bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interplay between Spin‐Orbit Torques and Dzyaloshinskii‐Moriya Interactions in Ferrimagnetic Amorphous Alloys
Authors: Quessab Yassine , Xu Jun‐Wen , Morshed Md Golam , Ghosh Avik W. , Kent Andrew D.
Published: August 2021

Ferrimagnetic thin films are attractive for low‐power spintronic applications because of their low magnetization, small angular momentum, and fast spin dynamics. Spin orbit torques (SOT) can be applied with proximal heavy metals that also generate interfacial Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interactions (DMI), which can stabilize ultrasmall skyrmions and enable fast domain wall motion. Here, the properties of a ferrimagnetic CoGd alloy between two heavy metals to increase the SOT efficiency, while maintaining a significant DMI is studied. SOT switching for various capping layers and alloy compositions shows that Pt/CoGd/(W or Ta) films enable more energy‐efficient SOT magnetization switching than Pt/CoGd/Ir. Spin‐torque ferromagnetic resonance confirms that Pt/CoGd/W has the highest spin‐Hall angle of 16.5%, hence SOT efficiency, larger than Pt/CoGd/(Ta or Ir). Density functional theory calculations indicate that CoGd films capped by W or Ta have the largest DMI energy, 0.38 and 0.32 mJ m−2, respectively. These results show that Pt/CoGd/W is a very promising ferrimagnetic structure to achieve small skyrmions and to move them efficiently with current.
Quantitative Nanomechanical Analysis of Small Extracellular Vesicles for Tumor Malignancy Indication
Authors: Ye Siyuan , Li Wenzhe , Wang Huayi , Zhu Ling , Wang Chen , Yang Yanlian
Published: August 2021

The nanomechanical properties of tumor‐derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are essential to cancer progression. Here, nanoindentation is utilized on atomic force microscopy (AFM) to quantitatively investigate the nanomechanical properties of human breast cancer cell‐derived sEVs at single vesicle level and explore their relationship with tumor malignancy and vesicle size. It is demonstrated that the stiffness of the sEVs results from the combined contribution of the bending modulus and osmotic pressure of the sEVs. The stiffness and osmotic pressure increase with increasing malignancy of the sEVs and decrease with increasing size of the sEVs. The bending modulus decreases with increasing malignancy of the sEVs and is lower in smaller sEVs. This study builds relationship between the nanomechanical signature of the sEV and tumor malignancy, adding information for better understanding cancer mechanobiology.
Interaction Regulation Between Ionomer Binder and Catalyst: Active Triple‐Phase Boundary and High Performance Catalyst Layer for Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Cao Huixing , Pan Ji , Zhu Hairong , Sun Zhe , Wang Bowen , Zhao Junliang , Yan Feng
Published: August 2021

As one of the most crucial components, the catalyst layer (CL) plays a critical role in the performance of anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs). However, the effect of the structural evolution of ionomer binder on the micromorphology and catalytic activity of CL is yet to be clarified. In this study, pyrrolidinum and quaternary ammonium cations are attached to the polyphenylene oxide (PPO) backbone through flexible spacer units (five, seven, or nine carbon atoms) with different terminal alkyl groups. The Van der Waals force and electrostatic repulsion between the ionomer binder and catalyst are regulated through the flexible spacer units and terminal alkyl groups to alleviate the agglomeration of catalyst particles and acquire a high catalytic activity. To evaluate the electrochemical stability of the cationic groups, the alkaline stability of the ionomer binder is tested under a constant voltage to simulate the true operational environment of the fuel cells. The results reveal that the degradation of the cation groups of ionomer binder is accelerated under a constant voltage condition. This phenomenon in neglect earlier, may serve as a useful reference for the synthesis and performance enhancement of ionomer binders.
Electrocatalytic acidic oxygen evolution reaction: From nanocrystals to single atoms
Authors: Ismail Nadia , Qin Fengjuan , Fang Chaohe , Liu Dan , Liu Bihan , Liu Xiangyu , Wu Zi‐long , Chen Zhuo , Chen Wenxing
Published: August 2021

Hydrogen is the most preferred choice as an energy source to replace the nonrenewable energy resources such as fossil fuels due to its beneficial features of abundance, ecofriendly, and outstanding gravimetric energy density. Splitting water through a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer is a well‐known method of hydrogen production. But the major impediment is the sluggish kinetics of oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Currently, scientists are struggling to build out an acid‐stable electrocatalyst for OER with low overpotential and excellent stability. In this review, the reaction mechanism and characterization parameters of OER are introduced, and then the improvement method of metal nanocatalysts (noble metal catalysts and noble metal‐free catalysts) in acidic media is discussed. Particularly, the application of single‐atom catalysts in acidic OER is summarized, which is current researching focus. At the same time, we also briefly introduced the cluster phenomenon, which is easy to occur in the preparation of single‐atom catalysts. More importantly, we summarized the in situ characterization methods such as in situ X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, in situ X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and so forth, which are conducive to further understanding of OER reaction intermediates and active sites. Finally, we put forward some opinions on the development of acidic OER.
Captive great apes tend to innovate simple tool behaviors quickly
Authors: Motes‐Rodrigo Alba , Tennie Claudio
Published: August 2021

Recent studies have highlighted the important role that individual learning mechanisms and different forms of enhancenment play in the acquisition of novel behaviors by naïve individuals. A considerable subset of these studies has focused on tool innovation by our closest living relatives, the great apes, to better undestand the evolution of technology in our own lineage. To be able to isolate the role that individual learning plays in great ape tool innovation, researchers usually employ what are known as baseline tests. Although these baselines are commonly used in behavioral studies in captivity, the length of these tests in terms of number of trials and duration remains unstandarized across studies. To address this methodological issue, we conducted a literature review of great ape tool innovation studies conducted in zoological institutions and compiled various methodological data including the timing of innovation. Our literature review revealed an early innovation tendency in great apes, which was particularly pronounced when simple forms of tool use were investigated. In the majority of experiments where tool innovation took place, this occurred within the first trial and/or the first hour of testing. We discuss different possible sources of variation in the latency to innovate such as testing setup, species and task. We hope that our literature review helps researchers design more data‐informed, resource‐efficient experiments on tool innovation in our closest living relatives.
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography/Positron Emission Tomography Molecular Imaging for Parkinsonism: A Fast‐Developing Field
Authors: Verger Antoine , Grimaldi Stephan , Ribeiro Maria‐Joao , Frismand Solène , Guedj Eric
Published: August 2021

The early differential diagnosis of Parkinson disease and atypical parkinsonism is a major challenge. The use of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/positron emission tomography (PET) molecular imaging to investigate parkinsonism is a fast‐developing field. Imaging biomarker research may potentially lead to more accurate disease detection, enabling earlier diagnosis and treatment. This review summarizes recent SPECT/PET advances in radiopharmaceuticals and imaging technologies/analyses that improve the diagnosis of neurodegenerative parkinsonism. We are currently witnessing a turning point in the field. Integrating molecular imaging as a diagnostic technique represents an opportunity to reassess the strategies for diagnosing neurodegenerative parkinsonism. ANN NEUROL 2021;90:711–719
Die spannungsabhängige Richtung der Reprotonierung der Schiff'schen Base bestimmt das Einwärtspumpen von Xenorhodopsin
Authors: Weissbecker Juliane , Boumrifak Chokri , Breyer Maximilian , Wießalla Tristan , Shevchenko Vitaly , Mager Thomas , Slavov Chavdar , Alekseev Alexey , Kovalev Kirill , Gordeliy Valentin , Bamberg Ernst , Wachtveitl Josef
Published: August 2021

Die neue Klasse der mikrobiellen Rhodopsine, genannt Xenorhodopine (XeR),[1] besitzen die besondere Eigenschaft des einwärtsgerichteten H+‐Pumpens.[2–4] Diese Pumpen stellen eine Alternative zu den in der Optogenetik etablierten Ionenkanäle (z. B. ChR1,2) dar, denn die Aktivierung von elektrisch anregbaren Zellen mit XeR ist unabhängig von den physiologischen Bedingungen ihrer Umgebung. In dieser Arbeit haben wir XeR aus Nanosalina (NsXeR)[1] funktionell und spektroskopisch charakterisiert. Das photodynamische Verhalten von NsXeR wurde auf einer ps‐ bis s‐Zeitskala untersucht und die Bildung des J, K und eines bisher unbekannten langlebigen Intermediats beobachtet. Die pH‐abhängige Kinetik zeigt, dass ein basisches Milieu den Photozyklus und den Pumpumsatz beschleunigen. In Patch‐Clamp‐Experimenten wird NsXeR im M‐Intermediat, durch Bestrahlung mit blauem Licht, eine spannungsabhängige Vektorialität der Photostromtransienten beobachtet, was auf die variable Zugänglichkeit zum Proton der Schiff'schen Base deutet. Des Weiteren konnten Einblicke in den kinetisch unabhängigen Switch‐Mechanismus durch Mutationsstudien vom mutmaßlichen H+‐Akzeptor D220 gewonnen werden.
New Mechanistic and Reaction Pathway Insights for Oxidative Coupling of Methane (OCM) over Supported Na2WO4/SiO2 Catalysts
Authors: Sourav Sagar , Wang Yixiao , Kiani Daniyal , Baltrusaitis Jonas , Fushimi Rebecca R. , Wachs Israel E.
Published: August 2021

The complex structure of the catalytic active phase, and surface‐gas reaction networks have hindered understanding of the oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) reaction mechanism by supported Na2WO4/SiO2 catalysts. The present study demonstrates, with the aid of in situ Raman spectroscopy and chemical probe (H2‐TPR, TAP and steady‐state kinetics) experiments, that the long speculated crystalline Na2WO4 active phase is unstable and melts under OCM reaction conditions, partially transforming to thermally stable surface Na‐WOx sites. Kinetic analysis via temporal analysis of products (TAP) and steady‐state OCM reaction studies demonstrate that (i) surface Na‐WOx sites are responsible for selectively activating CH4 to C2Hx and over‐oxidizing CHy to CO and (ii) molten Na2WO4 phase is mainly responsible for over‐oxidation of CH4 to CO2 and also assists in oxidative dehydrogenation of C2H6 to C2H4. These new insights reveal the nature of catalytic active sites and resolve the OCM reaction mechanism over supported Na2WO4/SiO2 catalysts.
The Voltage Dependent Sidedness of the Reprotonation of the Retinal Schiff Base Determines the Unique Inward Pumping of Xenorhodopsin
Authors: Weissbecker Juliane , Boumrifak Chokri , Breyer Maximilian , Wießalla Tristan , Shevchenko Vitaly , Mager Thomas , Slavov Chavdar , Alekseev Alexey , Kovalev Kirill , Gordeliy Valentin , Bamberg Ernst , Wachtveitl Josef
Published: August 2021

The new class of microbial rhodopsins, called xenorhodopsins (XeRs),[1] extends the versatility of this family by inward H+ pumps.[2–4] These pumps are an alternative optogenetic tool to the light‐gated ion channels (e.g. ChR1,2), because the activation of electrically excitable cells by XeRs is independent from the surrounding physiological conditions. In this work we functionally and spectroscopically characterized XeR from Nanosalina (NsXeR).[1] The photodynamic behavior of NsXeR was investigated on the ps to s time scale elucidating the formation of the J and K and a previously unknown long‐lived intermediate. The pH dependent kinetics reveal that alkalization of the surrounding medium accelerates the photocycle and the pump turnover. In patch‐clamp experiments the blue‐light illumination of NsXeR in the M state shows a potential‐dependent vectoriality of the photocurrent transients, suggesting a variable accessibility of reprotonation of the retinal Schiff base. Insights on the kinetically independent switching mechanism could furthermore be obtained by mutational studies on the putative intracellular H+ acceptor D220.
Construction of waste‐collagen modified superfine fiber substrates based on “click” chemistry: Moisture absorption and permeability
Authors: Xu Na , Xing Yanmei , Wang Xuechuan , Ren Longfang , Qiang Taotao
Published: August 2021

Superfine fiber synthetic leather is a high‐grade artificial leather product with numerous characteristics and advantages. However, compared with natural leather, it shows poor moisture absorption and moisture permeability, and it gives people a hot and tacky feeling; thus, the improvement of these properties has become a popular topic in the industry. In this paper, the “click” chemistry method was employed to modify the nylon fiber of the superfine fiber synthetic leather base with waste collagen to improve the moisture absorption and permeability of the superfine fiber synthetic leather base, thus enhancing the hygienic performance and wearing comfort of the end products, realizing waste recycling. This study obtained the optimal reaction conditions for the “click” modification of unfigured sea‐island superfine fiber synthetic leather base with collagen methacrylamide. The characterizations by static contact angle measurements, attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis confirmed that collagen was successfully grafted onto the surface of the nylon fiber. Compared with the original base, the moisture absorption, and permeability of the base were improved by 602.4% and 43%, respectively. This study shows the theoretical research significance and excellent practical value for the resource utilization of skin collagen waste.
Application of a polymer inclusion membrane made of cellulose triacetate base polymer and trioctylamine for the selective extraction of bismuth(III) from chloride solutions
Authors: Ghaderi Narges , Dolatyari Leila , Kazemi Davood , Sharafi Hamid Reza , Shayani‐Jam Hassan , Yaftian Mohammad Reza
Published: August 2021

A polymer inclusion membrane (PIM) prepared by casting a solution of cellulose triacetate (CTA), trioctylamine (TOA), and tri‐n‐butylphosphate (TBP), dissolved in dichloromethane was used for the extraction of bismuth(III) from hydrochloric acid solutions. The optimized PIM, in terms of mechanical properties and its efficiency for the extraction of bismuth(III), was consisted of CTA 40 wt%, TOA 25 wt%, and TBP 35 wt%. Contact angle measurements, FESEM, AFM, TGA, and stress–strain analysis were used for characterizing the PIM. A 3.5 cm diameter circular membrane segment of the PIM extracts quantitatively the bismuth ions (initial concentration 20 mg L−1) from 50 ml of 0.3 M HCl, after 120 min. The extracted bismuth was fully back‐extracted by shaking for 60 min of the loaded PIM with 50 ml solution of 2 M Na2CO3. It was confirmed that the extraction reaction involves the formation of the ion pair . The developed PIM was stable for using in four extraction/back‐extraction cycles of bismuth(III). This stability was enhanced to ten extraction/back‐extraction runs by replacing the plasticizer TBP with 2–nitrophenyloctyl ether or dibutyl phthalate. The investigated PIM showed excellent selectivity towards Bi(III) over Cu(II), Pb(II), Zn(II), Ni(II), Co(II), Cd(II), Fe(III), Cr(III), Mo(VI), W(VI), NO3−, and SO42−.
Physical modification approaches to enhance cell supporting potential of poly (vinyl alcohol)‐based hydrogels
Authors: Firoozi Mahtab , Entezam Mehdi , Masaeli Elahe , Ejeian Fatemeh , Nasr‐Esfahani Mohammad Hossein
Published: August 2021

PVA‐based hydrogels with tissue engineered scaffolds application commonly need further modification to improve cell‐matrix interactions with respect to subsequent cell proliferation and differentiation. In this study, PVA‐modified hydrogels were formed by subjecting the solutions of PVA/Poly (R‐3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), PVA/Extracellular Matrix (ECM), and PVA/PHB/ECM to freeze–thaw cycles and additive materials effect on cell supporting potential of the hydrogels was investigated. As, limited cell attachment and spreading were observed on PVA blended hydrogels, air plasma surface modification has been performed to promote cell attachment. Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) spectroscopy revealed the presence of some reactive bonds such as carbonyl on pure and amide on ECM‐coated PVA after plasma exposure. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) also proved increased roughness of hydrogel surface due to the plasma treatment. Plasma modification positive effect on cytoskeleton arrangement of cultured equine adipose derived stem cells (eASCs) was then confirmed by DAPI/phalloidin staining and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging. In summary, among different physical modification approaches, coating with ECM fallowed by air plasma treatment had the most significant effect on cell‐hydrogel interactions. Thus, this combined modification method can be utilized to improve initial attachment and subsequent phenotype of cultured cells on PVA hydrogels for tissue engineering applications.
A novel nanocomposite of NH2‐MIL‐125 modified bismaleimide‐triazine resin with excellent dielectric properties
Authors: Li Xiaodan , Hu Xinyu , Liu Xiaoping , Liu Xiaoqing , He Rui , Liu Hongyu , Ling Xianzhang
Published: August 2021

The NH2‐MIL‐125 nanoparticles of amino‐functionalized titanium‐based metal organic frameworks were prepared by the solvothermal method and their nanocomposites with bismaleimide‐triazine resin (BT resin) were prepared. The research results showed that NH2‐MIL‐125 could significantly catalyze the curing reaction of BT resin to form triazine rings, which was attributed to the synergistic catalysis the self‐polymerization of cyanate ester by the amino group and Ti4+ in NH2‐MIL‐125. Because of the increase of triazine ring in crosslinking structures, the initial storage modulus of NH2‐MIL/BT nanocomposites improved. But the steric hindrance of NH2‐MIL‐125 brought the decrease on the crosslinking density and the increase on the free volume of nanocomposites. Meanwhile, besides the introduction of nanopores, the formation of more triazine rings and the increase of free volume, NH2‐MIL‐125 reduced the interface charge accumulation of nanocomposites through the Michael addition reaction with bismaleimide, which contributed to the reduction of dielectric constant of nanocomposites. In addition, NH2‐MIL‐125 with good dispersion played a toughening role and also improved the thermal stability and moisture resistance of nanocomposites. In this study, NH2‐MIL‐125 not only introduced nanopores but also changed crosslinking structures of BT resin, which provided a novel approach to obtain low‐dielectric materials.
A fluorescent screening method for optimization of conotoxin expression in Pichia pastoris
Authors: Zheng Lei , Lin Zeyin , Fan Haiping , Chen Mengxue , Yu Jiawei , Miao Ying , Wu Binghua
Published: August 2021

Conotoxins are small cysteine‐rich peptides secreted by the Conus venom glands, which act on ion channels or membrane receptors with high specificity and potency. Conotoxins are invaluable sources for neuroscience research and drug leads, but their application is hindered by the limited successes in quantitative engineering using either chemical or biotechnological approaches. Here, we explore the Pichia pastoris to express 23 selected conopeptides using a GFP‐based fluorescence screen. We found that, in a protease‐deficient strain PichiaPink™ Strain 4 (ade2 prb1 pep4), most of the recombinant conopeptides were expressed as two major folding variants including a compact form that was somehow resistant to reduction and high temperature. The GFP‐αTxIA was the only one displaying a single band that showed a dose‐dependent neurotoxicity on larvae of the insect Plutella xylostella, with a 48‐h LD50 lower than 1.12 pmol mg–1 body weight. Furthermore, the recombinant αTxIA after cleavage from the fusion was able to inhibit cell proliferation of the LYCT and HEK293T cell lines with an appearance IC50 of 341 ± 8 and 235 ± 15 nM, respectively. This screening method is straightforward and easy to scale up, providing a versatile tool for further optimization of conotoxin production in the yeast cell.
Preparation and characterization of a polyclonal antibody against PTEN‐Long
Authors: Yi Xianyanling , Wang Zhihong , Xiong Xingyu , Zheng Xiaonan , Peng Ge , Xu Hang , Wei Qiang , Li Hong , Zhu Ye , Ai Jianzhong
Published: August 2021

Phosphatase and tensin homolog‐long (PTEN‐L) is a translational isoform of PTEN, which exists in both intracellular and extracellular locations. Previous studies demonstrated that PTEN‐L could inhibit oncogenesis due to its lipid phosphatase activity. However, recent studies found that PTEN‐L could promote the proliferation of some types of cancer cells. Moreover, as a protein phosphatase, PTEN‐L can suppress mitophagy by counteracting PTEN‐induced putative kinase protein 1 (PINK1)‐Parkin‐mediated ubiquitin phosphorylation, namely, PTEN‐L is critical for exploring the mitophagy progression and the treatment of mitochondrial diseases. Accounting for the critical functions of PTEN‐L, its antibody can be used for the treatment or prognosis of tumors and mitochondrial diseases. Currently, the commercial antibody of PTEN‐L is not available. In our study, the recombinant PTEN‐L protein was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 and used as an antigen to immunize Japan's big‐eared white rabbit for the preparation of polyclonal antibody. The PTEN‐L protein can be captured by PTEN‐L antibody specifically and effectively. Taken together, a PTEN_L antibody is a valuable tool for further exploring the function of PTEN‐L in oncogenesis and mitochondrial diseases, and it would be a new choice for the prognosis or treatment of cancer and mitochondrial diseases.
Exposure management of a titanium‐reinforced dense polytetrafluoroethylene mesh used in a vertical ridge augmentation: A case report with 1‐year follow‐up
Authors: Belleggia Fabrizio
Published: August 2021

Introduction

A new titanium‐reinforced dense polytetrafluoroethylene mesh (TR‐dPTFEM) has recently been introduced for vertical ridge augmentation (VRA). Since primary closure is required, the literature lacks information on its behavior in case of premature exposure. To the author's knowledge, this is the first report about TR‐dPTFEM complication management.

Case Presentation

A TR‐dPTFEM was used for the VRA in the molar region of the upper right maxilla. The defect was filled with a mix of particulate autogenous bone and porcine xenograft in a 1:1 ratio. A collagen membrane covered the hole pattern of the TR‐dPTFEM to prevent soft tissue growth within the grafted material during the first weeks. After a 4‐month uneventful healing period, a 4‐mm exposure occurred without infection. Patient was prescribed 0.2% chlorhexidine mouth rinse three times a day and manual cleansing with gauze soaked in 3% hydrogen peroxide, and was recalled for weekly follow‐up. One month later, the clinical situation was unchanged and the site was re‐entered. After TR‐dPTFEM removal, the regenerated tissue appeared to be covered with a thin layer of connective tissue. The favorable bone quality made it possible to obtain the primary stability of two implants. At implant uncovering, a gingival graft augmented the keratinized mucosa width. Two screw‐retained crowns were delivered 4 months after implant insertion and the 1‐year follow‐up showed perfectly maintained hard and soft tissues.

Conclusion

A late TR‐dPTFEM exposure, managed under strict hygiene control, did not affect this VRA. The augmented bone remained stable 1 year after prosthetic loading.

Key points

Why is this case new information?

A novel titanium reinforced PTFE mesh has been recently introduced for vertical ridge augmentation. This case report adds new information to the literature about the management and clinical outcome in a case of exposure.

What are the keys to successful management of this case?

Weekly check‐up of the patient by the clinician

Patient's ability to keep the wound clean and disinfected

What are the primary limitations to success in this case?

Impossibility of being able to check the patient at least once a week

Acute infection
Disclosing the Role of Gold on Palladium – Gold Alloyed Supported Catalysts in Formic Acid Decomposition
Authors: Barlocco Ilaria , Capelli Sofia , Lu Xiuyuan , Bellomi Silvio , Huang Xiaohui , Wang Di , Prati Laura , Dimitratos Nikolaos , Roldan Alberto , Villa Alberto
Published: August 2021

Herein, we report the synthesis of preformed bimetallic Pd‐Au nanoparticles supported on carbon nanofibers with different Pd : Au atomic ratio (nominal molar ratio: 8–2, 6–4, 4–6, 2–8) and the corresponding Pd and Au monometallic catalysts by sol immobilization method. The obtained materials were characterized thoroughly by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP‐OES). The catalytic performances of the Pd‐Au catalysts were evaluated in the aqueous phase dehydrogenation of formic acid (FA) at room temperature obtaining enhanced activity, stability and selectivity compared to the monometallic systems. In particular, Pd6Au4 and Pd8Au2 showed the best combination of catalytic properties, i. e., high selectivity to H2 and improved catalytic stability. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations on Pd15, Au15 and Pd9Au6 clusters supported on a carbon sheet were then simulated to provide atomic level understanding to the beneficial effect of gold observed in the experimental results. Au15 barely adsorb FA, while Pd15 possesses an adsorption energy higher than Pd9Au6. Dehydrogenation and dehydration pathways were followed on all these models. For Pd9Au6, the most favourable route was the formation of carbon dioxide and hydrogen. Analysis of the electronic structures was also performed on the different models showing a stronger interaction between the bimetallic system and the support proving the alloy superior stability.
Tailoring the Electrocatalytic Activity of Pentlandite FexNi9‐XS8 Nanoparticles via Variation of the Fe : Ni Ratio for Enhanced Water Oxidation
Authors: Amin Hatem M. A. , Attia Mina , Tetzlaff David , Apfel Ulf‐Peter
Published: August 2021

The development of efficient and cost‐effective electrocatalytic materials is an important part in scaling up sustainable electrochemical energy devices such as electrolyzers and fuel cells. In particular, the sluggish kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) during water splitting renders the need of a catalyst indispensable. However, the development of catalysts is often based on laboratorial trial‐and‐error approaches and complex synthetic routes. Herein, the facile and systematic synthesis of pentlandite‐like FexNi9‐xS8 (x=0–9) nanosized particles from its elements with distinct Fe: Ni ratios was achieved using a mechanochemical method. The OER performance is optimized through tailoring the surface properties via altering the catalyst composition. The catalytic activity increases with higher nickel content in the structure, accomplishing an overpotential of 354 and 420 mV for ‘Ni9S8’ to drive 10 and 100 mA cm−2, respectively, with high stability. The in‐situ formed nickel oxide/hydroxide species concurrent with sulphur depletion from the pentlandite structure upon OER are more active than NiS, inferring the crucial role of the pentlandite structure in activity. The herein reported simple synthetic approach could bring significant progress in the catalyst material development via rationally screening pentlandites with desired properties for modern energy systems.
Understanding consumer's adoption of financial robo‐advisors at the outbreak of the COVID‐19 crisis in Malaysia
Authors: Gan Li Yin , Khan Mohammad Tariqul Islam , Liew Tze Wei
Published: August 2021

The COVID‐19 crisis that resulted in diminished close contact interaction and increased financial volatility could influence consumer's perception toward online automated financial robo‐advisor, in order to manage their financial planning. Based on the data collected (i.e., between February [9 reported cases] and March [36 reported cases] 2020) within the developed urban cities in Malaysia just before the nationwide lockdown, the present study examines the antecedents of financial robo‐advisor's adoption during the COVID‐19 crisis. A variance based analysis shows that consumers with higher financial knowledge and having a greater tendency to rely on robo‐advisor tend to adopt financial robo‐advisor in times of crisis. In line with the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology model, performance expectancy, social influence, and trust in robo‐advisor, in particular during the pandemic, drive consumer's intention to subscribe online financial robo‐advisor. The findings imply how consumers, robo‐advisory service providers, and regulators could respond to unprecedented crisis such as novel corona virus‐19.
Self‐Propelling Hybrid Gels Incorporating an Active Self‐Assembled, Low‐Molecular‐Weight Gelator
Authors: Piras Carmen C. , Smith David K.
Published: August 2021

Hybrid gel beads based on combining a low‐molecular‐weight gelator (LMWG) with a polymer gelator (PG) demonstrate an enhanced ability to self‐propel in water, with the LMWG playing an active role. Hybrid gel beads were loaded with ethanol and shown to move in water owing to the Marangoni effect changes in surface tension caused by the expulsion of ethanol – smaller beads move farther and faster than larger beads. Flat shapes of the hybrid gel were cut using a “stamp” – circles moved the furthest, whereas stars showed more rotation on their own axes. Comparing hybrid LMWG/PG gel beads with PG‐only beads demonstrated that the LMWG speeds up the beads, enhancing the rate of self‐propulsion. Self‐assembly of the LMWG into a “solid‐like” network prevents its leaching from the gel. The LMWG also retains its own unique function – specifically, remediating methylene blue pollutant dye from basic water as a result of noncovalent interactions. The mobile hybrid beads accumulate this dye more effectively than PG‐only beads. Self‐propelling gel beads have potential applications in removal/delivery of active agents in environmental or biological settings. The ability of self‐assembling LMWGs to enhance mobility and control removal/delivery suggests that adding them to self‐propelling systems can add significant value.
The Influence of Secondary Interactions on the [N−I−N]+ Halogen Bond
Authors: Lindblad Sofia , Boróka Németh Flóra , Földes Tamás , von der Heiden Daniel , Vang Herh G. , Driscoll Zakarias L. , Gonnering Emily R. , Pápai Imre , Bowling Nathan , Erdelyi Mate
Published: August 2021

[Bis(pyridine)iodine(I)]+ complexes offer controlled access to halonium ions under mild conditions. The reactivity of such stabilized halonium ions is primarily determined by their three‐center, four‐electron [N−I−N]+ halogen bond. We studied the importance of chelation, strain, steric hindrance and electrostatic interaction for the structure and reactivity of halogen bonded halonium ions by acquiring their 15N NMR coordination shifts and measuring their iodenium release rates, and interpreted the data with the support of DFT computations. A bidentate ligand stabilizes the [N−I−N]+ halogen bond, decreasing the halenium transfer rate. Strain weakens the bond and accordingly increases the release rate. Remote modifications in the backbone do not influence the stability as long as the effect is entirely steric. Incorporating an electron‐rich moiety close by the [N−I−N]+ motif increases the iodenium release rate. The analysis of the iodine(I) transfer mechanism highlights the impact of secondary interactions, and may provide a handle on the induction of stereoselectivity in electrophilic halogenations.
Importance of including soil moisture in drought monitoring over the Brazilian semiarid region: An evaluation using the JULES model, in situ observations, and remote sensing
Authors: Zeri Marcelo , Williams Karina , Cunha Ana Paula M. A. , Cunha‐Zeri Gisleine , Vianna Murilo S. , Blyth Eleanor M. , Marthews Toby R. , Hayman Garry D. , Costa José Maria , Marengo José A. , Alvalá Regina C. S. , Moraes Osvaldo L. L. , Galdos Marcelo V.
Published: August 2021

Soil moisture information is essential to monitoring of the intensity of droughts, the start of the rainy season, planting dates and early warnings of yield losses. We assess spatial and temporal trends of drought over the Brazilian semiarid region by combining soil moisture observations from 360 stations, root zone soil moisture from a leading land surface model, and a vegetation health index from remote sensing. The soil moisture dataset was obtained from the network of stations maintained by the National Center of Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disasters (Cemaden), in Brazil. Soil water content at 10 to 35 cm depth, for the period 1979–2018, was obtained from running the JULES land surface model (the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator). The modelled soil moisture was correlated with measurements in the common period of 2015–2018, resulting in an average correlation coefficient of 0.48 across the domain. The standardized soil moisture anomaly (SMA) was calculated for the long‐term modelled soil moisture and revealed strong negative values during well‐known drought periods in the region, especially during El‐Niño years. The performance of SMA in identifying droughts during the first 2 months of the raining and cropping season was similar to the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), commonly used for drought assessment: 12–14 events were identified by both indices. Finally, the temporal relationship between both SMA and SPI with the Vegetation Health Index (VHI) was assessed using the cross‐wavelet transform. The results indicated lagged correlations of 1 to 1.5 months in the annual scale, suggesting that negative trends in SMA and SPI can be an early warning to yield losses during the growing season. Public policies on drought assessment should consider the combination of multiple drought indices, including soil moisture anomaly.
The complex synaptic pathways onto a looming‐detector neuron revealed using serial block‐face scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Wernitznig Stefan , Rind F. Claire , Zankel Armin , Bock Elisabeth , Gütl Daniel , Hobusch Ulrich , Nikolic Manuela , Pargger Lukas , Pritz Elisabeth , Radulović Snježana , Sele Mariella , Summerauer Susanne , Pölt Peter , Leitinger Gerd
Published: August 2021

The ability of locusts to detect looming stimuli and avoid collisions or predators depends on a neuronal circuit in the locust's optic lobe. Although comprehensively studied for over three decades, there are still major questions about the computational steps of this circuit. We used fourth instar larvae of Locusta migratoria to describe the connection between the lobula giant movement detector 1 (LGMD1) neuron in the lobula complex and the upstream neuropil, the medulla. Serial block‐face scanning electron microscopy (SBEM) was used to characterize the morphology of the connecting neurons termed trans‐medullary afferent (TmA) neurons and their synaptic connectivity. This enabled us to trace neurons over several hundred micrometers between the medulla and the lobula complex while identifying their synapses. We traced two different TmA neurons, each from a different individual, from their synapses with the LGMD in the lobula complex up into the medulla and describe their synaptic relationships. There is not a simple downstream transmission of the signal from a lamina neuron onto these TmA neurons; there is also a feedback loop in place with TmA neurons making outputs as well as receiving inputs. More than one type of neuron shapes the signal of the TmA neurons in the medulla. We found both columnar and trans‐columnar neurons connected with the traced TmA neurons in the medulla. These findings indicate that there are computational steps in the medulla that have not been included in models of the neuronal pathway for looming detection.
Genomic regions associated with salinity tolerance in lowland switchgrass
Authors: Nayak Santosh , Bhandari Hem , Pantalone Vince , Saha Malay C. , Ali Shahjahan , Sams Carl
Published: August 2021

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a promising candidate species for sustainable biofuel feedstock production on marginal land. Soil salinity is one of the significant factors that limits sustainable agricultural production worldwide including a substantial reduction in biomass yield of switchgrass. This study was designed to assess genetic variation in lowland switchgrass and identify genomic regions contributing to an increased level of salinity tolerance using a subset (550 pseudo F2) of a nested association mapping (NAM) population. Salinity tolerance was evaluated based on salt injury score (SIS) using a 1 to 9 scale (1 = the most tolerant, 9 = the most sensitive) and stress tolerance index (STI) calculated from plant height measurements. Substantial variation among NAM families and genotypes within families was observed (p < .05) for SIS. However, no variation was evident among NAM families and genotypes within families for STI. The switchgrass plant accessions EG 1104–1, and EG 1104–2 displayed a high level of salinity tolerance based on SIS which can be used as source material for cultivar development. A total of five quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with SIS were detected by composite interval mapping on four chromosomes 2B, 6B, 7B, and 9B. The phenotypic variation explained by an individual QTL ranged from 1.4 to 6.5%. The additive genetic effects of individual QTL ranged from −0.07 to 0.63. Homologs of five candidate genes were identified, which were reported to be associated with salinity tolerance.
Tumescent anaesthesia for liposuction surgery—A review
Authors: Goyal Nilesh Narendra
Published: August 2021

Liposuction surgery has traditionally been performed under systemic anaesthesia since its invention in mid 1970s. The concept of liposuction under tumescent local anaesthesia by Jeffrey Klein MD, USA, using a dilute mixture of lidocaine, adrenaline and sodium bicarbonate in normal saline has radically modified the outcomes of the procedure making it very safe and at the same time effective to conduct the procedure. Tumescent anaesthesia is very well accepted by dermatologists performing liposuction around the world. Not a single death has been recorded when the principles of tumescent anaesthesia have been followed strictly during liposuction. The article is a review of different types of anaesthesia and issues specific to their use in liposuction surgery. It is the end result of an extensive search and compilation of facts from scientific publications (articles and chapters form textbooks) in the dermatologic, plastic surgery, pharmacology and anaesthesia fields.
History of dermatologic liposuction and autologous fat grafting—Review
Authors: Goyal Nilesh N. , Peros Ioannis , Ntasiou‐Plakida Dimitra , Lestari Sri , Lillis Patrick
Published: August 2021

It is indeed our fortune to have inherited the legacy of great inventor surgeons who worked incessantly to devise ways to remove fat from under the skin to give the body the desired appearance. The procedure underwent refining by doctors from varied streams and from across continents to the present level of precision in achieving the perfect body shape. Over the four decades since its invention, liposuction and fat grafting have undergone significant technological improvisations and mechanization leading to the emergence of non‐surgical techniques for body shaping. The review is very fascinating as it shows the blend of techniques developed by surgeons and dermatologists to achieve proficiency in body shaping. It is the largest collection of facts in this regard, all of which have been ascertained by the creators themselves.
Wildfire and climate change adaptation of western North American forests: a case for intentional management
Authors: Hessburg Paul F. , Prichard Susan J. , Hagmann R. Keala , Povak Nicholas A. , Lake Frank K.
Published: August 2021

Forest landscapes across western North America (wNA) have experienced extensive changes over the last two centuries, while climatic warming has become a global reality over the last four decades. Resulting interactions between historical increases in forested area and density and recent rapid warming, increasing insect mortality, and wildfire burned areas, are now leading to substantial abrupt landscape alterations. These outcomes are forcing forest planners and managers to identify strategies that can modify future outcomes that are ecologically and/or socially undesirable. Past forest management, including widespread harvest of fire‐ and climate‐tolerant large old trees and old forests, fire exclusion (both Indigenous and lightning ignitions), and highly effective wildfire suppression have contributed to the current state of wNA forests. These practices were successful at meeting short‐term demands, but they match poorly to modern realities. Hagmann et al. review a century of observations and multi‐scale, multi‐proxy, research evidence that details widespread changes in forested landscapes and wildfire regimes since the influx of European colonists. Over the preceding 10 millennia, large areas of wNA were already settled and proactively managed with intentional burning by Indigenous tribes. Prichard et al. then review the research on management practices historically applied by Indigenous tribes and currently applied by some managers to intentionally manage forests for resilient conditions. They address 10 questions surrounding the application and relevance of these management practices. Here, we highlight the main findings of both papers and offer recommendations for management. We discuss progress paralysis that often occurs with strict adherence to the precautionary principle; offer insights for dealing with the common problem of irreducible uncertainty and suggestions for reframing management and policy direction; and identify key knowledge gaps and research needs.
Adapting western North American forests to climate change and wildfires: 10 common questions
Authors: Prichard Susan J. , Hessburg Paul F. , Hagmann R. Keala , Povak Nicholas A. , Dobrowski Solomon Z. , Hurteau Matthew D. , Kane Van R. , Keane Robert E. , Kobziar Leda N. , Kolden Crystal A. , North Malcolm , Parks Sean A. , Safford Hugh D. , Stevens Jens T. , Yocom Larissa L. , Churchill Derek J. , Gray Robert W. , Huffman David W. , Lake Frank K. , Khatri‐Chhetri Pratima
Published: August 2021

We review science‐based adaptation strategies for western North American (wNA) forests that include restoring active fire regimes and fostering resilient structure and composition of forested landscapes. As part of the review, we address common questions associated with climate adaptation and realignment treatments that run counter to a broad consensus in the literature. These include the following: (1) Are the effects of fire exclusion overstated? If so, are treatments unwarranted and even counterproductive? (2) Is forest thinning alone sufficient to mitigate wildfire hazard? (3) Can forest thinning and prescribed burning solve the problem? (4) Should active forest management, including forest thinning, be concentrated in the wildland urban interface (WUI)? (5) Can wildfires on their own do the work of fuel treatments? (6) Is the primary objective of fuel reduction treatments to assist in future firefighting response and containment? (7) Do fuel treatments work under extreme fire weather? (8) Is the scale of the problem too great? Can we ever catch up? (9) Will planting more trees mitigate climate change in wNA forests? And (10) is post‐fire management needed or even ecologically justified? Based on our review of the scientific evidence, a range of proactive management actions are justified and necessary to keep pace with changing climatic and wildfire regimes and declining forest heterogeneity after severe wildfires. Science‐based adaptation options include the use of managed wildfire, prescribed burning, and coupled mechanical thinning and prescribed burning as is consistent with land management allocations and forest conditions. Although some current models of fire management in wNA are averse to short‐term risks and uncertainties, the long‐term environmental, social, and cultural consequences of wildfire management primarily grounded in fire suppression are well documented, highlighting an urgency to invest in intentional forest management and restoration of active fire regimes.
Environmental controls on butterfly occurrence and species richness in Israel: The importance of temperature over rainfall
Authors: Comay Orr , Ben Yehuda Oz , Schwartz‐Tzachor Racheli , Benyamini Dubi , Pe'er Israel , Ktalav Inbar , Pe'er Guy
Published: August 2021

Butterflies are considered important indicators representing the state of biodiversity and key ecosystem functions, but their use as bioindicators requires a better understanding of how their observed response is linked to environmental factors. Moreover, better understanding how butterfly faunas vary with climate and land cover may be useful to estimate the potential impacts of various drivers, including climate change, botanical succession, grazing, and afforestation. It is particularly important to establish which species of butterflies are sensitive to each environmental driver.

The study took place in Israel, including the West Bank and Golan Heights.

To develop a robust and systematic approach for identifying how butterfly faunas vary with the environment, we analyzed the occurrence of 73 species and the abundance of 24 species from Israeli Butterfly Monitoring Scheme (BMS‐IL) data. We used regional generalized additive models to quantify butterfly abundance, and generalized linear latent variable models and generalized linear models to quantify the impact of temperature, rainfall, soil type, and habitat on individual species and on the species community.

Species richness was higher for cooler transects, and also for hilly and mountainous transects in the Mediterranean region (rendzina and Terra rossa soils) compared with the coastal plain (Hamra soil) and semiarid northern Jordan Vale (loessial sierozem soil). Species occurrence was better explained by temperature (negative correlation) than precipitation, while for abundance the opposite pattern was found. Soil type and habitat were insignificant drivers of occurrence and abundance.

Butterfly faunas responded very strongly to temperature, even when accounting for other environmental factors. We expect that some butterfly species will disappear from marginal sites with global warming, and a large proportion will become rarer as the region becomes increasingly arid.