bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hele-Shaw flows and water waves
Authors: CROWDY DARREN G.
Published: July 2002

By adapting a new mathematical approach to the problem of steady free-surface
Euler flows with surface tension recently devised by the present author, it is demonstrated
that exact solutions for steady, free-surface multipole-driven Hele-Shaw flows
with surface tension can be constructed using similar methods. Moreover, a (one-way) mathematical transformation between exact solutions to the two distinct free-boundary problems is identified: known exact solutions for free-surface Euler flows
with surface tension are shown to automatically generate steady quadrupolar-driven
Hele-Shaw flows (with non-zero surface tension) existing in exactly the same domain
with the same free surface. This correspondence highlights the essential dynamical
differences between the two physical problems. Using the transformation, the exact
Hele-Shaw analogues of all known exact solutions for free-surface Euler flows (including
Crapper's classic capillary water wave solution) are catalogued thereby producing
many previously unknown exact solutions for steady Hele-Shaw flows with capillarity.
In particular, this paper reports what are believed to be the first known exact solutions
for Hele-Shaw flows with surface tension in a doubly-connected fluid region.
Agreement in Chamorro
Authors: DUKES MICHAEL
Published: July 2002

Sandra Chung, The design of agreement: evidence from Chamorro. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1998. Pp. xii + 423.

Sandra Chung's leading contribution to the development of generative
analyses of the morphosyntax of Austronesian languages is widely known.
This book is the culmination of some two decades of research on Chamorro
and is also, as the title suggests, an attempt to embed that body of research
within a particular theory of agreement – one which has an explicitly
syntactic flavour and which emphasizes the separation of morphology and
syntax. Quite apart from the treatment of agreement itself, Chung also
discusses a host of fascinating issues surrounding the analysis of Chamorro
that have important ramifications for the analysis of languages that are
typologically and genetically related to it, including the issue of configurationality
and the nature of VSO word order. Additionally, there is
extensive discussion of the treatment of wh-movement and the relationship of
the Chamorro phenomenon of Wh-Agreement to the constraints on
extraction observed in numerous other Austronesian languages and
elsewhere. This book, along with the research program it represents, is an
important addition to the literature on the less well-studied languages of the
world and is obligatory reading for any syntactician with an interest in the
cross-linguistic viability of syntactic theory.
Magnetisation of partially ionised dusty disks
Authors: BIRK GUIDO T. , KOPP A. , LESCH H.
Published: July 2002

The self-magnetisation of circumstellar disks is considered within an
appropriate multifluid description. These disks are composed of ionised and neutral
gas as well as of a charged dust component. The most important equation in this
context is the general Ohm’s law that includes a magnetic field generation term due
to relative dust–neutral fluid velocities. We show that circumstellar disks can carry
their own significant magnetic fields. As long as the stellar gravitation sustains the
accretion flow, the self-magnetisation of the disk does not saturate until the field
strength reaches its local equipartition value. The magnetic field generation process
is illustrated by idealised multifluid simulations that are not restricted to a
kinematic description, but model the process in a self-consistent way.
Quasi-optical description of reflection, focusing
and plasma cut-offs of electron cyclotron
Gaussian beams
Authors: NOWAK S. , OREFICE A.
Published: July 2002

In the analysis of the propagation of electromagnetic waves in
the electron
cyclotron frequency range, in both isotropic media and magnetoactive plasmas,
the role of diffractive effects, which are not accounted for by geometrical
optics,
may no longer be neglected when highly collimated beams are to be employed.
Moreover, when lenses, mirrors, refractive gradients and/or wave cut-offs
are
placed along the beam trajectory, the very concept of independent optical
rays
tends to introduce singularities, which do not always correspond to physical
features. A quasi-optical approach has previously been shown to present
the
advantage of allowing a description (at the lowest order of approximation)
of
the diffractive widening of the beam. The specific aim of this paper is
to test,
when reflection, refraction or beam focusing indicates the need for particular
attention, the solution method employed within such an approach. The results
presented here concern the propagation and power deposition profiles, in
a
number of crucial physical situations, of narrow electron cyclotron beams
launched, in Gaussian form, either into isotropic transparent media or
through
anisotropic toroidal plasmas of fusion interest.
Drift-wave trapping by drift vortices
Authors: DAVYDOVA T. A. , LASHKIN V. M.
Published: July 2002

The possibility for a drift dipole vortex to trap free drift
waves is demonstrated.
Drift perturbations can be trapped near the centre of the vortex or at
its sides.
The localization domain and eigenfrequencies of trapped modes are obtained.
Electron-cyclotron maser theory for extraordinary Bernstein waves
Authors: WILLES A. J. , ROBINSON P. A.
Published: July 2002

Electron-cyclotron maser emission is investigated in the regime
where wave growth in the electrostatic Bernstein modes dominates
(ωp/Ωe>1.5).
A
semirelativistic
growth rate is derived assuming that the wave dispersion is dominated by
a cool
background electron distribution and the instability is driven by a low-density
hot
loss-cone-like electron distribution. The properties of Bernstein wave
growth are
most strongly dependent on the relative temperatures of the hot and cool
electron
distributions. For Thot/Tcool[gsim ]10,
the fastest growing Bernstein waves are produced
at frequencies just below each cyclotron harmonic in Bernstein modes lying
below
the upper-hybrid frequency. For
Thot/Tcool[lsim ]10,
additional Bernstein modes above
the upper-hybrid frequency are excited, with wave frequencies in each excited
mode
lying significantly above the corresponding cyclotron harmonic. The dependence
of
Bernstein wave growth on the relative hot and cool electron number densities
and
emission angle is also discussed.
Boundary conditions for surface waves
propagating along the interface of plasma flow and free space
Authors: LEE HEE J. , CHO SANG-HOON
Published: July 2002

Electromagnetic and kinematic boundary conditions for surface waves
propagating on the plane interface between a vacuum and a drifting plasma
or a
stationary plasma are investigated using a specular reflection procedure.
The
boundary values of specular-reflection solutions are shown to agree with
the
kinematic relations involving surface charge and surface current. The
specular-reflection solutions explicitly show the well-known fact that
a cold fluid
forms a surface charge
on the interface while a warm fluid does not. If the plasma is drifting
(beam), the
cold fluid forms a surface current in addition, whereas a warm fluid forms
neither
a surface charge nor a surface current. Consequently, in a drifting cold
plasma,
the tangential magnetic field, as well as the normal component of the induction
vector D is not continuous. We show that the specular-reflection
procedure and the
conventional matching method yield the same dispersion relations, as they
should,
and we correct the wrong notion found in literature that the two methods
somehow
yield different results.
Plasma sheath evolution from perturbed
electrodes in a negative-ion plasma. Part 2. Experiment and PIC simulation
Authors: YI SEUNGJUN , EL-ZEIN YASSER , LONNGREN KARL E. , SHERIDAN TERENCE E.
Published: July 2002

The two-dimensional spatial and temporal evolution of a plasma
surrounding
an electrode whose potential is suddenly decreased is experimentally investigated.
The electrode contains a localized convex or a localized concave
perturbation. The quasineutral plasma consists of positive ions and various
proportions of negative ions and electrons. The results are compared and
contrasted with those that are obtained numerically using a particle-in-cell
(PIC) simulation and those that had previously been obtained using a fluid-model
code.
Open boundary particle simulation of
electrostatic ion cyclotron instability
Authors: ISHIGURO SEIJI , SATO TETSUYA , TAKAMARU HISANORI , Complexity Simulation Group
Published: July 2002

We have developed a 2½-dimensional open boundary particle simulation model and
have studied the current-driven electrostatic ion-cyclotron instability and related
d.c. potential difference. Fresh streaming electrons are injected smoothly from the
boundaries at each time step, avoiding unphysical accumulation of charged particles
in front of the boundaries. As a current-driven electrostatic ion cyclotron instability
grows, a d.c. potential difference along the magnetic field lines is created.
On Alfvén waves in a radial flow and magnetic field
Authors: CAMPOS L. M. B. C. , ISAEVA N. L.
Published: July 2002

This paper considers Alfvén waves in a radially stratified medium
where all background quantities, namely mass density, magnetic field strength
and mean flow velocity, depend only on the distance from the centre, the latter
two being assumed to lie in the radial direction. It is shown that the radial
dependence of Alfvén waves is the same for two cases: (i) when the velocity and
magnetic field perturbations are along parallels, in the one-dimensional case of
only radial and time dependence; (ii) in the three-dimensional case with
dependence on all three spherical coordinates and time, for velocity and
magnetic field perturbations with components along parallels and meridians,
represented by the radial components of the vorticity and electric current
respectively. Elimination between these equations leads to the convected
Alfvén-wave equation in the case of uniform flow, and an equation with an
additional term in the case of non-uniform flow with mean flow velocity a linear
function of distance. The latter case, namely that of non-uniform flow with flow
velocity increasing linearly with distance, is analysed in detail; conservation of
mass flux requires the mass density to decay as the inverse cube of the distance.
The Alfvén-wave equation has a critical layer where the flow velocity equals the
Alfvén speed, leading to three sets of two solutions, namely below, above and
across the critical layer. The latter is used to specify the wave behaviour in the
vicinity of the critical layer, where local partial transmission occurs. The
problem has two dimensionless parameters: the frequency and the initial
Alfvén number. It is shown, by plotting the wave fields relative to the critical
layer, that these two dimensionless parameters appear in a single combination.
This simplifies the plotting of the wave fields for several combinations of
physical conditions. It is shown in the Appendix that the formulation of the
equations of MHD in the original Elsässer (1956) form, often used in the recent
literature, does not apply if the background mass density is non-uniform on the
scale of a wavelength. The present theory, based on exact solutions of the
Alfvén-wave equation for a inhomogeneous moving medium, is unrestricted as
to the relative magnitude of the local wavelength and scale of change of
properties of the background medium. The present theory shows that the rate-of-decay of wave amplitude is strongly dependent on wave frequency beyond
the critical layer, i.e. the process of change with distance of the spectrum of
Alfvén waves in the solar wind starts at the critical layer.
Embryonic and larval development of the brown wrasse Labrus merula (Pisces: Labridae)
Authors: Dulčić J. , Kožul V. , Kraljević M. , Skaramuca B. , Glamuzina B. , Ré P.
Published: July 2002

In March 1997 one male and one female brown wrasse Labrus merula spawned spontaneously in aquaria conditions. Eggs were incubated at ambient temperature, salinity, oxygen and pH. The development of the eggs, yolk-sac larvae and larvae is described and illustrated with particular emphasis on features of practical value for identification of specimens from plankton. The ripe egg of brown wrasse is a typical labrid egg with a mean diameter of 0.93±0.05 mm. The incubation period was 106 h 45 min at a mean temperature of 14.3°C. Newly hatched yolk-sac larvae were 3.8±0.02 mm, while the yolk-sac was resorbed when larvae reached 4.68±0.15 mm in total length. Some characteristics which may be useful for identification are described and compared with some other labrid yolk-sac larvae and larvae. The length of newly hatched yolk-sac larvae of brown wrasse was significantly larger (t-test, P<0.05) than those of the other labrid species, but it is similar to that of Labrus bergylta. During the first 16 d (after resorption of yolk-sac) brown wrasse larvae does not possess a double crescent of melanophores on top of the head, but has a few melanophores on the anal fin which is very similar to the pigmentation of Symphodus (Crenilabrus) melops larvae, although there is a difference in length between them. Larvae older than 16 d have a double crescent of melanophores on the top of the head with melanophores on the anal fin-fold identical to L. bergylta larvae, but the difference in larvae length also exists.
Observations and possible function of the striking anterior coloration pattern of Galathea intermedia (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura)
Authors: Hall-Spencer J.M. , Moore P.G. , Sneddon L.U.
Published: July 2002

Galathea intermedia is common, but cryptic, on Clyde maerl deposits where it lives in small groups of mixed sex and age, sharing shelters (typically dead Dosinia shells) to avoid predation. Its appearance is marked by six iridescent blue spots which may play an important role in intra- or interspecific interactions.
Observations on two infectious agents found within the rootlets of the parasitic barnacle, Sacculina carcini
Authors: Russell J.D. , Walker G. , Woollen R.
Published: July 2002

Two types of infectious agent within rootlet cells of the parasitic barnacle, Sacculina carcini have been recognized by transmission electron microscopy. The rootlets were dissected from the common shore crab, Carcinus maenas, collected from two locales—Plymouth and Pwllheli. Yeast cells were identified within cells of S. carcini rootlets from crabs collected at both locations and an iridovirus was also found, but only in rootlets from Plymouth crabs. These infectious agents were never found co-occurring in the rootlets from Plymouth crabs. Both agents, when present in rootlets, were also present in the respective host crab tissues. It is therefore concluded that S. carcini rootlets are susceptible to invasion from natural infectious agents of the host crab.
Analysis of aggregation, a worked example: numbers of ticks on red grouse chicks
Authors: ELSTON D. A. , MOSS R. , BOULINIER T. , ARROWSMITH C. , LAMBIN X.
Published: July 2002

The statistical aggregation of parasites among hosts is often described empirically by the negative binomial (Poisson-gamma) distribution. Alternatively, the Poisson-lognormal model can be used. This has the advantage that it can be fitted as a generalized linear mixed model, thereby quantifying the sources of aggregation in terms of both fixed and random effects. We give a worked example, assigning aggregation in the distribution of sheep ticksIxodes ricinuson red grouseLagopus lagopus scoticuschicks to temporal (year), spatial (altitude and location), brood and individual effects. Apparent aggregation among random individuals in random broods fell 8-fold when spatial and temporal effects had been accounted for.
A neutral cysteine protease of Spirometra mansoni

plerocercoid invoking an IgE response
Authors: KONG Y. , KANG S.-Y. , KIM S. H. , CHUNG Y.-B. , CHO S.-Y.
Published: July 2002

When crude extracts of Spirometra mansoni plerocercoid

(sparganum) were analysed by SDS–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

(PAGE)/immunoblot using patients' sera, IgE antibodies

reacted specifically with 21, 27 and 53 kDa proteins.

The 21 and 27 kDa proteins have been previously characterized as

cysteine proteases. In this study, the 53 kDa protein

was confirmed, by immunoprecipitation, to induce a specific IgE

response. The protein was purified by affinity chromatography using an
IgG1

(κ2) type mAb. The protein was partially sensitive to

peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl)asparagine

amidase F (endo F) digestion. It exhibited an endoproteinase activity in
a

thiol-dependent manner preferentially degrading

benzoyloxycarboxyl-phenylalanyl-arginyl-4-methoxy-β-naphthylamide

(Z-phe-arg-MNA) of a panel of substrates tested. This endoprotease activity
was

maximal at pH 6·5 and in 0·1 M sodium phosphate.

The proteolytic activity was inhibited by 10−5ML-trans-epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamido-(4-guanidino)butane
(E-64) and

1 mM iodoacetamide (IAA), and potentiated by dithiothreitol

(DTT, 5 mM).
Investigating the epidemiology of heartwater (Cowdria
ruminantium infection) by means of a transmission dynamics model
Authors: O'CALLAGHAN C. J. , MEDLEY G. F. , PETER T. F. , PERRY B. D.
Published: July 2002

A mathematical model of the transmission dynamics of
Cowdria ruminantium by the ixodid tick Amblyomma hebraeum
in
the bovine host is developed and used to investigate the epidemiology
of heartwater across a range of vector challenge.
The processes described are supported by empirical data. The pattern of

outcome measures (incidence, case-fatality and
proportion of infected hosts) predicted agrees with those described
anecdotally from field experience and empirical
observation, and demonstrates the concept of endemic stability. The
underlying theory is explored and it is shown that
endemic stability may be due principally to the protection of calves
against disease by either innate or maternally derived
factors. The role of vertical infection in the establishment and maintenance

of endemic stability is also investigated.
Although increasing the vertical infection proportion results in endemic

stability occurring at progressively lower levels
of tick challenge, the concomitant reduction in incidence and
case-fatality predictions across the range of tick challenge
means the endemically stable state simultaneously becomes less discernible.

Model limitations and future developments
are discussed. The essential role of a transmission dynamics model in
assessing the impact of new vaccines in conjunction
with vector control programmes is highlighted.
Emerging pathogens: Isospora, Cyclospora and microsporidia
Authors: CURRY A. , SMITH H. V.
Published: July 2002

Isospora belli, Cyclospora cayetanensis as well as several species of microsporidia are recognized as emerging protozoan
pathogens of humans. All are obligate intracellular parasites, with Isospora and the microsporidia being primarily
associated with immunocompromised hosts. Cyclospora is a cause of traveller's diarrhoea, and is responsible for water-borne and food-borne outbreaks of disease. Drug treatment is available for these infections. Improved diagnostic methods
including the autofluorescence of I. belli and C. cayetanensis oocysts have assisted in the routine detection of these
pathogens. Since the recognition of immunosuppression due to HIV infection, microsporidia have become recognized as
important human pathogens with a continuing expansion of the parasite-associated clinico-pathological spectrum. The
small size, intracellular nature and poor staining properties with many histological stains result in under-reporting of
microsporidial infections. Trichrome stain and optical brighteners are used to detect spores in faeces, urines, respiratory
secretions and other aspirates. Electron microscopy remains an important diagnostic method but its sensitivity is relatively
poor. Molecular techniques should overcome current diagnostic limitations. The ability to extract DNA and amplify by
PCR directly from clinical samples has increased the usefulness of molecular methods. Restriction fragment length
polymorphism analysis of amplicons can be used to determine genus, species and strain types of various microsporidia.
Increased specificity is required in primer design because current primers used for amplifying non-microsporidian DNA
also amplify microsporidian DNA. Diagnosis and pathogen characterisation rely increasingly on PCR-based approaches,
and the sequence analysis approach becomes increasingly feasible and affordable. However, robust, reliable and sensitive
methods are still required for dissecting pathogenesis, epidemiology, transmission routes and sources of infections.
Names, Verbs and Sentences
Authors: Denyer Nicholas
Published: July 2002

Metaphysicians often declare that there are large ontological differences (properties versus individuals, universals versus particulars) correlated with the linguistic distinction between names and verbs. Gaskin argues against all such declarations on the grounds that we may quantify with equal ease over the referents of both types of expression. However, his argument must be wrong, given the massive differences between first- and second-order qualification. Its only grain of truth is that these differences show up only in the logic of relations, and not also in monadic logic.
Changes in rates of suicide by car exhaust asphyxiation in England and Wales
Authors: AMOS T. , APPLEBY L. , KIERNAN K.
Published: July 2002

Background. Self-asphyxiation using car exhaust gas is a common method of suicide in England and Wales, particularly in young males. The introduction of catalytic converters has reduced the toxicity of car exhausts. The main aims of the study were: to seek evidence of a fall in car exhaust suicides in the general population and in age and gender groups; to relate any fall to changes in car exhaust systems, particularly since legislation on car exhaust emissions in 1993; and to examine rates of suicide by other methods for evidence of method substitution.

Methods. Population study in England and Wales using national suicide statistics for 1987 to 1998.

Results. There was a fall in suicide by car exhaust asphyxiation in all age and gender groups. This change was most marked after 1993. The overall population suicide rate (all methods) also fell but there was no overall change in suicides by young males or females. In these groups suicide by hanging increased.

Conclusions. Legislation on catalytic converters appears to have contributed to a fall in car exhaust suicides. However, the effect on overall suicide rates in young people has been reduced by method substitution.
Mood and neuropsychological function in depression: the role of
corticosteroids and serotonin
Authors: McALLISTER-WILLIAMS R. H. , FERRIER I. N. , YOUNG A. H.
Published: July 2002

Background. Depressed patients show deficits on
neuropsychological tests. However, the basis of
these impairments and their relationship with mood disturbance remains
unclear.

Methods. This paper reviews the literature regarding the
relationship between mood disturbance
and neuropsychological impairment in depression and the evidence for serotonergic
and
hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis involvement in these
two domains.

Results. Mood disturbance and neuropsychological impairment

both occur in depression, but have
no clear relationship in time or degree. Impairment of post-synaptic
5-HT1A receptor function may
result in the symptom of low mood in depression. Depressed patients
demonstrate abnormalities in
the functional control of the HPA axis with a resultant hypercortisolaemia,
which may impair
neuropsychological function. These processes may be related given the extensive
interactions
between the serotonergic system and the HPA axis.

Conclusions. We argue that there is a neurobiological cause

of impaired neuropsychological
function in depression. The complex relationship between neuropsychological
function and mood
may be a result of interactions between the serotonergic system
and the HPA axis, particularly in
the hippocampus with involvement of serotonergic 5-HT1A and

glucocorticoid receptors. A primary
dysfunction in these receptors will produce a lowering of mood
and neuropsychological impairment
respectively. Either dysfunction will result in a secondary impairment

of the alternate system. Thus,
the affective and psychological changes of depressive illness are likely

to have complex relationships
in time and severity to one another and the illness as a whole may
result from a range of primary aetio-pathologies.
Impairments in working memory associated with spontaneous dieting
behaviour
Authors: GREEN MICHAEL W. , ROGERS PETER J.
Published: July 2002

Background. The current study investigated the fundamental

nature of the cognitive processing
deficit that has been demonstrated to be associated with dieting to
lose weight. Previous work has
characterized this deficit as being primarily one of a reduction in working-memory
capacity. The
present study investigated the particular components of the working-memory
system affected
during dieting.

Method. A sample of female subjects was classified as either

low/medium restrained eaters (N=34),
highly restrained eaters (N=18) or current dieters (N=19),
based on
their responses to a modified
version of the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ). Each subject
completed tasks that
assessed the Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad (mental rotation), Phonological
Loop (effect of phonological
similarity on recall) and the Central Executive (Tower of London Task)
components of working
memory.

Results. Those subjects who reported themselves to be currently

dieting displayed poorer recall on
the Phonological Loop task and slower planning times on the Tower of London
Task. Performance
on both these tasks correlated significantly with a self-report measure
of body shape concern.

Conclusions. These results support the hypothesis that the

mediating variable in this deficit is that
of preoccupying cognitions concerning food and body shape.
Psychometric properties of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale
Authors: HEIMBERG R. G. , HORNER K. J. , JUSTER H. R. , SAFREN S. A. , BROWN E. J. , SCHNEIER F. R. , LIEBOWITZ M. R.
Published: July 2002

Background. The present study provides data on the reliability,
validity and treatment sensitivity of
the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS), one of the most commonly used
clinician-administered
scales for the assessment of social phobia.

Method. Three hundred and eighty-two patients from several
studies of the treatment of social
phobia were evaluated. An independent assessor administered the LSAS to
each patient prior to the
initiation of treatment. Patients also completed other measures of social
anxiety and avoidance,
although the specific measures varied across samples.

Results. The LSAS and its subscales were normally distributed
and demonstrated excellent internal
consistency. The convergent validity of the LSAS was demonstrated via significant
correlations with
other commonly-used measures of social anxiety and avoidance. These correlations
also tended to
be larger than correlations with measures of depression, especially after
treatment. However, the
pattern of correlations of LSAS subscales with one another and with the
other measures suggest that
the fear subscales and the avoidance subscales may not be sufficiently
distinct in clinical samples.
The LSAS was also demonstrated to be sensitive to the effects of pharmacological
treatments of
social phobia over time and in comparison to double-blind pill placebo.

Conclusion. The LSAS appears to be a reliable, valid and treatment
sensitive measure of social
phobia. Further study of the LSAS, both in samples with severe social phobia
and in community
samples, is needed.
The Eternal Act
Authors: LODZINSKI DON
Published: July 2002

As a personal agent, God's act of creation involves deliberation
about
His possible courses of action, a decision to act in a certain way, and
the execution
of that decision. In this paper, I argue that there is good reason to suppose
that
God's deliberation of the possible worlds cannot make Him temporal.
Furthermore,
whether we favour a deterministic and indeterministic version of freedom,
a model
can be constructed of how God timelessly decides to create this world and
respond
to His creatures. Finally, I argue that the problem of how God executes
His decision
dissolves, if we adopt a pantheistic viewpoint. This rather unorthodox
viewpoint is
compatible with other important theistic doctrines.
The rational defensibility of being a traditional
religious Jew
Authors: GOLDING JOSHUA L.
Published: July 2002

The paper has two major parts. The first part articulates a working
definition of what is a traditional religious Jew. This includes a discussion of whether
it is necessary to have certain beliefs in order to be a religious Jew. Given the
definition in the first part, the second part argues that it is rationally defensible for some
persons to be traditional religious Jews. Included is a discussion of the notion of
rational defensibility. The paper closes by discussing whether different religions can
be rationally defensible for different persons.
Policy and Practice in Childcare and Nursery Education
Authors: PENN HELEN
Published: July 2002

Historically there have been three strands of policy concerning provision
for young children. Nursery education has traditionally been provided for
three and four-year-olds as a free, part-time, school based service provided
by qualified teachers, and is regulated by education legislation. Childcare
for working parents is a full-time care service for children 0–5 to cover
working hours, provided by nursery nurses or unqualified care staff in a
variety of private settings including domestic settings; finding and paying
for this service has until now been the responsibility of parents. Childcare
is subject to the 1989 Children Act and the regulation is carried out by
social services departments. Welfare care for vulnerable children or children
in need is provided for young children aged 0–5 referred by social
workers to local authority social services or voluntary run day nurseries
or family centres, and also regulated under the terms of the Children Act.
All these policy strands are now under review by the government.

There are a number of local authorities, voluntary organisations and
private firms who have attempted to provide nurseries which combine all
three strands of nursery education, childcare and welfare for vulnerable
children. This article draws on case study research carried out in
1995–97 on five such innovative integrated nurseries. The findings suggest
that there are very different kinds of practices with children which go
on in nursery education, childcare and welfare settings, and that these
practices tend to persist even when the functions of the institution are
broadened. The article concludes that a more fundamental analysis of
daily practice in nurseries is necessary to underpin any policy changes.
Personal Pension Take-up in the 1990s in Relation to
Position in the Labour Market
Authors: GINN JAY , ARBER SARA
Published: July 2002

Pension reform in Western societies has sought to shift the balance of
provision towards the private sector. In Britain, the 1986 Social Security
Act marked a watershed in privatisation by promoting personal pensions
while cutting the value of the State Earnings Related Pension Scheme.
The article assesses the effects of the Act, especially the different implications
according to gender and position in the labour market. Data from
the 1993/4 and 1994/5 General Household Surveys is used to examine
the changing pension arrangements of employees. We distinguish
between personal pension membership among those who rejected the
opportunity to belong to an occupational pension and those for whom
this option was not available. The extent to which personal pensions were
taken up by the intended target group or by those unlikely to benefit is
assessed. Rejecting membership of an occupational pension scheme was
associated with labour market disadvantage but those who opted for a
personal pension were more advantaged than those who remained in
SERPS. Among those lacking access to an occupational pension scheme,
take-up was higher among younger and more advantaged employees.
However, a substantial proportion of personal pension contributors were
low paid, especially among women employed part time, illustrating the
extent of mis-selling of personal pensions to those who are likely to have
been better off in SERPS.
Ideas and Welfare: The Conservative Transformation of the British Pension Regime
Authors: ARAKI HIROSHI
Published: July 2002

Pensions are a controversial issue in Britain. During the past fifty years,
pension reforms have been challenged by the competing policies of the
Conservative Party and the Labour Party. There were differences in the
nature, scope and extent of pension policies between them: the
Conservatives encouraged private pension provision while the Labour
Party promoted state provision. Based on core principles of freedom and
personal responsibility, the Conservatives persistently over time implemented
policies in line with these beliefs. This article explores this transformation
of the post-war pension regime. An attempt is made here to
sketch out a new explanation of this transformation in drawing on recent
theories of the role of ideas and ideology in the policy process. The recent
apparent convergence in policy thinking on pensions between the Labour
Party and the Conservative Party highlights the importance of core ideological
principles.
Human Services and the Voluntary Sector: Towards a

Theory of Comparative Advantage
Authors: BILLIS DAVID , GLENNERSTER HOWARD
Published: July 2002

This article explores whether human service organisations

in the voluntary

sector possess characteristics which might assure them of possible

comparative advantages over the for-profit and public sectors with

respect to certain sorts of users. We argue that there are

inherent structural

characteristics of organisations in each sector (for example, ownership,

stakeholders and resources) which predispose them to respond

more or less sensitively to different states of

‘disadvantage’ experienced

by their users. These states are defined as financial, personal,

societal and

community disadvantage. We suggest that voluntary organisations have

a comparative advantage over other sector agencies in areas where their

distinctive ambiguous and hybrid structures enable them to overcome

problems of principal–agent gap, median voter reluctance,

weak messages from politicians to staff and lack of market interest.

By taking ideas of comparative advantage into account, a coherent case

can be developed regarding the strengths and weaknesses of the expanded

role of voluntary agencies in welfare provision. In essence, the

article contends

that a diminution in stakeholder ambiguity, resulting from organisational

growth, lowers the comparative advantage of voluntary agencies.
Government Policies and Employers' Attitudes Towards
Long-term Unemployed People in Northern Ireland
Authors: SHEEHAN MAURA , TOMLINSON MIKE
Published: July 2002

The article discusses government policies towards unemployed people
in
the context of the development of ‘fair employment’ policy
in Northern
Ireland. It presents results from a survey of long-term unemployed people

in West Belfast which challenge the direction and content of existing
training and employment schemes, and their capacity to address inequalities

in unemployment between Catholics and Protestants. The article
argues that current supply side labour market policies are having limited

impact in Northern Ireland and goes on to explore policies to influence

labour demand. On the basis of interviews with employers, a number of
policies are advocated, including giving priority to recruitment of long-term

unemployed people in areas of high unemployment by means of
making grant aid conditional.
Consciousness, higher-order thought, and stimulus reinforcement
Authors: Bermúdez José Luis
Published: July 2002

Rolls defends a higher-order thought theory of phenomenal consciousness, mapping the distinction between conscious and non-conscious states onto a distinction between two types of action and corresponding neural pathways. Only one type of action involves higher-order thought and consequently consciousness. This account of consciousness has implausible consequences for the nature of stimulus-reinforcement learning.
A population code with added grandmothers?
Authors: Young Malcolm P. , Panzeri Stefano , Robertson Robert
Published: July 2002

Page's “localist” code, a population code with occasional, maximally firing elements, does not seem to us usefully or testably different from sparse population coding. Some of the evidence adduced by Page for his proposal is not actually evidence for it, and coding by maximal firing is challenged by lower firing observed in neuronal responses to natural stimuli.
Sweet FA: The trouble with fluctuating asymmetry
Authors: Montgomerie Robert
Published: July 2002

Studies of fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in relation to sexual strategies in humans provide the empirical basis for many arguments in support of good genes sexual selection theory. Many FA studies, however, are flawed by bias in experimental design, inconsistent statistical analysis, and the sloppy handling of data.
Is a field theory of perseverative reaching compatible with a Piagetian view?
Authors: McCune Lorraine
Published: July 2002

This commentary is a brief reflection on the relationship between the embodied cognition analysis and a Piagetian theoretical position. In particular, the place of A-not-B in the larger Piagetian framework and the importance of the concept of mental representation, in contrast with perceptual understanding, are noted.
Which brain mechanism cannot count beyond four?
Authors: Roelfsema Pieter R. , Lamme Victor A. F.
Published: July 2002

Cowan makes an intriguing case for a fundamental limit in the number of chunks that can be stored in short term memory (STM). Chunks are collections of concepts that have strong associations to one another and much weaker associations to other chunks. A translation of this definition for the visual domain would be that a visual chunk is a collection of features that belong to the same perceptual group (see also Mahoney & Ullman 1988). Here, we will first address the neuronal mechanisms that may demarcate visual chunks. Then we critically evaluate to what extent these mechanisms might be responsible for the limit on the number of chunks that can be held in STM. We conclude that the clarity with which the psychophysical data point to the number four is not matched by a similarly clear limit imposed by physiological mechanisms.
Psychobiological sex differences in pain: Psychological as much as biological
Authors: Gijsbers K. , Niven C. A.
Published: July 2002

The argument of berkley for the existence
sex differences in pain is based on biological factors. We suggest
that the psychological evidence for such differences is more
substantial.
Pains are in the head, not the spine
Authors: Hardcastle Valerie Gray
Published: July 2002

The authors presume that activity in the dorsal horn or
nociceptors is well correlated with pain sensations and behavior.
This overlooks the myriad of interactions between cortex and our
spinothalamic tract. It is better to think of our nociceptors, the
dorsal horn, and the pain centers in our brain as all components
in one larger and complex pain sensory system. [berkley;
blumberg et al.; coderre & katz; dickenson; mcmahon;
wiesenfeld-hallin et al.]
Prospects for automatic recoding of inputs in connectionist learning
Authors: Szilas Nicolas , Shultz Thomas R.
Published: July 2002

Clark & Thornton present the well-established principle
that recoding inputs can make learning easier. A useful goal would be
to make such recoding automatic. We discuss some ways in which
incrementality and transfer in connectionist networks could attain
this goal.
Sympathetic nervous system and pain: Phenomenological diversity
Authors: Roberts William J.
Published: July 2002

This commentary on blumberg et al. addresses
complications associated with diagnostic testing for sympathetic
dependence of pain that can lead to inappropriate positive and
negative conclusions. In addition, it is suggested that their
“ischemic” test be conceived as a test of the effect
of local vascular pressure and that the two types of sensory disorders
presented may differ primarily in the degree of sensitization of
central pain pathways. Detailed reports with functionally-oriented
testing like that done by blumberg are essential for an understanding
the pathophysiological mechanisms.
Parapsychology, anomaly, and altered states of consciousness
Authors: Palmer John
Published: July 2002

Pseudoscience is not an appropriate label for parapsychology.
Although the noise reduction model of extrasensory perception (ESP)
is explanatory only in a limited sense, research does exist addressing
the correlation between ESP and altered states of consciousness
(ASCs). The term anomaly is not appropriately applied to experiences
such as out of body experiences (OBEs) per se, but only to the
question of their source. Research on both topics should be
encouraged.
Having a concept “see” does not imply attribution of knowledge: Some general considerations in measuring “theories of mind”
Authors: Leavens David A.
Published: July 2002

That organisms have a concept “see” does not
necessarily entail that they attribute knowledge to others or predict
others' behaviors on the basis of inferred mental states. An
alternative experimental protocol is proposed in which accurate
prediction of the location of an experimenters' impending
appearance is contingent upon subjects' attribution of
knowledge to the experimenter.
Whatever happened to meaning?
Authors: Mandler Jean M.
Published: July 2002

Even in infancy, concept formation has to do with creating
meaning, not with tracking substances. Preverbal infants can identify
a substance such as a dog, but their first concept of this substance
is not dog but animal. It is difficult to account for such global
concepts by the perceptual processes involved in object
identification, yet these concepts are the foundation on which later
concepts are built.
Testosterone is not alone: Internal secretions and external behavior
Authors: Fox Robin
Published: July 2002

Using testosterone alone as a measure of dominance presents
problems, especially when dominance is loosely defined to
include a range of behaviors that may arise from multiple causes.
Testosterone should be examined in relation to other hormonal and
neurotransmitter factors, such as serotonin. Various hypotheses about
the relationship between high and low levels of testosterone with
serotonin and with impulse control are suggested for future
study.
The critics rebutted: A Pyrrhic victory
Authors: Lewandowsky Stephan , Maybery Murray
Published: July 2002

We take up two issues discussed by Chow: the claim by critics
of hypothesis testing that the null hypothesis (H0) is
always false, and the claim that reporting effect sizes is more
appropriate than relying on statistical significance. Concerning the
former, we agree with Chow's sentiment despite noting serious
shortcomings in his discussion. Concerning the latter, we agree with
Chow that effect size need not translate into scientific relevance,
and furthermore reiterate that with small samples effect size
measures cannot substitute for significance.
Some problems with Chow's problems with power
Authors: Mayo Deborah G.
Published: July 2002

Chow correctly pinpoints several confusions in the criticisms of statistical hypothesis testing but his book is considerably weakened by its own confusions about concepts of testing (perhaps owing to an often very confusing literature). My focus is on his critique of power analysis (Ch. 6). Having denied that NHSTP considers alternative statistical hypotheses, and having been misled by a quotation from Cohen, Chow finds power analysis conceptually suspect.
The dynamics of what?
Authors: Keijzer Fred A. , Ben Sacha , van der Heijden Lex
Published: July 2002

Van Gelder presents the distinction between dynamical
systems and digital computers as the core issue of current
developments in cognitive science. We think this distinction is
much less important than a reassessment of cognition as a neurally,
bodily, and environmentally embedded process. Embedded cognition
lines up naturally with dynamical models, but it would also stand if
combined with classic computation.
Costs and benefits of statistical significance tests
Authors: Shafto Michael G.
Published: July 2002

Chow's book provides a thorough analysis of the confusing
array of issues surrounding conventional tests of statistical
significance. This book should be required reading for behavioral
and social scientists. Chow concludes that the null-hypothesis
significance-testing procedure (NHSTP) plays a limited, but necessary,
role in the experimental sciences. Another possibility is that –
owing in part to its metaphorical underpinnings and convoluted logic
– the NHSTP is declining in importance in those few sciences in
which it ever played a role.
Empirical assessment of colour symmetries
Authors: Griffin Lewis D.
Published: July 2002

The quality of potential symmetries of the similarity structure of the Basic Colour Terms has been assessed. The assessment was made on the basis of a database of similarity judgements, made by subjects in response to linguistically expressed questions. All potential symmetries can be statistically rejected, although the well-known and some novel interpretable symmetries are shown to be approximately correct.
What else should a neurobiological theory of language account for?
Authors: Geraldi Haase Vitor , Rothe-Neves Rui
Published: July 2002

We critique five points that impede the target article's
far-reaching efforts toward formulating a neurobiological theory of
language. Neurolinguistics amounts to no more than neurology in
linguistics in this account, because it assumes “perceptual
representational isomorphism,” processing autonomy and
“meaning,” thereby aiming primarily at justifying
modular concepts in terms of associative principles.
Can parallel processing and competitive inhibition explain the generation of saccades?
Authors: Frens M. A. , Hooge I. T. C. , Goossens H. H. L. M.
Published: July 2002

The framework of Findlay & Walker's target article provides a first attempt to model the saccadic system at all levels. Their scheme is based on two main principles. These are “parallel processing of saccade timing and metrics” and “competitive inhibition through winner-take-all strategies.” In our opinion, however, both concepts are in their strictest sense at odds with the current knowledge of the saccadic system, and need to be refined to make the scheme more relevant.
The dual-mechanism model of inflectional morphology: A connectionist critique
Authors: Joanisse Marc F. , Haskell Todd R.
Published: July 2002

Clahsen has added to the body of evidence that, on average, regular and irregular inflected words behave differently. However, the dual-mechanism account he supports predicts a crisp distinction; the empirical data instead suggest a fuzzy one, more in line with single-mechanism connectionist models.
Do we owe it all to Darwin? The adequacy of evolutionary psychology as an explanation for gender differences in aggression
Authors: Kruttschnitt Candace
Published: July 2002

Gender differences in aggression are highly variable; there
is significant evidence that this variability is as much a function of
social and cultural conditions as evolutionary processes. While some
of these conditions may reflect resource scarcities as Campbell
proposes, others are inconsistent with her perspective or are
explained equally well by other perspectives.