bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparing to lose weight
Authors: Elsheikh Mohgah , Murphy Caroline
Published: November 2023

If you have read Chapters 13–16 of this book then you have already completed the fi rst stage in planning to lose weight. If you have got this far, then you will have established that you have the motivation to make changes to your lifestyle and behaviour, and you should have realistic expectations of losing weight.
Pronouns
Authors: Carnie Andrew
Published: November 2023

Irish pronouns vary more widely than full nouns in terms of what cases they can take. The “common case” is divided up into a variety of diVerent case forms in the pronominal system.
The Declension of Adjectives
Authors: Carnie L Andrew
Published: November 2023

ike nouns, Irish adjectives are declined for case and number1. This chapter surveys the main declension forms of Irish adjectives and provides a list of 2,700 with their declension class and plural type. Adjectives are typically lenited if the noun that precedes them would normally be lenited after a determiner (article). This is true whether or not a determiner is actually present.
What is osteoporosis?
Authors: Black Alison J , Sandison Rena , Reid David M
Published: November 2023

The existence of osteoporosis has been known since the times of the Ancient Egyptians. Egyptian mummies of mature men of high status from around 220 BC have been found to have evidence of both osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. A French pathologist, Jean Lobstein (1777–1835), first described the rare brittle bone disease osteogenesis imperfecta but also described bone thinning occurring without this congenital abnormality.
Osteoporotic fractures
Authors: Black Alison J , Sandison Rena , Reid David M
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we will discuss the types of fractures that occur with osteoporosis and the reasons behind them. Additionally we will look at the treatments available for such . One in two women and one in five men over the age of 50 are at risk of a fracture (broken bone) due to osteoporosis. This is a greater risk for women than having breast cancer or disease. Fractures are the main consequence of osteoporosis. The lower the bone density, the greater the risk of fracture, but fracture does not depend entirely on having a low bone density. Genetic predisposition, older age, and how likely we are to fall are the main risks for having an osteoporotic fracture.
The multidisciplinary Team
Authors: Black Alison J , Sandison Rena , Reid David M
Published: November 2023

All members of the multidisciplinary team aim to enable the person with osteoporosis to cope with the condition and to reduce the risk of fracture. People with osteoporosis are likely to come into contact with different healthcare professionals who can help address many of the problems encountered with the condition. This chapter gives a brief description of some members of the multidisciplinary team and their roles.
Reason of State, Propaganda, and the Thirty Years ‘ War
Authors: Malcolm Noel
Published: November 2023

Acclaimed writer and historian Noel Malcolm presents his sensational discovery of a new work by Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679): a propaganda pamphlet on behalf of the Habsburg side in the Thirty Years ‘ War, translated by Hobbes from a Latin original. Malcolm’s book explores a fascinating episode in seventeenth-century history, illuminating both the practice of early modern propaganda and the theory of “reason of state”.
Foundations of Mind
Authors: Burge Tyler
Published: November 2023

Foundations of Mind collects the essays which established Tyler Burge as a leading philosopher of mind. This second volume of his papers offers nineteen pieces published between 1975 and 2003, including the influential series that develops anti-individualism. Burge contributes three essay-length postscripts, a substantial new paper on consciousness, and an introduction which surveys his work in this area. The foundations that Burge reflects on are conditions in the individual or the wider world that determine the natures of mental kinds. The conditions include causal, social, psychological conditions, and conditions of phenomenal consciousness. Some of these are basic conditions under which minds are possible. The book is essential reading for philosophers of mind, and should engage a wider public interested in basic philosophical issues.
Anti-Semitism in Meistersinger?
Authors: Kivy Peter
Published: November 2023

It is no part of my purpose here either to deny Wagner’s palpable anti-Semitism or to in anyway mitigate its utter repulsiveness. Both are all too apparent. What I do wish to deny is Barry Millington’s thesis, expressed recently, that Die Meistersinger is an anti-Semitic work, Beckmesser a Jewish caricature.1 Or, more circumspectly, I am denying that Millington provides any evidence for the thesis, although he provides plenty of evidence for the anti-Semitism of Richard Wagner. Indeed, what Millington does do is to present a brilliant account of how Wagner formed the character of Beckmesser, both literarily and musically, from absolutely despicable caricatures ofJews, his own and those of his contemporaries; and he then goes on to conclude that Beckmesser is a Jewish caricature, Die Meistersinger an anti-Semitic work, by simply committing the genetic fallacy, which is to say, illicitly inferring from the true premise that the source of Beckmesser’s character is a Jewish caricature to the unsubstantiated conclusion that Beckmesser is a Jewish caricature.
Music in the Movies: A Philosophical Inquiry
Authors: Kivy Peter
Published: November 2023

The two major forms of “talked” drama, movies and plays, are sharply distinguished in numerous ways, as artistic practices. But one of the most notable and, I shall argue, most mystifying of these ways is in regard to music. For the presence of music in a spoken play is a rare occurrence—although there is a tradition for it—whereas what is rare in the cinema is the absence of music. The movies have had, almost from the very beginning, a running musical background. And whereas it is fairly clear what the reason for this was in the silent era, it is by no means obvious, as I shall suggest later on, why music endured in its peculiar relation to the cinema with the advent of the talkies.
Another Go at the Meaning of Music: Koopman, Davies, and the Meanings of “Meaning”
Authors: Kivy Peter
Published: November 2023

The Oxford English Dictionary gives ten or more meanings for “meaning”, depending on how carefully you want to count and how fastidious you are about nuances. Given such a superfluity of meanings, it is hardly surprising that music has “meaning”. Indeed, it would be surprising if anything didn’t. That being the case, it is always with a sigh of resignation that I espy a new book or article intended (or “meant”) to prove that, appearances to the contrary notwithstanding, music has you-know-what. And in recent years I have tended to pass over such books and articles in favor of fresher topics. But every once in a while it is a good idea to rethink even a settled opinion, and when a recent article by Constantijn Koopman and Stephen Davies, called “Musical Meaning in a Broader Perspective” crossed my path not too long ago, I decided that perhaps the time had come for me once again to give a little thought to this vexed and perennial question of musical meaning, especially as I was singled out early on in the article of Koopman and Davies as, it seems, their major adversary.
From Ideology to Music: Leonard Meyer’s Theory of Style Change
Authors: Kivy Peter
Published: November 2023

Leonard Meyer’s splendid new book, Style and Music: Theory, History, and Ideology provides a rich feast indeed of food for musical thought, and (inevitably) for musical controversy.1 Theorists will, of course, be drawn to the author’s nuts-and-bolts functional analysis of the various musical passages he discusses in making his argument; and music historians, doubtless, will find much to stimulate them, as well as to argue about, in his historical characterization of the Classical and Romantic periods in music, and of their relevant social, political, and philosophical backgrounds. But philosophers of art like myself will surely fasten upon Meyer’s bold attempt to connect the purely musical parameters of syntax and structure to the reigning ideologies with which they coexist. Nor, I think, will it be out of place to concentrate on this attempt in the present review essay; for it is the major theme and argument of Meyer’s book.
Egg donation
Authors: Davies Melanie , Webber Lisa , Overton Caroline
Published: November 2023

Donor eggs are needed when a woman’s ovaries no longer contain eggs, following an early menopause, or the eggs she has are poor quality. Early menopause can be caused by surgery on the ovaries, by chemotherapy treatment for cancer, or by medical conditions such as Turner syndrome (a genetic condition in which the ovaries do not fully develop). It often comes out of the blue; premature menopause affects one woman in 100 below the age of 40. Poor egg quality is usually found in older women, and is often diagnosed after tests for miscarriage or infertility, perhaps after several unsuccessful IVF attempts. Egg donation is also sometimes used by women who carry a serious inherited disorder so that they do not pass it on to their children.
Theories of Location
Authors: Parsons Josh
Published: November 2023

Metaphysicians of space and time are fond of talking about objects being present at, wholly present at, or existing at certain times, or occupying certain regions of space, or even regions of space time. Take, for example, this famous set of definitions due to Mark Johnston and David Lewis:

Let us say that something persists, iff, somehow or other, it exists at various times; this is the neutral word. Something perdures iff it persists by having different temporal parts, or stages, at different times, though no one part of it is wholly present at more than one time; whereas it endures iff it persists by being wholly present at more than one time. (Lewis 1986: 202)
Contact and Continuity
Authors: Kilborn William
Published: November 2023

This chapter develops a new approach to the Brentanian puzzle of contact and continuity. Various versions of the puzzle or closely related considerations thereof have received discussion in the works of Bolzano, Brentano, Leonardo, and Peirce, and more recently in Casati and Varzi’s Parts and Places, in Hawthorne’s ‘‘Before-Effect and Zeno Causality’’, in Hudson’s The Metaphysics of Hyperspace, in Kline and Matheson’s ‘‘The Logical Impossibility of Collision’’, in Varzi’s ‘‘Boundaries, Continuity, and Contact’’, and in Zimmerman’s ‘‘Could Extended Objects Be Made Out of Simple Parts? An Argument for ‘Atomless Gunk’ ‘‘. In his ‘‘Simply Possible’’, Theodore Sider has proposed a prima facie plausible solution to the Brentanian puzzle. In the present work, I point out that there are other intriguing puzzles of contact and continuity. An interesting result is that Sider’s proposal cannot help solve every puzzle of contact. It seems that this undercuts much, if not all of the motivation for endorsing Sider’s proposal stemming from certain considerations regarding the original Brentanian puzzle. Another interesting result is that a solution championed by some earlier authors to the Brentanian puzzle appears now to be quite plausible as the correct solution to every puzzle of contact. The proposed solution is that it is metaphysically impossible for space to be continuous. But, as it will become clear, there are important costs that come with endorsing any response to the puzzles of contact.
Introduction: Approaching inflectional identity
Authors: Bachrach Asaf , Nevins Andrew
Published: November 2023

The topic of this volume is inflectional identity. We group together under the term inflectional the morphological markers that participate in a “paradigmatically-related” alternation to express case, person, number, gender, or class distinctions. Identity covers and classifies a range of identity and similarity relations among the phonological form of these items. We refer, informally, to any n-way classification of verbal or nominal inflection as a paradigm, where the two (or more) dimensions could be tense and agreement (on verbs) or conjugation class and case (on nouns).
Russian genitive plurals are impostors
Authors: Bailyn John F , Nevins Andrew
Published: November 2023

Our primary focus in this chapter is on the distribution of allomorphs for the Russian genitive plural. The Russian genitive plural has been a topic of interest to morphological theory because various authors have claimed that its derivation involves some or all of the following grammatical principles:

(8.1) a. Inflectional paradigms aspire to “avoid homophony”. The Russian nominative singular and genitive plural endings reflect a transderivational attempt to minimize homophony across inflectional endings.
Socrates’ Profession Of Ignorance
Authors: Forster Michael N
Published: November 2023

In a previous article in this journal I developed an account of the historical Socrates’ demand for definitions of ethical terms. The present article is interdependent with the previous one, but turns to a further topic. It is a well-attested fact that Socrates professed ignorance about the matters on which his enquiries focused, and indeed about all matters of real importance. Among those who knew him personally, both Plato and Aeschines of Sphettus depict this profession of ignorance, and a generation later Aristotle reports it as well.
Phronēsis As A Mean In The Eudemian Ethics
Authors: Pearson Giles
Published: November 2023

The title of this paper might appear to suggest something absurd. Surely it is virtues of character that are means, on Aristotle’s view, not intellectual virtues. That thelatter could be means surely ‘seems un-Aristotelian’ (Broadie) and ‘hard to believe’ (Woods). However, some well-attested texts suggest that Aristotle may at some point have considered phronēsis, at least, a mean, and it seems time to give them a run for their money. In EE 2. 3 Aristotle provides a catalogue of all the various character virtues and their two related vices. And the last virtue on the list, appearing alongside the vices of euētheia (‘simplicity’) and panourgia(‘cunning’),is phronēsis(1221a12).2 In a subsequent gloss, a little later in the same chapter, Aristotle tells us:
Representation in Perception and Cognition Task Analysis, Psychological Functions, And Rule Instantiation
Authors: Hatfield Gary
Published: November 2023

There is disagreement over how the notion of representation should be understood in cognitive science. Many investigators equate representations with symbols, that is, with syntactically defined elements in an internal symbol system (Fodor 1975; Pylyshyn 1984). Some urge that representation be understood wholly in terms of syntactic elements (Fodor 1980; Stich 1983, ch. 8), while others implicitly adopt this position (Newell and Simon 1976; Newell 1980). This strictly syntactic symbolist view has provided a powerful tool for modeling psychological processes as governed by internal rules expressed in a symbolic medium.
Representation And Constraints The Inverse Problem And The Structure Of Visual Space
Authors: Hatfield Gary
Published: November 2023

At an ecologically relevant scale, the physical world is spatially three dimensional, and human beings (along with other animals) perceive a world in three dimensions when light appropriately affects the eyes. The light obeys known laws of transmission, which form a set of constraints (C) on the proximal stimulus patterns (Sp) that light reflected from surfaces of objects (distal stimuli, Sd) can present to the visual system. Perceptual psychologists have investigated the processes (P) that take those patterns (or aspects of them) as input and yield perceptual representations (R) as output. Various proposals have been made about the relations among objects O, environmental constraints C, processes P, and perceptual representations R (along with the use of such representations to guide action). These proposals constitute the theories or subtheories of visual perception.
Introduction
Authors: Hatfield Gary
Published: November 2023

The papers in this third part consider aspects of the history of psychology in relation to the philosophy of psychology. These chapters examine theoretical concepts in cognitive and perceptual psychology, underscore the autonomy of psychological theorizing from physiological reduction, and make a case for the methodological priority of psychology over physiology and physicalistic description. The first two chapters establish connections across historical periods within theories of spatial vision and of attention. Chapter 12 seeks the origin, in the theories of Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), Descartes, and Berkeley, of two-stage theories of spatial perception, which hold that visual perception involves both an immediate representation of the proximal stimulus in a two-dimensional “sensory core” and also a subsequent perception of the three dimensional world.
Postscript (2008) on Ibn al-Haytham’s (Alhacen’s) Theory of Vision
Authors: Hatfield Gary
Published: November 2023

Ibn al-Haytham— who was widely known in the Latin West as Alhazen, now often rendered as Alhacen— was the most important visual theorist between Ptolemy (second century) and Kepler and Descartes (seventeenth century). His work set the framework for visual geometry and the psychology of vision for more than six centuries after his death (c. 1040 – 1). The present chapter uses a diagram from Witelo to illustrate Ibn al-Haytham’s visual geometry (Fig. 12.1). As explained in note 28, the diagram does not precisely render the geometry. The same holds true of the manuscript diagrams from the earlier Arabic editions, the oldest of which dates to 1083 (Sabra 1989, lxxxi), more than forty years after al-Haytham’s death.
Separating tissues
Authors: Tulloh Bruce , Lee David
Published: November 2023

The secret to separating tissues is to identify and stay in the correct plane. This relies on sound anatomical knowledge and good assistance. An understanding of local anatomy is important not only from the point of view of recognizing landmarks but also to help select the appropriate technique for dissection, and good assistance is necessary not only to ensure adequate display of the operative field but also to provide traction on the tissues to be separated. Sometimes keeping to the plane may be difficult, such as when operating in an obliterated congenital plane or in one destroyed by inflammation and scarring.
Haemostasis
Authors: Tulloh Bruce , Lee David
Published: November 2023

Bleeding is inevitable with every operation. Less is better, but don’t let an obsessive desire for a dry field prevent the operation from progressing at a reasonable pace. Minor bleeding will stop if the patient’s own haemostatic mechanisms are intact. Pre-operative questioning should establish whether patients have a bleeding tendency or are taking anticoagulant drugs such as warfarin or aspirin. It is reasonable to perform a coagulation screen before any major case and even to cancel an elective procedure if the clotting is abnormal, but consult the operating surgeon first! Don’t hesitate to summon help when faced with such a coagulation problem in an emergency situation.
Putting it all together
Authors: Tulloh Bruce , Lee David
Published: November 2023

The manoeuvres described in the previous chapters should be thought of as building blocks with which one can ‘construct’ an operation. Putting them together in different ways will allow a variety of operations to be performed. This chapter describes several common general surgical operations in terms of sequences of fundamental manoeuvres as described earlier. There are many, many variations on how to do these operations, and this chapter describes just one way; the authors do not make any claim that it is the right way. Remember, the focus here is on the instrument usage and the handling of tissues, not the procedure itself.
Overview
Authors: Culicover Peter W
Published: November 2023

The conventional answer to the question “What is syntax?” in theoretical linguistics is something along the lines of, “It is the system that governs the relationship between form and meaning in a language”. What this actually means in practice is something that you will appreciate in some depth as you work through this book, but at this point it is likely to be rather obscure. So let us start with a concrete example.
Basic sentential structure
Authors: Culicover Peter W
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we lay out some basic structural properties of simple sentences. We assume for this purpose that sentences contain phrases such as noun phrases (NPs), verb phrases (VP), and prepositional phrases (PP), although we have not worked out the internal structure of these phrases. Once we have developed the basic sentential structure in this chapter, we will turn in Chapter 4 to how these and other phrases are made up. Contemporary theorizing about linguistic structure draws on the presumption that this structure is abstract, that it is in the mind, and that speakers are able to use this structure in order to form intuitions about whether a string of sounds and words is a legitimate expression in their language.
Argument Correspondences
Authors: Culicover Peter W
Published: November 2023

On the default linking, a single CS argument corresponds to the Subject grammatical function. When there are two arguments, the canonical correspondence is one in which the Agent corresponds to Subject and the Theme/Patient corresponds to Object. Other correspondences are possible, as well, such as Experiencer and Theme, in the case of verbs like know, and Goal and Theme, in the case of verbs like receive. In this chapter we look at a range of other ways in which CS arguments can be expressed syntactically. All but one involve arguments of a single CS relation; one, the causative, involves arguments of two CS relations.
Fragments
Authors: Culicover Peter W
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we look at the syntactic properties of sentential fragments. A fragment can be used in place of a full sentence when its meaning can be inferred from the context. Example (1B) is a typical example of a construction called VP ellipsis. (1) A: Who will eat that pizza? B: I will. The English expression I will in B’s response in (1) is not a full sentence; it lacks a VP. The interpretation of I will in this case depends on a previous sentence. B’s response means “I will eat the pizza” because the context is “Who will eat that pizza?”. If the context was, for example, “No one will smell quite that bad”, or “Who will pay for the gas?” the response “I will” would have a very different interpretation.
General symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Langmead Louise , Irving Peter
Published: November 2023

As discussed in Chapter 3, many of the symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as diarrhoea and abdominal pain, are easily attributable to inflammation of the gut. However, people with IBD may also experience a variety of other symptoms not obviously related to gut inflammation. Nevertheless these symptoms can be equally disabling.
A Moveable Speech
Authors: Machan Tim William
Published: November 2023

Sometimes, the oddest questions, the ones that would seem to be the most easily dismissed, end up requiring unexpectedly complex answers. Here’s one: since the globe spins, could one travel around the earth by floating over the ground in a helicopter and waiting for the world to turn? Here’s another: if lime and orange are colors as well as fruit, why isn’t grapefruit? An intuitive response to both questions may well be that they’re simply naive and not worth answering. But the truth of the matter is that effective answers end up being anything but simple. Responses to the first question must draw on issues like the physics of time, friction, gravity, and relative motion, while cogent responses to the second depend on semantics, lexical history, and usage. Without recourse to these admittedly sophisticated heuristics, replies can take on the peremptory, even mystical quality of an answer like ‘because that’s the way it is’. And that quality only serves to make the questions appear even more complex.
Say the Right Thing
Authors: Machan Tim William
Published: November 2023

‘The rock-bottom practical truth’, Wilson Follett once wrote, ‘is that the lexicographer cannot abrogate his authority if he wants to. He may think of himself as a detached scientist reporting the facts of language, declining to recommend use of anything or abstention from anything; but the myriad consultants of his work are not going to see him so . . . the work itself by virtue of its inclusions and exclusions, its mere existence, is a whole universe of judgments, received by millions as the Word from on high.’1 By this reasoning, in orthography, sense, and usage, English is what the dictionaries say it is, and while thus general and theoretical in scope, Follett’s observation actually responded to a very specific event: the September 1961 publication of Webster’s Third New International Dictionary. Deriving ultimately from Noah Webster’s 1828 American Dictionary of the English Language, which in turn derived from his 1806 Compendious Dictionary of the English Language, Webster’s Third (as it was and is called) represented a tradition of financial, linguistic, and even cultural achievement. For many Americans—and, for that matter, readers worldwide—the Merriam-Webster company stands next only to Oxford University Press as the pre-eminent maker of dictionaries, and the cry ‘Look it up in Webster’s’ serves as an emblem of the authority invested in it and in dictionaries in general.
Reducing Revenge to Discomfort
Authors: Maudlin Tim
Published: November 2023

My understanding of the Revenge problem is simple and prosaic. One begins with a stock of semantic predicates, for example ‘true’ and ‘false’, and uses some of them to construct a problematic sentence such as ‘F is false’, where F is stipulated to refer to that very sentence. One then considers the various hypotheses that attribute the different semantic predicates to the sentence: ‘F is true’ and ‘F is false’ in this instance. Each of these hypotheses is shown, by informal reasoning, to lead to an impossibility. Suppose we grant that no sentence is both true and false. Then since ‘F is true’ implies, by disquotation, F (i.e. ‘F is false’), the hypothesis that F is true implies that F is both true and false, an impossibility. So we cannot maintain that F is true.
Revenge, Field, and ZF
Authors: Priest Graham
Published: November 2023

This chapter deals with three interrelated issues What is the ‘revenge’ phenomenon? Let us start with a statement of the simple liar paradox. This concerns a statement,L, of the form F ⟨L⟩, where F is the falsity predicate, and angle brackets indicate some name-forming device. If T is the truth predicate, then the T-scheme assures us that for any closed sentence,A :The meanings of these questions, and the connections between them, will become clear in due course.
Burali– Forti’s Revenge
Authors: Shapiro Stewart
Published: November 2023

Typical attempts to provide a sufficiently comprehensive account of truth seem to be subject to a phenomenon called ‘revenge’. Although there is no agreed upon account of what the phenomenon of revenge is, the idea seems to be that either it is possible to formulate a so-called strengthened version of the Liar paradox that applies to the account in question, or else the framework forbids the expression of something that, intuitively, is not only manifestly expressible, but is needed to formulate or at least motivate the account in the first place. A particularly ironic form of revenge occurs when an account of truth has it that the theory itself is something other than true. Begin with a standard Liar sentence p which is equivalent to ‘p is false’. Consider a simple, perhaps simple-minded, account that simply says that sentences like p are neither true nor false. Now consider a sentence q that is equivalent to ‘q is either false or neither true nor false’ (or just ‘q is not true’). This, too, leads to paradox under plausible assumptions.
Does Murphy’s Law Apply in Epistemology? Self-Doubt and Rational Ideals
Authors: Christensen David
Published: November 2023

Formally inclined epistemologists often theorize about ideally rational agents—agents who exemplify rational ideals, such as probabilistic coherence, that human beings could never fully realize. This approach can be defended against the well-known worry that abstracting from human cognitive imperfections deprives the approach of interest. But a different worry arises when we ask what an ideal agent should believe about her own cognitive perfection (even an agent who is in fact cognitively perfect might, it would seem, be uncertain of this fact).
An Opinionated Guide to Epistemic Modality
Authors: Fintel Kai von , Gillies Anthony S
Published: November 2023

Epistemic modals are interesting in part because their semantics is bound up both with our information about the world and with how that information changes as we share what we know. Given that epistemic modals are dependent in some way on the information available in the contexts in which they are used, it’s not surprising that there is a minor but growing industry of work in semantics and the philosophy of language concerned with the precise nature of the context-dependency of epistemically modalized sentences.
Two Sorts of Claim about ‘‘Logical Form
Authors: King Jeffrey C
Published: November 2023

The notion of logical form broadly construed has been central to the enterprise of analytic philosophy. Indeed, much of what we call analytic philosophy can be understood as something like the attempt to characterize the logical forms of various classes of sentences. Thus mathematical investigations into the nature of moral goodness can be thought of as attempts to characterize the logical form of sentences such as x is morally good ; epistemological investigations into the nature of knowledge can be thought of as attempts to characterize the logical forms of sentences such as A knows that P , and so on.
False Belief in the Theaetetus
Authors: Fine Gail
Published: November 2023

It is often supposed that Plato regards knowledge as some kind of acquaintance, so that knowing consists in some sort of grasping or hitting, the only alternative to which is not hitting, or missing. Knowledge is an all or nothing, hit or miss affair. It is also often assumed that this model of knowledge underlies or explains Plato’s supposed inability to accommodate false belief in dialogues prior to the Sophist. Either one ‘hits’ what one is talking about, and so has knowledge, not false belief; or else one fails to grasp, and so has said nothing, and hence again does not have false belief.1
The Representational Character of Experience
Authors: Chalmers David J
Published: November 2023

Consciousness and intentionality are perhaps the two central phenomena in the philosophy of mind. Human beings are conscious beings: there is something it is like to be us. Human beings are intentional beings: we represent what is going on in the world. Correspondingly, our specific mental states, such as perceptions and thoughts, very often have a phenomenal character: there is something it is like to be in them. And these mental states very often have intentional content: they serve to represent the world.
Toward an Ethics that Inhabits the World
Authors: Railton Peter
Published: November 2023

The real world seems a long way from our moral ideals, and the challenge of making the world a better place is, of course, of the first importance. However, this should not be thought of as the only way in which reality and morality ought to be brought closer to each other. For surely our moral thinking has much to learn from the real world. Moral ideals would be arbitrary, perhaps even dangerous, if they owed nothing to a firm grasp of actual life and its possibilities. Indeed, the century just past perhaps even the millennium just past may hold as many tragedies born from fantasies of purity, virtue, or morality as from outright malice or shrewd self-interest. As Hobbes commented centuries ago, people mistaking their moral or religious “enthusiasms” for reality may cause more mischief than those better attuned to the actual world and their own interests in it.
The Emptiness of the Lexicon: Reflections on Pustejovsky
Authors: Fodor Jerry , Lepore Ernest
Published: November 2023

A c ER TA IN metaphysical thesis about meaning that we will call inferential role semantics (IRS) is accepted practically universally in linguistics, philosophy, and the cognitive sciences: the meaning (or content, or ‘sense ‘) of a linguistic expression is constituted, at least in part, by at least some of its inferential relations. This idea is hard to state precisely, both because notions like metaphysical constitution are moot and, more importantly, because different versions of IRS take different views on whether there are constituents of meaning other than inferential role, and on which of the inferences an expression occurs in are meaning-constitutive.
The Synthetic A Priori in Strawson ‘s Kantianism
Authors: Stroud Barry
Published: November 2023

Kant ‘s ‘general problem of pure reason ‘ (B 19)was to be solved by following ‘a special science ‘ called ‘the critique of pure reason ‘ (A 11/B 24). It would examine the ‘sources and limits ‘ (A 12/B 25) of reason ‘s power, and ‘lay down the ... plan ‘ of what he called a ‘transcendental philosophy ‘ (A 13/B 27). Ideally, such a philosophy would account for all of human knowledge in so far as it is possible a priori, including even our knowledge of what is already contained in our concepts. But Kant ‘s Critique of Pure Reason-the book by that name-would not investigate such merely ‘ana lytic ‘ knowledge. It would go only as far as is needed for the examination of ‘knowledge which is a priori and synthetic ‘ (A 14/B 28). So the whole project, and the whole question to which Kant ‘s masterpiece is devoted, is ‘How are a priori synthetic judgements possible? ‘ (B 19).
Kant ‘s Self: Real Entity and Logical Identity
Authors: Rosefeldt Tobias
Published: November 2023

To a certain extent Kant is a pretty good Strawsonian. In much of what he says about self-consciousness he seems to agree with Strawson ‘s claim that to be self-conscious one must conceive of oneself as a corporeal object among corporeal objects. At least he is saying that we cannot have knowledge of ourselves as individual thinking beings in so far as we regard ourselves as merely thinking beings, but rather only if we refer to ourselves as thinking human beings, i.e. beings whose bodies provide empirically applicable criteria for their identity through time. Unfortunately, Kant destroys this harmonious picture by making a couple of rather obscure remarks about something he calls ‘the constant and abiding I (of pure apperception) ‘ (A I 2 3) or ‘the identical self ‘ to which I ascribe all my representations (A 129/B 138), and of which I have an ‘a priori consciousness ‘ (A n6). These remarks are obscure because the phrase ‘a priori consciousness ‘ makes clear that the object of such a consciousness ( ‘the identical self ‘) cannot be identified with the object of empirical self-knowledge, i.e. the thinking human being. On the other hand, Kant denies the claim, maintained in rational psychology, that self-consciousness includes a priori knowledge of ourselves as immaterial, persisting, and non-composite thinking substances. So the object of a priori self-consciousness cannot be identified with such a thinking substance either.
Mind, Morality, and Explanation
Authors: Jackson Frank , Pettit Philip , Smith Michael
Published: November 2023

Frank Jackson, Philip Pettit, and Michael Smith have been at the forefront of philosophy in Australia for much of the last two decades, and their collaborative work has had widespread influence throughout the world. Mind, Morality, and Explanation collects the best of that work in a single volume, showcasing their seminal contributions to philosophical psychology, the theory of psychological and social explanation, moral theory, and moral psychology.
Folk Belief and Commonplace Belief
Authors: Jackson Frank , Pettit Philip
Published: November 2023

Our position on eliminativism is very different from Barbara Hannan’s as far as premisses go, though we agree with her overall conclusion that eliminativism is to be rejected. We hold: (i) that beliefs and desires (and the propositional attitudes in general, but we will follow the common practice of focusing on beliefs and desires), are, according to the folk conception of them, posits of an explanatory theory of behaviour, the theory known as ‘folk psychology’; (ii) that, in consequence, neuroscience might show that there are no beliefs and desires; but (iii) that we know enough about the genesis of behaviour to know that this will not happen. The case for such a position calls for a book, not a discussion, but we will aim to say enough to indicate its possibility and appeal.
Moral Functionalism and Moral Motivation
Authors: Jackson Frank , Pettit Philip
Published: November 2023

Cognitivists are on solid ground, it seems to us, when they maintain that practical evaluations—‘this is right’, ‘this is fair’—are expressions of judgement and belief (even if these may be massively mistaken). Their non-cognitivist opponents deny the appearances when they say that such evaluations are expressive only of feeling or desire or some such non- cognitive attitude that differs from belief and its cognates in not being subject, in its own right, to the same disciplines of evidence and logic and reasoning.
Summary
Authors: Yang Charles D
Published: November 2023

A nativism of domain specific information needn’t, of course, be incompatible with a nativism of domain specific acquisition mechanisms . . . But I want to emphasize that, given his understanding of POSAs [Poverty of Stimulus Arguments], Chomsky can with perfect coherence claim that innate, domain specific PAs [Propositional Attitudes] mediate language acquisition, while remaining entirely agnostic about the domain specificity of language acquisition mechanisms. To end this preliminary study of the variational approach to language, let us return to the abstract formulation of language acquisition to situate the variational model in a broader context of cognitive studies.
On an Alleged Contradiction in Aristqtle's Nicqmachean Ethics
Authors: Pakaluk Michael
Published: November 2023

Aristotle accepts the thesis of the unity of virtues (UV), viz. that no person can truly have a single virtue without having them all. He accepts this, not because he thinks that all of the particular virtues are simply aspects or manifestations of a single thing, but rather because he believes that, precisely because they are distinct and independent, the virtues, if they are to be good, need to be coordinated in some way (NE 6. 13, 1144b9—14).
Language Contact and Language Change in Amazonia
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y
Published: November 2023

Languages can resemble each other in the categories, constructions, and types of meaning they use; and in the forms they employ to express them. These simi-larities may be due to universal properties—for instance, all languages have clausal negation. Sometimes two languages can share the same form by pure coincidence—the Korean word for ‘two’, pronounced as [du], bears a chance similarity to Latin duo ‘two’ (cf. Aikhenvald and Dixon 2001: 1–2). Similarities of these kinds tell us nothing about the history of languages. The really significant similarities are those due to shared origin or to language contact.
Language Awareness and Correct Speech Among the Tariana
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y
Published: November 2023

In most parts of the world, people are aware of how they speak, and are able to judge their speech as ‘correct’ or ‘incorrect’, or ‘better’ or ‘worse’—see Bloomfield’s (1927) classic paper, and also Woolard and Schieffelin (1994: 64). The ways in which linguistic ‘correctness’ and ‘incorrectness’ are rationalized relate to current doctrines, and to linguistic ideologies concerning power and value associated with a language. In their value judgements about language, speakers—consciously or not—select certain dimensions of languages and background others. The way in which speakers rationalize their intuitions relates to the structure of the languages and to their function (see the discussion in Hill 2000 and Silverstein 1985). A study of the mechanisms of language awareness can be especially instructive in the case of multilingual communities with strict rules of code-switching and an acclaimed inhibition against ‘language mixing’.
Contact in Multilingual Situations: Conclusions
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y
Published: November 2023

We have investigated three kinds of contact situation between Arawak and Tucanoan languages, resulting in the emergence of varied structural similarit-ies in erstwhile typologically different systems. In all three cases the amount of direct diffusion (that is, borrowing of forms) is very limited. (See Table 3.5 for contact-induced changes in Tucanoan languages, compared with North Arawak; Table 3.6 for contact-induced changes in Arawak languages, compared with ProtoTucanoan; and §2.5 for a discussion of direct diffusion in phonology.) Diffusion of grammatical patterns proceeds in a more systematic way than the borrowing of forms; and its effects are more pervasive—see §10.4.
Particles and Personal Pronouns: Inclusive *me and Exclusive *ųe
Authors: Dunkel George E
Published: November 2023

Indo-Europeanists today face a choice between two diametrically opposed interpretations of the oblique stems of the IE personal pronouns.
‘Ελλ σποντος
Authors: Hoenigswald Henry
Published: November 2023

Anna Morpurgo Davies is famous for her treatment of Ancient Greek proper names as well as for having raised anew the old question of the status of the unit, also in Greek, which we call the ‘word’. There are two issues here, related but distinct. First: did the grammarians, scholiasts, philosophers, and ordinary people have a word for the ‘word’, and if they did, how did they fit it into their discourse? And second: does a proper description of the Greek language depend on recognizing an entity which corresponds to our ‘word’—that is: did the ‘word’ exist? While no discussion of this latter point can afford to sidestep the evidence of metre and metres, there is no pretence here that the required comprehensive, critical undertaking is what the present note is about.
Sella, subsellium, meretrix : sonantes-voyelles et ‘effet Saussure’ en grec ancien
Authors: Lamberterie Charles de
Published: November 2023

Force est de reconnaitre que les conclusions de cette étude n’ont pas recueilli une approbation unanime. Le témoignage du chypriote pourrait aller dans le sens de la règle proposée, bien que les données soient loin d’être claires.
Zu griechisch τυ-ρóσ ‘Käse
Authors: ügger Michael Meier-Br
Published: November 2023

Anna Morpurgo ist eine Meisterin guter Argumentation. Ich schatze ihre zahlreichen Arbeiten zur griechischen Sprachwissenschaft uber alles und widme ihr diese hier vorgetragene Einsicht in den morphologischen Bau des griechischen, avestischen und wohl auch bereits grundsprachlichen Kasewortes Richter 1968: H64; Gutsfeld 1999; Auberger 2000).
Flowing Riches: Greek αϕενοσ and Indo-European Streams
Authors: Willi Andreas
Published: November 2023

Flicking through the etymological dictionaries of Greek can be a sobering experience: ‘unklar’, ‘unerkärt ‘inconnue’, and ‘obscure’ seem to be among Frisk’s and Chantraine’s favourite lexemes. At first sight, it may look as if there were not much harm in this: if weunderstand what Homer and Plato meant, why should we want to find out what Homer’s and Plato’s ancestors would have understood, had they read the same texts? However, ignoring etymologies also means ignoring cultural (pre)history and forsaking the historian’s goal of looking at past worlds through the eyes of those who were shaping them. Hence, etymologizing—sometimes regarded as the futile pastime of misguided acumen—remains a worthy form of philological work even if it is not crowned by the achievement of absolute certainty.
Plus ça change . . .: Lachmann’s Law in Latin
Authors: Jasanoff Jay H
Published: November 2023

A form like aāctus can be derived historically from earlier *ag-tosby assuming two sound changes—one that lengthened the vowel before the voiced +voiceless cluster, and another that spread the voicelessness of the *-t-leftwards. But voicing assimilation is found in every IE language and was clearly an inner-PIE process, while lengthening before voiced +voiceless clusters was a much later development peculiar to Latin, or at least Italic.
Aristotle on Pneuma and Animal Self-Motion
Authors: Berryman Sylvia
Published: November 2023

One puzzle surrounding Aristotle’s work De motu animalium is the function ascribed to pneuma. Why, in accounting for animal motion, does Aristotle make use of a material that is elsewhere compared to aither, the stuff of the stars? A second puzzle-one that has received more attention in recent literature-is why, in Physics 8, Aristotle calls animals ‘self-movers’ if their motion is caused by something external. A number of scholars exploring Aristotle’s reasons for assigning a particular status to animal motion have proposed philosophically sophisticated accounts of the sense in which animals have a particular responsibility for their own motion. Without denying the value of these accounts for understanding action, I suggest that Aristotle’s reason for calling animals self-movers is much simpler than that proposed in the recent literature. I also propose that his reason for calling animals self-movers is critical to understanding the role of pneuma in the account of animal motion.
Necessitation and Explanation in Philoponus’ Aristotelian Physics
Authors: Berryman Sylvia
Published: November 2023

Recent interest in Aristotle’s metaphysics has been fuelled by the understanding of his position as an innovative attempt to steer between the reductionism of his materialist rivals, on the one hand, and the dualism of the Platonists, on the other. In biology and psychology especially, his account has occasioned renewed scrutiny from scholars, some of whom have drawn parallels to positions in contemporary philosophy that also aim to occupy some such ‘middle ground’. Others are more sceptical, pointing to significant differences between modern and Aristotelian physics, differences of a sort that would preclude any such parallels.
A Contemporary Look at Aristotle’s Changing Now
Authors: Broadie Sarah
Published: November 2023

The aim of this essay is to bring two ideas together for mutual illumination. One is Aristotle’s conception of the now as ‘always different and different’ ( Physics IV 10, 218a 10; 11, 219b 12–23); the other is the modern dichotomy of time into the two aspects of order and passage. This dichotomy was first formulated in 1908 by the Cambridge philosopher J. M. E. McTaggart, who made it the basis of a brilliant and controversial proof of the unreality of time.1 From then on Mc Taggart’s distinction has dominated discussion of time among analytic philosophers; hence it provides a contemporary perspective from which to think about Aristotle’s contribution.
Platonism in the Bible: Numenius of Apamea on Exodus and Eternity
Authors: Burnyeat M F
Published: November 2023

Let me begin with the customary modest disclaimers. About the Book of Exodus I have nothing to say. I shall refer to the narrative, but on scholarly matters my ignorance is total. About Numenius my ignorance is extensive, but compensated for by some opinions—opinions about how he responded to a famous passage in Exodus, where God reveals his name to Moses from the burning bush: ‘I am that I am’.