bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychoactive Substance Abuse among Secondary School Students in Tanzania: Exploring Perception and Understanding of Its Impact on Academic Achievement
Authors: Betese Kamanda
Published: November 2022

The aim of this study was to explore perceptions and understanding of the impact of drug and psychoactive substance abuse among Secondary School students Kilolo district of Iringa Tanzania. The study was guided by the following specific objectives: to identify the commonly used psychoactive drug and substances; to explore students’ perceptions on psychoactive substance use; to examine students’ knowledge of the impact of psychoactive substance abuse on academic achievement; and to explore the strategies used in preventing use of drugs and substance abuse at Secondary School level. The study was guided by the Self-Medication Theory of Addiction. The theory that provides a valuable investigative and clinical paradigm to address the challenging issue of drug addiction. The study used a quantitative approach with a cross-section descriptive design. Employing simple random sampling, a total sample of 400 respondents were drawn from five secondary schools of Kilolo district. The data were obtained through questionnaire-based survey. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics with the aid of IBM SPSS Statistics version 20. The findings revealed that the commonly used psychoactive substances by secondary school students were alcohol, marijuana, snuff, and cigarettes. The students had the knowledge of drugs and substance abuse and perceive that they are not good for their academics and health. The study further unveiled that some students used the substances sparingly and while others used them on a daily basis. The findings showed that students had knowledge of the impact of psychoactive substance abuse on academic achievement. The findings also revealed that mechanism are in place at the school level to prevent drugs and psychoactive substance abuse. In view of the findings of this study it is recommended that families should be involved in the fight against use of drugs and psychoactive substances and provide counsel for the students. Schools should strive at encouraging positive peer relationships and networks among students who do not use psychoactive substances.
Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Guarea cedrata (A. Chev.) Pellegr. Leaf and Root Bark Essential Oil
Authors: Kouame Christelle , Ouattara Zana A. , Kambire Didjour A. , Monteil Maelle , Mamyrbekova Janat A. , Bighelli Ange , Tomi Felix , Lecouvey Marc , Bekro Yves-Alain
Published: November 2022

Aims: This study aims, on the one hand, to establish the chemical composition and to evaluate the antioxidant potential of essential oils (EO) of Guarea cedrata leaves and root bark, and on the other hand, to determine the antimicrobial activity of the leaf EO.

Methodology: The EOs were analyzed by a combination of GC (Ir), GC-MS and 13C NMR. The antibacterial and antifungal activity of the essential oils was determined and then the antioxidant activity was also evaluated.

Results: 40 hydrocarbon (19.8%) and oxygenated (73.3%) sesquiterpenes were identified from root bark EO, representing 93.1% of the total composition, and 55 compounds were identified from leaf EO, representing 91.5% of the total composition, with 58.1% sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, 32.4% oxygenated sesquiterpenes and 1.0% hydrocarbon monoterpenes. An evaluation of the antioxidant potential of these EOs revealed moderate free radical scavenging activity of G. cedrata leaf EO compared to quercetin. Leaf EO tested on bacteria and yeast showed bacteriostatic activity against bacterial strains of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans at a concentration of 6.3 mg/ml and bactericidal activity at a concentration of 50 mg/ml.

Conclusion: This study highlighted the chemical composition, the antiradical and biological activity of the essential oils of two organs (leaf and trunk bark) organs of G. cedrata.
STRATEGI RESILIENSI ADAPTIF MAL DI SURABAYA UNTUK MEMPERTAHANKAN JUMLAH PENGUNJUNG SELAMA MASA NEW NORMAL
Authors: Soelatiep Dicky Hendranata , Kwanda Timoticin , Rahardjo Jani
Published: November 2022

Pusat perbelanjaan (mal) dan sektor ritel merupakan faktor penting untuk menyokong pertumbuhan ekonomi dan kehidupan sosial perkotaan. Namun karena pandemi COVID-19, pemerintah harus menerapkan berbagai kebijakan yang membatasi aktivitas di tempat umum. Berbagai kebijakan tersebut menghambat aktivitas perkotaan yang memicu bencana krisis ekonomi dan sosial bagi mal di area perkotaan tersebut. Sehingga mal harus memiliki strategi untuk mempertahankan jumlah pengunjung selama masa New Normal. Oleh sebab itu penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa faktor faktor yang membentuk strategi resiliensi adaptif mal selama masa New Normal. Faktor yang dianalisa yaitu suasana internal mal, campuran tenan mal, komunikasi & aktivitas promosi mal, fasilitas & pelayanan mal. Penelitian ini dilakukan di kota Surabaya saja, penelitian dilakukan melalui sudut pandang pengunjung dan sudut pandang manajer mal. Data pengunjung dikumpulkan secara kuantitatif melalui survei dan data manajer dikumpulkan secara kualitatif melalui wawnacara semi terstruktur. Kemudian data kuantitatif dan kualitatif diolah dengan metode campuran (Mix Method Research).
Anniversary Meeting
Authors: - -
Published: November 2022

At the Anniversary Meeting the Secretary David Laing gave obituaries for deceased members and honorary members, including Alexander Henry Rhind. The usual Society business was also concluded including a report on the visitors to the Society's museum and how the collections expanded over the year. 

 

Meeting notes for 14 December, 1863 are appended.
Notice of Excavations in the Chambered Mound of Maeshowe, in Orkney, and of the Runic Inscriptions on the Walls of its central Chamber
Authors: Stuart John
Published: November 2022

This article reports on Mr Farrer’s excavation of Maeshowe in Orkney in 1861. The author describes the dimensions of the cairn’s chambers and the discovery of runes inscribed on a stone slab within the chamber. Similar structures in the UK and Europe are discussed and compared to site at Maeshowe, particularly Newgrange in Ireland. The author also engages with the debates surrounding the etymology of Maeshowe and who may have originally constructed the cairn. He concludes by examining seven of the suggested translations of the inscriptions fund within the chamber.
Further Explorations of the Ancient Lake Dwellings in the Loch of the Clans, on the Estate of Kilravock, Nairnshire
Authors: Grigor John
Published: November 2022

A follow-up to John Grigor’s previous paper on this topic (see Vol V, pp.116-119). He describes the further excavations he performed and speculates on the structure’s use. Although he initially believed that it might have been a gravesite, the results of his excavations convinced him it was more likely a domestic dwelling.
Observations on the Inca and Yunga Nations; their early Remains; and on Ancient Peruvian Skulls
Authors: Smith Archibald
Published: November 2022

This article describes the architecture of some Inca buildings in Peru. The author discusses the Coricancha temple at Cusco, the ruins at Pachacámac, and other stone constructions along the shore of Lake Titicaca. He explains his understanding of the religious significance of these sites to the Inca and other Native Peruvian groups, as well as some of the pre-colonial history of the area. There is also some discussion of Peru’s native languages and the author’s observations of generalised physical characteristics that he associates with different native populations. He comments on several Peruvian skulls that he brought to the Society on the day of his talk and quotes examples that refer to the practice of binding a child’s head to alter the shape of the skull.
Notices of Remains from the Ancient Lacustrine Habitations of Switzerland; and from the Drift of the Valley of the Somme
Authors: Allman George J
Published: November 2022

Professor Allman exhibited some artefacts unearthed near the Swiss Lakes and in the valley of the Somme, arguing that the artefacts found in the Somme valley were older than those from the Lakes. However, other members of the Society disagree, suggesting that there may have been other factors such as the environment of the Somme valley and available building materials that contributed to the difference in the artefacts.
An Account of the Excavations at Cambuskenneth Abbey in May 1864
Authors: Alexander James E
Published: November 2022

A description of the ruins of the Church of St Mary's in Cambuskenneth and the church's history. The article is primarily a report on the excavation that took place in 1864 to discover the whereabouts of the tombs of James III and his Queen, Margaret of Denmark. The excavators found what they presumed to be the remains of the two monarchs and their child. The article also contains discussion of the finds and architectural features that were uncovered during the excavation. After the communication was read, there was some discussion of the contents among the attendees.
Notice relating to the Interment of King James III. of Scotland, and of his Queen, Margaret of Denmark, in the Abbey Church, Cambuskenneth
Authors: Laing David
Published: November 2022

The paper analyses the evidence that James III was buried at Cambuskenneth Abbey alongside his Queen, Margaret of Denmark. There follows a post-script explaining the significance of Sir James Alexander's excavations (see pp.14-25) and the monument placed over the site in 1865 to mark the royal burials.
An Account of Excavations in Cairns near Crinan
Authors: Greenwell William , Stuart John
Published: November 2022

The author describes some archaeological features near Loch Crinan, following his examination of the area in 1864. He gives the dimensions of each site and details of any finds uncovered there. He goes on to use this evidence to support his arguments about the chronology of prehistoric Scottish burial practices.
Appendix: Part 4
Authors: - -
Published: November 2022

Chapter IX: Import of the Ring and Cup Cuttings

Chapter X: Their Alleged Phoenician Origin

Chapter XI: Their Probable Ornamental Character

Chapter XII: Their Possibly Religious Character

Chapter XIII: Question of their Age or Date

Chapter XIV: Their Precedence of Letters and Traditions

Chapter XV: Their Connection with Archaic Towns and Dwellings

Chapter XVI: Their Presence on the Stones of the most Ancient Kinds of Sepulture

Chapter XVII: The Archaic Character of the Contemporaneous Relics found in Combination with them

Chapter XVIII: The Kind of Tools Required for the Sculpturings

Chapter XIX: Their Antiquity, as shown by their Geographical Distribution in the British Islands

Chapter XX: The Race that first Introduced the Lapidary Ring and Cup Sculpturings
Appendix: Notices of some ancient sculptures on the walls of caves in Fife
Authors: - -
Published: November 2022

Notices of some ancient sculptures on the walls of caves in Fife

Explanations of the Plates

Errata
Appendix: Introduction
Authors: Simpson J Y
Published: November 2022

Introduction to the Volume VI Appendix, by Professor J Y Simpson.
Preliminaries for Part II
Authors: - -
Published: November 2022

Contents for full volume

Front matter for Part II

Table of contents for Part II

List of illustrations
On the Primitive Dwellings and Hypogea of the outer Hebrides
Authors: Thomas F W L
Published: November 2022

The author describes various styles of domestic building used across the Hebrides, St Kilda and the west coast of the Scottish mainland. He does so with the intention of analysing which features may be traced back to earlier styles of architecture used in the area. He is particularly interested in dwellings that are partially underground.

These buildings are then compared to accounts of structures in similarly cold, damp climates where the inhabitants may have had difficulty accessing wood as a construction material. In the final part of the article the author speculates about the purpose, builders and age of the sites he has described.
Notice of separate publications
Authors: Way Albert , Stuart John
Published: November 2022

A notice that two papers were published by the Society in 'Records of the Priory of the Isle of May' by John Stuart.
Notice of Letters addressed to Captain Shand, R.A., by Professor Thorkelin and General Robert Melvill, on Roman Antiquities in the North of Scotland, 1788-1790
Authors: Stuart John
Published: November 2022

The article contains a transcription of the epitaph of Alexander Shand (d.1803), a contemporary of General William Roy who worked with him on his map of Scotland in the 18th century. Also included are some letters relating to the discovery of the Roman camp at Glenmailen and his correspondence with a Danish scholar, Professor Grimm Thorkelin, about the construction of roads and the breeds of sheep found in Denmark.
Meeting Notes
Authors: - -
Published: November 2022

Meeting notes for 10 June 1867.
History of the 'Maiden,' or Scottish Beheading Machine, with Notices of the Criminals who suffered by it
Authors: McCulloch William T
Published: November 2022

[The journal notes that this paper will be printed in a later part of the Proceedings.]
Report to the Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, appointed to arrange for the Application of a Fund left by the late Mr A Henry Rhind, for Excavating Early Remains
Authors: Stuart John
Published: November 2022

John Stuart reported on the logistics of using a £400 that Alexander Henry Rhind left to the Society "to be expended in practical archaeological excavations in the north-eastern portion of Scotland". He described some of the excavations he observed in Sutherland, Caithness and Ross to better understand the structures in these counties that interested Rhind. In his conclusion he suggested commissioning local archaeologists and workmen to undertake any excavations in these counties and requesting ground-plans and architectural drawings of the structures. He also suggested that the Society should contribute to excavations that were already taking place in the area alongside funding new excavations. Mr Stuart's proposal was accepted by the Council on 30 November 1866.
Notice of separate publications
Authors: Stuart John , Brechin Bishop of
Published: November 2022

A notice that two papers will be published in the volume of Charters of the Prory of Restennet, edited by John Stuart.
Meeting Notes
Authors: - -
Published: November 2022

Meeting notes for 13 April 1868.
General Remarks on the Dwellings of the Pre-Historic Races in Orkney, with a Special Notice of the Picts' House of Skerrabrae, in the Parish of Sandwick, showing the Present State of the Excavations lately made there
Authors: Traill William
Published: November 2022

This article discusses brochs and barrows in Orkney with the aim of discovering more about the original inhabitants of Britain. The author speculates on how the age of these structures could be estimated by examining the architectural styles and any artefacts or human remains found during the excavations. The paper then focuses on William Watt’s excavations at Skara Brae, including some features of the structures and some of the finds unearthed on the site such as animal bones.
Meeting Notes
Authors: - -
Published: November 2022

Meeting notes for 11 May 1868.
Notes, with Sketches of Mason Marks on the Cathedral of St Machar, Old Aberdeen
Authors: Gibb Andrew
Published: November 2022

A collection of mason’s marks were uncovered on the walls of St Machar’s Cathedral during repairs to the roof. Notes of the marks’ placements and speculation about when sections of the cathedral were constructed accompany the illustrations.
Preliminaries for Part I
Authors: - -
Published: November 2022

Office-bearers 1867-8

List of the Fellows (June 1868)

List of Honorary members (June 1868)

Table of contents for Part I
Preliminaries for Part II
Authors: - -
Published: November 2022

Table of contents for Part II

List of illustrations

Errata

Front matter for full Volume 7

Contents for full volume
Meeting notes
Authors: - -
Published: November 2022

Meeting notes for 10 January 1870.

 

[The journal notes that a paper titled 'Notice of a passage in the so-called death-song of Ragnar Lodbrog, King of Denmark' by Ralph Carr was delivered, but the content of the communication was not recorded.]
Notice of Two Gold Ornaments found at Orton on the Spey, while cutting for the Railway from Elgin to Keith in 1863
Authors: Paton Noel
Published: November 2022

The author discusses the circumstances under which two gold ornaments were found in Moray. He describes the ornaments themselves and speculates on their purpose. A similar example from Ireland was noted and there was some debate about the location of this find.
Exhibition and Description of a Collection of Stone and other Remains from Swiss Lake Dwellings, illustrative of the Agriculture, Manufactures, &c., of the Lake Dwellers
Authors: Rosehill Lord , Rosehill Lady
Published: November 2022

Lord Rosehill exhibited some of the artefacts he collected on his trip to Switzerland. These artefacts were collected at the site of Stone Age lake-dwellings in the Swiss Alps. Lady Rosehill also provided a list of plant seeds collected at the sites. Professor Simpson thanked Lord Rosehill for his talk and added some further remarks on the sites from his own visit.

 

Meeting notes for 14 March, 1870 are appended. At this meeting, Lady Alicia Ann Scott (referred to as Lady John Scott) was elected as the Society’s first Lady Associate.
An Account of St Columba's Abbey, Inchcolm, accompanied with Plans, &c.
Authors: Arnold Thomas , Laing David
Published: November 2022

The paper recounts the events of a Society outing to Incholm in 1848 and highlights James Simpson’s later article on the island that was published in the Proceedings (see PSAS Volume 2 pp.489-528). David Laing then proposes that Thomas Arnold’s paper on the history of the Abbey on Inchcolm should be included in the fifth volume of the Archaeologia Scotica (see AS Volume V, pp 45-70).
Meeting notes
Authors: - -
Published: November 2022

Meeting notes for 8 May 1871.
Preliminaries for Part II
Authors: - -
Published: November 2022

Table of contents for Part II

List of illustrations

Office-bearers 1871-2

List of the Fellows June 1872

List of Honorary members June 1872

Front matter for full Volume 9

Contents for full volume
Meeting notes
Authors: - -
Published: November 2022

Meeting notes for 14 April 1873.
On Processions and other Public Ceremonials in Scotland prior to the Union, A.D. 1707 (With Illustrations)
Authors: Laing David
Published: November 2022

[The journal notes that this paper will be published in the Archaeologia Scotica.]
Meeting notes
Authors: - -
Published: November 2022

Meeting notes for 13 April 1874.
Meeting notes
Authors: - -
Published: November 2022

Meeting notes for 11 May 1874.
Meeting notes
Authors: - -
Published: November 2022

Meeting notes for 8 March 1875.
Meeting notes
Authors: - -
Published: November 2022

Meeting notes for 10 January 1876.
Meeting notes
Authors: - -
Published: November 2022

Meeting notes for 8 May 1876.
Notes of a Charter by Charles I. to James, Lord Carnegy, 1641
Authors: Black David Dakers , Stuart John
Published: November 2022

John Stuart describes two historical documents that were sent to him by David Dakers Black, a Fellow from Brechin. He discusses the historical context of the documents and then provides transcriptions of them.
Meeting notes
Authors: - -
Published: November 2022

Meeting notes for 11 June 1877.
Note on the Ptolemaic Geography of Scotland
Authors: Thomas F W L
Published: November 2022

A brief note to an error discovered in F W L Thomas' article 'Analysis of the Ptolemaic Geography of Scotland' from the Proceedings Volume 11.
Meeting notes
Authors: - -
Published: November 2022

Meeting notes for 11 March 1878.
Meeting notes
Authors: - -
Published: November 2022

Meeting notes for 10 June 1878.
Anniversary meeting
Authors: - -
Published: November 2022

Several obituaries for notable Fellows were read at the Anniversary meeting. The Annual Report of the previous session was then read, detailing the number of visitors to the Society's museum and the donations given to the Society.

 

Meeting notes for 9 December, 1878 are appended.
Meeting notes
Authors: - -
Published: November 2022

Meeting notes for 10 March 1879.
Preliminaries
Authors: - -
Published: November 2022

Front matter for Volume 13

Contents for full volume

Table of contents 

List of illustrations

Office-bearers 1878-9

Laws of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 

List of the Fellows November 1879

List of Honorary members November 1879

List of the Lady Associates November 1879
Meeting notes
Authors: - -
Published: November 2022

Meeting notes for 10 January 1881.
Meeting notes
Authors: - -
Published: November 2022

Meeting notes for 12 March 1883.
Meeting notes
Authors: - -
Published: November 2022

Meeting notes for 14 January 1884.
Meeting notes
Authors: - -
Published: November 2022

Meeting notes for 8 June 1885.
Meeting notes
Authors: - -
Published: November 2022

Meeting notes for 12 January 1885.
Meeting notes
Authors: - -
Published: November 2022

Meeting notes for 9 February 1885.
Hormone Therapy for the Primary Prevention of Chronic Conditions in Postmenopausal Persons
Authors: Gartlehner Gerald , Patel Sheila V. , Reddy Shivani , Rains Caroline , Schwimmer Manny , Kahwati Leila
Published: November 2022

Importance

It is uncertain whether hormone therapy should be used for the primary prevention of chronic conditions such as heart disease, osteoporosis, or some types of cancers.

Objective

To update evidence for the US Preventive Services Task Force on the benefits and harms of hormone therapy in reducing risks for chronic conditions.

Data Sources

PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and trial registries from January 1, 2016, through October 12, 2021; surveillance through July 2022.

Study Selection

English-language randomized clinical trials and prospective cohort studies of fair or good quality.

Data Extraction and Synthesis

Dual review of abstracts, full-text articles, and study quality; meta-analyses when at least 3 similar studies were available.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Morbidity and mortality related to chronic conditions; health-related quality of life.

Results

Twenty trials (N = 39 145) and 3 cohort studies (N = 1 155 410) were included. Participants using estrogen only compared with placebo had significantly lower risks for diabetes over 7.1 years (1050 vs 903 cases; 134 fewer [95% CI, 18-237]) and fractures over 7.2 years (1024 vs 1413 cases; 388 fewer [95% CI, 277-489]) per 10 000 persons. Risks per 10 000 persons were statistically significantly increased for gallbladder disease over 7.1 years (1113 vs 737 cases; 377 more [95% CI, 234-540]), stroke over 7.2 years (318 vs 239 cases; 79 more [95% CI, 15-159]), venous thromboembolism over 7.2 years (258 vs 181 cases; 77 more [95% CI, 19-153]), and urinary incontinence over 1 year (2331 vs 1446 cases; 885 more [95% CI, 659-1135]). Participants using estrogen plus progestin compared with placebo experienced significantly lower risks, per 10 000 persons, for colorectal cancer over 5.6 years (59 vs 93 cases; 34 fewer [95% CI, 9-51]), diabetes over 5.6 years (403 vs 482 cases; 78 fewer [95% CI, 15-133]), and fractures over 5 years (864 vs 1094 cases; 230 fewer [95% CI, 66-372]). Risks, per 10 000 persons, were significantly increased for invasive breast cancer (242 vs 191 cases; 51 more [95% CI, 6-106]), gallbladder disease (723 vs 463 cases; 260 more [95% CI, 169-364]), stroke (187 vs 135 cases; 52 more [95% CI, 12-104]), and venous thromboembolism (246 vs 126 cases; 120 more [95% CI, 68-185]) over 5.6 years; probable dementia (179 vs 91 cases; 88 more [95% CI, 15-212]) over 4.0 years; and urinary incontinence (1707 vs 1145 cases; 562 more [95% CI, 412-726]) over 1 year.

Conclusions and Relevance

Use of hormone therapy in postmenopausal persons for the primary prevention of chronic conditions was associated with some benefits but also with an increased risk of harms.
Self-managed Abortion in the US
Authors: Grossman Daniel , Verma Nisha
Published: November 2022

This Viewpoint details how clinicians can treat patients who have self-managed an abortion without putting the patient at risk for criminalization.
Estimated Deaths Attributable to Excessive Alcohol Use Among US Adults Aged 20 to 64 Years, 2015 to 2019
Authors: Esser Marissa B. , Leung Gregory , Sherk Adam , Bohm Michele K. , Liu Yong , Lu Hua , Naimi Timothy S.
Published: November 2022

Importance

Alcohol consumption is a leading preventable cause of death in the US, and death rates from fully alcohol-attributable causes (eg, alcoholic liver disease) have increased in the past decade, including among adults aged 20 to 64 years. However, a comprehensive assessment of alcohol-attributable deaths among this population, including from partially alcohol-attributable causes, is lacking.

Objective

To estimate the mean annual number of deaths from excessive alcohol use relative to total deaths among adults aged 20 to 64 years overall; by sex, age group, and state; and as a proportion of total deaths.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This population-based cross-sectional study of mean annual alcohol-attributable deaths among US residents between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2019, used population-attributable fractions. Data were analyzed from January 6, 2021, to May 2, 2022.

Exposures

Mean daily alcohol consumption among the 2 089 287 respondents to the 2015-2019 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System was adjusted using national per capita alcohol sales to correct for underreporting. Adjusted mean daily alcohol consumption prevalence estimates were applied to relative risks to generate alcohol-attributable fractions for chronic partially alcohol-attributable conditions. Alcohol-attributable fractions based on blood alcohol concentrations were used to assess acute partially alcohol-attributable deaths.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Alcohol-attributable deaths for 58 causes of death, as defined in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Alcohol-Related Disease Impact application. Mortality data were from the National Vital Statistics System.

Results

During the 2015-2019 study period, of 694 660 mean deaths per year among adults aged 20 to 64 years (men: 432 575 [66.3%]; women: 262 085 [37.7%]), an estimated 12.9% (89 697 per year) were attributable to excessive alcohol consumption. This percentage was higher among men (15.0%) than women (9.4%). By state, alcohol-attributable deaths ranged from 9.3% of total deaths in Mississippi to 21.7% in New Mexico. Among adults aged 20 to 49 years, alcohol-attributable deaths (44 981 mean annual deaths) accounted for an estimated 20.3% of total deaths.

Conclusions And Relevance

The findings of this cross-sectional study suggest that an estimated 1 in 8 total deaths among US adults aged 20 to 64 years were attributable to excessive alcohol use, including 1 in 5 deaths among adults aged 20 to 49 years. The number of premature deaths could be reduced with increased implementation of evidenced-based, population-level alcohol policies, such as increasing alcohol taxes or regulating alcohol outlet density.
The link between exposure to violent media, normative beliefs about aggression, self‐control, and aggression: A comparison of traditional and cyberbullying
Authors: Zhou Huiling , Wei Xinyi , Jiang Huaibin , Tuo Anxie , Lu Guizhi , Liang Hanyu , Xiao Na
Published: November 2022

Adolescence is a high‐risk age for exposure to violent media (EVM) and bullying. Some previous theories and empirical studies have highlighted a moderated mediating model that normative beliefs about aggression (NBA) as a mediator and self‐control (SC) as a moderator for the link between EVM and aggressive behaviors (including bullying behaviors). However, most previous studies analyzed traditional bullying (TB) and cyberbullying (CB) separately, which is not conducive to finding the differences between the two bullying behaviors. Therefore, this study aims to compare the differences between risk prediction models of TB and CB among adolescents. A total of 777 Chinese adolescent students (336 girls; Mage = 13.57 ± 0.98) completed questionnaires including EVM, NBA, TB, CB, and SC. The results showed that: (1) EVM was positively related to adolescent TB/CB; (2) NBA mediated the above relations; and (3) SC buffers the direct effect of EVM on TB and the effect of NBA on TB. However, SC buffers the effect of NBA on adolescent CB but not buffers the direct effect of EVM on CB. This study highlights the necessity of distinguishing offline and online situations in aggressive behavior research. We suggested “online disinhibit hypothesis” would be adopted to explain why protector factors (e.g., SC) do not buffer the link between aggression‐related risk factors (e.g., EVM) and online aggression (e.g., CB).
Association between air pollution and CSF sTREM2 in cognitively normal older adults: The CABLE study
Authors: Li Meng , Ma Ya‐Hui , Fu Yan , Liu Jia‐Yao , Hu He‐Ying , Zhao Yong‐Li , Huang Liang‐Yu , Tan Lan
Published: November 2022

Objectives

Ambient air pollution aggravates the process of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Currently, the exact inflammatory mechanisms underlying these links from clinical research remain largely unclear.

Methods

This study included 1,131 cognitively intact individuals from the Chinese Alzheimer's Biomarker and LifestylE database with data provided on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarkers (amyloid beta‐peptide 42 [Aβ42], total tau [t‐tau], and phosphorylated tau [p‐tau]), neuroinflammatory (CSF sTREM2), and systemic inflammatory markers (high sensitivity C‐reactive protein and peripheral immune cells). The 2‐year averaged levels of ambient fine particulate matter with diameter <2.5 μm (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3) were estimated at each participant's residence. Multiple‐adjusted models were approached to detect associations of air pollution with inflammatory markers and AD‐related proteins.

Results

Ambient 2‐year averaged exposure of PM2.5 was associated with changes of neuroinflammatory markers, that is, CSF sTREM2 (β = −0.116, p = 0.0002). Similar results were found for O3 exposure among the elderly (β = −0.111, p = 0.0280) or urban population (β = −0.090, p = 0.0144). No significant evidence supported NO2 related to CSF sTREM2. For potentially causal associations with accumulated AD pathologies, the total effects of PM2.5 on CSF amyloid‐related protein (CSF Aβ42 and p‐tau/Aβ42) were partly mediated by CSF sTREM2, with proportions of 14.22% and 47.15%, respectively. Additional analyses found inverse associations between peripheral inflammatory markers with PM2.5 and NO2, but a positive correlation with O3.

Interpretation

These findings demonstrated a strong link between PM2.5 exposure and microglial dysfunction. Furthermore, CSF sTREM2 as a key mediator modulated the influences of PM2.5 exposure on AD amyloid pathologies.
Prologue: Drawing an Argument for Refusal
Authors: Saloojee Ozayr
Published: November 2022

The way an architectural drawing is composed and formatted is underwritten by its reliance on Western, modernist protocols of space‐making and construction. Guest‐editor of this issue and faculty in architecture at Carleton University in Ottawa, Ozayr Saloojee describes his drawing practice as a way to destabilise these assumptions and introduce in his work more social and political issues not prevalent in the western cannon.
Shebeen Operations: Navigating Deviance
Authors: Govender Thireshen
Published: November 2022

Thireshen Govender founded Johannesburg‐based design‐research studio UrbanWorks as a means to read, speculate and intervene in urban situations. Here he illustrates how to look and decipher in a manner that provides tangible evidence for radical and realisable architectures in order to shift the trajectory of urban life in volatile contexts by deploying space and architecture as a political instrument.
Asymmetric Soft‐Structure Functional Surface for Intelligent Liquids’ Distinction, Transportation, and Reaction Mixer
Authors: Sun Siqi , Miao Jiaqi , Tan Rong , Zhang Tieshan , Li Gen , Shen Yajing
Published: November 2022

Structured surfaces have attracted wide attention because of their great potential in directional transport, liquid collection or separation, microfluidics, etc. However, it remains a big challenge to design a surface that can distinguish various liquids, utilize their inherent properties to control their transportation, and realize functional applications. Herein, it is presented an asymmetric soft‐structure functional surface (ASFS) with arrayed curvature units that can make the Laplace pressure as a driving force to determine the preferential spreading direction and show abundant transport behaviors for liquids with different surface tensions. With good deformability, the proposed ASFS can directionally transport liquids along complex terrains, e.g., 1D‐tilted, 2D‐curved, and 3D‐helical trajectories. It is also demonstrated that the ASFS can achieve synchronous or asynchronous liquid mixing by choosing appropriate liquids. Moreover, the intelligent response ability allows the ASFS to be a portable contact angle discriminator. This study proposes a new strategy to manipulate liquids via their intrinsic properties and opens new avenues for application‐oriented liquid operation surfaces.
Controlled Synthesis of Multicolor Carbon Dots Assisted by Machine Learning
Authors: Chen Jiao , Luo Jun Bo , Hu Mu Yuan , Zhou Jun , Huang Cheng Zhi , Liu Hui
Published: November 2022

Carbon dots (CDs) have received extensive attention and applications in recent years due to their remarkable characteristics of tunable emission wavelength, high stability, and a variety of synthetic raw materials. Since the formation process and photoluminescence properties of CDs are affected by multiple factors, the luminescence regulation of CDs has always been a troublesome problem. Furthermore, it is still a lack of appropriate approaches to reveal the hidden rules between the synthesis conditions and the luminescence properties of CDs. Inspired by machine learning (ML) applications in molecular and materials science, herein, a data‐driven ML strategy is proposed to multi‐dimensionally investigate the correlation between reaction parameters and the photoluminescence properties of CDs. Meanwhile, it is demonstrated that reaction parameters and solvent properties have different influences on the fluorescence properties of CDs, and the intelligently optimizing synthesis route of CDs is achieved using ML algorithms. CDs with excellent luminescent properties screened by ML are further applied to high‐capacity colorful information encryption. This study provides an efficient ML‐assisted strategy to guide the synthesis of multicolor CDs, helping researchers to quickly and easily obtain CDs according to experimental requirements.
Rational Design of Sulfonamide‐Based Additive Enables Stable Solid Electrolyte Interphase for Reversible Zn Metal Anode
Authors: Huang Cong , Huang Fei , Zhao Xin , Hao Yisu , Yang Yujie , Qian Yang , Chang Ge , Zhang Yan , Tang Qunli , Hu Aiping , Chen Xiaohua
Published: November 2022

The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI)‐forming additives strategy is of great significance for improving the cycle stability of zinc (Zn) anodes. Although various additives have been reported, the relationship between their molecular structures and SEI chemistries is poorly understood. Herein, a molecular design principle for sulfonamide‐containing additives that endow Zn anodes with a robust SEI layer is proposed. The incorporation of the benzene ring and amino group (−NH2) leads to high adsorption energy, low lowest unoccupied molecular orbital lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), and a small highest occupied molecular orbital‐LUMO (HOMO‐LUMO) gap, facilitating the reduction process of sulfanilamide (SA) additives. Coupled with SA/ZnSO4 electrolytes, Zn|Zn symmetric cells deliver an ultralong cycle life of 4800 h (200 days) at 2 mA cm−2 and 2 mAh cm−2. Additionally, a high cumulative plated capacity (CPC) of 6000 mAh cm−2 and 2700 mAh cm−2 is also achieved at a capacity per cycle of 10 mAh cm−2 and 30 mAh cm−2, respectively. More importantly, the versatility of SA additives is also demonstrated in Zn‐V2O5, Zn‐I2, and Zn‐MnO2 full cells at a low N/P ratio (the theoretical capacity ratio between the negative and positive electrode) of 5.3, 8.3, and 4.5, respectively. This molecular structure strategy provides a promising path to develop effective SEI‐forming additives.
Locally Concentrated Ionic Liquid Electrolyte with Partially Solvating Diluent for Lithium/Sulfurized Polyacrylonitrile Batteries
Authors: Liu Xu , Diemant Thomas , Mariani Alessandro , Dong Xu , Di Pietro Maria Enrica , Mele Andrea , Passerini Stefano
Published: November 2022

The development of Li/sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) batteries requires electrolytes that can form stable electrolyte/electrode interphases simultaneously on lithium‐metal anodes (LMAs) and SPAN cathodes. Herein, a low‐flammability locally concentrated ionic liquid electrolyte (LCILE) employing monofluorobenzene (mFBn) as the diluent is proposed for Li/SPAN cells. Unlike non‐solvating diluents in other LCILEs, mFBn partially solvates Li+, decreasing the coordination between Li+ and bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSI−). In turn, this triggers a more substantial decomposition of FSI− and consequently results in the formation of a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) rich in inorganic compounds, which enables a remarkable Coulombic efficiency (99.72%) of LMAs. Meanwhile, a protective cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI), derived mainly from FSI− and organic cations, is generated on the SPAN cathodes, preventing the dissolution of polysulfides. Benefiting from the robust interphases simultaneously formed on both the electrodes, a highly stable cycling of Li/SPAN cells for 250 cycles with a capacity retention of 71% is achieved employing the LCILE and only 80% lithium‐metal excess.
Stable Deep‐Blue Polymer Light‐Emitting Diodes with Well‐Resolved Emission from a Planar Conformational Chain of Polydiarylfluorenes via Alternating Copolymerization
Authors: Yang Jinghao , Zheng Yingying , Wang Shengjie , Liu Bin , Gong Huaqiang , Yu Ningning , Zhang Yahui , Li Mengyuan , Sun Lili , Chen Wenyu , Liu Heyuan , Wang Yunhao , Bai Lubing , Lin Jinyi , Huang Wei
Published: November 2022

Control of the secondary conformational behavior of light‐emitting conjugated polymers (LCPs) is essential to obtain deep‐blue emission with a narrowband and stable color purity. Naturally π–π interactions induced by the planar aromatic segments may be easily observed in liner‐type LCPs, which lead to reduced emission efficiency, color purity, and energy bandgap. Herein, an alternating copolymerization strategy is proposed to obtain the singlet exciton behavior of a planar conformational segment from polydiarylfluorenes‐copolymers (P7‐6DPF, P7‐8DPF, and P7‐9DPF) toward deep‐blue polymer light‐emitting diodes (PLEDs). Compared to the highly crystalline capacity of P7DPF, P7‐8DPF, and P8DPF, alternative P7‐6DPF and P7‐9DPF present a feature and well‐resolved emission from a planar conformational segment of polyfluorene without obvious polaron features and charge transfer states. More interestingly, P7‐6DPF and P7‐9DPF show thickness‐independent electroluminescence (EL) behavior with a stable deep‐blue color purity, which is the precondition to fabricate large‐scale and high‐quality PLEDs. Finally, compared to control devices, PLEDs based on the P7‐6DPF and P7‐9DPF planar (β) conformational films present a well‐resolved and narrowband emission, stable EL spectra, high brightness (two‐ to threefold), and high current efficiency (1.3‐fold). Therefore, optimizing hierarchical structure via alternating copolymerization is an effective strategy to improve the performance and stability of deep‐blue PLEDs.
Fast and Highly Sensitive Photodetectors Based on Pb‐Free Sn‐Based Perovskite with Additive Engineering
Authors: Yun Kwang‐Ro , Lee Tae‐Ju , Kim Su‐Kyung , Kim Jong‐Ho , Seong Tae‐Yeon
Published: November 2022

Organic–inorganic halide perovskites have been widely investigated for the fabrication of photodetectors because of their excellent optoelectronic properties. However, the toxicity of Pb‐based perovskites and the lack of manufacturing technology in air limits the commercialization of perovskite‐based photodetectors. Tin halide perovskite (THP) is a promising candidate to replace Pb‐based perovskites due to its low toxicity and potential commercialization. However, THP suffers poor stability in air because Sn2+ is easily oxidized to Sn4+. This “self‐doping” effect not only degrades device performance rapidly, but also makes it difficult to fabricate THP‐based devices in air. Here, Pb‐free Sn‐based 2D perovskite PEA2SnI4 films with tin fluoride (SnF2) additive are prepared in air using a nitrogen quenching hot casting method. The photodetectors with an optimal SnF2 concentration of 20% exhibit a fast response speed of 0.56 ms and an excellent specific detectivity of 6.32 × 1013 Jones, the best combination of THP‐based photodetectors reported hitherto. The SnF2 additive is found to suppress the formation of Sn vacancies and improve the crystallinity of PEA2SnI4 films. The work provides an air‐processing technology of Pb‐free perovskite, which is easy to commercialize, and SnF2 additive engineering offering an effective way to demonstrate high performance photodetectors and image recognition applications.
Multiple‐Resonance‐Type TADF Emitter as Sensitizer Improving the Performance of Blue Fluorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Wang Yaxiong , Guo Runda , Ying Ao , Di Kaiyuan , Chen Linya , Gu Honggang , Liu Shiyuan , Duan Yalei , Su Hanrui , Gong Shaolong , Wang Lei
Published: November 2022

Due to the limitation of donor and acceptor group selection, the efficient thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) type sensitizer used for blue organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) is rare. Multiple resonance (MR) type TADF emitters can easily achieve efficient blue emission. And the compounds exhibit small Stokes shift and lower absorption energy under the same emission color compared with traditional TADF, mitigating the damage of high‐energy absorption of sensitizer on material stability. However, their characteristics as sensitizers have not been explored. In this work, a deep‐blue MR‐TADF compound (3tPAB) is selected as a sensitizer for both blue traditional fluorescence and MR‐TADF OLED. Given the improved photoluminescence quantum yield and the utilization of triplet excitons, the TADF‐sensitized fluorescent device using 3tPAB as sensitizer presents a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 14.4%, showing ≈2.4 times increase compared with the device without sensitizer. More impressively, TADF‐sensitized TADF (TST) device using 3tPAB as sensitizer and MR‐TADF compound PhDMAC‐BN as emitter exhibits EQEmax of 33.9%. And in TST device, efficient Förster energy transfer is demonstrated, thus, the device can maintain high color purity. The work first demonstrates the feasibility of MR‐TADF as a sensitizer and provides a new strategy for developing high‐performance blue OLED with high color purity.
2D MXene Additive‐Induced Treatment Enabling High‐Efficiency Indoor Organic Photovoltaics
Authors: Saeed Muhammad Ahsan , Kim Tae Hyuk , Ahn Hyungju , Park Na Won , Park JaeHong , Choi Hyosung , Shahzad Asif , Shim Jae Won
Published: November 2022

The surge of Internet‐of‐everything applications over the past decade demands the adoption of novel material design and device engineering strategies for the development of state‐of‐the‐art organic photovoltaics (OPVs) in low‐light indoor environments. Owing to their excellent optoelectronic properties, two‐dimensional MXenes possess outstanding potential in this regard. Herein, an unprecedented indoor power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 33.8% under light‐emitting‐diode (LED) illumination (1000‐lx) is secured by additive‐induced treatment of MXene in polymer‐donor:non‐fullerene‐acceptor‐based organic photoactive layer. The remarkable indoor performance of MXene OPVs mainly originates from the enhanced absorption, compact molecular packing, and smooth surface morphology with a reduced number of grain boundaries in the photoactive layer, resulting in an improved fill factor and balanced charge transport and extraction characteristics with suppressed recombination, thereby producing an impressive indoor PCE. In addition, the presence of MXene in the photoactive layer facilitates polaron‐pair dissociation owing to improved free‐charge generation, leading to enhanced photoconductivity. This performance represents the highest PCE among the OPVs measured under indoor illumination. This work highlights the promising prospect of 2D MXene and its composites for indoor light energy harvesting applications.
An Update on Phosphine‐Imidazolin‐2‐Imine Iridium(I) Catalysts for Hydrogen Isotope Exchange
Authors: Becker Daniel , Bockfeld Dirk , Tamm Matthias
Published: November 2022

The reaction of the bidentate P,N ligand [2‐(1,3,4,5‐tetramethylimidazolin‐2‐imino)phenyl]di‐tert‐butylphosphine (1) with [Ir(COD)Cl]2 (COD=1,5‐cyclooctadiene) followed by addition of sodium tetrakis[3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate, NaBArF24, or lithium tetrakis(nonafluoro‐tert‐butoxy)aluminate, Li[Al{OC(CF3)3}4], afforded the complexes [(1)Ir(COD)][BArF24] (2 a) and [(1)Ir(COD)][Al{OC(CF3)3}4] (2 b). Exposure of 2 b to one atmosphere of dihydrogen gas afforded the diiridium tetrahydride [(1)2Ir2H4][Al{OC(CF3)3}4]2 (3 b). The molecular structures of 2 a, 2 b, and 3 b were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses. In the latter complex, the positions of the hydrogen atoms in the Ir2H4 core could be refined freely, which had previously proved impossible for the corresponding complex 3 a containing the BArF24 anion. Since 2 a is an established catalyst for ortho‐directed hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE), the performance of 2 a and 2 b in deuterium labelling reactions was compared for various substrates, including phenylacetic acid derivates and nitrogen‐containing aromatic compounds.

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Kraft Lignin: From Pulping Waste to Bio‐Based Dielectric Polymer for Organic Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: D'Orsi Rosarita , Irimia Cristian Vlad , Lucejko Jeannette J. , Kahraman Bilge , Kanbur Yasin , Yumusak Cigdem , Bednorz Mateusz , Babudri Francesco , Irimia‐Vladu Mihai , Operamolla Alessandra
Published: November 2022

Lignin is an abundant biopolymer deriving from industrial pulping processes of lignocellulosic biomass. Despite the huge amount of yearly produced lignin waste, it finds scarce application as a fine material and is usually destined to be combusted in thermochemical plants to feed, with low efficiency, other industrial processes. So far, the use of lignin in materials science is limited by the scarce knowledge of its molecular structure and properties, depending also on its isolation method. However, lignin represents an intriguing feedstock of organic material. Here, the structural and chemical‐physical characteristics of two kraft lignins,L1andL2, are analyzed. First, several molecular characterization techniques, such as attenuated total reflectance ‐ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental analyses, gel permeation chromatography, evolved gas analysis‐mass spectrometry, UV–vis,31P‐ and13C‐ nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies are applied to get insights into their different structures and their degree of molecular degradation. Then, their efficient application as gate dielectric materials is demonstrated for organic field‐effect transistors, finding the increased capacity ofL1with respect toL2in triggering functional and efficient devices with both p‐type and n‐type organic semiconductor molecules.