bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Student Loans as a Pressure on U.S. Higher Education
Authors: Berman Elizabeth Popp , Stivers Abby
Published: July 2018

The United States has been at the forefront of a global shift away from direct state funding of higher education and toward student loans, and student debt has become an issue of growing social concern. Why did student loans expand so much in the U.S. in the 1990s and 2000s? And how does organization theory suggest their expansion, and the growth of federal student aid more generally, might affect higher education as a field? In the 1960s and 70s, policy actors worked to solve what was then a central problem around student loans: banks' disinterest in lending to students. They did this so well that by 1990, a new field of financial aid policy emerged, in which all major actors had an interest in expanding loans. This, along with a favorable environment outside the field, set the stage for two decades of rapid growth. Organization theory suggests two likely consequences of this expansion of federal student loans and financial aid more generally. First, while (public) colleges have become less dependent on state governments and more dependent on tuition, the expansion of aid means colleges are simultaneously becoming more dependent on the federal government, which should make them more susceptible to federal demands for accountability. Second, the expansion of federal student aid should encourage the spread of forms and practices grounded in a logic focused on students' financial value to the organization, such as publicly traded for-profit colleges and enrollment management practices.
Unity and Invisible Identities: Toward an Intersectional Analysis of Israeli Society
Authors: Guckenheimer Debra
Published: July 2018

Most approaches to the study of Israeli society focus singly on gender,ethnicity, or class with a focus only on external relationships with Arabneighbors instead of on internal processes within Israel that operate onmultiple levels. This paper challenges a lack of intersectional approachesto the study of Israeli society and the U.S. domination of theintersectionality literature. I demonstrate the ways in which institutionssuch as military, family, and education in Israel are gendered, classed,and racialized, and then make recommendations for overcoming limitations toan intersectional analysis.
Solving the Orphan Works Problem for the United States
Authors: Urban Jennifer
Published: July 2018

*Abstract: *Over the last decade, the problem of orphan works — i.e., copyrighted works whose owners cannot be located by a reasonably diligent search — has come sharply into focus as libraries, archives, and other large repositories of copyrighted works have sought to digitize and make available their collections online. Although this problem is certainly not limited to digital libraries, it has proven especially challenging for these organizations because they hold diverse collections that include millions of books, articles, letters, photographs, home movies, films, and other types of works. Many items come with a complex, unknown, and (often) unknowable history of copyright ownership. Because U.S. copyright law provides for both strong injunctive relief and monetary damages (in the form of statutory damages of up to $150,000 per work infringed), organizations that cannot obtain permission often do not make their collections available at all.In October 2012, the U.S. Copyright Office initiated a new study of orphan works and mass digitization, and has indicated that it is a high-priority policy issue for the office. That study, and the work that preceded it, has highlighted the wide array of perspectives about why and how to address the orphan works problem. In this article, we present evidence that the orphan works problem is very real and that it inhibits many socially valuable uses of copyrighted works by libraries, archives, museums and other memory institutions. We then canvass the array of potential solutions, and ultimately conclude that fair use, combined with the Copyright Office’s remedy limitation approach, are better approaches for addressing this problem in the United States than alternatives proposed elsewhere. Finally, we explore future-looking changes, such as the reintroduction of copyright formalities and the development of registries, that would reduce the number of orphan works in the future.Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2323945
Centurions in the Roman Legion: Computer Simulation and Complex Systems
Authors: Rubio-Campillo Xavier , Gimeno Eduard Ble , Matías Pau Valdés
Published: July 2018

The Centurion was a key figure of Roman warfare over a span of several centuries. However, their real role in battle is still a matter of discussion. Historical sources suggest that their impact in the efficiency of the Roman battle line was highly disproportionate to their individual actions, considering their low numbers. In the past decades a number of authors have proposed different descriptive models to explain their relevance, highlighting factors such as an improvement on unit cohesion or high levels of aggressiveness, which made them lead the charges against the enemy. However, the lack of a quantitative framework does not allow to compare and test these working hypotheses.This paper suggests an innovative methodological approach to explore the problem, based on computer simulation. An Agent-Based Model of roman legions is used as a virtual laboratory, where different hypotheses are tested under varying scenarios. Results suggest that the resilience of formations to combat stress increase exponentially if they contain just a small percentage of homogeneously distributed warriors with higher psychological resistance. Additionally, the model also shows how the lethality of the entire formation is reinforced when this selected group is located at the first line of the formation, even if individually they are not more aggressive or skilled than the average.The interpretation of the simulated patterns in terms of Roman warfare suggest that the multiple roles of the centurions observed in the sources were not caused by changes in tactics or values, but can be strictly explained by an increase in their experience and overall combat performance.
Al-Muallaqat and their Emotive Meanings
Authors: Studies AWEJ-tls for Translation & Literary , Eddin Eyhab Abdulrazak Bader , Shiyab Said M.
Published: July 2018

The objective behind this paper is to examine the concept of 'emotiveness in Arberry’s translation of Al-Muallaqat, be it at the phonological, morphological, lexical and sematic levels. To achieve this end, an in-depth analysis of phrases and sentences will be carried out to see whetherArberry has succeeded in rendering all kinds of emotive meanings expressed in the Al-Muallaqat. Samples subjected to the analysis will be taken from the Odes of five bards, namely: Imru' al-Qais, Tarafa, Zuhair, Antara, and Labid. The reason behind focusing on these odes is that they have cultural overtones that are difficult to capture in translation. These sentences and phrases will be discussed and analyzed in details, and their emotive meanings at all levels will be compared to those in the ST. After the analysis is conducted, conclusions will be drawn as to why Arberry has not accounted for the loss of emotive meaning that has led to the distortion of the source text (ST). This paper concludes with useful tips to overcome the mismatch inherent in emotive meaning-related problems.
The Students Are Not All Right: LGBT+ Student Lives Beyond the Happy Normal and the Suicidal Exception
Authors: Lockhart Jeffrey W
Published: July 2018

Presented to the University of Cambridge Centre for Gender Studies on March 4, 2015.
Spatialisations: Rhythmanalysis and spatial drawing
Authors: Quinlivan Hannah
Published: July 2018

This paper presents ‘spatial drawing’ as a means of apprehending and intervening in the rhythms of urban life. Using a practice-led approach, it contributes to an emerging literature that develops Henri Lefebvre’s rhythmanalysis as a method for inquiry. It applies an experimental, recursive logic to the process of rhythm analysis in an attempt to reveal a temporal structure which is layered like the growth rings of a tree rather than laid out in lines or cycles, a dendrochronology of duration.The paper is organised into three distinct movements. The first aims to develop a rhythmanalytic method of drawing. Lefebvre gave only general principles when describing the process of rhythmanalysis. While Lefebvre and his interlocutors describe the disposition that rhythmanalysts must cultivate, they articulate few details and provide fewer examples of how an applied rhythmanalysis should proceed. In dialogue with Lefebvre’s portrait of the rhythmanalyst, I experiment with ‘spatial drawing’, that is, ephemeral drawing in three dimensions.The second movement of this paper turns the first inside out. Using a recursive logic, it applies rhythmanalysis to spatial drawing itself. Where the first movement developed drawing as a tool for rhythmanalysis, the second movement uses rhythmanalysis to theorise and critique the drawn artefact.Using a practice-led approach, the method will be illustrated in relation to the temporalities of Pembroke College, Cambridge. In a third movement, a further recursive application of rhythm analysis, the author produced a site-specific spatial drawing in situ during the week before the commencement of the conference. This drawing analysed and respond to the rhythms and flows on the grounds of the college. This drawing is evaluated and analysed.
Availability of better data on communication networks can undermine community enforcement
Authors: Campbell James
Published: July 2018

I consider a repeated trust game played between a group of insiders, arranged in a network representing their lines of communication, and a single outsider. Insiders follow a local punishment rule, shunning the outsider if it has cheated them or a neighbor. The object of interest is that the outsider may know either summary statistics about the nature of the network, or know its precise non-anonymous structure. For the outsider to have knowledge of the precise structure may, depending on the shape of the network, increase or decrease the volume of honest interaction that can be sustained. In extreme cases, a small `local' vulnerability to outside exploitation can result in a total breakdown of the chance for mutually beneficial trade across the whole network. Strategic ignorance and obfuscation of network structure may therefore be valuable to both sides, complicating the problem for a network operator seeking to monetize data on the network graph. I discuss recent decisions by Twitter and Facebook in this framework.
Educational Assortative Mating and Income Dynamics in Couples: A Longitudinal Dyadic Perspective
Authors: Qian Yue
Published: July 2018

The gender-gap reversal in education could have far-reaching consequences for marriage and family lives. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and longitudinal multilevel dyad models, this study investigated how educational assortative mating shaped income dynamics in couples over the marital life course. Based on educational assortative mating, couples were grouped into three categories—educational hypergamy (wives less educated than their husbands), homogamy, and hypogamy (wives more educated than their husbands). Results showed that change in husbands’ income with marital duration was similar across couples, whereas change in wives’ income varied by educational assortative mating such that wives in educational hypogamy exhibited more positive change in income over the marital life course. The findings underscored the asymmetric nature of spousal influence and gender change in heterosexual marriages.
Insecure People in Insecure Places: The Influence of Regional Unemployment on Workers’ Reactions to the Threat of Job Loss
Authors: Young Marisa
Published: July 2018

Social comparison theory predicts that unemployment should be less distressing when the experience is widely shared, but does this prediction extend beyond the unemployed to those who are at risk of job loss? Research demonstrates a link between aggregate unemployment and employed individuals’ perceptions of job insecurity; however, less is known about whether the stress associated with these perceptions is shaped by others’ unemployment experiences. We analyze a nationally representative sample of Canadian workers (Canadian Work, Stress, and Health study; N = 3,900) linked to census data and test whether regional unemployment influences the mental health consequences of job insecurity. Multilevel analyses provide more support for the social norm of insecurity hypothesis over the amplified threat hypothesis: the health penalties of job insecurity are weaker for individuals in high-unemployment regions. This contingency is partially explained by the ability of insecure workers in poor labor market contexts to retain psychological resources important for protecting mental health
The Impact of Wait Time Instruction and Teaching Experience on Teachers’ Feedback in Moroccan Speaking Classes
Authors: Journal Arab World English , SAKALE Sana
Published: July 2018

Instruction plays a major role in the development of speaking skills for second language learners. Different approaches and methods have emerged throughout the history of language learning/teaching based on the influence of different theories of language, psychology, and related domains such as psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, pragmatics and cultural studies. Two major trends in language teaching emerged under the influence of these mentioned language theories, namely, accuracy based versus fluency based approaches. This article gives a historical sketch up to these trends in an attempt to provide a historical background and to empirically bring evidence that wait time instruction and teaching experience can impact classroom feedback in Moroccan classes. Relevant questions related to the role of teachers’ experience in leading different types of feedback, the effect of the number of teaching years as well as the correlation between wait time instruction and the corresponding teaching experience are closely investigated. This article adheres to a mixed design or what has been identified in research methodology as ex-post facto (Cohen, Manion, Morrison, 2007). Therefore, it is both a qualitative and a descriptive one. For the type of instructions used, the results obtained show the insignificance of the impact of experience on this variable. On the other hand, results retained that wait- time instruction in comparison to other items recorded a higher significance of the impact of experience. Therefore, current article brings empirical evidence on how wait- time instruction plays a crucial role in spoken activity for second language learners.
The Impact of Dialogic Teaching on English Language Learners’ Speaking and Thinking Skills
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Elhassan Ishraga Bashir Mohammed , Adam Mohammed Idris
Published: July 2018

This paper aims to investigate the influence of dialogic teaching on the development of the learners' speaking skills and critical thinking. It is questioning why Sudanese tertiary students are unable to express themselves efficiently and comfortably. This seems crucial and imperative for a college student and it shouldn’t shape any obstacle as a prerequisite for future development. Accordingly, this paper poses a significant issue that every learner of English needs to ponder. To collect data for the study, three tools has been used; a questionnaire, an interview and an observational checklist. The questionnaire was distributed throughout the students of second, third and fourth year university students who had been selected from different Sudanese universities. The collected data is analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Data analysis has shown that dialogic teaching enables students to develop the skills of argumentation, questioning and debate which contribute to the development of their critical thinking and speaking skills. Generally, the findings indicate that authentic dialogic teaching components are effective if students are given enough time to practice its skills. Hence recommendations for exposing learners to a variety of medium of speaking like dialogues, debate, argumentation and questioning are made to facilitate teachers to be more well-informed with dialogic teaching approach.
Libraries and Research Support in small and teaching-led universities: contextual problems around nascent services in dynamic times
Authors: Sanders Kevin , Lightfoot Carly
Published: July 2018

Research Support services are becoming increasingly invested in by universities, particularly within their library services. However, the wider context in which institutions operate is yielding significant challenges, including fiscal volatility and an increasingly embedded marketisation.This paper considers some of the challenges and opportunities that face libraries in small and historically teaching-led institutions that are trying to develop their research support operations within this context.
Dictatorial Rule and Sexual Politics in Argentina: The Case of the Frente de Liberación Homosexual, 1967-1976
Authors: Ben Pablo , Insausti Santiago Joaquin
Published: July 2018

The Frente de Liberacio´n Homosexual (FLH, 1967–1976) was the ﬁrst political movement of homosexual men in Argentina. Despite its short life span, this organization set the ground for futuredevelopments.TheFLHemergedinthecontextofincreasingauthoritarianismratherthanbeingtheresultof a transition to democracy. The relationship with homophobic Peronists and left-wing traditions was, para-doxically, crucial for the emergence of the FLH. Most homosexual activists came from the Left, and they understood homosexual liberation as one aspect of the struggle against capitalism. These activists werehighly critical of anticapitalist politics as it existed in Argentina at the time, but they also actively sought tobecome allies of the expanding New Left during the period. Eventually, however, the 1976–1983 military dictatorship made all forms of dissidence impossible, and the FLH had to dissolve.
Industry-Specific Antitrust Policy for Innovation
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

The premise that IP promotes dynamic efficiency while antitrustconcentrates on static welfare is wrong, or at least oversimplified. Itproceeds from a fundamentally Schumpeterian assumption that competitionwill not lead to innovation, and we need the lure of monopoly to driveinvestment in new products. In fact, however there is substantial economicevidence suggesting that competition itself may act as a greater spur toinnovation than monopoly. Critically, different market structures willpromote innovation in different industries. Sometimes - as in thepharmaceutical industry - we need the incentive provided by strong patents,but in other industries - like the Internet - competition is more likely tospur innovation. Both patent and antitrust law need to take these industrydifferences into account. And to do so, antitrust will need to shed itssubservience to IP law.
How many (queer) cases do I need?: Thinking through research design
Authors: Compton D'Lane
Published: July 2018

Epistemological choices made during the very early stages of research impact empirical outcomes in meaningful ways. Defining the population of interest, choosing a sample size, and confronting questions of representativeness are particularly complex when studying LGBTQ topics. There are certainly methodological guidelines, but in the end, research design is a matter of making informed choices and interrogating the histories of the questions we ask. While this is important to all social scientists, scholars are more likely to get methodological critiques as dismissals when doing queer work because of heteronormative assumptions and practices. Employing strong research designs helps us to defend our work and gain legitimacy in the discipline.
Geographical distribution of rural dumpsites in North-East Region from Romania
Authors: MIHAI Florin Constantin
Published: July 2018

This paper proposes a spatial analysis of statistical data concerning thenumber and areas of rural dumpsites for local administrative units (LAU inRomanian’s rural territory = communes) from 6 counties of North-East regionusing thematic cartography.Database created at the local scale iscorrelated with demographic factors (eg population density) taking intoaccount the various geographical conditions between these 6 counties(Neamt,Suceava,Botosani,Iasi,Bacau and Vaslui).Rural dumpsites have beenidentified by the county environmental authorities in 2008 and 2009, theThe large numberdeadline for closure and rehabilitation beingA large numberof these sites reflect the lack of organized waste management system inrural territory.Sanitation services are still poorly developed in ruralareas and the waste generated and uncollected are often disposed in opendumps or river banks (mainly in mountain areas).The geographic location ofhuman settlements influences the disposal of waste, most of these dumpsiteswere located in their proximity.These bad practices are still present beingrevealed by field observations.Thus,demographic background (ruralpopulation share of total county population, population density at LAUlevel) and local geographical conditions(mountain,hill/plateau,plains/valley corridor) reflect the territorialdisparities between counties (regional scale) and communes (local scale)regarding the geographical distribution of rural dumpsites.
Pronunciation Errors Committed by Palestinian Students at An-Najah National University: An Analytical Approach
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Jabali Oqab Mahmoud , Abuzaid Yousif Jamal
Published: July 2018

This empirical study aims at identifying the English consonant sounds that are mispronounced by native speakers of Palestinian Arabic. It also aims to explore the pattern of errors that Palestinian speakers follow in speaking English. Two main questions have been explored in the study: 1) what are the most common mispronounced English consonants produced by Palestinian students? and 2) what patterns do these students follow in so doing? 20 undergraduate students from the English Department at An-Najah National University are observed and their English is recorded to identify the problematic consonant sounds. The study results show that the most problematic sounds include /p/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/, /ɹ/, and /ŋ/. In the light of the findings, the researchers recommend that the best way to learn the pronunciation of a second language is by listening to native speakers of that language and by practicing it regularly.
Scandalum Acceptum and Scandalum Datum: Kant's Non-Interventionism In The Fifth Preliminary Article of the Perpetual Peace
Authors: Pievatolo Maria Chiara
Published: July 2018

Is it right to wage war to export democracy, or -- as Kant would have said -- to interfere forcibly in the constitution and in the government of another state with the goal of transforming it into a republic? The answer of Kant is contained in the fifth preliminary article of the Perpetual Peace and it leans towards non-interventionism: a bad constitution can never justify a war, because it may be the root only of a scandalum acceptum. To understand the meaning of scandalum acceptum we have to become aware that it is a term originating from moral theology, which we should translate into the language of international law. Most of Kant's contemporaries still understood the scandal as the sin of advertising a sinful behavior. A scandalum is only acceptum, however, if the act that inspired others to sin has been done without the intention to give them a bad example. A flawed constitution can only be the occasion of a scandalum acceptum because its legal power does not spread its influence beyond the border of its state. If a nation chooses to imitate the allegedly wrong constitution of another state, its choice only depends on its sovereignty, because it is a matter of internal constitutional law. On the other hand, waging war against another country because of its allegedly flawed constitution is a worse kind of scandal, the scandalum datum, because it involves an international law principle of limited sovereignty according to which every state has the right to assault another state because of its constitution.
Evaluating Race and Hispanic Origin Responses of Medicaid Participants Using Census Data
Authors: Fernandez Leticia , Rastogi Sonya , Ennis Sharon R. , Noon James
Published: July 2018

Health and health care disparities associated with race or Hispanic origin are complex and continue to challenge researchers and policy makers. With the intention of improving the measurement and monitoring of these disparities, provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010 require states to collect, report and analyze data on demographic characteristics of applicants and participants in Medicaid and other federally supported programs. By linking Medicaid records to 2010 Census, American Community Survey, and Census 2000, this new large-scale study examines and documents the extent to which pre-ACA Medicaid administrative records match self-reported race and Hispanic origin in Census data. Linked records allow comparisons between individuals with matching and non-matching race and Hispanic origin data across several demographic, socioeconomic and neighborhood characteristics, such as age, gender, language proficiency, education and Census tract variables. Identification of the groups most likely to have non-matching and missing race and Hispanic origin data in Medicaid relative to Census data can inform strategies to improve the quality of demographic data collected from Medicaid populations.
Abazi, Enika, and Albert Doja (2017) "The past in the present: time and narrative of Balkan wars in media industry and international politics." Third World Quarterly, 38 (4), pp. 1012-1042
Authors: Abazi Enika , Doja Albert
Published: July 2018

In this article, we explore various forms of travel writing, media reporting, diplomatic record, policy-making, truth claims and expert accounts in which different narrative perspectives on the Balkan wars, both old (1912–1913) and new (1991–1999), have been most evident. We argue that the ways in which these perspectives are rooted in different temporalities and historicisations have resulted in the construction of commonplace and time-worn representations. In practical terms, we take issue with several patterns of narratives that have led to the sensationalism of media industry and the essentialisation of collective memory. Taken together as a common feature of contemporary policy and analysis in the dominant international opinion, politics and scholarship, these narrative patterns show that historical knowledge is conveyed in ways that make present and represent the accounts of another past, and the ways in which beliefs collectively held by actors in international society are constructed as media events and public hegemonic representations. The aim is to show how certain moments of rupture are historicised, and subsequently used and misused to construct an anachronistic representation of Southeast Europe.
Spoken Language Teaching: What Do Teachers Believe in?
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Rahim Salmiza bt Abdul , Yamat Hamidah , Shah Parilah bt Mohd
Published: July 2018

This paper is a qualitative case study that aims to explore beliefs and practices of four English lecturers, by focusing on two components related to content knowledge of spoken language teaching, namely spoken forms (grammar and vocabulary), and interactional skills. It also aims to see how their held beliefs influence their teaching practices. To fulfil this purpose, four English lecturers teaching communicative English subject, contextualized in one polytechnic in Malaysia, were purposively selected as participants of the study. The data were gathered through interviews, non-participant classroom observation, as well as collection of relevant documents. The Atlas t.i. program was used to manage the data and thematic analysis was applied in data analysis. Generally, the findings indicate that the participants viewed the knowledge about spoken form as a relevant exposure to students, but it should not be the focal attention of the lesson. They also believed that interactional skills could be acquired through frequent speaking practices, and these beliefs are consistent with their teaching practices. The data also revealed some misconceptions about certain concepts in spoken language, and the teaching of the components in focus is found to be limited. This indicates a lack of depth content knowledge among the lecturers in these specific areas, hence recommendations for appropriate trainings and professional development programs are made to facilitate teachers to be more well-informed with their pedagogical decisions in classroom. In conclusion, this study illuminates the salient role of content knowledge among practicing teachers, as it potentially affects their teaching practices.
Motivations of Cosplayers to Participate in the Anime Fandom
Authors: Reysen Stephen , Plante Courtney N. , Roberts Sharon E. , Gerbasi Kathleen C.
Published: July 2018

We examined differences between cosplaying and non-cosplaying anime fans with regard to their motivation to participate in the anime fandom. Participants, all anime fans, completed scales assessing a myriad of possible motivations for anime fandom participation. Cosplayers rated all of the assessed motivations higher than non-cosplayers. The highest-rated motivations for cosplayers included entertainment, escape from everyday life, belongingness, eustress, and aesthetic beauty. Modest sex differences were also found, as women were more likely than men to cosplay and, even among cosplayers, women reported higher belongingness, family, self-esteem, and escape motivations. With the exception of sexual attraction, however, where men were considerably more motivated by sexual attraction than women, the effect sizes for sex differences were fairly small, suggesting little true difference between male and female cosplayers. The results are discussed in relation to past research examining anime cosplayers.
A Preliminary Study of Smithport Plain Bottle Morphology in the Southern Caddo Area
Authors: Selden Robert Z.
Published: July 2018

This study expands upon a previous analysis of the Clarence H. Webb collection, which resulted in the identification of two discrete shapes used in the manufacture of the base and body of Smithport Plain bottles. The sample includes the Smithport Plain bottles from the Webb collection, and four new bottles: two previously repatriated specimens in the Pohler Collection, and two from the Mitchell site (41BW4) to test whether those specimens align morphologically with the Belcher Mound or Smithport Landing specimens. Results indicate significant allometry and a significant difference in Smithport Plain body and base shapes for bottles produced at the Smithport Landing and Belcher Mound sites in northwest Louisiana. The Pohler and Mitchell specimens do not differ significantly from those found at Smithport Landing or Belcher Mound. Analysis of the aggregated sample indicates some significant relationships between bottle shape and size, bottle shape and type, and bottle shape and site, highlighting assemblage-level and type-specific variability. The test of morphological disparity by period indicates a possible gradual trend toward standardization, and the test of morphological integration indicates that Caddo bottles are significantly integrated, meaning that those discrete traits used to characterize their shape (rim, neck, body, and base) vary in a coordinated manner. The iterative development of this research design can lead to substantive theoretical gains that augment and bolster discussions of Caddo ceramic morphological organization and vessel production.
Blockchain State Machine Representation
Authors: Shorish Jamsheed
Published: July 2018

We present a formalization of blockchain as a state machine, focusing upon permissionless blockchains due to general audience awareness of its most popular implementation, Bitcoin (permissioned blockchains are treated similarly without loss of generality). After presenting a typical Bitcoin transaction workflow, a general blockchain state representation is derived. It is demonstrated that the proper mathematical object defining the state of a blockchain is a topological fiber bundle, because it is not possible to globally `parametrize' blocks (or ledgers of blocks) by time due to their dependence upon cryptographic hash functions. In addition, we specify a general transition function between blockchain states that is agnostic to the consensus mechanism used to write blocks into the ledger, and which is probabilistic in nature, so that blockchain may be regarded as a probabilistic state machine. We then interpret agents (both human and code-based, such as `chaincode', `smart contracts', or other artificial intelligence) as automata interacting with blockchain technology, drawing upon the theory of non-cooperative repeated interaction games. Finally, blockchain as a hierarchy of state machines is defined, and future research directions are presented using this hierarchy as a point of departure for modeling blockchain dynamics.
Three Dimensional Field Recording in Archaeology: An Example from Gabii
Authors: Opitz Rachel
Published: July 2018

“What is the future of 3D modeling in archaeology? At present, the 3D image is useful for illustrating artifacts and - in some cases - presenting archaeological and architectural relationships, but it has yet to prove itself as an essential basis for analysis or as a robust medium for communicating robust archaeological description. Will 3D visualization become more than just another method for providing illustrations for archaeological arguments?” This paper uses the experience of the Gabii Project to address these questions.
Teacher Practice Spaces: Examples and Design Considerations
Authors: Reich Justin , Kim YJ , Robinson Kevin , Roy Dan , Thompson Meredith
Published: July 2018

Teacher practice spaces are learning environments, inspired by games and simulations, that allow teachers to rehearse for and reflect upon important decisions in teaching. Practice-based teacher educators use a variety of approaches to simulation in methods courses and other professional learning opportunities, and existing simulations often attempt to holistically replicate authentic teaching conditions. We extend this work by developing new kinds of practice spaces that do not attempt to fully simulate teaching, but rather offer playful and creative opportunities for novice teachers to develop skills and dispositions valuable for teachers. We summarize six different practice spaces developed through design research, and then articulate a set of design considerations emerging from this work to expand the genre of pedagogies of enactment in teacher professional development.
Are Phonetically Similar Korean Words Also Semantically Similar?
Authors: Jee Hana
Published: July 2018

In connection with the recent research trend in sound-meaning regularity, this article takes several novel approaches. In an effort to extend the current scope to non-European languages, the study focuses on Korean, including its comparatively new orthography. By choosing 74 Swadesh words as its sample, it not only looks at fundamental aspect of the language, but also facilitates future research to compare various languages. To measure them more precisely, criteria for Korean phonology and orthography were created. For semantic distances, Latent Semantic Analysis was used considering its ability to capture authentic dynamics of language. A significant, negative correlation was found between sounds and meanings as well as orthography and meanings, particularly within the semantic space of younger readers. Distinct sounds to indicate potentially confusing objects are considered to be an adaptive mechanism for children to acquire language. The study also numerically revealed how well Korean orthography represents its sounds.
Integrated thinking as a cultural control?
Authors: Dumay John
Published: July 2018

Purpose: The paper's purpose is to investigate the concept of integrated thinking as part of the International Integrated Reporting Council's (IIRC) Integrated Reporting () framework. It explores integrated thinking as a cultural control and analyses how it operates.Methodology: To do so we conduct a case study of bankmecu, a small Australian bank, which is participating in the IIRC's  Pilot Programme Business Network and which issued its first integrated report in 2012. Using semi-structured interviews we examine whether integrated thinking lives up to the rhetoric espoused by the IIRC.Findings: In bankmecu's case we find that a pre-existing responsible banking culture already in place is a stronger cultural control, alongside personnel, results and action controls. The implication for the IIRC is that integrated thinking appears to be a utopian ideal, clashing with the existing organisational culture rather than driving a new organisational culture.Practical implications: Additionally, if integrated thinking is to prevail it may become a source of inertia rather than change because it advocates that an entire workforce should think the same. We also question if breaking down silos, as advocated by integrated thinking, is necessary across all organisational functions, especially concerning material organisational risks and reputation, because these silos foster independent thinking.Policy implications: The problem with the rhetorical arguments proposed by the IIRC is that they aim at a one size fits all approach. Not every organisation has a disconnection between strategy, governance, past performance and future prospects, nor do they all have disconnected departments that need reconnecting. Therefore, a fundamental problem with  is that the rhetoric argues "why" companies need , not "how" to implement , and especially not "how" to operationalize integrated thinking.Originality: The paper is a must read because of the growing debate on the benefits of Integrated Reporting by examining and critiquing early adopter's practice alongside the IIRC's rhetoric.Dr. John DumayAssociate Professor of AccountingDepartment of Accounting & Corporate GovernanceAustralasian Editor of the Journal of Intellectual CapitalFaculty of Business and EconomicsRoom 329E4A Eastern RoadMacquarie UniversityNSW 2109 AustraliaT: +61 2 9850 1927M: +61 412 507 376Google Scholar Profile Staff Profile FaceBookConnect with LinkedIn SSRN[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/65/The_Logo_of_Macquarie_University.png]
Beyond cynicism and fatalism: Three lessons for a social studies of financial regulation
Authors: Coombs Nathan
Published: July 2018

This chapter argues for the benefits of going beyond existing approaches to financial regulation centred on capture theory and critical commentary on the epistemic limits of regulatory enterprise. Building upon the research programme of science studies and the social studies of finance, three lessons are identified which may help researchers break free from the critical doom loop of cynicism and fatalism: (1) Listen to the actors, (2) models matter, and (3) discover that macro in the micro.
Bureaucratic politics and the prevention of leaks in the European Commission
Authors: Patz Ronny
Published: July 2018

The European Commission, much like other executives and public administrations in Western Democracies, is frequently faced with leaks. Even though executive leaders often criticize this practice as unwanted breach of confidentiality and secrecy, research has shown that leak prevention is usually not taken seriously beyond public complaints. This paper analyses the phenomenon of leaking in the European Commission and the efforts the Commission makes to prevent leaks from its own ranks. It finds that leaking and leak prevention are regularly discussed at the highest level of the Commission. However, a survey with leak recipients suggest that leaks seem so widely distributed and frequent at various stages of internal decision-making that the existing prevention efforts seem ineffective. Analysing the rules and practices of leak prevention, the paper shows that, while there are anti-leak rules in place, there have been very few cases in which Commission leakers have been administratively sanctioned. The explanation for these observations builds on the argument that leaking is part of regular bureaucratic politics and that leak prevention therefore is not meant to be effective, except for a few important cases.
Undermining the Caesars: Using the Agricola to Demonstrate Tacitus' Attempt to Protest and Subvert Roman Imperialism
Authors: Genovese Taylor R.
Published: July 2018

Although Tacitus is known for his many publications on the histories and biographies about the Imperial Roman world, one who is a casual reader may not pick up on his sometimes subtle, sometimes blatant criticisms of Roman imperialism. Andrew Fear makes an excellent point when he wrote: “The Agricola is a complex text and it would be a mistake to see it dominated by one single narrative purpose” (Fear, 305). Tacitus employs a variety of writing techniques that range from ring composition to homage to sarcasm in order to express his views. In this paper I will be focusing on Tacitus’ biography of his father-in-law, G. Julius Agricola, and I will show how he has a history of subversive writing (especially in his Germania) as well having the ability to creatively structure his writing style so as to not anger authorities in an attempt to undermine and denounce both Roman imperialism and its rulers.
The production of squatters as folk devils
Authors: Dee E.T.C.
Published: July 2018

This article assesses recent improvements to Cohen's originalformulation of the concept of moral panic. A case study is made of amoral panic generated in the Dutch media regarding three accusationsmade by the police concerning booby traps and weapons caches in thesquats of Amsterdam. These claims, whilst shown to be fantastical innature, gave credence to a ideological discursive formation whichportrayed the squatters' movement as increasingly violent. Squatterswere subsequently manufactured as folk devils requiring control viajuridical repression, a process which resulted in the criminalisation ofsquatting in 2010.
The Distribution of Identity and the Future of International Order: China’s Hegemonic Prospects
Authors: Allan Bentley , Vucetic Srdjan , Hopf Ted
Published: July 2018

Existing theories predict that the rise of China will trigger a hegemonic transition and the current debate centers on whether or not the transition will be violent or peaceful. This debate largely sidesteps two questions that are central to understanding the future of international order: how strong is the current Western hegemonic order and what is the likelihood that China can or will lead a successful counter-hegemonic challenge? We argue that the future of international order is shaped not only by material power but also by the distribution of identity across the great powers. We develop a constructivist account of hegemonic transition that theorizes the role of the distribution of identity in international order. In our account, hegemonic orders depend on a legitimating ideology that must be consistent with the distribution of identity at both the level of elites and masses. We map the distribution of identity across nine great powers and assess how this distribution supports the current Western neoliberal democratic hegemony. We conclude that China is unlikely to become the hegemon in the near-term. First, the present order is strongly supported by the distribution of identity in both Western states and rising powers like India and Brazil. Second, China is unlikely to join the present order and lead a transition from within because its authoritarian identity conflicts with the democratic ideology of the present order. Finally, China is unlikely to lead a counter-hegemonic coalition of great powers because it will be difficult to build an appealing, universal ideology consistent with the identities of other great powers.
Does Opening Complaints Data Change Company and Consumer Behavior? Evidence from the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
Authors: Opoku-Agyemang Kweku A.
Published: July 2018

I analyze a technological change which improved the public monitoring of financial customer treatment. This major assessment of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau is based on its exposing credit card-related complaints online while keeping mortgage-related complaints concealed. Exposed companies were more likely to close complaint files while providing explanations and relief to aggrieved consumers and in a timely manner. The transparency policy seems uncompromised by economic inequality. Consumers procrastinate in reporting exposed banks while rewarding exposed banks for their improved behavior with new accounts. Debt remained generally stable. Surprisingly, both consumers and banks benefit when offending banks are exposed online.
Negative Emotions, Income, and Welfare: Casual Estimates from the PSID
Authors: Clingingsmith David
Published: July 2018

I use instrumental variables to estimate the causal effect of family income on the frequency with which individuals experience negative emotions. Doubling income reduces the experience of negative emotions by 0.26 SD on average. Percentage changes in income have a constant effect on negative emotion for family incomes below $80,000. Above $80,000, the effect of percentage changes declines, reaching zero at $200,000. A dollar change in family income has an eight times larger effect at the 20th percentile of income than the 80th percentile. Effects of income are similar on the high levels of negative emotion characteristic of mental illness, except there is no satiation.
Sunni Islam's Internal Ethnic Conflict: The Cognitive Dissonance between Universal Faith and Ethnic Origination
Authors: Christian Patrick James
Published: July 2018

Few major religions tie the ethnic and historical identity of their first messengers and adherents to their central tenets as effectively as Islam. My awareness of this aspect of Islam began during time spent living within the contested divide between Arab and African versions of the Muslim ummah. Night after night, the Muslims conversing would argue their respective positions in circular logic with each position seeming to be rooted in a particular ethno-cultural perspective. Their clashing approaches appeared to conflict with attempts made by the Prophet Mohammed to raise his newly revealed message above the thick boundaries of the ties of blood and marriage. An enduring ethno-cultural divide in Muslim identity seemed to be evidenced by the ongoing dissonance of Islamic application in this non-Arab setting.
The Effectiveness of STOP and DARE in Planning and Drafting Argumentative Writing: A case of Saudi College Level Students
Authors: Journal Arab World English
Published: July 2018

Changing social dynamics have influenced writing a lot and learning and teaching process has also evolved greatly in terms of its theoretical as well as practical aspects. EFL learners in Saudi context behave very much differently to the writing tasks as English is introduced at a later stage in school education. Consequently, learners face a lot of challenges in responding positively to the methods and strategies implemented at the college level. The courses are intensive but failed to achieve the desired outcomes at the end of the program. A sample of work from 20 second year bachelor level students is taken to check the validity STOP and DARE strategy in improving students’ writing skills and also to see how the learners respond to this method. Teaching of argumentative writing is a part of their mother tongue teaching of which they are conceptually aware of but how do they respond in EFL learning is of interest to this present study.