bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sunset Yellow and Allura Red modulate Bcl2 and COX2 expression levels and confer oxidative stress-mediated renal and hepatic toxicity in male rats
Authors: Khayyat Latifa I. , Essawy Amina E. , Sorour Jehan M. , Soffar Ahmed
Published: September 2018

Studies on the adverse health effects caused by azo dyes are insufficient and quite contradictory. This work aims to investigate the possible toxic effect of two types of widely used food additives, Sunset Yellow and Allura Red, by assessing the physiological, histopathological and ultrastructural changes in the liver and kidney. Also, we investigated the genotoxic effect of both dyes on white blood cells. Thirty adult male albino rats were divided into three groups of 10 animals each: control (received water), Sunset Yellow-treated (2.5 mg/kg body weight) and Allura Red-treated (seven mg/kg body weight). The doses were orally applied for 4 weeks. Our results indicated an increase in the biochemical markers of hepatic and renal function (Aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, urea, uric acid and creatinine) in animals administered with the azo dyes. We also observed a noticeable increase in MDA and a marked decrease in total antioxidant levels in azo dye-treated animals compared to controls. Conversely, both dyes adversely affected the liver and kidney of albino rats and altered their histological and fine structure, with downregulation of Bcl2 and upregulation of COX2 expression. Our comet assay results showed a significant elevation in the fold change of tail moment in response to application of Sunset Yellow but not Allura Red. Collectively, we show that Sunset Yellow and Allura Red cause histopathological and physiological aberrations in the liver and kidney of male Wistar albino rats. Moreover, Sunset Yellow but not Allura Red induces a potential genotoxic effect.
ЛЕГОЧНЫЙ СУРФАКТАНТ С ПОЗИЦИИ МОРФОЛОГА: ОТ НАУКИ К ПРАКТИКЕ, "Вестник Центрального научно-исследовательского института туберкулеза"
Authors: Лепеха Лариса Николаевна
Published: September 2018

Представлен обзор научных исследований члена-корреспондента АМН РФ, доктора медицинских наук, профессора, заслуженного деятеля науки РФ В.В. Ерохина и его учеников, разработавших фундаментальную базу для оценки состояния сурфактантной системы в эксперименте и клинике туберкулеза легких, возможности использования препаратов экзогенного сурфактанта, в частности, Сурфактанта-БЛ (ООО «Биосурф», С-Пб.), в качестве средства патогенетической терапии во фтизиатрической практике.
РАСПРОСТРАНЕННОСТЬ ТУБЕРКУЛЕЗА С МНОЖЕСТВЕННОЙ ЛЕКАРСТВЕННОЙ УСТОЙЧИВОСТЬЮ В НЕКОТОРЫХ РЕГИОНАХ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ, "Вестник Центрального научно-исследовательского института туберкулеза"
Authors: Русакова Лариса Ивановна , Пунга Виктор Васильевич
Published: September 2018

В статье изложены статистические данные о заболеваемости и распространенности туберкулеза с множественной лекарственной устойчивостью возбудителя в 15 субъектах Российской Федерации за 11-летний период наблюдения (2006-2016 гг.). Заболеваемость туберкулезом с множественной лекарственной устойчивостью возбудителя увеличилась в 7 регионах и в Российской Федерации в 2 раза (с 2,8 до 5,6 на 100 000 населения) с заметным разбросом показателя по территориям. Распространенность туберкулеза с множественной лекарственной устойчивостью возбудителя за тот же период увеличилась в 9 регионах, в 4-х из которых показатель распространенности превышал среднероссийский, по стране в среднем этот показатель вырос с 16,9 до 25,8 на 100 000 населения, на 34,5%. Эффективность лечения больных по IV режиму по показателю прекращения бактериовыделения остается недостаточной, т.к. сохраняются недостатки в регистрации больных туберкулезом с множественной лекарственной устойчивостью возбудителя, недостаточная обеспеченность территорий препаратами резервного ряда. Также увеличилась доля больных, умерших от других причин (18,6%), что требует улучшения диагностики и лечения сопутствующей патологии.
ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ НАНОЧАСТИЦ СЕРЕБРА НА МОДЕЛИ КЛИНИЧЕСКИХ ИЗОЛЯТОВ ВОЗБУДИТЕЛЯ ТУБЕРКУЛЕЗА С РАЗЛИЧНОЙ ЛЕКАРСТВЕННОЙ УСТОЙЧИВОСТЬЮ, "Вестник Центрального научно-исследовательского института туберкулеза"
Authors: Захаров Андрей Владимирович , Хохлов Александр Леонидович
Published: September 2018

В работе приводятся результаты исследования in vitro подавляющей активности наночастиц серебра на клинические изоляты МБТ с различной лекарственной устойчивостью возбудителя. В 1 группе исследовалось 117 изолятов МБТ с устойчивостью к изониазиду и другим препаратам, но чувствительностью к рифампицину, во 2 - 108 изолятов с МЛУ-МБТ. В 1 группе наиболее часто встречались спектры HSE (17,9%), HSKE (12,8%), HS (10,3%), во 2 - HRSE (8,3%), HRSK и HRSKE (по 7,4% каждый). Наиболее часто лекарственная устойчивость изолятов 1 группы наблюдалась к стрептомицину (80,3%), этамбутолу (59,8%), канамицину/амикацину (39,3%), протионамиду (21,4%), фторхинолонам (20,5%). Среди изолятов 2 группы максимальная устойчивость наблюдалась к стрептомицину (94,4%), канамицину/амикацину (56,5%), этамбутолу (52,8%), фторхинолонам (37,0%), протионамиду (34,3%). Всего было проведено 1350 бактериологических исследований. Лекарственная устойчивость возбудителя определялась методом абсолютных концентраций на плотных средах и методом пропорций на автоматическом анализаторе «Bactec MGIT 960», а также включала ПЦР-диагностику в анализаторе «GeneXpert». Изучалась подавляющая активность наночастиц серебра в изолированном варианте в концентрациях 5, 25, 50 мкг/мл. Так же исследовалась in vitro противотуберкулезная активность нанокомпозита, состоящего из наночастиц серебра в концентрациях 5, 25, 50 мкг/мл и противотуберкулезного препарата изониазида в концентрации 1 мкг/мл. Наночастицы размером 3-60 нм получали методом электрохимического растворения металла. Исследования показали, что наночастицы в растворе сохраняли стабильность при хранении в течение 300 суток. При смешивании растворов наночастиц серебра и изониазида, как показали исследования, наночастицы серебра не оказывали влияния на химическую стабильность и концентрацию изониазида в растворе при экспозиции 24 часа. Полное и значительное подавление роста МБТ (бактерицидное действие) наночастиц на изоляты 1 группы отмечалось в 48,1 ± 0,53% случаев, при этом наибольшая подавляющая активность отмечалась при концентрации наночастиц 5 мкг/мл - 58,1 ± 0,93%. При сочетании наночастиц с изониазидом прирост бактерицидного действия составил 17,2% (р 0,05). Бактерицидное действие изолированных наночастиц на клинические изоляты 2 группы с МЛУ составило 41,7%. Сочетанное использование наночастиц с изониазидом обеспечило прирост бактерицидного действия 18,8% (р 0,05). Полученные в эксперименте in vitro результаты свидетельствуют о потенцирующем действии наночастиц серебра на изониазид.
ЦЕНТРАЛЬНЫЙ НАУЧНО-ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ ТУБЕРКУЛЕЗА И МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ ИНТЕГРАЦИЯ БОРЬБЫ С ТУБЕРКУЛЕЗОМ, "Вестник Центрального научно-исследовательского института туберкулеза"
Authors: Эргешов Атаджан Эргешович , Демихова Ольга Владимировна
Published: September 2018

С целью ознакомления читателей журнала с вкладом ФГБНУ «Центральный научно-исследовательский институт туберкулеза» в международную интеграцию борьбы с туберкулезом в статье приводится исторический обзор различных аспектов международного сотрудничества ФГБНУ «Центральный научно-исследовательский институт туберкулеза», вклада его директоров и ведущих сотрудников в создание и развитие международных проектов по борьбе с туберкулезом, взаимодействия с международными организациями, зарубежными научно-исследовательскими институтами и ведущими специалистами в области борьбы с туберкулезом с момента образования Института в 1921 г. и до наших дней.
НЕКОТОРЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ ЛЕКАРСТВЕННО УСТОЙЧИВОГО ТУБЕРКУЛЕЗА В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ МОЛДОВА, "Вестник Центрального научно-исследовательского института туберкулеза"
Authors: Саин Дмитрий Онуфриевич , Александру Софья Матвеевна , Доника Анна Федоровна , Хайдарлы Ион Николаевич , Кула Евгения Николаевна , Рывняк Лидия Павловна
Published: September 2018

Феномен лекарственной устойчивости является серьезной проблемой в контроле туберкулеза. Высокие показатели частоты штаммов резистентных МБТ регистрируются как в регионах с высокой заболеваемостью, так и с более низкой. Обращается внимание на необходимость координации мероприятий, направленных на строгое обеспечение эффективного контроля инфекции, особенно прекращения распространения ТБ МЛУ/ШЛУ/ТЛУ инфекции, которая является серьезным бременем для страны. Предварительный анализ 76 больных с широкой лекарственной устойчивостью показал необходимость проведения специального научного исследования. Исследование будет способствовать познанию, анализу и оценке масштабов рассматриваемой проблемы. Будут проанализированы основные причины развития широкой лекарственной устойчивости и контингент больных с первичной и вторичной ШЛУ/ТЛУ. Исследование должно способствовать познанию, анализу и оценке масштабов рассматриваемой проблемы, включая генетические исследования микобактерии туберкулеза.
АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ ТУБЕРКУЛЕЗА У ПОДРОСТКОВ И ПУТИ ИХ РЕШЕНИЯ. К 40-ЛЕТИЮ ПОДРОСТКОВОГО ОТДЕЛЕНИЯ ФГБНУ «ЦНИИТ», "Вестник Центрального научно-исследовательского института туберкулеза"
Authors: Эргешов Атаджан Эргешович , Овсянкина Елена Сергеевна , Панова Людмила Владимировна , Полуэктова Фирая Габдулахатовна
Published: September 2018

В статье представлены основные научные направления в работе детско-подросткового отдела: диагностика и дифференциальная диагностика, особенности лечения туберкулеза, психологические факторы этиопатогенеза туберкулеза. Определены цели каждого из этих направлений и новые технологии, используемые для их достижения. Все направления научных исследований в подростковом отделении института являются актуальными и перспективными во фтизиатрии детей и подростков, представляют интерес для научных сотрудников и практикующих врачей.
ПЕРВЫЙ ОПЫТ ТОНКОИГОЛЬНОЙ ПУНКЦИИ ПОД КОНТРОЛЕМ ЭНДОСОНОГРАФИИ ПРИ ЛИМФАДЕНОПАТИИ СРЕДОСТЕНИЯ У?РЕБЕНКА?ЧЕТЫРЕХ?ЛЕТ, "Вестник Центрального научно-исследовательского института туберкулеза"
Authors: Сивокозов Илья Владимирович , Шабалина Ирина Юрьевна , Евгущенко Галина Владимировна , Губкина Марина Федоровна , Петракова Ирина Юрьевна , Карпина Наталья Леонидовна
Published: September 2018

В данном клиническом случае представлен первый опыт применения эндосонографии в России и Восточной Европе у ребенка в возрасте до 5 лет с лимфаденопатией средостения. Продемонстрированы особенности применения чреспищеводной эндосонографии эхобронхоскопом (ЭУС-б), представлены преимущества новой методики в сравнении с классической лучевой и иммунодиагностикой лимфаденопатии при подозрении на туберкулез внутригрудных лимфатических узлов.
Caenorhabditis elegans DLC‐1 associates with ribonucleoprotein complexes to promote mRNA regulation
Authors: Day Nicholas J. , Ellenbecker Mary , Voronina Ekaterina
Published: September 2018

Ribonucleoprotein complexes, which contain mRNAs and their regulator proteins, carry out post‐transcriptional control of gene expression. The function of many RNA‐binding proteins depends on their association with cofactors. Here, we use a genomic approach to identify transcripts associated with DLC‐1, a protein previously identified as a cofactor of two unrelated RNA‐binding proteins that act in the Caenorhabditis elegans germline. Among the 2732 potential DLC‐1 targets, most are germline mRNAs associated with oogenesis. Removal of DLC‐1 affects expression of its targets expressed in the oocytes, meg‐1 and meg‐3. We propose that DLC‐1 acts as a cofactor for multiple ribonucleoprotein complexes, including the ones regulating gene expression during oogenesis.
Activism
Authors: Heath Robert L.
Published: September 2018

This entry addresses activism as an increasingly important aspect of societies that espouse democratic ideals and those that repress citizens. Activism is an agent of change. To understand its dynamics, attention is given to the historical origins of activism, its rationale, its strategic management, and strategic communication. Key dimensions of activism are strain, mobilization, confrontation, negotiation and also collaboration, and resolution, all of which in various ways becomes public discourse through media. These traditional dimensions of social conflict theory constitute the rhetorical means by which activists attract attention to an issue, define and reframe issues, and motivate activism that leads to confrontation, and potentially to negotiation and resolution. Activists traditionally were viewed as anti‐establishment, but their success over the past 60 years has led all points of the sociopolitical compass to use activism as a way to achieve change, or defend against change. For these reasons, activism has motivated the professional practice and research fields of issues management, public affairs, and strategic communication.
Agency, Organizational and Societal
Authors: Harker Jennifer L.
Published: September 2018

Agency is the act of doing or the capacity of doing by exercising one's own free will. Agency theory is multilevel. The three overarching levels are individual agency, organizational agency, and societal agency. Agency is most commonly carried out by functioning capability, and by self‐efficaciousness, and is transferred throughout society as personal agency, proxy agency, or collective agency. This entry weaves together the multidisciplinary history of agency and explains the underlying structures and cognitions that work together to spur acts of agency.
Authenticity
Authors: Men Linjuan Rita , Tsai Wan‐Hsiu Sunny
Published: September 2018

This entry provides a succinct literature review of authenticity in strategic communication. The theoretical conceptualization and definition of authenticity in the domains of public relations, leadership, branding, advertising, and political communication are provided. Measures, antecedents, and consequences of authenticity in strategic communication as well as strategic guidelines to convey and enhance authenticity are also discussed.
B2BVersusB2CCommunication
Authors: Willis Paul
Published: September 2018

Business‐to‐consumer (B2C) and business‐to‐business (B2B) are forms of marketing communication that today exhibit important differences as well as increasing similarities. The purpose of this discussion is to improve understanding of how each is practiced and studied by identifying points of overlap and divergence and suggesting that the boundaries between the two are fuzzy and indistinct rather than that each inhabits a clear‐cut “either‐or world.” It is further suggested that convergence is set to accelerate rather than diminish due to contemporary trends in the business and communication landscape. It is for this reason that B2C and B2B communication are conceptualized as parts of a larger complex adaptive marketing system characterized by interdependence, interaction, and change.
Change Communication
Authors: Lewis Laurie K. , Sahay Surabhi
Published: September 2018

Organizational change concerns altered or disrupted states in organizations. Scholars have suggested various change models and documented how communicative relationships and actions play an important role in change. Research has primarily sought to understand managers' needs in change processes that are often focused on dissemination of information and framing of change in order to reduce uncertainty and resistance. Communication research has focused on a variety of stakeholders' communicative interactions surrounding change and noted that change and change processes are socially constructed. Key communicative processes of sensemaking, conflict, persuasion, dissent expression, and upward influence combine to shape the course of change in organizations.
Civil Society
Authors: Taylor Maureen
Published: September 2018

This entry explains how civil society is an optimistic concept that describes how communication and relationships contribute to society. A civil society is a place where individuals, groups, and organizations engage in interactions that balance conflict and consensus in a society. The concept of civil society is premised on communication and relationships as civil society activities of debate, deliberation, advocacy, risk management, and public relations strive for a balance between public, organizations, institutions, and government interests. It is never completed and it is in everyone's best interest to keep the iterative process of civil society alive through strategic communication.
Coalition Building
Authors: Jahansoozi Julia
Published: September 2018

This entry explains the processes and problems associated with coalition building. Because organizations typically need to align their interests with others', they seek coalitions. Coalitions come in all shapes and sizes and often with different nomenclature—designated, for example, as alliances, associations, federations, unions, partnerships, leagues, confederations, and interest groups. Though networks are a significant part of strategic communication, when it comes to coalition building, networks can exist without coalitions. Coalitions are essentially strategic political alliances keen to promote their cause, which, primarily, is to maintain the current status or to resist threats. Building coalitions with other parties, groups, and nations with shared values, commitments, and goals may be very beneficial to that outcome.
Communication Consulting and Consultancies
Authors: von Platen Sara
Published: September 2018

A communication consultant is a person who, on a professional basis, acts as an agent and provides a principal with advice on communication‐related matters. One central theme linked to the practice of communication consultancy is the multifaceted and often ambiguous role it entails, which may be conceptualized as that of a second‐order observer—or even a translator in different contexts. Another issue is the importance of internal communication consultancy in organizations and the challenges this practice is associated with. In addition, even if communication consultancy is not a new phenomenon, questions regarding professional legitimacy are still pending. This circumstance indicates the necessity to define the professional expertise and value of communication consultancy more explicitly, in research as well as practice.
Communication Departments
Authors: McKinney David B.
Published: September 2018

Business as usual does not seem to last very long these days. The
new normal
of expanding computer technology, the rise of social media, accountability in supporting the core business, and relentless budget pressures puts today's communication departments squarely in the crosshairs with internal and external stakeholders. A key to success is hiring the right people with the skills and savvy to identify and effectively address a fluid global array of opportunities and threats.
Control Revolution
Authors: Frandsen Finn
Published: September 2018

Control revolution is a concept introduced by American Professor of Communication and Sociology James R. Beniger (1946–2010) in his book
The Control Revolution: Technological and Economic Origins of the Information Society
(1986). The concept is central to his theory of how the information society emerged as an outgrowth of the industrial society.
Corporate Communication
Authors: Frandsen Finn , Johansen Winni
Published: September 2018

Corporate communication emerged as a new strategic management discipline in the 1990s, at a time when a growing number of senior executives in private as well as public organizations realized how important it was to communicate effectively with their key stakeholders if they wanted to build and maintain a favorable reputation or change and repair an unfavorable reputation. The keywords of corporate communication are stakeholder relations and integration, that is, the coordination of all formal communication activities, including internal and external communication, marketing, and public relations. During the past decade, corporate communication has become a very popular term, in particular in Europe where public relations has lost some of its allure.
Credibility
Authors: Valentini Chiara
Published: September 2018

Credibility is defined as the quality of being believed or accepted as true, real, or honest. It is typically considered to be a construct related to an individual's or organization's earned quality; however, credibility can be also ascribed to a message and a medium of communication. It is a central concept in strategic communication because it emphasizes how characteristics of sources, messages, and media enhance the quality and efficacy of an organization's or individual's strategic communication. Credibility increases the effectiveness of a communication initiative by helping the receivers of a message to rate the trustworthiness and believability of such communication. This entry reviews and discusses central features regarding source, message, and media credibility.
Diversity Management
Authors: Ravazzani Silvia
Published: September 2018

This entry provides an overview of diversity management, which, in the context of organizations, consists in the strategic process of harnessing the potential of all employees to create an inclusive environment and, at the same time, contribute to meeting organizational goals. The entry first describes the complex construct of diversity that has been variously conceptualized in the literature, embracing multiple social and informational diversity dimensions such as gender, age, culture, values, and work‐style. This is followed by illustrations of the historical development of diversity‐management discourse and practice, and possible overarching approaches guiding organizations. The entry goes on to elucidate elements linked to the implementation of diversity management: positive and negative outcomes, widespread practices including communication, and contingency factors shaping the understanding and approach in organizations. In conclusion, four current lines of research—critical, holistic, global, and communication‐centered perspectives—and future research endeavors are pointed out.
Entertainment
Authors: Hallahan Kirk
Published: September 2018

Strategic communication frequently involves the promotion or production of entertainment fare such as books, newspapers and magazines, theatrical stage shows, live and recorded music, movies and videos, television and radio programs, websites and blogs, computer programs, and electronic games. Entertainment producers rely on strategic communication to promote their creative artistry and thus assure both artistic and commercial success. Strategic communicators also increasingly use entertainment vehicles to deliver organizational messages in ways that audiences find appealing and acceptable. Entertainment fare is also one of the primary ways in which people of all ages develop impressions (often inaccurate) about how strategic communication works.
Framing
Authors: Olsson Eva‐Karin , Ihlen Øyvind
Published: September 2018

Framing is probably the most popular analytical concept within communication studies. This entry defines the concept and traces its use with a particular focus on its relevance for strategic communication. The basic attraction of framing lies in how frames provide direction for our understanding of issues through the use of certain organizing principles. During framing, some elements of issues are highlighted whereas others are downplayed or left out. This influences the way that a problem is diagnosed and what remedies are suggested. Many different understandings and uses of the concept are found in the literature, but all have in common the idea that frames are essentially about providing meaning.
Functionalism
Authors: Heath Robert L.
Published: September 2018

Functionalism refers to operable components of some system without which it would fail to overcome complexity. In regard to strategic communication it has substantial implications for theories relevant to cognition, self‐identity, and sociality, group dynamics, culture, communicative practices, organization, community, and society. Functionalism was coined to capture the sense of order and unity that systems require to operate under conditions of complexity as interdependent, interpenetrating wholes capable of achieving purpose. Academic disciplines have adopted functionalism as an analytical and practical orientation because it presumes to help society, cognition, and communication to operate in orderly, predictably flexible ways. A pressing question is whether strategic communication replaces or embraces other functions, such as public relations and advertising, and empowers or redefines them to serve reflectively and normatively with discursive processes so that organizations and communities achieve legitimacy and resilience.
Communication Theory
Authors: van Ruler Betteke
Published: September 2018

Since communication is an integral, indeed foundational part of the naming of the field of strategic communication, and because understanding the purposiveness of communication is essential, knowledge of communication can be seen as the pillar on which the field rests. Theory is a way of looking. Consequently, there is much agreement and disagreement about what constitutes an adequate theory of communication, that is, a theory of how communication works. This entry gives an overview of communication theory, studied from different angles, looking at different facets.
Metaphors in Communication
Authors: Waymer Damion
Published: September 2018

A metaphor is a figure of speech that takes one thing (often referred to as the source domain) and equates it to or overlaps it with another thing (often referred to as the target domain) for rhetorical effect. Scholars of metaphor generally agree that it is impossible to avoid using metaphor in practice and in disciplinary research. As a result, the field of organizational studies and communication—probably more so than any other scientific discipline—abounds with metaphors because metaphors have the ability to shape how stakeholders view an organization, simplify complexity in organizations, and shape employees' judgment of the organization. This entry discusses how metaphor is used in strategic communication research and practice.
Organizational Communication
Authors: Feldner Sarah Bonewits , Fyke Jeremy P.
Published: September 2018

The field of organizational communication considers the relationship between organizations and organizing, and communication. Although topics have varied widely over the field's five or so decades of existence, organizational communication is perhaps best known for how it engages with topics at various intersections or interplays. This entry is organized around a series of framing questions through which the field might be understood. It begins with thewhen—a brief history of the field beginning with the Redding tradition of scholarship. It then explores the interplay of structure and process, individuals and organizations, micro and macro, and internal and external; these are thewhat, who, how, andwhereof the field. Thewhyquestion is then discussed as a way to frame various scholarly commitments. Finally, the entry ends with connections between strategic communication and ideas for further scholarship.
Prescriptive Strategy
Authors: Maritz Rachel
Published: September 2018

This entry profiles the concept of prescriptive (deliberate) strategy. The broader field of strategic management plays out in a dichotomy of
deliberate
and
emergent
strategies. Deliberate strategies are associated with the prescriptive approach to strategy making and, as such, form part of the outcome of a formalized strategic management process. Prescriptive strategy is associated with the
planning
,
design
, and
positioning
schools of strategy, each with its set characteristics. Prescriptive strategy is processual in nature—conceived by top management as an envisaged vision for the organization, formalized through a specific process of design and positioning which includes analysis and strategic choice, and culminating in the implementation of the explicit strategy. The prescriptive strategy has implications for strategic communication in terms of where communication emanates from, how it serves a purpose of coordination and formalization in line with a deliberately prescribed strategy.
Public Diplomacy
Authors: Pamment James
Published: September 2018

Public diplomacy (PD) refers to the efforts of an international actor to understand, inform, and influence foreign audiences in support of desired policy goals. It is predicated on the principle that government‐to‐government relations in a given foreign policy area may be influenced by foreign citizens and groups outside of government whose opinions, values, activities, and interests can help to sway a government's position. Trends in early twenty‐first‐century international politics have challenged the scope, purpose, and visibility of these activities. In particular, the changing role of the state, blurring of domestic and foreign boundaries, and a proliferation of boundary‐spanning actors provoke a rethink of how PD and strategic communication relate to one another.
Public Sector Communication
Authors: Fredriksson Magnus , Pallas Josef
Published: September 2018

The public sector involves publically financed activities including health care, education, public transportation, and others. The sector is funded by taxes and governed by political institutions to realize political goals. Recently the sector has met deregulation and reforms to craft more efficient, accountable, and responsive organizations—with an increased complexity and ambiguity as a result. Such a development mobilizes four different principles for strategic communication in public sector organizations—civic communication, management communication, reputation management, and market communication. Expectations on how to communicate are shaped in relation to the contradictive settings in which public sector organizations operate, with limited possibilities to follow a coherent strategy. Thus, when public sector organizations show an inconsistent or contradictory posture toward communication this is not the result of fragmentation or lack of competence, but rather a functional reaction to sectoral conditions.
Reputation
Authors: Ingenhoff Diana
Published: September 2018

This entry aims to analyze the construct of reputation as a key target in strategic communication. Reputation is analyzed on the micro, meso, and macro levels with respect to executives or leaders (e.g., chief executive officer, politician), organizations (e.g., corporations, nonprofit organizations), and branches or industries (e.g., financial sector, pharmaceutical industry) as well as other imagined entities (e.g., countries, nation‐states, travel destinations). Reputation is defined as a multidimensional attitudinal construct comprising cognitive and affective dimensions of an entity. The cognitive dimensions refer to the entity's competence and performance (functional reputation) as well as to its social responsibility and integrity (social reputation). These two cognitive components affect the emotional appraisal (affective‐expressive reputation) of the entity.
Reputation Management
Authors: Carroll Craig E.
Published: September 2018

Reputation management refers to an overarching communication strategy taken by an organization to align, coalesce, guide, and evaluate individual actions throughout an organization by reflecting upon their potential impact on the organization's reputation. This entry examines the intellectual and social context for reputation management and changes over time in the topic's treatment. Central to the topic is whether reputation management exists as a strategy independent of what has traditionally been the public relations function.
Social Networks
Authors: Chewning Lisa V.
Published: September 2018

This entry describes the basic tenets of social networks, which are the macro‐level social structures resultant from micro‐level communication. Social actors, including individuals and institutions, become embedded in social networks through repeated communication with the same parties. Past history and trust fuel future interactions that guard against opportunism and further embed members in the network. The structural properties of networks have implications for power, resource availability, and information flow, which can affect success of both individual actors and the overall network. Stakeholder networks develop relative to institutions, both enabling and constraining institutional actions. Interaction in social networks leads to a variety of social phenomena, including the creation of social capital and opportunities for collective action and activism. Social media enables the extension of networks beyond time and space constraints, allowing members to organize based on common interest and need, changing the social order of communication.
Strategic Behavioral Paradigm
Authors: Grunig James E.
Published: September 2018

The strategic behavioral paradigm of public relations, in contrast with the symbolic‐interpretive paradigm, emphasizes that the communication management function of an organization should help shape the strategic decisions and behaviors of an organization and provide a voice for stakeholder publics in management decisions. Its purpose goes beyond the management of meaning through the creation of cognitive representations such as images, reputations, brands, or impressions. The paradigm resulted from a study of excellence in public relations and communication management and has been formalized through a theory of the role of public relations in strategic management.
Strategic Communication Contexts
Authors: de Beer Estelle
Published: September 2018

The entry emphasizes the significance of context, which increasingly guides the research of contemporary scholars in strategic communication management. Different contextual approaches enrich theory and model development and increase the legitimacy and relevance of strategic communication management as an emerging academic field. From a pragmatic perspective, contextability requires that contextually aware communication practitioners vary their strategies depending on the contexts in which they operate.
Strategic Management
Authors: Aggerholm Helle Kryger
Published: September 2018

The field of strategic management deals with the intended and emergent initiatives taken by managers on behalf of owners, involving utilization of resources to enhance the performance of (business) organizations in their external environments. Traditionally, strategic management consists of three elements, strategic analysis, choice, and implementation, and is a product of prescriptive, rational‐analytical thinking. Today strategy is less likely to be seen as a result of deliberate intentions and one‐off decisions. Instead, the interactive and situated behavior of actors and their activities and practices are objects of greater interest, so that the field of communication occupies a central place in the actual practice of strategic management.
Strategic Readiness
Authors: James Melanie
Published: September 2018

Strategic readiness refers to the alignment of an organization's human capital, information capital, and organizational capital with its strategy (Kaplan & Norton, 2004) and reflects the strategy of organizational learning. The competitive advantages found in modern corporations, nonprofit organizations, and even governmental agencies are increasingly determined by the strategic readiness of their intangible assets. Some intangible assets (such as brands and intellectual property) are easier to leverage and have received considerable management attention during the past two decades. Others such as human, information, and organizational capital have received less attention and often lack strategic readiness. Strategic readiness has until quite recently been strongly associated with the idea of aligning tangible and intangible resources to organizational strategies and strategic plans.
Voice
Authors: Logan Nneka , Tindall Natalie T. J.
Published: September 2018

Voice is tangled with the concept of power. Voice is not just concerned with the message, but also with the platform, the reach, and the accessibility of the message. The opposite of voice is silence, which can be a strategic maneuver or a consequence of societal power and position. Within public relations and strategic communication, scholars are focusing efforts on understanding voice within a variety of contexts including employee voice as a participant in the cocreation of meaning, the corporate voice as a dominant voice in the marketplace of ideas, the marginalized voice within society, and the influence of social media on voice.
Multimodal computational neocortical anatomy in pediatric hippocampal sclerosis
Authors: Adler Sophie , Blackwood Mallory , Northam Gemma B. , Gunny Roxana , Hong Seok‐Jun , Bernhardt Boris C. , Bernasconi Andrea , Bernasconi Neda , Jacques Thomas , Tisdall Martin , Carmichael David W. , Cross J. Helen , Baldeweg Torsten
Published: September 2018

Objective

In contrast to adult cohorts, neocortical changes in epileptic children with hippocampal damage are not well characterized. Here, we mapped multimodal neocortical markers of epilepsy‐related structural compromise in a pediatric cohort of temporal lobe epilepsy and explored how they relate to clinical factors.

Methods

We measured cortical thickness, gray–white matter intensity contrast and intracortical FLAIR intensity in 22 patients with hippocampal sclerosis (HS) and 30 controls. Surface‐based linear models assessed between‐group differences in morphological and MR signal intensity markers. Structural integrity of the hippocampus was measured by quantifying atrophy and FLAIR patterns. Linear models were used to evaluate the relationships between hippocampal and neocortical MRI markers and clinical factors.

Results

In the hippocampus, patients demonstrated ipsilateral atrophy and bilateral FLAIR hyperintensity. In the neocortex, patients showed FLAIR signal hyperintensities and gray–white matter boundary blurring in the ipsilesional mesial and lateral temporal neocortex. In contrast, cortical thinning was minimal and restricted to a small area of the ipsilesional temporal pole. Furthermore, patients with a history of febrile convulsions demonstrated more pronounced FLAIR hyperintensity in the ipsilesional temporal neocortex.

Interpretation

Pediatric HS patients do not yet demonstrate the widespread cortical thinning present in adult cohorts, which may reflect consequences of a protracted disease process. However, pronounced temporal neocortical FLAIR hyperintensity and blurring of the gray–white matter boundary are already detectable, suggesting that alterations in MR signal intensities may reflect a different underlying pathophysiology that is detectable earlier in the disease and more pervasive in patients with a history of febrile convulsions.
Regulatory B cells in myasthenia gravis are differentially affected by therapies
Authors: Yilmaz Vuslat , Maillard Solène , Truffault Frédérique , Bolgert Francis , Behin Anthony , Regnard Jean‐François , Berrih‐Aknin Sonia , Le Panse Rozen
Published: September 2018

We analyzed the number and functionality of regulatory B (Breg) cells in well‐defined myasthenia gravis patients. We first showed a decreased number of circulating CD19+CD24++CD38++ Breg cells and an altered functionality of Breg cells in untreated myasthenia gravis patients. Next, we demonstrated that the proportion of circulating Breg cells was restored in myasthenia gravis patients after thymectomy, probably as Breg cells could be sequestered in the myasthenia gravis thymus. In contrast, corticosteroid treatments did not restore and decreased even more the proportion of Breg cells in myasthenia gravis patients. These results clearly demonstrated that two distinct immunomodulatory therapies affect differentially Breg cells.
Direct CVD Growth of Graphene on Technologically Important Dielectric and Semiconducting Substrates
Authors: Khan Afzal , Islam Sk Masiul , Ahmed Shahzad , Kumar Rishi R. , Habib Mohammad R. , Huang Kun , Hu Ming , Yu Xuegong , Yang Deren
Published: September 2018

To fabricate graphene based electronic and optoelectronic devices, it is highly desirable to develop a variety of metal‐catalyst free chemical vapor deposition (CVD) techniques for direct synthesis of graphene on dielectric and semiconducting substrates. This will help to avoid metallic impurities, high costs, time consuming processes, and defect‐inducing graphene transfer processes. Direct CVD growth of graphene on dielectric substrates is usually difficult to accomplish due to their low surface energy. However, a low‐temperature plasma enhanced CVD technique could help to solve this problem. Here, the recent progress of metal‐catalyst free direct CVD growth of graphene on technologically important dielectric (SiO2, ZrO2, HfO2, h‐BN, Al2O3, Si3N4, quartz, MgO, SrTiO3, TiO2, etc.) and semiconducting (Si, Ge, GaN, and SiC) substrates is reviewed. High and low temperature direct CVD growth of graphene on these substrates including growth mechanism and morphology is discussed. Detailed discussions are also presented for Si and Ge substrates, which are necessary for next generation graphene/Si/Ge based hybrid electronic devices. Finally, the technology development of the metal‐catalyst free direct CVD growth of graphene on these substrates is concluded, with future outlooks.
Adaptive evolution of Clostridium butyricum and scale‐Up for high‐Concentration 1,3‐propanediol production
Authors: Zhang Ai‐Hui , Zhuang Xiao‐Yan , Chen Kai‐Nan , Huang Shi‐Yang , Xu Chao‐Zhen , Fang Bai‐Shan
Published: September 2018

In order to obtain the excellent 1,3‐propanediol (1,3‐PDO) producer from wild‐type Clostridium butyricum, adaptive evolution was carried out to select the strain for fast growth. The most significant change was that fermentation time decreased from 36 h to 20 h after adaptive evolution. Thus, it led to the corresponding volumetric productivity of 1,3‐PDO increasing from 0.97 to 2.14 (g/L·h−1) which increased by 114%. Adaptive evolution was also applied to butyric acid tolerant strain selected based on the fast‐growing one through a simple equipment. 1,3‐PDO concentration increased from 40.28 to 66.23 g/L through fed‐batch fermentation by butyric acid tolerant strain compared with the fast‐growing one. In addition, the endpoint strain was successfully and steadily used in the 50‐L scale fermentation. Thus, adaptive evolution is an excellent strategy which can help us select the fast‐growing strain and reduce the negative effect from substrate and metabolite inhibition. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 65: 32–39, 2019
Fatherhood and psychobiology in the Philippines: Perspectives on joint profiles and longitudinal changes of fathers' estradiol and testosterone
Authors: Gettler Lee T. , Kuo Patty X. , Bechayda Sonny Agustin
Published: September 2018

Objectives

Research on the psychobiology of partnering and fathering has focused on testosterone (T), oxytocin, and prolactin (PRL) as mechanisms that potentially mediate life history trade‐offs related to those roles. Less is known about other hormones that might be responsive to life history transitions and implicated in fathering, such as estradiol (E2). We examined how E2 changed during the transition to marriage and fatherhood, its correlation with fathers' caregiving, and its joint within‐individual production with other hormones (T, PRL).

Methods

Data were collected from a total of 913 Filipino men (aged 25.9 years ± 0.3 SD at follow‐up) enrolled in a longitudinal cohort study. Morning saliva samples collected at baseline (2005) and follow‐up (2009) were assayed for T and E2 (n = 329), dried blood spots from baseline were assayed for PRL. Fathers reported on caregiving in 2009.

Results

When compared with men who remained single non‐fathers over the study period, men who became married residential fathers experienced larger declines in E2. This effect was non‐significant when we controlled for longitudinal changes in T. E2 was not significantly related to fathers' caregiving, controlling for T. In cross‐sectional analyses for PRL, T, and E2, married residential fathers exhibited within‐individual profiles of reduced T and elevated PRL, whereas single non‐fathers exhibited the opposite profile of elevated T and reduced PRL.

Conclusions

Our findings point to the need for future research to consider the mutually regulatory dynamics and/or combinatorial implications of multiple physiological axes acting within individuals to underpin life history trade‐offs and behavioral strategies.
Further delineation of the clinical spectrum of de novo TRIM8 truncating mutations
Authors: Assoum Mirna , Lines Matthew A. , Elpeleg Orly , Darmency Véronique , Whiting Sharon , Edvardson Simon , Devinsky Orrin , Heinzen Erin , Hernan Rebecca Rose , Antignac Corinne , Deleuze Jean‐François , Des Portes Vincent , Bertholet‐Thomas Aurélie , Belot Alexandre , Geller Eric , Lemesle Martine , Duffourd Yannis , Thauvin‐Robinet Christel , Thevenon Julien , Chung Wendy , Lowenstein Daniel H. , Faivre Laurence
Published: September 2018

De novo mutations of the TRIM8 gene, which codes for a tripartite motif protein, have been identified using whole exome sequencing (WES) in two patients with epileptic encephalopathy (EE), but these reports were not sufficient to conclude that TRIM8 was a novel gene responsible for EE. Here we report four additional patients presenting with EE and de novo truncating mutations of TRIM8 detected by WES, and give further details of the patient previously reported by the Epi4K consortium. Epilepsy of variable severity was diagnosed in children aged 2 months to 3.5 years of age. All patients had developmental delay of variable severity with no or very limited language, often associated with behavioral anomalies and unspecific facial features or MRI brain abnormalities. The phenotypic variability observed in these patients appeared related to the severity of the epilepsy. One patient presented pharmacoresistant EE with regression, recurrent infections and nephrotic syndrome, compatible with the brain and kidney expression of TRIM8. Interestingly, all mutations were located at the highly conserved C‐terminus section of TRIM8. This collaborative study confirms that TRIM8 is a novel gene responsible for EE, possibly associated with nephrotic syndrome. This report brings new evidence on the pathogenicity of TRIM8 mutations and highlights the value of data‐sharing to delineate the phenotypic characteristics and biological basis of extremely rare disorders.
A mosaic intragenic microduplication of LAMA1 and a constitutional 18p11.32 microduplication in a patient with keratosis pilaris and intellectual disability
Authors: Kashevarova Anna A. , Nazarenko Lyudmila P. , Skryabin Nikolay A. , Nikitina Tatiana V. , Vasilyev Stanislav A. , Tolmacheva Ekaterina N. , Lopatkina Mariya E. , Salyukova Olga A. , Chechetkina Nataliya N. , Vorotelyak Ekaterina A. , Kalabusheva Ekaterina P. , Fishman Veniamin S. , Kzhyshkowska Julia , Graziano Claudio , Magini Pamela , Romeo Giovanni , Lebedev Igor N.
Published: September 2018

The application of array‐based comparative genomic hybridization and next‐generation sequencing has identified many chromosomal microdeletions and microduplications in patients with different pathological phenotypes. Different copy number variations are described within the short arm of chromosome 18 in patients with skin diseases. In particular, full or partial monosomy 18p has also been associated with keratosis pilaris. Here, for the first time, we report a young male patient with intellectual disability, diabetes mellitus (type I), and keratosis pilaris, who exhibited a de novo 45‐kb microduplication of exons 4–22 of LAMA1, located at 18p11.31, and a 432‐kb 18p11.32 microduplication of paternal origin containing the genes METTL4, NDC80, and CBX3P2 and exons 1–15 of the SMCHD1 gene. The microduplication of LAMA1 was identified in skin fibroblasts but not in lymphocytes, whereas the larger microduplication was present in both tissues. We propose LAMA1 as a novel candidate gene for keratosis pilaris. Although inherited from a healthy father, the 18p11.32 microduplication, which included relevant genes, could also contribute to phenotype manifestation.