bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Processos de democracia direta: sim ou não? Os argumentos clássicos à luz da teoria e da prática
Authors: Rauschenbach Rolf
Published: July 2014

Regularmente surgem controvérsias sobre os processos de democracia direta, dos quais os mecanismos mais frequentes são a iniciativa popular, o plebiscito e o referendo. Por um lado, há autores que defendem a posição de que essas instituições tornam o jogo político mais lento, caro, confuso e ilegítimo; outros defendem a posição contrária e argumentam que processos de democracia direta são fundamentais para os cidadãos e a qualidade da democracia. O presente estudo analisa esse tema em torno de sete questões, baseadas em considerações teóricas e pesquisas empíricas: 1. A questão entre o minimalismo e o maximalismo democrático; 2. A concorrência entre maioria e minoria; 3. A concorrência entre as instituições representativas e os processos de democracia direta; 4. A questão da competência dos cidadãos; 5. A questão dos efeitos colaterais dos processos de democracia direta; 6. A questão do tamanho do eleitorado; 7. A questão dos custos dos processos de democracia direta. As sete questões são analisadas a partir de uma revisão bibliográfica que considera tanto fontes nacionais como internacionais. O estudo mostra que os processos de democracia direta podem ser um complemento para as instituições representativas em um sistema democrático. O bom desempenho dos plebiscitos, referendos e iniciativas populares depende tanto da regulamentação destes como também do desempenho das outras instituições políticas e da situação socioeconômica de um país. O estudo permite ampliar e aprofundar o debate sobre processos de democracia direta no Brasil.
Sir Thomas Browne, Lamb e Machado de Assis
Authors: Woodbridge, Jr. Benjamin
Published: July 2014

O artigo revela uma alusão a Sir Thomas Browne nas Memórias póstumas de Brás Cubas, propondo conexões entre o texto machadiano e os Ensaios de Elia, de Charles Lamb.
Machado de Assis, moral imagination and the novel
Authors: Passos José Luiz
Published: July 2014

The article discusses the premise behind binding literary value to the ability a work has to yield socio-historical information, prevalent in recent criticism on Machado de Assis. It argues that the body of Machado's work shows an increasing ambivalence regarding the links between imagined lives and history, thus proposing that in his late writings the matching between things real and things represented is a rhetorical and melancholy gesture of great insight. In order to illustrate the prevalence of moral imagination as object and technique in Machado's late novels, the author highlights a few points of contact between Machado de Assis and Henry James, contemporaries and akin in their literary sensibilities.
Rereading Dom Casmurro - aesthetic hybridity in Capitu
Authors: Carter Eli
Published: July 2014

Although perhaps best known for Lavoura Arcaica (2001), an adaptation of Raduan Nassar's 1975 novel, the majority of Luiz Fernando Carvalho's professional activity has been in television, where, in addition to critically acclaimed telenovelas, he has directed adaptations of works by Eça de Queirós, Ariano Suassuna, Machado de Assis, Clarice Lispector, and Graciliano Ramos. Carvalho's audiovisual oeuvre has distinguished him as one of the most creative directors working in Brazil today and as the first full-fledged Brazilian television auteur. In 2008 Carvalho completed Capitu, an adaptation of Machado de Assis's masterpiece, Dom Casmurro (1899). This paper analyzes Carvalho's unique rereading of Machado's novel and the aesthetic hybridity that characterizes Capitu.
Objetividade e aventura: Machado de Assis a partir do casmurro Sílvio Romero
Authors: Aguiar Maurício Maia
Published: July 2014

Sílvio Romero, o leitor mais severo da obra de Machado de Assis, tornou-se conhecido no pensamento social brasileiro devido ao seu maior equívoco: decretar a irrelevância da obra de Machado. A investigação desse equívoco nos remete diretamente a uma compreensão dos pressupostos teóricos deste importante historiador da literatura, sua aproximação ao positivismo e naturalismo e às diretrizes políticas, estéticas e doutrinárias desenvolvidas pela "Geração de 1870". Deste modo, a crítica literária de Sílvio Romero sobre a obra de Machado de Assis nos permite tanto lançar luz às redes de sociabilidade artística/intelectual no Brasil do final do século XIX, como ainda descrever os modelos de intelectual e artista considerados por ele adequados ou não diante do processo de formação racial brasileira.
A tradição da sátira menipeia nos romances crepusculares de Machado de Assis
Authors: Madeira Wagner Martins
Published: July 2014

Certa crítica literária aponta Memórias póstumas de Brás Cubas como modelo de sátira menipeia na obra de Machado de Assis. O presente estudo procura demonstrar que tal procedimento satírico não foi circunstancial, pois perpassa também os dois últimos romances do escritor, Esaú e Jacó e Memorial de Aires. O conselheiro Aires – protótipo de narrador tal qual concebido no clássico ensaio de Benjamin – permite elucidar, através de sua erudição, que o recurso de citar narrativas antigas tem o propósito de subversão, ao rebaixar as práticas coevas, num Brasil que adotava as ideias liberais, embora persistisse em ser escravocrata. Os sinais, então, são trocados, o "alto" da tradição subjuga o "baixo" contemporâneo, numa demonstração de espírito tomada de segundas intenções.
Experience at home and innocence abroad: social and cultural capital in Machado de Assis's Esaú e Jacó and Henry James's the ambassadors
Authors: Beyer Bethany
Published: July 2014

This study examines two literary worlds fashioned by epic authors Machado de Assis and Henry James. In the novels Esaú e Jacó (1904) and The Ambassadors (1903), the writers explore the theme of ambassadorship. In these two texts, key characters act as emissaries. Councilor Aires, Lambert Strether, and Sarah Pocock discover that ambassadorial service brings with it many complication Each of them fulfills his or her mission in a particular way and does so with difs. fering motives. For these three individuals, access to and interpretation of information becomes decisive in fulfilling their respective commissions. This information circulates in distinct ways, yet the ability to access and understand the information depends on each ambassador's social and cultural "capital", as can be seen in the theories of Pierre Bourdieu.
Aprendizagem da dissimulação no conto machadiano" Ponto de vista (Quem desdenha)"
Authors: Teles Ana Carolina Sá
Published: July 2014

Este artigo propõe uma leitura do conto "Ponto de vista (Quem desdenha)", que é o último do livro Histórias da meia-noite (1873), de Machado de Assis. A presente abordagem dialoga com críticos que consideraram como aspectos relevantes da obra machadiana o desenvolvimento das motivações morais dos personagens, a imaginação deles, a maneira como dissimulam e a forma como se constituem subjetivamente. Tem-se em mente investigar as motivações de Raquel e como elas são relevantes para a constituição subjetiva da personagem.
Discurso, argumentação e cenografia em "iconotextos"
Authors: Baronas Roberto Leiser , Cox Maria Inês Pagliarini
Published: July 2014

Este artigo, alinhado com a tendência enunciativa dos estudos discursivos, recorre à noção tricotômica de cenas de enunciação, com ênfase na cenografia (MAINGUENEAU, 1998; 2006; 2008; 2013), para ler um conjunto de três "iconotextos"¹, dados a circular no suporte outdoors em 2009, na cidade de Cuiabá. Expostos nas principais avenidas cuiabanas, os "iconotextos" evocam o legado político de Dante de Oliveira. Realizando uma análise cenográfica, baseada no exame da materialidade verbal e icônica dos textos, o estudo identifica uma sobreposição de enunciadores - o Instituto Dante de Oliveira, o político Dante de Oliveira e o PSDB, esse último simbolizado cromaticamente. Além dos enunciadores, o exame cenográfico dos três iconotextos indicia também a topografia e a cronografia ativadas na narrativa do acontecimento discursivo Dante de Oliveira. O estudo mostra, ainda, a pertinência e a produtividade epistemológica de se colocar a cenografia como ferramenta discursiva que busca dar conta de aspectos importantes da análise da comunicação política.
O conceito de justiça: argumentação e dialogismo
Authors: Cabral Ana Lúcia Tinoco , Guaranha Manoel Francisco
Published: July 2014

Este trabalho apresenta uma reflexão procurando situar os conceitos de justiça e de argumentação na abordagem de Perelman em diálogo com as teorias do Círculo de Bakhtin. Para tanto, aborda o conceito de justiça; trata do conceito de argumentação procurando situar o seu campo e destacar como esse conceito respalda o de justiça; destaca o caráter ético e dialógico da argumentação jurídica estabelecendo conexões entre as ideias de Perelman e os princípios dialógicos da linguagem; e, finalmente, procura mostrar como diferentes vozes se interseccionam no embate argumentativo por meio da análise de dois fragmentos de discurso jurídico.
Elementos argumentativos da carnavalização bakhtiniana na iconografia do heavy metal
Authors: Fiore Adriano Alves , Contani Miguel Luiz
Published: July 2014

O chamado rock pesado, sobretudo o gênero heavy metal utiliza, em larga escala, uma iconografia considerada hostil, abusiva, infesta e agressiva na apresentação visual de seus produtos. A presença do grotesco no vasto universo ilustrativo de capas de LPs, CDs e DVDs disponíveis no mercado fonográfico funciona como argumento para evidenciar a quebra de regras e a provocação, atributos naturais do inconformismo e da rebeldia próprios de seu discurso. Este estudo tem o objetivo buscar uma compreensão mais profunda do uso dessa iconografia forte e agressora ao examinar o grotesco, elemento de substancial importância no conceito bakhtiniano de carnavalização, juntamente com o processo polifônico-dialógico, aqui transportados de seu caráter originalmente literário para o semântico-argumentativo da leitura de imagens.
Argumentação e discurso
Authors: Fiorin José Luiz
Published: July 2014

Depois de mostrar que os estudos de argumentação que se difundiram na linguística moderna a partir da pragmática de Ducrot e Anscombre não se integram nos estudos de discurso, pois a argumentação nesses autores é um fato de língua e não de discurso, este text¹ pretende mostrar como podem as teorias do discurso trabalhar com a questão da argumentação. Elas não se podem limitar à microanálise linguística proposta pela pragmática integrada, embora, eventualmente, possam servir-se dela. Elas devem revisitar a tradição clássica. Se a retórica estudou, de um lado, a construção discursiva dos argumentos e, de outro, a dimensão antifônica dos discursos, as teorias do discurso devem herdar a retórica, ou seja, lê-la à luz dos problemas teóricos enunciados na atualidade. Herdar a retórica significa, pois, de uma parte, levando em consideração séculos de estudos já realizados, descrever, com as bases dos estudos discursivos atuais, os procedimentos discursivos que possibilitam ao enunciador produzir efeitos de sentido que permitem fazer o enunciatário crer naquilo que foi dito; de outra, analisar o modo de funcionamento real da argumentatividade, ou seja, o dialogismo presente na argumentação.
Argumentação e discurso sobre Lei Maria da Penha em acórdãos do STJ
Authors: Freitas Lúcia Gonçalves
Published: July 2014

Neste artigo, usamos a Análise de Discurso Crítica (ADC) como abordagem teórico-metodológica para analisar argumentos de ministros e ministras do Superior Tribunal de Justiça (STJ) em um acórdão que afetou o entendimento jurisprudencial brasileiro sobre a Lei Maria da Penha. O principal objetivo neste trabalho é analisar como a Justiça constrói argumentos relativos à violência contra as mulheres em um órgão público notório, como o STJ, que é popularmente conhecido como "Tribunal da Cidadania" por, supostamente, garantir o exercício de vários direitos para a população brasileira. Também buscamos trazer a público diálogos conflitantes, ideologias e jogos de poder inerentes à decisão em análise.
O encadeamento argumentativo como doador de sentido na análise dialógica do discurso e na semântica argumentativa
Authors: Graeff Telisa Furlanetto , Timmermann Rafael de Souza
Published: July 2014

Este trabalho tem por objetivo comparar a construção dos sentidos dos enunciados com base em ideias de Discourse in Life and Discourse in Art de Voloshinov (2012), e na teoria da Argumentação na Língua de Ducrot e Anscombre (1983), mais especificamente, na sua versão técnica atual - a Teoria dos Blocos Semânticos - proposta por Carel (1995) e desenvolvida hoje juntamente com Ducrot. Trata-se, na análise dialógica, de buscar a senha necessária para a compreensão do enunciado e, na análise argumentativa, de seguir a orientação argumentativa das entidades linguísticas, que indicam continuações possíveis, interditando outras. Nos dois casos, o enunciado pode ser respondido, quando constitui um encadeamento argumentativo, comparado por Voloshinov a um entimema cuja premissa principal foi explicitada, e entendido por Ducrot e Carel como dois predicados unidos por donc ou por pourtant, entre os quais se estabelece uma interdependência semântica que cria um sentido único, representação discursiva da realidade.
A ironia como estratégia comunicativa e argumentativa
Authors: Machado Ida Lucia
Published: July 2014

Neste artigo, tomando por base dados vindos da teoria polifônica de Bakhtin (1970a, 1970b) e também alguns conceitos que Ducrot (1984) elaborou a partir desta, procuramos mostrar no âmbito de uma teoria de análise do discurso - no caso, a Semiolinguística de Charaudeau (1983, 1992, 2008) - alguns dos procedimentos que levam à construção da ironia, tendo em vista que, para nós, este fenômeno linguageiro aparece como um meio de comunicação suscetível de criar estratégias argumentativas, ainda que estas se apresentem de forma não-convencional. Para ilustrar o que foi dito, tomamos como base de reflexão excertos do livro de memórias ou da narrativa de vida de um artista francês cujo modo de escrever poderia se enquadrar na categoria dos escritos carnavalescos, segundo Bakhtin (1970b).
A dinâmica discursiva na formação de professores: discurso autoritário ou internamente persuasivo?
Authors: Magalhães Maria Cecília Camargo , Ninin Maria Otilia Guimarães , Lessa Ângela Brambilla Cavenaghi Themudo
Published: July 2014

Este artigo, apoiado na perspectiva teórica sócio-histórico-cultural, discute a atividade na qual sujeitos se envolvem como constitutiva dos papeis sociais que exercem. Objetiva desencadear discussão acerca da dinâmica discursiva em contextos de formação crítico-colaborativa de professores, focalizando os discursos de autoridade e internamente persuasivo (BAKHTIN, 2010) e sua coocorrência nas situações de negociação de significados. Tal distinção constitui-se relevante por permitir compreender diferentes enunciados argumentativos ou não, proferidos por educadores em formação, que se proximam ou se distanciam daqueles proferidos por seus formadores ou por vozes teóricas isoladas da prática, indicando possibilidades de criação ou diminuição da expansão dialógica. A partir da ênfase no discurso internamente persuasivo, procura-se destacar o papel crítico-colaborativo da argumentação na formação de educadores. Exemplos selecionados de um corpus de pesquisa coletado em escola pública de São Paulo subsidiará a discussão, por sua vez, apoiada em Bakhtin (2010) e Vygotsky (1998; 2001).
Phylogeography of the Laniatorid HarvestmanPseudobiantes japonicusand Its Allied Species (Arachnida: Opiliones: Laniatores: Epedanidae)
Authors: Kumekawa Yoshimasa , Ito Katsura , Tsurusaki Nobuo , Hayakawa Hiroshi , Ohga Kyohei , Yokoyama Jun , Tebayashi Shin-Ichi , Arakawa Ryo , Fukuda Tatsuya
Published: July 2014

To clarify the phylogenetic relationships of Pseudobiantes japonicusHirst, 1911 and its allied species, Epedanellus tuberculatus Roewer, 1911 and Kilungius insulanus (Hirst, 1911) (Arachnida: Opiliones: Laniatores: Epedanidae), we conducted morphological and nucleotide sequence analyses of this complex. Sequencing of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene of 179 samples recovered six clades comprised of four allopatric lineages within P. japonicus and two monophyletic groups of E. tuberculatus and K. insulanus, respectively, related as follows: ([Clades A + B of P. japonicus] [Clade C of P. japonicus]) (K. insulanus [Clade D of P. japonicus +E. tuberculatus]). This phylogenetic relationship implies that “Pseudobiantes japonicus” is paraphyletic or polyphyletic, unless mitochondrial introgression between species is postulated. Moreover, Clades C and D of P. japonicus were also separable by the combination of a few morphological characters and from Clades A and B in P. japonicus. These results suggest that a thorough taxonomic revision is needed for the classification of P. japonicus and allied species.
Density ofTrichospilus diatraeae(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) ParasitizingDiaphania hyalinata(Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Pupae
Authors: Silva Isabel M , Zanuncio Teresinha V , Pereira José M M , Wilcken Carlos F , Pereira Fabricio F , Serrão José E , Zanuncio José C
Published: July 2014

Diaphania hyalinata L. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is a key pest of plants in the family Cucurbitaceae, defoliating and reducing photosynthetic area and yield. Trichospilus diatraeae Margabandhu & Cherian, 1942 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) parasitizes the pupae of this pest, but its biological and reproductive parameters with this host are unknown. The objective of our study was to characterize the reproduction of T. diatraeae in D. hyalinata pupae with different densities of this parasitoid. Individual D. hyalinata pupae (48 h old) were exposed to different densities of T. diatraeae (1:1, 4:1, 8:1, 12:1, 16:1, 20:1, and 24:1). The parasitoid density did not affect the parasitism and emergence rate of this natural enemy. The progeny, sex ratio, longevity, and head capsule width of T. diatraeae males and females decreased with increasing density, and its life cycle was proportional to density increase of T. diatraeae. Densities of up to eight T. diatraeae individuals per D. hyalinata pupae are favorable for the development of this parasitoid.
Wolbachia Multilocus Sequence Typing of Singly Infected and Multiply Infected Populations of Northern Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Authors: Roehrdanz R L , Wichmann S Sears
Published: July 2014

The northern corn rootworm (Diabrotica barberi Smith & Lawrence) in eastern and central North America exhibits at least three distinct populations with respect to Wolbachia infection: uninfected; singly infected; multiply infected. The infected states are associated with different mtDNA haplotypes and reduced mtDNA variability. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was used to define strain types and examine the diversity of Wolbachia infecting northern corn rootworm. Four of the five MLST genes (coxA, hcpA, fbpA, and ftsZ) were represented by three alleles each. The remaining MLST gene (gatB) had four to six alleles. The uncertainty arose from whether to call two small clusters new alleles or artifacts of the amplification process. Singly infected individuals had a common set of alleles that defined one strain (wBarB). This strain was also a component of the multiple infections. A second strain (wBarA), restricted to the multiple infections, was defined by alleles that appeared with substantially greater frequency for each of the five loci. By default a third strain would comprise the less frequent third allele of the four loci, but it is not possible to determine to which gatB allele they are linked. Therefore, the strain is not fully defined. The diversity of gatB indicates that four to six Wolbachia strains are present in northern corn rootworm, a number that is similar to the five variants reported previously for the wsp gene. These results also highlight the very real difficulty of using the MLST system to define specific strains in a multiply infected host.
Abdominal Color of the Asian Citrus Psyllid (Hemiptera: Liviidae) is Associated with Flight Capabilities
Authors: Martini Xavier , Hoyte Angelique , Stelinski Lukasz L
Published: July 2014

We examined the propensity for flight initiation and flight capability of the Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, Hemiptera: Liviidae) with a flight mill. We measured continuous flight by D. citri for up to 3 h, which equated to a distance of ≈2.4 km. We compared the flight capability of D. citri depending on their sex and morphotype (color of abdomen). Two general morphotypes exist within this species: green-blue and gray-brown. We observed that ≈32% of psyllids from the green-blue morphotype tested exhibited long durations of flight (>60 s); whereas <5% of psyllids from the gray-brown morphotype performed such long duration flights. There was no significant difference in flight performance between the two sexes within both the gray—brown and green—blue morphotypes. Furthermore, psyllids from the gray—brown morphotype were characterized by smaller pronotums and shorter wings than psyllids from the green—blue morphotype. In addition, males, in general, were characterized by smaller pronotums and shorter wings than females. However, neither pronotum nor wing size were associated with flight capability of D. citri. Our results may help explain dispersal behavior of D. citri with respect to practical management on an area-wide scale.
Role of gypsum on microstructure and strength of soil
Authors: Jha Arvind Kumar , Sivapullaiah Puvvadi V.
Published: July 2014

Mineralogical and microstructural changes in montmorillonitic soil blended with variable gypsum contents were carried out using X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray analysis to understand the alteration in strength behaviour. Fractured specimens after unconfined compressive strength testing, which were initially prepared by mixing different percentages of gypsum such as 1%, 2%, 4% and 6% after a curing period of 0, 7, 14 and 28 d were used for micro-level investigation. Alterations in pH value of gypsum–soil mixtures after different curing periods were monitored through pH tests. The X-ray diffraction analysis shows the formation of new peaks and breaking of parent mineral structure. Scanning electron microscope images also demonstrate the change in matrix and networking patterns of gypsum-blended soil in comparison with parent-soil matrix. Alteration in chemical composition of soil with gypsum is confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray analysis. It has been observed that the unconfined compressive strength of soil deteriorates on the addition of gypsum for both short-term and long-term periods. The variations in strength have been attributed to changes in mineralogical and microstructural changes with the formation of new minerals such as zeolite. Thus, the montmorillonitic soil cannot be stabilised with gypsum.
Interactions among Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertility Regimes on Mid‐South Cotton Production
Authors: Pettigrew W. T. , Zeng L.
Published: July 2014

To maximize profits, cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) producers must make the most efficient use of expensive production inputs, such as irrigation and N fertilization. Objectives for this research were to determine how cotton responded to varying levels of irrigation and N fertilization. Field studies were conducted from 2009 to 2012 at Stoneville, MS, using four cotton cultivars. Two soil moisture regimes (dryland and irrigated) and three N fertilization levels (0, 56, and 112 kg N ha−1) were imposed on these varieties. Dry matter partitioning, leaf chlorophyll (Chl) concentration, leaf Chl fluorescence, lint yield, yield components, and fiber quality data were collected on all the plots. All the cotton cultivars responded similarly to N fertilization and irrigation. Although cotton's growth responded to both N and irrigation, the level of the benefit from one of these inputs was dependent on the availability of the other component. The highest N fertility rate had higher leaf Chl levels and Fv/Fm fluorescence ratios. Lint yield did not respond to irrigation when no N had been applied. Similarly the lint yield N response was muted when the soil moisture was limited. These data will allow producers to make more informed irrigation and N input allocation decisions, apparently regardless of the cultivar grown.
Effects of Relay Cropping of Corn on the Productivity and Quality of Flue‐Cured Tobacco
Authors: Zhou Guisu , Yin Xinhua , Li Yongmei , Yang Huanwen , Zhao Zhengxiong , Che Peikuan , Cao Qizhang , Zhao Hong , Wang YongJie , Xu Lei
Published: July 2014

Relay cropping timing has been frequently reported to influence flue‐cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) production. However, the optimal planting time for a relay corn (Zea mays L.) crop on flue‐cured tobacco fields is unknown in terms of tobacco health, yield, quality, and economic value. A field experiment was conducted with 10, 17, 24, and 31 d after flue‐cured tobacco apex excision as the relay cropping timings of corn, and tobacco monoculture as the control at Chuxiong, Yunnan, China in 2010 and 2011. The five treatments were repeated three times in a randomized complete block design. The occurrence of brown spot (Alternaria alternata), plant biomass, plant N and K nutrition, yield, chemical composition, smoking quality, and economic value of flue‐cured tobacco were affected by year. Relay cropping 17 d after tobacco apex excision resulted in better chemical composition and smoking quality. The incidence and severity index of brown spot, plant biomass, plant N and K nutrition, yield, chemical composition, smoking quality, and economic value of tobacco were not significantly affected by the relay cropping timing of corn, indicating that relay cropping of corn at a later growth stage of flue‐cured tobacco has no negative effect on tobacco production while the relay corn crop may bring additional income to tobacco growers. In conclusion, if the production of relay corn is profitable, relay cropping of corn after flue‐cured tobacco apex excision could become a recommended cropping system in Yunnan and other regions with similar environmental conditions.
Alfalfa Root Nitrogen Reserves and Regrowth Potential in Response to Fall Harvests
Authors: Dhont Catherine , Castonguay Yves , Nadeau Paul , Bélanger Gilles , Chalifour François‐P.
Published: July 2014

The adverse effect of fall harvesting alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) during a critical rest period on persistence and the following spring regrowth has been historically attributed to a reduction in the concentrations of organic reserves, especially total nonstructural carbohydrates. However, recent reports highlight the determinant role of N reserves in overwintering and spring regrowth of alfalfa. This study was undertaken to assess the impact of fall harvest management on regrowth potential in relation to the quantitative changes in N reserves in alfalfa taproots throughout fall and winter. The experiment was conducted under simulated winter conditions in an unheated greenhouse with two alfalfa cultivars (AC Caribou and WL 225). The fall harvest treatments were no additional fall harvest (two harvests = control) or a third fall harvest applied at 400, 500, or 600 growing degree days (GDD) after the second harvest. Total N concentrations were significantly reduced in plants harvested at 400 or 500 GDD as compared with plants harvested at 600 GDD or harvested only twice. The striking accumulation of proline, arginine, and histidine observed in fall and winter was depressed by a fall harvest, especially in plants harvested at 400 or 500 GDD. The abundance of a major soluble protein of 32 kDa was reduced by harvesting at 400 or 500 GDD. Concentrations of major N components were correlated with shoot regrowth in spring in AC Caribou, but not in WL 225. However, the total amounts of major N components in taproots were correlated with spring regrowth in both cultivars. Our results point out that N reserves available in roots are determinant for spring regrowth in alfalfa under various fall harvest treatments.
Interspecific Hybridization between Agrostis stolonifera and Related Agrostis Species under Field Conditions
Authors: Belanger F. C. , Meagher T. R. , Day P. R. , Plumley K. , Meyer W. A.
Published: July 2014

Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) is a commercially important turfgrass used principally on golf courses. Weed control is one of the major problems encountered in golf course maintenance, largely because the major weed, Poa annua L., is another grass species with herbicide responses similar to creeping bentgrass. Development of creeping bentgrass cultivars expressing one of the herbicide resistance genes would provide an effective solution. The prospects of commercialization of transgenic cultivars of creeping bentgrass have raised questions about the potential for pollen‐mediated gene flow to related Agrostis spp. In a field study we have measured the frequency of interspecific hybridization between transgenic creeping bentgrass and four related species, A canina L., A castellana Boiss. and Reut, A gigantea Roth, and A capillaris L. Interspecific transgenic hybrids were recovered between creeping bentgrass and A capillaris and A castellana at frequencies of 0.044 and 0.0015%, respectively, which were considerably lower than intraspecific transgenic progeny recovery in the same experimental plots (0.631%). No interspecific transgenic hybrids were recovered with A gigantea or A canina
Forage Yield, Nutritive Value, and Grazing Tolerance of Dallisgrass Biotypes
Authors: Venuto B. C. , Burson B. L. , Hussey M. A. , Redfearn D. D. , Wyatt W. E. , Brown L. P.
Published: July 2014

Common dallisgrass (Paspalum dilatatum Poir.) is an important forage grass in many subtropical regions including the southeastern USA. The term dallisgrass is synonymous with the common biotype. There are other biotypes of this species but little is known about their forage potential. This study was initiated to evaluate accessions of five dallisgrass biotypes (common, prostrate, Torres, Uruguaiana, and Uruguayan) and ‘Pensacola’ bahiagrass (P. notatum var. saurae Parodi) for forage yield, nutritive value, and persistence in southern Louisiana and southeastern Texas, and to determine the response and persistence of the superior biotypes under grazing. Three years of clipping data were collected at Baton Rouge, LA, and College Station, TX. Most of the Uruguayan accessions were equal or superior to common dallisgrass for yield and nutritive value and all had superior stand persistence. The Torres and Uruguaiana biotypes did not survive after the first harvest season. Forage production and persistence of prostrate dallisgrass and Pensacola bahiagrass were better than expected. Six superior accessions of the Uruguayan biotype and common dallisgrass were evaluated under grazing for 3 yr at Jeanerette, LA. After 2 yr of rotational stocking, an average of 90% of the Uruguayan and only 53% of the common dallisgrass plants survived. This was followed by one season of continuous stocking and the average plant survival decreased to 75% for the Uruguayan accessions and 33% for common. Because the yield and persistence of the Uruguayan biotype was consistently superior to that of common, Uruguayan dallisgrass could provide livestock producers in the southeastern USA with a viable alternative to common dallisgrass.
Quantitative Trait Loci for Fusarium Head Blight Resistance in Barley Detected in a Two‐Rowed by Six‐Rowed Population
Authors: Mesfin A. , Smith K. P. , Dill‐Macky R. , Evans C. K. , Waugh R. , Gustus C. D. , Muehlbauer G. J.
Published: July 2014

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a disease problem (primarily caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe) that affects the quality and yield of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grain. The objectives of this study were to identify the location of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for resistance to FHB in a two‐rowed by six‐rowed population, to examine the association of FHB resistance with heading date and the Vrs1 (two‐rowed spike morphology) locus, to validate the location of the major FHB resistance QTL primarily detected in the field, and to identify simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers linked to the QTL for FHB resistance. We created a genetic map of 143 molcular markers from a population derived from the parents Fredrickson (two‐rowed, moderately resistant) and Stander (six‐rowed, susceptible). The Fredrickson/Stander population was evaluated in two field environments by a grain spawn inoculation method, two field environments by a spray inoculation, and two greenhouse environments. QTL analysis detected three distinct regions on chromosome 2(2H) associated with FHB resistance; two of these regions were also associated with resistance to deoxynivalenol (DON) accumulation. One FHB resistance QTL was also associated with heading date, while another FHB resistance QTL was found associated with the Vrs1 locus. The third FHB resistance QTL was detected only in the greenhouse, but was coincident with a QTL for resistance to DON accumulation in the field. All three QTL were detected in the greenhouse, indicating that this environment may be useful for selecting FHB resistant barley genotypes. SSR markers were identified that are linked with each QTL and could prove useful for marker‐assisted trait manipulation. Finally, the two major QTL detected in the field were validated using an independent population with Fredrickson and Stander parents.
Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci for Resistance to Crown Rust in Oat Line MAM17‐5
Authors: Zhu S. , Kaeppler H. F.
Published: July 2014

Crown rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia coronata Cda. f. sp. avenae Eriksson, is the most damaging disease of oat (Avena sativa L.). Breeding for resistance to crown rust has been an efficient and economical means to control the disease. Most of the resistance genes in recently released oat cultivars have been introgressed from the hexaploid, wild oat species A. sterilis L. The number of effective resistance genes has been rapidly decreasing. Characterization and utilization of new resistance sources are needed to ensure adequate resistance in future oat cultivars. Crown rust resistance in diploid, wild oat accessions was transferred to the hexaploid, cultivated oat line MAM17‐5. The objective of this study was to identify the number, position, and effect of quantitative trait loci (QTL) and digenic QTL epistasis controlling crown rust resistance in MAM17‐5. A linkage map of 272 molcular markers was used for this analysis. Reaction type and rust severity data were collected on field‐grown adult plants from 152 F5:6 recombinant inbred lines derived from the cross, ‘Ogle’/MAM17‐5. Composite interval mapping was conducted to identify genomic regions associated with crown rust resistance. Overall, two QTL, Pcq1 on linkage group 28 and Pcq2 on 29, were consistently identified for crown rust resistance in different years. Pcq1 and Pcq2 explained 48.5 to 70.1% and 9.6 to 14.0%, respectively, of the total phenotypic variation for crown rust resistance. Significant digenic, epistatic interactions were detected for QTL controlling rust severity but not reaction type. Marker‐assisted selection targeting the major QTL, Pcq1, should be useful for efficient selection of crown rust resistance.
Genetic Improvement of Agronomic Traits of Winter Wheat Cultivars Released in France from 1946 to 1992
Authors: Brancourt‐Hulmel M. , Doussinault G. , Lecomte C. , Bérard P. , Le Buanec B. , Trottet M.
Published: July 2014

In a context where agricultural practices in Europe are likely to go toward extensive systems with lower inputs, it is important to determine the genetic improvement of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) not only in high‐input agricultural systems but also in low‐input systems. This study assesses the improvement in agronomic traits of winter wheat cultivars cultivated in France during the second half of the 20th century at four agronomic treatments: two levels of fungicide were combined with two levels of nitrogen fertilizer. Fourteen cultivars introduced between 1946 and 1992 were grown for two years (1994 and 1995) at five locations. Selection played a major role in the increase in winter wheat yield after 1946. The contribution of selection to this increase depended on the agronomic treatment and varied from one third to one half. Reduction of height was the most important factor. New cultivars with shorter straw expressed higher harvest index values and more consistent higher yields since they were less susceptible to lodging. The ability to produce more kernels from a given total above‐ground biomass was the second factor. The number of kernels per unit area had increased over time without alteration of the weight of the kernels. The negative relationship between 1000‐kernel weight and kernel number/m2 was therefore shifted and new cultivars were thus able to fill more kernels than older entries. Modern cultivars used N more efficiently than their predecessors. The future challenge will be to obtain, in low‐input systems, the same genetic gains as in high‐input systems.
Partial Resistance to White Mold in a Transgenic Soybean Line
Authors: Cober Elroy R. , Rioux Sylvie , Rajcan Istvan , Donaldson Pauline A. , Simmonds Daina H.
Published: July 2014

Oxalic acid is an important pathogenic factor for the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. An oxalate degrading enzyme, oxalate oxidase (OxO), in transgenic soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] has reduced pathogen growth in indoor seedling studies. The objective of this study was to characterize the response of this OxO transgenic soybean line to white mold under field conditions and also to characterize the agronomic performance of this transgenic line under noninfected conditions. The transgenic line 80(30)‐1contains the wheat germin gene gf‐2.8 that codes for OxO. This line was compared with 80(30)‐9, a sib line which does not contain the gene, as well as resistant and susceptible cultivars. Field tests were conducted at three sites infested with white mold in Ontario and Quebec across 3 yr. The Sainte‐Foy site provided the highest infection potential and the transgenic line had a disease severity index (DSI) of 7 compared with 80(30)‐9 with a DSI of 46, across 3 yr. Across 2 yr, resistant commercial cultivars had an average DSI of 2 and susceptible cultivars a DSI of 46. Stem inoculations were performed in the field at Elora and the transgenic line was significantly less infected compared with 80(30)‐9. In noninfested trials, no significant differences were found between the transgenic, the negative sib, and the parental lines for seed yield, maturity, seed weight, or seed protein and oil content. The transgene provided white mold resistance equivalent to the best commercial cultivars in a white mold susceptible background.
Genetic Diversity among World Hop Accessions Grown in the USA
Authors: Henning J. A. , Steiner J. J. , Hummer K. E.
Published: July 2014

Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) is an important cash crop in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. Classifying groups of hop accessions presently held in the USDA‐ARS world collection is vital toward categorizing newly imported accessions and identifying closely related (if not identical) cultivars. The objective of this study was to identify hop germplasm diversity pools on the basis on morphological and chemical data by cluster analysis. Eight hop quality characteristics including yield (YLD), α acids, β acids, hop‐storage index (HSI), cohumulone (CoH), myrcene (M), caryophyllene (C), and humulene (H) were obtained from historical databases for 129 accessions from the USDA‐ARS hop germplasm field collection located near Corvallis, OR. Three distinct genetic diversity pools were identified and named: (i) European, (ii) Wild North American, and (iii) Hybrids. The European pool was divided into English and Continental European subgroups distinguished by their α‐acids and CoH contents. The Hybrid pool was divided into five subgroups distinguished by their geographic origins. The variables YLD and CoH content differentiated these five subgroups (r = 0.92; P ≤ 0.05). The information presented in our study will help categorize newly imported accessions into the current U.S. hop germplasm collection and will help in identifying closely related or similar accessions.
Identification and Characterization of a Low Phytic Acid Wheat
Authors: Guttieri Mary , Bowen David , Dorsch John A. , Raboy Victor , Souza Edward
Published: July 2014

Phytic acid (myo‐inositol‐1,2,3,4,5,6‐hexakisphosphate, or Ins P6) is the most abundant storage form of P in seeds, yet indigestible by humans and nonruminant livestock. A wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) mutant is described herein with greatly reduced seed phytic acid P but little change in seed total P, similar to lpa1‐type mutants described in other grain species. One nonlethal mutant from 562 ethyl‐methanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenized M2 lines was identified with a high inorganic phosphate (HIP) phenotype and designated Js‐12‐LPA. Js‐12‐LPA homozygotes produced seed in which phytic acid P represented 48.2% of seed total P, in contrast to 74.7% of seed total P in nonmutant or wild‐type control, Js‐12‐WT. The inorganic portion of seed P was increased from 9.1% in Js‐12‐WT to 50.1% in Js‐12‐LPA, with little effect on total seed P. Weight distributions among milling fractions were similar for the Js‐12‐LPA and Js‐12‐WT genotypes. The low phytic acid trait altered the distribution of total P within the kernel, increasing the P content of the central endosperm and decreasing the P content of the bran. The low phytic acid trait decreased the phytic acid concentration in the bran by 43% and increased the inorganic P concentration in the bran nearly four‐fold. Inheritance data of F2 and F4:6 families was inconsistent with a single‐gene mutation and suggests the involvement of two or more genes. This low phytic acid wheat mutant is a genetic resource for studying the biology of seed phytic acid metabolism and wheat quality improvement.
Delayed Initiation of Fruiting as a Mechanism of Improved Drought Avoidance in Cotton
Authors: Dumka Disha , Bednarz Craig W. , Maw Bryan W.
Published: July 2014

Delayed fruiting in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) may result in enhanced root growth, which could improve the crop's ability to avoid episodic drought events. This study, conducted under a rainout shelter at the University of Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, examined the effects of delayed fruiting on cotton root growth and yield under irrigated and water deficit stress conditions. Delayed fruiting was achieved through fruiting branch removal at 35 and 41 d after planting (DAP) in 2000 and 41 and 48 DAP in 2001 such that the first fruiting branch occurred approximately at main stem node 9 in all plants within a plot. Water deficit stress was developed by withholding irrigation and rainfall beginning at first flower for 17 d in 2000 and 16 d in 2001. Root counts were made for six consecutive weeks beginning at first flower using a minirhizotron camera system. At harvest, 3 m of row in each plot was hand picked and boll counts and seed cotton yields were recorded. Delayed fruiting, irrespective of irrigation treatment, resulted in higher root counts. Delayed fruiting also delayed maturity and altered fruit distribution on the plant. Upper main stem nodes contributed more to boll number and seed cotton yield with delayed fruiting. In 2000, delayed fruiting with water deficit stress reduced yield whereas no such differences were detected in 2001. Thus, delayed fruiting resulted in increased root growth but did not enhance drought avoidance as determined by boll number or seed cotton yield.
Seed Quality of Maize Inbred Lines with Different Composition and Genetic Backgrounds
Authors: Munamava Miriam Rukero , Goggi A. Susana , Pollak Linda
Published: July 2014

By introgressing exotic germplasm into elite maize in the USA, breeders have developed lines with wider variability for seed oil and protein contents than in U.S. adapted lines. Seed quality of these introgressed lines has not been evaluated. The objectives of the study were (i) to characterize introgressed inbred lines for seed quality, (ii) to assess the effects of oil and protein contents on seed quality, and (iii) to determine whether the interaction between genetic background and production location was significant. The lines used in the study were developed by crossing elite lines of Stiff Stalk and non‐Stiff Stalk heterotic background with St. Croix and Argentina germplasm. They were grown at four locations of the U.S. Corn Belt. Seed quality was measured by standard germination test, a series of vigor tests, and an inbred quality index. Genotype × location interactions were significant. Genotypic differences were observed for all the traits measured within each location. Seed composition and genetic background did not affect germination, however production location did. Standard germination ranged from 56 to 93% in Iowa, 48 to 89% in Missouri, 53 to 91% in Illinois, and 52 to 89% in Nebraska. High protein inbred lines had a saturated cold test of 64%, averaged across locations, while the low protein line averaged 49%. Inbred lines with St. Croix background and lines produced in colder locations (Iowa and Nebraska) had high cold test percentage. Inbred lines with St. Croix background, all having low oil contents, had the lowest accelerated aging test results (49%), whereas inbred lines with Argentina background had the highest (65%). The low protein inbred line had low accelerated aging results (49%), whereas high protein inbred lines averaged 62%. Because seed composition affects seed quality of the inbred, it is important that breeders evaluate new germplasm for seed quality early in the breeding program.
Antioxidant Metabolism Associated with Summer Leaf Senescence and Turf Quality Decline for Creeping Bentgrass
Authors: Xu Qingzhang , Huang Bingru
Published: July 2014

Turf quality of creeping bentgrass [Agrostis stolonifera var. palustris (Huds.) Farw.] often declines during summer months. Whether summer bentgrass decline is associated with oxidative stress is unclear. The objectives of this study were to investigate seasonal changes of antioxidant activities and lipid peroxidation under different mowing heights for two creeping bentgrass cultivars (L‐93 and Penncross) differing in heat tolerance and to determine whether such changes could be associated with turf quality decline during summer. Penncross and L‐93 were grown under USGA‐specification putting green conditions at the Turfgrass Research Center at Manhattan, KS, in 1999 and 2000. Turf was mowed every day at 3 mm or 4 mm. Turf quality, leaf chlorophyll (CHL), and protein content declined while electrolyte leakage (EL) and lipid peroxidation increased from May to July through September for both cultivars at both mowing heights. Activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), hydrogen peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) increased from May to July when temperatures increased from optimum (<20°C) to moderate level (≈26°C), then declined to the lowest level in August when temperature reached the highest level (>30°C), and recovered by October. Similar seasonal patterns of antioxidant activities were observed for both cultivars and mowing heights. In conclusion, summer bentgrass decline was related to the decline in antioxidant activities and lipid peroxidation. Both cultivars were able to acclimate to increasing temperatures by increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes to scavenge active oxygen species in the early summer, but lost the scavenging ability by midsummer.