bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Badenian/Sarmatian (Middle Miocene) boundary in the Central Paratethys (Kreminna, western Ukraine): Foraminiferal and palynological evidence
Authors: Peryt Danuta , Gedl Przemysław , Jasionowski Marek , Peryt Tadeusz Marek , Poberezhskyy Andriy V.
Published: May 2024

The Badenian/Sarmatian boundary in the Paratethys basin, that marks the transition from normal marine to restricted semi-marine conditions due to isolation of the basin from the world ocean at the onset of Sarmatian time, is still far from being fully understood. The Kreminna section is located at the northeastern margin of the Carpathian Foreland Basin (Central Paratethys) in the Medobory Hills region. The Miocene deposits that overlie here the Upper Cretaceous substratum comprise the >1 m thick upper Badenian marls and clays passing upwards into ~4 m thick Sarmatian marly limestones with intercalations of marls, clays and limestones, and >2 m thick limestones in the uppermost part of the exposure. Fifty-three species of benthic foraminifera and four species of planktonic foraminifera have been recorded. Six benthic foraminiferal assemblages are composed almost exclusively of calcareous forms; agglutinated taxa are practically lacking. Elphidium spp., miliolids, Lobatula lobatula and Ammonia spp. are the most common calcareous benthic foraminifera in the material studied. Planktonic foraminifera are represented only by species of Globigerina and occur rarely in the lowermost part of the section. A characteristic feature of palynofacies is the very low proportion of land-derived elements – sporomorphs and cuticles, which suggests a sedimentary setting without terrestrial influx, and taxonomical impoverishment of dinoflagellate cyst assemblages, which are either monospecific or consist mainly of two to three species: in a majority of samples, assemblages with Polysphaeridium zoharyi and P. subtile occur. Most δ18O values range from –1.5 to ~+0.5‰ VPDB and most δ13C values are between 0 and +2‰ VPDB. In general, the δ13C curve mirrors the δ18O changes in the section. The Badenian/Sarmatian boundary is placed at the level where the Cibicidoides ungerianus Assemblage is replaced by the Elphidium fichtelianum Assemblage. At the boundary, planktonic foraminifers and most abundant stenohaline benthic foraminifera disappeared. Bottom waters were well-oxygenated both in the latest Badenian and earliest Sarmatian in the Kreminna location.
Decision support for allocating farmed fish to customer orders using a bi-objective optimization model
Authors: Knudseth Sunniva Haukvik , Molland Even , Hoff Arild , Hvattum Lars Magnus , Oppen Johan
Published: May 2024

Aquaculture is an important industry in certain coastal areas. Focusing on farming of salmon and trout, an operational planning problem arises with the goal of allocating supply of fish to demand expressed through customer orders. This paper provides a conceptual model of such a planning problem, defines a corresponding bi-objective mathematical programming model. The problem is novel with respect to the structure of the transportation of fish, and the rules for satisfying customer orders with respect to fish size, quality, certification, and health status. Computational experiments are conducted to gain further insights into the use of the provided model to provide support for planners involved in the operational decision making. Results indicate that the bi-objective optimization model can be useful in situations where supply is insufficient to cover all the demand within a given planning horizon.
Functional Outcome of Distal Femoral Fractures using NEER Scoring Managed by Distal Femoral Locking Plate versus Retrograde Intramedullary Nail: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Ahmed Arshad , Chanda Ashok Kumar , Dastidar Agniva Ghosh , Roy Rajiv , Dasgupta Sudipta
Published: May 2024

Introduction: Distal femur fractures are a group of fractures that have been a topic of debate for the past decade, were traditionally treated mainly using conservative methods. However, with advancements in surgical techniques and implants, operative intervention has now become the preferred treatment approach. There are various methods for treating distal femur fractures and the present study compares the treatment of distal femoral fracture using distal femur nailing versus the use of locking plate. Aim: To compare the functional outcomes of stabilising distal femur fractures using locking compression plating versus retrograde nailing and to evaluate the merits and drawbacks of each procedure. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted in the Department of Orthopaedics at Calcutta National Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India, over a one-year period from (January 2021 to January 2022. Total 46 patients with distal femur fractures were included, with six lost to follow-up. Two groups were divided in which total 20 patients underwent distal femoral nailing, while 20 were treated with distal femoral locking plates. Functional outcomes were assessed using the NEER Score, aiming for perfect restoration of the articular surface, stable fixation, full knee range of motion, and good functional results. Data were entered into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet for statistical analysis using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) (version 27.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Numerical variables were summarised as mean and standard deviation, while categorical variables were presented as counts and percentages. A p-value of ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The study population consisted of 70% males with a mean age of approximately 55 years. Road traffic accidents were the most common mode of injury. The mean time for radiological union in the nailing group was 14.05 weeks, significantly shorter than the 16 weeks in the plating group. The mean range of knee flexion was 111° in the nailing group and 114.5° in the plating group. The average NEER score was 84.10 for the plating group and 83.30 for the nailing group. There was no statistically significant difference in functional outcomes between the two groups. Conclusion: Both retrograde intramedullary nailing and the use of locking compression plates can be considered as suitable treatment options. Early weight-bearing can be initiated with retrograde nailing. No significant difference was observed in terms of outcome, fracture healing, or NEER score. The time taken for radiological union of fractures using both techniques was comparable. Proper operative planning, execution, and adherence to a strict rehabilitation protocol play crucial roles in the overall patient outcome.
Management of Viral Hepatitis with Siddha Medicines: A Case Report
Authors: Ramaswamy Gomathi , Elangovan Preetheekha , Arumugam Mamallan , Thangamani Subathra , Ponnappan Shanmugapriya
Published: May 2024

Viral hepatitis is a common cause of acute liver injury that can lead to chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. Viral hepatitis shares similarities with kamalai in Siddha medicine and is managed in accordance with Siddha treatment. Present case is of a 14- year-old male patient who presented with symptoms of fever, fatigue, malaise, and jaundice. Laboratory investigations, abdominal ultrasound features, and clinical findings indicated positive viral hepatitis. The patient was started on Siddha management to suppress Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) replication and prevent progression to chronic hepatitis B infection. The patient’s symptoms gradually improved over the next few weeks, and follow-up blood tests showed a significant reduction in the values of elevated liver enzymes, indicating a good response to Siddha medicine treatment. The unique aspect of this case study was that it demonstrates a successful management of viral hepatitis B infection with the Siddha system of medicine.
Haemolytic Disease of Newborn in a baby Delivered by Mother with Complete Anti-D Prophylaxis: An Unusual Case Report
Authors: Kulkarni Tanmayi , Sakhavalkar Prashant Madhav , Ingale Yaminy Pradeep , Deshpande Teja Achyut
Published: May 2024

Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN), also known as erythroblastosis foetalis, is an immune-mediated disorder among neonates with a wide range of clinical presentations. The occurrence of HDN due to ABO-Rh incompatibility between the mother and baby is becoming rare due to increased knowledge of the disease and adherence to Good Clinical Practices (GCP) during pregnancy. This case report highlights a rare case of HDN in which, despite following GCP, standard care, an uneventful antenatal period, and timely administration of Anti-D immunoprophylaxis, the mother delivered a baby with HDN. The baby was successfully managed by a group of skilled and caring clinicians. Therefore, it is crucial to screen all at-risk mothers for HDN to identify it earlier and treat it successfully. This case report is rare in terms of the baby’s survival with HDN born to a mother who had already received timely Anti-D immunoprophylaxis. Additionally, there is a need to emphasise on recent advances in diagnosis, such as foetal Doppler studies, and treatment options.
Molecular Characterization and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Microorganisms from Port Harcourt Correctional Center, Rivers State Nigeria
Authors: Sampson T. , Ohanekwu I.C. , Peekate L.P.
Published: May 2024

Correctional centers have been reported to be associated with several conditions predisposing inmates to health challenges as a result of exposure to disease causing microbial population. This study therefore targeted the Molecular Characterization and Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Microorganisms from Port Harcourt Correctional Center, Rivers State Nigeria. A total of 150 samples (100 from skin (upper arm) and 50 from wall surfaces) were collected using sterile swab sticks and immediately transported to Department of Microbiology Laboratory, Rivers State University for analyses, using standard microbiological techniques. Molecular characterization was done using Polymerase Chain reaction (PCR) and subjected to gene sequencing.  The Kirby-Bauer Disc Diffusion method was used for the antimicrobial susceptibility test. Well in agar method was used to assess the susceptibility of the isolates to honey and Aloe Vera extract. The study revealed that 100% of all the bacterial isolates were resistant to Meropenem, Vancomycin, cefuroxime, and Ceftazidine, while 90% of the bacterial isolates were susceptible to Gentamicin, Cepftriaxone, Erythromycin, and Ciproflozaxine. Data showed the MAR index ranged from 0.3 to 0.8. Statistical analysis revealed there were no significant differences in the mean values of data obtained from the animate and inanimate surfaces (p > 0.05). Molecular identification confirmed the isolates to be Kocuria palustris, Serretia liquefaciens, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterococcus feacalis, Bacillus flexus, and Aspergillus niger. The results revealed that honey was more effective (100%) than Aloe Vera extract which inhibited only one of the Escherichia coli isolates. The study displayed the antimicrobial effect of honey against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial isolates. While adequate personal hygiene, proper sanitation, and spaced room should be encouraged, honey can be used in correctional centers to control bacterial skin infections.
Yield Comparison of Sweet Potato Grown in Four Commercial Organic Soils
Authors: Still Steven M.
Published: May 2024

Aims: The experiment was conducted to observe the effects on comparative yields of sweet potato (Ipomea batatas ‘Beauregard’) grown in four different soilless media.
Study Design:  Mention the design of the study here.
Place and Duration of Study: Pullen Farm at Murray State University, in Murray, Kentucky, USA., between May 2018 and August 2018.
Methodology: 16 3.048m x .3046m troughs (four of each treatment) each containing five sweet potato plants were established. No treatments received supplemental fertilization. Descriptive statistics and quantitative analysis were performed on yield characteristics of the sweet potato crop (sweet-potato tuber and biomass yields).
Results: While a significant difference in mass of above-ground biomass between the treatments could not be determined, growth parameters of the Organiloc treatments (A, B) were marginally greater than treatments C and D (Table 1). The fresh weight of treatments A (38.91 t ha-1) and B (42.75 t ha-1) were statistically greater than treatment C (21.23 t ha-1). Treatment B was also statistically greater that treatment D (23.92 t ha-1). The number of tubers in treatment A and B were not significantly different than treatment D, but were significantly greater than treatment C (Fig. 2).
Conclusion: The results of this one cropping season study suggest that yields of sweet potatoes grown in these two biochar-based treatments (A + B), in which they were statistically greater than the Miracle Gro treatment (C), and Treatment B was statistically greater than the Magic Dirt treatment (D), may help to fulfill the increasing demand for locally-produced food and agricultural products while providing an efficient means of disposing of agricultural waste products and may promote sustainable crop production and food security.
Exploring the Prevalence of Microorganisms in Selected Water Sources in Benue South of Nigeria using Selected Environmental Factors and Microbial Counts
Authors: Edegbene Augustine O. , Yandev Doowuese , Omotehinwa Temidayo O. , Zakari Hajara , Andy Blessing O. , Ujoh John A.
Published: May 2024

In this study, we assessed the water and microbial qualities of major water sources in nine sites within three Local Government Areas (LGAs-Otukpo, Ohimini and Apa LGAs) in Benue South between January and March, 2023. Water samples were collected monthly for the analyses of selected physico-chemical variables and microbial constituents in the studied sites following standard procedures.  The results of the physico-chemical variables showed that most of the variables were proportionately higher than the maximum standards by appropriate regulatory bodies. For instance, electrical conductivity (EC) was highest in S2-Upu borehole, Otukpo LGA (1,181+285 µS/cm) and lowest in S4-Okpokwu River, Ohimini LGA (19.35+6.35 µS/cm). The concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) in all the sites showed less aerated water except for S2 (5.37+0.34 mg/l) and 5S-Awulema borehole, Ohimini LGA (5.06+0.14 mg/l). On the microbial quality, the results of the total coliform counts from the nine sampling sites (water sources) showed that the highest coliform count (>1,600 MPN/100mL) was recorded in S1 in January 2023 while the lowest coliform count (12 MPN/100mL) was recorded in S2. The total bacteria viable counts (TVC) detected in the water sources sampled in the three LGAs in showed that the highest bacteria count (204 cfu per mL) was recorded in S3-Depot well, Otukpo LGA in January 2023, and the lowest bacteria count (36 cfu per mL) was recorded in S2 in January 2023. Escherichia coli was the most prevalent bacteria as it occurred in all the sites sampled except S6- Ijami well, Ohimini LGA and S9- Amoke well, Apa LGA. Our finding based on the concentration of pollution indicating physico-chemical variables (e.g., EC, BOD5, and COD) showed the water sources studied in the three LGAs in Benue South were relatively perturbed. This was also confirmed by the prevalence of microbial loads which in most cases exceeded the minimum standard set by WHO for drinking water.
Biochar in Agriculture: Enhancing Crop Productivity and Disease Resistance
Authors: Shanmugaraj C. , Jaiganesh V. , Biswas M.K. , Kumar H.M. Akshay
Published: May 2024

Biochar, derived through pyrolysis, presents a promising solution to the challenges faced in sustainable agriculture. This review delves into the diverse advantages of employing biochar to enhance crop yields while promoting environmental responsibility. Its cost-effectiveness and eco-friendly nature not only enrich soil fertility but also contribute to carbon capture, aiding in the fight against climate change. Additionally, while its effectiveness in disease control may vary, biochar shows potential in bolstering crops against environmental pressures. By altering soil characteristics, it encourages the growth of beneficial microbes and improves nutrient availability, ultimately supporting plant vitality. Moreover, integrating biochar into agricultural systems may prompt biochemical and physiological changes that activate plant defences against pathogens. This study thoroughly assesses biochar's impacts on soil health, crop output, and disease prevention, emphasizing its crucial role in advancing sustainable farming practices. Embracing biochar as a strategic resource offers great potential for cultivating resilient and environmentally friendly farming methods, marking a significant step towards sustainable crop disease management.
Effect of Nutrient Management on Growth and Yield of Foxtail Millet
Authors: Vineetha S. Bala , Singh Shikha , Hepsibha M. , Christina B. Bharathi
Published: May 2024

The field experiment was conducted during ZAID season 2023 at experimental field of Crop    Research Farm, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India. In the present study, the treatments consisting three levels of recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) viz., 100% RDF (60-30-30 Kg/ha), 75% RDF (45-22.5-22.5 Kg/ha) and 50% RDF (30-15-15 kg/ha) along with three different micro nutrients viz., Zinc - 0.5 kg/ha, Boron - 0.5 kg/ha and Iron - 0.5 kg/ha. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with 10 treatments each replicated thrice. The soil of experimental plot was sandy loam in texture, nearly neutral in soil reaction (pH 7.3), low available nitrogen (278.93 kg/ha), medium available phosphorus (15.4 kg/ha) and medium available potassium (173.7 kg/ha). Results revealed that higher plant height (84.20 cm), plant dry weight (10.61 g), number of tillers/ hill (4.53), length of ears (9.20 cm), number of ears/plant (4.47), test weight (3.47 g), grain yield (1.22 t/ha), straw yield (2.80 t/ha) were recorded in treatment 8 (NPK 100% RDF+ Boron 0.5 kg/ha). Maximum gross return (INR 48,408.33), net return (INR 30,913.33) and B:C ratio (1.77) were also recorded in treatment 8 (NPK 100% RDF + Boron 0.5 kg/ha). It can be concluded that the application of NPK 100% RDF +Boron 0.5kg/ha (Treatment 8) recorded higher yield and benefit cost ratio in Foxtail millet.
Effect of Organic Manures on Growth and Yield of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) Varieties
Authors: Christina B. Bharathi , Singh Shikha , Vineetha S. Bala , Hepsibha M.
Published: May 2024

A Field experiment was conducted during Zaid 2023 at Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, SHUATS, Prayagraj (Uttar Pradesh) on Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.). The soil of experimental plot was sandy loam in texture, low in organic carbon (0.452%), nearly neutral in soil pH (7.1), high nitrogen (178.48 kg/ha), medium phosphorous (23.6 kg/ha), medium potassium (231.4 kg/ha). The experiment laid out in a randomized block design consists of three replications along with three cowpea varieties (viz., Kashi Nidhi, Kashi Unnati, Kashi Kanchan) and three solid organic manures (i.e. Poultry manure 2 t/ha, Goat manure 10.5 t/ha, Pig manure 15 t/ha) which were replicated thrice. The results revealed that maximum plant height (52.73 cm), dry weight (15.03 g/plant), crop growth rate (12.57 g/m2/day), number of pods/plant (11.80), number of seeds/plant (11.50), test weight (81.00g), seed yield (2.40 t/ha), stover yield (4.10 t/ha). Maximum net returns (INR 79,515.00/ha) and benefit cost ratio (2.30) which was significantly superior over other treatment T3 (Kashi Kanchan + Poultry manure 2 t/ha). It can be concluded that Kashi Kanchan variety with application of poultry manure 2 t/ha brought about significant improvement in the production and also proven economically viable in cowpea crop.
Technical and Enviro-economic Analysis of a 0.78 kWp PV System
Authors: Cheruiyot Wilkins K. , Komen Eliaz K. , Tonui Joel K. , Kinyamal Richard A.
Published: May 2024

Aim: To determine the technical, economic and environmental performance analysis of an installed PV backup system.
Study Design: To attain this goal, analysis were performed using a freely available PVSyst 6.7.0 software tool. Economic evaluation was performed using respective present worth of individual component prices. Environmental performance comparison is made between the PV system and diesel generator when each is used as an independent backup system. Input in-situ measured data were determined, measured and keyed into the tool.
Place and Duration of Study: The system is installed in an institutional building in a tropical climatic zone with coordinates 0.42 N and 35.03 E. The system was studied for a period of one year where data was collected and recorded for techno-enviroeconomic analysis.
Methodology: The system consists of four PV modules rated at 0.78 KWp, charge controller and an inverter unit and battery bank, and is utilized as a power backup system to supply electricity whenever power failure occurs, which is frequent and real in Kenya. The techno-enviroeconomic performances analysis of the system were evaluated using the PVSyst software, a freely available design and analytical tool, where input data were measured and recorded at the site.
Results: The performance analysis of the system showed that PV array efficiency of 13.24%, FF of 0.68, CF of 21.23%, and PR of 73.63% and generated electrical energy of 1092 kWh/year. The LCOE of PV electricity was 0.059 $/kWh, while total saving of CO2 emission in tons of CO2 was 9.0 tCO2 with LCE value of 331 gCO2/ kWh.
Conclusion: Techno- enviroeconomic performance results of the studied PV system show that the system can contribute significantly to the mitigation of CO2 emission. This work also could be helpful for consumers and policy makers in the choice of renewable based or fossil based backup generation systems.
Role of Ayurvedic Herbs in the Management of Celiac Disease
Authors: Gayatri . , Jigyasha . , Singhal Harish Kumar
Published: May 2024

Celiac disease or gluten-sensitive enteropathy is an autoimmune hypersensitivity disorder affecting the small intestine. It occurs due to an inappropriate immune reaction to gluten, which results in inflammation and damage to the small intestine. One of the most prevalent illnesses, celiac disease, is brought on by both environmental (gluten) and genetic causes of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and non-HLA genes. The prevalence of celiac disease has been estimated to approximate 0.5%-1% in different parts of the world. Due to improved physician awareness and expertise, as well as the widespread use of extremely sensitive and precise diagnostic tests for celiac disease, the prevalence of celiac disease has considerably grown in the past 30 years. While older children have either limited or unusual symptoms, only a small percentage of celiac patients have the classic signs of the condition like chronic or intermittent diarrhea, failure to thrive, weight loss, delayed puberty, short stature, nausea, vomiting, chronic abdominal pain, abdominal distension, chronic constipation. Early detection of celiac disease is crucial to preventing long-term consequences. According to Ayurveda, some symptoms of celiac disease found in  Grahani Dosha. Grahani is described as an Agni Adhisthana by most of Acharya. Mandagini is the root cause of Ama Dosha, and it is a crucial factor for the manifestation of most diseases. The treatment approach of celiac disease in Ayurveda medicinal science involves the intake of various preparations of some specific medicinal plants like Kutaja (Holarrhena antidysenterica) Pippali, (Piper longum Linn.), Chitraka, (Plumbago zeylanica) Guduchi, (Tinospora cordifolia) Ashwagandha, (Withania somnifera), Haridra (Curcuma longa Linn.), etc which have Agni Deepana and Ama Pachana properties. These illness-specific medicinal herbs help normalize digestive fire and evict "Ama" toxins from the body channels, which pacify the vitiated Agni and maintain homeostasis among vitiated Doshas.
Deciphering the Traits Association and Path Coefficient Analysis among Yield Attributing Traits of Snap Melon (Cucumis melo var. momordica) Genotypes
Authors: K A Shrilatha , Biradar I. B. , D Satish , Hadimani H. P. , Jawadagi R. S. , K R Nayana
Published: May 2024

An investigation was carried out at the University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot, Karnataka, during the Rabi season of 2021. The experiment employed a randomized complete block design with two replications and aimed to assess twenty-five snap melon genotypes alongside three check varieties, sourced from various regions in India. Seventeen yield-related traits were observed for each genotype, and the mean data was utilized for subsequent analysis. The study on trait associations revealed that genotypic correlations exhibited higher values compared to their respective phenotypic counterparts, indicating stronger, consistent correlations independent of environmental factors. Notably, yield plant-1 exhibited positive and significant correlations with vine length, number of fruits vine-1, fruit weight, length of fruit, fruit circumference, and flesh thickness at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. Path coefficient analysis unveiled that the total number of fruits plant-1 and average fruit weight exerted positive direct effects on yield plant-1. Consequently, the study suggests that selection based on traits such as number of fruits-1 plant and average fruit weight would be effective for enhancing yield in snap melon.
Comparative Efficacy of Insecticides and their Combinations against Okra Shoot and Fruit Borer, Earias vitella (Fabricius)
Authors: Sharma Aayushi , Kumar Ashwani
Published: May 2024

The research was conducted on okra crop to check the efficacy of some insecticides and their combinations against okra shoot and fruit borer, Earias vittella (Fab.). The study was carried out during kharif 2023 at Central Research Farm of Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj (U.P.) with eight treatments including untreated check which were replicated thrice. All the treatments were found to be superior over untreated control, neem oil 3%, spinosad 45 SC, cypermethrin 25 EC, profenophos 50 EC, spinosad 45SC + neem oil 3%, cypermethrin 25EC + neem oil 3%, profenofos 50 EC + cypermethrin 25 EC were tested to compare the efficacy against Earias vitella and their influences on yield of okra. Here the best and the most economic treatment was profenofos 50 EC + cypermethrin 25 EC followed by cypermethrin 25EC + neem oil 3%, spinosad 45SC + neem oil 3%, spinosad 45 SC, cypermethrin 25 EC, profenophos 50 EC and the least effective treatment was neem oil 3%. The highest yield among the treatments was noticed in profenofos 50 EC + cypermethrin 25 EC (140quintal/hac.) and the lowest in neem oil 3% (75quintal/hac.) with cost benefit ratio 1:4.7 and 1:2.0, respectively.
Glaucoma (Eye Disease) and its Associated Diagnosis and Treatment Process: A Schematic Concise Review
Authors: Srivastav Yash , Taj Bushra , Singh Jaya , Yadav Sandhya , Ahmad Mohd. Imtiyaz
Published: May 2024

A class of eye conditions known as glaucoma can result in blindness and visual loss by harming the optic nerve, a nerve located at the back of the eye. You might not notice the symptoms at first because they can appear so slowly. A thorough dilated eye exam is the only way to determine if you have glaucoma. While there is no known cure for glaucoma, vision protection and damage can frequently be stopped with early intervention. Primary open-angle and angle-closure glaucoma, as well as secondary open and angle-closure glaucoma, are the four main types of adult glaucoma. Prescription eye drops are the most popular form of treatment for glaucoma. They function by reducing intraocular pressure and shielding your optic nerve from harm. Although these eye drops cannot reverse vision loss or treat glaucoma, they can prevent glaucoma from worsening. Prostaglandins are one type of prescription eye drop medication. By increasing the fluid's outflow from your eye, they aid in lowering intraocular pressure. Latanoprost (Xalatan), Travoprost (Travatan Z), Tafluprost (Zioptan), Bimatoprost (Lumigan), and Latanoprostene bunod (Vyzulta) are among the medications in this category. Alpha-adrenergic agonists, such as brimonidine (Altagan P) or Qoliana (Iopidine, apraclonidine) Beta-blockers such as Betimol, Istalol, Timoptic (timolol), and Betoptic (betaxolol) Inhibitors of carbonic anhydrases, such as Azopt (brinzolamide) and Trusopt (dorzolamide). In this review study, we discuss the aetiology, epidemiology, current management, and pathophysiology of glaucoma.
Effects of Urban Growth and Urbanization on the Social Environment: Case Study Old and Modern Cities of Yemen
Authors: Abdalla Nihro Nouh Ibrahim , Alhassan Saleem Elzain
Published: May 2024

Aim: This research was designed to study the effects of urban growth and urbanization on the social environment (Study of the state of growth and social changes in the old and modern cities of Yemen an example).
Background: Yemenis have a rich history of urban centers, which have played a crucial role in trade, crafts, industries, and science. These cities have become distinct areas of cultural development, economic polarization, and cultural radiation. They are considered crucibles for social culturalintegration, nurseries for political growth, and areas for the development of national consciousness. The history of Yemen's cities and urban centers demonstrates the close link between trade, delivery routes, political governance centers, and city growth and development. Some Yemeni historical cities have played a vital role before Islam as political capitals, educators, and seaports. Cities have emerged as a result of the desire to coexist and achieve stability, reflecting spiritual, material, social, and political conditions. The growth of cities and architecture is a reflection of these changes.
Methodology: The physical changes in the Republic of Yemen and the identification of the city of Aden were studied by reviewing the studies that monitored these changes and their social, economic and population effects. The study relied on secondary data in the first place.
Conclusion: Yemen's population growth rate in 2004 was low at 3.01%, but it remains high due to economic and social developments and changes demographic factors such as fertility, mortality, and migration the growth rate was decreased at 2.20%. The 2004 General Population and Housing Census revealed that the resident population is spread across various governorates, with Ta'izz, Hodeidah, and Ibb having the highest proportions. The General Census of Population and Establishments revealed changes in the relative weight of the provincial population between the 1994 and 2004 censuses, with some governorates experiencing an increase in population relative to the population, while others experienced a decrease. The annual growth rate of the resident population was 3.0%, and the proportion of the young age group increased from 46.2% in 1994 to 51.5% in 2004. The gender ratio in Yemen is 104, with some governorates having a higher proportion of species due to urbanization (male than more than female), employment opportunities, or male labor migration. The Central Statistical Agency predicts that population growth will remain high over the next 20 years, with a natural increase rate of 3.01%. The proportion of married people in the population is higher for both sexes, possibly due to increased living costs and lack of adequate housing.
Sensors for the Detection and Quantification of Bacterial Contamination in Water for Human Use
Authors: Queirós Raquel Barbosa , Noronha J. Paulo , Sales M. Goreti F. , Aguilar Gerardo González
Published: May 2010

The deterioration of water quality by Cyanobacteria cause outbreaks and epidemics associated with harmful diseases in Humans and animals because of the toxins that they release. Microcystin‐LR is one of the hepatotoxins most widely studied and the World Health Organization, recommend a maximum value of 1 µg L−1 in drinking water. Highly specific recognition molecules, such as molecular imprinted polymers are developed to quantify microcystins in waters for human use and shown to be of great potential in the analysis of these kinds of samples. The obtained results were auspicious, the detection limit found, 1.5 µg L−1, being of the same order of magnitude as the guideline limit recommended by the WHO. This technology is very promising because the sensors are stable and specific, and the technology is inexpensive and allows for rapid on‐site monitoring.
New Routes for Fabricating Ultrafine‐Grained Microstructures in Bulky Steels without Very‐High Strains
Authors: Tsuji Nobuhiro
Published: May 2010

Several routes to produce ultrafine‐grained structures in steels without severe plastic deformation are introduced. The key point of the ideas is to combine plastic deformation with the phase transformation of matrix phases. When as‐quenched martensite in steels is used as a starting microstructure, sub‐micrometer grain‐sized structures can be obtained easily. Another example using a dual‐phase steel composed of soft and hard phases is also discussed. Repeating plastic deformation and phase transformation is also effective in obtaining nanostructures in an austenitic stainless steel. Examples of strips of UFG stainless steels in industry and their applications are presented.
Talar morphology, phylogenetic affinities, and locomotor adaptation of a large‐bodied amphipithecid primate from the late middle eocene of Myanmar
Authors: Marivaux Laurent , Beard K. Christopher , Chaimanee Yaowalak , Dagosto Marian , Gebo Daniel L. , Guy Franck , Marandat Bernard , Khaing Kyaw , Kyaw Aung Aung , Oo Myo , Sein Chit , Soe Aung Naing , Swe Myat , Jaeger Jean‐Jacques
Published: May 2010

A well‐preserved fossil talus [National Museum of Myanmar Primates (NMMP) 82] of a large‐bodied primate is described from the late middle Eocene Pondaung Formation of central Myanmar. The specimen was collected at Thandaung Kyitchaung, a well‐known amphipithecid primate–bearing locality near the village of Mogaung. NMMP 82 adds to a meager but growing sample of postcranial remains documenting the large‐bodied primates of the Pondaung Formation. This new talus exhibits a suite of features that resemble conditions found in living and fossil haplorhine primates, notably anthropoids. As such, the phylogenetic signal deriving from the morphology of NMMP 82 conflicts with that provided by NMMP 20, a partial skeleton (including a fragmentary calcaneus) of a second large‐bodied Pondaung primate showing undoubted adapiform affinities. Analysis subtalar joint compatibility in a hypothetical NMMP 82/NMMP 20 combination (talus/calcaneus) reveals a substantial degree of functional mismatch between these two tarsal bones. The functional incongruence in subtalar joint morphology between NMMP 20 and NMMP 82 is consistent with the seemingly divergent phylogenetic affinities of these specimens, indicating that two higher level taxa of relatively large‐bodied primates are documented in the Pondaung Formation. On the basis of its size and morphology, we refer the NMMP 82 talus to the large‐bodied amphipithecid Pondaungia. The occurrence of anthropoid‐like tali in the Pondaung Formation obviates the need to invoke homoplasy to explain the shared, derived dental characters that are common to amphipithecids and undoubted anthropoids. Functionally, the NMMP 82 talus appears to have pertained to a primate that is engaged in active quadrupedalism in an arboreal environment along broad and subhorizontal branches. The primate taxon represented by NMMP 82 was capable of climbing and leaping, although it was not particularly specialized for either of these activities. Am J Phys Anthropol 143:208–222, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and properties of new poly(amide‐imide)s based on 1,3‐bis[4,4'‐(trimellitimido) phenoxy] propane and aromatic diamines
Authors: Isfahani Hossein Nasr , Faghihi Khalil , Valikhani Nasim
Published: May 2010

Six new poly(amide‐imide)s 8a–f containing trimethylene moiety in the main chain were synthesized by the polycondensation reactions of 1,3‐bis[4,4'‐(trimellitimido) phenoxy] propane 6 with six different aromatic diamines 7a–f in a medium constituting N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone, triphenylphosphite, CaCl2, and pyridine as condensing agents. The polycondensation reaction produced a series of novel poly(amide‐imide)s 8a–f in high yields with inherent viscosities between 0.35 and 0.63 dL/g. The resulting poly(amide‐imide)s were characterized by elemental analysis, viscosity measurements, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA and DTG), solubility tests, and FTIR spectroscopy. 1,3‐Bis[4,4'‐(trimellitimido) phenoxy] propane 6as a new monomer containing trimethylene moiety was synthesized using a three‐step reaction. At first 1,3‐bis[4,4'‐nitrophenoxy] propane 3was prepared by the reaction of 4‐nitrophenol 1 with 1,3‐dibromo propane 2in DMF solution. Then, dinitro 3 was reduced to 1,3‐bis[4,4'‐aminophenoxy] propane 4by using a solution of sodium sulfite in ethanol. Finally, 1,3‐bis[4,4'‐(trimellitimido) phenoxy] propane 6 was prepared by the reaction of one equivalent diamine 4with two equivalents of trimellitic anhydride 5in a mixture of acetic acid‐pyridine (3 : 2). © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Graft copolymerization of methoxyacrylethyl phosphate onto expanded poly(tetrafluoroethylene) facial membranes
Authors: Chandler‐Temple Adrienne , Wentrup‐Byrne Edeline , Whittaker Andrew K. , Grøndahl Lisbeth
Published: May 2010

Expanded poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (ePTFE) membranes were modified by graft copolymerization with methoxyacrylethyl phosphate (MOEP) in methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) solutions at ambient temperature using gamma irradiation. The effect of monomer concentration (3–30%) was studied and the modified membranes were characterized by weight increase, x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), contact angle measurements, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Results show that the ePTFE membrane had a degree of crystallinity of 59% and that this did not significantly change after grafting indicating that grafting occurs in the amorphous regions. SEM images showed a globular surface morphology for the grafted membranes. XPS was used to evaluate the chemical structure of the graft copolymer and to determine the XPS grafting extent using the C‐F (ePTFE membrane) and the C‐C (MOEP graft copolymer) peaks. The graft yield as well as grafting extent was found to increase with increasing monomer concentration. Concomitantly, the contact angle was found to decrease with increasing monomer concentration. No direct correlation was found between XPS grafting extent and the advancing water contact angle illustrating that the former does not adequately give an indication of the copolymer surface coverage of the first molecular layer. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Emission properties of composite semiconducting polymer nanoparticles
Authors: Kong Fan , Liu Jing , Hu Qian , Qiu Teng
Published: May 2010

A series of composite polymer nanoparticles was prepared from poly(N‐vinylcarbazole) (PVK) and poly(2,5‐bistriethoxy‐p‐phenylene vinylene‐alt‐phenylene vinylene) (BTEO–PPV‐alt‐PPV). The nanoparticle sizes were measured to be in the range of 50–80 nm with transmission electron microscopy. The photoluminescence intensity of PVK decreased with the content of BTEO–PPV‐alt‐PPV increasing in the composite polymer nanoparticles because the excited states in PVK were quenched by BTEO–PPV‐alt‐PPV. The emission from BTEO–PPV‐alt‐PPV was enhanced in the composite polymer nanoparticles because of energy transfer from PVK to BTEO–PPV‐alt‐PPV for excitation at the absorption maximum of PVK. The energy‐transfer efficiency was markedly improved in the composite polymer nanoparticles versus the composite polymer films according to emission spectral analyses. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Anti–apolipoprotein A‐1 IgG predicts major cardiovascular events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Vuilleumier Nicolas , Bas Sylvette , Pagano Sabrina , Montecucco Fabrizio , Guerne Pierre‐André , Finckh Axel , Lovis Christian , Mach François , Hochstrasser Denis , Roux‐Lombard Pascale , Gabay Cem
Published: May 2010

Objective

To determine whether anti–apolipoprotein A‐1 (anti–Apo A‐1) IgG are associated with major cardiovascular events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods

We determined anti–Apo A‐1 IgG levels and the concentrations of cytokines, oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (LDL), and matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP‐1) MMP‐2, MMP‐3, and MMP‐9 in sera from 133 patients with RA who did not have cardiovascular disease at baseline, all of whom were longitudinally followed up over a median period of 9 years. A major cardiovascular event was defined as a fatal or nonfatal stroke or acute coronary syndrome. The proinflammatory effects of anti–Apo A‐1 IgG were assessed on human macrophages in vitro.

Results

During followup, the overall incidence of major cardiovascular events was 15% (20 of 133 patients). At baseline, anti–Apo A‐1 IgG positivity was 17% and was associated with a higher incidence of major cardiovascular events (adjusted hazard ratio 4.2, 95% confidence interval 1.5–12.1). Patients who experienced a subsequent major cardiovascular event had higher circulating levels of anti–Apo A‐1 IgG at baseline compared with those who did not have a major cardiovascular event. Receiver operating curve analysis showed that anti–Apo A‐1 IgG was the strongest of all tested biomarkers for the prediction of a subsequent major cardiovascular event, with an area under the curve value of 0.73 (P = 0.0008). At the predefined and previously validated cutoff levels, the specificity and sensitivity of anti–Apo A‐1 IgG to predict major cardiovascular events were 50% and 90%, respectively. Anti–Apo A‐1 IgG positivity was associated with higher median circulating levels of interleukin‐8 (IL‐8), oxidized LDL, and MMP‐9 and higher proMMP‐9 activity as assessed by zymography. On human macrophages, anti–Apo A‐1 IgG induced a significant dose‐dependent increase in IL‐8 and MMP‐9 levels and proMMP‐9 activity.

Conclusion

Anti–Apo A‐1 IgG is an independent predictor of major cardiovascular events in RA, possibly by affecting vulnerability to atherosclerotic plaque.
Racial disparities in age at time of cardiovascular events and cardiovascular‐related death in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Scalzi Lisabeth V. , Hollenbeak Christopher S. , Wang Li
Published: May 2010

Objective

To determine whether racial disparities exist with regard to the age at which patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) experience cardiovascular disease (CVD) and CVD‐associated death.

Methods

Using the 2003–2006 Nationwide Inpatient Sample, we calculated the age difference between patients with SLE and their race‐ and sex‐matched controls at the time of hospitalization for a cardiovascular event and for CVD‐associated death. In addition, we calculated the age difference between white patients with SLE and sex‐matched controls for each minority group for the same outcomes.

Results

The mean age difference between women with and those without SLE at the time of admission for a CVD event was 10.5 years. All age differences between women with SLE (n = 3,627) and women without SLE admitted for CVD were significant (P < 0.0001). Among different racial groups with SLE, black women were the youngest to be admitted with CVD (53.9 years) and to have a CVD‐associated in‐hospital death (52.8 years; n = 218). Black women with SLE were 19.8 years younger than race‐ and sex‐matched controls at the time of CVD‐associated death. Admission trends for CVD were reversed for black women, such that the highest proportions of these patients were admitted before age 55 years, and then the proportions steadily decreased across age categories. Among the 805 men with SLE who were admitted with a CVD event, those who were black or Hispanic were youngest.

Conclusion

There are significant racial disparities with regard to age at the time of hospital admission for CVD events and CVD‐related hospitalization resulting in death in patients with SLE.
Enhanced chemiluminescence: A sensitive analytical system for detection of sweet potato peroxidase
Authors: Vdovenko Marina M. , Della Ciana Leopoldo , Sakharov Ivan Y.
Published: May 2010

3‐(10'‐Phenothiazinyl)propane‐1‐sulfonate (SPTZ) was shown to be a potent enhancer of anionic sweet potato peroxidase (aSPP)‐induced chemiluminescence. The optimal conditions for aSPP‐catalyzed oxidation of luminol were investigated by varying the concentrations of luminol, hydrogen peroxide, Tris, and SPTZ as well as the pH values of the reaction mixture. Addition of 4‐morpholinopyridine (MORP) to the reaction mixture markedly increased the light intensity. Using SPTZ and MORP together enhanced the effect 265 times. The lower detection limit (LDL) of SPP was 0.09 pM, approximately in 10 times lower than that for the cationic isozyme c of horseradish peroxidase/4‐iodophenol system. It was shown that aSPP in the presence of SPTZ produced a longer lasting chemiluminescent signal.
Borane–Lewis Base Complexes as Homolytic Hydrogen Atom Donors
Authors: Hioe Johnny , Karton Amir , Martin Jan M. L. , Zipse Hendrik
Published: May 2010

Radical stabilization energies (RSE)s have been calculated for a variety of boryl radicals complexed to Lewis bases at the G3(MP2)‐RAD level of theory. These are referenced to the BH bond dissociation energy (BDE) in BH3 determined at W4.3 level. High RSE values (and thus low BDE(BH) values) have been found for borane complexes of a variety of five‐ and six‐membered ring heterocycles. Variations of RSE values have been correlated with the strength of Lewis acid–Lewis base complex formation at the boryl radical stage. The analysis of charge‐ and spin‐density distributions shows that spin delocalization in the boryl radical complexes constitutes one of the mechanisms of radical stabilization.
Using a Threading‐Followed‐by‐Swelling Approach to Synthesize [2]Rotaxanes
Authors: Ko Jia‐Ling , Ueng Shau‐Hua , Chiu Ching‐Wei , Lai Chien‐Chen , Liu Yi‐Hung , Peng Shie‐Ming , Chiu Sheng‐Hsien
Published: May 2010

We have developed a “threading‐followed‐by‐swelling” protocol to synthesize [2]rotaxanes efficiently and atom economically. Our protocol employs cis‐1‐[(Z)‐alk‐1′‐enyl]‐2‐vinylcyclopropane units as the termini of the threadlike components; these end groups are converted into more‐sizable cycloheptadiene motifs, which function as stopper units, through Cope rearrangements at elevated temperature. We used this approach to synthesize [2]rotaxanes in good yield from [2]pseudorotaxanes featuring either one or two swellable termini to interlock three different types of macrocycle. The chiral centers created by the swelling process were “erased” by hydrogenating the cycloheptadiene termini into the corresponding cycloheptane units, affording achiral molecular [2]rotaxanes as the only final products.