bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Innate lymphoid cells in colorectal cancer
Authors: Marchalot Anne , Mjösberg Jenny
Published: March 2022

Innate lymphoid cells (ILC) can be viewed as the innate counterparts of T cells. In contrast to T cells, ILCs exert their functions in antigen‐independent manners, relying on tissue‐derived signals from other immune cells, stroma and neurons. Natural killer (NK) cells have been known for their antitumour effects for decades. However, the roles of other ILC subtypes in cancer immunity are just now starting to be unravelled. ILCs contribute to both homeostasis and inflammation in the intestinal mucosa. Intestinal inflammation predisposes the intestine for the development of colonic dysplasia and colorectal cancer (CRC). Recent data from mouse models and human studies indicate that ILCs play a role in CRC, exerting both protumoural and antitumoural functions. Studies also suggest that intratumoural ILC frequencies and expression of ILC signature genes can predict disease progression and response to PD‐1 checkpoint therapy in CRC. In this mini‐review, we focus on such recent insights and their implications for understanding the immunobiology of CRC. We also identify knowledge gaps and research areas that require further work.
Hit the right target! The Role of Issue Saliency among a Party's Potential Voters as a Determinant of the Party's Issue Emphasis in Switzerland
Authors: Borgeat Quentin
Published: March 2022

Issues matter in party competition. Therefore, the issue emphasis strategy of parties plays an important role during a campaign. Scholars disagree about the factors that explain strategies. Some argue that parties “ride‐the‐wave” and emphasize issues that are important for the public. Others argue that parties care about the issue priorities of their voters. Between these two theories, I argue that parties care about their potential voters, which means that issue priorities among potential voters have an impact on the issue emphasis of parties. The more important an issue is among this group, the more a party will emphasize this issue. To test this hypothesis, I use the panel survey of the Swiss Election Study Selects and the Année Politique Suisse data on newspaper ads. The findings from a multilevel zero‐inflated negative binomial regression suggest that the issue saliency among the potential voters has a positive impact on the issue emphasis of parties.
Statistical edutainment: A means to vary how we teach summary statistics
Authors: Pearl Dennis K. , Lesser Lawrence M.
Published: March 2022

Edutainment fun items can engage students in discussing and learning key concepts about descriptive statistics.
OsSLA1 functions in leaf angle regulation by enhancing the interaction between OsBRI1 and OsBAK1 in rice
Authors: Song Yajing , Niu Ruofan , Yu Hongli , Guo Jing , Du Chunhui , Zhang Zilun , Wei Ying , Li Jiaxue , Zhang Suqiao
Published: March 2022

Leaf angle is an important trait in plants. Here, we demonstrate that the leucine‐rich repeat receptor‐like kinase OsSLA1 plays an important role in leaf angle regulation in rice (Oryza sativa). OsSLA1 mutant plants exhibited a small leaf angle phenotype due to changes of adaxial cells in the lamina joint. GUS staining revealed that OsSLA1 was highly expressed in adaxial cells of the lamina joint. The OsSLA1 mutant plants were insensitive to exogenous epibrassinolide (eBL) and showed upregulated expression of DWARF and CPD, but downregulated expression of BU1, BUL1, and ILI1, indicating that brassinosteroid (BR) signal transduction was blocked. Fluorescence microscopy showed that OsSLA1 was localized to the plasma membrane and nearby periplasmic vesicles. Further study showed that OsSLA1 interacts with OsBRI1 and OsBAK1 via its intracellular domain and promotes the interaction between OsBRI1 and OsBAK1. In addition, phosphorylation experiments revealed that OsSLA1 does not possess kinase activity, but that it can be phosphorylated by OsBRI1 in vitro. Knockout of OsSLA1 in the context of d61 caused exacerbation of the mutant phenotype. These results demonstrate that OsSLA1 regulates leaf angle formation via positive regulation of BR signaling by enhancing the interaction of OsBRI1 with OsBAK1.
The use of ‘trend’ statements in veterinary oncology literature
Authors: Groves Priscilla K. , Liu Chin‐Chi , Geels Olivia R. , Withers Sita S.
Published: March 2022

Statements such as ‘trend towards’ and ‘tended to’ in regards to ‘statistical significance’ are ambiguous and reflect the continued focus on proximity of p‐values to .05. By themselves, p‐values do not provide a measure of effect size or other information needed to judge clinical importance. The goal of this study was to examine original research articles in the journal Veterinary and Comparative Oncology over 2 years, and describe the use of ‘trend’ statements. Articles were reviewed for ‘trend’ and ‘tended to’ statements, the number of statements made per paper, whether a p‐value and/or 95% confidence interval was provided to accompany these statements, and what the p‐value was (if provided). We noted 15.8% of articles included at least one ‘trend’ or ‘tended to’ statement to describe differences between groups. Specifically, 10.5% of articles used these statements to describe differences without providing the associated p‐value, or where p > .05. Of the total 36 ‘trend’ statements noted, six were not accompanied by p‐values and eight were associated with p‐values >.10. Similarly, four of the 16 ‘tended to’ statements were not accompanied by p‐values, and one was associated with a p‐value >.10. These data reveal a similar emphasis on p‐value proximity in veterinary oncology literature compared to that of human oncology literature. Furthermore, these findings highlight the ambiguity of ‘trend’ statements and support the development of additional guidelines (e.g., the de‐emphasis of p‐value proximity to an arbitrary threshold, and effect size reporting) for interpreting results in veterinary oncology research.
Nasal colonization by Entamoeba gingivalis in a 13‐year‐old Italian Greyhound
Authors: Randolph Nina K. , McAloney Camille A. , Ossiboff Robert , Hernandez Betsy , Cook Matthew , Hokamp Jessica A.
Published: March 2022

A 13‐year‐old 4.6 kg castrated male Italian Greyhound was presented for evaluation of sneezing, bilateral epistaxis and mucoid nasal discharge of approximately 3 months duration. Severe periodontal disease was noted on physical exam. The patient’s CBC was unremarkable. His biochemical profile revealed mild azotemia as well as mild electrolyte abnormalities. Rhinoscopy revealed a tan plaque present in the left dorsal meatus of the nasal cavity. Vigorous flushing yielded granular white particulates suspended in the saline, which were cytologically examined. Marked neutrophilic inflammation, a diverse bacterial population, and organisms consistent with amoebic trophozoites were identified. The remaining fluid was analyzed by PCR and sequencing, and Entamoeba gingivalis was identified. The dog’s clinical signs improved dramatically after initiating treatment with clindamycin. Six weeks after diagnosis, a dental cleaning with multiple extractions was performed. Four weeks after the dental procedure, the dog was clinically normal. This report describes the clinical, hematologic, cytologic, and gross findings in a case of Entamoeba gingivalis infection in a dog.
Advances in site‐specific weed management in agriculture—A review
Authors: Gerhards Roland , Andújar Sanchez Dionisio , Hamouz Pavel , Peteinatos Gerassimos G. , Christensen Svend , Fernandez‐Quintanilla Cesar
Published: March 2022

The developments of information and automation technologies have opened a new era for weed management to fit physical and chemical control treatments to the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of weed distributions in agricultural fields. This review describes the technologies of site‐specific weed management (SSWM) systems, evaluates their ecological and economic benefits and gives a perspective for the implementation in practical farming. Sensor technologies including 3D cameras, multispectral imaging and Artificial Intelligence (AI) for weed classification and computer‐based decision algorithms are described in combination with precise spraying and hoeing operations. Those treatments are targeted for patches of weeds or individual weed plants. Cameras can also guide inter‐row hoes precisely in the centre between two crop rows at much higher driving speed. Camera‐guided hoeing increased selectivity and weed control efficacy compared with manual steered hoeing. Robots combine those guiding systems with in‐row hoeing or spot spraying systems that can selectively control individual weeds within crop rows. Results with patch spraying show at least 50% saving of herbicides in various crops without causing additional costs for weed control in the following years. A challenge with these technologies is the interoperability of sensing and controllers. Most of the current SSWM technologies use their own IT protocols that do not allow connecting different sensors and implements. Plug & play standards for linking detection, decision making and weeding would improve the adoption of new SSWM technologies and reduce operational costs. An important impact of SSWM is the potential contribution to the EU‐Green Deal targets to reduce pesticide use and increase biodiversity. However, further on‐farm research is needed for integrating those technologies into agricultural practice.
Biogeographic reconstruction of the migratory Neotropical fish family Prochilodontidae (Teleostei: Characiformes)
Authors: Frable Benjamin W. , Melo Bruno F. , Fontenelle João P. , Oliveira Claudio , Sidlauskas Brian L.
Published: March 2022

Geographically, widespread Neotropical fish lineages offer opportunities to reconstruct historical biogeography patterns and infer processes leading to modern ichthyological diversity and distribution. The characiform family Prochilodontidae is well suited for such reconstruction because their migrations limit population substructure within river systems. Therefore, their biogeographic history should match closely the history of connectivity among Neotropical river basins. Here, we combine a time‐calibrated phylogeny with biogeographic model testing to recover the history of this family's diversification. Results support the Miocene rise of the Andean Eastern Cordillera as a dispersal barrier, but also indicate a much earlier Eocene origin of the trans‐Andean genus Ichthyoelephas. Despite the early origin of the family and its three constituent genera, most prochilodontid lineages originated during the Miocene in Greater Amazonia, likely due to drainage reorganizations caused by Andean uplift. Subsequent speciation appears linked to interbasin exchanges and expansions of Amazonian lineages into Brazilian coastal systems. The modern richness of Prochilodus in easterly drainages appears to be relatively young, with only Prochilodus vimboides likely reaching that region prior to the late Miocene. The rise of the Vaupes Arch coincides with two splits between Orinocoan and Amazonian lineages circa 9 million years ago (Ma). However, two instances of later dispersal between these drainages reveal the permeability of the Vaupes Arch, suggesting that it may promote periodic speciation. This study illustrates how model‐based biogeographic studies of widespread groups can reconstruct historic paths of dispersal and help reveal how landscape evolution promoted modern diversity patterns.
Taxonomic revision of the Tropiocolotes nattereri (Squamata, Gekkonidae) species complex, with the description of a new species from Israel, Jordan and Saudi Arabia
Authors: Ribeiro‐Júnior Marco Antônio , Tamar Karin , Maza Erez , Flecks Morris , Wagner Philipp , Shacham Boaz , Calvo Marta , Geniez Philippe , Crochet Pierre‐André , Koch Claudia , Meiri Shai
Published: March 2022

We examined the taxonomy of the minute desert geckos of the Tropiocolotes nattereri species complex using the largest morphological sampling, and the first molecular assessment of intraspecific diversity within this complex. We examined variation in mitochondrial and nuclear markers (12S, ND2, c‐mos and MC1R) of 30 samples and analyzed the external morphology of 202 specimens, from across the entire distribution range of the complex from Egypt, Israel, Jordan and Saudi Arabia. We recognize two species under the name T. nattereri. We thus hereby describe a new species, T. yomtovi sp. n., and we redefine and redescribe T. nattereri, for which we designate a neotype. The species diversity in the genus Tropiocolotes increases to 15.
ARGUMENTAÇÃO JURÍDICA E APRENDIZADO PROFUNDO
Authors: Zanon Junior Orlando Luiz , Kirtschig Guilherme
Published: March 2022

O objetivo geral deste artigo consiste em avaliar a possibilidade de automatização da argumentação jurídica, mediante uso da tecnologia de aprendizado profundo. Como objetivos específicos, busca-se, primeiro, apresentar um panorama da argumentação jurídica e sua importância na aplicação do direito, a partir das concepções vinculadas a distintos paradigmas da ciência jurídica; segundo, discorrer sobre o aprendizado profundo, considerando sua concepção, características e, também, aplicabilidade no campo jurídico; bem como, terceiro, problematizar o efetivo desempenho da argumentação jurídica por parte dos robôs, sopesando suas exigências com as limitações inerentes ao aprendizado profundo. Em considerações finais, apresenta-se argumento quanto à possibilidade de compatibilização entre ambos, mediante a inserção dos dados emergentes do aprendizado profundo na atividade de aplicação do direito. A pesquisa encetada operou com o método indutivo em sua fase de investigação, o método analítico na fase de tratamento de dados, e, no presente relatório em forma de artigo científico, utiliza-se novamente o método indutivo.
Prolegômenos a uma filosofia algorítmica futura que possa apresentar-se como fundamento para um cyberdireito
Authors: Brochado Mariah
Published: March 2022

As concepções aqui apresentadas são o ponto de partida para se refletir sobre os fenômenos decorrentes do advento da revolução tecnológica e que passaram a ser recorrentes no cotidiano dos humanos, tais como o Big data, a inteligência artificial, a rotina das redes sociais, as descobertas no campo da autonomia de máquinas, os desconfortos éticos surgidos destas e de outras experiências tão novas quanto insólitas, todas unidas por uma tessitura comum: a radical diferença do mundo analógico para o mundo digital. Certamente as filosofias tradicionais não se prepararam para enfrentar esse novo objeto de investigação sustentado por um mundo constituído por algoritmos. Os dilemas éticos surgidos exigem saídas jurídicas que as ciências jurídicas clássicas também não vislumbravam, visto que não conformadas à realidade virtual. Por estas razões lançamos a provocação sobre a possibilidade de pensarmos numa filosofia algorítmica e num cyberdireito inspirados pelos desafios deste século.
SISTEMAS DE POLICIAMENTO PREDITIVO E AFETAÇÃO DE DIREITOS HUMANOS À LUZ DA CRIMINOLOGIA CRÍTICA
Authors: Arruda Ana Julia Pozzi , Resende Ana Paula Bougleux Andrade , Fernandes Fernando Andrade
Published: March 2022

A utilização de dados pessoais pelo Poder Público tem ocorrido de forma cada vez mais frequente. Nesse sentido, surgem softwares dedicados à análise de relatórios policiais, registros de ocorrências e dados indicativos de criminalidade com o objetivo de prever a ocorrência de crimes futuros, seja com relação à localidade, seja com relação a pessoas específicas, atividade denominada policiamento preditivo. A adoção desses mecanismos coloca em discussão questões relacionadas à função do poder econômico na construção da figura do infrator, afetas ao campo da Criminologia Crítica, de modo que possam ser colocadas em xeque garantias fundamentais como a presunção de inocência e a legalidade das investigações (no campo processual), bem como a privacidade e a igualdade (no campo material). Isto posto, tem-se como objetivo analisar as problemáticas relacionadas aos direitos humanos advindas da incorporação dos sistemas de policiamento preditivo pelos órgãos policiais, à luz das contribuições trazidas pela Criminologia Crítica, na medida em que esta corrente evidencia as conexões entre poder econômico e o sistema de justiça criminal. Trata-se de uma pesquisa jurídico-prospectiva, conduzida sob o método dedutivo e de revisão bibliográfica, uma vez que se parte dos aspectos gerais do sistema jurídico-penal visando compreender como as particularidades de seu funcionamento poderiam ser reforçadas ou mitigadas, sobretudo no que tange à garantia ou violação de direitos fundamentais, pela introdução de novas tecnologias destinadas à análise de dados pelo Estado com a finalidade de atender algum interesse público. Dentre as conclusões, está o reforço do paradigma de dominação e das noções estereotipadas sobre o indivíduo delinquente, de modo a corroborar com a seletividade penal e a manutenção de uma ordem social estratificada.
OS SISTEMAS DE ARMAS AUTÔNOMAS E O DIREITO INTERNACIONAL: UMA ANÁLISE DA GUERRA E DAS IMPLICAÇÕES DO USO DA INTELIGÊNCIA ARTIFICIAL
Authors: Bedin Gilmar Antonio , Leves Aline Michele Pedron , Marcht Laura Mallmann
Published: March 2022

As transformações da guerra foram significativas com o fim do século XX e a emergência do século XXI. Este fato trouxe à tona a configuração de novas demandas para o Direito Internacional, sobretudo com o desenvolvimento de tecnologias bélicas revolucionárias. Neste sentido, o presente artigo reflete sobre o grande desafio que a sociedade e o Direito Internacional terão para garantir a manutenção da paz mundial e evitar as significativas consequências que a utilização dos sistemas de armas autônomas (AWS) poderia gerar. Por meio do método científico de procedimento hipotético-dedutivo, da técnica de pesquisa bibliográfica e da abordagem qualitativa, este trabalho exploratório objetiva analisar especificamente: i) os Estados soberanos e a guerra típica do mundo moderno; ii) as profundas transformações na sociedade globalizada e as novas formas ou meios de realização das guerras na ordem mundial atual; iii) os progressos tecnológicos de inteligência artificial (IA) do novo milênio com a criação dos sistemas de armas autônomas e a sua respectiva necessidade de regulamentação pelo Direito Internacional. Concluiu-se que este debate ainda é relativamente recente e que as normas internacionais atuais são insuficientes para a regulamentação da utilização dessas armas. Assim, é essencial a produção de um novo tratado internacional sobre o tema, tendo como parâmetro os princípios éticos e humanitários. Para tanto, precisa haver a produção de um novo consenso entre os Estados e a superação das posições mais contundentes quanto à utilização desses sistemas de armas autônomas ou sua plena proibição, justificando-se o valor e a originalidade desta pesquisa.
Protodefesa à Brasileira: Contraditório e Ampla Defesa em Investigações Sigilosas
Authors: Fragoso Nathalie , Brezinski Rodrigues Gabriel
Published: March 2022

O emprego de métodos ocultos de investigação sem qualquer contrapeso defensivo permitiu um avanço desmedido dos órgãos de persecução penal sobre direitos fundamentais. Uma concepção democrática de processo penal, no entanto, não é harmonizável com intervenções em direitos protegidos, sem que um contraditório mínimo seja assegurado. Neste sentido, a criação da figura do “Protodefensor” para defender os interesses do acusado, mantendo sigilo em relação a este, parece-nos a melhor forma de restabelecer o equilíbrio processual e evitar afetações desproporcionais de direitos fundamentais. A Defensoria Pública, argumentamos, seria a instituição brasileira mais adequada para exercer este papel. Logo, ainda que uma lei regulamentadora deste novo papel processual seja necessária, parece-nos, desde logo, compatível com a Constituição a “Protodefensoria Pública”.
“SOB CONTROLE DO USUÁRIO”: FORMAÇÃO DOS JUÍZES BRASILEIROS PARA O USO ÉTICO DA IA NO JUDICIÁRIO
Authors: Prado Eunice M. B. , Münch Luciane A. Corrêa , Villarroel Márcia A. Corrêa Ughini
Published: March 2022

Este artigo investiga a capacitação dos juízes brasileiros para exercer controle ético sobre ferramentas de inteligência artificial (IA) aplicadas à atividade jurisdicional. O Judiciário brasileiro vem investindo fortemente no uso e desenvolvimento de ferramentas de IA, contando com 64 sistemas de IA em uso ou desenvolvimento nos diversos tribunais. A Resolução nº 332/2020, que trata da ética, transparência e governança na produção e no uso de IA no Judiciário, adotou, entre outros, o princípio do controle do usuário, que estabelece direitos e deveres ao usuário quanto ao controle ético da IA. Assim, cabe ao juiz, como usuário interno, exercer tal controle ao utilizar ferramenta de IA no desempenho da atividade jurisdicional. Porém, para fazê-lo, precisa conhecer o poder-dever que lhe cabe, e estar capacitado a exercê-lo. Utilizando-se de metodologia de pesquisa quantitativa do tipo survey, apurou-se que a grande maioria dos magistrados brasileiros desconhece os termos da Resolução nº 332/2020; não se considera preparada para exercer controle ou supervisão de ferramentas de IA, nem tampouco se qualificou para tanto nos últimos três anos. Considerando que já há ferramentas de IA em uso pelo Judiciário, conclui-se pela necessidade de refletir sobre a política até então adotada, sugerindo que os investimentos na área sejam também direcionados à inclusão ou ampliação da capacitação dos magistrados para exercer o controle esperado.
“FALHAS DE IA” E A INTERVENÇÃO HUMANA EM DECISÕES AUTOMATIZADAS: PARÂMETROS PARA A LEGITIMAÇÃO PELA HUMANIZAÇÃO
Authors: Doneda Danilo , Wimmer Miriam
Published: March 2022

Em um contexto em que diferentes países vêm reconhecendo um direito à intervenção humana face a decisões automatizadas, o artigo tem por objetivo investigar os elementos que podem atrair a necessidade de introdução de parâmetros humanos em processos de decisão impulsionados por sistemas de Inteligência Artificial. Assim, com base no método hipotético-dedutivo e a partir de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, o artigo explora diferentes categorias de problemas que podem advir de decisões tomadas por sistemas de IA, concluindo que, em determinados casos, a necessidade de intervenção humana pode ser identificada não apenas com base em critérios de eficiência, mas também pode se constituir em um componente ético em si mesmo. Por outro lado, argumenta-se que determinados parâmetros de sistemas de IA, tais como o seu nível de transparência e auditabilidade, a explicabilidade das decisões, o seu baixo impacto potencial a direitos e garantias fundamentais  e o grau de participação do próprio usuário do sistema na sua configuração e utilização, poderiam mitigar os riscos associados ao "déficit de humanidade" e assim proporcionar que a intervenção humana seja modulada em diferentes níveis de intensidade, mantendo-se o atendimento aos requisitos éticos de decisões legítimas, confiáveis, justas e cognoscíveis, por seres humanos, em seus principais elementos.
Ethical Dimensions of the GDPR, AI Regulation, and Beyond
Authors: Hijmans Hielke , Raab Charles
Published: March 2022

Our digital society is changing rapidly, with emerging new technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning, robotics, and the internet of things. These changes trigger new fundamental ethical questions relating to privacy, data protection and other values, including human rights and the way they are affected by the extensive and intensive use of data for analytical and practical innovations. This article explores these ethical dimensions and the extent to which the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) of 2018 takes ethics into account in relation to these socio-technical developments. More briefly, it looks similarly but more selectively at the EU’s proposed AI Act of 2021, which aims to regulate AI in relation to levels of risk.It concludes with some observations on desirable institutional arrangements for making and applying ethical judgements in the regulation of advanced technologies that use personal data.
Electronic Democracy and Digital Justice: Driving Principles for AI Regulation in the Prism of Human Rights
Authors: Mantelero Alessandro
Published: March 2022

A growing debate in several European fora is paving the way for future rules for Artificial Intelligence (AI). A principles-based approach prevails, with various lists of principles drawn up in recent years. These lists, which are often built on human rights, are only a starting point for a future regulation. It is now necessary to move forward, turning abstract principles into a context-based response to the challenges of AI. This article therefore places the principles and operational rules of the current European and international human rights framework in the context of AI applications in two core, and little explored, areas of digital transformation: electronic democracy and digital justice. Several binding and non-binding legal instruments are available for each of these areas, but they were adopted in a pre-AI era, which affects their effectiveness in providing an adequate and specific response to the challenges of AI. Although the existing guiding principles remain valid, their application should therefore be reconsidered in the light of the social and technical changes induced by AI. To contribute to the ongoing debate on future AI regulation, this article outlines a contextualised application of the principles governing e-democracy and digital justice in view of current and future AI applications.
Mérito Sob Custódia: Os Limites da Menção aos Fatos da Prisão Durante as Audiências de Custódia
Authors: Jesus Maria Gorete Marques de , Toledo Fabio Lopes , Bandeira Ana Luiza Villela de Viana
Published: March 2022

A Resolução do CNJ nº 213/ 2015 não permite que se entre no mérito dos fatos que geraram a prisão em flagrante nas audiências de custódia. Contudo, pesquisas de campo têm revelado que juízes/as compreendem de forma heterogênea a entrada do mérito em algumas situações. Para compreender como os atores jurídicos mobilizam o mérito nessas audiências, propomos realizar uma reflexão sobre essa temática, considerando, sobretudo, ser um tema ainda pouco aprofundado no campo do debate acadêmico. Para isso, realizamos uma revisão da doutrina que aborda a temática do mérito no processo penal, bem como a revisão de pesquisas sobre audiência de custódia que descrevem a menção ao mérito em seus estudos empíricos. Analisamos também entrevistas realizadas com juízes/as que mencionaram seus critérios de entrada ou não no mérito dos casos avaliados em audiência de custódia. Acreditamos que este artigo poderá contribuir com um debate ainda pouco aprofundado sobre a temática do mérito nas audiências de custódia. Apesar de aparecer na Resolução CNJ nº 213/2015 e nas pesquisas sobre audiência de custódia, ainda não há uma discussão mais aprofundada desse tema.
Adolescentes a Quem Se Atribui a Prática de Ato Infracional: Como as Autoridades do Sistema de Justiça Juvenil Socializam Adolescentes Negros e Pobres de uma Periferia de São Paulo
Authors: Chies-Santos Mariana , Theodoro de Oliveira Renan , Piccirillo Debora , Gomes Aline Morais Mizutani
Published: March 2022

Este trabalho busca articular o campo teórico da socialização legal e os estudos sociológicos sobre o adolescente em situação de conflito com a lei a partir de uma pesquisa qualitativa com adolescentes em cumprimento de medidas socioeducativas. A partir da análise preliminar dos dados coletados, observou-se que adolescentes infratores já se relacionam com as autoridades legais (polícia) antes de sua entrada no sistema e, nas audiências para decisão de seus processos, não interagem com os atores do sistema de justiça e não tem entendimento sobre o que se passa.
O Manejo Meticuloso do Jurídico no Processo Penal de Execução: As Entrelinhas dos Mandados de Busca e Apreensão Coletivos no Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Santoro Antonio Eduardo Ramires , Duarte Daniel Nascimento
Published: March 2022

No ano de 2017, após a morte de um policial em uma operação policial para apreensão de drogas na Comunidade do Jacaré, no Rio de Janeiro, seguiu-se uma intensa reação das forças policiais por onze dias, resultando em diversas mortes e a eliminação de direitos fundamentais dos moradores. A violência policial foi legitimada por decisões judiciais, especialmente que fizeram expedir mandado de busca e apreensão coletivo. Diante dessa realidade, o problema que move o trabalho é: existe, na prática, um processo penal de exceção no seio do Estado Democrático de Direito brasileiro que se volta especialmente contra a população periférica, pobre e preta, que deu ensejo e justificou a determinação de expedição de um mandado de busca e apreensão coletivo? Quais seriam as características desse processo penal excepcional? Trabalhou-se a hipótese de que esse processo penal de exceção existe, tendo como uma das suas principais características o manejo meticuloso do jurídico e da estrutura institucional da máquina judiciária com vistas a flexibilizar garantias de um rol específico de inimigos politicamente delimitados - rol que desponta naturalmente para o terreno periférico onde habita a pobreza. Metodologicamente, a pesquisa se desenvolveu com análise empírica documental dos autos processuais e bibliográfica no âmbito da filosofia política, política criminal e do processo penal, que confirmou a hipótese inicial.
Association of Collagen, Elastin, Glycosaminoglycans, and Macrophages With Tissue Ultimate Material Strength and Stretch in Human Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms: A Uniaxial Tension Study
Authors: Tokgoz Aziz , Wang Shuo , Sastry Priya , Sun Chang , Figg Nichola L. , Huang Yuan , Bennett Martin R. , Sinha Sanjay , Gillard Jonathan H. , Sutcliffe Michael P. F. , Teng Zhongzhao
Published: March 2022

Fiber structures and pathological features, e.g., inflammation and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) deposition, are the primary determinants of aortic mechanical properties which are associated with the development of an aneurysm. This study is designed to quantify the association of tissue ultimate strength and extensibility with the structural percentage of different components, in particular, GAG, and local fiber orientation. Thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) tissues from eight patients were collected. Ninety-six tissue strips of thickened intima, media, and adventitia were prepared for uni-extension tests and histopathological examination. Area ratios of collagen, elastin, macrophage and GAG, and collagen fiber dispersion were quantified. Collagen, elastin, and GAG were layer-dependent and the inflammatory burden in all layers was low. The local GAG ratio was negatively associated with the collagen ratio (r2 = 0.173, p < 0.05), but positively with elastin (r2 = 0.037, p < 0.05). Higher GAG deposition resulted in larger local collagen fiber dispersion in the media and adventitia, but not in the intima. The ultimate stretch in both axial and circumferential directions was exclusively associated with elastin ratio (axial: r2 = 0.186, p = 0.04; circumferential: r2 = 0.175, p = 0.04). Multivariate analysis showed that collagen and GAG contents were both associated with ultimate strength in the circumferential direction, but not with the axial direction (collagen: slope = 27.3, GAG: slope = −18.4, r2 = 0.438, p = 0.002). GAG may play important roles in TAA material strength. Their deposition was found to be associated positively with the local collagen fiber dispersion and negatively with ultimate strength in the circumferential direction.
Transient Continuum Mechanics and Chemomechanics
Authors: Shen Shengping
Published: March 2022

A transient chemomechanical coupling formulation for solid continuum is presented. The second-order rate and the characterized time are introduced to include the transient effect through Taylor expansion. The transient Reynold’s transport theorem is derived with the new products or material elimination considered. Based on conservation laws and the second law of thermodynamic, we state a consistent Helmholtz-energy-based framework. The transient field equations take mechanical and chemical contributions and microscopic time into account. Either microscopic time or chemical reactions leads to the unsymmetry of the stress tensor. The relationship of Helmholtz energy and constitutive properties, the evolution equations, and the entropy are consistent with the classical continuum thermodynamics and the constitutive theory in continuum mechanics. Further, the transient equations of thermal conduction and diffusion with finite velocity are naturally derived rather than postulated, and a comparison with the existing theories is discussed.
Proposed Material Properties, Allowable Stresses, and Design Curves of Diffusion Bonded Alloy 800H for the ASME Code Section III Division 5
Authors: Mahajan Heramb P. , McKillop Suzanne , Keating Robert , Hassan Tasnim
Published: March 2022

Increased interest in compact heat exchangers (CHXs) to serve as intermediate heat exchangers of very high temperature reactors resulted in significant research and development on their design, analysis, and construction. Printed circuit heat exchangers are a type of CHXs with high thermal efficiency and compactness achieved through diffusion bonding a stack of etched plates with millimeter scaled channels. The diffusion bonding process changes the microstructural and mechanical properties of the wrought metal plates. The current nonnuclear design code ASME section VIII, division 1 captures the material property change through a “joint efficiency factor.” However, the current nuclear design code ASME section III, division 5 does not address or support the diffusion bonded material properties. Hence, there is a need to develop allowable stresses, isochronous curves, and fatigue life curves for various diffusion bonded alloys. In this study, Alloy 800H material was selected to establish the diffusion bonded material properties under tension, creep, fatigue, and creep-fatigue loads at elevated temperatures in the range 550–760 °C. A set of tests on diffusion bonded Alloy 800H (DB 800H) were performed and the acquired data are used in developing allowable stresses Sy, Su, Sr, Sm, St, Smt, So, isochronous curves and fatigue life curves according to the ASME section III, division 5 requirements. This paper also presents detailed procedures used in developing the ASME code section III division 5 design provisions for diffusion bonded Alloy 800H.
Miniature plasma source for in situ extreme ultraviolet lithographic scanner cleaning
Authors: de Kerkhof Mark van , Osorio Edgar , Krivtsun Vladimir , Spiridonov Maxim , Astakhov Dmitry , Medvedev Viacheslav
Published: March 2022

Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography is the technology of choice for high-volume manufacturing of sub-10nm lithography. One of the challenges is to enable in situ cleaning of functional surfaces, such as sensors, fiducials and interferometer mirrors, without opening the scanner tool. Thermally created hydrogen radicals have been successfully used for this purpose. These sources have limited cleaning speed and a relatively high thermal load to the surface being cleaned. Here, we present an alternative plasma-based technique to simultaneously create hydrogen radicals and hydrogen ions. This results in significantly improved cleaning speed while simultaneously reducing the overall thermal load. As an additional benefit, this plasma source has a minimized and flexible building volume to allow easy integration into various locations in the EUV lithographic scanner.
Effects of duty cycles on passive acoustic monitoring of southern resident killer whale (Orcinus orca) occurrence and behavior
Authors: Rand Zoe R. , Wood Jason D. , Oswald Julie N.
Published: March 2022

Long-term passive acoustic monitoring of cetaceans is frequently limited by the data storage capacity and battery life of the recording system. Duty cycles are a mechanism for subsampling during the recording process that facilitates long-term passive acoustic studies. While duty cycles are often used, there has been little investigation on the impact that this approach has on the ability to answer questions about a species' behavior and occurrence. In this study, the effects of duty cycling on the acoustic detection of southern resident killer whales (SRKW) (Orcinus orca) were investigated. Continuous acoustic data were subsampled to create 288 subsampled datasets with cycle lengths from 5 to 180 min and listening proportions from 1% to 67%. Duty cycles had little effect on the detection of the daily presence of SRKW, especially when using cycle lengths of less than an hour. However, cycle lengths of 15–30 min and listening proportions of at least 33% were required to accurately calculate durations of acoustic bouts and identify those bouts to ecotype. These results show that the optimal duty cycle depends on the scale of the research question and provide a framework for quantitative analysis of duty cycles for other marine species.
Improving the performance of an active staggered window with multiple resonant absorbers
Authors: Wang Shuping , Tao Jiancheng , Qiu Xiaojun , Burnett Ian S.
Published: March 2022

The active noise control (ANC) technique has been applied in staggered windows to improve the noise reduction at low frequencies. The control performance of such a system deteriorates significantly at some frequencies where the secondary source cannot radiate effectively due to the reflection at the boundaries of the staggered window. A resonant absorber consisting of a perforated panel and coiled up tubes is proposed to solve the problem. By designing a combination of different absorbers, a proper sound absorption coefficient is achieved around the ineffective frequency. Numerical simulations show that the active sound power reduction increases by 13.5 dB at the frequency with the absorbers attached on one end of the staggered window, and the overall sound power reduction between 100 and 500 Hz increases from 25.9 to 31.2 dB. Attaching the sound absorbers elsewhere in the upstream of the secondary source, for example, on the side walls of the duct also works. The active sound power reduction at 435 Hz increases by 6.3 dB after attaching the absorbers in the experiments, and the noise reduction increment at the evaluation point is 13.6 dB, which agrees with simulation results and demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed sound absorbers.
Effects of 4 Weeks of Variability of Practice Training in Padel Double Right Wall: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Gutiérrez-Álvarez Carolina , Colomar Joshua , Baiget Ernest , Villafaina Santos , Fuentes-García Juan Pedro
Published: March 2022

This study aimed to analyze the effect of a variable practice training in the double wall right forehand by using wrist weights. Thirty-four experienced padel players participated in this study. Players were randomly distributed in two groups (control group [CG] and training group [TG]). The TG performed 1 month of variable training, induced by weighted wrist bands, twice a week, with the same number of sessions and volume of training as the CG. TG obtained significant difference in posttest measurements (effect size = 0.437) in terms of the number of successful shots compared to CG (effect size = 0.027). These findings showed a significant effect of the TG with respect to the CG. Results reinforce the role of variability in the exploration and reinforcement of motor learning.
GATA4/5/6 family transcription factors are conserved determinants of cardiac versus pharyngeal mesoderm fate
Authors: Song Mengyi , Yuan Xuefei , Racioppi Claudia , Leslie Meaghan , Stutt Nathan , Aleksandrova Anastasiia , Christiaen Lionel , Wilson Michael D. , Scott Ian C.
Published: March 2022

GATA4/5/6 transcription factors play essential, conserved roles in heart development. To understand how GATA4/5/6 modulates the mesoderm-to-cardiac fate transition, we labeled, isolated, and performed single-cell gene expression analysis on cells that expressgata5at precardiac time points spanning zebrafish gastrulation to somitogenesis. We found that most mesendoderm-derived lineages had dynamicgata5/6expression. In the absence of Gata5/6, the population structure of mesendoderm-derived cells was substantially altered. In addition to the expected absence of cardiac mesoderm, we confirmed a concomitant expansion of cranial-pharyngeal mesoderm. Moreover, Gata5/6 loss led to extensive changes in chromatin accessibility near cardiac and pharyngeal genes. Functional analyses in zebrafish and the tunicateCiona, which has a single GATA4/5/6 homolog, revealed that GATA4/5/6 acts upstream oftbx1to exert essential and cell-autonomous roles in promoting cardiac and inhibiting pharyngeal mesoderm identity. Overall, cardiac and pharyngeal mesoderm fate choices are achieved through an evolutionarily conserved GATA4/5/6 regulatory network.
Bacterioboat—A novel tool to increase the half-life period of the orally administered drug
Authors: Kaur Parmandeep , Ghosh Sandip , Bhowmick Arghya , Gadhave Kundlik , Datta Satabdi , Ghosh Abhrajyoti , Garg Neha , Mahajan Roop L. , Basu Biswarup , Choudhury Diptiman
Published: March 2022

The short half-life in the GI tract necessitates an excess of drugs causing side effects of oral formulations. Here, we report the development and deployment of Bacterioboat, which consists of surface-encapsulated mesoporous nanoparticles on metabolically active
Lactobacillus reuteri
as a drug carrier suitable for oral administration. Bacterioboat showed up to 16% drug loading of its dry weight, intestinal anchorage around alveoli regions, sustained release, and stability in physiological conditions up to 24 hours. In vivo studies showed that oral delivery of 5-fluorouracil leads to increased potency, resulting in improved shrinkage of solid tumors, enhanced life expectancy, and reduced side effects. This novel design and development make this system ideal for orally administrable drugs with low solubility or permeability or both and even making them effective at a lower dose.
Active elastocapillarity in soft solids with negative surface tension
Authors: Binysh Jack , Wilks Thomas R. , Souslov Anton
Published: March 2022

Active solids consume energy to allow for actuation, shape change, and wave propagation not possible in equilibrium. Whereas active interfaces have been realized across many experimental systems, control of three-dimensional (3D) bulk materials remains a challenge. Here, we develop continuum theory and microscopic simulations that describe a 3D soft solid whose boundary experiences active surface stresses. The competition between active boundary and elastic bulk yields a broad range of previously unexplored phenomena, which are demonstrations of so-called active elastocapillarity. In contrast to thin shells and vesicles, we discover that bulk 3D elasticity controls snap-through transitions between different anisotropic shapes. These transitions meet at a critical point, allowing a universal classification via Landau theory. In addition, the active surface modifies elastic wave propagation to allow zero, or even negative, group velocities. These phenomena offer robust principles for programming shape change and functionality into active solids, from robotic metamaterials down to shape-shifting nanoparticles.
Semiautomated synthesis of sequence-defined polymers for information storage
Authors: Lee Jeong Min , Kwon Junho , Lee Soo Jeong , Jang Heejeong , Kim DoGyun , Song Jeongeun , Kim Kyoung Taek
Published: March 2022

Accelerated and parallel synthesis of sequence-defined polymers is an utmost challenge for realizing ultrahigh-density storage of digital information in molecular media. Here, we report step-economical synthesis of sequence-defined poly(
l
-lactic-
co
-glycolic acid)s (PLGAs) using continuous flow chemistry. A reactor performed the programmed coupling of the 2-bit storing building blocks to generate a library of their permutations in a single continuous flow, followed by their sequential convergences to a sequence-defined PLGA storing 64 bits in four successive flows. We demonstrate that a bitmap image (896 bits) can be encoded and decoded in 14 PLGAs using only a fraction of the time required for an equivalent synthesis by conventional batch processes. Accelerated synthesis of sequence-defined polymers could also contribute to macromolecular engineering with precision comparable to natural precedents.
Structural basis for HCMV Pentamer receptor recognition and antibody neutralization
Authors: Kschonsak Marc , Johnson Matthew C. , Schelling Rachel , Green Evan M. , Rougé Lionel , Ho Hoangdung , Patel Nidhi , Kilic Cem , Kraft Edward , Arthur Christopher P. , Rohou Alexis L. , Comps-Agrar Laetitia , Martinez-Martin Nadia , Perez Laurent , Payandeh Jian , Ciferri Claudio
Published: March 2022

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) represents the viral leading cause of congenital birth defects and uses the gH/gL/UL128-130-131A complex (Pentamer) to enter different cell types, including epithelial and endothelial cells. Upon infection, Pentamer elicits the most potent neutralizing response against HCMV, representing a key vaccine candidate. Despite its relevance, the structural basis for Pentamer receptor recognition and antibody neutralization is largely unknown. Here, we determine the structures of Pentamer bound to neuropilin 2 (NRP2) and a set of potent neutralizing antibodies against HCMV. Moreover, we identify thrombomodulin (THBD) as a functional HCMV receptor and determine the structures of the Pentamer-THBD complex. Unexpectedly, both NRP2 and THBD also promote dimerization of Pentamer. Our results provide a framework for understanding HCMV receptor engagement, cell entry, antibody neutralization, and outline strategies for antiviral therapies against HCMV.
Eosinophils are an essential element of a type 2 immune axis that controls thymus regeneration
Authors: Cosway Emilie J. , White Andrea J. , Parnell Sonia M. , Schweighoffer Edina , Jolin Helen E. , Bacon Andrea , Rodewald Hans-Reimer , Tybulewicz Victor , McKenzie Andrew N. J. , Jenkinson William E. , Anderson Graham
Published: March 2022

Therapeutic interventions used for cancer treatment provoke thymus damage and limit the recovery of protective immunity. Here, we show that eosinophils are an essential part of an intrathymic type 2 immune network that enables thymus recovery after ablative therapy. Within hours of damage, the thymus undergoes CCR3-dependent colonization by peripheral eosinophils, which reestablishes the epithelial microenvironments that control thymopoiesis. Eosinophil regulation of thymus regeneration occurs via the concerted action of NKT cells that trigger CCL11 production via IL4 receptor signaling in thymic stroma, and ILC2 that represent an intrathymic source of IL5, a cytokine that therapeutically boosts thymus regeneration after damage. Collectively, our findings identify an intrathymic network composed of multiple innate immune cells that restores thymus function during reestablishment of the adaptive immune system.