bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bottom‐up effects on top‐down regulation of a floating aquatic plant by two weevil species: the context‐specific nature of biological control
Authors: Center Ted D. , Dray F. Allen , Mattison Elizabeth D. , Tipping Philip W. , Rayamajhi Min B.
Published: December 2013

Plant nutrition (bottom‐up effects) impacts a plant's ability to withstand herbivory (top‐down effects) and influences phytophagous insect fecundity. These factors confound efficacy predictions for biological control purposes. We investigated the importance of these forces with regard to invasibility of Eichhornia crassipes. We also examined whether one could have predicted whether the weevil species Neochetina eichhorniae or Neochetina bruchi would have been the better biocontrol agent.

Three experiments compared E. crassipes performance when subjected to herbivory by these weevils across a range of fertilizer levels. A low initial plant density experiment examined growth and flowering while allowing density to increase. A high plant density experiment evaluated reduction in biomass and surface coverage. A third experiment evaluated plant growth unconstrained by space.

Herbivory effects varied between treatments; interactions varied between experiments. Herbivory reduced plant density and biomass, except in low fertilizer conditions, and consistently reduced flowering. N. bruchi alone or both weevil species together reduced growth more than N. eichhorniae alone, elucidating N. bruchi as the better agent. However, N. eichhorniae better reduced biomass and plant density under initial conditions of complete plant coverage, suggesting it as the superior choice.

Synthesis and applications. Bottom‐up and top‐down forces acting in concert affect invasibility of plant species. Plasticity to resource availability enables invaders to persist in conditions that are unfavourable to herbivores (enemy‐free space). Consequently, biological control efficacy is nuanced and context specific, so predictability requires assessment of multiple parameters across a range of conditions. Overly simplistic evaluations risk rejection of effective agents capable of mediating non‐native plant invasions. These results also argue that biological control practitioners should disregard the concept that a single best agent can be identified to control an invasive plant that exploits a broad range of habitats and environmental conditions.

Aquaphyte invasions often coincide with watershed nutrification so unless weed control is carried out concurrently with measures that reduce nutrient inputs, removal of infestations will merely reduce competition thereby accelerating regrowth or facilitating replacement by other undesirable species (the ‘invasive treadmill’). The suppressive effects of biological control are valuable and complimentary, even when replacement by other, presumably less problematic, species may occur. These subtler effects should be considered with protocols developed for integrated control strategies.
A new comprehension and communication tool: A valuable resource for internationally educated occupational therapists
Authors: Nguyen Tram , Baptiste Sue , Jung Bonny , Wilkins Seanne
Published: December 2013

Background/Aim

The need was identified for a way to assess internationally educated occupational therapists' skills in understanding and communicating professional terminology used in occupational therapy practice. The project aim was to develop and validate such a resource.

Methods

A scenario‐based assessment was developed using a three‐phase process for tool development. The development process involved completion of a literature scan of professional terminology used in occupational therapy practice; selection of terms and concepts commonly used in occupational therapy practice; and, creation of practice‐based scenarios illustrating key concepts complete with rating rubrics. An advisory group provided oversight, and a sample of internationally educated occupational therapists completed pilot and validity testing.

Results

The initial findings showed the assessment to be easy to complete and sensitive to testing understanding of the defined terms.

Conclusions

The final outcome is an assessment tool that has broad application for occupational therapists wishing to enter professional practice in a new country.
Animal Rights Advocacy and Legitimate Public Deliberation
Authors: Hadley John
Published: December 2013

In this article I offer a response to recent debate over direct action animal advocacy and legitimate public deliberation in liberal democracies. Mathew Humphrey and Marc Stears and Stephen D'Arcy have argued that liberal democracies ought to tolerate direct action animal advocacy in the interests of promoting the right of proponents of non-mainstream views to inform public deliberation and decision making. I argue that the precise scope of Humphrey and Stears' and D'Arcy's analyses is unclear and important parts of their theory are under-described. I highlight the logical and practical implications of their claim that direct action is useful as a means of overcoming the stifling influence of conventional wisdom. I conclude by arguing that tolerance for direct action advocacy ought not to extend to controversial animal rights campaigning tactics such as making threats, using incendiary devices and damaging property.
Emergency Care Research Funding in the Global Health Context: Trends, Priorities, and Future Directions
Authors: Vu Alexander , Duber Herbert C. , Sasser Scott M. , Hansoti Bhakti , Lynch Catherine , Khan Ayesha , Johnson Tara , Modi Payal , Clattenburg Eben J. , Hargarten Stephen
Published: December 2013

Over the past few decades there has been a steady growth in funding for global health, yet generally little is known about funding for global health research. As part of the 2013 Academic Emergency Medicine consensus conference, a session was convened to discuss emergency care research funding in the global health context. Overall, the authors found a lack of evidence available to determine funding priorities or quantify current funding for acute care research in global health. This article summarizes the initial preparatory research and reports on the results of the consensus conference focused on identifying challenges and strategies to improve funding for global emergency care research. The consensus conference meeting led to the creation of near‐ and long‐term goals to strengthen global emergency care research funding and the development of important research questions. The research questions represent a consensus view of important outstanding questions that will assist emergency care researchers to better understand the current funding landscape and bring evidence to the debate on funding priorities of global health and emergency care. The four key areas of focus for researchers are: 1) quantifying funding for global health and emergency care research, 2) understanding current research funding priorities, 3) identifying barriers to emergency care research funding, and 4) using existing data to quantify the need for emergency services and acute care research. This research agenda will enable emergency health care scientists to use evidence when advocating for more funding for emergency care research.
The Forgotten Farmworkers of Apopka, Florida: Prospects for Collaborative Research and Activism to Assist African American Former Farmworkers
Authors: Kline Nolan , Newcomb Rachel
Published: December 2013

Anthropology's crisis of representation of the 1980s has given way to a millennial crisis of involvement. As neoliberal policies proliferate and intensify wealth and social inequalities, anthropologists have considered ways to conduct engaged research that can contribute to social justice. One possibility is the prospect of collaboration between anthropologists and activists. In this article we examine our own collaborative research with an anthropologist and activist organization. We highlight benefits of long‐term community engagement projects for activist‐oriented community partners and students.
Cervical ripening with Foley catheter for induction of labor after cesarean section: a cohort study
Authors: Jozwiak Marta , van de Lest Hilde A. , Burger Nicole B. , Dijksterhuis Marja G.K. , De Leeuw Jan Willem
Published: December 2013

Objective

To evaluate spontaneous vaginal delivery and complication rates after induction of labor with a transcervical Foley catheter in women with a previous cesarean delivery.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Secondary teaching hospital in the second largest city of the Netherlands.

Population

Women with a history of cesarean delivery (n = 208), undergoing induction of labor with a Foley catheter in a subsequent pregnancy.

Material and methods

The women who had induction of labor with a transcervical Foley catheter in the Ikazia Hospital, Rotterdam, between January 2003 and January 2012, were identified in a computerized database. Patient's records were checked for accuracy.

Main outcome measures

Vaginal delivery rate, cesarean section rate, uterine rupture and maternal and neonatal (infectious) morbidity.

Results

Of the women 60% had a spontaneous vaginal delivery and 11% were delivered by vacuum extraction. Uterine rupture occurred in one woman. Postpartum hemorrhage was the most common maternal complication (12%). Maternal intrapartum and postpartum infections occurred in 5% and 1%. Proven neonatal infection was found in 3% of the cases. Two perinatal deaths occurred (1%), of which one was related to uterine rupture.

Conclusion

Induction of labor with a transcervical Foley catheter is an effective method to achieve vaginal delivery in women with a previous cesarean delivery. There is a low risk of uterine rupture and maternal and neonatal (infectious) morbidity in this cohort.
The oxygen saturation in retinal vessels from diabetic patients depends on the severity and type of vision‐threatening retinopathy
Authors: Jørgensen Christina M. , Hardarson Sveinn H. , Bek Toke
Published: December 2013

Purpose

Diabetic retinopathy is characterized by morphological lesions in the retina secondary to disturbances in retinal blood flow which may influence the supply of oxygen to the retinal metabolism. Using retinal oximetry, it has been shown that the oxygen saturation is increased in retinal arterioles and venules from diabetic patients with retinopathy, but oxygenation before the development of retinopathy and possible differences in retinal oxygenation between diabetic maculopathy and proliferative diabetic retinopathy patients have not been evaluated.

Methods

One‐hundred and fifty‐six consecutive patients referred for specialist evaluation of diabetic retinopathy, and eighty normal control persons were subjected to retinal oximetry of the larger retinal arterioles and venules. The diabetic patients were allocated to one of four groups with severity of retinopathy ranging from no retinopathy to vision‐threatening retinopathy, and the oxygen saturation in arterioles and venules was compared between these groups.

Results

Increasing severity of retinal changes from no retinopathy to diabetic maculopathy was accompanied with increasing oxygen saturation in retinal venules and decreasing oxygen extraction, whereas proliferative diabetic retinopathy showed increased oxygen saturation in both retinal arterioles and venules to result in a normal oxygen extraction.

Conclusion

Prospective observational and interventional studies are needed to show whether changes in retinal oxygen saturation precede or follow the development of diabetic retinopathy. Additionally, studies of regional variations in haemodynamic parameters in patients with vision‐threatening diabetic retinopathy might improve the understanding of the pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy. This is a precondition for improving the prevention and treatment of the disease.
Improving performance under mirror‐image conditions during laparoscopic surgery using the Broadview camera system
Authors: Tokunaga Masakazu , Egi Hiroyuki , Hattori Minoru , Suzuki Takahisa , Kawahara Tomohiro , Ohdan Hideki
Published: December 2013

Introduction

Under mirror‐image conditions, surgeons often become confused and their task performance may deteriorate. This study aimed to quantitatively investigate the difficulty of performing laparoscopic surgery based on a mirror image and to find methods to improve performance under these conditions.

Methods

Twelve medical students with no prior endoscopic surgical experience and 10 surgical residents, each with over 50 laparoscopic surgery experiences, participated in this study. Three measures were assessed using the Hiroshima University Endoscopic Surgical Assessment Device: the deviation with integrated time, the approaching time, and the peak velocity. The scope was placed at 0° (coaxial position), 180° (mirror‐image condition), and 180° using the Broadview camera system. Each participant performed the Hiroshima University Endoscopic Surgical Assessment Device task 10 times.

Results

The deviation with integrated time, the approaching time, and the peak velocity were better for surgical residents than for novices at 0° (P < 0.001, P = 0.001, P = 0.011). The deviation with integrated time, the approaching time, and the peak velocity at 180° were significantly worse than the corresponding values at 0° (P < 0.0001) for both surgical residents and novices. All three types of Hiroshima University Endoscopic Surgical Assessment Device assessment at 180° were significantly better when the Broadview camera system was used than when it was not (P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

This study showed quantitatively the difficulty in manipulating laparoscopic instruments in mirror‐image conditions. Using the Broadview camera system improved surgeons' performance under mirror‐image conditions during laparoscopic surgery.
Relationship between inflammation and infliximab pharmacokinetics in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Ternant David , Ducourau Emilie , Perdriger Aleth , Corondan Anca , Le Goff Benoît , Devauchelle‐Pensec Valérie , Solau‐Gervais Elisabeth , Watier Hervé , Goupille Philippe , Paintaud Gilles , Mulleman Denis
Published: December 2013

Aims

Infliximab, an anti‐tumour necrosis factor‐α monoclonal antibody, is indicated in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Our objective was to evaluate the influence of the sources of infliximab pharmacokinetic variability in RA.

Methods

Eighty‐four patients treated with infliximab for RA were included in a prospective noncomparative study. They were analysed between two consecutive infliximab infusions. Infliximab concentrations were measured before the infusion, 2 h, 1 and 4 weeks after the infusion and immediately before the next infusion. Infliximab concentrations were described using a two‐compartment population pharmacokinetic model.

Results

The mean (interindividual standard deviation) estimated central volume of distribution was 2.3 l (36%) and systemic clearance was 0.019 l h−1 (37%). The central volume of distribution increased with bodyweight; it was doubled between 50 and 90 kg. Systemic clearance increased with pre‐infusion C‐reactive protein concentration by 20%, varying from 3 to 14 mg l−1, and was decreased by 30% when methotrexate was coadministered.

Conclusions

The influence of methotrexate and inflammation on infliximab clearance suggests that individual adjustment of infliximab doses according to disease activity may be useful in RA.
A variational Bayes spatiotemporal model for electromagnetic brain mapping
Authors: Nathoo F. S. , Babul A. , Moiseev A. , Virji‐Babul N. , Beg M. F.
Published: December 2013

In this article, we present a new variational Bayes approach for solving the neuroelectromagnetic inverse problem arising in studies involving electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG). This high‐dimensional spatiotemporal estimation problem involves the recovery of time‐varying neural activity at a large number of locations within the brain, from electromagnetic signals recorded at a relatively small number of external locations on or near the scalp. Framing this problem within the context of spatial variable selection for an underdetermined functional linear model, we propose a spatial mixture formulation where the profile of electrical activity within the brain is represented through location‐specific spike‐and‐slab priors based on a spatial logistic specification. The prior specification accommodates spatial clustering in brain activation, while also allowing for the inclusion of auxiliary information derived from alternative imaging modalities, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We develop a variational Bayes approach for computing estimates of neural source activity, and incorporate a nonparametric bootstrap for interval estimation. The proposed methodology is compared with several alternative approaches through simulation studies, and is applied to the analysis of a multimodal neuroimaging study examining the neural response to face perception using EEG, MEG, and fMRI.
Comparison of collagen membrane and bone substitute as a carrier for rhBMP‐2 in lateral onlay graft
Authors: Chang Yun‐Young , Lee Jung‐Seok , Kim Min‐Soo , Choi Seong‐Ho , Chai Jung‐Kiu , Jung Ui‐Won
Published: December 2013

Objectives

To evaluate the bone regenerative effect of bioresorbable collagen membrane (CM) as a carrier for recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (rhBMP‐2) when performing lateral onlay grafts using bovine hydroxyapatite incorporated with collagen matrix (BHC) in combination with CM in dogs.

Material and methods

A guided bone regeneration (GBR) was performed at the buccal aspect of edentulous maxillary alveolar ridges in dogs (n = 5): (1) BHC group, in which rhBMP‐2‐loaded BHC was covered by a CM, and (2) CM group, in which BHC was covered by an rhBMP‐2‐loaded CM. A histologic and histometric analysis was performed after 8 weeks of healing.

Results

Both the BHC and CM groups exhibited substantial newly formed bone (NB). More NB was found in the CM group than in the BHC group without statistical significance. Most of the NB was in direct contact with the residual bone substitute in the BHC group, whereas the projections and islands of NB were observed in the spaces between the residual bone substitute clusters in the CM group. The bone‐to‐residual bone substitute contact ratio was significantly lower in the CM group than in the BHC group (P = 0.043).

Conclusions

Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that rhBMP‐2‐loaded CM performed lateral onlay grafts as effectively as rhBMP‐2‐loaded BHC while showing less bone‐residual bone substitute contact ratio in dogs. The loading of CMs with rhBMP‐2 might therefore be a recommendable treatment option for facilitating lateral onlay graft combined with rhBMP‐2.
Histone Decacetylase Inhibitors Prevent Mitochondrial Fragmentation and Elicit Early Neuroprotection against MPP+
Authors: Zhu Min , Li Wen‐Wei , Lu Chuan‐Zhen
Published: December 2013

Background

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease, characterized by progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra. Recent investigations have shown that mitochondrial fragmentation, an early event during apoptosis, is implicated in the degeneration of DA neurons in PD, and more importantly, preventing mitochondrial fragmentation could rescue cell death in several PD models. Therefore, mitochondrial dynamics may be a therapeutic target for early intervention in PD. However, much remains unknown about the mechanism underlying mitochondrial fragmentation in PD.

Methods

The alterations in mitochondrial morphology, cell apoptosis, and mitochondrial shaping protein levels were detected after SH‐SY5Y cells were treated with various doses of MPP+ or rotenone.

Results

Mitochondrial fragmentation is an early event during apoptosis caused by MPP+ but not rotenone, and Trichostatin A (TSA), a commonly used histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, selectively rescues mitochondrial fragmentation and cell death induced by lower doses of MPP+. Mitochondrial fragmentation triggered by lower doses of MPP+ may be a result of Mfn2 down‐regulation, which could be completely reversed by TSA. Further investigation suggests that TSA prevents MPP+‐induced Mfn2 down‐regulation via inhibiting histone deacetylation over Mfn2 promoter and alleviating its transcriptional dysfunction.

Conclusions

Histone deacetylase inhibitors prevent mitochondrial fragmentation and elicit early neuroprotection in PD cell model induced by MPP+. Hence, HDAC inhibitors may be a potential early treatment for PD.
Coffee Tourism in Chiapas: Recasting Colonial Narratives for Contemporary Markets
Authors: Lyon Sarah
Published: December 2013

In contrast to specialty coffee marketing, which tends to overlook the history and political economic position of real coffee producers, coffee tourism provides producers with the opportunity to shape their own self‐image in the marketplace. This article employs two coffee tourism projects in the Mexican state of Chiapas as case studies, one that is managed by a cooperative of small coffee farmer organizations and another that is situated on a plantation that is one stop on a coffee tourism route. Both projects actively work to differentiate their coffee within an increasingly competitive specialty coffee market by recasting colonial narratives. In the case of the plantation, which is recast as a family farm, the historical exploitation of laborers is framed as patronage, whereas the smallholders are represented by the cooperative as savvy businessmen who have overcome inequitable power relations through self‐organization and the entry into direct markets. The comparison is used to initiate a conversation within anthropology about the understudied, yet rapidly expanding, domain of agritourism. Consequently, the article concludes with a discussion of some of the important questions the comparison raises.
Killer Corn and Capitalist Pigs: Forensic Noir and Television Portrayals of Modern Agricultural Technology
Authors: Specht Annie R.
Published: December 2013

Forensic noir, a subgenre of the popular television crime drama, presents science as the definitive solution for solving crimes. At the same time, forensic noir programs portray technology used for economic gain—such as that used in modern “industrial agriculture”—as detrimental to the human condition. These warring interpretations of science present an intriguing critique of capitalism from within the capitalist structure of commercial entertainment. In this qualitative study, episodes of two programs, CSI: Miami and Bones, were content‐analyzed for characteristics of the forensic‐noir category as well as for elements illustrating the dual nature of their anticapitalist critique of science, technology, and modern agriculture. In these episodes, the crimes committed were directly related to intensive production agriculture and the owners and operators of those production facilities vilified for disregarding the human and environmental impacts of their businesses in their quest for profit. The visual imagery depicted agricultural facilities as “crime scenes” and treated agricultural products as evidence. The forensic dramas painted a largely negative portrait of modern production agriculture as exploitative and profit‐driven—criticisms often lobbed at television as a medium for cultural production.
Investigation of heterogeneity in the association between interferon beta and disability progression in multiple sclerosis: an observational study
Authors: Shirani A. , Zhao Y. , Karim M. E. , Petkau J. , Gustafson P. , Evans C. , Kingwell E. , van der Kop M. L. , Oger J. , Tremlett H.
Published: December 2013

Background and purpose

It was recently reported that there was no significant overall association between interferon beta exposure and disability progression in relapsing−remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients in an observational study from Canada. In the current study, the potential for heterogeneity in the association between exposure to interferon beta and disability progression across patients' baseline characteristics was investigated.

Methods

RRMS patients treated with interferon beta (n = 868) and two cohorts of untreated patients (829 contemporary and 959 historical controls) were included. The main outcome was time from interferon beta treatment eligibility (baseline) to a confirmed and sustained Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score 6 using a multivariable Cox model, with treatment as a time‐varying predictor, testing interaction effects for five pre‐specified baseline characteristics: sex, age, disease duration, EDSS and annualized relapse rate (ARR) based on the previous 2 years.

Results

Significant heterogeneity was found in the association of interferon beta exposure and disability progression only across ARR, and only when treated patients were compared with historical controls (P = 0.005 at a Bonferroni‐adjusted alpha of 0.01). For patients with ARR>1, treatment‐exposed time was associated with a hazard ratio of 0.38 (95%CI 0.20–0.75) for disability progression compared with the unexposed time.

Conclusions

RRMS patients with more frequent relapses at baseline may be more likely to benefit from interferon beta treatment with respect to long‐term disability progression.
Gender Equality on the Boards of EU Companies: Between Economic Efficiency, Fundamental Rights and Democratic Legitimisation of Economic Governance
Authors: Szydło Marek
Published: December 2013

Currently, there is a large gap between the proportion of employed and well‐educated women and those sitting on the boards of EU companies. This gap should be significantly diminished because it is mandated by the EU fundamental right of equality between women and men (Article 23 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights), and by the need for democratic legitimisation of the EU and of its economic governance (Articles 2 and 3(3) TEU). However, the Commission's proposal for a directive on improving the gender balance among non‐executive directors of companies listed on stock exchanges does not constitute an appropriate legal solution for this problem because it infringes the principles of proportionality and subsidiarity. There are many other instruments than compulsory gender quotas that can be used by EU institutions to promote more gender‐balanced boards of EU companies. The potential of such measures has not been utilised yet in full.
Cooperative binding of LysM domains determines the carbohydrate affinity of a bacterial endopeptidase protein
Authors: Wong Jaslyn E. M. M. , Alsarraf Husam M. A. B. , Kaspersen Jørn Døvling , Pedersen Jan Skov , Stougaard Jens , Thirup Søren , Blaise Mickaël
Published: December 2013

Cellulose, chitin and peptidoglycan are major long‐chain carbohydrates in living organisms, and constitute a substantial fraction of the biomass. Characterization of the biochemical basis of dynamic changes and degradation of these β,1–4‐linked carbohydrates is therefore important for both functional studies of biological polymers and biotechnology. Here, we investigated the functional role of multiplicity of the carbohydrate‐binding lysin motif (LysM) domain that is found in proteins involved in bacterial peptidoglycan synthesis and remodelling. The Bacillus subtilis peptidoglycan‐hydrolysing NlpC/P60 d,l‐endopeptidase, cell wall‐lytic enzyme associated with cell separation, possesses four LysM domains. The contribution of each LysM domain was determined by direct carbohydrate‐binding studies in aqueous solution with microscale thermophoresis. We found that bacterial LysM domains have affinity for N‐acetylglucosamine (GlcNac) polymers in the lower‐micromolar range. Moreover, we demonstrated that a single LysM domain is able to bind carbohydrate ligands, and that LysM domains act additively to increase the binding affinity. Our study reveals that affinity for GlcNAc polymers correlates with the chain length of the carbohydrate, and suggests that binding of long carbohydrates is mediated by LysM domain cooperativity. We also show that bacterial LysM domains, in contrast to plant LysM domains, do not discriminate between GlcNAc polymers, and recognize both peptidoglycan fragments and chitin polymers with similar affinity. Finally, an Ala replacement study suggested that the carbohydrate‐binding site in LysM‐containing proteins is conserved across phyla.
Context dependency of infectious disease: the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa decreases white bacterial disease in Daphnia magna
Authors: Coopman Marlies , Muylaert Koenraad , Lange Benjamin , Reyserhove Lien , Decaestecker Ellen
Published: December 2013

We investigate whether an increase in the occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms affects zooplankton–parasite interactions. Cyanobacteria are expected to be of poor food quality for zooplankton hosts and are therefore expected to increase parasitism. Nevertheless, simultaneous exposure to both stressors may lead to different results, given the antibacterial secondary metabolites of cyanobacteria.

We exposed the zooplankter Daphnia magna to the cyanobacterial species Microcystis aeruginosa and the parasite that causes white bacterial disease in D. magna. Increased M. aeruginosa concentrations reduced the percentage of infected individuals and as such protected D. magna against parasitism. Interactions between M. aeruginosa and the parasite were antagonistic in terms of percentage of surviving Daphnia, total offspring per female and clutch size. Additional plating experiments showed a direct negative effect of Microcystis on bacterial growth.

The results suggest that changes in phytoplankton affect host–parasite interactions in zooplankton. Contrary to the prevailing paradigm that multiple stressors often induce additive or synergistic effects, we report an antagonistic effect of the presence of cyanobacterial stress on parasites in Daphnia. Thus, assessment of the outcome of host–parasite interactions needs to incorporate the environmental context.
When vegetation change alters ecosystem water availability
Authors: Scott Russell L. , Huxman Travis E. , Barron‐Gafford Greg A. , Darrel Jenerette G. , Young Jessica M. , Hamerlynck Erik P.
Published: December 2013

The combined effects of vegetation and climate change on biosphere–atmosphere water vapor (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) exchanges are expected to vary depending, in part, on how biotic activity is controlled by and alters water availability. This is particularly important when a change in ecosystem composition alters the fractional covers of bare soil, grass, and woody plants so as to influence the accessibility of shallower vs. deeper soil water pools. To study this, we compared 5 years of eddy covariance measurements of H2O and CO2 fluxes over a riparian grassland, shrubland, and woodland. In comparison with the surrounding upland region, groundwater access at the riparian sites increased net carbon uptake (NEP) and evapotranspiration (ET), which were sustained over more of the year. Among the sites, the grassland used less of the stable groundwater resource, and increasing woody plant density decoupled NEP and ET from incident precipitation (P), resulting in greater exchange rates that were less variable year to year. Despite similar gross patterns, how groundwater accessibility affected NEP was more complex than ET. The grassland had higher respiration (Reco) costs. Thus, while it had similar ET and gross carbon uptake (GEP) to the shrubland, grassland NEP was substantially less. Also, grassland carbon fluxes were more variable due to occasional flooding at the site, which both stimulated and inhibited NEP depending upon phenology. Woodland NEP was large, but surprisingly similar to the less mature, sparse shrubland, even while having much greater GEP. Woodland Reco was greater than the shrubland and responded strongly and positively to P, which resulted in a surprising negative NEP response to P. This is likely due to the large accumulation of carbon aboveground and in the surface soil. These long‐term observations support the strong role that water accessibility can play when determining the consequences of ecosystem vegetation change.
Interaction between RB protein and NuMA is required for proper alignment of spindle microtubules
Authors: Uchida Chiharu , Hattori Takayuki , Takahashi Hirotaka , Yamamoto Naoki , Kitagawa Masatoshi , Taya Yoichi
Published: December 2013

Retinoblastoma protein (pRB) controls cell cycle progression and cell cycle exit through interactions with cellular proteins. Many pRB‐binding proteins, which function in gene transcription or modulation of chromatin structure, harbor LXCXE motifs in their binding domain for pRB. In this study, we found that nuclear mitotic apparatus protein (NuMA), a mitotic spindle organizer, interacts with pRB through LSCEE sequences located in its C‐terminal region. siRNA‐mediated down‐regulation of pRB caused aberrant distribution of NuMA and alignment of spindle microtubules in mitotic cells. Abnormal organization of spindle microtubules was also accompanied by misalignment of an over‐expressed NuMA mutant (mut‐NuMA) with a defect in pRB binding caused by an LSGEK mutation. The mut‐NuMA‐over‐expressing cells showed lower potency for survival than wild‐type NuMA (wt‐NuMA)‐over‐expressing cells during 2 weeks of culture. Interestingly, knockdown of pRB reduced the population of wt‐NuMA‐over‐expressing cells to the same level as mut‐NuMA cells after 2 weeks. Taken together, pRB may have a novel function in regulating the mitotic function of NuMA and spindle organization, which are required for proper cell cycle progression.
Ewing sarcoma of the small bowel: a study of seven cases, including one with the uncommonly reported EWSR1–FEV translocation
Authors: Milione Massimo , Gasparini Patrizia , Sozzi Gabriella , Mazzaferro Vincenzo , Ferrari Andrea , Casali Paolo G , Perrone Federica , Tamborini Elena , Pellegrinelli Alessio , Gherardi Giorgio , Arrigoni Gianluigi , Collini Paola , Testi Adele , De Paoli Elena , Aiello Antonella , Pilotti Silvana , Pelosi Giuseppe
Published: December 2013

Aims

Primary Ewing sarcoma of the ileum has rarely been documented. Little is known about its pathogenesis and clinical implications, and it would be helpful to identify novel molecular markers. EWSR1–FEV translocation is exceedingly rare in Ewing sarcoma, as FEV expression is restricted to prostate, brain and serotonin neuroendocrine cells (NE) and related tumours.

Methods and Results

Paraffin sections or snap‐frozen material were used in this investigation. Tumours were investigated by means of immunohistochemistry, RT–PCR (EWSR1–FLI1, EWSR1–ERG and EWSR1–FEV transcripts), FISH analysis (EWSR1 break‐apart and specific EWSR1–FEV translocation) and spectral karyotyping (SKY). Ten ileal neuroendocrine tumours (INET) made up the control group for EWSR1–FEV translocation. Among 445 Ewing sarcomas cases spanning a period of 20 years, seven (1.6%) arose in the ileum. All tumours were immunoreactive for synaptophysin, CD99, FLI1 and vimentin. FISH identified EWSR1 rearrangement in all cases, with EWSR1–FLI1 transcripts being detected in all but one tumour showing the uncommon EWSR1–FEV rearrangement, with SKY, RT–PCR and FISH confirmation. The mean survival of EWSR1–FLI1 patients was 14 months, whereas the EWSR1–FEV patient was alive after 15 years despite several recurrences controlled by surgery alone. No INET showed EWSR1 translocation.

Conclusions

Most primary Ewing sarcomas of the ileum show the common EWSR1–FLI1 translocation, but EWSR1–FEV could be specific for tumours arising in the ileum and showing better prognosis.
Pharmacological management of cardiovascular conditions and diabetes in older adults with HIV infection
Authors: Gedela K , Vibhuti M , Pozniak A , Ward B , Boffito M
Published: December 2013

This review looks at the evidence for potential and theoretical risks of combining antiretroviral treatment with drugs prescribed for cardiovascular disease and diabetes. These conditions are common in the HIV‐infected population as a result of ageing and the increased risk associated with both HIV infection and antiretroviral intake.
Characterization, sensorial evaluation and moisturizing efficacy of nanolipidgel formulations
Authors: Estanqueiro M. , Conceição J. , Amaral M. H. , Sousa Lobo J. M.
Published: December 2013

Synopsis

Background

Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) have been widely studied for cosmetic and dermatological applications due to their favourable properties that include the formation of an occlusive film on the skin surface that reduces the transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and increase in water content in the skin which improves the appearance on healthy human skin and reduces symptoms of some skin disorders like eczema.

Objective

The main objective of this study was the development of semisolid formulations based NLC with argan oil or jojoba oil as liquid lipids, by addition of Carbopol®934 or Carbopol®980 as gelling agents, followed by comparison between instrumental analysis and sensorial evaluation and in vivo efficacy evaluation.

Methods

Nanostructured lipid carriers dispersions were produced by the ultrasound technique, and to obtain a semisolid formulation, gelling agents were dispersed in the aqueous dispersion. Particle size, polydispersity index and zeta potential were determined. Instrumental characterization was performed by rheological and textural analysis; the sensorial evaluation was also performed. Finally, skin hydration and TEWL were studied by capacitance and evaporimetry evaluation, respectively.

Results

Particles showed a nanometric size in all the analysed formulations. All the gels present pseudoplastic behaviour. There is a correspondence between the properties firmness and adhesiveness as determined by textural analysis and the sensory evaluation. The formulations that showed a greater increase in skin hydration also presented appropriate technological and sensorial attributes for skin application.

Conclusions

Nanolipidgel formulations with the addition of humectants are promising systems for cosmetic application with good sensory and instrumental attributes and moisturizing efficacy.
Effect of high‐pressure treatments on microbial loads and physicochemical characteristics during refrigerated storage of raw milk Serra da Estrela cheese samples
Authors: Inácio Rita S. , Fidalgo Liliana G. , Santos Mauro D. , Queirós Rui P. , Saraiva Jorge A.
Published: December 2013

This work studied the effect of high pressure processing (HPP) at 400, 500 and 600 MPa during 10, 5 and 3 min, respectively, on samples ewe cheese manufactured from raw milk, during storage (100 days) at 5 °C. Total aerobic mesophilic and lactic acid bacteria were slightly affected, decreasing by about 1.0 and 0.82 log CFU g−1, respectively, immediately after HPP treatment at 600 MPa for 3 min, while Enterobacteriaceae, yeasts and moulds, and Listeria innocua were reduced to below the quantification limits. Lactic acid bacteria decreased further during storage, showing increasing inactivation as the pressure level increased. Physicochemical parameters (water activity, moisture content, pH and titratable acidity) were generally not affected by HPP, while lipid oxidation increased throughout storage, with HPP samples showing lower values (50–66%) at 100 days of storage. The results indicated that HPP has potential to improve cheese microbial safety and shelf‐life, with a lower lipid oxidation level than nonpressurised cheese.
Social Competence following Neonatal and Childhood Stroke
Authors: Lo Warren , Gordon Anne , Hajek Christine , Gomes Alison , Greenham Mardee , Perkins Elizabeth , Zumberge Nicholas , Anderson Vicki , Yeates Keith Owen , Mackay Mark T.
Published: December 2013

Background

Social functioning encompasses a range of important skills that an individual uses to interact with the social world. Previous studies suggest that social functioning (outcomes) may be impaired after childhood stroke, but research is limited.

Aims

We examined the following: ( 1 ) the effect of ischemic stroke upon social outcomes in children; ( 2 ) the correlation of cognitive abilities and problem behaviors with social outcomes; and ( 3 ) the role of infarct characteristics as predictors of social outcomes.

Methods

We conducted an observational case-controlled study to compare children with neonatal or childhood onset stroke and controls with chronic asthma. Neurological deficits were measured with the Pediatric Stroke Outcome Measure. Cognitive abilities, problem behavior, adaptive behavior, and social outcomes were assessed with standardized measures.

Results

Overall stroke cases were impaired in several areas of adaptive behaviors but not in cognitive ability, problem behaviors, or social outcomes. Children with more severe neurological deficits had impairments in a range of adaptive behaviors, social adjustment, and social participation. Impaired cognitive ability and more problem behaviors correlated with impaired social adjustment, particularly in stroke cases. Larger infarcts correlated with greater neurological impairment, lower IQ, and poorer social participation.

Conclusions

Stroke can result in impaired adaptive and social functioning without apparent deficits in IQ or behavior. Infarct size, residual neurological deficits, impaired cognitive ability, and problem behaviors increase the risk for poor social adjustment and participation. These findings can help the clinician anticipate impaired social functioning after pediatric stroke, which is important because age-specific treatments are available.
Civilians and the Military in Latin America: The Absence of Incentives
Authors: Bruneau Thomas C.
Published: December 2013

This article argues that civil-military relations should be conceptualized not only in terms of democratic civilian control but also for effectiveness in implementing a spectrum of roles and missions. It also argues that achieving effectiveness requires institutional development as a necessary but not sufficient condition. Currently in Latin America, the focus in civil-military relations remains exclusively on civilian control. While there is a growing awareness of the need for analysis beyond asserting control over the armed forces, so far nobody has proposed or adopted a broader analytical framework. This article proposes such a framework, and employs it to analyze differences among four major South American countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Colombia. The explanation for the differences identified by use of the framework is found in the incentives of civilian elites in Chile and Colombia, who have recognized serious threats to national security and defense.
Shading results in depletion of the soil seed bank
Authors: Bakker Jan P. , Hoffmann Frank , Ozinga Wim A. , Rosén Eje
Published: December 2013

To what extent is the decline of characteristic dry alvar species related to the decline in the soil seed bank during scrub encroachment? We recorded the number of flower stems in the vegetation in relation to light attenuation along an encroachment series progressing from open alvar through small gaps inside dense scrub of Juniperus communis (cover of 60%) to intact dense scrub (cover of 100%) on the island of Öland, Sweden. This measurement of potential reproduction (number of flower stems) was then compared to the number of species in the soil seed bank at each site along the alvar encroachment series. Scrub encroachment results in light attenuation between and under the shrubs. The total number of flower stems averaged over all species was similar between gaps and open alvar, but that of alvar species was significantly lower in the gaps, indicating that light attenuation could reduce their seed set. Shading in gaps is related to depletion of the soil seed bank and loss of alvar species, particularly those that do not form a persistent soil seed bank.
Structure Stability and Microwave Dielectric Properties of (1 − x) Ba(Mg1/2W1/2) O3 + xBa(Y2/3W1/3)O3 Ceramics
Authors: Wu Jia Y. , Bian Jian J.
Published: December 2013

The structure stabilities of double perovskite ceramics‐ (1 − x) Ba(Mg1/2W1/2)O3 + xBa(Y2/3W1/3)O3 (0.01 ≤ x ≤ 0.4) have been studied by X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Raman spectrometry in this study. The microwave dielectric properties of the ceramics were studied with a network analyzer at the frequency of about 8–11 GHz. The results showed that all the compounds exhibited face‐centered cubic perovskite structure. Part of Y3+ and W6+ cations occupied 4a‐site and the remaining Y3+ and Mg2+ distributed over 4b‐site, respectively, and kept the B‐site ratio 1:1 ordered. Local ordering of Y3+/Mg2+ on 4b‐site and Y3+/W6+ cations on 4a‐site within the short‐range scale could be observed with increasing Y‐doping content. The decomposition of the double perovskite compound at high temperature was successfully suppressed by doping with Y on B‐site. However, Ba2Y0.667WO6 impurity phase appeared when x > 0.1. The optimized dielectric permittivity increased with the increase in Y doping. The optimized Q × f value was remarkably improved with small amount of Y doping (x ≤ 0.02) and reached a maximum value of about 160 000 GHz at x = 0.02 composition. Further increasing in Y doping led to the decrease in Q × f value. All compositions exhibited negative τf values. The absolute value of τf decreased with increasing Y‐doping content. Excellent combined microwave dielectric properties with εr = 20, Q × f = 160 000 GHz, and τf = −21 ppm/°C could be obtained for x = 0.02 composition.
Synthesis of Ni2+‐doped ZnAl2O4/ZnO Composite Phosphor Film with Largely Enhanced Polychromatic Emission via a Single‐Source Precursor
Authors: Yang Lan , Zhao Yajie , Yin Rui , Li Feng
Published: December 2013

Ni2+‐doped ZnAl2O4/ZnO composite films were successfully fabricated on single crystal silicon substrates through a single‐source precursor route, which mainly involved slurry coating of Ni–Zn–Al‐layered double hydroxide precursor followed by calcination at elevated temperatures. Material characterization has been presented using a combination of X‐ray diffraction, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectra, Raman spectra, UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra, and fluorescence spectroscopy measurements. The results showed that Ni2+ ions could be uniformly doped in the two‐phase ZnO and ZnAl2O4 lattices. A broadened and intense polychromatic emission peak covering the whole visible region was obtained over 4.3 mol% Ni2+‐doped ZnAl2O4/ZnO composite film, which was attributed to the presence of an appropriate number of luminescent Ni2+centers in the ZnO and ZnAl2O4 double host matrix, thus largely enhancing the related transition. We believe that such unique ZnAl2O4/ZnO films can open up a new opportunity for advanced applications of composite phosphors.