bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Camp nursing with the physically disabled
Authors: Kowalsky Edith
Published: September 2012

Camp nursing with disabled children and adults proved to be a challenging experience for this author. The role required the use of skills in assessment, and teaching, as well as rehabilitation. The work was demanding but rewarding, and served to convince the author that the position required the expertise of a specialist in rehabilitation nursing.
Comparing normal modes across different models and scales: Hessian reduction versus coarse‐graining
Authors: Ghysels An , Miller Benjamin T. , Pickard Frank C. , Brooks Bernard R.
Published: September 2012

Dimension reduction is often necessary when attempting to reach longer length and time scales in molecular simulations. It is realized by constraining degrees of freedom or by coarse‐graining the system. When evaluating the accuracy of a dimensional reduction, there is a practical challenge: the models yield vectors with different lengths, making a comparison by calculating their dot product impossible. This article investigates mapping procedures for normal mode analysis. We first review a horizontal mapping procedure for the reduced Hessian techniques, which projects out degrees of freedom. We then design a vertical mapping procedure for the “implosion” of the all‐atom (AA) Hessian to a coarse‐grained scale that is based upon vibrational subsystem analysis. This latter method derives both effective force constants and an effective kinetic tensor. Next, a series of metrics is presented for comparison across different scales, where special attention is given to proper mass‐weighting. The dimension‐dependent metrics, which require prior mapping for proper evaluation, are frequencies, overlap of normal mode vectors, probability similarity, Hessian similarity, collectivity of modes, and thermal fluctuations. The dimension‐independent metrics are shape derivatives, elastic modulus, vibrational free energy differences, heat capacity, and projection on a predefined basis set. The power of these metrics to distinguish between reasonable and unreasonable models is tested on a toy alpha helix system and a globular protein; both are represented at several scales: the AA scale, a Gō‐like model, a canonical elastic network model, and a network model with intentionally unphysical force constants. Published 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cd(NO3)2.4H2O Catalyzed One‐Pot Synthesis of 1,4‐Dihydropyridine and Polyhydroquinoline Derivatives through the Hantzsch Multicomponent Condensation
Authors: Tafer Radia , Boulcina Raouf , Carboni Bertrand , Debache Abdelmadjid
Published: September 2012

The synthesis of various 1,4‐dihydropyridine and polyhydroquinoline derivatives was achieved in good to excellent yields using cadmium (II) nitrate as catalyst to promote the classical and modified Hantzsch conditions in good yields under mild conditions.
Dimethyl Carbonate as a Sacrificial Molecule for the Synthesis of 5‐Memebered N‐ and O‐Heterocycles
Authors: Aricò Fabio , Tundo Pietro
Published: September 2012

In the last twenty years DMC has been employed as an efficient methylating and methoxycarbonylating agent with several monodentate and bidentate nucleophiles, showing great selectivity and unexpected results. In this short review we report on yet another application of DMC chemistry i.e. the synthesis of 5‐membered N‐ and O‐heterocycles. In these reactions DMC acts as a sacrificial molecule since it is not present in the final products, but only in the reaction intermediates as an halogen‐free leaving group. This DMC‐based synthesis of heterocycles resulted of general application, as it is effective for aliphatic and aromatic 1,4‐diols, incorporating several functionalities (primary, secondary, tertiary, allylic, phenolic), as well as, for bifunctional compounds i.e. 4‐amino‐1‐butanol. This synthetic procedure was also employed for industrially relevant compounds such as (‐)‐norlabdane oxide and isosorbide showing to maintain the chiral integrity of the substrate. In one case intramolecular cyclisation of isosorbide was also observed to achieve a strained tricyclic derivative. Comparing this reaction methodology with a chlorine based procedure, the DMC‐mediated pathway is quantitative, occurs in one step, does not require any chlorine‐based chemical or strong acid and does not produce any chlorinated waste material.
The Eltanin asteroid impact: possible South Pacific palaeomegatsunami footprint and potential implications for the Pliocene–Pleistocene transition
Authors: Goff James , Chagué‐Goff Catherine , Archer Michael , Dominey‐Howes Dale , Turney Chris
Published: September 2012

Large asteroid impacts are rare, and those into the deep ocean are rarer still. The Eltanin asteroid impact around 2.51 ± 0.07 Ma occurred at a time of great climatic and geological change associated with the Pliocene–Pleistocene boundary. Numerical models of the event indicate that a megatsunami was generated, although there is debate concerning its magnitude and the region‐wide extent of its influence. We summarise the existing evidence for possible Eltanin megatsunami deposits in Antarctica, Chile and New Zealand, while also examining other potential sites from several locations, mainly around the South Pacific region. In reviewing these data we note that these events were unfolding at the same time as those associated with the Pliocene–Pleistocene boundary and, as such, most of the geological evidence from that time has a climatic interpretation. The potential climatic and geological ramifications of the Eltanin asteroid impact, however, have failed to be considered by most researchers studying this time period. Although we are not advocating that all geological activity at that time is connected with the Eltanin asteroid impact, it raises interesting questions about the role potentially played by such catastrophic events in contributing to or even triggering epochal transitions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Laser Tools in the Manufacturing Process
Authors: Graudenz Matthias , Heitmanek Marco
Published: September 2012

Advanced joining technologies are the key to efficient lightweight design. Of course, this also includes the use of highly advanced laser technologies. Laser beam brazing and remote laser welding represent significant innovations in body manufacturing at Audi. These innovative developments combined with intelligent monitoring systems and process modeling computations are paving the way for comprehensively optimized production. They fulfill the most stringent quality requirements for automotive products.
Marking, Ablating, Cleaning, Cutting and even Micro Welding!
Authors: Löffler Norbert , Shannon Geoff
Published: September 2012

Despite outstanding beam qualities, air cooled pulsed fiber lasers were previously mainly used for marking purposes due to their limited average power level. Increasing power levels enable those laser sources now to be used for applications that required totally different (more sophisticated/more complex) laser sources in the past. These latest developments will lead to a name change for the devices now called laser markers (source plus scanner) to “fine process lasers”, as they are able to mark, cut and weld small parts in the medical, automotive and defense industry sectors.
Laser with Real Time Check Increases Output
Authors: Mörtlbauer Melanie
Published: September 2012

Defects in solder‐paste printing are responsible for at least 65 per cent of all electronic faults. Clean‐cut edges of SMD stencils are therefore crucial for reliable application of highly sensitive components onto circuit boards. If the openings are not cut out with precision, solder paste can escape, which may lead to bridging and thus short circuits. That is why photocad GmbH & Co. KG, a leading specialist in the production of SMT stencils, relies on the latest laser cutting technology, having invested 300,000 euro in a high‐speed system from LPKF. The StencilLaser G 6080 is specifically designed to produce high‐precision openings, while at the same time also speeding up the operating procedure. Hence the new system is equipped with the patented Real‐Time Process Control System, which checks each cut in real time. This allows production time to be significantly reduced and output to be increased by 20 per cent.
How will this New Invention Get Off the Ground?
Authors: Radig Guido
Published: September 2012

As a partner to developers and designers, toolcraft based in Georgensgmünd (Germany) develops precision parts and high‐quality assemblies. Customers come from the medical, automotive, motor sport and aviation sectors. With two machines from Concept Laser from Lichtenfels for metal laser melting (LaserCUSING®), toolcraft is expanding its product range in the areas of turning, milling, die‐sinking electrical discharge machining (EDM) and wire EDM to include a generative, powder‐metallurgic process. The novel thing here, according to Christoph Hauck, one of the 3 managing directors of the company, is the ability to finish components fabricated without the use of a mould with machining and turning where necessary. Tool‐less components can now be fabricated in the space of just a few working days. In addition, components are produced from original materials in powder form with almost identical material properties. This produces completely new solutions which can be employed immediately.
Injectable Nanohybrid Scaffold for Biopharmaceuticals Delivery and Soft Tissue Engineering
Authors: Tan Huaping , Shen Qing , Jia Xiaojia , Yuan Zipeng , Xiong Dangsheng
Published: September 2012

An injectable nanofibrous hydrogel scaffold integrated with growth factors (GFs) loaded polysaccharide nanoparticles was developed that specifically allows for targeted adipose‐derived stem cells (ASCs) encapsulation and soft tissue engineering. The nanofibrous hydrogel was produced via biological conjugation of biotin‐terminated star‐shaped poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG‐Biotin) and streptavidin‐functionalized hyaluronic acid (HA‐Streptavidin). The polysaccharide nanoparticles were noncovalently assembled via electrostatic interactions between low‐molecular‐weight heparin (LMWH) and N,N,N‐trimethylchitosan chloride (TMC). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was entrapped in the LMWH/TMC nanoparticles by affinity interactions with LMWH.
Investigating Cu(0)‐Mediated Polymerizations: New Kinetic Insights Based on a Comparison of Kinetic Modeling with Experimental Data
Authors: Haehnel Alexander P. , Fleischmann Sven , Hesse Pascal , Hungenberg Klaus‐Dieter , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher
Published: September 2012

A kinetic model is developed mimicking experimental results obtained via detailed kinetic investigation of Cu0‐mediated LRP processes of butyl acrylate in variable solvents at 50 °C. In all polymerizations, a pronounced offset in the $\overline {M} _{{\rm n}} $ versus conversion profile is observed. The kinetic modeling predicts that conventional FRP is responsible for a high molecular weight fraction of terminated polymer. The initial $\overline {M} _{{\rm n}} $ offset is congruent with a relatively slow establishment of the controlling equilibrium. Kinetic modeling and experiments demonstrate that the conversion versus time data cannot be adequately described by a first‐order kinetic analysis. For selected rate coefficients (ka, kd, and kdis_cu) a range is assigned, which affords a well controlled polymerization.

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Dysferlin aggregation in limb‐girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B/myoshi myopathy necessitates mutational screen for diagnosis
Authors: Nilsson Mats I. , Laureano Marissa L. , Saeed Munim , Tarnopolsky Mark A.
Published: September 2012

Introduction: Diagnosis of the limb‐girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMDs) has been facilitated by the use of immunofluorescence microscopy, Western blot analysis, and rapid genetic testing. Methods: We identified 7 patients with LGMD2B or Miyoshi myopathy (MM) phenotypes and performed detailed history, physical examination, and mutation analyses of genomic DNA. Results: Ten disease‐causing variants of the dysferlin gene (DYSF) were detected, 4 of which were novel and predicted to be pathogenic (IVS33+9G>T, c.1343T>C, c.4747T>G, and c.5066dupC). Two of these mutations (c.1343T>C and IVS33+9G>T) were associated with a reduction in sarcolemmal dysferlin expression, despite increased total mRNA and protein in mixed muscle homogenates, due to a pathological retention of the mutated polypeptide in the cytoplasm. Conclusions: Considering that protein‐based assays may yield false negative test results and that dysferlin aggregation may be present in other LGMDs, mutational screening is necessary for specific diagnosis in primary dysferlinopathy patients exhibiting this phenotype. Muscle Nerve 47: 740–747, 2013
Zur Geschichte der Schilddrüsentherapeutika
Authors: Helmstädter Axel , Bernschneider‐Reif Sabine
Published: September 2012

In einer Novelle Mark Twains fasst ein englischer Gentleman seine Eindrücke von einer Alpenreise wie folgt zusammen: “Ich bin zufrieden – ich habe die Hauptattraktionen der Schweiz gesehen, den Mont Blanc und den Kropf – und jetzt ab nach Hause!”.
Physiologie und Pathophysiologie der Schilddrüse
Authors: Zimmermann Martina
Published: September 2012

Eine Schilddrüsenunterfunktion (Hypothyreose) ist häufig durch Iodmangel bedingt; eine kongenitale Schilddrüsenaplasie führt unbehandelt zu Kretinismus. Eine Schilddrüsenüberfunktion (Hyperthyreose) geht mit gesteigerter Stoffwechselleistung einher und muss wegen des Risikos einer Stoffwechselentgleisung (thyreotoxische Krise) behandelt werden.
Schilddrüsenerkrankungen in der Schwangerschaft
Authors: Ude Miriam , Steri Ramona
Published: September 2012

Eine Schilddrüsenfehlfunktion kann negative Auswirkungen auf das ungeborene Kind haben. Fehlgeburten, Frühgeburten oder Wachstumsretardierungen können die Folge sein. Es können sowohl Hypo‐ wie auch Hyperthyreosen auftreten. Während der Schwangerschaft ist daher eine bestehende Schilddrüsenerkrankung zu behandeln und engmaschig zu kontrollieren. Auch die Iodsupplementierung sollte in ausreichendem Maß erfolgen. In der Apotheke ist die Kenntnis der unterschiedlichen Schilddrüsenproblematiken bei Kinderwunsch, in der Schwangerschaft sowie in der Stillzeit von immenser Bedeutung. Auch die jeweils einzusetzende Medikation mit möglichen Kontraindikationen und Wechselwirkungen muss für eine adäquate Beratung der betroffenen Patientin beherrscht werden.
35 Jahre Resistenzen gegen Antibiotika
Authors: Holzgrabe Ulrike
Published: September 2012

So titelte “Nature Reviews Microbiology” im Juni 2012. Anlass war eine Studie, die mittels Sequenzierung ganzer Genome belegen konnte, wie Resistenzen vom Menschen auf Tiere übertragen werden können und umgekehrt.
Outcome of patients after market withdrawal of thioridazine: A retrospective analysis in a nationwide cohort
Authors: Purhonen Maija , Koponen Hannu , Tiihonen Jari , Tanskanen Antti
Published: September 2012

Objective

Thioridazine is a first‐generation antipsychotic drug that was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2005. The outcome of clinically stable schizophrenia patients who used thioridazine before market withdrawal was evaluated.

Methods

Nationwide registers in Finland were utilized to study thioridazine use, hospitalization rate and length of hospital stay.

Results

Although thioridazine use continued to diminish year after year, the hospitalization rate remained constant until the withdrawal year of 2005, when the percentage of patients hospitalized for schizophrenia doubled.

Conclusion

The market withdrawal of thioridazine predisposed many stable patients towards psychotic relapses. In order to minimize this kind of risk, an overall risk–benefit assessment and a clear‐cut plan for the replacement of an antipsychotic should be established before market withdrawal. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Entropie entmystifiziert
Authors: Hinrichsen Haye
Published: September 2012

Entropie ist eine thermodynamische Größe, die gerade Anfängern schwierig zu vermitteln ist. Es bietet sich deshalb an, den Begriff der Entropie zunächst informationstheoretisch zu motivieren. Mit diesem Rüstzeug kann man sich physikalischen Fragestellungen aus dem Blickwinkel der statistischen Mechanik nähern.
Leonardos Kreuz in der Teetasse
Authors: Schlichting Hans Joachim , Suhr Wilfried
Published: September 2012

Eine Blase auf der Oberfläche eines mit Wasser gefüllten Gefäßes erzeugt bei geeigneter Beleuchtung am Boden eine kreuzförmige Kaustik. Dieses schon Leonardo da Vinci bekannte Phänomen lässt sich dadurch erklären, dass sich an der Innen‐ und Außenseite der Blase ein Wassermeniskus ausbildet. Zudem deformiert der Überdruck in der Blase die Wasseroberfläche. Dies führt insgesamt zu vielfältigen Reflexionen und Lichtbrechungen, die in der Kaustik resultieren. Mit einfachen Mitteln lässt sich das Phänomen veranschaulichen.
Bedrohliche Wirbel
Authors: Riemer Michael
Published: September 2012

Unter der starken Idealisierung eines Carnot‐Kreislaufs lässt sich eine theoretische Obergrenze für die Stärke eines Wirbelsturms herleiten. Die Bildung des Windmaximums in realistischen Stürmen kann diese Theorie jedoch nicht voll erfassen. Bei Hurrikanen, die unter dem Einfluss einer sich mit der Höhe ändernden Umgebungsströmung stehen, kann das Zusammenspiel von dynamischen und thermodynamischen Prozessen dazu führen, dass sich der Sturm durch seinen eigenen Niederschlag die Energiezufuhr abschnürt und dadurch erheblich abschwächt. Übersteht ein Wirbelsturm solch eine Scherströmung, kann er bis tief in die mittleren Breiten ziehen und dort am Strahlstrom, also starken Höhenwinden, ein Wellenmuster anregen, das die Wetterlage in den mittleren Breiten über Tausende von Kilometern erheblich beeinflusst.
Langlebiger Quantenspeicher in Diamant
Authors: Hunger David , Pastawski Fernando , Meier Christian
Published: September 2012

Robuste, langlebige Quantenspeicher sind unerlässlich für zukünftige Anwendungen der Quanteninformation, zum Beispiel für absolut betrugssichere Kreditkarten und fälschungssichere Ausweise. Allerdings stören bereits schwächste Umwelteinflüsse einen Quantenzustand und führen zu dessen schneller Zerstörung. Einen Quantenzustand in einem Diamantkristall für mehr als eine Sekunde bei Raumtemperatur zu speichern, gelang nun Wissenschaftlern an der Harvard Universität in Cambridge, des Max‐Planck‐Instituts für Quantenoptik in Garching und des Caltech in Pasadena. Durch weitere Optimierung lässt sich die Speicherdauer vermutlich noch signifikant erhöhen.
Tropfen auf dem kalten Wein
Authors: Vollmer Michael , Möllmann Klaus‐Peter
Published: September 2012

Viele kennen die leidvolle Erfahrung: Beim Frühstückstisch gießt man einen Schuss Milch in den Kaffee, und prompt spritzt eine kleine Fontäne aus der Tasse, und ein Tropfen landet – hier gilt Murphys Gesetz fast immer – auf dem frisch angezogenen Hemd oder mit etwas Glück nur auf der Tischdecke. Man kann dieses Phänomen unter kontrollierten Bedingungen mit Hochgeschwindigkeits‐Kameras analysieren und interessante Physik hinter den Spritzern aufspüren.
Gegenstrom‐Wärmetauscher im Schulunterricht
Authors: Wunder Michael , Salzmann Wiebke
Published: September 2012

Im Rahmen einer Projektwoche haben Schüler der Klassen 7 bis 9 an der Kooperativen Gesamtschule Sehnde gelernt, wie in einem Haus Wärme beim Lüften zurückgewonnen werden kann. Dazu haben sie mit einfachsten Mitteln zwei Häuser aus Styropor gebaut, die beide gleich mit Ventilatoren über Lüftungskanäle mit Luft versorgt wurden. Aber nur ein Haus enthielt einen Wärmetauscher. Das Ergebnis war verständlich und überzeugend.
Knowledge, attitude and behaviour of the University of Ibadan women towards cancer of the cervix and its prevention
Authors: Asuzu Chioma Christie , Unegbu Julian , Akin‐odanye Elizabeth
Published: September 2012

Objectives

The two commonest cancers in Nigerian women are cancers of the breast and the cervix. Cancer of the cervix is the second commonest cancer and is a killer disease worldwide. The main objective of this study is to find out the knowledge, attitude and practices of the female university staff towards cancer of the cervix as a leadership group in the local effort towards cancer prevention.

Methodology

A sample of 302 female staff of the University of Ibadan, which comprised 151 academic and 151 non‐academic staff was studied. These were all the female members of staff who were met during the study visitation of all the departments on the main campus of the university and who were willing to participate in the study. A self‐constructed and validated instrument called the knowledge, attitude and practice towards cervical cancer scale was used in collecting data for the study.

Results

Two hundred and forty‐two (79.1%) were aware of the disease, whereas 19.9% (60) were not aware. The academic staff were statistically significantly more knowledgeable of cervical cancer than the non‐academic staff (p = 0.05).

Two hundred and thirty‐two (232 or 76.82%) have a positive attitude towards preventive measures for cancer of the cervix such as Pap smear or ascetic acid test. However, as much as 210 (73.5%) of the women had never undertaken a Pap smear or other screening test for the condition.

Conclusion

There is need for more education and promotion of cancer screening and services in this locality. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Support service use and interest in support services among distressed family caregivers of lung cancer patients
Authors: Mosher Catherine E. , Champion Victoria L. , Hanna Nasser , Jalal Shadia I. , Fakiris Achilles J. , Birdas Thomas J. , Okereke Ikenna C. , Kesler Kenneth A. , Einhorn Lawrence H. , Given Barbara A. , Monahan Patrick O. , Ostroff Jamie S.
Published: September 2012

Objective

This study examined support service use and interest in support services among distressed family caregivers of patients recently entering comprehensive cancer care facilities.

Methods

Primary family caregivers of lung cancer patients (N = 83) were recruited from three medical centers within 12 weeks of the patient's new visit to the oncology clinic. All family caregivers were screened for psychological distress, and those reporting significant anxiety or depressive symptoms were eligible for this study. Caregivers completed a baseline assessment of support service use (i.e., use of mental health services and complementary and alternative medicine [CAM]) and interest in support services. Support service use was also assessed 3 months later.

Results

Although all caregivers reported clinically meaningful distress, only 26% used mental health and 39% used CAM services during the 3‐month study period. Patients' receipt of chemotherapy was positively associated with caregivers' mental health service use, whereas greater education and receiving assistance with caregiving tasks were associated with CAM use. Forty percent of caregivers who did not use CAM at baseline were interested in CAM. In addition, 29% of caregivers who did not receive mental health services at baseline were interested in professional psychosocial support, and 29% of caregivers who did not receive staff assistance with practical needs at baseline were interested in this service.

Conclusions

Findings suggest that distressed family caregivers of lung cancer patients underuse mental health services and that a sizable minority are interested in professional help with psychosocial and practical needs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plasma Printing and Related Techniques – Patterning of Surfaces Using Microplasmas at Atmospheric Pressure
Authors: Thomas Michael , Borris Jochen , Dohse Antje , Eichler Marko , Hinze Alena , Lachmann Kristina , Nagel Krees , Klages Claus‐Peter
Published: September 2012

The interest in applications of atmospheric‐pressure plasmas to solve surface‐technological tasks was originally motivated primarily by the expectation that major cost savings could be achieved if plasma‐based processes, conventionally run below 1 mbar, could now be performed at ambient pressure. However, it was soon recognized that, working at 1 bar, also completely new techniques are made feasible by the utilization of microdischarges, thanks to strongly reduced mean free paths of plasma constituents. The present contribution gives an overview of a number of possibilities, studied in the recent years, to apply atmospheric‐pressure microplasmas for the patterned coating or surface modification of two‐ and three‐dimensional substrates.

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Estimation of Local Disability Schedules: an Evaluation of Relational Models
Authors: Marshall Alan
Published: September 2012

Local information on the age‐specific prevalence of disability, distinguishing disability type, is important for planning purposes to inform the provision of specialist services appropriate to the needs of those at different ages. Projections of disability, which require estimates of age‐specific rates of disability as their base, are valuable as they enable planners to prepare for future service demands. However, in the UK, estimates that include detail of disability type, age, and sex are not reliably available for sub‐national areas. This paper evaluates relational models, a technique originally developed for the estimation of age‐specific mortality rates, as a potential solution to this information gap. Relational models are shown to be as successful in capturing sub‐national variability in levels of disability as individual‐level synthetic regression models. The relational approach has important advantages over more commonly used individual‐level synthetic regression models in terms of parsimony of parameters and assumptions. As such, relational models offer a valuable new approach for health researchers and policymakers interested in the estimation of local age‐specific rates of disability and more generally other health‐related characteristics with rates that follow mortality‐like age patterns. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ToF‐SIMS analysis of iron oxide particle oxidation by isotopic and multivariate analysis
Authors: Ohlhausen James A. (Tony) , Coker Eric N. , Ambrosini Andrea , Miller James E.
Published: September 2012

A procedure for quantitative time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) analysis of the re‐oxidation thermally‐reduced of iron oxide particles in a ceramic matrix is discussed. Iron oxide is reacted with yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) to create a composite that facilitates the high‐temperature reduction of CO2 and H2O to produce CO and H2 (syngas). The reactivity of this two‐step solar‐thermochemical process is being investigated by varying the concentration of iron in YSZ up to and past its solid solubility point, thus affecting the size of iron oxide particles in the matrix, and hence their rate and extent of re‐oxidation. YSZ samples containing natural abundance iron oxide were mixed with an organic binder, isostatically pressed into a disc and calcined in air at 1450 °C. The discs (~ 10 mm diameter, 2 mm thickness) were thermally reduced in inert gas at 1400 °C and then re‐oxidized at 1100 °C in the presence of C18O2. The ratio of 18O to 16O shows the extent of oxygen exchange for each iron oxide particle. ToF‐SIMS data are acquired in a fashion that maximizes the ability to correct for detector saturation, thus providing quantitative oxygen isotopic results with little error. The data analysis method uses a combination of multivariate analysis for particle identification and conventional analysis for quantitative isotopic ratioing. The results indicate that large iron oxide particles are only poorly utilized, likely due to slow transport, as 18O penetration into the particles is limited. Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
The influence of Cu on the electrochemical behaviour of 304 stainless steel in 0.1M H3PO4 solution
Authors: Luo H. , Li X. G. , Dong C. F. , Xiao K.
Published: September 2012

The effect of different Cu addition on the electrochemical and passivation behaviour of the 304 series stainless steel in 0.1 M phosphoric acid solution was evaluated by the potentiodynamic measurements and electrochemical impedance spectrum (EIS). The effect of Cu on chemical composition of the passive film formed in the solution was also studied by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results indicated that Cu did not appreciably improve the corrosion resistance of the passive film, but enhanced the passivation, lowered the critical and passive current density. The passive and critical current density decreased with Cu content increased. The presence of Cu in the passive film affects passive film stability. Cu can modify the proportion of Cr element in the passive film, and also change the components of Fe in the passive film. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating treatment effects in a two‐arm parallel trial of a continuous outcome
Authors: Nunney Ian , Clark Allan , Shepstone Lee
Published: September 2012

For a continuous outcome in a two‐arm trial that satisfies normal distribution assumptions, we can transform the standardized mean difference with the use of the cumulative distribution function to be the effect size measure P(X < Y ).

This measure is already established within engineering as the reliability parameter in stress–strength models, where Y represents the strength of a component and X represents the stress the component undergoes. If X is greater than Y, then the component will fail.

In this paper, we consider the closely related effect size measure,
urn:x-wiley:02776715:media:sim5556:sim5556-math-0001

This measure is also known as Somer's d, which was introduced by Somers in 1962 as an ordinal measure of association. In this paper, we explore this measure as a treatment effect size for a continuous outcome. Although the point estimates for λ are easily calculated, the interval is not so readily obtained. We compare kernel density estimation and use of bootstrap and jackknife methods to estimate confidence intervals against two further methods for estimating P(X < Y ) and their respective intervals, one of which makes no assumption about the underlying distribution and the other assumes a normal distribution. Simulations show that the choice of the best estimator depends on the value of λ, the variability within the data, and the underlying distribution of the data. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Statistical assessment of biosimilarity based on relative distance between follow‐on biologics
Authors: Kang Seung‐Ho , Chow Shein‐Chung
Published: September 2012

In this paper, we propose a new three‐arm parallel design to investigate biosimilarity between a biosimilar product and an innovator biological product by using relative distance based on the absolute mean differences. In the proposed design, one arm is for the biosimilar product and the other two arms are for the innovator biological product. The distance between the biosimilar product and the innovator biological product is defined by the absolute mean different between two products. Similarly, the distance between the innovator biological products from two difference batches is defined. The relative distance is defined as the ratio of the two distances whose denominator is the distance between the innovator biological products from two different batches. In the proposed design, if the relative distance is less than a prespecified margin, we claim that the two products are claimed to be biosimilar. The statistical test based on the ratio estimator and the linearization method are developed to assess biosimilarity. The power functions of two tests are derived in large sample and compared numerically. Because the statistical test based on the ratio estimator is more powerful than the linearization method, we recommend the statistical test based on the ratio estimator. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An improved algorithm for outbreak detection in multiple surveillance systems
Authors: Noufaily Angela , Enki Doyo G. , Farrington Paddy , Garthwaite Paul , Andrews Nick , Charlett André
Published: September 2012

In England and Wales, a large‐scale multiple statistical surveillance system for infectious disease outbreaks has been in operation for nearly two decades. This system uses a robust quasi‐Poisson regression algorithm to identify aberrances in weekly counts of isolates reported to the Health Protection Agency. In this paper, we review the performance of the system with a view to reducing the number of false reports, while retaining good power to detect genuine outbreaks. We undertook extensive simulations to evaluate the existing system in a range of contrasting scenarios. We suggest several improvements relating to the treatment of trends, seasonality, re‐weighting of baselines and error structure. We validate these results by running the existing and proposed new systems in parallel on real data. We find that the new system greatly reduces the number of alarms while maintaining good overall performance and in some instances increasing the sensitivity. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On becoming a Bayesian: Early correspondences between J. Cornfield and L. J. Savage
Authors: Greenhouse Joel B.
Published: September 2012

Jerome Cornfield was arguably the leading proponent for the use of Bayesian methods in biostatistics during the 1960s. Prior to 1963, however, Cornfield had no publications in the area of Bayesian statistics. At a time when frequentist methods were the dominant influence on statistical practice, Cornfield went against the mainstream and embraced Bayes. The goals of this paper are as follows: (i) to explore how and why this transformation came about and (ii) to provide some sense as to who Cornfield was and the context in which he worked. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A generalized Jonckheere test against ordered alternatives for repeated measures in randomized blocks
Authors: Zhang Ying , Cabilio Paul
Published: September 2012

Focusing on statistical methods in patient‐reported outcomes, we propose and develop a generalized Jonckheere test against ordered alternatives for repeated measures in a randomized block design. We derive its asymptotic null distribution properties and describe methods for estimating the null distribution for testing the hypothesis. We present a numerical example to illustrate the test procedure. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are Adolescents With High Mental Toughness Levels More Resilient Against Stress?
Authors: Gerber Markus , Kalak Nadeem , Lemola Sakari , Clough Peter J. , Perry John L. , Pühse Uwe , Elliot Catherine , Holsboer‐Trachsler Edith , Brand Serge
Published: September 2012

Mental toughness has been explored predominantly within sport contexts. Nevertheless, it is difficult to conceive mental toughness as only applicable to athletes. This study examines whether mentally tough participants exhibit resilience against stress. This is a cross‐sectional study based on two different samples: Sample 1 consisted of 284 high school students (99 males, 185 females, M = 18.3 years). Sample 2 consisted of 140 first through fifth semester undergraduate students (53 males, 87 females, M = 20.0 years). Participants provided information about their level of perceived stress (10‐item Perceived Stress Scale), mental toughness (48‐item Mental Toughness Questionnaire) and depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory). Consistent across the two samples, mental toughness mitigated the relationship between high stress and depressive symptoms. The interaction between stress and mental toughness explained 2% of variance in the adolescent sample and 10% of variance among young adults. The promotion of protective factors that foster resilient adaptation is a relevant issue. Mental toughness may appeal to individuals that are typically difficult to be reached with health interventions. Because mental toughness is part of young people's daily speech, it may serve as a less academic resource than other health psychology concepts. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three‐dimensional helical computed tomography in prenatal diagnosis of fetal skeletal dysplasia
Authors: Macé G. , Sonigo P. , Cormier‐Daire V. , Aubry M.‐C. , Martinovic J. , Elie C. , Gonzales M. , Carbonne B. , Dumez Y. , Le Merrer M. , Brunelle F. , Benachi A.
Published: September 2012

Objectives

(1) To study the use and diagnostic value, as a complement to ultrasound, of helical computed tomography (helical CT) to differentiate normal fetuses from cases of skeletal dysplasia; (2) to define the most relevant indications for helical CT; and (3) to evaluate its diagnostic performance with respect to radiological criteria considered discriminatory.

Methods

This was a retrospective study from 2005 to 2008 in 67 pregnant women who underwent helical CT after 26 weeks of gestation for suspected fetal skeletal dysplasia due to fetal shortened long bones on ultrasound (≤ 10thpercentile), either alone or associated with other bone abnormalities. The results were compared with pediatric examinations in 41 cases and with fetal autopsy findings after elective termination of pregnancy in the others.

Results

Helical CT had a sensitivity of 82%, specificity of 91% and positive and negative predictive values of 90% and 83%, respectively, for diagnosis of fetal skeletal dysplasia. An etiological diagnosis that had not been suspected at ultrasound was specified in 15% of cases and diagnoses suspected at ultrasound were confirmed in 24% and discounted in 43% of cases. The prevalence of skeletal dysplasia was increased in cases of micromelia < 3rd percentile or if there was a combination of bone signs. Helical CT showed 69% sensitivity in identifying individual predefined pathological bone signs which were confirmed on fetal autopsy findings.

Conclusion

Helical CT is a key examination, in combination with ultrasound, in the diagnosis of fetal skeletal dysplasia from 26 weeks of gestation. It should be reserved for cases with severe micromelia below the 3rd percentile and for those with micromelia ≤ 10th percentile associated with another bone sign. A checklist of discriminatory signs is proposed. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Körperliches Training bei mitochondrialen Erkrankungen
Authors: Petersen J.A. , Toigo M. , Frese S. , Jung H.H.
Published: September 2012

Körperliches Training gilt bei mitochondrialen Myopathien als einer der vielversprechendsten therapeutischen Ansätze. Effektivität und Sicherheit sind bewiesen. Ausdauer- und Krafttraining haben unterschiedliche Wirkungen auf die Muskulatur von Patienten mit mitochondrialer Myopathie: Als therapeutischer Mechanismus des Krafttrainings gilt das so genannte „gene shifting“, die trainingsinduzierte Verschiebung des Anteils mutierter mitochondrialer DNS (mtDNS) zugunsten von Wildtyp-mtDNS durch Induktion muskulärer Satellitenzellen. Ausdauertraining regt die mitochondriale Biogenese an und hilft somit, den Circulus vitiosus aus verringertem Mitochondriengehalt, verringerter Kapazität der oxidativen Phosphorylierung, Belastungsintoleranz und daraus resultierender fortschreitender muskulärer Dekonditionierung zu durchbrechen. Die Effektivität und die Sicherheit medikamentöser Induktoren der mitochondrialen Biogenese – möglicherweise in Kombination mit Training – könnten Gegenstand künftiger Untersuchungen sein.
From Titanic to Costa Concordia—a century of lessons not learned
Authors: Schröder-Hinrichs Jens-Uwe , Hollnagel Erik , Baldauf Michael
Published: September 2012

The recent foundering of the Costa Concordia in January 2012 demonstrated that accidents can occur even with ships that are considered masterpieces of modern technology and despite more than 100 years of regulatory and technological progress in maritime safety. The purpose of this paper is, however, not to speculate about the concrete causes of the Costa Concordia accident, but rather to consider some human and organizational factors that were present in the Costa Concordia accident as well as in the foundering of the Titanic a century ago, and which can be found in many other maritime accidents over the years. The paper argues that these factors do not work in isolation but in combination and often together with other underlying factors. The paper critically reviews the focus of maritime accident investigations and points out that these factors do not receive sufficient attention. It is argued that the widespread confidence in the efficacy of new or improved technical regulations, that characterizes the recommendations from most maritime accident investigations, has led to a lack of awareness of complex interactions of factors and components in socio-technical systems. If maritime safety is to be sustainably improved, a systemic focus must be adopted in future accident investigations.
A multidimensional nonlinear sixth-order quantum diffusion equation
Authors: Matthes Daniel , Bukal Mario , Jüngel Ansgar
Published: September 2012

This paper is concerned with the analysis of a sixth-order nonlinear parabolic equation whose solutions describe the evolution of the particle density in a quantum fluid. We prove the global-in-time existence of weak nonnegative solutions in two and three space dimensions under periodic boundary conditions. Moreover, we show that these solutions are smooth and classical whenever the particle density is strictly positive, and we prove the long-time convergence to the spatial homogeneous equilibrium at a universal exponential rate. Our analysis strongly uses the Lyapunov property of the entropy functional.
Flow around six in-line square cylinders
Authors: Sewatkar C. M. , Patel Rahul , Sharma Atul , Agrawal Amit
Published: September 2012

The flow around six in-line square cylinders has been studied numerically and experimentally for$0. 5\leq s/ d\leq 10. 0$and$80\leq \mathit{Re}\leq 320$, where$s$is the surface-to-surface distance between two cylinders,$d$is the size of the cylinder and$\mathit{Re}$is the Reynolds number. The effect of spacing on the flow regimes is initially studied numerically at$\mathit{Re}= 100$for which asynchronousflow regime is observed for$0. 5\leq s/ d\leq 1. 1$, whilequasi-periodic-I,quasi-periodic-IIandchaoticregimes occur between$1. 2\leq s/ d\leq 1. 3$,$1. 4\leq s/ d\leq 5. 0$and$6. 0\leq s/ d\leq 10. 0$, respectively. These regimes have been confirmed via particle-image-velocimetry-based experiments. A flow regime map is proposed as a function of spacing and Reynolds number. The flow is predominantly quasi-periodic-II or chaotic at higher Reynolds numbers. The quasi-periodic and chaotic nature of the flow is due to the wake interference effect of the upstream cylinders which becomes more severe at higher Reynolds numbers. The appearance of flow regimes is opposite to that for a row of cylinders. The Strouhal number for vortex shedding is the same for all the cylinders, especially for synchronous and quasi-periodic-I flow regimes. The mean drag (${C}_{Dmean} $) experienced by the cylinders is less than that for an isolated cylinder, irrespective of the spacing. The first cylinder is relatively insensitive to the presence of downstream cylinders and the${C}_{Dmean} $is almost constant at 1.2. The${C}_{Dmean} $for the second and third cylinders may be negative, with the value of${C}_{Dmean} $increasing monotonically with spacing. The changes in root mean square lift coefficient are consistent with changes in${C}_{Dmean} $. Interestingly, the instantaneous lift force can be larger than the instantaneous drag force on the cylinders. These results should help improve understanding of flow around multiple bluff bodies.
Transition models from the quenched to ignited states for flows of inertial particles suspended in a simple sheared viscous fluid
Authors: Parmentier J.-F. , Simonin O.
Published: September 2012

A review of existing theories for flows of inertial particles suspended in an unbounded sheared viscous fluid is presented first. A comparison between theoretical predictions and numerical simulation results is made for Stokes numbers from $1$ to $10$ in dilute and dense flows. Both particle agitation and anisotropy coefficients are examined, showing that neither of them is able to give satisfactory results in dense flows. A more precise calculation of collisional contributions to the balance law of the particle stress tensor is presented. Results of the corresponding theory are in very good agreement with numerical simulations both in dilute and dense flows.
The Secret Park
Authors: Walker Adelene
Published: September 2012

Before I tell you the story of the Secret Park, I will give you some personal background. I am a baby boomer, born in Mackay when the sugar industry was ‘king’. My father was the Chief Cane Inspector for Farleigh Mill, which is situated about 8 miles north of Mackay. Thus my early childhood was spent in a large colonial-style house that sat in an acre of grounds. This was my first park. Until I went to school, I used to follow the Mill gardener, Mr Wagner, while he worked, and as I ate his morning tea, he ate mine. He capably mowed our large front lawn of quarter of an acre with a scythe. My eldest brother remembers my father's passion for large-scale planting ? the whole front yard planted once with tomatoes and once with pansies.
Garden History and the Vital Role of Garden Plant Inventories in Conservation
Authors: Simpson Michael , Simpson Kyleigh
Published: September 2012

Anyone who has visited a large old garden and seen the twisted remnant shrubs and big old trees in it may wonder about their past and worry about their future. The lumps and bumps on the ground and half-buried lines of stone may reveal clues to previous garden beds and structures. Old photographs may show a house in a luxuriant setting where we see only remnant trees and shrubs, and evidence of many phases of rise and decline. The study of a mature garden is inexorably linked to the study of the plants grown within it, as much as it is to an understanding of the people who made the garden and those who altered it and recorded it in successive generations.
Vida Lahey's Floral Palette
Authors: Cooke Glenn R.
Published: September 2012

Vida Lahey is one of Queensland's best loved artists of the twentieth century. However, she is appreciated locally as much for her role in the promotion and teaching of art as for her practice. The work for which she is best known, ‘Monday morning’ 1913 (Collection, Queensland Art Gallery), became an icon of feminism from the 1980s, although it contrasts with her flower studies – the work that gave her a national reputation from the 1920s.
Historic Bauple Nut Tree Lost
Authors: McConachie Ian , Ott Nan , Endres Gail
Published: September 2012

In 2010, a tree that is part of Maryborough's history was lost. It was the parent of what has become one of the superior macadamia varieties widely planted in the Australian and international nut industry. This Bauple nut, Queensland nut or macadamia tree was given the name ‘Daddow’ and this is its story.
Tough Lovelies
Authors: Cooke Glenn R.
Published: September 2012

When surveying the histories of plants under cultivation, one becomes immediately aware of the vagaries of shifting tastes. So it is with one of my favourite plants: the hardy croton, Codaieum variegatum. It was a popular hot-house plant in Europe during the nineteenth century, when colourful and variegated plants from the far corners of the world were all the rage. In the late part of the nineteenth century, these plants made their way to Australia, and were especially cultivated in Queensland. Even in sub-tropical Brisbane, plants can lose all their leaves in cold snaps during the mild winters, but further north, Queensland has a plant that can offer gardens a wide variety of colour and leaf shape. For a plant from the tropics, they are remarkably drought tolerant and have proved their resilience in both summer's heat and humidity, and our occasional extended droughts.
Maryborough and Its History
Authors: Brown Elaine
Published: September 2012

Let me begin by acknowledging the Aboriginal presence in the district around Maryborough. The earliest European officials named this then-unknown area the Wide Bay, after the curving mainland between Fraser Island and Double Island Point that had been named ‘Wide Bay’ by Captain James Cook as the Endeavour sailed north along the coast in 1770.