bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impacts of the January 2005 solar particle event on noctilucent clouds and water at the polar summer mesopause
Authors: Winkler H. , von Savigny C. , Burrows J. P. , Wissing J. M. , Schwartz M. J. , Lambert A. , García-Comas M.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. The response of noctilucent clouds to the solar particle event in January 2005 is investigated by means of icy particle and ion chemistry simulations. It is shown that the decreasing occurrence rate of noctilucent clouds derived from measurements of the SCIAMACHY/Envisat instrument can be reproduced by one-dimensional model simulations if temperature data from the MLS/Aura instrument are used. The sublimation of noctilucent clouds leads to significant changes of the water distribution in the mesopause region. The model predictions are in general agreement with H2O measurements from the MLS and the MIPAS/Envisat satellite instruments, although the modelled effect of water redistribution is stronger than the observed one. Additionally, it is revealed that the water depletion due to reactions of proton hydrates during the considered solar particle event has only a minor impact on the icy particles.
Differences between downscaling with spectral and grid nudging using WRF
Authors: Liu P. , Tsimpidi A. P. , Hu Y. , Stone B. , Russell A. G. , Nenes A.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. Dynamical downscaling has been extensively used to study regional climate forced by large-scale global climate models. During the downscaling process, however, the simulation of regional climate models (RCMs) tends to drift away from the driving fields. Developing a solution that addresses this issue, by retaining the large scale features (from the large-scale fields) and the small-scale features (from the RCMs) has led to the development of "nudging" techniques. Here, we examine the performance of two nudging techniques, grid and spectral nudging, in the downscaling of NCEP/NCAR data using Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model. The simulations are compared against the results with North America Regional Reanalysis (NARR) data set at different scales of interest. We show that with the appropriate choice of wave numbers, spectral nudging outperforms grid nudging in the capacity of balancing the performance of simulation at the large and small scales.
The lofting of Western Pacific regional aerosol by island thermodynamics as observed around Borneo
Authors: Robinson N. H. , Allan J. D. , Trembath J. A. , Rosenberg P. D. , Allen G. , Coe H.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. Vertical profiles of aerosol chemical composition, number concentration and size were measured throughout the lower troposphere of Borneo, a large tropical island in the western Pacific Ocean. Aerosol composition, size and number concentration measurements (using an Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer, Passive Cavity Aerosol Spectrometer Probe and Condensation Particle Counter, respectively) were made both upwind and downwind of Borneo, as well as over the island itself, on board the UK BAe-146 research aircraft as part of the OP3 project. Two meteorological regimes were identified – one dominated by isolated terrestrial convection (ITC) which peaked in the afternoon, and the other characterised by more regionally active mesoscale convective systems (MCS). Upwind profiles show aerosol to be confined to a shallow marine boundary layer below 930 ± 10 hPa (~760 m above sea level, a.s.l.). As this air mass advects over the island with the mean free troposphere synoptic flow during the ITC-dominated regime, it is convectively lofted above the terrestrial surface mixed layer to heights of between 945 ± 22 (~630 m a.s.l.) and 740 ± 44 hPa (~2740 m a.s.l.), consistent with a coupling between the synoptic steering level flow and island sea breeze circulations. Terrestrial aerosol was observed to be lofted into this higher layer through both moist convective uplift and transport through turbulent diurnal sea-breeze cells. At the peak of convective activity in the mid-afternoons, organic aerosol loadings in the lofted layer were observed to be substantially higher than in the morning (by a mean factor of three). This organic matter is dominated by secondary aerosol from processing of biogenic gas phase precursors. Aerosol number concentration profiles suggest formation of new particles aloft in the atmosphere. By the time the air mass reaches the west coast of the island, terrestrial aerosol is enhanced in the lofted layer. Such uplift of aerosol in Borneo is expected to increase aerosol lifetimes in the lower free troposphere downwind, as they are above the boundary layer and therefore less likely to be lost by wet or dry deposition. It is also likely to change the role they play in the semi-direct and direct aerosol effects. The long chain of islands extending from Malaysia to Australia may all similarly be expected to present an orographic barrier to low level mean flow. This would lead to significant transport of aerosol into the tropical free troposphere across the Western Pacific region.
A dynamic model of wetland extent and peat accumulation: results for the Holocene
Authors: Kleinen T. , Brovkin V. , Schuldt R. J.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. Substantial deposits of peat have accumulated since the last glacial. Since peat accumulation rates are rather low, this process was previously neglected in carbon cycle models. For assessments of the global carbon cycle on millennial or even longer timescales, though, the carbon storage in peat cannot be neglected any more. We have therefore developed a dynamic model of wetland extent and peat accumulation in order to assess the influence of peat accumulation on the global carbon cycle. The model is based on the dynamic global vegetation model LPJ and consists of a wetland module and routines describing the accumulation and decay of peat. The wetland module, based on the TOPMODEL approach, dynamically determines inundated area and water table, which change depending on climate. Not all temporarily inundated areas accumulate peat, though, but peat accumulates in permanently inundated areas with rather stable water table position. Peatland area therefore is highly uncertain, and we perform sensitivity experiments to cover the uncertainty range for peatland extent. The peat module describes oxic and anoxic decomposition of organic matter in the acrotelm, i.e., the part of the peat column above the permanent water table, as well as anoxic decomposition in the catotelm, the peat below the summer minimum water table. We apply the model to the period of the last 8000 years, during which the model accumulates 330 PgC as catotelm peat in the peatland areas north of 40° N, with an uncertainty range from 240 PgC to 490 PgC. This falls well within the range of published estimates for the total peat storage in high northern latitudes, considering the fact that these usually cover the total carbon accumulated, not just the last 8000 years we considered in our model experiments. In the model, peat primarily accumulates in Scandinavia and eastern Canada, though eastern Europe and north-western Russia also show substantial accumulation. Modelled wetland distribution is biased towards Eurasia, where inundated area is overestimated, while it is underestimated in North America. Latitudinal sums compare favourably to measurements, though, implying that total areas, as well as climatic conditions in these areas, are captured reasonably, though the exact positions of peatlands are not modelled well. Since modelling the initiation of peatland growth requires a knowledge of topography below peat deposits, the temporal development of peatlands is not modelled explicitly, therefore overestimating peatland extent during the earlier part of our experiments. Overall our results highlight the substantial amounts of carbon taken up by peatlands during the last 8000 years. This uptake would have substantial impacts on the global carbon cycle and therefore cannot be neglected.
Seasonal Variability of Tropical Wetland CH4 emissions: the role of the methanogen-available carbon pool
Authors: Bloom A. A. , Palmer P. I. , Fraser A. , Reay D. S.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. We develop a dynamic methanogen-available carbon model (DMCM) to quantify the role of the methanogen-available carbon pool in determining the spatial and temporal variability of tropical wetland CH4 emissions over seasonal timescales. We fit DMCM parameters to satellite observations of CH4 columns from SCIAMACHY CH4 and equivalent water height (EWH) from GRACE. Over the Amazon river basin we find substantial seasonal variability of this carbon pool (coefficient of variation = 28 ± 22%) and a rapid decay constant (φ = 0.017 day−1), in agreement with available laboratory measurements, suggesting that plant litter is likely the prominent methanogen carbon source over this region. Using the DMCM we derive global CH4 emissions for 2003–2009, and determine the resulting seasonal variability of atmospheric CH4 on a global scale using the GEOS-Chem atmospheric chemistry and transport model. First, we estimate tropical emissions amount to 111.1 Tg CH4 yr−1 of which 24% is emitted from Amazon wetlands. We estimate that annual tropical wetland emissions have increased by 3.4 Tg CH4 yr−1 between 2003 and 2009. Second, we find that the model is able to reproduce the observed seasonal lag between CH4 concentrations peaking 1–3 months before peak EWH values. We also find that our estimates of CH4 emissions substantially improve the comparison between the model and observed CH4 surface concentrations (r = 0.9). We anticipate that these new insights from the DMCM represent a fundamental step in parameterising tropical wetland CH4 emissions and quantifying the seasonal variability and future trends of tropical CH4 emissions.
Analysis of parameter uncertainty in hydrological and sediment modeling using GLUE method: a case study of SWAT model applied to Three Gorges Reservoir Region, China
Authors: Shen Z. Y. , Chen L. , Chen T.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. The calibration of hydrologic models is a worldwide challenge due to the uncertainty involved in the large number of parameters. The difficulty even increases in a region with high seasonal variation of precipitation, where the results exhibit high heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation. In this study, the Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) method was combined with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to quantify the parameter uncertainty of the stream flow and sediment simulation in the Daning River Watershed of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (TGRA), China. Based on this study, only a few parameters affected the final simulation output significantly. The results showed that sediment simulation presented greater uncertainty than stream flow, and uncertainty was even greater in high precipitation conditions (from May to September) than during the dry season. The main uncertainty sources of stream flow came from the catchment process while a channel process impacts the sediment simulation greatly. It should be noted that identifiable parameters such as CANMX, ALPHA_BNK, SOL_K could be obtained with an optimal parameter range using calibration method. However, equifinality was also observed in hydrologic modeling in TGRA. This study demonstrated that care must be taken when calibrating the SWAT model with non-identifiable parameters because these may lead to equifinality of the parameter values. It was anticipated this study would provide useful information for hydrology modeling related to policy development in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (TGRA) and other similar areas.
Variations of geoelectric potential differences associated with an anomalous volumetric strain change in the region of expected Tokai Earthquake, Japan
Authors: Orihara Y. , Kamogawa M. , Nagao T. , Uyeda S.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. For the prediction of the expected Tokai Earthquake (EQ), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) has been observing volumetric strain changes to detect its presumed pre-slip phenomena in Tokai and South Kanto regions. In 1998, an anomalous volumetric strain change, lasting for 5 days, which initially attracted much attention as a possible precursor to the Tokai EQ, was observed at Shimizu station in the Tokai area. Eventually, the Tokai EQ did not occur and the causal mechanism of the observed anomaly was unknown. However, we found variations of geoelectric potential differences (GPD) possibly associated with the anomaly by applying Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to the GPD data taken in the same area. From the polarities of the observed GPD changes, we infer that these GPD variations were caused by electrokinetic effects of groundwater motion, which might have been related with the strain changes. These results imply that the GPD observations may assist us in understanding the nature of EQ precursory phenomena.
Ductal Carcinoma of the Prostate: Impact on Survival and Therapeutic Controversies of a Rare Tumor
Authors: Finamanti Marco , Antonelli Alessandro , Contessa Pierangelo , Cunico Sergio Cosciani , Simeone Claudio
Published: January 2012

Prostate cancer is a disease with a variable clinical course. The possible impact on oncological outcome of non-acinar prostate cancer has not been established yet, especially for ductal adenocarcinoma due to its low frequency, so that its clinical management is not well codified. The disease occurs more often already at an advanced stage of diagnosis, with clinically detectable tumors and advanced pathological stage, partly because of the lack of specific tumor markers, given the poor correlation between PDA and PSA values.

In the period between 1997 and 2010 56 patients with PDA on a total of 1265 new diagnoses of cancer were identified, for an overall incidence of 4.5%. 41 patients (75%) had a PDA type II histology, while 15 patients (25%) a PDA type I (pure form).

Generally, a surgical treatment was carried out in patients with life expectancy greater than 10/15 years/under 70 years of age, non-metastatic tumors and found to be liable to local resection; radiation therapy was given with 70 Gy in cases with a shorter life expectancy and/or an illness judged unresectable for local extension; hormonal therapy was indicated in all other clinical situations. For all patients, the clinical and pathologic data and follow-ups were re-evaluated. The overall survival and disease-free survival were then analyzed.

Given the low incidence of this pathology the relevant literature is poor and therefore the therapeutic approach is not univocal. This paper retrospectively reviews our experience with prostatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
What Does Nietzsche Owe Thucydides?
Authors: Jenkins Scott
Published: January 2012

Thucydides was one of Nietzsche's most important intellectual influences, but the extent of Nietzsche's debt to Thucydides has not been fully grasped. Here I consider the accounts of particular passages of Thucydides's History of the Peloponnesian War that appear in Nietzsche's published writings. I argue that while the views on justice that Nietzsche claims to find in Thucydides differ somewhat from the doctrine of the History, Thucydides's views in moral psychology likely had a significant effect on Nietzsche's accounts of wishful thinking and “idealism” in philosophy. I then show how the virtues of factuality and intellectual courage that Nietzsche ascribes to Thucydides in Twilight of the Idols can be understood through appeal to the psychological theories found in Thucydides's History. I conclude by discussing Nietzsche's virtue epistemology and the ideal of the magnanimous philosopher that appears in the first section of On the Genealogy of Morals.
“Don't Quote Me on That!”: Wilamowitz Contra Nietzsche in 1872 and 1873
Authors: Porter James I.
Published: January 2012

This article examines an oddity that has gone unnoticed since Nietzsche first pointed it out to his friend and confidant Erwin Rohde in 1872—namely, that Wilamowitz, in his attack on The Birth of Tragedy, systematically misquotes Nietzsche. A large number of the quotations from The Birth of Tragedy by Wilamowitz in both installments of Zukunftsphilologie! are pseudo-quotations—whether they are off by a word or more or whether they are a collage of phrases drawn freely from Nietzsche's vocabulary. This essay revisits the debate from the angle of nineteenth-century philology in its relation to textual authority (both primary and secondary). A complete appendix of Wilamowitz's misquotations from The Birth of Tragedy and from Rohde's Afterphilologie lays out, for the first time, this evidence of the practices of the first Nietzschean philologist in history, Wilamowitz himself.
Fabricating Activism:
Authors: Bratich Jack Z. , Brush Heidi M.
Published: January 2012

This article examines the recent resurgence of interest in what we call “fabriculture.” Three dimensions of fabriculture are explored: the gendered spaces of production around new domesticity and the social home; the blurring of old and new media in digital craft culture; and the politics of popular culture that emerge in the mix of folk and commercial culture. Ultimately, we conceptualize craft as power (the ability or capacity to act), as a way of understanding current activist possibilities.
Fit to a T:
Authors: Amato Sarah
Published: January 2012

This article considers how spray-on clothing made by Fabrican Ltd. might illuminate and complicate our understandings of craft, commodity fetishism, and object agency. Fabrican is a chemical substance that is sprayed onto the body to create a garment. I am interested in the ways this fabric appears seamless, self-made, and organic; it ostensibly removes the labor and skill associated with handcrafted and machineproduced textiles and, when worn, resembles a second skin, both concealing and revealing the body underneath. In so doing it brings into sharp focus the complex ways we relate to clothing as an object of production and consumption.
“Old Time Mem'ry”:
Authors: Williams Kristen A.
Published: January 2012

This project seeks to put material culture, craft, and community in conversation with the long-standing American mythology of self-sufficiency referenced not only in elite discourse by the founding statesmen of the United States but also in contemporary popular iterations of the “Green” and urban homesteading movements. Indeed, many of the individuals involved in these movements identify not only as artists but also as advocates of a form of social activism referred to as “craftivism” that explicitly links this American iconographic tradition of self-sufficiency to contemporary mandates for a politics of sustainability, particularly in urban life. Accordingly, I examine the ways in which urban craftivists are preserving and/or reintroducing traditional folkways ranging from subsistence farming to blacksmithing and welding, hand-sewing, knitting and crocheting, and film photography. Offering specific case studies related to these practices, I argue that practitioners of contemporary American craftivisms lean heavily on discourses of memory and tradition, as well as on the material practices and folkways associated therewith, but do so with the intention of creating a new world order that embraces both local and global perspectives as well as resources to support a politics of ethical production reconciling discourses of “tradition” and “sustainability” within the United States and abroad.
Phenological Development-Yield Relationships in Durum Wheat Cultivars under Late-Season High-Temperature Stress in a Semiarid Environment
Authors: Al-Karaki Ghazi N.
Published: January 2012

A field study was carried out under rainfed conditions during the growing season 2008/2009 in Maru (Northern Jordan) to evaluate the phenological variation using heat-accumulated system and its relation with yield in sixteen durum wheat genotypes. Grain yield was negatively correlated with growing degree days (GDDs) to maturity, while positively correlated with GDD to heading. Increasing GDD to heading resulted in higher grain yield, while increasing grain fill duration had little effect. Rapid grain fill rate was positively correlated with grain weight and negatively correlated with grain fill duration. Waha-1, Omrabi-5, and Massara-1 genotypes had the highest grain yields among genotypes studied. These three genotypes tended to have relatively longer preheading periods with early maturity. The results of this study indicate that Mediterranean-adapted cultivars would have long preheading periods, followed by short periods and high rates of grain fill and mature early to avoid late-season drought and high-temperature stress and to attain high yields. Therefore, it is recommended for the development of high yielding wheat cultivars adapted to semiarid environments to select the genotypes with early maturity and a relatively long time to heading.
Computed Three-Dimensional Atlas of Subthalamic Nucleus and Its Adjacent Structures for Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Nakano Naoki , Taneda Mamoru , Watanabe Akira , Kato Amami
Published: January 2012

Background. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is one of the standard surgical treatments for advanced Parkinson's disease. However, it has been difficult to accurately localize the stimulated contact area of the electrode in the subthalamic nucleus and its adjacent structures using a two-dimensional atlas. The goal of this study is to verify the real and detailed localization of stimulated contact of the DBS electrode therapeutically inserted into the STN and its adjacent structures using a novel computed three-dimensional atlas built by a personal computer. Method. A three-dimensional atlas of the STN and its adjacent structures (3D-Subthalamus atlas) was elaborated on the basis of sagittal slices from the Schaltenbrand and Wahren stereotactic atlas on a personal computer utilizing a commercial software. The electrode inserted into the STN and its adjacent structures was superimposed on our 3D-Subthalamus atlas based on intraoperative third ventriculography in 11 cases. Findings. Accurate localization of the DBS electrode was identified using the 3D-Subthalamus atlas, and its clinical efficacy of the electrode stimulation was investigated in all 11 cases. Conclusion. This study demonstrates that the 3D-Subthalamus atlas is a useful tool for understanding the morphology of deep brain structures and for the precise anatomical position findings of the stimulated contact of a DBS electrode. The clinical analysis using the 3D atlas supports the contention that the stimulation of structures adjacent to the STN, particularly the zona incerta or the field of Forel H, is as effective as the stimulation of the STN itself for the treatment of advanced Parkinson's disease.
Energy and Nutrient Recovery from Cattle Feedlots
Authors: Eigenberg Roger A. , Woodbury Bryan L. , Auvermann Brent W. , Parker David B. , Spiehs Mindy J.
Published: January 2012

Selective harvesting of manure can benefit cattle producers by creating a product of value. A tool that identifies locations of manure accumulation has been developed using a subsurface sensor (Dualem-1S, Milton, ON) and software designed for salt mapping (ESAP, Riverside, CA). The combination allowed the development of models to estimate higher heating value (HHV) of feedlot manure across a feedlot pen. Soil sample data from cattle feedlots in Texas and Nebraska were analyzed for volatile solids (VSs) then combined with the Dualem-1S apparent soil conductivity () data to produce models having correlations between associated values and VS (, VS). A corresponding model is under development to estimate the moisture content of the collectable solids. The combined models allow real-time spatial estimates of HHV within a feedlot pen. These methods will allow direct harvesting of VS for use as a recoverable energy source through direct combustion or cocombustion.
Sesgo de no-respuesta y modelos de superpoblación en encuestas electorales
Authors: Pavía Miralles José Manuel , Larraz Iribas Beatriz
Published: January 2012

El sesgo de no-respuesta (y, en menor medida, el error de respuesta) seha convertido en la principal fuente de error de las predicciones electoralesen España. Las técnicas de post-estratifi cación y los estimadoresratio utilizados actualmente por la industria demoscópica no muestranuna capacidad sufi ciente para corregir los sesgos introducidos durantela recogida de datos. Este trabajo revela cómo un uso más efi cientede la información electoral extramuestral disponible permitiría mejorarsensiblemente la precisión de las estimaciones y muestra, utilizandotécnicas de simulación, que ello podría venir acompañado de diseñosmuestrales más baratos. El estudio, no obstante, concluye que la especificación utilizada en esta investigación no constituye una panaceay señala que existe todavía margen para la corrección del sesgo de norespuesta,apuntando diversas posibilidades de investigación futura.
¿Importa Europa en las elecciones europeas? Un modelo explicativo de las elecciones del 2009 al Parlamento Europeo
Authors: Bellucci Paolo , Garzia Diego , Rubal Maseda Martiño
Published: January 2012

Este trabajo evalúa la validez de diferentes modelos interpretativos delcomportamiento electoral en las elecciones europeas partiendo delresultado de junio de 2009. Nos centramos, en primer lugar, en modelosque conectan el voto europeo con aspectos políticos basados en el nivelnacional (modelo de segundo orden) y en el ciclo electoral doméstico(modelo de ciclo electoral); en segundo lugar se evalúa la capacidadexplicativa de un modelo reñido con las interpretaciones tradicionales, ybasado en el papel de la posición de los partidos políticos y la campañaelectoral (modelo de Europa importa). Finalmente, se avanza un modelosintético, con el objetivo de proporcionar una más sólida explicación delas elecciones de 2009 al Parlamento Europeo.
Las redes personales de apoyo en la viudedad en España
Authors: Ayuso Sanchez Luis
Published: January 2012

La viudedad supone un impacto emocional, económico y relacional.Este trabajo analiza las transformaciones que experimentan las redespersonales de apoyo de las personas viudas. En su análisis se hanrealizado diferentes modelos de regresión de Poisson, en los que seexaminan los efectos de variables personales, contextuales y actitudinalessobre las redes de apoyo. Los datos proceden del Social Relationsand Social Support (International Social Survey Program 2001).Las conclusiones muestran el menor número de apoyos con los quecuentan las personas viudas en relación con las emparejadas, aunqueson diferentes por sexo. La mayor pérdida de apoyos se produce en lared familiar secundaria. La movilidad geográfi ca aumenta la red familiarpero disminuye la de amigos. Las actitudes familiaristas y la menor confianza social contribuyen al mantenimiento de estas redes personales.
De vuelta a clase y el estatus: Por qué debe reivindicarse una perspectiva sociológica de la desigualdad social
Authors: H. Goldthorpe John
Published: January 2012

Las cuestiones relativas a la desigualdad social han adquirido recientementeuna nueva centralidad política en muchas sociedades occidentales. Sinembargo, las aproximaciones a la desigualdad social que han realizado lossociólogos han sido ignoradas, especialmente en el trabajo de economistasy epidemiólogos. Los principales rasgos del enfoque sociológico sonel énfasis en la desigualdad entendida en un sentido relacional más quesimplemente atributivo y la distinción entre la clase social y el estatus socialcomo dos formas cualitativamente diferentes de estratifi cación. Se presentandos casos para ilustrar las limitaciones y los peligros que resultan deignorar el trabajo empírico y conceptual de los sociólogos: el estudio de loseconomistas sobre la movilidad social intergeneracional y el estudio de losepidemiólogos acerca de las consecuencias de la desigualdad social parala salud y otros problemas sociales relacionados.
¿Cooperar o imponer?: Análisis crítico de la igualdad de género en el caso de la cooperación internacional hispano-colombiana
Authors: Gómez Quintero Juan David , Franco Martínez Juan Agustín
Published: January 2012

Este artículo analiza los procesos de implantación de la igualdad degénero en la agenda de la Cooperación al Desarrollo Norte-Sur. Seplantea que en el trasfondo de estos procesos existe un anhelo homogeneizadorpor el cual las metas de Occidente deben ser las metas delmundo. En la primera parte se revisan las principales corrientes relacionadascon el feminismo posmoderno. En la segunda parte serealiza un análisis cualitativo sobre ONGD colombianas y aragonesas. Seconcluye, por un lado, que las teorías feministas posmodernas suponenun avance en la comprensión de los modelos actuales de Cooperaciónal Desarrollo. Por otro lado, en la práctica, la igualdad de género en laagenda de la cooperación al desarrollo reproduce, en muchos casos,algunas perversiones de la autoridad patriarcal.
Comer en Utopía
Authors: Herrera Racionero Paloma , Lizcano Fernández Emmánuel
Published: January 2012

Los estudios sociales sobre alimentación y las autoridades responsablesde este campo coinciden en resaltar la situación paradójica delcomensal actual: se sabe cómo se debe comer pero no se come comose debe. Enfrentarse con éxito a las paradojas suele requerir un ciertodistanciamiento —lingüístico y disciplinar— que ofrezca la sufi cienteperspectiva. Aquí se propone hacerlo desde la perspectiva histórica queuna sociología de la utopía puede aportar al confl icto entre imaginariosalimentarios. Para ello, este artículo revisará los elementos comunesdel pensamiento utópico/distópico en orden a extraer las categorías demayor interés para un análisis sociológico de las políticas y comportamientosalimentarios. Después, recorreremos los modos en que algunasde las utopías clásicas han enfocado —o desenfocado— la cuestión dela comida e intentaremos sacar algunas conclusiones.
Integración monetaria y rendición de cuentas en Europa. 1988-1994
Authors: Menéndez González Irene
Published: January 2012

La rendición de cuentas se basa en la percepción del votante de que elgobierno es capaz de infl uir en el resultado económico bajo evaluación.Los procesos de integración económica pueden reducir el margen delque disponen los gobiernos a la hora de actuar. Este artículo analiza enqué medida los cambios institucionales llevados a cabo en 12 paíseseuropeos en el contexto de integración monetaria europea afectaron elvoto económico. Además, aborda la pregunta de si dicho efecto estárelacionado con la retórica partidista. Para ello, lleva a cabo un análisisempírico en 12 países europeos en dos puntos en el tiempo. Losresultados del estudio muestran que el voto económico es menor entrevotantes favorables a una mayor integración monetaria. Dicho efectoestá condicionado por la retórica partidista.
Collection of Clinical and Epidemiological Data for Genetic Linkage and Association Studies
Authors: Farrer Lindsay , Logue Mark
Published: January 2012

Modern gene‐mapping can include linkage studies, which correlate the presence of disease to broad genomic regions in either small or large family units, and association studies, which can narrow the location of a disease‐predisposing trait to a single gene using either case‐control or family data. This unit provides an overview of key concepts and presents guidelines for collecting diagnostic, epidemiological, and genealogical data from potential study participants. The commentary discusses the use of publicly available data from online resources, methods for evaluating evidence of genetic versus environmental influences in a disease or disease‐related endophenotype, and use of e‐forms to capture data electronically.Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 72:1.1.1‐1.1.20 © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Molecular Diagnosis of Hearing Loss
Authors: Brown Kerry K. , Rehm Heidi L.
Published: January 2012

This unit discusses an approach to identifying a genetic etiology in an individual with nonsyndromic hearing loss. The unit begins with a discussion of the decision‐making process that can be used to determine whether specific genes and/or a large gene panel should be used for molecular diagnosis of a patient presenting with nonsyndromic hearing loss. Next, two protocols are presented: (1) a full gene‐sequencing assay to identify mutations in theGJB2gene (encoding connexin 26), the most common cause of congenital hearing loss, and (2) an assay to detect the presence of the GJB6‐D13S1830 deletion, a 342‐kb deletion that causes hearing loss in homozygosity or in combination with a singleGJB2mutation. Finally, the unit ends with a strategy for determining the clinical significance of the test results, which can be challenging given the extensive genetic heterogeneity associated with hearing loss.Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 72:9.16.1‐9.16.16 © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Positive and Negative Effects of Monitoring Popular Films for Historical Inaccuracies
Authors: Umanath Sharda , Butler Andrew C. , Marsh Elizabeth J.
Published: January 2012

History educators often use popular films in the classroom to teach critical thinking through an exercise that involves identifying historical inaccuracies in the films. We investigated how this exercise affects the acquisition of true and false historical knowledge. In two experiments, subjects studied texts about historical topics and watched clips from corresponding films. Each film contained one piece of information that contradicted the text (i.e. misinformation). Some subjects received instructions to monitor for inaccuracies in the films. After a delay, they were tested on the texts. Monitoring instructions did not reduce subjects' acquisition of misinformation, and even when subjects successfully detected the inaccuracies, they sometimes still reproduced the misinformation. However, when they received feedback about the inaccuracies, the production of misinformation was substantially reduced. Overall, these findings indicate that educators should provide feedback when using popular films for this critical thinking exercise so that students do not acquire false knowledge. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glucose 1‐Phosphate Thymidylyltransferase in the Synthesis of Uridine 5′‐Diphosphate Galactose and its Application in the Synthesis ofN‐Acetyllactosamine
Authors: Chien Wei‐Ting , Liang Chien‐Fu , Yu Ching‐Ching , Lin Jian‐ Hong , Wu Haung‐Ting , Lin Chun‐Cheng
Published: January 2012

In this study, we describe the direct synthesis of uridine 5′‐diphosphate galactose (UDP‐Gal) by a wild‐type bacterial thymidylyltransferase (RmlA), which is used to synthesize thymidine 5′‐diphosphate glucose (TDP‐glucose) in nature. By using magnesium (Mg2+) as a cofactor and a reaction temperature of 55 °C, a one hundred milligram‐scale synthesis of UDP‐Gal was achieved by RmlA. In addition, RmlA was site‐specifically and covalently immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles (MNPa) The resulting RmlA‐MNP complex retained almost 95% of its activity after reuse in ten consecutive enzyme assays. Furthermore, β‐1,4‐galactosyltransferase (GalT) fromNeisseria meningitideswas successfully overexpressed and purified by using an intein‐mediated protein expression system. GalT was relatively stable at 25 °C, and its activity was enhanced in the presence of DTT and BSA. Thus, it was feasible to synthesizeN‐acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) using RmlA and GalT in a sequential addition of enzyme and adjustment of thereaction temperature. These results demonstrate the potential applications of bacterial RmlA in carbohydrate synthesis.
Stereochemical Outcome of the Biocatalysed Reduction of Activated Tetrasubstituted Olefins by Old Yellow Enzymes 1–3
Authors: Brenna Elisabetta , Gatti Francesco G. , Monti Daniela , Parmeggiani Fabio , Serra Stefano
Published: January 2012

The ene‐reductase‐mediated reactions of (E)‐ and (Z)‐stereoisomers of tetrasubstituted activated alkenes were performed by means of isolated old yellow enzymes (OYEs) 1–3. The comprehension of the resulting data required a careful analysis of the stereochemical course of this kind of reaction. The investigation of the bioreduction of tetrasubstituted alkenes allowed us to appreciate the contribution of several factors (configuration of the starting alkene, mechanism of hydrogen addition, substrate binding mode) to the overall stereochemistry of the reaction.
Production, Characterization and Synthetic Application of a Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase from Aeromonas hydrophila
Authors: Ubiali Daniela , Serra Carla D. , Serra Immacolata , Morelli Carlo F. , Terreni Marco , Albertini Alessandra M. , Manitto Paolo , Speranza Giovanna
Published: January 2012

Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) from Aeromonas hydrophila encoded by the deoD gene has been over‐expressed in Escherichia coli, purified, characterized about its substrate specificity and used for the preparative synthesis of some 6‐substituted purine‐9‐ribosides. Substrate specificity towards natural nucleosides showed that this PNP catalyzes the phosphorolysis of both 6‐oxo‐ and 6‐aminopurine (deoxy)ribonucleosides. A library of nucleoside analogues was synthesized and then submitted to enzymatic phosphorolysis as well. This assay revealed that 1‐, 2‐, 6‐ and 7‐modified nucleosides are accepted as substrates, whereas 8‐substituted nucleosides are not. A few transglycosylation reactions were carried out using 7‐methylguanosine iodide (4) as a D‐ribose donor and 6‐substituted purines as acceptor. In particular, following this approach, 2‐amino‐6‐chloropurine‐9‐riboside (2c), 6‐methoxypurine‐9‐riboside (2d) and 2‐amino‐6‐(methylthio)purine‐9‐riboside (2g) were synthesized in very high yield and purity.
Generation of 11‐Fluoro‐11H‐indeno[1,2‐c]quinolines via a Palladium‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Reaction of 2‐Alkynylbromobenzenes, 2‐Alkynylanilines, and N‐Fluorobenzenesulfonimide
Authors: Pan Xiaolin , Luo Yong , Liu Gang , Pu Shouzhi , Wu Jie
Published: January 2012

A novel and efficient synthesis of 11‐fluoro‐11H‐indeno[1,2‐c]quinolines has been developed via a palladium‐catalyzed three‐component reaction of 2‐alkynylbromobenzenes, 2‐alkynylanilines, and N‐fluorobenzenesulfonimide. The reaction works well with high selectivity. Additionally, the diversity and complexity could be easily introduced via a simple operation from readily available starting materials. In the meantime, a fluorine atom could be incorporated into the scaffold during the reaction process.
Efficient and Selective Hydrosilylation of Carbonyl Compounds Catalyzed by Iron Acetate and N‐Hydroxyethylimidazolium Salts
Authors: Buitrago Elina , Tinnis Fredrik , Adolfsson Hans
Published: January 2012

Aromatic aldehydes, along with aryl alkyl, heteroaryl alkyl, and dialkyl ketones were efficiently reduced to their corresponding primary and secondary alcohols, respectively, in high yields, using the commercially available and inexpensive polymeric silane, polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS), as reducing agent. The reaction is catalyzed by in situ generated iron complexes containing hydroxyethyl‐functionalized NHC ligands. Turnover frequencies up to 600 h−1 were obtained.
Dynamic models of metabolism: Review of the cybernetic approach
Authors: Ramkrishna Doraiswami , Song Hyun‐Seob
Published: January 2012

The cybernetic approach to metabolic modeling tracing its progress from its early beginnings to its current state with regard to its relationship to other modeling approaches, applications to bioprocess modeling, metabolic engineering, and future prospects are described. The framework is shown to handle large metabolic networks in making dynamic predictions from limited data with looming prospects of extending to genome scale networks. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Optimal integration of nuclear energy and water management into the oil sands operations
Authors: Betancourt‐Torcat Alberto , Elkamel Ali , Ricardez‐Sandoval Luis
Published: January 2012

An energy optimization model is presented that includes nuclear energy and water management into the oil sands industry. The proposed model determines the most suitable configuration of energy commodities and oil producers for a given oil production scenario at minimum cost while meeting environmental constraints. The proposed model was validated using data reported in the literature for the future oil sands operations in 2030. Likewise, the proposed integrated energy optimization model was used to determine the 2030 oil sands operations using recent information reported in the literature. The results show that the energy model is a practical tool that can be used to evaluate future oil production scenarios, identify the key parameters that affect the oil sands operations, and can also be used for planning and scheduling of the energy and oil producers for this industry. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Integrated scheduling and dynamic optimization of batch processes using state equipment networks
Authors: Nie Yisu , Biegler Lorenz T. , Wassick John M.
Published: January 2012

A systematic framework for the integration of short‐term scheduling and dynamic optimization (DO) of batch processes is described. The state equipment network (SEN) is used to represent a process system, where it decomposes the process into two basic kinds of entities: process materials and process units. Mathematical modeling based on the SEN framework invokes both logical disjunctions and operational dynamics; thus the integrated formulation leads to a mixed‐logic dynamic optimization (MLDO) problem. The integrated approach seeks to benefit the overall process performance by incorporating process dynamics into scheduling considerations. The solution procedure of an MLDO problem is also addressed in this article, where MLDO problems are translated into mixed‐integer nonlinear programs using the Big M reformulation and the simultaneous collocation method. Finally, through two case studies, we show advantages of the integrated approach over the conventional recipe‐based scheduling method. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Preparation of a macroporous silica–pyridine multidentate material and its adsorption behavior for some typical elements
Authors: Zhang Anyun , Xue Wenjing , Chai Zhifang
Published: January 2012

A new macroporous silica‐based‐polymer (SiO2‐P) soft ligand composite material, 2,6‐bis(5,6‐di(iso‐butyl)‐1,2,4‐triazine‐3‐yl)pyridine (BDIBTP/SiO2‐P), was synthesized by impregnation and immobilization of BDIBTP and 1‐octanol molecules into the pores of the SiO2‐P particles. The impact of some typical alkali metal and alkaline earths Cs(I), Na(I), K(I), Rb(I), Sr(II), and Ba(II) containing in highly active liquid waste (HLW) on the adsorption of Pd(II) onto BDIBTP/SiO2‐P was studied. It was performed by examining the effects of contact time and the HNO3 concentration in the range of 0.3–7.0 M. BDIBTP/SiO2‐P showed strong adsorption ability and high selectivity for Pd(II) over all the tested metals. The chromatographic partitioning of Pd(II) from a simulated HLW solution was conducted by BDIBTP/SiO2‐P packed column. Pd(II) was effectively eluted with 0.2 M thiourea–0.1 M HNO3. The others showed no adverse impact on separation of Pd(II). The results are beneficial to partitioning of minor actinides and Pd(II) together from HLW by BDIBTP/SiO2‐P in the MPS process developed. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Understanding temperature dependency of hydrogen solubility in ionic liquids, including experimental data in [bmim][Tf2N]
Authors: Raeissi Sona , Peters Cor J.
Published: January 2012

Previously unavailable high‐pressure solubility data of hydrogen in 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide has been measured experimentally up to temperatures and pressures of 450 K and 15 MPa, respectively. In contrast to CO2 solubility, H2 tends to dissolve better in the ionic liquid at higher temperatures. This “inverse” temperature effect has been studied from a thermodynamic perspective and the underlying reason for this effect is explained. It is shown that the negative P‐T slope is not limited to this particular binary mixture, but is the typical behavior in most, if not all, H2 + ionic liquid systems. However, there is a certain range of temperatures, pressures, and concentrations in which this phenomenon occurs. By predicting the Scott‐van Konynenburg phase diagram for systems of H2 + ionic liquids to be of type III, it is shown how and why the solubility increases with temperature in some regions, but decreases in others. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Prediction of TMCH thermal hazard with various calorimetric tests by green thermal analysis technology
Authors: Tseng Jo‐Ming , Lin Jian‐Zhi , Lee Chuan‐Chen , Lin Chun‐Ping
Published: January 2012

1,1,‐Di‐(tert‐butylperoxy)‐3,3,5‐trimethylcyclohexane (TMCH), a liquid organic peroxide, has been widely used in the chemical industry as a polymerization initiator. The thermokinetic parameters of TMCH are investigated by three types of calorimetric tests (isothermal, nonisothermal, and adiabatic) to determine thermal decomposition properties of TMCH using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) isothermal tests, DSC nonisothermal tests, and vent sizing package 2 adiabatic tests, respectively. Comparisons of three kinds of thermal analysis models were done for kinetics simulation, which can result in a beneficial kinetic model and parameters of thermal decomposition of TMCH. The use of green technology to replace the complex methods and energy consumption of the traditional self‐accelerating decomposition temperature tests are discussed. There are significant disadvantages with traditional thermal analysis methods in terms of a novel, swift, and green technology, which is the achieved object here for preventing pollution and reducing energy consumption. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J,, 2012
A combined computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and experimental approach to quantify the adhesion force of bacterial cells attached to a plane surface
Authors: Boulbene Benjamin , Morchain Jérôme , Bonin Muriel Mercier , Janel Sébastien , Lafont Frank , Schmitz Philippe
Published: January 2012

A three‐dimensional model is developed to study the laminar shear flow past a bacterial cell attached to a plane surface. The induced hydrodynamic forces and torque exerted on the cell are computed to clarify the prevailing mechanisms involved in the detachment of model bacteria. Results are discussed in terms of drag and torque magnitude as a function of the angles defining the orientation of the cell. It is shown that reorientation and rolling of spheroid‐shaped cells are favored. It is also confirmed that rod‐shaped cells would tend to lie on the surface and become aligned with the flow. The model is used to quantify the adhesion force of spheroid Bacillus cereus spores to stainless steel, deduced from previously described experiments in a shear stress flow chamber. The magnitude of the predicted adhesion force is close to that obtained using atomic force microscopy under similar experimental conditions. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012