bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancing Sustainability and Energy Efficiency in Smart Factories: A Review
Authors: Meng Yuquan , Yang Yuhang , Chung Haseung , Lee Pil-Ho , Shao Chenhui
Published: December 2018

With the rapid development of sensing, communication, computing technologies, and analytics techniques, today’s manufacturing is marching towards a new generation of sustainability, digitalization, and intelligence. Even though the significance of both sustainability and intelligence is well recognized by academia, industry, as well as governments, and substantial efforts are devoted to both areas, the intersection of the two has not been fully exploited. Conventionally, studies in sustainable manufacturing and smart manufacturing have different objectives and employ different tools. Nevertheless, in the design and implementation of smart factories, sustainability, and energy efficiency are supposed to be important goals. Moreover, big data based decision-making techniques that are developed and applied for smart manufacturing have great potential in promoting the sustainability of manufacturing. In this paper, the state-of-the-art of sustainable and smart manufacturing is first reviewed based on the PRISMA framework, with a focus on how they interact and benefit each other. Key problems in both fields are then identified and discussed. Specially, different technologies emerging in the 4th industrial revolution and their dedications on sustainability are discussed. In addition, the impacts of smart manufacturing technologies on sustainable energy industry are analyzed. Finally, opportunities and challenges in the intersection of the two are identified for future investigation. The scope examined in this paper will be interesting to researchers, engineers, business owners, and policymakers in the manufacturing community, and could serve as a fundamental guideline for future studies in these areas.
The Environmental Impact of Ecological Rehabilitation Techniques Applied to Statically and Variably Stressed Welded Structures
Authors: Chivu Oana Roxana , Babis Claudiu , Semenescu Augustin , Negoita Olivia Doina , Iacobescu Gabriel , Dimitrescu Andrei
Published: December 2018

There are many welded structures in the world such as bridges and viaducts that are subject to fatigue. Some of these structures, generally made of non-alloy or low-alloy steels, have been put into operation many years ago and have accumulated a large number of variable load cycles over time. For this reason, the occurrence of the fatigue phenomenon is inevitable and consists in the occurrence of failures at stresses applied to the structure, below the yield limit of the material. These stresses under the static loads would not cause the failures to appear. This paper will investigate if the ecological reconditioning techniques “weld toe grinding” and “WIG re-melting weld toe,” influence favourably the behaviour of the welded structures made from HSLA steel, in static and variable loads, if the application of these techniques is justified in both cases and finally which is the environmental impact of applying these techniques. In the paper we will present the chemical composition and mechanical properties of the base and filler materials, micro and macrostructures, graphics with the variation of the micro-hardness, we will perform static and fatigue tensile tests and we will rise the durability curve in the case of the fatigue tests. We will also present a mathematical computational algorithm, which highlights the extent to which these ecological rehabilitation techniques pollute the environment. It is more efficient both for technological and ecological reasons to recondition a product than to manufacture it from the very beginning.
Firm Size and the Business Model for Sustainable Innovation
Authors: Aguilar-Fernández María E. , Otegi-Olaso José Ramon
Published: December 2018

Companies innovate towards sustainability because this may allow them to improve both their socio-environmental and economic performance. Firms that lead the way evolve towards a sustainable business model. However, small and large businesses face different challenges. This research therefore analyses the role of firm size in the business model developed towards sustainable innovation. The sample was obtained from the database of companies that make up the Global Reporting Initiative. The projects presented in the reports were seen as vehicles to support sustainable innovation. The method used was quantitative content analysis. The results show that the size of the company influences on how the supply chain and the financial elements of the business model are developed.
Field Calibration of TDR to Assess the Soil Moisture of Drained Peatland Surface Layers
Authors: Gnatowski Tomasz , Szatyłowicz Jan , Pawluśkiewicz Bogumiła , Oleszczuk Ryszard , Janicka Maria , Papierowska Ewa , Szejba Daniel
Published: December 2018

The proper monitoring of soil moisture content is important to understand water-related processes in peatland ecosystems. Time domain reflectometry (TDR) is a popular method used for soil moisture content measurements, the applicability of which is still challenging in field studies due to requirements regarding the calibration curve which converts the dielectric constant into the soil moisture content. The main objective of this study was to develop a general calibration equation for the TDR method based on simultaneous field measurements of the dielectric constant and gravimetric water content in the surface layers of degraded peatlands. Data were collected during field campaigns conducted temporarily between the years 2006 and 2016 at the drained peatland Kuwasy located in the north-east area of Poland. Based on the data analysis, a two-slopes linear calibration equation was developed as a general broken-line model (GBLM). A site-specific calibration model (SSM-D) for the TDR method was obtained in the form of a two-slopes equation describing the relationship between the soil moisture content and the dielectric constant and introducing the bioindices as covariates relating to plant species biodiversity and the state of the habitats. The root mean squared error for the GBLM and SSM-D models were equal, respectively, at 0.04 and 0.035 cm3 cm−3.
Water Quality Control Options in Response to Catchment Urbanization: A Scenario Analysis by SWAT
Authors: Nguyen Hong Hanh , Recknagel Friedrich , Meyer Wayne
Published: December 2018

Urbanization poses a challenge to sustainable catchment management worldwide. This study compares streamflows and nutrient loads in the urbanized Torrens catchment in South Australia at present and future urbanization levels, and addresses possible mitigation of urbanization effects by means of the control measures: river bank stabilization, buffer strip expansion, and wetland construction. A scenario analysis by means of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) based on the anticipated urban population density growth in the Torrens catchment over the next 30 years predicted a remarkable increase of streamflow and Total Phosphorous loads but decreased Total Nitrogen loads. In contrast, minor changes of model outputs were predicted under the present urbanization scenario, i.e. urban area expansion on the grassland. Scenarios of three feasible control measures demonstrated best results for expanding buffer zone to sustain stream water quality. The construction of wetlands along the Torrens River resulted in the reduction of catchment runoff, but only slight decreases in TN and TP loads. Overall, the results of this study suggested that combining the three best management practices by the adaptive development of buffer zones, wetlands and stabilized river banks might help to control efficiently the increased run-off and TP loads by the projected urbanization of the River Torrens catchment.
Glacier Changes between 1976 and 2015 in the Source Area of the Ayeyarwady (Irrawaddy) River, Myanmar
Authors: Taft Linda , Kühle Laila
Published: December 2018

The Ayeyarwady River in Myanmar is one of the largest rivers in Southeast Asia. It is predominantly fed by monsoonal precipitation and, to a lower extent, by meltwater from glaciers located in the Himalaya mountains. Information about the glaciers in its headwater region and glacier changes is scarce. Glaciers, in general, are highly important for the hydrological system and are contributing to river flow, therefore playing a key role in water availability, especially in catchments with (semi-) arid downstream areas as is in parts of Myanmar. This study investigated 130 glaciers in the Ayeyarwady headwaters by analyzing satellite images from Landsat missions between 1976 and 2015. The results of the glacier area and volume change analyses indicate that the glaciers are experiencing unprecedented losses. Over the 39 years, the glaciers lost up to 54.3 ± 7.64% of their area and 60.09 ± 1.56% of their mass and volume. The highest losses occurred in the period 2002–2015, which corresponds to increasing global and local warming. This development will probably have a strong influence on the glaciers’ storage function and will affect the local river runoff in the headwater region.
ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION IN THE HONG KONG FORWARD PROPERTY MARKET
Authors: Leung Barbara Y. P. , Hui Eddie C. M. , Seabrooke Bill
Published: December 2018

Use of forward contracts for pre‐selling uncompleted properties is becoming popular in many countries. However, there have been limited researches investigating the risks arising from asymmetric information specific to buying a presale property and the critical factors required for the development of an effective forward property market. Hong Kong is one of the largest forward property markets in the world and it has been getting mature after half‐a‐century long development. This paper therefore aims to study the asymmetric information problem found in the forward property markets in different areas and explores the set of factors that are critical to the development of a forward property market by referencing the development of the Hong Kong forward property market.

Asimetrinė informacija Honkongo išaknstinėje (dar nepastatyto) turto rinkoje

Santrauka

Išankstines sutartys, pardavinėjant plota neužbaigtuose pastatuose, populiarėja daugelyje šalių. Tačiau nėra daug tyrimu, kuriais siekiama išnagrinėti rizika, kylančia dėlasimetrines informacijos, būdingos turtą perkant išankstinio pardavimo metu, ir kritinius veiksnius, kurie padėtu efektyviai plėtoti dar nepastatyto turto rinka. Honkongas ‐viena iš didžiausiu dar nepastatyto turto rinkųpasaulyje. Ji pradėjo bręsti po puse amžiaus trukusios raidos. Todėl šiame darbe siekiama išnagrinėti asimetrines informacijos problema, aptinkama dar nepastatyto turto rinkose įvairiose srityse. Straipsnyje, pateikiant pavyzdžiu iš Honkongo dar nepastatyto turto rinkos plėtros, tyrinėjama grupe veiksniu, kuriu vaidmuo yra lemiamas tokios rinkos plėtroje.
PREDICTING FINANCIAL DISTRESS FOR ROMANIAN COMPANIES
Authors: Ruxanda Gheorghe , Zamfir Cătălina , Muraru Andreea
Published: December 2018

Using a moderately large number of financial ratios, we tried to build models for classifying the companies listed on the Bucharest Stock Exchange into low and high risk classes of financial distress. We considered four classification techniques: Support Vector Machines, Decision Trees, Bayesian logistic regression and Fisher linear classifier, out of which the first two proved to have the highest prediction accuracy. Classifiers were trained and tested on randomly drown samples and on four different databases built starting from the initial financial indicators. As the literature related to the topic on Romanian data is very scarce, our study, by using a variety of methods and combining feature selection and principal components analysis, brings a new approach to predicting financial distress for Romanian companies.
MULTI-ATTRIBUTE GROUP DECISION MAKING BASED ON HESITANT FUZZY SETS, TOPSIS METHOD AND FUZZY PREFERENCE RELATIONS
Authors: Lan Jibin , Yang Mian , Hu Mingming , Liu Fang
Published: December 2018

Hesitant fuzzy sets (HFSs) are widely applied in pattern recognition, classification, clustering, and multiple attribute decision making. In order to get more accurate decision results, the order relation of HFSs is particularly important. In this paper, some defects of the existing order relations for HFSs are discussed. In order to solve these problems, by employing a distance measure and the TOPSIS method, we propose a new order relation extraction method based on a new additive consistency fuzzy preference relation for hesitant fuzzy elements (HFEs). Then, the proposed additive consistency fuzzy preference relation is applied to integrate group decision information. In multi-attribute group decision making (MAGDM), it is particularly important to ensure the consensus of the decision-makers (DMs), and the consistency of the decision process is the precondition for DMs to reach consensus. The proposed method can maintain the consistency of the decision process for MAGDM under hesitant fuzzy environments, so as to get the consensus of DMs, besides, it can overcome the limitations of the existing order relations for HFSs. At the end of this paper, a numerical example is used to illustrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the new approach, and some comparative analyses are given. The obtained results confirm the theoretical and numerical analyses and emphasize the advantages, which can ensure the consistency of the whole decision process and avoid the original decision information change and loss of the proposed method, so as to be more in line with the actual situation.
Machine Learning Applied to Star–Galaxy–QSO Classification and Stellar Effective Temperature Regression
Authors: Bai Yu , Liu JiFeng , Wang Song , Yang Fan
Published: December 2018

In modern astrophysics, machine learning has increasingly gained popularity with its incredibly powerful ability to make predictions or calculated suggestions for large amounts of data. We describe an application of the supervised machine-learning algorithm, random forests (RF), to the star/galaxy/QSO classification and the stellar effective temperature regression based on the combination of Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope and Sloan Digital Sky Survey spectroscopic data. This combination enables us to obtain reliable predictions with one of the largest training samples ever used. The training samples are built with a nine-color data set of about three million objects for the classification and a seven-color data set of over one million stars for the regression. The performance of the classification and regression is examined with validation and blind tests on the objects in the RAdial Velocity Extension, 6dFGS, UV-bright Quasar Survey and Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment surveys. We demonstrate that RF is an effective algorithm, with classification accuracies higher than 99% for stars and galaxies, and higher than 94% for QSOs. These accuracies are higher than machine-learning results in former studies. The total standard deviations of the regression are smaller than 200 K, which is similar to those of some spectrum-based methods. The machine-learning algorithm with the broad-band photometry provides us with a more efficient approach for dealing with massive amounts of astrophysical data than do traditional color cuts and spectral energy distribution fits.
Metal Mixing and Ejection in Dwarf Galaxies Are Dependent on Nucleosynthetic Source
Authors: Emerick Andrew , Bryan Greg L. , Low Mordecai-Mark Mac , Côté Benoit , Johnston Kathryn V. , O’Shea Brian W.
Published: December 2018

Using a high-resolution simulation of an isolated dwarf galaxy, accounting for multichannel stellar feedback and chemical evolution on a star-by-star basis, we investigate how each of 15 metal species is distributed within our multiphase interstellar medium (ISM) and ejected from our galaxy by galactic winds. For the first time, we demonstrate that the mass fraction probability distribution functions (PDFs) of individual metal species in the ISM are well described by a piecewise log-normal and power-law distribution. The PDF properties vary within each ISM phase. Hot gas is dominated by recent enrichment, with a significant power-law tail to high metal fractions, while cold gas is predominantly log-normal. In addition, elements dominated by asymptotic giant branch (AGB) wind enrichment (e.g., N and Ba) mix less efficiently than elements dominated by supernova enrichment (e.g., α elements and Fe). This result is driven by the differences in source energetics and source locations, particularly the higher chance compared to massive stars for AGB stars to eject material into cold gas. Nearly all of the produced metals are ejected from the galaxy (only 4% are retained), but over 20% of metals dominated by AGB enrichment are retained. In dwarf galaxies, therefore, elements synthesized predominantly through AGB winds should be both overabundant and have a larger spread compared to elements synthesized in either core-collapse or Type Ia supernovae. We discuss the observational implications of these results, their potential use in developing improved models of galactic chemical evolution, and their generalization to more massive galaxies.
Neoprotoparmelia gen. nov. and Maronina (Lecanorales, Protoparmelioideae): species description and generic delimitation using DNA barcodes and phenotypical characters
Authors: Singh Garima , Aptroot André , Rico Víctor J. , Otte Jürgen , Divakar Pradeep K. , Crespo Ana , Cáceres Marcela Eugenia da Silva , Lumbsch H. Thorsten , Schmitt Imke
Published: December 2018

Multilocus phylogenetic studies revealed a high level of cryptic diversity within the lichen-forming fungal genus Maronina (Protoparmelioideae, Parmeliaceae). Coalescent-based species delimitation suggested that most of the cryptic molecular lineages warranted recognition as separate species. Here we study the morphology and chemistry of these taxa and formally describe eight new species based on phenotypical and molecular characters. Further, we evaluate the use of ITS rDNA as a DNA barcode for identifying species in this genus. For the first time, we obtained an ITS sequence of Maroninaaustraliensis, the type species of the genus and showed that it is phylogenetically not closely related to species currently placed in Maronina or Protoparmelia. We assembled a dataset of 66 ITS sequences to assess the interspecies genetic distances amongst the twelve Maronina species using ITS as DNA barcode. We found that Maronina and Protoparmelia form a supported monophyletic group whereas M.australiensis is sister to both. We therefore propose a new genus Neoprotoparmelia to accommodate the tropical-subtropical species within Protoparmelioideae, with Neoprotoparmeliacorallifera as the type, N.amerisidiata, N.australisidiata, N.brasilisidiata, N.capensis, N.crassa, N.pauli, N.plurisporibadia and N.siamisidiata as new species and N.capitata, N.isidiata, N.multifera, N.orientalis and N.pulchra as new proposed combinations. We provide a key to Neoprotoparmelia and confirm the use of ITS for accurately identifying species in this group.
How Robert Parker’s 90+ and Ann Noble’s Aroma Wheel Changed the Discourse of Wine Tasting Notes
Authors: James Andrew
Published: December 2018

Cet article porte sur l’évolution du style et du contenu des notes de dégustation sous l’influence de Michael Broadbent, Robert Parker et Ann Noble. Après une brève introduction portant sur le développement du marché du vitivinicole aux États-Unis, l’auteur présente les styles et les objectifs contrastés des notes de dégustations de Robert Parker et Michael Broadbent. La deuxième partie de l’article expose ce que l’auteur perçoit comme étant les défauts des notes de dégustation aujourd’hui, qu’il lie à des facteurs aussi divers que l’hégémonie de Parker, la mérosmie, l’absence de connaissances, des descriptifs trop précis et le rôle de la mémoire. Dans une troisième partie, il prône un retour aux « classiques », notamment l’approche holistique défendue par Broadbent, avant de constater, avec regret, que les notes de dégustation sont écrites aujourd’hui essentiellement à des fins promotionnelles.
First-Timer Learning Experiences in Global Game Jam
Authors: Meriläinen Mikko
Published: December 2018

Game jams are accelerated game creation events usually taking place over the course of a short time period. A variety of learning outcomes from game jamming has been discussed in previous research, with learning being a common motivation for attending game jams. Despite this, there has been little research into the psychological mechanisms driving learning and participation. In this article, the learning experiences of four first-time participants in the Global Game Jam are examined through self-determination theory. Results suggest that a wide spectrum of learning is experienced during a game jam, and game jams offer at least a temporary heightened sense of creativity and competence. Assessment remains an issue, however, and learning benefits may be contingent on the jam setting. All three basic psychological needs listed in self-determination theory are potentially fulfilled by game jam attendance, suggesting the relevance of self-determination theory in further jam research.
Specific NH3 Gas Sensor Worked at Room Temperature Based on MWCNTs-OH Network
Authors: Al-Husseini Afnan H. , Al-Sammarraie Abdulkareem M. A. , Saleh Wasan R.
Published: December 2018

Functionalized Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs-OH) network with thickness 4μm was made by the vacuum filtration from suspension (FFS) method. The morphology, structure and optical properties of the MWCNTs film were characterized by SEM and UV-Vis. spectra techniques. The SEM images reflected highly ordered network in the form of ropes or bundles with close-packing which looks like spaghetti. The absorbance spectrum revealed that the network has a good absorbance in the UV-Vis. region. The gas sensor system was used to test the MWCNT-OH network to detect NH3gas at room temperature. The resistance of the sensor was increased when exposed to the NH3gas. The sensitivities of the network were 1.3% at 14ppm, 3.3% at 27ppm and 6.13% at 68ppm. The sensor is specifically sensitive to NH3gas and does not affect by the amount of ambient air.
Hif-1α–Induced Expression of Il-1β Protects against Mycobacterial Infection in Zebrafish
Authors: Ogryzko Nikolay V. , Lewis Amy , Wilson Heather L. , Meijer Annemarie H. , Renshaw Stephen A. , Elks Philip M.
Published: December 2018

Drug-resistant mycobacteria are a rising problem worldwide. There is an urgent need to understand the immune response to tuberculosis to identify host targets that, if targeted therapeutically, could be used to tackle these currently untreatable infections. In this study we use an Il-1β fluorescent transgenic line to show that there is an early innate immune proinflammatory response to well-established zebrafish models of inflammation and Mycobacterium marinum infection. We demonstrate that host-derived hypoxia signaling, mediated by the Hif-1α transcription factor, can prime macrophages with increased levels of Il-1β in the absence of infection, upregulating neutrophil antimicrobial NO production, leading to greater protection against infection. Our data link Hif-1α to proinflammatory macrophage Il-1β transcription in vivo during early mycobacterial infection and importantly highlight a host protective mechanism, via antimicrobial NO, that decreases disease outcomes and that could be targeted therapeutically to stimulate the innate immune response to better deal with infections.
Aging of Antiviral CD8+ Memory T Cells Fosters Increased Survival, Metabolic Adaptations, and Lymphoid Tissue Homing
Authors: Davenport Bennett , Eberlein Jens , van der Heide Verena , Jhun Kevin , Nguyen Tom T. , Victorino Francisco , Trotta Andrew , Chipuk Jerry , Yi Zhengzi , Zhang Weijia , Clambey Eric T. , Scott Donald K. , Homann Dirk
Published: December 2018

Aging of established antiviral T cell memory can foster a series of progressive adaptations that paradoxically improve rather than compromise protective CD8+ T cell immunity. We now provide evidence that this gradual evolution, the pace of which is contingent on the precise context of the primary response, also impinges on the molecular mechanisms that regulate CD8+ memory T cell (TM) homeostasis. Over time, CD8+ TM generated in the wake of an acute infection with the natural murine pathogen lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus become more resistant to apoptosis and acquire enhanced cytokine responsiveness without adjusting their homeostatic proliferation rates; concurrent metabolic adaptations promote increased CD8+ TM quiescence and fitness but also impart the reacquisition of a partial effector-like metabolic profile; and a gradual redistribution of aging CD8+ TM from blood and nonlymphoid tissues to lymphatic organs results in CD8+ TM accumulations in bone marrow, splenic white pulp, and, particularly, lymph nodes. Altogether, these data demonstrate how temporal alterations of fundamental homeostatic determinants converge to render aged CD8+ TM poised for greater recall responses.
Chances and challenges of comprehensive geriatric assessment training for healthcare providers
Authors: Polidori Maria Cristina , Roller-Wirnsberger Regina Elisabeth
Published: December 2018

Geriatrics is the medical specialty that deals with physical, psychological, social and functional aspects of the older adult and represents a most authentic form of personalized medicine. As such, it is successfully performed through its cornerstone instrument, the comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA), which consistently shows its significant benefits since over 30 years. However, the high speed at which the world population ages and gets affected by chronic conditions, multimorbidity and functional impairment is not yet accompanied by a strong, competent and self-conscious geriatric culture. This unmet need contributes to the further exponential increase of disability and lack of well-being in older persons. In this paper, we give an overview of the possible reasons for the lack of adequate CGA implementation across settings and highlight the likely benefits of consequent training and education of two groups of (future) professionals in the field of aging medicine: medical students and residents on one hand and multiprofessional healthcare providers, particularly nurses and physiotherapists, on the other hand.
Evolution of the Arctic Basin
Authors: Sweeney J F , Irving E , Geuer J W
Published: December 2018

The relative positions of Laurentia and Eurasia have been reconstructed from the Jurassic to present time using the paleomagnetic data and major tectonic constraints . It is suggested that during the Jurassic the two continental masses were joined and the Arctic
Ocean did not exist. In its place was northern Alaska and the Chukotsk Peninsula - the Arctic-Alaska plate (AA). During the Early Cretaceous the North Atlantic between Newfoundland and Britain began to open about a pivot point near northern Greenland. This gave rise to compression between northern
Laurentia and eastern Eurasia which caused AA to rift off and rotate about 70° anticlockwise, thereby creating the Amerasia Basin. Continued longitudinal compression of AA in the Late Cretaceous may have caused folding in the Verkhoyansk zone, dextral motion along the Kaltag fault, and
oroclinal buckling between the Brooks Range and the Chukotsk Peninsula. It is suggested that the structural lines of weakness that delineated AA, and ultimately formed its margins, were inherited features; the Laurentian margin was the site of the Franklinian foldbelt (Devonian) and the Eurasian
margin the site of a possible Permian rift and subsequent Triassic zone of shear. The Alpha and Mendeleev Ridges within the Amerasia Basin may have been produced by buckling of young oceanic crust caused by continuing compression between the bordering continental blocks as Herron and colleagues have
suggested, but they could also be continental fragments or volcanic accumulations created in the wake of the rotating Arctic-Alaska plate. The Eurasia Basin was initiated by spreading from the Nansen-Gakkel Ridge as early as Late Cretaceous time.
Radiative effect and climate impacts of brown carbon with the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM5)
Authors: Brown Hunter , Liu Xiaohong , Feng Yan , Jiang Yiquan , Wu Mingxuan , Lu Zheng , Wu Chenglai , Murphy Shane , Pokhrel Rudra
Published: December 2018

Abstract. A recent development in the representation of aerosols in climate models is
the realization that some components of organic aerosol (OA), emitted from
biomass and biofuel burning, can have a significant contribution to
shortwave radiation absorption in the atmosphere. The absorbing fraction of
OA is referred to as brown carbon (BrC). This study introduces one of the
first implementations of BrC into the Community Atmosphere Model version 5
(CAM5), using a parameterization for BrC absorptivity described in Saleh et
al. (2014). Nine-year experiments are run (2003–2011) with prescribed emissions
and sea surface temperatures to analyze the effect of BrC in the atmosphere.
Model validation is conducted via model comparison to single-scatter albedo
and aerosol optical depth from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET). This
comparison reveals a model underestimation of single scattering albedo (SSA) in biomass burning regions
for both default and BrC model runs, while a comparison between AERONET and
the model absorption Ångström exponent shows a marked improvement with BrC
implementation. Global annual average radiative effects are calculated due to
aerosol–radiation interaction (REari; 0.13±0.01 W m−2)
and aerosol–cloud interaction (REaci; 0.01±0.04 W m−2).
REari is similar to other studies' estimations of BrC direct radiative
effect, while REaci indicates a global reduction in low clouds due to the BrC
semi-direct effect. The mechanisms for these physical changes are
investigated and found to correspond with changes in global circulation
patterns. Comparisons of BrC implementation approaches find that this
implementation predicts a lower BrC REari in the Arctic regions than previous
studies with CAM5. Implementation of BrC bleaching effect shows a significant
reduction in REari (0.06±0.008 W m−2). Also, variations in
OA density can lead to differences in REari and REaci, indicating the
importance of specifying this property when estimating the BrC radiative
effects and when comparing similar studies.
Measurements of I/SVOCs in biomass-burning smoke using solid-phase extraction disks and two-dimensional gas chromatography
Authors: Hatch Lindsay E. , Rivas-Ubach Albert , Jen Coty N. , Lipton Mary , Goldstein Allen H. , Barsanti Kelley C.
Published: December 2018

Abstract. Biomass-burning organic-aerosol (OA) emissions are known
to exhibit semi-volatile behavior that impacts OA loading during plume
transport. Because such semi-volatile behavior depends in part on OA
composition, improved speciation of intermediate and semi-volatile organic
compounds (I/SVOCs) emitted during fires is needed to assess the competing
effects of primary OA volatilization and secondary OA production. In this
study, 18 laboratory fires were sampled in which a range of fuel types were
burned. Emitted I/SVOCs were collected onto Teflon filters and solid-phase
extraction (SPE) disks to qualitatively characterize particulate and gaseous
I/SVOCs, respectively. Derivatized filter extracts were analyzed using
comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass
spectrometry (GC × GC-TOFMS). Quality control tests were performed
using biomass-burning relevant standards and demonstrate the utility of SPE
disks for untargeted analysis of air samples. The observed chromatographic
profiles of I/SVOCs in coniferous fuel-derived smoke samples were well
correlated with each other, but poorly correlated with other fuel types
(e.g., herbaceous and chaparral fuels). Emissions of benzenediol isomers
were also shown to be fuel dependent. The combined Teflon and SPE filter
data captured differences in gas-particle partitioning of the benzenediol
isomers, with hydroquinone having a significantly higher particle-phase
fraction than catechol due to its lower volatility. Additionally, the
speciated volatility distribution of I/SVOCs in smoke from a rotten-log fire
was estimated to evaluate the composition of potentially volatilized primary
OA, which was entirely attributed to oxygenated (or other heteroatomic)
compounds. The isomer-dependent partitioning and the speciated volatility
distributions both suggest the need for better understanding of gas-phase
and heterogenous reaction pathways of biomass-burning-derived I/SVOCs in
order to represent the atmospheric chemistry of smoke in models.
New particle formation events observed at King Sejong Station, Antarctic Peninsula – Part 1: Physical characteristics and contribution to cloud condensation nuclei
Authors: Kim Jaeseok , Yoon Young Jun , Gim Yeontae , Choi Jin Hee , Kang Hyo Jin , Park Ki-Tae , Park Jiyeon , Lee Bang Yong
Published: December 2018

Abstract. The physical characteristics of aerosol particles during a particle burst observed at King Sejong Station in Antarctic Peninsula from March 2009 to December 2016 were analyzed. This study focuses on the seasonal variation in parameters related to particle formation such as the occurrence, formation rate (FR) and growth rate (GR), condensation sink (CS), and source rate of condensable vapor. The number concentrations during new particle formation (NPF) events varied from 1707 cm−3 to 83 120 cm−3, with an average of 20 649 ± 9290 cm−3, and the duration of the NPF events ranged from 0.6 h to 14.4 h, with a mean of 4.6 ± 1.5 h. The NPF event dominantly occurred during austral summer period (~ 72 %). The mean values of FR and GR of the aerosol particles were 2.79 ± 1.05 cm−3 s−1 and 0.68 ± 0.27 nm h−1, respectively showing enhanced rates in the summer season. The mean value of FR at King Sejong Station was higher than that at other sites in Antarctica, at 0.002–0.3 cm−3 s−1, while those of growth rates was relatively similar results observed by precious studies, at 0.4~4.3 nm h−1. The average values of CS and source rate of condensable vapor were (6.04 ± 2.74) × 10−3 s−1 and (5.19 ± 3.51) × 104 cm−3 s−1, respectively. The contribution of particle formation to cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentration was also investigated. The CCN concentration during the NPF period increased approximately 9 % compared with the background concentration. In addition, the effects of the origin and pathway of air masses on the characteristics of aerosol particles during a NPF event were determined. The FRs were similar regardless of the origin and pathway, whereas the GRs of particles originating from the Antarctic Peninsula and the Bellingshausen Sea, at 0.77 ± 0.25 nm h−1 and 0.76 ± 0.30 nm h−1, respectively, were higher than those of particles originating from the Weddell Sea (0.41 ± 0.15 nm h−1).
New particle formation events observed at the King Sejong Station, Antarctic Peninsula – Part 2: Link with the oceanic biological activities
Authors: Jang Eunho , Park Ki-Tae , Yoon Young Jun , Kim Tae-Wook , Hong Sang-Bum , Becagli Silvia , Traversi Rita , Kim Jaeseok , Gim Yeontae
Published: December 2018

Abstract. Marine biota is an important source of atmospheric aerosols in the remote marine atmosphere. Long-term observations (from 2009 to 2016) of the physical properties of atmospheric aerosol particles measured at the Antarctic Peninsula (King Sejong Station; 62.2° S, 58.8° W) and satellite-derived estimates of the biological characteristics were analyzed to identify the link between new particle formation and marine biota. New particle formation events in the Antarctic atmosphere showed distinct seasonal variations, with the highest values occurring during austral summer (December, January and February). Interestingly, new particle formation events were more frequent in the air masses that originated from the Bellingshausen Sea than in those that originated from the Weddell Sea. The monthly mean number concentration of nanoparticles (2.5–10 nm in diameter) was > 2-fold when the air masses passed over the Bellingshausen Sea than the Weddell Sea, whereas the biomass of phytoplankton in the Weddell Sea was more than ~ 70 % higher than that of the Bellingshausen Sea during the austral summer period. Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is of marine origin and its oxidative products are known to be one of the major components in the formation of new particles. Both satellite-derived estimates of the biological characteristics (dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP; precursor of DMS) and phytoplankton taxonomic composition) and in situ methanesulfonic acid (MSA; oxidation product of DMS) analysis revealed that DMS(P)-rich phytoplankton were more dominant in the Bellingshausen Sea than in the Weddell Sea. Furthermore, the number concentration of nanoparticles was positively correlated with the biomass of phytoplankton during the period when DMS(P)-rich phytoplankton predominate. These results indicate that oceanic DMS emissions could play a key role in the formation of new particles; moreover, the taxonomic composition of phytoplankton could affect the formation of secondary organic aerosols in the Antarctic Ocean.
Weak-constraint inverse modeling using HYSPLIT-4 Lagrangian dispersion model and Cross-Appalachian Tracer Experiment (CAPTEX) observations – effect of including model uncertainties on source term estimation
Authors: Chai Tianfeng , Stein Ariel , Ngan Fong
Published: December 2018

Abstract. A Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory version 4
(HYSPLIT-4) inverse system that is based on variational data
assimilation and a Lagrangian dispersion transfer coefficient matrix (TCM) is
evaluated using the Cross-Appalachian Tracer Experiment (CAPTEX) data
collected from six controlled releases. For simplicity, the initial tests are
applied to release 2, for which the HYSPLIT has the best performance. Before
introducing model uncertainty terms that will change with source estimates,
the tests using concentration differences in the cost function result in
severe underestimation, while those using logarithm concentration differences
result in overestimation of the release rate. Adding model uncertainty terms
improves results for both choices of the metric variables in the cost
function. A cost function normalization scheme is later introduced to avoid
spurious minimal source term solutions when using logarithm concentration
differences. The scheme is effective in eliminating the spurious solutions
and it also helps to improve the release estimates for both choices of the
metric variables. The tests also show that calculating logarithm
concentration differences generally yields better results than calculating
concentration differences, and the estimates are more robust for a reasonable
range of model uncertainty parameters. This is further confirmed with nine
ensemble HYSPLIT runs in which meteorological fields were generated with
varying planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes. In addition, it is found that
the emission estimate using a combined TCM by taking the average or median
values of the nine TCMs is similar to the median of the nine estimates using
each of the TCMs individually. The inverse system is then applied to the
other CAPTEX releases with a fixed set of observational and model uncertainty
parameters, and the largest relative error among the six releases is 53.3 %.
At last, the system is tested for its capability to find a single source
location as well as its source strength. In these tests, the location and
strength that yield the best match between the predicted and the observed
concentrations are considered as the inverse modeling results. The estimated
release rates are mostly not as good as the cases in which the exact release
locations are assumed known, but they are all within a factor of 3 for all
six releases. However, the estimated location may have large errors.
The role of atmospheric rivers in compound events consisting of heavy precipitation and high storm surges along the Dutch coast
Authors: Ridder Nina , de Vries Hylke , Drijfhout Sybren
Published: December 2018

Abstract. Atmospheric river (AR) systems play a significant role in the simultaneous
occurrence of high coastal water levels and heavy precipitation in the
Netherlands. Based on observed precipitation values (E-OBS) and the output of
a numerical storm surge model (WAQUA/DSCMv5) forced with ERA-Interim sea
level pressure and wind fields, we find that the majority of compound events
(CEs) between 1979 and 2015 have been accompanied by the presence of an AR
over the Netherlands. In detail, we show that CEs have a 3 to 4 times higher
chance of occurrence on days with an AR over the Netherlands compared to any
random day (i.e. days without knowledge on presence of an AR). In contrast,
the occurrence of a CE on a day without AR is 3 times less likely than on any
random day. Additionally, by isolating and assessing the prevailing sea level
pressure (SLP) and sea surface temperature (SST) conditions with and without
AR involvement up to 7 days before the events, we show that the presence of
ARs constitutes a specific type of forcing conditions that (i) resemble the
SLP anomaly patterns during the positive phase of the North Atlantic
Oscillation (NAO+) with a north–south pressure dipole over the North
Atlantic and (ii) cause a cooling of the North Atlantic subpolar gyre and
eastern boundary upwelling zone while warming the western boundary of the
North Atlantic. These conditions are clearly distinguishable from those
during compound events without the influence of an AR which occur under SLP
conditions resembling the East Atlantic (EA) pattern with a west–east
pressure dipole over northern Europe and are accompanied by a cooling of the
West Atlantic. Thus, this study shows that ARs are a useful tool for the
early identification of possible harmful meteorological conditions over the
Netherlands and supports an effort for the establishment of an early warning
system.
The effect of increased resolution of geostationary satellite imageries on predictability of tropical thunderstorms over Southeast Asia
Authors: Lee Kwonmin , Kim Hye-Sil , Choi Yong-Sang
Published: December 2018

Abstract. Tropical thunderstorms cause heavy damage to property and lives, and there is a strong interest in advancing the predictability of thunderstorms with more precise satellite observations. Using high-resolution (2 km and 10 minutes) imageries from the geostationary satellite (Himawari-8) recently launched over Southeast Asia, we examine how early the thunderstorms can be predicted compared to the low-resolution (4 km and 30 minutes) imageries of the former satellite. We compare the lead times for eight thunderstorms that occurred in August 2017 between high- and low-resolution imageries. These thunderstorms are identified by pixels with a brightness temperature at 10.45 μm (BT11) gradually decreasing by more than 5 K per 10 minutes (15 K per 30 minutes) compared to the previous imagery. The lead time is then calculated as the time passed from the initial to the mature stage of the thunderstorm signal, based on the time series of a minimum BT11 of these pixels. The lead time is found to be 100–180 minutes for the high-resolution imagery, while it is only found to be 30 minutes if detectable at all for the low-resolution imagery. This result suggests that the high-resolution imagery is essential for substantial disaster mitigation because of its ability to note an alarm more than two hours ahead of a matured thunderstorm.
Developing Youth Competencies: The Impact of Program Quality
Authors: Smischney Tegan M. , Roberts Matthew A. , Gliske Kate , Borden Lynne M. , Perkins Daniel F.
Published: December 2018

As youth programs have continued to evolve over the last 100 years, the field of program evaluation has advanced significantly in an effort to differentiate which youth program components are necessary to promote positive youth development (e.g., Eccles & Gootman, 2002; Lerner et al., 2013). The Children, Youth, and Families at Risk (CYFAR) initiative funds a variety of sustainable community projects (SCPs) that aim to support at-risk youth and families and help them become healthy, positive, and contributing members of society (U.S. Department of Agriculture, n.d.). To ensure these programs are meeting CYFAR’s goals, a required collection of common measures began in 2011 (University of Minnesota, 2017b). This study used CYFAR evaluation data to explore how specific program quality components (e.g. physical and psychological safety and relationship building) influence change in youth competencies. It was hypothesized that higher program quality ratings would be significantly associated with higher pretest to posttest change in youth competencies. Results indicated differential associations between the qualities of youth programs, particularly positive social norms and skill building, and changes in youth competencies. Implications for positive youth development programs are discussed.
The Mad Flapper: Socialization in Fitzgerald's “Bernice Bobs Her Hair”
Authors: Notea Ya'ara
Published: December 2018

Fitzgerald's engagement (some even say obsession) with his era's changing attitudes toward youth and gender is prominent in much of his work. “Bernice Bobs Her Hair,” published in 1920, is no exception. Employing the theoretical framework of the female Bildungsroman—the female narrative of development—this article presents a contextualized reading of the story as an early study of flapperhood, of modern perceptions of youth and maturation, and of the process of female socialization, revealing Fitzgerald's complex relationship with the ideal he and his wife so helped to advance. Studying the story's engagement with the larger literary and ideological debates that this genre participates in offers a deeper understanding of Fitzgerald's depiction of the process of socialization that calls into question previous assumptions about both maturation and femininity. Moreover, this analysis engenders an alternative reading of the story's ending, which further problematizes Fitzgerald's portrayal of socialization into flapperhood.
The head the construct: Construct state nominals as a novel window to syntactic movement difficulties in hearing impairment
Authors: Friedmann Naama , Szterman Ronit , Belletti Adriana , Rizzi Luigi
Published: December 2018

Children with hearing-impairment often show difficulties related to different kinds of syntactic movement. According to current syntactic analyses, Hebrew construct state nominals (CSN) involve syntactic movement, in which the noun moves to the determiner position. This kind of movement has never been tested in individuals with hearing-impairment. In this study we examined how Hebrew-speaking hearing-impaired children produce definite CSNs. A well-functioning movement of N to D prevents an overt determiner before the head of the definite CSN, and therefore we took the (incorrect) addition of a determiner before the head noun as an indication of a difficulty in moving the N to D.The participants were 32 children with hearing-impairment aged 9;1–12;2 whose performance was compared to 18 hearing children aged 8;10–10;7. We tested their oral reading of 63 CSNs in texts. The results showed that the children with hearing-impairment had a remarkable difficulty in reading the CSNs. The most noticeable error they made was that they incorrectly added a determiner before the head of the definite CSN, in addition to the determiner preceding the complement of the noun. The hearing control children virtually never made this error.Since the D position before the head should not be available if the noun had moved to D, we concluded that they could not properly move the noun to D. This illustrates, for the first time, a deficit in N-to-D movement in this population. The difficulty in N-to-D movement in the nominal domain is consistent with these children’s difficulties in other movement-derived structures in the clausal domain such as object A-bar movement and V-to-C movement. More broadly, these results support a movement analysis of CSN.