Ionosphere Monitoring with Multi-Frequency and Multi-GNSS Android Smartphone: A Feasibility Study Towards GNSS Big Data Applications for Geosciences
Authors: Fortunato Marco , Ravanelli Michela , Mazzoni Augusto 
Published: March 2020

&lt;p&gt;The release of Android GNSS Raw Measurements API, (2016) and the growing technological development introduced by the use of multi-GNSS and multi-frequency GNSS chipsets &amp;#8211; changed the hierarchies within the GNSS mass-market world. In this sense, Android smartphones became the new leading products. Positioning performances and quality of raw GNSS measurements have been studied extensively. Despite the greater susceptibility to multipath and cycle slip due to the low cost antenna used, a positioning up to sub-meter accuracy can be achieved. Among the improvements in positioning and navigation, the availability of GNSS measurements from Android smartphones paved new ways in geophysical applications: e.g. periodic fast movements reconstruction and ionospheric perturbances detection. &amp;#160;In fact, considering the number of Android smartphones compatible with the Google API, additional costless information can be used to densify the actual networks of GNSS permanent stations used to monitor atmospheric conditions. However, an extensively analysis on the reconstruction of ionospheric conditions with Android raw measurements is necessary to prove the accuracy achievable in future ionosphere monitoring networks based on both permanent GNSS station and Android smartphone.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The aim of this work is to assess the performance of multi-frequency and multi-GNSS smartphone &amp;#8211; in particular, Xiaomi Mi 8 and Huawei Mate 20 X &amp;#8211; in the reconstruction of real-time sTEC (slant Total Electron Content) variations meaningful of ionospheric perturbations. A 24-hour dataset of 1Hz GNSS measurements in static conditions was collected from the two smartphones in addition to data collected from M0SE, one of the EUREF/IGS permanent stations. The VARION (Variometric Approach for Real-time Ionosphere Observations) algorithm, based on the variometric approach and developed within the Geodesy and Geomatics Division of Sapienza University of Rome, was used to retrieve sTEC variations for all the observation periods.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The results, although preliminary, show that it is possible to study also from the smarthphone the trend of sTEC variations with elevation: lower elevation angles cause noisier sTEC variations. RMSE of the order of 0.02 TECU/s are found for elevation angles higher than 20 degrees as it happens for permanent stations. At the same time, the sTEC variations were compared to the overall measurements noise, due to both environmental and receiver noise, in order to statistically define the correlation between RMSE and derived sTEC variation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Although the results obtained in this work are encouraging, still further analyses need to be carried out especially at latitudes where ionosphere conditions and perturbations play a major role. However, the possibility to perform such analyses on datasets collected worldwide is prevented from their availability. The last part of this work is therefore focused on the identification of a methodology to share with the GNSS community to collect, store and share GNSS measurements from Android smartphones to enable the researchers to enlarge the spatial and temporal boundaries of their research in the field of ionosphere modelling with mass-market devices.&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;