bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Loret’s Marketing Revolution
Authors: Schuwey Christophe
Published: June 2021

The inception of Jean Loret’s Lettre en vers in 1652 constituted a major evolution in information culture. Borrowing the concepts of positioning and segmentation from marketing studies, this article insists on Loret’s tour de force: by portraying Marie de Nemours as the reader and recipient of the news, he conferred the veneer of a private and handwritten correspondence to an object that was public and sold. This formula, which I describe as “addressed information,” presented multiple advantages: it created a new, affective, intimate, and agentive relationship between the readers and the information, renewed audience segmentation, and distinguished the Lettre en vers from the competing gazettes of the time. The article also studies Loret’s depictions of a wider audience and demonstrates the later success of his formula in France, especially in the case of the Mercure galant.
REPRODUCTION OF THE MINERAL – RAW MATERIAL BASE PROBLEMS IN THE REPUBLIC SRPSKA
Authors: Cvijić Ranko , Milošević Aleksej
Published: June 2021

The Strategy for the management and utilization of mineral resources of the Republic Srpska includes inevitably the mineral resource base as an essential element of material and social development, and it is one of the significant reliance forms on its own suorces in achieving economic development. In this sense, geological exploration, like an important activity in providing mineral resources for the development of the economy of the Republic Srpska, has not been given adequate attention since the 1990 and has not been systematically conducted at all.

The practice of the surrounding countries, and also in the earlier period, in these regions was such that geological exploration were treated adequately with the importance of mineral resources and, accordingly, funds were provided for their financing by the state and also by users of mineral resources. Today, there are no systematic geological surveys in the Republic Srpska and no systematic sources for their financing. The geological research activity in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the former Yugoslavia, throughout the earlier period, was characterized by relatively good organization and coherence of the research program. Due to this, many remarkable results have been achieved, which justify the realized investments in many ways.

The paper presents the basic characteristics of the mineral raw material base of the Republic Srpska, as then an analysis of inefficiency and stagnation in the research was done, and finally suggestions are given the necessary activities to improve the present situation.
ANALYSIS BANDWIDTH DRAIN ON CITY ROAD
Authors: Bašić Zahid , Galamić Anadel
Published: June 2021

Drainage of surface water from the pavement structure is an important parameter for preserving the designed period and safety during the operation of the pavement structure. The paper presents research on the relationship between the efficiency of drains depending on the cross slope. When the correct selection of transverse slopes and the collection of rain runoff from the catchment area of the road, the safety of the operating conditions itself increases.

By changing the transverse slope, the parameters in terms of water runoff speed and drain efficiency also change. During the analysis, this paper also took into account the hydrological parameters for the site where the section in question is located.

The analysis in this paper aims to show how the correct selection of cross slopes of pavement structures can be of key importance for the efficiency of the drain, and thus the efficient drainage of surface water from the pavement structure.
ESTIMATING THE INFLUENCE OF SOLAR RADIATION AT DIFFERENT SEASONS ON THE MODE OF DEFORMATION OF A SPAN STRUCTURE WITH AN ORTROTROPIC PLATE
Authors: Gridnev Sergey , Podlesnykh Igor , Skalko Yuri , Rezunov Aleksandr
Published: June 2021

The article studies the effect of solar radiation at different seasons on the mode of deformation (MD) of a span structure with an orthotropic plate. The temperature fields of the elements of the structure were measured during daylight hours at different times of year at various air temperatures and sun positions. Cases were identified in which it is necessary to clarify the temperature values of the asphalt concrete road surfacing and the main beams obtained using a non-contact pyrometer, and by measuring the temperature with a contact thermometer.

During the year the elements of the span are in a wide temperature range. Using the developed finite element model of the span, taking into account the layers of road surfacing, the MD calculations were performed for each case of exposure to solar radiation according to the corrected results of field measurements. An analysis of the results of numerical studies allows us to conclude that diurnal and seasonal temperature fluctuations create significant additional stresses in the span, which should be taken into account when calculating the MD of spans of road bridges.
COMPETITIVE ADSORPTION OF CR(VI), K(I) AND NH4(I) IONS ONTO NATURAL ZEOLITES AND BENTONITES
Authors: Bakalár Tomáš
Published: June 2021

Chromium, ammonium, and potassium compounds are pollutants in the environment released mainly by industrial wastewater and they can negatively influence the quality of surface water. Zeolites and bentonites are commonly used adsorbents for removal of pollutant from water. In the study, the adsorbents were used in their natural form, without chemical modification for adsorption of Cr(VI), K(I) and NH4(I) from K2CrO4, K2Cr2O7 and (NH4)2CrO4 in a single compound system for each adsorbate separately. The Langmuir isotherm provided the best correlation for the adsorption onto the zeolites and bentonites. The adsorption capacities of bentonites were higher than the adsorption capacities of zeolites from all the used adsorbates. The maximum sorption capacities of K(I) from K2CrO4 were approximately the same. The maximum sorption capacities of K(I) from K2Cr2O7 and NH4(I) from (NH4)2CrO4 were higher for zeolites than for bentonites. The adsorption of Cr(VI) in the form of anions is preferred to the adsorption of cations. The zeolites and bentonites were found to be suitable adsorbents for removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions.
PRAVO I PRAVOSUĐE U OSMANSKOM CARSTVU SA POSEBNIM OSVRTOM NA BOSNU I HERCEGOVINU
Authors: ̌Simovic Miodrag N.́ , ̌Simovic Milená , ̌Simovic Marina M.́
Published: June 2021

Predmet ovog rada je organizacija pravosudnog sistema u Osmanskom carstvu, pri cemu je posebna paznja posvecena pravosuđu za vrijeme osmanske vlasti u Bosni i Hercegovini. Iako je osmanska drzava prosla kroz niz uređenja i preuređenja, neke od glavnih struktura su ostale neizmijenjene. Uvijek je postojao neko ko je bio potpuno odgovoran za upravu drzave, tj. sultan carevine. Odluke je uvijek razmatrao divanski savjet, dok je konacnu rijec uvijek imao sultan. U zacecima carstva, ovaj savjet su cinili plemenski starci. Kasnije je on promijenjen tako da je ukljucivao vojne profesionalce i mjesne viđenije ljude (elitu), poput vjerskih i politickih savjetnika visokog staleza. Clanovi divana su nazvani veziri (ministri), kojima je nesto kasnije poceo da predsjedava veliki vezir (premijer), preuzimajuci neke od sultanovih odgovornosti. Osmansko carstvo je zapravo bila velika vojna organizacija, koju su zanimala nova osvajanja i ubiranje poreza, te je njen upravni sistem bio oblikovan za osiguravanje ljudstva za vojsku i novca za njeno placanje.
THE EFFECT OF ASEPTIC PODODERMATITIS ON MILK PRODUCTION
Authors: RADINOVIĆ́ Miodrag , STANOJEVIĆ́ Jovan , CINCOVIĆ́ Marko R. , BELIĆ́ Branislava
Published: June 2021

Lameness in high-yielding dairy cows is one of the main factors of economic losses on farms. These losses include treatment costs, reduced milk production, reduced fertility, and an increased number of cows excluded from production. Lameness in cows is a painful condition that leads to lying down for a longer period of time, refusal to move as well as reduced food consumption. Reduced food consumption consequently leads to reduced milk production. The experiment was performed on a dairy farm in Vojvodina. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of aseptic pododermatitis on milk yield in cows. The experiment included 40 Holstein-Friesian cows in their second lactation. All selected cows had the same body condition score and were at the same phase of lactation. The cows were divided into 2 experimental groups. The first group included cows diagnosed with laminitis and with pronounced lameness. The second group included healthy cows without pronounced lameness. Daily milk production was measured initially in both groups of cows, and then on the 1st, 7th, and 21st day after hoof processing in a group of cows diagnosed with laminitis. After statistical processing of the obtained results, a significantly lower daily milk production was observed in cows with pronounced symptoms of aseptic pododermatitis compared to healthy cows. It was also noticed that, during the first 7 days after treatment, there was no significant increase in milk production in cows with aseptic pododermatitis. On the first day after treatment, reduced milk production was noticed, as a consequence of the additional stress to which the cows were exposed during the processing and therapy of the hooves. The greatest exponential growth in milk production in treated cows was recorded between 7 and 21 days after treatment, with a significant increase only
after three weeks.
RETROSPEKTIVNO ISPITIVANJE PATOLOGIJE MALOG KOLONA KOD 72 KONJA
Authors: ALIEV́ Ruslan , KOVAČ́ Milomir , NEDIĆ́ Drago , DRAKUĹ Nevena
Published: June 2021

U radu su retrospektivno prezentovani dijagnostika, konzervativno i hirurško lečenje različnih patologija na malom kolonu kod 72 konja, koji su primljeni sa abdominalnim bolom (kolikom) na veterinarsku kliniku „Novi Vek“ Moskovske državne akademije za veterinarstvo i biotehnologiju (po imenu Skrabina). Pregledi su vršeni u periodu 20072019. godina kada je primljeno i pregledano 1810 količnih konja od kojih je kod 72 utvrđena patologija na malom kolonu što čini 3,97% svih slučajeva. Najveći uzrok patologije malog kolona bile su opstipacije fecesom u 49 slučajeva. Od ukupno 72 hospitalizovana i lečena konja njih 62 je uspešno izlečeno što čini 86,1%.
Influences of space charge layer effect on oxygen vacancy transport adjacent to three phase boundaries within solid oxide fuel cells
Authors: Xu Han , Zhang Lu ,   Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
Published: June 2021

The nanocomposite electrode is a promising technology to improve the electrochemical performance of intermediate/low temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Within the nanocomposite electrode, the space charge layer (SCL) effect is likely to alternate the oxygen vacancy transport adjacent to the three phase boundaries (TPBs), which is one of the key factors to improve the electrochemical performance of the electrodes. Existing studies usually adopt Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) equation to predict the SCL effect, in which all the charge carriers are assumed to be in the electrochemical equilibrium state and the net current of the conductor is nearly zero. Apparently, the PB equation is incapable of predicting the SCL effects under typical SOFC operating conditions, since the net current is obviously not zero. In this paper, based on the patterned electrode, we develop a numerical method via coupling the Poisson equation with the mass conservation equation of charge carriers for the oxygen vacancy transport with considering the SCL effect under SOFC operating conditions. Our results show that an obvious gradient is observed in the oxygen vacancy concentration near the TPBs due to the SCL effect, which leads to a remarkable diffusion current that is even larger than the migration current driven by the potential gradient. The SCL resistance is computed to quantitatively characterize the influence of the SCL effect on the oxygen vacancy transport. The SCL resistance shows a decreasing tendency with the increasing of the dimensionless Debye length and dimensionless potential, but it increases with the increasing of the dimensionless average current density. These results and the numerical method can be helpful in improving the performance of intermediate/low temperature SOFCs via rationally designing robust nanocomposite electrodes.
Genomic basis for drought resistance in European beech forests threatened by climate change
Authors: Pfenninger Markus , Reuss Friederike , Kiebler Angelika , Schönnenbeck Philipp , Caliendo Cosima , Gerber Susanne , Cocchiararo Berardino , Reuter Sabrina , Blüthgen Nico , Mody Karsten , Mishra Bagdevi , Bálint Miklós , Thines Marco , Feldmeyer Barbara
Published: June 2021

In the course of global climate change, Central Europe is experiencing more frequent and prolonged periods of drought. The drought years 2018 and 2019 affected European beeches (Fagus sylvatica L.) differently: even in the same stand, drought-damaged trees neighboured healthy trees, suggesting that the genotype rather than the environment was responsible for this conspicuous pattern. We used this natural experiment to study the genomic basis of drought resistance with Pool-GWAS. Contrasting the extreme phenotypes identified 106 significantly associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) throughout the genome. Most annotated genes with associated SNPs (>70%) were previously implicated in the drought reaction of plants. Non-synonymous substitutions led either to a functional amino acid exchange or premature termination. A non-parametric machine learning approach on 98 validation samples yielded 20 informative loci which allowed an 88% prediction probability of the drought phenotype. Drought resistance in European beech is a moderately polygenic trait that should respond well to natural selection, selective management, and breeding.
Majorana Bound States Hallmarks in a Quantum Topological Interferometer Ring
Authors: Calle Ana M. , Orellana Pedro A. , Otálora Jorge A.
Published: June 2021

In this work, the conductance and current correlations properties of a quantum topological interferometer consisting of a quantum dot coupled to two Majorana bound states (MBSs) confined at both ends of a 1D topological superconductor ring nanowire is investigated. The ring in its topological nontrivial and trivial phases is analyzed to show that the tunneling conductance, shot noise, and Fano factor present unique characteristics to distinguish the hallmark of MBSs. The findings are reinforced by taking advantage of the full correspondence between the quantum topological interferometer and a quantum‐dot effectively coupled to a single Majorana state in a straight topological superconductor wire configuration. It is shown that besides the characteristic zero‐bias conductance and the already known shot noise features, the Fano factor provides significant information to distinguish the MBSs presence.
Synthesis and properties of sildenafil isostere
Authors: Su Ziqi , Zhang Qi , Zhao Qieqiang , Liu Wenyi , Zhao Tao , Wang Huiping , Li Jiarong , Xu Juan
Published: June 2021

A series of novel pyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidin‐4‐one derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their anti‐phosphodiesterase‐5 (PDE‐5) activity. A total of 28 compounds, containing alkyl and aryl groups at the 1‐N and 3‐C positions on the pyrazole ring, and also bearing different alkyl substituents on the piperazine ring were synthesized. Four compounds (4d, 5d, 6d, and 5o) were found to have better inhibitory activity against PDE‐5 (IC50 < 10 nM). All four of the most active compounds contain a phenyl ring at the N1 position. Compounds containing a 3,5‐dimethylpiperazinyl group show better activity than others. These results suggest that compound 5o can be used as a lead structure for developing new inhibitors of PDE‐5.
Digitized indigenous knowledge collections: Impact on cultural knowledge transmission, social connections, and cultural identity
Authors: Liew Chern Li , Yeates Jamie , Lilley Spencer Charles
Published: June 2021

This research examines the impact of digitized and digital indigenous knowledge collections (D‐IKC) on cultural knowledge transmission, social connections, and cultural identity through semi‐structured interviews with 8 users of D‐IKC in New Zealand. The participants acknowledged that D‐IKC brought about many benefits, including the surfacing of otherwise hidden or inaccessible cultural heritage. Concerns around digital access, digital competency, and responsiveness to cultural values need to be thoughtfully addressed nevertheless. Use of D‐IKC had impact not only at an individual level but also at a social‐community level. We highlight several traditional cultural values related to D‐IKC use that are not embodied in existing value‐impact frameworks. This research also found that the intersection and interactions among individual needs, cultural expectations, and norms and affordances around the digital information environments concerned were nuanced and multifaceted. These facets must be incorporated into the stewardship of knowledge collections. We also observed “digital knowledge sharing in the wild”—knowledge transmission that transpired and in some cases led to creation of knowledge resources that materialized outside the bounds of the originating repositories and institutions. Further studies into such self‐organized knowledge transmission/sharing phenomena can lead to valuable insights to inform and shape the curation and design of D‐IKC.
Body height robust control of automotive air suspension system using finite‐time approach
Authors: Yin Chunfang , Zhao Dean , Zhang Jun , Wang Shaohua , Xu Xing , Sun Xiaoqiang , Shi Dehua
Published: June 2021

One of the essential characteristics of electronically controlled air suspension (ECAS) is that the automotive height is adjustable. Because ECAS system has complex nonlinearity and noticeable hysteresis, it is easy to make the vehicle oscillate near the target height due to the overcharge/discharge of air springs, which would cause the instability of vehicle body posture. More than that, the existence of external disturbances and uneven loads has impacts on body height control. The complex nonlinear characteristics and the existence of external interference put forward higher requirements for the design of ECAS body height controller. In this paper, by non‐singular coordinate transformation, the nonlinear model of the 1/4 ECAS body height regulation system is transformed into a linear model with a third‐order integral chain firstly, which is closer to the real dynamic characteristics of the suspension system than the linear system with low order. Secondly, based on continuous finite‐time theory, a continuous finite‐time feedback stabilization controller with small parameters is designed, and it turned out that the height regulation system can achieve finite‐time stability. Finally, the simulation results under sinusoidal and random disturbances show that with the comparison with the traditional PD control, the designed finite‐time controller can not only guarantee the system faster response speed and better control accuracy but also obtain the better anti‐jamming performance. By innovatively applying the finite‐time theory to the ECAS system, the designed control system in this paper can afford good robustness for ECAS height adjustment and has great significance to improve the overall performance of ECAS system.
αVβ6 Integrin: An Intriguing Target for COVID‐19 and Related Diseases
Authors: Bugatti Kelly
Published: June 2021

The outbreak of SARS‐CoV‐2 has been an extraordinary event that constituted a global health emergency. As the novel coronavirus is continuing to spread over the world, the need for therapeutic agents to control this pandemic is increasing. αVβ6 Integrin may be an intriguing target not only for the inhibition of SARS‐CoV‐2 entry, but also for the diagnosis/treatment of COVID‐19 related fibrosis, an emerging type of fibrotic disease which will probably affect a significant part of the recovered patients. In this short article, the possible role of this integrin for fighting COVID‐19 is discussed on the basis of recently published evidence, showing how its underestimated involvement may be interesting for the development of novel pharmacological tools.
Labeling and Probing the Silica Surface Using Mechanochemistry and 17O NMR Spectroscopy**
Authors: Chen Chia‐Hsin , Mentink‐Vigier Frederic , Trébosc Julien , Goldberga Ieva , Gaveau Philippe , Thomassot Emilie , Iuga Dinu , Smith Mark E. , Chen Kuizhi , Gan Zhehong , Fabregue Nicolas , Métro Thomas‐Xavier , Alonso Bruno , Laurencin Danielle
Published: June 2021

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in developing cost‐efficient, fast, and user‐friendly 17O enrichment protocols to help to understand the structure and reactivity of materials by using 17O NMR spectroscopy. Here, we show for the first time how ball milling (BM) can be used to selectively and efficiently enrich the surface of fumed silica, which is widely used at industrial scale. Short milling times (up to 15 min) allowed modulation of the enrichment level (up to ca. 5 %) without significantly changing the nature of the material. High‐precision 17O compositions were measured at different milling times by using large‐geometry secondary‐ion mass spectrometry (LG‐SIMS). High‐resolution 17O NMR analyses (including at 35.2 T) allowed clear identification of the signals from siloxane (Si−O−Si) and silanols (Si−OH), while DNP analyses, performed by using direct 17O polarization and indirect 17O{1H} CP excitation, agreed with selective labeling of the surface. Information on the distribution of Si−OH environments at the surface was obtained from 2D 1H−17O D‐HMQC correlations. Finally, the surface‐labeled silica was reacted with titania and using 17O DNP, their common interface was probed and Si−O−Ti bonds identified.
Ten‐year clinical outcomes in patients with intermediate coronary stenosis according to the combined culprit lesion
Authors: Kim Yong Kyun , Jang Chae Won , Kwon Soon Ho , Kim Jae Hoon , Lerman Amir , Bae Jang‐Ho
Published: June 2021

Background

We assessed the long‐term clinical outcomes of an intermediate lesion (IL) according to the presence of a combined culprit lesion (CCL).

Hypothesis

Long‐term clinical outcomes of IL may be affected by the presence of a CCL.

Methods

Angiographic findings (n = 1096) and medical chart were reviewed. Patients with IL were divided into two groups: IL without CCL group (n = 383, 64.5%) and IL with CCL group (n = 211, 35.5%).

Results

The major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in the IL with CCL group were significantly higher than those in the IL without CCL group (death: 12.3% vs. 7.0%, myocardial infarction: 3.3%vs. 0.5%, stroke: 6.6% vs. 2.6%, and revascularization [RVSC]: 25.1% vs. 7.6%) during a mean follow up period of 118.4 ± 5.5 months. IL related RVSC rate in the IL with CCL group was higher than that in the IL without CCL group (5.7% vs. 2.1%, p = 0.020). RVSC rate related to IL in total subjects was lower than that related to stented lesion (3.4% vs. 6.4%). The important predictors of total MACE in total subjects were the presence of CCL, IL percent diameter stenosis, hypertension, history of percutaneous coronary intervention, blood glucose and ejection fraction. The predictors of IL related RVSC were IL percent diameter stenosis and IL located in the right coronary artery.

Conclusion

10‐year clinical outcomes of an IL (especially IL without CCL) were better than those of stented lesions. This study suggests that the IL can be safely followed up in sites that do not have ability to assess functional study.
Assessment of wheat variety adoption in Bangladesh through DNA fingerprinting
Authors: Gade Poornima , Alam M Ashraful , Barma Naresh C.D. , Majumder Rituparna , Garapaty Rijuta , Paranjape Vijay Dattatraya , Killian Andrzej , Vijayaraghavan K. , Kabir Md. Rezaul , Hakim Md. Abdul , Islam Md. Zaherul , Hossain Md. Mahamudul , Rahman Md. Mokhlesur , Rahman Mahbubur , Khan Md. Abul Awlad , Islam Md. Rabiul , Hasan Md. Mahamudul , Amin Md. Forhad , Acevedo Maricelis
Published: June 2021

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) demand in Bangladesh has increased significantly in recent years, becoming the second major staple cereal after rice (Oryza sativa L.). Domestic production of wheat accounts for only 16% of domestic use. More than 30 wheat varieties have been released in the past 30 yr by the Bangladesh Wheat and Maize Research Institute (BWMRI). In the last 10 yr alone, nine varieties with improved yield and disease resistance have been released. Bangladesh and the BWMRI lack the regulatory framework and infrastructure to accurately track the rate of adoption of these new releases. To determine the adoption of these varieties across the country, DNA fingerprinting of wheat samples was conducted across the six wheat growing regions in Bangladesh during the 2018–2019 cropping season. A reference library was established to compare and identify the wheat samples collected from farmers’ fields. Wheat grain samples collected from the fields and breeders’ lines were genotyped using Diversity Arrays Technology sequencing (DArTseq)‐based single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Of the 1,791 samples collected from farmers’ fields, 68% were identified as varieties released after 2000 and 32% matched with older varieties. Among the varieties grown, BARI Gom 25 represented 29% of the collected samples followed by 23% of BARI Gom 24 and 16% of BARI Gom 26. These three most common varieties were well distributed across the six regions and have broad adoption.
BMP signaling and skeletal development in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP)
Authors: Towler Oscar Will , Shore Eileen M.
Published: June 2021

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is an ultra‐rare genetic disease caused by increased BMP pathway signaling due to mutation of ACVR1, a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type 1 receptor. The primary clinical manifestation of FOP is extra‐skeletal bone formation (heterotopic ossification) within soft connective tissues. However, the underlying ACVR1 mutation additionally alters skeletal bone development and nearly all people born with FOP have bilateral malformation of the great toes as well as other skeletal malformations at diverse anatomic sites. The specific mechanisms through which ACVR1 mutations and altered BMP pathway signaling in FOP influence skeletal bone formation during development remain to be elucidated; however, recent investigations are providing a clearer understanding of the molecular and developmental processes associated with ACVR1‐regulated skeletal formation.
Demographic and potential biological removal models identify raptor species sensitive to current and future wind energy
Authors: Diffendorfer Jay E. , Stanton Jessica C. , Beston Julie A. , Thogmartin Wayne E. , Loss Scott R. , Katzner Todd E. , Johnson Douglas H. , Erickson Richard A. , Merrill Matt D. , Corum Margo D.
Published: June 2021

A central challenge in applied ecology is understanding the effect of anthropogenic fatalities on wildlife populations and predicting which populations may be particularly vulnerable and in greatest need of management attention. We used three approaches to investigate the potential effects of fatalities from collisions with wind turbines on 14 raptor species for both current (106 GW) and anticipated future (241 GW) levels of installed wind energy capacity in the United States. Our goals were to identify species at relatively high vs low risk of experiencing population declines from turbine collisions and to also compare results generated from these approaches. Two of the approaches used a calculated turbine‐caused mortality rate to decrement population growth, where population trends were derived either from the North American Breeding Bird Survey or from a matrix model parameterized from literature‐derived demographic values. The third approach was potential biological removal, which estimates the number of fatalities that allow a population to reach and maintain its optimal sustainable population set by management objectives. Different results among the methods reveal substantial gaps in knowledge and uncertainty in both demographic parameters and species‐specific estimates of fatalities from wind turbines. Our results suggest that, of the 14 species studied, those with relatively higher potential of population‐level impacts from wind turbine collisions included barn owl, ferruginous hawk, golden eagle, American kestrel, and red‐tailed hawk. Burrowing owl, Cooper’s hawk, great horned owl, northern harrier, turkey vulture, and osprey had a relatively lower potential for population impacts, and results were not easily interpretable for merlin, prairie falcon, and Swainson’s hawk. Projections of current levels of fatalities to future wind energy scenarios at 241 GW of installed capacity suggest some species could experience population declines because of turbine collisions. Populations of those species may benefit from research to identify tools to prevent or reduce raptor collisions with wind turbines.
DNA metabarcoding provides insights into the diverse diet of a dominant suspension feeder, the giant plumose anemone Metridium farcimen
Authors: Wells Christopher D. , Paulay Gustav , Nguyen Bryan N. , Leray Matthieu
Published: June 2021

Benthic suspension feeders have significant impacts on plankton communities by depleting plankton or modifying the composition of the plankton through prey selectivity. Quantifying diets of planktivorous animals can be difficult because plankton are frequently microscopic, may lack diagnostic characters, and are digested at variable rates. With DNA metabarcoding, the identification of gut contents has become faster and more accurate, and the technique allows for higher taxonomic resolution while also identifying rare and highly degraded items that would otherwise not be detected. We used DNA metabarcoding to examine the diet of the giant plumose anemone Metridium farcimen, a large, abundant, competitively dominant anemone on subtidal rock surfaces and floating docks in the northeast Pacific Ocean. Gut contents of 12 individuals were compared to 80‐ and 330‐µm filtered plankton samples collected one hour prior between 0.02 and 1.5 km from the anemones. The objectives of this study were to determine if M. farcimen has a selective diet and compare our findings with traditional gut content analyses. Metabarcoding demonstrated that M. farcimen captured a wider range of prey than previously suspected using traditional visual sampling techniques. Individual gut contents had less richness than the 80‐µm filtered plankton samples but had greater richness than the 330‐µm filtered plankton samples. The diet of the anemones was 52% arthropods with a surprisingly high relative abundance of an ant (10%) that has mating flights in August when this study was conducted. The gut contents of M. farcimen likely include all prey that elicit a predation response and that cannot escape. There were no statistically overrepresented taxa in the gut contents compared to the plankton but there were underrepresented taxa. This study highlights the usefulness of the metabarcoding method in identifying prey within the gut of planktivorous animals and the significant terrestrial input into marine food webs.
Electrical Conductivity of Halide Perovskites Follows Expectations from Classical Defect Chemistry
Authors: Leupold Nico , Seibel Anna Lena , Moos Ralf , Panzer Fabian
Published: June 2021

Defect chemistry is key to understand electrical properties of many functional materials including halide perovskites. However, expectations from defect chemistry about the dependency of defect densities on the doping regime of halide perovskites have not yet been clearly confirmed experimentally. Here, we measure the electrical conductivity of the model halide perovskite Methylammonium Lead Iodide over a wide range of iodine partial pressures. We find that with iodine partial pressure the electrical conductivity changes with different slopes in a double‐logarithmic representation, indicating changes of the perovskite conductivity mechanism. Considering differences in the mobilities of the various defect species, we derive expectations about the dependence of the total conductivity of the perovskite as a function of iodine partial pressure. We find iodine vacancies dominating the conductivity at low iodine partial pressures, whereas at higher partial pressures holes govern the total conductivity. We find the concentration of iodide vacancies to be ∼1018 cm−3, in good agreement with the expected values based on intrinsic ionic disorder. Finally, for the case that the intrinsic ionic disorder concentration is overestimated, we elucidate the possibility to explain the conductivity profile by impurity induced acceptor doping in the perovskite. Thus, our work will allow to develop a more fundamental understanding about the electrical properties of halide perovskites.
Finite element modeling of buildings with structural and foundation rocking on dry sand
Authors: Pelekis Iason , McKenna Frank , Madabhushi Gopal S. P. , DeJong Matthew J.
Published: June 2021

Allowing structures to rock during an earthquake can effectively provide base isolation at a relatively small cost. Rocking limits the base shear demand and provides self‐centering, but the rocking response depends on energy dissipation caused by interaction with the soil and impacts during re‐centering. This paper addresses the computational modeling of buildings that have either been designed to rock on the soil beneath their foundation (foundation rocking) or at the foundation–structure interface (structural rocking). Within OpenSees, foundation and structural rocking were modeled using a beam‐on‐a‐nonlinear‐Winkler‐foundation model (BNWF) combined with flat‐slider elements for footing–soil and superstructure–footing interactions, respectively. The modified with flat‐slider elements BNWF model (mBNWF) involves an uplift‐dependent stiffness and viscous damping for both vertical and horizontal directions, and a friction–vertical force coupling. The proposed computational model was used to simulate an extensive set of centrifuge tests involving both structural rocking and foundation rocking with sequential excitations. Generally, the proposed modeling approach, without calibration of built‐in parameters, adequately captured the response observed in centrifuge experiments. More specifically, the modeling captured the response amplitude and waveform of story accelerations and building rocking angle in most cases, but including potential nonlinear behavior caused by previous ground excitations was in some cases critical to obtain reasonable predictions. This was more profound for foundation rocking due to its inherent dependency on the soil strength and energy dissipation; for structural rocking previous nonlinear response primarily affected the transition time between full contact and rocking, but had a smaller effect on the prediction of maximum response.
The human health risks assessment of mercury in soils and plantains from farms in selected artisanal and small‐scale gold mining communities around Obuasi, Ghana
Authors: Addai‐Arhin Sylvester , Novirsa Randy , Jeong Hui Ho , Phan Quang Dinh , Hirota Nana , Ishibashi Yasuhiro , Shiratsuchi Hideki , Arizono Koji
Published: June 2021

Food consumption remains the commonest pathway through which humans ingest higher levels of mercury (Hg). Long‐term exposure to Hg through Hg‐contaminated food may result in acute or chronic Hg toxicity. Incessant discharge of Hg waste from ASGM facilities into nearby farms contaminates food crops. Ingestion of such food crops by residents may lead to detrimental human health effects. The human health risks upon exposure to total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) in farmland soils and plantains from farms sited near ASGM facilities were studied in four communities around Obuasi, Ghana. The human health risk assessment was evaluated using hazard quotient (HQ), estimated average daily intake (eAvDI), hazard index (HI) and Hg elimination and retention kinetics. Tweapease, Nyamebekyere and Ahansonyewodea had HQ, eAvDI and HI for THg of plantains for both adults and children below the recommended USEPA limit of 1, 3 × 10−4 mg/kg/day and 1, respectively. Odumase had HQ, eAvDI and HI for THg of plantains for both adults and children, higher than the guideline values. This meant that only Odumase may cause non‐carcinogenic human health effects upon repeated exposure. The HQ, eAvDI and HI values of MeHg for all the study areas were far below guideline values, hence may not pose any non‐carcinogenic human health risks to residents even upon repeated exposure. Retention and elimination kinetics of Hg also showed that only plantains from Odumase may pose significant non‐carcinogenic human health risks to residents because the final amount of inorganic mercury exceeded the extrapolated USEPA guideline value of 0.393 μg/kg/year.
Interleukin‐17—A multifaceted cytokine in viral infections
Authors: Sahu Utkarsha , Biswas Debasis , Prajapati Vijay Kumar , Singh Anirudh K. , Samant Mukesh , Khare Prashant
Published: June 2021

Viral infections are a major threat to the human population due to the lack of selective therapeutic measures. The morbidity and mortality reported worldwide are very alarming against viral pathogens. The proinflammatory environment is required for viral inhibition by initiating the host immune response. The host immune response fights these pathogens by secreting different cytokines. Interleukin‐17 (IL‐17) a proinflammatory cytokine mainly produced by T helper type 17 cells, plays a vital role in the regulation of host immune response against various pathogens, including viruses. However, dysregulated production of IL‐17 induces chronic inflammation, autoimmune disorders, and may lead to cancer. Recent studies suggest that IL‐17 is not only involved in the antiviral immune response but also promotes virus‐mediated illnesses. In this review, we discuss the protective and pathogenic role of IL‐17 against various viral infections. A detailed understanding of IL‐17 during viral infections could contribute to improve therapeutic measures and enable the development of an efficient and safe IL‐17 based immunotherapy.
Engineering leadership in a Chinese industrial context: An exploration using the four capabilities model
Authors: Zhu Jiabin , Hu Yu , Zheng Tianyi , Li Yike
Published: June 2021

Background

Over the past two decades, state policies and industrial associations have challenged engineering educators to expand the training of future engineers beyond technical competencies to the broader domain of professional skills development, with one key aspect being engineering leadership.

Purpose

This study adopted the four capabilities (4‐Cap) model, which views leadership as a set of four capabilities—sensemaking, relating, visioning, and inventing—as a conceptual framework to explore and operationalize the core skills and attributes required for engineers in a Chinese industrial context.

Method

A qualitative study was conducted through semistructured interviews with 23 practicing engineers from different industries (e.g., IT, automobile) and various types of companies (e.g., state‐owned companies, foreign‐invested enterprises) in China. Using a thematic analysis approach, themes relating to engineering leadership within and beyond the 4‐Cap model were reported.

Results

Qualitatively, more themes emerged for the dimension of inventing than for the other dimensions. The themes and patterns suggested the central role of inventing, which predominantly represented an innovative process of design‐oriented problem‐solving and project management closely associated with themes in the other dimensions. Therefore, the 4‐Cap model was revisited and revised by highlighting the core construct of inventing.

Conclusion

This study enriches the current understanding of engineering leadership, especially in a Chinese industrial context. The results emphasize the importance of design, problem‐solving, and the social component in the daily work of engineering professionals. Suggestions for educational practices and future research, along with a call for more empirical data on engineering leadership in China and from a global context, are proposed.
A new approach for detecting multiple‐equilibria poverty traps
Authors: Mohapatra Sandeep
Published: June 2021

Despite a large literature, empirical evidence on multiple‐equilibria poverty traps remains elusive. Current empirical methods estimate average welfare‐dynamics, which masks inherent heterogeneity across households. We develop an alternative approach that allows welfare‐dynamics to differ across the household wealth distribution. Drawing on the literature on regression discontinuity designs, we propose a new statistical test for detecting multiple‐equilibria and poverty traps. We demonstrate the approach using panel data on over 6000 rural households in India. Our application contributes to the economic development literature by examining poverty within caste, the main source of social stratification in India.
Sex influences on the neurocognitive outcome of preterm children
Authors: Taddei Matilde , Tinelli Francesca , Faccio Flavia , Riva Daria , Bulgheroni Sara
Published: June 2021

This article presents a revision of the literature regarding the influence of sex differences on the recovery and long‐term behavioral and cognitive outcomes of preterm children. After initial discussion of some methodological concerns, the literature regarding the concept of “male disadvantage,” which is often used when talking about early neurological and psychomotor outcomes in preterm children, is presented. Subsequently, the literature data on sex‐related differences in preterm children are discussed, focusing on their influence on the developmental pathways of cognition, language, executive function, behavior and affect, and response to rehabilitation therapies. Finally, evidence about brain structural and connectivity correlates of sex differences in the brain of preterm survivors is taken into account. Although visuo‐spatial and visuo‐perceptual functioning is widely studied in the preterm child and is strongly sex specific, little to no data are available regarding male–female differences in preterm children and the interaction effect between sex and preterm birth. For this reason, original data analyses of male–female differences in visuo‐spatial performance from a small sample of preterm children are also presented.
Effects of soil water regime and nitrogen addition on ectomycorrhizal community structure ofPicea asperataseedlings
Authors: Xie Lulu , Wang Lixia , Pang Xueyong , Liu Qinghua , Yin Chunying
Published: June 2021

Background

Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) symbiosis is a fundamental driver in forest ecosystems. Studies of effects of fertilizer treatment on ECM fungal community structure were predominantly based on large, single additions of nitrogen. Studies involving chronic additions of nitrogen in combination with different gradients of water regime are much less common.

Aim

To investigate effects of water regime and nitrogen addition on the structure and diversity of ECM community, and identify main factors leading to changes in ECM community ofPicea asperata.

Methods

The structure and diversity of the ECM community were assessed by Illumina high throughput sequencing analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA extracted from ECM root tips, after 5 years of different gradients of water regimes [40% (W1), 50% (W2), 60% (W3), 80% (W4) and 100% (W5) of field capacity, respectively] and nitrogen additions [0 (N0), 20 (N1), 40 (N2) g N m–2y–1by adding ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) solution].

Results

ECM community structure was altered by water and nitrogen treatments. Clearer separations were found under water treatment than under nitrogen treatment. ECM community species richness of N1 was significantly higher than that of N2 under W5 treatment and was significantly influenced by the interaction of water and nitrogen. However, the diversity and evenness of the ECM community were unaffected. Soil water content (SWC), nitrogen availability and their interaction, soil available phosphorus, and pH (which were induced by treatments) significantly explained the variation in ECM community structure among different treatments.

Conclusion

ECM species are more sensitive to changes in SWC than changes in nitrogen addition. Nitrogen and water treatments influenced the structure of the ECM community mainly through altering the relative abundances of exploration types and specific genera. Our findings can enhance understanding of the implications of nitrogen addition and water regime on soil processes in ECM‐dominated coniferous forests under global changes.
Selective Antibacterial Activity of Palmitoleic Acid in Emulsions and Other Formulations
Authors: Watanabe Takamasa , Yano Shigekazu , Kawai Takahiro , Jinbo Yuji , Nonomura Yoshimune
Published: June 2021

In recent years, the selective antibacterial properties of certain fatty acids (FA) against Staphylococcus aureus have received significant attention. In this study, the antibacterial properties of palmitoleic acid (16:1 FA) in oil (triolein), surfactant (Tween® 60), and water ternary systems were evaluated to demonstrate the effects of the mixed states on the biological activity. The 16:1 FA exhibited selective antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 18.8 μg mL−1. In contrast, palmitoleic acid did not display any activity in water‐in‐oil (W/O) emulsions and liquid crystal systems. In some micelle and surfactant‐free oil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsions, the FA showed significant selective antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus. These results suggested that the mixed state of the ternary mixtures affects the antibacterial behavior of FA molecules. The findings of the present study provide a valuable platform for the design of formulations of cosmetics, topical skin products, and skin cleansers.
Extensive Health Care Utilization and Costs of an Early Liver Transplantation Program for Alcoholic Hepatitis
Authors: Im Gene Y. , Vogel Alexander S. , Florman Sander , Nahas Jonathan , Friedman Scott L. , Aqui Sarah , Ford Laura , Mirza Omar , Kim‐Schluger Leona , Schiano Thomas D.
Published: June 2021

Early liver transplantation (LT) for severe alcoholic hepatitis (AH) is a rescue therapy for highly selected patients with favorable psychosocial profiles not responding to medical therapy. Given the expected increase of AH candidate referrals requiring complex care and comprehensive evaluations, increased workload and cost might be expected from implementing an early LT program for AH but have not been determined. Some centers may also view AH as a strategy to expeditiously increase LT volume and economic viability. The aim of this study was to determine the health care use and costs of an early LT program for AH. Analyses of prospective databases of AH, interhospital transfers, and the hospital accounting system at a single center were performed from July 2011 to July 2016. For 5 years, 193 patients with severe AH were evaluated at our center: 143 newly referred transfers and 50 direct admissions. Annual increases of 13% led to 2 to 3 AH transfers/month and AH becoming the top reason for transfer. There were 169 (88%) nonresponders who underwent psychosocial evaluations; 15 (9%) underwent early LT. The median cost of early LT was $297,422, which was highly correlated with length of stay (r = 0.83; P < 0.001). Total net revenue of the program from LT admission to 90 days after LT was −$630,305 (−5.0% revenue), which was inversely correlated with MELD score (r = −0.70; P = 0.004) and yielded lower revenue than a contemporaneous LT program for acute‐on‐chronic liver failure (ACLF; $118,168; 1.4% revenue; P = 0.001). The health care use and costs of an early LT program for AH are extensive and lifesaving with marginally negative net revenue. Significantly increasing care of severe AH patients over 5 years resulted in increased LT volume, but at a lower rate than ACLF, and without improving economic outcomes due to high MELD and prolonged length of stay.