bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prognostic importance of deranged sodium level in critically ill patients
Authors: Tauseef Abubakar , Zafar Maryam , Syed Erum , Thirumalareddy Joseph , Sood Akshat , Lateef Noman , Mirza Mohsin
Published: July 2021

It is common upon admission or during stay at a hospital or intensive care unit (ICU) for patients to present with or acquire a serum sodium abnormality. Hyponatremia, serum sodium level less than 135 mmol/L, frequently associated with critical illnesses such as heart failure and liver cirrhosis, is an indicator of disease severity as well as a risk factor for poor prognosis. Hypernatremia, serum sodium level greater than 145 mmol/L, results due to any ailment disabling a patient's modality of thirst or the ability to relieve it once sensed. Hypernatremia has a more frequent iatrogenic component than hyponatremia. It can develop insidiously among patients through IV fluid administration of saline; both its presentation upon admission and development during stay is associated with mortality. Hyponatremia is associated with increased mortality and its treatment with morbidity as it carries a risk of overcorrection and consequently the development of central pontine myelinolysis. This review article covers the findings, and subsequent correlation between findings sought, of six articles catering to underscore the correlation between sodium disorders and prognosis of hospitalized or critically ill patients. PubMed search engine was utilized to select articles befitting the purpose of this review. Cumulatively, this review article substantiates the need to diligently evaluate and treat serum sodium disorders in hospitalized patients to achieve better prognosis.
Utility of Panfungal PCR in the diagnosis of invasive fungal infections in febrile neutropenia
Authors: Srinivas Sujay , Kumari Pushpa , Gupta Dipendra Kumar
Published: July 2021

Background:

The prevalence of invasive fungal infections (IFIs) is increasing due to the increasing population of immunocompromised patients. Fungal culture is the gold standard for diagnosis but not sensitive and the turnaround time is long. Samples for histopathology are difficult to obtain because of profound cytopenias. We conducted this study with the aim to evaluate panfungal PCR for the diagnosis of IFIs in patients of febrile neutropenia.

Methods:

This was a single-centre, cross-sectional observational study. Patients of febrile neutropenia suspected of having IFI were included in the study. Panfungal PCR was performed on the blood of included patients along with other investigations for diagnosis of IFI. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of panfungal PCR were calculated using EORTC/MSG 2008 criteria as the gold standard.

Results:

Fifty patients of febrile neutropenia were included in the study, of which 52% were diagnosed positive by panfungal PCR assay. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of panfungal PCR assay was found to be 82.76%, 90.48%, 92.31% and 79.17% respectively.

Conclusion:

Panfungal PCR is a promising and highly sensitive diagnostic test for screening at-risk patients suspected to have IFIs. The use of panfungal PCR assay in combination with other diagnostic modalities and clinical judgment can be very helpful in the early diagnosis of IFI.
Safe and appropriate use of diclofenac in chronic kidney disease
Authors: Sheth Sharad , Thakur Sneha , Thorat Anup , Gupta Pankaj
Published: July 2021

Pain is most common symptom associated with progressive disorder, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and is usually undertreated during the early stages of CKD. So, present review was conducted to evaluate the challenges for the management of pain in CKD patients and addresses the scope for considering Diclofenac as suitable alternative for pain management in CKD patient. The database PubMed and Google Scholar were searched from 1970 to Dec 2020 for literature published in English and all studies, review articles that examined the use of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) in pain management in CKD patients were included. Literatures revealed that there is a considerable challenge in appropriate management of pain in CKD patients include understanding the altered pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of analgesics in CKD patients and the risk of acute interstitial nephritis. The shorter duration of analgesics is acceptable and considered to pose a low risk of acute interstitial nephritis in patients. Considering that Diclofenac has a shorter half-life and high efficacy, it may be well tolerated in patients with CKD. The acceptance of Diclofenac is partly attributed to being a potent COX-2 inhibitor with the lowest IC50 and its rapid onset of action at lowest effective dose. In conclusion, diclofenac may be well tolerated in patients of renal impairment when used at lowest effective dose for shortest dose duration. Diclofenac is worthy of consideration in mild to moderate cases of CKD. For effective pain management, it is vital to evaluate the tolerability and efficacy of the available analgesics critically.
Seroprevalence trends of Scrub typhus among the febrile patients of Northern India
Authors: Singh Sweta , Patel Sangram Singh , Sahu Chinmoy , Ghoshal Ujjala
Published: July 2021

Background:

Rickettsial infections remain one of the most neglected and underdiagnosed tropical diseases in the developing countries. Scrub typhus can prove to an important diagnosis in pyrexia of unknown origin (PUO) patients and is transmitted by a species of trombiculid mites (“chiggers”). The disease leads to a plethora of symptoms like fever, rash, headache, nausea, abdominal pain, thrombocytopenia, etc. The current study was aimed to assess the seroprevalence as well as other demographic parameters of scrub typhus among patients diagnosed with PUO in the northern part of India.

Materials and Methods:

This study was undertaken for a period of 3 years from September 2017 to September 2020. Serum samples of suspected cases were tested for IgM Scrub typhus along with other common febrile illnesses like Malaria, typhoid, dengue, leptospirosis, chikengunya, etc. Additional testing for COVID-19 was also planned for samples received after February 2020.

Results:

The overall seroprevalence of Scrub typhus during the 3 year study period was noted to be 18.6% in the PUO patients. Typhoid was noted in 39.5%, malaria in 9.2%, Dengue in 13.5%, leptospirosis in 4.8%, and chikungunya in 5.3% of the patients. No cause was identified in 9.1% of the PUO cases. 3.9% of the samples were positive by RT-PCR for COVID-19. No mortality was noted in the scrub typhus positive cases.

Conclusion:

Scrub typhus is an emerging tropical rickettsial disease in the Indian subcontinent. The present study highlights the importance of screening of PUO cases for this important infection as timely institution of simple empirical treatment can prove to be life saving in such positive cases.
Dynamic profile and clinical implications of hematological and immunological parameters in COVID-19 patients. A retrospective study
Authors: Suryawanshi Shekhar Yashwant , Priya Shrishtee , Sinha Sandarbh Saumya , Soni Srinath , Haidry Naqoosh , Verma Shilpi , Singh Supriya
Published: July 2021

Background:

Ever since the World Health Organization (WHO) announced the SARS-CoV-2 or nCOVID-19 infection (a pandemic), continuous spread of the virus has been observed which has continuously seen to affect and kill multitudes of individuals all over the world. An understanding of the pathophysiology of this disease is necessary for an effective treatment. Laboratory investigations play an important role in the diagnosis as well as treatment of this infectious disease. Hematological parameters demonstrate alterations during the progression of nCOVID-19 infection. Of these, many are indicative of extremely poor clinical outcome. Hematological findings like leukopenia, lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia and coagulation-related abnormalities are the most common manifestations. The aim of this study was to assess the dynamic profile and clinical implications of hematological and immunological parameters among nCOVID-19 infections.

Materials and Methods:

This retrospective study was designed after categorizing patients suffering from COVID-19 into three groups: (a) Group I; (b) Group II and (c) Group III or severe critical patients. Hematological and immunological parameters of neutrophilic and white blood cell counts, d-dimer levels, hemoglobin levels, immunoglobulin G (IgG) and M (IgM) levels and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were assessed. Statistical analysis using Kruskal–Wallis test was used.

Results:

Normal white blood cell and neutrophil count among COVID-19 patients was seen. However, median values in Group II (P < 0.01) and Group III (P < 0.0001) were found to show significantly higher values when compared to Group I. A significant (P < 0.01) decrease in lymphocytic counts was found among severe and critical patients. Hemoglobin level was found to demonstrate higher decrease (P < 0.01) among severe and critical patients. Platelet count was found in normal range in all COVID-19 patients. Routine coagulation tests revealed increased fibrinogen (P < 0.01) and d-dimer levels (P < 0.0001) in severe and critical patients. Normal proportions of total CD3+ and CD4 + T lymphocytes were observed in COVID-19. However, CD8 + T lymphocytes proportion was found to be decreased (P-value < 0.05). Immunoglobulin G levels among Groups II and III patients were found to be lower when compared with Group I (P < 0.001). No statistical significance was observed between the groups in IgM levels. Plasma IL-6 levels were found to show progressive rise among Groups II and III patients (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:

Analysis of hematological and immunological parameters profiles in COVID-19 patients may help in deciphering the clinical progression of patients suffering from COVID-19 disease. Thus, regular monitoring of the hospitalized patients may help in planning the management of these cases.
Outcome of scrub typhus in pregnancy during COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Gupta Amrit , Dubey Kalika , Gupta Mansi
Published: July 2021

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has emerged as the major public health threat in recent times. Although associated with high morbidity and mortality affecting all age groups across populations, “pregnant women” represent a subgroup that needs extra surveillance. We present the case of a primigravida in her advanced pregnancy presenting with acute febrile illness with flu-like symptoms. The clinico-radiological picture was suspicious for COVID-19; however, she tested negative for COVID-19 on two occasions. On further investigations, she tested positive for Scrub typhus (IgM-ELISA) and responded to treatment with doxycycline. However, due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, much time was lost before suspecting and reaching the final diagnosis. Therefore, the patient had to suffer due to delayed medical intervention and intrauterine fetal death. Despite the unprecedented rise of COVID-19 in pregnant women in recent times, we should not forget about other tropical illnesses, which can mimic COVID-19 in clinical presentation and affect feto-maternal outcomes adversely.
Prevalence and predictors of prehypertension and hypertension in adult population of rural Southern India—An epidemiological study
Authors: Udayar Sharvanan Eshwar , Thatuku Srinivas T. , Jevergiyal Devika Pandurang , Meundi Anand M.
Published: July 2021

Introduction:

Hypertension is considered as one of the major health problem worldwide and the most important risk factor for non-communicable diseases.

Aims:

To estimate the prevalence and the risk factors of prehypertension and hypertension.

Methods and Material:

A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among adult population of rural area of Chittoor District. WHO STEPS was applied for data collection from 1,742 study participants aged 18 years and above. Chi-square test, Fisher exact, and ANOVA test applied to find out the intragroup and intergroup variable association with raised blood pressure.

Results:

The overall prevalence of hypertension and prehypertension in our study was 21.5% [95% CI: (19.6–23.5)] and 42.8% [95% CI: (39.5–46.3)], respectively. Males had higher prevalence when compared to females. The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure was 118.7 ± 17.6 mmHg and 77.1 ± 9.7 mmHg, respectively. The odds of being hypertensive was higher among older age group (OR: 3.83), male study participants (OR: 1.83), either widowed or separated (OR: 2.03), unemployed (OR: 1.51), and those who belonged to upper socioeconomic status (OR: 2.01). Those who were overweight (OR: 3.15), obese (OR: 2.55) and having central obesity (OR: 1.74), and also tobacco smokers (OR: 1.53) were having higher odds of hypertension. Significant association was found between hypertension and age, gender, marital status, body mass index, abdominal obesity, tobacco smoking, and physical inactivity.

Conclusion:

The prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension in this study was found to be high in rural area of Andhra Pradesh. There is a need to develop a community-based program, which would aim at minimizing the risk factors of hypertension.
Prevalence and reasons behind use of injectable contraceptive among the women of reproductive age group
Authors: Bairagya Anwesha , Basu Gandhari , Mondal Reshmi , Roy Suman Kumar
Published: July 2021

Context:

Estimated 42 million reproductive age group women currently use injectable contraceptive, fourth most prevalent contraceptive worldwide.

Aims:

To find out the prevalence, reasons and the associated factors for using injectable contraceptive among the women of reproductive age group.

Settings and Design:

A sub-centre-based observational, cross sectional survey was conducted among 212 reproductive age group women living in the rural areas of a district, West Bengal.

Methods and Material:

A multi-stage cluster random sampling technique was done considering villages as the cluster to get the required sample. Totally, 212 reproductive age group women were chosen from a total of 16 villages, selected by simple random sampling. Information regarding study variables was collected by direct interview of the respondents by visiting individual houses with help of a pre-designed, semi-structured proforma. Strict confidentiality and anonimousity were maintained throughout the study.

Statistical Analysis Used:

Data were analysed with SPSS 22.0 (licensed). Mean, median, proportion were used for quantitative variables whereas qualitative attributes were presented by proportion. Associations between dependent and independent variables were tested by Chi-square test.

Results:

The proportion of teenage marriage was unexpectedly high. More than half mothers were unwilling to have babies in future. One-third of study population used injectable contraceptive, ASHA was the main suggestion provider in choosing the method. The major reasons of use were discomfort in previous method and suggestion of service provider. Irregular menstrual problem and easy maintenance was the commonest cause of dissatisfaction and satisfaction, respectively.

Conclusions:

Use of injectable contraceptive must be sincerely promoted through social marketing and the front line health workers should motivate the women to use it by providing correct information.
Development and validation of a nomogram for predicting varices needing treatment in compensated advanced chronic liver disease
Authors: Wang Jitao , Wei Wenxin , Duan Zhihui , Li Jinlong , Liu Yanna , Liu Chuan , Zhang Liting , Zhang Qingge , Zhou Shengyun , Zhang Kunpeng , Gao Fengxiao , Wang Xiaojuan , Liao Yong , Xu Dan , Huang Yifei , Wang Shuai , Hu Weiling , Mao Hua , Xu Ming , Dang Tong , Wu Bin , Yang Li , Liu Dengxiang , Qi Xiaolong
Published: July 2021

Background:

Only a small proportion of patients with compensated advanced chronic liver disease (cACLD) had varices needing treatment (VNT) after recommended esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) screening. We aimed to create a non-invasive nomogram based on routine tests to detect VNT in cACLD patients.

Methods:

The training cohort included 162 cACLD patients undergoing EGD in a university hospital, between January 2014 and September 2019. A nomogram was developed based on the independent predictors of VNT, selected using a multivariate logistic regression analysis. Thirty-three patients from eight university hospitals were prospectively enrolled as validation cohort between December 2018 and December 2019.

Results:

The prevalence of VNT was 32.7% (53/162) and 39.4% (13/33) in training and validation cohorts, respectively. The univariate analysis identified six risk factors for VNT. On the multivariate analysis, four of them, i.e., gallbladder wall thickness (odds ratio [OR]: 1.23; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.98-1.56), spleen diameter (OR: 1.02; 95% CI: 1.00-1.04), platelet count (OR: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.97-0.99), and international normalized ratio (OR: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.06-5.84) were independently associated with VNT. Thus, a nomogram based on the four above - mentioned variables was developed, and showed a favorable performance for detecting VNT, with an area under receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.848 (95% CI: 0.769-0.927) in training cohort. By applying a cut-off value of 105 in validation cohort, 31.0% of EGD were safely spared with 3.4% of missed VNT.

Conclusion:

A nomogram based on routine clinical parameters was developed for detecting VNT and avoiding unnecessary EGD in cACLD patients.
Is Unilateral Local Flap Reconstruction Sufficient in Large Myelomeningocele Treatment?
Authors: Arpaci Enver
Published: July 2021

Objective:

Skin flaps are acceptable methods for surgical treatment of myelomeningocele defects in the neonatal period. Skin flaps (e.g., V-Y advancement, rotation or transposition flaps) are often preferred bilaterally for closure of myelomeningocele defects. This study evaluated the adequacy of an alternative unilateral flap method called “ice cream-cone flap” in repairing large myelomeningocele defects.

Patients and Methods:

Fifteen newborns who were operated with “ice cream cone flap” due to myelomeningocele defect were evaluated retrospectively. Surgical repair was carried out within 1–3 days of birth. The defect sizes were ranging 10 cm × 8 cm to 4 cm × 4 cm diameter with the mean diameter of 7.2 cm × 5.4 cm. This technique is mainly based on the planning of unilateral advancement flap that resembles the shape of the defect. The technique includes additional procedures such as anchoring of a deepithelialized skin tissue to provide redistribution of the wound closure tension to the lateral side of the flap, and transposition of a skin protrusion to shorten the peripheral border length of the wound.

Results:

Durable, stable soft-tissue coverage of the defect was obtained in all patients. No hematoma, seroma, infection, and flap necrosis were observed during the postoperative follow-up period. Two patients had partial wound dehiscence which was healed with secondary wound healing.

Conclusion:

“Ice cream-cone flap” technique is fast, reliable, and easily performed and has the advantage of shorter operative time, less blood loss with minimal wound closure tension.
The Impact of Obesity and Nutrition Habits on Gynecomastia among Turkish Adolescent Males
Authors: Özkan Melekber Çavus , Oluklu Mustafa Taygun
Published: July 2021

Introduction:

Gynecomastia (GM) during adolescence is quite common and represents a serious psychological challenge among young males. Obesity is also one of the major public health problems affecting an important proportion of the population. We studied the relationship between nutritional habits, body mass index (BMI), and GM of adolescent males.

Materials and Methods:

In this study, we report an analysis of the incidence of GM and its relationship with nutrition habits and BMI among 511 randomly selected high-school students between 16 and 18 years of age from schools located in Pendik municipality of Istanbul.

Results:

We found the incidence of GM of 33.3% (n = 170) in 511 high-school boys of whom 24.8% (n = 127) were classified overweight or obese. Although the mean BMI for the entire group was within the normal range (22.8 ± 4.4), it was significantly higher in boys with GM compared to the boys without GM, 26.8 ± 4.5 vs. 20.7 ± 2.5, respectively (P < 0.001). In addition, boys with stage 2 and higher degree GM had higher BMI compared to those with stage 1 GM, 29.2 ± 4.5 vs. 24.8 ± 3.3, respectively (P < 0.001). We, thereby, observed a clear positive correlation between BMI and GM.

Conclusion:

GM in high-school boys is closely correlated with overweight and obesity. Precautions should be taken to increase awareness of this global health concern to develop comprehensive public health strategies to improve the prevention and management of obesity and related complications like GM.
Single Flap use for Synchronous Reconstruction of Full-Thickness Upper and Lower Lip Defects due to High-Voltage Electrical Burn
Authors: Yasar Emrah Kagan , Demir Can Ilker , Kaya Samet , Alagoz Murat Sahin
Published: July 2021

High-voltage electric burns are a major source of morbidity and mortality, with significant socioeconomic and psychosocial implications. Electric burns rarely cause injury to atypical areas including the oral region with a reported incidence of 2.2%–3.5%. The ratio of burn area to total lip is critical for reconstruction options. Locally usable flap choices will be insufficient for subtotal defects of lips. Electrical burn of both lips is a rarely seen entity that is surgically challenging for both lip reconstruction with the minimum morbidity. It is known that a radial forearm free flap (RFFF) is suitable for total lip reconstruction and in addition, is one of the best options for simultaneous upper and lower lip reconstruction using only one RFFF. In this study, a case with both lower and upper lib necrosis, a rarely affected area due to high-voltage electrical burn, is presented. Reconstruction with a free radial forearm flap was successfully performed although the patient was presented in the subacute period as timing.
Уравнение тетраэдров: алгебра, топология и интегрируемость
Authors: Talalaev Dmitry Valer'evich
Published: July 2021

Уравнение тетраэдров Замолодчикова наследует почти все богатство структур и сюжетов, в которых фигурирует уравнение Янга-Бакстера. Вместе с тем этот переход символизирует рост порядка задачи, шаг от уравнения Янга-Бакстера к локальному уравнению Янга-Бакстера, от алгебры Ли к $2$-Ли алгебре, от обычных узлов в $\mathbb{R}^3$ к $2$-узлам в $\mathbb{R}^4$. Мы проследим за этими переходами в нескольких примерах, а также поговорим о проявлении уравнения тетраэдров в давно стоящем вопросе интегрируемости трехмерной модели Изинга и связанной с ней модели теории нейронных сетей - модели Хопфилда на двумерной решетке.
Библиография: 82 названия.
Динамическая алгебра Бете над $\mathfrak{sl}_2$ и функции на парах квазимногочленов
Authors: Varchenko Aleksandr Nikolaevich , Slinkin Aleksei Mikhailovich , Thompson Daniel
Published: July 2021

Рассматривается пространство $\operatorname{Fun}_{\mathfrak{sl}_2}V[0]$ функций на подалгебре Картана алгебры Ли $\mathfrak{sl}_2$ со значениями в подпространстве нулевого веса $V[0]$ тензорного произведения неприводимых конечномерных $\mathfrak{sl}_2$-модулей. Также рассматривается алгебра $\mathcal{B}$ коммутирующих дифференциальных операторов на $\operatorname{Fun}_{\mathfrak{sl}_2} V[0]$, определeнная в 2009 г. В. Н. Рубцовым, А. В. Силантьевым и Д. В. Талалаевым. Изучается связь между действием алгебры $\mathcal{B}$ на $\operatorname{Fun}_{\mathfrak{sl}_2}V[0]$ и пространством пар квазимногочленов.
Библиография: 25 названий.
AFYA BORA CONSORTIUM FELLOWSHIP: a journey of success in Global Health Leadership Training
Authors: Gachuno Onesmus , Odero Theresa , Seloilwe Esther , Urassa David , Tarimo Edith , Nakanjako Damalie , Sewankambo Nelson , S Atanga Ndeso , G Halle-Ekane Edie , Manabe Yukari , N Hosey Kristin , A Chapman Susan , J Wiebe Douglas , Voss Joachim , O’Malley Gabrielle , Mashalla Yohana , Ndegwa Margaret , Omogi Jarim , Farquhar Carey , N Wasserheit Judith
Published: July 2021

Nil.
Safe birth matters: facilitators and barriers to uptake of the WHO safe childbirth checklist tool in a Tanzania Regional Hospital
Authors: Thomas Joycelyn , Voss Joachim , Tarimo Edith
Published: July 2021

Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) developed the Safe Birth Checklist (SCC) to facilitate best practices in safe birthing practices. The SCC is utilizing existing evidence-based WHO guidelines and recommendations which has combined those into a single and practical bedside tool. The SCC is the first checklist-based intervention to target the pre- vention of maternal and neonatal deaths.

Objective: The objective of this project was to pilot-test the World Health Organization Safe Childbirth Checklist with Maternity Regional Hospital in, Tanzania.

Study Design and Methods: Retrospective analysis on 35 charts were completed to identify presence or absence of docu- mentation aligned with evidenced based checklist items. Staff training, end user observations and focus group discussions were utilized to elicit feedback about the tool and the process. Descriptive statistics and manual content analysis were used to analyze the rate of uptake and ownership over the checklist. The Checklist is broken down into four sections or time points (that are considered natural pause points in the care of laboring women). The four different pause points are admission, delivery, post-partum, and discharge.

Results: We trained 26 participants out of 32 staff how to use the SCC. Delivery time point had the lowest at SCC comple- tion rate at 39% compared to discharge having the highest completion rate at 93%. There was variation in completion rate of the checklist items at each time point. Checklist items at the beginning of each time point were completed between 94% and 100% of the time with the latter checklist list items completed between 29% and 57% of the time.

Conclusion: This project was able to identify facilitators and potential barriers to the successful uptake of the Safe Child- birth Checklist in Shinyanga Regional Hospital. Based on these findings, the MOH have opportunities to utilize those find- ings in the scale-up of the implementation of the checklist and future evaluation activities.

Keywords: Safe birth matters; WHO safe childbirth checklist tool; Tanzania Regional Hospital.
Aile Kurumundaki Hegemonik İnşanın Parodik Yıkımı: Force Majeure
Authors: TAŞ ÖZ Perihan
Published: July 2021

Sinemasal anlatılara kaynaklık eden edebi türler, aynı zamanda ilgili anlatının analiz aşamasında da bir yol haritası çizmektedir. Ruben Östlund’un yönetmenliğini yaptığı Force Majeure (Turist - 2014) isimli filmi anlatı analizi yöntemiyle çözümlerken; bu analize kaynaklık eden yazınsal tür olarak parodiyi incelemiştir. Kaynağı Antik Yunan’a dayanan ve önceleri basit anlamda “alaycı taklit” olarak yorumlanan parodi, 1960’lı yıllardan itibaren metinlerarasılık kavramı ile birlikte ele alınmış ve parodinin hedef metin ya da tema ile kurduğu ilişkinin, mizahi yönüne ek olarak eleştirel bir nitelik taşıdığı görüşü ortaya konulmuştur. Bu değerlendirme, parodiyi, “alaycı taklit” tanımından çıkarmış, kültürel ve ideolojik örüntüler üzerinden analiz edilmesine olanak sağlamıştır. Çalışmanın kuramsal çerçevesi, parodinin anlatısal kurulumuna, hedef metin-üst metin ilişkilerine ve parodik dönüşümün söylemsel araçlarına odaklanarak şekillenmiştir. Force Majeure filminin anlatısal kurulumunda, hedef metin ya da tema olarak seçilen aile kurumundaki hegemonik inşa ve toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri, anne ve baba üzerinden şekillenen bir kriz anlatısı odağında, parodik bir tutum ve ironik bir söylemle ele alınmıştır. Bu söylem doğrultusunda parodik dönüşümle şekillenen üst metin aracılığıyla, aile ve toplumsal cinsiyet rollerinin sınırlarını çizen patriarkal sistemin hegemonik iktidarına sarsıcı bir mizahla yaklaşıldığı ve bu iktidarın parodik bir yıkıma uğratıldığı saptanmıştır.
Antibiotic use on paediatric inpatients in a public hospital in Bangil, Indonesia
Authors: Norcahyanti Ika , Rosyidah Malikatur , Jaelani Abdul Kadir , Pratama Antonius N.W
Published: July 2021

Introduction: The importance of antibiotic use in a clinical setting was evaluated in order to support the global action plan to decelerate the spreading speed of antimicrobial resistance.
Aim: This study aimed to evaluate antibiotic use among pediatric inpatients in Bangil public hospital, East Java, Indonesia.  
Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design. The data were obtained from medical records of pediatric patients admitted to a pediatric ward in 2017. Data were analysed using the anatomical therapeutic chemical classification system (ATC)/defined daily dose (DDD) method in conjunction with data sources from a locally developed bacterial map.    
Results: The results showed the paediatric patients were dominantly male (n=218; 54.2%) and mostly diagnosed with diarrhoea (n=87; 15.3%). Ampicillin-sulbactam was the most commonly used antibiotic (16.3%). The total DDD value was 66.1 DDD/100 bed-days, and ceftriaxone demonstrated the highest DDD value (10.3 DDD/100 bed-days).    
Conclusion: In conclusion, the use of antibiotics in the pediatric ward in Bangil public hospital was comparable to other studies conducted in Indonesia.
APROXIMACIÓN A LA TECNOLOGÍA COMO CONTROL Y GUERRA DESDE LA FILOSOFÍA DE LA CULTURA
Authors: Anrubia Aparici Enrique
Published: July 2021

Siguiendo las ideas clásicas, la tecnología se entiende como una especie de control del movimiento. Este control específico se mostrará históricamente en el ejército y la marina, es decir, en el campo militar. Sabiendo que nuestra Era se autoexplica como un período tecnológico, este artículo intenta dar cuenta de cuáles son las particularidades de esta tecnología militar relacionadas con los tiempos modernos de los nuevos entornos tecnológicos. De cara a este propósito, y junto a un breve resumen de las tecnologías militares, los conceptos principales serán los espectáculos como una nueva forma de reconocer a los ciudadanos actuales como espectadores y usuarios de las nuevas realidades tecnológicas. Como resultado, habrá una nueva y sin precedente forma de control de la realidad.
Case Studies: A Brief Introduction and Suggested Guidelines for the Field
Authors: Fleck Emma
Published: July 2021

Case studies are a common teaching and learning tool within entrepreneurship and its parent discipline, business, as a method of bringing the nuances of realism to complex theoretical problems. However, within the

arts entrepreneurship field, they are used less frequently for pedagogical purposes and often with hesitation. Consequently, in this guide to the Case Study Edition, I aim to briefly:

provide a rationale for using case studies in arts entrepreneurship education;

illustrate what makes a good case study;

highlight the mechanics of writing case studies by clearly outlining the expectations of a submission to JAEE for both traditional research cases and teaching cases;

summarize the cases within this special issue and highlight why they demonstrate best practice example cases.
Instructor's Manual: Single Carrot Theatre
Authors: Chin Stephanie , Pink Sidney
Published: July 2021

Many arts organizations struggle to find long-term financial sustainability.[1] There are limited opportunities to build sustainable infrastructure and sources of long-term funding as organizations grow.[2] These risks are particularly challenging for organizations beyond the early startup phase that garner excitement and novelty. Single Carrot Theatre followed a traditional path of establishing a central theatre space for their operations, but unfortunately it created financial strain on the organization that almost resulted in permanent closure. With an established culture of innovation and a focus on artistic decision making, the company decided to implement an innovative organizational and artistic pivot. The company has successfully refined their mission to focus on site-specific and community-based theatre making. Although there were problems with public relations and limiting the perceived image of failure, the company was able to successfully retain a large portion of their patrons. Their nomadic structure lessened financial burdens, created an opportunity for new partners and funding sources and reestablished the company's unique brand of innovative theatre making. Early evidence suggests a recommitment of key stakeholders and potential for growing audiences in new ways. This case is designed to highlight how innovative arts entrepreneurs can pivot from traditional models of theatre and innovate financial success while remaining relevant and impactful to their audience.

 

[1] “The Fundraising Report,” SMU DataArts, accessed January, 14, 2021, https://culturaldata.org/the-fundraising-report/the-fundraising-report-home/.

[2] Ibid.
ODBRANA POEZIJE: RUSKI FORMALIZAM I NOVA KRITIKA
Authors:   University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Philology and Arts, Pavićević Jovana
Published: July 2021

The paper aims to present the key concepts that two formalist schools of thought developed in order to defend poetry as a miracle of communication. Russian Formalism takes Shklovsky’s defamiliarization (остранение) as its key concept and the trans-sense language (zaum) of Russian Futurist poets as a basis for analysing what constitutes differentia specifica of poetry. The ideas of the Russian formalist school, through Roman Jakobson, spread first to Eastern Europe, and then to the United States of America, where they influenced a group of critics, who were already inspired by T. S. Eliot’s and I. A. Richards’ ideas on poetic language and communication, to develop a new critical methodology. The name “New Criticism” was supposed to indicate that this school of thought was about different approaches and new tendencies in criticism. As the paper demonstrates, the key representatives of New Criticism are particularly interested in exploring the function of poetry and of criticism as well as the nature of poetic imagination and language. In order to examine what the poem says as a poem, they developed the practice of close reading and focused on metaphor, paradox, and specific method by which a poet transforms his experience into a poem as autonomous features of poetic expression. The special terminology introduced by Russian Formalism and New Criticism, and the complex, ironic and intellectual language they used not only managed to throw light on what specific problems of the science of literature were, but also enabled a defence through poetry – a kind of resuscitation and refinement of non-literary reality.
METAFORE SA CILjNIM DOMENOM IDEJA U SRPSKOM JEZIKU
Authors:   University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Philology and Arts, Janevska Tamara
Published: July 2021

By taking a cognitive-linguistic approach to metaphor, in this paper we deal with the abstract concept IDEA and the way it is understood and experienced in contemporary Serbian language. The research is aimed at determining some of the possible source domains that allow us to conceptualize the aforementioned concept. The corpus consists of sentences, found in Serbian daily papers Politika and Blic, which illustrate the identified metaphors. The analysis shows that this target domain can be understood in terms of various different source domains. We have decided to confine our attention to seven conceptual metaphors that allow us to comprehend different aspects of the concept IDEA. Namely, the results of the research show that ideas can be structured by the following metaphors: IDEAS ARE LIVING BEINGS, IDEAS ARE TOYS, IDEAS ARE FOOD, IDEAS ARE FORCE, IDEAS ARE RESOURCES, IDEAS ARE VALUABLE COMMODITIES and IDEAS ARE WEAPONS. We shall begin by identifying the linguistic expressions so as to explain the underlying similarities between the domains present in the metaphors stated above.
REPREZENTACIJA HRANE U „ZBORNICIMA ZAKONA I UREDABA ZA KNEŽEVINU SRBIJU“ IZ PETE DECENIJE 19. VEKA
Authors:   University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Philology and Arts, Pavlović Jovanović Jelena
Published: July 2021

In this paper, we have analyzed specific linguistic and cultural representations of food within the codes of law, regulations and legal acts of the Principality of Serbia from the years 1840, 1845 and 1847. We employed historical discourse analysis, historical sociolinguistics, and general cultural studies of food as a base framework for our research. We have established that food has a marginalized status within the observed documents. We can differentiate between basic food consisting of bread and side dishes (food served for specific categories of citizens, such as soldiers, prisoners, and the ill) and luxurious food. The status of luxurious food is manifested by the presence of lexemes of foreign origin within the list of groceries. We can highlight three types of food discourse: (a) economic discourse; (b) discourse of the state acting as a protector of its people; (c) medical discourse. The main motivational factor to engage in talk about food is the economic interest and in those situations one can encounter food in a public place (such as customs, quarantine, farmer’s market). A discourse which governs other types of discourses is the discourse of the state acting as a protector. The state protects its food sources, especially focusing on the protection of the poor. Famine is not addressed directly, but implications of hunger can be discerned from some legal acts. The medical discourse is most prominent in the regulations concerning quarantine and border meetings, where the Fishler’s omnivore’s paradox and incorporation principle dominates the quarantine organization. The state is metaphorically perceived as a body, and the quarantine is a customs official whose job is to check whether a certain food item carries contagious diseases
ISTORIJSKI RAZVOJ NASTAVE VEŠTINE PISANjA: EKSPRESIVNI, KOGNITIVNI, SOCIOLOŠKI I DISKURSNI PERIOD
Authors:   University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Philology and Arts, Milenković Branka
Published: July 2021

Writing as an activity may be observed simultaneously from the perspective of the nature of the writing skill, but at the same time from the basis of writing in L2, which requires a higher level of cognitive capacity. In theoretical research there is a consensus that both writing in the mother tongue and writing in a foreign language requires a systematic approach and that the writing skill can be taught to students through various approaches. Therefore, we are able to observe a historic development and change from the traditional to contemporary approaches to teaching the writing skill, and the change from writing as a product to writing as a process. The aim of this study is to reflect upon this development through the expressive, cognitive, social and discourse periods and to present the gradual development of the writing as a process approach, both from the perspective of science and practice. The results of the study may contribute to the individual teaching practice, but also to the institutional policy towards the practice of teaching the writing skill.
INTERKULTURALNA KOMUNIKACIJA NA RADNOM MESTU: RODNO OZNAČENE LEKSEME ZA NAZIVE ZANIMANjA, ZVANjA I TITULA U SRPSKOM I ENGLESKOM JEZIKU
Authors:   University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Philology and Arts, Subanović Katarina
Published: July 2021

This theoretical paper deals with gender-lexicalized names for occupations, functions and titles in the Serbian and English languages. The main task is to provide a summary of Serbian and English literature in terms of a given topic so as to compare general attitudes and conclusions in the two languages. The language material consulted for the writing of this paper included scientific studies, academic debates and newspaper articles, since this topic represents a social phenomenon which can be pointed at by the interaction between scientist (academic studies, debates) and the public (newspaper articles). As for the methodological procedure, it involved several steps. Firstly, we created tabular annotated bibliographies which contained the following data: the title of the paper/article, the subject matter of the paper/ article, the aim(s), methodology, the information on the participants in the study, or the information on the corpus, the main results, limitations and conclusions. Next, we selected the relevant parts for the problems we dealt with and included them in the appropriate parts of our paper. Eventually, based on the analyzed studies and newspaper articles, we made a conclusion regarding the given topic. The main results indicate that active efforts are made in both languages in order to eliminate sexist language and gender inequality. However, since English and Serbian are different in terms of the typological classification, the problem is approached differently in the two languages. To conclude, these results refer to the said corpus, thus further research is needed to consider the observed tendencies a rule.
AKADEMSKI VOKABULAR: DA LI SU STUDENTI (U)OPŠTE OBRAZOVANI? O POTREBI ZA UKLjUČIVANjEM AKADEMSKOG VOKABULARA U KURIKULUME ZA SRPSKI JEZIK U SREDNjOJ ŠKOLI I NA UNIVERZITETU
Authors:   University of Belgrade, Faculty of Philology, Milovanović Jovana
Published: July 2021

This article discusses reception and production of academic vocabulary among native speakers of Serbian language. Academic vocabulary is one of the key elements of academic language competence, and a modest lexicon and underdeveloped academic language competence can cause problems in both comprehension and production. In this research, we used a vocabulary test consisting of 12 items taken from general culture entrance exams used at the Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade. The participants are BA students of French language at the Faculty of Philology, University of Belgrade, years 1-4. The participants were instructed to provide a synonym or a definition for each item, as well as a sentence containing the given word. The aim of this research is to highlight issues in comprehension of academic vocabulary and establish the influence of factors such as word etymology or university level on the success of the participants. We analysed the results and classified them in three categories: correct, incorrect and unanswered. The majority of participants successfully identified just half of the given words (in order of success: poliglota 95,76%, bestseler 92,37%, pacifista 66,10%, suveren 58,47%, prototip 57,63%, elokventan 56,78%). The success level for the other half of the items from the test was below 50% (in order of success: erudita 49,15%, hipokrizija 39,83%, nepotizam 22,03%, skrupulozan 18,64%, šprahfeler 10,17%, eksproprijacija 8,47%). The influence of etymology was analysed through a comparison of the results for six items of French/Latin origin with the results for the other six items which did not originate from Romance languages. This analysis shows that the participants had similar results in both groups of items, with three words from each group having above 50% of correct answers (suveren, elokventan, pacifista; poliglota, bestseler, prototip). Lastly, we examined success levels from year 1, year 2, year 3 and year 4 students and determined that the median of correct answers for each year does vary, but that there is no strong linear progression (median year 1=5, year 2=6, year 3=7, year 4=6). The results indicate a lack of knowledge of academic vocabulary and difficulties in identifying and manipulating this type of lexis. We believe it is necessary to integrate academic language skills, including academic vocabulary, in high school curriculum and introduce Serbian language as a subject at university level.
Decisions, Labor Contribution and Sustainability of Water Projects in Narok, Kenya
Authors:   Masters student. Department of Management Science & Entrepreneurship School of Business and Economics Moi University. Kenya, Kipkorir Mr. Langat Nelson
Published: July 2021

In Kenya, most community-based water projects face sustainability challenges, thus prompting a need to examine the extent to which participation by beneficiaries’ influence sustainability of community water projects. If this is successfully addressed, then sustainable development of community water projects is likely to be achieved. The purpose of this study was to establish the influence of participation on the sustainability of community water projects in Narok County, Kenya. The study was anchored on Asset Based Community Development (ABCD) model. Quantitative research approach was used while the study adopted descriptive research design and explanatory research design. A sample of 384 subjects was through simple random sampling from a sampling frame of 15,500 elements using Cochran’s sample size determination formula in a population spread across the ten community water projects in Narok County, Kenya. Quantitative data was gathered by use of a questionnaire. Data was analyzed descriptively and inferentially. Inferential data was analyzed using mean scores and standard deviation. Data was also analyzed inferentially using correlation, regression and finally hypothesis testing was undertaken. Analysis showed r = -0.019, F (1,383) = 70.349, R2 = -0.019 at p = 0.01 < 0.05, H01 was rejected and it was concluded that there is a significant relationship between decision making and sustainability of community water projects. With r = 0.458, F (1,383) = 113.30, R2 = 0.10 at p = 0.01 < 0.05, H02 was rejected and it was concluded that there is a significant relationship between labour contributions and sustainability of community water projects. It was therefore recommended that community members who are such project beneficiaries be involved in decision making and where possible contribute towards project implementation right from inception to termination in order to create a sense of ownership and hence sustainability of community water projects upon completion
Optimal Design Prediction of a Singly Reinforced Concrete Beam Steel Using Artificial Neural Network
Authors:   Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bells University of Technology, Idiroko, Benja Village, P.M.B. 1015, Ota, Nigeria, Olawale SOA , Akintunde OP ,   Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bells University of Technology, Idiroko, Benja Village, P.M.B. 1015, Ota, Nigeria
Published: July 2021

This paper presents the prediction of a singly reinforced concrete beam tension reinforcement design requirements using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). The method was adopted for cost optimization of the tension reinforcement in the structural element and compared with the requirements of Eurocode 2 design. The code provisions for the design of a singly reinforced beam can vary from place to place. The use of a system immune from the code variation is an excellent means of predicting the reinforcement’s need of a rectangular concrete beam. In this work, an artificial neural network (ANN) is employed to forecast the reinforcement of such a beam. Artificial neural network has the potential to simulate the data that are hard to produce in arithmetical analysis. The scheme was established using the MATLAB tool kit. The design variables were the depth of the beam, the width of the beam, and the moments. A forward pass supervised backward propagation training. The regression analysis of the results is one to one match. The predicted and target values are completely in accord.