bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel Application of Distributed Temperature Sensing and CT Real-Time Downhole Flow Measurement Tool for Thermochemical Treatments
Authors: Al-Nakhli Ayman , Arifin Mohammed , Ahmed Danish
Published: April 2019

Sandstone formations can be particularly susceptible to formation damage due to organic deposits, fine migration, filter cake and formation minerals. Stimulation methods for these types of formations have typically employed mud acid due to the ability to readily dissolve both formation minerals and contaminants introduced into the wellbore/formation during drilling or remedial operations. However, hydrofluoric (HF) based fluids are corrosive, fast spending and causes formation damage by side reactions precipitations, thereby limiting the efficiency of matrix stimulation treatment.

A novel heat generating fluid has been developed as an alternative to conventional matrix stimulation for sandstone formation. The method entails triggering an exothermic chemical reaction in-situ to generate heat i.e. ~>400 °F and localized pressure. Generated heat mobilized near wellbore damage; while the pressure provided lifting energy to flowback the well, therefore, improve well injectivity. Exothermic reactants were subsequently injected via coiled tubing and allowed to soak in the treated wells. The resulting temperature and pressure increase were captured in real-time with distributed temperature sensing (DTS) coiled tubing telemetry. DTS profiling helped in understanding the in-situ exothermic reaction and avoiding post treatment production logging costs. The treatment was executed in different phases while injectivity tests were conducted after each step for each phase evaluation.

To prove the stimulation concept using thermochemicals, the treatment was applied in sandstone wells and showed superior results. DTS and downhole flow tool profiling confirmed a homogeneous treatment along the perforated interval of the well. Post treatment results showed improved well injectivity up to 50 times.

Attempts to realize consistent performance of the conventional stimulation treatments with different formulations have either been cost prohibitive or relatively ineffective. The non-acidic and heat generating fluid holds promise as an economic and a technical solution to well enhancement issues in sandstone reservoirs.
Structural Dip Estimation from Crossbedding on Borehole Images
Authors: Sultan Gamal , Jibreel Walid
Published: April 2019

Structural dip is the term used in borehole image and dipmeter interpretation to indicate the "tectonic" tilting in the vicinity of the wellbore. Structural dip, by definition, is the formation dip component that is caused by tectonic deformation such as folding, faulting, uplift and others.

Knowledge of the structural dip in the vicinity of the borehole is essential for several applications, including field structural modeling, well placement, geosteering of the lateral sections, and seismic data processing.

Traditionally, structural dip is computed from borehole image data using laminated shale dip based on the assumption that the laminated shale was deposited out of suspension and that the lamination was originally deposited as horizontal beds. This means that any tilting observed in laminated shale with "coherent" lamination is caused by tectonic tilting; hence, it can be used to compute the structural dip. There is nearly a consensus in the industry around this assumption, and the laminated shale dip is widely used to compute structural dip.

There are several geological settings under which laminated shale can form. Those are mostly subaqueous setting such as marine and lacustrine settings. Drilling through rocks deposited in such settings normally encounters sequences of laminated shale from which structural dip can be computed. However, rock formations deposited in subaerial environments often lacks settings under which laminated shale forms. Such environments are often dominated by sandstone lithologies deposited in high- energy settings this rich in sedimentary structures such as crossbedding. Due to absence of laminated shale sequences, computation of structural dip using the traditional approach is not possible.

This paper explains a technique that can be used to estimate structural dip from cross bedding on borehole images. It uses the geometrical relationship between the crossbedding surfaces and the lower set boundary of the corresponding crossbedding set. The line of intersection between these two surfaces is assumed to be horizontal at the time of deposition. Measuring multiple lines of intersections, plotting them on a stereonet, and fitting a great circle to them helps estimate the structural dip within the analyzed interval. The best- fitting great circle of these lines is believed to be a reasonable estimation of the structural dip.

This approach has been tested on few image log datasets with cross bedded sandstone facies and proved to be very close to the actual structural dip computation obtained from the shale facies in the same depositional sequence. This paper will illustrate some interpreted image log supporting this technique.
Data Mining Approaches for Casing Failure Prediction and Prevention
Authors: Noshi Christine , Noynaert Samuel , Schubert Jerome
Published: April 2019

Recent casing failures in the Granite Wash play in the western Anadarko Basin have sparked deep concerns to operators in North Texas and Oklahoma. Hydrostatic tests made in the field show that present API standards do not assure adequate joint and bursting strength to meet deep-well requirements. Past and present literature has been infested with numerous casing failures incidents. Despite the extensive documentation and recommendations, a mounting trend of failure is still on the rise. In an attempt to find possible solutions for these failures, this study is a continuation of an on-going effort to minimize the likelihood of failure using Data Mining and Machine Learning (ML) algorithms.

The study applied both descriptive visual representations such as Mosaic and Box Plots and predictive algorithms including Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Boosted Ensemble trees on eighty land-based wells, of which twenty possessed casing and tubing failures. The study used a predictive analytics software and python coding to evaluate twenty-six different features compiled from drilling, fracturing, and geologic data.

This work attempts to shed light on operational problems and implement a Data Analytic approach to find out the possible factors contributing to casing failures using both descriptive and supervised ML algorithms.
The Embedded VGG-Net Video Stream Processing Framework for Real-Time Classification of Cutting Volume at Shale Shaker
Authors: Du Xunsheng , Jin Yuchen , Wu Xuqing , Liu Yu , Wu Xianping , Awan Omar , Roth Joey , See Kwee Choong , Tognini Nicolas , Chen Jiefu , Han Zhu
Published: April 2019

A deep learning framework is proposed and implemented for monitoring the cutting volumes of a shaker in real-time on a deep-water drilling rig. The framework aims at performing classification and quantification with a live video streaming. Compared to the traditional video analytics method that is time-consuming, the proposed framework is more efficient and can be implemented for a real-time video analysis application. The real-time deep learning video analysis model consists of two parts for processing. The first part is a multi-thread video processing engine. A modularized service named Rig-Site Virtual Presence (RSVP) provides real-time video streaming from the rig. The multi-thread video processing engine implements real-time decoding, preprocessing and encoding of the video stream. The second part is a customized deep classification model. Based on the deep neural network (DNN), we implement the following adaptations: 1) Applied whitening and instance normalization to video frames; 2) Optimized the number of convolutional layers and the number of nodes in fully-connected layers; 3) Applied L2-norm regularization. The customized model is embedded in the multi-thread video processing engine, which ensures the capability for the real-time inference. The deep learning model categorizes every video frame into "ExtraHeavy", "Heavy", "Light" or "None". The model also outputs the corresponding numerical probabilities of each outcome. The training of the model is accomplished on a Nvidia GeForce 1070 GPU using the video stream with 137Kbps bitrate, 5.84 frames/s, and a frame size of 720×486. With only a common CPU support, the inference of the pre-trained model can be conducted in real-time. Both labeled frames and numerical results will be saved for later examination. Compared to the manual labeling results, the proposed deep learning framework achieves very promising results for analyzing video streaming in real-time.
The Application of High Frequency Resonance Based on MPD in the Identification of Oil and Water Layer
Authors: Zhang Pingping , Hou Dongjia , Ma Xugang , Wang Yichuan
Published: April 2019

How to effectively identify the oil and water layer has been a difficult problem in the hydrocarbon indicator (HCI). It is generally believed that the oil layer has the characteristics of low frequency enhancement and high frequency attenuation on the frequency spectrum. But in the actual application, the amplitude and frequency characteristics of the thicker water layer are very similar to that of the oil layer, which makes it hard to distinguish one from the other. In this paper, in order to identify the oil and water layer, a new method basis on matching pursuit decomposition (MPD) is proposed. Firstly, the time-frequency analysis of seismic data is carried out though high precision MPD method. Through analyzing the instantaneous amplitude at different frequencies, we consider that the main difference of the oil and water layer in the frequency spectrum is at the high frequency band where the oil layer shows relatively strong amplitude characteristics. Secondly, base on the high frequency resonance (HFR), the high frequency bright spot attribute is calculated from the frequency division data in the high frequency range. In this new attribute, the water layer is suppressed by the strong amplitude of the oil layer. Finally, the results of the HCI are obtained by multiplying the new attribute with the −90 degree phase shift of the seismic data. The forward modeling test and actual application in Bohai oilfield show that the high frequency bright spot method is more effective in suppressing the water layer and identifying thinner oil layers compared with the conventional low frequency and high frequency attenuation methods of HCI.
Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning Based Feature Selection Approach for Carbonate Reservoir Cementation Factor Prediction
Authors: Anifowose Fatai , Ayadiuno Christopher , Rashedan Faisal
Published: April 2019

A key component of the fourth industrial revolution is data integration. However, this comes with a major challenge: handling increased input feature dimensionality. Multivariate feature space increases model complexity, memory utilization, and computational intensity, thereby reducing model performance. A pragmatic approach to input feature space reduction is therefore required. This paper presents a comparative study of the performance of a nonlinear feature selection methodology based on fuzzy ranking (FR). The FR algorithm is extracted from a segment of Fuzzy Logic, an existing machine learning technique. The performance of this feature selection algorithm is tested and validated with respect to the prediction of cementation factor as a log from wireline measurements using machine learning techniques. Cementation factor is denoted by the exponent m in Archie's equation. A subset of the log data selected by the FR algorithm is automatically fed into artificial neural network (ANN) and support vector machine (SVM) models to build FR-ANN and FR-SVM hybrid learning models. A multivariate linear regression (MLR) model is also implemented. The performance of the hybrid models is compared to those of MLR, ANN and SVM without the feature selection procedure. We further compare the outcome with ANN and SVM fed with linearly correlated input features. The hybrid learning methodology is driven by patterns discovered in the data and eliminates subjective human bias in the choice of the input features. It also takes into consideration the possible nonlinear relationship between the wireline logs and m. The FR-ANN model shows improved performance over the other models with the highest correlation coefficient and lowest root mean squared error. The performance of the FR-ANN hybrid model demonstrates the efficiency of the proposed nonlinear feature selection hybrid methodology. A future work will apply this approach to high dimensional, integrated data types from many wells. We expect that the outcome will significantly improve the prediction accuracy and further impact reservoir models using the predicted properties.
Advanced Meandering Fluvial Reservoir Characterisation for Static Model Improvement
Authors: Ismail Hasnol Hady , Lew Chean Lin , Mohamad Som Muhd Rapi , Abdul Kadir Mohd Fauzi , Ahmad Tajuddin Mohamad Raisuddin
Published: April 2019

Modelling of meandering fluvial reservoirs with point bars and crevasse splays is very challenging. The conventional modelling approaches, especially for meandering fluvial reservoirs, are mainly controlled by wells, which have contributed to uncertainties in lateral variations between and away from well control. Integration of the improved sedimentology, geophysics and 3D reservoir geomodelling techniques of fluvial reservoir system are proposed in the study. In stratigraphic and structural framework building, the improved methodologies included 3D seismic geobody extraction, stratal slicing and high order architectural elements interpretation. 3D geobody extraction and stratal slicing technique enhanced interpreter ability to visualize fluvial features at specific time-equivalent stratigraphic surface. In lithofacies modelling, more refined high-order architectural elements were modelled using methodologies included 3D facies seismic probability, local varying azimuth and dip angle to capture lateral accretion of point bars inside the channels for better facies distributions following point bar architectures. In property modelling, porosity was populated using Gaussian Random Function Simulation constraint to lithofacies trend to control the distribution of porosity away from wells. This methodology resulted in the porosity distributions being well controlled following the lithofacies trend. The proposed workflows and methodologies enable geomodeller to produce a more geological realistic meandering fluvial reservoir model with internal lithofacies and property distribution honouring well data and input distribution.
Integration of Electrical Micro-Image Log, Advance 3D Acoustic Anisotropy and Fracture Stability Analysis – A Complete Solution for Basement Reservoir
Authors: Nandi Anindya , Sarkar Subhadeep , Chatterjee Chandreyi , Das Sourav , Pattanaik Sambit , Majumder Chandan , Haldia Bhopal Kumar , Chaturvedi Praveen Chandra , Srivastava Siddharth , Verma Malay , Sarkar Sutanu
Published: April 2019

Owing to the depleting reserves in the conventional reservoirs over the last few years, unconventional reservoirs have gained significant importance in the exploration of oil and gas. Basement rocks, though non-sedimentary in origin, is looked upto as one of the important unconventional reservoirs. Deccan volcanics in Kutch-Saurashtra is one such example from India. This study shows and validates a methodology of how acoustic log data can be integrated with borehole images to understand reservoir properties that governs flow. It has been noticed that presence of open fractures is not the single biggest driver contributing to production. Insitu stress plays a critical role in guiding fracture mobility. To understand and determine which fractures would contribute to flow, a geomechanical study of performing the fracture stability analysis has been carried out. This generates a Mohr circle plot that defines the Mohr-Colomb shear failure criteria using the stress and critical fracture angles. Combining these three-way approaches of acoustic, image log and geomechanics, a workflow has been established for this field to identify fractures and quantify the permeable zones. This workflow has been used for two nearby wells in this field and subsequent result emphasises the utility of this method to find out sweet spots of fluid flow in fractured basement.
Evaluation of Sandstone Stimulation using Thermochemical Fluid Through Distributed Temperature Sensing and CT Real-Time Downhole Flow Measurement Tool
Authors: Al-Nakhli Ayman , Bataweel Mohammed , Arifin Mohammed , Ahmed Danish
Published: April 2019

Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) was used to evaluate a novel sandstone stimulation treatment based on exothermic reaction. The technology is based on injecting in-situ heat generating fluid (IHGF) that generate in-situ heat i.e., ~>400F and nitrogen pressure to mobilize and remove near well bore damage in sandstone formations. Distributed temperature sensing (DTS) in real-time was used for fluid placement, treatment optimization and evaluation. Coiled Tubing (CT) real-time downhole flow measurement tool was used to conduct injection profiling before and after pumping the IHGF.

Application of exothermic reaction downhole is very challenging as generated pressure can exceed will head pressure, and generated heat can exceed well completion rating. To have advanced assessment of the technology, generated temperature and pressure increase was captured in real-time with distributed temperature sensing (DTS) coiled tubing telemetry. Hence, CT with fiber optic real-time telemetry was used to pump the IHGF in two injection wells to increase their injectivity. These real-time measurements provided the benefits of recording DTS and enabled recording the injection profile through its real-time downhole flow measurement tool.

DTS and the CT real-time downhole flow measurement tool was used to acquire initial and post-treatment injection profiling of two water injection wells. The results were used in conjunction to optimize the IHGF placement. DTS was also conducted during and after pumping the IHGF to understand the heat generation in real-time and optimizing the treatment as needed. After the treatment, the injection profiling was conducted to evaluate the treatment.

The paper describe the application of CT with fiber optic real-time telemetry for unique treatment involving exothermic reaction for sandstone stimulation. The successful treatment will positively impact sandstone stimulation in oil and gas industry. Results will enlighten the heat generation through IHGF resulted in removing the nearby well damage, followed by increase in injectivity and the effect of real-time measurements have in better treatment execution and evaluation.
Control Effects of Huizhou Depression Tectonic Evolution on the Paleogene Formation Sedimentary Differences
Authors: Cai Junjie , Wen Huahua , Gao Xiang , Cai Guofu , Hu Kun
Published: April 2019

Huizhou Depression is in the exploration peak stage at present. The main target layer is gradually extending from the middle-shallow traps to the deep paleogene traps and the shallow lithologic traps, and the difficulty of exploration is totally increased. Paleogene layer oil&gas exploration is faced with the problems of deep buried depth, reservoir heterogeneity and uncertain distribution of high-quality hydrocarbon sources.

By combining tectonic evolution analysis with sequence stratigraphy, considering regional stress background and the utilizing of the seismic facies, the main faults tectonic features, stratigraphic sedimentary characteristics, the distribution position of sedimentary center and the control effect of the palaeogeomorphology on the sedimentary distribution range deposited from the transition zone are analyzed.

It is concluded that the lower Wenchang period's tectonic movement was dominated by the southern depression control fault, and the semideep-deep lacustrine high-quality hydrocarbon source rocks were mainly distributed in the south of the Huizhou Depression, such as HZ 26 Sag and the subsag of the XJ30 Sag. The braided river delta deposited from XJ30 transfer zone is mainly distributed along the west side of the long axis of XJ30 sag, and the semideep-deep lacustrine facies mudstone is formed in the east of XJ30 Sag. In the upper Wenchang period, the activity of the depression control faults in the northwest of the Huizhou Depression becomes stronger than the south, which influences the sedimentary center migrated from southeast to the northwest. The sediment provenance of XJ30 transfer zone deposits perpendicular to the long axis of the XJ30, and the long braided river delta is formed in the south side of the XJ24 Sag. In Enping period, which is changed from strong rift phase to rift-depression transition phase, the shallow lacustrine-swamp facies are taken as the main source rocks, and shallow braided river delta is widely developed, while the sediment from the provenance of XJ30 transfer zone is weakened.

The northern and southern migration of the transfer zone provenance river delta and the northern and southern distribution characteristics of the source rocks of semideep-deep lacustrine facies are caused by the differences of the northern and southern fault activities during the Paleogene period. Through the combination of structural evolution analysis and sedimentary characteristics analysis, the analysis of paleogeomorphology's effect on the control of sedimentary system is of great importance to the identification of high-quality paleogene reservoirs and hydrocarbon sources.
Behavior and Properties of Cement-Embedded Fiber Optic Sensors for Zonal Isolation Monitoring
Authors: Wu Qian , Nair Sriramya , van Oort Eric , Guzik Artur , Kishida Kinzo
Published: April 2019

A good cement-casing bond is essential for effective zonal isolation in both active and abandoned wells. A new method was developed to monitor the cement-casing bond in real-time and in-situ using a fiber optic distributed temperature and strain sensing (DTSS) system. To demonstrate the concept, the DTSS system was used in a laboratory-scale well model, which has a fiber optic cable installed helically on the outside surface of a steel pipe that served as a model for a casing string. A cement annulus was created by placing the steel pipe with the optical fiber into a larger PVC pipe. The DTSS system successfully captured strain changes at the cement-casing bond due to an axial load applied on the casing. The helical wrapping installation enabled circumferential measurements of temperature and strain changes in the entire cement annulus. The results were used to evaluate the risk of cement debonding by estimating the shear stress in the fiber and by comparing it to the shear strength of the cement bond. In addition, the effect of embedding a fiber optic cable on the hydraulic integrity of cement annulus was also evaluated using a gas permeability test. The permeability of cement samples with embedded fibers was found to be elevated compared to plain cement samples without fibers, but the permeability values were well within accepted industry limits. Compared to existing cement bond logging tools, the proposed fiber optic sensing system can provide continuous, real-time and in-situ monitoring of the cement bond and zonal isolation in either active or abandoned wells, without the need for wellbore entry. The system can serve as an early warning system to identify, and possibly prevent, the loss of a cement barrier, by providing detailed information (i.e. location, type, and severity of an event(s)) that will facilitate any remedial operations, if necessary.
Statistical Model Updates for Fast-Tracked Model Insights and Value-of-Information
Authors: Hardy Madeline , Baker Mark , Robson Alex , Williams Jackson , Murphy Chris , O'Sullivan Liam
Published: April 2019

Insights from appraisal well tests can take months to incorporate into subsurface modelling, causing delays to development planning and resulting in key decisions being made using incomplete data and sub-optimal methods. This is due to the time-consuming process of updating or rebuilding reservoir models, simulating them and subsequently analysing the results. In this project, a combination of automated geomodelling, rapid dynamic simulation and statistical analysis were applied to reduce the time to insights from months to days. Well test pressure data was used to condition a suite of reservoir models and evaluate the impact on the optimal development scenario. The application of this process increased confidence in the decision and reduced the modelled probability of low-side outcomes. In addition, we trialled a process to deliver an improvement to the geological understanding of the field through a reduction in the model uncertainties. We also discuss an extension of this concept to perform a robust value-of-information assessment of appraisal or development planning decisions.
Hydraulic Fracture Modeling and Design - A Perspective on How things have Changed from Conventional to Unconventional Reservoirs
Authors: Wong Sau-Wai
Published: April 2019

In hydraulic fracture stimulation of conventional reservoirs (e.g. tight gas and deepwater unconsolidated sands), the use of sophisticated design models is almost indispensable. Typically, each hydraulic fracture is sequentially pumped and executed from near vertical wellbores. It is well understood that the optimum post-fracture well productivity is directly linked to hydraulic fracture dimensionless conductivity, which is governed largely by propped fracture length and width. From an engineering and operation execution point-of-view, the goal is to pump into the fracture and pack it with the desired volume of proppant without encountering premature ‘screen-out’. Therefore, the prediction of fracture geometry, the selection of ‘pad’ volume and proppant pumping schedule become critical for propped fracture design. In practice, a wide range of models have been deployed successfully. However, such considerations do not appear to be important for unconventional resources where multiple fractures are pumped from a long horizontal well. In fact, multi-frac horizontal well technology has advanced through field trials and experimentation, often without much help from modeling or understanding of multiple-fracture mechanics. This begs the questions of what areas of research and model design parameters should we focus on? Can we avoid the details while dealing with the big picture such as fracture spacing, horizontal well length/direction, the well's landing depth, and their impact on cost and production?

This extended abstract revisits the motivation and well-accepted design approach for hydraulic fracturing in conventional reservoirs and some of the challenges facing hydraulic fracturing design in unconventional reservoirs. Practical first-pass design considerations based on geomechanics for fracture spacing and horizontal well landing depth selection are outlined.
Field Testing of High-Strength Rotary Shouldered Connections in Difficult Drilling Conditions
Authors: Li K. K. , Du M. H. , Song F. , Smith D. L. , Blackman W.
Published: April 2019

Rotary shouldered connections on a bottom hole assembly (BHA) are most susceptible to twist-offs during high-fatigue drilling, which lead to expensive fishing jobs and loss of productive time. The increasing use of rotary steerable systems and the difficult drilling conditions in land operations demand threaded connections that are substantially stronger than the existing API ones. This paper is meant to present the field test results of two newly developed connection designs in harsh drilling environments.

The high-strength connections were developed by devising and optimizing a new thread form and applying an advanced manufacturing process. Experimental results from full-scale fatigue tests indicated ten-fold fatigue life extensions over their existing counterparts at a given dogleg severity (DLS) level. The aspects that could not be covered in laboratory conditions were evaluated in field environments. These include on-rig makeup and breakout, downhole drilling conditions, field inspections, and recuts. The field testing program underwent using one new connection on a BHA, replacing all existing connections with the new ones, and eventually having a fleet of BHA components with the new connections.

All field trials on the two new connections, one being a shop joint and the other a field joint, were conducted in client wells with over 100 runs on North American land. More than 717,000 drilling feet and 9,500 drilling hours have been accumulated. The connections were used per the existing common field practices to drill both curved and lateral sections. The maximum DLS achieved was 17°/100 ft. The longest lateral section drilled in one run was more than 19,500 ft. The large curvature in the curved section, along with the long lateral section where noticeable local DLS was frequently encountered in interbedded formation, posed a substantial risk of fatigue failures to the connections. Nevertheless, no twist-off was reported with in-specification conditions. Root causes for failures induced by out-of-specification circumstances could be well explained. The respective recut rates of the new connection designs were found to be lower than those of the existing ones.

A comprehensive field test program on two newly developed high-strength BHA connections will be presented. The measured key performance metrics, which could not be covered in laboratory experiments and were particularly evaluated in client wells, will be discussed. Investigation results of failures caused by out-of-specification conditions will be shared. The field trial results indicated that the two new connection designs provide a reliable solution to twist-offs of existing API connections induced by harsh fatigue environments.
Artificial Lift Selection Using Machine Learning
Authors: Ounsakul Thanawit , Sirirattanachatchawan Thum , Pattarachupong Wiwat , Yokrat Yaovanart , Ekkawong Peerapong
Published: April 2019

The artificial lift selection process performed by human involves iterating of several design parameters. Moreover, the human's curated selection required the decision making with unbiased, repeatable and reliable. Capturing the lesson learned from the previous mistake into the new design and lack of look back in the past performances are the limits of human. The supervised machine learning method can apply to improve selection process. This approach can minimize the life-cycle cost of artificial lift wells by using machine learning which incorporate the past performances and lesson learnt from installations. The data is prepared into a structured dataset. The dataset is pre-processed to determine the "Good" and "Bad" wells based on their life-cycle cost, then used for training and validating the classification models. The most simple and accurate model is adopted for future artificial lift selection and current wells’ performance assessment. Finally, the performance of new wells is continuously added for further model's training.

The artificial lift suggested by the machine learning expects reducing life-cycle cost in the ongoing trial in the fields. In term of assessing tool, the selection model reveals some discrepancy in the current installed artificial lift. This alerts the operator to look inside the potential problems. However, the subject matter experts still need to give an adequate interaction in case of false alarm. Therefore, the discovered pattern for good artificial lift selection will help improve the fields’ production. In addition, the endless learning capability of machine learning allows the new data feeds into the existing dataset and further incorporates the model in order to response to the dynamic change of the fields’ conditions. In conclusion, machine learning process is more comprehensive comparing to the selection made by conventional process where only few tables used for the artificial lift selection and overlook the value of data captured.

The Artificial Intelligence is one of the emerging technologies which provides the breakthrough results. This paper presents the artificial intelligence trend in oil and gas industry. It is a promising tool which help solving human's complex problems. Ultimately, adding the durable competitive advantage to the oil and gas industry.
3D Geomechanical Evaluation of Jetting Operations for Producing the Hydrate Chimneys in Sea of Japan
Authors: Zhang Pengwei , Qiu Kaibin , Terao Yoshihiro , Koji Kashihara
Published: April 2019

The commom occurrence of massive methane hydrate in numerous gas chimney structures, located in Joetsu basin, Sea of Japan, stimulates great interest from by academia, industry and national institutes in developing technologies to produce the potential energy resource. Unlike other deep methane hydrate deposited in formations a few hundred meters below seafloor, the hydrate chimney structures are located at the seafloor or up to 100 m below the seafloor; therefore, previously field-tested production methods such as depressurization are not applicable. The newer production method of jetting from the openhole section of a wellbore to excavate the hydrate bearing formation was proposed as a possible production method. However, jetting will create large empty chambers below the seafloor and could possibly jeopardize the stability and safety of well-heads and the production facility on the seafloor.

This paper presents a 3D geomechanical simulation study to evaluate the feasibility of the jetting method to produce methane from the hydrate chimneys in the Sea of Japan. In this study, to honor lateral and vertical variation of hydrate saturation as well as mechanical properties, different 3D geomechanical models were constructed to represent three shallow methane hydrate inhabitation types (chunk, laminated, and dispersed) by using data from various sources. Dynamic numerical simulation by using a 3D finite element simulator was conducted to simulate the jetting process to excavate 16-m diameter chamber from bottom of the borehole (about 100 m below seafloor) progressively up to the bottom of the conductor of the wellbore, about 10-m below the seafloor.

The numerical simulation shows that jetting is likely to be feasible as all simulation cases resulted in tolerable vertical displacement and equivalent plastic strain under ideal conditions, e.g., lateral homogeneous formation, constant chamber pressure (equal to formation pore pressure) and blowout preventer (BOP) weight of 20 t. In these cases, the plastic zone only extends to limited area from the sidewall. Additional complexities were considered in the numerical simulation to evaluate the operational risks during actual jetting operations, such as faulting, fluctuation of chamber pressure, and change of BOP weights.

This numerical simulation evaluated potential risks related to jetting operations of hydrate chimneys in the Sea of Japan and provided critical information for the engineering design of the proposed field test of jetting operations to produce this valuable resource in the Sea of Japan.
Application of Dilation-Recompaction Model in Fracturing Optimisation in Tight Oil Reservoir
Authors: Gao Rui , Wang Xin , Yang Zhen , Zhan Qiang En , Zheng Wei , Liu Ying , Yang Li Feng , Liu Zhe , Wang Zhen
Published: April 2019

Tight oil and gas reservoirs are characterized by strong heterogeneity, poor physical properties, low single well production, difficult development and others. The volumetric stimulation fracturing technology has become a key technology for the effective utilization of tight reservoirs. In the current fracturing optimization design, there are some limitations in simulating the true pattern of fracture propagations because the geological model is relatively simple and it is not necessary to consider the heterogeneity of reservoir plane. At the same time, the effect of large-scale and large-volume injection of fracturing fluid on formation permeability field cannot be neglected in the volume stimulation, and the coupling relationship between fracturing fluid loss and reservoir seepage is not considered in conventional productivity simulations so that the effective stimulated reservoir volume (SRV) cannot be calculated accurately. In this paper, a numerical simulation technology of fracturing based on rock deformation is introduced through theoretical analysis and field application. The effective SRV is analyzed quantitatively, and the optimization simulation method of volume stimulation parameters with the effective SRV as the evaluation objective is formed preliminarily, which guides the fracturing design of volume stimulation in tight oil blocks.
Gas Physical Properties and their Implication on Gas Saturation and Leakage in Deep Reservoirs - A Case Study of Cambrian Gas Field, Sichuan Basin, China
Authors: Tian Hua , Zou Caineng , Liu Shaobo , Zhang Shuichang , Lu Xuesong , Ma Xingzhi , Bi Lina , Yuan Miao
Published: April 2019

A series of petrohysical experiments have been conducted to obtain the gas physical properties (e.g., gas-water interfacial tension). The capillary pressures of pore throats were obtained through numerical calculation. Furthermore, residue water was used to calculate gas/water saturation in the reservoirs. The gas saturation variation under lower interfacial tension and the amount of gas lost during the uplift in burial history need an in-depth examination (Tian et al., 2017). In addition to the geological studies in the field, various laboratory methods were used to tackle the problems mentioned above, including Nlear nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and fluid inclusion analysis with optical and Laser Raman spectroscopy. During the charging history, hydrcarbon saturations at different temperature and pressure was calculated using the model established in this paper, which is mainly determined by the pore size distribution obtained by the NMR analysis. The charging pressure is measured by fluid inclusion study with optical and Laser Raman spectroscopy test. Furthermore, the leakage content of gas during the burial history was calculated using a diffusion model (Krooss& Leythaeuser., 1988; Krooss et al., 1992).
Reducing Hydroxypropyl Guar Gum Adsorption on Rock by Silica Nanoparticles for Tight Reservoir Damage Remediation
Authors: Li Yang , Guo Jianchun , Wang Shibin , Yang Ruoyu , Lu Qianli
Published: April 2019

This study is to demonstrate the application potential of silica nanoparticles (SNP) in adsorption-entanglement of the fracturing fluid and the adsorption-blocking in the tight reservoir caused by hydroxypropyl guar gum (HPG).

An amount of fracturing fluid is required in tight reservoir stimulation. It results in so much HPG to be injected into the tight reservoir. The HPG will be adsorbed in the sandstone and decrease the permeability of the reservoir. For improving the production the tight gas well after being stimulated, SNP were added to the HPG fracturing fluid to reduce the adsorption capacity of HPG molecules on rock surface, increase the flow space of core and reduce the damage of HPG fracturing fluid to reservoir.

The results indicate that the SNP can decrease the adsorption capacity in sandstone porous media by breaking the hydrogen bonding and recover the permeability effectively In conclusion, it is believed that the SNP competitive adsorption seems to be a new approach for remediation of the permeability damage by HPG fracturing fluid and has great potential in oilfield application. The understandings of this paper was meaningful to grasp and utilize the behaviors of tight reservoir adsorption properties, particular in the optimizing of HPG fracturing fluid and improving construction parameters during hydraulic fracturing of tight gas wells.
Communication Interface Adapter Berbasis Mikrokontroler Arduino Terkendali Sinyal Dual Tone Multi Frequency
Authors: Setyawibawa Ika , Goeritno Arief
Published: April 2019

Telah dipabrikasi sebuah communication interface adapter berbasis mikrokontroler Arduino UNO R3 dan MEGA2560 R3 terkendali sinyal dual tone multi frequency dalam wujud dua modul elektronika sebagai gateway. Pabrikasi dilakukan melalui tahapan integrasi terhadap perangkat keras dan subsistem pendukung, pemrograman, dan uji verifikasi berupa simulasi. Arduino UNO R3 digunakan pada modul gateway ke-1, sedangkan Arduino MEGA2560 R3 digunakan pada modul gateway ke-2. Pemrograman terhadap sistem mikrokontroler dilakukan melalui 5 (lima) tahapan algoritma, yaitu konfigurasi pin, deklarasi variable dan konstanta, ambil dan kirim data, dan keluaran. Bahasa pemrograman didasarkan kepada Arduino Integrated Developtment Enviroenment (IDE). Uji verifikasi dilakukan dalam bentuk simulasi. Diperoleh hasil simulasi terhadap 6 (enam) kondisi, yaitu a) simulasi terhadap rangkaian deteksi dering, b) simulasi terhadap rangkaian Voice Operated Transmit (VOX), c) simulasi rangkaian off  hook modul pesawat telepon, d) simulasi imulasi terhadap rangkaian tone decoder, e) simulasi dial up nomor telepon melalui tombol DTMF dan rangkaian IC switching, dan f) simulasi terhadap rangkaian perekam dan penyimpan suara, berupa (i) perekaman suara dan (ii) pemutaran kembali suara.
Breve relato sobre o desenvolvimento político, a ideia desenvolvimentista e a educação na ditadura militar
Authors: Regert Rodrigo , Baade Joel Haroldo , Santos Adelcio Machado dos
Published: March 2019

De modo geral, muitas vezes já foi discutido o desdobramento político da ditadura militar, a ideia desenvolvimentista e a educação nesse período. No entanto, a discussão sobre esses três pontos, que se relacionam mutuamente, merece uma atenção especial e não se encerra. Isso exatamente por essa relação nem sempre ser explícita e evidente e, justamente por isso, sempre precisar de revisão e reanálise. Nesse sentido, o presente artigo tem como objetivo revisar a associação estabelecida no aspecto político, desenvolvimentista e educacional na Ditadura Militar. Quanto à metodologia, a pesquisa é de natureza básica; utilizou-se do método descritivo e da forma bibliográfica como procedimento técnico. Concluiu-se que a educação sempre esteve a serviço da política desenvolvimentista implantada pelos governos militares, sem preocupação alguma em atender aos anseios e necessidades da sociedade.
Perspectivas metodológicas e os bordados na pesquisa qualitativa em educação
Authors: Matias Juliana Cândido , Nunes Márcia Jovani de Oliveira , Silva Andressa Lima da , Barros Josemir Almeida
Published: March 2019

Esta pesquisa objetivou analisar perspectivas metodológicas no que tange à pesquisa qualitativa, seu movimento histórico diante das políticas econômicas e sociais, assim como sua importância para a conjuntura da investigação dos processos escolares, enfatizado aqui por meio do programa de formação docente: Pacto Nacional pela Alfabetização na Idade Certa (PNAIC). Utilizou-se para a análise, dados estatísticos apresentados pelo Anuário Brasileiro da Educação Básica (2018), bem como aportes teóricos como Bogdan e Biklen (1984), Freitas e Kramer (2007), Luna (2011), Ludke e André (2017) e Zanetti (2017). Foi possível considerar a relevância da pesquisa qualitativa em educação para a compreensão de seu processo político, social e dos interesses econômicos que abarcam esta conjuntura historicamente construída, que modificam os objetos de estudo, seus espaços e sujeitos, o que requer do pesquisador ligações com áreas outras, que não apenas a que se propõe a investigar, para que se possa compreender o tema e levar a uma resposta/alternativa para os problemas e demandas sociais, que são a gênese da pesquisa qualitativa.
Editorial
Authors: Pacífico Juracy Machado , Francisco Junior Wilmo Ernesto , Pimenta Jussara Santos , Bueno José Lucas Pedreira , Barros Josemir Almeida
Published: March 2019

Este Editorial apresenta o número 13, Volume 6 (2019), da Revista EDUCA - Revista Multidisciplinar em Educação. O número compõe-se de artigos de pesquisadores e pesquisadoras brasileiros e estrangeiros. A Revista EDUCA é um periódico científico vinculado ao Grupo de Pesquisa Multidisciplinar em Educação e Infância – Grupo EDUCA, que apoia o Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Escolar, Mestrado e Doutorado Profissional, da Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR).
al-Qiyam al-Syakhshiyyah wa Tanfidzuha fi Ta’lim al-Lughah al-Arabiyyah
Authors: Shodiq Muhammad Jafar
Published: March 2019

The background of this research is the poor condition of young generations from the values of character and culture. School as an educational institution has the responsibility to establish and develop the character of students. This paper aims to determine the role of learning Arabic in character education, character education applications in learning the Arabic language and what the values can be internalized in the Arabic language learning.
Comparative Language Style Of Moses Story In Al-Quran
Authors: Aceng Rahmat Romdani Yumna Rasyid
Published: March 2019

The purpose of the study is to find the comparative language style of Moses Story in Al-Quran. Then, the people knew the context meaning of the story to implement in the real life. The research method is qualitative using content analysis. The data used in this study are the verses of Al-Quran. Comparative language styles contained in the verses of the story of Moses in the AL-Quran include the style of personification, allegory, periphrasis, simile, hyperbolic, metaphorical, synesthetic, litotes, allusion, symbolic, and synecdoche. The commonly used language style comparison is the allusion language style
Tahlil al-Akhtha’ al-Shautiyyah li al-Kalimat al-Thayyibat fi Hayat al-Muslimin (Dirasah Tahliliyyah Shautiyyah)
Authors: Munir Misbahul
Published: March 2019

This research aims to explain the sound error al-kalimāh aṭ-ṭayyibah, vowels and consonants. The research conducted at UIN Yogyakarta. Sources of data obtained from Arabic Linguistic Studies of Post Graduate Students in UIN Yogyakarta. The method used is descriptive-qualitative with case study approach. Data collection of this research used interviewing, taking notes, and recordings. This research shows that the mistakes found in vowels; either short, long, and double vowel sound. Fatḥah(َ) sounds /a/ becomes /o./ Ḍammah(ُ) sounds /u/ becomes /o/, /ū/, dan sukūn/ْ./ Kasrah(ِ) sounds /i/ becomes /e./ Syaddah(ّ) which read double will be not double. Fatḥah(َ) which followed alif(ا), it sounds /ā/ and becomes /a./ Fatḥah(َ) which followed alif(ا) dan tilda(~) above it, it sounds /ā/ and becomes /a./ Fatḥah(َ) which followed wawu sukūn(وْ), sounds /au/ and becomes /ao./ Fatḥah(َ) which followed ya’ sukūn(يْ), sounds /ai/ and becomes /ei./ The error sound of the consonants, consonant phoneme sound ع/‘/ becomes ا/’/, ح/ḥ/ becomes ه/h/ and ك/k/, ظ/ẓ/ becomes ز/z/ and ج/j/, ش/sy/ becomes س/s/, ق/q/ becomes ك/k/, ذ/ż/ becomes ظ/ẓ/ and د/d/, ت/t/ becomes ط/ṭ./ The sound of the vowels and consonants errors occur due to there is link between language with speakers.