bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of paraffin oils in agriculture and beyond: back to the future
Authors: Baliota Georgia V. , Athanassiou Christos G.
Published: November 2022

Paraffin (petroleum) oils have been used for many years for their insecticidal properties, but relatively little research had been conducted towards their introduction into the agricultural praxis, due to their potential phytotoxic effects. In the recent years, however, there has been an increased interest in petroleum-based pesticides due to their compatibility with integrated pest management (IPM) programs. Various improvements in the refinement methods have enhanced the manufacture of commercial products with many advantageous features over the original oil formulas. However, literature is still lacking of a general overview about the applicability of newly introduced commercial petroleum oils in agriculture and their compatibility with modern pest management practices. Therefore, the present work aims to depict the current status of petroleum oils in arboriculture and beyond, providing an in-depth analysis of their insecticidal properties with respect to the knowledge gained over the years about the factors responsible for the pesticidal efficacy and the phytotoxic activity of petroleum-derived oil insecticides. Moreover, commercial aspects of petroleum oil formulations and their toxicological profile to non-target organisms have also been addressed through the current legislation in EU and the USA.
Molecular Imaging of the GABAergic System in Parkinson’s Disease and Atypical Parkinsonisms
Authors: Terkelsen Miriam H. , Hvingelby Victor S. , Pavese Nicola
Published: November 2022

Purpose of Review

During recent years, there has been a growing interest in GABAergic alterations in parkinsonian disorders. This paper aims to review the latest literature published, focusing on in vivo neuroimaging, and to suggest potential future avenues of research in the field.

Recent Findings

A growing number of neuroimaging studies have focused on the association with different symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, thereby suggesting a GABAergic role in motor symptoms, gait disturbances, frontal cognition, somatic symptom disorder, and hallucinations. However, there are a number of conflicting results, and further investigations in larger, clinically well-defined cohorts are needed to elucidate possible correlations. In progressive supranuclear palsy, recent evidence suggests a decrease of GABA in the frontal lobe.

In this narrative review, we discuss the possible GABAergic role in the symptoms of PD and atypical parkinsonisms and outline possible research strategies for future neuroimaging of GABAergic changes in parkinsonian disorders.
Attention Performance as an Embedded Validity Indicator in the Cognitive Assessment of Early Retirement Claimants
Authors: Fuermaier Anselm B. M. , Dandachi-Fitzgerald Brechje , Lehrner Johann
Published: November 2022

The assessment of performance validity is essential in any neuropsychological evaluation. However, relatively few measures exist that are based on attention performance embedded within routine cognitive tasks. The present study explores the potential value of a computerized attention test, the Cognitrone, as an embedded validity indicator in the neuropsychological assessment of early retirement claimants. Two hundred and sixty-five early retirement claimants were assessed with the Word Memory Test (WMT) and the Cognitrone. WMT scores were used as the independent criterion to determine performance validity. Speed and accuracy measures of the Cognitrone were analyzed in receiver operating characteristics (ROC) to classify group membership. The Cognitrone was sensitive in revealing attention deficits in early retirement claimants. Further, 54% (n = 143) of the individuals showed noncredible cognitive performance, whereas 46% (n = 122) showed credible cognitive performance. Individuals failing the performance validity assessment showed slower (AUC = 79.1%) and more inaccurate (AUC = 79.5%) attention performance than those passing the performance validity assessment. A compound score integrating speed and accuracy revealed incremental value as indicated by AUC = 87.9%. Various cut scores are suggested, resulting in equal rates of 80% sensitivity and specificity (cut score = 1.297) or 69% sensitivity with 90% specificity (cut score = 0.734). The present study supports the sensitivity of the Cognitrone for the assessment of attention deficits in early retirement claimants and its potential value as an embedded validity indicator. Further research on different samples and with multidimensional criteria for determining invalid performance are required before clinical application can be suggested.
Estimating Latent Linear Correlations from Fuzzy Frequency Tables
Authors: Calcagnì Antonio
Published: November 2022

This research concerns the estimation of latent linear or polychoric correlations from fuzzy frequency tables. Fuzzy counts are of particular interest to many disciplines including social and behavioral sciences and are especially relevant when observed data are classified using fuzzy categories—as for socioeconomic studies, clinical evaluations, content analysis, inter-rater reliability analysis—or when imprecise observations are classified into either precise or imprecise categories—as for the analysis of ratings data or fuzzy-coded variables. In these cases, the space of count matrices is no longer defined over naturals and, consequently, the polychoric estimator cannot be used to accurately estimate latent linear correlations. The aim of this contribution is twofold. First, we illustrate a computational procedure based on generalized natural numbers for computing fuzzy frequencies. Second, we reformulate the problem of estimating latent linear correlations from fuzzy counts in the context of expectation–maximization-based maximum likelihood estimation. A simulation study and two applications are used to investigate the characteristics of the proposed method. Overall, the results show that the fuzzy EM-based polychoric estimator is more efficient to deal with imprecise count data as opposed to standard polychoric estimators that may be used in this context.
A review of current understanding in tribochemical reactions involving lubricant additives
Authors: Chen Yan , Renner Peter , Liang Hong
Published: November 2022

Lubricants have played important roles in friction and wear reduction and increasing efficiency of mechanical systems. To optimize tribological performance, chemical reactions between a lubricant and a substrate must be designed strategically. Tribochemical reactions are chemical reactions enabled or accelerated by mechanical stimuli. Tribochemically activated lubricant additives play important roles in these reactions. In this review, current understanding in mechanisms of chemical reactions under shear has been discussed. Additives such as oil-soluble organics, ionic liquids (ILs), and nanoparticles (NPs) were analyzed in relation to the tribochemical reaction routes with elements in metallic substrates. The results indicated that phosphorus, sulfur, fluorine, and nitrogen are key elements for tribochemical reactions. The resulting tribofilms from zinc dithiophosphates (ZDDP) and molybdenum dithiocarbamate (MoDTC) have been widely reported, yet that from ILs and NPs need to investigate further. This review serves as a reference for researchers to design and optimize new lubricants.
Asymptotic Radial Solution of Parabolic Tempered Fractional Laplacian Problem
Authors: Wang Guotao , Liu Yuchuan , Nieto Juan J. , Zhang Lihong
Published: November 2022

We study parabolic equation with the tempered fractional Laplacian and logarithmic nonlinearity by the direct method of moving planes. We first prove several important theorems, such as asymptotic maximum principle, asymptotic narrow region principle and asymptotic strong maximum principle for antisymmetric functions, which are critical factors in the process of moving planes. Then, we further derive some properties of asymptotic radial solution to parabolic equation with the tempered fractional Laplacian and logarithmic nonlinearity in a unit ball. These consequences can be applied to investigate more nonlinear nonlocal parabolic equations.
Author multidisciplinarity and disciplinary roles in field of study networks
Authors: Cunningham Eoghan , Smyth Barry , Greene Derek
Published: November 2022

When studying large research corpora, “distant reading” methods are vital to understand the topics and trends in the corresponding research space. In particular, given the recognised benefits of multidisciplinary research, it may be important to map schools or communities of diverse research topics, and to understand the multidisciplinary role that topics play within and between these communities. This work proposes Field of Study (FoS) networks as a novel network representation for use in scientometric analysis. We describe the formation of FoS networks, which relate research topics according to the authors who publish in them, from corpora of articles in which fields of study can be identified. FoS networks are particularly useful for the distant reading of large datasets of research papers when analysed through the lens of exploring multidisciplinary science. In an evolving scientific landscape, modular communities in FoS networks offer an alternative categorisation strategy for research topics and sub-disciplines, when compared to traditional prescribed discipline classification schemes. Furthermore, structural role analysis of FoS networks can highlight important characteristics of topics in such communities. To support this, we present two case studies which explore multidisciplinary research in corpora of varying size and scope; namely, 6323 articles relating to network science research and 4,184,011 articles relating to research on the COVID-19-pandemic.
A CEO’s Future Temporal Depth and Organizational Resilience
Authors: Weis Maximilian , Klarner Patricia
Published: November 2022

Scholars have long investigated the organizational antecedents of resilience, but less is known about CEO-level antecedents. This is surprising, since upper echelons research suggests that a CEO influences major firm decisions. Addressing this gap in our knowledge, we suggest that a CEO prepares for and adjusts to unexpected events in the environment on the basis of the individual future temporal depth (FTD). It reflects the temporal distance into the future that a CEO usually takes into consideration when contemplating future events. Our study of CEOs of 462 S&P500 firms during the Global Financial Crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic shows that a CEO’s longer FTD is associated with less severe economic losses but with a longer recovery time from adversity. If such a CEO can draw on a functionally diverse TMT, the losses are less severe, while prior organizational crisis experience reduces the recovery time. Our paper contributes to organizational resilience research by uncovering its cognitive underpinnings and offering a contextual learning perspective on organizational resilience. We also contribute to upper echelons research by unveiling a CEO’s role in preparing for and adjusting to adversity.
The Late and Final Middle Palaeolithic of Central Europe and Its Contributions to the Formation of the Regional Upper Palaeolithic: a Review and a Synthesis
Authors: Jöris Olaf , Neruda Petr , Wiśniewski Andrzej , Weiss Marcel
Published: November 2022

For decades, the relationship of pre-modern hominins to anatomically modern humans (AMH) and the transition from mode 3 to mode 4 industries remain topics of ongoing scientific debate. Over the last 20 years, different disciplines have added new data and much detail to these questions, highlighting the demographic and social and cultural complexity underlaying these major changes or turnovers in human evolution. As with most other regions outside Africa, archaeologists faced long-lasting discussions whether or not the central European archaeological record is to be understood as a regional transition from the Middle Palaeolithic (MP) to the Upper Palaeolithic (UP) or if it is characterised by the replacement of Neanderthal MP techno-complexes by industries of overall UP character imported by modern humans. These debates have been re-fuelled by the discoveries of new sites, of new hominin fossil remains and by aDNA studies pinpointing towards the arrival of AMH in Europe several millennia earlier than previously thought (Slimak et al., Science Advances,8, eabj9496, 2022; Hajdinjak et al., Nature,592, 253-257, 2021; Prüfer et al., Nature Ecology & Evolution,5, 820–825, 2021). Together with new radiometric age-estimates and detailed archaeological site studies, these developments call to recapture the present knowledge of the Late (LMP) and Final Middle Palaeolithic (FMP) of central Europe, viewed from the perspective of lithic technology and typology, raw material exploitation and land-use strategies. We will review and characterise this record as it represents the demographic and cultural substrate that AMH had met and will discuss to which degree this substrate contributed to the formation of the central European UP.
Hearing threshold and physical performance in older people: a cross-sectional study from the HUNT4 cohort
Authors: Kolasa Sylwia , Bogen Bård , Nilsen Roy Miodini , Nordahl Stein Helge Glad , Goplen Frederik Kragerud , Engdahl Bo , Meldrum Dara , Berge Jan Erik , Wilhelmsen Kjersti Thulin , Thingstad Pernille , Aarhus Lisa , Magnussen Liv Heide
Published: November 2022

Purpose

To evaluate the association between increased hearing loss and reduced physical performance in older people.

Methods

Cross-sectional population-based study using data from the fourth wave of the Trøndelag Health Survey (HUNT4) in Norway. Data were obtained from the subproject HUNT4 Hearing which collected audiometric data of people > 70 years (N = 13,197). Analyses were performed on all participants who had completed audiometry and measured balance using the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), which was scored from 0 (worst score) to 12. The hearing threshold was expressed as a pure tone average (PTA). Associations between the hearing threshold for the best and worst ear and physical performance were analyzed by linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, education, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Hearing threshold was indicated with steps of 10 dB.

Results

Of 13,197 eligible participants, 4101 who completed audiometry and SPPB (52.3% women. mean age 76.3 years) were included. The analyses revealed an association between reduced SPPB and increased hearing threshold in the best ear (b = − 0.296; 95% CI − 0.343 to − 0. 249; P < 0.001) and the worst ear (b = − 0.229; 95% CI − 0.270 to − 0.189; P < 0.001).

Conclusions

In this population study, we found that the increased hearing threshold was associated to reduced physical performance as measured by SPPB. The association seemed to be strongest for the best ear. The association between hearing threshold and physical performance illustrates the importance of assessing physical performance in people with hearing loss to prevent the risk of falls and disability. The underlying causes of the associations between hearing loss and poorer physical performance are not fully understood and should be further investigated.

Level of evidence

Level 3.
Wood waste biochar promoted anaerobic digestion of food waste: focusing on the characteristics of biochar and microbial community analysis
Authors: Zhang Chao , Yang Rui , Sun Meichen , Zhang Shicheng , He Mingjing , Tsang Daniel C. W. , Luo Gang
Published: November 2022

Anaerobic digestion (AD) has been considered as a promising technique for food waste (FW) recycling. However, the accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) restricts the stability of anaerobic reactors. The present study investigated the use of biochar produced at different conditions (750 °C-30 min, 750 °C-60 min, 750 °C-120 min, 550 °C-60 min, 650 °C-60 min, 850 °C-60 min, 950 °C-60 min) for enhancing the AD of FW. Batch experiments showed that all the biochar increased the methane production rates and biochar obtained at 750 °C-60 min resulted in the highest enhancement by 21.5%. It was further showed surface oxygen-containing functional groups and graphitization degree of biochar were the critical factors for improving methane production. Microbial analysis showed that biochar addition formed different microbial communities, andMethanosaeta,Romboutsia, andnorank_f_Anaerolineaceaewere enriched, which might be correlated with direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET). This research showed biochar could enhance the AD of FW and also revealed the main characteristics of biochar relating with the enhancement of AD.

Graphical Abstract
Biofunctional impact of textured coatings in the application of heart assist therapy
Authors: Kurtyka Przemysław , Kopernik Magdalena , Kaczmarek Marcin , Surmiak Marcin , Major Łukasz , Kustosz Roman , Więcek Justyna , Kurtyka Klaudia , Bartkowiak Amanda , Major Roman
Published: November 2022

Due to a lack of organs, cardiac support systems are being implanted in patients with severe congestive heart failure. One of the solutions to overcome complications such as inflow obstruction or pump thrombosis, which may occur in the case of ventricular assist devices, is to modify the surface of cannulas for the controlled blood clotting process. The results obtained up till now for developed surface coatings clearly show the influence of topographical and mechanical parameters of the coatings on cell viability and protein adsorption mechanism. The new coatings should enable the controlled growth of scar tissue, resulting in the limitation of thromboembolic events, and the reduction of cystic tissue growth into the flow lumen. The aim of this study is to evaluate the correlation between surface topography parameters on the susceptibility of cells to grow and adhere to the substrate as a solution with potential for use in MCS (mechanical circulatory support) devices. Research on surfaces used in MCS devices and on inflow cannulas has been carried out for many years, while the novelty of the present solution makes it a milestone within that type of application simultaneously allowing for appropriate selection of process parameters. Surface modification of titanium alloy Ti6Al7Nb was carried out using vacuum powder sintering of CP-Ti (commercially pure titanium) powder with two morphologies (regular spheres and irregular grains). The characterization of coatings obtained with the proposed method and the influence of measured topographic parameters (applying scanning electron microscopy, contact angle measurement and contact profilometry) on the cytotoxicity and susceptibility to protein adsorption were presented. Advanced albumin adsorption studies have fully confirmed the dependence of surface complexity on protein adsorption. The obtained results show a high potential of the produced coatings toward enabling permanent integration at the implant with the soft tissue.
Enhanced Salp Search Algorithm for Optimization Extreme Learning Machine and Application to Dew Point Temperature Prediction
Authors: Zhang Xiangmin , Zhou Yongquan , Huang Huajuan , Luo Qifang
Published: November 2022

Extreme learning machine (ELM) is popular as a method of training single hidden layer feedforward neural networks. However, the ELMs optimized by the traditional gradient descent algorithms cannot fundamentally solve the influence of the random selection of the input weights and biases. Therefore, this paper proposes a method of extreme learning machine optimized by an enhanced salp search algorithm (NSSA-ELM). Salp search algorithm (SSA) is a metaheuristic algorithm, to improve the performance of SSA exploration and avoid getting stuck in local optima, the neighborhood centroid opposite‑based learning is used to optimize SSA. This method maintains the diversity of the population, which is conducive to avoid local optimization and accelerate convergence. This paper performs classification tests on NSSA and other metaheuristic-optimized ELMs on ten datasets, and regression tests on 5 datasets. Finally, the prediction ability of dew point temperature is evaluated. The meteorological data of five climatically representative cities in China from 2016 to 2022 were collected to predict the dew point temperature. The experimental results show that the NSSA-ELM is the best model, and its generalization performance and accuracy are better than other models.
European Digital Sovereignty: A Layered Approach
Authors: Sheikh Haroon
Published: November 2022

The paper uses a stack model to come to an estimation of the EU's digital capacities on the global stage. Digital capacities are hard to measure and involve a wide variety of technologies ranging from semiconductors and network infrastructure to artificial intelligence and Internet of Things-devices. By adopting Benjamin Bratton's speculative work on the stack as the contemporary organizing principle of sovereignty, this paper presents a layered approach to digital technology and then assesses the EU's capacities across those layers. It aims to provide a framework to discern connections across different digital technologies and reason about required policies to achieve the EU's goal of digital sovereignty.
Application of 2‑gram and 3‑gram to Obtain Factor Scores of Statements Posted at Q&A Sites
Authors: Yokoyama Yuya , Hochin Teruhisa , Nomiya Hiroki
Published: November 2022

With a view to solving the mismatches between the ideas of questioners and respondents of Question and Answer (Q&A) sites, impression evaluation experiments have resulted in obtaining nine factors of impressions. Then through multiple regression analysis factor scores have been estimated by utilizing the feature values of statements, such as syntactic information, etc. Those factor scores calculated were subsequently employed for inspecting their potential to detect respondents who are expected and likely to appropriately answer a newly posted question. Nevertheless, our method so far has largely depended on the syntactic information extracted through morphological analysis. Moreover, the number of explanatory variables utilized for obtaining factor scores has been appreciably extravagant and complex. Thus, instead of morphological analysis, 2-gram was applied to the explanatory variables to estimate factor scores. The analysis result with the application of 2-gram has led to greater estimation accuracy than the case of morphological analysis for all nine factors. For further perception and comparison, in this paper, 3-gram was applied to the feature values in place of 2-gram or morphological analysis, in a similar fashion as the previous analysis using 2-gram. Further analysis has shown that 2-gram and 3-gram outperform morphological analysis in terms of estimation accuracy. Comparing the results for the nine factors, 2-gram showed the best results. It could also be suggested that a mere 2-gram or 3-gram would be sufficient in applying N-gram as syntactic information of the feature values to estimate factor scores.
Climate Change and Land
Authors: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Published: November 2022

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading international body for assessing the science related to climate change. It provides policymakers with regular assessments of the scientific basis of human-induced climate change, its impacts and future risks, and options for adaptation and mitigation. This IPCC Special Report on Climate Change and Land (SRCCL) is the most comprehensive and up-to-date scientific assessment of the multiple interactions between climate change and land, assessing climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. It assesses the options for governance and decision-making across multiple scales. It serves policymakers, decision makers, stakeholders, and all interested parties with unbiased, up-to-date, policy-relevant information. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Dissection in Classical Antiquity
Authors: Bubb Claire
Published: November 2022

Dissection is a practice with a long history stretching back to antiquity and has played a crucial role in the development of anatomical knowledge. This absorbing book takes the story back to classical antiquity, employing a wide range of textual and material evidence. Claire Bubb reveals how dissection was practised from the Hippocratic authors of the fifth century BC through Aristotle and the Hellenistic doctors Herophilus and Erasistratus to Galen in the second century AD. She focuses on its material concerns and social contexts, from the anatomical subjects (animal or human) and how they were acquired, to the motivations and audiences of dissection, to its place in the web of social contexts that informed its reception, including butchery, sacrifice, and spectacle. The book concludes with a thorough examination of the relationship of dissection to the development of anatomical literature into Late Antiquity.
Everyday Choices
Authors: Lust Ellen M.
Published: November 2022

Scholars and practitioners seek development solutions through the engineering and strengthening of state institutions. Yet, the state is not the only or the primary arena shaping how citizens, service providers and state officials engage in actions that constitute politics and development. These individuals are members of religious orders, ethnic communities, and other groups that make claims on them, creating incentives that shape their actions. Recognizing how individuals experience these claims and view the choices before them is essential to understanding political processes and development outcomes. This Element establishes a framework elucidating these forces, which is key to knowledge accumulation, designing future research and effective programming. Taking an institutional approach, this Element explains how the salience of arenas of authority associated with various communities and the nature of social institutions within them affect politics and development. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Philosophy and its Institutions: Politics at the Heart of the Canon
Authors: Valpione Giulia
Published: November 2022

This article highlights the importance of new research on women philosophers and addresses some methodological issues to be taken in consideration. The thesis presented here is that through this new line of research it is possible to analyse the close connection between philosophy, politics and institutions. The paper opens with a critique of the assumption that philosophy has until recently been the exclusive property of men, giving the example of some forgotten women philosophers who lived in Hegel's time. After considering the risk of ghettoization inherent in Women's Studies, the author closes by showing how the reconsideration of women philosophers can help to question the methodology and the status of philosophy in general, and in particular to question the philosophical canon. The text serves as an introduction to a special issue of theHegel Bulletindedicated to women philosophers in Hegel's time.
Staircase solutions and stability in vertically confined salt-finger convection
Authors: Liu Chang , Julien Keith , Knobloch Edgar
Published: November 2022

Bifurcation analysis of confined salt-finger convection using single-mode equations obtained from a severely truncated Fourier expansion in the horizontal is performed. Strongly nonlinear staircase-like solutions having, respectively, one (S1), two (S2) and three (S3) regions of mixed salinity in the vertical direction are computed using numerical continuation, and their stability properties are determined. Near onset, the one-layer S1 solution is stable and corresponds to maximum salinity transport among the three solutions. The S2 and S3 solutions are unstable but exert an influence on the statistics observed in direct numerical simulations (DNS) in larger two-dimensional (2-D) domains. Secondary bifurcations of S1 lead either to tilted-finger (TF1) or to travelling wave (TW1) solutions, both accompanied by the spontaneous generation of large-scale shear, a process favoured for lower density ratios and Prandtl numbers ($Pr$). These states at low$Pr$are associated, respectively, with two-layer and three-layer staircase-like salinity profiles in the mean. States breaking reflection symmetry in the midplane are also computed. In two dimensions and for low$Pr$, the DNS results favour direction-reversing tilted fingers resembling the pulsating wave state observed in other systems. Two-layer and three-layer mean salinity profiles corresponding to reversing tilted fingers and TW1 are observed in 2-D DNS averaged over time. The single-mode solutions close to the high wavenumber onset are in an excellent agreement with 2-D DNS in small horizontal domains and compare well with 3-D DNS.
EDITORS’ INTRODUCTION: Transgender Health Equity and the Law
Authors: Walter-McCabe Heather , Chen Alexander
Published: November 2022

The sheer gamut of issues impacting transgender health equity may seem overwhelming. This article seeks to introduce readers to the breadth of topics addressed in this symposium edition, exemplifying that transgender health equity is a global issue that demands an interdisciplinary approach.
Intersectional Structural Stigma, Community Priorities, and Opportunities for Transgender Health Equity: Findings from TRANSforming the Carolinas
Authors: Poteat Tonia , Simmons Ames
Published: November 2022

In this manuscript, “Intersectional Structural Stigma, Community Priorities, and Opportunities for Transgender Health Equity,” Poteat and Simmons outline the legal and policy barriers that impede efforts to end the HIV epidemic among transgender people in the South. They present qualitative and quantitative data from a community engaged research study conducted with transgender adults and other key stakeholders as well as finding from an analysis of policies impacting transgender people in both states. Violence prevention and decriminalization are highlighted as key policy initiatives that would advance health equity for transgender people.
Spatial variability in winter mass balance on Storglaciären modelled with a terrain-based approach
Authors: Terleth Yoram , van Pelt Ward J. J. , Pettersson Rickard
Published: November 2022

Although most processes governing the surface mass balance on mountain glaciers are well understood, the causes and extent of spatial variability in accumulation remain poorly constrained. In the present study, we couple an energy balance–snow and firn mass-balance model to terrain-based modelling routines estimating mass redistribution by snowdrift, preferential deposition and avalanching. We find this newly coupled model improves the spatial accuracy of winter balance simulations on Storglaciären, Sweden, while retaining versatility and a low computational cost. Accumulation on Storglaciären is primarily driven by direct precipitation, which is locally increased due to small-scale orographic effects. Wind-driven snow transport leads to substantial deposition in the accumulation zone and slight erosion in the ablation zone. Avalanching is the smallest contributor to winter balance, but cannot be neglected. The role of mass transporting processes in maintaining the current mass equilibrium on Storglaciären highlights the necessity to understand the links between climatic predictors and accumulation in order to accurately assess climate sensitivity.
Validity of the wave stationarity assumption on estimates of wave attenuation in sea ice: toward a method for wave–ice attenuation observations at global scales
Authors: Voermans Joey J. , Xu Xingkun , Babanin Alexander V.
Published: November 2022

In situ observations of wave attenuation by sea ice are required to develop and validate wave–ice interaction parameterizations in coupled wave models. To estimate ice-induced wave attenuation in the field, the wave field is typically assumed to be stationary. In this study we investigate the validity of this assumption by creating a synthetic wave field in sea ice for different attenuation rates. We observe that errors in estimates of the wave attenuation rates are largest when attenuation rates are small or temporal averaging periods are short. Moreover, the adoption of the wave stationarity assumption can lead to negative estimates of the instantaneous wave attenuation rate. These apparent negative values should therefore not be attributed to wave growth or erroneous measurements a priori. Surprisingly, we observe that the validity of the wave stationarity assumption is irrelevant to the accuracy of estimates of wave attenuation rates as long as the temporal averaging period is taken sufficiently long. This may provide opportunities in using satellite-derived products to estimate wave attenuation rates in sea ice at global scales.
KEISLER’S THEOREM AND CARDINAL INVARIANTS
Authors: GOTO TATSUYA
Published: November 2022

We consider several variants of Keisler’s isomorphism theorem. We separate these variants by showing implications between them and cardinal invariants hypotheses. We characterize saturation hypotheses that are stronger than Keisler’s theorem with respect to models of size
$\aleph _1$
and
$\aleph _0$
by
$\mathrm {CH}$
and
$\operatorname {cov}(\mathsf {meager}) = \mathfrak {c} \land 2^{<\mathfrak {c}} = \mathfrak {c}$
respectively. We prove that Keisler’s theorem for models of size
$\aleph _1$
and
$\aleph _0$
implies
$\mathfrak {b} = \aleph _1$
and
$\operatorname {cov}(\mathsf {null}) \le \mathfrak {d}$
respectively. As a consequence, Keisler’s theorem for models of size
$\aleph _0$
fails in the random model. We also show that for Keisler’s theorem for models of size
$\aleph _1$
to hold it is not necessary that
$\operatorname {cov}(\mathsf {meager})$
equals
$\mathfrak {c}$
.
The effects of knowledge spillovers and vineyard proximity on winery clustering
Authors: Stuen Eric , Liao Haifeng , Miller Jon
Published: November 2022

We study the effect of proximity to other wineries on the formation of new wineries and how this effect depends on winemaking history in a location. Clustering is common in the wine industry, but it also depends on other factors, such as proximity to vineyards and high-reputation wineries. Using panel data with annual observations from 1994 to 2014 on 598 zip codes within Washington State, we estimate empirical models that control for proximity to wineries, proximity to vines, proximity to income, and the presence of star wineries. We find that the elasticity of the number of wineries with respect to proximity to wineries outside the zip code hinges on the length of local winemaking history. For locations with 11 or more winery years prior to our sample, the elasticity is at least 0.44. The presence of elite wineries is also found to have an effect, with about 0.5 additional wineries per year starting in a zip code per star winery. The effect of history suggests that policies to seed winery start-ups will help cluster formation, but only with a substantial critical mass of winemaking activity.
Do gains in political representation sweeten tax reform in China? It depends on who you ask
Authors: Kao Jay C. , Lü Xiaobo , Queralt Didac
Published: November 2022

Governments can grant political concessions to induce quasi-voluntary compliance with taxation, yet empirical evidence probing the taxation–representation connection remains inconclusive. We contend that this association remains valid but it is primarily confined to business elites in nondemocratic regimes because the same wealth that exposes them to state predation also incentivizes them to endorse tax policies that offer greater political representation. We test our argument by evaluating preferences for hypothetical tax reforms in separate samples of business elites and ordinary citizens in China. We find that business elites show stronger preference than nonelites for tax policies that include advances in political representation. We explore various mechanisms for our results and find support for government credibility, tax ownership, and tax salience considerations.
PPARγ-AGPAT6 signaling mediates acetate-induced mTORC1 activation and milk fat synthesis in mammary epithelial cells of dairy cows
Authors: Liu Can , Liu Chuanping , Gong Xiaoqing , Jiang Yi , Yang Yang , Zhang Jinyou , Hou Xiaoming , Lin Ye
Published: November 2022

This research communication investigated the role and the underlying mechanism of sn-1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase 6 (AGPAT6) in acetate-induced mTORC1 signaling activation and milk fat synthesis in dairy cow mammary epithelial cells. The data showed AGPAT6 knockdown significantly decreased acetate-induced phosphorylation of mTORC1 signaling molecules and intracellular triacylglycerol (TAG) content, whereas this inhibition effect was reversed after the addition of 16:0,18:1 phosphatidic acid (PA), suggesting that AGPAT6 could generate PA in response to acetate simulation, that in turn activates mTORC1 signaling. PPARγ is the upstream regulator of AGPAT6 upon acetate stimulation. Luciferase assay with clones containing various deletions and mutation in AGPAT6 promoter showed that there is a RXRα binding sequence located at −96 bp of AGPAT6 promoter. Acetate stimulation significantly increased the interaction between PPARγ and AGPAT6 via this RXRα binding site. Taken together, our data indicated that AGPAT6 could activate mTORC1 signaling by producing PA during acetate-induced milk fat synthesis, and PPARγ acts as a transcription factor to mediate the effect of acetate on AGPAT6 via RXRα.
The deep history of imaginary worlds
Authors: Wiessner Polly
Published: November 2022

If recent exploratory traditions tap into evolved psychological dispositions to explore, wouldn't humans be expected to have drawn on such dispositions long before the written word? Trickster oral traditions fill this role in all levels of society, affluence, and on all continents, inverting the boundaries of social worlds and those between humans and animals, fostering cultural innovation.
Cognitive exploration drives engagement and re-engagement with imaginary worlds, but not spatial exploration as predicted by evolutionary theory
Authors: Dunk Rebecca , Mar Raymond A.
Published: November 2022

The empirical evidence for exploration underlying the appeal of imaginary worlds is mostly absent or contradictory. Openness, and the cognitive exploration it represents, provides a better account than the overall drive to explore predicted by evolutionary theory. Furthermore, exploration cannot explain why imaginary worlds foster frequent re-engagement.
The evolution of imagination and the adaptive value of imaginary worlds
Authors: Moore Richard , Hills Thomas
Published: November 2022

Characterizing the cultural evolution of imaginary worlds as a hedonic but non-adaptive exaptation from evolved exploratory tendencies, Dubourg and Baumard defend too narrow a conception of the adaptive evolution of imaginary worlds. Imagination and its imaginary worlds are ancient and adaptive, allowing deliberation over actions, consequences, and futures worth aspiring to, often engendering the world we see around us.
The call of the final frontier?
Authors: Salmon Catherine A. , Burch Rebecca L.
Published: November 2022

The target article is focused on locating the popularity of imaginary worlds in our adaptations for exploration. This commentary touches on developmental influences, vicarious enjoyment, the challenging of societal mores, plot, and whether men and women are drawn to the same features in the same ways.
Why frightening imaginary worlds? Morbid curiosity and the learning potential of horror
Authors: Scrivner Coltan , Clasen Mathias
Published: November 2022

In addition to satisfying a predisposition for exploration, fiction with imaginary worlds may also appeal to morbid curiosity, an adaptive motivation to seek out information about dangerous situations. Most imaginary worlds contain narrative elements of danger, and immersion in such worlds may provide people with information that would be costly to acquire in the real world.
Brave new world: Imaginative fictions offer simulated safety and actual benefits
Authors: Nissel Jenny E. , Woolley Jacqueline D.
Published: November 2022

Human engagement with imaginary worlds pervades history (e.g., Paleolithic cave paintings) and development (e.g., 18-month-olds pretend). In providing a safe environment, separate from the real world, fiction offers the opportunity for simulated exploration regardless of external circumstances. Thus, engagement with imaginary worlds in fiction may afford individuals opportunities to reap benefits and transfer these benefits back to the real world.
Middle-earth wasn't built in a day: How do we explain the costs of creating a world?
Authors: Lightner Aaron D. , Heckelsmiller Cynthiann , Hagen Edward H.
Published: November 2022

Dubourg and Baumard explain why fictional worlds are attractive to consumers. A complete account of fictional worlds, however, should also explain why some peoplecreatethem. Creation is a costly and time-consuming process that does not resemble exploration but does resemble the culturally universal phenomenon of knowledge specialization.
“Never Land”: Where do imaginary worlds come from?
Authors: Llewellyn Sue
Published: November 2022

We assume “Imaginary worlds” to be unreal and unfamiliar: high fantasy. I argue they are real and familiar to authors because they comprise memory elements, which blend experience, knowledge, beliefs and pre-occupations. These “bits and pieces” from memories can generate a world, which readers experience as pure imagination. I illustrate using J.M. Barrie's “Never Land” and J.R.R. Tolkien's “Middle-Earth.”
Young children are not driven to explore imaginary worlds
Authors: Nyhout Angela , Lee Ruth
Published: November 2022

We address Dubourg and Baumard's claim that imaginary worlds are most appealing early in the lifespan when the exploratory drive is highest. Preschool-age children prefer fictions set in the real world, and fantastical information can be difficult for children to represent in real time. We speculate that a drive to explore imaginary worlds may emerge after children acquire substantial real-world skills and knowledge. An account of age effects on fictional preferences should encompass developmental change.
The Evidence for the Pharmaceutical Strengthening of Attachment: What, Precisely, Would Love Drugs Enhance?
Authors: Herissone-Kelly Peter N.
Published: November 2022

In recent decades, scientists have begun to identify the brain processes and neurochemicals associated with the different stages of love, including the all-important stage of attachment. Experimental findings—readily seized upon by those bioethicists who want to urge that we sometimes have good reason pharmaceutically to enhance flagging relationships—are presented as demonstrating that attachment is regulated and strengthened by the neuropeptides oxytocin and vasopressin. I shall argue, however, that often what the experimental data in fact show is only that exogenous administration of such chemicals can control and intensify the trappings of attachment, not attachment itself. That this is sometimes overlooked by both scientists and ethicists, is due to attachment being miscategorised as a set of feelings or a drive, rather than as a disposition to think about, feel toward, and behave toward its object in certain distinctive ways.
Double Talk
Authors: Burton Robert A.
Published: November 2022

Symptoms of Consciousness

In this series of short essays, stories, poems, and personal observations, Robert A. Burton, neurologist and writer, uses both fiction and nonfiction to explore many paradoxes and contradictions inherent in scientific inquiry. A novelist as well as author of On Being Certain and A Skeptic’s Guide to the Mind, Burton brings story to science and science to story.
Can We Justify Military Enhancements? Some Yes, Most No
Authors: Hereth Blake , Evans Nicholas
Published: November 2022

The United States Department of Defense has, for at least 20 years, held the stated intention to enhance active military personnel (“warfighters”). This intention has become more acute in the face of dropping recruitment, an aging fighting force, and emerging strategic challenges. However, developing and testing enhancements is clouded by the ethically contested status of enhancements, the long history of abuse by military medical researchers, and new legislation in the guise of “health security” that has enabled the Department of Defense to apply medical interventions without appropriate oversight. This paper aims to reconcile existing legal and regulatory frameworks on military biomedical research with ethical concerns about military enhancements. In what follows, we first outline one justification for military enhancements. The authors then briefly address existing definitional issues over what constitutes enhancement before addressing existing research ethics regulations governing military biomedical research. Next, they argue that two common justifications for rapid military innovation in science and technology, including enhancement, fail. These justifications are (a) to satisfy a compelling military need and (b) strategic dominance. The authors then turn to an objection that turns on the idea that we need not have these justifications if warfighters are willing to adopt enhancement, and argue that laissez-faire approaches to enhancement fail in the context of the military due to pressing and historically significant concerns about coercion and exploitation. The paper concludes with what is referred to as the “least-worst” justification: Given the rise of untested enhancements in civilian and military life, we have good reason to validate potential enhancements even if they do not satisfy reasons (a) or (b) above.
Birth and Decline of Magma Oceans in Planetesimals: 1. Experimental Study of Erosion and Deposition of Particles in an Internally Heated Convecting Fluid
Authors: Sturtz Cyril , Limare Angela , Tait Stephen , Kaminski Édouard
Published: November 2022

This paper is the first of two companion papers presenting a theoretical and experimental study of the evolution of crystallizing magma oceans in planetesimals. We aim to understand the behavior of crystals formed in a convective magma ocean, and the implications of crystal segregation for the thermal and structural evolution of the convective system. In particular, we wish to constrain the possibility to form and preserve cumulates and/or flotation crusts by sedimentation or flotation of crystals respectively. We use lab‐scale analog experiments to study the stability and the erosion of a floating lid composed of plastics beads lying over a convective viscous fluid volumetrically heated by microwave absorption. We propose a law for erosion and re‐entrainment that depends only on two dimensionless numbers that govern these phenomena: (a) the Rayleigh‐Roberts number, characterizing the vigor of convection and (b) the Shields number, that encompasses the physics of the flow‐particle interaction. We further consider the formation of a cumulate at the base of the convective layer by sedimentation of beads that are denser than the fluid. We find that particle deposition occurs at a velocity that scales with the Stokes velocity, a result consistent with previous experimental studies. We build up a model that describes the transient evolution of the convective system's thermal state and the fraction of particles that segregated from the flow or that remain in suspension.