bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Twenty‐year progression of body mass index in a county‐wide cohort of people with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder identified at their first episode of psychosis
Authors: Strassnig Martin , Kotov Roman , Cornaccio Danielle , Fochtmann Laura , Harvey Philip D , Bromet Evelyn J
Published: June 2017

Objective

There is an increased prevalence of obesity in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, leading to a disproportionate risk of adverse health conditions. Prospective, long‐term weight gain data, however, are scarce.

Methods

We analyzed data from the Suffolk County Mental Health Project cohort of consecutive first admissions with psychosis recruited from September 1989 to December 1995 and subsequently followed for 20 years, focusing on people with schizophrenia (n=146) and bipolar disorder (n=87). The time course of weight gain was examined using a 2 (group)×5 (time) mixed‐model repeated measures ANOVA, and body mass index (BMI) scores at the first (6 months) and second (2 years) assessments were compared to examine whether early overweight predicted later obesity.

Results

There was a statistically significant effect of time (F(1,210)=68.06, P<.001) and diagnosis (F(1,210)=29.18, P<.001) on BMI, but not the interaction of time×diagnosis (F(1,210)=0.88, P=.48). Most participants had normal BMIs at the first two assessments. Early overweight was a predictor of eventual obesity for both groups. At the 20‐year follow‐ups, approximately 50% of the bipolar and 62% of the schizophrenia sample were obese, with a greater prevalence of obesity in schizophrenia at each assessment (all P<.02), except for years 4 (P=.12) and 20 (P=.27).

Conclusions

Nearly two‐thirds of the participants with schizophrenia and over half of those with bipolar disorder were obese 20 years after first hospitalization for psychosis, considerably higher than the rate for adults in New York State (27%). Early intervention may be required to prevent long‐term consequences of obesity‐related morbidity and mortality.
Diagnosis and monitoring for light chain only and oligosecretory myeloma using serum free light chain tests
Authors: Heaney Jennifer L. J. , Campbell John P. , Griffin Anne E. , Birtwistle Jane , Shemar Meena , Child J Anthony , Gregory Walter M. , Cairns David A. , Morgan Gareth , Jackson Graham , Drayson Mark T.
Published: June 2017

This study aims to guide the integration of serum free light chain (sFLC) tests into clinical practice, including a new rapid test (Seralite®). Blood and urine analysis from 5573 newly diagnosed myeloma patients identified 576 light chain only (LCO) and 60 non‐secretory (NS) cases. Serum was tested by Freelite® and Seralite® at diagnosis, maximum response and relapse. 20% of LCO patients had urine FLC levels below that recommended for measuring response but >97% of these had adequate sFLC levels (oligosecretory). The recommended Freelite® sFLC ≥100 mg/l for measuring response was confirmed and the equivalent Seralite® FLC difference (dFLC) >20 mg/l identified. By both methods, ≥38% of NS patients had measurable disease (oligosecretory). Higher sFLC levels were observed on Freelite® at all time points. However, good clinical concordance was observed at diagnosis and in response to therapy. Achieving at least a very good partial response according to either sFLC method was associated with better patient survival. Relapse was identified using a Freelite® sFLC increase >200 mg/l and found 100% concordance with a corresponding Seralite® dFLC increase >30 mg/l. Both Freelite® and Seralite® sensitively diagnose and monitor LCO/oligosecretory myeloma. Rapid testing by Seralite® could fast‐track FLC screening and monitoring. Response by sFLC assessment was prognostic for survival and demonstrates the clinical value of routine sFLC testing.
Establishing a chemical genetic link between Bruton tyrosine kinase activity in malignant B cells and cell functions involved in the micro‐environmental dialogue
Authors: Göckeritz Elisa , Vondey Verena , Guastafierro Anna , Pizevska Maja , Hassenrück Floyd , Neumann Lars , Hallek Michael , Krause Günter
Published: June 2017

To elucidate their mechanism of action, inhibitors of Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) and resistant BTK mutants were employed to dissect target‐dependent cellular functions. BTK‐C481S and ‐T474I, expressed in Ramos and NALM‐6 cells, maintained BTK auto‐phosphorylation under treatment with ibrutinib or dasatinib, respectively, which showed only modest cytotoxicity. Retained activity of BTK‐T474 partially rescued cell migration from inhibition by dasatinib. Importantly, resistant BTK mutants reconstituted B cell receptor‐triggered chemokine secretion in the presence of corresponding inhibitors, demonstrating that BTK activity is connected with cell‐intrinsic functions of malignant B cells with importance for their dialogue with the micro‐environment.
High density of CD204‐positive macrophages predicts worse clinical prognosis in patients with breast cancer
Authors: Miyasato Yuko , Shiota Takuya , Ohnishi Koji , Pan Cheng , Yano Hiromu , Horlad Hasita , Yamamoto Yutaka , Yamamoto‐Ibusuki Mutsuko , Iwase Hirotaka , Takeya Motohiro , Komohara Yoshihiro
Published: June 2017

Recent studies have indicated the clinical significance of tumor‐associated macrophages (TAM) in several malignant tumors including breast cancer. Although recent studies have focused on CD68‐positive or CD163‐positive TAM in breast cancer, no study has investigated the significance of CD204‐positive TAM in breast cancer. We found that CD204 expression on macrophages was evaluated following stimulation with the conditioned medium (CM) of breast cancer cell lines. Paraffin sections of 149 breast cancer samples which were diagnosed as invasive ductal carcinoma were immunohistochemically analyzed for CD68, CD163 and CD204 expression. The results of analyses indicated that a high number of CD204‐positive TAM was associated with worse clinical prognoses, including relapse‐free survival, distant relapse‐free survival and breast cancer‐specific survival; however, neither the numbers of CD68‐positive or CD163‐positive TAM were associated with clinical courses. Of the clinicopathological factors investigated, estrogen receptor, Ki‐67 index, hormone subtype, and histological grade were significantly related to the increased number of CD163‐positive and CD204‐positive TAM. These data indicate the clinical significance of CD204‐positive TAM in breast cancer progression and CD204 is a marker for predicting clinical prognosis in breast cancer.
High‐mobility group box‐1 contributes tumor angiogenesis under interleukin‐8 mediation during gastric cancer progression
Authors: Chung Hye Won , Lim Jong‐Baeck
Published: June 2017

Many soluble factors are involved in tumor angiogenesis. Thus, it is valuable to identify novel soluble factors for effective control of tumor angiogenesis in gastric cancer (GC). We investigated the role of extracellular high‐mobility group box‐1 (HMGB1) and its associated soluble factors in the tumor angiogenesis of GC. Clinically, we measured serum levels of HMGB1 and GC‐associated cytokines/chemokines using GC serum samples (n = 120), and calculated microvessel density (MVD) by CD34 immunostaining using human GC tissues (n = 27). Then we analyzed the correlation of serum HMGB1 levels with MVD or that with cytokine/chemokine levels by linear regression. As in vitro angiogenesis assay for HMGB1, HUVEC migration and capillary tube formation assay were carried out using different histological types of human GC cells (N87 and KATOIII). CD34‐positive microvessels were detected from early GC, but MVD increased according to GC stages, and were closely correlated with serum HMGB1 levels (R = 0.608, P = 0.01). The HUVECs cultured in conditioned media derived from rhHMGB1‐treated or HMGB1‐TF GC cells showed remarkably enhanced migration and tube formation activities. These effects were abrogated by anti‐HMGB1 antibody or HMGB1 siRNA in both N87 and KATOIII cells (all P < 0.05). Among tested cytokines/chemokines, interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) was the most remarkable cytokine correlated with serum HMGB1 (P < 0.001), and enhanced HUVEC migration and tube formation activities by rhHMGB1 or HMGB1‐TF were significantly reversed by IL‐8 inhibition. These results indicate overexpressed HMGB1 contributes to tumor angiogenesis through IL‐8 mediation, and combined targeting of HMGB1 and IL‐8 can control tumor angiogenesis in GC.
BSACI guideline for the diagnosis and management of peanut and tree nut allergy
Authors: Stiefel G. , Anagnostou K. , Boyle R. J. , Brathwaite N. , Ewan P. , Fox A. T. , Huber P. , Luyt D. , Till S. J. , Venter C. , Clark A. T.
Published: June 2017

Peanut nut and tree nut allergy are characterised by IgE mediated reactions to nut proteins. Nut allergy is a global disease. Limited epidemiological data suggest varying prevalence in different geographical areas. Primary nut allergy affects over 2% of children and 0.5% of adults in the UK. Infants with severe eczema and/or egg allergy have a higher risk of peanut allergy. Primary nut allergy presents most commonly in the first five years of life, often after the first known ingestion with typical rapid onset IgE‐mediated symptoms. The clinical diagnosis of primary nut allergy can be made by the combination of a typical clinical presentation and evidence of nut specifc IgE shown by a positive skin prick test (SPT) or specific IgE (sIgE) test. Pollen food syndrome is a distinct disorder, usually mild, with oral/pharyngeal symptoms, in the context of hay fever or pollen sensitisation, which can be triggered by nuts. It can usually be distinguish clinically from primary nut allergy. The magnitude of a SPT or sIgE relates to the probability of clinical allergy, but does not relate to clinical severity. SPT of ≥ 8 mm or sIgE ≥ 15 KU/L to peanut is highly predictive of clinical allergy. Cut off values are not available for tree nuts. Test results must be interpreted in the context of the clinical history. Diagnostic food challenges are usually not necessary but may be used to confirm or refute a conflicting history and test result. As nut allergy is likely to be a long‐lived disease, nut avoidance advice is the cornerstone of management. Patients should be provided with a comprehensive management plan including avoidance advice, patient specific emergency medication and an emergency treatment plan and training in administration of emergency medication. Regular re‐training is required.
Association between biochemical hyperandrogenism parameters and Ferriman‐Gallwey score in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta‐regression analysis
Authors: Amiri Mina , Ramezani Tehrani Fahimeh , Nahidi Fatemeh , Bidhendi Yarandi Razieh , Behboudi‐Gandevani Samira , Azizi Fereidoun
Published: June 2017

Background and Objective

A limited number of studies have evaluated the relationship between clinical and biochemical hyperandrogenism (HA). This study aimed to evaluate the association between biochemical hyperandrogenism parameters (BHPs) and Ferriman‐Gallwey (FG) score in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

Methods

We searched PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect and Web of Sciences databases (2000‐2015) to identify studies investigating clinical and biochemical parameters of HA in PCOS patients. In this meta‐analysis, both fixed and random effect models were applied to estimate pooled effect size. To assess the relationships between BHPs and FG score, meta‐regression analysis was used.

Results

Fifty‐five study groups with a total of 6593 PCOS patients were analysed. Meta‐regression analysis of pooled data from all eligible studies showed significant positive relationships of FG score with androstenedione (A4) (P=.034) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) (P=.012), whereas it showed no association with total testosterone (tT), free testosterone (fT), sex hormone bonding globulin (SHBG) and free androgen index (FAI). The results did not change after adjusting for quality assessment or method of assay. Nor did the associations between A4 and FG score remain after adjusting for age and BMI, diagnostic criteria for PCOS and study design or the association between DHEAS and FG score remain after adjusting for ethnicity.

Conclusion

This meta‐analysis confirmed the associations of some BHPs, including A4 and DHEAS with FG score, indicating that measurement of these parameters can be useful for managing PCOS patients with hirsutism.
Primary ridge augmentation with collagenated xenogenic block bone substitute in combination with collagen membrane and rhBMP‐2: a pilot histological investigation
Authors: Benic Goran I. , Joo Myung‐Jae , Yoon So‐Ra , Cha Jae‐Kook , Jung Ui‐Won
Published: June 2017

Objective

The aim of this pilot study was to test whether a porcine collagenated bone substitute block (PCBB) and collagen membrane (CM) loaded with bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2) used for horizontal ridge augmentation differ from PCBB and CM without BMP‐2 regarding the osseointegration of the grafting material and the maintenance of the ridge contour.

Material and methods

Two semi‐saddle bone defects were created in each side of the mandible of six dogs. The defects were randomly allocated to receive one of the following treatments: bone augmentation using (1) PCBB, (2) PCBB loaded with BMP‐2 (PCBB‐BMP2), (3) PCBB + CM and (4) PCBB + CM loaded with BMP‐2 (PCBB + CM‐BMP2). After 12 weeks, one titanium implant was inserted into every site. After 8 weeks, one central histological section of each site was prepared. Histomorphometrical assessments were performed evaluating the augmented area (AA), the area of new bone (NB) (primary outcome), residual bone substitute (BS) and non‐mineralized tissue (NMT) within AA in mm2. In addition, the most coronal and the most buccal localizations of new bone and residual bone substitute, and the most coronal bone‐to‐implant contact were measured in mm.

Results

Clinically, all PCBB were firmly integrated and permitted implant placement. All the implants osseointegrated and exhibited complete hard‐tissue coverage of the buccal surface. Bone ingrowth always reached the central portions of PCBB. AA measured 10.4 ± 4.2 mm2 for PCBB, 11.8 ± 2.8 mm2 for PCBB‐BMP2, 9.8 ± 2.9 mm2 for PCBB + CM and 8.5 ± 2.2 mm2 for PCBB + CM‐BMP2. Only the difference between PCBB‐BMP2 and PCBB + CM‐BMP2 was statistically significant (P = 0.031). NB reached 2.3 ± 1.3 mm2 for PCBB, 2 ± 0.5 mm2 for PCBB‐BMP2, 2.7 ± 1.2 mm2 for PCBB + CM and 1.8 ± 0.7 mm2 for PCBB + CM‐BMP2. There were no statistically significant differences regarding NB, the most coronal and the most buccal localizations of new bone, residual bone substitute and bone‐to‐implant contact (P > 0.05).

Conclusions

The addition of BMP‐2 to PCBB or CM used for horizontal ridge augmentation did not render a statistically significant improvement in the maintenance of the augmented ridge contour and the new bone formation. PCBB with and without CM showed pronounced bone ingrowth and capacity to maintain the augmented ridge contour. In all the regions previously augmented with PCBB, the implants successfully integrated and presented with complete hard‐tissue coverage.
Land‐use history as a guide for forest conservation and management
Authors: Whitlock Cathy , Colombaroli Daniele , Conedera Marco , Tinner Willy
Published: June 2017

Conservation efforts to protect forested landscapes are challenged by climate projections that suggest substantial restructuring of vegetation and disturbance regimes in the future. In this regard, paleoecological records that describe ecosystem responses to past variations in climate, fire, and human activity offer critical information for assessing present landscape conditions and future landscape vulnerability. We illustrate this point drawing on 8 sites in the northwestern United States, New Zealand, Patagonia, and central and southern Europe that have undergone different levels of climate and land‐use change. These sites fall along a gradient of landscape conditions that range from nearly pristine (i.e., vegetation and disturbance shaped primarily by past climate and biophysical constraints) to highly altered (i.e., landscapes that have been intensely modified by past human activity). Position on this gradient has implications for understanding the role of natural and anthropogenic disturbance in shaping ecosystem dynamics and assessments of present biodiversity, including recognizing missing or overrepresented species. Dramatic vegetation reorganization occurred at all study sites as a result of postglacial climate variations. In nearly pristine landscapes, such as those in Yellowstone National Park, climate has remained the primary driver of ecosystem change up to the present day. In Europe, natural vegetation–climate–fire linkages were broken 6000–8000 years ago with the onset of Neolithic farming, and in New Zealand, natural linkages were first lost about 700 years ago with arrival of the Maori people. In the U.S. Northwest and Patagonia, the greatest landscape alteration occurred in the last 150 years with Euro‐American settlement. Paleoecology is sometimes the best and only tool for evaluating the degree of landscape alteration and the extent to which landscapes retain natural components. Information on landscape‐level history thus helps assess current ecological change, clarify management objectives, and define conservation strategies that seek to protect both natural and cultural elements.
Reversal after Hartmann's procedure in patients with complicated sigmoid diverticulitis
Authors: Hess G. F. , Schäfer J. , Rosenthal R. , Kettelhack C. , Oertli D.
Published: June 2017

Aim

Hartmann's procedure (HP) is commonly used for the emergency treatment of complicated sigmoid diverticulitis (CSD). It is intended to restore intestinal continuity; however, in practice, reversal is not carried out in all patients. It is important to know the frequency of reversal and the impact of patient‐related factors on the decision for reversal.

Method

A retrospective study was conducted on all patients who underwentHPforCSDat a tertiary referral hospital between 1 May 2005 and 31 December 2010. We assessed the frequency of reversal over time and the prognostic factors affecting the decision for reversal.

Results

Of 67 patients [median age 76 (interquartile range: 68–81) years] who hadHPforCSD, 28 (42%) underwent reversal. The cumulative incidence of reversal after 48 weeks was 48% (95%CI: 36–62%). Reversal was less likely in elderly patients [hazard ratio (HR) per decade increase = 0.43; 95%CI: 0.26–0.71], with cardiac insufficiency or coronary heart disease (HR = 0.60; 95%CI: 0.26–1.40) and with preoperative immunosuppression or chemotherapy (HR = 0.31; 95%CI: 0.07–1.33). There was no apparent effect of these factors on mortality.

Conclusion

Approximately half of the patients havingHPforCSDundergo reversal within 48 weeks of the initial operation. The finding that age, cardiac or coronary heart disease and preoperative immunosuppression or chemotherapy have an impact on the decision for reversal is relevant to healthcare professionals and patients.
Epidemiology, risk factors, and outcomes of infections in patients undergoing liver transplantation for hilar cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Ramanan Poornima , Cummins Nathan W. , Wilhelm Mark P. , Heimbach Julie K. , Dierkhising Ross , Kremers Walter K. , Rosen Charles B. , Gores Gregory J. , Razonable Raymund R.
Published: June 2017

The epidemiology of infection after liver transplantation for hilar cholangiocarcinoma has not been systematically investigated. In this study of 124 patients, 255 infections occurred in 105 patients during the median follow‐up of 4.2 years. The median time to first infection was 15.1 weeks (IQR 1.6‐62.6). The most common sites were the abdomen, bloodstream, and musculoskeletal system. Risk factors for any post‐transplant infection were pre‐transplant VRE colonization (Hazard Ratio [HR] 1.9, P=.002), living donor transplantation (HR 6.6, P<.001), longer cold ischemia time (HR 1.05 per 10 minutes, P<.001), donor CMV seropositivity (HR 2.2, P<.001), hepatic artery thrombosis (HR 2.6, P=.005), biliary stricture (HR 3.8, P=.002), intra‐abdominal fluid collection (HR 4.2, P<.001), and re‐operations within 1 month after transplantation (HR 1.7, P=.020). Abdominal infections were independently associated with hemodialysis requirement within 1 month after transplantation (HR 5.6, P=.006), hepatic artery thrombosis (HR 3.3, P=.007), biliary stricture (HR 5.2, P<.001), and abdominal fluid collection (HR 3.7, P=.0002). Bloodstream infections were independently associated with allograft ischemia (HR 17.8, P<.001), biliary stricture (HR 6.5, P=.005), and recipient VRE colonization (HR 4, P<.001). Abdominal infections (HR 2.3, P=.02) and Clostridium difficile infections (HR 4.6, P=.01) were independently associated with increased mortality.
Mathematical approach to nonlocal interactions using a reaction‐diffusion system
Authors: Tanaka Yoshitaro , Yamamoto Hiroko , Ninomiya Hirokazu
Published: June 2017

In recent years, spatial long range interactions during developmental processes have been introduced as a result of the integration of microscopic information, such as molecular events and signaling networks. They are often called nonlocal interactions. If the profile of a nonlocal interaction is determined by experiments, we can easily investigate how patterns generate by numerical simulations without detailed microscopic events. Thus, nonlocal interactions are useful tools to understand complex biosystems. However, nonlocal interactions are often inconvenient for observing specific mechanisms because of the integration of information. Accordingly, we proposed a new method that could convert nonlocal interactions into a reaction‐diffusion system with auxiliary unknown variables. In this review, by introducing biological and mathematical studies related to nonlocal interactions, we will present the heuristic understanding of nonlocal interactions using a reaction‐diffusion system.
Luther and Gender: Shifts in Paradigms and Orientations
Authors: Stjerna Kirsi I.
Published: June 2017

Considering the tenderness and detail with which Luther attends to matters “all about Eve” in his Genesis lectures—and how he treats the matriarchs in the Genesis narrative—we can say that gender and women constitute a central interest for the reformer. He developed, in his context, a new theological anthropology that valued women's biological distinction, difference within sameness in creation, and absolute equality in redemption and callings. While his gender ideology is a work in progress, Luther's instincts are modern, if not even feminist, when placing the uterus at the central place of the delivery of the saving incarnate Word.
Review of basal‐plus insulin regimen options for simpler insulin intensification in people with Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Raccah D. , Huet D. , Dib A. , Joseph F. , Landers B. , Escalada J. , Schmitt H.
Published: June 2017

Aims

To identify simple insulin regimens for people with Type 2 diabetes mellitus that can be accepted and implemented earlier in primary and specialist care, taking into consideration each individual's needs and capabilities.

Methods

Using randomized clinical trials identified by a search of the PubMed database, as well as systematic reviews, meta‐analyses and proof‐of‐concept studies, this review addresses topics of interest related to the progressive intensification of a basal insulin regimen to a basal‐plus regimen (one basal insulin injection plus stepwise addition of one to three preprandial short‐acting insulin injections/day) vs a basal‐bolus regimen (basal insulin plus three short‐acting insulin injections per day) in people with Type 2 diabetes. The review explores approaches that can be used to define the meal for first prandial injection with basal‐plus regimens, differences among insulin titration algorithms, and the importance of self‐motivation and autonomy in achieving optimum glycaemic control.

Results

A basal‐plus regimen can provide glycaemic control equivalent to that obtained with a full basal‐bolus regimen, with fewer injections of prandial insulin. The first critical step is to optimize basal insulin dosing to reach a fasting glucose concentration of ~6.7 mmol/l; this allows ~40% of patients with baseline HbA1c >75 mmol/mol (9%) to be controlled with only one basal insulin injection per day.

Conclusions

Compared with a basal‐bolus regimen, a basal‐plus insulin regimen is as effective but more practical, and has the best chance of acceptance and success in the real world.
Projected long‐term outcomes in patients with type 1 diabetes treated with fast‐acting insulin aspart vs conventional insulin aspart in the UK setting
Authors: Russell‐Jones David , Heller Simon R. , Buchs Sarah , Sandberg Anna , Valentine William J. , Hunt Barnaby
Published: June 2017

Aim

To assess the impact of faster aspart vs insulin aspart on long‐term clinical outcomes and costs for patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in the UK setting.

Methods

The QuintilesIMS CORE Diabetes Model was used to project clinical outcomes and costs over patient lifetimes in a cohort with data on baseline characteristics from the “onset 1” trial. Treatment effects were taken from the 26‐week main phase of the onset 1 trial, with costs and utilities based on literature review. Future costs and clinical benefits were discounted at 3.5% annually.

Results

Projections indicated that faster aspart was associated with improved discounted quality‐adjusted life expectancy (by 0.13 quality‐adjusted life‐years) vs insulin aspart. Improved clinical outcomes resulted from fewer diabetes‐related complications and a delayed time to their onset with faster aspart. Faster aspart was found to be associated with reduced costs vs insulin aspart (cost savings of £1715), resulting from diabetes‐related complications avoided and reduced treatment costs.

Conclusions

Faster aspart was associated with improved clinical outcomes and cost savings vs insulin aspart for patients with T1DM in the UK setting.
Despairing Moods: Worldly Attunements and Permeable Personhood in Yap
Authors: Throop C. Jason
Published: June 2017

Building upon ongoing efforts to further a phenomenological anthropological engagement with affective and mooded dimensions of moral experience, the article examines the ways in which everyday moods may disclose forms of attunement to worldly conditions. The article focuses specifically upon the mood‐inflected concerns of a Yapese woman suffering from type II diabetes named “Thiil” who despairs of the possibility that her children will eventually become afflicted with the disease as well. A central goal of the article is to explore the ways in which Thiil's mood‐inflected responses to her illness disclose an attunement to the “communicable” pathways of an otherwise “noncommunicable” disease.
The Opening Wedge: Mary E. Creswell, Home Economics, and the University of Georgia
Authors: Nickols Sharon Y. , Peek Gina Gould
Published: June 2017

A protracted struggle for women to gain admission to the University of Georgia took place in the context of major shifts in social, economic, and political conditions within the state from the 1890s to the early 1900s. This article reports the early development of home economics in Georgia and Mary E. Creswell's pivotal role. As a beneficiary of change as well as an agent of change, Creswell provided leadership for programs aimed at increasing women's educational and career opportunities and improving living conditions. This study illustrates the use of documentary research to explore the intersection of personal and public issues.
Gender and Risk‐bearing Portfolio Choices among Older Single Workers: The Role of Human Capital
Authors: Lee Yoon G. , Kim Sungsook
Published: June 2017

Using data from the 2012 Health and Retirement Study, this study examined whether gender was associated with risk bearing in portfolio choices among single workers nearing retirement. Also, the study investigated how human capital was associated with the worker's allocation of risk‐bearing assets by gender. The results of logistic regression revealed that while gender was statistically significant, education level was also a significant predictor of holding risky assets. Since differences in human capital explained the difference in portfolio choices for male and female workers, financial educators should consider this finding as they attempt to help the least financially savvy populations with financial education programs.
Episodic replacement of clotting factor concentrates does not prevent bleeding or musculoskeletal damage – the MUSFIH study
Authors: Poonnoose P. , Carneiro J. D. A. , Cruickshank A. L. , El Ekiaby M. , Perez Bianco R. P. , Ozelo M. C. , De Bosch N. , Baghaipour M. , Tien S. L. , Chuansumrit A. , D'Amico E. A. , van Zyl A. , Sabour A. , Candela M. , Ricciardi J. B. S. , Ruiz‐Sàez A. , Ravanbod R. , Lam J. C. L. , Jaovisidha S. , Kavitha M. L. , Gibikote S. , Shyamkumar N. , Srivastava A. ,   the MUSFIH Study group
Published: June 2017

Patients and methods

A longitudinal study was carried out in 255 children from 10 centres in nine developing countries over 5 years to assess the musculoskeletal outcome of children on episodic factor replacement. Outcome was documented by assessment of the annual joint bleeding rate (AJBR), WFH clinical and Pettersson radiological joint scores as well as the FISH score for activities. Of the 203 patients for whom data was available at the end of 5 years, 164 who had received only episodic treatment are included in this report.

Results

The median age at the beginning of the study was 10 years (IQR 7–12). The median clotting factor concentrate (CFC) usage was 662 IU kg−1 year−1 (IQ range: 280–1437). The median AJBR was 10 (IQ range: 5–17). The median AJBR was higher in the older children with the median being 5 for the 5 year old child, while it was 9 for the 10 year old and 11 for children older than 15. Given the episodic nature of the replacement therapy, those with a higher AJBR used significantly greater annual CFC doses (P < 0.001); The median change in WFH clinical score and Pettersson radiological score over the 5 years was 0.4/year for each, while the FISH deteriorated at a rate of 0.2/year with poor correlation of these changes with CFC dose. WFH and FISH scores were significantly worse in those with an AJBR of >3 per year (P = 0.001). The change in the Pettersson score was significantly more in those with an AJBR of >5 per year (P = 0.020). Significant changes in FISH scores were only noted after 10 years of age.

Conclusion

Episodic CFC replacement over a large range of doses does not alter the natural course of bleeding in haemophilia or the musculoskeletal deterioration and should not be recommended as a long term option for treatment. Prophylaxis is the only way to preserve musculoskeletal function in haemophilia.
Haemophilia care in Europe ‐ A survey of 37 countries
Authors: Mahony B. O. , Savini L. , Hara J. O. , Bok A.
Published: June 2017

Introduction

The European Haemophilia Consortium (EHC) is an international non‐profit organization representing 45 national patients' organizations in Europe. Every 3 years, the EHC circulates a survey to its national member organizations to assess the state of haemophilia care.

Aim

The purpose of this exercise is to ascertain information about the organization of haemophilia care and treatment availability at national levels. Furthermore, the survey provides a basis from which the EHC are able to monitor the unmet need and stability of care/treatment access in the individual member countries.

Patients and Methods

Surveys are distributed to EHC member organizations in English and Russian. Patient organizations are encouraged to share the survey with local clinicians to ensure accuracy of responses. The data collected are in part consistent to provide a longitudinal overview for treatment access, but topical items are included such as ageing. Subsequently, completed surveys are transposed into a database for analysis and reporting.

Results

Thirty‐seven responses were received from the 45 countries approached, representing an 82% response rate from members. Findings suggest increased access to treatment and some improvement in certain areas of care. However, access to treatment has declined or remained largely unchanged in some countries.

Conclusion

The survey has been a successful exercise in enabling a greater understanding of the current Haemophilia care landscape across Europe. However, there remain unmet needs in various aspects of patient care, and specific examples include psychosocial care and general preparedness for an ageing haemophilia population.
‘Snatched by Destiny's Hand’: Obituaries and the Making of Class in Modern Egypt
Authors: Omar Hussein A H
Published: June 2017

This article examines the newspaper obituary as a source for historians of the late 19th and early 20th century Egypt. Long utilized by genealogists, these sources have been neglected by historians, for a number of reasons. Rather than read them as an uncritical reflection of social relations, as genealogists have, historians ought to engage with them critically as a way of understanding how individuals imagined themselves and their social worlds.

The article argues that reading and writing obituaries was one of the ways in which a previously differentiated and divided Egyptian elite began to imagine itself as belonging to a single, horizontal class. It further demonstrates how obituaries can be used to chart social mobility in a context where surnames were neither heritable nor standardised. Obituaries provide unique insights into social transformations independent of the political ruptures around which state archives are organised and official histories written. The article shows how sociocultural developments (such as the rise of Islamic modernism) are reflected in and were transformed through, the reading and writing of obituaries. Discourses around the ‘good Muslim death’ were inscribed and indeed prescribed through this form, even as it came under increasing attack at the turn of the 20th century for being un‐Islamic. Aside from opening up new methodological avenues for writing the history of class, and the history of gender beyond the state, the article emphasises the importance of death as a historical subject of enquiry in its own right.
Twenty years of Worlds of Women: Leila Rupp's impact on the history of U.S. women's internationalism
Authors: Threlkeld Megan
Published: June 2017

Since its publication in 1997, Leila Rupp's Worlds of Women: The Making of an International Women's Movement has been hailed as a ground‐breaking work of scholarship on women's internationalism. This essay considers its impact for U.S. historians in particular, examining how it has led to new studies of U.S. women internationalists and of U.S. women's engagement with women around the world. It has also furthered efforts to globalize the history of the United States, to reperiodize the field of U.S. women's history, and to diversify the field of U.S. foreign relations.
Isaac Newton, scholar: An exceptional example of normal erudition
Authors: Greenham Paul
Published: June 2017

Isaac Newton remains a subject of primary interest in the history of science, as recent scholarship redefines our understanding of the boundaries between disciplines of knowing in the early modern world. Newton's alchemy—or chymistry—together with his interpretations of chronology and biblical prophecy continue to be debated in their relationship to his innovations in science—or natural philosophy. This article reviews the recent shifts of this debate to a focus on Newton's erudition, to how Newton employed the tools of the university‐educated scholar, both humanist and scholastic, in his search for truth within his various intellectual pursuits. Newton's massive legacy of remaining source documents provides rich insight into what was, in many ways, a form of scholarship quite common in his historical context.
Amplification and quantification of cold‐associated microRNAs in the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) agricultural pest
Authors: Morin M. D. , Frigault J. J. , Lyons P. J. , Crapoulet N. , Boquel S. , Storey K. B. , Morin P. Jr
Published: June 2017

The Colorado potato beetle [Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)] is an important insect pest that can inflict considerable damage to potato plants. This insect can survive extended periods of cold exposure, and yet the molecular switches underlying this phenomenon have not been fully elucidated. A better characterization of this process would highlight novel vulnerabilities associated with L. decemlineata that could serve as targets for the management of this devastating pest. Using high‐throughput sequencing, the current work reveals a cold‐associated signature group of microRNAs (miRNAs) in control (15 °C) and −5 °C‐exposed L. decemlineata. The results show 42 differentially expressed miRNAs following cold exposure including miR‐9a‐3p, miR‐210‐3p, miR‐276‐5p and miR‐277‐3p. Functional analysis of predicted targets associated with these cold‐responsive miRNAs notably linked these changes with vital metabolic and cellular processes. Overall, this study highlights the miRNAs probably responsible for facilitating cold adaptation in L. decemlineata and implicates miRNAs as a key molecular target to consider in the development of novel pest management strategies against these insects.
How Visual is Visual Prediction?
Authors: Emberson Lauren L. , Rizzieri Ashley , Aslin Richard N.
Published: June 2017

Infants are readily able to use their recent experience to shape their future behavior. Recent work has confirmed that infants generate neural predictions based on their recent experience (Emberson, Richards, & Aslin, 2015) and that neural predictions trigger visual system activity similar to that elicited by visual stimulation. This study uses behavioral methods to ask, how visual is visual prediction? In Experiment 1, we confirmed that when additional trials provide additional visual experience with the experimental shape, infants exhibit a robust novelty preference. In Experiment 2, we removed the visual stimulus from some trials and presented the predictive auditory cue alone, allowing the effects of neural prediction to be assessed. We found no evidence of looking preferences at test, suggesting that visual prediction does not contribute to the computation of visual familiarity. In Experiment 3, we provided infants with a degraded visual stimulus to test whether visual prediction could bias visual perception under ambiguous conditions. Again, we found no evidence of looking preferences at test, suggesting that visual prediction is not biasing perception of an uncertain stimulus. Overall, our results suggest that visual prediction is not visual, in the strictest sense, despite the presence of visual system activation.
Independent and combined effects of high temperature and drought stress around anthesis on wheat
Authors: Mahrookashani A. , Siebert S. , Hüging H. , Ewert F.
Published: June 2017

High temperature and drought stress are projected to reduce crop yields and threaten food security. While effects of heat and drought on crop growth and yield have been studied separately, little is known about the combined effect of these stressors. We studied detrimental effects of high temperature, drought stress and combined heat and drought stress around anthesis on yield and its components for three wheat cultivars originating from Germany and Iran. We found that effects of combined heat and drought on the studied physiological and yield traits were considerably stronger than those of the individual stress factors alone, but the magnitude of the effects varied for specific growth‐ and yield‐related traits. Single grain weight was reduced under drought stress by 13%–27% and under combined heat and drought stress by 43%–83% but not by heat stress alone. Heat stress significantly decreased grain number by 14%–28%, grain yield by 16%–25% and straw yield by 15%–25%. Cultivar responses were similar for heat but different for drought and combined heat and drought treatments. We conclude that heat stress as imposed in this study is less detrimental than the effects of those other studied stresses on growth and yield traits.
Giant electromechanical strain response in lead‐free SrTiO3‐doped (Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3–BaTiO3)–LiNbO3 piezoelectric ceramics
Authors: Wu Lei , Shen Bo , Hu Querui , Chen Jing , Wang Yiping , Xia Yidong , Yin Jiang , Liu Zhiguo
Published: June 2017

Lead‐free 0.985[(0.94−x)Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3–0.06BaTiO3–xSrTiO3]–0.015LiNbO3 [(BNT–BT–xST)–LN, x=0‐0.05] piezoelectric ceramics were prepared using a conventional solid‐state reaction method. It was found that the long‐range ferroelectric order in the unmodified (BNT–BT)–LN ceramic was disrupted and transformed into the ergodic relaxor phase with the ST substitution, which was well demonstrated by the dramatic decrease in remnant polarization (Pr), coercive field (Ec), negative strain (Sneg) and piezoelectric coefficient (d33). However, the degradation of the ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties was accompanied by a significant increase in the usable strain response. The critical composition (BNT–BT–0.03ST)–LN exhibited a maximum unipolar strain of ~0.44% and corresponding normalized strain, Smax/Emax of ~880 pm/V under a moderate field of 50 kV/cm at room temperature. This giant strain was associated with the coexistence of the ferroelectric and ergodic relaxor phases, which should be mainly attributed to the reversible electric‐field‐induced transition between the ergodic relaxor and ferroelectric phases. Furthermore, the large field‐induced strain showed relatively good temperature stability; the Smax/Emax was as high as ~490 pm/V even at 120°C. These findings indicated that the (BNT–BT–xST)–LN system would be a suitable environmental‐friendly candidate for actuator applications.
Birefringence measurement for validation of simulation of precision glass molding process
Authors: Pallicity Tarkes Dora , Vu Anh‐Tuan , Ramesh Krishnamurthi , Mahajan Puneet , Liu Gang , Dambon Olaf
Published: June 2017

During fabrication of glass lens by precision glass molding (PGM), residual stresses are setup, which adversely affect the optical performance of lens. Residual stresses can be obtained by measuring the residual birefringence. Numerical simulation is used in the industry to optimize the manufacturing process. Material properties of glass, contact conductance and friction coefficient at the glass‐mold interface are important parameters needed for simulations. In literature, these values are usually assumed without enough experimental justifications. Here, the viscoelastic thermo‐rheological simple (TRS) behavior of glass is experimentally characterized by the four‐point bending test. Contact conductance and friction coefficient at P‐SK57™ glass and Pt‐Ir coated WC mold interface are experimentally measured. A plano‐convex lens of P‐SK57™ glass is fabricated by PGM for two different cooling rates and whole field birefringence of the finished lens is measured by digital photoelasticity. The fabrication process is simulated using finite element method. The simulation is validated, for different stages of PGM process, by comparing the load acting on the mold and displacement of the molds. At the end of the process, the birefringence distribution is compared with the experimental data. A novel plotting scheme is developed for computing birefringence from FE simulation for any shape of lens.
Pollen‐inferred millennial changes in landscape patterns at a major biogeographical interface within Europe
Authors: Jamrichová Eva , Petr Libor , Jiménez‐Alfaro Borja , Jankovská Vlasta , Dudová Lydie , Pokorný Petr , Kołaczek Piotr , Zernitskaya Valentina , Čierniková Malvína , Břízová Eva , Syrovátka Vít , Hájková Petra , Hájek Michal
Published: June 2017

Aim

The regional co‐occurrence of contrasting bioclimatic elements (warm‐temperate, continental, boreal, arctic‐alpine) may be shaped by the distribution of their glacial or post‐glacial refugia. We tested this hypothesis using pollen proxies in a region where such refugia are expected, but not unequivocally demonstrated.

Location

East‐Central Europe (Western Carpathians and adjacent regions).

Methods

We compiled pollen spectra from 112 sites distributed across various landscapes for six time‐periods from the Late Glacial to the present. Compositional patterns were assessed by principal coordinates analyses (PCoA) with a sensitivity analysis based on a bootstrap technique. Site PCoA scores were interpolated geographically and correlated with palaeoclimatic models.

Results

Consistently over the last 15,000 years, the first ordination axis sorted samples according to the proportion of deciduous temperate trees, while the second axis consistently followed an altitudinal gradient that coincided with temperature. The principal gradient was more important than the altitudinal gradient except for the Late Glacial and Bronze & Iron Ages, when both gradients were of similar importance. The fine‐grained pattern in the present mountain landscape was formed as late as during early modern colonization.

Main conclusions

Since the Late Glacial, the landscape has been differentiated into temperate, continental and cold regions. This finding supports the hypothesis that refugia are a key factor for understanding current biogeography in Central Europe. The Late Glacial occurrence of temperate trees is unlikely to be explained only by gradual migrations from southern Europe. Humid but relatively warm mountains hence might have acted as glacial refugia of temperate forest species, while lowlands and leeward basins might have acted as post‐glacial refugia of steppe grasslands. The strong contrast between forested (temperate) and more open continental landscapes during the Early Holocene seems to correspond with recent diversity patterns. Our results highlight the relevance of integrating past landscape trajectories into modern biogeographical models.
General spatial spectral variation in rocky intertidal communities from three biogeographical regions
Authors: Fica Eliseo , Díaz Eliecer Rodrigo , Valdivia Nelson
Published: June 2017

Aim

Understanding general spatial patterns of multiple species is a central aim of biogeography. Spatial analyses of coastal marine assemblages have shown an emergent pattern in that the variability in population abundances increases with increasing spatial scale of observation; i.e. a “red” spectrum of variation in population abundances. However, the generalization of these patterns to other ecological levels and across biogeographical regions remains unexplored. Here, we evaluate the consistency of a reddened relationship between the scale of observation and the variance in ecosystem properties in sessile intertidal rocky‐shore assemblages across three biogeographical regions.

Location

Replicate sites located in temperate (southern‐central Chile), sub‐Antarctic (Chilean South Patagonia) and Antarctic (West Antarctic Peninsula) regions.

Methods

A total of 16,225 photo‐quadrants were used to analyse local patterns of total community cover, bare substratum, total algal cover and total invertebrate cover. We used spectral analyses in which the spatial variance of each property was decomposed along a gradient of increasing distances between observations. Cross‐semivariograms were used to analyse the spatial covariation of dominant taxa.

Results

The analysed ecosystem properties showed a general reddened spectrum of variation that resembled patchy configurations of local communities. Additionally, cross‐semivariance analyses indicated mainly negative relationships of covariation between the abundances dominant sessile species at each site, suggesting a general trend of spatial asynchrony between competing species.

Main conclusions

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study showing a general reddened pattern of spatial variation in relevant ecosystem‐level properties across the Pacific shore of South America, southern Patagonia and West Antarctic Peninsula. These patterns reflect the result of multiple biotic and abiotic processes that interact across spatial scales. In particular, we suggest that processes that generate spatial asynchrony between competing species, such as compensatory dynamics, are relevant to maintain the spatial structure of rocky‐shore communities.