bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Imaging of Lipids in Human Adipose Tissue by Cluster Ion TOF‐SIMS
Authors: Malmberg Per , Nygren Håkan , Richter Katrin , Chen Yun , Dangardt Frida , Friberg Peter , Magnusson Ylva
Published: June 2007

Biopsies of human subcutaneous adipose tissue were taken from healthy donors. Samples were high‐pressure frozen, freeze‐fractured, and freeze dried. Imaging mass spectrometry of samples was performed in a TOF‐SIMS mass spectrometer equipped with a bismuth cluster ion source. Blood vessels, the connective tissue, and adipocytes can be seen in TOF‐SIMS images. Blood vessels were found labeled by a high content of sodium ions and potassium ions in their lumen and phosphocholine signal in smooth muscle cells of the vessel wall. The connective tissue showed high signal levels of CN− fragments, derived from proteins and nucleic acids. Adipocytes showed high signal levels of phosphocholine and cholesterol ubiquitously in their membranes and diacylglycerols in some membrane sites. The central part of adipocytes showed high levels of triacylglycerols and fatty acids. These results are in accordance to those of biochemical studies; however, a precise spatial localization of lipids in adipocytes is demonstrated with MS imaging. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental and morphological variation in the teleost craniofacial skeleton reveals an unusual mode of ossification
Authors: Franz‐Odendaal Tamara A. , Ryan Kerrianne , Hall Brian K.
Published: June 2007

We investigated the morphology and development of the scleral ossicles within the eyes of three species from three basal teleost orders, namely, the alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus; Clupeiformes), the surface morph of the Mexican tetra (Astyanax mexicanus; Characiformes) and zebrafish (Danio rerio; Cypriniformes). Two morphologies, circular and elongated, and one variation, fused elements, were identified. Zebrafish have small circular ossicles, whereas the alewife and the Mexican tetra have elongated ossicles. Surprisingly in the Mexican tetra these elements fuse at one end forming a continuous element with an antero‐ventral opening; this may be typical for the Order Characiformes. Regardless of morphology, the ossicles develop via unilateral perichondral ossification of the scleral cartilage from two centers opposite one another in the eye. This unilateral type of ossification, in which only the perichondrium furthest from the retina contributes to the ossicles, has not previously been reported in any vertebrate. Because either the perichondrium and/or an extension of the perichondrium can transform into the scleral ossicle, we refer to the transitional tissue as periskeletal. Although the functional significance of the different shaped ossicles is unclear, skeletal muscle attaches directly to these bones, implying voluntary control. The morphological and developmental variation of teleost scleral ossicles makes them an ideal system for determining the genetic basis underlying phenotypic variation as well as for studying mechanisms underlying osteogenic and chondrogenic processes in teleosts. These data support our previous finding that scleral ossicles in teleosts may not be homologous to those in other vertebrates, such as reptiles. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 308B:709–721, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Urban climatology in arid regions: current research in the Negev desert
Authors: Pearlmutter D. , Berliner P. , Shaviv E.
Published: June 2007

Desert cities provide climatologists with circumstances that can be qualitatively different from those encountered in more temperate environs. These distinctions are expressed in the balance of heat and moisture between a dry atmosphere and an urbanized terrain, and they are experienced by city dwellers in urban outdoor spaces. But, while such places are characterized by harsh thermal extremes, they also present unique opportunities for microclimatic enhancement.

This potential has motivated a series of studies in the arid Negev region of Israel, beginning with a measurement campaign showing that a dense urban fabric can provide significant thermal benefits due to protection from solar radiation, which is dominant within the overall energy exchange. To generalize these findings, an innovative modelling approach—using an open‐air, scaled urban array—was used to study variations in urban geometry under realistic radiative loading and boundary‐layer turbulence. The surface energy budget above this small‐scale urban canopy was found to be similar to observed energy exchange patterns of actual cities.

Measurements within the scaled urban canyons served as input to a pedestrian‐centred energy exchange model, and a semi‐empirical model was also developed for predicting pedestrian energy exchange and thermal discomfort as a function of urban attributes and meteorological data for a given land‐use area.

This integrated modelling approach revealed that increased urban density, while serving to increase radiative trapping and storage of heat within the urban fabric, also reduces pedestrian thermal stress during the critical daytime hours. This ‘cool island’ effect is enabled by the high thermal inertia of the built‐up area, and the sharp diurnal fluctuations that are peculiar to a hot–arid climate. Its impact is contingent, however, upon the orientation of the street canyon in question—increasing as street‐axis orientation approaches north–south and becoming negligible in the east–west direction. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Assay of a potential post‐harvest handling procedure for cantaloupe Charentais melon fruit with inhibited ethylene production
Authors: Flores Francisco B , Romojaro Félix , Latché Alain , Pech Jean‐Claude , Martínez‐Madrid María C
Published: June 2007

Antisense ACC‐oxidase Cantaloupe Charentais melons, unsuitable for autocatalytic ethylene production, were harvested at different ages and exposed to a standard post‐harvest manipulation to reproduce the handling chain that occurs from harvesting to retail sale. The stages were as follows: storage in a chamber at 2 °C during 2 or 3 weeks, second storage at 8 °C for 4 days, treatment with 50 ppm ethylene for 2 days and, finally, maintenance at 20 °C for four more days. The date of harvest and the different periods of storage at 2 °C assayed did not affect the final de‐greening of the rind, while the change in pulp colour depended on the harvest date. Storage conditions also influenced the texture of the pulp and acidity. Weight loss was dependent mainly on date of harvest, like soluble solids content, although the period of storage at 2 °C influenced too. The impact of cold on the appearance of the fruits is discussed. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Antioxidant activities of defatted sesame meal extracts in cooked turkey breast and thigh meats
Authors: Jo Seong‐Chun , Nam Ki‐Chang , Min Byoung‐Rok , Ahn Dong U , Lee Seung‐Cheol
Published: June 2007

The antioxidant properties of methanolic extract of raw and roasted (at 200 °C for 60 min) defatted sesame‐meal in turkey breast and thigh meat systems were determined. The TBARS values of turkey breast and thigh meat added with 0.1% of roasted defatted sesame‐meal extract were 18.8% and 24.7%, respectively, lower than those of untreated controls after 5 days of storage. The turkey meats added with roasted defatted sesame‐meal extract had higher a* and b* values than those of controls due to the browning effects occurred in sesame seeds during roasting. The amounts of volatile hydrocarbons (pentane, hexane, heptane, and octane) and carbonyls (propanal, butanal, pentanal, hexanal and heptanal) significantly decreased by the addition of roasted defatted sesame‐meal extract. In particular, the amount of hexanal, the most predominant volatile compound in the cooked turkey meat, decreased by 74% and 83% in turkey breast and thigh meat, respectively. However, raw defatted sesame‐meal extract did not show significant antioxidant activity in turkey meats. These results indicated that heat treatment of sesame‐meal increased the antioxidant activities of methanolic extract of defatted sesame meal. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Enthalpy assisted size exclusion chromatography Part 2. Adsorption retention mechanism
Authors: Russ Albert , Berek Dušan
Published: June 2007

A novel high performance liquid chromatographic method for separation of synthetic polymers has been tested. It involves combination of the enthalpic and entropic retention mechanisms, resulting in increased selectivity of separation within a specific molar mass range. In this present case, the enthalpic retention mechanism is adsorption of macromolecules on a bare silica gel column packing. Under critical conditions of enthalpic interactions, homopolymers are known to elute irrespective of their molar mass. However, in the vicinity of critical conditions, a situation can be identified when retention volumes (VR) rapidly decrease with increasing molar mass. Typically, this happens for polymer species close to or above their exclusion limit observed with the same column in the absence of enthalpic interactions between macromolecules and packing, that is near “ideal SEC” conditions. The dependence of polymer retention volume on molar mass closely resembles size exclusion conditions. However, the witnessed rate of change in VR with polymer molar mass is more pronounced, thus indicating increased selectivity of separation. This situation not only offers the benefit of more selective separation according to molar mass but efficient discrimination of macromolecules possessing different nature and interactivity with the column packing can be accomplished as well.
Multiresidue analysis of four pesticide residues in water dropwort (Oenanthe javanica) via pressurized liquid extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and liquid–liquid extraction and gas chromatographic determination
Authors: Jeon Hyang‐Rang , Abd El‐Aty Mostafa , Cho Soon‐Kil , Choi Jeong‐Heui , Kim Kil‐Yong , Park Ro‐Dong , Shim Jae‐Han
Published: June 2007

The primary objective of this study was to simultaneously analyze the residues of the most commonly used pesticides, chlorpyrifos‐methyl, endosulfan, EPN, and iprodione in the water dropwort, via accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and conventional solvent extraction (LLE) techniques. Residue levels were determined using GC with electron‐capture detection (GC‐ECD). The confirmation of pesticide identity was performed by GC‐MS in a selected ion‐monitoring (SIM) mode. In none of the ASE and SFE techniques were the extraction conditions optimized. Rather, the experimental variables were predicated on the author's experience. The ECD response for all pesticides was linear in the studied range of concentrations of 0.005–5.0 ppm, with correlation coefficients in excess of 0.9991. At each of the two studied fortification levels, the pesticides yielded recoveries in excess of 72% with RSDs between 1 and 19%. The LODs were achieved at a range of levels from 0.001 to 0.063 ppm, depending on the pesticide utilized. The LOQs, which ranged from 0.003 to 0.188 ppm, were lower than the maximum residue limits (MRLs) authorized by the Korean Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). All of the methods were applied successfully to the determination of pesticide residues in the real samples. It could, therefore, be concluded that any of the techniques utilized in this investigation might prove successful, given that the applied extraction conditions are wisely chosen.
A New Synthetic Method for the Preparation of Star‐Shaped Polyisobutylene with Hyperbranched Polystyrene Core
Authors: Kali Gergely , Szesztay Márta , Bodor Andrea , Iván Béla
Published: June 2007

Friedel–Crafts self‐grafting of polystyrene (PSt) under quasiliving carbocationic polymerization was utilized to develop a new rapid one‐pot method for the preparation of star‐shaped polyisobutylene (PIB). First, the polymerization of isobutylene led to PIB with predetermined molecular weight ($\overline M _{\rm n}$ = 2 000) and narrow molecular weight distribution ($\overline M _{\rm w} /\overline M _{\rm n}$ = 1.03). Then addition of relatively small amount of styrene after isobutylene consumption yielded PIB‐PSt diblocks. Multiple alkylation of the resulting PSt segments by the polystyryl cations led to hyperbranched PSt cores coupling PIB chains to form a star polymer in short reaction time (within an hour) compared to reported methods. The formation of star polymers by this self‐grafting mechanism was proved by gel permeation chromatography equipped with online viscosimeter and 1H NMR spectroscopy.

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Generalized convolutions for the Hankel transform and related integral operators
Authors: Britvina Lyubov' E.
Published: June 2007

The present research is devoted to some polyconvolutions generated by various integral transforms. For example, we study convolutions for the Hankel transform Hν [f ](x) with the following factorization properties:

equation image

Conditions for the existence of the constructed generalized convolutions are found.

The results of this research are applied to construct and study integral transforms related to these polyconvolutions. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On interaction of electromagnetic waves with infinite bianisotropic layered slab
Authors: Buchukuri Tengiz , Duduchava Roland , Sigua Levan
Published: June 2007

A stratified general bianisotropic medium is considered, consisting of several infinite slabs either between two half‐spaces filled with isotropic material, or grounded. The slab is illuminated by an incident plane wave from one of the half‐spaces. The excited electromagnetic field inside the bianisotropic slab and in the isotropic domains is described. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Wave scattering by an elastic obstacle with interior cuts
Authors: Castro Luís P. , Natroshvili David , Stratis Ioannis G.
Published: June 2007

We consider the direct interaction problem describing the scattering of acoustic waves by an elastic obstacle with interior cracks. By the potential method we reduce the problem to an equivalent system of integral (pseudodifferential) equations and study its solvability. In particular, we formulate necessary and sufficient conditions for the solvability in terms of the so‐called Jones modes. We show that the direct scattering problem is solvable for arbitrary values of the frequency parameter and for arbitrary incident wave functions if the crack surface is traction free. We also investigate the regularity of the displacement field, and analyze the stress singularities at the crack edge. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A note on commutator estimates for interpolation methods
Authors: Cerdà Joan
Published: June 2007

The aim of this note is to show how all the commutator estimates of two recent papers, by M. Cwikel, N. Kalton, M. Milman, and R. Rochberg and by N. Krugljak and M. Milman, can be considered as special cases of the method of couples of interpolators introduced by M. J. Carro, J. Cerdà and J. Soria, and also to show how the distance between orbits and the “Benson norm” considered by Krugljak and Milman can be extended, respectively, as a distance between the interpolators that appear in the general construction and as a constant that is finite when the interpolators satisfy the necessary cancellation property. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Determinant calculations for the Block Szegő–Widom Limit Theorem
Authors: Ehrhardt Torsten
Published: June 2007

The Szegő–Widom Limit Theorem says that for certain N × N matrix functions φ defined on the unit circle, the asymptotic behavior of the determinants of the block Toeplitz matrices Tn (φ) is given by

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where G [φ ] is the geometric mean of det φ and E [φ ] is equal to the operator determinant det T (φ)T (φ–1). In the scalar case (N = 1) a more explicit expression for E [φ ] exists, while in the matrix case (N > 1) not much is known.

In the present paper we are going to establish an explicit expression for E [φ ] for 2 × 2 matrix functions φ = αI + βQ where α and β are scalar functions and Q is a rational matrix function for which Q2 = 0. It turns out that in comparison with the scalar case, new terms in the expression for E [φ ] appear. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Sharpness and non‐compactness of embeddings of Bessel‐potential‐type spaces
Authors: Gogatishvili Amiran , Severino Neves Júlio , Opic Bohumír
Published: June 2007

We establish embeddings for Bessel potential spaces modeled upon Lorentz–Karamata spaces with order of smoothness less than one. The target spaces are of Hölder‐continuous type. In the super‐limiting case we also prove that the embedding is sharp and fails to be compact. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth envelope functions in Besov and Sobolev spaces. Local versus global results
Authors: Haroske Dorothee D.
Published: June 2007

We characterize the local and global behaviour of the growth envelope function

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for spacesXof Sobolev and Besov type, as well as for some weighted spaces. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Singular operators in variable spacesLp(·)(Ω,ρ) with oscillating weights
Authors: Kokilashvili Vakhtang , Samko Natasha , Samko Stefan
Published: June 2007

We study the boundedness of singular Calderón–Zygmund type operators in the spacesLp(·)(Ω,ρ) over a bounded open set in ℝnwith the weightρ(x) =$ \prod ^m_{k=1} $wk(|x–xk|),xk∈$ \bar \Omega $, wherewkhas the property that$ r^{ {n \over {p(x_k)}} } $wk(r) ∈$ \Phi ^0_n $, where$ \Phi ^0_n $is a certain Zygmund‐type class. The boundedness of the singular Cauchy integral operatorSΓalong a Carleson curve Γ is also considered in the spacesLp(·)(Γ,ρ) with similar weights.

The weight functionswkmay oscillate between two power functions with different exponents. It is assumed that the exponentp(·) satisfies the Dini–Lipschitz condition. The final statement on the boundedness is given in terms of the index numbers of the functionswk(similar in a sense to the Boyd indices for the Young functions defining Orlicz spaces). (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Potentials of Gaussians and approximate wavelets
Authors: Maz'ya Vladimir , Schmidt Gunther
Published: June 2007

We derive new formulas for harmonic, diffraction, elastic, and hydrodynamic potentials acting on anisotropic Gaussians and approximate wavelets. These formulas can be used to construct accurate cubature formulas for these potentials. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Posing an inverse problem for the Helmholtz equation in a half plane
Authors: Penzel Frank
Published: June 2007

In this paper we shall define an inverse problem for the Helmholtz equation with imaginary part of the wave number being positive. The Cauchy data are known on the boundary of the half plane, but it is not known where the half axis, lying vertically in the upper half plane, is situated. It is known that the Dirichlet data on that unknown boundary is vanishing.

The direct problem may be reduced to the solution of a boundary value problem in the plane where the boundary consists of two vertically lying half axes in the plane. We shall present the explicit solution of the direct problem and we shall discuss conditions on the Cauchy data for solvability of the inverse problem. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Wavelets in function spaces on Lipschitz domains
Authors: Triebel Hans
Published: June 2007

The spaces $ B^s_{pq} $(ℝn ) and $ F^s_{pq} $(ℝn ) can be characterized in terms of Daubechies wavelets for all admitted parameters s, p, q. The paper deals with related intrinsic wavelet frames (which are almost orthogonal bases) in corresponding (sub‐)spaces on bounded Lipschitz domains under some restrictions for the parameters. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On nonlinear Riemann–Hilbert problems with discontinuous boundary condition
Authors: Efendiev M. A. , Wendland W. L.
Published: June 2007

For holomorphic functions in the unit disc, we consider a general nonlinear boundary condition whose linearisation admits jump discontinuities at a finite number of points on the unit circle, the boundary of the unit disc. By using the properties of quasilinear Fredholm maps of the corresponding nonlinear Cauchy singular integral equation, the appropriate choice of the Gochberg–Krupnik index and a homotopy with linear Riemann–Hilbert problems with discontinuous coefficients, we show that the degree of mapping of the quasilinear Fredholm map is nonzero. This guaranties the existence of solutions. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Unprecedented Blue Intrinsic Photoluminescence from Hyperbranched and Linear Polyethylenimines: Polymer Architectures and pH‐Effects
Authors: Pastor‐Pérez Lourdes , Chen Yu , Shen Zhong , Lahoz Agustin , Stiriba Salah‐Eddine
Published: June 2007

The intrinsic photoluminescence properties of hyperbranched polyethylenimines (PEIs) and their linear counterpart (LPEIs) have been studied in absence of any classical fluorescent probes. The comparison of the inherent fluorescence emission between hyperbranched polyethylenimines and their linear analogues demonstrates that linear polyamines are capable of producing strong intrinsic photoluminescence species having long excited lifetimes without need of having a tridimensional‐branched structure. The creation of inherently fluorescent polymeric centers from hyperbranched and linear polyethyleimines can be modulated by specific chemical modification and oxidation of amine groups as well as by adjusting the acidity of the polymer.

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Grundlagen, Herstellung und Anwendungsaspekte des Supersolidus Flüssigphasensinterns von hochlegierten Werkzeugstählen und Metallmatrix‐Verbundwerkstoffen
Authors: Weber S. , Theisen W.
Published: June 2007

Metallmatrix Verbundwerkstoffe (MMC) auf Eisenbasis finden Anwendung zum Schutz gegen grob abrasiven Verschleiß. Ihre pulvermetallurgische Fertigung (PM) erfolgt üblicherweise durch Heiß‐Isostatisches Pressen (PM‐HIP) metallischer und karbidischer Pulver, einem vergleichsweise aufwändigem Verfahren, das mit hohen Kosten verbunden ist. Unter Verwendung eines hochlegierten Werkzeugstahles als Matrixwerkstoff kann die Herstellung auch über einen Sinterprozess unter Beteiligung einer inneren flüssigen Phase erfolgen. Der Beitrag beschreibt die Grundlagen zur Verdichtung der Matrixwerkstoffe unter Berücksichtigung thermodynamischer Berechnungen und zeigt einen Weg zur Herstellung partikelverstärkter, verschleißbeständiger Verbundwerkstoffe auf. Neben dem Sinterverhalten werden Wärmebehandlungskonzepte sowie das abrasive Verschleißverhalten gesinterter Werkstoffe besprochen.
A pilot, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of pregabalin (Lyrica) in the treatment of essential tremor
Authors: Zesiewicz Theresa A. , Ward Christopher L. , Hauser Robert A. , Salemi Jason L. , Siraj Shaila , Wilson Maria‐Carmen , Sullivan Kelly L.
Published: June 2007

We performed a pilot, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, randomized trial to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of pregabalin (PGB, Lyrica), an antiepileptic agent, in treating essential tremor (ET). Twenty two patients with ET were randomly assigned to receive PGB or placebo. PGB was initiated at 50 mg/day and was escalated by 75 mg/day every 4 days to a maximum dose of 600 mg/day. Patients were evaluated by accelerometry and the Fahn–Tolosa–Marin (FTM) rating scale. There was a significant reduction in tremor amplitude in the PGB group compared with the placebo group, as measured by accelerometry, at a mean dose of 286.76 ± 100.05 mg/day. Action tremor limb scores on the FTM also improved in the PGB group compared with the placebo group (P‐value for multilevel modeling = 0.04). PGB was fairly well tolerated, with about one‐third of patients dropping out of the study because of adverse events. PGB provided significant improvements in accelerometry and in action tremor limb scores on the FTM. However, larger studies are needed to further evaluate the potential effect of PGB on ET. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
A CMOS RF predistorter using diode‐connected MOSFET
Authors: Ko Sangwon , Lin Jenshan
Published: June 2007

In this paper, a RF predistorter designed using a CMOS process is reported. In GaAs circuits, a Schottky diode has been used as a nonlinear element in the hybrid type predistorter linearizer. We propose a diode‐connected MOS transistor as an alternative nonlinear element in CMOS process. For the analysis, the idea of a dynamic impedance line is introduced and the large signal equivalent parameters of the nonlinearity generation circuit are extracted from the simulation. A 2.4 GHz CMOS power amplifier is designed using a 0.18‐μm CMOS 1P6M mixed‐mode process and the proposed predistorter is fully integrated with the CMOS power amplifier in a single chip. The measured results match with the simulation results. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2055–2057, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22646
On the design of multifrequency dividers suitable for GSMsol;DCS/PCS/UMTS applications by using a particle swarm optimization‐based technique
Authors: Zaharis Zaharias D. , Kampitaki Dimitra G. , Lazaridis Pavlos I. , Papastergiou Anastasia I. , Gallion Philippe B.
Published: June 2007

A particle swarm optimization‐based technique is applied to design dividers that operate in two or more frequency bands at once. The geometry of the dividers is optimized under specific requirements concerning the impedance‐matching bandwidth and the complex current distribution on unmatched real or complex terminal loads for each one of the resonant frequencies. The required current distribution on the loads concerns not only the ratio between the current amplitudes but also the phase difference between the currents. Several cases are studied to show the robustness of the particle swarm optimizer as well as the ability of the technique to derive optimal multifrequency structures suitable for GSM/DCS/PCS/UMTS applications. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2138–2144, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22658
Analysis of electromagnetic band‐gap waveguide structures using body‐of‐revolution finite‐difference time‐domain method
Authors: Tong Ming‐Sze , Sauleau Ronan , Rolland Anthony , Chang Tae‐Gyu
Published: June 2007

Study of electromagnetic band‐gap (EBG) structures has become a hot topic in computational electromagnetics. In this article, some EBG structures integrated inside a circular waveguide are studied. They are formed by a series of air‐gaps within a circular dielectric‐filled waveguide. A body‐of‐revolution finite‐difference time‐domain (BOR‐FDTD) method is adopted for analysis of such waveguide structures, due to their axial symmetric properties. The opening ends of the waveguide are treated as a matched load using an unsplit perfectly matched layer technique. Excitations on a waveguide in BOR‐FDTD are demonstrated. Numerical results of various air‐gap lengths with respect to the period of separation are given, showing an interesting tendency of EBG behavior. A chirping‐and‐tapering technique is applied on the EBG pattern to improve the overall performance. The proposed EBG structures may be applied into antenna structures or other system for unwanted signal suppression. Results show that the BOR‐FDTD offers a good alternative in analyzing axial symmetric configurations, as it offers enormous savings in computational time and memory comparing with a general 3D‐FDTD algorithm. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2201–2206, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22668
Rayleigh parameter of a rough layer: Application to forward radar propagation over oil slicks on sea surfaces under the Ament model
Authors: Pinel Nicolas , Bourlier Christophe , Saillard Joseph
Published: June 2007

The well‐known Rayleigh parameter, which characterizes the degree of roughness of a corrugated surface for the case of reflection on a rough surface, is extended to the reflection on a rough layer. An application to the forward radar propagation over oil slicks on sea surfaces, using the Ament model, is given. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2285–2290, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22716
A new inspection method applying to CMOS image sensor bumping
Authors: Chen Der‐Chin , Lin Chan‐Chun
Published: June 2007

This article demonstrates a new optical technique, which we apply to the collimating system to measure the parallel degree of CMOS (Complementary Metal‐Oxide Semiconductor) image sensor bumping. We research and develop the new adjustable auto‐collimating system to simplify the testing of CMOS board alignment and to increase the image quality of the cell phone camera. This method is a non‐contact method for testing and can detect the parallel degree deviation to an accuracy of 0.5°. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2283–2285, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22717
Couplings control in a compact microstrip dual‐mode resonator
Authors: Banciu M. G. , Ioachim A. , Ramer R. , Militaru N. , Lojewski G.
Published: June 2007

A compact microstrip dual‐mode resonator with slots in the ground plane is presented in this paper. Several methods for coupling between the dual modes are investigated. One of the methods involves using slots in the ground plane in order to enhance the external coupling and to introduce the necessary perturbation to the initially symmetrical structure. The proposed device requires a surface area about 6 times smaller than the area needed for a conventional patch dual‐mode resonator. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2290–2295, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22722
Investigations into the Chemical Modification of Polyolefin Surfaces by Radical Reactions during Molding
Authors: Nagel Jürgen , Brunotte René , Hupfer Bernd , Grundke Karina , Lehmann Dieter , Mennig Günter
Published: June 2007

The surfaces of polyolefin parts are usually modified by separate processing steps. In this paper, we investigate how an in situ surface modification of polyolefins could be realized during molding, based on radical reactions, by which a macromolecule with functional groups is grafted to the polyolefin surface. The temperature of the melt is used to initialize the reactions. The different steps of the radical reaction chain were analyzed using model reactions. A modifier composition consisting of dibenzoylperoxide, potassium persulfate and poly(vinyl alcohol) revealed to be suitable. This composition was used for injection molding experiments. The bondability of the injection molded parts was largely enhanced.

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Optimal burn‐in procedure for periodically inspected systems
Authors: Cha Ji Hwan , Mi Jie
Published: June 2007

Burn‐in is a widely used method to improve the quality of products or systems after they have been produced. In this paper, we study burn‐in procedure for a system that is maintained under periodic inspection and perfect repair policy. Assuming that the underlying lifetime distribution of a system has an initially decreasing and/or eventually increasing failure rate function, we derive upper and lower bounds for the optimal burn‐in time, which maximizes the system availability. Furthermore, adopting an age replacement policy, we derive upper and lower bounds for the optimal age parameter of the replacement policy for each fixed burn‐in time and a uniform upper bound for the optimal burn‐in time given the age replacement policy. These results can be used to reduce the numerical work for determining both optimal burn‐in time and optimal replacement policy. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2007
On Frobenius normwise condition numbers for Moore–Penrose inverse and linear least‐squares problems
Authors: Diao Huaian , Wei Yimin
Published: June 2007

Condition numbers play an important role in numerical analysis. Classical condition numbers are normwise: they measure the size of both input perturbations and output errors using norms. In this paper, we give explicit, computable expressions depending on the data, for the normwise condition numbers for the computation of the Moore–Penrose inverse as well as for the solutions of linear least‐squares problems with full‐column rank. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A priori error analysis of the mortar finite element method for variational inequalities
Authors: Jiang Bin
Published: June 2007

The mortar finite element method is a special domain decomposition method, which can handle the situation where meshes on different subdomains need not align across the interface. In this article, we will apply the mortar element method to general variational inequalities of free boundary type, such as free seepage flow, which may show different behaviors in different regions. We prove that if the solution of the original variational inequality belongs to H2(D), then the mortar element solution can achieve the same order error estimate as the conforming P1 finite element solution. Application of the mortar element method to a free surface seepage problem and an obstacle problem verifies not only its convergence property but also its great computational efficiency. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2008
Zielstrukturen für Antiepileptika: Molekulare Neurobiologie der Epilepsie
Authors: Böhme Ingo , Lüddens Hartmut
Published: June 2007

Dank der Entwicklungen auf den Gebieten der Molekularbiologe und der Elektrophysiologie in den letzten Jahrzehnten verstehen wir viele Details der neuronalen Reizleitung und ‐verarbeitung. Damit verbunden ist unser Wissen über die Wirkmechanismen der Antiepileptika angestiegen, insbesondere seit wir ihre Zielmoleküle isoliert in Zellkultur untersuchen und in Mausmodellen genetisch manipulieren können. Mehrere neuronale Rezeptoren, Kanäle und Enzyme, die bislang pharmazeutisch wenig beachtet wurden, stellen potentielle Ziele für neuartige Substanzen dar, die insbesondere für bisher therapierefraktäre Epilepsien bedeutsam sein könnten.
Antiepileptika – Wirkprinzipien und strukturelle Parameter. Wissenswertes zur Pharmakokinetik und Pharmakodynamik
Authors: Dannhardt Gerd , Kiefer Werner
Published: June 2007

Bereits im ältesten bekannten Schrifttext der Menschheit, dem Gesetzeskodex von Hammurabi (1728 bis 1686 v. Chr.), wurde die Epilepsie erwähnt. In der Antike als “Heilige Krankheit” charakterisiert ist die Epilepsie die häufigste chronisch neurologische Erkrankung des zentralen Nervensystems. Nach aktuellen Schätzungen leiden etwa 0,4 bis 1 % der Bevölkerung an epileptischen Erkrankungen, wobei ein Drittel der Betroffenen meist jünger ist als 16 Jahre.
Klinisches Management unterschiedlicher Epilepsiesyndrome. Auf dem Weg zum “Breitbandantiepileptikum”?
Authors: Steinhoff Bernhard J.
Published: June 2007

Die antiepileptische Pharmakotherapie ist nach wie vor der Goldstandard der Epilepsiebehandlung. Die Auswahl des richtigen Antiepileptikums richtet sich entscheidend nach dem individuellen Epilepsiesyndrom. Fehler bei diesem essentiellen Therapieschritt sind zu vermeiden, wenn man Medikamente wählt, die weitgehend syndromunabhängig antiepileptisch wirksam sind. Der Trend geht zu solchen Antiepileptika. Um zusätzlichen Komorbiditäten Rechnung zu tragen, ist zusätzlich wünschenswert und durchaus auch Trend der Arzneimittelentwicklung, Medikamente zur Verfügung zu stellen, die über Epilepsien hinaus zum Beispiel auf psychiatrischem Gebiet nutzbringend eingesetzt werden können, um unübersichtliche Kombinationstherapien möglichst zu umgehen.
Pharmazeutische Betreuung von Epilepsie‐Patienten: Betreuung im ambulanten und stationären Sektor
Authors: Ganso Matthias , Krämer Irene
Published: June 2007

Epileptiker müssen gut auf ihr Medikament eingestellt sein – allerdings erfolgt häufig nach einer medikamentösen Ersteinstellung eine Umstellung auf ein anderes Antiepileptikum. Leider wird hier nur in den seltensten Fällen auch ein Apotheker zu Rate gezogen.
Blut – ein ganz besonderer Saft
Authors: Dingermann Theo , Zündorf Ilse
Published: June 2007

Immer wieder und vor allem in den Sommermonaten wirbt das Rote Kreuz mit großen Plakaten um Blutspender. Besonders beliebt sind Spenden der Blutgruppe 0 – als so genanntes Universalblut. Nun hat eine Arbeitsgruppe enzymatisch bearbeitetes Blut vorgestellt, das ebenfalls universell eingesetzt werden kann.
Mistaken beliefs about withholding thrombolysis for patients with diabetes mellitus and an acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Martineau M , Campbell R , Williamson P , Shotliff K
Published: June 2007

The benefits of thrombolysis in people with diabetes and an acute myocardial infarction are well grounded. Life saving treatment may be inappropriately withheld due to concerns regarding retinal haemorrhage and subsequent visual impairment. We believe that all patients with an acute anterior myocardial infarction and diabetes should be considered for thrombolysis, irrespective of their retinal appearance. We therefore audited our junior doctors to assess their views on thrombolytic treatment in patients with differing degrees of diabetic eye disease.

The participating doctors were provided with the case of a man with long‐standing type 2 diabetes and an acute anterior myocardial infarction, along with five unlabelled retinal photographs including a normal eye, background diabetic retinopathy, pre‐proliferative retinopathy, proliferative retinopathy, and maculopathy. The doctors were then asked if the patient should or should not receive thrombolysis.

One quarter of the doctors surveyed would not give thrombolysis in the presence of a normal retina or background disease. A quarter would not give thrombolysis with maculopathy and two thirds would not treat in the presence of pre‐proliferative retinopathy. Over two thirds would not treat those with proliferative disease.

Although more senior doctors were more likely to give thrombolysis in the presence of increasing diabetic eye disease than their juniors colleagues, these results suggest that some patients may not receive appropriate potentially life saving therapy. Better education of junior doctors to avoid this oversight is therefore necessary. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons.
Agenda for Change and NHS reconfiguration
Authors: James J , Gosden C , Holt RIG
Published: June 2007

The impact of Agenda for Change, NHS reconfiguration and financial restraints on diabetes health care professionals and specialist services is unknown. There has been considerable concern, however, that these initiatives have resulted in significant reductions in specialist diabetes services. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the recent NHS changes.

Paper questionnaires were sent to 484 diabetes specialist nurses (DSNs) who were asked to complete the survey on behalf of their local multidisciplinary team and to 500 people with diabetes (user representatives [URs]).

In all, 162 (33%) of the DSN questionnaires and 77 (15%) of the UR questionnaires were returned. Forty‐three percent of DSN respondents indicated that posts had been frozen, while 26% reported unfilled posts following maternity leave or retirement. Nine percent and 32% described redundancies and downgraded posts respectively. DSNs and paediatric DSNs were the staff groups most affected by budget cuts. Forty‐five percent identified reduced access to professional development and 40% reported denied requests for study leave. The impact on people with diabetes was significant, with 55% of DSN responders highlighting reductions in patient contact time and increased delays in patients' access to DSNs and consultants. Thirty‐four percent reported that specific diabetes services had been cut. Fifty percent of DSNs reported reductions in home‐based care and 49% reported decreases in patient education provision. These results were mirrored by the user representative survey.

These findings indicate a major adverse effect of Agenda for Change and NHS reforms on the provision of diabetes specialist services and access to continuing professional development. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons.
Making the case for insulin pump therapy
Authors: Ulahannan T , Myint NN , Lonnen KF
Published: June 2007

It is assumed in economic models that insulin pump therapy produces long‐term reductions in complications which offset the short‐term costs. It is not always apparent that there may also be short‐term resource benefits of relevance to a local health community. We retrospectively observed patients' use of primary and secondary care health services before and after initiation of insulin pump therapy in our locality.

Data on emergency admissions, outpatient appointments, HbA1c, lipids, weight and blood pressure were collected on 34 patients, up to five years before and five years after insulin pump therapy was commenced. Data regarding primary care contacts were also available for 17 patients for a period of two years before and after initiation of pump therapy.

Significant reductions in consultant hospital diabetes outpatient visits (0.20 vs 0.11 appointments per month, p<0.001), reductions in hospital admissions (0.03 vs 0 admissions per month, p<0.002), and similar reductions in total primary care contacts, following initiation of pump therapy were demonstrated. We estimated that these reductions in service use for 100 pump patients equate to £22 684– £38 181 per year at current NHS tariffs. Clinical measures of HbA1c (8.84 vs 7.62%, p<0.001) and total cholesterol (5.12 vs 4.45mmol/L, p<0.001) also showed improvement after insulin pump therapy.

By showing benefits on health service utilisation in the short term, to both primary and secondary care, we have strengthened the local case for supporting insulin pump therapy in our service. The calculation of total annual saving per 100 patients treated is an easily understood representation of cost savings which can be set against treatment costs.

The methods used could be of value to other diabetes departments considering starting a pump service or wishing to evaluate their current provision. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons.
Development of a national Scottish diabetic ketoacidosis protocol
Authors: Mcgeoch SC , Hutcheon SD , Vaughan SM , John K , O'Neill NP , Pearson DWM , Macrury SM
Published: June 2007

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a common diabetic emergency often managed by general physicians. However, in contrast to its management in children, there was no national guideline/protocol for adults until the recent national protocol was issued for use throughout Scotland. This national protocol was developed from the audit activity described in this article.

A prospective audit of the management of DKA and local protocol adherence was carried out at Raigmore Hospital, Inverness (April 2000 to March 2001). This showed deficiencies in the management of DKA with delay in intravenous fluid and insulin administration, and laboratory monitoring being undertaken less frequently than recommended by local guidelines.

In addition, 14 DKA management protocols from 17 Scottish trusts were reviewed. The rate and volume of fluid replacement varied slightly between the trusts. There was general agreement within protocols on laboratory monitoring, potassium replacement, insulin administration and bicarbonate usage.

The audit showed that there was scope for improvement in the management of DKA and that there were sufficient similarities in protocols used throughout Scotland to allow collaboration on a national protocol. It is anticipated that this will serve to enhance the profile of guidelines and facilitate standardisation and therefore improvement in patient care. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons.
The Distressed personality type: replicability and general health associations
Authors: Chapman Benjamin P. , Duberstein Paul R. , Lyness Jeffrey M.
Published: June 2007

The Distressed personality type, identified in a cardiac population, confers risk for worse cardiac outcomes. Whether such a class of persons is identifiable in general patient populations, as well as its health correlates, remains unknown. We investigated these questions in a sample of 482 older primary care patients. Mixture structural equation modelling revealed that a Distressed Type was identifiable in Five Factor Model (FFM) personality data and associated with higher levels of medically documented multimorbidity, and worse subjective health ratings, physician assessed physical functioning and interviewer rated psychosocial functioning. In models including paths from outcomes to both traits and types, traits and types were independently associated with health outcomes, pointing towards the value of considering both approaches in epidemiologic personology research. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Graphitic nanofillers in PMMA nanocomposites—An investigation of particle size and dispersion and their influence on nanocomposite properties
Authors: Ramanathan T. , Stankovich S. , Dikin D. A. , Liu H. , Shen H. , Nguyen S. T. , Brinson L. C.
Published: June 2007

Mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of graphite/PMMA composites have been evaluated as functions of particle size and dispersion of the graphitic nanofiller components via the use of three different graphitic nanofillers: “as received graphite” (ARG), “expanded graphite,” (EG) and “graphite nanoplatelets” (GNPs) EG, a graphitic materials with much lower density than ARG, was prepared from ARG flakes via an acid intercalation and thermal expansion. Subsequent sonication of EG in a liquid yielded GNPs as thin stacks of graphitic platelets with thicknesses of ∼10 nm. Solution‐based processing was used to prepare PMMA composites with these three fillers. Dynamic mechanical analysis, thermal analysis, and electrical impedance measurements were carried out on the resulting composites, demonstrating that reduced particle size, high surface area, and increased surface roughness can significantly alter the graphite/polymer interface and enhance the mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of the polymer matrix. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 2097–2112, 2007
Solubility and diffusivity of methylmethacrylate and butylacrylate monomers in a MMA–BA copolymer
Authors: Yurekli Yilmaz , Altinkaya Sacide Alsoy , Zielinski John M.
Published: June 2007

Mutual diffusion coefficients and sorption isotherms of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and butyl acrylate (BA) monomers in methyl methacrylate‐butyl acrylate copolymer (MMA‐BA) have been measured by gravimetric sorption. MMA is found to have higher solubility and diffusion rates in the copolymer than BA. Sorption data for MMA were interpreted using classical Flory‐Huggins thermodynamic theory with a constant interaction parameter (χ). A modified version of this theory has been applied to correlate the sorption data of BA, which exhibit a temperature and concentration‐dependent χ parameter. For MMA, the isotherm data reveal enhanced polymer‐solvent interactions with increasing temperature, while for BA the data indicate a drive toward phase separation with increasing temperature. Despite the difference in thermodynamic behavior, both monomers are found to exhibit Fickian diffusion and the diffusivity data are correlated reasonably well with the Vrentas‐Duda free volume theory. Some deviation between the free‐volume correlation and the experimental data is observed at the lowest temperature and BA concentration examined. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 1996–2006, 2007