bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Implant Angulation and Depth on the Accuracy of Casts Using the Open Tray Splinted Impression Technique
Authors: Taduri Thanmai , Mathur Somil , Upadhyay Snehal , Patel Khushali , Shah Meena
Published: December 2020

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of open tray dental implant impressions when the implants are placed with varying implant angulations and depths. Four partially edentulous models were fabricated using photopolymer resin, each having different angulation and depth of the implant analogs. A total of 40 open tray elastomeric impressions were made, which were poured in type IV die stone (n = 10). These casts were evaluated and compared for accurate reproduction of the spatial orientation of the implant analogs in the models using digitization in 3 dimensions. The results were analyzed using the independent T test. Statistically significant differences were observed when the casts were compared with their respective master models. These casts had the implant replicas placed deeper within the replicated soft tissue. Making accurate impressions in partially edentulous situations with dental implants placed with varying depth and angulation is critical and clinically demanding. There is a need for future in vivo research to identify methods and materials, exploring digital impression techniques as well, in order to make precise impressions.
In Vivo Evaluation of Bovine Xenograft Associated With Oxygen Therapy in Alveolar Bone Repair
Authors: de Almeida Camila Saggioro , Sartoretto Suelen C. , Durte Isabelle Martins , Alves Adriana T. N. N. , Barreto Helder Valiense , Resende Rodrigo F. B. , Calasans-Maia Mônica D. , de Albuquerque José Calasans-Maia
Published: December 2020

To preserve alveolar bone thickness and width after extraction, clinical strategies have been adopted to reduce or eliminate the need for future surgical interventions to increase the alveolar ridge. The use of xenogeneic biomaterials has been increasing for such application. The association of bone substitutes with active oxygen-based materials, which is essential in the wound-healing process, could accelerate bone repair, optimizing the maintenance of alveolar architecture after extraction. However, the truth of this hypothesis is not clear. The present study aimed to compare the biological response to inorganic bovine bone graft Bonefill (BF), associated or not with active oxygen-based oral gel Bluem (BF+BM), in alveolar bone repair. Twenty female Wistar rats were randomly allocated. The left upper central incisor was extracted, and the dental sockets were filled with BF in the control group (n = 10) and with BF+BM in the experimental group (n = 10). The animals were euthanized at 7 and 42 days after implantation (n = 5), and the samples were processed for descriptive histological and histomorphometric evaluations. The results showed no significant difference between the groups (P > .05). Both groups presented a time-dependent increase in newly formed bone and biosorption biomaterial (P = .0001). The association between active oxygen-based gel and inorganic bovine bone graft did not interfere with or improve bone repair during the experimental periods of alveolar bone repair in rats.
Role of Probiotics for the Treatment of Peri-Implant Mucositis in Patients With and Without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Alqahtani Fawaz , Alshaikh Maha , Mehmood Abid , Alqhtani Nasser , Alkhtani Fahad , Alenazi Adel
Published: December 2020

This study hypothesized that probiotic therapy (PT) does not offer additional benefits to mechanical debridement (MD) for the treatment of diabetic subjects with peri-implant mucositis (PM). This study compared the influence of PT as an adjunct to MD for the treatment of PM in type 2 diabetic and nondiabetic patients over a 12-month follow-up period. Patients with and without type 2 diabetes were included. PM patients were categorized into 2 groups based on the treatment procedure: (1) nonsurgical + PT and (2) nonsurgical MD alone. Demographics and education statuses were recorded. Gingival index (GI) and plaque index (PI), crestal bone loss (CBL), and probing depth (PD) were measured at baseline and after 6 and 12 months. Significant differences were detected with P < .01. The hemoglobin A1c level was significantly higher in patients with diabetes at all time durations than in patients without type 2 diabetes (P < .001). Baseline GI, PI, PD, and CBL were comparable in all groups. In patients with type 2 diabetes, there was no difference in PI, GI, PD, and CBL at 6- and 12-month follow-up. In patients without type 2 diabetes, there was a significant reduction in PI (P < .01), GI (P < .01), and PD (P < .01) at 6-month and 1-year follow-up as compared with baseline. In patients without type 2 diabetes, MD with or without adjunct PT reduced soft-tissue inflammatory parameters in patients with PM.
PRACTITIONER OF COOPERATIVE LEARNING AS PART OF NOVICE TEACHERS’ PROFESSIONAL IDENTITY
Authors: Astuti Puji
Published: December 2020

This paper identifies challenges that English as a foreign language (EFL) novice teachers in Indonesia may face in developing a professional identity, which, in this paper, refers to becoming a practitioner of cooperative learning. Cooperative learning is a mandated teaching method both in the 2006 and 2013 Indonesian curriculum, and is under the umbrella of Communicative Language Teaching approach that has been adopted by English instruction in Indonesia since 1980s. This approach stresses interaction between language learners and the use of the target language in this interaction. Drawing on four related theories of development of selves (Wenger’s Concepts of Community of Practice, Lave and Wenger’s Concepts of Situat- ed Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation, Gee’s Sociocultural Views of Identity, and Holland, Lachicotte, Skinner, and Cain’s Concepts of Identi- ty and Agency in Cultural Worlds), four challenges to the development of the target professional identity are identified: (1) the unavailability of community of cooperative learning practitioners, (2) hegemony vs. identity development, (3) agency in the midst of tensions, and (4) institutional identity vs. professional identity. These interconnected and overlapping challenges suggest novice EFL teachers to possess agency to attain the target identity and suggest teacher education programs to equip their student teachers with knowledge and skills of teacher identity development and agency.
Suggestions on Writing for Publication in Language Learning Journals
Authors: Jacobs George M.
Published: December 2020

This article provides suggestions on writing for journals in the field of language learning. These suggestions are presented in the three sections. The first section discusses how to begin. Suggestions in this section are that we appreciate the benefits of writing for publication, develop good ideas, work efficiently, ponder options as to what type of writing to do, choose a good topic, consider replication of other's research, and cooperate with others. The second section presents suggestions on doing the actual writing. Here, it is suggested that we connect ideas, delve deeply into the ideas we present, strive to write the reader friendlymanner, use visuals, and improve our writing by noticing how other journal authors write. The third section concerns relations with editors. The advice given is that we choose carefully the journal to which we submit our work, follow that journal's directions to contributors, include a cover letter, be prepared to wait patiently, welcome critical feedback from editors and reviewers, and view editors as colleagues. Received: 10th November 1998; Revised: 31st December 1998; Accepted: 5th January 1999How to cite: Jacobs, G. (2015). Suggestions on Writing for Publication in Language Learning Journals.TEFLIN Journal - A publication on the teaching and learning of English - A publication on the teaching and learning of English, 10(1), 1-16. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.15639/teflinjournal.v10i1/1-16Permalink/DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15639/teflinjournal.v10i1/1-16Cited by (Google Scholar)
English Classroom Culture Reformation: How Can It be Done?
Authors: Lestari Lies Amin
Published: December 2020

People say that the teaching of English in Indonesia is unsuccessful. Senior High School graduates, after having been studying English for six years, are unable to use the language in daily communication. One of the causes of the failure, in my opinion, is our classroom 'culture' that is not conducive to the learning process.In the classroom students are supposed to sit nicely, listen to the teacher attentively and are obedient to him. The teacher is the only one who is supposed to know everything and therefore becomes the one who dominates the classroom. If this culture, especially during the English class, is not reformed, I think, whatever efforts undertaken to improve the quality of the teaching will he futile.English classroom culture should he different from other classes since the objective of the teaching is also different. An English classroom, therefore, should be a lively one in which students have the chance to practise the language they are learning, and the teacher is the one who facilitates the learning process.
The Use of Bahasa Indonesia in the ELT Classroom
Authors: Pasaribu Baharuddin
Published: December 2020

This paper presents a survey of to use of Bahasa Indonesia in ELT classroom. The respondents of this survey were 265 students from various private universities in Bogor. It was assumed that all respondents who answered the questionnaires understood the aims of the survey. The results show, among others, that many of the students stated that Bahasa Indonesia should be used in ELT classroom and almost half the number of the students liked their teacher's use of Bahasa Indonesia. Some required conditions to use Bahasa Indonesia include the difficulty of the concepts to be explained, the degree of comprehension of the students, and class administration.
Strategic Competence: Bridging the Cross-Cultural Communication
Authors: Musyahda Lila
Published: December 2020

The writer of this article is interested in examining the strategis competence, i.e., the ability to solve communication problems an inadequate command of the linguistic and sociocultural code because of it, can contribute to the development of an overall communicative competence. The concept of strategic competence is within the general framework of interlanguage development. The article describes two basic types of communication strategies: reduction and achievement, concentrating particularly on the use of achievement strategies at the discourse level for English learners to manage a communication across culture appropriately.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING IN INDONESIA: A CONTINUOUS CHALLENGE IN EDUCATION AND CULTURAL DIVERSITY
Authors: Marcellino M.
Published: December 2020

The linguistic situations and conditions in Indonesia are quite complex by their own natures as more than seven hundred vernaculars with their various dialects from a great number of ethnic groups have been used as media of communication in the country. Accordingly, the success of English teaching in Indonesia cannot be freed from the students' cultural backgrounds, values, customs, and beliefs as well as the political standpoint of the government regarding this foreign language. English language teaching has then undergone more than four changes in its curriculum since the country's independence and brought no significant impact upon the learning outcomes. This study reveals the substantial unconstructive influence of the students' cultures and the non-conducive language environment affecting their language acquisition. Other aspects related to the teachers' performance and class preparations equally contribute to the ineffective classroom interactions. This study offers some practical suggestions to cope with those problems.
CONFRONTED PATRIARCHY IN SYLVIA PLATH'S POEMS
Authors: Subagyo Kukuh Prayitno
Published: December 2020

The American literary canons, mainly those of the nineteen fifties and the nineteen sixties, had consistently portrayed women as subservient citizens. Women in the American culture had been put under men's domination and thus lost their identity and been unable to determine their own fate. They played roles long prescribed by men, both in the home and in their social milieu. As products of the era, a number of Sylvia Plath's poems depict confrontation against this phenomenon of patriarchy in which women have been inferior to and abused by men; they fight for freedom and to regain their true roles as women and human beings.
TEST IMPACT: ENGLISH CERTIFICATION EXIT REQUIREMENTS IN TAIWAN
Authors: Pan Yi-CHing
Published: December 2020

In light of the importance of understanding the social impacts of test use, this paper synthesizes the opinions and surveys of a variety of stakeholders, including businesses, the government, administrators, educators and students, regarding the English exit requirements, as reported in major local newspapers during the last decade. It then constructs implications in terms of considerations for those involved in the establishment of the requirements and provides insights and suggestions for other stakeholders. By doing so, it is hoped that this study will be beneficial to those who are active in the fields of English teaching, policy-making and test development.
DOES RETELLING TECHNIQUE IMPROVE SPEAKING FLUENCY?
Authors: Rachmawaty Noor , Hermagustiana Istanti
Published: December 2020

This paper is based on a study on speaking fluency performed by six low level students using retelling technique. The aim of the study is to find out the effect of retelling on the students’ speaking fluency and to know the strategies used by those students while retelling a story. The data were the speaking transcripts which were analyzed to see the progress after six-time treatment was given. The result reveals that the speaking fluency of the students increased in some areas as shown by the improvement on their vocabulary and comprehensibility.
PYGMALION: A STUDY OF SOCIO-SEMANTICS
Authors: Anugerahwati Mirjam
Published: December 2020

This article discusses the novel Pygmalionby George Bernard Shaw (1957) which depicts Eliza, a flower girl from East London, who became the subject of an “experiment” by a Professor of Phonetics who vowed to change the way she spoke. The story is an excellent example of a very real and contextual portrait of how language, particularly socio-semantics, play a role in the achievement of communicative competence.
CRITICAL PEDAGOGY(IES) FOR ELT IN INDONESIA
Authors: Larson Kasey R.
Published: December 2020

This paper will explore the theoretical underpinnings that present a rationale for the use of critical pedagogy as an English Language Teaching (ELT) approach in Indonesia. A brief description of critical pedagogy is given, followed by a detailed rationale for its use including an overview of critical pedagogy studies done in Asia, an exploration of the curriculum and teaching approach decreed by the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture, and calls for critical pedagogy by Indonesian scholars and teachers. This paper will conclude with some beginning steps that can be undertaken by teachers who want to implement a more critical approach to teaching.
IMPROVING THE GRAMMATICAL ACCURACY OF THE SPOKEN ENGLISH OF INDONESIAN INTERNATIONAL KINDERGARTEN STUDENTS
Authors: Gozali Imelda , Harjanto Ignatius
Published: December 2020

The need to improve the spoken English of kindergarten students in an international preschool in Surabaya prompted this Classroom Action Research (CAR). It involved the implementation of Form-Focused Instruction (FFI) strategy coupled with Corrective Feedback (CF) in Grammar lessons. Four grammar topics were selected, namely Regular Plural form, Subject Pronoun, Auxiliary Verbs Do/Does, and Irregular Past Tense Verbs as they were deemed to be the morpho-syntax which children acquire early in life based on the order of acquisition in Second Language Acquisition. The results showed that FFI and CF contributed to the improvement of the spoken grammar in varying degrees, depending on the academic performance, personality, and specific linguistic traits of the students. Students with high academic achievement could generally apply the grammar points taught after the FFI lessons in their daily speech. Students who were rather talkative were sensitive to the CF and could provide self-repair when prompted. Those with lower academic performance generally did not benefit much from the FFI lessons nor the CF.
VOICES OF PRE-SERVICE ENGLISH TEACHERS: REFLECTING MOTIVATIONS DURING PRACTICUM LEARNING
Authors: Kuswandono Paulus
Published: December 2020

After Dewey (1933) and Schön (1983, 1987), education scholars began to look further at the concepts of reflection for learning. Following these concepts, there have been plenty of studies on reflection, particularly those discussing teachers' classroom experiences and their endeavour to de-velop professional skills. However, educational practitioners in Indonesia (as in the rest of the world) often criticise preservice teachers' (PSTs) lack of content knowledge, which they claim should be 'prioritised' during a teacher education course. Such pressing situations may have made it difficult to model or experience reflective practice. Against these odds, this research pa-per addresses issues related to the identity and professional development of thirteen English PSTs during their campus and school-based practicum in an Indonesian university. This study collected empirical data through PSTs' re-flective journals, questionnaires, individual interviews, focus group discus-sion, and autobiography. The study examines problems encountered by PSTs, namely their motivations to become teachers. This study signifies that teacher education needs to provide more reflective dialogues to shape PSTs’ identity and professionalism.
INTEGRATING EIL PEDAGOGY IN A PRE-SERVICE TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAM
Authors: Zacharias Nugrahenny T.
Published: December 2020

Among the existing pedagogies to teach English, many scholars have claimed that English as International Language (EIL) pedagogy is the most suitable pedagogy to the changing sociolinguistic landscape of English and English users. Despite such strong claims, little is actually known on how EIL pedagogy is experienced by teachers. The present article documented the experience of ten bilingual English student-teachers (BESTs) on practicing EIL pedagogy in a Microteaching course and during the teaching practice. Data were collected primarily from a focus group discussion and three individual interviews. The findings of the study indicated the complexity of practicing EIL pedagogy in the classroom. BESTs were enthusiastic about EIL pedagogy that they voluntarily decided to continue practicing the pedagogy during the teaching practice. Despite the enthusiasm in practicing EIL, the study points to the limited understanding BESTs have of EIL pedagogy when it relates to setting pedagogic models. Although some BESTs did attempt to bring local Englishes into the classroom, it seems they continue to perceive Native English Speakers (NES)/standard English as the desirable pedagogical models. The paper ends with specific suggestions for preservice teacher education program to better prepare BESTs to teach English in the era of World English particularly in Expanding circle countries.
MOBILE LEARNING TO IMPROVE WRITING IN ESL TEACHING
Authors: Noriega Heidy Selene Robles
Published: December 2020

This article reports on the results of a study concerning the type of texts and their features produced by a student after using mobile technology as a support to improve the development of the students’ writing skills in a second language. The Functional Systemic Linguistic (FSL), Genre Pedagogical Approach (GPA), and mobile learning concepts were employed as theoretical framework. The participant of the research was a freshman student that belongs to an English narrative course in a private university of the Caribbean region, Universidad Del Norte in Barranquilla, Colombia. This case study analyzed the student’s writing during a period of eight-week course, which was then complemented with an interview conducted by the researcher. The results reveal that genre approach can be implemented with mobile technology to increase students’ writing ability.
PROMOTING LANGUAGE LEARNERS’ CROSS-CULTURAL AWARENESS THROUGH COMPARATIVE ANALYSES OF ASIAN FOLKTALES
Authors: Lwin Soe Marlar
Published: December 2020

With the global spread, the English language has become a lingua franca and a component of basic education in many Asian countries, making Asia one of the regions in the world with the largest number of English speakers. However, due to the rich cultural diversities of Asian societies, using English as a lingua franca in Asia implies that speakers need to develop not only communicative competence but intercultural communicative competence, so as to ensure successful communication among people from different Asian societies. Given that successful intercultural communication requires the speakers’ appreciation of their cultural diversities, while celebrating certain similarities, promoting learners’ cross-cultural awareness has become one of the important objectives of English language teaching in Asia. In this paper, I will draw on some sample analyses of Asian folktales which have been translated into English to (i) identify and explore the features of narrative structures and contents which can be seen as transcultural and others which can be highlighted as culture-specific, and (ii) discuss how such comparative analyses of narrative structures and contents in Asian folktales can be used to promote the cross-cultural awareness of English language learners in Asia. Implications for the socio-cultural-based English language teaching are offered.
￼WHAT MOTIVATES PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS TO ￼BECOME TEACHERS AND THEIR PERSPECTIVES ￼OF ENGLISH TEACHING AS A CAREER OPTION
Authors: Tustiawati I. A. Mela
Published: December 2020

Teaching motivation issues are well-researched in several countries. However, these issues have been rarely investigated in the Indonesian context. This study investigated motivational factors that influence pre-service teachers to enter English teacher training and their perspectives of English teaching as a career option. It comprised a survey of 140 pre-service teachers from a teacher training institution in Bali and two semi-structured group interviews. The results suggest that the participants are more influenced by intrinsic and altruistic factors than extrinsic factors. These findings contradict earlier studies of teacher motivation in developing countries and what is generally believed in Indonesia. Moreover, the development of the tourism industry in Bali seems to have a great impact on the participants’ perspectives of English teaching in Bali in particular and in Indonesia in general. Most of those surveyed held positive views of the development of English teaching as a career option. Finally the study suggested implications and recommendations for additional studies within the Indonesian context.
THE EFFECT OF GRAMMATICAL ACCURACY AND GENDER ON INTERLANGUAGE REQUEST STRATEGY
Authors: Sanjaya I Nyoman Suka , Sitawati Anak Agung Raka
Published: December 2020

The present study was aimed at examining whether grammatical accuracy and gender were significant predictors of the use of request strategy (direct or indirect). Participants were 39 seventh semester students (29 males and 10 females) majoring in an International Business Management program at a public higher education institution in Bali. Their English proficiency levels ranged from pre-intermediate to intermediate. The participants were asked to write an e-mail based on a situation carefully designed so as to necessitate the use of indirect strategy. Grammatical accuracy was operationalized as an average score per T-unit. The head act of each request was coded as either direct or indirect, and the binary logistic regression was conducted on the data with significance level being set at p < .05. The results revealed that neither grammatical accuracy (Wald = 0.72, df = 1, p = 0.40) nor gender (Wald = 0.67, df = 1, p = 0.41) was a significant predictor of a request strategy use. The use of request strategy could not also be predicted from the interaction of grammatical accuracy and gender, Wald = 0.66, df = 1, p = 0.42. These results indicate that the odds for using indirect strategy are similar regardless of the level of grammatical accuracy and gender.
PROFICIENCY LEVEL AND LANGUAGE LEARNING STRATEGY CHOICE OF ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY LEARNERS IN INDONESIA
Authors: Alfian Alfian
Published: December 2020

This study explores the relation between language proficiency level and language learning strategy choice of EFL learners at an Islamic university in Indonesia. Two hundred and eighty four participants classified based on their proficiency levels (high, medium, and low) as determined by their achievement results completed the Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL) version 7.0 questionnaires. The findings indicated that there was a linear relationship between proficiency level and strategy use; the higher the proficiency level, the higher the number of strategies employed. Furthermore, it was also found that higher proficiency level learners tended to choose meta-cognitive strategies; they usually managed learning by conscientious planning, monitoring, and evaluating their own learning. The findings also demonstrated that low proficiency level learners were inclined to choose affective strategies, meaning that they were concerned with the emotional requirements such as confidence. The findings of this study provide contribution to further development of existing global theories about language learner strategies, and are beneficial for classroom practice in the Indonesian context, especially in raising EFL teachers’ awareness about ways in improving student learning.
￼THE NON-NATIVE TEACHER: ￼INTERVIEW WITH PROF. PÉTER MEDGYES
Authors: Floris Flora Debora
Published: December 2020

Péter Medgyes, CBE, is Professor Emeritus of Applied Linguistics and Language Pedagogy. During his career he was a schoolteacher, teacher trainer, vice rector, vice president of IATEFL, deputy state secretary and ambassador of Hungary. He was a plenary speaker in over fifty countries and author of numerous books and papers published both in his home country and abroad. His most recent book is the third edition of The Non-native Teacher (Swan Communication, 2017). His main professional interests lie in teacher education, language policy and humour research.
HOW ENGLISH TEACHERS LEARN IN INDONESIA: TENSION BETWEEN POLICY-DRIVEN AND SELF-DRIVEN PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Utami I. G. A. Lokita Purnamika , Prestridge Sarah
Published: December 2020

Professional Development (PD) and Professional Learning (PL) are established terms which are used interchangeably but theoretically have notable differences. The former is formally and externally designed while the latter is more informal and self-directed. These differing characteristics have not been observed in the context where PD is normally governed by government policy. As such, there is little to no research on Indonesian English teachers’ practice, preferences and dispositions for PD or PL. A qualitative study was conducted involving four English teachers from Indonesia who demonstrated active participation in professional development and professional learning activities. Developmental interviews were the main source of data. The study showed distinct variance in these teachers’ preference and action for PL through online networks, self-chosen PD and knowledge-sharing interactions with their colleagues. The study observed compliant dispositions and indifferent dispositions towards school PD policy. The study suggests the need to shift compliancy and policy measures from formal school based professional development to include online professional learning opportunities that the teachers initiate, with the integration of both approaches needing further research and development.
PLEASURE READING IN A FOREIGN LANGUAGE AND COMPETENCE IN SPEAKING, LISTENING, READING AND WRITING
Authors: Cho Kyung-Sook , Krashen Stephen
Published: December 2020

Positive and significant correlations ranging from .34 to .51 were found between self-reported pleasure reading (books, newspapers and magazines) and self-reported competence in speaking, listening, reading and writing English, among teachers in Korea whose responsibilities included teaching English as a foreign language.This result confirms the comprehension hypothesis, which claims that understanding what we hear and read is the cause of language development.
EXTENSIVE LISTENING AND VIEWING IN ELT
Authors: Ivone Francisca M. , Renandya Willy A.
Published: December 2020

Inspired by the success and informed by the principles of the Extensive Reading (ER) approach, Extensive Listening (EL) and Viewing have started to gain the attention of both L2 researchers and practitioners. The purpose of this paper is to examine the theoretical and research base of EL and the extent to which it is similar to or different from ER, discuss its language learning benefits for L2 students in different learning contexts, and explore different ways EL can be productively implemented in the classroom. Practical suggestions on how to source for freely available EL materials on the Internet and how these can be pedagogically used to enhance language proficiency are also offered. We believe that EL, when systematically implemented, can not only enhance students’ listening skills but also have a positive influence on the students’ overall language development.
￼ER IN TAIWAN: ￼SEARCHING FOR FERTILE GROUND
Authors: McCollister Michael
Published: December 2020

Taiwan’s National Development Council recently announced plans for the country to become bilingual by the year 2030. However, the Council did not lay out a clear road map for how this major accomplishment is to be achieved, and the curriculum presently in place does not seem to meet the challenge. This article will review the current status of English education in Taiwan as well as extensive reading’s under-utilized role in the present curriculum. It will then look at how ER is currently being implemented at one major university on the island and will conclude by arguing that, regardless of the kinds of curricular changes the Ministry of Education decides to adopt, extensive reading deserves an intrinsic role in the new design.
INSTRUCTOR LEADERSHIP IN EFL CLASSROOMS AND THE OUTCOMES: THE EFFECTS OF TRANSFORMATIONAL AND TRANSACTIONAL LEADERSHIP STYLES
Authors: Erdel Didem , Takkaç Mehmet
Published: December 2020

In this study, classroom leadership styles of English language instructors were investigated within the Full Range Leadership (FRL) framework with the purpose of determining the relationship between instructors’ leadership styles and the outcomes of leader (the instructor in the classroom context) effectiveness, students’ extra effort and student satisfaction. Classroom Leadership Instrument, a modified version of Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire, was administered to 300 students from English Language Teaching and English Language and Literature Departments at a Turkish state university. Research data were analyzed through inferential statistical tests and the results revealed that transformational leadership and active traits of transactional leadership significantly correlated with all three leadership outcomes. Consequently, the instructors with such leader characteristics appeared to be more effective teachers, whose students felt more satisfied with their teaching and displayed extra effort at a higher extent in the courses.
INTEGRATING CHARACTER EDUCATION IN THE ENGLISH TEACHING AT ISLAMIC JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOLS IN INDONESIA
Authors: Milal A. Dzo'ul , Rohmah Zuliati , Kusumajanti Wahju , Basthomi Yazid , Sholihah Diana Nur , Susilowati Meinarni
Published: December 2020

The rapid development of digital technology with its likely disruptive impacts on students’ morality and character necessitates teachers to reorient their roles. Teachers need to be skillful in incorporating moral messages and character education in their teaching supported by suitable learning resources. The current research is conducted to fulfill the needs of the English teachers in Islamic junior secondary schools in Indonesia for supplementary materials that can support the integration of Islamic moral messages and values in the teaching of English. These needs were identified from data collected through questionnaires, FGDs, and interviews. The supplementary materials, which were designed based on the needs analysis, underwent expert validation and a pilot study. The final version of the materials consists of ready-to-use-worksheets and teacher's guide and is named the Islamic Life Resource Pack (ILRP).
THE EFFECT OF TEACHING CULTURAL CONTENT ON INTERMEDIATE EFL LEARNERS’ READING COMPREHENSION ABILITY
Authors: Razavi Masoumeh , Gilakjani Abbas Pourhosein
Published: December 2020

This study investigated the effect of teaching cultural content on Iranian intermediate English as a foreign language (EFL) learners’ reading comprehension. To this end, 60 intermediate EFL learners from Shokouh Institute in Motelqu, Mazandaran, Iran were selected randomly and assigned to two groups, namely the control group and experimental group; 30 participants in each group were chosen based on their performance using the Oxford Placement Test (OPT). This study used a quasi-experimental, pretest-posttest control group research design. After the OPT, the reading comprehension pre-test was given to the participants to check their initial reading comprehension. During a six-week treatment period, both control and experimental groups received the same routine lesson plan of the institute but only the experimental group enjoyed the culture instruction in order to test its effect on learners’ reading comprehension improvement. At the final stage, the post-test was given to check their reading comprehension after the six-week treatment period. The data were analyzed using an Independent Samples T-test and a series of paired Samples T-tests. The results of this study showed that receiving cultural content instruction improved learners’ reading comprehension. In general, the results of experimental group supported the effect of teaching cultural content on Iranian learners’ reading comprehension.
Maintaining phagosome integrity during fungal infection: do or die?
Authors: Yang Mabel , Walpole Glenn F.W. , Westman Johannes
Published: December 2020

Professional phagocytes represent a critical node in innate immunity and tissue homeostasis through their specialized ability to eat, drink, and digest material from the extracellular milieu. The degradative and microbicidal functions of phagocytes rely on the fusion of lysosomes with endosomal compartments such as phagosomes, resulting in the digestion and recycling of internalized prey and debris. Despite these efforts, several particularly dangerous infections result from a class of tenacious pathogens that resist digestion, often surviving and even proliferating within the confines of the phagosomal membrane. One such example, Candida albicans, is a commensal polymorphic fungus that colonizes ~50% of the population and can cause life-threatening infections in immunocompromised patients. Not only can C. albicans survive within phagosomes, but its ingestion by macropahges triggers a yeast-to-hyphal transition promoting rapid intraphagosomal growth (several microns per hour) while imposing a substantial mechanical burden on the phagosomal membrane surrounding the fungus. Preservation of membrane integrity is essential to maintain the hostile internal environment of the phagosome, a functionality of degradative enzymes and oxidative stress. Yet, biological membranes such as phagosomes have a limited capacity to stretch. Using C. albicans as a model intracellular pathogen, our recent work reveals a mechanism by which phagosomes respond to intraphagosomal growth of pathogens by expanding their surface area, and as a result, maintain the integrity of the phagosomal membrane. We hypothesized that this expansion would be facilitated by the delivery and fusion of membrane from extraneous sources with the phagosome. Consistently, macrophages respond to the yeast-to-hyphal transition through a stretch-induced release of phagosomal calcium, leading to recruitment and insertion of lysosomes that accommodate the expansion of the phagolysosome and preserve its integrity. Below, we discuss this calcium-dependent mechanism of lysosome insertion as a means of avoiding phagosomal rupture. Further, we examine the implications of membrane integrity on the delicate balance between the host and pathogen by focusing on fungal stress responses, nutrient acquisition, inflammasome activation, and cell death.
Obesity and covid-19: a reflection on the relationship between pandemics
Authors: Bolsoni-Lopes Andressa , Furieri Lorena , Alonso-Vale Maria Isabel Cardoso
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT Objective: Carry out a reflective analysis on the relationship of obesity as a risk factor for the worsening of COVID-19. Method: Reflective study, supported by scientific evidence, which contributed to a critical-reflexive construction on the theme "Obesity" in interface with "Covid-19". Results: This study brought up important reflections for health professionals, researchers and managers, from the beginning of the pandemic, a period in which obesity was not recognized as a risk factor, until the current scenario, in which a series of pathophysiological mechanisms that clinically connect these diseases are being proposed. Conclusion: Obesity is a risk factor for the worsening of COVID-19, which is contributing to the overload of health services, and which requires differentiated health care, with adjustments in care, pharmacological protocols and commitment to health education in the within the Unified Health System.
In-plane elastic properties of geosynthetics from in-air biaxial tension tests
Authors: Perkins S. W. , Haselton H. N. , Newman E. C.
Published: December 2020

Geosynthetics experience load simultaneously in each principal material direction in applications such as retaining walls, constructed slopes, roadways, and reinforced granular load transfer platforms. Biaxial loading results in a stiffer load-strain response compared to that observed in uniaxial loading. Load-strain properties of geosynthetics determined from wide-width uniaxial tension tests are unable to account for this effect and are generally regarded as an index test. This paper presents the development of a biaxial testing procedure to provide load-strain response data necessary to determine in-plane linear elastic tensile properties of geosynthetics. These properties consist of two elastic moduli, two dependent in-plane Poisson's ratios and an in-plane shear modulus. The elastic moduli and Poisson's ratios are derived from non-bias biaxial tests where load is applied in the two principal directions of the material. The in-plane shear modulus is determined from biaxial tests on specimens where load is applied on a bias such that the principal material directions are oriented at a 45-degree angle to the test machine directions. The tests are performed on geosynthetics that have been load conditioned such that the subsequent load-strain response is considered to be a resilient response pertinent to repetitive load applications such as geosynthetic reinforced pavements.
Liquefaction behavior of fiber-reinforced sand based on cyclic triaxial tests
Authors: Zhang J. , Yang Z. , Yang Q. , Yang G. , Li G. , Liu J.
Published: December 2020

In this study, the liquefaction behavior and development laws of pore water pressure in fiber-reinforced sand were studied using cyclic triaxial tests, and the effects of cyclic stress ratio, fiber content, and fiber length were investigated. The test results showed that the cycle number leading to liquefaction and liquefaction resistance increased with fiber content and fiber length, whereas the cycle number leading to liquefaction decreased as the cyclic stress ratio increased. The pore water pressure accumulated more slowly in the fiber-reinforced sand than in the unreinforced sand, and the curves of pore water pressure at low cyclic stress ratio (0.195, 0.203, and 0.230) exhibit three stages, namely a rapidly increasing stage, a slowly increasing stage and a sharply increasing stage. The curves of pore water pressure at high cyclic stress ratio (0.258 and 0.282) exhibited a more varied pattern than those at a low cyclic stress ratio. Based on the test results, a three-parameter pore water pressure model was established considering the effect of cyclic stress ratio, fiber content, fiber length, and sand particle diameter. The predictions agreed relatively well with experimental results, demonstrating that the model can be used to predict pore water pressure in fiber-reinforced sands.
The effect of different working fluids and internal geometries on the efficiency of evacuated tube heat pipe solar collectors
Authors: Mukuna Jean Gad , Gryzagoridis Jasson
Published: December 2020

In this study, a heat pipe was modified with designed and manufactured inserts of specific profiles in order to investigate the effect of the internal geometries and working fluids on the efficiency of the evacuated tube heat pipe solar collector. The experimental rig was made of a mobile frame, an insulated water tank, a solar simulator and an evacuated tube heat pipe. Using an average irradiance of 700 watts per square meter, the indoor tests were conducted first on a heat pipe without any working fluid (dry mode) and later on the heat pipe containing, in turn, each of the six working fluids for each of the five geometries. Results show that, when inserting different profiles in the heat pipe, there is an enhancement of the heat transfer and hence an increase in the efficiency of the evacuated heat pipe solar collector.
Interpretation of a Trust Deed – Harvey v Crawford 2019 (2) SA 153 (SCA)
Authors: Ferreira S , Pretorius CJ
Published: December 2020

Recently, in Harvey v Crawford (2019 (2) SA 153 (SCA)) (Harvey), the Supreme Court of Appeal had to consider whether the adopted grandchildren of a trust donor were beneficiaries in terms of a notarially executed deed of trust. Presently, an adopted child is for all purposes regarded as the child of the adoptive parent, and an adoptive parent is for all purposes regarded as the parent of the adopted child (s 242(3) of the Children’s Act 38 of 2005) (the Children’s Act)). This was also the case in 1953, when the deed of trust in Harvey was executed and when the Children’s Act 31 of 1937 (the 1937 Act) regulated adoption. However, contrary to current legislation, the 1937 Act included a proviso with regard to property that was included in an instrument prior to the date of the adoption order: the instrument was required to display a clear intention that such property would indeed devolve upon an adopted child.Upon interpretation of the deed in question, the court ruled that the adopted children were not entitled to benefit from the capital in the trust. In this regard, the majority opted for a rather restrictive approach, seemingly out of step with recent developments in the interpretation of contracts. The minority decision, on the other hand, came to the opposite conclusion, displaying a more balanced approach to the issue of interpretation. This decision raises some noteworthy issues regarding the interpretation of inter vivos trust deeds with specific reference to adoption. It is submitted that the court erred in its findings; the aim of this case discussion is to analyse the judgment.
Section 2C(1) of the Wills Act 7 of 1953 and the Meaning of “Spouse” Moosa No v Minister of Justice 2018 (5) SA 13 (CC)
Authors: Wood-Bodley Michael Cameron
Published: December 2020

It happens from time to time that a beneficiary under a will chooses not to accept his or her inheritance. One possible reason, which is relevant to the discussion below, may be the beneficiary’s desire to allow persons to inherit, or inherit more than would otherwise have been the case, as a result of the renunciation. (For a fuller discussion of the various circumstances in which a beneficiary may wish to renounce, see Corbett, Hofmeyr and Kahn The Law of Succession in South Africa 2ed (2001) (Corbett) 17–18.)The effect of a renunciation on the devolution of the deceased testator’s estate is determined by a number of factors, including the particular provisions of the will, and varies from case to case. One determining factor is section 2C of the Wills Act 7 of 1953 (as amended) – of which the counterpart in intestate succession is s 1(6) and (7) of the Intestate Succession Act 81 of 1987 (as amended).
Mağaraların peynir olgunlaştırmada kullanımı, bir örnek araştırma: Peynirini Mağarası, Derbent/ Konya
Authors: DAĞLI Ayşe , SERT Durmuş , UZUN Ali
Published: December 2020

Türkiye, elverişli iklim koşulları ve yaygın karstik kayaçlar nedeniyle çok zengin karstik şekillere sahiptir. Bu şekillerden biri de derinlik karstına ait mağaralardır. Mağaralar, ilk çağlardan beri barınma, arınma, su temini, madencilik, turizm, sağlık, depolama, tarımsal üretim ve benzeri amaçlarla kullanılmıştır. Mağaraların tarımsal amaçlı kullanımlarından biri de tulum peyniri olgunlaştırılmasıdır. Bu çalışmada, tulum peyniri olgunlaştırılmasında kullanılan Peynirini Mağarası ve burada olgunlaştırılan peynirlerin bazı özellikleri çok yönlü olarak incelenmiştir. Peynirini Mağarası, İç Anadolu Bölgesi’nin Konya Bölümü’nde ve Konya ilinin Derbent ilçesine bağlı Mülayim köyünde yer almaktadır. Bu çalışma hazırlanırken mağaranın iklimi ile ilgili ölçümler yapılmış; mağara damlama suyundan, mağara yüzeyinden ve depolanan peynirlerden alınan örneklerin mikrobiyolojik analizleri yapılmıştır. Ayrıca, peynirlerin koku ve tat özelliklerinin değerlendirilmesi amacıyla 100 kişiye duyusal anket uygulanmıştır. Peynirini Mağarasının toplam galeri uzunluğu 187 m’dir. Özel donanımsız girilebilen ilk bölümü iki salondan oluşmaktadır. Peynirlerin depolandığı büyük salona “Peynir Salonu” diğerine ise “Alt Salon” denilmektedir. Alt salon damlataşı şekilleri bakımından zengindir. Mağara havası, “Giriş” kısmı hariç dış atmosfer şartlarından fazla etkilenmez. Yıl boyu sıcaklık 6-7 °C civarında seyretmektedir. Mağara havası yüksek nem doygunluğuna sahiptir (%99,6-100). Mağarada olgunlaştırılan peynirlerle mağara ortamındaki Toplam Aerobik Mezofilik, Toplam Maya - Küf, Koliform ve Staphylococcus bakterileri birbirini pozitif yönde etkilemektedir. Mağarada üretilen peynirlerde Staphylococcus sayısı 0.85 log kob/g olarak ölçülmüştür. Bu değer sağlık eşik değeri üst sınırının (<103) altında ve kabul edilebilir sınırlar içindedir. Uygulanan duyusal anket sonuçlarına göre, mağarada olgunlaştırılmış tulum peyniri, taze peynire göre daha çok beğenilmiştir. Peynirini Mağarası’ndan sürdürülebilir şekilde yararlanmak için, depolanma şartlarının iyileştirilmesi, olgunlaştırılan peynirlere coğrafi işaret alınması ve daha fazla tanıtım yapılması önerilmektedir.