bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Leadership selection, internal promotion, and bureaucratic corruption in less developed polities
Authors: Rauch James E.
Published: March 2003

The establishment of a professional government bureaucracy in place of political appointees is an important component of an enabling environment for private enterprise. I show that internal promotion can help to bring to power individuals who highly value (relative to income) imposition of their preferences over collective goods on the public. Such individuals restrain the corruption of their subordinates as a byproduct of their efforts to implement their preferences using tax revenue. As a result, large‐scale and petty corruption tend to move together and both tend to be lower the longer the practice of internal promotion has been in place. JEL Classification: D73

Sélection des leaders, promotion interne, et corruption bureaucratique dans les pays en voie de développement. La mise en place d'une bureaucratie gouvernementale professionnelle pour remplacer les nominations politiques constitue un élément important pour créer un environnement porteur pour l'entreprise privée. On montre que la promotion interne peut aider à porter au pouvoir des personnes qui valorisent beaucoup la possibilité d'imposer au public leurs préférences quant aux biens collectifs (par opposition à la simple recherche de revenus personnels accrus). De telles personnes vont limiter la corruption de leurs subordonnés en cherchant à imposer leurs préférences dans l'usage des rentrées fiscales. En conséquence, la grande et la petite corruption tendent àêtre co‐reliées, et toutes deux tendent à décroître à proportion que l'on pratique la promotion interne.
Occupational gender composition and wages in Canada, 1987–1988
Authors: Baker Michael , Fortin Nicole M.
Published: March 2003

In this paper, we provide a comprehensive picture, circa the late 1980s, of occupational gender segregation in Canada and its consequences for wages. Our analysis reveals sensitivity of the estimated penalty to ‘female work’ to both specification and estimation strategy. Our preferred estimates indicate that the wage penalties for women in female jobs in Canada are generally smaller than penalties in the United States. Of particular note, while there is some heterogeneity across worker groups, on average the link between female wages and gender composition is small and generally not statistically significant. JEL Classification: J71, J78

Taux de féminité des professions et salaires au Canada: 1987–88. Dans cet article, les auteurs dressent un portrait complet de la ségrégation professionnelle fondée sur le sexe au Canada à la fin des années 1980, et de ses répercussions sur le niveau des salaires. Leur analyse révèle que les évaluations de la ‘pénalité salariale’ dans les emplois féminins dépendent du choix des méthodes d'estimation et des spécifications des fonctions. Les évaluations les plus robustes indiquent que, pour les femmes au Canada, la pénalité reliée aux emplois féminins est généralement plus faible que celle qu'on trouve aux Etats‐Unis. Bien qu'on trouve des résultats différents selon les groupes de travailleurs, en moyenne, le lien entre le taux de féminité des professions et le niveau de salaires des femmes est faible, et n'est généralement pas statistiquement significatif.
Using the gravity equation to differentiate among alternative theories of trade
Authors: Feenstra Robert C. , Markusen James R. , Rose Andrew K.
Published: March 2003

The simple gravity equation explains a great deal about the data on bilateral trade flows and is consistent with several theoretical models of trade. We argue that alternative theories nevertheless predict subtle differences in key parameter values, depending on whether goods are homogeneous or differentiated and whether or not there are barriers to entry. Our empirical work for differentiated goods delivers results consistent with the theoretical predictions of the monopolistic‐competition model, or a reciprocal‐dumping model with free entry. Homogeneous goods are described by a model with national (Armington) product differentiation or by a reciprocal‐dumping model with barriers to entry. JEL Classification: F10, F12

Equation de gravité et différenciation entre diverses théories du commerce international. La simple équation de gravité fournit une bonne part d'explication des flux de commerce bilatéraux et donne des résultats compatibles avec plusieurs modèles de commerce international. Les auteurs suggèrent que les diverses théories prédisent néanmoins des différences subtiles dans les valeurs de paramètres clés, selon que les biens sont homogènes ou différenciés, et qu'il y a barrières ou non à l'entrée. Le travail empirique des auteurs livre des résultats compatibles avec les prévisions théoriques du modèle de concurrence monopolistique ou du modèle de dumping réciproque avec entrée libre. On décrit les flux de biens homogènes à l'aide d'un modèle de différenciation nationale de produit à la Armington ou par un modèle de dumping réciproque avec barrières à l'entrée.
A Random Utility Model of Environmental Equity
Authors: Hite Diane
Published: March 2003

Past attempts to uncover evidence that economically disadvantaged groups are unjustly exposed to environmental disamenities have failed to take into account self‐selection behavior of individuals or groups of individuals. For instance, when choosing a place to live, households may be trading environmental quality for other housing, neighborhood, and location characteristics they care about. Previous literature on environmental justice has investigated location choice of polluting industries, but fails to account for consumer self‐selection in housing markets. This paper thus focuses on location choice of individuals based on observed housing transactions. From the results of a random utility model, a test is proposed that incorporates the no‐envy concept of economic equity. The results support a finding for environmental discrimination with respect to African American households, but do not support the hypothesis that poor households in general are unfairly exposed to environmental disamenities.
Unemployed Job Seeker Attitudes towards Potential Travel‐to‐Work Times
Authors: McQuaid R.W. , Greig M. , Adams J.
Published: March 2003

The effectiveness of intra‐regional job search is influenced by how far people are willing to travel to new employment. While much has been written on the commuting patterns of those in work, relatively little research has been carried out on how far unemployed job seekers are prepared to commute. This paper presents and tests a model of factors influencing the maximum time unemployed job seekers would be willing to travel to a potential new job. Significant effects are found for a range of personal and demographic characteristics, including gender, years of education, type of job, and location. The evidence suggests support for the spatial mismatch hypothesis and shows differing accessibility to employment opportunities for certain types of unemployed people. The findings also suggest that models of the trade‐off between leisure and work time should fully include travel‐to‐work time as part of this trade‐off.
Theoretical and Empirical Considerations Regarding Space in Hedonic Housing Price Model Applications
Authors: Bowen William M. , Mikelbank Brian A. , Prestegaard Dean M.
Published: March 2003

Recent advances in spatial data analysis are making their way into a variety of applied research settings. Once purely the domain of specialists, increased availability of both spatial data and the software with which to handle them, spatial analysis techniques are diffusing into other areas of research. This article first details the rationale and need for spatial considerations in hedonic price models and focuses on the link between the context of the housing market and the statistical considerations necessary when dealing with spatial data. These issues are then explored via an application to the housing market of Cuyahoga County, Ohio. It was found, first, that explicit modeling of space is not always warranted. One of our two models shows no substantial signs of spatial misspecification. However, in the second model, where diagnostic tests call for the explicit modeling of space, some drastic differences were found between the space‐neglected model and the more correctly specified spatial hedonic model. This highlights the need to include spatial diagnostics as part of the standard model‐fitting procedure for hedonic house price applications.
Growing Global: Learning Locations in the Life Sciences
Authors: Walcott Susan
Published: March 2003

This research explores the role of place in corporate location strategy by following the global footsteps of pharmaceutical giant Eli Lilly and Company. Examining a life science company model whose acquisitions strongly affected industry strategy provides examples of place characteristics modifying high tech corporate strategy in four very different metropolitan areas: Indianapolis, Research Triangle, San Diego and Shanghai. Targeted interviews explore institutional, human, and place features. This case study illustrates why choosing the best learning location—where both structured and informal information exchange networks can nurture companies—is key to achieving competitive advantage through site selection.
Query‐Biased Summarization Based on Lexical Chaining
Authors: Manabu Okumura , Hajime Mochizuki
Published: March 2003

Recently, the prevalence of information retrieval engines has created an important application of the automatic summarization as the display of retrieval results, whereby the user can quickly and accurately judge the relevance of texts returned as a result of a query. Here, rather than producing a generic summary, the summary that reflects the user's topic of interest (information need) expressed in the query would be considered as more suitable. This type of summary is often called query‐biased summary.

In this paper we present a method for producing query‐biased summaries using lexical chains. Lexical chains are sequences of words that are in lexical cohesion relation with each other, and tend to indicate fragments of a text that form a semantic unit. Using lexical chains would enable to produce more coherent and readable summaries than previous approaches to query‐biased summarization.

To evaluate the effectiveness of our method, a task‐based evaluation scheme is adopted. The results from the experiments show that query‐biased summaries by lexical chains outperform others in the accuracy of subjects' relevance judgments.
Defeasible Inheritance Through Specialization
Authors: Nantajeewarawat Ekawit , Wuwongse Vilas
Published: March 2003

Typed substitution provides a means of capturing inheritance in logic deduction systems. However, in the presence of method overriding and multiple inheritance, inheritance is known to be nonmonotonic, and the semantics of programs becomes a problematic issue. This article attempts to provide a general framework, based on Dung's argumentation theoretic framework, for developing a natural semantics for programs with dynamic nonmonotonic inheritance. The relationship between the presented semantics and perfect‐model (with overriding) semantics, proposed by Dobbie and Topor (1995), is investigated. It is shown that for inheritance‐stratified programs, the two semantics coincide. However, the proposed semantics also provides correct skeptical meanings for the programs that are not inheritance‐stratified.
Coping With Missing Attribute Values Based on Closest Fit in Preterm Birth Data: A Rough Set Approach
Authors: Grzymala‐Busse Jerzy W. , Grzymala‐Busse Witold J. , Goodwin Linda K.
Published: March 2003

Data mining is frequently applied to data sets with missing attribute values. A new approach to missing attribute values, called closest fit, is introduced in this paper. In this approach, for a given case (example) with a missing attribute value we search for another case that is as similar as possible to the given case. Cases can be considered as vectors of attribute values. The search is for the case that has as many as possible identical attribute values for symbolic attributes, or as the smallest possible value differences for numerical attributes. There are two possible ways to conduct a search: within the same class (concept) as the case with the missing attribute values, or for the entire set of all cases. For comparison, we also experimented with another approach to missing attribute values, where the missing values are replaced by the most common value of the attribute for symbolic attributes or by the average value for numerical attributes. All algorithms were implemented in the system OOMIS. Our experiments were performed on the preterm birth data sets provided by the Duke University Medical Center.
The Variable Precision Rough Set Inductive Logic Programming Model and Strings
Authors: Maheswari V. Uma , Siromoney Arul , Mehata K. M. , Inoue K.
Published: March 2003

The Variable Precision Rough Set Inductive Logic Programming model (VPRSILP model) extends the Variable Precision Rough Set (VPRS) model to Inductive Logic Programming (ILP). The generic Rough Set Inductive Logic Programming (gRS‐ILP) model provides a framework for ILP when the setting is imprecise and any induced logic program will not be able to distinguish between certain positive and negative examples. The gRS‐ILP model is extended in this paper to the VPRSILP model by including features of the VPRS model. The VPRSILP model is applied to strings and an illustrative experiment on transmembrane domains in amino acid sequences is presented.
Incomplete Information Tables and Rough Classification
Authors: Stefanowski Jerzy , Tsoukiàs Alexis
Published: March 2003

The rough set theory, based on the original definition of the indiscernibility relation, is not useful for analysing incomplete information tables where some values of attributes are unknown. In this paper we distinguish two different semantics for incomplete information: the “missing value” semantics and the “absent value” semantics. The already known approaches, e.g. based on the tolerance relations, deal with the missing value case. We introduce two generalisations of the rough sets theory to handle these situations. The first generalisation introduces the use of a non symmetric similarity relation in order to formalise the idea of absent value semantics. The second proposal is based on the use of valued tolerance relations. A logical analysis and the computational experiments show that for the valued tolerance approach it is possible to obtain more informative approximations and decision rules than using the approach based on the simple tolerance relation.
Handwritten Thai Character Recognition Using Fourier Descriptors and Genetic Neural Networks
Authors: Phokharatkul Pisit , Kimpan Chom
Published: March 2003

This article presents a method to solve the rotated and scaling character recognition problem using Fourier descriptors and genetic neural networks. The contours of character image are extracted and separated between the outer contour and inner or loop contours. The loop contours are a special characteristic of Thai characters, called the head of the character. The special features of Thai characters (loop contours) are used at the rough classification stage, and Fourier descriptors with genetic neural networks are used at the fine classification stage. The Fourier descriptors detect the outer contour of a character and it is fed to network. These features are recognized by a multilayer neural network. Genetic algorithms (GAs) are utilized to help compute the weights of the neural network optimally and reduce uncertain states in the neural networks output. Experimental results have shown that the combination of the Fourier descriptors with genetic neural networks, loop features, and local curvature charateristics of similar characters are powerful tools for successfully classifying Thai characters. The recognition rate by this method is 99.12% for 1200 examples of handwritten Thai words (a total of 13,500 characters) written by 60 persons.
A Method for Isolated Thai Tone Recognition Using a Combination of Neural Networks
Authors: Thubthong Nuttakorn , Kijsirikul Boonserm , Pusittrakul Apirath
Published: March 2003

Tone information is very important to speech recognition in a tonal language such as Thai. In this article, we present a method for isolated Thai tone recognition. First, we define three sets of tone features to capture the characteristics of Thai tones and employ a feedforward neural network to classify tones based on these features. Next, we describe several experiments using the proposed features. The experiments are designed to study the effect of initial consonants, vowels, and final consonants on tone recognition. We find that there are some correlations between tones and other phonemes, and the recognition performances are satisfying. A human perception test is then conducted to judge the recognition rate. The recognition rate of a human is much lower than that of a machine. Finally, we explore various combination schemes to enhance the recognition rate. Further improvements are found in most experiments.
Making Up the Government's Mind: Agenda Setting in a Parliamentary System
Authors: Considine Mark
Published: March 2003

One of the most important aspects of policymaking in any political system is the pre‐decision stage at which a potentially wide range of concerns and preferences are fashioned into some actionable list of proposals or a recognizable hierarchy of priorities. As well as indicating which concerns may dominate the thinking of officials who will later take formal decisions, it is at this early stage of policy development that non‐government elites and other key actors may succeed or fail in their attempts to exercise significant power and influence (Schattschneider 1960; Downs 1972; Lukes 1974).
Northern Ireland: At the Crossroads of Political and Administrative Reform
Authors: Knox Colin
Published: March 2003

Northern Ireland is at a political and administrative cross‐roads. Politically the Good Friday Agreement has paved the way for devolved government, and administratively the system of Direct Rule from Westminster will come to an end. This article examines the major problems of accountability linked to Direct Rule government and sets out a policy agenda for the new Northern Ireland Assembly.
Consociationalists or Weberians? Top Commission Officials on Nationality
Authors: Hooghe Liesbet
Published: March 2003

This article examines how senior permanent officials in the European Commission (directorgenerals and directors) conceive of the role of nationality in their organization. Do they support a weberian ideal–typical bureaucratic organization, where merit shapes personnel selection and task organization, or do they prefer a consociational form, in which nationalities are represented in organization and policymaking? I explain variation in weberian and consociational orientations, using 105 mail questionnaires collected between July 1995 and May 1997. In explaining variation, I contrast socialization factors and factors related to the professional utility function of officials. I find that utility packs far more power than socialization. Support for consociational principles is highest among officials who belong to nationalities that are organized in strong multifunctional networks in Brussels. In an administration where nationality is a powerful principle of personnel organization, officials with the “right citizenship” have compelling incentives to reinforce its role. Professional utility is also a function of one’s position in the work environment: officials in positions of weak regulatory autonomy or dealing with quality of life issues are more likely to be consociational. Socialization is weak, though prior experience as a national civil servant reduces consociationalism and prior Commission cabinet experience increases it.
Exemplars, Analogies, and Menus: Eastern Europe in Cross Regional Comparisons
Authors: Jacoby Wade
Published: March 2003

This article evaluates three provocative cross‐regional comparisons that use Eastern European cases. It begins by defending such comparisons against serious objections emphasizing Leninist legacies. Books by Offe, Greskovits, and Henderson et. al. form the foundation for a discussion of comparisons to the Eastern German, Latin American, and East Asian NIC cases, respectively. The different comparative approaches are assessed with reference to three blocks of issues: the possibility of achieving democratic capitalism “by design,” the strength of social responses to economic hardship, and the viability of state instruments to keep reforms moving. Characterizing the different approaches as reliant upon “exemplars, analogies, and menus,” the article assesses the outcomes of East European transformations at the ten‐year mark. It concludes with a sketch of a partially convergent agenda for further research along all three lines.
Governance Reform in Thailand: Questionable Assumptions, Uncertain Outcomes
Authors: Bowornwathana Bidhya
Published: March 2003

This article examines the nature of governance reform in Thailand. The argument is that Thai citizens are not especially benefiting from the public reform initiatives of Thai governments because government reformers made fourquestionable assumptions about reform which have in turn produced uncertain outcomes and provided the opportunity for government reformers to avoid responsibility for their reform choices. First, the reformers support the belief that a global reform paradigm with ready‐made reform packages exists which can be easily transplanted in the Thai public sector. Second, the reformers prefer to define success largely as reform output rather than reform outcomes or long term reform consequences. Third, Thai government reformers have overemphasized the efficiency aspects of the new public management at the expense of other governance goals. Fourth, governance reform in Thailand has been portrayed as a managerial problem instead of a political one. The author supports his arguments by drawing on theoretical debates in the international literature on administrative reform, and relating these debates to the Thai case. Governance reform in Thailand is still at an early stage, but the role of unintended consequences is important to administrative reform. Furthermore, the Thai case may reflect governance reform in other countries as well.
The Four Faces of Institutionalism: Public Policy and a Pluralistic Perspective
Authors: Reich Simon
Published: March 2003

Contending conceptions of the “new” institutionalism claim to offer approaches that can develop generalizable social scientific theories of behavior. This article challenges that proposition, arguing that contingencies exist in which specific forms of institutionalism are best suited to addressing particular types of questions. Viewed through the prism of public policy, it develops the argument that ‘policy dictates politics.’ It suggests that four variants of institutionalism (historical, new economic, normative, and billiard ball) are each systematically most appropriate to examine the issues in the policy domains of redistribution, regulation, modernization, and liberalization, respectively.
Institutional Gaming
Authors: Goodin Robert E.
Published: March 2003

This paper proposes a model of ‘institutional gaming,’ in which intentional agents pursue their projects through games of a looser and deeper sort. Over many interactions, they develop formal institutions and informal norms concerning appropriate ways of maneuvering within them and expanding upon them. Agents shift among several different institutions governed by different norms addressing each of their many different concerns. No one agent is decisive, either negatively or positively, for long. Such a model of intentional goal‐seeking agents, operating through and on history, and developing shared norms as an aid to doing so, makes tolerably good sense of much that modern institutionalists want to tell us.
Centralization and Decentralization in Administration and Politics: Assessing Territorial Dimensions of Authority and Power
Authors: Hutchcroft Paul D.
Published: March 2003

Throughout the world, diverse countries are implementing programs of decentralization as a means of promoting both democratic and developmental objectives. Unfortunately, however, scholarship has yet to offer a comprehensive framework within which to assess and reform central‐local relations. This article seeks to overcome the "division of labor" that has long separated analyses of administrative and political structures, and to provide stronger conceptual vocabulary for describing and analyzing the complexities of centralization and decentralization in both administration and politics. After developing two distinct continua of administrative and political centralization/decentralization, the paper then combines them in a single matrix able to highlight the wide range of strategies and outcomes that emerge from the complex interplay of the two spheres. Depending on where a country lies within the matrix, it is argued, strategies of decentralization may do more harm than good. Strategies of devolution are especially problematic in settings with strong local bosses, and should never be attempted without careful analysis of the preexisting character of central‐local ties.
Sanction Power, Jurisdiction, and Economic Policy‐making: Explaining Contemporary Telecommunications Policy in Japan
Authors: Kawabata Eiji
Published: March 2003

Variation in policy‐making is an important analytical issue in public policy analysis, but it has not been extensively discussed in the literature on Japanese politics and political economy. Focusing on the interaction between state and societal actors, this article presents a causal argument to account for variation in Japanese economic policy‐making. It is argued that variation in policy‐making patterns is determined by the strength of a bureaucracy’s sanction power and the exclusivity of its jurisdiction. This argument is elaborated through analysis of four related cases of Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications (MPT) policy‐making: the privatization process of Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT), the regulation of telecommunications after NTT privatization, the promotion of advanced telecommunications, and the reorganization of NTT. The causal framework is also applied to contemporary Ministry of International Trade and Industry economic policy‐making to highlight the argument’s preliminary applicability to Japanese policy‐making. This analysis of Japanese policy‐making lays a base for further analysis of variation in policy‐making in general.
Introduction to Special Issue on the Institutional Balance and the Future of EU Governance: The Future of the Union and the Trap of the “Nirvana Fallacy”
Authors: Cram Laura
Published: March 2003

The question of the “institutional balance” strikes at the very core of what the European Union is and where it is headed. In Declaration 23 of the Treaty of Nice, member states committed themselves to launching “a deeper and wider debate about the future of the Union” (point 3). As the articles in this volume indicate, in addressing the future of the Union, it is crucial that member states and the institutions dispel the myths upon which some of the need for reform has been conceived. In any institutional reform process, it is vital that the architects of reform avoid what Demsetz has referred to as the “Nirvana fallacy.” In examining the institutional balance(s) in the EU and addressing the future of the Union, it is important that the realities of contemporary praxis are fully understood and that unrealistic goals are avoided. The EU can no more be expected to conform to some mythical ideal of “good governance” than can the member states of which it is constituted.
The European Parliament and the Commission Crisis: A New Assertiveness?
Authors: Judge David , Earnshaw David
Published: March 2003

This article examines two claims made about the “Commission crisis” of 1999: first, that the accountability of the Commission to the European Parliament (EP) was significantly increased; and, second, that the model of parliamentary government in the European Union (EU) was advanced by events in 1999. In analyzing the crisis and its consequences, this article focuses upon the powers of dismissal and appointment, and what these powers reveal about the capacity of the EP both to hold the Commission responsible for its collective and individual actions and to influence its policy agenda. If a parliamentary model is to develop in the EU, the negative parliamentary powers of censure and dismissal have to be balanced by the positive powers of appointment and enhanced executive responsiveness. On both counts—dismissal and appointment—the 1999 “Commission crisis” did not point to the clear and unambiguous dawning of a “genuine European parliamentary democracy.”
Cutting Public Expenditures in Advanced Industrial Democracies: The Importance of Avoiding Blame
Authors: Ross Fiona
Published: March 2003

This article examines three conditions for cutting public expenditures across a sample of 16 advanced industrial democracies: intent, ability, and need during the 1970s and 1980s. Unlike spending increases, cuts require purposeful action. A first condition, therefore, for cutting expenditures is that leaders intend to curb spending. Surprisingly, the results indicate that leftist parties are considerably more effective at cutting expenditures than parties of the right. Indeed, leaders appear to have most latitude when a feared course of action is considered least likely. A second condition is that of ability. Institutions constrain and facilitate leadership. The degree to which decision‐making must be shared within the executive both helps and hinders budget‐cutting across exogenous conditions. While oversized coalitions may impede losses, they may also facilitate them by sharing responsibility for unpopular measures and thus reducing electoral repercussions. Indeed, both party and institutional results point to the centrality of avoiding blame in the loss‐inducing process. A third condition for cutting public expenditures involves need. While objective economic indicators are not irrelevant, the issue of need is largely politically defined.
The Dynamics of Abstract and Manifest Institutional Change: MITI and the Japanese “Economic Miracle” Reconsidered
Authors: Pierre Jon , Park Sang‐Chul
Published: March 2003

Modern institutional theory specifies two different aspects of institutions. The first aspect—and by far the predominant perspective—sees institutions as recurrent patterns of behavior, values, norms and practices which guide social and political behavior. The second aspect refers to the manifest institutional systems of the state. These two sides of institutions are supposed to be mutually reinforcing. Thus, institutions are “embedded” in overarching systems of values at the same time as they “constrain” behavior. This article takes exactly the opposite approach and seeks to separate the two different meanings of institutions in order to explain changes in the effective capabilities of manifest institutions. Using the Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) as an empirical case, the argument advanced in the article is that variations in the institutional leverage and capacity of MITI can to a significant extent be explained by changes in the relationship between “abstract” and “manifest” institutions, i.e. the extent to which the institutional arrangement of the state reflects predominant systems of values, norms and beliefs in society. In addition to the vast literature on institutional theory, the article draws on a series of interviews with MITI senior officials between 1988 and 1996 as well as on the literature on Japanese political economy.
The Globalization of Pharmaceutical Regulation
Authors: Vogel David
Published: March 2003

Drugs have long been among the most extensively regulated of all consumer products. Not only do all governments closely supervise virtually every aspect of their development, testing, production and marketing, but many also regulate their pricing and distribution. The pharmaceutical industry is highly globalized, with over half the sales of the fifty largest drug companies made outside their home country (Tarabusi and Vivkery 1993). However, until recently, drug regulation was virtually synonymous with national sovereignty. Firms were required to conduct separate tests, submit separate applications, and meet distinctive criteria to enter each national market.

Because drugs are so extensively regulated and have such significant health and safety impacts, drug policy coordination has proven extremely difficult. Nonetheless over the last decade, national regulatory agencies have begun to cooperate more closely with one another. The European Union has established a centralized drug approval system, the United States Food and Drug Administration has become more willing to cooperate with its foreign counterparts, and the United States, the EU and Japan have made substantial progress in harmonizing drug approval requirements under the auspices of a new international body, the International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for the Registration of Pharmaceutical Products (ICH). This article describes and assesses the implications of the increase in international coordination of national drug approval policies. It argues that the undermining of national regulatory sovereignty has improved both the effectiveness and efficiency of government regulation.
An Information‐processing Perspective on Leadership and Culture: A Case for Connectionist Architecture
Authors: Hanges Paul , Lord Robert , Dickson Marcus
Published: March 2003

Un mode`le de la relation entre la culture et le leadership est pre´sente´ dans cet article; ce mode`le est centre´ sur le traitement de l’information. Nous estimons qu’un re´seau connectionniste s’impose pour une bonne compre´hension de la faÂµon dont la culture et le leadership influencent les re´actions et la comprotement du suiveur, ce qui nous diffe´rencie des travaux ante´rieurs dans ce domaine. On examine brie`vement les structure connectionnistes en remarquant qu’il y a recouvrement entre la conceptualisation des sche´mas inclus dans ces structures et les re´flexions actuelles sur les sche´mas concernant la culture et le leadership. Ce mode`le est suffisamment souple pour expliquer les processus cognitivement efficients qui e´mergent consciemment ou subconsciemment. En outre, il peut rendre compte de la sensibilite´ a` l’information (provenant de la situation) des sche´mas du leadership et des syste`mes culturels. On traite enfin du caracte`re critique de la notion de concept de soi dans la compre´hension des processus a` travers lesquels culture et leadership interagissent pour influencer les re´action et la conduite des suiveurs.
Values Espoused by Australian and US Organisations
Authors: Kabanoff Boris , Daly Joseph
Published: March 2003

On a compare´ les valeurs de 132 organisations, 77 australiennes et 55 ame´ricaines, apparie´es selon la branche industrielle. Un logiciel d’analyse de contenu a recense´ les re´fe´rences aux valeurs dans les rapports annuels des anne´es 1986 a` 1990. On a compare´ les fre´quences des re´fe´rences a` neuf valeurs graĉe a` l’analyse de re´gression multiple et a` l’analyse en clusters, ce qui a permis de classer chaque organisation dans l’une de quatre cate´gories the´oriques de´finies par leur profil ou structure de valeurs: Elite, Leadership, Me´ritocratique et Colle´giale (Kabanoff, 1991). Les organisations de type me´ritocratique caracte´risent davantage les organisations ame´ricaines que les organisations australiennes, tandis que l’inverse est vrai pour les organisations de type e´litiste.

Seventy‐seven Australian and 55 US organisations matched by industry were compared in terms of their espoused values by using computer‐aided content analysis to count the value references in their annual reports for the years 1986–1990. Frequencies of reference to nine values were compared using multiple regression and cluster analysis, which assigned organisations to one of four theoretically specified organisational types based on their value structures or profiles—Elite, Leadership, Meritocratic, and Collegial (Kabanoff, 1991). Meritocratic‐type organisations were more prevalent among US than Australian organisations, while the opposite was true for Elite‐type organisations.
Longitudinal Examination of the Relationship Between Supplies–Values Fit and Work Outcomes
Authors: Taris Ruben , Feij Jan
Published: March 2003

This study focuses on the robustness of the relationship between supplies–values (S–V) fit and work outcomes. Specifically, the functional form that best describes the relationships of three different dimensions of S–V fit (i.e. intrinsic work aspects, extrinsic work aspects, and social relations at work) with job satisfaction, intention to leave the organisation and psychological well‐being was investigated using the moderated regression technique proposed by Edwards (1991, 1994). This study extends previous research by examining the stability of these relationships across two occasions, separated by a period of four years. Results showed that the functional form of the relationship of S–V fit with work outcomes differed by the S–V fit dimension and the work outcome under investigation. However, the functional form of each of these relationships on the first occasion was almost identical to the form of the relationships on the second occasion. Additionally, results showed that all three S–V fit dimensions affected job satisfaction and intention to leave, but had only a weak effect on psychological well‐being. The organisational supplies component, as well as its quadratic term in particular, had a large influence on job satisfaction and intention to leave. Implications for future research in the P–O fit area are discussed.
An International Study of the Psychometric Properties of the Hofstede Values Survey Module 1994: A Comparison of Individual and Country/Province Level Results
Authors: Spector Paul E. , Cooper Cary L. , Sparks Kate
Published: March 2003

Hofstede’s Values Survey Module has been the basis for much cross‐cultural and cross‐national research in the workplace, but little information about its psychometric properties has been available. This study provides internal consistency (coefficient alpha) statistics from samples representing 23 nations/provinces. Across both English and translated versions, internal consistencies tended to be poor, and in the majority of cases failed to achieve even a liberal criterion of 0.60. Even when data were aggregated by sample coefficient alphas were poor for all but long‐term orientation. At the participant level, long‐term orientation and individualism had marginal internal consistencies, whereas power distance, masculinity, and uncertainty avoidance subscales had inadequate internal consistencies. A replication of Hofstede’s ecological factor analysis failed to support the five subscales. It is suggested that the construct validity of these scales is suspect, and that they should be used with caution.
Forecasting Psychological Consequences of Car Use Reduction: A Challenge to an Environmental Psychology of Transportation
Authors: Gärling Tommy , Gärling Anita , Loukopoulos Peter
Published: March 2003

Au cours du troisième millénaire, la pénurie d’énergie et la pollution de l’air vont probablement imposer une réduction des transports motorisés des personnes et des marchandises. En se focalisant sur la réduction du trafic des voitures privées dans les zones urbaines, l’objectif des recherches passées a souvent été l’évaluation du rapport coût‐efficacité des stratégies sociales de réduction. En complément, on essaie, dans cet article, de prévoir les conséquences psychologiques de la réduction de l’utilisation de l’automobile.

In the third millennium energy shortage and air pollution are likely to necessitate a reduction of motorised transport of people and cargo. Focusing on reduction in travel by private cars in urban areas, the aim of previous research has frequently been to evaluate the cost‐effectiveness of societal reduction strategies. A complementary attempt is made in this article to forecast psychological consequences of car use reduction.
Determinants and Structural Relation of Personal Efficacy to Collective Efficacy
Authors: Fernández‐Ballesteros Rocío , Díez‐Nicolás Juan , Caprara Gian Vittorio , Barbaranelli Claudio , Bandura Albert
Published: March 2003

Dans cette recherche, on éprouve un modèle structurel concernant l’impact du statut socioéconomique sur l’efficacité individuelle perçue et le rapport qu’elle entretient avec la perception de l’efficacité collective. Dans les travaux sociodémographiques, les jeunes, par comparaison aux plus âgés, s’estiment moins efficaces dans la gestion de leur vie professionnelle, de leurs relations intimes et de leur situation financière, mais plus aptes à promouvoir le changement social. Les hommes ont plus que les femmes le sentiment de pouvoir contribuer à la solution des problèmes sociaux. En accord avec le modèle structurel énoncé, le statut socioéconomique contribue à la fois à la perception de l’efficacité personnelle dans la gestion des événements de sa propre vie et dans la participation à l’amélioration de la société. Ces deux aspects de l’efficacité individuelle perçue contribuent à leur tour fortement à la conviction qu’une action collective peut effectivement induire le changement social. Un autre modèle où l’efficacité collective perçue devient la cause première de l’efficacité individuelle perçue se révéla moins proche des données recueillies.

This study tested a structural model regarding the impact of socioeconomic status on people’s perceived individual efficacy and its link to their perceived collective efficacy. In sociodemographic analyses younger participants, compared to their older counterparts, judged themselves less efficacious to manage their worklife, intimate partnerships, and financial condition, but of higher efficacy in promoting social change. Men had a higher sense of efficacy than women to contribute to the solution of social problems. In accord with the posited structural model, socioeconomic status contributed to both perceived personal efficacy to manage one’s life circumstances and individual efficacy to contribute to the betterment of societal conditions. Both forms of perceived individual efficacy, in turn, contributed substantially to a sense of collective efficacy to effect social change through unified action. An alternative model in which perceived collective efficacy is assigned causal primacy affecting perceived individual efficacy provided a poorer fit to the data.
Social Cognitive Theory in Cultural Context
Authors: Bandura Albert
Published: March 2003

La théorie socio‐cognitive adopte une perspective d’action pour ce qui est du développement, de l’adaptation et du changement humains. Cette théorie distingue trois types d’action: l’action personnelle exercée individuellement, l’action par procuration où l’on s’assure de bénéﬁces désirés en incitant autrui a intervenir en sa faveur, et l’action collective où les gens agissent ensemble pour construire leur avenir. Des dichotomies conﬂictuelles parsèment notre domaine, opposant l’autonomie et l’interdépendance, l’individualisme et le collectivisme. Les déterminants et les doses d’action individuelle, par procuration et collective varient culturellement. Mais tous les modes d’action sont nécessaires pour parvenir á ses ﬁns quel que soit le contexte culturel. Les cultures sont diverses et dynamiques, ce ne sont pas des monolithes statiques. La diversité intraculturelle et les écarts dans les orientations psychosociales mettent en évidence la dynamique aux multiples facettes des cultures. La globalisation croissante, la pluralité des sociétés et l’immersion dans un monde virtuel qui se joue du temps, des distances, des lieux et des frontières incitent àélargir la portée des études interculturelles. Les préoccupations se focalisent sur la façon dont les forces nationales et globales interagissent dans la création de la vie culturelle.

Social cognitive theory adopts an agentic perspective to human development, adaptation, and change. The theory distinguishes among three modes of agency: personal agency exercised individually; proxy agency in which people secure desired outcomes by inﬂuencing others to act on their behalf; and collective agency in which people act in concert to shape their future. Contentious dualisms pervade our ﬁeld pitting autonomy against interdependence; individualism against collectivism and communality; and personal agency against social structure. The determinants and agentic blends of individual, proxy, and collective instrumentality vary cross‐culturally. But all agentic modes are needed to make it through the day whatever the cultural context in which one resides. Cultures are diverse and dynamic social systems not static monoliths. Intracultural diversity and intraindividual variation in psychosocial orientations across spheres of functioning underscore the multifaceted dynamic nature of cultures. The growing globalisation and cultural pluralisation of societies and enmeshment in a cyberworld that transcends time, distance, place, and national borders call for broadening the scope of cross‐cultural analyses. The issues of interest center on how national and global forces interact to shape the nature of cultural life.
Politics, Processes and the Future of Australian Accounting Standards
Authors: Brown Philip , Tarca Ann
Published: March 2003

The perspective of public interest and interest group theories of regulation is adopted to consider the future of Australian accounting standards following major reforms proposed by the Australian Commonwealth government as part of its 1997 Corporate Law Economic Reform Program (CLERP). Interest groups in the Australian environment are identified. Their lobbying had influenced the initial proposals; and their reactions when the CLERP proposals were published resulted in substantial modifications to the CLERP proposals, which had initially recommendedthat International Accounting Standards (IASs) be adopted as national standards from 1 January 1999.

The role of accounting standards and the structure of standard setting are explored. The political nature of standard setting is illustrated through a review of the CLERP proposals, submissions of various interest groups and the government’s responses to them. The central arguments are that key assumptions underlying the CLERP proposals are flawed, and that the CLERP proposals could not achieve the outcomes desired of them.

It seems inevitable, however, that international standards eventually will supplant domestic standards. In the longer term, Australian standard setters seem destined to have a diminished role in the international standard setting arena.