bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of debris flows activity in response to earthquake using an index of sediment connectivity
Authors: Li Yanji , Hu Kaiheng , Guo Xiaojun , Hu Xudong
Published: March 2022

Large earthquakes trigger landslides and collapses, which not only increase the loose solid materials, but also change the topography in the catchments. The debris flow activities in response to earthquake are widespread concerned, but most of the researches focus on the material conditions and the flow properties. In this research, we investigated the temporal variations of debris flow activities in a typical catchment in the Wenchuan Earthquake area, by considering the index of sediment connectivity (IC), which reflects the efficiency of sediment delivery in the catchment. The IC values in different tributaries and different period were calculated to indicate the spatial distribution and temporal variation. The results show that the high IC values distributed in the tributaries on the right hand of the mainstream in the catchment. The IC values decreased significantly after the earthquake, indicating the sediment transfer ability decreased continuously. Meanwhile, the debris flow history and loose solid material amounts were investigated via field surveys. The debris flows activities show a close consistency with the variations of debris flow source amounts and the IC values in the catchment. This research presents a new method of assessment the characteristics of sediment transfer of debris flows affected by the earthquake, and also provides a new insight to assess the debris flow actives for its close relationship with distribution of loose solid materials and sediment connectivity. 
Serious game for landslides: a review of the literature reviews to fill an existing gap in serious game research
Authors: Choudhury Shreyasi , Malamud Bruce D. , Donovan Amy
Published: March 2022

Serious games (SGs) are games developed and designed to inculcate skills, knowledge, competence or change the attitude towards a specific topic. Here we (i) review 58 serious games developed to inform actions and inculcate skills or knowledge on natural hazards or disaster risk; and (ii) propose four serious games for landslides. We, first review nine literature reviews on serious games (post-2002) that list and compare SGs based on different characteristics (for example: their (SG) effectiveness, or their roles for improving decision-making capacity, communication and spurring learning, or their alignment with Sustainability Development Goals). From these reviews, we identify 33 serious games developed to inform actions and inculcate skills or knowledge on natural hazards or disaster risk. We, then, carry out a systematic online-database search in Web of Science to identify 25 more natural hazard-based serious games, bringing the total to 58. For the 58 serious games, we compare the following characteristics: (a) year of game development; (b) game format; (c) player number; (d) target audience; (e) hazard studied; (f) vulnerability; (g) exposure; and (h) methodology followed to identify the game’s effectiveness. Based on our review, we identify 11 gaps in the serious game research area for natural hazards and DRR, of which the most important ones were: (i) limited literature describing how awareness, skills and knowledge are co-created using a serious game, i.e., the effectiveness of the game, and (ii) limited number of games on landslides, either as a standalone hazard or a part of multi-hazards.

Using the learnings from this review, we devise four ideas to develop a computer or board game for landslides in data-poor regions (we will focus on India): (i) a multiplayer game with an aim to explain different roles of stakeholders in landslide hazard management; (ii) a multiplayer game to explain the data collection process, and data flow needed to forecast landslides; (iii) a single or multiplayer game on identifying the interaction between different landslide-related variables; and (iv) a single player game on identifying the landslide risk and future actions. These four ideas involve different stakeholders as target participants, including local inhabitants, academics, government officials and scientists, private contractors, NGO workers, politicians. We further try to integrate these four ideas into one simple serious game and discover a pathway to quantify the effectiveness of this game. We believe that these four ideas also open an avenue for further research and work on serious games on landslides in data-poor regions.
Juvenile source of the North Tianshan turbidites and implication for continental growth of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt
Authors: Wang Meng , Cao Ming , Chen Youxin , Zhang Jinjiang , Pei Xianzhi , Zhou Hai
Published: March 2022

The Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), also known as the Altaids, is one of the world's largest accretionary orogen and it is estimated that ca. 50% of the present crust in Central Asia is juvenile. However, some researchers argued that the amount of continental growth in the CAOB was overestimated. One evidence is that many intra-arc sediments and accretionary wedges in the CAOB contain heterogeneous sources (large proportion of detritus from basement rocks), and no examples from the CAOB where the sediment mainly derived from erosion of juvenile crust has been reported. Here, we conducted geochemistry and Nd isotope study on the turbidites from the North Tianshan Accretionary Complex (NTAC) in the Chinese West Tianshan orogen, which might be an good example of sediment derived from juvenile materials. The turbiditess in the NTAC are mainly composed of fine-grained sandstone, siltstone and argillaceous siliceous rocks. In the southern part near the North Tianshan Fault, the turbidites were deformed and metamorphosed into slate. Geochemically, all the collected rocks (sandstoen/siltstone and slates) have relatively low CIA (Chemical Index of Alteration) values (35 to 63) and PIA (plagioclase index of alteration ) values (34 to 68), indicating that their source rocks experienced relatively weak weathering before erosion and deposition. Both the sandstone/siltstone and slate samples display high ICV (Index of Compositional Variability) values of 0.89 to 1.50 and 0.89 to 0.93, higher than the PAAS, suggesting a relatively immature source. Based on geochemical data, it is suggested that the sandstone/siltstone were mainly derived from intermediate and felsic igneous rocks, while the slates were mainly derived from felsic igneous rocks, and their source rocks were most likely formed in oceanic/continental arc settings. Most of the samples from the NTAC display high positive εNd(t) values (+5.5 to +7.9) with only one exception of +0.8, and the Nd model ages (cluster between 672 Ma and 522 Ma, with one exception of 1.1 Ga) are only slightly older than their depositional age (Carboniferous). Our previous study has revealed that the detrital zircons from the turbidites display unimodal age patterns with peaks at 320 to 310 Ma, and have high positive εHf(t) values (+2.9 to +15.8, mostly greater than +10). These results indicate that the turbidites in the NTAC were mainly derived from intermediate to felsic igneous rocks with juvenile arc signature. The northern Chinese West Tianshan is a typical site with significant Phanerozoic continental growth, and the mechanism needs further study.
Inference of (geostatistical) hyperparameters with the correlated pseudo-marginal method
Authors: Friedli Lea , Linde Niklas , Ginsbourger David , Fernandez Visentini Alejandro , Doucet Arnaud
Published: March 2022

We consider non-linear Bayesian inversion problems to infer the (geostatistical) hyperparameters of a random field describing (hydro)geological or geophysical properties by inversion of hydrogeological or geophysical data. This problem is of particular importance in the non-ergodic setting as no analytical upscaling relationships exist linking the data (resulting from a specific field realization) to the hyperparameters specifying the spatial distribution of the underlying random field (e.g., mean, standard deviation, and integral scales). Jointly inferring the hyperparameters and the "true" realization of the field (typically involving many thousands of unknowns) brings important computational challenges, such that in practice, simplifying model assumptions (such as homogeneity or ergodicity) are made. To prevent the errors resulting from such simplified assumptions while circumventing the burden of high-dimensional full inversions, we use a pseudo-marginal Metropolis-Hastings algorithm that treats the random field as a latent variable. In this random effect model, the intractable likelihood of observing the hyperparameters given the data is estimated by Monte Carlo averaging over realizations of the random field. To increase the efficiency of the method, low-variance approximations of the likelihood ratio are ensured by correlating the samples used in the proposed and current steps of the Markov chain and by using importance sampling. We assess the performance of this correlated pseudo-marginal method to the problem of inferring the hyperparameters of fracture aperture fields using borehole ground-penetrating radar (GPR) reflection data. We demonstrate that the correlated pseudo-marginal method bypasses the computational challenges of a very high-dimensional target space while avoiding the strong bias and too low uncertainty ranges obtained when employing simplified model assumptions. These advantages also apply when using the posterior of the hyperparameters describing the aperture field to predict its effective hydraulic transmissivity.
Modelling the local gravity field by rectangular harmonics with numerical validations
Authors: Panou Georgios , Korakitis Romylos
Published: March 2022

For the representation of the Earth’s global gravity field, Spherical Harmonics (SH) are widely used in geodetic community. On the other hand, for the representation of a local or regional gravity field, Spherical Cap Harmonics (SCH) and Rectangular Harmonics (RH) are alternative techniques with important advantages over SH. Although SCH are extensively presented in literature, RH are found in very few applications, especially of the gravity field. This work derives different functional forms of the disturbing potential, outside of the Earth’s masses, using RH. Also, the necessary transformation from geocentric into local rectangular coordinates is presented. The Rectangular Harmonic Coefficients (RHC) of the different mathematical models of the disturbing potential can be estimated through a least squares’ adjustment process. In order to select the best mathematical model, numerical experiments, based on data generated from a geopotential model, are conducted and the results are validated. Then, for the best model of the disturbing potential, its functionals (gravity anomaly and disturbance, height anomaly, geoid undulation and deflection of vertical) are given in terms of RHC. We conclude that RH representations are both suitable and convenient for the modelling of the local or regional gravity field.
A novel two-dimensional numerical model developed for slope soil erosion
Authors: Wang Tian , Hou Jingming , Tong Yu , Zhao Jiaheng , Wang Feng
Published: March 2022

Slope erosion is the main source of soil erosion. Simulated slope erosion sediment yield and its development process have great significance for quantitative erosion evaluation at the spatiotemporal scale. In this study, a loess slope erosion experiment was implemented indoors to establish a sediment carrying capacity formula suitable for loess slope erosion. A two-dimensional slope erosion numerical model was developed based on the developed sediment carrying capacity formula, and the model was verified by a simulated indoor slope rainfall erosion experiment. The results showed that the corrected slope sediment transport capacity formula is suitable for loess slopes, which have a higher prediction precision. The developed erosion numerical model simulation was verified by simulated rainfall slope erosion experiments. Regarding the evaluation metrics for slope simulation accuracy, the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) values were 0.83 for the runoff rate and 0.66 for the sediment concentration, R2 values were 0.89 for the runoff rate and 0.73 for the sediment concentration, and the relative bias (RB) values were -5.02% for the runoff rate and -1.02% for the sediment concentration. The spatial contribution rate of slope erosion was analysed based on the simulation results, and the most severely eroded areas were the middle and lower parts of the slope. The erosion contribution rate reached 69.59% on the 1-4 m area of the slope. The research results can further improve loessal slope erosion process simulation and prediction.
Recent deposition and mobility of microplastics in proximal floodplain sediments
Authors: Weber Collin J. , Opp Christian , Prume Julia A. , Koch Martin , Andersen Thorbjørn J. , Chifflard Peter
Published: March 2022

With the exponential expansion of global plastic production since the 1950s, plastics were able to enter the environment and freshwater systems now for 70 years. Meanwhile it is known that microplastics (MP) are transported through river systems as part of the global plastic cycle and can be deposited in river or floodplain sediments. However, it remains unclear to what extent and since when MP deposition takes place in alluvial sediments and whether MP remains stable within sediments? To address this question, we combined the analysis of MP (>500 µm) based on density separation, visual fluorescence identification, and ATR-FTIR analysis, with the analysis of sediment stratigraphy, textures, and 210Pb-137Cs dating. Within the framework of a recent case study, we performed those analyses for two sediment cores, located in proximal floodplains within the upper and lower reaches of the Lahn River (Germany). We found that MP concentrations range from 0–21.12 p kg-1, with a significant enrichment in upper (0–50 cm) sediments. During radionuclide analyses we found peaks in depths between 30–50 cm, indicating that MP enriched legacy sediments were deposited after the 1960s. Our results therefore prove an accumulation of MP through youngest flood dynamics. The additional detection of MP below the recent sedimentary deposits, with average concentrations of 0.69 p kg-1 in deeper sections (50–200 cm) may refer to in-situ vertical transfer and a mobility of MP particles. We can therefore conclude that MP entered freshwater systems with the onset of increased use and production, and has since been deposited intermittently in legacy sediments of proximal floodplains.  In addition to our findings, we would like to discuss the opportunities and limitations of our combined method approach for further MP research within the aquatic-terrestrial interface.
Possible effect of the particulate matter (PM) pollution on the Covid-19 spread in southern Europe
Authors: Renard Jean-Baptiste , Delaunay Gilles , Poincelet Eric , Surcin Jérémy
Published: March 2022

The time evolution of the Covid-19 death cases exhibits several distinct episodes since the start of the pandemic early in 2020. We propose an analysis of several Southern Europe regions that highlights how the beginning of each episode correlates with a strong increase in the concentrations level of pollution particulate matter smaller than 2.5 µm (PM2.5). Following the original PM2.5 spike, the evolution of the Covid-19 spread depends on the (partial) lockdowns and vaccinate races, thus the highest level of confidence in correlation can only be achieved when considering the beginning of each episode. The analysis is conducted for the 2020-2022 period at different locations: the Lombardy region (Italy), where we consider the mass concentrations measurements obtained by air quality monitoring stations (µg.m-3), and the cities of Paris (France), Lisbon (Portugal) and Madrid (Spain) using in-situ measurements counting particles (cm-3) in the 0.5-2.5 µm size range obtained with hundreds of mobile aerosol counters. The particle counting methodology is more suitable to evaluate the possible correlation between PM pollution and Covid-19 spread because we can better estimate the concentration of the submicronic particles compared with a mass concentration measurement methodology which would result in skewed results due to larger particles. Very fine particles of lesser than one micron go deeper inside the body and can even cross the alveolar-capillary barrier, subsequently attacking most of the organs through the bloodstream, potentially triggering a pejorative systemic inflammatory reaction. The rapidly increasing number of deaths attributed to the covid-19 starts between 2 weeks and one month after PM events that often occur in winter, which is coherent with the virus incubation time and its lethal outcome. We suggest that the pollution by the submicronic particles alters the pulmonary alveoli status and thus significantly increase the lungs susceptibility to the virus.
Hybrid Forecasting of Recent Flood and Drought Events in Switzerland 
Authors: Chang Annie Y.-Y. , Jola Simone , Bogner Konrad , Domeisen Daniela I.V. , Zappa Massimiliano
Published: March 2022

Flood and drought events can lead to severe socio-economic impact and damages. Thus, there is a need for early warnings of such extreme events, especially for decision-makers in sectors like hydropower production, navigation and transportation, agriculture, and hazard management. To improve the predictability of sub-seasonal streamflow, we propose the approach of a hybrid forecasting system, where a conceptual hydrological model PREVAH is combined with a machine learning (ML) model. The PREVAH model provides catchment level hydrological forecasts and the role of the ML model is to emulate a runoff routing scheme. Such a hybrid setup allows the forecasting system to benefit from the statistical power of ML while maintaining the understanding of physical processes from the hydrological model.

The objective of this study is to investigate the predictability of a hybrid forecasting system to provide monthly streamflow predictions for three recent extreme events. These include the drought event in summer 2018, the drought event in spring 2020, and the flood event in summer 2021 in selected large Swiss rivers. We also investigate different predictability drivers by considering additional input features to the ML model, such as initial streamflow, European weather regime indices, and a hydropower proxy.

We demonstrate that the proposed hybrid forecasting system has the potential to provide skillful monthly forecasts of the interested events. Informed ML models with additional input features achieve better performance than results obtained using hydrological model outputs only. This study sheds light on using hybrid forecasting for sub-seasonal hydrological predictions to provide useful information for medium-term planning at a monthly time horizon and reduce the impact of flood and drought events.
Towards a realistic evaluation of transport coefficients in non-equilibrium plasmas from space
Authors: Husidic Edin , Lazar Marian , Scherer Klaus , Fichtner Horst , Poedts Stefaan
Published: March 2022

While space plasmas are largely considered to be nearly collisionless, at relatively low heliocentric distances, that is, below 1 AU, particle-particle collisions still play an important role in the transport of matter, momentum, and energy. A way to quantify these processes macroscopically, e.g., in fluid models, is within classical transport theory, where fluxes and their sources are linearly related by transport coefficients. In the solar wind context, of particular interest are the observed velocity distributions of plasma particles with Kappa-distributed suprathermal tails, conditioned not only by binary collisisions, but also by their interaction with plasma waves and turbulence. We present first derivations of the main transport coefficients based on regularised Kappa distributions (RKDs), which, unlike standard Kappa distributions (SKDs), enable a macroscopic description of non-equilibrium plasmas without mathematical divergences or physical inconsistencies. All transport coefficients are finite, well defined for all values of κ > 0, and markedly enhanced in the presence of suprathermal electrons. The results indicate that for low values of κ, that is, below the SKD poles, the transport coefficients can be many orders of magnitudes higher than the corresponding Maxwellian limits, which can lead to significant underestimations if suprathermal electrons are ignored. Moreover, we show the importance of an adequate Kappa modeling of suprathermal populations by contrasting our results to other modified interpretations that underestimate the effects of suprathermals.
Bathymetric Effects on Geoid Modeling
Authors: Li Xiaopeng , Lin Miao , Krcmaric Jordan , Jia Yuanyuan , Shum Ck , Roman Daniel
Published: March 2022

Bathymetric data over lake areas are not included in previous NGS (National Geodetic Survey) geoid model computations. Mean lake surfaces are used as the bare rock surface during the modeling. This approximation treats the water body as rocks with the same size, and causes errors that can be avoided. This study uses the bathymetric model to rigorously compute the volume of water bodies instead of treating them as rocks, during geoid modeling. To make fair comparisons and show the effects clearly, three sets of geoid models are generated with the same theory currently used at NGS, and with the same parameters. Model-Base is computed without bathymetric information of the water body. In this model, the real water bodies are simply replaced by rocks. Model-Condensed and Model-Density are generated with bathymetric information. The treatments of water bodies are different between the two models, but both are based on the hypothesis of mass conservation. The water bodies are condensed into the equivalent rocks in the Model-Condensed, leading to the geometrical shape changes in the lake area. In the Model-Density, the density of each topographical column bounded by the lake surface and geoid is taken as the average of the density of water and rock bodies included in this column, resulting in the density changes in the lake area. The study area is focused on the Great Lakes area of North America. The geoid model differences between Model-Condensed and Model-Base range from -18 to 25 mm, forming a Gaussian distribution. The distribution of the geoid model differences between Model-Density and Model-Base are not in a Gaussian form, and their values are in the range between -1 and 18 mm. Both the nearby GNSS/Leveling bench marks from US and the multi-year averaged altimetry data are used to validate the results. Consistent geoid model precision improvements of about 2 mm are confirmed around the Lake Superior, which is the deepest and largest lake, over all selected frequency bands of the Stokes’s kernel. The numerical results prove the importance of considering water bodies in the determination of a high-accuracy geoid model over the Great Lakes area.
Eric Wood’s contributions to Scaling in Hydrology
Authors: Blöschl Günter
Published: March 2022

This presentation will briefly review the scaling and similarity concepts developed by Eric Wood and evaluate their impact on the development of the hydrological science, in particular distributed hydrological modeling.

Eric Wood was a pioneer in fundamental research on scaling and similarity of catchment hydrologic response. He introduced the “representative elementary area” concept that showed that catchment response could be represented in terms of “building blocks” of some minimum size. This thinking launched him into the era of spatially distributed hydrologic modeling. Eric was the first to develop a distributed modeling framework that accounted for the effects of topography and land ­surface–​­atmosphere interactions involving coupled ­water–​­energy dynamics. Many of the distributed modeling concepts Eric pioneered found their way into the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) macroscale hydrology model, which has become a common land surface parameterization scheme in global circulation models used in global change science.
Snow Virga Above the Swiss Plateau Observed by a Micro Rain Radar
Authors: Hocke Klemens , Beynon Ruben
Published: March 2022

Highlights of the thesis of Ruben Beynon are presented. To our knowledge, snow virga at middle latitudes has not been reported yet. We  investigated data from a Micro Rain Radar (MRR) in Bern, Switzerland, from 2008 to 2013 for snow virga precipitation events. The MRR data were reprocessed with the radar data processing by Garcia-Benardi et al. (2020) which allows the reliable determination of the snow virga precipitation rate. Here, we focus on the long-lasting snow virga event of 17 March 2013. The review of the event is additionally supported by atmospheric reanalysis data and atmospheric back trajectories. In the investigated event, we are able to observe a wind shear during the snow virga precipitation. While the wind shear existed, the situation was  that moist and precipitating air was in the upper air layers while dry air was carried into the lower air layers.  The lowest altitudes reached by the precipitation varied between 300 m and 1500 m above the ground. The duration of the snow virga was  22 hours.  In difference to the MRR observations, ERA5 reanalysis indicated drizzle at the ground over a time segment of  4 hours during the snow virga event.
A tale of two methods: Uncertainties in data-driven versus model-based leakage detection and localization methods in water distribution systems.
Authors: Mohan Doss Prasanna , Steffelbauer David Bernhard , Rokstad Marius Møller , Tscheikner-Gratl Franz
Published: March 2022

Water utilities worldwide are under constant stress to reduce water loss due to urbanization, population growth, and climate change. Globally, Water Distribution Networks (WDNs) lose about 30% of the treated water on an average during supply. In addition to the amount of water lost, leaky WDNs consume additional energy and increase the risk of contamination. Deteriorating pipes and pipe network elements such as valves and joints, as well as improper pressure management are the main contributing factors for water loss in WDNs. Due to the increasing concern about water loss, leakage detection and localization have been widely researched in recent decades, both in continuously pumped and intermittently pumped systems.

The techniques used for leakage detection and repair range from conventional methods with direct inspection on-site to model-based optimization methods. In the present era of low-cost sensors and the availability of high computing power, the transformation of WDNs into smart water systems is higher than ever. This has led to the research and development of data-driven and hybrid methods for solving leakage detection and localization methods. Irrespective of the class of methods used, their ultimate goal can be distilled primarily into two questions – a) How quickly and reliably can the presence of leak(s) be detected, and b) How accurate and precise can the location and size of the leak(s) be estimated?

Answers to these questions include uncertainties inherent to the methods and models used, their underlying assumptions and necessary abstractions. Although much research has been done for many years to reduce uncertainties in leakage detection and localization, a comprehensive study using a consistent terminology of their types, sources, and effects on the outcome are missing. The main contribution of this work is to discuss (i) why there are uncertainties in the formulation of leakage detection and localization problem, (ii) identify the sources and types of uncertainties for different classes of modeling approaches (i.e., data-driven vs. model-based), and (iii) provide a brief review of their influence concerning error bounds from existing literature.
Benthic foraminiferal preferences for macroalgal habitats: implications for coastal warming
Authors: Manda Sneha , Titelboim Danna , Ashckenazi-Polivoda Sarit , Almogi-Labin Ahuva , Herut Barak , Abramovich Sigal
Published: March 2022

Considering the thermal limits of coastal macroalgae habitats in the Eastern Mediterranean, it is important to study the response of the associated meiofauna in order to better understand the expected feedback of ecosystems to future warming. In this study, we characterized the benthic foraminiferal assemblages of two common types of macroalgae habitats (Turf and Coralline algae) along the Mediterranean coast of Israel. Our study is based on a one-year ecological monitoring of a thermally polluted station, representing near future warming, and an undisturbed environment.

Our results show that most foraminifera species show a preference for specific macroalgal habitat. The existence of the common foraminifera species is not threatened by the expected disappearance of Coralline algae habitats. However, their community structure will be impacted. Interestingly, the species that exhibited high abundances on Coralline algae are highly thermally tolerant, thus this association might reduce their proliferation with warming.
The momentum flux profiles produced by trapped lee waves
Authors: Teixeira Miguel A. C. , Argaín José L.
Published: March 2022

Orographic gravity waves (also known as mountain waves) cause the atmosphere to exert a drag force on mountains. By Newton’s 3rd law, the mountains exert an equal and opposite force on the atmosphere. It is clear from linear wave theory how to develop a framework for representing this reaction force in parametrizations for vertically propagating waves in climate and weather prediction models: the waves break and dissipate either due to critical levels (where the wind speed is perpendicular to the horizontal wavenumber vector, or zero), or due to the progressive decrease of density with height. But the situation is more complicated for trapped lee waves, which propagate horizontally near the surface, and where the wave energy is alternately reflected at the ground and at an elevated layer where the waves become evanescent. It is clear that boundary layer friction should be responsible for most of the dissipation of trapped lee waves, but it is not clear, even in the inviscid approximation, what form the wave momentum flux profiles that force the large-scale mean flow will take. This is due to the complications associated with the fact that trapped lee waves have both horizontal and vertical momentum (and pseudo-momentum) fluxes, which oscillate indefinitely with the wave phase downstream of the orography. No mechanism equivalent to critical levels, or density decay with height, acting on vertically propagating mountain waves, is available for trapped lee waves. In this study, this limitation is overcome by accounting for the effects of weak friction. While for an inviscid trapped lee wave train, the horizontally integrated momentum flux is ill-defined (except at the surface), in a dissipative problem where friction exists, no matter how small, the wave train necessarily decays downstream, and so is spatially bounded. This allows the areally integrated effect of the trapped lee wave to be expressed in terms of the divergence of the vertical flux of horizontal wave momentum (as for vertically-propagating waves). On the other hand, the form of the momentum flux profile (which defines this divergence) is different from any form that could be inferred from inviscid theory, although it is independent of the magnitude of friction, as long as this is small. These results from linear theory are compared with high-resolution numerical simulations of trapped lee waves for the two-layer atmosphere of Scorer, which confirm the form of the momentum flux profiles, and suggest that these may be independent of the adopted form of friction, at least to some extent. The results therefore facilitate the formulation of parametrizations for trapped lee waves with a much more solid physical  basis, and are likely to be generalizable to other atmospheric profiles.
Generalizing the simulation of temperature distributions in a deep geological nuclear waste repository
Authors: Rühaak Wolfram , Werres Michael , Lohser Thomas , Röhlig Klaus-Jürgen
Published: March 2022

Based on representative data for the geologic situation in Germany the temperature evolution around a nuclear waste canister was modeled in detail. The surrounding rock data for this specific case study represent crystalline rock properties. Heat production was estimated based on the German radioactive waste inventory. Using FEFLOW a high-resolution 3D numerical thermal model of one single canister was set up. The respective canister design was selected according to the Scandinavian KBS-3V concept. Based on this model representative temperature data in space and time were computed. By using these detailed reference results a strongly simplified model with just single node heat sources representing a repository section with 15 emplaced canisters was calibrated.

Tests showed that this approach allows to compute large arrays of canisters with a good quality.

Results of the study will be shown and further potential improvements are discussed.
Plant surplus carbon underlies belowground carbon fluxes
Authors: Prescott Cindy
Published: March 2022

I propose that patterns of belowground carbon flux observed under various environmental conditions can be largely explained by plant production of ‘surplus carbon’. Under common environmental conditions such as moderate deficiencies of water, nitrogen or phosphorus, high light, low temperatures, or elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, plant leaf cells produce more photo-assimilates than they are able to use for primary metabolism, and so have surplus fixed carbon. Accumulation of surplus carbohydrates can damage leaf cells and so must be either transformed to other compounds or removed from the leaf. Active carbohydrate sinks are essential for the transport and removal of surplus C. Moderate deficiencies of N or P do not interfere with phloem loading, so much of the surplus C can be transported through the phloem, eventually reaching the roots. Active sinks for surplus carbon in roots include phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated respiration, conversion to starch, transfer to mycorrhizal fungi, or carboxylation to malate which is exuded or taken up by bacteria both inside and outside the root. These active sinks prevent metabolite accumulation and feedback inhibition of photosynthesis. The foundational benefit of belowground C fluxes and transfers to root-associated organisms may be assisting with the removal of surplus fixed carbon.

 
ClimarisQ: a Smartphone game to highlight the complexity of the Climate Systems and the impacts of Extreme Events
Authors: Faranda Davide
Published: March 2022

ClimarisQ is a smartphone/web game from a scientific mediation project that highlights the complexity of the climate system and the urgency of collective action to limit climate change. It is an app-game where players must make decisions to limit the frequency and impacts of extreme climate events and their impacts on human societies using real climate models. ClimarisQ has also an educational tool that helps to understand:

The urgency of collective action to limit the adverse effects of climate change (The importance of limiting greenhouse gas emissions).

The multiplicity of interacting climate components as well as the nonlinearities of the processes underlying climate dynamics (Delayed effects, amplification, rebound effects).

The problems of predicting and projecting extreme weather events (Unpredictable locations and timing but predictable frequencies).

Explore the effects of mitigation and adaptation choices to extreme climate events at the local, regional and global levels. Could you achieve a greener trajectory than the IPCC RCP 4.5 emission scenario? Explore the feedback mechanisms (notably physical, but also economic and social) that produce extreme effects on the climate system. Make decisions on a continental scale and see the impact of these decisions on the economy, politics and the environment. Deal with extreme events (heat waves, cold waves, heavy rainfall and drought) generated by a real climate model. Try to balance the “popularity”, “ecology” and “finance” gauges as long as possible. Fullfill all the missions to explore different climates.

The game-over displays both the PPM (parts per million) of CO2 deviation from the intermediate scenario of greenhouse gas emissions established by the IPCC (RCP4.5), as well as the number of survival game turns. These elements stimulate thinking about climate change and motivate the player to do better next time. Thanks to the hazards introduced by the extreme events and cards, every game is different!

Play/Download the game at: https://climarisq.ipsl.fr/en/  

also available in French/English and Italian

<img src="https://contentmanager.copernicus.org/fileStorageProxy.php?f=gnp.1ea342163ad162460961461/sdaolpUECMynit/22UGE&app=m&a=0&c=8c36eefd8fcc8baa0f7980fc98038fbf&ct=x&pn=gnp.elif&d=1" alt="" width="582" height="524">
Conservation tillage and soil biodiversity in the black soil region of northeast China: results from a long-term tillage trial
Authors: Zhang Shixiu , Chang Liang , Chen Xuewen , Zhang Yan , Yang Xueming , Jia Shuxia , Liang Aizhen
Published: March 2022

Conservation tillage has become the core technology to conquer the degradation of black soil, the ‘giant panda in arable land’. Since soil is a home to a variety of organisms, it is very important to regard soil as a living system to evaluate the impact of conservation tillage on the health of black soil. Therefore, based on the long-term conservation tillage trial established by the Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the responses of soil biodiversity and its function to conservation tillage were comprehensively elucidated in this study. Compared with conventional tillage, conservation tillage strongly improved the species richness (1-8%), density (25-57%), and biomass (30-50%) of the entire soil assemblages, including microorganisms, nematodes, collembolans, mites and earthworms, as well as the connectance of soil food web (14-32%). Furthermore, conservation tillage promotes the performance of soil biotic function in soil structure formation, soil carbon sequestration and nitrogen efficient utilization and crop yield stability. These results suggest that conservation tillage can effectively utilize the functional potential of soil organisms, which is of great significance to supporting the healthy and sustainable development of agriculture in the black soil region of northeast China.
Tectonic strain rates in the Anatolia-Caucasus region from Sentinel-I InSAR and GNSS, and their implications for seismic hazard
Authors: Rollins Chris , Wright Tim , Maghsoudi Yasser , Lazecky Milan , Hooper Andrew , Weiss Jonathan
Published: March 2022

Geodetic measurements of crustal deformation can provide crucial constraints on a region’s tectonics and seismic hazard. An ideal is for these measurements to be able to directly image deformation well enough (at the surface) that the remaining uncertainty is largely about its depth extent. For this, geodetic measurements need to be five things: spatially dense (on the scale of individual faults), spatially wide-ranging (enough to capture the entirety of strain signals), temporally dense (enough that noise and nuisances can be understood), temporally wide-ranging (enough to bring out gradual interseismic deformation), and accurate. Sentinel-IA InSAR, as processed through large-scale workflows like the COMET-LiCS system and when combined with high-quality GNSS data, is arguably the first geodetic dataset with the potential to be all five. We are using this combination to construct high-resolution maps of crustal deformation and strain across the Alpine-Himalayan Belt. In the Anatolia-Caucasus region, we resolve the large-scale deformation patterns of the North Anatolia and East Anatolian Faults, and a deformation front extending northeastward from their intersection into the Caucasus that is consistent with the locations of large earthquakes. Taking this relationship further, we pair the strain rate map with the Turkish and ISC-GEM seismic catalogues to estimate the recurrence intervals of large, moderate and small earthquakes throughout the Anatolia-Caucasus region assuming conservation of seismic moment. On the North Anatolian Fault, we find that this balance is consistent with the ~250-year recurrence interval between the last two earthquake sequences.
Atmospheric effects and precursors of rainfall over the Swiss Plateau
Authors: Wang Wenyue , Hocke Klemens
Published: March 2022

In recent years, there has been growing interest in characterizing atmospheric conditions prior to rain events using integrated water vapor (IWV) derived from ground-based microwave radiometers (MWR). However, the occurrence of rainfall depends on a myriad of atmospheric parameters. This paper uses a composite analysis method to analyze various atmospheric parameters that affect rainfall over the Swiss Plateau during the period 2011-2020. 1199 rainfall events generated from the TROpospheric WAter RAdiometer (TROWARA) with a 7 s temporal resolution are combined with fields from weather station records. Different weather time evolution characteristics such as IWV, integrated liquid water (ILW), cloud-bottom infrared temperature (IRT) along with meteorological parameters, temperature, pressure, relative humidity, wind speed, and air density are identified before, during, and after rainfall. Regardless of seasonality or rainfall duration, a sharp increase in the IWV, ILW, and IRT before rain, and all the meteorological parameters reach the extreme 0.5 to 1 hour before rain starts. IWV at the end of the rain is lower than at the beginning, and it filtered by the 10-min band pass filter fluctuates significantly before rain. Air density drops 2 to 6 hours before rain starts. The true detection rate for rainfall prediction from air density alone as one of the precursors reaches 60%. Applying all these parameters to jointly predict rainfall is possible to obtain higher prediction accuracy.
A new two-phase shallow water hydro-sedi-morphodynamic model with the HLLC solver for inter-grid numerical flux estimation
Authors: Hu Peng , Lyu Binghan , Li Ji , Liu Qifeng , Li Youwei , Cao Zhixian
Published: March 2022

Given that fluvial flows carrying relatively coarse sediments involve strong interactions between the water and the sediment phases, two-phase shallow water hydro-sedi-morphodynamic models have been developed (Li et al. 2019, Advances in Water Resources, 129(JUL.), 338-353; Lyu et al. 2021: EGU General Assembly 2021, online, 19–30 Apr 2021, EGU21-4258). Here we report improvements over the model by Lyu et al. (2021), which lead to considerably improved numerical accuracies. Specifically, using finite volume method (FVM) to solve the governing equations on unstructured grids, the Harten-Lax-van Leer-Contact (HLLC) Riemann solver is proposed to estimate the inter-cell numerical flux for the flow phase and the sediment phases separately, in contrast to previous two-phase flow models using centered schemes. The improved numerical accuracy is demonstrated by numerically revisiting a series of experimental scenarios including refilling of a dredged trench, and a full dam-break flow in an abruptly widening channel.
Probabilistic Estimation of mid-Holocene global mean sea level 
Authors: Creel Roger , Austermann Jacqueline , Kopp Robert , Khan Nicole , Ashe Erica , Kingslake Jonathan , Albrecht Torsten
Published: March 2022

Rising sea levels in the 21st century threaten coastal communities with inundation, yet projecting the relative and global mean sea level response to climate warming is complex. Lack of contemporary analogues for future climate dynamics has turned attention to periods in the geologic past that can illuminate how Earth’s climate system reacts to temperature forcing. Recent evidence suggests the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets may have retreated inland of their present-day extents during the mid-late Holocene (~8-3 ka), then readvanced until the pre-industrial. These findings have highlighted the utility of the mid-Holocene—when summer temperatures in the northern hemisphere may have neared 4 degrees hotter than preindustrial levels—as a partial analogue for future warming.

Here we present a new probabilistic estimate of mid-Holocene global mean sea level (GMSL). We construct an ensemble of global ice sheet reconstructions for the last 80 kyr that spans a range of possible mid-Holocene GMSL scenarios. We predict relative sea level from each model accounting for glacial isostatic adjustment and using a range of solid earth structures. We then compare these predictions to 10,733 postglacial sea-level indicators and weigh the GMSL curves from each ice model using data-model fits. The constraints placed on mid-Holocene global mean sea level clarify climate dynamics during this critical interval in Earth’s recent history, and enable new estimates of post-glacial Antarctic ice volume and the likelihood of mid-Holocene West Antarctic ice sheet readvance.

 
Prediction of local amplification model and retrieval of the shear-wave velocity structure in Ramsar city, North of Iran
Authors: Shabani Elham
Published: March 2022

This paper describes the analysis performed within a blind prediction, devoted to study local amplification and retrieval of shear-wave velocity structure in Ramsar city, the westernmost city in Mazandaran province in North of Iran, it borders the Caspian Sea to the north. Ambient vibration data were collected in 80 single stations and also 20 array measurements, in an area of 730 km2. The collected seismic data were analysed using both single-station and array processing techniques all equipped with Nanometrics Trillium40s intermediate sensors. The array measurements were conducted using uniform circular arrays of six sensors with one sensor in the center and a recording time of 45 minutes. The maximum conceivable aperture  was about 70 m. Horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios were calculated showing resonance peaks around 0.8 and 10 Hz. A fundamental resonance frequency map is provided for Ramsar area. The modified SPAC and high resolution F-K (RTBF) methods were applied for surface-wave dispersion curves retrieval. Vertical components were analysed to retrieve Rayleigh-wave dispersion curves while horizontal motions allowed to extract Love-wave dispersion curves by applying RTBF. They were used as targets for numerical inversion jointly with Love-wave dispersion curves and Rayleigh-wave ellipticity curves obtained for each array measurements.
Multipoint Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections Observed with Solar Orbiter, BepiColombo, Parker Solar Probe, Wind, and STEREO-A
Authors: Möstl Christian , Weiss Andreas J. , Reiss Martin A. , Amerstorfer Tanja , Bailey Rachel L. , Bauer Maike , Barnes David , Davies Jackie A. , Harrison Richard A. , Davies Emma E. , Heyner Daniel , Horbury Tim S. , Bale Stuart D.
Published: March 2022

We present the results of a search for multipoint in situ and imaging observations of interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) with the Heliophysics System Observatory, from 2020 April to present day. This builds up on our recent publication in ApJ Letters introducing the living ICME lineup catalog available at https://helioforecast.space/lineups. We highlight a few new lineup events captured by those spacecraft from September to November 2021, when all were located within 50 degrees east of the Sun-Earth line. Multi-messenger observations of ICME flux ropes and shocks are much needed to make progress on the understanding of the global magnetic configuration of ICMEs, space weather forecasting, the magnetic connectivity of the solar wind to the Sun and the propagation of solar energetic particles.