bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Arthur Stanley Nowick, an Intellectual Appreciation
Authors: Beshers D.N.
Published: January 2012

We present Nowick’s scientific background, professional development, principal achievements, and an assessment of his career.
Outcome correlation of change in CRP levels and APACHE II in critically sick patients
Authors: Agarwal Ankit , Mishra Lal D , Agarwal Rakesh , Yadav Ghan Shyam
Published: January 2012

Background: Sepsis is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in the intensive care unit.[1] C Reactive Protein (CRP), is an acute-­phase reactant, which increases markedly within hours after tissue injury.[4] Changes in plasma CRP levels can be useful in the diagnosis and followup.[5] Objective: To investigate the relation between CRP level and APACHE II score over the duration of illness in critically ill. Material & Methods: A prospective, randomized study was conducted, including 200 patients, aged 25-­65 years, of either sex, fulfilling the systemic inflammatory response (SIRS)/sepsis criteria based on ACCP/SCCM definitions.[5] Patients were divided into two groups (I & II) based upon their outcome. Group I included patients who expired in the I.C.U and Group II patients were those who improved and were shifted from the ICU to their respective wards. At the time of admission and each day thereafter APACHE II scores and CRP levels were carried out till the patients were either shifted from the ICU to wards or expired. Collected data was divided into two groups. Serum CRP levels were measured using an immunochemistry analyzer. Results: Observations showed that the mean CRP values declined beyond day 4 in group II while, the values kept on increasing in group I (table 2, figure 1). The difference between the groups was significant (p<0.01). Conclusion: The degree of sepsis and organ dysfunction cannot be identified by a single marker; rather a combination of parameters is more useful. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sljcc.v2i1.1057 Sri Lanka Journal of Critical Care Vol.2(1) 2011 25-28
Carbapenem induced convulsions in the critically ill – A case series.
Authors: Goonasekera Chulananda Dias A , Manchanayake Geethika SM
Published: January 2012

Carbapenem induced convulsions are said to be commoner amongst critically ill patients. During a 1½ year study period we observed 4 of 15 patients receiving meropenem and 3 of 7 patients receiving imipenenm develop convulsions in an intensive care unit. The withdrawal of the offending drug rapidly resolved the problem in all but one.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sljcc.v2i1.2265 Sri Lanka Journal of Critical Care Vol.2(1) 2011 13-15
Efficacy of Non-Invasive Positive Pressure Ventilation (NIPPV) combined	with minitracheostomy in management of difficult to wean patients.
Authors: Gupta Rakesh Kumar , Rao BK , Singh Vinod Kumar , Pande Rajesh , Mittal Sanjeev , Anand Ashok , Ray Sumith , Sharma SC
Published: January 2012

Background: To investigate the efficacy of NIPPV in combination with minitracheostomy as weaning adjunct in difficult to wean patients.Method: Prospective analysis of 10 non-consecutive patients with respiratory failure of various etiologies in 20 bedded adult multidisciplinary Intensive Care Unit of a tertiary care hospital. These patients were ventilator dependent and were difficult to extubate and wean off. They were subjected to NIPPV through facemask in combination with minitracheostomy using 4.5 mm percutaneous minitracheostomy tube (Minitrach II SIMS Portex, Hythe, Kent, UK) for removal of tracheobronchial secretions. Mortality, duration of treatment with NIPPV with minitracheostomy and duration of ICU stay were evaluated. Results: Mean age of the study group was 55± 20 years and M: F was 1:1. Average duration of intubation was 21.8 days. Minitracheostomy was performed after mean duration of 2.8 days of NIPPV support following extubation. Average period of NIPPV with in situ minitracheostomy tube was 8.2 days. 90% of the patients those underwent minitracheostomy could be discharged successfully from the ICU after a mean stay of 12.8 days following their last extubation.Conclusion: NIPPV in combination with minitracheostomy may be considered as safe and effective weaning adjunct to wean off difficult to wean patients.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sljcc.v2i1.2951 Sri Lanka Journal of Critical Care Vol.2(1) 2011 16-19
Current and Emerging Therapies for the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: Focus on Cladribine
Authors: Schreiner Teri L. , Miravalle Augusto
Published: January 2012

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory, immune-mediated, demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system with a heterogeneous clinical presentation and pathology in which activated lymphocytes play an important role in mediating tissue damage. Until recently, all first line therapies for MS were injectable. Several oral medications have been studied for preventative treatment of MS. Cladribine (2-chlorodeoxyadenosine) is a purine nucleoside analog that has been used for the treatment of several hematologic neoplasms, with a unique lymphcytotoxic mechanism of action. Cladribine has been investigated as treatment of MS for more than 15 years. A recent placebo-controlled, double-blind study of cladribine, CLARITY, showed decreased relapse rates, risk of disability progression and MRI measures of disease activity at 96 weeks. Cladribine's strengths included high efficacy and convenient, biannual oral dosing. However, concerns about safety prevented the FDA from approving cladribine in 2011. Thus, use of cladribine for treatment of relapsing and remitting multiple sclerosis will remain off-label.
Modelling monthly NH3 emissions from dairy in 12 Ecoregions of Canada
Authors: Sheppard S. , Bittman S. , Swift M. , Tait J.
Published: January 2012

Sheppard, S. C., Bittman, S., Swift, M. L. and Tait, J. 2011. Modelling monthly NH 3 emissions from dairy in 12 Ecoregions of Canada. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 649–661. Ammonia (NH3) from livestock manure is emitted from barns, storages and manured land, and is a loss to the farm operations, while atmospheric NH3 has potential impacts beyond the farm, including human health and ecological damage. Models are used to estimate the intensity and spatial extent of NH3 emissions, and this paper reports a recent model developed for quantifying emissions from the dairy sector in Canada. The estimated overall average emission to the atmosphere in Canada in 2006 was 42.4±9.0 kg NH3 cow−1 yr−1 from a lactating cow, and total emission from the Canadian dairy sector was 56000 t NH3. On many farms the NH3 emissions may have been a significant portion of the N requirements of their crops. The emission estimates in the 12 Ecoregions were proportional to the animal census. Emissions generally peaked in May, mainly because of landspreading of manure. There were also differences in emissions per animal among the Ecoregions related to the specific practices, such as amount of grazing and injection of slurry. The sensitivity analysis suggested that a shift from the present 14% injection of slurry manure into soil to 80% may be effective overall, potentially decreasing annual emissions by 13% and emissions in May by 27%.
Effect of flaxseed and forage type on carcass and meat quality of finishing cull cows
Authors: Hernández-Calva L.M. , He M. , Juárez M. , Aalhus J. L. , Dugan M. E. R. , McAllister T. A.
Published: January 2012

Hernández-Calva, L. M., He, M., Juárez, M., Aalhus, J. L., Dugan, M. E. R. and McAllister, T. A. 2011. Effect of flaxseed and forage type on carcass and meat quality of finishing cull cows. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 613–622. Sixty-two cull cows were fed one of four diets in a 2×2 factorial arrangement, consisting of barley silage or grass hay with or without flaxseed to influence fatty acid composition. After slaughter, carcass grade, meat quality and sensory data were collected. Silage increased live (P=0.002) and carcass (P=0.001) weights of the cows as compared with hay. Muscle width (P=0.013) and score (P=0.010) and rib-eye area (P=0.002) were enhanced when silage was included in the diet, whereas supplementation with flaxseed increased (P=0.003) grade fat depth by 29%. Most subjective and objective retail evaluation traits in steaks from the left longissimus thoracis and ground meat were negatively affected (P<0.05) by the length of the retail display time. Moreover, dietary hay increased (P=0.015) the lean colour values in steaks and ground beef, which was corroborated by lower L* (P=0.009) and higher hue (P=0.010) in steaks and lower L* (P=0.049), chroma (P=0.005) in ground beef as compared with cows fed silage. A significant interaction between forage type and flax inclusion for thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) (P=0.050) was observed. After sensory evaluation, steaks from cows fed silage had an increase (P=0.030) in beef flavour intensity when compared with cows fed hay, whereas inclusion of flaxseed in the diet decreased (P<0.001) beef flavour intensity in steaks from cows fed both forage sources. Sensory evaluation of ground beef found that hay-fed cows with flaxseed supplementation had decreased (P=0.03) beef flavour intensity, while the same effect was not observed in ground beef from cows fed silage with flaxseed. Results from this study show that inclusion of flaxseed in the diet reduced off-flavours in steak, but for ground beef this response depended on the source of forage in the diet.
ShortCommunication: Analysis of intramuscular fat and fatty acids of different duck breeds and their association with SNPs of duckA-FABPgene
Authors: He Jun , Lu Lizhi , Tian Yong , Tao Zhengrong , Wang Deqian , Li Jinjun , Li Guoqin , Shen Junda , Fu Yan , Niu Dong
Published: January 2012

He, J., Lu, L., Tian, Y., Tao, Z., Wang, D., Li, J., Li, G., Shen, J., Fu, Y. and Niu, D. 2011. Short Communication: Analysis of intramuscular fat and fatty acids of different duck breeds and their association with SNPs of duck A-FABP gene. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 593–596. Intramuscular fat (IMF) is related to organoleptic characteristics of meat. Adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (A-FABP) is one of the intracellular lipid-binding proteins involved in the transportation of fatty acids. The IMF contents of six duck breeds were measured, and the complete sequence and part of the 5' flanking region of duck A-FABP gene were obtained in this study. The IMF contents of different breeds were significantly different (P<0.05). Two SNPs were detected in the exon 3, one (HQ640428: g.2018A>G) was significantly associated with the contents of three fatty acids, total IMF and pectoral muscle weight. This work provides useful data for duck breeding.
Review:Trans-forming beef to provide healthier fatty acid profiles
Authors: Dugan Michael , Aldai Noelia , Aalhus Jennifer , Rolland David , Kramer John
Published: January 2012

Dugan, M. E. R., Aldai, N., Aalhus, J. L., Rolland, D. C. and Kramer, J. K. G. 2011. Review: Trans- forming beef to provide healthier fatty acid profiles. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 545–556.Trans fatty acids are found naturally in foods, particularly in those derived from ruminant animals, such as beef and dairy cattle. Over the past few decades, human consumption of trans fatty acids has increased, but this has been mainly from products containing partially hydrogenated vegetable oils. The correlation of trans fatty acid consumption with diseases such as coronary heart disease has been cause for concern, and led to recommendations to reduce their consumption. Trans fatty acids, however, have differing effects on human health. Therefore, in foods produced from ruminant animals, it is important to know their trans fatty acid composition, and how to enrich or deplete fatty acids that have positive or negative health effects. This review will cover the analysis of trans fatty acids in beef, their origin, how to manipulate their concentrations, and give a brief overview of their health effects.
The effects of a low lignin hull, high oil groat oat on the performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot cattle
Authors: Arya S. , McKinnon J. J.
Published: January 2012

Arya, S. and McKinnon, J. J. 2011. The effects of a low lignin hull, high oil groat oat on the performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot cattle. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 685–693. A study was conducted to evaluate inclusion levels of a low lignin hull, high oil groat oat (CDC SO-I) on the performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot cattle. Two hundred crossbred steers (average weight of 427.3 kg±22.4) fed in 20 pens (10 head per pen) were used. Five treatments, formulated by replacing barley grain with increasing levels of CDC SO-I oat (Barley grain:CDC SO-I oat ratios of 100:0; 75:25; 50:50; 25:75 and 0:100; DM basis) were used. Over the entire study, there was a linear decrease (P<0.01) in DMI and ADG with increasing inclusion level of CDC SO-I oat. There was a quadratic effect (P=0.03) on gain to feed with similar values for steers fed 100:0, 75:25, 50:50 and 75:25 and then decreasing for the 0:100 treatment. Days on feed increased (P=0.03) quadratically with steers fed the 75:25 and 0:100 treatments spending the longest time on feed. Increasing the inclusion level of CDC SO-I oat in the diet also linearly decreased (P<0.01) carcass weight, dressing percentage and carcass grade fat. However, there was no effect of treatment on l. dorsi area and lean meat yield. There was no effect (P>0.05) of treatment on marbling score. Overall, the results of this study indicate that replacement of barley grain by CDC SO-I oat in finishing diets decreases DMI and as a result leads to reduced ADG, increased days on feed and lower slaughter and carcass weights.
Feeding docosahexaenoic acid to pigs reduces blood triglycerides and induces gene expression for fat oxidation
Authors: Jon Meadus William , Duff Pascale , Rolland Dave , Lynn Aalhus Jennifer , Uttaro Bethany , Russell Dugan Michael Edward
Published: January 2012

Meadus, W. J., Duff, P., Rolland, D., Aalhus, J. L., Uttaro, B., and Dugan, M. E. R. 2011. Feeding docosahexaenoic acid to pigs reduces triglycerides in blood and induces gene expression for fat oxidation in liver and adipose but not in muscle. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 601–612. The essential fatty acids required in diets of humans are linoleic acid (18:2n-6:LA) and α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3: ALA), and these can be elongated and desaturated to form long-chain omega-6 or omega-3, respectively. Even though not considered essential, consumption of long-chain omega-3 fatty acid is recommended for health benefits, including protection against cardiovascular disease. The omega-3 fatty acid, docosahexanoic acid (DHA), was supplemented in pig diets as a dried biomass of the microalgae Schizochytrium to see if there are unique physiological changes associated with DHA feeding. Pigs were fed a diet with 330 mg (low), 3600 mg (medium) or 9400 mg (high) DHA per day for the last 25 d before slaughter at market weight (∼110 kg). Blood triglycerides (TG) were assayed colormetrically and tissue samples were analyzed for gene expression patterns of RNA by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography. Animal performance appeared to increase with DHA, as shown by a 14% improved feed:gain ratio of 2.74±0.27 (P<0.05). Blood triglycerides were reduced significantly from 0.40±0.23 mM to 0.20±0.09 mM. Pigs accumulated 14 times more DHA in their subcutaneous fat (SQ) (10.67 mg g−1) on the high diet compared with the control diet (0.75 mg g−1). Gene analysis showed that the expression of the fat oxidation biomarkers acyl CoA oxidase 1 (ACOX1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha (PPARα) and gamma (PPARγ) were stimulated in the SQ and liver. The delta-6 desaturase (D6D) and elongase (Elov5), which are genes involved in the endogenous synthesis of DHA, were unchanged. Fatty acid synthase (FASN) was stimulated in the liver and muscle of pigs on the high DHA diet. Analysis of gene transcription activity suggested fat metabolism was stimulated in the liver and SQ fat, but the genes involved in the endogenous production of DHA remained unchanged.
Modification of muscle inherent properties through age at slaughter, growth promotants and breed crosses
Authors: Girard I. , Aalhus J. L. , Basarab J. A. , Larsen I. L. , Bruce H. L.
Published: January 2012

Girard, I., Aalhus, J. L., Basarab, J. A., Larsen, I. L. and Bruce, H. L. 2011. Modification of muscle inherent properties through age at slaughter, growth promotants and breed crosses. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 635–648. A 24 factorial experiment tested the interactions of slaughter age (12–13 or 18–20 mo), growth hormone use, β-adrenergic agonist (β-AA) use and breed cross [Hereford–Aberdeen Angus (HAA) or Charolais–Red Angus (CRA)] on the composition, fibre types, and connective tissue characteristics of m. semitendinosus (ST) and m. gluteus medius (GM) from 112 crossbred steers. Muscle weights increased with slaughter age, implantation and CRA genetics (P<0.05), but were not affected by ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC) (P>0.10).Animal age increased fast glycolytic (FG) and decreased fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG) fibre percentages by 7.2 and 6.6%, respectively, in the ST and increased slow oxidative (SO) and FOG fibre areas in both muscles (P<0.05). Cross-sectional areas of all fibre types were increased in the ST with implantation. In the GM, implantation increased SO (3.1%) and reduced FOG (3.2%) fibre percentages, while RAC reduced the SO (3.8%) and increased the FG (6.1%) fibre percentages (P<0.05).Only GM total collagen content increased with slaughter age (P<0.05),but collagen solubility decreased with slaughter age for both muscles (P<0.05). CRA genetics increased FG percentage in the GM of yearling-fed steers and increased moisture and protein and reduced fat contents of both muscles (P<0.05). In the muscles studied, IMP, slaughter age and animal genetics induced greater changes in muscle inherent properties than RAC.
Chemical characterization and in vitro fermentation ofBrassicastraw treated with the aerobic fungus,Trametes versicolor
Authors: Ramirez-Bribiesca J. E. , Wang Y. , Jin L. , Canam T. , Town J. R. , Tsang A. , Dumonceaux T. J. , McAllister T. A.
Published: January 2012

Ramirez-Bribiesca, J. E., Wang, Y., Jin, L., Canam, T., Town, J. R., Tsang, A., Dumonceaux, T. J. and McAllister, T. A. 2011. Chemical characterization and in vitro fermentation of Brassica straw treated with the aerobic fungus, Trametes versicolor . Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 695–702. Brassica napus straw (BNS) was either not treated or was treated with two strains of Trametes versicolor; 52J (wild type) or m4D (a cellobiose dehydrogenase-deficient mutant) with four treatments: (i) untreated control (C-BNS), (ii) 52J (B-52J), (iii) m4D (B-m4D) or (iv) m4D+glucose (B-m4Dg). Glucose was provided to encourage growth of the mutant strain. All treatments with T. versicolor decreased (P<0.05) neutral-detergent fibre and increased (P<0.05) protein and the concentration of lignin degradation products in straw. Ergosterol was highest (P<0.05) in straw treated with B-52J, suggesting it generated the most fungal biomass. Insoluble lignin was reduced (P<0.05) in straw treated with B-52J and B-m4D, but not with B-m4Dg. Mannose and xylose concentration were generally higher (P<0.05) in straw treated with fungi, whereas glucose and galactose were lower as compared with C-BNS. The four treatments above were subsequently assessed in rumen in vitro fermentations, along with BNS treated with 2 mL g−1of 5 N NaOH. Concentrations of total volatile fatty acids after 24 and 48h were lower (P<0.05) in incubations that contained BNS treated with T. versicolor as compared with C-BNSor NaOH-treated BNS. Compared with C-BNS, in vitrodry matter disappearance and gas production were increased (P<0.05) by NaOH, but not by treatment with either strain of T. versicolor. Although treatment with T. versicolor did release more lignin degradation products, it did not appear to provide more degradable carbohydrate to in vitro rumen microbial populations, even when a mutant strain with compromised carbohydrate metabolism was utilized. Production of secondary compounds by the aerobic fungi may inhibit rumen microbial fermentation.
Short Communication: Rapid separation of cis9, trans11- and trans7,cis9-18:2 (CLA) isomers from ruminant tissue using a 30 m SLB-IL111 ionic column
Authors: Turner T. , Rolland D.C , Aldai N. , Dugan M. E. R.
Published: January 2012

Turner, T., Rolland, D. C., Aldai, N. and Dugan, M. E. R. 2011. Short Communication: Rapid separation of cis 9, trans 11- and trans 7,c is 9-18:2 (CLA) isomers from ruminant tissue using a 30 m SLB-IL111 ionic column. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 711–713. Rumenic acid (cis9,trans11-18:2) is the main natural isomer of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Rumenic acid has many purported health benefits, but effects of most other CLA isomers are unknown. Typically trans7,cis9-18:2 is the second most abundant CLA isomer, but it co-elutes with rumenic acid on conventional polar gas chromatography (GC) columns, requiring complimentary analysis with silver-ion high performance liquid chromatography (Ag+-HPLC). Herein we report a rapid method for analyzing rumenic acid and trans7,cis9-18:2 using a 30 m ionic-liquid GC column. Optimal resolution of the two CLA isomers was at 145°C and analysis of backfat from barley-fed cattle compared well with GC/Ag+-HPLC (y=0.978x – 0.031, r=0.985, P<0.001).
Intrapersonal Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Bipolar Scissors and Conventional Cold Tonsillectomy
Authors: Haraldsson PO , Attner Per , Fredelius Lars , Strander Björn
Published: January 2012

Objective

To evaluate bipolar scissors tonsillectomy by comparing it with traditional cold dissection tonsillectomy in the same patients, utilizing one technique on either side.

Study design

Randomized controlled trial.

Settings

The ENT day care unit of the Karolinska University Hospital at Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm.

Patients

A total of 50 patients of which 49 were eligible (M/F 20/29), mean age 14.3 (4-41) years and included in the study. Thirty-one patients were operated due to upper airway obstruction and 18 for chronic tonsillitis. Outcome measures: (1) Intraoperative bleeding, (2) operative time, (3) postoperative pain and (4) complication rates, including postoperative primary and secondary hemorrhage.

Methods

Modern cold technique; cold scissors, Henke tonsil elevator, bipolar diathermia. Hot technique; bipolar scissors (Ethicon, set on 20 W), bipolar diathermia if needed. Each side was completed separately. Blood loss and total operative time on each side were registered. Pain was evaluated daily on a visual analog scale, VAS (0-100 mm) in patients from 10 years of age.

Results

Mean operative time for the conventional cold technique was 11.6 SD ± 8.5 (range 1.0-55 mins) and for the hot technique 3.1 SD ± 3.1 min (range 0.5-8.5 mins) (Wilcoxon-test, p < 0.001). The corresponding median values were 3 and 1.9 mins, respectively. The mean blood loss was 43.2 SD ± 41.7 ml (range 7-225 ml)vs3.0 SD ± 4.7 ml (range 0-25 ml) (Wilcoxon-test p < 0.001). The corresponding median values were 30 and 1 ml respectively. No primary or secondary postoperative hemorrhages requiring surgical intervention occurred. There was no difference in pain.

Conclusion

Tonsillectomy with bipolar scissors was almost four times faster and the blood loss significantly less than on the side operated with the conventional cold technique, whereas no difference in morbidity was found.
Seroma of the Auricle: Opening New Doors over the Window
Authors: Naik Kiran
Published: January 2012

Introduction

A new novel technique was used to manage seroma of the auricle as a primary treatment.

Materials and methods

Ten cases of seroma or hematoma auricle was managed using aspiration and splint suturing which added a cosmetic value and also avoided a dressing. All cases were followed up regularly.

Results

Primary aspiration and splint suturing was found to be a simple and effective treatment method for seroma auricle.
Seven Unique Cases of Chondroid Syringomas Reported in KVG Medical College and Hospital
Authors: Naik Sudhir , Naik Sarika S
Published: January 2012

Chondroid syringoma is a rare, benign, skin appendageal tumor. Because of the unremarkable clinical presentation of this rare tumor, the diagnosis is made on microscopic examination. The usual presentation is of an asymptomatic, slowly growing mass, typically located in the head and neck region.

We present seven cases of chondroid syringomas located over the head and neck region of seven patients in the age group between 32 and 56 years.

In the evaluation of a small cutaneous nodule in the head and neck region, chondroid syringoma should also be considered in the differential diagnosis. For such a lesion, excisional biopsy without destroying the esthetic and functional structures is the preferred diagnostic as well as therapeutic approach.
Unilateral Maxillary Sinus Aplasia with Ipsilateral Rhinolith: A Rare Anomaly with a Rare Association
Authors: Gawai Sujata A , Kumar Kalpana R , Sangole Vaishali S , Rao Suman P , George Divya A , (Nautiyal) Rachna K Tiwari
Published: January 2012

Unilateral maxillary sinus aplasia is one of the rare anomalies of maxillary sinus. Few cases have been reported. Ipsilateral rhinolith with unilateral maxillary sinus aplasia is also a very rare association and no case has been documented till date. We report a case of a 21-year-old female with left maxillary sinus aplasia and ipsilateral rhinolith. Rest of the sinuses being normal.
Epidermoid Cyst of Tongue
Authors: Lakshmi S , Somashekara KG , Priya NS
Published: January 2012

Introduction

Epidermoid cyst is a rare cyst in head and neck region. We report a case of epidermoid cyst of tongue presented in a girl child.

Case report

A female child presented with a swelling in her tongue. The swelling was excised completely. A diagnosis of epidermoid cyst of tongue was made. The diagnosis was confirmed by histopathology. There was no recurrence after 6 months follow-up.

Conclusion

Epidermoid cyst of tongue is a rare tumor of tongue. Complete excision does not cause recurrence.
Frontoethmoidal Mucocele with Unilateral Proptosis
Authors: Singh Jyoti , Velankar Haritosh , Dabholkar Yogesh , Bhalekar Sharad
Published: January 2012

Frontoethmoidal mucocele can present with a multitude of different symptoms including ophthalmic disturbances. Though benign, they have a tendency to expand by thinning the bony walls. They displace and invade surrounding structures by pressure and bony resorption. If it invades the orbit and continues to expand, the mass may mimic the behavior of many benign growths arising primarily in the orbit. We report a case of a frontoethmoidal mucocele extending into the orbit. Clinically, the patient had an insidious onset of clinical presentation with no intracranial symptoms.
Deep Trade Policy Options for Armenia: The Importance of Trade Facilitation, Services and Standards Liberalization
Authors: Jensen Jesper , Tarr David
Published: January 2012

In this paper the authors develop an innovative 21 sector computable general equilibrium model of Armenia to assess the impact on Armenia of a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement (DCFTA) with the EU, as well as further regional or multilateral trade policy commitments. They find that a DCFTA with the EU will likely result in substantial gains to Armenia, but they show that the gains derive from the deep aspects of the agreement. In order of importance, the sources of the gains are: (i) trade facilitation and reduction in border costs; (ii) services liberalization; and (iii) standards harmonization. A shallow agreement with the EU that focuses only on preferential tariff liberalization in goods will likely lead to small losses to Armenia primarily due to a loss of productivity from lost varieties of technologies from the Rest of the World region in manufactured products. Additional gains can be expected in the long run from an improvement in the investment climate. The authors estimate only small gains from a services agreement with the CIS countries, but significant gains from expanding services liberalization multilaterally.
Chemical aging of m-xylene secondary organic aerosol: laboratory chamber study
Authors: Loza C. L. , Chhabra P. S. , Yee L. D. , Craven J. S. , Flagan R. C. , Seinfeld J. H.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) can reside in the atmosphere for a week or more. While its initial formation from the gas-phase oxidation of volatile organic compounds tends to take place in the first few hours after emission, SOA can continue to evolve chemically over its atmospheric lifetime. Simulating this chemical aging over an extended time in the laboratory has proven to be challenging. We present here a procedure for studying SOA aging in laboratory chambers that is applied to achieve 36 h of oxidation. The formation and evolution of SOA from the photooxidation of m-xylene under low-NOx conditions and in the presence of either neutral or acidic seed particles is studied. In SOA aging, increasing molecular functionalization leads to less volatile products and an increase in SOA mass, whereas gas- or particle-phase fragmentation chemistry results in more volatile products and a loss of SOA. The challenge is to discern from measured chamber variables the extent to which these processes are important for a given SOA system. In the experiments conducted, m-xylene SOA mass, calculated under the assumption of size-invariant particle composition, increased over the initial 12–13 h of photooxidation and decreased beyond that time, suggesting the existence of fragmentation chemistry. The oxidation of the SOA, as manifested in the O:C elemental ratio and fraction of organic ion detected at m/z 44 measured by the Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer, increased continuously starting after 5 h of irradiation until the 36 h termination. This behavior is consistent with an initial period in which, as the mass of SOA increases, products of higher volatility partition to the aerosol phase, followed by an aging period in which gas- and particle-phase reaction products become increasingly more oxidized. When irradiation is stopped 12.4 h into one experiment, and OH generation ceases, minimal loss of SOA is observed, indicating that the loss of SOA is either light- or OH-induced. Chemical ionization mass spectrometry measurements of low-volatility m-xylene oxidation products exhibit behavior indicative of continuous photooxidation chemistry. A condensed chemical mechanism of m-xylene oxidation under low-NOx conditions is capable of reproducing the general behavior of gas-phase evolution observed here. Moreover, order of magnitude analysis of the mechanism suggests that gas-phase OH reaction of low volatility SOA precursors is the dominant pathway of aging in the m-xylene system although OH reaction with particle surfaces cannot be ruled out. Finally, the effect of size-dependent particle composition and size-dependent particle wall loss rates on different particle wall loss correction methods is discussed.
Comparative study on the heterogeneous reaction between methylamine and ammonium salts
Authors: Liu Y. , Han C. , Liu C. , Ma J. , Ma Q. , He H.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. The heterogeneous uptake of methylamine (MA) onto (NH4)2SO4, NH4HSO4, NH4NO3 and NH4Cl was investigated using a Knudsen cell reactor coupled to a quadrupole mass spectrometer, in situ Raman spectrometer and theoretical calculations. Reversible exchange reactions between MA and NH4NO3 and NH4Cl were observed at 298 K. Irreversible exchange reaction and simple acid-base reaction for MA was found taking place on (NH4)2SO4 and NH4HSO4, respectively. The observed uptake coefficients of MA on (NH4)2SO4, NH4HSO4, NH4NO3 and NH4Cl at 298 K were measured to be 6.30±1.03×10−3, 1.78±0.36×10−2, 8.79±1.99×10−3 and 2.29±0.28×10−3, respectively. A linear free energy relationship was found for the heterogeneous reactions between MA and NH4Cl, (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3. Namely, the uptake coefficients of MA on these ammonium salts were linearly related to the electrostatic potential of the H atom in the NH4+ group.
Nitrogen deposition to the United States: distribution, sources, and processes
Authors: Zhang L. , Jacob D. J. , Knipping E. M. , Kumar N. , Munger J. W. , Carouge C. C. , van Donkelaar A. , Wang Y. X. , Chen D.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. We simulate nitrogen deposition over the US in 2006–2008 by using the GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model at 1/2° × 2/3° horizontal resolution over North America and adjacent oceans. US emissions of NOx and NH3 in the model are 6.7 and 2.9 Tg N a−1 respectively, including a 20% natural contribution for each. Ammonia emissions are a factor of 3 lower in winter than summer, providing a good match to US network observations of NHx (≡NH3 gas + ammonium aerosol) and ammonium wet deposition fluxes. Model comparisons to observed deposition fluxes and surface air concentrations of oxidized nitrogen species (NOy) show overall good agreement but excessive wintertime HNO3 production over the US Midwest and Northeast. This suggests a model overestimate N2O5 hydrolysis in aerosols, and a possible factor is inhibition by aerosol nitrate. Model results indicate a total nitrogen deposition flux of 6.5 Tg N a−1 over the contiguous US, including 4.2 as NOy and 2.3 as NHx. Domestic anthropogenic, foreign anthropogenic, and natural sources contribute respectively 78%, 6%, and 16% of total nitrogen deposition over the contiguous US in the model. The domestic anthropogenic contribution generally exceeds 70% in the east and in populated areas of the west, and is typically 50–70% in remote areas of the west. Total nitrogen deposition in the model exceeds 10 kg N ha−1 a−1 over 35% of the contiguous US.
The ACOS XCO2 retrieval algorithm, Part 2: Global XCO2 data characterization
Authors: Crisp D. , Fisher B. M. , O'Dell C. , Frankenberg C. , Basilio R. , Bösch H. , Brown L. R. , Castano R. , Connor B. , Deutscher N. M. , Eldering A. , Griffith D. , Gunson M. , Kuze A. , Mandrake L. , McDuffie J. , Messerschmidt J. , Miller C. E. , Morino I. , Natraj V. , Notholt J. , O'Brien D. , Oyafuso F. , Polonsky I. , Robinson J. , Salawitch R. , Sherlock V. , Smyth M. , Suto H. , Taylor T. , Thompson D. R. , Wennberg P. O. , Wunch D. , Yung Y. L.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. Here, we report preliminary estimates of the column averaged carbon dioxide (CO2) dry air mole fraction, XCO2, retrieved from spectra recorded over land by the Greenhouse gases Observing Satellite, GOSAT (nicknamed "Ibuki"), using retrieval methods originally developed for the NASA Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO) mission. After screening for clouds and other known error sources, these retrievals reproduce much of the expected structure in the global XCO2 field, including its variation with latitude and season. However, low yields of retrieved XCO2 over persistently cloudy areas and ice covered surfaces at high latitudes limit the coverage of some geographic regions, even on seasonal time scales. Comparisons of early GOSAT XCO2 retrievals with XCO2 estimates from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) revealed a global, −2% (7–8 parts per million, ppm, with respect to dry air) XCO2 bias and 2 to 3 times more variance in the GOSAT retrievals. About half of the global XCO2 bias is associated with a systematic, 1% overestimate in the retrieved air mass, first identified as a global +10 hPa bias in the retrieved surface pressure. This error has been attributed to errors in the O2 A-band absorption cross sections. Much of the remaining bias and spurious variance in the GOSAT XCO2 retrievals has been traced to uncertainties in the instrument's calibration, oversimplified methods for generating O2 and CO2 absorption cross sections, and other subtle errors in the implementation of the retrieval algorithm. Many of these deficiencies have been addressed in the most recent version (Build 2.9) of the retrieval algorithm, which produces negligible bias in XCO2 on global scales as well as a ∼30% reduction in variance. Comparisons with TCCON measurements indicate that regional scale biases remain, but these could be reduced by applying empirical corrections like those described by Wunch et al. (2011). We recommend that such corrections be applied before these data are used in source sink inversion studies to minimize spurious fluxes associated with known biases. These and other lessons learned from the analysis of GOSAT data are expected to accelerate the delivery of high quality data products from the Orbiting Carbon Observeratory-2 (OCO-2), once that satellite is successfully launched and inserted into orbit.
Super fast plasma streams as drivers of transient and anomalous magnetospheric dynamics
Authors: Savin S. , Amata E. , Zelenyi L. , Lutsenko V. , Safrankova J. , Nemecek Z. , Borodkova N. , Buechner J. , Daly P. W. , Kronberg E. A. , Blecki J. , Budaev V. , Kozak L. , Skalsky A. , Lezhen L.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. We present multi spacecraft measurements in the magnetosheath (MSH) and in the solar wind (SW) by Interball, Cluster and Polar, demonstrating that coherent structures with magnetosonic Mach number up to 3 – Supermagnetosonic Plasma Streams (SPS) – generate transient and anomalous boundary dynamics, which may cause substantial displacements of the magnetospheric boundaries and the riddling of peripheral boundary layers. In this regard, for the first time, we describe a direct plasma penetration into the flank boundary layers, which is a candidate for being the dominant transport mechanism for disturbed MSH periods. Typically SPS's have a ram pressure exceeding by several times that of the SW and lead to long-range correlations between processes at the bow shock (BS) and at the magnetopause (MP) on one side and between MSH and MP boundary layers on the other side. We demonstrate that SPS's can be observed both near the BS and near the MP and argue that they are often triggered by hot flow anomalies (HFA), which represent local obstacles to the SW flow and can induce the SPS generation as a means for achieving a local flow balance. Finally, we also discuss other causes of SPS's, both SW-induced and intrinsic to the MSH. SPS's appear to be universal means for establishing a new equilibrium between flowing plasmas and may also prove to be important for astrophysical and fusion applications.
Semi-annual carbon and nitrogen isotope variations in the water column of Lake Bled, NW Slovenia
Authors: Bratkič A. , Šturm M. , Faganeli J. , Ogrinc N.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. The variability in the stable isotope signature of carbon and nitrogen in particulate organic matter and dissolved species in the water column of the mesotrophic subalpine Lake Bled in NW Slovenia has been determined. After the algae bloom from August to December in 2008, samples were taken from the deepest part of the lake which develops an anoxic hypolimnion for most of the year. C/N molar ratios and δ13CPOC and δ15NPN values suggest an autochthonous source for particulate organic matter (POM). According to the isotope model, autochthonous carbon accounted for a major part of the particulate organic carbon (POC), ranging from 86% to 96% in September and October, while in December the proportion of allochthonous carbon was more pronounced, ranging from 57% to 59%. Low δ13CPOC and δ15NPN values (from −36 to −33‰ and from 0.8 to 1.8‰), observed below 24 m in August and September, indicate the bacterial origin of POM, mainly from methanotrophic bacteria. δ15NNO3 and δ15NPN values decreased with depth. The relations between δ15NPN and NO3- and NH4+ concentrations suggest that NH4+ is the main assimilation species for nitrogen in POM. Nitrification was active between 12 and 18 m deep in September and October, indicated by increased NO3- concentrations and decreased δ15NNO3 values. The correlation between nitrate concentrations and δ15NNO3 values suggests active water column denitrification in October 2008. The decrease in δ15NNO3 values observed in December could be explained by degradation of organic matter, followed by nitrification of the degradation products. During our sampling period, there was no evident influence of sewage, agriculture, or atmospheric deposition on the nitrogen balance in the lake.
Effects of climate variability and functional changes on the interannual variation of the carbon balance in a temperate deciduous forest
Authors: Wu J. , van der Linden L. , Lasslop G. , Carvalhais N. , Pilegaard K. , Beier C. , Ibrom A.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. The net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEE) between the atmosphere and a temperate beech forest showed a significant interannual variation (IAV) and a decadal trend of increasing carbon uptake (Pilegaard et al., 2011). The objectives of this study were to evaluate to what extent and at which temporal scale, direct climatic variability and changes in ecosystem functional properties regulated the IAV of the carbon balance at this site. Correlation analysis showed that the sensitivity of carbon fluxes to climatic variability was significantly higher at shorter than at longer time scales and changed seasonally. Ecosystem response anomalies implied that changes in the distribution of climate anomalies during the vegetation period will have stronger impacts on future ecosystem carbon balances than changes in average climate. We improved a published modelling approach which distinguishes the direct climatic effects from changes in ecosystem functioning (Richardson et al., 2007) by employing the semi empirical model published by Lasslop et al. (2010b). Fitting the model in short moving windows enabled large flexibility to adjust the parameters to the seasonal course of the ecosystem functional state. At the annual time scale as much as 80% of the IAV in NEE was attributed to the variation in photosynthesis and respiration related model parameters. Our results suggest that the observed decadal NEE trend at the investigated site was dominated by changes in ecosystem functioning. In general this study showed the importance of understanding the mechanisms of ecosystem functional change. Incorporating ecosystem functional change into process based models will reduce the uncertainties in long-term predictions of ecosystem carbon balances in global climate change projections.
Organic matter sources, fluxes and greenhouse gas exchange in the Oubangui River (Congo River basin)
Authors: Bouillon S. , Yambélé A. , Spencer R. G. M. , Gillikin D. P. , Hernes P. J. , Six J. , Merckx R. , Borges A. V.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. The Oubangui is a major tributary of the Congo River, draining an area of ~ 500 000 km2 mainly consisting of wooded savannahs. Here, we report results of a one year long 2-weekly sampling campaign in Bangui (Central African Republic) since March 2010 for a suite of physico-chemical and biogeochemical characteristics, including total suspended matter (TSM), bulk concentration and stable isotope composition of particulate organic carbon (POC and δ13CPOC), particulate nitrogen (PN and δ15NPN), dissolved organic carbon (DOC and δ13CDOC), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC and δ13CDIC), dissolved greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4 and N2O), and dissolved lignin composition. We estimated the total annual flux of TSM, POC, PN, DOC and DIC to be 2.33 Tg yr−1, 0.14 Tg C yr−1, 0.014 Tg N yr−1, 0.70 Tg C yr−1, and 0.49 Tg C yr−1, respectively. Most elements showed clear hysteresis over the hydrograph. δ13C signatures of both POC and DOC showed strong seasonal variations (−30.6 to −25.8 ‰, and −31.8 to −27.1 ‰, respectively) but with contrasting patterns. Our data indicate that the origins of POC and DOC may vary strongly over the hydrograph and are largely uncoupled, differing up to 6 ‰ in δ13C signatures. The low POC/PN ratios, high % POC and low and variable δ13CPOC signatures during low flow conditions suggest that during this period, the majority of the POC pool consists of in situ produced phytoplankton, consistent with concurrent pCO2 (partial pressure of CO2) values only slightly above and occasionally, below, atmospheric equilibrium. Dissolved lignin characteristics (carbon-normalised yields, cinnamyl:vanillyl phenol ratios, and vanillic acid to vanillin ratios) showed marked differences between high and low discharge conditions. We observed a~strong seasonality in pCO2, ranging between 470 ± 203 ppm for Q<1000 m3 s−1 (n=10) to a maximum of 3750 ppm during the first stage of the rising discharge. Water-atmosphere CO2 fluxes were estimated to average ~ 105 g C m−2 yr−1, i.e. more than an order of magnitude lower than current estimates for large tropical rivers globally. While our TSM and POC fluxes are similar to previous estimates for the Oubangui, DOC fluxes were ~ 30 % higher and bicarbonate fluxes were ~ 35 % lower than previous reports. DIC represented 58 % of the total annual C flux, and under the assumptions that carbonate weathering represents 25 % of the DIC flux and that CO2 from respiration drives chemical weathering, this flux is equivalent to ~ 50 % of terrestrial-derived riverine C transport. Although tropical rivers are often assumed to show much higher CO2 effluxes compared to temperate systems, we show that in situ production may be high enough to dominate the particulate organic carbon pool, and lower pCO2 values to near equilibrium values during low discharge conditions.
Ventilation changes in the western North Pacific since the last glacial period
Authors: Okazaki Y. , Sagawa T. , Asahi H. , Horikawa K. , Onodera J.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. We reconstructed the ventilation record of deep water at 2100 m depth in the mid-latitude western North Pacific over the past 25 kyr from radiocarbon measurements of coexisting planktic and benthic foraminiferal shells in sediment with a high sedimentation rate. The 14C data on fragile and robust planktic foraminiferal shells were concordant with each other, ensuring high quality of the reconstructed ventilation record. The radiocarbon activity changes were consistent with the atmospheric record, suggesting that no massive mixing of old carbon from the abyssal reservoir occurred throughout the glacial to deglacial periods.