bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New Biological Activities of Casimiroa edulis Leaf Extract and Isolated Compounds
Authors: Awaad Amani S. , Al‐Jaber Nabilah A. , Soliman Gamal A. , Al‐Outhman Mounerah R. , Zain Mohamed E. , Moses John E. , El‐Meligy Reham M.
Published: December 2011

The phytochemical investigation of Casimiroa edulis Llave et Lex (Rotaceae) afforded four coumarins: umbelliferone (1), esculetin (2), imperatorin (3) and xanthotoxol (4). The identification of these compounds was achieved by using a combination of m.p., UV, EI‐mass, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Essential oil extracts were analysed by GC/MS leading to the identification of 60 components. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons accounted for the major make up of the oil. Microbiological screenings of the oil and successive plant fractions were performed, showing promising activity against a number of microorganisms with Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) comparable to the standard antibiotics such as chloramphenicol and kanamycin. The plant ethanol extract (400 mg/kg) and the isolated coumarins (60 mg/kg) showed anticoagulant activity. Analyses to determine the activity of the extracts on liver and kidney function were performed, revealing no negative or detrimental effects. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modulation of Carcinogen Metabolizing Cytochromes P450 in Rat Liver and Kidney by Cabbage and Sauerkraut Juices: Comparison with the Effects of Indole‐3‐carbinol and Phenethyl Isothiocyanate
Authors: Szaefer Hanna , Krajka‐Kuźniak Violetta , Bartoszek Agnieszka , Baer‐Dubowska Wanda
Published: December 2011

This study investigated the effect of raw cabbage and sauerkraut juices on the activity and expression of CYP1A1, 1A2, 1B1 and 2B in Wistar rat liver and kidney. The results were compared with those of two commercially available products of glucosinolates degradation: indole‐3‐carbinol (I3C) and phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC). Significant differences in the effect of the cabbage juices as well as I3C and PEITC between the liver and kidney were found. In the liver, both juices decreased the activities of enzymatic markers of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 after 10 days of the experiment, while in the kidney an enhancement of the activity of these enzymes was observed on days 4 and 10. The increased activity of these enzymes and CYP1A1/1A2 protein level in the liver was found after 30 days of treatment with sauerkraut juice. A similar effect was observed as a result of PEITC treatment. I3C increased the expression and activity of hepatic CYPs at all time points investigated. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that raw cabbage and sauerkraut juices may affect CYPs involved in the activation of carcinogens/xenobiotics and in this way exert anticarcinogenic activity. The final effects, however, depend on the time‐frame of exposure and the type of tissue. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regional comparison of West African convective characteristics: a TRMM‐based climatology
Authors: Guy Nick , Rutledge Steven A.
Published: December 2011

A 13‐year (1998–2010) climatology of mesoscale convective characteristics associated with the West African monsoon are investigated using precipitation radar and passive microwave data from the NASA Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite. Seven regions defined as continental northeast and northwest, southeast and southwest, coastal, and maritime north and south are compared to analyse zonal and meridional differences. Data are categorized according to identified African easterly wave (AEW) phase and when no wave is present. While some enhancements are observed in association with AEW regimes, regional differences were generally more apparent than wave vs. no‐wave differences. Convective intensity metrics confirm that land‐based systems exhibit stronger characteristics, such as higher storm top and maximum 30 dBZ heights and significant 85 GHz brightness temperature depressions. Continental systems also contain a lower fraction of points identified as stratiform. Results suggest that precipitation processes also varied depending upon region and AEW regime, with warm‐rain processes more apparent over the ocean and the southwest continental region and ice‐based microphysics more dominant over land, including mixed‐phase processes. AEW regimes did show variability in stratiform fraction and ice and liquid water content, suggesting modulation of mesoscale characteristics possibly through feedback with the synoptic environment. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Improving the diurnal cycle of convection in GCMs
Authors: Stratton R. A. , Stirling A. J.
Published: December 2011

The Met Office single‐column model is used to examine the development phase of the diurnal cycle of tropical convection over land by comparing against previous results from an idealized cloud‐resolving model study. Changing the deep convective parametrization over land to make the entrainment vary with the height of the lifting condensation level reduces the depth of the convection early in the day. The changes made to improve the early phase of diurnal cycle over land are tested in an atmosphere‐only version of the Met Office Hadley Centre climate model and result in an improvement in the amplitude and timing of the diurnal peak in precipitation over land. Copyright © 2011 British Crown copyright, the Met Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Development of a Surgical Capacity Index: Opportunities for Assessment and Improvement
Authors: Kwon Steve , Kingham T. Peter , Kamara Thaim B. , Sherman Lawrence , Natuzzi Eileen , Mock Charles , Kushner Adam
Published: December 2011

Background

Significant gaps exist in the provision of surgical care in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs). The purpose of this study was to develop a metric to monitor surgical capacity in LMICs.

Methods

The World Health Organization developed a survey called the Tool for Situational Analysis to Assess Emergency and Essential Surgical Care. Using this tool, we developed a surgical capacity scoring index and assessed its usefulness with data from Sierra Leone, Liberia, and the Solomon Islands.

Results

There were data from 10 hospitals in Sierra Leone, 16 hospitals in Liberia, and 9 hospitals in the Solomon Islands. The levels of surgical capacity were created using our scoring index based on a possible 100 points: level 1 for hospitals with <50 points, level 2 with 50–70 points, level 3 with 70–80 points, and level 4 with >80 points. In Sierra Leone, 44% of the hospitals had a surgical capacity rating of level 1, 50% level 2, and 10% level 3. In Liberia, 37.5% of the hospitals had a surgical capacity rating of level 1, 56.3% level 2, and only one hospital level 3. For Sierra Leone and Liberia, two factors—infrastructure and personnel—had the greatest deficits. In the Solomon Islands, 44.4% of the hospitals had their surgical capacity rated at level 1, 22.2% at level 2, 11.1% at level 3, and 22.2% at level 4.

Conclusions

Pending pilot testing for reliability and validity, it appears that a systematic hospital surgical capacity index can identify areas for improvement and provide an objective measure for monitoring changes over time.
The Life and Services of Horatio Viscount Nelson
Authors: Clarke James Stanier , McArthur John
Published: December 2011

Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson (1758–1805) is considered one of the greatest naval commanders in British history, having establishing Britain's naval dominance with victories during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. His death at the height of the Battle of Trafalgar ensured that his memory became revered. These volumes, first published in 1809 (and reissued here from the 1840 edition), contain Nelson's official biography, published with the blessing of his family. The authors Clarke and McArthur trace Nelson's life from his childhood until his dramatic death at Trafalgar, using Nelson's own reminiscences, his letters to his wife, and interviews and statements from close friends and colleagues. This biography remains a valuable source for Nelson's early career and character, and provides insights into how the cult of Nelson was created and sustained. Volume 2 covers Nelson's life between 1797 and 1803.
The Expedition of Pedro de Ursua and Lope de Aguirre in Search of El Dorado and Omagua in 1560–1
Authors: Simón Pedro
Published: December 2011

The publications of the Hakluyt Society (founded in 1846) made available edited (and sometimes translated) early accounts of exploration. The first series, which ran from 1847 to 1899, consists of 100 books containing published or previously unpublished works by authors from Christopher Columbus to Sir Francis Drake, and covering voyages to the New World, to China and Japan, to Russia and to Africa and India. This 1861 volume contains a translation, preceded by an introductory essay, of a narrative by Pedro Simón (b. 1565) describing perhaps the most notorious of the many sixteenth-century expeditions of European soldiers of fortune into the unexplored areas of South America. A band of quarrelling and murderous booty-hunters, motivated by reports of the fabulous wealth of the Inca empire and legends of the golden land of El Dorado, was led by Lope de Aguirre, whose cruelty and treachery themselves became legendary.
Fossil Plants
Authors: Seward A. C.
Published: December 2011

A. C. Seward (1863–1941) was an eminent English geologist and botanist who pioneered the study of palaeobotany. After graduating from St John's College, Cambridge, in 1886 Seward was appointed a University Lecturer in Botany in 1890. In 1898 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and was appointed Professor of Botany in 1906. These volumes, published to great acclaim between 1898 and 1919, provide a detailed discussion and study of an emerging science. In the early nineteenth century, research and critical literature concerning palaeobotany was scattered across disciplines. In these volumes Seward synthesised and revised this research and also included a substantial amount of new material. Furnished with concise descriptions of fossil plants, detailed figures and extensive bibliographies these volumes became the standard reference for palaeobotany well into the twentieth century. Volume 1, published in 1898, contains an overview of palaeobotany with systematic descriptions of fossil plants.
Retrospect of Western Travel
Authors: Martineau Harriet
Published: December 2011

Harriet Martineau (1802–1876) was a British writer and scholar who can be described as one of the first British sociologists. She was one of the first social theorists to examine all aspects of a society, including social class, religion, national character and the status of women in a society. After the death of her fiancé Martineau published articles on economics and taxation before embarking on a two year tour of the United States in 1834. She immersed herself in American society, visiting both Houses of Congress along with prisons, hospitals and literary and scientific institutions. These volumes contain a description of her travels through America. Written in the form of a travel book, Martineau's sharp powers of observation provide not only a vivid description of America but also insights into the construction of nineteenth century American society. Volume 2 contains her travels in the South of America.
Old Deccan Days
Authors: Frere Mary
Published: December 2011

First published in 1868, this volume contains a collection of twenty-four traditional stories from the southern Indian state of Maharashtra. Mary Eliza Isabella Frere (1845–1911) travelled to India in 1863 to stay with her father, Sir Bartle Frere, the Governor of Bombay. She became fascinated with Indian culture and transcribed these stories from her ayah (nanny and chaperone) Anna Liberata da Souza who had been told them by her grandmother. Expressive and detailed, these stories formed part of southern India's traditional oral culture, at risk of being lost. This volume includes an introduction by Sir Bartle Frere exploring the cultural background to the stories and a chapter by Anna Liberata da Souza describing her life and childhood. This volume was extremely popular, being reprinted in four editions by 1889 and encouraging the study of comparative mythology while revealing new information concerning Indian traditional culture.
Paul and the Language of Scripture
Authors: Stanley Christopher D.
Published: December 2011

Explicit quotations from the Jewish Scriptures play a vital role in several of the apostle Paul's letters to struggling Christian congregations. In most cases the wording of these quotations differs markedly from all known versions of the biblical text. Studies of Paul's use of scripture routinely note the problem and suggest possible solutions, but none to date has made this phenomenon the primary object of investigation. The present study aims to remedy this deficiency with a careful examination of the way Paul and other ancient authors handled the wording of their explicit quotations. In drawing general conclusions, Dr Stanley examines the broader social environment that made 'interpretive renderings' a normal and accepted part of the literary landscape of antiquity.
Introdction to Measure and Probability
Authors: Kingman J. F. C. , Taylor S. J.
Published: December 2011

The authors believe that a proper treatment of probability theory requires an adequate background in the theory of finite measures in general spaces. The first part of their book sets out this material in a form that not only provides an introduction for intending specialists in measure theory but also meets the needs of students of probability. The theory of measure and integration is presented for general spaces, with Lebesgue measure and the Lebesgue integral considered as important examples whose special properties are obtained. The introduction to functional analysis which follows covers the material (such as the various notions of convergence) which is relevant to probability theory and also the basic theory of L2-spaces, important in modern physics. The second part of the book is an account of the fundamental theoretical ideas which underlie the applications of probability in statistics and elsewhere, developed from the results obtained in the first part. A large number of examples is included; these form an essential part of the development.
Aristotelian Aporetic Ontology in Islamic and Christian Thinkers
Authors: Booth Edward
Published: December 2011

This is a ground-breaking study of the consequences of a central problem in Aristotle's Metaphysics in the interpretation given to it by Islamic and Christian Aristotelian philosophers: the relationship between individuals as individuals, and individuals as instances of a universal. Father Booth begins from an examination of the factors causing the aporia in the centre of Aristotle's ontology, going on to elaborate the way in which it occurred sometimes with confused reactions among the Greek, Syrian and Arab commentators, and to note in particular the modifications to the weighting of elements in Aristotle's ontological figures (differing in detail, but in tendency the same) when his ontology was brought into the union with Platonist and other thought conventionally known as `Neoplatonism'. The discussion culminates in two chapters on the different reconciliations of the radical Aristotelian and the Neoplatonist traditions, proposed by Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas, in which the factors in the aporia have a key importance.
Formal Semantics of Natural Language
Authors: Keenan Edward L.
Published: December 2011

A volume of studies in natural language semantics which brings together work by philosophers, logicians and linguists. The main topics treated are: quantification and reference in natural language; the relations between formal logic, programming languages and natural language; pragmatics and discourse meaning; surface syntax and logical meaning. The volume derives from a colloquium organised in 1973 by the Kings College Research Centre, Cambridge and the papers have been edited for publication by Professor Keenan. It is hoped that the collection will make available some of the best work in this fast-moving field and will stimulate further progress by juxtaposing the different approaches and interests represented here.
Poverty and Welfare in Habsburg Spain
Authors: Martz Linda
Published: December 2011

In this book Linda Martz explores the major developments in the theory and practice of poor relief in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Spain and determines how far Spanish attitudes to poverty compared with those of other countries in western Europe. This scholarly and lucid exploration of attitudes to poverty and welfare has been prepared with the interests of non-Hispanists also borne in mind and all quotations are in English. It provides an original contribution to the socio-economic history of western Europe.
First Steps in Modal Logic
Authors: Popkorn Sally
Published: December 2011

This is a first course in propositional modal logic, suitable for mathematicians, computer scientists and philosophers. Emphasis is placed on semantic aspects, in the form of labelled transition structures, rather than on proof theory. The book covers all the basic material - propositional languages, semantics and correspondence results, proof systems and completeness results - as well as some topics not usually covered in a modal logic course. It is written from a mathematical standpoint. To help the reader, the material is covered in short chapters, each concentrating on one topic. These are arranged into five parts, each with a common theme. An important feature of the book is the many exercises and an extensive set of solutions is provided.
Farthest North
Authors: Nansen Fridtjof
Published: December 2011

Originally published in 1897, this two-volume work chronicles the polar expedition of Norwegian scientist Fridtjof Nansen (1861–1930), who came closer than any previous explorer to the North Pole. Beginning on board his boat, the Fram, which was deliberately driven into pack-ice off Siberia in order to drift north, Nansen and his companions later resorted to sleds and kayaks. Running to over six hundred pages, Volume 1 includes descriptions of the expedition's preparation and equipment, the farewell to Norway and voyage through the Kara Sea, ending with the party's second autumn on the ice. The Fram served as an oceanographic-meteorological-biological laboratory during its time in the Arctic and Nansen eventually published six volumes of scientific observations. He later became Norwegian delegate to the League of Nations, directing humanitarian projects, and is famous for receiving the Nobel Peace Prize in 1922 as well as for his polar achievements.
Histories of Heinrich Schütz
Authors: Varwig Bettina
Published: December 2011

Bettina Varwig places the music of the celebrated Dresden composer Heinrich Schütz in a richly detailed tapestry of cultural, political, religious and intellectual contexts. Four key events in Schütz's career - the 1617 Reformation centenary, the performance of his Dafne in 1627, the 1636 funeral composition Musikalische Exequien and the publication of his motet collection Geistliche Chormusik (1648) - are used to explore his music's resonances with broader historical themes, including the effects of the Thirty Years' War, contemporary meanings of classical mythology, Lutheran attitudes to death and the afterlife as well as shifting conceptions of time and history in light of early modern scientific advances. These original seventeenth-century circumstances are treated in counterpoint with Schütz's fascinating later reinvention in nineteenth- and twentieth-century German musical culture, providing a new kind of musicological writing that interweaves layers of historical inquiry from the seventeenth century to the present day.
The Congo and the Founding of its Free State
Authors: Stanley Henry Morton
Published: December 2011

Sir Henry Morton Stanley (1841–1904) was a journalist and explorer renowned for his adventures in Africa. After emigrating to America in 1859, Stanley worked as a journalist for the New York Herald. In 1869 he was instructed to undertake an expedition to find the missionary David Livingstone, and the success of this mission brought him public recognition and financial success. These volumes, first published in 1885, provide an account of Stanley's exploration of the Congo river in the service of Leopold II of Belgium between 1879 and 1884. Deriving from Stanley's personal journal, the books describe the difficulties he faced as he founded permanent trading stations, and his negotiations with indigenous leaders, together with his plans for the commercial exploitation of Africa. Stanley's controversial methods to achieve this aim, which led to his modern reputation as a racist and imperialist, are also revealed. Volume 1 covers 1879–83.
The Congo and the Founding of its Free State
Authors: Stanley Henry Morton
Published: December 2011

Sir Henry Morton Stanley (1841–1904) was a journalist and explorer renowned for his adventures in Africa. After emigrating to America in 1859, Stanley worked as a journalist for the New York Herald. In 1869 he was instructed to undertake an expedition to find the missionary David Livingstone, and the success of this mission brought him public recognition and financial success. These volumes, first published in 1885, provide an account of Stanley's exploration of the Congo river in the service of Leopold II of Belgium between 1879 and 1884. Deriving from Stanley's journal, the books describe the difficulties he faced as he founded permanent trading stations, and his negotiations with indigenous leaders, together with his plans for the commercial exploitation of Africa. Stanley's controversial methods to achieve this aim, which led to his modern reputation as a racist and imperialist, are also revealed. Volume 2 covers 1883–4.
The City of the Saints, and across the Rocky Mountains to California
Authors: Burton Richard Francis
Published: December 2011

The British explorer Sir Richard F. Burton (1821–90) was a colourful and often controversial character. A talented linguist and keen ethnologist, he first gained celebrity for his adventurous 1853 trip to Mecca, conducted under the disguise of a pilgrim. He remains famous for his translation (with the British orientalist Forster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot) of The Kama Sutra (1883), a daring enterprise in the context of the Victorian society. First published in 1861, this book is an account of Burton's 1860 trip to Salt Lake City. It offers a geographical and ethnological study of Utah that focuses on the Mormon church. In the course of his research, Burton was able to meet the Mormon prophet Brigham Young, leader of the Latter-Day Saints and founder of Salt Lake City. Burton describes various Mormon customs, showing particular interest in polygamy, which he treats with critical distance and his characteristic sense of humour.
Civilized America
Authors: Grattan Thomas Colley
Published: December 2011

Published in 1859, Thomas Colley Grattan's work illustrates antebellum America through anecdote and reflection. Dublin-born Grattan (1791/2–1864) became a journalist and novelist after abandoning a potential military career in favour of settled life in France. In Paris Grattan contributed to literary magazines and became acquainted with various writers, including Washington Irving, to whom he dedicated his celebrated Highways and Byways (1823). After living in the Netherlands and Belgium, Grattan was made - with the support of King Leopold - British Consul in Boston, where he began these two volumes. Determined to tell 'the truth of the New World' so that Europe may understand it, Grattan asks serious questions about American life. Volume 1 describes his first impressions of America, life in New England, and issues ranging from political parties to domestic servants. Anyone interested in nineteenth-century America will find this work relevant and fascinating.
The Life and Letters of Lewis Carroll (Rev. C. L. Dodgson)
Authors: Collingwood Stuart Dodgson
Published: December 2011

Published in 1898, just months after the death of Charles Dodgson (1832–98), the Oxford don better known by his pseudonym of Lewis Carroll, this biography investigates the imaginative genius of the writer, mathematician and photographer. Carroll's nephew, Stuart Dodgson Collingwood, had access to his subject's private papers and thirteen volumes of his private diary. He draws upon these materials in this memoir of the man who revolutionised writing for children, presenting a detailed account of Carroll's family origins, his eccentricities, artistic life, unorthodox friendships and his special skills in word-play and fantasy. Illustrated with photographs of Carroll himself and the key people and places in his life, the book, dedicated to 'all who love his writings', was the only complete biography for over thirty years. The first edition sold out within a week, a testament to Carroll's significance in the world of late-Victorian literature and culture.
Lord Byron's Correspondence
Authors: Byron George Gordon
Published: December 2011

A leading figure in Romanticism and a political campaigner committed to social reform, Lord Byron (1788–1824) is regarded as one of the greatest of British poets. First published in 1922, this two-volume work is a compilation of letters Byron wrote between 1808 and 1824 to some of his close friends, including Lady Melbourne, John Cam Hobhouse, a fellow-student at Cambridge, and Percy Bysshe Shelley. The introduction and biographical notes by the publisher John Murray IV (1851–1928), grandson of Byron's own publisher John Murray II, supplement the letters and restore their narrative thread. Volume 2 features the letters Byron wrote from 1816 until his death. It focuses on Byron's exile in Italy and his involvement in the Greek independence movement. Three appendices provide additional perspectives, and include letters from Anne Isabella Milbanke (to whom Byron was briefly married), and his rejected lover Lady Caroline Lamb.
Recollections of the Last Days of Shelley and Byron
Authors: Trelawny Edward John
Published: December 2011

The biographer and novelist E. J. Trelawny (1792–1881) published Recollections in 1858. It is a memoir of the time Trelawny spent in the Mediterranean with the Romantic poets Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792–1822) and Lord Byron (1788–1824) from 1822 until the early deaths of both poets. Trelawny's vivid and personal account quickly became popular, comfortably out-selling other biographies, and was republished in 1878 under the title Records of Shelley, Byron and the Author. The work, based on Trelawny's notes and correspondence, describes their expatriate lifestyle in Italy, Shelley's sudden tragic death at sea, Byron's support for the Greek War of Independence, and his death. It is an indispensable source about the final months of Shelley and Byron's intense and unconventional lives, providing eye-witness details and intimate knowledge of two of England's greatest Romantic poets.
Hume
Authors: Huxley Thomas Henry
Published: December 2011

What is philosophy about? According to the author of this work (published in the first series of 'English Men of Letters' in 1879) it is fundamentally the answer to the question: 'What can I know?' T. H. Huxley (1825–95), the distinguished English scientist and disciple of Darwin, succeeds in giving a clear and succinct account of the way in which Scottish philosopher David Hume (1711–56) answered this question. The book is divided into two parts: in the first, Huxley provides the reader with a sketch of Hume's life, but the main emphasis of the book is in Part 2, where by expounding Hume's views on the object of philosophy, consciousness, theology, language and free will, Huxley guides the reader towards an understanding of how Hume's philosophical principles can be regarded as a search for the ultimate element out of which all valid knowledge may be shown to emerge.
Writing the Colonial Adventure
Authors: Dixon Robert
Published: December 2011

This book is an exploration of popular late nineteenth-century texts that show Australia - along with Africa, India and the Pacific Islands - to be a preferred site of imperial adventure. Focusing on the period from the advent of the new imperialism in the 1870s to the outbreak of World War I, Robert Dixon looks at a selection of British and Australian writers. Their books, he argues, offer insights into the construction of empire, masculinity, race, and Australian nationhood and identity. Writing the Colonial Adventure shows that the genre of adventure/romance was highly popular throughout this period. The book examines the variety of themes within their narrative form that captured many aspects of imperial ideology. In considering the broader ramifications of these works, Professor Dixon develops an original approach to popular fiction, both for its own sake and as a mode of cultural history.
Histoire de la Révolution Française
Authors: Blanc Louis
Published: December 2011

Louis Blanc (1811–82) was a French historian and politician whose writings had a considerable influence on the development of French socialism. In his famous Organisation du travail (1839) he called for social reform by action of the State, an unusual position at the time. As a member of the provisional government established after the 1848 Revolution, he campaigned for workers' rights, advocating the creation of cooperative workshops. His twelve-volume Histoire de la Révolution Française (1847–62), most of which he wrote while in exile in England, combines years of thorough research with Blanc's characteristic socialist and republican enthusiasm. Volume 3, first published in 1864, focuses on the immediate aftermath of the abolition of feudalism by the National Constituent Assembly. It describes the Women's March on Versailles, which took place in October 1789, and the subsequent forced relocation of Louis XVI to the Tuileries Palace in Paris.
Histoire de la Révolution Française
Authors: Blanc Louis
Published: December 2011

Louis Blanc (1811–82) was a French historian and politician whose writings had a considerable influence on the development of French socialism. In his famous Organisation du travail (1839) he called for social reform by action of the State, an unusual position at the time. As a member of the provisional government established after the 1848 Revolution, he campaigned for workers' rights, advocating the creation of cooperative workshops. His twelve-volume Histoire de la Révolution Française (1847–62), most of which he wrote while in exile in England, combines years of thorough research with Blanc's characteristic socialist and republican enthusiasm. Volume 5, first published in 1864, offers an overview of the French political scene in 1790–1. It describes the creation of political clubs, such as the Jacobin Club, which later became famous for implementing the 'Reign of Terror'. It also covers Louis XVI's flight and his arrest in Varennes.
Equilibrium gas–liquid–solid contact angle from density-functional theory
Authors: Pereira Antonio , Kalliadasis Serafim
Published: December 2011

We investigate the equilibrium of a fluid in contact with a solid boundary through a density-functional theory. Depending on the conditions, the fluid can be in one phase, gas or liquid, or two phases, while the wall induces an external field acting on the fluid particles. We first examine the case of a liquid film in contact with the wall. We construct bifurcation diagrams for the film thickness as a function of the chemical potential. At a specific value of the chemical potential, two equally stable films, a thin one and a thick one, can coexist. As saturation is approached, the thickness of the thick film tends to infinity. This allows the construction of a liquid–gas interface that forms a well-defined contact angle with the wall.
JUCYS–MURPHY ELEMENTS AND CENTRES OF CELLULAR ALGEBRAS
Authors: LI YANBO
Published: December 2011

Let R be an integral domain and A a cellular algebra over R with a cellular basis {CλS,T∣λ∈Λ and S,T∈M(λ)}. Suppose that A is equipped with a family of Jucys–Murphy elements which satisfy the separation condition in the sense of Mathas [‘Seminormal forms and Gram determinants for cellular algebras’, J. reine angew. Math.619 (2008), 141–173, with an appendix by M. Soriano]. Let K be the field of fractions of R and AK=A⨂ RK. We give a necessary and sufficient condition under which the centre of AK consists of the symmetric polynomials in Jucys–Murphy elements. We also give an application of our result to Ariki–Koike algebras.
High-performance inulin and oligofructose prebiotics increase the intestinal absorption of iron in rats with iron deficiency anaemia during the growth phase
Authors: Freitas Karine de Cássia , Amancio Olga Maria Silvério , de Morais Mauro Batista
Published: December 2011

Considering the high frequency of anaemia due to Fe deficiency, it is important to evaluate the effects of prebiotics on the absorption of Fe. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of high-performance (HP) inulin, oligofructose and synergy1 during recovery from anaemia in rats through the intestinal absorption of Fe, food intake, body growth, caecal pH and weight of the intestine. Wistar rats (n 47) were fed with rations of AIN93-G with no Fe to induce Fe deficiency anaemia. At 36 d of life, anaemic rats were divided into four groups: (1) the HP inulin group; (2) the synergy1 group; and (3) the oligofructose group, all with 100 g of the respective prebiotic per kg of ration; and (4) a control group, in which the prebiotic was replaced by maize starch. Then, 25 mg of elemental Fe/kg of ration was added to all rations to allow recovery from anaemia. The final values of Hb in the HP inulin, synergy1, oligofructose and control groups were, respectively: 98 (94–99); 83 (81–92); 100 (90–114); 77 (72–81) g/l, with a statistically significant difference (P ≤ 0·001) between the oligofructose and control groups and the HP inulin and control groups. The four groups had an increase in weight and body length and had similar consumption of rations. The intestinal weight and caecal pH were significantly different between the groups that consumed prebiotics and the control group. HP inulin and oligofructose increased the intestinal absorption of Fe in rats.
α-Linolenic acid, linoleic acid and heart failure in women
Authors: Levitan Emily B. , Wolk Alicja , Håkansson Niclas , Mittleman Murray A.
Published: December 2011

α-Linolenic acid (18 : 3n-3) intake and linoleic acid (18 : 2n-6) intake have been associated with lower rates of CHD, though results have not been consistent. The relationship of these fatty acids with incident heart failure (HF) is not well established. We examined the hypothesis that women with higher intakes of 18 : 3n-3 and 18 : 2n-6 would have lower rates of HF hospitalisation and mortality. We measured 18 : 3n-3 and 18 : 2n-6 intake in 36 234 Swedish Mammography Cohort participants aged 48–83 years using FFQ and followed participants through Swedish inpatient and cause-of-death registers from 1 January 1998 until 31 December 2006. Cox models were used to calculate incidence rate ratios (RR) and 95 % CI. Because of multicollinearity, 18 : 3n-3 and 18 : 2n-6 were examined separately. Over 9 years, 596 women were hospitalised and fifty-five died due to HF. In models accounting for age and other covariates, the RR for HF comparing the top quintile of 18 : 3n-3 (median 1·50 g/d) with the bottom quintile (median 0·88 g/d) was 0·91 (95 % CI 0·71, 1·17, Ptrend = 0·41). The RR comparing the top quintile of 18 : 2n-6 (median 7·8 g/d) with the bottom quintile (median 4·6 g/d) was 1·14 (95 % CI 0·88, 1·46, Ptrend = 0·36). We did not find evidence for the interaction of 18 : 3n-3 and 18 : 2n-6 with each other or with long-chain n-3 fatty acids. In conclusion, these data do not support our hypothesis that 18 : 3n-3 and 18 : 2n-6 are associated with HF. However, these results may not be generalisable to populations with higher intakes of 18 : 3n-3.
The role of embolisation in ENT: an update
Authors: Risley J , Mann K , Jones N S
Published: December 2011

Objective:

To provide an update on the ever-increasing role that embolisation plays in the practice of otolaryngology.

Method:

A literature search was performed during November 2008. The Medline, Embase, PubMed and Cochrane databases were searched. This resulted in 285 papers relevant for review.

Conclusion:

The role of embolisation has expanded greatly to include the management of refractory epistaxis, pre-operative preparation of vascular tumours, vascular injuries and as an adjunct in skull base surgery.
Excesses of Responsibility: The Limits of Law and the Possibilities of Politics
Authors: Ainley Kirsten
Published: December 2011

Since 1945 responsibility for atrocity has been individualized, and international tribunals and courts have been given effective jurisdiction over it. This article argues that the move to individual responsibility leaves significant ‘excesses’ of responsibility for war crimes unaccounted for. When courts do attempt to recognize the collective nature of war crime perpetration, through the doctrines of ‘command responsibility’, ‘joint criminal enterprise’ and ‘state responsibility’, the application of these doctrines has, it is argued, limited or perverse effects. The article suggests that instead of expecting courts to allocate excesses of responsibility, other accountability mechanisms should be used alongside trials to allocate political (rather than legal) responsibility for atrocity. The mechanisms favored here are ‘Responsibility and Truth Commissions’, i.e. well-resourced non-judicial commissions which are mandated to hold to account individual and collective actors rather than simply to provide an account of past violence.
The Dual-Relationship Concept of Right-Ownership in Akan Musical Tradition: A Solution for the Individual and Communal Right-Ownership Conflicts in Music Production
Authors: Beeko E. Kwadwo Odame
Published: December 2011

There are apparently two legal systems of “rights ownership” in Ghana, which are (1) the individuals' rights—a system that overemphasizes the exclusive protection of the individual musicians' rights to ownership, and (2) the communal or governmental rights—a system that provides an exclusive protection of the government's (or community's) rights to ownership. Thus, for while the first are the inalienable rights that empower the autonomous musician universally, and are seen as a “private property” of mutually independent individuals; the second are the inalienable rights that empower the collective rights of the community/government, which are seen as a “public property” for a group, with cultural, communal or linguistic rights; systems that are contrary to the Akan systems of right ownership. My aim in this essay contest is to discuss the Akan “individual-communal” dual-relationship with respect to ownership that embraces these two seemingly unrelated concepts of “rights-ownership.”
Toward a New Politics? On the Recent Historiography of Human Rights
Authors: PENDAS DEVIN O.
Published: December 2011

When the late Kenneth Cmiel undertook the first systematic analysis of the emerging historiography of human rights in 2004, he surveyed a field that was ‘refreshingly inchoate’. In the ensuing seven years, the scholarship on the history of human rights has burgeoned considerably. Yet one might still reasonably characterise the field overall as inchoate. Like any new subfield of historical inquiry, there is a clear lack of consensus among leading historians of human rights about even the most elementary contours of the subject. What are human rights? When and where did they emerge? How and why did they spread (if, indeed, they spread at all)? Who were the crucial agents in this history? Few historians working in the field seem to agree in their answers to any of these questions.
Observation of sulfate aerosols and SO2 from the Sarychev volcanic eruption using data from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE)
Authors: Doeringer D. , Eldering A. , Boone C. D. , González Abad G. , Bernath P. F.
Published: December 2011

Infrared spectra measured by the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE‐FTS) on the SCISAT satellite were used to analyze the Sarychev volcanic aerosol after the eruption in June 2009. Evidence of the Sarychev eruptions was first detected in July 2009 from enhanced SO2 concentrations and atmospheric extinction. By February 2010, the atmosphere had returned to pre‐Sarychev conditions. In July 2009, the volcanic plume was found between 8.5 km and 17.5 km in altitude at mid‐ and high latitudes (55°N–70°N). The first SO2 and sulfate aerosol retrievals carried out using the infrared solar occultation spectra recorded with the ACE‐FTS are presented here. The size distribution parameters, the aerosol volume slant column and the composition of the sulfate aerosol were obtained by using a least squares algorithm. The maximum volume slant column of the aerosols was found to be 850 μm3 cm−3 km, which results in an approximate aerosol loading of 3 μm3 cm−3. One month after the eruption, the composition of the aerosols providing the best‐fit is a 75% sulfuric acid‐water solution with an effective radius (Reff) of 0.1–0.3 μm.
Nitrite oxidation in the Namibian oxygen minimum zone
Authors: Füssel Jessika , Lam Phyllis , Lavik Gaute , Jensen Marlene M , Holtappels Moritz , Günter Marcel , Kuypers Marcel M M
Published: December 2011

Nitrite oxidation is the second step of nitrification. It is the primary source of oceanic nitrate, the predominant form of bioavailable nitrogen in the ocean. Despite its obvious importance, nitrite oxidation has rarely been investigated in marine settings. We determined nitrite oxidation rates directly in 15N-incubation experiments and compared the rates with those of nitrate reduction to nitrite, ammonia oxidation, anammox, denitrification, as well as dissimilatory nitrate/nitrite reduction to ammonium in the Namibian oxygen minimum zone (OMZ). Nitrite oxidation (⩽372 nm NO2− d−1) was detected throughout the OMZ even when in situ oxygen concentrations were low to non-detectable. Nitrite oxidation rates often exceeded ammonia oxidation rates, whereas nitrate reduction served as an alternative and significant source of nitrite. Nitrite oxidation and anammox co-occurred in these oxygen-deficient waters, suggesting that nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) likely compete with anammox bacteria for nitrite when substrate availability became low. Among all of the known NOB genera targeted via catalyzed reporter deposition fluorescence in situ hybridization, only Nitrospina and Nitrococcus were detectable in the Namibian OMZ samples investigated. These NOB were abundant throughout the OMZ and contributed up to ∼9% of total microbial community. Our combined results reveal that a considerable fraction of the recently recycled nitrogen or reduced NO3− was re-oxidized back to NO3− via nitrite oxidation, instead of being lost from the system through the anammox or denitrification pathways.
Exploring the Factors Contributing to Sibling Correlations in BMI: A Study Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics
Authors: Brown Heather W. , Roberts Jennifer
Published: December 2011

Understanding the mechanisms contributing to correlated BMI outcomes in a social network such as siblings will help policy makers reduce the burden of disease associated with obesity. There are two potential mechanisms explaining correlated BMI outcomes in a biologically related social network: (i) time constant factors such as genetic heritability and habits formed during childhood and (ii) factors that change over time some of which are dependent on the frequency of interactions between the social network, for example, social norms shaped by the social network's shifting attitudes towards weight and behaviors related to weight, or environmental factors like opportunities for exercise. This study aims to distinguish between time constant factors from factors that are likely to change over time to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms explaining the correlation in sibling BMI. We exploit data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) over 1999–2007 estimating the correlation in BMI for adult siblings who currently live in separate households but grew‐up in the same household and adolescent siblings currently living in the same household to isolate the influence of factors that change over time. The findings indicate that time constant factors explain some of the overall correlation in sibling BMI for both cohorts of siblings. Factors that change over time only significantly impact on the overall correlation in BMI for adolescent siblings suggesting if there is a social network influence on correlations in BMI this is facilitated by sharing the same household.
Staphylococcus aureus DinG, a helicase that has evolved into a nuclease
Authors: McRobbie Anne-Marie , Meyer Bjoern , Rouillon Christophe , Petrovic-Stojanovska Biljana , Liu Huanting , White Malcolm F.
Published: December 2011

DinG (damage inducible gene G) is a bacterial superfamily 2 helicase with 5′→3′ polarity. DinG is related to the XPD (xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group D) helicase family, and they have in common an FeS (iron–sulfur)-binding domain that is essential for the helicase activity. In the bacilli and clostridia, the DinG helicase has become fused with an N-terminal domain that is predicted to be an exonuclease. In the present paper we show that the DinG protein from Staphylococcus aureus lacks an FeS domain and is not a DNA helicase, although it retains DNA-dependent ATP hydrolysis activity. Instead, the enzyme is an active 3′→5′ exonuclease acting on single-stranded DNA and RNA substrates. The nuclease activity can be modulated by mutation of the ATP-binding cleft of the helicase domain, and is inhibited by ATP or ADP, suggesting a modified role for the inactive helicase domain in the control of the nuclease activity. By degrading rather than displacing RNA or DNA strands, the S. aureus DinG nuclease may accomplish the same function as the canonical DinG helicase.
Measurement of momentum transfer due to adhesive forces: On-ground testing of in-space body injection into geodesic motion
Authors: Bortoluzzi D. , Benedetti M. , Baglivo L. , De Cecco M. , Vitale S.
Published: December 2011

In the frame of many scientific space missions, a massive free-falling object is required to mark a geodesic trajectory, i.e., to follow inside a spacecraft an orbit that is determined only by the planetary gravity field. The achievement of high-purity geodesic trajectories sets tight design constraints on the reference sensor that hosts and controls the reference body. Among these, a mechanism may be required to cage the reference body during the spacecraft launch and to inject it into the geodesic trajectory once on-orbit. The separation of the body from the injection mechanism must be realized against the action of adhesion forces, and in the worst case this is performed dynamically, relying on the body's inertia through a quick retraction of the holding finger(s). Unfortunately, this manoeuvre may not avoid transferring some momentum to the body, which may affect or even jeopardize the subsequent spacecraft control if the residual velocity is too large. The transferred momentum measurement facility (TMMF) was developed to reproduce representative conditions of the in-flight dynamic injection and to measure the transferred momentum to the released test mass. In this paper, we describe the design and development of the TMMF together with the achieved measurement performance.