bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LncRNA-MIAT Increased in Patients with Coronary Atherosclerotic Heart Disease
Authors: Tan Jin , Liu Shengzhong , Jiang Qin , Yu Tao , Huang Keli
Published: April 2019

Background. To study the expression and clinical significance of long noncoding RNA- (lncRNA-) MIAT in patients with coronary atherosclerotic heart disease (CAD). Methods. Serum MIAT, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in 106 CAD patients and 89 healthy donors were detected. Correlations between serum MIAT and serum IL-6 and TNF-α were analyzed. Risk factors for patients with CAD were analyzed by multiple factor analysis. Results. Compared with healthy donors, serum lncRNA-MIAT was significantly increased in CAD patients. Serum MIAT was positively correlated with serum IL-6 and TNF-α in CAD. Multivariate analysis found that hypertension (OR (95% CI) = 3.471 (2.180–4.091), P=0.011), diabetes (OR (95% CI) = 3.682 (1.698–4.897), P=0.003), HDL-C (OR (95% CI) = 3.372 (1.760–6.920), P=0.001), and serum MIAT expression (OR (95% CI) = 2.687 (1.683–7.468), P=0.001) were independent risk factors for CAD. Conclusions. Serum lncRNA-MIAT in CAD patients was significantly increased, which may be a potential marker for diagnosis and prognosis of CAD.
Two Rare Cases of Appendicitis: Amyand’s Hernia and De Garengeot’s Hernia
Authors: Schaaf Kimberly A. , Melnychuk Eric M. , Ellison Ross D. , Snover Amy J.
Published: April 2019

An Amyand’s hernia is an inguinal hernia that contains vermiform appendix. De Garengeot’s hernias are similar; however, in this case the appendix is within a femoral hernia. Both types of hernia are rare, and those hernias associated with appendicitis, perforation, or abscess are even scarcer presentations. The treatment of Amyand’s hernia and De Garengeot’s hernia is not standardized. Generally, hernia repair is performed but disagreement remains regarding the use of mesh and performing appendectomy. This case series describes two individuals with appendicitis presenting to one emergency department within a 24-hour time frame. One case is of a patient with Amyand’s hernia and another case is a patient with De Garengeot’s hernia with an adjacent abscess. Both individuals were managed with appendectomy and hernia repair without the use of mesh.
End-To-End Mobility for the Internet Using ILNP
Authors: Phoomikiattisak Ditchaphong , Bhatti Saleem N.
Published: April 2019

As the use of mobile devices and methods of wireless connectivity continue to increase, seamless mobility becomes more desirable and important. The current IETF Mobile IP standard relies on additional network entities for mobility management, can have poor performance, and has seen little deployment in real networks. We present a host-based mobility solution with a true end-to-end architecture using the Identifier-Locator Network Protocol (ILNP). We show how the TCP code in the Linux kernel can be extended allowing legacy TCP applications that use the standard C sockets API to operate over ILNP without requiring changes or recompilation. Our direct testbed performance comparison shows that ILNP provides better host mobility support than Mobile IPv6 in terms of session continuity, packet loss, and handoff delay for TCP.
Finite‐Time Synchronization of Complex Multilinks Networks with Perturbations and Time‐Varying Delay Based on Nonlinear Adaptive Controller
Authors: Li Lixiang , Liu Qingbiao , Li Tao
Published: April 2019

This paper utilizes nonlinear adaptive feedback controller to make the complex multilinks networks with perturbations and time‐varying delays achieve the finite‐time synchronization. By designing nonlinear controllers, we use suitable Lyapunov functions and sufficient conditions to guarantee the finite‐time synchronization between the drive system and the response system in terms of adaptive control. Several novel and useful finite‐time synchronization criteria are accurately derived based on linear matrix inequality, Kronecker product, inequality analytical technique, and finite‐time stability theory. Finally, numerical examples are given to demonstrate the validity and the effectiveness of our theoretical results.
Fast Multiattribute Network Selection Technique for Vertical Handover in Heterogeneous Emergency Communication Systems
Authors: Bisio Igor , Sciarrone Andrea
Published: April 2019

The telecommunication infrastructure in emergency scenarios is necessarily composed of heterogeneous radio/mobile portions. Mobile Nodes (MNs) equipped with multiple network interfaces can assure continuous communications when different Radio Access Networks (RANs) that employ different Radio Access Technologies (RATs) are available. In this context, the paper proposes the definition of a Decision Maker (DM), within the protocol stack of the MN, in charge of performing network selections and handover decisions. The DM has been designed to optimize one or more performance metrics and it is based on Multiattribute Decision Making (MADM) methods. Among several MADM techniques considered, taken from the literature, the work is then focused on the TOPSIS approach, which allows introducing some improvements aimed at reducing the computational burden needed to select the RAT to be employed. The enhanced method is called Dynamic-TOPSIS (D-TOPSIS). Finally, the numerical results, obtained through a large simulative campaign and aimed at comparing the performance and the running time of the D-TOPSIS, the TOPSIS, and the algorithms found in the literature, are reported and discussed.
A Trial of Student Self-Sponsored Peer-to-Peer Lending Based on Credit Evaluation Using Big Data Analysis
Authors: Hou Yujiao , Ma Xiaofeng , Mei Guang , Wang Ning , Xu Weisheng
Published: April 2019

There is still no effective approach to overcome the problem of credit evaluation for Chinese students. In absence of a reliable credit evaluation system for students, the university students have to only apply through online peer-to-peer (P2P) loan platforms because Chinese financial institutions typically reject students’ loan applications. Lack of students’ financial records hinders financial institutes and banks to routinely evaluate the students’ credit status and assign loans to them. Hence, this paper attempted to benefit from university students’ diversified daily behavior data, and logistic regression (LR) and gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT) algorithms were also used to develop robust credit evaluation models for university students, in which the validation of the proposed models was assessed by a real-time P2P lending platform. In this study, the students’ overdue behavior in returning books to university library was used as an index. With training 17838 samples, the proposed models performed well, while GBDT-based model outperformed in identification of “bad borrowers.” Based on the proposed models, a self-sponsored peer-to-peer loan platform was established and developed in a Chinese university for ten months, and the achieved findings demonstrated that adopting such credit evaluation models can effectively reduce the default ratio.
ROCK Inhibition Induces Terminal Adipocyte Differentiation and Suppresses Tumorigenesis in Chemoresistant Osteosarcoma Cells
Authors: Takahashi Nobuhiro , Nobusue Hiroyuki , Shimizu Takatsune , Sugihara Eiji , Yamaguchi-Iwai Sayaka , Onishi Nobuyuki , Kunitomi Haruko , Kuroda Tatsuo , Saya Hideyuki
Published: April 2019

Tumors comprise heterogeneous cell types including cancer stem cells (CSC), progenitor cells, and differentiated cells. Chemoresistance is a potential cause of relapse and a key characteristic of CSC, but the development of novel therapeutic approaches for targeting these cells has been limited. We previously established osteosarcoma-initiating (OSi) cells by introducing the gene for c-Myc into bone marrow stromal cells of Ink4a/Arf knockout mice. These OSi cells are composed of two distinct clones: highly tumorigenic cells (AX cells), similar to bipotent committed osteochondral progenitor cells, and tripotent cells of low tumorigenicity (AO cells), similar to mesenchymal stem cells. Here we show that depolymerization of the actin cytoskeleton induces terminal adipocyte differentiation and suppresses tumorigenesis in chemoresistant OSi cells. In contrast to AX cells, AO cells were highly resistant to conventional chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin and were thus identified as chemoresistant cells. Inhibition of Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase (ROCK) elicited terminal adipocyte differentiation in chemoresistant AO cells through negative regulation of the transcriptional coactivator megakaryoblastic leukemia 1 associated with actin depolymerization. The clinically administered ROCK inhibitor fasudil significantly suppressed growth in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo of chemoresistant AO cells as well as of OSi cells. Our findings thus suggest a new therapeutic strategy based on the induction of trans-terminal differentiation via modulation of actin cytoskeleton dynamics for therapy-resistant osteosarcoma stem cells.

Significance:

These findings suggest that induction of trans-terminal differentiation through regulation of actin dynamics is a potential novel therapeutic approach for targeting chemoresistant stem-like tumor cells.
BRCA1—No Matter How You Splice It
Authors: Li Dan , Harlan-Williams Lisa M. , Kumaraswamy Easwari , Jensen Roy A.
Published: April 2019

BRCA1 (breast cancer 1, early onset), a well-known breast cancer susceptibility gene, is a highly alternatively spliced gene. BRCA1 alternative splicing may serve as an alternative regulatory mechanism for the inactivation of the BRCA1 gene in both hereditary and sporadic breast cancers, and other BRCA1-associated cancers. The alternative transcripts of BRCA1 can mimic known functions, possess unique functions compared with the full-length BRCA1 transcript, and in some cases, appear to function in opposition to full-length BRCA1. In this review, we will summarize the functional “naturally occurring” alternative splicing transcripts of BRCA1 and then discuss the latest next-generation sequencing–based detection methods and techniques to detect alternative BRCA1 splicing patterns and their potential use in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy.
Personalized Detection of Circulating Tumor DNA Antedates Breast Cancer Metastatic Recurrence
Authors: Coombes Raoul Charles , Page Karen , Salari Raheleh , Hastings Robert K. , Armstrong Anne , Ahmed Samreen , Ali Simak , Cleator Susan , Kenny Laura , Stebbing Justin , Rutherford Mark , Sethi Himanshu , Boydell Anna , Swenerton Ryan , Fernandez-Garcia Daniel , Gleason Kelly L.T. , Goddard Katie , Guttery David S. , Assaf Zoe J. , Wu Hsin-Ta , Natarajan Prashanthi , Moore David A. , Primrose Lindsay , Dashner Scott , Tin Antony S. , Balcioglu Mustafa , Srinivasan Ramya , Shchegrova Svetlana V. , Olson Alexander , Hafez Dina , Billings Paul , Aleshin Alexey , Rehman Farah , Toghill Bradley J. , Hills Allison , Louie Maggie C. , Lin Cheng-Ho Jimmy , Zimmermann Bernhard G. , Shaw Jaqueline A.
Published: April 2019

Purpose:

Up to 30% of patients with breast cancer relapse after primary treatment. There are no sensitive and reliable tests to monitor these patients and detect distant metastases before overt recurrence. Here, we demonstrate the use of personalized circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) profiling for detection of recurrence in breast cancer.

Experimental Design:

Forty-nine primary patients with breast cancer were recruited following surgery and adjuvant therapy. Plasma samples (n = 208) were collected every 6 months for up to 4 years. Personalized assays targeting 16 variants selected from primary tumor whole-exome data were tested in serial plasma for the presence of ctDNA by ultradeep sequencing (average >100,000X).

Results:

Plasma ctDNA was detected ahead of clinical or radiologic relapse in 16 of the 18 relapsed patients (sensitivity of 89%); metastatic relapse was predicted with a lead time of up to 2 years (median, 8.9 months; range, 0.5–24.0 months). None of the 31 nonrelapsing patients were ctDNA-positive at any time point across 156 plasma samples (specificity of 100%). Of the two relapsed patients who were not detected in the study, the first had only a local recurrence, whereas the second patient had bone recurrence and had completed chemotherapy just 13 days prior to blood sampling.

Conclusions:

This study demonstrates that patient-specific ctDNA analysis can be a sensitive and specific approach for disease surveillance for patients with breast cancer. More importantly, earlier detection of up to 2 years provides a possible window for therapeutic intervention.
Multidrug Cancer Therapy in Metastatic Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer: An Evolution-Based Strategy
Authors: West Jeffrey B. , Dinh Mina N. , Brown Joel S. , Zhang Jingsong , Anderson Alexander R. , Gatenby Robert A.
Published: April 2019

Purpose:

Integration of evolutionary dynamics into systemic therapy for metastatic cancers can prolong tumor control compared with standard maximum tolerated dose (MTD) strategies. Prior investigations have focused on monotherapy, but many clinical cancer treatments combine two or more drugs. Optimizing the evolutionary dynamics in multidrug therapy is challenging because of the complex cellular interactions and the large parameter space of potential variations in drugs, doses, and treatment schedules. However, multidrug therapy also represents an opportunity to further improve outcomes using evolution-based strategies.

Experimental Design:

We examine evolution-based strategies for two-drug therapy and identify an approach that divides the treatment drugs into primary and secondary roles. The primary drug has the greatest efficacy and/or lowest toxicity. The secondary drug is applied solely to reduce the resistant population to the primary drug.

Results:

Simulations from the mathematical model demonstrate that the primary–secondary approach increases time to progression (TTP) compared with conventional strategies in which drugs are administered without regard to evolutionary dynamics. We apply our model to an ongoing adaptive therapy clinical trial of evolution-based administration of abiraterone to treat metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer. Model simulations, parameterized with data from individual patients who progressed, demonstrate that strategic application of docetaxel during abiraterone therapy would have significantly increased their TTP.

Conclusions:

Mathematical models can integrate evolutionary dynamics into multidrug cancer clinical trials. This has the potential to improve outcomes and to develop clinical trials in which these mathematical models are also used to estimate the mechanism(s) of treatment failure and explore alternative strategies to improve outcomes in future trials.
Dual TGFβ/BMP Pathway Inhibition Enables Expansion and Characterization of Multiple Epithelial Cell Types of the Normal and Cancerous Breast
Authors: Prasad Mayuri , Kumar Brijesh , Bhat-Nakshatri Poornima , Anjanappa Manjushree , Sandusky George , Miller Kathy D. , Storniolo Anna Maria , Nakshatri Harikrishna
Published: April 2019

Functional modeling of normal breast epithelial hierarchy and stromal–epithelial cell interactions have been difficult due to inability to obtain sufficient stem-progenitor-mature epithelial and stromal cells. Recently reported epithelial reprogramming assay has partially overcome this limitation, but cross-contamination of cells from the feeder layer is a concern. The purpose of this study was to develop a feeder-layer–independent and inexpensive method to propagate multiple cell types from limited tissue resources. Cells obtained after enzymatic digestion of tissues collected at surgery or by core-needle biopsies were plated on tissue culture dishes precoated with laminin-5-rich–conditioned media from the rat bladder tumor cell line 804G and a defined growth media with inhibitors of ROCK, TGFβ, and BMP signaling. Cells were characterized by flow cytometry, mammosphere assay, 3D cultures, and xenograft studies. Cells from the healthy breasts included CD10+/EpCAM− basal/myoepithelial, CD49f+/EpCAM+ luminal progenitor, CD49f−/EpCAM+ mature luminal, CD73+/EpCAM+/CD90− rare endogenous pluripotent somatic stem, CD73+/CD90+/EpCAM−, estrogen receptor alpha–expressing ALCAM (CD166)+/EpCAM+, and ALDFLUOR+ stem/luminal progenitor subpopulations. Epithelial cells were luminal (KRT19+), basal (KRT14+), or dual-positive luminal/basal hybrid cells. While breast cells derived from BRCA1, BRCA2, and PALB2 mutation carriers did not display unique characteristics, cells from women with breast cancer–protective alleles showed enhanced differentiation. Cells could also be propagated from primary tumors and metastasis of breast, ovarian, and pancreatic cancer–neuroendocrine subtype. Xenograft studies confirmed tumorigenic properties of tumor-derived cells.

Implications:

Our method expands the scope of individualized studies of patient-derived cells and provides resources to model epithelial–stromal interactions under normal and pathologic conditions.
The Role of Uric Acid in Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Ejaz Abutaleb Ahsan , Johnson Richard J. , Shimada Michiko , Mohandas Rajesh , Alquadan Kawther F. , Beaver Thomas M. , Lapsia Vijay , Dass Bhagwan
Published: April 2019

Studies have demonstrated the presence of a strong association between serum uric acid (SUA) and acute kidney injury (AKI) consistently across several disease models. Exposure to SUA at different time periods and concentrations has reliably resulted in AKI whether assessed by conventional or novel biomarkers or by kinetic estimated glomerular filtration rate (KeGFR) engineered for non-steady dynamic states. In experimental models, moderate hyperuricemia was associated with an absence of intrarenal crystals, manifestation of tubular injury, macrophage infiltration, and increased expression of inflammatory mediators that were attenuated with uric acid lowering therapy with rasburicase, a recombinant urate oxidase. In a pilot clinical trial, treatment with rasburicase was associated with a decreased incidence of AKI and evidence for less renal structural injury. Lowering SUA also improved KeGFR and estimated glomerular filtration rate in 2 separate studies. SUA has also been linked to diabetic nephropathy, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, metabolic syndrome, and their mechanisms of action share many common traits. In this article, we explore the evidence for the causal role of SUA in AKI using Bradford Hill criteria as a guideline with data integration from related fields.
РОЗЧИННІСТЬ 2-, 3-, 4-КАРБОКСИМЕТИЛПІРИДИНІЮ, 2-АМІНО-4,6-ДИГІДРОКСИПІРИМІДИНІЮ ТА ОКТЕНІДИНУ ГЕКСАФТОРОСИЛІКАТІВ
Authors: Gelmboldt V. O. , Shyshkin I. O.
Published: April 2019

Мета роботи. Визначення розчинності 2-, 3-, 4-карбоксиметилпіридинію, 2-аміно-4,6-дигідроксипіримідинію та октенідину гексафторосилікатів як перспективних антикарієсних агентів.

Матеріали і методи. 2-, 3-, 4-карбоксиметилпіридинію, 2-аміно-4,6-дигідроксипіримідинію та октенідину гексафторосилікати були синтезовані за описаними раніше методиками. Визначення розчинності гексафторосилікатів проводили відповідно до рекомендацій ДФУ. Ізотермічні умови експериментів за визначенням розчинності солей забезпечували за допомогою ультратермостату U15.

Результати й обговорення. Визначена розчинність у воді, метанолі, етанолі та диметилсульфоксиді нових потенційних антикарієсних агентів – 2-, 3-, 4-карбоксиметилпіридінію, 2-аміно-4,6-дигідроксипіримідинію та октенідину гексафторосилікатів. Сіль 2-аміно-4,6-дигідроксипіримідинію характеризується низькою розчинністю у всіх використаних розчинниках. Встановлено взаємозв’язок між розчинністю у воді вивчених гексафторосилікатів і характеристиками будови відповідних амонієвих катіонів.

Висновки. Встановлено, що 2-, 3-, 4-карбоксиметилпіридинію гексафторосилікати дуже легкорозчинні у воді, розчинні у ДМСО та малорозчинні у метанолі і етанолі. Сіль октенідину легкорозчинна у метанолі, розчинна у етанолі та дуже малорозчинна у ДМСО. Відповідна сіль 2-аміно-4,6-дигідроксипіримідинію малорозчинна у воді та дуже малорозчинна в органічних розчинниках.
МАКРО- ТА МІКРОСКОПІЧНЕ ВИВЧЕННЯ CAMELINA SATIVA (L.) CRANTZ
Authors: Tsykalo T. O. , Trzhetsynskyi S. D.
Published: April 2019

Мета роботи. Визначити діагностичні макро- і мікроскопічні ознаки сировини рижію посівного.

Матеріали і методи. Об’єкт – трава рижію посівного сорту Славутич. Мікропрепарати виготовляли зі свіжої та висушеної сировини, фіксованої в суміші спирт-гліцерин-вода (1:1:1) і досліджували загальноприйнятими методами з використанням мікроскопа Granum N-180 M, фотофіксацію результатів здійснювали за допомогою відеонасадки DC 1300.

Результати й обговорення. Рослина заввишки 30-80 см. Стебло тонке, прямостояче, просте або розгалужене, опушене жорсткими короткими волосками. Листя видовжено-ланцетне зі стрілоподібною основою, чергове, сидяче. Суцвіття – китиця. Квітки дрібні, правильні, роздільнопелюсткові, блідо-жовті. Чашечка з чотирьох видовженояйцеподібних, зелених чашолистків. Віночок з чотирьох оберненояйцеподібних пелюсток.

Листок. Листкова пластинка дорзо-вентрального типу. Епідерма однорядна. Клітини верхньої епідерми звивисті, оболонки клітин рівномірно потовщені. Продиховий апарат анізоцитного типу. Листкова пластинка амфістоматична. Нижня епідерма представлена більш звивистостінними клітинам, ніж верхня, що мають рівномірно потовщені оболонки. Волоски багаточисельні. Зустрічаються прості, одноклітинні, конічні волоски, з широкою основою, гострою верхівкою. Також зустрічаються двокінцеві та трикінцеві волоски.

Черешок. Головна жилка з округлою основою. На поперечному зрізі видно епідерму, під нею склеренхіма. Основну площу черешка займає паренхіма. Судинно-волокнистий пучок колатеральний.

Стебло. Епідерма стебла з прозенхімних, прямостінних клітин. Наявні багаточисельні короткі прості волоски, одно-, дво-, трикінцеві. На поперечному зрізі стебло має округлу форму. Епідерма одношарова. Під епідермою знаходиться механічна тканина – коленхіма, а під нею – первинна кора. Судинно-волокнисті пучки чергуються з ділянками механічних волокон. Над пучками розташовані групи склеренхімних волокон. Серцевина досить велика, з паренхімних тонкостінних клітин.

Квітка. Внутрішня епідерма пелюстки представлена паренхімними клітинами, наявні сосочкоподібні вирости. Зовнішня епідерма представлена звивистостінними клітинами. Судинно-волокнистий пучок з елементи ксилеми у вигляді спіральних судин.

Висновки. Вивчено морфолого-анатомічні ознаки рижію посівного сорту Славутич. Визначено основні макро- та мікроскопічні ознаки трави, які будуть використані при стандартизації лікарської рослинної сировини та розробці методів контролю якості на цю сировину.
МОРФОЛОГО-АНАТОМІЧНЕ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ТРАВИ АСТРАГАЛУ СОЛОДКОЛИСТОГО (ASTRAGALUS GLYCYPHYLLOS L.)
Authors: Lysiuk R. M. , Kovalska N. P.
Published: April 2019

Мета роботи. Встановлення морфолого-анатомічних діагностичних ознак трави астрагалу солодколистого.

Матеріали і методи. Мікропрепарати виготов­ляли з фрагментів трави астрагалу солодколистого, фіксованих у розчині  хлоралгідрату, і досліджували загально­прийнятими методами з використанням тринокулярного світлового мікроскопа ULAB при збільшенні в 40, 100 та 400 разів; фотофіксацію результатів здійснюва­ли за допомогою дзеркальної фотокамери Canon EOS 550.

Результати й обговорення. Діагностичними мікроскопічними ознаками сировини можна вважати трихоми, які складаються з 1-2 коротких базальних клітин та однієї великої видовженої термінальної клітини з бородавчастою кутикулою; термінальна клітина прикріплюється до ніжки з базальних клітин одним зі своїх країв, який заокруглений, інший її край загострений. Проведено дослідження фрагментів висушених та свіжозібраних листків, стебел, рахісу та квіток; у результаті проведення аналізу поперечних зрізів із свіжої трави астрагалу солодколистого встановлено особливості локалізації слизу, пектинів та фенольних сполук в аналізованій рослинній сировині.

Висновки. Встановлено морфологічні та анатомічні діагностичні ознаки надземної частини астрагалу солодколистого, перспективного нефропротекторного засобу. Отримані дані буде використано при розробці проекту методів контролю якості на нову лікарську рослинну сировину – «Трава астрагалу солодколистого».
Cardiovascular Risk and Risk Factor Management in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Wright Alison K. , Kontopantelis Evangelos , Emsley Richard , Buchan Iain , Mamas Mamas A. , Sattar Naveed , Ashcroft Darren M. , Rutter Martin K.
Published: April 2019

Background:

With recent changes in the United Kingdom’s clinical practice for diabetes mellitus care, contemporary estimates of sex disparities in cardiovascular risk and risk factor management are needed.

Methods:

In this retrospective cohort study, using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink linked to hospital and death records for people in England, we identified 79 985 patients with incident type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) between 2006 to 2013 matched to 386 547 patients without diabetes mellitus. Sex-stratified Cox models were used to assess cardiovascular risk.

Results:

Compared with women without T2DM, women with T2DM had a higher cardiovascular event risk (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.20 [95% confidence interval, 1.12–1.28]) with similar corresponding data in men (hazard ratio, 1.12 [1.06–1.19]), leading to a nonsignificant higher relative risk in women (risk ratio, 1.07 [0.98–1.17]). However, some important sex differences in the management of risk factors were observed. Compared with men with T2DM, women with T2DM were more likely to be obese, hypertensive, and have hypercholesterolemia, but were less likely to be prescribed lipid-lowering medication and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, especially if they had cardiovascular disease.

Conclusions:

Compared with men developing T2DM, women with T2DM do not have a significantly higher relative increase in cardiovascular risk, but ongoing sex disparities in prescribing should prompt heightened efforts to improve the standard and equity of diabetes mellitus care in women and men.
Investigation of the Hemodynamics Influencing Emboli Trajectories Through a Patient-Specific Aortic Arch Model
Authors: Malone Fiona , McCarthy Eugene , Delassus Patrick , Buhk Jan-Hendrick , Fiehler Jens , Morris Liam
Published: April 2019

Background and Purpose—

Cardiogenic emboli account for 15% to 20% of acute ischemic stroke cases worldwide. However, the chance of such emboli, of varying sizes, causing a stroke under various flow types has not been evaluated.

Methods—

A patient-specific aortic arch model was fabricated from a medical image dataset of a 77-year-old male case, with atrial fibrillation and distal occlusion of the right M1 vessel. One hundred and eighty mammalian embolus analogs (EAs) were released one by one into the model under normal and atrial fibrillation flow conditions. A further 270 clots were fabricated using varying levels of thrombin (5–20 National Institutes of Health units thrombin). The effect of releasing several clots simultaneously was also examined by grouping EAs into 18 multiples of 5, 4, 3, and 2 clots, resulting in 504 EAs released.

Results—

EAs with a length of ≤10 mm were the most common geometry to travel through the common carotid arteries (44%); however, longer clots also traveled through these narrow vessels. Twenty two percent of EAs ranged from 10–20mm in length, 27% from 20–30mm and 7% were >30 mm in length. Higher density clots increased the propensity for clots to travel along the cerebral vessels (
P
<0.05). Releasing more clots during each test, increased the probability of at least one clot traveling through an aortic arch branching vessel.

Conclusions—

Embolus trajectory through the branching vessels of the aortic arch is not exclusively dependent on embolus size. EAs tend to travel proportionally with outlet flow rates, with a greater chance of a stroke caused by multiple breakaway emboli.
Motor Memory: Revealing Conditioned Action Tendencies Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Authors: Tran Dominic M. D. , Harris Justin A. , Harris Irina M. , Livesey Evan J.
Published: April 2019

Action tendencies can be elicited by motivationally salient stimuli (e.g., appetitive rewards) or objects that support utilization behaviors. These action tendencies can benefit behavioral performance through speeded RTs in response tasks and improve detection accuracy in attentional capture tasks. However, action tendencies can be counterproductive when goals change (e.g., refraining from junk foods or abstaining from alcohol). Maintaining control over cue-elicited action tendencies is therefore critical for successful behavior modification. To better understand this relationship, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation to investigate the neural signatures of action tendencies in the presence of previously trained response cues. Participants were presented with a continuous letter stream and instructed to respond quickly to two target letters using two different response keys. Following this training phase, the target letters were embedded in a new task (test phase), and we applied transcranial magnetic stimulation to the motor cortex and measured motor evoked potentials as an index of corticospinal excitability (CSE). We found that CSE could be potentiated by a former response cue trained within a single experimental session, even when participants were instructed to withhold responses during the test phase. Critically, attention to the previously trained response cue was required to elicit the primed modulation in CSE, and successful control of this activity was accompanied by CSE suppression. These findings suggest that well-trained response cues can come to prime a conditioned action tendency and provide a model for understanding how the implementation of cognitive control can override action automaticity.
Prefrontal Dynamics Associated with Efficient Detours and Shortcuts: A Combined Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetoencenphalography Study
Authors: Javadi Amir-Homayoun , Patai Eva Zita , Marin-Garcia Eugenia , Margolis Aaron , Tan Heng-Ru M. , Kumaran Dharshan , Nardini Marko , Penny Will , Duzel Emrah , Dayan Peter , Spiers Hugo J.
Published: April 2019

Central to the concept of the “cognitive map” is that it confers behavioral flexibility, allowing animals to take efficient detours, exploit shortcuts, and avoid alluring, but unhelpful, paths. The neural underpinnings of such naturalistic and flexible behavior remain unclear. In two neuroimaging experiments, we tested human participants on their ability to navigate to a set of goal locations in a virtual desert island riven by lava, which occasionally spread to block selected paths (necessitating detours) or receded to open new paths (affording real shortcuts or false shortcuts to be avoided). Detours activated a network of frontal regions compared with shortcuts. Activity in the right dorsolateral PFC specifically increased when participants encountered tempting false shortcuts that led along suboptimal paths that needed to be differentiated from real shortcuts. We also report modulation in event-related fields and theta power in these situations, providing insight to the temporal evolution of response to encountering detours and shortcuts. These results help inform current models as to how the brain supports navigation and planning in dynamic environments.
Revealing Criterial Vagueness in Inconsistencies
Authors: Verheyen Steven , White Anne , Égré Paul
Published: April 2019

Sixty undergraduate students made category membership decisions for each of 132 candidate exemplar-category name pairs (e.g., chess – Sports) in each of two separate sessions. They were frequently inconsistent from one session to the next, both for nominal categories such as Sports and Fish, and ad hoc categories such as Things You Rescue from a Burning House. A mixture model analysis revealed that several of these inconsistencies could be attributed to criterial vagueness: participants adopting different criteria for membership in the two sessions. This finding indicates that categorization is a probabilistic process, whereby the conditions for applying a category label are not invariant. Individuals have various functional meanings of nominal categories at their disposal and entertain competing goals for ad hoc categories.
Unlexicalized Transition-based Discontinuous Constituency Parsing
Authors: Coavoux Maximin , Crabbé Benoît , Cohen Shay B.
Published: April 2019

Lexicalized parsing models are based on the assumptions that (i) constituents are organized around a lexical head and (ii) bilexical statistics are crucial to solve ambiguities. In this paper, we introduce an unlexicalized transition-based parser for discontinuous constituency structures, based on a structure-label transition system and a bi-LSTM scoring system. We compare it with lexicalized parsing models in order to address the question of lexicalization in the context of discontinuous constituency parsing. Our experiments show that unlexicalized models systematically achieve higher results than lexicalized models, and provide additional empirical evidence that lexicalization is not necessary to achieve strong parsing results. Our best unlexicalized model sets a new state of the art on English and German discontinuous constituency treebanks. We further provide a per-phenomenon analysis of its errors on discontinuous constituents.
The Suillus spraguei complex (Suillaceae, Boletales): new taxon, new hosts and amended descriptions
Authors: XUE ROU , LIANG ZHI-QUN , CHAI HUI , JIANG SHUAI , TANG LI-PING , FU YONG-QING , FAN YU-GUANG , WU LU-LING , ZENG NIAN-KAI
Published: April 2019

The morphology, ecology, and phylogenetic relationships of specimens of the Suillus spraguei (synonym S. pictus) complex from China were investigated. One species, S. latteri, is new to science. Descriptions of S. phylopictus and S. kwangtungensis are amended. Two new hosts of the S. spraguei complex, Pinus fenzeliana and P. latteri, are uncovered. A key to all known taxa of the complex in the world is also provided.
Three new species and a new combination among Southern African Schoenus (Cyperaceae, tribe Schoeneae)
Authors: ELLIOTT TAMMY LYNN , MUASYA A. MUTHAMA
Published: April 2019

Schoenus is a morphologically complex, predominately austral genus. The taxonomy of the southern African clade of Schoenus has received recent attention with the transfer of 24 southern African species into Schoenus from Tetraria and Epischoenus in 2017. A taxonomic revision in early 2018 both revised the taxonomy of the Schoenus compar—Schoenus pictus and allies group, as well as described three new species endemic to the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa. In addition, seven new species were described in early 2019 as part of a revision of the Schoenus cuspidatus group. Here, we build on this recent taxonomic work by providing descriptions for three new species (Schoenus bracteosus, Schoenus comparoides and Schoenus triticoides). We also provide a new name at species rank for a taxon previously named as a variety of Tetraria sylvatica. We present detailed species descriptions, distribution maps and an updated identification key.
Taxonomy and morphology of plant-pa<a href="http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/viewarticle?data=dGJyMPPp44rp2%2fdV0%2bnjisfk5Ie46bNQsKi3SbOk63nn5Kx95uXxjL6nr0ewqa1KrqevOK%2bmuEi2sK9PnrfLPvLo34bx1%2bGM5%2bXsgeKztU%2bwq7BOtq21PurX7H%2b72%2bw%2b4ti7hN%2fepIzf3btZzJzfhruorkmuqa5JtauwTqTc7Yrr1%2fJV5OvqhPLb9owA&hid=25">rasitic nematodes associated with turfgrasses in North and South Carolina, USA
Authors: ZENG YONGSAN , YE WEIMIN , TREDWAY LANE , MARTIN SAMUEL , MARTIN MATT
Published: April 2019

Twenty-nine species of plant-parasitic nematodes were recovered from 282 soil samples collected from turfgrasses in 19 counties in North Carolina (NC) and 20 counties in South Carolina (SC) during 2011 and from previous collections. These nematodes belong to 22 genera in 15 families, including Belonolaimus longicaudatus, Dolichodorus heterocephalus, Filenchus cylindricus, Helicotylenchus dihystera, Scutellonema brachyurum, Hoplolaimus galeatus, Mesocriconema xenoplax, M. curvatum, M. sphaerocephala, Ogma floridense, Paratrichodorus minor, P. allius, Tylenchorhynchus claytoni, Pratylenchus penetrans, Meloidogyne graminis, M. naasi, Heterodera sp., Cactodera sp., Hemicycliophora conida, Loofia thienemanni, Hemicaloosia graminis, Hemicriconemoides wessoni, H. chitwoodi, Paratylenchus goldeni, Xiphinema americanum sensu lato, X. bakeri, X. chambersi, Longidorus paralongicaudatus, and Aphelenchoides myceliophagus. Eleven species (Meloidogyne graminis, M. naasi, Cactodera sp., Pratylenchus penetrans, Hemicycliophora conida, Hemicaloosia graminis, Mesocriconema xenoplax, M. sphaerocephala, Ogma floridense, Paratrichodorus allius, Dolichodorus heterocephalus) were new records from turfgrass in both states; five (Heterodera sp., Loofia thienemanni, M. curvatum, Longidorus paralongicaudatus, Filenchus cylindricus) were new in SC; and three (Hemicriconemoides wessoni, Xiphinema bakeri, Aphelenchoides myceliophagus) were new in NC. The morphological and morphometric characteristics of these species are presented.
The correct name for the Siberian Black-billed Capercaillie is Tetrao urogalloides (Aves: Tetraonidae)
Authors: MLÍKOVSKÝ JIŘÍ
Published: April 2019

The Black-billed Capercaillie is a widespread species of north-eastern Asia, being almost endemic to Russia, but also occurring in northern Mongolia and northernmost China (Potapov 1985, 1987; De Juana 1994; Madge & McGowan 2002; Storch 2007). Two different names are in current use for this species in the scientific literature: Tetrao urogalloides Middendorff, 1853 (e.g. Buturlin 1901: 66, 1935: 185; Kirikov 1952: 103; Hjort 1970: 307; Walters 1980: 34; Potapov 1985: 361, 1987: 186; Haffer 1989; Klaus et al. 1989; Andreev 1991; Grant & Grant 1997: 7773; Klaus & Andreev 2001; Meserve 2005: 77; Klement'ev 2011) and Tetrao parvirostris Bonaparte, 1856 (e.g. Dresser 1903: 697; Hartert 1917: 292, 1921: 1884; Štegman 1926: 229; Peters 1934: 26; Vaurie 1965: 260; Stepanân 1990: 136; Inskipp et al. 1996: 27; Madge & McGowan 2002: 373; Dickinson 2003: 46; Zheng 2005: 47; Koblik et al. 2006: 106; Brazil 2010: 30). This situation is untenable. Thus, I restudied the nomenclatural history of this species to determine which name is correct, with the following results.
Re-evaluation of Pseudoparasitus (Gymnolaelaps) annectans (Womersley): a new genus and two new species (Acari: Mesostigmata: Laelapidae)
Authors: SHAW MATTHEW D.
Published: April 2019

Pseudoparasitus (Gymnolaelaps) annectans (Womersley) and two new species are assigned to a new genus, Nidilaelaps.Nidilaelaps has a number of important differences from Pseudoparasitus and other genera that Nidilaelaps annectans hasbeen previously assigned to, but shares characters with Australopapuan vertebrate-associated taxa, particularly the“Androlaelaps” ulysses species group and Laelapsella Womersley. Nidilaelaps annectans is common in a variety ofmammal and bird nests and also in forest litter. The two new species (N. holdsworthi sp. nov., N. lisae sp. nov.) arerecorded from mammals, birds, or their nests in Papua New Guinea or Australia. Nidilaelaps is inferred to be endemic tothe Australopapuan region. The presence of N. annectans in other regions is suggested to be due to relatively recent colonisation, facilitated by its many phoretic associations, particularly with synanthropic rodents.
A new species of riffle minnow, Alburnoides holciki, from the Hari River basin in Afghanistan and Iran (Actinopterygii: Cyprinidae)
Authors: COAD BRIAN W. , BOGUTSKAYA NINA G.
Published: April 2019

A new species of riffle minnow, Alburnoides holciki (Cyprinidae), is described from northwestern Afghanistan andnortheastern Iran. It is distinguished from related species by a combination of characters including a well-defined, sharp,scaleless or only slightly scaled ventral keel; a short, slightly pointed snout; a terminal mouth with the tip of the mouthcleft, on a level with the upper half of the pupil; a large eye (orbit width about equal to interorbital width); (46)47–51(55)lateralline scales to posterior margin of hypurals; 2.5–4.2 pharyngeal teeth; usually 8½ branched dorsal-fin rays; usually13–16½ branched anal-fin rays; 40–42, usually 41, total vertebrae; caudal vertebral region longer than abdominal region(most frequent vertebral formulae 20+21, 20+22 and 19+21); and usually 13 or 14 predorsal vertebrae. A comparison withAlburnoides species from rivers of the South Caspian Sea, the northern slope of the Kopetdag Mountains and the Amu Darya basin is provided.
Origin of species diversity in the catfish genus Hypostomus (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) inhabiting the Paraná river basin, with the description of a new species
Authors: CARDOSO YAMILA P. , ALMIRÓN ADRIANA , CASCIOTTA JORGE , AICHINO DANILO , LIZARRALDE MARTA S. , MONTOYA-BURGOS JUAN I.
Published: April 2019

Within the Loricariidae, the genus Hypostomus is one of the most diversified freshwater catfish groups. Using new se-quence data from the mitochondrial Control Region (D-loop) we examined the phylogeny of this genus. Our phylogeneticanalyses suggest that, in the Paraná river basin, species diversity in the genus Hypostomus has been shaped by two proc-esses: 1) by inter-basin diversification, generating groups of species that inhabit different basins, as a result of dispersalevents; and 2) via intra-basin speciation as a result of basin fragmentation due to past marine transgressions, which pro-duced groups of species within a basin. Using the D-loop as a molecular clock, each event of diversification was datedand linked with documented hydrological events or sea level changes. We also assessed the possible dispersal routes be-tween the Paraná and Uruguay rivers, in addition to the obvious dispersal route via the Río de la Plata estuary. Finally, wedescribe a new species of Hypostomus inhabiting Middle Paraná river, Hypostomus arecuta n. sp. This species can be sep-arated from all other Hypostomus by having light roundish dots on a darker background and by number of premaxillary/ dentary teeth.
First record of the genus Bordoniola Osella, 1987 in Ecuador with description of five new species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Raymondionyminae)
Authors: BAVIERA COSIMO , BELLÒ CESARE , OSELLA GIUSEPPE
Published: April 2019

Five new species of the small blind weevil genus Bordoniola Osella, 1987 from Ecuador are described and illustrated: B.ecuadorialis sp. n., B. minima sp. n., B. otongana sp. n., B. relicta sp. n., B. simillima sp. n. Distributional and ecologicaldata are provided for each of the new species. This is the first record of the genus outside Venezuela, from where only two species were known. A key to species and a checklist of all Bordoniola thus far known are given.
Platyxyela gen. nov. (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae, Macroxyelinae) from the Middle Jurassic of China
Authors: WANG MEI , SHIH CHUNGKUN , REN DONG
Published: April 2019

Platyxyela unica, gen. et sp. nov., assigned to the Macroxyelinae of Xyelidae is described from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of eastern Inner Mongolia, China. The new genus is characterized by Sc2 of the forewing meeting R at a short distance before the origin of Rs, the first section of Rs being shorter than the first section of M and nearly equal to Sc2, the antennomere 3 being shorter than the combined length of the remaining flagellomeres, the ovipositor sheath being much longer than wide. An updated key for the known genera of Macroxyelinae is given.
New earthworm species of Glossoscolex Leuckart, 1835 and Fimoscolex Michaelsen, 1900 (Clitellata: Glossoscolecidae) from Northern Paraná, Brazil
Authors: BARTZ MARIE LUISE CAROLINA , JAMES SAMUEL WOOSTER , PASINI AMARILDO , BROWN GEORGE GARDNER
Published: April 2019

Ten new species of Oligochaeta of the genera Glossoscolex (9) and Fimoscolex (1) are described from material collectedin northern Paraná and neighboring São Paulo State, Brazil: Glossoscolex lutocolus n. sp., G. palus n. sp., G. itaguajensisn. sp., G. uliginosus n. sp., G. primaensis n. sp., G. mariarum n. sp., G. sanpedroensis n. sp., G. giocondoi n. sp. andFimoscolex bartzi n. sp. The subgenus Glossoscolex (Praedrilus) is validated, with the inclusion of three more species (G.lutocolus n. sp., G. itaguajensis n. sp., and G. uliginosus n. sp.). The truncatus species group (male pores in xvii) ofGlossoscolex (Glossoscolex), to which the remaining six new Glossoscolex were assigned, is more problematic becauseseveral characters conflict with the character used to define this group (position of male pores). The relationships betweenGlossoscolex (Assudrilus) and Fimoscolex are discussed, and Fimoscolex sacii (Righi, 1971) is re-ascribed toGlossoscolex (Assudrilus). A new species of the genus Fimoscolex is presented, with a single intraclitellar male pore. Weprovide a table of characters in order to clarify the differences among the species described and the main species groupsand sub-genera of Glossoscolex, as well as some information on the ecology of some of the new species, including habitat and soil associations.
Checklist of earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) from Bulgaria—a review
Authors: VALCHOVSKI HRISTO IVAILOV
Published: April 2019

Little is known about the diversity, ecology, distribution and habitats of earthworm populations in Bulgaria. In the presentstudy an attempt has been made to collect all scientific works on earthworm species (Lumbricidae) of Bulgaria. Thecomplete list of earthworm taxa of Bulgaria comprises 50 species and subspecies of Lumbricidae, belonging to 15 genera.For the first time, comprehensive information on distribution and habitats of all lumbricids in the country is given. Thepaper is useful for further monitoring studies of earthworm diversity and abundance in relation to environmental issues, land use and climate change.
Review of the systematics, morphology and distribution of Asian Clawed Salamanders, genus Onychodactylus (Amphibia, Caudata: Hynobiidae), with the description of four new species
Authors: POYARKOV, JR. NIKOLAY A. , CHE JING , MIN MI-SOOK , KURO-O MASAKI , YAN FANG , LI CHENG , IIZUKA KOJI , VIEITES DAVID R.
Published: April 2019

We describe four new species of Asian Clawed salamanders of the genus Onychodactylus (Caudata: Hynobiidae), basedon fresh material collected during fieldwork in Japan, Korea, the Russian Far East and northeastern China between 2003and 2010, as well as older voucher specimens deposited in several museums. Our analyses comprise all species currentlyrecognized within this genus across its entire distribution range. We follow an integrative taxonomic approach bycombining detailed morphological comparative analyses with molecular phylogenetic analyses. We find significantdifferences among species in this genus, based on morphological and molecular data, which resulted in the recognitionand description of four new species within this genus. The new species have uncorrected molecular divergences of over4.5–7.4% and 1.9–4.1% to their closest relatives in the mitochondrial COI and 16S rRNA genes respectively. In themolecular analyses, we found two very divergent lineages in Korea and Japan that need further investigation, as detailedmorphological data are not available for them. We also discuss our approach to delimit species on salamanders. For thenew species described in this group we evaluate their threat status according to IUCN criteria: O. koreanus sp. nov. Min,Poyarkov & Vieites and O. nipponoborealis sp. nov. Kuro-o, Poyarkov & Vieites are classified as Least Concern, whileO. zhaoermii sp. nov. Che, Poyarkov & Yan and O. zhangyapingi sp. nov. Che, Poyarkov, Li & Yan are classified as Vulnerable (Vu2a).