bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lead levels and cognitive abilities in Peruvian children
Authors: Vega-Dienstmaier Johann M , Salinas-Piélago Joel E , Gutiérrez-Campos María del Rosario , Mandamiento-Ayquipa Ricardo D , Yara-Hokama María del Carmen , Ponce-Canchihuamán Johny , Castro-Morales Jorge
Published: April 2006

OBJETIVE: To study the relationship between blood lead levels and cognitive abilities of children exposed to this metal. METHOD: This is a cross-sectional study that included 134 children aged 6 to 8.5 years old from 3 schools with different risks of lead exposure located in El Callao (Peru). Cognitive assessments were made by means of the Graphic Test of Reasoning (GTR) and the Kohs Block Design Test (KBDT). Blood lead levels and other laboratory tests were performed. RESULTS: Children with lead > 10 ug/dl presented greater prevalence of low scores in the Graphic Test of Reasoning (18.9% vs. 7.1%, p = 0.049) and in the Kohs Block Design Test (KBDT) (39.6% vs. 18.6%, p = 0.01) compared with those with lower lead blood levels. A deficit of 1 category in the Graphic Test of Reasoning was associated with an increase in lead blood level of 16.78 ug/dl (assuming a linear relationship) and from 1 to 5.19 ug/dl (logarithmic model). For each 10 ug/dl of increase in lead levels, the Kohs Block Design Test decreases in 6.24 units (12.91 in males and 0.216 in females) (linear model), and an increase from 1 to 10 ug/dl corresponds to a drop of 16.44 points in the Kohs Block Design Test (31.19 in males and 3.98 in females) (logarithmic model). Considering the Graphic Test of Reasoning subscales, lead levels correlated negatively with the areas of numerical problems (rho = -0.445, p < 0.001), numerical relationships (rho = -0.365, p < 0.001), inferences (rho = -0.281, p = 0.002) and similarities (rho = -0.250, p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Lead levels were non-linearly associated with lower cognitive abilities, especially in males, being the numerical reasoning the most affected area.
Development of adaptable and flexible treatment manuals for externalizing and internalizing disorders in children and adolescents
Authors: Bauermeister José J , So Cheryl Y C , Jensen Peter S , Krispin Orit , El Din Amira Seif
Published: April 2006

In this paper we describe the process used to develop treatment manuals for internalizing and externalizing disorders in children and adolescents. These manuals were developed to offer health care providers and others working in child mental health a flexible intervention that could be adapted to different countries and localities based on: 1) the amount of health care and school resources that are available; 2) the nature and severity of the types of problems children have; and 3) the preferences and cultural factors that are important within these communities. We also discuss the experiences and cultural issues faced by sites in Egypt, Lebanon, Israel, and Brazil who volunteered to implement the manualized treatment programs. The feedback received from these sites indicates that the manuals can be implemented to help children with internalizing and externalizing problems.
Isolation and characterization of a newly isolated Pseudomonas mutant for protease production
Authors: Dutta Jayati Ray , Banerjee Rintu
Published: April 2006

A potent bacterium for extracellular protease production was isolated from local soil and identified as Pseudomonas sp. RAJR 044. A mutant of this strain JNGR 242 with protease productivity 2.5 fold higher was obtained by ultraviolet irradiation under experimentally optimized conditions of pH 7.0, temperature of 34ºC, inoculum volume of 1.0 mL and incubation time of 24 hours. Comparative analysis of the chemical characteristics i.e. assimilation of carbon and nitrogen sources were also carried out. Maximum growth of the mutant strain in 2% gelatin agar plate was obtained in presence of dextrose (2%), maltose (2%), ammonium sulfate (2%) and potassium nitrate (2%) whereas, that of the parent strain was found in sucrose (2%) and ammonium nitrate (2%). The purified proteases from both the strains (parent and mutant) appeared as single homogeneous bands corresponding to 14.4 kDa molecular weight on SDS-PAGE. On studying the kinetic properties of both strains it was observed that the rate of casein hydrolysis was maximum at pH 8.0 and 7.0 and temperatures 45º C and 60º C for the parent and mutant strains respectively. It was also observed that both the extracellular proteases were inhibited by a serine protease inhibitor i.e. PMSF at 2mM concentration.
Four seasons abundance changes of Zalophus californianus californianus (Lesson 1828), Allen, 1880, in the Gulf of California, Mexico
Authors: Maravilla-Chávez M. Octavio , Zavala-González Alfredo , Ortega-Rubio Alfredo
Published: April 2006

This paper describes for the first time the relative abundance, population structure and numeric variation of California sea lions in the Gulf of California, Mexico, during four different seasons. The relative abundance estimates varied from the highest 17,162 sea lions in July of 1990 (summer) to a minimum 7,470 in February of 1992 (winter), representing a reduction of 10,000 sea lions. Hypotheses about the migration of part of the population to the Pacific Ocean were compared and discussed against their residency inside the Gulf, and seasonal dispersion of individuals along this inner sea.
Determination of Beta-Lactam residues in milk by high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Brito Roseane Brandão de , Junqueira Roberto Gonçalves
Published: April 2006

A high performance liquid chromatographic method to assay beta-lactam residues in milk was developed and validated. Milk samples were spiked with standard solutions and deproteinated. The extract was cleaned-up on C18 SPE cartridge, the antibiotics eluted with acetonitrile:water (50:50 v/v) and derivatized with acetic anhydride and 1-methyl-imidazole solution containing HgCl2. The chromatographic analysis was performed on C18 column using mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer (pH 6.5) in the presence of Na2S2O3 gradient and detection at 325 nm. The method was selective for ampicillin, penicillin G and penicillin V, the latter used as internal standard. Average recoveries for ampicillin and penicillin G ranged, respectively, from 60.0% to 104.9% and from 82.7% to 109.2%, with coefficients of variation from 11.1% to 24.6%, and from 2.1% to 25.2%, indicating accuracy and precision. Detection limit of 4.0 µg/L for ampicillin and 3.0 µg/L for penicillin G, and quantification limits of 4.0 µg/L for both were estimated.
Effect of NaCl and HCl concentrations on primary pH measurement for the certification of standard materials
Authors: Souza V. , Ordine Alberto Pires , Fraga I. C. S. , Getrouw Monique Audrey , Borges P. P. , Damasceno J. C. , Couto P. R. G.
Published: April 2006

pH is an important parameter to control the production of food, medicine, petrochemical products and others. Thus, standard reference materials used to calibrate pH meters are necessary to guarantee reliability of the measurements. The Chemical Metrology Division (Dquim) of the National Metrology Institute of Brazil (Inmetro) has as one of its missions the certification of standard reference materials. In the case of pH, it will be done by the pH primary measurement system of Inmetro, in operation at Dquim since 2003. The buffer solution of nominal pH value equal to 6.865 will be the first to be certified. The study of some measurement parameters has already been accomplished, and will lead to the improvement of the primary pH measurement. In this paper, the effect of NaCl and HCl concentrations on the primary pH measurement is discussed, based on the results obtained by Inmetro in the regional comparison SIM 8.11P.
Calculation of uncertainties in influence quantities in biological essays
Authors: Morel Pierre , Arruda Tatiana Langbeck de , Bohrer-Morel Maria Beatriz C.
Published: April 2006

Due to the need of showing the reliability of results from biological essays, such as in health and environmental areas, laboratories have been implementing quality systems, particularly ABNT NBR ISO/IEC 17025 (ABNT, 2001), which include as one of the requirements, the calculation of uncertainty in essays results. It is of common knowledge that estimating uncertainty in essays using organisms, such as animal and vegetal species, is difficult, preventing from meeting that requirement in the standard. The paper shows the calculation of uncertainties in influences quantities in these essays as a tool to allow validating the measuring process, by using the essays performed by Rhodia Environmental Impact Analysis Laboratory and IPEN Ecotoxicology Laboratory as examples.
The complexity-stability hypothesis in plant gas exchange under water deficit
Authors: Souza Gustavo M. , Pincus Steven M , Monteiro José Alberto F.
Published: April 2006

We hypothesized that more complex, i.e. irregular, temporal dynamics and a more interconnected overall network supports greater stability to gas exchange parameters (herein, CO2 net assimilation and transpiration) in plants under water deficit. To test this hypothesis two genotypes of Phaseolus vulgaris were subjected to a period of absence of irrigation, and subsequent rewatering to achieve recovery. Gas exchanges parameters were measured each 10 s during 6 h to obtain time series to evaluate complexity by Approximate Entropy (ApEn) calculations, and network connectance in each water regime. Notably, the Jalo Precoce genotype showed significantly more stability than the Guarumbé genotype under system perturbation, coincident with greater irregularity in each gas exchange parameter and greater overall connectance for Jalo Precoce. This conclusion is consistent with other observations of greater homeostasis in more complex networks, seen in broad contexts such as cardiac rhythms and respiratory dynamics
Configural Invariance of a Model of Student Attrition
Authors: Glynn Joseph G. , Sauer Paul L. , Miller Thomas E.
Published: April 2006

The model presented used available data to predict whether or not a student will drop out at some time during his or her college career. The model successfully identified students who would or would not drop out approximately 80% of the time. Logistic regression analysis was employed to predict chances of attrition for matriculating freshmen soon after freshman orientation. The dependent variable was the probability a student would, at some time in their college experience, drop out of college. The independent or predictor variables included demographics, high school experiences and factor scores based on a survey of attitudes, opinions and values. A two-stage procedure consisting of factor analysis in the first stage and logistic regression in the second stage provided model parameter estimates for each cohort of matriculating freshman in years 2000 to 2003. Empirical tests revealed the model was fully configural invariant in the first stage and partially configural invariant in the second stage.
If It Be Not Now, Yet It Will Come
Authors: Reisman Leon
Published: April 2006

The prolog to the Electra has sometimes been
called unSophocIean. The moment is too propitious: the dawn brings a golden
sunlight and the voices of nesting birds. Orestes and his friends move
alertly, confidently, on the verge of deeds. The young hero prepares to act
with a kind of unspoiled alacrity. As Orestes recites his assignment in
revenge, while the Paidagogos listens to correct his errors, we begin to
feel that the briskness and dispatch are somehow suspect and shallow. We are
in the dimension of action, but the action proceeds upon a single level
according to a plan whose elements are logically conceived and causally
connected. Orestes will obey Time, but it is one-dimensional Time,
interpreted as a succession of events leading to a mechanical and inexorable
conclusion.
Brecht in America, 1935
Authors: Baxandall Lee
Published: April 2006

Bert Brecht set out in 1935 on his first voyage to America. He sailed on
a dingy, if not black, freighter, from Denmark, where he lived during
several years of exile from Hitler's Germany. His destination: New York and
the opportunity to collaborate in a production of The
Mother at the Theatre Union, the most famous American
socialist theatre.

Brecht had had few chances to see his work done since his emigration. He
worked with productions in Copenhagen and Paris, but the reputation of
American left theatre stood much higher, with enthusiastic theatre groups in
dozens of large and small cities seeking good “social plays,” in response to
the depression crisis. Friedrich Wolf, a fellow German emigre playwright,
declared sweepingly in International Literature
that New York left theatre was “without exaggeration the strongest and most
outstanding outpost of the Left Theatre in all the capitalist countries.”
(Wolf's Sailors ofCattaro was being done at
Theatre Union.) Brecht had doubts.
Theatre Architecture: A Derivation of the Primal Cavity
Authors: Kaplan Donald M.
Published: April 2006

Among the cultural odds and ends that supply the architectural imagination are prevailing conceptions of the human body—its functions, perfectibility, and possibilities for pleasure and pain. Though architects of various periods have employed ideal proportions of the human body in conscious decisions about the structural proportions of monuments and buildings, this is not the only way, nor the most interesting way, in which the human body informs architecture. What is also meant by the body's relationship to architecture is the memory of body states that architecture evokes in the observer. These body states are recalled in the form of their psychological derivatives: moods, affects, and emotions. These derivatives initiate and qualify our aesthetic judgments about architecture.
Marta Minujin’s “Simultaneity in Simultaneity”
Authors: Kirby Michael
Published: April 2006

Simultaneity in Simultaneity, presented in Buenos Aires, Argentina, on 24 October, 1966, by Marta Minujin was probably the first performance piece in history to make use of several coordinated mass media. In part of the work, each “spectator” was alone in his own home: relatively few perceived every dimension of the performance, but aspects of it were available to anyone with a radio or television set.

The piece which eventually became Simultaneity in Simultaneity was originally conceived as part of an intercontinental presentation. At the same time that Minujin's work was being done in Argentina, Allan Kaprow in the United States and Wolf Vostell in Germany were to do performances. The three had talked of making use of the telstar communications satellite to transmit video material from one part of the performance to another, of flying performers from one country to another so that they could appear in person in more than one “section,” etc. This original plan was not carried through when both Kaprow and Vostell failed to realize their segments, but it determined some of Minujin's imagery, and, eventually, provoked an interesting juxtapositioning of “truth” and “falsity” in art.
Sprache und Volkstum
Authors: Meinhof Carl
Published: April 2006

Die meisten Menschen glauben, dass die Sprache lediglich Verständigungsmittel ist. Jeder Reisende empfindet es ja als störend, dass man im fremden Lande seine Wünsche nicht unmittelbar äussern kann, sondern sich einer fremden Sprache oder eines Dolmetschers bedienen muss, und man erlebt dabei Missverständnisse und Verdriesslichkeiten. So ist es denn auch für den Beamten, den Geschäftsmann und den Missionar höchst lästig, dass man in Afrika sich nicht ungezwungen mit den Eingeborenen unterhalten kann, sondern damit warten muss, bis die Eingeborenen die Sprache des Europäers gelernt haben, oder der Europäer die Sprache der Afrikaner. Man versucht, diesen unerfreulichen Zustand auf allerlei Weise zu beseitigen, indem man die Kenntnis einer europäischen Sprache im Lande nach Möglichkeit verbreitet oder irgendeine afrikanische Verkehrssprache als Vermittlerin zwischen Europäern und Eingeborenen anwendet. Für rein praktische Zwecke wird das gewiss nützlich sein, aber es hat daneben eine bedenkliche, um nicht zu sagen gefährliche Seite, die der Freund der Afrikaner nicht übersehen darf.
African Negro Music
Authors: von Hornbostel E. M.
Published: April 2006

The purport of this article is to provide an answer to the following questions:

1. What is African music like as compared to our own?

2. How can it be made use of in Church and School?

The answer might be as brief as the questions:

1. African and (modern) European music are constructed on entirely different principles, and therefore

2. they cannot be fused into one, but only the one or the other can be used without compromise.

The attention of most of my readers will only be engaged by the second of these points as being one of practical interest, while the first is of a more theoretical nature. But my second answer being only a conclusion drawn from my first one, I shall have to support it by entering on some theoretical detail; it will not, therefore, be possible to keep altogether clear of musical technicalities. Readers who feel alarmed at the idea of having to find their way through analyses of this kind, or to read music, may safely confine their attention to the last section; as for the preceding ones, they will, it is hoped, be indulgent towards the author, granting him that it would be difficult to state a thing without speaking of it.
The Lord’s Resistance Army Case: Uganda’s Submission of the First State Referral to the International Criminal Court
Authors: Akhavan Payam
Published: April 2006

On December 16, 2003, Uganda referred the situation concerning the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) to the prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC). It was the first time that a state party had invoked Articles 13(a) and 14 of the Rome Statute in order to vest the Court with jurisdiction.

For both Uganda and the ICC, the case presented an important opportunity. For Uganda, the referral was an attempt to engage an otherwise aloof international community by transforming the prosecution of LRA leaders into a litmus test for the much celebrated promise of global justice. Since 1986, LRA atrocities have wreaked havoc on the Acholi people of northern Uganda. Given the absence of any vital national interests, influential states have not been inclined either to pressure Sudan to stop harboring the LRA or to help government forces confront the insurgents. Instead, the burden was placed on Uganda to negotiate a peaceful settlement with a ruthless, cult-like insurgency. The imprimatur of international criminal justice, sought through the referral to the ICC, was a means of thrusting this long-forgotten African war back onto the international stage.
Pottery Production and Microcosmic Organization: The Residential Structure of la Quemada, Zacatecas
Authors: Wells E. Christian
Published: April 2006

Incised-engraved pottery and clays from the Malpaso Valley region of northwest Mexico are chemically characterized to investigate the nature of residential organization of the capital settlement, La Quemada, during the Epiclassic period, ca. A.D. 600-900. Scanning-electron microprobe analysis of 115 pottery and 10 clay samples from settlements in the valley, and from middens associated with the civic-ceremonial core of La Quemada and flanking residential terraces, identifies locations of pottery production and indicates patterns of pottery circulation. The distribution of pottery at La Quemada, manufactured in specific outlying settlements, suggests that the social composition of the polity was reproduced in microcosm at the site, and that activities in civic-ceremonial zones involved a greater degree of separation among social groups than those in flanking residential areas.
Coase Encounters and Formal Models: Taking Gibbons Seriously
Authors: Granovetter Mark
Published: April 2006

While accepting Robert Gibbons' case for the clarifying role of formal models, this comment explores the role of rational choice accounts in organizational settings—including the French example that Gibbons cites—whose context evolves in ways exogenous to the rational action of individuals. Articulation of economic and noneconomic concerns in situations in which context and action evolve together is suggested as the main theoretical goal, one that will require arguments more complex than those of current sociology or economics.
The Contribution of French Jurists to the Humanism of the Renaissance1
Authors: Stevens Linton C.
Published: April 2006

How to define humanism as a description of the intellectual activities of the Renaissance is a much vexed question. Whereas Italian humanism was dominated by the professional rhetoricians who imitated classical models and founded classical philology, French humanism, stimulated by the discovery of Greek learning, preoccupied by moral problems, attempted to achieve a fusion of Christian and classical erudition. The interests of the humanists, which included Greek fathers of the church and Byzantine authors as well as the traditional classic writers, were encyclopedic, as in Budé and Jacques Peletier, and philosophic, as in Montaigne and Charron.

Although humanists were to be found in all classes of society, from nobles, ecclesiastics, courtiers, professors, and doctors to printers and merchants, the legal profession appears to have had among its members more distinguished humanists than are to be found in any other one group.
The Topography of the Catacombs of S. Callixtus in the light of Recent Excavations
Authors: Barker E. R.
Published: April 2006

The excavations which have been in progress during the last ten years in the catacombs encircling Rome have added greatly to our knowledge of this vast area, and in some cases have compelled us to modify considerably our views concerning their topography. This has specially been the case in the cemetery of S. Callixtus, lying in the triangle formed by the Via Appia, Via Ardeatina, and Via Appio-Ardeatina at the apex of which stands the chapel of Quo Vadis (fig. 11).
Some Potters' Marks from Cales
Authors: Woolley C. Leonard
Published: April 2006

The names of the potters who produced the black varnished vases decorated with reliefs commonly known as Calene phialae, have been adequately recorded by Pagenstecker; but there have not been published the marks of any of the manufactures of the undecorated black ware from the same site, nor, to the best of my belief, have marked specimens of certain origin been known. While on a visit to Cales, the modern Calio, during the spring of 1910, I was fortunate enough to secure a number of them.
A Statue in the Palazzo Barberini
Authors: Esdaile Katharine A.
Published: April 2006

The unique statue of a togatus holding in either hand the portrait of a deceased ancestor (plates XXVIII-XXX) is fairly well known. It is mentioned by Zoega and by Matz-Duhn; it is discussed by Benndorf-Schöne, and has been recently for the first time adequately published by Dr. Arndt.
Labor in a Massachusetts Cotton Mill, 1853–60
Authors: Ginger Ray
Published: April 2006

Skilled textile workers migrated from Scotland to Massachusetts in the 1850's because of a large wage differential and low steerage rates for the transatlantic passage. For each one of 56 women weavers in the Lyman Mills, expenditures on current consumption took less than 75 per cent of income. But the circumstances were unusual, so this sample does not permit any conclusions about the role of wage-earners' savings in the accumulation of capital in New England. In this mill, two-thirds of the labor force in 1860 had been working there less than three years. The impact of this high degree of labor mobility on labor relations and on the technology of the industry is tentatively assessed.
The Aims and Methods of Collegiate Instruction in Modern
Languages
Authors: Hewett W. T.
Published: April 2006

It is evident that the study of the modern languages is to occupy a
larger place in education in this country than ever before. The intercourse
of people with people, political, social and literary is becoming constantly
more intimate and we may anticipate in the future a more cosmopolitan spirit
in the relation of nations. The arbitration of differences, arid friendly
consultation in questions of disputed rights bring into a union of sympathy
and genial interest states which have hitherto stood apart. Science has
brought nations into immediate and personal connection, making the
intellectual progress of one the possession of the other, while commerce and
the facility of an interchange of citizenship unite them by mutual
interests. These tendencies are separate from any questions touching the
usefulness of the study of modern languages as a method of discipline and
the culture which is to be obtained from contemporary literatures. They
indicate indisputably certain new demands on education which must be met:
they are facts patent to the observer as well as the scholar. Instruction in
our colleges must take, if not a new, at least a changed direction from the
enlarged intercourse of nations. We are brought to ask the question, not
what has the past to give us, but what contribution has the living thought
of each nation to make to its neighbor, what results of study, what
intellectual discoveries, what special gifts from national tendencies and
traits has each to impart. The very nearness and sympathy of nations
politically causes each to present problems which every student of
contemporary thought must investigate. These facts carry their own weight
apart from any literary considerations. The question of a cosmopolitan
spirit in literature, or of a world-literature is not involved in these
views of the growing importance of the study of modern languages. We might
urge with great imperativeness the necessity to every scholar, to every
educated man, of a knowledge of the literature of Europe of the present day,
no literature now stands alone but affects every other literature, and the
subtle thought of one nation colors the intellectual life of every other.
Without then touching upon the relative value or the proportionate time
which should be devoted to the classics and modern languages, we are met by
these facts which emphasize the position which modern languages must assume
in every carefully adjusted college curriculum. Conceding then the
importance of linguistic study, the question arises, what considerations are
of force in determining the order and methods of linguistic study in our
schools and colleges.
Adjectival and Adverbial Relations; Their Influence upon the Government
of the Verb.
Authors: Primer Sylvester
Published: April 2006

In an article on the Factitive in German, read at the last Convention of
the Modern Language Association, I touched upon the adverbial case, but
could not, for want of space, give that attention to it which the subject
deserves. It is now my purpose to treat more at length the adverbial
relations and their influence upon the government of the verb. But since the
boundary between the functions of the adverb and the adjective is somewhat
vague, so much so that it is often difficult to decide whether the adverb or
the adjective would be more appropriate in a particular case, it will first
of all be necessary to settle the real functions of the two words; to
discover, if possible, the distinction between an adverbial and an
adjectival modification of the idea expressed, whether that idea be verbal
or substantival, or (thirdly) the compound idea formed by the union of the
verb and substantive. In my former article I stated that the adverb
expresses some of the vaguer relations of the factitive, but did not intend
by that to deny its capability of expressing accurately the factitive
relations. “A predicating judgment,” says Becker, “always forms the basis of
the logical factitive; it is therefore most perfectly expressed by the
adjectives, but since da, wie, so are often used
predicatively this same relation is also expressed by these.” I also showed
in my treatment of the factitive that a modifier often performs a double
function in serving both as an attribute or modifier of the passive object,
and at the same time qualifying the verbal idea. In expressions like
Sccrates venenum laetus haurit, invitus dedi, nemo saltat
sobrius, tardus venit, in which the English imperatively
demands the adverb, the Latin as imperatively the adjective, a careful
analysis will show that the modification is neither adjectival nor
adverbial, but stands on the boundary between the two.
The Requirements in English for Admission to College
Authors: McElroy John G. R.
Published: April 2006

The paper I have ventured to lay before the Association on this occasion
very likely needs an apology. The questions it raises have none of the
interest that attaches to questions in pure scholarship: they are simply
practical questions in pedagogy, and must be answered in the light of
experience. Besides, as they concern chiefly the course at school, they may
seem even mis-addressed when proposed to a body of college
professors.
Pythagoras of Rhegion and the Early Athlete Statues
Authors: Waldstein Charles
Published: April 2006

The earliest works of Greek art manifest the inability of the artist to express all he desired by the inherent character of his work. The most striking characteristic of Greek art, and a trait which runs through the whole character of the ancient Greek race, is the simplicity with which it attains its great effects, the perfect harmony which obtains between the desire and conception and the realisation and execution. But it is only in the highest stage that we meet with this power: the genius of Pheidias is characterised by the perfect harmony that subsists between the idea and its realisation. Full proficiency in the technical handling of the material must precede the facile expression of inner conceptions by means of material form; and the study of the history of archaic art is the study of the struggle of the artistic spirit with the reluctant material and its final victory over it.

But the desire to give individual character to their statues was felt by the artists, though they had not the power to put it into the essential form of the work itself. This desire found an outlet in expression by means of more accidental and attributive characteristics.
Human Migration and African Harps
Authors: Wachsmann Klaus
Published: April 2006

According to a widely used definition a harp is “an instrument in which the plane of the strings lies at right angles to the sound-table, and a line joining the lower ends of the strings would point towards the neck.” In Africa this definition embraces many varieties of harps, and the variations in form may indicate different human migrations.

Perhaps the most important structural feature by which the various types are differentiated is the assembly of neck, resonator, and string holder. In the manufacture of harps many practical problems centre on this point and this is the basis of my classification of African material. At the same time I shall in this paper disregard many other criteria, such as the shapes and proportions of components, and the tuning pegs, etc. The net result is that it is possible to group present-day harps in Africa into three types.
The Hocket-Technique in African Music
Authors: Nketia J. H. Kwabena
Published: April 2006

Studies of the musical instruments of Africa by Kirby, Wachsmann, Maquet, Solderberg and others, have demonstrated that, in addition to drums, examples of all the main classes of musical instruments are to be found in sub-Saharan Africa. In addition to drums, there is a wide variety of idiophones (including xylophones), as well as various types of lutes, zithers, flutes, etc.

In spite of this variety, there appears to be a widespread tendency to use these instruments not in large heterogeneous ensembles, but in homogeneous ensembles, or in limited combinations in which one type of instrument predominates. There are, for example, ensembles of drums or xylophones, ensembles of flutes or trumpets, or ensembles in which these are combined with “secondary” instruments—usually of a percussive nature. Here and there a flute, a fiddle or a lute may be found in a secondary role in an ensemble, with the function of providing particular effects or enriching the texture of the music.
Of Royal Mantles and Blue Turquoise: The Meaning of the Mexica Emperor's Mantle
Authors: Aguilera Carmen
Published: April 2006

This article argues that the Mexica emperor's mantle was a fiber net rectangle studded with actual turquoise beads or plaques, a conclusion that is contrary to technically based interpretations of the garment as a tie-dyed cotton cape. The purpose of making this distinction is to increase our understanding of the symbolism embodied by Mexica costume within a cultural and historical context. Known as xiuhtlalpiltilmatl in Nahuatl, the mantle is said to have had its origins in Toltec times. Later it was worn mainly by Mexica emperors at accession and other ceremonies to symbolize continuity with their Toltec and Chichimec predecessors. Within the context of Mexica ideology, the garment served this symbolic purpose through its very materials: the rough agave net alludes to nomadic Chichimec warriors of the desert, while turquoise refers to the civilized, sedentary, agriculturally based Toltec peoples.
An Ancient Maya Reservoir and Dam at Tamarindito, El Peten, Guatemala
Authors: Beach Timothy , Dunning Nicholas
Published: April 2006

We report a Prehispanic dam and remnants of a small reservoir at the ancient Maya site of Tamarindito in the Río de la Pasión region of Guatemala's Petén district. The remnants of the dam are on the Petexbatún escarpment, to the east of the main site in the midst of an area of residential groups and numerous and varied agricultural terracing. The dam was about 60 m long and would have held a reservoir of about 2,000 m3. This volume of water was sufficient to irrigate nearby terraced fields. The dam and reservoir probably date to the Late Classic period (A.D. 550-800), a period during which Tamarindito was involved in regional warfare. In addition to producing irrigation water, we hypothesize that the system was built to provide a supplemental, more defensible, residential water supply and to protect a spring located below the dam.
A Chimu-Inka Ceramic-Manufacturing Center from the North Coast of Peru
Authors: Donnan Christopher B.
Published: April 2006

A Chimú-Inka ceramic-manufacturing center, dating ca. A.D. 1470-1532, has been located in the Jequetepeque Valley of northern Peru. An analysis of a large sample of molds and over-fired sherds from the site indicates that the potters produced both local and Inka-derived forms—primarily mold-made utility wares. Since Inka aryballoid bottles were produced here, their production, and presumably their use, was more akin to utility wares for commoners than to ceremonial/administrative ware for the elite. Although there were numerous potters involved in the production of large numbers of vessels, the production was not organized with strict division of labor, but rather with each individual potter working on most stages of production.
Ancient Metallurgy in the Atacama: Evidence for Copper Smelting during Chile's Early Ceramic Period
Authors: Graffam Gray , Rivera Mario , Carevič Alvaro
Published: April 2006

Investigations at the Ramaditas site (Guatacondo Valley, northern Chile) were successful in the discovery of small quantities of ancient metallurgical slag, copper ore, and metal from sealed archaeological contexts dating to the first centuries B. C., and in the discovery of adjacent off-site furnace ruins that appear to be contemporaneous. Laboratory tests are positive in identifying both the surface and subsurface slag as a copper smelting by-product. These results are significant in that they demonstrate that copper smelting and metal manufacture were taking place in the Atacama in antiquity, constituting the first conclusive proof of what many Chilean scholars have anticipated since the early 1970s. These results support the view that the mining of minerals and the winning of metals played a valuable role in the economy of the first sedentary villages of interior Chile, in the foothills and valleys that rim the Atacama desert.
Shamanic Journeys into the Otherworld of the Archaic Chichimec
Authors: Boyd Carolyn E.
Published: April 2006

A spatial analysis of rock art located within the lower Pecos region of southwest Texas and northern Mexico reveals the presence of a recurring motif that depicts anthropomorphic figures passing through an opening in a serpentine arch. An extensive review of the ethnographic literature and archaeological record of cultures within Mesoamerica and the Gran Chichimeca indicates that this motif is widespread and generally associated with specific beliefs about the shamanic journey into the spirit world. Based on analogies drawn from the ethnographic literature, the lower Pecos region motif can be interpreted as a pictographic representation of the shamanic journey made by Archaic Chichimecans into the spirit world. The evidence also indicates that the cosmologies of the cultures within Mesoamerica and the Gran Chichimeca were well established in the Chihuahuan Desert at least 4,000 years ago.
The Continuing Quest for El Dorado: Round Two
Authors: Meggers Betty J.
Published: April 2006

An increasing number of publications supports the autonomous development of dense sedentary populations with advanced social organization throughout Amazonia in spite of abundant archaeological, ethnographic, physical, and biological evidence for environmental limitations to sustainable intensive exploitation of the varzea as well as the terra firme. Three articles in recent issues of Latin American Antiquity dispute the validity of the data collected during three decades of survey by participants of the Programa Nacional de Pesquisas Arqueológicas na Bacia Amazônica, which indicate that surviving indigenous groups perpetuate settlement and social behavior adopted at least 2,000 years ago, when the widespread use of pottery makes it detectable. Correction of the misunderstandings contributing to this "revisionist" assessment is essential because uncritical acceptance of the conclusions not only conflicts with ecological and archaeological evidence, but provides support for the unconstrained deforestation of the region.
Settlement History and the Classic Collapse at Copan: A Redefined Chronological Perspective
Authors: Webster David , Freter AnnCorinne
Published: April 2006

Surveys, test pitting, and large-scale excavation carried out since 1975 around the Classic Maya center of Copan, in western Honduras, have yielded a wealth of settlement data. A total of 2,048 obsidian-hydration dates have redefined the Late Classic Coner ceramic phase, showing it to extend well into the Early Postclassic. Sites with Coner ceramics exhibit much more intraphase chronological variation than expected. The Classic “collapse” at Copan was much more protracted than thought previously. There is an abrupt royal collapse at about A.D. 800, but subroyal elite activity continues for another 200 years, and population declines gradually over a period of four centuries.
Ritual Pathways of the Inca: An Analysis of the Collasuyu Ceques in Cuzco
Authors: Bauer Brian S.
Published: April 2006

The ceque system of Cuzco was composed of at least 328 shrines (huacas) organized along 42 hypothetical lines (ceques) that radiated out of the city of Cuzco, the capital of the Inca. Ethnohistoric research indicates that the system was conceptually linked to, and essentially reproduced, the fundamental social, political, spatial, and temporal divisions of the Cuzco region and Inca society. As such the ceque system is one of the most complex, indigenous Prehispanic ritual systems known in the Americas. This article summarizes the basic organizational features of the ceque system according to ethnohistorians and reviews the current literature. Archaeological data document the likely positions of 85 shrines and the probable courses of nine ceques in Collasuyu, the southeast quarter of the Cuzco Valley. The courses of the nine Collasuyu ceques are then compared with predicted courses set forth in current models of the system. The findings suggest that numerous internal inconsistencies, if not errors, exist in the seventeenth-century documentary source that describes the ceque system and that the courses of the ceques may have varied far more than is suggested in the literature.
Archaism or Tradition?: The Decapitation Theme in Cupisnique and Moche Iconography
Authors: Cordy-Collins Alana
Published: April 2006

The Cupisnique (ca. 1000-200 B. C.) and the Moche (ca. 100 B. C.-A. D. 800) inhabited much of the same territory of Peru's north coast in Precolumbian times, and both are noted for their extraordinary and distinct artistry. Despite the distinctiveness of the two art styles, various similarities between them have been noted. One investigation concluded that archaistic copying was the explanation for the similarities (Rowe 1971). In contrast, the present study arrives at the opposite interpretation: that the Moche knew the symbolic content of the earlier images and retained it. Decapitation is a concept that is essentially pan-Andean and, therefore, it is not surprising that both the Cupisnique and the Moche subscribed to it. What is surprising, particularly in view of the universality of the idea, is that both groups employed virtually the same cast of characters. This paper demonstrates a continuity of belief between Cupisnique and Moche societies through an investigation of the Decapitator theme.
Cantona: Urbe Prehispanica en el Altiplano Central de Mexico
Authors: Cook Angel García , Carrión Beatriz Leonor Merino
Published: April 2006

El Proyecto Cantona 1992-1994, patrocinado por el Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia de México, ha recuperado importantes datos nuevos sobre este impresionante sitio prehispánico ubicado en la porción meridional de la Cuenca Oriental de Puebla. Basado en estas recientes investigaciones, este informe presenta las características claves del sitio, incluyendo la planificación urbana, el sistema de calzadas y calles, los grupos mayores de arquitectura y la asimetría patente en la arquitectura. Las fechas de radiocarbono colocan la ocupación mayor de Cantona en el período Clásico.
An Early Classic Colonnaded Building at the Maya Site of Blue Creek, Belize
Authors: Driver W. David
Published: April 2006

Investigations of the civic architecture at the Lowland Maya site of Blue Creek, Belize, have documented an Early Classic building with a colonnaded superstructure. Although one of only six such buildings reported from the Maya Lowlands, this architectural form appears to be a variant of a more common type of colonnaded building. An examination of such structures from a site-planning perspective indicates that columns may have been used by the Maya to create buildings that were conducive to movement, and for the conduct and/or viewing of public activities. The present study refutes the commonly held assumption that the use of columns in Maya architecture was limited in both spatial and temporal distribution, and instead shows them to have been widely distributed throughout the Maya Lowlands by the middle of the Classic Period.
Description and Method of Exploitation of the Alca Obsidian Source, Peru
Authors: Jennings Justin , Glascock Michael D.
Published: April 2006

Despite three decades of obsidian studies in the Andes, the extraction zones for this raw material remain poorly understood. The extent and geology of the sources, their intra-source chemical compositional variation, and the means by which the sources were exploited prehistorically, have largely escaped study. This report describes the results of a geoarchaeological survey of the Alca obsidian source in the Cotahuasi Valley, Peru. The survey documented 16 discrete outcrops of obsidian across an area of 50 km2. The obsidian in these outcrops can be found both as volcaniclastic flows and nodules in poorly consolidated volcanic tuff. Neutron activation analyses on samples from these outcrops suggest that all obsidian came from the same parent magma. Five small quarries were found during the course of the survey. No evidence of control over the resource zone was found and we suggest that tight control over obsidian extraction in the valley would have been logistically difficult due to the size and nature of the deposits.
Volcanism, Ecology and Culture: A Reassessment of the Volcán Ilopango TBJ Eruption in the Southern Maya Realm
Authors: Dull Robert A. , Southon John R. , Sheets Payson
Published: April 2006

The Tierra Blanca Joven (TBJ) eruption of the Ilopango caldera in central El Salvador was one of the largest Holocene volcanic events in Central America, and its ecological and cultural impacts were felt throughout El Salvador and adjoining areas of Guatemala and Honduras. Early radiocarbon measurements established a ca. A. D. 260 ± 114 calendar date for the eruption. However, a reevaluation of the original 14C dates, in addition to new AMS 14C assays, shows that the TBJ eruption occurred at least a century and a half later than originally estimated. The revised 14C composite supports an Early Classic Period calendar date for the eruption: 1 sigma = A. D. 421(429)526; 2 sigma = A. D. 408(429)536. A review of archaeological settlement, ceramic, and radiocarbon evidence from sites throughout the area of greatest devastation reveals a large-scale demographic collapse following the event. We believe that the population crash was caused both by the biophysical effects of the eruption and by the resulting disarticulation of the "Miraflores" cultural-economic sphere. The affected areas of El Salvador and south-eastern Guatemala did not completely recover until the seventh century A. D.
Majolica in the Early Colonial Andes: The Role of Panamanian Wares
Authors: Jamieson Ross W.
Published: April 2006

As one of the most common artifact categories found on Spanish colonial sites, the wheel-made, tin-glazed pottery known as majolica is an important chronological and social indicator for archaeologists. Initially imported from Europe, several manufacturing centers for majolica were set up in the New World by the late sixteenth century. The study of colonial majolica in the Viceroyalty of Peru, which encompassed much of South America, has received less attention than ceramic production and trade in the colonial Caribbean and Mesoamerica. Prior to 1650 the Viceroyalty of Peru was supplied with majolica largely produced in the city of Panama Vieja, on the Pacific. Panama Vieja majolica has been recovered from throughout the Andes, as far south as Argentina. Majolica made in Panama Vieja provides an important chronological indicator of early colonial archaeological contexts in the region. The reproduction of Iberian-style majolica for use on elite tables was symbolically important to the imposition of Spanish rule, and thus Panamanian majolicas also provide an important indicator of elite status on Andean colonial sites.
A Crisis of Identity: Late Classic Competition and Interaction on the Southeast Maya Periphery
Authors: Schortman Edward , Nakamura Seiichi
Published: April 2006

Archaeologists frequently assume that when cultures interact with each other the most complex partner dominates the transactions. We propose that this is a misleadingly simple view of a complex process. A framework for modeling intersocietal interaction and understanding its sociopolitical consequences is outlined here. This theoretical structure calls attention to who is actually involved in the interaction process, how these transactions are carried out, and what the goals of the contact partners are. The complex material patterns from two neighboring areas of Late Classic (A. D. 600-950) southeast Mesoamerica are then examined using the proposed model to see what insights into ancient interaction processes it can provide.