bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sublingual Boosting with a Novel Mucoadhesive Thermogelling Hydrogel Following Parenteral CAF01 Priming as a Strategy Against Chlamydia trachomatis
Authors: Garcia‐del Rio Lorena , Diaz‐Rodriguez Patricia , Pedersen Gabriel Kristian , Christensen Dennis , Landin Mariana
Published: February 2022

Chlamydia trachomatis is the most prevalent sexually transmitted disease of bacterial origin. The high number of asymptomatic cases makes it difficult to stop the transmission, requiring vaccine development. Herein, a strategy is proposed to obtain local genital tract immunity against C. trachomatis through parenteral prime and sublingual boost. Subcutaneous administration of chlamydia CTH522 subunit vaccine loaded in the adjuvant CAF01 is combined with sublingual administration of CTH522 loaded in a novel thermosensitive and mucoadhesive hydrogel. Briefly, a ternary optimized hydrogel (OGEL) with desirable biological and physicochemical properties is obtained using artificial intelligence techniques. This formulation exhibits a high gel strength and a strong mucoadhesive, adhesive and cohesive nature. The thermosensitive properties of the hydrogel facilitate application under the tongue. Meanwhile the fast gelation at body temperature together with rapid antigen release should avoid CTH522 leakage by swallowing and increase the contact with sublingual tissue, thus promoting absorption. In vivo studies demonstrate that parenteral‐sublingual prime‐boost immunization, using CAF01 and OGEL as CTH522 vaccine carriers, shows a tendency to increase cellular (Th1/Th17) immune responses when compared to mucosal or parenteral vaccination alone. Furthermore, parenteral prime with CAF01/CTH522 followed by sublingual boosting with OGEL/CTH522 elicits a local IgA response in the genital tract.
Enhancing Cycling Stability and Capacity Retention of NMC811 Cathodes by Reengineering Interfaces via Electrochemical Fluorination
Authors: Thapaliya Bishnu P. , Misra Sudhajit , Yang Shi‐ze , Jafta Charl J. , Meyer Harry M. , Bagri Prashant , Unocic Raymond R. , Bridges Craig A. , Dai Sheng
Published: February 2022

High‐capacity cathodes (LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2) that can boost the energy density of lithium‐ion batteries are promising candidates for vehicle electrification. However, several factors specific to high energy density materials entailing electrode reactions inhibit their application. Fluorination has shown a promising ability to combat the detrimental electrochemical performances of cathode materials, however, it remains difficult to achieve the desired functionality. Herein, a novel electrochemical fluorination (ECF) that demonstrates a promising electrochemical performance enhancement via stabilization of the cathode–electrolyte‐interphase (CEI) by forming conformal LiF is proposed. Besides LiF surface layer formation, ECF reduces the degree of fluorination‐induced Ni/Li disordering and enhances the layered structural stability as probed by X‐ray diffraction. Because of the robust CEI, ECF‐NMC811 cathodes deliver 203.0 mAh g−1 first discharge capacity at the current rate of C/10, with ≈98% capacity retention up to 100 cycles. Similarly, it delivers ≈180 mAh g−1 capacity at a 1 C rate with 86.4% capacity retention up to 200 cycles with average coulombic efficiency of > 99.5%. Comprehensive characterization with a multitude of probes reveals that ECF enhances the cycling stability of the electrode without altering bulk structure and morphology.
Race, sex, and mid‐life changes in brain health: Cardia MRI substudy
Authors: Moonen Justine E.F. , Nasrallah Ilya M. , Detre John A. , Dolui Sudipto , Erus Guray , Davatzikos Christos , Meirelles Osorio , Bryan R. Nick , Launer Lenore J.
Published: February 2022

Objective

To examine longitudinal race and sex differences in mid‐life brain health and to evaluate whether cardiovascular health (CVH) or apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 explain differences.

Methods

The study included 478 Black and White participants (mean age: 50 years). Total (TBV), gray (GMV), white (WMV), and white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volumes and GM–cerebral blood flow (CBF) were acquired with 3T‐magnetic resonance imaging at baseline and 5‐year follow‐up. Analyses were based on general linear models.

Results

There were race x sex interactions for GMV (P‐interaction = .004) and CBF (P‐interaction = .01) such that men showed more decline than women, and this was most evident in Blacks. Blacks compared to Whites had a significantly greater increase in WMH (P = .002). All sex–race differences in change were marginally attenuated by CVH and APOE ε4.

Conclusion

Race–sex differences in brain health emerge by mid‐life. Identifying new environmental factors beyond CVH is needed to develop early interventions to maintain brain health.
Altered medial prefrontal cortex and dorsal raphé activity predict genotype and correlate with abnormal learning behavior in a mouse model of autism‐associated 2p16.3 deletion
Authors: Hughes Rebecca B. , Whittingham‐Dowd Jayde , Clapcote Steven J. , Broughton Susan J. , Dawson Neil
Published: February 2022

2p16.3 deletion, involving NEUREXIN1 (NRXN1) heterozygous deletion, substantially increases the risk of developing autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders. We have a poor understanding of how NRXN1 heterozygosity impacts on brain function and cognition to increase the risk of developing the disorder. Here we characterize the impact of Nrxn1α heterozygosity on cerebral metabolism, in mice, using 14C‐2‐deoxyglucose imaging. We also assess performance in an olfactory‐based discrimination and reversal learning (OB‐DaRL) task and locomotor activity. We use decision tree classifiers to test the predictive relationship between cerebral metabolism and Nrxn1α genotype. Our data show that Nrxn1α heterozygosity induces prefrontal cortex (medial prelimbic cortex, mPrL) hypometabolism and a contrasting dorsal raphé nucleus (DRN) hypermetabolism. Metabolism in these regions allows for the predictive classification of Nrxn1α genotype. Consistent with reduced mPrL glucose utilization, prefrontal cortex insulin receptor signaling is decreased in Nrxn1α+/− mice. Behaviorally, Nrxn1α+/− mice show enhanced learning of a novel discrimination, impaired reversal learning and an increased latency to make correct choices. In addition, male Nrxn1α+/− mice show hyperlocomotor activity. Correlative analysis suggests that mPrL hypometabolism contributes to the enhanced novel odor discrimination seen in Nrxn1α+/− mice, while DRN hypermetabolism contributes to their increased latency in making correct choices. The data show that Nrxn1α heterozygosity impacts on prefrontal cortex and serotonin system function, which contribute to the cognitive alterations seen in these animals. The data suggest that Nrxn1α+/− mice provide a translational model for the cognitive and behavioral alterations seen in autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders associated with 2p16.3 deletion.

Lay Summary

Deletion of the chromosomal region 2p16.3, involving reduced NEUREXIN1 gene expression, dramatically increases the risk of developing autism. Here, we show that reduced Neurexin1α expression, in mice, impacts on the prefrontal cortex and impairs cognitive flexibility. The data suggest that 2p16.3 deletion increases the risk of developing autism by impacting on the prefrontal cortex. Mice with the deletion are a useful model for testing new drugs to treat the cognitive flexibility problems experienced by people with autism.
When does the spheno‐occipital synchondrosis close?
Authors: McDonald Stuart W. , Miller Jennifer
Published: February 2022

In forensic work, the spheno‐occipital synchondrosis helps identify the deceased as a child or young adult. In the past, it was generally held that the synchondrosis closed between the late teens and 25 years, but recent studies have suggested closure in adolescence. There are also suggestions that the age at closure recorded might be influenced by ancestry and the technique used to study the joint. This comprehensive review of the literature of the past 60 years concludes that the age of closure of the spheno‐occipital synchondrosis is very variable, from childhood to the mid‐twenties, with no obvious association with the geographical location of the study population. We note that some studies on bony specimens indicated later closure than others using clinical images and draw attention to a possible misinterpretation of the so‐called “fusion scar” which might explain this incongruity. Despite an increasing acceptance that the synchondrosis usually closes in adolescence, we are concerned that insufficient heed is being paid to reports of closure in childhood and in the early to mid‐twenties. We conclude that, for forensic purposes, it is unwise to declare that the synchondrosis closes in adolescence. It would be safer to state that a closed synchondrosis indicates a person 6 years or over and that an open synchondrosis may be seen up to the mid‐twenties. Clearly, for younger individuals, the dentition and, for all individuals in this age range, documentation of unfused postcranial epiphyses would be important in attempting to narrow this very broad estimation of age.
Multiple paraovarian cysts requiring emergency surgery: A rare clinical finding
Authors: Tominaga Marie , Morikawa Kyoko , Ogawa Yutaro , Ishiguro Hiromi , Kamimura Naomi , Yokoo Tomokazu , Tsuneki Ikunosuke , Tamura Masaki , Yanase Toru , Kurabayashi Takumi
Published: February 2022

This report presents an unusual case of multiple paraovarian cysts that required emergency surgery due to a paraovarian cyst being entrapped by another paraovarian cyst. Laparoscopic surgery is considered useful for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes and is, therefore, recommended owing to difficulty in differentiating paraovarian cysts from ovarian cysts.
Improved motivation and readiness to quit shortly after lung cancer screening: Evidence for a teachable moment
Authors: Williams Randi M. , Cordon Marisa , Eyestone Ellie , Smith Laney , Luta George , McKee Brady J. , Regis Shawn M. , Abrams David B. , Niaura Raymond S. , Stanton Cassandra A. , Parikh Vicky , Taylor Kathryn L. ,   the Lung Screening, Tobacco, Health Trial
Published: February 2022

Background

For patients at high risk for lung cancer, screening using low‐dose computed tomography (lung cancer screening [LCS]) is recommended. The purpose of this study was to examine whether screening may serve as a teachable moment for smoking‐related outcomes.

Methods

In a smoking‐cessation trial, participants (N = 843) completed 2 phone interviews before randomization: before LCS (T0) and after LCS (T1). By using logistic and linear regression, the authors examined teachable moment variables (perceived risk, lung cancer worry) and outcomes (readiness, motivation, and cigarettes per day [CPD]).

Results

Participants were a mean ± SD age of 63.7 ± 5.9 years, had 47.8 ± 7.1 pack‐years of smoking, 35.2% had a high school diploma or General Educational Development (high school equivalency) degree or less, and 42.3% were undergoing their first scan. Between T0 and T1, 25.7% of participants increased readiness to quit, 9.6% decreased readiness, and 64.7% reported no change (P < .001). Motivation to quit increased (P < .05) and CPD decreased between assessments (P < .001), but only 1.3% self‐reported quitting. Compared with individuals who reported no lung cancer worry/little worry, extreme worry was associated with readiness to quit in the next 30 days (odds ratio, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1‐3.0) and with higher motivation (b = 0.83; P < .001) at T1. Individuals undergoing a baseline (vs annual) scan were more ready to quit in the next 30 days (odds ratio, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.3‐2.5).

Conclusions

During the brief window between registering for LCS and receiving the results, the authors observed that very few participants quit smoking, but a significant proportion improved on readiness and motivation to quit, particularly among individuals who were undergoing their first scan and those who were extremely worried about lung cancer. These results indicate that providing evidence‐based tobacco treatment can build upon this teachable moment.
Barriers to generic antiseizure medication use: Results of a global survey by the International League Against Epilepsy Generic Substitution Task Force
Authors: Niyongere Jenna , Welty Timothy E. , Bell Michelle W. , Consalvo Damian , Hammond Charles , Leung Howan , Patsalos Philip N. , Ryan Melody , Suansanae Thanarat , Zhou Dong , Zuellig Hazel
Published: February 2022

The objective of this study was to identify and quantify barriers to generic substitution of antiseizure medications (ASM). A questionnaire on generic ASM substitution was developed by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) Task Force on Generic Substitution. Questions addressed understanding of bioequivalence, standards for generic products, experiences with substitution, and demographic data. The survey was web‐based and distributed to ILAE chapters, their membership, and professional colleagues of task force members. Comparisons in responses were between ILAE regions and country income classification. A total of 800 individuals responded, with 44.2% being from the Asia‐Oceania ILAE Region and 38.6% from European Region. The majority of respondents had little or no education in generic substitution or bioequivalence. Many respondents indicated lack of understanding aspects of generic substitution. Common barriers to generic substitution included limited access, poor or inconsistent quality, too expensive, or lack of regulatory control. Increase in seizures was the most common reported adverse outcome of substitution. Of medications on the World Health Organization Essential Medication list, problems with generic products were most frequent with carbamazepine, lamotrigine, and valproic acid. Several barriers with generic substitution of ASM revolved around mistrust of regulatory control and quality of generic ASM. Lack of education on generic substitution is also a concern. Generic ASM products may be the only option in some parts of the world and efforts should address these issues. Efforts to address these barriers should improve access to medications in all parts of the world.
Groundwater‐stream connectivity from minutes to months across United States basins as revealed by spectral analysis
Authors: Clyne Jacob B. , Sawyer Audrey H.
Published: February 2022

Stream corridors are dynamic places where streams and aquifers are connected and interact to various degrees, depending on geology, climate, stream morphology, and water use. Water table fluctuations propagate through the unconfined aquifer and are linked with changes in solute export to streams and biogeochemical transformations in floodplain soils. Through publicly available USGS data, this study aims to better understand the behaviour of stream‐groundwater connectivity and water table fluctuations by analysing continuous time series of water levels from 17 pairs of stream gauges and nearby (<100 m) groundwater monitoring wells. Sites are located within 8 of 18 major hydrologic units (HUC‐2) across the contiguous United States and span a variety of stream sizes, climates, and land use practises. More than 50% of sites have a water table that remains within 3 m of the land surface year‐round. Energy spectral densities and cross‐wavelet transformations generally reveal strong coherence between the water table and stream stage over daily to monthly periods. The transfer function, which describes relative variations between the water table and stream stage, shows that 10 of 17 sites are more stream‐dominated at daily and monthly frequencies, meaning that water level fluctuations are greater in the stream and propagate into the aquifer. Only 1 of 17 sites is more groundwater‐dominated at daily and monthly frequencies, meaning that water level fluctuations are greater in the aquifer. This study shows the utility of frequency‐domain analysis for revealing specific timescales of stream‐aquifer interaction.
A systematic review and integrative sequential explanatory narrative synthesis: The psychosocial impact of parenting a child with a lysosomal storage disorder
Authors: Hassall Sadie , Smith Debbie Michelle , Rust Stewart , Wittkowski Anja
Published: February 2022

Lysosomal storage disorders are rare multiorgan, degenerative conditions requiring invasive treatment. Rare disorders pose unique challenges; therefore, exploring their impact is crucial for understanding family needs. This novel review aimed to understand the psychosocial outcomes for parents of children with lysosomal storage disorders. Five electronic databases were systematically searched. Thirty‐eight (23 qualitative, 10 qualitative and 5 mixed methods) studies were included, analysed using a sequential explanatory narrative synthesis and appraised for their methodological quality. Quantitative data revealed the multifaceted impact on parents' psychological and social wellbeing. Qualitative data informed the challenges that these parents faced which were expressed within three main themes: (a) Uncertainty and the unknown, (b) All‐encompassing impact and (c) Finding a way forward. The synthesis demonstrated that factors associated with the condition (symptoms, behaviour and severity) had a substantial negative impact on parental outcomes, upheld by concurrent loss (deterioration and poor prognosis) and uncertainty. This substantive integrated review revealed considerable unmet parental psychosocial needs.
Summer hot extremes and antecedent drought conditions in Australia
Authors: Páscoa Patrícia , Gouveia Célia M. , Russo Ana , Ribeiro Andreia F. S.
Published: February 2022

The compound occurrence of extreme weather and/or climate events can cause stronger negative impacts than the individual events, and its frequency is increasing in several regions of the world. In this work, the effect of antecedent drought conditions on hot extremes during the months of December–February in Australia was analysed for two periods (1979–2019 and 1950–2019). The standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) and the indices number of hot days (NHD) and number of hot nights (NHN) were used to assess drought and extreme temperature events. While the link between dry and heat events is more important in the north in February, in December and January it is strong in the east coast. When temporal lags of 1–3 months are considered, there is a strong correlation between SPEI and NHD/NHN for the concurrent month on most of the study area. For the previous 1–3 months, the area and the correlation values decreased, but consistent spatial patterns were obtained for each month, namely negative correlations on the southwest and southeast in December, and the east in February. Tropical areas showed large areas of correlation between SPEI and NHN, including for the previous 3 months, whereas temperate climates showed the smaller area of correlation with NHN, including at the concurrent month. Significant correlations obtained for lead times longer than 1 month, namely with night heat extremes, point to a predictive ability in several regions of Australia. Moreover, the correlation coefficients obtained using the more recent period (1979–2019) show similar spatial patterns, but with higher values than for the 1950–2019 period. The results highlight the prospect of an early prediction of hot summer extremes in regions affected by drought in spring.
Global water availability and its distribution under the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase Six scenarios
Authors: Li Xinyi , Li Zhong
Published: February 2022

Changes in the hydrological cycle have widespread consequences and remain uncertain under climate change. We analyse the changes in major water components of the hydrological cycle, that is, precipitation (P), runoff (Q), evapotranspiration (E), precipitation minus evapotranspiration (P − E), and terrestrial water storage (S), and quantify the uncertainties across the 21st century with Phase Six of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) simulations. The multimodel ensemble based on over 10 GCMs shows that P − E and Q share similar trends with P, with increases expected in northern high latitudes of Eurasia and North America, South Asia, and eastern Africa, and decreases expected in Central America, the Mediterranean, and the Amazon. The seasonal changes in S at mid and high latitudes are behind the large seasonal shifts in Q while changes in P − E are dominantly affected by P. The equatorial regions are expected to have the largest changes and intermodel variability. From low emission scenario SSP1‐2.6 to high emission scenario SSP5‐8.5, the spatial patterns for future changes remain consistent while more drastic and more widespread changes are expected globally over time with warming for all water components. Larger intermodel variability is also found under higher emission scenarios. The study provides a comprehensive perspective on the assessment of annual and seasonal changes in all water components within the hydrological cycle as well as the associated uncertainty with the latest CMIP6 simulations under three representative scenarios, providing the most updated climate information for formulating appropriate mitigation and adaptation.
Restoration of degraded sodic soils through silvipastoral systems in the Indo‐Gangetic Plains
Authors: Singh Yash Pal , Mishra Vinay K. , Arora Sanjay , Dagar Jagdish Chand , Lal Khajanchi
Published: February 2022

Excessive salts in degraded sodic soils aggravate the bio‐physicochemical properties of soils that need to be remediated and restored in a judicious way. The present study envisages smothering harmful effects of sodic soils and maintaining soil fertility through need‐based silvipastoral systems. We report on a three‐times replicated field experiment with 13 treatments comprised of three agroforestry tree species Acacia nilotica, Casuarina equisetifolia, and Eucalyptus tereticornis planted during 2005 on highly sodic soil of pH 10.6 and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) of 89 in the Indo‐Gangetic Plains. Fodder grass species viz. Chloris gayana, Panicum maximum, and Pennisetum purpureum were planted under each of the 10‐year‐old tree species. The maximum biomass production of understory grasses was recorded from A nilotica + C. gayana silvipastoral system while the highest nutritive value in terms of N. P, K, and crude protein content (%) was recorded in A. nilotica + P. purpureum. A strong correlation between photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and understory grasses was observed. Significantly higher tree growth and biomass yield were recorded under silvipastoral systems over silvicultural system. A significant reduction in soil bulk density and increase in soil porosity, infiltration rate, and water holding capacity (WHC) were recorded in silvipastoral systems over silviculture and control due to reduced sodicity, addition of leaf litter, increase in microbial activities due to tree and grassroots, better plant growth, and fine root decay. Reduction in soil pH, exchangeable sodium percent (ESP), and increase in soil organic carbon were more pronounced under silvipastoral systems over the silviculture. The highest reduction in these parameters was recorded under the A. nilotica + C. gayana silvipastoral system. Similarly, soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), microbial biomass phosphorus (MBP), and dehydrogenase activities were higher under silvipastoral systems over the silvicultural system The highest MBC was recorded in C. equisetifolia + C. gayana which was 302.8% higher than the control. However, highest MBN and dehydrogenase activities were recorded under A. nilotica + C. gayana silvipastoral system. Hence, on the basis of total biomass yield and improvement in soil bio‐physicochemical properties A. nilotica + C. gayana silvipastoral system could be a highly ameliorative and productive system for the restoration of degraded sodic soils.
Autoimmune thyroiditis in patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss
Authors: Sun Xiao‐Mei , Zhuang Shi‐Min , Xiao Zhi‐Wen , Luo Jia‐Qi , Long Zhen , Lan Lin‐Chan , Zhang Hui‐Qing , Zhang Guan‐Ping
Published: February 2022

Objective

This study aims to evaluate the association between autoimmune thyroiditis and Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss (SSNHL).

Methods

Hundred and five patients with SSNHL were enrolled. Audiometric tests, serum thyroid autoantibodies (TPOAb, TgAb) were studied. Based on the thyroid autoantibody results, patients were divided into two groups: thyroid autoantibody‐positive and negative. The relationship between thyroid autoimmunity and audiological characteristics was analyzed.

Results

Twenty‐six patients (24.8%) of the SSNHL had thyroid autoantibody elevated. The pure tone average (PTA) of patients with and without thyroid autoantibody is 60 ± 38.51 and 54.99 ± 33.87 dBHL, respectively. The PTA was significantly improved in both groups after treatment (p < 0.001), but the hearing gains were similar in both groups (p = 0.205). Hearing loss of 2000–8000 Hz was worse than 125–1000 Hz among thyroid autoantibody‐positive patients (p < 0.05), but the hearing improvement of both groups have no significant difference. The hearing improvement of 125–1000 Hz is significantly better than 2000–8000 Hz among patients with thyroid autoantibody negative (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

We speculate that a potential association between thyroid autoimmunity and SSNHL. Thyroid autoimmunity may be a pathogenesis factor of SSNHL and associated with more severe hearing loss of high‐frequency hearing.
Growth and nutrition in children with established bronchopulmonary dysplasia: A review of the literature
Authors: Bauer Sarah E. , Huff Katie A. , Vanderpool Charles P. B. , Rose Rebecca S. , Cristea A. Ioana
Published: February 2022

Background

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) remains the most common late morbidity of preterm birth. Clinical care and research have largely focused on the pathogenesis and prevention of BPD. Preterm infants who develop BPD have significant medical needs that persist throughout their hospital course and continue after discharge, including those associated with growth and nutrition. The objective of this study was to review the available literature on nutrition and growth in infants with established BPD and to identify the knowledge and research gaps to provide direction for future studies.

Methods

We conducted a literature search in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines using Ovid MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Embase. Titles, abstracts, and full texts were independently reviewed by the authors and selected based on predetermined inclusion/exclusion criteria. Results were summarized qualitatively.

Results

Excluding duplicates, 2315 articles were identified. Thirty articles were selected for inclusion. We identified the following key components of nutrition support and clinical care: energy expenditure, growth, and metabolism; body composition; enteral nutrition; supplements; parenteral nutrition; and respiratory outcomes.

Conclusions

Despite a large body of literature describing the role of growth and nutrition in the prevention of BPD, research is lacking with respect to interventions and management in the population with established BPD. Thus, organized approaches for clinical interventions and trials with respect to growth and nutrition in infants and young children with established BPD are needed. These studies should include multiple centers because of the small numbers of patients with BPD at each site.
Noncommunicable diseases and social determinants of health in Buddhist monks: An integrative review
Authors: Jeamjitvibool Thanakrit , Tankumpuan Thitipong , Lukkahatai Nada , Davidson Patricia M.
Published: February 2022

The prevalence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) is increasing worldwide. Buddhist monks in Thailand play a critical role in health as community leaders accounting for 0.3% of the population. However, some monks require treatment and hospitalization to alleviate the burden of NCDs due to religious beliefs and practices during ordainment. Risk factors for NCDs among Buddhist monks, and the relationship to social determinants of health (SDH) remain unclear. This integrative review examined the prevalence of NCDs and explored the relationship between SDH and health outcomes among Buddhist monks. Cohort, descriptive, and correlational studies published in both English and Thai languages were identified from the PubMed, Science Direct, CINAHL, and Thai journal databases. Keywords included “Thai Buddhist monks,” “non‐communicable diseases,” and “prevalence”. Twenty‐two studies were selected. Obesity and hypertension were the most prevalent NCDs. Religious beliefs and practices influence SDH domains and play an important role in the lifestyle and health behaviors among Buddhist monks. Further understanding of the impact of the religious lifestyle is needed, particularly given the role and influence of monks in society.
The incidence of torsades de pointes with peri‐operative low‐dose ondansetron administration
Authors: Nuttall Gregory A. , Voogd Sarah C. , Danke Heather , Warner Paul A. , Oyen Lance J. , Marienau Mary Shirk , Ackerman Michael J.
Published: February 2022

Study Objective

The primary objective of this retrospective safety study was to determine the incidence of torsades de pointes (TdP) or death following perioperative administration of low‐dose, 4 mg, ondansetron for postoperative nausea and vomiting.

Design and Setting

This is a single‐center retrospective clinical trial.

Patients

The authors identified 32,737 patients who received 37,589 doses of ondansetron during a 2‐year time frame between March 2009 and February 2011 for surgical nausea prophylaxis or treatment of nausea.

Measurements and Main Results

Patients were cross‐matched with an electrocardiogram and adverse outcome database; this identified 4759 patients with documentation of a QTc >450 milliseconds (ms), all ventricular tachycardias including TdP within 48 hours of receiving ondansetron, or death within 7 days of receiving ondansetron. No patients developed TdP or died as a direct result of ondansetron administration (n = 0; event rate = 0.0 per 10,000, 95% CI 0.0 to 1.1 per 10,000). Forty‐six of 32,737 surgical patients had documented monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) (n = 14; event rate = 4.3 per 10,000, 95% CI 2.3 to 7.2 per 10,000) or died (n = 32; event rate = 9.8 per 10,000, 95% CI 6.7 to 13.8 per 10,000) within 48 h of ondansetron administration. All monomorphic VT episodes were precipitated by existing cardiovascular disease; and 7 of 14 patients had documented monomorphic VT prior to receiving ondansetron. Of the 32 surgical patients who died, all deaths were precipitated by pre‐existing disease.

Conclusion

No episodes of TdP were identified in patients receiving ondansetron perioperatively. This suggests that low‐dose ondansetron does not contribute to the development of TdP.
Parasites and mental health
Authors: Greener Mark
Published: February 2022

Man has lived with parasites for millennia and evidence is emerging of their impact on mental health. Here the author considers parasites’ contribution to the global burden of neurological and psychiatric disease.
COVID‐19 and clozapine use in an early intervention for psychosis service
Authors: Jafry Rizwana , Kelbrick Marlene
Published: February 2022

Clozapine prescribing in treatment‐refractory schizophrenia is underutilised, including in early intervention for psychosis services. COVID‐19 has brought various challenges to the utilisation of clozapine, particularly in the context of initiation and monitoring. There is a need for clear national guidance in this regard.
Conductive and anticorrosive poly(N‐alkyl‐2‐(4‐hydroxybut‐2‐ynyl) pyridinium bromides): Synthesis and characterization
Authors: Duan Ming , Wu Gang , Gu Tianbin , Jiang Xiaohui , Zhao Lei , Zhou Limei , Liao Yunwen , Pu Qiang
Published: February 2022

Present work reports a new type of poly(N‐alkyl‐2‐[4‐hydroxybut‐2‐ynyl] pyridinium bromides) (designated as Po‐n, n = 8, 12, 16 of carbon atoms in the alkyl chain). Po‐n were synthesized and characterized by FTIR, GPC, and NMR analysis. The possible polymerization mechanism was proposed and supported by theoretic calculation. A preliminary probe was performed on the conductivity and anticorrosive ability of the conjugated polymer. The results showed that these polymers demonstrated poor conductivity, however the conductivity was enhanced by graphene doping. Po‐n are good inhibitors for X70 steel corrosion in HCl solution. So, the conjugated polymers may play important roles in the fields of optoelectronic devices and steel corrosion inhibition.
Functional analysis of pheromone receptor repertoire in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda
Authors: Guo Hao , Gong Xin‐Lin , Li Guo‐Cheng , Mo Bao‐Tong , Jiang Nan‐Ji , Huang Ling‐Qiao , Wang Chen‐Zhu
Published: February 2022

BACKGROUND

The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), is a polyphagous moth species that is spreading all around the globe. It uses (Z)‐9‐tetradecenyl acetate (Z9‐14:Ac) and (Z)‐7‐dodecenyl acetate (Z7‐12:Ac) (100:3.9) as essential sex pheromone components. However, our understanding of the molecular basis of pheromone detection of S. frugiperda is still incomplete.

RESULTS

Herein, we identified six PRs, i.e. SfruOR6, 11, 13, 16, 56, and 62, by transcriptome sequencing. Subsequently, we heterologously expressed them in Drosophila OR67d neurons and determined their response spectra with a large panel of sex pheromones and analogs. Among them, SfruOR13‐expressing neurons strongly respond to the major sex pheromone component Z9‐14:Ac, but also comparably to (Z,E)‐9,12‐tetradecadienyl acetate (Z9,E12‐14:Ac) and weakly to (Z)‐9‐dodecenyl acetate (Z9‐12:Ac). Both SfruOR56 and SfruOR62 are specifically tuned to the minor sex pheromone component Z7‐12:Ac with varying intensities and sensitivities. In addition, SfruOR6 is activated only by Z9,E12‐14:Ac, and SfruOR16 by both (Z)‐9‐tetradecenol (Z9‐14:OH) and (Z)‐9‐tetradecenal (Z9‐14:Ald). However, the OR67d neurons expressing SfruOR11 remain silent to all compounds tested, a phenomenon commonly found in the OR11 clade of Noctuidae species. Next, using single sensillum recording, we characterized four sensilla types on the antennae of males, namely A, B, C and D types that are tuned to the ligands of PRs, thereby confirming that S. frugiperda uses both SfruOR56 and SfruOR62 to detect Z7‐12:Ac. Finally, using wind tunnel assay, we demonstrate that both Z9,E12‐14:Ac and Z9‐14:OH act as antagonists to the sex pheromone.

CONCLUSION

We have deorphanized five PRs and characterized four types of sensilla responsible for the detection of pheromone compounds, providing insights into the peripheral encoding of sex pheromones in S. frugiperda.
Characteristics of optical flow from aerial thermal imaging, “thermal flow”
Authors: Nguyen Tran Xuan Bach , Rosser Kent , Perera Asanka , Moss Philip , Teague Sam , Chahl Javaan
Published: February 2022

This study explores the utility of optical flow calculated from thermal imaging cameras, “thermal flow,” mounted on an aircraft for localization in day and night conditions. Our sensor implementation utilizes a long wave infrared (LWIR) micro sensor to capture sequences of thermal images and an on‐board computer to compute an optical flow estimate. We compared the performance of optical flow from the LWIR camera with the output of visible spectrum optical flow sensor. Flights were conducted spanning a 24 h window to explore how thermal flow performs relative to optical flow as the ground heats and cools. Agreement between optical and thermal flow was found during daylight when both sensors were functional. Additionally, thermal flow results were reliable in the middle of the day through to late evening, gradually degrading until shortly after sunrise.
Robustness of κ‐type coefficients for clinical agreement
Authors: Vanacore Amalia , Pellegrino Maria Sole
Published: February 2022

The degree of inter‐rater agreement is usually assessed through ‐type coefficients and the extent of agreement is then characterized by comparing the value of the adopted coefficient against a benchmark scale. Through two motivating examples, it is displayed the different behavior of some ‐type coefficients due to asymmetric distribution of marginal frequencies over categories. In order to investigate the robustness of four ‐type coefficients for nominal and ordinal classifications and of an inferential benchmarking procedure that, differently from straightforward benchmarking, does not neglect the influence of the experimental conditions, an extensive Monte Carlo simulation study has been conducted. The robustness has been investigated for several scenarios, differing for sample size, rating scale dimension, number of raters, frequency distribution of rater classifications, pattern of agreement across raters. Simulation results reveal an higher paradoxical behavior of Fleiss kappa and Conger kappa with ordinal rather than nominal classifications; the coefficients robustness improves with increasing sample size and number of raters for both nominal and ordinal classifications whereas robustness improves with rating scale dimension only for nominal classifications. By identifying the scenarios (ie, minimum sample size, number of raters, rating scale dimension) with acceptable robustness, this study provides guidelines about the design of robust agreement studies.
Work as Craft Mindset: Building Narratives in Organisational Change
Authors: Cleland Silva Tricia , de Tarso Fonseca Silva Paulo
Published: February 2022

Storytelling is a craft. In this chapter, we explain why a work as craftmindset is essential to Collaborative Storytelling to make sense of work and to build narratives in organisational change. In particular, we discuss how storytelling is not only for an external audience but also a representation of who we are, what we do, and how we make sense of our relationships and environments. At the end of the chapter, we suggest Collaborative Storytelling Activity System as a way to approach work activity systems in a cultural historical context.
Collaborative Story Craft: A Tool for Building Narratives in Organisational Change
Authors: Cleland Silva Tricia , de Tarso Fonseca Silva Paulo
Published: February 2022

In this chapter, we describe Collaborative Story Craft (CSC) as a tool for building narratives during organisational change. The chapter is divided into four parts: externalisation of stories, mirror materials, a workshop, and report. The workshop is structured around metaphoric fields to engage the practitioners. These fields are “Nurturing the Roots,” “Occupational Well-being as a holisticstory,” and “Metaphorical Tourism.” The metaphoric fields can be introduced on the same workshop day or spread over separate occasions, depending on the time and the size of the group.
Conclusions
Authors: Cleland Silva Tricia , de Tarso Fonseca Silva Paulo
Published: February 2022

This chapter closes with the acknowledgement of mentors and the hero/heroine within us. With a work as craft mindset, Collaborative Storytelling seeks to frame individual stories within wider, intertwined systems of narratives. The opportunity to craft one’s story is possible for all of us individually. And yet, for collective change to happen, an exchange of stories of all those invested can ignite a mosaic of heroes and mentors that is not reliant on a single hero’s story.

Collaborative Storytelling brings in a different type of power that benefits a wider system of narratives. Collective power is not only shared, it is multiplied.
The Copenhagen School and Beyond. A Closer Look at Securitisation Theory
Authors: Stępka Maciej
Published: February 2022

The aim of the chapter is to provide a closer look at the Copenhagen School of security and its proposition of securitisation theory. In doing so, the chapter presents a discussion on the main conceptual building blocks of the theory, outlining their characteristics and critique reflected in the current securitisation literature. The chapter is structured as follows. The first section provides an overview of the mechanics of securitisation theory, defining its key constituents – speech act, logic of exception, and actor-audience interaction. Further, it moves to discussion on each of these elements, elaborating their specific role within the theory, but also outlining their specific limiting effects on securitisation research. The last section discusses how the debate on securitisation has been expanding, opening the door to new conceptual frameworks as well as elaborations of security.
EU Migration-Security Continuum. Investigating Security Frames Before the “Migration Crisis”
Authors: Stępka Maciej
Published: February 2022

The chapter discusses historical development of the securitisation of migration at the EU level, outlining its different modes and venues. It discusses how the Schengen zone has become the seminal project for development of the EU border control regime reflected predominantly in the managerial approach to security practices and discourses towards migrants in the EU. It further the covers development of EU asylum policies, elaborating upon intertwining policy narratives of humanitarianism, illegality and bogus claims of asylum seekers in the EU. Lastly, the chapter discusses EU policies on detention and deportation, examining them as securitising practices of containment and control. In this way, the chapter unravels the complexity of the so-called migration-security continuum in the EU, discussing its historical and institutional development, indicating how the logics of human security, “exceptionality” and most notably risk management have become points of reference for framing of the “migration crisis”.
Enterobacter cloacae: a villain in CaOx stone disease?
Authors: Yang Yuanyuan , Hong Senyuan , Xu Jinzhou , Li Cong , Wang Shaogang , Xun Yang
Published: February 2022

To explore the roles microbiome of urinary tract played in calcium oxalate stones (CaOx) formation, we collected two sides’ pelvis urine of patients with unilateral CaOx stones to set self-control to diminish the influence of systemic factors. Patients with unilateral CaOx stones were recruited in our study according to strict criteria. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was applied to every pair of pelvis urine. Bacterial genome sequencing of Enterobacter cloacae was conducted and bioinformatic analysis was applied to explore the possible pathways of Enterobacter cloacae inducing CaOx stones formation. In vivo experiments were conducted to validate our claims. Von Kossa staining, TUNEL assay and Western Blot were applied to SD rats exploring the mechanism of stone formation. We found 26 significantly different bacteria between stone sides and non-stone sides’ pelvis urine, among which Enterobacter cloacae ranked the most different. Bacterial genome sequencing of Enterobacter cloacae revealed that its virulence factors included Flagellin, LPS and Fimbrial. GO and KEGG analysis revealed it probably induced CaOx stone formation via ion binging and signaling transduction pathways. The results of animal experiments indicated that Glyoxylic Acid could promote apoptosis and crystal depositions of kidney comparing with control group while pre-injected with Enterobacter cloacae could apparently compound the effects. While Western Blot demonstrated that Glyoxylic Acid or Enterobacter cloacae could increase the expression of IL-6, Mcp-1, BMP2 and OPN in rats’ kidney, Glyoxylic Acid and Enterobacter cloacae together could aggravate these increases. These findings indicated that Enterobacter cloacae might play important roles in CaOx stones formation. However, this study is just a preliminary exploration; further studies still need to be conducted.
Global Survey of Demand‐Side Factors and Incentives that Influence Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) Promulgation
Authors: Stewart Barclay T. , Mehta Kajal , Drago Monique , Henry Sharon , Joseph Kimberly , Strong Kathryn , Trostchansky Julio L. , Jorgensen Jorgen Joakim , Leung Gilberto Ka‐Kit , Abi‐Saad George S. , Bulger Eileen , Mock Charles
Published: February 2022

Background

We aimed to identify and describe demand‐side factors that have been used to support ATLS global promulgation, as well as current gaps in demand‐side incentives.

Methods

We performed a cross‐sectional survey about demand‐side factors that influence the uptake and promulgation of ATLS and other trauma‐related CME courses. The survey was sent to each of the four global ATLS region chiefs and 80 ATLS country directors. Responses were described and qualitative data were analyzed using a content analysis framework.

Results

Representatives from 30 countries and each region chief responded to the survey (40% response rate). Twenty of 30 country directors (66%) reported that there were some form of ATLS verification requirements. ATLS completion, not current verification, was often the benchmark. Individual healthcare systems were the most common agency to require ATLS verification (37% of countries) followed by medical/surgical accreditation boards (33%), governments (23%), training programs (27%), and professional societies (17%). Multiple credentialing frameworks were reported including making ATLS verification a requirement for: emergency unit or trauma center designation (40%), contract renewal or promotion (37%); professional licensing (37%); training program graduation (37%); and increases in remuneration (3%). Unique demand‐side incentives were reported including expansion of ATLS to non‐physician cadre credentialing and use of subsidies.

Conclusion

ATLS region chiefs and country directors reported a variety of demand‐side incentives that may facilitate the promulgation of ATLS. Actionable steps include: (i) shift incentivization from ATLS course completion to maintenance of verification; (ii) develop an incentive toolkit of best practices to support implementation; and (iii) engage leadership stakeholders to use demand‐side incentives to improve the training and capabilities of the providers they oversee to care for the injured.