bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Untersuchungen zum Verbundverhalten von Betondübeln in vorwiegend ruhend und nicht ruhend beanspruchten Konstruktionen
Authors: Wagner Robert
Published: April 2011

Stahlverbundkonstruktionen erlauben eine optimale Ausnutzung der charakteristischen Materialeigenschaften der Verbundpartner Baustahl und Stahlbeton. Mit besonderer Sorgfalt ist bei der Kombination der Werkstoffe Stahl und Beton die Verbundfuge zu konstruieren, hierzu wurde in den letzten Jahren der Betondübel entwickelt. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit weiterführenden Untersuchungen zu diesem Tragelement. Gegenstand er experimentellen Untersuchungen sind neue, kontinuierliche Schnittformen und die Verwendung von Betondübeln in Plattenbalkenquerschnitten. Erweitert werden diese durch numerische Analysen. Zusätzlich wird die Übertragbarkeit der Ergebnisse von Standard‐Abscher‐Versuchen und Trägerversuchen kritisch beleuchtet. Abschließend wird die Integration alternativer Dübelformen in das bereits bekannte, an der Universität der Bundeswehr München entwickelte Bemessungsmodell vorgestellt.

Investigations to the composite behaviour of concrete dowels in static and dynamic constructions. In the field of composite construction a perfect utilisation of the material characteristics of steel and concrete is possible. At this the composite joint has to be designed very careful. Therefore, the concrete dowel was developed in the last years. Within the presented paper new continuous cuts for the steel web were tested. Further, the influence of T‐beam cross sections to the load bearing behaviour was investigated. Finally the experimental tests were enhanced by FE simulations. Additionally to the tests the portability the component test results to the beam tests is discussed. At the end of the paper the integration of new cutting lines in the existing concrete dowel design guide is presented, which was also developed at the Universität der Bundeswehr München, Germany.
Zum Tragverhalten von Verbunddübeln — Teil 2: Ermüdungsverhalten
Authors: Berthellemy Jacques , Lorenc Wojciech , Mensinger Martin , Ndogmo Joseph , Seidl Günter
Published: April 2011

Verbunddübel stellen eine sehr tragfähige und robuste Verbindung zwischen Stahlbauteilen und Betonquerschnitten dar. Mittels Verbunddübelleisten lassen sich neue Querschnitte für den konstruktiven Ingenieurbau entwickeln. Der erste Teil der Veröffentlichung befasste sich mit der Technologie der Verbunddübel, deren Tragverhalten und der Bemessung der Verbindung unter ruhender Belastung. Für den Einsatz in Brücken ist das Verhalten unter dynamischen Lasten von Bedeutung und Schwerpunkt dieses Beitrages.

Das Ermüdungsverhalten der neuartigen Verbindung wird anhand von zyklisch belasteten Biegeträgern untersucht, mit numerischen Simulationen verglichen und ein Bemessungsvorschlag auf Grundlage des Strukturspannungskonzeptes vorgestellt. Dabei wird sich auf die Betrachtung von Dübelleisten mit modifizierter Klothoidenform (MCL) beschränkt.

Load bearing behaviour of composite dowels — Fatigue behaviour (part II). Composite dowels realise a high load bearing capacity and ductile connection between steel members and concrete parts. Using these composite dowels for shear transmission new systems of composite construction can be designed. The first part deals with the technology of composite dowels, it’s bearing behaviour and the design of the connection under static loads. For the use in bridges the cyclic load bearing behaviour becomes more important and on this is the focus of this paper.

The behaviour of the new connection under fatigue loads is investigated by cyclic loaded simple supported beam tests compared to numerical simulations and a design concept is established on the basis of a hot spot model. The investigations are restricted to composite dowels implementing the modified clothoidal shape (MCL).
Sicherheit gegen Rissentstehung in statisch beanspruchten Stahlkonstruktionen
Authors: Volz Michael , Saal Helmut , Steidl Frank
Published: April 2011

Die in den im Stahlbau zur Vermeidung von Sprödbrüchen neu eingeführten bruchmechanischen Regeln getroffene Voraussetzung, dass bereits ein Riss in der Konstruktion vorhanden ist, gibt für vorwiegend ruhend beanspruchte Konstruktionen die Veranlassung, ein Kriterium für die Rissenstehung zu suchen. Dieses ergibt sich als Kriterium für die erste Hauptdehnung, wobei deren kritischer Wert von Parametern abhängt, die den Bruch beeinflussen. Dazu werden bei Variation dieser Parameter Versuche und nichtlineare FE‐Berechnungen durchgeführt. Variiert werden: die Form und die Dicke der Versuchskörper, die Festigkeit und die Kerbschlagzähigkeit des Stahls sowie die Prüftemperatur. Es werden sowohl ungeschweißte wie auch geschweißte Proben untersucht. Daraus ergibt sich eine von der Mehrachsigkeit des Spannungszustandes, der Temperatur, der Bauteildicke sowie der Festigkeit und der Zähigkeit des Stahls abhängige Funktion für den Wert der ersten Hauptdehnung, bei der die Rissentstehung zu erwarten ist. Mit der Mehrachsigkeit werden auch die Schweißeigenspannungen erfasst.

Safety against crack initiation in steel structures without fatigue loading. When fracture mechanics is used for selection of steels to avoid brittle fracture the indispensable crack assumption the question of crack initiation arises with structures without fatigue loading. The crack initiation is assumed to depend upon the maximum principal strain, where the critical value of the principal strain is a function of several determining factors. Experimental tests and accompanying nonlinear FE‐analyses are performed with unwelded and welded specimens with variation of: shape, thickness of specimens, strength and Charpy impact toughness of the steel and test temperature. The consideration of triaxiality of the stress state and maximum principal strain obtained from the nonlinear FE‐analysis for the load at crack initiation in the test together with the other test parameters leads to a criterion for crack initiation which gives the critical maximum principal strain as a function of triaxiality, temperature, strength, impact toughness and thickness of the material. This includes the effect of welding residual stresses by their effect on the triaxiality of the stress state.
Fuzzy intertransaction class association rule mining using Genetic Network Programming for stock market prediction
Authors: Yang Yuchen , Mabu Shingo , Shimada Kaoru , Hirasawa Kotaro
Published: April 2011

Intertransaction class association rule (interCAR) has the ability to find the relationships among attributes from different transactions, which has shown its effectiveness for stock market prediction. A crisp interCAR mining method based on Genetic Network Programming (GNP) has been studied in our previous work. But, the crisp method loses much useful information in the discretization and it has many unstable factors influencing the prediction results, so more information is desired in order to make the prediction safer and more efficient. In this paper, a fuzzy interCAR mining method is proposed to keep as much information as possible in the data transformation. Besides, the proposed method has ability that the trading actions bring large profits. The proposed method is applied to Tokyo Stock Exchange, where we compared it with the crisp method as well as some other methods. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effects of waterborne acephate exposure on antioxidant responses and acetylcholinesterase activities in Synechogobius hasta
Authors: Liu X.‐J. , Luo Z. , Zheng J.‐L. , Xiong B.‐X.
Published: April 2011

The present study was conducted to determine the 24, 48, 72, and 96‐h median lethal concentration (LC50) of acephate and investigate the antioxidant response and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities in liver, gill, and spleen of Synechogobius hasta exposed to 0 (control), 5, and 10 mg/L acephate, at the fixed interval time of 24, 48, 72, and 96 h, respectively. LC50 value was 60.83 mg/L at 24 h, 51.36 mg/L at 48 h, 47.07 mg/L at 72 h and 40.13 mg/L at 96 h, respectively. Dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), AChE activities, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in these tissues for the control remained stable over the exposure period. However, for the two tested groups, tissue‐, dose‐, and time‐dependent responses of these parameters were observed in S. hasta. In general, hepatic SOD and CAT activities were significantly inhibited at 24 h, activated, and increased at 48 h, but again inhibited from 48 to 96 h in fish exposed to the two tested concentrations. Hepatic MDA levels of fish for the two tested concentration peaked at 48 h, significantly higher than the control. Hepatic AChE activity was inhibited at 24 h, peaked at 48 h, and then declined at 72 h for the two tested groups. For gills, the highest SOD and CAT activities for the two tested groups were observed at 48 h, higher than the control. AChE activities for the two tested groups were significantly inhibited at 24 h, but activated at 48 h. At 96 h, AChE activities among the treatments showed no significant differences. Gill MDA levels at 48 h for the tested groups were significantly higher than the control, but showed no significant differences at 24 and 72 h among the treatments. In spleen, SOD and CAT activities at 48 h for the two tested groups were significantly higher than those in the control, but at 96 h the vice versa was true. Spleenic AChE activities and MDA levels for the two tested groups were inhibited at 24 h, activated at 48 h, and then were again inhibited at 72 h. Based on these observations earlier, the results obtained in our study will have important toxicological implications for waterborne acephate pollution and, meantime, provide the basis for the effective risk assessment of acephate in water environment and appropriate safety recommendations for fish. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 2013.
PND: a p‐persistent neighbor discovery protocol in wireless networks
Authors: Kim Kyunghwi , Roh Heejun , Lee Wonjun , Lee Sinjae , Du Ding‐Zhu
Published: March 2011

In wireless communications research, a number of literature assume that every node knows all of its neighbor nodes. To this end, neighbor discovery research has been conducted, but it still has room for improvement in terms of discovery delay. Furthermore, prior work has overlooked energy efficiency, which is considered as the critical factor in wireless devices or appliances. For better performance with respect to the discovery delay and energy efficiency, we proposed a novel p‐persistent‐based neighbor discovery protocol and devised a simple and light algorithm estimating the number of neighbor nodes to support the proposed protocol. Our protocol requires a lower delay and a smaller number of messages for the discovery process than the existing protocols. For extensive performance evaluation, we adopted extra comparison targets from other research areas within the same context. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cascading effects of larval Crucian carp introduction on phytoplankton and microbial communities in a paddy field: top‐down and bottom‐up controls
Authors: Nishimura Yoko , Ohtsuka Taisuke , Yoshiyama Kohei , Nakai Daisuke , Shibahara Fujiyoshi , Maehata Masayoshi
Published: March 2011

Effects of fish predation propagate through aquatic food webs, where the classical grazing food chain and microbial loop are interwoven by trophic interactions. The overall impact on aquatic food webs is further complicated because fish may also exert bottom‐up controls through nutrient regeneration. Yet, we still have limited information about cascading effects among fish, zooplankton, phytoplankton, and microbes. In this study, we performed a mesocosm experiment to evaluate effects of fish introduction on plankton communities. Six plots were set in factorial combination with fish introduction and rice straw plowing in a paddy field, and the experiment was continued for 4 weeks. Introduction of fish significantly increased chlorophyll a concentrations in smaller size fractions (<15 μm) and abundances of filamentous bacteria (>5 μm in length) and heterotrophic nanoflagellates in 3–15 μm fraction. Microbes in 0.8–3 μm fraction showed increasing but not significant trends in response to fish introduction. These results indicate cascading effects of fish predation operating via two pathways, one through grazing food chain and the other through microbial food web. Phytoplankton community compositions shifted in similar fashion in all plots until 1 week after fish introduction, and then diverged between plots with and without fish thereafter. Bottom‐up effects of fish introduction were suggested by increases of total chlorophyll a and inedible phytoplankton species in response to fish introduction. This study provides an example of how fish predation regulates biomass and structure of phytoplankton and microbial communities.
Structure and Function of Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein in the Tree Shrew
Authors: Liu Huirong , Wu Gang , Zhou Bing , Chen Baosheng
Published: March 2011

Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) plays an important role in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). To study on the structure and function of CETP in the tree shrew, a kind of animal resistant to atherosclerosis, we completed the cloning of the full‐length tree‐shrew CETP cDNA sequence based on the reported partial sequence. The full‐length cDNA of tree shrew CETP was 1,704 bp and the deduced protein of the cDNA showed a sequence identity of 81, 80 and 74%, respectively, with the human, monkey and rabbit CETP. The level of CETP mRNA in the liver was much more abundant than that in the other tissues. A mutant protein with a substitution of Asn at position 110 by Gln was found to possess an impaired secretion property compared with the wild‐type tree shrew CETP. The mutant proteins, respectively, with a substitution of Pro at position 344 by Ser and a substitution of Gln at position 452 by Arg displayed similar secretion ability, but a decreased cholesteryl ester transfer capability compared with the wild type (48 and 26% lower, respectively). These findings demonstrate that liver is the main tissue synthesizing CETP in the tree shrew. Asn at position 110 plays an important role in the secretion of tree shrew CETP. The residues at position 344 and 452 play essential roles in cholesteryl ester transferring process.
Separation and Determination of Wax Content Using 100‐Å Phenogel Column
Authors: Aryusuk Kornkanok , Chumsantea Salisa , Sombatsuwan Piraporn , Lilitchan Supathra , Krisnangkura Kanit
Published: April 2011

Rice bran wax (RBW) is a by product of rice bran oil refinery. Crude RBW from refineries in Thailand had only 20–40% of the wax ester. The major impurity was triglyceride (TG). Purification of RBW requires a rapid and reliable method of analysis. In this study, a modified size exclusion HPLC column (100‐Å Phenogel) was reported. Degree swellings of the gel matrix were controlled by isooctane–toluene mobile phase ratio. With pure toluene as the mobile phase, the gel matrix is fully swollen. Wax and TG could not be separated. With 65:35 (v/v) of isooctane–toluene, wax and TG as well as other lipids were baseline separated. The resolution (Rs) between wax and TG was greater than 1.5. Acetic acid (0.1% or higher) in the mobile phase could suppress peak tailing and improved separation of the lipid containing active hydroxyl groups such as free fatty acid, diglyceride and monoglyceride without affecting retention times of the wax and the TG. Separation of lipids in crude RBW could be completed in a single run on the modified Phenogel column (100 Å) with the total analysis time less than 15 min. The relationship between the amount of wax in the sample and the peak area was linear with the R2 greater than 0.98.
The Importance of a Holistic Approach During the Perioperative Period
Authors: Selimen Deniz , Andsoy Isil Isik
Published: April 2011

Holism is the philospophy of understanding people by addressing factors that affect people in all situations. The goal of holistic nursing is to help patients integrate appropriate self‐care into their lives. By providing holistic care, the perioperative nurse can help surgical patients experience fewer problems (eg, surgical trauma, pain, anesthetic complications), reach discharge more quickly, attain satisfaction with health care, and more easily resume normal activities. Holistic nursing may include the use of music, guided imagery, therapeutic massage, play therapy, touch therapy, and communication skills. Successful surgery for the patient means not only recovering but regaining physical, mental, and spiritual health as a whole.
Perioperative Pharmacology: A Focus on Aminoglycosides
Authors: Bruce Kellie , Hicks Rodney W.
Published: April 2011

Aminoglycosides are used to treat aerobic gram‐negative infections and can be administered with other antibiotics to treat resistant gram‐positive infections. Aminoglycosides are most often administered topically or parenterally. During the surgical period, surgeons may use aminoglycosides to irrigate wounds or may apply them directly to surgical incisions. Because aminoglycosides are excreted almost exclusively via the renal system, health care providers must carefully consider the patient's renal function before selecting these medications for treatment. Aminoglycosides can produce several significant adverse effects, including nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Perioperative nurses should familiarize themselves with aminoglycosides, particularly focusing on dosage, monitoring requirements, and effects in special populations.
Effects of Pavement Roughness on Rigid Pavement Stress
Authors: Kuo C.-M. , Fu C.-R. , Chen K.-Y.
Published: March 2011

Pavement roughness causes pavement stress fluctuation along the road. However, the dynamic effects were not taken into account in most pavement design and studies. To investigate the influences of roadway roughness on pavement stresses, this study developed a coupled system consisting of a quarter-car model and an equivalent lump pavement model. The coupled system also incorporated measured road profiles. By means of transfer function in frequency domain, the deflections and stresses of pavements were computed in seconds. The results were validated with Westergaard's solutions satisfactorily. It was found that the critical roughness, which might cause extreme responses, is related to the vehicle speed and suspension of vehicles. The maximum tension at the bottom of pavements also depends on the size of bump. In addition, the study demonstrates the correlation between roughness index, IRI, and ISO roughness classifications. It was also found that disturbance due to model boundary affects simulation results significantly.
Phase Change Effects on Transport Processes in Resistance Spot Welding
Authors: Wei P. S. , Wu T. H. , Hsieh S. S.
Published: March 2011

The effects of distinct properties during phase change on mass, momentum, energy, species, and magnetic field intensity transport in workpieces and electrodes in the course of heating, melting, cooling and freezing periods in AC (alternative current) resistance spot welding are realistically and extensively investigated. Resistance spot welding has been widely used in joining thin workpieces due to its light weight and easy manufacturing. This study accounts for electromagnetic force, heat generations at the electrode-workpiece interface and faying surface between workpieces, and dynamic electrical resistance taking the sum of temperature-dependent bulk resistance of the workpieces and contact resistances at the faying surface and electrode-workpiece interface. The contact resistance is a function of hardness, temperature, electrode force, and surface condition. Instead of dealing with specific materials, this work is a general dimensionless investigation of resistance spot welding of materials with different specific heat and thermal conductivity ratios subject to realistic working parameters. The computed results show that nugget formation is delayed and heat transfer is reduced by increasing solid-to-liquid thermal conductivity and liquid-to-solid specific heat ratio. The corresponding thermal fields and flow patterns are also presented.
A New Algorithm on the Solutions of Forced Convective Heat Transfer in a Semi-Infinite Flat Plate
Authors: Tsai P.-Y. , Chen C.-K.
Published: March 2011

In this paper, a new algorithm is proposed to solve the velocity and temperature fields in the thermal boundary layer flow over a semi-infinite flat plate. Both the flow and heat transfer solutions are calculated accurately by the Laplace Adomian decomposition method, Padé approximant and the optimal design concept. The Laplace Adomian decomposition method (LADM) is a combination of the numerical Laplace transform algorithm with the Adomian decomposition method (ADM). A hybrid method of the LADM combined with the Padé approximant, named the LADM-Padé approximant technique, is introduced to solve the thermal boundary layer problems directly without any small parameter assumptions, linearizatons or transformations of the boundary value problems to a pair of initial value problems. The LADM-Padé approximant solutions here in are given to show the accuracy in comparison with different method solutions.
QUANTUM TANAKA FORMULA IN TERMS OF QUANTUM BROWNIAN MOTION
Authors: ZHOU YULAN , WANG CAISHI
Published: April 2011

A quantum local time, which is a generalized operator-valued process, is defined for quantum Brownian motion, and a quantum analogue of the classical Tanaka formula is then established.
BOUNDS IN TERMS OF GÂTEAUX DERIVATIVES FOR THE WEIGHTED f-GINI MEAN DIFFERENCE IN LINEAR SPACES
Authors: DRAGOMIR S. S.
Published: April 2011

Some bounds in terms of Gâteaux lateral derivatives for the weighted f-Gini mean difference generated by convex and symmetric functions in linear spaces are established. Applications for norms and semi-inner products are also provided.
EXOTIC LEFT-ORDERINGS OF THE FREE GROUPS FROM THE DEHORNOY ORDERING
Authors: CLAY ADAM
Published: April 2011

We show that the restriction of the Dehornoy ordering to an appropriate free subgroup of the three-strand braid group defines a left-ordering of the free group on k generators, k>1, that has no convex subgroups.
Poliheuristic Theory and Crisis Decision Making: A Comparative Analysis of Turkey with China
Authors: Sandal Nukhet A. , Zhang Enyu , James Carolyn C. , James Patrick
Published: March 2011

Abstract.Poliheuristic theory (PH) is an innovative attempt to conceptualize decision making in a way that recognizes patterns deriving from both cognitive and rational schools of thought about how foreign policy is made. Crisis decision making, a setting in which the political aspects emphasized by PH can be expected to operate, is the subject of this article. The study focuses on Turkey and China, two important states that frequently are characterized as sui generis and possibly unsuited to comparative analysis in the context of any overarching theory. As will become apparent, PH is capable of explaining crisis decision making for China and Turkey and the common pattern we explore is perhaps only the tip of the iceberg when it comes to cross-national application of the theory within the crisis domain.

Résumé.La théorie poliheuristique (PH) est une tentative novatrice de concevoir la prise de décision en reconnaissant l'apport des modes de comportement issus des écoles de pensée cognitive et rationnelle. Cet article porte sur la politique étrangère en temps de crise et offre un cadre politique au sein duquel les modes de comportement identifiés par la théorie poliheuristique devraient normalement opérer. Plus particulièrement, l'étude se concentre sur le cas de la Chine et de la Turquie, deux États souvent considérés comme singuliers et possiblement inadaptés à l'analyse théorique de la politique étrangère comparée. Toutefois, comme cet article le démontre, la PH est en mesure d'expliquer de manière comparée la prise de décision de la Chine et de la Turquie en temps de crise. Les conclusions de recherche laissent penser que cette étude pourrait bien être le prélude de nombreuses recherches employant la PH dans le domaine de la politique étrangère comparée en temps de crise.
Thecopiaretrotransposon and horizontal transfer inDrosophila willistoni
Authors: RUBIN P. M. , LORETO E. L. S. , CARARETO C. M. A. , VALENTE V. L. S.
Published: March 2011

The copia element is a retrotransposon that is hypothesized to have been horizontally transferred fromDrosophila melanogasterto some populations ofDrosophila willistoniin Florida. Here we have used PCR and Southern blots to screen for sequences similar tocopiaelement in South American populations ofD. willistoni, as well as in strains previously shown to be carriers of the element. We have not found the canonical copia element in any of these populations. Unlike thePelement, which invaded theD. melanogastergenome fromD. willistoniand quickly spread worldwide, the canonicalcopiaelement appears to have transferred in the opposite direction and has not spread. This may be explained by differences in the requirements for transposition and in the host control of transposition.
Computing statistical indices for hydrothermal times using weed emergence data
Authors: CAO R. , FRANCISCO-FERNÁNDEZ M. , ANAND A. , BASTIDA F. , GONZÁLEZ-ANDÚJAR J. L.
Published: April 2011

Hydrothermal time (HTT) is a valuable environmental synthesis to predict weed emergence. However, weed scientists face practical problems in determining the best soil depth at which to calculate it. Two different types of measures are proposed for this: moment-based indices and probability density-based indices. Due to the monitoring process, it is not possible to observe the exact emergence time of every seedling; therefore, emergence times are not observed individually, seedling by seedling, but in an aggregated way. To address these facts, some new methods to estimate the proposed indices are derived, using grouped data estimators and kernel density estimators. The proposed methods have been exemplified with an emergence data set of Bromus diandrus. The results indicate that hydrothermal timing at 50 mm is more useful than that at 10 mm.
Resonantly forced gravity–capillary lumps on deep water. Part 1. Experiments
Authors: DIORIO JAMES D. , CHO YEUNWOO , DUNCAN JAMES H. , AKYLAS T. R.
Published: March 2011

The wave pattern generated by a pressure source moving over the free surface of deep water at speeds, U, below the minimum phase speed for linear gravity–capillary waves, cmin, was investigated experimentally using a combination of photographic measurement techniques. In similar experiments, using a single pressure amplitude, Diorio et al. (Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 103, 2009, 214502) pointed out that the resulting surface response pattern exhibits remarkable nonlinear features as U approaches cmin, and three distinct response states were identified. Here, we present a set of measurements for four surface-pressure amplitudes and provide a detailed quantitative examination of the various behaviours. At low speeds, the pattern resembles the stationary state (U = 0), essentially a circular dimple located directly under the pressure source (called a state I response). At a critical speed, but still below cmin, there is an abrupt transition to a wave-like state (state II) that features a marked increase in the response amplitude and the formation of a localized solitary depression downstream of the pressure source. This solitary depression is steady, elongated in the cross-stream relative to the streamwise direction, and resembles freely propagating gravity–capillary ‘lump’ solutions of potential flow theory on deep water. Detailed measurements of the shape of this depression are presented and compared with computed lump profiles from the literature. The amplitude of the solitary depression decreases with increasing U (another known feature of lumps) and is independent of the surface pressure magnitude. The speed at which the transition from states I to II occurs decreases with increasing surface pressure. For speeds very close to the transition point, time-dependent oscillations are observed and their dependence on speed and pressure magnitude are reported. As the speed approaches cmin, a second transition is observed. Here, the steady solitary depression gives way to an unsteady state (state III), characterized by periodic shedding of lump-like disturbances from the tails of a V-shaped pattern.
Resonantly forced gravity–capillary lumps on deep water. Part 2. Theoretical model
Authors: CHO YEUNWOO , DIORIO JAMES D. , AKYLAS T. R. , DUNCAN JAMES H.
Published: March 2011

A theoretical model is presented for the generation of waves by a localized pressure distribution moving on the surface of deep water with speed near the minimum gravity–capillary phase speed, cmin. The model employs a simple forced–damped nonlinear dispersive equation. Even though it is not formally derived from the full governing equations, the proposed model equation combines the main effects controlling the response and captures the salient features of the experimental results reported in Diorio et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 672, 2011, pp. 268–287 – Part 1 of this work). Specifically, as the speed of the pressure disturbance is increased towards cmin, three distinct responses arise: state I is confined beneath the applied pressure and corresponds to the linear subcritical steady solution; state II is steady, too, but features a steep gravity–capillary lump downstream of the pressure source; and state III is time-periodic, involving continuous shedding of lumps downstream. The transitions from states I to II and from states II to III, observed experimentally, are associated with certain limit points in the steady-state response diagram computed via numerical continuation. Moreover, within the speed range that state II is reached, the maximum response amplitude turns out to be virtually independent of the strength of the pressure disturbance, in agreement with the experiment. The proposed model equation, while ad hoc, brings out the delicate interplay between dispersive, nonlinear and viscous effects that takes place near cmin, and may also prove useful in other physical settings where a phase-speed minimum at non-zero wavenumber occurs.
Soft tissue overgrowth in bone-anchored hearing aid patients: use of 8.5 mm abutment
Authors: Pelosi S , Chandrasekhar S S
Published: April 2011

Objective:

To review outcomes following implantation of an 8.5 mm bone-anchored hearing aid abutment, as regards post-operative management of scalp soft tissue overgrowth.

Study design:

Retrospective chart review of paediatric and adult patients implanted with bone-anchored hearing aids between 2003 and 2008 who subsequently underwent revision surgery for excessive soft tissue growth.

Setting:

A tertiary referral centre and a private otology and neurotology clinic.

Subjects:

A total of 80 patients underwent bone-anchored hearing aid placement between 2003 and 2008. Of these patients, 14 had significant scalp soft tissue overgrowth unresponsive to first-line, nonsurgical local wound care.

Results:

Fourteen patients underwent an average of 2.1 surgical procedures each for soft tissue overgrowth around their bone-anchored hearing aid abutment. The mean time between initial implantation and revision surgery was 13.6 months. Of these 14 patients, 11 were eventually fitted with an 8.5 mm abutment. Following placement of the longer abutment, only one patient required additional surgical reduction of soft tissue overgrowth (mean follow-up time 11.8 months). All patients were able to use their bone-anchored hearing aid.

Conclusion:

The 8.5 mm bone-anchored hearing aid abutment is successful in preventing the need for additional surgical intervention in the small but significant number of patients with post-implantation soft tissue overgrowth. Early consideration should be given to this option when first-line soft tissue care is inadequate.
EXPONENTIAL DOMINANCE AND UNCERTAINTY FOR WEIGHTED RESIDUAL LIFE MEASURES
Authors: Oluyede Broderick O.
Published: March 2011

In this article notions of exponential dominance and uncertainty for weighted and unweighted distributions are explored and used to compare values of the informational energy function and the differential entropy. Stochastic inequalities and bounds for cross-discrimination and uncertainty measures in weighted and unweighted residual life distribution functions and related reliability measures are presented. Moment-type inequalities for the comparisons of weighted and unweighted residual life distributions are also presented.
Children aged 2 ; 1 use transitive syntax to make a semantic-role interpretation in a pointing task
Authors: DITTMAR MIRIAM , ABBOT-SMITH KIRSTEN , LIEVEN ELENA , TOMASELLO MICHAEL
Published: April 2011

The current study used a forced choice pointing paradigm to examine whether English children aged 2 ; 1 can use abstract knowledge of the relationship between word order position and semantic roles to make an active behavioural decision when interpreting active transitive sentences with novel verbs, when the actions are identical in the target and foil video clips. The children pointed significantly above chance with novel verbs but only if the final trial was excluded. With familiar verbs the children pointed consistently above chance. Children aged 2 ; 7 did not show these tiring effects and their performance in the familiar and novel verb conditions was always equivalent.
Innovation and Preservation: Remaking China's National Leadership Training System
Authors: Chin Gregory T.
Published: April 2011

This article details the reorganization of China's national leadership training system, and analyses the reforms as an integral element of the Chinese Communist Party's efforts to adapt institutionally to a rapidly changing environment. Three main findings are presented. First, the national leadership training system is being remade under the direction of the Party's Central Organization Department to give greater emphasis to the “spirit of reform and innovation,” as seen especially in the creation of the China Executive Leadership Academy in Pudong, Shanghai, and in the formation of sister academies in Jinggangshan and Yan'an. Second, China's political elite have given greater priority to leadership innovation, although they are trying to balance this with ensuring that sufficient attention and resources are also given to preserving the ruling status of the CCP. Third, by establishing the new group of training academies under the COD, the Party is diversifying beyond the Party School system for leadership research and training. The article suggests that the guiding logic behind these reforms is to promote enough innovation in managerial training and research to enable the Party to meet the changing governance requirements of the market transition and economic globalization, while at the same time putting in place institutional measures that help to preserve the Party's rule.
Climbing the Weiquan Ladder: A Radicalizing Process for Rights-Protection Lawyers
Authors: Hualing Fu , Cullen Richard
Published: April 2011

It is commonly acknowledged that weiquan lawyers operate in a narrow space, and lawyers with a radical stance work within a harsh environment. Weiquan lawyers advance and retreat in response to the changing macro-political-legal environment, but there is no sign that they are giving up their legal struggles. A steadily growing number of weiquan lawyers are tending to become more radical in their approach as their experience advances. This article studies the process in which weiquan lawyers start and sustain weiquan lawyering in a harsh environment and the factors that contribute to the radicalizing process. Its principal purpose is to identify and explain a radicalization process in which a lawyer climbs up the ladder of weiquan lawyering, from a moderate lawyer providing legal aid in individual cases to a critical or radical lawyer.
A New Spectacle in China's Mediasphere: A Cultural Reading of a Web-Based Reality Show from Shanghai
Authors: Berg Daria
Published: April 2011

This study offers a cultural reading of the web-based reality showSoul Partners(2007) from Shanghai.Soul Partnersserves as a case study to explore how 21st-century Chinese cultural discourse debates the transformation of urban society in China, providing insight into the Chinese cultural imagination, perceptions of the globalizing metropolis and the impact of consumer culture. This reading positionsSoul Partnerswithin the discursive context of Chinese popular, postmodern and post-socialist culture and in relation to the cultural import of the reality show genre into China's mediasphere. Analysis focuses on the quest for authenticity in the Chinese discourse on perceived reality and the waySoul Partnersgenerates new urban dreams for China's Generation X. The analysis ofSoul Partnerssheds new light on the dynamics of transcultural appropriation in a globalizing China and the social and political implications.
Multilingualism everywhere
Authors: LIGHTFOOT DAVID
Published: April 2011

If one asks how many languages there are, one can imagine at least three answers: one, over six billion, or 7,358.
Transmission, acquisition, parameter-setting, reanalysis, and language change
Authors: MUFWENE SALIKOKO S.
Published: April 2011

Jürgen Meisel's (JM) article is literally thought-provoking, especially for the issues that one can raise out of the central position that he develops, viz., “although bilingual acquisition in situations of language contact can be argued to be of significant importance for explanations of grammatical change, reanalysis affecting parameter settings is much less likely to happen than is commonly assumed in historical linguistics” (p. 142). This is a position that calls for grounding language change, hence historical linguistics, in the pragmatics/ethnography of language practice, a question that linguists can continue to ignore no more than the actuation question (Weinreich, Labov & Herzog, 1968; McMahon, 1994; Labov, 2001; Mufwene, 2008). The latter regards what particular ethnographic factors trigger particular changes at particular places and at particular times but not at others. In other words, do structural changes happen simply because they must happen or because particular agents are involved at specific times under specific ecological conditions of language practice?
Is morphosyntactic change really rare?
Authors: THOMASON SARAH G.
Published: April 2011

Jürgen Meisel argues that “grammatical variation. . .can be described. . .in terms of parametric variation”, and – crucially for his arguments in this paper – that “parameter settings do not change across the lifespan”. To this extent he adopts the standard generative view, but he then departs from what he calls “the literature on historical linguistics” (by which he means the generative literature only) in developing the arguments leading to his major claims: that only “transmission failure” resulting from L2 acquisition can produce parametric morphosyntactic change; that any L2 learners, children or adults, may be the agents of change; that such changes “happen less frequently than is commonly assumed”; and that, “in larger and more complex societies, situations in which L2 learners exert a major influence on a language are most likely to emerge in periods of substantial demographic changes” (his example is a plague that kills most members of a speech community). Adult L2 learners, according to Meisel, can only be agents of parametric change if they provide most or all of the input for the next generation's L1 acquisition.
Unbalanced bilingual acquisition as a mechanism of grammatical change
Authors: MATTHEWS STEPHEN , YIP VIRGINIA
Published: April 2011

Bilingual first language acquisition (BFLA) has been considered a possible mechanism of contact-induced change in several recent studies (Siegel, 2008, p. 117; Satterfield, 2005, p. 2075; Thomason, 2001, p. 148; Yip & Matthews, 2007, p.15). There is as yet little consensus on the question, with divergent views regarding both BFLA at the individual level and the implications for language change at the community level.
Access to food source and food source use are associated with healthy and unhealthy food-purchasing behaviours among low-income African-American adults in Baltimore City
Authors: D'Angelo Heather , Suratkar Sonali , Song Hee-Jung , Stauffer Elizabeth , Gittelsohn Joel
Published: March 2011

Objective

Although previous research has shown limited availability of healthy food in low-income urban neighbourhoods, the association between food source use and food-purchasing patterns has not yet been examined. We explored food-purchasing patterns in the context of food source use and food source access factors in low-income areas of Baltimore City.

Design

Cross-sectional survey.

Setting

Predominantly low-income neighbourhoods in East and West Baltimore City.

Subjects

A total of 175 low-income African-American adult residents.

Results

Supermarkets and corner stores were the most frequently used food sources. Walking was the main form of transportation used by 57 % of all respondents, 97 % of corner-store shoppers and 49 % of supermarket shoppers. Multiple linear regression models adjusting for demographic factors, type of food source used and transportation type found that corner-store use was associated with obtaining more unhealthy food (P = 0·005), whereas driving to the food source was associated with obtaining more healthy food (P = 0·012).

Conclusions

The large number of corner stores compared with supermarkets in low-income neighbourhoods makes them an easily accessible and frequently used food source for many people. Interventions to increase the availability and promotion of healthy food in highly accessed corner stores in low-income neighbourhoods are needed. Increased access to transportation may also lead to the use of food sources beyond the corner store, and to increased healthy food purchasing.
The Construction of a Clinical Audit to Evaluate the Prevalence of Uncontrolled or Untreated Hypertension among an Adult Population Presenting to Pre-assessment Prior to Major Orthopaedic Surgery
Authors: Jenkinson Corrine Louise
Published: April 2011

This audit exists to evaluate the incidence and management of uncontrolled and untreated hypertension at pre-assessment among an adult population prior to major orthopaedic surgery. It exists as part of a series of articles presented in this journal. The author will outline the aims and objectives of the audit and discuss its design. This will be followed by the access and sampling method and the data collection method. Thereafter, the audit standards, ethical considerations and audit findings will be discussed. Next, a change model will be outlined with discussion as to how this may be used to implement and develop changes in practice. Recommendations for practice will follow with a conclusion and reflection.
Similarity vs. homogeneity: contextual effects in explaining trust
Authors: Öberg Perola , Oskarsson Sven , Svensson Torsten
Published: April 2011

Diversity has powerful advantages, but may also generate internal tensions and low interpersonal trust. Despite extensive attention to these questions, the relationship between diversity and trust is often misunderstood and findings methodologically flawed. In this article, we specify two different mechanisms and adherent hypotheses. An individual might base her decision to trust on her perceived social similarity in relation to others in the community, that is, a similarity hypothesis. However, in a homogenous context, she might expect trustworthy behavior irrespective of her own social position due to signals of low degrees of social conflict and dense social networks, that is, a homogeneity hypothesis. Prior research has pinpointed only one of these mechanisms. The homogeneity hypothesis has not been explicated, and when the intention has been to test the similarity hypothesis, the homogeneity hypothesis has unintentionally been tested instead. The results are straightforward. While the homogeneity hypothesis is strongly supported, the findings speak against the similarity hypothesis.
The declining electoral relevance of traditional cleavage groups
Authors: Best Robin E.
Published: April 2011

This article examines changes in the electoral relevance of traditional social cleavage groups in eight West European democracies, where electoral relevance is defined as group contributions to party vote shares. The approach presented here demonstrates the critical importance of both the electoral behaviour and the size of the cleavage group when electoral outcomes are of interest. The findings from analyses of the behaviour and size of working class and religious citizens (1975–2002) reveal significant declines in the contributions of these groups to party vote shares. Analyses of the sources of these declines point to the importance of group size, suggesting that the changes we observe in election results and party strategies are likely to be long-lasting alterations in the electoral landscape of Western democracies.
Foreign donor assistance and environmental capacity building: evidence from Serbia and Bosnia–Herzegovina
Authors: Fagan Adam , Sircar Indraneel
Published: April 2011

Early analyses of the impact of donor assistance for NGOs across post-socialist Eurasia documented the extent to which the ubiquitous new NGOs were disconnected from indigenous networks, lacked sustainable resources and capacity, and were accountable to donors rather than citizens and governments. Although this article does not entirely contest such conclusions, it examines the role of NGOs from a different normative perspective based on their role as conduits of change rather than as emblems of democratic participation or liberal representation. However, in its critique, the research does contend that there are three fundamental problems with the earlier, somewhat negative analysis: (i) too much was being expected of NGOs and donor assistance; (ii) scholars were attempting to judge the impact of the intervention far too quickly; and (iii) the focus on democracy and civil society obscured the critical ‘governance’ impact that certain NGOs were having in terms of transforming decision-making and state power ‘behind the scenes’. From the empirical perspective of environmental NGOs in post-conflict Bosnia and Serbia, the paper uses a triangulation of quantitative and qualitative methods in order to ascertain better the impact of external assistance in terms of particular development skills and strategies employed by recipients. The conclusion reached is that donor funding seems to be exerting a positive longer-term impact on thetransactionalcapacities of a small core of environmental NGOs in both locations. Organizations with the most developed transactional capacities, and the few organizations now able to engage transnationally, have obtained a succession of grants over a number of years and have had their transactional activities have been funded specifically by international donors via block grants. Although this does not necessarily prove a positive relationship between donor funding and transactional capacity, it nevertheless challenges more negative assessments in the existing literature.