bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Where Have All the Women Gone? A Crash Course in Finding Them for YA Librarians
Authors: Monroe Judith W.
Published: February 2008

Recently, when I asked a forty year old artist friend if she was interested in women's achievements, she said, with a perfectly straight face, “Which achievements?” She continued with the assertion that women are not the ones who have done things in this world. All the exciting and important events have been engineered, created, and/or directed by men. Read the biographies, the histories, subtract a few token queens surrounded by powerful men and see, she ended triumphantly. Yet she would have been enraged by the antique dealer I confronted a month later when I needed to identify the painter of an early twentieth century landscape. The artist's signature was very difficult to read, and only the first and middle initials were given with the last name. The dealer announced he would check to see who “he” was in one of his catalogs on Maine art. Recklessly, I asked, “What makes you think it isn't a woman?” “Because there are no good women artists,” he snapped.
Down Under and Outback: Children's Books From and About Australia
Authors: Miller Frances A.
Published: February 2008

In September 1985, eight sets of children's books from Australia began an odyssey that will take them into all fifty states and Canada by the end of 1988. The books— and the resource, reference and display materials that accompany them—were chosen specifically for their value in introducing non‐Australians to Australia and her children's literature. They also provide an ideal starting point for library collection development.
Partitioned Bradford Ranking and the Serials Problem in Academic Research Libraries
Authors: Sivers Robert
Published: February 2008

During the last ten years, the number of research‐level serials has grown rapidly, and serials costs have increased at an even faster rate. These events, coupled with other inflationary pressures and nearly static or declining budgets, forced academic research libraries to shift collections‐funding patterns significantly. As a result, they repeatedly reduced their support of monograph‐rich collections in order to pay for a series of unexpectedly large cost increases in serial‐rich collections. Despite such stopgap fund transfers, serials costs often outstripped their increased allotments. Cancellation of serial acquisitions, serials ordering moratoria, buy‐one‐cancel‐one policies, and other assorted roadblocks or holding actions frequently resulted in a qualitative decline in serial‐rich collections, yet seldom prevented the publication of new serials or the continued increases in prices. Acknowledging the notoriety of this problem among research librarians, I call it “the serials problem.”
Reading, Interlibrary Loan, and OCLC: A Letter to Bill Katz
Authors: Bravard Robert S.
Published: February 2008

Last week while looking for something else I found myself reading through my file of your letters. No matter what the letter started out being about, it eventually turned into a discussion of whatever you had just finished reading. I know my letters to you are the same; sometimes I finish a book and make a note to tell you about it in my next letter. Everybody I write to does this, but then how many people these days write letters? That is another matter altogether but let me keep on here about reading.
Senior Power
Authors: Blake Fay M. , Morton Newman H.
Published: February 2008

The year 1935 marked a significant change for America's elderly. In that year, Congress passed the Social Security Act, which provided federally funded old‐age benefits to workers when they reached 65. Passed in a year of deep and persistent economic depression, the Social Security Act has continued to support and sustain millions of elderly people. But its historical meaning is even more profound; its passage signified that the United States had come of age as an industrial society. The welfare of its older citizens was no longer left to individual citizens, but was recognized as a social responsibility. From the thirties through the seventies, that principle has been generally accepted and encouraged.
United States Federal Government Documents on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Authors: Burgh Scott G.
Published: February 2008

As the disease of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) continues to affect more persons, the literature on AIDS proliferates. While most of the AIDS literature is written for a general or a medical audience, the information on AIDS found in United States government publications illustrates the political dimensions of the disease. Issues contained in these documents include subjects such as the lack of serious funding for AIDS research and congressional testimony by persons with AIDS. Reports of scientific advances through executive agencies such as the Centers for Disease Control are also found in these documents.
Selecting and Acquiring Business Materials
Authors: Ternberg Milton G.
Published: February 2008

A collection of carefully selected materials is essential to the operation of a business library or information center. The size and focus of the collection will vary considerably from library to library, but certain basic collecting principles apply to all. This article covers these basics and applies them specifically to business collection development.
Actualities of Regulating Pornography
Authors: Bravard Robert S.
Published: February 2008

As I think over this rather broad subject, there comes to mind a series of statements, many attribute to Baseball Hall of Fame catcher Yogi Berra. They appear quite simple on first hearing, but the more they are examined, the more complex and multilayered they become. A classic example is “it's not over until it's over.”
Information Technologies and Collection Development
Authors: Reed‐Scott Jutta
Published: February 2008

Perhaps the most striking characteristic of today's information environment is the pace of technological innovation. The phenomenal increase in computer memory capacity and speed of access, and the development of ever more powerful but less expensive computer chips, stimulate creation of expanded applications. The changing nature of automated systems requires continuous adjustment to cycles of expanding, ever‐changing information systems.
The “Grey” Ghetto: Key Issues Related to Public Policy Research Literature
Authors: Levin Marc A.
Published: February 2008

“Grey”, “ephemeral”, “fugitive”, and “non‐trade” are terms used to describe the unique publications issued by American private public policy research organizations. These research organizations often publish the best and brightest analytical thinking about public problem‐solving and wield considerable influence in the process of national policymaking. Information professionals, responsible for social science collections, have for decades agonized over issues related to acquiring, cataloging, and organizing this unorthodox literature. Librarians have traditionally viewed this body of literature as too difficult and laborious to locate and inferior by library standards to sit on open shelves among the general collection.
Collection Development in University Libraries in Ghana: Some Observations
Authors: Anaba Alemna A.
Published: February 2008

There are now three Universities in Ghana with a total enrollment of about 10,000 students. The oldest and largest is the University of Ghana, Legon, which was established in 1948 as a University College preparing students for the degrees of the University of London. The University of Science and Technology at Kumasi was the second to be established in the country. It started as a College of Technology in 1951 and was raised to University status in 1961. The University of Cape Coast came into being in 1962, mainly to produce graduate teachers for expanding secondary schools and teacher‐training colleges. All the universities have libraries which provide services to faculty members, scholars and students. The number of books allowed to be borrowed, however, depends on the status of the user, with faculty members having more privileges than students at all the universities.
Materials Used in the Research of State History: A Citation Analysis of the 1986 Tennessee Historical Quarterly
Authors: Hitchcock Eloise R.
Published: February 2008

Good library service means providing information that will satisfy the needs of patrons. Developing a sound collection of materials is best achieved by assessing user demands. Requests for materials are not always for specific titles, but rather for information related to a certain subject area. This is often the situation for state and local history. When developing a collection in local history, the librarian is faced with deciding what types of materials should be obtained to best satisfy patrons' needs. Examining materials actually used provides a valuable selection tool to aid in the collection development process.
Format Citation Patterns and Their Implications for Collection Development in Research Libraries
Authors: Bowman Michael
Published: February 2008

In this time of rapidly increasing journal subscription costs and shrinking (or stable) acquisition budgets, it is imperative to acquire materials as effectively as possible. One method of doing this is to use citation analysis of the scholarly literature as a guideline. Citation analysis is the analysis of the references from a set of documents (such as an analysis of all of the citations from five years of College & Research Libraries or of all citations from geology dissertations at a university). Information received from the analysis includes: languages of items cited, age of items cited (to calculate a half‐life for the field), and rate of self‐citations. Broadus reviewed citation analysis, its use, validity, and reliability. In the past, citation analysis has been used in collection development to decide on the suitability of specific items (both journals and monographs), such as mentioned in Buzzard and Whaley. The method introduced here is to use the percentage of publication formats cited in the research literature to serve as a guideline for acquisitions budget breakdowns, i.e., percentages allocated to monographs versus that allocated to other formats, for each discipline. The reasoning behind this is that an effective method of acquiring materials is to purchase the materials that the library's clients will use in the formats in which they will use them. The key assumption is that the citations in a scholar's paper reflect the literature the scholar used.
Best Sellers and Pulitzer Prize Winners: Core or Not?
Authors: Budd John M.
Published: February 2008

The debate over quality versus demand in public libraries has been argued for some time, largely without resolution. In 1981 Nora Rawlinson wrote, “A book of outstanding quality is not worth its price if no one will read it.” The view espoused by Rawlinson and others gives a great deal of attention to best sellers, since it is demand which makes a book a best seller. This is not a new issue; Rawlinson quotes John Cotton Dana, writing nearly a century ago.
Needs‐Led Service Not Acquisitions‐Led Service in the Research Library
Authors: Roberts Deanna L.
Published: February 2008

Experience has shown that states lose business and stall the ensuing development of their economies because of a lack of quality and foresight in their education systems. Some states feel that they have a vast reservoir of unskilled citizens who will work for nothing and companies will buy into it, but Harlan Cleveland in his article, “Education for Citizenship in the Information Society,” writes that “people who do not educate themselves, and keep re‐educating themselves to participate in the new knowledge environment will be the peasants of the information society.” Many research libraries are also stunting their own development through a lack of foresight in the provision of service. These libraries feel that their “all‐encompassing” unconnected collections continue to be a drawing card for recruiting and retaining the best scholars. University administrators who are also strategic planners will not continue to financially support this attitude.
Reviewing United States History Monographs: A Bibliometric Survey
Authors: Kirby Steven R.
Published: February 2008

The British scholar S.C. Bradford first showed that the dispersion of periodical articles on a subject follows a predictable pattern. Based on his study of the literature of applied geology and lubrication, Bradford observed that:
The Charles H. Kerr Company: Books To Change the World
Authors: Cochran David
Published: February 2008

One of the most colorful and free‐spirited publishers in U.S. history, the Charles H. Kerr Publishing Company of Chicago has also made an impressive mark on that history. As this country's oldest alternative publishing house—founded in 1886—it has been closely associated with such movements as populism, freethought, socialism, and the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), as well as various currents of labor and social radicalism of more recent years. The Kerr Company has also established itself as a leading publisher of original works and reprints in the field of labor and radical history. Several generations of America's progressives and dissidents have relied heavily on Kerr publications for their education and inspiration. For libraries with a focus on labor, politics, women, reform movements, anarchism, socialism, pacifism, radical fiction, popular culture, and the broad counter‐culture, Kerr books are indispensable.
Federal Documents on Homelessness
Authors: Farrington Polly‐Alida
Published: February 2008

Federal publications concerning homelessness originate from a variety of different agencies, reflecting the complexities of the issues surrounding this problem. Topics covered include housing; physical and mental health issues; the role of drug and alcohol abuse; and social, economic, and political issues. Agencies involved range from the National Institute of Mental Health to the House Select Committee on Aging. A key piece of federal legislation for the homeless is the Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act, which passed in 1987. Although appropriations for this act have fallen short of the act's authorizations, it has been a primary source of aid for the homeless. Many of the publications included in this bibliography report on programs or provisions of the McKinney Act.
Vertical Files: A Bulletin Board Source
Authors: Smallwood Carol
Published: February 2008

Building a great vertical file collection means building a great resource for library bulletin board displays. Since bulletin boards need an endless supply of new ideas and materials, and your vertical files are constantly growing, why not combine them? Using your vertical file collection as a source for bulletin boards not only alerts users to what is inside those drawers, it is a great method for creating attractive seasonal displays and contests which you would not otherwise be able to feature. You need no special storage as materials are just returned to, or (if newly acquired) are made part of the vertical files when you take down the display. (Addresses for all the sources discussed in this article appear at the end.)
Bibliography: Jewish/Palestinian Middle East Peace Perspectives
Authors: Albrecht Lisa
Published: February 2008

This semi‐annotated bibliography (with a focus on feminist activist work) is a project I continually revise. Therefore, please view it as incomplete. If you have any additions, please write to me at: General College, 280 Appleby Hall, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455. I've put an asterisk next to materials I've found most useful and have separated the bibliography into two sections: regular or irregular periodicals that focus on the Israeli/Palestinian conflict and books that address the conflict.
Collection Development of Genre Literature
Authors: Futas Elizabeth
Published: February 2008

For readers' advisory librarians, genre literature can prove to be difficult collection management areas. The literature itself has rarely been defined in anything but the negative (“not great literature,” “not of lasting quality”) and yet it makes up a good deal of the attraction for many patrons to the public library, and gives great circulation support to their collections. Percentage‐wise, it gets the least attention for the most benefits. Many budgets are based on circulation figures, and much of the commendable relationship with the public is based on readers who devour genre literature. Why is it that genre readers are given such short shrift for their loyalty and devotion? Some of the problem lies in the traditional view of genre literature and the rest in the new view of collection development.
Developing Readers' Advisory Service for Library Users Whose Primary Language is Not English
Authors: Freiband Susan J.
Published: February 2008

This paper presents some ideas about readers' advisory service for library users whose primary language is not English to offer a perspective about some of the issues involved. Questions are raised to stimulate further study and research in this area of librarianship.
Collecting Foreign Language Material: Some Ideas To Get Started
Authors: Gonsalves Tosca O.
Published: February 2008

As observed by Freiband, in recent years there has been a growth in interest in multicultural and, by extension, multilingual material for libraries. However, although there is indeed an increase in multicultural material being reviewed, finding evaluative reviews of foreign language material is still quite difficult.
Alternative Sex: Some 'Zines, Comics, Books, and Sources
Authors: Dodge Chris
Published: February 2008

The following list focuses on, but is not limited to, lesser‐known printed publications which feature writing and images about sex and sexual politics. Besides representing a fair amount of irreverence, satire, scholarship, and unabashed eroticism, the list includes citations for material on topics sure to offend: pedophilia (some would say child abuse) and fetishism, to name just two. For an extensive list of more mainstream sex periodicals, consult Ulrich's International Periodicals Directory (Bowker). Don't bother looking there for categories like EROTICA or SEX, however. Ulrich's cities titles like Gent (“Home of the D‐cups”), Penthouse (circulation 2 million, but how many library subscriptions?), Swinging Times, and Uncut (“The magazine of the natural man”), under MEN'S INTERESTS, while some gay and lesbian erotica appears under the heading HOMOSEXUALITY. Also: while accounting for very little sexually‐oriented material of a general nature—Playboy (under MEN), Playgirl (under WOMEN), and Yellow Silk (under GENERAL EDITORIAL)—Bill and Linda Katz's Magazines for libraries, another Bowker publication, features an extensive annotated bibliography of lesbian and gay periodicals (Polly Thistlethwaite and Daniel Tsang, compilers), which includes titles like NAMBLA Bulletin: Voice of the North American Man/Boy Love Association and On Our Backs.
The Krueger Method: An Introduction
Authors: Olson Georgine
Published: February 2008

The Krueger Method, one of the first conspectus geared to use by smaller, non‐automated libraries, is examined in the following three articles. Together, they show both the beginnings of the conspectus and the use to which it is being put nearly fifteen years later.
WLN Conspectus: An Introduction
Authors: Olson Georgine
Published: February 2008

The WLN Conspectus is examined in three articles that, together, give an explanation of the conspectus and an examination of how it has been used in two different venues.
Cooperative Collection Management Among Four Rural Libraries
Authors: Shasteen Ruth
Published: February 2008

Four libraries in East‐Central Illinois established a model cooperative collection development project funded by a Library Services and Construction Act (LSCA) Grant for the purpose of determining if the theory of cooperative collection development could actually be put into practice, specifically in the case of small rural libraries. The project proved to be very successful, demonstrating that theory can work in real situations. Cooperative collection development is a practical solution to problems created by underfunding, inadequate or underdeveloped collections, and long delivery times for interlibrary loans. This article will describe the demonstration project, the methods used to assess the collections, and the process of writing the cooperative plan.
Librarians and Sexologists: Not So Strange Bedfellows
Authors: Cornog Martha , Perper Timothy
Published: February 2008

Based upon a presentation by Martha Cornog, presented as part of a pre‐conference, “When Sex is the Question: Who Asks? Who Answers?” sponsored by the Gay and Lesbian Task Force, American Library Association Annual Conference, June 25–July 2, 1992, San Francisco.
Creating a World Wide Web resource collection
Authors: Piontek Sherry , Garlock Kristen
Published: February 2008

Argues that collection development librarians, because of their experience in the areas of collection, organization, evaluation, and presentation, are uniquely qualified to create World Wide Web subject resource collections for an academic audience. By learning how to use Internet subject directories and searching sites, and by acquainting themselves with basic HTML tags, these librarians can create guides which can become valuable tools for all Internet users. In the process, they can also expand their own library collections by providing access to networked information which would have otherwise been inaccessible to their users.
Identifying Academic Physical Sciences Research in Progress
Authors: Lefler Primack Alice
Published: February 2008

The groundwork of a good research project always begins with a thorough literature search. When the scientist wants to replicate work, perhaps to compare results of conducting the same experiment on different materials, he or she turns to the library for journal articles on the subject. Librarians excel at producing lengthy subject searches through online search services. They can even produce the desired materials themselves, making good use of networking such as OCLC and RUN, and interlibrary loan, in addition to careful collection development in the library at hand.
Quality of Schooling
Authors: Taylor Barry
Published: February 2008

The changes in learning which are proceeding very quickly with the introduction of new technology to the learning process are outlined. The need to be accountable, coupled with central government initiatives, has caused LEAs to increase efforts via more local reports. The future will require concentration on the process of learning. It is contended that partnership between providers of education is essential to achieve its objectives.
Representative Democracy in a Regional Board of Education
Authors: Watkins Peter
Published: February 2008

The advent in 1982 of a Labor Government in Victoria, Australia, led to a new approach towards the administration of education, emphasising the democratisation of educational administration. The new approach was outlined in ministerial papers, one of which dealt with the establishment of the regional board of education. The representational aspect of a regional board using data collected over 12 months is outlined and some of the contradictions in its operation are highlighted.
Reflective Management: The Key to Quality Leadership
Authors: Duignan Patrick A.
Published: February 2008

The maintenance of a distinction between management and leadership behaviours at the conceptual and/or practical level negates the search for a “practical theory” of leadership. If management is viewed as an art, management and leadership behaviours are inextricably intertwined in an organisational setting. Both activities are part of the cultural action of an organisation.
A Galerkin boundary element formulation with moving singularities
Authors: Han P.S. , Olson  , Johnston R.L.
Published: February 2008

In conventional boundary element formulations, the singularities of the fundamental solution are usually located on the problem boundary. This leads to difficulties in evaluating solution quantities on or near the boundary. A method is presented for locating the singularities on an auxiliary boundary outside the problem domain and having this auxiliary boundary location determined automatically via a Galerkin criterion. This automatic generation of the auxiliary boundary results in a highly accurate, adaptive but non‐linear method. The number of singularities can be significantly reduced compared to conventional boundary element formulations which usually require the same number of singularities as the number of boundary elements used. The method is illustrated with three examples involving Laplace's equation in two dimensions. Excellent numerical results are obtained in all cases using only a few singularities.
Eulerian—Lagrangian solution of convection dominated diffusion problems
Authors: Casulli Vincenzo
Published: February 2008

Some existing finite difference methods for the numerical solution of convection dominated diffusion equations are compared. Two semi‐implicit methods, Lagrangian based and applied on an Eulerian grid system, are then derived and discussed. The new methods are demonstrated to be transportive and unconditionally stable. Moreover, the artificial diffusion and the spurious oscillations of these methods are also analysed and compared. Extensions to n‐space variables and to non‐linear equations are indicated, along with various applications.
An interactive contour plotting program
Authors: Yeo Michael F.
Published: February 2008

A very fast interactive contour plotting package is presented. Any finite element mesh is automatically converted into a contour plotting mesh composed of 3‐noded triangular elements. The resulting contours are smooth and accurate provided the analysis mesh is sensible.
Finite element and Ritz vector techniques for the solution to three‐dimensional soil — structure interaction problems in the time domain
Authors: Bayo E. , Wilson E.L.
Published: February 2008

A general time domain finite element formulation and several efficient numerical techniques are combined to form a new method of analysis for the solution of three‐dimensional soil‐structure interaction problems in the time domain. For elastic systems the method is a very cost effective alternative to the frequency domain approach. However, the major advantage of the new method is its ability to be extended to non‐linear behaviour such as separation of foundation and soil or non‐linear material. The general equations of motion for the linear cases are expressed in terms of the relative displacements of the soil‐structure system with respect to the displacements of the buried part of the structure (volume methods). This formulation allows the load vector to be an exclusive function of the free field accelerations at the foundation level. The non‐linear case requires that the equation of motion be established in terms of the total interaction displacements. The soil is modelled with three‐dimensional solid elements in the near field and axisymmetric elements in the far field. Coupling between the two systems is enforced by expanding the displacements of the solid elements in terms of the axisymmetric ones. Reduction in the number of degrees of freedom is achieved by the use of orthogonal sets of Ritz functions. The reduced system of equations is uncoupled and solved very efficiently using the complex eigenvectors. A numerical example consisting of the response of a structure resting on a homogeneous half‐space is solved using the new method and one of the approaches in the frequency domain. Results given by both methods are remarkably similar.
Geometrically non‐linear analysis of thin plates and shells using a generalized displacement method
Authors: Xi‐Kui Li , Liu Guo‐Qiang , Owen D.R.J.
Published: February 2008

A generalized displacement method has been previously presented for the analysis of thin plate‐shell structures with the use of bilinear 4‐node isoparametric shell elements. Following this approach, a procedure for the geometrically non‐linear analysis of thin plates and shells based on both updated and total Lagrangian formulations is developed. The results of some numerical examples are presented to show the versatility and effectiveness of the method.
Use of substructuring in non‐linear material analysis
Authors: Hellen T.K.
Published: February 2008

The latest release of the stress analysis finite element system BERSAFE contains a new general substructuring facility for use in either elastic or non‐linear analysis. The technique allows a considerable extension to the available facilities in that parts of the structure can be stored on datafiles for current or subsequent use. In the latter case, repeated computations are avoided for components with identical geometric and material properties, so effectively larger problems can be solved without a proportional increase in cost and effort. For non‐linear analysis, the technique is well suited to cases where non‐linear behaviour is confined to certain parts of the structure, such as in the vicinity of stress concentrations and crack tips. The elastic areas can be replaced by a substructure boundary, thereby concentrating the analysis on the higher‐stressed portions of the structure and so reducing the extent and cost of each iteration. The non‐linear substructuring technique is described in detail and illustrated by examples.
Beam model of bolted flanged connections
Authors: Agatonovic Petar
Published: February 2008

The behaviour of bolt connections is illustrated by an example of eccentrically loaded plate strip, examined on a FE model with a description of the beam model of this connection. The development of a general‐purpose beam model is described with particular emphasis being given to experimental justification, comparison with similar computing methods, and design applications of the model. The restrictions in the use of the model which are dependent on external dimensions of connected parts and their basic form are also mentioned.
A robust hybrid algorithm for computing multiple equilibrium solutions
Authors: Watson Layne T. , Kamat Manohar P. , Reaser Michael H.
Published: February 2008

A hybrid method is described that seeks to combine the efficiency of a quasi‐Newton method capable of locating stable and unstable equilibrium configurations with a robust homotopy method that is capable of tracking equilibrium paths with turning points while exploiting symmetry and sparsity of the Jacobian matrices. Numerical results are presented for a shallow arch problem.
Use of stabilization matrices in non‐linear analysis
Authors: Kam Liu Wing , Belytschko Ted , Shau‐Jen Ong Jame , Law Sinlap Edward
Published: February 2008

The numerical quadrature of the stiffness matrices and force vectors is a major factor in the accuracy and efficiency of the finite element methods. Even in the analysis of linear problems, the use of too many quadrature points results in a phenomenon called locking whereas the use of insufficient quadrature points results in a phenomenon called spurious singular mode. Therefore, efficient numerical quadrature schemes for structural dynamics are developed. It is expected that these improved finite elements can be used more reliably in many structural applications. The proposed developed quadrature schemes for the continuum and shell elements are straightforward and are modularized so that many existing finite element computer codes can be easily modified to accommodate the proposed capabilities. This should prove of great benefit to many computer codes which are currently used in structural engineering applications.
A new formulation for numerically integrated finite elements
Authors: Delgado R.M. , Martins R.A.F.
Published: February 2008

A quadrilateral linear element for plane stress/plane strain analysis, formulated using a system of bars located at the Gauss integration points, is presented. A special bar element is formulated and the finite element is thereafter considered as an assembly of bars. The formulation presented is used in an attempt to explain the numerical problems arising when considering incompressible materials and reduced integration.
The analysis of the non‐linear and ultimate load behaviour of plated structures by the finite element method
Authors: Evans H.R. , Peksa D.O. , Taherian A.R.
Published: February 2008

The paper reviews the application of the finite element method to the analysis of large‐deflection elasto‐plastic behaviour and traces the development of such a solution for plated structures. The accuracy of the approach is established by many comparisons with available solutions for isolated plates and conclusions are drawn on suitable idealizations for plated structures. The results of an analysis of a typical plate girder, allowing fully for the interaction between the component plates, are presented. Comparisons with experimentally measured values for the girder confirm the validity of the proposed approach for the study of the collapse modes of plated structures. The need for expensive experimentation is thereby reduced.
Seismic response of liquid sloshing in the annular region formed by coaxial circular cylinders
Authors: Fujita K. , Ito T. , Okada K.
Published: February 2008

Although much research work has been performed on the liquid sloshing inside simple cylindrical vessels, this paper deals with the analysis of the liquid sloshing in the annular region of more intricate coaxial circular cylinders. In this analysis, by utilizing the velocity potential theory, the transient response was formulated as a boundary value problem in the axisymmetrical vessels when the sine wave in resonance with the sloshing of the primary mode was applied.
Computer simulation for stress—strain relation of cyclic loading
Authors: Ishikawa H. , Lippmann H.
Published: February 2008

The stress analysis of structures subjected to cyclic loading requires stress—strain relations simple enough to be usable efficiently in computer program and yet adequate to describe the essential features of the plastic behaviour of the material reasonably well. The constitutive equation for cyclic plasticity incorporating the motion of the centre of the loading surface is proposed. Using the modified plastic work, the dependency of the loading history of materials is taken into account. The Ramberg—Osgood law which is applied to each stress—strain loop from the current centre of the loading surface plays an important role. This computer simulation for stress—strain relation of cyclic loading is justified from the point of view of several kinds of experiments on type 304 austenitic stainless steel.
Three‐dimensional unsteady seepage through an earth dam with accretion
Authors: Gupta C.S. , Bruch J.C. , Comincioli V.
Published: February 2008

A numerical solution to the free boundary problem of three‐dimensional transient seepage through an earth dam with accretion is presented. The numerical model uses a Baiocchi type transformation to extend the unknown solution region to a fixed known region. The initial value problem is then solved by an iterative method of successive over‐relaxation type. A seepage situation of sudden rise of water level on one side of a dam is presented as an example problem. The effects of variation of accretion, effective porosity and hydraulic conductivity are studied.
Interactive elastic and inelastic response spectrum analysis of multistorey buildings
Authors: Phan Khing , Adeli Hojjat
Published: February 2008

An interactive menu driven microcomputer program is presented for elastic and inelastic earthquake response spectrum analysis of multistorey and multibay buildings. The program is written in Advanced BASIC on an IBM Personal Computer with one disk drive. The program can perform the following:
Using the conjugate gradient method with preconditioning for solving FEM approximations of elasticity problems
Authors: Bercovier M. , Rosenthal A.
Published: February 2008

A fast assembly scheme for FEM sparse matrices is given. For the solution we compare the conjugate gradient and two preconditionings for this method in the case of plane strain elasticity and orthotropic materials with very stiff coefficients. The influence of fibre orientation on the number of iterations is tested. It is suggested to use the simple incomplete Crout scheme even when the resulting preconditioning matrix is not positive definite.
Design and testing of deep water sealine connector with non‐linear finite element analysis
Authors: Giuli S. , Trave F.
Published: February 2008

Analyses were performed during the conceptual design stage of a 20in. threaded connector for deep water J‐pipe lay, as part of a research project developed by Tecnomare and partly funded by the EEC. The joint consists of two parts, namely a pin and a box, provided with cylindrical threads. It was essential for the joint design to be fully leak‐proof for both internal and external pressure and this requirement had to be satisfied also under the maximum bending moment allowable for the sealine. Sealing was accomplished on a cone surface by screwing the pin into the box until yield was reached. The FEM analysis was carried out primarily to check that the pin and box remain pressed to one another over the sealing surface in every design condition with adequate pressure to prevent leakage. For this purpose, the analysis was a powerful design technique, as it gave an easy understanding of the structural behaviour and provided proper stiffness by making the joint either larger or thinner wherever required. The main characteristic of this work is that FEM analysis has been utilized as a design method rather than as a check. The analysis was performed by means of ADINA (Automatic Dynamic Incremental Non‐linear Analysis) program. Contact pressure between sealing surfaces, as achieved during the joint screwing phase, was modelled through thermal elongation. Pressure loads and external forces were superimposed through a step‐by‐step procedure, by accounting for the elastoplastic behaviour all around the sealing surface. In order to verify the behaviour of the mechanical joint, six prototypes have been fabricated and tested under the design loads of the lay phase and the operative life. The results of the tests confirmed the correct design and the results of non‐linear finite element analysis. The most important performances of the joint can be summarized as follows: (1) the make‐up phase is rapid and easy: no problems of frictional pick‐up took place; (2) no leakage happened during the internal pressure tests: the pressure of 300atm (1.5 times the design internal pressure) was maintained for 12h; (3) the load conditions of the second series of tests were: 200atm of internal pressure and the maximum allowable bending moment relevant to the pipe: after 2h no leakage happened. This paper describes the model used for the analysis, discusses its implications and the most important results achieved in comparison with the tests of the experimental phase.
Shear forces and twisting moments in plates using Mindlin elements
Authors: Hinton E. , Huang H.C.
Published: February 2008

Finite elements based on Mindlin plate theory are used to study the distribution of shear forces and twisting moments on the boundaries of plates with various support conditons and thickness‐to‐span ratios. Differences between results obtained using Mindlin and Kirchhoff plate theories are highlighted. Potential difficulties in the interpretation of results obtained from finite element analysis are discussed and appropriate shear force sampling procedures are reviewed. The present work is a pilot study for a larger project with the basic aim of providing engineers with an unambiguous method for obtaining stress resultants in Mindlin plate analysis. Some examples are presented which illustrate the excellent results which may be obtained with judicious mesh division even in regions with steep gradients of the stress resultants near plate corners. These examples also demonstrate some of the difficulties facing engineers who have to try to interpret finite element results for plates.
A secant approximation for holonomic elastic—plastic incremental analysis with a von Mises yield condition
Authors: Bird W.W. , Martin J.B.
Published: February 2008

An algorithm is described for the incremental solution of elastic—plastic finite element analysis using a piecewise holonomic constitutive law based on a von Mises yield condition. The holonomic assumption effectively converts each incremental problem into a non‐linear elastic—plastic problem. The algorithm is iterative, substituting the non‐linear strain potential by a quadratic potential at each iteration, and convergence is proved. The algorithm has been implemented into a finite element program as a series of secant modulus approximations, and results for a variety of problems are given. The rate of convergence is fairly slow, but the algorithm can be very easily programmed as an extension of an elastic program, and may have value as an independent method of determining incremental elastic—plastic solutions.
Implicit integration algorithm for elastoplasticity in plane stress analysis
Authors: Jetteur Philippe
Published: February 2008

An implicit integration algorithm for elastoplastic constitutive equations in plane stress analysis is presented. The error associated with this algorithm is of the same order as the one reached in three‐dimensional analysis with the radial return algorithm. No subincrementation is needed. Moreover, the exact elastoplastic stress—strain matrix related to this algorithm is derived.
Non‐linear analysis of plate and folded plate structures by the finite strip method
Authors: Sekulovi Miodrag , Milašinovi Dragan
Published: February 2008

An analysis of the plate and folded plate structures is carried out, taking into account the geometrical non‐linearities and the effects of creep, using the finite strip method. An assumption is made that only small deformations and large displacements and rotations exist. Creep of concrete has an important influence on some structures and cannot be neglected in such analysis, especially when geometrical non‐linearities are taken into account. The stiffness matrices (classical and geometrical) and the vector of equivalent nodal loading for the finite strips are obtained using the variation approach. The interpolation functions used are multiples of polynomial and trigonometric functions. Numerical examples showing the theoretical considerations are presented.
Application of the finite strip method to the thermal analysis of engineering structures
Authors: Mańko Zbigniew
Published: February 2008

While calculating internal forces of a structure resulting from temperature it is necessary to know thermal conduction and what goes hand in hand to determine temperature distribution at various points of the analysed structures. Finite strip method (FSM) is very suitable for the analysis of thermal conduction, heating, heat and temperature distribution in engineering structures, especially rectangular of identical edge conditions. The paper presents several examples of FSM application for the analysis of conduction and heat and temperature distribution for various types of engineering structures which can appear, among others, while welding several joined elements with welds made at specified speed as linear and point welds. Bars, shields, square and rectangular plates, steel orthotropic plates, steel and combined girders (steel‐concrete), box girders subject to various loads connected with heat and temperature (loaded with temperature, non‐uniformly heated surface). The obtained results may be useful in engineering practice for determining actual temperature and load capacity in individual elements of the construction.
Spurious reflections and accuracy of finite element models for unbounded wave propagation problems: the one‐dimensional case
Authors: Medina Francisco , Rosales Fernando
Published: February 2008

The accuracy of finite element discretizations modelling one‐dimensional wave propagation problems is presented. The spurious reflections arising from finite/infinite element discretizations for unbounded domain problems are quantified. The error curves, numerically obtained, yield a criterion for rational mesh design. Formulae for minimum discretization ratios are given.
Assumed strain stabilization procedure for the 9‐node Lagrange plane and plate elements
Authors: Leong Wong Bak , Belytschko Ted
Published: February 2008

An alternative stabilization approach has been developed for the 9‐node Lagrange plane and plate elements. In this approach, a stabilization stiffness is formulated using functions associated with the spurious zero‐energy modes. Efficiency has been increased by employing the same uniformly‐reduced integration scheme on the stabilization and underintegrated stiffness matrices. The results obtained using this rank‐sufficient element, termed the γ‐ψ element, appear to surpass those obtained with other rank‐sufficient 9‐node elements in accuracy.
Calculation of shear and moment envelopes by Macauley's method
Authors: Burgoyne C.J.
Published: February 2008

The paper describes the use of a microcomputer to determine the behaviour of continuous beams. Three procedures are described: the analysis of continuous beams subject to generalized loadings using Macauley's method, the extension to include the production of influence lines, and the analysis of these influence lines to comply with a loading code. Results are presented to show how different assumptions about partial factors applied to dead loads can produce ranges of moments for which the structure must be designed. The implications for the designer of the complexities of a modern highway design code are considered in some detail, and the methods used to produce bending moment and shear force envelopes for structures designed to these rules are discussed.
An efficient flexurally superconvergent hexahedral element
Authors: Wang Xiao‐Jun , Belytschko Ted
Published: February 2008

A hexahedral 8‐node element based on the Hellinger—Reissner principle is formulated with the γ projection operator so that it can achieve engineering accuracy for plate and beam problems with a single layer of elements. It passes the patch test and is less sensitive to mesh shape since the local coordinates are used to describe the stress fields. The resulting element stiffness is simple and only 3×3 submatrix inversions are needed. Numerical results show that the new element is both accurate and efficient.
Elastic stability of plates with and without openings
Authors: May I.M. , Ganaba T.H.
Published: February 2008

The finite element method of analysis is used to determine the elastic buckling loads for plates with and without openings. The formulation is based on Mindlin plate theory. The 8‐node serendipity element was employed to model the membrane behaviour of the plate in order to determine the in‐plane stress distribution throughout the plate due to the edge loading. The heterosis plate bending element was used in the formulation of the governing equations of the stability problem. The elastic buckling loads for plates with and without openings and under different edge loading conditions are determined and the results were compared with the analytical and numerical results available. The openings considered are circular and square located at the centre of the plate. Convergence of the solution for the plates considered is also discussed.