bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Laryngeal Muscle Surface Receptors Identified using Random Phage Library
Authors: Flint Paul W. , Li Zhao Bo , Lehar Mohamed , Saito Koichiro , Pai Sara I.
Published: November 2005

Objectives: The ultimate goal of this study is to improve the efficiency of gene transfer in mammalian muscle by developing targeted adenoviral vectors. Altering the tropism of viral vectors to recognize tissue specific antigens is one method to achieve this goal. This approach requires identification of cell‐surface receptors and the insertion of target peptide sequences into the adenoviral fiber protein. In this study, phage biopanning was performed on cultured rat skeletal and laryngeal muscle to identify cell‐surface receptors.

Study Design: In vitro cell culture and in vivo animal model.

Methods: M‐13 Phage biopanning was used for muscle cell‐surface receptor analysis on cultured rat skeletal and laryngeal muscle. Nonbinding and binding phage to cultured skeletal and laryngeal muscle were screened for muscle specific surface peptides. In vivo studies were then performed using muscle specific phage.

Results: Skeletal muscle specific binding by the YASTNPM phage was observed by in vivo immunostaining. Phage titering demonstrated a 109‐fold increase in skeletal muscle binding compared with nontarget tissue. A peptide sequence (NPSQVKH) specific for laryngeal muscle yielded a 107‐fold increase in laryngeal muscle phage titer compared with nontarget tissue.

Conclusions: These results identify muscle cell‐surface receptors that may be used as potential targets for genetic modification of adenovirus tropism. Moreover, phage specificity for skeletal and laryngeal muscle indicates specific muscle groups may be targeted.
Correlation between Symptoms and Laryngeal Signs in Laryngopharyngeal Reflux
Authors: Qadeer Mohammed A. , Swoger Jason , Milstein Claudio , Hicks Douglas M. , Ponsky Jeff , Richter Joel E. , Abelson Tom I. , Vaezi Michael F.
Published: November 2005

Objective/Hypothesis: Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is diagnosed by the presence of laryngeal signs and symptoms. Some studies have noted that signs and symptoms may be nonspecific and may have poor correlation. However, many such studies were either observational or had short‐term follow‐up. Therefore, we conducted subgroup analysis of a prospective concurrent controlled study with a 1 year follow‐up to study the correlation between signs and symptoms.

Study Design: Prospective study.

Methods: Seventy‐two patients with suspected gastroesophageal reflux disease related laryngeal symptoms/signs received a 4 month trial of aggressive acid‐suppressive therapy. Four month symptomatic nonresponders (<50% improvement) with continued laryngeal inflammation and normalized esophageal acid exposure were then offered laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. The primary outcome was laryngeal symptom‐sign correlation at 1 year postsurgery.

Results: Twenty‐five of 72 (35%) patients remained unresponsive after 4 months of aggressive acid suppressive therapy. Ten (40%) patients agreed to undergo surgical fundoplication (mean age = 50, male = 4). The most common laryngeal symptoms were sore throat (40%), hoarseness (30%), and cough (20%), whereas the most common signs were medial arytenoid wall erythema/edema (60%), interarytenoid erythema (50%), and arytenoid complex erythema/edema (50%). At 1 year postfundoplication, laryngeal symptoms improved in only 1 of 10 (10%) patient, whereas signs improved in 8 of 10 (80%) patients.

Conclusions: There appears to be poor correlation between signs and symptoms of LPR, particularly when monitoring therapeutic outcomes. In patients unresponsive to twice‐daily proton‐pump inhibitor therapy for 4 months, further aggressive therapy is unlikely to bring additional symptomatic benefit.
Inhibition of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor by Macrolides in Cultured Fibroblasts from Nasal Polyps
Authors: Matsune Shoji , Sun Dong , Ohori Junichiro , Nishimoto Kengo , Fukuiwa Tatsuya , Ushikai Masato , Kurono Yuichi
Published: November 2005

Objective: In order to study a new mechanism of efficacy of 14‐membered ring macrolides in treating chronic rhinosinusitis, inhibitory effects of macrolides on vascular endothelial growth factor production were examined in vitro.

Methods: Vascular endothelisal growth factor production in cultured fibloblasts from human nasal polyps obtained from surgery for chronic paranasal sinusitis stimulated by hypoxia or tumor necrosis factor‐α was assessed under the administration of Clarithromycin or Roxisthromycin by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain‐reaction.

Results: Dose‐dependent inhibitory effects on vascular endothelisal growth factor production stimulated by hypoxia or tumor necrosis factor‐α were noted in the groups treated with Clarithromycin and Roxisthromycin, including inhibition of vascular endothelisal growth factor mRNA levels.

Conclusion: While, to date, several evidences have indicated that the mechanisms by which 14‐membered ring macrolides reduce inflammation are not simply bactericidal, these results suggest another new mechanism of efficacy of macrolides in treating chronic rhinosinusitis.
First Case of Laryngeal Glomangiomyoma
Authors: Lee Walter T. , Murthy Sudish C. , Gildea Thomas R. , Lorenz Robert R.
Published: November 2005

Glomus tumors are derived from the normal glomus body, which is an arteriovenous confluence involved with thermoregulation. These true glomus tumors are different from the “glomus tumors” derived from the paraganglion system often encountered by the otolaryngologist. Glomus tumors have been reported in a variety of locations including the pancreas, perineum, nasal cavity, and torso; however, most are found in the extremities. We present the first case of a laryngeal glomangiomyoma. Furthermore, this lesion was successfully excised endoscopically with a CO2 laser.
Docetaxel Associated Pathways in Cisplatin Resistant Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Pilot Study
Authors: Yoo George H. , Lin Ho‐Sheng , Iskander Andrew J. , Piechocki Marie P. , Oliver Jeffery , Kewson Danny , Lonardo Fulvio , Tainsky Michael A. , Kim Hyeong‐Reh , Kim Harold , Ensley John F.
Published: November 2005

Purpose: This is a pilot study to identify changes in gene and protein expressions after treatment with docetaxel in cisplatin‐resistant head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

Methods: Two cisplatin‐resistant HNSCC cell lines, HN30 and HN12, were treated with either docetaxel or cisplatin. After 48 hours, differential gene expression between the two treatment groups (docetaxel‐treated cells and cisplatin‐treated cells) was analyzed using cDNA microarray. Differential protein expression between these two treatment groups was determined using PowerBlot and Western Blot analysis

Results: A total of 150 genes and proteins were found to have differential expression patterns in HNSCC after treatment with docetaxel versus cisplatin. Many of these differentially expressed genes and proteins were involved in the cell cycle (decreased E2F), apoptosis (increased bax), angiogenesis (increased thrombospondin), and signal transduction (decreased epidermoid growth factor receptor) regulatory pathways.

Conclusions: Gene and protein expression are different and distinct between cells treated with docetaxel and cells treated with cisplatin. This finding provides evidence that different molecular pathways leading to cell death are targeted by docetaxel and cisplatin. Future studies focusing on these differentially expressed genes and proteins may improve our understanding, at the molecular level, of the mechanisms responsible for docetaxel‐induced apoptosis in cisplatin‐resistant HNSCC. Furthermore, these differentially expressed genes and proteins can be exploited as useful surrogate endpoint biomarkers in future clinical trials using docetaxel.
A New Crimping Device for Stapedectomy Prostheses
Authors: Huettenbrink Karl‐Bernd , Beutner Dirk
Published: November 2005

Objective: To describe a newly designed microforceps for easy and stable crimping of a prosthesis loop to the incus' long process in stapes surgery

Results: We developed a crimping tool with two innovative improvements. First, the tip of the crimping device is arcuated and thus able to span the loop of the prosthesis entirely around the incus long process. Second, a retaining spring is implemented into the handle. This passive opening mechanism of the crimper avoids the switch from flexor to extensor muscle group movements in the forearm of the surgeon while switching from crimping to unclosing the forceps. This maneuver, which is considered the most delicate in ear surgery, can be performed by variations of the flexor muscle group tonus only.

Conclusion: The new crimping tool has proved to be reliable in firm attachment of the prosthesis' loop to the incus long process. Furthermore, because of the passive open‐up mechanism movements of the surgeon's hand, wriggling excursions of the tip of the forceps are minimized and the risk of incus luxation is reduced.
Comparison of Hearing Screening Programs between One Step with Transient Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions (TEOAE) and Two Steps with TEOAE and Automated Auditory Brainstem Response
Authors: Lin Hung‐Ching , Shu Min‐Tsan , Lee Kuo‐Sheng , Ho Guan‐Min , Fu Tzu‐Yu , Bruna Sharon , Lin Grace
Published: November 2005

Objective: To compare the efficacy between one step with transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAE) and two steps with TEOAE and automated auditory brainstem response (AABR) in a newborn hearing screening program. We investigated their differences in referral rate, the accurate identification rate of congenital hearing loss (HL), and cost effectiveness.

Method: From November 1998 to December 2004, a total of 21,273 healthy newborns were screened for HL in Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei. In the periods from November 1998 to January 2004 and from February 2004 to December 2004, the screening tools used were TEOAE alone (n = 18,260) and TEOAE plus AABR (n = 3,013), respectively.

Results: A statistically significant decrease of referral rate was achieved in the group using TEOAE and AABR as screening tools when compared with TEOAE alone (1.8% vs. 5.8%). The accurate identification rate of congenital HL was 0.45% in TEOAE protocol and 0.3% in TEOAE and AABR protocol, which was not statistically significant. The total direct costs per screening were 10.1 U.S. dollars for the program using TEOAE alone and 8.9 U.S. dollars for the TEOAE plus AABR program. The intangible cost, however, was much higher in the earlier program because of the higher referral rate.

Conclusion: In terms of the efficacy of a hearing screening program using the one step TEOAE and two step TEOAE and AABR programs, the later significantly decreased the referral rate from 5.8% to 1.8%. No significant difference was noted between the accurate identification rates of congenital HL. The total costs, including expenditures and intangible cost, were lower in the protocol with TEOAE plus AABR.
Two Subgroups of Stapes Fixation: Otosclerosis and Pseudo‐Otosclerosis
Authors: Karosi Tamás , Kónya József , Petkó Mihály , Szabó László Z. , Pytel József , Jóri József , Sziklai István
Published: November 2005

Hypothesis: Stapes ankylosis is a disease with variable histopathology and can be caused by otosclerosis or pseudo‐otosclerosis. Viral pathogenesis of otosclerosis could be established only by correlative analysis: histologic examination of the stapes footplate and reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) amplification of the viral RNA.

Background: Presence of the RNA genome of measles virus was demonstrated in the footplates of clinically otosclerotic patients by RT‐PCR, and also viral proteins were detected by immunohistochemistry.

Methods: Nucleic acids were extracted from ankylotic stapes footplates of clinically stapes fixation patients (n = 104). Measles virus genomic nucleoprotein (NP) RNA was amplified by seminested RT‐PCR. Amplification results were correlated to postoperative histologic and audiologic findings.

Results: Measles virus RNA was detectable only in histologically otosclerotic stapes footplates (n = 67). Histology for virus negative footplates (n = 37) excluded otosclerosis. Virus negative stapes footplates showed nonotosclerotic, degenerative disorders.

Conclusions: Stapes ankylosis is a heterogeneous disease causing conductive hearing loss with different etiologies. Nonotosclerotic stapes fixations could be established as pseudo‐otosclerosis and may belong to nonspecific, degenerative disorders with variable and noncharacteristic histopathology. Otosclerosis is an inflammatory disease caused by persisting measles virus infection of the otic cap‐sule.
A New Device for Creating and Positioning an Autogenous Cartilage Framework during Microtia Reconstruction
Authors: Walsh William E. , Reisberg David J. , Danahey Daniel G.
Published: November 2005

Objective: This paper describes the fabrication and use of a three‐dimensional appliance, known as the microtia surgical positioner, to more accurately position and better sculpt the autogenous rib cartilage graft during microtia reconstruction.

Study Design: The authors introduce a new device design and surgical application.

Methods: An impression and plaster cast were made from the patient's auricular defect. On this cast, the artist then created a wax baseplate and an esthetically pleasing wax sculpture of an ideal ear similar to the patient's normal contralateral ear. The surface contour of the patient's auricular defect locked the wax baseplate into a stable position, the ear sculpture was then properly positioned on the baseplate, and the two pieces were joined. The artist made a silicone mold of the wax prototype and casted the clear acrylic resin surgical positioner using that mold. Finally, an opening along the helical portion was drilled in the positioner. Intraoperatively, the positioner locked into the surface contour of the patient's auricular defect, thus assuring accurate positioning of the cartilage graft. The surgeon marked the correct helix position with the device's helix and helical port and used the positioner as a model to guide the carving and assembly of the cartilage framework.

Results: Our group successfully created and used a microtia surgical positioner. The positioner guided accurate superior‐inferior, anterior‐posterior, and rotational placement of the helical portion of the cartilage graft. The surgical positioner also significantly contributed to detailed sculpting of the graft.

Conclusions: Medical artists and surgeons may cooperate to fabricate and use a surgical positioner to guide accurate placement of the cartilage framework and assist with sculpting of the graft for total auricular reconstruction.
Diagnostic Utility of Positron Emission Tomography‐Computed Tomography for Predicting Malignancy in Cystic Neck Masses in Adults
Authors: Ferris Robert L. , Branstetter Barton F. , Nayak Jayakar V.
Published: November 2005

Objectives: Combined positron emission tomography and computed tomography (PET‐CT) is used for the diagnostic evaluation and staging of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). By superimposing anatomic localization of CT with the physiologic data of PET, occult primary and metastatic neoplasms might be identified. Because the diagnostic algorithm for cystic neck masses in adults often overlaps with the work‐up of cancer of unknown primary site, we evaluated the utility of PET‐CT scans to identify the presence of malignancy and the location of primary tumor.

Study Design: Single‐institution retrospective case review series.

Methods: We reviewed the PET‐CT imaging of cystic neck masses occurring in five patients over 40 years of age with significant risk factors for SCCHN and correlated this information with histopathology.

Results: In each patient in our series, the PET portion of a combined PET‐CT was misleading, whereas the CT examination was more suggestive of the correct pathology. Ultimately, clinical judgment and endoscopic evaluation, guided by CT findings, were most valuable for distinguishing malignant versus benign processes and identifying the primary tumor sites.

Conclusions: PET‐CT may not be a reliable modality for identifying malignancy in adults with suspicious cystic neck masses. A thorough clinical evaluation by an experienced head and neck surgeon, in conjunction with contrast‐enhanced CT, may be sufficient to facilitate the optimal management of such patients.
Outcomes for Endoscopic Resection of Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Shipchandler Taha Z. , Batra Pete S. , Citardi Martin J. , Bolger William E. , Lanza Donald C.
Published: November 2005

Objectives: Preliminary data suggest efficacy for the endoscopic approach for sinonasal malignancy. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the endoscopic approach for the resection of sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).

Study Design: Retrospective analysis of patients undergoing endoscopic resection of sinonasal SCC from August 1996 to May 2004.

Methods: Eleven patients were treated with curative intent. Demographic data, histopathology, extent of tumor involvement, and need for adjunctive radiation or chemotherapy were determined. Local recurrence (LR), distant metastasis, overall survival (OS), and disease‐free survival (DFS) rates were calculated.

Results: The mean age for the patient population was 62.5 (52–85) years with a male:female ratio of 8:3. Multimodality therapy including radiation or chemotherapy was used in 8 of 11 (73%) patients. Seven patients were resected using strictly an endoscopic approach, whereas four required combined endoscopic and neurosurgical resection. LR and distant metastatic rates were 20% and 0%, respectively. OS and DFS were both 91%, with mean follow‐up of 31.5 (range 6–88) months.

Conclusions: Endoscopic resection in combination with multimodality therapy is an effective method for curative resection of sinonasal SCC. In this preliminary study, it facilitated complete resection with acceptable LR and DFS rates.
Drug Delivery to the Cochlea Using PLGA Nanoparticles
Authors: Tamura Tetsuya , Kita Tomoko , Nakagawa Takayuki , Endo Tsuyoshi , Kim Tae‐Soo , Ishihara Tsutomu , Mizushima Yutaka , Higaki Megumu , Ito Juichi
Published: November 2005

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of encapsulating therapeutic molecules in poly lactic/glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles for drug delivery to the cochlea.

Study Design: An experimental study.

Methods: We examined the distribution of rhodamine, a fluorescent dye, in the cochlea, liver, and kidney of guinea pigs. Intravenous injection of rhodamine or rhodamine‐encapsulated PLGA nanoparticles was used to target the fluorescent dye systemically to the liver, kidney, and cochlea, and these molecules were applied locally to the round window membrane (RWM) of the cochlea. The localization of rhodamine fluorescence in each region was quantitatively analyzed.

Results: After systemic application of rhodamine nanoparticles, fluorescence was identified in the liver, kidney, and cochlea. The systemic application of nanoparticles had a significant effect on targeted and sustained delivery of rhodamine to the liver but not the kidney or cochlea. Rhodamine nanoparticles placed on the RWM were identified in the scala tympani as nanoparticles, indicating that the PLGA nanoparticles can permeate through the RWM. Furthermore, the local application of rhodamine nanoparticles to the RWM was more effective in targeted delivery to the cochlea than systemic application.

Conclusions: These findings indicate that PLGA nanoparticles can be an useful drug carrier to the cochlea via local application.
Snoring Surgery: A Retrospective Review
Authors: Jones T M. , Earis J E. , Calverley P M. A. , De S , Swift A C.
Published: November 2005

Objective: To undertake a retrospective, questionnaire review of surgery for heavy snoring, to ascertain patients' perception of the procedure and its effect on their snoring.

Patients and Methods: A specifically designed postal questionnaire was sent to 261 patients who underwent snoring surgery at University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool, UK, between April 1993 and March 2000. One hundred ninety‐three patients responded (73.9%), including 151 men and 42 women. Mean age was 49.0 years (range, 24–74 yrs).

Results: Twenty‐two patients had a uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, 53 a traditional laser palatoplasty and uvulectomy, and 118 an uvulopalatal elevation palatoplasty. There was a 26% patient‐reported postoperative infection rate. Morbidity regarding postoperative swallowing, pharyngeal sensation or voice change appeared minimal. Seventy‐six percent scored postoperative pain as “moderate” or “severe,” irrespective of the operation performed (P = 0.989). Thirty‐seven percent of patients perceived an improvement in postoperative sleep quality. Twenty‐four percent of patients reported no improvement in snoring after surgery. Forty‐three percent reported an initial improvement that was not sustained for 2 years, whereas 34% of patients benefited from an improvement sustained for longer than 2 years, irrespective of the operation performed (P = 0.143). Only 47%, with hindsight, would have undergone surgery.

Conclusion: These data highlight that snoring surgery has a high postoperative morbidity rate and a high failure rate. Research endeavors should be directed to the development of a strategy which enables reliable preoperative identification of patients' who enjoy sustained benefit postoperatively.
Advanced Bionics Thin Lateral and Helix II Electrodes: A Temporal Bone Study
Authors: Wright Charles G. , Roland Peter S. , Kuzma Janusz
Published: November 2005

Objective:This study was performed to evaluate the insertional properties of two cochlear implant electrodes recently developed by Advanced Bionics Corporation.

Study Design:Anatomic study using human cadaveric temporal bones.

Methods:The electrode prototypes we tested are the Thin Lateral and Helix II arrays, which incorporate features designed to minimize insertional trauma. A total of eight electrodes (4 of each prototype) were evaluated after insertion into freshly fixed temporal bones. The electrodes were inserted by way of standard cochleostomies, and the specimens were subsequently dissected to assess electrode position, insertion depth, and intracochlear trauma.

Results:Quantitative data regarding insertion depths and contact distances from the modiolus are presented for all electrodes tested. The mean insertion depths were 368° for the Thin Lateral electrodes, which are designed to approximate the lateral cochlear wall, and 436° for the Helix II electrodes, which occupy a more medial position in the scala tympani. No evidence of insertional trauma was observed with either electrode. The ease of insertion and absence of trauma were confirmed during additional trials in which electrode behavior was directly observed during insertion into previously opened cochleas.

Conclusion:Both electrodes performed favorably in our human temporal bone trials, and both arrays appear promising for clinical use, especially in patients with residual hearing in whom atraumatic insertion is an important objective.
Objective Assessment of Terbinafine‐Induced Taste Loss
Authors: Doty Richard L. , Haxel Boris R.
Published: November 2005

Objectives: Terbinafine (Lamisil), a widely prescribed oral antifungal agent, reportedly induces taste loss in 0.6% to 2.8% of those taking the drug. However, many so‐called taste problems reflect olfactory problems, and the sole empirical study published on this topic, based on whole‐mouth testing of a single subject, found no terbinafine‐related deficit. In this study, we quantitatively assessed, using well‐validated taste and smell tests, chemosensory function in six patients complaining of taste disturbance after terbinafine treatment and compared their test scores to those of six age‐, race‐, and sex‐matched normal controls.

Methods: Taste function was measured using a 96‐trial regional test that assesses sweet, sour, bitter, and salty taste perception within the anterior (cranial nerve [CN] VII) and posterior (CN IX) lingual taste bud fields. Smell function was bilaterally evaluated using the 40‐item University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test.

Results: Taste function for sweet‐, sour‐, and bitter‐tasting stimuli was significantly depressed in both the anterior and posterior lingual regions. For sodium chloride, the decrements were confined to the posterior region. Olfactory function was within normal limits.

Conclusion: These findings 1) support anecdotal case reports of taste loss after terbinafine use, 2) demonstrate that all four major taste qualities are affected, and 3) suggest that olfactory dysfunction is not involved. Because self‐report markedly underestimates chemosensory deficits, more extensive quantitative testing of patients receiving terbinafine will likely reveal a much higher prevalence of terbinafine‐induced taste loss than currently reported. Since being older than 65 years of age and having a low body mass index are reportedly risk factors for terbinafine‐induced taste loss, physicians should be particularly on the alert for elderly persons taking this medication who may become depressed or alter their food intake in response to decreased taste sensation.
Associated Factors to Predict Outcomes of Uvulopharyngopalatoplasty Plus Genioglossal Advancement for Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Liu Shih‐An , Li Hsueh‐Yu , Tsai Wen‐Chen , Chang Kai‐Ming
Published: November 2005

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of uvulopharyngopalatoplasty (UPPP) plus genioglossal advancement (GA) for severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients and to determine the predictive factors for surgical success.

Study Design: Prospective case series.

Methods: Patients with apnea‐hypopnea index greater than 40/hour during an overnight sleep study and who were reluctant to receive nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) therapy were included. Basic data were obtained along with physical examination, cephalometric measurements, and Epworth Sleepiness Score (ESS) questionnaire. All patients received UPPP plus GA under general anesthesia. Overnight sleep study was repeated at least 3 months after operation along with cephalometry and ESS questionnaire.

Results: Forty‐four patients with severe OSA were enrolled in this study. The overall success rate was 52.3%. Preoperative apnea index (AI) was the only significant predictor for the success of operation (P = .007). Furthermore, patients with AI less than 25/hour had a higher success rate than those with AI 25/hour or greater (odds ratio 13.1).

Conclusion: Patients with AI less than 25/hour unwilling to receive nCPAP therapy could be more suitable for UPPP plus GA in terms of the success rate.
Current use of 18F‐Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography and Combined Positron Emission Tomography and Computed Tomography in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck
Authors: Zimmer Lee A. , Branstetter Barton F. , Nayak Jayakar V. , Johnson Jonas T.
Published: November 2005

The history and physical examination, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging are the cornerstones for identifying new and recurrent cancers of the head and neck. The advent of positron emission tomography (PET) and combined PET/CT imaging technology is a promising development. These modalities have the potential to help stage patients presenting with head and neck cancer, identify responses to nonsurgical therapy, and allow earlier detection of recurrence in the hope of improving survival. The following paper provides a brief history of PET and PET/CT imaging. The current PET and PET/CT literature for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck is reviewed, and specific recommendations for its use are provided.
Child Behavior after Adenotonsillectomy for Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
Authors: Mitchell Ron B. , Kelly James
Published: November 2005

Objective: To study the behavior of children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) before and after adenotonsillectomy using a standardized behavioral rating scale completed by caregivers.

Design and Setting: Prospective study of children with OSAS at the University of New Mexico Children's Hospital, Albuquerque, New Mexico.

Methods: Children between 2.5 and 18 years of age were included in the study and underwent adenotonsillectomy if the results of polysomnography showed an obstructive apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) of 5 or greater. Caregivers completed the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC) before surgery and a second time within 6 months of surgery. Pre‐ and postoperative BASC t scores were compared using a paired t test. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to evaluate the contributions of several covariants to these change scores.

Results: The study population included 52 children. The mean age was 7.1 (range 2.5–14.9) years, and the mean AHI was 16.2 (range 5.0–88.0). Preoperative mean BASC t scores for all behavioral scales and composites were greater than 50. The behavioral scales that showed significant improvement after adenotonsillectomy were aggression, atypicality, depression, hyperactivity, and somatization (p ≤ .001). Age, ethnicity, parental education, parental income, and AHI were not correlated with changes in BASC scores.

Conclusions: A high proportion of children with OSAS have externalizing (hyperactivity and aggression) and internalizing (anxiety, depression, and somatization) behavioral problems. These problems improve significantly after adenotonsillectomy. The improvement is dramatic regardless of sex, age, ethnicity, parental education, parental income, or the relative severity of OSAS.
Novel Markers of Xylogenesis in Zinnia Are Differentially Regulated by Auxin and Cytokinin
Authors: Pesquet Edouard , Ranocha Philippe , Legay Sylvain , Digonnet Catherine , Barbier Odile , Pichon Magalie , Goffner Deborah
Published: November 2005

The characterization of in vitro xylogenic cultures of zinnia (Zinnia elegans) has led to major discoveries in the understanding of xylem formation in plants. We have constructed and characterized a subtractive library from zinnia cultures enriched in genes that are specifically expressed at the onset of secondary wall deposition and tracheary element (TE) programmed cell death. This Late Xylogenesis Library (LXL) consisted of 236 nonredundant cDNAs, 77% of which encoded novel sequences in comparison with the 17,622 expressed sequence tag sequences publicly available. cDNA arrays were constructed to examine dynamic global gene expression during the course of TE formation. As a first step in dissecting auxin and cytokinin signaling during TE differentiation, macroarrays were probed with cDNAs from cells cultured in different hormonal conditions. Fifty-one percent of the LXL genes were induced by either auxin or cytokinin individually, the large majority by auxin. To determine the potential involvement of these categories of genes in TE differentiation, multiplex in situ-reverse transcription-PCR was performed on cells for two genes encoding putative cell wall proteins: Gibberellin stimulated transcript-1, induced by auxin alone, and expansin 5, induced by cytokinin alone. All transcriptionally active TEs expressed both genes, indicating that, although these genes may not be considered as specific markers for TE differentiation per se, they are nevertheless an integral part of TE differentiation program. Among the non-TE population, four different gene expression-based cell types could be distinguished. Together, these results demonstrate the underlying complexity of hormonal perception and the existence of several different cell types in in vitro TE cell cultures.
Involvement of PPS3 Phosphorylated by Elicitor-Responsive Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases in the Regulation of Plant Cell Death
Authors: Katou Shinpei , Yoshioka Hirofumi , Kawakita Kazuhito , Rowland Owen , Jones Jonathan D.G. , Mori Hitoshi , Doke Noriyuki
Published: November 2005

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play pivotal roles in plant innate immunity. Overexpression of StMEK1DD, a constitutively active MAPK kinase that activates salicylic acid-induced protein kinase (SIPK) and wound-induced protein kinase (WIPK), provokes hypersensitive response-like cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. Here we purified a 51-kD MAPK, which was activated in potato (Solanum tuberosum) tubers treated with hyphal wall elicitor of a plant pathogen, and isolated the cDNA designated StMPK1. The deduced amino acid sequence of the StMPK1 showed strong similarity to stress-responsive MAPKs, such as tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) SIPK and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) AtMPK6. To investigate the downstream signaling of StMPK1, we identified several proteins phosphorylated by StMPK1 (PPSs) using an in vitro expression cloning method. To dissect the biological function of PPSs in the plant defense, we employed virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in N. benthamiana. VIGS of NbPPS3 significantly delayed cell death induced by the transient expression of StMEK1DD and treatment with hyphal wall elicitor. Furthermore, the mobility shift of NbPPS3 on SDS-polyacrylamide gel was induced by transient expression of StMEK1DD. The mobility shift of NbPPS3 induced by StMEK1DD was not compromised by VIGS of WIPK or SIPK alone, but drastically reduced by the silencing of both WIPK and SIPK. This work strongly supports the idea that PPS3 is a physiological substrate of StMPK1 and is involved in cell death activated by a MAPK cascade.
Pathogen-Responsive Expression of Glycosyltransferase Genes UGT73B3 and UGT73B5 Is Necessary for Resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato in Arabidopsis
Authors: Langlois-Meurinne Mathilde , Gachon Claire M.M. , Saindrenan Patrick
Published: November 2005

The genome sequencing of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) has revealed that secondary metabolism plant glycosyltransferases (UGTs) are encoded by an unexpectedly large multigenic family of 120 members. Very little is known about their actual function in planta, in particular during plant pathogen interactions. Among them, members of the group D are of particular interest since they are related to UGTs involved in stress-inducible responses in other plant species. We provide here a detailed analysis of the expression profiles of this group of Arabidopsis UGTs following infection with Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato or after treatment with salicylic acid, methyljasmonate, and hydrogen peroxide. Members of the group D displayed distinct induction profiles, indicating potential roles in stress or defense responses notably for UGT73B3 and UGT73B5. Analysis of UGT expression in Arabidopsis defense-signaling mutants further revealed that their induction is methyljasmonate independent, but partially salicylic acid dependent. T-DNA tagged mutants (ugt73b3 and ugt73b5) exhibited decreased resistance to P. syringae pv tomato-AvrRpm1, indicating that expression of the corresponding UGT genes is necessary during the hypersensitive response. These results emphasize the importance of plant secondary metabolite UGTs in plant-pathogen interactions and provide foundation for future understanding of the exact role of UGTs during the hypersensitive response.
Cell Expansion and Endoreduplication Show a Large Genetic Variability in Pericarp and Contribute Strongly to Tomato Fruit Growth
Authors: Cheniclet Catherine , Rong Wen Ying , Causse Mathilde , Frangne Nathalie , Bolling Laurence , Carde Jean-Pierre , Renaudin Jean-Pierre
Published: November 2005

Postanthesis growth of tomato (Solanum lycopersicon) as of many types of fruit relies on cell division and cell expansion, so that some of the largest cells to be found in plants occur in fleshy fruit. Endoreduplication is known to occur in such materials, which suggests its involvement in cell expansion, although no data have demonstrated this hypothesis as yet. We have analyzed pattern formation, cell size, and ploidy in tomato fruit pericarp. A first set of data was collected in one cherry tomato line throughout fruit development. A second set of data was obtained from 20 tomato lines displaying a large weight range in fruit, which were compared as ovaries at anthesis and as fully grown fruit at breaker stage. A remarkable conservation of pericarp pattern, including cell layer number and cell size, is observed in all of the 20 tomato lines at anthesis, whereas large variations of growth occur afterward. A strong, positive correlation, combining development and genetic diversity, is demonstrated between mean cell size and ploidy, which holds for mean cell diameters from 10 to 350 μm (i.e. a 32,000-times volume variation) and for mean ploidy levels from 3 to 80 C. Fruit weight appears also significantly correlated with cell size and ploidy. These data provide a framework of pericarp patterning and growth. They strongly suggest the quantitative importance of polyploidy-associated cell expansion as a determinant of fruit weight in tomato.
Sensing of Inorganic Carbon Limitation in Synechococcus PCC7942 Is Correlated with the Size of the Internal Inorganic Carbon Pool and Involves Oxygen
Authors: Woodger Fiona J. , Badger Murray R. , Price G. Dean
Published: November 2005

Freshwater cyanobacteria are subjected to large seasonal fluctuations in the availability of nutrients, including inorganic carbon (Ci). We are interested in the regulation of the CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM) in the model freshwater cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC7942 in response to Ci limitation; however, the nature of Ci sensing is poorly understood. We monitored the expression of high-affinity Ci-transporter genes and the corresponding induction of a high-affinity CCM in Ci-limited wild-type cells and a number of CCM mutants. These genotypes were subjected to a variety of physiological and pharmacological treatments to assess whether Ci sensing might involve monitoring of fluctuations in the size of the internal Ci pool or, alternatively, the activity of the photorespiratory pathway. These modes of Ci sensing are congruent with previous results. We found that induction of a high-affinity CCM correlates most closely with a depletion of the internal Ci pool, but that full induction of this mechanism also requires some unresolved oxygen-dependent process.
Subcellular Localization and Light-Regulated Expression of Protoporphyrinogen IX Oxidase and Ferrochelatase in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: van Lis Robert , Atteia Ariane , Nogaj Luiza A. , Beale Samuel I.
Published: November 2005

Protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (PPO) catalyzes the last common step in chlorophyll and heme synthesis, and ferrochelatase (FeC) catalyzes the last step of the heme synthesis pathway. In plants, each of these two enzymes is encoded by two or more genes, and the enzymes have been reported to be located in the chloroplasts or in the mitochondria. We report that in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, PPO and FeC are each encoded by a single gene. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that C. reinhardtii PPO and FeC are most closely related to plant counterparts that are located only in chloroplasts. Immunoblotting results suggest that C. reinhardtii PPO and FeC are targeted exclusively to the chloroplast, where they are associated with membranes. These results indicate that cellular needs for heme in this photosynthetic eukaryote can be met by heme that is synthesized in the chloroplast. It is proposed that the multiplicity of genes for PPO and FeC in higher plants could be related to differential expression in differently developing tissues rather than to targeting of different gene products to different organelles. The FeC content is higher in C. reinhardtii cells growing in continuous light than in cells growing in the dark, whereas the content of PPO does not significantly differ in light- and dark-grown cells. In cells synchronized to a light/dark cycle, the level of neither enzyme varied significantly with the phase of the cycle. These results indicate that heme synthesis is not directly regulated by the levels of PPO and FeC in C. reinhardtii.
Expression Profile of Two Storage-Protein Gene Families in Hexaploid Wheat Revealed by Large-Scale Analysis of Expressed Sequence Tags
Authors: Kawaura Kanako , Mochida Keiichi , Ogihara Yasunari
Published: November 2005

To discern expression patterns of individual storage-protein genes in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum cv Chinese Spring), we analyzed comprehensive expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of common wheat using a bioinformatics technique. The gene families for α/β-gliadins and low molecular-weight glutenin subunit were selected from the EST database. The alignment of these genes enabled us to trace the single nucleotide polymorphism sites among both genes. The combinations of single nucleotide polymorphisms allowed us to assign haplotypes into their homoeologous chromosomes by allele-specific PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of these genes showed that both storage-protein gene families rapidly diverged after differentiation of the three genomes (A, B, and D). Expression patterns of these genes were estimated based on the frequencies of ESTs. The storage-protein genes were expressed only during seed development stages. The α/β-gliadin genes exhibited two distinct expression patterns during the course of seed maturation: early expression and late expression. Although the early expression genes among the α/β-gliadin and low molecular-weight glutenin subunit genes showed similar expression patterns, and both genes from the D genome were preferentially expressed rather than those from the A or B genome, substantial expression of two early expression genes from the A genome was observed. The phylogenetic relationships of the genes and their expression patterns were not correlated. These lines of evidence suggest that expression of the two storage-protein genes is independently regulated, and that the α/β-gliadin genes possess novel regulation systems in addition to the prolamin box.
La ségrégation économique comme un phénomène complexe : une analyse spatio‐temporelle du cas montréalais
Authors: Charron Mathieu , Shearmur Richard
Published: November 2005

Economic segregation, or residential inequalities based on income, is a complex spatial process. It is associated with structures which arise at certain scales and which evolve in time. In this paper, we analyse the evolution of economic segregation in Montréal from 1980 to 2000. This analysis is based on household's income and on their distribution within the residential space from four scales: households, census tracts, municipalities and some radio‐concentric zones. Results confirm that the spatial organisation of economic segregation is scale dependent. More precisely, local inequalities are growing more rapidly but this trend does not prevent the consolidation of metropolitan‐sized clusters. Moreover, results confirm that Montréal's economic segregation follows North American trends like the growth of economic disparities (spatial or not) or the fact that the enrichment of central and ex‐urban neighbourhoods is compensated by the impoverishment of inner‐ring suburbs.
Early ontogenetic ecology of sofie Chondrostoma toxostoma: an integrated approach to organism‐environment relationships
Authors: Gozlan R. E. , Copp G. H.
Published: November 2005

The influence of early life development on the swimming performance of the endangered sofie Chondrostoma toxostoma was examined to highlight trends in organism‐environment relationships. Sudden occurrences of change in integrated function were found and these were most decisive, in particular with respect to microhabitat use, between the larval and juvenile periods of development. Stabilization of relative growth, i.e. end of the remodelling process (metamorphosis), occurred well after all larval characteristics (remnants of finfold and rapid allometric growth) had disappeared and all juvenile structures had appeared (nasal septa and complete scale cover). The fact that stabilization of relative growth coincided with dramatic shifts in microhabitat use (organism needs) as well as in swimming capacity (organism skills) suggests a more ‘decisive’ type of change in organism‐to‐environment interaction than one purely of form, i.e. shift from nursery to adult habitat.
Fishes associated with artificial reefs: attributing changes to attraction or production using novel approaches
Authors: Brickhill M. J. , Lee S. Y. , Connolly R. M.
Published: November 2005

Two widely‐recognized hypotheses propose that increases in fish abundance at artificial reefs are caused by (a) the attraction and redistribution of existing individuals, with no net increase in overall abundance and (b) the addition of new individuals by production, leading to a net increase in overall abundance. Inappropriate experimental designs have prevented many studies from discriminating between the two processes. Eight of 11 experiments comparing fish abundances on artificial reefs with those on adjacent soft bottom habitats were compromised by a lack of replication or spatial interspersion in the design itself. Only three studies featured proper controls and replicated designs with the interspersion of reef and control sites. Goodness of fit tests of abundance data for 67 species from these studies indicated that more fishes occur on reefs than on controls, particularly for species that typically occur over hard substrata. Conversely, seagrass specialists favour controls over reefs. Changes in the appearance of fish abundance trajectories driven by manipulation of sampling intervals highlight the need for adequate temporal sampling to encompass key life history events, particularly juvenile settlement. To ultimately determine whether attraction and production is responsible for increased abundances on reefs, requires two experimental features: 1) control sites, both interspersed among artificial reefs and at reef and non‐reef locations outside the test area and 2) incorporation of fish age and length data over time. Techniques such as otolith microchemistry, telemetry and stable isotope analysis can be used to help resolve feeding and movement mechanisms driving attraction and production.
Ontogenetic induced shifts in the ecology of sunbleakLeucaspius delineatusduring early development
Authors: Pinder A. C. , Gozlan R. E. , Beyer K. , Bass J. A. B.
Published: November 2005

Using the non‐native sunbleakLeucaspius delineatusas a model, the relationship between ontogeny and ecology was studied with a view to identifying specific morphological and physiological processes involved in influencing ecological niche shifts. Following a predefined saltatory model for the early ontogeny of sunbleak, field studies examined the temporal use of microhabitat, diet and morphological changes throughout early development. Following a dramatic shift in both morphology and ecology between the free embryo phase and the larval period, habitat use and diet showed little change during the larval period, with habitat use confined to marginal, vegetated areas and prey items associated with these habitats well represented in the diet. During the final larval step (L5), transition to the juvenile period resulted in the stabilization of relative growth, acquisition of the adult morphotype and was associated with a clear shift in diet and habitat use. During this period, sunbleak moved for the first time into open, deeper water, away from the banks, and utilized a similar range of food items to the adults. Specific relationships between form and function are further discussed.