bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Impurities in Impurity-Dominated Electronic Materials and Devices
Authors: Biondi F. J.
Published: September 2009

It is privilege to open this National Technical Meeting of the American Society for Testing Materials, dealing with the interaction of ASTM with the electronics industry.
A Comparison of Electrostatic and High-Efficiency Impingement Air Filters for Use in Device Development Laboratories
Authors: Helmke George
Published: September 2009

A recent developmental program at Bell Telephone Laboratories in connection with phosphor screens for use in a cathode ray type scanner tube required the use of a room with a low dust level. Midway in this program it became necessary to change the location of this operation from one room to another. The air supply to the original room had been filtered by an electrostatic precipitator, while at the new location a supply air filter of the high-efficiency impingement type was used.
Dust Monitoring by the Dry Slide Settling Technique
Authors: Whitfield W. J. , Marsh R. C. , Kodel I. M.
Published: September 2009

This paper describes a dry slide settling technique developed to obtain a reliable count of the dust conditions in a clean room. The dust is counted, sized, and evaluated microscopically after the particulate matter is captured on clean, dry slides placed horizontally at different locations in the room.

The success of the method is made possible largely by the type of microscope used. The projection microscope used in this technique speeds up the counting procedure and allows the operator to view and count the dust field projected upon a 7-in. ground-glass screen at a convenient eye level, thus overcoming operator fatigue and loss of accuracy.

In addition, the projection microscope has other advantages: 1. Easy Particle Sizing.—The 7-in. ground-glass screen is gridded in 1-mm squares. Particles are sized by screen division and later converted to actual size in microns. 2. As an Educational Tool.—The projection microscope allows more than one person to view the dust field simultaneously. This is of great importance in educating clean-room workers. It is often difficult for the nonscientific person to visualize the amount of dust present in any atmosphere. 3. Particle Identification.—Materials from suspected sources can be mounted on slides and compared with collected particulate matter.
Detection of Inorganic Contamination on Surfaces by an EMF Measurement
Authors: Schimmel D. G.
Published: September 2009

Electron tubes and semiconductor devices are greatly affected by contaminating materials on the component parts. Many methods for cleaning these component parts have been investigated, published, and put to use. However, methods for detecting inorganic contamination on metal surfaces, either as initial or residual contamination from a cleaning process, are virtually non-existent.

This paper is a report of progress made on a simple, fast, and inexpensive method for detection of inorganic contamination on metal surfaces. Descriptions of design, operation, and application of the test method are included. Data are presented to indicate the scope of the testing method and its usefulness at the present time.
Electrode Potential: A Tool for the Control of Materials and Processes in Electron Device Fabrication: I. EMF—Time Studies of Clean and Contaminated Platinum Electrodes
Authors: Feder D. O. , Jacob E. S.
Published: September 2009

The performance of modern electronic devices may be significantly degraded by the presence of exceedingly small quantities of unknown and unwanted extraneous materials. In order to be able to produce reliable devices, it is necessary to exercise stringent control over the composition and processing of the materials used in device construction. At various stages in the fabrication process, end point tests are required to ensure that the material being processed has not become contaminated or otherwise degraded. A variety of techniques has been reported for the detection and control of some of the various classes of likely contaminants (1,2). This paper and the one which follows describe a new control technique in which the electrode potential of a metallic material (referred to some standard electrode in a specified electrolyte) may be used to characterize both the state of bulk purity of a metal and the condition of its surface and to monitor the reproducibility of both of these parameters from lot to lot of raw material.
Use of Radioisotope Tracer Techniques in Contamination Studies
Authors: Bulat T. J.
Published: September 2009

One of the most valuable and accurate ways of measuring and evaluating contamination removal is through the use of radioisotopes. The process entails: (1) incorporation of a radioisotope into the contaminant to be studied; (2) application of the “tagged” contaminant to the substrate to be studied; (3) measurement of the amount of contaminant on the substrate; (4) subjecting the substrate to the industrial cleaning process under surveillance; and (5) measurement of the amount of contamination remaining on the substrate.
Fluorine Release from Glasses
Authors: Francel Josef
Published: September 2009

Fluorine release from glasses containing up to 1 per cent fluorine was studied in the temperature range from 350 to 500 C. Experimental evidence is presented to show that fluorine is released as hydrogen and alkali fluorides, not as fluorine gas or silicon tetrafluoride.

Temperature-dependence of fluorine release can be expressed by a general equation of the following type: log F = (-A/T) + B. The time-dependence of fluorine release can be expressed by the following relations: F = m t1/2 + b. The constants A, B, m, and b were determined for several Kimble glasses. At the annealing points (= temperature of same viscosity - log n = 13.4), glasses of the same composition group release fluorine in proportion to the fluorine content. Glasses containing lead or boric oxide evolve more fluorine than similar glasses without these oxides.
Elimination of Contaminants from Electron Tube Components: Automation of Chemical Processing
Authors: Thomas C. O. , Craft W. H. , Koontz D. E.
Published: September 2009

The rapidly increasing demand for high-quality electron devices in recent years has generated a corresponding interest in methods for detecting, measuring, controlling, and removing surface contaminants (1). Contamination, even at trace levels, may cause significant fabrication problems as in diffusion welding operations. It may also degrade electrical performance characteristics, shorten lifetime, and reduce the reliability of completed devices. In addition, cleanliness is essential in order to establish reproducible material conditions which, in turn, can simplify the problems of statistical quality control.
Transducer Parameters Affecting Sonic Cleaning
Authors: Lyons L. J.
Published: September 2009

In most sonic cleaning systems in use today, electromechanical transducers are employed to transmit the required energy to varied cleaning solutions. There are many considerations relative to the selection of the most effective transducer material. Will it reliably contribute to an effective sonic energy cleaning system?
Size Distribution and Identification of Air-Borne Particulates
Authors: Allison Fred
Published: September 2009

Dust has always been with us and, accordingly, its name bears a variety of emotional connotations derived from personal experiences. While these emotional reactions to dust are a part of the over-all problem to be considered, we are mainly concerned with dust technically as an array of finely divided particulate matter, each particle having unique physical, chemical, and optical characteristics.
ARC Sealing of Borosilicate Glasses
Authors: Liebson Morris
Published: September 2009

Experimental evidence has been obtained which shows that, in certain instances, it may be preferable to use a high-voltage arc in lieu of the conventional flame for sealing in hard glass T-6 1/2 bulbs and stems.

By use of this arc-sealing technique it is possible to heat a highly restricted area of glass, at the periphery of the part being sealed, to its working temperature in an extremely short period of time, thereby limiting the total quantity of heat used and, consequently, reducing the maximum temperature within the tube structure.

This technique, therefore, offers the dual advantages of reduced oxidation and heat distortion of the internal structure as well as elimination of contamination often introduced by flame-combustion products.
Purification, Distribution, Control, and Monitoring of High-Purity Gases for Electron Device Processing
Authors: Rogers Mal D.
Published: September 2009

Methods of purifying and controlling the quality of high-purity gases used in electron device manufacture are presented. Specially designed gas purification systems for removing oxygen, water, and other contaminants to below 1 ppm are in use. Techniques are described for cleaning, installing, and maintaining pipes, valves, and all auxiliary equipment in contact with the gases.

Permeability data for oxygen and water vapor through a variety of plastics and elastomers are being applied to control the type of materials used in the gas system through the point of use. All centrally supplied gases are continuously monitored for oxygen, water, and hydrocarbons in the 1-ppm range. Special equipment and techniques were developed to analyze gases for these contaminants in the 0.2 to 1.0-ppm range. Portable analysis equipment is used to check gas quality at any point in the plant. Other analyses are made by the analytical laboratory. Procedures and pamphlets were written and seminars and lectures were held to help implement the complete program.
Residual Gas Content as a Function of Tube Processing
Authors: Frost H. B.
Published: September 2009

By means of a mass spectrometer integral with the tube being studied, the gases in electron tubes have been investigated as a function of tube processing schedules.

The processing schedules studied were all adapted to trolley pumping of small electron tubes, and included (1) bakeout followed by radiofrequency heating and cathode breakdown, (2) cathode breakdown during bakeout followed by radiofrequency heating, and (3) cathode breakdown during bakeout followed by radiofrequency heating and operation on the pump. The results showed that the initial gas content, particularly carbon monoxide, was considerably reduced by breakdown during bakeout, from 3 x 10-6 Torr carbon monoxide to about 5 x 10-8 Torr carbon monoxide, with even lower pressure obtained by operation on the pump.

In the tubes with cathodes broken down during bakeout, the gas pressure level approached 10-9 Torr on life and remained there without getters. Other ubes without getters processed by breaking down the cathodes after bakeout frequently show pressures of hydrogen and carbon monoxide between 10-8 and 10-7 Torr on life.
Changes in Stability of Germanium Alloy Transistors Through Etching, Washing, and Encapsulation Processing
Authors: Borofsky Arnold J.
Published: September 2009

Changes in the ICBO, Iebo and hFE reliability of germanium alloy transistors (npn and pnp computer types) as a result of etching, washing, and encapsulation processing have been investigated beyond 2500 hr. Data following operation at maximum rated power and 100 C storage data are presented for hydrogen peroxide and modified hydrogen peroxide etching solutions; for tank and turbulent washing; and for five types of fluid-base and three types of dry encapsulants.
A Survey of Embrittlement and Notch Sensitivity of Heat Resisting Steels
Authors: Sachs George , Brown W. F.
Published: September 2009

The phenomenon of embrittlement of steels after heating for extended periods of time has been recognized for many years. That the addition of a stress can accelerate this embrittlement has been claimed by some and denied by other investigators. Recently what appears to be a closely related phenomenon, namely the severe weakening effect caused by notches in creep loading, has been reported in a number of German and Swiss papers.
The Effect of Grain Size Upon the Fatigue Properties at 80, 1200 and 1600 F of “Precision Cast” Alloy X-40
Authors: Toolin P. R.
Published: September 2009

The effect of variation in the pouring temperature on the bending fatigue properties of “precision-cast” fatigue specimens of alloy X-40 when tested at room temperature, 1200 F, and 1600 F, is reported. The average unnotched fatigue strength of the low-pouring-temperature fine-grained material, is appreciably superior to that of the high-pouring-temperature material at room temperature and at 1200 F but only slightly superior at 1600 F. At all temperatures, the variation between the notched fatigue strengths of the two is less than for the unnotched. The notch sensitivity of carefully ground notches was greater at 1200 F than at either room temperature or 1600 F, where it was very small. Machined notches have higher fatigue strengths at room temperature and 1200 F than carefully ground notches. Some tensile strengths are also reported.
Recovery and Creep in an Alloy Steel
Authors: Lequear H. A. , Lubahn J. D.
Published: September 2009

By interrupting a creep test and observing that the creep rate is higher afterward than before by amounts increasing with the duration of the interruption, it is possible to establish that recovery (reduction of the amount of strain hardening) has occurred. Recovery occurs in quenched-and-tempered chromium-molybdenum-vanadium steel at 1000F, but not at 800F.

When recovery occurs, the plastic creep rate becomes constant—sooner for smaller stresses, and apparently immediately for a sufficiently small stress. When recovery does not occur, the plastic creep rate decreases continuously. Recovery does not cause the creep, however, for pronounced creep occurs at temperatures where no recovery occurs.
The Structure and Properties of Stainless Steels after Exposure at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Wilder A. B. , Ketterer E. F.
Published: September 2009

A number of ferritic and austenitic stainless steels were exposed at temperatures of 900 to 1200 F for periods up to 34,000 hr. Microstructure of the weld heat-affected zone and parent metal, tensile and creep rupture properties of the parent metal are discussed.

The tensile properties at ambient temperature of several steels were changed after exposure for 10,000 hr. The creep rupture strength at 900, 1050, and 1200 F in certain steels was changed after 10,000 hr exposure at the elevated temperatures. Ductility in rupture tests of the ferritic steels increased and in the austenitic steels decreased when compared with the tension test results at ambient temperature. Sigma was observed in all the ferritic steels except 12 Cr free machining (FM) and possibly 12 Cr-Al after 34,000 hr exposure at 1200 F. Sigma was observed after exposure at 1200 F in all the austenitic steels except 25 Cr-12 Ni which was only exposed for 5000 hr.
The Use of Lead and Tin Outdoors
Authors: Hiers G O
Published: September 2009

This paper pertains to the service rendered by the use of lead and tin exposed to the atmosphere. It includes comments on reports of Subcommittee VI on Atmospheric Corrosion of A.S.T.M. Committee B-3 which discuss the behavior of lead, 1 per cent antimonial lead, and tin as judged by tests, made periodically, of specimens exposed to the atmosphere at various locations in the United States. It is timely, following the completion of the examination of test specimens that have been exposed for periods of from one to ten years.
Effect of Specimen Structure in Permanence Tests on Wood Adhesives
Authors: Hopkins Robert P
Published: September 2009

An effort has been made to obtain specific data on the relationship between the apparent behavior of wood adhesives in permanence tests and the construction of the test specimens. Outdoor exposure and laboratory water-immersion air-dry cycling procedures, with the aid of phenolic or resorcinol resins were used to study this relationship. Brief attention has also been given to recalling the interdependence of construction of plywood test specimens and maximum tensile shear strength, as established by the Forest Products Laboratory years ago.

Quantitative test data obtained show that wood species, nature of the wood construction, and size of the specimen have an important bearing on the apparent permanence of an adhesive. Small test specimens have been found to exhibit greater mechanical stressing on gluelines than relatively larger specimens.

Shortcomings of wood adhesive specifications lacking consideration of the variable of test specimen construction are noted.

The information has led to the conclusion that greater emphasis should be attached to the construction of the test specimens in any efforts to interpret and develop test methods for wood adhesives.
Basic Theory and Fundamentals of Fluorescent X-ray Spectrographic Analysis
Authors: Friedman H , Birks L S , Brooks E J
Published: September 2009

The basic principles of X-ray spectral analysis were set forth in many publications (1)2 that appeared in the years between 1912 and 1930, and the method had its most notable successes in the discoveries of the missing elements of the periodic system. Operation of X-ray equipment, however, required rather specialized skills and X-ray spectroscopy never came into general use as a means of chemical analysis. The current revival of interest in X-ray spectrochemical analysis may be attributed largely to the replacement of photographic photometry by electronic methods of intensity measurement. Other contributing factors are the availability of high intensity sealed-off X-ray tubes and well-stabilized power supplies. Spectrographs developed during the past few years have proven very successful in the analysis of elements of atomic numbers greater than 22. The extension of X-ray analysis to lighter elements should prove equally profitable with the development of high-vacuum and helium-filled spectrographs.
Use of Multichannel Recording in X-ray Fluorescent Analysis
Authors: Hasler M F , Kemp J W
Published: September 2009

Although the basic principles of X-ray fluorescent analysis have been known for a long time, serious attempts to use this method have been made only in the last three or four years. A review of the current literature indicates that a number of laboratories are studying this method of analysis. Generally, two types of instruments are being used: commercial diffraction units converted to crystal spectrometers, or special instruments constructed in the various laboratories. Practically all of this equipment provides single channel recording. The workers at Applied Research Laboratories feel that the application of multichannel recording to X-ray spectroscopy leads to improved speed and accuracy. The application of this system to dispersive and nondispersive X-ray instruments has been studied.
Examination of Metallic Materials by X-ray Emission Spectrography
Authors: Brissey R M , Liebhafsky H A , Pfeiffer H G
Published: September 2009

The examination of metallic materials by X-ray emission spectrography is reviewed from the viewpoint of the analytical chemist. Reasons are cited to show why X-ray emission spectrography is particularly suited to these applications and why it should prove a welcome complement to other analytical methods including emission spectrography at ordinary wavelengths. A recent successful application of X-ray spectrography (the routine determination of molybdenum, nickel, chromium, cobalt, and iron in a complex alloy developed for high-temperature applications) is described. In addition, a fragmentary comparison of results by X-ray and ordinary emission spectrography is given.

Discussed in a practical way are precision, range of standards, resolution, types of excitation, counting errors, depth of penetration, and deviations caused by absorption. In this discussion, the method has been looked at through the eyes of the analytical chemist who wants his samples analyzed rapidly, as completely as possible, and with good precision (standard deviations smaller than 1 part per 100).

Finally, a few nonroutine applications of X-ray emission spectrography are mentioned, the most striking of which is the modification of an electron microscope to excite the characteristic lines in volumes as small as that of a micron cube.
The Fluorescent X-ray Spectrographic Analysis of Minerals
Authors: Carl Howard F , Campbell William J
Published: September 2009

The fluorescent X-ray spectrograph is being used at the Eastern Experiment Station of the Bureau of Mines, U. S. Department of the Interior, for analyzing a wide variety of minerals and ores. The samples vary from high purity minerals to low grade ores and include mineral dressing products obtained in the beneficiation of such ores. Various new techniques are being developed to perform rapid and accurate analyses necessary for such studies.
Effect of 20-Year Marine Atmosphere Exposure on Some Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Reinhart F. M. , Ellinger G. A.
Published: September 2009

In 1932, specimens of all commercially available structural aluminum alloys as well as some experimental alloys were exposed for long-time weather exposure tests at Coco Solo, Canal Zone, Norfolk, Va., and Washington, D. C. The order of merit with regard to corrosion resistance of these alloys was the same for all localities, although the urban atmosphere at Washington was considerably less corrosive than either of the marine atmospheres. Examination after approximately 20 years of exposure revealed that all of the non-heat-treatable alloys containing less than 4 per cent of magnesium and one containing about 1 per cent of manganese were very resistant to corrosion. Of the heat-treatable alloys, the clad varieties and one alloyed with about 2 per cent of cadmium were quite corrosion resistant, while those containing copper, silicon, and manganese were the least resistant. Aluminum-copper alloys were very susceptible to intergranular corrosion and rapid disintegration when improperly quenched or artificially aged unless they were adequately protected. Anodically formed surface films increased the corrosion resistance of the alloys more than did the films formed by immersion in chemical solutions. The most protective paints were those pigmented with zinc chromate and, to a lesser extent, those with aluminum powder. Almost complete protection was afforded by anodically-formed surface films coated with paints pigmented with zinc chromate or aluminum powder or both.
Galvanic Couple Corrosion Studies by Means of the Threaded Bolt and Wire Test
Authors: Compton K. G. , Mendizza A.
Published: September 2009

Several years ago one of our associates, C. H. Sample, conceived the idea of making galvanic couple corrosion specimens in the form of a threaded bolt with a wire wound in the threads. The ends of the wire were mechanically attached to the bolt to insure continuity of electrical contact. Mr. Sample had observed the loss of electrical contact and the very limited area subjected to galvanic attack in other types of couple specimens and felt that a new type of assembly was needed. Early experiments indicated that the specimen would give quick and easily measured results on extremely active couples and would be suitable for long-term tests on the less active couples.
The Atmospheric Corrosion of Rolled Zinc
Authors: Anderson E. A.
Published: September 2009

The corrosion of zinc in the atmosphere is controlled by three principal factors: (1) the frequency of rain and dewfall, (2) the acidity of the moisture, and (3) the rate of drying. The corrosion rate is a maximum in industrial locations which combine acidic atmospheric contamination with prevalence of heavy mists and dew. The composition of zinc has only a minor bearing on the corrosion rate. Corollary data are presented which explain the findings in exposure tests conducted by Subcommittee VI on Atmospheric Corrosion of Committee B-3 on Corrosion of Non-Ferrous Metals and Alloys.
Atmospheric Corrosion Behavior of Some Nickel Alloys
Authors: Copson H. R.
Published: September 2009

Subcommittee VI on Atmospheric Corrosion of ASTM Committee B-3 on Corrosion of Non-Ferrous Metals and Alloys has completed a 20-yr atmospheric corrosion testing program on 24 nonferrous metals. Included were specimens of nickel (metal T) and of monel (metal S). The results on these two materials are summarized and considered in detail in the present paper.
Fuel Factors Influencing Deposits in Intake Portion of Fuel System of Gasoline Engines
Authors: Scheule H. J.
Published: September 2009

The problem of minimizing induction system deposition has plagued the refining industry intermittently since the early twenties, when thermal cracking began to be employed. Control of the deposit-forming properties of gasolines by additives and through refining techniques became an essential part of petroleum processing, and it has played an important role in making possible the advancement in fuels that has been so necessary for today's high-compression engines.
Induction System Gum—Engine Versus Bench Test
Authors: Keller James L. , Liggett F. S.
Published: September 2009

Gasoline of low existent gum determined by ASTM Method D 381 can give objectionable induction-system deposits in service. As a result of leaching by liquid gasoline, the deposits that accumulate in ordinary service contain relatively little naphtha-soluble material. In contrast, naphtha-soluble material is a variable and often a large part of the deposits obtained in laboratory tests. The Union Oil induction system deposit (ISD) test, in which the naphtha-soluble gum is extracted and rejected, is described. It is shown to give reproducible results that follow regular trends in gum development not detectable by ASTM Method D 381. ISD gums are found to correlate with engine test results provided a correction is applied for the effect of gasoline volatility, based on the 90 per cent recovered temperature as determined by ASTM Method D 86.

The influence of several variables on gum formation in the ISD test is discussed. Inhibitors may either increase or decrease gum deposits. Oxygen, oxidants (ozone or nitrogen oxides), smog, higher manifold temperature, and longer manifold residence time all increase the ISD gum. Oily additives decrease it. Air-fuel ratio, road dust, or exhaust gas in the air, and several common gasoline additives showed no significant effect.
Test Method for Studying the Effect of Fuel Composition Upon Intake Valve Deposit Forming Characteristics
Authors: Cabal A. V. , Capowski J.
Published: September 2009

This paper describes a test which was developed to measure induction system deposit-forming characteristics of gasolines. The procedure is a modification of the induction-system deposit test reported at the ASTM Symposium on Motor Gasoline Stability held in Philadelphia, Feb. 15, 1954. A baffled tube provides an extension to the test manifold where temperatures are of the order of those obtained on passenger car intake-valve stems.

Data are presented which compare the weights of baffled tube deposits with Chevrolet FL-2 engine and road tests intake valve deposits for three fuels. The effect of gasoline stability, antioxidant type, and concentration are discussed.
Effects of Inhibition and Environment on the Induction System Oxidation of Gasoline
Authors: Nixon A. C. , Minor H. B. , Rudy T. P.
Published: September 2009

The problem of deposits in automotive induction systems arising from gasoline, while not new, has received renewed emphasis in recent years. This is because the demands for greater efficiency and output that have been made on automotive engines have resulted in more rigid requirements being imposed on the gasoline used. This problem was studied in a simple laboratory apparatus which gave results correlative with field experience. Our results showed that the formation of such deposits was due mainly to the thermal condensation or polymerization of oxygenated precursors formed during previous storage. This was demonstrated by the fact that tests with air and nitrogen atmospheres gave almost identical deposits, both in oxygen content and weight.

As the thermal environment becomes more severe, the amount of insoluble deposit generally increases, but to a varying degree with different gasolines. This is dependent to some extent upon the conversion, by heating, of some of the gasoline-soluble portion of the deposits to material insoluble in gasoline. Since prior oxidation is involved, the amount and type of storage inhibitor used exerts a considerable effect on the amount and type of deposits formed. Thus the use of a trialkylphenol rather than the phenylenediamine type antioxidant reduces the deposit tendency by about 40 per cent.

Some data suggest that vapor-phase oxidation does occur to a slight extent in the manifold. However, the main reactions leading to increased deposition are those which occur in the liquid film in the manifold consequent to prior oxidation of the fuel.
Physical Constants of Hyrocarbons Boiling Below 350 F
Authors: Matteson Robert
Published: September 2009

At the January, 1946 meeting of Technical Committee H, on Light Hydrocarbons, of A.S.T.M. Committee D-2 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants, it was decided that the work of the committee and certain other groups in A.S.T.M. would be facilitated if a standard set of physical constants of the low boiling hydrocarbons were available. Such a tabulation, it was agreed, should contain those constants found most useful in the natural gasoline, synthetic rubber, industrial aromatics, and gaseous fuels industries. The existence of tabulated data from American Petroleum Institute Research Project No. 44 was recognized, but these data are either not in the form required in these industries or, in some cases, certain of the desired constants are simply not included in the A.P.I. compilation. It was further acknowledged that the two major natural gasoline associations, the N.G.A.A. and the C.N.G.A., had issued tables but that they did not adequately cover the field that Technical Committee H embraces; namely, specifications, methods of test, and nomenclature for light hydrocarbons. With this background, the formation of a working group was authorized and formally organized shortly thereafter. It comprises representatives from Shell Development Co., Union Oil Co. of California, and California Research Corp. The definitely Western complexion of this group was dictated by ease of communication between members.
Classification of Materials and Stress Conditions
Authors: Bloom F. K.
Published: September 2009

This section deals with the data listed under “Materials and Fabrication” and “Origin of Stress” in Appendix. All case histories were used in tabulating the data except Nos. 27, 28, and 72. The first two were not included because they were clearly a type of cracking associated with attack by molten metals (brazing); although such cracking might be properly classified as stress-corrosion cracking, the cases are sufficiently different from the balance of the examples that it seems appropriate to consider them separately. Case history No. 72 deals with an instance where stress-corrosion cracking was anticipated but did not occur.
Classification of Corrosion Conditions
Authors: Brooks W. B. , Holmberg M. E.
Published: September 2009

This section deals with the data submitted on the questionnaire under “Corroding Media and Service Conditions,” and under “Comments.” With respect to the information presented under “Comments,” there is little consistency in the thought or critical evaluation applied to this item. In order to evaluate these comments, it has been necessary to refer to information presented in other parts of the summary and use this to amplify the conclusions reached by the various contributors. The comments are, therefore, not discussed separately, but have been taken into consideration in reviewing the data under “Corroding Media and Service Conditions.” This review follows, in general, the headings given under “Comments.”
Survey of Current Research Activities
Authors: Dana A. W. , Friend W. Z.
Published: September 2009

A number of companies and universities throughout the world are currently engaged in research designed to give both practical answers and theoretical understanding to the problem of stress-corrosion cracking of austenitic stainless steels. The following are extracts from correspondence with these various groups.
Laboratory Handling and Storage of Peroxy Compounds
Authors: Castrantas H. M. , Banerjee D. K.
Published: September 2009

This publication is a guide to the safe handling and storage of peroxy compounds. Classification systems, protective equipment, static electricity effects, handling for in-process and synthesis uses, packaging, labeling, disposal, storage, and fire fighting are covered. Ninety references are included.
MNR2 Regulates Intracellular Magnesium Storage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Pisat Nilambari P , Pandey Abhinav , MacDiarmid Colin W
Published: September 2009

Magnesium (Mg) is an essential enzyme cofactor and a key structural component of biological molecules, but relatively little is known about the molecular components required for Mg homeostasis in eukaryotic cells. The yeast genome encodes four characterized members of the CorA Mg transporter superfamily located in the plasma membrane (Alr1 and Alr2) or the mitochondrial inner membrane (Mrs2 and Lpe10). We describe a fifth yeast CorA homolog (Mnr2) required for Mg homeostasis. MNR2 gene inactivation was associated with an increase in both the Mg requirement and the Mg content of yeast cells. In Mg-replete conditions, wild-type cells accumulated an intracellular store of Mg that supported growth under deficient conditions. An mnr2 mutant was unable to access this store, suggesting that Mg was trapped in an intracellular compartment. Mnr2 was localized to the vacuole membrane, implicating this organelle in Mg storage. The mnr2 mutant growth and Mg-content phenotypes were dependent on vacuolar proton-ATPase activity, but were unaffected by the loss of mitochondrial Mg uptake, indicating a specific dependence on vacuole function. Overexpression of Mnr2 suppressed the growth defect of an alr1 alr2 mutant, indicating that Mnr2 could function independently of the ALR genes. Together, our results implicate a novel eukaryotic CorA homolog in the regulation of intracellular Mg storage.
MAP Kinase Signaling Antagonizes PAR-1 Function During Polarization of the Early Caenorhabditis elegans Embryo
Authors: Spilker Annina C , Rabilotta Alexia , Zbinden Caroline , Labbé Jean-Claude , Gotta Monica
Published: September 2009

PAR proteins (partitioning defective) are major regulators of cell polarity and asymmetric cell division. One of the par genes, par-1, encodes a Ser/Thr kinase that is conserved from yeast to mammals. In Caenorhabditis elegans, par-1 governs asymmetric cell division by ensuring the polar distribution of cell fate determinants. However the precise mechanisms by which PAR-1 regulates asymmetric cell division in C. elegans remain to be elucidated. We performed a genomewide RNAi screen and identified six genes that specifically suppress the embryonic lethal phenotype associated with mutations in par-1. One of these suppressors is mpk-1, the C. elegans homolog of the conserved mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase ERK. Loss of function of mpk-1 restored embryonic viability, asynchronous cell divisions, the asymmetric distribution of cell fate specification markers, and the distribution of PAR-1 protein in par-1 mutant embryos, indicating that this genetic interaction is functionally relevant for embryonic development. Furthermore, disrupting the function of other components of the MAPK signaling pathway resulted in suppression of par-1 embryonic lethality. Our data therefore indicates that MAP kinase signaling antagonizes PAR-1 signaling during early C. elegans embryonic polarization.
A Combined-Cross Analysis Reveals Genes With Drug-Specific and Background-Dependent Effects on Drug Sensitivity inSaccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Kim Hyun Seok , Fay Justin C
Published: September 2009

Effective pharmacological therapy is often inhibited by variable drug responses and adverse drug reactions. Dissecting the molecular basis of different drug responses is difficult due to complex interactions involving multiple genes, pathways, and cellular processes. We previously found a single nucleotide polymorphism within cystathionine β-synthase (CYS4) that causes multi-drug sensitivity in a vineyard strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, not all variation was accounted for by CYS4. To identify additional genes influencing drug sensitivity, we used CYS4 as a covariate and conducted both single- and combined-cross linkage mapping. After eliminating numerous false-positive associations, we identified 16 drug-sensitivity loci, only 3 of which had been previously identified. Of 4 drug-sensitivity loci selected for validation, 2 showed replicated associations in independent crosses, and two quantitative trait genes within these regions, AQY1 and MKT1, were found to have drug-specific and background-dependent effects. Our results suggest that drug response may often depend on interactions between genes with multi-drug and drug-specific effects.
Thrombocytopenia in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Saxonhouse Matthew A. , Sola-Visner Martha C.
Published: September 2009

As the survival of neonates cared for in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) has improved, hematologic issues have been recognized as clinically significant problems in this population. Thrombocytopenia, in particular, is a common finding among sick neonates, but there is considerable debate regarding the appropriate evaluation and management of affected infants. This article provides state-of-the art information on the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of neonatal thrombocytopenia. Specifically, the risks associated with low platelet counts in neonates are discussed, and a practical approach to the differential diagnosis of neonates who develop thrombocytopenia is provided. Current recommendations for the management of immune and nonimmune varieties of thrombocytopenia also are reviewed, with an emphasis on the risks and benefits associated with platelet transfusions in this age group.
Effects of Polymer Material Variations On High Frequency Dielectric Properties
Authors: Pawlikowski Gregory
Published: September 2009

In high frequency signal packaging, the plastic dielectric material takes on an increasingly important role in the performance of the signal transmission. Variations within the plastic can occur as a result of a number of manufacturing and environmental processes. These variations can be sufficient to change the dielectric properties. The extent of change to the dielectric properties of polymer materials as a result of controlled variations to major filler additives, moisture and temperature has been investigated. The combined effects of moisture and temperature can cause changes to the dielectric constant of certain materials by more than 30 %.
Effects of Silica Sources on Nanoporous Organosilicate Films Templated with Tetraalkylammonium Cations
Authors: Eslava Salvador , Urrutia Jone , Busawon Abheesh N. , Baklanov Mikhail R. , Iacopi Francesca , Maex Karen , Kirschhock Christine E. A. , Martens Johan A.
Published: September 2009

Nanoporous organosilicate films have been recently prepared using tetraalkylammonium cations in acid and basic media, outperforming other materials. Resulting films using basic medium were called zeolite-inspired low-k dielectrics. Here we study the dependence of the properties of these films on the used silica sources: methyltrimethoxy silane (MTMS) and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). A set of experiments varying the MTMS:TEOS ratio were prepared in acid medium and characterized. A textural, physico-chemical, mechanical, and electrical characterization of this series of experiments is presented.
A Study of Diffusion Barrier Characteristics of Electroless Co(W,P) Layers to Lead-free SnAgCu Solder
Authors: Pan Hung-Chun , Hsieh Tsung-Eong
Published: September 2009

Diffusion barrier characteristics of amorphous and polycrystalline electroless Co(W,P) layers (α-Co(W,P) and poly-Co(W,P)) to lead-free SnAgCu (SAC) solder were investigated via the liquid- and solid-state aging tests. In the sample containing α-Co(W,P) subjected to liquid-state aging at 250°C for 1 hr, the spallation of (Co,Cu)Sn3 intermetallic compound (IMC) into the solder and formation of a polycrystalline P-rich layer in between SAC and Co(W,P) were found. Further, the α-Co(W,P) transforms into polycrystalline structure embedded with tiny Co2P precipitates As to the sample containing α-Co(W,P) subjected to solid-state aging at 150°C up to 1000 hrs, a thick (Cu,Co)6Sn5 IMC resided in between SAC and Co(W,P) and the P-rich layer beneath IMCs was similarly seen. In the samples containing poly-Co(W,P) subjected to liquid-state aging, a mixture of (Co,Cu)Sn3 and (Co,Ag)Sn3 IMCs formed in between SAC and Co(W,P). An amorphous W-rich layer formed in between SAC and poly-Co(W,P). Similar interfacial morphology was observed in the samples subjected to the solid-state aging test. Analytical results indicated the electroless Co(W,P) is in essential a combined-type, i.e., sacrificial-type plus stuffed-type, diffusion barrier. However, the α-Co(W,P) is a better diffusion barrier for under bump metallurgy (UBM) applications in flip-chip (FC) bonding since it exhibits a lower Co consumption rate in comparison with poly-Co(W,P).
Atomic Layer Deposition of Ruthenium Films on Hydrogen terminated Silicon
Authors: Park Sun Kyung , Roodenko K. , Chabal Yves J. , Wielunski L. , Kanjolia R. , Anthis J. , Odedra R. , Boag N.
Published: September 2009

Atomic Layer deposition of thin Ruthenium films has been studied using a newly synthesized precursor (Cyclopentadienyl ethylruthenium dicarbonyl) and O2 as reactant gases. Under our experimental conditions, the film comprises both Ru and RuO2. The initial growth is dominated by Ru metal. As the number of cycles is increased, RuO2 appears. From infrared broadband absorption measurements, the transition from isolated, nucleated film to a continuous, conducting film (characterized by Drude absorption) can be determined. Optical simulations based on an effective-medium approach are implemented to simulate the in-situ broadband infrared absorption. A Lorentz oscillator model is developed, together with a Drude term for the metallic component, to describe optical properties of Ru/RuO2 growth.
Electroless Cu Deposition on Self-assembled Monolayer Alternative Barriers
Authors: Armini Silvia , Maestre Caro Arantxa
Published: September 2009

An alternative bottom-up Cu electro-less deposition (ELD) method without other catalyst material activation tested on blanket wafers, is the focus of this paper. The process consists in reducing the Cu ions via standard reducing agents, such as dimethylamine borane (DMAB). A wide range of experimental conditions such as pH, temperature, Cu ion concentration and time are investigated and the Cu layer nucleation and growth mechanism is evaluated on clean SiO2 and after functionalization with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTS) self-assembled monolayer (SAM) used as copper diffusion barrier. The barrier properties of the APTS layer after Cu ELD are also assessed by copper resistivity measurements and visual inspections as a function of the annealing temperature.
Adhesion and Cu Diffusion Barrier Properties of a MnOx Barrier Layer Formed with Thermal MOCVD
Authors: Neishi Koji , Dixit Vijay Kumar , Aki S. , Koike Junichi , Matsumoto K. , Sato H. , Itoh H. , Hosaka S.
Published: September 2009

A thin-amorphous MnOx layer using self-forming barrier process with a Cu-Mn alloy shows good adhesion and diffusion barrier properties between copper and dielectric layer, resulting in excellent reliability for stress and electromigration. Meanwhile, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) can be employed for conformal deposition of the barrier layer in narrow trenches and vias for future technology node. In our previous research, a thin and uniform amorphous MnOx layer could be formed on TEOS-oxide by thermal metal-organic CVD (MOCVD), showing a good diffusion barrier property. In addition, a good adhesion strength is necessary between a Cu line and a dielectric layer not only to ensure good SM and EM resistance but also to prevent film delamination under mechanical or thermal stress conditions during fabrication process such as chemical mechanical polishing or high temperature annealing. To date, no information is available with regard to the adhesion property of CVD-MnOx. In this work, we report diffusion barrier property in further detail and adhesion property in PVD-Cu/CVD-MnOx/SiO2/Si. The temperature dependence of the adhesion property is correlated with the chemical composition and valence state of Mn investigated with SIMS and Raman spectroscopy.

Substrates were p-type Si wafers having a plasma-TEOS oxide of 100nm in thickness. CVD was carried out in a deposition chamber. A manganese precursor was vaporized and introduced into the deposition chamber with H2 carrier gas. After the CVD, a Cu overlayer was deposited on some samples using a sputtering system in load lock chamber of the CVD machine. The diffusion barrier property of the MnOx film was investigated in annealed samples at 400 oC for 100 hours in a vacuum of better than 1.0×10-5 Pa. The Adhesion property of Mn oxide was investigated by Scotch tape test in the as-deposited and in the annealed Cu/CVD-MnOx/TEOS samples. The obtained samples were analyzed for thickness and microstructure with TEM, chemical bonding states of the MnOx layer with XPS, and composition of each layer with SIMS.

In the CVD deposition below 300 °C, no Cu delamination was observed both in the as-deposited and in the annealed Cu/CVD-MnOx/SiO2 samples. On the other hand, in the CVD deposition at 400 °C, the Cu films were delaminated from the CVD-MnOx/TEOS substrates. The XPS peak position of Mn 2p and Mn 3s spectra indicated that the valence state of Mn in the as-deposited barrier layer below 400 °C was 2+. Composition analysis with SIMS as well as Raman also indicated the presence of a larger amount of carbon at 400 °C than at less than 300 °C. The good adhesion between Cu and MnO could be attributed to an amount of carbon inclusion in the CVD barrier layer.
Effect of Dielectric Capping Layer on TDDB Lifetime of Cu Interconnects in SiOF
Authors: Gambino Jeff , Chen Fen , Mongeon Steve , Pokrinchak Phil , He John , Lee Tom C. , Shinosky Mike , Mosher Dave
Published: September 2009

In this study, intralevel dielectric breakdown is studied for copper interconnects in an SiOF dielectric, capped with either SiN or SiCN. The leakage current is higher and the failure time of dielectric breakdown is shorter for an SiCN capping layer compared to an SiN capping layer. It is proposed that the dielectric breakdown of the integrated structure is limited by the interface between the capping layer and the SiOF dielectric. Lower lifetime for dielectric breakdown is observed for structures with an SiCN cap compared to structures with an SiN cap, due to higher leakage current in the SiCN. The higher leakage for an SiCN cap is consistent with results from planar metal-insulator-semiconductor capacitors.