bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HLA‐A, B, Cw, DRB1, DQB1 and DPB1 alleles and haplotypes in the genetically homogenous Irish population
Authors: Dunne C. , Crowley J. , Hagan R. , Rooney G. , Lawlor E.
Published: September 2008

The frequencies of human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class I and II alleles and haplotypes of 250 Irish unrelated bone marrow donors were determined by high resolution polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using a combination of reverse line blot hybridization and PCR with sequence‐specific primers. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that this Irish population is closely related to British, North‐western European, American and Australian Caucasian populations. These observations are consistent with recognized historical, geographical, cultural, ethnic and linguistic relationships between these populations and suggest that Irish haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients have a greater likelihood of finding a phenotypically matched donor within registries based on these populations. HLA‐A, B, Cw, DRB1, DQB1 and DPB1 analysis confirms that this young homogenous population is characterized by features of a North‐western European anthropological type with limited influence of additional ethnic haplotypes.
Positive association of HLA‐DRB1*15 with keloid disease in Caucasians
Authors: Brown J. J. , Ollier W. E. R. , Thomson W. , Bayat A.
Published: September 2008

Keloid disease (KD) is a fibroproliferative dermal tumour of unknown aetiology. The increased familial clustering in KD, its increased prevalence in certain races and concordance in identical twins suggest a strong genetic predisposition to keloid formation. The most polymorphic genetic system in all vertebrates is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) also known as the human leucocyte antigens (HLA) system. The MHC has been shown to be strongly associated with numerous conditions. Of particular interest is the association of DR2 with dermal fibrotic diseases such as sarcoidosis. To investigate the aetiology of KD, we compared the HLA‐DRB1 phenotype frequencies of Caucasoid patients with keloid scars against those observed in a control population (n = 537). A total number of 67 keloid cases were evaluated in the study. HLA‐DRB1 alleles were determined in all cases and controls using a commercially available semiautomated reverse hybridization polymerase chain reaction sequence‐specific oligonucleotide probes typing system. HLA‐DRB1*15 phenotype frequency was higher in KD‐positive Caucasians (38.8%) when compared with controls (20.9%) (corrected P = 0.017). We conclude that in Caucasians of Northern European origin, HLA‐DRB1*15 is associated with risk of developing KD following injury. We have demonstrated for the first time that a genetic association exists between HLA‐DRB1*15 status and the risk of developing keloid scarring in Caucasians. Our data suggest the possible involvement of an immunogenic component to KD although the exact mechanisms involved in MHC‐driven abnormal fibrosis will require further investigation.
Development of the HLA proficiency testing for Central and East Europe
Authors: Bogunia‐Kubik K. , Lange A.
Published: September 2008

In order to increase the reliability of histocompatibility testing, several external proficiency testing (EPT) schemes have been established within Europe. All the laboratories trying to obtain European Federation for Immunogenetics (EFI) accreditation are obliged to take part in standardization trials for human leucocyte antigen (HLA) typing and to participate in EPT programme(s) to cover all techniques in use for accredited activities. We started our activity in 1999. At that time, the Quality Control Workshop was run for Polish laboratories involved in HLA typing. A year later, our activity was expanded to the Central East European area. As a result, the third national workshop was combined with the Proficiency Testing of HLA Class I Typing for Central and East Europe. In total, until year 2005, 38 institutions from 14 countries have participated in our workshop. During that period the results of HLA class I A, B and C locus typing by serology and at the DNA low resolution level were expected. To meet the further requirements of participating laboratories starting with year 2006 and the XI trial of the workshop we plan to increase the number of HLA loci to be tested (HLA class II DRB1 and DQB1) and include also high resolution typing. Our EPT is organized under the auspices of the Polish Society for Immunogenetics (PSI) and all laboratories within Poland involved in HLA typing for donor selection within Poltransplant and seeking the PSI accreditation are obliged to participate in our workshop.
Non‐HLA genetics and predicting outcome in HSCT
Authors: Dickinson A. M.
Published: September 2008

Over the last 10 years, an increasing number of studies have demonstrated the role of non‐human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes in predicting outcome in haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). These studies have included investigations into ‘single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)’ or microsatellites of cytokines, cytokine receptor genes, or genes associating with innate immunity. These polymorphisms give rise to functional differences in the production of e.g. cytokines, or altered function of genes which are reflected in potential up‐ or down‐ regulating of the ‘cytokine storm’ of GvHD. This review summarises some of the studies and relates the results to their potential for improving HSCT outcome by predicting transplant‐related mortality and GvHD.
The role of genetic variants of NOD2/CARD15, a receptor of the innate immune system, in GvHD and complications following related and unrelated donor haematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Holler E. , Rogler G. , Brenmoehl J. , Hahn J. , Greinix H. , Dickinson A. M. , Socie G. , Wolff D. , Finke J. , Fischer G. , Jackson G. , Rocha V. , Hilgendorf I. , Eissner G. , Marienhagen J. , Andreesen R.
Published: September 2008

Previous studies from our group indicated a role of SNPs within the innate immunity receptor NOD2/CARD15 as a risk factor for GvHD and treatment‐related mortality allogeneic stem cell transplantation from HLA‐identical siblings. We now extended these studies to assess the role of NOD2/CARD15 SNPs in 342 unrelated donor transplants. Overall, presence of any SNPs in patients or donor resulted in an increased risk of severe GvHD (25% in wildtype versus 38% in recipients and donors with variants, P= 0.01), which did not translate in increased mortality. When the analysis was broken down to individual SNPs, the presence of a SNP13 in the donor turned out to be the only highly significant risk factor (GvHD III/IV 22% wt, 42% SNP13 donor, P < 0.004; TRM 33% wt versus 59% SNP13 donor, P= 0.01; overall survival 49% wt versus 26% SNP13 donor, P= 0.007). This association was confirmed in multivariate analysis. Analysis of clinical risk factors suggested that this effect was most prominent in patients receiving any form of T cell depletion. Thus our observation indicates that the presence of a defect in innate immunity signalling in donor monocytes and possibly antigen presenting cells is most prominent in patients having additional T cell deficiency.
Misalignment of the microquasar V4641 Sgr (SAX J1819.3–2525)
Authors: Martin Rebecca G. , Reis Rubens C. , Pringle J. E.
Published: September 2008

In the microquasar V4641 Sgr, the spin of the black hole is thought to be misaligned with the binary orbital axis. The accretion disc aligns with the black hole spin by the Lense-Thirring effect near to the black hole and further out becomes aligned with the binary orbital axis. The inclination of the radio jets and the Fe Kα line profile have both been used to determine the inclination of the inner accretion disc but the measurements are inconsistent. Using a steady-state analytical-warped disc model for V4641 Sgr, we find that the inner disc region is flat and aligned with the black hole up to about 900Rg. Thus, if both the radio jet and fluorescent emission originate in the same inner region then the measurements of the inner disc inclination should be the same.
SURVIVAL ANALYSIS TO ESTIMATE SENSORY SHELF LIFE USING ACCEPTABILITY SCORES
Authors: GIMÉNEZ ANA , ARES GASTÓN , GÁMBARO ADRIANA
Published: September 2008

In the present study, survival analysis was applied on consumers' acceptability scores, focusing the shelf‐life risk on the consumers disliking the product. Shelf life was estimated as the time necessary to reach a fixed percentage of consumers disliking the product, that is, the percentage of consumers scoring the product's overall acceptability below 6 in a 9‐point hedonic scale. In the present work, this methodology was applied to estimate the sensory shelf life of whole pan bread and alfajores. Shelf lives estimated considering 50% of the consumers disliking the product were shorter than those estimated considering consumers' rejection to consume. These results suggest that a proportion of consumers might dislike the sample but still answer “yes” when asked if they would consume the product at their homes. This could be attributed to the fact that when consumers are asked whether they would consume the product, they might think about consuming it after being stored at their homes. In this situation, consumers might be more tolerant toward sensory defects because they do not want to discard the product.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Sensory shelf life can be estimated using survival analysis considering the percentage of consumers disliking the product. This methodology seems to be a conservative criterion in order to assure the product's quality throughout its storage.
A LEXICON FOR TEXTURE AND FLAVOR CHARACTERISTICS OF FRESH AND PROCESSED TOMATOES
Authors: HONGSOONGNERN PAIRIN , CHAMBERS EDGAR
Published: September 2008

A lexicon for describing the sensory flavor and texture characteristics of fresh and processed tomatoes was developed. A six‐member highly trained, descriptive sensory panel identified, defined and referenced 33 sensory attributes for fresh and processed tomatoes. Forty products including a variety of raw, canned, concentrated and dried tomatoes, as well as tomato‐based products including ketchup and simple pasta sauce, were evaluated in the study. These products represented a wide range of sensory characteristics in raw and processed tomatoes. The lexicon established included 5 aroma attributes, 10 texture attributes and 18 flavor attributes including 6 taste and mouthfeel attributes. The lexicon provides attribute descriptors, definitions and references that often are lacking in previous literature. Reducing the number of attributes may be appropriate when testing specific tomato products.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Increased consumption of tomato products has expanded interest in improving the sensory characteristics of tomatoes and subsequent products. This research provides a list of sensory flavor and texture terms that can be used to describe the sensory characteristics of both fresh and processed tomatoes. This information will help researchers, breeders and processors better understand the flavor and texture properties of fresh and processed tomatoes, and the tomato characteristics of tomato products. Taste attributes, often used in previous literature, are important but are not enough to describe the characteristics of tomatoes. In addition to flavor attributes, aroma and texture properties are important for describing tomato characteristics but have not been thoroughly established in previous research.
DEVELOPMENT OF A QUANTITATIVE SENSORY METHOD FOR THE DESCRIPTION OF YOUNG RED WINES FROM RIOJA ALAVESA
Authors: ETAIO I. , PÉREZ ELORTONDO F.J. , ALBISU M. , GASTON E. , OJEDA M. , SCHLICH P.
Published: September 2008

A quantitative sensory method was developed to evaluate young red wines from Rioja Alavesa and find the most suitable attributes to describe them. Twenty‐four attributes (including appearance, aroma, flavor, taste and mouthfeel attributes) were chosen. Combined quantitative references were developed for these attributes aiming to lower the total number of references to be tasted. Nineteen wines were evaluated at four different times (every 2.5 months after bottling) by a panel trained in the use of this methodology. Attributes were compared in terms of overall intensities, and discriminative power of the attributes was assessed by analysis of variance, considering both sample and time effects. Appearance, taste and mouthfeel attributes revealed to be the most important to describe and discriminate the wines. “Red berry,”“floral,”“aroma intensity” and “dark berry” were the most important aroma attributes to discriminate among the wines, whereas “alcoholic” and “herbaceous” were the most important in flavor.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

This work provides three main practical applications. First, a list of terms for sensory description of wines from Rioja Alavesa is provided. There are no scientific reports using sensory panels to describe young red wines from the Rioja region. Attributes that describe and/or discriminate among these wines are also determined. All this information may be useful for a better understanding of these wines and for being used in future studies. Second, a methodology to describe young red wines and to evaluate them is described, which may be useful for further studies concerning wines from this area or other areas. Third, the development of combined references is used as a practical way to present all the references to all the panelists in the booths, although more studies are necessary before recommending this sensory practice.
PANEL CONSONANCE IN THE SENSORY EVALUATION OF APPLE ATTRIBUTES: INFLUENCE OF MEALINESS ON SWEETNESS PERCEPTION
Authors: ECHEVERRÍA G. , GRAELL J. , LARA I. , LÓPEZ ML. , PUY J.
Published: September 2008

Seventeen apple samples from nine different cultivars were evaluated by a trained panel of nine panelists. The first dimension of the raw principal component analysis models for each attribute (sweetness, sourness, juiciness, firmness, mealiness and crispness) accounted for more than 57% of the variance in sensory scores, except in the case of sweetness, for which the degree of explained variance was only 40%. A generalized procrustes analysis (GPA) was then applied to maximize the explained variance between the panelists. The final consonance results can be understood by looking at the interactions among the attributes: analysis of the GPA rotation matrix indicated that there was a rotation interaction between sweetness and mealiness that could explain the lower degree of consensus in the panel when evaluating sweetness. Conversely, the highest degree of consensus was observed for sourness, which showed the lowest correlation with the rest of the attributes.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Our article shows that panel consonance results can be directly related to interactions among sensory attributes: an attribute with higher interactions with the rest of the properties reaches a lower consensus in its evaluation. There is no work reporting this conclusion from a particular set of sensory data. We would also like to highlight that evidencing this result is not trivial because not all the interactions among sensory properties respond to a correlation interaction. For instance, we show that there is a rotation interaction between sweetness and mealiness. This information is the result of a detailed analysis of values of rotation coefficients between each pair of sensory attributes for all the panelists. To our knowledge, this kind of interaction has not been explicitly described in the apple literature up to now. In the present study, this interaction is explained from the sensory perception mechanisms of both properties.
THE MEANING AND IMPORTANCE OF CLOTHING COMFORT: A CASE STUDY FOR TURKEY
Authors: KAPLAN SIBEL , OKUR AYŞE
Published: September 2008

Consumers prefer garments that not only look good but also feel good especially during the last years because of their increased consciousness about a better life. Therefore, there have been many studies about subjective evaluation techniques such as subjective wear trials and consumer research techniques to understand how consumers perceive clothing and formulate their comfort perceptions at any specific moment. In this study, the meaning and importance of clothing comfort and main comfort problems according to a group of Turkish consumers having different properties were determined by a questionnaire survey study. Analysis of the results indicated that, garment fit and comfort were the most important criteria for the investigated group during purchase decisions and nearly all of the respondents considered clothing comfort as more important than before. The basic comfort problems of people were mostly related to ease of movement, sweating and garment fit. This study is a preparation stage for wear trials that will constitute the subjective part of a comfort evaluation method to be developed.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

In the modern consumer market, meeting the consumer needs is the key factor for success and the only way to determine the needs is to measure them by subjective methods and find out the relationships between subjective results and physically measurable parameters. It is thought that, data obtained from this questionnaire survey would be helpful in creating a general overview about the meaning of comfort in a group of Turkish consumers' minds and their purchase behaviors. Sensory descriptors obtained from this study will be used for wear trials to get more reliable results, which will constitute the subjective part of a wider project. Conclusions put forward about objective and subjective measurements will guide fiber and textile producers about the needs and preferences of Turkish consumers. Consequently, they can determine their quality level suitable for specific consumer groups.
THE EFFECT OF BASIC TASTE SOLUTIONS AND SELECTED VEGETABLE ACCOMPANIMENTS ON THE SENSORY PROPERTIES OF PORK
Authors: AASLYNG M.D. , FRØST M.B.
Published: September 2008

Different food items are often combined into a meal in culturally meaningful combinations. However, very little research has been carried out to elucidate the effects of different meal components on each other. This study investigated the food–food sensory interactions. The experiment was organized as a model sequential tasting experiment investigating the effect of four of the five basic tastes on the sensory properties of pork, followed by an investigation of two different vegetables characterized by the actual basic taste.

Bitter and sour accompaniments, in particular, influenced the flavor of the patties by increasing their own basic taste in the patties but reducing other flavors (sourish, piggy, metallic/liver). Salt accompaniment only reduced the bitter taste and increased the sourish flavor. Sweet accompaniment had no real influence on the flavor of the pork.

The work can be seen as a tool for designing meals including pork with known sensory quality. However, the results should be demonstrated in future experiments including a wider variety of pork and with interaction between several basic tastes.

PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS

This study investigated the sensory interaction in a whole meal with pork. The results have a very practical relevance in product development as they can be used as a tool for combining different accompaniments with a certain pork quality. For example, minced pork from one part of the carcass can be characterized by a more piggy flavor compared with minced pork from other parts of the pig. Against the background of these results, a slightly sour accompaniment can be recommended as it reduces the undesirable piggy flavor.

In addition to the very practical use of the results, some basic information about food–food interactions was gained. This information has not previously been described and can therefore be seen as an inspiration for further studies.
Introduction to Hydromechanical Well Tests in Fractured Rock Aquifers
Authors: Schweisinger Todd , Svenson Erik J. , Murdoch Lawrence C.
Published: September 2008

This article introduces hydromechanical well tests as a viable field method for characterizing fractured rock aquifers. These tests involve measuring and analyzing small displacements along with pressure transients. Recent developments in equipment and analyses have simplified hydromechanical well tests, and this article describes initial field results and interpretations during slug and constant‐rate pumping tests conducted at a site underlain by fractured biotite gneiss in South Carolina. The field data are characterized by displacements of 0.3 μm to more than 10 μm during head changes up to 10 m. Displacements are a hysteretic function of hydraulic head in the wellbore, with displacements late in a well test always exceeding those at similar wellbore pressures early in the test. Displacement measurements show that hydraulic aperture changes during well tests, and both scaling analyses and field data suggest thatTchanged by a few percent per meter of drawdown during slug and pumping tests at our field site. Preliminary analyses suggest that displacement data can be used to improve estimates of storativity and to reduce nonuniqueness during hydraulic well tests involving single wells.
Biased Monitoring of Fresh Water‐Salt Water Mixing Zone in Coastal Aquifers
Authors: Shalev Eyal , Lazar Ariel , Wollman Stuart , Kington Shushanna , Yechieli Yoseph , Gvirtzman Haim
Published: September 2008

In coastal aquifers, significant vertical hydraulic gradients are formed where fresh water and underlying salt water discharge together upward to the seafloor. Monitoring boreholes may act as “short circuits” along these vertical gradients, connecting between the higher and the lower hydraulic head zones. When a sea tide is introduced, the fluctuations of both the water table and the depth of the mixing zone are also biased due to this effect. This problem is intensified in places of long‐screen monitoring boreholes, which are common in many places in the world. For example, all approximately 500 boreholes of the fresh water‐salt water mixing zone in the coastal aquifer of Israel are installed with 10 to 50 m long screens. We present field measurements of these fluctuations, along with a three‐dimensional numerical model. We find that the in‐well fluctuation magnitude of the mixing zone is an order of magnitude larger than that in the porous media of the actual aquifer. The primary parameters that affect the magnitude of this bias are the anisotropy of the aquifer conductivity and the borehole hydraulic parameters. With no sea tide, borehole interference is higher for the anisotropic case because the vertical hydraulic gradients are high. When tides are introduced, the amplitude of the mixing zone fluctuation is higher for the isotropic case because the overall effective hydraulic conductivity is greater than the conductivity in the anisotropic case. In the aquifer, the fresh water‐salt water mixing zone fluctuations are dampened, and tens of meters inland from the shoreline, the fluctuations are on the order of few centimeters.
PRO‐GRADE: GIS Toolkits for Ground Water Recharge and Discharge Estimation
Authors: Lin Yu‐Feng , Wang Jihua , Valocchi Albert J.
Published: September 2008

PRO‐GRADE is an ESRI ArcGIS 9.2 plug‐in package that consists of two separate toolkits: (1) thepatternrecognitionorganizer forgeographicinformationsystem (PRO‐GIS) and (2) theground waterrechargeanddischargeestimator for GIS (GRADE‐GIS). PRO‐GIS is a collection of several existing image‐processing algorithms into one user interface to offer the flexibility to extract spatial patterns according to the user’s needs. GRADE‐GIS is a ground water recharge and discharge estimation interface using a mass balance method that requires only hydraulic conductivity, water table, and bedrock elevation data for simulating two‐dimensional steady‐state unconfined aquifers. PRO‐GRADE was developed to assist ongoing assessments of the water resources in Illinois and Wisconsin, and is being used to assist several ground water resource studies in several locations in the United States. The advantage of using PRO‐GRADE is to enable fast production of initial recharge and discharge maps that can be further enhanced by using a follow‐up ground water flow model with parameter estimation codes. PRO‐GRADE leverages ArcGIS to provide a computer‐assisted framework to support expert judgment in order to efficiently select alternative recharge and discharge maps that can be used as (1) guidelines for field study planning and decision making; (2) initial conditions for numerical simulation; and (3) screening for alternative model selection and prediction/parameter uncertainty evaluation. In addition, PRO‐GRADE allows for more easy and rapid correlation of those maps with other hydrologically relevant geospatial data.
Re‐equitizing Corporate Balance Sheets: Choosing Among the Alternatives
Authors: Draho Jason
Published: September 2008

Companies are generally reluctant to issue new equity because it can be expensive capital. Among the largest costs of an equity offering are so‐called “market‐impact” costs. To the extent the typically negative market reaction to a stock offering causes an issue to be underpriced, such underpricing dilutes the value of current shareholders.

Despite such costs, many companies—particularly financial institutions—are raising equity capital to “delever” balance sheets that have been squeezed by the credit crunch and economic slowdown. And far from transferring value from existing shareholders, these offerings can preserve and even increase the value of highly leveraged companies by shoring up their capital bases and providing the flexibility to get through a difficult period. According to recent studies, announcements of equity offerings by distressed companies have been accompanied by positive stock returns in excess of 5 %.

The challenge for CFOs is to determine why and when issuing equity is the value‐maximizing strategy. The kinds of companies that are most likely to benefit from equity offerings are those that score low on credit metrics, have experienced cyclical declines in operating performance, and have growth opportunities as part of their recovery.

There are a number of options for raising equity capital, but no set rules for identifying the optimal one. Nevertheless, the author offers a number of suggestions designed to help CFOs make smarter decisions:

Communicate clearly to investors the intended uses of the proceeds from the equity offering and how they are expected to create value;

Consider judicious cuts to the dividend to preserve capital;

Involve current shareholders to minimize dilution, perhaps by considering a rights offering, and strengthen their commitment;

Seek out “smart money” such as private equity or SWFs as long‐term investors;

Get the offer size right the first time so a second offering can be avoided; and

Monetize volatility in uncertain markets by issuing convertible securities.
SPACs: An Alternative Wav to Access the Public Markets
Authors: Berger Robert
Published: September 2008

Lost amidst the news of the real estate crisis, soaring oil prices, undercapitalized banks, and falling stock prices is a trend that has been quietly building in the U.S. capital markets. Instead of doing traditional IPOs, companies are increasingly going public by merging with Special Purpose Acquisition Companies, commonly known as SPACs.

SPACs are publicly traded pools of capital formed for the sole purpose of merging with an operating company. Since the beginning of 2007, they have raised nearly $16 billion in U.S. markets, capital that is now being channeled into billion dollar‐plus mergers. Hedge funds, which provide the bulk of this capital, invest in SPACs as a way to create a customized portfolio of securities that provide private equity‐like exposure but also liquidity and the right to vote on the proposed acquisition. Frequently formed by well‐known sponsors such as Thomas Hicks and Nelson Peltz, SPACs now feature prominently in corporate discussions of strategic options.

Companies that consider merging with SPACs often face complicated circumstances, require a major recapitalization, operate in a niche sector that lacks an institutional following, or have no obvious strategic buyers. The author describes how SPACs, by means of privately‐negotiated, tailored transactions, provide companies with access to the public markets in ways that a traditional IPO often cannot. The article includes case studies of three companies in unusual circumstances that, instead of doing IPOs, established access to public markets by merging with a SPAC.
Competition and Cooperation among Exchanges: Effects on Corporate Cross‐Listing Decisions and Listing Standards
Authors: Chemmanur Thomas J. , He Jie , Fulghieri Paolo
Published: September 2008

In recent years, many European companies have listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), and companies from emerging market countries such as Israel, China, and India have listed not only on the NYSE, but on various other American and European exchanges such as the Nasdaq and the London Stock Exchange (LSE). At the same time, growing competition among exchanges has led to consolidation of the industry through mergers and alliances. In this article, the authors explore the main factors in corporate listing decisions as well as the expected effects on listing standards of both the growing competition and the recent wave of alliances and mergers among exchanges.

When choosing an exchange, corporate issuers are likely to consider the listing requirements and reputations of the exchanges, as well as the sophistication of investors who trade on those exchanges and the extent of their knowledge of the firm's industry and business. As a general rule, value‐maximizing companies can be expected to list on the most reputable exchange they can, but may also choose listings (in some cases, dual or multiple listings) on less reputable (typically local) exchanges with more investors who are familiar with the issuer's industry or products.

When setting their listing standards, publicly traded exchanges devote considerable attention to finding the optimal listing and disclosure standards, and may consider adjusting them to changes in circumstances. The setting and enforcement of the appropriate listing standards are the main determinant of an exchange's reputation, which in turn determines the kinds of companies that will choose to list on it. Exchanges with the highest listing standards and reputations are likely to work hard to maintain them, while exchanges with lesser reputations will seek to carve out niches by making opportunistic use of lower (though not too low) listing standards while possibly seeking alliances or mergers.

But if less reputable exchanges use their lower listing standards (and fees) as a means of competing for listings with other exchanges, this will not necessarily lead to a “race to the bottom” in listing standards. Moreover, a merger between two exchanges is likely to result in a higher listing standard for the combined exchange than for (at least one of) the pre‐merger exchanges.
Callable Bonds: Better Value Than Advertised?
Authors: Kalotay Andrew
Published: September 2008

Callable bonds allow issuers to manage interest rate risk in the sense that if rates decline, the bonds can be redeemed and replaced with lower‐cost debt. Investors demand a coupon premium for giving issuers this option; and when deciding whether to issue callable or noncall‐able bonds, the issuing companies must determine whether it's worth paying the coupon premium.

This article addresses two main questions about the structuring and refunding of callable bonds. The first concerns the value of the call option: At the time of issuance, does it make sense to accept the coupon premium for the option being acquired? The second concerns the optimal timing of a refunding: At refunding, do the cash flow savings provide adequate compensation for the option that is being exercised and hence given up?

In perfect markets with no taxes or transactions costs, the average corporate issuer should be indifferent between issuing callable bonds or their noncallable equivalent. But corporate taxes, together with risk management considerations, can lead some issuers to prefer callable bonds, possibly with coupons that otherwise would be unacceptably high.

Refunding decisions should be made using the concept of “call efficiency,” which compares the savings (net of transactions costs) from calling to the loss of option value. The latter should also account for any option that is built into the replacement issue.

Transaction costs that occur when refunding diminish the value of the call option, and their effect should be factored in at the time of issuance. One way of avoiding such costs is to issue “ratchet” bonds—essentially one‐way floaters that automatically reset lower when rates decline, thus delivering the benefits of callable bonds while eliminating transaction costs.
The Normal and Radiological Anatomy of the Hip Joint of the Dog*
Authors: SMITH R. N.
Published: September 2008

Abstract— The components of the hip joint are described relative to their importance in interpreting radiographs. The appearance of these structures on radiographs is discussed and attention is drawn to some of the effects of the position of the animal during the exposure. The methods used as guides to the normal depth of the acetabulum are outlined.

Résumé— A ľaide de radiographics, on décrit ľimportance des différents composants de ľarticulation coxo‐fémorale du chien. On discute ľaspect radiologique de ces structures, et on attire ľattention sur certains effets dus à la position de ľanimal au moment de la prise du cliché. On décrit les méthodes permettant de déterminer la profondeur normale de la cavité cotyloide.

Zusammenfassung— An Hand von Röntgenaufnahmen wird die Bedeutung der verschiedenen Teile des Hüftgelenks besprochen. Das Erscheinungsbild dieser Strukturen auf Röntgenbildern wird erörtert, und es wird auf einige Effekte hingewiesen, die mit der Haltung des Tieres im Augenblick der Aufnahme in Zusammenhang stehen. Es werden Methoden beschrieben, wie man die normale Tiefe des Acetabulums bestimmen kann.
The Royal Veterinary University
Authors: BARBER‐LOMAX J. W.
Published: September 2008

Abstract— A description is given of a little known proposal in 1875 to alter the name of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons to the Royal Veterinary University. The background to this proposal and its ultimate rejection are documented.

Résumé— En 1875, on a déposé une demande, peu connue ?ailleurs, de changer le nom du Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons en celui de Royal Veterinary University. Les raisons qui ont conduit à cette demande et son refus ultèrieur sont documentès.

Zusammenfassung— Es wird über einen im Jahre 1875 eingebrachten, wenig bekannten Antrag berichtet, den Namen des Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons in Royal Veterinary University zu ändern. Es werden Unterlagen über die Hintergründe dieses Antrags und seine Ablehnung beigebracht.
Dislocation of the Hip in Dogs
Authors: DOBBELAAR M. J.
Published: September 2008

Abstract— When closed reduction of dislocations of the hip in dogs fails, the following surgical procedure may yet produce complete correction of the dislocation. In this procedure, the acetabulum is dissected out carefully and particular attention is paid to maintaining reduction of the dislocation. Reduction is maintained by implanting strong cortical bone grafts at the site at which the head of the femur has slipped over the margin of the acetabulum when dislocation occurred.

These grafts will prevent redislocation of the head of the femur, will in no way interfere with the performance of movements and will dissolve in course of time. When the bone grafts have disappeared, both the joint capsule and the ligamentum teres femoris will have healed completely. The operation is also practicable in field conditions.

Résumé— Quand la réduction non‐chirurgicale de la luxation de la hanche chez le chien ne donne pas de bons résultats, la technique chirurgicale suivante peut néanmoins permettre de corriger la luxation de façon complète. Dans cette technique ľacétabulum est soigneusement disséqué et ľon s'efforce tout particulièrement de maintenir la réduction de la luxation. La réduction est maintenue par ľimplantation ?importants fragments de greffes osseuses au niveau de ľendroit où la těte du fémur s'est déplacée audessus du bord de ľacétabulum au moment de la luxation.

Cette greffe prévient la récidive, ne reduit en rien la mobilityé de ľarticulation et se résorbe au bout ?un certain temps. Lorsque la greffe aura été résorbée la capsule de ľarticulation, ainsi que le ligament de la těte du fémur, seront entièrement rétablis. ľintervention peut également ětre réalisée en dehors de la salle ?opération.

Zusammenfassung— Wenn bei Hüftgelenksverrenkung bei Hunden die nichtoperative Einrenkung erfolglos bleibt, kann das folgende chirurgische Verfahren eine völlige Korrektur der Verrenkung bewirken. Bei diesem Verfahren wird das Azetabulum sorgfältig freigelegt, und besonderes Augenwerk wird darauf gerichtet, eine erneute Verrenkung zu verhindern. Zu diesem Zweck erfolgt eine Kortikal knockentransplantation an die Stelle, wo der Oberschenkelkopf bei der Verrenkung über den Rand des Azetabulums gerutscht ist.

Durch diese Transplantation wird eine erneute Verrenkung des Oberschenkelkopfs verhindert, ohne dass die Bewegungsfreiheit in irgend einer Weise beeinträchtigt wird. Die übertragenen Knochenteile verzehren sich mit der Zeit. Wenn die übertragenen Teile verschwunden sind, ist sowohl die Gelenkkapsel als auch das Ligamentum Teres Femoris völlig geheilt. Die Operation lässt sich auch unter häuslichen Verhältnissen ausführen.
British Chinchilla Industry Survey
Authors: Ortony E. J.
Published: September 2008

Abstract— A report is presented of a survey conducted over a 5‐month period amongst chinchilla ranch owners in the British Isles. Data is provided on the birth rates and litter sizes for paired and polygamous units. Death rates and causes are reviewed together with the diseases reported; alimentary diseases were indicated as the most serious cause of loss and malocclusion was also found to show a high incidence.

Résumé— Le rapport est présenté ?une étude s'étendant sur une période de 5 mois, effectué chez les éleveurs de chinchillas en Grande Bretagne. Des chiffres sont présentés se rapportant aux taux de naissance et à ľimportance des portées pour des unités monogames et polygames. Les taux et les causes de mortalité sont passés en revue, ainsi que les maladies recontrées; les maladies alimentaires se sont révélées ětre la cause la plus importante de perte ?animaux et le nombre de cas de malocclusion était également élevé.

Zusammenfassung— Bericht uber eine Erhebung, die über einen Zeitraum vom 5 Monaten unter Besitzern von Chinchilla‐Farmen auf den britischen Inseln durchgeführt wurde. Er enthält Angaben tiber Geburtenzahlen und Wurfgrösse bei gepaarten und polygamen Einheiten. Im Zusammenhang mit den vorkommenden Krankheiten wurd auf Sterblichkeitsziffern und Todesursachen eingegangen; Verdauungskrankheiten wurden als häufigste Ursache von Verlusten angegeben, und Malokklusion trat ebenfalls häufig auf.
The clinical diagnosis of renal disease in the dog*
Authors: McEWAN A. D.
Published: September 2008

A review has been made of the presenting clinical signs and of the laboratory analyses and investigative procedures which aid in the diagnosis of renal disease in the dog.

Résumé. On passe en revue les signes cliniques qui se présentent, les analyses de laboratoire et les sondages et recherches qui facilitent le diagnostic des maladies rénales chez le chien.

Zusammenfassung. Es wird eine Übersicht uber die sich darbietenden klinischen Zeichen, die Laboratoriumsanalysen und die Untersuchgsverfahren gegeben, welche zur Diagnose von Nierenerkrankungen des Hundes beitragen.
The treatment and subsequent prevention of struvite urolithiasis in cats*
Authors: JACKSON OLIPHANT F.
Published: September 2008

The incidence and nature of urolithiasis in the cat is described. A new method for the relief of severe struvite urethral obstruction in the male cat is advocated, using retrograde irrigation with Walpole's acetic acid/ sodium acetate buffer pH 4.5. It is suggested that there is an essential physiological difference between stone‐forming and non‐stone‐forming cats. The recurrence of urolithiasis in known stone‐formers can be prevented by dietetic measures aimed at lowering both the specific gravity and the magnesium concentration of the urine. The effect of castration on the incidence of urolithiasis is discussed.

Résumé. La fréquence et la nature de l'urolithiase chez le chat sont décrites. Une nouvelle méthode visant à soulager l'obstruction urétrale struvite aiguë chez le mâle est préconisée; elle consiste en une irrigation rétrograde à l'aide du tampon de Walpole imbibé d'acide acétique et d'acétate de sodium (pH 4,5). On avance qu'il y a une différence physiologique essentielle entre les chats prédisposés aux calculs et ceux qui ne le sont pas. On peut éviter un retour de l'urolithiase chex les chats qui y sont prédisposés en observant des mesures diététiques visant à réduire à la fois le poids spécifique et la concentration de magnésium dam l'urine. L'effet de l'émasculation sur les cas d'urolithiase est examiné.

Zusammenfassung. Die Häufigkeit und der Charakter der Urolithiasis bei der Katze werden beschrieben. Eine neue Methode zur Beseitigung der schweren Struvitobstruktion der Harnröhre der männlichen Katze wird empfohlen, bei der retrograde Spülung mit Walpoks Essigsäure/Natriumacetatpuffer pH 4,5 angewendet wird. Es wird die Vermutung ausgesprochen, dass es einen wesentlichen physiologischen Unterschied zwischen steinbildenden und nicht‐steinbildenden Katzen gibt. Das Wiederauftreten von Urolithiasis bei erkannten steinbildenden Katzen kann durch Emährungsmassnahmen verhindert werden, die darauf gerichtet sind, das spezifische Gewicht und die Magnesiumkonzentration des Urins zu senken. Der Einfluss der Kastrierung auf die Hädgkeit von Urolithiasis wird besprochen.
Essential features of the treatment of chronic renal failure in the dog*
Authors: BUSH B. M.
Published: September 2008

The consequences of chronic renal failure are enumerated and the recommended measures for mitigating them are described. Treatments vary according to whether the disease is in the compensated or terminal phase.

Résumé. On énumère les conséquences des maladies rénales chroniques et on décrit les mesure recommandées pour les atténuer. La traitements varient selon que la maladie se trouve au stade compensé ou terminal.

Zusammenfassung. Die Folgen chronischen Nierenversagens werden aufgezählt und die empfohlenen Massnahmen zu ihrer Linderung beschrieben. Die Behandlung richtet sich danach, ob die Krankheit sich in der Kompensationsoder terminalen Phase befindet.
Large volume urography in the cat
Authors: BORTHWICK R. , ROBBIE BETTY
Published: September 2008

A radiographic technique using large volumes of intravenous iodine‐containing contrast media is described which has proved useful for the examination of the upper urinary tract and bladder of cats. The effectiveness and safety of the procedure in cases of cats with high blood urea levels and metastatic tumours in the kidneys is also commented upon.

Résumé. On décrit une technique radiographique par laquelle on se sert quantités d'importantes d'iodine intraveineuse contenant une matière colorante faisant contraste. Cette technique s'est révélée très utile pour l'examen de l'appareil urinaire supérieur et de la vessie des chats. On commente également l'efficacité et la sécurité de la méthode pour les chats dont la teneur en urée dans le sang est forte et atteints de turneurs métastatiques aux reins.

Zusammenfassung. Es wird eine radiographische Methode unter Verwendung grosser Volumina intravenöser jodhaltiger Kontrastmittel beschrieben, die sich als brauchbar für die Untersuchung der oberen Harnwege und der Blase von Katzen erwiesen hat. Die Wirksamkeit und Sicherheit des Verfahrens in Fällen von Katzen mit hohem Blutharnstoffgehalt und Tumormetastasen in den Nieren wird ebenfalls besprochen.
Simultaneous epiphyseal separations and fractures of the neck and greater trochanter of the femur in the dog
Authors: DENNY H. R.
Published: September 2008

The history, clinical signs and treatment of six dogs with simultaneous epiphyseal separations or fractures of the neck and greater trochanter of the femur are described.

Résumé. L'historique, les signes cliniques et le traitement de six chiens ayant des décollements épiphysaires simultanés ou des fractures du col et du grand trochanter du fémur sont décrits.

Zusammenfassung. Die Geschichte, klinischen Befunde und Behandlung von sechs Hunden mit gleichzeitigen epiphysealen Trennungen oder Frakturen des Halses und des grösseren Rollhügels des Oberschenkelknochens werden beschrieben.
Foreign body in a cat's kidney
Authors: BORTHWICK R.
Published: September 2008

Large‐volume excretory urography was used in helping to locate an air‐gun pellet which had penetrated the abdomen of a Siamese cat and become lodged in the right kidney. The signs, examination and treatment of the case are described.

Résumé. On a fait appel à l'urographie d'excrétion à grand volume pour faciliter le repérage d'un plomb d'une carabine à air comprimé qui avait pénétré l'abdomen d'un chat siamois et s'était logé dans le rein droit. On décrit les indices, les examens et le traitement du cas.

Zusammenfassung. Ausscheidungsurographie mit grossem Volumen wurde zur Lokalisierung eines Luftgewehrgeschosses verwendet, das in den Bauch einer Siamkatze eingedrungen und in die rechte Niere gelangt war. Die klinischen Anzeichen, die Untersuchung und die Behandlung des Falles werden beschrieben.
Globoid cell leucodystrophy in two dogs
Authors: HOWELL J. McC. , PALMER A. C.
Published: September 2008

Two cases of globoid cell leucodystrophy are described in Cairn Terrier puppies; they are the first to be reported in the United Kingdom. Both developed progressive abnormalities of locomotion of the hind limbs. Gross lesions were not found but there was histological evidence of myelin loss accompanied by the accumulation of many large cells with a slightly foamy PAS‐positive, non‐metachromatic cytoplasm and which often had several nuclei. A diagnosis of globoid cell leucodystrophy was made. The literature on globoid cell leucodystrophy is briefly reviewed and attention is drawn to the fact that the majority of the cases reported in dogs have been in Cairn Terriers.

Résumé. On décrit deux cas de leucodistrophie des cellules globoïdes rencontrés chez des choits de race Cairn Terrier; il s'agit des premiers cas signalés au Royaume‐Uni. Des anomalies progressives de locomotion des membres postérieurs sont apparues dans l'un et l'autre cas. On n'a pas découvert de lésions importantes, mais à l'étude histolgique il s'est manifesté des pertes de myéline, accompagnées d'une accumulation de nombreuses grandes cellules d'un PAS positif légèrement écumeux, d'un cytoplasme non‐métacromatique et qui souvent avaient plusieurs noyaux. Un diagnostic de la leucodistrophie des cellules globoïdes a été prononcé. On passe brièvement en revue publications traitant de la leucodistrophie des cellules globoïdes et on fait remarquer que la majorité des chiens atteints de cette affection étaient de race Cairn Terrier.

Zusammenfassung. Zwei Fälle von Globoidzellen‐Leukodystrophie bei jungen Cairn‐Terriern werden beschrieben; es sind die ersten in Grossbritannien, von denen berichtet wird. Bei beiden Tieren wurden progressive lokomotorische Anomalien der Hinterbeine festgestellt. Makroskopische Läsionen wurden nicht gefunden, aber es gab hktologische Hinweise auf Myelinverlust, begleitet von der Ansammlung vieler grosser Zellen mit einem leicht schaumigen, PAS‐positiven, nicht‐metachromatischen Cytlopasma, das oft mehrere Zellkerne enthielt. Es ergab sich die Diagnose der Globoidzellen‐Leukodystrophie. Die Literatur über GloboidzellenLeukodystrophie wird kurz betrachtet, und die Aufmerksamkeit wird auf die Tatsache gelenkt, dass die Mehrzahl der erwähnten Fälle Cairn‐Terriers betraf.