bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The reliability of honey bee density estimates from trapped drones
Authors: Williamson Elisabeth , Groom Scott , Utaipanon Patsavee , Oldroyd Benjamin P. , Chapman Nadine , Hogendoorn Katja
Published: October 2022

Australia has an abundance of feral honey bee colonies. Understanding their densities is important to assess their current economic and ecological impact and the need for mitigation should the mite Varroa destructor become established. Inferring colony density based on the genotypes of honey bee drones (males) caught in a Williams trap has been identified as a promising approach. This method assumes that (a) drones are attracted to the trap from an area bounded by the drone flight range, (b) sufficient colonies present within that radius are represented in a sample and (c) colonies that do not produce drones are small and of little ecological consequence. Here, we investigate whether known feral colonies were represented in drone samples and whether drone contribution per colony correlated with the relative colony size or the distance between the colony and the trap. We found that one-third of known colonies were not represented in the drone sample, and this proportion did not correlate with colony size or distance. For colonies that contributed at least one drone, there was a correlation between the number of drones caught per colony and the distance of the colony from the DCA, and at distances beyond 0.9 km, there was substantial non-detection. Further work is needed to determine an appropriate correction factor that converts the estimated number of colonies represented in a drone sample to colony density.
Bioinspired surface functionalization of biodegradable mesoporous silica nanoparticles for enhanced lubrication and drug release
Authors: Mao Xiaowei , Chen Kexin , Zhao Yanlong , Xiong Chunrong , Luo Jing , Wang Yuguang , Wang Bo , Zhang Hongyu
Published: October 2022

Osteoarthritis is associated with the significantly increased friction of the joint, which results in progressive and irreversible damage to the articular cartilage. A synergistic therapy integrating lubrication enhancement and drug delivery is recently proposed for the treatment of early-stage osteoarthritis. In the present study, bioinspired by the self-adhesion performance of mussels and super-lubrication property of articular cartilages, a biomimetic self-adhesive dopamine methacrylamide—poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) (DMA—MPC) copolymer was designed and synthesized via free radical polymerization. The copolymer was successfully modified onto the surface of biodegradable mesoporous silica nanoparticles (bMSNs) by the dip-coating method to prepare the dual-functional nanoparticles (bMSNs@DMA—MPC), which were evaluated using a series of surface characterizations including the transmission electron microscope (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), etc. The tribological test and in vitro drug release test demonstrated that the developed nanoparticles were endowed with improved lubrication performance and achieved the sustained release of an anti-inflammatory drug, i.e., diclofenac sodium (DS). In addition, the in vitro biodegradation test showed that the nanoparticles were almost completely biodegraded within 10 d. Furthermore, the dual-functional nanoparticles were biocompatible and effectively reduced the expression levels of two inflammation factors such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). In summary, the surface functionalized nanoparticles with improved lubrication and local drug release can be applied as a potential intra-articularly injected biolubricant for synergistic treatment of early-stage osteoarthritis.
Scoping out urban areas of tourist interest though geolocated social media data: Bucharest as a case study
Authors: Nolasco-Cirugeda Almudena , García-Mayor Clara , Lupu Cristina , Bernabeu-Bautista Alvaro
Published: October 2022

Social media data has frequently sourced research on topics such as traveller planning or the factors that influence travel decisions. The literature on the location of tourist activities, however, is scarce. The studies in this line that do exist focus mainly on identifying points of interest and rarely on the urban areas that attract tourists. Specifically, as acknowledged in the literature, tourist attractions produce major imbalances with respect to adjacent urban areas. The present study aims to fill this research gap by addressing a twofold objective. The first was to design a methodology allowing to identify the preferred tourist areas based on concentrations of places and activities. The tourist area was delimited using Instasights heatmaps information and the areas of interest were identified by linking data from the location-based social network Foursquare to TripAdvisor’s database. The second objective was to delimit areas of interest based on users’ existing urban dynamics. The method provides a thorough understanding of functional diversity and the location of a city’s different functions. In this way, it contributes to a better understanding of the spatial distribution imbalances of tourist activities. Tourist areas of interest were revealed via the identification of users’ preferences and experiences. A novel methodology was thus created that can be used in the design of future tourism strategies or, indeed, in urban planning. The city of Bucharest, Romania, was taken as a case study to develop this exploratory research.
An intergenerational programme delays health impairment in nursing home residents: the Duplo project
Authors: Boyano Inmaculada , Nieto Sonia , Serra Jose-Antonio , Alcaide Marisa , Caparros Marta , Varela Manuel
Published: October 2022

Purpose

To analyse whether an intergenerational programme in which students interacted with institutionalised older persons had any impact on the older persons’ functional status.

Methods

Each academic year, a group of older adults living in nursing homes were divided into two arms. For the next four months, the first group received daily visits from a group of students during which they followed a pre-established activity plan, whilst the other arm proceeded with their normal activity. After 4 months, the groups crossed over, and the second arm received the student visits, whilst the first group returned to their normal activity.

A battery of tests was performed at inception, crossover and the end of the second period. The tests explored mobility (Timed Up-and-Go), cognition (Mini-Mental Examination), executive function (Frontal Assessment Battery) and mood (Geriatric Depression Scale). A dichotomous aggregate “significant impairment” variable was deemed to be present when there was at least a 20% loss of function (compared to the value at the beginning of the period) in any of the aforementioned tests.

Results

The study included 289 older adults who visited with 91 students. Subjects in the active phase had a lower incidence of significant impairment than those in the control phase (O.R. 0.90, p < 0.01). There were no significant differences in the individual variables.

Conclusion

An intergenerational project with students visiting older adults in nursing homes had a protective effect, delaying functional decay in older adults.
5G mobile networks: reviewing security control correctness for mischievous activity
Authors: Yocam Eric , Gawanmeh Amjad , Alomari Ahmad , Mansoor Wathiq
Published: October 2022

A mobile telecommunications network has arguably become a vital part of today’s critical communications infrastructure underpinning society’s interconnectedness. A mobile telecommunications network can be considered a critical communications infrastructure that has been built upon a complex set of network technologies. However, the migration in recent years from pre-5G to 5G network technologies has presented the mobile telecommunications network operators with not only several security-related challenges but also potential unfortunate risk exposure. A new approach called Control-Risk-Correctness (CRC) addresses the need for evaluating a complex mix of network technology and the associated trade-offs between security and risk. CRC simplifies the analysis by examining the mobile telecommunications network from the perspective of security control effectiveness and risk treatments. This article outlines the application of CRC when assessing a mobile telecommunication network and highlights direct risk mitigation treatments in an aim to increase security control effectiveness and decrease risk exposure. CRC usefulness will assist in the evaluation of existing networks and safeguarding new networks over the coming years.
Rethinking the Architecture of Attachment: New Insights into the Role for Oxytocin Signaling
Authors: Berendzen Kristen M. , Manoli Devanand S.
Published: October 2022

Social attachments, the enduring bonds between individuals and groups, are essential to health and well-being. The appropriate formation and maintenance of social relationships depend upon a number of affective processes, including stress regulation, motivation, reward, as well as reciprocal interactions necessary for evaluating the affective state of others. A genetic, molecular, and neural circuit level understanding of social attachments therefore provides a powerful substrate for probing the affective processes associated with social behaviors. Socially monogamous species form long-term pair bonds, allowing us to investigate the mechanisms underlying attachment. Now, molecular genetic tools permit manipulations in monogamous species. Studies using these tools reveal new insights into the genetic and neuroendocrine factors that design and control the neural architecture underlying attachment behavior. We focus this discussion on the prairie vole and oxytocinergic signaling in this and related species as a model of attachment behavior that has been studied in the context of genetic and pharmacological manipulations. We consider developmental processes that impact the demonstration of bonding behavior across genetic backgrounds, the modularity of mechanisms underlying bonding behaviors, and the distributed circuitry supporting these behaviors. Incorporating such theoretical considerations when interpreting reverse genetic studies in the context of the rich ethological and pharmacological data collected in monogamous species provides an important framework for studies of attachment behavior in both animal models and studies of human relationships.
Progress of Nb-containing catalysts for carbon dioxide reduction: a minireview
Authors: Gao Jun-Xian , Tian Wen-Jie , Zhang Hua-Yang
Published: October 2022

Nb-containing catalysts have the potential to catalyze carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction due to their strong surface acidity and CO2 activation sites. Still, they have not been widely used in the development and design of catalysts due to the theoretical/cost/safety limitations. Related advances have been continuously reported in the literature, demonstrating to some extent the promise of catalytic applications of Nb-containing catalysts in this area. In this minireview, we discuss the structure–activity relationships of Nb-containing catalysts for photo-, electro-, and thermocatalytic reduction of CO2. The engineering strategies of Nb-containing catalysts for enhancing the conversion and selectivity of CO2 reduction are discussed, ranging from Nb doping, noble metal decoration, surface acidity adjustment, oxygen vacancy engineering, and heterojunction construction to Nb or Nb2O5 particle decoration. The theoretical calculation research for the possible reaction paths and product selectivity is also discussed. Finally, the prospects for designing and optimizing Nb-containing catalysts are proposed. With a deep understanding of catalytic activity and reaction mechanism, this minireview is expected to present the optimization of the Nb-containing catalysts for efficient and highly selective CO2 reduction.
An Exploratory Study on Utilising the Web of Linked Data for Product Data Mining
Authors: Zhang Ziqi , Song Xingyi
Published: October 2022

The Linked Open Data practice has led to a significant growth of structured data on the Web. While this has created an unprecedented opportunity for research in the field of Natural Language Processing, there is a lack of systematic studies on how such data can be used to support downstream NLP tasks. This work focuses on the e-commerce domain and explores how we can use such structured data to create language resources for product data mining tasks. To do so, we process billions of structured data points in the form of RDF n-quads, to create multi-million words of product-related corpora that are later used in three different ways for creating language resources: training word-embedding models, continued pre-training of BERT-like language models, and training machine translation models that are used as a proxy to generate product-related keywords. These language resources are then evaluated in three downstream tasks, product classification, linking, and fake review detection using an extensive set of benchmarks. Our results show word embeddings to be the most reliable and consistent method to improve the accuracy on all tasks (with up to 6.9% points in macro-average F1 on some datasets). Contrary to some earlier studies that suggest a rather simple but effective approach such as building domain-specific language models by pre-training using in-domain corpora, our work serves a lesson that adapting these methods to new domains may not be as easy as it seems. We further analyse our datasets and reflect on how our findings can inform future research and practice.
A Knowledge Graph Perspective on Knowledge Engineering
Authors: Simsek Umutcan , Kärle Elias , Angele Kevin , Huaman Elwin , Opdenplatz Juliette , Sommer Dennis , Umbrich Jürgen , Fensel Dieter
Published: October 2022

For over 50 years researchers and practitioners have searched for ways to elicit and formalize expert knowledge to support AI applications. Expert systems and knowledge bases were all results of these efforts. The initial efforts on knowledge bases were focused on defining a domain and task intensionally with rather complex ontologies. The increasing complexity of knowledge and knowledge-based systems eventually led to the development of knowledge engineering methodologies. Knowledge graphs, in contrast to the traditional knowledge bases, represent knowledge more extensionally with a very large set of explicit statements and rather simpler and smaller ontologies. This paradigm change calls for a new take on knowledge engineering that focuses on the curation of ABox statements. In this paper, we introduce various aspects of the knowledge graphs lifecycle namely creation, hosting, curation and deployment. We define each task, give example approaches from the literature and explain our approach with a running example. Additionally, we present the German Tourism Knowledge Graph that is being implemented with our methodology.
La Lucha contra la Deforestación a Través de las Cadenas de Suministro Globales: ¿Una Oportunidad de Reenfocar la Cooperación Ambiental en América Latina?
Authors: Garcia Beatriz , Pauwels Laurent
Published: October 2022

Una propuesta de Reglamento europeo de 2021 prohíbe el comercio de materias primas y productos relacionados con la deforestación en el mercado de la Unión Europa1. El Reglamento europeo dirige esta prohibición hacia su propio mercado, pero inevitablemente esto tiene consecuencias para los países productores de materias primas en América Latina. La propuesta de Reglamento impactará el intercambio con la Unión Europa, un socio comercial clave para los países latinoamericanos. Si otros Estados industrializados que representan actualmente la cuota más grande de exportaciones para los países latinoamericanos adoptan este tipo de reglamentos, el impacto comercial en América Latina será aún más significativo. Sostenemos que los enfoques regulatorios que se centran en las cadenas de suministro globales —como el Reglamento UE— representan una oportunidad para fortalecer la existente (aunque débil) cooperación ambiental latinoamericana, de manera de abordar las principales causas de la deforestación, principalmente la expansión agrícola. A pesar de la relevancia global de los bosques y la biodiversidad de la región, la cooperación latinoamericana en materia de conservación de bosques no ha sido significativa2.
Safety Evaluation of Primary Carotid Stenting: Transcranial Doppler and MRI
Authors: Pelz David M. , Lownie Stephen P. , Iftikhar Urooj F. , Munoz Claudio , Lopez-Ojeda Pablo , Azarpazhooh Reza
Published: October 2022

Background and Purpose:

Cerebral emboli are generated by every step of standard carotid angioplasty and stenting. Primary carotid stenting (PCS) is a technique in which the use of balloon angioplasty (BA) is minimized to decrease the embolic load. The primary aim of this study is to establish the number of emboli generated by each step of primary stenting and determine the relationship to new diffusion (DWI) lesions on subsequent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Methods:

Eighty-five patients with severe, symptomatic carotid stenosis were prospectively recruited and underwent carotid stenting. Intraoperative transcranial Doppler was performed in 77 patients. The number and size of microemboli for each of seven procedural steps were recorded. Correlation was made with the number and location of new DWI lesions.

Results:

PCS was performed in 73 patients. BA was required in 12 patients. The mean number of microemboli was 114, and most microemboli were generated by stent deployment, followed by BA. Balloon techniques generated significantly more emboli than primary stenting (p = 0.017). There was a significant relationship between total microemboli and new DWI lesions (p = 0.009), and between new DWI lesions in multiple territories and the severity of pretreatment stenosis (p = 0.002).

Conclusions:

During PCS, more emboli are generated by stent deployment than during any other stage of the procedure. When BA is necessary, more malignant emboli are generated but total emboli are unchanged and there is no difference in new diffusion lesions on MRI. PCS is safe and is not inferior to historical controls for the generation of new DWI lesions.
Self-interested learning is more important than fair-minded conditional cooperation in public-goods games
Authors: Burton-Chellew Maxwell N. , Guérin Claire
Published: October 2022

Why does human cooperation often unravel in economic experiments despite a promising start? Previous studies have interpreted the decline as the reaction of disappointed altruists retaliating in response to non-altruists (Conditional Cooperators hypothesis). This interpretation has been considered evidence of a uniquely human form of cooperation, motivated by an altruistic concern for equality (‘fairness’) and requiring special evolutionary explanations. However, experiments have typically shown individuals not only information about the decisions of their groupmates (social information) but also information about their own payoffs. Showing both confounds explanations based on conditional cooperation with explanations based on confused individuals learning how to better play the game (Confused Learners hypothesis). Here we experimentally decouple these two forms of information, and thus these two hypotheses, in a repeated public-goods game. Analysing 616 Swiss university participants, we find that payoff information leads to a greater decline, supporting the Confused Learners hypothesis. In contrast, social information has a small or negligible effect, contradicting the Conditional Cooperators hypothesis. We also find widespread evidence of both confusion and selfish motives, suggesting that human cooperation is maybe not so unique after all.
Improved convergence of the spectral proper orthogonal decomposition through time shifting
Authors: Blanco Diego C.P. , Martini Eduardo , Sasaki Kenzo , Cavalieri André V.G.
Published: October 2022

Spectral proper orthogonal decomposition (SPOD) is an increasingly popular modal analysis method in the field of fluid dynamics due to its specific properties: a linear system forced with white noise should have SPOD modes identical to response modes from resolvent analysis. The SPOD, coupled with the Welch method for spectral estimation, may require long time-resolved datasets. In this work, a linearised Ginzburg–Landau model is considered in order to study the method's convergence. Spectral proper orthogonal decomposition modes of the white-noise forced equation are computed and compared with corresponding response resolvent modes. The quantified error is shown to be related to the time length of Welch blocks (spectral window size) normalised by a convective time. Subsequently, an algorithm based on a temporal data shift is devised to further improve SPOD convergence and is applied to the Ginzburg–Landau system. Next, its efficacy is demonstrated in a numerical database of a boundary layer subject to bypass transition. The proposed approach achieves substantial improvement in mode convergence with smaller spectral window sizes with respect to the standard method. Furthermore, SPOD modes display growing wall-normal and spanwise velocity components along the streamwise direction, a feature which had not yet been observed and is also predicted by a global resolvent calculation. The shifting algorithm for the SPOD opens the possibility for using the method on datasets with time series of moderate duration, often produced by large simulations.
Experimental investigation of three-dimensional modes in the wake of a rotationally oscillating cylinder
Authors: Bhattacharyya Soumarup , Khan Izhar Hussain , Verma Shivam , Kumar Sanjay , Poddar Kamal
Published: October 2022

Three-dimensionalities in the wake of flow past a circular cylinder executing sinusoidal rotary oscillations about its axis is studied experimentally. The results of water tunnel experiments on a rotationally oscillating cylinder for Reynolds number of 250 with varying amplitude and forcing frequency are discussed. Qualitative studies using hydrogen bubble and laser-induced fluorescence flow visualisation techniques are performed. Observation made for oscillating amplitude,

$\theta _{0} = {\rm \pi}/4$

and

$\theta _{0}=3{\rm \pi} /4$

, and a low normalised forcing frequency,

$FR$

, of 0.75 and 0.5, respectively, confirmed a mode having a spanwise non-dimensional wavelength of

$\sim$

1.8 which is also observed for a rotating cylinder. On increasing forcing frequency this mode disappears and a new mode with a bean-shaped structure and a much smaller spanwise normalised wavelength of

$\sim$

0.8 appears at an

$FR$

of 1 and an oscillation amplitude of

${\rm \pi} /2$

. This mode remains almost stable until a forcing frequency of

$FR=1.4$

. At higher forcing frequency,

$FR=2.75$

, and oscillation amplitude of

$3{\rm \pi} /4$

, a mode with cellular structure and a normalised spanwise wavelength of

$\sim$

1.6 is identified. The cells in this mode flatten up with increasing downstream distance and are shed alternately with respect to the adjacent cell. Certain combinations of forcing parameters resulted in a forced two-dimensionality of the wake. Quantitative studies using hot-wire measurements and particle image velocimetry confirm the presence of these modes and wake characteristics. Wake mode map in the forcing frequency and amplitude plane is presented showing regions of newly discovered modes and wake lock-on boundaries.
Patterned convection in inclined slots
Authors: Floryan J.M. , Baayoun A. , Panday S. , Bassom Andrew P.
Published: October 2022

An analysis of laminar natural convection in inclined slots subjected to patterned heating has been performed. The imposed heating takes a simple form characterized by a single Fourier mode combined with uniform heating. It is shown that periodic heating applied at the lower plate produces no net flow when the slot is either horizontal or vertical, but a net upward flow is generated when the slot is tilted. Periodic heating applied at the upper plate produces net downward flow in the inclined situation. The addition of uniform heating promotes the upward flow while cooling has the opposite effect. There is a critical inclination angle at which the maximum net flow rate is greatest. Dynamic and thermal boundary layers are present when the wavenumber of the imposed heating is large. The use of heating at both plates, with the same wavenumber, leads to a flow dominated by the plate exposed to a more intense heating; when the two plates are heated equally no net flow is observed irrespective of the inclination angle. Changes of the relative positions of the two patterns can change the net flow rate by up to 50 %. The intensity of the flow increases with reduction of the Prandtl number. If the heating applied to the plates is of different wavelength, but of the same intensity, a wide range of behaviours of the flow system is possible. The details of this response are sensitive to the ratio of the two wavenumbers.
Measuring Swing Voters with a Supervised Machine Learning Ensemble
Authors: Hare Christopher , Kutsuris Mikayla
Published: October 2022

Theory has long suggested that swing voting is a response to cross-pressures arising from a mix of individual attributes and contextual factors. Unfortunately, existing regression-based approaches are ill-suited to explore the complex combinations of demographic, policy, and political factors that produce swing voters in American elections. This gap between theory and practice motivates our use of an ensemble of supervised machine learning methods to predict swing voters in the 2012, 2016, and 2020 U.S. presidential elections. The results from the learning ensemble substantiate the existence of swing voters in contemporary American elections. Specifically, we demonstrate that the learning ensemble produces well-calibrated and externally valid predictions of swing voter propensity in later elections and for related behaviors such as split-ticket voting. Although interpreting black-box models is more challenging, they can nonetheless provide meaningful substantive insights meriting further exploration. Here, we use flexible model-agnostic tools to perturb the ensemble and demonstrate that cross-pressures (particularly those involving ideological and policy-related considerations) are essential to accurately predict swing voters.
The Consequences of Model Misspecification for the Estimation of Nonlinear Interaction Effects
Authors: Beiser-McGrath Janina , Beiser-McGrath Liam F.
Published: October 2022

Recent research has shown that interaction effects may often be nonlinear (Hainmueller, Mummolo, and Xu [2019, Political Analysis 27, 163–192]). As standard interaction effect specifications assume a linear interaction effect, that is, the moderator conditions the effect at a constant rate, this can lead to bias. However, allowing nonlinear interaction effects, without accounting for other nonlinearities and nonlinear interaction effects, can also lead to biased estimates. Specifically, researchers can infer nonlinear interaction effects, even though the true interaction effect is linear, when variables used for covariate adjustment that are correlated with the moderator have a nonlinear effect upon the outcome of interest. We illustrate this bias with simulations and show how diagnostic tools recommended in the literature are unable to uncover the issue. We show how using the adaptive Lasso to identify relevant nonlinearities among variables used for covariate adjustment can avoid this issue. Moreover, the use of regularized estimators, which allow for a fuller set of nonlinearities, both independent and interactive, is more generally shown to avoid this bias and more general forms of omitted interaction bias.
Ancient DNA from speleothems: opportunity or challenge?
Authors: Marchesini Alexis , Festi Daniela , Girardi Matteo , Micheletti Diego , Vernesi Cristiano , Luetscher Marc
Published: October 2022

Ancient environmental DNA retrieved from sedimentary records (sedaDNA) can complement fossil-morphological approaches for characterizing Quaternary biodiversity changes. PCR-based DNA metabarcoding is so far the most widely used method in environmental DNA studies, including sedaDNA. However, degradation of ancient DNA and potential contamination, together with the PCR amplification drawbacks, have to be carefully considered. Here we tested this approach on speleothems from an Alpine cave that, according to a previous palynomorphological study, have shown to contain abundant pollen grains. This offers a unique opportunity for comparing the two methods and, indirectly, trying to validate DNA-based results. The plant taxa identified by sedaDNA are fewer than those by pollen analysis, and success rate of PCR replicates is low. Despite extensive work performed following best practice for sedaDNA, our results are suboptimal and accompanied by a non-negligible uncertainty. Our preliminary data seem to indicate that paleoenvironmental DNA may be isolated from speleothems, but the intrinsic weakness of PCR-based metabarcoding poses a challenge to its exploitation. We suggest that newly developed methods such as hybridization capture, being free from PCR drawbacks and offering the opportunity to directly assess aDNA authenticity, may overcome these limitations, allowing a proper exploitation of speleothems as biological archives.
The ‘lost’ account book of the Academy of Vocal (later Ancient) Music, 1726–1731): a postscript to my article on the history of the Academy in volume 51 (2020).
Authors: Johnstone H. Diack
Published: October 2022

The account book of the London Academy of Vocal (later Ancient) Music (1726-31) forms the first part of a manuscript acquired by the library of the Paris Conservatoire in 1858. It went missing when, a hundred years later, it was transferred to the Bibliothèque Nationale and the second part catalogued as MS F. Rés. 1507. It did not surface again until the spring of 2020, too late to be included in the author’s long article on the history, repertoire and surviving programmes of this important eighteenth-century institution in Research Chronicle no. 51. As a postscript to that article, it is transcribed here prefaced by a short introductory essay together with such explanatory notes as the document requires.
Misperceptions about Refugee Policy
Authors: THORSON EMILY , ABDELAATY LAMIS
Published: October 2022

This letter explores the prevalence of misperceptions about refugee policy and tests whether correcting these misperceptions changes attitudes toward refugees. Large numbers of people hold misperceptions about both the nature and effects of refugee policy. An experiment directly compares the effects of correcting misperceptions about existing refugee policy (e.g., the refugee admission process) with correcting misperceptions about the outcomes of refugee policy (e.g., the proportion of refugees in the United States and the percentage who receive welfare benefits). Corrective information about existing policy substantially increases support for refugees, but corrective information about policy outcomes has no effect on attitudes. The results suggest that including descriptive information about existing U.S. policy in media coverage of refugees could both correct misperceptions and change attitudes.
Predicting energy intake with an accelerometer-based intake-balance method
Authors: Hibbing Paul R. , Shook Robin P. , Panda Satchidananda , Manoogian Emily N. C. , Mashek Douglas G. , Chow Lisa S.
Published: October 2022

Nutritional interventions often rely on subjective assessments of energy intake (EI), but these are susceptible to measurement error. To introduce an accelerometer-based intake-balance method for assessing EI using data from a time-restricted eating (TRE) trial. Nineteen participants with overweight/obesity (25–63 years old; 16 females) completed a 12-week intervention (NCT03129581) in a control group (unrestricted feeding;n8) or TRE group (n11). At the start and end of the intervention, body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and daily energy expenditure (EE) was assessed for 2 weeks via wrist-worn accelerometer. EI was back-calculated as the sum of net energy storage (from DXA) and EE (from accelerometer). Accelerometer-derived EI estimates were compared against estimates from the body weight planner of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). Mean EI for the control group declined by 138 and 435 kJ/day for the accelerometer and NIDDK methods, respectively (bothP≥ 0·38),v. 1255 and 1469 kJ/day, respectively, for the TRE group (bothP< 0·01). At follow-up, the accelerometer and NIDDK methods showed excellent group-level agreement (mean bias of −297 kJ/day across arms; standard error of estimate 1054 kJ/day) but high variability at the individual level (limits of agreement from −2414 to +1824 kJ/day). The accelerometer-based intake-balance method showed plausible sensitivity to change, and EI estimates were biologically and behaviourally plausible. The method may be a viable alternative to self-report EI measures. Future studies should assess criterion validity using doubly labelled water.
Religious Politics in the German Revolution: Secularism and Socialist Opposition 1914 to 1923
Authors: Weir Todd H.
Published: October 2022

This article shows the significant role played by religious politics in the German Revolution of 1918. It examines first how the secularist subculture within German socialism contributed to the formation of wartime opposition that led to the 1917 split of the Social Democratic Party (SPD). It then follows the actions of secularists during the revolution itself, beginning with the attempts of one of Germany's most prominent secularists, Adolph Hoffmann, to force through a radical program of secularization upon assuming a key position in the revolutionary government of 1918. It traces the politics of religion in the writing of the Weimar Constitution before taking up the relationship of secularism to the “pure” council movement, which emerged in the years from 1919 to 1922 as an alternative both to parliamentary democracy and Bolshevik party rule.
Tracking the Mn Diffusion in the Carbon-Supported Nanoparticles Through the Collaborative Analysis of Atom Probe and Evaporation Simulation
Authors: Jung Chanwon , Jun Hosun , Jang Kyuseon , Kim Se-Ho , Choi Pyuck-Pa
Published: October 2022

Carbon-supported nanoparticles have been used widely as efficient catalysts due to their enhanced surface-to-volume ratio. To investigate their structure–property relationships, acquiring 3D elemental distribution is required. Here, carbon-supported Pt, PtMn alloy, and ordered Pt3Mn nanoparticles are synthesized and analyzed with atom probe tomography as model systems. A significant difference of Mn distribution after the heat-treatment was found. Finally, the field evaporation behavior of the carbon support was discussed and each acquired reconstruction was compared with computational results from an evaporation simulation. This paper provides a guideline for studies using atom probe tomography on the heterogeneous carbon-supported nanoparticle system that leads to insights toward a wide variety of applications.
Adverse childhood experiences and global mental health: avenues to reduce the burden of child and adolescent mental disorders
Authors: Ceccarelli C. , Prina E. , Muneghina O. , Jordans M. , Barker E. , Miller K. , Singh R. , Acarturk C. , Sorsdhal K. , Cuijpers P. , Lund C. , Barbui C. , Purgato M.
Published: October 2022

Mental disorders are one of the largest contributors to the burden of disease globally, this holds also for children and adolescents, especially in low- and middle-income countries. The prevalence and severity of these disorders are influenced by social determinants, including exposure to adversity. When occurring early in life, these latter events are referred to as adverse childhood experiences (ACEs).

In this editorial, we provide an overview of the literature on the role of ACEs as social determinants of mental health through the lenses of global mental health. While the relation between ACEs and mental health has been extensively explored, most research was centred in higher income contexts. We argue that findings from the realm of global mental health should be integrated into that of ACEs, e.g. through preventative and responsive psychosocial interventions for children, adolescents and their caregivers. The field of global mental health should also undertake active efforts to better address ACEs in its initiatives, all with the goal of reducing the burden of mental disorders among children and adolescents globally.
Zur Messqualität des Beck-Depressionsinventars (BDI-II) in unterschiedlichen klinischen Stichproben
Authors: Keller Ferdinand , Kühner Christine , Alexandrowicz Rainer W. , Voderholzer Ulrich , Meule Adrian , Fegert Jörg M. , Legenbauer Tanja , Holtmann Martin , Bräscher Anne-Kathrin , Cordes Martin , Fehm Lydia , Fladung Anne-Katharina , Fydrich Thomas , Hamm Alfons , Heider Jens , Hoyer Jürgen , In-Albon Tina , Lincoln Tania M. , Lutz Wolfgang , Margraf Jürgen , Renneberg Babette , Schlarb Angelika , Schöttke Henning , Teismann Tobias , Velten Julia , Willutzki Ulrike , Witthöft Michael , Ziem Max , Hautzinger Martin
Published: October 2022

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Das BDI-II ist ein Selbstbeurteilungsinstrument zur Erfassung des Schweregrads einer Depression. Es liegen kaum Analysen mit Modellen aus der Item-Response-Theorie (IRT) vor. Fragestellung: Wie hoch ist die Messgenauigkeit des BDI-II über die unterschiedlichen Ausprägungen des latenten Traits (Depressivität) hinweg und sind die Kategorien der Items jeweils aufsteigend geordnet? Methode: Anhand von sechs großen Datensätzen aus verschiedenen klinischen Bereichen wurden psychometrische Analysen mit dem Graded Response Model durchgeführt. Ergebnisse: In allen Stichproben fand sich eine hohe interne Konsistenz. Die Schwellenwerte waren mit Ausnahme von Item 6 („Bestrafungsgefühle“) geordnet. Gemäß Testinformationsfunktion misst das BDI-II im mittleren bis hohen Depressionsbereich sehr gut (Reliabilität > .90) und im unteren Bereich gut. Schlussfolgerung: Für das BDI-II ergibt sich eine hohe und relativ gleichbleibende Messpräzision über einen weiten Bereich des latenten Traits, weshalb es insbesondere im klinischen, aber auch im nicht klinisch relevanten Wertebereich zur Erhebung des Schweregrades einer Depression gut geeignet ist.
Vertical Saltwater Intrusion in Coastal Aquifers Driven by Episodic Flooding: A Review
Authors: Cantelon Julia A. , Guimond Julia A. , Robinson Clare E. , Michael Holly A. , Kurylyk Barret L.
Published: October 2022

Low‐elevation coastal areas are increasingly vulnerable to seawater flooding as sea levels rise and the frequency and intensity of large storms increase with climate change. Seawater flooding can lead to the salinization of fresh coastal aquifers by vertical saltwater intrusion (SWI). Vertical SWI is often overlooked in coastal zone threat assessments despite the risk it poses to critical freshwater resources and salt‐intolerant ecosystems that sustain coastal populations. This review synthesizes field and modeling approaches for investigating vertical SWI and the practical and theoretical understanding of salinization and flushing processes obtained from prior studies. The synthesis explores complex vertical SWI dynamics that are influenced by density‐dependent flow and oceanic, hydrologic, geologic, climatic, and anthropogenic forcings acting on coastal aquifers across spatial and temporal scales. Key knowledge gaps, management challenges, and research opportunities are identified to help advance our understanding of the vulnerability of fresh coastal groundwater. Past modeling studies often focus on idealized aquifer systems, and thus future work could consider more diverse geologic, climatic, and topographic environments. Concurrent field and modeling programs should be sustained over time to capture interactions between physical processes, repeated salinization and flushing events, and delayed aquifer responses. Finally, this review highlights the need for improved coordination and knowledge translation across disciplines (e.g., coastal engineering, hydrogeology, oceanography, social science) to gain a more holistic understanding of vertical SWI. There also needs to be more education of communities, policy makers, and managers to motivate societal action to address coastal groundwater vulnerability in a changing climate.
Sorting nexin-dependent therapeutic targeting of oncogenic epidermal growth factor receptor
Authors: Atwell Benjamin , Chen Cheng-Yu , Christofferson Matthew , Montfort William R. , Schroeder Joyce
Published: October 2022

Overexpression and/or overactivation of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) is oncogenic in several tumor types yet targeting the kinase domain of wildtype EGFR has had limited success. EGFR has numerous kinase-independent roles, one of which is accomplished through the Sorting Nexin-dependent retrotranslocation of EGFR to the nucleus, which is observed in some metastatic cancers and therapeutically resistant disease. Here, we have utilized the BAR domain of Sorting Nexin 1 to create a peptide-based therapeutic (cSNX1.3) that promotes cell death in EGFR-expressing cancer. We evaluated the efficacy of cSNX1.3 in tumor-bearing WAP-TGFα transgenic mice (an EGFR-dependent model of breast cancer), where cSNX1.3 treatment resulted in significant tumor regression without observable toxicity. Evaluation of remaining tumor tissues found evidence of increased PARP cleavage, suggesting apoptotic tumor cell death. To evaluate the mechanism of action for cSNX1.3, we found that cSNX1.3 binds the C-terminus of the EGFR kinase domain at an interface site opposite the ATP binding domain with a Kd of ~4.0 µM. In vitro analysis found that cSNX1.3 inhibits the nuclear localization of EGFR. To determine specificity, we evaluated cancer cell lines expressing wildtype EGFR (MDA-MB-468, BT20 and A549), mutant EGFR (H1975) and non-transformed lines (CHO and MCF10A). Only transformed lines expressing wildtype EGFR responded to cSNX1.3, while mutant EGFR and normal cells responded better to an EGFR kinase inhibitor. Phenotypically, cSNX1.3 inhibits EGF-, NRG-, and HGF-dependent migration, but not HA-dependent migration. Together, these data indicate that targeting retrotranslocation of EGFR may be a potent therapeutic for RTK-active cancer.
A systematic review on the association of sleep-disordered breathing with cardiovascular pathology in adults
Authors: Khokhrina Anna , Andreeva Elena , Degryse Jean-Marie
Published: October 2022

Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is characterized by repeated breathing pauses during sleep. The prevalence of SDB varies widely between studies. Some longitudinal studies have found an association of SDB with incident or recurrent cardiovascular events. We sought to systematically describe the current data on the correlation between SDB and cardiovascular pathology. Studies were included if they were original observational population-based studies in adults with clearly diagnosed SDB. The primary outcomes include all types of cardiovascular pathology. We carried out pooled analyses using a random effects model. Our systematic review was performed according to the PRISMA and MOOSE guidelines for systematic reviews and was registered with PROSPERO. In total, 2652 articles were detected in the databases, of which 76 articles were chosen for full-text review. Fourteen studies were focused on samples of an unselected population, and 8 studies were focused on a group of persons at risk for SDB. In 5 studies, the incidence of cardiovascular pathology in the population with SDB was examined. In total, 49 studies described SDB in patients with cardiovascular pathology. We found an association between SDB and prevalent /incident cardiovascular disease (pooled OR 1.76; 95% CI 1.38–2.26), and pooled HR (95% CI 1.78; 95% CI 1.34–2.45). Notably, in patients with existing SDB, the risk of new adverse cardiovascular events was high. However, the relationship between cardiovascular disease and SDB is likely to be bidirectional. Thus, more large-scale studies are needed to better understand this association and to decide whether screening for possible SDB in cardiovascular patients is reasonable and clinically significant.
Targeted profiling of human extrachromosomal DNA by CRISPR-CATCH
Authors: Hung King L. , Luebeck Jens , Dehkordi Siavash R. , Colón Caterina I. , Li Rui , Wong Ivy Tsz-Lo , Coruh Ceyda , Dharanipragada Prashanthi , Lomeli Shirley H. , Weiser Natasha E. , Moriceau Gatien , Zhang Xiao , Bailey Chris , Houlahan Kathleen E. , Yang Wenting , González Rocío Chamorro , Swanton Charles , Curtis Christina , Jamal-Hanjani Mariam , Henssen Anton G. , Law Julie A. , Greenleaf William J. , Lo Roger S. , Mischel Paul S. , Bafna Vineet , Chang Howard Y.
Published: October 2022

Extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) is a common mode of oncogene amplification but is challenging to analyze. Here, we adapt CRISPR-CATCH, in vitro CRISPR-Cas9 treatment and pulsed field gel electrophoresis of agarose-entrapped genomic DNA, previously developed for bacterial chromosome segments, to isolate megabase-sized human ecDNAs. We demonstrate strong enrichment of ecDNA molecules containing EGFR, FGFR2 and MYC from human cancer cells and NRAS ecDNA from human metastatic melanoma with acquired therapeutic resistance. Targeted enrichment of ecDNA versus chromosomal DNA enabled phasing of genetic variants, identified the presence of an EGFRvIII mutation exclusively on ecDNAs and supported an excision model of ecDNA genesis in a glioblastoma model. CRISPR-CATCH followed by nanopore sequencing enabled single-molecule ecDNA methylation profiling and revealed hypomethylation of the EGFR promoter on ecDNAs. We distinguished heterogeneous ecDNA species within the same sample by size and sequence with base-pair resolution and discovered functionally specialized ecDNAs that amplify select enhancers or oncogene-coding sequences.
Movement-related artefacts (MR-ART) dataset of matched motion-corrupted and clean structural MRI brain scans
Authors: Nárai Ádám , Hermann Petra , Auer Tibor , Kemenczky Péter , Szalma János , Homolya István , Somogyi Eszter , Vakli Pál , Weiss Béla , Vidnyánszky Zoltán
Published: October 2022

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) provides a unique opportunity to investigate neural changes in healthy and clinical conditions. Its large inherent susceptibility to motion, however, often confounds the measurement. Approaches assessing, correcting, or preventing motion corruption of MRI measurements are under active development, and such efforts can greatly benefit from carefully controlled datasets. We present a unique dataset of structural brain MRI images collected from 148 healthy adults which includes both motion-free and motion-affected data acquired from the same participants. This matched dataset allows direct evaluation of motion artefacts, their impact on derived data, and testing approaches to correct for them. Our dataset further stands out by containing images with different levels of motion artefacts from the same participants, is enriched with expert scoring characterizing the image quality from a clinical point of view and is also complemented with standard image quality metrics obtained from MRIQC. The goal of the dataset is to raise awareness of the issue and provide a useful resource to assess and improve current motion correction approaches.