bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social roles and the gender difference in rates of the common mental disorders in Britain: a 7-year, population-based cohort study
Authors: WEICH S. , SLOGGETT A. , LEWIS G.
Published: July 2002

Background. It is not known why the most common mental disorders (CMD), anxiety and depression, are more prevalent among women. This gradient has not been explained by differences in the number or type of social roles occupied by men and women. Given the dearth of longitudinal studies, these negative findings could reflect reverse causality, if men with CMD relinquish social roles more readily than women.

Methods. Cohort study using data from the first seven (annual) waves of the British Household Panel Survey. The prevalence of CMD was assessed using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), 12 months after ascertaining occupancy of five social roles. Of 12379 participants aged 16–70, 9947 completed the GHQ on at least two consecutive occasions, resulting in 44139 paired observations. Random effects models adjusted for the correlation of repeated measures and for baseline GHQ score.

Results. The odds ratio for the gender difference in the future prevalence of CMD (adjusted for baseline GHQ score) was 1·92 (95% CI 1·75–2·10). Neither the number or type of social roles occupied, nor socio-economic status explained the gender difference in these conditions (adjusted OR 1·82, 95% CI 1·66–1·99). While CMD at baseline was associated with a subsequent reduction in social role occupancy, this did not vary between men and women.

Conclusions. Gender differences in CMD were not explained by differences in the number or type of social roles occupied by men and women, or by reverse causality. Future studies should consider characteristics of social roles, such as demand, control and reward.
Parenting and adult mood, anxiety and substance use
disorders in female twins: an epidemiological,
multi-informant, retrospective study
Authors: KENDLER K. S. , MYERS J. , PRESCOTT C. A.
Published: July 2002

Background. Although parenting has long been considered an important risk factor for subsequent
psychopathology, most investigations of this question have studied a single informant, clinical
populations, one or a few disorders and did not consider relevant covariates.

Methods. Three dimensions of parenting (coldness, protectiveness and authoritarianism) were
measured by combining the retrospective reports from adult female twins, their co-twins, and their
mothers and fathers. We assessed by personal interview, lifetime history in the twins of eight
common psychiatric and substance abuse disorders and a range of predictors of parenting. Analyses
were performed using logistic regression.

Results. Examined individually, high levels of coldness and authoritarianism were modestly but
significantly associated with increased risk for nearly all disorders, while the impact of protectiveness
was more variable. These associations declined modestly when putative predictors of parenting were
added as covariates. Maternal and paternal parenting were equally associated with outcomes in
adult daughters. When coldness, protectiveness and authoritarianism were examined together,
nearly all significant associations were seen solely with coldness. Few significant interactions were
found between maternal and paternal parenting or between coldness, protectiveness and
authoritarianism. The shared experience of these three dimensions of parenting predicts a quite
small correlation in liability to these disorders in dizygotic twin pairs (e.g. r < 0·04).

Conclusion. In women, parenting behaviour, especially levels of coldness, is probably causally
related to risk for a broad range of adult psychiatric disorders. The impact of parenting on
substance use disorders may be largely mediated through their co-morbidity with major depression,
phobias and generalized anxiety disorder. In general population samples, the association of poor
parenting with psychiatric illness is modest, largely non-specific and explains little of the observed
aggregation of these disorders in families.
Diagnostic stability in subjects with multiple admissions for psychotic illness
Authors: FORRESTER A. , OWENS D. G. C. , JOHNSTONE E. C.
Published: July 2002

Background. Although studies investigating changes in diagnosis between psychotic episodes have
differed in design, some consistent findings have emerged. This study seeks to clarify and extend
these findings by describing and comparing clinical and operationally defined diagnostic stability in
a group of subjects with multiple episodes of functional psychotic illness.

Methods. The OPCRIT programme was applied to case notes of 204 subjects with multiple
admissions for psychotic illness. Clinical and operationally defined diagnoses were compared and
the spread and stability of diagnoses determined.

Results. An increase in the frequency of diagnosis of schizophrenia from initial to subsequent
episodes was demonstrated. High levels of stability were found for schizophrenia (58 to 98%),
moderate levels for affective disorders (24 to 83%), low levels for other non-organic psychotic
conditions (27 to 54%) and atypical psychosis (27 to 53%), and very low levels for schizoaffective
disorder (5 to 39%) and other conditions (0 to 4%).

Conclusions. The stability levels for schizophrenia and affective disorders are adequate, but the low
levels for a range of other psychotic conditions raise questions regarding their predictive validity.
The Incarnation: a philosophical case for kenosis
Authors: FORREST PETER
Published: July 2002

As a preliminary, I shall clarify the kenotic position by arguing that a
position which is often called kenotic is actually a quasi-kenotic version of the
classical account, according to which Jesus had normal divine powers but chose not
to exercise them. After this preliminary, I discuss three problems with the strict
kenotic account. The first is that kenosis conflicts with the standard list of attributes
considered essential to God. The second problem is posed by the Exaltation, namely
the resumption by Jesus of normal divine powers after his life on Earth. Finally
there is the problem of how it was possible for Jesus to be the same person as the
pre-incarnate Word. My solutions to these problems constitute my defence of a
strict kenotic account of the Incarnation.
Reply to Richard Gale
Authors: SWINBURNE RICHARD
Published: July 2002

I am most grateful to Richard Gale for the detailed attention which he has
paid to my detailed arguments, and for the kind remarks between which he sandwiches
his hard-hitting criticisms. The first of the latter is that I ‘slosh back and
forth’ (211) between different theses, Ss,
Sw, and W. I hope not, but I agree that
I may not have made the relation between these sufficiently clear. I am certainly
committed to, and sought to argue for, the strong version of the strong thesis:

Ss For every instance of evil, God is justified in allowing it.

But I cannot examine every instance of evil in order to show that – I do not know
of all the evils, let alone have time or space to discuss each of them. So I need to
produce an inductive argument for Ss, and I seek to do so by considering the
various kinds of evil, and trying to show that God is justified in allowing any evil
of that kind. Hence I consider the evils of having bad desires, making wrong
choices which cause suffering to oneself, making wrong choices which cause
suffering to others, suffering occurring through natural processes, ignorance of
God etc. I divide evils into kinds, in such a way that the morally significant differences
between evils of a given kind is simply one of degree – different instances
of suffering occurring through natural processes differ in respect of their intensity
and the period of time they last.
Who's Who in the ‘Real World’? What do Germany, the
Netherlands and the United States Stand for in Relation to Welfare?
Authors: EVERS ADALBERT
Published: July 2002

Robert E. Goodin, Bruce Headey, Ruud Muffels, Henk-Jan Dirven. The Real
Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999,
x+358 pp.

The Real Worlds of Welfare Capitalism represents the fruits of ten years' interaction
of an international team of colleagues from Australia and the Netherlands.
What it does can be summarised as follows: it compares different welfare states
each of which is deemed to represent one of the three main types of welfare
regimes. This is done with reference to five external criteria taken as standards of
success. As a basis for the assessment, the study uses an advanced statistical
instrument – namely – panel studies. And to say right at the beginning, this is an
impressive piece of work.
Lawrence B. Breitborde, Speaking and social
identity: English in the lives of urban Africans.
(Studies in anthropological linguistics, 11.) Berlin: Mouton
de Gruyter, 1998. Pp. xii, 227. Hb DM 198.00.
Authors: Bernsten Jan
Published: July 2002

In the introduction to this book, the reader follows
Wilson Nyanforth, a 35-year-old Kru civil servant, through
his morning in New Krutown, Monrovia, Liberia. As Nyanforth
travels to work, he uses Kru and English separately and
in combination, his language choices varying with the setting
and the participants in the encounter. His greeting to
his boss is an example: “Good morning Honorable Tarpeh,
na kl[backwards c]ba (my chief)!” Breitborde's
monograph on language choices of Kru-speaking inhabitants
of New Krutown has many such specific case studies of language
in use: these illustrate his claims and make the book accessible
to readers. But his goal is to do more than provide descriptive
case studies. He writes: “I ask how the choices urban
Kru persons make to speak English embody certain aspects
of contemporary social relations and cultural values, not
simply within the community of speakers but also linking
them to the Liberian national polity. In this sense, then,
I attempt to integrate both the (societal) macrolevel and
the (individual) microlevel in the exploration of the social
meaning of English”.
The expression of evidentiality in French-English bilingual
discourse
Authors: KING RUTH , NADASDI TERRY
Published: July 2002

This study, drawing on data from a large sociolinguistic
interview corpus for three Acadian communities of Atlantic
Canada, concerns codeswitches involving verbs of opinion
or belief (e.g. guess, think, imagine,
believe) in French-English bilingual discourse. The
codeswitch itself serves to underscore the speaker's
stance as to the truth of the proposition – and,
in some cases, to indicate a degree of uncertainty not
nuanced by corresponding French language forms. Variation
in usage is related to intensity of language contact at
the levels of the community and of the individual.
Cognitive incrementalism: The big issue
Authors: Clark Andy
Published: July 2002

Neural organization raises, in an especially clear way, a major problem confronting contemporary cognitive science. The problem (the “big issue” of my title) is: What is the relation between the strategies used to solve basic problems of perception and action and those used to solve more abstract or “cognitive” problems? Is there a smooth, incremental route from what Arbib et al. call “instinctual schemas” to higher-level kinds of cognitive prowess? I argue that, despite some suggestive comments, Arbib et al. do not resolve this issue.
Feedback consistency effects
Authors: Ziegler Johannes C. , Van Orden Guy C.
Published: July 2002

Models are not adequately evaluated simply by whether they capture the data, after the fact. Other criteria are needed. One criterion is parsimony; but utility and generality are at least as important. Even with respect to parsimony, however, the case against feedback is not as straightforward as Norris et al. present it. We use feedback consistency effects to illustrate these points.
Dreaming is not a non-conscious electrophysiologic state
Authors: Pagel J. F.
Published: July 2002

There has been no generally accepted cognitive definition of dreaming. An electrophysiologic correlate (REM sleep) has become its defining characteristic. Dreaming and REM sleep are complex states for which the Dreaming + REMs model is over-simplified and limited. The target articles in this BBS special issue present strong evidence for a dissociation between dreaming and REM sleep.

[Hobson et al.; Nielsen, Revonsuo; Solms; Vertes & Eastman]
Deictic codes for embodied language
Authors: Glenberg Arthur M.
Published: July 2002

Ballard et al. claim that fixations bind variables to
cognitive pointers. I comment on three aspects of this claim:
(1) its contribution to the interpretation of indexical language;
(2) empirical support for the use of very few deictic pointers;
(3) nonetheless, abstract pointers cannot be taken as prototypical
cognitive representations.
Recoding can lead to inaccessible structures, but avoids capacity limitations
Authors: Halford Graeme S.
Published: July 2002

The distinction between uninformed learning (type-1) and
learning based on recoding using prior information (type-2) helps
to clarify some long-standing psychological problems, including
misunderstanding of mathematics by children, the need for active
construction of concepts in cognitive development, and the difficulty
of configural learning tasks. However, an alternative to recoding some
type-2 tasks is to represent the input as separate dimensions, which
are processed jointly. This preserves the original structure, but is
subject to processing capacity limitations.
Measuring accuracy is an intractable problem
Authors: Cohen Gillian
Published: July 2002

The basic issue is the measurement of memory accuracy and how
correspondence should be assessed. Problems of completeness and
variations in the degree and type of inaccuracy make measurement
intractably difficult. This difficulty places severe limitations on
generalizing across tasks, domains, and individuals and, consequently,
on theory construction.
Imitation is not the “Holy Grail” of comparative cognition
Authors: Matheson M. D. , Fragaszy D. M.
Published: July 2002

We commend Byrne & Russon for their effort to expand
and clarify the concept of imitation by addressing the various levels
of behavior organization at which it could occur. We are concerned,
however, first about the ambiguity with which these levels are defined
and second about whether there is any particular need for comparative
cognition to keep focusing on imitation as an important intellectual
faculty. We recommend stricter definitions of hierarchical behavioral
levels that will lend themselves to operational definitions and
continued study of how animal subjects organize their goal-directed
behavior as opposed to whether it is or is not imitation.
In the search for the functional homology of human imitation: Take play seriously!
Authors: Miklósi Ádám
Published: July 2002

I will argue that we cannot understand imitation unless we
know more about its function. By comparing the two examples presented
by Byrne & Russon I show how the imitative behaviour of orangutans
can be interpreted as a homologue of human imitation during play. In
contrast, the lack of data leave the role of imitation in gorillas
doubtful.
What is empirical about Atran's taxonomies?
Authors: Saunders Barbara
Published: July 2002

Atran reifies Fodor's metaphor of modularity to create a
truth-producing apparatus to generate a priori taxonomies or natural
kinds that lock a tautology in place.
Visual perception is too fast to be impenetrable to cognition
Authors: Bullier Jean
Published: July 2002

Neuroscience studies show many examples of very early
modulation of visual cortex responses. It is argued that such early
routing is essential for a rapid processing of information by the
visual system.
Spatial symbol systems and spatial cognition: A computer science perspective on perception-based symbol processing
Authors: Freksa Christian , Barkowsky Thomas , Klippel Alexander
Published: July 2002

People often solve spatially presented cognitive problems more
easily than their nonspatial counterparts. We explain this phenomenon
by characterizing space as an inter-modality that provides
common structure to different specific perceptual modalities. The
usefulness of spatial structure for knowledge processing on different
levels of granularity and for interaction between internal and external
processes is described. Map representations are discussed as examples
in which the usefulness of spatially organized symbols is particularly
evident. External representations and processes can enhance internal
representations and processes effectively when the same structures
and principles can be implicitly assumed.
Lifelines to a sinking cause
Authors: Steklis H. Dieter
Published: July 2002

Rose's attack on ultra-Darwinists' and evolutionary
psychologists' accounts of human behavior fails, largely because
he does not offer a viable alternative. His “lifelines”
view of organismic development is essentially an epigenetic one that
few sociobiologists would disagree with, Rose seeks to disempower
genes where human behavior is concerned, despite contrary neurogenetic
evidence and at odds with the implications of his own lifelines view.
He attempts to discredit biological determinist accounts by suggesting
that their research program is politically motivated, while ignoring
the scientific viability and novel insights such research has yielded.
Topological entropy of transitive maps of a tree
Authors: YE XIANGDONG
Published: July 2002

Let $T$ be a tree, ${\mathop{\rm End}\nolimits}(T)$ be the number of ends of $T$ and let $L(T)$ be the infimum of topological entropies of transitive maps of $T$. We give an elementary approach to the estimate that $L(T)\ge (1/{\mathop{\rm End}\nolimits} (T))\log 2$. We also divide the set of all trees (up to homeomorphisms) into pairwise disjoint subsets ${\cal P}(i)$, $i\in \{0\}\cup\N$ and prove that $L(T)=(1/({\mathop{\rm End}\nolimits} (T)-i))\log 2$ if $T\in {\cal P}(i)$ with $i=0,1$, and $L(T)\le (\text{respectively} =) (1/({\mathop{\rm End}\nolimits} (T)-i))\log 2$ if $T\in {\cal P}(i)$ (respectively $T\in {\cal P}'(i))$ with $i\ge 2$, where ${\cal P}'(i)$ is an infinite subset of ${\cal P}(i)$. Furthermore, we show that there is a tree $T$ such that the topological entropy of each transitive map of $T$ is larger than $L(T)$, and hence disprove a conjecture of Alseda et al (1997).
Rigidity of weakly hyperbolic actions of higher real rank semisimple Lie groups and their lattices
Authors: MARGULIS GREGORY A. , QIAN NANTIAN
Published: July 2002

Under some weak hyperbolicity conditions, we establish C^0- and C^\infty-local rigidity theorems for two classes of standard algebraic actions: (1) left translation actions of higher real rank semisimple Lie groups and their lattices on quotients of Lie groups by uniform lattices; (2) higher rank lattice actions on nilmanifolds by affine diffeomorphisms. The proof relies on an observation that local rigidity of the standard actions is a consequence of the local rigidity of some constant cocycles. The C^0-local rigidity for weakly hyperbolic standard actions follows from a cocycle C^0-local rigidity result proved in the paper. The main ingredients in the proof of the latter are Zimmer's cocycle superrigidity theorem and stability properties of partially hyperbolic vector bundle maps. The C^\infty-local rigidity is deduced from the C^0-local rigidity following a procedure outlined by Katok and Spatzier.

Using similar considerations, we also establish C^0-global rigidity of volume preserving, higher rank lattice Anosov actions on nilmanifolds with a finite orbit.
Relative spectrum for smooth actions of Kazhdan groups on fiber
bundles
Authors: CAPOZZOLI ANTHONY
Published: July 2002

In this paper we indicate how techniques developed by Zimmer [8]
regarding certain smooth actions of discrete groups on compact manifolds can
be extended to actions of discrete groups and semisimple Lie groups on
compact fiber bundles. The actions that we consider preserve a smooth volume
density on the total space of the bundle that defines a smooth field of
volume densities on the fibers. When the standard fiber has ‘low’ dimension
or the action preserves certain geometric structures on the fibers, Zimmer's
techniques can show that the action must be measurably conjugate to a
topologically relatively isometric action.
Bounded recurrent sets for planar homeomorphisms
Authors: LE ROUX FRÉDÉRIC
Published: July 2002

We answer a question proposed by Barge and Franks in 1993 by showing that a bounded connected set in the plane which is closed or open and meets an infinite number of its iterates under an orientation-preserving fixed point free homeomorphism must meet all of them.
Thermodynamic formalism for certain nonhyperbolic maps
Authors: YURI MICHIKO
Published: July 2002

We establish a generalized thermodynamic formalism for certain nonhyperbolic maps with countably many preimages. We study existence and uniqueness of conformal measures and statistical properties of the equilibrium states absolutely continuous with respect to the conformal measures. We will see that such measures are not Gibbs but satisfy a version of Gibbs property (weak Gibbs measure). We apply our results to a one-parameter family of one-dimensional maps and a two-dimensional nonconformal map related to number theory. Both of them admit indifferent periodic points.
Center conditions, compositions of polynomials and moments on algebraic curves
Authors: BRISKIN M. , FRANCOISE J.-P. , YOMDIN Y.
Published: July 2002

We consider an Abel equation $(*)$ $y^{\prime}=p(x)y^2+q(x)y^3$ with $p(x)$, $q(x)$ polynomials in $x$. A center condition for ($*$) (closely related to the classical center condition for polynomial vector fields on the plane) is that $y_0=y(0)\equiv y(1)$ for any solution $y(x)$ of ($*$). This condition is given by the vanishing of all the Taylor coefficients $v_k(1)$ in the development $y(x)=y_0+\sum^{\infty}_{k=2}v_k(x)y^k_0$. A new basis for the ideals $I_k=\{v_2,\dots,v_k\}$ has recently been produced, defined by a linear recurrence relation. Studying this recurrence relation, we connect center conditions with a representability of $P=\int p$ and $Q=\int q$ in a certain composition form (developing further some results of Alwash and Lloyd), and with a behavior of the moments $\int P^kq$. On this base, explicit center equations are obtained for small degrees of $p$ and $q$.
Remarks on Livšic' theory for nonabelian cocycles
Authors: SCHMIDT KLAUS
Published: July 2002

Let $(X,\phi)$ be a hyperbolic dynamical system and let $(G,\delta)$ be a Polish group. Motivated by Nicol and Pollicott, and then by Parry we study conditions under which two Hölder maps $f,g: X\longrightarrow G$ are Hölder cohomologous.

In the context of Nicol and Pollicott we show that if $f$ and $g$ are measurably cohomologous and the distortion of the metric $\delta $ by the cocycles defined by $f$ and $g$ is bounded in an appropriate sense, then $f$ and $g$ are Hölder cohomologous.

Two further results extend the main theorems recently presented by Parry. Under the hypothesis of bounded distortion we show that, if $f$ and $g$ give equal weight to all periodic points of $\phi $, then $f$ and $g$ are Hölder cohomologous. If the metric $\delta $ is bi-invariant, and if the skew-product $\phi _f$ defined by $f$ is topologically transitive, then conjugacy of weights implies that $g$ is Hölder conjugate to $\alpha \cdot f$ for some isometric automorphism $\alpha $ of $G$. The weaker condition that $g$-weights of periodic points are close to the identity whenever their $f$-weights are close to the identity implies that $g$ is continuously cohomologous to a homomorphic image of $f$.
Re-examining the social construction of
‘elder abuse and neglect’: A Canadian
perspective
Authors: HARBISON JOAN , MORROW MARINA
Published: July 2002

Many questions and contradictions pervade both the understanding of what
has come to be known as ‘elder abuse and neglect’ and attempts to address
it. Four major competing constructions reflecting four differing needs
discourses can be discerned in legislation, programmes and services, and in the
actions of individuals. In this paper these constructions are introduced,
examined and situated, with reference to the social and historical antecedents
that have contributed to the emergence of elder abuse and neglect as a social
problem. The article considers how these constructions are manifest in public
and private responses to elder abuse and neglect, through discussion of the
Canadian experience of service delivery to older people in situations of
mistreatment and neglect, in non-institutional settings. It is concluded that
deeply embedded value conflicts in Canadian society and in its political
economy, compound the problem of resolving issues of mistreatment through
public policy.
Ideology, calculation, and improvisation: spheres of influence and Soviet foreign policy 1939–1945
Authors: ROBERTS GEOFFREY
Published: July 2002

This article examines Soviet foreign policy during the Second World War in the light of new evidence from the Russian archives. It highlights the theme of spheres of influence and the relationship between the pursuit of this goal by the USSR and the outbreak of the Cold War. It argues that the Cold War was the result of an attempt by Moscow to harmonise spheres of influence and postwar cooperation with Britain and the United States with the ideological project of a people’s democratic Europe.
Yaogun Yinyue: rethinking mainland Chinese rock ‘n’ roll
Authors: HUANG HAO
Published: July 2002

International discourse on Yaogun Yinyue (mainland Chinese rock music) has been coloured by the early identification
of Chinese rock ‘n’ roll with the aborted student democracy movement of the late 1980s. This has led to a simplistic
valourisation of Western representations of rock rebellion by the global mass media, characterised by a lack of
awareness of changing social circumstances within the People's Republic of China over the past decade. Originally,
Yaogun Yinyue did indeed share a generational root with student radicals who expressed frustration with the severely
limited life choices in a Chinese Communist Party (CCP) controlled state. However, in response to the periodic
political crackdowns during the post-Tiananmen massacre era, most current mainland rock musicians have consciously
avoided rhetoric which might lead to unhealthy repercussions for their careers. ‘Empathetic’ Western rock critics may
be disillusioned to learn that recently many Chinese rock musicians not only reject popular reifications of rock ‘n’ roll
but also express vehemently anti-foreign sentiments (Barme 1996, p. 202). Historical Sino-Western antagonisms have
combined with individual resentments of foreign record companies' exploitative practices to create genuine suspicion
about the West as a cultural and economic hegemon. This article offers a social and historical analysis in an attempt
to reframe the meanings of Chinese rock as cultural product.
Optimal input design for a cooperating robot to reduce vibration
when carrying flexible objects
Authors: Ji Young-Chun , Park Youn-sik
Published: July 2002

This paper presents a computational method for
obtaining an optimal control trajectory for point-to-point motion of a
cooperating robot carrying a flexible object. To increase the overall
productivity and its efficiency, it is required to move the
object as fast as possible using the maximum capacity of
actuators of robots. If the carrying object is very sensitive
to vibration, the robots should be operated so as not
to cause excessive vibration of that object. This work deals
with optimal input design for cooperative robots to reduce vibration
of flexible objects that are handled at speed, under firm
constraints on control torques.
OPTIMIZATION OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD STEM CELL COLLECTION BY LEUKOPHERESIS
Authors: Le Corroller Anne-Gaëlle , Moatti Jean-Paul , Chabannon Christian , Faucher Catherine , Fortanier Cécile , Ladaique Patrick , Blache Jean-Louis , Novakovitch Gisèle , Maraninchi Dominique , Blaise Didier
Published: July 2002

Using the example of substitution of peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC)
collection to bone marrow harvest for autologous transplantation in cancer
patients, our study attempts to illustrate how economic assessment, starting
at an early stage of medical innovation, can influence the development and
diffusion process of a new technological procedure whose optimal design has
not yet been established. Two cost minimization studies comparing costs for
obtaining a clinically reinfusable graft using bone marrow harvest or
alternatively various protocols of PBSC collection contributed to a change in
the French clinical standard for this procedure.
Changes in the woody component of an East African savanna during 25 years
Authors: Vijver Claudius A. D. M. Van De , Foley Charles A. , Olff Han
Published: July 2002

Changes in density, structure and species composition of the woody component of the two predominant savanna types in Tarangire National Park, northern Tanzania, during a period of 25 y were investigated. The park is known for its large, increasing elephant numbers and high frequency of fires. In 1996 a study on woody species density, composition and age structure, which was first performed in 1971, was repeated, using the same transects and method. Access to the original data of 1971 allowed for a full comparison of the changes and an investigation whether these could be related to changes in elephant numbers and fire frequency. The total tree density declined during the 25 y, but the decline was not evenly distributed over the different height classes. Although the density of trees taller than 5 m declined significantly, the greatest decline occurred in the density of trees shorter than 1 m. The density of trees in the intermediate height class of 1–5 m did not decline. Although damage to trees by elephants increased during the 25-y period, c. 25% showed no browse damage and, except for some severely damaged trees, elephant damage was not found to reduce tree vigour. Elephants affected the size distribution of the savanna woody component much more than the density, while the data suggest no significant effect of fire on changes in tree density. The large decline in density of small trees was attributed to a severe drought in 1993. Based on large numbers of elephants during the past decades and on relatively low elephant impact on the total tree density, the present study suggests that the current elephant number of 2300 can be sustained in the park without causing detrimental effects, provided that their current range is maintained.
The implications of illegitimacy in late-nineteenth-century Iceland: the
relationship between infant mortality and the household position of mothers
giving birth to illegitimate children
Authors: GARĐARSDÓTTIR ÓLÖF
Published: July 2002

In his article ‘Premarital sexual permissiveness and illegitimacy in the Nordic Countries’, Richard F. Tomasson discusses high illegitimacy rates
in preindustrial Iceland. He points out that during the nineteenth century
children born out of wedlock were proportionally more numerous in
Iceland than in other European countries. In Tomasson's view high
illegitimacy rates in Iceland were due to liberal attitudes towards
premarital sex – attitudes that were deeply rooted in traditional Nordic
society. In his words, ‘The Ancient Scandinavians accorded women
higher status, and along with this went liberal attitudes toward premarital
sex relations, illegitimacy, and divorce. Such attitudes often appear to be
a concomitant of a high degree of equality between the sexes.’
The York cause papers: a reply to Jeremy Goldberg
Authors: PEDERSEN FREDERIK
Published: July 2002

When I wrote ‘Demography in the archives’, it was my
hope to open up
a methodological discussion of geographical, social, and demographic
aspects of legal sources that I believed had not received sufficient attention

in the past. The matter was urgent, I felt, because I had found that there

was a distinctive pattern to the reception of my work on either side of
the
Atlantic. When I presented papers in North America, my basic premise
– that it was difficult, if not impossible, to use legal sources
like the York
cause papers as the basis of an analysis of social change in the century

after the Black Death – was accepted with little or no comment. However,

when I presented the same papers in Britain there seemed to be unease
about this conclusion and one of the most frequent questions I was asked

was why I did not analyse temporal variations in the material. From this

I perceived the need to explain how I arrived at such a position, and after

a long period of gestation the eventual outcome was ‘Demography in
the
archives’. I am delighted that Dr Goldberg has taken the time to
go over
my arguments in this meticulous fashion (see ‘Fiction in the archives:
the
York cause papers is a source for later medieval social history’,
above in
this number). He has found many errors that escaped me during the
article's proofreading, and for this work I thank him. In what follows
I
shall concentrate on what I see as the main points of his article.

It is clear that we differ profoundly in our estimation of the value
of
these sources to the social historian. However, there is some common
ground between us. We agree that an investigation of the categories
suggested in ‘Demography in the archives’ will yield important
insights
into the nature of the medieval litigation material. We are, in other words,

agreed that factors such as litigants' social status, their geographical

distance to the courts, and the age-composition of witnesses must be
examined before we can conclude anything about the usefulness of these

sources. Where we differ is in our interpretation of the evidence and in
the
tools that we suggest are most suited for this analysis.
STOCHASTIC EQUIVALENCE OF CONVEX ORDERED DISTRIBUTIONS AND
APPLICATIONS
Authors: Bhattacharjee M. C. , Bhattacharya R. N.
Published: July 2002

We consider sufficient conditions for stochastic
equivalence of convex ordered random variables. Our main
results apply to all convex ordered distributions on the
real line and improve on a recent result of Huang and Lin
[8] for equality in distribution of convex ordered
survival times. Illustrative applications include testing
for equality in distribution with convex ordered alternatives
and demonstrating several earlier results on stochastic
equivalence as special cases.
SECOND LANGUAGE PHONOLOGY.John Archibald.
Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1998. Pp. xi + 313. NLG 118 cloth.
Authors: Eckman Fred R. , Iverson Gregory K.
Published: July 2002

This recent volume in the Benjamins series Language Acquisition & Language
Disorders is likely to find a wide, international readership among participants in courses on
SLA theory as well as among seasoned scholars in the field. As the volume underscores,
phonology per se has not been given the extensive attention in second language research and
teaching that syntax has experienced, and, for its title alone, the book would be a welcome
addition to the literature.
THE ACQUISITION AND INTERPRETATION OF ENGLISH LOCATIVE
CONSTRUCTIONS BY NATIVE SPEAKERS OF KOREAN
Authors: Bley-Vroman Robert , Joo Hye-Ri
Published: July 2002

The English locative alternation relates sentences of the type John loaded hay onto the
wagon to those of the type John loaded the wagon with hay. Some locative verbs
occur in both of these patterns, others in only one or the other. It is known that there are
differences among languages with respect to which verbs are possible. The present research
focuses on the constructional meaning of the locative alternation and on the constraints governing
verbs that can participate in the alternation. One characteristic of the “ground-object” locative is that the object tends to be viewed as completely
affected. This is known as the holism effect. Additionally, English has certain narrow constraints
on the verbs that can occur in the two constructions. This study investigates whether native
speakers of Korean learning English develop knowledge of the holism effect in the English
locative and knowledge of the narrow constraints. English native speakers and Korean learners of
English participated in a forced-choice picture-description task. Native speakers of Korean also
judged an equivalent test instrument in Korean. The primary results are these: When given a
ground-object structure, both learners and English native speakers preferentially chose a
ground-holism picture. We interpret this as a reflection of the holism effect: Learners, like native
speakers, have knowledge of this aspect of the constructional meaning of the locative. English
native speakers also show their knowledge of the narrow conflation classes by rejecting
ground-object structures containing verbs that are not permitted in this structure, even if the
picture would be appropriate. Korean learners show no effect for narrow verb class. We interpret
this as showing that the learners have not achieved native-speaker knowledge of the narrow
classes. Korean uses a different basis for verb classification.
LEXICAL UNITS AND THE LEARNING OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE VOCABULARY
Authors: Bogaards Paul
Published: July 2002

In this paper the concept of “lexical unit” as proposed by Cruse (1986) is
introduced in the context of L2 vocabulary learning to replace the rather vague notion of
“word.” In the first part of the paper, this concept is defined in terms of lexical
semantics and then applied to the L2 learning task. The second part describes two experimental
studies in which the learning of different types of lexical units is examined. In the first study,
totally new lexical units are compared with multiword items that are made up of familiar forms. In
the second experiment, different types of new senses of familiar forms are compared. Both studies
underscore the importance of knowledge of form—but not of previously learned
meaning—for the learning of new meanings for familiar forms.
THE ACQUISITION OF CASE MARKING BY ADULT LEARNERS OF RUSSIAN
AND GERMAN
Authors: Kempe Vera , MacWhinney Brian
Published: July 2002

This study investigated the acquisition of the comprehension of overt morphological case
marking by adult native speakers of English who were learning Russian or German as a second
language (L2). The Russian case-marking system is more complex than the German system, but
it almost always provides the listener with case inflections that are reliable cues to sentence
interpretation. Two approaches to learning of inflectional morphology were contrasted: the
rule-based approach, which predicts that learning is determined by paradigm complexity; and the
associative approach, which predicts that learning is determined by the cue validity of individual
inflections. A computerized picture-choice task probed the comprehension of L2 learners by
varying the cues of case marking, noun configuration, and noun animacy. The results
demonstrated that learners of Russian use case marking much earlier than learners of German
and that learners of German rely more on animacy to supplement the weaker case-marking cue.
In order to further explore the underlying mechanisms of learning, a connectionist model was
developed that correctly simulated the obtained results. Together, these findings support the view
that adult L2 learning is associative and driven by the validity of cues in the input.
The Return of Constructions
Authors: TOMASELLO MICHAEL
Published: July 2002

Review essay on: Goldberg, A. Constructions: A construction
grammar
approach to argument structure. University of Chicago Press (1995).

Pp. xi+265.

The cornerstone of traditional descriptive grammars is the construction:
a
recurrent pattern of linguistic elements that serves some well-defined

communicative function. Prototypical constructions are sentence-level
patterns such as, in English: the imperative, the ditransitive, the passive,
the
resultative, the yes–no question, and the cleft (each of which may
have some
subtypes). Also included in some theorists' definition of construction
are
components of sentences such as the prepositional phrase, the noun phrase,

or the genitive noun phrase. Traditional constructions may have some
specific words or morphemes associated with them (e.g. by in the
full passive,
's in the genitive), but these are generally closed-class
morphemes. Almost by
definition, traditional constructions are relatively abstract patterns
that apply
across whole classes of open-class morphemes.

One of the defining features of modern-day generative grammar is the

absence of constructions. Chomsky (1981) hypothesized that grammatical

structure comprises two primary levels: the level of principles and parameters,

which is much more abstract than constructions and includes
everything from the subjacency constraint to the empty category principle,

and the level of the lexicon, which includes all of the concrete morphemes

and words of a particular language. In this view, constructions represent
a
‘middle level’ of analysis that is, in effect, an epiphenomenon
resulting from
the interaction of the two primary levels. One outcome of this theoretical

move has been that generative linguists concerned with construction-level

phenomena have had to fill the generative lexicon with ever richer types
of
linguistic information, especially for verbs (e.g. Bresnan, 1982; Jackendoff,

1990; Levin, 1995; Pinker, 1989).
Farce or Failure? Feminist Tendencies in Mainstream Australian Theatre
Authors: Fensham Rachel
Published: July 2002

A feminist analysis of the repertoire written and directed by women within mainstream Australian theatre at the end of the millennium reveals that, in spite of thirty years of active feminism in Australia, as well as feminist theatre criticism and practice, the mainstream has only partially absorbed the influence of feminist ideas. A survey of all the mainland state theatre companies reveals the number of women making work for the mainstream and discusses the production politics that frames their representation as repertoire. Although theatre has become increasingly feminized, closer analysis reveals that women's theatre is either contained or diminished by its presence within the mainstream or utilizes conventional theatrical genres and dramatic narratives. Feminist theatre criticism, thus, needs to become more concerned with the material politics of mainstream culture, in which gender relations are being reconstructed under the power of a new economic and social order.
Temporal changes in woody-plant use and the ekwar indigenous tree management system along the Turkwel River, Kenya
Authors: Stave J. , Oba G. , Stenseth N.C.
Published: July 2002

Indigenous systems of management for regulating extraction of non-timber forest products (NTFP) have not been well documented in arid zone grazing lands. Conservation projects have therefore lacked information on customary rights to trees, while they have enforced systems of tree resource management that often conflicted with the indigenous system. This study focused on the indigenous tree tenure system of the Turkana pastoralists called ekwar (plural ngikwarin). The indigenous tree management system in 15.4 km2 of the Turkwel River floodplain woodlands near Lodwar, Kenya was investigated. The study began in 1990 after impoundment of the Turkwel Gorge Dam. In 1990 and 1998, Turkana pastoralists were interviewed about the ekwar. In individual ngikwarin woody cover, wood volume and woody-plant density were measured, and wood extraction assessed in terms of stems and twigs removed by the pastoralists and the urban population of Lodwar. Intensity of charcoal burning was assessed in terms of the density of earthen kilns, and livestock impact in terms of browsing frequency on woody plants. Potential Acacia tortilis litter production was estimated and an ekwar quality index developed to describe woodland productivity conditions. Tree produce was shared with and leased to friends and relatives. Woody cover showed no significant changes, while woody-plant density and volume declined, over the 8-year period. The Turkana usually do not cut live trees, but use dead trees and dry tree-parts for making charcoal. Increased kiln density and increased extraction of tree-parts were considered to be indicative of increased pressure on the riverine woodlands. Livestock browsing did not seem to contribute to woodland degradation. However, decline in woody-plant density and volume might have contributed to the reduction of litter production of A. tortilis. Trends in woodlands in the floodplain might be associated with damming of the Turkwel River and local anthropogenic pressures. Also, the ekwar system of tree tenure seemed to be threatened by the official forestry policy that it be ignored. Incorporating the ekwar system into the forestry conservation policy may achieve sustainable use and improve conservation of the Turkwel River floodplain woodlands.
Amoebiasis among institutionalized psychiatric patients in Taiwan
Authors: CHENG H.-S. , WANG L.-C.
Published: July 2002

Although information on amoebiasis among institutionalized psychiatric patients is available,
reports on the relationship between behaviour and this infection are not abundant. From July
1995 to June 1996, stool and blood samples were collected from 565 patients in three
psychiatric hospitals of North Taiwan. Stool samples were examined using the direct smear and
formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation techniques as well as ProSpecT® Entamoeba histolytica
Microplate Assay kit. Blood samples were examined by the Amebiasis Serology Microwell
ELISA kit. Among these patients, 14 (2·5%) harboured one or two species of intestinal
parasites. There were 6 (1·1%) E. histolytica/E. dispar cyst passers: 5 positive in stool ELISA
test and 2 with antibodies against E. histolytica. Among demographic factors, type of
psychiatric disorder and disability, only a significant sexual difference in seropositivity of
E. histolytica was observed. These findings indicate that the infected patients acquired the
infections before they entered the hospitals.
Genetic analysis of type O viruses responsible for epidemics
of foot-and-mouth disease in North Africa
Authors: SAMUEL A. R. , KNOWLES N. J. , MACKAY D. K. J.
Published: July 2002

The nucleotide sequences of the 3′ end of the capsid-coding region were determined for 30
serotype O foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) viruses isolated between 1987 and 1994 from
outbreaks in North Africa and the Middle East. These sequences were compared with the
previously published sequences of 9 field virus isolates from the Middle East and 5 vaccine
virus strains, 3 of which originated from the Middle East (O1/Turkey/Manisa/69,
O1/Sharquia/Egypt/72 and O1/Israel/2/85) and 2
from Europe (O1/Lausanne/Switzerland/65
and O2/Brescia/Italy/47). Cluster analysis of these sequences
using the unweighted pair group
mean average (UPGMA) method showed: (i) that the FMD viruses isolated from North Africa
and the Middle East were very different from the classical European vaccine strains; (ii) that
all the viruses isolated during the 1989–92 North African epidemic formed a cluster differing
by no more than 6% from each other; (iii) a virus isolated in Libya in 1988 was unrelated to
the aforementioned epidemic; and (iv) viruses from a second, less extensive epidemic, occurring
in 1994, fell into yet another cluster.
Erratum
Authors: GARMORY H. S. , CHANTER N. , FRENCH N. P. , BUESCHEL D. , SONGER J. G. , TITBALL R. W.
Published: July 2002

Epidemiol. Infect.124 (2000), 61–7

Occurrence ofClostridium perfringensβ2-toxin amongst animals,
determined using genotyping and subtyping PCR assays

Page 61, Summary, line 7, should read:

‘… and the gene encoding β2-toxin was …’