bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Square Functions and Maximal Operators Associated with Radial Fourier Multipliers
Authors: Lee Sanghyuk , Rogers Keith M. , Seeger Andreas
Published: November 2017

This chapter begins with an overview on square functions for spherical and Bochner–Riesz means which were introduced by Eli Stein, and discusses their implications for radial multipliers and associated maximal functions. It focuses on the Littlewood–Paley bounds for two square functions introduced by Stein, who had stressed their importance in harmonic analysis and many important variants and generalizations in various monographs. The chapter proves new endpoint estimates for these square functions, for the maximal Bochner–Riesz operator, and for more general classes of radial Fourier multipliers. The majority of the chapter is devoted to these proofs, such as for convolutions with spherical measures.
Smoothness of Spectral Multipliers and Convolution Kernels in Nilpotent Gelfand Pairs
Authors: Ricci Fulvio
Published: November 2017

This chapter turns to a special class of Gelfland pairs, here called “nilpotent Gelfland pairs” for simplicity's sake and denoted by (N, K). It considers implications derived from, in principle, whenever we have a finite family of homogeneous, self-adjoint, commuting, left-invariant differential operators on a homogenous nilpotent Lie group N. A natural situation to consider is the one where the given operators are characterized by the property of being invariant under the action of a given compact group K of automorphisms of N. The general strategy of proof here is based on a bootstrapping argument, whose steps are determined by the level of complexity of the pairs involved, where the “complexity” depends on the structure of N and the way K acts on two layers of the Lie algebra.
The Return of the Repressed in the Policy Process
Authors: Bail Christopher
Published: November 2017

This chapter explains how anti-Muslim organizations leveraged their newfound media influence to cast mainstream Muslim organizations as terrorist sympathizers before U.S. policy makers. Though mainstream Muslim organizations once enjoyed private audiences with the Bush administration, the chapter explains how anti-Muslim organizations succeeded in excluding them from much of the construction of U.S. counterterrorism policy. It also explains how anti-Muslim organizations contributed to the abrupt increase in anti-Muslim rhetoric within the Republican Party during the 2008 presidential election, and provoked legislators in thirty-two states to introduce bills that would prevent the use of Islamic law within U.S. courts several years later. Finally, the chapter describes the influence of anti-Muslim organizations upon the training of federal and local counterterrorism terrorism agents and police forces.
A Brief History of Hamas and the Islamic Movement in Palestine
Authors: Roy Sara
Published: November 2017

This chapter provides background and a general context for examining Hamas' specific role as social actor. The Islamic Resistance Movement or Hamas was born with the first Palestinian uprising, or Intifada, in December 1987. The birth of this organization represented the Palestinian embodiment of political Islam in the Middle East. Although Hamas itself is a relatively recent phenomenon, it is rooted in a decades-old history of Islamic activism that began with the establishment of the Muslim Brotherhood in Gaza City in 1945. Hamas' evolution and influence were primarily due to the nature of Hamas' participation in that Intifada: the operations of its military wing, the work of its political leadership, and its social activities.
The Evolution of Islamist Social Institutions in the Gaza Strip: Before and during Oslo (a Sociopolitical History)
Authors: Roy Sara
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores the evolution and role of Islamist social institutions in Gaza, beginning with the reformist work and philosophy of the Muslim Brotherhood and continuing through the first Intifada and the Oslo period. Emphasis is given to the primary role of the social sector (e.g., the Islamist institutions' contribution to community development, order, stability, and civic engagement); the political role and meaning of Islamist social work; and the impact of institutional work on grassroots development, community cohesion, and civism. There is no doubt that the Muslim Brotherhood has long used social institutions to spread its ideas and increase its influence. The Muslim Brotherhood's success was tied in large part to the fact that, until the first Intifada in 1987, the Brethren largely refrained from violent resistance against the occupation.
Constitutional Legitimacy without Consent: Protecting the Rights Retained by the People
Authors: Barnett Randy E.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines what it takes to achieve constitutional legitimacy in the absence of consent by focusing on the effort of those who drafted and adopted the Constitution to constrain the fiction of popular sovereignty they themselves accepted. The fiction of popular sovereignty originated as an antidote to the fiction of the divine right of the king. If the king obtained his authority from God, the Commons gained its authority from the people. Despite their rhetorical commitment to “popular sovereignty,” by the time the Constitution was written, its framers were convinced that pure majority rule or democracy was a bad idea. The chapter first considers democratic majoritarianism and and what James Madison called “the problem of faction” before discussing constitutional legitimacy in the absence of consent. It argues that a constitutional regime is legitimate only if it provides sufficient assurances that the laws it produces are “necessary and proper.”
Judicial Review: The Meaning of the Judicial Power
Authors: Barnett Randy E.
Published: November 2017

This chapter applies the concepts of interpretation and construction to the contentious issue of judicial review and examines the originalist evidence that overwhelmingly supports the judicial power to nullify unconstitutional laws. According to Article III of the Constitution: “The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such Courts as Congress may from time to time ordain and establish.” The Constitution does not say explicitly that the “Supreme Court, and such inferior courts as may be established by Congress, shall have power to nullify a Law enacted by Congress and signed by the President if the Law is unconstitutional.” The absence of a clearly expressed grant of power has moved some critics of judicial review to question its legitimacy. The chapter also considers the concepts of judicial nullification and judicial supremacy as they relate to judicial review.
Restoring the Lost Constitution
Authors: Barnett Randy E.
Published: November 2017

This concluding chapter argues that the original meaning of the entire Constitution, as amended, is much more libertarian than the one selectively enforced by the Supreme Court. It cites the evidence of original meaning presented in this book; for example, the “privileges or immunities” of citizens included natural rights as well as rights created by the adoption of the Bill of Rights. The term “commerce” unquestionably meant trade or exchange and did not extend to such other vital economic activities as manufacturing or agriculture. The “judicial power” included the power of to nullify unconstitutional statutes. The Ninth Amendment mandates that unenumerated rights shall not be denied or disparaged. The chapter asserts that attempts to perfect the Constitution by judicial construction conflict with and override its original meaning. It ends by insisting that the opportunity still exists to adopt a Presumption of Liberty and restore the lost Constitution.
The Problem
Authors: Karpowitz Christopher F. , Mendelberg Tali
Published: November 2017

This chapter explains how it is one of the best documented facts of American politics that groups with less power and authority in society are less likely to participate in politics. People typically think of these groups as defined by lines of race, ethnicity, language, income, age, or education. In modern America, observers of politics focus on the political disadvantages of groups with less resources: those left out of the privileges of class, those still stigmatized by race, those struggling as new arrivals from far-off places. But what goes with little notice is that even now, in an age when women have made great strides in American society, America's female citizens greatly underparticipate relative to men in key areas of politics and other public settings of decision making.
The Sources of the Gender Gap in Political Participation
Authors: Karpowitz Christopher F. , Mendelberg Tali
Published: November 2017

This chapter talks about how American women, like their counterparts in other advanced economies, have narrowed or even reversed the gap in important resources that form the prerequisites of political participation. Women have become reliable voters and civic activists; in other words, they are the foot soldiers of democracy. However, women have not turned their growing progress along the pathways to political participation into commensurate political influence. The chapter also shows how the United States has experienced a shrinking gender gap in workforce participation, occupational status, and income. When it comes to the single most important antecedent of participation, namely, education, American women have even achieved a higher level than men.
Pakistan
Authors: Narang Vipin
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes and tests the sources of Pakistan's nuclear postures. It shows that the country's choices, and the timing of its shift from a catalytic to an asymmetric escalation posture, are best captured by optimization theory, illustrating how exogenous changes to a state's security environment and alliance options can trigger a shift in nuclear postures. Born into and out of war, Pakistan has always perceived an existential threat from its larger neighbor India. Since 1971, Pakistan has been on a desperate quest to acquire and operationalize a nuclear weapons capability to deter Indian conventional power. As its uranium enrichment program was reaching critical thresholds to enable the weaponization of the program, Pakistan relied on a catalytic nuclear posture which used the credible threat of nuclear escalation to compel its then-patron, the United States, to intercede on its behalf in crises with India.
India
Authors: Narang Vipin
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores India's nuclear posture. Like China's, India's nuclear posture is classified as one of assured retaliation. There have been various dramatic moments in India's nuclear weapons history that were often driven by domestic political considerations, most notably its nuclear tests in May of 1974 and 1998. Nonetheless, the capabilities, envisioned use, and command-and-control apparatus that Delhi has erected for its nuclear forces have been persistent and consistent with an assured retaliation posture since 1974. The reason for this, as illustrated by optimization theory, is that India is in a relatively secure position but with highly assertive civil–military relations, driving it toward an assured retaliation nuclear posture that emphasizes firm civilian control over the arsenal.
China
Authors: Narang Vipin
Published: November 2017

This chapter relies on the best available English language sources to detail Chinese nuclear posture over time. China, like India, has persistently adopted an assured retaliation posture against its potential adversaries. Though Chinese strategists have long debated the merits of shifting from what they term a “minimum deterrence” doctrine to a more aggressive “limited deterrence” doctrine that fields theater nuclear capabilities for possible first use, there has in fact been remarkable continuity in China's nuclear posture. China's posture enables its nuclear weapons to survive a first strike and effectively retaliate with nuclear weapons. As in India, China faces no existential land threats and also displays highly assertive civil–military relations, or more accurately, party–military relationship that privileges tight centralized control over China's nuclear assets. These variables have thus pushed China toward an assured retaliation nuclear posture.
Conclusion
Authors: Narang Vipin
Published: November 2017

This chapter reiterates the findings explored in this book and discusses their implications. In doing so, the chapter stresses the significance of the posited optimization theory. This theory is the first comparative theory of regional power nuclear postures. Against the full universe of empirical cases involving selection of nuclear posture—a decision that unfolds deliberately over many years and often over many leaders—optimization theory is the most valid theory available. It is also the first broadly comparative theory for why states select the nuclear postures they do, suggesting that states may be rational to sacrifice deterrent power in certain security environments and under particular organizational and relative endowment circumstances. In addition, the chapter closes the volume by detailing some avenues for further research, as well as some concluding insights.
Islamist Pluralism
Authors: Spiegel Avi Max
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. The book attempts to unlock the incipient industry of Islamism. This is, at its core, a work of political sociology, informed, most of all, by scholarship in social movement theory, comparative politics, and the sociology of religion. To make the material accessible to a wide variety of readers, the author has aimed to write in a lucid, narrative style. In his nearly four years in Morocco, he witnessed firsthand the development of political Islam in one place. But these experiences also shed light on what is happening in other parts of the Arab world.
With Liberty of Conscience
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on the practice of liberty of doctrine. By the 1920s the opportunity to practice one's faith with liberty of conscience was a theme expressed increasingly by Texas religious and political leaders. Emphasis on liberty of conscience implied freedom from any monopoly over religion by government or of government by a religion. It also favored the right and duty of the individual to make a decision about his or her faith and to relate accordingly to God. In practice, liberty of conscience deterred clergy and lay leaders from bringing their faith in an official or organized way into the political arena. Clergy continued the basic work of saving souls, preaching moral repentance, and holding worship services. They devoted themselves energetically to starting new churches and increasing the size of existing ones. These activities left little time and few resources for anything else. Baptists and Methodists fought on occasion among themselves, but the conflicts were generally over worship, doctrine, church finances, and church publications than about public policy or political campaigns.
Underdevelopment, Obstacles to the Perception of Change, and Leadership
Authors: Hirschman Albert O.
Published: November 2017

This chapter challenges the defeatism of Hirschman's friends and colleagues during the 1950s–1960s, when numerous political and social upheavals were happening worldwide. In this chapter, Hirschman explains that many of the so-called “structural causes”—a term advanced by his Latin American colleagues in the social sciences which refers to entrenched obstacles that make all efforts to change self-defeating—are ideological constructs. The chapter discusses two obstacles to the perception of change: the persistence of traits which are related to the “little traditions,” as well as the bias in the perception of cumulative change. It argues that the real, “stealthy” change that was actually occurring is being obscured in the process and the vital role of political and intellectual leadership is thus ignored.
The Changing Tolerance for Income Inequality in the Course of Economic Development
Authors: Hirschman Albert O.
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses the complicated relationship between perception and reality in development. It explores the role of emotions and subjective forces—especially envy—in arguing that just as social scientists and policy makers should not confuse circumstantial setbacks with failure in development, rising intolerance for inequality need not be seen as a sign of a crisis of capitalism, or of having to choose between growth or equality. Psychological effects, like the “tunnel effect,” are highly contingent, and one has to understand them carefully before jumping to big conclusions. After all, a strong tunnel effect, by making social injustice more visible, can have positive repercussions.
The Search for Paradigms as a Hindrance to Understanding
Authors: Hirschman Albert O.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the kind of cognitive style that hinders, or promotes, understanding. The topic is introduced with a critical look at two books that exemplify opposite styles—one a study of the Mexican revolution by Hirschman's young colleague at Harvard, John Womack, and the other a study of violence in Colombia by the political scientist James L. Payne. Hirschman has little sympathy for the latter and reserves some unflattering words for what he had seen as a disease in the social sciences—the search for models and paradigms that aim to prove theories rather than understand realities; among other things, the tendency had collapsed into old failurist nostrums Hirschman was combating in Latin America, and that were now infecting North American social science.
The Concept of Interest
Authors: Hirschman Albert O.
Published: November 2017

This chapter showcases one of Hirschman's keynote lectures at the Collège de France. Hirschman had chosen the theme of an enlarged political economy (une économie politique élargie) to show that the idea—the concept—of “interest” had a history and had been the battleground for economists since the seventeenth century. It is linked, however, not just to the concept of the self, but to the idea of political power itself. Through this lecture, Hirschman attempts to show that personal welfare and statecraft were intertwined from the start. The effort to narrow the definition had threatened to separate behaviors and activities from one domain of life from that of another, and distinguish selfish or “interested” motivations from altruistic or “ethical” actions. This trend had drained the concept itself of its great analytical power.
Rival Views of Market Society
Authors: Hirschman Albert O.
Published: November 2017

This chapter tackles the core vocabulary of economics: if there is to be an expanded economics, it would need a more complex vocabulary or discourse. This would also mean giving up one of the sacred cows of the discipline: the preference for parsimony—simple explanations of more complicated phenomena—so simple they can be more easily tested under conditions of the intellectual's making. Doing this might allow economists to admit otherwise forbidden topics for analysis—like love, avarice, and jealousy. Hirschman anticipates, in this sense, the importance of bridging the divide between emotions and behavior. To conclude, the chapter examines whether the various complications have some element in common.
Three Uses of Political Economy in Analyzing European Integration
Authors: Hirschman Albert O.
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers the interrelated processes of economic and political integration in Europe. It first notes a case—the economic theory of customs unions—in which the very distinctions made and concepts created for the purpose of analyzing the economics of integration have implications that throw light on the politics of the process. The chapter then discusses situations where economic and political phenomena are perceived to have analogical structures. In such cases, exploring the analogy can be conducive to a better understanding of both phenomena involved. Though the chapter notes that the major contributions economists can make to an understanding of the politics of integration fall within the aforementioned statements, it also proposes a third category of useful interaction between economics and politics: the transfer of concepts and modes of analysis originally elaborated for the purpose of understanding the economy to the political terrain.
Morality and the Social Sciences
Authors: Hirschman Albert O.
Published: November 2017

This chapter attempts to identify the tension between morality and the social sciences and recognize its inescapable centrality—and in that way have social scientists think more openly about their commitments. It turns to questions on the role of moral considerations and concerns in economics, and, more generally, to what can be said about the “problem of morality in the social sciences.” This chapter suggests some ways of reconciling the traditional posture of the economist as a “detached scientist” with their role as a morally concerned person, and shows why there is a contemporary increase of concern with moral values, even within the field of economics.
Social Conflicts as Pillars of Democratic Market Society
Authors: Hirschman Albert O.
Published: November 2017

This chapter extols the virtues of bargaining, tension, and conflict as means to experiment and compromise—without leading to false consensus or conformity. Whereas much of social theory sees conflict and instability as debilitating, Hirschman spotlights their necessary strengths; these, the chapter argues, offer pathways to new ways of organizing societies and living democratically. Politics, for Hirschman, is thus an art; like Machiavelli he believes that one's loyalties come from a political life and do not precede it. Furthermore, the chapter cautions against the danger for a group of people to become fascinated with the idea of, or with the passion or Schwärmerei (enthusiasm) for, community spirit.
Managing Race in the American Workplace
Authors: Skrentny John D.
Published: November 2017

This chapter introduces the problems of the roles racial differences play in the workplace. It discusses the changes in the way Americans talk about race and what pragmatic and progressive voices say that they want since the enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Never before has such a wide variety of employers, advocates, activists, and government leaders in American society discussed the benefits of racial diversity and the utility of racial difference in such a broad range of contexts. Thus, the chapter points out the emerging discourse of race as a qualification for employment, and briefly details the many issues as well as the role of established laws on such an issue. It also lays out the conceptual foundations upon which the following chapters will be based on.
Displaying Race for Dollars: Racial Realism in Media and Entertainment
Authors: Skrentny John D.
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores racial realism in the advertising and entertainment industries (movies, TV, and professional sports). These cases are distinctive because they are almost totally focused on racial signaling—the image of the worker is very much the product that the employers are selling. Racial signaling is thus common in all of them, though rarer in sports than the other sectors, especially in the last few decades. Hence, the chapter shows that civil rights law does not authorize these practices. It also examines the possibility that television shows' dependence on use of federally regulated airwaves, and sports teams' dependence on the public financing of stadiums might provide legal openings for racial realism in these sectors. Since this employment sector is about expression, this chapter also explores possible First Amendment defenses for these employers, and shows that at least one court has found a constitutionally protected freedom to discriminate.
Identity and Discrepancy
Authors: Mattingly David J.
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores aspects of identity in the Roman provinces, with an emphasis on examples from Britain and North Africa. The first section reviews current approaches to identity and related problems (including a reprise of some of the difficulties with the Romanization paradigm). The second section explains the notions of “discrepant experience” of empire and the existence of “discrepant identities” within provincial communities. The third and fourth sections illustrate this theme with reference to two provincial areas: Britannia and Tripolitana. In exploring issues like religion and the epigraphic habit, the chapter attempts to identify distinct communities that utilized culture in very different ways one from the other.
Health Care for All
Authors: Reich Adam D.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines both the promise and paradox of care at PubliCare Hospital. On the one hand, practitioners' deep commitment to the provision of care as a right gave the facility a special character. On the other hand, these same commitments seemed to go hand in hand with a lack of role differentiation or organizational structure that lef the organization in a constant state of disarray and financial peril. The chapter shows that, among practitioners across the three hospitals in Las Lomas, those at PubliCare struggled most with how to reconcile a right to health care with care as a commodity to be sold. It also considers PubliCare Hospital's “socialized medicine” for desperate and despairing patients, what is unique about PubliCare physicians and nurses, and vocational commitment and creativity at the hospital. Finally, the chapter explains how the mission of health care at PubliCare seemed to be at odds with the market for care.
Privileged Servants
Authors: Reich Adam D.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines PubliCare Hospital's commitment to the practice of medicine as a vocational calling or public service. Many physicians at PubliCare saw care as a right. Their medical work was connected to their commitment to social justice. This was an orientation towards medicine that was reinforced by those who took part in the family medicine residency program. Doctors at PubliCare understood their professional identities in vocational terms; they had come to the profession for reasons of public service and had tried with some success to live out these ideals in their everyday work. The chapter considers the vocational ethic at PubliCare and how its doctors' commitments to public service could elide into medical paternalism or even disdain, when they felt their generosity was being exploited. It also suggests that in the competitive market for health care, the doctors at PubliCare—like their patients—were getting left behind.
Flourishing
Authors: Reich Adam D.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines a paradox of GroupCare Hospital's palliative care program. On the one hand, GroupCare created a space for intimacy, honesty, and personal connection that has become exceedingly rare in the U.S. medical system. On the other hand, GroupCare considered the palliative care program to be consistent with its goal of “appropriate utilization” and likely would not have invested such resources in the program had it not been seen as economically efficient. This chapter shows that the staff at GroupCare tended to believe that through evidence-based medicine, technical savvy, and systems integration, it could make the mission of health care and the market for health care consistent with and supportive of one another. It also considers how GroupCare seemed to have succeeded in taming the market for hospital care and aligning the health of its membership with the economic interests of the organization and the practitioners within it.
Introduction
Authors: Reich Adam D.
Published: November 2017

This book explores the contradictions between the mission of hospital care and the market for it. It shows how market forces and market actors have become increasingly important to contemporary hospital practice, and yet the commodification of hospital care in the United States remains uneven and incomplete. While they compete in a competitive marketplace, many hospitals—and the people within them—work to sustain social values that sit in uneasy tension with this market. In order to understand these contradictions, the book examines not only the broad sets of rules and regulations through which the market for hospital care is structured, but also the meanings, practices, and people that make up the hospital itself. The focus is on three hospitals located in Las Lomas, California—PubliCare Hospital, HolyCare Hospital, and GroupCare Hospital—and their ongoing struggle with the contradictory nature of the commodification of hospital care.
Power and Influence in the Global System
Authors: Reich Simon , Lebow Richard Ned
Published: November 2017

This chapter develops a formulation of influence. It examines the relationship, but also the important distinctions, between material capabilities and power, and between power and influence. The chapter highlights alternative sources of power and sources of influence that do not depend, at least directly, on material capabilities. The approach here is constructivist in its emphasis on values and discourses, but it does not ignore material capabilities, strategic thinking, or implementation. Care has been taken to distinguish between the universal relevance of this chapter's formulation and its context-dependent application, as the chapter shows how it works in practice when applied to understanding globalization, financial crises, and civilian protection.
Decomposition of the Diagonal
Authors: Voisin Claire
Published: November 2017

This chapter explains the method initiated by Bloch and Srinivas, which leads to statements of the following: if a smooth projective variety has trivial Chow groups of k-cycles homologous to 0 for k ≤ c − 1, then its transcendental cohomology has geometric coniveau ≤ c. This result is a vast generalization of Mumford's theorem. A major open problem is the converse of this result. It turns out that statements of this kind are a consequence of a general spreading principle for rational equivalence. Consider a smooth projective family X → B and a cycle Z → B, everything defined over C; then, if at the very general point b ∈ B, the restricted cycle Z𝒳b ⊂ X𝒳b is rationally equivalent to 0, there exist a dense Zariski open set U ⊂ B and an integer N such that NZsubscript U is rationally equivalent to 0 on Xsubscript U.
How Superheroes Made Their Way into the World of Fairy Tales: The Appeal of Cooperation and Collective Action from the Greek Myths to the Grimms’ Tales and Beyond
Authors: Zipes Jack
Published: November 2017

This chapter highlights an important theme in the Grimms' fairy tales that few scholars have discussed—cooperation or superhuman cooperative efforts necessary to defeat evil. It shares a string of associations about cooperation in fairy tales before explaining why a tale such as “How Six Made Their Way in the World” and other similar tales in the Grimms' Kinder-und Hausmärchen significantly touch on a relevant memetic topic that we can find in myths and folk and fairy tales throughout the world. The chapter explores the appeal of tales about superheroes and why we are all more or less attracted to them as they work together to help underdogs.
Network
Authors: Levine Caroline
Published: November 2017

This chapter begins with an investigation of encounters between unified wholes and networked connections, a set of relations that has been absolutely fundamental to cultural studies, from early twentieth-century anthropology to recent scholarship on global flows. It then turns to the overlapping of multiple networks, which is a far more ordinary fact of social life—and a more unsettled and unsettling one—than literary and cultural studies has recognized. It develops an understanding of networked form through two readings. The first Trish Loughran's study of print culture in early America, The Republic in Print, which makes the case that multiple, overlapping networks—mail, print, money, and roads—interrupted each other and frustrated the work of consolidating a new nation. The second is Charles Dickens's Bleak House, a novel that casts social relations as a complex heaping of networks that not only stretch across space but also unfold over time.
Genius, Neurosis, and Family Trees
Authors: Jefferson Ann
Published: November 2017

This chapter looks at how the pathologizing of genius continued in the work of Jacques-Joseph Moreau—known as “Moreau de Tours”—who adopted the eloquent term “morbid psychology” for his particular branch of mental medicine and defined genius as a form of neurosis. His book on the subject, Psychologie morbide (Morbid psychology, 1859) examines the general phenomenon of “neuropathy” rather than confining itself to the study of individual cases as Lélut had done. But the underlying assumptions and approach remain the same, and Moreau follows Lélut in asserting the physiological basis of mental malfunction when he insists that “it is essential…to explore man in his entrails and to abandon visions of pure reason in the regions of the absolute.” The mind exists in inseparable conjunction with the body, and genius is inherently pathological, placed within a configuration of mental debility that extends from imbecility to delirium.
Alfred Binet and the Measurement of Intelligence
Authors: Jefferson Ann
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses the measurement of genius in Alfred Binet's “measuring scale of intelligence,” which he devised and successively refined between 1905 and 1911 (the year he died). Here, the chapter shows how experimental psychology had its own part to play in forming the basis of the child prodigy. And Binet's invention put France at the forefront of developmental psychology. In the words of the American introduction to the 1916 translation of Les Idées modernes sur les enfants, Binet's measuring scale was a “magnum opus” whose rapid acceptance worldwide was “little less than marvelous.” This invention established a language in which genius could be quantified, and precocity plotted against scientifically established developmental norms.
Derrida, Cixous, and the Impostor
Authors: Jefferson Ann
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses Derrida's, Genèses, généalogies, genres et le génie (Geneses, genealogies, genres and genius), the text of a lecture given in 2003 to mark the gift made by Hélène Cixous of her archive to the Bibliothèque nationale de France. One year after the publication of the third volume of Kristeva's Le Génie féminin, genius and gender are once again associated in relation to an individual figure—in this case, the writer Hélène Cixous. As Derrida's compound title indicates, genius is not the sole topic of his discussion, but the occasion is the pretext for a thoroughgoing reevaluation of the notion as exemplified by Cixous herself and, in particular, as implied by the narrative of her past affair with an American boyfriend and self-proclaimed genius. The chapter examines Derrida's rethinking of the concept of genius, as well as the associations between genius and imposture.
Kripke on Epistemic and Metaphysical Possibility
Authors: Soames Scott
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses Saul Kripke’s treatment of the necessary a posteriori and concomitant distinction between epistemic and metaphysical possibility. It extracts the enduring lessons of his treatment of these matters and disentangles them from errors and confusions that mar some of his most important discussions. It argues that there are two Kripkean routes to the necessary a posteriori—one correct and philosophically far-reaching; the other incorrect, philosophically misleading, and the source of damaging errors that persist to this day. It connects two false principles involved in the second, unsuccessful, route to the necessary a posteriori with the plausible and potentially correct idea that believing a singular proposition that o is F always involves also believing a richer more descriptively informative proposition in which some further property plays a role in the agent’s thoughts about o. It explains why this idea will not save the failed second route to the necessary a posteriori and suggests that it may help reconcile Kripke’s insights with the lessons of Frege’s puzzle.
A review: The Laplacian and the d’Alembertian
Authors: Sogge Christopher D.
Published: November 2017

This chapter reviews the Laplacian and the d'Alembertian. It begins with a brief discussion on the solution of wave equation both in Euclidean space and on manifolds and how this knowledge can be used to derive properties of eigenfunctions on Riemannian manifolds. A key step in understanding properties of solutions of wave equations on manifolds is to compute the types of distributions that include the fundamental solution of the wave operator in Minkowski space (d'Alembertian), with a specific function for the Euclidean Laplacian on Rn. The chapter also reviews another equation involving the Laplacian, before discussing the fundamental solutions of the d'Alembertian in R1+n.
Geodesics and the Hadamard parametrix
Authors: Sogge Christopher D.
Published: November 2017

This chapter studies the spectrum of Laplace–Beltrami operators on compact manifolds. It begins by defining a metric on an open subset Ω‎ ⊂ Rn, in order to lift their results to corresponding ones on compact manifolds. The chapter then details some elliptic regularity estimates, before embarking on a brief review of geodesics and normal coordinates. The purpose of this review is to show that, with given a particular Laplace–Beltrami operator and any point y0 in Ω‎, one can choose a natural local coordinate system y = κ‎(x) vanishing at y0 so that the quadratic form associated with the metric takes a special form. To conclude, the chapter turns to the Hadamard parametrix.
The sharp Weyl formula
Authors: Sogge Christopher D.
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers the sharp Weyl formula using the tools provided in the previous chapter. It attempts to prove the sharp Weyl formula which says that there is a constant c, depending on (M,g) in a natural way, so that N(λ‎) = cλ‎ⁿ + O(λ‎superscript n minus 1). The chapter then details the sup-norm estimates for eigenfunctions and spectral clusters. Next, this chapter proves the sharp Weyl formula and in doing so, outlines a number of theorems, the first of which the chapter focuses on in establishing its sharpness and in obtaining improved bounds for its Weyl formula's error term. Finally, the chapter shows that improved bounds are also available for the remainder term in the Weyl formula when (M,g) has nonpositive sectional curvature.
Stationary phase and microlocal analysis
Authors: Sogge Christopher D.
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses basic techniques from the theory of stationary phase. After giving an overview of the method of stationary phase, the chapter moves on to a discussion of pseudodifferential operators, by going over the basics from the calculus of pseudodifferential operators and their various microlocal properties, in the process obtaining an equivalent definition of wave front sets, before defining pseudodifferential operators on manifolds and going over some of their properties. The chapter then lays out the propagation of singularities as well as Egorov's theorem, which involves conjugating pseudodifferential operators. Finally, this chapter describes the Friedrichs quantization, and differentiates it from the Kohn-Nirenberg quantization presented earlier in the chapter.
Decision Theory and Human Behavior
Authors: Gintis Herbert
Published: November 2017

This chapter begins by describing the beliefs, preferences, and constraints (BPC) model of the rational actor. It develops a set of behavioral properties that together will ensure the modeling of agents as maximizers of preferences. It then explains the existence time inconsistency and its importance in modeling human behavior. This is followed by discussions of Bayesian rationality and subjective priors, and how preferences are state dependent. The chapter argues that the rational actor model in general, and the expected utility principle in particular, are acceptably accurate as a basis of modeling behavior in most situations. However, there are well established situations in which individuals violate, or at least appear to violate, these principles. It goes on to review the most challenging of these apparent violations of decision–theoretic rationality.
Game Theory: Basic Concepts
Authors: Gintis Herbert
Published: November 2017

This chapter deals with the basic concepts of game theory. It presents the formulations for the extensive form, normal form, and Nash equilibrium. It concludes with a brief discussion of correlated equilibrium, a solution concept that has been neglected in classical game theory but is a more natural solution concept than the Nash equilibrium. This is because the correlated equilibrium directly addresses the central weaknesses of the Nash equilibrium concept: its lack of a mechanism for choosing among various equally plausible alternatives, for coordinating the behaviors of players who are indifferent among several pure strategies, and for providing incentives for players to follow the suggested strategy even when they may have private payoffs that would lead self-regarding agents to do otherwise.
Summary
Authors: Gintis Herbert
Published: November 2017

This chapter summarizes the book's main points, covering game theory, the commonality of beliefs, the limits of rationality, social norms as correlated equilibria, and how reason is bounded by sociality, not irrationality. Among the conclusions are that game theory is an indispensable tool in modeling human behavior. Behavioral disciplines that reject or peripheralize game theory are theoretically handicapped. The Nash equilibrium is not the appropriate equilibrium concept for social theory. The correlated equilibrium is the appropriate equilibrium concept for a set of rational individuals having common priors. Social norms are correlated equilibria. The behavioral disciplines today have four incompatible models of human behavior. The behavioral sciences must develop a unified model of choice that eliminates these incompatibilities and that can be specialized in different ways to meet the heterogeneous needs of the various disciplines.
Locke on Personal Identity
Authors: Strawson Galen , Strawson Galen
Published: November 2017

John Locke's theory of personal identity underlies all modern discussion of the nature of persons and selves—yet it is widely thought to be wrong. This book argues that in fact it is Locke's critics who are wrong, and that the famous objections to his theory are invalid. Indeed, far from refuting Locke, they illustrate his fundamental point. The book argues that the root error is to take Locke's use of the word “person” as merely a term for a standard persisting thing, like “human being.” In actuality, Locke uses “person” primarily as a forensic or legal term geared specifically to questions about praise and blame, punishment and reward. This point is familiar to some philosophers, but its full consequences have not been worked out, partly because of a further error about what Locke means by the word “consciousness.” When Locke claims that your personal identity is a matter of the actions that you are conscious of, he means the actions that you experience as your own in some fundamental and immediate manner. Clearly and vigorously argued, this is an important contribution both to the history of philosophy and to the contemporary philosophy of personal identity.
Personal Identity
Authors: Strawson Galen
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines John Locke's idea of personal identity by focusing on the canonical personal identity question: What are the necessary and sufficient conditions of the truth of the claim that a person considered now at time t₂, whom we may call [P], is the same person as a person considered at a different past time t₁, whom we may call [Pₓ]? What has to be true if it is to be true that [Pₓ] is the same person as [P]? The canonical question assumes that “person” denotes a thing or object or substance that is a standard temporal continuant in the way that a human being or person1 is (or an immaterial soul, on most conceptions of what an immaterial soul is). The chapter considers how Locke's person differs both from human being (man) and from (individual) substance, material or immaterial, on the same ground, as well as his concept of the field of consciousness in relation to personhood.
Psychological Connectedness
Authors: Strawson Galen
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines John Locke's notion of psychological connectedness. It suggests that Locke is interested in the (nontransitive) relation of psychological connectedness, and not interested in the (transitive) relation of memory-link-based psychological continuity that has drawn the attention of many of the “neo-Lockeans.” It also suggests the psychological connectedness that matters to Locke is narrower—more fine-grained—than psychological connectedness as ordinarily understood; and this is not simply because consciousness is not the same as memory. The chapter concludes by considering Locke's theory of personal identity as a theory of moral responsibility—given the assumption that the notion of moral responsibility is a coherent one at all.
“And therefore …”: [I]-transfers, [Ag]-transfers, [P]-transfers
Authors: Strawson Galen
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines John Locke's argument that it is possible to transfer consciousness of an action from one agent or thinking or intellectual substance to another as part of his main point: that a person or subject can possibly survive change of immaterial substance. It first considers person use vs. non-person use in relation to Locke's use of the terms “agent,” “thinking substance,” and “intellectual substance” before proposing the term [Ag]-transfer to refer to a transfer of consciousness of an action or experience from one Lockean “agent” to another; [I]-transfer to refer to a transfer of consciousness of an action or experience from one immaterial substance to another; [P]-transfer to refer a transfer of consciousness of an action or experience from one person to another; and for good measure, and [M]-transfer to refer to a transfer of consciousness of an action or experience from one packet of material substance to another.
The Asylum-Seeker
Authors: Garland Robert
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses the principle of asylum. The Greek word asulia, which is somewhat misleadingly translated as “asylum,” literally means “not plundering” or in the case of an individual “the condition of not being plundered or abducted [viz from a sanctuary].” In theory at least asulia offered refuge for all, irrespective of a person's political affiliation, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, or any other qualifying condition. Because any long-distance traveler was usually at some risk in ancient Greece, anyone with a legitimate reason to be on the road or at sea was entitled to apply for asulia inside a sanctuary. At times of crisis, too, entire populations might seek refuge in a local sanctuary. In addition, orphans, adolescent girls escaping from an arranged marriage, runaway slaves, and other kinds of needy individuals could claim asulia.