bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FOOD AND IMMUNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
Authors: HANSON L. Å. , CARLSSON B. , FÄLLSTRÖM S. P. , MELLANDER L. , PORRAS O. , SÖDERSTRÖM T.
Published: January 2008

The infant's host defence is deficient in IgA for mucosal protection and also in LgG2 for protection against encapsulated bacteria. The baby is provided with about one gram a day of milk secretory IgA antibodies against most intestinal microorganisms and also food proteins. These milk antibodies together with a number of other defence factors in the milk protect the baby against gastrointestinal and respiratory infections. Maternal undernutritioin does not necessarily diminish the milk IgA concentration or 24 hour output. The infant seems to be low in secretory IgA antibodies for several months as studied in saliva. It is of great importance to protect mucosal membranes especially the intestinal mucosa, so that its nutrient uptake is not disturbed. Infections in infancy especially in the gastrointestinal tract is an important cause of undernutrition.

The human milk antibodies against cow's milk and soy protein may decrease the exposure to these food proteins during weaning and possibly decrease the risk of developing allergy.

Soy oil can contain soy protein, which may explain some food intolerance reactions.
INFANT FORMULA
Authors: METTLER A. E.
Published: January 2008

Mettler, A. E. (Farley Health Products Limited). Infant formula. Acta Paediatr Scand, Suppl. 299:58, 1982.—The modern infant formula has been evolved over many generations and major changes have taken place in the U.K. even in the last ten years to produce formulae which are predominantly of the low solute type. Modifications of scoop design and method of reconstitution, together with formulae changes, appear to have reduced considerably the problems associated with old type cows’whole milk formulae. From examination of nutritional guidelines and legislation available worldwide for infant formula, it is proposed that modifications of these guidelines are required especially with those proposed by Codex Alimentarius. Although it would seem sensible that mature breast milk analysis be used as a model for infant formula such a route may not give any improvement in the nutritional quality of milks currently available. Indeed perfect imitation of breast milk by artificial means is most unlikely. Possible areas for future research are briefly discussed.
MICROBIOLOGY OF LUNG INFECTIONS IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS PATIENTS
Authors: HØIBY NIELS
Published: January 2008

Høiby, N. (Statens Seruminstitut, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet and the Paediatric Department TG, Copenhagen, Denmark). Microbiology of lung infections in cystic fibrosis patients. Acta Paediatr Scand 1982; suppl 301: 33‐54. — Recurrent and chronic pulmonary infection is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis. Most of the exacerbations of the respiratory symptoms are due to bacterial infections, but infections caused by virus, chlamydia and mycoplasma may also contribute to the progression of the lung disease. A possible synergism between RS‐virus infection and chronic P. aeruginosa infection has been found. Allergic aspergillosis occurs in a few patients. Since the first description of the disease nearly 5O years ago, S. aureus has been recognized as a serious pathogen in CF, but due to efficient antibiotics, the importance of these bacteria to the mortality of CF patients has continued to decrease and is now minimal. During the last 20 years chronic P. aeruginosa infections caused by peculiar mucoid strains have replaced S. aureus as the main infectious problem in CF. The chronic P. aeruginosa infections are characterized by a pronounced antibody response, and the selected pressure of these antibodies in concert with other defense mechanisms in the CF lungs probably favour mucoid strains compared to non‐mucoid strains. Epidemiological typing of P. aeruginosa from CF patients and from their environments indicate that cross‐infection occurs between these patients; thus suitable prevention in hygiene measures should, therefore, be undertaken.
HOW TO EVALUATE CLINICAL PARAMETERS AT A GLANCE
Authors: SCHIØTZ PETER OLUF , BECK BENTE , PEDERSEN MOGENS
Published: January 2008

Schiøtz, P.O., Beck, B. and Pedersen, M. (Paediatric Department TG, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark). How to evaluate clinical parameters at a glance. Acta Paediatr Scand 1982; suppl 301: 121‐124. — A brief introduction is given to the practical approach in cystic fibrosis patient care, which is used at the Danish Cystic Fibrosis centre employing Dr. Flensborg's flowsheets.
THE INFLUENCE OF PERINATAL FACTORS ON BREAST FEEDING
Authors: TAMMINEN T. , VERRONEN P. , SAARIKOSKI S. , GÖRANSSON A. , TUOMIRANTA H.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The effect on breast feeding of various factors connected with delivery and the immediate post partum period were investigated in a group of 1701 parturients. Children born by caesarean section or assisted delivery, those of low birth weight or asphyxiated at birth started breast feeding significantly less often than healthy children delivered normally. The length of breast feeding was not affected by these factors once it was started, 49% breast feeding for six months or more. Exceptionally young and old mothers breast fed less well than mothers in general. Mothers whose husbands attended the delivery breast fed more often and longer than others. Failure to start breast feeding occurred in only 2.4% of the material. In this material with high breast feeding rates it can be concluded that obstetric and perinatal abnormalities have a small but nevertheless significant effect on the incidence of breast feeding.
A SUGGESTED ROLE FOR PRECOLOSTRUM IN PRETERM AND SICK NEWBORN INFANTS
Authors: LEWIS‐JONES D. I. , REYNOLDS G. J.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Samples of precolostrum (colostrum gravidarum), colostrum and mature milk obtained from five women during their antenatal and postnatal periods were measured for IgA, IgG, IgM, alpha‐1‐antitrypsin, lactoferrin, lysozyme, B, A globulin (C3) and B, E globulin (C4) by single radial immunodiffusion. Protein concentrations in precolostrum were equal to or greater than those found in colostrum obtained during the first 12‐48 hours following delivery. Secretion of precolostrum is common, occurs early in the antenatal period and may often be of considerable volume. The anti‐microbial proteins contained within this milk can be preserved intact by freezing. This represents an untapped pool of bacteriostatic proteins with specific activity against neonatal pathogens. We suggest that a potential protective effect against serious infection may be obtained by administering precolostrum to “at risk” infants during the first few days of life.
VIRAL INFECTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT IN HOSPITALIZED CHILDREN A Study from Oslo during a 90 Months’Period
Authors: CARLSEN K.‐H. , ØRSTAVIK I. , HALVORSEN K.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. A diagnosis of 979 respiratory viral infections was made in hospitalized children. Respiratory syncytial virus greatly outnumbered the other viruses: it caused 58% of the total virus infections and occurred in winter epidemics. Influenza A and B virus occurred during late winter and spring, rhinovirus had a seasonal distribution towards spring and autumn, whereas adenovirus types 1, 2 and 5 had no distinct seasonal distribution. Whereas respiratory syncytial virus were mainly associated with bronchiolitis and adenovirus type 7 with pneumonia, rhinovirus infections were most often found in children with episodes of acute bronchial asthma. The influenza A and B and adenovirus types 1, 2 and 5 infections often occurred with extrarespiratory symptoms, especially febrile convulsions.
ENDOTOXIN CLEARANCE BY EXCHANGE BLOOD TRANSFUSION IN SEPTIC SHOCK NEONATES
Authors: TOGARI H. , MIKAWA M. , IWANAGA T. , MATSUMOTO N. , KAWASE A. , HAGISAWA M. , OGINO T. , GOTO R. , WATANABE I. , KITO H. , OGAWA Y. , WADA Y.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The role of exchange transfusion with fresh whole blood in septic shock infants was evaluated. Endotoxin was positive in 8 of 10 infants and completely removed from 6 by exchange transfusion. All 6 infants with negative endotoxins after exchange transfusions survived, but 2 with positive reactions died despite the exchange transfusion. Staphylococcus aureus was cultured in the blood from 2 infants with negative reactions and one of them survived. These findings suggested that the clearance of endotoxin has an important role in exchange transfusion among septic shock neonates.
INTESTINAL AGANGLIONOSIS IN THE SMITH‐LEMLI‐OPITZ SYNDROME
Authors: ŽIŽKA J. , MAREŠOVÁ J. , KEREKEŠ Z. , NOŽIČKA Z. , JÜTTNEROVÁ V. , BALÍCEK P.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Two unrelated cases with clinical and autopsy findings of the Smith‐Lemli‐Opitz syndrome are described. Narrowing of the terminal ileum and congenital intestinal aganglionosis was found in both. This is a rare association and the importance of microscopic examination of the intestine in cases of the Smith‐Lemli‐Opitz syndrome is emphasized.
ANALYSIS OF THE COMPONENTS OF THE HYPERCALCAEMIA IN A 14‐YEAR‐OLD BOY FOLLOWING PROLONGED IMMOBILISATION
Authors: DIBBLE J. B. , PENNEY M. D.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. A fourteen‐year‐old boy developed severe symptomatic hypercalcaemia following prolonged supine bed rest for major trauma. Treatment consisted initially of intravenous saline and frusemide together with oral phosphate, followed by intramuscular salmon calcitonin. Only after mobilisation and weight bearing was a sustained fall of plasma calcium to normal achieved. Plasma immunoreactive parathorntone levels using both N‐terminal and mixed terminal specific antisera were always undetectable and urinary cyclic AMP levels were within the normal range throughout. However, before mobilisation, the tubular reabsorption of phosphate was reduced and that of calcium was increased thus indirectly suggesting increased parathormone activity. The hypercalcaemia was due to a combination of increased calcium release from bone and increased tubular reabsorption. We suggest that a factor other than parathormone is responsible for altered tubular handling of calcium and phosphate which develop following prolonged immobilisation in these patients.
SEVERE BRONCHOPULMONARY DYSPLASIA: A RETROSPECTIVE REVIEW
Authors: MAYES LINDA , PERKETT ELIZABETH , STAHLMAN MILDRED T.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Over a four‐year period (1974–1978), twenty‐two infants treated in the Vanderbilt Neonatal Intensive Care Unit developed bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). These infants represented 2.5% of those requiring mechanical ventilation during this time (920). Thirteen of the twenty‐two had the diagnosis of clinical hyaline membrane disease (HMD). All required greater than a mean of thirty days of positive pressure ventilation and had over sixty days of oxygen exposure. Mortality in the first year, including deaths during initial hospitalization, was 36%. Follow‐up chest radiographs, developmental evaluations, physical exams, and interval histories were available in eleven of the fourteen survivors. At hospital discharge, all survivors were tachypneic and demonstrated intercostal retractions and rhonchi. Three of the eleven infants, age 2–4 years at their last visit, had a history of repeated bouts of wheezing and recurrent respiratory infections. Ten of the eleven infants had serial developmental evaluations. Of these, eight had a developmental quotient (DQ) less than 80 when first evaluated between six months and a year and their scores did not improve significantly with age.
METABOLIC AND ENDOCRINE CONSEQUENCES OF DEPRIVING PRETERM INFANTS OF ENTERAL NUTRITION
Authors: LUCAS A. , BLOOM S. R. , AYNSLEY‐GREEN A.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Plasma enteroglucagon, pancreatic polypeptide, gastrin, motilin, neurotensin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, secretin, vasoactive intestinal peptide and blood glucose, alamine, ketone bodies, lactate and pyruvate were measured on the sixth postnatal day in (a) a group of 10 preterm infants who on account of hyaline membrane disease had not received enteral feeding since birth and (b) before and at 55, 90, and 120 minutes after feeding in a group of healthy preterm infants fed three‐hourly on human milk. Gut hormones were also measured in umbilical venous cord blood. The infants receiving regular boluses of milk from birth demonstrated postnatal surges in preprandial concentrations of gut hormones together with cyclical hormonal responses to feeding. None of these changes were seen in infants receiving intravenous fluids. The latter infants also had lower concentrations of blood alanine, glycerol and hydroxybutyrate and lacked the phasic changes in intermediary metabolites seen in the infants receiving enteral boluses of milk. Thus deprivation of enteral feeding results in a profound alteration of the metabolic and endocrine milieu which may have important effect on the process of adaptation to postnatal life.
SEVERE NEONATAL ASPHYXIA
Authors: ERGANDER U. , ERIKSSON M. , ZETTERSTRÖM R.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. In Sweden during the 1970's the incidence of severe asphyxia (an Apgar score of 3 or less at 5 min) has decreased significantly from 3.22 to 2.56 per 1000 infants. A follow‐up study was undertaken concerning 116 infants (40 preterm, 76 full‐term) admitted to St. Göran's Children's Hospital during a 7‐year period (1973–79). The mortality rate was 48% in preterm and 21% in full‐term infants. Significant sequelae were present in 27% of the surviving full‐term and 14% of the preterm infants. The three severely‐handicapped preterm infants had other serious diseases as well whereas this applied to only one full‐term infant. The predictors of sequelae included perinatal complications, late onset of spontaneous ventilation (>20 min) and postnatal symptoms, such as seizures. Only two of 9 infants with regular breathing after 20 min and three of 16 infants with seizures were considered normal at follow‐up.
DIGOXIN THERAPY AND LEFT VENTRICULAR PERFORMANCE IN PREMATURE INFANTS WITH PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS
Authors: LUNDELL B. P. W. , BORÉUS L. O.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Left ventricular systolic time intervals were assessed in 16 preterm infants with symptomatic left‐to‐right ductal shunts, before, during and after digoxin therapy. An intravenous loading dose of digoxin, 20 μg/kg, resulted in a serum digoxin concentration of 1.94±0.44 nmol/1 (mean ± 1 SD) but in no significant change in heart rate or systolic time intervals. Digoxin maintenance, 2.5 μg/kg/12 h, led 3–7 days later to serum concentrations of 2.57±1.06 nmol/1 with an associated shortening of left ventricular ejection time (p <0.05) which probably reflected a reduced ductal shunt. Digoxin therapy was withdrawn after ductal closure. The terminal serum half‐life was 87±17 h. Decreasing digoxin concentrations were associated with prolongation of left ventricular ejection time (p <0.01). Digoxin therapy did not seem to influence left ventricular systolic time intervals while ductal patency persisted. This may be attributed to limitations of the method or the left ventricle already working at its maximum.
COMPLICATIONS IN THE TREATMENT OF HYDROCEPHALUS IN CHILDREN
Authors: OLSEN L. , FRYKBERG T.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Two homogenous materials of hydrocephalic children operated upon during a 20‐year period (1961–1980) are compared. During the first half of the period the ventriculoatrial shunt was the only type used in 103 patients. After that there was a change to the ventriculoperitoneal shunt which was used in 104 patients, whereof 35 were converted from ventriculoatrial to ventriculoperitoneal shunts. Thus the material consists of 172 patients. The complications were less serious and the mortality rate much lower with the ventriculoperitoneal method. The revision rate, however, was about the same for both types of operation, but the revisions and the operative procedure for peritoneal shunts were generally much more simple and more rapidly performed. Therefore it is our opinion that in children the ventriculoperitoneal route is preferable to the ventriculoatrial route. With better knowledge of the underlying cause of distal obstructions in the former route we think that it will be possible to reduce the complication and revision rates even further.
INVESTIGATION OF 89 CHILDREN BORN BY DRUG‐DEPENDENT MOTHERS
Authors: OLOFSSON M. , BUCKLEY W. , ANDERSEN G. E. , FRIIS‐HANSEN B.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. 72 of 89 children born by opiate‐ and methadone‐addicted mothers were reinvestigated 1 to 10 years after birth. Only 25% were found to be physically, mentally and behaviorally normal. 56% were hyperactive, aggressive, with a lack of concentration and social inhibition. 10% had a severely and 11% a moderately impaired psycho‐motor development mainly due to deprivation. 43% of the children had been removed from their mothers by the courts. The average number of shifts from one milieu to another was 6 per child with an upper range of 30 shifts for some of the children. The average number of shifts from one caregiver to another was 5 with an upper range of 11. These findings indicate that there is an urgent need for politicians, social welfare and health personnel to reexamine their roles in helping these children, who will otherwise develop into a new generation of social loosers.
PROPHYLAXIS OF ATOPIC DISEASE BY SIX MONTHS' TOTAL SOLID FOOD ELIMINATION
Authors: KAJOSAARI MERJA , SAARINEN ULLA M.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. One hundred and thirty‐five infants of atopic parents were exclusively breast‐fed for 6 months without any cow's milk based supplements. Of these infants 70 received no nourishment except breast milk during the 6 months, and 65 were started on solid foods at the age of 3 months. The diet of all the infants was similar during 6 to 12 months of age. The children were examined at the age of one year. In the exclusive breast milk group atopic eczema and food allergy were less frequent than in the solid food group. The results suggest that total solid food elimination for the first 6 months of life, in addition to exclusive breast milk feeding, is prophylactic for atopic disease in children who are at hereditary risk.
PLASMA AND ERYTHROCYTE ZINC, COPPER AND SELENIUM IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS
Authors: NEVE J. , GEFFEL R. VAN , HANOCQ M. , MOLLE L.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Plasma and erythrocyte zinc, copper and selenium were measured in 20 cystic fibrosis children, aged 7 to 19 years. Mean plasma zinc and copper levels were not different from those in age‐matched controls but very low zinc levels occurred sporadically. Plasma zinc concentrations were significantly lower in patients with moderate‐to‐severe growth retardation and with severe pulmonary disease as compared to patients without growth failure and with moderate pulmonary disease. Mean erythrocyte zinc (40.8 μg/g Hb ±9.2) and copper levels (3.56 μg/g Hb ±0.50) were very significantly increased (30.4 μg/g Hb ±5.2 and 2.73 μg/g Hb ±0.30 respectively, for age‐matched controls). Mean plasma and erythrocyte selenium levels (63 ng/ml ±15 and 329 ng/g Hb ±86) were significantly lower than those in age‐matched controls (82 ng/ml ±13 and 404 ng/g Hb ±116). The trace element concentrations in erythrocytes are discussed in relation to the activities of the copper‐ and zinc‐containing enzyme superoxide dismutase and the seleno‐enzyme glutathione peroxidase. We consider that more data on trace element metabolism in CF should be collected before specific supplementation is considered.
SUPPRESSION OF B LYMPHOCYTES IN MATURE NEWBORN INFANTS
Authors: PEDERSEN S. A. , PETERSEN J. , ANDERSEN V.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The ability of cord blood lymphocytes to secrete immunoglobulins during in vitro culture was investigated by means of a reverse hemolytic plaque forming cell (PFC) assay. Mononuclear cord blood cells did not differentiate into immunoglobulin‐secreting cells after stimulation with the polyclonal B lymphocyte activator pokeweed mitogen (PWM), contrary to the findings in normal adults. Mononuclear cord blood cells were then separated into T‐enriched and T‐depleted blood lymphocyte subsets. When these were co‐cultured, the PWM‐induced immunoglobulin secretion was still low; following irradiation of the T‐enriched cells, the numbers of IgM‐PFC but not of IgG‐ or IgA‐PFC increased considerably. The effect of irradiation of the T‐enriched cells on the PWM‐induced IgM response was dose‐dependent, with maximal effect at 2500 rad. It is concluded that the low PWM responses obtained using cord blood lymphocytes are in part due to suppression by radiosensitive T suppressor cells. Following removal of this suppression by means of irradiation, B lymphocytes can be induced to secrete IgM, but not IgG or IgA.
CYSTIC DUPLICATION OF THE COLON COMBINED WITH NONROTATION ANOMALY IMITATING PYLORIC STENOSIS
Authors: KUFAAS T. , LINDMAN C. R.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Cystic duplication of the large intestine is a rare anomaly which may give no clinical symptoms. When combined with a nonrotation anomaly it may enhance the symptoms of a high gastro‐intestinal obstruction. A case is presented where the combination of these two conditions gave intermittent symptoms simulating a duodenal or a pyloric stenosis.
BISATELLITED MICROCHROMOSOMES AND MULTIPLE CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS
Authors: CHEMKE J. , RAPPAPORT S. , NISANI R. , MOGILNER B. M.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The significance of small additional metscentric chromosomes is still unclear. A patient is reported with multiple congenital malformations involving craniofacial structures, the cardiovascular system and gastrointestinal tract, in whom an extra small bisatellited chromosome was detected. The maternal karyotype revealed a marker number 9 chromosome. These cases present a true diagnostic dilemma in genetic counseling, since chromosomal instability may occur in the presence of parental minor structural chromosomal changes.
SPONTANEOUS REGRESSION OF STAGE IV NEUROBLASTOMA
Authors: EKLÖF O. , SANDSTEDT B. , THÖNELL S. , ÅHSTRÖM L.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Neuroblastoma presenting with wide spread osseous metastases (stage IV) is generally considered incurable. However, rare cases of spontaneous regression and cure are on record. This report deals with such a case in which an infant received steroids as sole treatment for developing skeletal pain. Established metastases to the brain, scalp and skeleton disappeared. Today 41/2 years later the patient is free from symptoms and signs of tumour.
BLOOD PRESSURE IN SWEDISH SCHOOL CHILDREN
Authors: WILTON P.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT,Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured in 1642 Swedish school children aged 12, 14, or 16 years. They represented 71% of all children in these age groups in the municipality where the investigation was done. The blood pressure was measured with an automatic, oscillometric blood pressure monitor. The systolic blood pressure increased significantly with age in both sexes. Boys aged 14 or 16 years had significantly higher systolic blood pressure than girls of the same ages.
SERUM APOLIPOPROTEINS AND LIPOPROTEIN (a) DURING THE FIRST WEEK OF LIFE
Authors: STROBL W. , WIDHALM K. , KOSTNER G. , POLLAK A.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The levels of apolipoproteins, A‐I, A‐II, B and E, lipoprotein (a) and of total cholesterol and triglycerides were determined in cord serum and in capillary serum at the fifth day of life in a group of 44 term newborns. Additionally, cord serum lipoproteins were estimated. Sera from 26 healthy adults were studied for comparison. The concentrations of lipids and lipoproteins in cord serum were diminished as compared to adult levels. The occurrence of lipoprotein (a) in cord serum in concentrations significantly lower than in adults could be established. Serum apolipoproteins A‐I, A‐II and B were significantly lower at birth than in the adult, whereas apolipoprotein E levels did not differ from adult concentrations. During the first five days apolipoprotein B levels more than doubled, apolipoprotein A‐I increased moderately and apolipoprotein E rose slightly. In contrast, serum lipoprotein (a) and apolipoprotein A‐II did not change signiflcantly. Unlike serum cholesterol, the levels of apolipoproteins B and E at day five were significantly correlated to those measured at birth in the same infants. The changes of the apolipoprotein pattern during the first week of life reflect the evolution of the lipid transport system of the newborn and may be related to the increasing utilisation of fat and to hormonal factors.
PERORAL ENDOSCOPIC DUODENAL BIOPSY IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN
Authors: BARAKAT MUHAMMAD H. , ALI SAYYED M. , BADAWI AMIN R. , KHUFFASH FAISAL A. , FERNANDO NELLIE , MAJEED HASSAN A. , TUNGAKER M. F.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Peroral endoscopic duodenal biopsy was used in the diagnosis and follow‐up of forty‐nine infants and children with suspected small intestine disease. Their ages ranged between one month and 12 years. Fifty‐four upper gastrointestinal endoscopy procedures were performed and 139 biopsies were taken. The mean procedure time was 3.2 min with a range of 1.5–5.5 min. There were no complications. Tissue adequate for histopathologic examination was obtained in all but one of the fifty‐four procedures. On the basis of this experience we think that peroral endoscopic duodenal biopsy is faster, safer and as diagnostic as conventional suction biopsy in infants and children. It is also more informative when other diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract are suspected.
ANTIBODIES TO ESCHERICHIA COLI O ANTIGENS AND THE IN‐VITRO BACTERIOSTATIC PROPERTIES OF HUMAN MILK AND ITS IgA
Authors: DOLBY JEAN M. , STEPHENS SUSAN
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Only a very small part of the iron‐reversed bacteriostatic activity of milk against Escherichia coli, demonstrable in vitro, is due to its anti‐O antibody. Most of its growth‐inhibitory activity is due to another lactoferrin‐dependent, non‐specific system. IgA prepared from milk is bacteriostatic for E. coli in the presence of lactoferrin, if it contains O‐antibody for the indicator strain and if the strain is susceptible. Susceptibility depends to some extent on virulence, since those inhibited by IgA antibody to their own O‐antigens were enteropathogenic or enterotoxigenic, whereas the growth of commensal strains was inhibited only slightly or not at all.
FREQUENT ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY IMPROVES SURVIVAL OF CYSTIC FIBROSIS PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA INFECTION
Authors: SZAFF M. , HØIBY N. , FLENSBORG E. W.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. During the period 1971‐75, 51 cystic fibrosis (CF) patients who contracted chronic P. aeruginosa infection were treated at the Danish CF centre with anti‐pseudomonas chemotherapy only when their clinical condition deteriorated considerably. During the period 1976–80, 58 CF patients who contracted chronic P. aeruginosa infection were treated at the Danish CF centre with anti‐pseudomonas chemotherapy on a regular basis every 3 months. Each routine 24 day‐course of chemotherapy consisted of tobramycin in combination with carbenicillin or other β‐lactam antibiotics with activity against P. aeruginosa. In case of allergy or resistant strains monotherapy with tobramycin was used. The 5‐year survival of CF patients from the time of the onset of the chronic P. aeruginosa infection increased from 54% in the first period to 82 % in the second period (p<0.05), and lung function (peak expiratory flow rate) also improved significantly. It is concluded that intensive “maintenance” chemotherapy against P. aeruginosa improves survival and quality of life of CF patients although permanent eradication of P. aeruginosa is not accomplished.
POSTNATAL CHANGES IN THE ABILITY OF PLASMA ALBUMIN TO BIND BILIRUBIN
Authors: EBBESEN F. , NYBOE J.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The plasma concentrations of total albumin, unconjugated bilirubin and reserve albumin for bilirubin binding were determined in 407 healthy infants of various age up to eight days. The albumin reserve was measured using monoacetyldiaminodiphenyl‐sulfone (MADDS) as a deputy ligand for bilirubin. The fraction of albumin capable of binding bilirubin was calculated as the sum of the concentrations of bilirubin and reserve albumin, divided by the total albumin concentration. Our data showed that this fraction was low (average 0.36) and did not change during the first 24 hours of life, and in this period it was independent of the maturity of the infant, as expressed by its birth weight or gestational age. From about 24 hours of life, the fraction began to increase. This increase came to an end about 60 hours after birth, and no further changes were seen during the following five days. The level of the bilirubin‐binding fraction reached 60 hours after birth was related to the maturity of the infant: It increased with increasing birth weight up to 3000 g and with increasing gestational age up to 275 days, when on an average it was about 0.58. The fraction of binding albumin was independent of the sex.
SERUM ZINC CONCENTRATIONS IN GROWING PREMATURE INFANTS
Authors: TYRALA EILEEN E. , MANSER JEANNE I. , BRODSKY NANCY L. , TRAN NGHIA
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Serial serum zinc concentrations were measured in 31 relatively well, growing premature infants during the first 26 weeks of life. Zinc concentrations declined progressively from 17.9 μmol (1.17 mg/1) at birth (normal adult value) to 8.9 μmol (0.58 mg/1) at 6 weeks of age despite a zinc intake of greater than 13.7 μmol (900 μg)/kg/day after the second week of life. The serum zinc increased after 16 weeks of age to 10.7 μmol/dl (0.7 mg/1). No infant demonstrated clinical signs of zinc deficiency. This data may serve as a reference against which serum zinc concentrations in other premature infants may be compared in order to help define the deficiency state.
TRANSEPIDERMAL WATER LOSS IN NEWBORN INFANTS
Authors: HAMMARLUND K. , SEDIN G. , STRÖMBERG B.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. In 68 appropriate for gestational age (AGA) and 33 small for gestational age (SGA) infants, transepidermal water loss was studied during the first four weeks after birth. The method used to measure evaporation rate is based on measurement of the water vapour pressure gradient close to the skin surface. All measurements were made at an ambient humidity of 50% and with the infants calm and quiet. At all the investigated post‐natal ages in both AGA and SGA infants, an exponential relationship was found between transepidermal water loss (g/m2 h) and gestational age, this loss being much higher in the pre‐term infants than in those born at term. The transepidermal water loss was generally lower in SGA than in AGA infants during the first week of post‐natal life, irrespective of gestational age at birth. There was a gradual decrease in transepidermal water loss with increasing post‐natal age in both pre‐term AGA and pre‐term SGA infants. Three weeks after birth this water loss tended to be higher in pre‐term SGA infants than in pre‐term AGA infants of corresponding gestational age.
A CASE OF NEAR‐MISS SIDS DEVELOPING AN ABNORMAL RESPIRATORY REACTION TO HYPOXIA
Authors: WENNERGREN G. , BJURE J. , KJELLMER I.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. A SIDS sibling is described who showed a normal respiratory regulation at 1.5 months but who was equipped with an apnea monitor at home on psychological indications. At 3 months he had a near‐miss SIDS episode. He was then found to have developed a reaction to hypoxia with appearance of periodic breathing. With theophylline this response pattern was normalized but despite theophylline medication episodes of prolonged apnea occurred.
UROLITHIASIS IN CHILDREN Presenting Signs, Etiology, Bacteriology and Localisation
Authors: BENSMAN A. , ROUBACH L. , ALLOUCH G. , MAGNY J. F. , BRUN J. G. , VAZQUEZ M. P. , BRUEZIERE J.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Based on a personal series of 310 observations, the authors have studied the presenting signs, the etiology, the urinary bacteriology and the localization of the stone in children with urolithiasis. Urinary tract infection is the presenting sign in 55% of the cases, hematuria in 23% and abdominal pain in 20%. Urinary malformation is associated in 26% of cases, whatever the age at diagnosis. The urinary becteria found in 55% of cases is Proteus. Localization was in the kidney in 228 cases, in the ureter in 71 cases, the blader in 45 cases and in the urethra in 5 cases.
WATER REQUIREMENT OF PREMATURE NEWBORN INFANTS
Authors: BELL E. F. , OH W.
Published: January 2008

Bell, E. F. and Oh, W. (Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, and the Program in Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA). Water requirement of premature newborn infants. Acta Paediatr Scand, Suppl. 305: 21–26, 1983.—Two groups of studies related to the water requirement of premature infants are reviewed. The first examined the effects of several environmental factors on insensible water loss (IWL) and oxygen consumption of 20 low‐birth‐weight infants. Incubator air temperature above the neutral zone increased IWL, as did the use of a radiant heat source instead of a conventional incubator. A plastic heat shield slightly reduced IWL of infants in incubators. The second group of studies examined the effects of excess water intake in premature infants. 170 infants were randomly assigned to receive “low” (average estimated requirement for birth weight and age) or “high” (excess) volume water intake. The high‐volume group became dehydrated less often but had a greater incidence of patent ductus arteriosus and necrotizing enterocolitis.
MODULATION OF RENAL TUBULAR FUNCTION BY RENAL INTERSTITIUM
Authors: PERSSON A. E. G.
Published: January 2008

Persson, A. E. G. (Department of Physiology and Medical Biophysics, University of Uppsala, Sweden). Modulation of renal tubular function by the renal interstitium. Acta Paediatr Scand, Suppl. 305: 40–48, 1983.—Rat micropuncture experiments have been performed to investigate the influence of renal interstitial pressure conditions on proximal tubular fluid absorption and on the tubulo‐glomerular feedback mechanism. The feedback mechanism works by sensing the distal tubular fluid flow rate at the macula densa segment and adjusting the tonus of the arterioles with resulting changes in blood flow and glomerular filtration rate. It was found that in situations with high hydrostatic and low oncotic pressure within the interstitium like in saline volume expansion and post‐nephrectomy situations, proximal tubular fluid absorption and the sensitivity of the tubulo‐glomerular feedback control are reduced giving rise to increased urine production without activating the feedback mechanism. In situations with low hydrostatic and high oncotic interstitial pressures like in dehydration, hypotension and hypovolemia proximal fluid absorption and feedback sensitivity is increased, feedback sensitivity even so much that the mechanism is activated to reduce GFR even though the load to the distal portion of the nephron is reduced below normal. In this way renal interstitial pressure‐volume conditions can modulate renal function in response to extracellular fluid needs and blood pressure level.
POSTNATAL CONTROL OF WATER AND ELECTROLYTE HOMEOSTASIS IN PRE‐TERM AND FULL‐TERM INFANTS
Authors: APERIA A. , BROBERGER O. , HERIN P. , THODENIUS K. , ZETTERSTRÖM R.
Published: January 2008

Aperia, A., Broberger, O., Herin, P., Thodenius, K. and Zetterström, R. (Department of Paediatrics, Karolinska Institute, St. Göran's Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden). Postnatal control of water and electrolyte homeostasis in pre‐term and full‐term infants. Acta Paediatr Scand, Suppl. 305: 61–65, 1983.—A review is given of the progress which has been made during the last decade within the field of renal control of water and sodium homeostasis in newborn infants of varying gestational age. Both preterm and full‐term infants have a low capacity for rapid excretion of a salt load. The natriuretic response improves gradually up to the age of 15 months. The capacity to excrete a load of sodium bicarbonate is higher than to excrete a load of sodium chloride. Under basal conditions preterm infants of a gestational age below 35 weeks have a higher renal sodium excretion than full‐term infants. They also appear to be unable to retain sodium when in negative balance. The capacity to concentrate the urine is low in newborn infants, the maximal osmolality being only slightly above that of plasma. The concentrating capacity increases relatively fast during the first 4–6 postnatal weeks in full‐term as well as in pre‐term infants but does not reach the adult level until the second year. Water loaded newborn infants are able to excrete a urine with a osmolality as low as 30–50 mOsm per kg. In full‐term infants free water clearance per unit filtered water is higher than in adults. Water‐loaded pre‐term infants with a gestational age of more than 30 weeks also have a supernormal diluting capacity.
GLOMERULAR TUBULAR BALANCE IN PRETERM AND FULLTERM INFANTS
Authors: APERIA A. , BROBERGER O. , BROBERGER U. , HERIN P. , ZETTERSTRÖM R.
Published: January 2008

Aperia, A., Broberger, O., Broberger, U., Herin, P. and Zetterström, R. (Departments of Paediatrics, Karolinska Institute, St. Göran's Children's Hospital, Huddinge Hospital and Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden). Glomeruiar tubular balance in preterm and full‐term infants. Acta Paediatr Scand, Suppl. 305: 70–76, 1983.—The development of glomeruiar and tubular function was studied in preterm and full‐term infants of varying gestational and postnatal age. The results indicate that glomeruiar functional development precedes tubular functional development until the 34th postmenstrual week. After the 34th week the tubular transport capacity seems to be more vulnerable than the glomeruiar filtration rate in states of disease. The release of a postulated renal vasoconstriction could account for the rapid changes in renal function after birth. The purpose of such a vasoconstriction could be to protect the tubules from an overload.
AN APPRAISAL OF TECHNIQUES FOR STUDYING CEREBRAL CIRCULATION IN THE NEWBORN
Authors: ROLFE P. , PERSSON B. , ZETTERSTRÖM R.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The study of cerebral circulation in ill pre‐term infants is important both to improve our understanding of the physiological aspects of cerebral blood flow control, and to provide further insight into the aetiology of intracranial intra‐ventricular haemorrhage. Progress in this field has been hampered by the absence of measurement techniques which must be safe and clinically applicable whilst at the same time providing results with sufficient quality for the confident development of hypotheses.

The symposium was held in order to evaluate critically the measurement techniques which might be considered for use in the sick, human newborn infant.
CEREBRAL HAEMODYNAMICS IN NEWBORN BABIES STUDIED BY ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCEPreliminary Results
Authors: WEINDLING A. M. , ROLFE P. , TARASSENKO L. , COSTELOE K.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT.We report studies in which the amplitude of the cardiac‐synchronous change in transcephalic impedance, ΔZ, has been used in the investigation of cerebral haemodynamics in newborn babies. Three clinical situations, in which cerebral blood flow might be expected to change, have been studied. The impedance signal, ΔZ, decreased in size during a tension pneumothorax, increased slightly with feeding, and, during an exchange transfusion of an asphyxiated baby, there was a consistent increase in the size of the signal during infusion of blood and a decrease in size as blood was withdrawn. This method may be useful for the continuous study of cerebral haemodynamics in the preterm baby over prolonged periods.
CEREBRAL CIRCULATION CONTROL IN HEALTHY FULL‐TERM NEONATES
Authors: MOCHALOVA L. D. , KHODOV D. A. , ZHUKOVA T. P.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. A study of the dynamic regulation of cerebral circulation and its metabolic regulation in hyperoxia in healthy mature infants has shown that dynamic regulation acquires some features that are typical of healthy adults by the second day of life. Hyperoxia on the first day after birth does not influence the volumetric parameters of cerebral circulation, but on subsequent days it results in their noticeable decrease. Thus, in healthy mature infants the development of dynamic regulation of cerebral circulation and its metabolic regulation occurs on the first day of life.
CHANGES IN CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS IN PRETERM INFANTS WITH AND WITHOUT PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS
Authors: ELLISON PATRICIA , EICHORST DELPHINE , ROUSE MARY , HEIMLER RUTH , DENNY JOHN
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. We compared anterior cerebral pulsatility index (ACPI), anterior cerebral mean flow velocity (ACMFV), common carotid pulsatility index (CPI) and common carotid mean flow velocity (CMFV) in three groups of preterm infants with birth‐weights less than 1500 grams: 6 without evidence of PDA (group A), 6 with PDA treated with fluid restriction, diuretics or digoxin (group B) and 6 with surgical ligation of PDA (group C). Infants were assessed in three time periods: the first four days of life, five days before surgical ligation and five days post‐ligation. Analyses of variance showed no significant differences in the three groups for the four measures in time 1. In time 2, ACPI was 0.61 for group A, 0.58 for group B, 0.78 for group C (p<0.01). ACMFV was 9.22 for group A, 7.71 for group B, 6.37 for group C (p<0.05). CPI was 0.84 for group A, 0.83 for group B, 0.90 for group C (NS); CMFV was 7.80 for group A, 5.63 for group B, 4.28 for group C (p<0.01). In time 3, significant differences (p<0.01) were found only for CMFV.
In Search of a Super Solution: Controlled Trial of Glycine‐Glucose Oral Rehydration Solution in Infantile Diarrhoea
Authors: PATRA F. C. , MAHALANABIS D. , JALAN K. N. , SEN A. , BANERJEE P.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT: In a double blind trial a glycine fortified oral glucose electrolyte solution was evaluated in a group of infants and small children (n = 25) with moderate to severe dehydration due to acute diarrhoea, and was compared with a matched control group (n = 26) receiving only glucose based oral rehydration solution. It is seen that the diarrhoea stool output, duration of diarrhoea, and volume of oral rehydration fluid required to achieve and maintain hydration are significantly lower in the group receiving glycine fortified glucose electrolyte solution. The possibility of developing an oral rehydration solution which could also act as an absorption promoting drug is discussed.
Resuscitation of the Newborn
Authors: LINDEMANN R.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. During cardiopulmonary resuscitation, when an intravenous line is not present or easily obtainable, the intracardiac injection of drugs has been a traditional route of choice. However, the intracardiac administration may be associated with serious complications. We have given epinephrine endotracheally to ten newborn infants who all had bradycardia that did not respond to ventilation with 100 % oxygen, to heart compression or to bicarbonate infusion. Epinephrine, 0.1 mg/ml was injected directly into the tracheal tube, and ventilation was immediately continued. A standardized procedure has been chosen by giving 0.25 ml to the infants weighing < 1500 g, 0.5 ml to those weighing between 1500 and 2500 g, and 1.0 ml to those >2500 g. All infants had a return to normal heart rhythm within seconds after installation of the epinephrine solution. The establishment of an intravenous line in small infants can be difficult, and the infants are usually intubated before the injection of epinephrine is considered. The endotracheal route should therefore be the first route of choice in the absence of a rapidly obtainable vascular access.
Vitamin B6 Intake and Plasma Pyridoxal Phosphate Concentrations in the First 2 Weeks of Life
Authors: WILSON R. G. , DAVIS R. E.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Plasma pyridoxal phosphate concentrations were measured in 178 hospitalised neonates. A reference interval for neonates less than 7 day old, of 25 to 78 nmol/l has been established. Vitamin B6 intakes did not correlate well with plasma pyridoxal concentrations despite 26 neonates receiving less than the Recommended Allowance (0.3 mg/d) and 19 receiving amounts below which convulsions have been associated (0.1 mg/d). Ten percent of those infants fed breast milk had plasma pyridoxal phosphate levels below the reference interval compared with only 4 % of those fed milk formulae. Breast milk from mothers with babies less than 14 days old had a total vitamin B6 contents reference interval of 5 to 40 μg/l. Twenty percent of breast milk samples had virtually no vitamin B6 detected.
Plasma Concentrations of Vitamin D Metabolites before and during Treatment of Vitamin D Deficiency Rickets in Children
Authors: MARKESTAD T. , HALVORSEN S. , HALVORSEN K. SEEGER , AKSNES L. , AARSKOG D.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Plasma concentrations of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25‐OHD), 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25‐(OH)2D), and 24,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D (24,25‐(OH)2D) were determined in 17 children with vitamin D deficiency rickets before therapy was started. Thirteen of them also had these tests repeated during treatment. The median 25‐OHD concentration was at the lower limit of the reference range before, but increased distinctly within one week of treatment with 1700–4000 IU vitamin D per day (17 vs. 37 nmol/l, p < 0.01). 24,25‐(OH)2D was undetectable in twelve of the patients before therapy. Detectable concentrations were in the range of 1.7 to 3.5 % of the corresponding 25‐OHD levels throughout the study, and the two metabolites were closely correlated (r= 0.84, p < 0.0005). The median l,25‐(OH)2D concentration was near the average of the reference range before, but increased to well above the upper limit of normal within one week of treatment (121 vs. 368 pmol/l, p < 0.01). The levels were largely normal after 10 weeks of therapy, as were the plasma concentrations of calcium, phosphate, and alkaline phosphatase. Parathyroid activity, as judged by serum parathyroid hormone or urinary cyclic AMP concentrations, was stimulated in 11 of 12 children studied prior to treatment. It is concluded that there may be no clear‐cut differences between normal nad rachitic values of the different vitamin D metabolites under practical clinical conditions. A low 25‐OHD level combined with evidence of a stimulated parathyroid activity, and a rise of l,25‐(OH)2D levels to supernormal values following a few days of vitamin D therapy may be diagnostic clues.
Cardiac Output and Blood Pressure in Asthmatic Children Before and During Induced Asthma
Authors: HEDLIN G. , FREYSCHUSS U.
Published: January 2008

The acute circulatory effects of asthma have been studied in two groups of children, having an average age of 13.2 and 14.7 years, respectively. Asthma was provoked by exercise (EIA group) and histamine inhalation (HIA group). The latter group was also studied after subsequent inhalation of a β2receptor agonist. Cardiac output was measured by dye dilution and intraarterial blood pressure was recorded. During attacks of asthma cardiac output and heart rate increased in both groups (p> 0.05). The stroke volume decreased in the EIA group (p< 0.01) but remained unchanged in the HIA group. The systemic vascular resistance (SVR) did not change. After salbutamol inhalation, the cardiac output and stroke volume increased and the SVR decreased (allp< 0.05). The hemodynamic response during exercise was normal. Thus asthmatic children have normal cardiovascular function during moderate asthma. The decrease in stroke volume in the EIA group depended presumably on the preceding exercise test. The response to the β2‐stimulation was similar to that seen in healthy adults.