bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A fast two-dimensional floodplain inundation model
Authors: Lamb R. , Crossley M. , Waller S.
Published: January 2010

Two-dimensional (2D) flood inundation modelling is now an important part of flood risk management practice. Research in the fields of computational hydraulics and numerical methods, allied with advances in computer technology and software design, have brought 2D models into mainstream use. Even so, the models are computationally demanding and can take a long time to run, especially for large areas and at high spatial resolutions (for instance 2 × 2 m or smaller grid cells). There is thus strong motivation to accelerate 2D model codes. This paper demonstrates the use of technology from the computer graphics industry to accelerate a 2D diffusion wave (non-inertial) floodplain model. Over the past decade the huge market for computer games has driven the development of very fast, relatively low-cost ‘graphical processing units'. In recent years there has been a growing interest in this high-performance graphics hardware for scientific and engineering applications. This work adapted a flood model algorithm to run on a commodity personal computer graphics card. The results of a benchmark urban flood simulation were reproduced and the model run time reduced from 18 h to 9·5 min.
Grid dependence of k–ε model for oscillatory boundary layers
Authors: Ghumman A. R. , Sana A. , Tanaka H.
Published: January 2010

The low Reynolds number k–ε model is used in some commercial hydrodynamic models to determine boundary layer properties. Such models have been found to produce grid-dependent solutions. A reliable engineering estimate of fundamental boundary layer properties is of utmost importance for practicing engineers. Here, the effect of grid spacing in four different versions of the low Reynolds number k–ε model is studied using direct numerical simulation data of a one-dimensional sinusoidal oscillatory boundary layer. A detailed comparison is made for cross-stream velocities, turbulent kinetic energy, bottom shear stress, friction factor and phase difference. For the present data, the limiting value of the distance to the first grid point from the wall is expressed in terms of Stokes layer thickness. It is observed that, in order to predict the boundary layer properties with reasonable accuracy, the first grid point should be placed at a distance of about 0·02 times the Stokes layer thickness from the wall. The results of the present study may be useful for practicing engineers and researchers in their choice of appropriate grid spacing for low Reynolds number k–ε models.
Reliability analysis of scour downstream of a ski-jump bucket
Authors: Muzzammil M. , Siddiqui N. A.
Published: January 2010

The available equations for scour prediction downstream of a ski-jump bucket are mostly deterministic in nature and do not consider uncertainties of various scouring parameters adequately. A reliability-based assessment of scour in such situations is of paramount importance in examining the relationship between safety factor and reliability, which are considered to be key parameters for decisions in foundation design. This paper presents a methodology for the reliability assessment of scour downstream of a ski-jump bucket using the first-order reliability method (FORM). To study the influence of various random variables on the reliability against scouring, a sensitivity analysis is carried out. To achieve a desirable safety level in the design of a foundation, reliability-based safety factors are also proposed. The influence of correlation among the random variables on the reliability is also studied.
ANFIS-based approach to predicting scour location of spillway
Authors: Azamathulla H. M. , Ghani A. A. , Zakaria N. Azazi
Published: January 2010

A spillway with a trajectory bucket as an energy dissipator satisfies the requirements of both safety and economy. Many researchers have developed empirical formulae to predict scour location considering different hydraulic parameters and bucket configurations. An attempt has been made in this paper to estimate the location of maximum scour using parameters such as q, H1, R, d50, dw and the lip angle of the bucket using an adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). Extensive experimental results were collected and analysed in order to investigate the effect of different parameters on throw distance and scour location downstream of a trajectory bucket spillway. It was found that the scour parameter is a function of the fall Froude number, ratio of head to tailwater depth, ratio of radius of trajectory bucket to head, ratio of sediment mean size to head and lip angle of the bucket. The functional relationship is expressed in dimensionless form. This paper also presents an alternative to the regression in the form of neural fuzzy modelling. The results of this modelling were compared with the regression equation and it was found that the ANFIS results are highly satisfactory. The results of this study can be used to predict the location of maximum scour downstream of the trajectory bucket spillway.
Turbidity removal effect and surface charge shift for electrochemically treated retentate without coagulant addition
Authors: Uchibori Toshiya , Fujino Takeshi , Asaeda Takashi
Published: January 2010

An electrolytic treatment method promoting dense aggregates was developed in order to thicken retentate quickly without coagulant addition. A kaolin suspension with a turbidity of 200 NTU with a large fraction of colloidal particles was used as the retentate. Comparative testing showed that the electrolytic treatment increased aggregate size and enhanced the turbidity removal effect up to 75% on average with increasing retention time. Even though the Al ion concentration in the treated retentate was much lower than 0.1 mg/L, along with the large upward shift of surface charge, the turbidity removal effect was enhanced considerably with independently stabilized pH compared with alum as the coagulant. Comparison between the charging behaviors indicated that the electrochemical treatment generates polymeric Al hydroxide species that form adsorption layers with fewer defects, thereby inducing a stronger removal effect.
Molecular analysis of the bacterial drinking water community with respect to live/dead status
Authors: Kahlisch L. , Henne K. , Groebe L. , Draheim J. , Höfle M. G. , Brettar I.
Published: January 2010

The assessment of the physiological state of the bacteria in drinking water is a critical issue, especially with respect to the presence of pathogenic bacteria. Though molecular methods can provide insight into the taxonomic composition of the drinking water microflora, the question if a bacterial species is alive or dead still needs to be addressed. To distinguish live and dead bacteria at the taxonomic level, we combined three methods: i) a staining procedure indicating membrane-injured cells (using SYTO9 and Propidium Iodide) that is considered to distinguish between live and dead cells, ii) Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) of the membrane injured and intact bacteria, and iii) molecular analyses of the RNA extracted from the bacteria before and after sorting to analyse the bacterial community at the species level. By staining and FACS analysis the drinking water bacteria could be separated according to their different membrane integrities, and RNA could be extracted from the live and dead sorted bacterial fractions. 16S rRNA based fingerprints revealed a diverse bacterial community in the drinking water samples with the majority being represented by 31 identified phylotypes. Most of the phylotypes referenced belonged to the phyla Proteobacteria (Alpha-, Beta-, Gamma-), Cyanobacteria and Bacteroidetes, and were mostly related to freshwater bacteria. 90% of the total phylotypes could be recovered after FAC-Sorting; 32% of the phylotypes occurred only in the “live” sorted fraction, 21% only in the “dead” sorted fraction, and 46% occurred in both fractions.
Investigating the influences of season and coastal proximity on the elemental composition of harvested rainwater
Authors: Martin A. R. , Coombes P. J. , Dunstan R. H.
Published: January 2010

Chemical qualities of harvested rainwater were assessed at two residential study sites on the east coast of Australia in relation to coastal proximity and surrounding land uses over the course of a winter and summer month. Daily rainwater samples were collected from the base outlet and surface levels of stored water for chemical analyses. High resolution inductively coupled plasma—mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to analyse 26 elements in all samples. The summer sampling regime for the industrial coastal Site 1 was dominated by wind gusts originating from the east with a total average elemental load of 25,900 ± 17,000 μg/L compared to the significantly lower 10,600 ± 3,370 μg/L measured during the winter month, where 84% of wind gust events originated from the west. Data for the inland Site 2, with no proximity to industry, revealed no significant changes in total average loads between the winter (4,870 ± 578 μg/L) and summer (4,760 ± 2,280 μg/L) months. The most abundant elements found at both sites included Na, K, Mg, and Zn. The rainwater storages at Site 2 fed from a relatively new concrete tiled roof catchment had significantly lower pH and conductivity measurements compared with those at Site 1 with an old galvanised iron roof catchment. It was concluded that seasonal differences in harvested water quality were likely influenced by prevailing wind direction and external influences such as surrounding land uses and proximity to the coast.
Rainwater harvesting: model-based design evaluation
Authors: Ward S. , Memon F. A. , Butler D.
Published: January 2010

The rate of uptake of rainwater harvesting (RWH) in the UK has been slow to date, but is expected to gain momentum in the near future. The designs of two different new-build rainwater harvesting systems, based on simple methods, are evaluated using three different design methods, including a continuous simulation modelling approach. The RWH systems are shown to fulfill 36% and 46% of WC demand. Financial analyses reveal that RWH systems within large commercial buildings maybe more financially viable than smaller domestic systems. It is identified that design methods based on simple approaches generate tank sizes substantially larger than the continuous simulation. Comparison of the actual tank sizes and those calculated using continuous simulation established that the tanks installed are oversized for their associated demand level and catchment size. Oversizing tanks can lead to excessive system capital costs, which currently hinders the uptake of systems. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the catchment area size is often overlooked when designing UK-based RWH systems. With respect to these findings, a recommendation for a transition from the use of simple tools to continuous simulation models is made.
Endocrine disruptors and pharmaceuticals: implications for water sustainability
Authors: Snyder Shane A. , Benotti Mark J.
Published: January 2010

The presence of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in the environment raises many questions about risk to the environment and risk to human health. Researchers have attributed adverse ecological effect effects to the presence of these compounds, particularly EDCs, though there is no consensus on what risk, if any, these compounds pose to human health. The scientific community is in the process of developing a better understanding of the occurrence, fate, and transport of pharmaceuticals and EDCs in the environment, including a better characterization of human exposure via drinking water. This paper provides a brief review of pharmaceuticals and EDCs in drinking water, as well as uses examples from Lake Mead, Nevada, USA, to highlight the issues associated with their fate and transport. Lastly, the effects of natural or anthropogenically driven processes, like natural seasonal flow or climate-change/prolonged drought are discussed as they are factors which can drastically alter environmental concentrations of these compounds. Without question, the propensity for the contamination of fresh water will rise as (1) human population continues to grow or (2) patterns of natural surface water slow and wastewater becomes a larger fraction of flow further highlighting the need for a more comprehensive understanding of their environmental behavior.
Bacterial community structure and diversity during establishment of an anaerobic bioreactor to treat swine wastewater
Authors: Li Ping , Wang Yanxin , Wang Yanhong , Liu Kun , Tong Lei
Published: January 2010

An upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor was successfully established to treat swine wastewater. The bacterial structure and biodiversity of activated sludge in the anaerobic bioreactor were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) and amplified 16S rDNA restriction analysis (ARDRA). The UASB reactor was acclimatized with swine wastewater for a period of 36 days and exhibited an increase in daily COD removal rate up to 90% and methane production up to 9.5 L/day for an influent COD of 3,500 mg/L at the end of the start-up period. The reactor was then run continuously with an influent COD of 3,000–6,000 mg/L in the following two months of steady operation, reaching COD removal rate of 90–95% and methane production of 9.5–13.2 L/day respectively. The results of microbial community analysis showed a diversified and abundant bacterial structure and biodiversity during the start-up period, which then changed insignificantly in the steady operation period. The change patterns of the bacterial population function were similar to those of the bioreactor performance, indicating a close relationship between bacterial community structure and treatment efficiency.
Killing of Escherichia coli using the gas diffusion electrode system
Authors: Xu W. Y. , Li P. , Dong B.
Published: January 2010

To be best of our knowledge, this study is one of the first investigations to be performed into the potential benefits of gas diffusion electrode (GDE) system in controlling inactivation of E. coli. This study mainly focused on the dual electrodes disinfection with gas diffusion cathode, using Escherichia coli as the indicator microorganisms. The effects of Pt load WPt and the pore-forming agent content WNH4HCO3 in GDE, operating conditions such as pH value, oxygen flow rate QO2, salt content and current density on the disinfection were investigated, respectively. The experimental results showed that the disinfection improved with increasing Pt load WPt, but its efficiency at Pt load of 3‰ was equivalent to that at Pt load of 4‰. Addition of the pore-forming agent in the appropriate amount improved the disinfection while drop of pH value resulted in the rapid rise of the germicidal efficacy and the disinfection shortened with increasing oxygen flow rate QO2. The system is more suitable for highly salt water. The germicidal efficacy increased with current density. However, the accelerating rate was different: it first increased with the current density, then decreased, and reached a maximum at current density of 6.7–8.3 mA/cm2. The germicidal efficacy in the cathode compartment was about the same as in the anode compartment indicating the contribution of direct oxidation and indirect treatment of E. coli by the hydroxyl radical was similar to the oxidative indirect effect of the generated H2O2. This technology is expensive in operating cost, further research is required to advance the understanding and reduce the operating cost of this technology.
Mimetics of Hormetic Agents: Stress-Resistance Triggers
Authors: Sonneborn Joan Smith
Published: January 2010

Mimetics of hormetic agents offer a novel approach to adjust dose to minimize the risk of toxic response, and maximize the benefit of induction of at least partial physiological conditioning. Nature selected and preserved those organisms and triggers that promote tolerance to stress. The induced tolerance can serve to resist that challenge and can repair previous age, disease, and trauma damage as well to provide a more youthful response to other stresses. The associated physiological conditioning may include youthful restoration of DNA repair, resistance to oxidizing pollutants, protein structure and function repair, improved immunity, tissue remodeling, adjustments in central and peripheral nervous systems, and altered metabolism. By elucidating common pathways activated by hormetic agent's mimetics, new strategies for intervention in aging, disease, and trauma emerge. Intervention potential in cancer, diabetes, age-related diseases, infectious diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and Alzheimer's disease are possible. Some hormetic mimetics exist in pathways in primitive organisms and are active or latent in humans. Peptides, oligonucleotides, and hormones are among the mimetics that activate latent resistance to radiation, physical endurance, strength, and immunity to physiological condition tolerance to stress. Co-activators may be required for expression of the desired physiological conditioning health and rejuvenation benefits.
Analysis of Peer Review Reports: A Focus on Deficiencies of the Top 20 Triennially Inspected Firms
Authors: Gramling Audrey A. , Watson Matt G.
Published: January 2010

SUMMARY: This descriptive study analyzes deficiency data disclosed in peer review reports of the AICPA’s Center for Public Company Audit Firms Peer Review Program (CPCAF PRP). We analyze the reports of the largest 20 triennially inspected firms that have both a PCAOB inspection report and a CPCAF peer review report. The CPCAF focuses on audits of non-public companies, while the PCAOB focuses on public company audits. Our analysis identifies a number of interesting points. First, about 60 percent of the reports issued by the CPCAF and PCAOB identify at least one deficiency. Second, both CPCAF and PCAOB reports highlight the pervasiveness of insufficient documentation. Third, other common deficiencies in the CPCAF reports relate to incomplete or inaccurate management representation letters, incomplete financial statements and inaccurate audit reports, incomplete performance of analytical procedures, and insufficient review procedures.
Costs and Consequences Associated With Newer Medications for Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Sinha Anushua , Rajan Mangala , Hoerger Thomas , Pogach Len
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE

Newer medications offer more options for glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. However, they come at considerable costs. We undertook a health economic analysis to better understand the value of adding two newer medications (exenatide and sitagliptin) as second-line therapy to glycemic control strategies for patients with new-onset diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We performed a cost-effectiveness analysis for the U.S. population aged 25–64. A lifetime analytic horizon and health care system perspective were used. Costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were discounted at 3% annually, and costs are presented in 2008 U.S. dollars. We compared three glycemic control strategies: 1) glyburide as a second-line agent, 2) exenatide as a second-line agent, and 3) sitagliptin as a second-line agent. Outcome measures included QALYs gained, incremental costs, and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio associated with each strategy.

RESULTS

Exenatide and sitagliptin conferred 0.09 and 0.12 additional QALYs, respectively, relative to glyburide as second-line therapy. In base case analysis, exenatide was dominated (cost more and provided fewer QALYs than the next most expensive option), and sitagliptin was associated with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $169,572 per QALY saved. Results were sensitive to assumptions regarding medication costs, side effect duration, and side effect–associated disutilities.

CONCLUSIONS

Exenatide and sitagliptin may confer substantial costs to health care systems. Demonstrated gains in quality and/or quantity of life are necessary for these agents to provide economic value to patients and health care systems.
Protective potential of L. acidophilus in murine giardiasis
Authors: Shukla Geeta , Kaur Tarveen , Sehgal Rakesh , Rishi Praveen , Prabha Vijay
Published: January 2010

This study describes the in vivo activity of Lactobacillus acidophilus in Giardia lamblia infected BALB/c mice. Experimentally, it was observed that daily administration of lactobacilli 7 days before or in simultaneous inoculation with Giardia trophozoites efficiently reduced G. lamblia infection in mice. More specifically, excretion of Giardia cysts were reduced significantly in probiotic-treated groups, and resolution of infection was observed by day 21 post-inoculation. It was also observed that the lactobacillus count increased tremendously and continuously in faeces of all probiotic-fed mice, and was significantly higher as compared with that in control mice. Histological analysis of microvilli membrane integrity revealed that probiotic administration also protected mice against parasite-induced mucosal damage, whereas Giardia-infected mice had severe villous atrophy, oedema, vacuolation and ileitis. Immunologically, the anti-Giardia serum IgG level was not stimulated significantly by probiotic treatment administered both prior to and simultaneous with Giardia infection, but remained high after the infection peak. Taken together, the data demonstrates the anti-giardial effect of the probiotic in vivo by modulation of the intestinal epithelial cells, inhibiting the colonization of Giardia trophozoites and thereby reducing the severity of Giardia infection.
Dendrochronological Records of Debris Flow and Avalanche Activity in a Mid-Mountain Forest Zone (Eastern Sudetes — Central Europe)
Authors: Malik Ireneusz , Owczarek Piotr
Published: January 2010

Dendrochronological methods were used to determine the frequency of debris flow/avalanche events in a forest zone. A debris flow and avalanche track located in the Eastern Sudetes Mountains (Central Europe) was analysed. The length of the youngest debris flow/avalanche track is about 750 m. Three distinct sections of the debris flow can be identified along the longitudinal section: niche, gully and tongue. The dendrochronological study shows that trees started growing on the margins of the debris flow between 1908 and 1963. Hence, debris flow and/or avalanche events occurred on this slope at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. All trees collected from the tongue started growing between 1935 and 1964. However, a large debris flow event took place several years before, most probably during an extraordinary rainfall in June 1921. Following this event, several relatively large debris flows have occurred during the growing season, the strongest dendrochronologically confirmed events occurring in 1968, 1971-1972, 1991, 1997 and probably in 1977. Spring debris flow events induced by snow melt and/or avalanches have occurred in 1994 and 2004. The results suggest that with favourable geological conditions, debris flows can occur very frequently within entirely forested slopes.
Trajectory tracking for a mobile robot with skid-slip compensation in the vector-field-orientation control system
Authors: Michałek Maciej , Dutkiewicz Piotr , Kiełczewski Marcin , Pazderski Dariusz
Published: January 2010

Trajectory tracking for a mobile robot with skid-slip compensation in the vector-field-orientation control system

The article is devoted to a motion control problem for a differentially driven mobile robot in the task of trajectory tracking in the presence of skid-slip effects. The kinematic control concept presented in the paper is the Vector Field Orientation (VFO) feedback approach with a nonlinear feed-forward skid-slip influence compensation scheme. The VFO control law guarantees asymptotic convergence of the position tracking error to zero in spite of the disturbing influence of skid-slip phenomena. The paper includes a control law design description, stability and convergence analysis of a closed-loop system, and practical verification of the proposed control concept. The experimental results illustrate control quality obtained on a laboratory setup equipped with vision feedback, where the Kalman filter algorithm was used in order to practically estimate skid-slip components.
Simultaneous localization and mapping: A feature-based probabilistic approach
Authors: Skrzypczyński Piotr
Published: January 2010

Simultaneous localization and mapping: A feature-based probabilistic approach

This article provides an introduction to Simultaneous Localization And Mapping (SLAM), with the focus on probabilistic SLAM utilizing a feature-based description of the environment. A probabilistic formulation of the SLAM problem is introduced, and a solution based on the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF-SLAM) is shown. Important issues of convergence, consistency, observability, data association and scaling in EKF-SLAM are discussed from both theoretical and practical points of view. Major extensions to the basic EKF-SLAM method and some recent advances in SLAM are also presented.
Recursive identification algorithm for dynamic systems with output backlash and its convergence
Authors: Dong Ruili , Tan Qingyuan , Tan Yonghong
Published: January 2010

Recursive identification algorithm for dynamic systems with output backlash and its convergence

This paper proposes a recursive identification method for systems with output backlash that can be described by a pseudo-Wiener model. In this method, a novel description of the nonlinear part of the system, i.e., backlash, is developed. In this case, the nonlinear system is decomposed into a piecewise linearized model. Then, a modified recursive general identification algorithm (MRGIA) is employed to estimate the parameters of the proposed model. Furthermore, the convergence of the MRGIA for the pseudo-Wiener system with backlash is analysed. Finally, a numerical example is presented.
Balance Impairment as a Risk Factor for Falls in Community-Dwelling Older Adults Who Are High Functioning: A Prospective Study
Authors: Muir Susan W. , Berg Katherine , Chesworth Bert , Klar Neil , Speechley Mark
Published: January 2010

Background

Screening should have simple and easy-to-administer methods that identify impairments associated with future fall risk, but there is a lack of literature supporting validation for their use.

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the independent contribution of balance assessment on future fall risk, using 5 methods to quantify balance impairment, for the outcomes “any fall” and “any injurious fall” in community-dwelling older adults who are higher functioning.

Design

This was a prospective cohort study.

Methods

A sample of 210 community-dwelling older adults (70% male, 30% female; mean age=79.9 years, SD=4.7) received a comprehensive geriatric assessment at baseline, which included the Berg Balance Scale to measure balance. Information on daily falls was collected for 12 months by each participant's monthly submission of a falls log calendar.

Results

Seventy-eight people (43%) fell, of whom 54 (30%) sustained an injurious fall and 32 (18%) had recurrent falls (≥2 falls). Different balance measurement methods identified different numbers of people as impaired. Adjusted relative risk (RR) estimates for an increased risk of any fall were 1.58 (95% confidence interval [CI]=1.06, 2.35) for self-report of balance problems, 1.58 (95% CI=1.03, 2.41) for one-leg stance, and 1.46 (95% CI=1.02, 2.09) for limits of stability. An adjusted RR estimate for an increased risk of an injurious fall of 1.95 (95% CI=1.15, 3.31) was found for self-report of balance problems.

Limitations

The study was a secondary analysis of data.

Conclusions

Not all methods of evaluating balance impairment are associated with falls. The number of people identified as having balance impairment varies with the measurement tool; therefore, the measurement tools are not interchangeable or equivalent in defining an at-risk population. The thresholds established in this study indicate individuals who should receive further comprehensive fall assessment and treatment to prevent falls.
Efficacy of Se-enriched Alga Chlorella spp. and Se-enriched Yeast on Tissue Selenium Retention and Carcass Characteristics in Finisher Pigs
Authors: Svoboda Martin , Saláková Alena , Fajt Zdeněk , Kotrbáček Václav , Ficek Radek , Drábek Josef
Published: January 2010

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of organic Se from Se-enriched alga (Chlorella spp.) and Se from Se-enriched yeast on concentrations of Se in serum and tissues, and serum GSH-Px activities and carcass characteristics in finishing pigs. The pigs were on experimental diets for a period of 3 months before slaughter with different Se supplements at the concentration of 0.3 mg Se per kg of feed. In group I (n = 12) the feed was supplemented with inorganic sodium selenite; in group II (n = 12) with organic Se from Se-enriched yeast; in group III (n = 12) with organic Se from Se-enriched alga, Chlorella spp. and pigs in group IV (n = 11) received a non-supplemented basal diet. The organic Se sources did not differ in serum Se and serum GSH-Px activities. Significantly higher Se concentrations in muscle (P < 0.01) and in the heart (P < 0.01) were found when Se from Se-enriched yeast was given, compared to the group of pigs that received Se from Se-enriched alga Chlorella spp. The Se content in livers and ovaries did not differ between the two organic Se sources. The use of both organic Se forms resulted in a higher accumulation in muscle tissue compared to the inorganic Se form. No differences in meat quality characteristics were found among the experimental groups. It is concluded that Se from Se-enriched alga, Chlorella spp. had a lower accumulation in muscle tissue than Se from Se-enriched yeast, and it did not affect meat quality.
Natural and Experimental Poisoning of Cattle by Enterolobium contortisiliquum Pods (Fabaceae Mimosoideae) in Central-Western Brazil
Authors: Mendonça Fábio de Souza , Evêncio-Neto Joaquim , Baratella-Evêncio Liriane , Dória Renata G. S. , Freitas Sílvio H. , Pelegrini Lidianne F. , Cruz Raquel A. S. , Ferreira Eduardo V. , Colodel Edson M.
Published: January 2010

Enterolobium contortisiliquum pods are commonly identified as being the cause of abortions and photosensitivity in cattle. This paper describes the clinical and pathological aspects of a natural outbreak of hepatogenous photosensitization by the pods of E. contortisiliquum in Brazil and the results of experimental poisoning in three bovines. The history of natural poisoning was obtained at the site of the outbreak. Clinical examinations were carried out and hepatic enzymes were analyzed. A post-mortem examination was carried out at the outbreak location on a cow that had died. Several samples were collected from the animal's internal organs to carry out histopathological examinations. E. contortisiliquum pods were given to cows in order to reproduce the disease. The natural poisonings were characterized by photosensitization and aborted young. Enterolobium photosensitization was not experimentally reproduced, but the animals fell sick and recovered after 52 days.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Bone Tissue Regeneration and Application to Bone Healing
Authors: Crha Michal , Nečas Alois , Srnec Robert , Janovec Jan , Stehlík Ladislav , Raušer Petr , Urbanová Lucie , Plánka Ladislav , Jančář Josef , Amler Evžen
Published: January 2010

This synoptic study gives a concise overview of current knowledge of bone healing, the role of mesenchymal stem cells in bone tissue regeneration and contemporary possibilities of supporting regeneration of damaged bone. Attention of research concerning the healing of fractures with extensive loss of bone tissue following trauma, the treatment of belatedly healing or non-healing fractures or the healing of segmental bone defects following tumour resection, is focused on development of three-dimensional scaffolds planted with mesenchymal stem cells that might be used for reconstruction of such large bone lesions. Presented are possibilities of transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells combined with biomaterials into bone defects, including the results of our own experimental studies dealing with the use of stem cells in the treatment of damaged tissues of the musculoskeletal system in animal models.
Stability of Collagen Scaffold Implants for Animals with Iatrogenic Articular Cartilage Defects
Authors: Jančář Josef , Vojtová Lucy , Nečas Alois , Srnec Robert , Urbanová Lucie , Crha Michal
Published: January 2010

Synthesis and characterization of biodegradable hydrogels based on collagen modified by addition of synthetic biodegradable copolymer intended for preparation of porous scaffolds for mesenchymal stem cells used for possible implantation to animals with articular surface defects was investigated. The synthetic biodegradable tri-block copolymer used was the block copolymer of polyethylene glycol (PEG), polylactic acid (PLA), polyglycolic acid (PGA) (PEG-PLGA) endcapped with itaconic acid (ITA). The water-soluble carbodiimide and N-hydroxysuccimide system (EDC-NHS) was chosen as the cross-linking agent used to control the rate of hydrogel resorption. Dependence of the physical properties of the prepared hydrogels on the concentration of the EDC-NHS cross-linker, reaction time and concentration of PEG-PLGA-ITA copolymer was examined. Swelling behaviour, thermal stability, surface morphology and degradation rate were also characterized. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that increase in concentration of the cross-linking agent, as well as prolonged cross-linking time and increased amount of synthetic copolymer lead to enhanced thermal stability of the gels together with a reduced swelling ratio and degradation rate in saline. The resorption rate of these gels used in preparation of cartilage scaffolds can be controlled over a wide time interval by varying the collagen/(PEG-PLGA-ITA) blend composition or the conditions of the cross-linking reaction.
Multidisciplinary care of occipital arteriovenous malformations: effect on nonhemorrhagic headache, vision, and outcome in a series of 135 patients
Authors: Dehdashti Amir R. , Thines Laurent , Willinsky Robert A. , terBrugge Karel G. , Schwartz Michael L. , Tymianski Michael , Wallace M. Christopher
Published: January 2010

Object

In this study, the authors evaluated how an appropriate allocation of patients with occipital arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) who were treated according to different strategies would affect nonhemorrhagic headache, visual function, and hemorrhage risk levels.

Methods

Of the 712 patients with brain AVMs in the Toronto Western Hospital prospective database, 135 had occipital AVMs. The treatment decision was based on patients' characteristics, presentation, and morphology of the AVM. The management modalities were correlated with their outcomes.

Results

The mean follow-up period was 6.78 years. Nonhemorrhagic headache was the most frequent symptom (82 [61%] of 135 patients). Ninety-four patients underwent treatment with one or a combination of embolization, surgery, or radiosurgery, and 41 were simply observed. Of the 40 nontreated patients with nonhemorrhagic headache, only 12 (30%) showed improvement. In the observation group 2 patients (22%) had worsening of visual symptoms, and 2 experienced hemorrhage, for an annual hemorrhage rate of 0.7% per year; 1 patient died. In the treatment group, the improvement in nonhemorrhagic headache in 35 patients (83%) was significant (p < 0.0001). Visual deficit at presentation worsened in 2 (8%), and there were 8 new visual field deficits (9%). The visual worsening was not significantly different. There were 2 other neurological deficits (2%) and 2 deaths (2%) related to the AVM treatment. One AVM hemorrhaged. The annual hemorrhage rate was 0.1% per year. The hemorrhage risk in the observation and treatment groups was lower than the observed hemorrhage risk of all patients with AVMs (4.6%) at the authors' institution.

Conclusions

Appropriate selection of patients with occipital AVMs for one or a combination of treatment modalities yields a significant decrease in nonhemorrhagic headache without significant visual worsening. The multidisciplinary care of occipital AVMs can aim for an apparent decrease in hemorrhage risk.
A Values-Based Framework for Community Food Choices
Authors: Gregory Nicole , Gregory Robin
Published: January 2010

This paper examines the definition and implementation of community-based alternative food systems (AFS), drawing on examples from British Columbia, Canada. We seek to reframe the goals of AFS by focusing on the values associated with food production, distribution and consumption strategies. We argue that current AFS thinking suffers from an over reliance on policies reflecting single rather than multiple objectives and arguments over specific alternatives ratherthan a values-focused debate. A decision-focused approach, using a consequence matrix, is proposed to link people's expressed values to food policy responses and clarify trade-offs across options. This reframing should encourage new dialogue, new policy alternatives, and increased acceptance of actions supporting AFS.
Association of C-reactive Protein with Fasting Blood Glucose in Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients
Authors: Rahman M Matiur , Kamal Abu Hena Mostafa , Mollah Forhadul Hoque , Hafiz Md Golam , Arsian M Iqbal
Published: January 2010

Key words: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, C-reactive protein, AtherosclerosisDOI: 10.3329/bjpath.v24i2.4110Bangladesh J Pathol 24(2): 4-7
Modulation of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Sjogren's Syndrome by Proinflammatory Cytokines
Authors: Kabir Enamul , Di Girolamo Nick , Wakefield Denis
Published: January 2010

Key words: Sjogren's syndrome; Matrixmetalloproteinases (MMPS);Proinflammatory cytokinesDOI: 10.3329/bjpath.v24i2.4113Bangladesh J Pathol 24(2): 15-20
Influence of V2O5 Addition on the Magnetic and Electrical Properties of Iron-Deficient Ni-Zn Ferrite
Authors: Akther Shireen , Choudhury Md Amanullah , Rahman Jalalur
Published: January 2010

The influence of V2O5 addition on the magnetic and electrical properties of iron deficient ferrites with composition: Ni0.65Zn0.35Fe1.96O4+xV2O5 have been investigated, where values of x (in mol unit) are 0, 0.002, 0.004, 0.006, 0.008 and 0.01. The sintered density, saturation magnetization, Curie temperature of the samples increase up to V2O5 (x=0.004) and then decrease. The addition of V2O5 to the composition of ferrite increases the anion vacancy concentration, prohibit the discontinuous grain growth, which in turn enhances the density. The increment of saturation magnetization is due to the enhancement of resultant sublattice magnetic moment and density. Upto V2O5 (x=0.004), V2O5 goes into solid solution with the ferrite matrix and increases the Curie temperature. This is probably due to ions occupy some octahedral sites (B-sites) of the ferrite lattice by V5+ , as a result some Fe3+ ions may come out from octahedral to tetrahedral sites (A-sites) thereby increasing A-B interaction and hence the Curie temperature. The dc resistivity of all the samples increases with the increment of V2O5 in the compound. DOI: 10.3329/jbas.v33i2.4097 Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 33, No. 2, 145-149, 2009
Vitamin C Content in Tropical Fruits and Vegetables Available in Different Districts of Bangladesh
Authors: Begum Shameem Ara , Hosain M Mazedul , Ahmed M Faiaz , Muttakin MA , Rahman Md Mizanur
Published: January 2010

DOI: 10.3329/jbas.v33i2.4107 Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 33, No. 2, 231-234, 2009
Assessing the Introduction of Mobile Banking in Jordan Using Technology Acceptance Model
Authors: Jaradat Mohammed-issa R , Twaissi Naseem M
Published: January 2010

The continuously growing number of mobile users demonstrates that more and more users seek to benefit from the freedom afforded without the need for cables, time and place. The mobility is the driving force behind the new global economy, with mobile banking, banks offer a new revolutionize services and giving their consumers more options than ever before.

This study aimed to: (1) Investigate consumers' expectations and attitudes towards mobile banking in Jordan. (2) Identify the problems that organizations and consumers encounter while adopting or using mobile banking. (3) Measure the level of consumersâ?? perceived usefulness (PU), perceived ease of use (PEOU), attitude towards using (ATU), behavioral intention to use (BI), and the actual use (AU) of mobile banking.

Data for this study have been collected using a questionnaire containing 44 questions. Out of 325 questionnaires that have been distributed, 275 are returned (84.6%).

As a result of this study it appeared that if consumers have positive Attitudes towards mobile banking, they would rely on it to conduct their banking transactions. This study finds that Jordanian consumers rely on wireless devices (Mobile) for their banking transactions, which leads to the actual use of this new technology, taking into consideration trust as a factor that could affect the success of using mobile banking in Jordan. This study gives quantified indicators about mobile banking and a model that might help in understanding the mobile banking environment in Jordan.
Advanced and Effective Learning in Context Aware and Adaptive Mobile Learning Scenarios
Authors: Bhaskar Nagella Uday , Govindarajulu Paladugu
Published: January 2010

The ability to support students/learners to learn on the move at any place and at any time is new task to be addressed by using the mobile devices of the learners. Mobile technology support has given birth to the concept of mobile learning possessing a wide spectrum of applications and new teaching and learning techniques. This paper discusses a study conducted for undergraduate students on the effect of mobile technology usage in a learning process. The results showcased here indicate acceptance of the mobile devices into the learning process with a well appreciated enthusiasm from the learners.
Investigating RFID Enabled Devices in Smart Electronic Learning Environments
Authors: Soliman Mohamed , Guizani Sghaier
Published: January 2010

For e-learning systems to be successful, proper understanding of the learner is crucial. This can be done with the use of learnersâ?? profiles. However, there is a need for the availability of such information for mobile learning environments to make it available when the learner roams between different spaces. This paper investigates the application of RFID technologies for this use. We suggest using new advancements in RFID technologies with smart tags to identify and extract learnersâ?? data/profile in the move. Furthermore, the learner will be carrying this data for better learning interoperability in smart spaces. New interesting educational scenarios are becoming available to provide context-awareness for the educational process. The tradeoffs between the availability of further information and privacy are discussed.
Hyperuricemia and coronary heart disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Kim Seo Young , Guevara James P. , Kim Kyoung Mi , Choi Hyon K. , Heitjan Daniel F. , Albert Daniel A.
Published: January 2010

Objective

The role of serum uric acid as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease remains unclear, although hyperuricemia is associated with cardiovascular disease such as coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and hypertension.

Methods

A systematic review and meta‐analysis using a random‐effects model was conducted to determine the risk of CHD associated with hyperuricemia in adults. Studies of hyperuricemia and CHD were identified by searching major electronic databases using the medical subject headings and keywords without language restriction (through February 2009). Only prospective cohort studies were included if they had data on CHD incidences or mortalities related to serum uric acid levels in adults.

Results

Twenty‐six eligible studies of 402,997 adults were identified. Hyperuricemia was associated with an increased risk of CHD incidence (unadjusted risk ratio [RR] 1.34, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.19–1.49) and mortality (unadjusted RR 1.46, 95% CI 1.20–1.73). When adjusted for potential confounding, the pooled RR was 1.09 (95% CI 1.03–1.16) for CHD incidence and 1.16 (95% CI 1.01–1.30) for CHD mortality. For each increase of 1 mg/dl in uric acid level, the pooled multivariate RR for CHD mortality was 1.12 (95% CI 1.05–1.19). Subgroup analyses showed no significant association between hyperuricemia and CHD incidence/mortality in men, but an increased risk for CHD mortality in women (RR 1.67, 95% CI 1.30–2.04).

Conclusion

Hyperuricemia may marginally increase the risk of CHD events, independently of traditional CHD risk factors. A more pronounced increased risk for CHD mortality in women should be investigated in future research.
Characterization of individual radiographic features of hip osteoarthritis in African American and White Women and Men: The Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project
Authors: Nelson Amanda E. , Braga Larissa , Renner Jordan B. , Atashili Julius , Woodard Janice , Hochberg Marc C. , Helmick Charles G. , Jordan Joanne M.
Published: January 2010

Objective

To describe differences in radiographic features of hip osteoarthritis (OA) between African American and white men and women.

Methods

We conducted a cross‐sectional analysis of radiographic hip OA using baseline data from the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project, using Kellgren/Lawrence (K/L) grade, and the presence, location, and severity of 4 individual radiographic features (joint space narrowing [JSN], subchondral cysts, sclerosis, and osteophytes). Sex‐specific logistic regression was used to evaluate associations between race and individual radiographic features, adjusting for age, body mass index, education, and prior hip injury. Robust variance estimators via generalized estimating equations were used to account for correlation between hips from the same individual.

Results

The sample (n = 2,739) comprised 57% women and 31% African American participants. Among women, African Americans and whites had a similar prevalence of hip OA, defined as K/L grade ≥2 (23% versus 22%), but African American women were significantly more likely to have superior or medial JSN, moderate or severe axial JSN, medial or lateral osteophytes, and subchondral cysts. Among men, 21% of African Americans and 17% of whites had hip OA; African American men were more likely to have superior or medial JSN and lateral osteophytes, but were less likely to have axial JSN.

Conclusion

Individual radiographic features and patterns of hip OA differed by race among women and men, suggesting the possibility of anatomic and/or developmental variation in the hip joint. African Americans have an increased frequency of features that have been predictive of hip replacement in other populations, a finding worthy of further study.
Fe2O3 on Ce‐, Ca‐, or Mg‐stabilized ZrO2 as oxygen carrier for chemical‐looping combustion using NiO as additive
Authors: Rydén Magnus , Cleverstam Erik , Johansson Marcus , Lyngfelt Anders , Mattisson Tobias
Published: January 2010

Oxygen‐carrier particles for chemical‐looping combustion have been manufactured by freeze granulation. The particles consisted of 60 wt % Fe2O3 as active phase and 40 wt % stabilized ZrO2 as support material. Ce, Ca, or Mg was used to stabilize the ZrO2. The hardness and porosity of the particles were altered by varying the sintering temperature. The oxygen carriers were examined by redox experiments in a batch fluidized‐bed reactor at 800–950°C, using CH4 as fuel. The experiments showed good reactivity between the particles and CH4. NiO was used as an additive and was found to reduce the fraction of unconverted CH4 with up to 80%. The combustion efficiency was 95.9% at best and was achieved using 57 kg oxygen carrier per MW fuel. Most produced oxygen carriers appear to have been decently stable, but using Ca as stabilizer resulting in uneven results. Further, particles sintered at high temperatures had a tendency to defluidize. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010