bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A comparison between two in vitro gas production techniques to study fermentation profiles of three foodstuffs
Authors: Lowman R. S. , Jessop N. S. , Theodorou M. K. , Herrero M. , Cuddeford D.
Published: June 2019

Following the development of the Menke technique in 1979, the measurement of gas production in vitro has become increasingly popular for investigating the kinetics of rumen fermentation. The aim of this study was to compare the gas production profiles for three foods using two in vitro gas production techniques; the Menke et al. (1979) technique (MT) and the pressure transducer technique (PTT) (Theodorou et al., 1994). Both techniques involve recording gas production throughout the incubation of a food sample with rumen fluid. The MT incubations are made in gas-tight syringes where the volume of gas produced causes the plunger to move up the syringe barrel. The PTT involves measuring gas production in fermentation bottles using a pressure transducer and syringe assembly to measure the pressure and corresponding gas volume. As the medium to rumen fluid ratios also differ between techniques; 2:1 in the Menke technique and 9:1 in the PTT, both ratios were investigated in this study.
The relationship of cell wall content and cell wall degradation rates measured in situ to digestibility depression of forages given to wether sheep
Authors: Várhegyi I. , Várhegyi J. , Rózsa L.
Published: June 2019

The fractional rate of digestion as compared with the rate of passage can determine the extent of digestion in the digestive tract and the amount of potentially digestible matter escaping digestion (Van Soest, 1982). The lower the rate of digestion or the higher the rate of passage, the more nutrients escape digestion. The effect of rate of passage is higher for food components with slow rates of digestion such as neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) (Mertens, 1985). Increasing feeding level is associated with higher rate of passage, lower residence time in the rumen and decreased digestibility of nutrients. Digestibility depression is considered in several energy evaluation systems (van Es et al., 1978; Moe, 1981; Agricultural and Food Research Council, 1993 etc.) although most of the systems use a standard percentage discounting energy value, regardless of foods or nutrient components. Studies (Tyrell and Moe, 1975) showed that digestibility depression is higher for cell wall than cell solubles, whilst El Khidir and Thomsen (1983) reported that digestibility depression of cell walls was responsible for proportionately 0-7 of the observed decrease in digestibility. Mertens (1985) reported that energy discount factors can be related to NDF content and total digestible nitrogen value of foods. Ørskov (1996) recommended prediction of food potential of both energy value and intake from degradation characteristics.
Brain based phenotypic differences occurring in crib-biting horses: continuing the search for a heritable component
Authors: Hemmings A. J. , McBride S. D.
Published: June 2019

Approximately 8% of European performance horses engage in cribbiting behaviour (McGreevy et al.,1995, Redbo et al., 1998), a trait which can reduce both financial value and welfare status of the animal. An increase in prevalence to 26% was reported in those families originating from crib-biting sires (Vecchiotti and Galantini 1986), tentatively implying that a genetic component may be involved. Indeed, in a herd of Przewalski's horse, there was an 84% chance of offspring crib-biting if they originated from cribbing parents (Marsden and Henderson 1994). Finally, hereditary transmission has been more reliably demonstrated in the rodent, where stereotypy can be induced following 9 days of food restriction in the highly inbred DBA mouse strain, but not the C57 strain (Cabib and Bonaventura 1997) suggesting 1) propagation of a genetic component within the DBA genotype and 2) the requirement of an environmental stressor for stereotypy development. In the rodent model this genetic pre-disposition manifests physiologically as a facilitation of dopamine transmission within the mesolimbic projection following a period of stress (Cabib et al., 1998).
The hydrography of Irvine Bay and its relation to the Clyde Sea Area
Authors: Lewis R. E.
Published: June 2019

Synopsis

Over the period 1973–75, detailed studies were made of the water density structure and circulation of Irvine Bay. Observations showed that offshore waters were influenced by water originating in the Clyde Estuary and the inshore waters were affected by brackish outflow from the Irvine-Garnock Estuary. Long period current records indicated that the movement of water in Irvine Bay and the eastern Clyde Sea Area was particularly responsive to meteorological forcing. Based on data for 1974, the estimated annual mean longshore drift was about 5·0cm/s and directed towards the northwest. Studies of a tracer dye patch over a 1·5 day period showed that horizontal dispersion was influenced by vertical shears in the mean current and that vertical mixing was inhibited by a density interface at less than 4 m depth. The average longitudinal and transverse dispersion coefficients were 2·17m2/s and 0·25 m2/s respectively.
The demersal fishery in the Clyde Sea Area
Authors: Hislop J. R. G.
Published: June 2019

Synopsis

Data from the Clyde demersal fishery during the period 1960 to 1984 are presented. Annual landings of demersal species at Chde ports in recent years have ranged from 4000 to 10,000 tonnes, with a first sale value of £2–5 million. In the 1960s the fishery was undertaken mainly by seine-net vessels, but the present fleet consists largely of dual-purpose light/Nephrops trawlers. The demersal fishery is seasonal and during the winter and spring there is an influx of ‘stranger’ vessels. Five species (cod, whiting, saithe, hake and haddock) make up more than 80% of the demersal landings from the Clyde. The landings of saithe have fluctuated very considerably during the period under review. Other relatively important species are dogfish, plaice, skate and ray and angler fish. In general the Clyde fishery represents only a small proportion of the total Scottish landings but in recent years landings of hake from the Clyde grounds have averaged approximately 40% of the Scottish hake total. The Clyde demersal fishery depends to a large extent on young fish and both the total annual landings and the relative importance of the principal species fluctuate from year to year in response to variations in the strength of the recruiting year classes. The catch rates of the principal species vary greatly throughout the year. Although there is no conclusive evidence that the Clyde populations are self-contained, all the major species are known to spawn within or close to the area and tagging experiments have suggested that there may not be much mixing between Clyde fish and those from surrounding areas. This may in part, however, reflect the fact that fishing intensity within the Clyde is high and fish are recaptured before they have had time to leave the area. For management purposes, the Clyde demersal stocks are included in ICES Sub-area VI.
The saltmarshes of the Firth of Clyde
Authors: Doody J. P.
Published: June 2019

Synopsis

The saltmarshes of the Firth of Clyde are restricted both in area and number. Despite this they exhibit considerable variation in terms of their physical environment, floristic composition and range of plant communities. The absence of grazing at most of the sites has resulted in their exhibiting plant communities atypical of most of the other saltmarshes of western Scotland. Like many other saltmarsh areas they have suffered from reclamation of the older, upper marsh. However, despite this, there are still important transitional communities to non-tidal vegetation. The prevention of further incursions into the sites for roads, industrial development, caravans and the like, is important if these sites are to remain as examples of natural habitats.
Cephalopod Paleoecology
Authors: Ward Peter D. , Westermann Gerd E. G.
Published: June 2019

Studying the paleoecology of the extinct chambered cephalopods is somewhat analogous to studying a distant landscape through the wrong end of a powerful telescope: we can see very small views of what must have been great panoramic vistas. Two factors have lead to this situation. First, the extant cephalopods still utilizing the phragmocone system of density reduction are at very low standing diversity, while most of the more interesting taxa, such as ammonites and belemnites, are completely extinct. Our functional interpretations of various shell morphologies thus depend heavily on generalizations based on a small number of sometimes distantly related taxa, such as Nautilus and Sepia. Secondly, studies of fossil associations and their relationships to various facies are clouded by the possibility of extensive post-mortal drift of the cephalopod shells. Because of this, we cannot ever be sure that we are studying cephalopod biocoenoses. In spite of these constraints, however, the past two decades have witnessed a great research effort into the study of cephalopod paleoecology. Debate over various issues has been sometimes clamorous, a sign of a healthy and vigorous utilization of the scientific method by many interested students of the fossil record.
Influence of a dietary excess of rumen degradable or undegradable protein on the lactation performance of Dairy cows
Authors: Sloan B. , Rowlinson P. , Armstrong D.G.
Published: June 2019

The basis of the proposed scheme introduced by the A.R.C. (1980) for calculating the protein requirements of ruminants is the division of the protein requirement into two parts, (1) a minimum rumen degradable protein (RDP) supply to satisfy the requirements of the rumen microflora for cell wall synthesis, (2) a minimum undegradable protein (UDP) supply (protein that passes through the rumen to the intestine) which supplements the microbial protein produced in the rumen ensuring the tissue protein requirements of the ruminant can be met. The purpose of the experiment reported here was to investigate the effects on lactation parameters of feeding early lactation cattle levels of UDP or RDP above the minimum requirements proposed by the A.R.C. (1980).
The effect of shearing on the rate of outflow of a chromium-mordanted protein concentrate from the rumen of ewes
Authors: Ngongoni N. T. , Robinson J. J. , Aitken R.
Published: June 2019

Responses in lamb birthweight to supplements of dietary protein in late pregnancy usually arise from increases in the quantity of protein reaching the abomasum and subsequently absorbed in the small intestine. This principle is now embodied in new systems for estimating the protein needs of ruminants (see for example ARC 1980) and quantitative data are now being accumulated on dietary factors that influence protein flow to the small intestine. Although dietary factors are extremely important in determining the amounts of protein that escape from the rumen undegraded, there is evidence that the physiological state of the animal, through its effect on the retention time of food in the rumen, can also influence the amount of protein reaching the abomasum. For example, Thompson, Robinson and McHattie (1978) showed that when the energy and protein intakes of ewes remained constant there was a shorter retention time of food in the rumen and more non-ammonia nitrogen reaching the abomasum in late pregnancy than in early lactation or post weaning. The present study demonstrates a similar phenomenon following shearing.
Genetic Parameters of Body Weights in Hill Sheep
Authors: Atkins K.D.
Published: June 2019

There are few published studies on the genetics of body growth to maturity in sheep. Such information is required for choosing an optimal time of selection for body weight and to predict correlated responses to selection at all stages of an animal's lifetime. The data were derived from a randomly selected control flock of Scottish Blackface sheep on a hard heather hill research farm in Peeblesshire, Scotland. The objectives of the analysis were to estimate the heritability of body weight at various ages between birth and maturity, and the genetic correlations between these weights.
Digestible and metabolisable energy values of coconut meals of different oil contents in the diets of pigs
Authors: Thorne P.J. , Wiseman J. , Cole D.J.A.
Published: June 2019

Coconut meal is a by-product of oil extraction from dried coconut kernel or copra. It is a highly variable material which, in practice, may contain from almost 0% ether extract (EE) when the oil has been solvent extracted to around 20% EE when the least efficient mechanical extraction methods are used. The trial reported here examined the effect of processing which produced meals of varying levels of residual oil, on subsequent dietary energy values.

Five coconut meals (A-E) and one sample of unprocessed copra (F) were used as a basis of the dietary treatments. Sample A was a solvent extracted meal and samples B-E were all extracted by mechanical means. Analysis of the samples is shown in Table 1.
The effects of formic acid and rate of drying in the field on the efficiency of conservation and on energy and protein retention of growing steers given grass silage
Authors: Charmley E. , Thomas C.
Published: June 2019

In a previous experiment the wilting of herbage prior to ensiling had no effect on the efficiency of utilisation of silage for animal production. The direct-cut material was conserved with formic acid and wilting was relatively prolonged (65 h) to achieve an increase in dry matter (DM) content of 226 g DM/kg. The objective of the present experiment was to examine the effect of formic acid with direct-cut silage and the rate of wilting of herbage on losses in conservation and on energy and protein retention by growing steers.
Storage Feeding Bull Beef using Ammonia Treated Straw or Grass Silage
Authors: Mackie C.K. , Kay M. , Hunter E.A.
Published: June 2019

The production of bull beef may entail year round housing and storage feeding, i.e. feeding conserved forage all year, provides a simple system and avoids dietary changes. One conserved forage used is grass silage but ammonia treated straw may be an alternative. The aim of the work reported was to compare the performance of bulls storage fed on grass silage or ammonia treated long barley straw with and without additional protein with those on a traditional system involving a summer at grass.
Feed additives for replacement heifer calves
Authors: Hughes J
Published: June 2019

In a 2 year calving system, growth rates of at least 0.65 kg/d are required in the first winter, preferably at only moderate concentrate input levels. One potential method of increasing feed efficiency and reducing costs is to use feed additives. A trial was carried out to examine the use of two feed additives as supplements for heifer calves offered silage and concentrates.
The use of pedometers to detect oestrus in dairy cows
Authors: Schofield S.A. , Phillips C.J.C.
Published: June 2019

Poor oestrous detection is considered by many the most important management problem in the UK dairy herds. Various detection aids are available to the farmer, but in spite of these the average oestrous detection rate in Britain is low, only about 40 - 60% (Poole and Mabey, 1986).

Cows in oestrus tend to be more active than non-oestrous cows and results from various workers indicate that activity is a good indicator of oestrus (Kiddy 1976, Lewis and Newman, 1984). Three experiments were conducted to investigate the relationship between the distance walked and oestrous state of cows.

Pedometers designed to measure human walking activity were used to measure the physical activity of the dairy cow. These were attached to the hind leg of the cow. In experiment 1 distance walked (miles/day) was recorded twice daily for 20 cows in a cubicle shed on the day of oestrus and 5 days pre - or post - oestrus. In experiment2 pedometers were evaluated in two environments for oestrous detection with 20 cows allocated to a cubicle shed or a straw yard. In a third experiment behavioural observations of 20 cows were recorded four times daily with pedometer readings.
The relationship between milk yield, body condition and reproductive performance in high yielding dairy cows
Authors: Bourchier C P , Garnsworthy P C , Hutchinson J M , Benton T A
Published: June 2019

Previous work has indicated that the optimum calving interval for Friesian/Holstein dairy cattle is 365 days. However, a number of studies in the UK, USA and Israel have suggested that this is difficult to achieve with high yielding cows. This apparent conflict prompted ADAS to undertake a national study to investigate the link between milk production, body condition and reproductive performance in high yielding herds.
Effect of timing of intrauterine insemination with frozen-thawed semen on conception rates in ewes
Authors: Findlater R.C.F. , Haresign W. , Curnock R.M.
Published: June 2019

The widespread use of artificial insemination (AI) in the United Kingdom sheep industry has been limited by the poor conception rates obtained after cervical insemination of frozen-thawed semen. The major problem in this respect is the impairment of sperm transport through the cervix, particularly when AI is used in conjunction with oestrus synchronisation.

Previous studies (Killeen and Caffery, 1982; Maxwell, 1984) have indicated that a laparo-scopic technique for intrauterine insemination in ewes may overcome such limitations. At the moment, however, sufficient data on the optimum time of insemination and sperm doses required to maximise fertility in British breeds are not available. The present study was conducted to establish the optimum time of intrauterine insemination using frozen-thawed semen.
Liveweight gain of weaned lambs grazing swards increasing, decreasing or at constant surface heights.
Authors: J.M. Doney  , J. A. Milne  , I.R. White  , Lloyd Mary
Published: June 2019

During the early grazing season, when a high proportion of the lambs nutrient requirements are supplied by milk, high rates of growth can be achieved by sward management which maintains a constant surface height (3-5.5 cm) (Maxwell, Lloyd and Dickson, 1985). In late lactation, increasing herbage Intake rarely compensates for reduced milk supply and lamb growth rates are commonly lower than could be achieved with concentrate diets (Doney et al, 1984; Lloyd et al 1987). Lamb growth in this period may be related to increase or decrease of sward height (Alcock, Clark and Harvey, 1986; Maxwell, Lloyd and Dickson, 1985) or to changes in herbage growth rate (Doney, Smith, Sim and White, 1986). The present study investigated the effect on daily live-weight gain (DLWG) in weaned lambs of herbage growth rate (HGR) and pattern of sward height (SH) change when varied independently.
Treatment of barley straw with mixtures of calcium hydroxide and urea : Effect on intake and digestibility in sheep
Authors: Shahiduzzaman Md. , Owen E.
Published: June 2019

Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) is widely available in Third World countries because of extensive limestone deposits. Previous studies (reviewed by Owen et al 1984) have shown Ca(OH)2-treated straw to be prone to mouldiness and low intakes. Urea was added to Ca(OH)2 in the present study to inhibit mould and supply nitrogen. Two experiments are reported which investigated the amounts of Ca(OH)2 and urea required for improving intake and digestibility of barley straw in sheep.

Forty Suffolk x Mule store lambs (20 castrates, 20 ewe lambs) aged 8 months were used to measure intake and digestibility of 5 straws (Table 1) in a randomized block experiment, with blocking according to weight and sex. Animals were fed restricted concentrates (Table 1) and ad libitum straw (allowing refusals of 25% of intake) over a period of 35 days, with collection of faeces over the last 8 days. For treatment, straw was chopped, mixed with chemical solutions (Table 1) in a concrete mixer, and “ensiled” for 60 days (September & October) at 500 g dry matter (DM) per kg, in plastic bags contained in 45-gallon oil drums. Straw was aerated for 3 days before feeding. Untreated straw was simply chopped before feeding.
Growth rate and carcase composition of Border Leicester x Scottish Blackface, East Frlesland x Blackface and East Friesland x North Country Cheviot Lambs
Authors: Doney J M , Smith A D M , Sim D A
Published: June 2019

The East Friesland breed, developed as a dairy sheep, has a potentially useful role as a sire of first-cross breeding ewes from hill breeds of sheep. Advantages have been shown in terms of reproductive and lactation performance (Doney et al, 1983, Gunn, 1986) but the carcase conformation may reduce the acceptability of first-cross castrated male (wether) lambs. The characteristics of lambs derived from dairy-type breeds may be suitable for the heavy, lean carcase market (Butler-Hogg et al, 1985). The present study was undertaken as a pilot investigation of the potential growth rate and carcase composition of wether lambs over a range of live weights. East Friesland X Blackface (EFB) wethers were compared with a similar group of Border Leicester X Blackface (BLB) and a smaller group of East Friesland X North Country Cheviot (EFC) wethers.
Fasting Times in British Slaughter Pigs
Authors: Bevis E.A. , Warriss P.D.
Published: June 2019

A recent survey of the handling of commercial slaughter pigs suggested that many animals could experience long periods without food before they were killed. Because prolonged food deprivation is detrimental to carcass yield, meat quality and possibly the animals’ welfare, fasting times in pigs killed in four slaughter plants were assessed. Length of fast was estimated indirectly from the concentration of glycogen in the animals’ livers. The relationship between time of food withdrawal and liver glycogen was determined in laboratory experiments using 341 pigs killed after defined fasting periods ranging from 0 to 48h.
Restricted floor feeding or ad libitum feeding of growing pigs using a prototype micro-processor controlled feed dispenser
Authors: Lightfoot A.L. , Armsby A.W. , Widdows C.F.
Published: June 2019

An experiment at Terrington compared restricted floor feeding with ad libitum hopper feeding of group housed pigs over a weight range of about 35-90 kg. A prototype micro-processor controlled feed dispensing system, developed from the “Pig Code” electronic sow feeder, was used to automatically record ad libitum feed intake. Two dispensers were used to investigate the effect of feeder siting on pig performance and pen cleanliness.
Additional Evidence for a More Precise Date of the 'South English Legendary’
Authors: Heffernan Thomas J.
Published: June 2019

TheSouth English Legendary(hereafterSEL)is an anonymous thirteenth-century vernacularliber festivalis, following the calendar written primarily for a ‘lewid’ audience. Beyond that limited assertion there still remain fundamental unanswered questions as to its source, place of origin, and authorship. The situation is only somewhat better concerning the date of composition. Indeed, in the face of so many vexing and unanswered questions concerning theSEL, I hope to be able to give a more precise date for the original composition than has been hitherto established.
Recent Development in Methods of Strength Testing Pressurised Fuselages
Authors: Hotson A. W.
Published: June 2019

The dangers and other disadvantages of using air pressure in the strength testing of pressurised fuselages are reviewed. A technique in which water is used instead of air is described, and its advantages considered. References are made to future test methods, and particularly to the need for the application of pressure combined with aerodynamic and inertia loads.
II. Du Nouveau Sur le Symbolisme Médiéval
Authors: Lesure François
Published: June 2019

Les deux ouvrages de Sedlmayr et de Panofsky posent le problème d'ensemble du gothique. Mais il est important de signaler une série de recherches qui, dans ces dernières années, ont modifié les bases de notre interprétation du symbolisme médiéval.

Sous le titre : El origen musical de los animales simbolos en la mitologia y la escultura antiguas, M. Marius Schneider a publié à Barcelone, en 1946, un ouvrage qui ne semble pas avoir encore été discuté.
Randall cattle in the USA: rescuing a genetic resource from extinction
Authors: Sponenberg D.P. , Creech C. , Miller W.J.
Published: June 2019

Randall Cattle are a landrace from the northeast USA. The cattle are triple-purpose and well adapted to the cold northeast geographic region. The current population descends from 14 cattle that remained after the death of the original owner, though only 12 of these represented unique founders due to interrelationships among the 14. He had kept the cattle as an isolated strain for nearly 80 years. Blood-typing results point to a north Atlantic origin for the breed, which is consistent with the history. The policy and practice of the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy has been to carefully document landraces and to assure their conservation. Focused breeding strategies have succeeded in rescuing the original 13 animals and expanding the population to nearly 300 in 2006. The breed is gaining popularity as a hardy, adapted and useful genetic resource. Breeding management has decreased overall inbreeding while at the same time managing the contributions of the various founder animals.
Puesta en valor de un sistema tradicional y de sus recursos genéticos mediante una Indicación Geográfica: El proceso de la Carne Caprina del Norte Neuquino en la Patagonia Argentina
Authors: Centeno M. Pérez , Lanari M.R. , Romero P. , Monacci L. , Zimerman M. , Barrionuevo M. , Vázquez A. , Champredonde M. , Rocca J. , Raggi F. López , Domingo E.
Published: June 2019

El sistema tradicional de producción caprina del norte de Neuquen (Patagonia, Argentina), desarrollado por“crianceros”trashumantes, es un sistema marginal de baja dotación de recursos económicos y alta fragilidad ambiental pero que dispone de un alto capital cultural, un recurso genético adaptado y un producto de calidad superior reconocida pero no diferenciado. A fin de superar esta situación se propone la aplicación de una Denominación de Origen (DO). La propuesta se basó en la organización de los integrantes de la cadena de valor de la carne caprina regional y la determinación de sus cualidades tecnológicas ligado a la raza Criolla Neuquina. Se construyó una visión común sobre el sistema y su identidad, expresada en el Protocolo de la Denominación de Origen del “Chivito Criollo del Norte Neuquino”. Los estudios sobre la tipicidad y calidad han permitido establecer indicadores de la misma y la trazabilidad del producto. El fortalecimiento de las organizaciones campesinas y la conformación de un espacio de articulación ha permitido niveles de concertación inexistentes hasta el presente que potencian el desarrollo del territorio y lo capitalizan, dando proyección a la sostenibilidad del sistema y del recurso genético.
Life History and Stable Isotope Geochemistry of Planktonic Foraminifera
Authors: Spero Howard J.
Published: June 2019

Application of planktonic foraminifera to micropaleontological, paleoceanographic and paleoclimatic research has enjoyed more than 150 years of activity. During the first century, foraminifera were used primarily for biostratigraphic analysis. Although fossil shells were recognized from beach sands and deep sea sediments as early as 1826 (d'Orbigny, 1826; Parker and Jones, 1865), it wasn't until Owen (1867) and the scientific results of the Challenger expedition (Brady, 1884) that the planktonic life habitat of these marine protozoans was clearly established. By the early 20th century, researchers were studying the biology of planktonic foraminifera at the cellular level (Rhumbler, 1901; Le Calvez, 1936), and linking their distributional patterns to regions of the ocean surface (Lohmann, 1920; Schott, 1935).
Isotope Paleobiology of the Vertebrates: Ecology, Physiology, and Diagenesis
Authors: Barrick Reese E.
Published: June 2019

Isotopic studies of vertebrate material have a short history, while isotopic analyses of invertebrates originated in the 1940's. Interestingly, the driving force behind Harold Urey's desire to derive a carbonate paleotemperature scale in the 1940's and 1950's was the hope that it would solve the mystery of dinosaur extinction by demonstrating temperature changes at the K/T boundary. The most useful and commonly investigated stable isotopes for paleobiologic studies of vertebrates are carbon, nitrogen and oxygen. Oxygen is available from the inorganic bone or tooth apatite phase. Carbon is most often derived from tooth enamel carbonate or organic collagen, and nitrogen is derived from collagen. Each of these stable isotopes provides information on different aspects of an animal's biology and when combined, provide powerful analyses for ecological and evolutionary reconstructions. In the 1970's, much work was done describing the carbon and nitrogen variations in plants. This period was followed in the late 1970's and early 1980's by research on these isotopic variables in mammals (e.g., DeNiro and Epstein, 1978, 1981; Vogel, 1978; Van der Merwe, N.J., 1982). The utility of these isotopes for dietary recognition led to their extensive investigation in archeological studies. Not until the mid to late 1980's and 1990's have these isotopes been utilized in both the inorganic component of teeth and bones as well as the organic component of bones in Pleistocene and older paleobiologic studies. The 1980's also saw the emergence of research on the oxygen isotopic variations in mammals. However, the focus of isotopic studies on vertebrates was not for paleobiologic purposes, but rather, for attempts to derive paleohydrologic or paleoclimatic information from them (e.g., Longinelli, 1984; Luz et al., 1984).
The Meaning of Biotic Succession
Authors: Bambach Richard K.
Published: June 2019

Determination of the time sequence in the geologic record is a logical process that involves little “guesswork.” The geologic time scale is real, not a circular argument developed to show evolution. By applying Occam's Razor and assuming continuity, it is clear that biotic succession in apparent lineages demonstrates that species are capable of giving rise to others through modification with descent and have done so through geologic time. Although the fossil record is incomplete, biotic succession on a large scale provides a clear and unambiguous outline of the history of the change in life over time.

Science seeks explanations for observations and facts that begin as hypotheses. When hypotheses successfully survive rigorous testing, they mature into accepted theories. Evolution is the theory accepted as the explanation for the facts of biotic succession. The operational processes invoked in the theory of evolution (such as mutation, natural selection, isolation, and genetic drift) have been successfully tested many times. The general pattern of biotic succession follows the path expected or predicted for the course of the evolutionary development of the biosphere.

The biotic succession is the preserved result of the operation of the processes of organic evolution. Contributions from molecular biology and cladistics make it clear that the branching processes in evolution, operating over time, have produced all the diversity preserved in the fossil record. The current diversity of life is simply the product of its three and a half billion year history.
Paleobiology of Predators, Parasitoids, and Parasites: Death and Accomodation in the Fossil Record of Continental Invertebrates
Authors: Labandeira Conrad C.
Published: June 2019

Carnivory is the consumption of one animal by another animal; among invertebrates in terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems this type of feeding can take three forms: predation, parasitoidism, and parasitism. Differences among these three functional modes involve (i) whether the duration of feeding on the prey item is quick or there is an accommodation, coevolutionary or otherwise, between the carnivore and the host prey; (ii) whether the prey or host is killed; (iii) whether single or multiple prey or host items are consumed during the carnivore's lifespan, and (iv) the relative sizes of the carnivore and its prey or host. Uniformitarian and nonuniformitarian evidence directly relating to the history of carnivory can be found in exceptionally preserved deposits from the mid-Paleozoic to the Recent, but such evidence is relatively rare because carnivores are the least represented trophic group in ecosystems. Six types of paleobiological data provide evidence for carnivory: taxonomic affiliation, fossil structural and functional attributes, organismic damage, gut contents, coprolites, and indications of mechanisms for predator avoidance.

Only 12 invertebrate phyla have become carnivorous in the continental realm. Six are lophotrochozoans (Acanthocephala, Rotifera, Platyhelminthes, Nemertinea, Mollusca, and Annelida) and six are ecdysozoans (Nematoda, Nematomorpha, Tardigrada, Onychophora, Pentastoma, and Arthropoda). Most of these groups have poor continental fossil records, but the two most diverse—nematodes and arthropods—have comparatively good representation. The record of arthropods documents (i) the presence of predators among primary producers, herbivores, and decomposers in early terrestrial ecosystems; (ii) the addition later in the fossil record of the more accommodationist strategies of parasitoids and parasites interacting with animal hosts; (iii) the occurrence of simpler food-web structures in terrestrial ecosystems prior to parasitoid and parasite diversification; and (iv) a role for mass extinction in the degradation of food-web structure that ultimately affected carnivory. Future research should explore how different modes of carnivory have brought about changes in ecosystem structure through time. Despite numerous caveats and uncertainties, trace fossils left by predators on skeletons of their prey remain one of the most promising research directions in paleoecology and evolutionary paleobiology.
Evolution in the Consumer Age: Predators and the History of Life
Authors: Vermeij Geerat J.
Published: June 2019

Three properties of predation make this form of consumption an important agency of evolution: universality (all species have predators), high frequency (encounters of prey with predators test both parties often), and imperfection (many predatory attacks fail, enabling antipredatory selection to take place). On long time scales, predators have two principal effects: they influence their victims' phenotypes, and prey species that are highly vulnerable to all phases of predatory attacks are evolutionarily restricted to environments where predators are rarely encountered. Although predator and prey can affect each other's behavior and morphology on timescales commensurate with individual lifespans, predators have the evolutionary upper hand over the long run, especially in the expression of sensory capacities, locomotor performance, and the application of force. Only in passive defenses (armor, toxicity, large body size) does escalation favor the prey. In a review of methods for inferring predation in the geological past, I argue against the use of whole assemblages, which combine species of contrasting adaptive type, Instead, I strongly favor species-level and clade-level approaches (including examples of clade replacement) in which comparisons among places and among time intervals are made within the same adaptive types and the same physical environments. The available evidence, much of which comes from studies of shell drilling and shell breakage, points to temporal increases in both predator power and prey defenses. Escalation between species and their enemies, including predators, has proceeded episodically against a backdrop of generally increasing productivity and increasing top-down evolutionary control by high-energy predators during the Phanerozoic, the consumer age.
Do you follow? Rethinking causality in archaeology
Authors: Govier Eloise
Published: June 2019

Philosopher and physicist Karen Barad (2003; 2007; 2012) has brought a new understanding of causality to the academic discourse (agential realism theory). Inspired by this new take on causality, I problematize the argument that archaeologists ‘follow’ materials. I begin by challenging the act of ‘following’ on two counts (causality and universalism), and then consider the work of Malafouris (2008a) – a thinker whose ideas have the potential to remediate this issue through his examination of the ‘in-between’ humans and matter. I argue that, despite offering an inspirational approach to mind–matter relationships, the dialectical relationship he evokes remains problematic from a Baradian perspective as it is still rooted in ‘following’. I suggest that Barad’s agential realism offers a valuable conceptual framework for researchers who are weary of ‘unilateral’ linear causality and keen to move beyond dialectical thinking (Barad 2007, 214).
Processing characteristics of milk constituents
Authors: Fox P.F. , Guinee T.P.
Published: June 2019

Milk and dairy products are major components of the human diet in Western countries, providing about 30% of dietary proteins and lipids. The current annual production of milk is 560 x 106 tonnes, of which 85, 11, 2 and 2% are bovine, buffalo, caprine and ovine, respectively. Although some raw milk is still consumed, the vast majority of milk is processed to at least some extent. Liquid milk is a major food item in all developed dairying countries, representing 30% of total milk production. The remainder is processed into one of several thousand products, making dairy products the most diverse and flexible group of food products. The flexibility of milk as a raw material resides in the chemical and physico-chemical properties of its constituents, many of which are unique. The principal constituents of milk can be modified by enzymatic, chemical and/or physical methods, permitting the production of new products. However, the concentrations and properties of milk constituents are variable and hence the processability of milk and the properties of dairy products are inconsistent, although much of this variability can be eliminated by employing modern technology, which exploits certain features of milk constituents. Today, most milk is processed in very large, highly mechanised and automated factories, where consistency in processing properties is essential. The resulting products are distributed through large wholesale and retail outlets, where consistency is, again, paramount. Finally, today's consumers expect consistency. The consistency expected by the processor, distributor and consumer can be achieved only if the properties of milk constituents are understood at the molecular level.

This communication will describe:

The chemical and physico-chemical properties of the principal constituents of milk, i.e. lactose, lipids, proteins and salts,

Variations in milk composition and in the properties of its constituents and the influence of dairy husbandry practices thereon,

Exploitation and significance of the chemical and physico-chemical properties of milk constituents in the production and properties of the principal groups of dairy foods, i.e. liquid milk products, cheese, butter, fermented milks, functional milk proteins and lactose.

Process modifications which may be used to overcome variations in the properties of milk constituents.
The effects of wilting of grass prior to ensiling and bacterial inoculation on milk composition
Authors: Patterson D.C. , Yan T. , Gordon F.J.
Published: June 2019

A study was conducted to assess the effects of rapid wilting of grass prior to ensiling on milk composition in lactating dairy cattle across a range of silage harvests. The effects of wilting on the response to bacterial inoculation were also examined. Experiments 1 and 2 were of 2 x 2 factorial design based on the factors wilting (unwilted and wilted treatments) and inoculant (control and inoculant treatments). The inoculants each had Lactobacillus plantarum plus other bacterial species. Experiments 1 and 2 had 3 and 8 harvests respectively and the corresponding feeding experiments were balanced changeover designs with 3 and 8 periods respectively. The feeding periods were of 8 and 3 weeks duration in Experiments 1 and 2 respectively and during each period each silage was fed ad libitum together with a concentrate supplement to 12 cows.

The durations of the wilting periods ranged from 24 to 48 h in each experiment and the mean initial and final dry matter contents of the grass were 200; 317 g/kg and 176; 316 g/kg for Experiments 1 and 2 respectively.

In Experiment 1 the butterfat, protein and lactose concentrations (g/kg) from the unwilted and wilted silages were 45.1 and 47.2 (s.e. 0.23, P<0.001), 33.7 and 35.6 (s.e. 0.11, P<0.001) and 48.9 and 48.7 (s.e. 0.08, P<0.05) respectively. In Experiment 2 the corresponding values (g/kg) were 45.2 and 46.4 (s.e. 0.23, P<0.05), 32.3 and 33.2 (s.e. 0.13, P<0.05) and 48.9 and 49.1 (s.e. 0.06, P>0.05) respectively. Inoculation had no significant effects on milk composition with either unwilted or wilted silage except for a reduction in protein content in Experiment 1, with values (g/kg) of 34.8 and 35.4 (s.e. 0.11, P<0.05) for control and inoculant treated silage respectively.

It is concluded that wilting produced statistically significant increases in the concentrations of butterfat and protein in milk and that inoculants had little effect on milk composition in this study.
Demonstration of technologies and best management practice to improve milk protein content in a commercial dairying situation
Authors: Henning R.H. , Mulholland M.V. , Cushnahan A. , Peoples A.C. , Bruce D.W.
Published: June 2019

A technology transfer project has been set up to demonstrate management techniques to help raise the weighted average annual milk protein concentration to 36 g/kg in a cost effective manner using feeding, breeding and management techniques over a period of five years. A herd of autumn calving Holstein/Friesian cows was selected for the project on the basis of performance records and a number of commercial farms were selected for demonstration and benchmarking purposes. Methods which have been employed to improve milk protein include the use of extended grazing, improvements in silage quality, the use of specifically formulated concentrate supplements and the development of a breeding strategy designed to improve milk protein. Herd performance currently stands at 34.2 g/kg milk protein. Improvements in protein content to date have coincided with improvements in silage quality, the early introduction of grazed grass and the use of a specifically formulated concentrate. To date heifers entering the herd have not improved milk protein content. However, this appears to have been a result of the breeding policy adopted prior to the start of the project. Farmers have been able to develop their own competencies and management skills through project features on the Internet, in press articles, during visits to Greenmount College and through John Thompson and Sons Technical Department.
Variation of freezing point of cow's milk free from extraneous water during lactation
Authors: Slaghuis B.A. , Klungel G.H.
Published: June 2019

The freezing point of bovine milk is known to vary between narrow limits. However, some variation is possible, because of the osmotic relationship between blood and milk. The extent of variation in freezing points of cow's milk was studied. For one year, freezing points were determined in individual milk samples from a high producing herd. Differences (P<0.05) were found between evening and morning milk yield and freezing points. A ‘lactation curve’ for freezing points was fitted and showed some similarity with milk yield curves. Stage of lactation explained part of the variation of freezing points of cow's milk.
The impact of trade agreements on livestock producers
Authors: Upton M. , Otte J.
Published: June 2019

The rapid growth of global demand for livestock products, which has occurred over the last quarter century, has been characterised as “the Livestock Revolution” (Delgado et al., 1999 and 2001). It is largely driven by increases in per capita incomes, population growth and urbanisation of the developing countries. (Further notes on the classification of countries, as “developed” or “developing” are given in Appendix 4.1). As Figure 4.1 shows, while consumption per capita of livestock products has fallen slightly in the developed countries over the last decade, substantial growth has occurred in the developing countries.
Dark Matter in the Universe
Authors: Rubin Vera C.
Published: June 2019

Thirty years ago, observational cosmology consisted of the search for two numbers: Ho, the rate of expansion of the universe at the position of the Galaxy; and qo, the deceleration parameter. Twenty years ago, the discovery of the relic radiation from the Big Bang produced another number, 3oK. But it is the past decade which has seen the enormous development in both observational and theoretical cosmology. The universe is known to be immeasurably richer and more varied than we had thought. There is growing acceptance of a universe in which most of the matter is not luminous. Nature has played a trick on astronomers, for we thought we were studying the universe. We now know that we were studying only the small fraction of it that is luminous. I suspect that this talk this evening is the first IAU Discourse devoted to something that astronomers cannot see at any wavelength: Dark Matter in the Universe.
Radial and Non-Radial Pulsations in Wolf-Rayet Stars and in Supergiants
Authors: Maeder André
Published: June 2019

The two subjects of the variability of WR stars and of supergiants are still in their infancy and are certainly promised to a great development in coming years. The physics and pulsation properties of WR stars and supergiants, although both kinds of stars result from massive star evolution, are indeed very different and will be discussed separately.
Ovro Results on the Sunyaev-Zel’Dovich Effect, 1983-5
Authors: Birkinshaw M. , Moffet A.T.
Published: June 2019

Recent data taken with the 40-m telescope of the Owens Valley Radio Observatory at 20 GHz have confirmed the detections of the Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect towards three clusters of galaxies, 0016+16, Abell 665 and Abell 2218. Rough measurements of the angular scale of the effect have also been made, and a comparison of these with the X-ray observations supports an isothermal model for the cluster gas.
Searches for Primordial Pancakes
Authors: Baldwin J.E.
Published: June 2019

The search for neutral hydrogen 21 cm emission from collapsing protoclusters at redshifts of 3-20 is an important technique for establishing the history of galaxy formation. Observations already place strong constraints on the largest mass scales. Future measurements should reach sensitivities adequate to detect individual massive galaxies.
The Nature of Faint Radio Sources
Authors: Wall J V , Benn C R , Grueff G , Vigotti M
Published: June 2019

Radio, optical and infrared data are combined to study the nature of mJy-sources found in the 5C12 aperture-synthesis survey. The optical counterparts are QSOs, giant elliptical galaxies of the 3CR type, and blue galaxies. We find that the blue galaxies are a mixed group; the suggestion of a new blue population of evolving spirals at mJy levels is not supported by our data.
Hipparcos – Preparation of the Mission: Earth-Based Astrometry
Authors: Requième Y.
Published: June 2019

The proper and efficient operation of the Hipparcos satellite requires positions within 1.5 arcsec at the 1989 epoch for the 100-120 000 programme stars. The first steps of the preparation have been the identification of the proposed stars in the well-known astrometric catalogues and the output of successive lists of ‘non-astrometric’ stars not belonging to these catalogues. Ground-based observations needed to supplement the presently available data, which are now under way, are also described.
The Nancay Multifrequency Radioheliograph
Authors: Pick M.
Published: June 2019

The Nançay Multifrequency Radioheliograph is an extension of the previous Mark III instrument described in Solar Radioheliograph Group (1983). The table I summarizes the characteristics of the instrument.