bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Colonial Capitalism and the Dilemmas of Liberalism
Authors: Ince Onur Ulas
Published: April 2018

This book analyzes the relationship between liberalism and empire from the perspective of political economy. It investigates the formative impact of “colonial capitalism” on the historical development of British liberal thought between the late seventeenth and early nineteenth centuries. It argues that liberalism as a political language developed through early modern debates over the contested meanings of property, exchange, and labor, which it examines respectively in the context of colonial land appropriations in the Americas, militarized trading in South Asia, and state-led proletarianization in Australasia. The book contends that the British Empire could be extolled as the “empire of liberty”—that is, the avatar of private property, free trade, and free labor—only on the condition that its colonial expropriation, extraction, and exploitation were “disavowed” and dissociated from the increasingly liberal conception of its capitalist economy. It identifies exemplary strategies of disavowal in the works of John Locke, Edmund Burke, and Edward G. Wakefield, who, as three liberal intellectuals of empire, attempted to navigate the ideological tensions between the liberal self-image of Britain and the violence that shaped its imperial economy. Challenging the prevalent tendency to study liberalism and empire around an abstract politics of universalism and colonial difference, the book discloses the ideological contradictions internal to Britain’s imperial economy and their critical influence on the formation of liberalism. It concludes that the disavowal of the violence constitutive of capitalist relations in the colonies has been crucial for crafting a liberal image for Anglophone imperialism and more generally for global capitalism.
The Origins of Human Rights in Global Health
Authors: Gostin Lawrence O. , Meier Benjamin Mason
Published: April 2018

This chapter introduces the foundational importance of human rights for global health, providing a theoretical basis for the edited volume by laying out the role of human rights under international law as a normative basis for public health. By addressing public health harms as human rights violations, international law has offered global standards by which to frame government responsibilities and evaluate health practices, providing legal accountability in global health policy. The authors trace the historical foundations for understanding the development of human rights and the role of human rights in protecting and promoting health since the end of World War II and the birth of the United Nations. Examining the development of human rights under international law, the authors introduce the right to health as an encompassing right to health care and underlying determinants of health, exploring this right alongside other “health-related human rights.”
Mainstreaming Human Rights across WHO
Authors: Thomas Rebekah , Magar Veronica
Published: April 2018

This chapter describes the efforts undertaken since 2013 to mainstream gender, equity, and human rights into the programs, policies, and practices of the World Health Organization (WHO). With a largely medical and public health staff, for whom the language of rights remains unfamiliar, and an organization focused on providing technical and normative support, WHO is thought to be ill-equipped to make human rights a core part of its activities. However, there are signs that this is changing. Starting with the adoption of an integrated approach to gender, equity, and human rights in 2012, this chapter explores how these cross-cutting values are being mainstreamed into the Organization, and also how norms and principles of human rights and the core attributes of a right to health are finding resonance across a wide range of health programs.
The Future of Human Rights Accountability for Global Health through the Universal Periodic Review
Authors: Bueno de Mesquita Judith R. , Fuchs Connor , Evans Dabney P.
Published: April 2018

This chapter examines the Universal Periodic Review (UPR), a new peer-review procedure that provides scrutiny of each UN member state’s human rights record every five years. The review process culminates in a set of recommendations issued to each “State-under-Review” (SuR). The UPR provides an unprecedented opportunity to routinely hold all states to account for their obligations under international human rights law, including health-related human rights. Health recommendations have featured prominently in the recommendations issued to SuRs and have a comparatively high implementation rate. Empirical data indicate that the UPR could have a potentially, or already, important role in holding states to account for health-related human rights as well as political global health commitments, such as those found in the Sustainable Development Goals. However, certain shortcomings should be addressed, including an uneven spread of recommendations across different health issues and limited engagement of the public health community.
Extending Rights' Reach
Authors: Mathews Jud
Published: April 2018

Constitutional rights protect individuals against government overreaching, but that is not all they do. In different ways and to different degrees, constitutional rights also regulate legal relations among private parties in most legal systems. In other words, rights can have not only a vertical effect, within the hierarchical relationship between citizen and state, but also a horizontal one, on the citizen-to-citizen relationships otherwise governed by private law. In every constitutional system with judicially enforceable constitutional rights, courts must make choices about whether, when, and how to give those rights horizontal effect. This book is about how different courts make those choices, and about the consequences that they have. The doctrines that courts build to manage the horizontal effect of rights speak to the most fundamental issues that constitutional systems address, about the nature of rights and of constitutionalism itself. These doctrines can also entrench or enhance judicial power, but in very different ways depending on the legal system. This book offers three case studies, of Germany, the United States, and Canada. For each, it offers a detailed account of the horizontal effect jurisprudence of its apex court—not in isolation, but as a central feature of a broader account of that country’s constitutional development. The case studies show how the choices courts make about horizontal rights reflect existing normative and political realities and, over time, help to shape new ones.
Neighborhoods and Health
Authors: Diez Roux Ana V.
Published: April 2018

The highly successful first edition of Neighborhoods and Health (published in 2003), coedited by Ichiro Kawachi and Lisa Berkman, is one of the most highly cited texts in the field of neighborhood health research. However, the methods and substantive research have changed a great deal since it was published more than a decade ago. Although research connecting neighborhoods and health has been conducted for many years, research in neighborhoods and health (also known as spatial epidemiology) has indeed exploded in the last few years in particular—both in terms of content and newer methodological approaches, including the use of global positioning systems (GPS) technology to define “activity space neighborhoods.” Each chapter of this book will cover major theories and insights from the accumulated wealth of new research on neighborhoods and health. The book also covers emerging areas in neighborhoods and health research, including chapters discussing neighborhood stigma, as well as on neighborhood home foreclosures.
Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs in Neighborhood Health Effects Research
Authors: Schmidt Nicole M. , Nguyen Quynh C. , Osypuk Theresa L.
Published: April 2018

This chapter primarily discusses experiments and quasi-experiments (also known as natural experiments) as designs for examining the causal effect of neighborhood environments on health. The first half of this chapter discusses causal inference, and experimental, quasi-experimental, and longitudinal study designs. These designs are important for causal inference, by providing a clear temporal ordering and the ability to take into account (potential) time lags between exposure to neighborhood environment characteristics and changes in health and health behavior. The second half of the chapter discusses examples in the literature of studies using experimental, quasi-experimental, and longitudinal designs to examine the relationships between neighborhood environments and health. We provide an in-depth empirical look at a large and well-known experiment examining how neighborhoods influence health: the Moving to Opportunity housing policy experiment.
Neighborhood Foreclosures and Health
Authors: Arcaya Mariana
Published: April 2018

The health effects of living near foreclosed homes has garnered academic attention in recent years. This chapter reviews emerging evidence linking exposure to nearby foreclosures to health, and discuss how spillover effects of foreclosures in the neighborhood may influence a range of health outcomes, including mental health, obesity, and hypertension. The chapter also provides insights into mechanisms linking neighborhood-level foreclosure activity to health.
Residential Segregation and Health
Authors: Kramer Michael R.
Published: April 2018

Demographers and sociologists have long been interested in social inequality, including as it relates to space. Residential segregation is a specific type of social sorting that results in the spatial and physical separation of where individuals live in residential space. Residential location anchors the life course geography of opportunity and therefore drives the health-relevant exposure profile of individuals. This chapter develops an understanding of segregation as a spatiotemporally dynamic process rooted in history, with contemporary consequences. Sections on conventional and newly emerging measures of residential segregation (e.g., spatial and aspatial; local and regional), hypothesized mechanisms linking segregation to health, and future direction in segregation-health research are covered.
Uncomfortable Visions
Authors: Honig Jan Willem
Published: April 2018

This chapter interrogates strategy and warfare, in particular the themes of ‘limited war’ and influence. It argues that war is what we and our militaries make of it, paraphrasing Alexander Wendt’s constructivist version of anarchy in international society. The notion of ‘comfortable’ and ‘uncomfortable’ wars is explored. ‘Comfortable’ refers to the way societies and militaries accept the idea of war that is very violent and for national survival, or some other ‘necessary’ reason. In contrast, the idea of limited war with limited means as a way of influencing enemies and opponents proves to be ‘uncomfortable’ because it does not fit the prevailing intellectual and cultural template – to say nothing of the practical issues that many limited wars have faced, from Vietnam to the twenty-first century. That reinforces the constructed character of warfare and the salience of interaction and interrelationships, bounded by the realities of physical and social force
Debating Perseverance
Authors: Collier Jay T.
Published: April 2018

Scholars describe the Church of England during the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries as forming either a Calvinist consensus or an Anglican middle way steeped in an ancient catholicity. Debating Perseverance sheds light on the influence of both the early church and the Reformed churches on the Church of England by surveying several debates on perseverance in which readings of Augustine were involved. The book begins with a reassessment of the Lambeth Articles and the heated Cambridge debates in which they were forged. It then investigates the failed attempt of the British delegation to the Synod of Dort to achieve solidarity with the international Reformed community on perseverance in a way that was also respectful of minority opinions. The study evaluates the supposedly Arminian Richard Montagu and the turmoil he caused by challenging the Reformed consensus and the Synod of Dort. The book then surveys a debate after England’s civil wars when the pro-Dort party had triumphed. It uncovers competing readings and receptions of Augustine on perseverance within the English church—one favoring the perseverance of the saints and the other denying it. It shows how both theological options were valid within the Reformed tradition before the Synod of Dort and how that synod’s rejection of one as an error created difficulties for England in retaining its Reformed identity. This study recognizes England’s struggles with perseverance as emblematic of its troubled pursuit of a Reformed and ancient catholicity.
Theoretical Approaches to Higher Education
Authors: Kotzmann Jane
Published: April 2018

This chapter explores two general theoretical models that are used to frame higher education policy. Under the market-based approach to higher education teaching and learning, higher education is provided through the free market. This approach is based on the principles of competition, privitisation, and absence of government intervention. In contrast, a human rights-based approach to higher education seeks to translate the human right to higher education and operationalise it. The principles of a human rights-based approach include integration and mainstreaming of human rights norms, accountability, non-discrimination and equality, participation, dignity, interdependence and indivisibility, and cultural sensitivity. The chapter evaluates the theoretical effectiveness of these two models.
Beyond the Political–Orthodox Divide
Authors: Sangiovanni Andrea
Published: April 2018

This chapter urges us to abandon the belief that there is a single human rights practice. Belief in what is called the Single Practice Assumption gives rise to the misguided idea—common to both Orthodox and Political views of human rights—that a philosophical theory should aim to reconstruct the moral core to this practice, derive a ‘master list’ of human rights from that core, and then use that list as a critical standard to reform and improve the practice. It is argued instead that we need a concept of human rights broad enough to capture the diversity of ways in which the term ‘human rights’ is used across the world today. The chapter defends what it calls the Broad View—which subsumes Political and Orthodox views as special cases, deployed for different ends in different contexts—and ends by delineating a systematic methodology for deriving particular conceptions of human rights for the very different contexts in which human rights are invoked.
Appreciating the Margin of Appreciation
Authors: Follesdal Andreas
Published: April 2018

The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has a practice of granting states a ‘Margin of Appreciation:’ the Court grants states the authority to decide, in some cases, whether they are in compliance with their obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights. This deference by the ECtHR toward states merits philosophical attention: it is criticized by some for being too respectful of state sovereignty and insufficiently protective of human rights, and by others for the reverse. In addition, the ECtHR seems to be employing this practice more frequently. What precisely is this practice, why did it arise, and is it—or can it be made—normatively legitimate? The chapter seeks to specify some vague aspects of the practice, in light of a justification for the legal practice which acknowledges the value of democratic deliberation.
Dwelling in Possibility
Authors: Brownlee Kimberley
Published: April 2018

One putative test for human rights is feasibility. This chapter questions the merits of this test. First, it distinguishes two different notions of feasibility. One is that of in principle practicability. The other is that of easy present practicability. Both of these notions are distinct from the broader notion of in principle possibility. Second, the chapter argues that there are reasons to be sceptical about the easy-practicability notion of feasibility. Third, it shows that, to the extent that feasibility (i.e. in principle practicability) is a credible test for human rights, it must take a non-state-centred form that highlights the role that international institutions now play in human rights protection.
Business Groups as Networks
Authors: Lincoln James R. , Sargent Matthew
Published: April 2018

This chapter explores how business groups can be viewed as networks; whether and how some groups are more “network-like” than others; and how formal network concepts and analytic methods may facilitate the study of a number of salient problems in business-group research. Much of the business-group literature treats a firm’s affiliation with a group as an “all or nothing” dichotomy. The network lens, however, forces the analyst to unpack the coarse dichotomy of “group” and “stand-alone” into an array of constituent relations, equivalences, and complementarities, which can in turn be mapped to outcomes such as strategy, operations, and performance. We first consider how attention to such formal network properties as density, connectivity, centrality, and clustering may advance business-group research. We then examine the degree to which a number of group configurations approximate the ideal type “network form”—a leading-edge mode of economic organization in the global economy.
Sentencing Policy and Social Justice
Authors: Henham Ralph
Published: April 2018

The book argues that the promotion of social justice should become a key objective of sentencing policy. It rejects the idea that current forms of justice delivery can respond adequately to the social realities of social exclusion, discrimination, and poverty and their impact on criminality and victimization. Rather, it argues that a deeper understanding of the moral values that underpin punishment by the state is necessary, one that engages more convincingly with the justice needs and expectations of citizens and communities. It concludes that meaningful normative change is only possible where the moral foundations that underpin penal ideology and inform the sentencing policies and practices of the courts reflect a ‘real’ sharing of values about the social utility of sentencing and its outcomes. This aspiration is not portrayed as some kind of vague utopian notion, but as a fundamental necessity for the future legitimacy of penal governance. The book explores how sentencing might contribute more effectively to the achievement of social justice by engaging with some controversial and difficult problems, such as the sentencing of irregular migrants, offences of serious public disorder, sentencing for financial crime, and the sentencing of women. It concludes by proposing some practical reforms to sentencing in England and Wales based on the arguments developed in the earlier chapters, including an expanded role for the Sentencing Council in the development of a more regional and community-focused sentencing policy.
Grounded Design
Authors: Stevens Gunnar , Rohde Markus , Korn Matthias , Wulf Volker
Published: April 2018

This chapter presents grounded design as a suggestion for a praxeological turn in the field of computing. It argues that, given the high societal relevance of computing to all aspects of life, the academic field of (applied) computer science needs to develop its epistemological paradigm and research methods accordingly. Computer science arguably needs to define itself as a sociotechnical discipline that contributes to the solution of social problems in context. The grounded-design position is that a design-oriented discipline of practice-based computing is needed, one where methods and techniques can deal with the context specificity of local knowledge and appropriation of information and communications technology more seriously. This chapter presents an approach that outlines such practice-based computing by building on situated design knowledge and dealing with the interplay of the social and the technical.
Critical Reflections on Participation in Design
Authors: Wagner Ina
Published: April 2018

Participatory design has a strong moral and political commitment to including users in all design decisions from the start of a project. Hence, the ambition of participatory designers reaches beyond mere user involvement. Many of the creative participatory techniques the participatory-design community has developed have spread out. However, in spite of an impressive list of inspiring projects and major contributions to design practice, participatory design remains somewhat marginal. This chapter aims to identify why this might be so. It also looks at recent developments, such as the design of IT infrastructures, collaboration with marginalized groups, and extending participation to communities.
Integrated Organization and Technology Development
Authors: Rohde Markus , Wulf Volker
Published: April 2018

The domain of work has developed a myriad of social practices that are often shaped by information and communications technology infrastructures. The introduction of additional IT artifacts, of course, affects these practices and the related patterns of communication. While management and IT specialists plan for certain effects of a system’s introduction, unintended use of the system can play a central role. Therefore, the unanticipated appropriation of IT artifacts by their users is an important phenomenon. Given the existence of IT-related organizational change and adjustments related to the appropriation of software, the development of IT in organizations faces an iterative challenge. The “integrated organization and technology development” (OTD) approach deals with these interdependencies in projects of sociotechnical change.
Praxlabs
Authors: Ogonowski Corinna , Jakobi Timo , Müller Claudia , Hess Jan
Published: April 2018

In this chapter, PRAXLABS is proposed as a framework for reflecting on and implementing elements of sustainable empirical research and user-centred design in living-lab studies. To explicate the PRAXLABS framework, this chapter presents a comparative analysis of three living-lab projects aiming at different design themes in the domestic domain: home entertainment, energy monitoring, and ambient assisted living. In each project, users were involved as co-creators in the research and design of new IT artifacts. By analyzing and comparing these cases, the chapter specifies experiences that may be transferred to other projects located in the domestic context. In addition, it discusses conditions that enable the transfer of insights across the borders of the home domain into other fields of application (e.g., work spaces, public spaces) or the field of mobile applications. Overall, the PRAXLABS framework makes experiences from different living-lab studies manageable in a systematized and sustainable manner.
The Biology of Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems
Authors: Esler Karen J. , Jacobsen Anna L. , Pratt R. Brandon
Published: April 2018

The world’s mediterranean-type climate regions (including areas within the Mediterranean, South Africa, Australia, California, and Chile) have long been of interest to biologists by virtue of their extraordinary biodiversity and the appearance of evolutionary convergence between these disparate regions. Comparisons between mediterranean-type climate regions have provided important insights into questions at the cutting edge of ecological, ecophysiological and evolutionary research. These regions, dominated by evergreen shrubland communities, contain many rare and endemic species. Their mild climate makes them appealing places to live and visit and this has resulted in numerous threats to the species and communities that occupy them. Threats include a wide range of factors such as habitat loss due to development and agriculture, disturbance, invasive species, and climate change. As a result, they continue to attract far more attention than their limited geographic area might suggest. This book provides a concise but comprehensive introduction to mediterranean-type ecosystems. As with other books in the Biology of Habitats Series, the emphasis in this book is on the organisms that dominate these regions although their management, conservation, and restoration are also considered.
Medical Nihilism
Authors: Stegenga Jacob
Published: April 2018

This book defends medical nihilism, which is the view that we should have little confidence in the effectiveness of medical interventions. If we consider the frequency of failed medical interventions, the extent of misleading evidence in medical research, the thin theoretical basis of many interventions, and the malleability of empirical methods in medicine, and if we employ our best inductive framework, then our confidence in the effectiveness of medical interventions ought to be low. Part I articulates theoretical and conceptual groundwork, which offers a defense of a hybrid theory of disease, which forms the basis of a novel account of effectiveness, and this is applied to pharmacological science and to issues such as medicalization. Part II critically examines details of medical research. Even the very best methods in medical research, such as randomized trials and meta-analyses, are malleable and suffer from various biases. Methods of measuring the effectiveness of medical interventions systematically overestimate benefits and underestimate harms. Part III summarizes the arguments for medical nihilism and what this position entails for medical research and practice. To evaluate medical nihilism with care, the argument is stated in formal terms. Medical nihilism suggests that medical research must be modified, that clinical practice should be less aggressive in its therapeutic approaches, and that regulatory standards should be enhanced.
Carthage—Rome—Milan
Authors: Fuhrer Therese
Published: April 2018

In the autobiographical narrative of Confessions 3 to 9, Augustine stages his early years in the urban spaces of Carthage, Rome, and Milan, which are among the most important cities of the late antique world. Each of these cities is assigned the role of a transit point on the way to moral and theological purification, associated with events and experiences that are subsequently assigned a particular significance which is transferred onto the place. Augustine’s Bildungsroman is thus also a kind of travel novel in a landscape defined by emotions and intellectual achievements; that is, in a psychogeography that leads ever further into the ‘inner person’, and reveals what is often interpreted in the history of philosophy as the discovery of subjectivity and interiority. Augustine’s narrative thus produces a series of imaginary or—according to Henri Lefebvre—‘abstract spaces’ which overlay, but do not erase, the ‘absolute’ or ‘real space’.
Processes as Continuants and Process as Stuff
Authors: Crowther Thomas
Published: April 2018

Some writers have argued that processes are ‘continuants’; that they persist over time in the way that concrete material objects do on an endurantist ontology. The first part of the chapter attempts to show that these arguments should be resisted. The second part of the chapter develops the idea that there is a philosophically significant analogy between process and space-filling stuffs. According to this analogy, process can be understood as a kind of ‘temporal stuff’. The chapter responds to arguments against this analogy and goes on to argue that an understanding of the analogy with space-filling stuff is central to a grasp of why processes are not continuants. The final part of the chapter, again drawing on this analogy, goes on to develop the idea that processes occupy time by ‘occurrent renewal’ over periods of time.
What Is a Process? Modes of Occurrence and Forms of Dynamicity in General Process Theory
Authors: Seibt Johanna
Published: April 2018

This chapter suggests that contemporary research in process ontology can be sorted into two varieties. The radical strategy, implemented in General Process Theory, takes our reasoning of processes to motivate a comprehensive rejection of a network of traditional presumptions in ontology (“substance paradigm”). More recent work on processes displays a more conservative approach where the traditional research paradigm is not replaced but expanded. One pivotal disagreement between the radical and conservative strategy is, it is suggested, the traditional tenet that all concrete individuals must be particulars. With focus on recent work by Stout and Steward the chapter argues that convincing arguments for the individuality of processes are undermined by the fact that such process individuals are conceived of as particulars. Such approaches are focused on the distinction between processes and “events” but fail to acknowledge an important distinction among processes that is an integral part of the data for process ontology.
The Rights of Families and Children at the Border
Authors: Lister Matthew
Published: April 2018

Families and children pose several problems for states in migration policies. All states provide some family migration benefits, and often special benefits for children, yet many of these states have sought to limit family immigration and the rights of children. This chapter explains why just immigration policies must offer family-based immigration and why this does not imply immigration rights in other relationships, such as friendships. It argues that a right to intimate association grounds a basic right to form family units across borders—a right inhering primarily in current citizens. It also explores how this right may be limited, including by ‘public charge’ type provisions, and how far these rights should ground protection from deportation for non-citizen family members, arguing that reasons that justify family immigration rights also justify protection from deportation. It finishes with a discussion of special protections owed, as a matter of justice, to children.
Fortuna
Authors: Miano Daniele
Published: April 2018

This book focuses on the Latin goddess Fortuna, one of the better known deities in ancient Italy. The earliest forms of her worship can be traced back to archaic Latium, and she was still a widely recognized allegorical figure during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. The main reason for her longevity is that she was a conceptual deity, and had strong associations with chance and good fortune. When they were interacting with the goddess, communities, individuals, and gender and age groups were inevitably also interacting with the concept. These relations were not neutral: they allowed people to renegotiate the concept, enriching it with new meanings and challenging established ones. The geographical and chronological scope of this book is Italy from the archaic age to the late Republic. In this period Italy was a fragmented, multicultural and multilinguistic environment, characterized by a wide circulation of people, customs, and ideas, in which Rome played an increasingly dominant role. All available sources on Fortuna have been used: literary, epigraphic, and archaeological. The study of the goddess based on conceptual analysis will serve to construct a radically new picture of the historical development of this deity in the context of the cultural interactions taking place in ancient Italy. The book also aims at experimenting with a new approach to polytheism, based on the connection between gods and goddesses and concepts.
Shape Dynamics
Authors: Mercati Flavio
Published: April 2018

Shape Dynamics is a new theory of gravity that is based on fewer and more fundamental first principles than General Relativity. The most important feature of this theory is the replacement of relativity of simultaneity with a more tractable gauge symmetry, namely invariance under spatial conformal transformations. This book contains both a quick introduction for readers curious about Shape Dynamics and a detailed walk-through of the historical and conceptual motivations for the theory, its logical development from first principles and an in-depth description of its present status. The book is sufficiently self-contained for an undergrad student with some basic background in General Relativity and Lagrangian/Hamiltonian mechanics. It is intended both as a reference text for students approaching the subject and as a review for researchers interested in the theory.
The Rise and Fall of Scottish Common Sense Realism
Authors: McDermid Douglas
Published: April 2018

This book tells the lively story of common sense realism’s rise and fall in Scotland. Chapter 1 explores the work of the Scottish common sense school of philosophy, whose representatives included Thomas Reid (1710–96), James Oswald (1703–93), James Beattie (1735–1803), and George Campbell (1719–96). Chapter 2 examines the earlier but little-known defence of perceptual realism mounted by Lord Kames (1696–1782), David Hume’s cousin and critic. Chapter 3 examines Reid’s defence of common sense realism and scrutinizes his campaign against the Cartesian assumptions on which the problem of the external world depends. Chapter 4 describes how Reidian common sense realism was propagated by two influential nineteenth-century philosophers: Dugald Stewart (1753–1828), who was content for the most part to expound Reid’s views eloquently, and the more ambitious Sir William Hamilton (1788–1856), who tried in vain to synthesize Reid and Kant. Chapters 5 and 6 highlight the two main contributions to the realism debate made by James Frederick Ferrier (1808–64): his no-holds-barred critique of Reid’s realism, and his novel argument for a form of idealism which is both neo-Berkeleyan and post-Kantian. Chapter 7 offers some reflections about the surprising direction Scottish philosophy took in the years following Ferrier’s death in 1864.
Path constitution analysis
Authors: Sydow Jörg , Windeler Arnold , Müller-Seitz Gordon , Lange Knut
Published: April 2018

Jörg Sydow, Arnold Windeler, Gordon Müller-Seitz, and Knut Lange develop an unconventional analytic approach called path constitution analysis (PCA). This integrates the concepts of path dependence and path creation, which have attracted limited methodological attention although they are widely applied for explanatory purposes. Path dependence in particular highlights the role of small triggering events and self-reinforcing processes, leading to unintentional lock-in as one outcome gains momentum. Path dependence emphasizes the role of history and context, while path creation in contrast emphasizes the proactive role of agency. PCA is described as a comprehensive methodology for exploring constellations of multiple actors, on multiple levels of analysis, with a process perspective. In addition to dependence and creation, PCA explores path defence, extension, dissolution, renewal, and breaking. For the guidance of other researchers, the chapter presents a methodological template based on a longitudinal case study of a novel technological path in the semiconductors sector.
Why Worry About Future Generations?
Authors: Scheffler Samuel
Published: April 2018

Why should we care about what happens to human beings in the future, after we ourselves are long gone? Much of the contemporary philosophical literature on future generations has a broadly utilitarian orientation, and implicitly suggests that our primary reasons for concern about the fate of future generations are reasons of beneficence. This book proposes a different answer. Implicit in our existing values and evaluative attachments are a variety of powerful reasons, which are independent of considerations of beneficence, for wanting the chain of human generations to persist into the indefinite future under conditions conducive to human flourishing. These attachment-based reasons include reasons of love, reasons of interest, reasons of valuation, and reasons of reciprocity. Although considerations of beneficence, properly understood, also have a role to play in our thinking about future generations, some of our strongest reasons for caring about the future of humanity depend on our existing evaluative attachments and on our conservative disposition to preserve and sustain the things that we value.
Herodotusʼ Allusions to the Sparta of his Day
Authors: Blösel Wolfgang
Published: April 2018

When Herodotus wrote his Histories during the Archidamian War, the Spartans were widely successful with their propaganda of ‘Freedom for all Hellenes’ against the Athenian imperialism. The aim of this paper is to show that in his stories Herodotus blamed not only the Athenians for their hybris towards the Greeks, but even-handedly the Spartans for their anxiety, hesitancy, parochialism, and, as a consequence of all that, double-dealing in foreign affairs. Spartan selfishness is exemplified in his stories about single Spartan kings as well as the Spartans as collective actor. Especially their behaviour towards the Plataeans, Corinthians, Tegeans, Argives, and Ionians, as Herodotus depicts it for the years before and during the Persian Wars, is astonishingly similar to their conduct during the Pentecontaetia and the Archidamian War. So Herodotus might have intended to warn the Spartans’ actual and potential allies not to put much trust in them.
Echo and the Invention of the Lyric Listener
Authors: LeVen Pauline A.
Published: April 2018

This chapter investigates the notion of lyric listening and concentrates on the particular role of the adverb δηὖτε‎ (‘once again’) in constructing a poetics of delayed repetition in several archaic melic poets (Alcman, Sappho, and Anacreon). Building on the model provided by a reading of the mythical nymph Echo in Longus’ Daphnis and Chloe to understand the seduction and role of delay and repetition in lyric listening, it is argued that ‘once again’ works as a form of gramophone, allowing the listener of the poem to experience the immediacy of poetry through the imagined distance and delay introduced by the adverb.
Scotland's Populations from the 1850s to Today
Authors: Anderson Michael , Roughley Corinne
Published: April 2018

The last book-length study of Scottish population history was published in 1977, and it stopped in 1939. This book uses much hitherto unexploited material to throw new light on many topics. It sets current and recent population changes in their long-term context, exploring how the legacies of past demographic change have combined with a history of weak industrial investment, employment insecurity, deprivation and poor living conditions to produce the population profiles and changes of Scotland today. A major argument of this book is that Scotland has had multiple population histories, with great variability in population change, migration patterns, nuptiality, fertility, and mortality, and that these can be directly linked to its wide diversity of topography, climate and natural resources, which are in turn significantly linked to the many differences in local agrarian systems, settlement patterns and housing, transport accessibility, and local industries and other employments. This diversity and these linkages are explored throughout the book. However, the book also shows that, on all the major demographic variables, there have been features that stand out as making Scotland different both from England and Wales and from other parts of Europe. Emigration was higher, nuptiality lower, marital fertility higher until the 1980s, and mortality persistently higher, especially in the West Central Belt of the country; the only exception, in a comparative context, was low infant mortality in the later nineteenth century. The reasons behind these differences are extensively explored.
Adverbial connectives
Authors: Ferraresi Gisella
Published: April 2018

In this chapter, the rise and grammaticalization process of the adverbial connective elements aber and allerdings are discussed. Aber ‘but, however’, one of the oldest connectives, is attested in OHG as a VP adverb with restitutive meaning and as an IP adverb with repetitive meaning. Through a reanalysis, aber has come to be newly defined as an exponent of the category Coordination Phrase (CoorP). However, aber is only syntactically a coordinative element in the very first position. In other positions, it is syntactically an adverbial and semantically a coordinative element. The second adverbial connective considered in this chapter, i.e. allerdings ‘however’, has undergone a similar development from a VP adverb to a sentence adverb and later to a connective element. However, allerdings is syntactically still an adverbial element, also in the first position.
An Ethnography of Nazi Law
Authors: Meierhenrich Jens
Published: April 2018

This chapter turns to the gestation of the first, German-language manuscript of The Dual State, known as the Urdoppelstaat of 1938. I then chart the transformation of this unpublished manuscript into the 1941 book. To lay the foundation for this detailed reconstruction, I trace in some depth the gradual destruction of the German Rechtsstaat, presenting in an accessible manner several decades worth of material culled from the historiography of Nazi law. This illustrates the enormity—and danger—of the task that Fraenkel set himself: to serve as a participant observer in the courts of the “Third Reich.” Drawing on a series of primary documents, I piece together the incredible and untold story of the gestation of The Dual State, a tale of rare courage, acumen, and insight. I pay detailed attention to similarities and differences in recently discovered manuscript drafts.
Experience-Based Learning and Market Change
Authors: Jutterström Mats
Published: April 2018

This chapter describes radical change in market organization, addressing the questions of why and how market organization changes over time. The discussion is based on a case in which Stockholm Municipality, after outsourcing, tried to arrange the market for snow clearance from its position as a buyer. The type and amount of the market’s organization changed significantly over time—from a ‘free’ market with relatively little organization, eventually evolving into a ‘bureaucratized’ market with significant amounts of organization. Arguably, the shifting market organizational forms derived from organizers’ learning levels—single-loop and double-loop learning. Through higher levels of experience-based learning the standard market model of neoclassical economics lost some of its performative power over the individual market organization, opening it up for more unorthodox solutions.
‘The Most Regulated Deregulated Market in the World’? Sellers Organizing across Markets
Authors: Alexius Susanna
Published: April 2018

Markets are interlinked in the sense that the organization of one market affects the functioning of other markets. Sellers whose sales are affected by shortcomings in another market may try to reorganize that market. In this chapter, the phenomenon of market organization across market borders is illustrated through empirical examples of how businesses in side markets such as the hotel, train, boat, and air travel markets have become active organizers of the Swedish taxi market. The Swedish state ‘deregulated’ taxi services, abolishing several organizational elements. The new situation led to severe problems for sellers in other markets who intervened and succeeded in increasing the degree of organization substantially, differently in different local markets. The taxi market is now as organized as it was prior to the ‘deregulation’, but in a different way and with different organizers.
Citizens and Soldiers in Archaic Athens
Authors: Wees Hans van
Published: April 2018

A reconsideration of the precise nature and extent of the military obligations of citizens in classical Athens reveals that under Athens’ democratic regime these obligations were relatively limited and not systematically enforced. The relevant classical legislation, later historical tradition, and some contemporary archaic evidence are combined to show that in archaic Athens, by contrast, formal military obligations were more extensive and more stringently enforced, but applied only to the leisured elite. The bulk of the working population was also obliged to serve, but only in ‘general levies’, with whatever arms and armour they could afford. This system was fully developed already under Solon and remained in operation until the late fifth century BC, when social and economic changes and the exceptional strain of the Peloponnesian War caused it to be abandoned.
Citizenship and Commensality in Archaic Crete
Authors: Whitley James
Published: April 2018

One of the key questions in understanding citizenship is understanding how cohorts of citizens were formed. There is much to suggest that in Crete this role was performed by the andreion or ‘men’s club’. This chapter re-examines this peculiar Cretan institution in the light of Josine Blok’s suggestion that we can view archaic political communities as ‘covenants between gods and men’. It provides an overview of the archaeological, epigraphic, and (much later) textual evidence for this institution and examines whether each political community had one andreion or several andreia. It concludes by arguing for the key role played by institutionalized commensality in the creation of the citizen body in Crete.
Appropriating Hobbes
Authors: Boucher David
Published: April 2018

The aim of this book is not to trace the changing fortunes of the interpretation of one of the most sophisticated and famous political philosophers who ever lived, but to glimpse here and there his place in different contexts, and how his interpreters see their own images reflected in him, or how they define themselves in contrast to him. The main claim is that there is no Hobbes independent of the interpretations that arise from his appropriation in these various contexts and which serve to present him to the world. There is no one perfect context that enables us to get at what Hobbes ‘really meant’, despite the numerous claims to the contrary. He is almost indistinguishable from the context in which he is read. This contention is justified with reference to hermeneutics, and particularly the theories of Gadamer, Koselleck, and Ricoeur, contending that through a process of ‘distanciation’ Hobbes’s writings have been appropriated and commandeered to do service in divergent contexts such as philosophical idealism; debates over the philosophical versus historical understanding of texts; and in ideological disputations, and emblematic characterizations of him by various disciplines such as law, politics, and international relations. The book illustrates the capacity of a text to take on the colouration of its surroundings by exploring and explicating the importance of contexts in reading and understanding how and why particular interpretations of Hobbes have emerged, such as those of Carl Schmitt and Michael Oakeshott, or the international jurists of the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries.