bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Levofloxacin Derivatives with some Amines and their Complexes with Copper(II) Salts and Evaluation of their Biological Activity
Authors: Alwan Shaker M. , Abdulhadi Shayma L. , Abbas Amera
Published: January 2021

Levofloxacin belongs to the fluoroquinolone family; it is a potent broad-spectrum bactericidal agent. The pharmacophore required for significant antibacterial activity is the C-3 carboxylic acid group and the 4-pyridine ring with the C-4 carbonyl group, into which binding to the DNA bases occur. In this work, we tried to show that by masking the carboxyl group through amide formation using certain amines to form levofloxacin carboxamides, an interesting activity is kept. Levofloxacin carboxamides on the C-3 group were prepared, followed by the formation of their copper complexes. The target compounds were characterized by FT-IR, elemental analysis. The antimicrobial activity of the target compounds was evaluated and showed satisfactory results compared with levofloxacin. This has indicated that the presence of the carbonyl of C-3 carboxyl moiety is not essential, as levofloxacin carboxamides showed interesting copper complexes indicating that they retain the activity of levofloxacin, since its activity depends on binding to DNA gyrase via magnesium binding.
Preparation of Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles: Study their Characterization and Antibacterial Activity
Authors: Al-Mimar Zainab A. Fadhil , Hasan Hussain S. , Al-Ubaidi Ghassaq Tariq
Published: January 2021

Calcium phosphate nanoparticles (CPNPs) have been synthesized by chemical precipitation method and were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The antibacterial activity against multi-drug resistant (MDR) gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Klebsiella pneumonia (K. pneumonia) was performed by well diffusion method, using different concentrations of CPNPs and different combinations of CPNPs with ciprofloxacin (CIP) (CIP-CPNP100, CIP-CPNP50, and CIP-CPNP25). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bacterial concentration (MBC) were evaluated by the broth dilution method and optical density. Cytotoxicity of nanoparticles was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay on polymorphonuclear cells. Results indicated that synthesized CPNPs sized 28.02 ± 3.2 nm in diameter as average, with distorted spherical shape appears as agglomerates. CPNPs showed no antibacterial activity against MDR bacteria, but combining them with CIP recorded antibacterial activity represented by inhibition zone against MDR bacteria. It was found that the inhibition zone increases when the concentration of CIP and particle size decreases. The MTT assay reveals the acceptable toxicity of the synthesized nanoparticles. The present study can be helpful to formulate nano-drug conjugates as antimicrobial agents in various fields of medical research.
Oxidant-Antioxidant Status in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis in Duhok City, Kurdistan Region of Iraq
Authors: Ameen Zindan Y. , Issa Najlaa K.
Published: January 2021

The major famous degenerative joint disease is osteoarthritis (OA), which leads to disability, reduced motion, pain, swelling, and crepitus. Thus, this research aimed to determine the statuses of oxidative stress (OS) and antioxidants in blood patients with primary OA and to compare serum levels of some inflammatory markers between control and knee OA patients groups. In this case-control study, 126 knee OA patients and 49 control individuals were taken, who visited the Center of Rheumatoid in Duhok city, Kurdistan region of Iraq. For the participant’s information, a study questionnaire was employed. Serum total bilirubin (TBIL), uric acid (UA), catalase, peroxynitrite (PN), malondialdehyde (MDA), and ceruloplasmin (CP) were evaluated. Some inflammatory markers were measured, including erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP). Also, body mass index (BMI) was measured. In the present study, the % of the control group was 28% and patients groups were 29.71, 28, and 14.29% for mild, moderate, and severe cases, respectively. The mean values of MDA and CP showed significant differences between knee OA and control groups. On the other hand, the mean values of catalase, PN, UA, and TBIL showed no significant differences among control and knee OA groups. A significant difference was found among control and knee OA groups for ESR, but CRP was non-significant. In the current study, elevated levels of lipid-peroxidation and CP in patients with knee OA were observed. OS may be involved in OA.
Synthesis and Characterization of some new Ibuprofen Derivatives and Study Antibacterial Activity
Authors: Thejeel Khalida A.
Published: January 2021

The series of ibuprofen compounds (1–5) have been synthesized. Acid chloride (4-isobutylphenyl) acetyl chloride (1) was obtained from interaction ibuprofen with thionyl chloride, this compound (1) was treated with hydrazine to give acid hydrazide 2-(4-isobutylphenyl) acetohydrazide (2). Schiff’s base of 2-(4-isobutylphenyl) acetohydrazide derivatives (3a–e) were prepared by refluxing (2) with different aromatic aldehydes and ketones. The (4-isobutylphenyl) acetyl chloride (1) converts to esters (4a–f) by reacting with alcohols, and with secondary amines to give amide compounds of (4-isobutylphenyl) acetyl chloride (5a–b). All structures of synthesized compounds have been confirmed by elemental analysis (C, H, and N) and spectral data (FT-IR and 1H NMR). The prepared compounds (3a–e) and (4a–f) have been screened for their antibacterial activity for S. aureus, B. subtilis, E. coli, P. aeuroginosa, and were shown to have antibacterial activity.
Effect of MgO and CuO Nanoparticles on increasing Tannin and Phenol Compounds of Punica granatum L. using Shoot Tip In vitro
Authors: Al-Khafagi Manar F. Jassim , Al-Oubaidi Hashim K. Mohammed
Published: January 2021

Secondary metabolites are the bioactive compounds in plants used pharmacologically for human health. For the development and growth, Punica granatum L. plants produce tannin and phenol compounds in addition to those primary metabolic and biosynthetic routes for associated compounds. Many such compounds are medicinal and play an important role in various treatments. However, these medicinal compounds are produced in small quantities within the plant; thus it is necessary to stimulate the plant to increase the amount of production. This research aimed at increasing the said compounds, viz., secondary metabolites (tannins and phenols) in the P. granatum L. plant. In order to achieve this, different concentrations of MgO nanoparticles (NPs) (i.e., 3.5, 5.5, 8, and 12 mg/L) and CuO NPs (i.e., 4.5, 8, 13, and 18 mg/L) were added to the callus media in vitro. Then, using the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique, the quantity of these compounds was measured, and a comparison was drawn with the quantity of these compounds present in the mother plant.
From the results, it was observed that using MgO and CuO NPs, highly significant differences were caused. It was found that the tannin compounds got increased using 8 and 12 mg/L, and 8, 13, and 18 mg/L of MgO and CuO NPs, respectively. Whereas the phenol compounds got increased using 3.5, 8, and 12 mg/L, and 4.5, 8, 13, and 18 mg/L of MgO and CuO NPs, respectively.
Efficacy of Gelling Agents on the In-vitro Release and Physical Properties of Loxoprofen Sodium Gel Containing Ultra Elastic Vesicles
Authors: Kadhium Huda S. , Maraie Nidhal K.
Published: January 2021

Objective: Preparation of a topical prolong release gel for loxoprofen sodium using optimized nano-sized transfersome dispersion using different gelling agents with in vitro and in vivo evaluation in comparison to the marketed gel prepared by a conventional method.
Method: The optimum nano transfersome dispersion containing 5% egg lecithin (as an oil phase) 1% span 60 (as an emulsifying agent) was converted into a gel using different gelling agents including carbopol 974p, carbopol 940, carbopol 934 and hydroxyl propyl methylcellulose (HPMC K100) at ratio of (1:1). Each prepared gel was then evaluated in vitro to determine the homogenisity, consistency, spreadability, viscosity, and in vitro drug release as well as skin permeation test, human skin irritation test, and in vivo effectiveness.
Result: The selected gel formula (TG3) showed best homogenisity, consistency and spreadability as well as it produced initial burst release of 60.3% (within 1 hour) followed by the prolonged release of 95.4% continued for 6 hours. In addition, the optimum gel formula (TG3) has shown remarkable prolong release, which was significantly higher than the marketed gel (loxonin® gel 1%) without any sign of skin irritation with better effectiveness
Conclusion: This work succeeded in preparing topical gel for loxoprofen sodium using carbopol 974p as gelling agent and utilizing ultra elastic lipid vesicles (transfersomes) with prolong release that reduces dose frequency and improves patient compliance
Antibacterial Activity of Some Nanoparticles Against Some Pathogenic Bacteria That Isolated From Urinary Tract Infections Patient
Authors: Alnasrawi Taha H. , Althabet Zahraa A. , Salih Ghufran S. , Al-Jassani Mohammad J.
Published: January 2021

Nanoparticles include multiple metal oxides such as yttrium, copper, nickel, zinc, iron, and silver that have antimicrobial activity. The present work evaluates the antibacterial activity of some nanoparticles (NPs)against various pathogenic bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia and Staphylococcus aureus). Antimicrobial activity of NPs was accomplished by the mean of disk diffusion assay using dilutions of (200, 100, 50, 25, and 12.5) and the MIC and MBC of each isolate is determined. NPs shows no antibacterial activity against tested bacteria. It is highly recommended using NPs as an economical alternative antibacterial agent, especially in treating ectopic infections but with high concentration since low concentration gives no result without taking the risk of developing resistant bacterial strains as with antibiotics.
Formulation, Physical Characterization and Wound Healing Activity Evaluation of Carboxymethyl Chitosan-Curcumin Carbomer-Based Hydrogel
Authors: Sari Retno , Erawati Tristiana , Fauziah Faza , Yuniarti Wiwik M
Published: January 2021

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different concentration of carboxymethyl chitosan and curcumin on physical characteristics and wound healing activity of carboxymethyl chitosan-curcumin hydrogel. Hydrogels were prepared using carbomer as a gelling agent and TEA was added to neutralize the carbomer hydrogel in order to make it swell. The obtained hydrogels were evaluated for its physical characterization such as organoleptic, viscosity, spreadability, drying time, pH, and wound healing activity on the burned wound in Wistar rats. The results showed that higher concentration of carboxymethyl chitosan significantly reduces viscosity and pH while its spreadability and drying time are significantly increased. Curcumin only affected two out of five physical characteristics: organoleptic and pH. Higher concentration of curcumin reduces its pH but statistical analysis showed no interaction between carboxymethyl chitosan and curcumin. The wound healing activity in Wistar rats with 2nd degree burn wound model indicates that carboxymethyl chitosan-curcumin hydrogel can significantly improve wound healing activity in rats compared to control group. Higher concentration of carboxymethyl chitosan can affect the physical characteristics of carboxymethyl chitosan-curcumin hydrogel i.e. a decrease in viscosity and pH, as well as an increase in spreadability and drying time. On the other hand, higher concentration of curcumin only affected the pH of the preparation. In the wound healing activity test, macroscopic observation showed that the combination of carboxymethyl chitosan-curcumin significantly increased the wound healing activity of 2nd degree burn in Wistar rats. However, the use of this hydrogel preparation statistically did not give significant improvement in wound healing process when compared with G1, G2, G3, G4, and positive control. Based on histopathology test results, it can be concluded that after 14 days of treatment the value of collagen deposition and PMN between groups 1, 2, 3, 4, and positive control and intergroup replication (1, 2, 3, 4, and positive controls) are in uniformity which indicates that the wound has undergone healing process. In addition, the four groups possess better results than negative controls which didn’t receive any treatment.
Relationship Between Hyperviscosity and Sex Hormone in Azoospermia and Oligozoospermia Patients Compares with The Control Group
Authors: AL-Msaid Hayder L F , Waleed H A , AL-Sallami Alaauldeen S M
Published: January 2021

Background: Seminal fluid is important factor for successful fertility, Sperm dysfunction is the most common cause of male infertility.
Aim of study: To compare the sex hormone in patient with azoospermia, Oligozoospermia and Normospermia fertile men as a control To find out the causes of semen viscosity.
Patients and methods: Data analysis from azoospermia patient (n = 35) and Oligozoospermia (n = 35) and Normospermia fertile men as a control (n = 13).
Results: The results of this study revealed significant reduction (p andGLT;0.05) semen was reduced in azoospermia infertile patient (mean ± Std. Error 0.76 ± 0.21 also reduced in Oligozoospermia 0.71 ± 0.23 while showed no significant FSH and LH level between azoospermia and Oligozoospermia compare with Normospermia fertile men.
Conclusion: The viscosity in semen has a strong relationship with low sperm counts is an important factor with sex hormones therefore it is the cause affecting the motile spermatozoa.
Beneficial role of Taurine on Biochemical Parameters of Diabetic Female Rats
Authors: Majid Alyaa , Gata Mohannad A , Al-Fartosi Khalid G , Sayer Sarah S
Published: January 2021

For studying the positive effects of taurine (TAU) on lipid and glucose metabolism. Moreover, the present paper examines the positive roles of glucose and lipid on the correction of oxidative stress diabetes-related complications in alloxan diabetic rats. To acheive the objective of study, 24 of female rats ((Rattus norvegicus) have been used. The division of animals was done in 4 groups (6 each). Diabetes was enhanced by injected intraperitoneally with alloxan at a single dose in body weight; 125 mg/kg. Diabetic rats go through a specific rise (P ≤ 0.05) in the glucose levels, triglyceride, total cholesterol, very-low-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and malondialdehyde and an important noticeable decrease in high-density lipoprotein, glutathione, and albumin. In addition, taurine supplementation caused a significant reduction in the glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, and very low-density lipoprotein levels. The obtained results revealed that taurine exhibited an inhibitory effect on oxidative stress indices (MDA) and improved antioxidant levels. Taurine could have potential as a pharmaceutical drug for diabetes mellitus (DM), and this invites further studies in this field.
Efficacy of Follitropin-A (Gonal-F) Versus Follitropin-B (Puregon) for Controlled Ovarian Stimulation in Women Undergoing IVF
Authors: Kurji Hayder Abdulhafedh , Al Khames Aga Qutaiba Ahmed , Al- Taie Myasar Jasim Mohammed , Bataineh Yazan A , Hasan Mohammed Khudhair , Abdulkareem Ahmed Hazem , Ismael Najlaa Saadi
Published: January 2021

The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of two recombinant FSH on pregnancy rates in infertile patients.
Material and Methods: between 2015-2017, 387 females intended to have in vitro fertilization (IVF) for infertility treatment (226 patients use Gonal-F and 161 using Puregon.
Results: Serum E2 concentration at hCG time was higher with Follitropin-a treated patients, and a larger number of retrieved oocyte result in a large number of the transferred embryo, and high pregnancy rate than Follitropin-b treated patients.
Conclusions: Gonal-F (Follitropin-a) is associated with a potential stimulatory effect on ovaries. Puregon (Follitropin-b) was associated with a lower clinical pregnancy rate (PR). E2 level 5-7 days after stimulation can be used as an indicator of the success of IVF.
Phylogeny of Vibrio cholerae Isolates from Patients with Cholera Disease in Babylon Province
Authors: Bunyan Ilham Abbas , Abdulabbas Hussein T. , Abdul-Lateef Lamees A.
Published: January 2021

In the present study, a total of 35 stool samples were collected in the Central Health Laboratory of Babylon Province from patients presenting invasive cholera disease. The period of collection was from November 2017 to December 2018. Identification of Vibrio cholerae species was carried out by conventional methods, biochemical tests, diagnostic kits and then confirmed by PCR-based assay targeting the ompW gene. The results of this study reported that O1 serogroups were the predominant serogroup among all clinical samples with a high rate of 94.3% (N = 33), while only two isolates of non-O1/non-O139 (NAG) (5.7%) were documented as a causative agent to cholera or cholera-like disease. The phylogenetic relationship among all 35 studied strains elucidated by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based fingerprinting assay (ISSR-PCR). The results of this assay showed grouping of Inaba strains into different clusters indicating that these strains were genetically diverse. Furthermore, V. cholerae El Tor O1 Ogawa strain (OG1) was closely related to strains of Inaba serotype. In contrast, NAG strains (NAG1 and NAG2) were not genetically similar to any of Inaba or Ogawa strains indicating different clone origin.
The Relationship Between The AMHR2 SNP (–482 A andgt;G) With The Level of The Hormone, Oxidative Stress Status and IL-18 in PCOS Iraqi Woman
Authors: Jabbar Roaa Mohammed , Ahmed Batool Ali , Jawad Enaas Saleh
Published: January 2021

The polycystic ovarian syndrome is a heterogeneous endocrine disorder that affected young women in child-bearing age and has severe consequences on women’s health. Many studies on the PCOS found that genetic variation is an essential factor that leads to the development of PCOS. The genetic variation in the AMHR2 and their association with PCOS gives inconstant results. The current study revealed an increment in concentration of AMH among the PCOS, and this elevation may reflect a disturbance in the normal signaling of AMH and thereby, the genetic polymorphism of Anti-mullerian hormone type 2 receptor and their potential association with the pathogenesis and phenotype of PCOS. This is the first study in Iraq concerning AMH receptor-related- PCOS. IL-18 and oxidative stress have a great impact on the severity of PCOS.
Anthocyanins Profile Characterization of Common Grape Hyacinth (Muscari neglectum Guss. ex Ten.) Flowers Growing in Hungary by High-performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Diode Array Detector and Mass Spectrometry using the Electrospray Ionization Interface
Authors: Bokov Dmitry Olegovich , Riethmüller Eszter
Published: January 2021

Objective: Anthocyanins are one of the biologically active substances group playing an important role in the state of physiological functions referring to human health. This research aimed to investigate the anthocyanins profiles in the grape hyacinth (Muscari neglectum Guss. ex Ten.).
Materials and methods: The identification of individual anthocyanins was carried using the method of high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection and mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (DAD-ESI-MS) analysis. Chromatographic separation and tandem mass spectrometric analyses were performed on an Agilent 1100 HPLC system and Agilent 6410 triple quadrupole system equipped with an electrospray ion source (ESI) in positive ion mode.
Results: In the M. neglectum flowers (tepals), nine individual anthocyanins, containing delphinidin, petunidin, malvidine, pelargonidin aglycones were found. In this research, we report anthocyanin profiles for the M. neglectum flowers for the first time.
Conclusion: The obtained results concerning anthocyanins composition may be very useful for researchers in the field of the standardization and activity evaluation of extracts produced from M. neglectum.
Stability-Indicating Simultaneous Method Development and Validation of Guaifenesin and Dextromethorphan HBr by Reverse-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Rathnakar Nathi , Shanker Dannana Gowri
Published: January 2021

The developed method was validated according to ICH guidelines with respect to specificity, linearity, limits of detection, quantification, accuracy, precision, and robustness. The stability-indicating reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method is precise; it has been developed for the simultaneous estimation of assay of guaifenesin (GN) and dextromethorphan hydrobromic (HBr) (DN) in drug substance and drug product. The chromatographic separation was done in an isocratic mode using the Syncronus C8 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μ particle size) column with mobile phase containing a 10 mM ammonium acetate in water (modulated pH 4.30 with orthophosphoric acid) and acetonitrile in the ratio of 60:40 (% v/v) used for efficient chromatographic separation. The flow rate of the mobile phase was 1 mL/min with ambient column temperature and detection of wavelength at 279 nm; injection volume 10 μL was fixed for achieving good elution of eluents. The retention time for GN was found to 3.46 minutes and DN was found to 7.58 minutes. GN and DN were linear in the concentration range from 357 to 1,428 and 19 to 75 μg/mL, respectively. Regression analysis showed that the r value (correlation coefficient) greater than 0.999 for GN r value was found to be 0.999, GN r value was found to be 0.999, DN r value was found to be 0.999. Limit of detection (LoD) and limit of quantification (LoQ) of GN was found to be 0.151 and 0.904 μg/mL, DN was found to be 0.241 and 0.726 μg/mL. The developed method was validated and found to be accurate, specific, and robust. Both the drugs were subjected to the stress conditions like acidic, basic, oxidative, photolytic, and thermal conditions. The degradation results were found to be satisfactory. In peroxide stress condition, GN was found stable over DN, and DN was found to degrade significantly. The degradation products were well resolved from GN, DN, and their impurities. The peak purity test results confirmed that the GN and DN peak were homogenous and pure in all stress conditions, thus, proving the stability-indicating nature of the method. This method could be applied for the simultaneous estimation of GN and DN in drug substance and drug product.
The Correlation between Anti-GAD65 and Coxsackievirus B-IgG
(CVB-IgG) in Type 1 Diabetes-Coxsackievirus B (T1D-CVB) Patients
Authors: Kareem Ahmed S , Almola Ghanim A. , Alsalihi Oday J
Published: January 2021

Coxsackieviruses are one of the main causes of type 1 diabetes, due to the sequence similarity between the protein 2 C (P2-C) in the structure of the virus and the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) autoantigen in human beta-cells. The study aims to detect the anti-GAD65 and specific anti-CVB IgG in Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) patients to study the correlation between the levels of the GAD65 autoantigen and CVB- IgG autoantibody in T1D-CVB patients. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out from November 2018 to July 2019 at Babylon Diabetic Center in Marjan Teaching city, Babylon teaching hospital for maternity and children and college of medicine at the University of Babylon. A total of 150 samples were obtained from diabetic patients and 50 samples from non-diabetic individuals as control. Diabetic mellitus (DM) patients diagnosed by clinical features, RBS test (above 200 mg/dL) and HbA1c test (above 6.5%). Anti-Gad and CVB-IgG detected by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) . The study showed the age group A2 (1-5 years), the females group (B1), and rural group (C1) more susceptible to T1D-CVB infection. The study exhibited a positive correlation between anti-gad and anti-CVB-IgG (r = 0.644**) in T1D-CVB patients.
Review of Elemental Impurities in Pharmaceuticals Arena
Authors: Sheth Alpa C. , Patel Paresh U.
Published: January 2021

Elemental impurities in drug products may arise from several sources; they may be residual catalysts that were added intentionally in the synthesis or may be present as impurities (e.g., through interactions with processing equipment or container/closure systems or by being present in components of the drug product). Because elemental impurities do not provide any therapeutic benefit to the patient, their levels in the drug product should be controlled within acceptable limits. The main objective of the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) (Q3D) guideline applies to new finished drug products and new drug products containing existing drug substances. The drug products containing purified proteins and polypeptides. This guideline does not apply to herbal products, radiopharmaceuticals, vaccines, cell metabolites, DNA products, allergenic extracts, cells, whole blood, cellular blood components, or blood derivatives, including plasma and plasma derivatives. The evaluation of the toxicity data for potential elemental impurities; the establishment of a permitted daily exposure (PDE) for each element of toxicological concern; application of a risk-based approach to control elemental impurities in drug products. Different analytical techniques for elemental impurities detection: flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS), atomic fluorescence spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (optical emission spectroscopy, ICP-OES), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and microwave plasma atomic emission spectrometry (MP-AES).
Novel Reverse-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) Method Development and Validation of Atorvastatin and Fenofibrate in Tablets
Authors: Kudupudi Chandrasekhar , Ayyar Manikandan
Published: January 2021

A novel, simple, selective, precise, and accurate reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) gradient method was developed for the simultaneous estimation of atorvastatin and fenofibrate in the combined formulation. The drugs atorvastatin calcium and fenofibrate were separated in the presence of their impurities atorvastatin related compound H, fenofibrate related compound A, and fenofibrate related compound B. The drugs and related compounds were separated on Kromasil C18 (250 x 4.6, 5μ) with reverse-phase gradient elution. Water adjusted pH 4.0 with phosphoric acid used as a buffer in pump A and acetonitrile used as a solvent in pump B as a mobile phase with gradient elution. The flow rate was 2.0 mL/min. 254 nm was the detection wavelength. The retention times were about 4.6 minutes for fenofibrate related compound A, 5.2 minutes for atorvastatin calcium, 5.7 minutes for fenofibrate related compound B, 8.7 minutes for atorvastatin related compound H, and 17.6 minutes for fenofibrate. The linearity ranges for atorvastatin calcium and fenofibrate were 5.00 to 15.00 and 80 to 240 mcg/mL, respectively, with correlation coefficient 0.999 for both. The proposed method validated statistically with respect to system suitability, specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, range, robustness, and ruggedness. The method was accurate, linear, precise, specific, selective, and rapid suitable for the quantitative estimation of atorvastatin and fenofibrate in tablets.
A Validated specific Stability-Indicating Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Assay Method for L-Ornithine L-Aspartate and Silymarin, and their related Substances and its Application to Dissolution Studies
Authors: Kammela Prasada Rao , Podili Bhavani , Seelam Mohan
Published: January 2021

The present study was aimed at the development and successive validation of a novel, simple, sensitive, and stability-indicating reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for quantitative calculation of L-ornithine L-aspartate (LOLA) and Silymarin (SL), and also their relevant substances in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The chromatographic technic was optimized using the impurity-spiked solution. The separation of all the two active components and their impurities was achieved by a chromatographic method with an Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18, 150 × 4.6 mm, 3.5 μ column, using gradient elution with mobile phase A consisting of a mixture of 0.1% orthophosphoric acid and water and acetonitrile as mobile phase B. The instrumental settings included a flow rate of 1 mL/min for both related substances and assay, a detector wavelength of 225 nm, by using a PDA detector. The established method was validated according to the current ICH requirements. The detection limit and the limit of quantification for the two active components and their related impurities were established with respect to test concentration. The calibration graphs plotted were linear with a regression coefficient R2 andgt; 0.999, indicates the linearity of the method was within the limits. Recovery studies were satisfactory and the parameters, such as, specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, and robustness were determined as part of the method validation. Moreover, using the same method dissolution study was performed on active pharma ingredients to estimate the recovery. The obtained results were within the range of acceptance criteria. These results suggest that the developed method was found to be applicable for routine analysis for testing chromatographic purity of LOLA and SL and it can be utilized for the calculation of both active ingredients and their impurities in tablet dosage forms.
Validação de um Modelo Computacional em Elementos Finitos para Determinação da Rigidez Torcional de um Protótipo de Competição Baja SAE com Bancada Experimental
Authors: Raposo de Mello Leandro Theodoro , Azevedo George
Published: January 2021

A rigidez torcional é o principal parâmetro de desempenho da estrutura veicular, sendo sua correta determinação um dos principais desafios da indústria automotiva e automobilística, ela tem influência direta no conforto e dinâmica veicular, bem como a segurança dos ocupantes. Este artigo visa sua determinação para um protótipo de competição Baja SAE, onde ganha ênfase já que o mesmo é sujeito a situações de uso extremas durante a transposição de obstáculos. É de grande complexidade obter valores por meios analíticos convencionais, por isso utilizou-se um modelo computacional de elementos finitos com sua posterior experimentação por meio de uma bancada de testes buscando reproduzir condições análogas as utilizadas em ambiente virtual. Foi possível concluir a coerência da metodologia empregada, abrindo portas para a criação de análises computacionais em futuros protótipos e veículos semelhantes sem necessidade de experimentação prática, reduzindo custos e tempo de projeto.
Armazenamento Em Baterias no Contexto da Expansão da Fonte Eólica no Brasil
Authors: Cavalcanti Filho Daniel Cabral de Holanda , Rosas Pedro André C.
Published: January 2021

As tecnologias de armazenamento de energia estão sendo consideradas no Brasil e no mundo como solução de vários problemas dos sistemas elétricos relacionados com a inserção de grandes blocos de energia eólica, tornando os sistemas mais seguros e confiáveis. O número de parques eólicos tem crescido muito nos últimos anos, inserindo uma produção estocástica na rede elétrica. O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar de que maneira as baterias podem ser utilizadas a fim de dar suporte ao sistema elétrico. Para tanto, foram estudados monografias, artigos e dados de órgãos públicos nacionais e internacionais a fim de buscar diretrizes de forma a avaliar a inserção de sistemas de armazenamento. Como consequência, é observado que o país tem a se beneficiar dessa nova tecnologia, mas precisa de cautela quanto a quantidade de sistemas de armazenamento a ser construído e seu impacto na economia.
COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF SORPTION ACTIVITY OF SAMPLES OF NATIVE HUMIC ACID AND SOME ENTEROSORBENTS
Authors: Корельская Татьяна Александровна , Журавлева Екатерина Александровна , Зубова Наталья Александровна , Айвазова Елена Анатольевна
Published: January 2021

В работе приведен сравнительный анализ сорбционных свойств гуминовых кислот, выделенных из верхового торфа Архангельской области и некоторых энтеросорбентов (активированный уголь, полисорб и фильтрум-СТИ) по отношению к ионам Pb. Для количественной оценки сорбционной активности препаратов использовались математические модели Лэнгмюра и Фрейндлиха. Показано, что модель Лэнгмюра с наибольшей достоверностью описывает сорбционные процессы ионов свинца на поверхности прежде всего активированного угля. Сорбционные характеристики гуминовых кислот, полисорба и фильтрум-СТИ наиболее адекватно представляются с использованием математической модели Фрейндлиха, что подтверждает гетерогенность поверхностей соответствующих образцов. Структурно-функциональные особенности гуминовых кислот определяют их высокую свинецсвязывающую активность и прочность связывания иона свинца, на что указывают максимальные значения вычисленных констант Г и K. Продемонстрировано, что степень сродства препарата Фильтрум - СТИ к ионам свинца выше по сравнению с таковой для гуминовых кислот и других сорбентов. Наибольшая скорость поглощения ионов свинца выявлена для активированного угля и гуминовых кислот. На основании полученных результатов, делается вывод о перспективности разработки и применения препаратов на основе гуминовых кислот в качестве энтеросорбентов, используемых при острых отравлениях соединениями свинца.

The paper presents a comparative analysis of the sorption properties of humic acids isolated from the top peat of the Arkhangelsk region and some enterosorbents (activated carbon, polysorb, and filtrum) with respect to Pbions. To quantify the sorption activity of drugs, Langmuir and Freundlich mathematical models were used. It is shown that the Langmuir model describes the sorption processes of lead ions on the surface of activated carbon with the greatest confidence. The sorption characteristics of humic acids, polysorb, and filtrum are most adequately represented using the Freundlich mathematical model, which confirms the heterogeneity of the surfaces of the corresponding samples. The structural and functional features of humic acids determine their high lead-binding activity and the binding strength of the lead ion, which is indicated by the maximum values of the calculated constants Г and K. It is shown that the degree of affinity of the Filtrum preparation to lead ions is higher than that for humic acids and other sorbents. The highest rate of absorption of lead ions was found for activated carbon and humic acids. Based on the results obtained, it is concluded that the development and use of humic acid-based drugs as enterosorbents used in acute lead poisoning is promising.
ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF METHYLIDINESULFOXIDALCANES
Authors: Русакова Наталья Петровна , Чернова Елена Михайловна , Туровцев Владимир Владимирович , Орлов Юрий Димитриевич
Published: January 2021

В рамках «квантовой теории атомов в молекулах» (QTAIM) определено электронное строение молекул ряда метилидинсульфоксидалканов n-C H-S(О)СН, где 1 ≤ n ≤ 10. Составлена качественная шкала электроотрицательностей функциональных групп.

Within the framework of the «quantum theory of atoms in molecules» (QTAIM), the electronic structure of the molecules of a series of methylidinesulfoxidealkanes n-CH-S(О)СН, where 1 ≤ n ≤ 10, was determined. A qualitative scale of electronegativities of functional groups was compiled.
COMPARISON OF THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS AND EXPERIMENTAL DATA OF THE REACTION FOR OBTAINING N-METHYL-D-GLUCOSIMINE
Authors: Михайлов Степан Петрович , Сульман Михаил Геннадьевич , Долуда Валентин Юрьевич , Матвеева Валентина Геннадьевна
Published: January 2021

Представленная статья посвящена сравнительному анализу теоретических основ синтеза N-метилглюкамина (основание Шиффа) и экспериментальных данных. N-метил-D-глюкозимин, это промежуточный продукт получения N-метил-D-глюкозамина, широко используемого в фармацевтике, в качестве балластного вещества или противоиона, улучшающего биодоступность основного лекарственного средства. Проведена оценка кинетических параметров синтеза, рассчитан максимальный достигаемый выход. Применение термодинамических расчетов позволяет оценить влияния условий проведения химических процессов на выход целевых продуктов, а это способствует более глубокому пониманию механизмов протекания химических реакций. В представленной статье приводятся результаты термодинамических расчётов реакции синтеза N-метил-D-глюкозимина методом Ван-Кравлена - Черемнова. Рассчитаны энергия Гиббса, константы равновесия и конверсия глюкозы при единичной активности реагирующих веществ. Показано, что увеличение температуры реакционной массы с 20 до 160°С способствует увеличению конверсии глюкозы с 3 до 32%, в связи с чем можно рекомендовать проведение этой реакции при повышенных температурах.

The presented article is devoted to a comparative analysis of the theoretical foundations of the synthesis of N-methylglucamine (Schiff's base) and experimental data. N-methyl-D-glucosimine is an intermediate in the preparation of N-methyl-D-glucosamine, which is widely used in pharmaceuticals, as a ballast or counter-ion to improve the bioavailability of the main drug. The kinetic parameters of the synthesis were estimated, and the maximum attainable yield was calculated. The use of thermodynamic calculations makes it possible to evaluate the influence of the conditions of chemical processes on the yield of target products, and this contributes to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of chemical reactions. This article presents the results of thermodynamic calculations of the reaction for the synthesis of N-methyl-D-glucosimine by the Van Cravlen - Cheremnov method. The Gibbs energy, equilibrium constants, and glucose conversion were calculated for a single activity of the reacting substances. It was shown that an increase in the temperature of the reaction mixture from 20 to 160 ° C promotes an increase in the conversion of glucose from 3 to 32%, and therefore it is possible to recommend carrying out this reaction at elevated temperatures.
MODELING OF PYROLYSIS OF OIL RESIDUES IN THE PRESENCE OF ALUMINOSILICATES
Authors: Чалов Кирилл Вячеславович , Луговой Юрий Владимирович , Косивцов Юрий Юрьевич
Published: January 2021

Данная работа посвящена изучению кинетики процесса каталитического пиролиза кубовых остатков нефти. Исследование проводилось методом термогравиметрии с различной скоростью нагрева образца (2,5; 5 и 10 К/мин). В качестве катализаторы была использована синтезированная каталитическая система: ZSM-5/бентонитовая глина с импрегнированным металлом (Со - 2 % масс.). При моделировании были определены формальные кинетические параметры Аррениуса процесса деструкции. Рассчитанная модель представляет собой двухстадийный параллельный процесс. Значения энергий активации деструкции для первой стадии составило 58 кДж/моль и 188 кДж/моль для второй.

This work is devoted to the study of the kinetics of the process of catalytic pyrolysis of oil residues. The study was performed by thermogravimetry with different sample heating rates (2.5, 5, and 10 K / min). A synthesized catalytic system was used as a catalyst: ZSM-5 / bentonite clay with impregnated metal (Co-2% wt.). Formal kinetic parameters of the Arrhenius of the destruction process were determined During modeling. The calculated model is a two-stage parallel process. The destruction activation energies for the first stage were 58 kJ/mol and 188 kJ/mol for the second stage.
THE PROCESS OF SELF-ORGANIZATION IN LOW-CONCENTRATED AQUEOUS SYSTEMS BASED ON N-ACETYL-L-CYSTEINE, L-CYSTEINE AND SILVER ACETATE
Authors: Аверкин Дмитрий Вадимович , Вишневецкий Дмитрий Викторович , Петров Владимир Романович , Хижняк Светлана Дмитриевна , Пахомов Павел Михайлович
Published: January 2021

Проведено комплексное исследование процесса самоорганизации при сливании низкоконцентрированных водных растворов N-ацетил-L-цистеина и ацетата серебра. Все стадии самоорганизации изучены c помощью измерения величины рН, методов вискозиметрии, УФ спектроскопии и динамического светорассеяния (ДСР). Установлено, что началом самосборки является замена водорода в меркаптогруппе аминокислоты на катион серебра с образованием молекулы меркаптида серебра (МС). Далее происходит образование цепочек вида (-Ag-S(NCys)-Ag-S(NCys)-), при этом происходит протонирование аминокислотных остатков N-ацетил-L-цистеина. Предложен механизм самоорганизации в водном растворе N-ацетил-L-цистеина и ацетата серебра (N-ацетилцистеин-серебряный раствор - НАЦ), заключающийся в образовании агрегатов типа «ядро-оболочка». «Ядро» агрегатов состоит из цепочек вида (-Ag-S(NCys)-Ag-S(NCys)-), «оболочка» агрегатов состоит из протонированных аминокислотных остатков. Связывание таких агрегатов происходит посредством образования связей с ацетат-анионами.

A comprehensive study of the self-organization process during the draining of low-concentration aqueous solutions of N-acetyl-L-cysteine and silver acetate was carried out. All stages of self-organization have been studied using pH measurements, viscometry, UV spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering (DLS). It was found that the first stage of self-assembly is the replacement of hydrogen in the mercapto group of an amino acid with a silver cation with the formation of a silver mercaptide (MS) molecule. Further, the formation of chains of the form (-Ag-S(NCys)-Ag-S(NCys)-) occurs, while excess electron density is retained in amino acid residues, leading to the interaction of chains with both silver cations and undissociated silver acetate molecules , with the formation of clusters. The mechanism of self-organization of the system as the formation of the aggregates of the «core-shell» type is proposed. The «core» consists of chains of the form (-Ag-S(NCys)-Ag-S(NCys)-), the «shell» consists of protonated N-acetyl-L-cysteine resides. Further bonding of aggregates into clusters occurs through free acetic acid anions.
Mixed FBM-traffic hypothesis
Authors: Сидорова Оксана Игоревна , Бурдина Елизавета Михайловна , Сергеева Евгения Вадимовна , Тихомирова Александра Юрьевна
Published: January 2021

В данной статье предлагается алгоритм проверки гипотезы о наличии в трафике двух независимых компонент, описываемых фрактальными броуновскими движениями с разными параметрами Хёрста H. Тестовая статистика основана на сумме по частоте и масштабу логарифмов модулей вейвлет-коэффициентов и имеет в пределе нормальное распределение при нулевой (монофрактальный трафик) и альтернативной (мультифрактальный процесс) гипотезах.

In this article we consider some test for presence in traffic two different independent FBM-components with different Hurst parameters H. Test statistics are based on the sum of frequency and scale logarithms of wavelet coefficients absolute values and asymptotically converge to a normal distribution under null (monofractal traffic) and alternative (multifractal process) hypotheses.
On equivalence of two PFP-operator semantics
Authors: Секорин Всеслав Станиславович
Published: January 2021

В работе рассмотрены два различных определения для оператора частичной фиксированной точки и показано, что для алгебраических систем, содержащих как минимум два элемента, их выразительная сила эквивалентна. Для этого мы выражаем каждый тип PFP-оператора при помощи другого.

We consider two different semantics of partial fixed point (PFP) operator. We establish that they are equivalent for structures those contain more than one element. For this purpose we show how to translate each type of PFP-operator to other one.
On definability of one-symbol languages in the monoid of finite languages with concatenation
Authors: Дудаков Сергей Михайлович
Published: January 2021

Мы рассматриваем алгебру всех конечных языков над многосимвольным алфавитом с операцией конкатенации. Ранее было показано, что если взять подобную алгебру, но состоящую из всех регулярных многосимвольных языков, то в ней можно интерпретировать алгебру регулярных односимвольных языков, откуда следует, что теория обеих этих алгебр эквивалентна элементарной арифметике. В настоящей работе мы доказываем аналогичный результат для алгебры конечных языков: в ней определима подалгебра односимвольных языков, а сама она имеет теорию алгоритмически эквивалентную элементарной арифметике.

We consider an algebra of all finite languages with the concatenation operation. For one-symbol languages it is known that its theory is equivalent to the first-order arithmetic. Earlier it was proved that for regular languages a one-symbol algebra can be interpreted in multi-symbol algebras. Here we show how to define a one-symbol subalgebra in multi-symbol algebras for finite languages.
Objectified Women and Fetishized Objects
Authors: Keller Paula
Published: January 2021

There are at least three senses of sexual objectification: the moral sense of treating a person as if she were primarily a sexual object, the political sense in which women socially count as instruments for men’s sexual pleasure, and the epistemic sense of forming a belief that a person is as one sexually desires them to be. These different senses have been treated as rivals, competing about what the correct account of sexual objectification is, or they have been treated as entirely different projects. I argue for a third relation between them: each sense grasps an aspect of the existing social phenomenon of sexual objectification. Each further points out a wrong involved in sexual objectification. And the three aspects interact—we cannot fully explain any one sense of sexual objectification without the other two. To properly understand this interrelation I lean on an analogy: commodity fetishism as described by Marx helps make sense of the complex social reality of sexual objectification.
Aprender é uma viagem: reflexões marioandradianas sobre arte e educação
Authors: Almeida Magalhães Ricardo Elia de
Published: January 2021

Este trabalho investiga dois objetos principais: o livro “O turista aprendiz”, escrito por Mário de Andrade durante suas viagens pelo Norte e Nordeste do Brasil entre 1927 e 1929 e o projeto pedagógico “Parques Infantis” implementado pelo escritor na cidade de São Paulo entre 1935 e 1938. Destes dois objetos de pesquisa emergem pontos de contato, temas recorrentes que revelam a concepção de Mário de Andrade sobre arte e educação. Este artigo busca esmiuçar estes temas no intuito de revelar concepções que balizam o pensamento e o fazer artístico do autor neste período. No fim da década de 1920, Mário de Andrade fez duas viagens, uma para o Norte passando pelo Nordeste e outra para o Nordeste do Brasil. As suas impressões, concebidas como um diário de viagem e publicadas na década de 1970 com o título “O turista aprendiz”, buscam apreender a identidade brasileira, em suas múltiplas faces, através dos costumes e especificidades de cada local visitado. Na década de 1930, no período em que foi diretor do Departamento de Cultura da Prefeitura de São Paulo, Mário de Andrade pôs em prática um projeto de educação infantil denominado “Parques Infantis”, no qual crianças realizavam atividades artísticas ao ar livre inspiradas em diversas manifestações culturais do Brasil. Assim, este trabalho busca ampliar o conhecimento acerca da História da Educação no Brasil e na América Latina, e nos permite refletir sobre assuntos de grande relevância para os dias de hoje referente às mobilidades, trocas culturais, identidade, diversidade, arte, imaginação e projetos educacionais.