bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Otolith calcification in Atlantic salmon parr, Salmo salar L. and its relation to photoperiod and calcium metabolism
Authors: Wright P. J. , Talbot C. , Thorpe J. E.
Published: January 2006

Otolith calcification in Atlantic salmon parr, Salmo salar, was investigated using a radioisotope of calcium, 45Ca. Otolith calcification was found to be entrained to light‐dark cycles in salmon parr, calcium accumulation on to otoliths declining at night and resuming at dawn. The decline in Otolith calcification at night coincided with a diel decline in plasma calcium concentration. The influence of extracellular calcium on otolith increment formation was considered by inducing hypocalcemia. Induced hypocalcemia resulted in a short‐term net loss of calcium from the otolith. The results are discussed in relation to previous studies of the role of extracellular calcium in otolith formation.
Reproductive biology and early life history of the marine teleost Platycephalus speculator Klunzinger (Platycephalidae) in a temperate Australian estuary
Authors: Hyndes G. A. , Neira F. J. , Potter I. C.
Published: January 2006

A description is given of the seasonal trends exhibited by gonadosomatic indices, gonadal maturation and oocyte diameters of different age classes of the flathead, Platycephalus speculator, in Wilson Inlet, a seasonally closed estuary on the south coast of Western Australia. These data indicate that, although sexual maturity is attained by the vast majority of males at the end of the first year, it is delayed for a further year in females. Breeding occurs predominantly during the summer and early autumn (December to March). The presence of late stage eggs and preflexion larvae between January and March of 1988, when a sand bar was present across the mouth of the inlet channel, demonstrates that this marine species spawns in the estuary. Spawning also occurred within the estuary in the following year, even though the estuary mouth was open during the breeding period. Although P. speculator typically spawns at sea, spawning in Wilson Inlet takes place at salinities less than 30%, i.e. below full strength sea water. The distribution of oocyte diameters and the presence of mature eggs and post‐ovulatory follicles in the ovaries of many fish indicate that P. speculator spawns more than once in a breeding season. Late stage eggs of P. speculator are pelagic, ca 0.8 mm in diameter and possess embryos with an unpigmented yolk sac containing a single, pigmented oil globule. The larvae are pelagic and characterized by a relatively large and wide head bearing a series of spines, a moderately long gut, an elongated and compressed tail, large fan‐shaped pectoral fins and 25 or 26 myomeres. Flexion of the notochord occurs between 5 and 7 mm and settlement takes place at approximately 13 mm.
Prolactin cell activity and ion regulation in tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters): effects of a low magnesium diet
Authors: van der Velden J. A. , Flik G. , Wendelaar Bonga S. E.
Published: January 2006

Freshwater tilapia feeding on a diet containing 1 mmol kg−1 magnesium (control diet: 30 mmol kg−1) grow although at a decreased rate. The diet does not noticeably affect the blood ionic composition. Prolactin cell activity increases in these fish as judged from the enhanced rate of synthesis of 3H‐leucine labelled prolactins in vitro and the ultrastructure of the cells. Na+ intake and Na+ loss decreases, and chloride cell density increases, phenomena typical for enhanced prolactin cell activity in tilapia. We conclude that tilapia manage to cope with a dietary magnesium insufficiency and suggest that prolactin is involved in the acclimation to this diet.
Utilization of metabolic scope in relation to feeding and activity by individual and grouped zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio (Hamilton‐Buchanan)
Authors: Lucas M. C. , Priede I. G.
Published: January 2006

Metabolic scope and its utilization in relation to feeding and activity were measured in individual and grouped zebrafish (weight range, 430–551 mg) at 24° C by respirometry. Mean maximum metabolic rate, induced by swimming to exhaustion, Rmax(i), was 1223 (s.d., 157) mg O2, kg−1 h−1 for individuals. Standard metabolic rate, Rs. was 364 mg O2 kg−1 h−1, as estimated by extrapolating to zero activity from measurements of unfed, spontaneously active individuals. Mean routine metabolic rate, Rrout, of individuals was 421 (s.d., 58) mg O2, kg‐1 h‐1. The mean voluntary maximum metabolic rate, Rmax(v), following transfer of minimally exercised fish to the respirometer, was 1110 (s.d., 83) mg O2 kg −1 h−1 for groups of six fish, and was not significantly different from the value measured for individuals, 1066 (s.d., 122) mg O2, kg−1 h−1. Grouped fish acclimated to the respirometer more slowly than individual fish and exhibited significantly higher Rrout, apparently a result of greater social interaction and activity in groups. Mean Rrout for groups was 560 (s.d., 78) mg O2, kg−1 h−1. While groups of zebrafish fed a ration of 5% wet body weight day−1 exhibited consistently higher metabolic rates than fish fed rations of 2.5% wet body weight day−1 the high ration group still used only a maximum of 77% of the metabolic scope. Zebrafish of the size studied do not appear to demonstrate a high degree of conflict in utilization of metabolic scope by different respiratory components. The metabolic rates measured for zebrafish are among the highest yet measured for fish of similar size and at similar temperatures.
Toxic effects of mercury on testicular activity in the freshwater teleost, Clarias batrachus (L.)
Authors: Kirubagaran R. , Joy K. P.
Published: January 2006

Catfish (Clarias batrachus L.) were exposed to selected sublethal concentrations of mercuric chloride (HgCl2; 0.05 mg l−1), methylmercuric chloride (CH3HgCl; 0.04 mg l−1) and emisan 6 (an organic mercurial fungicide; 0.5 mg l −1) for intervals of 45, 90 and 180 days from February to July (preparatory to spawning phase of the annual reproductive cycle). The gonadosomatic index showed a significant decrease after 90‐ and 180‐day exposure to the mercurials. Histologically, the seminiferous tubules were smaller in size and contained mostly spermatids in comparison to the control fish in which they were greatly distended and full of spermatozoa. The Leydig cells showed pycnotic changes in Hg‐treated fish after 90 and 180 days. In the Hg‐treated testes, total lipid content and 32P uptake decreased significantly after 90 and 180 days. Levels of phospholipids and free cholesterol registered a significant reduction during all the durations. Esterified cholesterol level showed a significant decrease only in the 90‐day HgCl2 and CH3HgCl groups, and in all 180‐day Hg groups, while the level of free fatty acid decreased significantly only in the 180‐day Hg groups. The observations suggest that impairment of testicular lipid metabolism by Hg is one of the possible factors that led to the inhibition of steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis.
Squamation and scale character stability in cichlids, examined in Sarotheroden galilaeus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Perciformes, Cichlidae)
Authors: Lippitsch E.
Published: January 2006

Squamation and scale morphology provide interesting characters for phyletic analysis within the Cichlidae. It is not known, however, to what extent these characters are genetically fixed or determined by environmental parameters. To clarify this point, a study on Sarotherodon galilaeus was conducted. This species has an extensive distribution and lives in markedly different environments. Most scale characters were found to be remarkably stable within the species. The only large variations occur in scale counts, extent of caudal fin Squamation, number of circuli and radii, and the extent of scale granulation. The Squamation pattern, the form of the circuli and radii, the shape of interradial rostrad projecting tongues, the denticles on the circuli in the rostral field, and especially the kind of granulation in the caudal field is similar in all specimens examined and is also retained in fish bred in aquaria for several generations. Thus it seems justified to assume that these characters are strongly determined by genetic factors and that their analysis can be useful in the determination of phyletic relationships.
Morphological changes during metamorphosis in cod (Gadus morhua L.), with particular reference to the development of the stomach and pyloric caeca
Authors: Pedersen T. , Falk‐Petersen I. B.
Published: January 2006

Metamorphosis in cod, Gadus morhua L., was investigated with respect to morphological changes in the alimentary tract (mouth, stomach and pyloric caeca) and external characters (finfold and fin development). Morphometric measurements and histological investigations were made on both larvae and juveniles and all fish lengths are given as standard length. Median unpaired fins started to develop when the fish were 9–10 mm in length. The larval median finfold was resorbed when fish reached a size of 11–15 mm. The vertebrae were formed in fish of 11–20 mm. The supraterminal mouth, seen in larvae <12 mm, changed gradually to a sub‐terminal position in juveniles larger than 65 mm. The development of the stomach and pyloric caeca started at 15 mm and the juvenile form was seen in fish of 40 mm. The ability to store and grind food particles in the stomach developed gradually as fish increased in size from 20 to 40 mm. Compared to many other teleost species, cod juveniles are relatively large when the stomach and pyloric caeca become fully developed. These findings may have important implications for both start‐feeding of cod larvae and the weaning of juveniles on to artificial diets.
Karyotype evolution and geographical distribution of the Thai‐medaka, Oryzias minutillus, in Thailand
Authors: Magtoon W. , Nadee N. , Higsdhitani T. , Takata K. , Uwa H.
Published: January 2006

The karyotype of Oryzias minutillus was examined with specimens collected from 18 localities in Thailand. Specimens from the south and the northeast had 2n = 42 acrocentric chromosomes; the arm number (NF) was 42 and NORs‐chromosomes were acrocentric type (2n = 42, NF = 42, NORs‐A). Specimens from the central and the north were characteristic by having 8‐12 large metacentric chromosomes (LM‐chromosomes). They had 2n = 28–34 chromosomes, and shared the same NF and NORs‐chromosomes of submetacentric type (2n = 34‐28, NF = 44, NORs‐SM). Specimens from the southeast had 2n = 42 or 40 chromosomes. Their karyotypes had the same NF and NORs‐chromosomes as those from the central and the north (2n = 40–42, NF = 44, NORs‐SM), though they had no, or only one pair of, LM‐chromosomes. The karyotype with 42 acrocentric chromosomes seems to be basic for O. minutillus, and consequently those with NORs‐SM and LM‐chromosomes seem to be caused through pericentric inversion and centric fusion, respectively. We confirmed that the karyotype evolution had occurred in drainage areas of the Mae Nam Chao Phraya and collaterals (the central, north and southeast). On the other hand, the basic karyotype was preserved allopatrically in the peninsula (the south) and the basin of the Mae Nam Mun, a tributary of the Mekong (the northeast).
Experience of natural prey and feeding efficiency in three‐spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.)
Authors: Ibrahim A. A. , Huntingford F. A.
Published: January 2006

The possibility that efficiency of feeding on different prey in three‐spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) increases by experience of such items was investigated experimentally by comparing sticklebacks reared with only non‐moving prey (frozen brine shrimps) with sticklebacks caught in the wild from localities where a wide range of prey species was available. Fish without experience of natural food scored less well than those from the wild on various components of foraging and so had reduced feeding efficiency. However, feeding efficiency in naive fish improved after just a few days of experience with natural prey. Such experience‐induced changes in foraging efficiency will alter the profitability of prey items for individual fish.
Cannibalism on eggs by dark chub, Zacco temmincki (Temminck & Schlegel) (Cyprinidae)
Authors: Katano O.
Published: January 2006

During spawning male dark chub, Zacco temmincki (Temminck & Schlegel), buried eggs by stirring up the river bed with their anal fins. No parental care was shown for eggs after spawning. Many satellites (both males and females) preyed upon eggs at the instant of spawning. The number of eggs produced is a function of body length [log10E=−0.273+3.519log10S, where E is the number of eggs and S is standard length (cm)]. From the size distribution of females that spawned during a reproductive season, the total number of spawning sites used and mean number of eggs per spawning site, at least 97.1% eggs were estimated to be consumed by cannibalism. This marked cannibalism resulted from a lack of parental care and the presence of many satellites produced by the polygynous mating system.
Validation of annual growth bands in the otolith of tropical parrotfishes (Scarus schlegeli Bleeker)
Authors: Lou Dong Chun
Published: January 2006

The otoliths of the scarid Scarus schlegeli (Bleeker) from the Lizard Island on the northern Great Barrier Reef showed a series of clear periodic bands. The rate at which bands are deposited on the otoliths was distinguished by mark‐recapture experiments using tetracycline and marginal increment analysis. Mark‐recapture experiments were carried out both in the field and in a large aquarium system. One otolith band was deposited during the liberty periods of July 1990 to April and September 1991 while two similar bands were formed from November 1989 to February 1991. The marginal increment analysis indicated that annual bands were formed around the austral summer. Scales also displayed regular period check marks. These provided relatively reliable aging estimates for the younger fishes up to 5 years.
Respiratory responses to hypoxia in relation to mode of life of two erythrinid species (Hoplias malabaricus and Hoplias lacerdae)
Authors: Rantin F. T. , Kalinin A. L. , Glass M. L. , Fernandes M. N.
Published: January 2006

Predominantly, Hoplias malabaricus inhabits stagnant O2 poor environments, whereas Hoplias lacerdae occurs in well‐aerated streams. The present study evaluates the influence of mode of life on O2 uptake and gill ventilation in equally‐sized (300 g) specimens of this genus at 25° C. Comparing the species, H. lacerdae was characterized by the highest O2 uptake and gill ventilation combined with a relatively higher cost of breathing and a lower O2 extraction. Both species substantially increased ventilation in response to hypoxia with the difference that H. malabaricus exclusively augmented tidal volume, whereas H. lacerdae also increased breathing frequency.
Environmental influences on cardiovascular variables in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)
Authors: Graham M. S. , Farrell A. P.
Published: January 2006

Two groups of wild (lakedwelling and anadromous), and a group of hatchery‐reared Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) (rainbow trout) were sampled in order to measure cardiac morphometrics, haemoglobin concentration, and the DNA and protein concentration in cardiac muscle. A combination of these variables was used to distinguish wild fish from domestic ones.

The wild fish had significantly higher levels of haemoglobin (for male fish, 10.10 and 10.07 g 100 ml−1 vs. 7.69 g d−1) and larger relative ventricle mass (females, 0.091 and 0.099% ofbody mass vs. 0.073%; males, 0.108 and 0.134% vs. 0.102%; immatures, 0.086 and 0.094% vs. 0, 072%, respectively) than the domestic fish. The anadromous and domestic fish had significantly higher amounts of compact tissue when compared with lake fish (females, 43 and 47% of ventricle mass vs. 34%, respectively). Ventricle size distinguished wild fish from domestic fish, except male anadromous and male domestic fish which were distinguished only by haemoglobin and compact tissue values. Immature fishes from all groups had lower total protein levels in the ventricle, lower compact tissue levels, and less haemoglobin. Points regarding the potential environmental influences in determining these cardiovascular trends are discussed.
Influence of egg size on embryos and larvae of Fundulus heteroclitus (L.)
Authors: Marteinsdottir G. , Able K. W.
Published: January 2006

Egg size for Fundulus heteroclitus (L.) populations is concordant with the distribution of the two F. heteroclitus subspecies, i.e. F. h. heteroclitus eggs are considerably larger than F. h. macrolepidotus eggs. The influence of egg size on survival of embryos during incubation and survival and growth of newly‐hatched larvae was estimated for four populations representing both subspecies along the Atlantic coast of the United States and in Delaware Bay. Survival of embryos was determined for incubation periods of 14, 21 and 28 days. Greatest differences in survival were detected following the longest incubation period where less than 50 per cent of the smaller F. h. macrolepidotus eggs survived while little or no mortality was detected among the larger F. h. heteroclitus eggs. Influence of egg size on larval survival was also greatest among those larvae hatched after 28 days where F. h. macrolepidotus larvae survived without food, for an average of 6 days, while F. h. heteroclitus larvae survived 11–12 days. F. h. heteroclitus larvae were significantly larger at hatching than F. h. macrolepidotus larvae. Larval growth rates were the same (0.4 mm day−1) in both subspecies. As a result, size differences at hatching were still maintained after 42 days of growth. The differences in egg size along with other morphological and reproductive characteristics of F. heteroclitus populations probably represent genetically based adaptations to environmental conditions, of which the length of the spawning season is one of the major components stimulating the coevolution of these traits.
Annual cycle of blood chemistry parameters in striped mullet (Mugil cephalus L.) and pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides L.) from the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Folmar L. C. , Moody T. , Bonomelli S. , Gibson J.
Published: January 2006

Annual cycle measurements were made on serum sodium, potassium, chloride, iron, magnesium, calcium, carbon dioxide, total protein, albumin, cholesterol, triglycerides, inorganic phosphorus, uric acid, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, glucose, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and creatine kinase in the striped mullet (Mugil cephalus L.) and the pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides L.). For each parameter, mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation (C.V.) are reported. The lowest C.V.s were associated with the electrolytes and the greatest C.V.s with serum enzymes. The lowest variability for most parameters was observed in the vitellogenic and prespawning period.
Southern stingray (Dasyatis americana) feeding on lancelets (Branchiostoma floridae)
Authors: Stokes M. D. , Holland N. D.
Published: January 2006

A southern stingray from the shallow sand flats of Tampa Bay, Florida, had its gut filled almost exclusively with lancelets. The absence of small lancelets from the gut contents indicated a pharyngeal sieving mechanism by the ray.
Morphological changes in senescing adult male sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka Walbaum)
Authors: Quinn T. P. , Blair G. R.
Published: January 2006

Mature male sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka Walbaum) were measured, tagged and released into a gravel holding pond adjacent to the spawning site, then remeasured when dead for possible changes in shape or size. Body length, depth, snout length and caudal peduncle thickness decreased at the end of life, 1–2 weeks later.
Flow cytometric DNA analysis of nurse shark, Ginglymostoma cirratum (Bonaterre) and clearnose skate, Raja eglanteria (Bosc) peripheral red blood cells
Authors: Kendall C. , Valentino S. , Bodine A. B. , Luer C. A.
Published: January 2006

Flow cytometric DNA analysis was used to determine the DNA content of red blood cells from Ginglymostoma cirratum (Bonaterre) and Raja eglanteria (Bosc). The DNA content/nucleus was calculated to be 7.6 and 7.1 pg/nucleus, respectively. Peripheral red blood cells obtained both from G. cirratum and from R. eglanteria were demonstrated to be actively cell cycling. Percentages of red blood cells in the phases of the cell cycle (G0/G1, S, and G2/M) not only varied considerably between different fishes but also were quite variable in weekly samples obtained from individual animals.
Seasonality and the scheduling of life history at different latitudes
Authors: Conover D. O.
Published: January 2006

For many ectotherms, the annual cycle is partitioned into ‘growing’ (summer) and ‘non‐growing’ (winter) seasons, and the lengths of these seasons are inversely related across a latitudinal gradient. This pattern of variation has the potential to affect diverse life‐history traits profoundly. A key selective agent is size‐dependent winter mortality which, with increasing latitude, places an increasing premium on attainment of large body size before the first winter of life. Winter body size is determined primarily by two factors: (1) birth date, which defines the beginning of the first growing season and (2) somatic growth rate within the first season. Using examples drawn from the Atlantic silverside, Menidia menidia (L.), and other fishes, I show how latitudinal variation in the scheduling of the spawning season, countergradient variation in the capacity for growth and reproduction, and mode of sex determination (environmental v. genetic) represent adaptations to seasonality.
The Length of the Drinking Bout Preceding Alcohol Withdrawal States
Authors: MARJOT D. H.
Published: January 2006

Résumén— On suggère que les témoignages cliniques indiquent un développement de la dépendance physique vis‐à‐vis de l'alcool, pour des dosages d'alcool appropriȩs, dans les 14 jours. De telles beuveries où de grosses quantités d'alcool sont bues se présentent dans le cas de malades provenant des forces armées et mènent à des réactions de retrait lors d'un retrait brusque de l'alcool.
Thiamine Deficiency and Alcoholic Psychoses
Authors: MARJOT D. H.
Published: January 2006

Résumén— Sur 358 malades alcooliques admis dans un hôpital psychiatrique militaire, 152 avaient éprouvé une réaction halluicinatoire. 28 malades donnaient des preuves de neuroencéphalopathie à manque de thiamine. 5 des malades souffrant de neuroencé‐phalopathie à manque de thiamine subirent un développement de réaction hallucinatoire après le retrait de l'alcool à. l'hôpital. II ne se présenta pas une prédilection spéciale de la part des malades souffrant de Neuroencéphalopathie à Manque de Thiamine pour présenter des signes soit de réactions hallucinatoires soil d'un type particulier quelconque de réaction hallucinatoire. La conclusion habituelle relative aux états hallucinatoires était l'abstinence vis‐à‐vis de l'alcool précédant immédiatement le début de la psychose.
Über die Aufgaben der Bekämpfung des Alkoholismus nach der Strafgesetzgebung der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik
Authors: HINDERER HANS
Published: January 2006

A survey is made of the control of penal legislation in the battle against criminality under the influence of alcohol and the underlying principles in the German Democratic Republic. Reasons are given for the need to examine criminal responsibility, in particular with a view to the definition of responsibility and diminished responsibility. At the same time a survey is made of the various practical methods to combat and to prevent criminality under the influence of drink that are now effectively applied to an ever increasing degree.
Motivational Factors Associated with the Use of Cannabis (Marihuana)
Authors: GALE ELLIOT N. , GUENTHER GARY
Published: January 2006

There is little data to indicate what factors are associated with the continuing use of the mildly toxic drug, cannabis. The present study attempts to delineate some of the reinforcing properties of the drug that supports its habitual use. Physiological responses of subjects, who had used the drug for at least 5 years, were obtained before and after the use of cannabis. The results are consistent with the interpretation of cannabis as an anti‐anxiety agent and that the motivational factors associated with habitual use are related to anxiety reduction.
Recent Theories on the Pharmacological Basis of Tolerance and Dependence
Authors: Graham J. D. P.
Published: January 2006

This is intended to be a review of the recently published work on the pharmacological basis of tolerance. It has beta mode easier by the recent appearance of three relevant publications in this field. These are Adolescent Drug Dependence (1968) ed. C. W. M. Wilson, which is the product of a symposium sponsored by this society: The Scientfic Basis of Drug Dependence (1969) ed. H. Steinberg, which is the product of a symposium organised by the Biological Council: and Federation Proceedings (1970) 29, No. I, which contains a number of papers on the subject.
The Psychological Basis of Drug Dependence: The Intellectual and Personality Characteristics of Opiate Users
Authors: Mott Joy
Published: January 2006

The problems implicit in the discussion of the psychological basis of drug dependence fall into three main areas: (a) Description: what are the personality characteristics of the drug dependent individual and are individuals with a particular type of personality structure more likely to become depemknt on drugs than any other, (b) Effects: what changes brought about in the individual personality structure as a result ofdrrtg dependence, (c) Treatment response: what is the nature of the interaction between (a) and (b) which will assist in the development and application of effective forms of treatment and in determining the response to treatment. The present discussion is confned to a selective survey of studies reported in the literature in which standard tests were used to describe the intellectual and personality characteristics of opiate users*—usually adolescent andyoung adult males.
Treatment of Drug Dependency in Treatment Centres, In‐Patient Units and Prisons in the London Area
Authors: Glatt M. M.
Published: January 2006

This paper is based on personal observations and impressions on the treatment of drug dependent patients in various facilities, including a (prescribing) Out‐patient Treatment Centre, a (non‐prescribing) Out‐patient Addiction Clinic, an In‐patient Drug Dependence Unit, and a prison, over a period of at least three years.
Phenylthiocarbamide Taste Sensitivity in Alcoholism
Authors: Swinson R. P.
Published: January 2006

A number of genetically determined characteristics have been investigated in alcoholic populations to ascertain the possibility of a genetic influence in the aetiology of alcoholism. The present study details an investigation of one such characteristic; the taste threshold of phenylthiocarbamide (P.T.C.), Although the distribution of alcoholic subjects along the taste/non‐taste continuum was significantly different than the distribution of control subjects there was no evidence that this difference was due to genetic influences.
Psychometric Signs of Cerebral Dysfunction in Alcoholics
Authors: Carlsson Carl , Claeson Lars‐Erik , Pettersson Lena
Published: January 2006

Sixty‐seven chronic alcoholics admitted to the ward for alcoholics at the Lillhagen Hospital in Gothenburg were tested psychometrically for signs of cerebral disjunction. It was found that 83.6% of all patients had signs of cerebral dysfunction in at least three of the tests. Only one patient showed no such signs at all.
Marihuana Use among Adults in Toronto
Authors: Smart Reginald G. , Fejer Dianne
Published: January 2006

Little is known about the extent of marihuana use among adults, except for heavy users and special populations. This study reports the extent of marihuana use among 1,200 carefully chosen adults in Toronto in 1971. It was found that 12.2 per cent of males and 5.5 per cent of females aged 18 and over had used marihuana in the past year. However, the frequencies rise to 41.5 per cent and 20 per cent respectively in the under 25 group. Marihuana use is most common among males, single or divorced persons and the better educated. However, social variable, explain little of the variation in marihuana use frequency. Multi‐drug use, including higher use of alcohol characterizes marihuana users. They are similar in extroversion and neuroticism to normals but higher in both than are non‐users.
Drug Use Among Schoolchildren in Helsinki 1970
Authors: Hemminki Elina , Rissanan Aila , Mattila Antti
Published: January 2006

The purpose of this study is to elucidate the background of drug‐taking among three different age groups (17, 15 and 14 years old) of schoolchildren in Helsinki. The method used was a questionnaire. 25% of all the schoolchildren had taken drugs, hashish being used most frequently. The social background of drug‐takers and non‐takers did not differ greatly. On the other hand, the emotional stability of the home was of importance. The drug‐takers did worse at school, they were more extrovert, more impulsive and they had more friends. They were also more rebellious and more alienated. In neuroticism controversial results were found. The most important reason leading to drug‐taking reported by the schoolchildren was curiosity. Among youth at large, different problems and social pressures were also thought to lead to drug‐taking.
Adverse Reactions and Recurrences from Marijuana Use
Authors: Annis H. M. , Smart R. G.
Published: January 2006

Two large representative samples of high school students were examined for their frequency of adverse reactions to marijuana and frequency of recurrences of marijuana effects in a non‐drug state. Both adverse reactions and recurrences were found to be higher than might be expected in non‐clinical populations. Upward of 1 in 5 students had experienced “anxiety, confusion or other unpleasant effects” on marijuana, and upward of 1 in 7 students had experienced a recurrence of marijuana effects while not using the drug. Evidence was presented that reports of recurrences were not limited to cases of multiple drug use but occurred among marijuana users who had not used other hallucinogenic drugs.
Circadian Variation of Ethanol Metabolism in Alcoholics*
Authors: Jones Ben Morgan , Parades Alfonso
Published: January 2006

The rate of ethanol metabolism was determined for 20 alcoholics during afternoon and evening drinking sessions on two consecutive days. Alcoholics demonstrated a faster rate of ethanol metabolism in the evening as compared to the afternoon, suggesting a circadian variation in the rate of ethanol metabolism. Previous drinking on the first day appeared to increase the rate of ethanol metabolism on the second drinking day. This circadian variation of ethanol metabolism, which was present following two weeks of abstinence and one day of heavy drinking, is different from that reported for non‐alcoholics. This suggests that other circadian rhythms may be affected in alcoholics, even after they have been dried out for several weeks. Altered circadian rhythms may partially explain the alcoholics' difficulty in re‐adjusting to social demands.
An Investigation of an Alcoholism Rehabilitation Halfway House: I. Types of Client and Modes of Discharge
Authors: Orford Jim , Hawker Ann , Nicholls Peter
Published: January 2006

Each member of a sample of 59 men admitted to one London alcoholism halfway house was interviewed concerning the details of his social and drinking history. Analysis suggested the existence of two major dimensions of individual variation: degree of chronic alcohol dependence, and late‐uncomplicated versus early‐complicated alcohol dependence. Observation of the lengths of residence and manners of discharge of members of the sample suggested two varieties of failure; premature discharge (length of stay less than two months) and irregular discharge (drinking at discharge and/or discharge to an unknown or unsatisfactory destination). There was a significant tendency for early‐complicated alcoholism to be associated with premature discharge.
A Psychometric Study of 55 Consecutive Admissions to a Unit for Alcoholic Addiction which Employs no Selective Criteria
Authors: Marshman Mary
Published: January 2006

In an unselected alcoholic group only 24 per cent did not show signs of cerebral dysfunction on psychometric testing. There was a very much higher level of reported hostility and personality disturbance, combined with social disruption, than is usually reported in the literature. It was significant that 16.66 per cent of the original sample was lost because they discharged themselves within the fast two weeks of admission, a further 60 per cent of the remaining sample discharged themselves against medical advice before completing their treatment. It is suggested that social and psychometric results from units which employ strict admission criteria cannot apply to groups where there is no selective criteria.
The First 100 Residents in a Therapeutic Community for Former Addicts
Authors: Ogborne Alan C.
Published: January 2006

This paper reports the characteristics of the first 100 drug users admitted to a London based residential treatment program for former narcotic addicts. Residents tended to be similar to those found in other treatment settings with the typical resident being between 19 and 29 years of age, being unmarried, having a criminal record and a well established history of opiate use.
The Prevention of Alcoholism: Epidemiological Studies of the Effects of Government Control Measures *
Authors: Popham Robert E. , Schmidt Wolfgang , de Lint Jan
Published: January 2006

Widely used control measures such as the monopoly system and restrictions on the number and type of alcoholic beverage outlets, and on hours of sale appear to be muck less powerful determinants of regional and temporal variation in the prevalence of alcoholism than taxation policy. It is found that where or when Ike price of beverage alcohol relative to average disposable (real) income in high, indices of alcohol consumption and alcoholism are usually low, and vice versa. Differential taxation (involving a disproportionately high tax on spirituous liquors) appears to be effective temporarily, but to result ultimately in the substitution of another beverage source with an increase in consumption and alcohol problems. This is consistent with other evidence which indicates that the overall level of alcohol consumption in a population, regardless of beverage source, determines the prevalence of hazardous consumers and of alcohol–related organic pathologies. The nature of a taxation policy which might be expected to prevent increases, and perhaps achieve a reduction in prevalence is outlined. However, an appropriate program of public education would probably be required in most jurisdictions to render the implementation of the policy fully effective and politically feasible.
Patterns of Use of Alcohol, Cannabis and Tobacco in a Student Population
Authors: Einstein Rosemarie , Hughes I.E. , Hindmarch I.
Published: January 2006

Patterns of use of alcohol, cannabis and tobacco have been investigated in 300 undergraduate students attending a provincial university. The likelihood of students trying cannabis was highest if they smoked tobacco, intermediate if they had given up smoking tobacco, and lowest if they had never smoked. Also there was a positive correlation between the number of drinks consumed per week and the tendency to try cannabis. The observed correlations indicate that students who consumed socially acceptable drugs were more likely to try other, less acceptable drugs.
The Use of an Internal Standard in the Determination of Ethanol in Blood, Brain and Vapour *
Authors: Hammond Michael D.
Published: January 2006

A gas chromotographic method is described for the determination of ethanol in body fluids, body tissues or air. A standard propanol solution used as final diluent in all determinations improves the accuracy by internal standardization.
Aversive Conditioning and Cognitive Mediators with Alcoholic Respondents *
Authors: Rice David P. , Schoenfeld Lawrence S.
Published: January 2006

Some theoretical explanations of aversive conditioning posit specific emotional states or “cognitive mediators” to account for behavior suppression. Although “anxiety” is widely recognised as much a cognitive mediator, few studies have attempted to obtain measures of “state anxiety” or of alternative competing hypotheses to test the model. This study probed the effects of two aversive conditioning paradigms on subjective response to both alcohol‐related and non‐alcohol related stimuli to test the anxiety model against other competing alternatives. A strong social desirability response bias obscured measurement on three outcome dimensions; adjective ratings of (1) General Evaluation, (2) Dangerousness, and (3) Appetitiveness. Both paradigms (i.e. Punishment and Mixed) appeared capable of producing increased “Aversiveness” for alcohol‐related stimuli; “Mixed” paradigm in which CS‐UCS contingencies were unpredictable was capable of increasing state anxiety displayed toward both test stimuli. Due to differential subject attrition, a quasi‐experimental design was imposed which complicated application of statistical tests. A point prevalence follow‐up at 90 days suggested that the experimental groups were slightly more successful at avoiding alcohol. An observation wax made about a personality dynamic of alcoholics which is thought to engender psychological reactance toward treatment interventions which do not allow opportunity for internal control.
Sobriety as a Symptom of Alcohol Intoxication: A Clinical Commentary on Intoxication and Drunkenness
Authors: Paredes Alfonso , Hood William R. , Seymour Harry
Published: January 2006

Intoxication and drunken behavior are related but not identical phenomena. Certain biological, psychomotor and psychological effects define intoxication. On the other hand, drunken behavior is to a great extent culturally defined and is related to variables such as time, place, environmental cues, social atmosphere, role expectations, attitudes and psychological needs. A common denominator for both is alcohol imbibition.

The behavior of an intoxicated alcoholic does not have to be drunken. In support of this position, a case is presented showing that an alcoholic–whose drinking behavior is characteristically maladaptive–was able to display socially integrative behavior while exposed to substantial amounts of alcohol. This finding was not fortuitous. Twenty‐nine other alcoholics received alcohol according to a two‐day drinking schedule. The men initiated and stopped drinking on request and did not display provocative behavior while drinking. The study demonstrates that it is possible to initiate and easily terminate periods of drinking in alcoholics. This may represent a first step in the process of teaching alcoholics to drink without exhibiting socially disruptive behavior.
Suggestibility in Young Drug Dependent and Normal Populations
Authors: Glaus Ronald A.
Published: January 2006

This pilot study investigates the suggestibility of 19 drug‐abusers compared with 20 non‐abusers by means of a paper and pencil test designed specifically for this study. A t‐test of results indicates no significant difference between groups but an analysis of control item scores raises questions of abuser responses. Implications of results for drug‐abuser rehabilitation suggest that those approaches which work with non‐abusers may have the greater effect. Additional study is needed to expand and confirm tentative results.
Urinary D‐glucaric Acid Excretion and Serum Gamma‐glutamyl Transpeptidase Activity in Alcoholism
Authors: Spencer‐Peet J. , Wood D. C. F. , Glatt M. M. , Wiseman S. M.
Published: January 2006

1. Urinary D‐glucaric acid and serum gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase activity (G.G.T.P.) have been measured in alcoholics before commencement of alcohol withdrawal. Over half the patients were found to have increased excretion of glucaric acid in the absence of evidence of the use of known inducing agents other than alcohol.

2. Seventy‐Jive per cent of the patients had raised levels of serum G.G.T.P., but no significant correlation was found between this enzyme and the glucaric acid excretion.
Elaborations on the Meaning of Repetitive Behavior in Drug Dependent Personalities
Authors: Edelstein E. L.
Published: January 2006

This paper discusses several limited aspects of the problem of drug dependence from a psychoanalytic point of view. Early developmental defects in the ego of drug dependent people are discussed, namely: the stimulus barrier, object relations, perceptions, dedifferentiation of affect and the inability to wait. An analysis of the adaptive mechanisms used by drug abusers is offered with particular emphasis on their use of repetitive compulsive mechanisms. Several clinical examples illustrate the mechanisms described. The repetitive compulsive mechanisms in particular have not previously been described in detail and may be of assistance in treatment.
Public Attitudes towards Alcoholism in a Scottish City*†
Authors: Rix Keith J. B. , Buyers Margaret
Published: January 2006

A sample of the population of Aberdeen City was interviewed, and attitudes towards alcoholism determined. While they were generally in agreement with the experts on eight of the nine factors there were inconsistencies in their attitudes. They held opposite opinions to the experts in regarding alcoholism as a sign of moral weakness. These findings have been discussed in the context of the Scottish culture. Recommendations have been made concerning future programmes of alcoholism education and their evaluation in Scotland.
Abnormal Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Gonadal Function in Chronic Alcoholics
Authors: Wright J. W. , Fry D. E. , Merry Julius , Marks Vincent
Published: January 2006

Hypothalamic‐pituitary‐gonadal function was investigated in a group of 13 actively drinking chronic alcoholics. In a high proportion (46 per cent) of the patients basal plasma luteinising hormone (LH) levels were elevated and these patients showed an exaggerated plasma LH response to 100 μg LHRF. Plasma levels of 17β‐hydroxy‐androgens were normal in all subjects. Liver damage did not appear to explain the biochemical findings which may, however, be relevant to sexual and reproductive function in chronic alcoholic patients.
The Performance of Adult Alcoholics Working for Alcohol*: A Detailed Operant Analysis
Authors: Sanders Richard M. , Nathan Peter E. , O'Brien John S.
Published: January 2006

Eight chronic alcoholics served as subjects in a residential facility. They were required to make a simple repetitious response in order to earn points exchangeable for social, appetitive, and alcohol reinforcers. Over the course of this project, rates of responding for points on two schedules of reinforcement were observed as were patterns of drinking, working, sleeping, and socializing; the effects of alcohol on the subject's performance; and the influences of alcohol as a reinforcer. The foldings indicated by the detailed analysis provided by the methodology were not in complete agreement with some of the more coarsely analyzed data of similar experiments, e.g. the subjects worked for points during episodes of drinking more often than not. Additionally, new findings were shown, e.g., the subjects did not save points ahead but worked and drank in a “hand‐to‐mouth” manner in relatively short drinking and working cycles. Finally, many of the findings were in agreement with data reported earlier by other authors. Some implications for the control of alcoholic behavior are discussed.
A Comparison of the Effects of Propranolol and Diazepam in Alcoholics
Authors: Carlsson Carl , Fasth Bengt‐Goran
Published: January 2006

In a double‐blind cross‐over study, propranolol in a dosage of 120 mg daily was more effective than 30 mg a clay of diazepam in relieving symptoms of tension and depression in chronic alcoholics. Speculations are made regarding the mechanism of action.
Some Personality Characteristics of Groups of Young Drug Misusers and Delinquents
Authors: Silver A. M.
Published: January 2006

A grope of young male drug misusers was compared with a group of young male delinquents of approximately the same age and range of intelligence, on two measures of personality and a Semantic differential. Then is great similarity between the two sets of findings; the differences found lie largely in the greater emotional vulnerability of the drug‐using group.
Treatment of Alcoholism in a Community based Alcohol Rehabilitation Programme
Authors: Gordon David A. , Gibson Gordon , Werner John L.
Published: January 2006

This paper presents a descriptive analysis of a community based alcohol rehabilitation programme serving a four county area in the Mid‐Western U.S. The programme's objective is to return the alcohol abuser to as normal functioning in the community as possible, and to reduce the burden on law enforcement, correctional institutions, and other social agencies in the community. To accomplish this, the programme offers a comprehensive range of indirect and direct services to alcohol abusers and their families, as well as to the community. Para‐professionals were utilised in the programme for intensive follow‐up with respect to basic physical and psychological needs. Professionals as well as para‐professionals of ten function as client advocates to facilitate the reintegration of their clients into the community. An evaluation of the effectiveness of this programme is offered. The data is based on a sample of fifty alcohol abusers randomly selected from a population of 460 referrals who had used this treatment service from July, 1972 through September, 1974. Some demographic characteristics of the clients are presented. Because a change in drinking status suggests but does not confirm the effectiveness of a treatment programme, additional objective measures are offered. Unobtrusive measures including changes in court offences, health care, employment status, and a cost analysis of the treatment components have been utilised. The results generally indicate that the programme successfully approached many of these criterion.
Coercive Treatment for Alcoholic' Driving under the Influence of Liquor9 Offenders*
Authors: McGrath Joan , O'Brien John , Liftik Joseph
Published: January 2006

A twenty‐week therapy group composed often male members referred by the courts for alcoholism treatment following a‘Driving under the Influence of Liquor1 arrest is described. Most members resisted treatment initially, although all displayed symptoms of alcoholism. The implementation and process of this coercive group treatment setting is summarized, showing change in attitude and behaviour on the part of the members toward their alcoholism. The nine members who completed the group reported they were abstinent at termination. Specific recommendations found germaine to a successful intervention are discussed.
Detoxification from Methadone Maintenance in a Family‐oriented Program
Authors: Panepinto William , Arnon Dan , Silver Frances , Orbe Milagros , Kissin Benjamin
Published: January 2006

Reported attempts at the detoxification of long‐term rehabilitated addicts in methadone maintenance programs ham been discouraging. A programmatic approach to the detoxification of a younger, family‐centred addict population has been developed by the Family‐Maternity Clinic. Of 70 patients who requested detoxification, 62.9 % have remained drug‐free and in contact with the program for an average of 11.5 months. An additional 24.2 % of the study group have continued treatment in the program and have been stabilized on lower methadone dosages. Low dose methadone treatment leading to abstinence within two years is a viable therapeutic approach for younger, family‐centered addicts.