bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Analysis of a Semisubmersible-type Bucket Ladder Dredge
Authors: Arcandra _ , Randall Robert E. , Kim Moo H.
Published: January 2021

A semisubmersible-type bucket ladder dredge is a candidate to satisfy the need of the Indonesian tin mining company, PT Timah, to recover tin deposits in water depths of 50 m and deeper. Their current vessel is a barge-type bucket ladder dredge capable of operating in depths shallower than only 30 m. In order to evaluate the dredging capability in 50 m water depth, a dynamic analysis of both semisubmersible-type and barge-type bucket ladder dredges was conducted. The vessel was designed by modifying an existing semisubmersible platform used in the oil and gas industry, while the barge-type used is a conventional bucket ladder dredge. Hydrodynamic coefficients, wave forces, and response amplitude operators (RAOs) of both vessels were computed by using the 3D linear diffraction-radiation software WAMIT. The response spectra of the vessels were obtained in head, quarter, and beam seas of sea state 4. The effect of mooring stiffness was also investigated. Besides modeling the system with low stiffness, such as a catenary mooring, the dynamic analysis was also conducted for the free-floating condition. Finally, the motion performance for the two vessels was compared for various sea conditions, and it is shown that the semisubmersible-type bucket ladder dredge performs better with smaller responses in the selected sea conditions expected in water depths greater than 50 m.
Widening of the Great Lakes Bulk Carrier MV Algoville
Authors: Munro David J.
Published: January 2021

The Senneville was built in 1967. She was managed from 1973 to 1990 by Scott Misener Steamships (later Misener Transportation) and from 1990 to 1994 by Great Lakes Bulk Carriers (GLBC). With the demise of Great Lakes Bulk Carriers (GLBC) in 1994, the ship was purchased by Algoma Central Marine and the name was changed to Algoville. This paper gives a brief outline of the history of the ship, including ownership and events leading up to the need for major structural modifications and also discusses some of the design aspects leading to the decision to widen the hull from 75 ft-3 in. to 78 ft-0 in. (22.8 to 23.7 m) beam. A brief description of the widening project by Port Weller Dry Docks is presented, followed by some thoughts on the results of the widening and the successful operation of the vessel since returning to service.
Stern Flap Powering Performance Prediction for the Coast Guard 110-Foot WPB Island Class Patrol Boat
Authors: Cocklin Michael R. , Parsons Michael G. , Troesch Armin W.
Published: January 2021

The United States Coast Guard, in supporting and executing its growing list of missions, employs the 110 ft WPB Coastal Patrol Board as a multipurpose platform. Recently, the internal conflicts in Haiti which resulted in the mass exodus of people required extensive use of 110 ft WPBs. These Coastal Patrol Boats are being deployed for longer periods of time with longer on-scene time than before. But with this growing list of missions and recent developments, the Coast Guard's budget has not increased. The Coast Guard has had to do more with less. In order to do this, one must look at ways of reducing the operating cost of the cutters. Analytical analysis of a 110 ft WPB Coastal Patrol Boat is used to show that retrofitting these vessels with a stern flap will lead to an effective energy enhancement with application to the entire 110 ft WPB Coastal Patrol Boat Fleet. The projected energy savings per cutter per year is over $5165. With a fleet of 49, the projected fleet savings per year is $253 085. The payback period for the installation costs would be just over one year.
Project Amazon: An Open Class 60 Sailboat for Single-Handed Round-the-World Racing
Authors: Sponberg Eric W.
Published: January 2021

Project Amazon is a custom-designed Open Class 60 sailboat that began development in 1992. Detail design took place in 1995–96, and construction occurred in 1996–97. Project Amazon is an aluminum cat-ketch with two carbon fiber, free-standing, rotating wingmasts, an aluminum asymmetrical swinging keel, and twin carbon fiber, daggerboard-style rudders. Followers of the Around Alone and Vendée Globe single-handed, around-the-world races and developments of Open Class 60 sailboats may find these features unusual because collectively they do not fit mainstream racing sailboat design. None of Project Amazon's design features is totally new to sailboat naval architecture. These ideas have all been tried before, and all have been successful. But this is probably the first time that so many innovations have been combined into a single major racing sailboat design.
BOAT-2000 Database: Market Study and Aid to Power and Sailboat Design
Authors: Vasconcellos J. M. A. , Latorre R. G.
Published: January 2021

This paper presents the BOAT-2000 database* organization. Its applications in market study as well as power and sailboats design are used to show the system capability for integrated design. BOAT-2000 is not a commercial system and was created to integrate recreational boat information and commercial design software for academic research. The BOAT-2000 aim is to join in a database the useful information on sail and powerboat design, manufacturers, equipment and test results. The database includes also specific naval architecture software and others functional software's. BOAT-2000 was developed in Microsoft ACCESS™ and follows four main objectives:simple and useful tool for boat market analysis,ability to arrange the design process,includes different sorts of boat information as test results and survey reports, andintegrates commercial softwares in boat design process.

The paper focuses on database systematization and shows the BOAT-2000 application in two case studies. Graphs and tables illustrate the actual available dates. Finally, some future implementations are emphasized.
The Great Lakes Ballast Technology Demonstration Project Filtration Mechanical Test Program
Authors: Parsons Michael G. , Harkins Richard W.
Published: January 2021

The Great Lakes Ballast Technology Demonstration Project has investigated the effectiveness of automatic backwash screen filtration of ballast water during its uptake as a means of minimizing the potential for the introduction of nonindigenous species. The Great Lakes Protection Fund; the State of Minnesota, upon the recommendation of the Legislative Commission for Minnesota Resources (LCMR); the LakeCarriers' Association; Northeast-Midwest Institute; Federal agencies and universities have supported this project. Initial testing during the 1997 operating season involved testing onboard the Seaway-sized bulkcarrier MV Algonorth during operations between the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Great Lakes ports. Thistesting provided important information on system design, operations, and filtration biological effectiveness, but the mechanical test results were of limited value as benchmark experiments. During the summer of1998, the modular system was installed on a barge located in the Duluth, Minnesota, harbor to permit more controlled, intensive mechanical and biological testing. The overall design of the shipboard and the bargeballast water filtration test installations are briefly summarized. The barge mechanical test program involved extended testing with 25 micron, 50 micron, and 100 micron filter screens at a nominal 1500 U.S.gpm using an operating profile that approximates normal ship ballast operations. The results of this test program are reported. Lessons learned in the system design, operation, and test program are discussed.
Graph Model of Steel Distribution on the Ship’s Hull
Authors: Ivannikov Vadim V.
Published: January 2021

This paper discusses the task of optimizing vessel hull steel distribution by means of a graph model. Optimal and suboptimal options as far as the dimensions and steel grades are concerned are found by means of linear programming methods—the Dejikstra or Ford-Fulkerson flow algorithms. The suggested method has been used for an economically effective solution for utilizing high-strength shipbuilding steel and corrosion-proof steel for train-ferries in operation as well as for those being designed.
Coastal Cruise Ship Waste Management
Authors: Dixon Doug , Hughes Greg
Published: January 2021

A review of the current regulations and a typical design of systems aboard a 300-ft (91 m) coastal cruise vessel accommodating 300 people are presented. Also presented is a review of the Alaska Marine Highway System equipment in order to help understand waste management practices aboard these vessels. Through an understanding of the current regulations and capabilities available both on existing vessels and new designs, it is hoped educated decisions can be made about future regulations.
High-Speed Ferry Issues for Operators and Designers
Authors: Wood William A.
Published: January 2021

The hottest sector of the marine industry today is the transportation of people, vehicles and goods by high speed-ferry. While some conventional ferry operators are expanding into the high-speed market, many new ferry services are being proposed by entrepreneurs who are often not familiar with the business of designing, building and operating ships. This paper discusses some issues often overlooked when planning a high-speed ferry service or put off until operation is about to begin. Much of this information should also be useful to naval architects and marine engineers who need to become more aware of the overall planning process for high-speed ferry operations. These issues include political and social influences, local environmental conditions, ferry design, relationships with ferry builders, noise, stack emissions and wake wash.
Advanced Ultimate Strength Formulations for Ship Plating Under Combined Biaxial Compression/Tension, Edge Shear, and Lateral Pressure Loads
Authors: Paik Jeom Kee , Thayamballi Anil K. , Kim Bong Ju
Published: January 2021

The aim of the present study is to develop more advanced design formulations for the ultimate strength of ship plating than available at present. Plate ultimate strength subject to any combination of the following four load components—longitudinal compression/tension, transverse compression/tension, edge shear, and lateral pressure loads—is addressed. The developed formulations are designed to be more sophisticated than existing theoretically based simplified methods. The influence of post-weld initial imperfections in the form of initial deflections and residual stresses is taken into account. It has been previously recognized that a single ultimate strength interaction equation cannot successfully represent the ultimate limit state of long and/or wide plating under all possible combinations of load components involved. This is due to the fact that the collapse behavior of the long and/or wide plating depends primarily on the predominant load components, implying that more than one strength interaction formulations may be needed to more properly predict the plate ultimate limit state. In this regard, the present study derives three sets of ultimate strength formulations for the long and/or wide plating under the corresponding primary load by treating lateral pressure as a secondary dead load. The ultimate strength interaction formula under all of the load components involved is then derived by a relevant combination of the individual strength formulas. The validity of the proposed ultimate strength equations is studied by comparison with nonlinear finite-element analyses and other numerically based solutions.
Slamming Strength Requirements for Ship Bow Structures
Authors: Boitsov G. V. Peter , Koudrin M. A.
Published: January 2021

The authors seek a solution to the problem of the large variation in the rules among classification societies on the strength of ship bow structure. They propose a practical formula for estimating the hydrodynamic loads on the bottom, sides and in the vicinity of the forestem of full form ships, drawing upon a considerable amount of published data and performing a probabilistic analysis for long-term service conditions on several ocean routes. Application of some modified formulations to the design rule requirements is explained and illustrated.
An Optimization Study for the Bow Form of High-Speed Displacement Catamarans
Authors: Danisman D.Bülent , Gören Ömer , Insel Mustafa , Atlar Mehmet
Published: January 2021

Interest in high-speed marine transportation has acquired a wide variety of hydrodynamic research activities on catamarans, including shape optimization for minimum total resistance. This study attempts to utilize the mathematical programming in optimizing the bow form of twin hulls for minimum total resistance as well as in analyzing the optimization by physical model tests. The total resistance is assumed to be composed of wave-making and frictional components, which are formulated using Michell's thin-ship theory and ITTC-1957 friction line, respectively. The optimized hull form is analyzed by means of a computational flow solver before going through the experimental analysis. The study demonstrates the capabilities of the optimization procedure, presented for catamarans, in reducing the total resistance, as well as its limitations to be used as a design tool in a relatively high-speed zone.
Hydrofoil Addition to a Fast Oil Containment System
Authors: Dugan Patrick J. , Nourse Peter C. , Swift M. Robinson , Steen Robert R. , Celikkol Barbara
Published: January 2021

The U.S. Coast Guard uses flexible, floating barriers known as boom to trap and collect spilled oil from the surface of the ocean, bays, and rivers. Typical boom is effective for collecting oil at incident water velocities of up to 1 knot, but the Coast Guard has a need for a barrier which is effective for velocities up to 5 knots. The University of New Hampshire (UNH) has researched and developed barrier technology that allows the barrier to experience incident velocities up to 5 knots. The barrier utilizes an inclined, submergence plane bow to drive incident oil downwards to a gap opening where the oil enters a protected containment volume. UNH has developed two primary systems, one towed alongside a vessel or vessels, and the other moored in an estuary or bay. Initial testing of the towed system indicated a tendency for it to rise significantly out of the water, thereby limiting its overall effectiveness. This paper highlights UNH's efforts to add a hydrofoil to the towed system. The new system, known as the Hydrofoil/Fast Sweep Conversion, was subsequently modeled and tested for its seakeeping abilities.
SWATH Fishing Platform with Higher Propulsor Efficiency
Authors: Giiner Mesut , Atlar Mehmet , Soylemez Muhittin
Published: January 2021

This paper presents the potential advantages of adapting a SWATH concept for a fishing vessel role with a specific emphasis on energy saving due to the use of a suitable unconventional propulsor. A fixed guide vane (or propeller/stator) type of propulsor, with its modest amount of efficiency improvement, has been recognized as one of the least complicated and robust unconventional energy saving devices among others. Thus, the paper presents a design methodology for this type of device and illustrates its successful application to a SWATH fishing vessel. The design methodology involves a three-dimensional model to predict the wake velocities around the axisymmetric SWATH lower hulls and an advanced lifting line procedure, which includes the deformation of the propeller's slipstream for the theoretical modeling of the stator and the propeller. The design application is carried out for a middle distance water SWATH fishing platform, and efficiency gain due to the use of the stator is presented over a conventional screw propulsion system. The sensitivity of the stator design, with respect to main design parameters, which are the number of stator blades and the distance of the stator from the propeller, are investigated in addition to the advantages of adapting the SWATH concept as a fishing platform.
Real-Time Marine Diesel Engine Simulation for Fault Diagnosis
Authors: Logan Kevin , Inozu Bahadir , Roy Philippe , Hetet Jean-Francçois , Chesse Pascal , Tauzia Xavier
Published: January 2021

Automated monitoring systems are now the standard on most large vessels; however, few are equipped with diagnostic systems. This paper presents new developments in the area of fault diagnosis based on intelligent software agents. The research objective was to design an agent capable of continuous real-time machine learning by using an artificial neural network known as the cerebellar model articulation controller (CMAC). An engine simulator that can model both normal and faulty engine operations was used to develop the learning system controller in a flexible and cost-efficient manner. This paper provides a description of the selected CMAC, a brief overview of the real-time engine simulator and its integration with the learning system as well as a few results.
Fuel Efficiency Comparison Between High Speed Sealift Ships and Airlift Aircraft
Authors: Pegrum Matthew , Kennell Colen
Published: January 2021

This paper presents the findings of an investigation into the fuel efficiency of a number of concept designs for High Speed Sealift ships. A factor based on fuel weight, cargo weight and range is used to compare the ships with fixed-wing aircraft, rotary-wing aircraft and airships. It is shown that even with a substantial proportion of the ship's deadweight set aside for fuel, it is more efficient to use a High Speed Sealift ship.
Ship Hull and Machinery Optimization Using Physics-Based Design Software
Authors: Jiang Changben , Forstell Brian , Lavis David , Ritter Owen
Published: January 2021

Ship design software is applied to the study of improving the design of an existing cruiser. The focus of this paper is on exploring machinery configuration options that could significantly reduce the overall fuel consumption and, consequently, reduce the total weight and operating cost of the ship. The prime movers, most likely gas turbines, of the majority of the naval ships today are usually designed for maximum speed, which is much higher than the ship's cruise speed. In the case of the CG47, the shaft power required at cruise speed is only 16% of that at maximum speed. Consequently, the specific fuel consumption is 64% higher at cruise speed because the gas turbines are delivering only a fraction of their rated power. In this paper, auxiliary engines are introduced and their overall impact on ship design are studied. Four different machinery configurations, namely, CODOG, CODAG, COGOG and COGAG, are examined. Results show that as much as 34% fuel savings could be achieved and the overall reduction in total ship weight could be as high as 9%.
Stockholm Agreement—Past, Present, Future (Part 2)
Authors: Vassalos Dracos , Papanikolaou Apostolos
Published: January 2021

This paper provides a succinct summary of the findings ensuing the undertaking of a dedicated EU-funded research project aiming to address the impact of the Stockholm Agreement (SA) on the EU Ro-Ro passenger ships. This is achieved by utilizing the experience gained, the data and knowledge accumulated through the adoption of the Stockholm Agreement in North West Europe to form the basis for predicting the likely impact of introducing this Agreement to vessels operating in EU waters not covered yet by it. The background, including a historical overview and a detailed introspective look at the SA, together with an assessment of its impact on passenger Ro-Ro ship safety standards, design and operation are presented in a companion paper (Part 1) in the July 2002 issue of MARINE TECHNOLOGY.
Cargo Transport by Sea and Road--Technical and Economic Environmental Factors
Authors: Kristensen Hans Otto
Published: January 2021

This paper presents the background for a method of calculating the energy demand for different ship types using only a relatively few, but important parameters. It is an empirical method, based on a statistical analysis of the main parameters of different ship types in order to establish representative relationships between the cargo capacity and the ship's main dimensions. On this basis, it has been possible to calculate the necessary propulsive power by using well-established empirical power prediction methods (Guldhammer & Harvald 1974, Oossanen 1980, Insel & Molland 1992). By combining the statistical analysis with a subsequent power prediction, it has been possible to develop a method which can calculate the energy consumption as a function of only three general parameters, namely the size of the ship (more precisely the capacity), the ship's speed and the average cargo utilization. Having established a method for the calculation of the ship's energy demand, it is relatively simple to calculate the exhaust emissions by using some well-established specific emission factors, i.e., figures for the exhaust emission per consumed energy unit (g/MJ). In the paper, a comparison with road transport is also presented, focusing on the energy demand and exhaust emissions per transport unit, i.e., per ton cargo per km. Finally, the energy and emission data are used for an economical evaluation of sea transport versus land transport. This is done by calculating the external costs to society caused by the negative effect of the different modes of transportation, i.e., costs due to air pollution, noise, accidents and congestion, which in total cover most of the external transport costs.
Physical Behavior of Crude Oil During Transportation and Its Impact on the Carriage of Crude Oil by Sea
Authors: Gunner T. J.
Published: January 2021

The content, purpose and findings of a research program undertaken between 1996 and 1999 into the behavior of crude oil during transport is reviewed. Crude oil, being the most complex liquid carried by sea, required investigation due to its behavioral characteristics that impact the efficiency of its transportation, handling and general tanker operations. The research program broke the subject matter down to the three phases of crude oil each of which, either on its own or in conjunction with other phases, creates problems onboard tankers. Clearly the three physical phases are those of the vapor, liquid and sludge phases. The program collected both data of diverse type/description from the numerous vessels participating in the program together with cargo samples of the various types of crude oil carried for each voyage. The samples were obtained at discrete points throughout the voyage and discharge of the diverse cargoes and were subsequently analyzed for their physico-chemical properties. With the analytical information of the various cargoes and the cargo and environmental reports from the vessels, researchers can gain an overview as to the diverse types of behavior occurring to the cargoes during their transportation. Subsequent empirical modeling of a proportion of the data has allowed equations to be created that would assist a vessel's command to gain an insight into cargo behavior that would assist in decision making for operational matters. This paper provides the initial information and models developed as a result of this extensive piece of data collection and work
Options for Nonindigenous Species Control and Their Economic Impact on the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Seaway: A Survey
Authors: Perakis Anastassios N. , Yang Zhiyong
Published: January 2021

Nonindigenous species (NIS) cause substantial economic and ecological problems in the United States and other countries with marine trade. Current legislation and regulations require mandatory ballast water exchange for those ships entering the Great Lakes. Due to the low compliance rate, and some inherent defects of legislation, the current status of NIS control is not very encouraging. Several technical and legislative options have been proposed to improve the efficiency of NIS control. The most promising methods include filtration with ultraviolet, heat, and ballast water exchange. No one method, however, can 100% effectively solve the NIS problem. Moreover, the mandatory requirements may induce modal shifts from marine to rail or truck mode on the Great Lakes, which may cause several adverse side effects on the economy and the environment. The decision problems for the cargo owners and the legislative body are also formulated.
Slamming Response of a Large High-Speed Wave-Piercer Catamaran
Authors: Thomas G. A.
Published: January 2021

Commercial and military requirements for high-speed sea transportation has led to the evolution of large, fast, lightweight vessels. Knowledge of the effect of sea loads on the structure of such vessels is required in order to carry out structural design optimization. Wet deck slam events, which occur when the vessel's motion causes an impact between the cross-deck structure and the water surface when operating in large waves, are of particular importance for high-speed catamarans. Extensive full-scale hull stress, motion, and wave measurements have been conducted on an 86-m Incat high-speed catamaran ferry during a delivery voyage. A definition of a slam event, for this vessel, is proposed and used to identify slam events from the data records. The character and effects of these slamming events are investigated with respect to a number of factors, including structural loading, wave height and length, vessel speed and heading angle, relative vertical velocity, and frequency of occurrence. The results of the full-scale data analysis are presented. Particular attention is paid to the whipping response of the structure, with the principal structural response frequencies being identified through spectral analysis.
Optimum Structural Design of Naval Vessels
Authors: II Seo Seung , Ho Son Keon , Kyu Park Myung
Published: January 2021

Naval vessels are not regulated by class rules, but by special regulations. This study introduces the concept and characteristics of the regulations of the U.S. Navy, which has been the most reliable in setting design standards of naval vessels and helps designers comprehend the effect of each regulation on design results. Also, an optimum structural design method combined with structural analysis theory is proposed for an actual naval vessel to be designed according to U.S. Navy regulations. The validity of the proposed method is shown by the optimum design results for the midship section. The optimum spacings of longitudinal and transverse web frames are found, and the effect of the main design variables is investigated.
Geometrical Variation and Distortion of Ship Hull Forms
Authors: Narh Ebru , Sariöz Kadir
Published: January 2021

Because of the risk involved with starting the hull form design from scratch, the designer most frequently initiates the hull form design process with a parent form that has satisfactory hydrodynamic performance. Hence, linear and nonlinear variation and distortion techniques have found wide applications in the hull form design studies. Some of these methods are simple and easy to apply by practicing naval architects, whereas others may be considered too complicated and difficult to use without simplifications. Existing and emerging techniques to distort a parent ship hull form are discussed and applied to a typical ship form. These techniques range from a simple one minus prismatic method to complex nonlinear distortions and include emerging computer-aided design (CAD) methods, such as shape averaging. The applications indicate that the techniques presented can be safely applied to conventional ship hull forms. The advantages and drawbacks of these methods are discussed, and numerical results are presented.
Small Commercial Fishing Vessel Stability Analysis: Where Are We Now? Where Are We Going?
Authors: Womack John
Published: January 2021

Small commercial fishing vessels are the largest, most diverse, and constantly evolving class of marine vessels in existence. Yet the methods used to evaluate their stability reflect a one size fits all approach with little improvement over the many decades since their introduction in the early 1900s. This conflict coupled with significant flaws in the methods used to convey stability guidance to the crews leads to unacceptable risks being taken and fishing vessels and their crews being lost. Improvements are needed in all areas of small commercial fishing vessel analysis: better criteria that reflect the true dynamic environment faced by the crews, better means to convey stability guidance, including the current risk of capsize to the crews, and lastly a program to teach stability and how to use the guidance provided.
Full-Scale Measurements of the Maneuvering Capabilities of Fast Patrol Vessels, Argos Class
Authors: Soares C. Guedes , Francisco R. A. , Moreira L. , Laranjinha M.
Published: January 2021

Full-scale maneuvering trials of two fast patrol vessels are presented. These trials were aimed at identifying the maneuvering characteristics of the fast patrol vessels of the Argos class. The set of maneuvers chosen were a result of a study based on simulated data, which determined the set of maneuvers that would be most efficient to identifying the parameters of the ship planar equations of motion. These included circles, at different approach speeds and rudder angles, spiral, zigzag, and stopping maneuvers. All maneuvers were performed in good weather conditions. This paper describes and analyzes the results of the full-scale trials of this class of ships.
Noncontact Measurement of Marine Biofouling Roughness
Authors: Subramanian Chelakara S. , Ostrem Trond M. , Gangadharan Sathya N.
Published: January 2021

The energy loss caused by biofouling is costing the marine operations millions of dollars because of lack of complete understanding of their roughness characteristics. Marine biofouling roughness is generally randomly distributed in space, and also varies in shape and texture. The common practice in hydrodynamic analysis is to ignore the details and express them simply by means of a representative length scale dimension. However, many recent studies have shown that this is not a satisfactory approach, particularly when the roughness height is large. The present research aims to develop a better measure of biofouling roughness by using an innovative image analysis technique to model and predict the related hydrodynamic phenomena. The proposed technique employs a combination of stochastic and triangulation techniques that are commonly used in image analysis. An overview of these techniques for surface topography measurement is provided. The present method uses two images of the surface, one from back lighting to spatially locate the roughness peaks and the second from side lighting to determine the height Information at each corresponding spatial location. Thus, a three-dimensional surface roughness distribution can be obtained. Results of some experiments on layers of taped surface and barnacle-laden surface suggests that this method can be used to measure flexible roughness height to within 10% accuracy, with possible improvement with a better lighting and camera resolution.
Real-Time Performance Simulation of Marine Diesel Engines for the Training of Navy Crews
Authors: Chesse P. , Chalet D. , Tauzia X. , Hetet J. F. , Inozu B.
Published: January 2021

This paper presents a marine diesel engine simulation code designed for real-time performance. The main novelty is that the various equations are derived from the laws of thermodynamics, thus guaranteeing qualitatively accurate predictions and allowing for easy use with any type of engine. The code is based on the "filling and emptying" method with various simplifications to achieve real-time performance. A number of failure models were added to interface the code with a propulsion training application. This was done in order to educate crews on failure detection and the management of emergencies.
Pioneering Gas Turbine-Electric System in Cruise Ships: A Performance Update
Authors: Sanneman Bruce N.
Published: January 2021

Recent marine projects have extended the range of applications for GE's LM aeroderivative gas turbines in commercial marine markets. The world's first all gas turbine-powered cruise ship, GTS Millennium, entered service in June 2000. The in-service performance of the combined gas turbine electric and steam system (COGES) will be discussed further in this paper.
A Review of the 8th International Conference on the Stability of Ship and Ocean Vehicles (STAB 2003)
Authors: Rojas Luis Pérez , Belenky Vadim L.
Published: January 2021

This paper briefly reviews the papers presented at the 8th International Conference on Stability of Ship and Ocean Vehicles that was held September 15–19, 2003, in Madrid, Spain. The review covers the following stability-related subjects: history, accident investigation, water on deck, extreme weather effects, stability of unconventional vessels, design for safety, damage stability, including large passenger vessels, para-metric roll, regulatory aspects, environmental modeling, human factors, safety in operations, nonlinear dynamics, unconventional problems, intact stability, antirolling devices, fishing vessels stability, and ship motion in waves, as well as several workshops on intact stability, damage stability, fishing vessels, and risk-based designs.
Structural Analysis and Sizing Optimization of a Composite Advanced Sail Design Concept
Authors: Rais-Rohani Masoud , Eamon Christopher D. , Keesecker Amy L.
Published: January 2021

Numerical design optimization coupled with finite-element analysis is applied to an advanced design concept for a submarine sail structure made of composite materials. Through a detailed design sensitivity analysis, the influence of stiffener and skin sizing on the weight and buckling characteristics of the sail structure is quantified. Furthermore, the sail is optimized for minimum weight under a severe loading condition based on two alternative discretization concepts for modeling the variations in skin thickness. The design constraints include the lower-bound limits on load factors corresponding to the lowest 10 buckling modes as well as the allowable normal and shear strains in each ply. The sizing optimization problem is solved using the modified exterior penalty function method. The results indicate that depending on the discretization concept, it is possible to reduce the structural weight by as much as 14% over the baseline model while meeting all the structural design criteria. As part of the postoptimization evaluation of the optimal design models, such response characteristics as the linear and nonlinear buckling were evaluated under a diverse set of loading conditions with the results showing a similar or superior performance as compared to the baseline model.
The Development and Application of a Marine Power System Simulator for Marine Engineer Training
Authors: Shi Weifeng , Tang Tianhao
Published: January 2021

For marine engineer training, marine power system analysis and fault diagnoses, a marine power system simulator (MPSS) is proposed here. It has been developed by applying system simulation techniques. The main techniques employed were marine power system modeling, microcomputer control, and local area network communication. Some functions and typical fault simulations produced with the MPSS are introduced. These operations are particularly useful for marine engineer training. A marine power system model is built by applying the power system dynamic stability theory. The power system model is the most important element in the simulator. The system model is made of a diesel engine generator, induction motor, power network, and so on. Many simulation results were obtained, such as starting the lubricating oil pump and a power network three-phase ground fault. Because the system offers online control, local area network communication, and human-machine interface of information, this MPSS is used extensively in marine engineer training where the standard is professional skill in marine electrical technology. The system has been used to meet the standards of the STCW78/95 international convention in many marine companies and training centers in China with good results.
Safety Assessment of FPSO Turret-Mooring System Using Approximate Reasoning and Evidential Reasoning
Authors: Sii H. S. , Wang J. , Eleye-Datubo A.G. , Yang J. B. , Liu J.
Published: January 2021

Numerous acts of Parliament and statutory instruments that apply to floating production, storage, and offloading (FPSO) developments in the United Kingdom Continental Shelf, covering a wide range of issues, including health, technical safety, work place safety, lifting operations, environmental protection, and pollution prevention and control, are described. A comprehensive study of system safety evaluation of a typical turret-mooring system used on FPSOs is described in this paper. A safety assessment method suggested using approximate reasoning and evidential reasoning approaches is proposed in this study. Subjective safety modeling at the bottom level in a hierarchical framework is carried out using an approximate reasoning approach. The evidential reasoning method is used to combine or aggregate safety estimates at lower levels to produce the safety estimate at the system level. The four main subsystems(turret, fluid transfer system, turret transfer system, and interfacing system) are thoroughly examined in order to perform a subjective safety assessment of the turret-mooring system.
Dual-Use Short Sea Shipping Trimaran Trailership HSTT-180
Authors: vom Saal Robert J. , Mizine Igor , Deschamps Laurent C. , Thorpe Richard W.
Published: January 2021

This paper describes the concept design of a high-speed trimaran roll-on/roll-off (RO/RO) designed for commercial cargo but readily convertible to military use. It is designed for a coastal express service, such as Port Canaveral, Florida, to Wilmington, Delaware, so the emphasis is on speed, simplicity, and reliability. All the RO/RO cargo is carried on the main deck, and there is room for a limited number of passengers to accompany their cargos.
Maritime Safety in the Post-Prestige Era
Authors: Psaraftis Harilaos N.
Published: January 2021

The Prestige accident is perhaps the last among a series of serious marine accidents that have significantly shaped the formulation of maritime safety policy worldwide. The main thesis of this paper is that in spite of recent progress in this area, there is still a long way to achieve a truly "proactive" maritime safety regime. A qualitative assessment on the nature of some major maritime safety policies and on the way that these are put forward is attempted, along with some opinions on possible pitfalls and on what needs to be done so that this process can be further improved.
A Simple Method for Predicting the Maximum Squat of a High-Speed Displacement Ship
Authors: Gourlay Tim
Published: January 2021

A simple formula is developed for predicting the maximum squat of a displacement ship as it passes through the transcritical speed range. This is given in terms of a maximum sinkage coefficient, which is almost constant across a wide range of hull forms. Satisfactory agreement is shown with model test results, and it is shown that large stern sinkages in the order of 3 to 6 meters are predicted for frigate and destroyer type hulls in shallow calm water.
Risk Management of Shipbuilding Contracts
Authors: Capaitzis Dimitri G.
Published: January 2021

The choices and decisions involved in ordering a new ship are essentially entrepreneurial and culminate in the letter of intent based on financial and business considerations. The contract follows and covers the size, type, and quality of the ship, her construction, and eventually her operation. Drafting the builder/buyer contract is a major station in a shipbuilding venture and, although this paper mainly covers the contract negotiation, it relates by necessity to elements before and after contract finalization.
Day-to-Day Challenges of a Shipping Company From the Technical Department’s Point of View: Lessons Learned
Authors: Hatzigrigoris S. , Dritsas C. , Heliotis A. , Spertos A. , Morfinos C. , Kriezis G.
Published: January 2021

Working for one of the largest shipping companies in Greece is not an easy task. The challenges from the day-to-day vessel operation never stop and the maritime environment, which grows more challenging by the day, demands that the technical department is on a constant state of alert. The paper discusses the lessons learned from the many years of the authors' combined experience in the technical departments of a bulk carrier operator and of its tanker counterpart. The most interesting and diverse cases are outlined together with the conclusions and the necessary alterations to the procedures and work practices established as a result of the experiences gained. The following cases are examined:propeller damage on a Capesize bulk carrier from inherent casting defects,main engine camshaft problems originating from initial poor design,cracking of main engine bedplate bearing girders on a very large crude carrier (VLCC) attributed to unauthorized repairs and casting defects,failure cases of fitted bolts in marine applications,premature failure of main engine piston crowns, andsea chest ballast valve problems on a VLCC attributed to poor detail design.
A Study of Factors that Contribute to Maritime Fatigue
Authors: Louie Vivianne W. , Doolen Toni L.
Published: January 2021

Many advances have been made to shipping and the maritime industry over the last century. Despite these advances, errors that lead to injuries, accidents, and catastrophes continue to occur. Fatigue has been identified as a major contributor to these incidents. The purpose of this study was to investigate the causes of fatigue for mariners and, specifically, for deck watch officers (DWOs). A review of the literature was completed to identify factors that might impact the prevalence of fatigue in the maritime industry. Questionnaires and face-to-face interviews were used to collect data to evaluate the relationship among sleep, the mariner's work environment, and fatigue. It was found that advances in technology have reduced the number of personnel on the bridge and, subsequently, increased the workload for DWOs. With the multitude of DWO duties and responsibilities, current staffing levels are not always adequate for ensuring proper rest. While regulations that address hours of rest for mariners appear to be adequate, current regulations do not adequately address the challenges of dynamic schedules and human physiology.
US Fishing Vessel Powering and NOx Emissions
Authors: Latorre Robert G. , Cardella V Joseph P.
Published: January 2021

This paper presents the results of SNAME Small Craft Panel SC-3 Fishing Systems investigation of trends in US fishing vessel (Fig. 1) (L> 22.9 m) powering and NOx emissions (1900–2000). The study estimates the 1, 299 vessels in the US fishing fleet produce 306 tons/day of NOx. The largest powers are found in the decades of 1960–1980. The actual power kW is compared to a reference power kWo using the Powering Index Ratio PIR = kW/kWo. It was found that 50 to 80% of the power in seiners, trawlers, and crabber/ trapper/clam vessels have PIR > 2.5. The reduction of fishing vessel diesel engine NOx can be best achieved by adopting acceptable levels of vessel power/length for the basis of revenue and tax rather than using the vessel age as emissions reduction criteria.
Controllable Pitch Propeller Control with Fast Backpropagation Algorithm
Authors: Alarcin Fuat , Ekinci Serkan , Gulez Kayhan
Published: January 2021

In this paper, controllable pitch propeller (CPP) has been used to improve the maneuvering at a fixed shaft speed. The proportional-derivative (PD) control method has been applied to obtain high efficiency by changing the pitch angle. The controller results have been evaluated and learned by a fast backpropa-gation algorithm (FBA). The neural network results show that learning of pitch behavior has been verified, and the FBA performance of CPP controller is better than that of the PD controller.
An Intelligent Simulation Model for Design and Costing of High Temperature Ballast Water Treatment Systems
Authors: Mesbahi Ehsan , Norman Rosemary , Peng M. Wan Chee
Published: January 2021

The ecosystem and economic damage caused by the introduction of nonindigenous marine species through the medium of ballast water has led to much research into onboard ballast water treatment systems. These treatment systems must be capable of meeting the new IMO standards while having a minimal effect both on the environment and on the operational cost and safety of the vessel. One promising solution to the problem appears to be thermal treatment of ballast water, although low-temperature treatment systems have some limitations, notably the long treatment time required. High-temperature ballast water treatment at discharge using a two-stage heat exchanger has been successfully demonstrated at laboratory and pilot scale. An intelligent simulation model is presented that may be used as a design tool to estimate capital and operational costs of a high-temperature treatment system. A study of the economic impact of such a treatment system on a range of bulk carriers has been carried out, and the results are presented.
An Evaluation and Comparison of Models for Maximum Deflection of Stiffened Plates Using Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Banai Lior , Pedatzur Omri
Published: January 2021

Stiffened plates form the backbone of most of a ship's structure. Today, finite element (FE) models are used to analyze the behavior of such structural elements for different types of loads. In the past, when usage of computers and FE models were not used very much, analytical analysis methods were required. Two well-known methods have been developed for analyses of stiffened plates under lateral loading (uniform pressure), based on two different models, namely, the orthotropic plate model and the grillage model. Both models can give estimations for the maximum plate deflection under uniform lateral pressure. The objective of this paper is to present the two methods, evaluate and compare the methods using the finite element method, and finally implement the methods as a computer program for quick estimations of the maximum deflection of stiffened plates. The degree of accuracy of the two methods when compared to FE is discussed in some detail.
Development of Reliability-Based Renewal Criteria for Marine Structures
Authors: Ivanov Lyuben D. , Serratella Chris , Wang Ge , Lee AiKuo
Published: January 2021

A method is proposed for developing renewal criteria for marine structures based on the reliability approach. It accounts for structures' degradation over time and uncertainties of loads. Thus, the implied risk in geometry-based renewal criteria for marine structures can be revealed. The governing failure mode is first determined, and then the time-variant reliability of the structure is calculated. Then, the probability of exceeding given permissible limits in geometry-based renewal criteria is calculated for any year of the ship's age or for any time period. Combining the two types of calculations, conditions are obtained for when the control of the geometric properties truly represents the control of the structural reliability. An example is given for vertically corrugated bulkheads used in tankers, but the method is general and can be applied to any structural component or marine structure as a whole. The method presented by the authors allows for evaluating the effect of corrosion protection with the risk that the example corrugated structure will exceed given permissible limits over time. The methodology can be used in the optimization process in the early design stage as a predictive tool or during operation.