bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Guilt
Authors: BELGUM DAVID
Published: December 2011

Because dealing with guilt and morality often makes even counselors uncomfortable, it is useful to reexamine this common experience. Quite often clients even begin with remarks about unworthiness; how counselors respond to this beginning can have crucial significance for the course of therapy. There is a useful and constructive function of morality in socialization. There is also distorted and nonfunctional guilt. We now have a complex view of moral responsibility with many levels of accountability on a freedom‐determinism continuum. Once we have made a diagnosis concerning guilt, we need to proceed to appropriate treatment or else the very issue the client came to work on may be bypassed.
Promoting Equality for Women Seminarians
Authors: RAYBURN CAROLE A.
Published: December 2011

Hardesty (1974) theorized that women seminarians go through four stages in their relationship with their seminaries. The purpose of this study was to empirically investigate Hardesty's model and to provide information on counseling and consulting needs of women seminarians.
Ethical Considerations in Family Therapy Research
Authors: KASLOW NADINE J. , GURMAN ALAN S.
Published: December 2011

In this article, significant ethical issues that arise in the conduct of family therapy research are considered and four major areas are emphasized: (a) the researcher's responsibility to protect the rights of research participants, (b) confidentiality and informed consent, (c) the researcher's values, and (d) methodology. In each area, parallels are drawn between the ethical issues facing family clinicians and those facing family researchers.
“And Also Much Cattle”—A New Reading of an Old Fish Story
Authors: BRICHTO HERBERT CHANAN
Published: December 2011

The author presents a careful analysis of the Book of Jonah to demonstrate that from beginning to end, in form and content, in diction, phraseology and style Jonah [is] a masterpiece of rhetoric. The author shows that the aim of the rhetoric is first to warn religious leaders against Jonah‐like behavior and, second, to caution the general reader against a smug certitude that leads inevitably to the condemnation of those who do not agree. Moreover, the author's painstaking exegesis of the Book of Jonah indicates not only how carefully and subtly crafted the book is but also how much care the reader must take if he or she wishes to understand it.
The Use of Groups in Religiously Based Helping Relationships
Authors: ZIMPFER DAVID G.
Published: December 2011

The author examines the use of the small group modality for providing helping services in religious settings and the use of religious‐spiritual content in small helping groups. Included is a review and critique of various types of service, including group therapy, marital treatment, marriage enrichment, growth groups, and assertion training. Issues of philosophy and implementation are discussed; recommendations are made for the training and practice of persons who engage in religiously oriented helping relationships.
Liberation Theology: An Introduction to Its History and Themes
Authors: GOWLER STEVE
Published: December 2011

In the first part of this overview of Latin American liberation theology I trace the development of, and opposition to, the movement between 1968 and 1984. In the second part I examine six of liberation theology's leading characteristics: solidarity with the poor, conscientization (consciousness raising), the emphasis on orthopraxy, the recognition of structural violence, liberation and the Bible, and base communities. The article concludes with a brief overview of this special issue of Counseling and Values.
Value Development During the College Years: A Cause for Concern and an Opportunity for Growth
Authors: SPRINTHALL NORMAN A. , McVAY JULIE G.
Published: December 2011

The authors examine and propose a synthesis of the theoretical tenets of ecumenical religious principles and cognitive‐developmental stages of moral reasoning as a basis for value development. Because the college years represent a major opportunity for such value development, a case is made for formal programs and curriculum development for this period and an example is provided of coursework designed to promote systematic consciousness and the process of value growth.
Alzheimer's Disease: The Death of the Disease
Authors: McBROOM LYNN W.
Published: December 2011

Alzheimer's disease, a form of dementia, affects middle‐age and older adults. The disease is becoming more evident because of growing numbers of older people and better diagnosis and detection methods. The author describes the behavioral and physical symptoms of the disease as well as specific suggestions for care of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Counselors can use this article to provide family members and other persons dealing with Alzheimer's disease with information and practical advice about dealing with the changes occurring in the patient.
Perceptions of Losses in the Later Years
Authors: CRANE FERN WOLFINGER , KREMER BRUCE J.
Published: December 2011

In times of need older adults frequently seek help from service providers of religious organizations. A survey of 983 older adults and 447 service providers from religious organizations revealed that the perceptions of the service providers differ significantly from the perceptions of the older adults regarding the seriousness of losses experienced in the later years. Results of the study suggest new opportunities for older adults to become proactive and for service providers to examine preservice and in‐service education.
Steps Toward Peace, 1948–1986: Tension Reduction in Theory and Practice
Authors: ROGERS CARL R.
Published: December 2011

In this article Rogers elaborates a theory of tension reduction among antagonistic groups that he has been developing since 1948. Rogers also discusses why now, in his ninth decade, he has put such intense physical effort and personal energy into achieving peace.
Counseling Battered Women from Fundamentalist Christian Backgrounds
Authors: WHIPPLE VICKY
Published: December 2011

The author examines biblical issues that are of concern to battered women from fundamentalist Christian backgrounds and offers counselors suggestions on how to address them.
From Moral Judgment to Moral Atmosphere: The Sociological Turn In Kohlbergian Research
Authors: POWER F. CLARK
Published: December 2011

Power describes working with Kohlberg in developing assessments of a group's sense of community, mutual acceptance of social norms, and the democratic process.
Try and Catch the Wind: Dialogue, Dialectics, and Development in Kohlberg's Life and Legacy
Authors: BERKOWITZ MARVIN W.
Published: December 2011

Berkowitz focuses on the theme of dialectic, interactive growth in his relationship with Kohlberg, and as the phenomena of study in his own research. He lists future research needs.
Kohlberg and Moral Education: Back to Virtue
Authors: LICKONA THOMAS
Published: December 2011

Lickona describes his first encounters with Kohlberg and how Kohlberg's approach has been blended with other approaches in the development of Lickona's work on the moral education of children.
Standing on Shoulders: Reflections on the Work of Lawrence Kohlberg
Authors: NUCCI LARRY P.
Published: December 2011

Nucci describes how Kohlberg's work has been influential in a different line of research than Kohlberg's own.
The Impact of Contemporary Idealogy and AIDS on the Counseling of Gay Clients
Authors: RUDOLPH JAMES
Published: December 2011

The counseling of gay clients, historically an uncomfortable and unsatisfying experience for many clients and psychotherapists, has become even more of a problem because of the emergence of the political right, the revival of fundamental religiosity, and AIDS. We used survey data and published literature to support the thesis that the above developments have had both subtle and gross negative effects on the attitudes of counselors toward gay clients.
East and West: Transpersonal Psychology and Cross‐Cultural Counseling
Authors: BENESCH KEVIN F. , PONTEROTTO JOSEPH G.
Published: December 2011

In this article, the authors examine cross‐cultural counseling (specifically Western counselor‐Eastern client) within a transpersonal psychological framework. A meta‐model is presented that allows counselors to adopt attitudes that transcend cultural differences. The benefit for counselors would be a superordinate framework in which various, specific counseling strategies could be better understood.
Regrets and Priorities at Three Stages of Life
Authors: KINNIER RICHARD T. , METHA ARLENE T.
Published: December 2011

The authors present results of a survey of 316 men and women from three age categories about their major regrets and priorities in life. The most frequently‐cited regrets were related to missed educational opportunities and the failure to have been more assertive and to have taken more risks. Differences between groups are analyzed and discussed.
Solutions to Infertility: Even the Simplest Medical Answer Raises Troubling Ethical Questions for Catholics
Authors: BOYLE PHILIP
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this article is to consider the ethical issues surrounding the “simplest” case of in vitro fertilization from the author's interpretation of a Catholic perspective. (Editor's Note. Any references to Catholicism or Catholic perspective refer to the author's interpretation.)
Do Public Schools Teach Secular Humanism? Why We May Never Know
Authors: LOCKWOOD ALAN L.
Published: December 2011

Members of the New Right regularly charge that public schools teach secular humanism. This alleged teaching of secular humanism is held responsible for varied social ills and is perceived as a violation of constitutional prohibitions against the advocacy of one set of religious beliefs over others. Although New Right attacks may be perceived as political tactics, the author explores them as empirical claims that schools are in fact teaching secular humanism. Currently, there is no persuasive body of research supporting the New Right allegations. The author questions whether or not such research could be designed and concludes that it could but, for various reasons, is unlikely ever to be enacted.
Characteristics of Alcoholism Among Catholic Sisters: Results of a National Survey
Authors: SPIEGEL VIRGINIA M.
Published: December 2011

In this article the author reports results from a national survey of recovering alcoholic Catholic Sisters, describing their addiction history, treatment, and the role of the community.
Values and Recovery From Alcoholism Through Alcoholics Anonymous
Authors: BROWN HOWARD P. , PETERSON JOHN H.
Published: December 2011

This report reviews the literature on the values of alcoholics and addicts in treatment and presents data that suggest a shift in values is involved in recovery from alcoholism through participation in Alcoholics Anonymous and that values clarification and value therapy may be useful in chemical dependency treatment.
Counselor Responsiveness to Client Religiousness
Authors: KELLY EUGENE W.
Published: December 2011

An understanding of the degree and Quality of client religiousness and the connections between client issues and religion can enhance counselor resposiveness to the potentially religious dimension of client issues.
Pastoral Psychotherapy: Is It Unique?
Authors: HOLLING DAVID W.
Published: December 2011

Proponents and practitioners of pastoral psychotherapy hold to the idea that it is a unique form of psychotherapy. Little empirical or procedural evidence seems to exist to substantiate that viewpoint. Indeed, the data suggest that pastoral psychotherapy is a close kin to secular psychotherapy, not only in practice, but in the opinion of those who seek it out for help. This article takes the viewpoint that pastoral psychotherapy should be unique and attempts to show how it can be. The author stresses that it is ordination that makes pastoral psychotherapy unique, because the ordained pastor is both a theologian and a representative of the church. These two elements provide unique “lenses” for doing psychotherapy. To the extent that these lenses are not being used, the author issues a challenge to pastoral psychotherapists to bring this uniqueness to the forefront.
Using the Client's Religious Values to Aid Progress in Therapy
Authors: AUST CHARLES F.
Published: December 2011

The client's religious values could be put to use to promote growth in therapy, as detailed in this brief report.
Religion and Crisis in Jungian Analysis
Authors: SMITH CURTIS D.
Published: December 2011

Mental health professionals are trained to alleviate the suffering of people in crisis situations. Sometimes, however, it may be necessary to provoke a crisis to further the growth process. An example of an induced crisis is found in the analytical psychology of C. G. Jung. In Jungian terminology, a crisis occurs when one's persona‐based personality structure collapses, and the ego is displaced as the center of the psyche. The subsequent confusion is necessary for the establishment of the self as the new center of the personality. The author discusses the religious implications of this transformation.
Characteristics of Women Ministers in Arizona
Authors: EATON KRISTINE F. , NEWLON BETTY J.
Published: December 2011

This study provides descriptive information about women in the ministry in Arizona. A profile is presented and discussed.
The Relationship Between Dogmatism, Orthodox Christian Beliefs, and Ethical Judgment
Authors: PARKER RADHA J.
Published: December 2011

In this study dogmatism and orthodox Christian beliefs correlated negatively with ethical judgment. The author discusses the theoretical framework and implications for counselor training.
AIDS Education: Professional Ethics, Social Advocacy, and Religious Values
Authors: AGRESTI ALBERT A.
Published: December 2011

The author encourages AIDS education efforts to attend to religious pluralism in society and to illustrate the self‐monitoring that is identified with professional activity.
Depression and Religion: Realities, Perspectives, and Directions
Authors: CADWALLADER EVA H.
Published: December 2011

The debate between psychologists hostile and friendly to religion regarding whether religion promotes or deters depression is reviewed from a historical perspective. Two modes of religion can be seen as forming a continuum with one pole as a life‐celebrating, self‐affirming religion that deters depression and the other pole as a life‐constricting, self‐derogating religion that promotes depression. Counselors are advised to help lead religious clients out of depression by procedures aimed at moving them from unhealthy toward healthy religious modes
Counseling Depressed Female Religious Professionals: Nuns and Clergywomen
Authors: RAYBURN CAROLE A.
Published: December 2011

Stress, strain, depression, and coping resources in nuns and clergywomen were studied to better understand women religious professionals and to thus provide more appropriate counseling for them. Responses of 254 well‐matched female religious professionals were analyzed with t tests and ANOV As. Nuns had less stress (perceived pressure) and strain (actual wear and tear), less depression, and better coping resources than clergywomen. Female Reform rabbis experienced the most stress, strain, and possible depression, with the lowest coping resources. Yet, traditionalism in women's role within ecclesia does not explain why nuns are becoming more activist and feminist and leaving orders in growing numbers. Perhaps clergywomen are in a serious battle for the survival of female religious professionals and experiencing stress, strain, and depression on the road to victory over prejudice and injustice toward female believers.
Preventing Dual Relationships in Pastoral Counseling
Authors: CRAIG JAMES D.
Published: December 2011

The practice of pastoral counseling provides many opportunities for dual relationships. Churches and church‐related institutions are contexts in which such relationships are easily formed. Some pastoral counselors cope by entering private practice, which may exacerbate the problem by removing resources for collegiality and accountability. Pastoral counselors can avoid dual relationships by understanding their vulnerability, subscribing to and communicating a clear code of professional ethics, becoming aware of personal limitations, and building networks of accountability.
Advocates for All Students: An American Right
Authors: ASPY CHERYL B. , ASPY DAVID N.
Published: December 2011

The question of advocates for students in public schools has generated diverse responses. Administrators may believe that an unnecessary adversarial relationship will be encouraged by an outside advocacy organization. Yet, administrators polled for this study estimated that as many as 50% of students may not have advocates, and the advocates of an additional 25% are relatively unskilled in their advocacy attempts. Considering that the presence of advocates has been shown to increase student retention and academic success, it seems imperative that exemplary programs be identified and modeled throughout our public school system.
Interpersonal Forgiveness Within the Helping Professions: An Attempt to Resolve Differences of Opinion
Authors: ENRIGHT ROBERT D. , EASTIN DAVID L. , GOLDEN SANDRA , SARINOPOULOS ISSIDOROS , FREEDMAN SUZANNE
Published: December 2011

Lakatos's (1978) philosophy of science is used as a guide for resolving published authors' differences of opinion about interpersonal forgiveness. We first review the ancient writings and current philosophical works regarding interpersonal forgiveness. With these ideas as a foundation we then critique six published papers on forgiveness, all of which have counseling implications. It is suggested that the works are not yet grounded in the foundational writings on forgiveness. The works, thus, may need some refinement in the area of definition, or proposed consequences for a forgiver, or in the processes used to bring about forgiveness in clients. A process model of interpersonal forgiveness then is described. Implications for the use of interpersonal forgiveness within counseling are drawn.
Integrating Religion and Psychology in Therapy: Issues and Recommendations
Authors: MILLER GERALDINE A.
Published: December 2011

This article explores the history of the relationship between religion and psychology, integration difficulties within psychotherapy, and recommendations for problem resolution. Two religious frameworks psychologists can use to reduce conflicts and enhance psychotherapy with regard to religious concerns are provided2.
Meditation: The Forgotten Western Tradition
Authors: SCHOPEN ANN , FREEMAN BRENDA
Published: December 2011

In this article we discuss aspects of the history of the demise of meditation in the West and its recent re‐emergence as an Eastern system. Reasons for this phenomenon will be explored. The differences between Eastern and Western meditation, the psychology of meditation, research in the field, as well as applications of meditation to counseling will be discussed.
Moral Decision Making and Nontoleration of Honor Code Offenses
Authors: ROFFEY ARTHUR E. , PORTER DAVID B.
Published: December 2011

Acceptance of the nontoleration clause of an honor code, and incorporation of this principle as an internalized value, tends to diminish from year to year even as moral development increases. Convicted honor violators unanimously endorsed their commitment to the honor code in concept but indicated greater toleration of honor code offenses than a comparison group of nonviolators when confronted with realistic scenarios. Kohlberg's (1969) theory of moral development does not give adequate consideration to the contextual environment surrounding acts that are deemed moral or immoral. This study's findings were better explained by principles drawn from postmodern philosophy and the concept of Informed Belief.
The Oshun Festival: An African Traditional Religious Healing Process
Authors: IDOWU ADEYEMI I.
Published: December 2011

This article examines the Oshun Festival—an African traditional religious festival—from a healing perspective. In it, the value of religion in the African culture is highlighted and the various myths that abound therein are discussed. The article concludes with suggestions for counseling practice.
Response to “Exploring the Religious‐Spiritual Needs of the Dying”
Authors: Smith Douglas C. , Holden Janice Miner
Published: December 2011

This commentary compares Smith's work to classic value clarification, addresses issues of counselor judgement and informed consent, and outlines further exercises based on near‐death experiences.
The Relationship of Clinicians' Values to Therapy Outcome Ratings
Authors: MITCHELL CARY L.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was to explore the interpersonal values of a sample of experienced clinicians. Clinician ratings of hypothetical, value‐based therapy outcome vignettes were also investigated. Consistent with previous values research, clinicians showed greater endorsement of independence and lower endorsement of conformity in the Survey of Interpersonal Values. Clinicians' own values were positively correlated with their outcome ratings on the conformity dimension. Discussion is made of factors that may influence whether clinicians reinforce particular values in therapeutic contexts.
Assessment of Religious Beliefs Form
Authors: FAIVER CHRISTOPHER M. , O'BRIEN EUGENE M.
Published: December 2011

Religion may be a source of spiritual strength or a source of conflict and guilt. This article outlines the importance of assessing the religious beliefs of clients for treatment purposes and provides a format for the counselor to utilize. Because counselors may be unaware of their clients' individual perspectives, it is important to evaluate a clients' belief system from a holistic perspective during the intake process.
Re‐visioning Clients' Pathology Into Initiatory Desire
Authors: MASON MICHAEL J.
Published: December 2011

A perspective of therapy is presented that re‐visions clients' pathology into desire for initiatory experience. Initiatory experience is understood as a symbolic template that lies over the biological and psychological developmental life cycle. A symbolic perspective is taken of clients' presenting problems in order to provide meaning to the symptoms and to eliminate the constraints that accompany diagnoses, treatments, or both. A developmental foundation is laid in support of the clinical application of this perspective in what will be called symbolic therapy. Anthropological and psychological models are reviewed in order to clarify the historical genesis and modern application of the ritual of initiation. Finally, a case study is offered to further explore this view of therapy.
Worldview Differences Between College Students and Graduate Counseling Trainees
Authors: MAU WEI‐CHENG , POPE‐DAVIS DONALD B.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine whether graduate students in counseling (n = 95) have different worldviews than undergraduate students (n = 177) who might be potential clients. Students in both groups completed the Scale to Assess World Views (Ibrahim & Kahn, 1987). Results indicated that undergraduate students' worldviews were significantly different from graduate counseling students'. In comparison, undergraduates were more likely than graduate counseling students to focus on the past, to perceive human nature as evil, human relationships as linear‐hierarchical and collateral‐mutual, and nature as powerful. Graduate counseling trainees, on average, were more likely than undergraduates to perceive human nature as good. Men were more likely than women to perceive human nature as evil, human relationships as linear‐hierarchical and individualistic, and nature as controllable. Women, in contrast, preferred the being‐in‐becoming modality. Implications and limited generalizability of these findings for counseling are discussed.
Counseling in an Enlightened Society: Values for a New Millennium
Authors: LEE COURTLAND C. , SIRCH MICHELLE L.
Published: December 2011

In the year 2001, civilization will enter a new century and a new millennium as well. For counseling professionals the start of a new millennium encourages an examination of the philosophy and practice of mental health intervention. The purpose of this article is to share a vision that can possibly lay the foundation for an enlightened world society. It also attempts to outline how the counseling profession can influence the possibility of such a society.
Integrating Spiritual Experiences in Counseling
Authors: HINTERKOPF ELFIE
Published: December 2011

Although the spiritual dimension is an integral part of psychotherapy, most mental health professionals lack the necessary training for working with spiritual experiences therapeutically. The experiential focusing method developed by Eugene Gendlin (eg., 1969, 1981) offers a key tool for counselors to help clients integrate their spiritual experiences in counseling. In this article, the author offers a definition of the spiritual experience, outlines the focusing method, presents examples of its application, and discusses the implications of using focusing to help clients integrate spirituality in counseling.
Religious Counseling: To Be Used, Not Feared
Authors: MATTSON DONALD L.
Published: December 2011

Our society is placing more emphasis on religion and religious issues. Persons seeking counseling often request Christian counseling. Students in academic settings often express an interest in becoming Christian counselors. Often the religious aspect is left out or avoided in courses for training counselors. This article gives some specific ways in which religious issues can be used in a counseling setting using the three ps: place, personhood and philosophy.
Value Analysis: A Model of Personal and Professional Ethics in Marriage and Family Counseling
Authors: THOMAS VOLKER
Published: December 2011

The Ethics Model of Marriage and Family Counseling derived from an integration of an ecosystem and a dialectical framework is presented, and its underlying assumptions are discussed. Six basic counseling values including responsibility, integrity, commitment, freedom of choice, empowerment, and right to suffer are analyzed as they relate to the individual level of the counselor microsystem, the family level of the client microsystem, and the overlapping mesosystem of the counseling process. The discussion also takes the societal value context as the macrosystem into account. As an example of possible value clashes between counselor and client level, suicide is discussed as a means of applying the presented six basic values to the model and of describing possible strategies in response to this specific value dilemma.
Group Work With Catholic Priests Who Have Exited the Clerical World
Authors: HICKSON JOYCE H. , GUDZ GEORGE , HORNBUCKLE DAVID R.
Published: December 2011

Currently, a growing number of Catholic priests choose to leave the priesthood. These former priests usually feel guilt ridden, isolated, and confused. They also experience great anxiety about fitting into a secular society and about being a “displaced person.” A group approach designed to help meet the needs of these individuals is described.
How Chaos and Complexity Theory Can Help Counselors to Be More Effective
Authors: BRACK CATHERINE J. , BRACK GREG , ZUCKER ANDREA
Published: December 2011

Chaos and complexity theory can help counselors to assist clients in new and unique ways. Chaos and complexity theory do not need to replace other counseling theories but can provide an alternative view. Using chaos theory in counseling requires, however, a revaluation of counselors' assumptions about the world, particularly about linearity, prediction, and control. This article uses a case study to illustrate how counselors can use chaos and complexity theory in their work with clients. This theory can offer an alternative framework to assist counselors in conceptualizing their clients and their practice.
Adolescent Satanism: Rebellion Masquerading as Religion
Authors: EMERSON SHIRLEY , SYRON YVONNE
Published: December 2011

This article describes adolescent satanic practice as studied by the authors working with affected families in 3 Southwestern states in a 7‐year period. Because adolescent involvement in satanism seems to be widespread and may be growing, counselors need to understand how satanism is related to religion, family dynamics, and adolescent rebellion. Counselors also need to recognize how their personal values compare with values inherent in satanism; only from a position of psychological equilibrium can counselors potentially help satanically involved clients. This article reviews the authors' observations of signs and symptoms, definitions and distinctions, family dysfunction, and individual dynamics related to satanism. A systemic perspective is suggested.
Employing Ethical Codes and Decision‐Making Models: A Developmental Process
Authors: NEUKRUG EDWARD , LOVELL CHRISTOPHER , PARKER RADHA J.
Published: December 2011

Counselors often encounter seemingly intractable ethical dilemmas. To assist counselors who face difficult situations, the helping professions have generated both ethical codes and decision‐making models. Because the process of decision making seems to be related to cognitive‐moral development, this article details ethical codes and decision models and speculates on how counselor level of development may influence use of such codes and models.
The Content and Function of Religious and Spiritual Beliefs
Authors: SUYEMOTO KAREN L. , MACDONALD MARIAN L.
Published: December 2011

Most work on religious beliefs has used a fixed research method that only allows confirming or disconfirming a priori notions of religious beliefs. This study used a flexible, data‐driven research method to derive an inductive theory concerning the content and function of religious beliefs. Data from interviews with 28 undergraduates were content analyzed, yielding 7 distinct belief domains: higher power, creation, soul, life after death, spiritual connection with others, fate, and supernatural occurrences. Function domains for each content domain, and for belief systems as a whole, were preliminarily identified. Implications for future research and therapeutic interventions are discussed.
The Politics of Counseling: Looking Back and Forward
Authors: McCLURE BUD A. , RUSSO THOMAS R.
Published: December 2011

This article examines reasons for the counseling profession's movement away from its activist roots toward policies and agendas that are less socially engaged. Concern with individualism, struggle for public acceptance, continued reliance on narrow research interests, and increased emphasis on accreditation and credentialing are all discussed as factors contributing to the counseling profession's inability to advocate for effective social change.
Spirituality: The Key to Recovery From Alcoholism
Authors: WARFIELD ROBERT D. , GOLDSTEIN MARC B.
Published: December 2011

The authors suggest that a condition of “negative spirituality” underlies and sustains alcoholism, and perhaps all addictions, and that a secure recovery is not possible unless a “spiritual awakening,” such as is envisioned by Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), is achieved. A broadly applicable conceptual model of spirituality is inferred from the AA 12‐step rehabilitation program.
Counseling African Americans: Integrating Spirituality in Therapy
Authors: FRAME MARSHA WIGGINS , WILLIAMS CARMEN BRAUN
Published: December 2011

African American culture is rich with religious and spiritual traditions and practices that largely have been ignored in traditional approaches to counseling with this population. The purpose of this article is to describe the religious and spiritual dimensions of African American culture and to offer strategies for incorporating them into counseling African American clients.
The Values of Counseling: A Disparity Between a Philosophy of Prevention in Counseling and Counselor Practice and Training
Authors: KLEIST DAVID M. , WHITE LYLE J.
Published: December 2011

The results of a study examining the disparity between counseling's philosophy of primary prevention and actual education and practice are presented. Results indicate that only the belief that society does not demand preventive mental health services provided a meaningful explanation for the disparity. Two paradoxical implications for the field of counseling are offered and discussed within the perspective of virtue ethics.
Sexual Attraction and Religious Therapists: Survey Findings and Implications
Authors: CASE PAUL W. , McMINN MARK R. , MEEK KATHERYN RHOADS
Published: December 2011

Five hundred Christian therapists returned surveys describing their beliefs and behaviors regarding sexual attraction and sexual expression toward their clients. Four groups of Christian therapists responded: psychologists, licensed therapists, nonlicensed therapists, and lay counselors. Christian therapists' responses are compared with those from a similar survey of 456 psychologists selected without regard to religious values. Most groups of Christian therapists are less likely than previously surveyed psychologists to report sexual attraction and fantasy toward clients, but the differences between Christian psychologists and other psychologists are minimal. Religious factors that may increase the stigma of admitting sexual attraction are considered.
Mental Health Value Differences Between Psychologists and Clergy
Authors: NEWBERRY DON E. , TYLER JOHN D.
Published: December 2011

Mental health values of national samples of Baptist, Catholic, and Methodist clergy were compared with those previously reported for psychologists. Small differences were found on 3 of 8 value dimensions. Clergy considered untrustworthiness to be more indicative of poor mental health than did psychologists. Psychologists considered receptivity to unconventional experiences to be more indicative of poor mental health than did Catholic and Methodist clergy. Catholic and Methodist clergy considered religious commitment to be more indicative of good mental health than did psychologists.
A Comparison of Perceptions of Love, Guilt, and Anger in Ireland and the United States: Implications for Counseling
Authors: PAGE RICHARD C. , O'LEARY ELEANOR
Published: December 2011

This study compared 50 Irish and 50 American graduate and undergraduate psychology and counseling students on the ways they rated feelings of love, anger, and guilt on a semantic differential. A 2 × 2 × 2 multivariate analysis of variance was used in which the independent variables were class, gender, and country and the dependent variables were the semantic differential scales used for this research. It was found that the undergraduate students from Ireland evaluated the concepts of anger and guilt more positively than did the undergraduate students from the United States.
Counselor Bias in Working With Gay Men and Lesbians: A Commentary on Barret and Barzan (1996)
Authors: DONALDSON STEVEN M.
Published: December 2011

This article comments on R. Barret and R. Barzan (1996), who do well in exploring the spiritual experiences of gay men and lesbians but in the process set up a precedent of reverse discrimination against the client whose religious beliefs proscribe homosexual behavior. Suggestions are offered to sensitize counseling professionals to such bias so that therapists' values are not imposed on clients in an unreflected manner.
Forgiveness and Psychosocial Development: Implications for Clinical Practice
Authors: ROMIG CHARLES A. , VEENSTRA GLENN
Published: December 2011

Using the Enright Forgiveness Inventory (Subkoviak, Enright, & Wu, 1992) and the Measure of Psychosocial Development (Hawley, 1988), the relationship between forgiveness and psychosocial development was examined using a sample of 113 upper‐division students in their first year of a professional teacher education program at a midwestern university. Resolution of relationship matters associated with trust, intimacy, and generativity psychosocial tasks correlated with positive aspects of forgiveness. The results suggest that psychosocial development provides a potentially useful assessment framework for understanding how a client will understand and implement the forgiveness process.
“The Friendly Clergy”: Characteristics and Referral
Authors: FAIVER CHRISTOPHER M. , O'BRIEN EUGENE M. , MCNALLY CHRISTOPHER J.
Published: December 2011

Among the recommendations possible in assessment of clients' religious beliefs is that of referral to the “friendly clergy.” This article delineates guidelines for referral as well as ideal characteristics of that spiritual professional.
Keewaydinoquay, Woman‐of‐the‐Northwest‐Wind: The Life and Philosophy of a Native American Teacher
Authors: GIBLIN NAN J.
Published: December 2011

This article is a short biography of a Native American teacher and shaman, Keewaydinoquay, Woman‐of‐the‐Northwest‐Wind. Her life events illustrate how she lives out her philosophy of harmony with nature. The purpose of this article is to increase multicultural awareness through a model of wisdom and balance.
Integrating the Spiritual Dimension Into Traditional Counselor Education Programs
Authors: MATTHEWS CHARLES O.
Published: December 2011

The author explores the issues involved in integrating the spiritual dimension into traditional counselor education by creating a joint community and addictions counseling master's program based on a hybrid of the wounded healer and wellness models. Such a hybrid encompasses both the skills and knowledge approaches to counselor education advocated by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs and the spirituality of Alcoholics Anonymous's 12 steps. After a theoretical discussion of this hybrid model, an experimental master's program based on the model is described.
Understanding the “Medicine” of Native American Traditional Values: An Integrative Review
Authors: GARRETT MICHAEL TLANUSTA
Published: December 2011

A major goal of counseling is to promote the wellness of the client by promoting his or her optimum development through positive human change, and it is important for counselors to be able to informally assess and more fully understand Native American cultural values to promote the wellness of those clients. The cultural values of Native Americans are discussed, an integrative review of value studies conducted on Native Americans is presented, and a traditional Native American view of wellness is described with implications for counseling.

You have noticed that everything an Indian does is in a circle, and that is because the Power of the World always works in circles, and everything tries to be round. … The sky is round, and I have heard that earth is round like a ball, and so are all the stars. The wind, in its greatest power, whirls. Birds make their nest in circles, for theirs is the same religion as ours. … Even the seasons form a great circle in their changing, and always come back again to where they were. The life of a [person] is a circle from childhood to childhood, and so it is in everything where power moves. (Black Elk, cited in Neihardt, 1959)
Loss of Faith: A Qualitative Analysis of Jewish Nonbelievers
Authors: HERZBRUN MICHAEL B.
Published: December 2011

Through in‐depth interviews with 9 adult Jewish nonbelievers, this study explored the onset of their nonbelief and the degree of their spiritual well‐being and compares these results with 9 Jewish believers. Findings indicate a need to revise current theories of religious development and also suggest the potential value of counseling intervention for these nonbelievers.
Minority Religious Practices: The Need for Awareness and Knowledge
Authors: RIBAK‐ROSENTHAL NINA , KANE CONNIE M.
Published: December 2011

This study was conducted to investigate whether educators have knowledge regarding various religious groups. Results indicated that few educators possess knowledge of (a) which holidays are religious in nature and would necessitate that children be absent from school, (b) religious prohibitions and restrictions, and (c) the names of prophets and founders of various religions. Although significant differences in knowledge were found between educators who had completed a course in religion and those who had not completed such a course, completion of a multicultural education course did not produce significant differences. Recommendations for acquisition of knowledge, techniques, and strategies are also included.
Religiosity and Adolescent Narcissism: Implications for Values Counseling
Authors: AALSMA MATTHEW C. , LAPSLEY DANIEL K.
Published: December 2011

The authors show that the distinctive character of values counseling as a therapeutic intervention can be justified on empirical grounds. The fact that religiosity has been consistently associated with positive mental health outcomes is a warrant for counselors to explore the resources of one's religious tradition for therapeutic change. The authors also argue that pastoral counseling is particularly suited for addressing the ego development needs of adolescents and that the vicissitudes of adolescent narcissism can be effectively mobilized to support self‐transcendence and relational autonomy, tasks that have both developmental and religious significance.
Effects of Childhood Sexual Abuse on Client Spiritual Well‐Being
Authors: GANJE‐FLING MARILYN , VEACH PATRICIA McCARTHY , KUANG HAIJIANG , HOUG BONNIE
Published: December 2011

Forty‐three individuals receiving psychotherapy for childhood sexual abuse and 34 clients who sought psychotherapy for other reasons were compared on several aspects of spiritual functioning. The 2 groups did not differ significantly in spiritual well‐being. However, both groups scored lower than samples of medical outpatients and hospice workers. Most reported initiating and discussing spiritual issues during therapy, were satisfied and comfortable with these discussions, and rated spirituality as important to problem resolution. They also listed several obstacles to spiritual development. Possible research and practice implications are discussed.
Sharon's Journey
Authors: MILLER GERI
Published: December 2011

This article describes an indigent, European American female client's spiritual issues concerning her relationship struggles and the lack of meaning in her life. The client's premonition of her death, a primary influence on her counseling, is discussed.
Meanings of Touch and Forgiveness: A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Inquiry
Authors: FERCH SHANN R.
Published: December 2011

The author examines personal meanings ascribed to the experience of touch in the context of forgiveness. Data from in‐depth interviews with 6 self‐reported Christians were analyzed to determine themes in the meanings participants assigned to a forgiving touch.
Finding a “Lower, Deeper Power” for Women in Recovery
Authors: O'HARE‐LAVIN MARY ELLEN
Published: December 2011

For decades people have accommodated and adjusted to the direction prescribed by recovery programs. The dominant admonition of recovery programs to find a “higher power” may be appropriate and helpful to many people, but some are beginning to question this direction for their own individuation processes. Through the use of the ancient Greek myths of Persephone, Psyche, Orpheus/Eurydice, and the ancient Mesopotamian myth of Inanna, readers will be taken in the direction of the underworld to experience an alternative heroic journey motif in search of a “lower, deeper power.”
Religious Issues in Secularly Based Psychotherapy
Authors: GENIA VICKY
Published: December 2011

Because many potential clients have religious as well as secular concerns, secular counselors and psychotherapists are striving to become more empathic and competent in treating religious individuals. This article discusses some issues and implications involved in working with religiously committed clients in secularly based counseling.
The Buddhist Spiritual Path: A Counselor's Reflection on Meditation, Spirituality, and the Nature of Life
Authors: Murgatroyd Wanpen
Published: December 2011

The author describes her spiritual path from the perspective of a person who was raised in a Buddhist tradition and trained in a Western mental health profession. A foundation for the Buddhist concept of mental health is presented, and the relationship among counseling. Western developmental theory, and the development of a spiritual path is discussed. Strategies are presented for assisting clients with their search for spiritual development.
Research and Theory Religion and Spirituality in Coping With Stress
Authors: Graham Stephanie , Furr Susan , Flowers Claudia , Burke Mary Thomas
Published: December 2011

Relations among and between religion, spirituality, and the ability to cope with stress were examined using a sample of 115 graduate students in counseling. Religion and spirituality positively correlated with coping with stress. Counseling students who expressed spirituality through religious beliefs had greater spiritual health and immunity to stressful situations than counseling students who identified themselves as spiritual but not religious. Counseling students with a religious/spiritual affiliation indicated more discomfort counseling clients hostile to religion compared with counseling students with a spiritual‐only affiliation. The results have implications for preparing counseling students to work with clients with religious/spiritual issues.
Religious Identity Status as a Model to Understand, Assess, and Interact With Client Spirituality
Authors: Griffith Brian A. , Griggs Julie C.
Published: December 2011

Spirituality and religion are important concerns for many people; consequently, counselors must possess the knowledge and skills required for assisting clients with these issues. This article offers a conceptual framework, based on E. H. Erikson's (1980) notion of identity formation, for understanding, assessing, and discussing spirituality and religion. Religion can play a significant role in the structure of identity and can be categorized into four statuses: Diffusion, Foreclosure, Moratorium, and Achievement. Religious identity status can provide direction and guidance for counselors who wish to integrate spirituality and religion into counseling.
Toward Forgiveness: The Role of Shame, Guilt Anger, and Empathy
Authors: Konstam Varda , Chernoff Miriam , Deveney Sara
Published: December 2011

This research explored forgiving and its relationship to adaptive moral emotional processes: proneness to shame, guilt, anger, and empathic responsiveness. Gender differences associated with forgiving were analyzed. Participants were 138 graduate students in a large northeastern urban university. Results revealed that guilt‐proneness was positively related to Total Forgiveness, as were Empathetic Concern and Perspective Taking. A positive relationship between anger reduction and Overall Forgiveness was found. Guilt‐proneness, anger reduction, and detachment informed the process of forgiveness for women. For men, age, shame‐proneness, and pride in behavior informed the process of forgiveness. Implications and possible research are discussed.
The Need to Belong: A Theory of the Therapeutic Function of the Black Church Tradition
Authors: Thompson Delores A. , McRae Mary B.
Published: December 2011

A theory of belonging is used as a framework for analyzing and interpreting focus group data from 7 congregations in the Black church tradition. Findings suggest that church membership may reflect the need to belong with a group rather than to a group. Within this context multiple dimensions of the self as interdependent and independent, as well as same and different, find opportunities for expression. Positive therapeutic outcomes in affect, cognition, and behavior result. Implications for research, practice, and training are given.