bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ferromagnetic Semiconductors
Authors: Matsukura Fumihiro , Ohno Hideo
Published: December 2007

Properties of ferromagnetic semiconductors based on III–V compound semiconductors and their heterostructures and device structures are presented. The emphasis is placed on the ways to determine basic properties and understanding of the properties of (Ga,Mn)As. Carrier‐induced ferromagnetism in these materials allows us not only to probe the magnetism by electrical means but also to control magnetism and magnetization by electrical means. The possibility of having ferromagnetic semiconductors with high transition temperatures is also discussed.
Magnetic Tunnel Junctions
Authors: Parkin Stuart , Yang Hyunsoo , Yang See‐Hun , Hayashi Masamitsu
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Fundamentals of Magnetic Tunnel Junctions (MTJs)

Influence of Chemical Bonding on Spin‐Polarized Tunneling

Influence of Wave‐Function Symmetry on Spin‐Polarized Tunneling

Relationship of Tunneling Magnetoresistance to Tunneling Spin Polarization

Temperature and Bias Voltage Dependence ofTMR

Spin‐Dependent Tunneling in Other Systems

Conclusion
Microwave Excitations in Spin Momentum Transfer Devices
Authors: Mancoff Frederick B. , Kaka Shehzaad
Published: December 2007

The spin‐transfer torque on a nanomagnet from a spin‐polarized electric current can excite a hysteretic reversal or high‐frequency precession of the nanomagnet. The precessing magnetic state in giant magnetoresistance point contacts can be frequency tuned from <5 to >40 GHz, with narrow linewidths of <5 MHz, as a function of applied current and magnetic field making these devices promising for nanoscale microwave oscillator applications. We discuss measurements of two aspects of the spin‐transfer precession state: the point contact area dependence of spin‐transfer precession; and the observation of phase locking between independent spin‐transfer oscillators. For increasing contact size from 35 nm to almost 300 nm diameter, both the decreasing slope of frequency versus current and the increasing critical current were fit by a model of a precession area extending past the contact edge by a ring of width ≈50 nm. For two contacts of nominal 80 nm diameter and electrically connected in parallel, we observed phase locking of the two spin‐transfer resonances for intercontact spacings <200 nm. In other devices with two contacts with independent electrical control, phase locking was observed at a spacing of 500 nm as the frequency of one contact was tuned toward the frequency of the other. The area‐dependence results are important with regards to fabrication and scaling of future spin‐transfer applications, while the existence of phase locking between spin‐transfer oscillators is essential for the coherent control of point contact arrays with increased output power as needed for practical devices.
The Magnetic Resonance Force Microscope
Authors: Hammel P. Chris , Pelekhov Denis V.
Published: December 2007

The magnetic resonance force microscope (MRFM) is a novel scanned probe instrument which combines the three‐dimensional imaging capabilities of magnetic resonance imaging with the very high sensitivity of force detection. This approach enables high spatial resolution in nondestructive, microscopic studies and imaging of a broad range of materials. Magnetic resonance detection of an individual electronic moment has been demonstrated using MRFM. Here we discuss the principles, method, and techniques of MRFM. While focusing on detailed discussions of the experimental approaches used, we also point out several successful applications thus demonstrating the broad potential of this novel technique.
Spin Engineering in Quantum Well Structures
Authors: Myers Roberto C. , Gossard Arthur C.
Published: December 2007

The spatial confinement of carriers to two‐dimensional systems has led to many recent advances in the field of semiconductor spintronics. Quantum wells offer a unique means for controlling the interactions of free carrier spins with localized magnetic‐ion spins and nuclear spins, and have the advantage of a high level of technological versatility via advanced growth techniques, most notably molecular‐beam epitaxy. Additionally, quantum wells offer advantageous optical properties for probing and polarizing spin. We review recent developments in semiconductor spintronics, in which electric and magnetic fields are used to polarize, orient, and couple quantum‐confined spins. Heterostructure design for the engineering of
g
‐factor, hyperfine coupling, and magnetic exchange interactions are discussed.
Manipulation of Spins and Coherence in Semiconductors
Authors: Stern Nathaniel P. , Berezovsky Jesse , Ghosh Sayantani , Awschalom David D.
Published: December 2007

The ability to optically measure coherent ensembles of spin‐polarized carriers in semiconductors has enabled many advances in the study of spin dynamics. Recent experiments reveal new capabilities to generate spin polarization through all‐electrical means without external magnetic fields. The ability to both manipulate and transport spins at GHz frequencies and micron length scales has created much interest in semiconductor spintronics. We review developments in the study of coherent spins in semiconductors, including methods for the electrical generation of spin polarization such as current‐induced spin polarization and the recently discovered spin Hall effect. Additionally, we discuss spin coherence in magnetic semiconductors, which offer a unique class of materials where electrical and magnetic phenomena can be combined.
Spin‐dependent Transport of Carriers in Semiconductors
Authors: Winkler Roland
Published: December 2007

This chapter reviews spin‐dependent transport of carriers in homogenous three‐dimensional and two‐dimensional semiconductors. We begin with a discussion of optical orientation of electron spins, which allows both the creation and detection of spin‐polarized carriers in semiconductors. Then we review nonequilibrium spin flow including spin drift and diffusion caused by electric fields and concentration gradients. A controlled spin precession is possible both in external magnetic fields and in effective magnetic fields due to a broken inversion symmetry. Although the Coulomb interaction does not couple to the spin degree of freedom, it affects the spin‐dependent transport via the spin Coulomb drag. In gyrotropic media, the optical creation of spin‐oriented electrons gives rise to spin photocurrents, which reverse their direction when the radiation helicity is changed from left‐handed to right‐handed. The reverse process is possible, too, that is, an electric current in a gyrotropic medium gives rise to a spin polarization in the bulk of the sample.
Electrical Double Layers. Double Layers at Single‐crystal and Polycrystalline Electrodes
Authors: Lust Enn
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

General Aspects

The Potential of Zero Charge and Electric Double‐layer Structure

Differential Capacitance of Electrode–Electrolyte Solution Interface

Electrical Double‐layer Structure at Solid Electrodes

Surface Roughness of Solid Electrodes

The Applicability of the Gouy–Chapman–Stern–Grahame Model to Solid Electrodes

Shape of
C
,
E
Curves

Parsons and Zobel Plot Method

Surface Roughness and Shape of Inner‐layer Capacitance Curves

Polycrystalline Electrode Models

Debye Length–dependent Surface Roughness Model

Electric Double Layer and Fractal Structure of Surface

Experimental Aspects. Short Review of Data

Silver

Gold

Copper

Lead

Tin

Zinc

Cadmium

Bismuth

Antimony

Iron

Nickel

Pt
‐group Metals

General Correlations

Zero‐charge Potential and Reticular Density of Planes

Potential of Zero Charge, Work Function, Interfacial Parameter, and Inner‐layer Capacitance

Data of Quantum‐chemical Calculations

Adsorption of Organic Compounds and Hydrophilicity of Electrode
Analyzing Electric Double Layers with the Atomic Force Microscope
Authors: Butt Hans‐Jürgen
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Surface Forces in Aqueous Electrolyte

DLVOForces

Early Surface Force Measurements

The Surface Forces Apparatus

The Osmotic Stress Method

The Bimorph Surface Force Apparatus

Force Measurements with theAFM

The Practice of Force Measurements

The Cantilever

The Probe: Tip or Colloidal Particle

An Instability: The Jump‐In

AFM‐Related Techniques

Theory of Measuring Surface Forces with theAFMin Aqueous Electrolyte

Derjaguins Approximation

The Electrostatic Double‐Layer Force

Other Surface Forces in Aqueous Electrolyte

AFMForce Measurements of the Electric Double Layer

Between Solid Surfaces

High Surface Potentials

Between Deformable Surfaces

Imaging Charge Distributions

Conclusion and Outlook
Atomically Controlled Electrochemical Deposition and Dissolution of Noble Metals
Authors: Ye Shen , Uosaki Kohei
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Atomically Controlled Deposition of Noble Metals

Platinum

Palladium

Rhodium

Ruthenium

Atomically Controlled Dissolution of Noble Metals

Palladium

Gold

Acknowledgment
Diffusion and Migration
Authors: Manzanares José A. , Kontturi Kyösti
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Fundamental Concepts

Diffusion–migration Flux Equations

Poisson Equation and the
LEN
Assumption

Continuity Equation

Ohm's Law and Migrational Transport Numbers

Diffusion‐conduction Flux Equation

Diffusion Boundary Layer

Faraday's Law and Integral Transport Numbers

Nernst Equation and Concentration Overpotential

Steady State Current–voltage Curves of Systems with One Active Species

Integration of the Transport Equations

Solutions of Homovalent Ions, |
z

i

 | =
z

Binary Electrolyte Solutions

Ternary Electrolyte Solutions. The Supporting Electrolyte

Weak Binary Electrolyte

Steady State Current–overpotential Curves in the Presence of Supporting Electrolyte

Systems with One Electroactive Species

Systems with Several Electroactive Species

Diffusion‐reaction Processes

Steady State Current–voltage Curves of Systems with Several Active Species

Kramer's Integration Method

The Equation for the Electric Field under the
LEN
Assumption

Ternary Electrolyte Solutions

Quaternary Electrolyte Solutions

Ion Transport under Transient Conditions

Fick's Second Law for a Strong Binary Electrolyte

Systems with One Active Species and Supporting Electrolyte

Voltage Step in the Presence of Supporting Electrolyte

Current Step in the Presence of Supporting Electrolyte

Voltage Step in the Absence of Supporting Electrolyte

Deviations from Local Electroneutrality

Space Charge Density

Deviations from Local Electroneutrality

Validity of the
LEN
Assumption

Appendix A

Appendix B

List of important symbols
Spectroscopic Applications ofSTMandAFMin Electrochemistry
Authors: Tao Nongjian
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

ElectrochemicalSTM—Elementary Concepts

ElectrochemicalAFM—Elementary Concepts

Selective Examples of Applications

Tunneling Spectroscopy

Redox States

Molecular Identifications

Molecular Electronics

Force Spectroscopy

Double‐layer Forces

Solvation Forces

Surface Stress

Conclusion

Acknowledgments
Structure Relationships in Electrochemical Reactions
Authors: Lucas C. A. , Marković N. M.
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Methods

X
‐
ray
Diffraction

Theory

Reciprocal Lattices for Low‐index
fcc
Metal Surfaces

Experimental Details

New Techniques

Rotating Ring Disk Methods

Surface Preparation

Surface Structures

Surface Reconstruction

Gas–solid Interface

Solid–solution Interface

Surface Relaxation

Adsorbate‐modified Surfaces

Anion Adsorption

Au
(111)/
Br

Au
(001)/
Br

Pt
(111)/
Br

Pt
(001)/
Br
System

Summary of Anion Adsorption on
Au
(
hkl
) and
Pt
(
hkl
) Surfaces

Underpotential Deposition

Cu
UPD
on
Au
(111) in Sulfuric Acid Solution

Cu
UPD
on
Pt
(111) in Sulfuric Acid Solution

Cu
UPD
onto
Pt
(111) in the Presence of Bromide Anions

Cu
UPD
onto
Pt
(001) in the Presence of Bromide Anions

A Physical Model for
Cu
UPD

The Oxygen‐reduction Reaction (
ORR
)

Reaction Pathway

ORR
on
Pt
(

hkl

) Surfaces

ORR
at the
Pt
(
hkl
)–halide Interface

ORR
at the
Pt
(

hkl

)–
Cu
upd
Interfaces

ORR
on
Cu
(

hkl

) Surfaces

ORR
on
Au
(

hkl

) Surfaces

Summary of the
ORR

Conclusion

Acknowledgment
Theoretical Aspects Associated with Charge‐transfer Kinetics across Interfaces between Two Immiscible Electrolyte Solutions
Authors: Fermín, David J. , Jensen Henrik , Girault Hubert H.
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction and Scope

Heterogeneous Electron Transfer across
ITIES

Thermodynamic Aspects in Connection to Heterogeneous
ET

Electron‐transfer Kinetics

The Phenomenological Butler–Volmer Expression

The Rate Constant of Electron Transfer

The Solvent Reorganization Energy

Potential Dependence of the Heterogeneous Electron‐transfer Rate Constant

Selected Experimental Results

Ion‐transfer Reactions

Kinetics of Ion‐transfer Reactions Based on the Assumption of an Activated Ion‐transfer Event

Interfacial Reaction Independent of the Local Electric Field

Interfacial Reaction Dependent on the Electric Field

Kinetics of Ion‐transfer Reactions Based on a Transport Description

General Treatment of Ion‐transfer Reactions at
ITIES

The Marcus Model for Ion Transfer at Liquid|Liquid Interfaces

Other Models

Conclusion and Outlook
The Influence of Ad‐atom Adsorption on Reaction Rates and Mechanisms
Authors: Kokkinidis Georgios
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Metal Ad‐atoms Deposited in the Underpotential Region

Electrocatalysis by Ad‐atoms

Reactions Catalyzed by Ad‐atoms

Reduction of Oxygen

Reduction of Nitro and Nitroso Compounds

Oxidation of Small Organic Molecules

Oxidation of Bigger Organic Molecules

Reversible Redox Reactions

Inorganic Electrochemical Reactions

Conclusion
Electrochemistry in Micelles and Microemulsions
Authors: Rusling James F.
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Surfactant‐Stabilized Microheterogeneous Fluids

Structures of Micelles and Microemulsions

Surfactants and Micellar Structure

Microemulsion Structure

Dynamics

Surfactant Aggregates on Solid Surfaces

Electrochemistry in Micellar and Microemulsion Systems

Mass Transport—Diffusion

Formal Potentials

Electrode Kinetic Effects

Pathway Control of Organic Reactions

Direct Electrolyses

Electrochemical Polymerization in Microemulsions

Mediated Reactions in Micellar Solutions

Mediated Reactions in Microemulsions

Reductive Dehalogenations

Bond Forming Reactions

Acknowledgments
Introduction to Electroanalytical Techniques and Instrumentation
Authors: Unwin Patrick R.
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Context

Basic Concepts and Terminology

Potentiometry

Dynamic Electrochemistry

Outline of this Volume

Acknowledgment
Digital Simulation in Electroanalytical Chemistry
Authors: Britz Dieter
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Historical

Some Mathematics

Three Model Systems

Normalization

Denormalization

The Box Method

Point Discretizations

Stability

Gradients at the Electrode

Boundary Conditions

The Explicit Method

Fudging

Homogeneous Chemical Reactions

Advanced Methods

Unequal Intervals

The Rudolph Method for Coupled Systems

BDF
(
FIRM
)

Extrapolation

Method of Lines

Commercial Packages

The Future
Step and Pulse Techniques
Authors: Brett Christopher M. A. , Brett Ana Maria Oliveira
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Potential Step

Single Potential Step

Double Potential Step

Potential Step Chronocoulometry

Staircase Voltammetry

Pulse Techniques

Normal Pulse Voltammetry (
NPV
)

Differential Pulse Voltammetry (
DPV
)

Square Wave Voltammetry (
SWV
)

Other Pulse Techniques

Comparison between Potential Pulse Techniques

Current Step and Chronopotentiometry

Variation of Potential with Time

Current Steps and Potentiometric Stripping Analysis

Concluding Remarks
Microelectrodes—Retrospect and Prospect
Authors: Forster Robert J.
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Background and Introduction

Microelectrode Fabrication and Characterization

Microelectrodes

Nanodes

Microelectrode Arrays

Arrays of Coupled Electrodes

Independently Addressable Arrays

Properties of Microelectrodes

Reduced Ohmic Effects

Interfacial Capacitance

Electrode Response Times

Mass Transport

Instrumental Challenges

Applications

Electroanalysis

Small Sample Volumes

Biosystems

Spatial Sampling and Timescale

Sensitivity

Neuronal Networks for Drug Evaluations

Artificial Noses

Low Conductivity Media

Theoretical Descriptions

Voltammetry in the Absence of Deliberately Added Electrolyte

Voltammetry in Pure Liquid Organics

Complexation Equilibria

Electron Transfer Mechanisms

Analytical Applications

Solid State Investigations

Ultrafast Electrochemical Techniques

Transient Techniques

Steady State Electrochemistry

ACElectrokinetics

Future Directions

Electron Transfer Mechanisms

Neurochemistry

Medicine

Nonanimal‐based Drug Testing

Prosthetic Devices

Analysis

Nanodevices and Circuits
Impedance Methods
Authors: Krause Steffi
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Impedance—A Complex Quantity

Definition

Impedance Response of Selected Circuit Elements and Their Combinations

Resistance

Capacitance

Resistance and Capacitance in Series

Resistance and Capacitance in Parallel

Equivalent Circuit Elements and the Electrochemical Cell

Forms of Data Presentation

Description of Electrochemical Processes

Faradaic Processes and Diffusion‐Related Phenomena

Validation of Experimental Data

Distributed Circuit Elements

The Effect of Electrode Morphology

Porous Electrodes

Characterization of Coatings and Membranes

Insulating Coatings

Noninsulating Films

Instrumentation

Single‐Sine Techniques

Phase‐Sensitive Detectors—Lock‐In Amplifiers

Frequency Response Analysis

Multiple‐Sine Techniques

Experimental Setup

Spatially Resolved Impedance Measurements

Local Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (
LEIS
)

Scanning Photo‐Induced Impedance Microscopy (
SPIM
)

AC
Voltammetry

Nonlinearity of Electrochemical Systems—Analysis of Higher Harmonics

Acknowledgments
Sonoelectrochemistry: Physical Aspects
Authors: Compton Richard G. , Hardcastle Joanna L. , del Campo Javier
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction to Power Ultrasound

Approaches to the Coupling of Ultrasound with Electrochemical Methods

The Influence of Ultrasound on Mass Transport at the Electrode

Ultrasound‐Induced Surface Effects

The Influence of Ultrasound on Chemical Processes

Generation of Active Radical Species

Rates of Heterogeneous Electron Transfer

Sonovoltammetric Study of Homogeneous Chemical Reactions

Extreme Conditions and Deviation from Hydrodynamic Behavior

The Effects of High‐Frequency Power Ultrasound
Sonoelectroanalysis: Applications
Authors: Compton Richard G. , Hardcastle Joanna L. , del Campo Javier
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Analysis by Classical Electrochemical Techniques

Coupling Ultrasound with Electroanalysis

Sono‐anodic Stripping Voltammetry (sono‐
ASV
)

The Determination of Heavy Metals in Alcoholic Beverages

The Determination of Copper in Biological Samples

Determination of Copper in Fish Gill Mucus

Silver Analysis at a Boron‐doped Diamond Electrode

Determination of Cadmium in the Presence of Surfactant

Applications of Sono‐adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry (Sono‐
Ad
SV
)

Applications of Sono‐cathodic Stripping Voltammetry (Sono‐
CSV
)

Determination of Lead in River Bed Sediment

Determination of Manganese in Instant Tea

Sonoelectroanalytical Linear Sweep Voltammetry

Detection of Nitrate at a Copper‐modified Electrode

Biphasic Sonoelectroanalysis

Determination of Lead in Petrol

Determination of Vanillin in Vanilla Extract

Conclusion
Electrochemical‐
AFM
Authors: Macpherson Julie V.
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Principles of
AFM

Substrate Preparation

AFM
Investigation of the Electrified Solid–solution Interface

Imaging Applications of Electrochemical
AFM

The Role of Ionic Adsorbates in Electrode Behavior

Underpotential deposition

Corrosion Studies

Molecular Adsorbates on Electrode Surfaces

Electrochemical Force Data Acquired Using the
AFM

Approach Curve Measurements

Retract Curve Measurements

Electrochemically Active
AFM
Probes

Microfabricated Conducting
AFM
Probes

Microwire Conducting
AFM
Probes

Conclusion

Acknowledgments
In
s
itu Infrared Spectroelectrochemistry
Authors: Christensen Paul Andrew
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Historical Context and Background

The Problem of Strong Solvent Absorption

The Infrared Transmittance Approach

The Infrared Internal Reflectance Approach

The External Reflectance Approach

The Sensitivity Problem

The Lock‐in Detection Approach

The Application of
FTIR
Spectrometers

Abnormal Infrared Effects, (
AIRE
), Surface‐enhanced Infrared Spectroscopy, (
SEIRAS
), and Intensity Stealing Effects

Abnormal Infrared Effects

Surface‐enhanced Infrared Effects

Intensity Transfer Effects

The Practicalities of In situ
FTIR
Spectroscopy

Data Collection and Manipulation Protocols

Simple Potential Step Difference Manipulations

Subtractively Normalized Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Potential Difference Infrared Spectroscopy

Single Potential Alteration Infrared Spectroscopy

Time‐resolved Spectroscopy

Thin Layer and Solvent Annulling

Specific Examples of In situ Electrochemical Infrared Spectroscopy taken from the Literature, and a Look at the Future

The Intermediate in the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

The Interface between Electrochemistry and Biology

The Study of Representative Electrodes

Quantitative In situ
FTIR

High Resolution In situ
FTIR

Time‐dependent In situ
FTIR
Spectroscopy

In situ
FTIR
as a Function of Temperature

The Application of In situ
FTIR
with other Analytical Techniques

Acknowledgments
Raman Spectroscopy of Electrode Surfaces
Authors: Tian Zhong‐Qun , Ren Bin
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

History of Raman Spectroscopy Applied in Electrochemistry

Normal Raman Scattering and Resonance Raman Scattering

Normal Raman Effect

Resonance Raman Effect

Surface‐enhanced Raman Scattering

Experimental Characteristics ofSERS

Electromagnetic Enhancement

Chemical Enhancement

Vibrational Properties of Electrode Surface Species

Molecular Symmetry of Surface Species

Dipole Coupling

Electrochemical Stark Effect and the Influence of a Solvent

Surface Selection Rules

Comparison of Raman Spectroscopy with Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy and their Applications in Electrochemistry

Experimental Details

Instrumentation for Raman Spectroscopy

Lasers

Monochannel Instruments

Multichannel Instruments

Fourier Transform Raman (FT‐Raman) Spectrometer

Raman Microscope

Confocal Raman Microscope

Comparison of Different Raman Systems

Experimental Setup for Electrochemical Raman Spectroscopy

Optical Operation Modes

Spectroelectrochemical Cells

Electrode Preparation

SERS‐active Electrode Surfaces

Non‐SERS‐active Electrodes

Electrochemical Raman Measurements

Measurement Procedures

Sensitivity

Spectral Resolution

Temporal Resolution

Single Shot Measurement

Pump‐probe Measurement

Potential Averaged Raman Spectroscopy (PARS)

Spatial Resolution

Lateral Resolution

Vertical Resolution

Calculation of the Surface Enhancement Factor (SEF)

Combined and Hyphenated Techniques

Optical Fiber Raman Spectroscopy

Hyphenated Techniques ofRaman Spectroscopy withSPM

Troubleshooting

Optical Alignment

Interference of Solution Species

Interference of Gas Evolution during In situ Measurements

Electrode Stability and Potential Reversibility

Surface Heating and Damage

Fluorescence Elimination

Applications

Surface Bonding

Identification of Different Surface Species

Determination of the Surface Adsorption Sites

Distinguishing Different Interactions of the Adsorbate with Substrates

Surface Configuration

Adsorption Orientation

Coadsorption of Thiourea and Thiocyanide

Surface Water

Water Adsorption in Aqueous Systems

Water Adsorption in Nonaqueous Systems

Surface Reactions

Surface Adlayers

Batteries and Fuel Cells

Lithium Ion Batteries

Methanol Fuel Cells

Corrosion

Passive Films

Corrosion Inhibitors

Electrodeposition and Surface Processing

Electrodeposition

Semiconductor Processing

Prospective and Future Developments

New Surfaces

Ordered Nanostructured Surfaces

Well‐defined Single Crystal Surfaces

New Methods

Tip‐enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

Near‐field Raman Spectroscopy

Surface Enhanced Hyper‐Raman Spectroscopy (SEHRS)

Acknowledgments
Electrochemical Techniques for Corrosion
Authors: Frankel Gerald S. , Rohwerder Michael
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Goals of Testing

Experimental Design Considerations

Sample Selection

Surface Preparation

Sample Masking

Choice of Electrolyte

Cell Design

Choice of Technique

Electrochemical Techniques for Determination of Corrosion Rate

Potentiodynamic Polarization

Corrosion Rate Measurement by Tafel Extrapolation

Corrosion Rate Measurement by Fitting Polarization Curve to Wagner–Traud Equation

Corrosion Rate Measurement by Linear Polarization

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

Corrosion Rate Determination by Electrochemical Noise Analysis (
ENA
)

Comparison of the Techniques for Assessment of Corrosion Rate

Techniques for Studying Passivity

Techniques for Evaluating Localized Corrosion

Exposure Testing

Quartz Crystal Microbalance

Scanning Kelvin Probe

Scanning Probe Microscopy
Corrosion of Alloys
Authors: Kaiser Hermann , Eckstein Gerald A.
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Basic Thermodynamics

Anodic Dissolution of Liquid Alloy Electrodes

Anodic Dissolution of Low‐Melting Solid Alloys

SnInAlloys

ZnCuAlloys

δ‐ZnFeand γ‐ZnNiAlloys

Corrosion of Higher‐Melting Alloys

Simultaneous Dissolution

Selective Dissolution (Dealloying)

Phenomenology of Dealloying

Dealloying of Engineering Materials

Electrochemical Aspects of Dealloying

Theoretical Aspects

Nanoscopic Investigations of Dealloyed Surfaces
Passivity of Metals, Alloys, and Semiconductors
Authors: Schultze Joachim Walter , Hassel Achim Walter
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Definition of Passivity

Survey of Systems

General Principles of Passivity

Thermodynamics and Bond Polarity

Experimental Techniques for Characterization of Passive Films

Thickness and Stoichiometry of Passive Films

Chemistry, Crystal Structure and Aging

Chemistry and Crystal Structure

Aging

Potential Distribution at the Interface

Electrochemical and Chemical Reactions in Passive Systems

Reactions

Current Densities

i

Ionic Properties, Migration and Ion‐Transfer Reactions

Electronic Behavior and
ETR

Band Structure of Oxide Films

Electron‐Transfer Reactions
ETR
at Oxide Films

Mixed Ionic/Electronic Conductivity

Equivalent Circuit Diagrams

Growth of Oxide Films and Ionic Migration

Survey on the Growth of Oxide Films

Insulating Passive Films on Metals: Growth, and Corrosion of Al as Example

Thermodynamic Aspects

A Survey on Oxide Formation from
CVs

The Film Formation Factor

k

Electrochemical Impedance Spectra
EIS
and Equivalent Circuit Diagram

Kinetics of Film Growth

Corrosion and Breakdown

Porous Aluminum Oxide

Other Types of Passive Aluminum Oxide Films, Anof, Modified Aluminum, Alloys

Other Systems

Other Metals Forming Insulating Oxide Films

Semiconducting and Metallic Oxide Films on Metals

Duplex Films

Passivation with Participation of the Electrolyte

Semiconductors

Passivation of Alloys

ITR
at the Homogeneous Oxide/Electrolyte Interface: Corrosion and Modification

Passive Corrosion in the Steady State

Corrosion during Oxide Growth

Oxide Reduction and Oxidation

Modification of Oxide Films by
ITR
of Other Ions

Corrosion at Inhomogeneous Films: Breakdown, Pitting and Localized Attack

Microscopic and Molecular Reasons for Local Corrosion

Dielectric Breakdown

Collision ionization model

Tunnel model for thin films

Pitting Corrosion

Cathodic Breakdown

Laser Induced Breakdown or Oxide Growth

Applications

Conclusions

Acknowledgments
Pitting Corrosion
Authors: Strehblow Hans‐Henning
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Phenomenological Aspects of Pitting

Critical Potentials and Polarization Curves

Pitting and Cathodic Counterreactions

Test Procedures and Ranking of Metals

Potentiostatic Current–time Curves

Pit Growth

Local Current Densities

Pit Size and Pit Shape

Pit Models, Microelectrodes, and Calculations

Precipitation of Salt Films Within Pits

Ohmic Drops

Composition of the Pit Electrolyte

Minimum Chloride Concentration for Pitting

Accumulation of Aggressive Anions

Repassivation of Corrosion Pits

Alloying Metals and Inclusions

Breakdown of Passivity and Pit Nucleation

Penetration Mechanism

Film‐breaking Mechanism

Adsorption Mechanism

Current Noise and Metastable Pitting

Mechanistic Consequences for Breakdown of Passivity

Factors Stabilizing Pit Growth

Conclusion
Corrosion Protection by Inhibition
Authors: Magnussen Olaf M.
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Phenomenological Aspects

Fundamentals

Classification

Anodic Inhibitors

Cathodic Inhibitors

Passivating Inhibitors

Mixed and Ohmic Inhibitors

Inhibition Efficiency

Definition and Measurement

Influence of Inhibitor Concentration

Influence of Solution
p
H
and Aggressive Ions

Synergistic Effects

Influence of Hydrodynamic Conditions

Inhibition by Adsorbed Layers

Adsorption on Metals in Solution

Adsorption on Bare Metal Surfaces

Adsorption on Oxide/Hydroxide Surfaces

Mechanisms of Corrosion in the Presence of Adsorbed Layers

Influence of Adsorbed Layers on Metal Dissolution Reactions

Influence of Adsorbed Layers on Cathodic Reactions

Inhibition by Protection Layers

Structure of Protection Layers Formed by Inhibitors

Film‐forming Cathodic Inhibitors

Film‐forming Anodic Inhibitors

Mechanisms of Protection Layer Formation

Precipitation from Solution

Direct Film Growth

Special Cases

Control of Solution Composition (“scavengers”)

Inhibition of Localized Corrosion

Inhibition of Stress‐corrosion Cracking

Inhibition of Chemical Corrosion Processes

Inhibition of Atmospheric Corrosion

Practical Applications

Overview

Water Treatment

Acid Systems

Corrosion Inhibition in Electronic Devices
High‐temperature Corrosion of Metals by Gases
Authors: Grabke Hans Jürgen , Holzäpfel Günther
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Determination of Thermodynamic Data

Measurements of Gibbs Energies

Measurement and Control of Partial Pressures and Activities

Nonstoichiometry and Defect Structure of Oxides and Other Corrosion Products

Cation‐deficient Oxides

NiO

CoO

FeO

Cu2O

Cation‐excess Oxides

ZnO

TiO2andZrO2

Chromia and Alumina

Cr2O3

Al2O3

Sulfides

Manganous Sulfide

Ag2S

FeSandNiS

Mechanisms and Kinetics of High‐temperature Scale Formation

Surface Reaction Control (Linear Rate Law)

Linear Oxidation inCO2–COMixtures

Linear Oxidation inH2OH2Mixtures

Linear Oxidation inO2

Linear Sulfidation inH2SH2

Bulk Diffusion Control–Parabolic Kinetics

Transition from Linear to Parabolic Kinetics

Wagner's Theory of Oxidation

Diffusion‐controlled Growth of Some Oxides

Validity Range of Wagner's Theory

Theory of Thin Film Growth

Theory of Cabrera and Mott

Field Caused by Chemisorption

Field Effect on the Reactions at the Metal/Oxide and Gas/Oxide Interfaces

Interfacial Reactions During Scale Growth

Evidence on the Reactions at the Scale/Metal Interface

Local Cell Action in High‐temperature Corrosion
Technical Scale of Electrochemistry
Authors: Jüttner Klans
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Advantages and Disadvantages of Electrochemical Processes

Electrochemical Reaction Engineering

Fundamentals

Current Efficiency

Space‐time Yield

Electrochemical Thermodynamics

Energy Yield

Specific Electrical Energy Consumption

Electrochemical Cell Design
Batteries: Basic Principles, Technologies, and Modeling
Authors: Botte Gerardine G.
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Basic Principles

History of Batteries

Battery Applications and Market

Thermodynamics of Batteries and Electrode Kinetics

Thermodynamics and Cell Potentials

Electrode Kinetics

Transport Mechanisms in Batteries

Characteristics of Batteries

Theoretical Capacity and Voltage

Theoretical Capacity

Theoretical Voltage

Battery Technologies

Primary Batteries

Leclanché's Cells

Magnesium Cells

Alkaline Manganese Dioxide Batteries

Silver Oxide Cells

Zinc/Air Cells

Lithium Batteries

Secondary Batteries

Lead‐acid Batteries

Nickel–Cadmium Batteries

Nickel–Hydrogen Batteries

Nickel–Metal Hydride (
Ni
/
MH
) Batteries

Lithium‐ion Batteries (Li‐ion)

Mathematical Modeling of Batteries

Schematic Diagram and Complexity of the Model

Empirical Models

First‐principle Models

Formulation of the Equations

Solution of Model Equations

Estimation of Properties and Parameters

Validation of the Model

Summary and Battery Trends
The Electrochemistry of Nuclear Reactor Coolant Circuits
Authors: Macdonald Digby D. , Urquidi‐Macdonald Mirna
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Water Radiolysis

Radiolytic Yield

Chemical Reactions

Convection

General Solution of the Equations

Mixed Potential Model and the Electrochemical Corrosion Potential

Stress Corrosion Cracking

Electrochemistry of Boiling Water Reactors

Electrochemistry of Pressurized Water Reactors
Environmental Electrochemistry
Authors: MacDougall Barry , Bock C. , Gattrell M.
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

The Electrochemical Approach in Solution

Electrochemical Treatment of Organic Toxins in Solution

Cathodic Electrochemical Dehalogination

Electrochemical Treatment of Anionic Inorganic Toxins in Solution

Cathodic Removal of Toxic Metal Ions from Solution

Advanced Oxidation Technologies Employing Hydroxyl Radicals

Ion Permeable Membranes

Electrochemical Remediation of Contaminated Soil

Sensor Technology in the Environmental Field

Concluding Remarks
Optimizing Photoelectrochemical Solar Energy Conversion: Multiple Bandgap and Solution Phase Phenomena
Authors: Licht Stuart
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Multiple Band Gap Photoelectrochemistry

Theory of Multiple Band Gap Solar Cell Configurations

Bipolar Band Gap
PECs

Inverted Band Gap
PECs

Bipolar Band Gap Solar Storage Cells

Bipolar Band Gap Solar Hydrolysis (hydrogen generation) Cells

Higher Solar Production Rates of Hydrogen Fuel are Attainable

Solution Phase Phenomena

Solution Phase Chemistry Optimization

n

‐
Cd
Chalcogenide/Aqueous Polysulfide Photoelectrochemistry

na

‐
Cd
Chalcogenide/Aqueous Ferrocyanide Photoelectrochemistry

n

‐
Ga
As
/Aqueous Polyselenide Photoelectrochemistry

Aqueous Polyiodide Photoelectrochemistry

Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgment
Fundamentals of Photocatalysis
Authors: Fujishima Akira , Tryk Donald A.
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Background

TiO
2
Characteristics

General

Band Edge Energies

Photocatalytic Reactions

Oxygen Electrochemistry

Basic Reactions, Kinetics, and Active Species

Quantum Yield

General

Factors Determining Quantum Yield

Reaction Mechanisms

General

Active Species

Aldehydes

Hydrocarbons and Related Compounds

Aromatics

Kinetic and Mass Transport Considerations

Adsorption

Mass Transport

Special Techniques

Slurry Electrodes

Biased Electrodes

Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy

LB
Techniques

New Photocatalysts

General

Metal‐modified Photocatalysts

Mixed Oxides

Conclusion
Applications of
Ti
O
2
Photocatalysis
Authors: Rao Tata N. , Tryk Donald A. , Fujishima Akira
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Photocatalytic Sterilization and Disinfection

Photocatalytic Antibacterial Tiles

Sterilizing Effect of
Ti
O
2

Destruction of Microbial Toxins

Photocatalytic Cancer Therapy

Photocatalytic Air Purification

Deodorization of Indoor Air

Treatment of Industrial Gaseous Effluents

Outdoor Air Purification (
NO

x

Removal)

Photocatalytic Water Purification

Wastewater Purification

Drinking Water Purification

Remediation of Metal Contamination

Self‐cleaning and Antifogging Surfaces

Self‐cleaning Surfaces

Antifogging, Antibeading Surfaces

Conclusion

Acknowledgment
Redox Potential‐structure Relationships in Coordination Compounds
Authors: Pombeiro Armando J.L.
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Redox Potential Parameterization

Pickett's and Derived Models

The Ligand ParameterPLand Metal Center ParametersEsand β

Extensions of the Model

Other Relationships

Lever's Model

The Ligand ParameterELand the Metal Center ParametersSMandIM

Extensions of the Model

Other Relationships

Bursten's Model

Final Comments
Redox Properties, Electrochemistry of Oxygen
Authors: L'Her Maurice
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Atomic and Physical Properties

Thermodynamics of the Redox Processes

Electrochemistry at Metal and Carbon Electrodes

Electrochemistry in Aqueous Solutions

Electrochemistry on Platinum

Electrochemistry on Other Metals and Electrode Materials

Electrochemistry in Nonaqueous Media

Electrochemistry at Electrodes Modified with Metal Complexes

Studies in Solution

ORRat Modified Electrodes
The Electrochemistry of Halogens
Authors: Marken Frank
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

The Electrochemistry of Fluorine

Introduction

Electrochemical Generation of Fluorine

Electrofluorination in Synthesis

Gas and Ion Sensors for Fluorine and Fluoride

The Electrochemistry of Chlorine

Introduction

Electrogeneration of Chlorine Gas

In Situ Electrogeneration of Chlorine

Miscellaneous Methods and Applications Involving Electrogenerated Chlorine

Sensors for Chlorine and Chloride

The Electrochemistry of Bromine

Introduction

Electrochemical Generation of Bromine

Electrobromination in Synthesis

Electrogenerated Bromine as Redox Mediator

Electrobromination Processes in Room Temperature Ionic Liquids

Miscellaneous Methods and Applications Involving Electrogenerated Bromine

Sensors for Bromine and Bromide

The Electrochemistry of Iodine

Introduction

Electrochemical Studies of Iodine Generation

Electroiodination and Electrogenerated Iodine as a Redox Mediator in Electrosynthesis

Miscellaneous Methods and Applications Involving Iodine Redox Systems

Application of Iodine as a Redox Mediator in Electroanalysis

Sensors for Iodine and Iodide

The Electrochemistry of Astatine

Introduction

Electrochemical Studies
Silicon
Authors: Chemla Marius
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Thermodynamics of Silicon Compounds

Electrochemical Reactions of Si Compounds Dissolved in the Electrolyte

The Silicon Electrodes

Prominent Role of the Space Charge Layer

The Flat Band Potential of Silicon

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (
EIS
) of the Space Charge Layer

Linear Sweep Voltammetry of Si Electrode in
HF
Solutions

Formation of Porous Silicon

Growth of Anodic Oxide Layers

Chemical/Electrochemical Reactions at Open‐circuit Potential

Oxide Growth by the
RCA
Cleaning Process

Etching of Monocrystalline Silicon

Electroless Nucleation of Metal Contaminants on Si Surface

Electrochemical Photovoltaic Cells
Titanium, Zirconium, and Hafnium
Authors: Pickett Christopher J.
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Syntheses of Coordination Complexes by Anodic Dissolution of the Metal

Electrochemistry in Molten Salts

Metallocene Systems

Porphyrin, Phthalocyanine, and Other Systems
Niobium and Tantalum
Authors: Pickett Christopher J.
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Studies of Chlorides in Molten Salts

Niobocenes

Tertiary Phosphine and Carbonyl Complexes
Chromium, Molybdenum and Tungsten
Authors: Pickett Christopher J.
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Electrochemical Oxidation

Mononuclear Carbonyls

Tertiary Phosphine Complexes: Redox Linked cis–trans Isomerism

Tertiary Phosphine Complexes: Intermediate Oxidation States and Ligand‐centered Oxidative Transformations

Arene and Cyclopentadienyl Derivatives

Zero Oxidation State Complexes

Intermediate and Higher Oxidation State Cyclopentadienyl Complexes

Pyrazolylborate Derivatives

Electrochemical Reduction

The Hexacarbonyls

Substituted Hexacarbonyls: Ligand‐centered Reduction

Haptotropic Rearrangements—Ring Slippage

Intermediate and Higher Oxidation State Complexes

Electrochemical Transformation of Ligands at {

M

(

Ph

2

PCH

2

CH

2

PPh

2
)
2
} Centers
Electrochemistry of the Iron Group
Authors: Barrière Frédéric
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Electrochemistry of Low‐valent Iron Complexes (Iron −IIto +II)

Iron(−II): Collman's Reagent via Reduction of Iron(0) Pentacarbonyl

Bridged Di‐iron Carbonyls

The [Fe2(CO)8]2−/1−System

Phosphido Bridged Iron Carbonyls

Thiolate‐bridged Iron Carbonyl: Cathodic Electrochemical Behavior

Thiolate‐bridged Iron Carbonyls: Simple Dinuclear Models for the Active Center of the Iron‐only Hydrogenase

Low‐valent Iron Porphyrins

Catalysis of Electrochemical Hydrogen Evolution

Catalysis of Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction

Stabilization of Low Iron Oxidation State by Interlocked Macrocyclic Ligands

Stable Low‐valent Iron Arene‐cyclopentadienyl Species: Strong Organometallic Reductants

Conclusions on Low‐valent Iron Systems

Mid‐valent Iron Complexes' Electrochemistry (IronIIandIII)

Ferrocene and Related Complexes

Filling the Electrochemical Window with Ferrocenyls

Choosing the Adequate Internal Reference

Sensing with Ferrocenyls

Mediating Electron Transfer Between an Enzyme and an Electrode

Coordination Complexes and Bioelectrochemical Applications

Ligand Types and Electrochemical Properties

Bipyridine and Phenanthroline Complexes of the Iron Group and Biolelectrochemical Applications

Switching Mechanisms Involving Translocation of Iron

Simple Iron Complexes: Hexa‐aqua Iron, Ferri‐ferro Cyanide, and Tetrachloro Ferrate

Conclusion on Mid‐valent Iron Systems

High‐valent Iron Complexes' Electrochemistry (IronIIIto IronVI)

Introduction

Selected Examples of High‐valent Iron Complexes' Electrochemistry

Conclusions on High‐valent Iron Systems

Conclusions
The Nickel Group (Nickel, Palladium, and Platinum)
Authors: Inzelt György , Horányi György
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Nickel

Fundamentals

Surface Changes at Atomic Level as a Function of Potential

Adsorption Studies

Spontaneous Reduction of Anions at Ni Surface

Electrochemical Oscillation during Nickel Dissolution

New Findings on the Dissolution/Deposition Processes

Nickel–Hydrogen Systems

Nickel Oxide and Nickel Hydroxide

Palladium

Fundamentals

New Findings on the Dissolution and Deposition of Palladium

Hydrogen and Oxygen Sorption in/at Palladium Electrodes

Electrosorption and Electrocatalytic Processes

Platinum

Fundamentals

Effect of Adsorption and Surface Structure on the Voltammetric Behavior of Platinum Electrodes

Adsorption of Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Anions

Well‐defined Platinum Surfaces

Faceted and Platinized Platinum Electrodes

Surface Structure and Reactivity

Acknowledgment
Electrochemistry of Cobalt‐containing Species
Authors: Johnson Michael J. , Peters Dennis G.
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Electrochemistry of Cobalt‐containing Species with Inorganic Ligands

Half‐reactions Involving Aquated Cobalt(
II
) and Cobalt(
III
)

Effect of Complexing Agents on Potentials for the Cobalt(
II
)–Cobalt(0) and Cobalt(
III
)–Cobalt(
II
) Couples

Potential of the Cobalt(
II
)–Cobalt(0) Couple in Molten Salts

Existence of Cobalt(
I
) in Aqueous Cyanide Solutions

Electrochemical Determination of Cobalt

Electrodeposition of Cobalt

Electrochemistry of Organocobalt Species

Direct Oxidations and Reductions

Dicobalt and Metal‐cluster Complexes

Modified Electrodes

Schiff‐base Complexes

Cobalt‐containing Porphyrins, Corroles, and Porphycenes

Macrocyclic Tetraamines

Catalytic Processes

Oxygen

Carbon Dioxide

Catalytic Interactions of Cobalt‐containing Species with Alkyl and Aryl Halides

Hydrazine
Electrochemistry of Isopoly and Heteropoly Oxometalates
Authors: Keita Bineta , Nadjo Louis
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Definitions

General Properties, Literature, and Topics Covered

A simplified Overview of the Formation of
POMs

Fundamental Redox Mechanisms of
POMs
at Electrodes

Electrochemical Reductions of Selected Plenary
POMs
: α‐[
Si
W
12
O
40
]
4−
, α‐[
PW
12
O
40
]
3−
, α‐[
P
2
W
18
O
62
]
6−
, and α‐[
H
2
W
12
O
40
]
6−

Aqueous Media

Nonaqueous and Mixed Solvents

Quinone/hydroquinone‐like Behaviors in the First Several Reduction Waves of
POMs

Selected Achievements that Illustrate the Basic Behaviors of Plenary
POMs
at Electrodes

Heterogeneous One‐electron Exchange of α‐[
Si
W
12
O
40
]
4−
in Dimethylformamide

The Reduction Potential of the One‐electron Wave and the Role of the Central Heteroatom

Isomerization upon Reduction

POM
‐solvent Interactions as Probed by the Redox Potentials of Two
POMs

Structure of Electrolyte Solutions As Probed by the Electrochemical Behaviors of
POMs

Cation and Pressure Effects on the Electrochemistry of 12‐Tungstocobaltate and 12‐Tungstophosphate Ions in Acidic Aqueous Solution

Mixed Addenda and Other Substituted
POMs

Comparison of Valence Trapping in Uniform and Mixed Addenda Plenary
POMs

Lacunary and Transition Metal–substituted
POMs

Lacunary
POMs

Transition Metal–monosubstituted
POMs

An Interesting Case of Mixing up of Substituent and Tungsten Waves: α
1
‐ and α
2
‐[
Fe
III
(
OH
2
)
P
2
W
17
O
61
]
7−

Sandwich‐type
POMs

Electron Transfer Behaviors of Multi‐iron Sandwich‐type
POMs

Electrochemical Probing of Siderophoric Behavior in Sandwich‐type Multi‐iron Wells–Dawson Heteropolytungstates

Recent Developments

Electrochemistry of a New Family of Wells–Dawson Anions: Semivacant Tungstophosphates and Arsenates [
H
4
XW
18
O
62
]
7−
(
X
 = 
P
or As)

Evidence for an Influence of the Dissymmetry on the Voltammetric Behavior of
PW
18
: Comparison with
P
2
W
18

Recent Achievements in Apparently Direct Multiple Electron Transfers on the First Waves of
POMs

Electrochemistry of the Multi‐nickel Polyoxoanions [
Ni
6
As
3
W
24
O
94
(
H
2
O
)
2
]
17−
, [
Ni
3
Na
(
H
2
O
)
2
(
As
W
9
O
34
)
2
]
11−
, and [
Ni
4
Mn
2
P
3
W
24
O
94
(
H
2
O
)
2
]
17−

Electrochemistry of the Iron(III)‐substituted Keggin Dimer, [
Fe
6
(
OH
)
3
(A‐α‐
Ge
W
9
O
34
(
OH
)
3
)
2
]
11−

Theoretical Approaches

Electronic Structures of
POMs
Explain their Redox Behaviors and the Relative Stability of Reduced Forms

An Extended Hückel Calculations Approach to a Qualitative Understanding of the Initial Electron Transfer Site in Dawson‐type
POMs

Electrocatalysis

Basic Concepts of Homogeneous Catalysis of Electrode Reactions

Selected Electrocatalysis in Homogeneous Solution

Electrocatalytic Reductions

Electrocatalytic Oxidations

Conclusion

Acknowledgment
Carbon Monoxide and Binary Metal Carbonyls
Authors: Pickett Christopher J.
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Electrochemical Reduction and Oxidation of Carbon Monoxide

Binary Metal Carbonyls

Mononuclear Carbonyls

Dinuclear and Polynuclear Binary Carbonyls