bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crossing Germany’s Iron Curtain
Authors: Kind-Kovács Friederike
Published: December 2014

In recent years, historians have slowly lost interest in depicting the Cold War as a unique ideological contest between the “real existing” socialist East and the capitalist West. In this spirit, this text examines the social practice of literary transfers, i.e., the exchange of literary works across borders. These transfers sought to physically restore an unraveled Europe that had come about as a result of the ideological and often personal division of Europe’s (and Germany’s) populations. Focusing on the practice of literary transfers across the Iron Curtain permits us to understand borders as symbolic spaces of the Cold War, although they had supposedly been hermetically sealed. Current research on opposition movements in Cold War Europe is still dominated by the widespread notion that oppositional phenomena in thegdrrepresent a research area distinct from other oppositional movements in the Eastern bloc. Possibly due to Germany’s singular dividedness, this perception has often led to individual studies of oppositional phenomena, especially in the literary field, in the formergdr, thereby obscuring parallels in Central and Eastern Europe. As a critical response, this text distances itself from the division of the Soviet bloc’s cultural history into irreconcilable geographical subareas. In doing so, it exemplifies literary transfers both across the German-German border as well as across the East-West Iron Curtain.
Making Relations, Breaking Relations
Authors: de Huszar Allen Marguerite
Published: December 2014

French-Hungarian relations reached a high point in the aftermath of the 1896 Millennium Celebration in Budapest. But by 1910, prospects for rapprochement had faded. The article explores the genesis of the rupture in relations that manifested itself in the Treaty of Trianon. It investigates events from two new perspectives: first, the career of French consul general Viscount de Fontenay before and during his stay in Budapest (1906–1912); second, the founding of the Revue de Hongrie along with its early years of publication. Fontenay began the Revue in March 1908 as a diplomatic initiative supported by the intellectual elites of France and Hungary and their governments. It was a monthly journal written entirely in French with subscriptions from individuals as well as prestigious universities, colleges, and libraries in Europe, North America, Australia, and Asia. This article explores relations between the two countries as reflected in the political landscape and the contents of the Revue. Finally, as a contribution to the previously neglected history of international cultural relations, this article identifies the key issue: there is no pure cultural diplomacy. It strives to use the frequently overlapping terms of this emerging field in such a way that the context in which they appear helps to clarify their meaning.
Bridge Guard
Authors: Metykova Monika
Published: December 2014

This article concentrates on an artist-in-residence project that is linked to the Mária Valéria Bridge on the border between Slovakia and Hungary. The article traces the history of the bridge and of the ethnically mixed populations living on the opposite sides of the Danube River that the bridge connects in order to suggest the complexity of the cross-border relationships in this particular corner of Europe. In more recent decades relationships between Hungarians and Slovaks have been influenced by national populist politics exercised on both sides of the Danube after the fall of communism in the late 1980s. The consequence of such politics is a narrow understanding of “national” interests and “national” culture that prevents a more open, more cosmopolitan approach to the relationship among the ethnic groups living in the area. The long-awaited and often delayed rebuilding of the Mária Valéria Bridge is symbolic of the shortcomings of the “national container” approach. A more cosmopolitan outlook is opened up by a transnational artistic project that is—perhaps not surprisingly—largely ignored by cultural and political elites in Slovakia and in Hungary. Bridge Guard was launched in 2004 and continues to attract artists from around the world whose art works are intended to “build virtual bridges to protect the real bridge.”
Ogyges Kaup, a flightless genus of Passalidae (Coleoptera) from Mesoamerica: nine new species, a key to identify species, and a novel character to support its monophyly
Authors: CANO ENIO B.
Published: December 2014

Nine new species of Ogyges Kaup (Coleoptera: Passalidae) from the mountainous cloud forests of Mesoamerica are described: O. handali new species and O. menchuae new species from Guatemala; O. cavei new species, O. laurae new species, O. llama new species, O. mutenroshii new species, O. ratcliffei new species, and O. toriyamai new species from Honduras; and O. sandinoi new species from Nicaragua, the first objective record of the genus for this country. A key to the adult Ogyges is included. The work also shows that Ogyges possesses an exclusive autapomorphy: a trituberculate suprainternal tooth of each mandible (one long and wide apical tubercle and two connected, small, almost conical, basal tubercles). This character state is found in all known Ogyges species and is proposed as a synapomorphy that supports the monophyly of the genus.
The Attribution of Land–Atmosphere Interactions on the Seasonal Predictability of Drought
Authors: Roundy Joshua K. , Wood Eric F.
Published: December 2014

Drought has significant social and economic impacts that could be reduced by preparations made possible through seasonal prediction. During the convective season, when the potential of extreme drought is the highest, the soil moisture can provide a means of improved predictability through land–atmosphere interactions. In the past decade, there has been a significant amount of work aimed at better understanding the predictability of land–atmosphere interactions. One such approach classifies the interactions between the land and the atmosphere into coupling states. The coupling states have been shown to be persistent and were used to demonstrate the existence of strong biases in the coupling of the NCEP Climate Forecast System, version 2 (CFSv2). In this work, the attribution of the coupling state on the seasonal prediction of precipitation and temperature and the extent to which the bias in the coupling state hinders the prediction of drought is analyzed. This analysis combines the predictions from statistical models with the predictions from CFSv2 as a means to isolate and attribute the predictability. The results indicate that the intermountain region is a hotspot for seasonal prediction because of local persistence of initial conditions. In addition, the local persistence of initial conditions provides some level of drought prediction; however, accounting for the spatial interactions provides a more complete prediction. Furthermore, the statistical models provide more skillful predictions of precipitation during drought than the CFSv2; however, the CFSv2 predictions are more skillful for daily maximum temperature during drought. The implication, limitations, and extensions of this work are also discussed.
Evaluation of Drifter Salinities in the Subtropical North Atlantic
Authors: Hormann Verena , Centurioni Luca R. , Reverdin Gilles
Published: December 2014

Salinity measurements from drifters constitute an important in situ dataset for the calibration and validation of the sea surface salinity satellite missions. A total of 114 satellite-tracked salinity drifters were deployed within the framework of the first Salinity Processes in the Upper Ocean Regional Study (SPURS) experiment in the subtropical North Atlantic focusing on the period August 2012–April 2014. In this study, a subset of 83 drifters, which provided useful salinity measurements in the central SPURS region from a few weeks to more than one year, is evaluated and an ad hoc quality-control procedure based on previously published work and the new observations is described. It was found that the sampling algorithm of the drifters introduces a predominantly fresh bias in the noise level of the salinity data, probably caused by the presence of air bubbles within the measuring cell. Since such noise is difficult to eliminate using statistical methods, extensive editing was done manually instead. Such quality-control procedures cannot be routinely applied to the real-time data stream from the drifters. Therefore, a revision of the sampling algorithm of the drifter’s salinity sensor is needed. Comparisons of the drifter’s salinity measurements with independent datasets further indicate that the sensor can provide reliable observations for up to one year. Finally, little evidence was found that the quality of the drifter’s salinity measurements depends on the presence of the drogue.
Impact of vitamin D replacement in patients with normocalcaemic and hypercalcaemic primary hyperparathyroidism and coexisting vitamin D deficiency
Authors: Das Gautam , Eligar Vinay , Govindan Jyothish , Bondugulapati LNR , Okosieme Onyebuchi , Davies Steve
Published: December 2014

Background

Vitamin D deficiency is increasingly recognized in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism but some clinicians are reluctant to replace vitamin D due to concerns with aggravating hypercalcaemia. We investigated the impact of vitamin D repletion in asymptomatic patients with normocalcaemic and hypercalcaemic primary hyperparathyroidism.

Methods

This is a retrospective analysis of 111 patients with elevated parathyroid hormone concentrations (>6.4 pmol/L) referred to our endocrine clinic between January and December 2012; we identified 39 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and vitamin D deficiency, i.e. 25 hydroxy vitamin D <20  µg/L. Patients were categorized into normocalcaemic (n = 23) and hypercalcaemic (n = 16) groups and the impact on biochemical parameters was recorded after at least six months treatment with either 1600 or 3200 units daily of cholecalciferol.

Results

Both normocalcaemic and hypercalcaemic groups showed a rise in 25 hydroxy vitamin D concentrations after replacement (p <0.0001). Parathyroid hormone concentrations fell in the normocalcaemic group (p = 0.08) but individually, five patients showed a rise (8–38% of baseline). In the hypercalcaemic group, parathyroid hormone remained static but the adjusted calcium concentration fell significantly (p = 0.006) except in two patients who showed mild rises (3 and 6%, respectively). There was no deterioration in renal function or calcium-related adverse events in any of the groups.

Conclusions

Our study supports the safety of vitamin D replacement in patients with mild asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism and coexistent vitamin D deficiency. Repletion does not aggravate hypercalcaemia and may limit disease progression. Patients with normocalcaemic primary hyperparathyroidism need further characterization from longitudinal studies.
Teachers’ Mindsets: “Every Student has Something to Teach Me”
Authors: Dweck Carol
Published: December 2014

A new teacher’s mindset may have more to do with her success than her natural teaching talent. When she feels overwhelmed, her mindset will determine whether she gives up or sticks with it. This article includes insights from a new teacher about how her mindset helped her through the tough days of her first year.
Make Friends with Student Data
Authors: Kajitani Alex
Published: December 2014

Student data is more than just test scores. This article explains what data is, why it matters, and how teachers can use it.
Pop Quiz: Professional Learning
Authors: Clement Mary C.
Published: December 2014

Some say that the professional learning that new teachers receive at the beginning of their careers is the most timely. This quiz assesses what readers know about that phase of professional learning and what resources might be available to them.
Why I Teach
Authors: Peterson Anna
Published: December 2014

This life skills teacher explains why she teaches, despite drawbacks like long days and low pay.
Trust and quality of life: A cross-sectional study of young women
Authors: Salehi Asiyeh , Harris Neil , Coyne Elisabeth , Sebar Bernadette
Published: December 2014

Background:

Trust is increasingly identified as a psychosocial determinant of well-being. However the relationship between trust and well-being outcomes has not been comprehensively examined, particularly in socially and economically transitioning countries such as Iran and among young women.

Aims:

This cross-sectional study examined the association between trust and the quality of life of young Iranian women.

Methods:

A total of 391 young Iranian women aged between 18 and 35 years ( M: 27.3, standard deviation ( SD): 4.8) were recruited through cluster convenience sampling to participate in this cross-sectional study. The measures used included the ‘Trust scale’ adapted from the British General Household Survey (GHS) Social Capital scale, and the Persian version of the WHOQOL-BREF (World Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaire - brief version).

Results:

The participants ( n = 391, mean age of 27 years) reported a relatively low level of trust. For the participants, trust was positively associated with better quality of life ( r = .24, p value: .01). The findings also showed that there is a significant difference between socio-demographic factors such as the level of religiosity, occupation and income with the domains of trust.

Conclusion:

Policies are needed to improve participation and reciprocity at the level of individuals and informal social groups, including local to broader communities in order to increase the sense of community belonging, improving trust and consequently quality of life.
Pore structure of the phenolic porous material and its mechanical property
Authors: Yang Tao , Dong Yan , Li Xiangyuan , Zhang Junying , Cheng Jue
Published: December 2014

To enlarge the knowledge about the control methods of pore size of phenolic porous material and to know the effect of pore size on its mechanical property, experiments were carried out. On the basis of the theory of bubble nucleation, large stirring speed can overcome the surface energy of bubble formation and the nucleating agent can provide a large number of nucleation sites for foaming system. We adopted the methods of accelerating the stirring rate and adding nucleating agent to improve bubble nucleation. Pore size, size distribution and the effects of stirring speed and nucleating agent concentration on them were investigated by scanning electron microscope and computerized image analysis program. Results showed that with the increase of stirring speed, the mean pore size decreases from 246 to 138 µm and the structural homogeneity of phenolic porous material was improved obviously. The nucleating agent has a great effect on the pore structure and optimal amount (5%) at which the pore size is small in level of micrometer and has a good distribution. In addition, the compression testing was carried out by Universal Testing Machine and the test results suggested that the change of micrometer pore structure improves the compression strength of porous material effectively.
Composite sandwich panel with multifunction of load bearing, heat insulation, and thermal protection
Authors: Yin Changping , Zheng Qing , Zeng Jingcheng , Yang Jinshui , Xiao Jiayu
Published: December 2014

Integrative sandwich panels with multifunction of load bearing, thermal protection, and heat insulation are manufactured through co-injection resin transfer molding process. These panels have a polymethacrylimide foam core for heat insulation and two composite layers made of carbon/epoxy for load bearing and carbon/phenolic for thermal protection. In co-injection resin transfer molding process, the epoxy resin and phenolic resin are synchronously injected and cured in order to make integrative structures and improve the properties of the interface between different layers. The influence of main factors in the process of co-injection is investigated: the vacuum assistance is indispensable to improve the efficiency of manufacture and guarantee the properties of the products, volume fraction of carbon fiber plays the main role in determining size accuracy of the product, adjusting injection pressure is a simple and efficient way to adjust the infusion time of resin, while injection temperature has smaller influence in the features of manufacture. The mechanical properties of sandwich panels manufactured through co-injection resin transfer molding process and multi-step process are tested and compared to validate the advantage of the co-injection resin transfer molding process. The test shows that the in-plane compressive strength, three-point flexural strength, and interface shear strength are all improved by the co-injection resin transfer molding process. Co-injection resin transfer molding process is proved to be a feasible and efficient way to manufacture the integrative sandwich panel with good interface features.
Prenatal diagnosis of colpocephaly with absent corpus callosum
Authors: Ansary Althaf , Manjunatha CM , Ibhanesebhor Samuel
Published: December 2014

Colpocephaly is a rare abnormality of the brain, described as persistence of primitive foetal configuration of lateral ventricles. It has been found in association with several abnormalities of the brain. Herein we report a case of colpocephaly with absent corpus callosum, confirmed antenatally with foetal MRI following diagnostic suspicion based on absent septum pellucidum at prenatal sonography.
Enclosing the Subject
Authors: Dean Jodi
Published: December 2014

This paper draws from contemporary psychoanalytic theory as well as nineteenth-century crowd theory to critique Louis Althusser’s account of the ideological interpellation of the subject. I argue that rather than ideology interpellating the individual as a subject, bourgeois ideology interpellates the subject as an individual. By “bourgeois ideology” I mean the loose set of ideas and apparatuses associated with European modernity, an instrumental concept of reason, and the emergence of the capitalist mode of production. The advantage of reversing the Althusserian account is that the subject is not pre-constrained to the individual form, a form that is itself always already as failing and impossible as it is assumed and demanded. In Althusser’s version, the individuality that emerges in history is posited as universal, a given. In mine, the individual form is itself the problem; it’s a coercive and unstable product of the enclosure of the common in never-ceasing efforts to repress, deny, and foreclose collective political subjectivity. The individual is thus a form of capture. Rather than natural or given, the individual form encloses into a singular bounded body collective bodies, ideas, affects, desires, and drives. There is nothing necessary about the link between subjectivity and individuality; it is an effect contingent to the array of processes that converge into bourgeois modernity.
Reduction of Administrative Burdens for SMEs
Authors: Ntaliani Maria , Costopoulou Constantina
Published: December 2014

Governments apply policies to alleviate administrative burdens especially for small businesses so as to increase their flexibility and viability. The objective of this article is the reduction of administrative burdens. The article presents a European initiative applying a method for measuring the costs incurred by small and medium enterprises on finding information for performing a public service. The method has been applied in five rural areas in Europe. In this article, a Greek case is analytically described. The research results provide guidelines to policy and decision makers for fighting businesses’ administrative burdens of the informational phase of public services.
Pseudo distributed optimal state estimation for a class of networked systems
Authors: Wang Yuanzhe , Hu Hongjie
Published: December 2014

This paper deals with distributed state estimation for a class of networked systems, which extends the results of Zhou (Coordinated one-step optimal distributed state prediction for a networked dynamical system, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 58(11): 2756–2771, 2013) on one-step state predictions. Through introducing a specific discrete state-space representation of the distributed estimator, whose number of internal inputs and outputs are twice as that of the plant, recursive and explicit expressions are derived respectively for the optimal gain matrix and the covariance matrix. Their expressions have similar structures to those of the state predictor obtained in Zhou (2013), which means that the desired state estimator inherits the computational advantages of the state predictor, and is therefore more suitable for systems consisting of a large number of subsystems than the lumped Kalman filter. Numerical simulations show that the state estimator developed in this paper may even have the same estimation accuracy as that of the lumped Kalman filter.
Sometimes I think it is hell to be a girl: a longitudinal study of the rise of confessional radio
Authors: Abildgaard Mette Simonsen
Published: December 2014

Despite wide recognition in media studies, the significance of technology is often understated or overlooked in radio and sound studies. This article addresses this absence in a longitudinal study of uses by radio listeners and radio hosts of an ‘automatic telephone tape recorder’ (ATTR) in a Danish youth radio segment. The study shows that the two groups developed a range of uses for the ATTR from 1973 to 1996 and that especially confessional use, despite its paradoxical synthesis of public and private, emerged as the significant feature of the segment. An analysis of changes in users’ perception of technology over time is performed within a phenomenological media studies framework and the emerging field of postphenomenology, particularly through the concepts of ‘multistability’ and ‘dailiness’. I formulate a sociomaterial perspective on radio as the ‘intimate medium’ whose formation is negotiated through time in a multistable process between technology, listeners and radio hosts.
A case report of dexmedetomidine used to treat intractable pain and delirium in a tertiary palliative care unit
Authors: Hilliard Neil , Brown Stuart , Mitchinson Steve
Published: December 2014

Background:

This case report describes an end-stage cancer patient with intractable neuropathic pain and delirium who was successfully managed during the last 3 weeks of her life with a continuous subcutaneous infusion of dexmedetomidine.

Case presentation:

A 55-year-old woman with locally advanced cervical cancer and uncontrolled pelvic pain was admitted to a tertiary palliative care unit for pain management. As her disease progressed, the patient’s pelvic pain intensified despite treatment with methadone, gabapentin, ketamine, and hydromorphone administered by continuous subcutaneous infusion plus frequent breakthrough doses of hydromorphone and sufentanil.

Case management:

A continuous subcutaneous infusion of dexmedetomidine was started and titrated to achieve pain relief.

Case outcome:

The patient’s pain and delirium cleared. The treatment was successful in fulfilling the patient’s goal of care: not to be deeply and continuously sedated, but to be rousable and of clear mind while still having good pain control.

Conclusion:

Dexmedetomidine is a potentially useful medication for the targeted treatment of intractable pain and delirium in the tertiary palliative care environment. Future research is required to compare dexmedetomidine infusion to standard treatment with midazolam infusion for treatment of intractable symptoms in the palliative care environment.
Welfare regimes and change in the employment structure: Britain, Denmark and Germany since 1990
Authors: Oesch Daniel
Published: December 2014

Welfare states are often reduced to their role as providers of social protection and redistribution. In 1990, Esping-Andersen argued that they also affect employment creation and the class structure. We analyse the stratification outcomes for three welfare regimes – Britain, Germany and Denmark – over the 1990s and 2000s. Based on individual-level surveys, we observe a disproportionate increase among professionals and managers, and a decline among production workers and clerks. The result is clear-cut occupational upgrading in Denmark and Germany. In Britain, high and low-end service jobs expanded, resulting in a polarized version of upgrading. Growth in low-end service jobs – and thus polarization – is no precondition for full employment. Both Britain and Denmark halved their low-educated unemployment rate between 1995 and 2008. Yet low-end service jobs expanded only in Britain, not in Denmark. The cause is the evolution of labour supply: rising educational attainment means that fewer low-educated workers look for low-skilled jobs.
Establishing chronologies for woodland small hollow and mor humus deposits using tephrochronology and radiocarbon dating
Authors: Reilly Eileen , Mitchell Fraser JG
Published: December 2014

Chronological precision is a pre-requisite for all palaeoecological analyses, especially in more recent Holocene deposits such as small hollow peat and mor humus in woodlands. Here, tephrochronology was employed to improve the chronological control of such deposits to aid subsequent sub-fossil insect analyses from three sites in western and southwestern Ireland. Six tephra layers were detected from the three small hollows but only one from the mor humus sites. Four of the layers were matched to known tephra horizons regularly recorded in Ireland while two new tephras of possible Azores and Grímsvötn origin were recorded. The latter tephra may be the first definitive record of Laki 1783-4 from Ireland and is potentially an important new chronological marker for Irish palaeoecological investigations of late Holocene deposits. Results suggest that tephrochronology is a successful additional chronological tool for small hollow palaeoecological studies but is less helpful in mor humus deposits.
Partisan differences in the relationship between newspaper coverage and concern over global warming
Authors: Zhao Xiaoquan , Rolfe-Redding Justin , Kotcher John E.
Published: December 2014

The effects of news media on public opinion about global warming have been a topic of much interest in both academic and popular discourse. Empirical evidence in this regard, however, is still limited and somewhat mixed. This study used data from the 2006 General Social Survey in combination with a content analysis of newspaper coverage of the same time period to examine the relationship between general news climate and public concern about global warming. Results showed a pattern of political polarization, with increased coverage associated with growing divergence between Democrats and Republicans. Further analysis also showed evidence of reactivity in partisan response to coverage from different news outlets. These findings point to a particular form of politically motivated, biased processing of news information.
Legal Revolutions and the Sociology of Law
Authors: Thornhill Chris
Published: December 2014

This article critically examines the importance of Hauke Brunkhorst’s work for the sociology of law, arguing that it provides new bearings for contemporary legal–sociological research. It pays particular attention to his methodological fusion of Systems Theory and Critical Theory and to the analysis of the correlation between national and cosmopolitan political structures in his theory of legal normativity. The article concludes by offering an alternative framework for observing the sociolegal processes at the center of Brunkhorst’s work.
Hauke Brunkhorst
Authors: Fine Robert
Published: December 2014

The call to recognize the significance of normative progress through evolutionary mechanisms of adaptation and revolutionary moments of irruption is a key aspect of Hauke Brunkhorst’s oeuvre. His thesis is that the reinstatement of solidarity in modern times has ‘dialectically’ superseded the original limitations of this term by ‘cancelling’ its restrictive aspects and preserving its emancipatory aspects. Brunkhorst uses the term Aufhebung to conceptualize how moments of freedom within classical civic associations are preserved whilst their unequal distribution is cancelled, and how moments of equality in Christian brotherhood are preserved whilst their other-worldliness is cancelled. Brunkhorst is not faulted for demonstrating the concentration of normative learning processes in the constitutional revolutions of the modern age, but the question remains whether slippage occurs from the indispensable idea of normative evolution to an evolutionism in which the progress of law is presupposed.
From discrete to nonlocal continuum damage mechanics: Analysis of a lattice system in bending using a continualized approach
Authors: Challamel N , Picandet V , Pijaudier-Cabot G
Published: December 2014

It is shown herein that the bending problem of a discrete damage system, also called microstructured damage system or lattice damage system, can be rigorously handled by a nonlocal continuum damage mechanics approach. It has been already shown that Eringen’s nonlocal elasticity was able to capture the scale effects induced by the discreteness of a microstructured system. This paper generalizes such results for inelastic materials and first presents some results for engineering problems modelled within continuum damage mechanics. The microstructured model is composed of rigid periodic elements connected by rotational elastic damage springs (discrete damage mechanics). Such a discrete damage system can be associated with the finite difference formulation of a continuum damage mechanics problem, i.e. the Euler–Bernoulli damage beam problem. Starting from the discrete equations of this structural problem, a continualization method leads to the formulation of an Eringen’s type nonlocal model with full coupling between nonlocal elasticity and nonlocal continuum damage mechanics. Indeed, the nonlocality appears in this continualized approach both in the constitutive law and in the damage loading function. A comparison of the discrete and the continuous problems for the cantilever shows the efficiency of the new micromechanics-based nonlocal continuum damage modelling for capturing scale effects. The length scale of the nonlocal continuum damage mechanics model is rigorously calibrated from the size of the cell of the discrete repetitive damage system. The new micromechanics-based nonlocal damage mechanics model is also analysed with respect to available nonlocal damage mechanics models.
A nonlinear ductile damage growth law
Authors: Kumar Manoj , Dixit P. M.
Published: December 2014

One of the commonly used approaches for the prediction of ductile fracture is the continuum damage mechanics model, in which the void density is represented by a continuum variable called damage. For the prediction of fracture, an evolution law for the void growth, called the damage growth law, is needed. As per the continuum thermodynamics framework, the damage growth law is obtained from some proposed expression for the damage potential. The damage growth laws reported in the literature, based on some proposed expressions for the damage potential, have played a useful role in predicting fracture initiation in some engineering materials. However, some of them do not agree with the experimental trends of damage growth in other engineering materials. In almost all the laws, while expressing the material constants in terms of the measurable quantities in tension test, the triaxiality is assumed constant which does not happen after the necking. In the present work, an expression for the damage potential is proposed that leads to a nonlinear ductile damage growth law for steel. The material constants of the damage growth law are determined from the experimental measurement of void growth as well as triaxiality at various plastic strain levels in tension test conducted at IIT Kanpur. Thus, it avoids making any assumption about the triaxiality. It is shown that this law is consistent with the trends of damage growth of some other experimental results reported in the literature.
Ethics and entangled embodiment: Bodies–materialities–organization
Authors: Dale Karen , Latham Yvonne
Published: December 2014

In this article, we are concerned with the ethical implications of the entanglement of embodiment and non-human materialities. We argue for an approach to embodiment which recognises its inextricable relationship with multiple materialities. From this, three ethical points are made: first, we argue for an ethical relation to ‘things’ not simply as inanimate objects but as the neglected Others of humanity’s (social and material) world. Second, there is a need to recognise different particularities within these entanglements. We draw on the work of Merleau-Ponty and Levinas to think through how the radical alterity of these Others can be acknowledged, whilst also recognising our intercorporeal intertwining with them. Third, we argue that recognition of this interconnectedness and entanglement is a necessary ethical and political position from which the drawing of boundaries and creation of separations that are inherent in social organising can be understood and which contribute to the denigration, discrimination and dismissal of particular forms of embodiment, including those of non-human Others. In order to explore the ethical implications of these entanglements, we draw upon fieldwork in a large UK-based not-for-profit organisation which seeks to provide support for disabled people through a diverse range of services. Examining entanglements in relation to the disabled body makes visible and problematises the multiple differences of embodiments and their various interrelationships with materiality.
Does multiparty competition increase ethnic security fears? Evidence from North India
Authors: Heath Oliver
Published: December 2014

This article explores the political foundations of ethnic security fears and examines the relationship between the structure of party competition at the constituency level and security fears at the individual level in Uttar Pradesh, India’s largest state. The analysis shows that security fears are higher in constituencies characterised by multiparty competition. The central implication of this finding is that rather than leading to ethnic moderation, multiparty competition in ethnic party systems tends to be more ethnically divisive than in two party systems, increasing collective fears of the future.
Being open about unanticipated problems in health care: the challenges of uncertainties
Authors: Birks Yvonne , Entwistle Vikki , Harrison Reema , Bosanquet Kate , Watt Ian , Iedema Rick
Published: December 2014

Discussion of unanticipated problems in care with patients and their families (‘open disclosure’) is now widely advocated. Despite international efforts and the introduction of a range of policies and guidance to promote such discussions, the expectations of policy makers and patients are often not matched in practice. We consider some reasons for the persistence of shortfalls in the occurrence and quality of open disclosure. We draw on research conducted to investigate the implementation of a ‘ Being open’ policy in England, reflecting particularly on insights derived from interviews with health care professionals. Health care professionals were broadly supportive of the idea of open disclosure. Some expressed well-recognized concern about punishment and being blamed, but this did not appear to be the main driver of their communication practices. Their accounts of what happened around particular problems in health care indicated that they brought a complex range of considerations to bear on questions of whether and how these were discussed with patients and relatives. Guidance about open disclosure based on assessments of levels of harm to patients can complicate and perhaps distort health care professionals’ approaches, particularly when the extent and/or cause of harm was uncertain. Health care professionals who engage in open disclosure must be able to negotiate appropriate ways through complex and sensitive discussions. The responses of patients and relatives are not always predictable and even the best open disclosure practice may not resolve problems and concerns. Guidance, training and support for staff need to reflect these challenges.
Children’s anxious reactions to an invasive medical procedure: The role of medical and non-medical fears
Authors: Fox Jeremy K , Halpern Leslie F , Dangman Barbara C , Giramonti Karla M , Kogan Barry A
Published: December 2014

This study investigated the relationship of medical and non-medical fears to children’s anxiety, pain, and distress during an invasive medical procedure, the voiding cystourethrogram. Parents of 34 children completed the Fear Survey Schedule-II prior to their child’s procedure. Child distress behaviors during the procedure were audiotaped and coded using the Child–Adult Medical Procedure Interaction Scale-Revised. Ratings of child procedural anxiety and pain were obtained from children, parents, and examining technologists within minutes following the procedure. Associations were observed between medical fears, procedural anxiety (parent and staff reports), and coded distress behaviors. Findings may inform preparation efforts to reduce anxiety around invasive medical procedures.
Psychologists in preoperative programmes for children undergoing surgery
Authors: Cuzzocrea Francesca , Costa Sebastiano , Gugliandolo Maria Cristina , Larcan Rosalba
Published: December 2014

This study aimed to verify whether psychologists and game activities could reduce preoperative anxiety and promote compliance in paediatric patients. More specifically, we sought to evaluate whether it would be better to propose contextualized games or just distracting activities. A total of 104 children undergoing surgery were assigned to the following 4 conditions of treatment: (1) contextual games and psychological accompaniment, (2) only contextual games, (3) distracting activities, and (4) only psychological accompaniment. Observed children’s anxiety was assessed using modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale and compliant behaviours with modified form of Induction Compliance Checklist. Children in the first condition (complete intervention – contextual games and psychological accompaniment) were less anxious and more cooperative in the preoperative period and during the induction of anaesthesia than in the other three conditions. In particular, contextual activities (second condition) were found to be more efficient than psychological accompaniment (fourth condition), whereas the worst condition was proposing only distracting activities (third condition). In order to help young hospitalized patients in paediatric surgery structures, it is necessary to propose games that can prepare them for what will happen as well as the support of a psychologist.
Australian journalist-blogs: A shift in audience relationships or mere window dressing?
Authors: Garden Mary
Published: December 2014

Previous research has been critical of mainstream media’s attempts at blogging, with studies finding that journalists are maintaining their traditional gatekeeper function and failing to engage with readers. This study examines the work of 13 journalists who have political blogs on Australian mainstream newspaper websites, with data gathered from a content analysis of comment-threads as well as interviews. Surprisingly, the results show that most of these journalists are engaging with readers, and some have been doing so since July 2006. They regard such participation as an essential part of their blogging practice, and see their role as not only moderators but also facilitators of discussion. These results contrast with overseas studies which show there is a ‘minimalist’ view of participation that dominates in journalistic organisations in the United Kingdom, the United States and Europe.
Co-constructing home with photovoice: Older residents of an assisted living facility build a Photonarrative
Authors: Lewinson Terri
Published: December 2014

The purpose of this secondary data analysis study was to understand how older adults of an assisted living facility used photo narratives to co-construct a shared narrative of home and plan for resident action. Focus group data from an earlier study of African-American older adults in assisted living facilities were explored using narrative analysis to highlight the dialogic process embedded in photovoice methodology. An analysis of content and narrative structure was used to identify the contributions of individual photo narratives to a shared group narrative.
Altered Resting-State Cortical EEG Oscillations in Patients With Severe Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis
Authors: Hsiao Fu-Jung , Hsieh Fang-Yuh , Chen Wei-Ta , Chu Da-Chen , Lin Yung-Yang
Published: December 2014

Asymptomatic carotid stenosis is characterized by altered cerebral hemodynamics and cognitive impairment, but the underlying neurophysiological mechanism remains unclear. To elucidate the alterations of cortical activities, resting-state electrophysiological activities were recorded from patients with mild (<30%; n = 10; age 57-85 years), moderate (30% to 50%; n = 11; age 66-88 years), and severe (>50%; n = 8; age 67-91 years) carotid stenosis. The current density and oscillatory power of the cortical sources were analyzed using the minimum norm estimates method combined with fast Fourier transform analysis. Our results indicate that the cortical current density among regions of the brain was similar, irrespective of the degree of carotid stenosis. With regard to the cortical oscillations, augmented theta activities in the bilateral parietal, left temporal, and left occipital regions and attenuated alpha activities in the bilateral frontal and right central regions were obtained in patients with severe asymptomatic carotid stenosis. We suggest that the source-based cortical oscillations at theta and alpha bands might reflect the alterations of the brain activities and characterize the altered neurophysiological mechanism of the brain with at least 50% occlusion of the carotid artery. Further longitudinal studies with larger populations are warranted to verify the present findings.
Forms of labour in ancient and medieval South India (up to the thirteenth century)
Authors: Subbarayalu Y.
Published: December 2014

Tamil inscriptions offer details that enable us to reconstruct agrarian developments in the Tamil region from about the eighth to the thirteenth centuries. Land grants spawned Brahmana land holders, but elsewhere too a landlord class formed, with growing conflicts with peasants over rent and labour dues. The presence of the depressed Paraiyas provided the bulk of wage labourers. A certain advance in urbanisation produced not only active merchant guilds but also migratory artisan groups.
Dynamin 2–dependent endocytosis is required for normal megakaryocyte development in mice
Authors: Bender Markus , Giannini Silvia , Grozovsky Renata , Jönsson Terese , Christensen Hilary , Pluthero Fred G. , Ko Amy , Mullally Ann , Kahr Walter H. A. , Hoffmeister Karin M. , Falet Hervé
Published: December 2014

Key Points

DNM2-dependent endocytosis in MKs regulates megakaryopoiesis, thrombopoiesis, and bone marrow homeostasis.
Simultaneous capture of the color and topography of paintings using fringe encoded stereo vision
Authors: Zaman Tim , Jonker Pieter , Lenseigne Boris , Dik Joris
Published: December 2014

Introduction

Paintings are versatile near-planar objects with material characteristics that vary widely. The fact that paint has a material presence is often overlooked, mostly due to the fact that we encounter many of these artworks through two dimensional reproductions. The capture of paintings in the third dimension is not only interesting for study, restoration and conservation, but it also facilitates making three dimensional reproductions through novel 3-D printing methods. No single imaging method is ideally suited to capture the painting’s color and topography and each of them have specific drawbacks. We have therefore designed an efficient hybrid imaging system dedicated to capturing paintings in both color and topography with a high resolution.

Results

A hybrid solution between fringe projection and stereo imaging is proposed involving two cameras and a projector. Fringe projection is aided by sparse stereo matching to serve as an image encoder. These encoded images processed by the stereo cameras then help solve the correspondence problem in stereo matching, leading to a dense and accurate topographical map, while simultaneously capturing its color. Through high-end cameras, special lenses and filters we capture a surface area of 170 square centimeter with an in-plane effective resolution of 50 micron and a depth precision of 9 micron. Semi-automated positioning of the system and data stitching consequently allows for the capture of larger surfaces. The capture of the 2 square meter big Jewish Bride by Rembrandt yielded 1 billion 3-D points.

Conclusion

The reproductive properties of the imaging system are conform the digitization guidelines for cultural heritage. The data has enabled us to make high resolution 3-D prints of the works by Rembrandt and Van Gogh we have captured, and confirms that the system performs well in capturing both the color and depth information.
Impact of retinoic acid exposure on midfacial shape variation and manifestation of holoprosencephaly inTwisted gastrulationmutant mice
Authors: Billington, Junior Charles J. , Schmidt Brian , Marcucio Ralph S. , Hallgrimsson Benedikt , Gopalakrishnan Rajaram , Petryk Anna
Published: December 2014

Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a developmental anomaly characterized by inadequate or absent midline division of the embryonic forebrain and midline facial defects. It is believed that gene-environment interactions play a role in the widely variable penetrance and expressivity of HPE, although a direct investigation of such effects has been limited. The goal of this study was to examine if mice carrying a mutation in a gene encoding a BMP antagonist Twisted gastrulation (Twsg1) associated with a low penetrance of HPE are sensitized to retinoic acid (RA) teratogenesis. Pregnant Twsg1+/- dams were treated by gavage with a low dose of all-trans RA (3.75 mg/kg). Embryos were analyzed between E9.5 and E11.5 by microscopy and geometric morphometric analysis by microCT. P19 embryonal carcinoma cells were used to examine potential mechanisms mediating combined effects of increased BMP and retinoid signaling. While only 7% of wild type embryos exposed to RA showed overt HPE or neural tube defects (NTD), 100% of Twsg1 null mutants exposed to RA manifested severe HPE compared to 17% without RA. Remarkably, up to 30% of Twsg1+/- mutants also showed HPE (23%) or NTD (7%). The majority of shape variation among Twsg1+/- mutants was associated with narrowing of the midface. In P19 cells, RA induced the expression of Bmp2, acted in concert with BMP to increase p53 expression, caspase activation, and oxidative stress. This study provides direct evidence for modifying effects of the environment in a genetic mouse model carrying a predisposing mutation for HPE in the Twsg1 gene. Further study of the mechanisms underlying these gene-environment interactions in vivo will contribute to better understanding of the pathogenesis of birth defects and present an opportunity to explore potential preventive interventions.