bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The hierarchical formation of 30 Doradus as seen by JWST
Authors: Fahrion Katja , De Marchi Guido
Published: November 2023

The 30 Doradus region in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) is the most energetic star-forming region in the Local Group. It is powered by the feedback from the massive stars in R 136, the 1–2 Myr old central massive cluster. 30 Doradus has therefore long been regarded as a laboratory for studying star and star cluster formation under conditions reminiscent of the early Universe. We use JWST NIRCam observations to analyse how star formation proceeds in the region. Using selections based on theoretical isochrones on colour-magnitude diagrams, we identify populations of different ages. We select pre-main-sequence (PMS) stars and young stellar objects that show excess emission from warm dust or emission lines. Studying the spatial distribution of the different populations, we find that the youngest PMS stars with ages <0.5 Myr are located in an elongated structure that stretches towards the north-east from the central cluster. The same structure is found in the sources that show an infrared excess, appears to be overlapping with cold molecular gas, and covers previously investigated sites of ongoing star formation. Pre-main-sequence stars with ages between 1 and 4 Myr and upper main-sequence stars are concentrated in the centre of R 136, while older stars are more uniformly distributed across the field and likely belong to the LMC field population. Nonetheless, we find stars with excess emission from on dust or emission lines as far as 100 pc from the centre, indicating extended recent star formation. We interpret the elongated structure formed by the youngest PMS stars to be an indication of the still-ongoing hierarchical assembly of the R 136 cluster. Additionally, the lower density of old PMS stars with emission due to ongoing accretion in the central region suggests that feedback from the R 136 stars is effective in disrupting the disks of PMS stars.
Vitamin E dosage variations as antioxidants for improving the quality of fish oil derived from processing waste of Pangasius catfish
Authors: Aryani Netti , Heltonika Benny , Edison  , Diharmi Andarini
Published: November 2023

The limited availability of tubifex poses a challenge in obtaining green catfish fry. Fish oil, comprising saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, serves as an alternative fat source in commercial feed. Utilizing by-products from catfish processing, fish oil production has garnered attention; however, its rich unsaturated fatty acid content renders it prone to oxidation. Vitamin E emerges as a potential antioxidant to curb this oxidation. This study aims to evaluate fish oil quality with vitamin E supplementation. Peroxide number (PV) and storage duration (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 days) were analyzed. Fish oil received varying doses of vitamin E (0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 mg/100 g), with each treatment replicated twice. Findings indicated that without vitamin E (0 mg/100 g), PV reached 10.0 meq/kg after 15 days of storage. Conversely, with vitamin E (1, 3, 5, and 7 mg/100 g), PV values after 15 days were 7.2, 6.0, 5.4, and 4.0 meq/kg respectively. The study establishes that higher vitamin E doses effectively prolong fish oil shelf life while conforming to the Codex PV standard (≤ 5 meq/kg).
Application of automated paddlewheel aerator in shrimp culture pond; Effect on water quality, energy cost and biomass
Authors: Rahman Hakim Arif , Fauzi Ahmat , Hidayat Farid , Tri Handoyo Wahyu , Waryanto Waryanto
Published: November 2023

Aeration plays a pivotal role in an intensive shrimp pond regarding shrimp growth and energy costs. The purpose of this study was to find a way to reduce energy costs while maintaining shrimp performance. The study was carried out in about 0.3 hectares of outdoor ponds for 80 days with stocking density being set to 80 shrimp/m2 in two types of treatment an Automatic (AP) and a Manual paddlewheel (MP). Parameters observed were dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration, temperature of water and pH, energy cost, and shrimp biomass. Resulting study found that mean DO concentrations in both treatments were not significantly different, which were 4.99 ± 1.45 ppm and 4.94 ± 1.54 ppm for AP and MP respectively. Temperature and pH were also found to be in same range of 26.81-34.08 oC and 7.8-8.3. Differences in paddlewheels had no effect on final biomass; AP produced 2249.56 ± 300.67 kg, while MP resulted in 1547.43 ± 359.04 kg. However, the treatments reduced total energy costs significantly, from $657.84 ± 6.13 for MP to $409.76 ± 3.52 for AP. Using of an automated paddlewheel based on real-time DO concentration can contribute significantly to lowering production costs and energy consumption without interfering with shrimp performance.
Analysis of water quality status and water carrying capacity for the development of intensive technology vaname shrimp ponds in Bulukumba District, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia
Authors: Paena Mudian , Mustafa Akhmad , Tarunamulia  , Asaf Ruzkiah , Athirah Admi , Kamariah  , Ratnawati Erna , Taukhid Imam
Published: November 2023

With superintensive technology, Vannamei shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) farming can increase shrimp production. Shrimp production in superintensive ponds can reach 50 tons per hectare, equivalent to 60 years of production in traditional technology. However, high stocking density with feeding can result in the waste of organic matter into the environment at the time of water change. Sustainable intensive ponds can stand to achieve qualification since their development exists based on water carrying capacity. This study aims to analyze the status of water quality and determine the carrying capacity of waters for developing intensive ponds of vannamei shrimp in Gantarang and Bontobahari Districts, Bulukumba Regency. The results showed a change in water quality status based on distance from the beach and the season. In Gantarang District, intensive pond development can still be carried out based on the oxygen and nitrogen carrying capacity of waters of 56 ha and 110 ha, respectively, while in Bontobahari District, there are 55 ha and 109 ha, respectively.
Evaluation on Fecundity of Jelawat (Leptobarbus hoevenii, Bleeker 1851) Cultured in Floating Net Cages in Swampy Pond, Jambi
Authors: Sutisna Ena , Tri Djoko Sunarno Mas , Samsudin Reza , Pratama Indra , Barkat Kholidin Edy , Salali
Published: November 2023

The economic importance of riverine fish species of jelawat (Leptobarbus hoevenii) has been traditionally cultured. The culture development requires the availability of fish fry from hatcheries in sufficient quantities. Estimation of the fry production requires data and information on its fecundity. A study was carried out to evaluate the fecundity of jelawat cultured in floating net cages set in a pond, Jambi. The broodfish used in the study were selected from grown-out ponds. Selection of matured egg female fish was carried out monthly. The matured gonadal female fish was weighed and injected using a 0.7 mL/kg commercial hormone. The eggs were stripped and weighed. Egg samples were taken out as a subject of weight measurement per g. The results showed that the broodfish’s length and weight ranged from 47.0-60.0 cm (57.6 cm ± 3.30) and 1500-4500 g (3100 g ± 0.71), respectively. Fecundity tended to increase with increasing total length and weight of the fish, respectively. The average egg somatic index value was 11.04% ± 1.92. One gram of fish eggs consisted of 590 eggs ± 29.51. The number of eggs of the females ranged from 32 103 - 96 557 per kg.
Application of organic fertilizer originated from pond waste for white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) grow-out in the extensive system
Authors: Suwardi Suwardi , Suwoyo Hidayat Suryanto
Published: November 2023

This study aims to evaluate the growth of natural feed, growth, survival rate, and production of white shrimp culture in an extensive system. A total of 9 ponds of 500 m2 were used as research containers. This study used a CRD with 3 treatments each with 3 replications. The treatments tried were: A = pond solid waste as organic fertilizer (2000 kg/ha) + Urea (100 kg/ha) + SP 36 (100 kg/ha), B = KCP PLUS + Urea (100 kg/ha) + SP 36 (100 kg/ha) and C= KM+Urea (100 kg/ha) + SP 36 (100 kg/ha). The test animals’ average weight of 0.027 g/ind, stocked at a density of 4 ind/m2. Supplementary fertilizer was given 10% of the initial dose and given every week. The results showed that the application of pond solid waste organic fertilizer gave a relatively similar response to the use of other commercial fertilizers on the growth of white shrimp. The survival and shrimp production significantly differed from other treatments. The abundance of individual phytoplankton ranging from 565-2588 ind/L and zooplankton ranges from 523-652 ind/L. The plankton diversity index (H’) ranges from 1.47-2.12, the uniformity index (E) ranges from 0.52-0.83, and the dominance index (D) ranges from 0.16-0.38.
Analysis of productivity levels of saline coastal land for crop cultivation activities
Authors: Badrudin Ubad , Ghulamahdi Munif , Purwoko Bambang S. , Pratiwi Etty
Published: November 2023

Saline land is an area zone that is widely developed for agribusiness activities with high economic value. The purpose of this study is to determine the parameters that affect the level of productivity of saline land in coastal areas for agricultural agribusiness activities. The research methods used were descriptive quantitative and descriptive qualitative methods. The indicators observed were soil and water parameters on saline land. The results showed that soil parameters that are not following the quality standards of agricultural cultivation are N 0.12-0.14%, P2O5 14-57 mg/L, K2O 473-506 mg/L, Ca 0.47-1.27%, Mg 0.51-5.14%, Al 8.51-243%, and Na 0-0.37%. Water parameters that do not comply with agricultural cultivation quality standards are Ca 54.02-320.60 mg/L, Mg 78.22-424.94 mg/L, Na 582.31-3208.68 mg/L, PO4 0.11-0.72 mg/L. Y= 18.021+0.80X1+0.262X2+0.332X3+0.081X4+0.105X5+0.177X6+0.794X7 Is formula of soil regression test resulted. Meaning that parameters that do not meet soil quality standards will simultaneously affect the land productivity. The water regression model formula by Y= 7890+0.001X1+0.002X2+0.003X3+0.004X4, means that water quality parameters that do not comply with quality standards do not affect the level of land productivity. The results of the dynamic analysis estimate that the level of productivity and carrying capacity of land in saline coastal areas will decrease along with the increase in crop yields. Based on the study of modelling analysis, it can be concluded that there are several soil parameters such as N, P2O5, K2O, Ca, Mg, Al, and Na that affect the productivity level of saline land in coastal areas.
Water quality assesment of Pengambang River, Pekanbaru City, Riau Province, Indonesia using pollution index (PI)
Authors: Yuliati Yuliati , Sumiarsih Eni , Adriman Adriman , Efawani Efawani , Poima Saputra Napitupulu Daniel
Published: November 2023

River water quality monitoring must be carried out because rivers are a source of fresh water for the community. Tributaries in the city of Pekanbaru receive waste from domestic activities, industry, livestock, and agricultural runoff, reducing river water quality. The pollution index is one of the most effective tools for informing river water quality conditions. This research was conducted in one of the tributaries in Pekanbaru City, Indonesia, with a quantitative approach to assess the water quality status of a river using a pollution index. For this research, water samples were collected from three locations upstream, an outlet dam site, and downstream from May to July 2023. The collected samples were analyzed for eight water quality indicators: TSS, pH, DO, BOD, COD, Nitrate, Total Phosphate and Total Coliform. The Pollution Index (PI) method is used to assess the water quality of Pengambang Rivers according to the Indonesian Minister of Environment Decree number 27 of 2021. Guidelines for water quality indicators use class III water quality standards (PPRI 22/2021) for cultivating freshwater fish, livestock, Water for irrigated plants. The water quality of the Pengambang River still meets quality standards (Class III) for the parameters TSS, DO, COD, pH, nitrate, and phosphate, except BOD and total coliform.The PI results show that Pengambang Rivers are categorized as lightly polluted to moderately Polluted with a value of 1.61 to 8.17. The contamination of the Pengambang River was caused by the BOD and Total Coliform values exceeding the water quality standards (BOD = 8.78-17.5 mg/l and T.Coliform ranging from 2600-24,000 MPN/100 ml). The findings indicated that these water bodies were subjected to anthropogenic activities and untreated sewage inflow. Due to the poor quality of the water, these water bodies must be appropriately managed and conservation efforts made.
Oil spill governance on the development of seven fishing ports in Indonesia fishing management area
Authors: Budhi Gunadharma Gautama , Penny Dyah Kusumaningrum , Vivi Yovita , Anwar Rizal
Published: November 2023

Indonesia marine ecosystem has a serious threat coming from oil spill. The unintentional spill has low probability but give high consequences, meanwhile the intentional spill has high probability with low consequences. The negative impact of oil spill may affect not only the environment but also the human life from social and economic aspects. The Ministry of Marine and Fisheries is the government authority that responsible for the management of marine and fisheries resources based on the sustainable development. Fisheries as the key activities in coastal areas can generate local economic growth by numbers of activities on Fishing Ports. This research is working on the observation of the oil spill in Indonesia and management of the oil spill on the 7 fishing ports in Indonesia Fishing Management Area. 6 Fishing Ports are located on the North of Java and 1 is located on the South of Java. We identified and quantified the potential source of the oil spill and the recommendation with its mitigation planning. The analysis showed that the Fishing Ports in FMA 712 has more threat of oil spill than those in FMA 573. Nizam Zaman fishing port was the most potentially oil polluted meanwhile the least was Cikidang.
Sustainable fisheries analysis with empowerment of local wisdom in Pasaman Barat District, West Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: Parsaulian Baginda , Irianto Agus , Aimon Hasdi
Published: November 2023

Fish farming has become a commercial business, but the evidence so far is that progress has not been fully relied upon to boost the economy. The fisheries sub-sector, especially freshwater aquaculture, is based on the people’s economy, which can strive to survive and still be able to contribute to the economy by strengthening cultural assets in the form of local wisdom. This research aims to investigate the implementation of sustainable fisheries development based on the application of local wisdom to achieve sustainable fisheries in West Pasaman Regency, West Sumatra Province, Indonesia. This study used a mixed-methods model approach. The survey was conducted by distributing questionnaires to the respondents from aquaculture fishers’ households. The main findings of this study are sustainability and sustainable development are complex things where this can be achieved through an economic, ecological and social system where the pillars of economy and ecology are also need to consider social pillars including culture and institutions. To achieve sustainability, the scenario is built so that aquaculture activities in freshwater waters can be sustainable to achieve financial well-being, ecological sustainability in the form of availability of freshwater fish stocks and sustainability of local wisdom.
Characteristics of landslides induced by an earthquake from a hidden strike-slip active fault in the Cianjur Area of West Java
Authors: Gunawan Tejakusuma Iwan , Prawiradisastra Firman , Sugianti Khori , Tohari Adrin , Zakaria Zufialdi , Trisnafiah Syakira , Fitriani Riski , Biwas Putra Dimas , Pri Martireni Antonina , Budiman Bayu
Published: November 2023

On November 21, 2022, the Cianjur area in West Java, Indonesia, experienced devastating landslides caused by a magnitude 5.6 earthquake, with the epicenter traced to a hidden active fault approximately 11 kilometers beneath the surface, known as the Cugenang Fault. This study investigates the post-disaster landslides and aims to discover the characteristics of the landslides triggered by this earthquake. The methodology involves literature review, lithology descriptions, landslide slip surface analysis, soil analysis, slope assessment, land cover and land use change examination, landslide orientation evaluation, and distance measurements to the earthquake's epicenter and the Cugenang fault. Drones aided spatial landslide analysis. The study highlights the strong link between intense shaking along the active fault and landslide occurrences. Due to lithological bedding control, these landslides all head southwest and are located 0.35 to 0.67 kilometres from the fault. The residual soil, highly weathered breccia, and possible tuff volcanic deposits, which act as a sliding plane, lie in a similar direction to the slope, creating a vulnerable setting for landslides. The morphology and exposures of the Sarampad and Rawacina landslides showed similar phenomena to liquefaction. Land use changes, including slope cutting without proper stabilization measures, contribute to landslides to a certain degree.
Relations of contextual grammars with strictly locally testable selection languages
Authors: Dassow Jürgen , Truthe Bianca
Published: November 2023

We continue the research on the generative capacity of contextual grammars where contexts are adjoined around whole words (externally) or around subwords (internally) which belong to special regular selection languages. All languages generated by contextual grammars where all selection languages are elements of a certain subregular language family form again a language family. We investigate the computational capacity of contextual grammars with strictly locally testable selection languages and compare those families to families which are based on finite, monoidal, nilpotent, combinational, definite, suffix-closed, ordered, commutative, circular, non-counting, power-separating, or union-free languages. With these results, also an open problem regarding ordered and non-counting selection languages is solved.
Die Leberverfettung der Milchkuh: Teil 2
Authors: Martens Holger
Published: November 2023

Die Leberverfettung bei Milchkühen ist das Ergebnis eines
gestörten Gleichgewichts zwischen der Aufnahme von freien
Fettsäuren (NEFA) in die Leberzellen im Verhältnis zur
Kapazität der Metabolisierung und der limitierten Abgabe als very low
density lipoprotein (VLDL). Die Leberverfettung mit dem Risiko einer Ketose hat
sich aufgrund der primären Selektion auf Milchleistung ohne ausreichende
Berücksichtigung der dieser Leistung zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen
ergeben und weist eine genetische Disposition auf. Mit dem neuen
Relativzuchtwert Gesamt der Deutsch Holstein Friesian Kühe wird dieser
Problematik (Ketoserisiko) Rechnung getragen und damit ein genetisch bedingtes
Gesundheitsrisiko bestätigt.

Die ectopische Fettablagerung in der Leber schließt eine Reihe von
Reaktionsschritten wie Lipolyse, Aufnahme in die Leberzellen, Metabolisierung
und Abgabe als VLDL ein, die in unterschiedlicher Weise direkt oder indirekt im
Sinne einer Prophylaxe beeinflusst werden können. Diese
Möglichkeiten werden zum besseren Verständnis
pathophysiologischer Abläufe aufgeführt. Es handelt sich um die
Verfütterung einer glucogenen Diät, um kontrollierte
Fütterung während der Trockenstehperiode, den Zusatz von Niacin,
Cholin, Carnitin oder eine Reduzierung der metabolischen Belastung. Indirekt
können auch die Maßnahmen zu Prophylaxe der Ketose in diese
Diskussion einbezogen werden.
Metastasizing squamous cell carcinoma in a 50-year-old Eastern
Hermann‘s tortoise (Testudo hermannii boettgeri)
Authors: Müller Jana , Erokhina Anna , Gletscher Isabell , Mittenzwei Frank , Müller Janina , Schikowski Lisa , Cigler Pia , Henrich Manfred
Published: November 2023

A 50-year-old female Hermann’s tortoise (Testudo hermannii
boettgeri) was presented with anorexia and lethargy. Clinical
examination revealed multiple, visually inconspicuous but indentable areas in
the shell corresponding to osteolysis radiographically. Soft tissue nodules and
osteolytic lesions were also noted in the limbs. Laboratory results revealed
elevated aspartate aminotransferase activity and uric acid concentrations,
hypoglycemia, and hyperphosphatemia. Klebsiella oxytoca was isolated from
a biopsied scutal area, and the biopsy suggested neoplasia. After a short period
of clinical improvement, the animal's condition deteriorated, and it
died. Post mortem computed tomography revealed polyostotic lytic lesions of
multiple bones and the shell with associated soft tissue nodules protruding into
the coelom, and nodular lung lesions. Necropsy, histopathology, and
immunohistochemistry secured a diagnosis of a poorly differentiated,
pan-cytokeratin-positive squamous cell carcinoma with widespread soft tissue and
bone metastases, osteolysis and desmoplasia.
The effect of tip clearance size on pre-stall flow features of a transonic axial compressor by using throttle model
Authors: Abdelbagi Khalid Kamal
Published: November 2023

This paper aims at the numerical analysis of the influence of tip clearance size on the pre-stall flow features of a transonic high-speed compressor by applying the throttle model at the exit of the compressor computational domain. Steady and unsteady calculations have been performed for design, double, and triple tip clearance sizes. The transition of the stall inception type when increasing the tip clearance size and the underlying flow physics has been analyzed in detail. The results show that the stall inception type transforms from spike to modal as the size of the tip clearance changes from design to triple tip clearance. The influence of the tip clearance size on the forward spillage of the tip leakage vortex near the stall limit, which is one of the two criteria for spike stall inception, is crucial for which type of stall inception would appear. For the design clearance case, a remarkable forward spillage of the tip leakage vortex occurs near the stall limit, leading to a typical strong spike stall inception. In the condition of double clearance, the intensity of tip leakage vortex spillage was weakened because the increase in the clearance size allows more low momentum tip leakage flow to go through the clearance instead of spilling from the leading edge. Thus, a weaker spike-type inception containing the content of modal disturbances was induced. Under the triple clearance condition, the high entropy gradient interface is located inside the blade passages all the time; thus, a typical modal-type stall inception appears.
Experimental evidence of nonreciprocal propagation in space-time modulated piezoelectric phononic crystals
Authors: Tessier Brothelande S. , Croënne C. , Allein F. , Vasseur J. O. , Amberg M. , Giraud F. , Dubus B.
Published: November 2023

A nonreciprocal system composed of a one-dimensional piezoelectric phononic crystal whose periodic electrical conditions are modulated in time is presented. One-way longitudinal wave propagation is studied experimentally and compared to finite element temporal simulations. The modulation is performed by prescribing grounded or floating potential conditions on a periodic set of electrodes through external circuits. This approach makes it possible to consider a wide range of modulation speeds, and the large number of unit cells of the phononic crystal allows us to characterize experimentally the full dispersion curves of the system. This permits to observe the presence of directional bandgaps and to follow the shift in frequencies of these bandgaps as a function of the modulation speed. The experiments show the linear evolution of the central position of the bandgaps with the increase in the modulation speed, as well as their progressive closure, over a wide range of frequencies. Experiments are also used to estimate the evolution of bandgaps in a dispersive system, a problem discussed in several theoretical works but never observed experimentally. This work may constitute the foundation for experimental analysis of Floquet acoustic metamaterials, accelerated-modulation space-time metamaterials, or acoustic analog of the event horizon.
Enhancing plasma uniformity by employing non-uniform magnetic field modulation in capacitively coupled plasmas
Authors: Ma Fang-Fang , Zhang Quan-Zhi , Cui Yu-Meng , Wang You-Nian
Published: November 2023

A two-dimensional implicit electrostatic particle-in-cell model is applied for the simulation of non-uniformly magnetized capacitively coupled plasmas. In the absence of a magnetic field, the plasma density is concentrated at the center of the reactor, under the studied parameters. This leads to the formation of a radial density gradient and subsequently generates a radial electric field that causes the deflection of incident ions toward the bottom electrode. Minimizing ion deflection is imperative in order to prevent detrimental effects on plasma processing. In pursuit of this objective, a static magnetic field is applied to the capacitively coupled plasmas by installing direct current coils on the upper section of the reactor. This arrangement has been observed to considerably alter the radial distributions of plasma density and the incident angle of ion bombardment on the bottom electrode.
Transverse vortex-induced vibration of two elliptic cylinders in tandem: Effects of spacing
Authors: Badri Ghomizad Mehdi , Yamakawa Masashi
Published: November 2023

Renewable energy converters, such as bio-inspired fluttering foils, are gaining popularity due to their eco-friendly properties. However, the system with multiple objects has received scant attention. Here, we analyze how spacing influences the transverse (one-degree-of-freedom) vortex-induced vibration of two tandem identical elliptic cylinders at a constant Reynolds number by employing a wide range of reduced velocities (Ur∈[2,14]) and space ratios (L∗∈[2,6]). The incompressible Navier–Stokes equations are solved using the overset mesh method in the OpenFOAM® library. The findings indicate that the wake structure goes through eight distinct wake modes, as well as two gap flow patterns (reattachment and co-shedding). Vibrational responses, force parameters, and flow patterns determine three spacing configurations. At a small spacing (L∗=2), the upstream cylinder (UC) has the traditional lock-in (the frequency ratio fy/fn≃0.95–1.05) at the reduced velocity (Ur≃7), and the downstream cylinder (DC) has a narrow lock-in region around Ur≃9. However, the UC has a wide soft-lock-in (the synchronization region of fy/fn≃1.15) at high reduced velocities (Ur≃8–10). Here, the transverse vibrations of both cylinders, but especially the DC, reach relatively high amplitudes. At a moderate spacing (L∗=3), the UC bears a lock-in zone analogous to a single cylinder with the same mass ratio, while the DC shows a vast soft-lock-in zone (Ur≃8–14). At a large spacing (L∗=4, 5, and 6), the amplitude of the DC is often larger than that of a single cylinder when it is in the lock-in region. The DC exhibits a peak in amplitude at Ur = 7 and a wake-galloping region for Ur > 12.
Ultrafast excitonic radiative recombination in Al-rich semipolar AlGaN quantum wells for far-UVC emitters
Authors: Rupper Greg , Haughn Chelsea R. , Wunderer Thomas , Yang Zhihong , Johnson Noble M. , Wraback Michael , Garrett Gregory A.
Published: November 2023

Ultrafast excitonic radiative recombination in Al-rich semipolar AlGaN quantum wells was characterized by photoluminescence and analyzed with a non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) model. The heterostructures consisted of Al0.69Ga0.31N/Al0.9Ga0.1N multiple quantum wells grown on (202¯1) bulk AlN substrates by MOVPE. The quantum wells were 3 nm thick, separated by 10-nm thick barrier layers, and possessed a low (<100 kV/cm) polarization field. Radiative lifetimes as low as ∼60 ps were recorded at 75 K. Experimental results validated the NEGF model, which incorporated excitons and free carriers and enabled calculation of the radiative lifetimes for different growth planes, temperatures, and carrier densities. Including intersubband scattering in the NEGF model significantly reduced the calculated radiative lifetimes for QW widths larger than the Bohr radius of the excitons in semipolar and nonpolar orientations, for which the polarization field is reduced or eliminated. These wide wells with low polarization fields and high radiative recombination are less susceptible to the deleterious effects of alloy and interface fluctuations, making them an attractive possibility for future devices.
Analysis of probability of inserting a hard spherical particle with small diameter in hard-sphere fluid
Authors: Davidchack Ruslan L. , Elmajdoub Aisha Ahmed , Laird Brian B.
Published: November 2023

The probability of inserting, without overlap, a hard spherical particle of diameter σ in a hard-sphere fluid of diameter σ0 and packing fraction η determines its excess chemical potential at infinite dilution, μex(σ, η). In our previous work [R. L. Davidchack and B. B. Laird, J. Chem. Phys. 157, 074701 (2022)], we used Widom’s particle insertion method within molecular dynamics simulations to obtain high precision results for μex(σ, η) with σ/σ0 ≤ 4 and η ≤ 0.5. In the current work, we investigate the behavior of this quantity at small σ. In particular, using the inclusion-exclusion principle, we relate the insertion probability to the hard-sphere fluid distribution functions and thus derive the higher-order terms in the Taylor expansion of μex(σ, η) at σ = 0. We also use direct evaluation of the excluded volume for pairs and triplets of hard spheres to obtain simulation results for μex(σ, η) at σ/σ0 ≤ 0.2247 that are of much higher precision than those obtained earlier with Widom’s method. These results allow us to improve the quality of the small-σ correction in the empirical expression for μex(σ, η) presented in our previous work.
Study of the AlPN/GaN high electron mobility transistors with improved transconductance linearity
Authors: Yao Yixin , Zhang Yachao , Zhu Jiaduo , Dang Kui , Su Chunxu , Ma Jinbang , Chen Kai , Wang Baiqi , Liu Wenjun , Xu Shengrui , Zhao Shenglei , Zhang Jincheng , Hao Yue
Published: November 2023

In this work, an improved method of metal-organic chemical vapor deposition was utilized to grow high-quality AlPN/GaN heterostructures. The characteristics of AlPN those are essential to achieving high linearity in the resulting devices were then investigated. High linearity AlPN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) with flatter transconductance curves were fabricated, in which the gate voltage swings are 1.85 and 4.35 V at 300 and 400 K when Gm drops 5% from Gm,max. Additionally, the impact of P anti-site defects and surface states on the high linearity of AlPN/GaN HEMTs at different temperatures was discussed. It was found that while both factors benefit linearity at room temperature, only the P anti-site defects have a positive effect on linearity at high temperatures. The results demonstrate the significant advantages of AlPN-based structures in high linearity device applications and provide instructive principles for improving linearity.
Silicone elastomers and the Persson-Brener adhesion model
Authors: VanDonselaar Kurt R. , Bellido-Aguilar Daniel A. , Safaripour Maryam , Kim Hyemin , Watkins James J. , Crosby Alfred J. , Webster Dean C. , Croll Andrew B.
Published: November 2023

Many modern anti-icing and anti-fouling coatings rely on soft, low surface energy elastomeric materials such as polydimethylsiloxane for their functionality. While the low surface energy is desirable for reducing adhesion, very little work considers the larger contribution to adhesive failure caused by the viscoelastic nature of elastomers. Here we examine several different siloxane elastomers using a JKR adhesion test, which was operated over a range of different speeds and temperatures. Additionally, we characterize the dynamic mechanical modulus over a large range of frequencies for each material. We note that surface energies of the materials are all similar, but variation in adhesion strength is clear in the data. The variation at low speeds is related to elastomer architecture but the speed dependence itself is independent of architecture. Qualitative correlations are noted between the JKR adhesion measurements and the dynamic moduli. Finally, an attempt is made to directly compare moduli and adhesion through the recent Persson–Brener model. Approximations of the model are shown to be inaccurate. The full model is found to be accurate at low speeds, although it fails to precisely capture higher speed behaviour.
Recent advances in droplet sequential monitoring methods for droplet sorting
Authors: He Yukun , Qiao Yi , Ding Lu , Cheng Tianguang , Tu Jing
Published: November 2023

Droplet microfluidics is an attractive technology to run parallel experiments with high throughput and scalability while maintaining the heterogeneous features of individual samples or reactions. Droplet sorting is utilized to collect the desired droplets based on droplet characterization and in-droplet content evaluation. A proper monitoring method is critical in this process, which governs the accuracy and maximum frequency of droplet handling. Until now, numerous monitoring methods have been integrated in the microfluidic devices for identifying droplets, such as optical spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, electrochemical monitoring, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In this review, we summarize the features of various monitoring methods integrated into droplet sorting workflow and discuss their suitable condition and potential obstacles in use. We aim to provide a systematic introduction and an application guide for choosing and building a droplet monitoring platform.
Critical behavior at ferromagnetic to paramagnetic phase transition in single crystalline MnNiSi ferromagnet
Authors: Zhang Tingting , Gong Yuanyuan , Lu Ziqian , Bai Yuqing , Xu Feng
Published: November 2023

Ferromagnetic single crystalline MnNiSi samples were first fabricated through a Sn-flux growth technique, followed by measurements of their structural characteristics and intrinsic magnetic properties. Additionally, the critical behavior for second-order ferromagnetic to paramagnetic phase transition was investigated through utilization of techniques such as the modified Arrott plot, the Kouvel–Fisher method, and the magnetocaloric effect scaling law method. Through different methods of analysis, reliable critical exponents were obtained. Renormalization of interactions around the Curie temperature indicates the reliability of the obtained exponents. The obtained critical exponents are close to those theoretically predicted for a three-dimensional isotropic short-range Heisenberg ferromagnet but shift toward the long-range mean-field estimates. This may arise from the coupling of short- and long-range interactions as well as the competition between localized Mn–Mn magnetic interactions and the hybridization between p- and d-type orbitals.
Mid-wavelength infrared photoconductive film synthesized from PbSe molecular ink
Authors: Al Mahfuz Mohammad M. , Islam Rakina , Zhang Yuxuan , Baek Jinwook , Park Junsung , Lee Sunghwan , Ko Dong-Kyun
Published: November 2023

Metal chalcogenide thin films are used in a wide range of modern technological applications. While vacuum deposition methods are commonly utilized to fabricate the film, solution-based approaches have garnered an increasing interest due to their potential for low-cost, high-throughput manufacturing, and compatibility with silicon complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor processing. Here, we report a general strategy for preparing mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR = 3–5 μm) photoconductive film using a PbSe molecular ink. This ethylenediamine-based ink solution is synthesized using a simple diphenyl dichalcogenide route, and the deposited film, after the sensitization annealing, exhibits a specific detectivity of 109 Jones at 3.5 μm at room temperature. This work represents the demonstration of MWIR-photosensitive semiconductor films prepared using an emerging alkahest-based approach, highlighting a significant research avenue in the pursuit toward low SWAP-C (size, weight, power consumption, and cost) infrared imager development.
Effects of acclimation temperature and exposure time on the scope for growth of the blackfoot Pāua (Haliotis iris)
Authors: Nguyen Thuy T. , Marsden Islay D. , Davison William , Pirker John
Published: November 2023

Context Climate change and increased seawater temperatures can greatly affect physiological processes and growth of marine ectotherms, including the blackfoot haliotid, Pāua (Haliotis iris). Scope for growth (SFG) is a laboratory-derived measure of the energy available for growth but this has not been examined in Pāua. Aims To measure SFG of seasonally collected Pāua and their haemolymph parameters at constant acclimation temperatures of 12, 15, 18 and 21°C for 28 days. Methods Energy available for growth was measured from kelp food and losses due to respiration and ammonia excretion calculated on Days 1, 14, 21 and 28 of acclimation. Haemolymph parameters were also measured. Key results After 3 days of acclimation, SFG was highly variable. Following 2 weeks of acclimation, SFG was positive for all temperatures. Respiration and excretion energies depended on both acclimation temperature and time. Haemolymph parameters were affected by acclimation temperature. Conclusion Pāua have limited ability to acclimate to a temperature 21°C suggesting that they would not grow effectively at this temperature. Implications This research suggests that adult Pāua can be adversely affected by increased seawater temperature, resulting from climate change and this could affect their future growth and distribution.
The uphill struggles of carsharing in the Netherlands
Authors: Meelen Toon , Münzel Karla
Published: November 2023

The current mobility system relies heavily on privately owned cars, which results in high levels of emissions, material use, and use of scarce public space. Carsharing is a mobility innovation offering consumers on-demand, short-term access to cars. By changing consumption patterns and reducing car ownership, carsharing has great potential to contribute to a sustainability transition of the mobility system. Even so, carsharing only satisfies a small portion of today’s mobility needs and has difficulties becoming mainstream. This study investigates the upscaling trajectory of carsharing in the Netherlands. We structure the analysis along the lines of the multilevel perspective and include economic, technological, sociocultural, and policy factors that shape carsharing growth. The results demonstrate how car ownership is entrenched in the social and economic fabric, and the specific barriers this poses to carsharing. Moreover, we find some forms of carsharing risk extending private car ownership rather than challenging it. The environmental outcomes of carsharing are not predetermined but depend on the trajectories key actors take during upscaling. Our analysis highlights the importance of studying innovations in the context of the consumption–production systems in which they emerge.
Unfolding sustainability transitions in food systems: Insights from UK and French trajectories
Authors: Lamine Claire , Marsden Terry
Published: November 2023

While the negative environmental, social and health impacts of the current food system have been acknowledged and evidenced for several decades, the recent and current transformations in food systems at diverse scales are not yet addressing the many inter-related stakes at play. Due to the much wider set of interactions in this consumption-production system, new conceptual tools are required for understanding and assessing sustainability transitions and what prevents them. The article will draw on the cases of France and the UK to examine these countries’ national food systems’ historical trajectories and suggest a periodization of these in order to reveal common characteristics and differences. This will show that despite common major trends and common transition or inertia mechanisms, pathways differ, especially from the 1990s, due to different configurations of power relationships between the state, economic actors and civil society in a context of an increasing competition between sustainability narratives that leads to an increasing fragmentation in food systems. It will lead us to join the recent progress in the sustainability transitions’ community towards a shift in the analysis from a focus on niches’ trajectories and effects to a deeper focus on power configurations and competing narratives, as well as to suggest a larger inclusion of socio-ecological and spatial dimensions.
FOXO inhibition rescues α-defensin expression in human intestinal organoids
Authors: Eng Serena J. , Nonnecke Eric B. , de Lorimier Arthur J. , Ali Mohamed R. , Tsolis Renée M. , Bevins Charles L. , Ashwood Paul
Published: November 2023

To mediate critical host–microbe interactions in the human small intestine, Paneth cells constitutively produce abundant levels of α-defensins and other antimicrobials. We report that the expression profile of these antimicrobials is dramatically askew in human small intestinal organoids (enteroids) as compared to that in paired tissue from which they are derived, with a reduction of α-defensins to nearly undetectable levels. Murine enteroids, however, recapitulate the expression profile of Paneth cell α-defensins seen in tissue. WNT/TCF signaling has been found to be instrumental in the regulation of α-defensins, yet in human enteroids exogenous stimulation of WNT signaling appears insufficient to rescue α-defensin expression. By stark contrast, forkhead box O (FOXO) inhibitor AS1842856 induced the expression of α-defensin mRNA in enteroids by >100,000-fold, restoring
DEFA5
and
DEFA6
to levels comparable to those found in primary human tissue. These results newly identify FOXO signaling as a pathway of biological and potentially therapeutic relevance for the regulation of human Paneth cell α-defensins in health and disease.
South Africa’s unjust climate reparations: a critique of the Just Energy Transition Partnership
Authors: Lenferna Alex
Published: November 2023

This briefing critically discusses the moral question of whether South Africa deserves climate reparations. It examines the deeply unequal and polluting nature of the South African economy in order to demonstrate how claims from South Africa for climate finance and reparations are morally complex and fraught. For South Africa’s claims for climate reparations and finance to be justified, the article proposes two conditions. First, that South Africa act in line with its fair share of global climate action. Second, that climate finance must help to transform South Africa’s deeply unjust society and bring benefits not to the rich elite, who themselves owe climate reparations, but to the majority, especially the poor, Black and working class.

Applying these two principles, the briefing asks whether the Just Energy Transition (JET) Partnership and the accompanying Investment Plan announced by President Cyril Ramaphosa meet those conditions. It argues that they potentially fail to meet both. The piece also warns that global South countries must be critical of JET Partnership funding models, as they may be used as tools to entrench the interests of international financiers who seek to dominate the clean energy future. To counteract such a possibility, climate justice movements should work to ensure that climate finance is a true fulfilment of climate debt owed to the global South, which works to ensure meaningful social, economic and ecological justice.

The author writes this piece not just from an academic perspective as a postdoctoral research fellow. He also writes it from his perspective as the elected General Secretary of the South African Climate Justice Coalition – a coalition of over 50 trade union, grassroots, community-based and non-profit organisations working together to advance a transformative climate justice agenda. In his role as general secretary, he has engaged with coalition member organisations and worked to build a shared and critical activist agenda towards both the JET Partnership and the South African government’s response to the climate crisis more generally.
Research on high sensitivity integrated transmit and receive hydroacoustic transducer
Authors: Su Jintao , Wang Hongwei
Published: November 2023

In response to the application demand in the field of hydroacoustic for high efficiency transmitting and high sensitivity receiving, overlapping frequency bands of transmitting and receiving, and structurally integrated high frequency hydroacoustic transducer. In this paper, a high-sensitivity transducer with integrated transmit and receive is developed. The transducer consists of two parts: the transmitting unit is 1–3 type piezoelectric composite material; the receiving unit is single metal plate air column array structure, and the effective electromechanical coupling coefficient is improved by changing the piezoelectric ceramic structure, thus improving the receiving sensitivity. Through theoretical analysis and finite element analysis determined the conditions of integration of transmitting and receiving. Finally, the transducer prototype was fabricated and tested. The results showed that the resonant frequency of the transmitter unit was 249 kHz, the anti-resonant frequency of the receiver unit was 253 kHz, and the maximum transmit voltage response and receive sensitivity were 180.1 dB and −175.8 dB, respectively, which satisfied the transceiver condition and high sensitivity performance.
Predictive analytics of conductance and HOMO-LUMO gaps with topological descriptors of porphyrin nanosheets
Authors: Junias J Singh , Clement Joseph
Published: November 2023

Porphyrins are planar tetrapyrolic aromatic molecules that serve as a host for the formation of metal coordination complexes, which enable additional capabilities. The 2D porphyrin derivative sheets attracted interest due to their versatility and capacity to interact with other chemicals due to the existence of a core metal ion. Topological descriptors are employed as a predictive technique to determine the physical, chemical, and structural characteristics of molecules by considering the molecular structure of compounds as molecular graphs. This paper investigates the degree and degree sum based descriptors of some potential porphyrin derivative nanosheets, using the edge partition method. We also demonstrate a predictive model for analyzing the electrical conductance of porphyrin derivative nanosheets using degree and degree sum based topological descriptors. Furthermore, the Shannon’s information entropies of these porphyrin derivatives are investigated, and the HOMO-LUMO gap of these nanostructures is predicted using these entropy.