December 2008

Immunohistochemical studies were performed to clarify the significance of the expression or overexpression of epidermal growth factor (EGF), EGF‐receptor (EGFR), p53, v‐erb B, ras p21 in 23 cases each of tubular adenoma and adenocarcinoma. The expression of EGF, EGFR, p53, v‐erb B, and ras p21 in paraffin‐embedded tissues, from 46 patients with colorectal tumors (adenoma: 23 cases; 14 mild dysplasia, six moderate dysplasia, three severe dysplasia, adenocarcinoma: 23 cases; 17 well differentiated, two moderately differentiated, three poorly differentiated, one mucinous carcinoma was analyzed immunohistochemically using anti‐EGF, EGFR, p53, v‐erb B and ras p21 antibodies. The EGF and ras p21 tended to express more strongly in carcinoma cases than in the adenoma cases, and in severe and moderate dysplasia than in mild dysplasia (EGF: stained positive in five adenomas [21.74%] and 17 adenocarcinomas [73.91%]; ras p21: stained positive in six adenomas [26.09%] and 14 adenocarcinomas [60.87%]. The EGFR stained positive in two adenomas (8.70%) and two adenocarcinomas (8.70%). The p53 and v‐erb B showed positive staining only in the carcinoma cases (p53: stained positive in four cases [17.39%]; v‐erb B: stained positive in eight cases [34.78%]). This study suggests that these factors seem to have some role in the progression of colon neoplasms. It suggests that genetic alteration is not always equal to the overexpression of protein products, but that it reflects them well, and that the staining makes some contribution to differential diagnosis in colorectal neoplasms.
Detection of a human chromosomal translocation t(8;9) in a baby with multiple malformations using two‐color fluorescence in situ hybridization
Authors: Sasaki Kohsuke , Pinkel Daniel , Tsukahara Masato , Murano Ichiro , Gray Joe W
Published: December 2008

A human chromosomal translocation t(8;9) was detected using two‐color fluorescence in situ hybridization with probes capable of staining the entire lengths of each of these chromosomes. The chromosome 8 probe was labeled with biotin and detected with Texas red, while the chromosome 9 probe was labeled with AAF and detected with FITC. In normal metaphase spreads, two metaphases from the proband, two red, one green and one part red and part green derivative chromosome were seen. The bicolor chromosome corresponded to translocation of a chromosome 8 segment to the distal part of the q region of one chromosome 9, as originally indicated by banding analysis. In interphase nuclei of the proband, four domains with bright fluorescence were recognized in many nuclei. Two were red, one was green, and the fourth had portions of both colors, indicating the presence of the translocation.
The importance of cellular adhesion for mesangial cell proliferation in serum sickness nephritis of the rat: A co‐culture study of glomerular macrophages and mesangial cells
Authors: Kasai Shinji , Mori Tetsuo , Komiyama Atsushi , Ito Nobuo , Shigematsu Hidekazu
Published: December 2008

The role of cell‐cell contact on activating mesangial cell proliferation by nephritic macrophage was investigated. Nephritic glomerular macrophages were obtained from serum sickness nephritis (SSN) rat kidneys at 14 days after the cessation of sensitization, when proliferating cells were most increased in the glomeruli in the course of the SSN. The effect of the nephritic macrophages on mesangial cell proliferation was greater than that of control by co‐culture allowing cellular contact. However, nephritic macrophages did not enhance mesangial cell proliferation by co‐culture without direct contact even though the nephritic macrophages were activated with lipopolysaccharides. Conditioned medium from co‐culture of the nephritic macrophages and mesangial cells did not enhance mesangial cell proliferation. Anti‐intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAM)‐1 antibody inhibited mesangial cell proliferation by direct co‐culture dose‐dependently. From these results, cellular contact was important for stimulation of mesangial cell proliferation by macrophages and ICAM‐1 participated in these interactions.
CD30 antigen in non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma
Authors: Miyake Kenji , Yoshino Tadashi , Sarker Ashit Baran , Teramoto Norihiro , Akagi Tadaatsu
Published: December 2008

Expression of the CD30 antigen in lymphoid neoplasms and reactive lesions were examined immunohistologically using the monoclonal antibody BerH2. CD30 antigen was expressed in 17 of 18 patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD), all of three anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCL), 11 of 52 T‐cell malignant lymphomas (TML) including ALCL, 13 of 153 B‐cell malignant lymphomas (BML) including ALCL, two of three malignant histiocytosis and one of four plasmacytomas, Although a single case of small cell lymphoma was positive, in cases of mixed cellular morphology, neoplastic cells of larger or more pleomorphic nuclei tended to be stained more extensively and intensively. This antigen is expressed in TML significantly more often than in BML (P 0.05). CD30 antigen was expressed less frequently at clinical stage I than those of stages II to IV. There was no significant relationship between CD30 antigen expression and that of proliferating cell nuclear antigen or CD43 antigen in non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL). The CD30 antigen expression did not affect the prognosis of NHL overall, but in high grade TML, CD30 antigen‐positive individuals tended to have a more favorable prognosis than those that were negative. In reactive diseases, some plasma cells, immunoblasts, interdigitating cells, follicular center cells and histiocytes were stained positively, but not always, and with variable intensity. These results suggest that CD30 antigen is expressed In various cell lineages to some extent and may relate to cellular activation in some instances. When making the histopathologic diagnosis of HO or NHL including ALCL, CD30‐positive cell should be carefully interpreted. The authors believe that the name‘Ki‐1 lymphoma’or‘KM positive lymphoma’as a synonym of ALCL should therefore be abandoned.
Ossifying fibromyxoid tumor of soft parts: A morphological and immunohistochemical study
Authors: Yang Peng , Hirose Takanori , Hasegawa Tadashi , Gao Zhongyu , Hizawa Kazuo
Published: December 2008

A case is presented of ossifying fibromyxoid tumor of soft parts (OFMTSP) which occurred in the left cheek of a 59 year old Chinese woman. Histologically, the tumor was located in the subcutis with a fibrous pseudocapsule that contained discontinuous rims of mature trabecular bone. The tumor cells were small, round to ovoid with a uniform, round nucleus and a pale or slightly eosinophilic cytoplasm. Most of the cells were arranged In a random manner, some in a vague lace‐like pattern. Mitotic figures were extremely rare. The stroma appeared fibromyxoid with scattered foci of mucinous lakes. Immunohistochemically, most of the neoplastic cells displayed immunoreactivities for S‐100 protein, S‐100 protein α, vimentin and α‐smooth muscle actin; many tumor cells were positive for desmin. The tumor also showed stromal immunoreactivity for type IV collagen and was negative for cytokeratlns, epithelial membrane antigen, glial fibrillary acidic protein, neurofilaments, muscle‐specific actin, Leu‐7, myelin‐basic protein, osteocalcin and melanoma‐specific antigen. The immunophenotypes expressed by the present OFMTSP seem to reflect two lineages of neoplastic cell differentiation, that is of nerve sheath and of smooth muscle; at the present stage, it is premature to diagnose this lesion as either nerve sheath or smooth muscle tumor.
Benign schwannoma of the esophagus: Report of two cases with immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies
Authors: Arai Tomio , Sugimura Haruhiko , Suzuki Makoto , Iwase Toshio , Sakuramachi Shunji , Kimura Taizo , Harada Yukio , Kino Isamu
Published: December 2008

Two cases of benign schwannoma of the esophagus are presented. The tumors were found in the thoracic esophagus of women of 56 and 64 years of age, respectively, who had complained of dysphagia and back pain. Tumorectomies were performed and the tumors were found to be located within the esophageal wall arising from the muscularis propria. The tumors were examined immunohistochemically and ultrastructurally. These tumors were identical in gross, histological and electron microscopic features. Grossly, the tumors showed yellowish‐white cut surfaces without hemorrhage or necrosis. Microscopically, they were composed of spindle‐shaped cells showing moderate variation in size and shape, and nuclear palisading. Lymphoid aggregates with germinal centers surrounded the tumors. Immunohistochemically, strong reactions for S‐100 protein and neuron‐specific enolase were observed in the cytoplasm of spindle cells, whereas reactions for muscle actin and desmin were negative. These findings, together with electron microscopic observations, supported the Schwann cell origin of these tumors.
Ciliated carcinoma of the endometrium associated with mucinous and neuroendocrine differentiation: A case report with immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study
Authors: Motoyama Teiichi , Ajioka Yoichi , Ohta Tamaki , Watanabe Hidenobu
Published: December 2008

A case of endometrial ciliated carcinoma mixed with foci of mucinous adenocarcinoma and argyrophil cells is described. The patient suffered from diabetes mellitus, hypertension and obesity, but had no history of estrogen use. Although the tumor presented well differentiated histologic features, it showed complete diffuse, endophytic extension. Approximately half of the cilia had abnormal inner structures, with 8 + 2 microtubular pattern. Some ciliated cells contained intracytoplasmic mucin, while others contained neurosecretory granules. These findings suggest that malignant ciliated cells have the capacity of further transformation into mucinous or endocrine cells.
Histochemical localization of copper in various organs of brindled mice
Authors: Yoshimura Noriaki
Published: December 2008

In order to disclose histochemically the localization of copper in various organs in Menkes disease, untreated brindled mouse hemizygotes (BM) and normal male littermates were examined by the modified sulfide silver method of Kozma, where the specificity for copper staining has been proved to be enhanced by trichloroacetic acid treatment. When compared with normal controls, renal tubules – most of which were of proximal convoluted segments – and intestinal mucosal epithelium of BM clearly showed increased staining with copper. Hepatocytes in the liver and neurons in the brain, however, displayed an obvious reduction in staining despite a marked increase in staining of capillaries in these two organs. Electron microscopy of the specimens stained with the Kozma method revealed numerous fine silver grains which represented Cu++ localization, distributing within the cytoplasm outside both mitochondria and the nucleus.

The intense staining of capillaries observed only in the liver and brain of BM may indicate a blockade of copper transport owing to trapping of copper in the capillary walls, and may be responsible for low tissue‐copper concentrations of the two organs. Similarly, high tissue‐copper concentrations of the kidney and intestine are attributed to excessive deposition of copper in their epithelial cells which are probably due to impaired intracellular copper‐transportation.
Neoplastic and non‐neoplasti mediate trophoblasts: An immunohistochemical an structural study
Authors: Motoyama Teiichi , Ohta Tamaki , Ajioka Yoichi , Watanabe Hidenobu
Published: December 2008

Five cases of non‐molar trophoblastic disease including one placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT), two exaggerated placental sites and two choriocarcinomas were compared with each other and with normal chorionic villi and placental site. This involved light microscopic, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies. Comparison of PSTT with choriocarcinoma suggested that the former represented a neoplastic transformation of placental site intermediate trophoblast. The PSTT showed a characteristic immunohistochemical distribution of human placental lactogen and human chorionic gonadotropin, resembling that of the placental site intermediate trophoblast. Placental site trophoblastic tumor cells were also characterized ultrastructurally by prominent perinuclear filaments, abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum, or both. Infiltrating intermediate trophoblasts in exaggerated placental sites were similar to PSTT cells rather than normal placental site intermediate trophoblasts. However cells with vacuolated cytoplasm or spindle‐shaped intermediate trophoblastic ceils were observed more frequently in the PSTT than the exaggerated placental sites. The intermediate trophoblastic cells in the choriocarcinomas showed a morphologically transitional form from cytotrophoblastic cell to syncytiotrophoblastic cell, but did not share unique ultra‐structural similarities with placental site intermediate trophoblasts.
Mechanism of pain and cytoskeletal properties in angioleiomyomas: An immunohistochemical study
Authors: Hasegawa Tadashi , Seki Kunihiko , Yang Peng , Hirose Takanori , Hizawa Kazuo
Published: December 2008

Angioleiomyoma is a solitary subcutaneous tumor characterized by pain in about half of patients with this tumor, and the pathogenesis of this pain has been a cause of much debate. To clarify the mechanism of pain and cytoskeletal property of tumor cells, 50 angioleiomyomas were studied clinicopathologically and immunohistochemically. The tumors occurred preferentially on the extremities, particularly the lower leg (46%), and the female to male ratio was 1.9:1. They were classified into three histological subtypes: (i) solid (30 cases); (ii) venous (15 cases); and (iii) cavernous (five cases). The pain and/or tenderness were present in 26 out of 49 patients (52%), in which small nerve fibers immunoreactive for S‐100 protein and PGP9.5 were identified within the capsule of 20 tumors (77%) and the tumor stroma of 18 (69%), irrespective of the histological subtypes. In 24 patients where the pain was absent or unknown, nerves were observed within the capsule of 19 tumors (79%) and tumor parenchyma of 10 (42%). Many cells in all 50 tumors were positive for a‐smooth muscle actin, and a relatively large number of cells in many tumors were positive for vimentin, desmin and collagen type IV. Also, cytokeratin (CAM5.2) reactivity was scattered in a few cells of four tumors. From these findings, the peculiar pain of angioleiomyomas could be mediated by the nerve fibers especially located within the tumor parenchyma. Although the expression of intermediate filaments in angioleiomyomas was heterogeneous, the overall cytoskeletal features were of smooth muscle cell differentiation.
Selective iron deposition in pancreatic islet B cells of transfusional iron‐overloaded autopsy cases
Authors: Lu Jian‐Ping , Hayashi Keiki
Published: December 2008

Pancreatic islets of 36 autopsy cases with transfusional iron‐overload were examined. Immunohistochemical and histo‐chemical stainings were used to clarify the relationship between blood transfusion and iron deposition in the islet. Disease of the lymphohemopoietic system (leukemia, lymphoma, aplastic anemia) or liver (carcinoma and/or cirrhosis) accounted for 86.1% of the patients’main diagnosis. Sixteen of them had slight hemosiderin deposition (Group 1), twenty cases had severe hemosiderin deposition (Group 2). Another ten cases were used as controls (Group 3). The cases had a similar age distribution to Group 1 and 2, with neither blood transfusion nor hemosiderin deposition. The volume of blood transfusion was 6.1 ± 3.6, 17.5 ± 12.2 L for Groups 1 and 2, respectively. The plasma glucose was 137.8 + 54.4 and 170.6 ± 108.4 mg/dL, respectively. Four cases in Group 1 and 14 cases in Group 2 had glycosuria. The number of islet cells with hemosiderin increased with the enlargement of transfusion volume (r= 0.664, P± 0.001). Plasma glucose also related with the percentage of hemosiderin positive islet cell (r = 0.386, P < 0.025). In severely iron‐overloaded cases, hemosiderin was selectively deposited in B cells of the islet.

It was concluded that large amounts of blood transfusions for non‐congenital disease can induce selective hemosiderin deposition and impairment of pancreatic B cell that may result in hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus of the patients.
Histochemical and ultrastructural studies of inclusion bodies found in tissues from three siblings with 1‐cell disease
Authors: Koga Mayumi , Ishihara Tokuhiro , Hoshii Yoshinobu , Uchino Fumiya , Matsuo Kiyosato , Yamashita Yoshimi
Published: December 2008

Tissues from three siblings with inclusion‐cell (l‐cell) disease (a 16 month old boy and two fetuses aborted at 20 and 18 weeks) were investigated histologically, histochemically and ultrastructurally. The lymphocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, epithelial cells and histiocytes of various organs were affected. The cells had many intracytoplasmic vacuoles, which showed positive staining with colloidal iron, periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS), alcian blue, and Sudan III and IV. Ultrastructurally, the cells contained various inclusion bodies, showing vesicles, granules, flocculent material, amorphous electron‐dense globules and myelin structures. The amounts and ultrastructural features of the inclusion bodies differed among the various kinds of cells.
Thymic carcinoma: Proposal for pathological TNM and staging
Authors: Tsuchiya Ryosuke , Koga Kenji , Matsuno Yoshihiro , Mukai Kiyoshi , Shimosato Yukio
Published: December 2008

Recently, Yamakawa et al. following Masaoka's clinical staging of thymic epithelial tumors, proposed a TNM classification and staging system for thymic epithelial tumors including thymoma and thymic carcinoma. The present authors consider that division of thymomas into circumscribed types (either encapsulated or non‐encapsulated but confined to within the thymus) and those invasive to adjacent organs or structures is sufficiently practical, and that a staging system is applicable to thymic carcinoma, carcinoid tumors and germ cell tumors of the anterior mediastinum, which are more malignant than thymoma. Therefore, the utility of the Yamakawa/MasaokaTNM and staging system was evaluated and a modification proposed based on experience with 16 thymic carcinomas. Although there were no cases at stage II, the survival curves obtained using the proposed modified system were more clearly separated between stages I and III or IV and between stages III and IV than the curves obtained using the Yamakawa/Masaoka system. However, the differences were not significant because of the small number of cases included. A statistically significant difference was noted between the survival curves for patients who underwent complete and incomplete surgical resection of the tumor. The utility of this proposed TNM and staging system must be evaluated by other investigators, since no cases of small cell carcinoma, lymphoepithelioma‐like carcinoma, sarcomatoid carcinoma and clear cell carcinoma were included in this series, all of which are considered to have high‐grade histology. An evaluation of carcinoid tumor and germ cell tumor of the anterior mediastinum must also be made.
Histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis in Brazil: Report of a case and review of the literature
Authors: Lorand‐Metze Irene , Vassallo Jose , Mori Shigeo
Published: December 2008

Histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis is rare outside Japan, including Brazil, despite the many Japanese Immigrants and descendants who live there. The authors describe the case of a 32 year old white female, who presented with cervical lymph node enlargement and severe anemia. Histological findings of the lymph node were typical for Kikuchi's disease. Bone marrow showed hyperplasia of normoblasts, suggesting hemolysis, but a Coombs’test was negative. The patient had a spontaneous resolution of all symptoms and has remained asymptomatic for 3 years. Especially where this disease is rarely reported, It is important to recognize it, in order to avoid a misdiagnosis of malignant lymphoma.
An autopsy case of extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma followed up for 24 years
Authors: Shimizu Tohru , Teshima Shinichi , Fukushima Noriko , Ebihara Yoshiro
Published: December 2008

A long‐term (24 years) follow‐up case of extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma is reported. The light microscopic examination showed features hardly indistinguishable from Ewing's sarcoma of the bone, that is, the tumor cells were diffusely arranged and uniform in size and shape, and possessed glycogen in the cytoplasm. Homer‐Wright rosettes were found only in the autopsy material. An immunohistochemical study using a neural marker (neuron‐specific enolase) demonstrated positive staining in most tumor cells. An ultrastruc‐tural study revealed intracytoplasmic glycogen particles and incomplete neural characters as follows: the cytoplasmic processes resembled neural processes without neurosecretory granules, microtubules or neurofilaments. These findings suggest that this case finally acquired an incomplete neural character with repeated recurrence. This tumor was diagnosed extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma, but in future it may be categorized as primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET).
Effects of flooding on recruitment and dispersal of the Southern Pygmy Perch (Nannoperca australis) at a Murray River floodplain wetland
Authors: Tonkin Zeb , King Alison J. , Mahoney John
Published: December 2008

Summary  With limited evidence linking Australia's Murray‐Darling Basin fish species and flooding, this study assessed annual variation in abundance and recruitment levels of a small‐bodied, threatened floodplain species, the Southern Pygmy Perch (Nannoperca australis), in floodplain habitats (creeks, lakes and wetlands) in the Barmah‐Millewa Forest, Murray River, Australia. Spring and summer sampling over a 5‐year period encompassed large hydrological variation, including 1 year of extended floodplain inundation which was largely driven by an environmental water release, and 2 years of severe regional drought. Recruitment and dispersal of Southern Pygmy Perch significantly increased during the floodplain inundation event compared with the other examined years. This study provides valuable support for an environmental water allocation benefiting a native species, and explores the link between flooding and its advantages to native fish. This suggests that the reduced flooding frequency and magnitude as a result of river regulation may well be a major contributing factor in the species’ decline in the Murray‐Darling Basin.
Decision‐making under climatic uncertainty: A case study involving an Australian Ramsar‐listed wetland
Authors: Walshe Terry , Massenbauer Tilo
Published: December 2008

Summary  Conservation management in agricultural landscapes involves identification and prioritization of assets, and interventions to reverse or arrest decline. Planning requires synthesis of hydrological, ecological and agronomic information and intuitions. We provide a case study involving the Lake Warden Wetland System, a Ramsar‐listed site on the south coast of Western Australia threatened by salinity and flooding. As the relative merits of management options (including engineering‐based solutions and catchment revegetation) may be sensitive to climate change, we captured our knowledge and understanding of the effectiveness of options under different climate change scenarios using Bayesian belief networks. We insulated against overconfidence by an info‐gap analysis that describes the trade‐off between aspiration and immunity to uncertainty. Only engineering‐based solutions offer reasonable prospects for achieving stated conservation goals in the Lake Warden Wetland System within a 25‐year time horizon. Marginal gains derived from co‐investment in revegetation varied among the assets. We advocate explicit treatment of uncertainty and risk‐based approaches to decision‐making to equip managers with a means of progressing conservation goals. The complementary insights offered by Bayesian belief networks and info‐gap analysis provide a sound basis for managers to assess the extent to which candidate management actions are robust to uncertainty.
The development of target‐specific vertebrate pest management tools for complex faunal communities
Authors: Bengsen Andrew , Leung Luke K.‐P. , Lapidge Steven J. , Gordon Iain J.
Published: December 2008

Summary  The efficacy of vertebrate pest control in complex faunal communities can be compromised by adverse impacts on non‐target species. We present a five‐step framework to guide the design of pest control programmes to overcome this constraint.

The model consists of: (i) selection of the most appropriate basis for control; (ii) identification of opportunities to prevent non‐target species from interacting with control activities; (iii) classification of non‐target species by dissimilarity to the target pest; (iv) use of a recognition systems approach to identify further differences between pests and non‐target species; and (v) experimental evaluation of prototype control methodologies. Application of the framework to the problem of feral Pig (Sus scrofa) control in the tropical forests of the Daintree region in north Queensland identified six design features which, if successfully evaluated and implemented, could allow the implementation of strategic, sustained Pig control using poison baits where it has previously been unacceptable.
P2X receptors in sensory neurons co‐cultured with cancer cells exhibit a decrease in opioid sensitivity
Authors: Chizhmakov I. , Mamenko N. , Volkova T. , Khasabova I. , Simone D. A. , Krishtal O.
Published: December 2008

Opioids are known to control the activity of P2X receptors in the sensory neurons of rats. These receptors are important in persistent pain signaling. However, there are extremely severe pain states, such as those associated with metastatic diseases, that are refractory to opioid treatment. We have tested the possibility that cancer cells affect the sensitivity of P2X2/3and P2X2receptors to opiates. The sensitivity of ATP‐activated currents to the selective μ‐opioid receptor agonist endomorphin‐1 was evaluated in rat nodose neurons co‐cultured (on separate coverslips) with fibrosarcoma cells (NCTC 2472) using whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings. Both in control and in co‐cultured neurons, P2X‐mediated responses exhibited highly variable biphasic desensitization kinetics with fast and slow components. However, ATP‐activated currents in co‐cultured neurons acquired a new feature: the degree of their inhibition by endomorphin‐1 demonstrated strong dependence on their desensitization kinetics. The neurons with ‘slower’ responses were subject to a smaller inhibitory effect of the opioid. The ‘ultra‐slow’ responses completely lost their sensitivity to the opioid. The occurrence of such responses, rarely observed in the control neurons, was considerably increased with the duration of co‐culturing. Application of endomorphin‐1 to nodose neurons, co‐cultured with rapidly proliferating but non‐malignant cells (fibroblasts), resulted in data similar to those for the control. In summary, fibrosarcoma cells release diffusible factors altering the properties of desensitization kinetics of P2X receptors and, in particular, decrease their sensitivity to opioid inhibitory control. These phenomena may increase neuronal excitability initiated by peripheral ATP release and thereby contribute to the decreased sensitivity of cancer pain to opioids.
Battling “Unhealthy Relations”: Soviet Youth Sexuality as a Political Problem
Authors: LIVSCHIZ ANN
Published: December 2008

This paper explores the way Soviet party and education officials dealt with female youth sexuality, in an effort to get it under control in order to ensure that Soviet girls grew up to be productive members of Soviet society. Many of the policies enacted by the regime reflected profound social conservatism of the majority of the top political leadership of the country and their great fear of youth, and particularly female, sexuality, as a force that could not be overcome, controlled or fully harnessed for the service of the state.
Developing the Sexual Child
Authors: HAWKES GAIL L. , EGAN R. DANIELLE
Published: December 2008

The idea that a child should not have sexual interests and experiences is fast being supplanted by the knowledge that he does have them; that they are an expression of perfectly normal, healthy energies, and that while it is necessary to gain control over them, they should not be forcibly suppressed” (Renz & Renz 1935: 92).
Foster‐Daughter or Servant, Charity or Abuse: Beslemes in the Late Ottoman Empire*
Authors: MAKSUDYAN NAZAN
Published: December 2008

This paper addresses the complex and contradictory framing of youthful female sexuality, personified in the figure of foster‐daughters (beslemes), in the nineteenth century Ottoman Empire. Beslemes were both sexually exploited and attempted to be disciplined under the critical gaze of the upper classes and the state, since they disturbed the accepted rules and limits of sexual agency as sexually active unwed adolescent girls. They were marginalized as indecent and fallen girls, since sexual agency and chastity were considered to be incompatible. Though acknowledging the subordination of foster‐daughters, this paper suggests that these young women were not completely subjected, silenced and helpless and that they were able to find ways of taking the initiative in resistive strategies.
Antecedents of Children's Adult Outcomes in the Texas Adoption Project
Authors: Loehlin John C. , Horn Joseph M. , Ernst Jody L.
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Four composite variables concerning life outcomes were derived from a brief mail questionnaire describing 478 adults, now in their 30s and 40s, who had participated as children in the Texas Adoption Project. Responses were obtained from the participants themselves, their parents, and their siblings. MMPI scores of the parental generation were correlated with the adult outcomes of their biologically related and unrelated children. The obtained correlations were low, but for the biological relationships positive parent adjustment went with positive life outcomes of their children, whereas for adoptive relationships the reverse was the case. Favorable MMPI scores from late adolescence were favorably related to adult outcomes, as were favorable personality ratings from childhood.
To Tell or Not to Tell: Disclosure and the Narrative Self
Authors: Pasupathi Monisha , McLean Kate C. , Weeks Trisha
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTDrawing from a narrative identity framework, we present the results of three studies examining the nature of what people do and do not disclose about their life experiences. Across three studies, our findings indicate that (1) the major difference in what people do and do not disclose concerns the emotionality of the events and whether or not the events are transgressions; (2) for everyday memorable events, increased negative emotion is associated with greater likelihood of disclosure; but (3) for more important and/or longer retained events, increased negative and decreased positive emotion were associated with lower likelihoods of disclosure. We also found thatsocioemotional consequencesare an important reason for nondisclosure of important past experiences and are predictably related to the extent to which events induce positive and negative emotions. Findings are considered in terms of their implications for narrative identity.
Threat Sensitivity, Incentive Sensitivity, and the Experience of Relief
Authors: Carver Charles S.
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTRelief is a positively valenced affect that occurs when a threat is removed or avoided. Among dimensional theories, this experience is accounted for by appealing to one of two different self‐regulatory systems. Some hold that an approach system is responsible for all types of positively valenced affect, including this one. Others hold that an avoidance system is responsible for this particular positive affect. Two studies are reported (totalN=422) that examined this issue, using a method in which individual differences in overall threat sensitivity and incentive sensitivity were assessed and related to responses to relief‐related hypothetical scenarios. Threat sensitivity was the strongest positive correlate of relief in both studies. Reward responsiveness also related positively (independently) to relief. Fun seeking related inversely to relief. Discussion centers on theoretical implications of the findings for viewing effects of threat sensitivity, and on relations between dimensional and appraisal‐based views of affective experience.
Resilience and Positive Emotions: Examining the Role of Emotional Memories
Authors: Philippe Frederick L. , Lecours Serge , Beaulieu‐Pelletier Geneviève
Published: December 2008

AbstractResilience has been frequently associated with positive emotions, especially when experienced during taxing events. However, the psychological processes that might allow resilient individuals to self‐generate those positive emotions have been mostly overlooked. In line with recent advances in memory research, we propose that emotional memories play an important role in the self‐generation of positive emotions. The present research examined this hypothesis in two studies.Study 1provided initial data on the validity and reliability of a measure of emotional memories networks (EMN) and showed that it had a predictive value for broad emotion regulation constructs and outcomes. In addition,Study 1showed that positive EMN mediated the relationship between psychological resilience and the experience of positive emotions in a context of sadness, even after controlling for pre‐experimental positive mood.Study 2replicated results ofStudy 1in a context of anxiety and after controlling for positive affectivity trait.
REPRODUCTIVE AUTONOMY, THE NON‐IDENTITY PROBLEM, AND THE NON‐PERSON PROBLEM
Authors: DISILVESTRO RUSSELL
Published: December 2008

The Non‐Identity Problem is the problem of explaining the apparent wrongness of a decision that does not harm people, especially since some of the people affected by the decision would not exist at all were it not for the decision. One approach to this problem, in the context of reproductive decisions, is to focus on wronging, rather than harming, one's offspring. But a Non‐Person Problem emerges for any view that claims (1) that only persons can be wronged and (2) that the person‐making properties allow for there to be human non‐persons. Consider an individual human organism that is prevented from ever possessing the person‐making properties. On person‐only accounts of the victims of wronging, this organism cannot be wronged by anyone. Hence even individuals whose decisions prevent it from ever possessing the person‐making properties cannot wrong it. But this is counter‐intuitive. We can think of examples where a human organism is wronged by precisely those decisions that prevent it from possessing the person‐making properties. The best solution to this problem, in the case where the person‐making property is rational self‐governance in pursuit of a meaningful life, is to adjust the concept of a person so that it refers, not merely to those with the immediate capacity for rational self‐governance in pursuit of a meaningful life, but also to those with a higher‐order capacity for such self‐governance. Any solution to the Non‐Identity Problem that focuses on wronging rather than harming should incorporate this sort of solution to the Non‐Person Problem.
Corporate Citizenship and Managerial Motivation: Implications for Business Legitimacy
Authors: VIDAVER‐COHEN DEBORAH , BRØNN PEGGY SIMCIC
Published: December 2008

In 2000, Business and Society Review published a Special Issue of the journal to explore scholars’ ideas about how the practice of corporate citizenship would evolve in the 21st century. Contributors to the volume predicted a change in business motives for engaging in social initiatives, suggesting that managers would begin to see corporate citizenship as a strategic necessity to preserve organizational legitimacy in the face of changing social values. This article uses data from a study of corporate citizenship practices in over 500 Norwegian companies to explore the validity of the Special Issue predictions. We begin by reviewing the foundations of organizational legitimacy theory and examine recent research documenting the growing importance of corporate citizenship for assessments of business legitimacy. We describe our study methods, present our results, and discuss the implications of our findings in this context.
Dignity in Western Versus in Chinese Cultures: Theoretical Overview and Practical Illustrations
Authors: KOEHN DARYL , LEUNG ALICIA
Published: December 2008

Dignity is an important concept in ethics. Human rights organizations justify rights by appealing to human dignity. Prominent politicians have cited the need to protect human dignity and urged the founding of international institutions. The concept of human dignity is often used to evaluate and critique the ethics of select practices. In addition, the idea of dignity is used as a universal principle to ground universalist business ethics.

This paper argues that there are substantial differences between the ways in which the West and China construe human dignity. Having documented these major differences, we consider two cases to show how the differences might “cash out” in actual business practice. Instead of relying upon a nonexistent universal concept of human dignity, we suggest that it is respectful and sound to seek to identify the many goods (teamwork, initiative, autonomy, respect for elders) that differing parties see at play in the case at hand and then to try to come up with ways to realize as many of these goods as possible.
Executives’ Views of Factors Affecting Governance Change in a Not‐for‐Profit Setting
Authors: SCHWARZKOPF DAVID L. , OSTERHELD KAREN K. , LEVY ELLIOTT S. , HALL GREGORY J.
Published: December 2008

Knowing the factors that executives deem critical to governance change can improve our understanding of how such changes come about and can help us evaluate those changes. Interviews with business and finance executives at 11 colleges reveal the importance to governance change of chief executive and board member leadership and interactions, as well as executive communication style. Costs are clear constraints to action, particularly since benefits are not quantified and are difficult to describe. Efforts to discuss governance with internal stakeholders require persistence to overcome narrow, individualized concerns. Communication about governance to external stakeholders is rare and represents a missed opportunity for stakeholder feedback and the development of trust. Executives appear willing to adopt governance forms without considering the idiosyncrasies of their institutional field, limiting the working definition of governance and its potential. For corporations and not‐for‐profit enterprises these findings hold implications for the context in which leadership is exercised and the shape of governance structures. They also pose a fundamental ethical dilemma for leaders to address.
Rating the Raters: Conflicts of Interest in the Credit Rating Firms
Authors: STRIER FRANKLIN
Published: December 2008

The major credit rating agencies contributed substantially to the sub‐prime mortgage crisis by giving their highest rating (AAA) to most of the collateralized debt obligations (CDO) securities that were backed by these sub‐prime mortgages. Because the rating agencies are compensated by the issuers whose CDO bonds they rate, this relationship creates a prima facie conflict of interest, one that is compounded when the rating agency also consults for the issuers on designing the CDOs. While Congress and the Securities Exchange Commission investigate possible wrongdoing, various reforms have been proposed. This article analyzes these conflicts of interest and the cognate corporate governance issues. It then categorizes and critiques several of the reform proposals—which range in severity from requiring more disclosure to the suspension of the rating agency's license.
Regional volatility in emerging countries The case of Russia1
Authors: Kwon Goohoon , Spilimbergo Antonio
Published: December 2008

An uneven distribution of natural resources and the Soviet legacy of artificial regional specialization expose Russia's regions to large income shocks. Using an unique regional dataset covering Russian regions between 1992 and 2003, we assess how these features influence the magnitude and persistence of regional income shocks. We propose a novel measure of regional exogenous shocks that we use to show that fiscal policy in Russia's regions has largely been pro‐cyclical, exacerbating rather than moderating regional exogenous shocks.
Fostering civil society to build institutions Why and when1
Authors: Grajzl Peter , Murrell Peter
Published: December 2008

We revisit the ubiquitous claim that aiding civil society improves institutional outcomes. In our model, a vibrant civil society initiates public debate in a reform process otherwise dominated by partisan interest groups and politicians. Civil society involvement can alleviate or aggravate adverse selection problems that arise because interest groups are better informed about reform consequences than politicians. Since aid increases the cost to the politician of excluding civil society, it affects institution building. We show analytically, and illustrate empirically, that the welfare implications of fostering civil society critically depend on the specifics of local politics, thereby casting new light on the experience of civil society aid in transition and developing countries.