bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reduced chromatic discrimination in children with autism spectrum disorders
Authors: Franklin Anna , Sowden Paul , Notman Leslie , Gonzalez‐Dixon Melissa , West Dorotea , Alexander Iona , Loveday Stephen , White Alex
Published: June 2009

Atypical perception in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) is well documented (Dakin & Frith, 2005). However, relatively little is known about colour perception in ASD. Less accurate performance on certain colour tasks has led some to argue that chromatic discrimination is reduced in ASD relative to typical development (Franklin, Sowden, Burley, Notman & Alder, 2008). The current investigation assessed chromatic discrimination in children with high‐functioning autism (HFA) and typically developing (TD) children matched on age and non‐verbal cognitive ability, using the Farnsworth‐Munsell 100 hue test (Experiment 1) and a threshold discrimination task (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, more errors on the chromatic discrimination task were made by the HFA than the TD group. Comparison with test norms revealed that performance for the HFA group was at a similar level to typically developing children around 3 years younger. In Experiment 2, chromatic thresholds were elevated for the HFA group relative to the TD group. For both experiments, reduced chromatic discrimination in ASD was due to a general reduction in chromatic sensitivity rather than a specific difficulty with either red–green or blue–yellow subsystems of colour vision. The absence of group differences on control tasks ruled out an explanation in terms of general task ability rather than chromatic sensitivity. Theories to account for the reduction in chromatic discrimination in HFA are discussed, and findings are related to cortical models of perceptual processing in ASD.
Six of One, Half Dozen of the Other
Authors: Burson Katherine A. , Larrick Richard P. , Lynch John G.
Published: June 2009

The scales used to describe the attributes of different choice options are usually open to alternative expressions, such as inches versus feet or minutes versus hours. More generally, a ratio scale can be multiplied by an arbitrary factor (e.g., 12) while preserving all of the information it conveys about different choice alternatives. We propose that expanded scales (e.g., price per year) lead decision makers to discriminate between choice options more than do contracted scales (e.g., price per month) because they exaggerate the difference between options on the expanded attribute. Two studies show that simply increasing the size of an attribute's scale systematically changes its weight in both multiattribute preferences and willingness to pay: Expanding scales for one attribute shifts preferences to alternatives favored on that attribute.
Reading Stories Activates Neural Representations of Visual and Motor Experiences
Authors: Speer Nicole K. , Reynolds Jeremy R. , Swallow Khena M. , Zacks Jeffrey M.
Published: June 2009

To understand and remember stories, readers integrate their knowledge of the world with information in the text. Here we present functional neuroimaging evidence that neural systems track changes in the situation described by a story. Different brain regions track different aspects of a story, such as a character's physical location or current goals. Some of these regions mirror those involved when people perform, imagine, or observe similar real-world activities. These results support the view that readers understand a story by simulating the events in the story world and updating their simulation when features of that world change.
HHV‐6 infection in multiple sclerosis. A clinical and laboratory analysis
Authors: Pietiläinen J. , Virtanen J. O. , Uotila L. , Salonen O. , Koskiniemi M. , Färkkilä M.
Published: June 2009

Background and purpose:  To elucidate the role of human herpesvirus‐6 (HHV‐6) in the development of multiple sclerosis (MS).

Patients and methods:  Nine patients with MS and with acute or chronic HHV‐6 infection were evaluated.

Results:  Intrathecal antibody production to HHV‐6 and oligoclonal IgG bands in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was observed in two patients with a clinically definite MS and chronic HHV‐6 infection (based on the presence of HHV‐6 specific antibodies in the CSF). A temporal association between the symptoms of clinically possible MS and acute primary HHV‐6A infection (based on avidity of HHV‐6 specific antibodies) was observed in two patients.

Conclusions:  Human herpesvirus‐6 infection may be an associated agent in some MS cases. Viral studies are needed to identify a possible viral etiology and give specific therapy.
An oral nutraceutical containing antioxidants, minerals and glycosaminoglycans improves skin roughness and fine wrinkles
Authors: Udompataikul M. , Sripiroj P. , Palungwachira P.
Published: June 2009

Synopsis

Various nutraceuticals (dietary supplements) are claimed to have cutaneous antiageing properties, however, there are a limited number of research studies supporting these claims. The objective of this research was to study the effectiveness of an oral nutraceutical containing antioxidants, minerals and glycosaminoglycans on cutaneous ageing. In this double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial, 60 women aged 35–60 years were randomized to receive oral dietary supplement (n = 30) or placebo (n = 30), once daily for 12 weeks. The depth of skin roughness and fine wrinkles were measured using surface evaluation of skin parameters for living skin (Visioscan) at baseline, and at the 4, 8 and 12 weeks of treatment. Surface evaluation using a replica film (Visiometer) at baseline and at the 12th week of treatment was also carried out. Statistical differences in objective skin improvement were assessed by the independent t‐test. The volunteers’ satisfaction was tested using the chi‐squared test. The baseline depth of skin roughness and fine wrinkles in the treatment group and the placebo group were 100.5 and 100 μm, respectively. At the end of the study, the depth of skin roughness and fine wrinkles in the treatment group showed a 21.2% improvement, whereas improvement in the control group was 1.7%. This difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001). With regard to the volunteers’ satisfaction, there was no statistically significant decrease in the homogenization of skin colour, however, a statistically significant reduction in pore size and depth of skin roughness and fine wrinkles were observed (P < 0.05). No side effects were noted throughout the study. The oral dietary supplement containing antioxidants, minerals and glycosaminoglycans improved skin roughness and fine wrinkles but did not affect skin colour change in female volunteers.
Learning road safety skills in the classroom
Authors: Brown Freddy Jackson , Gillard Duncan
Published: June 2009

Accessible summary

It is important for some disabled children to learn road safety skills.

Practicing crossing the road in the classroom with photographs of the outside road helped a young disabled child improve his road safety skills.

Improved road safety skills helped the child to be more independent and aware when crossing roads.

This case study demonstrates the effectiveness of a classroom based learning programme in the acquisition of road safety skills. The participant, a child with severe learning disabilities, was taught road safety behaviours in the classroom with the aid of photograph cards. When he had mastered these skills in the classroom, he returned to the outdoor environment and showed higher levels of road safety competence than before the classroom training. The study also describes the generalisation of the road safety skills over time and with different support staff. The benefits of learning complex community skills in the classroom with simplified environmental stimuli (i.e. picture cards rather than in vivo) are discussed.
Across islands and continents, mammals are more successful invaders than birds (Reply to Rodriguez‐Cabal et al.)
Authors: Jeschke Jonathan M.
Published: June 2009

In their reply to Jeschke (2008), Rodriguez‐Cabal et al. (2009) argue that the underlying ‘data are inadequate to draw strong conclusions about the tens rule or invasibility of islands and continents’. They point out that especially for taxa such as insects or plants, many species introductions are unknown, hence fractions of species that have become established are often overestimated. I agree but would like to add that in Jeschke (2008), I analysed the two well‐studied taxa of mammals and birds. Even data from these taxa are imperfect, so they need to be analysed carefully. At least from my perspective, the analyses underlying Jeschke (2008) were done carefully. I thus stand by my original conclusions.
Temperature dependence of greenhouse gas emissions from three hydromorphic soils at different groundwater levels
Authors: VICCA S. , JANSSENS I. A. , FLESSA H. , FIEDLER S. , JUNGKUNST H. F.
Published: June 2009

Wetlands contribute considerably to the global greenhouse gas (GHG) balance. In these ecosystems, groundwater level (GWL) and temperature, two factors likely to be altered by climate change, exert important control over CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes. However, little is known about the temperature sensitivity (Q10) of the combined GHG emissions from hydromorphic soils and how this Q10 varies with GWL. We performed a greenhouse experiment in which three different (plant‐free) hydromorphic soils from a temperate spruce forest were exposed to two GWLs (an intermediate GWL of −20 cm and a high GWL of −5 cm). Net CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes were measured continuously. Here, we discuss how these fluxes responded to synoptic temperature fluctuations. Across all soils and GWLs, CO2 emissions responded similarly to temperature and Q10 was close to 2. The Q10 of the CH4 and N2O fluxes also was similar across soil types. GWL, on the other hand, significantly affected the Q10 of both CH4 and N2O emissions. The Q10 of the net CH4 fluxes increased from about 1 at GWL = −20 cm to 3 at GWL = −5 cm. For the N2O emissions, Q10 varied around 2 for GWL = −20 cm and around 4 for GWL = −5 cm. This substantial GWL‐effect on the Q10 of CH4 and N2O emissions was, however, hardly reflected in the Q10 of the total GHG emissions (which varied around 2), because the contribution of these gases was relatively small compared to that of CO2.
IDENTIFICATION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF OPAQUE CHINESE OVERGLAZE YELLOW ENAMELS BY RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY AND SUPPORTING TECHNIQUES*
Authors: MIAO J. , YANG B. , MU D.
Published: June 2009

Using Raman spectroscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence and X‐ray diffraction, the Pb–Sn–Sb triple oxide yellow and lead–tin yellow have been identified on two pieces of cloisonné enamel (Falangcai) porcelains. Lead–tin yellow and lead antimonate yellow have been identified on famille rose porcelains manufactured before and after 1911, respectively. The replacement of the Pb–Sn–Sb triple oxide yellow by lead–tin yellow and that of the lead–tin yellow by lead antimonate yellow are discussed.
Urocortin promotes the development of vasculitis in a rat model of thromboangiitis obliterans via corticotrophin‐releasing factor type 1 receptors
Authors: Xu Youhua , Zhang Rongjian , Chen Jie , Zhang Qichun , Wang Juejin , Hu Jue , Guan Xiaowei , Jin Lai , Fu Hong , Gui Bo , Guo Yuanyuan , Li Shengnan
Published: June 2009

Background and purpose: Urocortin is a locally expressed pro‐inflammatory peptide. Here we have examined the effects of urocortin on sodium laurate‐induced peripheral arterial vasculitis in rats, modelling the mechanisms of thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO).

Experimental approach: Peripheral vasculitis in rats was induced by sodium laurate and graded by gross appearance on the 12th day after injection. Histological changes in rat femoral arteries were assessed by histopathology and transmission electron microscopy. Blood cell counts, blood rheology, blood coagulation and plasma urocortin, thromboxane B2, prostaglandin E2and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 levels were measured. Expression of urocortin, corticotrophin‐releasing factor (CRF1/2) receptors, cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2 and intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) at both mRNA and protein levels were determined by RT‐PCR and Western blot.

Key results: Rats showed grossly visible signs and symptoms of TAO on the 12th day after sodium laurate injection. In these rats, blood was in a hypercoagulable state; plasma urocortin, prostaglandin E2and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 levels were elevated; and the expression of urocortin, CRF1and CRF1α‐receptors, COX‐2 and ICAM‐1 in rat femoral arteries were markedly increased. Exogenous urocortin, given for 12 days after sodium laurate, exacerbated the hypercoagulable state and augmented expression of CRF1α‐receptors, COX‐2 and ICAM‐1. These effects were abolished by a CRF1‐receptor antagonist, NBI‐27914, or a non‐selective CRF‐receptor antagonist, astressin, but not by the CRF2‐receptor antagonist, antisauvagine‐30, given with exogenous urocortin.

Conclusion and implications: Urocortin exacerbated the hypercoagulable state and vasculitis in a model of TAO induced by sodium laurate in rats, via CRF1‐receptors. COX‐2 and ICAM‐1 might also have contributed to this exacerbation.
The α1B/D‐adrenoceptor knockout mouse permits isolation of the vascular α1A‐adrenoceptor and elucidates its relationship to the other subtypes
Authors: Methven L , McBride M , Wallace GA , McGrath JC
Published: June 2009

Background and purpose: Mesenteric and carotid arteries from the α1B/D‐adrenoceptor knockout (α1B/D‐KO) were employed to isolate α1A‐adrenoceptor pharmacology and location and to reveal these features in the wild‐type (WT) mouse.

Experimental approach: Functional pharmacology by wire myography and receptor localization by confocal microscopy, using the fluorescent α1‐adrenoceptor ligand BODIPY FL‐Prazosin (QAPB), on mesenteric (an ‘α1A‐adrenoceptor’ tissue) and carotid (an ‘α1D‐adrenoceptor’ tissue) arteries.

Key results: α1B/D‐KO mesenteric arteries showed straightforward α1A‐adrenoceptor agonist/antagonist pharmacology. WT had complex pharmacology with α1A‐ and α1D‐adrenoceptor components. α1B/D‐KO had a larger α1A‐adrenoceptor response suggesting compensatory up‐regulation: no increase in fluorescent ligand binding suggests up‐regulation of signalling. α1B/D‐KO carotid arteries had low efficacy α1A‐adrenoceptor responses. WT had complex pharmacology consistent with co‐activation of all three subtypes. Fluorescent binding had straightforward α1A‐adrenoceptor characteristics in both arteries of α1B/D‐KO. Fluorescent binding varied between cells in relative intracellular and surface distribution. Total fluorescence was reduced in the α1B/D‐KO due to fewer smooth muscle cells showing fluorescent binding. WT binding was greater and sensitive to α1A‐ and α1D‐adrenoceptor antagonists.

Conclusions and implications: The straightforward pharmacology and fluorescent binding in the α1B/D‐KO was used to interpret the properties of the α1A‐adrenoceptor in the WT. Reduced total fluorescence in α1B/D‐KO arteries, despite a clear difference in the functionally dominant subtype, indicates that measurement of receptor protein is unlikely to correlate with function. Fewer cells bound QAPB in the α1B/D‐KO suggesting different cellular phenotypes of α1A‐adrenoceptor exist. The α1B/D‐KO provides robust assays for the α1A‐adrenoceptor and takes us closer to understanding multi‐receptor subtype interactions.
Optimal Pressure Regulation of the Pneumatic Ventricular Assist Device With Bellows‐Type Driver
Authors: Lee Jung Joo , Kim Bum Soo , Choi Jaesoon , Choi Hyuk , Ahn Chi Bum , Nam Kyoung Won , Jeong Gi Seok , Lim Choon Hak , Son Ho Sung , Sun Kyung
Published: June 2009

The bellows‐type pneumatic ventricular assist device (VAD) generates pneumatic pressure with compression of bellows instead of using an air compressor. This VAD driver has a small volume that is suitable for portable devices. However, improper pneumatic pressure setup can not only cause a lack of adequate flow generation, but also cause durability problems. In this study, a pneumatic pressure regulation system for optimal operation of the bellows‐type VAD has been developed. The optimal pneumatic pressure conditions according to various afterload conditions aiming for optimal flow rates were investigated, and an afterload estimation algorithm was developed. The developed regulation system, which consists of a pressure sensor and a two‐way solenoid valve, estimates the current afterload and regulates the pneumatic pressure to the optimal point for the current afterload condition. Experiments were performed in a mock circulation system. The afterload estimation algorithm showed sufficient performance with the standard deviation of error, 8.8 mm Hg. The flow rate could be stably regulated with a developed system under various afterload conditions. The shortcoming of a bellows‐type VAD could be handled with this simple pressure regulation system.
The Effects of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors on Potassium Homeostasis in Dialysis Patients With and Without Residual Renal Function
Authors: Garthwaite Elizabeth , Bhandari Sunil
Published: June 2009

Hyperkalemia is exacerbated by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE‐I). Distal potassium (K+) secretion is negligible in anuric patients. ACE‐I therapy may reduce renal, peritoneal, and colonic K+ losses. We examined the effect of ACE‐I therapy on serum, urinary, and dialysate K+ in a cross‐section of peritoneal and hemodialysis patients. Serum, 24‐h urine K+, and peritoneal dialysate excretion K+ levels were measured and the results were compared in the various dialysis and treatment groups. Eighty‐one hemodialysis (HD) and 32 peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients were included. Serum K+ in HD patients with no residual renal function (RRF) was higher in those receiving ACE‐I therapy (P = 0.02). Serum K+ levels in HD patients receiving ACE‐I treatments with RRF was similar to that in oligoanuric HD patients not receiving an ACE‐I. Urinary K+ excretion was significantly reduced in those on ACE‐I therapy versus those not on an ACE‐I (P < 0.05). Mean serum K+ was lower in PD versus HD patients (P < 0.05). PD patients with no RRF on ACE‐I therapy had higher serum K+ concentrations (P =  0.002) and dialysate K+ excretion was lower (P = 0.05), in comparison with PD patients not on an ACE‐I. PD patients with RRF on ACE‐I therapy had higher serum K+ concentrations compared with those not on ACE‐I therapy (P =  0.03). Both urinary and dialysate K+ excretion were reduced (P = 0.001 and P = 0.002, respectively). ACE‐I therapy increases serum K+ concentration in dialysis patients. PD patients have relatively lower serum K+ levels compared with HD patients. In PD patients, ACE‐I therapy reduces dialysate K+. These changes may result from reduced peritoneal movement of K+.
VentrAssist Left Ventricular Assist Systems Long‐Term In Vitro Reliability
Authors: Stonehouse Alex , Cook Martin , Woodard John
Published: June 2009

Left ventricular assist systems (LVADs) are typically tested for long‐term reliability by using a simulated human cardiovascular system. In this study, 13 VentrAssist (Ventracor Ltd, Chatswood, NSW, Australia) systems are tested in mock loops with the aim of demonstrating in vitro continuous operational reliability of the pump subsystem greater than 80% (60% confidence) over 1 year. As of July 9, 2007, the total time on test of all 13 mock loop pumps is 29.36 years. In vitro reliability of the VentrAssist LVAD blood pump is 96.7% (60% confidence) at 1 year. No failures have been seen over 4.5 years of test, and testing is ongoing.
Nursing Home Resident Outcomes from the Res‐Care Intervention
Authors: Resnick Barbara , Gruber‐Baldini Ann L. , Zimmerman Sheryl , Galik Elizabeth , Pretzer‐Aboff Ingrid , Russ Karin , Hebel J. Richard
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVES: To test the effectiveness of a restorative care (Res‐Care) intervention on function, muscle strength, contractures, and quality of life of nursing home residents, with secondary aims focused on strengthening self‐efficacy and outcome expectations.

DESIGN: A randomized controlled repeated‐measure design was used, and generalized estimating equations were used to evaluate status at baseline and 4 and 12 months after initiation of the Res‐Care intervention.

SETTING: Twelve nursing homes in Maryland.

PARTICIPANTS: Four hundred eighty‐seven residents consented and were eligible: 256 from treatment sites and 231 from control sites. The majority were female (389, 80.1%) and white (325, 66.8%); 85 (17.4%) were married and the remaining widowed, single, or divorced/separated. Mean age was 83.8 ± 8.2, and mean Mini‐Mental State Examination score was 20.4 ± 5.3.

INTERVENTION: Res‐Care was a two‐tiered self‐efficacy‐based intervention focused on motivating nursing assistants and residents to engage in functional and physical activities.

MEASUREMENTS: Barthel Index, Tinetti Gait and Balance, grip strength, Dementia Quality‐of‐Life Scale, self‐efficacy, and Outcome Expectations Scales for Function.

RESULTS: Significant treatment‐by‐time interactions (P<.05) were found for the Tinetti Mobility Score and its gait and balance subscores and for walking, bathing, and stair climbing.

CONCLUSION: The findings provide some evidence for the utility and safety of a Res‐Care intervention in terms of improving function in NH residents.
Evaluation of a Joint Distractor to Facilitate Arthroscopy of the Canine Stifle
Authors: GEMMILL TOBY J. , FARRELL MICHAEL
Published: June 2009

Objectives— To assess a novel technique for arthroscopic evaluation of the canine stifle avoiding the need for fat pad debridement.

Study Design— Prospective study.

Sample Population— Cadaveric canine stifles (n=10); Client‐owned dogs (15).

Methods— In cadaveric stifles, the femoropatellar space was assessed before placement of a joint distractor and examination of the femorotibial joint. Time to complete evaluation of the femoropatellar space, to observe the cruciate ligaments, and to completion of examination of the femorotibial joint were recorded. Distractor‐assisted arthroscopy was then performed in 15 consecutive clinical cases. Clinical information, time to complete joint evaluation, and ability to perform any additional arthroscopic surgery were recorded.

Results— Observation and palpation of intra‐articular structures were possible in all cadaveric stifles. Mean time to evaluate the femoropatellar space was 3.2 minutes (range, 2–4 minutes); to observe the cruciate ligaments, 5.8 minutes (range, 3–8 minutes); and to completion of joint inspection, 9.1 minutes (range 6–13 minutes). In the clinical cases, observation of intra‐articular structures was also possible in all stifles. Mean time to complete joint inspection was 21 minutes (range, 10–40 minutes). Partial meniscectomy was performed successfully in 5 stifles.

Conclusions— Use of a joint distractor allowed arthroscopic observation of all relevant structures. Partial meniscectomy was readily performed.

Clinical Relevance— Use of a joint distractor may simplify arthroscopic assessment of the canine stifle and avoid potential morbidity associated with fat pad debridement.
Distal Interphalangeal Joint Arthrodesis in Seven Cattle Using the Acutrak Plus Screw
Authors: LEWIS ANDREW J. , SOD GARY A. , GILL MARJORIE S. , MITCHELL COLIN F.
Published: June 2009

Objectives— To report a technique for arthrodesis of the distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) with two 6.5 mm Acutrak Plus (AP) compression screws from a solar approach and outcome in 7 cattle.

Study Design— Case series.

Animals— Cattle (n=7) with DIPJ arthritis.

Methods— Retrieved data from medical records of cattle that had undergone DIPJ arthrodesis using 2 AP screws via a solar approach were signalment, history, clinical signs, preoperative blood work, preoperative radiographs, complications, postoperative radiographs, and postoperative lameness evaluation. Outcomes, assessed by owner interview 6–26 months after surgery, were classified as excellent, good, or poor.

Results— Fusion of the DIPJ was evident by 6 months. All cattle returned to full function with minimal lameness and normal appearance to the distal aspect of the limb. Four thoracic limbs and 3 pelvic limbs were affected; 3 medial and 4 lateral claws. Complications included moderate lameness associated with implants (n=2) that resolved after screw removal.

Clinical Relevance— Use of the AP screw system in cattle is an excellent option for DIPJ arthrodesis with minimal postoperative morbidity and excellent return to function.
A Tangential Radiographic Projection for Investigation of the Equine Temporomandibular Joint
Authors: TOWNSEND NEIL B. , COTTON JOHANNA C. , BARAKZAI SAFIA Z.
Published: June 2009

Objective—To (1) describe a tangential radiographic projection of the equine temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and (2) optimize the radiographic angle and determine its use in standing sedated horses.

Study Design—Descriptive study.

Animals—Cadaveric equine skulls (n=11); 8 horses with a history of quidding or headshaking.

Methods—Tangential radiographic projections were taken of a TMJ of a cadaveric skull before and after intra‐articular injection of radiographic contrast. Additional tangential radiographic projections were taken after TMJ dissection and placement of a wire along the articular surface of the mandibular condyle. Subsequently, 3 tangential radiographs were taken of both TMJs of 10 skulls at 75°, 70°, and 65° to the dorsal plane (Rt/Le15Cd70D‐Le/RtRVO). Each of the 3 images for each TMJ was ranked by 4 observers who were unaware of the projection angle. Interobserver variation was calculated using a Friedman analysis of variance and significance of the most prevalent angle with a 1‐sample repeated measures test. Tangential radiographic projections of both TMJs were then taken of 8 standing sedated horses.

Results—Tangential radiographic projections allowed the lateral half of the TMJ to be viewed without superimposition of other structures and the anatomic orientation was determined. A 70° projection to the dorsal plane was ranked as significantly better than other views (P<.001). There was no significant interobserver variation and the technique was safely performed in standing sedated horses with excellent image quality obtained.

Clinical Relevance—Tangential radiography of the TMJ may complement and add to information obtained from clinical examination and ultrasonography before referral for more advanced imaging techniques.
Arthroscopic Removal of Metallic Foreign Body from the Talocrural Joint Using a Magnetic Retriever in a Horse
Authors: JANSSON NICOLAI
Published: June 2009

Objective—To report use of a magnetic retriever for arthroscopic removal of a metallic foreign body from the equine talocrural joint.

Study Design—Clinical report.

Animals—A 2‐year‐old Warmblood stallion.

Methods—A metallic foreign body was removed from a talocrural joint using a 10‐mm magnetic retriever under arthroscopic guidance. Preoperative radiographs were used to locate the intra‐articular position of the foreign body.

Results—Six months after surgery, the horse was no longer lame.

Conclusions—A magnetic retriever can be used for arthroscopic removal of metallic foreign bodies from the equine talocrural joint.

Clinical Relevance—A magnetic retriever may be useful for arthroscopic retrieval of metallic foreign bodies from synovial cavities in horses, especially when direct observation is impeded by inflamed synovial villi and fibrin.
A Novel Pin Distraction Device for Arthroscopic Assessment of the Medial Meniscus in Dogs
Authors: BÖTTCHER PETER , WINKELS PHILIPP , OECHTERING GERHARD
Published: June 2009

Objective— To describe an extra‐articular joint distractor for meniscal examination and treatment during canine stifle arthroscopy.

Study Design— Case series.

Animals— Dogs ≥20 kg with suspected cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) deficiency.

Methods— A custom designed linear side bar was constructed to allow invasive pin distraction of the stifle joint. Its design efficacy for distraction of the medial joint compartment, observation and probing of the medial meniscus, and value during meniscal surgery was evaluated by clinical use.

Results— Application of the stifle distractor medial to the stifle joint using 2 negative threaded pins was easily performed percutaneously without the need of power equipment; however, unintended intra‐articular placement of 1 threaded pin occurred in 2 stifles, without appreciable consequence to joint function. Observation as well as thorough probing of the caudal horn of the medial meniscus, even in the presence of a prominent remnant of the CrCL or severe periarticular fibrosis, was possible. Partial meniscectomy was effectively performed as needed without apparent damage to the associated articular surfaces.

Conclusions— Distraction and translation of the medial compartment of the stifle joint using invasive pin distraction allowed observation and palpation of the caudal horn of the medial meniscus so that assessment and treatment were readily accomplished without apparent morbidity.

Clinical Relevance— With careful attention to accurate pin placement, invasive pin distraction of the medial compartment of the canine stifle joint may improve arthroscopic evaluation and treatment of meniscal pathology.
Unilateral Uniplanar External Skeletal Fixation for Isolated Diaphyseal Tibial Fractures in Skeletally Immature Dogs
Authors: ARONSOHN MICHAEL G. , BURK RONALD L.
Published: June 2009

Objective:To report and evaluate use of external skeletal fixation (ESF) for repair of isolated (fibula intact) diaphyseal tibia fractures in skeletally immature dogs.

Study Design:Case series.

Animals:Skeletally immature (mean age, 17 weeks; range, 12–23 weeks) dogs (n=5) with isolated diaphyseal tibial fractures.

Methods:Medical records (2006–2007) of 5 dogs with isolated diaphyseal tibial fractures treated with Type 1a ESF were reviewed and outcome assessed by clinical examination and telephone interviews.

Results:Dogs were evaluated ∼2 and 4 weeks after surgery. Limb function, muscle mass, and comfort level remained very good to excellent throughout healing. Bony union was confirmed radiographically and the ESF removed ∼4 weeks after surgery (mean, 31.4 days; range, 28–37 days). Owner satisfaction was high when contacted a minimum of 4 weeks after ESF removal.

Conclusions:Use of Type Ia ESF with positive profile threaded pins is a practical and biologic method for treatment of isolated tibial fractures in skeletally immature dogs

Clinical Relevance:ESF is an effective alternative treatment to external coaptation and internal fixation for isolated diaphyseal tibial fractures in skeletally immature dogs.
Comparison of Sinoscopic Techniques for Examining the Rostral Maxillary and Ventral Conchal Sinuses of Horses
Authors: PERKINS JUSTIN D. , BENNETT CEES , WINDLEY ZOË , SCHUMACHER JIM
Published: June 2009

Objective—To develop a reliable technique for sinoscopic examination of the ventral conchal (VCS) and rostral maxillary sinuses (RMS) of horses

Study Design—Descriptive study

Animals—Cadaveric equine heads (n=40)

Methods—The VCS and RMS were examined endoscopically using: (1) rostral trephination of the RMS (rostral RMS approach); (2) caudal trephination of the RMS (caudal RMS approach); (3) conchofrontal sinus (CFS) trephination followed by RMS trephination at a site identified by endoscopic transillumination of the maxillary bone at the most rostral aspect of the caudal maxillary sinus (CMS) (light‐indicated RMS approach); (4) CFS trephination with fenestration of the ventral conchal bulla (VCB; frontal VCB approach); (5) CMS trephination with VCB fenestration (caudal VCB approach); and (6) CFS and CMS trephination with VCB fenestration (combined VCB approach).

Results—Success in observing the rostral and caudal aspects of the VCS and RMS with each approach were: (1) rostral RMS approach (0 horses; 16 horses [40%]); (2) caudal RMS approach (0 horses; 11 horses [28%]); (3) light‐indicated RMS approach (3 horses [8%]; 24 horses [60%]); (4) frontal VCB approach (24 horses [60%]; 29 horses [73%] respectively); (5) caudal VCB approach (16 horses [40%] both structures); and (6) combined VCB approach (27 horses [68%]; 35 horses [88%]).

Conclusions—Trephination into the CFS coupled with fenestration of the VCB provided consistent access to both the rostral and caudal aspects of the RMS and VCS. A trephine hole into the RMS provided poor access to the VCS, and placed the reserve crowns of the maxillary cheek teeth at risk of damage.

Clinical Relevance—The RMS and VCS can be best examined endoscopically using approaches with fenestration of the VCB.
Effect of Risk Ladder Format on Risk Perception in High‐ and Low‐Numerate Individuals
Authors: Keller Carmen , Siegrist Michael , Visschers Vivianne
Published: June 2009

Utilizing a random sample from the general population (N= 257), we examined the effect of the radon risk ladder on risk perception, as qualified by respondents’ numeracy. The radon risk ladder provides comparative risk information about the radon equivalent of smoking risk. We compared a risk ladder providing smoking risk information with a risk ladder not providing this information. A 2 (numeracy; high, low) × 3 (risk level; high, medium, low) × 2 (smoking risk comparison: with/without) between subjects experimental design was used. A significant (p < 0.045) three‐way interaction between format, risk level, and numeracy was identified. Participants with low numeracy skills, as well as participants with high numeracy skills, generally distinguished between low, medium, and high risk levels when the risk ladder with comparative smoking risk information was presented. When the risk ladder without the comparative information about the smoking risk was presented, low‐numerate individuals differentiated between risk levels to a much lesser extent than high‐numerate individuals did. These results provide empirical evidence that the risk ladder can be a useful tool in enabling people to interpret various risk levels. Additionally, these results allow us to conclude that providing comparative information within a risk ladder is particularly helpful to the understanding of different risk levels by people with low numeracy skills.
NIMBY, CLAMP, and the Location of New Nuclear‐Related Facilities: U.S. National and 11 Site‐Specific Surveys
Authors: Greenberg Michael R.
Published: June 2009

Public and political opposition have made finding locations for new nuclear power plants, waste management, and nuclear research and development facilities a challenge for the U.S. government and the nuclear industry. U.S. government‐owned properties that already have nuclear‐related activities and commercial nuclear power generating stations are logical locations. Several studies and utility applications to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission suggest that concentrating locations at major plants (CLAMP) has become an implicit siting policy. We surveyed 2,101 people who lived within 50 miles of 11 existing major nuclear sites and 600 who lived elsewhere in the United States. Thirty‐four percent favored CLAMP for new nuclear power plants, 52% for waste management facilities, and 50% for new nuclear laboratories. College educated, relatively affluent male whites were the strongest CLAMP supporters. They disproportionately trusted those responsible for the facilities and were not worried about existing nuclear facilities or other local environmental issues. Notably, they were concerned about continuing coal use. Not surprisingly, CLAMP proponents tended to be familiar with their existing local nuclear site. In short, likely CLAMP sites have a large and politically powerful core group to support a CLAMP policy. The challenge to proponents of nuclear technologies will be to sustain this support and expand the base among those who clearly are less connected and receptive to new nearby sites.
Experience with the Hansen Robotic System for Atrial Fibrillation Ablation—Lessons Learned and Techniques Modified: Hansen in the Real World
Authors: WAZNI OUSSAMA M. , BARRETT CONOR , MARTIN DAVID O. , SHAHEEN MAZEN , TARAKJI KHALDOUN , BARANOWSKI BRYAN , HUSSEIN AYMAN , CALLAHAN THOMAS , DRESING THOMAS , BHARGAVA MANDEEP , KANJ MOHAMED , TCHOU PATRICK , NATALE ANDREA , SALIBA WALID
Published: June 2009

Introduction:
The Hansen robotic system has only recently been used in the United States for catheter ablation procedures in humans. Atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation may be performed utilizing this system. We report our management of complications with early experience of this system.

Methods and Results:
All 71 patients in whom the system was utilized were included. In all patients, a 2‐operator technique was to be employed; one operator manipulates the ablation catheter via the robot and the other manipulates the circular mapping and intracardiac echocardiogram catheters. There was no procedure‐related mortality. All vascular complications occurred in the first 25 procedures performed. There were 6 intraoperative procedural‐related complications. These included significant vascular complications (n = 4), one of whom required iliac vein stenting, and 2 cardiac tamponade (one related to a pop‐phenomenon)—successfully treated by pericardiocentesis. Early complications (n = 3) were 1 tamponade several hours post‐procedure, 1 vascular complication, and 1 pericarditis. Late complications included 5 patients with severe pulmonary vein stenosis (all in first 27 patients) and 1 patient with gastroparesis. All complications were successfully managed without persistent morbidity and occurred earlier in our experience. This led to specific alterations in our vascular access and ablation techniques. These include the use of a longer 14 Fr sheath, through which the robotic sheath is more safely advanced. The choice of ablation catheter and titration of power, particularly when the catheter has a perpendicular orientation to the atrial wall, is also important.

Conclusions:
The suggested modifications may make the system easier to use with the potential to reduce complications.
Incidence and Predictors of Periprocedural Cerebrovascular Accident in Patients Undergoing Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: SCHERR DANIEL , SHARMA KAVITA , DALAL DARSHAN , SPRAGG DAVID , CHILUKURI KARUNA , CHENG ALAN , DONG JUN , HENRIKSON CHARLES A. , NAZARIAN SAMAN , BERGER RONALD D. , CALKINS HUGH , MARINE JOSEPH E.
Published: June 2009

Background:
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) is a serious complication of catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF). The incidence and clinical predictors of periprocedural CVA in patients undergoing AF ablation are not fully understood.

Methods:
This study included 721 cases (age 57 ± 11 years; 23% female; 345 persistent AF) in 579 consecutive patients referred for AF ablation. Periprocedural CVA was defined as onset of a new neurologic deficit that occurred anytime between the start of the procedure and 30 days after the AF ablation, and was confirmed by a neurologist. Cranial imaging with CT and/or MRI was performed in each case. Patients were anticoagulated with warfarin for at least 4 weeks pre‐ and immediately postprocedure and were bridged with enoxaparin. Transesophageal echocardiography was performed within 24 hours prior to ablation in all cases.

Results:
Periprocedural CVA occurred in 10 of 721 cases (1.4%). The risk of periprocedural CVA did not vary significantly during the course of the study. Among these 10 patients (age 62 ± 11 years; 1 female; 5 persistent AF), 6 manifested neurological deficits within 24 hours, 3 after 24–48 hours, and 1 patient had a CVA 6 days following AF ablation despite a therapeutic INR level. All CVAs were ischemic. Five patients had residual deficits after 30 days. Four of 43 patients (9.3%) with a prior history of CVA had periprocedural CVA. Periprocedural CVA occurred in 0.3%, 1.0%, and 4.7% of patients with CHADS2 scores of 0, 1, and ≥ 2 (P < 0.001). In 2 separate multivariate analyses, a CHADS2 score ≥ 2 (OR 7.1, P = 0.02) and history of CVA (OR 9.5, P < 0.01) remained independent predictors of periprocedural CVA.

Conclusions:
Despite periprocedural anticoagulation and transesophageal echocardiography, we found a 1.4% incidence of periprocedural CVA in AF ablation patients. A CHADS2 score ≥ 2 and a history of CVA are independent predictors of CVA after AF ablation. The CVA risk is low in patients with CHADS2 score of 0.
Flexibility versus Rigidity in the Practice of Islamic Family Law
Authors: Shehada Nahda
Published: June 2009

The last decades have witnessed a sustained critique of the mainstream Orientalist notion that classical Islamic family law was rigid, inflexible, and homogeneous. Many historians have used innovative methods to demonstrate that jurists and judges in precodification times enjoyed the intellectual space to translate the principles of theand Sunna into socially workable rules. Yet, perhaps unwittingly, these authors have presented classical Islamic family law as flexible by contrasting it with postcodification legal practice. The latter is represented as characterized by rigidity and textuality due to, among other things, the prominent role of the nation‐state in many Muslim countries. On the basis of extensive fieldwork in 2002–2003, this article juxtaposes the claim of inflexibility with ethnographic material in order to properly conceptualize the present‐day practice of Islamic family law. I argue that the role of the state should not be overemphasized at the expense of the analytical significance of actors’ agency, including that of the judges, in effecting change. The analysis shows that, despite codification, Islamic family law in many Muslim countries is still characterized by flexible, heterogeneous, and context‐bound implementation.
Nocturnal Oviposition Behavior of Necrophagous Dipterans in Kelantan, Malaysia*
Authors: Pritam Helmi Mohd Hadi , Jayaprakash Paul T.
Published: June 2009

Abstract:  The likelihood of dipteran maggots colonizing a corpse due to nocturnal oviposition can be used to challenge the postmortem interval (PMI) estimated assuming diurnal oviposition. Earlier experiments tested nocturnal oviposition behavior by exposing fresh baits once during a single night. In this pilot study, oviposition behavior was studied using beef baits, which, simulating the decay of the body seen in case situations, decomposed inside cages designed to open and close at scheduled intervals during consecutive night or twilight periods. Freshly hatched maggots from diurnally oviposited eggs emerged in control baits on the third day, while a limited number of maggots attributable to nocturnal or twilight oviposition were observed in experimental baits only on the fifth or sixth day, indicating a categorical delay. These results suggest that such delayed and limited nocturnal oviposition is not forensically significant since the larger maggots deriving from diurnal oviposition would be the ones considered when estimating PMI.
Sickle Cell Trait Mimicking Multiple Inflicted Injuries in a 5‐Year‐Old Boy
Authors: Kepron Charis , Somers Gino R. , Pollanen Michael S.
Published: June 2009

Abstract:  Sickle cell disease (SCD) and sickle cell trait (SCT) can be associated with sudden unexpected death in the pediatric population, usually due to pulmonary complications occurring within the acute chest syndrome (ACS). Musculoskeletal complications can occur and are classically limited to bone infarcts. The occurrence of bone pathology centered upon the epiphyseal growth plate in SCD/SCT is extremely rare, and multiple such injuries in a single patient have not been previously reported. Herein, we describe a case of sudden unexpected death in a 5‐year‐old child with undiagnosed SCT due to the ACS, with widespread epiphyseal and periosteal bone lesions mimicking multiple inflicted injuries at autopsy. This case highlights the importance of clinicopathological correlation and is the first to describe SCT pathology as a mimic of nonaccidental injury.
Work more to earn more? The mixed feelings of Europeans
Authors: DAVOINE Lucie , MÉDA Dominique
Published: June 2009

Would Europeans prefer to work more or less? How do they rate the importance of work in society? Surveys suggest that they attach great importance to work, yet a proportion of them would like to see work take up less space in their lives. How to explain this paradox? Three hypotheses are examined in the light of the findings of international surveys: lower expectations in regard to work, the gap between those expectations and disappointing labour market experience and, lastly, the wish to devote more time to other activities. The article concludes with some policy suggestions.
The “externalization” of labour law
Authors: OJEDA AVILÉS Antonio
Published: June 2009

The powerful process of labour law adjustment which, for some three decades, experts have looked upon as one of fragmentation – not to say disintegration – into evermore disconnected subfields is turning into a general trend that looks set to take on a structural dimension. An expansionary drive is indeed taking labour law into alien territories, seemingly jeopardizing its identity and traditional boundaries, albeit with a symbiotic interchange of reciprocal influences. This article analyses six avenues of expansion which have been observed in Europe and in some American and Asian countries.
Towards socially sensitive corporate restructuring? Comparative remarks on collective bargaining developments in Germany, France and Italy
Authors: BONI Guido
Published: June 2009

Rapidly changing markets in the context of globalization call for increasingly frequent restructuring to sustain the competitiveness of individual firms. To meet this need while minimizing consequent job loss, the social partners in major European countries have devised a variety of decentralization mechanisms that enhance local‐level flexibility without fundamentally calling into question the traditional national models of collective bargaining. Analysing the use of “opening clauses” in German industry agreements, France's firm‐level “derogation agreements” and mandatory bargaining on “workforce planning”, and Italy's tripartite “territorial agreements”, the author concludes with a plea for a supranational framework to support socially sensitive restructuring across Europe.
A Supreme Court challenge to Argentina's trade union model
Authors: Goldin Adrián
Published: June 2009

A November 2008 ruling of the Supreme Court of Argentina has challenged the country's statutory system of trade union monopoly. That the “most representative” union be granted such exclusive powers and rights as to marginalize others within the same industry was found to be inconsistent both with the principle of “free and democratic trade union organization” enshrined in the Constitution and with the position of the ILO's supervisory bodies. Recognizing the constitutional status of the Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organize Convention, 1948 (No. 87), the Court rejected legislated union unity in favour of unity freely chosen by unionized workers.
¿Trabajar más para ganar más? División de opiniones entre los europeos
Authors: DAVOINE Lucie , MÉDA Dominique
Published: June 2009

¿Los europeos desean trabajar menos o trabajar más? A sujuicio, ¿qué lugar ha de ocupar el trabajo en la sociedad? Las encuestas nos dicen que conceden mucha importancia al mismo, aunque unaparte de ellos preferiría que tuviera menos peso en su vida. ¿Cómo se explica estaparadoja? Las autoras exploran tres hipótesis apartir de las averiguaciones de varias encuestas internacionales: el desvanecimiento de las expectativas que solían ponerse en el trabajo, la distancia que media entre los ideales y una realidad insatisfactoria y, por último, la aspiración a dedicarle más tiempo a otras actividades. El artículo concluye con algunas recomendaciones para los planes políticos.