bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research Progress of Advanced Oxidation Technology for Drinking Water Treatment
Authors: Liu lixi , Chen zhili
Published: June 2021

Advanced oxidation technology is attracting attention as an effective method of water treatment that can degrade various organic pollutants. The combination of photocatalysis (UV) and ozone (O3) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a promising advanced oxidation technology. The combination of ozone, hydrogen peroxide, ultraviolet light and other oxidants for catalytic oxidation is also the current mainstream advanced oxidation technology. They can effectively degrade emerging water pollutants and alleviate water pollution problems. Titanium dioxide, hydrogen peroxide, and ozone are all popular catalysts because of their low cost, non-toxicity, strong oxidizing ability, and easy contact with various surfaces.
Research on Adsorption, Permeation and Filtration Kinetics in Chemical Protection Technology
Authors: Xuezhi Dai
Published: June 2021

The dynamic research status of three processes in chemical protection technology, namely, adsorption of steam by activated carbon, permeation of solvent by polymer film and filtering aerosol by cigarette paper were studied in this paper. The advantages and disadvantages of each model were analyzed, and the dynamic behaviors of the three processes were fully understood, which can effectively guide the research and development of chemical defense equipment and chemical defense of troops. It provides a reference for the study of the dynamic theory of the three processes.
Travelling waves solution for fractional-order biological population model
Authors: Khan Hassan , Shah Rasool , Gómez-Aguilar J.F. , Shoaib  , Baleanu Dumitru , Kumam Poom
Published: June 2021

In this paper, we implemented the generalized (G′/G) and extended (G′/G) methods to solve fractional-order biological population models. The fractional-order derivatives are represented by the Caputo operator. The solutions of some illustrative examples are presented to show the validity of the proposed method. First, the transformation is used to reduce the given problem into ordinary differential equations. The ordinary differential equation is than solve by using modified (G′/G) method. Different families of traveling waves solutions are constructed to explain the different physical behavior of the targeted problems. Three important solutions, hyperbolic, rational and periodic, are investigated by using the proposed techniques. The obtained solutions within different classes have provided effective information about the targeted physical procedures. In conclusion, the present techniques are considered the best tools to analyze different families of solutions for any fractional-order problem.
Neues Update zu den idiopathischen interstitiellen Pneumonien
Authors: Vogel Monika , Heußel Claus Peter
Published: June 2021

Seit dem letzten Update zu den idiopathischen interstitiellen Pneumonien (IIPs) 2014 1 hat sich wieder einiges geändert. So wurden z. B. die Diagnosekriterien für die häufigste IIP, die idiopathische Lungenfibrose (IPF), aktualisiert. Zudem etabliert sich zunehmend die Einordnung der mit Rauchen assoziierten interstitiellen Pneumonien in eine eigene Gruppe. Dieser Artikel stellt den neuesten Stand dar und bietet begriffliche Klarheit.
Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Colorectal Cancer Surgery in Madrid
Authors: Labalde Martínez Maria , García Borda Francisco Javier , Narvaez Chavez Cristina , Vivas Lopez Alfredo , García Villar Oscar , Gomez Ramón , Ramos Martinez Rafael , de La Cruz Vigo Felipe , Ferrero Herrero Eduardo
Published: June 2021

Introduction The Covid-19 pandemic has had an important impact on colorectal cancer surgery, for hospital resources had to be redistributed in favour of Covid-19 patients. The aim of the present study is to analyze our results in colorectal oncologic surgery during the Covid-19 pandemic in patients with and without perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Methods In total, 32 patients (19 male and 13 female patients), with a mean age of 64 years (range: 57.2 to 69.5 years) with colorectal cancer underwent surgery under the recommendations of surgical societies included in a protocol. Data collection included clinical characteristics (gender, age, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, tumor location, preoperative staging, lymphopenia), data related to SARS-CoV-2 infection (postoperative symptoms, diagnostic tests), operative details (surgical procedure, approach, duration, stoma), pathological outcomes (tumor stage, number of lymph nodes harvested, distal and circumferential radial margins, quality of the total mesorectal excision), and surgical outcomes (morbidity, mortality, hospital stay, and the rates of reoperation and readmission).

Results A total of 3 (9.4%) patients who underwent colorectal surgery during the Covid-19 pandemic were infected by SARS-CoV-2 in the postoperative period. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was associated with Covid-19 (6.2% versus 33.3%; p = 0.042), and surgical morbidity was higher among Covid-19 patients (100% versus 37.9%; p = 0.039). There were not significant differences between COVID-19 patients and non-COVID-19 patients in relation to the rest of the analyzed outcomes.

Conclusion During the Covid-19 pandemic, colorectal cancer surgery should be performed according to the recommendations of surgical societies. However, Covid-19 patients could present a higher morbidity rate.
Prevention of Paradoxical Cerebral Embolus with Protection System during Combination Right Atrial Clot Aspiration Thrombectomy and Closure of Patent Foramen Ovale
Authors: Chiang Jason , Mathevosian Sipan , Aboulhosn Jamil , Moriarty John M
Published: June 2021

In this technical case report, we describe a 41-year-old female with a history of breast cancer who was found to have a right atrial clot attached to the tip of her Port-A-Cath. During transthoracic echocardiography to evaluate her clot, she was also noted to also have a patent foramen ovale. The decision was made to perform a simultaneous right atrial endovascular aspiration thrombectomy and patent foramen ovale closure. To minimize the risk for paradoxical embolus during clot manipulation, an intravascular embolic neuroprotection device was deployed. After the procedure, it was noted on visual inspection that the device filter contained several embolic fragments. The presence of macroscopic embolic fragments in the filter baskets highlights the role of prophylactic embolic protection when performing cardiac interventions in the setting of a patent foramen ovale, particularly in the presence of a right atrial thrombus or mass.
Endoluminal Cooling of the Esophagus during Percutaneous Thermal Ablation for Juxtaesophageal Liver Neoplasm: Two Cases
Authors: Itou Chihiro , Arai Yasuaki , Sone Miyuki , Sugawara Shunsuke
Published: June 2021

Thermal injury to the surrounding hollow organs should be avoided during thermal ablation therapy. Although this type of injury is rare, severe complications, such as perforation or stricture, have been reported. Despite the development of various adjunctive thermoprotection techniques, there are a few reports of their use for protecting the esophagus during liver ablation therapy. Endoluminal irrigation is a well-known technique for protecting hollow organs, such as the biliary tract, renal pelvis, ureter, and rectum; however, it is used infrequently for avoiding thermal injury to the esophagus. There may be hesitation in treating juxtaesophageal liver tumors with conventional ultrasound-guided ablation because the location restricts the ultrasonic window due to the poor visibility. We successfully treated two consecutive cases of juxtaesophageal liver tumor with computed tomography-guided ablation by applying endoluminal irrigation and cooling via a 12-French nasal feeding tube placed in the lower esophagus.
Recurrent Hemorrhoids—Efficacy, Utility and Initial Experience with the Use of Stapled Hemorrhoidopexy in Recurrent Hemorrhoids
Authors: Wani Ajaz Ahmed , Khuroo Suhail , Heer Vikas Kumar , Jain Saurabh Kumar , Rajput Deepak , Maqsood Shadab , Malik Altaf
Published: June 2021

Overview Hemorrhoidal disease (HD) is a common surgical disorder. The treatment modalities can be surgical or nonsurgical. Every surgical option has its own indications and limitations. Postsurgical symptomatic recurrence rates are low and vary between different techniques. The ideal way to deal with recurrent HD is not clear.

Material and Methods The present prospective case series enrolled a total of 87 patients (54 male/33 female). Thirteen out of 87 patients (15%) had history of previous intervention for HD. A modification of the standard technique was adopted for patients with recurrent HD. A mean follow-up of 22 months was achieved.

Results Stapled hemorrhoidectomy (SD) was performed in 13 patients who had history of previous surgical intervention for HD. There were no adverse events related to the technique. Patients with recurrent HD had severe pain scores with SH as compared to patients who underwent SH at the first time. There were no wound related complications.

Conclusion Stapled hemorrhoidectomy can be performed easily and offers good results in patients with recurrent HD.
Perioperative Nutritional Optimization in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: When and How?
Authors: da Silva Isadora Sayuri Macedo , Cambi Maria Paula Carlini , Magro Daniéla Oliveira , Kotze Paulo Gustavo
Published: June 2021

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), are commonly associated with important changes in nutritional status (NS). Both malnutrition and obesity have a negative impact on the course of both diseases, with greater risks of postoperative complications, such as anastomotic dehiscences, reoperations, prolonged hospitalizations, and increased mortality. The diagnostic criteria for identifying individuals at nutritional risk, with clear indication for preoperative nutritional therapy, involves several factors. Oral nutrition should be the first choice of nutritional support. If the patient has difficulty in consuming food, the enteral route is the second option, through elementary (amino acids), semi-elementary (oligopeptides), or polymeric (whole proteins) formulas. When oral or enteral routes are not indicated (in the presence of intestinal obstruction or ischemia, fistula, or bleeding), total parenteral nutrition can meet the daily nutritional needs of the critically ill patient. Nutritional support can be performed exclusively or in an associated way, which will depend on the nutritional severity of the patient with IBD. Nutritional screening should be performed at all stages of the disease, always individually and with professionals with experience in IBD. The reduction of complications in the perioperative period is not only associated with adequate surgical technique, but also with adequate nutritional support and clinical preparation before surgery. Therefore, the dietitian with a focus in IBD has an important role in the multidisciplinary team, collaborating with all stages of treatment and with the optimization of the nutritional status of the surgical patient.
Birefringence of orthorhombic DyScO3: Toward a terahertz quarter-wave plate
Authors: Yang Chia-Jung , Li Jingwen , Lehmann Jannis , Strkalj Nives , Trassin Morgan , Fiebig Manfred , Pal Shovon
Published: June 2021

With growing interest in exploring fundamental phenomena at terahertz (THz) frequencies, the need for controlling the polarization state of THz radiation is indispensable. However, simple optical elements, such as waveplates that allow creating circularly-polarized THz radiation, are scarce. Here, we present THz quarter-wave plates (QWPs) made out of (110)-cut and (001)-cut DyScO3 (DSO) crystals. We examine the complex refractive indices along the in-plane axes and map the birefringence of both DSO crystals. Further, we demonstrate that both 50-μm-thick (110)-cut DSO and 370-μm-thick (001)-cut DSO crystals behave like a QWP over a broad frequency range of 0.50–0.70 THz and 0.50–0.61 THz, respectively, with a phase tolerance of ±3%.
On the enhancement of carrier injection efficiency by employing AlInN last quantum barrier in 277 nm ultraviolet light-emitting diodes
Authors: Jamil Tariq , Usman Muhammad , Jamal Habibullah
Published: June 2021

The AlInN last quantum barrier (LQB) has been employed instead of conventional AlGaN in ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV LEDs). The simulation results reveal that p-doped AlInN and un-doped AlInN LQB effectively suppressed electron leakage and facilitated the movement of holes to the active zone, which is greatly attributed to the higher conduction band offset and lower valence band offset of the AlInN alloy. Moreover, AlInN has reduced the lattice mismatching, leading to a decrease in the induced polarization field. Hence, the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) and the radiative recombination rate, with the AlInN LQB, has been increased by 54% and 260%, respectively, as compared with conventional AlGaN-based LQB LEDs. Importantly, the AlInN LQB not only increased the IQE but also alleviated the efficiency droop dramatically. Additionally, the emission spectrum at 277 nm has been remarkably enhanced as compared with conventional LEDs. Thus, based on these results, it was found that the un-doped AlInN LQB is a feasible route for achieving efficient UV LEDs.
Electro-thermal-mechanical modeling of quench and stress evolution triggered by various factors in high-temperature superconducting coils
Authors: Huang Chenguang , Song Zengyu , Zhang Tianyu , Xu Bin
Published: June 2021

In high-temperature superconducting magnets, slow quench propagation of YBa2Cu3O7−δ coils makes the time delay of detection signal and active protection, resulting in the local heat accumulation and further coil degradation accompanied by strong mechanical response. Based on Maxwell's equations, the heat conduction equation, and basic equations of elasticity, we build and theoretically validate a two-dimensional axisymmetric electro-thermal-mechanical model for an insulated pancake coil with real dimensions in this work. Such a model has an important advantage that the simulation domain can be restricted to the coil itself by applying appropriate boundary conditions. The operating current of the coil is ramped up to a maximum and then remains unchanged. By using the model, we perform a systematic study of the quench and stress evolution triggered by various factors in the coil. The results indicate that the quench triggered by a heater is most likely to occur at the inner and outer turns. As the temperature keeps rising, the insulation layer near the heater is most prone to mechanical failure. Whereas if the quench is triggered by a local degradation caused by defects, the electromagnetic stress is dominant in the initial period, and after the initial period, the thermal stress will be dominant. The mechanical failure probably occurs at both ends of the insulation layer close to the degradation layer. In addition, the quench in an axial stack of pancake coils containing a local degradation is also analyzed. It is found that the position where the quench occurs first is mainly determined by the position of the local degradation and the number of the stack's layers.
An atom trap system for 39Ar dating with improved precision
Authors: Tong Amin L. , Gu Ji-Qiang , Yang Guo-Min , Hu Shui-Ming , Jiang Wei , Lu Zheng-Tian , Ritterbusch Florian
Published: June 2021

Cosmogenic 39Ar dating is an emerging technique in dating mountain glacier ice, mapping ocean circulation, and tracing groundwater flow. We have realized an atom-trap system for the analysis of the radioactive isotope 39Ar (half-life = 269 years) in environmental samples. The system is capable of analyzing small (1–5 kg) environmental water or ice samples and achieves a count rate of 10 atoms/h for 39Ar at the modern isotopic abundance level of 8 × 10−16. By switching frequently between counting 39Ar atoms and measuring the stable and abundant isotope 38Ar, drift effects in the trapping efficiency are largely suppressed, leading to a more precise measurement of the isotope ratio 39Ar/38Ar. Moreover, cleaning techniques are developed to alleviate cross-sample contamination, reducing the background 39Ar count rate down to <0.5 atoms/h. These advances allow us to determine the 39Ar age in the range of 250–1300 years with precisions of <20%.
Nanowaveguide-illuminated fluorescence correlation spectroscopy for single molecule studies
Authors: Chandler Joseph M. , Xu Huizhong
Published: June 2021

Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) is a method of investigating concentration fluctuations of fluorescent particles typically in the nM range as a result of its femtoliter-sized sample volume. However, biological processes on cell membranes that involve molecules in the μM concentration range require sample volumes well below the conventional FCS limit as well as nanoscale confinement in the longitudinal direction. In this study, we show that an effective measurement volume down to the zeptoliter range can be achieved via the introduction of a nanowire waveguide, resulting in an illumination spot of about 50 nm in lateral dimensions and a longitudinal confinement of around 20 nm just above the waveguide exit surface. Using illumination profiles obtained from finite element method simulations of dielectric nanowaveguides, we perform Monte Carlo simulations of fluorescence fluctuations for two scenarios of fluorophore movement: fluorophores freely diffusing in the three-dimensional (3D) space above the nanowaveguide and fluorophores moving in a two-dimensional (2D) membrane situated directly above the nanowaveguide exit surface. We have developed analytical functions to fit the simulation results and found that an effective illumination size of about 150 zl and 4 × 10−3 µm2 can be obtained for the 3D and 2D scenarios, respectively. Given the flat surface geometry and the deep-subwavelength confinement of its illumination spot, this nanowaveguide-illuminated fluorescence correlation spectroscopy technique may be well suited for studying the concentration and dynamics of densely distributed protein molecules on cell membranes.
Generalized description of the Knudsen layer thickness in rarefied gas flows
Authors: Akhlaghi Hassan , Roohi Ehsan
Published: June 2021

We provide the first direct calculation of the Knudsen layer (KL) thickness in rarefied gas flows based on the ballistic molecular motions in the direct simulation Monte Carlo simulations. Calculations reproduce a linear relation between the KL thickness and the mean free path (MFP) of the gas, which agrees with the classical gas kinetic theory statement. The ratio of the KL thickness and MFP is only a function of the gas molecular model at slight flow gradients. However, high flow gradient and high surface curvature effects destroy the linear relation between the KL thickness and MFP.
Nonlocal pseudopotentials and time-step errors in diffusion Monte Carlo
Authors: Anderson Tyler A. , Umrigar C. J.
Published: June 2021

We present a version of the T-moves approach for treating nonlocal pseudopotentials in diffusion Monte Carlo, which has much smaller time-step errors than the existing T-moves approaches, while at the same time preserving desirable features such as the upper-bound property for the energy. In addition, we modify the reweighting factor of the projector used in diffusion Monte Carlo to reduce the time-step error. The latter is applicable not only to pseudopotential calculations but also to all-electron calculations.
Simulations of hydrogen outgassing from a carbon fiber electrode
Authors: Sami S. N. , Islam R. , Khare R. , Joshi R. P.
Published: June 2021

Outgassing remains a pertinent issue in high-power systems as it can lead to effects such as breakdown, surface flashover, and pulse shortening and is typically the first stage of deleterious plasma formation. In this context, experimental reports suggest that carbon fibers (CFs) may likely be a superior cathode material for low outgassing. Here, model-based assessments of outgassing from CFs are performed based on molecular dynamics simulations. Carbon fibers were generated based on interconnection of an array of graphene sheets resembling ladder-like structures. Our results of temperature-dependent diffusion coefficients for hydrogen in CFs are shown to exhibit Arrhenius behavior and have values smaller than copper by factors of 15.5 and 86.8 at 400 K and 1000 K, respectively. This points to even stronger improvements for operation at high temperatures, with the asymptotic diffusion constant ratio predicted to be ∼187. With reduced outgassing, higher temperature operation, and durability, our results support CF cathodes as an excellent choice for cathode material in high-power microwave and pulsed power systems.
A qualitative mathematical model of the immune response under the effect of stress
Authors: Gonzalez Herrero Maria Elena , Kuehn Christian
Published: June 2021

In recent decades, many studies have been developed in psychoneuroimmunology that associate stress, arising from multiple different sources and situations, to changes in the immune system, from the medical or immunological point of view as well as from the biochemical one. In this paper, we identify important behaviors of this interplay between the immune system and stress from medical studies and seek to represent them qualitatively in a paradigmatic, yet simple, mathematical model. To that end, we develop an ordinary differential equation model with two equations, for infection level and immune system, respectively, which integrates the effects of stress as an independent parameter. In addition, we perform a geometric analysis of the model for different stress values as well as the corresponding bifurcation analysis. In this context, we are able to reproduce a stable healthy state for little stress, an oscillatory state between healthy and infected states for high stress, and a “burn-out” or stable sick state for extremely high stress. The mechanism between the different dynamical regimes is controlled by two saddle-node in cycle bifurcations. Furthermore, our model is able to capture an induced infection upon dropping from moderate to low stress, and it predicts increasing infection periods upon increasing stress before eventually reaching a burn-out state.
Molecular basis of the dual role of the Mlh1-Mlh3 endonuclease in MMR and in meiotic crossover formation
Authors: Dai Jingqi , Sanchez Aurore , Adam Céline , Ranjha Lepakshi , Reginato Giordano , Chervy Pierre , Tellier-Lebegue Carine , Andreani Jessica , Guérois Raphaël , Ropars Virginie , Le Du Marie-Hélène , Maloisel Laurent , Martini Emmanuelle , Legrand Pierre , Thureau Aurélien , Cejka Petr , Borde Valérie , Charbonnier Jean-Baptiste
Published: June 2021

Significance

During meiosis, programmed chromosome breakage and subsequent double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) break repair help ensure correct chromosome segregation and promote genetic diversity of the progeny. In budding yeast, which utilizes meiotic recombination pathways conserved in mice and humans, the majority of meiotic crossovers are initiated through the formation of a DNA Holliday junction, which requires the endonuclease activity of the Mlh1-Mlh3 DNA mismatch repair factor to be resolved exclusively into a crossover product. Here, we combined structural biology, biochemical, and genetic analyses to compare the Mlh1-Mlh3 structure and functions with the main mismatch repair endonuclease Mlh1-Pms1. We characterize structural differences around their respective endonuclease sites. We also characterize mutants associated with condensation and filament formation of the Mlh1-Mlh3 heterodimer.
Conformation and dynamics of the kinase domain drive subcellular location and activation of LRRK2
Authors: Schmidt Sven H. , Weng Jui-Hung , Aoto Phillip C. , Boassa Daniela , Mathea Sebastian , Silletti Steve , Torres-Paris Constanza , Hu Junru , Wallbott Maximilian , Komives Elizabeth A. , Knapp Stefan , Herberg Friedrich W. , Taylor Susan S.
Published: June 2021

To explore how pathogenic mutations of the multidomain leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) hijack its finely tuned activation process and drive Parkinson’s disease (PD), we used a multitiered approach. Most mutations mimic Rab-mediated activation by “unleashing” kinase activity, and many, like the kinase inhibitor MLi-2, trap LRRK2 onto microtubules. Here we mimic activation by simply deleting the inhibitory N-terminal domains and then characterize conformational changes induced by MLi-2 and PD mutations. After confirming that LRRK2
RCKW
retains full kinase activity, we used hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry to capture breathing dynamics in the presence and absence of MLi-2. Solvent-accessible regions throughout the entire protein are reduced by MLi-2 binding. With molecular dynamics simulations, we created a dynamic portrait of LRRK2
RCKW
and demonstrate the consequences of kinase domain mutations. Although all domains contribute to regulating kinase activity, the kinase domain, driven by the DYGψ motif, is the allosteric hub that drives LRRK2 regulation.
Reactivation-induced motor skill learning
Authors: Herszage Jasmine , Sharon Haggai , Censor Nitzan
Published: June 2021

Significance

Learning motor skills commonly requires repeated practice to achieve improvements in performance. Based on memory reactivation frameworks at the synaptic, systems, and behavioral levels, we tested whether brief memory reactivations can induce learning in motor skills. To address this concept, we combined an experimental design spanning across 1 wk from test to retest, with brief motor memory reactivations. Results revealed that brief, continuous, and error-free reactivations of the motor skill memory were successful in inducing learning gains. Corticospinal excitability measures collected using transcranial magnetic stimulation over primary motor cortex correlated with retest and transfer performance. These results demonstrate a unique form of rapid motor skill learning and may have far-reaching implications, for example, in accelerating motor rehabilitation following neurological injuries.
Variable V2 in Norwegian heritage language
Authors: Westergaard Marit , Lohndal Terje , Lundquist Björn
Published: June 2021

This paper discusses possible attrition of verb second (V2) word order in Norwegian heritage language by investigating a corpus of spontaneous speech produced by 50 2nd–4th generation heritage speakers in North America. The study confirms previous findings that V2 word order is generally stable in heritage situations, but nevertheless finds approximately 10% V2 violations. The cases of non-V2 word order are argued to be due to lack of activation of the heritage language grammar, making it vulnerable to crosslinguistic influence from the speakers’ dominant language. This crosslinguistic influence does not simply replace V2 by non-V2, but is argued to operate more indirectly, affecting (a) the distribution of contexts for V2 word order, and (b) introducing two new distinctions into the heritage language, one (indirectly) based on a similar distinction in the dominant language (a difference between adverbs and negation with respect to verb movement), the other based on frequency of initial elements triggering V2 in non-subject-initial declaratives. Together, these findings also indicate that crosslinguistic influence affects different contexts of V2 differently, providing support for analyses that treat V2 word order as the result of many smaller rules.
Aculops fuchsiae (Fuchsia gall mite).
Authors: Germain Jean
Published: June 2021

A. fuchsiae, the fuchsia gall mite, is native to South America. It was first found in California, USA in 1981 where it has spread rapidly, and more recently it has invaded Europe since 2003, and it is a declared quarantine pest in both. It attacks only fuchsia (Fuchsia spp.), but once established it is very difficult to eradicate and impacts can be so severe that some growers in California have given up growing the plants entirely.
The cell biology of synapse formation
Authors: Südhof Thomas C.
Published: June 2021

In a neural circuit, synapses transfer information rapidly between neurons and transform this information during transfer. The diverse computational properties of synapses are shaped by the interactions between pre- and postsynaptic neurons. How synapses are assembled to form a neural circuit, and how the specificity of synaptic connections is achieved, is largely unknown. Here, I posit that synaptic adhesion molecules (SAMs) organize synapse formation. Diverse SAMs collaborate to achieve the astounding specificity and plasticity of synapses, with each SAM contributing different facets. In orchestrating synapse assembly, SAMs likely act as signal transduction devices. Although many candidate SAMs are known, only a few SAMs appear to have a major impact on synapse formation. Thus, a limited set of collaborating SAMs likely suffices to account for synapse formation. Strikingly, several SAMs are genetically linked to neuropsychiatric disorders, suggesting that impairments in synapse assembly are instrumental in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders.
Exciton emission dynamics in single InAs/GaAs quantum dots due to the existence of plasmon-field-induced metastable states in the wetting layer*
Authors: Huang Junhui , Chen Hao , Zhuo Zhiyao , Wang Jian , Li Shulun , Ding Kun , Ni Haiqiao , Niu Zhichuan , Jiang Desheng , Dou Xiuming , Sun Baoquan
Published: June 2021

A very long lifetime exciton emission with non-single exponential decay characteristics has been reported for single InA-s/GaAs quantum dot (QD) samples, in which there exists a long-lived metastable state in the wetting layer (WL) through radiative field coupling between the exciton emissions in the WL and the dipole field of metal islands. In this article we have proposed a new three-level model to simulate the exciton emission decay curve. In this model, assuming that the excitons in a metastable state will diffuse and be trapped by QDs, and then emit fluorescence in QDs, a stretched-like exponential decay formula is derived as I(t) = A t

β – 1 e−(rt)
β

, which can describe well the long lifetime decay curve with an analytical expression of average lifetime

〈
τ
〉
=

1
r

Γ
(

1
β

+
1
)

where Γ is the Gamma function. Furthermore, based on the proposed three-level model, an expression of the second-order auto-correlation function g
2(t) which can fit the measured g
2(t) curve well, is also obtained.
HGC: fast hierarchical clustering for large-scale single-cell data
Authors: Zou Ziheng , Hua Kui , Zhang Xuegong
Published: June 2021

Clustering is a key step in revealing heterogeneities in single-cell data. Most existing single-cell clustering methods output a fixed number of clusters without the hierarchical information. Classical hierarchical clustering (HC) provides dendrograms of cells, but cannot scale to large datasets due to high computational complexity. We present HGC, a fast Hierarchical Graph-based Clustering tool to address both problems. It combines the advantages of graph-based clustering and HC. On the shared nearest-neighbor graph of cells, HGC constructs the hierarchical tree with linear time complexity. Experiments showed that HGC enables multiresolution exploration of the biological hierarchy underlying the data, achieves state-of-the-art accuracy on benchmark data and can scale to large datasets.

Availability and implementation

The R package of HGC is available at https://bioconductor.org/packages/HGC/.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Characterization of synthetic wheat line Largo for resistance to stem rust
Authors: Sharma Jyoti Saini , Overlander Megan , Faris Justin D , Klindworth Daryl L , Rouse Matthew N , Kang Houyang , Long Yunming , Jin Yue , Lagudah Evans S , Xu Steven S
Published: June 2021

Resistance breeding is an effective approach against wheat stem rust caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt). The synthetic hexaploid wheat line Largo (pedigree: durum wheat “Langdon” × Aegilops tauschii PI 268210) was found to have resistance to a broad spectrum of Pgt races including the Ug99 race group. To identify the stem rust resistance (Sr) genes, we genotyped a population of 188 recombinant inbred lines developed from a cross between the susceptible wheat line ND495 and Largo using the wheat Infinium 90 K SNP iSelect array and evaluated the population for seedling resistance to the Pgt races TTKSK, TRTTF, and TTTTF in the greenhouse conditions. Based on genetic linkage analysis using the marker and rust data, we identified six quantitative trait loci (QTL) with effectiveness against different races. Three QTL on chromosome arms 6AL, 2BL, and 2BS corresponded to Sr genes Sr13c, Sr9e, and a likely new gene from Langdon, respectively. Two other QTL from PI 268210 on 2DS and 1DS were associated with a potentially new allele of Sr46 and a likely new Sr gene, respectively. In addition, Sr7a was identified as the underlying gene for the 4AL QTL from ND495. Knowledge of the Sr genes in Largo will help to design breeding experiments aimed to develop new stem rust-resistant wheat varieties. Largo and its derived lines are particularly useful for introducing two Ug99-effective genes Sr13c and Sr46 into modern bread wheat varieties. The 90 K SNP-based high-density map will be useful for identifying the other important genes in Largo.
Was Quashing the Maji-Maji Uprising Genocide? An Evaluation of Germany’s Conduct through the Lens of International Criminal Law
Authors: Bachmann Klaus , Kemp Gerhard
Published: June 2021

Recently, political actors in Tanzania have demanded compensation from Germany for colonial atrocities against various ethnic and religious groups during the Maji-Maji uprising (1905–1907). By analyzing first-hand archival records from Germany and Tanzania, this article examines whether German actions constitute genocide according to the Genocide Convention or the International Criminal Tribunals’ jurisprudence. The authors find strong evidence to support a claim of genocide, and assess the viability of potential compensation claims against Germany; they conclude, however, that such claims would meet significant obstacles due to the concept of state immunity for sovereign actions under international customary law, as well as case law of the International Court of Justice.
Patient Reported Experiences at a Swedish National Burn Centre
Authors: Pompermaier Laura , Drake af Hagelsrum Emma , Ydenius Viktor , Sjöberg Folke , Steinvall Ingrid , Elmasry Moustafa
Published: June 2021

Previous studies have shown that burn patients were satisfied with the received care. Satisfaction was not strongly associated to burns or to psycho-social characteristics, suggesting that other factors, related to burn care specific aspects, may be important. The aim of this study was to analyze the independent effect of provided workload on the general satisfaction in adult patients at a Swedish national Burn Centre. The study population (n = 122) included patients ≥18 years, treated at the Linköping Burn Centre between 2016 and 2017. Experienced burn care was evaluated with the PS-RESKA survey (score range: 0–4), and provided workload was scored with the Burn Scoring System (BSC). Groups were compared with χ 2 test, MW test, or Fisher´s exact test. Multivariable logistic regression analyzed the independent effect of BSC on the outcome High Satisfaction (= score ≥3 to the survey-question: “How would you score your global experience at the Burn Centre?”). In-patients (n = 60) had more often larger burns and required more workload than out-patients (median[IQR]: TBSA% = 6.3 [3–12.3] % vs. 0.7 [0.3–2] %, p < .001; BSC = 65 [25.5–135.5] vs. 6 [4–9], p < .001). Both groups were highly satisfied with the experienced care (mean score [SD] = 3.68 [0.57] vs. 3.41 [0.77], p = .03). Neither characteristics of the patients (age, sex), nor TBSA% nor provided workload (BSC) were independently associated with High Satisfaction. Regardless of burn severity, demographics and provided workload, adult patients with burns were highly satisfied with the experienced burn care. This finding suggested that the reason of the satisfaction was multifactorial.
Association Between Perineal Burns Injury and In-hospital Mortality: A Retrospective Observational Study from the Nation-Wide Burn Registry in Japan
Authors: Hoshino Tetsuya , Enomoto Yuki , Inoue Yoshiaki
Published: June 2021

Although perineal burn injury is included in the burn center referral criteria for Advanced Burn Life Support, clinical evidence that perineal burn injury increases mortality risk is limited, especially from Asian countries. The objective of this study was to investigate whether perineal burns affect in-hospital mortality. Using data from the nation-wide burn registry collected from April 1, 2011 to March 31, 2019, we retrospectively identified 10,179 hospitalized burn patients over 16 years of age. The in-hospital mortality rate between the patients with perineal burn and those with other burns was compared, and the adjusted odds ratio for in-hospital mortality was determined with multivariable logistic regression analysis controlling for age, gender, mechanism of burn injury, year of admission, total burn surface area, inhalation injury, hand injury, and transfers from another hospital. One thousand one hundred forty-nine patients with perineal burn were enrolled, and the in-hospital mortality of this group was higher than that of the group of patients with other types of burns (46 vs 5.2%, P < 0.001). Multivariable analysis found that the presence of perineal burns is associated with in-hospital mortality (odds ratio 2.11 [95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.64–2.71]; P < 0.001). Our data, as evidence, certified the referral criteria that perineal burn injury is associated with higher in-hospital mortality in Japan.
RX J0123.4-7321 – the story continues: major circumstellar disc loss and recovery
Authors: Coe M J , Udalski A , Kennea J A , Evans P A
Published: June 2021

RX J0123.4-7321 is a well-established Be star X-ray binary system in the Small Magellanic Cloud. Like many such systems, the variable X-ray emission is driven by the underlying behaviour of the mass donor Be star. Previous work has shown that the optical and X-ray were characterized by regular outbursts at the proposed binary period of 119 d. However, around 2008 February the optical behaviour changed substantially, with the previously regular optical outbursts ending. Reported here are new optical (OGLE) and X-ray (Swift) observations covering the period after 2008 that suggest an almost total circumstellar disc loss followed by a gradual recovery. This indicates the probable transition of a Be star to a B star, and back again. However, at the time of the most recent OGLE data (2020 March) the characteristic periodic outbursts had yet to return to their early state, indicating that the disc still had some re-building yet to complete.
Improved two-point correlation function estimates using glass-like distributions as a reference sample
Authors: Dávila-Kurbán Federico , Sánchez Ariel G , Lares Marcelo , Ruiz Andrés N
Published: June 2021

All estimators of the two-point correlation function are based on a random catalogue, a set of points with no intrinsic clustering following the selection function of a survey. High-accuracy estimates require the use of large random catalogues, which imply a high computational cost. We propose to replace the standard random catalogues by glass-like point distributions or glass catalogues whose power spectrum P(k) ∝ k4 exhibits significantly less power on scales larger than the mean interparticle separation than a Poisson distribution with the same number of points. We show that these distributions can be obtained by iteratively applying the technique of Zeldovich reconstruction commonly used in studies of baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO). We provide a modified version of the widely used Landy–Szalay estimator of the correlation function adapted to the use of glass catalogues and compare its performance with the results obtained using random samples. Our results show that glass-like samples do not add any bias with respect to the results obtained using Poisson distributions. On scales larger than the mean interparticle separation of the glass catalogues, the modified estimator leads to a significant reduction of the variance of the Legendre multipoles ξℓ(s) with respect to the standard Landy–Szalay results with the same number of points. The size of the glass catalogue required to achieve a given accuracy in the correlation function is significantly smaller than when using random samples. Their use could help us to drastically reduce the computational cost of configuration-space clustering analysis of future surveys while maintaining high-accuracy requirements.
Wilson–’t Hooft line operators as transfer matrices
Authors: Maruyoshi Kazunobu
Published: June 2021

We review the relation between half-BPS Wilson–’t Hooft line operators in ${\mathcal{N}}=2$ supersymmetric gauge theories on the twisted space-time $S^1 \times_\epsilon \mathbb{R}^2 \times \mathbb{R}$ and the transfer matrices constructed from the trigonometric L-operators of an integrable system.
Background and concurrent factors predicting non-adherence to public health preventive measures during the chronic phase of the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Pollak Yehuda , Shoham Rachel , Dayan Haym , Gabrieli-Seri Ortal , Berger Itai
Published: June 2021

Background

To determine factors that predict non-adherence to preventive measures for COVID-19 during the chronic phase of the pandemic.

Methods

A cross-sectional, general population survey was conducted in Israel. Sociodemographic, health-related, behavioral and COVID-19-related characteristics were collected.

Results

Among 2055 participants, non-adherence was associated with male gender, young age, bachelorhood, being employed, lower decrease in income, low physical activity, psychological distress, ADHD symptoms, past risk-taking and anti-social behavior, low pro-sociality, perceived social norms favoring non-adherence, low perceived risk of COVID-19, low perceived efficacy of the preventive measures, and high perceived costs of adherence to the preventive measures.

Conclusion

There appears to be a need for setting out and communicating preventive measures to specifically targeted at-risk populations.
Universal mask wearing
Authors: Lasman Cynthia
Published: June 2021

Labor and delivery nurses were asked about their perceptions of mask wearing in the clinical setting during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using the survey results as a guide, this article offers evidence-based suggestions to mitigate the impact of mask wearing on communication and connection with patients.
Why Christian Nursing Education?
Authors: Goree Kristen J. , Rieg Linda S. , Hobus Mary E.
Published: June 2021

Christian nurse educators have answered the sacred calling to teach the practice of nursing as ministry. This collection of reflections by three nurse educators provides insight on the meaning and purpose of Christian nursing education. The themes of leading like Jesus, integrating faith and care, and relying on Christ as our source of strength to serve out our calling as nurses are explored.
Fully Protected
Authors: Kazmierczak Thomas , McElroy Catherine
Published: June 2021

The use of personal protective equipment (PPE) by nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic can be compared with a Christian's spritiual protective action of putting on the armor of God as described in the New Testament. The use and significance of each item of PPE is compared with the equivalent article of the spiritual armor of God.
Biology of Germinal Center B Cells Relating to Lymphomagenesis
Authors: Basso Katia
Published: June 2021

The germinal center (GC) reaction is a key feature of adaptive humoral immunity. GCs represent the site where mature B cells refine their B-cell receptor (BCR) and are selected based on the newly acquired affinity for the antigen. In the GC, B cells undergo multiple cycles of proliferation, BCR remodeling by immunoglobulin somatic hypermutation (SHM), and affinity-based selection before emerging as effector memory B cells or antibody-secreting plasma cells. At least 2 histologically and functionally distinct compartments are identified in the GC: the dark zone (DZ) and the light zone (LZ). The proliferative burst and immunoglobulin remodeling by SHM occur prevalently in the DZ compartment. In the LZ, GC B cells undergo an affinity-based selection process that requires the interaction with the antigen and accessory cells. GC B cells are also targeted by class switch recombination, an additional mechanism of immunoglobulin remodeling that ensures the expression of diverse isotype classes. These processes are regulated by a complex network of transcription factors, epigenetic modifiers, and signaling pathways that act in concert with mechanisms of intra-GC B-cell trafficking. The same mechanisms underlying the unique ability of GC B cells to generate high affinity antibodies and ensure immunological memory are hijacked during lymphomagenesis and become powerful weapons for malignant transformation. This review will summarize the main processes and transcriptional networks that drive GC B-cell development and are relevant for human B-cell lymphomagenesis.
The Optimal Maturation of Subcutaneous Pouch Can Improve Pancreatic Islets Engraftment in Rat Model
Authors: Patikova Alzbeta , Vojtiskova Alzbeta , Fabryova Eva , Kosinova Lucie , Heribanova Andrea , Sticova Eva , Berkova Zuzana , Hladikova Zuzana , Kriz Jan
Published: June 2021

Background.

Transplantation of pancreatic islets into subcutaneous cavities in diabetic rats may be as or even more effective than transplantation into the portal vein. Identifying the optimal timing of the individual steps in this procedure is critical.

Methods.

Macroporous scaffolds were placed in the subcutaneous tissue of diabetic male Lewis rats for 7 or 28 d and the healing of the tissue inside the scaffolds was monitored. A marginal syngeneic graft comprising 4 islets/g of recipient body weight was transplanted at the best timing focusing mainly on vascularization. Recipients were monitored for blood glucose levels and tolerance tests. Histological examination was performed in all implanted scaffolds. The presence of individual endocrine cells was analyzed in detail.

Results.

Blood glucose levels remained within the physiological range in all recipients until the end of experiment as well as body weight increase. Coefficients of glucose assimilation were normal or slightly reduced with no statistically significant differences between the groups 40 and 80 d after transplantation. Histological analysis revealed round viable islets in the liver similar to those in pancreas, but alpha cells practically disappeared, whereas islets in the scaffolds formed clusters of cells surrounded by rich vascular network and the alpha cells remained partially preserved.

Conclusions.

Subcutaneous transplantation of pancreatic islets is considerably less invasive but comparably efficient as commonly used islet transplantation into the portal vein. In consideration of alpha and beta cell ratio, the artificial subcutaneous cavities represent a promising site for future islet transplantation therapy.