bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Addressing the Training Gap for Ammonia-Fuelled Propulsion Systems: A Literature Review and Proposal for a New Job Training Program
Authors: Venkadasalam Saravanan
Published: May 2024

The maritime industry is increasingly turning to ammonia as a promising alternative marine fuel to achieve sustainable and environmentally friendly shipping practices. However, this transition presents operational challenges and safety concerns that necessitate specialized training for marine engineers. This literature review examines the existing research on ammonia's operational challenges and identifies a critical research gap - the lack of comprehensive training programs for marine engineers to handle ammonia-fuelled propulsion systems effectively. The review highlights the importance of theoretical knowledge and practical training in such programs to ensure safe and efficient operations. Additionally, the study analyzes current training initiatives provided by leading maritime education institutions, Det Norske Veritas (DNV) Energy Academy, Lloyd's Maritime Academy, and Maritime Training Academy, to derive insights for developing a new job training program on ammonia-fuelled propulsion ships. The proposed program encompasses theoretical lectures and practical hands-on experiences, empowering marine engineers to navigate ammonia as a fuel source proficiently. By addressing this research gap and providing specialized training, the maritime industry can facilitate a smooth transition to ammonia as a marine fuel, promoting reduced environmental impacts and enhanced operational efficiency in the shipping sector. This literature review and proposal aim to contribute to the ongoing efforts in achieving sustainable and responsible maritime practices in the context of ammonia as a promising alternative marine fuel.
Experiential Learning in Engineering Education: A Book Review
Authors: Techanamurthy Umawathy , Raja Rosli Raja Muhammad Khairuddin , Zakaria Anies Faziehan
Published: May 2024

"Experiential Learning in Engineering Education" by Alan L. Steele offers an in-depth exploration of experiential learning (EL) within engineering education, uniquely enriched by global research, case studies, and the author’s extensive experience and theoretical grounding. Steele’s work stands out for its comprehensive coverage of EL applications, addressing the evolving landscape of post-pandemic education and emphasizing the expansive nature of EL. The book is invaluable for faculties, educators, and researchers, providing practical strategies, insights, and a solid theoretical foundation. Its eleven chapters are grounded in educational theories like Kolb's Cycle and reflective practice, and are enriched by Steele's extensive experience in education and practical application. The book particularly stands out for its incorporation of evident-based EL strategies, including innovative laboratory methods, flipped classrooms and best practices from cross-disciplines. However, it could benefit from a more balanced chapter depth, a broader narrative perspective, clearer guidance on student reflection, and addressing the implications of AI tools in assessments. Future editions should aim for a more equitable exploration across chapters, inclusion of diverse stakeholder perspectives, and enhanced visual content. By addressing these areas, the book has the potential to solidify its position as a pivotal resource in engineering education, shaping future generations of engineering educators.
Modal Analysis and Output Characteristics of an Ultrasonic Motor With a Square Prismatic Shell Stator
Authors: Zhang Dongsheng , Zhang Jingyang , Peng Xu
Published: May 2024

A rotary traveling wave ultrasonic motor having a square prismatic shell stator is proposed. The stator contacts with the rotor through an interference fit, elastically deforms slightly, and then presses against the rotor. Then, the pre-pressure is created by the initial deformation of the stator with a simple structure. The in-plane modal problem of the stator is analyzed by a numerical method as a folded beam, and the results are compared with those from finite element method (FEM) and laser doppler measurement. The third and fifth degenerate modes with repeat natural frequencies are selected as working modes, and the influence of actuating frequency and voltage on the no-load speed and stall torque is studied by multi-physics simulation for the operation of these two modes. A prototype is fabricated and the output characteristics were tested and compared with the simulated results. The 3rd working mode is found to have better performance and can reach a no-load speed of 205 rpm and maximum torque of 3.9 mN·m when the input is 28.0 kHz and 100 V. The effect of the pre-pressure for the third working mode is discussed further.
A Cognitive Approach for Modeling Customer Demand Dynamics for Optimal Product Release Strategies
Authors: Walter Ian , Paré Philip E. , Panchal Jitesh H.
Published: May 2024

As agile processes are increasingly adopted for product design, and as consumer preferences are rapidly evolving with increasing information available from digital media, there is a need for a demand model that can accommodate the dynamics of product development. However, existing models of demand estimation, such as the discrete-choice models, do not capture the dynamics of product development and decision-making processes and thus are unable to effectively capture the effect of product updates and the release of information. To address this gap, we present a dynamic demand model and demonstrate how it can be used to determine the optimal time to release product updates. The demand model is based on decision field theory (DFT), which enables the modeling of the dynamic behavior of human decision makers. The contributions of this article are as follows. First, we formulate a computational model for demand modeling built on DFT and demonstrate the viability of using the model to determine product release strategies. Second, we provide analytical approximations of the demand model and compare the accuracy of the approximated demand against the demand predicted by the dynamics model. Third, we show an example of a game played by competitors trying to optimize demand for their products by choosing the optimal update time relative to each other. Finally, we demonstrate the feasibility of parameter estimation using only the demand data.
Impact of Oil Supply Conditions on Water Lubrication Assisted With Minimal Secondary Lubricating Medium
Authors: Ji Hao , Yu Tao , Zhang Xiaohan , Guo Feng , Liang Peng , Poll Gerhard
Published: May 2024

Previous research has revealed that introducing a secondary lubricating medium can temporarily enhance water-lubricated bearing performance, thereby reducing the risk of lubrication failure under challenging conditions. This study aims to identify the optimal injection point for the secondary lubricating medium and evaluates oil supply rate effects. Experiments are conducted using a block-on-ring test rig, complemented by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Three oil supply settings, upstream, inlet and outlet of the contact region, are compared. Results show that upstream oil supply led to a lower critical speed at which the added oil loses any effect compared to the inlet oil supply and outlet oil supply. The effect of oil supply rates on friction reduction varies among the oil supply settings and ring rotational speeds. In conclusion, the most effective oil supply setting positions the injector at the outlet of the contact region, outperforming placement at the entrance of the contact region.
Broadband vibration mitigation using a two-dimensional acoustic black hole phononic crystal
Authors: Gautier F. , Pelat A.
Published: May 2024

Acoustic black holes (ABHs) are known as efficient structural dampers. Periodic lattices are identified as an efficient way to forbidden wave propagation in targeted frequency bandgaps (BGs). The paper demonstrates the possibility to merge the ABH effect with Bragg BGs. The geometrical layout leading to this double effect consists of a plate of periodically modulated thickness by a combination of cosine functions of the spatial coordinates constituting an ABH-like cell, coated with a thin damping layer. The resulting metamaterial allows the realization of solid, stiff, and nonresonant panels over a wide frequency range, including low frequencies, without increasing the mass. First, the band structure is analyzed in the conservative case (without damping layer) using a plane wave expansion model following Kirchhoff's assumptions. The results show the existence of low-frequency BGs that can be controlled by only three geometric parameters, which are defined on the type of lattice chosen (square or hexagonal). Next, a finite size panel is designed for the hexagonal lattice. Experimental characterization of the demonstrator with and without viscoelastic coating shows very attractive broadband vibration mitigation performances due to the fact that the dissipation produced by the ABH effect does not deter filtering effects produced in the BG.
Learning the effective order of a hypergraph dynamical system
Authors: Neuhäuser Leonie , Scholkemper Michael , Tudisco Francesco , Schaub Michael T.
Published: May 2024

Dynamical systems on hypergraphs can display a rich set of behaviors not observable for systems with pairwise interactions. Given a distributed dynamical system with a putative hypergraph structure, an interesting question is thus how much of this hypergraph structure is actually necessary to faithfully replicate the observed dynamical behavior. To answer this question, we propose a method to determine the minimum order of a hypergraph necessary to approximate the corresponding dynamics accurately. Specifically, we develop a mathematical framework that allows us to determine this order when the type of dynamics is known. We use these ideas in conjunction with a hypergraph neural network to directly learn the dynamics itself and the resulting order of the hypergraph from both synthetic and real datasets consisting of observed system trajectories.
TOP CAR with TMIGD2 as a safe and effective costimulatory domain in CAR cells treating human solid tumors
Authors: Nishimura Christopher D. , Corrigan Devin , Zheng Xiang Yu , Galbo Phillip M. , Wang Shan , Liu Yao , Wei Yao , Suo Linna , Cui Wei , Mercado Nadia , Zheng Deyou , Zhang Cheng Cheng , Zang Xingxing
Published: May 2024

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)–T cell therapy shows impressive efficacy treating hematologic malignancies but requires further optimization in solid tumors. Here, we developed a TMIGD2 optimized potent/persistent (TOP) CAR that incorporated the costimulatory domain of TMIGD2, a T and NK cell costimulator, and monoclonal antibodies targeting the IgV domain of B7-H3, an immune checkpoint expressed on solid tumors and tumor vasculature. Comparing second- and third-generation B7-H3 CARs containing TMIGD2, CD28, and/or 4-1BB costimulatory domains revealed superior antitumor responses in B7-H3.TMIGD2 and B7-H3.CD28.4-1BB CAR-T cells in vitro. Comparing these two constructs using in vivo orthotopic human cancer models demonstrated that B7-H3.TMIGD2 CAR-T cells had equivalent or superior antitumor activity, survival, expansion, and persistence. Mechanistically, B7-H3.TMIGD2 CAR-T cells maintained mitochondrial metabolism; produced less cytokines; and established fewer exhausted cells, more central memory cells, and a larger CD8/CD4 T cell ratio. These studies demonstrate that the TOP CAR with TMIGD2 costimulation offered distinct benefits from CD28.41BB costimulation and is effective against solid tumors.
Flexible circumferential bioelectronics to enable 360-degree recording and stimulation of the spinal cord
Authors: Woodington Ben J. , Lei Jiang , Carnicer-Lombarte Alejandro , Güemes-González Amparo , Naegele Tobias E. , Hilton Sam , El-Hadwe Salim , Trivedi Rikin A. , Malliaras George G. , Barone Damiano G.
Published: May 2024

The spinal cord is crucial for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and peripheral systems. Spinal cord injuries can lead to severe consequences, including paralysis and autonomic dysfunction. We introduce thin-film, flexible electronics for circumferential interfacing with the spinal cord. This method enables simultaneous recording and stimulation of dorsal, lateral, and ventral tracts with a single device. Our findings include successful motor and sensory signal capture and elicitation in anesthetized rats, a proof-of-concept closed-loop system for bridging complete spinal cord injuries, and device safety verification in freely moving rodents. Moreover, we demonstrate potential for human application through a cadaver model. This method sees a clear route to the clinic by using materials and surgical practices that mitigate risk during implantation and preserve cord integrity.
Genomic context– and H2AK119 ubiquitination–dependent inheritance of human Polycomb silencing
Authors: Shafiq Tiasha A. , Yu Juntao , Feng Wenzhi , Zhang Yizhe , Zhou Haining , Paulo Joao A. , Gygi Steven P. , Moazed Danesh
Published: May 2024

Polycomb repressive complexes 1 and 2 (PRC1 and 2) are required for heritable repression of developmental genes. The cis- and trans-acting factors that contribute to epigenetic inheritance of mammalian Polycomb repression are not fully understood. Here, we show that, in human cells, ectopically induced Polycomb silencing at initially active developmental genes, but not near ubiquitously expressed housekeeping genes, is inherited for many cell divisions. Unexpectedly, silencing is heritable in cells with mutations in the H3K27me3 binding pocket of the Embryonic Ectoderm Development (EED) subunit of PRC2, which are known to disrupt H3K27me3 recognition and lead to loss of H3K27me3. This mode of inheritance is less stable and requires intact PRC2 and recognition of H2AK119ub1 by PRC1. Our findings suggest that maintenance of Polycomb silencing is sensitive to local genomic context and can be mediated by PRC1-dependent H2AK119ub1 and PRC2 independently of H3K27me3 recognition.
Perfect confinement of crown ethers in MOF membrane for complete dehydration and fast transport of monovalent ions
Authors: Xu Tingting , Wu Bin , Li Wenmin , Li Yifan , Zhu Yanran , Sheng Fangmeng , Li Qiuhua , Ge Liang , Li Xingya , Wang Huanting , Xu Tongwen
Published: May 2024

Fast transport of monovalent ions is imperative in selective monovalent ion separation based on membranes. Here, we report the in situ growth of crown ether@UiO-66 membranes at a mild condition, where dibenzo-18-crown-6 (DB18C6) or dibenzo-15-crown-5 is perfectly confined in the UiO-66 cavity. Crown ether@UiO-66 membranes exhibit enhanced monovalent ion transport rates and mono-/divalent ion selectivity, due to the combination of size sieving and interaction screening effects toward the complete monovalent ion dehydration. Specifically, the DB18C6@UiO-66 membrane shows a permeation rate (e.g., K
+
) of 1.2 mol per square meter per hour and a mono-/divalent ion selectivity (e.g., K
+
/Mg
2+
) of 57. Theoretical calculations and simulations illustrate that, presumably, ions are completely dehydrated while transporting through the DB18C6@UiO-66 cavity with a lower energy barrier than that of the UiO-66 cavity. This work provides a strategy to develop efficient ion separation membranes via integrating size sieving and interaction screening and to illuminate the effect of ion dehydration on fast ion transport.
Asymptotic Study of Flows Induced by Oscillations of Cylindrical Bodies
Authors: Nuriev A. N. , Zaitseva O. N. , Kamalutdinov A. M. , Bogdanovich E. E. , Baimuratova A. R.
Published: May 2024

Hydrodynamic flows induced by translational oscillations of cylindrical bodies of various cross-sectional shapes are studied. The motion of fluid around oscillating bodies is described using the system of Navier–Stokes equations written in a generalized curvilinear coordinate system. Transition to a given body shape is implemented using a conformal mapping. The problem is solved using the method of successive asymptotic expansions under the assumption that the oscillation amplitudes are small. In each asymptotic approximation, the subproblems are solved numerically using the finite-difference method. Based on the results of the work, estimates of the hydrodynamic effect are obtained, the applicability of the high-frequency asymptotic approximation is estimated, and secondary stationary flows near cylinders are studied, in particular, the occurrence of directed stationary flows near an oscillating asymmetric body is considered with reference to the Joukowski airfoil.
Large-vessel vasculitis possibly induced by BRAF and MEK inhibitors for BRAF V600E positive lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Ichikawa Kento , Ohno Shigeru , Kubo Sousuke , Nakajima Hideaki
Published: May 2024

The combination therapy of v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF) and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitors is approved for treating patients with BRAF V600E-positive tumours, including melanoma and lung cancer. Several case reports indicated autoimmune side effects associated with the use of BRAF and MEK inhibitors. Still, the effects of these drugs on the immune system were not fully elucidated. Here, we report a patient with large-vessel vasculitis diagnosed after initiation of treatment with dabrafenib and trametinib for BRAF V600E-positive metastatic lung adenocarcinoma. She was a never-smoker woman in her early 70s who presented with a chronic cough and was diagnosed with BRAF V600E-positive metastatic lung adenocarcinoma by transbronchial lung biopsy. She was successfully treated with prednisolone and methotrexate while BRAF and MEK inhibitors were continued. We should be careful about autoimmune diseases using BRAF and MEK inhibitors.
Leptospirosis: a clinical and diagnostic challenge
Authors: Saliba Jessica , Vassallo Claire , Saliba Joseph , Pace Bardon Michael
Published: May 2024

We present the case of a man in his early 50s who presented with a history of fever, malaise and jaundice. Initial investigations showed liver and renal dysfunction with no discernible cause for the septic process. On starting intravenous antibiotics, the patient developed a septic-shock-like reaction requiring transfer to intensive care. A diagnosis of leptospirosis was eventually established through an extensive and thorough history leading to a stepwise approach to investigations. Treatment targeting leptospirosis was delivered with noticeable clinical improvement.
Immune checkpoint inhibitor associated diarrhoea
Authors: Al-Hussainy Amin , Adams Joss , Simmons Jon , Kennedy James
Published: May 2024

A man in his 80s was undergoing immunotherapy with pembrolizumab, an anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody, following his diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of primary lung origin. 24 weeks into treatment, the patient reported experiencing loose stools associated with malaise and poor appetite but no further symptoms. This progressed in frequency and a clinical diagnosis of grade 2 immune checkpoint inhibitor colitis was made. Management with oral prednisolone was commenced but symptoms persisted. Common enteric infections had been ruled out, as were coeliac disease and hyperthyroidism. Flexible sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy results were not in keeping with colitis, having revealed normal looking mucosa. Following this, a faecal elastase level was found to be low. A diagnosis of pembrolizumab-induced pancreatic exocrine insufficiency was made, and stool frequency and consistency swiftly improved following the use of pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy.
Developing and validating prediction models for severe exacerbations and readmissions in patients hospitalised for COPD exacerbation (SERCO) in China: a prospective observational study
Authors: Wang Ye , He Ruoxi , Ren Xiaoxia , Huang Ke , Lei Jieping , Niu Hongtao , Li Wei , Dong Fen , Li Baicun , Yang Ting , Wang Chen
Published: May 2024

Background

There is a lack of individualised prediction models for patients hospitalised with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) for clinical practice. We developed and validated prediction models of severe exacerbations and readmissions in patients hospitalised for COPD exacerbation (SERCO).

Methods

Data were obtained from the Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Inpatient Registry study (NCT02657525) in China. Cause-specific hazard models were used to estimate coefficients. C-statistic was used to evaluate the discrimination. Slope and intercept were used to evaluate the calibration and used for model adjustment. Models were validated internally by 10-fold cross-validation and externally using data from different regions. Risk-stratified scoring scales and nomograms were provided. The discrimination ability of the SERCO model was compared with the exacerbation history in the previous year.

Results

Two sets with 2196 and 1869 patients from different geographical regions were used for model development and external validation. The 12-month severe exacerbations cumulative incidence rates were 11.55% (95% CI 10.06% to 13.16%) in development cohorts and 12.30% (95% CI 10.67% to 14.05%) in validation cohorts. The COPD-specific readmission incidence rates were 11.31% (95% CI 9.83% to 12.91%) and 12.26% (95% CI 10.63% to 14.02%), respectively. Demographic characteristics, medical history, comorbidities, drug usage, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease stage and interactions were included as predictors. C-indexes for severe exacerbations were 77.3 (95% CI 70.7 to 83.9), 76.5 (95% CI 72.6 to 80.4) and 74.7 (95% CI 71.2 to 78.2) at 1, 6 and 12 months. The corresponding values for readmissions were 77.1 (95% CI 70.1 to 84.0), 76.3 (95% CI 72.3 to 80.4) and 74.5 (95% CI 71.0 to 78.0). The SERCO model was consistently discriminative and accurate with C-indexes in the derivation and internal validation groups. In external validation, the C-indexes were relatively lower at 60–70 levels. The SERCO model discriminated outcomes better than prior severe exacerbation history. The slope and intercept after adjustment showed close agreement between predicted and observed risks. However, in external validation, the models may overestimate the risk in higher-risk groups. The model-driven risk groups showed significant disparities in prognosis.

Conclusion

The SERCO model provides individual predictions for severe exacerbation and COPD-specific readmission risk, which enables identifying high-risk patients and implementing personalised preventive intervention for patients with COPD.
Impaired lung function and lung cancer risk in 461 183 healthy individuals: a cohort study
Authors: Kyaw Thu Win , Tsai Min-Kuang , Wen Chi Pang , Shu Chin-Chung , Su Ta-Chen , Wu Xifeng , Gao Wayne
Published: May 2024

Background

It has been known that smoking and various lung diseases including lung cancer can cause lung function impairment. However, the impact of different types of lung function impairments, such as preserved ratio impaired spirometry (PRISm) and airflow obstruction (AO), on the incidence and mortality of lung cancer in both general and never-smoker populations remains unclear. We wished to examine the effect of lung function impairments on lung cancer risks.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study (1 January 1994 to 31 December 2017) of individuals from a health surveillance programme in Taiwan who underwent baseline spirometry tests at the entry point. PRISm was defined as an FEV1/FVC (forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity) ratio >0.7 and FEV1<0.8, while AO was defined as an FEV1/FVC ratio <0.7. Cox proportional hazards models and cubic spline curves were used to examine the associations between lung function impairments and lung cancer risks.

Results

The study included 461,183 individuals, of whom 14.3% had PRISm and 7.9% had AO. A total of 4038 cases of lung cancer and 3314 lung cancer-related deaths were identified during the 23 years of follow-up. Individuals with PRISm and AO exhibited a higher risk of lung cancer incidence and mortality compared with those with normal lung function. The adjusted HRs and 95% CIs were 1.14 (1.03 to 1.26) and 1.23 (1.10 to 1.37) in the overall cohort, and 1.08 (0.93 to 1.24), and 1.23 (1.05 to 1.45) in the never-smoker cohort. The risks of both developing and dying of lung cancer increased with the severity levels of lung function impairments and lower FEV1values.

Conclusion

Impaired lung function is associated with increased risks of developing lung cancer and subsequent mortality. The study highlights the importance of considering lung function in lung cancer screening for better candidate selection.
Association between COVID-19 severity and tobacco smoking status: a retrospective cohort study using propensity score matching weights analysis
Authors: Alshammari Musaad A , Alamer Ahmad , Al Lehaibi Lina , Alghamdi Mashael , Alotaibi Haneen , Alomar Mukhtar , Alasmari Fawaz , Alqahtani Faleh , Alhossan Abdualziz , Alshammari Tahani K
Published: May 2024

Introduction

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to be a global threat to public health, with over 766 million confirmed cases and more than 6 million reported deaths. Patients with a smoking history are at a greater risk of severe respiratory complications and death due to COVID-19. This study investigated the association between smoking history and adverse clinical outcomes among COVID-19 patients admitted to a designated medical centre in Saudi Arabia.

Methods

A retrospective observational cohort study was conducted using patient chart review data from a large tertiary medical centre in the eastern region of the country. Patients admitted between January and December 2020 were screened. The inclusion criteria were ≥18 years of age and confirmed COVID-19 infection via reverse-transcription-PCR. The exclusion criteria were unconfirmed COVID-19 infection, non-COVID-19 admissions, unconfirmed smoking status, vaccinated individuals, essential chart information missing or refusal to consent. Statistical analyses comprised crude estimates, matching weights (as the main analysis) and directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) causal pathway analysis using an ordinal regression model.

Results

The sample comprised 447 patients (never-smoker=321; ever-smoker=126). The median age (IQR) was 50 years (39–58), and 73.4% of the sample were males. A matching weights procedure was employed to ensure covariate balance. The analysis revealed that the odds of developing severe COVID-19 were higher in the ever-smoker group with an OR of 1.44 (95% CI 0.90 to 2.32, p=0.130). This was primarily due to an increase in non-invasive oxygen therapy with an OR of 1.05 (95% CI 0.99 to 1.10, p=0.101). The findings were consistent across the different analytical methods employed, including crude estimates and DAGs causal pathway analysis.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that smoking may increase the risk of adverse COVID-19 outcomes. However, the study was limited by its retrospective design and small sample size. Further research is therefore needed to confirm the findings.
Effect of 20 mph speed limits on traffic injuries in Edinburgh, UK: a natural experiment and modelling study
Authors: Kokka Kyriaki (Kelly) , Nightingale Glenna , Williams Andrew James , Abbas Ali , Popov Valentin , Sharp Stephen , Hunter Ruth F , Jepson Ruth , Woodcock James
Published: May 2024

Introduction

There is limited research evaluating 20 mph speed limit interventions, and long-term assessments are seldom conducted either globally or within the UK. This study evaluated the impact of the phased 20 mph speed limit implementation on road traffic collisions and casualties in the City of Edinburgh, UK over approximately 3 years post implementation.

Methods

We used four sets of complementary analyses for collision and casualty rates. First, we compared rates for road segments changing to 20 mph against those at 30 mph. Second, we compared rates for the seven implementation zones in the city against paired control zones. Third, we investigated citywide casualty rate trends using generalised additive model. Finally, we used simulation modelling to predict casualty rate changes based on changes in observed speeds.

Results

We found a 10% (95% CI −19% to 0%) greater reduction in casualties (8% for collisions) for streets that changed to 20 mph compared with those staying at 30 mph. However, the reduction was similar, 8% (95% CI −22% to 5%) for casualties (10% collisions), in streets that were already at 20 mph. In the implementation zones, we found a 20% (95% CI −22% to −8%) citywide reduction in casualties (22% for collisions) compared with control zones; this compared with a predicted 10% (95% CI −18% to −2%) reduction in injuries based on the changes in speed and traffic volume. Citywide casualties dropped 17% (95% CI 13% to 22%) 3 years post implementation, accounting for trend.

Conclusion

Our results indicate that the introduction of 20 mph limits resulted in a reduction in collisions and casualties 3 years post implementation. However, the effect exceeded expectations from changes in speed alone, possibly due to a wider network effect.
A class of static spherically symmetric solutions in f(T)-gravity
Authors: Calzá Marco , Sebastiani Lorenzo
Published: May 2024

We study a class of static spherically symmetric vacuum solutions in modified teleparallel gravity solving the field equations for a specific model Ansatz, requiring the torsion scalar T to be constant. We discuss the models falling in this class. After some general considerations, we provide and investigate local solutions in the form of black holes and traversable wormholes as well as configurations that can match the anomalous rotation curves of galaxies.
Traditional Chinese Medicine for Cancer Treatment
Authors: Liu Yangli , Fang Cheng , Luo Jiaojiao , Gong Chenyuan , Wang Lixin , Zhu Shiguo
Published: May 2024

In recent years, due to advancements in medical conditions and the development of scientific research, the fundamental research of TCM antitumor treatments has progressed from the cellular level to the molecular and genetic levels. Previous studies have demonstrated the significant role of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in antitumor therapy through various mechanisms and pathways. Its mechanism of action is closely associated with cancer biology across different stages. This includes inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, blocking invasion and metastasis to surrounding tissues, inducing tumor cell apoptosis, inhibiting tumor angiogenesis, regulating immune function, maintaining genome stability, preventing mutation, and regulating cell energy metabolism. The use of TCM for eliciting antitumor effects not only has a good therapeutic effect and low side effects, it also provides a solid theoretical basis for clinical treatment and medication. This paper reviews the mechanism of the antitumor effects of TCM based on tumor characteristics. Through our review, we found that TCM not only directly inhibits tumors, but also enhances the body’s immunity, thereby indirectly inducing an antitumor effect. This function aligns with the TCM theory of “strengthening the body’s resistance to eliminate pathogenic factors”. Furthermore, TCM will play a significant role in tumor treatment in clinical settings.
Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine Using AI Machine Learning and Deep Learning Strategies
Authors: Pan Danping , Guo Yilei , Fan Yongfu , Wan Haitong
Published: May 2024

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used for thousands of years and has been proven to be effective at treating many complicated illnesses with minimal side effects. The application and advancement of TCM are, however, constrained by the absence of objective measuring standards due to its relatively abstract diagnostic methods and syndrome differentiation theories. Ongoing developments in machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), specifically in computer vision (CV) and natural language processing (NLP), offer novel opportunities to modernize TCM by exploring the profound connotations of its theory. This review begins with an overview of the ML and DL methods employed in TCM; this is followed by practical instances of these applications. Furthermore, extensive discussions emphasize the mature integration of ML and DL in TCM, such as tongue diagnosis, pulse diagnosis, and syndrome differentiation treatment, highlighting their early successful application in the TCM field. Finally, this study validates the accomplishments and addresses the problems and challenges posed by the application and development of TCM powered by ML and DL. As ML and DL techniques continue to evolve, modern technology will spark new advances in TCM.
Thymoquinone: An Effective Natural Compound for Kidney Protection
Authors: Zhang Huijing , Liu Yuanqing , Dong Yanjun , Li Gebin , Wang Shuaiyu
Published: May 2024

Kidney disease is a common health problem worldwide. Acute or chronic injuries may interfere with kidney functions, eventually resulting in irreversible kidney damage. A number of recent studies have shown that the plant-derived natural products have an extensive potential for renal protection. Thymoquinone (TQ) is an essential compound derived from Nigella Sativa (NS), which is widely applied in the Middle East as a folk medicine. Previous experiments have demonstrated that TQ has a variety of potential pharmacological effects, including anti-oxidant, antibacterial, antitumor, immunomodulatory, and neuroprotective activities. In particular, the prominent renal protective efficacy of TQ has been demonstrated in both in vivo and in vitro experiments. TQ can prevent acute kidney injuries from various xenobiotics through anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptosis effects. In addition, TQ exhibited significant pharmacological effects on renal cell carcinoma, renal fibrosis, and urinary calculi. The essential mechanisms involve scavenging ROS and increasing anti-oxidant activity, decreasing inflammatory mediators, inducing apoptosis, and inhibiting migration and invasion. The purpose of this review is to conclude the pharmacological effects and the potential mechanisms of TQ in renal protection, shedding new light on the exploration of medicinal phyto-protective agents targeting kidneys.
Study on Structure-Borne Noise Characteristics of Long-Span Steel Truss Bridge in Urban Rail Transit
Authors: Bai Taoping , Liang Lin , Qi Xiaojun , Zhang Kunchun , Li Mingyang , Jin Zhifei
Published: May 2024

The application of long-span steel bridge in urban rail transit is becoming more and more extensive, but the structure-borne noise of steel bridge induced by passing train is also prominent. Research on the structure-borne noise problem of long-span steel bridge in urban rail transit has positive significance in promoting the sustainable development of steel bridge, and improving the quality of sound environment along rail transit. In this work, dynamic receptance principle, finite element method and statistical energy method are combined to establish the structure-borne noise prediction model of the long-span steel bridge, and the rationality and validity of the model are verified based on field measurement results. Based on the prediction model, the noise radiation characteristics of large-span steel truss bridge in urban rail transit are studied, and the following conclusions are drawn: The bridge deck has the strongest acoustic contribution ability, with the contribution rate of 33–44%, followed by the longitudinal web and transverse web, with the contribution rate of 23–30%, followed by the truss chord, with the contribution rate of 5–8%, and the truss web, longitudinal wing and transverse wing have weak contribution ability, with the contribution rate of less than 2%. The acoustic radiation efficiency of steel truss bridge components reaches its peak at the critical frequency, and the critical frequency is determined by the thickness of steel bridge plate components when the material parameters are fixed. Under ordinary track structures, the middle-to-high frequency noise distribution characteristics of large-span steel truss bridge structure are obvious. Damping pad floating slab track can effectively suppress the high-frequency noise of steel bridge, and the overall sound level can be reduced by about 11–14[Formula: see text]dB.
Research on the Damping Characteristics of Partially Filled All-Composite Honeycomb-Core Sandwich Panel
Authors: Xu Zhuo , Yao Nan , Li Hui , Chu Chen , Zhang Yong-Feng , Gu Da-Wei , Li He , Han Qing-Kai , Wen Bang-Chun
Published: May 2024

In this study, a novel theoretical approach based on high-order shear deformation theory is proposed to investigate the damping properties of honeycomb panels partially filled with foam. The assessment of damping properties in composite materials is accomplished through finite element theory, which elucidates the theoretical underpinnings for determining damping parameters specific to these materials. Subsequently, the damping parameters of the partially foam-filled honeycomb panel are determined based on the ratio of dissipated energy to strain energy. Ultimately, a comprehensive theoretical testing methodology is established, with tests conducted concurrently on composite materials to benchmark against data obtained via theoretical approaches. The findings underscore the capability of the proposed approach to assess the damping characteristics of diverse materials and extract their corresponding damping parameters. This method provides an effective theoretical model for investigating the damping characteristics in partially foam-filled fully composite honeycomb core sandwich structures. The model can also be applied to assess the damping properties of similar structures, offering practical guidance.
Chaotic Criterion for Micro-Cantilevers of Atomic Force Microscopes
Authors: Wu Zhichao , Wu Qiliang
Published: May 2024

The cantilevered micro-beam is an important component in the field of Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) and its behavior is governed by chaotic dynamics. To better understand these dynamics, a theoretical model based on the Euler–Bernoulli beam model has been developed and experiments have been conducted. The model incorporates both the modified couple stress theory (MCST) and external forces to account for the size-dependent effect and electrostatic load. The reduced model in one degree of freedom is obtained by the Galerkin method. The validity of the reduced model is tested by comparing the results from simulations and published results and experiments. The Melnikov method is then used to detect the chaotic threshold the cantilevered micro-beam. The numerical results test the effects of MCST on the complex responses of the micro-cantilever. Implications of the research can extend to the design and optimization of MEMS devices.
A Remaining Useful Life Indirect Prediction Method for Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on SA-DBN
Authors: Sun Jing , Liu Yiwei
Published: May 2024

To solve the issue that the battery capacity cannot be directly measured in practice, a more practical indirect remaining useful life (RUL) prediction method is proposed. First, the battery state characteristic parameters are analyzed and the time interval of equal discharge voltage drop (TIE-DVD) is selected as the indirect health factor. Second, the degradation relationship model is established by using back propagation (BP) neural network. Then, the deep belief network (DBN) model is used to establish the indirect health factor prediction model. Finally, to verify the adaptability of the proposed method to different types of batteries with different aging levels, both datasets from our own laboratory and the datasets from NASA Ames Research Center are used for experimental validations. The comparative experiments demonstrate that the proposed RUL prediction method is simple, accurate, and practical.
Implications of Polyoxometalate Properties on the Performance Characteristics of Redox Flow Battery
Authors: Sharma Shreya , Kumawat Himanshu , Gupta Geetanksha , Neergat Manoj
Published: May 2024

Implications of rate coefficients, concentration ratio, and electron-transfer number of the redox species present in the anolyte and catholyte on the performance characteristics of a redox flow battery (RFB) are investigated. Towards this, a polyoxometalate (POM)-V4+/V5+ RFB (with order 104 of magnitude difference in their rate coefficients) is assembled by replacing the anolyte (V2+/V3+) of a well-established vanadium RFB (VRFB); the redox potential of POM is comparable to that of V2+/V3+. The performance of the POM-V4+/V5+ RFB improves by ∼100 mV at reasonable operating current densities (∼ 200 mA cm−2) as compared to that of a VRFB, in a 5 cm2 cell, even though the solubility of tungstosilicic acid (TSA) is 300 mM as compared to 1.8 M VOSO4. Only four electrons can be reversibly extracted from the POM, although extraction of 14 electrons (theoretical) is possible from TSA, limiting the charging voltage to 1.4 V. Overcharging leads to capacity loss and concentration ratio (Catholyte: Anolyte) impacts the overall performance of RFB. Significant vanadium crossover loss is also observed at the anode side.
Influence of Structural Parameters of Gearbox Seal System of Electrical Multiple Units on Seal Performance
Authors: Shen Longjiang , Zhu Yingmou , Shao Shuai , Sha Chengyu
Published: May 2024

The gearbox seal system is a critical component of the electrical multiple units drive system, with a direct impact on the safety and reliability of train operations. This study intends to analyze how structural parameters of the gearbox seal system influence the seal performance from the viewpoint of “oil–air separation and scavenge oil” by using a discrete phase model and volume of fluid. The results show that the oil–air separation performance is mainly affected by the oil droplets’ inertia force and the airflow traction force, and the scavenge oil performance is decided by the oil–air separation performance of each seal chamber. The relationships between seal chamber size, axial seal clearance width, height difference, scavenge oil hole diameter, and seal performance are analyzed, and the study also found that optimizing the stator chamber depth–width ratio of the seal system studied in this paper at 2.5, reducing the rotor chamber depth–width ratio and axial seal clearance width, and increasing the relative height difference can improve the seal performance. And increasing the scavenge oil hole diameter also enhances the seal system’s performance. The simulation results can be used as design references for gearbox seal systems.
Exploring the Impact of Preoperative Sleep Fragmentation on Cognitive Function in Mice: The Role of Microglial Activation and Iron Metabolism
Authors: Chen Yong , Yao Peng , You Yujuan , Xing Xianliang , Wang Xifeng , Zhou Weijian , Hu Yanhui , Lei Enjun
Published: May 2024

Background. Perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PND) are a significant concern, particularly for aged individuals. Sleep fragmentation (SF), a common condition in older adults, is considered a risk factor for PND. The present study explored the impact of SF on cognitive function and its association with microglial activation and iron metabolism. Methods. Adult and aged C57BL/6J mice were subjected to tibial fracture surgery (TFS) and varying durations of SF. Cognitive function was assessed using the Morris water maze and fear conditioning experiments. Microglial activation was evaluated by measuring CD68 protein expression and inflammatory cytokine levels. Iron metabolism and ferroptosis‐related proteins were also examined. Results. SF significantly impacted spatial memory and conditioned fear responses in mice, with aged mice showing greater susceptibility. Microglial activation, indicated by changes in CD68 protein expression and inflammatory cytokine levels, was observed in mice exposed to SF. Alterations in iron metabolism, as evidenced by changes in hippocampal iron content and expression of ferroptosis‐related proteins, were also observed in these mice. Conclusion. SF can lead to significant cognitive impairment, particularly in aged mice, likely mediated through microglial activation and dysregulated iron metabolism. These findings provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of PND and suggest potential targets for intervention. Significance. This study illuminates the complex interactions between SF, microglial activation, and cognitive function. It highlights the importance of sleep quality for cognitive health in older adults and points to potential therapeutic strategies for preventing PND, including targeting microglial activation and iron metabolism.
Ethiopian Early Grade English Teachers’ Preparedness to Teach Basic Reading Skills
Authors: Yisihak Endrias , Damtew Abebe
Published: May 2024

Ethiopian children in early grades were found to be significantly nonreaders after 2–3 years of schooling regardless of linguistic variation. This is mainly attributed to the way children are taught basic literacy skills, which is attributed to teacher preparation and training. This research aimed to examine Ethiopian early grade teachers’ preparedness to teach basic reading skills. Five schools were randomly selected out of 44 public primary schools in the research site. Among 40 teachers of English in the selected schools, 32 teachers were willing to take knowledge assessment test and fill in the questionnaire. Two of knowledge test papers and two pieces of questionnaire were rejected because the responses were incomplete. The data were gathered from (n = 30) randomly selected primary schools English teachers by using a questionnaire and knowledge assessment test. Data analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Version 25.0). Descriptive statistics were calculated for the responses to knowledge test and questionnaire. Pearson’s correlation was calculated for the relationship among teacher preparation coursework emphasis, practicum attention, and teachers’ felt preparedness to teach basic reading after categorical data were transformed into scale. The results have shown that primary school English teacher preparation designated only certain lecture sessions of coursework and few of activities of practicum to teaching early reading. The average knowledge assessment test score of teachers was 43.4%; 21 (70%) of the teachers achieved below 50% while 9 (30%) of them achieved 50% and above. There is a statistically significant relationship among teacher preparation coursework emphasis, practicum attention, and teachers’ felt preparedness to help Ethiopian children learn to read. It can be concluded from the results that teacher preparation both in its courses and practicum activities did not place due emphasis on teaching teachers to teach basic reading skills. Participant English teachers also had knowledge gap about early reading instruction. Thus, participant English teachers were not adequately prepared to teach early grade reading. Teacher preparation coursework emphasis, practicum attention, and teachers’ felt preparedness to teach early grade reading have a strong positive relationship.