bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unique events improve episodic richness, enhance mood, and alter the perception of time during isolation
Authors: Meade Melissa E , Chang Miranda , Savel Katarina , Hong Bryan , Martin Chris B. , Barense Morgan
Published: September 2023

Living in isolation is associated with a lack of stimulating experiences, which negatively impacts quality of life and increases risk of advancing cognitive decline for older adults. We examined how engaging in unique events would enhance memory and improve well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns, a period characterized by social isolation and monotonous daily experiences lacking diversity. Over 8-weeks during lockdowns, 18 healthy older adults used a smartphone-based application called “HippoCamera”, capturing a total of 670 unique and routine events with short audio-video cues that were later replayed to prompt memory. As expected, unique events were recalled in greater episodic detail relative to routine events. Importantly, unique events were related to increased positive affect, decreased boredom, and the perception of time moving faster. These findings highlight the benefit of unique experiences for both memory and well-being, as well as suggest future interventions to benefit older adults who tend to experience higher levels of social isolation.
Understanding climate polarization: Identification with and discrimination between climate policy opinion groups
Authors: Sprengholz Philipp , Henkel Luca , Betsch Cornelia , Böhm Robert
Published: September 2023

While climate change requires decisive and rapid action, public discourse on the appropriateness of climate policies has intensified in many countries. Based on a quota-representative sample from Germany (N = 1,014), we show that people form groups based on their climate policy opinions, and that identification with these groups relates to different aspects of societal polarization and conflict. Specifically, more strongly identified individuals were more likely to surround themselves with like-minded people, discriminate against people with different opinions, and support extreme behaviors of opinion-congruent activistgroups. Identification was further related to individual climate behavior. The results indicate that climate policy polarization has the potential to fuel conflicts between different opinion-based groups and may impede political negotiation as well as compromise processes and peaceful societal change.
Chinese students' social experiences at a university in the United Kingdom
Authors: Zhang Yan
Published: September 2023

In UK universities, Chinese students make up the largest proportion of the international student population: Despite this, few qualitative studies have explored the socialization experiences of Chinese students; with research on Chinese students on one-year taught masters programmes being particularly scarce (Zhang, 2020). This paper explores how Chinese students on one-year taught master's programmes at UK universities experience socialization and what influences shape and affect their experiences. Two focus group interviews were conducted and thematic analysis was used to explore their experiences in depth. The two most important themes reported here are "Environmental factors influencing social experiences" and "Personal factors influencing the social experience‘’. Evidence from the focus group interviews suggests that environmental and personal factors shape the social experiences of Chinese students and that there is specificity, complexity and diversity in their experiences. This study contributes to helping Chinese students on one-year taught master's programmes in UK universities to have a better social experience and informs support measures in UK universities.
Social Change and Self-rated Health – A Bayesian Hierarchical Age-Period-Cohort Analysis
Authors: Ye Yiwan
Published: September 2023

Significance: Studies have shown a negative epidemiological trend in mortality and morbidity among middle-aged white Americans, indicating a shrinking health gap between whites and non-whites since the beginning of the 21st century. We analyze the temporal effects in explaining the diminishing self-rated health (SRH), how social, economic, and demographic factors contribute to the health reversal, and how SRH inequalities have changed over time.Method: We analyzed 29 waves of cross-section data from the General Social Survey (1972-2018, N = 46,133). This study employed Bayesian Hierarchical Age-Period-Cohort models and frequentist Hierarchical Age-Period-Cohort Cross-Classified Random Effect models (HAPC-CCRM) to estimate age, period, and cohort effects. We discuss how Bayesian Hierarchical Age-Period-Cohort can resolve the age-period-cohort identification problem.Results: Both frequentist and Bayesian models show an-inverted U-shaped period effect on SRH. Results affirm a health decline at the turn of the 21st century. This downward trend is present regardless of gender, race, income, education, and employment status. While income, education, and employment disparities in SRH have widened in the last two decades, we find that racial and gender gaps in SRH have shrunk in the same period due to the diminishing SRH advantage of white males. Nevertheless, racial inequalities in SRH persist, and the SRH decline applies to all racial, gender, and socio-economically disadvantaged groups.Conclusion: Consistent with a negative epidemiological trend in mortality and morbidity in the US, SRH has worsened in the 21st century after considering age and cohort effects. Income and education remain significant determinants of self-rated health. We discuss how the ongoing opioid crisis and social dislocation of the white working class since the late 1990s could be the culprits of declining SRH. We also provide suggestions for future research in understanding health challenges in the 21st century.
Comparative analysis of traditional concept of non-violence and Gandhiji's concept of non-violence
Authors: Mishra Shyam Mohan
Published: September 2023

The concept of non-violence has basically been a fundamental principle of Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. The sources of non-violence are also found in Christianity as in the life of Jesus Christ. Generally, the principle of non-violence has been considered limited to the whole life of sages, sages, hearers, mendicants and the personal life of the general public. The goal of traditional nonviolence has been liberation, salvation or nirvana. Gandhi ji interprets non-violence in a new way in the modern context and expands non-violence from personal life to public life. They do not limit non-violence in the lives of some specific individuals and extend it to the general public. Gandhi ji provides new means and ends for politics in the form of truth and non-violence and Satyagraha. Gandhi ji presents a fundamental concept of non-violence. In the presented research paper, clarifying the originality of Gandhi's concept of non-violence, his use of non-violence in politics has been analyzed and an attempt has also been made to clarify the difference between the concept of traditional non-violence and Gandhi's concept of non-violence.

Abstract in Hindi Language:

अहिंसा की संकल्पना मूलतः हिंदू धर्म, बौद्ध धर्म और जैन धर्म का मूलभूत सिद्धांत रही है । अहिंसा के सूत्र ईसाई धर्म में भी ईसा मसीह के जीवन के रूप में पाए जाते हैं । सामान्यतः अहिंसा का सिद्धांत ऋषियों ,मुनियों, श्रवणों ,भिक्षुकों के संपूर्ण जीवन और जन सामान्य के व्यक्तिगत जीवन तक सीमित माना जाता रहा है । परंपरागत अहिंसा का लक्ष्य मुक्ति ,मोक्ष या निर्वाण रहा है । गांधी जी अहिंसा को आधुनिक संदर्भ में नए तरीके से व्याख्यायित करते हैं और अहिंसा को व्यक्तिगत जीवन से सार्वजनिक जीवन तक विस्तृत कर देते हैं । वे कुछ विशिष्ट व्यक्तियों के जीवन में अहिंसा को सीमित न करके जन सामान्य तक विस्तृत करते हैं । गांधी जी सत्य और अहिंसा और सत्याग्रह के रूप में राजनीति के लिए नए साधन और साध्य उपलब्ध कराते हैं । गांधी जी अहिंसा की एक मौलिक अवधारणा प्रस्तुत करते हैं  । प्रस्तुत शोध पत्र में गांधी की अहिंसा की अवधारणा की मौलिकता को स्पष्ट करते हुए उनके द्वारा राजनीति में अहिंसा के प्रयोग को विश्लेषित किया गया है एवं परंपरागत अहिंसा की अवधारणा और गांधी की अहिंसा की अवधारणा के में अंतर को भी स्पष्ट करने का प्रयास किया गया है।

Keywords: अहिंसा, राजनीति, धर्म, हिंसा, सत्य, सत्याग्रह, साधन, साध्य
Perilaku Pekerasan Verbal Melalui Media Sosial Pada Remaja
Authors: Nur A Sherly , Hambali IM. , Indreswari Henny
Published: September 2023

The purpose of this study was to provide information on the description of verbal violent behavior, the causes of verbal violence, and the impact of verbal violent behavior. The research method that the researchers used was qualitative, This research was studied in the design of a case study on adolescents at SMA Nurul Muttaqin Malang consisting of 3 informants, The data collection used by the researcher was secondary data and primary data, and three data collection techniques in the form of observation, interviews and documentation. The results of this study are 1) Researchers found similarities with the exposure of the teenagers interviewed because they almost had the same problems in their lives, such as friendships that were friends who had almost the same personality, personal and family with the same problems, 2) The form of verbal violence behavior carried out by adolescents in accordance with previous theories was only that this was done on social media in the form of harsh sentences and words thrown through social media, and 3) this research has many limitations so that further research is needed to be more accommodating so that it has a deeper and comprehensive understanding.
Prevalence of ADHD and Related Factors in Some Asian Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocol
Authors: Momani Aaliyah , Al-Marzouqi Zalikha , Halimi Aram , Mosavi Jarrahi Alizera
Published: September 2023

Abstract:

Background: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Despite extensive research, a gap remains in understanding ADHD prevalence and associated factors in select Asian countries.

Objectives: This systematic review and meta-analysis protocol aims to estimate ADHD prevalence, identify associated factors, assess study quality, and explore sources of heterogeneity in Asian countries.

Methods: Adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, electronic databases will be systematically searched for observational studies reporting ADHD prevalence and associated factors. Study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment will be conducted by two independent reviewers. Pooled prevalence will be estimated using a random-effects meta-analysis if homogeneity is present. Subgroup analyses and meta-regression will explore heterogeneity. Factors associated with ADHD will be synthesized narratively.

Results: The protocol outlines a comprehensive methodology for estimating ADHD prevalence and examining associated factors in Asian countries, including Iran, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Yemen, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Findings will be instrumental in shaping interventions and strategies for ADHD management in the region.

Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis protocol will bridge knowledge gaps regarding ADHD prevalence and associated factors in select Asian countries. By adhering to rigorous methodologies and the PRISMA guidelines, the study aims to contribute to informed clinical practices, public health policies, and future research initiatives tailored to the unique context of the region.
Karar Ağaçları ve Yapay Sinir Ağlarının Karşılaştırılması: Kimyasal Verilerin Tahmini Üzerine Bir Örnek Çalışma
Authors: AKPOLAT Oğuz , ERTÜRK Gonca
Published: September 2023

Atık suların özelliklerinin belirlenmesinde biyokimyasal oksijen ihtiyacı (BOD5), kimyasal oksijen ihtiyacı (COD), toplam organik karbon (TOC) ve çözünmüş oksijen (DO) miktarlarının tayini atık suyun karakterizasyonu açısından en temel ölçüm kriterleridir. Biyolojik oksijen ihtiyacı (BOD5), atık su arıtma tesislerine gelen ham atık su veya arıtılmış atık sudan alınan örneklerle yapılacak olan asitlik (pH), sıcaklık (T), iletkenlik (C), çözünmüş oksijen (DO), oksijen doygunluğu (SO), tuzluluk (SA), elektriksel iletkenlik (EC), kimyasal oksijen ihtiyacı (COD), askıda katı madde (LSS), toplam azot (TN), toplam fosfor (TP) ile birlikte analiz edilir. BOD5 en az 5 gün sürerken diğer test sonuçları en çok bir günde tamamlanmaktadır. Daha önce yapılan yukarıdaki parametrelerin ölçüldüğü bir çalışmada 334 adet örneğe ilişkin veri setinde veri setinde bulunan bu parametrelerinin karar ağacı yöntemiyle KNIME veri madenciliği paketinden yararlanarak BOD5 parametresine etkileri irdelenmiştir. Böylece BOD5 parametresine etkileri bilinen parametrelerin ağırlıklı etkileri dikkate alınarak sonucu bilinmeyen bir örneğin muhtemel BOD5 değerinin tahminine çalışılmıştır. Bu çerçevede yapılmış olan bu çalışmada da bu veri seti esas alınarak, veri madenciliği yöntemlerinden Karar Ağaçları ve Yapay Sinir Ağları hem yapısal hem de sonuçlar açısından ayrıntılı olarak incelenmiştir. Her iki yöntemin sonuçları karşılaştırıldığında, kutulanmış (Binned) değerlerin bulunduğu sınıflar arasında dağılımların yakın ancak kaymalar içerdiği görülmektedir. Sınıf sayıları arttırıldığında bu kaymaların kısmen de olsa giderilebileceği unutulmamalıdır. Ayrıca bu sonuçlar gelecek çalışmalarda hem (Karar Ağaçları) için gruplama sayısı, kazanç gibi hem de (Yapay Sinir Ağları) için ağ katman sayısı ve kazanç oranı gibi parametreler değiştirilerek optimize edilebilir
Digital Pazarlama Stratejileri ve Hiper Kişiselleştirme
Authors: OKAY Suat
Published: September 2023

Teknolojik yenilik tarafından yönlendirilen perakende paradigması, önemli bir değişimin ortasındadır. Alışveriş kanallarının yaygınlaşması, tüketici davranışını temelden etkilemiş ve giderek birden fazla kanal üzerinden gerçekleştirilen daha yaygın bir alışveriş deneyimi sağlamıştır. Mobil yetenekler bu yayılımın merkezinde yer alır; her yerde bulunmaları, perakendecilerin tüketicilere pazarlama yapmaları ve tüketicilerle etkileşim kurmaları için çok sayıda yeni fırsat ortaya çıkmıştır. Mobil, zorlu bir ticari kanal haline gelmiştir. Ayrıca, alışveriş uygulamaları, konum tabanlı hizmetler ve mobil cüzdanlar gibi yenilikçi mobil araçlar aracılığıyla perakendeciler, nerede olurlarsa olsunlar tüketicilere hiper bağlamsal pazarlama mesajları sunabilmektedirler. Akıllı telefonlar sayesinde markalar, tüketicilerin günlük yaşamlarına hiç olmadığı kadar yerleşmiş durumdadır. Akıllı cihazların hızla büyümesiyle birlikte, mobil uygulamaların (App) geliştirilmesi, giderek işletmelerin dikkat ettiği odak noktası haline gelmiştir. "Mobil uygulamalar", eğlence, işlevsellik, bilgi, sosyalleşme ve entelektüel dürtü ve benzeri özelliklere sahip olduğundan, yavaş yavaş pazarlama için ortaya çıkan yenilikçi pazarlama araçları haline gelmektedir. Bu araştırma makalesinde, alışveriş uygulamalarını kullanmayı tercih eden alışverişçilerin deneyimsel değeri ile kullanım tutumu arasındaki temel bağlantıları anlamaya çalışılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, günümüz dijital çağında internete bağlı tüketiciler arasındaki karmaşık flört ve mobil uygulamalar kullanılarak çevrimiçi alışverişin ortaya çıkışı kavramsal olarak anlaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu araştırma makalesi, mobil alışveriş uygulamalarını başlatan veya yürüten işletmeler ve gelecekteki teknolojik yeniliklerle ilgilenen araştırmacılar için değerli bir referans sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır.
Bilişim Sistemleri Gündeminde Blok Zincir Teknolojisi: Teknoloji-Örgüt-Çevre (TOE) Modeli Çerçevesinde Sistematik Bir İnceleme
Authors: KÖSEOĞLU Demet , ADA Serkan
Published: September 2023

Kripto paralar gibi bilişim alanındaki birçok güncel gelişmenin altında yatan teknoloji olarak karşımıza çıkan blok zincir teknolojisi, bugün finans alanından tedarik ve lojistik sistemlerine, eğitimden sağlığa kadar pek çok alanda karşımıza çıkmakta ve gelişimini devam ettirmektedir. Blok zincir teknolojisi ile ilgili çeşitli alanlarda çok sayıda bilimsel çalışma gerçekleştirilmiş olup, bilişim sistemleri literatüründe bu yıkıcı teknoloji ile ilgili sistematik literatür incelemesi ihtiyacını doğurmuştur. Bu çalışmada, blok zincir teknolojisi ile ilgili bilişim sistemleri alanında yayımlanan makalelere odaklanılmış olup, teknoloji-örgüt-çevre (Technology-Organization-Environment-TOE) modeli kapsamında bu teknolojinin benimsenmesine ilişkin kararları etkileyen faktörlerin sistematik bir incelemesi sunulmaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında, on beş farklı dergiden blok zincir teknolojisi konusunda yapılmış altmış bir makale incelenmiş olup, bu sistematik inceleme ile ilgili tanımlayıcı istatistiklere yer verilmiştir.
PVC Kan Torbalarının Antimikrobiyal Özelliklerinin ve Biyouyumluluğunun Fiziksel Adsorpsiyon Tekniği ile Artırılması
Authors: ARSLAN Gülşah , KARADEMİR Fikret , AYHAN Fatma
Published: September 2023

Tek kullanımlık kan torbaları içine alınan kan dondurulmadan en fazla 1 hafta dayanıklıdır. Kan torbalarının içinde antikoagülan olarak sodyum sitrat bulunur. Dondurulduktan sonra çözülerek hastalara verilen kan vücut tarafından etkin şekilde değerlendirilememektedir. Hasta vücutlarının verilen kanı daha etkin bir şekilde kullanabilmesi adına ve kanın daha uzun süre dayanım kazanması ve dondurulup-çözülen kanın şekilli kan hücrelerinde bozulmaları engellemek amacıyla kan torbası iç yüzeyinde bazı yüzey modifikasyon işlemleri yapılmıştır. Dondurulmadan verilecek kanın hastanın iyileşme sürecine etkisinin daha büyük olacağı açıktır. Ticari kan torbalarının biyouyumluluğun arttırılması ve antibakteriyel özellik kazanımı için yüzey modifikasyonu gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu amaçla, Medikal özellikli Polivinil klorürden (medical grade PVC) üretilmiş tek kullanımlık kan torbalarının kan ile temas halinde olan yüzeylerinin özelliklerinin değiştirilmesinde fiziksel adsorpsiyon yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Konvansiyonel kimyasal adsorbsiyon yöntemleri ile gelen safsızlıkların ve toksisite faktörlerinin azaltılması ve yüzey adsorbsiyon kapasitesinin arttırılması amacıyla bu yöntem seçilmiştir. Sonraki yüzey modifikasyon işlemlerinde fiziksel adsorbsiyon kullanılmıştır. Bu bağlamda kan torbalarının iç yüzeyleri üç farklı yöntem ile modifiye edilmiştir. Fiziksel adsorpsiyon yönteminde biyomalzeme yüzeyleri PEG, AgNP ve PEG+AgNP olmak üzere üç farklı şekilde modifiye edilmişlerdir. Araştırmada Muğla yöresi Liquidambar orientalis Mill. (Sığla ağacı) bitkisinin yaprak özütü kullanılarak gümüş nanoparçacık sentezi gerçekleştirilmiştir. FTIR spektrumları ile yüzeyde oluşan fonksiyonel grup değişimleri belirlenmiş, biyouyumlu malzeme olan PEG’in de biyomalzeme yüzeyindeki varlığı benzer şekilde fonksiyonel gruplar ile doğrulanmıştır. Modifiye edilen yüzeylerin antimikrobiyal aktivitelerini belirlemek amacı ile nazokomyal mikroorganizmaların üremeleri Disk difüzyon yöntemi ile belirlenmiştir. Bakteriler (P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, Metisilin dirençli S. aureus) Nutrient besi ortamında, C. albicans ise Saboraud dekstroz besi ortamında aktifleştirildikten sonra Muller Hinton agar bulunan Petri kutularına ekilmişlerdir. Yüzey özellikleri değiştirilen ve belli büyüklükte hazırlanan biyomalzemeler 2 cm aralıklarla besiyerine yerleştirilip inkübasyona bırakılarak süre sonunda inhibisyon zonları ölçülmüştür.

İşlem görmemiş yüzeylerde antimikrobiyal aktivite % 50 iken Fiziksel adsorpsiyon denemerinde bu değer % 89’a ulaşmıştır. Sonuç olarak önerilen Fiziksel adsorpsiyon yöntemi ile nazokomyal mikroorganizma türlerine karşı antimikrobiyal aktivite kazandırmak için kullanılabileceği belirlenmiştir.
Test System Design and Modeling for Laser Seekers
Authors: ŞAHİN Murat
Published: September 2023

Flight tests carried out during missile design and development involve high costs. Simulating these tests in a laboratory environment saves companies significant resources and labor. The Electro-Optical Measurement and Test System, where laser seekers are tested, is one of them. In this article, studies have been carried out on designing and modeling a system that can generate the target image required for testing the laser seeker in the laboratory environment. The necessary components for the test system were determined, and their information was given in detail. Labview was used for simulation studies, and the functionality of the designed system was examined with the simulations.
Salgın Hastalık Süreçlerinde Sağlık Hizmetlerine Yönelik Mekansal İhtiyaçların Belirlenmesi
Authors: EROL İbrahim , BALABAN ÖKTEN Burcu
Published: September 2023

Salgın hastalıklarla mücadele, sağlık bilimleri ile birlikte diğer alanları da ilgilendiren ve ancak ortaya konulabilecek multidisipliner çalışmalar sayesinde başarıya ulaştırılabilecek bir süreçtir. Mimarlık disiplini, sağlıkla ilgili hizmetlerin verildiği yapıların salgın hastalık süreçlerindeki fonksiyonel gerekliliklerini göz önünde bulundurarak, ilgili salgın hastalık özelinde tasarım kriterlerinin oluşturulması ve uygulanması noktasında önem taşımaktadır. Salgın hastalık süreçlerinde sağlık hizmetlerinin durumuna yönelik tespitlerin yapılması ve mekânsal ihtiyaçların belirlenmesi önemli görülmektedir. Çalışma kapsamında, öncelikle salgın hastalık kavramı ve tarihçesi, salgın hastalık türleri ve bulaşma yöntemleri incelenmiştir. Ardından salgın hastalık süreçlerinde sağlık hizmetlerinin durumu, solunum yoluyla bulaşan bir salgın hastalık olan Covid-19 deneyimleri üzerinden değerlendirilmiştir. Bu kapsamda, salgın sırasında ihtiyaç duyulabilecek ek sağlık hizmet yapıları ve mekânsal ihtiyaçların belirlenebilmesi için gerekli değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır.
Learning Styles and Reading Comprehension Achievement
Authors: Subroto Gatot , Vialisah Vialisah
Published: September 2023

This research was aimed at knowing whether there was a correlation between students’ learning styles and their reading comprehension achievement. This research applied quantitative method, i.e., a correlation study. There were 20 eleventh-grade students of MAN Bintan participated as subject of this research. The data were collected through questionnaire and test. The questionnaire was used to know the learning styles the students have, and the test was used to know their reading comprehension achievement. In analyzing the data, the authors used Pearson Product Moment formula to figure out its coefficient correlation. In this research, the authors found that R-values of visual, auditory, and kinesthetic learning styles were 0.99, while the value of R-table was 0.468. Therefore, it can be said that there was a significant correlation between students’ learning styles and their reading comprehension achievement. Hence, learning to read as much possible as also pays attention to students’ learning styles.
Pemanfaatan Lembar Kerja Peserta Didik Berbasis Aplikasi Liveworksheet Sebagai Upaya Meningkatkan Keaktifan dan Prestasi Belajar
Authors: Yulismar Yulismar , Nuzulia Rahma
Published: September 2023

Permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh guru mata pelajaran di kelas adalah kurangnya minat peserta didik dalam mengerjakan tugas dan banyaknya peserta didik yang tidak hadir dalam pembelajaran. Hal ini tentu akan berdampak pada hasil belajar peserta didik. Guna mengatasi permasalah tersebut, maka peneliti sebagai kepala sekolah melakukan penelitian tindakan dengan memanfaatkan LKPD berbasis liveworksheet guna meningkatkan keaktifan belajar dan prestasi belajar peserta didik. Penelitian tindakan ini terdiri dari 2 siklus. Setiap siklus terdiri dari 4 uraian kegiatan, diantaranya perencanaan, pelaksanaan, pengamatan, dan refleksi. Jumlah guru mata pelajaran yang terlibat adalah 8 orang yang terdiri dari Pendidikan Agama Islam (PAI), PPKn, Bahasa Indonesia, Matematika, IPA, IPS, Seni Budaya serta Bimbingan Konseling (BK). Sedangkan jumlah keseluruhan siswa adalah 287. Analisis data dalam penelitian ini adalah menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian tindakan menunjukkan adanya peningkatan persentase keaktifan siswa dalam hal mengerjakan tugas dan kehadiran yang dilihat pada siklus I dan II. Rata-rata kehadiran peserta didik di dalam pembelajaran dari 87% meningkat menjadi 95%, dan rata-rata keaktifan mengerjakan tugas pada siklus dari 79% menjadi 94%. Nilai rata-rata hasil belajar menggunakan LKPD berbasis liveworksheet dari 85 menjadi 92.

 

The problems in learning are that students frequently did not attend the class and do the exercises or homework. These problems will influence students’ achievement average scores, so the researcher does the school action research for problem-solving by utilizing the Lifeworksheet-based-student worksheet. This action research consists of 2 cycles. Each cycle consists of 4 descriptions of activities, including planning, implementation, observation, and reflection. The number of teachers involved is eight teachers consisting of Islamic Religious Education (PAI), PPKn, Indonesian Language, Mathematics, Science, Social Studies, Cultural Arts, and Counseling Guidance (BK). The total of students are 287. In the Data analysis, the researcher uses qualitative descriptive methods. The results showed an increase in students' percentage of activity in terms of doing assignments and attendance seen in cycles I and II. The average score of learning outcomes using life worksheet-based worksheets increased from 85 to 92. The students' average attendance in online learning from 87% increased to 95%, and the average activity of doing assignments in the cycles from 79% to 94%.
Penerapan Pembelajaran Berbasis Komik untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Siswa Sekolah Dasar
Authors: Wisudawati Rina , Puspitasari Yulia Dewi , Pratama Hendrik
Published: September 2023

The purpose of this study was to improve the learning outcomes of fourth grade students at SDN Banjardowo in the subject of Natural Sciences using comics media. Based on the initial test, the learning outcomes of fourth grade students who are taking science subjects at SDN Banjadowo Lengkong are in the unsatisfactory category. This type of research uses Classroom Action Assessment which is carried out in three cycles. The number of samples was 18 students with the subject Caring for Living Creatures and it was carried out in the even semester of 2021/2022. This study uses descriptive quantitative data analysis techniques obtained from the overall average presentation. The research shows that the learning outcomes of fourth grade students at SDN Banjardowo are 87.5%, the second cycle is 92.5%, and the third cycle is 97.5%. The results showed that the learning outcomes of fourth graders at SDN Banjardowo increased in the third cycle, by 5% from cycle I to cycle II and 5% from cycle II to cycle III. The conclusion in this study is that science comics learning media is very effective in helping to improve the learning outcomes of fourth grade students at SDN Banjardowo.
Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Berbasis Web Biologi Dasar untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah Mahasiswa IPA
Authors: Fajarianingtyas Dyah Ayu , Hidayat Jefri Nur
Published: September 2023

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk (1) mengetahui validitas media pembelajaran biologi dasar berbasis web; (2) mengetahui peningkatan kemampuan pemecahan masalah. Penelitian ini menggunakan Research and Development (ADDIE). Ada lima tahapan dalam desain ini yaitu (1) Analisis (Analyze), (2) Rancangan (Design), (3) Kegiatan Produk Pengembangan (Development), (4) Kegiatan Uji coba lapangan (Implementation), dan (5) Kegiatan evaluasi (Evaluation). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) validasi mencapai 93% (kategori sangat baik) sesuai sehingga tujuan pembelajaran matakuliah biologi dasar dapat tercapai; dan (2) ada peningkatan kemampuan pemecahan masalah pada perkuliahan Biologi dasar sebesar 0,57 (kategori sedang).
Penanganan Keterlambatan Berbicara Melalui Dongeng Fabel Menggunakan Media Boneka Jari
Authors: Rosida Sisi , Ritonga Ristra Sandra , Losi Rizky Vita
Published: September 2023

Masalah terlambat berbicaraipada anak prasekolah saat ini menjadi momok utama setiap orang tua. Setiap tahunnya, kasus keterlambatan bicara dipastikan mengalami peningkatan. Anakiyangimengalamii lambat bicara akan menghadapi beberapa hambatan pada iproses ibelajarnya pada sekolah, idiantaranya  kesulitan  belajar, membaca, imenulis, serta rangkaian problematika kecerdasan. Adapun upaya yang dilakukan buat mengatasi konflik tersebut melalui dongeng fabel memakai boneka jari. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui proses penggunaan dongeng fabel memakai boneka jari dalam menangani keterlambatan bicara di anak. iPenelitian inii memakai metode penelitian lapangan yangi sifatnya naratif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian mendeskripsikan upaya yang dimplementasikan pendidik mengatasi keterlambatan bicara anakiyaitu memakai metode fabel melalui boneka jari. Pemberian ransangan dengan “bermain peran” memakai boneka jari sebagai media yang menumbuhkan rasa percaya diri si anak, melahirkan interaksii secara ilangsung antara anak serta guru yang menganyam komunikasi serta stimulus pada anak. iPerlahan anak yang mengalami iketerlambatan bicara mulai membukai dirinya, mengucapkan kata-kata singkat meskipun ia masih terbata-bata.
Implementasi Pembelajaran Langsung Pendekatan Problem Posing dalam Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Ikhtisar Siklus Akuntansi Perusahaan Dagang
Authors: Meliwati Meliwati
Published: September 2023

Ikhtisar siklus akuntansi perusahaan dagang merupakan salah satu kompetensi dasar yang dibahas pada mata pelajaran Ekonomi. Ikhtisar ini termasuk materi esensial yang harus dikuasai siswa karenan elalu keluar dalam soal-soal ujian nasional. Namun, siswa kurang menguasai materi tersebut. Dilihat dari hasil ujian yang rendah. Hal ini dikarenakan siswa pasif kurang responsif selama proses pembelajaran berlangsung. Oleh karena itu, guru memilih model pembelajaran baru untuk meningkatkan keterlibatan siswa melalui pendekatan Problem posing. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui peningkatan hasil belajaralam proses pembelajaran, dan mengukur perbedaan hasil belajar setiap siklus dalam proses pembelajaran ikhtisar siklus akuntansi perusahaan dagang dengan pendekatan Problem posing. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan hasil belajar  siswa meningkat dengan model pembelajaran Problem posing yang ditunjukkan dari nilai ketuntasan belajar siswa rata-rata di siklus I 66,67 % dan siklus II sebesar 92,86 %.
Pemanfaatan Video Pembelajaran dengan Mengintegrasikan Profil Pelajar Pancasila Melalui Pembelajaran Jarak Jauh pada Program Kampus Mengajar di SD Negeri Jatimulyo 02 Kota Malang
Authors: Muslichah Maria , Mahardhani Ardhana Januar , Azzahra Aisyah Fitri Nur , Safitri Dea Ekwa Cahya , Hardiansyah Hardiansyah , Amala Istiqomah Ahsanu , Nabila Syafira Nur
Published: September 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengembangkan lingkungan belajar dengan menggunakan video pembelajaran yang interaktif, menyenangkan, dan kompetitif yang menyediakan metode dan konsep sistematis dengan mengintegrasikan profil pelajar Pancasila. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah studi literatur dengan menelaah berbagai jurnal dan rujukan lain. Hasil dari menelaah berbagai literatur dijadikan acuan peneliti dalam menginovasi video pembelajaran  yang berguna mengintegrasikan profil pelajar Pancasila. Kesimpulan dalam penelitian diketahui bahwa dengan video pembelajaran, peserta didik dapat belajar melalui pembelajaran jarak jauh dan memahami tentang profil pelajar Pancasila.
Strategi Ecolip (Ecology Line Up) dalam Pembentukan Sikap Peduli Lingkungan
Authors: Sukmawati Fatma
Published: September 2023

Masalah kerusakan lingkungan dewasa ini terus mengalami peningkatan yang serius. Salah satu cara untuk mengurangi ancaman kerusakan lingkungan adalah dengan mengubah cara pandang dan sikap siswa untuk lebih peduli terhadap lingkungan. Seiring dengan permasalahan lingkungan yang semakin kompleks, gerakan lingkungan semakin digencarkan dalam konteks pendidikan seperti penggunaan strategi permainan Ecology Line Up (Ecolip) dalam proses pembelajaran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan pengaruh penerapan strategi  ecolip di SMP Kasatrian 1 Surakarta terhadap sikap peduli lingkungan siswa. Peneltian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimen, dengan desain Non equivalent Control Group Design. Sampel penelitian sebanyak 50 peserta didik yang terbagi menjadi dua kelompok, yaitu 25 siswa di kelompok eksperimen dan 25 siswa di kelompok control.  Hasil penelitian menggambarkan bahwa penerapan strategi Ecolip berpengaruh terhadap pembentukan sikap peduli lingkungan siswa di sekolah. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah penerapan  strategi permainan Ecolip berpengaruh terhadap sikap peduli lingkungan peserta didik. Penggunaan strategi Ecolip yang dilaksanakan sekolah harus mengacu pada prinsip-prinsip pelestarian lingkungan dan pengendalian pencemaran lingkungan.
Noninvasive assessment of glymphatic dysfunction in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus with diffusion tensor imaging
Authors: Georgiopoulos Charalampos , Tisell Anders , Holmgren Rafael T. , Eleftheriou Andreas , Rydja Johanna , Lundin Fredrik , Tobieson Lovisa
Published: September 2023

OBJECTIVE

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) along the perivascular space (ALPS) (DTI-ALPS)—by calculating the ALPS index, a ratio accentuating water diffusion in the perivascular space—has been proposed as a noninvasive, indirect MRI method for assessing glymphatic function. The main aim of this study was to investigate whether DTI-ALPS would reveal glymphatic dysfunction in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) and whether the ALPS index was associated with disease severity.

METHODS

Thirty iNPH patients (13 men; median age 77 years) and 27 healthy controls (10 men; median age 73 years) underwent MRI and clinical assessment with the Timed Up and Go test (TUG) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE); only the patients were evaluated with the Hellström iNPH scale. MRI data were analyzed with the DTI-ALPS method and Radscale screening tool.

RESULTS

iNPH patients showed significantly lower mean ALPS index scores compared with healthy controls (median [interquartile range] 1.09 [1.00–1.15] vs 1.49 [1.36–1.59], p < 0.001). Female healthy controls showed significantly higher ALPS index scores than males in both hemispheres (e.g., right hemisphere 1.62 [1.47–1.67] vs 1.33 [1.14–1.41], p = 0.001). This sex difference was not seen in iNPH patients. The authors found a moderate exponential correlation between mean ALPS index score and motor function as measured with time required to complete TUG (r = −0.644, p < 0.001), number of steps to complete TUG (r = −0.571, p < 0.001), 10-m walk time (r = −0.637, p < 0.001), and 10-m walk steps (r = −0.588, p < 0.001). The authors also found a positive linear correlation between mean ALPS index score and MMSE score (r = 0.416, p = 0.001). Simple linear regression showed a significant effect of diagnosis (B = −0.39, p < 0.001, R2 = 0.459), female sex (B = 0.232, p = 0.002, R2 = 0.157), and Evans index (B = −4.151, p < 0.001, R2 = 0.559) on ALPS index. Multiple linear regression, including diagnosis, sex, and Evans index score, showed a higher predictive value (R2 = 0.626) than analysis of each of these factors alone.

CONCLUSIONS

The ALPS index, which was significantly decreased in iNPH patients, could serve as a marker of disease severity, both clinically and in terms of neuroimaging. However, it is important to consider the significant influence of biological sex and ventriculomegaly on the ALPS index, which raises the question of whether the ALPS index solely reflects glymphatic function or if it also encompasses other types of injury. Future studies are needed to address potential confounding factors and further validate the ALPS method.
Zabramski classification in predicting the occurrence of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage in sporadic cerebral cavernous malformations
Authors: Wang Jie , Yu Qi-Feng , Huo Ran , Sun Ying-Fan , Jiao Yu-Ming , Xu Hong-Yuan , Zhang Jun-Ze , Zhao Shao-Zhi , He Qi-Heng , Wang Shuo , Zhao Ji-Zong , Cao Yong
Published: September 2023

OBJECTIVE

The authors aimed to investigate the evolutionary characteristics of the Zabramski classification of cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) and the value of the Zabramski classification in predicting clinical outcome in patients with sporadic CCM.

METHODS

This retrospective study consecutively included cases of sporadic CCM that had been untreated from January 2001 through December 2021. Baseline and follow-up patient information was recorded. The evolution of the Zabramski classification of a sporadic CCM was defined as the initial lesion type changing into another type for the first time on MRI follow-up. The primary outcome was the occurrence of a hemorrhage event, which was defined as a symptomatic event with radiological evidence of overt intracerebral hemorrhage.

RESULTS

Among the 255 included cases, 55 (21.6%) were classified as type I CCM, 129 (50.6%) as type II CCM, and 71 (27.8%) as type III CCM, based on initial MRI. During a mean follow-up of 58.8 ± 33.6 months, 51 (20.0%) patients had lesion classification transformation, whereas 204 (80.0%) patients maintained their initial type. Among the 51 transformed lesions, 29 (56.9%) were type I, 11 (21.6%) were type II, and 11 (21.6%) were type III. Based on all follow-up imaging, of the initial 55 type I lesions, 26 (47.3%) remained type I and 27 (49.1%) regressed to type III because of hematoma absorption; 91.5% of type II and 84.5% of type III lesions maintained their initial type during MRI follow-up. The classification change rate of type I lesions was statistically significantly higher than those of type II and III lesions. After a total follow-up of 1157.7 patient-years, new clinical hemorrhage events occurred in 40 (15.7%) patients. The annual cumulative incidence rate for symptomatic hemorrhage in all patients was 3.4 (95% CI 2.5–4.7) per 100 person-years. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the annual cumulative incidence rate for symptomatic hemorrhage of type I CCM (15.3 per 100 patient-years) was significantly higher than those of type II (0.6 per 100 patient-years) and type III (2.3 per 100 patient-years).

CONCLUSIONS

This study suggests that the Zabramski classification is helpful in estimating clinical outcome and can assist with surgical decision-making in patients with sporadic CCM.
Normal growth curve of choroid plexus in children: implications for assessing hydrocephalus due to choroid plexus hyperplasia
Authors: Hashimoto Hiroaki , Takemoto Osamu , Nishimoto Keisuke , Moriguchi Gento , Nakamura Motoki , Chiba Yasuyoshi
Published: September 2023

OBJECTIVE

Pediatric hydrocephalus requires evaluation while accounting for growth of the intracranial structures, but information on choroid plexus growth in children is lacking. This study aimed to create normal growth curves for intracranial volume, choroid plexus volume, and lateral ventricles volume. Additionally, the authors aimed to objectively assess the degree of hydrocephalus caused by choroid plexus hyperplasia (CPH) and to examine the impact of surgical procedures.

METHODS

This retrospective study analyzed the head CT scans of pediatric patients with minor head trauma treated at Osaka Women’s and Children’s Hospital between March 2006 and May 2023. The study segmented and calculated intracranial, choroid plexus, and lateral ventricles volumes. The study also calculated the correlation coefficients among these 3 parameters. Patients aged 0 to 10 years were divided into 15 age-related clusters, and mean ± SD values were calculated for each cluster. Growth curves were created by plotting mean values sequentially. Volume obtained from patients with CPH were z-normalized using mean and SD values and compared.

RESULTS

A total of 229 CT scans (94 from females) were analyzed, and positive correlations were observed among intracranial volume, choroid plexus volume, and lateral ventricles volume, with the strongest correlation between the choroid plexus and lateral ventricles volumes. The growth rate of intracranial volume was rapid until approximately 20 months of age, while those of choroid plexus volume and lateral ventricles volume increased rapidly until approximately 1 year of age. Subsequently, choroid plexus volume and lateral ventricles volume plateaued at 1.5 ml and 10 ml, respectively. Three patients with CPH were enrolled and quantitatively evaluated on the basis of the z-normalized volume. Notable abnormal volumes of the choroid plexus (range z-normalized values 24.11–51.17) and lateral ventricles (46.78–122.36) were observed. In 2 patients, improvements in the z-normalized values of intracranial volume and lateral ventricles volume were observed after surgical interventions. Additionally, in 1 patient, choroid plexus volume was reduced by approximately 24% (range z-normalized values 51.17–38.93) after bilateral endoscopic plexus coagulation.

CONCLUSIONS

This study provides normal growth curves for intracranial volume, choroid plexus volume, and lateral ventricles volume. Knowledge of these normal values holds the potential for objective assessment of abnormal values associated with hydrocephalus and choroid plexus diseases such as CPH.
Pengelola Jurnal
Authors: Jurnal Pengelola
Published: September 2023

Volume 14 Nomor 2 Tahun 2022
Przestępstwo handlu ludźmi według orzecznictwa Sądu Najwyższego i sądów powszechnych
Authors: Makarska Małgorzata
Published: September 2023

W obowiązującym kodeksie karnym przestępstwo handlu ludźmi zostało zamieszczone w art. 253 § 1. Jego treść brzmi: Kto uprawnia handel ludźmi nawet za ich zgodą, podlega karze pozbawienia wolności na czas nie krótszy od lat 3. Problematyka handlu ludźmi rozciąga się również na art. 204 § 4 kk, określający występek zwabienia lub uprowadzenia innej osoby w celu uprawiania prostytucji za granicą oraz art. 8 przepisów wprowadzających kodeks karny, odnoszący się do uprawiania handlu niewolnikami albo oddania jednostki w stan niewolnictwa
Problem przystąpienia Polski do strefy euro z punktu widzenia prawa finansowego
Authors: Głuchowski Jan
Published: September 2023

Prawo finansowe jest częścią prawa publicznego, obejmującą ogół norm prawnych regulujących funkcjonowanie finansów publicznych, a jego normy mają charakter bezwzględnie obowiązujący i są obwarowane sankcjami. Zgodnie z ujęciem encyklopedycznym nie istnieje jedna, ogólna część tego prawa.
Absolwent wyższych studiów prawniczych – specjalistą w dziedzinie zdrowia publicznego
Authors: Szwiec Igor
Published: September 2023

Od grudnia 2008 r. polscy absolwenci prawa mogą zostać specjalistami w dziedzinie zdrowia publicznego. Głównym celem kształcenia w tym zakresie jest stworzenie kadry profesjonalistów realizujących zadania z zakresu zdrowia publicznego na szczeblu administracji rządowej, samorządowej i organizacji pozarządowych, w zakresie nadzoru sanitarnego (zwłaszcza Państwowego Inspektoratu Sanitarnego) i ochrony przed zagrożeniami środowiskowymi, w ambulatoryjnych zakładach opieki zdrowotnej i innych instytucjach propagujących zdrowy tryb życia. Prawnik – specjalista zdrowia publicznego może wykonywać zadania z różnych dziedzin związanych z polityką zdrowotną państwa. Specjaliści z gruntownym wykształceniem w zakresie prawa i zdrowia publicznego są potrzebni w dziedzinach, w których uwarunkowania prawne wywierają wpływ na takie sfery, jak modelowanie zachęt finansowych w służbie zdrowia, akredytacja placówek medycznych, tworzenie zasad ubezpieczeń zdrowotnych oraz w instytucjach związanych z przemysłem farmaceutycznym.
Przestępstwa przeciwko bezpieczeństwu sejmikowania na przykładzie wybranych przypadków z epoki stanisławowskiej
Authors: Bednaruk Waldemar
Published: September 2023

Bezpieczeństwo obrad sejmikowych, szczególnie pod kątem swobody wyrażania poglądów i nieskrępowanego decydowania o własnych sprawach, było dla szlachty kwestią nader istotną ze względu na znaczenie samorządu szlacheckiego dla sprawnego funkcjonowania państwa. Nie mniej istotne w tej mierze było też szlacheckie zamiłowanie do swych przywilejów i wolności, których najpełniejszy wyraz znajdował ówczesny obywatel w możliwości współdecydowania o żywotnych interesach kraju na forum sejmikowym. Jednak pomimo drobiazgowego uregulowania zasad rządzących przebiegiem obrad sejmikowych oraz surowych kar grożących sprawcom naruszania bezpieczeństwa sejmikujących przypadki tego typu przestępstw nie były bynajmniej incydentalne i zdarzały się dość często w analizowanym okresie.
Realizacja zasady trójpodziału władzy w konstytucji marcowej
Authors: Dyjakowska Marzena
Published: September 2023

Przedmiotem artykułu jest analiza przepisów konstytucji z 17 marca 1921 r. dotyczących organów władzy ustawodawczej, wykonawczej i sądowej, a celem tej analizy jest ocean realizacji przypisywanej Monteskiuszowi zasady trójpodziału władzy we wspomnianej konstytucji. Autorka analizuje kolejno artykuły określające strukturę i funkcjonowanie poszczególnych organów, a następnie skupia się na systemie parlamentarno-gabinetowym, przyjętym jako model stosunków pomiędzy organami władzy ustawodawczej i wykonawczej. Wskazywane są także uprawnienia organów władzy wykonawczej wobec władzy ustawodawczej oraz uprawnienia organów obu kategorii wobec władzy sądowej. Analiza przepisów zmierza do wykazania, czy omawiana zasada została w Konstytucji marcowej przeprowadzona konsekwentnie, skutkując pełnym oddzieleniem poszczególnych władz od siebie.
Kazus ograniczenia ustawą zupełności k.p.c. i k.c. w sprawach rozgraniczenia nieruchomości
Authors: Konarski Marcin
Published: September 2023

Zupełność kodeksu jest postulatem polityki legislacyjnej. Doskonalenie systemu prawa może odbywać się za pomocą różnych metod przewidzianych przez ustawodawcę. Kodeks jest najwyżej cenioną przez naukę prawa formą systematyzacji norm prawnych w danej gałęzi prawa. Przestrzeganie postulatu zupełności kodeksowej gwarantuje pewność obrotu prawnego bez odwoływania się do skomplikowanych metod interpretacji tekstu prawnego. Postępowanie w sprawach rozgraniczenia nieruchomości ogranicza zupełność kodeksu poprzez powiązanie w jednym modelu postępowania dwóch wywodzących się z odrębnych gałęzi prawa i kierujących się odrębnymi zasadami postępowań.
Problematiche circa la difesa della vita e la ricerca scientifica
Authors: Miziński Artur
Published: September 2023

La vita umana è sacra e inviolabile perché Dio è il suo Creatore e solo Lui ha il diritto di deciderne l'inizio e la fine. Il diritto alla vita è il diritto fondamentale su cui si basano tutti gli altri diritti. La vita umana e la dignità della persona umana, che ad essa è indissolubilmente legata, sono il fondamento di tutti i beni propri dell'uomo. Pertanto, la Sacra Scrittura e i documenti del Magistero della Chiesa indicano che il valore della vita umana è incomparabile con gli altri beni e valori. La Chiesa si sente obbligata a difendere il diritto alla vita dall'inizio alla fine e a sostenere in questa materia sia le esigenze della legge di Dio che quelle della legge naturale. Il diritto naturale alla vita è pienamente tutelato dal diritto canonico, secondo il quale l'omicidio e qualsiasi lesione alla salute umana costituisce sempre reato. Disposizioni separate stabiliscono che chi provoca l'aborto è scomunicato latae sententiae (can. 1398). Le persone hanno il diritto di condurre ricerche scientifiche al fine di ampliare la propria conoscenza del corpo umano e di trovare soluzioni ai problemi che affliggono l’umanità da molti anni. Tuttavia, va detto che alcuni esperimenti possono mettere in pericolo una persona e violare il suo diritto alla vita. Pertanto, le persone dovrebbero distinguere tra gli esperimenti che portano a una cura o salvano vite umane e quelli il cui unico scopo è il progresso scientifico. Al giorno d’oggi, le ricerche e le pratiche che richiedono l’uso del genoma umano, così come quelle che comportano un rischio elevato per la vita umana, sono discutibili. Bisognerebbe quindi considerare se gli esperimenti legati alla fecondazione in vitro, alla diagnosi genetica preimpianto e alle cellule staminali siano moralmente accettabili o debbano essere vietati a causa del pericolo che comportano, in particolare la morte di molti embrioni umani. Va detto che la Chiesa non è contraria a tutte le sperimentazioni, ma incoraggia e sostiene solo quelle che non mettono in pericolo in alcun modo la vita e l'integrità della persona.