bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Electrolytes on the Adsorption of Chlorazol Sky Blue FF on Viscose Rayon Fibres at Different Temperatures
Authors: Iyer S. R. Sivaraja , Subramanian K.
Published: July 2010

Equilibrium adsorption isotherms and rates of dyeing at various temperatures for Chlorazol Sky Blue FF (C. I. Direct Blue 1, sodium salt) on viscose rayon fibres in the presence of electrolytes having different water structure breaking/making properties have been measured. The results clearly show that variations in water structure around the hydrophobic parts of the adsorbing dye molecules and around the adsorbent fibre surface influence the dye–binding process.
Photochemical Grafting of Acrylated Azo Dyes onto Polymeric Surfaces.
Authors: Selli Elena , Bellobono Ignazio R , Calgari Seba , Berlin Anna
Published: July 2010

Kinetic studies of photochemical I y induced grafting [1] and graft polymerization [2] onto polypropylene fibres from N, N–dimethylformamide solutions of four acryloxy–substituted aromatic diazenes, chosen as model molecules of acrylated azo dyes, were carried ou t at 25°C by monochromatic irradiation at various wavelengths. The effect of dye concentration was systematically investigated, and quantum efficiencies at zero concentration of dyes, as well as lifetimes for processes (1) and (2), were evaluated using Stern– Volmer plots. The marked influence of wavelength and the constancy of the relatively long lifetimes at the various wavelengths support the hypothesis that quantum yields reflect efficiencies of conversion from the states populated by light absorption to reactive upper triplets.
Foam Dyeing and Printing of Carpets
Authors: Dawson T. L.
Published: July 2010

This paper was presented to the West Riding Region on 9 October 1980, and to the Huddersfieid Region on 3 February 1981.

Foam application of dyes by printing or continuous methods offers potential savings in materials and energy, faster production and the possibility of ‘no wash–off processes. Factors affecting the composition and mechanical conditions required to produce stable foams have been examined in the laboratory and these foams have been applied to nylon carpets by rotary screen, horizontal pad, doctor roller and slots. Rates of fixation in steam of some acid dyes on nylon appear to be significantly faster using the foam application (ca. 50% pick–up) method compared with conventional methods (300–400% pick–up).
Dyers and Finishers – Can You Manage to Survive?
Authors: Dwek J. C.
Published: July 2010

This paper was presented at the Thirteenth George Douglas Memorial Lecture, held at the Post House Hotel, Northenden, Manchester, on 5 May 1981. The proceedings were chaired by the President of the Society, Dr J. V. Butcher.
The Influence of Ionic Surface–active Agents on the Dyeing of Hercosett Wool with α–Bromoacrylamide Dyes
Authors: Ribe J , Cegarra J , Aizpurúa L
Published: July 2010

The behaviour of two surface–active agents (anionic and cationic) in the dyeing of Hercosett wool with reactive dyes of the α–bromoacry/amide type has been studied. The influence of pH, concentration of dye and surface–active agent, temperature and time on the percentage of the dye adsorbed and reacted is studied. Due to the complexity of this subject, a central rotatable plan of five variables has been used. The results found are represented in three–dimensional graphs, and are examined through the possible mechanisms that operate in the dyeing process, considering the nature of the anionic and cationic agents used.
Preparation and Characterisation of Dye—Metal Complexes Formed during the ‘Keratrans' Process
Authors: Lewis D M , Otterburn M S , Savage D R
Published: July 2010

A method for the characterisation of the complexes formed by the ‘Keratrans' sublimation transfer printing of wool is described. The 1:1 and 7:2 complexes of selected dyes were prepared and characterised using high‐voltage electrophoresis. The complexes were extracted from the printed wool samples, both steamed and unsteamed, and compared to the ones prepared in the laboratory. On the unsteamed printed samples the 1:2 complex predominated with a small amount of 1:1 complex also found to be present. On the steamed printed samples an even greater proportion of the 1:2 complex was found with only trace amounts of the 1:1 complex present.
The Polymorphism of C.I. Pigment Yellow 5
Authors: Whitaker A
Published: July 2010

Department of Physics Brunei University Uxbridge Middlesex UB8 3PH

By interpretation of X‐ray diffraction patterns it has been found that C. I. Pigment Yellow 5 (α‐[1‐hydroxy‐ethylidene\acetanilide‐α‐azo‐\2′;‐nitrobenzene]) is dimorphic, both forms being available commercially. The single‐crystal data and X‐ray powder pattern are reported for one form (termed α) and the powder pattern has been indexed from the single‐crystal unit cell dimensions. The second form (β) has only been obtained as a powder, and the powder pattern is reported. This form changes to the α‐form by recrystallisation from toluene.
The Influence of a Cationic Surfactant on the Shrink‐resist Treatment of Wool with Sodium Sulphite in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Juliá M R , Erra P , Dominguez J Garcia , Infante M R
Published: July 2010

The nature of a combined cationic surfactant/sodium sulphite reductive treatment which prevents felting shrinkage in knitted wool fabrics has been investigated. Very good shrink resistance has been observed for those samples treated simultaneously with reducing agent and the cationic surfactant. A reasonable correlation was found between surfactant sorption and area shrinkage. Other parameters which affect surfactant sorption include bath pH, temperature, treatment time and the amount of cysteine produced during treatment.
The Effect of Treatment with Perchloroethylene on the Abrasion Resistance of Wool Fabric
Authors: Rippon J A , Leeder J D
Published: July 2010

The Martindale flat‐abrasion resistance (MAR) of lightweight wool worsted fabric is improved by treatment with non‐polar chlorinated solvents, including perchloroethylene. The rate at which the improvement is obtained with perchloroethylene is temperature dependent, but the optimum effect is obtained only by prolonged extraction, even at high temperature (e.g. 2 h at 80°C). A small increase in MAR is, however, obtained by solvent scouring in a commercial dry cleaning machine at 30–35°C.

The improvement in MAR induced by treatment with perchloroethylene has been shown to involve extraction of internal lipids. The most likely source of the lipids is the cell membrane complex; their removal is believed to improve MAR because of a subsequent increase in intercellular adhesion.

The improvement in MAR obtained by perchloroethylene treatment is stable to mild finishing procedures, but the magnitude of the improvement is decreased by dyeing at the boil. However, except for samples dyed at pH values less than pH 3, the MAR values of the solvent‐treated samples are higher than the values for the untreated and dyed‐only material.
Synthesis of Monoazo Disperse Dyes from 5‐Amino‐3‐methyl‐1‐(3′, 5′‐disubstituted) s‐Triazinylpyrazoles and a Study of Their Visible Absorption and Dyeing Properties*
Authors: Ayyangar N R , Lahoti R J , Lugade A G , Otiv S R
Published: July 2010

A range of azo disperse dyes was prepared from new coupling components, 5‐amino‐3‐methyl‐1‐(3′, 5′‐disubstituted) s‐triazinylpyrazoles. The new dyes have improved spectral absorption properties over the corresponding 5‐aminophenylpyrazole dyes. The visible spectral and colouristic properties of the 5‐amino‐1 H‐(s‐triazinyljpyrazole and 5‐pyrazolone dyes have been compared with the 5‐amino‐1N‐phenylpyrazole and 5‐pyrazolone dyes.
Solvent pretreatments of wool and their effect on shrinkproofing and the rate of dye uptake
Authors: Cafarella V A , Cornell H J , Rivett D E
Published: July 2010

The extraction of wool fabric with organic solvents, especially perchloroethylene, may be an effective pretreatment for certain dyeing processes. A 2times2 h reflux with perchloroethylene prior to dyeing has been found to significantly lower the time of half dyeing for both a reactive dye (Lanasol Blue 3R) and a milling acid dye (Coomassie Blue BL200). Non‐dyeing effects were observed after the fabric was refluxed with acetone/water mixture, ethanol and chloroform/methanol mixture, but were not observed after refluxing with perchloroethylene or rinsing with acetone/water mixture. Reductions in the minimum effective treatment level (METL) of Basolan SW were noted after rinsing or refluxing with acetone/water mixture, perchloroethylene, ethanol and chloroform/methanol mixture. The shrinkproofing and dye‐huptake tests suggested that there were differences in the types of materials extracted. There were also observed differences in the amounts of materials extracted by the different pretreatments.
The natural fluorescence of wool
Authors: Collins Stephen , Davidson Stephen , Greaves Philip H , Healey Michael , Lewis David M
Published: July 2010

Wool may be excited by both mid‐and near‐u.v. radiation, emitting fluorescence. The extent of visible fluorescence depends on the origin of the wool and the degree of weathering, (the tips of the fibres being more fluorescent than the roots) and chemical modification. In particular oxidative treatments such as chlorination of shrink‐resist procedures or peroxide bleaching processes increase the intensity of visible fluorescence but decrease the intensity of u.v. fluorescence (emission maximum at about 350 nm). It is proposed that the presence of these fluorescent chromophores in the fibre relates to the susceptibility of wool to yellow on exposure to light.
Crystal data for C. I. Solvent Yellow 18
Authors: Whitaker A.
Published: July 2010

The single crystal and X–ray powder pattern are reported for C. I. Solvent Yellow 18 [4–(2′, 4′–dimethylphenylazo)–5–methyl–2–phenyl–3H–pyrazol–3–one]. The powder pattern has been indexed from cell dimensions given by single crystal measurements. The problems of multiple indexing have been reduced by comparing the powder data with observed single crystal intensities.
Control parameters in dyeing machinery operation
Authors: Nobbs Jim
Published: July 2010

The dyeing process is similar to many operations in chemical engineering and in this sense can be considered as the transformation of reactants into products. Where transformation includes both physical change as well as chemical changes, the term reactants is taken to describe the state of the materials of interest at the start of the process, while products describes their state at the completion of the process. In the case of a dyeing process the groups might be as shown in Table 1.
Blind dyeing — theory in practice
Authors: Finnie Gordon M
Published: July 2010

Much has been said and written in recent years regarding the subject of blind dyeing. Today it is a reality in many dyehouses throughout the world. Indeed the right‐first‐time approach is one that applies equally well to the dyeing industry as to any other area of manufacturing. The implementation of this technique into dyehouses is possible with the right equipment, systems and above all management commitment. This paper relates the experience of one company that has successfully operated blind dyeing for a number of years and seeks to outline the concepts, difficulties and experiences encountered en route.
Bringing in the expert
Authors: Moon John
Published: July 2010

Quality is king. Against a background of increasing post 1992 competition from our European partners and, perhaps even more important for the UK textile industry, the eventual abolition of the Multi‐Fibre Arrangement, quality is one route to maintaining a competitive advantage. But, like all ruling monarchs, quality is expensive to maintain. It requires considerable financial investment, management resource and, once installed, continuous monitoring, re‐evaluation, and updating.
Inspecting printed fabric…automatically
Authors: Dodkin Chris
Published: July 2010

The systematic defect is a costly and frustrating fact of life for every textile printer. It has many different guises, but inspection of printed fabrics is still very basic, relying on the human eye. Work carried out at De Monfort University, in association with Dorma plc, has addressed the problems of identifying systematic defects. Chris Dodkin explains the group's findings and proposes an automatic method of inspection.
Dyeing cotton and polyester/ cotton blends with reactive and disperse dyes in short‐liquor jets
Authors: Latham F R
Published: July 2010

In the exhaust‐dyeing sector, the established trend towards short liquors will continue, and even become more pronounced. This trend makes it necessary to pay attention to the changed requirements with regard to the pretreatment, solubility of the dyes and auxiliaries used, and to fabric‐running properties, etc. Process control and product selection must also be checked to ensure their suitability for the different requirements. In this way, the disadvantages of the short‐liquor technique can be overcome and full advantage taken of it. Either hot‐dyeing or warm‐dyeing types offer certain advantages, depending on the fastness requirements, the equipment available and the processing techniques employed.
One big technical headache… on wheels
Authors: Horsfall Alan
Published: July 2010

As the roads become more and more congested, and our journeys to work seem to take longer, commuter demand is for more luxurious and durable car interiors. Consequently, manufacturers of automotive fabrics are working to more detailed product specifications. Alan Horsfall highlights current trends in fibre development, fabric making routes, dyestuffs and chemical application, environmental needs and test methods.
Aspects of the photobleaching and photoyellowing of wool
Authors: Collins Stephen , Davidson R Stephen
Published: July 2010

The photobleaching of wool, using the 488 nm line of an argon ion laser and north light fluorescent lamps, in wet and dry states, has been studied. Destruction of the chromophores absorbing in the visible wavelength region was accompanied by a modest increase in UV‐absorbing chromophores. Use of north light lamps resulted in little change in the natural fluorescence, whereas irradiation with the 488 nm laser line caused a decrease. UV irradiation of wool using either the 351 nm line of the argon ion laser or UV fluorescent lamps led to extensive yellowing, manifested by an increase in both visible‐light‐ and UV‐absorbing chromophores, and this was generally accompanied by a marked increase in natural fluorescence. The wool yolk has a definite protective effect upon UV irradiation of wool but no effect was observed upon north light irradiation.
Dyeing of polyester fibres using ultrasound
Authors: Saligram A N , Shukla S R , Mathur Manisha
Published: July 2010

Ultrasound has been used in the dyeing of polyester fibres with disperse dyes at low temperature, and results compared with those achievable in conventional dyeing at the boil using a carrier. Dyeings were enhanced in presence of carrier and by pre‐swelling the fibres, although the results obtained were not generally as good as those that can be obtained in conventional high‐temperature processes. Taking into account the energy conservation aspect, ultrasound appears to be a promising technique for dyeing.
Controlled coloration: a success strategy for the dyeing of cellulosic fibres with reactive dyes
Authors: Collishaw P S , Phillips D A S , Bradbury M J
Published: July 2010

The impact of improving the rate of right‐first‐time production on productivity and profitability for a batchwise dyehouse processing cellulosic fibres is reviewed. The measurement and level of performance required from reactive dyes to support right‐first‐time production is defined in the form of a reactive dye compatibility matrix (RCM). The application of the RCM as a diagnostic tool in dye selection and process design is outlined.
Improving the dyeability of wool by treatment with chitosan
Authors: Davidson R Stephen , Xue Yulin
Published: July 2010

A study of pretreatment of wool fabrics with chitosan by a pad‐dry method has been carried out. The pretreatment effectively eliminates differences in dyeing behaviour between damaged and undamaged wool fibres, with an increase in the rate of dye uptake and the exhaustion of acid and reactive dyes. Penetration of the fibre by dyes has been followed using fluorescence microscopy and the role of the chitosan coating in the dyeing process clarified. Similar colour fastness properties were obtained on both untreated and chitosan‐treated wool fabrics. The chitosan coating on wool fabrics has been examined by scanning electron microscopy. Evidence for the presence of chitosan was sought using a colorimetric method. It is believed that an approximately uniform and adherent chitosan sheath is formed on individual wool fibres.
Getting your voice heard
Authors: Smith Colin
Published: July 2010

What is the difference between a society like the SDC and a trade association such as the TFA? What do these associations provide, other than yet more acronyms to remember? Here, Colin Smith talks about the role the TFA plays in the industry.
Ten years of BTEC
Authors: Smith Geoff
Published: July 2010

BTEC, the Business and Technology Education Council came into being in late 1983, and is responsible for certificating a number of qualifications, including the so‐called ‘vocational A‐level’, the GNVQ. Geoff Smith looks at the history of the organisation and its precursors, and the qualifications relevant to the textile coloration industry.
The swelling effect of liquid ammonia in the dyeing of aramids
Authors: Nicolai M. , Nechwatal A.
Published: July 2010

The poor substantivity to dyes limits the use of aramid fibres. Textile dyeing is normally possible only with the aid of large quantities of carrier. Pretreating aramid fibres with liquid ammonia renders the fibre dyeable with basic dyes at levels of fastness similar to those achieved with the conventional carrier procedure.
The formation of cysteine‐S‐sulphonate groups in wool and the effect on shrink‐resistance
Authors: Douthwaite F J , Lewis D M
Published: July 2010

The different stages of wool oxidation during the Dylan XCP permonosulphuric acid based shrinkproofing process have been followed using second‐order derivative Fourier transform infrared analysis. After oxidising wool with Caro's salt, some of the cystine residues present were oxidised to cysteic acid, but cystine‐S‐monoxide and cystine‐S‐dioxide concentrations remained the same. After treating the oxidised wool with bisulphite, cysteine‐S‐sulphonate groups were formed and the fibre acquired significant shrink‐resistance to washing. The effect on shrink‐resistance of reducing the concentration of cysteine‐S‐sulphonate groups was determined. It was found that when these residues were reconverted to disulphide bonds the shrink‐resist effect was lost.
Dyeing of polyester and its blends with some disazo dyes derived from the disodium salt of chromotropic acid and their chelates with transition metal ions
Authors: Moustafa M M
Published: July 2010

Disazo dyes derived from the disodium salt of chromotropic acid and their chelates with metal ions were applied on polyester, polyester/cotton and polyester/wool blend fibres as disperse dyes. The fastness to washing, perspiration, rubbing and light of the resultant dyeings were measured. The bonding of dye or its complexes to the fibre and the effect of substituent groups on the colour fastness of the dyes are discussed.
Satisfying the textile consumer
Authors: Moore Frank
Published: July 2010

During the past ten years, retailing in the UK and Europe has undergone a major change. The 1990s are the age of the environmentally conscious, discerning consumer who demands quality products that are value for money. How can a retailer satisfy these needs? Frank Moore, of the John Lewis Partnership puts forward his recipe for success.
Increase in dye pick‐up of wool caused by the Maillard reaction
Authors: Trézl L. , Horváth V. , Lanczki M. , Vida Cs , Rusznák I. , Tóke L. , Bakó P.
Published: July 2010

Glucose molecules may enter into a Maillard reaction with reactive amino groups present in wool, transforming these groups to their N‐glycoside derivatives. No changes to the physical or mechanical properties of wool fibres following glucose treatment have been observed. However, an increase in the pick‐up of reactive and acid dyes was recorded after wool was pretreated with an aqueous glucose solution.
The effect of non‐cellulosic constituents on the behaviour of flax towards sodium chlorite, urea and dyes
Authors: Higazy A. , Hashem M M , Zeid N Y Abou , Hebeish A.
Published: July 2010

Flax fibres containing different amounts of non‐cellulosic constituents were prepared by subjecting the fibres to scouring and/or bleaching under different conditions. Scouring was based on treatment with an aqueous solution of either alkaline sulphite or alkaline dithionite followed by bleaching with an aqueous sodium chlorite/potassium permanganate system. The scoured flax fibres exhibited much greater bleaching effect than did the grey flax. Grey flax and the four bleached substrates were reacted with urea to yield flax carbamate. This was methylolated by reaction with formaldehyde. The extent of carbamation was related to the amount of the non‐cellulosic material in the substrate and the presence of copper(II) chloride. The dyeability of the bleached flax was increased by the carbamation and methylolation sequence. The colour strength of dyed fibres was influenced by the methylol group content of the modified flax, the dyebath pH and nature of the dye used.
Methods for quantifying metamerism. Part 1ndashVisual assessment
Authors: Kuo W G , Luo M R
Published: July 2010

This work forms part of the Society of Dyers and Colourists' CMC Working Group 1 project on metamerism and colour constancy. The aim of the project is to derive reliable indices for predicting metamerism and colour constancy. Some 76 metamers were prepared by dyeing wool with acid dyes. Two experiments were conducted to quantify the degree of metamerism using a grey‐scale method. In the first experiment each metamer's colour difference was assessed against a grey scale by a panel of observers under seven light sources. The second experiment was carried out under three sources: D65, A and TL84. Each observer assessed not only the total colour difference as in the first experiment but also the separate lightness, chroma, and hue components. Observer variations were investigated in terms of observer precision, and within‐and between‐observer errors. Cross‐over wavelengths for each metamer were also examined. It was found that intersections tend to converge on three wavelengths for almost all metamers used here, in agreement with previous findings.
Substitutes for 1‐napththylamine. Part 2ndasha comparative study of monoazo anionic dyes derived from 3‐arnino‐4‐methoxyacetanilide and 1‐naphthylamine
Authors: Sekar N.
Published: July 2010

3‐Amino‐4‐methoxyacetanilide has been evaluated as a substitute for 1‐naphthylamine by synthesising and evaluating a parallel series of monoazo dyes from derived from these two reagents.
Effects of sewage treatment on textile effluent
Authors: Moran C. , Hall M E , Howell R.
Published: July 2010

Textile effluent is discharged to sewer with little or no destructive treatment. In investigating the effects of sewage treatment on textile effluent we aim to establish the biodegradability of the effluent and the reduction in toxicity exerted on aquatic organisms resulting from standard sewage treatment. Using three separate samples of effluent, the initial toxicity was tested using the aquatic invertebrate Daphnia magna. The samples were biodegraded following the Zahn‐Wellens method and then retested. Results showed relatively good biodegradability but negligible toxicity reduction. The ‘hard COD’, or non‐degradable, portion of the effluent, which appears to be responsible for exerting toxicity, is not altered by this treatment method.
Kinetic data for the crosslinking reaction of polycarboxylic acids with cellulose
Authors: Schramm C , Rinderer B , Bobleter O
Published: July 2010

Kinetic data (rate constant, Arrhenius activation energy, frequency factor) of the esterification of polycarboxylic acids (butane‐1, 2, 3, 4‐tetracarboxylic acid, citric acid and pyromellitic acid) have been determined by means of isocratic HPLC measuring the portion of polycarboxylic acid that does not react with cellulosic material. The order of activation energy is as follows: citric acid > butane‐1, 2, 3, 4‐tetracarboxylic acid > pyromellitic acid.
The BCRA–NPL Ceramic Colour Standards, Series II – Master spectral reflectance and thermochromism data
Authors: Malkin F , Larkin J A , Verrill J F , Wardman R H
Published: July 2010

The master set of the BCRA–NPL Ceramic Colour Standards, Series II, has been calibrated by NPL in the specular excluded, specular included and 0/45 geometries at a temperature of 25C. Tables of spectral reflectance and colorimetric data are presented. The thermochromism of the standards in the specular excluded geometry was also measured by NPL and the changes in spectral reflectance for a 10 degC change in temperature are given. The corresponding changes in colour data for the specular excluded geometry were calculated by NPL. Following a request from the Colour Measurement Committee of the Society of Dyers and Colourists, the corresponding changes in colour data for the specular included geometry were calculated by the Scottish College of Textiles on the assumption that the changes in spectral reflectance are the same for both geometries. Thus changes of colour data are presented for the specular excluded and specular included geometries. It has been shown by Ceram Research that it is possible to use these thermochromism data to correct colour data measured at an arbitrary laboratory temperature to a standard temperature.
Continuous control of an enzymatic pretreatment on linen fabric before dyeing
Authors: Dezert M‐H , Viallier P , Wattiez D
Published: July 2010

Enzymatic reactions in textile finishing must be very carefully controlled. To improve the dyeability and the wrinkle‐recovery of flax fabrics, a major proportion of the pectic substances has to be eliminated, without damaging the cellulose. However, complete elimination of the pectic substances may result in a fibre with no mechanical strength. We have demonstrated that it is not practically possible to control the elimination of the pectic substances, by measuring the total organic carbon, redox potential or other variables.
Concerns with Antiepileptic Drug Initiation: Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy
Authors: Ferrendelli James A.
Published: July 2010

Summary: A number of commonly used antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) produce severe adverse effects if they are introduced at their usual daily maintenance doses. Gradual slow titration of the dose often avoids these adverse effects almost entirely. Conversely, some AEDs can be started at their effective maintenance dose and perhaps even with a loading dose. Although the mechanisms of these distinctions among antiepileptic compounds are poorly understood, the phenomenon clearly has important implications for the optimal use of the drugs, especially when rapid seizure control is desired. Examples of drugs that require gradual introduction are lamotrigine, carbamazepine, topiramate, tiagabine, and zonisamide. Phenytoin, oxcarbazepine, gabapentin, valproate, and levetiracetam are examples of drugs that can be started at an effective dose.
Genetics of the Epilepsies
Authors: Berkovic Samuel F. , Scheffer Ingrid E.
Published: July 2010

Summary: Recent molecular insights into the human idiopathic epilepsies have suggested the central role of ligand‐gated and voltage‐gated ion channels in their etiology. So far, genes coding for sodium and potassium channel subunits as well as a nicotinic cholinergic receptor subunit have been identified for mendelian idiopathic epilepsies. In vitro and in vivo studies of mutations demonstrate functional changes, allowing new insights into mechanisms underlying hyperexcitability. Similarly, spontaneous murine epilepsy models have been associated with calcium channel molecular defects. The major challenge before us in understanding the genetics of the epilepsies is to identify genes for common forms of epilepsy following complex inheritance. Once such genes are discovered, the gene–gene–environmental interactions producing specific epilepsy syndromes can be explored.
Toward a Clinical Understanding of Bipolar Disorders: Classification and Presentation
Authors: Cookson John
Published: July 2010

Summary:  This review describes the clinical spectrum of bipolar disorder and its classification in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)‐IV and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)‐10. The development of new diagnostic trends and their clinical implications are discussed.
Neuroimaging of Bipolar Disorder: Emphasis on Novel MRI Techniques
Authors: Bruno Stefania D.
Published: July 2010

Summary:  The explosion of neuroimaging in the last decade has contributed to a revision of the concept of bipolar disorder, which was traditionally seen as a cyclic illness with return to normality between episodes lacking “by default” permanent brain abnormalities. A conspicuous corpus of neuroimaging and neuropathology studies indicates that brain changes occur in bipolar disorder, although their etiology and their relation to clinical features are yet to be established. This review summarizes the results from magnetic resonance imaging studies using conventional and novel techniques in patients with bipolar disorder.
Epilepsy and mood disorders
Authors: Kanner Andres M.
Published: July 2010

Summary  Mood disorders (MD) are a frequent comorbidity of epilepsy with a negative impact on quality of life. The higher prevalence of MD in people with epilepsy (PWE) is most likely a reflection of a bidirectional relation between the two conditions, and common pathogenic mechanisms. Treatment of MD in PWE is safe with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRIs) and serotonin‐norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), but nonpsychiatrists need to know when to refer these patients to a psychiatrist for further evaluation and treatment.
Changing Patterns in Medication Use with Increasing Probability of Death for Older Medicare Beneficiaries
Authors: Shaffer Thomas , Simoni‐Wastila Linda , Toler Wendy , Stuart Bruce , Doshi Jalpa A.
Published: July 2010

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether use of symptom relief drugs (e.g., antidepressants, anxiolytics, opioid analgesics, sleep aids) rises and use of two commonly prescribed classes of chronic medications (statins and osteoporosis drugs) falls with greater probability of death for older Medicare beneficiaries.

DESIGN: Pooled cross‐sectional study.

SETTING: Noninstitutionalized older Medicare population in 2000 to 2005.

PARTICIPANTS: Community‐dwelling Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 and older (N=20,233).

MEASUREMENTS: Use of medications measured according to dichotomous flags; intensity of use by annual medication fills. Annual probability of death modeled using logistic regression and stratified into seven groups with predicted probabilities of death that range from less than 5% to greater than 50%. Prevalence of use and intensity (mean prescription fills per month) were computed for each class of medication.

RESULTS: For symptom relief medications, there is relatively constant use with increasing probability of death, along with greater intensity of use. For the two chronic medications, there was a monotonic decrease in use but at a relatively constant intensity. Decline in statin use ranged from 34.4% in the lowest mortality stratum to 17.6% for those in the highest (P<.001). Use of osteoporosis drugs fell from 10.4% to 6.6% over the same range (P<.001).

CONCLUSION: Greater intensity of use of symptom relief medications with increasing probability of death is consistent with hypothesized use. The different profile for chronic medications suggests that the time to benefit is being considered regarding therapy initiation, which results in lower use.
Relationship between an increased serum kynurenine/tryptophan ratio and atherosclerotic parameters in hemodialysis patients
Authors: KATO Akihiko , SUZUKI Yuzo , SUDA Takafumi , SUZUKI Masako , FUJIE Michio , TAKITA Takako , FURUHASHI Mitsuyoshi , MARUYAMA Yukitaka , CHIDA Kingo , HISHIDA Akira
Published: July 2010

Essential amino acid tryptophan (Trp) is mainly catabolized by indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase, which leads to the formation of kynurenine (Kyn). In this study, we reexamined whether an increased indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase activity, as estimated by the Kyn/Trp ratio (μM/mM), is associated with atherosclerotic parameters in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Serum Trp and Kyn were measured in 243 HD patients by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. We measured carotid artery intima‐medial thickness, brachial‐ankle pulse wave velocity, ankle‐brachial pressure index, and the cardio‐ankle vascular index. Log‐transformed Kyn/Trp ratio was significantly correlated with log‐transformed time on HD (ρ=0.28, P<0.01), log‐transformed highly sensitive C‐reactive protein (ρ=0.20, P<0.01), and peripheral total lymphocyte count (ρ=−0.13, P<0.05). A significant association was found between log‐transformed Kyn/Trp ratio and mean carotid artery intima‐medial thickness (ρ=0.18, P<0.01). Mean carotid artery intima‐medial thickness was significantly higher in the lowest quartile of Kyn/Trp ratio (<165) (0.62±0.12 mm) when compared with the highest quartile (≥304) (0.68±0.15 mm) (P<0.01). Ankle‐brachial pressure index was lower in the second quartile (1.01±0.20), the third quartile (1.01±0.19), and the fourth quartile (1.03±0.15) compared with that in the first quartile (1.09±0.13) (P<0.05). It follows from these findings that the Kyn/Trp ratio increases with time on HD, and is associated with advanced atherosclerotic changes in chronic HD patients.
Sense of coherence and oral health in dentate adults: findings from the Finnish Health 2000 survey
Authors: Bernabé Eduardo , Watt Richard G. , Sheiham Aubrey , Suominen‐Taipale Anna L. , Uutela Antti , Vehkalahti Miira M. , Knuuttila Matti , Kivimäki Mika , Tsakos Georgios
Published: July 2010

Bernabé E, Watt RG, Sheiham A, Suominen‐Taipale AL, Uutela A, Vehkalahti MM, Knuuttila M, Kivimäki M, Tsakos G. Sense of coherence and oral health in dentate adults: findings from the Finnish Health 2000 survey. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37: 981–987. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐051X.2010.01604.x.

Aim: To assess the relationship between sense of coherence (SOC) and oral health, and the role of oral health‐related behaviours in this relationship.

Materials and Methods: This is a cross‐sectional study of 5401 dentate adults who participated in the nationally representative Health 2000 Survey in Finland. The survey gathered information on SOC, demographic characteristics, education, income, pre‐existing diabetes, daily smoking, dental attendance, toothbrushing frequency and sugar intake frequency. Oral health was assessed through clinical outcomes, such as number of teeth, number of decayed teeth and extent of periodontal pockets and perceived oral health.

Results: A strong SOC was related to having more teeth, fewer decayed teeth, lower extent of periodontal pockets and good perceived oral health after adjustment for confounders, such as demographic and socioeconomic factors (all p0.003). These associations were attenuated but remained significant after further adjustment for potential mediators (oral health‐related behaviours), except for the association of SOC with the extent of periodontal pockets, which was fully accounted for by pre‐existing diabetes, oral health‐related behaviours and dental plaque (p=0.549).

Conclusion: SOC is positively associated with various aspects of adult oral health, in part because of the better oral health‐related behaviours among people with a strong SOC.
Experimental Production of Early Brain Lesions in Rats by Parenteral Administration of Manganese Chloride
Authors: Chandra Satya V. , Srivastava S. P.
Published: July 2010

Attempts have been made to produce early brain lesions in rats by the daily intraperitoneal administration of manganese chloride (8 mg/kg) for a period of 180 days. Neuropathological examination performed at various intervals showed scattered neuronal degeneration in the cerebral and cerebellar cortex at 120 days which increased in intensity up to 180 days. The manganese concentration in the brain also showed a significant increase. The extent of the brain lesions was directly related to the amount of manganese in the brain tissue which increased with time.
Concentrations of Meprobamate in the Blood and Liver Following Fatal Meprobamate Poisoning
Authors: Felby S.
Published: July 2010

The concentrations of meprobamate in the blood and liver were determined in 12 cases of death due to meprobamate poisoning and in 29 cases of death due to the combined effects of meprobamate and alcohol, meprobamate and barbiturate, or meprobamate, alcohol and barbiturate. In the cases of poisoning from meprobamate alone, the blood meprobamate concentrations were within the range of 142–342 μg/ml (mean value: 226 μg/ml). In the cases of poisoning with a combination of the drugs, the blood meprobamate concentrations were: for meprobamate and alcohol, 43–155 μg/ml (mean value 117 μg/ml); for meprobamate and barbiturate, 30–276 μg/ml (mean value 117 μg/ml); for meprobamate, barbiturate and alcohol, 33–460 μg/ml (mean value 133 μg/ml).
Hepatotoxicity of Halothane Metabolites in Vivo and Inhibition of Fibroblast Growth in Vitro
Authors: Rosenberg Per H. , Wahlström Torsten
Published: July 2010

Following single intraperitoneal doses the halothane metabolites, trifluoroethanol (TFE) and trifluoroacetaldehyde hydrate (TFAIH), produced a marked dose‐dependent accumulation of fat in mouse liver, the maximal effect occuring at about 24 hours after administration. Slight fatty changes already occurred with non‐lethal doses, but repeated administration did not, however, cause necrosis of the liver cells. Electron microscopy suggested that part of the fat was composed of phospholipids, which are known to accumulate during energy loss. The glycogen granules almost completely disappeared in the liver, this being also confirmed by chemical determination. Trifluoroacetic acid (TFAA) not only caused slight fat accumulation, but also an increase in liver glycogen. In human fibroblast cell cultures TFAIH, even in small concentrations, and TFAA in high concentrations, inhibited cell growth. TFE did not affect the growth of the fibroblasts, probably because no enzymatic system is available in these cells to metabolize TFE to the toxic aldehyde. Two mechanisms may be responsible for the hepatotoxicity of TFE and TFAIH: a) formation of phospholipids due to energy requirement and b) accumulation of liver triglycerides due to blocking of e. g. transport enzymes.
The Herbicide 2,4‐Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid I: Effects on L Cells
Authors: Kolberg Jan , Helgeland Kristen , Jonsen Jon , Tjeltveit Olav
Published: July 2010

The effect of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D) on L 929 cells in monolayer cultures has been studied. It was found that 2,4‐D in the range of 50 to 500 μg/ml had a dose dependent inhibitory effect on cell growth. With 350 and 500 μg/ml complete inhibition of growth occurred after about 24 hrs of incubation. On removal of 2,4‐D a rapid resumption of cell multiplication took place. This occurred even after exposure to 500 μg 2,4‐D/ml for 12 days. In the presence of 250 to 500 μg/ml, vacuoles, which stained with lipid soluble dyes, appeared in the cytoplasm. On prolonged incubation with the herbicide, these vacuoles disappeared.
Effect of Adrenalectomy, Corticosteroids and some other Anti‐Inflammatory Agents, Salazopyrin®, Thyroxine and Vitamin A on the Exchangeable Sulphate Pool and on Sulphate Incorporation in Vivo into Costal Cartilage of the Mouse
Authors: Herbai Georg
Published: July 2010

Drug effects on the size of the exchangeable sulphate pool and the incorporation rate into costal cartilage in vivo were studied by a new double isotope method in growing mice of the N. M. R. I. strain. Adrenalectomy caused a significant decrease both in the size of the sulphate pool and the rate of sul‐phation in cartilage. Hydrocortisone (a water soluble form), acetylsalicylic acid, oxyphenylbutazone and dimethyl‐sulphoxide given in rather high doses had no effect on the sulphate pools or the sulphate incorporation rates. Hydrocortisone‐acetate (in oil or suspension), prednisolone‐acetate and dexamethasone all elicited a dose‐dependent retardation of body growth and a considerable increase in the size both of the total sulphate pool and the pool per g body weight. The sulphation rate of the cartilage samples even at high doses was only moderately depressed by the steroids studied. Only prednisolone elicited a marked inhibition with a dose above 40 μg. Salazopyrin® (4 mg/day × 6) considerably decreased sulphate incorporation without affecting the size of the sulphate pool. Vitamin A caused a marked and dose‐dependent increase in the sulphate pool and a moderate and dose‐independent decrease in the sulphation of cartilage. l‐Thyroxine up to a dose of 1 μg/day depressed sulphate incorporation, but a 10 times higher dose stimulated it. The sulphate pools displayed a graded elevation after increasing doses of l‐thyroxine.
The Effect of Salicylate on the Glycogen Content of the Foetal Liver and Heart in Two Strains of Mice
Authors: Eriksson Margareta
Published: July 2010

Sodium salicylate was injected into A/Jax and CBA mice on the 17th day of gestation in order to study its effect on liver and heart glycogen and its possible correlation with salicylate‐induced foetal damage. Glycogen concentration was determined 4, 8 and 24 hours after injection and compared with the values for control animals of the same age. Foetal liver glycogen was reduced for up to 8 hours in A/Jax and CBA mice following an injection of 10 mg/20 g sodium salicylate. This reduction was greater in foetuses with superficial or liver haemorrhages than in foetuses with no haemorrhages. The heart glycogen was also reduced in the injured foetuses. A decrease in foetal glycogen was observed 4 hours after treatment of A/Jax mice with 3 mg/20 g of sodium salicylate. However, at 8 hours the glycogen content had returned to normal levels. The maternal liver glycogen was decreased 4 hours after treatment and then returned to values comparable to the controls. The significance of this reduction in glycogen concentration and its possible relationship to salicylate‐induced foetal damage are discussed.
Effects of Long‐Acting Oestrogens and a Long‐Acting Corticosteroid on the Weight and Acid Phosphatase Activity of the Spleen in Male Rats
Authors: Andersson Maud , Müntzing Jonas
Published: July 2010

Male rats were injected intramuscularly with 8 mg/kg polyoestradiol phosphate (PEP) (estradurin®), polydiethylstilboestrol phosphate (PSP), polyoestriol phosphate (SEP) (triodurin®) or oestradiol undecylate (EU) (progynon®‐depot). After 20 days the weight of the spleen was decreased to 70 % by PEP, PSP and EU whereas SEP had no effect. The weight decrease was due to a histochemically demonstrated atrophy of the white pulp, which contained little acid phosphatase. The acid phosphatase activity per spleen was found to be unchanged although the activity per weight unit was increased. Male rats were injected intramuscularly with 100 mg/kg methylprednisolone acetate (D) (depomedrone®). After 20 days the weight of the spleen was decreased to 60 %. The acid phosphatase activity per weight unit was not increased and the activity per spleen was decreased to 70 %. A lower dose of D (10 mg/kg) had no effect on the enzyme activity but reduced the weight of the spleen to 90 %. Adrenalectomized rats were injected intramuscularly with 10 or 1 mg/kg D. No effects on the spleen weight or phosphatase activity were found after 20 days. When PEP (8 mg/kg, intramuscularly) was injected in adrenalectomized rats treated with either 10 or 1 mg/kg D the weight of the spleen was decreased to 75 and 85 %, respectively. The acid phosphatase activity per spleen was unchanged. The results indicate that the polymerized oestrogens and EU, but not D, have a similar action on the spleen. The action of PEP in adrenalectomized rats substituted with D indicates that the effects of PEP are not mediated through the adrenal glands.
Biotransformation of Methyl Mercuric Salts in Germ Free Rats
Authors: Norseth Tor
Published: July 2010

Biotransformation of methyl mercuric chloride in germ free rats was followed by specific determination of inorganic mercury. Inorganic mercury in the intestinal content from the caecum and in faeces was compared to corresponding samples obtained from control rats. No differences in biotransformation could be detected in germ free and control rats.
Metabolism of 1,2‐Dichloroethane‐14C in the Mouse
Authors: Yllner Sven
Published: July 2010

Labelled 1,2‐dichloroethane (3.6 μci/mg), prepared by chlorination of ethylene‐14C, was injected intraperitoneally (0.05–0.17 g/kg) and the elimination of radioactivity was followed for 3 days. Depending on the dose 10–42% was expired unchanged and 12–15% as carbon dioxide. 51–73% of the dose was found in the urine, 0–0.6% in the faeces (contaminated with urine), and 0.6–1.3% remained in the animal. Examination of the urine by paper chromatography showed 3 major metabolites, chloroacetic acid, S‐carboxymethylcysteine, and thiodiacetic acid. The following amounts (% of urinary activity) were estimated by isotope dilution analysis: chloroacetic acid 6–23, S‐carboxymethylcysteine 44–46 (free) and 0.5–5 (conjugated), and thiodiacetic acid 33–34. These results are in good agreement with those previously obtained by the administration of chloroacetic‐1‐14C acid. It may therefore be suggested that the metabolism of 1,2‐dichloroethane proceeds mainly via chloroacetic acid. Isotope dilution analysis also revealed small amounts of 2‐chloroethanol and S,S'‐ethylene‐bis‐cysteine but no oxalic acid. Only a minor part of the activity might be due to S‐(β‐hydroxyethyl)‐cysteine and its mercapturic acid.
Some Physico‐Chemical Factors Influencing the Binding of Sulfonamides to Human Albumin in vitro
Authors: Ågren Allan , Elofsson Rune , Nilsson Sten‐Ove
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Thirteen sulfa drugs have been investigated. Their degree of binding to human serum albumin has been studied in vitro at varying pH. It was found that the degree of binding increased remarkably near the pKa value. A drug with a low pKa has a comparatively high degree of binding at physiological pH whereas a drug with a high pKa has a low degree of binding at this pH. It is shown that a good fit of experiments at a number of pH values is obtained when a modified Scatchard equation is used:

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This shows that the uncharged species is hardly bound at all. The variation in binding ability among similar ions also depends on the hydrophobic bonds, which are correlated to the partition coefficient of the drug between octanol and water. A quantum mechanical approach has started which shows a correlation between degree of binding and distribution of electronic charge within the drug molecules. Some data are presented.
Correlation of Dissolution Rate and Drug Absorption in Man
Authors: Katchen Bernard
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Diazoxide blood levels in man were measured after single 600 mg oral doses in solution, capsule and tablet form. A high correlation was found between dissolution rate in 0.1 N‐HCl and area under the 0–6 hour blood level curve. Griseofulvin absorption from 10 different preparations was studied in man. Plasma levels were followed for 1 day after a single oral 500 mg dose, and for 7 days after daily 500 mg doses. A high correlation was found between dissolution rate in simulated intestinal fluid and area under the 0–25, 49–173, and 0–173 hour plasma level curves.