bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ERBB2 Copy Number as a Quantitative Biomarker for Real-World Outcomes to Anti–Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 Therapy in Advanced Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Zhang Liangliang , Hamdani Omar , Gjoerup Ole , Cho-Phan Cheryl , Snider Jeremy , Castellanos Emily , Nimeiri Halla , Frampton Garrett , Venstrom Jeffrey M. , Oxnard Geoffrey , Klempner Samuel J. , Schrock Alexa B.
Published: January 2022

PURPOSE

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) overexpression or amplification ( ERBB2amp) are biomarkers for approved anti-HER2 therapies. ERBB2amp may better predict response compared with immunohistochemistry or in situ hybridization, and quantitative copy number (CN) may further stratify patients. We characterized ERBB2amp in advanced gastroesophageal adenocarcinomas (GEA) and hypothesized that increased CN was associated with better outcome to trastuzumab.

METHODS

Comprehensive genomic profiling, including assessment of ERBB2amp, was performed for 12,905 GEA tissue cases. Clinical outcomes were assessed using a clinicogenomic database linking deidentified electronic health record–derived clinical data to genomic data. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were used for real-world progression-free survival (rwPFS) comparisons.

RESULTS

ERBB2amp (CN ≥ 5) was detected in 15% (1,934 of 12,905) of GEA; median CN 22 (interquartile range 9-73). Median ERBB2 amplicon size was 0.27 megabase (interquartile range 0.13-0.95), and smaller amplicons were associated with higher CN ( P < .001). In the clinicogenomic database, of 101 evaluable first-line trastuzumab-treated patients, ERBB2 CN was a significant predictor of rwPFS as a continuous variable (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.73; 95% CI, 0.60 to 0.89; P = .002), whereas ERBB2 CN was not predictive of rwPFS on chemotherapy (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.93; 95% CI, 0.73 to 1.20; P = .59). Among trastuzumab-treated patients, no significant associations with ERBB2 CN were observed for disease site, age, stage at advanced diagnosis, or most selected coalterations.

CONCLUSION

ERBB2amp was detected in 15% of GEA tissue samples, with significant diversity in ERBB2 CN and amplicon focality. ERBB2 CN was predictive of rwPFS as a continuous variable for patients treated with trastuzumab. Further studies exploring the clinical utility of quantitative ERBB2 CN, particularly in the setting of the evolving anti-HER2 landscape and combination therapies, are warranted.
Combined Unilateral Radiofrequency Lesioning of the Motor Thalamus, Field of Forel, and Zona Incerta: A Series of Cases With Dystonia
Authors: Savas Ali , Bayatli Eyup , Eroglu Umit , Akbostanci M. Cenk
Published: January 2022

BACKGROUND:

Dystonia is a group of disorders characterized by involuntary slow repetitive twisting movements and/or abnormal posture. Surgical options such as neuromodulation through deep brain stimulation and neuroablative procedures are available for patients who do not respond to conservative treatment.

OBJECTIVE:

To present our series of patients with dystonia who were treated with stereotactic combined unilateral radiofrequency lesioning of the motor thalamus, field of Forel, and zona incerta.

METHODS:

Medical records of 50 patients with dystonia who were treated with unilateral combined lesions were reviewed. Outcomes of the surgical procedure were evaluated using the Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale (with movement and disability subscales) and Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale-tremor items.

RESULTS:

Based on the symptoms, patients were categorized as having generalized dystonia (34%), hemidystonia (30%), and dystonic tremor (DT) (36%). Primary/idiopathic dystonia, primary genetic/hereditary dystonia, and secondary dystonia accounted for 16%, 4%, and 80% of patients, respectively. The mean follow-up duration was 156.2 ± 88.9 mo. The overall improvement in the Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale scores (movement and disability, respectively) was 57.8% and 36.4% in generalized dystonia, 60.0% and 45.8% in hemidystonia, and 65.6% and 56.8% in DT. Patients with DT showed an 83.3% improvement in mean Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale tremor score. Patients with cerebral palsy showed mean improvements of 66.7% in movement scores and 50.8% in disability scores. No mortality or major morbidity was observed postoperatively.

CONCLUSION:

Stereotactic radiofrequency unilateral combined thalamotomy, campotomy, and zona incerta lesions may be an effective surgical alternative for patients with dystonia, especially those with secondary dystonia resistant to deep brain stimulation.
Enhanced Electrochromic Properties of Hierarchical Iron Oxyhydroxide Hollow Sphere Array
Authors: Wang Ke-Hsuan , Watanabe Genta , Yoshida Masaaki , Araki Yusaku , Kawai Takeshi
Published: January 2022

High-performance electrochromic (EC) materials based on earth-abundant materials for EC window applications are crucial for energy conservation. We report a simple and feasible approach for fabricating an iron oxyhydroxide (FeOOH) hierarchical hollow sphere array via templating-assisted electrodeposition. We further examine the corresponding EC characteristics of this hierarchical hollow sphere array. A significant improvement in the switching kinetics and coloration efficiency of the hierarchical hollow sphere arrays is demonstrated, facilitating their promising applications as nanostructured EC materials in EC windows and other diverse electronic and optical nanodevices.
Introduction of temporal integration in fourth year MBBS curriculum; Students’ experience
Authors: Shahid Rameen , Ehsan Sumera Badar , Nawaz Muhammad
Published: January 2022

Objectives: Rapid innovations in medical science have necessitated the development of an advanced medical curriculum. Taking a step towards this, a temporal integrated system and clinic-pathological conferences themes were introduced in a public sector medical university for fourth year MBBS. This study aims to assess students’ perceptions regarding this change.

Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in a public sector medical university from May 2019 to April 2020. A 17 item pre-validated questionnaire was distributed among all students twice, firstly after completion of first module and then again at the end of the academic year. Results were analyzed using SPSS 21.

Results: There were 265 and 176 participants in the first and second phase of the study respectively. Majority of the students agreed that it was easier to study a topic when temporally integrated. Most commonly reported advantage was better understanding and concept of the theme under study. Suggestions included revision of the schedule regarding allocation of time for different topics and implementation of this curriculum from first year MBBS.

Conclusion: A small step was taken to make improvements in an old traditional method. Students are adapting to this change as they responded positively to various aspects of this methodology. Continuous feedback, evaluation and amendments will help to improve its effectiveness.

doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.3.4732

How to cite this:Shahid R, Ehsan SB, Nawaz M. Introduction of temporal integration in fourth year MBBS curriculum; Students’ experience. Pak J Med Sci. 2022;38(3):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.3.4732

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Anti-Russian sanctions: damage assessment
Authors: Kazancev Sergey
Published: January 2022

The monograph is devoted to the impact of anti-Russian sanctions on the economy of the Russian Federation. The use of sanctions as a means of political, military, financial, economic, scientific, technological, informational and ideological struggle has a long history, and Russia is far from the first country against which they are used. Therefore, the effectiveness of sanctions is of interest not only to scientists. Foreign researchers have been working on this topic for a long time and have shown that sanctions do not always lead to the desired results for those who have established them. This is also indicated by the presented quantitative assessment data. It is also shown that these sanctions are harmful for the development of sanctioning countries. In addition, the author compares the impact and damage from sanctions with the harmful effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.
For a wide range of readers interested in the impact of anti-Russian sanctions on the economy of the Russian Federation. It can be useful for students, postgraduates and teachers of economic universities.
Handbook of evidence in the arbitration process
Authors: Reshetnikova Irina , Kulikova Mariya , Verbenko Tat'yana , Luk'yanov Vitaliy , Skuratovskiy Mihail , Serditova Ekaterina , Kolyasnikova Yuliya , Aboznova Oksana , Kravcova Evgeniya , Krasnobaeva Irina , Novikova Ol'ga , Sidorova Anna
Published: January 2022

The Handbook of Proof is a practical guide to the algorithm of proof in cases referred to the competence of arbitration courts, starting with the features of proof in the arbitration process and further to the process of proof in a variety of categories of arbitration cases.
The manual is addressed to judges of arbitration courts, practicing lawyers, teachers, graduate students and students (undergraduates) of law schools. The convergence of the practice of courts of general jurisdiction and arbitration courts makes the manual interesting for judges of courts of general jurisdiction.
W drodze do domu. Kultury pamięci przymusowej migracji Niemców po 1945 roku w kinematografiach niemieckich
Authors: Gwóźdź Andrzej
Published: January 2022

Artykuł podejmuje kwestie filmowej reprezentacji przymusowych wysiedleń Niemców ze wschodnich terenów Rzeszy po 1945 r. w kontekście kultur pamięci medialnej kinematografii niemieckich (alianckich stref okupacyjnych, Niemieckiej Republiki Demokratycznej, Republiki Federalnej Niemiec i zjednoczonych Niemiec). Autor wskazuje na podległość strategii artystycznych przywołanych filmów wobec aktualnych dyskursów pamięci i lansowanych modeli państwowotwórczych. Identyfikuje grupę filmów tużpowojennych, zabezpieczających ślady pamięci migracyjnej, wskazuje na mechanizmy pamięci przesiedleń w kinie NRD (zadekretowany antyfaszyzm) oraz narratywy wypędzeń w kinie Niemiec Zachodnich (nostalgia za utraconą ojczyzną, kolumny wypędzonych w drodze), zwraca wreszcie uwagę na pracę pamięci leżącą u podstaw praktyk wspominania.
Retrato del individuo posmoderno en el cine de Yorgos Lanthimos.
Authors: Peña Sarrionandia Mikel
Published: January 2022

En el año 2018 Yorgos Lanthimos recibió diez nominaciones a los premios Oscar gracias a su película The Favourite. Además de eso, el autor también se ha convertido en un habitual en el Festival de Cannes. Estos premios suponen un gran reconocimiento, y más aún cuando hablamos de un director alternativo que proviene de una Grecia sumida en la más profunda crisis económica. El presente trabajo analiza las películas de Lanthimos y reflexiona sobre el retrato que hace el autor del individuo posmoderno. Identifica los rasgos y características comunes que se repiten a lo largo de su filmografía y a partir de su análisis invita a meditar sobre el individuo y el sistema capitalista actual. Entre los resultados, se destaca que en la sociedad contemporánea posmoderna el individuo ha sufrido un fuerte proceso de alienación. La identidad propia ha sido negada y las relaciones románticas han sido convertidas en una fuente de placer inmediata y desechable. El sexo se ha convertido en una mercancía. El lenguaje ha mostrado su inutilidad a la hora de crear lazos afectivos entre personas y de dar sentido a la realidad y se ha convertido en una herramienta con la que los poderosos mantienen a sus súbditos bajo control. Como consecuencia, los individuos no consiguen conectar entre ellos y a falta de un objetivo común se encuentran aislados y solos.
Bitcoin: A Natural Oligopoly
Authors: Arnosti Nick , Weinberg S. Matthew
Published: January 2022

We argue that the concentrated production and ownership of Bitcoin mining hardware arise naturally from the economic incentives of Bitcoin mining. We model Bitcoin mining as a two-stage competition; miners compete in prices to sell hardware while competing in quantities for mining rewards. We characterize equilibria in our model and show that small asymmetries in operational costs result in highly concentrated ownership of mining equipment. We further show that production of mining equipment will be dominated by the miner with the most efficient hardware, who will sell hardware to competitors while possibly also using it to mine.

This paper was accepted by Kay Giesecke, finance.
The Price of Imposing Vertical Equity Through Asymmetric Outcome Constraints
Authors: Breugem Thomas , Van Wassenhove Luk N.
Published: January 2022

Vertical equity or fairness is an important aspect in many settings, yet has received relatively little attention in the literature. Recent developments underline the practical relevance (e.g., COVID-19 vaccination policies). It plays an important role in the performance evaluation of many (nongovernmental) organizations. For example, donors might require a family-planning organization to allocate a minimum fraction of the total utility (client volume) to a particular player (the “high-impact” subgroup of the population, e.g., young and poor clients). However, the price (decrease in client volume) of such requirements is not well-understood. Consequently, this price is not accounted for in decision making. We provide an analytical upper bound on the price (i.e., loss of overall utility) of vertical equity considerations in resource allocation. We assume that these concerns are expressed via outcome constraints, specifying a minimum percentage of the total utility for each player. Our set-up considers a decision maker maximizing total utility over a general convex set, subject to outcome constraints. The set-up is general and applicable to many practical problems. Our results depend only on high-level parameters and are therefore well-suited for strategic decision making. We conclude with two applications. First, we apply our results to practical instances in health delivery. We confirm that outcome constraints can entail a substantial price and analyze the factors driving this price close to the worst-case bound. Second, we analyze how our results can help bound the impact of prioritization in vaccine allocation.

This paper was accepted by Jeannette Song, operations management.

Supplemental Material: Data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2021.4287 .
The Intermittencies of the Heart
Authors: Proust Marcel
Published: January 2022

This chapter elaborates more on the Narrator's second arrival at Balbec. It highlights the desires that made him come to Balbec this time spring from a different source: his discovery that the Verdurins have rented La Raspelière, one of the Cambremers' châteaux, and expect a visit from some of the faithful and Mme Putbus and her chambermaid. The chapter reflects on the Narrator's profound grief and guilt — recalling the last days of his grandmother's life. The role of pity. It then argues that the The Intermittencies of the Heart, was so important to Marcel Proust that he considered using it as the general title of the novel in 1912, when he still envisaged a work of two volumes.
Damba Digoli (Damba Month)
Authors: Ajura Alhaj Yūsuf Ṣāliḥ
Published: January 2022

This chapter focuses on the poem “Damba Digoli”, which is believed to be the first one that Afa Ajura composed around 1952. It reveals that Afa Ajura recited the poem during a celebration for the occasion of Prophet Muhammad's birth, which coincided with the visit to Tamale of Shaykh Ibrahim Niasse, the most famous Tijaniyyah Khalifa in West Africa. It also considers Damba Digoli as a departure from the usual tradition where speakers would take the opportunity to shower praises and countless invocations on the Prophet Muhammad. The chapter begins with the Prophet's birth information, followed by the details of his patrilineal genealogy going back to Ishmael and Abraham. It covers verses on the praising of Prophet Mohammed and the significance of learning about his ancestry and praying for them.
Ninsal Kutonya Tidūma (A Human Being Cannot See Our Lord)
Authors: Ajura Alhaj Yūsuf Ṣāliḥ
Published: January 2022

This chapter focuses on Afa Ajura's “Ninsal Kutonya Tiduma,” a polemical poem he composed to educate the average person as a warning against joining the Tijaniyyah group. It looks at one of the accusations labeled against the Tijaniyyah, which is the claim that they “see” God. It highlights the Tijaniyyah's label of Naawuni nyarba that started sarcastically and eventually stabilized into a negative identifier for the group. The chapter explores the concept of “seeing” God, a misplaced topic that cannot be construed by Muslims whose whole Islamic Weltanschauung is predicated upon the exoteric understanding of Islamic texts and simple logic. It refers to how Afa Ajura identified the Tijaniyyah as infidels or those who overstep the acceptable limits in Islam.
Ṣalli S. Ṣalātan (Send Blessings Upon)
Authors: Ajura Alhaj Yūsuf Ṣāliḥ
Published: January 2022

This chapter refers to Afa Ajura's poem “Salli Salatan,” which was speculated to have been written during one of his trips to Accra as it was composed in Arabic. It describes the poem as a typical Afa Ajura's polemic against the Tijaniyyah and one of the few poems that has Afa Ajura's own commentary on the verses. It also includes a prayer for the Prophet Mohammed and declaration of absolute dependence on the Qur'an and the Hadith. The chapter highlights Afa Ajura's reproach of the Tijanis and their litanies, comparing them to the disbelievers and idols from the time of Noah to Abraham to Muhammad. It discusses Afa Ajura's admonishment of people to shun boasting of belonging to the Tijaniyyah fraternity.
TipaƔri Tidūma Nawuni (We Thank Our Lord)
Authors: Ajura Alhaj Yūsuf Ṣāliḥ
Published: January 2022

This chapter considers the poem “TipaƔri Tiduma Nawuni” as an interpretation of the race between Afa Ajura and his Tijaniyyah opponents in Tamale to convert people to their respective sides. It details Afa Ajura's attacks on a Tijani interlocutor for allegedly coercing people to follow a particular Tijaniyyah shaykh. It also analyzes Afa Ajura's use of the word “shaykh,” which is an attempt to undermine the role and significance of the actual Tijaniyyah shaykhs. The chapter talks about Afa Ajura's warnings not to fall for the Tijaniyyah's trap. It elaborates how Afa Ajura categorically disabused the Tijaniyyah and everybody else in the poem of the notion that he was himself abrasive and abusive.
Gendered Bodies, Social Identities, and the Susceptibility to Sin
Authors: Henning Meghan R.
Published: January 2022

Chapter 2 analyses the specific sins and punishments attributed to female and male bodies in early Christian apocalypses, highlighting how one’s eternal fate depended upon his or her ability to perform a socially scripted gender identity. It demonstrates that the earliest tours of hell organized their sins and punishments around Roman notions of the household, and later Christians expanded and reorganized the list of sins that were punished according to shifting notions of gender, the body, and social roles. This chapter also studies changes in the early Christian expectations of men and women that differ based on the historical context of the apocalyptic authors. For instance, in the earlier apocalypses mothers and fathers are both held accountable for abortion and infant exposure, whereas later texts only punish women for these practices.
Conclusion: Making Hell on Earth
Authors: Henning Meghan R.
Published: January 2022

By the fifth century, the Theodosian Code brought the hellscapes of the early Christian apocalypses to earth. In this Christian compilation of Roman law, a nurse who mishandles her charge has molten lead poured down her throat, and the passive partner in a homoerotic coupling suffers burning by “avenging flames,” amputation of his hands and feet, and glossectomy (surgical removal of the tongue)....
Sara Melody and the American Dream
Authors: Brietzke Zander
Published: January 2022

Sara Melody Harford emerges as the protagonist of A Touch of the Poet and More Stately Mansions when the two plays are considered in sequence as one event. Cornelius Melody may be the star of the former play, but his wake begins the latter. Simon Harford, Sara’s husband, appears to be the central character in More Stately Mansions, but he is only an offstage character in A Touch of the Poet. Only Sara appears as a principal in both plays, and she embodies O’Neill’s theme that greed and materialism destroyed the promise of America. Her story, not Con’s, and certainly not Simon’s, who, among other things, is decidedly not Irish, personifies the title of the proposed Cycle: “A Tale of Possessors Self-Dispossessed.” An Irish immigrant and member of an oppressed class and ethnic group, Sara determines to rise and make it socially and economically in America through marriage to a rich Yankee. She also wants to wipe the sneer against her father from her prospective mother-in-law’s face.
Introduction
Authors: Mazzuca Sebastián
Published: January 2022

This chapter provides a background on comparative state-formation, introducing the idea that the timing of state-formation in world history is crucial. It develops a theory that explains cases of state-formation with and without state building, such as the main contrast between western Europe and Latin America. It also lays the groundwork for the study of comparative state-formation and highlights the difference between state-formation and smaller-scale political processes, including changes at the level of policy, government, and regime. The chapter highlights the theory of state-formation that is able to account for the rise of states with different degrees of capacity. It focuses on the international economic and geopolitical environment and the common response by Latin American state-makers.
The Triumph of Trade-Led State Formation, 1845–75
Authors: Mazzuca Sebastián
Published: January 2022

This chapter recounts how the economic stimuli of the Pax Britannica boomed between 1845 and 1875, causing the first period of sustained export-led growth in Latin America. It refers to the rewards for trade-led state-formation and the opportunity costs of war that grew exponentially. It demonstrates tight coalitions between professional politicians in the city-port and economic elites in the export sector that became a widespread phenomenon. The chapter discusses investments in trade-led state-formation, which succeeded at political survival and profit maximization. It elaborates how the ruling coalitions succeeded at “periphery incorporation” but avoided “periphery transformation,” decoupling state-formation from state building.
Party-Driven State Formation in Mexico
Authors: Mazzuca Sebastián
Published: January 2022

This chapter looks at the synthesis of nineteenth-century Latin American history that describes Mexico as a failed state, considering the country as the prime Latin American example of Murphy's Law. It details how Mexico had lost more than half of the territory under its nominal control since the time of its independence in 1821 by the mid-nineteenth-century. It also explains that Mexico's territorial loss was the result of the combination of U.S. expansionism and the country's military weakness that was brought upon by deeper fiscal causes. The chapter discusses how Mexico successfully avoided territorial fragmentation suffered by the much smaller Central American state from the south, which subdivided the isthmus into five minirepublics. It addresses why and how Mexico managed to preserve a territory of colossal proportions that radically cover different economic and political regions.
Kindred Voices
Authors: Pifer Michael
Published: January 2022

By the mid-thirteenth century, Anatolia had become a region of stunning cultural diversity, home not only to Armenians and Greeks but also to Persians, Turks, Arabs, Mongols, Jews, and others. Kindred Voices explores how the Muslim and Christian poets of Anatolia grappled with the multilingual and multireligious worlds they inhabited, attempting to impart resonant forms of religious instruction to their intermingled communities. This unique, under-studied convergence produced fresh poetic styles and sensibilities, native to no single people or language, that enabled the period’s literature to reach new and wider audiences. This is the first book to study the era’s major Persian, Armenian, and Turkish poets, from roughly 1250 to 1340, against the canvas of this broader literary ecosystem. Although these poets were later constructed as foundational figures in their own “national” literary histories, they first emerged, before the rise of the Ottomans, from a shared and fraught terrain.
Stranger Encounters
Authors: Pifer Michael
Published: January 2022

When Jalal al-Din Rumi left his home, as a boy, and migrated westward to Anatolia, he would have encountered a world in which it was customary to welcome strangers with song, dance, and forms of religious devotion. Although studies on Rumi place an emphasis on his later encounter with Shams al-Din Tabrizi, a peripatetic mystic who became Rumi’s spiritual guide, this chapter reconstructs the ways in which medieval Anatolia shaped Rumi’s poetic sensibilities. It particularly examines a metaphor employed by Rumi—amikhtan, or ‘to mix’—that simultaneously describes his own ‘mixing’ with the peoples of Rum, as well as illuminates his adaptive practice of ‘mixing’ together disparate literary styles, themes, tropes, and sources in the creation of something new. This chapter establishes a pattern of omnivorous adaptation that is revisited throughout the book.
Epilogue
Authors: Pifer Michael
Published: January 2022

The mixing of diverse peoples in premodern Anatolia gave rise to affinitive literary cultures, articulated by kindred voices—modes of composing and interpreting literature in a manner that remained strikingly cognizant of ‘others.’ As this book demonstrates, dialogue across the multiple literary cultures of Anatolia had a technical component, finding expression through diverse praxes of literary adaptation, response, gloss, quotation, and emulation. This portfolio of compositional techniques often set the terms of how this multilingual dialogue unfolded, at least insofar as it sought to make cross-cultural contact legible (or permissible) in a particular manner. The epilogue of Kindred Voices therefore builds upon the case for considering this adaptive portfolio as greater than the sum of its parts. Compounded over time, these practices helped to shape a widespread sense of what the ‘literary’ is—what the literary looks like, what it speaks of, and what it sounds like—across multiple languages and religious communities in medieval Rum.
Selling Providence
Authors: Koenig Sarah
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines the nationalization of the Marcus Whitman story in the 1890s through the efforts of Stephen Penrose, Daniel K. Pearsons, and Oliver W. Nixon. It talks about Pearsons's financial resources and Nixon's wide-ranging media influence that brought the Whitman story to a wider audience than it had ever reached. It also mentions how Penrose, Pearsons, and Nixon refashioned the Whitman story to appeal to Gilded Age sensibilities. The chapter cites Penrose, Pearsons, and Nixon's narratives that Whitman became an exemplar of white masculinity and a harbinger of America's late nineteenth-century imperial expansion, the hero of an imperial providential history. It places Whitman within other late-nineteenth-century histories of the United States that emphasized the nation's superior racial stock, advanced state of civilization, and providential destiny to carry that civilization to the darker-skinned people of the world.
Social Gospel Socialism, the Labor Movement, and the Socialist Party
Authors: Dorrien Gary
Published: January 2022

The Socialist Party, founded in 1901, was a wondrous stew of radical democrats, neo-abolitionists, Marxists, social gospel Christians, populists, feminists, trade unionists, industrial unionists, Single Taxers, social democrats, anarcho-syndicalists, and Fabians. Its leader, Eugene Debs, was eloquent, radical, courageous, very emotional, charismatic, sentimental, and inimitable, with a large and needy ego, enthralling teeming crowds year after year, espousing a magical idea of socialist deliverance: socialism is the only answer to every social problem.
Corporate Purpose and Governance for a Livable Planet
Authors: Scanlan Melissa K.
Published: January 2022

This chapter considers the role of business law within the field of environmental law. It makes the case that environmental law has largely ignored business law and economic system dynamics. It also explains shareholder primacy as a law or norm of investor-owned corporations by integrating the work of business law scholars. The chapter discusses how the norm shapes corporate purpose and undermines Sustainable Development Goals and decarbonization. It looks at proposals that could transform the corporation, including creating an environmental priority principle in law, defining corporate purpose to benefit stakeholders, and sparking social enterprise for innovative entrepreneurs and conversions of existing businesses.
Renewable Energy
Authors: Scanlan Melissa K.
Published: January 2022

This chapter looks at the monumental effort of deep decarbonization that requires a strategic focus on the largest sectors of emissions and an implementable plan to rapidly transform systems in order to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) contributions. It describes fossil fuel extraction, processing, and combustion for energy as the single largest cause of GHG emissions in the world. It also talks about emissions from electricity and heat production, industry, transportation, and other energy that are caused by extracting, processing, and burning fossil fuels. The chapter highlights that global electricity generation remains dominated by coal, which is the dirtiest of all fossil fuels. It highlights the creation of electricity with renewable energy and shift to more heating, transportation, and industry to renewable electricity, which is the great challenge and opportunity of this time on Earth.
Food and Agriculture
Authors: Scanlan Melissa K.
Published: January 2022

This chapter considers food and agriculture as the most important economic sector to deeply decarbonize after energy. It explains how the simple act of eating a meal relies on an increasingly complex and global food system, which involves manufacturing and distributing inputs such as fertilizer, pesticides, and seeds; producing agriculture; processing, distributing, and marketing products; and disposing of waste. It also considers food systems as more than market transactions as they involve a larger web of institutions, regulations, and relationships. The chapter highlights the association of greenhouse gas with all the components of the global food system, including growing, storing, and transporting the food. It looks at a study indicating how agricultural production yielded the vast majority of the food-related emissions, followed by fertilizer manufacturing, and then refrigeration.
Knowledge, History, and Visibility
Authors: Horowitz Donald L.
Published: January 2022

Most constitution makers have little knowledge or experience with constitution making as they begin the task, and they may not be helped very much by advice tendered by experts concerning apt processes. They may actually be affected unduly by biases or by historical experiences that condition their choice of process. And they may also act on perceptions of group interest. They may perceive that time to get the drafting done is short, and outside advisors may urge a quicker process than is optimal. For all these reasons, constitution makers may choose from a more limited menu of process choices than are actually available.
External Advice and the Participation Imperative
Authors: Horowitz Donald L.
Published: January 2022

The proliferation of organizations tendering advice in constitutional processes requires an assessment of the advice that is typically given. External advisors are commonly not fully familiar with the countries in which they work. They usually provide standard operating procedures and standard constitutional provisions for consideration by inexperienced constitution makers. Among the process prescriptions that are nearly-universally advocated is advice to conduct a program aimed an involving the public extensively in the constitutional process, through a regimen of education about constitutions and solicitation of feedback and proposals from the public. Extensive public participation is asserted to confer legitimacy on a constitutional process and to improve prospects for democracy after the constitution is adopted. This chapter tests these assertions and highlights some of the high costs for deliberation and other goals of the constitutional process that are associated with these prescriptions. It proffers instead some alternative ideas for public involvement.
The Cavalry Colonel
Authors: Hutton Ronald
Published: January 2022

This chapter takes a look at Oliver Cromwell's attempts to make a command, and a military following, and reputation, from scratch. It traces Cromwell's commission as the colonel of a horse regiment in the new regular Eastern Association defence force to his establishment as the force's leading horse commander. He had also raised a very large, effective, and loyal regiment and extended a more general, if as yet informal and ad hoc, authority over the other horse units in Manchester's new army. He had begun to build himself a network of clients in that army and in the region. He had also acquired considerable and consistent acclaim in the parliamentarian press. However, none of this had made him, as yet, more significant than many other local parliamentarian leaders or given him any national weight as a soldier.
The Lieutenant-General
Authors: Hutton Ronald
Published: January 2022

This chapter chronicles Oliver Cromwell's growing influence in the military as well as in politics. By early 1644, Cromwell was commissioned as the earl of Manchester's lieutenant-general, formally recognizing his existing position as second-in-command of the army, and especially as leader of the horse. Like every other higher officer, he would only receive half the pay for the job as long as the war lasted, but he continued to be paid separately both as colonel and captain of horse. Not long after, he received a further honour by being added to the brand-new body, the Committee of Both Kingdoms, established by Parliament to direct the joint war effort that it was now making with its new Scottish allies. Membership here was a striking sign of Cromwell's rising status as a soldier as well as a politician. The turn of the year had gone superbly for him.
The Illusion of the Great Moderation
Authors: Shirakawa Masaaki
Published: January 2022

This chapter details the illusion of the Great Moderation. Global economic conditions improved markedly from 2004 to 2007. This prompt return to the growth trajectory of the prior decades came to be seen as proof of the so-called Great Moderation of high growth, stable prices, and low volatility and as a vindication of monetary policy. Policymakers became much more confident in their ability to steer the economy and mainstream economic thinking. Eventually, it would be revealed that the robust economic performance of these years was a byproduct of a global credit bubble. But this had to wait until the global financial crisis of 2007–2009 erupted. Meanwhile, Japan concurrently enjoyed what was at that point the longest economic expansion of the postwar era, greatly benefiting from the expansion of overseas export markets and a weak yen, both reflecting the global economic boom. Accordingly, Japan was no different from the other economies in that it was not aware of the accumulating imbalances and the boost it was receiving from the global bubble.
Enhancing the Stability of the Financial System
Authors: Shirakawa Masaaki
Published: January 2022

This chapter reflects on the challenge of enhancing the stability of the financial system. In the aftermath of the global financial crisis of 2007–2009, macroeconomists and policymakers in the developed economics have come around to the idea that financial stability is important for achieving sustainable economic growth. To prevent the buildup of financial imbalances that engender crises, numerous efforts were undertaken to strengthen the regulation and supervision of financial institutions. But there remain ideological and institutional hurdles to an integrated understanding of the role that financial stability plays in sustainable growth. In particular, there is a lingering orthodoxy that insists on treating price stability and financial stability as distinct objectives and on assigning monetary policy to the former and financial regulation and supervision to the latter. The author consistently challenged this “separation principle” throughout his time as governor of the Bank of Japan.
Lessons from the Experiences of the Japanese Economy
Authors: Shirakawa Masaaki
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines the lessons from the experiences of the Japanese economy. The lesson most typically associated with the Japanese experience by outside observers is probably that central banks should, at all costs, avoid letting inflation fall too low. Over the past two decades, this message has become deeply ingrained in the thinking of policymakers and academics. But is it right to characterize Japanese economy since 1990 as suffering from “lost decades”? Is deflation the root cause of the low growth of the Japanese economy? Now that the monetary experiment did not deliver on its promise and so-called Japanification is so widespread as a phenomenon, it is important to reconsider seriously the validity of mainstream macroeconomics.
Assembling neighbourhoods: topologies of power and the reshaping of planning
Authors: Brownill Sue
Published: January 2022

This chapter assesses two issues in relation to debates on power, which is central to neighbourhood planning. It argues that the dynamics and relations of power in neighbourhood planning are, in reality, more complex. As such, the chapter draws on notions of topologies of power, which suggest that it is the ‘social relationships, exchanges and interactions involved’, rather than spatial metrics, which are of significance in understanding the complexities of the contemporary shifts in governance of which neighbourhood planning is part. It also explores the ways in which such a perspective can enable an understanding of how ‘the neighbourhood’ is constructed through the dynamics of these assemblages of political actors, and the role of practices such as neighbourhood planning within this. The chapter begins by engaging with debates about the rescaling of governance, setting out the case for moving beyond existing topographical accounts to explore the topology of power. It then goes on to apply this lens to reveal the dynamics of the micro-politics of particular case studies and how a variety of ‘localisms’ are being assembled through the practices of neighbourhood planning.
Community-based planning and localism in the devolved UK
Authors: Pemberton Simon
Published: January 2022

This chapter describes how community-based planning and localism are evolving differentially in the devolved UK. Devolution in the UK has been seen as integral to the government's attempts to modernise the ways in which the public sector is organised and managed. However, it has been introduced in a relatively piecemeal manner, with reforms addressed to different purposes in separate parts of the UK, and with a subsequent differentiation in institutional governance arrangements that drew upon distinctive administrative practices that had previously accumulated in each territory. In this context, the chapter initially sets out a framework to understand the differing nature of community-based planning arrangements evolving in the UK. In particular, it places such changes within a broader context of the rescaling of the state and the importance of the changing institutions and geography of the state in shaping the governance and policy arrangements for community-based planning. Subsequently, the chapter presents a comparative analysis of the arrangements emerging, and discusses the implications for wider debates concerned with planning and governance.
Localism and neighbourhood planning in Australian public policy and governance
Authors: Burton Paul
Published: January 2022

This chapter studies how localism is often used in confusing and contradictory ways in Australian political debate and policy discourse. While many state and territory governments extol the virtues of devolving responsibility for planning and service delivery down to local governments, they show no sign of relinquishing their constitutional authority over local government or of pressing for further devolution to more localised communities. This reflects an increasingly complex system of multi-level governance based on a distinctive Australian system of federalism. Among the challenges for advocates of localism in Australia are the problems of political and bureaucratic capacity in an extremely diverse pattern of local governments, the nature of relations between levels of government and between adjoining councils, and problems of scale in a very large country with a relatively small but spatially concentrated population. The chapter explores these challenges, looking critically at the differences between the rhetoric and the reality of localism in practice. It uses examples drawn mainly from the state of Queensland, but places these in comparative context with other Australian and overseas experience.
Playing the game: women and community punishment
Authors: Harding Nicola
Published: January 2022

This chapter explains that the experiences of criminalised women are varied and complex and are often dictated by a woman's intersectional position within society. It highlights the aspects of criminalised women's experiences, elaborating how criminalised women's lives are shaped by institutions of social control and structures of punishment. It also conceptualizes the shared experiences of women through a boardgame, allowing the subjugated experience of navigating community punishment as a criminalised woman to be conveyed to academic researchers, criminal justice practitioners, and policy makers. The chapter narrates the findings of a piece of feminist participatory action research that was completed with criminalised women in North West England. It captures the way in which punishment intersects with women's daily lives.
Reducing the enduring harm of short terms of imprisonment
Authors: Masson Isla
Published: January 2022

This chapter deals with the use of short terms of incarceration, which is considered problematic for women as it represents a disproportionate punishment due to the enduring harms caused. It points out that neither remand nor short prison sentences provide support to women, instead it causes tangible issues with finances, education, employment, and housing, or consequences to health and wellbeing. It also emphasizes why prison is rarely a fitting punishment for women with non-violent offences or have a low-risk status. The chapter explores the enduring harms of first short terms of imprisonment with the aim of providing practical recommendations to mitigate future harm. It presents post-custody interviews with mothers that have experienced a short period in prison for the first time for a nonviolent offence, dwelling on how they continue to be impacted by their experience post-custody.
What are the challenges and opportunities for schools in supporting children of people in prison?
Authors: Jones Anna
Published: January 2022

This chapter looks at the effects of maternal imprisonment on children and reviews findings that show that few children remain in the family home when their mother is imprisoned. It acknowledges that outcomes may be adverse for any child experiencing parental imprisonment, but it also emphasizes that having a mother imprisoned can cause more negative outcomes for the child than having a father imprisoned. The chapter mentions that the Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCFS) and the Ministry of Justice (MoJ) made strong recommendations to use parental entry into prison to enable the secure sharing of relevant information between agencies, and the systematic assessment and support of the child. It cites research that consistently shows that the outcomes for children of prisoners are poor. It also talks about studies that indicate that children of people in prison are more likely to have mental health issues and suffer emotional distress.
The Global Perspective
Authors: Panke Diana , Stapel Sören , Starkmann Anna
Published: January 2022

Chapter 3 adopts a global perspective and maps RO creation and dissolution as well as membership developments and policy competencies for all ROs in general and for each of the four regions separately. It shows that there are two waves of regionalism at the global level, one in the aftermath of WWII and one after the end of the Cold War. Initially, ROs mainly resembled the small selective type, while the picture became more diverse as the numbers of small encompassing, large selective and large encompassing ROs increased by 2015. The chapter also points to regional particularities, such as ROs in Africa covering the highest absolute number of policy competencies, the Americas being home to the one RO resembling the global average in 2015, Asian regionalism taking off with a
delay, and European ROs being the largest in membership
size on average.
Regional Organizations in the Americas
Authors: Panke Diana , Stapel Sören , Starkmann Anna
Published: January 2022

Chapter 5 sheds light on regional cooperation in the Americas. Two of the 18 American ROs in the dataset were dissolved but provided the grounds for future regional cooperation in new ROs. The chapter points out that many ROs have been created and cooperation has pushed forward while excluding the United States (US) not the least because the continental OAS is often perceived as being dominated by US- American interests and hegemony. Concerning membership dynamics, American ROs were subject to three waves over time. Compared with other regions, ROs in the Americas have the most competencies in the fi eld of economy and trade in 2015, but lag behind in the fi eld of security and defense. Taken together, equally many ROs subscribe to the small selective and the small encompassing type, while the other types are rare. Most notably, the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) reflects the global average of ROs in terms of size and policy scope.
Thinking beyond the Imposter: Gatecrashing Un/ Welcoming Borders
Authors: Mora-Gámez Fredy
Published: January 2022

This chapter interrogates the use of imposter as a way of rethinking social relations involving traditionally marginalised groups. In order to do so, this chapter revisits the case of migration management infrastructures and the challenges they pose for people on the move. By drawing on multi-sited ethnographic recollections, this chapter initially analyses instances where evaluators, rather than applicants, engage in faking practices. Subsequently, this chapter describes collective material practices employed by social movements to challenge the containment posed by state-infrastructures and to produce alternatives to it. Hence, state-infrastructures are reframed as ´gates´, paradoxically posing an invitation to participate in the modern project of human rights, but at the same time enacting its trespassers as unwelcome visitors. Gatecrashing is proposed as a better way to describe how engaging in crafting practices allows people on the move unexpectedly to trespass borders as sociotechnical ´gates´ of containment and to coexist with the un/welcoming paradox of border regimes.