bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zur Charakterisierung des Gefährdungspotentials von Wasserschadstoffen
Authors: Koch R.
Published: February 2007

The danger potential of chemicals to man and environment is essentially a function of exposure and toxicity. For the exposure of ecological systems there is decisive the distribution of the particular substance in and among the hydro‐, pedo‐, atmo‐ and biospheres. Proceeding from statistical relations between different molecular structure parameters and the distribution as well as action of substances, the approximate determination of distribution parameters, sorption coefficients and bioconcentration factors is possible. By means of a discriminant analysis the substances can be assigned to given classes of toxicity and mutagenicity. Proceeding from structure‐analogy models, for several substances used as examples the distribution and toxicity parameters are calculated and an evaluation of the danger potential for aquatic ecosystems and man is discussed.
Diatoms as Indicators of Organic Pollution
Authors: Sládeček V.
Published: February 2007

There is given a list of 323 taxa of freshwater diatoms occurring in waters of Central Europe. Each taxon is characterized by 10 balls of saprobic valence, the indicative weight of species (Ii) and by the individual saprobic index (Si) indicating its position on a conventional scale of saprobity. Diatoms are very common aquatic organisms, but are only medium or bad indicators of saprobity, because their saprobic valence is usually wide.
Malathion Toxicity: Embryotoxicity and Survival of Hatchlings of Zebrafish (Brachydanio Rerio)
Authors: Ansari B. A. , Kumar K.
Published: February 2007

Toxicity tests revealed that the hatchlings of Zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) are more sensitive to malathion (an organophosphorus pesticide) as compared to the embryos. 72 … 168 hours LC50 values showed a gradual decrease as the exposure time was increased. Probable causes have been discussed.
Zum Verhalten von Tensiden beim Ionenaustausch
Authors: Bosholm J. , Luft P.
Published: February 2007

Aqueous model solutions of a technical alkane sulphonate (chain length C = 12 … 18) were treated in the model experiment with a strongly acid cation‐exchanger and with a weakly and a strongly basic anion‐exchanger. Only in the last case, a considerable decrease of the exchange capacity occurred. This means for the practice: the removel of anion‐active tensides is guaranteed largely by ion exchange. Considerable damages to resin occur only after extended periods of operation. By the positioning of weakly basic anion‐exchangers in front of strongly basic ones the latter are largely protected against the action of anion‐active tensides.
Effect of Individual Phenolic Compounds and of their Mixtures on Luminous Bacteria. Part 5: Combined Action of Phenols and Heavy metals
Authors: Stom D. J. , Geel T. A. , Balayan A. E.
Published: February 2007

Problems are discussed of the combined action of phenols and metals on luminous bacteria. It is shown that the toxic effect of a mixture was not always equal to the expected additive action. An assumption is made that during a combined action phenols and metals act on the principle of competing inhibition.
Methods of Investigation of the Metabolism of Anaerobic Microorganisms
Authors: Zábranská J. , Dohányos M.
Published: February 2007

At present the development together with an intensification of anaerobic processes calls for methods of observation and control. It is very important to know intermediate metabolites of anaerobic microorganisms and the activity of methanogenic ones. Presented analytical methods are GLC analyses of lower fatty acids, alcohols, aldehydes and ketones and components of biogas. The chromatography using steam as a mobile phase is also mentioned. The method of determining the fluorescent coenzyme F420 was tested and modified. This coenzyme is specific for methanogenic microorganisms and is closely linked with their activity. The determination of the total activity of the hydrogenase system of anaerobic microorganisms by means of the rate of the consumption and evolution of molecular hydrogen was also presented. The applicability and effectivenes of these methods were verified on natural samples. All the methods mentioned above give satisfactory results with available equipment, materials and techniques.
Acute Toxicity of Some Industrial Effluents in Relation to the Fish Size of Cyprinus carpio (HAM.) and Channa punctatus (BLOCH)
Authors: Gupta S.
Published: February 2007

The fish Cyprinus carpio (HAM.) and Channa punctatus (BL.) of the size ranging between 6.0 ± 1.2 cm and 28.0 ± 1.6 cm were exposed to different concentrations of industrial effluents from M/s Punjab Tannery Ltd. (Jalandhar), M/s Spinning Mill Ltd. (Hoshiarpur) and M/s Food Specialist Ltd. (Moga) for evaluating the influence of fish size on the acute toxicity of these effluents. Results indicate that the relative toxicity of the effluents decreased with the increase in fish size from 6.0 ± 1.2 cm to 20.6 ± 1.5 cm. However, for specimens of the size of 28.0 ± 1.6 cm and more, the toxicity of the effluents increased with an increase in fish size. On the basis of the relative toxicity to fish, effluent from Punjab Tannery was found highly toxic and from Food Specialist Industry, the least toxic.
The Uptake of Ammonium, Nitrite and Nitrate Ions by Hydrodictyon reticulatum
Authors: Starý J. , Zeman A. , Kratzer K.
Published: February 2007

It has been found that ammonium ions belong together with potassium and sodium ions to the main cationic species in algal cells. The intracellular concentration of ammonium ions, which changes from 4 to 160 μmol. g−1 wet weight, strongly influences the influx and reflux of different ions. Algal cells containing 4… 6 μmol of ammonium ions per gram cumulate ammonium ions in the light with a very high initial rate of 40… 80 pmol. cm−2. s−1, whereas the influx of nitrite or nitrate ions is slower by more than one order. Whereas ammonium ions simply displace potassium ions from the cell, the uptake of nitrite and nitrate ions is more complicated. These ions are rapidly reduced inside the cell into ammonium ions, which is connected with the reflux of potassium and hydroxyl ions. Ammonium ions formed take part in metabolic reactions releasing hydrogen ions.
Some Haematological Effects of Crude Oil on Freshwater Catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (BLOCH)
Authors: Prasad M. S. , Prasad P. , Singh D.
Published: February 2007

The exposure of catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis to different concentrations (200, 500, 700, 1000, 1500, 2000 ppm) of crude oil extract for a varying period (for up to 48 h in lethal extract and 360 h in sublethal one) resulted into a number of haematological changes. All the parameters taken here were found to have been increased except the haemoglobin level which fell down to 14.3 % in an acute lethal concentration (2000 ppm) after 48 h of exposure. The haematocrit value increased significantly (12 %) in 2000 ppm. The blood sugar level showed hyperglycemia in all the concentrations. The increase in ascorbic acid (28 %) was pronounced in higher concentrations.

Changes occurring in different parameters seemed to be reversible as all the parameters returned to their normal levels after returning the fish to normal media, except the nuclear swelling which did not resume the normal functioning even after a prolonged treatment (1 month or more) in the recovery jar. The haematological effects shown by the crude oil resembled partly those kept in severe hypoxic conditions and partly to the fishes poisoned by heavy metals (Cu and Zn). On the basis of results obtained in this investigation, crude oil may be categorised as a complex toxic agent.
Application of Electrodialysis in Water Treatment
Authors: Dobrevsky I. , Petrov V. , Mavrov V.
Published: February 2007

Desalination experiments by means of electrodialysis were carried out with a pilot plant of Soviet origin. Brackish water of the Bulgarian Black Sea coast with different fresh‐water concentrations and 135… 700 mg/1 salt was used as the salt water. The applied electrode voltages were 100… 400 V. In dependence on other conditions such as flow rate, temperature etc., there were determined the energy demand (referred to the removal of 1 kg salt) and the desalination effect. A mathematical model for calculating the energy consumption is derived from the experimental findings.
Sichttiefen und Wasserfarben der oberen Seen der Feldberger Seenlandschaft im Jahre 1984 und 1985, sowie ihre Veränderungen seit 1983
Authors: Richter W. M.
Published: February 2007

A simple device is described for determining the transparency by means of white and black as well as four coloured (450, 525, 575. 625 and 720 nm) Secchi disks. The changes in transparencies and water colours having occurred in the individual years in three lakes are discussed in connection with meteorological data. The differences occurring in a groove lake between three stations indicate the differences of the development of plankton.
Gewinnung biokinetischer Daten von Abwässern mit dem Respirationsfermentor. Teil 2: Einfluß des Sauerstoffpartialdruckes auf die spezifische Wachstumsrate beim aeroben biologischen Abbau von Prozeßwasser der Braunkohlenvergasung im mesophilen und im thermophilen Temperaturbereich
Authors: Martius G. , Behrens U. , Franz B.
Published: February 2007

An improved laboratory respiration fermentor construction for batchwise operations by which permeations of gases through connecting rubber tubings could be avoided is described. From the registration of curves for oxygen consumption during batchwise treatment of waste water from coal gasification at 37°C a decrease of the COD reduction rate is observed when the dissolved oxygen concentration decreased to below 0,7 mg/l. At dissolved oxygen concentrations above 0,7 mg/l, biokinetic data were determined which on account of the improved respiratory fermenter construction diverge strongly from the values formerly given \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$({\rm \mu = 0,24 h}^{{\rm - 1}};Y_{\frac{x}{{{\rm O}_2 }}} = 0,57{\rm g\; OBTSZ/g O}_{\rm 2};Y_{\frac{x}{s}} = 0,32{\rm g\; OBTSZ/g\; COD}) $\end{document}. Investigations performed in the thermophilic range (55°C) led at dissolved oxygen concentration of 1,5 mg/l to significant slower COD‐reduction rates whereas at dissolved oxygen concentration of 1,5 mg/l the efficiency of COD‐reduction was significantly higher than in the mesophilic range.

The results obtained at different dissolved oxygen concentrations and different treating temperatures are discussed.
Effect of Certain Organic Wastes on the Periphyton Levels of the Treated Waters
Authors: Kapur K.
Published: February 2007

Studies on the effect of organic wastes on the periphyton levels reveal an efficiency in the decreasing order of duckery > poultry > cow‐dung > goat and sheep > piggery excreta. The biochemical constituents could be rated as soluble ash/Ca > crude proteins > dry matter > nitrogen free extract. Significance of the findings has been discussed.
Response of a Freshwater Ostracod (Cypris subglobosa SOWERBY) Exposed to Copper at Different pH Levels
Authors: Khangarot B. S. , Ray P. K.
Published: February 2007

Short‐term tests of the acute toxicity of Cu2+ (from copper sulphate) to a freshwater ostracod, Cypris subglobosa SOWERBY were carried out at five different pH values from 5.5 to 8.5. The toxicity of copper abruptly decreased with an increase in pH of the Cu‐containing medium. The 48 h EC50 value of Cu increased from 0.35 ppm at pH =5.5… 5.1 ppm at pH =8.5. The per cent survival, median period of immobilization (ET50), slope functions and the 95 per cent confidence limits were determined at each pH level. The direct correlation between EC50 value and pH indicated that the acute toxicity of Cu decreased as the pH increased from 5.5… 8.5.
Mikrobiologische Untersuchungen an deponiebeeinflußten Wässern unter besonderer Berücksichtigung sulfatreduzierender Bakterien
Authors: Carmienke I. , Tauchnitz J. , Kiesel G.
Published: February 2007

In seepage waters of eight different dumping sites, counts on agar and gelatine of endobacteria, coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococci and sulphate reducers are determined and the influences exerted on them by various chemical criteria are discussed. Locations of dumping sites which can be regarded as dumping sites of noxious substances due to the Eh and pH values of their seepage waters indicate this status by low or lacking bacterial counts. The bacterial counts of the sulphate reducers correlate with the Eh/pH values. In fourty samples partly high numbers for sulphate reducers were found also above the limit of BAAS‐BECKING Eh = 4–115 mV. Considerably reduced conditions with high concentrations of sulphide and ammonium lead to the death of sulphate reducers. By impoundage of water in municipal refuse disposal sites there are created conditions for sulphuretes due to which these refuse disposal sites develop into sites of noxious substances.
Theorie und Praxis der indirekten Sulfatbestimmung mit Hilfe des Bariumverbrauches
Authors: Englmaier P.
Published: February 2007

A description is given of the sulphate determination by means of precipitation by barium ions at 100 °C and pH = 4, centrifugation at 8000 g after cooling down and atomic absorption spectrometric determination of the excess barium at 553.6 nm in the presence of caesium as radiation buffer. The detection limit is 0.0352 mg/1 sulphate, reproducibility is in the range of 0.5 to 20 mg/1 sulphate ± 1.5%.
Sequencing Batch Experiments with activated Sludge Consuming Glucose and Phenol
Authors: Vavilin V. A. , Endo A. , Matsumoto J.
Published: February 2007

During the rather short solids retention time θ = 1.25 d phenol is not utilized by activated sludge and only glucose is consumed during the sequencing batch experiments. After glucose consumption the residual COD concentration (COD = 820 mg/l) is represented mainly by the phenol concentration. During the rather long solids retention time θ = 8 d phenol is consumed by activated sludge as well as glucose. In this case the residual COD concentration is much smaller (COD = 46 mg/l) and the ratio BOD5/COD = 0.1 is small, too. The general model of biological treatment suggested by one the authors earlier can describe the sequencing batch experimental data rather well.
Bio‐augmented activated sludge treatment of potato wastewaters
Authors: Yu Yeh R. ‐Li , Hung Yung‐Tse
Published: February 2007

A laboratory study was conducted to determine the effect of bacterial augmentation with LLMO (liquid live microorganisms) on the activated sludge treatment of potato wastewaters. Completed mixed activated sludge bench scale reactors were used in this study. Parameters varied during the continuous reactor run included hydraulic detention time, LLMO addition, and powdered activated carbon addition. The hydraulic detention time lasted 1, 2, and 3 days, while the sludge age was maintained at 10 days for both reactors. The bio‐augmented reactor had a better COD removal than the non‐bio‐augmented reactor at a lower MLVSS level in the reactor. It is concluded that bacterial augmentation with LLMO improved slightly the COD removal efficiency in treating potato wastewaters with the activated sludge process. The bio‐augmentation increased the substrate removal rate, increased the oxygen utilization, and decreased the excess sludge production.
Alterations in the architecture of the gill surface produced by water‐borne copper in Heteropneustes fossilis (BLOCH)
Authors: Rajbanshi V. K. , Gupta A. K.
Published: February 2007

In the present investigation the effect of water‐borne copper on the gill architecture of a freshwater teleost, Heteropneustes fossilis (BLOCH) was studied through scanning electron microscopy. The changes produced on the gill surface in a sublethal measured copper concentration (8.17 mg/1) in static bioassay after 96 h of exposure were fusion of secondary lamellae, rupture of various cellular components and deposition of excessive mucus and blood on the gill surface. The epithelial surface of treated gill thus lost the organized structures like microvilli, arborizing ridges and channels. The cause of fish mortality due to action of copper has been discussed in reference to reduced relative diffusing capacity along with other wide ranging effects on the metabolism of fish.
Der Aufwuchs im Längsschnitt der Talsperre Saidenbach
Authors: Petersohn D.
Published: February 2007

The structure of periphyton or “Aufwuchs” communities is sensitive to environmental conditions. It was proposed that periphyton biomass might similarly reflect differences in measured chemical variables between 5 sampling stations in the Saidenbach reservoir. Longitudinal gradients of periphyton biomass could be shown.
Bestimmung von Spurenmetallen im Ostseewasser durch elektroanalytische‐ und AAS‐Methoden
Authors: Brügmann H. , Gian T. X. , Berge H.
Published: February 2007

Between November 1985 and October 1986 20 water samples were taken off at Rostock‐Warnemünde and analyzed by optimized electroanalytical and atomic absorption spectroscopical (AAS) methods on lead, cadmium, copper and zinc. Determinations by AAS were carried out following extraction of those metals as APDC/DDDC chelate complexes with freon and their back‐extraction into diluted nitric acid. Electroanalytical determinations were performed by stripping voltammetry (IV) with mercury film electrodes on glassy carbon together with differential pulse polarographic (DP) recording with (DPIV/UV) and without preceding UV‐photolytic treatment (DPIV) of the samples. The observed concentrations increased in the order DPIV – DPIV/UV – AAS. In the order Cd – Pb – Zn – Cu those fractions of metals increase which only become available for the electroanalysis following mineralization of natural organic material by UV.
Toxicity and long term effects of a sublethal concentration of cadmium on the growth of the fingerlings of Ophiocephalus punctatus (BL.)
Authors: Shukla J. P. , Pandey K.
Published: February 2007

The LC50 for exposure of 48 and 96 h is 34.64 and 18.5 mg/l Cd2+, respectively. During the exposure to 3.5 mg/l Cd2+ from the 13th day significant differences of length and mass occur with respect to the control. Over a total of 31 days of experiment the reduction of growth rates is 11% for the longitudinal growth and 16% for the increase in weight.
Auswahl der Inkubationszeit bei Bestimmung der Belebtschlammaktivität mit Hilfe des TTC‐Tests
Authors: Miksch K.
Published: February 2007

The general assumption that the quantity of the formazan formed is linearly proportional to the time of incubation cannot be confirmed in practice. A formation of formazan which is too low initially is due to the initially passive transport of TTC to the sites of action. A formazan formation which is initially very high occurs through non‐enzymatic reduction of TTC by reducing substances in the environment outside the bacterial cells. During longer periods of incubation, especially during toxicological tests, the substrate may get exhausted, so that less formazan will be formed. For the correct determination of the dehydrogenase activity by means of TTC it is necessary to determine the period of incubation within which the increase of formazan is linearly proportional to time. The dehydrogenase activity can be exactly determined only from this period of time of incubation.
Biochemical study of the gonads of Mystus vittatus exposed to the fertilizer NPK during the spawning season. Part 1: Carbohydrates
Authors: Narain A. S. , Pande R. K.
Published: February 2007

The gonads of spawning Mystus vittatus exposed for 96 h to the LC50‐96 h dose (i.e. 550 ppm) of NPK, the agricultural fertilizer, were biochemically analysed for their carbohydrate content. The glucose and glycogen contents of the spawning fish were found to be lowered significantly, and the total carbohydrate and lactic acid contents altered insignificantly, under the pollutional stress. The stressed fish also exhibited the presence of some additional free sugars within their gonads.
Localization of Branchial Enzymes and their Significance in the Detection of Crude Oil Toxicity in Colisa fasciatus
Authors: Prasad M. S.
Published: February 2007

The effect of crude oil on the histochemical localization of branchial enzymes CA, SDH, LDH, Alkpase and Acidpase was investigated in Colisa fasciatus. The activity of all the enzymes experimented here was found to have decreased when treated with the lethal solutions of crude oil except the LDH which showed an increasing trend throughout the experiment. A transitory increase in the CA and SDH was observed in the beginning but reached an almost normal level after 48 h in 1000 ppm. On the basis of sensitiveness towards crude oil toxicity, the enzymes have been arranged in the following order: LDH > SDH > CA > Alkpase > Acidpase.

The results suggest that crude oil is capable of impairing the enzyme activity. The decreased or increased level of enzymes may be used as an indicator for assessing the toxicity of oil pollutants.
Bestimmung von Organochlorpestiziden in Schlämmen und Sedimenten
Authors: Huschek G. , Beerbalk H. O. , Werner G. , Engewald W.
Published: February 2007

A method for the determination of organohalogens by gas chromatography using electron capture (EDC) and mass‐spectrometric (MS) detection was developed for sediments from lakes and sludges of water treatment plants. The method was described and separate techniques for sample preparation were investigated to compare the retrieval rates and the best approach to the “real value”. With the help of solid‐liquid‐phase‐ and liquid‐liquid‐phase extraction sulphur, most of the organosulphur compounds and carbon acids were effectively removed. The compounds were identified by comparing temperature programmed retention indices with those of reference compounds and by high‐resolution GC/MS.
Die Massenentwicklung der Geißelalge Uroglena americana (Alk.) Lemm in Trinkwassertalsperren Thüringens und ihre Bekämpfung
Authors: Loth P.
Published: February 2007

A mass development of Uroglena americana with cellular densities of up to 13.5 · 106 and 86.106 cells/l, was observed in two drinking‐water reservoirs. In the first case the development remained confined to the upper 20 m, in the second case there occurred a gradual shift of the maximum to deeper zones from May to July with decreasing cellular densities down to a depth of 35 m. Laboratory experiments for the control of the algae development were performed in order to protect the drinking‐water resources from potential impairments of odour and taste. Samples of the storage‐reservoir water with 20.106 cells/l of Uroglena were concentrated up to 1.25 … 12.5 mg/l Ca(OH)2 (pH‐values of 7.2 … 9.6) by addition of calcium hydroxide and observed for 39 h. First impairment of the cells of Uroglena is detectable at 5 mg/l Ca(OH)2 after 15 h, an immediate effect can be observed at 7.5 mg/l Ca(OH)2 together with increased sedimentation, also Gymnodinium and Cryptomonas having been damaged. Thereupon a successful control of Uroglena by liming up to pH‐values above 8.0 is possible. The application of lime to outdoor areas was not necessary, in the final analysis, since the drinking‐water quality could be secured by the optimum choice of the intake depth of raw water with a maximum of 4.103 to 77.103 cells/l.
Zur Charakterisierung von Aktivkohlen durch die Zersetzung von Wasserstoffperoxid
Authors: Radeke K.‐H. , Jonas S. , Spitzer P. , Jung R. , Neffe S.
Published: February 2007

In search for a suitable and fast analytical method for assessing kinds of activated carbon for water purification there were carried out investigations with hydrogen peroxide. According to their catalytic activity, the various kinds of activated carbon are capable of decomposing hydrogen peroxide to different degrees and at different rates. The released oxygen can be determined volumetrically. The results of investigation obtained on always fresh carbon samples with acid and basic groups were discussed on the basis of the velocity constants of the oxygen development. An assessment of quality would be possible, in principle, but the surface characteristic of the kinds of carbon is considerably superimposed by influences of morphology, so that applying this method is advised against.
Purification of Drinking Water (Municipal Water Supply) by Activated Charcoal, Potassium Permanganate and Silica Gel Beds Vis a vis to Bleaching Powder and Its Effects on Fish Life
Authors: Lakshmi Smt. , Srivastava A. K. , Mishra A. N. , Pandey K. N.
Published: February 2007

A novel method has been developed to purify the municipal water. A pH of 7.05 has been achieved, which is suitable for the drinking purpose. Heavy metal, Pb2+ ions, have been removed to the extent of 0.074 mg/l. This purified water also saves the life of fishes. At the same time the use of bleaching powder in purifying municipal water has been avoided due to its hazardous effect even on fishes.
Seasonal Flux of Nonstructural Carbohydrate in Five Species of Submerged Macrophytes in a Precambrian Shield Lake. Part 1: Effect of Light and Water Depth
Authors: Sutherland‐Guy C. , Pip E.
Published: February 2007

Summary: Soluble carbohydrate and starch were examined in shoots of Ceratophyllum demersum, Elodea canadensis, Myriophyllum exalbescens, Potamogeton foliosus and P. zosteriformis in Shoal Lake (Manitoba–Ontario) during the 1985 season. A wide range of variation was found for the same species on any given day among different sampling stations at the same depth. Correlations of each of total soluble carbohydrate and starch with water depth were inconsistent on any given day, although inverse correlations were more common. In M. exalbescens, roots consistently contained more soluble carbohydrate than shoots. The soluble carbohydrate fraction of all species contained glucose, fructose and sucrose. However C. demersum also contained significant and relatively constant proportions of melibiose, raffinose and stachyose. Starch content decreased during the season in C. demersum but increased in P. foliosus and P. zosteriformis shoots. E. canadensis and M. exalbescens showed no significant seasonal trends. Starch comprised 30 … 85 % of the total nonstructural carbohydrate in the 5 species. Seasonal carbohydrate and starch concentrations were not significantly correlated with each other in any of the macrophytes examined. The proportion of starch relative to the total nonstructural carbohydrate increased during the season in P. foliosus and P. zosteriformis.
Qualitätsprobleme bei der Gewinnung von uferfiltriertem Grundwasser in Ungarn
Authors: László F.
Published: February 2007

Summary: In Hungary a large proportion of the drinking‐water demand is met by bank filtration. Especially the middle section of the Danube stretch is used for drinking‐water supply, also for the capital Budapest (310 · 106 m3/a). The considerable pollutant load imported, anyhow, is increased by several Hungarian sources of contamination. The Danube has such a high self purifying capacity that, among other things, the annual COD‐Mn load by the city of Budapest amounting to 140,000 t is degraded to such a level that the export of organic pollutants in the Danube from Hungary is not greater than the import. Heavy metals get into the bank filtrate through organic complexing agents. Also organochlorine compounds and their precursors were quantitatively determined. In Budapest water is treated with ozone, activated carbon and open high‐rate filtration.
Atomabsorptionsspektrometrische Metallbestimmung in natürlichen Gewässern und Abwässern
Authors: Gontscharowa N. N. , Speiser G. M. , Wanowa E. I.
Published: February 2007

With the aid of the Soviet atomic‐absorption two‐channel spectrometer “Saturn” successful attempts were made to improve the sensitivity of the heavy‐metal determination after the previous two‐step separation and concentration technique. Compared with other combustible gases, the propane/nitrogen‐oxide flame is preferred. Because of the possibility of the direct determination of the heavy metals in the water samples the duration of analyses could be reduced by fifty per cent. Besides the heavy‐metal analytics, a rapid‐determination technique for calcium and magnesium was developed. The results of the different determination techniques and the ranges of measurement are given in several tables.
Antibiotic Resistance and Transferable R Plasmids in Coliforms from a Polluted Estuary
Authors: Umaran A. , Garaizer J. , Cisterna R.
Published: February 2007

The aim of this work was to find out how far the Nervion Estuary serves as a reservoir of R plasmids and/or for their dissemination. The fecal pollution bacterial indicator population was estimated along the estuary and 167 coliform isolates were assayed for resistance to 16 antibiotics. About sixty‐nine per cent of the coliform isolates were antibiotic‐resistant and forty‐two per cent of these were simultaneously resistant to three or more of 16 antibiotics tested. Furthermore, 31.5% of enterobacterial strains resistant to any of the antibiotics tested could transfer their resistance determinants in conjugal matings. Most of the transferred plasmids confer resistance to ampicillin or to other β‐lactamic antibiotics and several codify resistance to tetracyclin, chloramphenicol of fosfomycin. Taking account of the coliforms density found and the ratio of these isolates able to transfer R plasmids, an average of 5 × 103 coliform strains able to transfer R plasmids in 100 ml of water was obtained. This amount must indicate a significant potential public health risk because these polluted waters get into an area with intensive fishing and recreational use.
Use of Catalytic Metal‐Polyethylene Imine Complexes and Recovered Polymeric Sorbents for the Chemisorptive Removal of Polyphenols and Phenols
Authors: Stom D. I. , Butina N. P. , Shakhova G. V. , Khangurov A. V. , Pshezhetskii V. S. , Koryakovtsev A. A. , Gavrilova E. F.
Published: February 2007

Investigations of the chemisorptive properties of polyethylene imine with respect to phenol compounds have been carried out. It has been established that in the reaction of polyethylene imine with phenol compounds a three‐dimensional polymer is formed by cross‐linking and precipitates. The use of transition metal‐polyethylene imine complexes accelerates the oxidation of intermediates of the quinoid type. Results have been obtained in studying the spectral characteristics of the products of the reaction of phenols and quinones with polyethylene imine and catalytic metal‐(II)‐polyethylene imine complexes. The kinetic study of this process has shown the reaction to obey a first‐order equation.

The use of a recovered sorbent, the cystein‐pretreated anion‐exchanger AB‐17‐8, for the sorption and further oxidation of phenols and quinones by the substitution of a cystein anion containing an SH‐group for an ion‐exchange polymer anion has been studied. It is suggested to employ sodium sulfite instead of cystein in order to reduce the cost of treatment and analysis of waste waters with high phenol and quinone contents.
Biomanipulation im Experimentalgewässer Gräfenhain: Veränderte direkte und indirekte Effekte nach fünfjähriger Versuchsdauer
Authors: Köhler J. , Köhler A. , Benndorf J.
Published: February 2007

Zooplankton‐eating fish had been completely eliminated by stocking with predacious fish in 1981 and consecutive years in a small Experimental water (flooded quarry, surface area 0.044 ha, mean depth 7 m). The short‐term response of the plankton community to this food‐web manipulation was reported by Benndorf et al. (1984). The present paper analyses the response of the ecosystem during the fifth year of stable biomanipulation (1985) and compares these findings with the situation during the first biomanipulation year (1981) as well as with the prebiomanipulation state of the ecosystem (1979, 1980). The situation in 1985 differs in many aspects from that in 1981: (1) Abundance of Chaoborus flavicans has increased, most of the larvae do not longer hide in the sediment during daytime, (2) the mean summer biomass of herbivorous zooplankton has decreased, (3) the mean individual body weigth of crustaceans has further increased; small Daphnia hyalina and D. cucullata were replaced by larger D. longispina and D. pulex, (4) the dominating herbivores (D. longispina and Eudiaptomus gracilis) do not longer migrate to deeper layers during daytime, (5) small and medium‐sized age classes of D. longispina show „Nackenzähne”︁ as a mechanism of defence against Chaoborus, (6) the percentage of inedible algae has further increased, which shows that the grazing pressure on phytoplankton was enhanced. The Secchi depth was in 1985 almost as high as in 1981. The only important criterion which has not changed from 1979 to 1985 was phytoplankton biomass. Obviously, phytoplankton biomass is controlled by nutrients and light rather than by zooplankton grazing. The results emphasize that the internal ecological time‐lag mechanisms must be taken into consideration in food‐web manipulation and that short‐term investigations are not an appropriate basis to draw conclusions with respect to the new stable state of the ecosystem.
Kationenaustauschkapazität als Grundlage für die Schätzung der Schwermetallmigration im Boden
Authors: Meier U.
Published: February 2007

The adsorption/desorption ratio is an important quantity of the displacement of heavy metals in the soil. Adsorption isotherms as controlled quantities are suitable for the development of a transport model. With the aid of the T value the sorption coefficients and distribution quotients can be determined for different soils. By two examples of simulation the migrations of Cd and Pb were calculated with soil samples of warp clay/gley and loam/para‐brown earth. It was found, inter alia, that with increasing time of input the concentration of dissolved and adsorbed heavy metals grows and that the added heavy‐metal ions are absorbed in the uppermost layers already. For cases of continuous input the simulation model is recommended for the practice to estimate the migration of heavy metals in soils.
Periodicity of Water‐borne Hyphomycetes in Two Streams of Western Ghat Forests (India)
Authors: Chandrashekar K. R. , Sridhar K. R. , Kaveriappa K. M.
Published: February 2007

The seasonal variation in the occurrence of water‐borne hyphomycetes in the two streams, viz. Kempu Hole and Kumaradhara, was investigated during 1983 and 1984. The fungi were isolated by using the four methods, viz. leaf litter analysis, water filtration and analysis of natural and induced foam. Thirty‐six species of hyphomycetes in Kempu Hole and twenty species in Kumaradhara were recorded. Lunulospora curvula and Triscelophorus monosporus were observed in high frequency in all seasons in both the streams. The organisms like Dactylella aquatica, Camposporium pellucidum, Clavatospora filiformis, Dactylella oviparasitica, Flabellospora crassa, Tetracladium marchalianum, Tetraploa sp., Tetraploa aristata, Alatospora acuminata, Condylospora spumigena, Helicosporium sp. 1, Helicosporium sp. 2, Diplocladiella scalaroides, Phalangispora constricta and Isthmotricladia laeensis were found to occur with a very low frequency. In both the streams a maximum number of organisms were collected following the periods of heavy rains. The temperature and pH of stream water do not seem to affect the occurrence of hyphomycetes in streams of this region. On the other hand, the availability of substrates and the oxygen concentration of stream water seem to influence the occurrence of these fungi.
Zur adsorptiven Eliminierung ausgewählter Pestizide aus wäßrigen Lösungen. Teil 1. Adsorption von 2,4‐Dichlorphenol und verwandten Verbindungen
Authors: Rozen M. , Worch E. , Kümmel R.
Published: February 2007

The adsorption behaviour of 2,4‐dichlorophenol and 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid from aqueous solutions onto synthetic porous copolymers has been investigated by equilibrium and kinetic measurements. Model equations considering pH dependent equilibrium loadings as well as film and surface diffusion parameters were used to describe the pH influence on the adsorption phenomena and the breakthrough curves determined experimentally. The adsorption capacity of the polymer for the 2,4‐D acid increased substantially in the presence of heavy metal cations due to salt formation in the liquid phase.
Reinigung der Abwässer einer Autowaschanlage durch Flockung
Authors: Dobrewski I. , Prodanova St.
Published: February 2007

A description is given of the results of laboratory experiments in which the reduction of the oil content and of the COD‐Cr value is measured. Besides inorganic salts, viz. Al2(SO4)3 · 18 H2O, FeCl3 · 6H2O, FeSO4 · 7H2O, and AlCl3, a synthetic product (Nalco 8109) is used. Residual oil concentrations lower than 5 mg/l are achieved at dosing concentrations of 80 … 100 mg/l. These concentrations can be lowered by 25 … 50%, if a synthetic organic flocculant (Fibrospan, Makroflock, Kuriflock, Nalco 8101) is used in concentrations of about 1 mg/l.
Manganese Induced Alterations in the Blood Pyruvate Levels of a Freshwater Indian Catfish Heteropneustes fossilis
Authors: Nath K. , Kumar N. , Salahuddin
Published: February 2007

Blood pyruvate levels of a freshwater Indian Catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis, were investigated following sublethal manganese intoxication (3440 mg/l MnSO4·H2O; 0.8 of LC50 96 h). Blood pyruvic acid levels registered a statistically significant elevation at all exposure periods. Maximum elevation of 53.33% was observed at 96 h.
Derivativspektroskopie 5. Ordnung zur Bestimmung von Chlorophyll a und Phaeophytin a. Teil 1. Grundlagen des Verfahrens: Die Kalibrierung und Bestimmung des Säurequotienten von Chlorophyll a.
Authors: Wollin K.‐M.
Published: February 2007

Fifth order derivative spectroscopy has been demonstrated to be an excellent analytical tool for chlorophyll a and phaeophytin a determination. The relative standard deviations of the proposed procedure as a measure for the overall precision are 1.3 and 1.1% in the dynamic range of 0.3049 … 3.0488 mg/l chlorophyll a and 0.2967 … 2.9669 mg/l phaeophytin a, respectively. Reinvestigation of the acid ratio of chlorophyll a in 90% ethanol by spectrophotometry yielded a value of 1.615. The analogous acid ratio of the derivative spectroscopy was calculated to be 1.414.
Anmerkung zur Sekundärproduktion von Fischen des Rhithrals
Authors: Waterstraat A.
Published: February 2007

In investigations on the secondary production of flowing waters the share of fish is not paid enough attention to. Since the individual species and stages of development occupy different positions in the food pyramid, the interpretation of the data is more difficult. As investigations made as examples at eight stations in three waters show, in some cases species whose existence is threatened have a significant share in the fish fauna and its production in the undisturbed salmonide region. Considerable changes of the population structure are caused by anthropogenic influences by development and impoundage. The share of insectivorous fish in the secondary production is discussed on the basis of data from literature also in comparison with macrozoobenthos. The estimation of the production of Cottus gobio in two brooks shows considerable differences in production between a eutrophic hard‐water brook of the lowland and an oligotrophic soft‐water brook of the uplands.
Virological Investigations of the River Danube
Authors: Walter R. , Dumke R. , Dürkop J. , Guyer S. , Krämer U.
Published: February 2007

The investigation was performed in March 1988 at 24 stations from the delta (km 16) up to Vienna (km 1,940) and yielded positive findings at 13 stations with 0.135 to 1.24 MPN/1 (x̄ 0.599 MPN/1). Of the 37 strains detected, 12 Coxsackie‐B and 11 ECHO serotypes were identified. Other 14 strains were electron‐optically classified as picorna viruses (5), adeno viruses (7) and isometric viruses (2). Rotaviruses were detected by means of the indirect immunofluorescence in 15 of 17 samples, whereas Hepatitis‐A viruses could not be detected (gene‐probe technique). In the longitudinal section of the river, two stretches with a high virus load were found: in the Bulgarian‐Yugoslavian reach of the Danube with the maximum at the river‐kilometre 1,078 and in the Hungarian‐Czechoslovakian reach with the maximum at the river‐kilometre 1,819. The virus load in these reaches was 6 · 1011 and 2 · 1011 MPN/d, respectively. Rotaviruses were found above all in the Delta region as well as downstream of Belgrade. The results show pronounced virological risks, especially for the obtaining of drinking water. Future research is required mainly into the behaviour of viruses in existing and planned barrages of the Danube as well as in the infiltration from the river into the groundwater.
Schnellmethoden zur Ermittlung der Beschaffenheit von Oberflächengewässern mittels Spektrometrie
Authors: Gitelson A. A. , Garbusov G. P. , Lopatshenko L. L. , Mittenzwey K.‐H. , Makhotenko A. N. , Mudrogelenko I. V. , Penig J. , Sukhorukov B. L.
Published: February 2007

With the aid of the results of fluorescence measurements in defined spectral ranges (λ>660, 520 … 550, 420 nm) the concentrations of chlorophyll a, humic and fulvic acids as well as suspended solids in natural waters can be determined. The Chl‐a concentrations of blue‐green algae, green algae and diatoms are determined by specific sets of equations. A good correlation between Chl‐a and fluorescence was proved (r2=0.92). The spectrophotometric measuring technique applied can be used on mobile carriers such as ships, helicopters, so that larger water areas can be monitored. 1 … 25 μg/l Chl‐a at a standard error of 3 μg/l are given as the concentration measuring range.
Habitat Ecology of Anisopteran Nymphs in Certain Water Bodies of Madhya Pradesh
Authors: Kaushik S. , Sharma S. , Saxena M. N. , Saksena D. N.
Published: February 2007

Anisopteran nymphs of certain water bodies at various locations in Madhya Pradesh in relation to certain ecological conditions were studied. In all twenty‐one species belonging to four different families were identified. Mostly they were found in shallow running water having a considerably sandy bottom and an abundance of vegetation. Anisogomphus occipitalis, Burmogomphus sivalikensis, Mesogomphus lineatus, Macromia moorei, Orthetrum taeniolatum, Trithemis aurora, Trithemis festiva and Tholymis tillarga were found in waters at higher altitude. Brachythemis contaminata, Macromia sp. and Orthetrum sp. were observed in water bodies at lower altitude. Orthetrum pruinosum neglectum, Orthetrum brunneum brunneum, Orthetrum sabina sabina, Anax immaculifrons, Potomarcha obscura, Potomarcha sp., Crocothemis servilia servilia, Zyxomma petiolatum were found commonly at higher as well as lower altitudes. At higher altitude Orthetrum taeniolatum, Tholymis tillarga and in plains Orthetrum sp., Macromia sp., Brachythemis contaminata and at higher as well as lower altitudes Anax guttatus, Potomarcha sp. were found in organically polluted water bodies. Macromia moorei, however, preferred cool waters with a sandy bottom. Orthetrum taeniolatum and Tholymis tillarga are indicative of highly alkaline water. Zyxomma petiolatum, though present at higher altitude and in plains, also preferred decaying plant debris. These nymphal communities were found in a great variety of habitats and in association with an abundance of algae and macrophytes.
Comparative Quality of Potable Waters at Bhagalpur, India
Authors: Saha L. C. , Kumar S.
Published: February 2007

The present study deals with the comparative quality of potable waters of different sources at Bhagalpur, India, which is located on the south bank of river Ganga at 87°02′ N latitude and 25°15′ E longitude. Surface water (river Ganga) receives a number of drains and domestic wastewater outlets. The municipal surface water gets severely contaminated by rusted, damaged parallel pipelines and the groundwater through seepage from septic tanks, drains and a deep sewerage system. The contaminants from these sources have deteriorated the quality of potable water by increasing the concentration of turbidity (40 NTU), nitrate‐N (42.5 ppm), total bacterial density (21.649 × 107/l) and MPN coliform (12,900/100 ml). The higher concentration of nitrate‐N, chloride and the presence of E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella typhii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa indicated the faecal contamination.
Periphyton in a Stabilization System
Authors: Sládečková A. , Sládeček V.
Published: February 2007

Periphyton consisting of decomposers, producers and consumers proved to be an excellent indicator of the water quality in the course of selfpurification of dairy wastes in a stabilization system consisting of 3 reservoirs in Dvorec near Nepomuk. The periphyton growing on natural substrata was sampled three times, analyzed microscopically, and the saprobic index was derived. Some interesting decomposers were shown on a plate.
Toxicity of Mercuri to Mudskipper, Boleophthalmus dentatus (Cuv. and Val.). Part 1: Changes in the Activity of ATPases in Gills
Authors: Lakshmi R. , Kundu R. , Mansuri A. P.
Published: February 2007

The present paper deals with the toxicity of mercuric chloride on gill ATPases in the mudskipper, Boleophthalmus dentatus. Fishes were exposed to four sublethal concentrations of mercuric chloride for three durations. The activity of total, Na+, K+; Ca2+; Mg2+; Ca2+; HCO3−; Mg2+, HCO3−‐ATPases was estimated. Results showed inhibition of almost all the enzymes in all concentrations for all durations of exposure. The inhibition increased with increasing HgCl2 concentrations as well as exposure durations. This inhibition probably blocked the transport of substances across the membrane by active transport and brought a total failure of the osmoregulatory mechanism in gills.
Der Chemismus von Niederschlagswässern und die Bedeutung des atmosphärischen Stoffeintrags in Ökosysteme
Authors: Zierath R.
Published: February 2007

The knowledge of the importance of atmospheric matter input in ecosystems led—on an international scale—to intensive investigations of the atmospheric depositions, especially rainwater quality. On the basis of monitoring networks on local to global scales the spatial and temporal variations of the main and trace components in rain water were investigated. This paper based on data from the literature and from investigations in the GDR and especially in the district of Leipzig.
Effect of pH on Adsorption Equilibria for Dissolved Weak Organic Electrolytes on Activated Carbon
Authors: Seidel A. , Radeke K.‐H.
Published: February 2007

The influence of pH on the adsorption equilibria of a‐picolin and phenol from aqueous solution on activated carbon is studied experimentally for the single solutes and their mixtures. For these weak bases and weak acids the effect of pH on adsorption capacity is contrary, thus allowing an efficient separation by adsorption.

A model based on the concept of competitive adsorption of ionic and molecular forms of the organic electrolytes represents the experimental data qualitatively. Deviations between theoretical and experimental results are discussed on the basis of possible interactions of the organic solutes and the activated carbon with components of the buffer used in the experiments.
Relationship between Quantitative Indices of Individual and Digestive Cell Conditions in the Common Mussel, Mytilus edulis L., from the Biscay Coast
Authors: Agirregoikoa M. G. , Pérez M. A. , Marigómez J. A. , Angulo E.
Published: February 2007

Some data based on quantitative measurements at the individual and histological levels have been compared in four different populations of Mytilus edulis from the Biscay coast. Each population has been divided into two groups, corresponding to animals living at high and low tide levels. Biometric measurements show evident differences between samples from these two groups at all the studied stations. This should be the result of a distinct adaptation to hydric stress. On the other hand, a positive correlation between the flesh condition (FC) index: and the mean epithelial thickness (MET) of digestive tubules has been found. So, authors conclude that both FC and MET are good populational stress indices, and the use of both parameters simultaneously can be helpful in the assessment of environmental stress.