bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integrated Circuit Correlator for Flow Measurement
Authors: Jordan J. R. , Kelly R. G.
Published: November 2015

A polarity correlator is described having a novel output stage which only makes available the output states of the integrating counters monitoring coincidences between upstream and downstream input signals. The evolving pattern of overloads corresponding to the time delay increment range of the correlator completely describes the polarity correlation function. In particular, the pattern corresponding to the peak of the function gives the time delay position of the peak. The reciprocal of the peak position is proportional to flow velocity when the input signals are derived from flow noise generated at two points along a flow stream. A special purpose LSI circuit has been produced for the low cost realisation of this system.
The Use of Linear Control Laws with Non-Linear Systems
Authors: McLean D.
Published: November 2015

The problem of providing optimal regulation of non-linear systems has been one of long standing and has been solved usually by empirical techniques with, seemingly, no relief provided by the methods based on the newer theories of control. This paper deals with two methods which both depend on the solution of an optimal control problem, and which take into account the specifically non-linear nature of the plant. The sub-optimal control laws which result are linear and are easily synthesised.
A New Approach to Digital Process Control
Authors: Bowden K. R. R.
Published: November 2015

In recent years, the application of digital computers to process control has been shown to have real advantages over the traditional analogue (electronic and pneumatic) techniques. However, there have often been severe practical difficulties which prevented the achievement of these advantages, and which have slowed down the acceptance of digital control, particularly for smaller systems.

This paper briefly discusses the advantages, then examines the potential problems, of digital control. Then follows a description of a new system which is shown to provide most of the advantages of digital control, whilst avoiding the mysteries and difficulties which have been so common in the past. The author, Dr Romilly Bowden, was the prime operator in the early design, and in the subsequent development both in England and America, of the Diogenes project on which this article is based.

The classical name for the process controller was coined, rather whimsically, at an impromptu technical conference somewhere over the eastern USA. The constant reference to diodes (as programming devices, mostly) evoked the response “It's positively diogenous!” (ie, full of diodes). From this it required very little to produce the name of the ancient Greek philosopher. Despite the high-flying etymology, in down-to-earth terms, systems are operating successfully in a variety of American process plants, and work is in hand for further systems in Europe.
A High-Frequency Reverse-Flow Fluidic Self-Cleaning Fuel Filter for Aircraft Engine Control Systems
Authors: Orloff G.
Published: November 2015

Any fluid flow system with regulators needing a cleaner supply may give rise to additional costs and maintenance for its provisioning. A self cleaning micronic filter is described for aircraft fuel systems, in which a fluidic oscillator is connected to commercial filter elements through a system of restrictors. This allows a fraction of the filtered supply for the regulator to be reversed through the elements thus preventing significant silting within the weave. Some experimental work has been described which is encouraging.
The Dynamic Testing of Gas Pressure Regulators
Authors: Walder-Davis S. J.
Published: November 2015

This paper outlines a new method of measuring the dynamic characteristics of gas regulators, which has been developed recently at the British Gas Corporation's Engineering Research Station (ERS). The method has the advantage of not requiring fast acting control valves as part of the test equipment, and the results obtained are not confused by test pipework effects, a problem with other methods. Furthermore, all common test methods can be used, including frequency response and stochastic, as well as the step tests in wide use at present.

The new technique injects disturbance pressures into a closed-loop regulator, by means of a ‘pressure servo’ fitted into its sense line, and then measures those disturbances as they progress through various regulator components, such as the controller. The new method can be applied to regulators with deformable control elements as a way has been developed of directly measuring instantaneous gas sizing coefficients at frequencies up to 12 Hz without using position indicators. The test principle may have application in the dynamic testing of other regulation systems, such as electrical power supplies and heating equipment.
A Frequency to Voltage Converter for Use as a Speed Transducer
Authors: Ray W. F.
Published: November 2015

In this paper a frequency-to-voltage converter is proposed for use as a speed transducer over a 100:1 range. It aims to keep to a minimum the number of pulses per revolution of the opto-electrical transducer required whilst also minimising the output voltage ripple content and giving an adequate speed of response. It operates on the basis of a phase-locked loop giving a modulation of constant mark-space ratio over the frequency range. Mathematical models of the converter are derived to analyse and predict its dynamic performance and the behaviour of a prototype practical circuit is examined.
Rapid Alloy Classification of Small Precision Forgings for the Aircraft Industry
Authors: Robinson J. D. , Durrant K.
Published: November 2015

In the manufacture of small precise-to-form forgings for the aero-space industry, components, many of identical shape, in a wide range of alloys are processed at the same time. Methods of alloy classification employed have developed from chemical spot checks up to automatic read-out spectrographs, which produce a high spectrum dispersion. This technique necessitates highly skilled operators and introduces a mental fatigue factor.

This paper describes the development of a direct reading automatic read-out unit capable of operation by personnel having a minimum of training. A special counter-electrode and feed system was required. Due to the variation in surface finish and geometric shape of the forgings, the simple setting procedure envisaged was not practical and use of a trimming standard was required as an integral part of the procedure. The unit has been in production for over two years and has completed over 900 000 alloy classifications.
Methods of Calibrating Flowmeters with Liquids—A Comparative Survey
Authors: Hayward A. T. J.
Published: November 2015

The various methods of calibrating flowmeters with liquids are classified, and the more important methods are discussed in detail. The advantages and disadvantages of all these methods are summarised in a comprehensive table, which is based upon both a study of the literature and the author's own experience at the National Engineering Laboratory, where a very wide variety of flowmeter calibration methods is in use.

A number of problems encountered in all methods of calibrating flowmeters are discussed; these include the need to correct for variations in temperature and pressure, the importance of eliminating air entrainment and the release of air from solution, and the elimination of flow disturbances such as swirl, asymmetry and pulsations.
Power Fluidics—Amplifying Properties of Specially Designed Junctions
Authors: Tippetts J. R.
Published: November 2015

Specially designed 3-terminal elements called flow-junctions (FJs) and ‘reverse flow diverters' (RFDs) are shown to have useful amplifying properties which are often unrecognised. These are described by relating the devices to ideal network elements using an indefinite circle diagram. The FJ is useful between two transformer-like states and at the mid-point of this range its utility is described by its impedance matrix. A circuit using an RFD is shown to give a large-signal power gain which compares favourably with an equivalent circuit using a vortex device.
The Accurate Measurement of Differential Pressure at High Line Pressure
Authors: Daborn John E.
Published: November 2015

The paper reviews the various methods employed in the precise measurement of differential pressure at high line pressure. Included is the new NPL primary standard in this field, its method of use and the uncertainties of measurement associated with it.

As primary standard instruments are not readily portable, various commercial instruments have been studied at NPL to evaluate their performance as transfer standards. Descriptions of three devices tested and a summary of the results obtained are given.

NPL can now offer as a service to industry, the calibration of high quality differential pressure gauges at high line pressure. For measurements made at NPL the total uncertainty (expressed at the 95% confidence level) in the differential pressure ΔP over the range 25 kPa to 250 kPa and for line pressures up to 15 MPa, is ±(0.008% ΔP + 5 Pa). For measurements made away from NPL using a transfer standard the total uncertainty is increased to ±(0.01% ΔP + 30 Pa) for a single observation.
The Problems of Using Microprocessors
Authors: Carter J. W.
Published: November 2015

The technology and applications of microprocessors have grown rapidly over the past two or three years. Many products have been launched recently incorporating microprocessors, and manufacturers make various claims of how wonderful these devices are. There has always been a certain mystique concerning the computer industry and the introduction of microprocessors has left some end users even more confused about the range of equipment suitable for process control and automation systems. This paper gives an introduction to the basic elements of a microprocessor application and why so many people are now using them. It is written from the point of view of a company producing its first microprocessor based product. It covers some of the problems which would arise in the conception, design and building of such products and highlights some of the options available, decisions on which could affect the whole future of a particular product.

It is not sufficient to design the hardware of a microprocessor system; computer programs (software) are required to control the desired functions. There are many options available for the production of software. These are outlined and the major issues discussed. Even more important though, is the need to design hardware and software together as a total system.
Reduction of the Time-Constant of a Two-Phase Servomotor by Proper Selection of the Motor Parameters
Authors: Saleh Mahmoud A. , Zaher Farouk A. E. , Mansour Ahmed E. B.
Published: November 2015

The effect of each of the equivalent circuit parameters of a two-phase servomotor on its electromechanical time-constant is investigated. It is shown that the value of the rotor resistance has a marked effect on the time-constant. There exists a certain value of the equivalent rotor resistance, within the practical range, at which the motor time-constant becomes minimum; this value of rotor resistance is obtained in terms of other para meters. A new criterion is proposed when designing a 2-phase servomotor, namely, the minimum time-constant condition.
Viscosity (Part 1)
Authors: Cheng D. C-H.
Published: November 2015

This article reviews the standard specifications related to viscosity measurement, issued by ASTM, BSI, IP and other standard bodies, and their applications. The know-how embodied in these specifications is discussed in relation to knowledge recorded in the literature and some aspects of practical implementation and use are considered. It is shown that standards and calibration are well established for Newtonian liquids and viscosity measurement can be accurate and precise. But, for non-Newtonian fluids, the specifications give apparent viscosity, not absolute values; and even then the results, although they can be precise, are of uncertain accuracy. It is pointed out that information exists in the literature on the subject of absolute measurement of non-Newtonian viscosity but that it needs to be simplified and codified before it can be incorporated into standard specifications. Current work towards this end is referred to.
Viscosity Measurement (Part 2)
Authors: Tily P. J.
Published: November 2015

Part 1 of this article was published in the March issue and covered the use of viscosity measurements, correlation between desired quality and viscosity and some types of viscometer.
Problems in Accurate Temperature Measurement
Authors: Emmerson Eric
Published: November 2015

In industry it is sometimes necessary to control temperatures very closely indeed. Here, the need for control to ±0.5°C under industrial conditions is discussed in relation to a counter-pressure autoclave and it will be seen that this problem is largely a measurement one.
Measurement of Large Cylinders Where Access is Restricted — A Novel Approach
Authors: Armstrong D A , Murray-Shelley R
Published: November 2015

A technique for gauging the variation in diameter along cylinders where there is access to less than a third of the circumference is described. The factors limiting the accuracy of measurement are discussed and sample results obtained with a self-contained, microcomputer-based, prototype instrument on cold mill workrolls of the type used in the production of wide steel strip are presented.
Ultrasonic Cross-Correlation Flowmeters
Authors: Coulthard J , Yan Y
Published: November 2015

Cross-correlation transit-time measuring instrumentation is now inherently accurate to a few ppm depending upon the sensing technology, but when ultrasonic sensors are used to measure fluid flow the accuracy is determined mainly by the fluid properties and flow profile. This paper describes the operation of the ultrasonic cross-correlation flowmeter and its performance in different applications.
Use of Bilinear Structures for Modelling a Brewery Fermentation Process
Authors: Johnson C.R. , Burnham K.J.
Published: November 2015

This paper presents the results of an investigative study with the aim being to obtain and assess the appropriateness of bilinear model structures for replicating the characteristics of a brewery fermentation process. Based on realtime data taken from a brewery fermentation plant, it is shown that a discrete-time twin-bilinear model, which simultaneously relates temperature to specific gravity and specific gravity to temperature, provides an adequate input/output reconstruction. The ability of the twin-bilinear model structure is discussed and possibilities for its utilization with an adaptive closed loop system are considered.
Nonlinear Impact Analysis of Laminated Cylindrical and Doubly Curved Shells
Authors: Chandrashekhara K. , Schroeder T.
Published: November 2015

The nonlinear impact response of laminated composite cylindrical and doubly curved shells is analyzed using a modified Hertzian contact law. A finite element model is developed based on Sander's shell theory and includes shear deformation effects and nonlinearity due to large deflection. A nine noded isoparametric quadrilateral element is used to model the curved shell. The nonlinear time dependent equations are solved using an iterative scheme and Newmark's method. Numerical results for the contact force and center deflection histories are presented for various impactor conditions, shell geometry and boundary conditions.
Iatrogenic Causes of Salivary Gland Dysfunction
Authors: Schubert M. M. , Izutsu K. T.
Published: November 2015

Saliva is important for maintaining oral health and function. There are instances when medical therapy is intended to decrease salivary flow, such as during general anesthesia, but most instances of iatrogenic salivary gland dysfunction represent untoward or unavoidable side-effects. The clinical expression of the salivary dysfunction can range from very minor transient alteration in saliva flow to a total loss of salivary function.

The most common forms of therapy that interfere with salivation are drug therapies, cancer therapies (radiation or chemotherapy), and surgical therapy. These therapies can affect salivation by a number of different mechanisms that include: disruption of autonomic nerve function related to salivation, interference with acinar or ductal cell functions related to salivation, cytotoxicity, indirect effects (vasoconstriction/dilation, fluid and electrolyte balance, etc.), and physical trauma to salivary glands and nerves.

A wide variety of drugs is capable of increasing or decreasing salivary flow by mimicking autonomic nervous system actions or by directly acting on cellular processes necessary for salivation; drugs can also indirectly affect salivation by altering fluid and electrolyte balance or by affecting blood flow to the glands. Ionizing radiation can cause permanent damage to salivary glands, damage that is manifest as acinar cell destruction with subsequent atrophy and fibrosis of the glands. Cancer chemotherapy can cause changes in salivation, but the changes are usually much less severe and only transient. Finally, surgical and traumatic injuries interfere with salivation because of either disruption of gland innervation or gross physical damage (or removal) of glandular tissue (including ducts).
Tooth-bound Fluoride and Dental Caries
Authors: Chow L. C.
Published: November 2015

The cariostatic effects of tooth-bound fluoride reported in the recent literature are reviewed. Several treatment procedures which can increase the tooth-bound fluoride content are described. Based on this information, it is suggested that effectiveness of currently used topical fluoride treatments may be significantly increased by (1) including in the regimen a dicalcium-phosphate-dihydrate-forming treatment so that a portion of the labile fluoride is re-incorporated as tooth-bound fluoride, and (2) employing application methods which ensure the effective delivery of treatment agents to the fissures, and to approximal and cervical surfaces, where most caries occurs.
Dependence of in vitro Demineralization of Apatite and Remineralization of Dental Enamel on Fluoride Concentration
Authors: Featherstone J.D.B. , Glena R. , Shariati M. , Shields C.P.
Published: November 2015

The Anticaries activity of fluoride is contributed to in several ways. Two major aspects of fluoride action are (i) the inhibition of demineralization at the crystal surfaces within the tooth, and (ii) the enhancement of subsurface remineralization resulting in arrestment or reversal of caries lesions. Fluoride present in the aqueous phase at the apatite crystal surface may play a determining role in the inhibition of enamel or dentin demineralization. In one part of the present study, the initial dissolution rate of synthetic carbonated-apatite in acetate buffers was measured with fluoride present in the buffer in the 0–2.6 mmol/L (0–50 ppm) range. Inhibition of demineralization was shown to be a logarithmic function of the fluoride concentration in solution. In the second part of the present study, an in vitro pH-cycling model was used for determination of the effect on net del remineralization of enamel by treatment solutions containing fluoride in the 0–26 mmol/L (0–500 ppm) range. The net mineral loss was shown to be negatively related to the logarithm of the fluoride concentration.

These studies have demonstrated an exponential quantitative relationship between fluoride concentration and inhibition of apatite demineralization or enhancement of remineralization. The clinical implications are (i) that simply increasing fluoride concentration may not necessarily give increased cariostatic benefit, and (ii) that improving the means of delivery of relatively low fluoride concentrations for longer times should be more appropriate for enhancing clinical efficacy.
Effects of Fluoride on the Microbial Ecology of Dental Plaque
Authors: Bowden G.H.W.
Published: November 2015

In order to survive in a community such as dental plaque, bacteria must be able to resist changes in the environment. These changes may be the result of differences in the host or the activities of the bacteria within the community. Bacteria which cannot resist these environmental pressures may cease metabolism but survive, or be eliminated from the community. Fluoride is only one of numerous environmental pressures which impact on oral bacterial communities, yet its beneficial effect on caries is such that it could be proposed that in addition to its effects on enamel and remineralization, fluoride would affect the bacteria. It has been shown on many occasions that fluoride can affect bacterial carbohydrate fermentation; however, are there other effects of fluoride on the bacteriology of dental plaque? Although very high levels of fluoride (0.16–0.3 mol/L) will kill bacteria, there is little evidence that fluoride causes dramatic changes in the number of species found in plaque or their relative concentrations. The survival of the populations in the plaque community in the presence of fluoride could result from: (1) the fact that all the organisms are unaffected, (2) selection of mutant strains resistant to fluoride, or (3) adaptation of strains to fluoride resistance. Examples of these phenomena can be found among members of the oral flora. Some species are unaffected (Veillonella), but Streptococcus can be mutated to fluoride resistance and also adapt phenotypically to increasing levels of fluoride in the environment. Which of these mechanisms operates in vivo, and does resistance, mutation, or phenotypic adaptation of these bacteria reduce the effectiveness of fluoride in controlling caries? It must be recognized that the evidence for mutation or phenotypic adaptation of oral bacteria to fluoride resistance in vivo is not conclusive. In addition, if organisms can adapt phenotypically, the selection of resistant mutants may not occur. Moreover, strains adapted in vitro or in experimental animals can show a reduced rate of carbohydrate metabolism. This suggests that ‘adapted strains’ may be of reduced cariogenic potential. To date, studies indicate that fluoride at prophylactic levels in the environment does not influence the composition of dental plaque. Its action is on the metabolic capacity of cells, causing a reduction in the rate of acid production. In vivo adaptation or mutation has not been shown conclusively, and bacteria naturally resistant to fluoride are probably under the control of other environmental pressures. Fluoride acts, therefore, by stabilizing the ecosystem, including the habitat (tooth tissue) and carbohydrate metabolism of the community. The increase in plaque pH brought about by the latter effect not only protects enamel but also reduces any advantage given to aciduric bacteria by carbohydrate metabolism.
Diminished Acid Tolerance of Plaque Bacteria Caused by Fluoride
Authors: Marquis R.E.
Published: November 2015

Fluoride acts to reduce acid tolerances of plaque bacteria by upsetting normal proton currents across cell membranes. Streptococcus mutans was found to be unusually sensitive to fluoride, in part because its F1F0, proton-translocating ATPase is directly inhibited by fluoride at plaque levels. Thus, not only does fluoride serve in the HF form to bring extruded protons back into the cell, but it also reduces the capacity of the cell to extrude protons. Reductions in acid tolerance caused by fluoride would be expected to result in concomitant reductions in cariogenic potential.
The Effect of Fluoride on the Developing Mineralized Tissues
Authors: Robinson C. , Kirkham J.
Published: November 2015

The work described considers the effects on calcified tissues of those concentrations of fluoride which are not overtly cyto-toxic, i.e., in the general region of up to 1–2 μmol/L. Plasma fluoride concentrations or those of the cellular environment are considered rather than dietary levels. The effect of fluoride ion on specific stages of tooth and bone development is discussed. Little effect has been observed on the modulation of gene expression as far as odontogenesis is concerned, although there is evidence that fluoride could be osteogenic in both embryonic and adult tissues. Expression of extracellular matrix protein genes seems not to be impaired, but subtle changes detected in the enamel matrix could be due to selective alterations in amino-acid uptake or interference with subsequent protein processing. This could also be due to an extension of the secretory period without concomitant changes in post-secretory matrix processing. Removal of matrix is apparently impaired, with concomitant incomplete maturation. While existing mineral phases can be affected, it is more likely that matrix and or mineral-matrix interaction is the site of action. Expiant studies suggest that the effect may be reversible. Inhibition of proteolysis during enamel maturation may account for the reported inhibition of enamel crystal growth. This is supported by the finding that the normally incomplete maturation of porcine enamel is associated with a somewhat greater residual protein content. The use of animal models in the investigation of enamel dysplasia (fluoride-induced or otherwise) should therefore be viewed with caution.
The Nature and Mechanisms of Dental Fluorosis in Man
Authors: Fejerskov O. , Manji F. , Baelum V.
Published: November 2015

Any use of fluorides, whether systemic or topical, in caries prevention and treatment in children results in ingestion and absorption of fluoride into the blood circulation. The mineralization of teeth under formation may be affected so that dental fluorosis may occur. Dental fluorosis reflects an increasing porosity of the surface and subsurface enamel, causing the enamel to appear opaque. The clinical features represent a continuum of changes ranging from fine white opaque lines running across the tooth on all parts of the enamel to entirely chalky white teeth. In the latter cases, the enamel may be so porous (or hypomineralized) that the outer enamel breaks apart posteruptively and the exposed porous subsurface enamel becomes discolored. These changes can be classified clinically by the TF index to reflect, in an ordinal scale, the histopathological changes associated with dental fluorosis. Compared with Dean's and the TS1F index, we consider the TF index to be more precise. Recent studies on human enamel representing the entire spectrum of dental fluorosis have demonstrated a clear association between increasing TF score and increasing fluoride content of the enamel. So far, no useful data on dose (expressed in mg fluoride/kg b.w.) -response (dental fluorosis) relationships are available. In this paper, we have, therefore, re-evaluated the original data by Dean et al. (1941, 1942), Richards et al. (1967), and Butler et al. (1985) from the USA, by applying the equation of Galagan and Vermillion (1957) which permits the calculation of water intake as a function of temperature. By so doing, it can be demonstrated that there is a linear association between fluoride dose and dental fluorosis (r2 = 0.87). Even with very low fluoride intake from water, a certain level of dental fluorosis will be found in a population. When the linear dose-response curve is applied to previous data from the use of fluoride supplements, these data are in full accordance. This indicates that we already have useful data available which to some extent allows us to predict prevalence and severity of fluorosis in a child population which is exposed to a known amount of fluoride. Because dental fluorosis may occur in some individuals and populations to a higher prevalence and degree than expected, and there exist rare cases who exhibit clinical changes similar to those of fluorosis—but with no known excessive fluoride background—it is concluded that it is important to intensify studies on factors which alone or in combination can make individuals more or less susceptible to the effect of fluoride.
Water Fluoridation and Fluoride Supplementation: Considerations for the Future
Authors: Hargreaves J.A.
Published: November 2015

The extensive literature on water fluoridation and fluoride supplementation is discussed, looking critically at the benefits of systemic fluoride availability in the prevention of dental caries and at the adverse factors of enamel fluorosis which can occur from the ingestion of too much fluoride during the period of tooth development. Recommendations are made for the future use of fluorides, emphasizing that water fluoridation is a safe and proven health measure which should be continued. Caution in the use of other fluoride supplementation methods is raised, especially when related to compliance and the use of fluoride supplements which are under the control of the individual. Targeting of children who would benefit from fluorides and additional preventive dental health measures is recommended.
Is it Advisable to Urine Test Arrestees to Assess Risk of Rearrest? A Comparison of Self-Report and Urinalysis-Based Measures of Drug Use
Authors: DeJong Christina , Wish Eric D.
Published: November 2015

The relationship of a positive urine test at arrest to recidivism has been a subject of great debate. Some have suggested that a self-report based measure of intensity of drug use would be a better predictor of recidivism than urinalysis results. We use self-report and urinalysis-based measures of drug use among arrestees in Washington, D.C., to examine the relationship between drug use at arrest and recidivism. We conclude that self-report measures of intensity of drug use are not significantly related to rearrest. A positive urine test result for cocaine is the only measure of drug use that is significantly related to rearrest. Implications for pretrial testing programs are discussed.
Violence and HIV Risk Behavior among Male and Female Crack Users
Authors: Logan T.K. , Leukefeld Carl
Published: November 2015

Crack users are a critical group on which to focus, given their potential for both violence and HIV risk behavior. However, little is known about specific interpersonal acts of violence perpetrated by male and female crack users or the association of HIV risk behavior with interpersonal violence among male and female crack users. The purpose of this paper is to examine drug use and HIV risk behavior among three groups of crack users (those reporting no violence, those reporting a moderate rate of interpersonal violence, and those reporting a high rate of interpersonal violence) and to examine gender differences among crack users who are and are not involved in violence. Results indicate that violence is associated with higher HIV risk behavior and that there were no gender by violence group differences.
Race Matters: Disproportionality of Incarceration for Drug Dealing in Massachusetts
Authors: Brownsberger William N.
Published: November 2015

Many observers have recognized and decried the disproportionate impact on young minority males of harsh sentencing policies for drug dealing. Nationwide, African-Americans and Hispanics constituted 78.2 percent of incarcerated drug offenders in 1996. Their incarceration rates for drug offenses were respectively 17 and 8 times greater than non-Hispanic white rates. The disproportionalities for drug offenses were over twice as wide as the disproportionalities for other types of offenses.1 Scholars have noted the lack of hard data about neighborhood dynamics of arrest and incarceration for drug dealing, but they have nonetheless tended to explain the disproportionate impact on minorities with reference to neighborhood phenomena. This paper uses a mapping of the pre-incarceration residences of drug-dealers incarcerated in state prison in Massachusetts to systematically explore neighborhood and certain other explanations for disproportionate impact.
Drug Involvement, Lifestyles, and Criminal Activities among Probationers
Authors: De Li Spencer , Priú Heidi D. , Mackenzie Doris L.
Published: November 2015

The dynamic relationships among drug use, drug dealing, lifestyles, and crime were examined by interviewing probationers in three Northern Virginia counties. Results of the interviews showed that drug dealing had a positive effect on both property crime and violent crime while drug use had a significant effect only on property crime. It was also found that a significant number of drug offenders were involved in both the use and sale of drugs, which, in essence, had a powerful effect on other types of criminal activities. Additionally, results of the study revealed that the impact of drug use and drug dealing on crime was modified by individual lifestyles. Theoretical and policy implications of these findings are discussed.
Factors Associated with HIV Testing and Returning for Test Results in a Sample of Out-of-Treatment Drug Users
Authors: Ziek Kristine , Goldstein Marjorie F. , Beardsley Mark , Deren Sherry , Tortu Stephanie
Published: November 2015

Demographic and behavioral factors related to taking an HIV test and returning for results were examined in a sample of out-of-treatment IDUs and crack smokers (N=1682) recruited from the streets in East Harlem, New York City. The results of logistic regression analyses indicated that subjects with less than a high school education who reported no previous HIV test and who were older were more likely to test with the project. Returning for HIV test results was associated with being older, and having a high school education. Subjects reporting ever being in prison and subjects ever exchanging sex for money or drugs were less likely to return for test results. Findings suggest that efforts to convey the importance of testing and returning for results must continue in at-risk drug use populations, especially among youth and other high-risk sub-populations.
Drug-Using Women's Communication with Social Supporters about HIV/AIDS Issues
Authors: Falkin Gregory P. , Strauss Shiela M.
Published: November 2015

Communication about health issues such as HIV/AIDS is essential for people, especially women, to obtain the social support they need either to prevent illness or manage it. This article compares the kinds of HIV-related issues that HIV positive and HIV negative substance-abusing women (N=211) in New York City talk about with various types of supporters. Despite the stigma associated with AIDS and their unconventional lifestyles, both groups of women talked to a broad spectrum of supporters about a variety of HIV-related issues, though this was more the case for HIV positive women. Although the main topic that both groups discussed with their supporters was their HIV status, the women also talked about risk reduction, their supporters' HIV status, HIV testing, how to live with AIDS, information about HIV/AIDS, and the emotional impact of AIDS (e.g., fear of infection, reactions to learning test results, and the impact of knowing others who have died from the disease).
Revisiting the Need for Feminism and Afrocentric Theory When Treating African-American Female Substance Abusers
Authors: Roberts Amelia , Jackson Mary S. , Carlton-LaNey Iris
Published: November 2015

African-American women who are addicted to illicit substances are disproportionately over-represented in jails, prisons, and treatment programs. In addition, this group suffers greater deleterious physical and mental health effects of alcohol and drug abuse (McNeece & DiNitto, 1998). When African-American female substance abusers enter treatment or are the focus of intervention research, clinicians and researchers have a distinct opportunity to serve these women in a culturally competent manner and assist in the healing and recovery process. Black feminist theory and Black family theoretical perspectives are explicated as the theoretical underpinnings of the Afrocentric treatment paradigm, which is beneficial in developing culturally sensitive interventions for this group of women. Culturally appropriate treatment tools and interventions are suggested as a means of empowering substance dependent African-American women.
A Cohort Study of Syringe Exchangers and Nonexchangers in San Francisco
Authors: Sears Clare , Weltzien Erin , Guydish Joseph
Published: November 2015

This paper presents a cohort study of injection drug users (n=229) who did and did not use syringe exchange in San Francisco in 1993. Participants were interviewed at baseline, six months (49%), and 12 months (57%). At baseline, exchangers were less likely than nonexchangers to share syringes (21% vs. 37%), have multiple sharing partners (7% vs. 19%), and reuse their syringes (73% vs. 90%). These differences persisted in multivariate analysis adjusting for gender, age, race, education, and injection frequency. For the subset of participants who provided data at all three time points (n=101), rates of syringe sharing, syringe reuse, and indirect sharing decreased over time for both exchangers and nonexchangers. Nonetheless, levels of indirect sharing remained high among exchangers in this study (>45%) and decreased significantly less than nonexchanger levels over time. The implications of these Findings for syringe exchange programs and research are discussed.
Adolescents, Doping Agents, and Drug Use: A Community Study
Authors: Pedersen Willy , Wichstrøm Lars
Published: November 2015

Use of doping agents among Norwegian adolescents was investigated, with special emphasis on the association between doping agent use and use of tobacco, alcohol and drugs. The sample consisted of all 14 to 17 year olds in the public and private school systems in Oslo. The response rate was 94.3 % (n = 10,828). Two and three-tenths percent of the boys and 1.3% of the girls reported a life-time ever use of doping agents. Use of doping agents did not vary according to socio-demographic variables, living area in the city, or ethnic background. Multivariate analyses showed that there was an association between doping agent use and family factors (parental alcohol exposure and poor monitoring). Doping agent users often used commercial gymnasiums; they also reported use of smokeless tobacco and high levels of alcohol problems. The associations between doping agent use and use of amphetamines, MDMA, and heroin were particularly strong. Surprisingly, the association between doping agent use and use of cannabis only was negative. In particular, the link to the use of heroin should be noted, as this may imply needle sharing and the spread of hepatitis and HIV.
Learning from Experience: Estimating Teen Use of Alcohol, Cigarettes, and Marijuana from Three Survey Protocols
Authors: Fowler Floyd Jackson , Stringfellow Vickie L.
Published: November 2015

Estimates of teen substance use from 3 federally funded surveys were examined. Results from the NHSDA, a household survey, and the MTF and YRBS, both school-based surveys, were compared by gender and ethnic group. Trends in reported use from 1993–1997 were also analyzed. Many discrepancies exist among the results from the 3 surveys and are likely due to several factors, including different sample sizes and frames, policies regarding sample substitution, question wording, and data collection protocols. Discussion of these factors underscores the need for more research dedicated to methodology. Routinely investing a portion of survey budgets In studies of the methods that are used and how they effect comparability with other surveys would build a knowledge base that would make comparisons of results easier and would inform design decisions to increase comparability across surveys.
Understanding the Differences in Youth Drug Prevalence Rates Produced by the MTF, NHSDA, and Yrbs Studies
Authors: Harrison Lana D.
Published: November 2015

This paper explores potential reasons for the differences in drug use prevalence rates among youth generated by three nationally representative surveys: The National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA), the Monitoring the Future (MTF) survey, and the Youth Risk Behavioral Survey (YRBS). The MTF and YRBS are the most similar of the surveys, being conducted among students In a classroom using self-administered questionnaires. The NHSDA is conducted in the respondent's household, but it has always used self-administered procedures for the drug questions. Nevertheless, the NHSDA generally reports the lowest drug prevalence rates for youth among the three surveys. There are a number of methodological differences across the surveys that cumulatively, probably account for the differences in estimates. Some of the differences appear to be due to telescoping, in that when a calendar was introduced to anchor past 30 day and 12 month time periods In the NHSDA, prevalence rates for illicit drugs were reduced. However, there is substantial similarity in the trends over time among the three surveys, especially for cigarettes, alcohol and cocaine. Many of the estimates generated by the three surveys have overlapping confidence intervals, which suggests the estimates are not statistically significantly different from one another.
Community Providers’ Impression of Hiv Prevention Intervention Research in Nida's Clinical Trials Network
Authors: Campbell Aimee N. C. , Hartzler Bryan , Hatch-Maillette Mary , Calsyn Donald A. , Miele Gloria M. , Tross Susan
Published: November 2015

Research-based approaches to HIV risk reduction are available but not readily adopted by community-based treatment programs. This exploratory survey study assessed staff (N=116) attitudes as a function of direct research participation, treatment program type, and study performance within seven methadone maintenance and eight psychosocial outpatient substance abuse treatment programs that participated in the NIDA Clinical Trials Network HIV risk reduction trials. Clinical staff who directly participated in the research reported intervention components as useful and were more likely to report perceived increases in HIV testing/referrals compared to staff who did not directly participate. However, those directly involved reported less positive attitudes about clinical impact and research impression. Results suggest a positive influence of research participation on awareness of program services, but also the need to address practical and professional issues related to research collaboration. Effectiveness trials offer a valuable opportunity to assess provider-level factors associated with adoption and implementation.
Privileged Communications by the Drug User in Federal Courts
Authors: Ehrhardt Charles W.
Published: November 2015

Recently, the Supreme Court of the United States has adopted rules of evidence which will govern the introduction of evidence in all federal courts. As prescribed by law, the rules now are in the hands of Congress, and awaiting their approval. Rule 504, The Psychotherapist-Patient Privilege, recognizes the drug user's dilemma; whether or not a drug user should seek treatment and risk criminal sanction for drug related activity. The Rule allows the patient and certain other persons the privilege to refuse to disclose his confidential communications with the psychotherapist made for the purposes of diagnosis or treatment of his mental or emotional condition, including drug addiction. Hopefully, this privilege will greatly reduce the fear of drug users who desire treatment and rehabilitation, but are faced with possible criminal sanctions and public reprisals.
Approaches to the Control of Alcoholic Beverages in the United States
Authors: Globetti Gerald
Published: November 2015

Historically, the subject of drinking in American society has been one of insistent and vocal concern marred by a great deal of misinformation and disagreement. From colonial times to the present, a profusion of arguments has been forwarded either defending or loathing beverage alcohol. This paper reviews the various attempts to control this society's most widely used and abused drug, alcohol.
Perceived Risks of Marijuana and Alcohol Use: Comparisons of Non-Users and Regular Users
Authors: Orcutt James D. , Biggs Donald A.
Published: November 2015

Survey data on various risks attributed to drug use are analyzed through two-way comparisons of non-users and regular users of marijuana and alcohol. For both drugs, non-users perceive considerably greater risk in use than do regular users. For most kinds of drug-related risks, alcohol use is perceived as involving the same or greater degrees of risk than is marijuana use. The findings suggest that young people will not attach a great deal of credibility to propaganda emphasizing the risks of marijuana use.
Images of Health, Illness and Women in Drug Advertising
Authors: Seidenberg Robert
Published: November 2015

Dr. Seidenberg has written extensively on the area of drug promotion, with particular emphasis on the derogatory depiction of women in advertising campaigns and on the expansion of the definition of illnesses requiring drug therapy solutions. During his oral presentation, Dr. Seidenberg produced a slide show of ads and commented on their content. For publication purposes, his remarks were edited to include parts of his written testimony as well as portions of the question and answer session. As a physician, he presents some interesting comments on the effects of advertising on doctors.
American Pharmaceutical Association
Authors: Penna Richard
Published: November 2015

Dr. Penna denounces many of the drug companies' promotional campaigns and techniques. He feels that manufacturers of both prescription and over-the-counter drugs have neglected to present factual, unbiased drug information for prescription and self-medication. In reviewing the problems of self-interest he stresses the need to reconsider the role of the pharmacist in providing accurate usable drug information to physicians and consumers. Dr. Penna would like to see the development of a new class of drugs which would be dispensed only by pharmacists and without prescriptions. These drugs would not be advertised nor displayed for public consumption.
Reeducation and Rehabilitation of the Drunken Driver
Authors: Malfetti James L.
Published: November 2015

DWI corrective courses show some signs of improving the knowledge and attitude and subsequent behavior of those who attend. Properly organized and conducted, they have good potential for serving as major referral intake for assisting the problem drinkers among participants with their more pervasive problem with alcohol.
Alcohol as a Precursor to Violent Death
Authors: Davis Joseph H.
Published: November 2015

Of the sudden unexpected apparently natural deaths which lack well documented previous natural disease history, a little less than one-third are found to be associated with the direct complications of alcoholism. In the field of violence, alcohol appears to be the one single most prominent and universal factor. Data are presented which indicate that approximately two-thirds of single vehicle driver fatalities involve drinking drivers; almost four out of five having alcohol levels greater than 0.10 percent. Simiarly, approximately two-thirds of homocide victims have been drinking because drunken brawls invariably occur in an alcoholic environment at home or a public place. Unfortunately the statistics on homicide become confused because of the tendency to combine drunken brawl homicides with the far more serious and fearful armed robbery executions and contract killings. There is need to revise our record keeping and study systems in order to more properly categorize homicides.
The Impact of Promotion on Physicians' Prescribing Patterns
Authors: Pekkanen John
Published: November 2015

Pressed by lack of time and increasing patient demands, the average American physician is also burdened by a lack of sufficient knowledge concerning mood-altering drugs. This article analyzes the various problems associated with psychoactive drug prescribing and describes how the promotional impact of the pharmaceutical companies has fostered the wide misuse of these drugs.