bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of the endoscopic endonasal approach to the basilar apex region for aneurysm clipping
Authors: Tayebi Meybodi Ali , Benet Arnau , Vigo Vera , Rodriguez Rubio Roberto , Yousef Sonia , Mokhtari Pooneh , Dones Flavia , Kakaizada Sofia , Lawton Michael T.
Published: June 2018

OBJECTIVE

The expanded endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) has shown promising results in treatment of midline skull base lesions. Several case reports exist on the utilization of the EEA for treatment of aneurysms. However, a comparison of this approach with the classic transcranial orbitozygomatic approach to the basilar apex (BAX) region is missing.

The present study summarizes the results of a series of cadaveric surgical simulations for assessment of the EEA to the BAX region for aneurysm clipping and its comparison with the transcranial orbitozygomatic approach as one of the most common approaches used to treat BAX aneurysms.

METHODS

Fifteen cadaveric specimens underwent bilateral orbitozygomatic craniotomies as well as an EEA (first without a pituitary transposition [PT] and then with a PT) to expose the BAX. The following variables were measured, recorded, and compared between the orbitozygomatic approach and the EEA: 1) number of perforating arteries counted on bilateral posterior cerebral arteries (PCAs); 2) exposure and clipping lengths of the PCAs, superior cerebellar arteries (SCAs), and proximal basilar artery; and 3) surgical area of exposure in the BAX region.

RESULTS

Except for the proximal basilar artery exposure and clipping, the orbitozygomatic approach provided statistically significantly greater values for vascular exposure and control in the BAX region (i.e., exposure and clipping of ipsilateral and contralateral SCAs and PCAs). The EEA with PT was significantly better in exposing and clipping bilateral PCAs compared to EEA without a PT, but not in terms of other measured variables. The surgical area of exposure and PCA perforator counts were not significantly different between the 3 approaches. The EEA provided better exposure and control if the BAX was located ≥ 4 mm inferior to the dorsum sellae.

CONCLUSIONS

For BAX aneurysms located in the retrosellar area, PT is usually required to obtain improved exposure and control for the bilateral PCAs. However, the transcranial approach is generally superior to both endoscopic approaches for accessing the BAX region. Considering the superior exposure of the proximal basilar artery obtained with the EEA, it could be a viable option when surgical treatment is considered for a low-lying BAX or mid–basilar trunk aneurysms (≥ 4 mm inferior to dorsum sellae).
Efficacy of immediate replacement of cranial bone graft following drainage of intracranial empyema
Authors: Lajthia Orgest , Chao Jerry W. , Mandelbaum Max , Myseros John S. , Oluigbo Chima , Magge Suresh N. , Zarella Christopher S. , Oh Albert K. , Rogers Gary F. , Keating Robert F.
Published: June 2018

OBJECTIVE

Intracranial empyema is a life-threatening condition associated with a high mortality rate and residual deleterious neurological effects if not diagnosed and managed promptly. The authors present their institutional experience with immediate reimplantation of the craniotomy flap and clarify the success of this method in terms of cranial integrity, risk of recurrent infection, and need for secondary procedures.

METHODS

A retrospective analysis of patients admitted for management of intracranial empyema during a 19-year period (1997–2016) identified 33 patients who underwent emergency drainage and decompression with a follow-up duration longer than 6 months, 23 of whom received immediate bone replacement. Medical records were analyzed for demographic information, extent and location of the infection, bone flap size, fixation method, need for further operative intervention, and duration of intravenous antibiotics.

RESULTS

The mean patient age at surgery was 8.7 ± 5.7 years and the infections were largely secondary to sinusitis (52.8%), with the most common location being the frontal/temporal region (61.3%). Operative intervention involved removal of a total of 31 bone flaps with a mean surface area of 22.8 ± 26.9 cm2. Nearly all (96.8%) of the bone flaps replaced at the time of the initial surgery were viable over the long term. Eighteen patients (78.3%) required a single craniotomy in conjunction with antibiotic therapy to address the infection, whereas the remaining 21.7% required more than 1 surgery. Partial bone flap resorption was noted in only 1 (3.2%) of the 31 successfully replaced bone flaps. This patient eventually had his bone flap removed and received a split-calvaria bone graft. Twenty-one patients (91.3%) received postoperative CT scans to evaluate bone integrity. The mean follow-up duration of the cohort was 43.9 ± 54.0 months.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of our investigation suggest that immediate replacement and stabilization of the bone flap after craniectomy for drainage of intracranial empyemas has a low risk of recurrent infection and is a safe and effective way to restore bone integrity in most patients.
Pure arterial malformation of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery with interspersed adipose tissue: case report
Authors: Sorenson Thomas J. , Brinjikji Waleed , Flemming Kelly D. , Lanzino Giuseppe
Published: June 2018

Incidental vascular lesions are being discovered at an increasing frequency due to widespread noninvasive brain imaging studies. One of these lesions has recently been termed a “pure arterial malformation” (PAM), which is defined as dilated, overlapping, and tortuous arteries forming a mass of arterial loops with a coil-like appearance in the absence of arteriovenous shunting. The pathogenesis of these lesions is not known, but a congenital etiology is suspected. The authors report the case of a 17-year-old female who was found to have a PAM of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery with adipose tissue interspersed within the arterial loops. The authors believe that this abnormal intracranial association between blood vessel and adipose tissue lends further support to the theory that PAMs are the result of a congenital malformation and are therefore safe to manage conservatively given their presumed benign natural history. Far from offering conclusive evidence, this unique case report adds to the growing body of PAM literature and strengthens an increasingly supported congenital theory of genesis.
Do House-Elves Clean Your Brain While You Sleep?
Authors: Paller Ken A.
Published: June 2018

Sleep will consume one-third of your life. You can’t avoid it, nor should you. Sound slumber can make you feel wonderful. But there’s more to it. Sleep is also essential for learning. Much of who you are—your memories and your habits—may depend on what your brain does while you sleep. This article covers some new experiments on this topic, and some unexpected findings. Each day, you acquire all sorts of new knowledge. That includes things you read, things you learn in school, news about friends, and your own creative thoughts or pictures. And maybe where you put down that book you were reading. Later, many of these memories can be difficult to remember. Recent scientific findings are helping us understand how brain activity during sleep aids remembering.
Failure Estimates for SiC Power MOSFETs in Space Electronics
Authors: Galloway Kenneth F. , Witulski Arthur F. , Schrimpf Ronald D. , Sternberg Andrew L. , Ball Dennis R. , Javanainen Arto , Reed Robert A. , Sierawski Brian D. , Lauenstein Jean-Marie
Published: June 2018

Silicon carbide (SiC) power metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) are space-ready in terms of typical reliability measures. However, single event burnout (SEB) due to heavy-ion irradiation often occurs at voltages 50% or lower than specified breakdown. Failure rates in space are estimated for burnout of 1200 V devices based on the experimental data for burnout and the expected heavy-ion linear energy transfer (LET) spectrum in space.
Aflatoxins in Mozambique: Etiology, Epidemiology and Control
Authors: Cambaza Edgar , Koseki Shigenobu , Kawamura Shuso
Published: June 2018

Mozambique is endemic to aflatoxigenic Aspergillus but the country has to heavily rely on foreign research to deduce what is happening locally. There is some information produced by local scholars and institutions but it needs to be “tied” together. This review briefly synthetizes the country’s major findings in relation to the toxin’s etiology, epidemiology, detection and control, discussing and meta-analyzing them as far as they allow. The causes and commodities affected are the same as in most tropical countries; the toxin is widespread and the level of exposure is high. Regarding the control, it is still marginal but some institutions have driven efforts in this direction. Learning from other countries is still the best approach to take, as the solutions are probably the same for most places.
Chitinases—Potential Candidates for Enhanced Plant Resistance towards Fungal Pathogens
Authors: Kumar Manish , Brar Amandeep , Yadav Monika , Chawade Aakash , Vivekanand V. , Pareek Nidhi
Published: June 2018

Crop cultivation is crucial for the existence of human beings, as it fulfills our nutritional requirements. Crops and other plants are always at a high risk of being attacked by phytopathogens, especially pathogenic fungi. Although plants have a well-developed defense system, it can be compromised during pathogen attack. Chitinases can enhance the plant’s defense system as they act on chitin, a major component of the cell wall of pathogenic fungi, and render the fungi inactive without any negative impact on the plants. Along with strengthening plant defense mechanisms, chitinases also improve plant growth and yield. Chitinases in combination with recombinant technology can be a promising tool for improving plant resistance to fungal diseases. The applicability of chitinase-derived oligomeric products of chitin further augment chitinase prospecting to enhance plant defense and growth.
Strategies to Reduce the Euthanasia of Impounded Dogs and Cats Used by Councils in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Rand Jacquie , Lancaster Emily , Inwood Georgina , Cluderay Carolyn , Marston Linda
Published: June 2018

Using euthanasia to manage dog and cat overpopulation causes health issues and emotional stress in employees involved, increases staff turnover, and has financial, moral and ethical ramifications for communities. Welfare agencies and local government agencies (councils) share responsibility for managing companion animal populations. This study investigated Australian councils in the state of Victoria, to identify strategies used to reduce euthanasia. Statistics regarding animal populations, registration, intake, reclaim, rehome and euthanasia were obtained from the Domestic Animal Management Plan of each council. Of the 79 Victorian councils, 74% achieved ≤10% euthanasia of impounded dogs, which is widely quoted as zero euthanasia of adoptable and treatable animals. The mean euthanasia rates for cats by the councils was 48%, with only one council achieving a euthanasia rate of ≤10% for cats. Mean reclaim rates for dogs were higher (73%) than for cats (13%), as was the mean proportion of unclaimed dogs rehomed (71%), compared to cats (45%). Telephone questionnaires were conducted with animal management officers from 35 councils (44%). Those with low euthanasia rates had high reclaim rates and/or rehome rates. Reclaim, rehome and euthanasia rates for dogs and cats were not significantly different between councils that operated their own pound facilities and those that utilized the services of welfare organizations to operate pounds on behalf of the council. More council managers believed they would never achieve ≤10% euthanasia for cats (49%) than for dogs (11%). A variety of strategies were used by councils to achieve high reclaim and rehoming rates.
Optimization of Machining Parameters Using Fuzzy Taguchi Method for Reducing Tool Wear
Authors: Lan Tian-Syung , Chuang Kai-Chi , Chen Yee-Ming
Published: June 2018

Manufacturing industries are gradually changing to green production due to the increasing production cost. Reducing tool wear in production can not only decrease production cost but also the effect the environment. Thus, it becomes a crucial issue for the machining industry. This study investigates the optimal machining parameters for the computer numerical controlled turning process of S45C steel in minimizing tool wear. The correlation between control parameters (speed, cutting depth, and feed rate) and production quality were constructed by using semantic rules and fuzzy quantification. The Taguchi method was additionally employed to determine the optimal turning parameters. Under the consideration of environmental protection and tool cost, the optimal machining parameters were furthermore derived from the fuzzy semantic rules. The practicability of the optimal parameters was moreover verified through turning experiments. It is found that the proposed method in this study is appropriate and applicable to universal applications.
Time Series Analysis of Acoustic Emissions in the Asinelli Tower during Local Seismic Activity
Authors: Carpinteri Alberto , Niccolini Gianni , Lacidogna Giuseppe
Published: June 2018

The existence of ongoing damage processes in a masonry wall of the Asinelli Tower in Bologna have been investigated by the acoustic emission (AE) technique. A time correlation between the AE activity in the monitored structural element and the nearby earthquakes has been observed. In particular, the largest cluster of AE signals has been recorded within a few hours after the main shock (4.1 magnitude) occurrence. The presented findings suggest that aging and deterioration of the monitored structural element significantly depend on the action of light earthquakes, even at considerable distance. Trends of two evolutionary parameters, the b-value and the natural time variance κ1, have been derived from the AE time series in order to identify the approach of the monitored structural element to a “critical state” in relation to the earthquake occurrence.
Artificial Circulatory Model for Analysis of Human and Artificial Vessels
Authors: Polanczyk Andrzej , Klinger Markus , Nanobachvili Josif , Huk Ihor , Neumayer Christoph
Published: June 2018

Background: Ex vivo computer controlled circulatory reactors are advantageous for the investigation of circulatory systems. So far, most of the models have dealt with laminar or pulsatile flow. This study aimed to monitor blood vessel and vessel graft compliance continuously under physiological flow in real time. Methods: Human common iliac arteries and silicon tubes served as interposition grafts. Changes in wall diameter and displacement were analyzed. The artificial circulatory system (ACM) presented an “artificial heart” able to simulate various ejection pressures, ejection volumes (EV), and frequencies of pulsation (FP). ACM was validated by comparing medical data reconstructed with the 2D-speckle-tracking-technique (2DSTT). Results: Silicon tubes were more rigid compared to iliac arteries, as changes in diameter were approximately 48% lower (0.56 ± 0.007 mm vs. 0.83 ± 0.016 mm, p < 0.0001, for EV = 70 mL and FP = 60 min−1). Wall displacement was 2.3-fold less pronounced in silicon tubes (1.45 ± 0.032 mm vs. 5.79 ± 0.043 mm for iliac arteries (p < 0.0001)). FP and EV did not further increase differences in wall displacement between both types of grafts. There were no significant changes between results gathered from ACM and 2DSTT. Conclusions: The ACM was successfully validated by 2DSTT with the use of selected grafts. It may become a useful tool to investigate different types of vascular grafts.
Variation of Impedance in Lead-Acid Batteries in the Presence of Acid Stratification
Authors: Kwiecien Monika , Huck Moritz , Badeda Julia , Zorer Caner , Komut Kuebra , Yu Qianru , Sauer Dirk Uwe
Published: June 2018

Acid stratification is a common issue in lead-acid batteries. The density of the electrolyte rises from the top to the bottom and causes inhomogeneous current distribution over the electrodes. The consequences are unequal aging processes provoking earlier battery failure. In stationary applications electrolyte circulation pumps are sporadical installed in the battery to mix the acid. For automotive applications passive mixing systems are implemented by some battery manufacturers against stratification. Stratification does not show any distinct voltage-current profile to be recognizable online. However, it increases the voltage and affects the impedance, which both are essential information for diagnostic purpose. Impedance spectra were performed here on lead-acid test cells with adjusted stratification levels to analyze the influence on the impedance in details. It is observed, that the high-frequency impedance is decreased in the stratified cell and that in contrast to this the charge-transfer resistance is increased. Based on simulations with a spatially-resolved equivalent electrical circuit the increased charge-transfer resistance could be explained with an inhomogeneous State-of-Charge resulting in an accumulation of sulfate crystals in the bottom part of the electrodes. These sulfate crystals further affected recorded impedance spectra after the electrolyte was homogenized.
Study of the Effect of Pyrolysis Temperature on the Cd2+ Adsorption Characteristics of Biochar
Authors: Jia Yuehui , Shi Shengli , Liu Jie , Su Shiming , Liang Qiong , Zeng Xibai , Li Tingshu
Published: June 2018

Rice husk and cotton straw were used to produce biochar under 300, 400, 500, 600, and 700 °C pyrolysis conditions, and the physicochemical properties of the obtained biochar samples were characterised. The effects of various adsorbent amounts, initial pH, and adsorption time on the Cd2+ adsorption performance were studied. The results showed that, at increasing pyrolysis temperatures, the biochar yield decreased, the ash content increased, the pH transitioned from acidic/neutral to basic/strongly basic, the biochar aromaticity gradually increased, and the biochar structure became more stable. In contrast, the hydrophilicity and polarity decreased, the specific surface area increased, and the number of oxygen-containing functional groups decreased. All these factors resulted in differences in the Cd2+ adsorption by the biochar samples. With increasing adsorbent content, the rate of Cd2+ adsorbed on the biochar gradually increased. The adsorption performance was optimal when the initial solution pH of the rice-husk and cotton-straw biochar samples was 5 and 6, respectively. The shortest time to achieve equilibrium was 30 min for rice-husk biochar, and 20 min for cotton-straw biochar. The Cd2+ adsorption data for both types of biochar were very well fitted with a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Ion exchange and cation–π interactions may be the main factors influencing the Cd2+ adsorption by biochar. At the same time, the large specific surface area of biochar also plays a role in the Cd2+ adsorption.
Swelling Capacity and Hydraulic Conductivity of Polymer-Modified Bentonite under Saline Water Conditions
Authors: Xu Xin , Liu Xiaofeng , Oh Myounghak , Park Junboum
Published: June 2018

Bentonite is widely used as a waterproof material in civil engineering. The swelling capacity and impermeability will be reduced in saline water conditions. A polymer-modified bentonite was used in this study, and the swelling characteristic and hydraulic conductivity in saline water were investigated. Results show that: the modified bentonite (MB) has good swelling characteristics and low permeability in saline water conditions; the unload swelling strain of MB in saline water conditions increased with rising swelling time; the final unload swelling strain of MB decreased with the increase of vertical pressure and increased with increasing initial dry density; and, as the swelling time increased, the swelling pressure increased rapidly at first and then decreased. Based on experimental results, this study obtained a linear relationship between the ratio of time to unload swelling strain and swelling time, a formula for load swelling strain that was related to initial dry density and vertical pressure, a linear relationship between the ratio of time to swelling pressure and swelling time, and an exponential relationship between swelling pressure and initial dry density. The MB can be used as a waterproof material in seepage-prone applications under saline environmental conditions in civil engineering works.
Refinement Algorithms for Adaptive Isogeometric Methods with Hierarchical Splines
Authors: Bracco Cesare , Giannelli Carlotta , Vázquez Rafael
Published: June 2018

The construction of suitable mesh configurations for spline models that provide local refinement capabilities is one of the fundamental components for the analysis and development of adaptive isogeometric methods. We investigate the design and implementation of refinement algorithms for hierarchical B-spline spaces that enable the construction of locally graded meshes. The refinement rules properly control the interaction of basis functions at different refinement levels. This guarantees a bounded number of nonvanishing (truncated) hierarchical B-splines on any mesh element. The performances of the algorithms are validated with standard benchmark problems.
Comminution of Dry Lignocellulosic Biomass: Part II. Technologies, Improvement of Milling Performances, and Security Issues
Authors: Mayer-Laigle Claire , Rajaonarivony Rova Karine , Blanc Nicolas , Rouau Xavier
Published: June 2018

Lignocellulosic feedstocks present a growing interest in many industrial processes as they are an ecological alternative to petroleum-based products. Generally, the size of plant raw materials needs to be reduced by milling step(s), to increase density, facilitate transport and storage, and to increase reactivity. However, this unit operation can prove to be important in term of investments, functioning costs, and energy consumption if the process is not fully adapted to the histological structure of the plant material, possibly challenging the profitability of the whole chain of the biomass conversion. In this paper, the different technologies that can be used for the milling of lignocellulosic biomass were reviewed and different avenues are suggested to improve the milling performances thanks to thermal pretreatments. Based on examples on wheat straw milling, the main points to take into consideration in the choice of a milling technologies have been highlighted in regards to the specifications of ground powder. A specific focus on the hazards associated to the milling and the manipulation of fine biomass particles is also realized at the end of the paper from the perspective of industrial applications.
siRNAs Targeting Growth Factor Receptor and Anti-Apoptotic Genes Synergistically Kill Breast Cancer Cells through Inhibition of MAPK and PI-3 Kinase Pathways
Authors: Kamaruzman Nur Izyani , Tiash Snigdha , Ashaie Maeirah , Chowdhury Ezharul Hoque
Published: June 2018

Breast cancer, the second leading cause of female deaths worldwide, is usually treated with cytotoxic drugs, accompanied by adverse side-effects, development of chemoresistance and relapse of disease condition. Survival and proliferation of the cancer cells are greatly empowered by over-expression or over-activation of growth factor receptors and anti-apoptotic factors. Identification of these key players that cross-talk to each other, and subsequently, knockdown with their respective siRNAs in a synchronous manner could be a promising approach to precisely treat the cancer. Since siRNAs demonstrate limited cell permeability and unfavorable pharmacokinetic behaviors, pH-sensitive nanoparticles of carbonate apatite were employed to efficiently carry the siRNAs in vitro and in vivo. By delivering selective siRNAs against the mRNA transcripts of the growth factor receptors, such as ER, ERBB2 (HER2), EGFR and IGFR, and anti-apoptotic protein, such as BCL2 in human (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) and murine (4T1) breast cancer cell lines, we found that ESR1 along with BCL-2, or with ERBB2 and EGFR critically contributes to the growth/survival of the cancer cells by activating the MAPK and PI-3 kinase pathways. Furthermore, intravenous delivery of the selected siRNAs aiming to suppress the expression of ER/BCL2 and ER/ERBB2/EGFR groups of proteins led to a significant retardation in tumor growth in a 4T1-induced syngeneic mouse model.
Post-Occupancy Evaluation of Buildings for Sustainable Agri-Food Production—A Method Applied to an Olive Oil Mill
Authors: Barreca Francesco , Praticò Pasquale
Published: June 2018

The sustainability of agri-food products is an increasingly pressing need. It is fundamental to consider the various needs related to the factors of production and to workers, which are different from those of products and plants, as well as new requirements, such as environmental hygiene, protection from pests, and perishability control. To that purpose, this work proposes a method for in-use performance assessment (Post-Occupancy Evaluation) in food processing buildings. The method was applied to a traditional olive oil mill in Calabria. The building was thoroughly checked, and a questionnaire was given to the employees. An overall negative judgement value was recorded only for the oil storage area. The indoor thermal conditions of this area were monitored by a sensor network. The results obtained showed that the temperature in the oil storage area sometimes reached and exceeded 30 °C, while the optimal maximum temperature for the storage of extra-virgin olive oil should not go beyond 20 °C to preserve its organoleptic characteristics. To solve the problems detected, modelling and analyses were carried out with a dynamic thermal software program. A few minor building interventions were proposed and the indoor thermal values, obtained from the dynamic thermal simulation, showed a clear improvement in the building behavior in terms of protection from high temperatures, and lower energy consumption to diminish the environmental indoor temperature.
Immunosenescence and Immunotherapy in Elderly Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients: Time for a Biology-Driven Approach
Authors: Isidori Alessandro , Loscocco Federica , Ciciarello Marilena , Corradi Giulia , Lecciso Mariangela , Ocadlikova Darina , Parisi Sarah , Salvestrini Valentina , Amadori Sergio , Visani Giuseppe , Curti Antonio
Published: June 2018

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a disease, which mainly affects the elderly population. Unfortunately, the prognosis of patients aged >65 years is dismal, with 1-year overall survival approaching 10% with conventional therapies. The hypothesis of harnessing the immune system against cancer, including leukemia, has been postulated for a long time, and several clinical attempts have been made in this field. In the last years, we increased our knowledge about the interplay between AML and immune cells, but no major improvement has been translated, up to now, from bench to bedside. However, the outstanding results coming from the modern immuno-oncology trials with new drugs have granted a new interest for immunotherapy in AML. Accordingly, the elderly population represents an ideal target, given the low percentage of patients eligible for allogeneic stem cell transplant. With that in mind, in the era of immunotherapy, we consider immunosenescence as the optimal background to start investigating a biology-driven approach to AML therapy in the elderly. By taking into account the physiological age-related changes of immune response, more personalized and tailored use of the new drugs and strategies harnessing the immune system against AML, has the potential to increase their efficacy and impact on clinical outcomes.
Hypoxia and IF1 Expression Promote ROS Decrease in Cancer Cells
Authors: Sgarbi Gianluca , Gorini Giulia , Liuzzi Francesca , Solaini Giancarlo , Baracca Alessandra
Published: June 2018

The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the metabolic reprogramming of cells adapted to hypoxia and the interplay between ROS and hypoxia in malignancy is under debate. Here, we examined how ROS levels are modulated by hypoxia in human cancer compared to untransformed cells. Short time exposure (20 min) of either fibroblasts or 143B osteosarcoma cells to low oxygen tension down to 0.5% induced a significant decrease of the cellular ROS level, as detected by the CellROX fluorescent probe (−70%). Prolonging the cells’ exposure to hypoxia for 24 h, ROS decreased further, reaching nearly 20% of the normoxic value. In this regard, due to the debated role of the endogenous inhibitor protein (IF1) of the ATP synthase complex in cancer cell bioenergetics, we investigated whether IF1 is involved in the control of ROS generation under severe hypoxic conditions. A significant ROS content decrease was observed in hypoxia in both IF1-expressing and IF1- silenced cells compared to normoxia. However, IF1-silenced cells showed higher ROS levels compared to IF1-containing cells. In addition, the MitoSOX Red-measured superoxide level of all the hypoxic cells was significantly lower compared to normoxia; however, the decrease was milder than the marked drop of ROS content. Accordingly, the difference between IF1-expressing and IF1-silenced cells was smaller but significant in both normoxia and hypoxia. In conclusion, the interplay between ROS and hypoxia and its modulation by IF1 have to be taken into account to develop therapeutic strategies against cancer.
Osmotic Stress Blocks Mobility and Dynamic Regulation of Centriolar Satellites
Authors: Nielsen Julie C. , Nordgaard Cathrine , Tollenaere Maxim A. X. , Bekker-Jensen Simon
Published: June 2018

Centriolar satellites (CS) are small proteinaceous granules that cluster around the centrosome and serve as cargo vehicles for centrosomal proteins. It is generally accepted that CS support a number of canonical and specialized centrosome functions. Consequently, these highly dynamic structures are the target of regulation by several cellular signalling pathways. Two decades of research have led to the identification of a large number of molecular components and new biological roles of CS. Here, we summarize the latest advances in the continuous efforts to uncover the compositional, functional, dynamic and regulatory aspects of CS. We also report on our discovery that osmotic stress conditions render CS immobile and insensitive to remodelling. Upon a range of p38-activating stimuli, MK2 phosphorylates the CS component CEP131, resulting in 14-3-3 binding and a block to CS formation. This normally manifests as a rapid cellular depletion of satellites. In the case of osmotic stress, a potent inducer of p38 activity, CS translocation and dissolution is blocked, with the net result that satellites persist in an immobile state directly adjacent to the centrosome. Our results highlight a unique scenario where p38 activation and CS depletion is uncoupled, with potential implications for physiological and pathological osmotic stress responses.
The Unfavorable Alliance of Pain and Poor Sleep in Children with Life-Limiting Conditions and Severe Psychomotor Impairment
Authors: Dreier Larissa Alice , Wager Julia , Blankenburg Markus , Zernikow Boris
Published: June 2018

A high prevalence of sleep problems exists in children and adolescents with life-limiting conditions (LLC) and severe psychomotor impairment (SPMI). This study aimed to compare the impacts of various child-related (pain, epilepsy, repositioning, medical care) and environment-related (light, noise, TV/radio, open door) factors on sleep in this vulnerable population. Data were obtained through the “Sleep Questionnaire for Children with Severe Psychomotor Impairment” (SNAKE) by proxy assessment. n = 212 children (mean age: 10.4 years) were included in the analyses. Logistic and linear regression models were used to compare child- and environment-related factors against the global rating of children’s sleep quality, five SNAKE scales, children’s sleep duration, and sleep efficacy. Pain increased the risk of sleeping poorly four-fold (OR (odds ratio) = 4.13; 95% CI (confidence interval): 1.87–9.13) and predicted four sleep problems as assessed by the SNAKE. Children who needed to reposition during the night were at three times greater risk of sleeping poorly (OR = 3.08; 95% CI: 1.42–6.69). Three of the five SNAKE scales were predicted through nocturnal repositioning. Repositioning and epilepsy predicted a reduced sleep duration and low sleep efficacy. None of the environment-related factors exhibited statistically significant results. This study emphasizes the urgent need for reliable pain detection in the context of sleep disturbances in severely ill children.
Livestock Under Climate Change: A Systematic Review of Impacts and Adaptation
Authors: Escarcha Jacquelyn F. , Lassa Jonatan A. , Zander Kerstin K.
Published: June 2018

We conducted a systematic literature review to document the scientific knowledge about climate change impacts and adaptation in livestock systems, and to identify research gaps. The analysis was built from the premise that livestock offers substantial opportunities for food security and sustainable development if adaptation to climate change is appropriated. In examining 126 suitable peer-reviewed publications we discovered five research gaps: (1) a lack of research in Asia and South America; (2) a lack of mutual investigation and linkages between impacts and adaptation; (3) a lack of emphasis on mixed crop-livestock systems; (4) a lack of emphasis on monogastric livestock; and (5) an underrepresentation of quantitative methods including yield impact models. The findings suggest that the research on climate change impacts and adaptation in livestock systems needs to move beyond certain geographical contexts and consider key vulnerability priorities, particularly from developing countries. It is pivotal that research begins to jointly look at climate change impacts and the livestock keepers’ adaptation to draw out policy implications and to effectively target support for impact-specific adaptation options. Only if such evidence is established, adaptation will be appropriated accordingly to the needs of the livestock sector, and provision for the growing demand of animal-based products will be secured.
Evaluation and Modeling of Urban Heat Island Intensity in Basel, Switzerland
Authors: Wicki Andreas , Parlow Eberhard , Feigenwinter Christian
Published: June 2018

An increasing number of people living in urban environments and the expected increase in long lasting heat waves makes the study of temperature distribution one of the major tasks in urban climatology, especially considering human health and heat stress. This excess heat is often underestimated because stations from national meteorological services are limited in numbers and are not representing the entire urban area with typically higher nocturnal temperatures, especially in densely built-up environments. For a majority of the population, heat stress is consequently monitored insufficiently. In this study, the factors influencing the nocturnal urban heat island have been evaluated in detail and have been tested using different spatial resolutions. A multiple linear regression model has been developed with predictors resulting from different data sources to model the urban air temperature distribution continuously. Results show that various datasets can be used for the prediction of the heat island distribution with comparable results, ideally run on a 200 m grid. Validation using random sampling indicated a RMSE clearly below the standard deviation of the measurements with an average around ~0.15 °C. The regression coefficients are varying within the nocturnal runs with best results around 22:00 CET (R2 > 0.9).
Structural Characterized Homotrinuclear ZnII Bis(Salamo)-Based Coordination Compound: Hirshfeld Surfaces, Fluorescent and Antimicobial Properties
Authors: Zhang Yang , Liu Ling-Zhi , Pan Ying-Qi , Dong Wen-Kui
Published: June 2018

A homotrinuclear ZnII bis(salamo) coordination compound, [LZn3(OAc)2(H2O)] of a new bis(salamo)-like ligand, has been synthesized and structurally characterized using elemental analyses, IR, UV-Vis and fluorescent spectra, and Hirshfeld surface analysis. Hirshfeld surface analyses and X-ray crystallography revealed that complexation between ZnII acetate dihydrate and the ligand H4L afforded a 3:1 (ZnII:L) type coordination compound. Moreover, the X-ray crystal structure analysis demonstrated that two μ2-acetate anions bridge three ZnII atoms in a μ2-fashion forming a homo-trinuclear structure. There were two kinds of ZnII atoms coordination geometries (strongly distorted square pyramidal (Zn1) and distorted trigonal bipyramidal (Zn2 and Zn3)) in the ZnII coordination compound. In addition, a 3D supra-molecular structure was constructed by intermolecular C-H···π and π···π interactions in the ZnII coordination compound. Most importantly, the fluorescent and antimicrobial properties of H4L and its ZnII coordination compound were investigated.
Neural Indicators of Fatigue in Chronic Diseases: A Systematic Review of MRI Studies
Authors: Goñi María , Basu Neil , Murray Alison D. , Waiter Gordon D.
Published: June 2018

While fatigue is prevalent in chronic diseases, the neural mechanisms underlying this symptom remain unknown. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has the potential to enable us to characterize this symptom. The aim of this review was to gather and appraise the current literature on MRI studies of fatigue in chronic diseases. We systematically searched the following databases: MedLine, PsycInfo, Embase and Scopus (inception to April 2016). We selected studies according to a predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. We assessed the quality of the studies and conducted descriptive statistical analyses. We identified 26 studies of varying design and quality. Structural and functional MRI, alongside diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and functional connectivity (FC) studies, identified significant brain indicators of fatigue. The most common regions were the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, limbic system and basal ganglia. Longitudinal studies offered more precise and reliable analysis. Brain structures found to be related to fatigue were highly heterogeneous, not only between diseases, but also for different studies of the same disease. Given the different designs, methodologies and variable results, we conclude that there are currently no well-defined brain indicators of fatigue in chronic diseases.
The Effect of Immediate Obturator Reconstruction after Radical Maxillary Resections on Speech and other Functions
Authors: Dalkiz Mehmet , Dalkiz Ahmed Suat
Published: June 2018

Objective: Maxillectomy often results in a high level of morbidity with significant psychological and functional implications for patients. The aims of the present study were to assess the effectiveness of the maxillary obturator as a speech rehabilitation aid, to examine the influence of dentition on speech intelligibility, to restore patients’ regular daily activity as soon as possible, and to maintain patients’ psychological well-being throughout the treatment. Patients and Methods: Forty-one palatomaxillary immediate obturator and definitive reconstruction patient treatments were reviewed at a clinic (Ankara, Turkey). Patients aged between 20 and 73 years with surgically acquired partial maxillary defects were included in this study. All patients were rehabilitated with immediate and definitive obturators. The patients were given immediate surgical obturators which were adjusted to the defect area with a tissue conditioner. By employing this procedure and relining with the tissue conditioner weekly, immediate obturators were used in the interim stage of the treatment. As interim obturators, prostheses were used for two to three months until healing and resorption were found satisfactory, after which the definitive obturators were fabricated. Results: The speech intelligibility test (SIT) was employed for the evaluation of the speech ability. Significant improvements were found in the mean speech intelligibility test score (SITS), from 0.02% in patients without prosthetic obturation to 94.10% in patients with immediate obturation on the second day, 95.60% in patients with immediate obturation on the 20th day, and 95.97% in patients with definitive obturation.
Flipping the Dental Anatomy Classroom
Authors: Kellesarian Sergio Varela
Published: June 2018

The development of cognitive knowledge, motor skills, and artistic sense in order to restore lost tooth structure is fundamental for dental professionals. The course of dental anatomy is taught in the initial years of dental school, and is a component of the basic core sciences program in the faculties of dentistry. The learning objectives of the dental anatomy course include identifying anatomical and morphological characteristics of human primary and permanent teeth; identifying and reproducing tooth surface details in order to recognize and diagnose anatomical changes; and developing student’s psychomotor skills for restoring teeth with proper form and function. The majority of dental schools rely on traditional methods to teach dental anatomy, using lectures to convey the theoretical component; whereas the practical component uses two-dimensional drawing of teeth, identification of anatomical features in samples of preserved teeth, and carving of teeth. The aim of the present literature review is to summarize different educational strategies proposed or implemented to challenge the traditional approaches of teaching dental anatomy, specifically the flipped classroom educational model. The goal is to promote this approach as a promising strategy to teaching dental anatomy, in order to foster active learning, critical thinking, and engagement among dental students.
Lyrics2Learn: Teaching Fluency through Music and Technology
Authors: Germeroth Carrie , Kelleman Becky , Spartz Jeremy
Published: June 2018

Since 1992, our nation’s report card (NAEP) has indicated minimal improvement in reading. One of every three fourth grade students cannot read or understand text at a basic proficient level. At the same time, reading curricula publishers have approached reading improvement in similar ways. Recent advancements in technology allow educators to reconsider how to personalize learning and individualize the pace of instruction to address reading disparities. The current study examines the implementation of a new technology application for reading, Lyrics2Learn (L2L). L2L was used over one school year by 463 students, kindergarten to third grade across nine schools in a large urban school district. Achievement data was collected from L2L students and a matched sample of students not using L2L. L2L teachers also provided perception data via an online survey. L2L program analytics were collected to document usage and implementation fidelity. At the end of one year of implementation, L2L students did not significantly differ from non-L2L students on achievement measures. Very few teachers implemented L2L with fidelity, however they reported that it was easy to use and supported differentiation of instruction. The current study has implications for how technology can support individualized reading interventions and classroom innovation.
Capitalizing on Cellular Technology—Opportunities and Challenges for Near Ground Weather Monitoring
Authors: Messer Hagit
Published: June 2018

The use of existing measurements from a commercial wireless communication system as virtual sensors for environmental monitoring has recently gained increasing attention. In particular, measurements of the signal level of commercial microwave links (CMLs) used in the backhaul communication network of cellular systems are considered as opportunistic sensors for precipitation monitoring. Research results have demonstrated the feasibility of the suggested technique for the estimating and mapping of rain, as well as for monitoring other-than-rain phenomena. However, further advancement toward implementation and commercial use are heavily dependent on multidisciplinary collaborations: Communication and network engineers are needed to enable access to the existing measurements; signal processing experts can utilize the different data for improving the accuracy and the tempo-spatial resolution of the estimates; atmospheric scientists are responsible for the physical modeling; hydrologists, meteorologists, and others can contribute to the end uses; economists can indicate the potential benefits; etc. In this paper I will review state-of-the-art results and the open challenges, demonstrating the benefit to the public good from utilizing the opportunistic-sensing approach. I will also analyze the various obstacles on the way there.
3D Printed Hollow-Core Terahertz Fibers
Authors: Cruz Alice L. S. , Cordeiro Cristiano M. B. , Franco Marcos A. R.
Published: June 2018

This paper reviews the subject of 3D printed hollow-core fibers for the propagation of terahertz (THz) waves. Several hollow and microstructured core fibers have been proposed in the literature as candidates for low-loss terahertz guidance. In this review, we focus on 3D printed hollow-core fibers with designs that cannot be easily created by conventional fiber fabrication techniques. We first review the fibers according to their guiding mechanism: photonic bandgap, antiresonant effect, and Bragg effect. We then present the modeling, fabrication, and characterization of a 3D printed Bragg and two antiresonant fibers, highlighting the advantages of using 3D printers as a path to make the fabrication of complex 3D fiber structures fast and cost-effective.
Flow Structure and Force Generation on Flapping Wings at Low Reynolds Numbers Relevant to the Flight of Tiny Insects
Authors: Santhanakrishnan Arvind , Jones Shannon K. , Dickson William B. , Peek Martin , Kasoju Vishwa T. , Dickinson Michael H. , Miller Laura A.
Published: June 2018

In contrast to larger species, little is known about the flight of the smallest flying insects, such as thrips and fairyflies. These tiny animals range from 300 to 1000 microns in length and fly at Reynolds numbers ranging from about 4 to 60. Previous work with numerical and physical models have shown that the aerodynamics of these diminutive insects is significantly different from that of larger animals, but most of these studies have relied on two-dimensional approximations. There can, however, be significant differences between two- and three-dimensional flows, as has been found for larger insects. To better understand the flight of the smallest insects, we have performed a systematic study of the forces and flow structures around a three-dimensional revolving elliptical wing. We used both a dynamically scaled physical model and a three-dimensional computational model at Reynolds numbers ranging from 1 to 130 and angles of attacks ranging from 0° to 90°. The results of the physical and computational models were in good agreement and showed that dimensionless drag, aerodynamic efficiency, and spanwise flow all decrease with decreasing Reynolds number. In addition, both the leading and trailing edge vortices remain attached to the wing over the scales relevant to the smallest flying insects. Overall, these observations suggest that there are drastic differences in the aerodynamics of flight at the scale of the smallest flying animals.