bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Canadian Shift in two Ontario cities
Authors: ROEDER REBECCA
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACT:  The Canadian Shift, a change‐in‐progress that is affecting the lax vowel subsystem of Canadian English, has been found to be active in a number of cities across Canada. Very little is known about the geolinguistic history and spread of the shift, however. Combining apparent time data from Thunder Bay, Ontario, with a comparison of lax vowel pronunciation in the speech of young people from both Thunder Bay and Toronto, the current study presents evidence against the hypothesis that the Canadian Shift has spread to Thunder Bay by way of a gravity model of diffusion. Although not identical, the vowel configurations are quite similar in the speech of young people from the two cities, and the apparent time findings suggest that the shift in Thunder Bay has not lagged behind the shift in Toronto. Results support the proposal that the English of Thunder Bay and Toronto share a common source and that the low back vowel merger, the pre‐cursor for the shift, was brought westward with the settlers to Thunder Bay in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Subsequently, the Canadian Shift occurred simultaneously in both areas. Evidence of more urban features in the pronunciation of several Thunder Bay teenagers also raises questions about the future impact of mobility on the local dialect.
The western Canada‐US border as a linguistic boundary: The roles of L1 and L2 speakers
Authors: DOLLINGER STEFAN
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACT:  The present paper uses data from written self‐reports from two points of time, 2004 and 2008–10, to gauge the strength of the Canada‐US linguistic border in British Columbia's Lower Mainland. With parallel data sets from Metro Vancouver, Canada, and adjacent Washington State, Vancouver English is characterized as a vernacular that – for the 30 variables studied – is not undergoing Americanization. The data for young local residents who were at least raised, if not born, in the target regions provide solid evidence that present‐day Vancouver English is best identified as a linguistically more conservative variety than the vernacular of Washington State. Speakers of second‐language varieties of English in Vancouver are shown to amplify differences already present in the local population. While the linguistic boundary in Canada's westernmost province is rarely an isogloss in the qualitative sense of the term (applying only to two cases), it appears to be a stable linguistic boundary in quantitative and statistically significant terms for the variables investigated.
Deconstructing the Ideal of Fidelity: A View from LGB Psychology
Authors: Hegarty Peter
Published: November 2012

This commentary on The Fewer The Merrier (TFTM) adopts a lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) lens. Although LGB people commonly construct successful consensual nonmonogamous (CNM) relationships, the focus on opposite‐sex relationships obscured some aspects of U.S. society that are actively resisting the stigmatization of CNM relationships. I call attention to the historic ways that “adultery” has been legally defined in gendered terms, and argue for an analysis of social stigma that engages substantively with qualitative research about how CNM is lived among people of diverse sexualities.
The value of screening signal‐to‐cutoff ratios for hepatitis C virus antibody confirmation
Authors: Stramer Susan L. , Dodd Roger Y. , Brodsky Jaye P.
Published: November 2012

A licensed recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA) has been an integral component of the algorithm for confirmation of reactivity for antibody to hepatitis C virus in screening assays. This test may become unavailable in the future, so we have investigated the potential value of screening test signal values to support confirmation. Depending on the screening test used (Ortho enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay or Abbott PRISM chemiluminescent assay), signal‐to‐cutoff ratios of 5.00 and 3.20, respectively, were shown to have positive predictive values of 89.1 and 95%, with sensitivities of 93.1 and 88.7% relative to RIBA. However, additional steps will have to be added to assure equivalent performance to RIBA.
High prevalence of subclinical iron deficiency in whole blood donors not deferred for low hemoglobin
Authors: Baart A. Mireille , van Noord Paulus A.H. , Vergouwe Yvonne , Moons Karel G.M. , Swinkels Dorine W. , Wiegerinck Erwin T. , de Kort Wim L.A.M , Atsma Femke
Published: November 2012

Background

Blood donors that meet the hemoglobin (Hb) criteria for donation may have undetected subclinical iron deficiency. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of subclinical iron deficiency in whole blood donors with Hb levels above cutoff levels for donation by measuring zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) levels. In addition, prevalence rates based on other iron variables were assessed for comparison.

Study Design and Methods

The study population comprised 5280 Dutch whole blood donors, who passed the Hb criteria for donation. During donor screening, Hb levels were measured in capillary samples (finger prick), and venous blood samples were taken for measurements of ZPP and other iron variables. These variables included ferritin, transferrin saturation, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), hepcidin, red blood cell mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean cell Hb (MCH).

Results

With a ZPP cutoff level of at least 100 μmol/mol heme, subclinical iron deficiency was present in 6.9% of male donors and in 9.8% of female donors. Based on other iron variables, iron deficiency was also observed. Prevalence rates ranged from 4.8% (based on transferrin saturation) to 27.4% (based on hepcidin concentration) in men and from 5.6% (based on sTfR concentration) to 24.7% (based on hepcidin concentration) in women.

Conclusion

Results from this study showed that subclinical iron deficiency is prevalent among blood donors that meet the Hb criteria for blood donation, based on ZPP levels and on other iron variables. This finding needs attention because these donors are at increased risk of developing iron deficiency affecting Hb formation and other cellular processes.
Zinc protoporphyrin levels have added value in the prediction of low hemoglobin deferral in whole blood donors
Authors: Baart A. Mireille , de Kort Wim L.A.M. , Moons Karel G.M. , Atsma Femke , Vergouwe Yvonne
Published: November 2012

Background

Increased zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) levels can indicate iron deficiency and may be predictive for low hemoglobin (Hb) deferral in blood donors. Prediction models for Hb deferral in whole blood donors have already been developed. In this study, we examined if addition of ZPP to these prediction models improves risk estimation of Hb deferral.

Study Design and Methods

This study included 4598 Dutch whole blood donors. Information on ZPP levels measured at the previous visit was added to the existing prediction models to estimate the risk of Hb deferral. Models were compared using the following measures: concordance (c)‐statistic, continuous net reclassification improvement (NRI), and clinical net benefit (NB).

Results

Seventy‐six male donors (2.9%) and 69 female donors (3.5%) were deferred because of a low Hb level. Previous ZPP level was associated with risk of Hb deferral (odds ratio for interquartile range of previous ZPP level, men 2.0 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.7‐2.3]; women 2.2 [95% CI, 1.9‐2.4]) in a multivariable risk model. Addition of ZPP into the models resulted in an increase of the c‐statistic from 0.93 to 0.94 for men and from 0.80 to 0.85 for women. The added value of ZPP was confirmed by measures of clinical usefulness. NRI for men was 0.42, and for women, 0.56. At relevant threshold probabilities between 10 and 15%, NB was higher for models considering ZPP.

Conclusion

This study shows that ZPP measurements obtained at the previous visit may have added value in the risk prediction of Hb deferral in whole blood donors.
Comparison of transfusion efficacy of amotosalen‐based pathogen‐reduced platelet components and gamma‐irradiated platelet components
Authors: Sigle Joerg‐Peter , Infanti Laura , Studt Jan‐Dirk , Martinez Maria , Stern Martin , Gratwohl Alois , Passweg Jakob , Tichelli André , Buser Andreas S.
Published: November 2012

Background

Trials of transfusions of platelets (PLTs) treated with amotosalen‐based pathogen reduction (PR) showed lower corrected count increments (CCIs) compared to conventional PLT components (PCs). However, PR‐PLTs and conventional PCs often differed in various factors besides PR. We compared transfusion efficacy of single‐donor apheresis PCs treated with PR or gamma irradiation.

Study Design and Methods

Hematologic patients were assigned to receive PR‐PLTs or gamma‐irradiated conventional PCs, both prepared in PLT additive solution (PAS). One‐hour CCI (primary endpoint), 24‐hour CCI, time to next PLT transfusion, and transfusion requirement of red blood cells and plasma were analyzed.

Results

Forty‐four patients assigned to PR‐PLTs received 220 PR‐PLTs and 136 conventional PCs; 72 controls received 517 conventional PCs. No differences between patient groups were observed for mean (±standard deviation [SD]) 1‐hour CCI (11.4 [±4.9] for PR‐PLT vs. 11.0 [±4.9] for controls), mean (±SD) 24‐hour CCI (6.1 [±4.4] for PR‐PLTs vs. 6.2 [±4.8] for controls), and for the other evaluated outcomes. No differences between PC types were observed for mean (±SD) 1‐hour CCI (10.6 [±6.7] for PR‐PLTs vs. 9.9 [±6.2] for conventional PCs) and mean 24 hour‐CCI (3.3 [±3.9] for PR‐PLTs vs. 4.2 [±5] for conventional PCs). Thirty‐five percent of PR‐PLTs and 38% of conventional PCs (p = 0.63) were associated with 1‐hour CCIs of less than 7.5. Inadequate 24‐hour CCIs were observed for 72% of PR‐PLTs and 64% of conventional PCs (p = 0.002).

Conclusions

Transfusion efficacy of single‐donor apheresis PCs in PAS treated with amotosalen PR versus gamma irradiation is comparable.
Heuristics Behaving Badly: Party Cues and Voter Knowledge
Authors: Dancey Logan , Sheagley Geoffrey
Published: November 2012

Party cues provide citizens with low‐cost information about their representatives’ policy positions. But what happens when elected officials deviate from the party line? Relying on the 2006 Cooperative Congressional Election Study (CCES), we examine citizens’ knowledge of their senators’ positions on seven high‐profile roll‐call votes. We find that although politically interested citizens are the group most likely to know their senator's position when she votes with the party, they are also the group most likely to incorrectly identify their senator's position when she votes against her party. The results indicate that when heuristics “go bad,” it is the norm for the most attentive segment of the public to become the most misinformed, revealing an important drawback to heuristic use.
Psychotrichology: psychosomatic aspects of hair diseases
Authors: Harth Wolfgang , Blume‐Peytavi Ulrike
Published: November 2012

Hair growth and hair disorders with changes in hair density or quality not only influence an individualís appearance but also often lead to an enormous emotional burden with low self‐confidence, impaired quality of life, and even psychological disorders. Psychosomatic hair diseases cover a wide spectrum of specific psycho‐dermatological disease patterns. This review provides an overview and classification of psychosomatic hair diseases based on primary and secondary disorders.

Somatoform disorders are among the primary psychiatric diseases, especially body dysmorphic disorder in which patients have an exaggerated and excessive preoccupation of normal and physiological hair loss. Self‐inflicted skin diseases as trichotillomania, often with an impairment of impulse control, also belong to this group. Secondary/reactive psychosocial disorders may occur in congenital and acquired hair disorders. These may be accompanied by feelings of disfigurement, depressive and anxiety disorders including social avoidance. Furthermore, psychosomatic comorbidity could complicate coping with hair loss.

Psychosomatic therapy and coping are based on an early and accurate differential diagnostic approach to psychosomatic disorders. Psychotrichological disorders need to be treated promptly with psychosomatic basic care, improvement of coping strategies, behavior therapy, depth psychology, and/or appropriate psychopharmacotherapy with antidepressants or anxiolytics.
Causes and risk factors for anaphylaxis
Authors: Worm Margitta , Babina Magda , Hompes Stephanie
Published: November 2012

Anaphylaxis is in most cases an IgE‐dependent immunologic reaction. Mast cells are activated and release several mediators. Recent data about possible triggers of anaphylaxis indicate a clear age‐dependency. The most frequent triggers of anaphylaxis in children are foods; in adults venom and drugs predominate. In 2006 an anaphylaxis registry was established in German‐speaking countries. In the registry the triggers, circumstances, and treatment measures are collected from patients with anaphylaxis. However, the registry cannot supply epidemiological data like prevalence or incidence rates since the registration of cases is based on collaboration with allergy centers only. Similarly, other approaches to obtain data on the epidemiology of anaphylaxis are problematic given that allergic reactions of varying severity are covered by a number of codes in the ICD‐10.

Research in the field of anaphylaxis is focused on the identification of risk factors. Several data indicate the relevance of co‐factors and augmentation factors in well‐defined patient groups. Among these factors physical activity, infection, alcohol and additives are relevant. In the future a unique coding system with a subtype analysis regarding the triggers and severity should help to provide data on the epidemiology of anaphylaxis. Furthermore the mechanisms of co‐factors and identification of biomarkers for risk assessment are important research areas for the future.
CHALLENGES PERCEIVED BY PRIMARY CARE PROVIDERS TO EDUCATING PATIENTS ABOUT CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
Authors: Greer Raquel C. , Crews Deidra C. , Boulware L. Ebony
Published: November 2012

Objective: To identify primary care providers’ (PCPs) perceived barriers to educating patients about chronic kidney disease (CKD) during routine clinical visits.

Methods: We conducted three focus groups of eighteen PCPs in Baltimore, Maryland (MD), USA. Focus groups began with the presentation of a hypothetical case of a patient with CKD, followed by open‐ended questions to assess providers’ perceived barriers to delivering education about CKD. Groups were audiotaped, transcribed and coded independently by two investigators who identified major themes.

Results: PCPs reported on several patient, provider and system level barriers contributing to poor education about CKD in primary care that were both common and unique to barriers previously reported in educating patients regarding other chronic diseases.

Conclusions: Interventions designed to address barriers to CKD education identified by PCPs could improve the delivery of education about CKD in primary care settings.
LONG‐TERM CARE AND NURSING MANAGEMENT OF A PATIENT WHO IS THE RECIPIENT OF A RENAL TRANSPLANT
Authors: Whittaker Clare , Dunsmore Victoria , Murphy Fiona , Rolfe Caroline , Trevitt Ray
Published: November 2012

This is the final article in a three‐part education series on renal transplantation, which addresses the specialist knowledge required in the long‐term management of the people undergoing renal transplantation. The first article in this series (Murphy F., Trevitt R., Chamney M. et al. (2011). Patient health and well‐being while waiting for renal transplantation: Part 1. Journal of Renal Care 37(4), 224–231) addressed patient health and well being while waiting for a renal transplant. The second article (Trevitt R., Dunsmore V., Murphy F., Piso L., Perriss C., Englebright B. & Chamney M. (2012) Pre‐ and post‐transplant care: nursing management of the renal transplant recipient: Part 2. Journal of Renal Care 38(2), 107–114) examined pre‐ and post‐operative care and management.
Arisaema lushuiense sp. nov. (Araceae) from Gaoligong Mountains in Yunnan, China
Authors: Hu Guang‐Wan , Li Heng , Long Chun‐Lin
Published: November 2012

Arisaema lushuiense G. W. Hu & H. Li, a new species of Araceae from Gaoligong Mountains in northwestern Yunnan, China, is described and illustrated. It is similar and closely related to A. auriculatum Buchet, but differs by its basically green spathe with semi‐rotund to broadly ovate, 6–8 mm long auricles; the appendix of the spadix is 3.5–5.0 cm long and the apex of the appendix depressed with faint longitudinal ridges and grooves, slightly curved forward, with purplish black color, and exserted 1.0–1.5 cm from the spathe throat.
Irreversible alopecia universalis during treatment with pegylated interferon–ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection: Case report and published work review
Authors: Omazzi Barbara , Prada Alberto , Borroni Gianmario , Sacrini Francesco
Published: November 2012

Hair disorders that have been described in association with pegylated interferon–ribavirin combination treatment include canities, hypertrichosis, telogen effluvium, and the most common cutaneous side‐effect by far, alopecia. Alopecia is a heterogeneous disease characterized by hair loss on the scalp or any hair‐bearing surface with a wide range of clinical presentations, from a single patch of hair loss to complete loss of hair on the entire body (alopecia universalis). Although some cases of reversible alopecia universalis associated with pegylated interferon–ribavirin combination therapy have been reported in the published work, irreversible alopecia universalis has not yet been reported in relation to pegylated interferon and ribavirin combination treatment. For the first time, we report a case of irreversible alopecia universalis during pegylated interferon–ribavirin combination therapy in a man infected with hepatitis C virus in the absence of clinical or biochemical evidence of immunological disorders or thyroid dysfunction at any time before, during or after antiviral therapy.
The Interplay of Exercise Heart Rate and Blood Pressure as a Predictor of Coronary Artery Disease and Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Michaelides Andreas P. , Liakos Charalampos I. , Vyssoulis Gregory P. , Chatzistamatiou Evangelos I. , Markou Maria I. , Tzamou Vanessa , Stefanadis Christodoulos I.
Published: November 2012

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2012;00:00–00. ©2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Delayed blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) decline at recovery post‐exercise are independent predictors of incident coronary artery disease (CAD). Delayed BP recovery and exaggerated BP response to exercise are independent predictors of future arterial hypertension (AH). This study sought to examine whether the combination of two exercise parameters provides additional prognostic value than each variable alone. A total of 830 non‐CAD patients (374 normotensive) were followed for new‐onset CAD and/or AH for 5 years after diagnostic exercise testing (ET). At the end of follow‐up, patients without overt CAD underwent a second ET. Stress imaging modalities and coronary angiography, where appropriate, ruled out CAD. New‐onset CAD was detected in 110 participants (13.3%) whereas AH was detected in 41 former normotensives (11.0%). The adjusted (for confounders) relative risk (RR) of CAD in abnormal BP and HR recovery patients was 1.95 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.28–2.98; P=.011) compared with delayed BP and normal HR recovery patients and 1.71 (95% CI, 1.08–2.75; P=.014) compared with normal BP and delayed HR recovery patients. The adjusted RR of AH in normotensives with abnormal BP recovery and response was 2.18 (95% CI, 1.03–4.72; P=.047) compared with delayed BP recovery and normal BP response patients and 2.48 (95% CI, 1.14–4.97; P=.038) compared with normal BP recovery and exaggerated BP response individuals. In conclusion, the combination of two independent exercise predictors is an even stronger CAD/AH predictor than its components.
Attentional threat avoidance and familial risk are independently associated with childhood anxiety disorders
Authors: Brown Hannah M. , McAdams Tom A. , Lester Kathryn J. , Goodman Robert , Clark David M. , Eley Thalia C.
Published: November 2012

Background: Twin studies in children reveal that familial aggregation of anxiety disorders is due to both genetic and environmental factors. Cognitive biases for threat information are considered a robust characteristic of childhood anxiety. However, little is known regarding the underlying aetiology of such biases and their role in anxiety disorders.

Method: A face version of the dot‐probe task measuring attentional biases for negative (anger, fear, sad, disgust) and positive (happy) facial expressions was completed by 600, 8‐year‐old twins; the largest study of its kind. Twin correlations for attentional bias scores were compared to estimate genetic and environmental effects. Parent‐report diagnostic interviews identified children with an anxiety disorder. Indices of inferred genetic and familial risk for anxiety disorders were created for each child. Data were analysed using a series of logistic regressions.

Results: Anxious children showed greater attentional avoidance of negative faces than nonanxious children;t(548) = 2.55,p < .05. Attentional avoidance was not under genetic or shared environmental influence. Risk for anxiety disorders was predicted by familial factors. Both attentional avoidance and inferred familial risk were significant but independent predictors of anxiety disorders (ORs = .65 and 3.64, respectively).

Conclusions: Anxiety‐related attentional biases and familial risk play important but independent roles in childhood anxiety disorders. If replicated, these findings indicate that links between genetic risk and anxiety disorders lie outside the domain of attentional processes.
European guidelines for topical photodynamic therapy part 1: treatment delivery and current indications – actinic keratoses, Bowen’s disease, basal cell carcinoma
Authors: Morton C.A. , Szeimies R.‐M. , Sidoroff A. , Braathen L.R.
Published: November 2012

Topical photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a widely used non‐invasive treatment for certain non‐melanoma skin cancers, permitting treatment of large and multiple lesions with excellent cosmesis. High efficacy is demonstrated for PDT using standardized protocols in non‐hyperkeratotic actinic keratoses, Bowen’s disease, superficial basal cell carcinomas (BCC) and in certain thin nodular BCC, with superiority of cosmetic outcome over conventional therapies. Recurrence rates following PDT are typically equivalent to existing therapies, although higher than surgery for nodular BCC. PDT is not recommended for invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Treatment is generally well tolerated, but tingling discomfort or pain is common during PDT. New studies identify patients most likely to experience discomfort and permit earlier adoption of pain‐minimization strategies. Reduced discomfort has been observed with novel protocols including shorter photosensitizer application times and in daylight PDT for actinic keratoses.
The influence of geographic heterogeneity in predation pressure on sexual signal divergence in an Amazonian frog species complex
Authors: Trillo P. A. , Athanas K. A. , Goldhill D. H. , Hoke K. L. , Funk W. C.
Published: November 2012

Sexual selection plays an important role in mating signal divergence, but geographic variation in ecological factors can also contribute to divergent signal evolution. We tested the hypothesis that geographic heterogeneity in predation causes divergent selection on advertisement call complexity within the Engystomops petersi (previously Physalaemus petersi) frog species complex. We conducted predator phonotaxis experiments at two sites where female choice is consistent with call trait divergence. Engystomops at one site produces complex calls, whereas the closely related species at the other site produces simple calls. Bats approached complex calls more than simple calls at both sites, suggesting selection against complex calls. Moreover, bat predation pressure was greater at the site with simple calls, suggesting stronger selection against complex calls and potentially precluding evolution of complex calls at this site. Our results show that geographic variation in predation may play an important role in the evolution and maintenance of mating signal divergence.
The Maturity Rat Race
Authors: BRUNNERMEIER MARKUS K. , OEHMKE MARTIN
Published: November 2012

Why do some firms, especially financial institutions, finance themselves so short‐term? We show that extreme reliance on short‐term financing may be the outcome of a maturity rat race: a borrower may have an incentive to shorten the maturity of an individual creditor's debt contract because this dilutes other creditors. In response, other creditors opt for shorter maturity contracts as well. This dynamic toward short maturities is present whenever interim information is mostly about the probability of default rather than the recovery in default. For borrowers that cannot commit to a maturity structure, equilibrium financing is inefficiently short‐term.
A Multiple Lender Approach to Understanding Supply and Search in the Equity Lending Market
Authors: KOLASINSKI ADAM C. , REED ADAM V. , RINGGENBERG MATTHEW C.
Published: November 2012

Using unique data from 12 lenders, we examine how equity lending fees respond to demand shocks. We find that, when demand is moderate, fees are largely insensitive to demand shocks. However, at high demand levels, further increases in demand lead to significantly higher fees and the extent to which demand shocks impact fees is also related to search frictions in the loan market. Moreover, consistent with search models, we find significant dispersion in loan fees, with this dispersion increasing in loan scarcity and search frictions. Our findings imply that search frictions significantly impact short selling costs.
How Effective Were the Federal Reserve Emergency Liquidity Facilities? Evidence from the Asset‐Backed Commercial Paper Money Market Mutual Fund Liquidity Facility
Authors: DUYGAN‐BUMP BURCU , PARKINSON PATRICK , ROSENGREN ERIC , SUAREZ GUSTAVO A. , WILLEN PAUL
Published: November 2012

The events following Lehman's failure in 2008 and the current turmoil emanating from Europe highlight the structural vulnerabilities of short‐term credit markets and the role of central banks as back‐stop liquidity providers. The Federal Reserve's response to financial disruptions in the United States importantly included the creation of liquidity facilities. Using a differences‐in‐differences approach, we evaluate one of the most unusual of these interventions—the Asset‐Backed Commercial Paper Money Market Mutual Fund Liquidity Facility. We find that this facility helped stabilize asset outflows from money market funds and reduced asset‐backed commercial paper yields significantly.
Agentive Spaces, the “Background”, and Other Not Well Articulated Influences in Shaping our Lives
Authors: Shotter John
Published: November 2012

What is special about all our living exchanges with our surroundings is that they occur within the ceaseless, intertwined flow of many unfolding strands of spontaneously responsive, living activity. This requires us to adopt a kind of fluid, process thinking, a shift from thinking of events as occurring between things and beings existing as separate entities prior to their inter‐action, to events occurring within a continuously unfolding, holistic but stranded flow of events, with no clear, already existing boundaries to be found anywhere (Mol & Law, 1994)—a flow of events within which we ourselves are also immersed. We thus become involved in activities within which we find things happening to us, as much as we make things happen in our surroundings—in other words, our surroundings are also agentive in that they can exert “calls” upon us to respond within them in appropriate ways. Consequently, what we can learn in such encounters is not just new facts or bits of information, but new ways of relating or orienting ourselves bodily to the others and othernesses in the world around us—although much can “stand in the way” of our doing this. My concern below is to explore events happening on the (inter)‐subjective side of the Cartesian subject/object divide which “shape” our spontaneous ways of acting in, and reflecting on, the “worlds” within which we live out our lives.
Consumer and Corporate Debt: A Neo‐Kaleckian Synthesis
Authors: Isaac Alan G. , Kim Yun K.
Published: November 2012

We present a neo‐Kaleckian growth model with both consumer and corporate debt. The model's macrodynamic and stability characteristics differ from singleߚdebt models, yet some steadyߚstate results persist. For example, a surge in ‘animal spirits’ is good for steadyߚstate growth, and consumer borrowing can help to sustain aggregate demand. Stable steady states are characterized by a kind of ‘euthanasia of the rentier’. Consumer credit conditions influence effective demand, the profit rate and economic growth. Looser consumer credit conditions have a steadyߚstate growth effect and can enhance system stability. In this restricted sense, looser consumer credit conditions are good for macroeconomic stability.
How to escape from crop‐to‐weed gene flow: phenological variation and isolation‐by‐time within weedy sunflower populations
Authors: Roumet M. , Noilhan C. , Latreille M. , David J. , Muller M.‐H.
Published: November 2012

The evolution of crop‐related weeds may be constrained by recurrent gene flow from the crop. However, flowering time variation within weedy populations may open the way for weed adaptation by allowing some weeds to escape from this constraint. We investigated this link between phenology, gene flow and adaptation in weedy sunflower populations that have recently emerged in Europe from crop–wild hybridization.

We studied jointly flowering phenology and genetic diversity for 15 microsatellite loci in six cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus) fields infested by weedy sunflower populations.

The flowering overlap of cultivated and weedy sunflowers varied between and within populations: some weedy individuals were found to be completely isolated from the crop, the frequency of these plants being higher in populations from highly infested fields. Within weedy populations, we detected a pattern of isolation‐by‐time: the genetic divergence between individuals was positively correlated with their divergence in flowering period. In addition, earlier weeds, which flowered synchronously with the crop, were genetically more similar than late‐flowering weeds to the cultivated varieties.

Overall, our results suggest that crop‐to‐weed gene flow occurred, but was limited by divergent phenologies. We discuss the roles of weed adaptation and population history in the generation of this partial reproductive isolation.
On Aristotelianism and Structures as Parts
Authors: Toner Patrick
Published: November 2012

Aristotelian substance theory tells us that substances have structures (read: forms) as proper parts. This claim has recently been defended by Kathrin Koslicki who dubbed it the ‘Neo‐Aristotelian Thesis.’ Strangely, Aristotelianism has not yet been universally embraced by philosophers – partly because some of its claims, such as the Neo‐Aristotelian Thesis – are viewed by some as counterintuitive at best. In this paper, I argue for Aristotelianism by showing its philosophical usefulness: specifically, I put it to use in saving the metaphysical doctrine of endurantism and some central mereological doctrines (such as Transitivity) from recent attacks. This utility gives us reason to endorse Aristotelianism. Along the way, I defend Koslicki's argument for the Neo‐Aristotelian Thesis from a recent criticism, thus helping provide still more reason to endorse Aristotelianism: namely, Koslicki's vindicated argument.
Religion and Healing in Pre‐Modern Japan
Authors: Winfield Pamela D.
Published: November 2012

Throughout the pre‐modern history of Japan, successive waves of foreign religious and medical influence provided distinct models for healing the mind‐breath‐body complex. Proto‐Shintō divination and healing were supplemented by Daoist traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) that theorized and restored the flow of ki (qi) energy throughout the body. Buddhist medicine and healing rituals mitigated karmic disease (gobyō ), also empowered patients with a hands‐on healing technique called kaji, and offered the medicinal and meditative benefits of Zen tea. Islamic medicinal recipes made their way into Japan at the farthest reach of the Silk Road, and Neo‐Confucian moral physicians as well as Jesuit surgeons carried competing models for health into Japan. In terms of visual culture, moreover, the healing Yakushi “Medicine” Buddha, esoteric mandalas, attributes of the thousand‐armed Kannon bodhisattva of compassion and even paintings of healing herbs on the coffered ceilings of Buddhist temples indicate the central role that religion played in the medical arts of pre‐modern Japan. Chronicling Japan’s religio‐medical history in this way is important for several reasons. First, its interdisciplinary approach integrates the latest scholarship in religious studies, the history of science, and art history. Second, it offers much‐needed historical perspective that can help to inform the contemporary interest in alternative medicine, the power of prayer in healing, and the health of the mind‐breath‐body complex. Finally, it speaks to the cultural flows and effects of pre‐modern globalization, which facilitated the dissemination of knowledge far afield from its origins.
Blockade of programmed death receptor‐1 signaling restores expression of mostly proinflammatory cytokines in anergic cytomegalovirus‐specific T cells
Authors: Dirks J. , Egli A. , Sester U. , Sester M. , Hirsch H.H.
Published: November 2012

Background

Programmed death receptor‐1 (PD‐1) compromises cytomegalovirus (CMV)‐specific T‐cell responses and has been linked to CMV viremia after transplantation. An impaired functional and proliferative capacity of PD‐1‐positive CMV‐specific T cells may be reversed by the antibody‐mediated blockade of PD‐1 signaling. However, knowledge is limited on changes in “cytokinome” expression profiles associated with reversal of functional exhaustion.

Methods

The “cytokinome” was analyzed by 27‐plex Luminex technology comparing renal transplant recipients with low (n = 5) and high (n = 5) PD‐1 expression on CMV‐specific T cells. The effect of blocking PD‐1 by PD‐ligand (PD‐L) antibodies on restoration of cytokine expression was examined.

Results

CMV‐specific cytokine release and proliferation was lower in patients with high PD‐1 expression on CMV‐specific T cells. Antibody‐mediated blockade of PD‐L in CMV‐stimulated samples restored expression levels of interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐2, IL‐6, IL‐9, IL‐10, granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor, interferon‐γ, macrophage inflammatory protein‐1α, and tumor necrosis factor‐α. By contrast, no profound effect was observed for controls or patients with low PD‐1 expression, or in staphylococcal enterotoxin B‐stimulated cells.

Conclusion

Taken together, this pilot study provides evidence that a high PD‐1 expression on CMV‐specific T cells actively impairs proliferation and “cytokinome” responses in an antigen‐specific manner. Importantly, blockade of PD‐L restores CMV‐specific T‐cell proliferation and expression of a panel of different proinflammatory and/or type 1 cytokines, suggesting a common but as yet unknown regulatory principle. We conclude that PD‐1 exhaustion is reversible and potentially amenable to therapeutic ex vivo and possibly in vivo manipulation. However, detailed knowledge of the differential effects on the “cytokinome” will be necessary to increase the safety and the efficacy of such manipulations.
Mis‐expression of a PISTILLATA‐like MADS box gene prevents fruit development in grapevine
Authors: Fernandez Lucie , Chaïb Jamila , Martinez‐Zapater José‐Miguel , Thomas Mark R. , Torregrosa Laurent
Published: November 2012

The FLESHLESS BERRY (Flb) somatic variant identified in the grapevine cultivar Ugni Blanc develops grape berries without flesh, suggesting a role for the altered gene in differentiation of flesh cells. Here we describe identification of the molecular defect responsible for this phenotype. Using a combination of genetic and transcriptomic approaches, we detected the insertion of a miniature inverted‐repeat transposable element in the promoter region of the PISTILLATA‐like (VvPI) gene, the grapevine homologue of Arabidopsis PISTILLATA. The transposon insertion causes specific ectopic expression of the corresponding VvPI allele during early fruit development, causing expression of genes specific for petal and stamen development within the fruit. A causal relationship between the insertion and the phenotype was demonstrated by phenotypic and molecular analyses of somatic revertants showing that ectopic expression and mutant phenotype were always linked to the presence of the transposon insertion. The various phenotypic effects of the flb mutation on ovary morphology, fruit set and fruit development, depending on the cell lineage affected, are presented for each phenotype, offering new insights into floral and fleshly fruit development. The results highlight the importance of VvPI repression after fertilization to achieve normal fleshy fruit development, and the complex genetic, genomic and cellular interactions required for the flower to fruit transition in grapevine.
Spatial moment analysis of reactive and radioactive solute in river system with layered porous bed
Authors: Anwar Shadab
Published: November 2012

Mass exchange between river stream and riverbed is critical towards remediation of contaminated river system. Spatial moment analysis of reactive and radioactive solute in river channel with underlying porous bed is applied to understand the qualitative description of solute plume in riverbed and river stream. Semi‐analytical solutions for zeroth‐, first‐ and second‐order spatial moment of reactive and radioactive solute are derived in Laplace domain. The spatial moments of concentration are numerically inverted. Parabolic velocity in river channel and exponentially decaying velocity in porous bed are linked using a slip velocity at the interface. The model is verified against the semi‐analytical solution for zeroth moment of conservative solute. The model was applied to understand the relative impact of sorption and decay on the transport of solute plume released in a river system. Sorption was assumed to be limited in the riverbed; hence, the zeroth moment of solute in the river stream remains unchanged for different rates of retardation. The model can be applied to verify numerical models or to predict qualitative description of solute concentration and extent of contamination in a river system.
Improvements in Cryptosporidium recovery and variability through modifications to United States Environmental Protection Agency Method 1623
Authors: Kimble Gina , Amburgey James , Hilger Helene
Published: November 2012

The use of United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Method 1623 for the detection of Cryptosporidium in water often results in low and variable rates of recovery. According to data disseminated in Method 1623, less than a quarter of tested surface water samples had Cryptosporidium recoveries of 60% or greater. This research explored various method modifications in order to produce a method with higher recovery and less variability. Once method modifications were implemented, recoveries of C. parvum in reagent water increased by greater than 20% to an average recovery of 76%. In surface water, a significantly higher (P = 0.049) mean recovery of 67% for C. parvum was achieved with the modified method. Giardia is simultaneously detected when using Method 1623. The method modifications significantly increased the recovery of Giardia in reagent water by 37% (P = 0.0002) while also allowing for a 17% higher recovery in surface water samples (P = 0.21).
Numerical Modeling of Fluid-Induced Rotordynamic Forces in Seals With Large Aspect Ratios
Authors: Untaroiu Alexandrina , Untaroiu Costin D. , Wood Houston G. , Allaire Paul E.
Published: November 2012

Traditional annular seal models are based on bulk flow theory. While these methods are computationally efficient and can predict dynamic properties fairly well for short seals, they lack accuracy in cases of seals with complex geometry or with large aspect ratios (above 1.0). In this paper, the linearized rotordynamic coefficients for a seal with a large aspect ratio are calculated by means of a three-dimensional CFD analysis performed to predict the fluid-induced forces acting on the rotor. For comparison, the dynamic coefficients were also calculated using two other codes: one developed on the bulk flow method and one based on finite difference method. These two sets of dynamic coefficients were compared with those obtained from CFD. Results show a reasonable correlation for the direct stiffness estimates, with largest value predicted by CFD. In terms of cross-coupled stiffness, which is known to be directly related to cross-coupled forces that contribute to rotor instability, the CFD also predicts the highest value; however, a much larger discrepancy can be observed for this term (73% higher than the value predicted by the finite difference method and 79% higher than the bulk flow code prediction). One can see similar large differences in predictions in the estimates for damping and direct mass coefficients, where the highest values are predicted by the bulk flow method. These large variations in damping and mass coefficients, and most importantly the large difference in the cross-coupled stiffness predictions, may be attributed to the large difference in seal geometry (i.e., the large aspect ratio AR > 1.0 of this seal model versus the short seal configuration the bulk flow code is usually calibrated for using an empirical friction factor).
Study of Fuel Composition Effects on Flashback Using a Confined Jet Flame Burner
Authors: Shaffer Brendan , Duan Zhixuan , McDonell Vincent
Published: November 2012

Flashback is the main operability issue associated with converting lean, premixed combustion systems from operation on natural gas to operation on high hydrogen content fuels. Most syngas fuels contain some amount of hydrogen (15–100%) depending on the fuel processing scheme. With this variability in the composition of syngas, the question of how fuel composition impacts flashback propensity arises. To address this question, a jet burner configuration was used to develop systematic data for a wide range of compositions under turbulent flow conditions. The burner consisted of a quartz burner tube confined by a larger quartz tube. The use of quartz allowed visualization of the flashback processes occurring. Various fuel compositions of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and natural gas were premixed with air at equivalence ratios corresponding to constant adiabatic flame temperatures (AFT) of 1700 K and 1900 K. Once a flame was stabilized on the burner, the air flow rate would be gradually reduced while holding the AFT constant via the equivalence ratio until flashback occurred. Schlieren and intensified OH* images captured at high speeds during flashback allowed some additional understanding of what is occurring during the highly dynamic process of flashback. Confined and unconfined flashback data were analyzed by comparing data collected in the present study with existing data in the literature. A statistically designed test matrix was used which allows analysis of variance of the results to be carried out, leading to correlation between fuel composition and flame temperature with (1) critical flashback velocity gradient and (2) burner tip temperature. Using the burner tip temperature as the unburned temperature in the laminar flame speed calculations showed increased correlation of the flashback data and laminar flame speed as opposed to when the actual unburned gas temperature was used.
Application of an Industrial Sensor Coating System on a Rolls-Royce Jet Engine for Temperature Detection
Authors: Feist J. P. , Sollazzo P. Y. , Berthier S. , Charnley B. , Wells J.
Published: November 2012

Thermal barrier coatings are used to reduce the actual working temperature of the high pressure turbine blade metal surface and; hence permit the engine to operate at higher more efficient temperatures. Sensor coatings are an adaptation of existing thermal barrier coatings to enhance their functionality, such that they not only protect engine components from the high temperature gas, but can also measure the material temperature accurately and determine the health of the coating e.g., ageing, erosion and corrosion. The sensing capability is introduced by embedding optically active materials into the thermal barrier coatings and by illuminating these coatings with excitation light phosphorescence can be observed. The phosphorescence carries temperature and structural information about the coating. Accurate temperature measurements in the engine hot section would eliminate some of the conservative margins which currently need to be imposed to permit safe operation. A 50 K underestimation at high operating temperatures can lead to significant premature failure of the protective coating and loss of integrity. Knowledge of the exact temperature could enable the adaptation of the most efficient coating strategies using the minimum amount of air. The integration of an on-line temperature detection system would enable the full potential of thermal barrier coatings to be realized due to improved accuracy in temperature measurement and early warning of degradation. This, in turn, will increase fuel efficiency and reduce CO2 emissions. Application: This paper describes the implementation of a sensor coating system on a Rolls-Royce jet engine. The system consists of three components: industrially manufactured robust coatings, advanced remote detection optics and improved control and readout software. The majority of coatings were based on yttria stabilized zirconia doped with Dy (dysprosium) and Eu (europium), although other coatings made of yttrium aluminum garnet were manufactured as well. Coatings were produced on a production line using atmospheric plasma spraying. Parallel tests at Didcot power station revealed survivability of specific coatings in excess of 4500 effective operating hours. It is deduced that the capability of these coatings is in the range of normal maintenance schedules of industrial gas turbines of 24,000 h or even longer. An advanced optical system was designed and manufactured permitting easy scanning of coated components and also the detection of phosphorescence on rotating turbine blades (13 k rotations per minute) at stand-off distances of up to 400 mm. Successful temperature measurements were taken from the nozzle guide vanes (hot), the combustion chamber (noisy) and the rotating turbine blades (moving) and compared with thermocouple and pyrometer installations for validation purposes.