bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assay for urinary desmosines in a healthy pre-pubertal population using an improved extraction technique
Authors: Winfield Kaye R , Gard Samantha , Kent G Neil , Sly Peter D , Brennan Siobhain
Published: February 2006

Background: Current evidence indicates that increased desmosine excretion reflects the active inflammatory status of some connective tissue diseases. Our goal was to establish a reliable method of detection and to investigate the normal distribution of urinary desmosine excretion in a healthy pre-pubertal population.

Method: Urine was collected from healthy volunteers aged four weeks to 12 years old. We modified a published high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method by (a) increasing hydrolysis time and temperature and (b) increasing cellulose column size.

Results: Our modified method had small inter- and intra-assay variability, with coefficients of variation of <6.4% and 5.3%, respectively. There was positive correlation between isodesmosine and desmosine ( r2 = 0.91). There was no significant diurnal or day-to-day variability in total desmosine levels. A reference range for healthy pre-pubertal children aged four weeks to 12 years was established.

Conclusion: The modified HPLC method is reliable with low variability. The technique can now be applied as a non-invasive research or diagnostic tool for children with chronic lung disease.
Anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies and their role in the investigation of coeliac disease
Authors: Hill PG , McMillan SA
Published: February 2006

Coeliac disease (CD), caused by an inappropriate T-cell-mediated immune response to the ingestion of cereal proteins in genetically susceptible individuals, is a common disorder with a prevalence of about 1% in Caucasian populations. It has a strong association with other autoimmune disorders, particularly type 1 diabetes and autoimmune thyroid disease. Although primarily affecting the small bowel, CD is a multisystem disorder and the adult or child patient may initially present to a wide range of clinical specialities. The concept of the 'coeliac iceberg' has been used to emphasize that many cases currently remain undiagnosed. The identification of tissue transglutaminase (TGA)-2 as the antigen against which the autoantibodies are directed has led to a greater understanding of the pathogenesis of CD and to the development of improved serological tests. Enzyme-linked immunoassays using human tissue TGA as antigen have high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for the detection of CD. This review examines the evidence for adopting IgA anti-tissue TGA as the first-line diagnostic test for CD. It recommends a laboratory algorithm for the use and interpretation of TGA to enable the clinical laboratory to play a full part in detecting and monitoring a disorder that is eminently treatable once the diagnosis has been considered and confirmed.
Plasma gastrin measurement cannot be used to diagnose a gastrinoma in patients on either proton pump inhibitors or histamine type-2 receptor antagonists
Authors: Dhillo WS , Jayasena CN , Lewis CJ , Martin NM , Tang KCN , Meeran K , Todd JF
Published: February 2006

Background: Patients with a gastrinoma are treated with proton pump inhibitors (PPI) and histamine type-2 receptor antagonists (H2). In order to diagnose a gastrinoma these drugs must be discontinued, but this increases the risk of gastrointestinal perforation. We aimed to determine if a gastrinoma could be diagnosed without cessation of PPI/H2 therapy.

Methods: In all, 90 patients (controls and patients diagnosed with a gastrinoma both on and off PPI/H2 therapy) were recruited, and plasma gastrin measured.

Results: Patients with a gastrinoma on PPI/H2 medication had a significantly higher fasting plasma gastrin concentration than control patients on PPI/H2 medication (298±33 versus 204±30 pmol/L, P = 0.01). However, there was substantial overlap between gastrin levels in these two groups.

Conclusion: This study confirms that a gastrinoma cannot be diagnosed on the basis of a fasting plasma gastrin assay while patients remain on PPI/H2 therapy.
How to use difference plots in quantitative method comparison studies
Authors: Twomey Patrick J
Published: February 2006

Quantitative method comparison studies are fundamental to clinical biochemistry. The interpretation of quantitative method comparison studies relied heavily on correlation and regression methods until Bland and Altman first described the concept of absolute difference plots. Since then, many clinical biochemistry journals advocate the use of difference plots; however, there is a lot of ignorance about the validity as well as the pros and cons of the various difference plots. The most important issue in quantitative method comparisons studies is to determine limits of agreement that are valid across the whole range of values in the study so that correct data interpretation and conclusions occur. This article discusses validity as well as the pros and cons of difference plots and provides means to determine limits of agreement that are valid across the whole range of values in method comparison studies. Accordingly, correct data interpretation will be more likely and better conclusions should be arrived as a result.
Noradrenergic and serotonergic modulation to treat vasomotor symptoms
Authors: Albertazzi Paola
Published: February 2006

Hot flushes are a major clinical problem for many menopausal women. Their aetiology is unknown. Centrally acting neurotransmitters are involved, but this involvement is yet to be fully characterized. In clinical trials with optimal patient selection and compliance, estrogen can reduce the frequency of hot flushes by 70–80%, and placebo by 20–40%. For some women, however, there are contraindications to the use of estrogen, and others are unwilling to use it. Furthermore, hot flushes may persist in spite of adequate estrogen replacement, and to improve symptoms physicians then have either to add another drug to the regimen or find an alternative to estrogen. The most commonly used non-hormonal alternatives for climacteric symptoms are neurotransmitter modulators such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. These reduce the frequency of hot flushes by 60%. The mechanism of this effect appears to differ from that underlying their effect on mood. They are generally well tolerated and rates of adverse events are far lower than those reported in studies of the use of these agents for depression. The limited efficacy of clonidine suggests that adrenergic mechanisms may be involved and data are awaited for more specific selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors. Thus, non-hormonal treatments are not as effective as estrogens in relieving hot flushes but may have a place as an alternative.
Psychosexual problems after gynaecological cancer
Authors: Sheppard Caren , Whiteley Rose
Published: February 2006

Sexual difficulties commonly arise following a diagnosis of cancer, sometimes as a consequence of treatment, but may persist long after the cancer has successfully been treated. Sexual function is sensitive to the effects of trauma, both physical and emotional, and this is particularly the case for patients whose cancer affects their genitals. Gynaecological cancer frequently affects a woman's body image and often to some degree evokes a fear of dying; together, these two factors are likely to have a profound effect on sexual functioning. A couple's sexual relationship is also likely to be adversely affected in a number of ways, for example if a change occurs in its dynamic from partners/lovers to 'patient and carer'.
Medicolegal pitfalls of prescribing hormone replacement therapy
Authors: Panting Gerard
Published: February 2006

The prescribing of hormone replacement therapy can give rise to clinical negligence, just like any other area of medical practice – keeping up to date, ensuring patients are properly informed and so able to consent, and avoiding prescribing pitfalls are the keys to successful risk management.

Ultimately, good practice is defensible practice.
Managing women with a previous diagnosis of endometriosis
Authors: Bain Christine
Published: February 2006

Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent condition that primarily inflicts women of reproductive age. There are several gradations of the disease and its extent does not always signify its symptomatic presentation. In those women who have long suffered from endometriosis, previous treatments and their assumed success influence clinical decision making on the use of hormone replacement therapy after menopause. This review considers the management strategies for those women who have become prematurely menopausal after extensive surgical treatment for endometriosis.
Advances in cervical cancer screening and human papillomavirus vaccines
Authors: Feeley Cynthia
Published: February 2006

Cervical cancer is causally linked to human papillomavirus (HPV) and constitutes a major health problem for women. Nearly 80% of the 510,000 cases reported worldwide each year occur in developing countries which lack organized screening programmes. Cervical screening has effectively reduced the incidence of and mortality from invasive cervical cancer in industrialized countries, but is not completely protective. Cervical screening is now undergoing modernization and has seen several changes in recent years. These aim to enhance the overall efficiency and effectiveness of screening, reduce rates of inadequate sampling, increase sensitivity rates and facilitate ancillary technologies, such as HPV testing. This review discusses these advances and the development of HPV vaccines.
Vibration exercise makes your muscles and bones stronger: fact or fiction?
Authors: Cardinale Marco , Rittweger Jörn
Published: February 2006

Vibration transmitted to the whole body or part of it has been extensively studied in relation to the risks to the health and safety of workers. These studies have highlighted the particular danger of lower-back morbidity and spinal trauma arising after prolonged exposure to vibration. However, short-term exposure to whole-body vibration (WBV) or the use of vibrating dumbbells can have beneficial effects on the musculoskeletal system. As a consequence of this encouraging work, many manufacturers have developed exercise devices characterized by vibrating plates transmitting vibration to the whole body and vibrating dumbbells. Preliminary results seem to recommend WBV exercise as a therapeutic alternative for preventing/reversing sarcopenia and possibly osteoporosis. However, there is a paucity of well designed studies in the elderly. In particular, there is a lack of understanding of the physiological mechanisms involved in the adaptive responses to vibration exposure, and of the most appropriate vibration parameters to be used in order to maximize gains and improve safety. The effectiveness of this novel exercise modality on musculoskeletal structures is examined in this review. The physiological mechanisms involved in the adaptive responses to vibration exercise are discussed and suggestions for future studies are made.
Evaluation of orthopaedic higher surgical training during three differing working patterns
Authors: Oliver MC , Edwards MR , Kurta IC , Hearth M
Published: February 2006

This month we publish a single article by Oliver et al on the effect of differing working patterns on training opportunity. The European Working Time Directive changes have been in place long enough for effects to start being measured. Concerns that reduction in junior doctors' hours and thoughtless implementation of full-shift rotas are detrimental do not seem to be diminishing.
Towards a College of Dentistry…
Authors: Avery Brian , Mulcahy Mike
Published: February 2006

There are royal colleges of surgeons, physicians, psychiatrists, general practitioners, nursing, and speech and language therapists but not a college of dentistry. Why not? Admittedly, dentistry is a relatively small profession with a total of around 30,000 dentists registered within the UK; however, a single recognised academic home for the whole profession is overdue. Indeed, there are many 'academic homes', including the two faculties within this College (the Faculty of Dental Surgery and the Faculty of General Dental Practice (UK)) and the faculties of dental surgery at the colleges of Edinburgh, Glasgow and Ireland. Perhaps this fragmentation is one reason why the concept has not been developed.
Opportunities in Surgery committee: a year in review
Authors: Narula Antony
Published: February 2006

The Opportunities in Surgery (OiS) committee was established in January 2005 to promote diversity within our profession. After an open, transparent recruitment campaign we appointed thirteen committee members and co-opted six ex-officio members. The OiS committee considers policy and makes recommendations in areas including widening participation, support of black and minority ethnic surgeons, Women in Surgical Training, international medical graduates, the International Sponsorship Scheme, refugee doctors, gay, lesbian and bisexual doctors, and medical school student support. At the end of the OiS committee's inaugural year we are able to look back on our achievements so far.
Unity and leadership
Authors: Ribeiro Bernard
Published: February 2006

Following a recent meeting of Council it was agreed that the College should reaffirm its strategic aims and move forward to define a business plan for the next three years. In order to do this, Professor Tony Mundy has been asked to reconvene the strategy group to define the immediate priorities for 2006–2007, mindful of the requirements of Modernising Medical Careers and the intercollegiate surgical curriculum project. Council agreed that the strategic aim to provide strong leadership and support for all surgeons in all matters relating to their surgical practice, throughout their surgical careers in the interest of patients, should be the priority. This requires further development of the infrastructure of the College to support this aim.
Managing the orthopaedic trauma workload: how many trauma lists does a hospital need?
Authors: Pearse EO , Hennessy A , Ricketts DM
Published: February 2006

There is often not enough time available on scheduled trauma lists to cope with the orthopaedic trauma workload. In these circumstances there are several ways to ensure that the trauma cases are dealt with.
Surgical care practitioner – a confusing and misleading title
Authors: Moorthy R , Grainger J , Scott A , Powles JW , Lattis SG
Published: February 2006

In March 2005 the Department of Health released the Curriculum Framework for the Surgical Care Practitioner for consultation. The curriculum framework has been developed by a working party drawn from The Royal College of Surgeons of England (RCSE) Council and an NHS Changing Workforce Programme steering group, which represented a number of involved associations. As well as inviting responses on the curriculum itself, the consultation invited comments with respect to the title of 'surgical care practitioner'.
Are patients happy with SCPs operating?
Authors: Moorthy R , Grainger J , Scott A , Powles JW , Lattis SG
Published: February 2006

The traditional model of surgical service is in the process of change. Classically, a consultant surgeon would have the services of an SpR, staff and associate specialist (SAS) and SHO in clinic and theatre. The implementation of the New Deal and the European Working Time Directive has led to a significant reduction in the number of hours worked by junior doctors. Consequently, nearly all SHOs are working a full-shift pattern and most SpRs are moving onto full-shift rotas to ensure out-of-hours service is maintained. This reduction in the number of junior doctors available during the normal working day has increased the development of extended roles for non-medical professionals.
Summary of FGDP(UK) membership survey
Authors: Fowler Jacqueline
Published: February 2006

As part of a wider membership review, the Faculty of General Dental Practice (UK) conducted a membership survey in July–August 2005. A questionnaire was sent to all members and approximately 380 (12%) completed forms were returned.
Teams and surgery
Authors: Aluwihare Arjuna
Published: February 2006

It is a privilege to be able to document this address here, the more so because on 19 January 2005 the late Mr Hugh Phillips demonstrated in a humbling and stirring presidential address the wonders of a career in surgery, commitment, the value of training, the future and, in particular, teamwork. His address eloquently referred to many of the issues in the discussion that follows.
A survey of communication skills teaching at medical school
Authors: Raftery Andrew , Scowen Particia
Published: February 2006

Communication is an essential component of surgical practice. Awareness of its importance is increasing among surgeons due to both the association between litigation and poor communication and recent requirements for obtaining informed consent. The General Medical Council has stated that medical students should have acquired and demonstrated their proficiency in communication by the end of their undergraduate education. Furthermore, communication skills assessment is now a pass/fail component of the intercollegiate MRCS examination of the surgical royal colleges.
Special care dentistry
Authors: Fiske Janice
Published: February 2006

Special care dentistry (SCD) is defined by a diverse client group with a range of disabilities and complex additional needs. It is concerned with the improvement of oral health of individuals and groups in society who have a physical, sensory, intellectual, mental, medical, emotional or social impairment or disability or, more often, a combination of a number of these factors.
Factors Associated with Medicine Use and Non-use by Ontario Seniors
Authors: Ballantyne Peri J. , Victor J. Charles , Fisher Judith E. , Marshman Joan A.
Published: February 2006

While there is growing evidence of the increasing use of medicines by the elderly, research undertaken to critically examine differences among types of medicine users in this population is limited. Using population data, we examine the influence of social, demographic, and health-related factors on likelihood of being a non-user, a user of non-prescribed medicines only, or a user of prescription medicines only. We find some evidence of the rational use of drugs (i.e., those who are in better health are more likely to be non-users or to use non-prescribed medicines than those who are in poor health) and of rational explanations for reported use (i.e., being female is associated with less likelihood of non-use or exclusive use of non-prescription medicines than being male). Further analysis of the medicine-use patterns and decisions of elderly men and of those of elderly persons who are widowed or separated/divorced is warranted.
Étude préliminaire d'une intervention non-pharmacologique pour réduire l'agitation verbale chez les personnes atteintes de démence
Authors: Bédard Annick , Landreville Philippe
Published: February 2006

Verbally agitated behaviours are among the behavioural symptoms of dementia most commonly encountered in long-term care facilities. These behaviours may be related to unmet needs that cannot be expressed adequately because of cognitive impairment. The objective of this preliminary study is to assess an intervention, based on the needs of social attention, sensory stimulation, and comfort, for managing verbally agitated behaviours in long-term care demented patients. A multiple baseline case study design was used, with two participants.
S. Cusack and W. Thompson. Mental Fitness for Life: Seven Steps to Healthy Aging. Toronto, ON: Key Porter, 2003.
Authors: Cappeliez Philippe
Published: February 2006

Cet ouvrage, qui s'adresse aux personnes âgées, présente un programme favorisant le fonctionnement mental optimal. Parmi les sujets abordés on retrouve l'instauration d'objectifs, la pensée constructive, la créativité, l'apprentissage et la mémoire, et l'affirmation de ses opinions. En général, il promeut une disposition de vie caractérisée par l'optimisme, la flexibilité mentale, la confiance en soi, et l'humour. Ce livre communique son message avec enthousiasme et dans un langage accessible au grand public. De nombreux exemples, des citations de même que des exercices stimulants facilitent la progression dans le programme et l'application des conseils formulés. Même s'il contient quelques simplifications et exagérations, ce livre est fortement recommandé non seulement pour les personnes âgées mais aussi pour les éducateurs, les professionnels de la santé, et les étudiants de toutes les disciplines de la gérontologie.
From Cues to Action: Information Seeking and Exercise Self-Care among Older Adults Managing Chronic Illness
Authors: Chou Pak Hei Benedito , Wister Andrew V.
Published: February 2006

Drawing from the health belief model, cues to action have been theorized to influence health behaviours; however, few studies have examined these constructs explicitly. This study investigated the relationship between information cues to action and exercise self-care. It was hypothesized that reading about illness information, knowing about services, and consulting with others about one's illness triggers exercise self-care. The sample consisted of 879 chronically ill adults aged 50 and over, drawn from the Vancouver North Shore Self-Care Study. It was found that the odds of exercising almost doubled for readers of information about illness (compared to non-readers), after controlling for socio-demographic factors, illness context, and illness efficacy. Furthermore, knowledge of services and consultations were shown to increase the odds of exercise self-care. These findings provide support for the salience of cues to action as a pivotal theoretical construct. The implications of these findings for health promotion programs targeting persons with chronic illnesses are discussed.
The Degree of Bedroom Personalization in Institutional and Homelike Settings for Persons with Dementia: A Quantitative Investigation
Authors: Chuck Anderson W. , Milke Doris L. , Beck Charles H.M.
Published: February 2006

The purpose of this study was to provide an empirical measure of bedroom personalization and a descriptive characterization of the types of items included in a personalized space. The study compared the extent of personalization in three types of bedrooms, varying as to their homelike quality (private-homelike, private-institutional, and ward-institutional). A measure of the relative degree of personalization was obtained by recording the number of personal items for each room and dividing the number of items per room by each room's available vertical and horizontal surface area. The degree of personalization was found to be significantly greater in private-homelike rooms than in private-institutional or ward-institutional rooms. This study provides the first demonstration that personalization of a resident's bedroom can be quantified and opens the way for studies of factors contributing to the effect (e.g., facility regulations, family, and staff attitudes) and empirical studies of presumed consequences (e.g., resident satisfaction and improved functioning).
Comparison of a Frail-Friendly Nomogram with Physician-Adjusted Warfarin Dosage for Prophylaxis after Orthopaedic Surgery on a Geriatric Rehabilitation Unit
Authors: Freter Susan , Bowles Susan K.
Published: February 2006

Warfarin dosing for thromboprophylaxis in post-operative patients is time-consuming. Warfarin-dosing nomograms can be used in post-operative arthroplasty patients, but warfarin requirements are lower in frail older people. We modified an existing post-arthroplasty nomogram to a frail-friendly version and evaluated its performance in a frail elderly post-orthopaedic surgery on a geriatric rehabilitation ward to determine if it would improve quality indicators for oral anticoagulation. On a geriatric rehabilitation unit, post-operative orthopaedic patients were assigned to either physician-adjusted warfarin dosing or the nursing-administered nomogram. The proportion of days within target INR values was significantly higher in the nomogram group (77%, 95% CI 74% to 81%) compared to the physician-adjusted group (53%, 95% CI 46% to 60%), with no major bleeding or thromboembolic complications. The number of warfarin-related telephone calls to physicians was significantly reduced by tenfold. Use of a frail-friendly nomogram improved quality and efficiency of patient care on a geriatric rehabilitation unit.
Effects of Horticulture Therapy on Engagement and Affect
Authors: Gigliotti Christina M. , Jarrott Shannon E.
Published: February 2006

Implementing generationally appropriate activities for persons with dementia is a challenging task. Horticulture therapy (HT) addresses this challenge through the use of plants to facilitate holistic outcomes. Utilizing the model of environmental press, the current study sought to analyse adult day service (ADS) participants' responses to HT as compared to traditional activities.

HT activities were conducted once a week for a half an hour at four different ADS programs over the course of 9 weeks. Observational data were collected during HT and traditional ADS activities using a modified dementia care mapping (DCM) technique. Observers coded predominant behavioural and affectual responses for each participant.

HT activities facilitated higher levels of productive engagement and positive affect and lower levels of non-engagement than did traditional ADS activities. Therefore, HT offers dementia-care staff a viable activity alternative that is well received by clients and inclusive of all interested persons, despite cognitive limitations.
Réapprendre à voir le monde : Rééduquer les personnes atteintes de dégénérescence maculaire en exploitant les capacités perceptives et cognitives de la vision périphérique
Authors: Giraudet Guillaume , Corbé Christian , Roumes Corinne
Published: February 2006

Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) is a frequent cause of vision loss among people over age of 60. It is an aging process involving a progressive degradation of the central retina. It does not induce total blindness, since it does not affect the peripheral vision. Nonetheless, it makes difficult to read, drive, and perform all daily activities requiring fine details perception. Low-vision care consists in inducing an eccentric fixation so that relevant visual targets impact an unaffected retinal locus. It is necessary but not sufficient to enhance visual extraction. The present work aims to draw the attention of low-vision professionals to the necessity of developing new re-education tools. Beyond theperceptualre-education linked to an optimization of visual information extraction, acognitivere-education should also be provided in order to enhance the interpretation processes. Indeed, the spatial-frequency properties of the visual world no longer match patient perceptual habits. The visually impaired person has to learn again to use these new sensory data in an optimal way. Contextual information can be a precious help in this learning process. An experimental study involving young people provides elements for another method of low-vision care, in terms of visual cognitive re-education.
Stacking the Odds: A Phenomenological Study of Non-problem Gambling in Later Life
Authors: Hagen Brad , Nixon Gary , Solowoniuk Jason
Published: February 2006

The purpose of this exploratory, phenomenological-hermeneutic study was to explore the experience of non-problem gambling by older adults. Twelve older gamblers were identified as non-problem gamblers using two gambling screens and participated in in-depth interviews about their experience of gambling. Two major themes emerged from the interviews: the attractions of gambling and methods to keep gambling in control. Older persons sought out gambling for a variety of reasons: social contact, the food and the excitement, chances to give to charity, chances to have an inexpensive holiday, and the need for a safe way to be “bad”. Participants also described a number of cognitive and behavioural strategies to keep their gambling from becoming a problem. The results of this small exploratory study suggest that gambling is a popular form of social entertainment for older persons, although the main attractions of gambling have little or nothing to do with gambling itself. Older persons also appear to possess numerous strategies to keep gambling from becoming a problem.
Stereotyping Older Workers and Retirement: The Managers' Point of View
Authors: Henkens Kène
Published: February 2006

This article presents the results of a study into stereotyping by managers of their older workers and the influence of these stereotypes on the inclination of managers to keep their older workers in employment. The data for the study were gathered among 796 managers. Through principal components analysis, 15 opinions about older workers were reduced to three dimensions of stereotypes. The first dimension deals with the productivity of older staff; the other two dimensions have to do with their reliability and their adaptability. These stereotypical ideas about older workers influence managers' attitudes toward the retirement of their employees. The analyses show that, besides organizational factors, psychological mechanisms also explain why people view older workers through stereotypes. Managers who are older and in more frequent contact with older employees tend to hold more positive views.
Younger-Old and Older-Old Adults' Recall of Medication Instructions
Authors: McDonald-Miszczak Leslie , Neupert Shevaun D. , Gutman Gloria
Published: February 2006

The present study was conducted to expand research showing that older adults' expectations that they will recall particular medication instructions do not coincide with their actual ability to do so. Seventy-one younger-old adults (M = 68.10 years, range = 57–74) and 62 older-old adults (M = 80.31 years, range = 75–89) made judgements about the likelihood of their recalling medication instructions and about their confidence in their recall. The results indicate that older-old adults recall fewer instructions than do younger-old adults and that both groups overestimate their ability to recall the instructions. This research suggests that problems remembering to take medication may be due, in part, to older adults' overestimating the ease with which they will remember medication instructions.
Peter G. Coleman and Ann O'Hanlon. Ageing and Development. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Authors: Pushkar Dolores
Published: February 2006

Aging as a Social Process est un ouvrage exhaustif qui vise à élucider les aspects physiologiques, psychologiques et sociaux du vieillissement et à établir des liens entre ces aspects, mais qui met essentiellement l'accent sur les processus sociaux liés aux expériences individuelles et à la force des structures sociales. L'ouvrage a été mis à jour et bonifié afin de tenir compte de la diversité croissante en matière de vieillissement et d'aînés ainsi que de la croissance concomitante dans le domaine de la recherche. L'approche qui consiste à envisager ces enjeux en fonction d'un cycle de vie, et à faire fait état de la diversité des expériences vécues par des individus qui passent à travers les différentes étapes de la vie en étant exposés à différents contextes historiques et culturels, permet d'établir des liens entre les nombreux sujets abordés dans ce texte. Ce livre est fortement recommandé pour les étudiants qui suivent des cours de sociologie du vieillissement, d'introduction à la gérontologie ou d'autres cours connexes. Il s'agit également d'un ouvrage de référence utile pour les personnes qui mènent des recherches ou pour les professionnels qui prennent part à l'élaboration de politiques ou de programmes ciblant les personnes âgées d'aujourd'hui ou de demain.
Double-Duty Caregiving: Women in the Health Professions
Authors: Ward-Griffin Catherine , Brown Judith Belle , Vandervoort Anthony , McNair Susan , Dashnay Ian
Published: February 2006

The purpose of this feminist narrative study was to examine the experiences of women in four different health professions (nursing, medicine, physiotherapy, and social work) who provided care to elderly relatives. Although caring is a central and common feature of the personal and professional lives of many women (Baines, Evans, & Neysmith, 1991; Baines, 2004), the separation of professional, paid caregiving from family, unpaid caregiving among health care providers is problematic. Study findings suggest that female health professionals who assume familial responsibilities continually negotiate the boundaries between their professional and personal caring work. Despite the use of a variety of strategies for managing their double-duty caregiving demands, many women experienced a dramatic blurring or erosion of these boundaries, resulting in feelings of isolation, tension, and extreme physical and mental exhaustion. These findings suggest that women who are double-duty caregivers, especially those with limited time, finances, or other tangible supports, may experience poor health, which warrants further study.
Barry D. McPherson. Aging as a Social Process: Canadian Perspectives (4th ed.). Don Mills, ON: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Authors: Wister Andrew V.
Published: February 2006

This book by Barry McPherson is the fourth edition of Canada's first textbook on aging. Aging as a Social Process is a comprehensive text that elucidates and links the physiological, psychological, and social domains of aging within the context of what are known as individual and population aging. As the title implies, the book focuses primarily on the social processes of aging embedded in the micro-, meso-, and macro-level environments. It therefore balances individual-level experiences and social-structural forces connected to the causes and consequences of aging. It has been updated and expanded to reflect the increasing diversity in aging and the aged and the concomitant growth in research. This is captured through the integration of theory, research, and policy, from multiple perspectives and methodologies, applied to a wider range of substantive issues than in previous editions of the text. For instance, Aboriginal people and aging, homelessness, dating and sexuality, gay and lesbian relationships, end-of-life care, home care, and older drivers are but a few of the topics added or significantly supplemented in this new edition. In particular, I found the inclusion of a chapter dealing with individual and population health a needed and welcome addition. A life-course perspective on these topics that embraces the multiplicity of experience as individuals move through life stages, exposed to different historical and cultural contexts and facing and creating different life choices and chances, connects the material presented in this text.
Testing Models of Collaboration among High School Science Teachers in an Electronic Environment
Authors: Suntisukwongchote Punipa
Published: February 2006

This study aims to test Fishbough's models of collaboration and investigate the use of e-mail and the Internet among science teachers in government secondary schools in two school districts Perth, Western Australia. A mail questionnaire and face-to-face interview techniques were used together to collect data. Thirty-one science teachers from 24 government secondary schools responding to the questionnaire that asked about their collaboration. Results indicate that those science teachers rarely use the Consulting model and very seldom use the Coaching and Teaming models for their collaboration. Most of the sample science teachers had negative perceptions of the potential of collaboration on the Internet. However, some of them wanted to collaborate with other science teachers if they had sufficient computing skills, aim and direction for their collaboration; particularly, time and a technician to support this activity. These results have important implications for decisions regarding collaboration as a significant strategy to improve teaching.
Special Education: An Integral Part of Small Schools in High Schools
Authors: Dukes Charles , Lamar-Dukes Pamela
Published: February 2006

In this article, the authors discuss the small learning community or small high schools literature and the issues surrounding the dismantling of large high schools. Next, the authors describe inclusive education and its apparent relationship to the creation of small learning communities. The authors bridge the gap between the intent of small learning communities and secondary inclusive education. Then, the authors delineate the possible benefits of explicitly linking special education (i.e., secondary inclusive education) and small learning communities. Finally, several research implications of making a link between inclusive education and small learning communities are discussed.
Alternative Education Programs: Program and Student Characteristics
Authors: Foley Regina M , Pang Lan-Sze
Published: February 2006

Alternative education programs are often viewed as individualized opportunities designed to meet the educational needs for youth identified as at-risk for school failure. Increasingly, these programs have been identified as programs for disruptive youth who have been referred from traditional schools. The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of the administrative structures and physical facilities of alternative education programs and to describe the student population and educational services being offered to youth attending such programs. The findings suggest programs appear to be largely site-based programs, often operating in physical facilities with limited access to academic supports. The student population appears to be mostly high school students with a large portion of students identified as disabled. The general education curriculum is reported as a predominant course of study among alternative schools, supplemented with vocational education. Students appear to be provided with a number of school and community support activities. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Remembering Dogen: Eiheiji and Dogen Hagiography
Authors: Bodiford William M.
Published: February 2006

DÅgen (1200â1253) occupies a prominent place in the history of Japanese religions as the founder of the SÅtÅ school of Zen Buddhism. This essay examines the religious rituals and historical vicissitudes that helped elevate DÅgen to his present position of prominence. It uses the example of DÅgen to illustrate how new historical identities are constructed in response to social imperatives and institutional struggles. It argues that we cannot fully understand Japanese religions in general and SÅtÅ Zen in particular unless we become more sensitive to the ways that these historical, social, and institutional factors shape our received images of the past.
"A Great Disobedience Against the People": Popular Press Criticism of Japan's Siberian Intervention, 1918-22
Authors: Dunscomb Paul E
Published: February 2006

Reports and commentary by Japanese mass-circulation newspapers on the Siberian Intervention reflect deep ambivalence about the enterprise. Some criticism of government policy reflected traditional concerns; but a new strain of criticism, unique in the prewar period, claimed that Japan was out of step with the spirit of international cooperation among the leading democratic powers that emerged victorious at the end of World War I. While initially demanding a "responsible" party government to end the intervention, as the unprofitable stalemate continued, the papers came to lambaste both ineffective party cabinets and the military for ignoring public opinion.
Writing Colonial Lineage in Sakaguchi Reiko's "Tokeiso"
Authors: Kono Kimberly Tae
Published: February 2006

This essay examines Sakaguchi Reiko's novella "Tokeisō" (Passionflower, 1943) in which the generational divide between a Japanese father and his Japanese-Aborigine son reflects an ideological division between diverse colonial subjects and different forms of Japanese colonialism. I show how Sakaguchi articulates seemingly "new" colonial lineages—political and literary—through the reformulation of the popular tropes utilized in colonial discourse, including nature, culture, family, and marriage. While these "new" lineages differ from their predecessors in form, they ultimately maintain colonial union and consequently provoke questions about the possibility of articulating resistance in the colonial context.
Manuscript, not Print: Scribal Culture in the Edo Period
Authors: Kornicki Peter F. (Peter Francis)
Published: February 2006

In the early seventeenth century, printing underwent a rapid transformation in Japan in the hands of commercial publishers. However, print did not spell the end of scribal traditions and manuscripts continued to be produced in quantity, in order to preserve knowledge, to circulate news or local history, and to disseminate forms of writing that could not be printed for reasons of censorship. Among these were fictional works, known as jitsuroku, which were based on political scandals and vendettas. Using Keian taiheiki as an example, this article demonstrates that such manuscripts circulated widely even among rural cultivators.
Invisible Immigrants: Undocumented Migration and Border Controls in Postwar Japan
Authors: Morris-Suzuki Tessa
Published: February 2006

The economic "bubble" of the 1980s is widely assumed to mark the start of large-scale immigration to postwar Japan. This article questions that assumption by examining the neglected topic of immigration to Japan in the decades immediately following the Pacific War. Though the scale of immigration to Japan in these decades is difficult to assess, there is good reason to believe that tens of thousands of "illegal" migrants (so-called mikkōsha) entered Japan, mainly from Korea, between 1946 and the 1970s. The article explores the experiences of these migrants and suggests that official responses to their presence had a lasting impact on Japan's migration and border control policies.
Race, Cognition, and Emotion: Shakespeare on Film
Authors: Aldama Frederick Luis
Published: February 2006

This article examines four Shakespearean film adaptations from the point of view of four directors' perceptions of race and ethnicity, and the reactions they seek to elicit in their audiences. In applying the tools developed by cognitive neuroscience and narratology the paper explores how Oliver Parker's Othello, Tim Blake Nelson's O, James Gavin Bedford's Street King, and Uli Edel's King of Texas variously use the generic codes and conventions of contemporary cinemaâtime, language, imagery, sound, perspective, and editingâto prime, cue, and trigger a number of determinate cognitive and emotive responses in their audiences. It also explores how these directors stylistically and thematically retool such cinematic conventions not only to creatively reshape Shakespeare's stories, but to do so in ways that complicate their audience's cognitive and emotive scripts of ethnic identity and experience.
Narrative Universals, Heroic Tragi-Comedy, and Shakespeare's Political Ambivalence
Authors: Hogan Patrick Colm
Published: February 2006

Heroic tragi-comedy is one of the three most common narrative prototypes cross-culturally. Particular works are generated from this prototype through development principles and motifs. The development principles and motifs recur cross-culturally as well. Moreover, the resulting works tend to serve the same social functions at different times and places—commonly, enhancing in-group identification and opposition to an out-group, especially in the context of war. On the other hand, the prototypes, development principles, and motifs are cognitive structures, not Platonic forms. Thus there is some individual variation in their details, interaction, and functional consequences. The present essay examines five of Shakespeare's plays—Henry V, Julius Caesar, Richard II, Hamlet, and The Tempest. The goal of this examination is to isolate the central features of Shakespeare's distinctive use of the heroic structure, his favored development principles and motifs, and, most importantly, the recurring functional implications of his plays. The result tells us something about the body of Shakespeare's work and about the precise way a human mind operates in the creation of literature. It also has interpretive consequences, for it puts the individual plays in a new context and thus reveals new aspects of their narrative organization and thematic concerns.
Topicality And Conceptual Blending: Titus Andronicus and The Case of William Hacket
Authors: Moschovakis Nicholas Rand
Published: February 2006

In this essay, which combines historicism and cognitive criticism, I identify a previously unnoticed topical allusion in Titus Andronicus; the allusion then serves as my illustrative case-study in a cognitive account of topicality. As a historicist, I present evidence suggesting the probable topical intentions and reception of two passages from Titus. As a cognitivist, I analyze my account in terms of conceptual blending theory. Shakespeareans stand to gain by understanding topical identifications, in the minds of authors and of their audiences, as conceptual blends. Such a cognitive historicism would explain how audiences can partly infer an author's probable intentions, as well as how critics, by studying historical records with attention to cultural and individual circumstances of cognition, can partially reconstruct a work's probable reception(s) in the minds of a given audience. Finally, conceptual blending theory reveals the metaphoricity of topical identities, and hence their aesthetic novelty, which critics have neglected.
Simulation of Substance and Shadow: Inner Emotions and Outer Behavior in Shakespeare's Psychology of Character
Authors: Oatley Keith
Published: February 2006

Although in post-modern discourse doubt has been thrown on the value of ideas of emotions and character, I argue in this paper that a cognitive approach to Shakespeare enables us to see these matters a comprehensible way. Plays such as those of Shakespeare are simulations that run on minds. As we run one of these simulations we take on the goals of a protagonist, and run his or her plans—as depicted in the play—on our own cognitive system. Because of the suggestiveness, which Eastern literary theorists have called dhvani, of Shakespeare's work, his plays enable us to explore not just understandings of others, but of ourselves. Shakepeare's poetry along with processes such as empathetic identification, invoke our own memories and emotions in relation to contexts that the plays offer. Although plays are artificial, in running them as simulations they enable us to understand in ourselves, and also in others, more of the real relations between substance (inner goals and experience) and shadow (outer behavior) than is often possible in ordinary life.
Emotion, Perception and Anagnorisis in The Comedy of Errors: A Cognitive Perspective
Authors: Pandit Lalita
Published: February 2006

The following discussion of Comedy of Errors draws on insights and models of analysis derived from the appraisal theory of emotion, the most important among cognitive theories of emotion. Emotions and action outcomes in this play are explicitly caused by evaluation of situations arising from mistaken identities of two sets of twins. These evaluations and subsequent actions, though based on misconstrued visual information, alter people's personal and social realities. Clearly, the play foregrounds appraisal as a principle guiding elicitation of emotion. The first section of the following discussion provides an introduction to relevant concepts derived from appraisal theory and cognitive poetics. Section two draws attention to Aristotle's idea of Anagnorisis and Agnoia, inviting a look at structures of recognition and reversal from a cognitive perspective. The remaining sections focus on patterns of appraisal in relation to elicitation and thematization of emotion in The Comedy of Errors.