bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE RELATIVE ACTIVITY AND FUNCTIONAL RESPONSE OF PHYTOSEIULUS PERSIMILIS (ACARINA: PHYTOSEIIDAE) AND TETRANYCHUS URTICAE (ACARINA: TETRANYCHIDAE): THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE
Authors: Everson P.
Published: December 2009

The activity of the predacious mite Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot was greater oh a glass substrate than on a bean leaf substrate. Temperature did not affect its relative activity on the two substrates. The phytophagous mite Tetranychus urticae Koch was inactive on the bean leaf substrate. It was active on the glass substrate and its activity varied with temperature. The functional response of P. persimilis and T. urticae was examined at four temperatures (15°, 20°, 25°, 30 °C). Each functional response to increasing temperature rose curvilinearly to a plateau. From Holling’s disk equation, rate of successful search increased and handling time decreased.
DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE): PRE-AGGREGATION LANDING AND GALLERY INITIATION ON LODGEPOLE PINE
Authors: Hynum Barry G. , Berryman Alan A.
Published: December 2009

Landing rates as monitored by landing traps indicate that the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, is not attracted to lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta Dougl., prior to the first gallery start. Bark terpene odors and DBH were not correlated with beetle landing rates, with the exception of beta-phellandrene which accounted for a statistically significant 18% of the variation in landing rates. Beetles were unable to distinguish between hosts, dead hosts and nonhosts during landing. The elderberry pith bioassay indicated the presence of a gallery initiation stimulant in the bark.
GEOGRAPHIC DIFFERENTIATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AEDES SIERRENSIS (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) IN NATURE
Authors: Jordan Robert G.
Published: December 2009

The critical photoperiod for fourth instar diapause of the western treehole mosquito, Aedes sierrensis, varies among geographic populations. When reared together in the field at different latitudes, larvae from northern (ca. 45°N), central (ca. 39°N), and southern (ca. 33°N) populations all develop more rapidly through the early instars at more southerly latitudes. The order of pupation dates among the populations, however, depends on their critical photoperiods, and can be predicted from laboratory data on photoperiodism.
NOTES ON THE OCCURRENCE OF THE WHARF BORER, NACERDES MELANURA (COLEOPTERA: OEDEMERIDAE), IN NEWFOUNDLAND
Authors: Morris Ray F.
Published: December 2009

The wharf borer, Nacerdes melanura (L.) (Fig. I), is widely distributed throughout the world. It has been recorded in England, New Zealand, Denmark, Germany. Siberia, Japan, and the Bahama Islands (Balch 1937). Walker (1936) reported N. melanura from Syria, Shanghai, Korea, Japan, South Africa, Brazil, Argentina, Costa Rica, and the United States. In the United States, it has been found in most coastal states, and also in Michigan, Indiana, Missouri, Kansas, and New Mexico. In Canada, it is known to occur in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, and British Columbia. The life history of the wharf borer in Canada has been outlined in detail by Balch (1937) and Spencer (1957).
A NOTE ON PELECINUS POLYTURATOR (HYMENOPTERA: PELECINIDAE), A PARASITE OF PHYLLOPHAGA ANXIA (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE)
Authors: Lim K.P. , Yule W.N. , Stewart R.K.
Published: December 2009

The common June beetle, Phyllophaga anxia (LeConte), is an indigenous pest of agricultural crops in North America (Hammond 1948; Ritcher 1949). A bionomic study and survey for natural enemies of P. anxia was conducted in southern Quebec from 1975 to 1977. Pasture soils were searched for immature stages of P. anxia, and any natural enemies found in situ were collected. A prepupa and pupae of Pelecinus polyturator (Drury) were found in the pasture on several occasions. Previously, P. polyturator had been reported as a parasite of grubs of Phyllophaga spp. (Davis 1919; Petch and Hammond 1925, 1926; Brues 1928; Hammond 1944), and its distribution ranges from Canada to Argentina (Masner 1979).
A FLASHLIGHT TRAP
Authors: Eskafi Fred M.
Published: December 2009

A toy called “Star Beam” (Burgess Batteries, Freeport, Ill. 61032, U.S.A.) is made of 145 cm long, 3 cm diam., transluscent, polyethylene tube illuminated by a battery-operated flashlight with a 2.5 watt bulb and two D cells (Fig. 1). The Star Beams were adapted for use as insect light traps by covering the tubes with a thin coating of Stikem Special® clear adhesive (Michel and Pelton Co., 5743 Landregan St., Emeryville, CA 94608, U.S.A.), spread with the thumb and the index finger. When hung at night in the crowns and fronds of coconut palms in Jamaica, West Indies, these traps attracted insects which were caught in the adhesive. After picking off the desired insect specimens with a brush or a small spatula, the adhesive was wiped off the tube by moving the black basal collar (see Fig. 1) to the tip of the tube and back. New adhesive could then be applied again. The plastic flashlights, including the reflectors, had to be replaced after several nightly 4-h trappings due to damage caused by humidity, condensation, and oxidation of the metal parts.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF MELANOTRICHUS REUTER FROM WESTERN CANADA AND A DESCRIPTION OF THE MALE OF M. ATRIPLICIS (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A.
Published: December 2009

Two new species of Melanotrichus Reuter are described: wallisi from Saskatchewan, and elongatus from Alberta and Saskatchewan. The male genitalia of the new species and those of M. albocostatus Van Duzee and M. atriplicis Knight are illustrated.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OFPARTHENICUSREUTER, NEW RECORDS OF HOLARCTIC ORTHOTYLINI IN CANADA, AND NEW SYNONYMY FORDIAPHNOCORIS PELLUCIDA(HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A.
Published: December 2009

Parthenicus brooksin. sp. is described and male genitalia illustrated.Cyrtorhinus caricis(Fallén) andFieberocapsus flaveolus(Reuter) are reported from Canada and North America respectively.Diaphnocoris pellucida(Uhler) is synonymized withD.provancheri(Burque).
LECTOTYPE DESIGNATION FOR IDOLOCORIS AGILIS, AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE NEW SPECIES OF DICYPHUS FIEBER FROM NORTH AMERICA (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A.
Published: December 2009

Idolocoris agilis Uhler is redescribed and a lectotype designated. Three new species of Dicyphus Fieber are described: confusus from Alberta, British Columbia, Colorado, and Idaho; similis from Alberta, British Columbia, Saskatchewan, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, New Hampshire, and New York; tibialis from Alberta, British Columbia, Colorado, and Montana, Left claspers of the four species are illustrated.
THE IDENTITY OFCALOTELEA OCULARISASHMEAD, 1894 (HYMENOPTERA, PROCTOTRUPOIDEA, SCELIONIDAE)
Authors: Masner Lubomir
Published: December 2009

Five syntypes ofCalotelea ocularisAshmead were studied; a lectotype is selected and redescribed. Theocularis-species group ofCaloteleais proposed. The history of the type material of Caribbean species of Proctotrupoidea treated by Ashmead (inRileyet al. 1894) is briefly discussed.
FURTHER RELEASES OF LOPHYROPLECTUS LUTEATOR (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE), AN INTRODUCED PARASITE OF NEODIPRION SERTIFER (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE)
Authors: Griffiths K. J. , Lyons L. A.
Published: December 2009

Lophyroplectus luteator (Thunb.), a European ichneumonid parasite previously established on Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff.) in southwestern Ontario, was released near Hepworth, Ontario in 1970, on Manitoulin Island and in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario in 1972. All three releases resulted in establishment. Data on attack levels and host densities are presented for up to 4 years after release. Dispersal within release areas was rapid. In the first generation after release on Manitoulin Island parasites were obtained up to 900 m from the release site.
RESPONSE OF FOUR LEAFROLLER SPECIES (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) TO SEX ATTRACTANTS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA ORCHARDS
Authors: Madsen H. F. , Madsen B. J.
Published: December 2009

The sex pheromones of Archips argyrospilus (Walker), Archips rosanus (L.), Choristoneura rosaceana Harris, and Pandemis limitata Rob. were evaluated in orchards with the objective of developing a method of monitoring leafroller population densities. The sex pheromones were specific for three species but not for C. rosaceana. This leafroller was captured in traps containing A. rosanus sex pheromone more frequently than in traps with its own attractant. The trapping program indicated that C. rosaceana and P. limitata were abundant in the southern fruit growing region of British Columbia and that A. argyrospilus and A. rosanus were the predominant species in the northern region. The traps can be used to identify leafroller species in orchards and to indicate when moths are active which may help in timing control measures.
GENETIC INCOMPATIBILITY BETWEENPIERIS CALLIDICEANDPIERIS OCCIDENTALIS NELSONI: DIFFERENTIATION WITHIN A PERIGLACIAL RELICT COMPLEX (LEPIDOPTERA: PIERIDAE)
Authors: Shapiro Arthur M.
Published: December 2009

Pieris callidicefrom the French Alps was hybridized with the phenotypically similarP.occidentalis nelsonifrom Fairbanks, Alaska in order to examine the degree of genetic divergence within a group of Pleistocene origin. Egg hatch for the crossnelsonimale ×callidicefemale was zero. In the reciprocal cross, egg hatch was normal, but most of the larvae failed to feed on the normal host-plant ofnelsoni, and died. The hybrid pupae and the single adult were intermediate between the parents. It is inferred thatP.callidiceandP.o.nelsoniare more divergent genetically and physiologically than phenotypically.
RESISTANCE OF THE SPOTTED TENTIFORM LEAFMINER, PHYLLONORYCTER BLANCARDELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: GRACILLARIIDAE), TO ORGANOPHOSPHOROUS INSECTICIDES IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO
Authors: Pree D. J. , Hagley E. A. C. , Simpson C. M. , Hikichi A.
Published: December 2009

Populations of the spotted tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella (Fabr.), from sprayed orchards across southern Ontario were found highly resistant (about 160-fold at LC50) to azinphosmethyl. Cross resistance to phosmet and partial cross resistance to diazinon were also indicated. All populations were highly susceptible to several synthetic pyrethroid insecticides. Resistant populations were controlled with pyrethroid insecticides applied when eggs were first found or by methomyl applied at about 50% hatch.
PREDACEOUS MITES (ACARI) ASSOCIATED WITH APPLE FOLIAGE IN MAINE
Authors: Berkett Lorraine P. , Forsythe H. Y.
Published: December 2009

Twenty species of predaceous mites were collected from apple foliage in Maine during a 2-year survey of commercial and abandoned orchards. Phytoseiids and stigmaeids comprised 97.3% of the total mites. The phytoseiid Amblyseius fallacis (Garman) was the predominant predaceous species in commercial orchards. Predaceous mites were collected in commercial orchards primarily in the latter part of the growing season following cessation of spraying. In abandoned orchards, the stigmaeid Agistemus fleschneri Summers was the most abundant predaceous mite, with the phytoseiids Phytoseius macropilis (Banks) and Typhlodromus pomi (Parrott) also frequently collected. In abandoned orchards, predaceous mites were collected throughout the season and were generally more abundant.
EFFECT OF THE PHYSICAL NATURE OF LEAF AND FRUIT SURFACES ON OVIPOSITION BY THE CODLING MOTH, CYDIA POMONELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Hagley Elmer A. C. , Bronskill J. F. , Ford Elizabeth J.
Published: December 2009

The upper and lower leaf surfaces of apple and the lower leaf surfaces of pear and peach leaves were the preferred oviposition sites of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.). Eggs were not deposited close to the leaf midvein or on peach fruit where pubescence was heavy. However, the density of leaf hairs was not the only physical factor affecting egg deposition. The nature of the wax scales on some surfaces also appeared to influence the number of eggs deposited.
EPIBLEMA (NOTOCELIA) CYNOSBATELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), A RECENTLY INTRODUCED OLD WORLD SPECIES POTENTIALLY INJURIOUS TO ROSACEAE
Authors: Mutuura Akira
Published: December 2009

Epiblema (Notocelia) cynosbatella (Linnaeus), introduced into British Columbia in 1978, is discussed and compared with the native North American Epiblema illotana (Walsingham).
CONTACT TOXICITY OF 17 INSECTICIDES TO LARVAE OF DIORYCTRIA AMATELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)
Authors: DeBarr Gary L. , Fedde Vicki H.
Published: December 2009

Moths of the genus Dioryctria are important insect pests of North American conifers (Baker 1972). Of the species that occur in the southern United States, e.g., D. clarioralis (Walker), D. disclusa (Heinrich), and D. ebeli Mutuura and Munroe, the southern pine coneworm, Dioryctria amatella (Hulst), is the most destructive (Ebel et al. 1975). Our paper reports the results of laboratory tests aimed at determining the relative toxicities of commercially available or promising experimental insecticides to D. amatella larvae.
THE EGG AND OVIPOSITION SITE OF DERAEOCORIS NEBULOSUS (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE) ON APPLE TREES
Authors: McCaffrey J. P. , Horsburgh R. L.
Published: December 2009

The predaceous mirid Deraeocoris nebulosus (Uhler) is found on more than 50 species of ornamental trees and shrubs where it feeds on several important pest species (Wheeler et al. 1975). It is a common mite and aphid predator in commercial apple orchards in Virginia (Parrella et al. 1978). Wheeler et al. (1975) described the nymphal stages and biology, but made no mention of the egg or oviposition site. We describe the egg and oviposition site which we discovered while studying various predators of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), in Virginia apple orchards. Eggs and oviposition sites of other predaceous mirids associated with apple have been described (Kullenberg 1942; Collyer 1952, 1953; Sanford 1964; Horsburgh and Asquith 1968, 1970).
DESCRIPTION D’UN GENRE NOUVEAU DE KEROPLATIDAE DE L’OUEST NORD-AMÉRICAIN (DIPTERA: MYCETOPHILOIDEA)
Authors: Matile Loïc , Vockeroth J. R.
Published: December 2009

Robsonomyia reducta, new genus and new species, is described from males collected in British Columbia and California. Characters distinguishing it from other genera of Macrocerinae are discussed.
TWO PANDEMIS SPECIES INTRODUCED INTO BRITISH COLUMBIA, WITH A COMPARISON OF NATIVE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Mutuura Akira
Published: December 2009

Two Pandemis species, introduced into British Columbia, are discussed: P. cerasana (Hübner) found in 1965 and P. heparana (Denis & Schiffermüller) found in 1978. They are compared with the native North American Pandemis pyrusana Kearfott and P. limitata (Robinson).
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LATITUDE AND THE EMERGENCE OF ALFALFA LEAFCUTTER BEES, MEGACHILE ROTUNDATA (HYMENOPTERA: MEGACHILIDAE)
Authors: Pankiw P. , Lieverse J. A. C. , Siemens B.
Published: December 2009

Studies in Western Canada from 1974 to 1977 on variations in time and duration of the emergence period after diapause of leafcutter bees, Megachile rotundata (Fabricius), reared at latitudes ranging from 49°N to 58°N showed that bees reared at northern latitudes emerged sooner and the duration of the emergence period was shorter than for bees from the southern latitude. When southern bees were reared in the north, their emergence pattern was similar to the northern strain. However, the change of time to emerge and duration of emergence period of northern strains reared in the south was less pronounced. Number of days to emerge varied inversely with length of cold treatment at 4 °C with greater variance in southern strains.
INSECT FAUNA OF NESTS OF THE RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD,AGELAIUS PHOENICEUS, AT DELTA MARSH, MANITOBA
Authors: Hood Deborah E. , Welch H. E.
Published: December 2009

Five red-winged blackbird nests were collected from Delta Marsh, Manitoba in June 1975 and examined for insect fauna. Three nests were examined in October 1975, and one in June 1976 for Siphonaptera and Calliphoridae. Two thousand five hundred and forty arthropod specimens of 68 insect species and a few undetermined species of Acarina were recovered. Of the insects, 65.5% were Diptera, 27.6% were Coleoptera, and the remainder were from six other orders. Blood feeding forms includedCulicoides crepuscularis(Diptera) andCeratophyllus garei(Siphonaptera). The fauna of these wet nests differed qualitatively and quantitatively from dry nests studied by others.
MATING BEHAVIOR OF RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) VI. SITE OF EARLY-SEASON ENCOUNTERS
Authors: Smith D. Courtney , Prokopy Ronald J.
Published: December 2009

Field observations of Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) adults on apple and hawthorn trees revealed that mating encounters occur on leaves in early-season and shift to fruit with the onset of oviposition. Most matings on leaves are initiated from a male frontal approach to the female and most of those on fruit from a rear approach while the female is engaged in some phase of oviposition behavior. This suggests that matings on fruit may be forced matings with unreceptive females.
WESTERN RHYACIONIA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE, OLETHREUTINAE) PINE TIP MOTHS TRAPPED USING SYNTHETIC SEX ATTRACTANTS
Authors: Stevens Robert E. , Sartwell Charles , Koerber Thomas W. , Daterman Gary E. , Sower Lonne L. , Powell Jerry A.
Published: December 2009

Synthetic sex attractants were used to trap Rhyacionia pine tip moths throughout the western United States in spring and early summer 1977 and 1978. Some species were shown to have much wider distributions than previously known. Among species responding to (E)-9-dodecenyl acetate, R. zozana was collected over most of the area, with new records for Washington, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, and South Dakota; R. neomexicana was found for the first time in Utah, as was R. salmonicolor in New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah; R. monophylliana in Nevada and Utah; R. jenningsi in New Mexico; and R. multilineata in Arizona and Oregon. Among species caught in traps baited with (E,E)-8,10 dodecadienyl acetate, R. busckana was found widely through the Northwest, for the first time in Montana and Wyoming, and R. fumosana was captured throughout the Rocky Mountain states, with new records for Montana, Utah, and Nevada. Sets of two previously unknown zozana -like moths were collected. One is closely associated with the typical form in Oregon and California; the other is a pinyon associate in Colorado and New Mexico.
AN EVALUATION OF THE USE OF ELYTRA AND BODIES IN X-RAY ENERGY-DISPERSIVE SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES OF THE RED TURNIP BEETLE, ENTOMOSCELIS AMERICANA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Turnock W. J. , Gerber G. H. , Sabourin D. U.
Published: December 2009

Samples of the bodies and elytra of Entomoscelis americana Brown were analyzed separately by X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy. Discriminant analysis revealed that the chemoprints of the bodies of newly-emerged beetles (1 wk old) were distinct from those of post-aestivation beetles (9- to 10-wk old). However, the chemoprints of the elytra of newly-emerged and post-aestivation beetles were not as different as those of the bodies as demonstrated by the overlap in the plot of the first two canonical variables. The variances of the mean difference of individual variables between newly-emerged and post-aestivation groups generally were smaller for elytra than for bodies. This suggests that the chemoprints of the elytra of E. americana are more stable than those of the bodies and consequently the elytra should be more suitable than the bodies in insect dispersal studies utilizing the X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy technique.
NEW SPECIES OF TIPULIDAE FROM THE PALEOCENE OF CENTRAL ALBERTA, CANADA
Authors: Wighton Dennis C.
Published: December 2009

Three new species of fossil Tipulidae are described. Pseudolimnophila speirsae n. sp. and Limnophila marklae n. sp. (subfamily Limoniinae, tribe Hexatomini) are represented by adults; Tipula tubifera n. sp. (subfamily Tipulinae, tribe Tipulini) is represented by a pupa. Six other pupae belong to the subfamily Tipulinae.
A NOTE ON VIRAZOLE AS A SYSTEMIC STERILANT FOR APHIDS (APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Singh R. P. , Drew M. E. , MacGillivray M. E.
Published: December 2009

A synthetic nucleoside analogue, 1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4,-triazole-3-carboxamide (known as Virazole or Ribavirin), has been shown to inhibit the multiplication of at least 25 DNA- and RNA-containing human viruses (Sidwell et al. 1974), and to inhibit or eliminate several plant viruses (Fazio et al. 1978; Hansen 1979; Lerch 1977; Shepard 1977). We report here a significant reduction in the number of nymphs produced by aphids living on plants treated with sublethal doses of Virazole, and the stunting of treated plants at higher concentrations.
CONFIRMATION OF ULULODES QUADRIMACULATA IN CANADA (NEUROPTERA: ASCALAPHIDAE)
Authors: Garland J. A. , Marshall B. D.
Published: December 2009

Ascalaphidae occur in Canada. Here, we document the presence of Ululodes quadrimaculata (Say) in southern Ontario, which was suspected by Kevan (1979).

SPECIMEN MATERIAL. Ontario: ESSEX COUNTY: Harrow, ♀, VIII.1974 (W. Elliott; UG). LAMBTON COUNTY: Pinery Prov. Pk., ♂, 4.VII. 1977 (B. Marshall & W. Maddison; #770112b, ROM). MUSKOKA DISTRICT: Georgian Bay, Island #421, ♀, 5.VII. 1963 (J. P. Bogart; UG); Gravenhurst, ♀, 20.VIII. 1975 (D. J. Aspinall; UG); Muskoka, ♀, VIII.1957 (D. Barr; ROM).
INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY AND PERSISTENCE OF PHORATE, PHORATE SULFOXIDE, AND PHORATE SULFONE IN SOILS
Authors: Harris C. R. , Chapman R. A.
Published: December 2009

Laboratory tests indicated that phorate, phorate sulfoxide, and phorate sulfone were toxic contact insecticides with broad spectrum activity. In general, p. sulfoxide was most toxic to insects > p. sulfone > phorate. When compared with other insecticides using 24–48 h old field crickets, Acheta pennsylvanicus (Burmeister), as test insects, the three compounds were less toxic by direct contact than carbofuran and fensulfothion, but as or more toxic than aldrin. P. sulfoxide and p. sulfone were strongly inactivated in moist Plainfield sand and were not as insecticidally active in soil against crickets as phorate. Nevertheless, the sulfoxide arid sulfone in soil were intermediate in toxicity between carbofuran and fensulfothion. The insecticidal activity of phorate, p. sulfoxide, and p. sulfone in soil was influenced by soil type, moisture, and temperature. Fumigant toxicity tests indicated that the three compounds volatilized from soil. Chemical analysis showed p. sulfone was most persistent in sand and muck > p, sulfoxide > phorate. Oxidation was observed to be a major degradation reaction for phorate and p. sulfoxide in both soils. Parallel bioassay tests indicated that, in sand, the biological action of "phorate" was due to the joint action of the three compounds. In a field study phorate EC, applied as a broadcast application at 3.4 kg AI/ha and incorporated into the top 7–8 cm of soil was slightly more persistent in muck than in sand. More than 99% and 98% of the applied phorate and its oxidation products disappeared from the sand and muck, respectively, within a year of treatment, indicating that the residues were only moderately persistent under climatic conditions encountered in southwestern Ontario. Low residues of p. sulfoxide and p. sulfone were detected in radishes grown on both soils in the first year but none were present in the second year. No residues were detected in carrots grown on either soil.
BIONOMICS OF SCYMNUS MARGINICOLLIS (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE)
Authors: Buntin Linda Anne , Tamaki George
Published: December 2009

Scymnus marginicollis Mannerheim was reared on green peach aphids, Myzus persicae (Sulzer). At 20°–25 °C and a 16-h photoperiod, durations of egg, larval, and pupal stages were about 5, 10, and 7 days, respectively. Adults survived more than 80 days. The ingestion of wax-producing prey was not required for the beetle larvae to produce their woolly wax covering. Larvae fed exclusively by sucking fluids from appendages of the aphid prey. The coccinellid consumed about 16 adult aphids during the larval stage. Adults fed on fluids and tissues of M. persicae. Female adults consumed about five aphids per day, nearly twice as many as did males. The beetle populations increased in July and reached peak abundance in August. The seasonal trend of S. marginicollis suggests one generation per year.
MORPHOLOGICAL RELATIONS OF SCLEROTIZED AND PIGMENTED AREAS OF LEPIDOPTEROUS LARVAE TO MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS, WITH APPLICATIONS TO LARVAL TAXONOMY
Authors: Mutuura Akira
Published: December 2009

Morphological interpretations are given of sclerotized areas, such as the prothoracic shield, anal plate, and pinacula of lepidopterous larvae. Markings of these sclerotized areas which indicate the positions of muscle attachments are classified; new systematic names are suggested based on those of the corresponding muscles. The importance of sclerotized areas and markings for larval classification are shown by examples. These markings are used to distinguish certain closely related species of the genusChilo(Pyralidae).
FACTORS AFFECTING FACULTATIVE DIAPAUSE OFMICROCTONUS VITTATAE(HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE)
Authors: Wylie H. G.
Published: December 2009

In Manitoba, first-stage larvae ofMicroctonus vittataeMues. overwinter in diapausing adults of two rape-infesting chrysomelids,Phyllotreta cruciferae(Goeze) andPhyllotreta striolata(F.). The parasite larvae resume their development in May after the hosts have finished overwintering, and mature parasite larvae emerge and spin cocoons from which adults emerge late in May and during June. Usually there are four parasite generations each year; most of the larvae in the first three generations are non-diapausing, whereas most first-stage larvae of the fourth generation develop briefly and then enter diapause in September or October and overwinter. Early attempts to propagateM.vittataefor laboratory studies were unsuccessful because most of the immature parasites either died or entered diapause. Preliminary tests suggested that, as in some other parasite species (Saunders 1965; McNeil and Rabb 1973; Anderson and Kaya 1974), the photoperiod at which the parasites were propagated influenced the incidence of diapause. The following three experiments examined this hypothesis and attempted to identify rearing conditions that would prevent diapause or limit its incidence inM.vittatae.
THE LENTIC STONEFLIES (PLECOPTERA) FROM THE CONTINENTAL DIVIDE REGION OF SOUTHWESTERN CANADA
Authors: Donald D. B. , Anderson R. S.
Published: December 2009

Seventeen species of Plecoptera were collected from 58 lakes situated along the Continental Divide in southwestern Canada. Four of the 17 species were found once. The commonest species was present in 25 lakes. At low to middle elevations stoneflies occurred in large lakes that had relatively low total dissolved solids and low maximum annual heat content. The distribution of the majority of species was restricted with respect to lake area and elevation. For example, some species were found only in large lakes at low to medium elevation (900 to 1700 m), while others were found only in small lakes at high elevation (1800 to 2400 m).
REVIEW OF THE NEARCTIC IDIOCERINI, EXCEPTING THOSE FROM THE SONORAN SUBREGION (RHYNCHOTA: HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE)
Authors: Hamilton K. G. A.
Published: December 2009

The Nearctic Idiocerini exclusive of the fauna of the Sonoran subregion are reviewed. The 68 recognized species are assigned to three genera: Idiocerus Lewis, Rhytidodus Fieber, and Balcanocerus Maldonado-Capriles. Three subgenera of Idiocerus are recognized, including I. (Liocratus) Dub. and I. (Populicerus) Dlab. (n. stat). Sahlbergotettix Zvk., 1953, Viridicerus Dlab., 1974, Tremulicerus Dlab., 1974, and Acericerus Dlab., 1974 are synonymized with Idiocerus Lewis, 1834.

Sixteen new species of Idiocerus are described: aureus, carolina, cedrus, freytagi, gillettei, immaculatus, inebrius, iodes, lucidae, midas, pericallis, taiga, unicolor, vanduzeei, venosus, and xanthiops. I. varions n. n. is created for varias DeLong & Hershberger, 1947 (nec Germar, 1818). I. lunaris Ball (n. stat.), I. obsoletus (Wlk.) (n. stat.), and I. raphus Freytag (n. stat.) are recognized as valid species for the first time. Twelve other species are removed from synonymy. I. verrucosus Ball is placed as a subspecies of I. musteus Ball (n. stat.). Five new synonymies are created: alnirubratus Bliven, 1955 = I. couleanus Ball & Pkr., 1946; nigrens DeL. & Cld., 1937 = I. distinctus Gill & Bak., 1895; duzeei Prov., 1890 and vagus Ball, 1902 = obsoletus Walker, 1851; and apertus DeL & Hbr., 1947 = I. verticis (Say), 1831.

Additional characters of the male antennae, male abdominal apodemes, and female ovipositor are described and illustrated. The phylogeny and hosts of the members of Idiocerus are discussed. Keys are provided to the genera of the Nearctic Idiocerini, and to the species of Idiocerus of the Nearctic region, exclusive of the Sonoran subregion, for both sexes.
POSSIBILITY OF USING WHITE AND GREEN MUSCARDINE FUNGI FOR CONTROL OF CONE AND SEED INSECT PESTS
Authors: Timonin M. I. , Fogal W. H. , Lopushanski S. M.
Published: December 2009

Preconditioning of isolates of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. and Metarrhizium anisopliae (Metch.) Sor. with specific insects increases their virulence. An isolate of B. bassiana used two years previously in pathogenicity tests against spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clem., required only one passage through this insect to attain 100% mortality in 48 h of incubation, whereas an isolate of M. anisopliae that was not previously used against this insect required four passages to attain the same degree of virulence as B. bassiana. Larvae of Laspeyresia youngana (Kft.), Dasineura rachiphaga Tripp, and Dasineura canadensis Felt were very susceptible to both fungi and 100% mortality was obtained in less than 48 h of incubation. Larvae of Lasiomma anthracina Czerny were much less susceptible. Puparia of both genera of Diptera were more resistant than larvae and required longer incubation to obtain 100% mortality.
PROLONGED INHIBITION OF BROOD PRODUCTION IN DENDROCTONUS RUFIPENNIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) BY DIMILIN
Authors: Sahota T.S. , Ibaraki A.
Published: December 2009

Pre-attack feeding for 48 h on a diet containing 200 ppm Dimilin® (diflubenzuron), by adult Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), caused a complete inhibition of larval eclosion from eggs deposited by such beetles in the untreated host logs for the duration of the reproductive cycle. Inhibition of larval eclosion was mediated through the females only. Pre-attack application of 1% Dimilin to host logs reduced the number of larvae per gallery by 55% and reduced the number of galleries with successful larval eclosion by 42%.
GILLASPYTES JANZENI, A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF NORTH AMERICAN DYNASTINAE (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE)
Authors: Howden H. F.
Published: December 2009

Gillaspytes janzeni, a new genus, new species, of Dynastinae from northeastern Mexico is described and figured. Reasons for placement of the genus in the tribe Pentodontini are briefly discussed.
EFFECTS OF (E)-9-DODECEN-1-YL FORMATE ON THE SEX PHEROMONE RESPONSE OF MALE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Sanders C. J. , Weatherston J. , Grant G. G.
Published: December 2009

Formates analogous to the aldehyde sex pheromones of several species of Lepidoptera have been shown to have biological activity, (E)-9-Dodecen-1-yl formate was therefore tested against male spruce budworm (C. fumiferana) by EAGs and by field trapping experiments designed to test for attraction, inhibition, and disruption. No biological activity was detected.
HUNGER, MOVEMENT, AND PREDATION OF COCCINELLA CALIFORNICA ON PEA APHIDS IN THE LABORATORY AND IN THE FIELD
Authors: Frazer B. D. , Gill B.
Published: December 2009

Hunger and abundance of adult Coccinella californica (Mannerheirn) preying on pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), on alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., were assessed in the field. There was no consistent relationship between abundance or hunger and aphid density. The field beetles encountered in sampling were 4 times hungrier at each observed aphid density than expected from a simulation model of the predation that is driven by hunger. Laboratory studies revealed a circadian rhythm of beetle activity that was modified by hunger. An index of predatory potential (number of beetles times average hunger) was found to be a better indicator of impact of the beetles than absolute numbers of all coccinellids or hunger separately. It is suggested that the beetles encountered in simply walking through a field produce the most useful index of numbers of hungry beetles. This census must be done daily however because of the high vagility of adult coccinellids.
THE LARVA AND ADULT BIOLOGY OFRHINOSIMUS VIRIDIAENEUS(COLEOPTERA: SALPINGIDAE)
Authors: Howden Anne T. , Howden Henry F.
Published: December 2009

Adults and larvae ofRhinosimus viridiaeneusRandall observed on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, prefer the inner bark of dead branches of red alder (Alnus rubraBong.) for food. When feeding, the flattened elongated rostrum of the adult is inserted between the papery outer bark and the cambium. The rostrum is also used to prod or flip intrudingRhinosimusaway from a feeding site. The larva is described for the first time.
PREOVIPOSITION AND OVIPOSITION PERIODS OF THE APPLE MAGGOT, RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)
Authors: Neilson W. T. A. , Knowlton A. D. , McRae K. B.
Published: December 2009

The preoviposition period of R. pomonella (Walsh) varied from 5 to 11 days at constant and 6 to 15 days at variable rearing conditions. Its duration was influenced by the source of the adults, cultivars for oviposition, and rearing conditions: ca. 3 days longer for adults from infested Wealthy apples than for adults from infested Gravensteins, ca. 2 days longer when the apples for oviposition were late season cultivars, and ca. 1 day longer at variable than at constant rearing conditions. Estimates of the preoviposition period of adults in two unsprayed orchards were 14 and 21 days in 1979 and 16 days in both orchards in 1980, and were 7–14 days longer than that for adults at constant rearing conditions.

The oviposition periods of adults were 40–74 days at constant and 25–55 days at variable rearing conditions in 1979, and were influenced by the source of the adults, cultivars for oviposition, and the rearing conditions. Females from infested Gravensteins laid 339.2 and 180.7 eggs/female at constant and variable conditions and those from infested Wealthy 178.4 and 68.8 eggs/female at constant and variable conditions. Females also laid fewer eggs in Red Delicious apples than in Gravenstein, McIntosh, or Cortland apples.

The first spray for control of apple maggot in Nova Scotia can be applied at least 14 days after first emergence or first capture as the preoviposition period in natural (orchard) conditions exceeded the recommended time of 7–10 days.
FIRST RECORD OF A EUROPEAN BUG, MYRMEDOBIA EXILIS (HETEROPTERA: MICROPHYSIDAE), IN THE NEARCTIC REGION
Authors: Kelton Leonard A.
Published: December 2009

In the course of my search for Miridae in Newfoundland in 1980, I collected a series of six bugs which proved to be the males of Myrmedobia exilis (Fallén), family Microphysidae. The specimens were collected by sweeping the ground cover on the east side of Gibbet Hill just west of the Information Centre (Signal Hill National Historic Park), St. John's, Newfoundland, 20 July 1980. The vegetation on the hill site consisted mainly of a dense, but short mat of heather (Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull) intermixed with moss, clumps of grasses, and a few herbaceous plants. Thus sweeping was right along the ground. Collecting at the Signal Hill site, and generally across Newfoundland was limited by wet weather and although I spent three nights at St. John's only minimal collecting was possible.
SEASONAL ACTIVITY OFMANSONIA PERTURBANSADULTS (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) IN SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO
Authors: Allan S. A. , Surgeoner G. A. , Helson B. V. , Pengelly D. H.
Published: December 2009

Seasonal emergence, abundance, biting and oviposition activity ofMansonia perturbans(Walker) were monitored in southwestern Ontario during 1977 and 1978. Adults emerged from 13 June until 24 August with the greatest emergence occurring in mid-June and mid-July. In both 1977 and 1978, adults were collected by dry ice-baited CDC light traps from 7 June until at least 7 September, with a peak of abundance in late June, followed by a smaller second peak in early August. Biting activity occurred from the second week of June until the first week in September with a maximum during the last week of June. Oviposition occurred from 30 June until 24 August with a maximum in early July.
A CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT, AND REPRODUCTION IN THE LADYBIRD BEETLE, HIPPODAMIA CONVERGENS (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE)
Authors: Gutierrez A. P. , Baumgaertner J. U. , Hagen K. S.
Published: December 2009

A simple model for growth and development of the ladybird beetle (Hippodamia convergens G-M.) which partitions aphid biomass eaten into components of excretion, assimilation, growth and/or reproduction, and metabolic costs associated with searching and maintenance respiration is reported. All parameters in the model were estimated from simple minimal laboratory experiments, and have biological and/or physical meaning. The effects of predator nutrition on aging, survival, and emigration were also modelled. Most rates in the model for growth, reproduction, and respiration are controlled by the interplay between prey consumption and maximum prey biomass demands. The model for biomass flow is related to standard predator/prey theory.
COLOUR MEASUREMENT OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SPECIMENS
Authors: McKillop W. B. , Preston W. B.
Published: December 2009

Frequently descriptive entomology suffers from a lack of precise data on specimen colour. Since colour is rarely defined and since an effective technique is available, the authors suggest that greater consideration be given colour analysis. A simple procedure is outlined in relation to colour analysis of specimens undergoing degreasing.
HOST FOLIAGE IN THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF FOREST SITES IN CENTRAL CALIFORNIA TO OUTBREAKS OF THE DOUGLAS-FIR TUSSOCK MOTH, ORGYIA PSEUDOTSUGATA (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE)
Authors: Mason R. R.
Published: December 2009

Host foliage was evaluated for nonpreference and antibiosis by field rearing Douglas-fir tussock moth larvae, Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough), (instars 2–6) at typical outbreak and non-outbreak forest sites in central California. Nonpreference was evaluated by comparing frass production and antibiosis by comparing survival, pupation, and fecundity on the different sites. Typical outbreak sites had a lower site index and higher plant moisture stress than typical non-outbreak sites. Production of frass for all crown levels collectively was not significantly different between sites, although more frass was produced in the tops of trees on outbreak sites. Survival and pupation were also not significantly different between sites, but egg production was 28% higher on outbreak sites than non-outbreak sites. If differences in foliage quality did exist between sites, they did not affect the tussock moth enough to explain observed differences in population numbers.
PINE OIL PROTECTS LIVING TREES FROM ATTACK BY THREE BARK BEETLE SPECIES, DENDROCTONUS SPP. (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Nijholt W. W. , McMullen L. H. , Safranyik L.
Published: December 2009

Pine oil, a by-product of sulphate wood pulping, protected pheromone-baited, living Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.), and spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss - P. engelmannii Parry hybrids) from attack by Douglas-fir beetle (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk.), mountain pine beetle (D. ponderosa Hopk.), and spruce beetle (D. rufipennis (Kirby)), respectively. Pine oil also protected surrounding trees and reduced attack incidence on Douglas-fir, lodgepole pine, and spruce within at least a 10 m radius. α-Terpineol, one of the constituents of the pine oil mixture, was less effective.
PREDATORY BEHAVIOR OF THE CLERID BEETLE THANASIMUS DUBIUS (COLEOPTERA: CLERIDAE) ON THE SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Frazier J. L. , Nebeker T. E. , Mizell R. F. , Calvert W. H.
Published: December 2009

The behavior of adults of clerid beetle Thanasimus dubius (F.) preying upon adult southern pine beetles, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman, in an arena in the laboratory is described by classifying the acts according to their consequences. A sequence of five stereotyped acts is performed by the predator: either searching or ambush, seizure of prey, alignment of prey, consumption of prey, and grooming. Handling time by the predator consists of the sums of the durations of the four acts of seizure through grooming, which was not significantly different for male and female predators, but was significantly longer for male prey (13.81 min) than for female prey (10.49 min). Consumption of prey (8–9 min) is the major component of handling time. Predators searched or waited in ambush an average of 5.8 mm before seizing a prey, and captured prey with an efficiency of 72%. Blinding predators had no significant effect on their efficiency at capturing prey. Maxillary and labial palpectomy alone or in combination significantly reduced efficiency of capture, and reduced numbers of prey consumed.
THE ST-JEAN MITE CAGE
Authors: Bostanian N. J.
Published: December 2009

The methods of Foott and Boyce (1966) and De Ponti and Inggamer (1976) are inadequate to elucidate the residual toxicity of pyrethroids on predacious mites. These products irritate mites to such an extent that, shortly after their exposure to treated leaves, most if not all of the mites attempt to escape the irritant and in the process they are either caught in the Tanglefoot or drown in the water barrier.
BIOLOGY, LIFE TABLES, AND INNATE CAPACITY FOR INCREASE OF THE TWOSPOTTED SPIDER MITE, TETRANYCHUS URTICAE (ACARINA: TETRANYCHIDAE)
Authors: Herbert H. J.
Published: December 2009

The threshold temperature of development, life table, and innate capacity for increase of the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, were established from life stage development studies at constant temperatures. The threshold for development was determined to be 10.0°C. The durations in degree-days above 10°C from the beginning of the egg stage to adult for females were 141.3, 152.3, and 139.8; for males 134.2, 144.7, and 135.2 at 15°, 18°, and 21°C, respectively. Life tables were constructed and innate capacity for increase was .069, .156, and .372; net reproduction rate 20.8, 38.4, and 58.1; and mean generation time 44.0, 23.4, and 10.9 at 15°, 18°, and 21°C, respectively.
EFFICACY OF BACILLUS SPHAERICUS STRAIN 1593 AGAINST THE FOUR INSTARS OF LABORATORY REARED AND FIELD COLLECTED CULEX PIPIENS PIPIENS AND LABORATORY REARED CULEX SALINARIUS
Authors: Wraight Stephen P. , Molloy Daniel , Jamnback Hugo
Published: December 2009

Culex pipiens pipiens and C. salinarius were found equally susceptible in laboratory tests to Bacillus sphaericus strain 1593 with LC50 values for the four instars ranging between 20 and 137 ppb (approximately 820 and 5600 spores/ml). Tests against field collected C. p. pipiens larvae revealed a regularly decreasing susceptibility with increasing larval age, the first instars being between 2 and 5 times more susceptible than fourth instars. In contrast, no significant differences in the susceptibility of second, third, and fourth instars were found in tests of laboratory reared larvae.
GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT, AND SURVIVAL OF THE LARVAE OF THE RED TURNIP BEETLE,ENTOMOSCELIS AMERICANA(COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE), ONBRASSICA CAMPESTRISANDB.NAPUS(CRUCIFERAE)
Authors: Gerber G. H. , Obadofin A. A.
Published: December 2009

Growth, development, and survival were investigated for the larvae of the red turnip beetle,Entomoscelis americanaBrown, fed excised cotyledons or first true leaves of four cultivars ofBrassica campestrisL. (Torch, Echo, Candle, and R500) or three cultivars ofB.napusL. (Midas, Target, and Tower) in the laboratory. The red turnip beetle has four larval instars and its growth curve is S-shaped. The seven cultivars ofB.campestrisandB.napustested were suitable host plants for the larvae. On all the cultivars, survival was relatively high, the weights and developmental times were similar, and the percentage of malformed adults was low. InB.campestrisandB.napus, the cotyledon stage was marginally better than the first true leaf stage as food for the larvae. Survival usually was higher and in one of the three experiments the adults at emergence were heavier on the cotyledons than on the first true leaves. However, the developmental times were similar, except in one of the three experiments where they were longer on the cotyledons, and the incidence of malformed adults was low on both stages of plant growth.
PAXYLOMMATIDAE: THE CORRECT FAMILY-GROUP NAME FOR HYBRIZON FALLÉN (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONOIDEA), WITH FIGURES OF UNUSUAL ANTENNAL SENSILLA
Authors: Mason W. R. M.
Published: December 2009

A review of the literature and application of the latest rules show that the justified emendation Paxylommatidae Foerster 1862 is the correct family-group name for Hybrizon Fallén 1813. Because Hybrizon lacks the chief apomorphy of braconids, fused metasomal terga II and III, and also lacks a major apomorphy of ichneumonids, loss of 1r-m and retention of 2r-m in the hindwing, it is placed in a separate family. Some unusual antennal sensilla are illustrated.
AN OMNIDIRECTIONAL FLIGHT TRAP FOR ASCENDING AND DESCENDING INSECTS
Authors: Wilkening Alan J. , Foltz John L. , Atkinson Thomas H. , Connor Michael D.
Published: December 2009

A study currently under way required non-attractant traps to collect and preserve for taxonomic identification flying insects inhabiting the crown and shrub layers of a slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii Engelm.) and pondcypress (Taxodium distichum var. nutans (Ait.) Sweet) forest. We concluded that an omnidirectional flight trap was appropriate. After failing to find a satisfactory design in the literature, we developed the trap illustrated in Fig. 1. Our design combines an original upper collecting unit with a modification of the trap described by Hines and Heikkenen (1977).
PHYSICAL COMPARISONS OF FOUNDRESSES OF THE PAPER WASP, POLISTES METRICUS (HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE)
Authors: Dropkin Jennifer A. , Gamboa George J.
Published: December 2009

In the paper wasp, Polistes metricus Say, subordinates and single foundresses of early colonies (< 16 days old) nesting in the same habitat were very similar in size, reproductive condition, and probability of being fertilized suggesting that these types of foundresses are comparable in reproductive potential. Queens of multiple foundress, early colonies were significantly larger, had larger ovaries, and more oocytes than their subordinates. In late colonies (> 30 days old) the differences in reproductive condition between queens and their subordinates were more pronounced. Reproductive condition and body size are likely to be important characters for sorting foundresses into hierarchies.
THE LIFE HISTORY AND PREDATORY EFFICIENCY OF RAVINIA LHERMINIERI (DIPTERA: SARCOPHAGIDAE) ON THE FACE FLY (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE)
Authors: Pickens Lawrence G.
Published: December 2009

In laboratory tests, Ravinia lherminieri (Robineau-Desvoidy) larvae significantly reduced the numbers of face fly, Musca autumnalis De Geer, eggs or larvae (98% mortality), in 100 ml of bovine feces at R. lherminieri to face fly ratios down to 10:200. Face fly immature mortality due to R. lherminieri decreased from 98% to 0% as the volume of feces per larva increased from 10 ml to 80 ml. Although R. lherminieri larvae survived on feces alone, their survival increased 26% (63% vs. 89%) when face fly immatures were added to the feces.