bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comprehensive Literature Review of the Rank Reversal Phenomenon in the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Authors: Maleki Hamed , Zahir Sajjad
Published: August 2012

During the last few decades, several multi‐criteria decision analysis methods have been proposed to help in selecting the best compromise alternatives. Among them, analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and its applications have attracted much attention from academics and practitioners. However, since the early 1980s, critics have raised questions regarding its proper use. One of them concerns the unacceptable changes in the ranks of the alternatives, called rank reversal, upon changing the structure of the decision. Several modifications were suggested to preserve ranks. In this paper, a classification scheme and a comprehensive literature review are presented in order to uncover, classify and interpret the current research on AHP methodologies and rank reversals. On the basis of the scheme, 61 scholarly papers from 18 journals are categorized into specific areas. The specific areas include the papers on the topics of adding/deleting alternatives and the papers published in adding/deleting criteria. The scholarly papers are also classified by (1) year of publication, (2) journal of publication, (3) authors' geographic location and (4) using the AHP in association with other methods. It is hoped that the paper can meet the needs of researchers and practitioners for convenient references of AHP methodologies and rank reversals and hence promote the future of rank reversal research. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microvascular approach to scalp replantation and reconstruction: A thirty‐six year experience
Authors: Herrera Fernando , Buntic Rudolf , Brooks Darrell , Buncke Gregory , Antony Anuja K.
Published: August 2012

Background:

Soft tissue defects of the scalp may result from multiple etiologies and can be challenging to reconstruct. We discuss our experience with scalp replantation and secondary microvascular reconstruction over 36 years, including techniques pioneered at our institution with twin–twin scalp allotransplant and innervated partial superior latissimus dorsi (LD) for scalp/frontalis loss.

Methods:

A retrospective review of all patients presenting with scalp loss requiring microvascular reconstruction at a single center was performed from January 1971 to January 2007. Medical records were reviewed for age, gender, defect size/location, etiology, type of reconstruction, recipient vessels used, vein grafts, and complications.

Results:

Thirty‐three patients were identified; mean age was 33 years (range, 7–79). Mean scalp defect size was 442 cm2 (range, 120–900 cm2). Thirty‐six microvascular reconstructions were performed; of these, 10 scalp replants and 26 microvascular tissue transfers. Of these 26, 17 were LD based (partial superior LD with and without reinnervation, LD combined with serratus, LD combined with parascapular, LD combined with split rib, LD only) and 2 free scalp allotransplant among others. The superficial temporal artery and vein was used as recipient vessels in 70% of cases. Overall, microvascular success rate was 92%; complications occurred in 14 cases, nine major (tumor recurrence [n = 2], partial flap loss [n = 2], replant loss [n = 3, size <300 cm2], hematoma [n = 2]) and five minor (donor site seroma /hematoma [n = 3], flap congestion [n = 1], superficial wound infection [n = 1]).

Conclusions:

Every attempt should be made at scalp replantation when the patient is stable and the parts salvageable. Larger avulsion defects had higher success rates after replantation than smaller defects (<300 cm2), with the superficial temporal artery and vein most commonly used for recipient vessels (P = 0.0083). Microvascular tissue transfer remains a mainstay of treatment for scalp defects, with LD‐based flaps, demonstrating excellent versatility for a range of defects. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery, 2012.
Superconvergence of tetrahedral quadratic finite elements for a variable coefficient elliptic equation
Authors: Liu Jinghong , Hu Gui , Zhu Qiding
Published: August 2012

For a variable coefficient elliptic boundary value problem in three dimensions, using the properties of the bubble function and the element cancelation technique, we derive the weak estimate of the first type for tetrahedral quadratic elements. In addition, the estimate for the W1,1‐seminorm of the discrete derivative Green's function is also given. Finally, we show that the derivatives of the finite element solution uh and the corresponding interpolant Π2u are superclose in the pointwise sense of the L∞‐norm. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2013
Pathological Changes of the Cranium of a Young Female Cave Bear (Ursus spelaeus R.)—A Case Study (the Sudety Mts, Poland)
Authors: Nowakowski D. , Stefaniak K.
Published: August 2012

A cranium of a young female cave bear (Ursus spelaeus R.) was found in the Upper Pleistocene sediments of Bear Cave in Kletno, SW Poland. A detailed analysis of the cranium, including radiology, CT and histological methods, revealed numerous pathological changes caused both by diseases and by injuries inflicted by another predator. It is likely that during its lifespan, the young female was exposed to several attacks (bites on the head) from adult bears. The injuries varied in extent and caused bone infection and inflammation. The nature of most of them suggests that they were not fatal but could have had a significant effect on the overall fitness of the animal. In contrast, the lesions on the frontal bone and in the anterior part of the parietal bone may have been the cause of the individual's death. Additionally, the cranium was found to have cut marks, sharp‐edged longitudinal scars that indicate the use of a sharp‐edged tool, and are usually interpreted as effects of skinning. The finding is suggested to be indirect evidence of the existence of people in southern Poland during the Pleistocene. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wellbeing and mental health: how primary care can make a difference
Authors: Walton Keith
Published: August 2012

The Primary Care Mental Health and Education (Primhe) Annual Conference Integrated Primary Care Mental Health and Wellbeing – Demystified was held at Staffordshire University in June. Here, Keith Walton, General Secretary of Primhe, distils some of the main take‐home messages of the conference.
SAIL: A 3D rehabilitation system to improve arm function following stroke
Authors: Hughes Ann‐Marie , Meadmore Katie L , Freeman Chris T , Cai Zhonglun , Tong Daisy , Rogers Eric , Burridge Jane H
Published: August 2012

Our March/April 2011 issue featured an article describing a 3D robotic and electrical stimulation system known as SAIL (Stimulation Assistance through Iterative Learning). This system was developed at the University of Southampton for rehabilitation of arm movement post stroke. Here, the multidisciplinary team at Southampton present the results of their first study to investigate the efficacy of the system in chronic stroke patients.
Theoretical studies on 2‐(5‐amino‐3‐nitro‐1,2,4‐triazolyl)‐3,5‐dinitropyridine (PRAN) and its derivatives
Authors: Liu Hui , Wang Fang , Wang Gui‐Xiang , Gong Xue‐Dong
Published: August 2012

In this work, a set of derivatives of 2‐(5‐amino‐3‐nitro‐1,2,4‐triazolyl)‐3,5‐dinitropyridine (PRAN) with different energetic substituents (−N3, –NO2, –NH2, –NF2) have been studied at the Becke, three‐parameter, Lee–Yang–Parr/aug‐cc‐pvdz, Becke, three‐parameter, Lee–Yang–Parr/6‐31G(d), Becke, three‐parameter, Perdew 86/6‐31G(d), and Becke three‐parameter, Perdew–Wang 91/6‐31G(d,p) levels of density functional theory. The gas‐phase heats of formation were predicted with isodesmic reactions and the condensed‐phase HOFs were estimated with the Politzer approach. The effects of different functionals and basis sets were analyzed. –N3 and –NO2 greatly increase while –NH2 and –NF2 slightly decrease heats of formation. An analysis of the bond dissociation energies and impact sensitivity shows that all compounds have good stability. The crystal densities (1.82–2.00 g/cm3) computed from molecular packing calculations are big for all compounds and that of the –NF2 derivative is the largest. All derivatives have higher detonation velocity and detonation pressure than PRAN. Compounds 3 and 4 (R = NO2 and NF2) have better performance than hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐trizine and the performance of 4 is quite close to that of 1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetraazacyclooctane, they are promising candidates of high energy compounds and worth further investigations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamics of crystallization with fractal geometry: Extended KJMA approach in glasses
Authors: Shimakawa Koichi
Published: August 2012

Although the kinetics of crystallization under isothermal annealing conditions in glassy materials is fairly well understood by the Kolmogorov–Johnson–Mehl–Avrami (KJMA) formalism, there is still a matter of debate on its applicability. By introducing a fractal geometry and the Meyer–Neldel rule on thermally activated processes into the KJMA theory, we can overcome some of the difficulties with the classical KJMA mode, with maintaining its intuitive simplicity. Very reasonable physical parameters are deduced from the extended KJMA theory
A Novel Extract of Gymnema sylvestre Improves Glucose Tolerance In Vivo and Stimulates Insulin Secretion and Synthesis In Vitro
Authors: Al‐Romaiyan A. , King A. J. , Persaud S. J. , Jones P. M.
Published: August 2012

Herbal medicines, especially plant‐derived extracts, have been used to treat Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) for many centuries, and offer the potential of cheap and readily available alternatives to conventional pharmaceuticals in developing countries. Extracts of Gymnema sylvestre (GS) have anti‐diabetic activities and have been used as a folk medicine in India for centuries. We have investigated the effects of a novel high molecular weight GS extract termed OSA® on glucose tolerance in insulin‐resistant ob/ob mice, and on insulin secretion and synthesis by isolated mouse islets. Single administration of OSA® (500 mg/kg) to ob/ob mice 30 min before an intraperitoneal glucose load improved their abnormal glucose tolerance. In vitro studies indicated that OSA® (0.25 mg/ml) initiated rapid and reversible increases in insulin secretion from isolated mouse islets at substimulatory (2 mM) and stimulatory (20 mM) glucose concentrations. In addition, prolonged treatment (24–48 h) of mouse islets with OSA® elevated the expression of preproinsulin mRNA and maintained the total insulin content of mouse islets in the presence of stimulated insulin secretion. These effects of OSA® are consistent with its potential use as a therapy for the hyperglycemia associated with obesity‐related T2DM. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Finding cycles and trees in sublinear time
Authors: Czumaj Artur , Goldreich Oded , Ron Dana , Seshadhri C. , Shapira Asaf , Sohler Christian
Published: August 2012

We present sublinear‐time (randomized) algorithms for finding simple cycles of length at least and tree‐minors in bounded‐degree graphs. The complexity of these algorithms is related to the distance of the graph from being Ck‐minor free (resp., free from having the corresponding tree‐minor). In particular, if the graph is ‐far from being cycle‐free (i.e., a constant fraction of the edges must be deleted to make the graph cycle‐free), then the algorithm finds a cycle of polylogarithmic length in time , where N denotes the number of vertices. This time complexity is optimal up to polylogarithmic factors.

The foregoing results are the outcome of our study of the complexity of one‐sided error property testing algorithms in the bounded‐degree graphs model. For example, we show that cycle‐freeness of N‐vertex graphs can be tested with one‐sided error within time complexity , where ∊ denotes the proximity parameter. This matches the known query lower bound for one‐sided error cycle‐freeness testing, and contrasts with the fact that any minor‐free property admits a two‐sided error tester of query complexity that only depends on ∊. We show that the same upper bound holds for testing whether the input graph has a simple cycle of length at least k, for any . On the other hand, for any fixed tree T, we show that T‐minor freeness has a one‐sided error tester of query complexity that only depends on the proximity parameter ∊.

Our algorithm for finding cycles in bounded‐degree graphs extends to general graphs, where distances are measured with respect to the actual number of edges. Such an extension is not possible with respect to finding tree‐minors in complexity. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 45, 139–184, 2014
A Brief Discussion About Image Quality and SEM Methods for Quantitative Fractography of Polymer Composites
Authors: Hein L. R. O. , Campos K. A. , Caltabiano P. C. R. O. , Kostov K. G.
Published: August 2012

The methodology for fracture analysis of polymeric composites with scanning electron microscopes (SEM) is still under discussion. Many authors prefer to use sputter coating with a conductive material instead of applying low‐voltage (LV) or variable‐pressure (VP) methods, which preserves the original surfaces. The present work examines the effects of sputter coating with 25 nm of gold on the topography of carbon‐epoxy composites fracture surfaces, using an atomic force microscope. Also, the influence of SEM imaging parameters on fractal measurements is evaluated for the VP‐SEM and LV‐SEM methods. It was observed that topographic measurements were not significantly affected by the gold coating at tested scale. Moreover, changes on SEM setup leads to nonlinear outcome on texture parameters, such as fractal dimension and entropy values. For VP‐SEM or LV‐SEM, fractal dimension and entropy values did not present any evident relation with image quality parameters, but the resolution must be optimized with imaging setup, accompanied by charge neutralization. SCANNING 35: 196‐204, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A semi‐Markov model for stroke with piecewise‐constant hazards in the presence of left, right and interval censoring
Authors: Kapetanakis Venediktos , Matthews Fiona E. , van den Hout Ardo
Published: August 2012

This paper presents a parametric method of fitting semi‐Markov models with piecewise‐constant hazards in the presence of left, right and interval censoring. We investigate transition intensities in a three‐state illness–death model with no recovery. We relax the Markov assumption by adjusting the intensity for the transition from state 2 (illness) to state 3 (death) for the time spent in state 2 through a time‐varying covariate. This involves the exact time of the transition from state 1 (healthy) to state 2. When the data are subject to left or interval censoring, this time is unknown. In the estimation of the likelihood, we take into account interval censoring by integrating out all possible times for the transition from state 1 to state 2. For left censoring, we use an Expectation–Maximisation inspired algorithm. A simulation study reflects the performance of the method. The proposed combination of statistical procedures provides great flexibility. We illustrate the method in an application by using data on stroke onset for the older population from the UK Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design considerations for case series models with exposure onset measurement error
Authors: Mohammed Sandra M. , Dalrymple Lorien S. , Şentürk Damla , Nguyen Danh V.
Published: August 2012

The case series model allows for estimation of the relative incidence of events, such as cardiovascular events, within a pre‐specified time window after an exposure, such as an infection. The method requires only cases (individuals with events) and controls for all fixed/time‐invariant confounders. The measurement error case series model extends the original case series model to handle imperfect data, where the timing of an infection (exposure) is not known precisely. In this work, we propose a method for power/sample size determination for the measurement error case series model. Extensive simulation studies are used to assess the accuracy of the proposed sample size formulas. We also examine the magnitude of the relative loss of power due to exposure onset measurement error, compared with the ideal situation where the time of exposure is measured precisely. To facilitate the design of case series studies, we provide publicly available web‐based tools for determining power/sample size for both the measurement error case series model as well as the standard case series model. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of baseline covariates on the efficiency of statistical analyses of crossover designs
Authors: Yan Zhiwu
Published: August 2012

We investigate the impact of baseline covariates on the efficiency of statistical analyses of crossover designs. For practical considerations, we contemplate two different baseline methods: study baselines and period‐dependent baselines. For each baseline method, we establish analytical upper bounds for the relative efficiency of a large class of crossover designs, the totally balanced designs, under a model with the baseline covariates as compared with the model without the baseline covariates. We present numerical details based on these bounds for assorted scenarios and reveal implications of these results. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are network effects really all about size? The role of structure and conduct
Authors: Afuah Allan
Published: August 2012

Rooted in neoclassical economics, network effects research has revolved around size, arguing that the more users a network has, the more valuable that network will be to each user. I argue that a network's structure (feasibility of transactions, centrality of members, structural holes, network ties, the number of roles each member plays) and its conduct (opportunistic behavior, reputation signaling, perceptions of trust) also have significant impacts on a network's value to users and to network providers. Network research that neglects structure and conduct and focuses only on size can lead to wrong strategies or a misleading research agenda. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Superhydrophobic Graphene Foams
Authors: Singh Eklavya , Chen Zongping , Houshmand Farzad , Ren Wencai , Peles Yoav , Cheng Hui‐Ming , Koratkar Nikhil
Published: August 2012

The static and dynamic wetting properties of a 3D graphene foam network are reported. The foam is synthesized using template‐directed chemical vapor deposition and contains pores several hundred micrometers in dimension while the walls of the foam comprise few‐layer graphene sheets that are coated with Teflon. Water contact angle measurements reveal that the foam is superhydrophobic with an advancing contact angle of ∼163 degrees while the receding contact angle is ∼143 degrees. The extremely water repellent nature of the foam is also confirmed when impacting water droplets are able to completely rebound from the surface. Such superhydrophobic graphene foams show potential in a variety of applications ranging from anti‐sticking and self‐cleaning to anti‐corrosion and low‐friction coatings.
Mechanical Joining of Tubes to Sheets Along Inclined Planes
Authors: Alves Luis M. , Martins Paulo A. F.
Published: August 2012

This paper presents a new mechanical joining process for fixing tubes to sheets along planes inclined with respect to the tube axis. The process is based on the capacity of producing and controlling inclined instability waves in thin‐walled tubes subjected to axial compressive load and is capable of ensuring significant economic and time savings when compared to currently available joining technologies. The presentation includes details on tool design, independent determination of the mechanical properties of the materials, numerical modeling, and experimentation under laboratory conditions with the aim of determining the process window as a function of the major operative parameters. The feasibility of joining tubes to sheets along inclined planes is demonstrated by presenting one connection performed at the tube end and another connection performed away from the tube end.
Re: Axonal loss and cognitive deficits in term infants with normal umbilical artery Doppler born small‐for‐gestational age. V. Pueyo, D. Oros, S. Valle, H. Tuquet, N. Güerri, M. Argüelles, P. Ventura. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2012: 40: 297–303.
Authors: Sanz‐Cortes M.
Published: August 2012

Linked Comment: Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2012:40:297–303
Statistical computing with R: selecting the right tool for the job—R Commander or something else?
Authors: Wilson Jason
Published: August 2012

R Commander (Rcmdr) is one of the most popular graphical user interfaces (GUIs) for R. Why is R Commander so popular? What does it do? When should R Commander be used? When should it not be used? What are the alternatives to R Commander? What can be said about using R Commander, or an alternative, to teach introductory statistics courses? The answers to these questions form the sections of the paper. Included is a Box describing many of the alternative R GUIs (RExcel, Deducer, Rattle, and RKWard) and interactive development environments (IDEs—RStudio, REvolution, and RKWard). Advice is given to help the user ‘select the right tool for the job’. WIREs Comput Stat 2012, 4:518–526. doi: 10.1002/wics.1228

This article is categorized under:

Software for Computational Statistics > Software/Statistical Software
Epidermal Differential Impedance Sensor for Conformal Skin Hydration Monitoring
Authors: Huang Xian , Yeo Woon-Hong , Liu Yuhao , Rogers John A.
Published: August 2012

We present the design and use of an ultrathin, stretchable sensor system capable of conformal lamination onto the skin, for precision measurement and spatial mapping of levels of hydration. This device, which we refer to as a class of ‘epidermal electronics’ due to its ‘skin-like’ construction and mode of intimate integration with the body, contains miniaturized arrays of impedance-measurement electrodes arranged in a differential configuration to compensate for common-mode disturbances. Experimental results obtained with different frequencies and sensor geometries demonstrate excellent precision and accuracy, as benchmarked against conventional, commercial devices. The reversible, non-invasive soft contact of this device with the skin makes its operation appealing for applications ranging from skin care, to athletic monitoring to health/wellness assessment.
US NRC discussion of options to revise radiation protection recommendations
Authors: Cool D.A.
Published: August 2012

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is continuing the process of engaging stakeholders on issues associated with possible changes to the radiation protection regulations contained in 10 CFR Part 20, and other parts of the NRC regulations, to increase alignment with international recommendations. The Commission is particularly seeking to explore implications, as appropriate and where scientifically justified, of greater alignment with the 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission for Radiological Protection. Other information from national and international sources is also being considered. Given that the NRC regulations provide adequate protection, the discussion has been focusing on discerning the benefits and burdens associated with revising the radiation protection regulatory framework. NRC, through three Federal Register Notices, has officially solicited comments on a series of key issues, and has conducted a series of facilitated workshops to encourage feedback from a wide range of stakeholders. The issues include the use of updated scientific methodologies and terminology, the occupational dose limits, and the use of the concepts of constraints in optimisation. NRC staff provided a policy paper with recommendations to the Commission on April 25, 2012 (NRC, 2012).
Application of radiological protection measures to meet different environmental protection criteria
Authors: Copplestone D.
Published: August 2012

The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) recognises that there is no simple or single universal definition of ‘environmental protection’, and that the concept differs from country to country and from one circumstance to another. However, there is an increasing need to be able to demonstrate that the environment is protected from radioactive substances released under authorisation for various reasons, such as for wildlife conservation requirements, or wildlife management for commercial reasons, or simply as part of pollution control. The Commission is developing the concept of Representative Organisms, which may be identified from any specific legal requirements or from more general requirements to protect local habitats or ecosystems. Such organisms may be the actual objects of protection or they may be hypothetical, depending on the objectives of the assessment. They may be similar to, or even congruent with, one or more of the Reference Animals and Plants (RAPs). Where this is not the case, attempts can be made to consider the extent to which the Representative Organisms differ from the nearest RAP in terms of known radiation effects upon it, basic biology, radiation dosimetry, and pathways of exposure. This paper discusses the practical implications of such an approach.
Asset allocation in markets with contagion: The interplay between volatilities, jump intensities, and correlations
Authors: Konermann Patrick , Meinerding Christoph , Sedova Olga
Published: August 2012

We study the impact of financial contagion on the dynamic asset allocation problem of a CRRA investor facing an incomplete market with two risky assets. We apply a Markov chain regime‐switching framework with state‐dependent jump intensities, diffusion volatilities and diffusion correlations. The key model feature that a switch to the bad contagion regime is triggered by a loss in one of the risky assets allows for the implementation of a hedging demand against contagion risk. Moreover, a state‐dependent diffusion correlation combined with heterogeneity in jump intensities and volatilities can, e.g., generate a flight to quality effect upon a systemic jump.
Contributions to the geometric and ergodic theory of conservative flows
Authors: BESSA MÁRIO , ROCHA JORGE
Published: August 2012

We prove the following dichotomy for vector fields in a $C^1$-residual subset of volume-preserving flows: for Lebesgue-almost every point, either all of its Lyapunov exponents are equal to zero or its orbit has a dominated splitting. Moreover, we prove that a volume-preserving and $C^1$-stably ergodic flow can be $C^1$-approximated by another volume-preserving flow which is non-uniformly hyperbolic.
Fishing families and cosmopolitans in conflict over land on a Philippine island
Authors: Knudsen Magne
Published: August 2012

Research on the social effects of tourism and beachfront property development in Southeast Asia finds that foreigners and local elites reap the main benefits, rather than fishing families and coastal communities, who also become vulnerable to displacement. This article, discussing cleavages and co-operation among parties brought together in court cases over land on a Philippine island, demonstrates that poor coastal dwellers just north of Dumaguete City on Negros Island differ in their ability to use social relations within and beyond kin groups to resist development-induced displacement from the increasingly lucrative foreshore. Members of families who are considered to be descendants of the ‘original people of the place’ have been far less vulnerable to displacement pressure than settlers with more of a ‘migrant’ status.
The Ifugao agricultural landscapes: Agro-cultural complexes and the intensification debate
Authors: Acabado Stephen
Published: August 2012

Most models that explain the development of agricultural systems suggest evolutionary relationships between extensive (e.g. swidden cultivation) and intensive (e.g. wet-rice cultivation) forms of production. Recent information from highland Southeast Asian farming systems questions the validity of this assumption. As a case in point, this article presents the results of a combined ethnographic study and spatial analysis of the Ifugao agricultural system in the northern Philippines, focusing in particular on the relationships among intensive rice terracing, swidden farming and agroforestry (Ifugao forest management). Informed by the Ifugao example, this article suggests that extensive and intensive systems are often concurrent and compatible components of a broad-spectrum lifeway.
Anician Myths
Authors: Cameron Alan
Published: August 2012

This paper discusses the widely held view that politics in fifth- and sixth-century Italy were largely driven by rivalry between the two great families of the Anicii and the Decii, supposedly following distinctive policies (pro- or anti-eastern, philo- or anti-barbarian, etc.). It is probable that individual members of these (and other) families had feuds and disagreements from time to time, but there is absolutely no evidence for continuing rivalry between Decii and Anicii as families, let alone on specific issues of public policy. Indeed by the mid-fifth century the Anicii fell into a rapid decline. The nobility continued to play a central rôle in the social and (especially) religious life of late fifth- and early sixth-century Italy. Their wealth gave them great power, but it was power that they exercised in relatively restricted, essentially traditional fields, mainly on their estates and in the city of Rome. The quite extraordinary sums they spent on games right down into the sixth century illustrate their overriding concern for popular favour at a purely local level. In this context there was continuing competition between all noble families rich enough to compete. Indeed, the barbarian kings encouraged the nobility to spend their fortunes competing with each other to the benefit of the city and population of Rome.
English for Business Communication
Authors: Bhatia Vijay K. , Bremner Stephen
Published: August 2012

The concept of Business English has undergone some major shifts in the last few years because of a number of developments, such as advances in genre theory and the coming together of English for Business Purposes and Business Communication, inspired by the realization that there is a gap to be bridged between the academy and the globalized business world. Drawing on advances in the analysis of business discourses, especially in applied genre analysis, this state-of-the-art review revisits the frameworks currently used in English for Business Purposes and Business Communication (or, more generally, Professional Communication) to suggest an integration of the two approaches for the design of English for Business Communication (EBC) programmes. The study incorporates an extensive review of much of the relevant published work in all the three areas mentioned above to identify some of the main issues in EBC, and illustrates a gradual shift in the rationale for the design and implementation of EBC programmes.
Symposium: The contexualization of teaching and learning English as an international language
Authors: Chen Yuan-Shan
Published: August 2012

Presented at the 16th World Congress of Applied Linguistics (AILA), Beijing Foreign Studies University, China, 24 August 2011.

SLA research has long been challenged by the flawed comparison of L2 learners to native speakers (Bley-Vroman 1983). Since the start of the new millennium, applied linguists have paid increasing attention to studies of English as a lingua franca (ELF), defined as ‘communication in English between speakers with different first languages’ (Seidlhofer 2005: 339). From the ELF perspective, L2 speakers of English are no longer considered as ‘failed native speakers’ who produce problematic talk, but as ‘highly skilled communicators’ (Jenkins, Cogo & Dewey 2011: 284) who attempt to use multilingual resources to achieve their communicative goals.
Symposium: (Dis)ordered processes of globalization: Policing and voicing language identities
Authors: Yihong Gao , Blommaert Jan , Kroon Sjaak
Published: August 2012

Presented at the 16th World Congress of Applied Linguistics (AILA), Beijing Foreign Studies University, China, 27 August 2011.

This symposium aimed to capture the multiple and dynamic processes of language and identity in the context of globalization. The pervasive process of globalization has inevitably affected the previously existing social and linguistic order. Broad, stable and normal patterns of conduct are being deconstructed and reshuffled; multiple, overlapping and conflicting forms are being shaped and reshaped. The abnormal becomes normal; disorder becomes the new order. The symposium explored this issue from two complementary perspectives – a macro perspective that focuses on language policies, and a micro perspective that focuses on how people struggle to articulate their identities.
Written corrective feedback in second language acquisition and writing studies
Authors: Ferris Dana R.
Published: August 2012

Written corrective feedback, referred to hereafter as ‘written CF’ and also known as ‘grammar correction’ or ‘error correction’, has been a controversial topic in second language studies over the past fifteen years. Inspired by John Truscott's thought-provoking 1996 essay inLanguage Learning, many different researchers have undertaken new programs of investigation, while others have engaged in scholarly synthesis and argumentation around the topic.
Parliamentary Report
Authors: Cranmer Frank
Published: August 2012

On 27 March the House of Commons debated the policy guidelines of the Director of Public Prosecutions on prosecutions for encouraging or assisting suicide. The debate, introduced by Richard Ottaway (Conservative) and David Winnick (Labour), was broadly supportive of the guidelines. The motion was amended and the House resolved to welcome the policy guidelines and to encourage ‘further development of specialist palliative care and hospice provision’.
The role of right ventricular function in paediatric idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Groner Abraham , Yau Jen , Lytrivi Irene D. , Ko H. Helen , Nielsen James C. , Parness Ira A. , Srivastava Shubhika
Published: August 2012

Introduction

The prevalence of right ventricular dysfunction in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy is incompletely studied in children. Furthermore, right ventricular function may signal worse outcomes. We evaluated recently published right ventricular function echocardiographic indices in identifying dysfunction in children with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and the impact of right ventricular dysfunction on long-term prognosis.

Methods

A retrospective database review of right ventricular function indices in 30 patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy was compared with 60 age- and sex-matched controls from January, 2001 until December, 2010. Right ventricular function was assessed by Doppler tissue peak systolic S′, early and late diastolic E′ and A′ waves and isovolumic acceleration at the tricuspid valve annulus; pulsed wave Doppler tricuspid valve inflow E and A waves; right ventricular myocardial performance index; tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; right ventricular fractional area change.

Results

Right ventricular systolic and diastolic function in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy was significantly impaired. All measured indices except for isovolumic acceleration and fractional area change were significantly reduced, with a p-value less than 0.05. There was no right ventricular index predictive of death or transplantation. Patients with poor outcome were significantly more likely to need inotropic support (p-value equal to 0.018), be placed on a ventricular assist device (p equal to 0.005), and have a worse left ventricular ejection fraction z-score (p-value equal to 0.002).

Conclusion

Right ventricular dysfunction is under-recognised in children presenting with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. The need for clinical circulatory support and left ventricular ejection fraction z-score less than minus 8 were primary determinants of outcome, independent of the degree of derangement in right ventricular function.
Introduction
Authors: Ackerly Brooke , McDermott Rose
Published: August 2012

Intersectionality has long been a cornerstone of feminist discussion and
scholarship around the world (McClintock 1995; Rao 2012). But the concept
itself—intersectionality—continues to demand additional explication,
interrogation, and development. In 2005, Politics &
Gender published a Critical Perspectives on
intersectionality that generated a great deal of interest and debate. A
recent mini symposium in Political Research
Quarterly coedited by Evelyn Simien and Ange-Marie Hancock
(2011) further extended this discussion, providing contributions from across
subfields in political science to enrich the theoretical arguments and
empirical explorations of topics that intersect and combine issues of sexual
orientation, race, gender, class, and national origin across the world. This
Critical Perspectives seeks to build on these foundations by contributing
additional empirical and theoretical attention to the ways in which
intersectional analysis can render certain experiences of oppression
invisible or seemingly out of the bounds of politics.
Thinking beyond the Category of Sexual Identity: At the Intersection of
Sexuality and Human-Trafficking Policy
Authors: Robertson Mary A. , Sgoutas Arlene
Published: August 2012

“Intersectional analysis,” or “intersectionality,” is a concept that is
widely used in various academic disciplines to explain and articulate the
oppressions faced by the “multiply minoritized” (Vidal-Ortiz 2006), those
marginalized by their sex, gender, sexuality, race, class, and national
identities. We are concerned that “sexuality” as an identity used in
intersectional analysis is perhaps overly reductive, sometimes telling
nothing more than whether someone is “straight” or “gay,” rather than
leaving room to interrogate the complicated, diverse landscape that is at
the intersection of gender, sex, and sexuality. In this essay, we apply a
queer-theory critique of intersectionality to demonstrate how
human-trafficking policy, particularly as it relates to sex trafficking, is
productive of what Valentine (2007) calls culturally constructed and
deployed identity categories, resulting in inclusion of some and exclusion
of others. We aim to show how social science research that relies on
normative identity categories can lead to incomplete intersectional
analyses.
Fire‐induced carbon emissions and regrowth uptake in western U.S. forests: Documenting variation across forest types, fire severity, and climate regions
Authors: Ghimire Bardan , Williams Christopher A. , Collatz G. James , Vanderhoof Melanie
Published: August 2012

The forest area in the western United States that burns annually is increasing with warmer temperatures, more frequent droughts, and higher fuel densities. Studies that examine fire effects for regional carbon balances have tended to either focus on individual fires as examples or adopt generalizations without considering how forest type, fire severity, and regional climate influence carbon legacies. This study provides a more detailed characterization of fire effects and quantifies the full carbon impacts in relation to direct emissions, slow release of fire‐killed biomass, and net carbon uptake from forest regrowth. We find important variations in fire‐induced mortality and combustion across carbon pools (leaf, live wood, dead wood, litter, and duff) and across low‐ to high‐severity classes. This corresponds to fire‐induced direct emissions from 1984 to 2008 averaging 4 TgC yr−1 and biomass killed averaging 10.5 TgC yr−1, with average burn area of 2723 km2 yr−1across the western United States. These direct emission and biomass killed rates were 1.4 and 3.7 times higher, respectively, for high‐severity fires than those for low‐severity fires. The results show that forest regrowth varies greatly by forest type and with severity and that these factors impose a sustained carbon uptake legacy. The western U.S. fires between 1984 and 2008 imposed a net source of 12.3 TgC yr−1 in 2008, accounting for both direct fire emissions (9.5 TgC yr−1) and heterotrophic decomposition of fire‐killed biomass (6.1 TgC yr−1) as well as contemporary regrowth sinks (3.3 TgC yr−1). A sizeable trend exists toward increasing emissions as a larger area burns annually.
Dependence of quasi‐linear diffusion coefficients on wave parameters
Authors: Albert J. M.
Published: August 2012

Bounce‐averaged diffusion coefficients, traditionally written as double integrals over latitude and wave normal angle, have recently been expressed as double integrals over wave normal angle θ and wave frequency ω. The integrand is the diffusion coefficient due to a single wave, and the total diffusion coefficient is a weighted average of the single‐wave values. This formulation essentially factors out the wave power distribution in ω and θ, so that the effects of changes in these distributions may be evaluated without extensive recalculation, and may even be estimated visually from general plots. This approach may also be applied directly to narrowband waves. Results indicate that the transmission of waves propagating near the resonance cone, as may occur in the upcoming Demonstration and Science Experiments satellite mission, may be relatively ineffective at precipitating trapped electrons.
On the formation, ventilation, and erosion of mode waters in the North Atlantic and Southern Oceans
Authors: Trossman D. S. , Thompson L. , Mecking S. , Warner M. J.
Published: August 2012

The mean residence times, subduction rates, and formation rates of Subtropical Mode Water (STMW) and Subpolar Mode Water (SPMW) in the North Atlantic and Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW) in the Southern Ocean are estimated by combining a model and observations of chlorofluorocarbon‐11 (CFC‐11) via Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA), a statistical technique that weights model estimates according to how close they agree with observations. Subduction rates are estimated in two different ways to investigate the non‐advective contribution to thermocline ventilation, which in turn are compared to formation rate estimates. One subduction rate estimate is based on entrainment/detrainment velocities and the other subduction rate estimate allows ventilation to be both an advective and diffusive process instead of a purely advective one by using transit‐time distributions (TTDs). It is found that the subduction of all three mode waters is mostly an advective process, but up to about one‐third of STMW subduction likely owes to non‐advective processes. Also, while the formation of STMW is mostly due to subduction, the formation of SPMW is mostly due to other processes. About half of the formation of SAMW is due to subduction and half is due to other processes. A combination of air‐sea flux, acting on relatively short timescales, and turbulent mixing, acting on a wide range of timescales, is likely the dominant SPMW erosion mechanism. Air‐sea flux is likely responsible for most STMW erosion, and turbulent mixing is likely responsible for most SAMW erosion.
Along‐shelf current variability on the Catalan inner‐shelf (NW Mediterranean)
Authors: Grifoll Manel , Aretxabaleta Alfredo L. , Espino Manuel , Warner John C.
Published: August 2012

We examine the circulation over the inner‐shelf of the Catalan Sea using observations of currents obtained from three Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (two at 24 m and one at 50 m) during March–April 2011. The along‐shelf current fluctuations during that period are mainly controlled by local wind stress on short time scales and by remote pressure gradients on synoptic time scales. Different forcing mechanisms are involved in the along‐shelf momentum balance. During storm conditions, wind stress, sea level gradients and the nonlinear terms dominate the balance. During weak wind conditions, the momentum balance is controlled by the pressure gradient, while during periods of moderate wind in the presence of considerable stratification, the balance is established between the Coriolis and wind stress terms. Vertical variations of velocity are affected by the strong observed density gradient. The increased vertical shear is accompanied by the development of stratified conditions due to local heating when the wind is not able to counteract (and break) stratification. The occasional influence of the Besòs River plume is observed in time scales of hours to days in a limited area in near the city of Barcelona. The area affected by the plume depends on the vertical extent of the fresher layer, the fast river discharge peak, and the relaxation of cross‐shore velocities after northeast storm events. This contribution provides a first interpretation of the inner‐shelf dynamics in the Catalan Sea.
Role of meteorological variability in global tropospheric ozone during 1970–2008
Authors: Sekiya Takashi , Sudo Kengo
Published: August 2012

Interannual variation in global tropospheric ozone associated with meteorological variability is characterized in this study using a global chemical transport model CHASER. We focus on five meteorological variability: El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), Arctic Oscillation (AO), Hadley, and monsoon circulations. Results show that the anomaly in tropospheric column ozone (TCO) is positive (1–1.5 DU) in the western Pacific including Indonesia and negative (−2.5 DU) in the eastern Pacific in October–November–December (OND) during positive phase of ENSO. The model exhibits TCO increase (0.5–1.5 DU) in the central to eastern Pacific over the subtropics. During the positive phase of IOD, the model shows TCO increase (1.5–2 DU) in the west of 90°E with a decrease (1–1.5 DU) in the east. Intensified Hadley circulation causes TCO increase (0.8 DU) in North America in DJF. Intensified monsoon circulation enhances TCO (1.2 DU) in the western Indian Ocean. During positive phase of AO, TCO is decreased (1 DU) in the high northern latitudes. The contribution of meteorological variability to total interannual variation in global and regional TCO is also quantified in this study. The results suggest that interannual variation of TCO in the tropics and high northern latitudes are generally explainable by ENSO, IOD, AO, and interannual variation in Hadley and monsoon circulations. ENSO explains 79% of the variance in the tropical eastern Pacific in OND. AO explains 72% of the variance in the high northern latitudes in DJF.