bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, characterization, crystal structure, DNA and human serum albumin interactions, as well as antiproliferative activity of a Cu(II) complex containing a Schiff base ligand formed in situ from the Cu(II)‐induced cyclization of 1,5‐bis(salicylidene)thiocarbohydrazide
Authors: Parsekar Sidhali U. , Haldar Paramita , Antharjanam P.K. Sudhadevi , Kumar Manjuri , Koley Aditya P.
Published: January 2021

The reaction of Cu(OAc)2·H2O with o‐HOC6H4‐C(H)N‐NH‐C(S)‐NH‐NC(H)‐C6H4OH‐o in methanol resulted in the formation of a dinuclear Cu(II) complex [(o‐phen)Cu(HL)Cu(HL)] (1) in the solution where HL2− is a new O−NN− ligand
formed in situ from cyclization of the Schiff base and the isolated product was found to be a dimer of 1 forming a tetranuclear compound in solid due to axial coordination of bridging phenolate O− as revealed from X‐ray crystallography. Electronic spectroscopic study using calf thymus DNA as well as fluorescence quenching study of ethidium bromide bound DNA in presence of 1 showed intercalative DNA binding with Kb = 1.12 × 105 M−1 and Kapp = 8.80 × 105 M−1, respectively. This compound was found to be efficient in hydrolytic as well as oxidative DNA cleavage. The binding interaction between complex 1 and human serum albumin (HSA) was investigated using fluorescence emission, absorption, and molecular docking studies. 3D fluorescence studies revealed that HSA structure was altered at secondary and tertiary levels. The binding constant Ka value (~106 M−1) suggested a strong binding affinity of 1 to HSA, and the bimolecular quenching constant kq value (1013 M−1 s−1) suggested a static quenching mechanism operative in the quenching of the intrinsic fluorescence of the protein. Such high kq value may also be accounted by Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) process. The distance r (3.22 nm) between donor HSA and acceptor complex 1 calculated from FRET theory suggested that they are close to each other. 3‐(4,5‐Dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay with human cervical cancer HeLa cells and human breast cancer MCF7 cells (IC50 = 2.2 and 1.2 μM, respectively) suggested remarkable in vitro anticancer activity of 1. Cell death in HeLa cells was induced via apoptosis as revealed from nuclear staining assays using Hoechst 33342 and acridine orange/propidium iodide dual staining, and apoptosis induction in HeLa cells happened through reactive oxygen species accumulation.
Self‐reduction synthesis and luminescence properties of Eu, Dy co‐doped SrMg2(PO4)2 phosphor
Authors: Wu Yuheng , Yang Yaoyao , Liu Bingfa , Hu Mengzhu , Min Xiao , Wu Yuansheng , Liu Zongjian , Yu Lixin
Published: January 2021

A series of SrMg2(PO4)2:Eu2+–Eu3+,Dy3+ phosphors was synthesized successfully using a high‐temperature solid‐state method in an air atmosphere. The structures were studied in detail using X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and the luminescence properties of the samples. SrMg2(PO4)2:Eu2+–Eu3+ samples can emit adjustable blue‐violet light by controlling the proportion of dopant concentration of europium and dysprosium under 340 nm excitation. Dy3+ exhibits typical blue and yellow emission under 350 nm excitation. The energy transferred from Eu3+ to Dy3+ in Dy and Eu co‐doped system was determined by comparing the fluorescence spectra of single‐doped system. In addition, the colour coordinates of the International Commission on lighting (CIE) indicated that SrMg2(PO4)2:Eu2+–Eu3+,Dy3+ could be considered as a potential blue‐purple phosphor for white light‐emitting diode applications.
A ratiometric fluorescent probe for the rapid and specific detection of HSO3− in water samples
Authors: Mu Xinyue , Zhu Jinbiao , Yan Liqiang , Tang Ningli
Published: January 2021

Hydrosulphite (HSO3−), as a common and important chemical reagent, is widely used in everyday life, however excessive use and abuse of HSO3− can cause potential harmful effects on the environment and in biological health. In this paper, we describe the design and preparation of a colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescence probe for the visual detection of HSO3− (excitation wavelengths were, respectively, 336 nm and 520 nm). This method showed some advantages including simple preparation, high selectivity, fast response, and significant colour and fluorescence ratio (F450/F594) changes in the presence of HSO3−. In addition, this probe was used successfully for the detection of HSO3− in real water samples and showed a good recovery rate range.
Devices and techniques used to obtain and analyze three‐dimensional cell cultures
Authors: Agrawal Gatika , Ramesh Anuradha , Aishwarya Pargaonkar , Sally Jennifer , Ravi Maddaly
Published: January 2021

Cell cultures are indispensable for both basic and applied research. Advancements in cell culture and analysis increase their utility for basic research and translational applications. A marked development in this direction is advent of three‐dimensional (3D) cultures. The extent of advancement in 3D cell culture methods over the past decade has warranted referring to a single cell type being cultured as an aggregate or spheroid using simple scaffolds as “traditional.” In recent years, the development of “next‐generation” devices has enabled cultured cells to mimic their natural environments much better than the traditional 3D culture systems. Automated platforms like chip‐based devices, magnetic‐ and acoustics‐based assembly devices, di‐electrophoresis (DEP), micro pocket cultures (MPoC), and 3D bio‐printing provide a dynamic environment compared to the rather static conditions of the traditional simple scaffold‐based 3D cultures. Chip‐based technologies, which are centered on principles of microfluidics, are revolutionizing the ways in which cell culture and analysis can be compacted into table‐top instruments. A parallel evolution in analytical devices enabled efficient assessment of various complex physiological and pathological endpoints. This is augmented by concurrent development of software enabling rapid large‐scale automated data acquisition and analysis like image cytometry, elastography, optical coherence tomography, surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), and biosensors. The techniques and devices utilized for the purpose of 3D cell culture and subsequent analysis depend primarily on the requirement of the study. We present here an in‐depth account of the devices for obtaining and analyzing 3D cell cultures.
Intravascular brachytherapy is a good clinical option for refractory in‐stent restenosis
Authors: Balter Stephen , Moses Jeffrey W.
Published: January 2021

Key Points

VBT is a good clinical option for patients with refractory recurrent ISR in the DES era.

IVUS guidance improves vessel characterization, with consequential improvements in treatment planning and delivery, significantly improves outcomes.

Overall, VBT had a 2 year success rate of approximately 67% in 143 lesions. Optimizing treatment planning and delivery should further increases success.
TAVR in cancer; healing the sickest of the sick
Authors: Marmagkiolis Konstantinos , Cilingiroglu Mehmet
Published: January 2021

Key Points

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) procedure became a standard treatment for symptomatic severe aortic stenosis in high‐risk patients for open heart surgery.

The TAVR short‐term and long‐term mortality rates are similar between cancer survivors and patients without cancer.

The rates of pacemaker implantation, acute kidney injury, stroke, and bleeding are also similar.
Spontaneous coronary artery dissection with cardiogenic shock: How frequent is it? How should we treat it?
Authors: Smith Timothy , Henry Timothy D.
Published: January 2021

Key Points

Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection (SCAD) may represent 1–2% of all STEMI and 20–25% of STEMI in women <50.

Cardiogenic shock is relatively low (2–3%) in the overall SCAD population but may occur in up to 25% of SCAD patients with STEMI.

The ideal treatment for a SCAD patient with cardiogenic shock requires thoughtful patient specific‐management decisions in regards to both the choice of revascularization and the choice of mechanical circulatory support. When treated appropriately these patients have excellent long‐term outcome, with mortality lower than STEMI or cardiogenic shock related to atherosclerosis.
Feasibility of transcatheter closure for absent aortic rim in patients with atrial septal defect
Authors: Takaya Yoichi , Akagi Teiji , Nakagawa Koji , Nakayama Rie , Miki Takashi , Toh Norihisa , Ito Hiroshi
Published: January 2021

Objectives

This study aimed to assess the feasibility of transcatheter atrial septal defect (ASD) closure in patients with absent aortic rim.

Background

The indication of transcatheter closure for ASD with absent aortic rim is controversial.

Methods

We enrolled 547 patients with ASD who were scheduled for transcatheter closure. Morphologies of aortic rim were evaluated using transesophageal echocardiography (TEE).

Results

Aortic rim of <5 mm was observed in 396 (72%) patients; 128 (23%) had absent aortic rim of 0 mm, and 268 (49%) had deficient aortic rim of >0 to <5 mm. Patients with absent aortic rim frequently had aortic rim absence at an angle of 0° on TEE and septal malalignment. Of the 128 patients with absent aortic rim, 126 (98%) successfully underwent transcatheter closure, while 2 (2%) failed transcatheter closure due to a large defect with severe septal malalignment. The success rate of transcatheter closure was similar between patients with absent aortic rim and those with deficient aortic rim (98% vs. 99%, p = .45). After the procedure, no patients had erosion or device embolization during a median follow‐up of 24 months.

Conclusions

Transcatheter closure was successfully performed without adverse events in patients with absent aortic rim, as well as in those with deficient aortic rim. Our findings can be valuable to determine the indication of transcatheter closure in patients with ASD.
Tricuspid regurgitation after transcatheter mitral valve repair: Clinical course and impact on outcome
Authors: Meijerink Frank , Koch Karel T. , de Winter Robbert J. , Robbers‐Visser Daniëlle , Boekholdt S. Matthijs , Holierook Marja , Baan Jan , Bouma Berto J.
Published: January 2021

Objectives

The aim of this study was to determine the course of tricuspid regurgitation (TR) after transcatheter mitral valve repair (TMVR), identify predictors for severe TR after TMVR and determine the association of severe TR after TMVR with outcome.

Background

TR is often present in patients with symptomatic mitral regurgitation (MR) and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The clinical course of TR after TMVR has not been clearly determined.

Methods

Patients that underwent TMVR between 2009 and 2017 were included. Clinical data were compared between patients with and without severe TR at 6 months after TMVR. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify predictors for severe TR after TMVR. Survival analysis was done for both groups, using the Kaplan–Meier method.

Results

A total of 146 patients were included (mean age 76 years, 51% male, 79% New York Heart Association class ≥3 and 29% severe TR at baseline).

Advanced age, atrial fibrillation (AF), right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, and limited procedural MR reduction were revealed as independent predictors for severe TR after TMVR. Survival of patients with severe TR after TMVR was 58% after 2 years compared to 82% for those with non, mild or moderate TR.

Conclusions

Severe TR after TMVR is common in patients at advanced age, those with AF, RV dysfunction and limited MR reduction during TMVR and is associated with impaired survival. As the associated parameters are indicators of longstanding MR, research investigating the benefits of earlier intervention in MR should be initiated.
Recent Advances in Metal‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydroboration of Ketones
Authors: Wang Ruibin , Park Sehoon
Published: January 2021

Metal‐catalyzed asymmetric reduction of unsaturated functions is a highly useful and fundamental transformation to give diverse chiral synthons. In particular, the enantioselective reduction of prochiral ketones is of great synthetic interest, since it can provide optically active chiral alcohols which have wide applications in organic synthesis, materials science, and pharmaceutical chemistry. Numerous and diverse metal catalytic systems for asymmetric hydrogenation and hydrosilylation of ketones extensively evolved in terms of activity, selectivity, and practicality, while only limited varieties of metal catalysts for the asymmetrichydroborationhad been documented until 2010.Diverseandnewmetal complexes with a range of multi‐dentate chiral ligands have recently emerged as catalysts for the enantioselective ketone hydroboration, which are highly differentiated from the precedence in several aspects. This Minireview summarizes recent examples of the metal catalyst systems for the asymmetric hydroboration of ketones published from 2015 to 2020. Diverse catalytic working modes involved in a process of enantiodifferentiating hydride transfer, are discussed with a strong emphasis on the steric and electronic effects of chiral ligands.
A Synthetic Strategy for Cofacial Porphyrin‐Based Homo‐ and Heterobimetallic Complexes
Authors: Schissler Christoph , Schneider Erik K. , Felker Benjamin , Weis Patrick , Nieger Martin , Kappes Manfred M. , Bräse Stefan
Published: January 2021

We present a straightforward and generally applicable synthesis route for cofacially linked homo‐ and heterobimetallic porphyrin complexes. The protocol allows the synthesis of unsymmetrical aryl‐based meso‐meso as well as β‐meso‐linked porphyrins. Our method significantly increases the overall yield for the published compound known as o‐phenylene‐bisporphyrin (OBBP) by a factor of 6.8. Besides the synthesis of 16 novel homobimetallic complexes containing MnIII, FeIII, NiII, CuII, ZnII, and PdII, we achieved the first single‐crystal X‐ray structure of an unsymmetrical cofacial benzene‐linked porphyrin dimer containing both planar‐chiral enantiomers of a NiII2 complex. Additionally, this new methodology allows access to heterobimetallic complexes such as the FeIII‐NiII containing carbon monoxide dehydrogenase active site analogue. The isolated species were investigated by various techniques, including ion mobility spectrometry, DFT calculations, and UV/Vis spectroscopy. This allowed us to probe the influence of interplane distance on Soret band splitting.
Supramolecular Self‐Assembly of Cyclopentyl‐Substituted Cucurbit[n]uril with Fe3+, Fe2+, and HClO4 Based on Outer Surface Interaction
Authors: Zheng Jun , Zhao Wei Wei , Meng Ye , Jin Yan Mei , Gao Jie , Ma Pei Hua
Published: January 2021

The supramolecular self‐assembly of the outer surface of cucurbit[n]uril is one of the main areas of focus in cucurbit[n]uril chemistry. The crystal structure is determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and characterized. This work focuses on the supramolecular self‐assembly between CyP5Q[5], FeCl2, FeCl3 and CyP6Q[6] and HClO4 through the interaction of the outer surface.
Time‐to‐digital converters—A comprehensive review
Authors: Mattada Mahantesh P. , Guhilot Hansraj
Published: January 2021

This work presents a comprehensive literature review on different topologies of time‐to‐digital converters (TDCs). A brief history, applications, classification, characterization, and working principle of each TDC are mentioned. A survey of both Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) and Application‐Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) architectures is covered. The trade‐off with respect to applications, pros, and cons of different architectures and future scope of TDC as an alternative data converter is also explored.
A detailed introduction of different beamforming techniques used in 5G
Authors: Bindle Abhay , Gulati Tarun , Kumar Neeraj
Published: January 2021

The arrival of high‐speed internet facility such as the mmWave system or more commonly known as 5G wireless network is a prime impetus that is expected to be the driver for radical transformation in current communication methods. Apart from the numerous applications, an area where 5G is expected to be a game‐changer is the vehicle‐to‐everything or V2X network. This technology uses a road side unit (RSU) which provides wireless connectivity to vehicles, pedestrians, and so on, which may be either stationary or mobile so that their exact location can be known in real time. Researchers have demonstrated experimentally that 4G connectivity with such RSUs can provide a reliable low latency network for certain applications. For instance, for near‐perfect localization of each connected objects on the map, there is a need to stream GPS data, process semantic information from videos continually using computer vision. While these are simply for locating vehicles in real time so that road accident can be prevented. They are also the host of other features such as entertainment, health monitors, and mobile office that can be integrated inside a moving vehicle. To address the issues massive multi‐input multi‐output (MIMO), communication can be realized by using hybrid transceivers which uses a setup consisting of high‐dimensional analog phase shifters and power amplifier with dimensional digital signal processing units having low power. It is therefore vital to choose an apt beamforming design that will run on low energy. A comparison of different varieties of beamforming methodologies for determining the most efficient massive MIMO network is carried out here.
Neuroprotective mechanisms of mangiferin in neurodegenerative diseases
Authors: Liu Tingjun , Song Yuanjian , Hu Ankang
Published: January 2021

The central nervous system (CNS) regulates and coordinates an extensive array of complex processes requiring harmonious regulation of specific genes. CNS disorders represent a large burden on society and cause enormous disability and economic losses. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used for many years in the treatment of neurological illnesses, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, and depression, as the combination of TCM and Western medicine has superior therapeutic efficacy and minimal toxic side effects. Mangiferin (MGF) is an active compound of the traditional Chinese herb rhizome anemarrhenae, which has antioxidant, anti‐inflammation, anti‐lipid peroxidation, immunomodulatory, and anti‐apoptotic functions in the CNS. MGF has been demonstrated to have therapeutic effects in CNS diseases through a multitude of mechanisms. This review outlines the latest research on the neuroprotective ability of MGF and the diverse molecular mechanisms involved.
Food addiction comorbid to mental disorders: A nationwide survey and register‐based study
Authors: Horsager Christina , Færk Emil , Lauritsen Marlene Briciet , Østergaard Søren Dinesen
Published: January 2021

Objective

Substance use disorder is highly prevalent among individuals with mental disorders. However, it remains largely unknown whether this is also the case for “food addiction”—a phenotype characterized by an addiction‐like attraction to predominantly highly processed foods with a high content of refined carbohydrates and fat. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to estimate the weighted prevalence of food addiction among individuals with mental disorders.

Method

A total of 5,000 individuals aged 18–62 were randomly drawn from eight categories of major mental disorders from the Danish Psychiatric Central Research Register and invited to participate in an online questionnaire‐based survey, which included the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0. Data on health care and sociodemographics from the Danish registers were linked to all invitees—enabling comprehensive attrition analysis and calculation of the weighted prevalence of food addiction.

Results

A total of 1,394 (27.9%) invitees participated in the survey. Across all diagnostic categories, 23.7% met the criteria for food addiction. The weighted prevalence of food addiction was highest among individuals with eating disorders (47.7%, 95%CI: 41.2–54.2), followed by affective disorders (29.4%, 95%CI: 22.9–36.0) and personality disorders (29.0%, 95%CI: 22.2–35.9). When stratifying on sex, the prevalence of food addiction was higher among women in most diagnostic categories.

Discussion

Food addiction is highly prevalent among individuals with mental disorders, especially in those with eating disorders, affective disorders and personality disorders. Food addiction may be an important target for efforts aimed at reducing obesity among individuals with mental disorders.
Dinuclear Gold(I) Chloride Complexes with Diarsine Ligands
Authors: Kobayashi Ryosuke , Fujii Toshiki , Imoto Hiroaki , Naka Kensuke
Published: January 2021

Recently, we have developed synthetic methods for preparing diarsenic ligands. Herein, dinuclear gold(I) chloride complexes with various kinds of diarsenic ligands [Au2Cl2(diars)] were synthesized (diars = dpae, dpap, dpab, cis‐dpav, trans‐dpav, dpapz, and dpaq). X‐ray crystallography revealed that they can form intra‐ or intermolecular aurophilic interactions depending on the ligand structure except for dpab. Crystal polymorphs of Au2Cl2(dpae) and Au2Cl2(dpap) were observed because of the flexible alkylene linkers of the diarsine ligand. The emission behaviors of the complexes were drastically changed by the ligands, which should affect the energy barrier for internal conversion from the intraligand excitation state to the halide‐to‐ligand charge transfer one. Some of the complexes accordingly showed luminescent mechanochromism and/or thermochromism.
Preparation and Optical and Electrochemical Properties of Boron (III) Subphthalocyanines with One to Three Trithiole Rings
Authors: Kimura Takeshi , Baba Mizue
Published: January 2021

The reaction of 5,6‐dicyano‐4,7‐diethylbenzo[1,2,3]trithiole (1) with trichloroborane in p‐xylene and subsequent substitution of the chloro group with phenol produced boron (III) subphthalocyanine 2 with three trithiole rings. Upon treatment of 1 with trichloroborane in p‐xylene in the presence of unsubstituted phthalonitrile or tetrafluorophthalonitrile, unsymmetrical subphthalocyanines 3, 4, 6, and 7 with one or two trithiole rings were obtained after the reaction with phenol. The Q‐band absorption of 2 appeared at λmax=611 nm in the UV‐vis spectrum and the emission was observed at λe=630 nm. Decreasing the number of fused trithiole rings and ethyl groups resulted in higher energy shifts of the Q‐band absorption in the UV‐vis spectra and downfield chemical shifts of the 11B NMR signals. Compounds 2, 3, and 4 were treated by pentachloro antimonate in dichloromethane, the solution of which showed strong ESR signals. The structures of simplified model compounds were optimized using the DFT method with the Gaussian 09 program at the B3LYP/6‐31G (d, p) level.
Easy and One‐Step Synthesis of Ir Single Atom Doped PPy Nanoparticles for Highly Active N‐Alkylation Reaction
Authors: Iuliano Mariagrazia , Sarno Maria , Cirillo Claudia , Ponticorvo Eleonora , De Pasquale Salvatore
Published: January 2021

Single atoms are nowadays considered new catalysts offering a lot of advantages such as reduced cost and use of noble metals. Here, we report the catalytic activity towards N‐alkylation reactions of single atoms (SACs) of iridium doped polypyrrole (Ir−PPy nanoparticles). The new nanocatalyst exhibits excellent behavior due to the combination of highly active SACs catalyst and the organic conductive support providing strong binding of single atoms and thus improved reusability and easiness to handle. In the presence of a low amount of Ir and of a suitable base, excellent activity (yield >99 %) and selectivity (>99 %) were obtained. In the optimized Ir condition (3 wt.% of Ir) an aniline conversion of about 99 %, with excellent selectivity, just after 600 min, was obtained. Recyclability tests show that the catalyst can be successfully recycled six times without significant catalyst activity loss.
Reaction of N,N‐Disubstituted Polyfluoroalkanethioamides with Diazomethane: Entry to New Thiirane Derivatives
Authors: Shermolovich Yuriy G. , Khyzhan Aleksandr I. , Rusanov Eduard B. , Mazepa Alexander V. , Rakipov Ildar M. , Mykhaylychenko Sergiy S.
Published: January 2021

New fluorinated thiirane derivatives were formed as a result of the reaction between N,N‐disubstituted polyfluoroalkanethioamides and diazomethane. The obtained thiiranes were smoothly desulfurized by the treatment with triphenylphosphine affording 1‐polyfluoroalkyl enamines. New transformations of the synthesized thiiranes and enamines into functionalized 1,4‐dioxanes have been found to occur under the action of m‐chloroperoxybenzoic acid. The structures of 1,4‐dioxanes containing trifluoromethyl and pentafluoroethyl groups have been determined by X‐ray diffraction analysis.
Recent Progress in Non‐Catalytic C–H Functionalization of Heterocyclic N‐Oxides
Authors: Kutasevich Anton V. , Perevalov Valery P. , Mityanov Vitaly S.
Published: January 2021

Considerable attention holds on the chemistry and application of heterocyclic N‐oxides due to their advantages as building‐blocks in organic synthesis and importance in biomedical research. On the other hand, in recent years the development of selective methods for constructing C–C, C–N, C–P, C–S, and C–O bonds via direct C–H functionalization has become especially demand in organic synthesis. These circumstances determine the significance of this minireview, which present recent advances in the field of C–H functionalization of heterocyclic N‐oxides. Data on various type reactions which formal result is the replacement of a hydrogen atom in a heterocycle, with the exclusion of methods using heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts based on transition metals, are summarized. Presented works for the last 15 years, since 2006.
Advances in the Synthesis and Applications of Three Membered Sila, Sila‐Aza/‐Phospha/‐Oxa/‐Thia Cyclopropanes
Authors: Nandi Ganesh Chandra
Published: January 2021

This review demonstrates the comprehensive progress in the preparations and synthetic applications of Si‐containing three membered rings, such as silirane, sila‐aza/‐phospha/‐oxa/‐thia cyclopropanes. The Si‐containing three membered ring systems lack stability, due to the high strain, hence need tremendous efforts for its preparation. However, the enhanced energy makes these rings very useful precursors or intermediates for various stereoselective/non‐stereoselective organic transformations via cleavage of ring in the presence of several nucleophiles/electrophiles.
Analysis of Interconversion between Atropisomers of Chiral Substituted 9,9’‐Bicarbazole
Authors: Kobayashi Toshifumi , Ishiwari Fumitaka , Fukushima Takanori , Hanaya Kengo , Sugai Takeshi , Higashibayashi Shuhei
Published: January 2021

Interconversion of atropisomers of chiral 3,3’‐di‐tert‐butyl‐9,9’‐bicarbazole linked by a single N−N bond was analyzed by DFT calculations and experiments. The calculations revealed that the trans transition state has a lower energy for the interconversion than the cis transition state. The lowest transition state of interconversion between natural dixiamycins A and B containing a 9,9’‐bicarbazole structure was found to be the trans transition state. The calculations also indicated that degradation through N−N bond cleavage was faster than racemization. Atropisomeric enantiomers of 3,3’‐di‐tert‐butyl‐9,9’‐bicarbazole were resolved by chiral HPLC for the first time, and then racemization and N−N bond cleavage were investigated by heating experiments, showing that racemization did not take place below the degradation temperature.
Electron Donor‐Acceptor Spirobi[cyclopenta[2,1‐b : 3,4‐b′]dithiophene] Derivatives as Precursors of Electrodeposited Regioregular Thiophene‐based Polymers
Authors: Minudri Daniela , Orlandi Simonetta , Cavazzini Marco , Rossi Sergio , Marzari Gabriela , Cavallo Pablo , Fernandez Luciana , Fungo Fernando , Pozzi Gianluca
Published: January 2021

A series of conjugation extended push‐pull derivatives of 4,4′‐spirobi[cyclopenta[2,1‐b : 3,4‐b′]dithiophene] were synthesized and fully characterized, in which each perpendicularly aligned cyclopenta[2,1‐b : 3,4‐b′]dithiophene features a pendant dicyanovinylene as an electron acceptor and a thiophene as an electron donor. The electrochemical and photophysical properties of the new molecules, which differ from each other for the presence and/or location of an additional n‐hexyl chain on the pendant thiophene unit, were investigated, as well as their susceptibility to electrochemical polymerization. The substitution arrangement of the monomers was found to exert significant influence on the outcome of the electropolymerization process and on the optoelectronic properties and morphological film characteristics of the new regioregular materials obtained.
A fluorescence‐based yeast sensor for monitoring acetic acid
Authors: Hahne Katja , Rödel Gerhard , Ostermann Kai
Published: January 2021

Accumulation of acetic acid indicates an imbalance of the process due to a disturbed composition of the microorganisms. Hence, monitoring the acetic acid concentration is an important parameter to control the biogas process. Here, we describe the generation and validation of a fluorescence‐based whole cell sensor for the detection of acetic acid based on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Acetic acid induces the transcription of a subset of genes. The 5´‐regulatory sequences (5´ URS) of these genes were cloned into a multicopy plasmid to drive the expression of a red fluorescent reporter gene. The 5´ URS of YGP1, encoding a cell wall‐related glycoprotein, led to a 20‐fold increase of fluorescence upon addition of 30 mM acetic acid to the media. We show that the system allows estimating the approximate concentration of acetic acid in condensation samples from a biogas plant. To avoid plasmid loss and increase the long‐term stability of the sensor, we integrated the reporter construct into the yeast genome and tested the suitability of spores for long‐term storage of sensor cells. Lowering the reporter gene's copy number resulted in a significant drop of the fluorescence, which can be compensated by applying a yeast pheromone‐based signal amplification system.
An efficient stabilized finite element scheme for simulating viscoelastic flows
Authors: Chai Yong , Ouyang Jie , Wang Xiaodong
Published: January 2021

This article presents an efficient stabilized finite element scheme for solving viscoelastic flow problems at high Weissenberg numbers. The velocity and pressure variables in the momentum balance equations are uncoupled using an incremental fractional step method based on the second‐order backward differentiation formula. The pressure gradient projection stabilization technique and the discrete elastic‐viscous‐split‐stress formulation are introduced into the scheme, in explicit versions, to circumvent the LBB constraints. For the constitutive equation, a square root transformation is first applied to preserve the positive definiteness of the polymer conformation tensor, and then the streamline upwind/Petrov–Galerkin method and the second‐order Runge–Kutta scheme are implemented for spatial and time discretizations. Three benchmark problems are tested and numerical results have revealed the accuracy and convergence of the scheme. What is more, since the presented scheme enables the use of equal low‐order interpolations for all variables, and requires no iterative process, it is computationally efficient and easy to be implemented.
Characteristics and outcome of pediatric renal cell carcinoma patients registered in the International Society of Pediatric Oncology (SIOP) 93‐01, 2001 and UK‐IMPORT database: A report of the SIOP‐Renal Tumor Study Group
Authors: van der Beek Justine N. , Hol Janna A. , Coulomb‐l'Hermine Aurore , Graf Norbert , van Tinteren Harm , Pritchard‐Jones Kathy , Houwing Maite E. , de Krijger Ronald R. , Vujanic Gordan M. , Dzhuma Kristina , Schenk Jens‐Peter , Littooij Annemieke S. , Ramírez‐Villar Gema L. , Murphy Dermot , Ray Satyajit , Al‐Saadi Reem , Gessler Manfred , Godzinski Jan , Ruebe Christian , Collini Paola , Verschuur Arnaud C. , Frisk Tony , Vokuhl Christian , Hulsbergen‐van de Kaa Christina A. , de Camargo Beatriz , Sandstedt Bengt , Selle Barbara , Tytgat Godelieve A. M. , van den Heuvel‐Eibrink Marry M.
Published: January 2021

In children, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is rare. This study is the first report of pediatric patients with RCC registered by the International Society of Pediatric Oncology‐Renal Tumor Study Group (SIOP‐RTSG). Pediatric patients with histologically confirmed RCC, registered in SIOP 93‐01, 2001 and UK‐IMPORT databases, were included. Event‐free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed using the Kaplan‐Meier method. Between 1993 and 2019, 122 pediatric patients with RCC were registered. Available detailed data (n = 111) revealed 56 localized, 30 regionally advanced, 25 metastatic and no bilateral cases. Histological classification according to World Health Organization 2004, including immunohistochemical and molecular testing for transcription factor E3 (TFE3) and/or EB (TFEB) translocation, was available for 65/122 patients. In this group, the most common histological subtypes were translocation type RCC (MiT‐RCC) (36/64, 56.3%), papillary type (19/64, 29.7%) and clear cell type (4/64, 6.3%). One histological subtype was not reported. In the remaining 57 patients, translocation testing could not be performed, or TFE‐cytogenetics and/or immunohistochemistry results were missing. In this group, the most common RCC histological subtypes were papillary type (21/47, 44.7%) and clear cell type (11/47, 23.4%). Ten histological subtypes were not reported. Estimated 5‐year (5y) EFS and 5y OS of the total group was 70.5% (95% CI = 61.7%‐80.6%) and 84.5% (95% CI = 77.5%‐92.2%), respectively. Estimated 5y OS for localized, regionally advanced, and metastatic disease was 96.8%, 92.3%, and 45.6%, respectively. In conclusion, the registered pediatric patients with RCC showed a reasonable outcome. Survival was substantially lower for patients with metastatic disease. This descriptive study stresses the importance of full, prospective registration including TFE‐testing.
Electrolytes: From a Thorn Comes a Rose, and from a Rose, a Thorn
Authors: Cekic‐Laskovic Isidora , Wölke Christian , Xu Kang , Winter Martin
Published: January 2021

In this article we take a stroll through the metaphorical rose garden, part of the flower garden, that is electrochemical storage systems. We take a closer look at batteries as the center‐pieces – the roses – and especially at the system component of batteries, the electrolyte and its development, throughout history. Just as a rose can only develop its unique beauty when taken good care of and provided with clean water and suitable nutrients, a battery cell cannot function without its electrolyte; the seemingly trivial component that has to juggle a multitude of requirements in order to make batteries truly bloom.
Impact of bank regulation on risk of Islamic and conventional banks
Authors: Hoque Hafiz , Liu Heng
Published: January 2021

We analyse the impact of bank regulation on the risks of Islamic banks (IBs) and conventional banks (CBs) between 2004 and 2015 by employing 455 CBs and 95 IBs from 22 countries where IBs and CBs coexist. Since the objective of Basel regulations is to achieve a stable banking sector by mitigating risks, we examine the impact of bank regulations on various risks of IBs and CBs by using a regression framework. We examine solvency risk, credit risk, idiosyncratic risk and systemic risk by using capital oversight, restriction on activities, private monitoring and supervisory power bank regulation data provided by the World Bank. The findings show that though the Basel regulations were originally developed for CBs, our results imply that they are effective for IBs as well as CBs. However, our study also shows that regulations affect IBs and CBs differently as their business models are different. More targeted regulations towards IBs would be necessary to support IBs. Additionally, in regions with higher economic freedom indexes, banking regulations can mitigate the risk of IBs and CBs to a greater extent. Our results imply that the combination of free economic policies and banking supervision addresses risks in banking effectively. Finally, the bank regulations did not appear to be able to control the risk of the sample banks during the 2007–2009 crisis. Hence, the Basel committee needs to rethink about regulations during crisis times.
Process of fetal head descent as recorded by ultrasonography: How does this compare with the conventional first stage of labor?
Authors: Tang Huirong , Wang Wenwen , Pan Yunyun , Liu Mo , Shao Fang , Xu Biyun , Su Yu , Hu Yali , Dai Yimin , Zheng Mingming
Published: January 2021

Objective

To construct an ultrasound partogram using serial transperineal sonographic measurements of the angle of fetal head progression during the first stage of labor, and to compare it with a conventional partogram based on digital vaginal examinations.

Methods

Between 2017 and 2018, a prospective cohort study at Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, China, recruited 375 nulliparous women with singleton pregnancy and spontaneous onset of labor at 37 or more gestational weeks. Transperineal ultrasound scans were performed to measure the angle of progression (AoP) every 0.5–1 h until the second stage. Vaginal examinations were also used to measure cervical dilatation. Repeated‐measures analysis was used to generate labor curves.

Results

The labor curve generated by AoP had a pattern similar to that based on cervical dilatation. There was an initial slow period lasting approximately 5.5 h until the cervical dilatation or AoP reached the inflection point (4 cm and 119°, respectively), followed by a second, more rapid period, lasting approximately 2.5 h.

Conclusion

Based on ultrasound data, it was feasible to construct an “angle of progression partogram” of the first stage of labor, which was similar in pattern to the partogram based on cervical dilatation measured in the same cohort.
Agricultural water management challenges in the Hunza River Basin: Is a solar water pump an alternative option?*
Authors: Dhakal Madhav Prasad , Ali Amjad , Khan Muhammad Zafar , Wagle Nisha , Shah Ghulam Muhammad , Maqsood Muhammad Mudassar , Ali Ajaz
Published: January 2021

In the glaciated mountains of the Upper Indus Basin of Pakistan, glacier‐ and snowmelt‐ based irrigation systems have been established over several centuries to secure water for cultivation. However, these systems are now facing several challenges, being sensitive to climate change and thus exposed to the resulting extreme events such as glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) and flash floods, also difficult terrain and access paths, male outmigration, limited technical capacity and a weak policy and governance system. Hence, exploring the potential options for overcoming the challenges and irrigating arable barren land could lead to economic prosperity and environmental gains.

A literature review, stakeholder consultation and semi‐structured questionnaire survey in two villages of the Hunza River basin was conducted to synthesize information in different domains. Information on the irrigation system and its sources, water distribution/allocation system, challenges and adaptation strategies were collected, and based on community preferences, an alternative irrigation technological package was established to overcome the challenges and irrigate barren land. A customized solar water lifting pump with an efficient micro‐irrigation package was piloted which proved to be climate resilient. The system is simple to adopt, uses clean energy for operation and is economically feasible, with a benefit–cost ratio of 4.96 and a payback period of around 11 years.
Early response to caplacizumab and rituximab after anaphylaxis to Octaplas plasma in a patient with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Authors: Perrone Salvatore , Passucci Mauro , Ortu La Barbera Elettra , Capriata Marcello , Ferretti Antonietta , Mecozzi Alessandra , Giovangrossi Piera , Equitani Francesco , Cimino Giuseppe
Published: January 2021

Management of aTTP in patients who refuse or are intolerant to plasma remains challenging, but new drugs can be implemented with success. A 39‐year‐old woman presented to the Emergency department for bruises at the upper and lower limbs together with worsening anemia and thrombocytopenia; PLASMIC score was seven, indicative of high risk to have a thrombotic microangiopathy due to severe ADAMTS‐13 deficiency: indeed, it was 1.4%. We immediately started Plasma Exchange, but after the third procedure she developed severe anaphylaxis to Octaplas plasma, so PEXs were discontinued. We proceeded to a salvage strategy with rituximab and caplacizumab that was rapidly effective to resolve symptoms and hemolysis. It has been already reported a case in which a patient developed severe reactions to fresh‐frozen plasma that required discontinuation of PEX. Differently from this case, our patient was already using the less immunogenic pooled plasma units Octaplas, therefore a strategy with caplacizumab was the only available option. Moreover, rituximab is associated with a shorter time to obtain a durable remission in aTTP and a faster time (15 days) to final ADAMTS13 activity recovery >10%. To our knowledge, this is the first case of early discontinuation of caplacizumab in a patient allergic to PEX by actively monitoring ADAMTS13 activity, allowing optimization of healthcare resources during COVID‐19 pandemic.
Calmodulin/CaMKII‐γ mediates prosurvival capability in apicidin‐persistent hepatocellular carcinoma cells via ERK1/2/CREB/c‐fos signaling pathway
Authors: Hsu Wei‐Chung , Le Hang‐Nga , Lin Yu‐Jung , Chen Ming‐Cheng , Wang Tso‐Fu , Li Chi‐Cheng , Kuo Wei‐Wen , Mahalakshmi B. , Singh Chaouhan Hitesh , Chen Mei‐Chih , Huang Chih‐Yang
Published: January 2021

Calmodulin (CaM), a Ca2+ binding protein, plays a critical role in cancer initiation and progression through binding and activating numerous target proteins, including Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase (CaMK) family proteins. However, the mechanisms underlying the effects of CaM/CaMKs on the survival capability of liver cancer cells is unclear, and this study investigates this mechanism in apicidin‐persistent HA22T cells. CaM level was upregulated, especially in the cytosol, in apicidin‐persistent HA22T cells than in parental HA22T cells and was positively associated with cell proliferation and migration capacity of apicidin‐persistent HA22T cells. Further, the expression of CaM‐activated CaMKs‐dependent signaling cascades, including CaMKK2, CaMKIV, CaMKII‐γ, and p‐CaMKII was observed in apicidin‐persistent HA22T cells, which were transiently activated by mitogen‐activated protein kinase oncogenic signaling, such as CREB, ERK1/2, and c‐fos. Furthermore, a specific CaM inhibitor trifluoperazine reduced the levels of p‐CREB, p‐ERK1/2, and c‐fos in apicidin‐persistent HA22T cells than in parental HA22T cells. Additionally, inhibition of CaM also suppressed CaM‐induced Bcl‐XL (an antiapoptotic protein) expression in apicidin‐persistent HA22T cells. Our finding emphasizes an essential role of CaM/CaMKs in augmentation of the survival capability of apicidin‐persistent liver cancer cells and suggests that CaM inhibition significantly attenuates CaM‐induced tumor growth and abrogates antiapoptotic function and also offers a promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment.
Lp‐PLA2 evaluates the severity of carotid artery stenosis and predicts the occurrence of cerebrovascular events in high stroke‐risk populations
Authors: Zhang Fujie , Guo Jianwei , Yang Fangfang , Zhou Yonglie
Published: January 2021

Background

Lipoprotein‐associated phospholipase A2 (Lp‐PLA2) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, relationship between carotid artery stenosis and cerebrovascular events in high stroke‐risk populations is still unclear.

Methods

A total of 835 people at a high risk of stroke were screened from 15,933 people aged >40 years in April 2013 and followed at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months. Finally, 823 participants met the screening criteria, and the clinical data and biochemical parameters were investigated.

Results

Among the 823 participants, 286 had varying degrees of carotid artery stenosis and 18 had cerebrovascular events. The level of Lp‐PLA2 in the carotid artery stenosis group was higher than that in the no stenosis group, and the level in the event group was higher than that in the no event group (p < 0.05). Spearman correlation analysis showed that Lp‐PLA2 was positively correlated with the degree of carotid artery stenosis (r = 0.093, p = 0.07) and stenosis involvement (r = 0.094, p = 0.07). The correlation coefficient between Lp‐PLA2 and lipoprotein was the highest on the levels of sdLDL (r = 0.555, p < 0.001), followed by non‐HDL, LDL, TC, and TG. Cox multivariate regression analysis revealed that, compared with the first quantile of Lp‐PLA2 level (Q1, low level), the risk of cerebrovascular events in the fourth quantile of Lp‐PLA2 was 10.170 times that of the first quantile (OR = 10.170, 95% CI 1.302–79.448, p = 0.027).

Conclusions

Lp‐PLA2 levels can evaluate carotid artery stenosis and predict the occurrence of cerebrovascular events in high stroke‐risk populations and provide scientific guidance for risk stratification management.
Serum pancreatic enzymes in the early postoperative period predict complications associated with pancreatic fluid after pancreas transplantation: A retrospective, single‐center, observational cohort study
Authors: Tomihara Kazuki , Hisadome Yu , Noguchi Hiroshi , Kaku Keizo , Okabe Yasuhiro , Nakamura Masafumi
Published: January 2021

Background

Pancreas transplantation (PT) is a radical treatment for diabetes mellitus (DM). Although the results of PT have been improving, surgical complications remain. Few reports have focused on complications associated with pancreatic fluid (CAPF) after PT. We aimed to investigate the risk factors and predictors for CAPF after PT.

Methods

Sixty‐nine patients, who underwent deceased‐donor PT for type 1 DM at our institution from August 2001 to May 2020, were retrospectively studied. We identified CAPF from those with Clavien‐Dindo Classification ≥grade III and assessed risk factors by univariate and multivariate analyses using logistic regression.

Results

Twenty‐one (30.4%) patients had complications with Clavien‐Dindo Classification ≥grade III. Eleven (16.0%) patients were diagnosed with CAPF. Median serum pancreatic amylase (P‐AMY) levels with CAPF on postoperative day (POD)1 and POD2 were significantly higher than those without CAPF (P = .019 and P = .027, respectively). In multivariable analysis, serum P‐AMY levels on POD1 were an independent predictive factor for CAPF (odds ratio 1.83, 95% confidence interval 1.07‐3.14, P = .008).

Conclusions

Complications associated with pancreatic fluid after PT is associated with high serum P‐AMY in the early postoperative period. Serum pancreatic enzymes in the first few postoperative days after PT may be a significant predictive factor for CAPF.
Defining and measuring financial inclusion: A systematic review and confirmatory factor analysis
Authors: Pesqué‐Cela Vanesa , Tian Lihui , Luo Deming , Tobin Damian , Kling Gerhard
Published: January 2021

This study re‐examines the construct of financial inclusion, through a literature review and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). First, we conduct a systematic review of definitions, measures and data sources. Second, we apply CFA to test two prominent financial inclusion indices. The CFA analysis reveals a high correlation between the ‘access’ and ‘use’ dimensions; hence, indices fail to capture the multidimensionality of financial inclusion. Existing indices tend to be biased towards measuring the supply‐side and quantitative aspects of financial inclusion. The extent to which lower income individuals and smaller firms have been incorporated into the formal financial sector is not captured.