bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Two Portable Lactate Meters in Dogs
Authors: Karagiannis Michael H. , Mann Fred A. , Madsen Richard W. , Berent Linda M. , Greer Rebecca
Published: November 2012

The objective of this study was to compare two portable lactate analyzers for testing canine patients in a clinical setting with a previously accepted methodology for measuring plasma lactate. Between Jan 1, 2005 and Jun 1, 2006, all samples were analyzed using two different portable analyzers (devices A and B), and 86 of those samples were also analyzed by a reference laboratory (REF). The concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) for device A and the REF was 0.949 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.923–0.966). For device B and REF, the CCC was 0.990 (95% CI, 0.985–0.993). Only 8 of 85 samples (9.4%) exceeded a relative difference of 20% for device B (note that 1 of the 86 samples was not included because the lactate level fell below the detectable limit of device B), but 48 of 85 samples (56.5%) exceeded a relative difference of 20% for device A. Both portable lactate analyzers appeared to be effective in detecting clinically significant elevations in plasma lactate compared with the REF but device B had better agreement. A positive correlation among all three analyzers existed; however, the analyzers do not yield directly interchangeable results.
Effect of a Combined Aspiration and Core Biopsy Technique on Quality of Core Bone Marrow Specimens
Authors: Reeder Jason P. , Hawkins Eleanor C. , Cora Michelle C. , Marks Steven L. , Grindem Carol B.
Published: November 2012

For cases requiring both a bone marrow aspirate and core biopsy, using the same needle and site (i.e., a combined technique) can decrease time, expense, and discomfort compared with the independent (direct) collection of each specimen. The benefits of the combined approach should not be achieved at the expense of specimen quality. In this study, core bone marrow samples obtained from the proximal humerus of 26 dogs by a combined technique immediately posteuthanasia were compared with core samples obtained directly from the opposite humerus. Both core samples from each dog were compared for relative overall quality. Biopsies were unsuccessful in four dogs using the combined technique and in one dog by the direct technique. Marrow length was shorter and hemorrhage artifact was more common using the combined technique. There were no differences in cellularity, megakaryocyte count, the myeloid/erythroid ratio (M/E ratio), iron stores, or diagnostic quality. Direct core biopsy remains the ideal technique; however, the degree of compromise was small in the samples obtained from the combined technique. For clinical patients, the advantages of the combined technique must continue to be weighed against potential loss of diagnostic sensitivity.
Photo-Crosslinking of Copolymeric Methacrylates Bearing Stilbene Chromophores
Authors: Jahnke Angelika , Meier Herbert
Published: November 2012

Radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate (2) as major component and the methacrylates 1a or 1b, which contain an (E)-stilbene unit fixed by a tether to the ester group, yield easily soluble copolymers 3a, b. Whereas the dominant photoreactions in solution are (E)⇄Z) isomerizations and intra-chain [2π +2π] cycloadditions, cast films of 3a, b give an inter-chain photo-crosslinking on irradiation. Compared to homopolymers, the copolymers are not only better soluble and more easily processible, their films show less undesired light scattering. The cross-linked material is completely insoluble in organic solvents. Thus, it represents the basis for negative photoresists and the corresponding imaging techniques.
MgCuAl2-type Intermetallics REPdCd2(RE = Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm)
Authors: Johnscher Michael , Pöttgen Rainer
Published: November 2012

The cadmium-rich intermetallic compounds REPdCd2 (RE=Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm) were obtained by high-frequency melting of the elements in sealed niobium ampoules and subsequent annealing in muffle furnaces. The REPdCd2 phases crystallize with the orthorhombic MgCuAl2-type structure, space group Cmcm. The structure of NdPdCd2 was refined from single-crystal X-ray diffractometer data: a=421.9(3), b=995.4(7), c=834.5(6) pm, wR=0.0286, 451 structure factors, 16 variables. The palladium and cadmium atoms build up a three-dimensional [PdCd2] network (281 - 283 pm Pd-Cd; 298 - 335 pm Cd-Cd) in which the neodymium atoms fill cavities. They are connected to the [PdCd2] network via shorter Nd-Pd bonds of 286 pm.
One-pot Synthesis of 3-Aryl-substituted 1-Hydroxy-2-acylindolizines
Authors: Kloubert Tobias , Kretschmer Robert , Görls Helmar , Krieck Sven , Westerhausen Matthias
Published: November 2012

A new method for the formation of C-C bonds in a one-pot synthesis of 1-hydroxy-2-acyl-3- arylindolizines (acyl: 2-pyridylformyl, thienylformyl; aryl: phenyl, pyridyl, thienyl) from the reaction of 1,3-diketones with aldehydes has been evaluated. X-Ray diffraction studies of single crystals have provided structural information about the so-formed indolizines. In the crystalline state, the hydroxyl units form intra- or intermolecular hydrogen bonds to the acyl functionalities. The color of these indolizines depends on the pH value of the solvent.
Insertion of Chalcogens and Bis(tert-butylisonitrile)palladium(0) into a Strained Ruthenium Half-sandwich Complex
Authors: Braunschweig Holger , Damme Alexander , Mies Jan , Schäfer Marius
Published: November 2012

The previously synthesized strained distannadiyl-ansa half-sandwich complex [{k1-SntBu2- SntBu2-(η5-C5H5)}Ru(CO)2] was investigated with respect to its reactivity toward group 16 elements and bis(tert-butylisonitrile)palladium(0). All products were analyzed by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. [{k1-SntBu2SSntBu2-(η5-C5H5)}Ru(CO)2] was furthermore characterized by X-ray diffraction.
Capalictus, a new subgenus of Lasioglossum Curtis 1833 from South Africa, with description of three new species (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Halictidae)
Authors: Pauly Alain , Gibbs Jason , Kuhlmann Michael
Published: November 2012

Capalictus, a new subgenus of Lasioglossum Curtis, 1833 (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Halic-tidae), endemic to the South African Cape Province, is described. The type species is Halictus mosselinus Cockerell, 1945. Evylaeus (Sellalictus) fynbosensis (Pauly et al., 2008) is a new junior synonym of L. (C.) mosselinum. Three new species are described: Lasioglossum (Capalictus) hantamense sp. nov., L. (C.) tigrinum sp. nov. and L. (C.) timmermanni sp. nov. DNA sequence data from three nuclear genes support morphologically-determined species limits. Capalictus is a basal clade of the Hemihalictus series of Lasioglossum.
The Lived Experience of Peripheral Neuropathy after Solid Organ Transplant
Authors: Textor Laura Hanssen , Hedrick Jane
Published: November 2012

Background

The immunosuppressants required after transplant cause peripheral neuropathy with an incidence of 10% to 60%. Peripheral neuropathy adversely affects health-related quality of life in other populations.

Objective

To describe the lived experience of peripheral neuropathy after solid organ transplant.

Design

A qualitative phenomenological study with semistructured interviews. A purposive sample of 7 solid organ transplant recipients with peripheral neuropathy was recruited from 2 transplant clinics at a large Midwest tertiary care center. Interviews were audio taped and transcribed verbatim. Data were analyzed line-byline and coded by using HyperResearch 2.0.

Results

Although participants' experiences were similar to those reported by others with peripheral neuropathy, there were also unique differences. Unique to this population was unexpected onset, rapid escalation of symptoms, lack of provider monitoring, and poor provider response to reported symptoms. Their experience demonstrated that peripheral neuropathy diminished health-related quality of life. Four themes emerged from the data: (1) nothing is supposed to happen after transplant; (2) neuropathy causes me more problems than my heart; (3) maybe there is something that could help; and (4) I've learned to live with certain limitations.

Conclusion

Development of or worsening of peripheral neuropathy after solid organ transplant may decrease health-related quality of life. Follow-up care should include vigilant monitoring for signs of peripheral neuropathy. Providers need to provide early treatment, education, support, empathy, and understanding.
Histones join the fight against bacteria inside cells
Authors: Kolter Roberto
Published: November 2012

Experiments on Drosophila have shown that the histones that are normally bound to lipid droplets inside cells can be released to provide protection against infection.
An Ion‐Pair Immobilization Strategy in Rhodium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Aromatic Ketones
Authors: Xu Yulong , Cheng Tanyu , Long Jie , Liu Ketang , Qian Qingqian , Gao Fei , Liu Guohua , Li Hexing
Published: November 2012

A chiral diamine‐based homogeneous cationic rhodium catalyst was developed and two heterogeneous cationic rhodium catalysts were obtained via the encapsulation of the homogeneous cationic rhodium catalyst within Me‐SBA‐15 and Me‐SBA‐16. All these catalysts presented excellent catalytic activities and high enantioselectivities in ultrasound‐promoted asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of aromatic ketones and represent a successful use of the ion‐pair immobilization strategy. More importantly, the encapsulation of the cationic rhodium functionality within Me‐SBA‐16 had an obvious high recyclability, in which the recycled catalyst could be reused nine times without significantly affecting its enantioselectivity, showing good potential in industrial application.
Microwave‐Assisted One‐Step Synthesis of Acetophenones via Palladium‐Catalyzed Regioselective Arylation of Vinyloxytrimethylsilane
Authors: Qian Wangke , Zhang Lei , Sun Haifeng , Jiang Hualiang , Liu Hong
Published: November 2012

The regiochemistry of the palladium‐mediated arylation (Heck arylation) of enol ethers is sensitive to the structure of the enol ether, the arylating agent and the catalytic system. In this study, an effective and practical method was successfully developed for the synthesis of acetophenones with high regioselectivity under palladium‐catalyzed conditions. A variety of acetophenones was readily prepared from aryl iodides in good to excellent yields under microwave irradiation in a single step. The key feature of our new protocol is the use of vinyloxytrimethylsilane as a highly regioselective acylation reagent.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Highly Regioselective Arylation of Allylamines with Thiophenes and Furans
Authors: Jiang Zhen , Zhang Lingjuan , Dong Chaonan , Cai Zhongzheng , Tang Weijun , Li Huanrong , Xu Lijin , Xiao Jianliang
Published: November 2012

A palladium‐catalyzed highly regioselective and stereoselective direct arylation of allylamine derivatives with a wide range of thiophenes and furans has been developed. In the presence of palladium(II) acetate [Pd(OAc)2] catalyst and appropriate oxidants, the coupling reaction proceeded with excellent group compatibility and high efficiency, leading exclusively to γ‐arylated linear (E)‐allylamines. It was found that the choice of solvent, olefin substrate and oxidant had an important influence on reaction efficiency, and the use of sterically demanding N,N‐diprotected allylamines bearing a carbamate moiety is crucial for securing high regioselectivity and stereoslectivity. This method provides a straightforward approach for the efficient synthesis of various γ‐heteroarylated, linear (E)‐allylamines.
Structure memory effects and rheological behaviors of polyethylenes in processing temperature window
Authors: Gai Jing‐Gang , Cao Ya
Published: November 2012

In this work, both hexene copolymerized polyethylene of TR‐571 and homopolymerized polyethylene of 5000s were ram extruded using a temperature window effect. The rheological results show that the extrusion pressures abruptly drops at very narrow extrusion temperature windows for the two types of polyethylenes, but the window range (150–155°C) of TR‐571 are higher about 6°C than that of 5000s, and the threshold melt velocity value (where the window effect set in) for TR‐571 is remarkably lower than that of 5000s. Besides, the differential scanning calorimeter experiments indicate that the melting points (Tm) of the extrudates obtained inside the temperature window are lower 3.74–4.56°C than those obtained outside, whereas the crystallization peak temperatures (Tc) of the former are higher 3.29–3.57°C than those of the later. The crystal orientation, shown in the photographs of wide‐angle x‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope, indicates that the chain alignment induced by elongational flow in the temperature window can at least be partially maintained and leave a structure memory in the melt state. Successive self‐nucleation and annealing fractionation results suggest that these well‐aligned chains as the result of structure memory effect can act as a nucleating agent in the crystallization process. Thus, the number of the lamellae increases and the thickness decrease, which finally leading to higher Tc and lower Tm of extrudates obtained inside a temperature window. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
A Facile One‐Pot Synthesis of Layered Protonated Titanate Nanosheets Loaded with Silver Nanoparticles with Enhanced Visible‐Light Photocatalytic Performance
Authors: Gao Yuanpeng , Fang Pengfei , Liu Zhi , Chen Feitai , Liu Yang , Wang Dahai , Dai Yiqun
Published: November 2012

Layered protonated titanate nanosheets (LPTNs) loaded with silver nanoparticles are prepared by a simple one‐pot hydrothermal route in silver‐ammonia solution. The as‐synthesized Ag‐loaded LPTNs possess large specific surface area. The Ag nanoparticles are highly dispersed on the surface of the LPTNs. They have negligible effects on the crystal structure, crystallinity, and surface area of the LPTNs but result in considerable enhancement of visible‐light absorption and in a red‐shift of the band gap for the LPTNs. The Ag‐loaded LPTNs show enhanced photocatalytic activity for both liquid‐ and gas‐phase reactions under visible‐light irradiation. Moreover, the photocatalytic activity first increases gradually with increasing Ag loading content, and then decreases after maximizing at an optimal Ag content. At the Ag loading content of 2.87 mol % and 1.57 mol %, the Ag‐loaded LPTNs exhibit the highest visible‐light photocatalytic activity for degradation of rhodamine B in water and mineralization of benzene in air, respectively. An alternative possible mechanism for the enhancement of the visible‐light photocatalytic activity is also proposed.
Development of a Novel Self‐Tuned Adaptive Supervisory Cerebellar Model Articulation Controller for Induction Motor Drive
Authors: Wang S. Y. , Tseng C. L. , Tseng C.H.
Published: November 2012

This work presents a novel speed control scheme for an induction motor (IM) using an adaptive supervisory differential cerebellar model articulation controller (ASDCMAC). The ASDCMAC has a supervisory controller and an adaptive differential cerebellar model articulation controller (ADCMAC), and the ASDCMAC is utilized as the speed controller. The supervisory controller monitors the control process to keep speed tracking error within a predefined range, and the ADCMAC learns and approximates system dynamics. The connective weights of ADCMAC are adjusted online, according to adaptive rules derived in Lyapunov stability theory, to ensure system stability. The robustness of the proposed ASDCMAC against parameter variations and external load torque disturbances is verified via simulations and experiments, respectively. Three control schemes, the ASDCMAC, fuzzy control, and PI control, are investigated experimentally, and a performance index, root mean square error (RMSE), is utilized for each scheme. The experimental results demonstrate that the ASDCMAC outperforms the two other control schemes with external load torque variations.
What precision‐protein‐tuning and nano‐resolved single molecule sciences can do for each other
Authors: Milles Sigrid , Lemke Edward A.
Published: November 2012

While innovations in modern microscopy, spectroscopy, and nanoscopy techniques have made single molecule observation a standard in many laboratories, the actual design of meaningful fluorescence reporter systems now hinders major scientific breakthroughs. Even though the field of chemical biology is supercharging the fluorescence toolbox, surprisingly few strategies exist that make the transition from model systems to biologically relevant applications. At the same time, the number of microscopy techniques is growing dramatically. We explain our view on how the impact of modern technologies is influenced not only by further hard‐ and software developments, but also by the availability and suitability of protein‐engineering tools. We identify how the largely independent research fields of chemical biology and fluorescence nanoscopy can influence each other to synergistically drive future technology that can visualize the localization, structure, and dynamics of molecular function without constraints.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials comparing single-incision versus conventional laparoscopic cholecystectomy
Authors: Trastulli S , Cirocchi R , Desiderio J , Guarino S , Santoro A , Parisi A , Noya G , Boselli C
Published: November 2012

Background

Single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy (SILC) may offer advantages over conventional laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC).

Methods

MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and the Cochrane Library were searched for randomized clinical trials on SILC versus LC until May 2012. Odds ratio (OR) and weight mean difference (WMD) were calculated with 95 per cent confidence intervals (c.i.) based on intention-to-treat analysis.

Results

Thirteen randomized clinical trials included a total of 923 procedures. SILC had a higher procedure failure rate than LC (OR 8·16, 95 per cent c.i. 3·42 to 19·45; P < 0·001), required a longer operating time (WMD 16·55, 95 per cent c.i. 9·95 to 23·15 min; P < 0·001) and was associated with greater intraoperative blood loss (WMD 1·58, 95% of c.i. 0·44 to 2·71 ml; P = 0·007). There were no differences between the two approaches in rate of conversion to open surgery, length of hospital stay, postoperative pain, adverse events, wound infections or port-site hernias. Better cosmetic outcomes were demonstrated in favour of SILC as measured by Body Image Scale questionnaire (WMD − 0·97, 95% of c.i. − 1·51 to − 0·43; P < 0·001) and Cosmesis score (WMD − 2·46, 95% of c.i. − 2·95 to − 1·97; P < 0·001), but this was based on comparison with procedures in which multiple and often large ports (10 mm) were used.

Conclusion

SILC has a higher procedure failure rate with more blood loss and takes longer than LC. No trial was adequately powered to assess safety.
Surgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma associated with the metabolic syndrome
Authors: Cauchy F , Zalinski S , Dokmak S , Fuks D , Farges O , Castera L , Paradis V , Belghiti J
Published: November 2012

Background

The incidence of metabolic syndrome-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (MS-HCC) is increasing. However, the results following liver resection in this context have not been described in detail.

Methods

Data for all patients with metabolic syndrome as a unique risk factor for HCC who underwent liver resection between 2000 and 2011 were retrieved retrospectively from an institutional database. Pathological analysis of the underlying parenchyma included fibrosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease activity score. Patients were classified as having normal or abnormal underlying parenchyma. Their characteristics and outcomes were compared.

Results

A total of 560 resections for HCC were performed in the study interval. Sixty-two patients with metabolic syndrome, of median age 70 (range 50–84) years, underwent curative hepatectomy for HCC, including 32 major resections (52 per cent). Normal underlying parenchyma was present in 24 patients (39 per cent). The proportion of resected HCCs labelled as MS-HCC accounted for more than 15 per cent of the entire HCC population in more recent years. Mortality and major morbidity rates were 11 and 58 per cent respectively. Compared with patients with normal underlying liver, patients with abnormal liver had increased rates of mortality (0 versus 18 per cent; P = 0·026) and major complications (13 versus 42 per cent; P = 0·010). In multivariable analysis, a non-severely fibrotic yet abnormal underlying parenchyma was a risk factor for major complications (hazard ratio 5·66, 95 per cent confidence interval 1·21 to 26·52; P = 0·028). The 3-year overall and disease-free survival rates were 75 and 70 per cent respectively, and were not influenced by the underlying parenchyma.

Conclusion

HCC in patients with metabolic syndrome is becoming more common. Liver resection is appropriate but carries a high risk, even in the absence of severe fibrosis. Favourable long-term outcomes justify refinements in the perioperative management of these patients.
Minimal-access colorectal surgery is associated with fewer adhesion-related admissions than open surgery
Authors: Burns E M , Currie A , Bottle A , Aylin P , Darzi A , Faiz O
Published: November 2012

Background

This study aimed to describe national intermediate-term admission rates for incisional hernia or clinically apparent adhesions following colorectal surgery, and to compare rates following laparoscopic and open approaches.

Methods

Patients undergoing primary colorectal resection between 2002 and 2008 were included from the Hospital Episode Statistics database. Subsequent inpatient admissions were extracted for up to 3 years after the initial operation or to the end of the study period. Outcomes examined were admissions with a diagnosis of, or operative interventions for, incisional hernia or adhesions.

Results

A total of 187 148 patients were included between 2002 and 2008, with median follow-up of 31·8 (interquartile range 13·1–35·3) months. Some 8885 (4·7 per cent) of these patients were admitted with a diagnosis of, or underwent a repair of, an incisional hernia. In multiple regression analysis, use of laparoscopy was not a predictor of operative intervention for incisional hernia (odds ratio 1·09, 95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) 0·99 to 1·21; P = 0·083). Some 15 125 (8·1 per cent) of the patients were admitted with a diagnosis of adhesions or had a procedure for division of adhesions. Overall, 3·5 per cent (6637 of 187 148) of patients underwent adhesiolysis. Patients selected for a laparoscopic procedure had lower rates of admission for adhesions (6·3 per cent (692 of 11 013) for laparoscopic versus 8·2 per cent (14 433 of 176 135) for open surgery; P < 0·001) and reintervention for adhesions (2·8 per cent (305 of 11 013) versus 3·6 per cent (6325 of 176 135) respectively; P < 0·001) than those undergoing an open procedure. In multiple regression analysis, patients selected for a laparoscopic procedure had lower subsequent intervention rates for adhesions (odds ratio 0·80, 95 per cent c.i. 0·71 to 0·90; P < 0·001).

Discussion

Patients undergoing colorectal resection who are selected for the laparoscopic approach have a lower risk of developing clinically significant adhesions.
Impact of postoperative morbidity on long-term survival after oesophagectomy
Authors: Hii M W , Smithers B M , Gotley D C , Thomas J M , Thomson I , Martin I , Barbour A P
Published: November 2012

Background

Oesophageal malignancy is a disease with a poor prognosis. Oesophagectomy is the mainstay of curative treatment but associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Although mortality rates have improved, the incidence of perioperative morbidity remains high. This study assessed the impact of postoperative morbidity on long-term outcomes.

Methods

A prospective database was designed for patients undergoing oesophagectomy for malignancy from 1998 to 2011. An observational cohort study was performed with these data, assessing intraoperative technical complications, postoperative morbidity and effects on overall survival.

Results

Some 618 patients were included, with a median follow-up of 51 months for survivors. The overall complication rate was 64·6 per cent (399 of 618), with technical complications in 124 patients (20·1 per cent) and medical complications in 339 (54·9 per cent). Technical complications were associated with longer duration of surgery (308 min versus 293 min in those with no technical complications; P = 0·017), greater operative blood loss (448 versus 389 ml respectively; P = 0·035) and longer length of stay (22 versus 13 days; P < 0·001). Medical complications were associated with greater intraoperative blood loss (418 ml versus 380 ml in those with no medical complications; P = 0·013) and greater length of stay (16 versus 12 days respectively; P < 0·001). Median overall and disease-free survival were 41 and 43 months. After controlling for age, tumour stage, resection margin, length of tumour, adjuvant therapy, procedure type and co-morbidities, there was no effect of postoperative complications on disease-specific survival.

Conclusion

Technical and medical complications following oesophagectomy were associated with greater intraoperative blood loss and a longer duration of inpatient stay, but did not predict disease-specific survival.
Impact of a multidisciplinary standardized clinical pathway on perioperative outcomes in patients with oesophageal cancer
Authors: Preston S R , Markar S R , Baker C R , Soon Y , Singh S , Low D E
Published: November 2012

Background

Defined clinical pathways can contribute to improved outcomes in patients undergoing oesophageal cancer surgery. A standardized oesophagectomy clinical pathway (SOCP) established at the Virginia Mason Medical Center (VMMC) in Seattle, Washington, USA was introduced into the Royal Surrey County Hospital (RSCH), Guildford, UK in 2011. The aim of this study was to see whether transfer and implementation of an oesophagectomy care pathway could change postoperative outcomes significantly.

Methods

Three consecutively accrued study groups were examined at the RSCH: patients operated on immediately before the introduction of the SOCP (group 1), patients operated on after the introduction of the SOCP but not included in the pathway (group 2), and patients managed according to the SOCP (group 3). Outcomes were compared with those of patients who had surgery at the VMMC between 2009 and 2011 using the SOCP (group 4).

Results

There were 12 patients in each of the first three groups and 74 in group 4. All groups were similar with respect to body mass index, medical co-morbidities and clinical stage. The median age of patients in group 3 was significantly lower than that in group 1, and median American Society of Anesthesiologists score was significantly better in group 3 compared with group 4. Following initiation of the SOCP there was an increase in immediate extubation (8 of 12 in group 1 versus 12 of 12 in group 3) and first-day mobilization (1 of 12 versus 12 of 12 respectively), and a reduction in complications (9 of 12 versus 4 of 12), length of critical care stay (4 (range 2–20) days in group 1 versus 3 (1–5) days in group 3) and length of hospital stay (17 (12–30) to 7 (6–37) days respectively). Patients not on the pathway but who had surgery during the same interval experienced small but non-significant improvements in length of critical care and hospital stay, and in first-day mobilization.

Conclusion

The study demonstrated improvement in short-term outcomes after oesophagectomy following the adoption of an established multidisciplinary standardized postoperative pathway.
Discharge Against Medical Advice (DAMA) Forms – A Damaging Document
Authors: Stanton Alan , Powell Robin
Published: November 2012

Key Practitioner Messages:

Discharge Against Medical Advice (DAMA) forms are sometimes used when parents wish their children to be discharged against medical advice.

We argue that there is no place for their use in the care of children; their use may amount to collusion with medical neglect, protecting neither child nor practitioner.

Child safeguarding teams within healthcare provider organisations should ensure that DAMA forms are not used with respect to children.
Twenty‐First Century Party People: Young People and Sexual Exploitation in the New Millennium
Authors: Melrose Margaret
Published: November 2012

This article reviews existing evidence and debates in relation to young people and sexual exploitation in the light of new empirical evidence generated through primary research. This research explored the types of sexual exploitation that practitioners had worked with in the preceding year and Local Safeguarding Children Boards’ responses to young people's sexual exploitation. The findings indicate that there may be several models of sexual exploitation operating simultaneously in any particular area, and the article therefore suggests that the discourse on young people's sexual exploitation that has dominated policy and practice for more than a decade in the UK requires reconsideration to account for the complex forms of sexual exploitation young people experience in the 21st century. The paper suggests that, in order to provide young people with the most appropriate support, practice responses need to be developed from the concrete conditions in which young people are subject to sexual exploitation, rather than applying abstract ‘models’ that fail to capture the lived experience of the young people concerned. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

‘There may be several modes of sexual exploitation operating simultaneously’

Key Practitioner Messages

There is confusion in relation to identifying child sexual exploitation.

Several models of child sexual exploitation may be operating simultaneously in any one place and at any one time.

Practitioners need to account for the agency and decision‐making process of young people when working with those who are sexually exploited.

‘There is confusion in relation to identifying child sexual exploitation’
Homicidal behaviour among people with avoidant, dependent and obsessive–compulsive (cluster C) personality disorder
Authors: Laajasalo Taina , Ylipekka Mikko , Häkkänen‐Nyholm Helinä
Published: November 2012

Background

Despite a growing forensic psychiatry literature, no previous study has examined in detail homicidal behaviour among offenders with cluster C personality disorders – the avoidant, dependent or obsessional personality disorders.

Aims

This study aims to compare homicide offenders with cluster C personality disorders with those with other personality disorders on criminal history, offender–victim relationship and post‐offence reaction variables.

Methods

The sample was drawn from all Finnish homicide cases of 1996–2004 for whom a forensic psychiatric evaluation had been conducted. Data were extracted from forensic psychiatric and crime reports.

Results

In a nationwide sample of 593 homicide offenders, 21 had at least one cluster C personality disorder. These offenders had significantly shorter criminal histories than the others. Offender–victim relationship did not differ between the groups, but confession to the crime and feelings of remorse were more common among people with cluster C disorders. In addition, compared with other personality disorder clusters, co‐morbid depression was more common.

Conclusions

Cluster C personality disorders are rare, but not nonexistent, among homicide offenders. Observed differences in their backgrounds and post‐offence behaviours indicate that they may have special needs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soluble and Supported Molecular CoIII Catalysts for the Regioselective Ring‐Opening of 1,2‐Epoxyhexane with Methanol
Authors: Venkatasubbaiah Krishnan , Feng Yan , Arrowood Tina , Nickias Peter , Jones Christopher W.
Published: November 2012

The regioselective ring‐opening of 1,2‐epoxyhexane with methanol as a nucleophile is studied using an array of different molecular CoIII catalysts, specifically trans‐CoIII‐salen‐X (1‐X; X=Cl−, OTs−, BF4−, SbF6−, PF6−), cis/trans‐CoIII‐salen‐SbF6, CoIII‐salphen‐SbF6, and CoIII‐porphyrin‐SbF6. Catalytic studies show the nature of the ligand and counterion both play a significant role in influencing reaction rates, and to a lesser extent, the regioselectivity of the ring‐opening reaction, with CoIII‐porphyrin‐SbF6 as the most active and CoIII‐salphen‐SbF6 the least active soluble molecular catalysts. Unlike in the classical epoxide hydrolytic kinetic resolution reaction, non‐coordinating, non‐nucleophilic counterions proved most effective, and trans‐CoIII‐salen‐Cl, which gives very high initial rates in hydrolytic kinetic resolution, shows very low activity in epoxide ring‐opening with methanol. Supported soluble and insoluble unsymmetrical trans‐CoIII‐salen‐X catalysts are, thus, synthesized to evaluate cooperativity and stability of the CoIII‐salen species towards epoxide ring‐opening with methanol. Soluble supported trans‐CoIII‐salen‐X (X=SbF6 and OTs) shows better activity and selectivity in the title reaction than monomeric trans‐CoIII‐salen‐SbF6 catalyst because of the cooperativity introduced through the catalyst design. The stability of insoluble catalysts is evaluated by catalytic recycling experiments. The supported insoluble catalysts successfully are recovered and reused up to 5 times, showing reduced activity but unchanged selectivity after each cycle. Deactivation is attributed to several different causes based on elemental analysis and UV/Vis spectroscopic analysis of the used catalysts, with counterion and cobalt loss playing major roles.
Core–Shell Composite as the Racemization Catalyst in the Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of Secondary Alcohols
Authors: Wang Jie , Do Dong‐Minh , Chuah Gaik‐Khuan , Jaenicke Stephan
Published: November 2012

Beta–Silicalite‐1 core–shell microcomposites with controllable shell thickness were synthesized and used as racemization catalysts in the one‐pot dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) of secondary alcohols by using lipase‐catalyzed transesterification. The inert Silicalite‐1 shell covered the external acidic sites of the Beta zeolite core, suppressing dehydration and non‐enantioselective transesterification of the alcohol. The alcohols could penetrate the Silicalite‐1 shell to access the acidic sites at the core Beta for racemization, however, the enzymatically formed (R)‐esters were excluded owing to their larger size. As a result, the high ee of the (R)‐ester products was conserved and dehydration side products were minimized. Owing to the shape selective nature of the composite racemization catalyst, small and readily available acyl donors could be used in the enzyme‐catalyzed transesterification to obtain the esters with high enantiopurity. The DKR of 1‐phenylethanol with isopropenyl acetate using an optimized core–shell catalyst, CS‐60, gave 92 % selectivity to ester formation and the desired (R)‐1‐phenylethyl acetate was formed with 94 % ee.
Application and Mechanistic Studies of a Water‐Oxidation Catalyst in Alcohol Oxidation by Employing Oxygen‐Transfer Reagents
Authors: Verho Oscar , Dilenstam Marléne D. V. , Kärkäs Markus D. , Johnston Eric V. , Åkermark Torbjörn , Bäckvall Jan‐E. , Åkermark Björn
Published: November 2012

By using a dimeric ruthenium complex in combination with tert‐butyl hydrogen peroxide (TBHP) as stoichiometric oxidant, a mild and efficient protocol for the oxidation of secondary benzylic alcohols was obtained, thereby giving the corresponding ketones in high yields within 4 h. However, in the oxidation of aliphatic alcohols, the TBHP protocol suffered from low conversions owing to a competing Ru‐catalyzed disproportionation of the oxidant. Gratifyingly, by switching to Oxone (2 KHSO5⋅KHSO4⋅K2SO4 triple salt) as stoichiometric oxidant, a more efficient and robust system was obtained that allowed for the oxidation of a wide range of aliphatic and benzylic secondary alcohols, giving the corresponding ketones in excellent yields. The mechanism for these reactions is believed to involve a high‐valent RuV–oxo species. We provide support for such an intermediate by means of mechanistic studies.
Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Divergence in the Preparation of Bicyclic Enol Esters: From Exclusively [3C+2C]‐Cycloaddition Reactions to Exclusive Formation of Vinylcyclopropanes
Authors: Conyers Ryan C. , Gung Benjamin W.
Published: November 2012

With the use of benzonitrile‐stabilized AuI catalyst [Au(IPr)(NCPh)]SbF6 (Ic; IPr=1,3‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene), a spectrum of reactivity is observed for propargyl ester 4 a with cyclic vinyl ethers, ranging from exclusively [3C+2C] cycloaddition reactions to exclusively cyclopropanation depending only on the structure of the substrate. Some initially formed cyclopropanation products rearrange into the corresponding formally [3C+2C] cycloaddition products after treatment with fresh AuI complex at 80 °C. Vinylcyclopropanes formed from dihydrofuran and dihydropyran resisted such rearrangement, even in the presence of fresh AuI catalyst at elevated temperature. This study addresses an important mechanistic question concerning whether the five‐membered‐ring products were produced by a direct [3C+2C] cycloaddition reaction or by a sequential cyclopropanation/ring‐expansion reaction. A dual pathway is proposed for the AuI‐catalyzed reactions between propargyl esters and cyclic vinyl ethers. The different behavior among vinyl cyclic ethers is attributed to the difference in the polarization of the π bond. Highly polarized bonds appear to undergo the cycloaddition reaction whereas less polar π‐bonds produce cyclopropanes.
Synthesis and Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationships of Selective BCRP Inhibitors
Authors: Marighetti Federico , Steggemann Kerstin , Hanl Markus , Wiese Michael
Published: November 2012

The breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) is a member of the ABC transporter superfamily. This protein has a number of physiological functions, including protection of the human body from xenobiotics. The overexpression of BCRP in certain tumor cell lines causes cross‐resistance against various drugs used in chemotherapeutic treatment. In a previous work we showed that a new class of compounds derived from XR9576 (tariquidar) selectively inhibits BCRP. In this work we synthesized more members of this class, with modification on the second and third aromatic rings. The inhibitory activities against BCRP and P‐gp were assayed using a Hoechst 33342 assay for BCRP and a calcein AM assay for P‐gp. Finally, quantitative structure–activity relationships for both aromatic rings were established. The results obtained show the importance of the electron density on the third aromatic ring, influenced by substituents, pointing to interactions with aromatic residues of the protein binding site. In the second aromatic ring the activity of compounds is influenced by the steric volume of the substituents.
Photocatalytic Removal of Soot: Unravelling of the Reaction Mechanism by EPR and in situ FTIR Spectroscopy
Authors: Smits Marianne , Ling Yun , Lenaerts Silvia , Van Doorslaer Sabine
Published: November 2012

Photocatalytic soot oxidation is studied on P25 TiO2 as an important model reaction for self‐cleaning processes by means of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Contacting of carbon black with P25 leads on the one hand to a reduction of the local dioxygen concentration in the powder. On the other hand, the weakly adsorbed radicals on the carbon particles are likely to act as alternative traps for the photogenerated conduction‐band electrons. We find furthermore that the presence of dioxygen and oxygen‐related radicals is vital for the photocatalytic soot degradation. The complete oxidation of soot to CO2 is evidenced by in situ FTIR spectroscopy, no intermediate CO is detected during the photocatalytic process.
Synthesis of Carbohydrates in a Continuous Flow Reactor by Immobilized Phosphatase and Aldolase
Authors: Babich Lara , Hartog Aloysius F. , van Hemert Lieke J. C. , Rutjes Floris P. J. T. , Wever Ron
Published: November 2012

Herein, we report a new flow process with immobilized enzymes to synthesize complex chiral carbohydrate analogues from achiral inexpensive building blocks in a three‐step cascade reaction. The first reactor contained immobilized acid phosphatase, which phosphorylated dihydroxyacetone to dihydroxyacetone phosphate using pyrophosphate as the phosphate donor. The second flow reactor contained fructose‐1,6‐diphosphate aldolase (RAMA, rabbit muscle aldolase) or rhamnulose‐1‐phosphate aldolase (RhuA from Thermotoga maritima) and acid phosphatase. The immobilized aldolases coupled the formed dihydroxyacetone phosphate to aldehydes, resulting in phosphorylated carbohydrates. A final reactor containing acid phosphatase that dephosphorylated the phosphorylated product yielded the final product. Different aldehydes were used to synthesize carbohydrates on a gram scale. To demonstrate the feasibility of the flow systems, we synthesized 0.6 g of the D‐fagomine precursor. By using immobilized aldolase RhuA we were also able to obtain other stereoisomers of the D‐fagomine precursor.
Oxalic Amidines – Protonation Studies and Activity in Lactide Polymerisation
Authors: dos Santos Vieira Ines , Dietz Christina , Mohr Fabian , Beckert Rainer , Herres‐Pawlis Sonja
Published: November 2012

The oxalic amidine N,N′‐dimethyl‐N,N′‐diphenyl‐1,2‐bis[4‐tolylimino]ethane‐1,2‐diamine was used to synthesise a chloridozinc complex and two monoprotonated species either with chloride or triflate counterions. The compounds have been structurally characterised by X‐ray crystallography. Proton affinities have been determined by quantum chemical calculations to investigate why only the iminium protonated species is selectively formed upon mild protonation. To better understand the coordination properties of the ligand, different possible coordination modes of the ligand to zinc chloride have been investigated by DFT calculations. The chloridozinc complex was applied as a catalyst in the melt polymerisation of rac‐lactide and exhibited high activity combined with excellent agreement between the obtained and calculated molecular weights.
Polyglycerol‐Tagged Molecular Clips as Receptors in Protic Solvents
Authors: Zieringer Maximilian , Casas Cartagena Marçal , Burakowska Ewelina , Taktikos Johannes , Neuthe Katja , Bandmann Heinz , Klärner Frank‐Gerrit , Haag Rainer
Published: November 2012

Four charge‐neutral molecular clips modified with polyglycerol (PG) dendrons of first and second generation and with hyperbranched polyglycerols (HPG) in the central unit as solubilizing units were synthesized. Their use as supramolecular hosts for the complexation of several guest molecules such as caffeine, N‐methylnicotinamide iodide, and Kosower salt was studied in methanol and water. Association constants and Gibbs enthalpies of association were determined by 1H NMR titration experiments. The obtained results were compared to the association behavior of molecular clips that carry anionic substituents. These results offer remarkable insights into the contribution of the substituents to host–guest binding and enable a strategy for improved substituent design.
Cycloaddition of 2‐Methyleneaziridines with Isocyanates Catalyzed by Tin Iodide
Authors: Takahashi Hiroki , Yasui Seiji , Tsunoi Shinji , Shibata Ikuya
Published: November 2012

2‐Methyleneaziridines proved to be good substrates for the cycloaddition with isocyanates, for which a tin iodide system, Bu2SnI2–LiI, was employed as an effective catalyst. Products were derived from N‐attack of the ring‐opened metalloenamine intermediate.
Enzyme Based Amperometric Biosensor for Adenine Determination
Authors: Bóka Beáta , Adányi Nóra , Virág Diána , Frebort Ivo , Kiss Attila
Published: November 2012

An enzyme‐based amperometric biosensor was developed for the rapid determination of adenine in biological and food samples. Recombinant adenine deaminase (EC 3.5.4.2) from Schizosaccharomyces pombe was co‐immobilized on graphite electrode with xanthine oxidase (EC 1.17.3.2), peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) and an Os mediator. Optimal working conditions were pH 7.0 and −150 mV vs. Ag/AgCl. The novel method was characterized by a detection limit of 1 µM and a linear measuring range of 0.005–0.1 mM. Different beer and tea samples were analyzed by the newly elaborated adenine biosensor. The results obtained correlate with the adenine content measured by the reference HPLC method.
A method for tuning tuned mass dampers for seismic applications
Authors: Miranda Julio C.
Published: November 2012

This paper studies tuned mass dampers (TMDs) resulting in high modal damping for mechanical systems incorporating such devices for the purpose of seismic response reduction. Focusing on the determination of damping and tuning, the proposed methodology identifies a point of multiplicity of complex eigenvalues and eigenvectors, resulting in different parameters for TMDs according to their location with respect to such multiplicity condition. It is shown that significant equal modal damping and average modal damping can be induced by properly tuning highly damped TMDs, obtaining parameters intrinsic to the mechanical systems, and excitation independent. Further, it is shown that the methodology yields, as particular cases, two proposals by others using TMDs for the same purpose of seismic response abatement. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression levels of neuroimmune biomarkers in hypothalamus of allergic mice after phthalate exposure
Authors: Win‐Shwe Tin‐Tin , Yanagisawa Rie , Koike Eiko , Nitta Hiroshi , Takano Hirohisa
Published: November 2012

Previously, we demonstrated that maternal exposure to phthalates enhances atopic dermatitis in male mouse offspring. However, whether phthalate exposure affects neuroimmune biomarkers in allergic mice has not yet been studied. Di‐(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di‐isononyl phthalate (DINP) are environmental chemicals that are commonly used as plasticizers. This study was designed to investigate the expression levels of neuroimmune biomarkers in the hypothalamus of a murine model of allergic asthma after phthalate exposure throughout juvenility until adulthood. Six‐week‐old C3H/HeJ Jcl male mice were treated with DEHP or DINP (0, 0.02, 0.4 or 8 nmol per body per week) and ovalbumin (OVA; 1 µg per body per 2 weeks) for 7 weeks intratracheally. On the day after the completion of the phthalate and OVA treatment, the hypothalamus from each mouse was collected, and the mRNA expression levels of neuroimmune biomarkers were examined using a real‐time RT‐PCR analysis. The mRNA expression levels of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)‐1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, the chemokine CCL3, the transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)‐κB, the oxidative stress marker heme‐oxygenase (HO)1, a nerve growth factor, and the microglia marker Iba1 were remarkably up‐regulated in the hypothalami of mice treated with 8 nmol of DEHP in the presence of the allergen. However, no significant changes were observed, except for reductions in the TNF‐α and CCL2 mRNA levels, in mice exposed to DINP combined with the allergen. This study is the first report to show that high‐dose DEHP exposure throughout juvenility until adulthood may induce neuroinflammation by modulating neuroimmune biomarkers in the hypothalami of allergic mice. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advance in research of microRNA in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Liu Jing , Yang Baofeng , Ai Jing
Published: November 2012

microRNA (miRNA) is a family of small, non‐coding RNA first discovered as an important regulator of development in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Numerous miRNAs have been found in C. elegans, and some of them are well conserved in many organisms. Though, the biologic function of miRNAs in C. elegans was largely unknown, more and more studies support the idea that miRNA is an important molecular for C. elegans. In this review, we revisit the research progress of miRNAs in C. elegans related with development, aging, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases and compared the function of miRNAs between C. elegans and human. J. Cell. Biochem. 114: 994–1000, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.