bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Law and Policy of Human Shielding
Authors: Van Schaack Beth
Published: December 2018

The phenomenon of human shields challenges many of the core tenets of international humanitarian law (IHL), including its careful dialectic between the imperatives of humanity and military necessity. Although the concepts of distinction, precaution, and proportionality are well established in the abstract, any consensus on how these rules apply to situations involving human shields is showing signs of fraying. The IHL literature offers competing approaches for evaluating the legal consequences surrounding the use of human shields for the party that stands to benefit from the presence of shields and for the party seeking to engage the shielded military objective. In particular, the application of the rules of distinction and proportionality has become the subject of intense debate about whether human shields are entitled to full civilian protections when it comes to targeting. This legal indeterminacy is being strategically generated and increasingly deployed by a range of implicated actors and norm entrepreneurs in an effort to loosen the restrictions on targeting, to excuse civilian deaths, and to shield armed actors from legal responsibility—all to the detriment of civilian protection. This chapter distinguishes forms of human shielding and sets out the legal framework in treaty and customary international law. It then evaluates the various arguments that address the phenomenon of human shielding. This chapter concludes that the safest course for parties committed to the values underlying IHL is to adopt a policy that treats all human shields as civilians, unless there is irrefutable proof of willing participation in hostilities.
Political Responsiveness and Case Filings
Authors: Miller Banks , Curry Brett
Published: December 2018

This chapter investigates whether partisan control of the presidency and Congress is associated with how U.S. Attorneys (USAs) allocate their resources in filing cases across the issue areas we study. Empirical evidence is presented which suggests that partisan control of the presidency is a particularly potent predictor of prosecutorial discretion at the filing stage in four of the five issue areas we study. Findings from the investigation also indicate that divided government mitigates the association between partisan control of the White House and changes in case filings. In addition, the empirical models show that presidential and congressional attention to an issue area also conditions the extent to which federal prosecutors prioritize that issue.
Political Responsiveness and Sentence Length
Authors: Miller Banks , Curry Brett
Published: December 2018

This chapter offers an analysis of variations in sentence length across the study’s issue areas of interest. That assessment incorporates the changes in sentencing law wrought by United States v. Booker, which many suggest increased the influence of local actors and U.S. Attorneys (USAs) themselves at the potential expense of national principals. In addition, the chapter contains a thorough discussion of the role of mandatory minimums in structuring sentence length in narcotics and weapons prosecutions. It also considers how USAs might cabin the discretion of their subordinates. Model results confirm that the discretion of USAs increased after Booker, but that executive branch influence was also strengthened.
Renewal and stability
Authors: Chatzopoulou Katerina
Published: December 2018

This chapter discusses the Greek negator transformations in relation to Jespersen’s Cycle. The developments of NEG1 and NEG2 in Greek do not properly qualify as instances of Jespersen’s Cycle in the traditional understanding of the phenomenon, as it did not manifest a doubling stage. A new approach for Jespersen’s Cycle is proposed, which accommodates not only Greek, but also various other atypical languages that deviate in one way or another from the traditional morphosyntactic description of the phenomenon. It is proposed that Jespersen’s Cycle is a diachronic phenomenon whose regularities are to be found in the semantics. An overview is also provided of the diachronically stable functions of NEG2, which are the COMP-related functions of NEG2 μη‎. It is argued that NEG2 μη‎ did not eventually renew, because of the inertial pressures of its several nonnegative functions, which, being nonnegative, were not affected by Jespersen’s Cycle phenomena.
The Workshop of the World
Authors: Jenkins Rhys
Published: December 2018

The chapter describes the rapid growth of Chinese manufacturing since 1979, and its increasing share of global industrial output. The chapter analyses the factors that have made the manufacturing sector so competitive internationally, considering the role of wages and productivity, economies of scale and scope, the exchange rate and government subsidies. It highlights several characteristics of China’s manufactured exports, including the significant role played by foreign firms, the high levels of import content (although this has been declining over time), and technological upgrading. These characteristics reflect the integration of China into a regional production network in East Asia. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the ways in which China’s expansion has helped reduce the prices of manufactured goods and has affected the manufacturing production and exports of other countries.
A Voracious Dragon?
Authors: Jenkins Rhys
Published: December 2018

Economic growth in China has had a major impact on global commodity markets. The Chapter documents the significance of China in terms of its share of global consumption and world imports of a number of commodities, as well as China’s dependence on such imports. This shows that there is considerable variation between different commodities, with China being particularly important for minerals and metals. Chinese demand has had an impact on commodity prices and was one factor that contributed to the commodity boom of 2002–11. Non-price aspects of Chinese involvement are also discussed, including Chinese strategies to secure resources; Chinese policies to encourage processing at home; and the specific characteristics of the Chinese market in terms of social and environmental standards.
Going Global
Authors: Jenkins Rhys
Published: December 2018

The chapter documents the growth of Chinese outward direct foreign investment (OFDI) and overseas projects carried out by Chinese contractors. The chapter discusses some of the problems in measuring Chinese OFDI. It shows the continuing importance of state-owned enterprises in China’s Go Global policy and discusses whether the international expansion of Chinese firms is primarily state driven or market driven. It shows that although political objectives played a role in the early expansion of Chinese firms, strategic economic factors and commercial objectives have played the most important roles in recent years. Resources and markets have been major drivers of the internationalization of Chinese firms. Chinese firms have also been involved in strategic-asset-seeking investment in developed countries.
China’s Economic Expansion in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Jenkins Rhys
Published: December 2018

The chapter documents the growth of economic relations between China and Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), focussing on trade, foreign direct investment, Chinese construction and engineering projects, loans, and aid. The chapter highlights the way in which these are sometimes combined in resources-for-infrastructure deals. It shows the variety of different actors involved in these relationships, including state and non-state actors, on both the Chinese and African sides. It then discusses the role of strategic diplomatic, strategic economic, and commercial objectives in the growing Chinese involvement in SSA. It also addresses questions of African agency and the interests of African actors in economic relations with China. The impact of political, strategic economic and commercial factors on different types of economic relations is then analyzed econometrically.
Social, Political, and Environmental Impacts in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Jenkins Rhys
Published: December 2018

Some of the most controversial aspects of China’s economic presence in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) relate to the social, political, and environmental impacts. Many of the claims that are made are based on anecdotal evidence, and there is a need for more systematic research on these aspects. In terms of social impacts, the chapter discusses employment, wages, working conditions, and labour rights. Political issues addressed include claims that China’s involvement supports authoritarian regimes, encourages corruption, and leads to conflict and political instability. These claims are not generally supported, and SSA countries have benefitted from the increased policy space that Chinese involvement gives them. The environmental effects of both increased exports to China and the activities of Chinese firms in SSA are analyzed. Contrasting case studies illustrate the negative impacts of China on forestry, and the positive effects of Chinese support for wind and solar power.
Social, Political, and Environmental Impacts in Latin America
Authors: Jenkins Rhys
Published: December 2018

Rather less has been written about the social, political, and environmental impacts of China on Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) than the economic impacts. In terms of social impacts, the chapter considers the effects in terms of both employment and the way in which Chinese companies in the extractive industries have affected local communities. In LAC, discussion of the political implications have mainly focussed on whether or not China’s growing presence represents a threat to US interests in the region, but there is no evidence that China is exercising undue political influence in the region as the case studies of Brazil and Venezuela illustrate. There is little systematic evidence concerning the environmental impacts, although the case of soybeans illustrates the potential negative consequences of growing demand from China.
Conclusion
Authors: Jenkins Rhys
Published: December 2018

By way of conclusion, this chapter focusses on two issues. The first is how China’s relations with Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) are likely to be affected in the future by recent changes in the Chinese economy and its internationalization. Since 2012, the Chinese economy has been characterized by a ‘New Normal’ of slower economic growth and a rebalancing of the economy towards increased domestic consumption and less reliance on investment and exports. China also launched the One Belt, One Road (OBOR) initiative in 2013, which seeks to link China with other Asian countries and Europe through major investment projects. The second issue concerns the continuing tensions that derive from the asymmetric economic relations between China and the two regions and whether steps will be taken to resolve them.
Changing Global Discourses
Authors: Leisering Lutz
Published: December 2018

All major international organizations had rejected the idea of social cash transfers to the poor until the late 1990s. Why did they adopt the idea by the mid-2000s? It is argued that the 1990s witnessed new discourses among international organizations—on poverty, development, risk, human rights, and universalism—that created an ideational window of opportunity for cash transfers to emerge as a global idea. The new discourses provided new reasons for social security, by raising new global social questions and invoking new social responsibilities of international organizations and states. In particular, the right to social security, laid down in 1948 by the UN, was re-interpreted during the 1990s to require individualized welfare benefits for the poor. Powerful discourse coalitions and discursive practices propelled the new discourses. However, the move towards extending social security was checked by the enduring developmental thinking geared to achieving welfare in the long run by market means and macroeconomic policies.
A Methodological Coda
Authors: Priest Graham
Published: December 2018

The book has an unusual methodology, applying techniques of contemporary formal logic to ideas drawn from ancient and medieval Buddhist philosophical texts. This chapter comments on some reservations one might have about this methodology: that it ignores relevant religious, and especially experiential, aspects of Buddhism; that it is objectionably anachronistic; that it is Orientalist. The objections are found to be without substance.
Prolegomena
Authors: Abraham William J.
Published: December 2018

Systematic theology is an intellectual discipline for insiders which presupposes the canonical faith of the church embedded in the creeds. This in turn assumes an understanding of the Gospel and serious initiation into the kingdom of God. As an intellectual discipline, systematic theology requires various modes of thinking: expository, hermeneutical, constructive, and apologetic. Epistemological issues can be mentioned but must not be allowed to marginalize the great themes of theology. In this work, the author draws on Scripture understood as a medium of divine revelation, experience, and reason. Yet the aim is to stick to theology proper and return to focused work on the central elements of Christian teaching.
The Divine Trinity
Authors: Abraham William J.
Published: December 2018

The Christian vision of God is that God is three Persons in one Substance. This vision went beyond Scripture in order to do justice to Jewish monotheism, encounters with Jesus as an agent of divine action, and personal and corporate experiences of the Holy Spirit. Objections based on entanglement with Greek metaphysics and on certain feminist claims about male language fail. Loss of the Trinity involves serious impoverishment of the life and work of the church. Its continued embrace prepares the way for the exploration of the attributes of God.
Atonement and the Work of Christ
Authors: Abraham William J.
Published: December 2018

In sorting through how best to understand the work of Christ we need a narrative that captures the core meaning of “atonement” and a way to deploy the various theories that abound in the tradition. At the root of the issue is a narrative of reconciliation that highlights the serious alienation that exists between human agents and God. Fixing this problem requires both divine and human action. Theories of atonement seek to spell out the divine action involved. Each has its own advantage in developing complementary descriptions of what has gone wrong with the world and how to fix it.
The Work of the Holy Spirit
Authors: Abraham William J.
Published: December 2018

There is fear and a tendency to substitute the language of grace for the work of the Holy Spirit. However, the primary image for the work of the Holy Spirit is that of baptism. This is secured in the revelation to John the Baptist endorsed by the risen Lord and manifested at Pentecost. Once this priority is secure, we can trace the manifold working of the Holy Spirit in the life of the Son, in the lives of individuals, and in the life of the church. There is a need for caution in tracing the work of the Holy Spirit in politics and society.
Divine Creation
Authors: Abraham William J.
Published: December 2018

The Triune God created everything there is ex nihilo. This represents a move beyond Scripture but compatible with Scripture. This doctrine is not just a fitting exegetical and theological decision based on Scripture, but is a true judgment. Because God is a transcendent agent and given the kind of attributes God has, God can create the world ex nihilo. The doctrine of creation ex nihilo was hammered out in the patristic period in opposition to Gnosticism. This doctrine is compatible with the findings of science, but theology should not adopt an apologetic enterprise against the advances of scientific, empirical inquiry. It is important for a balanced devotional life and applies across the board to everything that exists, including angels. It allows also space for the development of natural theology and for efforts to provide a credible theodicy in the face of moral and natural evil.
Eschatology
Authors: Abraham William J.
Published: December 2018

Instances of near-death experiences both attract and puzzle us. Yet the canonical heritage of the church bids us find the network of concepts and images that can make sense of these experiences and the ultimate destiny of human beings in the language of eschatology. There are compelling arguments for an intermediate state in a comprehensive account of the future. There is also a network of attractive biblical images (paradise, wedding feast, a house with many mansions, and the like). We should expect comprehensive reconciliation in the life to come. We must also take seriously the prospects of judgment resulting in eternal separation from God. The warrants for our claims in this arena are essentially divine revelation and experience of God.
A Life in Absence
Authors: Zanou Konstantina
Published: December 2018

Chapter 8 tells the story of Mario Pieri (1776–1852) and of certain other Ionian and Greco-Italian diaspora intellectuals with whom he was connected. Drawing both from his unpublished diary and his published autobiography, and by following Pieri’s steps from Russian-controlled Corfu to Napoleonic and Habsburg Padua, Treviso, and Venice, and from there to Restoration Florence and back to British-controlled Corfu, it explores the way this ex-Venetian subject and transnational patriot came to see himself as a diaspora Greek through his involvement in Italian, and more specifically Tuscan philhellenism. The chapter thus hopes to tell something about the perceptions of the war from a position far removed from the theatre of battle, as well as of the impact that the Greek revolution and the European philhellenisms had on the peoples of the ‘Greek diasporas’, reshaping even the very meaning of this notion.
Andrea Papadopoulo Vretto between East and West
Authors: Zanou Konstantina
Published: December 2018

Chapter 9 narrates the life of Andrea Papadopoulo Vretto (1800–76), through his autobiographical manuscript. By illuminating the activities of this itinerant and adventurous man—in Naples, the Ionian Islands, Nafplio, St Petersburg, Venice, and Varna—the chapter offers a contribution to a number of issues in intellectual history, such as the creation of Albanian nationalism in the diasporic centres of southern Italy, the rise of interest in archaeology in the British Mediterranean, as well as the emergence of the modern Greek bibliographic tradition. It also provides insight into the consolidated links between Greece and Russia throughout the 1830s and illustrates the way Orthodox ecumenism was reshaped within the Greek kingdom.
Serial verbs
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y.
Published: December 2018

In terms of their composition, serial verb constructions divide into asymmetrical and symmetrical. Asymmetrical serial verbs consist of a minor component from a closed class of verbs, and a major component from an open class; this is the head of the construction. Symmetrical serial verbs consist of several components from open classes. Asymmetrical serial verb constructions cover a wide array of meanings—direction and orientation, aspect, extent and change of state, associated posture and motion, increasing and reducing valency, and marking the index of comparison. They are also used as complementation strategies with secondary concept verbs and with complement-taking verbs, and mark manner modification in event-argument constructions. The recurrent meanings of symmetrical serial verbs cover cause-effect, result, and manner, in addition to synonymous verb constructions. The established properties of asymmetrical and symmetrical serial verbs are defined in terms of their meanings, iconicity, internal structure, and grammaticalization and lexicalization.
The child in the street
Authors: Karlin Daniel
Published: December 2018

In the optimistic opening of Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s Casa Guidi Windows (1851), street song appears as a sign of political regeneration. Hearing a little child singing ‘O bella libertà’ in a street in Florence in 1847, Barrett Browning projects a future for Italy in which the poetry of loss and lament will be replaced by a modern song of enlightenment and freedom. These hopes, raised by the revolutions of 1848, were crushed in the defeats that followed, and the second part of Casa Guidi Windows reflects with mordant irony on these events. The figure of the child in the street is replaced by that of her own child, born in 1849; yet Barrett Browning returns, in a number of later poems, to the child singing of liberty, especially in poems written in the last year of her life, when the prospects for a united Italy were again resurgent.
Grammaticalization and inflectionalization in Iranian
Authors: Haig Geoffrey
Published: December 2018

The oldest attested Iranian languages underwent erosion and loss (or at least simplification) of much of their inherited inflectional morphology. These processes, echoing similar developments elsewhere in Indo-European, affected the categories of gender, case, aspect, person, and modality. The modern languages have since restored the old categories to varying degrees, providing a rich source for observing the mechanisms of grammaticalization. This chapter focuses on the innovation of inflectional person marking, based on erstwhile clitic pronouns. While person indexing for subjects may adhere to the predicted pathway for the grammaticalization of agreement, yielding obligatory verb-bound agreement markers in some languages, the grammaticalization of object indexing does not progress beyond the stage of clitic pronouns, despite the same etymological origin as the subject pronouns, and an even longer time-depth. The chapter also discusses the grammaticalization of a new accusative case marker in Persian, and of an innovated progressive aspect.
Grammaticalization in the North Caucasian languages
Authors: Arkadiev Peter , Maisak Timur
Published: December 2018

The chapter presents an overview of selected grammaticalization phenomena in the two branches of the (North) Caucasian languages: the Circassian branch of the Northwest Caucasian family and the Lezgic branch of the Northeast Caucasian family. For the former, we focus on the grammaticalization of body-part nouns as locative applicative prefixes and of motion verbs as suffixes with abstract Aktionsart-like meanings, and on various constructions with auxiliary verbs, showing that rich polysynthetic morphosyntax of Circassian languages provides means to differentiate degrees of integration of such complexes. For the Lezgic languages, we concentrate on the grammaticalization and morphologization of matrix verbs which includes not only well-known cases like copulas and existential verbs becoming auxiliaries in various periphrastic tense-aspect forms—‘do’ becoming a causative auxiliary or ‘say’ becoming a quotative or reportative marker—but also a typologically rare development of the verb ‘see’ into a ‘verificative’ marker ?to find out whether the situation takes place’.
Landscape
Authors: Lipscomb Suzannah
Published: December 2018

The first section of this chapter considers the physical landscape of Languedoc, the governance of its cities and towns, the growing population and pauperization of the period, outbreaks of plague, and the growth of Protestantism, before examining the wars of religion in the Languedoc, especially in Nîmes, in some depth. The second section reviews the sixteenth century’s notions about women’s physical and moral weakness and their consequent lack of formal access to power. It also examines the practical realities of their lives: life cycle, age at marriage, pregnancy and childbirth, mortality rates and widowhood, wealth and poverty, wages and standard of living, social hierarchies, types of work, and understanding of time. Both parts are designed to set the cases that follow in context.
The Pursuit of Morality
Authors: Lipscomb Suzannah
Published: December 2018

This chapter considers the purpose and goals of Calvinist moral discipline, based on biblical precedent. It details popular reaction to the consistories, and considers the church’s disciplinary priorities: eradicating superstition and popular culture, punishing illicit sexuality, ensuring harmony, and dealing with public misconduct. Next, we examine the membership of the consistory—the identity of ministers and elders, their social status, and the process of co-optation on to the consistory. We consider the relationship between sacred and secular governance, and the overlap among consuls, councillors, and elders. We examine the operation of the consistory—the nature of interrogations, the reliance on hearsay, the shaming punishments it inflicted, its other responsibilities beyond moral discipline, and the links between Protestant churches. Finally, given the consistory’s agenda of enforcing patriarchy, we consider their attempts to implement domestic patriarchy, and their preoccupation with women’s appearance and sexuality, seen in their crusades against women’s clothing and prostitution.
Belief
Authors: Lipscomb Suzannah
Published: December 2018

Section 1 considers women’s faith, examining their conversions to Protestantism or re-admittance to the church after apostasy. It considers the questions of gradual or sudden conversions, and the appeal of both Protestantism and of Roman Catholicism to female believers. We examine evidence of Protestant devotion in consistorial cases, wills, and legacies, and the continuing influence of Roman Catholicism. This is seen in the large number of marriages at the Mass or of Protestant women to Roman Catholic men, attendance at the Mass, and in the ways Catholic ritual offered women solace. We also look at women’s resistance to religious authorities. Section 2 considers the use of ‘superstition’, divinatory practices, contact with the bohémiens, folk healers, and magic. We consider the evidence of popular beliefs in witchcraft and sorcery, set against consistorial scepticism towards witchcraft and greater concern with blasphemy.
The Trials of Marriage
Authors: Lipscomb Suzannah
Published: December 2018

Section 1 of this chapter considers the experience of marriage breakdown among ordinary people. It examines the causes of marital disharmony, revealing gender ideals and how spouses failed to meet them, and women’s strategies when faced with marital conflict. It considers the incidence of domestic violence, and the circumstances in which it became sufficiently public, excessive, or unjustified to cause comment and denunciation. It charts how few reports were made by battered women themselves, and consistory’s limited sympathy for such wives. Section 2 examines adultery. Cases of male adultery were often brought to light by gossip and eyewitness denunciations. The consistories also provide evidence of women’s reactions to their husbands’ infidelity, within and outside the consistory. On female adultery, the chapter explores men’s anxiety about being known to be cuckolded, and husbands’ reports of adultery nonetheless; it also looks at the allegations made by neighbours and the community, and women’s strategies in response to accusation.
Conclusion
Authors: Lipscomb Suzannah
Published: December 2018

The conclusion considers how interactions of the women of Languedoc with the consistory influenced gender and patriarchy. It recaps the consistory’s goals, and the unintended provision of a mechanism for women to wield against men and other women. It charts women’s active engagement with faith and how the consistory’s pursuit of morality promoted a voyeuristic culture. It notes how women policed sexual behaviour and were active in bringing matters under scrutiny. It considers why the registers expose this as other sources have not: women initiated cases, there was no charge, punishments were light, and church was voluntary. It recaps evidence of women’s invective and violence, and affective reasons for marriage and for seeking release from them. It notes the prevalence of sex outside marriage and considers instances of unprosecuted sexual assault, and marital conflict. It concludes with findings about women’s power and agency, and how women challenged and upheld patriarchy.
Democracy in Spain
Authors: Fernández-Sebastián Javier , Capellán de Miguel Gonzalo
Published: December 2018

Spanish traditions of mixed monarchy were revived in the face of Napoleonic occupation, and later championed by opponents of restored autocracy. Discussions of ‘democracy’ as an option for modern Spain were both encouraged and constrained by this setting. Popular support for the absolutist claimant in the civil war of the 1830s set the scene for endorsements of Doctrinaire liberalism, entailing vesting power in the propertied and educated, for the benefit of the people. But sharp differences over how inclusive such a governing class should be encouraged some to argue for something more radically inclusive. A ‘democratic party’ first emerged among left-liberals in the 1840s, persisting as a force in Spanish politics thereafter. During the 1850s and 60s, there were many calls for democracy, variously interpreted. Democracy provided a leitmotif of politics after the revolution of 1868, leading subsequent historians to describe it as having inaugurated a ‘democratic sexennio’.
Being on trial
Authors: Kounine Laura
Published: December 2018

This chapter examines the legal, communal, and individual understandings of witchcraft. Witchcraft, at its most fundamental, involves wishing harm to others. It thus centrally concerns the impact of emotional states on physical ones. In a court of law, since physical evidence of witchcraft was highly ambiguous, interrogators, accusers, and witnesses had to search for other signs to prove the accused guilty. How did they behave during a trial? What did their physical features and reactions reveal about their emotional states? How was someone’s physical and mental state utilized in the courtroom as ‘proof’ of their supposed transgressions? By comparing how mind and body were understood in both male and female witch-trials, this chapter sheds light on broader understandings of gendered expectations of emotional repertoires, as well as cultural, legal, and medical notions of what constituted innocence, guilt, and the ‘truth’.
Conclusion
Authors: Kounine Laura
Published: December 2018

The process of identifying the witch brought questions about emotions, gender, and selfhood to the fore. As witchcraft was a crime largely without evidence, legal and religious authorities had to employ their expertise in their attempts to uncover the truth about a person. The trial process reveals the overlapping and at times contradictory individual, communal, legal, and religious understandings of not only witchcraft, but more fundamental categories of sin, morality, free will, guilt, and innocence. The trial process further reveals how individual and communal narratives took on, and themselves shaped, understandings of witchcraft, gender, and emotions in popular media, visual culture, and intellectual treatises. The way in which people attempted to make sense of themselves and each other, how the body and emotions were ‘read’, and how this was gendered, was thus at the very heart of the struggle to identify the witch.
A Hitchin Connection for a Large Class of Families of Kähler Structures
Authors: Andersen Jørgen Ellegaard , Rasmussen Kenneth
Published: December 2018

This chapter presents a Hitchin connection constructed in a setting which significantly generalizes the setting covered by the first author, which, in turn, was a generalization of the moduli space covered in the original work on the Hitchin connection. In fact, this construction provides a Hitchin connection which is a partial connection on the space of all compatible complex structures on an arbitrary but fixed prequantizable symplectic manifold which satisfies a certain Fano-type condition. The subspace of the tangent space to the space of compatible complex structures on which the constructed Hitchin connection is defined is of finite codimension if the symplectic manifold is compact. It also proves uniqueness of the Hitchin connection under a further assumption. A number of examples show that this Hitchin connection is defined in a neighbourhood of the natural families of complex structures compatible with the given symplectic form which these spaces admit.
Deformation Theory of Lie Bialgebra Properads
Authors: Merkulov Sergei , Willwacher Thomas
Published: December 2018

This chapter presents the homotopy derivations of the properads governing even and odd Lie bialgebras, as well as involutive Lie bialgebras. The answer may be expressed in terms of the Kontsevich graph complexes. In particular, this shows that the Grothendieck–Teichmuller group acts faithfully and essentially transitively on the completions of the properads governing even Lie bialgebras and involutive Lie bialgebras, up to homotopy. This shows also that, in contrast to the even case, the properad governing odd Lie bialgebras admits precisely one non-trivial automorphism—the standard rescaling automorphism, and that it has precisely one non-trivial deformation, which we describe explicitly.
Hyperfunctions, the Duistermaat–Heckman Theorem and Loop Groups
Authors: Jeffrey Lisa C. , Mracek James A.
Published: December 2018

This chapter investigates the Duistermaat–Heckman theorem using the theory of hyperfunctions. In applications involving Hamiltonian torus actions on infinite-dimensional manifolds, the more general theory seems to be necessary in order to accommodate the existence of the infinite-order differential operators which arise from the isotropy representations on the tangent spaces to fixed points. The chapter quickly reviews the theory of hyperfunctions and their Fourier transforms. It then applies this theory to construct a hyperfunction analogue of the Duistermaat–Heckman distribution. The main goal will be to study the Duistermaat–Heckman distribution of the loop space of SU(2) but it will also characterize the singular locus of the moment map for the Hamiltonian action of T×S1 on the loop space of G. The main goal of this chapter is to present a Duistermaat–Heckman hyperfunction arising from a Hamiltonian group action on an infinite-dimensional manifold.
Wild Character Varieties, Meromorphic Hitchin Systems and Dynkin Diagrams
Authors: Boalch Philip
Published: December 2018

The theory of Hitchin systems is something like a ‘global theory of Lie groups’ where one works over a Riemann surface rather than just at a point. This chapter describes how one can take this analogy a few steps further by attempting to make precise the class of rich geometric objects that appear in this story (including the non-compact case) and discusses their classification, outlining a theory of ‘Dynkin diagrams’ as a step towards classifying some examples of such objects.
Threefold Extremal Contractions of Type (IIA)
Authors: Mori Shigefumi , Prokhorov Yuri
Published: December 2018

Let (X, C) be a germ of a threefold X with terminal singularities along an irreducible reduced complete curve C with a contraction f:(X,C)→(Z,o) such that C=f−1(o)red and −KX is f-ample. Assume that (X, C) contains a point of type (IIA). This chapter continues the study of such germs containing a point of type (IIA), started in our previous paper.
Epic Acting in Shakespeare’s Hamlet
Authors: Wiles David
Published: December 2018

This chapter interrogates the notion of epic acting—associated by Brecht with emotional detachment. Within the rhetorical tradition, Virgilian epic was a touchstone for the representation of felt emotion, and was regularly used in the training of orators. When the First Player in Hamlet renders a speech drawn closely from Virgil, in a direct adaptation of classical epic that has no precedent in Renaissance drama, he does so because Shakespeare wants to offer his audience an exemplar of emotional acting, at the opposite end of the spectrum to the detached academic style which Hamlet prescribes for ‘The Mousetrap’, based on the premise that the primary purpose of art is to represent reality rather than to touch the emotions. In the age of Shakespeare, tragedy and epic were still considered to be, in the first instance, modes of performance rather than textual genres.
Conclusion
Authors: Wolfe Sam
Published: December 2018

This chapter summarizes the main findings of the book and considers their wider consequences. The Medieval Romance languages are argued to occupy important points on the V2 typology, which are linked to variable loci of V2 within the left periphery. Contrary to various claims in the literature, the analysis suggests that many Romance V2 systems are not less strict than all their Germanic counterparts. It is suggested that changes observable within the medieval period concerning V2 may account for important morphosyntactic isoglosses separating Romance varieties today, impacting the makeup of the left periphery, the null argument system, and the syntax–pragmatics mapping more generally. The chapter concludes by suggesting that the post-medieval period is an important forum for future research, with detailed research on the varieties in question from the 14th century onwards generally lacking in the literature.
Defending the Moral/Epistemic Parity
Authors: Cuneo Terence , Kyriacou Christos
Published: December 2018

Do irreducible moral and epistemic facts stand or fall together? In his critical engagement with Cuneo’s The Normative Web, Chris Heathwood maintains that they do not. Appealing to a version of the Open Question Argument, Heathwood argues that while reductionism in the moral domain is not feasible, it is so in the epistemic domain. Heathwood presents non-reductive realists with what appears to be a difficult choice: give up on either The Normative Web’s argument for non-reductive realism or the Open Question Argument. In this chapter, it is contended that non-reductive realists do not face this difficult choice. Central to the case is the claim that, while analyzing epistemic concepts in terms of descriptive ones has its attractions, it is considerably more challenging than Heathwood maintains. Some wider lessons are drawn by identifying the difficulties that face those who wish to defend a broadly reductive view of the epistemic domain.
Campania and the Punica
Authors: Fucecchi Marco
Published: December 2018

This chapter defines the geographical limits of Roman Campania before engaging with the poetic blend, symbolism, and prolepsis with which Silius constructs his fictional and mythological digressions and his conjunctions of people and places. The confrontation of his protagonists, Scipio and Hannibal, is anticipated first in Hannibal’s visit to the temple in Liternum, prominently adorned with images of Roman victory in the First Punic War, and secondly by Scipio’s charismatic leadership of Italian contingents from remote parts of Campania. The contrast of the epic’s protagonists continues against the backdrop of Campania to which Hannibal returns as the triumphant victor of Cannae in Book 11. The geography of Campania is again interwoven into Silius’ epic narrative, for Capua’s treacherous defection will receive stern retribution at the end of the Campanian sequence in Book 13.
Liberalism and Democracy in Myanmar
Authors: David Roman , Holliday Ian
Published: December 2018

Historic Myanmar elections in November 2015 paved the way for an NLD government led by Aung San Suu Kyi to take office in March 2016, and saw the country deepen its graduated transition away from authoritarian rule. Nevertheless, military forces that for decades had dominated national politics remain privileged in a constitutional framework designed to deliver discipline-flourishing democracy. In August 2017, the military intensified its campaign of ethnic cleansing of the Rohingya Muslim minority living mostly in Rakhine State, pushing the number of refugees seeking shelter in neighbouring Bangladesh to nearly one million. One critical question that now confronts the fifty million people of Myanmar, a major Southeast Asian nation, is whether the push for greater democracy is strong enough to prevail over the resistance of a powerful military machine and swelling undercurrents of intolerance. What are the prospects for liberal democracy in Myanmar? This book addresses this question by examining historical conditions, constitutionalism, popular support for democracy, major political actors, group relations and tolerance, and transitional justice. To probe the meaning of key concepts it presents a rich array of evidence, including eighty-eight in-depth interviews and three waves of surveys and survey experiments undertaken between 2014 and 2018, all of which are triangulated with constitutional and legal texts and reports issued locally and globally. The analysis culminates in the concept of limited liberalism, which reflects an at times puzzling blend of liberal and illiberal attitudes. The book concludes that a weakening of liberal commitments among politicians and citizens alike, allied with spreading limited liberal attitudes, casts doubt on the prospects for liberal democracy in Myanmar for the foreseeable future.
Historical Context
Authors: David Roman , Holliday Ian
Published: December 2018

Democratization necessarily takes place within a specific national context marked by prior historical experience. This chapter examines historical factors in the Myanmar case as a means of understanding the social and political underpinnings of the current transition. It focuses on legacies of colonization by Britain in the middle of the nineteenth century, a growing nationalist struggle and devastating warfare in the first half of the twentieth century, shifting forms of civil conflict since independence, a phase of liberal democracy in the initial years of state sovereignty, and military-backed or military-directed authoritarianism for nearly half a century thereafter. It looks particularly at the impact of successive colonial, democratic, and military regimes, and at crosscutting legacies of repression, militarization of ethnic relations, and social exclusion of the Rohingya Muslim minority.
The People and the Constitution
Authors: David Roman , Holliday Ian
Published: December 2018

Myanmar’s transition is taking place within a constitutional setting devised by the preceding junta and reflecting a military reading of rule by the people, termed discipline-flourishing democracy. This chapter examines the extent to which the country’s constitutional system is an obstacle to greater democratization, the degree to which its institutions are viewed by the public as legitimate, and the intensity with which the public demands deeper political change. First, it traces the roots of constitutionalism in Myanmar. Second, it evaluates fundamental aspects of the current constitution, focusing on provisions for majority rule and a separation of powers. Third, it draws on survey data to investigate popular assessments of the transitional political system and aspirations for democracy. Fourth, it assesses prescribed methods for forming the legislature, and uses a survey experiment to isolate popular preferences for generating an assembly fitting standards of liberal democracy, hybridity, and military rule. Finally, it turns to the executive and explores perceptions of constitutional restrictions imposed on the presidency.
Transitional Justice
Authors: David Roman , Holliday Ian
Published: December 2018

Myanmar’s half-century of authoritarianism from 1962 to 2011 left a bitter legacy of gross human rights abuse and other historical injustice. One issue widely held by researchers to be a contributing factor to establishing a human rights culture and promoting democratization is dealing with the past. In this context, the chapter explores the demand for transitional justice in Myanmar, drawing on interviews with former political prisoners, surveys, survey experiments, and secondary sources. It reviews factors commonly associated with demand for transitional justice, examines the historical and political determinants of transitional justice in Myanmar, probes the authors’ surveys to investigate popular demand for transitional justice, uses interviews with former political prisoners to assess victims’ needs and their conception of justice, and connects a victim-centred approach with popular demand by examining support for transitional justice in light of experimental evidence simulating real-life resolution of historical injustice.
Introduction
Authors: David Roman , Holliday Ian
Published: December 2018

In the 2010s, Myanmar embarked on a transition away from half a century of authoritarian rule. In the process, however, positive signs of democratization contrasted with negative political developments, including ethnic cleansing of Rohingya Muslims. Deep challenges of political democratization and transformation of the political culture thereby emerged. These challenges generate the central research question of this book: what are the prospects for liberal democracy in Myanmar? This introductory chapter situates this research question in the context of the democratization literature, describes the survey and interview methodology used in the search for an answer, and outlines the plan of the book.
Rational Explanation in Science and Religion
Authors: McGrath Alister E.
Published: December 2018

This chapter considers what it means to ‘explain’ something in the natural sciences and Christian theology. A number of theories of explanation are considered, including ‘ontic’ and ‘epistemic’ approaches to explanation. Their respective merits and applications are examined. Particular attention is paid to ‘unitative explanation’, the idea that a good theory is able to enfold other theories, or enable things which were previously seen as unrelated to be considered as part of a greater coherent whole. The implications of these reflections for theological explanation are then considered, with the focus on one of Thomas Aquinas’s famous arguments for the existence of God—the ‘Second Way’.
From Observation to Theory
Authors: McGrath Alister E.
Published: December 2018

How do we move from observing the world to developing more complex and sophisticated ways of representing and understanding it? This chapter examines the intellectual journey from observing our world to representing it in theory, focussing on three distinct processes that are widely believed to be important in this process—deduction, induction, and abduction. Each of these rational strategies is used in theological or philosophical arguments relating to the existence of God. In each case, careful consideration is given to its application both in the natural sciences and in Christian theology. Particular attention is given to the American philosopher Charles S. Peirce’s use of abduction, and its potential significance for Christian theology.
Claiming Inferiority
Authors: Fitzgerald William
Published: December 2018

This chapter pinpoints engagements with alleged weakness as a central pre-occupation of Latin studies over the last thirty years and ponders the limitations of its conventional treatment and understanding by discussing a series of examples from Latin literature against the wider context of modern thought. Addressing central dimensions of the poetics of the weaker voice studied in detail in subsequent chapters—notably: authorial self-fashioning, hierarchies of genres, value judgements tied to literary history—it argues that, while there are many ways to stage a complex of inferiorities in any text, the central strategy in most, if not all, of them relies upon an upheaval of expectations: literary inferiority often, almost paradoxically, leads to an authorial voice of superiority as the ‘discourse of the low’ turns the tables on the ‘high’, and these texts marshal their own inferiority against the reader/audience, urging them to reconsider their judgement of superiority and inferiority.