bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geophysical Variables and Behavior: XIII. Comment on “Lunar Phase and Accident Injuries”: The Dark Side of the Moon and Lunar Research
Authors: Kelly I. W. , Rotton James
Published: September 2011

Templer, Veleber, and Brooner in 1982 claimed that an excess number of injuries occur on nights with a full of new moon. In this note, we show that their claim is based upon trivial differences, on overlapping observations, possible violations of statistical assumptions, a failure to consider confounding between phases of the moon and days of the week when data cover short (6 mo. and 1 yr.) periods of time, and the possibility of an effect due to darkness during new moon nights.
“Free Operant” Television Viewing as a Function of Color, Sound, and Time of Day
Authors: Thurman Joe G. , Ball Steven E. , Hammack Barbara , Walker Shirley J.
Published: September 2011

Although most persons prefer color films and videotapes to black and white, the origin of this preference is uncertain. To assess the directly reinforcing effect of different color levels, subjects were observed unobtrusively while waiting for an experimenter to return with experimental materials. Surprisingly, these subjects spent more time watching black and white programming than color, a main effect which did not interact with either sound level (audible vs silent) or time of day (morning vs afternoon). An interesting but incidental interaction between these last two variables also emerged, indicating that subjects preferred presentations accompanied by sound in the afternoon but not in the morning.
Time Estimation of a Secondary Event
Authors: Tsao Yao-Chung , Wittlieb Elke , Miller Barbara , Wang Tsai-Guey
Published: September 2011

This study explored time estimation for a secondary event while the subjects were attentively engaged in a primary one. It also examined whether the perception of time is hemispherically lateralized as estimated by the dichotic listening technique. A tone of 500 Hz was delivered to either ear equally often while the subject was shadowing a recorded passage also presented to either ear. At the end of the tone, the subject estimated the tone's duration. There were three levels of shadowing demands, i.e., control, slow and fast, and four tonal durations, i.e., 6, 14, 27, 63 sec. Subjects tended to underestimate more the tonal duration when the primary task, i.e., shadowing the passage, was more demanding. No clearcut indication of hemispheric lateralization of temporal duration was found.
Early Intervention: A Conflict of Therapist and Educator
Authors: Parette Howard P. , Hourcade Jack J.
Published: September 2011

Given the motor problems of infants and young children who have cerebral palsy, increasing emphasis is being placed on early therapeutic strategies, such as neurodevelopmental treatment. Although the underlying rationale for neurodevelopmental treatment is the inhibition of abnormal motor development, this approach may in fact also limit the child's interaction with the environment, a prerequisite for subsequent intellectual development. There may be potential conflict for an interventionist who must make a decision between focusing on motoric gain for children with motor problems and facilitation of their cognitive development.
Comparative Analysis of Two Tests of Visual-Fine-Motor Integration among Young Indian and Non-Indian Children
Authors: Connelly James B.
Published: September 2011

The Bender and Beery tests were administered to 98 Indian and 101 non-Indian children from ages 6 through 8 yr. Similar correlations of —.51 and —.58 were obtained between the two tests for the two groups, respectively. Although the Indian children tended to make more errors on both tests, the differences were nonsignificant.
Convergent Validity of Rorschach and Thematic Apperception Test Ego Strength Measures
Authors: Dana Richard H. , Cunningham Karen M.
Published: September 2011

Ego strength measures from the Rorschach and Thematic Apperception Test were compared for 101 college students. While intercorrelations for each technique were significant (range .24—69), no evidence for convergent validity was found.
Effects of Age, Sex, and Placement of a Model on Children's Performance on a Ball-Striking Task
Authors: Anderson Dean F. , Gebhart James A. , Pease Dale G. , Rupnow Allan A.
Published: September 2011

The present investigation examined the effects of age, sex, and temporal placement of a model on performance of a ball-striking task. 90 boys and 90 girls, aged 7 and 9 yr., were randomly assigned to one of three conditions. The model was presented before any trials were attempted, midway, or not at all during 16 trials. A 2 (age) X 2 (sex) X 3 (model condition) X 16 (trials) repeated-measures design was utilized. Analysis of variance indicated significant effects of age and sex and interactions of age and sex, and of age and trials for number of ball hits in 20 sec. Findings support previous research which indicated that age, sex, and model are important influences on motor performance.
Accessing Cognitive Skills in Preschool Children of Middle and Low Income Families
Authors: Golomb Claire , McLean Lynn
Published: September 2011

48 4- to 6-yr.-old children of middle and low economic status were assigned to an experimental and two control groups. The trained subjects all performed Piagetian conservation tasks, some after training. Questioning on a modified conservation posttest masked the effect of training. Economic status was not an influence, but type of question and explanation were associated. Diverse strategies were applied to the problems.
Sex Differences in Short-Term Memory Processing
Authors: Doverspike Dennis , Cellar Douglas , Barrett Gerald V. , Alexander Ralph
Published: September 2011

Chiang and Atkinson (1976) reported evidence of sex differences in the correlation between information-processing speed and intelligence. For males, speed of information processing correlated positively with intelligence, as indicated by negative correlations between intercept and slope measures and Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) scores; for females, speed of information processing correlated negatively with intelligence, as indicated by positive correlations between intercept and slope measures and SAT scores. To assess the findings of Chiang and Atkinson, an information-processing test battery and the Wesman Personnel Classification Test were administered to 28 female and 24 male undergraduate students. The results of the present study did not support the sex differences described by Chiang and Atkinson.
Correlates of Therapeutic Progress by Infants with Cerebral Palsy and Motor Delay
Authors: Parette Howard P. , Holder Loreta F. , Sears James D.
Published: September 2011

A group of 10 infants diagnosed as having cerebral palsy or severe motor delays was administered pre/posttest assessments of both standardized and nonstandardized motor-evaluation instruments. Following 6 mo. of therapeutic intervention provided through neurodevelopmental treatment, the motoric gains of these infants were correlated with age, IQ, infant hours in treatment, hours of parental participation, and degree of involvement. Kendall's tau correlations showed a significant relationship between motoric progress and age, parental participation, and degree of involvement. The dilemma faced by habilitation professionals regarding whether or not to encourage parents to participate in therapeutic intervention programs is noted.
Problems of Reporting Socioeconomic Bias among Reading Scores and Standardized Reading Tests
Authors: Carswell Lorraine , White William F.
Published: September 2011

In Grade 8 from 270 students, a random sample of 60 students on federal lunch scored significantly lower on California Achievement Test—Reading Comprehension and Vocabulary and on Degree of Reading Power than 60 not on federal lunch program.
EMG Activity of Orbicularis Oris Superior, Orbicularis Oris Inferior, and Masseter Muscles of Articulatory Disordered Children
Authors: Rastatter Michael , Dejarnette Glenda
Published: September 2011

The peak amplitude of EMG activity was measured from the orbicularis oris superior (OOS), orbicularis oris inferior (OOI) and masseter muscles for 8 normal and 8 articulator disordered children, and 8 normal adults repeating /p æ/ at a fast rate. The three groups of subjects evidenced similar levels of average peak EMG activity across the three muscles; however, the articulator disordered children exhibited less than normal variance for the OOI while the variability of performance of OOS and masseter muscles were similar to the normal speakers'. These data were interpreted as reflecting a limited degree of flexibility in the control of certain articulators that may affect the disordered children's ability to compensate during speech.
Religion Perceived as a Factor in Development by Senegalese Adolescents
Authors: Vandewiele Michel
Published: September 2011

Far from being considered as a factor in development in most Western countries, religion often plays an important part in the economic, social and political life of most African developing nations. Most Senegalese adolescents in school think this is positive even though some timid criticism is being leveled at the increasing ‘intrusion’ of religious leaders into politics. On the whole, there is a tentative reinterpretation of religion to make room for the demands of national development.
Sex Differences in Self-Assessed, Everyday Spatial Abilities: Differential Practice or Self-Esteem?
Authors: Lunneborg Patricia W.
Published: September 2011

358 female and 203 male college students compared themselves to others of the same gender and age on 10 everyday spatial abilities, also indicating for each ability the time spent per week in practice. Men's higher ratings for eight abilities were accompanied by greater practice on four. This finding, given equally strong correlations within each sex between rated ability and practice, lends more support to a hypothesis of differential practice between the sexes than differential self-esteem to account for sex differences in spatial performance.
Segmentation Abilities of Dyslexics and Normal Readers
Authors: Morais José , Cluytens Mireille , Alegria Jesus
Published: September 2011

Dyslexia (15 boys, 12 girls, 6 to 9 yr.) were not poorer than normal readers (13 boys, 11 girls, 6 to 9 yr.) in segmenting tone sequences but much poorer in segmenting speech.
Different Strategies in Spatial Decentering in Two Stages of Cognitive Development
Authors: Axia Giovanna , Nicolini Chiara
Published: September 2011

Subjects of two cognitive levels (60 subjects at concrete operational and 60 at formal operational levels) were given Piaget's three-mountains task under three conditions. The first group was encouraged to use images, the second group spatial locations, the third was a control group. As hypothesized, spatial decentering is a task which can be solved by different cognitive strategies. The choice of a strategy depends upon the subject's cognitive level, e.g., use of image strategy increases performance of subjects at the concrete operational stage and decreases performance of subjects at the formal operational stage.
Hemisphere Dominance, Cognitive Complexity, and Nonverbal Sensitivity
Authors: Domangue Barbara B.
Published: September 2011

It was inferred from data of 115 male undergraduates that hemispheric specialization was involved in how accurately individuals decode nonverbal cues. Results were opposing for eye-dominance and eye-movement groups (left-eyed superioriry and left-movers' inferiority). There was no correlation between these two measures, which seem differentially sensitive. Cognitive complexity did not correlate with these measures.
The Work Environment Scale and the Ward Atmosphere Scale (Short Forms): Psychometric Data
Authors: Abraham Ivo L. , Foley Theresa S.
Published: September 2011

Alpha coefficients of internal consistency for the Short Forms of the Work Environment Scale and Ward Atmosphere Scale, their major dimensions and their subscales are presented. Although some exceptions were noted, the indices reported here attest to the adequate reliability of the short forms of the two scales, which was previously documented for the unabridged forms. The few exceptions are hypothesized to be attributable to either sampling error or the fact that each factor is comprised of only 4 items. The need for further reliability testing of these short forms is emphasized.
Some Evidence for the Hemispheric Asymmetry Model of Lateral Eye Movements
Authors: Swinnen Stephan
Published: September 2011

The relationship between lateral eye-movement patterns and visual spatial abilities was investigated for a sample of 94 right-handed junior high school boys and girls. Direction of gaze was recorded during reflection on a complex gross motor skill. Subjects were administered the Group Embedded Figures Test, the Kohs' Block Design Test, the Hidden Figures Test, the Hidden Patterns Test, the Closure and Perceptual Speed Tests. Apart from the Group Embedded Figures Test and the Hidden Figures Test, low but significant positive relationships between proportion of left lateral eye-movements and visual spatial test scores were found. If lateral eye-movements are indicators of differential hemispheric activation, people with right-hemisphere predominance are more successful in solving certain visual-perceptual problems than people with left-hemisphere predominance. Finally, it is proposed that in studying relationships between lateral direction of eye-movements and field-dependence/independence, a more fruitful approach would be to investigate how people differ in their problem-solving styles to cope with embedded-figures test material in addition to determination of the performance level.
Some Curious Phenomena When Observing Strobe-Lights
Authors: Schreuder D. A.
Published: September 2011

Visual perception is suppressed during saccadic eye movements. Intense light flashes may still be observed but are difficult to localize. Two possible causes are suggested on the basis of observations made with police patrol-car strobe lights.
Perceptual Defense, a Replication
Authors: York Michael W. , Mandour Tarek , Jex Steve
Published: September 2011

McGinnies' (1949) study on perceptual defense was replicated. No significant results were noted for galvanic skin responses. Threshold differences were significant; taboo words had higher thresholds than neutral words. Possibly “emotionality” and “threat” may require separate operational definitions if the effect, “perceptual defense,” is to be clearly demonstrated.
The Body Focus Questionnaire: Interpretive Issues
Authors: Reihman Jacqueline , Fisher Seymour
Published: September 2011

After review of the points made by Iagolnitzer and Bruchon-Schweitzer concerning the relationships existing among the Body Focus Questionnaire scales, it is concluded that such relationships are of a low order.
Negative Aftereffect Arising from Prolonged Viewing of Induced Movement-in-Depth
Authors: Reinhardt-Rutland A. H.
Published: September 2011

Prolonged induced movement-in-depth in a static circle was elicited by a spiral stimulus. Afterwards an aftereffect was observed in the circle. The aftereffect was towards the subject after induced movement away from the subject, and away from the subject after induced movement towards the subject longer aftereffect was observed with a circle central to the inducing stimulus than with a circle peripheral to the inducing stimulus. In contrast to some other psychophysical effects, no clear-cut directional asymmetry was observed.
Migrant Students' Perceptions of Teachers, School and Self
Authors: Prewitt-Diaz Joseph O.
Published: September 2011

The number of returning migrants of school age in Puerto Rico has increased dramatically in the past five years. This study explored the perceptions of returning migrants and circulating migrant students of teachers, school, and self in Puerto Rico and the United States. The sample of 117 were recent arrivals from the mainland to the southern part of Puerto Rico. The circulating migrant students had more positive attitudes toward teachers, school, and self on the mainland than in Puerto Rico. The returning migrant students expressed a positive feeling toward school, teachers, and self in Puerto Rico.
Lingual Vibrotactile Perception: Lingual Pressure Effects on Neuro-Sensory Response
Authors: Kingsbury Gary D. , Sansone Frank E. , Kelly Dan H.
Published: September 2011

A calibrated pressure transducer, embedded within a lower tongue clamp disk, enabled the application of specific tongue pressures during lingual threshold measurement. Thresholds were obtained for five tongue pressures (2, 5, 8, 11, and 14 PSIA) at three frequencies (125, 250, and 500 Hz). Thresholds varied as a function of tongue pressure. As pressure increased from 2 to 8 PSIA thresholds decreased. As pressure increased above 8 PSIA thresholds increased. Tongue pressure did not influence frequency function.
Reliability of Performance on a Whole-Part Perception Task
Authors: Scruggs Thomas E. , Mastropieri Margo A.
Published: September 2011

In two experiments involving 54 college undergraduates, test-retest reliability of a whole-part perception test was assessed. Results of Exp. 1 indicated that, although whole and part perceptions could be reliably classified, whole-part perception was not stable over a 2-wk. period. In Exp. 2, however, a moderately strong correlation was found for scores over a 6-day retest period. Although reliability of whole-part perception could not be discounted, results were interpreted with caution.
Contingency Management of Exercise by Chronic Schizophrenics
Authors: Thyer Bruce A. , Irvine Sadi , Santa Cathleen A.
Published: September 2011

Research on the control and maintenance of exercise by chronic schizophrenics has been relatively neglected, despite widespread knowledge of the adverse consequences of sedentary living. The present study evaluated the effects of simple contingency-management procedures designed to encourage exercising by two psychotic residents living in a sheltered group home. For both subjects, the ABAB experimental analysis demonstrated the effectiveness of the intervention. Improved levels of exercise were maintained at follow-up and the contingency-management system was implemented as a regular part of the group home's rehabilitation program for all residents.
Descriptive Tests of Mathematics Skills: A Follow-up of Performance of Older Master's Level Students
Authors: Suddick David E. , Collins Burton A.
Published: September 2011

The academic performances of older Master's level business administration students in calculus and statistics were compared for students passing the algebra tests of the Descriptive Tests of Mathematics Skills and for those required to remediate their basic algebra skills deficiency. Of the 606 students entering the Master's program for the last 4 yr., 118 enrolled in calculus and 128 enrolled in statistics. For both courses, students passing the Descriptive Tests earned higher grades than students remediating their deficiency. The difference was statistically significant for the calculus course but not the statistics course. These findings with the exception of the nonsignificant difference in the statistics course grade were consistent with the literature regarding older junior level business administration students.
Family Size and Delinquency
Authors: Fischer Donald G.
Published: September 2011

A review of the literature shows that large family size is related to greater delinquency. The relationship remains when a number of variables, i.e., income, socioeconomic status, parental criminality, and family composition, have been controlled. The higher birth rate for lower classes does not appear to be an adequate explanation for this relationship, nor does less close parent-child affectional ties or less parental supervision although all of these may have some influence. The presence of an “infectious example” may partly account for the relationship, as does overcrowding. Large family size is typically associated with the constellation of undesirable family conditions involving poor role models (e.g., poor parental behaviour, parental criminality, sibling delinquency), poor child-rearing practices (e.g., inadequate parental supervision and discipline), and competition for physical (e.g., overcrowding, low income) and psychological (e.g., lack of attention, affection, family interaction) resources. An immediate solution is to reduce the size of families by helping prospective parents plan their families, and for those who wish it, making medical abortions more readily available. The long-range solution is through research to identify variables which significantly influence the relationship between family size and delinquency. Such studies must control for birth order, sibling spacing, siblings' sex, and sex of the delinquents in these families.
Note on Gibson's Direct Visual Perception
Authors: Aurell Carl G.
Published: September 2011

Gibson's ‘ecological approach to visual perception’ is shown to be compatible with traditional memory-assisted perception, viz., if it is applied to automatic behavior.
Performance Evaluation Tests for Environmental Research (Peter): Critical Tracking Test
Authors: Damos Diane L. , Bittner Alvah C. , Kennedy Robert S. , Harbeson Mary M. , Krause Michele
Published: September 2011

A critical tracking test was considered for inclusion in the Performance Evaluation Tests for Environmental Research (PETER) Battery which was designed for use in unusual environments. Baseline measures were obtained by testing 18 subjects for 14 consecutive days. Mean performances increased but standard deviations were constant over the 14 days. Test-retest reliabilities improved over the first 8 days after which differential stability was seen. The implications for the use of this test in exotic environments are discussed. The critical tracking test is recommended as a good candidate for environmental research when practiced to total stability.
Decisional Processing in Paranoid and Non-Paranoid Schizophrenics
Authors: Lyons Michael J. , Fulkerson Samuel C.
Published: September 2011

40 schizophrenic subjects, divided into paranoid/non-paranoid categories and 14 normal controls were presented a task which involved making “same-different” judgments during random presentations of a series of visual comparison stimuli with a standard which represented the midpoint of the stimulus continuum. Using Sternberg's Choice RT paradigm for studying the locus of cognitive deficit, difficulty at the response-selection stage was manipulated while holding other stages constant. It was predicted that paranoids would have shorter RTs at easy decision points and longer RTs at difficult decision points relative to non-paranoids. The directions of the differences were as predicted but did not attain statistical significance. Both schizophrenic groups, compared to normals, made significantly fewer “same” responses on those trials where the comparison and standard were most similar.
Functional Method for Assessing Oral Perceptual Skills in Children
Authors: Kumin Libby , Saltysiak Elaine , Bell Kathy , Forget Karen , Goodman Mina , Padden James , Goytisolo Mariana , Schroeter Natalie , Thomas Sheryl
Published: September 2011

An alternative method for assessing oral perceptual skills was developed to address some of the practical limitations of the standard form test. The alternate forms and standard NIH Oral Stereognostic Forms were administered to 182 children. Scores resulting from presentation of standard NIH forms and alternate edibles correlated .76. Suggestions for using the alternate forms for routine oral stereognostic testing are presented.
Acute Angle Enlargement and the Zoellner Illusion
Authors: Predebon John
Published: September 2011

The direction rather than the magnitude of the Zoellner illusion was assessed for intersect angles greater than 40°. Data support the illusion's description as an instance of the principle of acute angle enlargement.
Do Confusing Information and Egocentric Instructions Influence Perception?
Authors: Brown Margery S.
Published: September 2011

In an investigation of psychological differentiation, Witkin's personality dimension, 12 field-dependent and 12 field-independent students were selected from a population of college men in summerschool based on their Embedded Figures Test scores. They were assigned to conditions, given egocentric or gravitational instructions, and provided clarified or obscuring feedback about their performance on the Rod and Frame Test. Although instructions had no effect, students with clarified feedback performed better than those whose feedback was confusing. Field-independent men had less difficulty with the confusing feedback than did field-dependent men.
Subjective Assessment of Sleep by Sleep Questionnaire
Authors: Domino George , Blair Gary , Bridges Angela
Published: September 2011

A 55-item Sleep Questionnaire is presented for possible use as a standardized instrument in psychological studies of sleep. A factor analysis of responses from 145 adults to the questionnaire indicated 7 factors accounted for 71.7% of the total variance. These factors are congruent with sleep dimensions discussed in the literature and with other factor analytic investigations. A set of 11 clinical judgment scales are also presented. The reliabilities of both factor and clinical scales are adequate as judged by test-retest, internal consistency, and comparisons of self vs spouse ratings. The construct validity is supported by three studies showing significant differences between (a) medical patients with and without sleep disturbances, (b) psychiatric patients with and without symptoms of depression, and (c) short and long sleepers.
Perception: A Model Comprising Two Modes of Consciousness. Addendum II: Emotion Incorporated
Authors: Aurell Carl G.
Published: September 2011

A perceptual model, described in two earlier papers, is extended to include emotion. Interaction between the perceptual and emotive systems is assumed to take place on different levels of information processing, both with and without the involvement of consciousness. This allows a considerable variability in temporal order between emotion and percept.
Effects of Two Instructional Strategies on Motor Skill Learning and Transfer: A Developmental Study
Authors: Edwards Rosaland V. , Lee Amelia M.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated age differences in the effects of instructional strategies on learning and transfer of a motor skill. Children 6, 8, and 10 yr. of age learned a simple novel task in either a prompted or a trial-and-error condition. Scores were recorded as elapsed time or time to reach criterion. Data were analyzed in a 3 × 2 × 2 (age × strategy × task) design with repeated measures on the last factor of the analysis of variance. Data provided partial support for the notion that trial-and-error learning enables a learner to transfer more effectively to a new situation.
Development and Validation of the Wells-Bledsoe Motivation Checklist
Authors: Wells G. R. , Bledsoe Joseph C.
Published: September 2011

A two-factor solution was found appropriate for a motivation checklist developed from experiences reported by 300 white and nonwhite boys and girls in Grade 8. This solution accounted for 24.1% of the variance. Validity was established with all sub-groups but nonwhite boys.
Verbal Ability and Spatial Task
Authors: Shore Bruce M. , Carey Shawn M.
Published: September 2011

122 verbally and spatially able children aged 10 to 15 yr. performed the portable-rod-and-frame task to permit comparison of the procedures they used to do it. When spatial ability was higher than verbal scores, a spatial procedure was more likely used; when verbal ability was higher, a verbal procedure was more often observed. As all subjects obtained scores in the upper half of the range on the Block Design and Vocabulary WISC-R subtests, and the task was presumed to be primarily spatial, it was concluded that the ability to switch cognitive strategy in recognition of personal strengths might be a metacognitive component of giftedness.
Effect of Stimulus Intensity on Lingual Vibrotactile Fusion Thresholds
Authors: Fucci Donald , Petrosino Linda
Published: September 2011

Lingual fusion thresholds for a two-pulse stimulus were obtained at a 15-dB sensation level and a 35-dB sensation level for 15 subjects (18 to 22 yr.). The 35-dB sensation level provided better temporal resolution thresholds as well as less variable responses.
Treatment versus Non-Treatment in Reduction of Symbol Reversals by First Grade Children
Authors: Heydorn Bernard L.
Published: September 2011

A correcting program for symbol reversals by first grade children ( n = 38) did not significantly reduce symbol reversals below those of a non-treated control group ( n = 39). There were significant reductions in reversals within both groups. The practice of remediating reversals and the use of directionality to explain symbol reversals are both questioned. The possibility that maturation plays a role seems plausible as an explanation of the changes.
Cognitive Mediation of Motoric Responding
Authors: Calkins Roderick P. , Tharp Roland G.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined a method whereby different perspectives on cognitive mediation, notably verbal mediation and Vygotsky's cognitive development, can be integrated. Four groups of 10 each kindergarten and first-grade subjects received different verbal training and then were tested on tasks like those used by Luria. During training, one of the two experimental groups practiced verbalizations both relevant to and congruent with the subsequent test-task. The other experimental group practiced verbalizations relevant but antagonistic to the test-task. The two control groups practiced verbalizations irrelevant to the subsequent test-task. Using an identical test-task for all groups avoided the confounding of effect of mediation with differences in tasks present in many replications of Luria's work. Results supported Luria's' contention that covert speech could direct behavior but also indicated a facilitative effect of mediation compatible with verbal mediation theory. The present study is discussed as a possible experimental analogue for the development of impulsive responding as well as a useful approach to measuring cognitive mediation.
The Sports Orientation of Female Collegiate Basketball Players Participating at Different Competitive Levels
Authors: Siegel Donald , Newhof Caryl
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine how individuals participating in different AIAW basketball divisions perceived a constellation of sport-related concepts. It was hypothesized that, while Division I athletes would tend to be more positively disposed to concepts related to winning and dominating others, those in Division III would be more favorable to concepts pertaining to the personal values of involvement. Although Division I athletes had marginally more positive attitudes toward mastering opponents than individuals in Division III, no differences across divisions were found in the evaluation of concepts pertaining to personal satisfactions associated with participation. Across divisions concepts related to personal satisfaction were viewed most positively, those having to do with mastery over opponents next, and those concerned with the social pressures to participate were viewed somewhat negatively.
Behavioral Analysis of Sexual Dysfunction in Hansen's Disease
Authors: Faulstich Michael E.
Published: September 2011

Human sexual behavior is an interactive process including CNS, hormonal, and sex-gland activities. This process can be disrupted in males who have Hansen's disease if testicular atrophy occurs. Elevations of centrally mediated leutinizing hormone and deficient testosterone levels were found in a male with Hansen's disease whose insufficient erections were secondary to atrophic testes. Quasi-experimental (A-B) analysis provided evidence for the efficacy of testosterone treatment for such a condition.
A Computational Approach to Visual Recognition of Arm Movements
Authors: Vaina Lucia , Bennour Youcef
Published: September 2011

A representation for the visual recognition of skilled arm movements is proposed that lies within Mart and Vaina's (1982) three-dimensional model representation for shape movements. Algorithms for segmenting arm movements into pieces are proposed. It is suggested that for a large class of arm movements recognition could be reliably achieved based only on the description of the hand shape and path in the body coordinates, without needing the detailed description of the variation of all the joint angles of the arm.
Cognition and States of Consciousness: The Necessity for Empirical Study of Ordinary and Nonordinary Consciousness for Contemporary Cognitive Psychology
Authors: Hunt Harry T.
Published: September 2011

Recent criticisms of the place and function of “consciousness” in “cognitive science” are considered and rejected. Contrary to current orthodoxy subjective experience during abstract cognitive activity, especially when placed in its natural series with phenomenal accounts of so-called “altered states of consciousness,” can provide unique and crucial evidence concerning just that core of “semantics” which eludes the automatized “syntax” of computer simulation. The “noetic” aspect of extreme altered states can be placed in relation to introspective descriptions of “insight.” Various altered state features—synaesthesias, geometric/mandala imagery, reorganizations of “perceptual” dimensions and enhanced “self-reference”—can be taken as direct “exteriorizations” of abstract symbolic processes as discussed by Neisser, Geschwind, Mead, and Arnheim. A genuine cognitive psychology cannot continue to ignore the qualitative-experiential bases of symbolization. More specifically, the sense that insight just comes to us as if from “outside,” its preliminary microgenetic processes masked, does not show the failure of introspective phenomenology but rather offers a unique and positive clue to the imaginal dialogic structure of higher mental processes. Thinking, as one phase of imaginal “conversation,” must be “sent” from the phenomenal “other” to an attenuated, receptive phenomenal “self.” A reconsideration of the Würzburg controversy, adding closely related altered state phenomena to the transitional series between “impalpable awareness” and specific imagery, suggests that the normally masked processes underlying the “felt meaning” or “insight” state are most directly exteriorized as what Klüver termed “complex” or geometric-dynamic synaesthesias. Finally, a reinterpretation of classical introspectionism's “sensation” shows the “mechanism” by which the metaphorical/synaesthetic processes of cognition are generated. Titchener's “sensation” plays the crucial role in metaphor it so conspicuously lacked in functional perception.
Comparisons for Psychomotor Tasks: Grade and Sex of Secondary School Youths
Authors: Ruffer William A. , Grapenthin Richard R. , Huey Lee A. , Patterson Bill J.
Published: September 2011

Youths in Grades 7 through 10 ( N = 815) were tested on simple reaction time, pursuit rotor, hand tapping, or arm-hand steadiness tasks. The results, which provide normative data, show that all four tasks are grade-or age-dependent; subjects in higher grades performed better than those in lower grades. Reaction time and hand tapping were sex-dependent; boys scored better than girls. An interaction of sex × grade was observed for time on target on the pursuit rotor; boys were better in Grades 7 through 9 while girls were better in Grade 10.
Erratic Eye Movements and Dyslexia: Factors Determining Their Relationship
Authors: Pavlidis George Th.
Published: September 2011

Studies of dyslexia often produce contradictory results. Studies of eye movement are not an exception to this rule. The differences between Black, et al.'s 1984 and Pavlidis's 1981 eye-movement results are mainly due to differences in: (a) unquantifiable and variable criteria for selection of subjects, (b) incompatible experimental designs and procedures, (c) varying stimulus characteristics, and (d) major differences in the methods of data acquisition and analysis. The solution of these problems requires the establishment of quantifiable Research Diagnostic Criteria for Dyslexia and the use of compatible methods of data acquisition and analysis. The adoption of these standards would lead to a better understanding of dyslexia and would also make possible meaningful replications of major studies.
Hemisphericity, Locus of Control, and Grade Point Average among Middle and High School Boys and Girls
Authors: Brog Molly J.
Published: September 2011

The Learning Style Questionnaire and the Children's Nowicki-Strickland I-E Control Scale were given to 128 boys and girls in Grades 8 and 11 in the La Grande (Oregon) School District. Each subject's previous year's grade point average was obtained to determine the relationships among hemisphericity, locus of control, and achievement. Also assessed, including interactions, were differences in hemisphericity, locus of control, and achievement by sex and grade. There was a significant relationship (of low practical value) between locus of control and GPA only. The difference in hemisphericity scores with respect to grade was significant.
Effects of a Systematic Program of Exercise on Selected Measures of Creativity
Authors: Gondola Joan C. , Tuckman Bruce W.
Published: September 2011

23 co-ed students ran for 20 min. for 16 sessions. During the first and last class sessions, before running, they and a control group, were tested on 3 measures of creative thinking (verbal adaptability, diversity and originality). After the exercise sessions there were small but significant gains in measures of Remote Consequences and Alternate Uses.
Effects of Exercise on Choice Reaction Latency and Movement Speed
Authors: Williams L. R. T. , Pottinger P. R. , Shapcott D. G.
Published: September 2011

Performance and learning of an 8-choice RT-MT task was investigated as a function of two levels of interpolated arm exercise. Following a pretest under control nonexercise conditions, 90 subjects were given 60 trials under one of three experimental conditions (low intensity, high intensity, and vowel-cancelling). This was followed on a second day by a further 18 trials under control conditions. Predictions from the theory of exercise-induced activation received only limited support by the indication that the highly intense condition impaired RT. Exercise of low intensity did not facilitate RT. For MT no differential effects were found. Similarly, learning RT and MT was unaffected by exercise. These findings indicate that the theory of exercise-induced activation needs to be developed further to account for response situations that have high demand for attention.
Sex of the Administrator as a Variable Affecting Drawing a Person
Authors: Jensen Kurt W.
Published: September 2011

The sex of the administrator was not significantly related to the sex of the first-drawn figure for 175 college students given the Draw-A-Person test in mixed-sex groups. A review of test data for 332 adults given the test in diagnostic, one-to-one settings confirms the lack of difference. Sex distribution in a group may skew subjects' performance on the Draw-A-Person test administered in group settings. Same-sex groups appear to heighten subjects' sex-role awareness and may highlight the sex of the administrator: this might promote greater effect of modeling than is found in mixed-sex groups. Research involving group administration of the Draw-A-Person test or tests requiring similar response should consider the effects of sex distribution within tested groups.
Relationship between Emotions and Muscle Tension in Oro-Alimentary Behavior
Authors: Ruggieri Vezio , Sabatini Nicoletta , Muglia Geltrude
Published: September 2011

The relationship between muscular tension in the right and left masseter and orbicularis oris and different forms of hostility measured through the Gottschalk test was examined for 24 female subjects. For the muscles of the right half of the body a direct relation was noted with overt outward hostility, while on the left half of the body only the tension of the masseter was related directly to ambivalent hostility. Our hypothesis about a link between modulation of aggressive behaviors and muscles involved in functions such as chewing and biting was confirmed.
Enhancing a Poster Project by Drill on Components of Block Lettering after Verbal Instruction
Authors: Swenson Anne B.
Published: September 2011

Of 32 subjects (16 boys, 16 girls, half of each sex from Grades 5 and 6), 16 had intensive drill in directional strokes used as components in block lettering, with a step-by-step demonstration from a teacher after verbal instruction. The trained group earned significantly higher scores than those given verbal instruction only. Eight weeks later scores on a second poster correlated .80, showing stable performance.
Double-Bind Communications and Respondents' Reluctance to Affirm the Validity of Their Self-Disclosures
Authors: Kuiken Don , Hill Kenneth
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that double-bind communications would increase respondents' use of verbal nonimmediacy, a variation in language style which indicates reluctance to affirm the validity of explicit communication content. To assess this hypothesis, a male confederate created conflicting expectations by describing himself as first independent and then dependent to 10 conceptually simple and 10 conceptually complex male participants (as defined by their scores on Tuckman's 1966 Individual Topic Inventory) who were asked to respond with disclosures on similar topics. Further, the confederate acknowledged the incongruity in his self-disclosures to one-half of the participants but not to the other half. As expected, the conceptually complex participants who had not heard the confederate's acknowledgment of incongruity showed the greatest increase in nonimmediacy during their disclosures to the confederate.
Perceptual Skill in Decoding Facial Affect
Authors: Mandal M. K. , Palchoudhury S.
Published: September 2011

The perceptual skill in identifying the briefly exposed photographs of facial affect was examined with 75 men and 75 women who were asked to judge six cross-culturally recognizable slides, each expressing one of the six emotions exposed at three different time intervals. Each subject was required to give six judgments and the number of correct responses was considered his score. Analysis by a 3 × 2 factorial design indicated the longer the exposure of the photograph the better the recognition. Although there was no over-all sex difference, analysis by emotions confirmed significantly better accuracy by the women judging ‘sadness’ than by men, and men were more accurate for ‘anger’ than were women.
Effects of Competence and Deviance on Person Perception
Authors: Cunningham Jean , Unverzagt Fred
Published: September 2011

In this study, the hypothesis that competent individuals would be evaluated less negatively than incompetent individuals when they behaved deviantly was tested. 192 college students rated brief descriptions of individuals who were either competent or incompetent and either normal or deviant. In general, deviance was more strongly related to subjects' ratings than was competence. Interactions of competence and deviance occurred rarely.
Practice Variability and Children's Motor Behavior
Authors: Clifton Marguerite A.
Published: September 2011

This research investigated Schmidt's variability-of-practice prediction and the breadth-of-a-movement class. Schmidt's hypothesis was tested by varying the parameters of ball and distance in overarm throwing. Breadth-of-a-movement class was tested by employing two novel tasks not previously used in variability-of-practice designs. 203 kindergarten and first-grade subjects were randomly assigned to one of four conditions, three experimental and one control. Experimental subjects performed 45 trials in their respective training conditions, weight, distance, weight/distance, in one session. Two novel striking tasks were administered to all subjects pre- and posttest to assess the variability-of-practice hypothesis, and the generalizability of overarm throwing and striking. Variability-of-practice in the overarm throw appeared to strengthen the striking schemas of the kindergarten boys. Results suggest some support for the inclusion of throwing and striking in a single-movement class. The concept, -breadth of movement class, however, requires further study.
Teachers' and School Psychologists' Perceptions of School Psychologists
Authors: Barton K. , Garbark T.
Published: September 2011

29 master teachers in elementary schools who are supervisors of student teachers and 85 school psychologists completed questionnaires concerning various perceptions of the functions and roles of school psychologists. The information provided by the respondents indicated general agreement concerning the importance of most areas of school psychologists' functioning. Disagreement between the two groups occurred in the areas of desired direct services to children, usefulness of consultation, severity of referral problems, usefulness and adequacy of communication, usefulness of information given teachers, how informed both groups were about each other, and how helpful services provided by school psychologists were to teachers and children. Teachers and school psychologists commented on several areas: improvement of present communication, what services are most valued, and what functions should receive more of the school psychologists' time.
Intuition, Cognitive Style, and Hemispheric Processing
Authors: Fallik Beverlie , Eliot John
Published: September 2011

200 undergraduate volunteers were administered Westcott's Test of Intuitive Ability, Witkin's Group Embedded Figures Test, Paivio's Revised Individual Differences Questionnaire, and visual and aural dominance measures using a three-field tachistoscope and dichotic listening device, respectively. Field dependence was consistently related to poorer intuitive performance. No sex-related differences were found on intuition, embedded figures, Paivio's questionnaire, or dominance scores although the amount of intuition explained by cognitive style and dominance differed by hand and gender. Visual-verbal style was not associated with dominance while the relation of field dependence-independence and dominance was inconsistent. Neither dominance nor visual-verbal style was consistently related to intuition although complicated associations were indicated by hand and sex, suggesting differences in cognitive organization.
Sea Space and Transcendent Encounter
Authors: Swartz Paul
Published: September 2011

Sea space substitutes an optical equivalent of auditory perception for the normal visual experience. As tones do, the moving sea homogenizes space and creates values within the temporal horizon. The effect promotes the appearance of optical rhythm as a transcendent property which, coupled with the matching acoustical rhythm of the breaking waves, installs the observer in a continuous or prolonged present. A lifetime in this mode would convey the world permanently forming. Mythical statements of extraordinary transformations can be read as aesthetic responses to the lability of stimulus patterns at a time in a people's history when the transcendent mode is dominant, or at least most active. The sea is eminently labile and suggests infinite possibility. It cannot be dated and hints to us of eternity in our transcendent engagements with it.