bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Borderline rejection in ABO‐incompatible kidney transplantation
Authors: Sánchez‐Escuredo Anna , Oppenheimer Federico , Solé Manel , Revuelta Ignacio , Cid Joan , Lozano Miguell , Blasco Miquel , Esforzado Nuria , Ricart Maria Jose , Cofán Federico , Torregrosa Josep Vicens , Paredes David , Musquera Mireia , Ercilla Guadalupe , Campistol Josep M. , Diekmann Fritz
Published: May 2016

Introduction

The clinical results of ABO‐incompatible (ABOi) and ABO‐compatible (ABOc) kidney transplantation (KT) are similar. Protocol kidney biopsies (PKB) of ABOi transplant recipients show positivity for C4d without evidence of antibody‐mediated rejection (ABMR), but little is known about the histologic progression.

Method

We evaluated histologic parameters in PKB at 12 months and also compared clinical outcome at 1 year. This is a prospective observational study conducted between 2009 and 2013. We performed 146/30 ABOc/ABOi consecutive living‐donor KT with PKB as well as additional indication biopsies. In the ABOi group, the desensitization protocol consisted of rituximab, plasma exchange or immunoadsorption, and immunoglobulins.

Results

In indication biopsies during the first year, T‐cell‐mediated rejection Banff ≥immunoadsorption was 8.2% vs 6.7% (P=.561) and ABMR 4.8% vs 13.3% (P=.095). At 1 year, PKB (ABOc/ABOi) showed differences in borderline rejection lesions (6.8% vs 23.3% [P=.012]) and in C4d positivity in the ABOi group (P=.001). Interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IFTA) lesions (ABOc/ABOi) were 68.4% vs 63.2% (P=.348). Transplant glomerulopathy was 0.7% vs 3.3% (P=.373) at 1 year.

Conclusions

Our PKB ABOi series shows at 1 year more borderline lesions independent of ABO titers, HLA incompatibility, and the presence of antidonor antibody, but do not show more IFTA nor transplant glomerulopathy. No clinical differences were observed between ABOi and ABO transplants.
Guidelines for May‐Grünwald–Giemsa staining in haematology and non‐gynaecological cytopathology: recommendations of the French Society of Clinical Cytology (SFCC) and of the French Association for Quality Assurance in Anatomic and Cytologic Pathology (AFAQAP)
Authors: Piaton E. , Fabre M. , Goubin‐Versini I. , Bretz‐Grenier M‐F. , Courtade‐Saïdi M. , Vincent S. , Belleannée G. , Thivolet F. , Boutonnat J. , Debaque H. , Fleury‐Feith J. , Vielh P. , Egelé C. , Bellocq J‐P. , Michiels J‐F. , Cochand‐Priollet B.
Published: May 2016

Objective

Since the guidelines of the International Committee for Standardisation in Haematology (ICSH) in 1984 and those of the European Committee for External Quality Assessment Programmes in Laboratory Medicine (EQALM) in 2004, no leading organisation has published technical recommendations for the preparation of air‐dried cytological specimens using May‐Grünwald–Giemsa (MGG) staining.

Data sources

Literature data were retrieved using reference books, baseline‐published studies, articles extracted from PubMed/Medline and Google Scholar, and online‐available industry datasheets.

Rationale

The present review addresses all pre‐analytical issues concerning the use of Romanowsky's stains (including MGG) in haematology and non‐gynaecological cytopathology. It aims at serving as actualised, best practice recommendations for the proper handling of air‐dried cytological specimens. It, therefore, appears complementary to the staining criteria of the non‐gynaecological diagnostic cytology handbook edited by the United Kingdom National External Quality Assessment Service (UK‐NEQAS) in February 2015.
Thyroid follicular adenoma with numerous intracytoplasmic lumina mimicking yellow bodies: a case report
Authors: Suzuki A. , Hirokawa M. , Takada N. , Masuoka H. , Miyauchi A.
Published: May 2016

Intracytoplasmic lumina are present in cells in a variety of adenocarcinomas, particularly breast. However, as this case report highlights, in thyroid cytology they may also be seen in benign lesions and must not be confused with yellow bodies.
Preoperative endoscopic ultrasonography‐guided tattooing of the pancreas with a minuscule amount of marking solution using a newly designed injector
Authors: Okuzono Toru , Kanno Yoshihide , Nakahori Masato , Aoki Hayato , Sato Shun , Matsuda Tomoki , Chonan Akimichi
Published: May 2016

Background and Aim

Recent studies have reported the usefulness of preoperative endoscopic ultrasonography‐guided fiducial tattooing (EUS‐tattooing) of the pancreas. However, problems of proper procedure, including markers and amounts, have not been resolved. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of EUS‐tattooing with a minuscule amount of marking solution using a new injector.

Methods

Six consecutive patients who underwent EUS‐tattooing between June 2013 and April 2015 at our center were retrospectively analyzed (mean age, 60.7 years; males, 4). A 25‐gauge needle was inserted into the surface of the pancreas near the tumor with EUS guidance. Then, 0.02 mL marking solution was injected three to five times (maximal total amount was defined as 0.1 mL). The marking solution used in this study was a compound of aqueous solution of sodium hyaluronate and India ink with proportions of 4 to 1. The newly developed injector for precise injection of minuscule amount of solution was used.

Results

All six patients were successfully injected with the intended amount of marking solution. The tattoo mark was easily detected during surgery and localized in a small area in five patients. In one patient, however, the tattoo mark was not detected during surgery. There were no adverse events, including bleeding, perforation, and acute pancreatitis, by EUS‐tattooing.

Conclusions

EUS‐tattooing with a minuscule amount of marking solution using the newly developed injector was feasible and seemed useful and relatively safe. Further studies are warranted to confirm the safety and efficacy of EUS‐tattooing.
Segmenting words from fluent speech during infancy – challenges and opportunities in a bilingual context
Authors: Polka Linda , Orena Adriel John , Sundara Megha , Worrall Jennifer
Published: May 2016

Previous research shows that word segmentation is a language‐specific skill. Here, we tested segmentation of bi‐syllabic words in two languages (French; English) within the same infants in a single test session. In Experiment 1, monolingual 8‐month‐olds (French; English) segmented bi‐syllabic words in their native language, but not in an unfamiliar and rhythmically different language. In Experiment 2, bilingual infants acquiring French and English demonstrated successful segmentation for French when it was tested first, but not for English and not for either language when tested second. There were no effects of language exposure on this pattern of findings. In Experiment 3, bilingual infants segmented the same English materials used in Experiment 2 when they were tested using the standard segmentation procedure, which provided more exposure to the test stimuli. These findings show that segmenting words in both their native languages in the dual‐language task poses a distinct challenge for bilingual 8‐month‐olds acquiring French and English. Further research exploring early word segmentation will advance our understanding of bilingual acquisition and expand our fundamental knowledge of language and cognitive development.
Comprehending text versus reading words in young readers with varying reading ability: distinct patterns of functional connectivity from common processing hubs
Authors: Aboud Katherine S. , Bailey Stephen K. , Petrill Stephen A. , Cutting Laurie E.
Published: May 2016

Skilled reading depends on recognizing words efficiently in isolation (word‐level processing; WL) and extracting meaning from text (discourse‐level processing; DL); deficiencies in either result in poor reading. FMRI has revealed consistent overlapping networks in word and passage reading, as well as unique regions for DL processing; however, less is known about how WL and DL processes interact. Here we examined functional connectivity from seed regions derived from where BOLD signal overlapped during word and passage reading in 38 adolescents ranging in reading ability, hypothesizing that even though certain regions support word‐ and higher‐level language, connectivity patterns from overlapping regions would be task modulated. Results indeed revealed that the left‐lateralized semantic and working memory (WM) seed regions showed task‐dependent functional connectivity patterns: during DL processes, semantic and WM nodes all correlated with the left angular gyrus, a region implicated in semantic memory/coherence building. In contrast, during WL, these nodes coordinated with a traditional WL area (left occipitotemporal region). In addition, these WL and DL findings were modulated by decoding and comprehension abilities, respectively, with poorer abilities correlating with decreased connectivity. Findings indicate that key regions may uniquely contribute to multiple levels of reading; we speculate that these connectivity patterns may be especially salient for reading outcomes and intervention response.
Growth and Violence: Argument for a Per Capita Measure of Civil War
Authors: Mueller Hannes
Published: May 2016

The economics literature typically uses counts of casualties as a measure of conflict intensity despite the fact that the units of observation vary considerably in population size. When analysing the impact of conflict on economic growth, the use of counts relies on the assumption that a given number of casualties affects large and small populations in the same way. Using within‐ and between‐country evidence, this paper demonstrates that this standard assumption can be rejected. A per capita model of conflict intensity that captures local effects of violence provides a more consistent empirical framework for both between‐country and within‐country studies.
Utilising an innovative digital software to grade pre‐clinical crown preparation exercise
Authors: Kateeb E. T. , Kamal M. S. , Kadamani A. M. , Abu Hantash R. O. , Abu Arqoub M. M.
Published: May 2016

Background

Accurate assessment of dental students' pre‐clinical work is the most critical component of the dental education process. Thus, this study came to investigate the effectiveness of using technology in students’ pre‐clinical work evaluation; by comparing grades generated from a digital assessment software of a prepared tooth and a traditional visual inspection carried out by four calibrated faculty members.

Methods

Ninety‐six teeth were prepared for a ceramo‐metal crown by fourth year dental students. The four examiners and the digital grading software evaluated independently each preparation once. A random sample of 20 preparations were graded twice to assess intra‐rater reliability. Inter‐class correlation (ICC) was used to measure agreement among the four examiners, and between the examiners and the digital grading software. Paired student t‐test was used to assess the accuracy of grades generated from visual inspection when compared to the digital grading system.

Results

Intra‐rater reliability for examiners 1 and 2 were 0.73 and 0.78 and for the digital grading system was 0.99. The inter‐rater reliability among the four examiners was very good, ICC of 0.76. However, the agreement between scores produced by the examiners and the digital system were mostly in the low to moderate range. The paired t‐test demonstrated statistically significant differences between each examiner and the digital grading by 6—25 grades.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that the digital grading system used in this study can reliably scan and compare students’ tooth preparations to a known gold standard. Results of this study suggests that using digital grading will preclude the variability and the subjectivity that usually result from the traditional visual inspection grading.
Habitat heterogeneity drives the host‐diversity‐begets‐parasite‐diversity relationship: evidence from experimental and field studies
Authors: Johnson Pieter T. J. , Wood Chelsea L. , Joseph Maxwell B. , Preston Daniel L. , Haas Sarah E. , Springer Yuri P.
Published: May 2016

Despite a century of research into the factors that generate and maintain biodiversity, we know remarkably little about the drivers of parasite diversity. To identify the mechanisms governing parasite diversity, we combined surveys of 8100 amphibian hosts with an outdoor experiment that tested theory developed for free‐living species. Our analyses revealed that parasite diversity increased consistently with host diversity due to habitat (i.e. host) heterogeneity, with secondary contributions from parasite colonisation and host abundance. Results of the experiment, in which host diversity was manipulated while parasite colonisation and host abundance were fixed, further reinforced this conclusion. Finally, the coefficient of host diversity on parasite diversity increased with spatial grain, which was driven by differences in their species–area curves: while host richness quickly saturated, parasite richness continued to increase with neighbourhood size. These results offer mechanistic insights into drivers of parasite diversity and provide a hierarchical framework for multi‐scale disease research.
Low dose of methyltestosterone in ovariectomised rats improves baroreflex sensitivity without geno‐ and cytotoxicity
Authors: Terra Denise G. , de Lima Ewelyne M. , do Nascimento Andrews M. , Brasil Girlandia A. , Filete Placielle F. , Kalil Ieda C. , Lenz Dominik , Endringer Denise C. , Bissoli Nazaré S. , de Andrade Tadeu U.
Published: May 2016

This study evaluated the effects of the isolated use of a low dose of methyltestosterone (MT) on cardiovascular reflexes and hormonal levels and its geno‐ and cytotoxic safety in ovariectomized rats. Female Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n = 6), respectively: SHAM (received vehicle methylcellulose 0.5%), SHAM + MT (received MT 0.05 mg/kg), OVX (received vehicle), and OVX + MT (received MT). Twenty‐one days after ovariectomy, treatment was given orally daily for 28 days. The Bezold–Jarisch reflex (BJR) was analyzed by measuring the bradycardic and hypotensive responses elicited by phenylbiguanide (PBG) administration. The baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) was evaluated by phenylephrine and sodium nitroprussite. Myocyte hypertrophy was determined by morphometric analysis of H&E stained slides. Biochemical data were analyzed, as well as micronucleus assay. MT improved BRS and increased testosterone values, but did not change estradiol in the OVX group. MT did not promote changes in mean arterial pressure, heart rate, BJR, serum concentrations of troponin I, weight and histopathology of the heart. MT was able to restore the BRS in OVX rats. The geno‐ and cytotoxic safety of the MT was demonstrated by the absence of an increase in the micronucleus (PCEMN) or change in the ratio between normochromatic erythrocytes and polychromatic erythrocytes (NCE/PCE).
Chronic oral administration of low‐dose combination of fenofibrate and rosuvastatin protects the rat heart against experimentally induced acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Garg Monika , Khanna Deepa , Kalra Sanjeev , Balakumar Pitchai
Published: May 2016

Fenofibrate and rosuvastatin at low doses might have experimental pleiotropic benefits. This study investigated the combined effect of low doses of fenofibrate and rosuvastatin in isoproterenol‐induced experimental myocardial infarction. Rats administered isoproterenol (85 mg/kg/day, s.c.) for 2 days (day 29 and day 30) of 30 days experimental protocol developed significant myocardial infarction that was accompanied with high myocardial oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, elevated serum markers of cardiac injury, lipid abnormalities, and elevated circulatory levels of C‐reactive protein. Pretreatment with low doses of fenofibrate (30 mg/kg/day p.o., 30 days) and rosuvastatin (2 mg/kg/day p.o., 30 days) both alone or in combination markedly prevented isoproterenol‐induced myocardial infarction and associated abnormalities while the low‐dose combination of fenofibrate and rosuvastatin was more effective. Histopathological study in isoproterenol control rat heart showed necrosis with edema and acute inflammation at the margins of necrotic area. The rat heart from low‐dose fenofibrate and rosuvastatin pretreated group showed scanty inflammation and no ischemia. In conclusion, fenofibrate and rosuvastatin pretreatment in low doses might have a therapeutic potential to prevent the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction. Moreover, their combined treatment option might offer superior therapeutic benefits via a marked reduction in myocardial infarct size and oxidative stress, suggesting a possibility of their pleiotropic cardioprotective action at low doses.
Complex patterns in fossilized stromatolites revealed by hyperspectral imaging (400–2496 nm)
Authors: Murphy R. J. , Van Kranendonk M. J. , Kelloway S. J. , Wainwright I. E.
Published: May 2016

Hyperspectral imaging (400–2496 nm) was used to quantitatively map surface textures and compositional variations in stromatolites to determine whether complexity of textures could be used as evidence to support biogenicity in the absence of preserved biomarkers. Four samples of 2.72–2.4 Ga stromatolites from a variety of settings, encompassing marine and lacustrine environments, were selected for hyperspectral imaging. Images of the sawn surfaces of samples were processed to identify reflectance and mineral absorption features and quantify their intensity (as an index of mineral abundance) using automated feature extraction. Amounts of ferrous iron were quantified using a ratio of reflectance at 1650 and 1299 nm. Visible near infrared imagery (400–970 nm) did not reveal additional textural patterns to those obtained from visual inspection. Shortwave infrared imagery (1000–2496 nm), however, revealed complex laminar and convoluted patterns, including a distinctive texture of sharp peaks and broad, low troughs in one sample, similar to living tufted microbial mats. Spectral analysis revealed another sample to be composed of dolomite. Two other samples were dominated by calcite or chlorite ± illite. Large variations in amounts of ferrous iron were found, but ferric iron was exclusively located in the oxidation crust. Hyperspectral imaging revealed large differences between parts of a sample of biogenic and non‐biogenic origin. The former was characterized by calcite with varying amounts of ferrous iron, distributed in lenticular, convoluted patterns; the latter by Mg‐Fe chlorite with large amounts of aluminium silicate, distributed as fine laminar layers. All minerals identified by hyperspectral imaging were confirmed by thin section petrography and XRD analyses. Spatial statistics generated from quantitative minerals maps showed different patterns between these different parts of the sample. Thus, hyperspectral imaging was shown to be a powerful tool for detecting structures in stromatolites that could be used, together with other lines of evidence, to support biogenicity.
Models for predicting enteric methane emissions from dairy cows in North America, Europe, and Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Appuhamy Jayasooriya A. D. R. N. , France James , Kebreab Ermias
Published: May 2016

There are several models in the literature for predicting enteric methane (CH4) emissions. These models were often developed on region or country‐specific data and may not be able to predict the emissions successfully in every region. The majority of extant models require dry matter intake (DMI) of individual animals, which is not routinely measured. The objectives of this study were to (i) evaluate performance of extant models in predicting enteric CH4 emissions from dairy cows in North America (NA), Europe (EU), and Australia and New Zealand (AUNZ) and (ii) explore the performance using estimated DMI. Forty extant models were challenged on 55, 105, and 52 enteric CH4 measurements (g per lactating cow per day) from NA, EU, and AUNZ, respectively. The models were ranked using root mean square prediction error as a percentage of the average observed value (RMSPE) and concordance correlation coefficient (CCC). A modified model of Nielsen et al. (Acta Agriculturae Scand Section A, 63, 2013 and 126) using DMI, and dietary digestible neutral detergent fiber and fatty acid contents as predictor variables, were ranked highest in NA (RMSPE = 13.1% and CCC = 0.78). The gross energy intake‐based model of Yan et al. (Livestock Production Science, 64, 2000 and 253) and the updated IPCC Tier 2 model were ranked highest in EU (RMSPE = 11.0% and CCC = 0.66) and AUNZ (RMSPE = 15.6% and CCC = 0.75), respectively. DMI of cows in NA and EU was estimated satisfactorily with body weight and fat‐corrected milk yield data (RMSPE < 12.0% and CCC > 0.60). Using estimated DMI, the Nielsen et al. (2013) (RMSPE = 12.7 and CCC = 0.79) and Yan et al. (2000) (RMSPE = 13.7 and CCC = 0.50) models still predicted emissions in respective regions well. Enteric CH4 emissions from dairy cows can be predicted successfully (i.e., RMSPE < 15%), if DMI can be estimated with reasonable accuracy (i.e., RMSPE < 10%).
Naturally nonanemic dialysis patients: Who are they?
Authors: Yilmaz Murvet , Kircelli Fatih , Artan Ayse Serra , Oto Ozgur , Asci Gulay , Gunestepe Kutay , Basci Ali , Ok Ercan , Sever Mehmet Sukru
Published: May 2016

Introduction Not only anemia, but also erythropoiesis stimulating agent (ESA)s for treating anemia may adversely affect prognosis of chronic hemodialysis patients. Various features of naturally (with no ESA usage) nonanemic patients may be useful for defining several factors in the pathogenesis of anemia.

Methods Data, retrieved from the European Clinical Database (EuCliD)‐Turkey on naturally nonanemic prevalent chronic hemodialysis patients (n: 201) were compared with their anemic (those who required ESA treatment) counterparts (n: 3948).

Findings Mean hemoglobin values were 13.5 ± 0.8 and 11.5 ± 0.9 g/dL in nonanemic and anemic patients, respectively (P < 0.001). Nonanemia status was associated with younger age, male gender, longer dialysis vintage, nondiabetic status, more frequent hepatitis‐C virus seropositivity and more frequent arteriovenous fistula usage. Serum ferritin and CRP levels and urea reduction ratio were higher in ESA‐requiring patients. One (99%) and two (95.3%) years survival rates of the “naturally nonanemic” patients were superior as compared to anemics (91.0% and 82.6%, respectively), (P < 0.001).

Discussion “Naturally nonanemic” status is associated with better survival in prevalent chronic hemodialysis patients; underlying mechanisms in this favorable outcome should be investigated by randomized controlled trials including large number of patients.
The entrepreneurship Beveridge curve
Authors: Gries Thomas , Jungblut Stefan , Naudé Wim
Published: May 2016

The rate of creation and failure of start‐up firms can be modeled as a search and matching process as in labor market matching models. Setting out an endogenous growth model with entrepreneurship, we derive an entrepreneurship Beveridge curve. We use this to illustrate that whether or not a start‐up is successful depends on the efficiency with which entrepreneurial abilities are matched with business opportunities. The entrepreneurship Beveridge curve is a potentially useful analytical contribution to the formalization of the economics of entrepreneurship. We identify a number of extensions and applications.
A mathematical modeling approach to optimize composite parts placement in autoclave
Authors: Dios M. , Gonzalez‐R P.L. , Dios D. , Maffezzoli A.
Published: May 2016

The role of composite materials in the development of new advanced products for many industrial applications is strictly dependent on the reduction of materials and processing costs. High‐performance composites are usually manufactured utilizing prepregs for lamination and an autoclave, where the curing process of the thermosetting matrix is completed by increasing temperature and pressure. Several composite parts are commonly cured in the same autoclave leading to nonuniform thermal histories, which depend on their position inside the autoclave, and on the thermal inertia of parts. In this paper, we propose a mixed integer linear programming model to optimize the composite part placement into an autoclave. The main decision variables determine the orientation and placement of parts in the autoclave, while the objective function is formulated to minimize the maximum overexposure of the curing process. The validity for practical use of our model has been tested on a set of real cases.
Review of metaheuristics applied to heat exchanger network design
Authors: Toimil Daniel , Gómez Alberto
Published: May 2016

Heat exchanger networks (HENs) are a useful method of reducing the energy costs and environmental impact of industrial processes. Therefore, many papers focusing on solving HEN design problems efficiently have been published in the last years and several techniques have been proposed for their solution. The high complexity of the problem has led to an increment in the number of papers that use metaheuristics to solve it. The main reason is the capability of metaheuristics to handle complex problems in a feasible computational time. Additionally, this approach can easily take into account investment costs, and it offers more flexibility in the definition of the objective function and problem restrictions. In this paper, we review the most relevant papers that use metaheuristic techniques to resolve the HEN design problem. We also propose a method for grouping the different analyzed metaheuristics. It is based on a series of characteristics that allows the correct characterization of the different approaches.
Essential oils and metal ions as alternative antimicrobial agents: a focus on tea tree oil and silver
Authors: Low Wan‐Li , Kenward Ken , Britland Stephen T , Amin Mohd CIM , Martin Claire
Published: May 2016

The increasing occurrence of hospital‐acquired infections and the emerging problems posed by antibiotic‐resistant microbial strains have both contributed to the escalating cost of treatment. The presence of infection at the wound site can potentially stall the healing process at the inflammatory stage, leading to the development of a chronic wound. Traditional wound treatment regimes can no longer cope with the complications posed by antibiotic‐resistant strains; hence, there is a need to explore the use of alternative antimicrobial agents. Pre‐antibiotic compounds, including heavy metal ions and essential oils, have been re‐investigated for their potential use as effective antimicrobial agents. Essential oils have potent antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant and other beneficial therapeutic properties. Similarly, heavy metal ions have also been used as disinfecting agents because of their broad spectrum activities. Both of these alternative antimicrobials interact with many different intracellular components, thereby resulting in the disruption of vital cell functions and eventually cell death. This review will discuss the application of essential oils and heavy metal ions, particularly tea tree oil and silver ions, as alternative antimicrobial agents for the treatment of chronic, infected wounds.
Interference and conflict monitoring in individuals with amnestic mild cognitive impairment: A structural study of the anterior cingulate cortex
Authors: Borsa Virginia M. , Della Rosa Pasquale A. , Catricalà Eleonora , Canini Matteo , Iadanza Antonella , Falini Andrea , Abutalebi Jubin , Iannaccone Sandro
Published: May 2016

Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) is a clinical condition characterized by memory impairment in the absence of any other cognitive impairment and is commonly associated with high conversion to Alzheimer's disease. Recent evidence shows that executive functions and selective attention mechanisms could also be impaired in aMCI. In this study, we investigated performance differences (i.e., reaction times [RTs] and accuracy) between a group of aMCI participants and a group of age‐matched healthy individuals on the attentional network task (ANT) focusing on situations with increased interference. In particular, we assessed the relationship between interference and conflict effects and grey matter volumes (GMVs) of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)/pre‐supplementary motor area in the entire sample because of its crucial role in conflict monitoring. When compared with controls, aMCI participants were less accurate on the ANT, showing increased interference and conflict effects, but no differences in RTs. In addition, aMCI participants exhibited lower GMV in the ACC than controls. While better accuracy for interference and conflict effects was associated with an increase of GMV in the ACC for both groups, RTs from the interference effect were negatively correlated with GMV of the ACC only in aMCI participants. In other words, lower GMV values of the ACC were paralleled with significantly impaired performance in terms of interference resolution. In conclusion, our study suggests the presence of a selective impairment in interference and conflict monitoring in aMCI, which in turn is associated with decreased GMVs in the ACC.
Behavioral Interventions Targeting Chronic Pain, Depression, and Substance Use Disorder in Primary Care
Authors: Barrett Kathleen , Chang Yu‐Ping
Published: May 2016

Background

Patients with chronic pain, depression, and substance use disorder (SUD) are often treated in primary care settings. An estimated 52% of patients have a diagnosis of chronic pain, 5% to 13% have depression, and 19% have SUD. These estimates are likely low when considering the fact that 50% of primary care patients with depression and 65% with SUD are undiagnosed or do not seek help. These three conditions have overlapping neurophysiological processes, which complicate the treatment outcomes of a primary physical illness. Behavioral interventions have been widely utilized as adjunctive treatments, yet little is known about what types of behavioral interventions were effective to treat these comorbidities. This systematic review aimed to identify behavioral interventions targeting chronic pain, depression, and SUD in primary care settings.

Methods

The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Medline, PsycInfo, and Google Scholar databases were searched to identify randomized controlled trials, using a behavioral intervention, involving adults with at least two of the three conditions.

Results

This search yielded 1,862 relevant records, and six articles met final selection criteria. A total of 696 participants were studied. Behavioral interventions varied in content, format, and duration. Mindfulness Oriented Recovery Enhancement (MORE), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Interpersonal Psychotherapy adapted for pain (IPT‐P), and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) showed promising improvements across all studies, albeit with small to moderate effects.

Conclusions

MORE, ACT, and CBT combined with mindfulness and Motivational Interviewing had the most promising results for treating chronic pain, depression, and SUD in various combinations in primary care settings.

Clinical Relevance

The evidence is mounting that behavioral interventions such as mindfulness‐based or cognitive‐behavioral interventions are effective strategies for managing patients with comorbidities of chronic pain, depression, and SUD in primary care. Integrated delivery of behavioral interventions via group sessions, computers, and smart phones may increase patient access to treatment; save time and cost; reduce stigma, patient distress, family burden, and healthcare fragmentation; and provide a ray of hope to amplify conventional treatments.
The Class Dynamics of Food Sovereignty in Mexico and Ecuador
Authors: Henderson Thomas Paul
Published: May 2016

This paper examines the class dynamics of food sovereignty in Mexico and Ecuador. It argues that the nature of contemporary demands for food sovereignty is heavily influenced by the outcomes of peasant movements’ historical and ongoing internal class dynamics. Processes of class differentiation within peasant organizations in both countries have led to the interests of certain classes predominating over or at the expense of others. Despite La Vía Campesina's projection of ‘unity in diversity’, incorporating sometimes conflicting class interests into the movement is particularly challenging. As such, class analysis must be brought back into debates around food sovereignty in order to gauge (and potentially further) the movement's transformative potential.
Transitioning adolescent and young adults with chronic disease and/or disabilities from paediatric to adult care services – an integrative review
Authors: Zhou Huaqiong , Roberts Pamela , Dhaliwal Satvinder , Della Phillip
Published: May 2016

Aims and objectives

This paper aims to provide an updated comprehensive review of the research‐based evidence related to the transitions of care process for adolescents and young adults with chronic illness/disabilities since 2010.

Background

Transitioning adolescent and young adults with chronic disease and/or disabilities to adult care services is a complex process, which requires coordination and continuity of health care. The quality of the transition process not only impacts on special health care needs of the patients, but also their psychosocial development. Inconsistent evidence was found regarding the process of transitioning adolescent and young adults.

Design

An integrative review was conducted using a five‐stage process: problem identification, literature search, data evaluation, data analysis and presentation.

Methods

A search was carried out using the EBSCOhost, Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and AustHealth, from 2010 to 31 October 2014. The key search terms were (adolescent or young adult) AND (chronic disease or long‐term illness/conditions or disability) AND (transition to adult care or continuity of patient care or transfer or transition).

Results

A total of 5719 records were initially identified. After applying the inclusion criteria a final 61 studies were included. Six main categories derived from the data synthesis process are Timing of transition; Perceptions of the transition; Preparation for the transition; Patients’ outcomes post‐transition; Barriers to the transition; and Facilitating factors to the transition. A further 15 subcategories also surfaced.

Conclusions

In the last five years, there has been improvement in health outcomes of adolescent and young adults post‐transition by applying a structured multidisciplinary transition programme, especially for patients with cystic fibrosis and diabetes. However, overall patients’ outcomes after being transited to adult health care services, if recorded, have remained poor both physically and psychosocially. An accurate tracking mechanism needs to be established by stakeholders as a formal channel to monitor patients’ outcomes post‐ transition.
The chlorine isotopic composition of Martian meteorites 1: Chlorine isotope composition of Martian mantle and crustal reservoirs and their interactions
Authors: Williams J. T. , Shearer C. K. , Sharp Z. D. , Burger P. V. , McCubbin F. M. , Santos A. R. , Agee C. B. , McKeegan K. D.
Published: May 2016

The Martian meteorites record a wide diversity of environments, processes, and ages. Much work has been done to decipher potential mantle sources for Martian magmas and their interactions with crustal and surface environments. Chlorine isotopes provide a unique opportunity to assess interactions between Martian mantle‐derived magmas and the crust. We have measured the Cl‐isotopic composition of 17 samples that span the range of known ages, Martian environments, and mantle reservoirs. The 37Cl of the Martian mantle, as represented by the olivine‐phyric shergottites, NWA 2737 (chassignite), and Shergotty (basaltic shergottite), has a low value of approximately −3.8‰. This value is lower than that of all other planetary bodies measured thus far. The Martian crust, as represented by regolith breccia NWA 7034, is variably enriched in the heavy isotope of Cl. This enrichment is reflective of preferential loss of 35Cl to space. Most basaltic shergottites (less Shergotty), nakhlites, Chassigny, and Allan Hills 84001 lie on a continuum between the Martian mantle and crust. This intermediate range is explained by mechanical mixing through impact, fluid interaction, and assimilation‐fractional crystallization.
Petrology and oxygen isotopic compositions of clasts in HED polymict breccia NWA 5232
Authors: van Drongelen Katrina D. , Rumble Douglas , Tait Kimberly T.
Published: May 2016

Northwest Africa (NWA) 5232, an 18.5 kg polymict eucrite, comprises eucritic and exogenic CM carbonaceous chondrite clasts within a clastic matrix. Basaltic clasts are the most abundant eucritic clast type and show a range of textures and grain size, from subophitic to granoblastic. Other eucritic clast types present include cumulate (high‐En pyroxene), pyroxene‐lath, olivine rich with symplectite intergrowths as a break‐down product of a quickly cooled Fe‐rich metastable pyroxferroite, and breccia (fragments of a previously consolidated breccia) clasts. A variable cooling rate and degree of thermal metamorphism, followed by a complex brecciation history, can be inferred for the clasts based on clast rounding, crystallization (and recrystallization) textures, pyroxene major and minor element compositions, and pyroxene exsolution. The range in δ18O of clasts and matrix of NWA 5232 reflects its origin as a breccia of mixed clasts dominated by eucritic lithologies. The oxygen isotopic compositions of the carbonaceous chondrite clasts identify them as belonging to CM group and indicate that these clasts experienced a low degree of aqueous alteration while part of their parent body. The complex evolutionary history of NWA 5232 implies that large‐scale impact excavation and mixing was an active process on the surface of the HED parent body, likely 4 Vesta.
Petrogenesis of the Northwest Africa 4898 high‐Al mare basalt
Authors: Li Shaolin , Hsu Weibiao , Guan Yunbin , Wang Linyan , Wang Ying
Published: May 2016

Northwest Africa (NWA) 4898 is the only low‐Ti, high‐Al basaltic lunar meteorite yet recognized. It predominantly consists of pyroxene (53.8 vol%) and plagioclase (38.6 vol%). Pyroxene has a wide range of compositions (En12–62Fs25–62Wo11–36), which display a continuous trend from Mg‐rich cores toward Ca‐rich mantles and then to Fe‐rich rims. Plagioclase has relatively restricted compositions (An87–96Or0–1Ab4–13), and was transformed to maskelynite. The REE zoning of all silicate minerals was not significantly modified by shock metamorphism and weathering. Relatively large (up to 1 mm) olivine phenocrysts have homogenous inner parts with Fo ~74 and sharply decrease to 64 within the thin out rims (~30 μm in width). Four types of inclusions with a variety of textures and modal mineralogy were identified in olivine phenocrysts. The contrasting morphologies of these inclusions and the chemical zoning of olivine phenocrysts suggest NWA 4898 underwent at least two stages of crystallization. The aluminous chromite in NWA 4898 reveals that its high alumina character was inherited from the parental magma, rather than by fractional crystallization. The mineral chemistry and major element compositions of NWA 4898 are different from those of 12038 and Luna 16 basalts, but resemble those of Apollo 14 high‐Al basalts. However, the trace element compositions demonstrate that NWA 4898 and Apollo 14 high‐Al basalts could not have been derived from the same mantle source. REE compositions of its parental magma indicate that NWA 4898 probably originated from a unique depleted mantle source that has not been sampled yet. Unlike Apollo 14 high‐Al basalts, which assimilated KREEPy materials during their formation, NWA 4898 could have formed by closed‐system fractional crystallization.
Wheat transcription factor TaWRKY70 is positively involved in high‐temperature seedling plant resistance to Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici
Authors: Wang Junjuan , Tao Fei , An Fei , Zou Yiping , Tian Wei , Chen Xianming , Xu Xiangming , Hu Xiaoping
Published: May 2016

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is a devastating disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum) worldwide. Wheat high‐temperature seedling plant (HTSP) resistance to Pst is non‐race‐specific and durable. WRKY transcription factors have been proven to play important roles in plant defence responses to attacks by several pathogens. However, there is no direct evidence as to whether WRKY transcription factors play a role in HTSP resistance to Pst. We isolated a WRKY gene, named TaWRKY70, from wheat cultivar Xiaoyan 6. The expression level of TaWRKY70 was increased significantly when exposed to high temperatures (HTs) during the initial symptom expression stage of Pst infection. The expression of this gene increased in plants treated with ethylene (ET), salicylic acid (SA) and cold (4°C) stresses, but decreased in plants treated with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and heat (40°C) stresses. Silencing of TaWRKY70 led to greater susceptibility to Pst (in terms of the increase in length of uredinial pustules and the decrease in the number of necrotic cells) compared with non‐silenced plants when exposed to HT during the initial symptom expression stage of Pst infection, coinciding with expression changes of the ET‐ and SA‐responsive genes TaPIE1 and TaPR1.1. In contrast, the expression level of the jasmonic acid (JA)‐responsive gene TaAOS was not affected by TaWRKY70. These results indicate that TaWRKY70 is positively involved in HTSP resistance, during which SA and ET signalling are probably activated.
Intracerebral hemorrhage score in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage pretreated and not treated with antithrombotics
Authors: Masotti Luca , Di Napoli Mario , Godoy Daniel Agustin , Lorenzini Gianni , Marcucci Rossella , Prisco Domenico , Behrouz Réza
Published: May 2016

Background

One of the validated prognostication models for predicting 30‐day mortality in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage patients is the intracerebral hemorrhage score.

Aim

To assess the prognostic value of the intracerebral hemorrhage score in patients treated or not with antithrombotic drugs.

Methods

We analyzed clinical and imaging data of 170 patients (82 males) consecutive patients admitted to a non‐teaching Italian hospital with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. We calculated and compared the intracerebral hemorrhage score of patients who were pre‐treated with vitamin K antagonists or antiplatelet agents with those who were not. In‐hospital mortality was our endpoint.

Results

Thirty‐three patients were on vitamin K antagonists, 67 on antiplatelet agents, and 66 were on neither. Overall, in‐hospital mortality was 35.8% and significantly higher in patients on vitamin K antagonists (59.4%) or on antiplatelet agents (41.7%) than in those who were not on these medications (20.6%; p=0.0001 for trend)). Median intracerebral hemorrhage score was 2 in patients with vitamin K antagonists, 2 for patients on antiplatelet agents, and 1 for non‐treated patients. The intracerebral hemorrhage score predicted in‐hospital mortality in all three subgroups accurately. However, patients on vitamina K antagonists and antiplatelet agents showed significantly higher mortality rates at intracerebral hemorrhage score ≤3, compared to non‐treated patients (39%, 28.3% and 10%, respectively).

Conclusion

The intracerebral hemorrhage score has good predictive value in patients on or off antithrombotic agents. However, for scores ≤ 3, the intracerebral hemorrhage score significantly underestimates in‐hospital mortality in patients on antithrombotic agents.
Loss‐of‐function mutations in the APX1 gene result in enhanced selenium tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Jiang Li , Chen Ziping , Gao Qiuchen , Ci Lingkun , Cao Shuqing , Han Yi , Wang Weiyan
Published: May 2016

It is generally recognized that excess selenium (Se) has a negative effect on the growth and development of plants. Numerous studies have identified key genes involved in selenium tolerance in plants; however, our understanding of its molecular mechanisms is far from complete. In this study, we isolated an Arabidopsis selenium‐resistant mutant from the mutant XVE pool lines because of its increased root growth and fresh weight in Se stress, and cloned the gene, which encodes the cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase (APX1). Two other APX1 gene knockout allelic lines were also selenium resistant, and the APX1‐complementary COM1 restored the growth state of wild type under Se stress. In addition, these APX1 allelic lines accumulated more Se than did wild‐type plants when subjected to Se stress. Further analysis revealed that the APX1‐mediated Se tolerance was associated, at least in part, with the enhanced activities of antioxidant enzymes catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase. Moreover, enhanced Se resistance of the mutants was associated with glutathione (GSH), which had the higher expression level of GSH1 gene involved in GSH synthesis and consequently increased GSH content. Our results provide genetic evidence indicating that loss‐of‐function of APX1 results in tolerance to Se stress.
Eliminating Health Disparities through Action on the Social Determinants of Health: A Systematic Review of Home Visiting in the United States, 2005–2015
Authors: Abbott Laurie S. , Elliott Lynn T.
Published: May 2016

Objective

The purpose of this systematic literature review was to synthesize the results of transdisciplinary interventions designed with a home visit component in experimental and quasi‐experimental studies having representative samples of racial and ethnic minorities.

Design and Sample

The design of this systematic review was adapted to include both experimental and quasi‐experimental quantitative studies.

Measures

The predetermined inclusion criteria were studies (a) having an experimental or quasi‐experimental quantitative design, (b) having a home visit as a research component, (c) including a prevention research intervention strategy targeting health and/or safety issues, (d) conducted in the United States, (e) having representation (at least 30% in the total sample size) of one or more racial/ethnic minority, (f) available in full text, and (g) published in a peer‐reviewed journal between January, 2005 and December, 2015.

Results

Thirty‐nine articles were included in the review. There were 20 primary prevention, 5 secondary prevention, and 14 tertiary prevention intervention studies.

Conclusions

Community and home visitation interventions by nurses can provide an effective means for mitigating social determinants of health by empowering people at risk for health disparities to avoid injury, maintain health, and prevent and manage existing disease.
Irrelevant Influences
Authors: Vavova Katia
Published: May 2016

We often hear such casual accusations: you just believe that because you are a liberal, a Christian, an American, a woman… When such charges are made they are meant to sting—not just emotionally, but epistemically. But should they? It can be disturbing to learn that one's beliefs reflect the influence of such irrelevant factors. The pervasiveness of such influence has led some to worry that we are not justified in many of our beliefs. That same pervasiveness has led others to doubt whether there is any worry here at all. I argue that evidence of irrelevant belief influence is sometimes, but not always, undermining. My proposal picks out ordinary, non‐skeptical cases in which we get evidence of error. It says that, in those cases, evidence of irrelevant influence is epistemically significant. It shows how respecting evidence of error is compatible with the epistemic lives we see ourselves living. We are fallible creatures, yes, but we are also capable and intelligent ones. We can recognize and correct for our own error so as to improve our imperfect, yet nevertheless robust, epistemic lives.