bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systematic attribution of observed Southern Hemisphere circulation trends to external forcing and internal variability
Authors: Franzke C. L. E. , O'Kane T. J. , Monselesan D. P. , Risbey J. S. , Horenko I.
Published: September 2015

Abstract. A critical question in the global warming debate concerns the causes of the observed trends of the Southern Hemisphere (SH) atmospheric circulation over recent decades. Secular trends have been identified in the frequency of occurrence of circulation regimes, namely the positive phase of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) and the hemispheric wave-3 pattern which is associated with blocking. Previous studies into the causes of these secular trends have either been purely model based, have not included observational forcing data or have mixed external forcing with indices of internal climate variability impeding a systematic and unbiased attribution of the causes of the secular trends. Most model studies also focused mainly on the austral summer season. However, the changes to the storm tracks have occurred in all seasons and particularly in the austral winter and early spring when midlatitude blocking is most active and stratospheric ozone should not play a role. Here we systematically attribute the secular trends over the recent decades using a non-stationary clustering method applied to both reanalysis and observational forcing data from all seasons. While most previous studies emphasized the importance of stratospheric ozone depletion in causing austral summer SH circulation trends, we show observational evidence that anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations have been the major driver of these secular trends in the SAM and blocking when all seasons are considered. Our results suggest that the recovery of the ozone hole might delay the signal of global warming less strongly than previously thought and that effects from all seasons are likely crucial in understanding the causes of the secular trends.
Can we manipulate root system architecture to control soil erosion?
Authors: Ola A. , Dodd I. C. , Quinton J. N.
Published: September 2015

Abstract. Soil erosion is a major threat to soil functioning. The use of vegetation to control erosion has long been a topic for research. Much of this research has focused on the above-ground properties of plants, demonstrating the important role that canopy structure and cover plays in the reduction of water erosion processes. Less attention has been paid to plant roots. Plant roots are a crucial yet under-researched factor for reducing water erosion through their ability to alter soil properties, such as aggregate stability, hydraulic function and shear strength. However, there have been few attempts to specifically manipulate plant root system properties to reduce soil erosion. Therefore, this review aims to explore the effects that plant roots have on soil erosion and hydrological processes, and how plant root architecture might be manipulated to enhance its erosion control properties. We demonstrate the importance of root system architecture for the control of soil erosion. We also show that some plant species respond to nutrient-enriched patches by increasing lateral root proliferation. The erosional response to root proliferation will depend upon its location: at the soil surface dense mats of roots may reduce soil erodibility but block soil pores thereby limiting infiltration, enhancing runoff. Additionally, in nutrient-deprived regions, root hair development may be stimulated and larger amounts of root exudates released, thereby improving aggregate stability and decreasing erodibility. Utilizing nutrient placement at specific depths may represent a potentially new, easily implemented, management strategy on nutrient-poor agricultural land or constructed slopes to control erosion, and further research in this area is needed.
Big Data: een revolutie in gemeentelijk beleid?
Authors: Daalhuijsen Tom , Steenman Sebastiaan , Meijer Albert
Published: September 2015

Big Data: a revolution in municipal policy?

Big Data is the new hype in municipal policy and the promise of Big Data is rationalization: better policy that is based on better information. In this article the authors investigate the extent to which the use of Big Data in municipal organizations results in a more rational policy process. Their empirical research was held in two Dutch municipalities: Tilburg, in the south of the Netherlands, and Assen, in the north of the Netherlands. They investigated how Tilburg deploys Big Data for the fight against crime and Assen is trying to improve its traffic management with Big Data. Their analysis shows that policy, more so than in the past, is being steered by specific information because Big Data is being used. The rationalization of policy, however, is limited by the possibilities of Big Data and by political dynamics. Their final conclusion therefore is that the uncertainty, unfamiliarity, complexity and constant change are partly made manageable and controllable by the use of Big Data in municipal organizations. Politics is also partly ‘tamed’ because politicians have to relate to ‘objective data’ from information systems.
Erlotinib as Second-Line Therapy for Patients with Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer and Wild-Type EGFR Tumors
Authors: Sergio Vázquez  , María José Villanueva  , José Luis Fírvida  , Begoña Campos  , Martín Lázaro  , Gerardo Huidobro  , María del Carmen Areses  , Natalia Fernández  , Marta Covela  , Joaquín Casal
Published: September 2015

Aim: The objective of the study was to determine the efficacy and safety of erlotinib in second-line therapy for patients with advanced non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and wild-type tumors, measuring progression-free survival (PFS), the response rate, and overall survival (OS).
Material and Methods: This retrospective, observational, and multicenter study involved 47 patients diagnosed with NSCLC and wild-type epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR) who received erlotinib as second-line therapy in four Spanish hospitals. Primary and secondary endpoints included the determination of the efficacy (by measuring progression-free survival, PFS, the response rate, and overall survival, OS) and safety profile of erlotinib.
Results: The median PFS was 2.33 months (95% CI, 0.4-10.9). No differences in PFS were found regarding sex, age, smoking habits, ECOG performance status, and tumor histology. The median OS was 4.00 months (95% CI, 1.18-6.82). Four patients developed grade 3-4 non-hematological toxicities, including asthenia, cutaneous toxicity, and renal failure. One patient developed grade 3-4 thrombocytopenia.
Conclusion: Our study corroborates the modest but clear benefit of second-line agents, including erlotinib, for the treatment of advanced NSCLC, and supports their administration in patients with wild-type EGFR. Further prospective studies involving large number of patients are required to corroborate such results.
Combination of Anti α-Gal-PpIX Conjugate and Photodynamic Therapy for the Diagnosis and Elimination of HeLa and CaSki Cells
Authors: Fabiola Cabrera-Cedillo  , Anabelle Manzo-Sandova  , Yolanda Medina-Flores  , María Edith Medina-Escutia  , Olga Mata-Ruíz  , Alfredo Cruz-Orea  , Jorge Adrián  Garduño-Medina  , Jóse Manuel de la Rosa-Vázquez  , Eva Ramón-Gallegos
Published: September 2015

The photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a specific and alternative treatment for premalignant and malignant diseases. The -Gal epitope is expressed in red blood cells and nucleated cells of placental mammals not primates, but absent in old world monkeys, apes and humans. -Gal epitope has been found in cervical biopsies HPV positive, in biopsies at different stages of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and in cell lines such as HeLa and CaSki. The aim of this work was to obtain IgG anti a-Gal monoclonal antibody (mAb) and evaluate its usefulness in the photodynamic therapy in order to diagnosis and eliminate infected cells by HPV, types 16 and 18. From the 4C1F6D5G7B8 hybridoma line was obtained a producer hybridoma of IgG3, the mAb was conjugated with PpIX (IgG-PpIX). The IgG-PpIX conjugated was capable of identify the -Gal epitope present at the membrane of HeLa and CaSki cell lines by immunocitochemistry. The cell lines were exposed to IgG-PpIX and irradiated with a LED system at 635 nm at an energy dose of 64.3 J/cm2. The PDT using IgG anti Gal monoclonal antibody has effect on the viability of cervical carcinoma cells; the mortality results obtained were, in descendent order, HeLa (66.9 %) and CaSki (50.8 %). It was possible to conclude that PDT using the immunoconjugate IgG anti -Gal-PpIX is effective to diagnosis and eliminate cervical carcinoma cells.
Brain Metastases: State of the Art and Innovative Targeted Therapies
Authors: Maria Caffo  , Lucia Merlo  , Valeria Barresi  , Ema Tot  , Gerardo Caruso
Published: September 2015

Brain metastasis represents the most common intracranial tumor. The metastatic process involves the migration of a cancer cell from the bulk tumor into the surrounding tissue, extravasation from the blood vessels into the tissues, and formation of a secondary tumor. Patients affected by brain metastases are in need of a multidisciplinary approach that generally includes surgical treatment and radiation therapy. Conventional chemotherapies have generally produced disappointing results, possibly due to their limited ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier. With new data regarding the biology of brain metastases, novel targeted therapies can be considered interesting and promising therapeutic options. Targeted therapies showed improved survival in patients with metastatic disease. The advent of new technologies such as graphene nanoparticles has led to the discovery of novel pathways that allow a better delivery of the therapeutic compounds to the brain.
Introduction
Authors: Loveless Natalie S.
Published: September 2015

In this issue, RACAR’s editorial team is pleased to present Polemics, a new section which, like the curated Practices section introduced last year, will bring up-to-the-minute and sometimes controversial issues into the journal, while featuring art and ideas of any place and time. Each spring issue of RACAR will include a Polemics or a Practices section.

Polemics focuses on matters of pressing interest to the broad visual arts community in Canada. Each Polemics will be developed and introduced by a guest editor and will include brief, provocative essays that speak to a single contemporary topic from different perspectives. For the current issue, the guest editor, Natalie Loveless of the University of Alberta, brings together four voices from our community who reflect on research-creation as “an important contemporary queering of the academy” and a vigorous challenge to traditional disciplinary lines.
Kristin Lucas’s Refresh: Embodied Imaginings
Authors: McKay Sally
Published: September 2015

Les performances de la pionnière d’art digital féministe Kristin Lucas présentent des personnages autobiographiques affectés matériellement au sein d’environnements numériques. Dans Refresh, Lucas dépose une requête inhabituelle auprès d’une cour en Californie : le changement légal de son nom – de Kristin Sue Lucas… à Kristin Sue Lucas. L’artiste articule cette action de renouvellement personnel en se servant d’un langage spécifique aux médias numériques : des termes tels qu’ « actualiser » (refresh), « cache », « redémarrer » (reboot), permettent aux spectateurs d’imaginer en eux-mêmes une telle transformation. Le présent article soutient que l’imagination est un processus physiologique et matériel. Puisant dans les théories du néo-matérialisme, des sciences cognitives et de la neuroscience, Refresh invite le public à habiter activement des états de conscience comme des entités impliquées dans des milieux numériques. Je postule que ces actes d’imagination consciente se déroulent comme des processus physiologiques et matériels – qui en l’occurrence sont mis en valeur à travers des principes propres aux pratiques des arts conceptuels et des nouveaux médias. Je soutiens que Refresh ne déclenche pas cette réaction, mais l’offre plutôt comme un mode d’engagement optionnel pour ceux qui voudraient consciemment s’ouvrir aux propos déclarés du projet. À cet égard, je propose une approche qui s’écarte des recherches neuro-esthétiques, qui ont tendance à se concentrer sur l’activité neuronale non consciente. Finalement, je suggère que dans le cadre de l’expérience artistique, le choix actif et la conscience autoréflexive font souvent partie intégrante de l’engagement esthétique.
L’arbre de la Raison – La fabrique d’un motif pictural au début du XIXe siècle
Authors: Mezinski Zenon
Published: September 2015

The nineteenth century witnessed the rise of a specialized body of writing that ascribed a central place to the tree as object of knowledge and that contributed to the development of a pictorial motif that I call the “tree of Reason” (“l’arbre de la Raison”). Appearing in Europe in the early nineteenth century, the first “landscape lessons” aimed at beginner artists and amateurs rested on a new pedagogy that promised the reader and student quick results, regardless of their artistic talent. Their approach was based on an extreme form of rationalisation and simplification, which followed from the theoretical and aesthetic principles of Neoclassicism. Behind the word “landscape” (paysage) found in the titles of these successful manuals lay the motif of the tree, which constituted their main subject. This article begins with an examination of Principes raisonnés du paysage, published in 1804 by Nicolas-Alphonse Michel Mandevare, and analyzes the drawing method that it proposes. Regarded as the result of a construction, of an arrangement of its different parts, this “tree of Reason” highlights the end of a big artistic cycle, which was paradoxically to have little influence on the tenets of modern landscape that took hold in the 1830s. This rationalistic and reasoned practice thus ended in an impasse, in which both tree and landscape became petrified in a set of codified rules and references.
The Politics of Drunkenness: John Henry Walker, John A. Macdonald, and Graphic Satire
Authors: Skelly Julia
Published: September 2015

John A. Macdonald, le premier premier ministre du Canada, fut le sujet de plusieurs portraits officiels peints ou photographiés. Dans cet article, nous examinons les représentations satiriques de Macdonald qui le représentent buvant ou ivre. Notre objet principal d’analyse est la gravure sur bois peu connue de l’artiste montréalais John Henry Walker intitulée The Pipe versus the Bottle, qui est apparue dans le journal comique Grinchuckle en 1869. Cette estampe montre Macdonald en train de boire en compagnie du rédacteur et défenseur du mouvement de tempérance John Dougall, ce dernier tenant ce qui semble être une boisson non alcoolique. Nous plaçons Walker dans une longue lignée d’auteurs de satires graphiques, dont James Gillray, qui ont raillé politiciens et monarques au travers d’un discours portant sur l’ivrognerie et, plus généralement, sur l’excès de consommation. À partir d’une étude d’archives au Musée McCord de Montréal, notre analyse montre que Walker fut inspiré par l’artiste satirique anglais George Cruikshank, qui a produit de nombreuses gravures représentant l’ivrognerie. Nous développons le concept du « grim chuckle » (petit rire sombre) afin d’explorer les relations complexes entre satire, rire et consommation d’alcool.
L’imaginaire pictural de la matière photographique (1850–1860) : la cuisine de l’art, du peintre au photographe
Authors: Wicky Érika
Published: September 2015

The writings on photography published in the 1850s reveal the emergence of a pictorial imaginary of photographic matter that grew in the margins of the amazement at a medium completely dominated by nature and the precise developments of the photographic technique. In some of these texts, photographers were likened to painters because of the application, in both techniques, of multiple layers of varied and more or less opaque substances. Inasmuch as it concerned the process of fabrication more than the image itself, the understanding of the work performed by photographers, of their action on matter, directly affected their social status. To reflect on the material imaginary of photography is then to interrogate the modalities of the joint emergence of the profession and of the figure of the photographer-artist at the very moment of the industrialization of photography.
Activities of visual cortical and hippocampal neurons co-fluctuate in freely moving rats during spatial behavior
Authors: Haggerty Daniel Christopher , Ji Daoyun
Published: September 2015

Visual cues exert a powerful control over hippocampal place cell activities that encode external spaces. The functional interaction of visual cortical neurons and hippocampal place cells during spatial navigation behavior has yet to be elucidated. Here we show that, like hippocampal place cells, many neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) of freely moving rats selectively fire at specific locations as animals run repeatedly on a track. The V1 location-specific activity leads hippocampal place cell activity both spatially and temporally. The precise activities of individual V1 neurons fluctuate every time the animal travels through the track, in a correlated fashion with those of hippocampal place cells firing at overlapping locations. The results suggest the existence of visual cortical neurons that are functionally coupled with hippocampal place cells for spatial processing during natural behavior. These visual neurons may also participate in the formation and storage of hippocampal-dependent memories.
Online Shopping Behavior: Key Dimensions and Research Synthesis
Authors: Shen Dong , Kelley Craig A. , Richards Joseph , Bridges Claudia
Published: September 2015

A growing body of research has emerged related to the online shopping. In this study, the current literature related to media factors that influence online shopping behavior is extensively surveyed by identifying key dimensions. Four dimensions of the online shopping channel, including informativeness, convenience, customer service, and experiential uniqueness, are proposed based on the literature review and expert judgments. In addition, these key dimensions are discussed in the context of the established traditional channel literature; and the relationships between the traditional channel behavior and online shopping behavior are discussed. This research would help investigators to compare and contrast the developments in online shopping literature and the more established traditional shopping channel literature. The potential directions of future research on online shopping are addressed too.
Internal structure of the Moon inferred from Apollo seismic data and selenodetic data from GRAIL and LLR
Authors: Matsumoto Koji , Yamada Ryuhei , Kikuchi Fuyuhiko , Kamata Shunichi , Ishihara Yoshiaki , Iwata Takahiro , Hanada Hideo , Sasaki Sho
Published: September 2015

The internal structure of the Moon is important for discussions on its origin and evolution. However, the deep structure of the Moon is still debated due to the absence of comprehensive seismic data. This study explores lunar interior models by complementing Apollo seismic travel time data with selenodetic data which have recently been improved by Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) and Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR). The observed data can be explained by models including a deep‐seated zone with a low velocity (S wave velocity = 2.9 ± 0.5 km/s) and a low viscosity (∼3 × 1016 Pa s). The thickness of this zone above the core‐mantle boundary is larger than 170 km, showing a negative correlation with the radius of the fluid outer core. The inferred density of the lowermost mantle suggests a high TiO2 content (>11 wt.%) which prefers a mantle overturn scenario.
Dipole fluctuations and the duration of geomagnetic polarity transitions
Authors: Buffett Bruce
Published: September 2015

Geomagnetic polarity transitions are often accompanied by a decrease in magnetic intensity. The time required to reestablish the magnetic intensity after a transition is usually longer than the duration based on magnetic direction. Analysis of the paleomagnetic axial dipole moment from the PADM2M model shows a return to the time‐averaged intensity after 42 kyr. A shorter time is required to recover a fraction of the time‐averaged moment, but the correspondence between recovery time and fraction of recovery is nonlinear. Predictions of a stochastic model reproduce the general trends in recovery time and suggest that fluctuations in dipole generation increase substantially during polarity transitions relative to times of stable polarity. These large fluctuations could reflect larger convective velocities in the core or represent a change in the efficiency of dipole generation. In either case, large fluctuations during polarity transitions can flip the sign of the axial dipole field several times before a polarity transition is completed.
Statistical study of ELF/VLF emissions at subauroral latitudes in Athabasca, Canada
Authors: Martinez‐Calderon Claudia , Shiokawa Kazuo , Miyoshi Yoshizumi , Ozaki Mitsunori , Schofield Ian , Connors Martin
Published: September 2015

We present the first statistical analysis of ELF/VLF emissions observed on the ground at subauroral latitudes that includes their features, occurrences, and association with solar wind and geomagnetic variations. Using a 100 kHz sampling loop antenna located in Athabasca, Canada (54.60°N, 246.36°E, L = 4.3), we monitored these emissions, including chorus, quasiperiodic emissions, and hiss, from November 2012 to October 2013. We found a maximum occurrence rate in the morning sector (06–07 MLT, magnetic local time) and a minimum in the night sector (∼18 to 02 MLT), in agreement with previous satellite measurements in the inner magnetosphere. We also found correlation between the ongoing substorm and storm activity and the increase of occurrence rates. The observed waves usually had a central frequency ∼1–3 kHz lower than the half‐gyrofrequency at the conjugate equatorial plane, indicating a wave source at higher latitudes. A superposed epoch analysis showed that the starting time of the ELF/VLF emissions is preceded by a rise in AE both on short (hours) and long (days) terms. Solar wind speed also started slowly rising ∼1.5 days before, while density and dynamic pressure decreased shortly afterward. This may signify that high‐speed solar wind conditions also contribute to the generation of ELF/VLF emissions detected at subauroral latitudes.
Urban irrigation effects on WRF‐UCM summertime forecast skill over the Los Angeles metropolitan area
Authors: Vahmani P. , Hogue T. S.
Published: September 2015

In the current study, we explicitly address the impacts of urban irrigation on the local hydrological cycle by integrating a previously developed irrigation scheme within the coupled framework of the Weather Research and Forecasting‐Urban Canopy Models (WRF‐UCM) over the semiarid Los Angeles metropolitan area. We focus on the impacts of irrigation on the urban water cycle and atmospheric feedback. Our results demonstrate a significant sensitivity of WRF‐UCM simulated surface turbulent fluxes to the incorporation of urban irrigation. Introducing anthropogenic moisture, vegetated pixels show a shift in the energy partitioning toward elevated latent heat fluxes. The cooling effects of irrigation on daily peak air temperatures are evident over all three urban types, with the largest influence over low‐intensity residential areas (average cooling of 1.64°C). The evaluation of model performance via comparison against CIMIS (California Irrigation Management Information System) evapotranspiration (ET) estimates indicates that WRF‐UCM, after adding irrigation, performs reasonably during the course of the month of July, tracking day‐to‐day variability of ET with notable consistency. In the nonirrigated case, CIMIS‐based ET fluctuations are significantly underestimated by the model. Our analysis shows the importance of accurate representation of urban irrigation in modeling studies, especially over water‐scarce regions such as the Los Angeles metropolitan area. We also illustrate that the impacts of irrigation on simulated energy and water cycles are more critical for longer‐term simulations due to the interactions between irrigation and soil moisture fluctuations.
Spatial representativeness of soil moisture using in situ, remote sensing, and land reanalysis data
Authors: Nicolai‐Shaw Nadine , Hirschi Martin , Mittelbach Heidi , Seneviratne Sonia I.
Published: September 2015

This study investigates the spatial representativeness of the temporal dynamics of absolute soil moisture and its temporal anomalies over North America based on a range of data sets. We use three main data sources: in situ observations, the remote‐sensing‐based data set of the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative on the Essential Climate Variable soil moisture (ECV‐SM), and land surface model estimates from European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts's ERA‐Land. The intercomparisons of the three soil moisture data sources are performed at the in situ locations as well as for the full‐gridded products. The applied method allows us to quantify the spatial footprint of soil moisture. At the in situ locations it is shown that for absolute soil moisture the ECV‐SM and ERA‐Land products perform similarly, while for the temporal anomalies the ECV‐SM product shows more similarity in spatial representativeness with the in situ data. When taking into account all grid cells of the ECV‐SM and ERA‐Land products to calculate spatial representativeness, we find the largest differences in spatial representativeness for the absolute values. The differences in spatial representativeness between the single products can be related to some of their intrinsic characteristics, i.e., for ECV‐SM low similarities are found in topographically complex terrain and areas with dense vegetation, while for ERA‐Land the smoothed model topography and surface properties affect soil moisture and its spatial representativeness. Additionally, we show that the applied method is robust and can be used to analyze existing networks to provide insight into the locations in which higher station density would be of most benefit.
The cumulative effects of urban expansion on land surface temperatures in metropolitan JingjinTang, China
Authors: Hu Yonghong , Jia Gensuo , Hou Meiting , Zhang Xiaoxuan , Zheng Feixiang , Liu Yonghe
Published: September 2015

Rapid urbanization has resulted in the permanent conversion of large areas of cropland and natural vegetation to impervious surfaces and therefore greatly modified land surface properties and land‐atmosphere interactions. This study sought to examine the urbanization process using Landsat images from 2001 to 2010 in metropolitan JingjinTang (JJT), a rapidly expanding urban cluster in northern China. We aggregated the original results of land use data as fractional cover information in 1 km and 10 km grids. Annual and seasonal land surface temperatures (LSTs) were processed from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer products. We used moving window and gradient analysis methods to examine the differences in LST between urban and other land types, further identifying LST increases in gradients of urbanization levels. Urban extent increased by 1.6 times, and approximately 45% newly developed areas were converted from croplands during this process. Emerging urban land in JJT has caused approximately 0.85 ± 0.68°C warming in terms of annual mean LST, and the greatest warming occurred in the summer. An increase in urban land of 10% in a 1 km grid in JJT would cause approximately a 0.21°C increase in annual LST. Urbanization also led to increases in daytime LSTs and nighttime LSTs by approximately 1.03 ± 1.38°C and 0.78 ± 1.02°C, respectively. The warming trend induced by urbanization exhibits clear seasonal and diurnal differences, and this warming trend is most likely caused by the cumulative effects of changes in land properties, radiation storage, and anthropogenic heat release by urbanization.
Multimodel ensemble projection of precipitation in eastern China under A1B emission scenario
Authors: Niu Xiaorui , Wang Shuyu , Tang Jianping , Lee Dong‐Kyou , Gao Xuejie , Wu Jia , Hong Songyou , Gutowski William J. , McGregor John
Published: September 2015

As part of the Regional Climate Model Intercomparison Project for Asia, future precipitation projection in China is constructed using five regional climate models (RCMs) driven by the same global climate model (GCM) of European Centre/Hamburg version 5. The simulations cover both the control climate (1978–2000) and future projection (2041–2070) under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change emission scenario A1B. For the control climate, the RCMs have an advantage over the driving GCM in reproducing the summer mean precipitation distribution and the annual cycle. The biases in simulating summer precipitation mainly are caused by the deficiencies in reproducing the low‐level circulation, such as the western Pacific subtropical high. In addition, large inter‐RCM differences exist in the summer precipitation simulations. For the future climate, consistent and inconsistent changes in precipitation between the driving GCM and the nested RCMs are observed. Similar changes in summer precipitation are projected by RCMs over western China, but model behaviors are quite different over eastern China, which is dominated by the Asian monsoon system. The inter‐RCM difference of rainfall changes is more pronounced in spring over eastern China. North China and the southern part of South China are very likely to experience less summer rainfall in multi‐RCM mean (MRM) projection, while limited credibility in increased summer rainfall MRM projection over the lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin. The inter‐RCM variability is the main contributor to the total uncertainty for the lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin and South China during 2041–2060, while lowest for Northeast China, being less than 40%.
Root reinforcement of soils under compression
Authors: Schwarz M. , Rist A. , Cohen D. , Giadrossich F. , Egorov P. , Büttner D. , Stolz M. , Thormann J.‐J.
Published: September 2015

It is well recognized that roots reinforce soils and that the distribution of roots within vegetated hillslopes strongly influences the spatial distribution of soil strength. Previous studies have focussed on the contribution of root reinforcement under conditions of tension or shear. However, no systematic investigation into the contribution of root reinforcement to soils experiencing compression, such as the passive Earth forces at the toe of a landslide, is found in the literature. An empirical‐analytical model (CoRoS) for the quantification of root reinforcement in soils under compression is presented and tested against experimental data. The CoRoS model describes the force‐displacement behavior of compressed, rooted soils and can be used to provide a framework for improving slope stability calculations. Laboratory results showed that the presence of 10 roots with diameters ranging from 6 to 28 mm in a rectangular soil profile 0.72 m by 0.25 m increased the compressive strength of the soil by about 40% (2.5 kN) at a displacement of 0.05 m, while the apparent stiffness of the rooted soil was 38% higher than for root‐free soil. The CoRoS model yields good agreement with experimentally determined values of maximum reinforcement force and compression force as a function of displacement. These results indicate that root reinforcement under compression has a major influence on the mechanical behavior of soil and that the force‐displacement behavior of roots should be included in analysis of the compressive regimes that commonly are present in the toe of landslides.
S
outh
A
frica
Authors: Adam Heribert
Published: September 2015

Social scientists explain nonviolent regime change mostly through economistic and interest‐based arguments. Clinton's quip “it is the economy, stupid” has become the universal mantra. While obviously not to be ignored, such a one‐sided perspective neglects moral dimensions. Delegitimating unjust rule also triggers political change, because authoritarian rulers must be able to justify their actions to themselves and their constituency. This analysis compares African National Congress rationalizations of current maladies with the past apartheid disintegration of minority rule by emphasizing the power of moral assaults. “Ideal interests,” in Max Weber's dictum, do not constitute false consciousness, as Marxists assert, but develop their own independent dynamic.
Transnational Families
Authors: Shih Kristy Y.
Published: September 2015

Transnational family living arrangements are becoming increasingly prevalent as movement around the world and technological advancements become more accessible. Members of transnational families live separately in two or more countries but keep close relationships and ties with each other as well as their homeland. Transnational families are diverse; families migrate for various reasons (e.g., political, economic, and educational) and take a variety of forms. Transnational families are also dynamic and fluid as individual members travel back and forth across national borders. Individuals' and families' experiences with transnational family arrangements also change as they develop across the life span. Transnational family members face unique opportunities as well as challenges that are not shared by any other family types. Even though this family arrangement has the potential to transformation traditional gender relations at home, most studies find these families reproduce traditional gender expectations of motherhood and fatherhood.
UNICEF
Authors: Yeung Wei‐Jun Jean
Published: September 2015

The United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) was established in 1946 by the United Nations to provide food, clothing, and healthcare to European children after World War II. In 1989, the Convention on the Rights of the Child was adopted by the UN General Assembly and it has since become one of the most influential human rights treaties in the world. In the early twenty‐first century, UNICEF is the world's leading advocate for children and has established more than 190 country offices all over the world, each guided and provided with technical assistance by the seven regional offices. As an intergovernmental organization, UNICEF aims to eliminate the impacts of poverty, violence, disease, and discrimination on child development by focusing on five main working areas: child survival and development, basic education and gender equality, HIV/AIDS and children, child protection, and policy advocacy and partnerships.
Aging of the World's Population
Authors: Guseh James S.
Published: September 2015

The world's population is aging. This trend, known as the demographic transition, occurs when societies move from low life expectancy and high fertility to high life expectancy and low fertility. Currently, one in every nine persons in the world is aged 60 years or older. By 2050 the proportion is projected to increase to one in five, and the older population is expected to exceed the youth population for the first time in history. Women form the majority of older persons. Most developed countries have completed their demographic transition, leading to declining fertility which in turn may lead to population decline in the near future unless they have considerable in‐migration. Virtually all expected population growth in the next four decades will occur in the developing world. Aging increases the cost of providing elderly social services, but the elderly have skills and knowledge that society could reap as a “longevity dividend.”
Family Violence
Authors: Ellialti Tuğçe
Published: September 2015

Social research has consistently documented that family violence is the most prevalent form of interpersonal violence, and that women and children are more likely to be subjected to violence in their own homes and by their own family members than they are on the streets and by strangers. Although there is little agreement on exactly what constitutes family violence, the term typically refers to any abusive, violent, coercive, or threatening act or word inflicted by one family member on another. While family violence may occur in the form of physical, sexual, emotional, financial, and psychological abuse, the most common forms are child abuse, domestic violence against women (also known as wife abuse and spouse assault), elder abuse, and sibling violence. The detrimental effects of family violence on individuals' – especially women's and children's – physical, mental, psychological, and emotional well‐being are widely acknowledged in the literature. The prevention of family violence requires multiple institutional, political, and sociocultural transformations through comprehensive state‐ and community‐led efforts.
High‐Strength AlCrFeCoNi High Entropy Alloys Fabricated by Using Metallic Glass Powder as Precursor
Authors: Yang Chao , Lin Jianan , Zeng Jin , Qu Shenggua. , Li Xiaoqiang , Zhang Weiwen , Zhang Datong
Published: September 2015

The report on the formation of high‐strength AlCrFeCoNi HEAs fabricated by using metallic glass powder as precursor is presented. XRD and SEM analysis indicate that the fabricated HEAs have a two‐phase microstructure of a micron‐sized BCC solid solution matrix surrounding a dispersed micron‐sized BCC region. TEM observation reveals that the two‐phase region is all composed of two kinds of nano/ultrafine‐grained BCC grains with respective composition distributions of the Al, Ni rich and Cr, Fe deplete, and the Cr, Fe rich and Al, Ni deplete. Moreover, the fabricated HEAs exhibit simultaneous ultra‐high fracture strength and large ductility, far superior to the cast counterpart HEAs. The results provide a promising method for fabricating large‐sized HEAs with excellent mechanical properties by powder metallurgy.
Application of Monodirectional Janus Patch to Oromucosal Delivery System
Authors: You Jae Bem , Choi Ah Young , Baek Jieung , Oh Myung Seok , Im Sung Gap , Lee Kyung Eun , Gwak Hye Sun
Published: September 2015

Drug delivery through mucosae has received huge research attention owing to its advantageous characteristics such as accurate dose control and the avoidance of premature metabolism of vulnerable drugs by oral administration. However, body fluid in mucosae may dissolve the drug, releasing it to unwanted directions. Here, a Janus drug delivery patch with monodirectional diffusion property is devised to deliver drugs efficiently and to overcome the issue of unwanted drug release. A polyester fabric is coated with a hydrophobic polymer, poly(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10‐heptadecafluorodecyl methacrylate), via initiated chemical vapor deposition. Subsequently, hydrophilicity is rendered selectively on one surface by base‐catalyzed hydrolysis to obtain a Janus substrate with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces. The hydrophilic surface of the Janus substrate is further coated with resveratrol‐loaded hydrogel to produce a Janus drug delivery patch. The fabricated patch efficiently blocks fluid penetration from one side to the other in mucous environment. Delivery of resveratrol through hairless mouse skin and reconstructed human mucosae using Janus patch shows higher permeation flux compared to bare control patch. The Janus drug delivery patch shown in this study can be a useful tool for efficient transmucosal delivery of various kinds of drugs.
Long‐term survival in young and middle‐aged Hodgkin lymphoma patients in Sweden 1992–2009—trends in cure proportions by clinical characteristics
Authors: Glimelius Ingrid , Ekberg Sara , Jerkeman Mats , Chang Ellen T. , Björkholm Magnus , Andersson Therese M.L. , Smedby Karin E. , Eloranta Sandra
Published: September 2015

Trends in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) survival among patients treated outside of clinical trials provide real‐world benchmark estimates of prognosis and help identify patient subgroups for targeted trials. In a Swedish population‐based cohort of 1947 HL patients diagnosed in 1992–2009 at ages 18–59 years, we estimated relative survival (RS), cure proportions (CP), and median survival times using flexible parametric cure models. Overall, the CP was 89% (95% CI: 0.87–0.91) and median survival of the uncured was 4.6 years (95% CI: 3.0–6.3). For patients aged 18–50 years diagnosed after the year 2000, CP was high and stable, whereas for patients of 50–59 years, cure was not reached. The survival of relapse‐free patients was similar to that of the general population (RS5‐year: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.98–0.99, RS15‐year: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.92–0.97). The excess mortality of relapsing patients was 19 times (95% CI: 12–31) that of relapse‐free patients. Despite modern treatments, patients with adverse prognostic factors (e.g., advanced stage) still had markedly worse outcomes [CP stage: IIIB 0.82 (95% CI: 0.73–0.89); CP stage: IVB 0.72, (95% CI: 0.60–0.81)] and patients with international prognostic score (IPS) ≥3 had 2.7 times higher excess mortality (95% CI: 1.0–7.0, p = 0.04) than patients with IPS <3. High‐risk patients selected for 6–8 courses of BEACOPP (bleomycin, etoposide, doxorubicin, cyclofosphamide, vincristine, procarbazine, prednisone)‐chemotherapy had a 15‐year relative survival of 87%, (95% CI: 0.80–0.92), whereas the corresponding estimate for patients selected for 6–8 courses of ABVD (doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine) was 93% (95% CI: 0.88–0.97). These population‐based results indicate limited fatal side‐effects in the 15‐year perspective with contemporary treatments, while the unmet need of effective relapse treatment remains of concern. BEACOPP‐chemotherapy was still not sufficient in high‐risk HL patients. Am. J. Hematol. 90:1128–1134, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Flow cytometric assay for direct quantification of neutrophil extracellular traps in blood samples
Authors: Gavillet Mathilde , Martinod Kimberly , Renella Raffaele , Harris Chad , Shapiro Nate I. , Wagner Denisa D. , Williams David A.
Published: September 2015

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) contribute to innate immunity as well as numerous diseases processes such as deep vein thrombosis, myocardial ischemia, and autoimmune disease. To date, most knowledge on NETs formation has been gathered via the qualitative microscopic examination of individual neutrophils in vitro, or aggregate structures in vivo. Here we describe a novel flow cytometry (FLOW)‐based assay to identify and quantify NETs using antibodies against key NETs constituents, specifically DNA, modified histones, and granular enzymes. This method is applicable to both murine and human samples for the assessment of induced NETs in vitro, or detection of NETosis in vivo in blood samples. This FLOW‐based method was validated by comparison with the well‐established microscopy assay using two genetic mouse models previously demonstrated to show defective NETosis. It was then used on healthy human neutrophils for detection of ex vivo induced NETs and on blood samples from patients with sepsis for direct assessment of in vivo NET‐forming neutrophils. This new methodology allows rapid and robust assessment of several thousand cells per sample and is independent of potential observer‐bias, the two main limitations of the microscopic quantification. Using this new technology facilitates the direct detection of in vivo circulating NETs in blood samples and purification of NETting neutrophils by fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS) for further analysis. Am. J. Hematol. 90:1155–1158, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The impact of dasatinib on pregnancy outcomes
Authors: Cortes Jorge E. , Abruzzese Elisabetta , Chelysheva Ekaterina , Guha Mausumee , Wallis Nicola , Apperley Jane F.
Published: September 2015

Prolonged survival in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia treated with BCR‐ABL1‐targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors allows consideration of parenthood for patients on chronic therapy, but there are limited data about the effects of dasatinib on pregnancy. Pregnancy‐related outcomes in dasatinib‐treated patients or their partners reported to Bristol–Myers Squibb from clinical trials or healthcare providers through December 2013 were reviewed. Outcomes were available in 46/78 dasatinib‐treated women (59%) and 33/69 partners of dasatinib‐treated men (48%). Fifteen women (33%) delivered a normal infant; 18 (39%) and 8 (17%) had an elective or spontaneous abortion; and 5 (11%) had an abnormal pregnancy. There were 7 reports of fetal/infant abnormalities (encephalocele, renal tract abnormalities, and hydrops fetalis). Thirty of 33 (91%) infants fathered by dasatinib‐treated men were reported normal at birth. Also, animal studies evaluated the impact of dasatinib on fertility, embryo‐fetal toxicity, and development, suggesting that dasatinib may be a selective developmental toxicant. The outcomes of most pregnancies conceived by men treated with dasatinib were normal, but due to the small number of cases, further monitoring is required. Significant effects on pregnancy outcomes in women treated with dasatinib were found, supporting current recommendations that women avoid becoming pregnant during dasatinib treatment and be informed of fetal risks. Am. J. Hematol. 90:1111–1115, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lactase non‐persistence and general patterns of dairy intake in indigenous and mestizo chilean populations
Authors: Fernández Catalina I. , Montalva Nicolás , Arias Macarena , Hevia Macarena , Moraga Mauricio L. , Flores Sergio V.
Published: September 2015

Objectives

Lactase persistence (LP) is a genetic trait that has been studied among different countries and ethnic groups. In Latin America, the frequencies of this trait have been shown to vary according to the degree of admixture of the populations. The objective of this study is to better understand the relationship between this genetic trait and dairy intake in a multiethnic context through a synthesis of studies conducted in four regions of Chile.

Methods

Genotypes frequencies for the SNP LCT‐13910C>T (rs4988235) and frequency of dairy consumption were obtained from four populations: Polynesians from Easter Island (Rapanui); Amerindians (Mapuche) and Mestizos from the Araucanía region; urban Mestizos from Santiago; and rural Mestizos from the Coquimbo region. Genetic differentiation and association between milk consumption and genotype frequencies were estimated.

Results

Genetic differentiation between Native and Mestizo populations was significant; the LP frequency in Mapuche and Rapanui was 10% and 25%, respectively, whereas among the Mestizos, LP frequency was near 40%. Dairy intake was below the nutritional recommendations for the four groups, and extremely below recommendations among the indigenous populations. Association between milk intake and LP was found in Santiago and Rapanui populations.

Conclusions

Although the frequency of LP varies among the populations according to their degree of admixture, dairy consumption was very low across the populations. Given that the association between milk consumption and expected phenotype was found only in two of the populations analyzed, it seems that lactase non‐persistence (LNP) is not the only cause for dairy avoidance. Thus, it is suggested that SES and cultural preferences are likely affecting dairy consumption. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:213–219, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.