bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Explaining and Predicting Earth System Change: A World Climate Research Programme Call to Action
Authors: Findell Kirsten L. , Sutton Rowan , Caltabiano Nico , Brookshaw Anca , Heimbach Patrick , Kimoto Masahide , Osprey Scott , Smith Doug , Risbey James S. , Wang Zhuo , Cheng Lijing , Diaz Leandro B. , Donat Markus G. , Ek Michael , Lee June-Yi , Minobe Shoshiro , Rusticucci Matilde , Vitart Frederic , Wang Lin
Published: September 2022

The World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) envisions a world “that uses sound, relevant, and timely climate science to ensure a more resilient present and sustainable future for humankind.” This bold vision requires the climate science community to provide actionable scientific information that meets the evolving needs of societies all over the world. To realize its vision, WCRP has created five Lighthouse Activities to generate international commitment and support to tackle some of the most pressing challenges in climate science today. The overarching goal of the Lighthouse Activity on Explaining and Predicting Earth System Change is to develop an integrated capability to understand, attribute, and predict annual to decadal changes in the Earth system, including capabilities for early warning of potential high impact changes and events. This article provides an overview of both the scientific challenges that must be addressed, and the research and other activities required to achieve this goal. The work is organized in three thematic areas: (i) monitoring and modeling Earth system change; (ii) integrated attribution, prediction, and projection; and (iii) assessment of current and future hazards. Also discussed are the benefits that the new capability will deliver. These include improved capabilities for early warning of impactful changes in the Earth system, more reliable assessments of meteorological hazard risks, and quantitative attribution statements to support the Global Annual to Decadal Climate Update and State of the Climate reports issued by the World Meteorological Organization.
Addressing the Microburst Threat to Aviation: Research-to-Operations Success Story
Authors: McCarthy John , Serafin Robert , Wilson James , Evans James , Kessinger Cathy , Mahoney William P.
Published: September 2022

Microburst wind shear has caused or contributed to a significant number of aviation accidents. Since 1943, wind shear accidents have been responsible for more than 1,400 fatalities worldwide, including over 400 deaths in the United States between 1973 and 1985. In this paper, we describe one of the more successful and societally impactful research-to-operations (R2O) programs in atmospheric science history. The remarkable R2O journey included the discovery of microburst wind shear in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the scientific efforts to understand this phenomenon and its impact on aircraft operations, the development of a wind shear training program for pilots, and the rapid development, testing, and implementation of wind shear detection systems that successfully saved lives and property. The article includes a chronological description of the wind shear research and development program, key milestones toward implementation, and the research-to-operations best practices employed for successful technology transfer.
Systematic Evaluation of a High-Resolution CLM5 Simulation over Continental China for 1979–2018
Authors: Ma Xin , Wang Aihui
Published: September 2022

The land surface model is extensively used to simulate turbulence fluxes and hydrological and momentum variables at the land–atmosphere interface. In this study, the Community Land Model, version 5 (CLM5), driven by the 0.1° × 0.1° Chinese Meteorological Forcing Dataset (CMFD) and the field-surveyed soil parameters, is used to simulate land surface processes during 1979–2018. Various high-quality land surface datasets are adopted to assess the model simulations. In general, the CLM5 well captures the monthly variations of 0–10-cm soil moisture in subregions, particularly in the Tibetan Plateau, with an anomaly correlation coefficient between 0.56 and 0.88. However, the simulated soil moisture shows overall wet biases in the whole country, resulting from several reasons. The model simulation is skillful in replicating both the magnitude and spatial pattern when they are compared with the MODIS snow cover dataset. Compared with in situ measured soil temperature in multiple soil layers within 320-cm soil depth from 1980 to 2018, the simulations accurately capture spatial patterns, vertical profiles, and long-term warming trends. For land surface energy components, the simulations have a highly temporal correlation with the observation of Chinese Flux Observation and Research Network (ChinaFLUX) cropland and grassland sites, except for four forest sites, where biases exist in both atmospheric forcing variables and surface vegetation phenology in the model default input dataset. In summary, this study reveals the overall capability of CLM5 in reproducing land surface energy fluxes and hydrological variables over conterminous China, and the validation results may also provide some references for future model improvement and application.

Significance Statement

The offline Community Land Model, version 5 (CLM5), driven by a 0.1° × 0.1° (∼10 km) horizontal resolution atmospheric forcing dataset and a set of field-surveyed soil parameters, are used to simulate the land surface hydrological and heat fluxes in continental China for 1980–2018. The simulated hydrological variables and energy fluxes are validated with various sources of high-quality observation-based datasets. From our systematic evaluations, the current CLM5 high–resolution simulation accurately captures the spatial patterns and temporal variations in most of the water and energy balance components, although biases exist in some simulated variables. Overall, this study reveals the capability of the offline CLM5 simulation in conterminous China and provides the reference for future model improvement and application.
Potential and Limitations of a Commercial Broadband Echo Sounder for Remote Observations of Turbulent Mixing
Authors: Muchowski Julia , Umlauf Lars , Arneborg Lars , Holtermann Peter , Weidner Elizabeth , Humborg Christoph , Stranne Christian
Published: September 2022

Stratified oceanic turbulence is strongly intermittent in time and space, and therefore generally underresolved by currently available in situ observational approaches. A promising tool to at least partly overcome this constraint are broadband acoustic observations of turbulent microstructure that have the potential to provide mixing parameters at orders of magnitude higher resolution compared to conventional approaches. Here, we discuss the applicability, limitations, and measurement uncertainties of this approach for some prototypical turbulent flows (stratified shear layers, turbulent flow across a sill), based on a comparison of broadband acoustic observations and data from a free-falling turbulence microstructure profiler. We find that broadband acoustics are able to provide a quantitative description of turbulence energy dissipation in stratified shear layers (correlation coefficient r = 0.84) if the stratification parameters required by the method are carefully preprocessed. Essential components of our suggested preprocessing algorithm are 1) a vertical low-pass filtering of temperature and salinity profiles at a scale slightly larger than the Ozmidov length scale of turbulence and 2) an automated elimination of weakly stratified layers according to a gradient threshold criterion. We also show that in weakly stratified conditions, the acoustic approach may yield acceptable results if representative averaged vertical temperature and salinity gradients rather than local gradients are used. Our findings provide a step toward routine turbulence measurements in the upper ocean from moving vessels by combining broadband acoustics with in situ CTD profiles.
A New Objective Typhoon Location Algorithm Considering a Perturbation Factor Based on FY-4A Brightness Temperature Data
Authors: Xie Tao , Chen Jiajun , Yan Junjie
Published: September 2022

In this paper, a new objective typhoon positioning algorithm was proposed. The algorithm uses L1 12-channel far-infrared data of the FY-4A geostationary meteorological satellite for objective positioning, verified against best path data provided by the Tropical Cyclone Data Center of the China Meteorological Administration (CMA). By calculating the tangential and radial perturbation values of infrared brightness temperature images, the perturbation factor can be obtained. By adopting the position of the maximum perturbation factor as the center of a circle and considering a radius of no more than 20 km, the position of the minimum perturbation factor was determined; this value represents the central position of the typhoon. Tropical cyclones in 2019 and 2020 were selected for objective positioning, and the objective positioning results were verified against the corresponding time in the best path dataset. The results included centralized verification results for 29 typhoons and optimal path data in 2019. The maximum average error reached 54.67 km, with an annual average typhoon positioning error of 16.15 km. The centralization verification results for 23 typhoons and optimal path data in 2020 indicated a minimum average error of 12.71 km, a maximum average error of 18.56 km, and an annual average typhoon positioning error of 14.82 km. The positioning results for these two years suggest that the longitude obtained with the perturbation factor positioning method is satisfactory, exhibiting an error of less than 20 km.

Significance Statement

The purpose of this study is to help researchers make scientific discoveries and help the development of typhoon center location technology in the future. This is important because accurate positioning of typhoon center can provide effective help for typhoon path prediction and typhoon intensity determination.
European Antitrust Enforcement in the Digital Era: How It Started, How It’s Going, and the Risks Lying Ahead
Authors: Kontosakou Athena
Published: September 2022

The digitalization of economy, the proliferation of data collection, and the increased dependency of consumers on online services has brought about new ecosystems, new business models, and new, complex antitrust issues. Delineating the new remits of antitrust enforcement to tackle those issues is not an easy task. The present contribution discusses significant legislative and enforcement changes in Europe, both at Union and Member State level and identifies risks for the future of antitrust enforcement.
How (where) Does Music Background Hamper Driver Behaviour?
Authors: Brodsky Warren , Borowsky Avinoam
Published: September 2022

Objective

The current study examined the effects of music on Hazard Perception – a skill that serves as a proxy for safe driving.

Background

There is contradictory evidence whether or not music engagement leads to decremented driver performance and compromises traffic safety.

Method

In the study, 36 participants performed a standard Video-Based Hazard Perception Test under three aural conditions: Road and Traffic Sounds (RS); RS + Driver-Preferred Music; RS + Alternative Music.

Results

The results show no effect of aural backgrounds (including music) on the situation awareness portion of the driving task.

Conclusion

Music background might affect later stages of the driving task such as response selection and/or response execution (mitigation).

Application

The investigation of human factors related to vehicular control should include how (where) music might trigger failures in perception and/or behaviour.
Pressure prediction model in cross laminated timber manufacturing for low-quality lumber
Authors: Silva do Carmo Dalisson Peterson , Englund Karl , Li Hui
Published: September 2022

Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) has been considered a feasible and sustainable option as a building material for many building applications. However, lowering costs and the ability to use a wide spectrum of lower quality lamstock can be critical for this product growth. Off-spec timber often has a significant number of out-plane defects that prevent the lamstock from lying flat and creating an intimate bond between the corresponding CLT layers. This paper aims to introduce a mechanical model to estimate the amount of pressure that makes a warped lumber flat and allow proper contact for an adhesive bond. The difference between experimental and theoretical values were less than 5 kPa for most samples analyzed. The proposed model is an important step to allowing low-quality lumber associated with out-of-plane defects to be further explored by the wood industry in order to create new options for CLT feedstock. This is especially true when considering utilization of small diameter timber (SDT), which is often not considered a viable option for many CLT lamstocks. As a desired outcome, this could minimize losses and optimize industrial manufacturing by using low-quality materials that would positively impact the forest health and mitigate wildfires, while creating economic opportunities.
Numerical and analytical investigation of square timber columns confined with steel and carbon fiber reinforced polymer external jacket
Authors: Tabarestani Nima Pahlavannejad , Naghipour Morteza
Published: September 2022

This paper numerically investigated the timber confinement of columns with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) and steel tubes under axial compression. An elastic-plastic model with linear hardening, a CFRP hashin damage, and a timber damaged anisotropic elastic-plastic model, respectively, are used to simulate the inelastic behavior of the steel tube, CFRP layers, and timber core. In addition, a comprehensive numerical study was conducted using a wide range of cross-sections, thicknesses, lengths, and the number of CFRP layers developed to varying degrees (0, 45, and 90). To confirm the accuracy of the current FEM model, numerical data is compared to the experimental model’s final strengths, behavior, and failure mechanisms. Additionally, the ultimate strengths of timber-steel and CFRP are compared to various standards and design formulas. The results reveal that columns with thicker steel tubes and more CFRP layers have an average of about 42% and 12% greater load-bearing capacity and ductility. The degree of CFRP affected the load-bearing capacity of timber columns, which increased by around 10% from 45 to 90. In comparison to specimens with equal cross-sections and thickness, shorter specimens with greater cross-sections typically have 40% higher stiffness. According to parameter studies, the AISC 360-16 American standard design approaches can be safely extended to anticipate the ultimate strength of timber-steel columns. Meanwhile, both the ACI-440 and Ilki et al. design formula predictions are the most precise, particularly at 45° with high ultimate strength.
From Multiracialism to Africanization? Race, Politics, and Sport in Decolonizing Kenya
Authors: Moskowitz Kara
Published: September 2022

Throughout the 1950s, colonial Kenya experimented with multiracial governance – maintaining separate racial identities and instituting group political representation – as a strategy for protecting white supremacy. Though independence negotiations in 1960 ended political multiracialism, in cultural arenas, white sports officials – and their conservative allies in the International Olympic Committee – continued drawing on multiracialist ideologies to justify their disproportionate influence as heads of Kenya's sports organizations and as coaches. Kenyan sport during the midcentury thus reveals the unevenness and incompleteness of decolonization, as well as the specific means by which white settlers attempted to maintain power in the independent era. These efforts can be seen as part of a broader, global right-wing backlash to African nationalism. Though white Kenyans attempted to clutch onto power within the world of sport, Kenya's independent state actors intervened, nationalizing the sports administration and sidelining white-dominated institutions. While recent scholarship has examined African decolonization as a contested process, much of this work has centered on the formal mechanisms of transition. This article shows that, after political transition, sport became a new battleground of decolonization.
Injustices Implied in the Assisted Reproductive Technologies Market
Authors: Calleja Carlo
Published: September 2022

This article critiques the current theological basis that deems assisted reproductive technologies (ART) as immoral, namely that it dissociates the unitive act from procreation, and that it violates the dignity of the embryo. It is argued that notwithstanding the validity of these moral truths, these issues are of little relevance to couples facing childlessness. Three alternative views are then presented, all based on the injustices related to the ART market: (a) injustices that directly affect the couple and their offspring, (b) unfairness related to the commercial aspect of ART markets, and (c) the overall effects that impinge on society at large. Therefore, instead of burdening childless couples wanting to have children of their own with the culpability of sin for resorting to ART, one must rather make them aware that they are prey to the ART market while calling for better regulation of this system in order to mitigate these injustices. The article ends with some recommendations on how to address these injustices.
Adaptive fuzzy Lyapunov-based model predictive control for parallel platform driving simulators
Authors: Nguyen Manh Cuong , Nguyen Nhu Toan , Bui Duy Nam , Nguyen Tung Lam
Published: September 2022

The paper proposes an adaptive Lyapunov-based nonlinear model predictive control (MPC) to cope with the problems in nonlinear systems subjecting to system constraints and unknown disturbances of the parallel car driving simulator. Commonly, standard nonlinear controllers could guarantee the overall system stability for the parallel structure. However, the constraints tend to impact the control performance and stability adversely. Therefore, MPC plays a vital role in the proposed technique to explicitly consider all the practical constraints and simultaneously enhance the system’s robustness. Nevertheless, the accuracy of the modeling process has a significant effect on the MPC performance, and thus, the convergence cannot be guaranteed in the presence of the model uncertainties. To overcome this problem, by the merit of the fuzzy adaptive law, the control system takes the disturbances and unmodelled parameters into account. Moreover, the feasibility and stability of the approach, which is the fundamental problem of MPC, are ensured according to the Lyapunov-based nonlinear controller, backstepping aggregated with sliding mode control (SMC), and hence inherit advantages of these controls. Simulation results show the efficiency and superior constituted controllers of the proposed method.
Distributed time cooperative control of multi-missile systems via second-order sliding mode
Authors: Zhang Xue , Chen Jiancheng
Published: September 2022

Aiming at intercepting hidden aerial targets, a distributed time cooperative system of decoy-attacker heterogeneous missiles is provided. The decoy missiles of the system constrain a hidden target to maneuver. After the target is fully exposed, the decoy missiles will cooperate with the attacker missiles to achieve cooperative interception via sliding mode time cooperative guidance law. Then, a super-twisting second-order sliding mode control eliminates the chattering problem of sliding mode control, and the attacking time convergence of guidance law is verified by the Lyapunov function. Finally, simulation results show that the cooperative system can completely distribute time cooperation in expected conditions and has a good performance in cooperative attacks with an effective interception.
The Impact of COVID-19, Mental Health Distress, and School-Based Sociocultural Protective Factors among Elementary-Aged Children and their Caregivers
Authors: Goodwin Aijah K. B. , Roberson Anthony J. , Watson Ar’Reon , Chen Grace L. , Long Anna C. J.
Published: September 2022

Given the individual and systemic stress endured by children and families during the COVID-19 pandemic, research examining culturally responsive school experiences and supports to enhance resilience is critical. This study examined the relationship between caregivers’ perceptions of COVID-19 impact, mental health distress among children and caregivers, and school-based sociocultural protective factors, including culturally responsive practices in schools and the relationships between teachers and caregivers, concurrently and longitudinally. Data were collected from caregivers of elementary-aged children at two-time points from March to April 2020 ( N = 174) and one year later in 2021 ( N = 114). Regression analyses revealed that COVID-19 impact positively predicted and parent-teacher joining negatively predicted mental health concerns among children and families, concurrently and longitudinally. Furthermore, there was a positive relationship between caregivers’ perceptions of teachers’ social awareness and justice practices and mental health symptoms for children in 2020. Parent-teacher joining longitudinally moderated the relationship between COVID-19 impact and caregivers’ mental health concerns. This study provides implications regarding sociocultural resilience factors that should be considered in schools amidst the COVID-19 pandemic.
Relaxation and creep response of the alveolar lung to diagnosis and treatments for respiratory and lung disorders
Authors: Mortazavy Beni Hamidreza , Mortazavi Hamed , Paul Gunther
Published: September 2022

Background

The lung Extracellular Matrix (ECM) contains a considerable part of the parenchymal cells. It contains three essential components: elastin and collagen within a proteoglycan (PG) viscoelastic network. Elastin provides the lung’s elasticity property, a necessity for normal breathing, while collagen prepares structural support and strength, and PGs give stability and cushioning within tissue loading. Bacterial and viral respiratory diseases are dependent on changes in the ECM ingredients, which result in an alteration of the lung tissue strength.

Purpose

In the present study, this variation was investigated by changing the volume ratio of the ECM ingredients in the viscoelastic model.

Results

As a result, the relaxation curves continuously declined by reducing the volume ratios of elastin, collagen, and PGs; subsequently, the lung stiffness decreased. Also, the Standard Linear Solid (SLS) model-based results demonstrated excellent accordance with empirical data with only minor deviations. The resting relaxation modulus and the creep modulus for the ECM tissue were 51 kPa and approximately 0.02 kPa, respectively, and the maximum total modulus of elasticity reached 121 kPa.

Conclusions

Moreover, this model demonstrates individual alveolar mechanical behaviours and adds another pathway to the generalized Kelvin-Voigt and Maxwell models in predicting the progress of lung diseases.
Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage: a retrospective single-center study of 372 patients
Authors: Handke Nikolaus A , Ollig Annika , Attenberger Ulrike I , Luetkens Julian A , Faron Anton , Pieper Claus C , Schmeel Frederic C , Kupczyk Patrick A , Meyer Carsten , Kuetting Daniel
Published: September 2022

Background

Complication rates in percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) are non-uniform and vary considerably. In addition, the impact of peri-procedural risk factors is under-investigated.

Purpose

To compare success and complication rates of PTBD in patients with and without accompanying technical risk factors.

Material and Methods

A single-center retrospective study was conducted from January 2004 to December 2016. Patients receiving PTBD due to biliary obstruction or biliary leakage were included. Technical risk factors (non-distended bile ducts, ascites, obesity, anasarca, non-compliance) were assessed. Complications were classified according to the Society of Interventional Radiology.

Results

In total, 372 patients were included (57.3% men, 42.7% women; mean age = 66 years). Overall, 466 PTBDs were performed. Of the patients, 70.1% presented with malignancy and biliary obstruction; 26.8% had benign biliary obstruction; 3.1% had biliary leakage. Technical risk factors were reported in 57 (15.3%) patients. Overall technical success of initial PTBD was 98.7%, primary technical success was 97.9%. In patients with non-dilatated bile ducts, primary technical success was 68.2%. Overall complication rate was 15.0% (8.1% major complications, 6.9% minor complications). Neither major nor minor complications were more frequent in patients with technical risk factors ( P > 0.05). In left-sided PTBD, hemorrhage was more frequent ( P = 0.015). Patients with malignancy were significantly more affected by drainage-related complications ( P = 0.004; odds ratio = 2.03). The mortality rate was 0.5% (n = 2).

Conclusion

PTBD is a safe and effective method for the treatment of biliary obstruction and biliary leaks. Complication rates are low, even in procedures with risk factors.
More on realism, phenomenology, and causation, in reply to Cheng
Authors: Rose David
Published: September 2022

First, I agree with Cheng that the argument from illusions to indirect realism is controversial, especially as to what is meant by “realism,” “veridical,” and “sense data” and the background assumptions underlying them. I provide a finer specification of some of the sub-movements that were the specific concerns of my previous article, particularly phenomenology as it currently sees itself in perception research, and the relevance of illusions. Perception has turned out to be far more complex than traditional philosophy realized, as has been revealed by recent research in neuroscience and psychophysics. Lastly, I answer Cheng’s question about the “causal exclusion argument” by suggesting it is obviated by the temporal substructure of metaphysical states, and I provide a detailed supporting case in Supplementary Material .
Vibration based fault diagnostics in a wind turbine planetary gearbox using machine learning
Authors: Amin Abdelrahman , Bibo Amin , Panyam Meghashyam , Tallapragada Phanindra
Published: September 2022

To reduce wind turbine operations and maintenance costs, we present a machine learning framework for early damage detection in gearboxes based on the cyclostationary and kurtogram analysis of sensor data. The application focus is fault diagnostics in gearboxes under varying load conditions, particularly turbulent wind. Faults in the gearbox rotating components can leave their signatures in vibrations signals measured by accelerometers. We analyze data stemming from a simulated vibration response of a 5 MW multibody wind turbine model in a healthy and damaged scenarios and under different wind conditions. With cyclostationary and kurtogram analysis applied on acquired sensor data, we generate two types of 2D maps that highlight signatures related to the fault damage. Using these maps, convolutional neural networks are trained to identify faults, including those of small magnitude, in test data with a high accuracy. Benchmark test cases inspired by an NREL study are tested and faults successfully detected.
Experimental evaluation of the influence of combined particle size pretreatment and Fe3O4 additive on fuel yields of Arachis Hypogea shells
Authors: Olatunji Kehinde O , Madyira Daniel M , Ahmed Noor A , Ogunkunle Oyetola
Published: September 2022

A smart energy recovery process can achieve maximum energy recovery from organic wastes. Pretreatment of feedstock is essential to biogas and methane yields during the anaerobic digestion process. This work combined particle size reduction with Fe3O4 nanoparticles to investigate their influence on biogas and methane yields from anaerobic digestion of Arachis hypogea shells. Twenty milligrams per litre of Fe3O4 nanoparticles was implemented with 2, 4, 6 and 8 mm particle sizes and a single treatment of Fe3O4 for 35 days. The treatments were compared with each other and were discovered to significantly ( p < 0.05) enhance biogas yield by 37.40%, 50.10%, 54.40%, 51.40% and 35.50% compared with control, respectively. Specific biogas yield recorded was 966.2, 1406, 1552.7, 1317.4, 766.2 and 413 mL g−1 volatile solid. This study showed the combination of Fe3O4 with 6 mm particle size of Arachis hypogea shells produced the optimum biogas and methane yields. The addition of Fe3O4 to particle sizes below 6 mm resulted in over-accumulation of volatile fatty acids and lowered the gas yield. This can be applied on an industrial scale.
Problems associated with vermicomposting of dog excrement in practice using Eisenia andrei
Authors: Hřebečková Tereza , Králíková Natálie , Hanč Aleš , Wiesnerová Lucie
Published: September 2022

One 25-kg dog produces about 500 g of excrement per day. Excrement is a potentially hazardous material, as it may contain pathogenic microorganisms. Our samples were tested for the presence of thermotolerant coliform bacteria, Enterococcus spp., Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp., which are indicators of faecal contamination, as well as for the presence of helminths and their eggs. During the experiment, it was observed whether these microorganisms could be eliminated by vermicomposting. There were two variants of vermicomposting piles: one test pile (with continuous feeding) and one control pile (with a single feeding). The vermicomposting process was run in outdoor conditions in park for 51 weeks using Eisenia andrei earthworms. The vermicomposting of dog excrement with waste from park maintenance (1:2) can produce a good quality fertiliser. During the process of vermicomposting, there was a gradual decrease in the content of pathogenic bacteria. At the end of the vermicomposting process, there were no eggs or adult helminths. The vermicompost was very rich in microorganisms and enzymatic activity. The pH value was slightly alkaline, and the C:N ratio corresponded to value of mature vermicompost.
“Upload Your Impact”: Can Digital Enclaves Enable Participation in Racialized Markets?
Authors: Brouard Myriam , Brunk Katja H. , Campana Mario , Dalmoro Marlon , Ferreira Marcia Christina , Figueiredo Bernardo , Scaraboto Daiane , Sibai Olivier , Smith Andrew N. , Belkhir Meriam
Published: September 2022

Ethnoracial minorities are often racialized and consequently excluded from various consumption contexts. Racialized market actors strive to overcome exclusion and gain participation in markets; however, these efforts are often insufficient because they cannot create equitable access to market resources, fair opportunities for voice, and empowerment to shape market practices. This research identifies digital enclave movements as a unique means by which racialized market actors redirect their resources and mobilize digital network tools to participate in markets. Using a qualitative study of the digital enclave #MyBlackReceipt, the authors explore tactics supporting the formation and sustenance of digital enclaves and how they support participation in markets. The authors identify five tactics that racialized market actors employ to foster digital enclaves and enhance market participation: legitimizing, delimiting, vitalizing, manifesting, and bridging. Last, the authors provide recommendations for policy makers on how to support and foster more equitable participation of ethnic minority groups in markets while addressing the risks of radicalization and the backlash related to enclaves.
The gender blindness of the education 5.0 framework: An obstruction to promotion opportunities for female academics in Zimbabwe
Authors: Muchabaiwa Wonder , Chauraya Efiritha
Published: September 2022

This study explores the implications for the Education 5.0 framework on promotion opportunities for female academics in Zimbabwean universities. The framework emphasises research, lecturing, community service, innovation and industrialisation as job performance areas for a university lecturer. The qualitative research adopted a multi-case study design and purposively sampled 24 female lecturers from two universities in Zimbabwe. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, focus group discussions and analysis of official documents like staff-list records and research repositories. The study reveals that the expectations of the Education 5.0 framework are gender blind and tend to obstruct the promotion opportunities for female academics. Lack of funding in research activities, training in scientific writing, functional innovation hubs as well as the burden of domestic chores were the main obstacles to female academics’ promotion chances. The study recommends provision of research funds, training in scientific writing and establishing functional innovation hubs to fully operationalise the Education 5.0 framework.
Using Google Trends Data to Learn More About Survey Participation
Authors: Gummer Tobias , Oehrlein Anne-Sophie
Published: September 2022

As response rates continue to decline, the need to learn more about the survey participation process remains an important task for survey researchers. Search engine data may be one possible source for learning about what information some potential respondents are looking up about a survey when they are making a participation decision. In the present study, we explored the potential of search engine data for learning about survey participation and how it can inform survey design decisions. We drew on freely available Google Trends (GT) data to learn about the use of Google Search with respect to our case study: participation in the Family Research and Demographic Analysis (FReDA) panel survey. Our results showed that some potential respondents were using Google Search to gather information on the FReDA survey. We also showed that the additional data obtained via GT can help survey researchers to discover topics of interest to respondents and geographically stratified search patterns. Moreover, we introduced different approaches for obtaining data via GT, discussed the challenges that come with these data, and closed with practical recommendations on how survey researchers might utilize GT data to learn about survey participation.
Range and consistency of gastrointestinal outcomes reported in peritoneal dialysis trials: A systematic review
Authors: Hayat Ashik , Walker Rachael C , Viecelli Andrea K , Manera Karine E , Jaure Allison , Krishnasamy Rathika , Pascoe Elaine M , Cho Yeoungjee , Johnson David W
Published: September 2022

Background:

Gastrointestinal (GI) health is considered vital to the success of peritoneal dialysis (PD) and is critically important to patients, caregivers and clinicians. However, the multiplicity of GI outcome measures in trials undermines the ability to evaluate the frequency, impact and treatment of GI symptoms in patients receiving PD. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the range and consistency of GI outcomes reported in contemporary PD trials.

Study design:

Systematic review.

Setting and population:

Individuals with kidney failure requiring PD.

Selection criteria:

All randomised controlled trials involving patients on PD, identified from the PUBMED, EMBASE and COCHRANE Central Registry of controlled Trials (CENTRAL) database, from January 2010 to July 2022.

Interventions:

Any PD-related intervention.

Outcomes:

The frequency and characteristics of GI outcome measures were analysed and classified.

Results:

Of the 324 eligible PD trials, GI outcomes were only reported in 61 (19%) trials, mostly as patient-reported outcomes (45 trials; 74%). The most frequently reported outcomes were nausea in 27 (43%), diarrhoea in 26 (43%), vomiting in 22 (36%), constipation in 21 (34%) and abdominal pain in 19 (31%) of trials. PD peritonitis was the primary non-GI outcome reported in 24 (40%) trials, followed by death in 13 (21%) trials) and exit-site infection in 9 (15%) trials). Across all trials, 172 GI outcome measures were extracted and grouped into 29 different outcomes. Nausea and diarrhoea contributed to 16% and 15% of GI outcomes, respectively, while vomiting, constipation and abdominal pain contributed to 13%, 12% and 12%, respectively. Most (90%) GI outcomes were patient-reported adverse effects with no defined metrics. Faecal microbiome was reported as the primary study outcome in 3 (100%) trials using the subjective global assessment score, GI symptom rating scale and faecal microbiological and biochemical analysis. Two trials reported nausea as a primary study outcome using symptom assessment score (SAS) and kidney disease quality of life-short-form-36. One trial each reported anorexia and abdominal pain as the primary study outcome using SAS. Bowel habits, constipation and stool type were also reported as the primary study outcome in one trial each using the Bristol stool form scale. GI bleeding was reported as the secondary outcome in three (37%) out of eight trials reporting it.

Limitations:

Restricted sampling frame to focus on contemporary trials.

Conclusions:

Despite the clinical importance of GI outcomes among patients on PD, they are reported in only 19% of PD trials, using inconsistent metrics, often as patient-reported adverse events. Efforts to standardise GI outcome reporting are critical to optimising comparability, reliability and value of trial evidence to improve outcomes for patients receiving PD.
Analysis of the general tool life function of cutting tools by application of the catastrophe theory
Authors: Pálmai Zoltán , Kundrák János , Felhő Csaba
Published: September 2022

Production technology planning requires information on tool life T and its relation to cutting speed v. These technological parameters fundamentally affect the economics of the operation of the entire production system. The aim of the present study is to investigate the v-T relationship under technological conditions where this relationship cannot be described by the methods used so far – typically the Taylor formula. As the Taylor formula often cannot be linearized on an log-log scale, a general tool life function has been developed for describing a v-T function with a convex-concave part. The function was validated by the boring of hardened ball bearing rings with the technological data D = 45, 75 and 100 mm, ap = 0.14 mm, fz = 0.005 mm/rev. The general v-T tool life function has been transformed into a quadratic polynomial known in catastrophe theory as cusp catastrophe and allows the description of abrupt changes in the system under study. Using catastrophe theory, an analogy is established between the general tool life function and the cusp catastrophe, allowing topological mapping of the general v-T function. Results were verified by machinability tests in the turning of C35 and C60 conventional and specially deoxidized C-steels during steelmaking. Cutting tests were performed on specimens with a diameter of Dexp = 76 mm and a length of L = 700 mm at a speed of v = 100, 150, 200 m/min and a carbide tool of category P20. It was found that in the convex-concave section of this function, 2–3 cutting speeds can be selected for a given tool life, which is advantageous for harmonizing tool changes in multi-operation technology.
Experimental investigation of 2D-SnS2 hexagonal nanosheets as lubricating additive in the microextrusion process
Authors: Nanthakumar Sivasamy , Thangaraju Dheivasigamani , Avinash Kumar Rajendra Kumar
Published: September 2022

Micro parts have become inevitable nowadays for a large number of applications in the areas such as space technology, medical science, nano technology, and electronics. This creates a significant need to develop new techniques, and machine tools for micro manufacturing. In the micromanufacturing process, the interfacial friction between the forming tool and the workpiece is uncertain. It has a significant impact on process workability, which is a key factor in material formability. In the current work microtribological behavior of hexagonal 2D-SnS2 nanosheets as lubricating additives is investigated. Upon the usage of nanoadditive lubricant in the extrusion of micro stepped pin, the extrusion force reduced significantly. Due to the presence of nanoadditives an increased surface quality in the extrudates was observed and it was further justified in the surface roughness results. The raise in temperature leads to more uniform hardness, with a significant reduction of coefficient of variation along with improved material formability. This research work provides a deeper understanding of the characteristics of nanoadditive lubricant and its tribological behavior in the microextrusion process.
Press-fit analysis of multilayer interference fit
Authors: Wang Xingyuan , Wang Yue , Zhang Lixun , Lou Zhifeng
Published: September 2022

Multilayer interference fits are widely used in the machinery industry, and their performance is closely related to assembly quality. Press-fit is the primary assembly method. The pre-deformation of the previous assembly step can significantly affect the stress distribution (stress concentration) and pressing force in subsequent assembly steps. Therefore, the wear degree of the contact interface and the assembly quality of the components are affected by the assembly sequence. The multilayer thick-walled cylinder theory (MTCT) cannot realize the accurate analysis of stress distribution and pressing force during assembly. Therefore, this paper optimizes the MTCT considering the resistant force generated by the non-contact regions and proposes an assembly matrix generation algorithm and an assembly sequence optimization algorithm. Compared with the simulation analysis, the optimized theoretical model can be used for the analysis of the stress distribution and pressing force of multilayer interference components. The analysis accuracy is significantly improved compared with MTCT. The optimal assembly sequence determined by the proposed algorithm is consistent with simulation results.
A simulation on door-closing dynamics of a SUV vehicle
Authors: Liu Yichi , Li Junquan , Xia Qi , Xu Yuanli
Published: September 2022

With the rapid development of the automobile industry, automobile manufacturers begin to pay more attention to NVH (Noise, Vibration, Harshness). The sound of car closing the door is one of the characteristics of NVH. Therefore, it is of great significance to analyze and improve the door closing sound quality of cars to improve the comprehensive performance of automobile. The dynamic characteristics of car door closing can indirectly reflect the sound quality of car door closing. In this paper, firstly, a finite element model of a quarter of car body with the complete structure of door, window and sealing system was established by HyperMesh software. Secondly, stress-strain tests of sealing strip were performed, and their data were input into the hyperelastic material setting in ABAQUS for selecting the most suitable strain energy function. Thirdly, the sealing strip model was introduced into ABAQUS, a simulation of reaction force and compression displacement on the sealing strip was performed by ABAQUS to generate the sealing strip CLD curve, and be verified by test. Fourthly, the finite element model was introduced into ABAQUS, the Y-direction (rightward direction from driver) acceleration of the three specified points at door closing, such as the upper corner of the door, the midpoint of the window and the body points on the B-pillar, were studied numerically. Finally, their Y-direction jitter acceleration were studied numerically and experimentally. The results showed that the relative error between calculated and experimental maximum values of Y-direction jitter acceleration at three specified points at door closing is less than 5.5%, and the acceleration attenuation trend is consistent with the test.
Numerical simulation of hybrid nanofluid (Cu/Al2O3-water) flow in a porous enclosure with heated corners and non-Fourier heat flux
Authors: Vijayalakshmi Periaswamy , Sivaraj Ramachandran
Published: September 2022

The current model manifests the characteristics of hybrid nanofluid (copper/aluminium oxide-water) flow within an enclosure saturated with a porous medium by adopting the non-Fourier heat flux model. In this model, the permeable enclosure is deemed to be heated by a four-sided corner heater. Besides the corners, the centre region of the upper and lower walls of the square enclosure is thermally insulated whereas the centre region of the left and right walls maintains an invariant temperature. The momentum and energy equations with boundary conditions are dimensionalized by using the appropriate non-similar quantities. The nondimensionalized governing equations along with the boundary conditions are solved by adopting the marker and cell technique. The present results are in good accordance with the earlier literature results which indicates that the adopted scheme is computationally significant. The pertinent parameters that arise from the flow field equations such as heat generation/absorption parameter, thermal relaxation parameter, Darcy number, Rayleigh number, length of constant/adiabatic temperature portion, and length of heat source position are visualized through streamlines and isotherms. Results indicate that the magnifications in the heat generation parameter have the propensity to amplify the local heat transfer rate. An amplification in the thermal relaxation parameter enhances the heat transfer rate. The impact of the cold and hot regions of the enclosure notably influences the fluid temperature within the enclosure. The strength of the streamlines is slightly lessened by enhancing the Darcy number. Natural convective hybrid nanofluid flow inside the porous cavity has a vital role in various engineering and industrial processes, for instance, extrusion of polymers and aerodynamic extrusion.
Latest research and developments of ceramic reinforced magnesium matrix composites—A comprehensive review
Authors: Bharathi P , Sampath kumar T
Published: September 2022

High-performance lightweight materials give rise to a demand for magnesium-based composites. Magnesium metal matrix composites have found extensive applications in the aerospace and automotive industries due to their remarkable mechanical properties. Limitations in dispersion, strength, and interface strength of magnesium-based composites are seen through the addition of some hybrid reinforcements and different fabrication techniques. In this regard, previous studies have demonstrated the ability of various reinforcements such as graphene, carbon nano tubes, silicon carbide, and titanium carbide to a magnesium matrix for the enhancement of its metallurgical properties. There are still several challenges in the development of magnesium metal matrix composites, such as non-homogeneous distribution, poor creep resistance at elevated temperatures, limited cold work ability, and low corrosion resistance. The challenges that need to be overcome and suggestion for improving the wear resistance and frictional properties of magnesium metal matrix composites were studied and discussed. This review evaluates the importance of different reinforcement percentages as well as the development of magnesium metal matrix composites. The different types of fabrication techniques that are well suited to overcome the challenges of poor dispersing, non-homogeneous distribution, interfacial problems, and poor wettability are discussed. Microstructure analysis, the agglomerating effect, and matrix bonding strength are also discussed. The challenges and future scope of research are discussed for the demonstration of the importance of more scientific studies in magnesium metal matrix composites.