bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Freedom of Religion and Religion in the UK
Authors: Langlois John
Published: January 2019

Britain has a long history of fighting for religious freedom. In the Middle Ages, the official church was the Roman Catholic Church, which dominated both spiritual and political life. During the Protestant Reformation, Protestantism prevailed and the (Protestant) Anglican Church became the official state church in England. The Presbyterian Church of Scotland became the official state church in Scotland. In England, the Anglican Church discriminated against members of other Christian churches, in particular, such as Baptists and Methodists (usually called dissidents or independent). Roman Catholicism was banned. Only at the beginning of the 19th century he was given the right to exist. Since then, in the United Kingdom, for almost 200 years, there has been freedom of religious faith and practice.
Milan edict. Text of the document
Authors: Kolodnyi Anatolii M.
Published: January 2019

Something like this Edict is not particularly fond of mentioning Christian denominations and Christian authors. He was promulgated by the co-rulers of the Roman Empire Konstantin Avgust and Litsiny-August. This is the first official document that testified to the right of Christians to freedom in the empire, but has not yet completed them, but only equaled with other religions. Probably this equality is declared by Edict and does not console the Christian apologists, because for them, only Christianity is a true religion. Below, we print the text of the Milan Edict in Ukrainian.
The Milan Edict: Changing the Politics of Christianity, the Beginning of Establishing it as a State Religion
Authors: Babiy Mykhailo
Published: January 2019

An analysis of the existence of early Christianity shows that it was in the midst of Christians, as a religious minority, in the polytheistic Roman Empire, which was under constant pressure and persecution of the state, its idea of freedom of religion was first developed and grounded.
The Constitution of Christian Europe: The Milan Edict 1700 years ago laid the foundations of modern civilization
Authors: Meler Arkadiy
Published: January 2019

This year, the Christian world celebrates the 1700th anniversary of the edict of Milan by Emperor Constantine the Great (272-337), proclaiming the freedom of the Christian faith and laying the foundations for a unified European civilization, united by a common religious world outlook. By its direct influence on the development of "European humanity," the edict of Milan can not be compared to any historical event, either before or after. In ancient Europe there was not a single world outlook, and therefore there could not be an event that marks the beginning of antiquity precisely as a world outlook. At the first glance, modernist Europe possessed a general secular world outlook, but it was, in one way or another, associated with the former Christian foundation and had no axial event, extending its generations for several centuries of new peace treaties and revolutions. In Christian Europe, such an event is exactly the Milan Edict of 313, whose name is forgotten the last of all the events associated with the Christianization of the Roman Empire.
The Milan edict and the European tradition of scientific substantiation of the norms of religious freedom and tolerance
Authors: Klymov Valeriy
Published: January 2019

The Milan Edict (313), the Nuntian Edict (1598) and its abolition (1685), the Declaration of Tolerance (1689), adopted in England, became peculiar milestones, which reflected the concern of secular and religious-ecclesiastical authorities with large-scale and long-standing religious conflicts that from time to time grew into religious wars that destabilized states and societies. The abolition of the Nantes' edict, in particular, which at one time tried to consolidate certain rules of tolerance, equality of religious beliefs, signaled a new surge of religious persecution in France and other countries, the introduction of repressive and discriminatory measures in the religious sphere.
Religious situation in Ukraine in the light of the vision of the Milan Edict
Authors: Kolodnyi Anatolii M. , Fylypovych Liudmyla O.
Published: January 2019

In the Christian space of Ukraine, the Milan Edict of 313, its 1700th anniversary passed imperceptibly. The explanation of this fact should be sought rather in the content of the document proclaimed by the emperors Constantine and Lycinius. The edict recognizes the right to the truth of any religion, and now all Christian denominations do not agree with it.
New forms of institutionalization of Ukrainian Catholics: a combination of real and virtual
Authors: Nedavnya Olga
Published: January 2019

Modern social processes are becoming more dynamic every time, which is reflected also in the peculiarities of the development of most social institutions. This applies in particular to the church. In Ukraine among the most notable of them in this regard - Catholic. While, at the beginning of the rebirth in the independent Ukraine, the Churches, the UGCC and the RCC among them witnessed the revival of the traditional institutional units for them, recently there has been an increase in the latest forms of institutionalization due, among other things, to the rapid development of information and communication technologies and the corresponding changes in people's activities
New Trends in World Understanding, Worldview, Practical Activity of Late Protestant Confessions in Ukraine
Authors: Yarotskiy Petro
Published: January 2019

The study of processes and trends in the development of Protestant denominations in Ukraine is one of the most important areas of Ukrainian academic religious studies. These Protestant currents occupy a prominent place in the modern religious life of Ukraine and generally constitute a rather powerful segment of the Ukrainian confessional field. Some sayings of the so-called historical (or traditional) churches - the Orthodox and Catholic, and, after them, separate representatives of the socio-political wing of Ukrainian society and the media, traditionally or tendentiously, call Baptists, Adventists, Jehovah's Witnesses, the "Sectarians" of the 19th Century, despite the changes that have taken place in these denominations over the past 20 years.
International Legal Dimensions of the Freedom of Ethnic and Confessional Minorities of Ukraine in the Projection of Globalization Transformations
Authors: Buchma Oleg
Published: January 2019

One of the defining features of the modern world community is the interdependence of peoples and states. The legal, economic, social, cultural, religious, political existence of each state are inalienable structural elements of a single world order. Creating a global public space caused by the introduction of world standards in technology and technology, deepening the international division of labor and cooperation of production, determines new problems, such as global ecological safety of mankind, the danger of nuclear war, etc. Therefore, in the twenty-first century. Global processes are increasingly globalized.
Inter-confessional relations in Ukraine: the state and ways of toleration
Authors: Kolodnyi Anatolii M.
Published: January 2019

In Soviet times, Soviet Union legislation declared freedom of religion, but not freedom of religion. The only one in Ukraine was covered only by the 1991 Law on Freedom of Conscience and religious organizations.
Tolerance of inter-confessional relations: state, problems and perspectives
Authors: Klymov Valeriy
Published: January 2019

Problems of interreligious relations at all levels - from interchurch to personal - accompanied religious communities throughout the history of their existence, gaining for various reasons the severity and urgency of the solution in some periods, and entering the channel of calm, everyday and business coexistence, into other . At one point in history, the antagonism of relations between religions and their representatives has repeatedly become the reason for the violent conversion of other peoples to their faith, the religious wars of several decades, large-scale manifestations of fanaticism, crusades, persecution of Jews, religious terrorism, etc.; in other historical secrets (no matter how short they were), tolerant relations between carriers of different confessions in multi-confessional societies created conditions for a coordinated solution of national problems, contributed to political understanding, mutually enriching coexistence of ethno-religious communities, ensuring the stability of societies and states
The Future of Interfaith Dialogue: Overcoming Prejudice
Authors: Fylypovych Liudmyla O.
Published: January 2019

The inter-confessional dialogue that has been going on in recent decades has undergone various phases of development: from the optimistic expectations of its success to the pessimistic mood of its hopelessness. There are grounds for both the first and the second position. But what the future would not wait for this dialogue - barely noticeable mourning or an impressive flowering - the distorted distortions created by our desires and outlooks, erudition and experience, or distorted representations, which are called stereotypes, about the participants in this dialogue will always be disturbed. Since the dialogue between Catholics and Orthodox is perhaps the most dramatic, connected with the individuals involved in this lengthy conversation, based on a variety of unfavorable circumstances, then his success - on the condition of mutual hope for the latter - depends on whether it will be possible to overcome centuries spent false views, assessments, the relationship between the Catholic and Orthodox Churches, between the Catholics and the Orthodox.
Expert activity of Ukrainian religious scholars: methodological principles and acquired experience
Authors: Fylypovych Liudmyla O.
Published: January 2019

Ukrainian religious studies, their expert work, aimed at the theoretical assessment of the existing religious phenomena, their functioning and development prospects, is regarded as part of practical religious studies - a new branch of religious studies, which emerged relatively recently and among disciplinary entities occupies a special place in it. Defining the object of practical religious studies is the functioning religion, its founder A.M.Kolodnyi noted: "In today's conditions of development of human society in its civilizational dimensions, diversity and specificity (especially in the plane of the contemporary global impact of globalization) is important in its theoretical and practical significance. there is a problem of the place, role and functions of religion in the specified processes. She was extremely featured today, in particular in religious studies, in the sociological and practical dimensions of the latter. It is an essential reflection, a description of modern manifestations of the functionality of religion in the context of interaction with society, with its various spheres and man. That is, in this aspect, attention is concentrated on the practical coordinates of this interaction, on the social and functional parameters of the existence of the religious complex (in their confessional reading), on the levels, degrees and consequences of the influence of religion on society, on the components of its architectonics, and most importantly - on the person, its behavior, her spiritual and life-sense self-realization "
PEMANFAATAN MEDIA SPARKOL VIDEO SCRIBE DI SEKOLAH DASAR
Authors: Athena Tera
Published: January 2019

Pelatihan ini merupakan bentuk luaran dari Penelitian mengenai Penggunaan Video Sparkol sebagai media penyaji dalam mata pelajaran bahasa Inggris. Video Sparkol merupakan aplikasi yang inovatif yang memadukan gambar bergerak dengan suara latar yang menjelaskan gambar- gambar tersebut ( seperti film kartun anak- anak). Dari hasil penelitian media ini sangatlah efektif atau berhasil diimplementasikan kepada para pembelajar pada tingkat sekolah dasar. Oleh sebab itu, pelatihan ini dilaksanakan untuk semua guru yang berada di ruang lingkup SDN Demangan I Bangkalan di kabupaten Bangkalan yang diharapkan dapat diterapkan pada mata pelajaran lainnya. Tahap pelaksanaan IbM ini (1) observasi yang dilakukan di sekolah mengenai materi- materi yang sering membuat jenuh para peserta didik di kelas (2) Guru diberi angket mengenai media yang mereka gunakan di kelas serta pelatihan pembuatan sprkol video scribe. Pad sesi ini dipaparkan mengenai langkah-langkah yang mudah terkait dengan pembuatan sparkol videoscribe (3) dan yang terakhir pemberian angket mengenai kemampuan para guru kelas dalam membuat sparkol videoscribe. Dari Pelatihan ini diharapkan dapat membantu mengurahi kejenuhan peserta didik dalam menerima media sebagai penyaji materi di kelas. Luaran dari IbM ini adalah media pembelajaran yang dihasilkan oleh para guru sesuai mata pelajaran yang ditekuni
Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Novel 3-Hydroxy Benzoic Acid Hybrid Derivative [Part I]
Authors: Satpute Maruti S. , Gangan Vijay D. , Shastri Indu
Published: January 2019

3-hydroxy benzoic acid is an organic chemical which can be obtained naturally as well as synthetically. The literature survey reveals its various biological properties viz. antimicrobial, antialgal, antimutagenic, antiestrogenic, hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, anti-platelet aggregating, nematicidal, antiviral, antioxidant etc. It is also reported to be used as preservative in many drugs, cosmetic products, pharmaceuticals, food and beverages. Some derivatives of 3-hydroxybenzoic acid are found to possess direct action on Hbs molecules, inhibit acetic acid induced oedema and used in management of sickle cell disease. It is also has wide applications in perfumery industries. In this paper, novel ester / hybrid derivative of 3- Hydroxy benzoic acid was synthesized and tested for its potential antibacterial activity. This combinatorial synthesis of novel 3-Hydroxy benzoic ester / hybrid derivative can be a useful approach to generate potent chemotherapeutic agents in developing new drug candidates.
Operation of solid waste in intermunicipal sanitary landfills in the province of Cañete - Region Lima, 2018
Authors: Castillo Santa Maria Bessy , Moreno Sotomayor Ruben
Published: January 2019

The objective of this research work is to determine the relationship between the operation of solid waste in intermunicipal sanitary landfills in the province of Cañete - Lima Region, 2018. In order to propose tools for its implementation and avoid the pollution that has been causing in the different districts of the province. The quantitative approach, non-experimental design, correlational type, was used through the survey technique and as an instrument the questionnaire, a population of 120 people, 20 per district of Cerro Azul, Nuevo Imperial and Quilmana. In the result there is no significant correlation between the sanitary landfill variable and solid waste, since the significance 0.05 is less than 0.59, therefore it is not significant and the correlation coefficient Pearson (r=,050) indicates that there is a moderate relationship between both variables. The moderate existence between the variables sanitary landfill and intermunicipal solid waste of the province of Cañete 2018 is concluded, it reflects the little interest in propitiating changes of behavior between authorities of the different districts focused on the investigation, provoking the vulnerability due to the lack of formal and sustainable sanitary landfills
The relationship between the umbilical cord length and it's diameter with the total CD34+ and total nucleated cell (TNC) as a parameter of cord blood selection
Authors: Indriani Meiliza , Rahadiyanto Ya’kub , Effendi Yusuf , Putera Bayu Winata , Hafy Zen
Published: January 2019

Background: The stem cell transplantation successful influenced by the quality of the umbilical cord blood which includes the number of CD34 + and Total Nucleated Cells (TNC).

Objectives: The study aims to determine the correlation between umbilical cord length and it’s diameter, with the number of  CD34 + and TNC cells as indicators of the quality of cord blood storage feasibility. Several other factors as maternal age, gestation period, and infant birth weight also examined.

Methods: Thirty four of umbilical cords from the delivered woman in Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Hospital (RSMH) Palembang were collected from May to June 2018. The length and diameter of the cord were immediately measured after delivery.  The evaluated cells were counted with a flow cytometer at Klaster Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Centre (SCTE) IMERI Faculty of Medicine University of Indonesia (FKUI).  

Results: Spearman correlation test show that there was no correlation between the length and diameter of the umbilical cord, maternal age, gestational period and infant weight, with the number of CD34 + and TNC cells in the cord  (p> 0.05). However, the profile analysis indicated that the longer and larger the diameter of the umbilical cord, the higher concentration of the CD34+ and TNC cells.

Conclusion: This study suggested that the younger maternal age, older gestational age, and higher infant birth weight, also normal hemoglobin level, tend to increase the number of CD34+ and TNC cells in the cord blood.
Enhancing cognitive function of healthy Wistar rats with aqueous extract of Centella asiatica
Authors: Rosdah Ayeshah A , Lusiana Evi , Reagan Muhammad , Akib Abdurrahman , Khairunnisa Fadhila , Husna Afkara
Published: January 2019

Background: Centella asiatica (L.) Urb is a native herb from Asian countries such as India, China, and Indonesia. This herb has been widely used as a cure for various diseases. However, studies investigating the aqueous extract of Centella asiatica as a nootropic in healthy individuals are still very limited.

Objective: This study aims to investigate the potential of aqueous extract of Centella asiatica in enhancing cognitive function of healthy male Wistar rats.

Methods: Rats were randomly allocated to four treatment groups, i.e. without treatment and aqueous Centella asiatica extract at doses of 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg. To determine enhancement of cognitive function, novel object recognition (NOR) test was conducted after the course of treatment. Acetylcholine content was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results: There was a significantly high preference index towards the novel object in the NOR test in groups treated with 200 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg of the aqueous extract compared to control. This was further confirmed by a significant increase of brain acetylcholine content in rats treated with 200 mg/kg of the extract.

Conclusion: Therefore, this study confirms that the aqueous extract is effective in enhancing cognitive performance of healthy Wistar rats.
The effect of intermittent hypobaric hypoxia on oxidative stress status and antioxidant enzymes activity in rat brain
Authors: Dewi Syarifah , Mulyawan Wawan , Wanandi Septelia Inawati , Sadikin Mohamad
Published: January 2019

Background: High altitude can cause hypobaric hypoxia (HH), resulted from the lower barometric pressure and hence partial pressure of oxygen. Hypoxia can lead to a lot of deleterious molecular and cellular changes, such as generation of free radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS). Increasing of ROS can cause oxidative stress if the antioxidant enzyme does not increase simultaneously. Oxidative damage in brain has toxic effect on cognitive functions.

Objective: In this study, we investigate effect of acute intermittent HH on oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme activity in rat brain.

Method: Wistar rats divided into 5 groups, consisting control group and four experimental groups which treated to HH. Rats were exposed to simulated HH equivalent to 35.000 feet in hypobaric chamber for 1 minute, repeated once a week.

Results: Level of malondialdehyde and carbonyl in rat brain under acute HH increased at HH exposure (group I) compare to control group. These levels decreased afterward at intermittent HH exposure (group II-IV). Specific activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) shows increasing level at intermittent HH exposure, especially group IV was increasing of SOD level significantly. The increasing pattern of specific activity of catalase was inversely from SOD pattern, but it still has higher activity in intermittent HH compare to control group.

Conclusion: Brain tissue seems to be able to perform an adequate adaptive response to hypobaric hypoxia after the training, shown by its significantly decreased MDA and carbonyl level and also increased specific activity of SOD and catalase.
Human serum folate can be measured using folate binding protein linked to enzyme-labeled protein ligand binding assay (ELPLBA) as well as ELISA
Authors: Budiman Muhamad Arif , Sadikin Mohamad , Prijanti Ani Retno
Published: January 2019

Background: Folate is an important substance used for purine and pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis. One measurement of folate that already establishes is using ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) method. Folate binding protein is a protein that can bind folate, therefore it considered can be used as a tool that can replace antibody dependent ELISA method.

Objectives: The aim of this research was to create a method for folate measurement in serum called Enzyme-labeled protein ligand binding assay (ELPLBA) by replacing antibody as used in ELISA method with folate binding protein (FBP) that purified from the whey of milk.

Methods: The method is tested using 20 serum samples and compared to ELISA. Folate binding protein was purified from bovine’s milk using ammonium sulfate up to 90% saturated, DEAE-cellulose anion exchange chromatography and affinity chromatography. SDS-PAGE and western blot were used to establish the protein band of FBP that has molecular weight of ~25-35 kDa. ELPLBA was arranged with stationary phase using aminohexyl-agarose, and folic acid linked on it using carbodiimide.

Results: The result show there was no significant difference of folate concentration between ELPLBA (14.804 ± 2.795) and ELISA method (13.859 ± 3.638), p = 0.363.

Conclusion:  ELPLBA method show similarity for determination of folate in serum which was the same as standard folate measurement (ELISA).
Expression of apelin is related to oxidative damage in heart tissue of rats during chronic systemic hypoxia
Authors: Helmi H R , Ferdinal Frans , Prijanti Ani Retno , Jusman Sri Widia A , Suyatna Frans D
Published: January 2019

Background: Chronic systemic hypoxia is severe environmental stress for the heart and might lead to the development of heart failure. Apelin is an endogenous peptide that has been shown to have various beneficial effects on cardiac function. Apelin appears to have a role to play in the ventricular dysfunction and maintaining the performance of the heart.

Objectives: In the present study we want to investigate the adaptive response of heart tissue to chronic systemic hypoxia and the correlation with apelin expression and oxidative stress in rat. 

Methods: An experimental study was performed using 28 Sprague-Dawley male rats, 8 weeks of age. Rats were divided into 7 groups 4 each, namely control group; normoxia (O2 atmosphere) and the treatment group of hypoxia (8% O2) for 6 hours; 1;3;5;7 and 14 days respectively. Body weight and heart weight were measured at each treatment. Ventricular thickness was measured by caliper, Apelin mRNA was measured using real-time qRT-PCR with Livak formula and malondialdehyde (MDA) level was used to assess oxidative stress due to cardiac tissue hypoxia.

Results: Macroscopic exams showed hypertrophy at day 7th. The relative expression of Apelin mRNA in hypoxic heart is decreased at the beginning and then increased, starting from day-7 to day-14. The MDA levels were significantly increased from day-7 and were strongly correlated with relative expression Apelin.

Conclusion:  It is concluded that the increase of Apelin expression is related to oxidative stress in heart tissue of rats during chronic systemic hypoxia.
Models of Research and the Dissemination of Research Results: the Influences of E-Science, Open Access and Social Networking
Authors: Earnshaw Rae A. , Silva Mohan de , Excell Peter S.
Published: January 2019

In contrast with practice in recent times past, computational and data intensive processes are increasingly driving collaborative research in science and technology. Large amounts of data are being generated in experiments or simulations and these require real-time, or near real-time, analysis and visualisation. The results of these evaluations need to be validated and then published quickly and openly in order to facilitate the overall progress of research on a national and international basis. Research is increasingly undertaken in large teams and is also increasingly interdisciplinary as many of the major research challenges lie at the boundaries between existing disciplines. The move to open access for peer reviewed publications is rapidly becoming a required option in the sector. At the same time, communication and dissemination procedures are also utilising non-traditional forms facilitated by burgeoning developments in social networking. It is proposed that these elements, when combined, constitute a paradigm shift in the model of research and the dissemination of research results.
Pattern Recognition using a Neural Network on a Microcontroller with I2C Ultrasonic Sensors
Authors: Noor Fazal
Published: January 2019

Ultrasonic sensors have been used in a variety of applications to measure ranges to objects. Hand gestures via ultrasonic sensors form unique motion patterns for controls. In this research, patterns formed by placing a set of objects in a grid of cells are used for control purposes. A neural network algorithm is implemented on a microcontroller which takes in range signals as inputs read from ultrasonic sensors and classifies them in one of four classes. The neural network is then trained to classify patterns based on objects’ locations in real-time. The testing of the neural network for pattern recognition is performed on a testbed consisting of Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) ultrasonic sensors and a microcontroller. The performance of the proposed model is presented and it is observed the model is highly scalable, accurate, robust and reliable for applications requiring high accuracy such as in robotics and artificial intelligence.
Design and Implementation of a Long Range Indoor VLC System using PWM
Authors: Basha Majed , Sibley Martin J. , Mather Peter J.
Published: January 2019

Visible Light Communications (VLC) is currently considered one of the most promising Optical Wireless Communications (OWC) for commercial applications, due to the widespread deployment of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) for energy efficiency, durability and low cost. With the ability to provide several THz of bandwidth, VLC is expected to co-exist with legacy and future Radio Frequency (RF) media as a reliable solution to the rapid demand of high-speed wireless communication. VLC is challenged by two main drawbacks: ambient light interference and the transmission range. To overcome these drawbacks, we propose a tuned VLC Analog Front-End (AFE) using simple and low-cost electronic circuity. The proposed VLC receiver architecture consists of a transimpedance amplifier, a fourth order Multiple Feed Back (MFB) band pass filter and a comparator. Experimental results demonstrated that by employing the proposed front-end the VLC transmission range could be extended up to 4.7 m by using Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). Moreover, the proposed system showed robustness against ambient light interference under the indoor scenario.
Conceptual User Interface Design Process for Healthcare App for Primary Care Level Services in India
Authors: De Aratrika , Chon Woo Jeong
Published: January 2019

Combining healthcare services on a primary care level, at a basic rather than specialised extent, for elementary treatment seeking people, can be challenging but yet useful. In fact, there are many different healthcare apps currently available in the emporium of India, however, their lack of usability as well as appropriate user interface is a major concern. Thus, the possibility of creating convenient and sustainable user interface and experience has great potentials in this regard. This paper presents a Proof-of-Concept (PoC) prototype for primary care level services in India, enabling seamless communication amongst pharmacies, clinics and relevant specialised services, demonstrating chronological steps of the conceptual user interface design process. The initial usability test results of the app reveal positive upshots. The PoC prototype, developed exploring service design processes, can be used for reference and guidance for the researchers, developers and other concerned stakeholders.
Atomic Cross-chain Swaps: Development, Trajectory and Potential of Non-monetary Digital Token Swap Facilities
Authors: Miraz Mahdi H. , Donald David C.
Published: January 2019

Since the introduction of Bitcoin in 2008, many other cryptocurrencies have been introduced and gained popularity. Lack of interoperability and scalability amongst these cryptocurrencies was - and still is - acting as a significant impediment to the general adoption of cryptocurrencies and coloured tokens. Atomic Swaps – a smart exchange protocol for cryptocurrencies - is designed to facilitate a wallet-to-wallet transfer enabling direct trades amongst different cryptocurrencies. Since swaps between cryptocurrencies are still relatively unknown, this article will investigate the operation and market development thus far and query the advantages they offer and the future challenges they face. The paper contains detailed literature and technology reviews, followed by the main analysis and findings.
Upaya Meningkatkan Kebugaran Jasmani Melalui Sirkuit Training Kids pada Siswa
Authors: Julianto Idi
Published: January 2019

Kebugaran jasmani adalah kemampuan seseorang untuk melaksanakan tugas sehari-hari tanpa mengalamani kelelahan yang berarti dan masih memiliki cadangan tenaga untuk kegiatan yang lain. Latihan yang dapat dilakukan untuk memperoleh kebugaran jasmani sangat banyak, salah satunya adalah menggunakan sirkuit training kids. Bentuk latihan sirkuit training kids adalah model modifikasi latihan daya tahan yang disesuaikan taraf perkembangan kardiovascullar, neuromuskular, psikis dan sosial siswa. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh sirkuit training kids  terhadap kebugaran jasmani pada siswa kelas VIII SMP Negeri 4 Ciawigebang. Karena dalam penelitian ini penulis ingin mengetahui pengaruh suatu perlakuan secara langsung terhadap sampel penelitian, maka metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode class action research.Sampel  dalam penelitian ini adalah  siswa kelas  VIII-A SMP Negeri 4 Ciawigebangkabupaten Kuningan sebanyak 30 siswa. Dari analisis  tes kebugaran jasmani melalui latihan sirkuit training kids tingkat keberhasilan mencapai 75,33%, artinya tingkat kebugaran siswa mengalami peningkatan sebesar 20,16% dari siklus I (64,17%). Hasil evaluasi siswa pada siklus II mengalami peningkatan dibandingkan dengan hasil evaluasi  pada siklus I, dan hasil evaluasi pada siklus II mengalami peningkatan dibandingkan pada siklus I bahwa dari 30 siswa yang dinyatakan tuntas mencapai 25 siswa atau 88,33% dan sisanya yaitu 5 siswa atau 5,67% dinyatakan tingkat kebugaran kurang. Pada siklus II siswa yang dinyatakan tuntas sudah melebihi target ketuntasan belajar yang ditetapkan yaitu 75%. Hasil rata-rata tes kebugaran siklus II sebesar 74,33, yang  juga mengalami peningkatan skor sebesar 10,16 dari siklus I (64,17 %).
Quantitative Analysis of Gene Expression During Calcium Homeostasis in E. coli
Authors: Arif Muhammad , Tisa Louis S
Published: January 2019

Despite a wealth of knowledge regarding calcium’s role as secondary messenger in eukaryotic cells, relatively little is known about calcium homeostasis in bacteria. Our study employing molecular genetics and transcriptome analysis of calcium homeostasis previously exhibited a calcium regulation of gene expression in elevated or depleted calcium throughout E. coli genome. Here we report the results of our subsequent investigation into quantitative analysis using quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) of gene expression in subsets of genes from wild-type and mutant strains with addition of calcium and chelation of calcium. Data from qRT-PCR reveal very high upregulation of genes yjeE and secA indicating their possible role as overactive calcium efflux systems in E. coli. Calcium is highly likely to be involved in stress response as evidenced by upregulation of marB in transposon mutants and by 10-fold induction of rpoS in elevated calcium condition in mutants defective in calcium transport.

Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 34 Number 2 December 2017, pp 47-54
Antibacterial Properties of Essential Oil (EO) Extracted from Nigella sativa Linn. (Black cumin) and its Application Against Vibrio cholerae in Ground Chicken Meat
Authors: Deloer Sharmina , Bari ML , Hoque Md Mahfuzul
Published: January 2019

Chemical preservatives for food preservation at high concentration are hazardous for public health. The natural antimicrobials from plants, herbs and spices have been given priority as alternatives of the chemical preservatives. In this study, antibacterial activity of the essential oil (3%) from black cumin seeds was tested against five food borne pathogens viz Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Shigella dysenteriae-I (MJ-84), Escherichia coli 0157:H7 (ATCC 12079), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Vibrio cholerae( ATCC 6395) using disc diffusion method. The essential oil (EO) showed antibacterial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria with the highest inhibition against S. aureus (17.4 ± 0.2) and the lowest against Vibrio cholerae (14.5 ± 1.0). No activity was observed against E. coli and E. coli O157:H7. The effect of temperature and pH on the antibacterial activity of the EO from black cumin seeds was determined. At 100°C for 30 min treatment, no significant reduction of antibacterial activity of the EO was observed, suggesting that high temperature does not affect the activity. The optimum temperature for the activity was recorded at 50°C. The EO showed the highest activity at pH 7.0 (optimum) with an insignificant change of activity at pH 5.0, 9.0 and 10.0. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of EO against S. aureus, V. cholerae and Shigella dysenterae were determined by two fold dilution method at optimum temperature of 50°C and 37oC and optimum pH at 7.0 and 5.0, respectively, which ranged from 0.125 (S. aureus) to 1.0% (Shigella dysenterae), with the MBC of 0.25 to 2.0%, respectively. Three times of MIC value of EO (1.5%) was applied in ground chicken meat seeded with V. cholerae ATCC 6395 and was kept at -20°C for 10 days. The test organism was diminished within 24 hours, suggesting that the EO from black cumin is highly active in vivo and could be used as preservative in ground chicken meat. The results of this study provide new dimension of research on EOs from spices against foodborne pathogens in vivo in controlling their growth in meat based food and food products.

Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 34 Number 2 December 2017, pp 55-60
Resistance to Azithromycin and β-Lactam Antibiotics by Clinical Isolates of E. coli Isolated from Dhaka, Bangladesh
Authors: Ahsan Sunjukta , Uddin Mayen , Mandal Juthika , Akhter Marufa Zerin
Published: January 2019

Antibiotic resistant E. coli are prevalent in Bangladesh. The indiscriminate use of antimicrobials and ready availability of over the counter drugs are responsible for this. This study was conducted to investigate the susceptibility of clinical Escherichia coli to the antibiotics Imipenem, Ceftriaxone, Ceftazidime and Azithromycin. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used to determine sensitivity to antimicrobials. Agar based assay was employed for the detection of efflux pumps. PCR was used amplify antibiotic resistance genes.All isolates were resistant to Ceftriaxone whereas most were sensitive to Imipenem. The MICs of Ceftazidime and Azithromycin ranged between 128 μg/ml and 256 μg/ml. The prevalence of ²-lactamase producers was 57.89 % with 36.84 % of the isolates exhibiting ESBL activity. No specific correlation could be found between plasmid sizes and antibiotic resistance patterns. Efflux pump was found to be involved in Azithromycin resistance in 63.15% of the isolates. The gene for phosphotransferase, mph(A) was the most common among the macrolide modifying genes, being present in 73.68% (14/19) of the isolates followed by both erm(A) anderm(C) esterases each present in 10.53% (2/19) isolates. This study concluded that clinical isolates of E. coli in Bangladesh could be resistant to multiple classes of antibiotics through different mechanisms of resistance.

Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 34 Number 2 December 2017, pp 61-66
Molecular Characterization of Enterobacter and Escherichia coli Pathotypes Prevalent in the Popular Street Foods of Dhaka City and their Multidrug Resistance
Authors: Hossain Md Belal , Mahbub Nur Dhakirah Binti , Chowdhury Md Miraj Kobad , Rahaman Md Mizanur
Published: January 2019

Food borne pathogenic enteric bacteria are of great concern for global public health. Among them, Escherichia coli and Enterobacter spp. are the most prevalent in the street food. In this study, 23 strains of such enteric bacteria were isolated from multiple food samples by conventional cultural technique. Isolated strains were characterized molecularly into different genotypes using RAPD, amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis, and partial sequencing of 16S rDNA. RAPD represents 10 different types of strains whereas ARDRA clusters them into two separate groups. 16 out of the 23 isolates were identified as E. coli and the rest were as Enterobacter spp. by biochemical tests and were further confirmed by partial 16S rDNA sequencing. Significant level of virulence traits including stx1, stx2 and escV genes were identified in E. coli strains. Also, most of the isolates were found resistant to azithromycin and amoxicillin. This study revealed the presence of various pathogenic enteric bacteria in various street foods with multidrug resistance. Therefore, this study suggests that people consuming such street foods are at major risk of food borne illness.

Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 34 Number 2 December 2017, pp 67-72
Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Germination, Nodulation and Sporulation of Lentil (Lens culinaris) at Different NaCl Levels
Authors: Rahman M , Ali ME , Alam F , Banu MB , Anik MFA , Bhuiyan MAH
Published: January 2019

A pot experiment was carried out in the nethouse of Soil Science Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Joydebpur, Gazipur during 2014-2015 through 2015-2016. The design of the experiment was factorial randomized completely block design with 4 replications. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the potential of Arbuscular mycorrhization (AM) on the germination, nodulation and sporulation of lentil treated with different concentration of NaCl. Five NaCl treatments (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4%) possessed NaCl level as the first factor that were treated with soils before sowing of lentil seeds pivotal pulse crop in Bangladesh. The second factor consists of mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal treatments. Mycorrhizal plants showed better performance in terms of germination (%), nodule number, nodule weight, spore population/100 g soil and root colonization (%) than non-mycorrhizal plants. With increasing NaCl concentration, germination (%), nodule number, nodule weight, spore population/100 g soil and root colonization (%) in the rhizosphere soil, decreased significantly (p<0.01). The highest germination (96.25% in 2014-2015 and 92.50% in 2015-2016), nodule number plant-1 (28.67 in 2014-2015 and 24.34 in 2015-2016), and root colonization (30% in 2014-2015 and 43.34% in 2015-2016) was found in 0% NaCl + AM treatment. The lowest germination%, nodule number plant-1 and root colonization% was found in 4% NaCl treatment. Mycorrhizal inoculation increased germination on an average by 9.68% during 2014-2015 and 11.07% during 2015-2016, and increased root colonization on an average by 40.47% during 2014-2015 and 25.14% during 2015-2016 over non-mycorrhizal inoculation. The study clearly indicates that mycorrhizal inoculation could reduce the harmful effects of NaCl toxicity to the host plants, thus increase plant survival allowing the plants growth under extreme condition. Increased overall absorption capacity, absorption surface area and longevity of absorbing roots elevated NaCl concentration in soils resulting detoxify the environment for plant growth.

Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 34 Number 2 December 2017, pp 73-81
Occurrence of Multidrug Resistant Salmonella spp. in Poultry and Approach for Its Indigenous Bio-control
Authors: Hossain Farzana Ehetasum , Akther Sharmin , Tajalli Atqiya Fahmida
Published: January 2019

A significant limitation to flourish poultry industry in Bangladesh is the emergence of multidrug resistance pathogenic bacteria like Salmonella spp. due to uncontrolled use of antibiotics for disease treatment. An alternative to antibiotics could be the application of probiotics. About 120 cloacal-swabs from poultry birds were investigated, seventy two (72) isolates of Salmonella spp. and twenty two (22) isolates of lactic acid bacteria (out of 50)were identified respectively by cultural, morphological and biochemical tests presumptively. Antibiotic sensitivity test of Salmonella spp. was performed, followed by Kirby-Bauer disc-diffusion assay with six antibiotic groups. All those isolates of Salmonella spp. were found to be highly resistant to â-lactam, cephalosporin, tetracycline and macrolide, highly sensitive to carbapenem and moderately sensitive to aminoglycosides. Then Salmonella spp. were used as a target for the prospective probiotic bacteria which were screened based on antimicrobial activity against those multidrug resistance Salmonella spp. In antagonism assay such as disc diffusion and one-streak method, it was revealed that five lactic acid bacteria showed antimicrobial activity against Salmonella spp. Further, lactic acid bacteria were characterized based on their tolerance ability to pH and NaCl, antibiotic susceptibility test. The tolerance range of Lactic acid bacteria was about pH (3.5-9.5), NaCl (4-8) % and also resistant to antibiotics groups like B lactam, aminoglycosides, and quinolone. Then 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis was performed for molecular identification of potential probiotic bacteria. One representative isolate was identified as phylogenetically closed relative to Pediococcus acidilactici. This study was able to demonstrate that Pediococcus acidilactici as anindigenous probiotic candidate to inhibit the growth of isolated multidrug resistant Salmonella spp. in poultry. The potent probiotic candidate Pediococcus sp. could be used to counter bacterial diseases in poultry, thereby it could ensure food safety in the poultry industries of Bangladesh.

Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 34 Number 2 December 2017, pp 83-90
Antibacterial Activity of Cinnamaldehyde and Carvacrol against Foodborne Pathogens and Spoilage Bacteria
Authors: Saha Shikha Rani , Bari ML , Inatsu Y , Kawampto S , Hoque Md Mahfuzul
Published: January 2019

The excessive use of chemical preservatives is a serious problem worldwide, which necessitates the discovery of new classes of antimicrobials from other sources like herbs and spices for preservation of food and/or food products. In this study, antibacterial activity of essential oils (EOs) such as cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol were tested against four foodborne pathogens viz Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Shigella dysenteriae-I MJ-84, Escherichia soli ATCC 25922, Vibrio cholerae ATCC 6395 and two food spoilage bacteria viz Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and Klebsiella rhizophila ATCC 13882, respectively, using disc diffusion method. These EOs were found to inhibit both categories of bacteria. Cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol showed maximum 30.0 ± 0.2 and 27.5 ± 0.5 zones of inhibition, respectively against S. aureus. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found resistant against carvacrol. Cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol was determined. Both showed antibacterial activity after treatment at 100°C for 30 min suggesting that high temperature does not affect the activity. Both the EOs have a broad pH range and exhibited highest activity at pH 7.0, suggesting that they remain un-dissociated at pH change. The MIC and MBC values of cinnamaldehyde ranged between 0.125 and .0 %, and 0.25 and 2.0 %, respectively and MIC and MBC values of carvacrol ranged between 0.125 and 0.5%, and 0.25 and 1.0 %, respectively. The results of this study confirmed the possibility of using cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol in preventing the growth of foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria and extend the shelf life of foods.

Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 34 Number 2 December 2017, pp 91-96
Microbiological Analysis of Poultry Feeds Along with the Demonstration of the Antibiotic Susceptibility of the Isolates and the Antibacterial Activity of the Feeds
Authors: Roy Chanda Rani , Ahmed Tasnia , Uddin Md Aftab
Published: January 2019

Poultry farms and poultry product processing industries are increasing worldwide to fill up the expanding demand for protein of the escalating population. To get good growth and more eggs from the domestic birds in the poultry farms, nutritious food supplements are commonly known as the poultry feed provided. These feeds also serve as sources of bacterial, fungal and viral contamination which in turn can cause diseases in the birds and ultimately can infect the consumers if the poultry is not processed and cooked properly. In this study, in order to determine the pathogenic bacterial load five different poultry feed samples sold in local markets of Dhaka city were analyzed. All samples harbored total viable bacteria up to 5.0×106 cfu/gm and total fungal count up to 4.5×105 cfu/gm. While Escherichia coli was absent in all samples; Klebsiella spp. and Aeromonas spp. were found to be present in only one sample (1.4×106 cfu/gm in sample 4 and 2.9×105 cfu/gm in sample 5 respectively). Staphylococcus aureus and Shigella spp. were found to be predominat in all the samples. Pseudomonas spp. and Vibrio spp. were present in 3 and 4 samples, respectively. Aeromonas spp., Vibrio spp., Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus showed 100% drug resistance towards ER, NA, NVB, KAN antibiotics. The finding of the study emphasis on the prevention of contamination through a sound maintenance of quality during poultry feeds preparation, storage and maintenance. Diseased birds and their excreta must be destroyed during poultry farming. Usage of excess antibiotics must be regulated as suggested from the data of the current study that shows high resistance of the bacterial isolates from the food. Finally, the consumers should process and cook the poultry items properly to save themselves from further food hazards.

Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 34 Number 2 December 2017, pp 103-107