bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Architects as Hairdressers
Authors: Spiller Neil
Published: April 2008

Neil Spiller reactionary? Spiller finds himself recoiling into a ‘grumpy old man’ as he observes the emergence of an alarming new trend in architecture schools that prioritises style over matter. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biofuel from Algae
Authors: Yeang Ken
Published: April 2008

Finding an alternative fuel for our built environment as a substitute for fossil fuels is the Holy Grail of a sustainable future. Ken Yeang discusses the potential of mass algae production as a source of biofuel. Could we be powering our buildings and cars with algae in years to come? Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Space on Earth: A Virtual Portal Between the Earth and Outer Space
Authors: Croci Valentina
Published: April 2008

Every time you text or call from your mobile phone, you may be unknowingly providing essential data that is being captured for public or commercial research. Valentina Croci describes how The Senseable City Lab at MIT and the Estonian group Positium LBS with the Department of Geography at the University of Tartu have been developing projects that enable us to sense the city, dynamically mapping social movement. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Permeating Walls
Authors: Watson Howard
Published: April 2008

Howard Watson describes how Bennetts Associates' design to redevelop the Royal Shakespeare Theatre at Stratford‐upon‐Avon offers not only the opportunity to reconnect with the Warwickshire town, but also to interact with both the local community and the theatre's audience. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Purification of CD45+ hematopoietic cells directly from human bone marrow using a flow‐based P‐selectin‐coated microtube
Authors: Narasipura Srinivas D. , Wojciechowski Joel C. , Duffy Brian M. , L. Liesveld Jane , King Michael R.
Published: April 2008

Recently, a flow‐based selectin‐dependent method for capture and enrichment of specific type blood cells (CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells) from bone marrow and peripheral blood has been described. Using a similar approach, here we show isolation of CD45+ blood cells directly from human bone marrow to a high purity (90%–97%). The process mimics a ubiquitous mechanism of cell trafficking in the body for the recruitment of neutrophils during inflammation. The method is straightforward, rapid, and may represent a practical alternative to CD45+ cell enrichment procedures required for chimerism analysis following allogenic stem‐cell transplantation. Am. J. Hematol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Musculoskeletal symptoms of the neck and upper extremities among Iowa dairy farmers
Authors: Nonnenmann Matthew W. , Anton Dan , Gerr Fredric , Merlino Linda , Donham Kelley
Published: April 2008

Background

The prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms (MSS) among U.S. dairy farmers is relatively unknown. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of neck and upper extremity MSS, and to examine associations between symptoms and dairy operation activities among dairy farmers.

Methods

Questionnaires were mailed to randomly selected dairy farmers in the State of Iowa, USA. Demographic, site specific MSS, and dairy operation activity information was obtained. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated with logistic regression adjusting for potential confounders.

Results

Among the participants (N = 341), shoulder MSS were reported most frequently (54%). Neck MSS were significantly associated with manually feeding (ORadj = 2.29; 95% CI = 1.09–4.80) and tractors use (ORadj = 2.17; 95% CI = 1.05–4.50). Also, wrist/hand MSS were associated with manually cleaning animal stalls (ORadj = 1.96; 95% CI = 1.06–3.63).

Conclusions

Neck and upper extremity MSS were common and associated with common dairy farming practices. Future studies need to more accurately assess exposures to physical risk factors for MSS so ergonomic interventions can be developed. Am. J. Ind. Med. 51:443–451, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic association between α‐synuclein and idiopathic parkinson's disease
Authors: Kay Denise M. , Factor Stewart A. , Samii Ali , Higgins Donald S. , Griffith Alida , Roberts John W. , Leis Berta C. , Nutt John G. , Montimurro Jennifer S. , Keefe Robert G. , Atkins April J. , Yearout Dora , Zabetian Cyrus P. , Payami Haydeh
Published: April 2008

Point mutations and copy number variations in SNCA, the gene encoding α‐synuclein, cause familial Parkinson's disease (PD). A dinucleotide polymorphism (REP1) in the SNCA promoter may be a risk factor for common forms of PD. We studied 1,802 PD patients and 2,129 controls from the NeuroGenetics Research Consortium, using uniform, standardized protocols for diagnosis, subject recruitment, data collection, genotyping, and data analysis. Three common REP1 alleles (257, 259, and 261 bp, with control frequencies of 0.28, 0.65, and 0.06) and several rare alleles (combined frequency <0.01) were detected. We confirmed association of REP1 with PD risk [odds ratio (OR) = 0.86, P = 0.006 for 257‐carriers; OR = 1.25, P = 0.022 for 261‐carriers]. Using a normalization procedure, we showed that the 257 and 261 alleles are both independently associated with PD risk (for 257, P = 0.002 in overall data, 0.003 in non‐familial PD, 0.001 in early‐onset PD; for 261, P = 0.056 in overall data, 0.024 in non‐familial PD, 0.052 in early‐onset PD). The 257‐associated risk was consistent with a dominant model [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.99, P = 0.91 for 257/257 vs. 257/X where X denotes all other common alleles; HR = 1.16, P = 0.004 for X/X vs. 257/X]. The 261‐associated risk was consistent with a recessive model (HR = 1.89, P = 0.026 for 261/261 vs. 261/X; HR = 0.95, P = 0.42 for X/X vs. 261/X). Genotype‐specific mean onset ages (±SD) ranged from 54.8 ± 12.1 for 261/261 to 59.4 ± 11.5 for 257/257, displaying a trend of decreasing onset age with increasing allele size (P = 0.055). Genetic variation in SNCA and its regulatory regions play an important role in both familial and sporadic PD. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
FBXL21 association with schizophrenia in irish family and case–control samples
Authors: Chen Xiangning , Wang Xu , Sun Cuie , Chen Qi , O'Neill F. Anthony , Walsh Dermot , Fanous Ayman , Kendler Kenneth S.
Published: April 2008

FBXL21 gene encodes an F‐box containing protein functioning in the SCF ubiquitin ligase complex. The role of the F‐box protein is to recruit proteins designated for degradation to the ligase complex so they would be ubiquitinated. Using both family and case–control samples, we found consistent associations in and around FBXL21 gene. In the family sample (Irish study of high density schizophrenia families, ISHDSF, 1,350 subjects from 273 families), a minimal PDT P‐value of 0.0011 was observed at rs31555. In the case–control sample (Irish case–control study of schizophrenia, ICCSS, 814 cases and 625 controls), significant associations were observed at two markers (rs1859427 P = 0.0197, and rs6861170 P = 0.0197). In haplotype analyses, haplotype 1‐1 (C‐T) of rs1859427–rs6861170 was overtransmitted in the ISHDSF (P = 0.0437) and was overrepresented in the ICCSS (P = 0.0177). For both samples, the associated alleles and haplotypes were identical. These data suggested that FBXL21 may be associated with schizophrenia in the Irish samples. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fiber‐bound nitrogen in gorilla diets: implications for estimating dietary protein intake of primates
Authors: Rothman Jessica M. , Chapman Colin A. , Pell Alice N.
Published: April 2008

Protein is essential for living organisms, but digestibility of crude protein is poorly understood and difficult to predict. Nitrogen is used to estimate protein content because nitrogen is a component of the amino acids that comprise protein, but a substantial portion of the nitrogen in plants may be bound to fiber in an indigestible form. To estimate the amount of crude protein that is unavailable in the diets of mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei) in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda, foods routinely eaten were analyzed to determine the amount of nitrogen bound to the acid‐detergent fiber residue. The amount of fiber‐bound nitrogen varied among plant parts: herbaceous leaves 14.5±8.9% (reported as a percentage of crude protein on a dry matter (DM) basis), tree leaves (16.1±6.7% DM), pith/herbaceous peel (26.2±8.9% DM), fruit (34.7±17.8% DM), bark (43.8±15.6% DM), and decaying wood (85.2±14.6% DM). When crude protein and available protein intake of adult gorillas was estimated over a year, 15.1% of the dietary crude protein was indigestible. These results indicate that the proportion of fiber‐bound protein in primate diets should be considered when estimating protein intake, food selection, and food/habitat quality. Am. J. Primatol. 70:690–694, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and characterization of novel neutral nickel complexes bearing fluorinated salicylaldiminato ligands and their catalytic behavior for vinylic polymerization of norbornene
Authors: Song Dong‐Po , Li Yan‐Guo , Lu Ran , Hu Ning‐Hai , Li Yue‐sheng
Published: April 2008

A series of salicylaldimine‐based neutral Ni(II) complexes (3a–j) [ArN = CH(C6H4O)]Ni(PPh3)Ph [3a, Ar = C6H5; 3b, Ar = C6H4F(o); 3c, Ar = C6H4F(m); 3d, Ar = C6H4F(p); 3e, Ar = C6H3F2(2,4); 3f, Ar = C6H3F2(2,5); 3g, Ar = C6H3F2(2,6); 3h, Ar = C6H3F2(3,5); 3i, Ar = C6H2F3(3,4,5); 3j, Ar = C6F5] have been synthesized in good yield, and the structures of complexes 3a and 3i have been confirmed by X‐ray crystallographic analysis. Using modified methylaluminoxane as a cocatalyst, these neutral Ni(II) complexes exhibited high catalytic activities for the vinylic polymerization of norbornene. It was observed that the strong electron‐withdrawing effect of the fluorinated salicylaldiminato ligand was able to significantly increase the catalyst activity for vinylic polymerization of norbornenes. In addition, catalyst activity, polymer yield and polymer molecular weight can also be controlled over a wide range by the variation of reaction parameters such as Al:Ni ratio, norbornene:catalyst ratio, monomer concentration, polymerization temperature and time. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Properties of wool fibers treated under high‐temperature water and steam
Authors: Long Li , Lei Song , Guiqin Jia
Published: April 2008

In this study, we investigated the hygroscopicity and the extension properties of wool fibers treated under high‐temperature steam and water. The scale structure and the crystallinity of the treated wool fibers were analyzed with scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction analysis. The experimental results show that the hygroscopicity of the wool fibers treated under high‐temperature steam was higher than that of the wool fibers treated under high‐temperature water. The strength, the breaking elongation, and the breaking work of the treated wool fibers decreased obviously compared with the untreated wool fibers. The scale surface became rough and the crystallization index decreased for the treated wool fibers. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Designing polylactide/clay nanocomposites for textile applications: Effect of processing conditions, spinning, and characterization
Authors: Solarski Samuel , Ferreira Manuela , Devaux Eric , Fontaine Gaëlle , Bachelet Pierre , Bourbigot Serge , Delobel René , Coszach Philippe , Murariu Marius , Da Silva Ferreira Amália , Alexandre Michael , Degee Philippe , Dubois Philippe
Published: April 2008

An experimental study was carried out to design polylactide (PLA)‐clay nanocomposites for developing fibers. PLA and 1–10 wt % of a selected organomodified bentonite (Bentone® 104‐B104) were melt mixed to examine the effect of processing conditions (temperature, shear, residence time) on the morphology of performed polymer nanocomposites (PNC). Because of a good compatibility with PLA matrix, the dispersion of B104 occurred under different conditions without difficulty, and a similar morphology was obtained. The results obtained showed that at low temperature of mixing, the shear stress exerted on polymer has a key role on the extent of intercalation and delamination. Upscale experiments were further performed using optimized conditions and 4 wt % B104 was added to PLA matrix by melt blending to produce PNC for spinning. Then, the recovered PNC were melt spun to produce multifilaments yarns, and it was demonstrated that surprisingly, it is not necessary to use a plasticizer to spin a blend with 4 wt % B104. The properties of the yarns have been studied in terms of clay dispersion as well as thermal, mechanical, and shrinkage properties. B104 could be added up to 4 wt % into PLA without detrimentally sacrificing the tensile strength of melt‐spun filaments, especially at high draw ratio. Interestingly, the PNC‐based multifilaments were knitted and the flammability studied using cone calorimeter at 35 kW/m2. A strong decrease, up to 46%, of the heat release rate was measured. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Comparing effects of silanized silica nanofiller on the crosslinking and mechanical properties of natural rubber and synthetic polyisoprene
Authors: Ostad‐Movahed S. , Ansar Yasin K. , Ansarifar A. , Song M. , Hameed S.
Published: April 2008

The effect of the same amount of precipitated silica nanofiller on the curing and mechanical properties of natural rubber and synthetic polyisoprene was investigated. The silica surfaces were pretreated with bis(3‐triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide (TESPT) to chemically bond silica to rubber. The rubbers were primarily cured by using sulfur in TESPT, and the cure was optimized by the addition of accelerator and activator, which helped to form sulfur chemical bonds between the rubber and filler. Different amounts of accelerator and activator were needed to fully crosslink the filled rubbers. The hardness, tensile strength, elongation at break, stored energy density at break, tearing energy, and modulus of the vulcanizates improved substantially by the incorporation of the filler in the rubber. This was due to high level of rubber‐filler adhesion and formation of chemical bonds between the rubber and TESPT. Interestingly, natural rubber benefited more from the filler than did synthetic polyisoprene. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Synthesis, characterization, and thermal degradation studies of copolymer resin derived from p‐cresol, melamine, and formaldehyde
Authors: Singru R. N. , Zade A. B. , Gurnule W. B.
Published: April 2008

Copolymers (p‐CMF) synthesized by the condensation of p‐cresol and melamine with formaldehyde in the presence of an acid catalyst and using varied molar proportion of the reacting monomers. Copolymer resin compositions were determined on the basis of their elemental analysis. The number average molecular weight of these copolymers was determined by conductometric titration in nonaqueous media. Solution viscosity measurements in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were carried out to ascertain the characteristic functions and constants of the copolymer resins. The copolymer resins were further characterized byUV–visible absorption spectra in the nonaqueous medium, Infra‐red (IR) spectra, and the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. Thermal studies of the resins were carried out to determine their mode of decomposition, the activation energy (Ea), order of reaction (n), frequency factor (Z), entropy change (ΔS), free energy change (ΔF), and apparent entropy change (S*). Thermal decomposition curves were discussed with careful attention of minute details. The Freeman‐Carroll and Sharp‐Wentworth methods have been used to calculate thermal activation energy and thermal stability. Thermal activation energy (Ea) calculated with these methods are in agreement with each other. The data from the Freeman‐Carroll methods have been used to determine various thermodynamic parameters. The order of thermal stability of copolymers has been determined using TGA. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Effect of Gonadal Hormones on the Cross‐Sectional Area of Pubococcygeus Muscle Fibers in Male Rat
Authors: Alvarado Mayvi , Cuevas Estela , Lara‐García Miguel , Camacho Miguel , Carrillo Porfirio , Hudson Robyn , Pacheco Pablo
Published: April 2008

Effects of gonadal hormones on dimorphic striated muscles such as the bulbocavernosus/levator ani complex related to male penile erection have been widely studied. However, the action of these hormones on pelvic nondimorphic muscles is not known. In the present study, the sensitivity of the male rat pubococcygeus muscle (Pcm) to gonadal hormones was studied measuring the cross‐sectional area (CSA) of its fibers. For this, two experiments were done: in the first, the effect of castration, and in the second the effect of gonadal hormone administration was analyzed. We found that castration after 6 weeks significantly reduced the average CSA of the fibers of this muscle and that castration after 2 or 6 weeks reduced the percentage of fibers with higher CSAs, but only castration after 6 weeks increased the percentage of fibers with the lowest CSA. In comparison with castrated animals implanted with an empty Silastic capsule, Silastic implants of testosterone propionate or dihydrotestosterone significantly increased the average CSA of Pcm fibers, and the treatment with testosterone propionate, estradiol benzoate, or dihydrotestosterone decreased the percentage of fibers with low CSAs and increased the percentage with larger CSAs. Our results could be considered for therapy in patients with damage of the Pcm, and suffering urinary incontinence or ejaculatory dysfunctions. Anat Rec, 291:586–592, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Perlecan, the “jack of all trades” proteoglycan of cartilaginous weight‐bearing connective tissues
Authors: Melrose James , Hayes Anthony J. , Whitelock John M. , Little Christopher B.
Published: April 2008

Perlecan is a ubiquitous proteoglycan of basement membrane and vascularized tissues but is also present in articular cartilage, meniscus and intervertebral disc, which are devoid of basement membrane and predominantly avascular. It is a prominent pericellular proteoglycan in the transitory matrix of the cartilaginous rudiments that develop into components of diarthrodial joints and the axial skeleton, and it forms intricate perichondrial vessel networks that define the presumptive articulating surfaces of developing joints and line the cartilage canals in cartilaginous rudiments. Such vessels have roles in the nutrition of the expanding cell numbers in the developing joint. Perlecan sequesters a number of growth factors pericellularly (FGFs, PDGF, VEGF and CTGF) and through these promotes cell signalling, cell proliferation and differentiation. Perlecan also interacts with a diverse range of extracellular matrix proteins, stabilising and organising the ECM, and promoting collagen fibrillogenesis. Perlecan is a prominent pericellular component of mesenchymal cells from their earliest developmental stages through to maturation, forming cell–cell and cell–ECM interconnections that are suggestive of a role in mechanosensory processes important to tissue homeostasis. BioEssays 30:457–469, 2008. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The sex chromosome that refused to die
Authors: Malone John H. , Oliver Brian
Published: April 2008

Chromosomes that harbor dominant sex determination loci are predicted to erode over time—losing genes, accumulating transposable elements, degenerating into a functional wasteland and ultimately becoming extinct. The Drosophila melanogaster Y chromosome is fairly far along this path to oblivion. The few genes on largely heterochromatic Y chromosome are required for spermatocyte‐specific functions, but have no role in other tissues. Surprisingly, a recent paper shows that divergent Y chromosomes can substantially influence gene expression throughout the D. melanogaster genome.1 These results show that variation on Y has an important influence on the deployment of the genome. BioEssays 30:409–411, 2008. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Conjugate reinforcement: a brief review and suggestions for applications to the assessment of automatically reinforced behavior
Authors: Rapp John T.
Published: April 2008

Procedures involving conjugate reinforcement have been used extensively by researchers in developmental psychology, but sparingly by behavior analysts. Based on this trend, this paper calls for a re‐examination of conjugate reinforcement as a tool for analyzing automatically reinforced behavior. To this end, studies involving popular conjugate reinforcement preparations are briefly reviewed to highlight the impact of conjugate reinforcement outside of behavior analysis. In addition, results from selected behavior analytic studies are compared to studies involving conjugate reinforcement procedures. Throughout the review, recommendations for extending conjugate reinforcement preparations to the assessment of automatically reinforced behavior are provided. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced External Counterpulsation in the Treatment of Chronic Refractory Angina: A Long‐term Follow‐up Outcome from the International Enhanced External Counterpulsation Patient Registry
Authors: Loh Poay Huan , Cleland John G.F. , Louis Amal A. , Kennard Elizabeth D. , Cook Jocelyn F. , Caplin John L. , Barsness Gregory W. , Lawson William E. , Soran Ozlem Z. , Michaels Andrew D.
Published: April 2008

Background

The management of patients who suffer from medically refractory angina and are unsuitable for conventional revascularization therapy is often unsatisfactory. Enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) is a noninvasive treatment that is safe and effective immediately after a course of treatment. However, the duration of benefit is less certain.

Hypothesis

To evaluate the 3‐year outcome of EECP treatment.

Methods

One thousand four hundred and twenty seven patients from 36 centers registered in the International EECP Patient Registry (IEPR)—Phase 1 was prospectively followed for a median of 37 months. Two hundred and twenty patients (15.4%) died, while 1,061 patients (74.4%) completed their follow‐up.

Results

The mean age was 66 ± 11 years and 72% were men. Seventy‐six percent had multivessel coronary disease for 11 ± 8 years. Eighty‐eight percent had a prior percutaneous or surgical revascularization and 82% were unsuitable for further coronary intervention.

Immediately post‐EECP, the proportion of patients with severe angina (Canadian Cardiovascular Angina Classification [CCS] III/IV) were reduced from 89% to 25%, p<0.001. The CCS class was improved by at least 1 class in 78% of the patients and by at least 2 classes in 38%. This was sustained in 74% of the patients during follow‐up.

Thirty‐six percent of the patients had CCS II or less angina, which was better than pre‐EECP state without a major adverse cardiovascular event during follow‐up. More severe baseline angina and a history of heart failure or diabetes were independent predictors of unfavorable outcome.

Conclusion

An EECP improves angina and quality of life immediately after a course of treatment. For most of the patients, these beneficial effects are sustained for 3 years. Copyright © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Comparison of the Aldosterone‐blocking Agents Eplerenone and Spironolactone
Authors: Struthers Allan , Krum Henry , Williams Gordon H.
Published: April 2008

Improved understanding of the adverse pharmacological properties of aldosterone has prompted investigation of the clinical benefits of blocking aldosterone at the receptor level. This article reviews the pharmacology, clinical efficacy, and tolerability of the two available blocking agents, spironolactone and eplerenone. A Medline search identified clinical studies assessing spironolactone and eplerenone. Priority was given to large, well‐controlled, clinical trials and comparative studies. Pharmacological differences between spironolactone and eplerenone include lower affinity of eplerenone for progesterone, androgen, and glucocorticoid receptors; more consistently demonstrated nongenomic properties for eplerenone; and the presence of long‐acting metabolites for spironolactone. Both agents effectively treat hypertension and heart failure but comparisons are complicated by the deficiency of head‐to‐head trials and differences between patient populations. There are differences in the tolerability profiles; spironolactone is associated with dose‐dependent sexual side effects. Both agents produce dose‐dependent increases in potassium concentrations, although the effect with spironolactone appears to be greater when both agents are administered at recommended doses. Choice of a specific agent should be based on individual patient issues, such as the nature of heart failure and patient concerns about adverse events. Copyright © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cytology and receptor architecture of human anterior cingulate cortex
Authors: Palomero‐Gallagher Nicola , Mohlberg Hartmut , Zilles Karl , Vogt Brent
Published: April 2008

Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is involved in emotion, mood, and autonomic regulation. Although a subgenual part of ACC (sACC) may be vulnerable in depression and area 25 is cytologically unique, there are no assessments that contrast this region with pregenual ACC (pACC). Thus, we undertook independent multimodal verifications of architectural differences among subregions and areas. Areas 24a and 24b have pregenual and subgenual components. The latter have a thin layer III. Area 24c has dorsal (pd24c) and ventral (pv24c) parts. Area pd24c has larger neurofilament‐expressing neurons in layer Va, and neurons in Vb form aggregates in area pv24c. Area pd24c occupies both banks of the cingulate sulcus, with pv24c on the ventral bank. Layer III of pd24cd has many larger neurofilament‐expressing neurons and a richer dendritic plexus. Area 32 has pregenual (p32) and subgenual (s32) components. Layer II in s32 is of particular note because it has a neuron‐dense IIa and sparse IIb. Area 25 has anterior (25a) and posterior (25p) parts; 25p has the thinnest layer III in the cingulate gyrus. Area 25a contains significantly higher AMPA, kainate, NMDA, GABAA, GABAB, and α1densities than 25p. Area 33 continues around the genu and ventrally to encompass the full caudal extent of area 25. Subgenual ACC has significantly higher GABAA, GABAB, benzodiazepine (BZ), α1, and 5‐HT1Adensities than pACC. GABAB, BZ, and α1binding confirms the subdivision of area pd24c. In conclusion, ACC comprises two parts that are unique in terms of their cytoarchitecture and neurotransmitter receptor organization. J. Comp. Neurol. 508:906–926, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tetrodotoxin‐resistant voltage‐gated sodium channels Nav1.8 and Nav1.9 are expressed in the retina
Authors: O'Brien Brendan J. , Caldwell John H. , Ehring George R. , Bumsted O'Brien Keely M. , Luo Songjiang , Levinson S. Rock
Published: April 2008

Voltage‐gated sodium channels (VGSCs) are one of the fundamental building blocks of electrically excitable cells in the nervous system. These channels are responsible for the generation of action potentials that are required for the communication of neuronal signals over long distances within a cell. VGSCs are encoded by a family of nine genes whose products have widely varying biophysical properties. In this study, we have detected the expression of two atypical VGSCs (Nav1.8 and Nav1.9) in the retina. Compared with more common VGSCs, Nav1.8 and Nav1.9 have unusual biophysical and pharmacological properties, including persistent sodium currents and resistance to the canonical sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin (TTX). Our molecular biological and immunohistochemical data derived from mouse (Mus musculus) retina demonstrate expression of Nav1.8 by retinal amacrine and ganglion cells, whereas Nav1.9 is expressed by photoreceptors and Müller glia. The fact that these channels exist in the central nervous system (CNS) and exhibit robust TTX resistance requires a re‐evaluation of prior physiological, pharmacological, and developmental data in the visual system, in which the diversity of VGSCs has been previously underestimated. J. Comp. Neurol. 508:940–951, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Color constancy from invariant wavelength ratios: I. The empirical spectral mechanism
Authors: Pridmore Ralph W.
Published: April 2008

The wavelengths of several constant hues over four illuminants (D95, D65, D50, A) are derived from several sets of published data. In the plane of wavelength and reciprocal illuminant color temperature (MK−1), the wavelengths of constant hues plot straight approximately parallel lines whose mean slope is about 87°. Parallel lines give invariant wavelength ratios, hence constant hues in this plane are near‐invariant wavelength ratios across illuminants. As recently demonstrated, the complementary wavelengths to a constant hue (across illuminants) represent the complementary constant hue; these complementary wavelengths also plot a near‐parallel line to the first constant hue. To confirm and further define the constant slope of these lines, it is shown that complementary wavelength pairs, per CIE data, can only plot parallel straight lines at the angle of 87° ± 1. In summary, near‐parallel sloping lines represent constant hues at near‐invariant wavelength ratios. This mechanism of color constancy is shown to relate to the well‐known theory of relational color constancy from invariant cone‐excitation ratios. In the visual process, the latter ratios are presumably the source of the former (invariant wavelength ratios). © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 33, 238–249, 2008
Reflectance spectra of Munsell standard chips and their appearance
Authors: Indow Tarow , Romney A. Kimball
Published: April 2008

In this article, we present the results of analysis by two different methods for representing information in reflectance spectra of Munsell standard chips that relates to their appearance. The spectrum of a chip j is denoted as rjμ where μ represents wavelength λ from 430 to 660 nm with 1 nm intervals. The spectrum of light reflected from a chip j under D65 is rjμ × eμ where eμ represents the spectral power distribution of D65 illumination. In one method, singular value decomposition is applied to a matrix of (rjμ × eμ). Combining results of this analysis with results of human assessment experiments, we obtain four curves ξ0α(H) that represent principal hue components α in Munsell Hue, α = redness, yellowness, greenness, and blueness (Fig. 6). The other method is multiple regression of each (rjμ × eμ) to activities of three kinds of cones in the retina. From this analysis, we obtain three curves Bq(H) that represent relative involvements of q = L, M, S cone activities in determining the appearance of Munsell Hue (Fig. 10). Two sets of curves, ξ0α(H), and Bq(H), are compared with predictions from a model of higher order color mechanism (Fig. 12) that has been proposed on the basis of experiments with light stimuli of wavelength λ. It is found that ξ0α(H), and Bq(H) constructed from broadband spectra of Munsell chips are interpretable in terms of this model. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 33, 229–237, 2008
Anger and shame elicited by discrimination: Moderating role of coping on action endorsements and salivary cortisol
Authors: Matheson Kimberly , Anisman Hymie
Published: April 2008

Discrimination often elicits anger, and yet group members typically do not take actions to confront their situation. It may be that other emotions that run contrary to action‐taking also arise (e.g., shame), limiting the active expression of anger. Indeed, Study 1 (N = 36) revealed that, using a failure feedback paradigm, women expressed greater shame when their failure was due to discrimination, compared to a lack of personal merit. In contrast to anger, self‐reported shame was not associated with action‐taking. In Study 2, women (N = 91) were emotionally primed to feel either anger or shame (vs. a no mood prime control), and the moderating influence of coping styles on the link between emotions, actions, and salivary cortisol levels following discrimination were assessed. Among women primed to feel anger, problem‐focused coping predicted reduced self‐reported shame, lower cortisol reactivity, and greater individualistic confrontational action endorsements. In contrast, priming shame increased cortisol reactivity, but diminished the relation between particular coping styles and their capacity to facilitate action. Findings are discussed in terms of the interactive influence of emotions and coping on responses to discrimination. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An evaluation of an enhanced soil erosion and landscape evolution model: a case study assessment of the former Nabarlek uranium mine, Northern Territory, Australia
Authors: Hancock G. R. , Lowry J. B. C. , Moliere D. R. , Evans K. G.
Published: April 2008

The assessment of post‐mining landscapes as case studies is an important part of the evaluation of current rehabilitation practices. A necessary part of this assessment is to predict the surface stability of the landform using erosion and landform evolution modelling techniques. In the short term, erosion on a rehabilitated mine site can lead to increased sediment loads and transport of other mine related contaminants in downstream waterways. It is well recognized that in many mine areas the erodibility of surface materials can, and does, vary. This is a particularly significant issue on mine sites, where the surface conditions may range from areas of undisturbed natural surface materials, waste rock dumps constructed with materials exhumed from the sub‐surface, and other areas that have a mix of waste rock and soil to enhance the growth of vegetation. A further significant issue is that when the subsurface materials are exposed to surface conditions they can weather rapidly, changing their erodibility. This paper uses a new version of the SIBERIA landscape evolution and soil erosion model to evaluate the former Nabarlek uranium mine site in the Northern Territory, Australia. This new version of SIBERIA uses spatially variable erosion and hydrology parameters across the study domain to represent different erodibilities of surface materials, thus allowing better representation of catchment heterogeneity. The results demonstrate that the model predicts erosion rates similar to that of other modelled results and independent field data, providing confidence in the model and its parameterization. The tailings, deposited in the mined out pit and capped with waste rock, appear to be safely encapsulated for the modelled period. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Commonwealth of Australia (Department of the Environment and Water Resources Supervising Scientist).
Influence of seepage undercutting on the stability of root‐reinforced streambanks
Authors: Cancienne Rachel M. , Fox Garey A. , Simon Andrew
Published: April 2008

Several mechanisms contribute to streambank failure including fluvial toe undercutting, reduced soil shear strength by increased soil pore‐water pressure, and seepage erosion. Recent research has suggested that seepage erosion of noncohesive soil layers undercutting the banks may play an equivalent role in streambank failure to increased soil pore‐water pressure. However, this past research has primarily been limited to laboratory studies of non‐vegetated banks. The objective of this research was to utilize the Bank Stability and Toe Erosion Model (BSTEM) in order to determine the importance of seepage undercutting relative to bank shear strength, bank angle, soil pore‐water pressure, and root reinforcement. The BSTEM simulated two streambanks: Little Topashaw Creek and Goodwin Creek in northern Mississippi. Simulations included three bank angles (70° to 90°), four pore‐water pressure distributions (unsaturated, two partially saturated cases, and fully saturated), six distances of undercutting (0 to 40 cm), and 13 different vegetation conditions (root cohesions from 0·0 to 15·0 kPa). A relative sensitivity analysis suggested that BSTEM was approximately three to four times more sensitive to water table position than root cohesion or depth of seepage undercutting. Seepage undercutting becomes a prominent bank failure mechanism on unsaturated to partially saturated streambanks with root reinforcement, even with undercutting distances as small as 20 cm. Consideration of seepage undercutting is less important under conditions of partially to fully saturated soil pore‐water conditions. The distance at which instability by undercutting became equivalent to instability by increased soil pore‐water pressure decreased as root reinforcement increased, with values typically ranging between 20 and 40 cm at Little Topashaw Creek and between 20 and 55 cm at Goodwin Creek. This research depicts the baseline conditions at which seepage undercutting of vegetated streambanks needs to be considered for bank stability analyses. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stochastic network utility maximisation—a tribute to Kelly's paper published in this journal a decade ago
Authors: Yi Yung , Chiang Mung
Published: April 2008

Since the seminal work by Kelly on distributed network resource allocation using the language of network utility maximisation (NUM) a decade ago, there have been extensive research efforts generalising and applying NUM to model, analyse and design various network protocols and architectures. Some of these works combine the distributed optimisation approach with stochastic network models to study NUM under network dynamics occurring at the session, packet and constraint levels. We survey these works by presenting the key questions, results and methodologies in this emerging theory of stochastic network utility maximisation, followed by discussion on related work and future research challenges. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Full‐scale experimental study on crack and fallout of toughened glass with different thicknesses
Authors: Xie Qiyuan , Zhang Heping , Wan Yutian , Zhang Qingwen , Cheng Xudong
Published: April 2008

The objective of this work is to analyze the crack and fallout of toughened glass with thicknesses of 6 and 10 mm in enclosure fires. A series of full‐scale experiments are conducted in the ISO 9705 fire test room using pool fires with different pan sizes, which are located at the center of the combustion room. The temperature differences between the exposed regions at the fire side and the shaded regions at the ambient side for typical edge positions are measured and compared. The results of both 6‐ and 10‐mm‐thick toughened glass suggest that the whole piece of toughened glass cracks and falls out completely when any region of the pane breaks. Relatively large window vents may come into being if the toughened glass breaks. The experimental results also preliminarily show that the critical breakage temperature difference for the 6‐mm‐thick toughened glass is about 330–380°C, whereas the corresponding values for 10‐mm‐thick toughened glass are approximately 470–590°C. It is suggested that the critical breakage temperature difference is larger for thicker toughened glass. The experimental phenomena for both 6‐ and 10‐mm‐thick toughened glass indicate that horizontally partitioning windows into several small panes with frames may be helpful and important to prevent the whole large and tall toughened glass from falling out completely in enclosure fires. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fire performance of wood (Pinus radiata) treated with fire retardants and a wood preservative
Authors: Marney D. C. O. , Russell L. J. , Mann R.
Published: April 2008

In this work, we co‐formulated an oil‐borne copper naphthenate/permethrin wood preservative system with synthetic polymer‐based fire‐retardant additives prior to the impregnation of Pinus radiata sapwood. We evaluated what effect, if any, the preservative had upon the fire performance properties of the fire retardants and whether the fire retardants impacted on the fungicidal and termiticidal efficacy of the preservative. The fire retardants included halogenated and phosphorus‐based systems. A mass loss calorimeter, in conjunction with a thermopile, was used to measure the time to ignition and the peak heat release rate (PHRR) from which the fire performance index (FPI) was determined. The preservative properties were evaluated using termite and soil‐block decay bioassays. In summary, we found that the rate of fire growth was reduced when the fire retardants were used in combination with the wood preservative. We also found that the PHRR was a better determinant of fire performance than the FPI. The performance of the wood preservative was enhanced against fungal decay and termite attack when used in combination with the fire retardants. The fire retardants also demonstrated some wood preservative properties of their own. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Statistical estimation of optimal portfolios for non‐Gaussian dependent returns of assets
Authors: Shiraishi Hiroshi , Taniguchi Masanobu
Published: April 2008

This paper discusses the asymptotic efficiency of estimators for optimal portfolios when returns are vector‐valued non‐Gaussian stationary processes. We give the asymptotic distribution of portfolio estimators ĝ for non‐Gaussian dependent return processes. Next we address the problem of asymptotic efficiency for the class of estimators ĝ. First, it is shown that there are some cases when the asymptotic variance of ĝ under non‐Gaussianity can be smaller than that under Gaussianity. The result shows that non‐Gaussianity of the returns does not always affect the efficiency badly. Second, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for ĝ to be asymptotically efficient when the return process is Gaussian, which shows that ĝ is not asymptotically efficient generally. From this point of view we propose to use maximum likelihood type estimators for g, which are asymptotically efficient. Furthermore, we investigate the problem of predicting the one‐step‐ahead optimal portfolio return by the estimated portfolio based on ĝ and examine the mean squares prediction error. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of the recall period on measuring health utilities for acute events
Authors: Bansback Nick , Sun Huiying , Guh Daphne P. , Li Xin , Nosyk Bohdan , Griffin Susan , Barnett Paul G. , Anis Aslam H.
Published: April 2008

The impact of healthcare interventions on health utility values is most frequently measured using a preference‐based instrument. Each of the available instruments instructs the respondent to report their health status over different recall periods ranging from the current day to the past month. In an ongoing randomised controlled trial in patients with advanced HIV disease, the impact of using a preference‐based instrument with a 1‐week recall period vs a 1‐day recall period (e.g. today) for capturing recently resolved serious adverse events was measured. The results suggest that the instrument with a 1‐week recall period gave lower utility values for recently resolved events in comparison with the instrument with a 1‐day recall period. A plausible interpretation of these results is that the recall period was adhered to; for example, patients ignored the impact of recently resolved events in their response if the questionnaire asked them only about their health today. While there are limitations to our study, we believe further consideration should be given to the recall period used for preference‐based instruments, and future research should examine other patient groups using a single instrument with multiple recall periods. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Experimental Appraisal Instrument: A brief overview
Authors: Genaidy Ash M. , Shell Richard L.
Published: April 2008

Background Recently, there has been a great influx in experimental research to assess the health effects of nanoparticles/materials/fibers. Currently, there is no structured methodology to assess the methodological quality of the reported studies.

Objective This article reports an experimental appraisal instrument with the goal to critically assess experimental studies.

Methods A search of electronic databases was conducted to examine prior work on the subject and to extract the components of such an instrument.

Results The electronic search revealed no major instrument designed to evaluate experimental strategies on health effects of nanoparticles/materials/fibers. An experimental appraisal instrument was developed and was patterned after the Epidemiological Appraisal Instrument reported by Genaidy and LeMasters (2006).

Conclusions The validity and reliability of such an instrument will be reported in future work. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A critical appraisal of epidemiological studies investigating the effects of ultrafine particles on human health
Authors: Maudgalya Tushyati , Genaidy Ash , Weckman Gary , Shell Richard , Karwowski Waldemar , Wallace Scott
Published: April 2008

Background Though several reviews investigating the health effects of particulate matter on human health exist, none of them focus exclusively on the impact of particulate matter in the ultrafine range.

Objective This research consists of a critical appraisal of qualifying studies that investigates the impact of ultrafine particles on cardiopulmonary and circulatory health among humans.

Methods The published articles were obtained from a search of electronic databases and bibliographies of identified articles. The critical appraisal was conducted using an Epidemiological Appraisal Instrument.

Results Seven articles satisfied the inclusion criteria adopted in this research. The assessed quality of the published studies ranged from marginal to good.

Conclusions The appraisal reveals that ultrafine particle exposure has different consequences compared to fine particle exposure. Also, it is likely that ultrafine particles do pose a health risk to human subjects who are already susceptible to cardiopulmonary disease. Further research is needed to extrapolate findings from lab studies and to determine the exact biological mechanism by which ultrafine particle exposure results in cardiopulmonary symptoms.

Significance The reported findings indicate the need to investigate standards for ultrafine particle exposure and to list the three major cardiopulmonary symptoms resulting from ultrafine particle exposure. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.