bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Constitutive Theory for Direct Coupling of Molecular Frictions and the Viscoelasticity of Soft Materials
Authors: Lu Di , Xue Bin , Cao Yi , Chen Bin
Published: February 2022

How to directly relate frictions at the level of a single molecular chain to the viscoelasticity of soft materials is intriguing. Here, we choose to investigate classical elastomers, where molecular frictions are known to be generated when dangling chains move relatively to the surrounding polymer chain network. With explicit forms employed for the relationship between friction and velocity at the molecular scale, a constitutive theory is then developed for the coupling of molecular frictions and the macroscopic viscoelasticity of elastomers. With the utilization of this theory, viscoelastic behaviors of varied elastomeric materials are predicted, which agree well with existing experiments at both low and high strain rates under different loading conditions. The theory also reproduces the time-temperature equivalent principle of elastomers. We suggest that this work might have provided a modeling framework that directly couples frictions at the level of a single molecular chain to the viscoelasticity of soft materials.
Rigid-Foldable Mechanism Inspired by Origami Twisted Tower
Authors: Wu Xin , Yang Canjun , Li Jia , Zhao Qichao , Wu Weitao , Zhu Yuanchao , Zhang Feng
Published: February 2022

Rigid origami mechanisms have great practical utility in different fields. This paper presents a rigid and foldable mechanism based on the origami artwork Twisted Tower. The mathematical model of the funnel-shaped tower cell was developed for the first time, which accurately describes its kinematic behavior. Based on this model, criteria for the appropriate geometry of the tower components are proposed to prevent internal interference in the tower mechanism during the twisting movement. In this paper, two geometric design cases of twisted tower mechanisms, including a normal-shaped tower and a heteromorphic tower, are presented. Several additional modifications were also imposed to adapt the proposed mechanism to generalized and standardized manufacturing and assembly. Experimental results illustrate that the kinematic characteristics of the fabricated mechanism meet its designed performance. Furthermore, the proposed mechanism is suitable for applications such as continuum manipulators, which exhibit much better resistance to external loads than their flexible-rigid hybrid counterparts.
Heat Transfer in a Rotating, Blade-Shaped, Two-Pass Cooling Channel With Various 45-Deg Rib Orientations
Authors: Chen I-Lun , Sahin Izzet , Wright Lesley M. , Han Je-Chin , Krewinkel Robert
Published: February 2022

This study features a rotating, blade-shaped, two-pass cooling channel, which follows the contour and shape of realistic airfoils. Effects of two different 45-deg rib orientations on the heat transfer and pressure loss were investigated and discussed. The cross section and orientation with respect to rotation vary in the serpentine cooling channel. The first passage of the channel is oriented at 50 deg from the direction of rotation, and the second passage is angled at 105 deg. The radially outward first passage has an aspect ratio (AR) = 4:1. After a 180-deg blade-shaped tip turn, the coolant flows radially inward into the AR = 2:1 s passage. The copper plate method was applied to calculate average heat transfer coefficients in each region of the cooling channel. The 45 deg angled ribs with a profiled cross section are placed on the leading and trailing surfaces in two ways: unusual and criss-cross. The rib spacing is P/e = 10, and rib height is e/H = 0.16. In this study, the Reynolds number ranges from 10,000 to 45,000 in the first passage, resulting in Re = 16,000 to 73,000 in the second passage. The rotational speed varies from 0 to 400 rpm, corresponding to maximum rotation numbers of 0.38 and 0.15 in the first and second passages, respectively. From the results, the 45-deg usual and unusual ribs generally have higher heat transfer than the criss-cross ribs. However, the criss-cross ribs have the lowest pressure loss penalty among the three cases. Taking both heat transfer and pressure loss into account, the 45-deg unusual ribs have a higher thermal performance under the stationary condition while the criss-cross ribs are better than other rib orientations under rotating conditions. Thus, the 45-deg unusual and criss-cross ribs can be considered for applications in real engines. The heat transfer and pressure loss data in this study provide important information for internal cooling of gas turbine blades.
Vibration-Assisted Axial Nozzle Jet Flow Wire Electrochemical Machining for Micromachining
Authors: Besekar Naresh , Bhattacharyya B.
Published: February 2022

Wire electrochemical machining (WECM) has the capability to produce metal microcomponents with high aspect ratios. However, because interelectrode gap mass transportation of electrolyte is not homogeneous due to inappropriate and insufficient flushing, novel vibration-assisted axial nozzle jet flow WECM is introduced, and a unique experimental setup and tool are created. A comparison of the axial flow system, axial flow with PZT vibration with this newly developed flushing strategy was made. The effect of the most influencing parameters, i.e., pulse voltage, wire feed rate, and duty ratio, on the machining results of each flushing strategy being analyzed. The improvement of 36% slit width reduction and 75% increase in machining accuracy compared to axial flow WECM and 23% slit width reduction and 40% increase in machining accuracy compared to axial flow with PZT vibration WECM was observed using this novel technique with microslits machined on 100 μm thick stainless steel SS304. The effect of nozzle diameter and workpiece nozzle stand-off distances on slit width machining results has been investigated. The average slit width is 115 μm at 0.4 mm nozzle diameter, and it rises to 143 μm at 1 mm nozzle diameter. The average slit width is 110 μm at a 5 mm workpiece nozzle stand-off distance, and it rises to 145 μm at a 20 mm workpiece nozzle stand-off distance. This research report also discusses microslit machining of NiTinol shape memory alloy for improving WECM performance.
The Effect of Aquabag Use on Muscle Activation in Functional Strength Training
Authors: Wezenbeek Evi , Verhaeghe Luna , Laveyne Katrien , Ravelingien Lieze , Witvrouw Erik , Schuermans Joke
Published: February 2022

Context: Although training with an aquabag (AB) has gained popularity, there is a lack of evidence of its effect. This study wanted to evaluate the effect of AB implementation on muscle activity of core and lower limb muscles during 3 functional exercises. Design: Cross-sectional observational study. Methods: Twenty healthy subjects performed a squat, lunge, and step-up, while using a stick and an AB. Surface electromyography signals were recorded from the trunk, pelvis, and thigh muscles in the dominant leg. Linear-mixed models were used to analyze the normalized surface electromyography signals. Results: Results demonstrated a significant increase in muscle activity of the back muscles during all 3 exercises (P < .001 to P = .003), abdominals during squat (P = .034) and step-up (P = .046), hamstrings during lunge (P = .008) and step-up (P = .008), and gluteal muscles during lunge (P < .001 and P = .010, respectively). Conclusions: These results indicate that an AB promotes functional strength training by demanding compensatory/additional activity of both stabilizing muscles (specifically in the core and pelvis regions) and prime movers of the lower limb. The authors recommend the use of an AB to enhance training and rehabilitation effects.
A strong dependency between changes in fluid and crystallized abilities in human cognitive aging
Authors: Tucker-Drob Elliot M. , de la Fuente Javier , Köhncke Ylva , Brandmaier Andreas M. , Nyberg Lars , Lindenberger Ulman
Published: February 2022

Theories of adult cognitive development classically distinguish between fluid abilities, which require effortful processing at the time of assessment, and crystallized abilities, which require the retrieval and application of knowledge. On average, fluid abilities decline throughout adulthood, whereas crystallized abilities show gains into old age. These diverging age trends, along with marked individual differences in rates of change, have led to the proposition that individuals might compensate for fluid declines with crystallized gains. Here, using data from two large longitudinal studies, we show that rates of change are strongly correlated across fluid and crystallized abilities. Hence, individuals showing greater losses in fluid abilities tend to show smaller gains, or even losses, in crystallized abilities. This observed commonality between fluid and crystallized changes places constraints on theories of compensation and directs attention toward domain-general drivers of adult cognitive decline and maintenance.
Genomic deciphering of sex determination and unique immune system of a potential model species rare minnow (
Gobiocypris rarus
)
Authors: Hu Xudong , Li Haorong , Lin Yusheng , Wang Zhongkai , Feng Haohao , Zhou Man , Shi Lixia , Cao Hong , Ren Yandong
Published: February 2022

Gobiocypris rarus
is sensitive to environmental pollution, especially to heavy metal and grass carp reovirus (GCRV). Hence, it has potential utility as a biological monitor. Genetic deciphering of its unique immune system will advance our understanding of its unique adaptive strategies, which provide cues for its better application. A de novo genome of rare minnow was obtained, and its sex determination mechanism is ZZ/ZW. We identified several specific mutation genes and specific lost genes of rare minnow, and these might be related to the sensitivity of rare minnow to environmental stimuli. We also analyzed the gene expression level of different organs/tissues and found that several
IFIT
genes may play key roles in GCRV resistance. In addition, knockout of the gene
PCDH10L
indicates that
PCDH10L
affects Pb
2+
-induced mortality in rare minnow. Rare minnow is ready for genetic manipulation and shows potential as an emerging experimental model.
Rapid detection of high-emitting vehicles by on-road remote sensing technology improves urban air quality
Authors: Huang Yuhan , Lee Casey K. C. , Yam Yat-Shing , Mok Wai-Chuen , Zhou John L. , Zhuang Yuan , Surawski Nic C. , Organ Bruce , Chan Edward F. C.
Published: February 2022

Vehicle emissions are the most important source of air pollution in the urban environment worldwide, and their detection and control are critical for protecting public health. Here, we report the use of on-road remote sensing (RS) technology for fast, accurate, and cost-effective identification of high-emitting vehicles as an enforcement program for improving urban air quality. Using large emission datasets from chassis dynamometer testing, RS, and air quality monitoring, we found that significant percentages of in-use petrol and LPG vehicles failed the emission standards, particularly the high-mileage fleets. The RS enforcement program greatly cleaned these fleets, in terms of high-emitter percentages, fleet average emissions, roadside and ambient pollutant concentrations, and emission inventory. The challenges of the current enforcement program are conservative setting of cut points, single-lane measurement sites, and lack of application experience in diesel vehicles. Developing more accurate and vertical RS systems will improve and extend their applications.
Combining Microscopy Assays of Bacteria-Surface Interactions To Better Evaluate Antimicrobial Polymer Coatings
Authors: Sikosana M. K. L. N. , Ruland A. , Werner C. , Renner L. D.
Published: February 2022

We present and evaluate a combination of methods for validating the efficacy of antimicrobial surfaces. Antimicrobial surfaces/coatings based on contact-killing components can be instrumental to functionalize a wide range of products.
Internalization of Salmonella in Leafy Greens and Impact on Acid Tolerance
Authors: Grivokostopoulos N. C. , Makariti I. P. , Hilaj N. , Apostolidou Z. , Skandamis P. N.
Published: February 2022

Consumption of leafy greens has been increasingly associated with foodborne illnesses, and their contamination could occur at the pre- and/or postharvest level. Human pathogens may become passively or actively internalized in plant tissues, thereby escaping decontamination procedures.
Negatively Regulated Aerobactin and Desferrioxamine E by Fur in Pantoea ananatis Are Required for Full Siderophore Production and Antibacterial Activity, but Not for Virulence
Authors: Choi Okhee , Cho Jaeyeong , Kang Byeongsam , Lee Yeyeong , Kim Jinwoo
Published: February 2022

Pantoea ananatis
is a bacterium that causes diseases in several economically important crops, as well as in insects and humans. This bacterium has been studied extensively as a potentially dangerous pathogen due to its saprophytic ability.
Impact of Ceftazidime-Avibactam Treatment in the Emergence of Novel KPC Variants in the ST307-Klebsiella pneumoniae High-Risk Clone and Consequences for Their Routine Detection
Authors: Hernández-García Marta , Castillo-Polo Juan Antonio , Cordero Desirèe Gijón , Pérez-Viso Blanca , García-Castillo María , Saez de la Fuente Javier , Morosini María Isabel , Cantón Rafael , Ruiz-Garbajosa Patricia
Published: February 2022

The emergence of
Klebsiella pneumoniae
isolates carrying novel
bla
KPC
variants conferring ceftazidime-avibactam (CAZ/AVI) resistance is being increasingly reported. We evaluated the accuracy of phenotypic methods commonly used in routine clinical laboratories in the detection of novel
K. pneumoniae
carbapenemase (KPC) enzymes.
p17-Modulated Hsp90/Cdc37 Complex Governs Oncolytic Avian Reovirus Replication by Chaperoning p17, Which Promotes Viral Protein Synthesis and Accumulation of Viral Proteins σC and σA in Viral Factories
Authors: Huang Wei‐Ru , Li Jyun-Yi , Wu Yi-Ying , Liao Tsai-Ling , Nielsen Brent L. , Liu Hung-Jen
Published: February 2022

Molecular mechanisms that control stabilization of ARV proteins and the intermolecular interactions among inclusion components remain largely unknown. Here, we show that the ARV p17 is an Hsp90 client protein.
Coinfection with SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A Virus Increases Disease Severity and Impairs Neutralizing Antibody and CD4
+
T Cell Responses
Authors: Kim Eun-Ha , Nguyen Thi-Quyen , Casel Mark Anthony B. , Rollon Rare , Kim Se-Mi , Kim Young-Il , Yu Kwang-Min , Jang Seung-Gyu , Yang Jihyun , Poo Haryoung , Jung Jae U. , Choi Young Ki
Published: February 2022

The cocirculation of influenza virus merging with the COVID-19 pandemic raises a potentially severe threat to public health. Recently, increasing numbers of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus coinfection have been reported from many countries.
Cryo-electron Tomography Reveals the Roles of FliY in
Helicobacter pylori
Flagellar Motor Assembly
Authors: Lu Ping , Zhang Huawei , Gao Yuanzhu , Jia Xudong , Liu Zhe , Wang Daping , Au Shannon Wing Ngor , Zhang Qinfen
Published: February 2022

Helicobacter pylori
is the major risk factor related with gastric diseases. Flagellar motor is one of the most important virulence factors in
H. pylori
.
Are There Bad ICU Rooms? Temporal Relationship between Patient and ICU Room Microbiome, and Influence on Vancomycin-Resistant
Enterococcus
Colonization
Authors: Freedberg Daniel E. , Richardson Miles , Nattakom Mary , Cheung Jacky , Lynch Elissa , Zachariah Philip , Wang Harris H.
Published: February 2022

This study found that intensive care unit (ICU) room microbial signatures diverged from their baseline quickly: within 2 weeks, individual ICU rooms had lost distinguishing characteristics and were as similar to other ICU rooms as they were to their former selves. Patient turnover within rooms accelerated this drift.
Fus3, as a Critical Kinase in MAPK Cascade, Regulates Aflatoxin Biosynthesis by Controlling the Substrate Supply in Aspergillus flavus, Rather than the Cluster Genes Modulation
Authors: Ma Longxue , Li Xu , Xing Fuguo , Ma Junning , Ma Xiaoyun , Jiang Yiran
Published: February 2022

Aspergillus flavus
is an important saprophytic fungus that produces aflatoxins (AF), which threaten food and feed safety. MAPK signaling pathways are essential for fungal adaptation to diverse environments.
Evolution of Viral Pathogens Follows a Linear Order
Authors: Tan Zi Hian , Yong Kian Yan , Shu Jian-Jun
Published: February 2022

This study reports a comparative analysis of amino acid usage within several key viral genera that are prone to triggering outbreaks. Interestingly, there is evidence that the amino acid usage within the viral genomes is not random but in a linear order.
Clumping Morphology Influences Virulence Uncoupled from Echinocandin Resistance in Candida glabrata
Authors: Hu Chenlin , Fong Gary , Wurster Sebastian , Kontoyiannis Dimitrios P. , Beyda Nicholas D.
Published: February 2022

Candida glabrata
is a leading cause of invasive candidiasis. In contrast to other species, it has a high propensity for developing resistance to echinocandins, which are the first-line treatment.
Comparative Genome Analysis Reveals Phylogenetic Identity of Bacillus velezensis HNA3 and Genomic Insights into Its Plant Growth Promotion and Biocontrol Effects
Authors: Zaid Doaa S. , Cai Shuyun , Hu Chang , Li Ziqi , Li Youguo
Published: February 2022

This study is the primary initiative to identify
Bacillus velezensis
HNA3 whole genome sequence and reveal its genomic properties as an effective biocontrol agent against plant pathogens and a plant growth stimulator. HNA3 genetic profile can be used as a reference for future studies that can be applied as a highly effective biofertilizer and bio fungicide inoculum to improve agriculture productivity.
Characterization of a T4-like Bacteriophage vB_EcoM-Sa45lw as a Potential Biocontrol Agent for Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O45 Contaminated on Mung Bean Seeds
Authors: Liao Yen-Te , Zhang Yujie , Salvador Alexandra , Harden Leslie A. , Wu Vivian C. H.
Published: February 2022

Seeds contaminated with foodborne pathogens, such as Shiga toxin-producing
E. coli
, are the primary sources of contamination in produce and have contributed to numerous foodborne outbreaks. Antibiotic resistance has been a long-lasting issue that poses a threat to human health and the food industry.
Discrimination between Carbapenem-Resistant and Carbapenem-Sensitive Klebsiella pneumoniae Strains through Computational Analysis of Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectra: a Pilot Study
Authors: Liu Wei , Tang Jia-Wei , Lyu Jing-Wen , Wang Jun-Jiao , Pan Ya-Cheng , Shi Xin-Yi , Liu Qing-Hua , Zhang Xiao , Gu Bing , Wang Liang
Published: February 2022

With the low-cost, label-free, and nondestructive features, Raman spectroscopy is becoming an attractive technique with great potential to discriminate bacterial infections. In this pilot study, we analyzed surfaced-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) spectra via supervised machine learning algorithms, through which we confirmed the application potentials of the SERS technique in rapid and accurate discrimination of
Klebsiella pneumoniae
strains with different antibiotic resistance profiles.
DiGeorge syndrome: consider the diagnosis
Authors: Altshuler Ellery , Saidi Arwa , Budd Jeffrey
Published: February 2022

DiGeorge syndrome (DGS) is caused by a chromosomal microdeletion at 22q11.2 that results in impaired development of the pharyngeal pouch system. Patients with DGS may have developmental abnormalities of craniofacial structures, parathyroid glands, thymus and cardiac outflow tract. Doctors have been routinely testing for DGS in newborns with conotruncal cardiac anomalies since the late 1990s; before then, however, they relied on complex diagnostic criteria and the disease was often missed. Adults born with conotruncal defects before the late 1990s may have undiagnosed DGS. We present one such case: a 35-year-old woman with a cardiac diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot and unilateral absence of a pulmonary arter who was found to have DGS. Identifying DGS in adults is important both for disease management and genetic counselling. Our case emphasises the importance of screening for DGS in adults who were born with conotruncal cardiac abnormalities before widespread neonatal testing became common.
Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis: clinical, neurophysiological, laboratory and postmortem findings of a case presenting as encephalomyelitis
Authors: Imam Ibrahim , Sarrigiannis Ptolemaios G , Shivane Aditya G
Published: February 2022

Our patient was admitted to hospital with a 1-week history of an upper respiratory tract infection and a rapidly progressive encephalopathy dominated by brainstem features and widespread areflexia. Her antiganglioside antibodies and electroencephalography were consistent with Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis (BBE), and her postmortem examination revealed a predominantly florid brainstem encephalitis and myelitis. Her sputum and throat swabs isolatedHaemophilus influenzaeandFusobacterium,respectively, the former being the most probable trigger of BBE. Our patient’s death, despite the otherwise good prognosis of the disorder, may reflect the severity of the pathological changes at postmortem or the association of comorbid disorders such as sepsis-associated encephalopathy. Her poor outcome may also be an indication to treat rapidly progressive cases of BBE with more than one immune modulating drug.
Cystic echinococcosis in a Moroccan boy: a silent and neglected disease among refugee and migrant children
Authors: Vázquez-Pérez Álvaro , Santos-Pérez Juan Luis
Published: February 2022

We report the unusual case of a 5-year-old migrant boy from a rural area of Morocco with an almost-giant lung hydatid cyst that was an incidental finding on a chest X-ray performed during routine visa procedures.Echinococcus granulosusserology test was initially negative with subsequent positive seroconversion. Albendazole was started at 4 weeks before surgery and maintained for 4 months, with a favourable outcome. Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is considered aneglected tropical diseaseand affects more than one million people worldwide, mostly from a lower socioeconomic background. Preventive measures have been limited in underdeveloped regions. Children with CE are especially vulnerable, due not only to the high pathogenic potential of the disease but also to their frequent involvement in challenging socioeconomic situations, including migration. The incidence of CE is increasing in Europe because of high immigration flows from endemic countries. Nevertheless, CE is not covered by current migrant screening protocols.
Successful treatment of quadriparesis from radiation myelopathy with bevacizumab in a patient with metastatic breast cancer
Authors: Shah Nirja , Ranjan Surabhi
Published: February 2022

Radiation myelopathy (RM) is rare condition defined as injury to the spinal cord by ionising radiation. Due to improved survival in patients with advanced malignancies, there is a renewed interest in recognition and treatment of RM. There are very few reports on treatment of RM. A 64-year-old woman with metastatic oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor weakly positive and human epidermal growth factor 2 negative breast, stereotactic radiosurgeries to brain metastases and a history of reradiation to the cervical spinal cord presented with neck pain, arm weakness, hyperreflexia and gait ataxia. RM was suspected and the patient was started on high dose corticosteroid therapy. However, the patient’s condition deteriorated and she developed quadriparesis. A timely treatment with an antivascular endothelial growth factor antibody, bevacizumab reversed her neurological deficits and preserved her walking ability. Our case illustrates a prompt diagnosis and successful treatment of RM with bevacizumab.
Desmopressin treatment in dipsogenic form of primary polydipsia: keep serum osmolality marginally below thirst threshold for symptomatic relief
Authors: Agrawal Neeti , Awasthi Avivar , Chakraborty Partha Pratim , Maiti Animesh
Published: February 2022

Dipsogenic polydipsia (DP), a distinct variety of primary polydipsia, is characterised by selective diminution of osmotic threshold for thirst leading to polydipsia and subsequent hypotonic polyuria. Seen in patients without underlying psychiatric illness, DP closely mimics central diabetes insipidus (CDI), making it difficult for clinicians to discriminate these two conditions from each other. Carefully performed osmotic stimulation study, incorporating objective assessment of threshold for thirst and arginine vasopressin (AVP) release is the key to differentiate DP from CDI or psychogenic polydipsia, also termed compulsive water drinking (CWD). Low thirst threshold and high AVP release threshold separate DP from CDI and CWD, respectively. Unlike CWD, desmopressin may be successfully used in DP without concomitant risk of hyponatremia. We describe a child, in whom an initial diagnosis of partial CDI was subsequently revised to DP based on osmotic stimulation test. The child was treated successfully with desmopressin therapy with a target to keep serum osmolality close to thirst threshold.
People carrying excess weight have an increased risk of severe covid-19
Authors: Saul Helen , Gursul Deniz , Piernas Carmen
Published: February 2022

The study

Gao M, Piernas C, Astbury NM, et al. Associations between body-mass index and COVID-19 severity in 6.9 million people in England: a prospective, community-based cohort study.
Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol
2021;9:6.

To read the full NIHR Alert, go to:
https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/excess-weight-increases-risks-of-severe-covid-19/
Platelets subvert antitumor efficacy of T cell-recruiting bispecific antibodies
Authors: Lutz Martina Svenja , Klimovich Boris , Maurer Stefanie , Heitmann Jonas S , Märklin Melanie , Zekri Latifa , Jung Gundram , Salih Helmut R , Hinterleitner Clemens
Published: February 2022

T cell-based immunotherapy, for example, with T cell-recruiting bispecific antibody (bsAb), has revolutionized oncological treatment. However, many patients do not respond to treatment, and long-term remissions are still rare. Several tumor immune evasion mechanisms have been reported to counteract efficiency of T cell-engaging therapeutics. Platelets largely affect cancer pathophysiology by mediating tumor invasion, metastasis, and immune evasion. On treatment of patients in a clinical trial with a PSMA×CD3 bsAb (NCT04104607), we observed profound treatment-associated platelet activation, mirrored by a decrease of total platelet count. On modeling the treatment setting, we found that platelet activation significantly reduced bsAb-mediated CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell reactivity as revealed by impaired T-cell degranulation, secretion of perforin, and ultimately, inhibition of target cell lysis. This effect occurred in a transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)-dependent manner and was not restricted to PSMA×CD3 bsAb, but rather observed with various CD3-directed bispecific constructs, including the approved CD19×CD3 bsAb blinatumomab. BsAb-mediated T-cell reactivity could be restored by platelet inhibition and specifically by blocking the TGF-β axis. Together, our findings demonstrate that platelets undermine the efficacy of T cell-recruiting bsAb and identify modulation of platelet function as a means to reinforce the effectiveness of bsAb treatment.
Intratumoral IL-1R1 expression delineates a distinctive molecular subset with therapeutic resistance in patients with gastric cancer
Authors: Zhang Puran , Gu Yun , Fang Hanji , Cao Yifan , Wang Jieti , Liu Hao , Zhang Heng , Li He , He Hongyong , Li Ruochen , Lin Chao , Xu Jiejie
Published: February 2022

Background

With the essential role of interleukin-1 signaling in cancer-related inflammation, IL-1R1, the main receptor for both IL-1α and IL-1β, demonstrated therapeutic potential in several types of cancer, which has been put into clinical trials. However, the expression profile and critical role of IL-1R1 in gastric cancer (GC) remain obscure. This study aimed to investigate the prognostic significance of IL-1R1 expression and its predictive value for chemotherapy and immunotherapy in GC.

Methods

The study enrolled three cohorts, consisting of 409 tumor microarray specimens of GC patients from Zhongshan Hospital, 341 transcriptional data fromThe Cancer Genome Atlas, and 45 transcriptional data from patients treated with pembrolizumab. IL-1R1 mRNA expression was directly acquired from public datasets, and we also detected IL-1R1 protein expression on tumor microarray by immunohistochemistry. Finally, the associations of IL-1R1 expression with clinical outcomes, immune contexture, and genomic features were analyzed.

Results

High IL-1R1 expression predicted poor prognosis and inferior responsiveness to both 5-fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) and immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). IL-1R1 fostered an immunosuppressive microenvironment characterized by upregulated M2 macrophages and exhausted CD8+T cells infiltration. Moreover, the expression of IL-1R1 was intrinsically linked to genomic alterations associated with targeted therapies in GC.

Conclusions

IL-1R1 served as an independent prognosticator and predictive biomarker for ACT and ICB in GC. Furthermore, IL-1R1 antagonists could be a novel agent alone or combined with current therapeutic strategies in GC.
Current differentiation between radiographic and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis is of limited benefit for prediction of important clinical outcomes: data from a large, prospective, observational cohort
Authors: Ciurea Adrian , Kissling Seraphina , Bürki Kristina , Baraliakos Xenofon , de Hooge Manouk , Hebeisen Monika , Papagiannoulis Eleftherios , Exer Pascale , Bräm René , Nissen Michael J , Möller Burkhard , Kyburz Diego , Andor Michael , Distler Oliver , Scherer Almut , Micheroli Raphael
Published: February 2022

Objective

To compare disease characteristics and outcomes between patients with axial spondyloarthritis with non-radiographic disease (nr-axSpA), bilateral grade 2 sacroiliitis (r22axSpA) and unilateral/bilateral grade 3–4 sacroiliitis (r3+axSpA) according to the modified New York criteria.

Methods

We included patients with axial spondyloarthritis with available pelvic radiographs from the Swiss Clinical Quality Management Cohort. Retention of a first tumour necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi) was investigated with multiple adjusted Cox proportional hazards models. The proportion of patients reaching 50% reduction in the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI50) at 1 year was assessed with multiple adjusted logistic regression analyses. Spinal radiographic progression, defined as an increase in ≥2 mSASSS units in 2 years, was assessed in generalised estimating equation models.

Results

From 2080 patients, those with nr-axSpA (n=485) and r22axSpA (n=443) presented with lower C reactive protein levels and less severe clinical spinal involvement compared with patients with r3+axSpA (n=1152). While TNFi retention was similar in r22axSpA and nr-axSpA, the risk of discontinuation was significantly lower in r3+axSpA (HR 0.60, 95% CI 0.44 to 0.82 vs nr-axSpA). BASDAI50 responses at 1 year were comparable in r22axSpA and nr-axSpA, with a better response associated with r3+axSpA (OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.09 to 3.91 vs nr-axSpA). Spinal radiographic progression was similar in r22axSpA and nr-axSpA and significantly higher in r3 +axSpA.

Conclusion

Patients with r22axSpA are comparable to nr-axSpA patients but differ from patients with more severe sacroiliac damage with regard to treatment effectiveness and spinal radiographic progression. Therefore, current differentiation between nr-axSpA and radiographic disease seems of limited use for outcome prediction.
Synthesis of a polyphenylacetylene/silica nanotube composite under high-temperature, high-pressure conditions
Authors: Fabbiani Marco , Rouquette Jérôme , Talbi Gaël , Cambon Martine , Cambon Olivier , Santoro Mario , Konczewicz Leszek , Contreras Sylvie , Haines Julien
Published: February 2022

Phenylacetylene was inserted and polymerized in 5 nm diameter silica nanotubes under high pressure – high temperature conditions of 0.5 GPa and 437 K in an inert gas. The resulting nanocomposite was characterized by infrared and Raman spectroscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The vibrational spectroscopic data confirmed the formation of π-conjugated polyphenylacetylene and the absence of crystallization of the amorphous nanotubes. Scanning transmission electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, STEM-EDX, measurements confirmed the insertion of the polymer in the channels of the nanotubes and electron diffraction confirmed the amorphous nature of both the polymer and the host SiO2 nanotubes. The obtained nanocomposite is a candidate material for gas sensing applications.
Review–From LiMn2O4 to Partially-Disordered Li2MnNiO4: The Evolution of Lithiated-Spinel Cathodes for Li-Ion Batteries
Authors: Thackeray Michael M. , Lee Eungje , Shi Boyu , Croy Jason R.
Published: February 2022

This personal narrative relates to the discovery in 1981 of stoichiometric LiM2O4 spinel electrodes (where M = metal cation) for lithium-ion batteries by the Goodenough group at Oxford University, UK, and the subsequent identification and evolution of stable lithiated-spinel Li2M2O4 (or LiMO2) cathodes at the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research in South Africa and Argonne National Laboratory (USA). The competition that occurs between the formation of lithiated-spinel and layered (LiMO2) structures at 400 °C, and recent efforts to design high-capacity, Mn-rich composite cathodes with partial disorder, are discussed. The paper is written in honor of John Goodenough’s 100th birthday.
Electrocatalytic Activity Enhancement Using Graphene-Metal Oxide Nanocomposites for the Ultra Low Level Detection of Biomolecules
Authors: Joseph Teena , Thomas Jasmine , Thomas Tony , Thomas Nygil
Published: February 2022

Metal oxide/reduced graphene oxide (MO/RGO, MO = NiO, Co3O4,and SnO2) nanocomposites were synthesized by a cost-effective hydrothermal method. The structural, thermal, and morphological characteristics of composites were investigated using PXRD, FT-IR, TGA, Raman, SEM, and HR-TEM. Modified carbon paste electrochemical sensors based on NiO/RGO, Co3O4/RGO, and SnO2/RGO were developed and compared for the effective detection of Epinephrine (EPN), Serotonin (SER), and Tyrosine (TYR). The performance of the NiO/RGO/CPE sensor was superior to other composites modified electrodes. The electrochemical measurements were studied by cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The modified electrodes showed excellent electrocatalytic activity towards EPN, SER, and TYR arising from the synergistic effect of reduced graphene oxide and metal oxide. The excellent electrical conductivity imparted by direct interphase of RGO to semiconductive metal oxide, increased surface area, and the increased number of active sites favor the sensitive determination of biomolecules. The NiO/RGO/CPE facilitated the analysis of EPN, SER, and TYR with a lower detection limit of 158 pM, 165 pM, and 519 pM respectively. The peaks for the three biomolecules are well separated from each other and the electrodes were effectively used for real samples.
Influence of Lithium Ion Kinetics, Particle Morphology and Voids on the Electrochemical Performance of Composite Cathodes for All-Solid-State Batteries
Authors: Bielefeld Anja , Weber Dominik A. , Rueß Raffael , Glavas Vedran , Janek Jürgen
Published: February 2022

With the ongoing transformation to e-mobility, lithium all-solid-state batteries are promising candidates for advanced mobile energy storage. Other than in conventional lithium ion cells, the rigid solid electrolyte entails its own morphology and does not wet residual voids in composite electrodes, which can limit the cell performance. We therefore take a closer look at the influence of microstructural characteristics on different scales in composite cathodes by means of electrochemical simulation using the finite element method. Cathode active material particle arrangements are constructed to validate the model against experimental data. We highlight the significance of the active material particle size distribution and state-of-charge dependent input parameters, such as the lithium diffusion coefficient in NCM811 and the exchange current density at the interface of NCM811 and Li6PS5Cl. We zoom in on that interface under the presence of void space that can result from manufacturing or arise from inter-particle contact loss upon volume changes. In a 1-particle-void model, the impact of the active surface area covered by voids is studied as well as the influence of the void distribution and the void size on the electrochemical performance. Beyond that, we simulate a tortuosity-optimized structured electrode and provide first guidelines for laser-patterned all-solid-state cathodes.
Copper On-Chip Interconnections: A Breakthrough in Electrodeposition to Make Better Chips
Authors: Andricacos Panos C.
Published: February 2022

On-chip interconnections comprise a multilevel structure of fine wiring located on the top of the transistor circuitry of logic or memory chips, whose role is to connect circuits together as shown in Fig. 1. To avoid significant degradation of circuit speed, on-chip interconnections should permit rapid signal transmission among the various parts of the circuitry. Ever since the development of the integrated circuit about 40 years ago, the most pervasively used materials for the fabrication of the wiring structure have been aluminum as the conductor (or more recently an aluminum-copper alloy for better reliability) and silicon dioxide as the insulator. The transition to copper as the conductor and to a better insulator began with IBM’s announcement in September 1997 and product shipment since June 1998. This signals one of the most important changes in materials that the semiconductor industry has experienced since its creation. Copper metallization was implemented first since significant gains can be obtained by copper alone.
Study on PVA Brush Loading and Conditioning during Shallow Trench Isolation Post-CMP Cleaning Process
Authors: Sahir Samrina , Cho Hwi-Won , Kim Tae-Gon , Hamada Satomi , Yerriboina Nagendra Prasad , Park Jin-Goo
Published: February 2022

Polyvinyl acetal (PVA) brush cleaning is a widely accepted and efficient cleaning process for removing contaminants of the CMP process during semiconductor processing. However, these contaminants can adhere to the PVA brush, due to its highly hydrophilic and porous nature, and can deteriorate brush performance. This contamination has become a serious problem especially for processing devices smaller than 10 nm. In this work, the effect of cleaning solution pH (2, 7, and 12) was investigated for ceria removal from oxide wafers and subsequent transfer to the PVA brush during scrubbing. A cleaning solution of pH 7 resulted in lower ceria removal efficiency compared to pH 2 and 12. The pH 2 and pH 7 cleaning conditions resulted in high brush loading (pH 2 > pH 7) compared to the pH 12 condition. High brush contamination at pH 7 further resulted in higher cross-contamination, whereas very low cross-contamination was observed at pH 2 and pH 12. For improvement of brush performance and lifetime, the effect of conditioning processes (ultrasonication and scrubbing) was evaluated. Scrubbing in the presence of NH4OH efficiently removed all ceria particles from contaminated brushes. Since the bonding between brush and ceria particles is strong, only a robust physical force combined with a high chemical action can remove ceria particles loaded onto a PVA brush.
Free Energy Dependencies for Interfacial Electron Transfer from Tin-Doped Indium Oxide (ITO) to Molecular Photoredox Catalysts
Authors: Bangle Rachel E. , Schneider Jenny , Loague Quentin , Kessinger Matthew , Müller Andressa V. , Meyer Gerald J.
Published: February 2022

John B. Goodenough proposed that interfacial electron transfer kinetics from main group metal oxides should be fundamentally different from that of transition metal oxides, an expectation that has not been widely tested. Herein, the kinetics for interfacial electron transfer from mesoporous transparent conductive oxide Tin-doped Indium Oxide (ITO) to four photoredox catalysts (PCs) were characterized in acetonitrile electrolytes. The photocatalysts had the form: [Ru(4,4ʹ-R2-2,2′-bipyridine)2(4,4ʹ-(PO3H2)2-2,2′-bipyridine)]2+, where R was H, methoxy, tert-butyl, and Br. The impact of the surface binding group was characterized with [Ru(2,2′-bipyridine)2(4,4ʹ-(CO2H)2-bpy)]2+. The interfacial electron transfer reaction ITO(e−)∣PC+ → ITO∣PC was quantified by nanosecond absorption spectroscopy as a function of the applied potential (and hence ‒ΔG°). Specific conditions of applied potential were identified where the kinetics were sensitive to the incident irradiance. A layer-by-layer method was used to insert ionic methylene bridge(s) between the PC and the oxide surface. Marcus-Gerischer analysis of the kinetic data indicates non-adiabatic interfacial electron transfer with total reorganization energies that increase when bridges were placed between the photocatalyst and the ITO surface.
Electrochemical Actuation of Hybrid Materials Made from Nanoporous Metals and Electrically Conductive Polymers
Authors: Roschning Benedikt , Weissmüller Jörg
Published: February 2022

The surface stress of a metallic solid-body immersed in an electrolyte can be modified by variation of an applied electrical potential. The stress at the surface is transferred to the underlying bulk material, where it leads to strain and, hence, electrochemical actuation. For massive bodies, which exhibit a small ratio of surface to volume atoms, this effect is sparsely pronounced and not usable. Nanoporous metals on the other hand exhibit a high intrinsic, externally accessible surface area and are therefore suitable as functional materials such as sensors or actuators. Another class of chemo-mechanical actuators are electrically conductive polymers, which swell or shrink through the potential-controlled incorporation or removal of anions. Fast ion exchange is possible with thin layers, yet the stiffness of supporting substrates limits their effect for actuation. The combination of both approaches via coating of the inner surface of nanoporous gold with polypyrrole results in a hybrid material with significantly improved electrochemical and actuatoric properties.

This contribution focuses on the manufacturing of hybrid materials consisting of nanoporous gold and electrically conductive polymers, its chemo-mechanical properties as well as the underlying electro-chemo-mechanical coupling mechanisms.
Body height determines carotid stiffness following resistance exercise in young Japanese men
Authors: Tagawa Kaname , Choi Youngju , Takahashi Akari , Maeda Seiji
Published: February 2022

Height is inversely associated with an increase in arterial stiffness after habitual resistance exercise (RE). Considering that RE is performed during exercise prescriptions, the association between height and the acute effects of RE on arterial stiffness should be clarified. We investigated the effects of height on arterial stiffness following transient RE. Thirty-nine young Japanese men were studied under parallel experimental conditions [sham control (seated rest) and RE (5 sets of 10 repetitions at 75% of one-repetition maximum)], which were randomly ordered on two separate days. The subjects were divided into tertiles of height (each group, n = 13). The β-stiffness index (index of arterial stiffness), assessed by carotid pulse pressure and distension, was measured in all subjects. A significant interaction between time, height, and RE was found for the β-stiffness index ( P = 0.01). RE significantly increased the β-stiffness index in the lower-height group ( P < 0.001), but not in the middle- and higher-height groups. Height was negatively associated with an increase in β-stiffness index following RE, even after controlling the confounders, including exercise volume and changes in heart rate and carotid pulse pressure ( P = 0.003). The mediation analysis demonstrated a mediating effect of carotid distension on the relationship between height and changes in the β-stiffness index. These results suggest that short height individuals have increased arterial stiffness following RE due to decreased mechanical distension, rather than through the widening of pulsatile pressure.
A Novel In Situ Dendritic Cell Vaccine Triggered by Rose Bengal Enhances Adaptive Antitumour Immunity
Authors: Zhang Lanlin , Du Jiangyuan , Song Qian , Zhang Chufan , Wu Xianghua
Published: February 2022

Dendritic cell- (DC-) based vaccination has emerged as a promising antitumour immunotherapy. However, overcoming immune tolerance and immunosuppression in the tumour microenvironment (TME) is still a great challenge. Recent studies have shown that Rose Bengal (RB) can effectively induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) in cancer cells, presenting whole tumour antigens for DC processing and presentation. However, the synergistic antitumour effect of combining intralesional RB with immature DCs (RB-iDCs) remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated whether RB-iDCs have superior antitumour effects compared with either single agent and evaluated the immunological mechanism of RB-iDCs in a murine lung cancer model. The results showed that intralesional RB-iDCs suppressed subcutaneous tumour growth and lung metastasis, which resulted in 100% mouse survival and significantly increased TNF-α production by CD8+ T cells. These effects were closely related to the induction of the expression of distinct ICD hallmarks by RB in both bulk cancer cells and cancer stem cells (CSCs), especially calreticulin (CRT), thus enhancing immune effector cell (i.e., CD4+, CD8+, and memory T cells) infiltration and attenuating the accumulation of immunosuppressive cells (i.e., Tregs, macrophages, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs)) in the TME. This study reveals that the RB-iDC vaccine can synergistically destroy the primary tumour, inhibit distant metastasis, and prevent tumour relapse in a lung cancer mouse model, which provides important preclinical data for the development of a novel combinatorial immunotherapy.
Implementation of Whale Optimization for Budding Healthiness of Fishes with Preprocessing Approach
Authors: Kshirsagar Pravin R. , Manaoharan Hariprasath , Tirth Vineet , Islam Saiful , Srivastava Sandeep , Sahni Varsha , Thangamani M. , Khanapurkar M. M. , Sundramurthy Venkatesa Prabhu
Published: February 2022

This article examines distinctive techniques for monitoring the condition of fishes in underwater and also provides tranquil procedures after catching the fishes. Once the fishes are hooked, two different techniques that are explicitly designed for smoking and drying are implemented for saving the time of fish suppliers. Existing methods do not focus on the optimization algorithms for solving this issue. When considering the optimization problem, the solution is adequate for any number of inputs at time t. For this combined new flanged technique, a precise system model has been designed and incorporated with a set of rules using contention protocols. In addition, the designed system is also instigated with a whale optimization algorithm that is having sufficient capability to test the different parameters of assimilated sensing devices using different sensors. Further to test the effectiveness of the proposed method, an online monitoring system has been presented that can monitor and in turn provides the consequences using a simulation model for better understanding. Moreover, after examining the simulation results under three different scenarios, it has been observed that the proposed method provides an enhancement in real-time monitoring systems for an average of 78%.