bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anion Exchange Ionomers: Impact of Chemistry on Thin‐Film Properties
Authors: Luo Xiaoyan , Kushner Douglas I. , Li Jonathan , Park Eun Joo , Kim Yu Seung , Kusoglu Ahmet
Published: March 2021

Ionomer thin‐films (i.e., 20–100 nm) on supports serve as model systems to understand ionomer‐catalyst interfacial behavior as well as the confinement‐driven deviation in properties from bulk membranes. While ionomer thin‐films have been examined for proton exchange ionomers, the thin‐film properties of anion exchange ionomers (AEIs) remain largely unexplored. More importantly, delineating the convoluted impact of chemistry and confinement on thin‐film morphology and hydration is of interest to advancing the field on functional ionic interfaces. In this work, these aspects are studied by using AEIs of different backbones (perfluorinated, aliphatic, and aromatic) and side chains (various lengths, and single versus dual functional groups). Quartz‐crystal microbalance and spectroscopic ellipsometry are used to analyze density and coupled with calculated free volume fraction of thin‐films to provide insights on their gas transport properties. AEI side‐chain's chemical character plays a key role in how confinement modulates hydration (in thin‐film versus bulk). The results elucidate the effects of backbone, side‐chain chemistry versus anion/cation type in the confinement‐driven changes in thin‐film morphology and swelling. This study also provides new insights for tuning AEI transport functionalities at interfaces via chemistry, which can benefit the design and development of electrode‐ionomers for alkaline membrane‐based energy systems.
3D Printed Enzyme‐Functionalized Scaffold Facilitates Diabetic Bone Regeneration
Authors: Yang Chen , Zheng Zhiwei , Younis Muhammad Rizwan , Dong Chenle , Chen Yahong , Lei Shan , Zhang Dong‐Yang , Wu Jiayingzi , Wu Xueqing , Lin Jing , Wang Xiansong , Huang Peng
Published: March 2021

Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) suffer from a high risk of fractures and poor bone healing ability. Surprisingly, no effective therapy is available to treat diabetic bone defect in clinic. Here, a 3D printed enzyme‐functionalized scaffold with multiple bioactivities including osteogenesis, angiogenesis, and anti‐inflammation in diabetic conditions is proposed. The as‐prepared multifunctional scaffold is constituted with alginate, glucose oxidase (GOx), and catalase‐assisted biomineralized calcium phosphate nanosheets (CaP@CAT NSs). The GOx inside scaffolds can alleviate the hyperglycemia environment by catalyzing glucose and oxygen into gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Both the generated H2O2 as well as the overproduced H2O2 in DM can be scavenged by CaP@CAT NSs, while the initiated hypoxic microenvironment stimulates neovascularization. Moreover, the incorporation of CaP@CAT NSs not only enhance the mechanical property of the scaffolds, but also facilitate bone regeneration by the degraded Ca2+ and PO43− ions. The remarkable in vitro and in vivo outcomes demonstrate that enzymes functionalized scaffolds can be an effective strategy for enhancing bone tissue regeneration in diabetic conditions, underpinning the potential of multifunctional scaffolds for diabetic bone regeneration.
Bubble‐Induced In Situ Property Modulation of Liquid Metal
Authors: Xiao Yao , Ding Yu , Lei Jia , Fu Lei
Published: March 2021

Alterable surface tension and electrical properties of liquid metals are of great significance to their applications in intelligent robots, bionic applications, and electronics. To further understand the interfacial properties of liquid metals, the highly effective and in situ modulation strategy is imperative to be developed. Here, a bubble‐induced in situ modulation strategy to achieve the on‐demand surface tension and electrical properties is initially demonstrated. The size and shape of bubbles are modulated by virtue of thermal effect under the laser irradiation. As a consequence of the regulated location of bubbles, the surface tension and electrical potential are in situ adjusted reversibly and periodically. In situ surface property modulation of liquid metal may provide promising prospects for efficient property tuning strategies and innovative on‐demand applications.
Cohabiting Plant‐Wearable Sensor In Situ Monitors Water Transport in Plant
Authors: Chai Yangfan , Chen Chuyi , Luo Xuan , Zhan Shijie , Kim Jongmin , Luo Jikui , Wang Xiaozhi , Hu Zhongyuan , Ying Yibin , Liu Xiangjiang
Published: March 2021

The boom of plant phenotype highlights the need to measure the physiological characteristics of an individual plant. However, continuous real‐time monitoring of a plant's internal physiological status remains challenging using traditional silicon‐based sensor technology, due to the fundamental mismatch between rigid sensors and soft and curved plant surfaces. Here, the first flexible electronic sensing device is reported that can harmlessly cohabitate with the plant and continuously monitor its stem sap flow, a critical plant physiological characteristic for analyzing plant health, water consumption, and nutrient distribution. Due to a special design and the materials chosen, the realized plant‐wearable sensor is thin, soft, lightweight, air/water/light‐permeable, and shows excellent biocompatibility, therefore enabling the sap flow detection in a continuous and non‐destructive manner. The sensor can serve as a noninvasive, high‐throughput, low‐cost toolbox, and holds excellent potentials in phenotyping. Furthermore, the real‐time investigation on stem flow insides watermelon reveals a previously unknown day/night shift pattern of water allocation between fruit and its adjacent branch, which has not been reported before.
Underground carbohydrate stores and storage organs in fire‐maintained longleaf pine savannas in Florida, USA
Authors: Diaz‐Toribio Milton H. , Putz Francis E.
Published: March 2021

Premise

Many perennial herbaceous plants develop underground storage organs (USOs) that store carbohydrates, water, and minerals. The resprouting ability of plants is influenced by the availability of these materials and by the type of underground organ and number of viable buds. In this study, we illustrate the diversity of longleaf pine savanna species and their nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) pools and concentrations. We also determined whether NSC concentrations by USO are good predictors of NSC pools in species with different types of underground structures.

Methods

We excavated in their entirety 1–4 individuals of each of 100 ground‐layer pine savanna species, classified their USO types, and measured their NSC concentrations and NSC pools.

Results

The NSC concentrations in underground organs varied widely among the 100 species sampled. Surprisingly, the fibrous roots of Pityopsis graminifolia stored higher concentrations of NSCs than many species with USOs. The relationship between NSC concentrations and NSC pools was strong after controlling for underground biomass.

Conclusions

Our results revealed the high diversity of underground organs in pine savannas. It also showed that NSC concentrations in species with USOs reach high levels. Predictions of NSC pool sizes from NSC concentrations are interpretable, when corrections for underground biomass are considered. Research on underground organs would benefit from inclusion of morphological‐anatomical analyses and phylogenetic controls to promote use of the data in broad‐scale analyses.
Shaping the Temporal Waveform of Tri‐Photon with Double‐Dressing
Authors: Li Yameng , Li Kangkang , Ning Shaohuan , Fan Huanrong , Liang Shun , Cai Yin , Zhang Yanpeng
Published: March 2021

Here, a method to generate and shape the tri‐photon entanglement in the temporal domain via simplified single step of six‐wave mixing processes of hot atomic gas media is proposed. The effect of dressing fields on shaping the tri‐photon temporal waveform is discussed. Cascade double dressing fields will reduce the width of rectangular profile of tri‐photon waveform when compared to the single dressing field. Conversely, nested double dressing fields will widen the width of rectangular profile of tri‐photon waveform. The double dressing field will affect the coherence time of linear optical response. The relationship between phase matching bandwidth and electromagnetically induced transparency bandwidth will decide the shape of temporal waveform and coherence time in linear optical response. The transition of nonlinear optical response to linear optical response can be completed by regulating the dressing fields. The results of this proposed study have potential impact on long‐distance quantum communication, high‐dimensional entanglement, and photon storage.
Optimal Control for Robust Photon State Transfer in Optomechanical Systems
Authors: Wang Yan , Wu Jin‐Lei , Feng Yu‐Kun , Han Jin‐Xuan , Xia Yan , Jiang Yong‐Yuan , Song Jie
Published: March 2021

Cavity optomechanical systems converting quantum state between photons facilitate the development of scalable quantum information processors. The control of state transfer in such systems require producing fast and robust transfer to the target state with high fidelity. Shortcuts to adiabaticity (STA) has recently been proved a powerful method for performing fast quantum state conversion in optomechanical systems, which is, however, not robust enough against deviations in control parameters. Here a scheme to realize robust photon state transfer in a universal cavity optomechanical system by combining STA with optimal control technique (OCT) is proposed. Minimizing systematic error sensitivities with adjustable optimization parameters allows to control simultaneously the transfer speed, fidelity, and robustness against errors. Numerical results show that the optimized scheme is insensitive to deviations in optomechanical coupling and frequency detuning over a broad range. The effects of dissipation on the transfer fidelity are also examined for practical implementation of the scheme in realistic scenarios.
Three‐Mode Squeezing of Simultaneous and Ordinal Cascaded Four‐Wave Mixing Processes in Rubidium Vapor
Authors: Li Wei , Li Changbiao , Niu Mengqi , Luo Binshuo , Ahmed Irfan , Cai Yin , Zhang Yanpeng
Published: March 2021

Multipartite quantum correlation plays a vital role in potential applications of quantum technologies. In this paper, using energy‐level cascaded four‐wave mixing (EC‐FWM) process, a scheme to produce quantum correlated three‐mode light beams within a single device of hot atomic medium of rubidium is proposed. Two‐ and three‐mode amplitude, phase quadrature squeezing and intensity difference squeezing using energy‐level simultaneous cascaded FWM (ESC‐FWM) method and energy‐level ordinal cascaded FWM (EOC‐FWM) method, respectively, is theoretically reported. Via investigating their covariance matrix properties, the comparison has been made between the two methods, which shows the ESC‐FWM method has a more stable mode structure than EOC‐FWM method. Moreover, versatile gain dependent squeezing via EC‐FWM is studied and analytical expressions are given. These results show a simplified and efficient experimental scheme producing multipartite quantum correlation among multiple spatially separated beams.
Photochemische Carbentransferreaktionen von Aryl/Aryldiazoalkanen – Experiment und Theorie**
Authors: Jana Sripati , Pei Chao , Empel Claire , Koenigs Rene M.
Published: March 2021

Für die Entwicklung selektiver Carbentransferreaktionen ist die Kontrolle der Reaktivität von Carbenen ein Schlüsselparameter und wird üblicherweise mit Hilfe von Metallkomplexen für die Stabilisierung von Singulett‐Metall‐Carben‐Zwischenstufen erreicht. In dieser experimentellen und theoretischen Studie zeigen wir, dass die Reaktivität freier Diarylcarbene durch die elektronischen Eigenschaften der Substituenten gesteuert werden kann, ohne dass externe Additive erforderlich sind. Die Einführung elektronenschiebender und ‐ziehender Gruppen beeinflusst dabei nicht nur die Singulett/Triplett Aufspaltung von Diarylcarbenen, sondern auch die Aktivierungsenergie nachfolgender Carbentansferreaktion. Dieser Ansatz überwindet nun ein langjähriges Paradigma in der Reaktivität von Diarylcarbenen und ermöglicht es nun chemoselektive Carbentransferreaktionen mit Alkinen zu realisieren. Wir konnten zeigen, dass freie Diarylcarbene durch Photolyse der entsprechenden Diazoverbindungen leicht zugänglich sind und dass diese Carbene selektiv in Cyclopropenierungs‐, Kaskaden‐ oder C‐H‐Funktionalisierungsreaktionen reagieren können. Experimentelle und theoretische Studien zum Reaktionsmechanismus untermauern die Beteiligung verschiedener Carbenspinzustände.
Three‐Component Self‐Assembly Changes its Course: A Leap from Simple Polymers to 3D Networks of Spherical Host–Guest Assemblies
Authors: Peresypkina Eugenia , Grill Kevin , Hiltl Barbara , Virovets Alexander V. , Kremer Werner , Hilgert Jan , Tremel Wolfgang , Scheer Manfred
Published: March 2021

One‐pot self‐assembly reactions of the polyphosphorus complex [Cp*Fe(η5‐P5)] (A), a coinage metal salt AgSbF6, and flexible aliphatic dinitriles NC(CH2)xCN (x=1–10) yield 1D, 2D, and 3D coordination polymers. The seven‐membered backbone of the dinitrile was experimentally found as the borderline for the self‐assembly system furnishing products of different kinds. At x<7, various rather simple polymers are exclusively formed possessing either 0D or 1D Ag/A structural motifs connected by dinitrile spacers, while at x≥7, the self‐assembly switches to unprecedented extraordinary 3D networks of nano‐sized host–guest assemblies (SbF6)@[(A)9Ag11]11+ (x=7) or (A)@[(A)12Ag12]12+ (x=8–10) linked by dinitriles. The polycationic nodes represent the first superspheres based on A and silver and are host–guest able. All products are characterized by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The assemblies [(A)12Ag12]12+ were visualized by transmission electron microscopy.
Biodegradation of poly(lactic acid)—cassava bagasse composites produced by injection molding
Authors: de Carvalho Fabíola Azanha , Moreira Amanda Aleixo , de Oliveira André Luiz Martinez , Yamashita Fabio
Published: March 2021

Neat poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and PLA/cassava bagasse (CB) composites were used to produce seedling tubes by extrusion and injection molding. The tubes were buried in simulated soil, and their biodegradation was investigated by weight loss, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). After 180 days, the composites' biodegradation was higher than neat PLA material, and the higher the CB content, the higher the biodegradation, which caused fissures and voids in the material. The biodegradation of PLA/CB composites increased the phosphorus content in the soil after 180 days. Composites of PLA with CB, an abundant agro‐industrial residue in Brazil, are promising because they can reduce the environmental impact due to CB's proper destination, and the composites' costs and biodegradation are faster than pure PLA material. Both the faster biodegradation of the tube and the higher P content are advantageous for seedling tubes.
Biobased flexible polyurethane foams manufactured from lactide‐based polyester‐ether polyols for automotive applications
Authors: Bote Sayli Devdas , Kiziltas Alper , Scheper Ian , Mielewski Deborah , Narayan Ramani
Published: March 2021

In this study, biobased polyester‐ether polyols derived from meso‐lactide and dimer acids were evaluated for flexible polyurethane foams (PUF) applications. Initially, the catalyst concentration was optimized for the biobased PUF containing 30% of biobased polyol (70% petroleum‐based polyol). Then, the same formulation was used for biobased PUF synthesis containing 10%–40% of biobased polyols. The performance of biobased PUF was compared with the performance of the control foam made with 100% petroleum‐based polyol. The characteristic times (cream, top of the cup, string gel, rise, tack‐free) of biobased PUF were determined. The biobased PUF were evaluated for the mechanical (tensile and compressive) and morphological properties. As the wet compression set is important for automotive applications, it was measured for all biobased PUF. The thermal degradation behavior of biobased PUF was also evaluated and compared with the control foam. The effect of different hydroxyl and acid values of polyols on the mechanical properties of biobased PUF is also discussed. The miscibility of all components of PUF formulations is crucial in order to produce a foam with uniform properties. Thus, the miscibility of biobased polyols with commercial petroleum‐based polyol was studied.
Isolation and neuronal apoptosis inhibitory property of bacoside‐A3 via downregulation of β‐amyloid induced inflammatory response
Authors: Bai Qing‐ke , Zhao Zhen‐guo
Published: March 2021

Alzheimer's disease is one of the neurodegenerative disorders caused by neuronal degeneration and apoptosis in brain. Bacoside A and B isolated from the Bacopa monniera plant are responsible for cognitive effects. These compounds repair damaged neurons by promoting activity of kinases, synaptic activity restoration, and improvement of nerve transmission. The present study explored the effect of bacoside‐A3 on β‐amyloid‐induced reduction of U87MG cell viability, generation of oxidative radicals, and activation of nuclear factor‐κB. The U87MG cells were stimulated with β‐amyloid (10 μM) after 24 h of bacoside‐A3 pretreatment or without pretreatment to induce characteristics of Alzheimer disease in vitro. Sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay was used to count viable cells and ELISA kit for analysis of PGE2 secretion. The pretreatment with bacoside‐A3 prevented β‐amyloid‐mediated suppression of U87MG cell proliferation. Pretreatment of U87MG cells with bacoside‐A3 prior to β‐amyloid stimulation suppressed generation of ROS in a concentration‐based manner. The β‐amyloid‐mediated formation of iNOS in U87MG cells was suppressed by bacoside‐A3 in a dose‐based manner. The β‐amyloid‐mediated PGE2 secretion was suppressed by bacoside‐A3 pretreatment in U87MG cells in the dose‐based manner. The overexpression of COX‐2 by β‐amyloid stimulation was suppressed in bacoside‐A pretreated cells in the dose‐based manner. The bacoside‐A3 pretreatment prevented nuclear translocation of NF‐κB in U87MG cells in the dose‐based manner. In summary, bacoside‐A3 prevented β‐amyloid‐mediated suppression of U87MG cell viability, inhibited generation of oxidative radicals, PGE2, and synthesis of iNOS. Therefore, bacoside‐A3 has therapeutic potential for Alzheimer disease and further in vivo studies need to be performed.
The importance of collaboration for knowledge co‐construction in ‘close‐to‐practice’ research
Authors: Parsons Sarah
Published: March 2021

This commentary is offered in response to the British Educational Research Association (BERA)’s commissioned report on close‐to‐practice research. In conducting a rapid evidence assessment coupled with a small number of qualitative interviews, the report represents an overly dichotomised and partial approach to understanding the relationships between research and practice, and the nature of knowledge generated within such relationships. Specifically, the report fails to adequately address the central importance of collaboration to the generation of knowledge and assumes that knowledge is either academic research or practitioner enquiry, without considering a more integrated, co‐constructed ‘third space’. I argue that practice‐focused research should be fundamentally concerned with making an impact on practice and, therefore, effective collaboration between research and practice necessarily entails grappling with issues of power and democratisation. These are values that underpin and shape research in important ways that must be considered in conceptualisations of methodological quality. I also raise questions about the transparency and quality of decision‐making in the close‐to‐practice BERA report, including whether the six papers identified as ‘high quality’ by the authors would meet their own definition. Their report is not definitive, but rather a catalyst for further discussion. I offer suggestions for some practical steps for how BERA could work to provide a more holistic framing for this vital field of inquiry.
Process and operations strategies to enable global access to antibody therapies
Authors: Kelley Brian , Renshaw Todd , Kamarck Michael
Published: March 2021

Few monoclonal antibodies are currently approved for treating infectious diseases, but multiple products are in development against a broad range of infectious diseases, including Ebola, influenza, hepatitis B, HIV, dengue, and COVID‐19. The maturity of mAb technologies now allow us to identify and advance neutralizing mAb products to the clinic at “pandemic pace”, as the pipeline of mAbs targeting SARS‐CoV‐2 has demonstrated. Ensuring global access to these products for passive immunization, however, will require both low manufacturing cost and multi‐ton production capacity—particularly for those infectious diseases where the geographic burden falls mostly in low‐ and middle‐income countries or those with pandemic potential. Analysis of process economics and manufacturing technologies for antibody and other parenteral protein therapeutics demonstrates the importance of economies of scale to reducing the cost of goods for drug substance manufacturing. There are major benefits to convergence on a standardized platform process for antibody production that is portable to most existing very large‐scale facilities, carries low risk for complications during process transfer and scale‐up, and has a predictable timeline and probability of technical and regulatory success. In the case of an infectious disease with pandemic potential which could be treated with an antibody, such as COVID‐19 or influenza, these advantages are paramount.
The efficacy of anti‐programmed cell death protein 1 therapy among patients with metastatic acral and metastatic mucosal melanoma
Authors: Ogata Dai , Haydu Lauren E. , Glitza Isabella C. , Patel Sapna P. , Tawbi Hussein A. , McQuade Jennifer L. , Diab Adi , Ekmekcioglu Suhendan , Wong Michael K. , Davies Michael A. , Amaria Rodabe N.
Published: March 2021

Background

Anti‐programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1) antibodies are a standard treatment for metastatic melanoma patients. However, the understanding of the efficacy of anti‐PD‐1 for acral melanoma (AM) and mucosal melanoma (MM) is limited as these subtypes are relatively rare compared to cutaneous melanoma (CM).

Methods

This single institution, retrospective cohort study included patients with advanced AM and MM who underwent anti‐PD‐1 therapy for metastatic melanoma between 2012 and 2018. Objective responses were determined using the investigator‐assessed Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1. Progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were assessed using the Kaplan–Meier method. A Cox regression analysis was performed to identify the factors associated with survival outcomes.

Results

Ninety‐seven patients were identified, 38 (39%) with AM and 59 (61%) with MM. The objective response rates (ORRs) were 21.0% and 15.2% in patients with AM and MM, respectively. The median PFS and OS were 3.6 and 25.7 months for AM patients, and 3.0 and 20.1 months for MM patients, respectively. Elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (AM: hazard ratio [HR], 0.22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.06–0.87; p = 0.03, MM: HR, 0.20; 95% CI, 0.08–0.53; p = 0.001) was significantly associated with shorter OS for both subtypes.

Conclusions

The ORR, PFS, and OS with anti‐PD‐1 therapy were poor in patients with AM and MM compared to those previously reported clinical trials for nonacral CM. High serum LDH was associated with significantly shorter OS.
Wet milling characteristics of export commodity corn originating from different international geographical locations
Authors: Bhatia Gitanshu , Juneja Ankita , Bekal Sadia , Singh Vijay
Published: March 2021

Background and objectives

Soft endosperm corn has better wet milling characteristics but is susceptible to breakage and fracture during transport. The objective of this study is to compare the millability of commodity corn with different endosperm hardness originating from different parts of the world and its economic impact on importers of corn for wet milling.

Findings

US commodity corn generally has a soft endosperm hardness compared to corn from South America as the observed broken corn and foreign material was 0.4–3.4% and higher than other commodity corn exported to the same country. US corn exported to different international markets showed 4–5% higher starch yield compared to South American corn exported to the same market. This translates to an additional revenue of 6.5–9 million USD/year for a 2540 MT/day wet mill plant. [Correction added on 13 April 2021, after first online publication: The value of yield corrected from 100 to 2540.]

Conclusions

The US commodity corn, despite higher breakage, has superior millability and gives higher starch yields compared to corn from other geographies resulting in improved profitability of corn wet milling plants.

Significance and novelty

Commodity corn has varying endosperm hardness depending on geography of origin which impacts wet mill starch yield. Corn physical properties were used as an indicator for determining endosperm hardness.
Trennfunktion für den stationären Siebprozess
Authors: Teipel Ulrich , Wolf Sebastian
Published: March 2021

Es wird eine neue Trennfunktion T(x, α′, β) für den stationären Siebprozesses vorgestellt. Sie ist eine Funktion der Partikelgröße x, der Trennschärfe α′ und der neue eingeführten Trenneffizienz β. Mit der neuen Trennfunktion kann der Siebklassierprozess sehr gut beschrieben werden, insb. im Fein‐ und Grobgutbereich ist eine sehr gute Übereinstimmung mit den Messwerten zu beobachten. Ein Vergleich der Trennfunktionen berechnet mit dem Trennschärfeparameter α′ und der Trenneffizienz β zu den Trennfunktionen, die nur mit α′ ermittelt wurden, zeigt, dass durch T(x, α′, β) eine wesentliche Verbesserung der Charakterisierung des stationären Siebklassierprozesses möglich ist. Das neue Modell der Trennfunktion T(x, α′, β) liefert eine wesentlich bessere Übereinstimmung mit den Messwerten als andere Modelle und ist somit zur Beschreibung einer Trennfunktion für den stationären Siebprozess sehr gut geeignet ist.
Ammoniumnitrat – Dünger, Sprengstoff, Gasgenerator
Authors: Klapötke Thomas M.
Published: March 2021

Ammoniumnitrat (AN) ist eine extrem vielseitige Substanz, deren Anwendungsgebiet vom künstlichen Stickstoffdünger über Gasgenerator in Airbags bis hin zu granulierten oder emulgierten Sprengstoffen reicht. Obwohl AN prinzipiell sehr sicher zu handhaben ist, gab es doch eine Vielzahl von katastrophalen Unfällen in der jüngeren Geschichte (1921–2020), da die Substanz zwar nicht explosionsgefährlich ist, wohl aber (unter bestimmten Umständen und besonders in Zusammenhang mit oxidierbaren Verunreinigungen) explosionsfähig. Mit Der sichere Einsatz von AN‐basierten zivilen Sprengstoffen im Berg‐ und Tunnelbau sowie beim Einsatz in Bohrlöchern und Steinbrüchen hat nicht nur das Leben vieler Arbeiter erleichtert und sicherer gemacht, sondern auch zahlreiche Anwendungen erst ermöglicht. Die Anwendung von Ammoniumnitrat als Bestandteil von Düngemitteln ist ein Segen für die Menschheit, da es Milliarden Menschen vor dem Hungertod und großen Hungersnöten bewahrt hat.
Epoxymicranthols A—N, 5,9‐Epoxygrayanane Diterpenoids as Potent Analgesics from Rhododendron micranthum
Authors: Jin Pengfei , Yuan Xinghua , Ma Xiaomin , Zheng Guijuan , Wang Ru , Sun Na , Yao Guangmin
Published: March 2021

Main observation and conclusion

Fifteen 5,9‐epoxygrayanane diterpenoids (1—15) including fourteen new ones, epoxymicranthols A—N (1—14), were isolated from the leaves extract of Rhododendron micranthum. Their structures were elucidated via extensive spectroscopic methods and 13C NMR‐DP4+ analysis, and the absolute configurations of 1, 3—10, 14, and 15 were confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. Epoxymicranthols A—C (1—3) represent the first examples of 14α‐hydroxygrayanane diterpenoids, and epoxymicranthols C—F (3—6) are the first examples of 10β‐hydroxy‐5,9‐epoxygrayanane diterpenoids. Meanwhile, epoxymicranthols K (11) and N (14) represent the first examples of 13‐hydroxy‐5,9‐epoxygrayanane and 5,9‐epoxygrayan‐3‐one diterpenoids, respectively. All the diterpenoids (1—15) were assayed for their analgesic activities, and all of them exhibited significant analgesic activities at a dose of 5.0 mg/kg. Among them, compounds 2, 7, 8, and 10 also exhibited significant analgesic activities even at lower doses of 1.0 and 0.2 mg/kg. More importantly, epoxymicranthol G (7) still expressed potent analgesic activity at a lower dose of 0.04 mg/kg. A preliminary structure‐activity relationship for the analgesic effects of 5,9‐epoxygrayanane diterpenoids 1—15 is discussed. These results not only enlarged the structural diversity of 5,9‐epoxygrayanane diterpenoids, but also provided a basis to develop novel potent analgesics.
Mean‐Field and Classical Limit for the N‐Body Quantum Dynamics with Coulomb Interaction
Authors: Golse François , Paul Thierry
Published: March 2021

This paper proves the validity of the joint mean‐field and classical limit of the bosonic quantum N‐body dynamics leading to the pressureless Euler‐Poisson system for factorized initial data whose first marginal has a monokinetic Wigner measure. The interaction potential is assumed to be the repulsive Coulomb potential. The validity of this derivation is limited to finite time intervals on which the Euler‐Poisson system has a smooth solution that is rapidly decaying at infinity. One key ingredient in the proof is an inequality taken from S. Serfaty (Duke Math. J. 169 (2020), 2887–2935) ).© 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
From decision to action: Suicidal history and time between decision to die and actual suicide attempt
Authors: Paashaus Laura , Forkmann Thomas , Glaesmer Heide , Juckel Georg , Rath Dajana , Schönfelder Antje , Teismann Tobias
Published: March 2021

A substantial proportion of suicide attempts seem to be realized in a sudden manner. However, it is unclear how suicide attempters showing a rapid transition from the decision to die to acting differ from suicide attempters showing a slower transition regarding their suicidal history. The main aim of this study was to determine the proportion of suicide attempters, who reported a rapid transition (≤5, ≤10, ≤180 min) between their decision to die and their actual attempt. Furthermore, attempter groups (≤ vs. >5, ≤ vs. >10 and ≤ vs. >180 min) were compared regarding suicidal history (ideation, plans, and number of lifetime as well as 12 month suicide attempts) as well as depression, hopelessness and trait impulsivity. In total, 118 inpatients (62.7% female; age: M = 38.71, SD = 14.71) hospitalized due to a recent suicide attempt were assessed using structured clinical interview measures assessing suicidal history and self‐report instruments. Thirty‐six percent reported a time period of ≤5 min, 44% a time period of ≤10 min and 73% a time period of ≤180 min between their decision to die and their attempt. Participants with a rapid transition (≤5, ≤10, ≤180 min) did not differ from participants with a slower transition (>5, >10, >180 min) regarding suicidal history, depression, hopelessness and trait impulsivity. Taken together, a rapid transition seems common, but nevertheless, rapidly realized suicide attempts cannot necessarily be characterized as impulsive.
The effect of childhood maltreatment on suicidal ideation through cognitive emotion regulation strategies and specific obsessive–compulsive symptoms in obsessive–compulsive disorder
Authors: Rajabi Khamesi Shiva , Najafi Mahmoud , Khosravani Vahid
Published: March 2021

Childhood maltreatment is thought to be associated with suicidality in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). Although the underlying mechanism of this relationship is not clear, cognitive emotion regulation strategies (CERSs) and the specific OC symptoms including unacceptable obsessional thoughts (UOTs) and responsibility for harm (RFH) may underlie this link. Accordingly, the study aimed to assess the effect of childhood maltreatment on suicidal ideation through UOTs, RFH and adaptive and maladaptive CERSs in OCD patients. Three hundred patients meeting a DSM‐5 diagnosis of OCD were selected and completed the scales measuring childhood maltreatment, OCD, suicidality and depressive symptoms. After controlling for depressive symptoms and OCD severity, childhood maltreatment was shown to affect suicidal ideation directly. Also, the indirect effect of childhood maltreatment on suicidal ideation was mediated by adaptive CERSs, UOTs and RFH. The findings show that OCD patients with a history of childhood maltreatment, less use of adaptive CERSs and the experiences of UOTs and RFH should be carefully considered regarding suicidal risk.
Preliminary investigation of family caregiver burden and oral care provided to homebound older patients
Authors: Ohara Yuki , Iwasaki Masanori , Motokawa Keiko , Hirano Hirohiko
Published: March 2021

Objectives

Family caregivers play an important role in maintaining the oral health of homebound older adults. Thus, this preliminary study investigated family caregivers' burdens and the oral care they provide to homebound older patients.

Material and Methods

A cross‐sectional survey was conducted. A questionnaire was distributed to 230 family caregivers of homebound older patients. We used the Japanese version of the Zarit Burden Interview (J‐ZBI) to measure caregiver burden. The cut‐off score for the J‐ZBI was 21 points. Caregivers with a care burden score below 21 points formed the mild group, while those scoring 21 points or more were included in the moderate/severe group. The differences between the groups were examined. The implementation status of oral care was assessed by the amount of time caregivers spent providing oral care and related concerns. The degree of independence for homebound older patients was measured using the Barthel Index. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the factors associated with the severity of caregiver burden.

Results

A total of 114 caregivers returned the questionnaires by mail (response rate: 49.6%). The moderate/severe care burden group represented 80.7% of the caregivers. A multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the level of patient independence and time spent performing oral care were significantly associated with the severity of caregiver burden.

Conclusions

The results show that family caregivers experiencing high caregiver burden spent less time providing oral care than caregivers who reported less caregiver burden. Thus, support for oral health management provided by oral health professionals is considered necessary for family with a high caregiver burden of homebound older patients.
A systematic review of adherence to physical activity interventions in individuals with type 2 diabetes
Authors: MacDonald Christopher S. , Ried‐Larsen Mathias , Soleimani Jalal , Alsawas Mouaz , Lieberman Daniel E. , Ismail Abdalla S. , Serafim Laura P. , Yang Ting , Prokop Larry , Joyner Michael , Murad Mohammad Hassan , Barwise Amelia
Published: March 2021

Lifestyle interventions are pivotal for successful management of type 2 diabetes (T2D), however, the proportion of people with T2D adhering to physical activity advice has not been thoroughly studied. The purpose of this systematic review was to summarise the evidence on adherence to exercise or physical activity components in lifestyle interventions in those with T2D. We searched MEDLINE EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and Scopus on 12 November 2019. Eligible studies enrolled adults with T2D and reported the proportion of adherence to lifestyle interventions as a primary or secondary outcome. We included 11 studies (nine randomised controlled trials (RCTs) enrolling 1717 patients and two nonrandomised studies enrolling 62 patients). Only one of the studies had low risk of bias. The proportion of participants adhering to physical activity varied from 32% to 100% with a median of 58%. Adherence was higher in interventions using supervised training and lowest in interventions using remote coaching and the adherence rate in observational studies was higher compared to RCTs (92% vs. 55%; p < 0.01). Study duration, risk of bias, or participants' sex, were not associated with adherence to physical activity. The proportion of those with T2D adhering to physical activity interventions for T2D varies widely and most of the included studies had a high risk of bias. These findings have important implications for planning and power analysis of future trials and when counselling patients about lifestyle interventions including physical activity or exercise components.
A systematic review of interventions to support transitions from intensive treatment for adults with anorexia nervosa and/or their carers
Authors: Bryan Danielle Clark , Cardi Valentina , Willmott Daniel , Teehan Eimear Eileen , Rowlands Katie , Treasure Janet
Published: March 2021

Aim

In the short term, intensive treatment focusing on restoring weight for anorexia nervosa can remediate many symptoms. However, there is a high level of relapse after discharge. This paper examines interventions developed to bridge the transition from intensive to less intensive forms of treatment for adult anorexia nervosa.

Method

We undertook a systematic review of the literature on interventions aimed at providing transition support. The Template for Intervention Description and Replication was used to describe components of the transition interventions. Patient's drop‐out rates, weight, eating disorder psychopathology and mood data were extracted at end of treatment and follow‐up to describe preliminary efficacy.

Results

Fourteen studies were selected: nine used psychological interventions delivered through face‐to‐face talking therapy or guided self‐help, three examined the use of fluoxetine and two assessed stepped‐care approaches. Transition support was delivered to patients in 11 studies, to patients and carers in two studies, and carers alone in another study.

Conclusions

There was a great heterogeneity in the content and structure of the transition interventions evaluated. Overall, drop‐out rates were lower for psychological support than pharmacological interventions or stepped‐care approaches. Changes in eating disorder outcomes and mood were small to moderate throughout for studies that included a comparison group.
Integrated pest and pollinator management – expanding the concept
Authors: Lundin Ola , Rundlöf Maj , Jonsson Mattias , Bommarco Riccardo , Williams Neal M
Published: March 2021

The objective of integrated pest and pollinator management (IPPM) is to co‐manage for pest control and pollination goals. Departing from the well‐established concept of integrated pest management, we include pollinator management in a hierarchical decision support system of management actions. We depict this support system as an IPPM pyramid. Priority is given to proactive measures at the base of the pyramid, which are undertaken through landscape and crop field management of mobile organisms, primarily arthropods. Farther up the pyramid, practices in the form of reactive use of biotic and abiotic inputs should align with basal actions. The goal of IPPM is to minimize trade‐offs, and to maximize co‐benefits and synergies between pest and pollinator management. We contend that IPPM has the potential to contribute to sustainable pest control and crop pollination, as well as provide broader environmental benefits.
Early Carboniferous brachiopod fauna from the Altai Mountains, northern Xinjiang, Central Asia: Systematics, and palaeobiogeographic and palaeogeographical implications
Authors: Guo Zhen , Chen Zhong‐Qiang , Liao Zhuoting
Published: March 2021

A diverse brachiopod fauna, comprising 37 species in 35 genera, is described from the Hongshanzui Formation of the Chinese Altai Mountains area, northern Xinjiang, north‐western China. A new speciesXinjiangiproductus?junggarensissp. nov. is erected. Faunal correlation constrains the Altai brachiopod fauna and its bearing formation as Tournaisian (Early Carboniferous) in age. The Altai brachiopod fauna is dominated by the Siberian elements that are also very common in the Kuznetsk Basin, Siberia, implying the same palaeobiogeographic province. In contrast, it shares much fewer species with the coeval assemblages reported from the Junggar terranes, suggesting a different palaeobiogeographic province from the latter. Moreover, the Altai fauna appears with high similarities to the coeval faunas reported from the Baoshan Block of western Yunnan, south‐western China, and, to a lesser context, resembles coeval faunas documented from north‐eastern Japan, North American mid‐continent, and Australia. In contrast, it shares very few elements with those reported from the Qaidam Basin, Tarim Basin, and South China. The rather high faunal affinity between the Altai area and Kuznetsk Basin indicates that these two regions were likely apart closely to one another during the Tournaisian, implying that the Altai area may have accreted to the Siberian Craton prior to the Tournaisian. The low faunal affinity between the western Junggar and Altai areas reveals that they both did not belong to the same palaeobiogeographic province, and the western Junggar terrane did not accrete to the Altaids, at least in the Tournaisian.
Oncolytic herpes simplex virus HF10 (canerpaturev) promotes accumulation of CD8+PD‐1− tumor‐infiltrating T cells in PD‐L1‐enriched tumor microenvironment
Authors: Eissa Ibrahim Ragab , Mukoyama Nobuaki , Abdelmoneim Mohamed , Naoe Yoshinori , Matsumura Shigeru , Bustos‐Villalobos Itzel , Ichinose Toru , Miyajima Noriyuki , Morimoto Daishi , Tanaka Maki , Fujimoto Yasushi , Sone Michihiko , Kodera Yasuhiro , Kasuya Hideki
Published: March 2021

Oncolytic viruses (OVs) remodel the tumor microenvironment by switching a “cold” tumor into a “hot” tumor with high CD8+ T‐cell infiltration. CD8+ T‐cell activity plays an essential role in the antitumor efficacy of OVs. However, the activity of T cells is impaired by the programmed cell death protein‐1/programmed cell death‐ligand 1 (PD‐1/PD‐L1) interaction. To date, it remains unclear why OVs alone have a significant antitumor activity even when PD‐L1 expression persists on tumor or immune cells. In this study, we found that canerpaturev (C‐REV) treatment significantly suppressed tumor growth, even though it induced a significant increase in PD‐L1 expression in tumors in vivo as well as persistence of high PD‐L1 expression on antigen‐presenting cells (macrophage and dendritic cells [DCs]). Surprisingly, we observed that C‐REV treatment increased the abundance of activated CD8+PD‐1− tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in the tumor on both the injected and contralateral sides, although infiltration of CD8+PD‐1high TILs into the tumor was observed in the control group. Moreover, the difference in PD‐1 expression was observed only in tumors after treatment with C‐REV, whereas most CD8+ T cells in the spleen, tumor‐draining lymph nodes and blood were PD‐1‐negative, and this did not change after C‐REV treatment. In addition, changes in expression of T‐cell immunoglobulin and mucin‐domain containing‐3 and T‐cell immune‐receptor with Ig and ITIM domains were not observed on CD8+ TILs after C‐REV treatment. Taken together, our findings may reveal mechanisms that allow OVs to trigger an antitumor immune response, irrespective of a PD‐L1‐enriched tumor microenvironment, by recruitment of CD8+PD‐1− TILs.
Noninvasive prognostic biomarker potential of quantifying the propeptides of Type XI collagen alpha‐1 chain (PRO‐C11) in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Nissen Neel Ingemann , Kehlet Stephanie , Johansen Astrid Z. , Chen Inna M. , Karsdal Morten , Johansen Julia S. , Diab Hadi M. H. , Jørgensen Lars N. , Sun Shu , Manon‐Jensen Tina , He Yi , Langholm Lasse , Willumsen Nicholas
Published: March 2021

Type XI collagen has been associated with tumor fibrosis and aggressiveness in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The propeptide on Type XI collagen is released into the circulation after proteolytic processing at either amino acid 253 or 511. This allows for a noninvasive biomarker approach to quantify Type XI collagen production. We developed two ELISA‐based biomarkers, targeting the two enzymatic cleavage sites (PRO‐C11‐253 and PRO‐C11‐511). In a discovery cohort including serum from patients with PDAC (n = 39, Stages 1‐4), chronic pancreatitis (CP, n = 12) and healthy controls (n = 20), PRO‐C11‐511, but not PRO‐C11‐253, was significantly upregulated in patients with PDAC and CP compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, PRO‐C11‐511 levels >75th percentile were associated with poor overall survival (OS) (HR, 95% CI: 3.40, 1.48‐7.83). The PRO‐C11‐511 biomarker potential was validated in serum from 686 patients with PDAC. Again, high levels of PRO‐C11‐511 (>75th percentile) were associated with poor OS (HR, 95% CI: 1.68, 1.40‐2.02). Furthermore, PRO‐C11‐511 remained significant after adjusting for clinical risk factors (HR, 95% CI: 1.50, 1.22‐1.86). In conclusion, quantifying serum levels of Type XI collagen with PRO‐C11‐511 predicts poor OS in patients with PDAC. This supports that Type XI collagen is important for PDAC biology and that PRO‐C11‐511 has prognostic noninvasive biomarker potential for patients with PDAC.
Introduction to the Special Issue
Authors: Schmit Michael K. , Giordano Amanda L.
Published: March 2021

This introduction to the special issue of the Journal of Counseling & Development highlights the uniqueness of counseling research and emphasizes exciting opportunities for counseling professionals to contribute to existing literature in meaningful ways. To support and motivate counseling researchers, we have collected an array of articles from expert authors who introduce, explain, and exemplify both conventional and innovative research methods to best prepare counseling professionals for rigorous scholarship. Research practices are continuously evolving and improving; thus, the aim of this special issue is to provide current information regarding research methods and unique considerations to inspire counseling scholars to creatively conduct research projects that are sound, innovative, and consequential to both the counseling profession and society.
Best Practice Guidelines for Publishing Rigorous Research in Counseling
Authors: Giordano Amanda L. , Schmit Michael K. , Schmit Erika L.
Published: March 2021

Publishing rigorous research is a critical task for advancing the field of counseling, ensuring effective client services, and can serve as a means of advocacy. Writing publishable manuscripts is a skill that develops over time. The purpose of this article is to provide guidance for writing rigorous research papers for publication in counseling journals. We describe considerations for each section of the manuscript as well as pitfalls for authors to avoid. We conclude by describing the importance of disseminating one's work to the intended audience.
Advancing the Counseling Profession Through Intervention Research
Authors: Watson Joshua C. , Ho Chia‐Min , Boham Mikaela
Published: March 2021

In this article, we describe a type of research known as intervention research. With evidence‐based practice becoming the industry standard across the mental health profession, the need for counselors to engage in intervention research is greater now than ever before. Intervention research not only leads to improved client care but also supports accountability and enhances advocacy efforts by providing the evidence needed to influence stakeholders and drive change. With proper training, both counseling researchers and practitioners can engage in intervention research that advances the profession by assessing the efficacy and effectiveness of specific counseling interventions. This article serves as a primer to inform future researchers.