bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tactile Displays of Pulse Oximetry
Authors: Shapiro Jesse , Santomauro Chiara , McLanders Mia , Tran Jimmy , Sanderson Penelope
Published: October 2015

Prior investigations of vibrotactile displays suggest they have promise for use in the healthcare domain. This exploratory study forms part of a series exploring the use of an upper arm, continuously informing, vibrotactile display of pulse oximetry for clinicians. The study focused on the effect of vigilance on participants’ accuracy and latency for detecting and identifying changes in vital sign levels. Twenty-one participants were tested in a within-subjects design in four blocks of approximately 18 minutes duration each. Two blocks were a low workload condition and the other two blocks a high workload condition. Data were analysed against thresholds of 90% for accuracy and 10 seconds for response latency and workload conditions were also compared for accuracy and latency. Participants’ accuracy was not better than 90% and response latency was not shorter than 10 seconds, even in the low workload conditions. Participants were slower to detect changes in the high workload condition, and detection time worsened as the experiment progressed. Taken together, the results suggest that detecting rare events places a high strain on cognition and negatively affects performance. These findings have implications for the use of vibrotactile displays and will guide further investigations into the use of vibrotactile technology in healthcare.
Evaluation of Health Care Icons
Authors: Drews Frank A , Zadra Jonathan , Gleed Jeremy , Plew William , Heroult Jennifer , Wilck Nancy
Published: October 2015

The current study evaluated a large number of health care icons that are currently in use in numerous Electronic Health Record Systems. For this purpose health care providers were asked to select icon – subject associations that best represent the icon in a multiple choice task. While in some cases a high level of agreement was identified between icons and subject, in the majority the agreement among provider selections was poor. In addition, there was little agreement between provider groups (physicians vs. nurses). Finally, the study provides evidence that numerous icons that are displayed to providers on a daily basis were not identified correctly. Overall, the results of this study indicate that there is a need for a usability-driven icon design process for health care icons.
Visualizing Magnitude
Authors: Borghouts Judith , Soboczenski Frank , Cairns Paul , Brumby Duncan P.
Published: October 2015

Nurses frequently have to program infusion pumps to deliver a prescribed quantity of drug over time. Occasional errors are made in the performance of this routine number entry task, resulting in patients receiving the incorrect dose of a drug. While many of these number entry errors are inconsequential, others are not; infusing 100 ml of a drug instead of 10 ml can be fatal. This paper investigates whether a supplementary graphical number representation, depicting the magnitude of a number, can help people detect number entry errors. An experiment was conducted in which 48 participants had to enter numbers from a ‘prescription sheet’ to a computer interface using a keyboard. The graphical representation was supplementary and was shown both on the ‘prescription sheet’ and the device interface. Results show that while overall more errors were made when the graphical representation was visible, the graphical representation helped participants to detect larger number entry errors (i.e., those that were out by at least an order of magnitude). This work suggests that a graphical number entry system that visualizes magnitude of number can help people detect serious number entry errors.
Pilot Quality Improvement Study of SafeBack
Authors: Kajaks T. , Longfield A. , Orozco F. , Holyoke P. , Dutta T.
Published: October 2015

Caregivers, including nurses, personal support workers, and family caregivers, have a high risk of low back pain due to the patient-handling postures they use. Often, caregivers place the needs of the care recipient above their own. This means that caregivers may use postures that put them at risk of injury. Often times, these caregivers may not even be aware of the potential for injury due to their posture selection. Therefore, there is a need for easy-to-use, inexpensive, and accessible education and training tools that can be used to guide the use of safer patient-handling postures. To address this need, we have developed SafeBack: a mobile application for estimating low back forces in either real-time or from photographs taken of the postures in need of evaluation. The app requires user- posturing of skeleton, and the input of anthropometric and load data before low back compression forces can be estimated. The purpose of this study was to run a pilot quality improvement study to gather user feedback about the SafeBack App. The results show that the App, in its current form, has acceptable usability, but that improvements are needed before it can be used as a post ure training and/or injury prevention tool.
Circadian Effects on Simple Components of Complex Task Performance
Authors: Clegg Benjamin A. , Wickens Christopher D. , Vieane Alex Z. , Gutzwiller Robert S. , Sebok Angelia L.
Published: October 2015

The goal of this study was to advance understanding and prediction of the impact of circadian rhythm on aspects of complex task performance during unexpected automation failures, and subsequent fault management. Participants trained on two tasks: a process control simulation, featuring automated support; and a multi-tasking platform. Participants then completed one task in a very early morning (circadian night) session, and the other during a late afternoon (circadian day) session. Small effects of time of day were seen on simple components of task performance, but impacts on more demanding components, such as those that occur following an automation failure, were muted relative to previous studies where circadian rhythm was compounded with sleep deprivation and fatigue. Circadian low participants engaged in compensatory strategies, rather than passively monitoring the automation. The findings and implications are discussed in the context of a model that includes the effects of sleep and fatigue factors.
Action Selection and Human Error in Routine Procedures
Authors: Tamborello Franklin P. , Trafton J.Gregory
Published: October 2015

We discuss a computational process model of action selection in routine procedures. The model explains several types of human error—omissions, perseverations, and postcompletion error (PCE)— as natural consequences of its action selection mechanisms. Those mechanisms include associative spreading activation for prospective memory and explicit rehearsal strategies for retrospective memory. The model fits empirical data from multiple tasks and from multiple labs.
Can VoiceScapes Assist in Menu Navigation?
Authors: Werner Steffen , Hauck Christopher , Roome Nicholas , Hoover Connor , Choates Daniel
Published: October 2015

Providing better information access to blind users is an important goal in the context of accessible interface design. Similarly, designers of user interfaces benefit from alternative interface techniques for usage scenarios in which visual (graphical) interfaces are either not possible or suboptimal. In our study we compared a traditional serial aural presentation of menu items to a new simultaneous aural presentation of up to seven menu items. These continuously present VoiceScapes allow the user to actively scan the auditory display to find the most appropriate command. While VoiceScapes are more difficult and attentionally more demanding than other formats of presentation, extended use might allow experienced users to more efficiently navigate complex menu hierarchies. A first pilot experiment with 13 sighted participants presented here tested the basic viability of this approach.
Multitasking Increases Stress and Insecure Behavior on Mobile Devices
Authors: Liu Qian , McLaughlin Anne Collins , Watson Benjamin , Enck William , Davis Agnes
Published: October 2015

One of the biggest challenges in security is human behavior, which with one poor decision can easily bypass even the most secure encryption. This is particularly true for mobile devices, which are now part of the full range of human activity. Our project seeks to discover the conditions under which mobile users are most likely to make security errors, so that we may offer timely encouragement toward safe mobile behavior. Our earlier work indicated that any condition causing stress may increase insecure behavior, with the cause of that stress being relatively unimportant. We therefore focused on multitasking, and asked participants to choose applications to install on the phone, a particularly important security decision. Participants experienced more stress and made more security errors when multi-tasking. This suggests that when mobile users are multi-tasking, designers might create especially effective warnings and guards against error.
Interdisciplinary Team Collaboration between Software Engineers and Technical Communicators
Authors: Zhang Wei , Pastel Robert
Published: October 2015

Software development is a creative process that involves stakeholders from various disciplines. This interdisciplinary collaboration can bring benefits and possible success to product design and development, but can also create many challenges for team collaboration. We studied the interdisciplinary collaboration in software development projects by students in Computer Science (CS) and Humanities (HU). Sixty-four undergraduate students from the two disciplines worked together to develop citizen science applications for smart phones. The process included requirement gathering, interface design, implementation and evaluation. We investigated their collaboration through surveys, interviews, identified issues and delineated causes for failures in the collaboration. The results of our study help to explain the interdisciplinary collaboration in software development and how to improve on it.
Dissociative Tendencies and Dual-Task Load
Authors: Helton William S. , Russell Paul N. , Dorahy Martin J.
Published: October 2015

The present study was designed to explore the relationship between self-reported dissociative experiences and performance in vigilance tasks requiring a concurrent working memory load. Four hundred and ninety four students performed a vigilance task while simultaneously maintaining verbal working memory load or performing an equivalent control task. Dissociation was assessed with the Dissociative Experience Scale. There was a negative relationship between dissociation and perceptual sensitivity on the vigilance task. In addition, reaction times increased more over time for those high in dissociation when there was no concurrent memory load, compared to when there was a concurrent memory load. While the overall effect was weak, findings may support theories indicating a relationship between dissociation and dual-task performance.
A Collaborative Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) for ALS Patients
Authors: Li Yueqing , Nam Chang S.
Published: October 2015

This study evaluated a SSVEP-based collaborative brain-computer interface (BCI) for people with severe motor disabilities. With ten ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) patients and 10 age-matched able-bodied participants as control group, effects of collaboration and motor disability were investigated. Participants were requested to control a robot in a predefined path with their brain signals. Two collaboration modes were developed in the study: individual mode and simultaneous mode. Results revealed significantly better performance in simultaneous mode than individual mode, but no significant effect of motor disability. The study showed promising preliminary results for supporting collaborative work between BCI users with severe motor disabilities. It should provide great insights for future research and system development.
Individual Differences in UGV Operation
Authors: Abich Julian , Matthews Gerald , Reinerman-Jones Lauren
Published: October 2015

Unmanned systems operations are complex, cognitively demanding tasks that elicit highly variable workload. The ability to predict performance and workload within these complex tasks can provide a powerful tool for practitioners regarding fit-for-duty verification. Further, monitoring workload aids in diagnostic assessment of factors that impact performance. The goal for this analysis was to examine the quality of cross-task averages of both baseline and concurrent psychophysiological and subjective measures to predict task performance and perceived workload. At a theoretical level, these findings suggest the need for a multivariate conceptualization of processing ‘resources’, encompassing both implicit and explicit responses. At a practical level, both subjective and psychophysiological measures may be necessary for optimizing performance prediction, at least for certain tasks.
Video Game Experience and Gender as Predictors of Performance and Stress During Supervisory Control of Multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Authors: Lin Jinchao , Wohleber Ryan , Matthews Gerald , Chiu Peter , Calhoun Gloria , Ruff Heath , Funke Gregory
Published: October 2015

To keep pace with increasing applications of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), recruitment of operators will need to be expanded to include groups not traditionally engaged in UAV pilot training. The present study may inform this process as it investigated the relationship between video game experience and gender on performance of imaging and weapon release tasks in a simulated multi-UAV supervisory control station. Each of 101 participants completed a 60 minute experimental trial. Workload and Level of Automation (LOA) were manipulated. Video gaming expertise correlated with performance on a demanding surveillance task component. Video gamers also placed more trust in the automation in demanding conditions and exhibited higher subjective task engagement and lower distress and worry. Results may encourage recruitment of UAV operators from nontraditional populations. Gamers may have a particular aptitude, and with gaming experience controlled, women show no disadvantage relative to men.
An Examination of the Success Rates of Developmental Air Traffic Controllers Transferring to Lower-Level Facilities
Authors: Pierce Linda G. , Byrne Cristina L. , Manning Carol A.
Published: October 2015

An assessment was completed of training outcomes for air traffic control (ATC) trainees allowed to transfer from their first, higher-level ATC facility to a less complex lower-level ATC facility. Transfers followed failure in field qualification training at the first facility. We found that training outcomes at the second facility were related to the types and complexity levels of the ATC facilities involved. Trainees succeeded significantly more often if transferred to small or medium towers than if transferred to a facility that combined tower and radar. We considered an inability of trainees to acquire radar skills to separate air traffic and age as contributing factors and suggested that additional research examining age upon entry and training success at facilities of varying complexity should be undertaken. This effort supports a Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) strategic priority to build the workforce of the future by retaining trainees capable of controlling air traffic.
Impact of Loading and Rest Intervals on Muscle Microtrauma
Authors: Smith Tianqi “Tenchi” Gao , Gallagher Sean
Published: October 2015

The purpose of this study is to determine whether different rest intervals and load-repetition combinations with different frequencies and durations would have an impact on the microtrauma response of the muscle and the development of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). Serum Creatine Kinase (CK) level, the physical response measured in this study, is collected before exercise and at days 1, 2, 4, 8 post- eccentric exercise of the human elbow flexor muscles through phlebotomy and serum analysis.

A two-factor (loading and rest interval) factorial regression model is established for muscle microtrauma response. The findings of the study would assist in understanding the effect of different rest intervals and load-repetition combinations on muscle microtrauma response and healing process to eccentric exercise, foster injury-prevention recommendations to manufacturing job design in terms of promoting rest intervals with suitable frequency, as well as force and repetition balance. The regression model could provide guidance to future ergonomic assessment tool design.

The results of the study show that higher force with a low repetition frequency leads to greater response than lower force with high repetition frequency, when given a predetermined total work time, total rest time and total work volume. Though not greatly significant, experiment data show that longer rest intervals, although given less frequently, discourages the peak response of muscle microtrauma compared to shorter rest intervals given more frequently, when total work time, rest time and workload are predetermined.
Concurrent Validity of the Biostage for Assessment of Lower Extremity Joint Angles
Authors: Liu Jian , Konz Suzanne , Cheung Felix H. , Szwilski Tony B. , Chapman Justin
Published: October 2015

The objective of the current study is to establish the concurrent validity of the Biostage, as a novel markerless motion analysis system, in measuring the lower extremity joint angles during a prescribed motion. Traditional markerless motion analysis system (e.g., Vicon Motus) was used as the baseline. A laboratory study involving 18 healthy young adults was conducted. Both the Biostage and the Motus were used to collect sagittal lower extremity joint angles while the subjects performed squats. The results indicated generally similar sagittal joint angle ensemble profiles between the systems. Significant differences in peak joint angles were found in hip joint, but not in ankle and knee joints. In conclusion, the study findings supported the concurrent validity of the Biostage, as a novel markerless motion analysis system, in measuring lower extremity joint kinematics.
A Psychophysical Protocol to Provide Ergonomic Recommendations for Standing Computer Workstation Setup
Authors: Lin Michael Y.C. , Dennerlein Jack T.
Published: October 2015

Though standing computer workstations are now a popular option for workplace intervention, there is currently not a specific set of ergonomic guidelines to set up standing computer workstations. This study utilized a 3-hour psychophysical protocol to examine how user’s preference affects their workstation setup based on their perceived comfort level while performing standing computer work. We found that users preferred having their keyboard more distant away to their body when they were standing compared to if they were sitting. Users also preferred to set their table height lower to their elbow height and had their monitor lower compared to their eye level. Subsequent protocol evaluation and trend analysis showed that our protocol was effective and consistent while allowing users freely adjust their workstation to find their preferred setup that they felt they were most comfortable with. We see our results as the first step towards making recommendations to establish ergonomic guidelines for standing computer workstation setup.
Drivers’ Interaction Preferences in Autonomous Vehicle Multimodal Interactive Systems
Authors: Duffield Timothy John , Krupenia Stas
Published: October 2015

Within the scope of a broader project (which aimed to develop and implement a method for designing driver environments of autonomous vehicles), we investigated driver-vehicle interaction preferences within a multi-interactive, multi-display truck. Fifteen professional drivers explored different combinations of input (Buttons, Touch, Touchless gestures) and display (Instrument Cluster [ICL], Tablet, and Head Up Display [HUD]) and responded on the appropriateness, acceptance, and usability of the pairing. Results indicated that (1) Touchless input was not suitable for any display; (2) Buttons are best paired with the ICL and HUD; and (3) Touch was best paired with the Tablet. Future work should evaluate if the interactions with the system are easy to perform (i.e. interaction optimization); and driver understanding of system actions.
Crossmodal matching
Authors: Pitts Brandon J. , Sarter Nadine B.
Published: October 2015

Visual data overload and associated performance breakdowns in safety-critical environments have triggered a significant interest in developing multimodal displays, i.e., displays that distribute information across multiple sensory channels (mainly vision, hearing, and touch). Yet, more than 95% of studies on multimodal information processing suffer from a methodological shortcoming: the failure to perform ‘crossmodal matching’ where participants equate the perceived intensities of stimuli across sensory channels in advance of an experiment, with the goal to avoid confounding modality with salience. Currently, there is no agreed-upon technique for performing this task, and the few studies that included this step employed different methods. The goal of this study is to compare three crossmodal matching techniques to determine whether they result in useful and congruent outcomes. In particular, the degree of intra-individual variability of crossmodal matches is of interest. Eighteen participants performed a series of 54 crossmodal matches for visual, auditory, and tactile stimuli. They used a mouse and visual sliding scale, keyboard arrows, or a rotary knob to adjust intensity. Intra-individual variability of matches differed significantly as a function of matching technique and the order in which stimuli are presented. These findings confirm the need for developing an agreed-upon reliable crossmodal matching technique for use in future studies.
Heading Discrimination Thresholds and Lateral Heading Detection Thresholds When Exposed to Low-frequency Linear Motion
Authors: Wei Yue , Bao Beisheng , So Richard H. Y. , Wong K. Y. Michael
Published: October 2015

This paper reports two experiments conducted to measure human heading discrimination performance. In the first experiment, we measured the minimum heading angle of a linear heading motion that can be discriminated from the straight ahead direction - ‘Heading Discrimination Threshold (HDT)’. Uni-directional linear sinusoidal motion was used. Effects of different combinations of peak acceleration (20, 25 and 30 cm/s2) and frequencies (0.25, 0.5 and 1 Hz) were studied. In the second experiment, we also measured minimum peak acceleration needed for subjects to discriminate lateral heading motions and call it ‘Heading Detection Threshold (HDeT)’. We hypothesized that HDTs will be linearly correlated with HDeTs when measured in same frequency conditions. The preliminary result of first 7 subjects showed that peak acceleration magnitude was a significant factor on HDTs while frequency was not. A trend towards a significant correlation between HDTs and HDeTs was emerging for the 1 Hz condition.
Time Perception during Retrospective and Prospective Paradigms with a Distraction
Authors: Lontz Kristi , Doherty Shawn M. , Liu Dahai
Published: October 2015

Time duration estimates can play an intricate part of one’s daily life. This study examined the time duration judgments in two paradigms, when participants were aware they were being timed (prospective) and when they were unaware they were being timed (retrospective). Furthermore, this study investigated the effect of an external stimulus, when an auditory stimulus was used, to determine if an external stimulus might mediate any time distortions that occur in the two paradigms. For this between-subject, fully factorial experiment, 60 participants were engaged in a simulation and placed in one of four temporal judgment conditions. This study examined both the accuracy of the time duration judgment and the performance of the primary simulation task. The only significance finding for this study showed the importance of how a simple auditory distraction has the ability to increases the time duration judgments recalled after performing a task.
Multi-Gain Control
Authors: Lemasters Lucas , Flach John
Published: October 2015

Woodworth’s Two-Component model (1899) partitioned speeded limb movements into two distinct phases: (1) a central ballistic open-loop mechanism and (2) a closed-loop feedback component. The present study investigated the implementation of multi-gain control configurations that utilized separate gain values optimized for each movement phase. A target acquisition task using Fitts’ Law (1954) was performed within a virtual environment using multiple control devices with three gain settings: (1) mono-gain, (2) dual-gain, and (3) continuous gain. It was found that dual-gain and continuous gain configurations yielded lower movement times and information-processing rates than the mono-gain configurations. The secondary gain values presented in the dual-gain and continuous gain configurations were reported to mitigate oscillations around smaller targets that were responsible for additive settling time. Therefore, implementation of multi-gain control logic could help improve performance when navigating through large spaces and acquiring small targets.
The Effects of Agent Transparency on Human Interaction with an Autonomous Robotic Agent
Authors: Selkowitz Anthony , Lakhmani Shan , Chen Jessie Y.C. , Boyce Michael
Published: October 2015

We use the Situation awareness-based Agent Transparency model as a framework to design a user interface to support agent transparency. Participants were instructed to supervise an autonomous robotic agent as it traversed simulated urban environments. During this task, participants were exposed to one of three levels of information used to support agent transparency in the interface display. Our findings suggest that providing agent transparency information allows operators to properly calibrate trust without excess workload. Though, increased agent transparency information did not support operator situation awareness.
The Cognitive Science of Intelligence Analysis
Authors: McNeese Nathan J. , Buchanan Verica , Cooke Nancy J.
Published: October 2015

Over the years, the human factors community has identified many challenges and complexities associated with intelligence analysis, many directly related to cognition. The pressures that intelligence analysts must deal with on a day-to-day basis stretch one’s cognitive bandwidth. Through a review of human factors related intelligence analysis research, this paper presents multiple cognitive challenges that impact intelligence analysts’ work. In response to these challenges, the authors outline ways in which human factors can be beneficial to alleviating many of the challenges. Finally, the authors introduce the Living Lab approach as a valuable and unique means for understanding the cognitive science of intelligence analysis.
Capturing Non-linear Judgment Policies Using Decision Tree Models of Classification Behavior
Authors: Lafond Daniel , Vallières Benoît R. , Vachon François , St-Louis Marie-Ève , Tremblay Sébastien
Published: October 2015

Policy capturing is a decision analysis method that typically uses linear statistical modeling to estimate the basis of expert judgments. Using more flexible data mining algorithms may yield more accurate models or instead result in poor functional estimations. The objective of this study is to test the effectiveness of a decision tree induction algorithm for policy capturing in comparison to the standard linear approach. We examined human classification behavior using a simulated naval air-defense task in order to empirically compare the C4.5 decision tree algorithm to linear regression on their ability to capture individual decision policies. The pattern of results shows that C4.5 outperformed linear regression in terms of goodness-of-fit and cross-validation accuracy. Results also show that the decision tree models of individuals’ judgment policies actually classified contacts more accurately than their human counterparts. We conclude that non-linear policy capturing can yield useful models for training and decision support applications.
How Procedural and Conceptual Training Affect Flight Performance for Learning Traffic Patterns
Authors: Dattel Andrew R. , Karunratanakul Kunthinee , Crockett Suzanne A. , Fabbri John
Published: October 2015

Forty eight students who had no prior experience or interest in learning to fly an airplane were recruited to participate in a research experiment to study how procedural training and conceptual training of traffic patterns affects flight performance. Traffic patterns are rules and regulations pilots follow when entering and departing an airport environment and are complex flight maneuvers that require advanced cognitive skills including algebraic and geometric calculations. Procedural training emphasizes the step-by-step actions required to complete a complete task, whereas conceptual training emphasizes the interrelationship of elements in a dynamic environment. Participants received 3 hours of traffic pattern training, which included reading text, watching videos, and practicing on a flight simulator. During a 20-minute test scenario, participants were tested for deviations in distance, altitude, airspeed, and heading. Procedurally trained participants had significantly greater deviations in maintaining the proper distance from the runway than the conceptually trained participants. Procedurally trained participants also showed a trend for greater altitude deviations than the conceptual trained participants. It is concluded that conceptual training should be emphasized over procedure training when learning traffic patterns. Future studies should also include emphasis on procedural training and conceptual training for flight maneuvers that are less cognitively complex.
The Relationship between U.S. Military Aptitude Testing and Academic Performance during Army Combat Medic Training
Authors: Cassenti Daniel N. , Rice Valerie J. , Rose Paul N.
Published: October 2015

The Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) is required of all recruits seeking to join the U.S. Army. A particular combination of ASVAB subscores is used to determine whether a recruit is qualified to attend individual Military Occupational Specialties. This study was designed to investigate the association between these required criteria and academic performance during Health Care Specialist (HCS, ‘Combat Medic’) training. Results reveal an association between each subcomponent and both pass/fail status and grade point average (p < .001), however strong scientific skill along with a high verbal composite score best explained academic success. Based on these results, recommendations include a revision of ASVAB-based entry criteria for HCS training, and the issuant discussion addresses how the proposed standards should result in stronger relationships with training success.
Exploring the Use of Technology among U.S. Military Service Members and Veterans
Authors: Boykin Gary L. , Rice Valerie J.
Published: October 2015

Healthcare outreach via the Internet requires users to have a working understanding of computers, the Internet, and the media source used (such as a social network). However, little is known about computer, Internet, and social networking (CISN) use among U.S. military service members and veterans. The aim of this investigation was to explore CISN use among U.S. military active duty and veteran service members. Volunteers completed a CISN self-report survey (n=203). Chi-square tests and Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients revealed home computer use of 12 ± 14.1 hrs/wk and work computer use of 20.4 ± 18.4 hrs/wk. Self-reports revealed 85.2% operating at a self-reported intermediate, advanced, or expert computer skill level (n = 149), 91.2% with intermediate, advanced, or expert Internet proficiency, and 73.3% using social media. Older subjects 60+ used CISN less than those ≤ 59 (p<.05). While the majority of participants appeared to have sufficient internet skills to participate in Internet health care outreach programs, about 15% did not have such skills. This unskilled population may not benefit from internet outreach programs. Additional research will provide information on CISN use among military subpopulations and assist with designing an integration of in-person and Internet outreach programs to reach those in need.
Problematic Texting Behaviors
Authors: Schroeder Bradford L. , Sims Valerie K.
Published: October 2015

Problematic texting behaviors consist of well-understood behaviors (such as texting while driving) and behaviors that have not been thoroughly researched in the past. A study was performed to examine several physically and socially problematic texting habits with respect to individual differences in personality and sensation-seeking behavior. Participants completed several self-report surveys gauging texting habits, personality, and sensation seeking. General findings indicated that extraversion and neuroticism were positively related to some socially problematic texting behaviors, but unexpectedly, extraversion was related to non-social aspects of texting, such as texting while driving. The disinhibition subscale was most strongly related to almost all of the problematic texting behaviors that we assessed, most notably for texting and driving. Based on these findings, an example of using individual differences to improve analyses of problematic texting behavior is provided. Additional results and implications for human factors are further discussed.
Implementing Energy Status in Head-Down Cockpit Displays
Authors: Müller Simon , Manzey Dietrich , Schreiter Karolin , Luckner Robert
Published: October 2015

It is safety critical for pilots to be aware of the aircraft’s energy state in terms of proper altitude and airspeed. A loss of energy awareness is an important human factors issue in modern civil aircraft. In order to maintain the energy awareness and support the manual flying skills, several cockpit display concepts suggest to augment the current energy status of the aircraft on primary flight displays in terms of the total energy angle. An experiment was carried out to determine which effect this additional energy information has on pilots’ flight path control, instrument scanning, and situation awareness. Outcomes of the study show a significant shift of the scanning pattern from airspeed, altitude scale, and engine parameter towards the center of the primary flight display with unchanged situation awareness. In addition, pilots are better able to maintain given speed targets.
The Use Of Investigation Models To Explain Accident Causation And Operator Performance
Authors: Strauch barry
Published: October 2015

Researchers disagree on appropriate models to employ to analyze accident investigations. This paper describes several proposed accident investigation models. Unique aspects of accident investigations, particularly in comparison to empirical research, can partly explain some of these differences. More likely, the difficulty in documenting and describing the often considerable operator interactions and system changes that occur during accident sequences may account for the lack of agreement on a single model by investigators. Nonetheless, some models have affected the way investigators document and analyze investigation-related data. Despite differences in investigative methodology, in general the logic of investigations appears to be similar, across industries and countries.
Provider Workflow and Patient Care
Authors: Pennathur Priyadarshini R. , Momenipour Amirmasoud
Published: October 2015

Healthcare provider workflows for documenting and tracking patients, hitherto predominantly manual and paper-based, have recently become significantly computerized. Computerization has made the storage, processing and retrieval of information easier. However, it has increased the potential for errors, impacted direct patient care, and burdened providers with documentation. This paper describes a study to understand information use among providers in intensive care units, and inpatient and outpatient units. Findings on the extent of provider time spent on computer use and impact on direct patient care are described.
A positive relationship between nature appreciation, emotional functioning, and perception of work value
Authors: Craig Curtis , Menon Chloe V. , Klein Martina I.
Published: October 2015

Previous research has noted potential emotional benefits of being in nature. This study examined whether nature appreciation is also positively related to perception of work-value. Frequency of nature appreciation and a number of variables related to emotion, well-being, and perceived work value were analyzed using hierarchical regression techniques with a publicly available data set, consisting of a large sample of middle-aged and older adults. Nature appreciation was significantly associated with certain emotional outcomes including increased positive affect, well-being, as well as reduced perceived stress. Nature was also associated with increased epinephrine, implying a complex relationship between nature and emotion regulation. Nature offers numerous benefits for individuals across the spectrum of psychological functioning. The findings are relevant for psychologists in promoting the well being of workers.
Does the Polling Station Environment Matter? The Relation Between Voting Machine Layouts Within Polling Stations And Anticipated System Usability
Authors: Acemyan Claudia Ziegler , Kortum Philip
Published: October 2015

This study sought to understand if voting equipment layouts impacted anticipated voting system usability. Thirty-five participants viewed photorealistic rendered images of twelve different voting system configurations within a polling station. After viewing each condition, participants completed a survey to assess anticipated system usability and related measures. Results showed that spatial configurations of voting machines inside a polling station impacted all subjective ratings. Anticipated usability was highest when the voting systems had dividers around the interface, there was space between units, and polling booths were arranged in the room such that voters did not face one another. This study demonstrates that environmental variables might need to be considered when configuring polling stations in order to maximize subjective assessments, like anticipated usability, that could impact future system use.
A Cognitive and Affective Neuroergonomics Approach to Game Design
Authors: Chamberland Cindy , Grégoire Mathieu , Michon Pierre-Emmanuel , Gagnon Jean-Christophe , Jackson Philip L. , Tremblay Sébastien
Published: October 2015

While the usefulness of games extends beyond their entertainment value, the act of playing a game remains essentially tied to its positive experience. Techniques to assess the player’s experience have greatly improved in the past decade, yet several challenges remain such as identifying objective and dynamic measures that reflect the player’s emotions during the game. In this paper, we describe an innovative approach to capture the player’s experience that relies on cognitive sciences and affective neuroscience. Our research endeavor is to contribute to the development of systems capable of predicting the player’s fun based on psychophysiology and in-game behaviors, and adapting the game to maximize that value. We present a use case of our techniques to elicit the player’s affective and cognitive states using an online strategic card game. Preliminary results revealed that electrodermal and respiratory activities were positively associated to the casual gamers’ affective and cognitive states. Such findings suggest that psychophysiological metrics combined with behavioural measures offer a promising avenue to assess the player’s experience in a comprehensive and objective manner.
Development of HeadForms and an Anthropometric Sizing Analysis System for Head-Related Product Designs
Authors: Lee Wonsup , Lee Baekhee , Kim Sungho , Jung Hayoung , Bok Ilguen , Kim Chulwoo , Kwon Ochae , Choi Teukgyu , You Heecheon
Published: October 2015

The present study developed a sizing analysis system based on the Civilian American and European Surface Anthropometry Resource (CAESAR) database of North Americans ( n = 2,299) for head-related product designs. To find representative heads from a huge amount of 3D human scan database, a sizing analysis system is required for efficient analysis of sizing systems based on anthropometric measurements. The head of the CAESAR 3D scan were manually edited to improve a quality for better use to the product design. Twenty one anthropometric landmarks were marked on the edited 3D heads to measure 40 anthropometric dimensions related to the head product designs. All head and face dimensions were automatically measured by applying a measurement system coded using Matlab. Fifteen representative headforms were generated in terms of 5 ethnic groups (composite group, Caucasians, American Africans, Asians, and Hispanics) and 3 gender groups (composite gender, males, and females). Finally, the sizing analysis system was developed based on the measurement of the CAESAR for analysis of head and facial measurements and generation of sizing systems.
Formatting Food Labels for Safety and Health
Authors: Grishin John , Walkington Will , Wogalter Michael S.
Published: October 2015

Being able to locate the list of ingredients on a food product label can be important for consumers’ health and safety. However, the arrangements of components on food labels could make it difficult to find the ingredients. This study examines whether the relative physical placement of the list of ingredients affects the time it takes for users to locate it. The location of the list of ingredients was varied on a food product label. The results suggest that the list of ingredients is found faster when it is located in the upper portions of a food label and closer to the nutrition facts panel than other locations on the label. Implications for improving food label safety are discussed.
Developing Consumer-Centered Healthcare Public Reports
Authors: Byham Megan , Madathil Kapil Chalil
Published: October 2015

One of the key challenges for designers of healthcare public reports is the development of a presentation format that accurately communicates the variability in the quality of care among hospital systems. The key to designing effective interfaces for these reports is an understanding of the healthcare consumer’s decision making process when selecting a medical provider based on the report data. To better understand this process, 20 participants were placed in a hypothetical situation in which they were required to select a hospital for knee surgery. Eye-tracking was utilized as the participants were presented with statistical data for each hospital. After choosing a hospital, each participant was interviewed using a retrospective think- aloud protocol to understand his or her decision making process. The results indicate that there is a standard, underlying decision making process for all consumers. The steps of this process directly relate to known data interpretation trends which mark potential areas of improvement: consumers focus most on information presented first, they visually concentrate most on the differences presented in information, and extensive amounts of information lead to mental strain and a loss of thoroughness in decision-making. The primary limitation of this study is the small number of participants with limited demographic information. The insights gained from this study can be applied to improve healthcare reporting in the future.
Performance Evaluation for Simulation-Based Practice
Authors: Cruit Jessica , Blickensderfer Beth , Belote Marisa
Published: October 2015

The healthcare industry is increasingly integrating simulation-based training within the different practices of medicine, including nursing education. While considerable literature exists regarding the use of simulation-based training in nursing education, a major weakness in the literature is the absence of behavioral performance measures to help provide empirical evidence of effectiveness. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate a behavioral evaluation instrument for measuring effectiveness in a nursing education simulation-based training exercise. The results of this study may guide nursing educational specialists and others in the healthcare industry on the development and incorporation of effective behavioral measures into their training curriculum.
The Influence of Robot Form on Trust
Authors: Sanders Tracy L. , Volante William , Stowers Kimberly , Kessler Theresa , Gabracht Katharina , Harpold Brandon , Oppold Paul , Hancock Peter A.
Published: October 2015

Assistive robotics is a rapidly progressing field of study that contains facets yet to be fully understood. Here we look at the effect of robot form on user’s level of trust placed on the robot. Form-based trust was evaluated in this study by comparing participant trust ratings based on four robot designs: Lego Mindstorm, Keepon, Sphero and Ozzy. The first view of the robot and the interactions with the robots were examined with pre and post measurements of trust. Sphero and Lego received consistently higher trust ratings than Keepon and Ozzy. Pre-post measures reveal a difference between the initial measure of trust based on form, and the second measure of trust based on the observation of robot function.
Eye Tracking Analysis Using Differently Shaped Areas of Interest to Represent Multi- Element Moving Objects
Authors: Mandal Saptarshi , Kang Ziho
Published: October 2015

Eye tracking analysis can be used to evaluate human performance. However, it is a challenging task to map eye tracking data to multi-element moving objects if the objects take different complex shapes and dynamically move within the display. We propose algorithms that approximate multi-element moving objects into simpler areas of interest (AOIs). Based on minimum AOIs required to represent objects, three AOI types (rectangle, circle, and triangle) were created that maintains the same sizes regardless of object shapes. The algorithms were applied to a task of observing a simulated air traffic control display. Two types of eye fixation data were used for evaluation: Simulated data using uniform distribution and human participant data. The number of eye fixations differed significantly among AOI types when simulated data were used ( p < .001) but were insignificant when human data were used ( p = .94). We discuss how eye tracking data may be affected by AOI types, and we offer suggestions to improve simulated eye fixations and AOI designs for multi-element moving objects. This pilot study provides ground work for better AOI design and possibly for automating the development of accurate AOIs for multi-element moving objects.
Effects of Alarm Modality and Alarm Reliability on Workload, Trust, and Driving Performance
Authors: Shah Smruti J. , Bliss James P. , Chancey Eric T. , Brill J. Christopher
Published: October 2015

As roads are getting more congested, the rate of automobile crashes due to driver error is also rising. Driving is an attention demanding task. The automobile industry has developed collision avoidance warning systems to increase situation awareness and roadway safety. Different modalities of alarms could be used to increase drivers’ situation awareness. The current study is a preliminary analysis of the effects of alarm reliability (70% & 90%) and alarm modality (auditory & tactile) on driver performance, trust in alarms, and perceived workload. Participants ( n=5) drove in a simulated environment. The results showed that drivers had fewer collisions in the tactile condition than the auditory condition. The findings of this research can inform which alarm modality is effective in improving driver performance and how practitioners can use this information to improve collision avoidance warning systems to increase roadway safety.