bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Largest global shark biomass found in the northern Galápagos Islands of Darwin and Wolf
Authors: Salinas de León Pelayo , Acuña-Marrero David , Rastoin Etienne , Friedlander Alan M. , Donovan Mary K. , Sala Enric
Published: May 2016

Overfishing has dramatically depleted sharks and other large predatory fishes worldwide except for a few remote and/or well-protected areas. The islands of Darwin and Wolf in the far north of the Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) are known for their large shark abundance, making them a global scuba diving and conservation hotspot. Here we report quantitative estimates of fish abundance at Darwin and Wolf over two consecutive years using stereo-video surveys, which reveal the largest reef fish biomass ever reported (17.5 t ${\mathrm{ha}}^{-1}$ on average), consisting largely of sharks. Despite this, the abundance of reef fishes around the GMR, such as groupers, has been severely reduced because of unsustainable fishing practices. Although Darwin and Wolf are within the GMR, they were not fully protected from fishing until March 2016. Given the ecological value and the economic importance of Darwin and Wolf for the dive tourism industry, the current protection should ensure the long-term conservation of this hotspot of unique global value.
Mode of action and membrane specificity of the antimicrobial peptide snakin-2
Authors: Herbel Vera , Wink Michael
Published: May 2016

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a diverse group of short, cationic peptides which are naturally occurring molecules in the first-line defense of most living organisms. They represent promising candidates for the treatment of pathogenic microorganisms. Snakin-2 (SN2) from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is stabilized through six intramolecular disulphide bridges; it shows broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi, and it agglomerates single cells prior to killing. In this study, we further characterized SN2 by providing time-kill curves and corresponding growth inhibition analysis of model organisms, such asE. coliorB. subtilis. SN2 was produced recombinantly inE. coliwith thioredoxin as fusion protein, which was removed after affinity purification by proteolytic digestion. Furthermore, the target specificity of SN2 was investigated by means of hemolysis and hemagglutination assays; its effect on plant cell membranes of isolated protoplasts was investigated by microscopy. SN2 shows a non-specific pore-forming effect in all tested membranes. We suggest that SN2 could be useful as a preservative agent to protect food, pharmaceuticals, or cosmetics from decomposition by microbes.
A longitudinal study of independent scholar-published open access journals
Authors: Björk Bo-Christer , Shen Cenyu , Laakso Mikael
Published: May 2016

Open Access (OA) is nowadays increasingly being used as a business model for the publishing of scholarly peer reviewed journals, both by specialized OA publishing companies and major, predominantly subscription-based publishers. However, in the early days of the web OA journals were mainly founded by independent academics, who were dissatisfied with the predominant print and subscription paradigm and wanted to test the opportunities offered by the new medium. There is still an on-going debate about how OA journals should be operated, and the volunteer model used by many such ‘indie’ journals has been proposed as a viable alternative to the model adopted by big professional publishers where publishing activities are funded by authors paying expensive article processing charges (APCs). Our longitudinal quantitative study of 250 ‘indie’ OA journals founded prior to 2002, showed that 51% of these journals were still in operation in 2014 and that the median number of articles published per year had risen from 11 to 18 among the survivors. Of these surviving journals, only 8% had started collecting APCs. A more detailed qualitative case study of five such journals provided insights into how such journals have tried to ensure the continuity and longevity of operations.
The Effect of the Third Party Fund: Its Distribution and Fluctuation on the BOPO Growth at Commercial Foreign Exchange Banks in Indonesia
Authors: ANGGRAENI _
Published: May 2016

For comercial banks, funding activities include savings deposits and time deposits. Lending activities also include commercial papers, credits, inter-bank placement, and exchange rate. The study attempted to reveal the effects of such factors on the BOPO growth in commercial foreign exchange banks. It utilized secondary data from bank’s financial reports and exchange rate, during the first quarter 2006 to third quarter of 2011. The study is descriptive and the sampling technique of census was utilized with criteria for total assets. Four state-owned banks meet these criteria: PT. Bank CIMB Niaga Tbk., PT. Bank Danamon Tbk., PT. Pan Indonesia Tbk., and PT. Bank Permata Tbk. The analysis was done by performing mathematical calculations and statistics from various financial ratios that reflect the growth of savings products and their distribution. It shows that the saving deposits, time deposit, commercial papers, credits, inter-bank placement, exchange rate have no effect on Overhead Cost Operation (BOPO). The significance is at 13.5 percent. Among the independent variables, only commercial papers have significant effect on Overhead Cost Operation (BOPO). Commercial papers become the most dominant variable at 7.78 percent; the growth of securities variable contributes most to the growth of Overhead Cost Operation Ratio, especially for private national commercial banks.
Soft Skill Development at the Workplace: An Empirical Study in Oman
Authors: ABDUWANI TAKI AL
Published: May 2016

Soft skills may be grouped into intrapersonal, interpersonal and situational skills. Intrapersonal skills are those skills individuals need to possess and perfect in order to manage themselves and as a prerequisite to interpersonal skills. Personal soft skills are intrapersonal skills that lead to personal development. Interpersonal skills are required for smooth interaction between co-workers on one hand and with clients on the other. Situational skills are those skills that have relevance in given situation and may be firm or individual specific. These may be a combination of various personal and interpersonal skills applied to specific situations and hence exhibit characteristics of situational analysis. The skill endowment position is empirically verified in an emerging economy like Oman taking banking and oil cases in the context of managerial employees. The skills are assessed before and after training programmes for skill enhancement scores in respect of junior and senior managers. Leadership, communication, team management, time management, emotional intelligence and customer care have been some of the intervention programmes adopted by the sample institutions.Keywords: Management, soft skills; personal; interpersonal; situational; intervention;training; coaching; mentoring; descriptive design, Oman, UAE
Relationship Between Differentiation of Self Levels and Conflict-Handling Styles of Ministers
Authors: ABORDO IAN C.
Published: May 2016

Factors contributing to effective conflict management in workplaces have been well-examined, but the extent for which an individual’s differentiation of self plays a role in a person’s psychological adjustment associated with handling interpersonal conflict has not been well described. This study investigated associations between the ministers’ differentiation of self levels with their conflict-handling styles. Data through questionnaires were collected from 71 ministers from five chapters/divisions of a religious denomination in Mindanao, South Philippines. Results showed that the ministers demonstrated medium levels in all of the differentiation of self subscales, namely, I-fusion, I-position, emotional cut-off, and emotional reactivity. They reported compromising as the dominant conflict-handling style. Highly significant associations between competing style and emotional cut-off and emotional reactivity were found. Highly significant and positive associations were also established between avoiding and emotional cut-off and between compromising and I-position. The major findings provide further evidences that relationships between the areas of the differentiation of self and conflict- handling-styles are also relevant to the ministers in this religious denomination.Keywords: Differentiation of self, relationships, conflict-handling styles, conflictmanagement
The Effect of Emotional Exhaustion on Job Satisfaction and its Impact on Performance
Authors: SUMINAR BAGUS , YULIANTI EMMA
Published: May 2016

Lecturers have a variety of roles, namely: research, teaching and community services. To fulfill those roles, they can experience emotional exhaustion. A person who is experiencing emotional exhaustion is characterized by the depletion of emotional resources, such as feelings of frustration, despair, sadness, helplessness, depression, apathy towards work, irritable and easily offended and felt shackled by the tasks in the job. These conditions make a person feel unable to provide his or her jobs. The aim of this research is to examine the relationship among emotional exhaustion, work satisfaction, and lecturer performance. The research was done in STIE Perbanas Surabaya. This study uses primary and secondary data, with the number of samples of 40 lecturers. Path analysis is used to determine the effect of a variable or set of variables to another variable, whether direct or indirect influence. Results show the following: emotional exhaustion has no direct influence on the lecturer’s job satisfaction; emotional exhaustion has no direct influence on the performance of lecturers; lecturer’s job satisfaction has a direct and significant influence on the performance of lecturers; job satisfaction didn’t mediate the influence of emotional exhaustion on the performance of lecturers. The study concludes that performance remained unperturbed by the lecturer’s emotional exhaustion.KEYWORDS: Management, emotional exhaustion, job satisfaction, job performance,descriptive research, Surabaya, Indonesia
Socio-Cultural Factors Affecting the Market Behavior of Coconut Farmers in Central Philippines
Authors: YAP ERNESTO GO
Published: May 2016

In a competitive market, both suppliers and buyers behave with the aim of obtaining the most concession from the other. There are situations wherein one party benefits more than the other, resulting in unfavorable outcomes for the latter. The study explored the socio-cultural factors that affect the market behavior of coconut farmers, in an attempt to rationalize why coconut farmers are poor. This study is conducted in the Municipality of Bacong, Negros Oriental in the central part of the Philippines. Themes in the study included decision-making, division of labor, urban migration, and relations with other stakeholders as well as the impact to the local ecology. This study was conducted using qualitative research techniques that included key informant interview, participant observation, and focus group discussion. The findings show that the productive capacity of coconut farmers are limited, if not decreasing and are more influenced by the socio-cultural factors that govern the farmers’ life situations, than by the market prices of coconut meat. The farmers are price takers of the coconut meat they produce and sold. Productivity and income of small coconut farmers are expected to deteriorate together with vast agricultural lands becoming idle and barren, unless government interventions are enhanced, and young professionals are encouraged to return to the farms.Keywords: Socio-cultural factors, market behavior, decision-making, coconut farmers,descriptive design, Philippines
The Entrepreneurial University: The Building Block of the Innovation Economy
Authors: ZOSA VICTORINA H.
Published: May 2016

This paper explores the role of entrepreneurial universities in economic growth and development. Specifically, it defines the indicators of an entrepreneurial university, traces the impact of university innovation on economic growth, and correlates the university ranking with indicators of innovation, competitiveness, and development. The Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) World University Rankings 2011/12 provided the data for entrepreneurial universities. Correlates of rankings of entrepreneurial universities include the global innovation index, global competitive index and human development index. The top 400 world universities are large (enrolment over 12,000) and historic (over 100 years). They cluster in Europe and North America, offer fully comprehensive programs, and have high research intensity. U.S. data show that university innovations contribute substantially to jobs, value creation and industry output. The Pearson coefficients indicate that QS university ranking is significantly and positively correlated with research infrastructure (gross expenditure in R&D, number of researchers, total patents) and economic development (gross national income, global competitiveness index, global innovation index and human development index). Thus, research infrastructures are necessary for entrepreneurial universities to flourish. Once established, entrepreneurial universities, through job and value creation, transforms the country into an innovation economy, boost its global competitiveness, and improve its quality of life.Keywords: Business and economics, entrepreneurial university, correlation analysis, globalranking
Determinants of Investment Decision among Moslem Entrepreneurs
Authors: LESTARI WIWIK , SALIM UBUD , SUDARMA MADE , AL-HABSYI THAHER
Published: May 2016

Islam encourages the human beings to have a spirit of entrepreneurship. For that reason, investment is considered important concern in business. However,making decision on investment by the Moslems still needs great attention. Thestudy aimed to investigate the determinants of Moslem entrepreneurs whenthey are trying to make a decision in investment. It utilized descriptive design.Some variables proposed as determinants are Islamic transaction principle, overconfidence, and risk perception. The analysis was done by using surveymethod on Sidoarjo’s Moslem entrepreneurs and GeSCA software. Based onsuch analysis, it was found that Islamic transaction principles are somewhatnot really implemented comprehensively by Moslem entrepreneurs. They madedecisions based on ratio of the probability of success or failure, to what extent itcan increase success and reduce failure. The ability to take risks depends on theself-confidence and ability to seek opportunities. Hence, entrepreneurs shouldaccept the risks associated with business failure.Keywords: Moslem entrepreneur, risk perception, investment decision, behavioralfinance, descriptive design, Indonesia
Filipino Parents’ Attitudes towards TV Advertising and their Controls on Children’s TV Viewing
Authors: CHAVES MARY GRETCHEN F.
Published: May 2016

Skepticism towards TV advertisements targeted at children may driveprudent parents to limit their children’s exposure to these commercials. Parentalmediation strategies are among the approaches parents resort to in restrictingtheir children’s TV viewing. This correlational study investigated Filipinoparents’ attitudes towards TV advertising and the controls parents imposed ontheir children’s television viewing. The study hypothesized that parental attitudestowards TV advertising correlate with parental controls on their children’s TVviewing. Two hundred fifty parent-child dyads participated in a face-to-face surveyconducted in early 2011 among urban middle-income households in Cebu City,Philippines. The results show that on average, parents maintained a moderatelynegative attitude towards TV advertising. Majority of the parents restrictedtheir children’s TV viewing, mostly by scheduling and limiting the TV viewingtimes to prioritize study and sleeping hours. However, there are no significantcorrelations between the scores of parents’ attitudes towards TV advertising andthe controls they impose on their children’s TV viewing. The study concludesthat parental controls over their children’s TV viewing are due to reasons otherthan the parents’ evaluation of the undesirable impact of TV advertising. Theresults of this study identify implications to policy makers, marketers, advertisers, children’s advocacy groups, academicians and parents.Keywords: Social Science, TV advertising, parents’ attitudes, parental controls,descriptive-correlational design, Philippines
Young Seafarers on Board International Vessels: What Life Has Been
Authors: ESTIMO EMELIZA T. , AZUCENA JED Y. , MONTAÑO RONNIE C.
Published: May 2016

Special project cadets are exposed to various experiences as they embark onboardinternational vessels during their on the-Job Training for 12 months. With theaim of getting authentic information relative to their actual lived experiences awayfrom home, this descriptive study sought to determine the problems encountered by company scholars and their coping strategies particularly at work and in their social interaction with their fellow crew. A survey questionnaire and an interviewguide were employed in gathering data. Forty-seven (47) Engine cadets of a groupof shipowners and a particular shipping company who have returned from their12-month apprenticeship revealed that they learned appropriate work valuessuch as flexibility and adaptability, patience and self-control, humility, resilience, stronger sense of responsibility, discipline and perseverance. Vulnerability todifficult situations, homesickness, and mismatched task assignments wereprevailing problems among the cadets. It is recommended that clear measuresmust be done to address issues on discrimination, abuse by authority, emotionaland physical harassment, excessive workloads, and unpaid overtime which havebeen partially revealed in this study. A feedback mechanism is also suggestedfor shipping companies to allow returning cadets to reveal the quality of theirexperiences for the purpose of ensuring a fair and honest management of crewin their fleets.Keywords: Social sciences, seafaring industry, maritime students, On-the-Job Training,descriptive design, Philippines
Filipino Seafarers’ Lived Experiences towards a Wellness Model
Authors: BASCO GINA MAE H. , ALIMEN MA. CECILIA DETOSIL , ALIMEN ROLANDO A.
Published: May 2016

This quantitative-qualitative study was conducted to describe the livedexperiences relating to stress, stressors, and coping responses of Filipino seafarersleading to the design of a biopsychosociospiritual wellness program. This studywas anchored on van Manen’s (1990) phenomenological theory. Respondents of this study were ten (10) selected seafarers. This study used interviews, questionnaires, and focus group discussion. Results were as follows: seafarershave experienced disturbed sleep, headache, and depression, as their main stressexperiences; seafarers’ stressors experienced were delayed promotion, insufficientincome, and children’s poor health and children’s poor performance; seafarers’coping behaviors were praying, talking with friends or shipmates, and viewingmovies; seafarers’ autonomy through the design of the wellness program toimprove their life and their well-being not only for themselves but for their lovedones. Comprehensive Wellness Program for Seafarers: A BiopsychosociospiritualApproach describes the holistic and comprehensive strategies/activitiesthat seafarers can engage with to assure their over-all wellness and holisticdevelopment. Seafarer’s health, creating a full and balanced lifestyle and achievesthe best professional can be achieved. Interest in the plight of seafarers coincideswith the comprehensive whole seafarer wellness model that includes biological,psychological, social and spiritual dimensions.Keywords: Biopsychosociospiritual wellness program, lived experiences, stress, copingresponses
Life after the Storm: Voices of Women Survivors of Domestic Violence
Authors: Padilla Victoria P.
Published: May 2016

Life is certainly not a fairytale and in this kind of situation, “happily ever after” is not very common. These are the stories of five women-survivors of domestic violence who dreamed of having a happy family, but in the end, their dreams contradicted reality. This interpretivist qualitative study was designed to look into a deeper understanding of collective accounts of women-survivors of domestic violence. The narrative inquiry was employed using the in-depth interview method. The study revealed that these women experienced various forms of domestic violence and were caused by men’s bad habits, problems arising from the family, and jealousy of a man or a woman. Several strategies were employed by these women to improve their lives. This tough decision to free themselves from the abuse made them better individuals, developed a stronger bond with their children, and increased faith in God.   Keywords - Domestic Violence, Violence against Women, and Children, Survivors
Study Status of University of Lagos Students with Visual Impairment
Authors: Haastrup E. Adenrele
Published: May 2016

In this descriptive survey, an effort was focused on investigating the challenges faced by visually impaired students of the University of Lagos.  The population for the study comprised of male and female visually impaired students on a regular full-time programme of the University.  A total of forty-two students representing 93.3% of the population (46) were involved in the survey using quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection. Data were collected using a self- developed and validated questionnaire named Visually Impaired Students Study (VISSS) (r=0.89), two focus group discussions (one male and one female) and an in-depth interview. The quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics to present data while inferential statistics of Chi-square was used to test the hypothesis. Information gathered through the FGD and IDI were treated using content analysis method.  The study statistically revealed that: the University of Lagos provided a conducive learning environment for students with visual impairment.  However, respondents were of the opinion that a lot more need to be done in the following areas of challenge: lecturer-student relationship; delivery of lecture; and conduct of examination including venue and invigilation.  The study recommends employment of staff (academic and non-academic) with a background in special education; and training of lecturers in interacting with students with visual impairment. In the interim, dialogue/interaction between the university authority and students with different types of impairment should also be scaled up.   Keywords- Visual Impaired, Students, University of Lagos, Conducive learning environment, hostel accommodation, Response to complaints
Status of the Implementation of Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of Zamboanga City State Polytechnic College, Philippines
Authors: Fernandez Hermenegilda C.
Published: May 2016

Sexual harassment is a worldwide phenomenon. It can occur in the workplace or at school. Thus, this descriptive study was conducted to determine the extent of implementation of the Anti-Sexual Harassment Act (RA 7877) as assessed by the students and faculty/personnel. The respondents were the randomly sampled college students of the College. Researcher-made survey questionnaire and interview schedule were used for data gathering. Data were analyzed and interpreted using percentage, mean and t-test. Results reveal that the College implemented to a moderate extent the Anti-sexual Harassment Act (RA 7877). The school has in place implementing measures and carries out dissemination of  RA’s provisions as evidenced by the moderate satisfaction and awareness of the school’s stakeholders – the students and the faculty/personnel.However, the stakeholders’ moderate satisfaction and awareness suggest a need for the school to intensify its efforts in implementing the Act to make the stakeholders fully aware of the Act, toinvolve the stakeholders in the fight against sexual harassment through comprehensive information campaign during meetings and symposia and classroom instruction, and to stipulate the RA’s provisions in manuals/handbooks and information technology-based communication platform.
Estudo da percepção ética dos estudantes de graduação diante de dilemas concernentes a atividade turística
Authors: Paes Taís Alexandre Antunes , Azevedo Denio Santos
Published: May 2016

O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a percepção ética dos estudantes diante de dilemas éticos de cunho social, econômico e ambiental comuns a atividade turística. A prática do turismo constantemente apresenta dilemas éticos em que os seus agentes sociais necessitam tomar decisões. Dependendo da forma como estas são tomadas, os efeitos, de tais ações, podem gerar benefícios ou malefícios para a sociedade devido às trocas constantes que ocorrem entre estes agentes sociais quando há a aquisição de serviços e produtos turísticos. É devido a tais aspectos que se faz proeminente analisar a percepção ética dos estudantes, uma vez que os mesmos serão futuros tomadores de decisões ou prestadores de serviços turísticos. Desta maneira, foram entrevistados 103 graduandos do curso de turismo de uma universidade pública do nordeste brasileiro considerando uma amostragem não-probabilística por acessibilidade e conveniência. Para tal análise foi desenvolvida uma escala com cenários de cunho social, econômico e ambiental. Os itens basearam-se nas seis questões morais pertencentes ao modelo integrativo de Jones (1991) que em conjunto formam a intensidade moral: magnitude das consequências, consenso social, probabilidade de efeito, imediatismo temporal, proximidade e concentração do efeito. Entre os resultados está uma maior percepção ética para o dilema de cunho ambiental e uma tendência de ação antiética para o dilema de cunho econômico.
Análise reflexiva do turismo em saúde à luz da inovação
Authors: Ferreira Keline Leão , Schreiber Dusan , Puffal Daniel Pedro
Published: May 2016

O turismo em saúde, um fenômeno recente no Brasil, representa uma importante oportunidade de expansão para as instituições de saúde que possuem instalações, recursos humanos e tecnologia de excelência. O presente trabalho desenvolve reflexão sobre esse mercado à luz de vertentes teóricas acerca da inovação, principalmente com base em Manual de Oslo, Tidd et al., Christensen e Miller e Morris. Com o propósito de subsidiar a análise foi conduzido o estudo multicaso em quatro instituições de saúde da região sul do Brasil. As evidências apontam que a participação da instituições no mercado de turismo em saúde propiciou que a inovação em produto, processo, marketing e organizacional fosse considerada um diferencial competitivo, gerado por uma nova concepção de negócio, redesenho de seus processos, adequação dos ambientes físicos, maior importância das áreas de marketing e gestão, gerando um reconhecimento externo, uma maior rede relacionamentos, cooperação entre os seus pares e atribuindo às instituições um padrão internacional de fornecimento de serviços.
Application of Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse Imaging for Diagnosis of Female Bladder Neck Obstruction
Authors: Qian Mingqin , Su Chang , Jiang Dianyu , Yu Guoning
Published: May 2016

Objectives

To determine the application value of combined transperineal sonography and Virtual Touch tissue quantification (Siemens Medical Solutions, Mountain View, CA) on acoustic radiation force impulse imaging as a scanning method for diagnosis of female bladder neck obstruction.

Methods

Transperineal sonography and Virtual Touch tissue quantification were combined to depict the bladder neck and observe its sonographic characteristics in 36 patients with female bladder neck obstruction and 30 healthy adults in a case‐control study. We measured the thickness and shear wave velocity (SWV) of the bladder neck's anterior and posterior lips.

Results

There was a statistically significant difference in the thickness and SWV of the bladder neck between the healthy women and those with bladder neck obstruction, whose SWV was higher (P< .05). For the anterior lip, an SWV of 2.11 m/s was the best cutoff point for differentiating bladder neck obstruction from a normal bladder neck; for the posterior lip, an SWV of 2.06 m/s was the best cutoff point. The mean thicknesses of the anterior and posterior lips ± SD were 0.66 ± 0.05 and 0.68 ± 0.05 cm in the group with bladder neck obstruction versus 0.45 ± 0.07 and 0.52 ± 0.09 cm in the normal group. There was a significant difference between them (P < .05).

Conclusions

The bladder neck's anatomic structure can be observed visually by perineal sonography. Virtual Touch tissue quantification on acoustic radiation force impulse imaging can quantitatively reflect the bladder neck stiffness and change in texture. It could provide a quantitative indicator for clinical diagnosis of female bladder neck obstruction and etiology research and display important clinical values.
Modeling, Production, and Testing of an Echogenic Needle for Ultrasound‐Guided Nerve Blocks
Authors: Bigeleisen Paul E. , Hess Aaron , Zhu Richard , Krediet Annelot
Published: May 2016

We have designed, produced, and tested an echogenic needle based on a sawtooth pattern where the height of the tooth was 1.25 times the wavelength of the ultrasound transducer. A numeric solution to the time‐independent wave equation (Helmholtz equation) was used to create a model of backscattering from a needle. A 21‐gauge stainless steel prototype was manufactured and tested in a water bath. Backscattering from the needle was compared to theoretical predications from our model. Based on these results, an 18‐gauge prototype needle was fabricated from stainless steel and tested in a pig cadaver. This needle was compared to a commercial 18‐gauge echogenic needle (Pajunk Medical Systems, Tucker, GA) by measuring the brightness of the needle relative to the background of sonograms of a needle in a pig cadaver. The backscattering from the 21‐gauge prototype needle reproduced the qualitative predictions of our model. At 30° and 45° of insonation, our prototype performed equivalently to the Pajunk needle. At 60°, our prototype was significantly brighter than the Pajunk needle (P = .017). In conclusion, we chose a model for the design of an echogenic needle and modeled it on the basis of a solution to the Helmholtz equation. A prototype needle was tested in a water bath and compared to the model prediction. After verification of our model, we designed an 18‐gauge needle, which performed better than an existing echogenic needle (Pajunk) at 60° of insonation. Our needle will require further testing in human trials.
Crustal shear velocity structure in the Southern Lau Basin constrained by seafloor compliance
Authors: Zha Yang , Webb Spahr C.
Published: May 2016

Seafloor morphology and crustal structure vary significantly in the Lau back‐arc basin, which contains regions of island arc formation, rifting, and seafloor spreading. We analyze seafloor compliance: deformation under long period ocean wave forcing, at 30 ocean bottom seismometers to constrain crustal shear wave velocity structure along and across the Eastern Lau Spreading Center (ELSC). Velocity models obtained through Monte Carlo inversion of compliance data show systematic variation of crustal structure in the basin. Sediment thicknesses range from zero thickness at the ridge axis to 1400 m near the volcanic arc. Sediment thickness increases faster to the east than to the west of the ELSC, suggesting a more abundant source of sediment near the active arc volcanoes. Along the ELSC, upper crustal velocities increase from the south to the north where the ridge has migrated farther away from the volcanic arc front. Along the axial ELSC, compliance analysis did not detect a crustal low‐velocity body, indicating less melt in the ELSC crustal accretion zone compared to the fast spreading East Pacific Rise. Average upper crust shear velocities for the older ELSC crust produced when the ridge was near the volcanic arc are 0.5–0.8 km/s slower than crust produced at the present‐day northern ELSC, consistent with a more porous extrusive layer. Crust in the western Lau Basin, which although thought to have been produced through extension and rifting of old arc crust, is found to have upper crustal velocities similar to older oceanic crust produced at the ELSC.
Systematic deviations in source direction estimates of Q‐bursts recorded at Nagycenk, Hungary
Authors: Bór József , Ludván Brigitta , Attila Novák , Steinbach Péter
Published: May 2016

Q‐bursts are globally detectable extremely low frequency (ELF, 3–3000 Hz) band wave packets produced by intense lightning discharges. Q‐bursts recorded in the Széchenyi István Geophysical Observatory (NCK, 16.7°E, 47.6°N), Hungary, on 1 and 2 August 2012 have been analyzed to find azimuths of their sources. The location of parent lightning strokes of 320 and 205 Q‐bursts on the 2 days, respectively, have been identified in the records of the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) using the detection times at NCK. ELF data‐based source azimuths were found to differ systematically from source azimuths obtained from WWLLN lightning locations. The difference between the corresponding azimuth values depends on the azimuth of the source. This variation of the source azimuth error mirrors the symmetry of the conductance of the Earth's crust inferred from magnetotelluric measurements around NCK. After correction for the azimuthal dependence, the variation of the residual error shows a diurnal pattern with positive azimuth deviations occurring near midnight, local time. Füllekrug and Sukhorukov (1999) suggested that the anisotropic conductivity in the Earth's crust below the observatory and the different daytime and nighttime conductivities in the lower ionosphere, respectively, may cause the identified error terms. Our results emphasize the substantial effect of anisotropic conductivity in the Earth's crust around the recording station on the accuracy of ELF direction finding. The need for theoretical approach and more measurements is pointed in understanding the underlying mechanisms quantitatively and in investigating whether ELF observations can be used in geophysical prospecting.
Boudinage and folding as an energy instability in ductile deformation
Authors: Peters Max , Herwegh Marco , Paesold Martin K. , Poulet Thomas , Regenauer‐Lieb Klaus , Veveakis Manolis
Published: May 2016

We present a theory for the onset of localization in layered rate‐ and temperature‐sensitive rocks, in which energy‐related mechanical bifurcations lead to localized dissipation patterns in the transient deformation regime. The implementation of the coupled thermomechanical 2‐D finite element model comprises an elastic and rate‐dependent von Mises plastic rheology. The underlying system of equations is solved in a three‐layer pure shear box, for constant velocity and isothermal boundary conditions. To examine the transition from stable to localized creep, we study how material instabilities are related to energy bifurcations, which arise independently of the sign of the stress conditions imposed on opposite boundaries, whether in compression or extension. The onset of localization is controlled by a critical amount of dissipation, termed Gruntfest number, when dissipative work by temperature‐sensitive creep translated into heat overcomes the diffusive capacity of the layer. Through an additional mathematical bifurcation analysis using constant stress boundary conditions, we verify that boudinage and folding develop at the same critical Gruntfest number. Since the critical material parameters and boundary conditions for both structures to develop are found to coincide, the initiation of localized deformation in strong layered media within a weaker matrix can be captured by a unified theory for localization in ductile materials. In this energy framework, neither intrinsic nor extrinsic material weaknesses are required, because the nucleation process of strain localization arises out of steady state conditions. This finding allows us to describe boudinage and folding structures as the same energy attractor of ductile deformation.
Atomic Layer Deposition on Block Copolymer Membranes with Gyroidal Nanopores Toward Periodically Nanostructured Vapor Sensors: Nanotubes versus Nanorods
Authors: Guo Leiming , Zhong Zhaoxiang , Wang Yong
Published: May 2016

3D gyroidal networks of ZnO nanorods or nanotubes are synthesized by replicating block copolymer (BCP) templates with gyroidal nanopores via atomic layer deposition (ALD). The generation of 3D ZnO nanorods or nanotubes depends on the thicknesses of deposited ZnO layers, which can be easily and precisely controlled by adjusting ALD cycles. The as‐obtained ZnO nanostructures have porosities as high as 77% for gyroidal nanorods and 86% for gyroidal nanotubes due to their unique interconnected structures and rough surfaces. Both gyroidal ZnO nanostructures are used as vapor sensors to detect ethanol with different concentrations. Gyroidal ZnO nanotubes show higher ethanol sensitivity than nanorods because of the inherently interconnected nanotubes and larger porosity. Gyroidal ZnO nanotubes can also act as formaldehyde sensors with the sensitivity as high as 42 to 50 ppm formaldehyde, which is much higher than previously reported sensors based on ZnO nanorods or nanotubes.
Prediction of the impact of coding missense and nonsense single nucleotide polymorphisms on HD5 and HBD1 antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli
Authors: Porto William F. , Nolasco Diego O. , Pires Állan S. , Pereira Rinaldo W. , Franco Octávio L. , Alencar Sérgio A.
Published: May 2016

Defensins confer host defense against microorganisms and are important for human health. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in defensin gene‐coding regions could lead to less active variants. Using SNP data available at the dbSNP database and frequency information from the 1000 Genomes Project, two DEFA5 (L26I and R13H) and eight DEFB1 (C35S, K31T, K33R, R29G, V06I, C12Y, Y28* and C05*) missense and nonsense SNPs that are located within mature regions of the coded defensins were retrieved. Such SNPs are rare and population restricted. In order to assess their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, two linear regression models were used from a previous work, which models the antibacterial activity as a function of solvation potential energy, using molecular dynamics data. Regarding only the antibacterial predictions, for HD5, no biological differences between wild‐type and its variants were observed; while for HBD1, the results suggest that the R29G, K31T, Y28* and C05* variants could be less active than the wild‐type one. The data here reported could lead to a substantial improvement in knowledge about the impact of missense SNPs in human defensins and their world distribution. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 106: 633–644, 2016.
ChemInform Abstract: HIGH‐RESOLUTION NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY OF QUADRUPOLAR NUCLEI: NITROGEN‐14 AND OXYGEN‐17 EXAMPLES
Authors: ROBERT J. M. , EVILIA R. F.
Published: May 2016

Bisher war es nahezu unmöglich, hochauflösende NMR‐Spektren von magnetisch aktiven Isotopen mit Spinquantenzahlen 1/2 zu erhalten, da aufgrund der wirksamen Spin‐Relaxation durch die Wechselwirkung der nuclearen Quadrupole eine starke Linienverbreiterung auftritt.
ChemInform Abstract: EXTENSION OF THE PHOTORESPONSE OF SEMICONDUCTING ZINC OXIDE ELECTRODES BY 3D‐IMPURITIES ABSORBING IN THE VISIBLE REGION OF THE SOLAR SPECTRUM
Authors: FICHOU D. , POULIQUEN J. , KOSSANYI J. , JAKANI M. , CAMPET G. , CLAVERIE J.
Published: May 2016

Es wird das photoelektrochemische Verhalten von mit Cr", Mn", Fe", Co" und Ni" dotierten polykristallinen Zn0‐Anoden in wäßrigen Elektrolyten untersucht, wobei eine Erhöhung des Photostroms bei mit 1.0 Atom‐Wo Mn", Co" und Ni" dotierten Anoden beobachtet wird.
ChemInform Abstract: Thermal Decomposition of Hydrated Magnesium Phosphates.
Authors: KOMORNICKI S. , HEFLIK W.
Published: May 2016

Aufgrund von DTA‐ und thermogravimetrischen Untersuchungen werden Mechanismen der thermischen Zers. von Mg3(PO4)2·22 H2O, MgHPO4·7 H2O und Mg(H2PO4)2·2 H2O vorgeschlagen.
ChemInform Abstract: Phase Diagram of the TlGaSe2 ‐ TlInSe2 System and Photoelectrical Properties of TlGa1‐xInxSe2 Single Crystals.
Authors: ALIYEV R. A. , GUSEINOV G. D. , NAJAFOV A. I. , ALIYEVA M. KH.
Published: May 2016

Mit DTA, Röntgen‐Phasen‐Analysen (XPA), Mikrostruktur‐Analysen, Messung der Mikrohärte und der Widerstände werden die Bereiche der Mischkristallbildung im Titelsystem bestimmt, die bei 0‐55.0 und 70‐100mol‐% TlInSe2 liegen.
ChemInform Abstract: Investigation of the Equilibrium Diagram of TlGaSe2 ‐ Nd2Se3 and Photoelectrical Properties of [TlGaSe2]1‐x[Nd2Se3]x Single Crystals.
Authors: ALIYEV R. A. , GUSEINOV G. D. , NAJAFOV A. I. , ALIYEVA M. KH.
Published: May 2016

Im pseudobinären Titelsystem ergibt sich nach vorstehenden Methoden eine Löslichkeit von bis zu 0.7 mol‐% Nd2Se3 in TlGaSe2.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOPOTENTIALS AND THE CORROSION OF MILD STEEL IN SODIUM SULFATE SOLUTION
Authors: BASTIDAS J. M. , SCANTLEBURY J. D.
Published: May 2016

Der Einfluß von Belichtung auf das Photopotential von unlegiertem Stahl in neutraler Na4SO4‐Lösung wird untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: INDIRECT RADIOTRACER STUDY OF THE ADSORPTION OF NITRATE IONS AT A PLATINIZED PLATINUM ELECTRODE IN ACIDIC MEDIUM
Authors: HORANYI G. , RIZMAYER E. M.
Published: May 2016

Durch indirekte Radiotraeer‐Untersuchungen in mit "Pversetzter H3PO4 als lndikatorspezies wird die N03′ ‐Adsorption auf der Elektrodenoberfläche in Abhängigkeit von der Konzentration und vom Potential untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: A METHOD FOR THE INHIBITION OF SULFIDE STRESS CORROSION CRACKING IN STEEL ‐ II. MECHANICAL ASPECTS
Authors: SRISKANDARAJAH T. , CHAN H. C. , TSEUNG A. C. C.
Published: May 2016

Die Effektivität von FEP‐gebundenen Mosz‐Beschichtungen zur Inhibierung der von Sulfid ausgelösten Spannungsrißkorrosion in Stahl wird anhand der mechanischen Eigenschaften von Gl‐Special‐ und API SLX GS‐Stählen in essigsaurer NaCl‐Lösung bei 1 atm H2S kritisch beurteilt.
ChemInform Abstract: THE REACTIONS OF ZIRCONIUM(IV) BROMIDE AND ZIRCONIUM(III) BROMIDE AND CHLORIDE WITH AMMONIA AND OF ZIRCONIUM(IV) BROMIDE WITH AMMONIUM CYANIDE
Authors: BOYLE E. L. , DODSWORTH E. S. , NICHOLLS D. , RYAN T. A.
Published: May 2016

Im Gegensatz zu ZrCl4 reagiert ZrBr4 bei Temp. bis ‐ 33°C nicht mit flüssigem NH3.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND LUMINESCENCE OF NEODYMIUM‐ AND SILICON‐ACTIVATED YTTRIUM ORTHOVANADATE
Authors: CHERCHES KH. A. , BELOKON' M. V. , SKRIPKO G. A. , POSKREBKO T. A. , MAIOROVA M. V.
Published: May 2016

Es werden Lösungen von Na3VO4‐ 12 H2O + Na2SiO3‐9 H2O (Lösung l) und Y(NO3)3‐6 H2O + NdCl3‐6 H2O (Lösung 2) hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: MOLYBDENUM HEXAIODOTETRASULFIDE
Authors: DROBOT D. V. , STARKOV V. V. , PISAREV E. A.
Published: May 2016

Durch Reaktion stöchiometrischer Mengen der Elemente in evakuierten Quarzampullen bei 900 bis IOOO°C, Reaktionszeit 48 h, wird die bisher nicht beschriebene Phase Mo6S.I6 erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: SIZE AND SELECTIVITY OF ZEOLITE CHEMISTRY. A REMARKABLE EFFECT OF ADDITIVE ON THE PRODUCTS PRODUCED IN THE PHOTOLYSES OF KETONES
Authors: TURRO N. J. , CHENG C.‐C. , LEI X.‐G. , FLANIGEN E. M.
Published: May 2016

Die bekannte Photolyse von Dibenzylketonen, adsorbiert an Zeolithen, wird am Beispiel Dibenzylketon und (J b.) p‐Methyl‐benzyl‐benzylketon und den Zeolithen NaA, NaX, NaY und 1,2‐IOS untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: L‐2‐NITRO‐1,3‐ALKANEDIOLS BY STEREOSELECTIVE ADDITION OF NITROETHANOL TO ALDEHYDES. ON THE ASYMMETRIC ELECTROPHILIC ADDITION TO DOUBLE BONDS
Authors: EYER M. , SEEBACH D.
Published: May 2016

Doppelte Deprotonierung des geschützten Nitroethanols (I) und Reaktion der gebildeten Nitronate mit verschiedenen Elektrophilen (V)‐(VII) bzw. (VIII) geben nach Abspaltung der Tetrahydropyranylgruppe die Verbindungen (IV) bzw. (IX).
ChemInform Abstract: STEREO‐ AND REGIOSELECTIVE PALLADIUM‐CATALYZED 1,4‐ACETOXYCHLORINATION OF 1,3‐DIENES. 1‐ACETOXY‐4‐CHLORO‐2‐ALKENES AS VERSATILE SYNTHONS IN ORGANIC TRANSFORMATIONS
Authors: BAECKVALL J.‐E. + , NYSTROEM J.‐E. + , NORDBERG R. E.
Published: May 2016

Die Pd‐katalysierte Oxidation von LB‐Dienen (I), (III), (VII), (X) bzw. (XII) liefen 1‐Acetoxy‐4‐chlor‐alkene (II), (IV) + (V) + (VI), (VIII), (XI) 28 [die angegebene Ausb. für (Xlc) gilt für das erhaltene Gemisch von (XI) und (XII)] bzw. (XIV) (Tabelle).
ChemInform Abstract: FUNCTIONALIZATION OF ALKENES BY A CYCLOADDITION‐CYCLOREVERSION SEQUENCE. PART 2. ANIONIC CYCLOREVERSION REACTIONS OF 2,5‐DIHYDROTHIOPHENE DERIVATIVES
Authors: PETTETT M. G. , HOLMES A. B.
Published: May 2016

Durch Reduktion der jeweiligen Sulfone (erhalten durch SO2‐Addition an die entsprechenden Diene) bzw. durch Cycloaddition von Thiocarbonylyliden an elektronenarme Dipolarophile erhaltene 2,5‐Dihydrothiophene werden in die Salze (I), (III), (V) und (VII) übergeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: CARBENE REACTIONS. XVIII. THERMAL BEHAVIOR OF 7‐ALKYLIDENEBICYCLO(2.2.1)HEPTADIENE DERIVATIVES
Authors: HOFFMANN R. W. , RIEMANN A. , MAYER B.
Published: May 2016

Von den untersuchten Titelverbindungen (I) sind (Ia), (Ij), (Ik) bekannt; ausgehend von Quadricyclanon (II) werden (Ib) (vgl.
ChemInform Abstract: THE NITRILE OXIDE‐ISOCYANATE REARRANGEMENT
Authors: TAYLOR G. A.
Published: May 2016

Die thermische Umlagerung des Benzonitriloxids (I) zum entsprechenden Isocyanat (II) wird anhand des Einsatzes der markierten Substrate (IVc) und (VIc) sowie kinetischer Untersuchungen studiert.
ChemInform Abstract: A PHOTOCHEMICAL ROUTE TO THE PROTOBERBERINE SKELETON
Authors: COYLE J. D. , BRYANT L. R. B. , CRAGG J. E. , CHALLINER J. F. , HAWS E. J.
Published: May 2016

Die Photocyclisierung der aus den entsprechend substituierten Phthalimiden und Tetrahydroisochinolinen mit Formaldehyd erhältlichen Mannich‐Basen (I) (Ausb. 55‐91%) gibt die pentacyclische Verbindung (II), die sich unter Säurekatalyse in die Dihydrodibenzochinolizinone (III) umlagem [(IIIc), das bekannte I3‐I‐Iydroxy‐8‐oxo‐xylopinin, ist dem 13‐Hydroxy‐oxoberberin eng verwandt].
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOCHEMICAL FORMATION OF METHYLENECYCLOPROPANE ANALOGS. 11. PHOTOCHEMICAL ELIMINATION OF NITROGEN FROM PHENYL‐SUBSTITUTED 1,4‐DIHYDRO‐5‐IMINO‐5H‐TETRAZOLES. PRODUCTS OF PHENYL‐SUBSTITUTED TRIS(IMINO)METHANE DIRADICALS
Authors: QUAST H. , FUSS A. , NAHR U.
Published: May 2016

Aus den Methylthiotetrazoliumsalzen (I) und prim. Aminen (II) (verschiedene Reaktionsbedingungen) werden die Titelverbindungen (III) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: NUCLEOPHILE AND ARYL RADICAL REACTIVITY IN SRN1 AROMATIC NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS. ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE ELECTROCHEMICAL DETERMINATION
Authors: AMATORE C. , OTURAN M. A. , PINSON J. , SAVEANT J.‐M. , THIEBAULT A.
Published: May 2016

Mit drei elektrochemischen Methoden (Cyclovoltammetrie, ReIativmethode, Redoxkatalyse) werden die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten der Reaktion Ar′ + Nu" für 26 Arylradikal‐Nucleophil‐Paare ermittelt.
ChemInform Abstract: FORMATION OF GLYCOL MONOACETATES IN THE OXIDATION OF OLEFINS CATALYZED BY METAL NITRO COMPLEXES: MONO‐ VS. BIMETALLIC SYSTEM
Authors: MARES F. , DIAMOND S. E. , REGINA F. J. , SOLAR J. P.
Published: May 2016

Die‐ Oxidation terrninaler Ole‐ ?ne (Propylen, Ethylen, l‐Octen) durch Chloronitrobis‐[acetonitril]‐Pd(II) in Essigsäure führt hauptsächlich zu einem Gemisch von Glykolmonoacetat‐Isomeren.
ChemInform Abstract: SELECTIVE CATALYTIC OXIDATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS BY NITROGEN DIOXIDE
Authors: NYARADY S. A. , SIEVERS R. E.
Published: May 2016

Die knapp beschriebene neue Titelmethode (Patente angemeldet) kann sowohl zur Synthese wie zur selektiven und empfindlichen chromatographischen Analyse eingesetzt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: MECHANISM OF THE OZONOLYSIS OF CARBON‐HYDROGEN BONDS: EFFECT OF SILICA‐SOLVENT, HYDROGEN/DEUTERIUM ISOTOPE EFFECT, INTERMEDIATES
Authors: ZARTH M. , DE MEIJERE A.
Published: May 2016

H‐Bindungeu: SiO2‐Lösungsmitteleinfluß, H/D‐Isotopieeffekt, Zwischenstufen.