bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Displacement Magnitude and Direction of Auditory Cues on Auditory Spatial Facilitation of Visual Search
Authors: Vu Kim-Phuong L. , Strybel Thomas Z. , Proctor Robert W.
Published: October 2006

Objective: The objective of this study is to examine the effects of cue error on auditory spatial facilitation (ASF) of visual search. Background: ASF is the reduction in time needed to locate and identify a visual target when an auditory cue is presented at the location of the target. Although ASF has been shown to occur when the auditory cue coincides with the target location, it is important to determine whether facilitatory effects are also evident when the cue is displaced. Method: Participants performed a visual search task in the presence of an auditory cue that was presented at the center of the screen (uninformative), at the location of the target (accurate), or displaced up to 12° from the target horizontally or vertically. Results: Generally, displaced auditory cues reduced search times as compared with a condition in which the cue was uninformative. When the displacement was always along a single spatial dimension, the cue was as effective as a coincident cue if it was within the local visual area. However, when the dimension along which the cue was displaced varied randomly, the cue did not necessarily reduce search time and hurt performance when the visual search task was difficult. Conclusion: Designers of virtual audio displays should be aware that auditory cue accuracy will be affected by the difficulty of the visual task and the operators' knowledge of cue precision and reliability. Application: Findings from this study can be applied to the design of multimodal interfaces and augmented or virtual environments.
The Risk of Involuntary Firearms Discharge
Authors: Heim Christopher , Schmidtbleicher Dietmar , Niebergall Eckhard
Published: October 2006

Objectives: To investigate whether unintended muscle activity induced by motor overflow can result in the unintentional discharge of a firearm. Background: In the past few years an increasing number of people have been injured, sometimes fatally, as a result of police weapons being discharged involuntarily. Methods: Two experiments were performed using a pistol fitted with sensors to register the pressure exerted on the hand stock and the trigger. In Study 1, 34 police officers reacted to a set case using the prepared pistol. In Study 2, 25 participants performed 13 tasks requiring the use of different limbs. Results: In Study 1, about 20% of participating officers made contact with the trigger, thus violating police regulations to keep the trigger finger outside the trigger guard at all times until a conscious decision to fire has been made. Study 2 showed that motor activity in different limbs leads to a significant increase in grip force exerted on a firearm (significant results for 12 of 13 trials, Bonferroni-corrected p < .004). Furthermore, pressure on the trigger resulting from involuntary muscle contractions was, in certain cases, sufficient to unintentionally discharge a weapon. Conclusion: Unintentional discharges attributable to involuntary muscle activity can be a real danger for police officers when carrying out their duties. Application: Results may help improve police training with the aim of reducing the danger of involuntary discharges in real-life situations.
Test Road Experiment on Imminent Warning Rear Lighting and Signaling
Authors: Wierwille Walter W. , Lee Suzanne E. , DeHart Maryanne C. , Perel Michael
Published: October 2006

Objective: This paper describes an experiment directed toward refinement and initial field testing of two potential countermeasures for the problem of rear-end (RE) crashes. The countermeasures consist of “imminent warning” signals intended to direct the following driver's visual glance to the lead vehicle as it brakes rapidly to a stop and for a short time thereafter. Background: RE crashes are the most frequently occurring type of light vehicle crash, making up at least 25% of all crashes. Method: A preliminary experiment was conducted to facilitate improvement of the attention-getting capability of an alternating pair of lamps. In the main experiment, an oscillating narrow beam lamp (a promising candidate from a previous experiment) and an improved alternating pair (improved as compared with that in a previous experiment) were compared with ordinary rear lighting. Seventy-two drivers were purposely distracted by in-vehicle tasks as the lead (surrogate) vehicle braked hard. Results: Results showed improvements of 0.25 to 0.35 s in brake activation times for the two enhanced configurations as compared with ordinary rear lighting. Conclusion: The two enhanced lighting configurations show promise in reducing the number and severity of RE crashes. Application: The methods and results of this study can be applied to the future design and evaluation of automotive rear-end lighting designed to reduce RE crashes.
A Model of Extended, Semisystematic Visual Search
Authors: Melloy Brian J. , Das Sourav , Gramopadhye Anand K. , Duchowski Andrew T.
Published: October 2006

Objective: A model of semisystematic search was sought that could account for both memory retrieval and other performance-shaping factors. Background: Visual search is an important aspect of many examination and monitoring tasks. As a result, visual search performance has been the topic of many empirical investigations. These investigations have reported that individual search performance depends on participant factors such as search behavior, which has motivated the development of models of visual search that incorporate this behavior. Search behavior ranges from random to strictly systematic; variation in behavior is commonly assumed to be caused by differences in memory retrieval and search strategy. Methods: This model ultimately took the form of a discrete-time nonstationary Markov process. Results: It yields both performance and process measures that include accuracy, time to perception, task time, and coverage while avoiding the statistical difficulties inherent to simulations. In particular, it was seen that as the search behavior becomes more systematic, expected coverage and accuracy increase while expected task time decreases. Conclusion: In addition to explaining these outcomes and their interrelationships from a theoretical standpoint, the model can predict these outcomes in practice to a certain extent as it can create an envelope defined by best- and worst-case search performance. Application: The model also has the capability of supporting assessment. That is, it can be used to assess the effectiveness of an individual's search performance, and to provide possible explanations for this performance, through the use of one or more of the output measures.
A Laboratory Study of the Effects of Wrist Splint Orthoses on Forearm Muscle Activity and Upper Extremity Posture
Authors: Shu Yu , Mirka Gary A.
Published: October 2006

Objective: To evaluate the effects of wrist splint orthoses (WSOs) on forearm muscle activity and upper extremity/torso postures. Background: WSOs are ubiquitous in industry, but the literature as to their biomechanical effects is limited. Method: Study 1: Participants performed single-plane wrist exertions with or without a WSO while the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, and extensor carpi ulnaris was captured. Study 2: Participants performed simple computer jumper installation tasks with or without a WSO while upper extremity/torso postures were recorded. Results: Study 1: A significant interaction between WSOs and wrist angle was observed in the response of forearm muscles (e.g., normalized EMG of the flexor carpi radial is increased from 4.2% to 15.9% as flexion increased from 0° to 36° in the orthosis conditions, whereas in the no-orthosis condition it remained 5% at all wrist flexion angles). Study 2: WSOs were found to effect wrist, torso, and shoulder postures, with the orthoses creating a 48% decrease (36° vs. 18.6°) in wrist flexion and 80% decrease (15° vs. -3°) in ulnar deviation but at a cost of increased shoulder abduction of 22% (36.5° vs. 44.5°) and increased lateral bend of torso of 30% (6° vs. 7.8°). Conclusions: WSOs increased forearm muscle activity at large wrist deviation angles and induced awkward shoulder postures in tasks requiring significant wrist deviation. Application: Use of WSOs in occupational settings should be carefully considered relative to task requirements, as orthoses may do more harm than good.
Identifying the Task Variables That Predict Object Assembly Difficulty
Authors: Richardson Miles , Jones Gary , Torrance Mark , Baguley Thom
Published: October 2006

Objective: We investigated the physical attributes of an object that influence the difficulty of its assembly. Identifying attributes that contribute to assembly difficulty willprovide a method for predicting assembly complexity. Background: Despite object assembly being a widespread task, there has been insufficient research into information processing and cognition during assembly. The lack of research means that the variables that affect the performance of procedural assembly tasks with illustration only instructions are unknown. Method: In Experiment 1, seven physical characteristics (task variables) of assembly objects were systematically varied in a balanced fractional factorial and orthogonal design to create 16 abstract assemblies, which were assembled by 12 participants (6 men and 6 women aged 18-56). A second experiment (20 participants, 8 men and 12 women aged 18 to 52) involved scaled-down models of 8 real-world assemblies. Results:A clear relationship between the task variables and assembly difficulty was found in both studies, and the regression model from the first experiment was able to predict the assembly difficulty timings in Experiment 2. Conclusion: The proposed task variables are associated with assembly difficulty, and the regression analysis has shown four of the task variables to be significant predictors of difficulty. Application: Applications of this research include the use of the regression model as a tool to evaluate the difficulty of assemblies or assembly steps defined by instructions. The task variables can also be used to produce guidelines to ensure that assemblies or assembly steps are manageable.
Effects of Vision and Friction on Haptic Perception
Authors: Perreault Jesse O. , Cao Caroline G. L.
Published: October 2006

Objective: Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of vision and masking friction on contact perception and compliance differentiation thresholds in a simulated tissue-probing task. Background: In minimally invasive surgery, the surgeon receives limited haptic feedback because of the current design of the instrumentation and relies on visual feedback to judge the amount of force applied to the tissues. It is suggested that friction forces inherent in the instruments contribute to errors in surgeons' haptic perception. This paper investigated the psychophysics of contact detection and cross-modal sensory processing in the context of minimally invasive surgery. Method: A within-subjects repeated measures design was used, with friction, vision, tissue softness, and order of presentation as independent factors, and applied force, detection time, error, and confidence as dependent measures. Eight participants took part in each experiment, with data recorded by a custom force-sensing system. Results: In both detection and differentiation tasks, higher thresholds, longer detection times, and more errors were observed when vision was not available. The effect was more pronounced when haptic feedback was masked by friction forces in the surgical device ( p < .05). Conclusion: Visual and haptic feedback were equally important for tissue compliance differentiation. Application: A frictionless endoscopic instrument can be designed to restore critical haptic information to surgeons without having to create haptic feedback artificially.
Validation of the Standardized Field Sobriety Test Battery at 0.08% Blood Alcohol Concentration
Authors: Stuster Jack
Published: October 2006

Objective: A field study was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of the Standardized Field Sobriety Test (SFST) battery to assist officers in making arrest decisions at blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) below 0.10%. Background: The SFST Battery was validated at 0.10% BAC in 1981, but since then many states have reduced statutory limits for driving while intoxicated to 0.08% BAC. Methods: During routine patrols, participating officers followed study procedures in administering SFSTs, scoring results, making arrest/no arrest decisions, and completing a data collection form for each of the 297 motorists evaluated during the study period. The officers' final step in each case was the administration of an evidentiary breath alcohol test. Results: Overall, officers' decisions were correct in more than 91% of the cases at the 0.08% BAC level. Cohen's kappa tests found all officers' scores to be within the categories of “substantial” and “near perfect” agreement, indicating low variance among the officers and a high degree of interrater reliability. Conclusion: The results of this study provide evidence of the validity of the SFST Battery as an accurate and reliable decision aid for discriminating between BACs above and below 0.08%. Application: The SFST Battery presently is used by law enforcement officers throughout the United States to help make roadside arrest decisions for impaired driving.
Tracking Workload in the Emergency Department
Authors: Levin Scott , France Daniel J. , Hemphill Robin , Jones Ian , Chen Kong Y. , Rickard Dorsey , Makowski Renee , Aronsky Dominik
Published: October 2006

Objective: The primary objective of this study was to create a methodology for measuring transient levels of physician workload in a live emergency department (ED) environment. Background: Characterizing, defining, and measuring aspects of this interrupt-driven work environment represent the preliminary steps in addressing impending issues concerning ED overcrowding, efficiency, and patient and provider safety. Methods: A time-motion task analysis was conducted. Twenty emergency medicine (EM) physicians were observed for 180-min intervals in an ED of an academic medical center. Near continuous workload measures were developed and used to track changing workload levels in time. These measures were taken from subjective, objective, and physiological perspectives. The NASA-Task Load Index was administered to each physician after observational sessions to measure subjective workload. Physiological measurements were taken throughout the duration of the observation to measure stress response. Additional information concerning physicians' patient quantity and patient complexity was extracted from the ED information system. Results: Graphical workload profiles were created by combining observational and subjective data with system state data. Methodologies behind the creation of workload profiles are discussed, the workload profiles are compared, and quantitative and qualitative analyses are conducted. Conclusion: Using human factors methods to measure workload in a setting such as the ED proves to be challenging but has relevant application in improving the efficiency and safety of EM. Application: Techniques implemented in this research are applicable in managing ED staff and real-time monitoring of physician workload.
Analysis of an Observational Rating Scale for Repetition, Posture, and Force in Selected Manufacturing Settings
Authors: Ebersole Marissa L. , Armstrong Thomas J.
Published: October 2006

Objective: The aim of this work was to quantify the interrater reliability of a set of scales that assess repetition, posture, and force as used on site when examining industrial work. Background: Interrater reliability of observational assessment methods can vary depending on the definition of the methods and situations in which they are used. Method: In several industries, 846 jobs were assessed using pairs of analysts to rate the repetition, force, and posture of the upper limbs. Twelve analysts with varying experience levels participated. Results: Using an interclass correlation coefficient (ICC), force and repetition had reliability values of .60 and .71 before and .82 and .87 after discussion, respectively. After discussion, peak posture ratings had ICCs of .60 to .83. ICCs for average posture ratings ranged from .31 to .51 initially to .55 to .67 in final ratings. Less experienced analysts changed their initial ratings more than did the senior investigators. Conclusion: The high interrater reliability of the repetition and force metrics indicates that a single analyst is appropriate for basic job assessment. Posture ratings benefit greatly from a two-analyst system. Average postures should be assessed across a full range of the scale for interrater reliability assessment. Analyst pairs should be rotated to avoid forming biases. Application: For basic assessments of forceful exertions and repetitive motions, a single analyst can be used, reducing the resource requirements for both industry and large epidemiological studies.
Composite model for basic creep of high-strength concrete
Authors: Setunge S. , Anaton J.
Published: October 2006

Most of the reported work on creep of high-strength concrete (HSC) covers measurements of total creep on standard specimens kept in a standard environment of 50% relative humidity and 23 °C. The results of these studies are used to establish the basic creep factor of high-strength concrete, assuming that the environmental effect on creep of HSC is similar to that for normal-strength concrete (NSC). However, some recent work has shown that the effect of the environment on creep of HSC is different from that observed for NSC, which indicates that a realistic creep model for HSC needs to be developed based on more fundamental material behaviour. This paper reports a theoretical study of a composite model for predicting basic creep of concrete, considering it as a composite material of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and cement paste. The model is based on the age-adjusted effective modulus method proposed by Bazant, and can take into account the composition of the concrete, the degree of compaction and the hydration of cement paste. The model is shown to predict basic creep measurements reported in the literature with reasonable accuracy.
Leaching studies on cement-based products
Authors: Hidalgo A. , Alonso C. , Sanjuán M. A. , Guede E. , Andrade C.
Published: October 2006

Considering the increasing use of alternative fuels and raw materials in clinker manufacture for construction, the environmental behaviour of the resulting cement is a matter of particular concern. As the alternative fuels used in cement manufacture may contain elements not generally found in conventional fuels, this necessitates a study of the leaching performance of cements produced in such processes to evaluate the environmental quality of the final product and guarantee its safe use in construction. The present survey was undertaken to analyse the leaching of heavy metals and other elements from cements manufactured with both conventional and alternative fuels. The results suggest that the controlled use of alternative fuels does not affect the leaching behaviour.
Disinfection of sludge with high pathogenic content using silver and other compounds
Authors: Aguilar P. , Jiménez B. , Maya C. , Orta de Velasquez T. , Luna V.
Published: October 2006

A physicochemical sludge with high microbial content (102–104 FPU/g TS bacteriophages, 106–107 MPN/g TS faecal coliforms, 104 MPN/g TS Salmonella spp., 104 MPN/g TS Shigella spp., 103 MPN/g TS Pseudomonas aeruginosa,102 MPN/g TS Vibrio cholerae, 102–103 cysts/g TS Giardia sp., 102–104 oocyts/g TS Cryptosporidium sp., 168–215 viable helminth ova/g TS) was disinfected using silver, silver-copper, and silver-copper plus a synergistic agent (SA). Twenty milligrams Ag/g TS inactivated 4.8 log of faecal coliforms in 1 h; however, 40 mg Ag/g TS are needed to reduce helminth ova viability from 84 to 38.4% in the same period of time. Combinations of Ag-Cu (60:600 mg Ag-Cu/g TS) and Ag-SA (60:24 mg Ag-SA/g TS) inactivated 7.8 log of faecal coliforms and around 90% of helminth ova in 60 min. To produce USEPA class A biosolids, 10:100:8 and 5:50:13.3 mg Ag-Cu-SA/gTS are needed. Bacterial regrowth was not observed for all conditions producing <1,000 MPN/gTS faecal coliforms, suggesting a residual disinfection effect. Recommended doses to produce class A biosolids inactivated 2–4 log of bacteriophages, 4 log of Salmonella spp., 4 log of Shigella spp., 3 log of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 2 log of Vibrio cholerae, 87–99.9% of Giardia sp., and 75–99.9% of Cryptosporidium sp.
Early Process Development: The Wyeth Approach
Authors: O'Brien Michael K. , Kolb Michael , Sutherland Karen , McCoy Kevin , Pilcher Anthony
Published: October 2006

The paper describes our approach to early process development in the context of the new Wyeth productivity model to deliver two New molecular entities every year. As a consequence, the number of compounds in Predevelopment and Phase 0 increased fourfold, the cycle time from Discovery
to the IND was shortened by 6 months, and the quantities for the Phase-0 batch increased to include Phase I supply. our new way of working to meet this paradigm without a major increase in headcount is delineated in this article.
Laboratory for Process Research – Ten Years of Successful Partnership between University of Zurich and the Pharmaceutical Industry
Authors: Bader Thomas
Published: October 2006

In 1996, the Laboratory for Process research (Labor für Prozessforschung = LPF) was founded as a collaboration between the University of Zurich and the pharmaceutical industry. This joint venture is based on the concept of providing a professional training
platform in industrial process chemistry for Ph.D. graduates and performing highly sophisticated process research and development at the same time. The well-equipped LPF facilities, approved by swissmedic, operate according to the standards of Good manufacturing Practice (GmP). Chemical processes
for manufacturing of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) are developed from bench to production under GMP compliance. A large number of projects were successfully developed in the last decade, for which production was carried out at the LPF and/or after transfer of the whole technology
to customers or contract manufacturers worldwide. In the course of these projects, the development of numerous innovative reactions and routes has resulted in several patents.
A General Approach to Indoles: Practical Applications for the Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Pharmacophores
Authors: Kuethe Jeffrey T.
Published: October 2006

The development of a long-term manufacturing route to a potent and selective KDR kinase inhibitor has led to the discovery of several novel methodologies for the general synthesis of indoles. The key transformations involved addition of a trimethylsilylnitro benzene to an aromatic aldehyde
which afforded the key nitroalcohol intermediate. Oxidation of the nitroalcohol intermediate led to a nitroketone; whereas, elimination afforded exclusively a trans-nitrostyrene. Reductive cyclization gave the target compounds in excellent overall yield from readily available bulk chemicals.
Application of this methodology has led to the synthesis of highly functionalized pharmacophores including other KDR kinase inhibitors, biindoles and tjipanazole natural products, indolo[2,3-a]pyrrolo [3,4-c]carbazoles, indole-4-carboxylic amides, N-hydroxyindoles, and 2,3-dihydrobenzofurans.
With Asymmetric Hydrogenation Towards a New, Enantioselective Synthesis of Orlistat
Authors: Birk Rolf , Karpf Martin , Püntener Kurt , Scalone Michelangelo , Schwindt Mark , Zutter Ulrich
Published: October 2006

A new, enantioselective synthesis of Orlistat suitable for large-scale production is described, wherein the first enantiomerically pure intermediate methyl (R)-3-hydroxy-tetradecanoate is prepared via asymmetric hydrogenation of methyl 3-oxotetradecanoate. The relevant
criteria associated with the application of the asymmetric hydrogenation technology are addressed, such as the activity, the selectivity and the availability of the catalyst as well as the quality of the hydrogenation substrate and the hydrogen gas.
The Development of API Manufacturing Processes – Targets and Strategies
Authors: Wieckhusen Dierk
Published: October 2006

This article gives an overview on the questions to be asked and the activities to be planned during the development of an API manufacturing process. First of all the API properties required for formulation such as purity, polymorphism and solvate formation, residual solvents, particle
morphology and particle size distribution have to be defined. Then process parameters have to be evaluated that ensure that the drug substance with these properties can be produced on lab scale. The transfer to large-scale production is discussed with emphasis on scale-up effects, appropriate
equipment, potential bottlenecks, and cost aspects. Finally practical hints are given as how to design an API crystallization and work-up process in a way that all given requirements for the APi are fulfilled and the process can be run reproducibly and cost-effective in production.
Data-Oriented Process Development: Determination of Reaction Parameters by Small-Scale Calorimetry with in situ Spectroscopy
Authors: Puxty Graeme , Fischer Ulrich , Jecklin Marc , Hungerbühler Konrad
Published: October 2006

The rapid and complete characterization of chemical reaction mechanisms and their associated heat production is of the utmost importance in terms of chemical understanding and process safety and efficiency. In this contribution a new small volume (25–50 ml) combined reaction calorimeter
(CRC) will be described. With this reactor it is possible to make calibration free calorimetry measurements and in situ mid-IR measurements simultaneously as well as gas consumption/production measurements in pressure-proof versions. The application of this reactor to the industrially
relevant solvent free esterification of 1-butanol by acetic anhydride followed using calorimetry and mid-IR spectroscopy (a common reaction in the synthesis of many solvents, pharmaceuticals and perfumes) will be demonstrated. The results for this chemical system are presented in conjunction
with a description of data analysis techniques allowing kinetic model fitting simultaneously to the different types of in situ measurements.
Cost Analysis of a Commercial Manufacturing Process of a Fine Chemical Compound Using Micro Process Engineering
Authors: Krtschil Ulrich , Hessel Volker , Kralisch Dana , Kreisel Günther , Küpper Michael , Schenk Rainer
Published: October 2006

In the last years micro process engineering has developed rapidly and commercial interest has increased. While process intensification was demonstrated, the question remains whether this novel technology can lead to economic profits. In this context, a cost analysis is performed here
for an economic fine chemical process of the customized chemical producer Azurchem GmbH, i.e. the formation of the 4-cyanophenylboronic acid, using the benefits of micro process technology supplied by IMM GmbH. This process is representative for several other fine and specialty chemical
manufacturing processes proprietary to the Azurchem Gmbh. This is the first time that a cost analysis is made accessible in open literature for a commercial chemical product made by micro process engineering, i.e. for a real-case scenario with validated database, i.e. real yields,
micro-chemical plant, chemical and operator costs. The conclusions from this particular case are extended to more general statements on the micro processing of the whole class of high-value fine chemicals. This is achieved via some potential case scenarios of conceivable improvements
by means of capacity or selectivity increases and a comparison with a traditional manufacturing method based on batch processing. In this way, some fundamental issues on the suitability of this novel technology are revealed, i.e. how process intensification translates into business
drivers.
Process Research in the Ivory Tower
Authors: Finney Nathaniel S.
Published: October 2006

Despite widespread perception to the contrary, training in process chemistry research can be incorporated seamlessly into the academic environment. The challenges and benefits associated with establishing a process research laboratory at the University of Zurich are discussed, and this
program is presented as a successful model for expanding the educational mission of the University to include training in process chemistry.
Multidimensional Gas Chromatographic Determination of Paraffins, Olefins and Aromatics in Naphthas
Authors: Lo Coco Filippo , Gasparini Gianni , Lanuzza Francesco , Stani Gianluca , Adami Gianpiero
Published: October 2006

In order to cope with the increasing demand for gasoline and the need to reduce environmental impact for sustainable development, refineries have installed refining technology by introducing cracking, reforming, isomerization and alkylation. The standard EN 228: 2004 outlines the specification that gasoline, deriving from the blend of several fractions, must have for use in modern piston engines. Naphtha is one of the products from distilling crude oil that can be used as starting material in the reforming process whose derivatives, which are a fraction of gasoline, depend on the composition of the naphtha. Knowledge of the naphtha composition thus enables to provide the final composition of the products of reforming, the efficiency of the plant and also provides information about the crude oil used. In this paper some naphtha samples were analysed by multidimensional gas chromatography. This technique allows in a single analysis a good separation of the hydrocarbon types and within each hydrocarbon type a good carbon number separation.
Sediment Metal Contamination in a Creek Flowing from a Pristine to an Industrial Area of Trieste Province (Italy)
Authors: Adami Gianpiero , Capriglia Lorenzo , Barbieri Pierluigi , Cozzi Federico , Lo Coco Filippo , Acquavita Alessandro , Reisenhofer Edoardo
Published: October 2006

The following metals: Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were determined by inductively coupled plasma ‐ atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP‐AES) in fluvial sediments of Rosandra Creek, using two different, strong and mild sediment decomposition methods. The purpose was to obtain information about the contamination by metals and distribution paths of pollutants in the area crossed by Rosandra Creek: this little river is the unique epigeous watercourse in the Italian Karst and very few data can be found in literature. In this area, we can find a natural park, but also agricultural activities and an industrial district that was recently defined as “polluted site of national interest”. By comparing the results of the strong and mild extraction we have obtained the percentage of extraction and enrichment factors for each metal in the different sediments of the sites R2 and R3 exposed to pollution, while the site R1 was considered as a pristine one because situated in the natural park. The computed enrichment factors are generally not very high, but copper, lead and zinc have factors that require attention.

The principal component analysis (PCA) shows that the typically anthropogenic metals (as Cr, Pb, Cu and Zn) constitute the first factor, while the lithogenic metals, as Fe and Ni, constitute the second one; moreover the score plots permit to classify and distinguish the 3 sites: site R3, possibly the more exposed to contamination, has high scores both for anthropogenic and lithogenic metals.
Attitudes of genetic counselors towards expanding newborn screening and offering predictive genetic testing to children
Authors: Hiraki Susan , Ormond Kelly E. , Kim Katherine , Ross Lainie Friedman
Published: October 2006

There is movement to expand newborn screening (NBS) to include conditions that challenge the traditional public health screening criteria. Little is known about the attitudes of genetic counselors towards expanding NBS and offering predictive genetic tests to children. For our study genetic counselors completed an internet survey posted on the National Society of Genetic Counselors Listserv regarding five conditions: cystic fibrosis (CF), Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD), fragile X (FraX), and type 1 diabetes (T1D). The survey addressed attitudes towards: (1) testing high‐risk infants; (2) mandatory NBS; (3) population screening beyond the newborn period; and (4) testing one's own child. Two hundred sixty‐seven usable surveys were received. Over two‐thirds of respondents supported testing high‐risk infants for all conditions except T1D (22%). CF was the only condition for which there was majority support for both mandatory NBS (56%) and later population screening (60%). For all other conditions, later population screening was preferred over NBS (P ≤ 0.01). Genetic counselors were most likely to test their own child for CF (46%) and least likely to test their own child for T1D (6%). For each condition, genetic counselors were more likely to support NBS if they chose to screen their own newborn (P < 0.001). Attitudes towards NBS were not influenced by year of graduation or professional experience. We can conclude that genetic counselors are supportive of targeted testing of high‐risk infants. They prefer voluntary population screening with consent to mandatory NBS for conditions that challenge Wilson and Jungner criteria. Their support for NBS correlates with their interest in testing their own children and not with professional experience. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Whole genome microarray analysis of gene expression in an imprinting center deletion mouse model of Prader–Willi syndrome
Authors: Bittel Douglas C. , Kibiryeva Nataliya , McNulty Steven G. , Driscoll Daniel J. , Butler Merlin G. , White Robert A.
Published: October 2006

Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) is caused by loss of paternally expressed genes in the 15q11‐q13 region. To further characterize alterations in gene expression in this classical obesity syndrome we used whole genome microarrays to study a PWS mouse model resulting from a paternally derived imprinting center (IC) deletion (PWS IC deletion). These mice die generally within 2–3 days of life (reflective of failure to thrive in infants with PWS) and therefore, the analysis was performed on RNA extracted from the whole brain of PWS IC deletion mice and normal littermates at less than 24 hr after birth. Of more than 45,000 probes examined, 26,471 (59%) were detected for further analysis, and 69 had a significant change in expression of at least 1.5‐fold and a false discovery rate (FDR) of 5%. Eight of the genes with differential expression were imprinted and from the PWS critical region (PWSCR). The three genes with the highest expression in the PWS IC mice were pro‐opiomelanocortin (Pomc) and two transcripts of unknown function. Pomc knockout mice have been shown to develop obesity. Therefore, elevated Pomc RNA in PWS IC deletion neonatal mice may be an important genetic factor in the survival of these mice as it may affect eating behavior. Interestingly, Mc5r, a melanocortin receptor known to directly respond to Pomc expression changes, was upregulated as well. Mc5r is known to be involved with thermoregulation which is reportedly abnormal in PWS infants. These observations support a role for Pomc and the network of genes involved in regulating energy homeostasis in the early clinical findings of failure to thrive observed in PWS. Other notable patterns include three previously unstudied transcripts that are expressed only from the paternal allele under regulatory control of the IC and include AK013560, BB3144814, and BB182944 (whose genes are located in the mouse PWSCR on chromosome 7B). As expected, all the known paternally expressed genes from the PWSCR had detection signals below the threshold in the PWS IC deletion mice but were clearly detectable in control littermates. Several of the genes in this study were further examined by quantitative reverse transcription‐PCR (RT‐PCR) to confirm their expression status. Further analysis of gene expression in these mice may lead to novel pathways affected in PWS. These results, along with other recent reports, suggest that the cumulative effect of modest changes in expression of many genes, especially genes involved in energy metabolism, contribute to the failure to thrive of infants with PWS. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New Rhenium Octahedral Cluster Sulfido‐Cyanide Chain Polymer: The Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Cs4 [{Re6S8}(CN)4S2/2].
Authors: Naumov N. G. , Kim S.‐J. , Virovets A. V. , Mironov Y. V. , Fedorov V. E.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Some Properties of 6‐Di(tri)fluoromethyl‐ (IV) and 5‐Di(tri)fluoroacetyl‐3‐methyl‐1‐phenylpyrano[2,3‐c]pyrazol‐4(1H)‐ones (XII)/(XIII).
Authors: Sosnovskikh V. Ya. , Barabanov M. A. , Usachev B. I. , Irgashev R. A. , Moshkin V. S.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Networks as a means of supporting the adoption of organizational innovations in SMEs: the case of Environmental Management Systems (EMSs) based on ISO 14001
Authors: Halila Fawzi
Published: October 2006

In spite of their large numbers, most SMEs have little knowledge of or interest in environmental questions and generally have difficulties when it comes to integrating environmental aspects into their activities. One way for SMEs to shift from a reactive to a proactive environmental behavior is to adopt environmental innovations. Environmental innovations consist of new or modified processes, techniques, practices, systems and products to avoid or reduce environmental harms. In this study, I focus on a particular type of innovation: organizational environmental innovations, such as an EMS in accordance with ISO 14001.

  One objective of this study was to understand and describe how SMEs can use a network as a basis for initiating environmental work. Another objective was to develop a model that can be used as a guideline for the adoption of an ISO 14001 EMS by SMEs collaborating in a network. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Free viewpoint video synthesis and presentation from multiple sporting videos
Authors: Inamoto Naho , Saito Hideo
Published: October 2006

This paper presents a new framework for observation of sporting events using HMD by applying the method of free viewpoint video synthesis for dynamic events to mixed reality. According to the viewpoint position of an observer, a virtual view image is generated by view interpolation among multiple sporting videos captured in a stadium, and then overlaid onto the real world via HMD. This makes the observer feel as if the match is played in front of his/her eyes. The proposed method performs virtual view synthesis and geometric registration between the real world and the virtual view images using projective geometry between cameras, which can be estimated from correspondence of natural feature points. It does not require calibration of multiple cameras imaging the sporting match and HMD camera capturing the real world. In this paper, we have constructed a mixed reality presentation system for a soccer match in order to demonstrate the utility of the proposed method. This system can overlay soccer scenes captured with multiple cameras in a soccer stadium onto a desktop field model with HMD. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 90(2): 40–49, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20311
Video coding with hybrid intra prediction
Authors: Kondo Satoshi
Published: October 2006

We propose hybrid intra prediction, a new method for generating intra prediction images in intra coding. When generating intra prediction images in pixel domain, this method selects the intra prediction image from one generated using pixel‐based intra prediction and another generated using block‐based intra prediction, according to which is optimal based on a rate distortion criterion. This selection is performed for macroblock units and segmented macro‐block units that we term sub‐macroblocks. In addition, information indicating which intra prediction method was used within a macroblock is described within the bitstream using a tree structure. We evaluate the proposed method by implementing it in an H.264‐based intra prediction coding scheme. Experimental results confirm that compared to conventional methods, our implementation of the proposed method is able to achieve a 6% reduction in bit rate while maintaining the same peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 90(2): 50–62, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20312
A cryptic encoding method for G.729 using variation in bit‐reversal sensitivity
Authors: Kataoka Akitoshi , Hayashi Shinji
Published: October 2006

We propose a method of keeping conversations secret using the differences in the amount of degradation (bit‐reversal sensitivity) in decoded speech when reversing the bits in the ITU‐T standard 8‐kbit/s sound encoding method G.729. In communications using the Internet or other open networks, there is a risk of eavesdropping by third parties, so the content of communications should be hidden using appropriate methods. In this paper we analyze the bit‐reversal sensitivity in G.729 and propose an efficient method for creating secrecy based on these results. In the proposed method, the decoded speech is greatly distorted and secrecy is achieved by converting and operating on only 10 of 80 bits in the G.729 synthesis filter and excitation source. Using objective values we evaluated the efficiency of each operation and using subjective evaluations we confirmed that our method is good at maintaining secrecy. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 90(2): 63–71, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20313
Influences of new employee development practices on temporary employee work‐related attitudes
Authors: Slattery Jeffrey P. , Selvarajan T. T. , Anderson John E.
Published: October 2006

The need to make organizations more flexible and thus more responsive to environmental change has led to many organizations using a flexible workforce that includes temporary employees. The article's purpose was to examine relationships between new employee development (NED) practices that promote organizational socialization and temporary employee attitudes (i.e., job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intention). We developed and empirically tested two models depicting the influence of the dual nature of NED practices on employee attitudes in a temporary agency employing workers at many U.S. sites. Results supported nearly all hypothesized relationships. Concerning the client organization, we found positive relationships between NED practices and job satisfaction and organizational commitment and a negative relationship between NED practices and turnover intention. Job satisfaction and organizational commitment partially mediated the NED practices and turnover intention relationship. Similar results were found for relationships between NED practices and employee attitudes in relation to the temporary agency. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Employer assessment of work‐related competencies and workplace adaptation
Authors: Reio Thomas G. , Sutton Faye C.
Published: October 2006

In this exploratory study, we identified 17 work‐related competencies that might relate best to the successful workplace adaptation of recent engineering graduates. The test battery consisted of the Work‐Related Competency Index, the Workplace Adaptation Questionnaire, and a demographic survey. Mail and Web‐based surveys were employed to collect the data from employers representing a wide spectrum of organizations who hire engineers from a cross‐section of engineering disciplines. The research questions were examined through correlations, t tests, analyses of variance, and hierarchical regressions. After statistically controlling for the demographic and background variables, the regression analyses suggested a strong positive magnitude of effect between interpersonal and technical competencies and each measure of workplace adaptation. The findings demonstrate the need for engineering programs to produce graduates with these competencies and suggest that HRD professionals could have a powerful influence on workplace assimilation and performance by facilitating interpersonal and technical competency improvement through training and development activities.
Trainer self‐loathing?
Authors: Kopp David M.
Published: October 2006

In this article, I address the often lingering and multifaceted issues of trainer accountability, specifically, transfer of training. The significance of transfer came to light for me recently during my research in progress with certified diabetes educators. Because certified diabetes educators lack performance appraisal systems that memorialize their training effectiveness vis‐à‐vis diabetes education to the patient, undocumented feckless transfer of training here may not only equate to inefficiencies within the clinic but also may be linked to poor health outcomes and shorter life spans for the trainee‐patient.
The changing incidence and sites of colorectal cancer in the Israeli Arab population and their clinical implications
Authors: Rozen Paul , Rosner Guy , Liphshitz Irena , Barchana Micha
Published: October 2006

Israeli Arabs have been at low risk for colorectal cancer (CRC) and had mainly proximal cancer, but increasing CRC is now noted. We examined this trend and CRC site and compared them to the total Jewish population and to the low‐risk Jews of Asian‐African origin. Israel Cancer Registry CRC data, 1982–2002, for Arabs and Jews was computed by gender, age and site: rectal cancer included recto‐sigmoid junction; “right‐sided” CRC included the proximal colon up to and also the splenic flexure. During 1982–2002, Arab CRC trends increased significantly in both sexes due to left‐sided CRC (women, p = 0.01; men, p = 0.02) and rectal cancers (p = 0.05). Left‐sided CRC increased significantly in both men and women aged ≥ 65 years (p = 0.02). Comparing 1982–1984 to 2000–2002, the proportion of right‐sided CRC decreased in both genders (p < 0.01) from 39.4 to 27.1% of male CRC, and from 44.8 to 31.3% in females. In general, this pattern of increasing rectal and left‐sided CRC had been seen over a decade earlier in Jews of Asian‐African origin and then their trend reversed during the last decade. In conclusion, there is a recent trend for left‐sided CRC in Israeli Arabs, probably related to their changing life style. These results should influence their cancer preventive lifestyle recommendations, and CRC screening and diagnostic methodologies used. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.