bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hardening distortions of serial produced crown wheels
Authors: Olofsson A. , Jonsson S.
Published: September 2017

The hardening distortions of serial produced crown wheels are studied with respect to gear runout, inner diameter and back‐face tilt. The data analysed originates from a production data base from ordinary production as well as from directed experiments carried out in production, resulting in a large set of data. Strong influences are found for steel plants, position of material in ingots and stacking levels on hardening trays. It could be concluded that rectangular strands have a detrimental effect on gear runout, which, however, can be strongly decreased by disabling the magnetic stirring during casting. Furthermore, the inner diameter after quenching is influenced by the stacking level on the hardening tray when free‐hardening or when using a segmented central expander during press quenching. This influence is attributed to variations in hardening temperature. When press quenching using a fixed mandrel, the effect of stacking level disappears. Moreover, it is found that the back‐face tilt strongly depends on the position in the ingot as well as on the stacking level on the hardening tray.
Stochastic differential games with competing Brownian particles and related Isaacs' equations
Authors: Feng Xinwei
Published: September 2017

In this paper, we study zero‐sum two‐player stochastic differential games in which the state equations are competing Brownian particles and the cost functional is defined by generalized backward stochastic differential equations with more than one increasing process. After we study the regularity of competing Brownian particles, we establish the dynamic programming principle for the upper and lower value functions and show that these are the unique viscosity solution of the associated upper and lower Isaacs' equations, which are fully nonlinear parabolic partial differential equations with nonlinear Neumann boundary conditions.
Weight loss and frequency of body‐weight self‐monitoring in an online commercial weight management program with and without a cellular‐connected ‘smart’ scale: a randomized pilot study
Authors: Thomas J. G. , Raynor H. A. , Bond D. S. , Luke A. K. , Cardoso C. C. , Wojtanowski A. C. , Vander Veur S. , Tate D. , Wing R. R. , Foster G. D.
Published: September 2017

Objective

Evaluate the effects of an online commercial weight management program, with and without provision of a ‘smart’ scale with instructions to weigh daily and weekly tailored feedback, on weight loss and the frequency of body‐weight self‐monitoring.

Methods

Participants (N = 92; body mass index 27–40 kg/m2) were randomized to 6 months of no‐cost access to the Weight Watchers Online (WWO) platform alone, or enhanced with a cellular‐connected ‘smart’ scale, instructions to weigh daily and weekly pre‐scripted email feedback (Weight Watchers Online Enhanced [WWO‐E]). The number of days that weight was self‐monitored (via ‘smart’ scale in WWO‐E and manually in WWO) was recorded automatically across the 6‐month trial. Objective weight was measured at baseline, 3 and 6 months.

Results

While both groups achieved statistically significant weight loss, mean ± standard error weight loss did not differ between WWO‐E and WWO at 3 months (5.1 ± 0.6 kg vs. 4.0 ± 0.7 kg, respectively; p = 0.257) or 6 months (5.3 ± 0.6 kg vs. 3.9 ± 0.7 kg, respectively; p = 0.116). However, a greater proportion of WWO‐E lost ≥5% of initial body weight at 3 months (52.2% vs. 28.3%; p = 0.033), but not 6 months (43.5% vs. 30.4%; p = 0.280), compared with WWO. Mean ± standard deviation days with self‐monitored weight was higher in WWO‐E (80.5 ± 5.6; 44.7% of days) than WWO (12.0 ± 1.0; 6.7% of days; p < 0.001) across the 6‐month study period.

Conclusions

This is the first study to show that provision of a ‘smart’ scale with weekly tailored feedback substantially increased the frequency of self‐weighing and the proportion of participants achieving an initial clinically significant ≥5% weight loss (52% vs. 28%) in an online commercial weight management program. Both WWO and WWO‐E produced significant weight loss over 6 months. While mean weight losses were slightly greater in the enhanced group, the difference was not statistically significant in this small sample. This study provides support for the clinical utility of online commercial weight management programs and the potential for supporting technology such as ‘smart’ scales to improve adherence to body‐weight self‐monitoring and clinical outcomes.
Reactivation of TWIST1 contributes to Ewing sarcoma metastasis
Authors: Choo Sun , Wang Ping , Newbury Robert , Roberts William , Yang Jing
Published: September 2017

Background

Ewing sarcoma is a cancer of bone and soft tissue. Despite aggressive treatment, survival remains poor, particularly in patients with metastatic disease. Failure to treat Ewing sarcoma is due to the lack of understanding of the molecular pathways that regulate metastasis. In addition, no molecular prognostic markers have been identified for Ewing sarcoma to risk stratify patients.

Procedure

Ewing sarcoma patients were divided into high or low Twist1 gene expression and survival curves were generated using the R2 microarray‐based Genomic Analysis platform (http://r2.amc.nl). Tumors from Ewing sarcoma patients were also evaluated for TWIST1 expression by immunohistochemistry. Ewing sarcoma xenografts were established to evaluate the role of TWIST1 in metastasis. The effects of Twist1 on migration and invasion were evaluated using migration and invasion assays in A673 and RDES cells.

Results

Twist1 expression was a negative prognostic marker for overall survival in a public Ewing sarcoma patient data set based on Twist1 mRNA levels and in patient tumor samples based on Twist1 immunohistochemistry. TWIST1 is detected in significantly higher percentage of patients with metastatic diseases than localized disease. Using Ewing sarcoma tumor xenografts in mice, we found that suppressing TWIST1 levels suppressed metastasis without affecting primary tumor development. Knockdown of Twist1 inhibited the migration and invasion capability, while overexpression of Twist1 promoted migration and invasion in Ewing sarcoma cells.

Conclusion

These results suggest that TWIST1 promotes metastasis in Ewing sarcoma and could be used as a prognostic marker for treatment stratification; however, further validation is required in a larger cohort of patients.
Facile and template‐free method toward chemical synthesis of polyaniline film/nanotube structures
Authors: Liu Pei , Zhu Yisi , Torres Jorge , Lee Seung Hee , Yun Minhee
Published: September 2017

A facile and template‐free method is reported to synthesize a new thin film structure: polyaniline (PANI) film/nanotubes (F/N) structure. The PANI F/N is a 100‐nm thick PANI film embedded with PANI nanotubes. This well‐controlled method requires no surfactant or organic acid as well as relatively low concentration of reagents. Synthesis condition studies reveal that aniline oligomers with certain structures are responsible for guiding the growth of the nanotubes. Electrical characterization also indicates that the PANI F/N possesses similar field‐effect transistor characteristics to bare PANI film. With its 20% increased surface‐area‐to‐volume (S/V) ratio contributed by surface embedded nanotubes and the excellent p‐type semiconducting characteristic, PANI F/N shows clear superiority compared with bare PANI film. Such advantages guarantee the PANI F/N a promising future toward the development of ultra‐high sensitivity and low‐cost biosensors © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 3973–3979
Dyadic effects of coping strategies, time perspectives, and personality on the quality of life of cancer patients and their caregivers
Authors: Hamidou Zeinab , Auquier Pascal , Leroy Tanguy , Barlesi Fabrice , Salas Sébastien , Chinot Olivier , Baumstarck Karine
Published: September 2017

Objective

Researchers are interested in studying whether the quality of life (QoL) of cancer patients and caregivers is influenced by internal psychobehavioral processes (temporality and coping strategies) and the personality traits that they or their relatives experience. We examined these associations in a sample of patient‐caregiver dyads by using the actor‐partner interdependence model.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study involved 156 cancer patient‐caregiver dyads. The self‐reported data included QoL (Short‐Form 36), coping strategies (Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Scale), time perspectives (Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory), and personality (Big Five Inventory). The actor‐partner interdependence model was used to test the dyadic effect individualizing actor (degree to which the individual's characteristics were associated with their QoL) and partner (degree to which the individual's characteristics were associated with the QoL of the other dyad member) effects.

Results

Actor effects were found for patients and caregivers: The use of positive thinking and future/present‐hedonistic perspectives were associated with higher QoL; the use of avoidance and past‐negative perspective were associated with lower QoL. Partner effects were also found highlighting the specific mechanisms of the interconnections in the patient‐caregiver dyad. The patient's QoL was higher when the caregiver used social support and experienced openness. The caregiver's QoL was lower when the patient used social support and avoidance strategies and experienced future perspective.

Conclusions

The examination of the relationships between individuals' QoL and their internal psychobehavioral processes and personality traits will have several applications in the routine clinical management. Individual‐level and dyad‐level interventions should be proposed: cognitive‐rehabilitation, emotional and cognitive self‐regulation for time perspectives, and personality constructs.
Raman Spectroscopy of Amorphous Carbon Films Modified by Single‐Pulse Irradiation of Nanosecond and Femtosecond Lasers
Authors: Arutyunyan Natalia R. , Komlenok Maxim S. , Zavedeev Evgeny V. , Pimenov Sergei M.
Published: September 2017

Structural modifications of tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta‐C) films, caused by single‐pulse laser irradiation, were investigated. Graphitization of the films, content and size of sp2 carbon clusters were analyzed by means of Raman spectroscopy. It has been shown that pulse duration, as well as laser fluence and wavelength of irradiation, strongly influence the processes of graphitization and ablation of the ta‐C films. In particular, heating of the films by the laser beam leads to formation of sp2 carbon clusters and their enlargement up to the size of several nanometers. Material transformation to graphitized fraction is much more efficient in case of ns pulse duration. In case of fs pulse duration, such factors as multiphoton absorption and evaporation of over‐heated material from the surface at high laser fluence, shorter time of irradiation, and heat transfer to the inner layers of the film lead to relatively weak graphitization characterized by the maximum size of the sp2 carbon clusters of about 1 nm.
Electromagnetic Properties of Reduced Graphene Oxide Buckypapers Obtained by Different Reduction Procedures
Authors: Kanygin Mikhail A. , Stolyarova Svetlana G. , Dorojkin Kirill V. , Korovin Evgeny Y. , Suslyaev Valentin I. , Bulusheva Lyubov G. , Okotrub Alexander V.
Published: September 2017

Transmission properties of graphene oxide (GO) buckypapers reduced by different methods were investigated in the sub‐THz range from 250 to 650 GHz. The reduction of GO films was performed by annealing and by interaction with hydrazine vapor. It was found that the chemical treatment is more effective for oxygen group removal than the thermal treatment. Based on the data of X‐ray photoelectron and Raman spectroscopy measurements, the changes of the absorption properties of the investigated samples were attributed to the formation of additional defects and vacancies during reduction processes. Additionally, the influence of the duration of chemical reduction on the absorption properties of buckypaper in the sub‐THz range was investigated.
Diameter‐Selective Separation of Semiconducting Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Large Diameter Range
Authors: Wang Guowei , Wei Xiaojun , Tanaka Takeshi , Kataura Hiromichi
Published: September 2017

We report the diameter selective metal/semiconductor separation of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) whose mean diameter is larger than 1 nm, using a dextran‐based gel column chromatography method. In this work, overloading method was applied using mixed surfactant of sodium dodecyl sulfate and sodium cholate. Because an attractive interaction strength between the dextran‐based gel and the surfactant‐wrapped SWCNT is depending on its metallicity and diameter, when oversaturated SWCNT solution was loaded into the gel column, diameter selected semiconducting SWCNTs were adsorbed in the column. On the other hand, column temperature is known to change the interaction strength between the gel and SWCNTs. Using this effect, column temperature can modify the selected diameter of semiconducting SWCNTs in the overloading method. By changing the loading amount and the column temperature, high‐purity semiconducting SWCNTs whose mean diameters are 1.30, 1.38, 1.45, and 1.58 nm were selectively separated.
Stochastic model predictive control without terminal constraints
Authors: Lorenzen Matthias , Müller Matthias A. , Allgöwer Frank
Published: September 2017

Sufficient conditions for the stability of stochastic model predictive control without terminal cost and terminal constraints are derived. Analogous to stability proofs in the nominal setup, we first provide results for the case of optimization over general feedback laws and exact propagation of the probability density functions of the predicted states. We highlight why these results, being based on the principle of optimality, do not directly extend to currently used computationally tractable approximations such as optimization over parameterized feedback laws and relaxation of the chance constraints. Based thereon, for both cases, stability results are derived under stronger assumptions. A third approach is presented for linear systems where propagation of the mean value and the covariance matrix of the states instead of the complete distribution is sufficient, and hence, the principle of optimality can be used again. The main results are presented for nonlinear systems along with examples and computational simplifications for linear systems.
Convex LPV synthesis of estimators and feedforwards using duality and integral quadratic constraints
Authors: Venkataraman Raghu , Seiler Peter
Published: September 2017

A method is presented for synthesizing output estimators and disturbance feedforward controllers for continuous‐time, uncertain, gridded, linear parameter‐varying (LPV) systems. Integral quadratic constraints are used to describe the uncertainty. Since the gridded LPV systems do not have a valid frequency‐domain interpretation, the time domain, dissipation inequality approach is followed. There are 2 main contributions. The first contribution is that a notion of duality is developed for the worst‐case gain analysis of uncertain, gridded LPV systems. This includes notions of dual LPV systems and dual integral quadratic constraints. Furthermore, several technical results are developed to demonstrate that the sufficient conditions for bounding the worst‐case gain of the primal and dual uncertain LPV systems are equivalent. The second contribution is that the convex conditions are derived for the synthesis of robust output estimators for uncertain LPV systems. The estimator synthesis conditions, together with the duality results, enable the convex synthesis of robust disturbance feedforward controllers. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated using a numerical example.
Ultrasound and histological measurements of dividing membrane thickness in twin gestations
Authors: Bracero L. A. , Huff C. , Blitz M. J. , Plata M. J. , Seybold D. J. , Broce M.
Published: September 2017

Objective

To determine how prenatal ultrasound measurements of dividing membrane thickness correlate with postnatal histological measurements and chorionicity in twin gestations.

Methods

This was a prospective, longitudinal cohort study of twin gestations. Dividing membrane thickness was measured by transabdominal ultrasound, with the insonation beam both parallel and perpendicular to the membrane, in the second or third trimester, depending on when care was established. Ultrasound examinations were performed every 4 weeks following initial assessment until delivery. Measurements of membrane thickness from the first ultrasound examination were compared with histological measurements after delivery.

Results

A total of 45 twin pregnancies (32 dichorionic, 13 monochorionic) were included. Mean gestational age at initial ultrasound examination was 24.1 ± 7.3 weeks. Parallel ultrasound measurements of membrane thickness were 1.6 ± 0.8 mm for monochorionic and 2.5 ± 0.9 mm for dichorionic gestations (P = 0.001). Perpendicular ultrasound measurements were 1.6 ± 0.3 mm for monochorionic and 2.2 ± 0.8 mm for dichorionic gestations (P = 0.009). Inter‐ and intraobserver reliability of ultrasound measurements were 0.847 and 0.950, respectively. Parallel and perpendicular ultrasound measurements correlated better with each other (R = 0.807, P < 0.001) than with histological measurements of membrane thickness (Rparallel = 0.538, P < 0.001; Rperpendicular = 0.529, P < 0.001). Receiver–operating characteristics curve analyses to predict histological membrane thickness > 50th percentile resulted in an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.828 for parallel (P < 0.001) and 0.874 for perpendicular (P < 0.001) measurements with a cut‐off value of 1.9 mm for both approaches. The AUCs for parallel and perpendicular measurements to predict dichorionicity were 0.892 (P < 0.001) and 0.823 (P < 0.001) with cut‐off values of 1.9 and 1.8 mm, respectively.

Conclusion

Prenatal ultrasound measurement of twin dividing membrane thickness is positively correlated with postnatal histological measurement. Dichorionicity can be determined by a magnified dividing membrane thickness ≥ 1.9 mm. Measurements with the ultrasound beam parallel to the dividing membrane may be more accurate than perpendicular measurements. Copyright © 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Algorithms for hierarchical clustering: an overview, II
Authors: Murtagh Fionn , Contreras Pedro
Published: September 2017

We survey agglomerative hierarchical clustering algorithms and discuss efficient implementations that are available in R and other software environments. We look at hierarchical self‐organizing maps and mixture models. We review grid‐based clustering, focusing on hierarchical density‐based approaches. Finally, we describe a recently developed very efficient (linear time) hierarchical clustering algorithm, which can also be viewed as a hierarchical grid‐based algorithm. This review adds to the earlier version, Murtagh F, Contreras P. Algorithms for hierarchical clustering: an overview, Wiley Interdiscip Rev: Data Mining Knowl Discov 2012, 2, 86–97. WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov 2017, 7:e1219. doi: 10.1002/widm.1219

This article is categorized under:

Algorithmic Development > Hierarchies and Trees

Technologies > Classification

Technologies > Structure Discovery and Clustering
Preoperative Prognostic Factors After Liver Resection for Non‐Colorectal, Non‐Neuroendocrine Liver Metastases and Validation of the Adam Score in an Asian Population
Authors: Sim Dayna P. Y. , Goh Brian K. P. , Lee Ser‐Yee , Chan Chung‐Yip , Tan Iain B. H. , Cheow Peng‐Chung , Jeyaraj Premaraj , Chow Pierce K. H. , Ooi London L. P. J. , Chung Alexander Y. F.
Published: September 2017

Background

Historically, the benefit of liver resection for non‐colorectal, non‐neuroendocrine (NCNN) liver metastases has been controversial. This study aims to determine the preoperative prognostic factors of liver resection for NCNN liver metastases and validate the Adam score in an Asian population.

Methods

Consecutive patients who underwent liver resection for NCNN liver metastases were identified retrospectively from a prospective liver resection database of the single institution between 2001 and 2014. Univariate Cox regression models were used to identify associations with outcome variables. Recurrence‐free interval and overall survival were determined using the Kaplan–Meier method and compared using log‐rank test.

Results

Seventy‐eight consecutive patients were identified, which met the study criteria. Univariate analysis demonstrated that adenocarcinoma histology of primary cancer, disease‐free interval and number of nodules were significant predictors of survival. Four of the six components of Adam score were significant predictors of survival. These were the presence of extrahepatic metastases, R2 resection, disease‐free interval and type of a primary tumour. The total Adam score was also a significant predictor of survival.

Conclusion

Liver resection for NCNN liver metastases is a safe and viable treatment option in carefully selected patients. Significant preoperative prognostic factors include adenocarcinoma primary tumours, disease‐free interval and number of nodules. The total Adam score was a good predictor of overall survival and can be used to risk stratify patients undergoing hepatic resection for NCNN liver metastases.
Liderazgos femeninos: tránsitos hacia la ética del cuidado en las relaciones de género
Authors: Bellón Cárdenas Elizabeth
Published: September 2017

En este ensayo se problematiza la categoría de liderazgos femeninos para argumentar la posibilidad deconstruir liderazgos colectivos de cuidado mutuo, que subviertan las desigualdades de género vinculadas al orden simbólico binario masculino/femenino, y promuevan una ciudadanía/autonomía relacional desde la participación y la igualdad. En principio, se estudia el orden simbólico masculino/femenino y la lógica cultural heteronormativa (Serret, 2011; Lamas, 2010, 2015). Posteriormente, se analiza la ética del cuidado (Sevenhuijsen, 2003, 2004), desgenerizándola, como alternativa en las relaciones de género y en la condición de ciudadanía. Después, se discute en torno a los estilos de liderazgo femeninos y masculinos (Lamas, 2015)y se examinan los liderazgos postheroicos (Fletcher, 2004) y colectivos (Davis, 2016) que disienten del orden binario. Por último, se reflexiona sobre el liderazgo de mujeres en organizaciones religiosas y civiles católicas a partir de estos conceptos. Se concluye que resignificando lo femenino, desgenerizándolo, es posible orientarnos hacia liderazgos de sujetxs y colectividades diversas que pongan en el centro la vida y las vidas de todxs.
Hospitalizations for ambulatory care sensitive conditions and unplanned readmissions among Medicare beneficiaries with Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Lin Pei‐Jung , Zhong Yue , Fillit Howard M. , Cohen Joshua T. , Neumann Peter J.
Published: September 2017

Introduction

Medicare beneficiaries with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRDs) may have more potentially avoidable hospitalizations and readmissions than people without dementia. These hospitalizations may be indicative of access barriers, problems in continuity of care, inefficient resource use, and poor patient outcomes.

Methods

We examined national frequency and costs of ambulatory care sensitive condition hospitalizations and unplanned, all‐cause, and condition‐specific 30‐day readmissions in >2.7 million fee‐for‐service ADRD patients using 2013 Medicare claims data.

Results

In 2013, 410,000 Medicare ADRD patients had ambulatory care sensitive condition hospitalizations or unplanned 30‐day readmissions costing $4.7 billion. One in 10 ADRD patients were hospitalized for a potentially avoidable condition. Almost one in five hospitalized ADRD patients had an unplanned 30‐day readmission. Readmission rates were highest among ADRD patients initially hospitalized for heart failure (22%) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (21%).

Discussion

Our findings may suggest potential deficiencies in ambulatory care and postdischarge care related to managing comorbidities among Medicare fee‐for‐service ADRD patients.
Monetary Unions, Regional Financial Arrangements, and Central Bank Swap Lines: Bypasses to the International Monetary Fund?
Authors: Medhora Rohinton P.
Published: September 2017

The situation calls for international cooperation, and all the parties at the Bretton Woods Conference understood this. A pool of international reserves that was readily accessible under mutually agreed upon rules by its members would be a “global public good,” providing considerable efficiency over having all countries solely hold their own stock of international reserves. Since balance of payments shocks are typically asynchronous across countries and over time, the principles of pooling and insurance would assure a net gain from the arrangement.
Modelling intra-annual dynamics of a major marine-terminating Arctic glacier
Authors: Pimentel Sam , Flowers Gwenn E. , Sharp Martin J. , Danielson Bradley , Copland Luke , Van Wychen Wesley , Duncan Angus , Kavanaugh Jeffrey L.
Published: September 2017

Significant intra-annual variability in flow rates of tidewater-terminating Arctic glaciers has been observed in recent years. These changes may result from oceanic and/or atmospheric forcing through (1) perturbations at the terminus, such as enhanced submarine melt and changes in sea-ice buttressing, or (2) increased surface melt, in response to atmospheric warming, reaching the bed and promoting glacier slip. We examine the influence of these processes on Belcher Glacier, a large fast-flowing tidewater outlet of the Devon Island ice cap in the Canadian Arctic. A hydrologically-coupled higher-order ice flow model is used to estimate changes in glacier flow speed as a result of changes in sea-ice buttressing and hydrologically-driven melt-season dynamics. Daily run-off from five sub-catchments over the 2008 and 2009 melt seasons provides meltwater forcing for the model simulations. Model results are compared with remotely-sensed and in situ ice-surface velocity measurements. Sea-ice effects are found to have a minor influence on glacier flow speed relative to that of meltwater drainage, which is clearly implicated in short-term velocity variations during the melt season. We find that threshold drainage is essential in determining the timing of these short-lived accelerations.
The Transcendental Argument of the Novel
Authors: PLUMER GILBERT
Published: September 2017

Can fictional narration yield knowledge in a way that depends crucially on its being fictional? This is the hard question of literary cognitivism. It is unexceptional that knowledge can be gained from fictional literature in ways that are not dependent on its fictionality (e.g., the science in science fiction). Sometimes fictional narratives are taken to exhibit the structure of suppositional argument, sometimes analogical argument. Of course, neither structure is unique to narratives. The thesis of literary cognitivism would be supported if some novels exhibit a cogent and special argument structure restricted to fictional narratives. I contend that this is the case for a kind of transcendental argument. The reason is the inclusion and pattern of occurrence of the predicate ‘believable’ in the schema. Believability with respect to fictional stories is quite a different thing than it is with respect to nonfictional stories or anything else.
Harmonic generation by nonlinear self-interaction of a single internal wave mode
Authors: Wunsch Scott
Published: September 2017

Weakly nonlinear theory is used to explore the dynamics of a single-mode internal tide in variable stratification with rotation. Nonlinear self-interaction in variable stratification generates a perturbation which is forced with double the original frequency and wavenumber. The dynamics of the perturbation is analogous to a forced harmonic oscillator, with the steady-state solution corresponding to a bound harmonic matching the forcing frequency and wavenumber. When the forcing frequency is near a natural frequency of the system, even a small-amplitude (nearly linear) internal tide may induce a significant harmonic response. Idealized stratification profiles are utilized to explore the relevance of this effect for oceanic$M_{2}$baroclinic internal tides, and the results indicate that a rapidly growing harmonic may occur in some environments near the Equator, but is unlikely at higher latitudes. The results are relevant to recent observations of$M_{4}$(harmonic) internal tides in the South China Sea and elsewhere. More generally, nonlinear self-interaction may contribute to the transfer of energy to smaller scales and the dissipation of baroclinic internal tides, especially in equatorial waters.
Heat transfer in rapidly rotating convection with heterogeneous thermal boundary conditions
Authors: Mound Jon E. , Davies Christopher J.
Published: September 2017

Convection in the metallic cores of terrestrial planets is likely to be subjected to lateral variations in heat flux through the outer boundary imposed by creeping flow in the overlying silicate mantles. Boundary anomalies can significantly influence global diagnostics of core convection when the Rayleigh number, $Ra$, is weakly supercritical; however, little is known about the strongly supercritical regime appropriate for planets. We perform numerical simulations of rapidly rotating convection in a spherical shell geometry and impose two patterns of boundary heat flow heterogeneity: a hemispherical $Y_{1}^{1}$ spherical harmonic pattern; and one derived from seismic tomography of the Earth’s lower mantle. We consider Ekman numbers $10^{-4}\leqslant E\leqslant 10^{-6}$, flux-based Rayleigh numbers up to ${\sim}800$ times critical, and a Prandtl number of unity. The amplitude of the lateral variation in heat flux is characterised by $q_{L}^{\ast }=0$, 2.3, 5.0, the peak-to-peak amplitude of the outer boundary heat flux divided by its mean. We find that the Nusselt number, $Nu$, can be increased by up to ${\sim}25\,\%$ relative to the equivalent homogeneous case due to boundary-induced correlations between the radial velocity and temperature anomalies near the top of the shell. The $Nu$ enhancement tends to become greater as the amplitude and length scale of the boundary heterogeneity are increased and as the system becomes more supercritical. This $Ra$ dependence can steepen the $Nu\propto Ra^{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}}$ scaling in the rotationally dominated regime, with $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}$ for our most extreme case approximately 20 % greater than the equivalent homogeneous scaling. Therefore, it may be important to consider boundary heterogeneity when extrapolating numerical results to planetary conditions.
Haier's Management Model of Rendanheyi: From Sea to Iceberg
Authors: Zhou Yunjie
Published: September 2017

The Internet era embraces disruptive dynamics of both organizational and management models. Management scholars and entrepreneurs worldwide are exploring new management theories and business models such as the management model of Rendanheyi (人单合一in Chinese, translated as ‘Maker-Customer Integration’) that has been evolving for 12 years since it was initiated by Haier in 2005. This model has successfully transformed Haier, and has also drawn much attention from the world with its salient implications for a new management paradigm (Cao, 2014; Fischer, Lago, & Liu, 2013).
Enabling Near Real-Time Remote Search for Fast Transient Events with Lossy Data Compression
Authors: Vohl Dany , Pritchard Tyler , Andreoni Igor , Cooke Jeffrey , Meade Bernard
Published: September 2017

We present a systematic evaluation of JPEG2000 (ISO/IEC 15444) as a transport data format to enable rapid remote searches for fast transient events as part of the Deeper Wider Faster programme. Deeper Wider Faster programme uses ~20 telescopes from radio to gamma rays to perform simultaneous and rapid-response follow-up searches for fast transient events on millisecond-to-hours timescales. Deeper Wider Faster programme search demands have a set of constraints that is becoming common amongst large collaborations. Here, we focus on the rapid optical data component of Deeper Wider Faster programme led by the Dark Energy Camera at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory. Each Dark Energy Camera image has 70 total coupled-charged devices saved as a ~1.2 gigabyte FITS file. Near real-time data processing and fast transient candidate identifications—in minutes for rapid follow-up triggers on other telescopes—requires computational power exceeding what is currently available on-site at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory. In this context, data files need to be transmitted rapidly to a foreign location for supercomputing post-processing, source finding, visualisation and analysis. This step in the search process poses a major bottleneck, and reducing the data size helps accommodate faster data transmission. To maximise our gain in transfer time and still achieve our science goals, we opt for lossy data compression—keeping in mind that raw data is archived and can be evaluated at a later time. We evaluate how lossy JPEG2000 compression affects the process of finding transients, and find only a negligible effect for compression ratios up to ~25:1. We also find a linear relation between compression ratio and the mean estimated data transmission speed-up factor. Adding highly customised compression and decompression steps to the science pipeline considerably reduces the transmission time—validating its introduction to the Deeper Wider Faster programme science pipeline and enabling science that was otherwise too difficult with current technology.
The Faint Globular Cluster in the Dwarf Galaxy Andromeda I
Authors: Caldwell Nelson , Strader Jay , Sand David J. , Willman Beth , Seth Anil C.
Published: September 2017

Observations of globular clusters in dwarf galaxies can be used to study a variety of topics, including the structure of dark matter halos and the history of vigorous star formation in low-mass galaxies. We report on the properties of the faint globular cluster (MV~ −3.4) in the M31 dwarf galaxy Andromeda I. This object adds to the growing population of low-luminosity Local Group galaxies that host single globular clusters.
THOUGHTS ON MASSIVE FLINT CORES FROM WILTSHIRE AND EAST ANGLIA, THE MOVEMENT OF FLINT AND ITS ROLE IN LATE NEOLITHIC BRITAIN
Authors: Harding Phil , Lord John
Published: September 2017

This paper describes the discovery of a massive, fan-shaped flint core from West Kennett Farm, near Avebury in Wiltshire, a site that is noted for two Late Neolithic palisaded enclosures. The discovery of the core has renewed focus on three similar artefacts from East Anglia, the importance of which has been overlooked. These cores arguably constitute some of the largest individual pieces of systematically worked flint from Britain. The paper considers the implications of the discovery at West Kennett Farm, where nodules of this size are absent, with the movement of flint across Britain, and concludes by discussing the role of these ‘mega-cores’ with current thinking on the function of stone in Neolithic Britain.
Socrates’ Search for Laches’ Knowledge of Courage
Authors: FUTTER DYLAN B.
Published: September 2017

In Plato’sLaches, Socrates ascribes knowledge of courage to his eponymous interlocutor and makes an attempt to reconstruct it in speech. His attribution of knowledge to Laches controls his discursive behaviour in the dialogue, requiring him to withhold judgements of error, construe apparent error as a failure of speech rather than knowledge, and search for the deeper truth underlying the overt content of Laches’ utterances. Socrates’ method in this elenchus can be described as a kind of ‘epistemic exegesis,’ which aims to draw out and give discursive shape to knowledge of virtue that it assumes that the interlocutor already possesses.
Resistance towards monensin is proposed to be acquired in aToxoplasma gondiimodel by reduced invasion and egress activities, in addition to increased intracellular replication
Authors: THABET AHMED , SCHMIDT JOHANNES , BAUMANN SVEN , HONSCHA WALTHER , VON BERGEN MARTIN , DAUGSCHIES ARWID , BANGOURA BERIT
Published: September 2017

Monensin (Mon) is an anticoccidial polyether ionophore widely used to control coccidiosis. The extensive use of polyether ionophores on poultry farms resulted in widespread resistance, but the underlying resistance mechanisms are unknown in detail. For analysing the mode of action by which resistance against polyether ionophores is obtained, we inducedin vitroMon resistance inToxoplasma gondii-RH strain (MonR-RH) and compared it with the sensitive parental strain (Sen-RH). The proteome assessment of MonR-RH and Sen-RH strains was obtained after isotopic labelling using stable isotope labelling by amino acid in cell culture. Relative proteomic quantification between resistant and sensitive strains was performed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. Overall, 1024 proteins were quantified and 52 proteins of them were regulated. The bioinformatic analysis revealed regulation of cytoskeletal and transmembrane proteins being involved in transport mechanisms, metal ion-binding and invasion. During invasion, actin and microneme protein 8 (MIC8) are seem to be important for conoid extrusion and forming moving junction with host cells, respectively. Actin was significantly upregulated, while MIC8 was downregulated, which indicate an invasion reduction in the resistant strain. Resistance against Mon is not a simple process but it involves reduced invasion and egress activity ofT. gondiitachyzoites while intracellular replication is enhanced.
Cryptosporidiuminfecting wild cricetid rodents from the subfamilies Arvicolinae and Neotominae
Authors: STENGER BRIANNA L. S. , HORČIČKOVÁ MICHAELA , CLARK MARK E. , KVÁČ MARTIN , ČONDLOVÁ ŠÁRKA , KHAN EAKALAK , WIDMER GIOVANNI , XIAO LIHUA , GIDDINGS CATHERINE W. , PENNIL CHRISTOPHER , STANKO MICHAL , SAK BOHUMIL , MCEVOY JOHN M.
Published: September 2017

We undertook a study onCryptosporidiumspp. in wild cricetid rodents. Fecal samples were collected from meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus), southern red-backed voles (Myodes gapperi), woodland voles (Microtus pinetorum), muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) andPeromyscusspp. mice in North America, and from bank voles (Myodes glareolus) and common voles (Microtus arvalis) in Europe. Isolates were characterized by sequence and phylogenetic analyses of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU) and actin genes. Overall, 33·2% (362/1089) of cricetids tested positive forCryptosporidium, with a greater prevalence in cricetids from North America (50·7%; 302/596) than Europe (12·1%; 60/493). Principal Coordinate analysis separated SSU sequences into three major groups (G1-G3), each represented by sequences from North American and European cricetids. A maximum likelihood tree of SSU sequences had low bootstrap support and showed G1 to be more heterogeneous than G2 or G3. Actin and concatenated actin-SSU trees, which were better resolved and had higher bootstrap support than the SSU phylogeny, showed that closely related cricetid hosts in Europe and North America are infected with closely relatedCryptosporidiumgenotypes. Cricetids were not major reservoirs of human pathogenicCryptosporidiumspp.
The stakeholder model paradox: How the globalisation of politics fuels domestic advocacy
Authors: Hanegraaff Marcel , Poletti Arlo
Published: September 2017

One of the central assumptions underlying the stakeholder model is that strengthened opportunities for involvement of non-state actors in political procedures hold significant promise for making those procedures more democratically legitimate. However, recent studies show that more open international organisations (IOs) are not perceived as more legitimate by non-state actors. In this article we explore one potential reason to explain this apparent paradox, investigating whether, and under what conditions, strengthened opportunities of stakeholder involvement enable the effective representation of global constituencies. The article shows that globalisation and politicisation of IOs go hand in hand with greater political activity by non-state actors defending domestic, rather than global, interests. Globalisation and politicisation may thus contribute to the exponential growth of the community of non-state actors active at IOs, but they do not make such community more globalised in nature. The article also illustrates that granting greater access to stakeholders in international institutions can somehow mitigate the effects of this underlying structural factors, and that institutional openness disproportionally fosters political activity by civic, rather than business, global stakeholders. We advance these arguments relying on a novel dataset including over eight thousand organisations active at the UN climate conferences and the WTO Ministerial Conferences.
COST-EFFECTIVENESS IMPACTS CANCER CARE FUNDING DECISIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA, EVIDENCE FROM 1998 TO 2008
Authors: Ismail Zahra , Peacock Stuart J. , Kovacic Laurel , Hoch Jeffrey S.
Published: September 2017

Objectives:The Priorities and Evaluation Committee (PEC) funding recommendations for new cancer drugs in British Columbia, Canada have been based on both clinical and economic evidence. The British Columbia Ministry of Health makes funding decisions. We assessed the association between cost-effectiveness of cancer drugs considered from 1998 to 2008 and the subsequent funding decisions.

Methods:All proposals submitted to the PEC between 1998 and 2008 were reviewed, and the association between cost-effectiveness and funding decisions was examined by (i) using logistic regression to test the hypothesis that interventions with higher incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) have a lower probability of receiving a positive funding decision and (ii) using parametric and nonparametric tests to determine if a statistically significant difference exists between the mean cost-effectiveness of funded versus not funded proposals. A sub-analysis was conducted to determine if the findings varied across different outcome measures.

Results:Of the 149 proposals reviewed, 78 reported cost-effectiveness using various outcome measures. In the proposals that used life-years gained as the outcome (n= 22), a statistically significant difference of nearly $115,000 was observed between the mean ICERs for funded proposals ($42,006) and for unfunded proposals ($156,967). An odds ratio indicating higher ICERs have a lower probability of being funded was also found to be statistically significant (p< .05).

Conclusions:Economic evidence appears to play a role in British Columbia cancer funding decisions from 1998 to 2008; other decision-making criteria may also have an important role in recommendations and subsequent funding decisions.
A CONSULTATION GUIDE FOR ASSESSING THE APPLICABILITY OF HEALTH TECHNOLOGIES:A CASE STUDY
Authors: Polus Stephanie , Pfadenhauer Lisa , Brereton Louise , Leppert Wojciech , Wahlster Philip , Gerhardus Ansgar , Rehfuess Eva
Published: September 2017

Objectives:The translation of research findings into policy and practice is crucially dependent on the applicability of such findings in a given decision-making context. We explored in a case study whether a generic consultation guide to assess the applicability of a health technology could be rapidly deployed and deliver useful insights.

Methods:A consultation guide based on the context and implementation for complex interventions (CICI) framework was developed and piloted to assess the applicability of reinforced home-based palliative care in three European countries. Individual consultations in England and Germany and a panel discussion in Poland were completed.

Results:Various barriers may hinder successful implementation of reinforced home-based palliative care in the three countries. Whilst the experts across all countries emphasized the lack of funding along with organization and structure as major barriers, information varied by country for many of the other identified barriers and facilitators. Participants in the pilot study provided positive feedback in terms of understanding the topic and purpose of the consultation, and both individual and panel consultations could be easily implemented.

Conclusions:In this case study, the consultation guide presented a pragmatic, ready-to-use tool to assess the applicability of a health technology. As shown here, it can be used in a generic manner without discrete empirical information on the technology in question or, ideally, makes use of specific information collected as part of a HTA. Further studies are needed to validate this guide and apply it to other types of health technologies and more diverse decision-making contexts.
Compensation of Injuries and Homicide in Ming and Qing Law
Authors: Constant Frédéric
Published: September 2017

Assessment and awarding of compensation to victims of injury and loss are among the main duties performed by courts in many different legal systems. In Western law, it constitutes a central purpose of tort law, which in itself is one of the fundamental branches of law. Did Chinese law have a specific approach to the question of compensation, which singularizes it from other legal systems? From the points of view both of statute law and judicial practice, my primary concern is to investigate whether compensation was granted to victims of injury or death under the Ming and Qing laws.
Money and its institutional substitutes: the role of exchange institutions in human cooperation
Authors: HARWICK CAMERON
Published: September 2017

This paper offers an increasing returns model of the evolution of exchange institutions building on Smith's dictum that ‘the division of labor is limited by the extent of the market’. Exchange institutions are characterized by a tradeoff between fixed and marginal costs: the effort necessary to execute an exchange may be economized by up-front ‘investment’ in strategies to facilitate the publication and accounting of trading histories. Increases in the size of the exchange network select for higher-fixed-cost exchange institutions, beginning with autarky, through various intermediate stages, and finally to mass monetary exchange. By identifying the relevant fixed costs of money and its institutional substitutes across time, the paper both accounts for the persistence of pre-monetary exchange institutions, despite the ‘inevitability’ of monetary exchange that seems to be a feature of traditional models of the origin of money, and illuminates the forces driving the transition from one to another.
Collective Apologies Moderate the Effects of Justice Concerns on Support for Collective Punishment
Authors: Berent Jacques , Pereira Andrea , Falomir-Pichastor Juan M.
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Following an offense, various justice concerns arise, and people might support the punishment of the offender’s entire group to restore a sense of justice (even if the other group members are innocent). We hypothesized that support for collective punishment might increase along one’s justice concerns, and that such effect can be hindered by the group’s collective apologies. In three studies, third-party observers were presented with various cases of aggression and we measured (Study 1) or manipulated (Studies 2 and 3) their justice concerns. In all studies, the presence (vs. absence) of collective apologies was additionally manipulated. The results confirmed our hypothesis thereby increasing our knowledge of both the determinants of collective punishment and the potential effects of collective apologies.