bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Peran Cadangan Beras Darurat di Kawasan Asia Tenggara
Authors: Hermanto NFN
Published: October 2017

English
Nowadays, negative impact of climate change on global food provision is apparent. As a disaster-prone region, ASEAN member countries in collaboration with Japan, Republic of Korea and the PRC have established a regional rice reserve named APTERR in 2012. Experts have split opinions regarding the benefit of regional rice reserve. Some experts argued that market is an efficient institution in distributing food, even in times of crisis. Meanwhile, other experts argue that relatively small and decentralized reserves are effective in coping with the problems of food insecurity in the region. Indonesia can view APTERR as an addition sources to the Government Rice Reserve in handling emergency needs, and in solving food insecurity issues. After a long formation process, APTERR has had appropriate mechanisms in operating a regional rice reserve. The challenge is to make APTERR becomes a more effective and efficient institution, and plays important role in maintaining stable rice price and supplies in the region.

 

Indonesian
Akhir-akhir ini dampak negatif perubahan iklim global terhadap penyediaan pangan global sudah mulai dirasakan. Sebagai kawasan produsen, yang sekaligus merupakan kawasan konsumen beras, serta sebagai kawasan yang rawan bencana, negara anggota ASEAN bekerja sama dengan Jepang, Republik Korea dan RRT secara resmi membentuk cadangan beras regional untuk keperluan darurat (APTERR) pada tahun 2012. Pembentukan cadangan beras APTERR ini diwarnai oleh perbedaan pendapat para pakar tentang manfaat cadangan beras regional. Sebagian dari pakar berpendapat bahwa pasar merupakan lembaga yang efisien dalam mendistribusikan pangan. Pada saat krisis pun pelaku pasar dapat membayar asuransi untuk mengantisipasi terjadinya gejolak pasar. Sebagian pakar lain berpendapat bahwa cadangan beras regional dalam jumlah yang relatif kecil dan terdesentralisasi akan efektif untuk penanganan kerawanan pangan dalam suatu kawasan. Keberadaan APTERR bagi Indonesia dapat dipandang sebagai suatu tambahan sumber daya bagi Cadangan Beras Pemerintah. Indonesia dapat mengakses bantuan beras APTERR untuk penanganan pasca bencana, serta untuk penanganan masalah kemiskinan dan kerawanan pangan. Setelah melalui proses pembentukan yang panjang, APTERR pada saat ini telah mempunyai sistem pengelolaan dan mekanisme pemanfaatan cadangan beras regional yang sesuai untuk mengantisipasi dan menangani keperluan darurat di kawasan. Tantangannya adalah bagaimana agar proses pemberian bantuan beras dapat lebih efektif dan efisien, serta ke depan agar APTERR dapat berperan dalam menjaga stabilitas pasokan dan harga beras di kawasan. Untuk itu perlu penyempurnaan mekanisme pengelolaan cadangan, peningkatan ketersediaan dana dan stok, serta peningkatan kerja sama dengan pihak swasta dan lembaga internasional untuk efisiensi distribusi bantuan beras APTERR.
Tinjauan Teoritis dan Empiris Efisiensi, Risiko, dan Perilaku Risiko Usaha Tani serta Implikasinya dalam Upaya Pencapaian Swasembada Pangan
Authors: Asnah NFN , Masyhuri NFN , Mulyo Jangkung Handoyo , Hartono Slamet
Published: October 2017

English
This paper aims to describe various models and results of empirical analyses of efficiency, risk, and risk behavior of farming in the country and abroad. Efficiency analyses on food crops, horticulture, and processing industry scales show various technical efficiencies, and both economic and allocative inefficiencies. To support food self-efficiency, therefore it is necessary to improve farm business efficiency and to reduce risk farming. Government’s and non-government organizations’ aids are required to improve farm efficiencies, such as irrigation construction and maintenance, factor inputs distribution, credit access, agricultural insurance, and research results dissemination. To improve allocative and economic efficiencies, some efforts are necessary to take such as marketing infrastructure enhancement, acceleratin transport of agricultural inputs and products, and expanding farmers’ access for information.

 

Indonesian
Tujuan dan ruang lingkup penulisan artikel ini adalah mendeskripsikan berbagai model dan hasil analisis empiris efisiensi, risiko, dan perilaku risiko usaha tani di dalam dan luar negeri. Metode yang digunakan adalah review hasil-hasil penelitian terkait. Analisis efisiensi pada komoditas tanaman pangan, hortikultura, dan skala usaha industri pengolahan memiliki nilai efisiensi teknis rendah hingga tinggi, dan seluruhnya kurang atau tidak efisien secara alokatif maupun ekonomi. Untuk mendukung tercapainya swasembada pangan perlu upaya dan kegiatan nyata membantu petani meningkatkan efisiensi dan mengurangi risiko usaha tani. Pemerintah maupun lembaga nonpemerintah agar lebih aktif dan intensif mendampingi serta secara terus menerus melakukan bimbingan teknis dan manajemen terkait penggunaan input, pembangunan dan perbaikan saluran irigasi, distribusi sarana produksi, pengadaan dan peningkatan akses kredit petani, serta sosialisasi hasil penelitian sampai ke tingkat petani, untuk mempertahankan efisiensi teknis yang tinggi dan meningkatkan efsiensi teknis yang rendah dan sedang. Untuk peningkatan efisiensi alokatif dan efisiensi ekonomi perlu strategi melalui pengadaan, renovasi maupun peningkatan infrastruktur penunjang pemasaran, memperlancar transportasi input dan produk dari dan ke pusat produksi maupun pasar, dan peningkatan akses informasi bagi petani serta perlunya sosialisasi kesadaran mencintai dan mengonsumsi produk pangan dan pertanian dalam negeri. Diperlukan pula sosialisasi asuransi pertanian yang telah ada secara lebih luas dan mengembangkan asuransi pertanian tidak terbatas hanya pada komoditas padi dan sapi. Memberikan bimbingan teknis dan manajemen aplikasi input juga diperlukan dalam upaya menurunkan risiko usaha tani.
Sertifikasi Halal Sektor Industri Pengolahan Hasil Pertanian
Authors: Prabowo Sulistyo , Rahman Azmawani Abd
Published: October 2017

English
Halal agriculture-based commodities have been growing rapidly in the world market, but Indonesia’s role is still limited. People think that halal certificate is a religious issue. This paper aims to assess positive sides of the halal certification in order to strengthen the agriculture-based industrial sector. This is a literature review and an observation of practice implementation of halal assurance system in Indonesia. Information was obtained from journals, books, magazines, newspapers and electronic media, such as official webs of certification bodies as well as personal communication with competent sources. The results indicate that issues on halal products become a significant opportunity to improve agribusiness economic power by strengthening agriculture-based industries.

Indonesian
Komoditas halal berbasis pertanian telah berkembang pesat di pasar dunia, namun peranan Indonesia masih sangat rendah. Hal tersebut tidak terlepas dari rendahnya kesadaran masyarakat yang masih menganggap halal hanya sebagai isu agama semata. Tulisan ini berupaya untuk melihat sisi positif sertifikasi halal dalam memperkuat sektor industri berbasis pertanian. Metode yang dilakukan adalah melalui peninjauan pustaka-pustaka yang relevan dan pengamatan praktik pelaksanaan sistem jaminan halal di Indonesia. Informasi didapatkan melalui sumber-sumber dari jurnal, buku, majalah, koran, dan media elektronik seperti halaman resmi organisasi lembaga sertifikasi serta komunikasi pribadi dengan narasumber yang kompeten. Hasil kajian ini menunjukkan bahwa isu halal menjadi peluang yang sangat besar untuk meningkatkan kekuatan perekonomian agribisnis melalui penguatan industri berbasis pertanian. Selain itu, tulisan ini juga memberikan gagasan yang dapat dijadikan sebagai landasan dalam menentukan strategi dan kebijakan di bidang pertanian.
Stabilisasi Harga Pangan Nonberas di Malaysia
Authors: Sayaka Bambang , Adhie Setyo
Published: October 2017

English
Malaysian Government applies policy on non-rice price stabilization through farmers’ product purchase, incentives for farmers, and retail price control. This paper aims (i) to review Malaysia’s policy on food production; (ii) to assess price control and farmers’ protection policy; and (iii) to learn a lesson from Malaysia’s success in stabilizing strategic goods prices. Ministry of Domestic Trade, Co-operatives and Consumerism (MDTCC) controls strategic goods price established by Malaysian Government. Federal Agricultural Marketing Agency (FAMA) controls domestic supply of agricultural products such that the prices are feasible to farmers but affordable to consumers. Ministry of Agriculture Indonesia could learn from success of this neighboring country in protecting farmers for producing agricultural products in order to maintain domestic supply and to stabilize food price.

Indonesian
Pemerintah Malaysia melakukan stabilisasi harga pangan nonberas melalui jaminan pembelian hasil panen petani, insentif kepada petani, dan pengendalian harga eceran. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk (i) melakukan tinjauan kebijakan Pemerintah Malaysia dalam produksi pangan; (ii) mempelajari kebijakan pengendalian harga pangan strategis dan perlindungan bagi petani; dan (iii) mengambil manfaat dari keberhasilan Malaysia dalam mengendalikan harga produk strategis. Kementerian Dalam Negeri, Koperasi, dan Kepenggunaan (KPDNKK) Malaysia mengendalikan harga eceran kebutuhan pokok yang sudah ditentukan oleh Pemerintah Malaysia. Federal Agricultural Marketing Agency (FAMA) mengendalikan pasokan produk pertanian ke pasar domestik dengan menjaga harga dasar yang menguntungkan bagi petani tetapi masih terjangkau bagi konsumen. Kementerian Pertanian Indonesia bisa belajar dari pengalaman negara jiran tersebut untuk membantu petani agar tetap bergairah menghasilkan produk pertanian sehingga pasokan dan harga pangan relatif stabil.
Large-Scale Testing and Modeling for Cement Zonal Isolation in Water-Injection Wells
Authors: Therond Emmanuel , Bois Axel-Pierre , Whaley Kevin , Murillo Rodrigo
Published: October 2017

Water injection into soft sand is a global industry challenge because of the complex problem of maintaining sustained water-injection rates into the desired reservoir. Drilling, cementing, and completion engineers are addressing each technical and operational aspect of water injectors, including cement isolation. Cement serves as a barrier during well construction through to post-abandonment. It contributes to ensuring that no out-of-zone water injection occurs because of flow behind casing. If water does go out of zone, new drilling hazards that are a result of water breaching and a loss of reservoir management will occur.

At present, as far as we know, the industry does not have a systematic methodology for defining and verifying the required physical and mechanical properties of the cement to endure water-injection service and to retain its isolation capability during well life. Cement-integrity simulators (CISs) provide different answers, mainly because they all assume a different initial stress-state in the cement after hydration. As a consequence, a new CIS model that computes this stress state has been developed, along with a large-scale testing setup to validate its predictions.

The new model incorporates key-design parameters of effective CIS models: (1) The initial stress state after cement hydration is computed; (2) varying loadings that the cement sheath is submitted to are simulated; (3) the elasticity, plasticity, and failure of materials are taken into account; (4) the simulations are fast enough to facilitate sensitivity analysis; and (5) the model outputs allow the visualization of cement integrity across the entire length of the cement sheath, adjacent to reservoirs and to seals.

Parallel to the modeling work, a large-scale test apparatus was built to evaluate cement zonal isolation under water-injection pressure and temperature conditions. Its objective was to generate pressure and temperature cycles inside sections of cemented casing assemblies to replicate the conditions of pressure and temperature variations in a water-injection well.

The results of the test confirmed the accuracy of the new CIS model. They also showed that cooling because of water injection had a bigger impact on cement integrity than increasing pressure. In addition, the results showed that microannulus generation had more effect than tensile cracking in terms of cement-barrier-permeability increase.
Successful Hydraulic Fracturing Techniques in Shallow Unconsolidated Heavy Oil Sandstones
Authors: Zagrebelnyy E. , Martynov M. , Konopelko A.
Published: October 2017

This paper describes succesfull experience of implement hydraulic fracturing at unconsolidated low-temperature formation in Yamal region in Russia. Experience of hydraulic fracturing as known as well stimulation method for deep-water deposits of West-Siberian oil an gas basin. Hydraulic fracturing at terrestrial deposits, which is Vostochno-Messoyakhskoye field, are not used in general practice. There are few reasons for that: shallow depth (about 800m), incompetent rock, gas-cap and oil-water contact have to limit fracture height, low formation temperature (16°C) doesn't available to use traditional oxidezing breakers and resin-coated proppants. But the other hand high viscosity of oil (111CP) promotes to using hydraulic fracturing for increasing coverage ratio at exploration of high-stratified formation. All these points are signing that classic hydraulic fracturing techniqes are not applicable for this facility.

The basic development technology is the drilling of horizontal wells with a length of 1000m, equipped uncased liners with filters (both premium and perforated pipes). However, as the first results of drilling and development of wells of full-scale development showed the extraction of reserves located in a highly divided reservoir is a laborious process and requires the attraction of new technologies of drilling, completion and production stimulation.

There was developed pilot project of implement hydraulic fracturing technology to directional wells for subsequent replication to horizontal wells using specialized completion systems. This article describes the implemented program of pilot work on directional wells and a set of accompanying surveys, also provides conclusions and plans for further replication to horizontal wells with the transition to multi-stage fracturing technology.
Integrated Thermodynamic Reservoir-to-Surface Modeling: The Modern Tool for Optimizing the Cycling Steam Stimulation Heavy Oil Recovery Process
Authors: Khaliulin Ruslan , Litus Dmitry , Kharkovsky Alexander , Shakhov Dmitry , Nuriev Ayvar , Maskaev Pavel , Kuzmich Andrey
Published: October 2017

Production of high viscous oil from reservoirs is associated with high level of geological and technological risks. In order to make heavy oil projects economically valuable, it is important to reach sufficient levels of oil production to cover the high costs of used technologies. It is very well known that thermal methods are the ones having the highest positive impact on the heavy oil recovery. The complexity of the physical processes while implementation of such methods represents a significant engineering challenge in terms of planning and finding optimal field development scenario. Modern modeling tool such as detailed integrated model combining the reservoir and the surface network simulators allow the engineers to model the complex physical phenomena and investigate in details different "what-if" scenarios, thus allowing them to find and implement optimal solutions, minimize risks and achieve economical profitability of complex heavy oil projects.

However, prior to application of such complex models for making engineering decisions it is crucial to ensure, that they are able to deliver stable and valid results in the entire range of the possible input parameters changes. These changes of parameters can be dictated by either uncertainty of the initial data due to limited availability and quality or by actual variation as the result of complex physical phenomena. This paper describes a challenge of modeling of the shallow heavy oil field Katangli, where for 40 years the cyclic steam injection heavy oil recovery technology has been implemented. In this work, the comprehensive thermodynamic models of the reservoir and the surface infrastructure were built in order to take into account for all necessary physical effects. These models were then combined into the single "reservoir-to-surface" integrated model in order to consider the behavior of the entire system and counter influence of the both parts on each other. While building and calibration those models several important studies were performed with each part of the integrated model, which helped to better understand the process of cycling steam injection, specificities of its application and modeling, and to address issues related to initial data availability, quality and variability and their potential impact on engineering decisions in future.
Control Methods of Propellant Fracturing for Production Stimulation
Authors: Vershinin V. , Fedorov K. , Gankin Y. , Kirichenko A.
Published: October 2017

Method of propellant fracturing under low rate reaction in wellbore hole is common in Russia and abroad. Usage of low volume propellant and dependence of fracturing mechanism from chemical reaction rate are the main limitations of technology application efficiency. Significant increase of energy output could be achieved by application of liquid reactants injection in near wellbore zone. In the paper, physical and chemical factors influencing on chemical reaction rate in porous media and thus controlling the fracturing mechanismare analyzed.
Application and Optimization of Drill-In Fluids for Achimov Horizontal Wells in West Siberia
Authors: Kiselev Pavel , Kretsul Vyacheslav , Dobrokhleb Pavel , Dementyev Alexander
Published: October 2017

The Achimov oil and gas bearing formation is encountered in nearly the entire West Siberian basin. These sandstone reservoirs form multiple lens-like structures. More than 100 oil, gas, and condensate deposits were discovered in the Achimov formation. Many of them huge, and the one located in the Samburg-Urengoy zone is enormous. There are gas and gas-condensate bearing formations within the upper Achimov interval; some Achimov operators also have encountered the oil-rims in the lower Achimov layers. The formations have sandstone beds with shale interbeddings. Even though a shale layer divides oil from water, it is not hydrodynamically isolating the layers over most of the field. The underlying waters limit the possibility of fracturing completions in the lower Achimov formation. Thus, the primary focus has been on the development of the cost-effective and innovative drill-in and clean-up optimization techniques to improve horizontal well performance.

A properly designed reservoir drill-in fluid and precise control of its properties are essential to drill and complete horizontal wells and prevent formation damage issues that hamper production. Key requirements, application criteria, design decisions, advantages and limitations, main features and field application results are analyzed based on Urengoy field.

Extensive lab testing, computer modeling, and hydraulics simulations were performed to consider temperature and pressure conditions of the Achimov formations. The main features of developed oil-based drill-in fluid (OBM) formulation are discussed with respect to local field and reservoir specifics, including wellbore stability, equivalent circulating density (ECD) management, and reservoir damage.

The large-scale implementation of OBM fluids in the Yamal region is an ongoing, unique project with an extensive amount of lessons learned and "now how" technologies included from an engineered drilling system approach [7, 27]. The OBM application experience explained in the paper provides assistance to other companies working in West Siberia; details explaining how the planning and executing the Achimov development with drilling of horizontal wells and simplify OBM application led to success.

This paper discusses the upfront assessment process, the OBM system, the chemistry, and subsequent optimization of drilling practices to achieve the drilling and completion objectives in Achimov formations of the Greater Urengoy fields.
Successful Zonal Isolation of Horizontal Liner with Cement Designed for Mechanical Loads during Multiple Hydraulic Fracturing Treatments in Western Siberia
Authors: Sergeev Sergey , Jekic Zelimir , Arkhipov Alexey , Ivanov Boris
Published: October 2017

Multiple hydraulic fracturing treatments (MHFTs) used during well completions necessitate high-quality cementing operations; particularly, the compressive strength characteristics of the set cement are important. The following issues should also be carefully considered during treatment planning: Pressure fluctuations that can affect set cementThe cement stability, where the presence of free fluid in the upper part of the annulus and the settling of cement in the lower part of annulus is a riskNarrow gaps in the annulus, insufficient cement sheath thickness, strength retrogression, and the effects on the life of the cementGas migration risks caused by decreased hydrostatic pressure during cement setting in small annular clearancesInsufficient centralizationFluid loss requirements of less than 30 cc/30 minCompliance with a required low-rheological fluid profileHigh risk of cement slurry contamination

This work discusses the practices followed during MHFTs to help ensure successful operation performance and results.
Refinement of the Drillpipe-Slip Mechanical Model
Authors: Tikhonov Vadim , Gelfgat Mikhail , Ring Lev , Bukashkina Olga
Published: October 2017

Slips, slip elevators, spiders, etc. have been widely used as oilfield service tools to grip and hold drill pipe, drill collars and casings by acting as a wedge. A pipe in a slip with a conical bearing surface is subjected to complex loads comprised of tensile, compressional, radial and bending stresses. To increase the holding force, the bearing surface of the gripping device in the form of a dies set is provided with teeth penetrating into the pipe body. This generates additional drag force on the contact surface that supplements the friction force.

This paper presents a new slip model, which uses the dependence of the drag force on the teeth penetration depth. The model is based on an improved dependence of the drag of wedge-shaped die teeth not only on the friction force in the "die-pipe" pair but also on the shearing force arising during teeth penetration in the pipe body. Equation parameters have been verified by multiple finite element (FE) calculations and experimental studies of dependence of the penetration force on the drag of a single tooth. The developed equations are used in the complete drillpipe-slip model. It accounts for pipe wall deformation under compressive stress generated by the slip and the drillstring weight and determines the active bearing length of the slip under load. The paper presents calculations of allowable areas for a slip of a specified length equipped with toothed dies based on the load carrying capacity and pipe strength.

The proposed model can be used for operative calculations of the slip carrying capacity, as well as for the development of new slip designs.
Integrated Project Management Reduces Well Construction Time by 25% while Delivering Complex 3D Extended-Reach Drilling Campaign on Lebedinskoye Field, Sakhalin
Authors: Lebedeva Irina , Mazaev Konstantin , Valshin Oleg , Savinov Roman , Kasumov Ruslan , Shakirova Anastasia , Mikhailitsyn Egor , Leontyev Dmitry , Kim Vitaly , Bochkarev Vladimir , Nikifirova Olga , Surmin Vladimir , Tyan Oleg
Published: October 2017

This paper will present the integrated extraordinary solutions founded during Extended-Reach Drilling (ERD) campaign on Lebedinskoye oilfield, which is located on the Northern East shelf of Sakhalin Island.

As a green field, Lebedinskoye had a high level of geological uncertainty. Specifics of location made the well profiles complex - with a high Directional Difficulty Index – DDI (SPE ref. 59196) up to 7.2 and ERD ratio up to 2.94. Island logistics imposed critical constraints to the project planning.

Rosneft and Schlumberger established the goal to optimize the well construction time to bring additional savings in the period of industry downturn. At the same time, a project team set ambitious goals to plan and execute operations to a safe and high quality standard.

An integrated approach was deemed essential for success of such complex project. Integration provided a seamless interface bridging multi-discipline solutions and technologies to ensure high quality planning together with risk management.

Several technologies in the project were implemented for first time in Russia. A "point the bit" rotary-steerable system enabled drilling the 17 ½" section in the one run of 2168m. A non-cemented liner eliminated the additional cost and time for a cement job as well as the potential impairment of the pay zone. The project team successfully run floated 9 5/8" casing to the final depth and eliminated major risks of the campaign. The Lebedinskoye was the first time the client implemented advanced LWD tools for deep reservoir mapping. In the result, 97% of 1962m horizontal section placed in the target zone, which became a new record for the Client.

Finally, integrated approach, new technologies and solutions reduced well construction time by 25% as compared to similar offset extended-reach wells and made the project economical efficient in the period of downturn.
A Package of Technical and Technological Solutions for Enhancement of Casing Quality during Wells Construction
Authors: Isaev A. A. , Takhautdinov R. Sh. , Malykhin V. I. , Sharifullin A. A.
Published: October 2017

Currently the well casing is performed for different purposes: –strengthening of borehole walls in the intervals of unstable rocks;–isolation of zones of disastrous lost circulation of flushing liquid and zones of possible crossflows of formation fluid along the borehole;–separation of intervals where geologic conditions require implementation of flushing liquid with very different densities;–Separation of productive horizons and their isolation from aquifers;–formation of a reliable channel in a well for extraction of oil or pumping a fluid into the formation;–creation of a reliable foundation for installation of wellhead equipment.

The cement rock behind the casing string should be sufficiently strong and impermeable, have good adhesion to the surface of a casing pipe and to the walls of a wellbore.

Analysis of the complications regarding well strengthening shows that about 30% of wells contain water cut products due to incorrect determination of oil-water contact (OWC); 20% of the complications are due to the absorption of the grouting slurry and, consequently, insufficient lifting of cement mortar; interlayer crossflows account for about 25%, of complications, fluid kicks - 10% and 15% are associated with insufficient running of strings. Liquidation of interlayer cross-flows require significant costs that reach the average of 16% of the well cost (as regards the well stock of Sheshmaoil LLC), therefore the quality of well casing is of significant importance.
Study of Suppression of Gas Bubbles Coalescence in the Liquid for Use in Technologies of Oil Production and Associated Gas Utilization
Authors: Drozdov A. N. , Drozdov N. A. , Bunkin N. F. , Kozlov V. A.
Published: October 2017

The paper is devoted to the investigation of the stability of gas-liquid mixtures.

Investigations of the suppression of the coalescence of gas bubbles in a liquid at various concentrations and composition of dissolved salts were carried out on a facility containing a laser diode with a telescopic system, a glass column, a bubbler, a gas supply system, a laser reception unit with a breaker, a lens and a photodiode, an oscillograph and a computer. The value of coalescence suppression was determined from the change in the transmittance of laser radiation through a column with bubbles in the liquid. In addition, bench tests were carried out on the characteristics of ejectors and a multistage centrifugal pump when creating and pumping gas-liquid mixtures using fresh water as a liquid, as well as aqueous solutions with various concentrations of NaCl.

It has been experimentally determined that there are zones of rational salt concentrations and composition in which the coalescence of gas bubbles is suppressed due to the expression of repulsive forces between bubbles charged negatively in aqueous solutions of electrolytes. At smaller and higher concentrations coalescence suppression does not occur, and gas bubbles actively join with each other. The effect of cations and anions in aqueous solutions of various salts on the process of suppressing the coalescence of gas bubbles in a liquid is revealed.

Investigations of the produced water from Samodurovskoye field showed that its composition helps to suppress coalescence of bubbles, but the addition of a certain amount of NaCl enhances the suppression of coalescence.

When the water-gas mixture prepared by the ejector with using fresh water was pumped was pumped out on bench and the coalescence of gas bubbles was not maintained, the pressure developed by the multistage centrifugal pump decreased greatly with increasing gas content at the pump inlet. When using of NaCl aqueous solutions in the field of rational concentrations, a multistage centrifugal pump began to operate much better on a water-gas mixture. This was due to the suppression of the coalescence of gas bubbles in the liquid and the prevention of the formation of large gas caverns in the inter-blade channels of the pump.

Field studies of the pump-ejecting system for SWAG injection on Samodurovskoye field were also carried out.

The obtained results can be used for utilization of associated gas by water-gas injection, as well as in various oil production technologies, where gas-liquid mixtures move (completion, operation of wells, gathering oil, gas and water).
Multiphase Gas-Condensate Metering Tests with Individual Fluid Properties Model
Authors: Davidovskiy A. O. , Abramochkin S. A. , Lopatina N. G.
Published: October 2017

Gas-condensate production studies are run to determine the paramount data for gas and condensate reserve evaluations, field characterizations and facilities installations.

Currently, there is enough number of workflows, rules, and recommendations to conduct gas-condensate metering tests (GCMT) with data processing and results presenting, however, all such documents imply the use of traditional measurement instruments, which are the conventional separators. Over the last decade, multiphase flowmeters have become widely known and they provide non-separating measurements of all produced phases a single measuring point.

The paper presents a unique GCMT workflow using a Vx multiphase metering technology, which considers the use of individual fluid properties models (or PVT models), designed for accurate flow rate measurements in gas condensate wells, when permanent measurements are arranged for individual or a group of gas condensate wells. The workflow implementation has allowed creating a comprehensive alternative to traditional separation technologies for conducting GCMTs in gas condensate wells of Achimov deposits in Western Siberia.
Geochemical Tools to Correlate Light Petroleum and Evaluate Thermal Maturity: A Case Study of Precambrian Condensates from East Siberia, Russia
Authors: Chakhmakhchev Alexander , Shiganova Olga , Andrus Vlad , Tchistiakov Alexei
Published: October 2017

Geochemical correlations of light oils and condensates represent an analytical challenge because of low concentrations of the longer chain alkanes and polycyclic biomarkers. In this study, several geochemical techniques are shown to be useful tools for the correlation purpose and maturity assessments of condensates from East Siberia. The whole oil GC provides compositional data for a wide range of hydrocarbons (C4-C36) including gasoline range hydrocarbons used to distinguish petroleum families in the study area based on iso-/normal alkane ratios. More unique to the Precambrian petroleum system is a presence of mid-chain methylated alkanes, and their relative concentrations were shown to vary in condensates of the Baykit and Nepa-Botuoba basins. Similar to the previously reported oil samples, condensates in the Nepa-Botuoba Basin are enriched in mid-chain methylalkanes.

The odd/even carbon number predominance in C16-C25 range of alkylbenzenes and alkyltoluenes was also used to differentiate condensates in these two basins. The condensates from the Baykit Basin show a simple slope in C16-C25 range, with almost equal concentrations of odd and even monoaromatic hydrocarbons. The Nepa-Botuoba samples are very different and demonstrate a strong even carbon number predominance in alkylbenzenes and odd carbon number predominance in alkyltoluenes.

Maturity indicators derived from the GC-MS analysis of the aromatic fraction and using distributions of phenanthrene, methylphenanthrenes, dimethylnaphthalenes, methyl-, dimethyl-, trimethyldibenzothiophenes and m-/o-alkyl-toluenes nicely correlate with each other and clearly differentiate overmature condensate from the rest of the group.

The biomarkers findings in a single Verkhnechon sample include predominance of C29 steranes, relatively low diasterane content, very high concentrations of tricyclics vs. pentacyclic terpanes. The biomarkers characteristics along with Pr/Ph <1.0, suggest anoxic depositional environment, predominantly marine algal organic matter source, carbonate lithology of the sources rock, and maturity level corresponding the peak to late oil window. Biomarker distribution in this condensate resembles those of oils discovered in the Nepa-Botuoba Basin suggesting the same source of hydrocarbons in both oils and condensates.

Surprisingly, neither isomer ratios nor absolute concentrations of diamondoids correlate with measured maturity levels in condensates. Additional work has to be done to understand other factors contributing to diamondoid elevated concentrations such as, for example, migration processes.
Applications of Wireline Formation Testers for Through-Casing Reserves Classification
Authors: Blinov V. , Weinheber P. , Shelomikhina I. , Kolomiets A. , Sardarov G. , Kreknin S. , Pushnikov K. , Safin R.
Published: October 2017

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of using modern Wireline Formation Tester (WFT) tools to refine the geological information and classify hydrocarbon reserves using an example from the Yamal Peninsula.

In order to meet the GKZ reserve classification requirements it is necessary to have production from the reservoir which was traditionally done with the help of open hole DST tools. It has recently been allowed to perform this task with WFT tools. In this paper we will consider a through casing application in a multi-layer reservoir. The combined use of WFT and DST allows us to contrast and compare both technologies.

As a result of this work we will show that the WFT can deliver similar quality information as the DST allowing us to acquire a C1 classification, determine fluid contacts and confirm saturations. The WFT offers the additional flexibility of testing ‘missed’ layers. There are also important differences to be noted, most significantly the higher resolution of the WFT allows pinpoint determination of contacts, however the relatively low flow rates and volumes usually does not allow us to determine reservoir boundaries. The combination of WFT and DST technologies offers the best picture of the reservoir.
Benchmarking of Various Types of Completions and MS Technologies for Horizontal Wells at the Priobskoe Field Southern License Topic
Authors: Sitnikov A. , Asmandiyarov R. , Pustovskikh A. , Sheremeev A. , Zulkarniev R. , Kolupaev D.
Published: October 2017

With each year drilling of new wells is performed in worse and worse reservoir properties conditioned by low permeability and undersaturated reservoir. At the same time, percentage of hi-tech horizontal wells (HW) with multistage hydraulic fracturing (MSHF) is increased, advanced technologies and engineering solutions are deployed; all this allows to maintain and even increase levels of oil production in new wells.

As at beginning of 2017, over 200 MSHF HWs have been drilled in the unique Priobskoe field (South Concession Area) with use of the most advanced technologies. Various completion types and MSHF technologies have been deployed and tried in 50 areas in search of the best technologies and engineering solutions. Wells in such areas were producing for more than 1year and at this stage there is adequate amount of data on cumulative production, liquid and oil decline rates for efficiency benchmarking. Number of commissioned MSHF HWs is increased each year and there will be over 600 MSHF HWs by 2019 (+300% to current number) and results of this paper is a determining vector of development for further decisions applicable to improvement of efficiency of MSHF horizontal wells.

The following main points for increasing efficiency of MSHF HWs were identified by results of the benchmarking: Increase of HW length to max. 1500 m allows to increase productivity, obtain incremental cumulative production over 20% vs. offset wells with HW length ~ 1000 m.Depending on the distance between ports, an optimal number of MSHF stages is ~ 125 m; in some cases, this distance is increased to ~150 m for large volumes of proppant > 90 tons per stage.Increased mass of proppant > 90 tons per stage (maximum 122 tons, up to 10 tons per 1 meter of formation) allowed to obtain incremental cumulative production from 20 to 48% during the first year as compared to offset wells with proppant mass <50 tons per stage.An optimal range of proppant mass identified for the undersaturated reservoir is 50-60 tons per stage depending on the TVDSS. Success of cluster MSHF was reported for some wells.Use of internal-flush cemented liners with targeted initiation of fractures shows good results in some areas. Subject to the quality cementing, this is the most strategically promising and anticipated approach for the repeated targeted MSHF. History of decline rates, operational experience of fraced directional wells show that over 200 re-MSHFs shall be performed in the next 10 years.
Automatic Control Algorithms of Water-Gas Mixture Injection under Implementation of SWAG Technology
Authors: Gladysheva Marina A. , Vinogradov Pavel V. , Lutfurakhmanov Artur G. , Nadezhdin Oleg V. , Efimov Dmitriy V. , Sergeev Evgeniy I.
Published: October 2017

SWAG technology is planned to be implemented in a large oil field currently being at the initial stage of development. SWAG (Simultaneous Water-Alternating-Gas) is a method of the oil fields development by pumping water and gas mixture in reservoir to maintain the reservoir pressure. In addition to maintaining the reservoir pressure, SWAG is also used to enhance the efficiency of field development due to oil recovery increase with disposal of produced associated petroleum gas (APG). The objective of this project is to create automatic control system (ACS) of reservoir pressure maintenance (RPM) pipeline system to ensure stable and steady injection of water-gas mixture (WGM) into reservoir in accordance with the target flow rates of water and gas under potential perturbations.

While performing the work two software complexes were used together: a hydraulic simulator to create mathematical model of RPM pipeline system and special design system to build ACS. Based on the results of dynamic processes analysis, control algorithms were developed both for ACS of a single injection well and for ACS of RPM pipeline system.

The study of the behavior of RPM pipeline system showed that it is a complicated control object having the properties of nonlinearity and multistability. These features were taken into account when choosing the structure of ACS. As a result, low-level multi-loop ACS was created on the basis of PID-regulation with a cascade contour to control wellhead pressure. Also, high-level control algorithm was developed that ensures distribution of incoming gas volumes between injection wells according to their operating regime.

Testing of designed ACS was performed on experimental-industrial site which was created for WGM injection experiments into two wells. Test results confirmed that developed control algorithms were correct and could be scaled up for full implementation of SWAG (i.e. ACS could be quickly rebuilt in case of changes in number of injection wells of RPM pipeline system).

The described approach to the synthesis of ACS of RPM system and developed algorithms can be applied to similar projects of simultaneous water-gas injection into the reservoir using RPM system.
Reservoir Modeling of Complex Structure Reservoirs on Dynamic Adaptive 3D Pebi-Grid
Authors: Filippov D. D. , Kudryashov I. Yu. , Maksimov D. Yu. , Mitrushkin D. A. , Vasekin B. V. , Roshchektaev A. P.
Published: October 2017

The paper presents methods for generation of unstructured adaptive 3D PEBI grids, allowing for effective multiphase filtration modelling of reservoirs with multiple structural and technology features (faults of complex geometry, horizontal wells and wells with hydraulic fractures). We developed the algorithm of local grid rearrangement due to newly opened/shut wells and hydraulic fracturing, reducing simulation time. For problems, requiring accurate flow simulation in vicinity of structural features, an automatic local grid refinement was implemented.

On grids under consideration, three-phase filtration problem is solved numerically, accounting for gravitational, viscous and capillary forces and phase transition of hydrocarbon components. For the discretization of governing equations, two-point approximation is used as well as mimetic finite difference approximation customized for problems being solved. Distinctive feature of the proposed numerical method is direct flow computation in hydraulic fractures.
Experience of MDA Ensemble Smoother Practice for Volga-Ural Oilfield
Authors: Breslavich Ilya D. , Sarkisov Gennadiy G. , Makarova Ekaterina S.
Published: October 2017

More and more hard-to-recover deposits involved into the development, and most of the fields under development are in mature production stage. Therefore, reservoir engineers are faced with task of quantifying the predicted indicators uncertainty.

There are several approaches to achieving this goal, ranging from expert assessment and sensitivity analysis to methods based on proxy modeling, response surfaces, Kalman filter, and ensemble smoothing. In the opinion of the authors Multi Data Assimilation modification of the ensemble smoothing is the most technologically feasible way of solving the problem creating and then analyzing a representative ensemble of model implementations.

This method, in contrast to popular methods based on the response surface, allows, without loss of accuracy, to run parallel calculations throughout the ensemble of implementations, which saves considerable time for making calculations. ES-MDA method application to create a representative ensemble of realizations of the real-field filtration model, which has a long development history is considerate in this paper.

This paper describes the experience of one of the first ES-MDA applications in Russia to such a complex facility as a three-phase multilayer sector filtration model with more than 60 years of development, with more than 150 wells, most of which with casing leakage.
An Experience of Creation Variable Hydrodynamic Models on Example Tyumen Deposits in Case of Geological Structure Uncertainties
Authors: Mett D. A. , Sukhodanova S. S.
Published: October 2017

The article is devoted to the search of ways how to verify existing geological and hydrodynamic models and to improve the quality of forecasting the production indicators at the field. The fact is that experience and practical applications show how often we make mistakes, making preliminary calculations of well production rates and general rates for deposits, even for a near future. However, the use of all the information, that we can get during the reservoir development, can increase the level of accuracy in the forecast calculations and show the actual picture of the potential for any field in particular.

The erroneousness of forecasting is more connected with the uncertainties of the geological formation structure. The use of additional initial data, and the accounting of the current information, obtained from the results of wells testing, can answer the most important question with a high level of probability, when we need to choose the correct hydrodynamic model of a field. This article shows an example of an approach, that allowed us to explain in the real field conditions, how to select among of existing well-matched to the history models the only one, that is the most correct.
Development of Approach to Modelling Complex Structure Carbonate Reservoirs using Example of the Central Khoreyver Uplift Fields
Authors: Yudin E. V. , Bagmanov R. D. , Khairullin M. M. , Solovyev A. V. , Churanova N. Y. , Chorniy A. V. , Fursov G. A. , Kurelenkov S. H.
Published: October 2017

When planning development of fractured oil-wet reservoirs one may encounter a number of difficulties associated with the complexity and heterogeneity of their structure, uncertainty in main factors effecting the development: integral wettability of the rock, structure of the void space, presence and location of faults etc. The only instrument allowing taking into account entirely all factors relevant to the reservoir engineer dealing with such objects is a full-scale simultaion model. This paper reviews new approaches to improving quality of simulation models using the example of fields of the Central Khoreyver Uplift (CKU) belonging to the Timano-Pechora petroleum province. When characterizing the carbonate reservoir of the fields the authors have accepted a concept in whichheterogeneities of formation's properties at various levels were considered: micro-level, meso-level and macro-level. -Thin sections studies, results of routine and special core analysis were used to describe the heterogeneity at the micro-level. The results of PLT studies, selective formation flowtests, statistical processing and calculation of NTG ratio from core crossections were used to perform the heterogeneity analysis at the meso-level (well scale). Genetic algorithms of seismic attributes processing and lithofacies analysis were applied for description of macro-heterogeneities. An approach proposed in this paper is based on the concept of binding heterogeneities of reservoir's structure at various levels in the framework of a single model. It has been applied for modelling several small carbonate fields at Timano-Pechora petroleum province. At the opinion of authors the final forecast accuracy for the considered models is a unique achievement for oil-wet fractured vuggy porous reservoirs. Well locations were optimized, a program of well interventions was proposed, oil production plans were adjusted on the basis of the constructed models. The accuracy of made decisions is proven by actual results of wells drilling and operation.