bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phytotoxic and nematicide evaluation of Croton ehrenbergii (Euphorbiaceae)
Authors: Rios María Yolanda , León‐Rivera Ismael , Ríos‐Gomez Ramiro , Córdova‐Albores Liliana C , Aguilar‐Guadarrama Angelica Berenice
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND

Within its natural habitat, Croton ehrenbergii exhibits an innate defense mechanism that is not seen in other plants; it grows unharmed amidst predators and nature, while other species perish. In light of its capacity for defense, C. ehrenbergii was evaluated to better understand the scope of its phytotoxic and nematicide properties. To assess this, fractions obtained by bipartition of a hydro‐alcoholic extract, and l‐quebrachitol, the main constituent of C. ehrenbergii, were evaluated on Lactuca sativa (dicotyledon) and Lolium perenne (monocotyledon) seeds. Additionally, bipartition fractions and l‐quebrachitol were evaluated on a population of Meloidogyne incognita for their nematicide activity.

RESULTS

From this phytochemical research, l‐quebrachitol (1), phenylalanine (2), trans‐4‐hydroxy‐N‐methylproline (3) and the flavonoids: kaempferol (4), tiliroside (5), nicotiflorine (6) and rutin (7) were identified by spectroscopic analysis. Both methanol and hexane fractions from aerial parts of the plant inhibited the germination and elongation of roots and stems in L. sativa, but not in Lolium perenne, showing that these fractions mostly inhibit the dicotyledon species used in this research. l‐Quebrachitol showed slightly higher seed germination inhibition for Lolium perenne in comparison with L. sativa. Three of the fractions evaluated showed nematicide activity against Meloidogyne incognita larvae (J2) at the 48 h benchmark, compared with carbofuran. l‐Quebrachitol shows higher mortality after 48 h exposure at a lower concentration than carbofuran.

CONCLUSION

A variety of compounds were isolated from this research, some were common within the Croton genus (4–7), whereas others were not (1–3). This is the first phytochemical, phytotoxic and nematicide report on C. ehrenbergii. Methanol and hexane fractions from the aerial parts of C. ehrenbergii and l‐quebrachitol could be used as alternative natural herbicides, predominantly against dicotyledon weed seeds. All fractions had a good mortality percentage against J2 Meloidogyne incognita larvae. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Envisioning versus realizing products for use in poor communities: The case of Victor Papanek and Nordic designers
Authors: Skjerven Astrid
Published: January 2019

An increasing number of people are currently living under poor conditions in enclaves of rapidly growing urban areas. Many of them are of indigenous origin. They are in urgent need of basic equipment to live a healthy and decent life. The products have to be simple, cheap and acceptable to people with different cultural and geographical backgrounds. Methods to realize the design, production and implementation of such appliances are a matter of urgency. Therefore, the ideas of the Austrian‐American designer Victor Papanek (1923–1998) have gained new actuality. During the 1960s and 1970s, Papanek played a significant role in the international design community. His ideal was the less polluting design traditions of indigenous people, made by simple methods with local materials. He had many supporters among design students in Scandinavia and Finland, some of whom tried to adapt their work practices to his ideology. The aim of the paper is to investigate what impact his ideas had on the Nordic design community, and in particular, whether it was followed up by stakeholders and eventually reached the target groups in the third world. Success factors and failures are uncovered and discussed to clarify how the ideas might be utilized in the current situation. This empiric study is based on literary reviews, and of interviews with designers in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. The investigation shows that Papanek's ideas made a tremendous and lasting impact on designers in the Nordic countries and on some of their work. Still, design and production for indigenous people in developing countries seldom occurred, because of a lack of contact with stakeholders. One of the few exceptions was the foundation of the Norwegian organization, Design without Borders, which was mainly financed by the Government, that is, as a result of political decisions. In conclusion, without contact and cooperation with stakeholders, particularly the political and commercial sector, and users in the local communities on the other hand, it is not possible to realize ideas of this kind in the form of products and their use. The work of Design without Borders constitutes a good example of success, and should be used as a model for further work.
Architecture as a cultural sustainability factor of Macedonian cities: The branding of Bitola
Authors: Hristova Aneta
Published: January 2019

The current need for policy programmes for Macedonian cities to reach the standard of sustainable and prosperous economic development, and to enable their promotion on the European cultural map, initiated the Architecture as a Cultural Sustainability Factor of the Macedonian Cities project. The project aims to inspect the spatial and physical potential of the Macedonian architectural and bio‐regional heritage in order to create unique and competitive brands, and to develop the overall economic and tourist potential of the Republic of Macedonia. The project encompasses cooperative agreement‐based projects with the Association of the Units of Local Self‐Government of the Republic of Macedonia (ZELS), consisting of 84 municipalities and the capital of Skopje as a particular self‐governed unit. The National Strategy of Sustainable Development, ZELS' strategic plan for 2011–2015 and successive municipality action plans are the basic sources of information for the investigation regarding political, architectural and social aspects, providing legal instruments and collaborative forms between the residents and municipal governments in building up creative class resources for long‐term sustainable development. During the investigation a wide range of methods were employed, including collection of data and examination of archive documents, onsite surveys, mapping and evaluation of the cultural and architectural heritage of Macedonian cities and regions, and interviews and collaborative meetings with municipal and civic representatives. The findings outline the general branding strategy for the Macedonian cities, adjoined with a spectrum of interventions for site‐specific adaptive design concepts aimed to employ their unique physical and cultural identities in order to brand themselves successfully. In this paper, we present our first case study, the Remediation Project for the Quay of the River Dragor, which was completed in 2014 in cooperation with the Municipality of Bitola, and was produced to set the standards and the formula for the success of the city branding. Following the objectives of the Strategic Plan for Local Development of the Bitola Municipality 2009–2014, this project highlights the primacy of environmental protection for sustainable development as the basis of the integrated design strategy that relies on ecological principles. On a political level, it pioneers the grounds on which architecture expands its disciplinary assumptions, goals, institutional, legal and financial tools in the municipal policies of sustainable development.
Identifying gene‐environment interactions incorporating prior information
Authors: Wang Xiaoyan , Xu Yonghong , Ma Shuangge
Published: January 2019

For many complex diseases, gene‐environment (G‐E) interactions have independent contributions beyond the main G and E effects. Despite extensive effort, it still remains challenging to identify G‐E interactions. With the long accumulation of experiments and data, for many biomedical problems of common interest, there are existing studies that can be relevant and informative for the identification of G‐E interactions and/or main effects. In this study, our goal is to identify G‐E interactions (as well as their corresponding main G effects) under a joint statistical modeling framework. Significantly advancing from the existing studies, a quasi‐likelihood–based approach is developed to incorporate information mined from the existing literature. A penalization approach is adopted for identification and selection and respects the “main effects, interactions” hierarchical structure. Simulation shows that, when the existing information is of high quality, significant improvement can be observed. On the other hand, when the existing information is less informative, the proposed method still performs reasonably (and hence demonstrates a certain degree of “robustness”). The analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data on cutaneous melanoma and glioblastoma multiforme demonstrates the practical applicability of the proposed approach and also leads to sensible findings.
Estimating seasonal onsets and peaks of bronchiolitis with spatially and temporally uncertain data
Authors: Pugh Sierra , Heaton Matthew J. , Hartman Brian , Berrett Candace , Sloan Chantel , Evans Amber M. , Gebretsadik Tebeb , Wu Pingsheng , Hartert Tina V. , Lee Rees L.
Published: January 2019

RSV bronchiolitis (an acute lower respiratory tract viral infection in infants) is the most common cause of infant hospitalizations in the United States (US). The only preventive intervention currently available is monthly injections of immunoprophylaxis. However, this treatment is expensive and needs to be administered simultaneously with seasonal bronchiolitis cycles in order to be effective. To increase our understanding of bronchiolitis timing, this research focuses on identifying seasonal bronchiolitis cycles (start times, peaks, and declinations) throughout the continental US using data on infant bronchiolitis cases from the US Military Health System Data Repository. Because this data involved highly personal information, the bronchiolitis dates in the dataset were “jittered” in the sense that the recorded dates were randomized within a time window of the true date. Hence, we develop a statistical change point model that estimates spatially varying seasonal bronchiolitis cycles while accounting for the purposefully introduced jittering in the data. Additionally, by including temperature and humidity data as regressors, we identify a relationship between bronchiolitis seasonality and climate. We found that, in general, bronchiolitis seasons begin earlier and are longer in the southeastern states compared to the western states with peak times lasting approximately 1 month nationwide.
Fe2VO4 Hierarchical Porous Microparticles Prepared via a Facile Surface Solvation Treatment for High‐Performance Lithium and Sodium Storage
Authors: Luo Yanzhu , Huang Dekang , Liang Chennan , Wang Pei , Han Kang , Wu Buke , Cao Feifei , Mai Liqiang , Chen Hao
Published: January 2019

Preventing the aggregation of nanosized electrode materials is a key point to fully utilize the advantage of the high capacity. In this work, a facile and low‐cost surface solvation treatment is developed to synthesize Fe2VO4 hierarchical porous microparticles, which efficiently prevents the aggregation of the Fe2VO4 primary nanoparticles. The reaction between alcohol molecules and surface hydroxy groups is confirmed by density functional theory calculations and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The electrochemical mechanism of Fe2VO4 as lithium‐ion battery anode is characterized by in situ X‐ray diffraction for the first time. This electrode material is capable of delivering a high reversible discharge capacity of 799 mA h g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 with a high initial coulombic efficiency of 79%, and the capacity retention is 78% after 500 cycles. Moreover, a remarkable reversible discharge capacity of 679 mA h g−1 is achieved at 5 A g−1. Furthermore, when tested as sodium‐ion battery anode, a high reversible capacity of 382 mA h g−1 can be delivered at the current density of 1 A g−1, which still retains at 229 mA h g−1 after 1000 cycles. The superior electrochemical performance makes it a potential anode material for high‐rate and long‐life lithium/sodium‐ion batteries.
Biomimetic Nanosponges Suppress In Vivo Lethality Induced by the Whole Secreted Proteins of Pathogenic Bacteria
Authors: Chen Yijie , Zhang Yue , Chen Mengchun , Zhuang Jia , Fang Ronnie H. , Gao Weiwei , Zhang Liangfang
Published: January 2019

Polymeric nanoparticles coated with membrane of intact red blood cells have emerged as biomimetic toxin nanosponges (RBC‐NS) that absorb and neutralize bacterial virulence factors associated with numerous bacterial infections. Despite its promise, a clear correlation between in vitro neutralization of complex bacterial toxins and in vivo therapeutic efficacy remains elusive. In this study, the whole secreted proteins (wSP) of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are collected to induce lethality in mice. The wSP preserve the complexity of bacterial virulence profile while avoiding the intricacy and dynamics of infections by live bacteria. RBC‐NS are first quantified for their neutralization capacity against the hemolytic activity of MRSA wSP in vitro. Using a mouse model, in vivo studies further demonstrate that, by neutralizing the hemolytic activity, RBC‐NS confer significant survival benefits against wSP‐induced lethality. Furthermore, when mice are challenged with a sublethal dosage of MRSA supernatant, RBC‐NS reduce lung damages and inhibit the activation of nuclear factor kappa B in the spleen. These results provide a systematic evaluation of RBC‐NS toward the treatment of severe MRSA infections such as MRSA bacteremia and MRSA‐induced sepsis.
Fast‐Growing Field of Interfacial Solar Steam Generation: Evolutional Materials, Engineered Architectures, and Synergistic Applications
Authors: Li Zhengtong , Wang Chengbing , Su Jinbu , Ling San , Wang Wei , An Meng
Published: January 2019

The lack of fresh water resources is attracting concern worldwide. Recently, to address this global issue, researchers proposed the heat localization concept for interfacial solar seawater desalination in 2014. Since then, interfacial solar steam generation (ISSG) devices have attracted much attention, due to their potential for achieving highly enhanced optical‐thermal conversion through a single interface as compared with traditional solar seawater desalination. To date, the promising prospect of ISSG systems in seawater desalination has stimulated the rapid development of solar desalination technology based on heat localization. To comprehensively recognize ISSG devices and acquire more insights into their design associated with biological relevance, efficiency improvement, and applications, this review summarizes the progresses and prospects of ISSG devices in relation to the evolution of advanced materials, the engineering architecture, the collaborative application, and the current challenges.
Optimal strategies of siting, sizing, and scheduling of BESS: Voltage management solution for future LV network
Authors: Nguyen Anh Thi , Chaitusaney Surachai , Yokoyama Akihiko
Published: January 2019

With the object of reducing CO2 emission and the reliance on fossil fuels, solar power generation has received special support and is being deployed rapidly in many distribution networks. Battery energy storage system (BESS), an effective voltage management solution for low‐voltage (LV) networks to deal with the high penetration of rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems, is investigated in this paper considering the degradation of BESS due to aging. Two optimal strategies of BESS cost minimization are proposed for long‐term planning and operation planning, where the utility is the BESS owner. As for the long‐term planning, a strategy for siting and sizing of BESS is formulated based on the characteristics of the network, typical load, and PV generation profiles. Then, for the operation planning, schedules of BESSs and their cost estimation are provided based on the load and PV generation forecasts of 1 day ahead. The effectiveness of the proposed methods is demonstrated on the simplified network of the Metropolitan Electricity Authority, Thailand, using MATLAB (Natick, Mssachusetts, USA) 2016a and MATPOWER 6.0. © 2019 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
U.S. Mothers’ Long-Term Employment Patterns
Authors: Killewald Alexandra , Zhuo Xiaolin
Published: January 2019

Previous research on maternal employment has disproportionately focused on the immediate postpartum period and typically modeled either cross-sectional employment status or time until a specific employment transition. We instead conceptualize maternal employment as a long-term pattern, extending the observation window and embedding employment statuses in temporal context. Using data from NLSY79 and sequence analysis, we document five common employment patterns of American mothers over the first 18 years of maternity. Three typical patterns revolve around a single employment status: full-time (36 %), part-time (13 %), or nonemployment (21 %); the other two patterns are characterized by 6 (15 %) or 11 (14 %) years of nonemployment, followed by a period of transition and then full-time employment. Analyses of the immediate postpartum period cannot distinguish between the nonemployment and reentry groups, which have different employment experiences and different prematernity characteristics. Next, we describe how mothers’ human capital, attitudes and cultural models, family experiences, and race/ethnicity are associated with the employment patterns they follow, elucidating that these characteristics may be associated not only with how much mothers work but also the patterning of their employment. Our results support studying maternal employment as a long-term pattern and employing research approaches that address the qualitative distinctness of these diverse patterns.
Organizational resilience: a capability-based conceptualization
Authors: Duchek Stephanie
Published: January 2019

In highly volatile and uncertain times, organizations need to develop a resilience capacity which enables them to cope effectively with unexpected events, bounce back from crises, and even foster future success. Although academic interest in organizational resilience has steadily grown in recent years, there is little consensus about what resilience actually means and how it is composed. More knowledge is particularly needed about organizational capabilities that constitute resilience, as well as conditions for their development. This paper aims to make a contribution to this heterogeneous research field by deepening the understanding of the complex and embedded construct of organizational resilience. We conceptualize resilience as a meta-capability and decompose the construct into its individual parts. Inspired by process-based studies, we suggest three successive resilience stages (anticipation, coping, and adaptation) and give an overview of underlying capabilities that together form organizational resilience. Based on this outline, we discuss relationships and interactions of the different resilience stages as well as main antecedents and drivers. We formulate propositions that can act as a foundation for future empirical work.
Big data analytics in sustainability reports: an analysis based on the perceived credibility of corporate published information
Authors: Wanner Jonas , Janiesch Christian
Published: January 2019

The credibility of sustainability reports has been the subject of scientific research for several years. The problem is often referred to as the so-called credibility gap, which is based on information asymmetries. The situation is further complicated by the limited rationality of human action as improvements to reports do not necessarily translate into credibility gains. Research has proposed and extracted several methods to overcome the issue. Hitherto, most approaches to solve the problem focused on marketing-oriented approaches. This work takes a new approach and explores the extent to which information technology can increase credibility using the potential of big data analytics. We base our research on the relationship of the quality of information and on the perception of objective truth as postulated in the Habermas Theory of Communicative Action. We use the forecast-oriented Partial Least Squares Methodology for the review of hypotheses extracted from literature and expert surveys. The result confirms potential of the criteria of volume and veracity while velocity and variety do not yield comparable potential concerning sustainability reporting.
Animal Science Products, Inc. v. Hebei Welcome Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.
Authors: Eichensehr Kristen E.
Published: January 2019

When a foreign country's law is relevant to a case in U.S. federal court and the foreign country files an official statement about the meaning of its law, how should U.S. courts treat the foreign government's representations? In Animal Science Products, Inc. v. Hebei Welcome Pharmaceuticals Co., the Supreme Court of the United States held that “[a] federal court should accord respectful consideration to a foreign government's submission, but is not bound to accord conclusive effect to the foreign government's statements.” In so doing, the Supreme Court settled a disagreement between the courts of appeals and reversed an opinion of the Second Circuit that had given conclusive effect to the Chinese government's representations about its domestic law. Animal Science Products provides important guidance to federal courts faced with increasingly frequent filings by foreign governments, but it leaves unresolved significant questions about deference to foreign sovereign amici and preserves existing debates about the nature of “respectful consideration.”
The Private Law Critique of International Investment Law
Authors: Arato Julian
Published: January 2019

This Article argues that investment treaties subtly constrain how nations organize their internal systems of private law, including laws of property, contracts, corporations, and intellectual property. Problematically, the treaties do so on a one-size-fits-all basis, disregarding the wide variation in values reflected in these domestic legal institutions. Investor-state dispute settlement exacerbates this tension, further distorting national private law arrangements. This hidden aspect of the system produces inefficiency, unfairness, and distributional inequities that have eluded the regime's critics and apologists alike.
Online resources for dissemination and implementation science: Meeting demand and lessons learned
Authors: Ford Bryan S. , Rabin Borsika , Morrato Elaine H. , Glasgow Russell E.
Published: January 2019

A dramatically increased interest in dissemination and implementation (D&I) science, with relatively few training programs for D&I scientists, highlights the need for innovative ways to deliver educational materials, training, and resources. We described nine interactive, web-based D&I science resources appropriate for trainees and Clinical and Translational Science Awards. We used audience feedback and design thinking to develop resources iteratively. Primary target users are T3–T4 researchers, although T2 researchers can benefit from “designing for dissemination” resources. Workforce development resources were used in D&I science workshops, as stand-alone, self-directed resources, and for consultations and trainings. We assessed resource design (purpose, functionality), usage, user experience and engagement. Educational resources addressed included: D&I science basics, pragmatic trials, getting proposals funded, designing for dissemination, and D&I science theory selection. We reviewed the purpose, functionality, status, and usage of these interactive resources. All resources engaged users; provided interactive feedback for learners; and linked users to additional learning resources. Online resources can be valuable for preparing clinical and translational mentees for research consultations, as follow-up training activities, and as D&I workforce development resources. The resources described are publicly available and we encourage their use, further development, and evaluation by Clinical and Translational Science Awards and other programs.
LATE CICERONIAN SCHOLARSHIP AND VIRGILIAN EXEGESIS: SERVIUS AND PS.-ASCONIUS
Authors: La Bua Giuseppe
Published: January 2019

Late Antiquity witnessed intense scholarly activity on Virgil's poems. Aelius Donatus’ commentary, the twelve-bookInterpretationes Vergilianaecomposed by the fourth-century or fifth-century rhetorician Tiberius Claudius Donatus and other sets of scholia testify to the richness of late ‘Virgilian literature’. Servius’ full-scale commentary on Virgil's poetry (early fifth century) marked a watershed in the history of the reception of Virgil and in Latin criticism in general. Primarily ‘the instrument of a teacher’, Servius’ commentary was intended to teach students and readers to read and write good Latin through Virgil. Lauded by Macrobius for his ‘learning’ (doctrina) and ‘modesty’ (uerecundia), Servius attained supremacy as both a literary critic and an interpreter of Virgil, the master of Latin poetry. Hisauctoritashad a profound impact on later Virgilian erudition. As Cameron notes, Servius’ commentary ‘eclipsed all competition, even Donatus’. Significantly, it permeated non-Virgilian scholarship from the fifth century onwards. The earliest bodies of scholia on Lucan, the tenth-century or eleventh-centuryCommenta BernensiaandAdnotationes super Lucanumand thescholia uetustioraon Juvenal contain material that can be traced as far back as Servius’ scholarly masterpiece.
EROS’ ATTACK ON ΚΤΗΜΑΤΑ: A NOTE ON SOPHOCLES,ANTIGONE782
Authors: Capettini Emilio
Published: January 2019

Ἔρως ἀνίκατε μάχαν, 781Ἔρως, ὃς ἐν κτήμασι πίπτεις,ὃς ἐν μαλακαῖς παρειαῖςνεάνιδος ἐννυχεύεις,φοιτᾷς δ’ ὑπερπόντιος ἔν τ’ 785ἀγρονόμοις αὐλαῖς·

Love invincible in battle, Love who falls uponktêmata, you who spend the night upon the soft cheeks of a girl, and travel over the sea and through the huts of dwellers in the wild.
Transitions from Unemployment to Education in Europe: The Role of Educational Policies
Authors: HÖGBERG BJÖRN
Published: January 2019

The aim of this study is to investigate cross-country variability in transition rates from unemployment to further education among young adults, as well as how barriers in educational systems affect these transition rates. Previous research on adult further education has largely neglected the role of policies, and has not taken unemployed people into account.

Two dimensions of educational policies are investigated. (1) Barriers facing prospective students with regard to previous academic achievements (e.g. second chance opportunities); and (2) financial barriers (e.g. high costs). It is hypothesized that low barriers are associated with higher transition rates into education, especially for unemployed young adults with lower levels of education.

The aim is approached by investigating how differences in transition rates across countries are linked to the design of educational policies. Cross-country standardised individual-level panel data from 29 European countries are taken from EU-SILC. Multilevel multinomial models are fitted.

Results show that lower barriers in the education system are associated with higher probabilities that unemployed young adults leave unemployment to re-enter further education, although only partial support is found for the hypothesis that unemployed young adults with lower levels of education gain relatively more from low barriers. Low barriers are sometimes associated with lower transition rates into employment.
THE POTTERY DEPOSIT FROM THE HOUSES OF THE FALLEN BLOCKS AND THE SACRIFICED OXEN AT THE SOUTH-EASTERN CORNER OF THE PALACE OF KNOSSOS
Authors: Mathioudaki Iro
Published: January 2019

This contribution focuses on a study of the pottery assemblage deposited in the space occupied by the House of the Fallen Blocks and the House of the Sacrificed Oxen at the south-eastern corner of the Palace of Knossos. This deposit was crucial for Arthur Evans’ definition of the ‘Great Earthquake’ destruction at Knossos, because, together with fallen blocks, it was considered to be the consequence of a massive destruction. From the outset, the deposit associated with this event has played a de facto role in the definition of the New Palace era, and, in this respect, it is very important with regards to the history of the Palace of Knossos. There is no sign of stratification above the floor levels of the houses, with the material of the deposit usually interpreted as a post-destruction fill. The abundance of ceramic material and the broad representation of forms prompted Evans to call this deposit a storehouse of Middle Minoan (MM) III domestic pottery. Here, the nature of the deposit will be examined, taking into consideration information from the excavation notebooks and a detailed study of the retained pottery. The main conclusion is that the material is not MM IIIB as ascribed by Evans, but can be dated to an earlier part of the period, i.e. MM IIIA. This is significant because it might contribute to a critical reassessment of the destruction horizon generally attributed to MM IIIB. The large quantities of pottery from these houses also provide a fuller picture of what types and styles were prevalent in MM IIIA, given that there are not many published deposits of this date from the palace or town of Knossos.
IRON AGE MORTUARY PRACTICES AND MATERIAL CULTURE AT THE INLAND CEMETERY OF TSIKALARIO ON NAXOS: DIFFERENTIATION AND CONNECTIVITY
Authors: Charalambidou Xenia
Published: January 2019

Naxos, the largest of the Cycladic islands, offers a nuanced insight into Iron Age funerary behaviour in the Cyclades and relations between social groups as reflected in the archaeological record. The focus of this paper is the cemetery of Tsikalario in the hinterland of the island, with emphasis on two burial contexts which exhibit a range of activities related to funerary ceremonies and the consumption of grave-offerings. The grave-tumuli found in the Tsikalario cemetery comprise a mortuary ‘phenomenon’ not found otherwise on Naxos during the Early Iron Age. Such a differentiation in mortuary practice can be interpreted as a strategy used by the people of inland Naxos to distinguish their funerary habits from the more typical Naxian practices of, for example, the inhabitants of the coastal Naxos harbour town. This distinctive funerary practice can speak in favour of an attempt by the kinship group(s) that buried their deceased in the cemetery of Tsikalario to articulate status and identity. Beyond these tumuli, evidence from a different type of grave context at Tsikalario – Cist Grave 11 and its vicinity (Burial Context 11) – offers an additional example of a well-thought-out staging of funerary beliefs in the inland region of Naxos. Not only does it illustrate the coexistence of other types of burials in the cemetery, but, alongside the tumuli and their finds, it also demonstrates, through the symbolic package of the grave-offerings and the multifaceted network of interactions they reveal, that inland Naxos participated in the intra- and supra-island circulation of wares and ideas.
A Simple Two-step Geometric Approach for the Kinematic Calibration of the 3-

P

RS Parallel Manipulator
Authors: Chen Genliang , Kong Lingyu , Li Qinchuan , Wang Hao
Published: January 2019

Kinematic calibration plays an important role in the improvement of positioning accuracy for parallel manipulators. Based on the specific geometric constraints of limbs, this paper presents a new kinematic parameter identification method for the widely studied 3-PRS parallel manipulator. In the proposed calibration method, the planes where the PRS limbs exactly located are identified firstly as the geometric characteristics of the studied parallel manipulator. Then, the limbs can be considered as planar PR mechanisms whose kinematic parameters can be determined conveniently according to the limb planes identified in the first step. The main merit of the proposed calibration method is that the system error model which relates the manipulator’s kinematic errors to the output ones is not required for kinematic parameter identification. Instead, only two simple geometric problems need to be established for identification, which can be solved readily using gradient-based searching algorithms. Hence, another advantage of the proposed method is that parameter identification of the manipulator’s limbs can be accomplished individually without interactive impact on each other. In order to validate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method, calibration experiments are conducted on an apparatus of the studied 3-PRS parallel manipulator. The results show that using the proposed two-step calibration method, the kinematic parameters can be identified quickly by means of gradient searching algorithm (converge within five iterations for both steps). The positioning accuracy of the studied 3-PRS parallel manipulator has been significantly improved by compensation according to the identified parameters. The mean position and orientation errors at the validation configurations have been reduced to 1.56 × 10−4 m and 1.13 × 10−3 rad, respectively. Further, the proposed two-step kinematic calibration method can be extended to other limited-degree-of-freedom parallel manipulators, if proper geometric constraints can be characterized for their kinematic limbs.
A review of the impact of exercise on treatment-related fatigue among patients receiving adjuvant radiotherapy for breast cancer
Authors: McNally Fiona , Shepherd Paul H. , Flood Terri
Published: January 2019

Purpose

To evaluate the use of exercise in managing fatigue in breast cancer patients undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy. To explore the effectiveness of different exercise practices and explore how optimum management of fatigue might be achieved.

Method

A CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) database search of literature was undertaken and publications screened for retrieval with 24 qualifying for inclusion in the review.

Results

There is evidence to support various forms of exercise including aerobic, resistance, alternative and combination exercise in the management of fatigue in early stage breast cancer patients undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy. The benefits of exercise for patients with later stage and metastatic disease is less clear and there is a lack of published research related to this category of patient.

Conclusion

Exercise is considered a safe, non-pharmacological intervention for early stage breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant radiotherapy. Further investigation is required into optimum exercise interventions and the effectiveness and viability of supervised and unsupervised models. Patient centred tailored advice and guidance needs to be developed and effectively promoted by therapeutic radiographers in order for patients to fully realise the benefit.
Probabilistic DL Reasoning with Pinpointing Formulas: A Prolog-based Approach
Authors: ZESE RICCARDO , COTA GIUSEPPE , LAMMA EVELINA , BELLODI ELENA , RIGUZZI FABRIZIO
Published: January 2019

When modeling real-world domains, we have to deal with information that is incomplete or that comes from sources with different trust levels. This motivates the need for managing uncertainty in the Semantic Web. To this purpose, we introduced a probabilistic semantics, named DISPONTE, in order to combine description logics (DLs) with probability theory. The probability of a query can be then computed from the set of its explanations by building a Binary Decision Diagram (BDD). The set of explanations can be found using thetableau algorithm, which has to handle non-determinism. Prolog, with its efficient handling of non-determinism, is suitable for implementing the tableau algorithm. TRILL and TRILLPare systems offering a Prolog implementation of the tableau algorithm. TRILLPbuilds apinpointing formulathat compactly represents the set of explanations and can be directly translated into a BDD. Both reasoners were shown to outperform state-of-the-art DL reasoners. In this paper, we present an improvement of TRILLP, named TORNADO, in which the BDD is directly built during the construction of the tableau, further speeding up the overall inference process. An experimental comparison shows the effectiveness of TORNADO. All systems can be tried online in the TRILL on SWISH web application athttp://trill.ml.unife.it/.
Effect of rice straw and/or nitrogen fertiliser inputs on methanogenic archaeal and denitrifying communities in a typical rice paddy soil
Authors: BAO Qiongli , DING Long-Jun , HUANG Yizong , XIAO Keqing
Published: January 2019

To understand better the microbial functional populations which are involved in methanogenesis and denitrification in paddy soils with rice straw (RS) and/or nitrogen fertiliser (potassium nitrate, N) application, the dynamics of methanogens and the denitrifying community were monitored simultaneously during the incubation period. The results show that the community structure of methanogens remained relatively stable among treatments based on 16S rDNA analysis, but fluctuated based on 16S rRNA. The Methanocellaceae and Methanosarcinaceae dominated all treatments at 16S rDNA and 16S rRNA level, respectively. RS+N increased the relative abundance of Methanosaetaceae at the 16S rRNA level, while there was an increasing trend in that Methanomicrobiaceae following RS addition at the 16S rDNA level. RS and/or N did not significantly change the diversity of methanogens targeting both 16S rDNA and 16S rRNA. RS and RS+N increased copy numbers of methanogens targeting both 16S rDNA and 16S rRNA analyses. The community structure and abundance ofnirSandnosZ-containing denitrifiers, and the diversity ofnirS-containing denitrifiers was significantly altered only by the N treatment. These results indicate that the community structure, diversity and abundance of methanogens respond differently to RS addition at the 16S rDNA and 16S rRNA levels.
Disillusionment
Authors: Erle Thorsten Michael , Topolinski Sascha
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Recent research has shown that perceptual processes carry intrinsic affect. But prior studies have only manipulated the occurrence of perceptual processes by presenting two different stimulus categories. The present studies go beyond this by manipulating perceptual expectations for identical stimuli. Seven experiments demonstrated that objectively identical stimuli become visually disappointing and are liked less when they violate the expectation that an intrinsically pleasant perceptual process will occur compared to when there is no perceptual expectation. These effects were specific to violations of perceptual expectations. By using between-subjects designs, participants’ insight into the experimental manipulation was prevented. In combination with the use of identical stimuli across conditions, this provides the most stringent test of the idea that perception is intrinsically (un-)pleasant yet. The results are related to predictive coding frameworks and provide an explanation for why people sometimes enjoy additional perceptual effort.
Three-Quarter Views of Depth-Rotated Faces Induce Face-Specific	Capacity Limits in Visual Search
Authors: Thoma Volker , De Fockert Jan W.
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Participants made speeded categorization decisions regarding a famous person (politician or film star) accompanied by a peripheral distracter face (either the same or from the opposite category). The first experiment found that processing a peripheral distracter face is independent of load when the search set contains name strings. The search set in the second experiment consisted of faces. Interference effects between the target and distracter face (both shown in frontal views) were found when no additional non-target faces were present (low load), but not when two non-famous faces (high load) accompanied the target face, even when the latter were shown in three-quarter views. These results indicate that face-specific capacity limitations are independent of changes in view (up to 45°) and gaze direction.
Impact of Context Information on Metaphor Elaboration
Authors: Lerche Veronika , Christmann Ursula , Voss Andreas
Published: January 2019

Abstract. In experiments by Gibbs, Kushner, and Mills (1991) , sentences were supposedly either authored by poets or by a computer. Gibbs et al. (1991) concluded from their results that the assumed source of the text influences speed of processing, with a higher speed for metaphorical sentences in the Poet condition. However, the dependent variables used (e.g., mean RTs) do not allow clear conclusions regarding processing speed. It is also possible that participants had prior biases before the presentation of the stimuli. We conducted a conceptual replication and applied the diffusion model ( Ratcliff, 1978 ) to disentangle a possible effect on processing speed from a prior bias. Our results are in accordance with the interpretation by Gibbs et al. (1991) : The context information affected processing speed, not a priori decision settings. Additionally, analyses of model fit revealed that the diffusion model provided a good account of the data of this complex verbal task.
Representing Oneself and Others
Authors: Hommel Bernhard
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Human beings are assumed to own a concept of their self, but it remains a mystery how they represent themselves and others. I shall develop a theoretical framework, inspired by the Theory of Event Coding, of how people represent themselves and others, how and under which circumstances these two kinds of representations interact and what consequences this has. In a nutshell, I shall argue that self- and other-representations can overlap to the degree that they share features, that the shared features are particularly relevant or salient, and that the individual is under a particular metacontrol state. Then I shall argue that self-concepts emerge through active exploration of one’s physical and social environment during infancy and childhood, as well as through cultural learning, and that their main purpose is related to social communication but not online action control.
Implications for the Melting Phase Relations in the MgO‐FeO System at Core‐Mantle Boundary Conditions
Authors: Deng Jie , Miyazaki Yoshinori , Lee Kanani K. M.
Published: January 2019

At nearly 2,900‐km depth, the core‐mantle boundary (CMB) represents the largest density increase within the Earth going from a rocky mantle into an iron‐alloy core. This compositional change sets up steep temperature gradients, which in turn influences mantle flow, structure, and seismic velocities. Here we resolve the thermodynamic parameters of (Mg,Fe)O and compute the melting phase relations of the MgO‐FeO binary system at CMB conditions. Based on this phase diagram, we revisit iron infiltration into solid ferropericlase along the CMB by morphological instability and find that the length scale of infiltration is comparable with the high electrical conductivity layer inferred from core nutations. We also compute the (Mg,Fe)O‐SiO2 pseudo‐binary system and find that the solidus melting temperatures near the CMB decrease with FeO and SiO2 content, becoming potentially important for ultralow velocity zones. Therefore, an ultralow velocity zone composed of solid‐state bridgmanite and ferropericlase may be relatively enriched in MgO and depleted in SiO2 and FeO along a hot CMB.
Rates of Dynamic Recrystallization in Geologic Materials
Authors: Cross A. J. , Skemer P.
Published: January 2019

Grain size reduction via dynamic recrystallization (DRX) is intimately related to the softening of crystalline materials under an applied stress, and plays a role in numerous geodynamic processes that involve strain‐weakening feedbacks. Despite its importance, few studies have provided empirical constraints on the rates of DRX and grain size reduction. Here we examine DRX rates using the Johnson‐Mehl‐Avrami‐Kolmogorov theory for phase transformation kinetics. Our analysis uses a compilation of published and newly‐derived DRX data from experimental studies on a wide range of geologic and engineering materials. We find that DRX rates are strongly dependent on the homologous temperature at which deformation occurs, with DRX occurring over a broad range of shear strains (0.01 < γ < 200), and more rapidly with increasing homologous temperature. Moreover, the experimental data can be described by a single fit to a modified form of the Avrami equation that incorporates homologous temperature dependence, implying that, to first order, DRX rates are largely material independent. We also examine the influence of stress, deformation work rate, crystal orientation, and initial grain size on DRX rates and compare DRX data from experimental and natural conditions. Overall, we show that microstructures can evolve over long transient intervals, and provide a framework for determining DRX kinetics from empirical data, which can ultimately be incorporated into geodynamic models of grain size evolution in the Earth.
Predictability of Ocean Heat Content From Electrical Conductance
Authors: Trossman D. S. , Tyler R. H.
Published: January 2019

Ocean heat content (OHC) is a key climate variable that needs to be monitored to know how Earth's energy imbalance is changing, yet observing OHC remains a challenge. The present study examines whether a depth integral of the ocean's electrical conductivity (“conductance”), which may be inferred from both in situ methods and satellite magnetometers over the global ocean, could help monitor OHC. The ocean's electrical conductivity locally depends on temperature, salinity, and pressure, but it is not as well known how the conductance depends on OHC and ocean salt content. By examining the output of an ocean state estimate shown to agree well with observations that have not been assimilated, this study evaluates the fundamental limitations of using perfectly known ocean conductance to predict OHC, rather than the challenges associated with accounting for observational error. It is found that the ocean's conductance and OHC fields are nonlinearly related but nevertheless highly correlated. A statistical framework tends to predict OHC more accurately than ocean salt content from ocean conductance in regions where conductivity is more sensitive to salinity than temperature. The annually (bidecadally) averaged OHC can be predicted from a combination of conductance and depth‐averaged conductivity ocean fields to within nearly 0.1% (1%) error globally and even more accurately in many poorly observed (e.g., ice‐covered) regions. Practical application of this statistical framework to monitor OHC requires examination of the effect of uncertainties in the observed bathymetry and ocean conductance, which vary with application.
Transactivation of human endogenous retroviruses by tumor viruses and their functions in virus-associated malignancies
Authors: Chen Jungang , Foroozesh Maryam , Qin Zhiqiang
Published: January 2019

Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs), viral-associated sequences, are normal components of the human genome and account for 8–9% of our genome. These original provirus sequences can be transactivated to produce functional products. Several reactivated HERVs have been implicated in cancers and autoimmune diseases. An emerging body of literature supports a potential role of reactivated HERVs in viral diseases, in particular viral-associated neoplasms. Demystifying studies on the mechanism(s) of HERV reactivation could provide a new framework for the development of treatment and prevention strategies targeting virus-associated tumors. Although available data suggest that co-infection by other viruses, such as Kaposi’s Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), may be a crucial driving force to transactivate HERV boom, the mechanisms of action of viral infection-induced HERV transactivation and the contributions of HERVs to viral oncogenesis warrant further studies. Here, we review viral co-infection contributes to HERVs transactivation with focus on human viral infection associated oncogenesis and diseases, including the abilities of viral regulators involved in HERV reactivation, and physiological effects of viral infection response on HERV reactivation.