bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The relationship between shared-decision making in contraceptive counseling and satisfaction in Accra and Kumasi, Ghana
Authors: Compton Sarah , Manu Adom , Maya Ernest , Morhe Emmanuel , Dalton Vanessa
Published: December 2021

Background:  Current use of modern methods of contraception remain low in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa, including Ghana. One way to improve both satisfaction with and continuation of contraceptive usage is to increase the level of shared decision-making around method choice. In this study, we sought to evaluate the extent to which patients in urban Ghana experienced shared decision-making and if this was associated with method chosen, satisfaction, or continuation of the method at three-months post-visit.

Methods: We conducted a longitudinal survey. Women were recruited when they were starting a new method of contraception and followed-up with at three-months post-initiation from five family planning clinics in Accra and Kumasi, Ghana. Participants were asked who made the decision about their method choice, the patient herself, the provider, or the patient and provider together. Our outcomes included measures of satisfaction and three months’ continuation.

Results: Fifty-eight percent of our participants reported making the decision of which method to use themselves, and eighty percent reported being satisfied to be leaving with their chosen method. At three months, those who reported they engaged in shared decision-making were more likely to report they would choose the same method again (p=.003), a measure of satisfaction. Patients who reported they made the decision of which method to use (p=.002) and those who left with an injection or pill (p=.019) rated their provider less favorably, while participants who had used a method before (p=.024) and those who reported they received their method of choice (p=.000) rated their providers more favorably.

Conclusions: Measured in multiple ways, women who made the decision of which method to use were less satisfied. These results show the importance of providers engaging with patients during the contraceptive decision-making process.
Introductory survey of the South Estonian language islands
Authors: Balodis Uldis , Pajusalu Karl
Published: December 2021

The South Estonian language islands – Leivu, Lutsi, Kraasna – are three historically South Estonian-speaking exclaves located not only beyond the borders of Estonia, but also geographically separated from the main body of South Estonian speakers for at least several centuries. Two of these communities – Leivu and Lutsi – were located in present-day Latvia. The third community – Kraasna – was located near the northernmost Lutsi communities – only about 35 kilometres distant across the present-day Latvian border in Russia. This article acts as an introduction to the studies in this volume by describing the history and current state of the communities at its focus. It gives an overview of the location of the language island communities, their origins, linguistic status, and self-identity as well as provides a survey of their research history dating from its beginnings in the late 19th century to the present.

Kokkuvõte. Uldis Balodis, Karl Pajusalu: Sissejuhatav ülevaade lõunaeesti keelesaartest. Lõunaeesti keelesaared – Leivu, Lutsi, Kraasna – on kolm ajaloolist lõunaeestikeelset enklaavi, mis ei jää üksnes väljapoole Eesti piire, vaid mis on olnud Lõuna-Eesti põhialast eraldatud vähemalt mitu sajandit. Kaks nendest keelesaartest – Leivu ja Lutsi – asuvad tänapäeva Lätis. Kolmas keelesaar – Kraasna – paiknes teisel pool Läti piiri Venemaal, jäädes põhjapoolsest Lutsi asualast ainult u 35 kilomeetri kaugusele. Artikkel tutvustab sissejuhatavalt selle erinumbri artiklite teemasid, kirjeldades lõunaeesti keelesaarte ajalugu ja praegust olukorda. Esitatakse ülevaade keelesaarte asendist ja päritolust, keelelisest staatusest, kõnelejate identiteedist ning ka uurimisloost 19. sajandist tänaseni.
The Position of Leivu
Authors: Kallio Petri
Published: December 2021

Leivu has generally been connected with Võro and especially its Hargla dialect. However, this classification has always been based on superficial synchronic similarities rather than a rigorous diachronic analysis. Instead, closer examination shows that Leivu is the earliest offshoot of South Estonian and that its similarities with Hargla Võro can better be explained by their geographical proximity.

Kokkuvõte. Petri Kallio: Leivu asend. Leivut on üldiselt ühendatud võro keelega ja eriti Hargla murrakuga. Paraku need klassifikatsioonid on alati tuginenud pindsete sünkroonsete sarnasuste arvestamisele, mitte rangele diakroonilisele analüüsile. Siinne lähem vaatlus näitab, et leivu on esimesena lahknenud lõunaeesti keeleühtsusest ning selle sarnasusi Hargla võro keelega saab seletada pigem geograafilise lähedusega.
Formation of Educational Independence of Primary Schoolchildren by Means of Project Tasks
Authors: Aksyuchic Svetlana , Panova A.
Published: December 2021

The article reveals the essence of the concept of “educational independence”, which became a subject of study back in the 19th century. and

remains one of the most pressing problems of modern education. The main criteria for its formation have been determined. Approaches to the formation of educational independence in younger students are considered. The idea is substantiated that the project task is an effective means of developing the educational independence of students. Specific examples of assignments for solving design problems with the aim of developing educational independence of primary schoolchildren are given.
Problems Arising in the Course of Teaching Younger Schoolchildren with Different Levels of Academic Achievement, and Ways to Solve Them
Authors: Vinogradova Natalya
Published: December 2021

The article presents the results of a study carried out in the laboratory of primary general education of the Institute of Education Development

Strategy of the Russian Academy of Education, to determine the reasons for the difficulties that appear in younger schoolchildren in the process of mastering the content of elementary school subjects. Typical general didactic problems arising in the professional activity of a teacher and provoking mistakes and difficulties of the student are discussed. The groups of primary school students with different levels of success in educational activities are characterized, recommendations are given to the teacher on the organization of individually differentiated work, taking into account the level of success of each student.
Collective Classes in a Group of Different Ages Based on the Integration of the Content of Different Academic Subjects
Authors: Aristarhova O. , Dvoryankina Yu. , Osipova E. , Lebedincev V.
Published: December 2021

The article proposes to consider the initial stage of the transition to such a form of training organization as collective classes in different-age

groups of younger schoolchildren according to the methodology developed by the talented teacher A.G. Rivin. They are held at the Moscow

secondary school named after Ivan Yarygin of the Krasnoyarsk region on the integrated content of academic subjects “Literary Reading”, “Fine Arts”, “Technology”. The specificity of the texts compiled by teachers for use in the process of paragraph-by-paragraph elaboration of the text using the technology of A.G. Rivina. Particular attention is paid to the issues of including first-graders (some of whom do not yet know how to read and write) in classes where younger schoolchildren of an older age participate. In this regard, multilevel algorithms of educational interaction are described. It highlights the difficulties that may arise with this form of training, as well as ways to overcome them.
Developing Essay Writing Skills in Elementary School
Authors: Ozhogina N.
Published: December 2021

The article reveals approaches to solving the urgent problem of modern education - the formation of communicative activity in junior

schoolchildren. The most important role in this is assigned to a well-developed speech, the formation of which is successfully taking place in the process of teaching primary schoolchildren to write essays. The article presents interesting pedagogical techniques that contribute to the formation of the skills of productive statements in writing in younger schoolchildren: to draw up an essay plan, develop a creative idea, adhering to the logic of the narrative, and also improve the expressive, grammatical and stylistic aspects of speech.
‘M[aster] Monkesters schollars’: Richard Mulcaster, Physical Education, and the Early Modern Boy Companies
Authors: McCarthy Harry R.
Published: December 2021

This article reconsiders the pedagogical theories of leading Elizabethan teacher Richard Mulcaster in the light of early modern boy company repertories. Focusing on Mulcaster’s teachings relating to the skilled, moving body, the article traces his connections to the Children of Paul’s and the Children of the Blackfriars to suggest that the boy company stage became a site that explored boys’ physical skills. The early modern boy company repertories, the article ultimately suggests, positioned their young actors as ‘Mr Mulcaster’s scholars’.
Learning Deep Models: Critical Points and Local Openness
Authors: Nouiehed Maher , Razaviyayn Meisam
Published: December 2021

With the increasing popularity of nonconvex deep models, developing a unifying theory for studying the optimization problems that arise from training these models becomes very significant. Toward this end, we present in this paper a unifying landscape analysis framework that can be used when the training objective function is the composite of simple functions. Using the local openness property of the underlying training models, we provide simple sufficient conditions under which any local optimum of the resulting optimization problem is globally optimal. We first completely characterize the local openness of the symmetric and nonsymmetric matrix multiplication mapping. Then we use our characterization to (1) provide a simple proof for the classical result of Burer-Monteiro and extend it to noncontinuous loss functions; (2) show that every local optimum of two-layer linear networks is globally optimal. Unlike many existing results in the literature, our result requires no assumption on the target data matrix [Formula: see text], and input data matrix [Formula: see text]; (3) develop a complete characterization of the local/global optima equivalence of multilayer linear neural networks (we provide various counterexamples to show the necessity of each of our assumptions); and (4) show global/local optima equivalence of overparameterized nonlinear deep models having a certain pyramidal structure. In contrast to existing works, our result requires no assumption on the differentiability of the activation functions and can go beyond “full-rank” cases.
Improving Tuberculosis Treatment Adherence Support: The Case for Targeted Behavioral Interventions
Authors: Boutilier Justin J. , Jónasson Jónas Oddur , Yoeli Erez
Published: December 2021

Problem definition: Lack of patient adherence to treatment protocols is a main barrier to reducing the global disease burden of tuberculosis (TB). We study the operational design of a treatment adherence support (TAS) platform that requires patients to verify their treatment adherence on a daily basis. Academic/practical relevance: Experimental results on the effectiveness of TAS programs have been mixed; and rigorous research is needed on how to structure these motivational programs, particularly in resource-limited settings. Our analysis establishes that patient engagement can be increased by personal sponsor outreach and that patient behavior data can be used to identify at-risk patients for targeted outreach. Methodology: We partner with a TB TAS provider and use data from a completed randomized controlled trial. We use administrative variation in the timing of peer sponsor outreach to evaluate the impact of personal messages on subsequent patient verification behavior. We then develop a rolling-horizon machine learning (ML) framework to generate dynamic risk predictions for patients enrolled on the platform. Results: We find that, on average, sponsor outreach to patients increases the odds ratio of next-day treatment adherence verification by 35%. Furthermore, patients’ prior verification behavior can be used to accurately predict short-term (treatment adherence verification) and long-term (successful treatment completion) outcomes. These results allow the provider to target and implement behavioral interventions to at-risk patients. Managerial implications: Our results indicate that, compared with a benchmark policy, the TAS platform could reach the same number of at-risk patients with 6%–40% less capacity, or reach 2%–20% more at-risk patients with the same capacity, by using various ML-based prioritization policies that leverage patient engagement data. Personal sponsor outreach to all patients is likely to be very costly, so targeted TAS may substantially improve the cost-effectiveness of TAS programs.

History: This paper has been accepted for the Manufacturing & Service Operations Management Special Section on Responsible Research in Operations Management.

Funding: The authors are grateful for financial research support from the MIT Sloan Health Systems Initiative.

Supplemental Material: The e-companion is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2021.1046 .
The importance of understanding web frameworks for statisticians
Authors: Hakim R B Fajriya , Sugiyarto Sugiyarto
Published: December 2021

As the web and computational technology carry on growing and huge data are yielded on the web, these technologies are turn into important for a statisticians' work. It is worthy that statistician always gain knowledge of new aspects of computation. A lack of computational reasoning skills gets it hard for statisticians to work in a team. If statistician do not takeÂ up this computations challenge more coherently, statistics will be marginalized and take away related at a time when its data science reputation grow up significantly. In addition, people rely on the information on web, for whatever their reason.Since web growth, several major transforms have evolved, from the most rudimentary concept until a new model of interaction between humans and machines. Simple interactivity denotes that users can enter data to the application on a web page, then click on button, and then appears a new web page with the results of the computations. This application has been known as web application with most are built with the utility of web frameworks which is a package of programming tasks that offering services through the Internet. Therefore, this paper gives short overview the importance of Flask web frameworks to assist the lack of computational skill of statistician over web application in the simplest possible way and how web framework is used to create a web page with application form, run the application to compute statistical calculation which has been deployed in local server, and produce a web page with the solutions
Micronewton nanofiber force sensor using Brillouin scattering
Authors: Godet Adrien , Chretien Jacques , Huy Kien Phan , Beugnot Jean-Charles
Published: December 2021

We present a new class of force sensor based on Brillouin scattering in an optical nanofiber. The sensor is a silica nanofiber of a few centimeters with a submicron transverse dimension. This extreme form factor enables one to measure forces ranging from 10 μN to 0.2N. The linearity of the sensor can be ensured using the multimode character of the Brillouin spectrum in optical nanofibers. We also demonstrated non-static operation and a competitive signal-to-noise ratio as compared to commercial force sensor resistor.
Self-powered asymmetric metal–semiconductor–metal AlN deep ultraviolet detector
Authors: Li Tao , Song Wenqing , Zhang Lei , Yan Jianchang , Zhu Wenhui , Wang Liancheng
Published: December 2021

Self-powered ultraviolet detectors may find application in aviation and military fields. Here we demonstrate a self-powered asymmetric metal–semiconductor–metal (MSM) deep ultraviolet (DUV) detector with an Ni/Al electrode contact to AlN, and a photoelectric response current increase from dark current (Id) 2.6 × 10−12 A to 1.0 × 10−10 A after UV illumination (Ip) at 0 V bias. To further improve device performance, trenches are etched in AlN, and the Ni/Al electrodes are deposited in trenches to form a three-dimensional MSM (3D-MSM) structure. The improved performance is attributed to the stronger electric field from the asymmetric electrode and a shorter carrier migration path from the 3D-MSM device configuration. Our work will promote the development and application of DUV self-powered devices.
In situ siloxane passivation of colloidal lead halide perovskite via hot injection for light-emitting diodes
Authors: Wang Xianghua , Yang Yong , Li Xuedong , Li Wenbin , Hu Juntao , Zhang Wen-Hua
Published: December 2021

All-inorganic cesium lead halide perovskite (CsPbX3; X = Cl, Br) nanocrystals (NCs) are synthesized via a modified hot injection method using 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS), together with oleic acid and oleylamine, for in situ passivation of the surface defects. The surface chemistry, revealed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques, shows an absence of Si-O-Si network and C-O groups on these in situ passivated CsPbX3 NCs, denoted as InMP-CsPbX3, which is in strong contrast to the counterpart NCs obtained via a postsynthesis exchange strategy. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern indicates a lattice structure significantly strained from the cubic structure. The synthesis of these InMP-CsPbX3 NCs is highly reproducible, and the colloids are stable in nonpolar solvents. The emission wavelength of CsPb(Cl/Br)3 mixed halide perovskite NCs is tuned from 405 nm to 508 nm by reducing the nominal Cl/Br ratio, while the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) is greatly enhanced over the whole spectral range. More importantly, the InMP-treatment is among the few strategies that are promising for electroluminescence in light-emitting diodes.
Near-infrared spectroscopy using period-chirped Si/SiO/SiO2-based guided mode resonance filter
Authors: Hung Yung-Jr , Yin Chuan-Ci , Wu Zon-Ru , Lin Chih-Yueh , Kao Chia-Wei , Kao Tzu-Chieh , Huang Chia-Wei
Published: December 2021

We demonstrate a Si/SiO/SiO2-based period-chirped guided
mode resonance (GMR) filter to discriminate telecom o-band wavelengths
by spatially resolved horizontal movement. Continuously period-chirped
silicon gratings were fabricated by using a Lloyd’s laser
interferometer with a convex mirror. Due to the large waveguide
effective index, the GMR filter can be realized with a short grating
period, thus enabling a slow grating period transition along the
sample position and high optical resolution in wavelength
discrimination. Depositing a SiO/SiO2 stack on top of
silicon gratings enables a narrowband GMR filter with a linewidth of
1–1.5 nm over a wavelength range of 1260–1360 nm. By using the chirped
GMR filter as a dispersive device, the optical spectra of a
near-infrared broadband light source are reconstructed. An optimized
aspheric mirror is proposed to further improve the linearity of
chirped gratings. Such a period-chirped GMR filter is promising for
compact on-chip spectroscopy and sensing applications.
Molecular phylogeny of heritable symbionts and microbiota diversity analysis in phlebotominae sand flies and Culex nigripalpus from Colombia
Authors: Vivero-Gomez Rafael J. , Castañeda-Monsalve Víctor A. , Atencia María Claudia , Hoyos-Lopez Richard , Hurst Gregory D. , Cadavid-Restrepo Gloria , Moreno-Herrera Claudia Ximena
Published: December 2021

Background

Secondary symbionts of insects include a range of bacteria and fungi that perform various functional roles on their hosts, such as fitness, tolerance to heat stress, susceptibility to insecticides and effects on reproduction. These endosymbionts could have the potential to shape microbial communites and high potential to develop strategies for mosquito-borne disease control.

Methodology/Principal findings

The relative frequency and molecular phylogeny of Wolbachia, Microsporidia and Cardinium were determined of phlebotomine sand flies and mosquitoes in two regions from Colombia. Illumina Miseq using the 16S rRNA gene as a biomarker was conducted to examine the microbiota. Different percentages of natural infection by Wolbachia, Cardinium, and Microsporidia in phlebotomines and mosquitoes were detected. Phylogenetic analysis of Wolbachia shows putative new strains of Lutzomyia gomezi (wLgom), Brumptomyia hamata (wBrham), and a putative new group associated with Culex nigripalpus (Cnig) from the Andean region, located in Supergroup A and Supergroup B, respectively. The sequences of Microsporidia were obtained of Pi. pia and Cx. nigripalpus, which are located on phylogeny in the IV clade (terrestrial origin). The Cardinium of Tr. triramula and Ps. shannoni were located in group C next to Culicoides sequences while Cardinium of Mi. cayennensis formed two putative new subgroups of Cardinium in group A. In total were obtained 550 bacterial amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) and 189 taxa to the genus level. The microbiota profiles of Sand flies and mosquitoes showed mainly at the phylum level to Proteobacteria (67.6%), Firmicutes (17.9%) and Actinobacteria (7.4%). High percentages of relative abundance for Wolbachia (30%-83%) in Lu. gomezi, Ev. dubitans, Mi. micropyga, Br. hamata, and Cx. nigripalpus were found. ASVs assigned as Microsporidia were found in greater abundance in Pi. pia (23%) and Cx. nigripalpus (11%). An important finding is the detection of Rickettsia in Pi. pia (58,8%) and Bartonella sp. in Cx. nigripalpus.

Conclusions/Significance

We found that Wolbachia infection significantly decreased the alpha diversity and negatively impacts the number of taxa on sand flies and Culex nigripalpus. The Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) is consistent, which showed statistically significant differences (PERMANOVA, F = 2.4744; R2 = 0.18363; p-value = 0.007) between the microbiota of sand flies and mosquitoes depending on its origin, host and possibly for the abundance of some endosymbionts (Wolbachia, Rickettsia).
Short-term memory, attention, and temporal orientation as predictors of the cognitive impairment in older adults: A cross-sectional observational study
Authors: Gómez-Soria Isabel , Ferreira Chelo , Oliván Blazquez Bárbara , Magallón Botaya Rosa Mª , Calatayud Estela
Published: December 2021

Late-life cognitive decline ranges from the mildest cases of normal, age-related change to mild cognitive impairment to severe cases of dementia. Dementia is the largest global burden for the 21st century welfare and healthcare systems. The aim of this study was to analyze the neuropsychological constructs (temporal orientation (TO), spatial orientation (SO), fixation memory (FM), attention (A), calculation (C), short-term memory (STM), language (L), and praxis (P)), semantic fluency, level of functionality, and mood that reveal the greatest deficit in the different stages ranging from normal cognition (NC) to cognitive impairment in older adults in a primary healthcare setting. The study included 337 participants (102 men, 235 women), having a mean age of 74 ± 6 years. According to their scores on the Spanish version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MEC-35), subjects were divided into 4 groups: no deterioration (ND) (score 32–35), subtle cognitive impairment (SCI) (score 28–31), level deterioration (LD) (score 24–27) and moderate deterioration (MD) (score 20–23). The ND group revealed significant differences in TO, STM, C, A, L, P, and S-T as compared to the other groups. The MD group (in all the neuropsychological constructs) and the ND and SCI groups showed significant differences on the Yesavage geriatric depression scale (GDS-15). All except the FM neuropsychological construct were part of the MEC-35 prediction model and all of the regression coefficients were significant for these variables in the model. Furthermore, the highest average percentage of relative deterioration occurs between LD and MD and the greatest deterioration is observed in the STM for all groups, including A and TO for the LD and MD groups. Based on our findings, community programs have been implemented that use cognitive stimulation to prevent cognitive decline and to maintain the neuropsychological constructs.
Video-based quantification of human movement frequency using pose estimation: A pilot study
Authors: Cornman Hannah L. , Stenum Jan , Roemmich Ryan T.
Published: December 2021

Assessment of repetitive movements (e.g., finger tapping) is a hallmark of motor examinations in several neurologic populations. These assessments are traditionally performed by a human rater via visual inspection; however, advances in computer vision offer potential for remote, quantitative assessment using simple video recordings. Here, we evaluated a pose estimation approach for measurement of human movement frequency from smartphone videos. Ten healthy young participants provided videos of themselves performing five repetitive movement tasks (finger tapping, hand open/close, hand pronation/supination, toe tapping, leg agility) at four target frequencies (1–4 Hz). We assessed the ability of a workflow that incorporated OpenPose (a freely available whole-body pose estimation algorithm) to estimate movement frequencies by comparing against manual frame-by-frame (i.e., ground-truth) measurements for all tasks and target frequencies using repeated measures ANOVA, Pearson’s correlations, and intraclass correlations. Our workflow produced largely accurate estimates of movement frequencies; only the hand open/close task showed a significant difference in the frequencies estimated by pose estimation and manual measurement (while statistically significant, these differences were small in magnitude). All other tasks and frequencies showed no significant differences between pose estimation and manual measurement. Pose estimation-based detections of individual events (e.g., finger taps, hand closures) showed strong correlations (all r>0.99) with manual detections for all tasks and frequencies. In summary, our pose estimation-based workflow accurately tracked repetitive movements in healthy adults across a range of tasks and movement frequencies. Future work will test this approach as a fast, quantitative, video-based approach to assessment of repetitive movements in clinical populations.
Leg length discrepancy: A systematic review on the validity and reliability of clinical assessments and imaging diagnostics used in clinical practice
Authors: Alfuth Martin , Fichter Patrick , Knicker Axel
Published: December 2021

Background

A variety of assessments to determine leg length discrepancy (LLD) is used in clinical practice and evidence about validity and reliability may differ.

Objective

The objective of this systematic review was to identify and describe the validity and reliability of different assessments and imaging diagnostics for the determination of LLD.

Materials and methods

The review was conducted following the recommendations of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The databases Medline (PubMed) and Index to Chiropractic Literature were systematically searched. Studies regarding clinical assessments and imaging diagnostics for the diagnosis of LLD, which reported the clinimetric properties for assessment of LLD, were included and screened for methodological quality using the Quality Assessment of Studies of Diagnostic Accuracy (QUADAS-2) tool for validity studies and the Quality Appraisal of Diagnostic Reliability (QAREL) tool for reliability studies.

Results

Thirty-seven articles on clinical assessments and 15 studies on imaging diagnostics met the eligibility criteria. Thirteen studies on the validity of clinical assessments and six studies on the validity of imaging diagnostics had a low risk of bias and low concerns regarding applicability for all domains. One study on the reliability of clinical assessments and one study on the reliability of imaging diagnostics had a low risk of bias. Main limitations were, that an analysis of sensitivity and specificity was only performed in a few studies and that a valid reference standard was lacking in numerous studies on clinical assessments.

Conclusions

For the clinical assessment of LLD, the block test appears to be the most useful method. Full-length standing anteroposterior radiography seems to be the most valid and reliable method and may be used as global reference standard to measure the anatomic LLD when comparing clinical methods and imaging diagnostics.
A Redução de Riscos de Desastres (RRD) e a resiliência na segurança alimentar e nutricional
Authors: Queiroga Amanda , Da Luz Maiane Barbalho , Filgueira Hamilcar José Almeida
Published: December 2021

Os desastres relacionados com fenômenos naturais vêm comprometendo o setor agropecuário. Os eventos extremos quando atingem áreas agrícolas causam danos aos cultivos, na economia e na disponibilidade e acesso aos alimentos, interferindo na segurança alimentar e nutricional. Visando garantir a disponibilidade de alimentos para a população, países têm adotado ações para a Redução de Riscos de Desastres (RRD). Este trabalho teve por objetivo fazer uma análise de ações em RRD voltadas para a resiliência da segurança alimentar. Foi realizada uma pesquisa literária qualitativa sobre o que se têm feito para se adaptar e manter a segurança alimentar frente aos desastres. Destacam-se ações exercidas na Índia, Filipinas, Guiana e África; programas e projetos desenvolvidos na América Latina e Caribe; e cooperações entre diversas nações. Concluiu-se que a incidência de um desastre contribui para a insegurança alimentar, interferindo na economia dos países e na qualidade de vida da população. Por isso, investir na gestão para a RRD é também investir na construção da resiliência para a segurança alimentar.
Avaliação, mitigação e comunicação do risco sísmico: ensinamentos do projeto PERSISTAH
Authors: Estêvão João , Ferreira Mónica , Fazendeiro Sá Luis , Oliveira Carlos
Published: December 2021

O projeto PERSISTAH foi pioneiro em Portugal na utilização das metodologias de avaliação sísmica estipuladas no EC8, aplicando-as a um conjunto alargado de escolas do 1.º ciclo do ensino básico existentes na região do Algarve. Para que fosse possível atingir esse objetivo ambicioso, foi desenvolvido um programa informático que permite avaliar o nível de segurança sísmica de uma escola. No entanto, também é importante garantir que as populações entendam que mesmo que um edifício cumpra os requisitos de segurança sísmica estipulados num regulamento, as estruturas não são concebidas para resistir aos sismos intensos sem danos. Assim, a comunicação do risco sísmico é de grande importância para o aumento da resiliência sísmica das comunidades. Para isso, foram criados textos de apoio à comunidade estudantil de modo a facilitar a assimilação de conceitos e de medidas de autoproteção e de mitigação do risco, especialmente as relacionadas com os elementos não-estruturais, que poderão ficar seriamente danificados mesmo em edifícios corretamente projetados, podendo causar ferimentos ou mesmo a perda de vidas e das funções do edifício. Neste trabalho, foi usada a Escola EB2 de Sagres como ponto de referência dos resultados apresentados.
As vozes e diálogos do novo cinema iraniano
Authors: De La Cruz Michele Aline Jeremias , Araujo Denize
Published: December 2021

Pluralidade e hibridação poética são elementos imanentes à estética do cinema de arte produzido no Irã. As temáticas universais, a autorreflexividade e a forte presença do cerceamento do Islã moldaram, ao longo dos anos, uma nova forma de fazer cinema que os realizadores persas encontraram para expressar a realidade social do país. As vozes humanistas e realistas dialogam com a proposta do Neorrealismo Italiano, a autonomia criativa dos realizadores remete ao movimento inovador da Nouvelle Vague francesa e, em alguns aspectos, ao Terceiro Cinema.Neste artigo, pretendemos elucidar o controle do estado sobre o cinema do Irã e as estratégias estéticasde um cinema de poesia e realismo subjetivo exclusivas dos realizadores para contornar o sistema de coerção do estado islâmico.
Estudos Culturais e Epistemologias Feministas: contribuições para pesquisas em Comunicação no Desenvolvimento Regional
Authors: Felippi Ângela Cristina Trevisan , Silveira Fernanda Nunes da
Published: December 2021

O artigo apresenta contribuições a partir da associação entre a teoria dos Estudos Culturais e as Epistemologias Feministas para pesquisas sobre a Comunicação no Desenvolvimento Regional. É sabido que os Estudos Culturais têm tradição nos estudos feministas; e as Epistemologias Feministas, por sua vez, oferecem uma perspectiva de investigação que considera as mulheres, suas práticas e realidades para a construção do conhecimento. O artigo se vale de revisão teórica, abordando as duas teorias e identificando pontos de aderência entre ambas. Infere que a aproximação das duas amplia as possibilidades para o estudo dos fenômenos comunicacionais tornados objetos de pesquisa na área do Desenvolvimento Regional, espaço acadêmico que tem se aberto para estudos de gênero.
PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENERGY INDUSTRY IN THE ARCTIC TERRITORIES
Authors: Babkina L. N. , Skotarenko О. V. , Nikitin Yu. A. , Bespalova S. V.
Published: December 2021

The electric power industry is a branch of energy that includes the production, transmission and subsequent sale of electricity. Generating companies do not sell electricity directly to the population, but produce electricity and supply it to the wholesale market, where it is bought by sales companies, guaranteeing suppliers, independent energy marketing companies and large industrial consumers. Based on the results of a comparative analysis of the financial activities of energy marketing enterprises of the Russian Federation, problems are identified, imbalances and strategic plans for their development are determined. The results showed that the development of the energy industry as a whole depends on the financial activities of guaranteeing electricity suppliers. Unlike an independent power supply company, the activity of guaranteeing suppliers is less profitable and low-profitable, and the financial condition, in turn, is characterized by low solvency and financial stability. The authors have identified the weaknesses and strengths of this development. It is noted that the weakest side is the violation of the repayment terms of funds in settlements by electricity consumers, which leads to the formation of a negative financial result. The identified problems of financial development allow production us to form direction.
A record of Botrychium lanceolatum (S. G. Gmel.) Ångstr., a new species for the flora of the middle zone of European Russia from Kostroma Region
Authors: Krinitsyn Igor G. , Prilepsky Nikolay G.
Published: December 2021

The article reports on a find of a new plant native to the flora of central European Russia – Botrychium lanceolatum (S. G. Gmel.) Ångstr., which was discovered during a survey of a 60-year-old clearcut in the course of floristic work on the territory of M. G. Sinitsyn “Kologrivskiy Les” State Nature Reserve (the Kostroma Region). Collection and determination were carried out by the author of the article I. G. Krinitsyn. For the Kostroma Region, the species was not indicated in any floristic checklist. Herbarium specimens of the aboveground part of the sporophyte are kept in the Herbarium of the Kostroma State University and the “Kologrivskiy Les” State Nature Reserve Herbarium, as well as transferred to the Herbarium of the Altai State University (ALTB). B. lanceolatum is a relict species of the forest zone of the Holarctic with a fragmented range mainly in the subarctic, northern temperate zone and in the mountains of the warm temperate zone of Eurasia and North America. In Russia, it is sporadically found in the forest zone from the Murmansk and Leningrad Regions to Kamchatka and Sakhalin, inclusively; it enters the Arctic on the Chukchi Peninsula. The species is rare throughout its range; the populations are represented by single individuals. It is included in many regional Red Data Books of the Russian Federation. B. lanceolatum became the fifth species of the Botrychiaceae Nakai family in the pteridoflora of the Kostroma Region (and the middle zone of European Russia as a whole). In the Kostroma Region, the species is located on the extreme southern border of the range in the middle zone of the European part of Russia. The population of B. lanceolatum at the time of the discovery was represented by 4 individuals in different ontogenetic states. The data on the new location and phytocenotic conditions of growth of the species are given; a brief morphological description and information on the dynamics of the population are presented.
Differentiation of forest vegetation across bioclimatic sector border (western part of the West Sayan Ridge)
Authors: Makunina Natalya I. , Pisarenko Olga Yu.
Published: December 2021

A detailed description of the forests of the northern and southern macroslopes of western part of the West Sayan Ridge has been performed and differences in their forest vegetation have been analyzed.

Along the West Sayan Ridge watershed, the important botanical and geographical boundary of the Altai-Sayan Mountains occurs. Its northern macroslope belongs to the humid bioclimatic sector; bioclimatic conditions throughout the southern macroslope vary in its different parts: the central and eastern parts are resided in the semihumid sector, while the western one is settled in the «rain shadow», where vegetation is similar to the semiarid sector one. The West Sayan background vegetation type is forest.

The work is based on 120 complete geobotanical relevés made by the authors in 2019 using standard methods on test plots of 20 × 20 m. These plots had been uniformly distributed on a 300-kilometer transect crossing the northern and southern macroslopes of West Sayan’s western part. After all, 9 basic units of forest communities have been revealed, 6 of them are found to be altitudinal zone forests. These plant community positions in ecological-phytocenotic and floristic classification hierarchy have been ascertained. The altitudinal allocation and areas of altitudinal zone forests have been characterized and analyzed; the scheme of altitudinal zonation has been specified; the pictures in the text illustrate those results.

In West Sayan’s western part, the northern and southern macroslopes are shown to have different altitudinal zone boundary marks and a different set of forest communities: six types of forests follow each other from north to south throughout 300 km. The significant hierarchical level of syntaxonomic differences of altitudinal zone forests on northern and southern macroslopes supports the presence of a bioclimatic barrier. In ecological-phytocenotic classification hierarchy these differences are reflected by the rank of classes of formations (deciduous, dark coniferous, and light coniferous forests substitute each other); in floristic classification hierarchy – the rank of classes (the forests of Brachypodio–Betuletea, Asaro–Abitetea, Vaccinio–Piceetea, and Rhytidio–Laricetea substitute each other from north to south).
Associations Between Sleep Position and Nocturnal Gastroesophageal Reflux: A Study Using Concurrent Monitoring of Sleep Position and Esophageal pH and Impedance
Authors: Schuitenmaker Jeroen M. , van Dijk Mitch , Oude Nijhuis Renske A.B. , Smout André J.P.M. , Bredenoord Albert J.
Published: December 2021

INTRODUCTION:

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of spontaneous sleep positions on the occurrence of nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux.

METHODS:

In patients referred for ambulatory pH-impedance reflux monitoring, the concurrent sleep position was measured using a sleep position measurement device (measuring left, right, supine, and prone positions).

RESULTS:

Fifty-seven patients were included. We observed a significantly shorter acid exposure time in the left (median 0.0%, P25–P75, 0.0%–3.0%), compared with the right lateral position (median 1.2%, 0.0%–7.5%, P = 0.022) and the supine position (median 0.6%, 0.00%–8.3%, P = 0.022). The esophageal acid clearance time was significantly shorter in the left lateral decubitus position (median 35 seconds, 16–115 seconds), compared with the supine (median 76 seconds, 22–257 seconds, P = 0.030) and right lateral positions (median 90 seconds, 26–250 seconds, P = 0.002).

DISCUSSION:

The left lateral decubitus position is associated with significantly shorter nocturnal esophageal acid exposure time and faster esophageal acid clearance compared with the supine and right lateral decubitus positions (see visual abstract).
Pregnancies With Cirrhosis Are Rising and Associated With Adverse Maternal and Perinatal Outcomes
Authors: Huang Annsa C. , Grab Joshua , Flemming Jennifer A. , Dodge Jennifer L. , Irani Roxanna A. , Sarkar Monika
Published: December 2021

INTRODUCTION:

Cirrhosis incidence in pregnancies from outside the United States (US) is rising, although contemporary data including maternal and perinatal outcomes within the United States are lacking.

Methods:

Using discharge data from the racially diverse US National Inpatient Sample, temporal trends of cirrhosis in pregnancies were compared with noncirrhotic chronic liver disease (CLD) or no CLD. Outcomes included preterm birth, postpartum hemorrhage, hypertensive complications (preeclampsia, eclampsia, and/or hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets syndrome), and maternal or fetal death. Logistic regression was adjusted for age, race, multiple gestation, insurance status, and prepregnancy metabolic comorbidities.

Results:

Among 18,573,000 deliveries from 2012 to 2016, 895 had cirrhosis, 119,875 had noncirrhotic CLD, and 18,452,230 had no CLD. Pregnancies with cirrhosis increased from 2.5/100,000 in 2007 to 6.5/100,000 in 2016 (P = 0.01). On adjusted analysis, cirrhosis was associated with hypertensive complications (vs no CLD, OR 4.9, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 3.3–7.4; vs noncirrhotic CLD, OR 4.4, 95% CI 3.0–6.7), postpartum hemorrhage (vs no CLD, OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.6–4.8; vs noncirrhotic CLD, OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.2–3.5), and preterm birth (vs no CLD, OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.9–4.9; vs noncirrhotic CLD, OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.3–3.3, P ≤ 0.01). Cirrhosis was statistically associated with maternal mortality, although rarely occurred (≤ 1%).

DISCUSSION:

In this racially diverse, US population-based study, pregnancies with cirrhosis more than doubled over the past decade. Cirrhosis conferred an increased risk of several adverse events, although maternal and perinatal mortality was uncommon. These data underscore the need for reproductive counseling and multidisciplinary pregnancy management in young women with cirrhosis.
Editorial
Authors: Arroyo Julio
Published: December 2021

Editorial
Imaginarios y representaciones sociales sobre la violencia y la criminalidad organizada en Rio Branco (Acre, Brasil)
Authors: Amaral Machado Bruno , Lino Luisa Amélia
Published: December 2021

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar las representaciones sociales sobre el delito y la violencia en la ciudad de Rio Branco, Acre, Brasil. A partir de entrevistas y encuestas, y desde la perspectiva de la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales, esta investigación indaga y intenta comprender las visiones de funcionarios estatales sobre la criminalidad organizada, además de las narrativas de los residentes de la ciudad respecto al delito y a la inseguridad en el contexto de la ocupación de la ciudad por facciones criminales. Nuestro análisis se ha  centrado en a) mapear los datos sobre la aparición de facciones criminales en Rio Branco y las representaciones sociales ofrecidas por los expertos en el tema; b) analizar las representaciones sobre el delito y la inseguridad presentadas por los residentes del barrio Belo Jardim, descrito como el más violento, y el barrio Vilage Wilde Maciel, oficialmente menos violento, tomando en cuenta las muertes violentas intencionales y el dominio por facciones; c) investigar el sentimiento de miedo al delito y de inseguridad, y si  corresponden a la realidad del barrio donde se vive; d) identificar lo que los participantes representan como posibles cambios en su vida desde la aparición de facciones criminales.
Staatliche Governance-Kapazität für Nachhaltigkeit: Konzeptualisierung und Anwendung eines Messinstruments in Schweizer Kantonen
Authors: Christen Marius , Bornemann Basil
Published: December 2021

Regierungen und Verwaltungen richten ihr Handeln vermehrt auf Nachhaltigkeit aus. Doch wie erfolgreich sind sie dabei? Wir stellen ein Instrument zur Messung nachhaltigkeitsbezogener interner Governance-Kapazität vor. Die Anwendung auf Schweizer Kantone offenbart deutliche Kapazitätsunterschiede und zeigt Möglichkeiten zur Stärkung staatlicher Governance-Kapazität auf.Sustainability has become an important guiding principle that has not only found its way into numerous policies, but also into the “engine rooms” of governance. Governments and administrations have established diverse governance arrangements orienting state actions towards sustainability. How does this integration of sustainability into governmental and administrative activity succeed? This paper proposes an instrument for the measurement and comparison of sustainability-oriented internal governance capacity and operationalizes it in the context of Swiss cantons. The application of the measurement tool documents the diversity of governance arrangements and their different capacities. It shows where, and how, the sustainability governance of governments and administrations can be further strengthened.
KI‑Systeme
Authors: Humm Bernhard G. , Lingner Stephan , Schmidt Jan C. , Wendland Karsten
Published: December 2021

Künstliche Intelligenz (KI) ist – ebenso wie damit verknüpfte Techniken wie maschinelles Lernen und Big Data – in aller Munde. Die große Dynamik und Tragweite dieser Entwicklungen zeigen sich bereits in zahlreichen Anwendungsgebieten von Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft und Wissenschaft. Technikfolgenabschätzung (TA) von KI hat in diesem Zusammenhang zunächst die Aufgabe, etwaige überzogene öffentliche Erwartungen und Befürchtungen in sachliche, realistische Perspektiven zu transformieren. In einem zweiten Schritt kann TA entlang begründbarer Entwicklungsziele von KI und legitimer gesellschaftlicher Wertvorstellungen Impulse für die weitere, wünschbare Gestaltung von KI geben. Wenn TA diese Orientierungsaufgabe nah am technologischen Kern wahrnimmt, findet sie dabei große gestalterische Freiräume in frühen Phasen der Technikentwicklung vor. Die damit zusammenhängenden Gedanken werden im vorliegenden Einleitungskapitel konkretisiert und auf die Beiträge zu diesem Themenschwerpunkt angewendet.
Critical political economy of the public infrastructure crisis in Lebanon: Interview with Karim Eid-Sabbagh
Authors: Eid-Sabbagh Karim , Ufer Ulrich
Published: December 2021

In this interview, Karim Eid-Sabbagh and Ulrich Ufer discuss how the case of the public infrastructure crisis in Lebanon highlights the importance of including analytical dimensions of critical political economy and global financial dynamics in technology assessment alongside a technology-society-governance perspective – in particular when focusing on the Global South. The Lebanese crisis has built up through long-term structural problems that include the legacies of colonialism, the country’s peripheral position in global capital relations, elite nepotism, sectarian strife, and the state’s dependency on international donor funding to build and maintain public infrastructure. These have coincided with short-term disintegration and disaster events over the past two years: mass migration, countrywide anti-government protests in fall 2019, the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic in early 2020, the destruction of large parts of the country’s capital by the devastating explosion in the port of Beirut in August 2020, and the spiraling devaluation of the Lebanese currency.