bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The combination of dextran sulphate and polyvinyl alcohol prevents excess aggregation and promotes proliferation of pluripotent stem cells in suspension culture
Authors: Tang Xianglian , Wu Haibin , Xie Jinghe , Wang Ning , Chen Qicong , Zhong Zhiyong , Qiu Yaqi , Wang Jue , Li Xiajing , Situ Ping , Lai Liangxue , Zern Mark A , Chen Honglin , Duan Yuyou
Published: August 2021

Objectives

For clinical applications of cell‐based therapies, a large quantity of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) produced in standardized and scalable culture processes is required. Currently, microcarrier‐free suspension culture shows potential for large‐scale expansion of hPSCs; however, hPSCs tend to aggregate during culturing leading to a negative effect on cell yield. To overcome this problem, we developed a novel protocol to effectively control the sizes of cell aggregates and enhance the cell proliferation during the expansion of hPSCs in suspension.

Materials and Methods

hPSCs were expanded in suspension culture supplemented with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and dextran sulphate (DS), and 3D suspension culture of hPSCs formed cell aggregates under static or dynamic conditions. The sizes of cell aggregates and the cell proliferation as well as the pluripotency of hPSCs after expansion were assessed using cell counting, size analysis, real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry analysis, immunofluorescence staining, embryoid body formation, teratoma formation and transcriptome sequencing.

Results

Our results demonstrated that the addition of DS alone effectively prevented hPSC aggregation, while the addition of PVA significantly enhanced hPSC proliferation. The combination of PVA and DS not only promoted cell proliferation of hPSCs but also produced uniform and size‐controlled cell aggregates. Moreover, hPSCs treated with PVA, or DS or a combination, maintained the pluripotency and were capable of differentiating into all three germ layers. mRNA‐seq analysis demonstrated that the combination of PVA and DS significantly promoted hPSC proliferation and prevented cell aggregation through improving energy metabolism‐related processes, regulating cell growth, cell proliferation and cell division, as well as reducing the adhesion among hPSC aggregates by affecting expression of genes related to cell adhesion.

Conclusions

Our results represent a significant step towards developing a simple and robust approach for the expansion of hPSCs in large scale.
Comparing hospital admissions, comorbidities, and biomarkers between severe asthma and Gold III–IV chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Ponte Eduardo V. , Mingotti Cintia B. , Souza‐Machado Carolina , Silva Juçara N. , Chequi Lucas , Arbex Flávio F. , Rocha Alcides , Cruz Alvaro A.
Published: August 2021

Introduction

In spite of difficulties in differentiating asthma from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), physicians should strive for accurate diagnosis because outcomes may be different.

Objectives

Our aims were to compare the frequency of hospital admissions (HA) between severe asthmatic (SA) and Gold III–IV COPD subjects receiving disease‐specific guideline recommended therapy and to depict the frequency of prevalent chronic disorders and the laboratorial profile suggesting allergic and eosinophilic phenotypes.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study comprises one group of SA subjects and another group of Gold III–IV COPD subjects. Subjects answered standard questionnaires, underwent spirometry, and provided a peripheral blood sample. We validated the HA that have occurred during the preceding year by review of the report emitted by the hospital. We detected comorbidities by review of current pharmacological therapies.

Results

We enrolled 160 SA and 41 Gold III–IV COPD subjects. As compared with Gold III–IV COPD subjects, SA subjects had lower odds of HA (odds ratio [OR] 0.19, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.05–0.74) and higher odds of obesity (OR 9.17, 95%CI 2.68–31.37), hypertension (OR 2.54, 95%CI 1.16–5.57), and diabetes mellitus (OR 5.71, 95%CI 1.56–20.85). The frequency of atopic and eosinophilic phenotypes was similar between study groups.

Conclusions

Our results demonstrated that Gold III–IV COPD subjects had worse outcomes as compared with SA subjects. We also observed that the frequency of atopy and high peripheral blood eosinophil count were similar between study groups. Finally, we exposed aspects of comorbidities related to asthma and COPD that indicate the need of close monitoring the cardiovascular risk in SA subjects above 40 years of age.
Impact of diabetes mellitus on clinical outcomes after heart transplantation
Authors: Feng Kent Y. , Henricksen Erik J. , Wayda Brian , Moayedi Yasbanoo , Lee Roy , Han Jiho , Multani Ashrit , Yang Wenjia , Purewal Saira , Puing Alfredo G. , Basina Marina , Teuteberg Jeffrey J. , Khush Kiran K.
Published: August 2021

Purpose

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is common among recipients of heart transplantation (HTx) but its impact on clinical outcomes is unclear. We evaluated the associations between pretransplant DM and posttransplant DM (PTDM) and outcomes among adults receiving HTx at a single center.

Methods

We performed a retrospective study (range 01/2008 – 07/2018), n = 244. The primary outcome was survival; secondary outcomes included acute rejection, cardiac allograft vasculopathy, infection requiring hospitalization, macrovascular events, and dialysis initiation post‐transplant. Comparisons were performed using Kaplan‐Meier and multivariable Cox regression analyses.

Results

Pretransplant DM was present in 75 (30.7%) patients and was associated with a higher risk for infection requiring hospitalization (p < 0.05), but not with survival or other outcomes. Among the 144 patients without pretransplant DM surviving to 1 year, 29 (20.1%) were diagnosed with PTDM at the 1‐year follow‐up. After multivariable adjustment, PTDM diagnosis at 1‐year remained associated with worse subsequent survival (hazard ratio 2.72, 95% confidence interval 1.03‐7.16). Predictors of PTDM at 1‐year included cytomegalovirus seropositivity and higher prednisone dose (> 5 mg/day) at 1‐year follow‐up.

Conclusions

Compared to HTx recipients without baseline DM, those with baseline DM have a higher risk for infections requiring hospitalization, and those who develop DM after HTx have worse survival.
Comparative evaluation of squash smear and frozen section in the intraoperative diagnosis of central nervous system tumours
Authors: Jain Swasti , Kaushal Manju , Choudhary Ajay , Bhardwaj Minakshi
Published: August 2021

Background

The squash smear technique was introduced into intra‐operative neurosurgical diagnosis as early as 1930. It is becoming increasingly popular in the diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) lesions, and is fairly accurate even with a small sample. The current study assesses the accuracy and utility of the squash smear and frozen section (FS) techniques in intraoperative consultations. Correlations with histopathological diagnoses are presented.

Aims

To compare two intra‐operative diagnostic techniques—squash smear cytology and FS examination—in the context of central nervous system tumours.

Materials and methods

A total of 53 cases of CNS tumours were included in the study, and all were subjected to squash smear examination. FS examinations were conducted for 39 of these samples. The results of the two techniques were compared and correlated with histopathological diagnoses. The observed results were then analysed using SPSS software.

Results

The most common primary CNS tumours were gliomas and meningiomas (28.3% each). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for squash cytology were 86.67%, 87.5%, 81.25% and 91.3%, and for FS were 91.67%, 93.10%, 91.67%, 93.10%, respectively, with a corresponding comparative P‐value of 0.56 (insignificant). Cytological diagnosis showed complete correlation with histopathological diagnosis in 39 cases (73.58%), partial correlation in eight cases (15.1%) and no correlation in six cases (11.32%). FS diagnosis showed complete correlation in 29 cases (74.35%), partial correlation in eight cases (20.5%) and no correlation in two cases (5.1%).

Conclusion

Squash smear is a rapid, self‐sufficient and cost‐effective method for the intraoperative diagnosis of CNS tumours. The squash smear and FS techniques are complementary procedures that assist the pathologist in reaching a diagnosis.
Mitotic count of fine needle aspiration material of gastrointestinal stromal tumours of the stomach underestimates actual mitotic count
Authors: Christensen Aaron W. , Goldberg Allison F.
Published: August 2021

Introduction

A mitotic count is required for histological grading in resections of gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs). However, no consensus on the utility of mitotic count in fine needle aspiration (FNA) GIST material currently exists. This study examines the relationship between mitotic counts of FNAs and subsequent resections of GISTs of the stomach.

Materials and methods

We identified 39 cases of GISTs of the stomach diagnosed via FNA at our institution between January 1, 2014, and December 31, 2019, with subsequent resection. We noted if rapid on‐site evaluation (ROSE) was performed. Cell block (CB) material from FNAs was analysed for total area, percentage containing neoplastic cells, and number of mitoses. We compared the mitotic counts in CBs and subsequent resections with t tests.

Results

ROSE was performed in 82% of cases and called adequate every time. Mean values for total CB area, neoplastic material percentage, and area of neoplastic cells were 54.7 mm2 (range 1‐986), 45% (range 10%‐90%), and 19.2 mm2, respectively; 27 cases (69%) had greater than 50 high powered fields of GIST material in the CB. Mean numbers of mitoses per 5 mm2 were 0.38 (range 0‐11) for CBs versus 5.92 (range 0‐70) for resections (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

At our institution, ROSE adequacy of spindle cell lesions focuses on diagnosing GIST rather than obtaining adequate material for histological grading. Mitotic figures were statistically lower in FNA CB material than subsequent resections, and using mitotic counts from CB material may underestimate the histological grade of GISTs of the stomach.
Topical calcineurin inhibitors and risk of lymphoma: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Wu Po‐Chien , Huang I‐Hsin , Liu Che‐Wei , Huang Yu‐Chen
Published: August 2021

The topical calcineurin inhibitors (TCIs) tacrolimus and pimecrolimus have been used widely as corticosteroid‐sparing agents in treating various cutaneous diseases. However, the association between TCIs and risk of malignancy remains controversial. By systematic review and meta‐analysis, we aimed to investigate the association between TCIs and lymphoma. Eligible studies in online databases were identified from the date of inception to August 30, 2020. To assess the outcome of TCI‐related risk of lymphoma, analysis of cohort studies comparing the incidence of lymphoma with and without treatment with TCIs was performed. Furthermore, the subgroup analyses of Hodgkin lymphoma and non‐Hodgkin lymphoma were also conducted. The pooled results revealed that using topical tacrolimus (RR 1.68, 95 % CI 1.39–2.04) or pimecrolimus (RR 1.40, 95 % CI 1.13–1.74) significantly increased the risk of lymphoma. TCI users also showed higher incidence of lymphoma in the range of 0.02–0.09 %, compared to that of 0.02–0.06 % in the control group. Additionally, subgroup analyses showed both tacrolimus (RR 1.89; 95 % CI 1.53–2.32) and pimecrolimus (RR 1.38; 95 % CI 1.09–1.74) had significantly higher risk of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma, but no increased risk of Hodgkin lymphoma. In conclusion, TCI‐exposed patients have a significantly increased risk of lymphoma, especially non‐Hodgkin lymphoma.
Tralokinumab in atopic dermatitis
Authors: Wollenberg Andreas , Weidinger Stephan , Worm Margitta , Bieber Thomas
Published: August 2021

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic inflammatory disease characterized by recurrent eczematous lesions and intense pruritus, and it can have marked negative impact on those affected. Pathophysiologically, AD is complex with genetic predisposition and environmental provocation being important contributors. Mechanistically these can promote epidermal barrier dysfunction, skin microbiome abnormalities and a skewed immune response which is predominantly type‐2 immunity‐based. Our increased understanding of the immunological processes involved highlight a key role for interleukin‐13 (IL‐13). This mini‐review evaluates tralokinumab, a high‐affinity monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to and inhibits IL‐13.

Based on dose‐finding study results, tralokinumab 300 mg every two weeks (Q2W) subcutaneously (SC) was investigated in three pivotal phase III clinical trials in adults with moderate‐to‐severe AD not adequately controlled on topical corticosteroids alone. Tralokinumab was significantly superior to placebo regarding the proportion of patients achieving IGA 0/1 and EASI‐75 at week 16 (primary endpoints), as well as improving scores for worst daily pruritus, Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), and Scoring Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) (secondary endpoints). The week 16 response was sustained during follow‐up, and treatment with tralokinumab was found to be well‐tolerated with an overall frequency and severity of adverse events comparable to placebo.
Post‐per‐oral endoscopic myotomy heartburn: It’s not always reflux: Expert review
Authors: Ramchandani Mohan , Pal Partha , Singla Neeraj , Reddy D. Nageshwar
Published: August 2021

Patients with achalasia frequently develop gastroesophageal reflux (GER)‐related symptoms and complications after per‐oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM). Reflux symptoms are thought to be due to GER and the current treatment of post‐POEM GER focuses on acid suppression with proton pump inhibitors (PPI). However, reflux symptoms in achalasia patients post‐POEM can be due to true reflux, nonreflux esophageal acidification due to stasis or acid fermentation, or esophageal hypersensitivity to chemical or mechanical stimuli. True acidic reflux is not always the cause of reflux symptoms. Twenty‐four‐hour pH monitoring with impedance is essential to differentiate causes of esophageal acidification. PPI is useful only in true acidic reflux. Detection of acid fermentation requires manual review of a 24‐h pH study, as automated review often overestimates acid exposure time due to its inability to differentiate true reflux from fermentation. Stasis of ingested acidic food warrants evaluation of esophageal emptying by timed barium esophagogram. In cases of inadequate emptying, esophagogastric junction (EGJ) distensibility can be evaluated by a functional lumen imaging probe. Impaired distensibility with inadequate esophageal emptying suggests treatment failure and may require retreatment. In treatment‐refractory patients, esophageal hypersensitivity should be considered and treated with neuromodulators. Thus, the diagnostic approach to post‐POEM reflux symptoms should evolve to identify various patterns of esophageal acidification, esophageal emptying patterns, EGJ distensibility, and hypersensitivity. Consequently, the treatment of GER post‐POEM should not be limited to treating esophageal acidification by reflux, but should encompass other causes of acidification and esophageal hypersensitivity.
Altered cardiac reserve is a determinant of exercise intolerance in sickle cell anaemia patients
Authors: Hammoudi Nadjib , Ceccaldi Alexandre , Haymann Jean‐Philippe , Guedeney Paul , Nicolas‐Jilwan Fadila , Zeitouni Michel , Montalescot Gilles , Lionnet François , Isnard Richard , Hatem Stéphane N.
Published: August 2021

Background

The underlying mechanisms of exercise intolerance in sickle cell anaemia (SCA) patients are complex and not yet completely understood. While latent heart failure at rest could be unmasked upon exercise, most previous studies assessed cardiac function at rest. We aimed to investigate exercise cardiovascular reserve as a potential contributor to exercise intolerance in adult SCA patients.

Methods

In this observational prospective study, we compared prospectively 60 SCA patients (median age 31 years, 60% women) to 20 matched controls. All subjects underwent symptom‐limited combined exercise echocardiography and oxygen uptake (VO2) measurements. Differences between arterial and venous oxygen content (C(a‐v)O2) were calculated. Cardiac reserve was defined as the absolute change in cardiac index (Ci) from baseline to peak exercise.

Results

Compared to controls, SCA patients demonstrated severe exercise intolerance (median peakVO2, 34.3 vs. 19.7 ml/min/kg, respectively, p < .0001). SCA patients displayed heterogeneously increased Ci from rest to peak exercise (median +5.8, range 2.6 to 10.6 L/min/m²) which correlated with peakVO2 (r = 0.71, p < .0001). In contrast, the C(a‐v)O2 exercise reserve was homogenously reduced and did not correlate with peakVO2 (r = 0.18, p = .16). While haemoglobin level and C(a‐v)O2 were similar in SCA subgroups, SCA patients in the lower VO2 tertile had chronotropic incompetence and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (left atrial peak longitudinal strain was reduced, and both E/e’ ratio and left atrial volume index were increased) and were characterized by a reduced cardiac reserve, +5.0[4.2–5.5] compared to +6.7[5.5–7.8] L/min/m² for the rest of the patient cohort, p < .0001.

Conclusions

Altered cardiac reserve due to chronotropic incompetence and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction seems to be an important determinant of exercise intolerance in adult SCA patients.
Yield of bone scintigraphy screening for transthyretin‐related cardiac amyloidosis in different conditions: Methodological issues and clinical implications
Authors: Tini Giacomo , Sessarego Eugenio , Benenati Stefano , Vianello Pier Filippo , Musumeci Beatrice , Autore Camillo , Canepa Marco
Published: August 2021

Background

Transthyretin‐related cardiac amyloidosis (TTR‐CA) is thought to be particularly common in specific at‐risk conditions, including aortic stenosis (AS), heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and left ventricular hypertrophy or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (LVH/HCM).

Methods

We performed a systematic revision of the literature, including only prospective studies performing TTR‐CA screening with bone scintigraphy in the above‐mentioned conditions. Assessment of other forms of CA was also evaluated. For selected items, pooled estimates of proportions or means were obtained using a meta‐analytic approach.

Results

Nine studies (3 AS, 2 HFpEF, 2 CTS and 2 LVH/HCM) accounting for 1375 screened patients were included. One hundred fifty‐six (11.3%) TTR‐CA patients were identified (11.4% in AS, 14.8% in HFpEF, 2.6% in CTS and 12.9% in LVH/HCM). Exclusion of other forms of CA and use of genetic testing was overall puzzled. Age at TTR‐CA recognition was significantly older than that of the overall screened population in AS (86 vs. 83 years, p = .04), LVH/HCM (75 vs. 63, p < .01) and CTS (82 vs. 71), but not in HFpEF (83 vs. 79, p = .35). In terms of comorbidities, hypertension, diabetes and atrial fibrillation were highly prevalent in TTR‐CA‐diagnosed patients, as well as in those with an implanted pacemaker.

Conclusions

Screening with bone scintigraphy found an 11–15% TTR‐CA prevalence in patients with AS, HFpEF and LVH/HCM. AS and HFpEF patients were typically older than 80 years at TTR‐CA diagnosis and frequently accompanied by comorbidities. Several studies showed limitations in the application of recommended TTR‐CA diagnostic algorithm, which should be addressed in future prospective studies.
Gut microbiota profiles and the role of anti‐CdtB and anti‐vinculin antibodies in patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID)
Authors: Vasapolli Riccardo , Schulz Christian , Schweden Melanie , Casèn Christina , Kirubakaran Graceline Tina , Kirste Katrine Hånes , Macke Lukas , Link Alexander , Schütte Kerstin , Malfertheiner Peter
Published: August 2021

Background

Distinct faecal microbiota profiles are reported to be associated with various subtypes of IBS. Circulating antibodies to cytolethal distending toxin B (CdtB) and vinculin are proposed as biomarkers to identify post‐infectious IBS. The aim of our study was to analyse serum levels of anti‐CdtB and anti‐vinculin antibodies in patients with different functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID) and their correlation with the composition of faecal microbiome.

Methods

The study cohort comprised 65 prospectively recruited individuals: 15 with diarrhoea‐type‐IBS (IBS‐D), 13 with constipation‐type‐IBS (IBS‐C), 15 with functional dyspepsia (FD) and 22 healthy controls. FGID subgroups were defined according to Rome III criteria. Serum levels of anti‐CdtB and anti‐vinculin antibodies were measured by ELISA. Faecal microbiome composition analysis and assessment of dysbiosis were performed by GA‐map® Dysbiosis Test.

Results

Positivity rate either for anti‐CdtB or anti‐vinculin antibodies was higher in the IBS‐C group (76.9%) compared to IBS‐D (40.0%), FD (60%) and healthy (63.6%) groups.

Dysbiosis was more frequent in subjects positive for anti‐CdtB antibodies and in IBS‐C patients, who showed an increased amount of opportunistic/pro‐inflammatory bacteria and reduced gut protective bacteria. IBS‐C patients showed a high inter‐individual variation of bacterial communities compared to other FGID subgroups and healthy individuals, whereas microbial profiles of patients with IBS‐D and FD were overlapping with those of healthy controls. No bacteria markers showed significant differences between FGID subgroups and healthy controls.

Conclusion

Neither anti‐CdtB/anti‐vinculin antibodies nor faecal microbial profiles allowed to discriminate between specific FGID subgroups. Dysbiosis was more frequent in patients presenting with anti‐CdtB antibodies and in IBS‐C patients.
Mushrooms on the plate: Trends towards NAFLD treatment, health improvement and sustainable diets
Authors: Fontes Adriana , Ramalho‐Santos João , Zischka Hans , Azul Anabela Marisa
Published: August 2021

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a most important cause of liver disease. Similar to other non‐communicable diseases (NCD), such as obesity and type II diabetes mellitus, NAFLD can strongly affected by diet. Diet‐related NCD and malnutrition are rising in all regions being a major cause of the global health, economic and environmental burdens. Mushrooms, important dietary components since the hunter‐gathering communities, have increasingly gained momentum in biomedical research and therapeutics due to their interplay in metabolism traits. We emphasize here the beneficial effects of mushroom‐enriched diets on the homeostasis of lipid and sugar metabolism, including their modulation, but also interfering with insulin metabolism, gut microbiota, inflammation, oxidative stress and autophagy. In this review, we describe the cellular and molecular mechanisms at the gut‐liver axis and the liver‐white adipose tissue (WAT) axis, that plausibly cause such positive modulation, and discuss the potential of mushroom‐enriched diets to prevent or ameliorate NAFLD and related NCD, also within the shift needed towards healthy sustainable diets.
Serum levels of VCAM‐1 are associated with survival in patients treated with nivolumab for NSCLC
Authors: Carbone Federico , Ministrini Stefano , Bonaventura Aldo , Vecchié Alessandra , Minetti Silvia , Bardi Nicholas , Elia Edoardo , Ansaldo Anna Maria , Ferrara Daniele , Rijavec Erika , Dal Bello Maria Giovanna , Biello Federico , Rossi Giovanni , Tagliamento Marco , Alama Angela , Coco Simona , Spallarossa Paolo , Grossi Francesco , Genova Carlo , Montecucco Fabrizio
Published: August 2021

Background

High circulating levels of cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have been supposed to act as a negative prognostic factor. Here, we explored the predictive role of pre‐treatment levels of CAMs in previously treated patients receiving nivolumab for NSCLC.

Materials and methods

Seventy one patients with advanced NSCLC, treated with nivolumab at the dose of 3 mg/kg every 14 days, were enrolled. Maximum follow‐up time was 3 years. Serum levels of Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule‐1 (VCAM‐1) and Intracellular Adhesion Molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) were measured at baseline and before each nivolumab administration. Endpoints of the study were a composite outcome of survival ≥2 years or absence of disease progression at the end of the follow‐up, and the overall survival.

Results

Composite outcome and overall survival were positively associated with VCAM‐1 baseline levels and with the reduction of VCAM‐1 during the treatment. After adjustment for potential confounders, the change in VCAM‐1 serum levels during the treatment was an independent predictor of overall survival.

Conclusions

High baseline serum levels of VCAM‐1 are associated with a longer survival in patients treated with nivolumab as second line treatment for NSCLC. Surviving patients experience also a significant reduction in CAMs expression during the treatment. Hence, CAMs might be promising prognostic factors in patients with NSCLC underoing immunotherapy.
Spectral clustering based on structural magnetic resonance imaging and its relationship with major depressive disorder and cognitive ability
Authors: Yeung Hon Wah , Shen Xueyi , Stolicyn Aleks , de Nooij Laura , Harris Mathew A. , Romaniuk Liana , Buchanan Colin R. , Waiter Gordon D. , Sandu Anca‐Larisa , McNeil Christopher J. , Murray Alison , Steele J. Douglas , Campbell Archie , Porteous David , Lawrie Stephen M. , McIntosh Andrew M. , Cox Simon R. , Smith Keith M. , Whalley Heather C.
Published: August 2021

There is increasing interest in using data‐driven unsupervised methods to identify structural underpinnings of common mental illnesses, including major depressive disorder (MDD) and associated traits such as cognition. However, studies are often limited to severe clinical cases with small sample sizes and most do not include replication. Here, we examine two relatively large samples with structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), measures of lifetime MDD and cognitive variables: Generation Scotland (GS subsample,N = 980) and UK Biobank (UKB,N = 8,900), for discovery and replication, using an exploratory approach. Regional measures of FreeSurfer derived cortical thickness (CT), cortical surface area (CSA), cortical volume (CV) and subcortical volume (subCV) were input into a clustering process, controlling for common covariates. The main analysis steps involved constructing participant K‐nearest neighbour graphs and graph partitioning with Markov stability to determine optimal clustering of participants. Resultant clusters were (1) checked whether they were replicated in an independent cohort and (2) tested for associations with depression status and cognitive measures. Participants separated into two clusters based on structural brain measurements in GS subsample, with large Cohen's d effect sizes between clusters in higher order cortical regions, commonly associated with executive function and decision making. Clustering was replicated in the UKB sample, with high correlations of cluster effect sizes for CT, CSA, CV and subCV between cohorts across regions. The identified clusters were not significantly different with respect to MDD case–control status in either cohort (GS subsample:pFDR = .2239–.6585; UKB:pFDR = .2003–.7690). Significant differences in general cognitive ability were, however, found between the clusters for both datasets, for CSA, CV and subCV (GS subsample:d = 0.2529–.3490,pFDR < .005; UKB:d = 0.0868–0.1070,pFDR < .005). Our results suggest that there are replicable natural groupings of participants based on cortical and subcortical brain measures, which may be related to differences in cognitive performance, but not to the MDD case–control status.
Higher‐quality diet and non‐consumption of meat are associated with less self‐determined disability progression in people with multiple sclerosis: A longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Simpson‐Yap Steve , Nag Nupur , Probst Yasmine , Jelinek George , Neate Sandra
Published: August 2021

Background and purpose

Modifiable lifestyle factors, including diet, may affect clinical outcomes in multiple sclerosis (MS). This study assessed the relationships between diet, and disability, fatigue, and depression risk in people with MS.

Methods

Participants from the Health Outcomes and Lifestyle In a Sample of people with Multiple sclerosis (HOLISM) international cohort were assessed over 2.5 years. Dietary data were obtained using a modified Diet Habits Questionnaire (DHQ), disability using the calculated Patient‐determined MS Severity Score (P‐MSSS), fatigue using the Fatigue Severity Scale, and depression risk using the Patient Health Questionnaire‐2. Participants reported whether they were experiencing symptoms due to a recent relapse. Cross‐sectional and prospective relationships of diet and disease outcomes were explored, adjusted for relevant confounders.

Results

Among 1,346 participants, higher DHQ scores showed significant dose‐dependent associations with lower frequencies of severe disability, fatigue, and depression risk, cross‐sectionally. Prospectively, higher baseline DHQ scores were associated with a lower risk of increasing disability, those above the median having 41% and 36% lower risk of increasing disability, and 0.30 P‐MSSS points less disability progression, but were not associated with fatigue or depression risk. Meat consumption was associated with 0.22 P‐MSSS points higher disability cross‐sectionally, while prospectively, baseline meat consumption was associated with 76% higher risk of increasing disability and 0.18 P‐MSSS points higher disability progression. Dairy consumption showed mixed associations cross‐sectionally and prospectively.

Conclusions

These results show that better quality of diet, as well as not consuming meat, were associated with reduced disability progression in people with MS. Substantiation of these findings in other settings may inform opportunities to manage disability progression in people with MS using dietary modifications.
Application of big data information system in early diagnosis, treatment, and nursing of cervical cancer infected by human papillomavirus
Authors: Chen Guo , Zhang Wenjian
Published: August 2021

In order to study the application value of big data information monitoring system in early diagnosis, treatment, and nursing of human papillomavirus (HPV) infected cervical cancer, firstly, the traditional ID3‐based decision tree model was optimized through the minimum sample number of different leaf nodes. According to the optimization model, the diagnosis model of HPV‐infected cervical cancer was constructed and applied to the monitoring system of big data of cervical cancer. Diagnosis model and information monitoring system (DMIMS) was compared with Decision tree based on decision support degree (DTBDS). Then, 876 HPV‐infected cervical cancer patients diagnosed in our hospital from January 30, 2018 to January 30, 2019 were defined as the experimental group, and 670 HPV‐infected cervical cancer patients diagnosed in our hospital from January 30, 2017 to January 30, 2018 were defined as the control group. Only the experimental group used cervical cancer data and information diagnosis system. Finally, the biopsy rate after examination, the coincidence rate with pathology diagnosis, the detection rate of precancerous lesion of HPV infection, and the detection rate of HPV infection of cervical cancer were compared between the two groups. The results showed that the classification accuracy of DMIMS (95%) was higher than that of DTBDS (67%) (p < 0.05). The biopsy rate of the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group (p < 0.05); the coincidence rate between biopsy and pathological diagnosis, detection rate of HPV precancerous lesion, and detection rate of HPV infected cervical cancer were significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group (p < 0.05), which showed that the big data monitoring system of cervical cancer played an important role in the detection of HPV infection cervical cancer, which can make the patients with precancerous lesions and early cervical cancer get timely diagnosis, treatment, and nursing.
Intervention effects on self‐control decrease speed of biological aging mediated by changes in substance use: A longitudinal study of African American youth
Authors: Lei Man‐Kit , Brody Gene H. , Beach Steven R. H.
Published: August 2021

Biological aging is a common root for multiple diseases causing morbidity and mortality, and trajectories of aging may start early in life. This study was designed to examine whether a universal family‐based substance use preventive intervention to enhance self‐control and reduce substance use would also result in reductions in biological aging among Black youth from the rural South. The Adults in the Making (AIM) program is a randomized controlled trial with six 2‐h sessions for Black youth. The 216 youths agreeing to provide blood at age 22 included 114 who had received the AIM intervention and 102 who assigned to the control group. We examined accelerated DNA methylation (DNAm)‐based aging using a recently developed measure, “GrimAge,” that has been shown to predict the risk of early mortality and that is known to be more strongly affected by substance use than other DNAm‐based aging indices. Relative to those randomly assigned to the control group, those receiving the intervention demonstrated significantly enhanced self‐control, slower increases in substance use, and reduced Grim aging at age 22. Using a bootstrapping method with 1000 replications, we found a significant indirect effect of AIM on reduced Grim aging through its effect on self‐control and substance use. Sensitivity analyses examined effects using other indices of DNAm‐based aging. These findings suggest that a family‐based program designed to enhance rural Black youth's self‐control can have beneficial effects on self‐control, enhancing young adult health and health behavior, and ultimately decreased mortality risk.
The spatial footprint and patchiness of large‐scale disturbances on coral reefs
Authors: Dietzel Andreas , Connolly Sean R. , Hughes Terry P. , Bode Michael
Published: August 2021

Ecosystems have always been shaped by disturbances, but many of these events are becoming larger, more severe and more frequent. The recovery capacity of depleted populations depends on the frequency of disturbances, the spatial distribution of mortality and the scale of dispersal. Here, we show that four mass coral bleaching events on the Great Barrier Reef (in 1998, 2002, 2016 and 2017) each had markedly larger disturbance footprints and were less patchy than a severe category 5 tropical cyclone (Cyclone Yasi, 2011). Severely bleached reefs in 2016 and 2017 were isolated from the nearest lightly affected reefs by up to 146 and 200 km, respectively. In contrast, reefs damaged by Cyclone Yasi were on average 20 km away from relatively undisturbed reefs, well within the estimated range of larval dispersal for most corals. Based on these results, we present a model of coral reef disturbance and recovery to examine (1) how the spatial clustering of disturbances modifies large‐scale recovery rates; and (2) how recovery rates are shaped by species' dispersal abilities. Our findings illustrate that the spatial footprint of the recent mass bleaching events poses an unprecedented threat to the resilience of coral species in human history, a threat that is even larger than the amount of mortality suggests.
Synergistic effects of warming and eutrophication alert zooplankton predator–prey interactions along the benthic–pelagic interface
Authors: Zhang Huan , Zhang Peiyu , Wang Huan , García Molinos Jorge , Hansson Lars‐Anders , He Liang , Zhang Min , Xu Jun
Published: August 2021

Contemporary evidence suggests that climate change and other co‐occurring large‐scale environmental changes, such as eutrophication, will have a considerable impact on aquatic communities. However, the interactions of these environmental changes on trophic interactions among zooplankton remain largely unknown. Here we present results of a mesocosm experiment examining how a couple of zooplankton predator and prey taxa with different life‐history strategies respond to the combined effect of an increase in temperature (4.5°C) and in eutrophication (phosphorus addition), during the crucial recruiting and growing season. We show that the addition of phosphorus alone significantly weakened the top‐down effects by the cyclopoid copepod predators on their rotifer prey. In contrast, warming strengthened the top‐down effects from the predator, leading to a reduction in the abundance of the rotifer prey. These effects of warming were enhanced by phosphorus addition. Together, our results demonstrate that warming made plankton prey organisms more susceptible to top‐down effects from predators, but reduced their sensitivity to nutrient enrichment. In terms of the phenological effects, warming advanced the termination of diapause for both rotifers and cyclopoid copepods by about 2 weeks, but these temporal shifts, akin for both groups, resulted in no apparent trophic mismatch. Hence, from a future perspective, cyclopoid copepods are likely to benefit more from the combination of nutrient enrichment and climate warming to the detriment of their rotifer prey.
Whither corporate financialization? A literature review
Authors: Klinge Tobias J. , Fernandez Rodrigo , Aalbers Manuel B.
Published: August 2021

In this paper, we review the burgeoning literature on the study of corporate financialization, distinguishing three strands of empirical, quantitative studies: (1) national‐level and macro‐comparative analysis, (2) sector‐ and firm‐level analysis, and (3) econometric studies. We argue that corporations should be studied in their spatial organization. The spatial organization of the firm can be used to obscure corporate activity. Geography is not simply one of the many features of corporate structure but is key to it and therefore fundamental to shaping corporate financialization, although this is insufficiently expressed in accounting principles that provide consolidated accounts. Finally, we suggest four avenues for future studies: (1) to expand the geographical and temporal scope of research; (2) to pay close attention to how indicators are constructed; (3) to deconstruct large categories of analysis, such as ‘financial assets’; (4) to systematically include liabilities in the analysis of non‐financial corporations, especially in the face of the abundance of credit.
Associations between genetic loci related to lean mass and body composition in type 2 diabetes
Authors: Minohara Tatsuro , Noso Shinsuke , Babaya Naru , Hiromine Yoshihisa , Taketomo Yasunori , Niwano Fumimaru , Makutani Yukako , Yoshida Sawa , Yasutake Sara , Imamura Shuzo , Ikegami Hiroshi
Published: August 2021

Aim

Several genetic loci related to lean mass have been identified in healthy individuals by genome‐wide association studies; however, the contribution of these loci to body composition in type 2 diabetes remains to be investigated. Here, we aimed to clarify the genetic determinants of body composition in individuals with type 2 diabetes.

Methods

A total of 176 Japanese outpatients (70 women and 106 men) with type 2 diabetes were studied using a cross‐sectional design. Body composition was measured using bioimpedance analysis with a commercially available device (InBody770). Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms in IRS1 (rs2943656), HSD17B11 (rs9991501), VCAN (rs2287926), ADAMTSL3 (rs4842924) and FTO (rs9936385) were evaluated by genotyping. The contributions of single‐nucleotide polymorphisms to body composition were examined, considering known clinical determinants.

Results

Sex, body composition and age were identified as clinical predictors. IRS1 rs2934656 was identified as an independent predictor of skeletal muscle mass (β = 0.11, P = 0.026), and ADAMTSL3 rs4842924 was an independent predictor of body fat mass (β = 0.15, P = 0.0095) and appendicular lean mass (β = −0.13, P = 0.017).

Conclusions

The findings clarified the contribution of genetic factors – IRS1 and ADAMTSL3 – to interindividual variation in body composition, independent of clinical factors, in type 2 diabetes patients. These data will contribute to the establishment of effective methods for the prediction, prevention, and intervention of sarcopenia and frailty in diabetes patients. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; 21: 932–938.
Comparison of the effects of different instrumentation techniques on root surface roughness and cement loss using micro‐computerized tomography: An in‐vitro study
Authors: Karacaoglu Fatma , Orhan Kaan
Published: August 2021

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of three different instruments on the cement loss and roughness of the root surface following scaling and root planning (SRP) using micro‐computerized tomography (micro‐CT).

Methods

In this experimental study, 60 single‐rooted extracted human teeth were used and divided into three groups. All teeth were scanned with micro‐CT before and after SRP. Group 1: SRP was performed by Gracey‐curette, Group 2: SRP was performed by using an ultrasonic device and Group 3: SRP was performed by using a piezo ultrasonic device. Cement loss and porosity of the root surface were analysed by micro‐computerized tomography, which is a current imaging technique that provides high‐quality images and allows for qualitative and quantitative analysis of samples.

Results

Results of our study revealed that initial porosity values were 1.60%, 1.25%, 1.59% for the group 1, 2, 3, and 0.93%, 0.86 and 0.80 after SRP respectively. Although Group 3 had the least surface roughness, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups. Cement loss following SRP was 47.15 μmin the piezo ultrasonic device group, 59.44 µm in the ultrasonic device, and 134.163 µm in the Gracey‐curette group respectively. The highest cement loss was seen in the Gracey‐curette group, and there was a significant difference between the three groups.

Conclusions

In conclusion, it was observed that surface roughness decreased and similar surface roughness was obtained with all three methods, but more cementum loss was observed with Gracey‐curette. Therefore, ultrasonic devices appear to be a viable alternative to manual instrumentation with curettes.
Peer influence on teenagers’ preference for brand name food products: The mediation effect of peer identity
Authors: Zhang Hongli , Li Ruiqin , Veeck Ann , Yu Hongyan
Published: August 2021

This study tests the relationships among collective activities, peer identity, and preference for brand name products for Chinese teenagers. The findings are based on a survey of 917 urban Chinese teenagers, divided among 8th, 10th, and 12th graders and among three different tiers of schools (top, lower, suburban). A moderated mediation model is tested. The results show that eating with peers is related to preference for brand name food products, with the relationship mediated by peer identity. The non‐only child or only child status of teenagers has no significant influence on the relationships. However, school socioeconomic status is found to moderate the relationships. These results reinforce the need to strongly consider the role of social identity for understanding the development of long‐term consumption habits.
Effects of endotracheal tube fixation methods on haemodynamic parameters during endotracheal suction: A single‐blind non‐randomized clinical trial study
Authors: Çam Yanık Tuğba , Altun Uğraş Gülay
Published: August 2021

Aim

This study aimed to determine the effect of the methods used in endotracheal tube fixation on haemodynamic parameters (systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate and oxygen saturation) during endotracheal suction.

Methods

The sample of this prospective, parallel two‐armed, single‐blind non‐randomized clinical trial study included 86 intubated patients treated in the cardiovascular surgery intensive care unit between September 2016 and December 2017. The endotracheal tube was fixed with tube holders in the intervention group (n = 43), whereas the endotracheal tube was fixed with plasters in the control group (n = 43). The patients' haemodynamic parameters were measured before, during, at the end of suction, and 5 and 15 min after suction.

Results

In comparison with the patients with plasters, patients with tube holders had significantly lower systolic blood pressure 15 min after endotracheal suction and significantly lower diastolic blood pressure during and at the end of endotracheal suction. Oxygen saturation of the patients with tube holder during, at the end, and following 5 min after endotracheal suction were higher than patients with plaster. Heart rate was not affected during endotracheal suction in both groups.

Conclusion

The study showed the tube holder affected the haemodynamic parameters during endotracheal suction less than the plaster.
A first‐hand experience of co‐design in mental health service design: Opportunities, challenges, and lessons
Authors: Tindall Rachel Marie , Ferris Melissa , Townsend Meredith , Boschert Gayle , Moylan Steven
Published: August 2021

In an era of mental health service reform, co‐design is emerging as a leading framework to guide the design and implementation of new services. Co‐design uses the expertise of clinicians, those with lived experiences of services (both consumers and carers) and provocateurs (curious questioners) to understand a ‘problem’ and develop innovative strategies to address it. It relies on the creation of a safe environment where power imbalances are acknowledged and mitigated, and decisions are made collaboratively. Understanding how to do this effectively within the mental health sphere, where experiences of uneven power distribution and trauma are common, can feel overwhelming. Building a shared understanding of the opportunities and limitations within co‐design is also important to establish its place within broader mental health reform. This paper uses an experiential approach to reflect on a co‐design process, offering an opportunity to learn from a specific example. Factors that enhanced co‐design included formal, remunerated roles, the allocation of time to establish and maintain an intimate, trusting team culture, and the capacity for all team members to be vulnerable. Equally important, strategies needed to be employed to mitigate the challenges inherent within the process, including the impact of power differences, a push to make fast‐paced decisions, and a sense of cynicism remaining from previous projects or experiences. When these factors are attended to, the process of co‐design can be dynamic, innovative, and transformational for the people participating in it, the project and the mental health sector.