bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The relationship between overactive bladder and attachment: A preliminary study
Authors: IŞIK Mesut , DEMİR Murat
Published: April 2021

Aim

There are strong relationships between overactive bladder (OAB) and psychological factors. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between OAB and attachment.

Methods

Patients who presented with OAB symptoms and were first diagnosed with OAB were included in the study. Patient and control groups were matched in terms of age and gender. A urological and psychiatric examination was performed on each participant. The severity of patients’ OAB symptoms was assessed using the Overactive Bladder‐V8 Questionnaire (OAB‐v8). The characteristics of attachment patterns were evaluated using The Close Relationships Scale Revised.

Results

The OAB and control groups included 41 and 43 participants, respectively. No significant difference was found between the two groups with regard to alcohol abuse, daily cigarette consumption, marital status, and gender. The prevalence of anxious attachment was significantly higher in the OAB group than in the control group (p < 0.001), whereas no significant difference was found with regard to avoidant attachment (p = 0.18). A significant relationship was found between the OAB‐v8 score and anxious attachment in OAB patients (r = 0.50; p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that insecure attachment, especially anxious attachment is associated with OAB and the severity of OAB symptoms. More extensive and longitudinal studies can better show the relationship between attachment and OAB. Future research may focus on the possibility of causality between attachment and OAB.
Qualitative and quantitative impact of filler on thermomechanical properties of epoxy composites
Authors: Ameen Faiza , Atif Muhammad , Mahmood Khalid , Yousuf Umar Farhan
Published: April 2021

Epoxy composites with carbon particles show a range of properties

omposite properties are a mixture of intrinsic properties of ingredient phases, so filler contribution in designing composite property intensely relates to volume fraction. Along with that, the interface between matrix and filler plays a vital role in defining the reinforcement mechanism. Filler particles with compatible surface chemistry bring particle–matrix connections on atomic level. Surface chemistry governs the shape of filler either in isolated domains, aggregates, or clusters (group of aggregates), which stem complex orientations. Aggregation may result in poor dispersion of filler that effects its distribution. This diversity of forms makes it feasible to tailor composite properties. This review contains data on both quantitative and qualitative effects of filler on thermomechanical behavior of epoxy composites.
Assessing the Potential of Inversion Layer Solar Cells Based on Highly Charged Dielectric Nanolayers
Authors: Yu Mingzhe , Shi Yifu , Deru Joshua , Al-Dhahir Isabel , McNab Shona , Chen Daniel , Voss Martin , Hwu En-Te , Ciesla Alison , Hallam Brett , Hamer Phillip , Altermatt Pietro P. , Wilshaw Peter , Bonilla Ruy S.
Published: April 2021

The production and performance of p‐type inversion layer (IL) Si solar cells, manufactured with an ion‐injection technique that produces a highly charged dielectric nanolayer, are investigated. It is demonstrated that the field‐induced electron layer underneath the dielectric can reach a dark sheet resistance of 0.95 kΩ sq−1 on a 1 Ω cm n‐type substrate, lower than any previously reported. In addition, it is shown that the implied open‐circuit voltage of a p‐type IL cell precursor with a highly charged dielectric is equivalent to that of a cell with a phosphorous emitter. In the cell precursor, light‐beam‐induced current measurements are performed, and the uniformity and performance of the IL is demonstrated. Finally, simulations are used to explain the physical characteristics of the interface leading to extremely low sheet resistances, and to assess the efficiency potential of IL cells. IL cells are predicted to reach an efficiency of 24.5%, and 24.8% on 5/10 Ω cm substrates, by replacing the phosphorous emitter with a simpler manufacturing process. This requires a charge density of beyond 2 × 1013 cm−2, as is demonstrated here. Moreover, IL cells perform even better at higher charge densities and when negative charge is optimized at the rear dielectric.
The characterisation of polydimethylsiloxane containing gold nanoparticles as a function of curing time
Authors: Cutroneo Mariapompesa , Havranek Vladimír , Mackova Anna , Malinsky Petr , Torrisi Alfio , Silipigni Letteria , Slepicka Petr , Fajstavr Dominik , Torrisi Lorenzo
Published: April 2021

Spherical gold nanoparticles (NPs), 10 nm in diameter, have been dispersed in a type of polydimethylsiloxane, whose polymerisation requires accurate temperature control. At the temperature of 100°C, the polymerisation of the polydimethylsiloxane matrix is completed in 15 min, whereas at room temperature (∼20°C), it takes about 24–48 h. Gold NPs were incorporated into polydimethylsiloxane after which the resulting nanocomposites were placed in an oven preheated to 100°C for different curing times. Both porous and bulk nanocomposites were obtained using a bottom‐up approach. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) nanocomposites with the weight‐percentage concentration of 0.2% of Au NPs were cured for 15, 30 and 45 min. Different curing times have affected the Au‐NP properties. The network of porous PDMS nanocomposite promotes a uniform anchoring of the gold NPs. The porous PDMS nanocomposite samples, prepared using the sugar‐template method, have been compared with the bulk counterpart to obtain a full characterisation of the material. The dependence of the morphological and electrical properties of gold NPs on their size has been studied by atomic‐force microscopy and two‐point‐probe electrical‐conductivity measurement. The optical performance of the bulk PDMS nanocomposites has been analysed by ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy in the transmission mode. An enhancement of the absorption was observed after the increase of both the nanocomposite‐curing time and the percentage of the Au NPs used as fillers. The fabricated nanocomposite can be used to manufacture optical‐sensing devices, switches in optoelectronics and optical waveguides.
A process model for concurrent conceptual design of space systems
Authors: Knoll Dominik , Fortin Clement , Golkar Alessandro
Published: April 2021

This work presents a model of the process of conceptual design studies which use the concurrent engineering approach. Concurrent conceptual design is an integrated system development approach, to rapidly explore feasible design solutions by parallelizing the work of experts. This approach is characterized by a multidisciplinary team of experts collaborating in a co‐located manner. Albeit the conceptual design phase requires creative problem solving, teamwork requires coordination, and would profit from a shared understanding of the design process. Based on a survey among experts from 15 different organizations, and practice documented in literature, we propose a model of the underlying design process. This work extends our previous work on a coordination method for concurrent design and provides validation of the process model via case studies and expert interviews. The proposed process model is formalized in SysML diagrams. It can be used to help program coordinators and train engineers of different disciplines on the methodology of concurrent conceptual design, as well to serve as a baseline for implementing the methodology in new organizations.
Propolis alleviates 4‐aminobiphenyl‐induced oxidative DNA damage by inhibition of CYP2E1 expression in human liver cells
Authors: Wahyuni Eva Ari , Chen Chien Yi , Wu Huery Nuo , Chien Chih‐Ching , Chen Ssu‐Ching
Published: April 2021

4‐Aminobiphenyl (4‐ABP) may cause DNA damage in human liver cells (HepG2 and L‐02). Propolis exhibits antioxidant properties through reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging. We determined the effects of propolis in alleviating 4‐ABP ‐induced DNA damage using the comet assay. Results revealed that propolis could significantly alleviated oxidative damaged DNA by 4‐ABP. Furthermore, we proved that inhibition of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) expression by propolis could contribute to the decreased oxidative DNA damage in the treated cells, as the conversion of 4‐ABP into its metabolite, N‐hydroxy‐ABP (HOABP), was blocked; after all, HOABP showed more genotoxic than its parent chemical, 4‐ABP. With the homologous recombination assay, propolis failed to induce DNA repair enzymes. Furthermore, the expression of RAD51, Ku70/Ku80, and OGG1 in treated cells were determined with the western blot, revealing that the expression of these protein were unchanged in comparison with those in nontreated cells. However, propolis could protect the treated cells from DNA damage. In conclusion, propolis could antagonize 4‐ABP‐induced oxidative DNA damage though the removal of ROS and inhibition of CYP2E1 expression in the treated cells.
A real triplet-singlet extended Standard Model: dark matter and collider phenomenology
Authors: Bell Nicole F. , Dolan Matthew J. , Friedrich Leon S. , Ramsey-Musolf Michael J. , Volkas Raymond R.
Published: April 2021

Abstract

We examine the collider and dark matter phenomenology of the Standard Model extended by a hypercharge-zero SU(2) triplet scalar and gauge singlet scalar. In particular, we study the scenario where the singlet and triplet are both charged under a single ℤ2 symmetry. We find that such an extension is capable of generating the observed dark matter density, while also modifying the collider phenomenology such that the lower bound on the mass of the triplet is smaller than in minimal triplet scalar extensions to the Standard Model. A high triplet mass is in tension with the parameter space that leads to novel electroweak phase transitions in the early universe. Therefore, the lower triplet masses that are permitted in this extended model are of particular importance for the prospects of successful electroweak baryogenesis and the generation of gravitational waves from early universe phase transitions.
Drell-Yan qT resummation of fiducial power corrections at N3LL
Authors: Ebert Markus A. , Michel Johannes K. L. , Stewart Iain W. , Tackmann Frank J.
Published: April 2021

Abstract

We consider Drell-Yan production pp → V*X → LX at small qT ≪ Q, where qT and Q are the total transverse momentum and invariant mass of the leptonic final state L. Experimental measurements require fiducial cuts on L, which in general introduce enhanced, linear power corrections in qT/Q. We show that they can be unambiguously predicted from factorization, and resummed to the same order as the leading-power contribution. For the fiducial qT spectrum, they constitute the complete linear power corrections. We thus obtain predictions for the fiducial qT spectrum to N3LL and next-to-leading-power in qT/Q. Matching to full NNLO ($$ {\alpha}_s^2 $$

α
s
2

), we find that the linear power corrections are indeed the dominant ones, and once included by factorization, the remaining fixed-order corrections become almost negligible below qT ≲ 40 GeV. We also discuss the implications for more complicated observables, and provide predictions for the fiducial ϕ* spectrum at N3LL+NNLO. We find excellent agreement with ATLAS and CMS measurements of qT and ϕ*. We also consider the $$ {p}_T^{\mathrm{\ell}} $$

p
T
ℓ

spectrum. We show that it develops leptonic power corrections in qT/(Q − 2$$ {p}_T^{\mathrm{\ell}} $$

p
T
ℓ

), which diverge near the Jacobian peak $$ {p}_T^{\mathrm{\ell}} $$

p
T
ℓ

∼ Q/2 and must be kept to all powers to obtain a meaningful result there. Doing so, we obtain for the first time an analytically resummed result for the $$ {p}_T^{\mathrm{\ell}} $$

p
T
ℓ

spectrum around the Jacobian peak at N3LL+NNLO. Our method is based on performing a complete tensor decomposition for hadronic and leptonic tensors. We show that in practice this is equivalent to often-used recoil prescriptions, for which our results now provide rigorous, formal justification. Our tensor decomposition yields nine Lorentz-scalar hadronic structure functions, which for Z/γ* → ℓℓ or W → ℓν directly map onto the commonly used angular coefficients, but also holds for arbitrary leptonic final states. In particular, for suitably defined Born-projected leptons it still yields a LO-like angular decomposition even when including QED final-state radiation. Finally, we also discuss the application to qT subtractions. Including the unambiguously predicted fiducial power corrections significantly improves their performance, and in particular makes them applicable near kinematic edges where they otherwise break down due to large leptonic power corrections.
Electric dipole moments in the extended scotogenic models
Authors: Fujiwara Motoko , Hisano Junji , Kanai Chihiro , Toma Takashi
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Electric dipole moments (EDMs) of charged leptons arise from a new source of CP violation in the lepton sector. In this paper, we calculate the EDMs of the charged leptons in the minimal scotogenic model with two singlet fermions, and the models extended with one or two triplet fermions instead of the singlet fermions, taking into account the constraints of the neutrino oscillation data, the charged lepton flavor violation and perturbative unitarity bound for the Yukawa couplings. We show that the hybrid model with one singlet and one triplet fermions predicts an electron EDM larger than the other models in both normal and inverted neutrino mass hierarchy. We find some parameter space has already been ruled out by the current upper bound of the electron EDM and further parameter space can be explored by future experiments.
Scattering of Goldstone bosons and resonance production in a composite Higgs model on the lattice
Authors: Drach Vincent , Janowski Tadeusz , Pica Claudio , Prelovsek Sasa
Published: April 2021

Abstract

We calculate the coupling between a vector resonance and two Goldstone bosons in SU(2) gauge theory with Nf = 2 Dirac fermions in the fundamental representation. The considered theory can be used to construct a minimal Composite Higgs models. The coupling is related to the width of the vector resonance and we determine it by simulating the scattering of two Goldstone bosons where the resonance is produced. The resulting coupling is gVPP = 7.8 ± 0.6, not far from gρππ ≃ 6 in QCD. This is the first lattice calculation of the resonance properties for a minimal UV completion. This coupling controls the production cross section of the lightest expected resonance at the LHC and enters into other tests of the Standard Model, from Vector Boson Fusion to electroweak precision tests. Our prediction is crucial to constrain the model using lattice input and for understanding the behavior of the vector meson production cross section as a function of the underlying gauge theory. We also extract the coupling $$ {g}_{\mathrm{VPP}}^{\mathrm{KSRF}} $$

g
VPP
KSRF

= 9.4 ± 0.6 assuming the vector-dominance and find that this phenomenological estimate slightly overestimates the value of the coupling.
Anpassung des Meldesystems gemäß Infektionsschutzgesetz im Jahr 2020 aufgrund von COVID-19
Authors: Diercke Michaela , Claus Hermann , Rexroth Ute , Hamouda Osamah
Published: April 2021

Die COVID-19-Pandemie hat Anpassungen des Meldesystems gemäß Infektionsschutzgesetz (IfSG) erforderlich gemacht. Da COVID-19 bis dahin unbekannt war, gab es noch keine spezifische Meldepflicht für diese Infektionskrankheit. Sie fiel jedoch unter die Meldepflicht für bedrohliche übertragbare Krankheiten nach § 6 Abs. 1 Nr. 5 IfSG. Sobald absehbar war, dass es sich nicht nur um Einzelfälle handeln würde, wurde die Meldepflicht zunächst per Verordnung angepasst und später in das IfSG aufgenommen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Anpassungen des Meldesystems beschrieben, die im Rahmen der COVID-19-Pandemie im Verlauf des Jahres 2020 erfolgten.

Neben der Einführung der Meldepflicht für COVID-19 wurden auch die Meldeinhalte erweitert, um Informationen, die speziell für COVID-19 relevant sind, erfassen zu können. Um den Arbeitsaufwand in Laboren und im Öffentlichen Gesundheitsdienst (ÖGD) beim Absetzen bzw. Verarbeiten der Meldungen zu reduzieren, wurde ein elektronisches Verfahren für Labormeldungen von SARS-CoV-2-Nachweisen eingeführt. Dies geschah im Rahmen der Entwicklung des Deutschen Elektronischen Melde- und Informationssystems für den Infektionsschutz (DEMIS). Zudem wurden umfangreiche Anpassungen in der Software für das Fall- und Kontaktpersonenmanagement vorgenommen.

Die an das Robert Koch-Institut (RKI) übermittelten Meldedaten bilden eine wichtige Grundlage für die Bewertung der epidemiologischen Situation und werden während der COVID-19-Pandemie tagesaktuell über diverse Wege zur Verfügung gestellt. Damit diese Daten immer zeitnah und in guter Qualität vorliegen, sollte die IT-Infrastruktur im ÖGD noch weiter modernisiert werden. Insbesondere sollte DEMIS wie geplant weiter ausgebaut werden.
Entwicklung eines Ivermectin-haltigen Saftes als Magistralrezeptur für Kinder zur Therapie der Skabies
Authors: Wohlrab Johannes , Stadie L. , Neubert R. H. H. , Bosse K.
Published: April 2021

Hintergrund

Zur Therapie der Skabies kann orales Ivermectin eingesetzt werden. Die Evidenz für einen sicheren und wirksamen Einsatz bei Kleinkindern im Einzelheilversuch ist erarbeitet worden und publiziert. Um eine körpergewichtsadaptierte Dosierung auch für Kinder zu gewährleisten, wurde ein Ivermectin-haltiger Saft als Magistralrezeptur entwickelt.

Material und Methoden

Da Ivermectin nicht als Reinsubstanz für die Rezeptur zur Verfügung steht, wurden wirkstoffhaltige Tabletten als Ausgangsmaterial für die Entwicklung benutzt. Die Formulierung wurde entsprechend pharmazeutischer, regulatorischer und gebrauchsorientierter Kriterien konzipiert. Zum Nachweis der chemischen Stabilität wurde eine HPLC(Hochleistungsflüssigkeitschromatographie)-Methode erarbeitet und validiert. Um die praktische Umsetzung zu erleichtern, wurden zudem Angaben zu geeigneten Packmitteln und zu Applikationshilfen erarbeitet, und die Rezeptur wurde taxiert.

Ergebnisse

Es konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass die finale Rezeptur stabil in der Apotheke hergestellt und über 3 Wochen gelagert werden kann. Es haben sich keine Bedenken bezüglich der Verträglichkeit des Rezeptursaftes ergeben. Die physikochemischen Eigenschaften und der Geschmack der Rezeptur ermöglichen den beabsichtigten Gebrauch als gut dosierbaren Saft für Kinder.

Schlussfolgerung

Die entwickelte Rezeptur entspricht den Anforderungen der Apothekenbetriebsordnung (§ 7 ApBetrO) und ermöglicht eine exakte, körpergewichtsadaptierte Dosierung von oralem Ivermectin bei Kleinkindern. Untersuchungen zur Pharmakokinetik am Menschen bzw. klinische Studien zum Nachweis der Verträglichkeit und/oder Wirksamkeit liegen für die Rezeptur nicht vor.
Genome-wide copy number variations as molecular diagnostic tool for cutaneous intermediate melanocytic lesions: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis
Authors: Ebbelaar Chiel F. , Jansen Anne M. L. , Bloem Lourens T. , Blokx Willeke A. M.
Published: April 2021

Cutaneous intermediate melanocytic neoplasms with ambiguous histopathological features are diagnostically challenging. Ancillary cytogenetic techniques to detect genome-wide copy number variations (CNVs) might provide a valuable tool to allow accurate classification as benign (nevus) or malignant (melanoma). However, the CNV cut-off value to distinguish intermediate lesions from melanoma is not well defined. We performed a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis to evaluate the use of CNVs to classify intermediate melanocytic lesions. A total of 31 studies and 431 individual lesions were included. The CNV number in intermediate lesions (median 1, interquartile range [IQR] 0–2) was significantly higher (p<0.001) compared to that in benign lesions (median 0, IQR 0–1) and lower (p<0.001) compared to that in malignant lesions (median 6, IQR 4–11). The CNV number displayed excellent ability to differentiate between intermediate and malignant lesions (0.90, 95% CI 0.86–0.94, p<0.001). Two CNV cut-off points demonstrated a sensitivity and specificity higher than 80%. A cut-off of ≥3 CNVs corresponded to 85% sensitivity and 84% specificity, and a cut-off of ≥4 CNVs corresponded to 81% sensitivity and 91% specificity, respectively. This individual patient data meta-analysis provides a comprehensive overview of CNVs in cutaneous intermediate melanocytic lesions, based on the largest pooled cohort of ambiguous melanocytic neoplasms to date. Our meta-analysis suggests that a cut-off of ≥3 CNVs might represent the optimal trade-off between sensitivity and specificity in clinical practice to differentiate intermediate lesions from melanoma.
Quantifying Crude Oil Contamination in Sand and Soil by EPR Spectroscopy
Authors: Gizatullin Bulat , Papmahl Eric , Mattea Carlos , Stapf Siegfried
Published: April 2021

Crude oil frequently contains stable radicals that allow detection by means of EPR spectroscopy. On the other hand, most sands and soils possess significant amounts of iron, manganese or other metallic species that often provide excessively broad EPR signatures combined with well-defined sharp features by quartz defects. In this study, we demonstrate the feasibility to identify oil contamination in natural environments that are subject to oil spillage during production on land, as well as beachside accumulation of marine oil spillage. Straightforward identification of oil is enabled by the radical contributions of asphaltenes, in particular by vanadyl multiplets that are absent from natural soils. This potentially allows for high-throughput soil analysis or the application of mobile EPR scanners.
Broken Worlds: Towards an Archaeology of the Shatter Zone
Authors: Raffield Ben
Published: April 2021

In recent years, archaeological studies of long-term change and transformation in the human past have often been dominated by the discussion of dichotomous processes of ‘collapse’ and ‘resilience’. These discussions are frequently framed in relatively narrow terms dictated by specialist interests that place an emphasis on the role of single ‘trigger’ factors as motors for historic change. In order to address this issue, in this article I propose that the study of the ‘shatter zone’—a term with origins in physical geography and geopolitics that has been more recently harnessed in anthropological research—has the potential to facilitate multi-scalar, interdisciplinary analyses of the ways in which major historical changes unfold across both space and time, at local, regional, and inter-regional levels. This article unpacks the concept of the shatter zone and aligns this with existing archaeological frameworks for the study of long-term adaptive change. I then situate these arguments within the context of recent studies of colonial interaction and conflict in the Eastern Woodlands of North America during the sixteenth to eighteenth century. The study demonstrates how a more regulated approach to the shatter zone has the potential to yield new insights on the ways in which populations mitigate and react to instability and change while also facilitating comparative studies of these processes on a broader, global scale.
AUTOMAT[R]IX: learning simple matrix pipelines
Authors: Contreras-Ochando Lidia , Ferri Cèsar , Hernández-Orallo José
Published: April 2021

Matrices are a very common way of representing and working with data in data science and artificial intelligence. Writing a small snippet of code to make a simple matrix transformation is frequently frustrating, especially for those people without an extensive programming expertise. We present AUTOMATIX, a system that is able to induce R program snippets from a single (and possibly partial) matrix transformation example provided by the user. Our learning algorithm is able to induce the correct matrix pipeline snippet by composing primitives from a library. Because of the intractable search space—exponential on the size of the library and the number of primitives to be combined in the snippet, we speed up the process with (1) a typed system that excludes all combinations of primitives with inconsistent mapping between input and output matrix dimensions, and (2) a probabilistic model to estimate the probability of each sequence of primitives from their frequency of use and a text hint provided by the user. We validate AUTOMATIX with a set of real programming queries involving matrices from Stack Overflow, showing that we can learn the transformations efficiently, from just one partial example.
Polarity Items in Basque
Authors: Etxeberria Urtzi , Tubau Susagna , Borràs-Comes Joan , Espinal M. Teresa
Published: April 2021

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation that looks into the acceptability and interpretation judgements that Basque native speakers give to sentences with multiplei-/bat ereindefinites in declarative sentences. It is argued that Basquei-/bat ereindefinites are Polarity Items (PIs) rather than Negative Concord Items (NCIs), as they are consistently associated with an existential reading in unacceptable declarative sentences without an overt negative licensor. That is, Basquei-/bat ereindefinites never give rise to a negative interpretation in the absence of an overt negative marker. It is also argued that Basque PIs differ from NCIs in Strict Negative Concord languages such as Greek in relevant ways, thus reinforcing the conclusion that Basque is not a NC language. This study contributes to a better understanding of the conditions that an indefinite expression must meet to be classified as a PI or as an NCI.
Impact of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy on Cognitive Functions: a Systematic Review
Authors: Marcinkowska Anna B. , Mankowska Natalia D. , Kot Jacek , Winklewski Pawel J.
Published: April 2021

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is a modality of treatment in which patients inhale 100% oxygen inside a hyperbaric chamber pressurised to greater than 1 atmosphere. The aim of this review is to discuss neuropsychological findings in various neurological disorders treated with HBOT and to open new perspectives for therapeutic improvement. A literature search was conducted in the MEDLINE (via PubMed) database from the inception up 10 May 2020. Eligibility criteria included original articles published in English. Case studies were excluded. Full-text articles were obtained from the selected studies and were reviewed on the following inclusion criteria (1) performed cognitive processes assessment (2) performed HBOT with described protocol. Two neuropsychologists independently reviewed titles, abstracts, full texts and extracted data. The initial search retrieved 1024 articles, and a total of 42 studies were finally included after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. The search yielded controversial results with regard to the efficiency of HBOT in various neurological conditions with cognitive disturbance outcome. To the best of our knowledge this is the first state-of-the art, systematic review in the field. More objective and precise neuropsychological assessment methods are needed to exact evaluation of the efficacy of HBOT for neuropsychological deficits. Future studies should widen the assessment of HBOT effects on different cognitive domains because most of the existing studies have focussed on a single process. Finally, there is a need for further longitudinal studies.
Possible consequences of an inability of plants to control manganese uptake
Authors: White Philip J. , Neugebauer Konrad
Published: April 2021

Background

This commentary presents several thoughts elicited by the observation of Lambers et al. (Plant Soil, 2021) in this Special Issue that the release of carboxylates by roots increases manganese (Mn) uptake by plants. Manganese is a plant nutrient, but is toxic in excess. Root cells take up Mn from the rhizosphere solution through non-specific transporters, whose activities are regulated by elements other than Mn, and Mn phytoavailability in soil is also impacted by plant nutritional status of elements other than Mn. These complications could result in a plant being unable to respond appropriately to vagaries in Mn phytoavailability.

Scope

The release of carboxylates by roots increases Mn phytoavailability and Mn uptake by plants. Lambers et al. (Plant Soil, 2021) suggest that this phenomenon might be used to identify plant species that release carboxylates into the rhizosphere in response to P deficiency. We suggest that, for the approach of Lambers and colleagues to be successful, it is necessary for all plants being compared (1) to be capable of increasing root Mn uptake and leaf Mn concentration should carboxylates be released, and increase these to a similar extent for the approach to be quantitative, and (2) to tolerate the greater tissue Mn concentrations resulting from increased Mn phytoavailability.

Conclusions

We observe (1) that the leaf Mn requirement, critical leaf Mn concentration for toxicity and capacity for Mn accumulation when grown hydroponically in a nutrient-replete solution are all positively correlated among plant species, which suggests that they might have evolved in parallel, and (2) that, although some orders containing species accumulating large shoot Mn concentrations are typically non-mycorrhizal and release carboxylates into the rhizosphere, such as the Proteales, many orders containing species with this trait are characterised by conventional mycorrhizal associations.
Initial quantitative development of the Norse Feedback system: a novel clinical feedback system for routine mental healthcare
Authors: McAleavey Andrew A. , Nordberg Samuel S. , Moltu Christian
Published: April 2021

Purpose

As routine outcome monitoring has become prevalent in psychological practice, there is need for measurement tools covering diverse symptoms, treatment processes, patient strengths, and risks. Here we describe the development and initial tests of the psychometric properties of a multi-scale system for use in mental healthcare, Norse Feedback.

Methods

In Study 1, we present the item-generation process and structure of the Norse Feedback, a 17-scale digital-first measurement tool for psychopathology and treatment-relevant variables. In Study 2, we present analyses of this initial measure in a nonclinical sample of 794 healthy controls and a sample of 222 mental health patients. In Study 3, we present the analysis of a revised 20-scale system in two separate samples of patients. In each analysis, we investigate item and test information in particular, including analysis of differential item functioning on gender, age, site, and sample differences where applicable.

Results

Scales performed variably. Changes to items and scales are described. Several scales appeared to reliably discriminate individuals entering mental health treatment on severity, and others are less reliable. Marked improvements in scale internal consistency and measurement precision were observed between the first and second implemented versions.

Conclusion

This system includes some scales with reasonable structural validity, though several areas for future development are identified. The system was developed to be iteratively re-evaluated, to strengthen the validity of its scales over time. There are currently a number of limitations on inferences from these scores, which future developments should address.
Teacher-Directed Learning Approaches and Science Achievement: Investigating the Importance of Instructional Explanations in Australian Schools
Authors: Cairns Dean , Areepattamannil Shaljan
Published: April 2021

This study investigated the relationships of teacher-directed approaches with science achievement in Australian schools. The data for this study were drawn from the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2015 database and analysed using multilevel modelling (MLM). MLMs were estimated to test the contribution of each item to students’ science achievement scores and to estimate the mediation effect of teacher explanations on these relationships. Only explicit, teacher-directed practices demonstrated a significant, positive association with science achievement. The positive, significant nature of the item ‘the teacher explains scientific ideas’ (B = 29.61, p < 0.001) suggested that this practice should take place in all science lessons. In the mediation model, the explicit, teacher-directed approaches in the inquiry scale revealed a significant indirect effect on science achievement, through the process of the teacher explaining scientific ideas. This indicated that effective explanations also underpin other instructional approaches such as contextualised science learning. These findings, accompanied by an analysis of the teacher-directed items and their relationships to science outcomes, give teachers and policymakers clear guidance regarding the effective use of instructional explanations in the science classroom.
Augmentation of the heat shock axis during exceptional longevity in Ames dwarf mice
Authors: Trivedi Rachana , Knopf Bailey , Tripathi Jitendra Kumar , Rakoczy Shar , Manocha Gunjan D. , Brown-Borg Holly , Jurivich Donald A.
Published: April 2021

How the heat shock axis, repair pathways, and proteostasis impact the rate of aging is not fully understood. Recent reports indicate that normal aging leads to a 50% change in several regulatory elements of the heat shock axis. Most notably is the age-dependent enhancement of inhibitory signals associated with accumulated heat shock proteins and hyper-acetylation associated with marked attenuation of heat shock factor 1 (HSF1)–DNA binding activity. Because exceptional longevity is associated with increased resistance to stress, this study evaluated regulatory check points of the heat shock axis in liver extracts from 12 months and 24 months long-lived Ames dwarf mice and compared these findings with aging wild-type mice. This analysis showed that 12M dwarf and wild-type mice have comparable stress responses, whereas old dwarf mice, unlike old wild-type mice, preserve and enhance activating elements of the heat shock axis. Old dwarf mice thwart negative regulation of the heat shock axis typically observed in usual aging such as noted in HSF1 phosphorylation at Ser307 residue, acetylation within its DNA binding domain, and reduction in proteins that attenuate HSF1–DNA binding. Unlike usual aging, dwarf HSF1 protein and mRNA levels increase with age and further enhance by stress. Together these observations suggest that exceptional longevity is associated with compensatory and enhanced HSF1 regulation as an adaptation to age-dependent forces that otherwise downregulate the heat shock axis.
Preliminary analysis of two NAC transcription factor expression patterns in Larix olgensis
Authors: Cao Qing , An Peiqi , Zhang Sufang , Wang Junhui , Zhang Hanguo , Zhang Lei
Published: April 2021

The NAC transcription factor family is plant-specific with various biological functions. However, there are few studies on the NAC gene involving coniferous species. Bioinformatics research and expression analysis of NAC genes in Larix olgensis can be used to analyse the function of the NAC gene in the future. Screening of excellent genetic materials and molecular breeding have been utilized to cultivate high-quality, stress-resistant larches. According to the transcriptome data for L. olgensis, the genes Unigene81490 and Unigene70699 with complete ORFs (open reading frames) were obtained by conserved domain analysis and named LoNAC1 and LoNAC2, respectively. The cDNAs of LoNAC1 and LoNAC2 were 1971 bp and 1095 bp in length, encoding 656 and 364 amino acids, respectively. The molecular weights of the proteins encoded by the two genes were predicted to be 72.61 kDa and 41.13 kDa, and subcellular localization analysis indicated that the proteins were concentrated in the nucleus. The results of real-time quantitative PCR analysis showed that at different growth stages and in different tissues of L. olgensis, the relative expression levels of the two NAC genes were highest in the stem, and the expression differences were more obvious in non-lignified tissues. After drought, salt and alkali stress and hormone treatment, expression was induced to different degrees. The expression levels of LoNAC1 and LoNAC2 in semi-lignified L. olgensis were higher than in the other two periods (non-lignified and lignified), and expression levels significantly increased under drought and salt stress. Relative expression levels changed under hormone treatment. It is speculated that these two genes may not only be related to drought and salt stress and secondary growth but may also be induced by hormones such as abscisic acid. Overall, LoNAC1 and LoNAC2 are genetic materials that can be used for molecular breeding of larch.
Correction to: Evaluation of Fire Service Command Unit Trainings
Authors: Thielsch Meinald T. , Hadzihalilovic Dzenita
Published: April 2021

A correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-021-00344-8
Representations of the necklace braid group $${{\mathcal {N}}{\mathcal {B}}}_n$$ of dimension 4 ($$n=2,3,4$$)
Authors: Mayassi Taher I. , Abdulrahim Mohammad N.
Published: April 2021

We consider the irreducible representations each of dimension 2 of the necklace braid group $${\mathcal {N}}{\mathcal {B}}_n$$

N

B
n

($$n=2,3,4$$

n
=
2
,
3
,
4

). We then consider the tensor product of the representations of $${\mathcal {N}}{\mathcal {B}}_n$$

N

B
n

($$n=2,3,4$$

n
=
2
,
3
,
4

) and determine necessary and sufficient condition under which the constructed representations are irreducible. Finally, we determine conditions under which the irreducible representations of $${\mathcal {N}}{\mathcal {B}}_n$$

N

B
n

($$n=2,3,4$$

n
=
2
,
3
,
4

) of degree 2 are unitary relative to a hermitian positive definite matrix.
The influence of a signal’s time structure on the perceived noise annoyance of road traffic noise
Authors: Felcyn Jan
Published: April 2021

Purpose

Road traffic noise is the most common source of noise in modern cities. The noise indicators used to manage noise do not take into account its temporal structure. However, in cities the traffic flow varies during the day, peaking due to congestion and more fluent periods. In this research we sought to analyze how people (giving answers on a numerical ICBEN scale) perceive noise stimuli with the same LAeqT values but different time structures (more/less noise events, different amplitude envelopes).

Methods

31 people with normal hearing took part in an experiment conducted in an anechoic chamber. Participants listened to 18 different noise recordings and rated each of them using the numerical ICBEN scale regarding noise annoyance.

Results

The results showed that only sound level was a statistically significant factor. However, based on people’s remarks about noise, we can also say that the more intermittent the noise is, the more negative feelings it evokes in people.

Conclusions

Time structure does not have a significant influence on people’s judgments about noise annoyance. However, people tend to have a preference for a steady noise rather than an intermittent one.
Divine Hiddenness
Authors: Weidner Veronika
Published: April 2021

This Element provides an introduction to the hiddenness argument, as presented by John Schellenberg, and its up-to-date discussion in a comprehensible way. It concludes with a brief assessment of where things stand, from the author's point of view, and why divine hiddenness should not reduce a reflective theist's confidence in theism.
Anatomy of a Duel in Jacobean England
Authors: Bowen Lloyd
Published: April 2021

Throws much new light on questions of gentry honour, the nature and prevalence of early modern elite violence, and the process of judicial investigation in Shakespeare's England
The Permanence of Temporary Urbanism
Authors: Ferreri Mara
Published: April 2021

Temporary urbanism has become an established marker of city making after the 2008 Global Financial Crisis. The book offers a critical exploration of its emergence and establishment as a seductive discourse and as an entangled field of urban practice encompassing architecture, visual and performative arts, urban regeneration and planning. Drawing on seven years of semi-ethnographic research in London, it explores the politics of temporariness at time of austerity from a situated analysis of neighbourhood transformation and wider cultural and economic shifts. Through a sympathetic, longitudinal engagement with projects and practitioners, the book tests the power of aesthetic and cultural interventions and highlights tensions between the promise of practices of dissenting vacant space re-appropriation, and their practical foreclosure. Against the normalisation of ephemerality, it develops a critique of temporary urbanism as a glamorisation of the anticipatory politics of precarity, transforming subjectivities and imaginaries of urban action.
Special Effects and German Silent Film
Authors: Loew Katharina
Published: April 2021

In recent decades, special effects have become a major new area of research in cinema studies. For the most part, they have been examined as spectacles or practical tools. In contrast, Special Effects and German Silent Film, foregrounds their function as an expressive device and their pivotal role in cinema's emergence as a full-fledged art. Special effects not only shaped the look of iconic films like Nosferatu (1922) or Metropolis (1927), but they are central to a comprehensive understanding of German silent film culture writ large. This book examines special effects as the embodiment of a 'techno-romantic' paradigm that seeks to harness technology-the epitome of modern materialism-as a means for accessing a spiritual realm. Employed to visualize ideas and emotions in a medium-specific way, special effects thus paved the way for film art.
Poetic Cinema and the Spirit of the Gift in the Films of Pabst, Parajanov, Kubrick and Ruiz
Authors: Jayamanne Laleen
Published: April 2021

Poetic Cinema and the Spirit of the Gift in the Films of Pabst, Parajanov, Kubrick and Ruiz explores the poetic thinking of these master filmmakers, expressed in several of their key films. It examines theoretical ideas, including Maori anthropology of the gift and Sufi philosophy of the image, to conceive film as abundant gift. Elaborating on how this gift may be received, this book imagines film as our indispensable mentor - a wild mentor who teaches us how to think with moving images by learning to perceive evanescent forms that simply appear and disappear.
Characteristics of Adults with Migraine in Alberta, Canada: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Richer Lawrence , Wong Kai On , Martins Karen J.B. , Rajapakse Thilinie , Amoozegar Farnaz , Becker Werner J. , Klarenbach Scott W.
Published: April 2021

Background:

Migraine, including episodic migraine (EM) and chronic migraine (CM), is a common neurological disorder that imparts a substantial health burden.

Objective:

Understand the characteristics and treatment of EM and CM from a population-based perspective.

Methods:

This retrospective population-based cross-sectional study utilized administrative data from Alberta. Among those with a migraine diagnostic code, CM and EM were identified by an algorithm and through exclusion, respectively; characteristics and migraine medication use were examined with descriptive statistics.

Results:

From 79,076 adults with a migraine diagnostic code, 12,700 met the criteria for CM and 54,686 were considered to have EM. The majority of migraineurs were female, the most common comorbidity was depression, and individuals with CM had more comorbidities than EM. A larger proportion of individuals with CM versus EM were dispensed acute (80.6%: CM; 63.4%: EM) and preventative (58.0%: CM; 28.9%: EM) migraine medications over 1 year. Among those with a dispensation, individuals with CM had more acute (13.6 ± 32.2 vs. 4.6 ± 10.9 [mean ± standard deviation], 95% confidence interval [CI] 7.7-8.3), and preventative (12.6 ± 43.5 vs. 5.0 ± 12.6, 95% CI 6.9-8.4) migraine medication dispensations than EM, over 1-year. Opioids were commonly used in both groups (proportion of individuals dispensed an opioid over 1-year: 53.1%: CM; 25.7%: EM).

Conclusions:

Individuals with EM and CM displayed characteristics and medication use patterns consistent with other reports. Application of this algorithm for CM may be a useful and efficient means of identifying subgroups of migraine using routinely collected health data in Canada.
Factors Associated with Hurricane Evacuation: A Statistical Meta-Analysis of Studies, 1999-2018
Authors: Karaye Ibraheem M , Taylor Nicholas , Perez-Patron Maria , Thompson Courtney , Horney Jennifer A
Published: April 2021

Objective:

Hurricane evacuation is one of the strategies employed by emergency management and other agencies to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with hurricanes. However, factors associated with residents’ evacuation decision-making have been inconsistent. In this study, we conducted a statistical meta-analysis to identify factors associated with hurricane evacuation as well as moderators of the evacuation decision.

Methods:

A systematic literature search identified 36 studies published between 1999 and 2018. Pooled estimates were calculated using random-effects models, and heterogeneity across studies was checked using both Q and I2 statistics. Meta-regression methods were used to identify moderators. Publication bias was assessed using both visual (funnel plots) and statistical methods.

Results:

Mobile home residence, perception of risk, female sex, and Hispanic ethnicity were statistically associated with hurricane evacuation, while geographic region modified the relationship between Hispanic race and evacuation.

Conclusions:

Agencies responsible for preparedness may utilize these findings to identify specific population sub-groups for hurricane evacuation communication and other interventions. Future studies should consider statistical interactions and explore opportunities for research translation to emergency officials.
Hospital-acquired infections among adult patients admitted for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Authors: Smith Leigh , Karaba Sara M. , Amoah Joe , Jones George , Avery Robin K. , Dzintars Kathryn , Helsel Taylor , Cosgrove Sara E. , Fabre Valeria
Published: April 2021

In a multicenter cohort of 963 adults hospitalized due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), 5% had a proven hospital-acquired infection (HAI) and 21% had a proven, probable, or possible HAI. Risk factors for proven or probable HAIs included intensive care unit admission, dexamethasone use, severe COVID-19, heart failure, and antibiotic exposure upon admission.
ETHNIC AND RELIGIOUS SENTIMENTS IN INDONESIAN POLITICS: EVIDENCE FROM THE 2017 JAKARTA GUBERNATORIAL ELECTION
Authors: Sumaktoyo Nathanael Gratias
Published: April 2021

Studies have documented how ethnic and religious sentiments shape the voting behavior of Indonesian Muslims. However, to date no studies have carefully measured the relative influence of these sentiments. I fill this gap in the literature by taking advantage of the candidacy of a Christian, ethnic Chinese candidate in the 2017 Jakarta gubernatorial election in Basuki Tjahaja Purnama (Ahok). Employing an original survey of Jakartan Muslims, I show through experimental and correlational analyses that Muslim voters are more opposed to Ahok than non-Muslim voters are and that this opposition is driven more by Ahok's ethnicity, as opposed to his religion. I also show that Muslim voters’ feelings toward ethnic Chinese shape their support for Ahok more than their feelings toward Christians. I discuss how these findings inform our understanding of the limits and extent of religious influence on Muslim voting behavior.