bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Meditation experience is associated with differences in default mode network activity and connectivity
Authors: Brewer Judson A. , Worhunsky Patrick D. , Gray Jeremy R. , Tang Yi-Yuan , Weber Jochen , Kober Hedy
Published: November 2011

Many philosophical and contemplative traditions teach that “living in the moment” increases happiness. However, the default mode of humans appears to be that of mind-wandering, which correlates with unhappiness, and with activation in a network of brain areas associated with self-referential processing. We investigated brain activity in experienced meditators and matched meditation-naive controls as they performed several different meditations (Concentration, Loving-Kindness, Choiceless Awareness). We found that the main nodes of the default-mode network (medial prefrontal and posterior cingulate cortices) were relatively deactivated in experienced meditators across all meditation types. Furthermore, functional connectivity analysis revealed stronger coupling in experienced meditators between the posterior cingulate, dorsal anterior cingulate, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (regions previously implicated in self-monitoring and cognitive control), both at baseline and during meditation. Our findings demonstrate differences in the default-mode network that are consistent with decreased mind-wandering. As such, these provide a unique understanding of possible neural mechanisms of meditation.
Illuminating the landscape of host–pathogen interactions with the bacterium
Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Cossart Pascale
Published: November 2011

Listeria monocytogenes
has, in 25 y, become a model in infection biology. Through the analysis of both its saprophytic life and infectious process, new concepts in microbiology, cell biology, and pathogenesis have been discovered. This review will update our knowledge on this intracellular pathogen and highlight the most recent breakthroughs. Promising areas of investigation such as the increasingly recognized relevance for the infectious process, of RNA-mediated regulations in the bacterium, and the role of bacterially controlled posttranslational and epigenetic modifications in the host will also be discussed.
High-temperature protein G is essential for activity of the
Escherichia coli
clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas system
Authors: Yosef Ido , Goren Moran G. , Kiro Ruth , Edgar Rotem , Qimron Udi
Published: November 2011

Prokaryotic DNA arrays arranged as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), along with their associated proteins, provide prokaryotes with adaptive immunity by RNA-mediated targeting of alien DNA or RNA matching the sequences between the repeats. Here, we present a thorough screening system for the identification of bacterial proteins participating in immunity conferred by the
Escherichia coli
CRISPR system. We describe the identification of one such protein, high-temperature protein G (HtpG), a homolog of the eukaryotic chaperone heat-shock protein 90. We demonstrate that in the absence of
htpG
, the
E. coli
CRISPR system loses its suicidal activity against λ prophage and its ability to provide immunity from lysogenization. Transcomplementation of
htpG
restores CRISPR activity. We further show that inactivity of the CRISPR system attributable to
htpG
deficiency can be suppressed by expression of Cas3, a protein that is essential for its activity. Accordingly, we also find that the steady-state level of overexpressed Cas3 is significantly enhanced following HtpG expression. We conclude that HtpG is a newly identified positive modulator of the CRISPR system that is essential for maintaining functional levels of Cas3.
Multiferroic nanoparticulate thin film composites by Co implantation of ferroelectric Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 single crystal targets
Authors: Torres María , Ricote Jesús , Amorín Harvey , Jaafar Miriam , Holgado Susana , Piqueras Juan , Asenjo Agustina , García-Hernández Mar , Algueró Miguel
Published: November 2011

Two-phase magnetostrictive–piezoelectric thin film composites are key materials to the development of a range of potentially disruptive magnetoelectric technologies, such as electrical-writing magnetic-reading random access memories. However, multiferroic thin film composites prepared so far show neither magnetoelectric switching nor magnetoelectric responses comparable to those of related bulk ceramic materials and cermets. Here we show that ion implantation of magnetic species into ferroelectric single crystal targets can be an effective alternative means of obtaining nanoparticulate thin film composites of this type. Concept is proved by the implantation of Co into a Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 single crystal with ultrahigh piezoelectricity. Formation of an ensemble of ferromagnetic nanoparticles embedded in an amorphized layer within the ferroelectric crystal is clearly shown.
Development and application investigation of an ICSHG 532 nm diode-pumped solid-state laser system
Authors: Khoa Phan Thanh Nhat , Tu Trung Chan , Nguyen Tran Thuat , Nguyen Thanh Chien , Dang Mau Chien
Published: November 2011

A diode-pump solid-state laser system emitting a 532 nm beam has been developed. The pump source is an 808 nm diode laser, which has gained wide acceptance in research as well as in commercial production due to its effectiveness and reasonable price. The active medium was chosen to be Nd:YVO
4 (neodymium-doped yttrium orthovanadate), a material with many advantages over traditional Nd:YAG (neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet) such as a low lasing threshold and linearly polarized beam. However, the thermal conductivity of Nd:YVO
4 is not as good as Nd:YAG, thus the thermal lens effect inside Nd:YVO
4 under high pumping intensity becomes severe and detrimental to the laser performance. Our work showed that careful adjustments of Nd:YVO
4 temperature as well as of the cavity's parameters played an important role in the performance of the laser. Potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP), a nonlinear optics crystal, was used to convert the fundamental 1064 nm laser radiation from Nd:YVO
4 into 532 nm. The 532 nm laser beam has been successfully proven to cut wood, plastic and aluminum.
Photoluminescence enhancement of dye-doped nanoparticles by surface plasmon resonance effects of gold colloidal nanoparticles
Authors: Chu Viet Ha , Fort Emmanuel , Nghiem Thi Ha Lien , Tran Hong Nhung
Published: November 2011

Due to the energy transfer from surface plasmons, the fluorescence of fluorophores near metallic nanostructures can be enhanced. This effect has been intensively studied recently for biosensor applications. This work reports on the luminescence enhancement of 100 nm Cy3 dye-doped polystyrene nanoparticles by energy transfer from surface plasmons of gold colloidal nanoparticles with sizes of 20 and 100 nm. Optimal luminescence enhancement of the fluorophores has been observed in the mixture with 20 nm gold nanoparticles. This can be attributed to the resonance energy transfer from gold nanoparticles to the fluorophore beads. The interaction between the fluorophores and gold particles is attributed to far-field interaction.
Thermostable multicopper oxidase from Thermus thermophilus HB27: crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of apo and holo forms
Authors: Serrano-Posada Hugo , Valderrama Brenda , Stojanoff Vivian , Rudiño-Piñera Enrique
Published: November 2011

A thermostable multicopper oxidase from Thermus thermophilus HB27 (Tth-MCO) was successfully crystallized using the sitting-drop and hanging-drop vapour-diffusion methods. Crystallization conditions and preliminary X-ray diffraction data to 1.5 Å resolution obtained using synchrotron radiation at 100 K are reported. The crystals belonged to space group C2221, with unit-cell parameters a = 93.6, b = 110.3, c = 96.3 Å. A monomer in the asymmetric unit yielded a Matthews coefficient (V
M) of 2.60 Å3 Da−1 and a solvent content of 53%. An inactive enzyme form, apo-Tth-MCO, was also crystallized and diffraction data were collected to 1.7 Å resolution. In addition, a second inactive form of the enzyme, Hg-Tth-MCO, was obtained by soaking apo-Tth-MCO crystals with mercury(II) chloride and data were collected to a resolution of 1.7 Å.
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase fromEscherichia coliin complex with the acceptor-TΨC domain of tRNA
Authors: Ito Kosuke , Qi Hao , Shimizu Yoshihiro , Murakami Ryo , Miura Kin-ichiro , Ueda Takuya , Uchiumi Toshio
Published: November 2011

Peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase (Pth) cleaves the ester bond between the peptide and the tRNA of peptidyl-tRNA molecules, which are the product of aborted translation. In the present work, Pth fromEscherichia coliwas crystallized with the acceptor-TΨC domain of tRNA using 1,4-butanediol as a precipitant. The crystals belonged to the hexagonal space groupP61, with unit-cell parametersa = b= 55.1,c= 413.1 Å, and diffracted X-rays beyond 2.4 Å resolution. The asymmetric unit is expected to contain two complexes of Pth and the acceptor-TΨC domain of tRNA (VM= 2.8 Å3 Da−1), with a solvent content of 60.8%. The structure is being solved by molecular replacement.
Crystallization and X-ray data collection of HP0902 from Helicobacter pylori 26695
Authors: Sim Dae-Won , Song Jung Hyun , Lee Woo Cheol , Lee Yoo-Sup , Kim Hye-Yeon , Won Hyung-Sik
Published: November 2011

HP0902 from Helicobacter pylori 26695 belongs to the cupin superfamily of proteins, which encompasses proteins with a great diversity in function. In this work, two types of recombinant HP0902 protein were crystallized: one with an N-terminal His6 tag (H6HP0902) and the other with a C-terminal His6 tag (HP0902H6). The H6HP0902 crystal diffracted to 1.40 Å resolution and belonged to space group P21, with unit-cell parameters a = 33.5, b = 78.6, c = 41.4 Å. The HP0902H6 crystal belonged to space group P43212 or P41212 and diffracted to 2.5 Å resolution, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 50.4, c = 142.0 Å.
Expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction crystallographic study of PurH from Escherichia coli
Authors: Qiu Xiaoting , Yuan Ye , Gao Yongxiang
Published: November 2011

In bacteria and eukaryotes, the last two steps of de novo purine biosynthesis are catalyzed by bifunctional purine-biosynthesis protein (PurH), which is composed of two functionally independent domains linked by a flexible region. The N-terminal domain possesses IMP cyclohydrolase activity and the C-terminal domain possesses aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide transformylase activity. This study reports the expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of PurH from Escherichia coli with an N-terminal His6 tag. The crystals diffracted to a maximum resolution of 3.05 Å and belonged to the monoclinic space group P21, with unit-cell parameters a = 76.37, b = 132.15, c = 82.64 Å, β = 111.86°.
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of crustacean hyperglycaemic hormone from the kuruma prawnMarsupenaeus japonicusin its weakly active precursor form
Authors: Inoue Hirotaka , Tsutsui Naoaki , Nagai Chiaki , Nagata Koji , Tanokura Masaru , Nagasawa Hiromichi
Published: November 2011

Crustacean hyperglycaemic hormone (CHH) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of glucose metabolism in crustaceans. Pej-SGP-I, one of the six known CHHs in the kuruma prawnMarsupenaeus japonicus, was heterologously expressed inEscherichia colias an N-terminally His-tagged and Nus-tagged protein in its weakly active precursor form, Pej-SGP-I-Gly, which has an extra glycine residue at the C-terminus. The recombinant peptide was subjected to affinity purification, tag removal, further purification and crystallization by the sitting-drop vapour-diffusion method using NaCl as the main precipitant. The crystals diffracted to 1.95 Å resolution and the space group was assigned as primitive orthorhombicP212121, with unit-cell parametersa= 40.19,b= 53.65,c = 53.63 Å. The Matthews coefficient (VM= 1.73 Å3 Da−1) indicated that the crystal contained two Pej-SGP-I-Gly molecules per asymmetric unit, with a solvent content of 29.0%.
Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of a C2 protein from Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Diaz Maira , Rodriguez Lesia , Gonzalez-Guzman Miguel , Martínez-Ripoll Martín , Albert Armando
Published: November 2011

An uncharacterized protein from Arabidopsis thaliana consisting of a single C2 domain (At3g17980) was cloned into the pETM11 vector and expressed in Escherichia coli, allowing purification to homogeneity in a single chromatographic step. Good-quality diffracting crystals were obtained using vapour-diffusion techniques. The crystals diffracted to 2.2 Å resolution and belonged to space group P212121, with unit-cell parameters a = 35.3, b = 88.9, c = 110.6 Å. A promising molecular-replacement solution has been found using the structure of the C2 domain of Munc13-C2b (PDB entry 3kwt) as the search model.
Visceral adiposity index is associated with significant fibrosis in patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Petta S. , Amato M. C. , Di Marco V. , Cammà C. , Pizzolanti G. , Barcellona M. R. , Cabibi D. , Galluzzo A. , Sinagra D. , Giordano C. , Craxì A.
Published: November 2011

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35: 238–247

Background  Metabolic factors have been associated with liver damage in patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Aims  To test a new marker of adipose dysfunction, the visceral adiposity index (VAI), in NAFLD patients to assess whether or not it is associated with host factors, and to investigate a potential correlation with histological findings.

Methods  One hundred and forty‐two consecutive NAFLD patients were evaluated by liver biopsy, and clinical and metabolic measurements, including insulin resistance with the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA), and VAI by using waist circumference, body mass index, triglycerides and HDL. Serum levels of TNFα, IL‐6, adiponectin and leptin were also assessed. All biopsies were scored for NAFLD activity score (NAS) and its components, and for staging (Kleiner).

Results  By multiple linear regression analysis, VAI was independently associated with higher HOMA (P = 0.04), and fibrosis (P = 0.04). In addition, an independent association was found between higher VAI and lower adiponectin levels (P = 0.002). Higher HOMA (OR 1.149, 95% CI 1.003–1.316, P = 0.04), higher VAI (OR 1.446, 95% CI 1.023–2.043, P = 0.03), lobular inflammation (OR 3.777, 95% CI 1.771–8.051, P = 0.001), and ballooning (OR 2.884, 95% CI 1.231–6.757, P = 0.01) were correlated with significant fibrosis (F2–F4) on multiple logistic regression analysis. In particular, the prevalence of significant fibrosis progressively increased from patients with a VAI ≤ 2.1 and HOMA ≤ 3.4 (26%) to those with a VAI > 2.1 and HOMA > 3.4 (83%).

Conclusions  In NAFLD patients, visceral adiposity index is an expression of both qualitative and quantitative adipose tissue dysfunction and, together with insulin resistance, is independently correlated with significant fibrosis.
Using direct payments to fund short breaks for families with a disabled child
Authors: Welch V. , Hatton C. , Emerson E. , Collins M. , Robertson J. , Langer S. , Wells E.
Published: November 2011

Background  A clear policy trend exists towards promoting the use of direct payments (DPs), including those for families with disabled children who use short breaks. However, uptake has been slow and use of DPs has been socially patterned. Recent programmes in England have dramatically increased investment in short break provision including breaks funded through DPs. This research examines the characteristics, circumstances and experiences of families who use DPs to fund short breaks with those who use short breaks funded in other ways.

Method  The paper draws on surveys totalling 348 parents and carers in families with disabled children using short breaks. We investigate associations between the use of DPs and a range of demographic, socio‐economic, well‐being, service use and satisfaction indicators. Logistic regression identifies which variables are most strongly associated with use of DPs. We also draw on open‐ended survey responses which highlight important aspects of families' experience of using DPs.

Results  Characteristics significantly associated with increased use of DPs include the presence of main carers who are female, more highly educated and from White British backgrounds, younger children, lower levels of area deprivation, greater access to service and social networks and use of more hours of short breaks. Characteristics not found to be significantly associated with use of DPs include various health and well‐being indicators, impairment characteristics of children and service satisfaction. A range of benefits of DPs are described along with problems accessing and using them.

Conclusions  Direct payments can have a number of benefits for families using short breaks, but access to them is currently problematic and socially patterned. If the uptake of DPs is to be increased and made more equitable, more attention must be paid to promoting and supporting their use in ways which meet the needs of individual families.
The epidemiology of general paediatric outpatients referrals: 1988 and 2006
Authors: Thompson E. , Todd P. , Ni Bhrolchain C.
Published: November 2011

Background  Wirral University Teaching Hospital is a large district general hospital situated on the Wirral peninsula, UK. Because of the district's geographical and demographic characteristics, Wirral is an ideal location for population‐based studies.

Information on paediatric referrals, case mix and outcomes are scarce. We took advantage of our situation to conduct an epidemiological study of referrals to general paediatrics in Wirral in 1988 and again in 2006. A companion paper examines referrals to community paediatricians in the Department during the same period.

Methods  A prospective observational study of general paediatric outpatient referrals between 1 Feb and 31 May 2006 compared with the same period in 1988, using the same methodology. We included all children under the age of 15 offered a new patient appointment during the study period.

Results  The referral rate had increased significantly from 15.5 to 25.7 per thousand children under 15 per annum (P < 0.01; Chi Squared). The most common conditions referred in 2006 were constipation (10.5%) and enuresis (7%) compared with asthma (15%) and heart murmurs (13.8%) in 1988.

There were significantly fewer wasted appointments (5% vs. 12%), shorter waiting times (5% vs. 12% waited more than 12 weeks), faster treatment times (25% vs. 14% started treatment after the first appointment) and more discharges (41.2% vs. 30.5%) (all P < 0.01; Chi Squared).

Conclusions  More children were referred to paediatricians in 2006 compares with 1988. Services worked more efficiently, with better attendance, access and time to treatment. We provide information on changes in case mix that is not available elsewhere. This population‐based study thus gives a unique insight into changes in referrals to UK general paediatricians.
Fast‐food consumption and educational test scores in the USA
Authors: Tobin K. J.
Published: November 2011

Background  Children in the USA are experiencing obesity and overweight at epidemic rates. Schools have started to make policy decisions based on a popularly presumed connection between nutrition and academic achievement. This study aimed to determine whether such a relationship exists, and if so, its nature.

Methods  Data from the Food Consumption Questionnaire administered to approximately 12 000 fifth graders as part of the nationally representative Early Childhood Longitudinal Study‐Kindergarten Cohort was analysed using regression analysis. The analysis used propensity score matching to examine the relationship between students' reported fast‐food consumption and their test scores in reading and mathematics. Propensity score matching attempts to control for a host of background characteristics that might be correlated with both fast‐food consumption and test scores.

Results  Standard ordinary least squares regression showed that test scores decreased as reported fast‐food consumption increased. In the propensity‐score‐matched analysis, which controlled for 25 student background characteristics, higher‐than‐average fast‐food consumption (‘four to six times in the last 7 days’ or more) was associated with significantly lower test scores in both reading (−11.15 points or 0.48 SD) and math (−11.13 points or 0.52 SD), even when teacher experience, school poverty level and school urbanicity were also included in the model.

Conclusions  Although this study is preliminary, its results indicate that the relationship between poor nutrition and test scores may in fact be quite negative, strengthening the impetus for schools to consider policies that support students' healthy eating. In order to strengthen these findings and investigate possible mechanisms through which poor nutrition might affect test scores, there is a need for further research.
Effects of recombinant human growth hormone therapy in adults with Prader–Willi syndrome: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Sanchez‐Ortiga Ruth , Klibanski Anne , Tritos Nicholas A.
Published: November 2011

Objective  Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) is associated with GH deficiency, deleterious changes in body composition and function. As the effects of recombinant human GH (rhGH) in PWS adults have not been well established, we sought to conduct a meta‐analysis of pertinent studies.

Design  Meta‐analysis of studies examining the effects of rhGH therapy in PWS adults.

Patients  One hundred and thirty four PWS adults (75 men, 59 women).

Measurements  Literature searches, including publications (PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Register), and abstracts presented at meetings through July 2011 describing studies of rhGH therapy in PWS adults; 8/1194 articles, describing unique cohorts, were included. Two authors independently extracted data and examined study quality.

Results  rhGH therapy for 12 months led to [weighted mean difference (95% CI)] decreased body fat [−2·91% (−3·90, −1·91)], visceral [−32·97 cm2 (−55·67, −10·26)] and subcutaneous adiposity [−55·24 cm2 (−89·05, −21·44)], and increased lean body mass (LBM) [2·41 Kg (1·32, 3·49)]. Similar changes in body fat [−2·89% (−4·69, −1·07)] and LBM [2·82 Kg (1·31, 4·33)] were found in longer studies. There were no changes in body mass index (BMI) or lipids. There was a small increase in fasting glucose [0·27 mmol/l (0·05, 0·49)] and trends towards higher fasting insulin [20·24 pmol/l (−0·55, 41·02)] and insulin resistance [HOMA: 0·60 (−0·04, 1·24)] after rhGH therapy for 12 months.

Conclusions  In PWS adults, rhGH therapy led to decreased body adiposity and increased LBM without changes in BMI or lipids. There was a small increase in fasting glucose and trends towards higher insulin and insulin resistance.
Growth hormone insensitivity syndrome caused by a heterozygous GHR mutation: phenotypic variability owing to moderation by nonsense‐mediated decay
Authors: del Blanco Darya Gorbenko , de Graaff Laura C. G. , Visser Theo J. , Hokken‐Koelega Anita C. S.
Published: November 2011

Objectives  Growth hormone insensitivity syndrome (GHIS) is characterized by extreme short stature and resistance to the actions of growth hormone (GH). The heterogeneity ranges from the most severe form, known as Laron syndrome, to less severe phenotypes like idiopathic short stature and partial GH insensitivity. Here, we aimed to identify and characterize the molecular cause of severe short stature in a patient with resistance to GH treatment.

Patient  We describe a male patient born small for gestational age [38 weeks gestation, length 38·5 cm; −7·8 standard deviation score (SDS), weight 1350 g; −4·84 SDS]. At the age of 7 years (109·7 cm; −2·89 SD), he received GH treatment (1 mg/m2/day) for 1 year without any increase in height SDS, IGF‐I or IGFBP‐3 levels. Double‐GH‐dose treatment for another year did not result in any improvement in growth factor level either. The patient does not have the typical Laron craniofacial and somatic features.

Results  Analysis of GHR showed a heterozygous nonsense mutation (c.703C>T; p.Arg217X). Extensive mutation screening as well as copy number variation analysis of other candidate genes in the GH‐IGF‐I axis excluded any additional genetic defects. Analysis of the patient’s fibroblasts showed that growth hormone receptor (GHR) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expressed from the mutant allele was degraded by a mechanism called nonsense‐mediated mRNA decay (NMD).

Conclusions  GHIS in this patient is because of a heterozygous nonsense mutation in GHR. Our study is the first to demonstrate that NMD is involved in the phenotypic variability of GHIS caused by GHR mutations.
Safety and efficacy of alemtuzumab in the treatment of late acute renal allograft rejection
Authors: Upadhyay Kiran , Midgley Laurie , Moudgil Asha
Published: November 2011

Upadhyay K, Midgley L, Moudgil A. Safety and efficacy of alemtuzumab in the treatment of late acute renal allograft rejection.

Abstract:  Safety and efficacy of alemtuzumab in the treatment of AR in children after renal transplantation is unknown. Five episodes of refractory late AR in three children (three episodes in patient 1 and a single episode in patients 2 and 3 occurring after 7–23 months of transplantation) were treated with one dose of alemtuzumab as a rescue therapy. Four episodes (Banff IA‐IB) in patients 1 and 2 reversed fully or partially with alemtuzumab, whereas patient 3 with Banff IB‐IIA AR failed to respond. Patient 1 had recurrent AR 5, 13, and 15 months later; first two episodes responded to retreatment with alemtuzumab, and the last episode was not treated causing allograft failure. Patient 2 had steroid‐responsive AR after two months and had a functioning allograft 25 months later. A transient reduction in all lymphocyte subsets except natural killer cells occurred in all patients. Patient 3 (treated with steroids, ThymoglobulinR, intravenous immunoglobulin, and rituximab prior to alemtuzumab) suffered many bacterial infections during one‐yr period after therapy. However, symptomatic viral infections were not observed in any of the children. Treatment with alemtuzumab may prolong allograft survival in multidrug‐resistant AR but may not prevent recurrent AR in non‐adherent children.
Heart transplantation following myocardial infarction due to Takayasu’s arteritis
Authors: McBrien Angela , Griselli Massimo , Friswell Mark , Hasan Asif , Kirk Richard
Published: November 2011

McBrien A, Griselli M, Friswell M, Hasan A, Kirk R. Heart transplantation following myocardial infarction due to Takayasu’s arteritis. Pediatr Transplantation 2011. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  We report a 14‐yr‐old girl who presented with cardiogenic shock because of compression of the left main coronary artery secondary to Takayasu’s arteritis. The patient required cardiac transplantation with hemi‐arch replacement at the time of transplant because of ascending aortitis. To our knowledge, this is the first case of cardiac transplantation in Takayasu’s arteritis to be reported in the literature.
Photomorphogenesis and pigment induction in lentil seedling roots exposed to low light conditions
Authors: Vollsnes A. V. , Melø T. B. , Futsaether C. M.
Published: November 2011

Although roots are normally hidden in soil, they may inadvertently be exposed to low light levels in experiments or in natural conditions through cracks or light transmittance through the soil. Light has been implicated in root morphogenesis. Thus, effects of low light conditions on lentil (Lens culinaris L. cv. Verte du Puy) root morphology and root pigmentation were studied. Lentil seedlings were grown in peat or transparent, nutrient‐fortified agar at a 12‐h light (PAR 240 μmol·m−2·s−1), 12‐h dark cycle. Roots were exposed to low levels (∼1–10 μmol·m−2·s−1) of broadband white light, either directly or indirectly by aboveground light penetrating the growth medium. Control roots were grown in darkness. In situ spectroscopy was used to measure transmittance and reflectance spectra of intact root tissue by mounting the upper part of the primary root directly in a spectrophotometer equipped with an integrating sphere attachment. The transmittance and reflectance spectra were used to calculate the in situ root absorbance spectrum. Absorbance bands were found in the regions 480–500 nm and 650–680 nm, possibly due to low levels of root‐localised carotenoids and chlorophylls, respectively. Low light levels (∼1–10 μmol·m−2·s−1) transmitted through the growth medium significantly increased root pigment concentration and root biomass, and altered root morphology by enhancing lateral root formation and inhibiting root elongation relative to roots grown in complete darkness. The light‐induced changes in root morphogenesis and pigmentation appear to be primarily due to upper root light perception.
Genome sizes for all genera of Cycadales
Authors: Zonneveld B. J. M.
Published: November 2011

Nuclear DNA content (2C) is reported for all genera of the Cycadales, using flow cytometry with propidium iodide. Nuclear DNA content ranges from 24 to 64 pg in cycads. This implies that the largest genome contains roughly 40 × 109 more base pairs than the smallest genome. The narrow range in nuclear DNA content within a genus is remarkable for such an old group. Furthermore, 42 of the 58 plants measured, covering five genera, have 18 chromosomes. They vary from 36.1 to 64.7 pg, covering the whole range of genome sizes (excluding the genome of Cycas). Hence, their does not seem to be a correlation between genome size and the number of chromosomes.
Acorn Pericarp Removal as a Cache Management Strategy of the Siberian Chipmunk, Tamias sibiricus
Authors: Yi Xianfeng , Steele Michael A. , Zhang Zhibin
Published: November 2011

Numerous recent studies have revealed a variety of behavioral adaptations of rodents for maximizing returns from cached seeds. Herein we report on a novel behavior by the Siberian chipmunk (Tamias sibiricus) in northeastern China, by which they consistently remove the pericarp (shell) of Quercus mongolica acorns before dispersing and caching these nuts. We investigated the effects of pericarp removal on acorn germination, tannin concentrations, cache pilferage, and insect damage, to determine if and how pericarp removal facilitates cache management by Siberian chipmunks and whether or not such behavior influences seed fates. Chipmunks cached acorns only after the pericarps were removed. Chipmunks preferred pericarp‐removed acorns over intact acorns when removing them from seed stations for both consumption and caching. Pericarp removal did not affect germination or tannin concentration of cached Q. mongolica acorns, suggesting that the behavior is not an adaptation for long‐term storage and tannin decomposition. Acetone treatments of the pericarp and artificial pericarp removal failed to alter pilferage rates by Siberian chipmunks and wood mice (Apodemus peninsulae). Since damage of acorns by weevils often leads to cache losses, we also tested the effects of weevil infestation on cache decision following pericarp removal. Siberian chipmunks removed pericarps and then scatter hoarded significantly more sound than weevil‐infested acorns, strongly suggesting that pericarp removal is used to discriminate between the infested and non‐infested acorns. Thus, we argue that the primary function of this behavior is to ensure successful storage of sound acorns, at least for short‐term storage. Future studies should consider the potential impact of pericarp removal on weevil populations and long‐term patterns of seed survival and establishment from the Siberian chipmunk’s caches.
Behavioural Syndromes, Partner Compatibility and Reproductive Performance in Steller’s Jays
Authors: Gabriel Pia O. , Black Jeffrey M.
Published: November 2011

The concept of partner compatibility in monogamous animals implies that individuals may reproduce better when paired to a partner with similar traits than to a higher quality, but dissimilar individual. We investigated whether partner similarities in traits that are linked in a behavioural syndrome influence reproductive performance in a wild population of Steller’s jays. In some years, pairs more similar in explorative tendencies and in willingness to take risks initiated nests earlier and were more likely to fledge offspring than dissimilar pairs. Benefits of behavioural similarity differed among breeding seasons, being most pronounced in a year with late breeding onset after a severe winter. Pairing patterns for behavioural traits also varied among years and traits, and assortative pairing of behaviourally similar partners was not only common overall, but was also correlated across the three explorative and risk‐taking tendencies. Pair members with behavioural similarities may yield more compatible and complementary partnerships. Our results indicate that compatibility across a suite of behavioural traits (i.e. a behavioural syndrome) may be beneficial for assortative pairs and support the hypothesis that the combination of traits in behavioural syndromes in itself might be a target for selection.
Causes and outcome of late referral of children who develop end‐stage kidney disease
Authors: Kennedy Sean E , Bailey Rohan , Kainer Gad
Published: November 2011

Aims:  This study aims to characterise the timing of referral to a paediatric nephrology unit of children who develop end‐stage kidney disease (ESKD). This study also aims to determine whether late referral (LR) influences outcomes and to explore factors that may lead to LR.

Methods:  A retrospective case review of all incident patients with ESKD who received renal replacement therapy (RRT) at a single paediatric centre. Time between referral to a paediatric nephrologist and commencement of RRT, demographic and clinical data were collated. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at referral was calculated using height and creatinine. LR was defined as having an eGFR ≤30 mL/min/1.73 m2 when first seen by a paediatric nephrologist.

Results:  RRT was initiated for 74 patients <18 years of age between 1988 and 2010. The median age at referral was 2.0 years (birth–15.9 years) and age at RRT was 10.0 years (6 days–17.4 years). Children referred before age 1 year (41%) had a more prolonged course before ESKD. Median (interquartile range) eGFR at referral of children >1 year was 27.2 (9.0–52.0) mL/min/1.73 m2. Twenty‐two (55%) of these children were referred late (LR) with an eGFR ≤30 mL/min/1.73 m2. LR patients were more likely to have glomerulonephritis or haemolytic uraemic syndrome and to live in a remote or outer regional area. LR patients had higher urea, lower haemoglobin and were more likely to receive haemodialysis via a vascular catheter.

Conclusions:  A significant proportion of children who develop ESKD are referred late to nephrology units with potentially preventable complications. Aetiology of renal disease and geographic isolation contribute to LR.
The application of spaced theta burst protocols induces long‐lasting neuroplastic changes in the human motor cortex
Authors: Goldsworthy Mitchell R. , Pitcher Julia B. , Ridding Michael C.
Published: November 2011

There is some limited evidence suggesting that the spaced application of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) protocols may extend the duration of induced neuroplastic changes. However, this has yet to be demonstrated in the human primary motor cortex (M1). We evaluated whether the paired application of an inhibitory rTMS protocol [continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS)] at 10‐min intervals prolonged the duration of induced M1 plasticity. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded from the right first dorsal interosseous muscle before and following single and paired cTBS protocols applied with two intensities: 80% of active motor threshold (AMT80) and 70% of resting motor threshold (RMT70). Single cTBS protocols did not significantly influence MEP amplitudes. Whereas paired trains applied at AMT80 had no effect on MEP amplitudes, paired cTBS trains at RMT70 significantly reduced them. MEP amplitudes remained suppressed for at least 2 h following the second train. Control experiments suggested that the contraction used to establish active motor threshold prior to cTBS application may be responsible for blocking the effect of paired cTBS trains at AMT80. The results suggest that the spaced application of cTBS protocols may be an effective approach for establishing long‐lasting M1 neuroplasticity only in the absence of prior voluntary motor activation. These findings may have important implications for the therapeutic application of rTMS.
Optimal management of type 2 diabetes: the evidence
Authors: Colagiuri S.
Published: November 2011

This paper reviews the evidence in relation to the optimal target for HbA1c and outlines a global treatment algorithm for people with type 2 diabetes. While most guidelines recommend a general HbA1c target of 7%, recent large scale intervention studies have examined the potential benefits of lower targets. These studies have generally shown that lower HbA1c targets provide no macrovascular benefits and limited effects on microvascular complications while increasing rates of hypoglycaemia. Overall these studies do not support a general HbA1c target lower than 7.0%. However an individual's HbA1c target should be set and reviewed taking into account treatment benefits, safety, and tolerability. This may mean that an HbA1c target lower than 7% is appropriate for some when it can be easily and safely achieved but equally a higher HbA1c target may be appropriate in others. Clinicians and consumers are fortunate in having a wide range of pharmacological agents available to treat hyperglycaemia, however access to many of these options is limited in many middle and low income countries. Developing treatment algorithms is complex for several reasons. The major limitation is the limited evidence base for choosing particular treatment options or combinations of medications. However it is possible to derive a generic evidence‐informed consensus algorithm which considers availability, access and cost of medications which can be adapted for local country use.
Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐1 and ‐2 in normal and diseased canine eyes
Authors: Binder Daniel R. , Herring Ian P. , Zimmerman Kurt L. , Phillip Pickett J. , Huckle William R.
Published: November 2011

Objective  To immunohistochemically evaluate expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐1 (VEGFR1) and ‐2 (VEGFR2) in ocular tissue of healthy dogs and dogs affected with primary glaucoma, uveitic glaucoma, and intraocular neoplasia.

Sample population  Enucleated globes from five dogs with primary glaucoma, five dogs with uveitic glaucoma, six dogs with intraocular neoplasms and three ophthalmically normal control dogs.

Procedure  Ocular tissues were obtained from enucleated globes of clinical cases or immediately following euthanasia for control dogs. Tissue sections were stained immunohistochemically for VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 via standard techniques and vascular tissue was qualitatively evaluated. Vascular endothelial VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 expression patterns are reported for normal and diseased ocular tissues. In addition, VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 expression patterns are reported for all normal ocular tissues.

Results  A constitutive expression pattern was detected for VEGFR1 by ocular vascular endothelial cells as well as nonvascular cells in the cornea, uvea, lens, and retina. VEGFR2 demonstrated limited expression in normal ocular tissue, but was widely expressed in vascular endothelium of diseased eyes, particularly in pre‐iridal fibrovascular membranes.

Conclusions  The results of this study suggest a role for VEGF receptors in both physiologic and pathologic angiogenesis in canine ocular tissue. Manipulation of this pathway may be a rational consideration for therapeutic intervention in canine ocular disease exhibiting pathologic neovascularization.
The effect of US holidays on the European markets: when the cat’s away…
Authors: Casado Jorge , Muga Luis , Santamaria Rafael
Published: November 2011

This paper presents evidence of the existence of a return effect on European stock markets coinciding with New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) holidays, which is particularly marked after positive closing returns on the NYSE the previous day. The effect is large enough to be exploited by trading index futures. This anomaly cannot be explained by seasonal effects, such as the day of the week effect, the January effect or the pre‐holiday effect, nor is it consistent with behavioural finance models that predict positive correlation between trading volume and returns. However, examination of factors such as information volume or investor mix provides a reasonable explanation.
A molecular monopoly? HPV testing, the Pap smear and the molecularisation of cervical cancer screening in the USA
Authors: Hogarth Stuart , Hopkins Michael M. , Rodriguez Victor
Published: November 2011

Abstract DNA‐based molecular testing for human papillomavirus has emerged as a novel approach to cervical cancer screening in the context of well‐entrenched existing technology, the Pap smear. This article seeks to elucidate the process of molecularisation in the context of screening programmes. We illustrate how, although Pap has long been problematised and could be seen as a competing technological option, the existing networks and regime for Pap were important in supporting the entrenchment process for the artefacts, techniques and new diagnostics industry entrant, Digene, associated with the new test. The article provides insights into how the molecularisation of screening unfolds in a mainstream market. We reveal an incremental and accretive, rather than revolutionary, process led by new commercial interests in an era when diagnostic innovation is increasingly privatised. We show Digene’s reliance on patents, an international scientific network and their position as an obligatory point of passage in the clinical research field with regard to the new technology’s role, as well as on controversial new marketing practices. The article is based on a mixed method approach, drawing on a wide range of contemporary sources (including patents, statutory filings by companies, scientific literature and news sources) as well as interviews.
Legal discourse across cultures and socio‐pragmatic contexts
Authors: BHATIA VIJAY K. , BHATIA ADITI
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT:  Much of the work on legal discourse has focused on its construction, interpretation, and use with particular emphasis on either language or legal content; however, very little attention is paid to context, both socio‐political as well as cross‐cultural, although all forms of legal discourse, spoken as well as written, are applied and interpreted in the context of what Scollon refers to as ‘sites of engagement’. Drawing on a number of legal contexts, this paper will attempt to illustrate that interpretations of legal discourse invariably depend on the context of socio‐pragmatic realities to which a particular instance of legal discourse applies, and hence socio‐political as well as cross‐cultural factors have a crucial role to play in its interpretation.
Towards developmental world Englishes
Authors: BOLTON KINGSLEY , GRADDOL DAVID , MEIERKORD CHRISTIANE
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT: Over the last three decades scholars promoting the world Englishes paradigm (WE) have worked towards establishing a more positive attitude towards international varieties of English. However, despite the best intentions of Western linguists working in this field, there is an obvious imbalance between the developed and developing world in many contexts of English language education. Educators and teachers in many Outer Circle and Expanding Circle contexts face difficulties in terms of conditions, facilities, and resources very different from those of Western institutions. Academics in developing societies have parallel difficulties in publishing research, both in journals and in books with international publishers, while local options for publishing are often restricted. This paper suggests a number of ways in which linguists and other scholars might begin to engage with a range of issues related to ‘developmental world Englishes’.
Voice, place and genre in popular song performance1
Authors: Coupland Nikolas
Published: November 2011

Earlier sociolinguistic studies have conceptualised popular song as a field of phonological variation where singers do or do not maintain features of their national or regional accents in singing. The present paper explores a wider agenda for the sociolinguistics of popular song, theorised as a diverse field of performance organised according to genre. Following initiatives in the sociology of popular music (particularly Simon Frith's research), voice is interpreted as the repertoire of meaning‐making options available to performers. Voice subsumes dialect indexicality, but also the management of singer identity and singer‐audience relations through the performance of lyrics, rhythmic and bodily modalities. Place is understood as the specific socio‐cultural contexts that are explicitly or implicitly voiced, including contexts of performance and reception. By performing within or against generically structured stylistic norms, performers construct and disseminate different vernacular values and identities. Live tracks from three different, broadly‐defined genres are considered in detail – classic rock and roll (Chuck Berry'sMaybellene), folk/country (James Taylor'sCopperline), and punk rock (the Sex Pistols’Johnny B. Goode).
Flight of the Conchords: Recontextualizing the voices of popular culture1
Authors: Gibson Andy
Published: November 2011

Folk‐comedy duo, Flight of the Conchords, have become one of New Zealand's most successful musical exports, having attracted a large international audience through their American‐produced TV series. One of their central comic devices is to stylize well‐known singers and their music. This article focuses on how Flight of the Conchords shift their phonetic style towards that of various target personas, and how they maintain their own voices as comedians in the process. An acoustic analysis compares Flight of the Conchords’ pronunciation of four vowels (kit, dress, trap, and goat) to the pronunciation of the pop singers being stylized. Both Jemaine Clement and Bret McKenzie manipulate their vowel production towards that of the targeted personas. They also maintain some distance from their targeted roles through a range of devices including the use of exaggerated phonetic style. Through their performances, Flight of the Conchords recontextualize and parody a range of popular cultural products, continuing the enregisterment of certain phonetic styles with the voices of well‐known characterological figures.
‘A Remarkably Patterned Life’: Domestic and Public in the Aztec Household City
Authors: Pennock Caroline Dodds
Published: November 2011

This article argues that the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan should be understood as a ‘household’, a structure that gave powerful significance to binary gendered ideologies at every level of city organisation. Male and female roles were configured around ‘public’ and ‘domestic’ spheres, but these concepts were perceived in a broader and more flexible way than traditional public/private dichotomies suggest and might helpfully be understood in political terms as distinguishing between exterior/foreign and interior/domestic realms. Building on understandings of parallelism and complementarity, the article demonstrates that gendered pairings, based on distinctive masculine/public and feminine/domestic spheres, mirrored the household not only in social, economic and political contexts, but also in religious settings, providing space for both male and female power at every level of urban life. Just as a married couple provided the basis to a successful and productive home, so the parallel responsibilities of men and women, structured according to concepts of ‘household’ and reflected throughout the institutions and activities of the city, were believed to form the foundations of a thriving Aztec city.