bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surgical Management of Gout in the Foot and Ankle
Authors: Poratt Daniel , Rome Keith
Published: June 2016

Background: The surgical management of tophaceous gout has been well documented in the literature, including its effect on foot pain and disability. To date, there have been no systematic reviews assessing the quality of the literature relating to the operative management of tophaceous gout and the outcomes in the foot and ankle.

Methods: The following electronic databases were searched (1980–2014): Allied and Complementary Medicine, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, MEDLINE, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library. The articles identified were published in English and included adult participants (age ≥18 years) with diagnosed gout and surgical intervention to the foot and ankle. The Downs and Black Quality Index was modified to assess the quality of the articles being reviewed.

Results: Six articles were reviewed and were of moderate quality (mean quality score of 71%). Surgical management was conducted on men (88%) with a mean age of 52 years. There was wide variation in the types of surgical procedures performed, with 28% of studies reporting surgery to the first metatarsophalangeal joint. Most studies were retrospective. A wide range of outcome measures were reported: foot pain, function, preoperative and postoperative activity levels, monitoring of uric acid levels, and patient satisfaction after surgery.

Conclusions: The review demonstrated a limited number of good-quality studies. Several surgical procedures for the foot and ankle in people with chronic tophaceous gout were reported. Future studies should include prospective observational studies using validated and reliable patient-reported outcome measures.
Radiographic Measurements of the Affected and Unaffected Feet in Patients with Unilateral Hallux Limitus
Authors: Knox Andrew F. , Bryant Alan R.
Published: June 2016

Background: Controversy exists regarding the structural and functional causes of hallux limitus, including metatarsus primus elevatus, a long first metatarsal, first-ray hypermobility, the shape of the first metatarsal head, and the presence of hallux interphalangeus. Some articles have reported on the radiographic evaluation of these measurements in feet affected by hallux limitus, but no study has directly compared the affected and unaffected feet in patients with unilateral hallux limitus. This case-control pilot study aimed to establish whether any such differences exist.

Methods: Dorsoplantar and lateral weightbearing radiographs of both feet in 30 patients with unilateral hallux limitus were assessed for grade of disease, lateral intermetatarsal angle, metatarsal protrusion distance, plantar gapping at the first metatarsocuneiform joint, metatarsal head shape, and hallux abductus interphalangeus angle. Data analysis was performed using a statistical software program.

Results: Mean radiographic measurements for affected and unaffected feet demonstrated that metatarsus primus elevatus, a short first metatarsal, first-ray hypermobility, a flat metatarsal head shape, and hallux interphalangeus were prevalent in both feet. There was no statistically significant difference between feet for any of the radiographic parameters measured (Mann-Whitney U tests, independent-samples t tests, and Pearson χ2 tests: P > .05).

Conclusions: No significant differences exist in the presence of the structural risk factors examined between affected and unaffected feet in patients with unilateral hallux limitus. The influence of other intrinsic factors, including footedness and family history, should be investigated further.
Reliability and Validity of the Footprint Assessment Method Using Photoshop CS5 Software in Young People with Down Syndrome
Authors: Gutiérrez-Vilahú Lourdes , Massó-Ortigosa Núria , Rey-Abella Ferran , Costa-Tutusaus Lluís , Guerra-Balic Myriam
Published: June 2016

Background: People with Down syndrome present skeletal abnormalities in their feet that can be analyzed by commonly used gold standard indices (the Hernández-Corvo index, the Chippaux-Smirak index, the Staheli arch index, and the Clarke angle) based on footprint measurements. The use of Photoshop CS5 software (Adobe Systems Software Ireland Ltd, Dublin, Ireland) to measure footprints has been validated in the general population. The present study aimed to assess the reliability and validity of this footprint assessment technique in the population with Down syndrome.

Methods: Using optical podography and photography, 44 footprints from 22 patients with Down syndrome (11 men [mean ± SD age, 23.82 ± 3.12 years] and 11 women [mean ± SD age, 24.82 ± 6.81 years]) were recorded in a static bipedal standing position. A blinded observer performed the measurements using a validated manual method three times during the 4-month study, with 2 months between measurements. Test-retest was used to check the reliability of the Photoshop CS5 software measurements. Validity and reliability were obtained by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).

Results: The reliability test for all of the indices showed very good values for the Photoshop CS5 method (ICC, 0.982–0.995). Validity testing also found no differences between the techniques (ICC, 0.988–0.999).

Conclusions: The Photoshop CS5 software method is reliable and valid for the study of footprints in young people with Down syndrome.
Notch1 regulated autophagy controls survival and suppressor activity of activated murine T-regulatory cells
Authors: Marcel Nimi , Sarin Apurva
Published: June 2016

Cell survival is one of several processes regulated by the Notch pathway in mammalian cells. Here we report functional outcomes of non-nuclear Notch signaling to activate autophagy, a conserved cellular response to nutrient stress, regulating survival in murine natural T-regulatory cells (Tregs), an immune subset controlling tolerance and inflammation. Induction of autophagy required ligand-dependent, Notch intracellular domain (NIC) activity, which controlled mitochondrial organization and survival of activated Tregs. Consistently, NIC immune-precipitated Beclin and Atg14, constituents of the autophagy initiation complex. Further, ectopic expression of an effector of autophagy (Atg3) or recombinant NIC tagged to a nuclear export signal (NIC-NES), restored autophagy and suppressor function in Notch1-/- Tregs. Furthermore, Notch1 deficiency in the Treg lineage resulted in immune hyperactivity, implicating Notch activity in Treg homeostasis. Notch1 integration with autophagy, revealed in these experiments, holds implications for Notch regulated cell-fate decisions governing differentiation.
Optimum reaction conditions for lead zirconate titanate thick film deposition by ultrasound-assisted hydrothermal method
Authors: Saigusa Katsuhiro , Morita Takeshi
Published: June 2016

A hydrothermal method can be used to deposit lead zirconate titanate (PZT) films and has several advantages, such as a relatively low reaction temperature and high crystal quality. We developed an ultrasound-assisted hydrothermal method to promote the hydrothermal reactions, which is effective for thick-PZT-film deposition. The first ultrasound-assisted hydrothermal method we developed can synthesize a 7.5 µm PZT film on a titanium substrate. However, for a much thicker film, repeated depositions were required, and the optimum precursor solution for the first deposition was not suitable for repeated depositions. In this study, we attempted to find the optimum precursor solution for depositing a film of sufficient thickness by repeated depositions. As a result, we were able to synthesize a 23.6 µm PZT film on second deposition by changing the ratio of zirconium to titanium ions in the precursor solutions. In addition, a transverse effect transducer was fabricated under optimum conditions and its vibration properties were evaluated.
Presenting bibliographic families using information visualization: Evaluation of FRBR‐based prototype and hierarchical visualizations
Authors: Merčun Tanja , Žumer Maja , Aalberg Trond
Published: June 2016

Since their beginnings, bibliographic information systems have been displaying results in the form of long, textual lists. With the development of new data models and computer technologies, the need for new approaches to present and interact with bibliographic data has slowly been maturing. To investigate how this could be accomplished, a prototype system, FrbrVis1, was designed to present work families within a bibliographic information system using information visualization. This paper reports on two user studies, a controlled and an observational experiment, that have been carried out to assess the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR)‐based against an existing system as well as to test four different hierarchical visual layouts. The results clearly show that FrbrVis offers better performance and user experience compared to the baseline system. The differences between the four hierarchical visualizations (Indented tree, Radial tree, Circlepack, and Sunburst) were, on the other hand, not as pronounced, but the Indented tree and Sunburst design proved to be the most successful, both in performance as well as user perception. The paper therefore not only evaluates the application of a visual presentation of bibliographic work families, but also provides valuable results regarding the performance and user acceptance of individual hierarchical visualization techniques.
A systematic review of reviews on the prevalence of anxiety disorders in adult populations
Authors: Remes Olivia , Brayne Carol , van der Linde Rianne , Lafortune Louise
Published: June 2016

Background

A fragmented research field exists on the prevalence of anxiety disorders. Here, we present the results of a systematic review of reviews on this topic. We included the highest quality studies to inform practice and policy on this issue.

Method

Using PRISMA methodology, extensive electronic and manual citation searches were performed to identify relevant reviews. Screening, data extraction, and quality assessment were undertaken by two reviewers. Inclusion criteria consisted of systematic reviews or meta‐analyses on the prevalence of anxiety disorders that fulfilled at least half of the AMSTAR quality criteria.

Results

We identified a total of 48 reviews and described the prevalence of anxiety across population subgroups and settings, as reported by these studies. Despite the high heterogeneity of prevalence estimates across primary studies, there was emerging and compelling evidence of substantial prevalence of anxiety disorders generally (3.8–25%), and particularly in women (5.2–8.7%); young adults (2.5–9.1%); people with chronic diseases (1.4–70%); and individuals from Euro/Anglo cultures (3.8–10.4%) versus individuals from Indo/Asian (2.8%), African (4.4%), Central/Eastern European (3.2%), North African/Middle Eastern (4.9%), and Ibero/Latin cultures (6.2%).

Conclusions

The prevalence of anxiety disorders is high in population subgroups across the globe. Recent research has expanded its focus to Asian countries, an increasingly greater number of physical and psychiatric conditions, and traumatic events associated with anxiety. Further research on illness trajectories and anxiety levels pre‐ and post‐treatment is needed. Few studies have been conducted in developing and under‐developed parts of the world and have little representation in the global literature.
Incidence and long‐term outcome of postradiotherapy moyamoya syndrome in pediatric patients with primary brain tumors: a single institute experience in Taiwan
Authors: Wu Yuan‐Hung , Chang Feng‐Chi , Liang Muh‐Lii , Chen Hsin‐Hung , Wong Tai‐Tong , Yen Sang‐Hue , Chen Yi‐Wei
Published: June 2016

We aimed to investigate the incidence and long‐term outcome of moyamoya syndrome in pediatric patients with primary brain tumors after receiving cranial radiotherapy (RT) in a single institute in Taiwan. The complete medical records, medical images, and RT notes of 391 pediatric patients with primary brain tumors treated with cranial RT between January 1975 and December 2005 in Taipei Veterans General Hospital (TVGH), Taiwan, were entered into an electronic registry and reviewed. Eight (2%) cases of post‐RT moyamoya syndrome were identified in the sample of 391 patients. The median latency was 3 years post‐RT. Among the eight patients, three had craniopharyngioma, two had optic glioma, two had medulloblastoma, and one had a suprasellar astrocytoma. The prescribed physical doses of RT were in the range of 40–54 Gy. The incidence was highest in those with optic glioma (0.039/person‐year), followed by craniopharyngioma (0.013/person‐year), astrocytoma (0.003/person‐year), and medulloblastoma (0.002/person‐year). No patients died of vasculopathy. No difference in crude incidence was found between our results and those of other series. The incidence of moyamoya syndrome was diagnosis dependent, with the highest incidence among patients with optic glioma. No regional difference in incidence was found. Long‐term, stable neurological function may be achieved following timely surgical intervention.
Spatial scale‐dependent vertical zonation of coral reef community structure in French Polynesia
Authors: Edmunds Peter J. , Leichter James J.
Published: June 2016

We tested for depth‐dependent vertical zonation in coral reef community structure with surveys conducted in 2013 at 10 m and 27 m depth off the islands of Moorea, Tahiti, Maiao, and Tetiaroa, which are distributed over ~3500 km2 of the tropical south Pacific. Benthic communities were censused using photoquadrats to obtain percentage cover, first by functional groups (scleractinians, macroalgae, and crustose coralline algae, algal turf, and bare space combined [CTB]), and second by genus for scleractinians and Millepora. Virtually every aspect of community structure differed between the two depths, but the effects were dependent on spatial scale of investigation. Interactive effects of islands and depths determined the abundance of functional groups, as well as seven of eight common coral genera. On the two islands at which two sites were censused, the abundance of functional groups also differed between sites, and was affected by depth × site interactions. The spatially variable effects of depth on community structure underscores the importance of context‐specific synergy between biotic and abiotic factors in driving these patterns. Spatial scale‐dependent vertical zonation also shows the potential for these effects to be modulated by the changes that have affected coral community structure on contemporary reefs over the last few decades.
Cognition in relation to independency in older, comorbid stroke patients in a stroke unit
Authors: Huijben‐Schoenmakers Marleen , Rademaker Arno , Scherder Erik
Published: June 2016

Objective

The objective of this study was to ascertain if cognition helps to predict functional outcome in older comorbid stroke patients with severe loss of independence.

Design

This is a cross‐sectional study.

Subjects

The subjects of this study are patients who have suffered a stroke and who rehabilitated in the nursing homes' rehabilitation units and patients (n = 160) (mean age: 77; SD: 9.5) with a mean Barthel Index of 11.02.

Method

Demographic, illness‐related, functional and cognitive data were selected at baseline.

Main Assessment Measures

Functional abilities were tested using the Barthel Index. Cognitive functions were assessed using a wide variety of neuropsychological tests.

Results

Patients faced cognitive impairments especially in executive functioning and memory. Stepwise linear regression analysis shows that executive functioning (p = 0.050) and memory (p = 0.000; confidence interval −1.255, −0.403) are significantly associated with functional outcome.

Conclusion

From a clinical point of view, we suggest combining physical and cognitive training from the very early phase of recovery.
Protein engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae transporter Pdr5p identifies key residues that impact Fusarium mycotoxin export and resistance to inhibition
Authors: Gunter Amanda B. , Hermans Anne , Bosnich Whynn , Johnson Douglas A. , Harris Linda J. , Gleddie Steve
Published: June 2016

Cereal infection by the broad host range fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum is a significant global agricultural and food safety issue due to the deposition of mycotoxins within infected grains. Methods to study the intracellular effects of mycotoxins often use the baker's yeast model system (Saccharomyces cerevisiae); however, this organism has an efficient drug export network known as the pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) network, which consists of a family of multidrug exporters. This study describes the first study that has evaluated the potential involvement of all known or putative ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporters from the PDR network in exporting the F. graminearum trichothecene mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and 15‐acetyl‐deoxynivalenol (15A‐DON) from living yeast cells. We found that Pdr5p appears to be the only transporter from the PDR network capable of exporting these mycotoxins. We engineered mutants of Pdr5p at two sites previously identified as important in determining substrate specificity and inhibitor susceptibility. These results indicate that it is possible to alter inhibitor insensitivity while maintaining the ability of Pdr5p to export the mycotoxins DON and 15A‐DON, which may enable the development of resistance strategies to generate more Fusarium‐tolerant crop plants.
A S‐Arylation of 2‐Mercaptoazoles with Diaryliodonium Triflates under Metal‐Free and Base‐Free Conditions
Authors: Zhang Bianxiang , Kang Yongqiang , Yang Lihua , Chen Xia
Published: June 2016

Heterocyclic aryl sulfides have been widely studied as a monomer or an intermediate for drug synthesis in the field of medicine and materials. The common synthetic processes for preparing aryl sulfides involve transition metals and strong bases. Here, we report a synthetic method for heterocyclic arylsulfides is accomplished by S‐arylation of 2‐mercapto‐substituted aromatic heterocycles with diaryliodonium triflates in high yields. The procedure involves only mixing 2‐mercapto‐aromatic heterocycles and diaryliodonium triflates in DMF at 130 ºC for 24 h under air atmosphere. The most prominent advantage of this method is that all of the ligands, catalysts, bases and any additives are unnecessary. A highly efficient green approach to heterocyclic aryl sulfides was described and the reaction mechanism was discussed.
Are We Missing Traumatic Bowel and Mesenteric Injuries?
Authors: Landry Bret A. , Patlas Michael N. , Faidi Samir , Coates Angela , Nicolaou Savvas
Published: June 2016

Purpose

Traumatic bowel and mesenteric injury (TBMI), although an uncommon entity, can be lethal if not detected and treated in a timely manner. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of 64-slice multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) for the detection of TBMI in patients at our level 1 trauma centre.

Methods

We used our hospital's trauma registry to identify patients with a diagnosis of TBMI from January 1, 2006, to June 30, 2013. Only patients who had a 64-slice MDCT scan at presentation and subsequently underwent laparotomy or laparoscopy were included in the study cohort. Using the surgical findings as the gold standard, the accuracy of prospective radiology reports was analyzed.

Results

Of the 4781 trauma patients who presented to our institution, 44 (0.92%) had surgically proven TBMI. Twenty-two of 44 were excluded as they did not have MDCT before surgery. The study cohort consisted of 14 males and 8 females with a median age of 41.5 years and a median injury severity score of 27. In total 17 of 22 had blunt trauma and 5 of 22 had penetrating injury. A correct preoperative imaging diagnosis of TBMI was made in 14 of 22 of patients. The overall sensitivity of the radiology reports was 63.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 41%-82%), specificity was 79.6% (95% CI: 67%-89%), PPV was 53.9% (95% CI: 33%-73%), and the NPV was 85.5% (95% CI: 73%-94%). Accuracy was calculated at 75.3%. However, only 59% (10 of 17) of patients with blunt injury had a correct preoperative diagnosis. Review of the findings demonstrated that majority of patients with missed blunt TBMI (5 of 7) demonstrated only indirect signs of injury.

Conclusion

The detection of TBMI in trauma patients on 64-slice MDCT can be improved, especially in patients presenting with blunt injury. Missed cases in this population occurred because the possibility of TBMI was not considered despite the presence of indirect imaging signs. The prospective diagnosis of TBMI remains challenging despite advances in CT technology and widespread use of 64-slice MDCT.
Stress from an administrative perspective in public transport drivers in Mexico City: Minibus and metrobus
Authors: Lámbarry Fernando , Trujillo Mara Marcela , Cumbres Cintia Guadalupe
Published: June 2016

Stress is one of the occupational diseases that affect workers worldwide, affecting their own productivity and performance (as well as that of the organizations where they work), and even their physical and mental health. According to the International Labour Organization, Mexican workers suffer from stress the most all over the world, since theirs is one of the most stressful professions. With this in mind, the aim of this research is to study the work stress in bus rapid transit drivers and minibus in Mexico City. The method used is based on an exploratory statistical factorial analysis. It is concluded that the factors which a higher influence in the onset of stress are organizational, environmental (physical/individual), inherent to the position, extra organizational and individual. Although divergent among drivers, minibus drivers are the workers who suffer the most from stress.
The efficacy of long‐term maintenance therapy with a levonorgestrel‐releasing intrauterine system for prevention of ovarian endometrioma recurrence
Authors: Kim Mi‐La , Cho Yeon Jean , Kim Mi Kyoung , Jung Yong Wook , Yun Bo Seong , Seong Seok Ju
Published: June 2016

Objective

To evaluate the cumulative recurrence rates of ovarian endometrioma among patients using a levonorgestrel‐releasing intrauterine system (LNG‐IUS) after conservative laparoscopic surgery.

Methods

A retrospective review was conducted of premenopausal women who underwent conservative laparoscopic surgery for ovarian endometrioma and subsequent treatment with LNG‐IUS at two gynecologic surgery centers in South Korea between January 1, 2007, and September 30, 2014. Eligible patients had no residual ovarian lesions before LNG‐IUS insertion, underwent insertion within 12 months of primary surgery, and were followed up for at least 6 months afterwards. Recurrence was defined as a cystic mass (≥ 2 cm in diameter) detected by transvaginal ultrasonography.

Results

Overall, 61 patients were included. The mean duration of follow‐up was 42.9 ± 22.0 months (range 8–98). Recurrence of ovarian endometrioma was detected among 7 (11%) of the patients. On Kaplan–Meier analysis, the cumulative recurrence rates were 4.0%, 6.3%, and 25.5% at 24, 36, and 60 months after surgery, respectively. In multivariate analysis, nulliparity at surgery was the only risk factor for recurrence (hazard ratio 5.892, 95% confidence interval 1.139–30.484; P = 0.034).

Conclusion

Long‐term maintenance therapy with LNG‐IUS after conservative surgery might be a treatment option to consider to prevent ovarian endometrioma recurrence among premenopausal women.
Association of HIV and highly active antiretroviral therapy with clinical and biochemical indices among women with pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Maharaj Niren R. , Moodley Jagidesa , Chuturgoon Anil
Published: June 2016

Objective

To determine whether clinical and biochemical features associated with pre‐eclampsia are significantly altered among women with HIV infection taking highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).

Methods

A prospective observational cohort study was conducted between July 2013 and September 2014 at Prince Mshiyeni Memorial Hospital, Durban, South Africa. Women with and without pre‐eclampsia and HIV infection were enrolled at booking and followed up until delivery. Specific demographic data, clinical features, laboratory indices, and complications were analyzed.

Results

Of 193 participants, 98 had pre‐eclampsia (45 [45.9%] with HIV infection). There were no significant differences in clinical features and laboratory indices among the study groups except for γ‐glutamyl transferase levels, which were significantly higher among women with pre‐eclampsia and HIV infection (26.9 ± 40.9 U/L) than among those with pre‐eclampsia but no HIV infection (17.1 ± 14.0 U/L; P = 0.001). Perinatal and maternal complications were similar, and there were no maternal deaths.

Conclusion

Clinical features, laboratory indices, and complications among women with pre‐eclampsia and HIV infection taking HAART were similar to those among women with pre‐eclampsia without HIV infection. Current guidelines remain appropriate; however, frequent hepatic function tests should be conducted.
The role of cultural communication norms in social exclusion effects
Authors: Lee Jaehoon , Shrum L.J. , Yi Youjae
Published: June 2016

Previous research suggests that when social exclusion is communicated in an explicit manner, consumers express preferences for helping, whereas when it is communicated in an implicit manner, they express preferences for conspicuous consumption. However, this may not always hold true. In the present research, we put forward a theoretical framework explaining that exclusion effects depend on the extent to which exclusion is communicated in a culturally normative or counter‐normative manner, rather than whether it is communicated in an explicit or implicit manner. We show that exclusion communicated in a cultural norm‐congruent manner produces preferences for helping, whereas exclusion communicated in a cultural norm‐incongruent manner produces preferences for conspicuous consumption. We further show that the differential needs—self‐esteem and power threatened by normative and counter‐normative exclusion explain these distinct preferences.
Bidirectional ventricular tachycardia in cardiac sarcoidosis
Authors: Benjamin Mina M. , Hayes Kevin , Field Michael E. , Scheinman Melvin M. , Hoffmayer Kurt S.
Published: June 2016

A 73‐year‐old man with history of pulmonary sarcoidosis was found to have runs of non‐sustained bidirectional ventricular tachycardia (BVT) with two different QRS morphologies on a Holter monitor. Cardiac magnetic resonance delayed gadolinium imaging revealed a region of patchy mid‐myocardial enhancement within the left ventricular basal inferolateral myocardium. An 18‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET) showed increased uptake in the same area, consistent with active sarcoid, with no septal involvement. Follow‐up FDG‐PET one year later showed disease progression with new septal involvement. Cardiac sarcoidosis, characterized by myocardial inflammation and interstitial fibrosis that can lead to conduction system disturbance and macro re‐entrant arrhythmias, should be considered in differential diagnosis of BVT. BVT may indicate septal involvement with sarcoidosis before the lesions are large enough to be detected radiologically.
Reports of the Late John Smeaton
Authors: Smeaton John
Published: June 2016

Celebrated for his construction of the Eddystone Lighthouse near Plymouth, John Smeaton (1724–92) established himself as Britain's foremost civil engineer in the eighteenth century. A founder member of the Society of Civil Engineers, he was instrumental in promoting the growth of the profession. After his death his papers were acquired by the president of the Royal Society, Sir Joseph Banks, Smeaton's friend and patron. Using these materials, a special committee decided to publish 'every paper of any consequence' written by Smeaton, as a 'fund of practical instruction' for current and future engineers. These were published in four illustrated volumes between 1812 and 1814. Volume 1 contains correspondence with and reports for clients regarding waterworks, canals, bridges, lighthouses and other engineering works, including harbour improvements at Christchurch, Bristol and Whitby. It also contains descriptions of some of Smeaton's inventions, such as an improved fire engine.
Reports of the Late John Smeaton
Authors: Smeaton John
Published: June 2016

Celebrated for his construction of the Eddystone Lighthouse near Plymouth, John Smeaton (1724–92) established himself as Britain's foremost civil engineer in the eighteenth century. A founder member of the Society of Civil Engineers, he was instrumental in promoting the growth of the profession. After his death his papers were acquired by the president of the Royal Society, Sir Joseph Banks, Smeaton's friend and patron. Using these materials, a special committee decided to publish 'every paper of any consequence' written by Smeaton, as a 'fund of practical instruction' for current and future engineers. These were published in four illustrated volumes between 1812 and 1814. Volume 2 contains Smeaton's reports on engineering works for bridges, including a proposal for the widening and improvement of London Bridge, as well as many plans for the creation or improvement of canals, mills and waterwheels.
Reports of the Late John Smeaton
Authors: Smeaton John
Published: June 2016

Celebrated for his construction of the Eddystone Lighthouse near Plymouth, John Smeaton (1724–92) established himself as Britain's foremost civil engineer in the eighteenth century. A founder member of the Society of Civil Engineers, he was instrumental in promoting the growth of the profession. The Royal Society awarded him its Copley medal for research into wind and water power in 1759. After his death his papers were acquired by the president of the Royal Society, Sir Joseph Banks, Smeaton's friend and patron. Using these materials, a special committee decided to publish 'every paper of any consequence' written by Smeaton, as a 'fund of practical instruction' for current and future engineers. These were published in four illustrated volumes between 1812 and 1814. Published in 1814 using the original engraved plates, Volume 4 contains the papers that Smeaton published in the Royal Society's Philosophical Transactions, as well as related correspondence.
The Evolution of the Parsons Steam Turbine
Authors: Richardson Alexander
Published: June 2016

Responsible for the generation of most of the world's electricity, and with applications to sea and land transport, the steam turbine may be regarded as a pivotal invention in the creation of a technologically advanced modern society. Charles Parsons (1854–1931) built the first practical steam turbine in 1884, and he remained at the forefront of its development for nearly fifty years, as he saw his invention become first the prime means by which thermal energy could be turned into electricity, and then the power behind pioneering cruise liners and warships. Alexander Richardson (1864–1928), an engineer and politician, had access to the inventor's papers when writing this account of the turbine's history. Published in 1911, and featuring more than 170 illustrative plates, it provides a valuable insight into the development of a technology that revolutionised power generation, marine transport and naval warfare.
Minéralogie des volcans
Authors: Faujas de Saint-Fond B.
Published: June 2016

Abandoning a promising career in the law, Barthélemy Faujas de Saint-Fond (1741–1819) enjoyed the encouragement of the eminent scientist Buffon in pursuing his love of natural history. His keen interest in rocks, minerals and fossils led to a number of important discoveries, among which was confirmation that basalt was a volcanic product. Appointed assistant naturalist at the natural history museum in Paris, he became a professor of geology in 1793, occupying this position until his death. This 1784 work begins with concise accounts of numerous varieties of basalt, describing the key features of each, before moving on to discuss several other volcanic products, including breccia and pozzolana. Of related interest, two other works by Faujas, Essai de géologie (1803–9) and the revised English edition of A Journey through England and Scotland to the Hebrides in 1784 (1907), are also reissued in the Cambridge Library Collection.
An Historical and Descriptive Account of the Steam Engine
Authors: Partington Charles Frederick
Published: June 2016

Though much about his life is uncertain, Charles Frederick Partington is known to have lectured at the London Institution between 1823 and 1830 on a variety of technical topics, and he delivered some of the first lectures specifically designed for young people. He had a particular interest in the steam engine, and this book, reissued here in the first edition of 1822, was one of the earliest overviews of its history and development. A third edition appeared in 1826. Noting the excessive frequency with which 'the faults of any new invention are unjustly magnified, while its real advantages are seldom duly appreciated', the author is keen to act as evangelist. Detailed and illustrated descriptions of various early engines are included, comparing their characteristics and advantages. Also of note are Partington's descriptions of early attempts to mitigate the 'smoke and noxious effluvia which proceed from their capacious vomitories'.
An English–Cornish Dictionary
Authors: Jago Frederick W. P.
Published: June 2016

Cornish had all but died out as a spoken language by the middle of the eighteenth century. However, it experienced a slight resurgence in the nineteenth century, spurred by increased scholarly interest. Published in 1887, this dictionary played a role in preserving Cornwall's linguistic heritage. Compiled by Frederick W. P. Jago (1817–92) and intended as a supplement to existing Cornish word lists and glossaries, it was the first resource to provide Cornish translations for English words and phrases. Jago attempts to provide literary citations for the entries wherever possible, but does not manage to do this throughout, observing that 'life is short, art is long'. Appendices include literal translations of biblical texts such as Genesis and the Ten Commandments. Also by Jago, The Ancient Language, and the Dialect of Cornwall, with an Enlarged Glossary of Cornish Provincial Words (1882) is also reissued in the Cambridge Library Collection.
The Ancient Language, and the Dialect of Cornwall, with an Enlarged Glossary of Cornish Provincial Words
Authors: Jago Frederick W. P.
Published: June 2016

The Cornish dialect stemmed from the influence of English on the declining Cornish language, and contained words from both languages. This glossary was published in 1882 by Frederick W. P. Jago (1817–92) in an effort to describe and preserve the dialect as it too declined. Containing around 3,700 dialect words from both Cornish and English, and annotated with examples, etymological information and literary citations, the work is an invaluable record of a disappearing dialect and way of life. The word list is supplemented by a history of Cornish and the Cornish dialect, showing similarities with the vocabulary of Chaucer, as well as with Welsh and Greek. Also included is an appendix with information about Dolly Pentreath, the last native speaker of Cornish, and a list of writers who had worked on the Cornish language and dialect. Jago's English-Cornish Dictionary (1887) is also reissued in this series.
The Missing American Jury
Authors: Thomas Suja A.
Published: June 2016

Criminal, civil, and grand juries have disappeared from the American legal system. Over time, despite their significant presence in the Constitution, juries have been robbed of their power by the federal government and the states. For example, leveraging harsher criminal penalties, executive officials have forced criminal defendants into plea bargains, eliminating juries. Capping money awards, legislatures have stripped juries of their power to fix damages. Ordering summary judgment, judges dispose of civil cases without sending them to a jury. This is not what the founders intended. Examining the Constitution's text and historical sources, the book explores how the jury's authority has been taken and how it can be restored to its rightful, co-equal position as a 'branch' of government. Discussing the value of juries beyond the Constitution's requirements, the book also discusses the significance of juries world-wide and argues jury decision-making should be preferred over determinations by other governmental bodies.
Economics of Construction in Relation to Framed Structures
Authors: Bow Robert H.
Published: June 2016

From the 1850s onwards, the civil engineer Robert Henry Bow (1827–1909) became known for his expertise in structural analysis, publishing on the design of bridge and roof trusses, and working with the prolific railway engineer Sir Thomas Bouch (of later Tay Bridge infamy). In the first part of this 1873 publication, Bow describes 337 different truss structures, grouping them into four classes according to their structural characteristics: statically determinate, kinematically determinate, indeterminate, and other. In the second part, he describes a method for graphically analysing truss structures, based on the work of Thomas Maxwell and others, and applies this method to the structures listed in the first part. Perhaps of most interest to the working engineer are the explanations as to which structures are most efficient given typical material constraints, such as girders of uniform cross-section. The work remained a useful resource for practising engineers well into the twentieth century.
The Mechanical Principles of Engineering and Architecture
Authors: Moseley Henry
Published: June 2016

Seventh wrangler in the Cambridge mathematical tripos in 1826, Henry Moseley (1801–72) was adept at applying mathematical analysis to a wide variety of problems. Appointed professor of natural and experimental philosophy and astronomy at London's newly established King's College in 1831, he was instrumental in creating the institution's department of engineering and applied science. This 1843 textbook is based on the lectures in statics, dynamics and structures that he gave to students of engineering and architecture. Moseley draws on the latest continental work in mechanics, and the treatment of problems is mathematically sophisticated. Starting with basic statics and dynamics, Moseley covers topics of interest to both civil and military engineers, with sections on the theory of machines and on the stability of walls, arches and other structures. Notably, the American edition of this work was adopted as a textbook by the United States Military Academy at West Point.
History of the Greek Revolution
Authors: Finlay George
Published: June 2016

Inspired by philhellenism as a law student, George Finlay (1799–1875) took part in the Greek war of independence alongside Lord Byron. While later researching the history and archaeology of the country, Finlay also sought improvements to the administration and economic development of the independent Greek state. Published in 1861, this two-volume account of the Greek revolution, including its military conflicts and political consequences, traces events up to the creation of a constitutional monarchy. Volume 1 gives a detailed overview of the economic and social world of Greece under Ottoman rule; Finlay describes the various ethnic and social groups of Greece and its neighbours, and the structure of the Ottoman administration. Starting with the earliest Greek uprisings, he takes the history up to the end of 1822. Finlay's seven-volume History of Greece (1877) is also reissued in this series.
History of the Greek Revolution
Authors: Finlay George
Published: June 2016

Inspired by philhellenism as a law student, George Finlay (1799–1875) took part in the Greek war of independence alongside Lord Byron. While later researching the history and archaeology of the country, Finlay also sought improvements to the administration and economic development of the independent Greek state. Published in 1861, this two-volume account of the Greek revolution, including its military conflicts and political consequences, traces events up to the creation of a constitutional monarchy. Volume 2 covers the civil wars among the Greeks and the first independent government of Ioannis Kapodistrias. Finlay's narrative includes Kapodistrias's assassination and the international recognition of Greek independence with the creation of the Greek monarchy. He describes the conflicts that arose from autocratic centralised rule, and the unrest in 1843 that led to limits on royal power in a formal constitution. Finlay's seven-volume History of Greece (1877) is also reissued in this series.
Narrative of the Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains, in the Year 1842, and to Oregon and North California, in the Years 1843–44
Authors: Fremont John Charles
Published: June 2016

Published together in 1846 for a British readership, these reports of two westward expeditions shed light on the challenges of exploration in nineteenth-century North America. Led by the army officer and future presidential candidate John Charles Frémont (1813–90), who became known as 'the Pathfinder', the first expedition ranged west of the Missouri River, while the second pushed beyond the Rocky Mountains, north to Fort Vancouver and then south into Mexican-held California. Frémont's detailed accounts are accessible to the non-specialist: this edition omits 'only the portions which are altogether astronomical, scientific, and philosophical, and, therefore, not adapted for general utility'. When originally published separately in 1843 and 1845, the narratives enthused a great many Americans, encouraging them to migrate west by providing stirring inspiration, valuable maps and practical information. Frémont's words and deeds remain of interest in the debate surrounding the 'manifest destiny' of the United States.
A Catalogue of the Bradshaw Collection of Irish Books in the University Library Cambridge
Authors: Sayle Charles
Published: June 2016

University Librarian at Cambridge from 1867 until his death, Henry Bradshaw (1831–86) had inherited from his banker father an important library of Irish printed books and pamphlets assembled in the early nineteenth century. Having added to it, Bradshaw generously presented the collection to the University Library in 1870, and it has been expanding ever since. Published in 1916, this three-volume catalogue was compiled by the bibliographer Charles Edward Sayle (1864–1924). The works listed here, numbering more than 8,000 items and dating from the early seventeenth century through to the late nineteenth century, represent a valuable resource for students of Irish history and printing. Sayle's catalogue reveals the breadth and richness of the collection at the time of publication. Volume 2 lists works printed in Dublin without a printer's name between 1652 and 1883; works printed in Irish provincial towns; those by Irish authors; and those relating to Ireland.
A Catalogue of the Bradshaw Collection of Irish Books in the University Library Cambridge
Authors: Sayle Charles
Published: June 2016

University Librarian at Cambridge from 1867 until his death, Henry Bradshaw (1831–86) had inherited from his banker father an important library of Irish printed books and pamphlets assembled in the early nineteenth century. Having added to it, Bradshaw generously presented the collection to the University Library in 1870, and it has been expanding ever since. Published in 1916, this three-volume catalogue was compiled by the bibliographer Charles Edward Sayle (1864–1924). The works listed here, numbering more than 8,000 items and dating from the early seventeenth century through to the late nineteenth century, represent a valuable resource for students of Irish history and printing. Sayle's catalogue reveals the breadth and richness of the collection at the time of publication. Volume 3 contains the index to the catalogue as a whole.
A Compendium of the Comparative Grammar of the Indo-European, Sanskrit, Greek and Latin Languages
Authors: Schleicher August
Published: June 2016

August Schleicher (1821–68) is often credited with being the first scholar to apply a 'family tree' model to language groups. He had published extensively on individual European languages before his groundbreaking comparative Indo-European Compendium (also reissued in this series) appeared in German in 1861–2. The book was derived from his lectures, and was intended to save his students note-taking and copying from the blackboard. Each section begins with his reconstruction of a Proto-Indo-European phonological or morphological feature, and then shows how this is reflected in a range of daughter languages. This abridged English translation, based on the German third edition, appeared in 1874–7. Produced for students of Greek and Latin philology, it focuses on the phonology and morphology of 'the original Indo-European language', Sanskrit, Greek and Latin, omitting Schleicher's extensive discussion of other languages and the comparative paradigms provided in the German edition. Volume 1 covers phonology.
A Compendium of the Comparative Grammar of the Indo-European, Sanskrit, Greek and Latin Languages
Authors: Schleicher August
Published: June 2016

August Schleicher (1821–68) is often credited with being the first scholar to apply a 'family tree' model to language groups. He had published extensively on individual European languages before his groundbreaking comparative Indo-European Compendium (also reissued in this series) appeared in German in 1861–2. The book was derived from his lectures, and was intended to save his students note-taking and copying from the blackboard. Each section begins with his reconstruction of a Proto-Indo-European phonological or morphological feature, and then shows how this is reflected in a range of daughter languages. This abridged English translation, based on the German third edition, appeared in 1874–7. Produced for students of Greek and Latin philology, it focuses on the phonology and morphology of 'the original Indo-European language', Sanskrit, Greek and Latin, omitting Schleicher's extensive discussion of other languages and the comparative paradigms provided in the German edition. Volume 2 covers morphology.
Experiments and Observations Concerning Agriculture and the Weather
Authors: Marshall William
Published: June 2016

William Marshall (1745–1818), from farming stock, became a farmer and then estate manager and land agent after several years conducting business in the West Indies. This 1779 book (one of his earliest) describes his observations and experiments on his farm in Surrey (which he later had to give up because of his partner's bankruptcy). A description of the size, soil type and aspect of his various fields is followed by a summary of the experiments he carried out - mostly simple ones, such as comparing results if seeded fields were rolled or not. Diary records over two years for each crop are given, with areas sown, soil conditions and weather data. A chapter is devoted to weather prognostications, and another to day-to-day farm management and accounts. Marshall hoped that the systematic reporting of his findings would be of use to others, and the work provides interesting insights into the beginnings of scientifically based agriculture.