bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Thermal–Hydraulic Design of Main Feed Water Pump Suction Systems for Large Thermal Power Plant
Authors: Dartnell Lawrence
Published: February 2007

British domestic design practice is described for boiler feed pump suction systems associated with high level deaerator/feed water tanks in large modern power plant.

The objective of thermal–hydraulic design is the provision of adequate pressure to boiler feed water pump suctions under all transient and steady state conditions to ensure continuity of water flow and reliable pump operation. Methods are available for the determination of pressure decay in feed tanks during load transients, but the successful application of mathematical relationships between pressure decay and pressure rise in suction pipework depends on the correct identification of operational circumstances. Progress in recent years has been on the identification of circumstances which produce governing conditions and has taken design practice beyond the stage established by early workers.

Developed practice has been successfully applied by the Central Electricity Generating Board and its main plant contractors to forty-nine 500 MW units in coal- and oil-fired stations and to twenty-three 660 MW units in coal, oil and advanced gas-cooled reactor stations, which at 39 680 MW, constitutes the major proportion of plant in England and Wales.

Aspects of plant behaviour and operation crucial to successful system design are featured. Recommendations are made for plant layout, pipework routing, tank outlet and pipework sizing, net positive suction head (NPSH) determination etc.
The Planning of Manufacturing Change in a Period of Contraction
Authors: Brennan L , Davies B J
Published: February 2007

This paper considers the process of planning for manufacturing change in the context of a company engaged in retrenchment policies. The difficulties of planning for contraction are emphasized and the central role of the production system in influencing the success of management responses underlined. The need for a formal evaluation mechanism which enables management to evaluate alternative responses is argued. Such a mechanism is described and its application in the case of a specific company undergoing contraction is described.
Prestige versus Practicality—A Dilemma for the Engineering Profession
Authors: McCormick K
Published: February 2007

British engineers have claimed that their important contributions to economic and social well-being, based on their achievements as practical people, have gone unrecognized or unrewarded. Yet over the past thirty years efforts to boost the social prestige of British engineers appear to have undermined the social arrangements which fostered the strong practical ethos. Increasing reliance on the full-time educational system is tending to raise social prestige through bringing the ‘all graduate profession’ and through trends to recruitment from higher social backgrounds. Yet these trends have been associated with a fall in traditional and recognizable training. This paper examines both the nature of the ‘practical’ tradition and efforts to raise ‘prestige’ and asks whether the engineering profession is caught on the horns of an irresolvable dilemma—to boost either prestige or practicality. The paper concludes that in principle the British pattern of education and training has much to commend it still, with the strong emphasis on training elements in a working environment. But it is argued that its success will depend on engineers and their employers becoming much more active in the field of training.
Design and Manufacture of a New Telephone Transmitter/Receiver Capsule
Authors: Baker V P , Chambers W , Taylor F , Tester N W
Published: February 2007

This paper describes a project to design a new telephone transmitter/receiver capsule which could be assembled on an automatic high volume production line. The reasons why the project was undertaken are outlined together with design decisions that were taken, and the automated assembly line is described in detail. The resulting achievements and the benefits to the company are reviewed.
Manufacturing Effectiveness in the Design of a New Truck Cab Shell
Authors: Lowe W T
Published: February 2007

The MT211 vehicle launched in September 1984 completed Leyland Trucks' model replacement programme which started in 1979 with the T45 truck. The cab for this vehicle, the C44, was conceived in a very severe economic climate, with fierce competition for a declining market. Cost and investment had to be minimized without reducing quality or consistency of manufacture. The design and manufacturing technology developed for the C44 has enabled the company to produce a cab shell at approximately half of the previous cost, with about a third of the number of parts at less than half the investment previously needed. Machine minutes in the press shop have been reduced to less than a half and assembly time reduced to a third.
Special Problems of Rotor Dynamics in the Design of Superconducting Generators with Multi-Shell Rotors
Authors: Berger H L , Kulig T S
Published: February 2007

Compared with turbine generators of conventional design, which already have very high power-weight ratios, superconducting generators offer big advantages in the way of the required capacity range and improved efficiency. Now that the fundamental theoretical studies have been completed and the first lest rotors are being proof-tested by a number of manufacturers, work is in progress worldwide on the construction of prototypes intended for operation in power plants. The completely different method of cooling the rotor at temperatures of only a few Kelvin demands effective thermal shielding, best achieved by using a construction consisting of a number of concentrically arranged hollow cylinders. An unconventional design of this nature gives rise to totally new problems regarding bending and torsional vibration for which established design practice presents only partial solutions or even none at all. The flexural and torsional vibration behaviour of a K W U (Kraftwerk Union) superconducting 1000 MVA rotor is investigated in this paper. First, the tuning to resonance and the steady state behaviour are analysed; the transient behaviour of the machine after electrical disturbances is of decisive importance for grid operation, and an exhaustive account of this topic follows. It is demonstrated that the rotor, in spite of its complex and elaborate construction and the attendant multitude of natural frequencies, can be built and operated reliably on the grid. In contrast to the hitherto prevailing view, it may be assumed that the characteristic of such great importance to the owner/operator, namely that of performance on the grid, is at least just as good as that of a conventional turbine generator.
Determination of the Optimal Balancing Head Location on Flexible Rotors Using a structural Dynamics Modification Algorithm
Authors: Kim Y D , Lee C W
Published: February 2007

Bishop (1) proposes an effective way of balancing a flexible rotating shaft using one motorized balancing head. To determine the optimal location of the head and the amount of correction unbalance required, the change in modal properties due to the presence of the balancing head has to be completely examined, which is often laborious and time consuming. In this paper, a simple and effective method to determine the optimal location of the balancing head and the amount of correction unbalance, adopting a structural dynamics modification (SDM) approach, is presented and an example problem is solved. It is shown that the current approach yields results almost as accurate as those obtained by finite element analysis, while computational time and effort are remarkably reduced.
The Rolling Resistance of Surfaces Covered by Soft Metal Films
Authors: Halling J , El Shafei T E S , Arnell R D
Published: February 2007

Measurements have been made of the rolling resistance between steel balls and steel surfaces covered by soft metal ion-plated films. The results are explained theoretically.
The Prediction of Liquid Film Journal Bearing Performance with a Consideration of Lubricant Film Reformation: Part 1: Theoretical Results
Authors: Dowson D , Taylor C M , Miranda A A S
Published: February 2007

Analyses of liquid film journal bearings rarely consider the reformation of the lubricant film. This reformation normally takes place in the vicinity of a supply groove and is influenced by, amongst other parameters, the lubricant supply pressure. In a previous paper the authors have described in detail the implementation of an algorithm to locate automatically and efficiently the locus of film rupture and reformation boundaries using a digital computer. In the present paper results are presented for a wide range of important variables. In particular, the prediction of lubricant supply rate is studied carefully and compared with data presented in a widely used design aid which does not account in detail for the influence of film reformation.
Mathematical Simulation of an End-Port Regenerative Glass Furnace
Authors: Carvalho M D G M D S , Lockwood F C
Published: February 2007

A mathematical model for the prediction of the performance of a glass furnace is described. It comprises sub-models for the combustion chamber, feed stock melting (batch), and the glass tank flow. The first sub-model which incorporates physical modelling for the lifted turbulent diffusion flames, soot formation and consumption, and the thermal radiation is given emphasis herein. The whole mathematical model is applied to an end-port regenerative furnace for both gas and heavy oil firing.
An Assessment of the Impact Performance of Bonded Joints for Use in High Energy Absorbing Structures
Authors: Harris J A , Adams R D
Published: February 2007

Using an instrumented impact test, the strength and energy absorption of bonded single lap joints have been measured for single lap joints with four epoxy adhesives and three aluminium alloy adherends. Compared with the static values, joint strength is not significantly affected by the high loading rates. Energy absorption is large when joint strength is sufficient for plastic deformation to occur in the adherends prior to failure, which is only the case for certain adherend/adhesive combinations. Spot welded joints are shown to be inferior in performance in the tests. The effect of loading rate on bonded joint strength has been analysed using a non-linear finite element method, from which predictions of joint strength in keeping with the experimental results have been obtained.

Crush tests carried out on open-ended cylinders have been used to simulate the impact behaviour of an energy absorbing structure. Similar performance was observed for cylinders with either bonded or spot welded longitudinal seams, although the large deformations in the crumple zones led to some debonding and weld fracture.
An Evaluation of Spline Functions for use in Cam Design
Authors: MacCarthy B L , Burns N D
Published: February 2007

This paper shows how spline functions can be employed for kinematic motion specification in cam design. The polynomial spline is introduced as a special case of a continuous piecewise function. Cubic and quintic splines are derived and their properties are discussed in the cam design context. It is shown how standard cam laws can be approximated extremely accurately with a small number of points and appropriate boundary conditions. The modified sinusoidal acceleration cam law is used as an example. The application of quintic splines to non-standard and special motions is discussed. The algebraic and B-spline representations of spline functions are compared. The former is considered preferable in this context and a list of useful algorithms is given.

The real power of the spline function, in particular the algebraic quintic spline, is its simplicity, ease of computation and adaptability to non-standard design problems. The use of parametrized, deficient and exponential splines is proposed for specific applications.
Interactive Buckling Tests on Cylindrical Shells Subjected to Axial Compression and External Pressure—A Comparison of Experiment, Theory and Various Codes
Authors: Galletly G D , Pemsing K
Published: February 2007

The buckling of welded steel cylindrical shells under the combined action of external pressure and axial compressive loads is of considerable interest to the offshore oil and nuclear industries. However, test results on this subject are scarce and some design rules which have been proposed recently have not been validated experimentally, especially in the plastic buckling region. In order to check these rules, and suggest others, interactive buckling tests were conducted at Liverpool University on cylindrical shells having R/t ≍ 100. One series of tests consisted of 19 machined and stress-relieved steel models having L/R ratios of 0.33, 0.74 and 1.45. The results obtained on these near-perfect machined models were compared with theoretical predictions of the behaviour of perfect cylindrical shells and the agreement between the two was good

The other series consisted of 21 welded steel models and had geometric ratios which were similar to the machined ones. The linear interaction equation Sp + Sx = 1 was used to predict the failure loads of these welded steel models and the predictions were safe in all cases. However, for some combined loading cases the linear equation was rather conservative and, in consequence, some non-linear interaction equations were investigated. These seem promising for design purposes. Irrespective of whether a linear or a non-linear equation is chosen for design, more tests will be needed to establish the scatter bands of the interactive buckling curves for various values of R/t.

Some tests were also carried out on (a) the effect of the loading path on the failure loads and (b) models with localized dents. Other topics discussed in the paper are: the effects of residual stresses and initial geometric imperfections, the general procedure adopted by Codes to predict buckling loads and some discrepancies between the predictions of various Codes.
A Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis of the Cold Forging of a Model Aluminium Connecting Rod
Authors: Pillinger I , Hartley P , Sturgess C E N , Rowe G W
Published: February 2007

A fully three-dimensional elastic-plastic finite element method is used to simulate metal flow during the most complex stage of the cold forging of a model of an aluminium connecting rod. The results of the computer simulation are compared with the forging of strain-hardening aluminium billets using graphite lubrication.

The analysis predicts deformation patterns and hardness distributions which have been checked by selected experiments. The experimental results show inhomogeneous deformation in various parts of the forging and noticeable variations in the formation of flash around its periphery, features which are also found in the analyses.

The elastic-plastic finite element technique can thus satisfactorily be applied to three-dimensional forgings of strain-hardening material. The work described here represents one part of a continuing research programme to develop computer simulation techniques for the modelling of complex cold, warm or hot industrial forgings.
Multi-Vane Expanders as Prime Movers in Low-Grade Energy Engines
Authors: Badr O , Probert D , O'Callaghan P W
Published: February 2007

Multi-vane expanders possess many advantages, over turbines and other positive-displacement machines, as prime movers for low-grade energy engines of small power outputs. It has been found that the performances of such expanders can be improved considerably by optimizing their design and operating variables. For an organic Rankine-cycle engine, utilizing low-temperature heat as the input, a multi-vane expander with isentropic efficiencies exceeding 73 per cent at rotational speeds up to 3000 r/min was designed, built and demonstrated.
Steel Plates for Pressure Vessels in Sour Environment Applications
Authors: Terasaki F , Ohtani H , Ikeda A , Nakanishi M
Published: February 2007

It is well known that wet hydrogen sulphide (H2S) can cause embrittlement of steels, hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) and sulphide stress corrosion cracking (SSCC). Several fractures of pipelines handling sour crude oil or gas led to vigorous researches on these problems. As similar failures have also been experienced in petroleum refinery equipment, degradation of steel by hydrogen sulphide is now recognized as a serious environmental problem.

The paper considers the mechanism and factors involved in HIC. This type of cracking occurs mainly in the parent steels. The susceptibility of steels to cracking is influenced strongly by inhomogeneities such as the shape and distribution of non-metallic inclusions, and segregation of alloying elements. These have a significant effect on HIC because they modify the microstructures in the segregated regions. With reference to environmental factors, these mainly concern the influence of H2S partial pressures, pH of the solutions and other phenomena relevant to the absorption of hydrogen by the steel.

SSCC poses problems in weld zones. It can occur especially in heat affected zones (HAZ) with high hardnesses. Such cracking can be prevented by the control of hardness by a suitable selection of the chemical composition of the steel and the welding conditions. Nevertheless, countermeasures similar to those described for the prevention of HIC are necessary to prevent SSCC in HAZ even with relatively low hardness.

Research on factors influencing HIC and SSCC has resulted in the development of steels which are highly resistant to wet H2S cracking. These steels have been supplied in plate form for pressure vessels. Experience has confirmed the good performance of welded constructions in aggressive service environments.
Scale Effects in a Mixed Flow Pump: Part 2
Authors: Soundranayagam S , Ramarajan V
Published: February 2007

The measured variation of losses in a mixed flow pump have been analysed to determine the fraction V of the losses that are dependent on Reynolds number and the exponent n that characterizes that dependence. The variation of the Reynolds number dependent fraction has been obtained for different operating points on the pump characteristic. It is shown that the experimentally determined points are fitted very well with several combinations of V and n within the experimental range and it is strongly suggested that the exponent n be chosen on the basis of a-priori theoretical grounds. The importance of specifying a model reference Reynolds number is pointed out. The present formulae used for efficiency scale-up are most useful in the region of rapidly changing efficiency below the knee in the efficiency–Reynolds number curve. They are not applicable in the region of most practical interest in Reynolds numbers above the knee where prototype pumps operate.
An Assessment of Primary System Stresses on the Creep Behaviour of High Temperature Steam Piping Systems
Authors: Carmichael G D T
Published: February 2007

The effects of creep on the primary system loadings sustained by high temperature steam piping layouts are ignored in design. A detailed evaluation of the consequences of this omission is presented from both the theoretical and practical viewpoints.

Piping analyses show that if systems are not supported correctly this can give rise to enhanced primary stresses. In these circumstances if the creep strength of any part of weldments is significantly less than the average rupture strength of the parent material circumferential cracking may occur in the design lifetime.

A feature of the results obtained from creep analyses is that over-stressed systems tend to sink with lime. It is proposed that this characteristic can be used to help decide which piping systems should have their welds examined.
Flow in Distribution Conduits
Authors: Hager W H
Published: February 2007

Steady conduit flow with spatially decreasing discharge is analysed by a hydraulic approach. Particular attention is paid to the effects of frictional slope, additional head-loss due to the single or manifold lateral, and the lateral outflow. The governing system of equations is then presented and solved for a common configuration. The results are compared to observations and several design recommendations are given.
Review of Some of the Major Engineering Developments in the High-Pressure Polyethylene Process 1933–1983
Authors: Crossland B , Bett K E , Ford Hugh , Gardner A K
Published: February 2007

F. A. Freeth provided the impetus for the research within the Alkali Division of Imperial Chemical Industries which led to the discovery of polyethylene by R. O. Gibson and E. W. Fawcett in March 1933. The importance of engineering in the development of the research equipment was recognized from the beginning by the appointment of Dr A. M. J. F. Michels as consultant on high-pressure techniques and apparatus, and by the later appointment of W. R. D. Manning as the research engineer in the team. They were, with others, responsible for the engineering development of the first chemical plant to operate continuously at pressures associated with those generated in large guns.

The paper, which is based on one presented at the Golden Jubilee Conference ‘Polyethylenes 1933–1983’, * reviews the engineering developments of some of the more important components of polyethylene plants during the first fifty years. Commercial confidentiality and lack of space prohibits a discussion of some aspects of design.
Government and Industry
Authors: Prior James
Published: February 2007

In this lecture James Prior outlines the world financial situation and how it affects trade and industry in the UK. He examines the influence of Government on industry and identifies some of the underlying problems. He suggests where and how improvements could be made, in particular, investment in regional aid and in training for new technology.
Professional Negligence in Engineering Practice
Authors: Houghton A F
Published: February 2007

Over the last ten years there has been a dramatic increase in the number of claims for professional negligence. This paper outlines the liabilities of professional engineers in private practice, industry, and the public sector. Examples of professional negligence are given with recommendations for improving the standard of professional competence.
Design and Technology in Schools—Its Potential for the Engineering Profession
Authors: Pace S
Published: February 2007

The organization of schools and the curriculum have undergone major changes in the last two decades. These changes represent an opportunity for the engineering profession to promote the development of engineering qualities, within the spectrum of the broad-based, design education now becoming widely accepted as an essential ingredient in the education of all children.

A new subject has evolved, known as design and technology, with its own distinctive characteristics. These are described, in relation to the potential of the subject as a high status, ‘A’ level, suitable for prospective engineers. The increasing demand for art-based, design and electronics courses at university, in contrast to the declining interest in the mechanical, is seen as a direct consequence of the successful promotion of these activities in the schools. Adequately trained and motivated teachers are identified as the key resource, and a suitable training programme to enable teachers to promote mechanical activities in schools is outlined.

Ways in which the Institution of Mechanical Engineers could invest in the educational process, to secure a thriving enthusiasm for its own distinctive message, are proposed. Without these fundamentally new initiatives from within schools themselves, it is suggested that the declining interest in mechanical engineering at university, will lead inevitably to an erosion of entrance standards and of the hard-won status of the profession.
Transmission Line Modelling of a Hydraulic Position Control System
Authors: Kitsios E E , Boucher R F
Published: February 2007

The transmission line modelling (TLM) method is briefly discussed, showing how lumped dynamic components can be represented by equivalent lines. A hydraulic position control system was modelled by the TLM method, requiring mechanical and fluid transmission line models and a special ‘integrator’ line. The theoretical responses to step inputs are compared with experimental ones. Good agreement is shown.
Product Quality Assurance—System Engineering and Management
Authors: Patel B M
Published: February 2007

A growing emphasis on product quality and reliability over price is leading the marketing, engineering, manufacturing and quality functions of many companies to integrate work assignments in developing effective product quality control systems for engineering manufacturing operations. This paper, based on a case study, describes the approach developed for (a) planning an administrative and technical system network for producing and delivering a product of specified quality standards (b) organizing for a product quality control system, (c) integrating the multi-functional activities of the operating components that impact on quality, relating the product quality control system to the manufacturing cycle, and (d) measuring the overall effectiveness of the system on the quality of the products through the evaluation of quality-related data generated by the manufacturing cycle.
An Efficient Method for Compensating Truncated Higher Modes in Structural Dynamics Modification
Authors: Chung K R , Lee C W
Published: February 2007

An efficient method for compensating the effects of the truncated higher modes in structural dynamics modification (SDM) is developed to predict the accurate modal parameters of locally modified structures. The effects of the truncated higher modes are represented by a fictitious, effective mode residing beyond the frequency range of interest. The modal parameters are then easily obtained by the iterative single degree-of-freedom curve-fitting technique developed for lightly damped systems.

A numerical example demonstrates the effectiveness of the improved SDM technique.
A Design Study of a Self-Organizing Fuzzy Logic Controller
Authors: Daley S , Gill K F
Published: February 2007

A study is described of the application of the self-organizing fuzzy logic controller (SOC), proposed by Procyk and Mamdani, to a complex multi-variable process. The control problem used in the investigation is the attitude control of a flexible satellite that has significant dynamic coupling of the axes. It is found that reasonable control can be obtained for this process, therefore demonstrating the potential of the SOC for complex processes that cannot be reliably modelled.
Allowing for End Cutting Edge Effects in Predicting Forces in Bar Turning with Oblique Machining Conditions
Authors: Hu R S , Mathew P , Oxley P L B , Young H T
Published: February 2007

Oblique machining tests are described which were made to determine how the cutting which occurs at the end (secondary) cutting edge in bar turning affects the direction of chip flow and the cutting forces. Normally in developing a predictive machining theory only the cutting action at the side (main) cutting edge is considered, with no account taken of the contribution of the end cutting edge. By introducing the concept of an equivalent cutting edge which in essence combines both the side and end cutting edges it is shown how the influence of the latter can be accounted for in predicting cutting forces.
Some Effects of Electrolyte Flow in the Electroforming of Iron Foil
Authors: McGeough J A , Thomson J R
Published: February 2007

Iron foil of approximate thickness 0.05 mm has been electroformed from an electrolyte solution, composed mainly of ferrous chloride and flowing at Reynolds numbers ranging from 1620 to 19 400. Current densities between 15 and 45 A/dm2 have been used.

At low Reynolds numbers, the current efficiency for metal deposition is limited by inadequate mass transfer. As the Reynolds number is increased, the current efficiency rises to a maximum, after which the efficiency is again reduced due to excessive occurrence of a reaction involving the reduction of ferrous hydroxide to iron.

The Young modulus of the material along the direction of electrolyte flow is less than the recognized value for polycrystalline iron and steel. This is because of the crystal orientation and internal stresses of the electrodeposited metal.

Electrolyte flow induces hydrogen embrittlement of the foil. This condition is found to exert a greater influence than grain size on tensile strength, ductility and proof stress. Its effects can be alleviated by stress relief. The hardness is unaffected by hydrogen embrittlement, but is increased at higher Reynolds numbers, due to the formation of smaller grains. Direct heating of the cathode reduces material hardness without affecting tensile properties.

The introduction of electrolyte flow raises the rate of electroforming of iron only by about 50 per cent when compared with that obtained from an unstirred electrolyte. This surprisingly small effect of flow is attributed to the slowness of the chemical reactions which have more control over the rate of deposition of iron than the rate of mass transfer.
Design of Tools for Electrochemical Machining by the Boundary Element Method
Authors: Narayanan O H , Hinduja S , Noble C F
Published: February 2007

Techniques for modelling electrochemical machining are briefly reviewed before concentrating on the boundary element method for computing the shape of tool profiles. The model described caters for problems which can be represented geometrically in two dimensions; it is iterative in nature and uses the approximate cos θ method to initiate the procedure. Subsequent iterations employ one of three formulations developed for correcting the tool profile to obtain workpiece equilibrium. Linear and quadratic isoparametric elements have been used and their relative accuracy is assessed. Special emphasis is placed on the design of tools expected to need sharp profile discontinuities and the merits of specifying different boundary conditions on the known work surface are examined.
A Simplified Analysis of Rolling Elliptical Contacts in the Elastic–Plastic Range
Authors: Yeung K W , Lingard S
Published: February 2007

The paper presents an analysis of the deformations and stresses in the rolling contact of solids of revolution. The simplified model is based upon traction-free rolling and materials which are ideal elastic-plastic solids, but produces upper and lower bound solutions for groove formation and residual stress distributions which are realistic.

Data for the three-dimensional problem are presented showing the process of cumulative deformation during a number of rolling cycles up to a steady state.
Effects of Manufacturing Tolerances on the Thermal Response of Industrial Thermometers
Authors: Chohan R K
Published: February 2007

Manufacturing tolerances are present in industrial thermometers. These are associated with air gaps and the insulant packing between the sensing element and sheath. Theoretical and experimental results are presented to show the effects of these on the thermal response. Experiments involved various liquids and air. The results indicate that both the air gaps and the insulant packing significantly influence the thermal response. The temperature of the medium appears to have an influence on the porosity of the insulant.
Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication—Improvements in Analytic Solutions
Authors: Archard J F , Baglin K P
Published: February 2007

The paper develops a statement of film shape within an elastohydrodynamic conjunction and shows that the Grubin (parallel conjunction, high elastic modulus) and the Baglin and Archard (tilting pad conjunction, low elastic modulus) models are its asymptotes. A film thickness equation is presented for low values of the parameter N3 = αE′(η0[Formula: see text]/ E′R)1/4. The relationship between inlet pressure [Formula: see text] and maximum Hertzian pressure p0 is explored and it is shown that [Formula: see text]/p0 is primarily a function of N3. Evaluation of the modified inlet condition, [Formula: see text] = (1/α)(1 − e−α[Formula: see text]), allows a limit to be placed on the validity of the Grubin model and provides a physical explanation for the differences between the Grubin and the Dowson and Higginson formulae for film thickness. In this way it is shown that, although film thickness may be evaluated to within a few per cent by the condition [Formula: see text] = 1/α, it does not follow that the conjuction is parallel or that [Formula: see text] = ∞. The model thus provides a link between the simpler analytic theories of elastohydrodynamic lubrication and those based on computer analyses.
Elastohydrodynamic Pressure Rippling in Cylinders Finished with a Circumferential Lay
Authors: Baglin K P
Published: February 2007

A heavy load analytic theory is developed which describes the way in which surface asperities cause variations in hydrodynamic pressure in an elastohydrodynamic conjunction. The theory is restricted to rigid sinusoidal asperities with a circumferential lay. It is shown that the magnitude of the pressure ripple increases with increasing asperity amplitude-film thickness ratio and decreases with decreasing wavelength, increasing load and increasing radius of curvature of the bodies. Pressure ripple magnitudes can vary from ∼106 Pa to infinite pressure spikes and it is suggested that elastic deformation of the asperities is to be expected at the higher values. Consideration is given to the way in which the theory may be applied to real surfaces.
Modelling the Catastrophic Shear Type of Chip When Machining Stainless Steel
Authors: Manyindo B M , Oxley P L B
Published: February 2007

When machining materials such as stainless steel and titanium the removed chip is characterized by a serrated (saw-tooth) outer surface and large cyclic variations in macrostrain within the chip. The present paper presents a model for the process producing such chips. The model is shown to represent accurately experimental results derived from cine films and photomicrographs of the chip formation process obtained when maching stainless steel.
Micro-Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication and its Relationship with Running-in
Authors: Baglin K P
Published: February 2007

The paper determines the conditions under which sinusoidal asperities with a circumferential lay become elastically deformed by hydrodynamic pressure ripples within an elastohydrodynamic conjunction. The information is presented on a non-dimensional plot and it is found that such micro-elastohydrodynamic lubrication (micro-EHL) occurs at relatively low loads and/or with thin macroelastohydrodynamic films. Consideration is given to the way in which the plot may be extended to deal with real surfaces. Its use is demonstrated by the presentation of the lubrication histories of two scuffing tests, one of which ‘ran-in’ prior to failure. It is shown that the test which ‘ran-in’ operated throughout under micro-EHL conditions; in contrast, the second test, which started at a high load and with a thick EHL film, failed practically as soon as there was nominal contact between the surfaces. It is suggested that micro-EHL is a necessary prerequisite for ‘running-in’ and a mechanism is outlined.
Modelling of Vibratory Bowl Feeders
Authors: Morrey D , Mottershead J E
Published: February 2007

The modelling of vibratory bowl feed systems can be considered in two parts, namely the simulation of (a) the bowl feeder structure vibrations and (b) the behaviour of the components under feed conditions. This paper deals with the former problem using a lumped parameter approach, whereby a rigid bowl and rigid base are separated by three banks of flexible leaf springs. Natural frequencies and mode shapes computed from the model are compared with those obtained by experimental modal analysis of a parts feeder. The model can be easily implemented on a digital computer using standard NAG routines for matrix manipulation and computation of eigenvalues and eigenvectors.
The Role of Theoretical Prediction Methods in the Design of Railway Vehicle Suspensions and Track Geometry
Authors: Illingworth R
Published: February 2007

The principal aspects of suspension performance which usually appear in rolling stock specifications are reviewed, the theoretical methods in common use are described and some examples of their application in design are given. The general state of the art of vehicle mechanics as applied to railway suspensions is discussed and some areas where there is a need for further understanding and improved design procedures are indicated.
Design Study for a Low Heat Loss Version of the Dover Engine
Authors: Hay N , Watt P M , Ormerod M J , Burnett G P , Beesley P W , French B A
Published: February 2007

The paper describes an analytical and hardware design study aimed at evolving a low heat loss version of a current turbocharged production diesel engine, the Ford Dover engine.

The analytical approach was done using the Ford engine simulation program and aimed to establish whether reduction in heat loss would be advantageous for this particular engine. Various levels of insulation were assumed on the piston crown, the cylinder head and the cylinder liner, and the effect on power output and fuel economy was assessed. It was found that reduced heat loss could be implemented without any major design changes and would result in benefits in both power output and fuel economy. New pistons and alterations to the combustion space were then evolved and specified in detail to bring about the desired reduction in heat loss. Thermal analysis of these designs using finite element and other approaches confirmed their suitability.

The paper describes the approach, the various stages in the development of the designs, their assessment, and the predicted performance of the proposed low heat loss Dover engine.
Research in the Automotive Industry
Authors: Rossi C E
Published: February 2007

Industrial research as a source of technological innovation has acquired a central role in companies in the 1980s. Large manufacturing companies have been developing research systems made of structures co-ordinated with and complementary to one another, in an effort to achieve a rapid and proper flow of innovation.

This paper discusses the research system of the Fiat Group, with special attention being paid to the inter-disciplinary, integrated research project developed by the Fiat Research Centre in co-operation with the ‘Progetto Finalizzato Trasporti’ drawn up by Consiglio Nazionale delle Richerche (CNR). Such a project implies the design and development of a research car aimed at becoming a reference for future projects for the energy saving cars to be produced in the 1990s.
In-Service Engineering Support of the Tornado
Authors: Carruthers A
Published: February 2007

This paper outlines the development and production of the Tornado aircraft, describes the organization of engineering support within the RAF and the arrangements for equipment repair. In-service experience and the problems encountered are discussed.
Passenger Car Technology—Thirty Years of Advance
Authors: Mellor R W
Published: February 2007

Describes a personal view of the advances in passenger car technology in the UK through the last thirty years, and considers some present and future trends in the application of electronic control and data systems to passenger vehicles.
A Vehicle Electrical System from Concept to Production
Authors: Haslett R A , Scholes P J
Published: February 2007

This paper describes the features of the electrical system for the XJ40 Jaguar car, and the testing methods used to prove the reliability of the design. The system includes a number of engineering changes which are novel to the automotive industry.
A Study of Factors Affecting Mechanical Seal Performance
Authors: Flitney R K , Nau B S
Published: February 2007

Extensive controlled running of a typical commercial, mechanical seal design, and some variants, was carried out on test rigs to investigate premature random failures in process plant. Computer analyses and topological studies were carried out in support of the test running. It was found that apparently minor variations in seal carbon materials have a disproportionate effect on performance, and can cause catastrophic failure. The detailed results of this study are presented.
Reliability and Maintainability in a Turbine Governing System
Authors: Gant G C
Published: February 2007

Reliability and maintainability studies and procedures relating to the design and development of an electronic governing system for a naval steam turbogenerator set are described. Details of the studies are given, including reliability prediction, failure mode effects and criticality analysis (FMECA) and reliability and maintainability (R and M) review.
The Process Industries—The Potential for Increasing Energy Efficiency Through Innovation
Authors: King G H
Published: February 2007

Innovative measures to improve the energy efficiency of industrial processes are being stimulated by the Energy Efficiency Demonstration Scheme of the Energy Efficiency Office. Nearly 200 projects relevant to the process industries have already been mounted covering a whole range of energy-saving technologies. Replications of the demonstrations now total nearly 500, with energy savings reaching ½ million tonnes of coal equivalent per year. Provided the lessons of the failures as well as the successes are learnt, then when the complete programme of over 300 projects has been promoted in collaboration with the equipment supply industries, savings of 7 million tonnes of coal equivalent per year should be achieved, worth £½ billion per year to the process industries.
Analysis of the Forces on a Nuclear Fuel Transport Flask in an Impact by a Train
Authors: Miles J C , Molyneaux T C K , Dowler H J
Published: February 2007

The majority of fuel transport flask movements is on the public rail network and there has been concern over the possible consequences in the unlikely event of an accident involving a flask. To allay these concerns the Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB) embarked on a programme of research into the behaviour of flasks in accidents culminating in the public demonstration of a train imapct in July 1984.

The train crash demonstration was preceded by extensive analytical work directed at estimating the forces, effects and resulting motions of the primary impact. The mathematical modelling and analyses are described, with an earlier study of a high-speed train (HST) impact, and subsequent comparisons between the predictive estimates and the results of the demonstration. The impact effects expected and found are given in detail, with conclusions on the success of the estimating work and the relative severity of the IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) 9 m drop test compared with the train crash.
The Mechanical Design of Large Turbogenerators
Authors: Marlow B A
Published: February 2007

Experience shows that the reliability of large turbogenerators depends substantially on the quality of detail design, particularly the quality of the mechanical design. In addition to the design problems common to all high-speed rotating machinery, the mechanical design of generators must take account of certain electrical requirements. This paper gives an insight into the detail mechanical design of large turbogenerators paying particular attention to the interaction of electrical requirements on the mechanical design.
Effect of Compression and Expansion on Instantaneous Heat Transfer in Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines
Authors: Lawton B
Published: February 2007

Instantaneous heat flux at the surface of a cylinder head in a motored diesel engine has been measured, at various speeds, using a fast-response surface thermocouple. Heat flux during compression was found to be much larger than heat flux during expansion, the maximum heat flux occurred about 8° before top dead centre and there was a significant heat flux even when gas temperature and wall temperature were equal. During expansion, heat flowed from the surface to the gas even though the bulk gas temperature was greater than the surface temperature. These effects are predicted by solutions of the equation of thermal energy and are shown to be related to the volumetric rate of compression or expansion. A simple modification of Annand's equation gives good results and is recommended for general cycle calculations.
Fuel and Core Material Performance in the Prototype Fast Reactor
Authors: Swanson K M , Crittenden G C , Brown C
Published: February 2007

Irradiation experience on prototype fast reactor (PFR) Pu/UO 2 fuel now extends to over 64000 pins covering a range of cladding and wrapper materials of relevance to the commercial fast reactor (CFR) with a leading sub-assembly at 16 per cent burn-up. With consistent high-power running achieved the forward loading of the PFR core is being planned with fuel and materials targeted for 20 per cent burn-up and beyond and the first sub-assemblies of these designs are already under irradiation.
Commercial Arrangements for Co-Generation in the UK and USA
Authors: Tolley D L , Fowler G J
Published: February 2007

This paper examines the impact of the Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA) in the United States and the Energy Act 1983 in the United Kingdom on the nature of the purchase tariffs for co-generators and combined heat and power (CHP) plant, and considers the reasons why the prospects for investment by private generators might be enhanced in the United States.
High Technology Equipment and Facility for Efficient Maintenance in the Motor Industry
Authors: Langton T J
Published: February 2007

Over the past few years the British car industry has had to make dramatic changes in manufacturing techniques and, as a result, the car industry maintenance has had to adjust to the new demands of the shop floor. This paper discusses the basis upon which successful maintenance can be achieved within a high technology environment.
Tactile Sensors for Robot Handling
Authors: Foroughi F , Rahnejat H , Bera H
Published: February 2007

First and second generation robots have been used cost effectively in high-volume ‘fixed’ or ‘hard’ automated manufacturing/assembly systems. They are ‘limited-ability’ devices using simple logic elements or primitive sensory feedback. However, in the unstructured environment of most manufacturing plants it is often necessary to locate, identify, orientate and position randomly presented components.

Visual systems have been researched and developed to provide a coarse resolution outline of objects. More detailed and precise definition of parts is usually obtained by high resolution tactile sensing arrays. This paper reviews and discusses the current state of the art in tactile sensing.
Modern Laser Applications
Authors: Spalding I
Published: February 2007

Manufacturing companies in both the mechanical and electrical sectors of industry are now beginning to adopt lasers for an increasing range of materials processing applications, including cutting, drilling, welding and surface treatments of both metals and non-metals. In some of these applications the process or product is completely novel, but for many others the compatibility of the laser with computer numerically controlled (CNC) and robotic techniques, its flexibility in operation, or other practical factors, are helping it to compete with older established fabrication technologies. Some illustrative applications drawn from nuclear, aerospace, and mass production industries are discussed in detail. The paper also touches briefly on the potential importance of laser technology for other industrial applications such as measurement, information technology and chemistry, as well as a few ‘high profile’ scientific applications.
An Adaptively Controlled Electrohydraulic Servo-Mechanism: Part 2: Implementation
Authors: Edge K A , Figueredo K R A
Published: February 2007

An adaptive controller design procedure has been applied to an electrohydraulic servo-system. Detailed accounts are provided on applying the design method and on initializing the controller free design parameters. Experimental results demonstrate the ability of the adaptive controller to maintain consistently good model following behaviour under changing operating conditions.