Menstrual cycle characteristics and incident cancer: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Wang Siwen , Wang Yi-Xin , Sandoval-Insausti Helena , Farland Leslie V , Shifren Jan L , Zhang Dan , Manson JoAnn E , Birmann Brenda M , Willett Walter C , Giovannucci Edward L , Missmer Stacey A , Chavarro Jorge E 
Published: October 2021

STUDY QUESTION

Are menstrual cycle characteristics throughout the reproductive lifespan associated with cancer risk?

SUMMARY ANSWER

Irregular and long menstrual cycles throughout the reproductive lifespan were associated with increased risk of total invasive cancer, especially obesity-related cancers.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY

Long and irregular menstrual cycles have been associated with lower risk of pre-menopausal breast cancer and higher risk of endometrial cancer, but associations with other malignancies are less clear.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION

Prospective cohort study. Prospective follow-up of 78 943 women participating in the Nurses’ Health Study II between 1989 and 2015.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS

We followed 78 943 pre-menopausal women without cancer history who reported the usual length and regularity of their menstrual cycles at different ages (14–17, 18–22 and 29–46 years). Cancer diagnosis was confirmed through medical record review and classified as obesity-related (colorectal, gallbladder, kidney, multiple myeloma, thyroid, pancreatic, esophageal, gastric, liver, endometrial, ovarian and post-menopausal breast) or non-obesity-related. We fitted Cox proportional hazards models to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs of the association between menstrual cycle characteristics and cancer incidence.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE

We documented 5794 incident cancer cases during 1 646 789 person-years of follow-up. After adjusting for BMI and other potential confounders, women reporting irregular cycles at age 29–46 years had an 11% (95% CI: 2–21%) higher risk of total invasive cancer than women reporting very regular cycles at the same age. This association was limited to obesity-related cancers, with a 23% (95% CI: 9–39%) higher risk and was strongest for endometrial cancer (HR = 1.39; 95% CI: 1.09–1.77). Findings were comparable for cycle characteristics earlier in life and for menstrual cycle length. Very irregular cycles at age 14–17 years were associated with significant increase in risk of colorectal cancer (HR = 1.36; 95% CI: 1.02–1.81).

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION

Our study might be subject to recall bias for findings pertaining to cycle characteristics in adolescence and early adulthood, as these were retrospectively reported. Generalizability to non-White women may be limited, as 96% of participants were White.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS

Women with irregular or long menstrual cycles in mid-adulthood had a statistically significantly higher risk of developing cancer, especially obesity-related cancers. This association was not limited to gynecological cancers. Obesity-related cancers may need to be added to the spectrum of long-term health consequences of long or irregular cycles, possibly warranting targeted screening among women who experience long or irregular cycles in mid-adulthood.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST

This work was supported by grants U01 CA176726, U01 HL145386 and R01 HD096033 from the National Institutes of Health. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

N/A.