bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ocular teratoid medulloepithelioma in a northern red-shouldered macaw: case report and literature review
Authors: Leal de Araújo Jeann , Arruda Alice C. A. M. , Santos Nayadjala T. A. , Dias Glenison F. , Nery Thiago F. L. , Del Piero Fabio , Ploeg Richard , Porter Brian F. , Langohr Ingeborg M.
Published: February 2021

A 4-mo-old northern red-shouldered macaw ( Diopsittaca nobilis) was admitted to the veterinary hospital of the Arruda Câmara Zoo, in the State of Paraiba, Brazil, for investigation of an orbital mass. Given rapid progression and lack of response to treatment, the bird was euthanized, and an autopsy was performed. Histologically, the mass consisted of a retrobulbar invasive tumor characterized by tubular and rosette-like structures, with interspersed heteroplastic tissues, such as aggregates of neuroglial cells and islands of hyaline cartilage. The tumor was immunopositive for pancytokeratin, GFAP, NSE, and S100. These findings were compatible with an ocular teratoid medulloepithelioma, a neoplasm best described in humans but also reported rarely in young cockatiels and African Grey parrots.
The Utility of Postcolonial and Indigenous Feminist Frameworks in Guiding Nursing Research and Practice About Intimate Partner Violence in the Lives of American Indian Women
Authors: Luebke Jeneile , Hawkins Maren , Lucchesi Annita , Klein Kathryn , Weitzel Jennifer , Deal Emily , Ruiz Ashley , Dressel Anne , Mkandawire-Vahlmu Lucy
Published: February 2021

The purpose of this theoretical article is to analyze the utility of postcolonial and Indigenous feminist frameworks in informing nursing research and practice specific to addressing intimate partner violence (IPV) in the lives of Indigenous women. Prevailing feminist narratives of the 20th century focused overwhelmingly on patriarchy as the sole source of oppression against women and root cause of IPV. These narratives failed to consider the complex historical ways in which patriarchy intersected with colonialism and racism to produce violence, affecting the contemporary realities of Indigenous women. In contrast, postcolonial and Indigenous feminist frameworks consider the colonial history that has disempowered Indigenous women and their nations over centuries of settler occupation. Situating IPV within historical, legal, social, and political contexts can unmask how current research and health care discourses may continue to constrain, rather than improve, access, care, and services for Indigenous victims of IPV.
Conceptualizing Disaster Preparedness Interventions and Research: What Does Literature Have to Do With It?
Authors: Ramanathan Chathapuram , Crawley William
Published: February 2021

Natural disasters are frequent, widespread, and derail the lives of large percentages of the population. Social work professionals are among those suitable for intervening in natural disasters as they assist individuals, families, and communities. To understand the knowledge in the areas of disaster preparedness—the authors investigated the literature by reviewing 10 major social work journals—a conceptual model of disaster preparedness was developed for effective intervention and research. While specific needs vary for individuals, communities, and cultures, there are universal aspects central to human existence.
Numerical and experimental research on damage shape recognition of aluminum alloy plate based on Lamb wave
Authors: Wu Yaogang , Shen Xing , Li Dinghe
Published: February 2021

The structure health monitoring (SHM) system with Lamb waves technique is studied numerically and experimentally in this paper. A damage shape recognition algorithm (DSRA) is developed for the hole on aluminum alloy plate specimen. The proposed DSRA is established based on the two arrival time difference method (2/ATDM) and Lagrangian optimization method. This method captures the damage shape by describing the coordinates of the reflection point from the piezoelectric ceramic lead zirconate titanate (PZT) transducers to the damage edge. 2/ATDM provides a way to obtain coordinate points by the arrival time which is determined by Lamb waves. And the coordinate points are optimized by the Lagrangian optimization method. A numerical model is established to simulate the proposed experiment process. Its convergence rate of mesh size and time steps is investigated, and the numerical results are verified by these of experiment. Hence, the shape recognition of damage occurring at an arbitrary position and that of irregular damage are studied by the proposed numerical and experiment methods.
Dynamic analysis of a functionally graded piezoelectric energy harvester under magnetic interaction
Authors: Derayatifar Mahdi , Sedaghati Ramin , Chandramohan Sujatha , Packirisamy Muthukumaran , Bhat Rama
Published: February 2021

The aim of this embodiment is to present an analytical analysis of a functionally graded piezoelectric energy harvester consisting of a flexible functionally graded piezoelectric layers carrying magnetic mass at the free end. The magnetic tip mass is in interaction with a permanent magnet which is located at a distance from the top of the tip mass. The oscillation of the harvester happens via excitation of the base. Using Rayleigh’s beam theory and Hamilton’s principle and considering geometric nonlinearity, the coupled electromechanical governing equations have been developed. The nonlinear frequency response of the piezoelectric energy harvester beam has also been studied under base excitation. A parametric study has been carried out to investigate the effect of grading index and magnetic force on responses of both free vibration and induced excitation cases. The results were compared with those obtained using three-dimensional finite element model developed in COMSOL Multiphysics 5.5 commercial software and good agreement has been observed. The results from both the analytical method and simulation confirm that tuning the design parameters of grading index and magnetic gap to the optimal value results in a considerable change in the performance of the energy harvester.
Experimental assessment of a linear actuator driven by magnetorheological clutches for automotive active suspensions
Authors: East William , Turcotte Jérôme , Plante Jean-Sébastien , Julio Guifré
Published: February 2021

The main functions of automotive suspensions are to improve passenger comfort as well as vehicle dynamic performance. Simultaneously satisfying these functions is not possible because they require opposing suspension adjustments. This fundamental design trade-off can be solved with an active suspension system providing real-time modifications of the suspension behavior and vehicle attitude corrections. However, current active suspension actuator technologies have yet to reach a wide-spread commercial adoption due to excessive costs and performance limitations. This paper presents a design study assessing the potential of magnetorheological clutch actuators for automotive active suspension applications. An experimentally validated dynamic model is used to derive meaningful design requirements. An actuator design is proposed and built using a motor to feed counter-rotating MR clutches to provide upward and downward forces. Experimental characterization shows that all intended design requirements are met, and that the actuator can output a peak force of ±5300 N, a peak linear speed of ±1.9 m/s and a blocked-output force bandwidth of 92 Hz. When compared to other relevant technologies, the MR approach simultaneously shows both better force density and speeds (bandwidth) while adding minimal costs and weight. Results from this experimental assessment suggest that MR slippage actuation is promising for automotive active suspensions.
Enhanced piezoelectric energy harvesting power with thermoelectric energy assistance
Authors: Chen Zhidong , Xia Yinshui , Shi Ge , Xia Huakang , Wang Xiudeng , Qian Libo , Ye Yidie
Published: February 2021

The demand for life-time power supply in Internet of Things (IoT) nodes is a challenge issue. Piezoelectric energy harvesting (PEH) is expected to meet the demand by harvesting vibration energy and converting it into electricity for the IoT nodes. This article presents a novel PEH power improvement circuit with thermoelectric energy assistance. The proposed circuit can extract energy from thermoelectric generator (TEG) to assist the PEH. Simulation and experimental platforms are built for testing the power generation performance of the proposed circuit. With the thermoelectric assistance of 0.1 V and 0.2 V, the harvested power can reach 3.4 times and 4 times that of the standard energy harvesting (SEH) circuit when the piezoelectric transducer (PZT) original open circuit voltage Voc,org = 8 V, respectively. The harvested power can be increased by 13.3% and 33.3% with the thermoelectric assistance of 0.1 V and 0.2 V, respectively.
School Social Workers Perceptions of the Use of Functional Behavior Assessments
Authors: Elswick Susan Elizabeth , Cuellar Matthew James
Published: February 2021

Purpose:

Conducting functional behavior assessments (FBAs) is an important component of meeting the behavioral needs of students exhibiting significant behavioral problems. However, the practices and perceptions of school social workers (SSWs) in the use of FBAs are relatively unknown.

Method:

The proposed study explored the perceptions of 310 SSWs, across Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, and Wisconsin about the processes involved in conducting an FBA. Descriptive and inferential statistics were estimated using the general linear model.

Results:

Findings suggest that theoretical orientation is associated with perceived usefulness of FBAs. Additionally, perceptions about the activities involved in conducting FBAs and decision-making practices varied as a function of level of competence about facilitating FBAs.

Discussion:

Overall, findings suggest that SSWs possess the skills needed to facilitate FBAs and face similar barriers of conducting FBAs of other school-based clinicians.
Health Care Providers’ Challenges to High-Quality HIV Care and Antiretroviral Treatment Retention in Rural South Africa
Authors: Julien Aimée , Anthierens Sibyl , Van Rie Annelies , West Rebecca , Maritze Meriam , Twine Rhian , Kahn Kathleen , Lippman Sheri A. , Pettifor Audrey , Leslie Hannah H.
Published: February 2021

Provision of high-quality HIV care is challenging, especially in rural primary care clinics in high HIV burden settings. We aimed to better understand the main challenges to quality HIV care provision and retention in antiretroviral treatment (ART) programs in rural South Africa from the health care providers’ perspective. We conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews with 23 providers from nine rural clinics. Using thematic and framework analysis, we found that providers and patients face a set of complex and intertwined barriers at the structural, programmatic, and individual levels. More specifically, analyses revealed that their challenges are primarily structural (i.e., health system- and microeconomic context-specific) and programmatic (i.e., clinic- and provider-specific) in nature. We highlight the linkages that providers draw between the challenges they face, the motivation to do their job, the quality of the care they provide, and patients’ dissatisfaction with the care they receive, all potentially resulting in poor retention in care.
An Exploration of Reflective Conversations in Early Intervention Caregiver Coaching Sessions
Authors: Lorio Ciera M. , Woods Juliann J. , Snyder Patricia
Published: February 2021

This descriptive study included a systematic examination of provider and caregiver reflective conversations during caregiver coaching sessions focused on embedded intervention. Transcribed videos from 31 provider–caregiver dyads in two groups (Embedded Practices and Interventions with Caregivers [EPIC] vs. business-as-usual [BAU]) were used for data collection, resulting in a total of 93 transcripts across three different time points. Using methods of directed content analysis, a coding scheme describing various components of shared reflection was developed and used to code transcripts. Coding data were used to explore the rate per minute and relative frequency of types, topics, and spontaneity of reflection. Although there were no statistically significant differences in the frequency and rate of reflective versus nonreflective conversational turns, there were group differences in the reflective topics and specific types of reflective comments and questions posed by participants. Results from this study and others can help the field further define reflection as a coaching strategy and consider the potential utility of different reflective comment and question types to increase caregiver capacity to embed interventions in home routines. Further research is recommended to explicate further definitions and processes for reflection specific to caregiver coaching, including methods used to code reflective conversations and evaluate how reflection impacts caregivers’ intervention implementation.
Numerical modeling and analysis of the ballistic impact response of ceramic/composite targets and the influence of cohesive material parameters
Authors: Goda Ibrahim , Girardot Jérémie
Published: February 2021

Hybrid ceramic/composite targets are acknowledged to provide effective impact protection against armor piercing projectiles, which is why the research on this topic is continuously developing further. In this work, a nonlinear dynamic finite element (FE) simulation method is developed to systematically explore the ballistic perforation behaviors of hybrid ceramic/woven-fabric reinforced polymer (WFRP) composite when impacted by a non-deformable projectile. The hybrid system is composed by an alumina ceramic plate forming the front surface and glass or carbon WFRP composite back-up plate. The simulations are carried out using ABAQUS/Explicit FE code, wherein three different constitutive material models are formulated and implemented. The Johnson–Holmquist and composite damage models are used for alumina and composite material behaviors, respectively. The brittle fracture and fragmentation of the ceramic plate and the failure criteria based on fracture of fibers or matrices of composite materials during perforation are considered. Besides, interlaminar delamination between composite plies as well as ceramic/composite interfacial decohesion are modeled using a cohesive surface method, and the behaviors of interlayer degradation and failure are described using a traction-separation law. The accuracy of the developed model is validated with available experimental and analytical results. What’s more, the perforation process against the projectile and the ballistic mechanism of each layer in the composite backplate and in the ceramic as well are profoundly explored. Meanwhile, the numerical simulations are used to evaluate the changes of energy of the projectile and ceramic/composite panels. The influence of key parameters, such as interface cohesive properties and friction, on the ballistic performance in terms of energy absorption capability is additionally addressed. For the preliminary and early design phase, the present dynamic model could provide an efficient approach for numerical predictions of ballistic impact responses of the hybrid ceramic/FRP composites.
Outcomes and Complications With Treatment of Open Tibial Plafond Fractures With Circular External Fixator
Authors: Thabet Ahmed M. , Gerzina Christopher , Sala Francesco , Jeon Soyoung , Lovisetti Giovanni , Abdelgawad Amr , DeCoster Thomas A. , Azzam Wael
Published: February 2021

Background:

Open tibial plafond fractures (Orthopaedic Trauma Association and AO Foundation [OTA/AO] 43) are associated with severe complications, including deep infection (closed fractures, 20%; open fractures, 30%), amputation (3%-14%), and nonunion (up to 25%). Circular external fixators (CEFs) can minimize soft tissue injury. This study aimed to report the rate of union and occurrence of severe complications in patients with open tibial plafond fractures treated with CEFs.

Methods:

A retrospective review of case series was conducted at 3 level I trauma centers. The study included patients older than 18 years with open tibial plafond fractures treated with CEFs. The reported outcomes included union rate, deep infection, operative complications, and limb alignment. The radiographic measurements of anatomic alignment were obtained. Fifty-two patients were included in the study.

Results:

The primary union rate was 79%. No deep infection occurred in the majority (92%) of patients. No patient required amputation of the affected limb or free flap coverage.

Conclusion:

Definitive fixation of open tibial plafond fractures with CEFs avoided severe soft tissue complications but resulted in variation in final radiographic alignment.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV, case series.
Functional Outcomes of Talectomy in Pediatric Feet
Authors: Al-Mohrej Omar A. , Almarshad Abdullah Y. , Alhussainan Thamer S.
Published: February 2021

Background:

Historically, talectomy has been predominantly performed to operatively treat severely rigid equinovarus feet. A limited number of investigators have studied functional outcomes in pediatric patients posttalectomy. We aimed to assess the outcomes of pediatric patients undergoing talectomy using the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) score and a subjective survey of patients’ and their caregivers’ satisfaction.

Methods:

We performed a retrospective cohort study that included 31 patients with nonidiopathic severely rigid talipes equinovarus, in a single center, using consecutive sampling. All medical records of those patients were reviewed, and relative data were extracted. The AOFAS score was used to measure the outcomes during the last visit (April 2020). Satisfaction was evaluated in a binary manner by questioning the patients and their caregivers if they would undergo the same surgery again for the same result.

Results:

Thirty-one patients were included. Myelomeningocele was the primary diagnosis in 13 patients (41.9%), and arthrogryposis was diagnosed in 11 patients (35.5%). Twenty-two patients had bilateral procedures. The mean age at the time of surgery was 6.0 ± 3.0 years, and the mean follow-up was 6.0 ± 1.0 years. Plantigrade feet following the primary surgery were achieved in 88.5% of cases. Postoperatively, braces were well tolerated in 86.5% of patients. Deformity recurrence was observed in 21.2% of patients, and 17.3% of patients required subsequent surgeries. Patients with arthrogryposis had significantly higher AOFAS scores than those with myelomeningocele and other diagnoses ( P = .017). Further, patients who tolerated braces had higher AOFAS scores than those who did not tolerate braces ( P = .006). However, patients who developed hindfoot varus and dorsal bunion postoperatively had lower AOFAS scores ( P = .054 and P = .006, respectively). Patients who had recurrent deformities or required further surgeries also had lower AOFAS scores ( P = .025 and P = .015, respectively). Although 17.3% of patients were not able to comment about their satisfaction due to their general medical condition, 63.5% of patients reported that they were satisfied. Furthermore, 75.0% of caregivers were satisfied with the outcomes and their children’s functional status posttalectomy.

Conclusion:

The observed outcomes of primary and salvage talectomies demonstrate the general overall effectiveness of this operative intervention as an end-stage treatment for pediatric patients with severely rigid talipes equinovarus.

Level of Evidence:

Level III; retrospective cohort study.
Use of HFE Guidance for the Review of Nuclear Power Plants
Authors: O’Hara John , Fleger Stephen
Published: February 2021

The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) evaluates the human factors engineering (HFE) of nuclear power plant design and operations to protect public health and safety. The HFE safety reviews encompass both the design process and its products. The NRC staff performs the reviews using the detailed guidance contained in two key documents: the HFE Program Review Model (NUREG-0711) and the Human-System Interface Design Review Guidelines (NUREG-0700). This paper will describe these two documents and the method used to develop them. As the NRC is committed to the periodic update and improvement of the guidance to ensure that they remain state-of-the-art design evaluation tools, we will discuss the topics being addressed in support of future updates as well.
A Systematic Review of Human Factors Literature About Voice User Interfaces and Older Adults
Authors: Stigall Brodrick , Caine Kelly
Published: February 2021

We conducted a systematic literature review of the human factors literature at the intersection of voice user interfaces (VUI) and older adults among Human Factors publications. Our review was limited to research published in the past 50 years (1970 – 2020) in either the journal Human Factors or the Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. While we included a broad array of search terms related to VUIs, we found very few articles about VUIs that were specifically focused on designing for older adults or used older adults as participants in studies. Of the 26 human factors publications we did find that were related to this topic, most found older adults take more time to operate VUIs and/or made more errors than younger adults, whereas a minority of publications found no age-related differences. We concluded that age-related differences in the use of VUIs are likely task specific.
A Person-Centered Design Framework for Serious Games for Dementia
Authors: Zhang Bella Yigong , Chignell Mark
Published: February 2021

With the rapidly aging population and the rising number of people living with dementia (PLWD), there is an urgent need for programming and activities that can promote the health and wellbeing of PLWD. Due to staffing and budgetary constraints, there is considerable interest in using technology to support this effort. Serious games for dementia have become a very active research area. However, much of the work is being done without a strong theoretical basis. We incorporate a Montessori approach with highly tactile interactions. We have developed a person-centered design framework for serious games for dementia with initial design recommendations. This framework has the potential to facilitate future strategic design and development in the field of serious games for dementia.
Toward a Framework for Embodiment in Communication Technologies: Facilitating Social Connectivity for Older Adults
Authors: Mois George , Beer Jenay M.
Published: February 2021

The majority of older adults report that they want to age in place, however, communities are often unequipped with the tools necessary to support this process. As a result, older adults can often encounter challenges in maintaining social contact with family, friends, and the community. Communication technologies present opportunities for supporting social connectivity. These technologies include a host of various platforms that are set along a continuum of embodiment. The goal of this paper is to conceptualize communication technology embodiment and to propose a framework that aims to explain the role of technology embodiment in creating meaningful social connections. We aim to provide a framework for future research, interventions, and an application guide of the theoretical foundation of communication technology embodiment while noting crucial considerations on the continuum of embodiment, human connectivity, and social presence.
A User Study on the Feasibility and Acceptance of Delivering Physical Activity Programs to Older Adults through Conversational Agents
Authors: Chin Jessie , Quinn Kelly , Muramatsu Naoko , Marquez David
Published: February 2021

The implementation of evidence-based physical activity (PA) programs for older adults is limited in part due to the administration-related personnel costs. The rapid growth of the off-the-shelf smart speakers, conversational agents (CAs), demonstrates the potential of scalable delivery of PA programs to older adults at home. We implemented a PA virtual coach based on an evidence-based PA program on a Google Home device, and conducted a user study to examine how older adults interact with the virtual coach. Results suggested that all older adults were able to complete the PA program with guidance from the virtual coach, and showed high acceptance and intentions to use CAs in the future. Analyses on conversation turn-taking further suggested that all older adults (including 80% novice CAs users) experienced minimum difficulty talking with the PA virtual coach. Relationships among age, technology acceptance, conversation patterns and the perceived sociability of CAs are also discussed.
Detection and Mitigation of Inefficient Visual Searching
Authors: Gallaher Joshua P , Kamrud Alexander J. , Borghetti Brett J.
Published: February 2021

A commonly known cognitive bias is a confirmation bias: the overweighting of evidence supporting a hy- pothesis and underweighting evidence countering that hypothesis. Due to high-stress and fast-paced opera- tions, military decisions can be affected by confirmation bias. One military decision task prone to confirma- tion bias is a visual search. During a visual search, the operator scans an environment to locate a specific target. If confirmation bias causes the operator to scan the wrong portion of the environment first, the search is inefficient. This study has two primary goals: 1) detect inefficient visual search using machine learning and Electroencephalography (EEG) signals, and 2) apply various mitigation techniques in an effort to im- prove the efficiency of searches. Early findings are presented showing how machine learning models can use EEG signals to detect when a person might be performing an inefficient visual search. Four mitigation techniques were evaluated: a nudge which indirectly slows search speed, a hint on how to search efficiently, an explanation for why the participant was receiving a nudge, and instructions to instruct the participant to search efficiently. These mitigation techniques are evaluated, revealing the most effective mitigations found to be the nudge and hint techniques.
Dynamic Causal Modeling of Gender Differences in Emotion: Implications for Augmented Cognition
Authors: Huang Jiali , Lindquist Kristen , Nam Chang S.
Published: February 2021

The goal of this study is to investigate the neural basis of gender difference in emotion processing. Elec- troencephalogram (EEG) signals were recorded when the same set of emotion-eliciting images was shown to male and female participants. Neural connections were estimated using Dynamic Causal Modeling (DCM) and results for both genders were compared. We found that dorsolateral prefrontal cortex exerts modulatory effects differently for males and females. These findings on the gender differences in neural mechanisms of emotion processing may be utilized in applications of the augmented cognition program.
More than Means: Characterizing Individual Differences in Pupillary Dilations
Authors: Sibley Ciara , Foroughi Cyrus K. , Brown Noelle L. , Phillips Henry , Drollinger Sabrina , Eagle Michael , Coyne Joseph T.
Published: February 2021

This study sought to characterize individual differences in pupillary dilations during a simple cognitive task. Eighty-four Navy and Marine Corps student pilots performed a digit memory recall test while their pupillary data were recorded. Results showed that peak pupil sizes significantly increased with difficulty of the memory task, however variability in pupillary dilations was substantial, with only 51% of individuals’ data corresponding with the aggregate results and dilations varying between participants by as much as 1 millimeter. The analyses presented in this paper illustrate the large individual variability that exists in pupil data, between individuals and even within individuals on a trial by trial basis. This work serves as a benchmark for understanding variability in pupillary dilations and encourages follow on work to explore casual mechanisms of differences in pupil dilations across individuals, especially before using pupil data for applied purposes.
Human, AI, Robot Teaming and the Future of Work: Barriers and Opportunities for Advancement
Authors: Chiou Erin K. , Holder Eric , Dolgov Igor , McDowell Kaleb , Menthe Lance , Roscoe Rod D. , Zaveri Shivam
Published: February 2021

Global investments in artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics are on the rise, with the results to impact global economies, security, safety, and human well-being. The most heralded advances in this space are more often about the technologies that are capable of disrupting business-as-usual than they are about innovation that advances or supports a global workforce. The Future of Work at the Human-Technology Frontier is one of NSF’s 10 Big Ideas for research advancement. This panel discussion focuses on the barriers and opportunities for a future of human and AI/robot teaming, with people at the center of complex systems that provide social, ethical, and economic value.
The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly: Evaluating Tesla’s Human Factors in the Wild West of Self-Driving Cars
Authors: Gillmore Samineh C. , Tenhundfeld Nathan L.
Published: February 2021

With self-driving vehicles no longer a pipe-dream of science fiction comes the growing pains of the new technology. Tesla Motors is the industry leader in implementing new self-driving technologies. Tesla has used new technology in many ways to improve the human factors of their cars, but there are also design flaws that represent threats to efficiency and safety. This paper details the good, the bad, and the ugly of Tesla’s designs, not as a way to negatively impact Tesla’s reputation, but to point out the potential human factors issues that relate to the rise of self-driving cars in general. While the future for autonomous cars has never seemed so promising, it is abundantly clear that we are nowhere near a reality in which the human does not need to be considered.
Social Loafing with Robots – An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Onnasch Linda , Panayotidis Terpsichore
Published: February 2021

Social loafing describes a phenomenon in human-human interaction of reduced effort when working in a team compared to working individually. With the increasing growth of human-robot teams, studying potential social loafing effects in human-robot interaction seems increasingly relevant. In a laboratory experiment, participants worked on two parallel tasks with a human or a robotic partner. The primary task was once completed coactively and once collectively with the respective partner and a shared task output. Performance measures revealed no effects regarding partner or working condition. However, subjective data revealed that participants invested the least effort when working collectively with the robot compared to working collectively with a human or in the coactive conditions. At the same time, the robot’s performance was perceived as worse compared to the human confederate’s performance. Based on the results we discuss that interacting with robots shares social facets of human teamwork but does not resemble it.
The Effect of Anthropomorphism and Failure Comprehensibility on Human-Robot Trust
Authors: Roesler Eileen , Onnasch Linda , Majer Julia I.
Published: February 2021

The application of anthropomorphic features to robots is generally considered to be beneficial for human- robot interaction. Although previous research has mainly focused on social robots, the phenomenon gains increasing attention in industrial human-robot interaction, as well. In this study, the impact of anthropomorphic design of a collaborative industrial robot on the dynamics of trust is examined. Participants interacted with a robot, which was either anthropomorphically or technically designed and experienced either a comprehensible or an incomprehensible fault of the robot. Unexpectedly, the robot was perceived as less reliable in the anthropomorphic condition. Additionally, trust increased after faultless experience and decreased after failure experience independently of the type of error. Even though the manipulation of the design did not result in a different perception of the robot’s anthropomorphism, it still influenced the formation of trust. The results emphasize that anthropomorphism is no universal remedy to increase trust, but highly context dependent.
A Brief Literature Review on Human Perceptions of Service Robots with a Focus on Healthcare
Authors: Burton Algelia , Chiou Erin K. , Gutzwiller Robert S.
Published: February 2021

Service robots are becoming increasingly popular in the world where they interact with humans on a semi- or routine basis. It is essential to understand human perceptions of these robots, as they affect use, adoption, and interaction. The primary goal of this brief literature review was to learn about public perceptions of service robots, particularly in healthcare settings. A secondary goal was to understand the measures generally used to gather perception data. A restricted literature search was conducted from September-November 2019 using three databases, yielding 3,629 articles; a total of 22 were selected for this review published between 2011-2019. In general, a variety of largely untested surveys were used, and the studies surveyed illustrated the complexity of the perception space. Perceptions differ by gender, age, culture, and interact with trust, usability, work role, and perceptions of domains of life such as schools or healthcare. Limitations and the future need to better understand this area are discussed.
Flight Performance and Mental Stress of Pilots by Verbal Reports and Spatial Disorientation
Authors: Kang Yohan , Hwan Yun Myung , Kim Sungho
Published: February 2021

Spatial disorientation (SD) can adversely affect a pilot’s flight mission and cause critical flight accidents. To ensure a pilot’s flight safety, it is important to understand the impact of SD on a pilot’s flight performance and mental stress levels, and it is necessary to verify the effectiveness of using verbal reports (VR) for pilots to overcome SD without the aid of aeronautical systems. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the difference in pilot performance and mental stress levels by VR executions and SD types. In this study, simulated flight experiments were performed on thirty Air Force fighter pilots (fifteen VR and fifteen non-VR) using a SD simulator with an Electrocardiography (ECG) measurement sensor attached. The experimental data was analyzed with using two flight performance scales (instructor evaluation scores and self-evaluation scores) and two mental stress scales (heart rate variability (HRV) measures and subjective stress scores) by two VR executions (VR and non-VR) and six SD types (Somatogravic Illusion, Coriolis, Leans, False Horizon, Graveyard Spin, and Black Hole Illusion). The result of the experiment, in terms of flight performance, showed a significant difference in instructor evaluation scores for VR execution, and in both instructor evaluation scores and self-evaluation scores for SD types. On the other hand, in terms of mental stress, there was a significant difference in both high frequency (HF) of HRV measures and subjective stress scores for VR execution, and in subjective stress scores for SD types. The results of this study can help pilots understand SD situations and overcome SD by executing VR.
Narrative Analysis of Runway Incursion Reports in the National Transportation Safety Board Database To Identify Contributing
Authors: Bhargava Divya , Marais Karen
Published: February 2021

A runway incursion occurs when an aircraft, ground vehicle, or a pedestrian is incorrectly present on the runway. This incorrect presence can lead to a collision resulting in fatal injuries and aircraft damage. Despite the aviation community’s measures to reduce incursions, they continue increasing. Most runway incursions are a result of human error. Our limited knowledge of these human errors and their causes is hindering our ability to reduce runway incursions. While previous researchers have analyzed past runway incursions to identify types of human error, we still know little about the causes of these errors. The narratives in the NTSB database often provide detailed information to identify human errors and their causes. In this paper, we analyze the narratives of runway incursion reports in the NTSB database. We use task analysis to map human error to tasks they perform, and map the causes of these errors to the error itself.
Human Factors in Future Vertical Lift, the U.S. Army’s Next Generation Rotorcraft
Authors: Ernst Katie , Wilson Michael , Durbin David , Roth Roth , Militello Laura , Copeland Robert
Published: February 2021

The United States Army is developing and procuring their next generation of rotorcraft, called the Future Vertical Lift (FVL) program. FVL rotorcraft will fly faster and incorporate new work requirements such as command of unmanned systems and optionally piloted variants. Successful design and implementation of human automation teaming will be paramount to the mission success and safety of FVL systems, presenting both challenges and opportunities for human factors personnel supporting FVL development. The purpose of this panel is to highlight the range of human factors challenges within the FVL program. Panelists are drawn from both government and industry, and represent a diverse set of perspectives including user, researcher, and practitioner. The session will include time for panelists to introduce their work and challenges that they are addressing within the FVL program as well as interact with audience members.
Examining Teamwork of Space Crewmembers and Mission Control Personnel Under Crew Autonomy: A Multiteam System Perspective
Authors: Fischer Ute , Mosier Kathleen
Published: February 2021

Introducing crew autonomy into the design of future space operations will involve a change in how responsibilities are distributed between crew and mission control and may disrupt the functioning of the space/ground multiteam system (MTS). During a 4-month space mission simulation we collected survey data from crewmembers and mission controllers tapping their team concept, perception of MTS cohesion and efficacy, task work and performance. Preliminary analyses indicate some aspects of team cognition that may be affected by crew autonomy. Crewmembers’ and mission controllers’ team concepts centered on members of their own component teams rather than the MTS. Mission controllers perceived higher cohesion— especially higher task cohesion—with crewmembers than vice-versa and were more likely than crewmembers to express high confidence in the efficacy of the MTS. While mission controllers and crewmembers expressed comparable levels of satisfaction with task performance, they disagreed on how much each component team contributed to task success.
Effect of Gesture Interface Mapping on Controlling a Multi-degree-of-freedom Robotic Arm in a Complex Environment
Authors: Holder Sherrie , Stirling Leia
Published: February 2021

There are many robotic scenarios that require real-time function in large or unconstrained environments, for example, the robotic arm on the International Space Station (ISS). Use of fully-wearable gesture control systems are well-suited to human-robot interaction scenarios where users are mobile and must have hands free. A human study examined operation of a simulated ISS robotic arm using three different gesture input mappings compared to the traditional joystick interface. Two gesture mappings permitted multiple simultaneous inputs (multi-input), while the third was a single-input method. Experimental results support performance advantages of multi-input gesture methods over single input. Differences between the two multi-input methods in task completion and workload display an effect of user-directed attention on interface success. Mappings based on natural human arm movement are promising for gesture interfaces in mobile robotic applications. This study also highlights challenges in gesture mapping, including how users align gestures with their body and environment.
Systems Thinking in Aerospace: The Contributions to the Design of Future Airliners’ Single Pilot Operations
Authors: Schmid Daniela , Stanton Neville A.
Published: February 2021

Systems thinking methods have evolved into a popular toolkit in Human Factors to analyze complex sociotechnical systems at early design stages, such as future airliners’ single pilot operations (SPO). A quantitative re-analysis of studies from a systematic literature review (Schmid & Stanton, 2019b) was conducted to categorically assess their contributions to researching SPO and to fitting their systems thinking methods to contemporary Human Factors problems. Although only 15 of 79 publications applied systems thinking methods to operational, automation, and the pilot incapacitation issue(s) of SPO, these studies provided a comprehensive concept of operations that is able to deal with many issues of future single-piloted airliners. These theoretical models require further evaluation by looking at the empirical instances of system behavior. Finally, the hierarchical structures in system’s development and operations from systems thinking enable Human Factors professionals and researchers to approach SPO systematically.
Pros and Cons of A VR-based Flight Training Simulator; Empirical Evaluations by Student and Instructor Pilots
Authors: Oh Chang-Geun
Published: February 2021

A medium-fidelity virtual reality (VR) flight simulator was developed to evaluate how aircraft pilots perceived simulated flights in the VR environment compared with conventional mockup-based simulators. In Experiment 1, student and instructor pilots conducted ten repeating flights in the simulator. Three extreme flight conditions were created, and participants rated perceptions of the extreme flights using multiple criteria. In Experiment 2, pilots manipulated G1000 electronic cockpit systems in the simulator during three repeating simulated flights and were asked to rate their perceptions of the manual controls. Participants perceived that the VR simulator was similar to or better than conventional simulators for all given Experiment 1 criteria and found that repetition made the operations easier. However, manipulating electronic cockpit systems was still not considered better than using conventional simulators, even though it became easier by repetition. Participants liked the 360-degree angle of visibility in the VR environment.
The Use of Enhanced Flight Vision Systems (EFVS) for Low-visibility Takeoffs in Part 121 Operations
Authors: Beringer Dennis B. , Fercho Kelene A.
Published: February 2021

Twelve Part 121 operations commercial-carrier crews completed low-visibility takeoffs at Memphis International Airport using an Enhanced Flight Vision System (EFVS). A 2x2x2x3 factorial design with runway visual range (RVR; 500 and 700 feet), runway edge lighting (high intensity or medium intensity) and two levels of EFVS (either captain’s head-up display only or with additional first officer’s head-down repeater) was used along with supplemental sample points and several baseline trials representing current-authorization conditions. Tasks included normal takeoffs, EFVS failure (both continue and reject trials), and engine failure (reject). There were no significant main effects of display or infrastructure in the main design (500, 700 RVR), and pilot performances in the experimental trials with EFVS were not markedly different from the baseline (current authorization) trials. All crews were able to stop the aircraft successfully on the runway during rejected takeoffs. Pilots uniformly believed they could successfully complete takeoffs or reject them in lower visibilities with EFVS as compared with using the head-up display without EFVS, which was sup-ported by observed performance.
Cue Utilization as an Objective Metric in Naturalistic Decision-Making
Authors: Wiggins Mark W.
Published: February 2021

The utilization of cues is a process that underpins a wide range of naturalistic models of decision-making, often differentiating the performance of experts and non-experts. However, the domain-specific and idiosyncratic nature of cue utilization means that the existence of cues in memory, together with their application, has been difficult to assess. This paper explains a valid and reliable approach to the assessment of cue utilization that accounts for idiosyncrasy and confirms the role of cues in facilitating performance amongst skilled practitioners. It also enables comparative analyses between operators, thereby facilitating a more robust process for the selection of subject-matter experts, assessments of gaps in performance that might be explained by differences in cue utilization, especially following the introduction of new technologies, the evaluation of training outcomes against baseline performance, and the identification of changes in cue utilization that might be associated with absences or other workplace demands.
ProBot – A Procedure Chatbot for Digital Procedural Adherence
Authors: Ade Nilesh , Quddus Noor , Parker Trent , Peres S.Camille
Published: February 2021

One of the major implications of Industry 4.0 will be the application of digital procedures in process industries. Digital procedures are procedures that are accessed through a smart gadget such as a tablet or a phone. However, like paper-based procedures their usability is limited by their access. The issue of accessibility is magnified in tasks such as loading a hopper car with plastic pellets wherein the operators typically place the procedure at a safe distance from the worksite. This drawback can be tackled in the case of digital procedures using artificial intelligence-based voice enabled conversational agent (chatbot). As a part of this study, we have developed a chatbot for assisting digital procedure adherence. The chatbot is trained using the possible set of queries from the operator and text from the digital procedures through deep learning and provides responses using natural language generation. The testing of the chatbot is performed using a simulated conversation with an operator performing the task of loading a hopper car.
Propositional Constraint Graphs: An Intuitive, Domain-General Tool for Diagramming Knowledge, Assumptions, and Uncertainties
Authors: Pugh Zachary H. , Gillan Douglas J.
Published: February 2021

A diagramming method called Propositional Constraint (PC) graphing was developed as an aid for tasks involving argumentation, planning, and design. Motivated by several AI models of defeasible (or non- monotonic) reasoning, PC graphs were designed to represent knowledge according to an analogical framework in which constraints (e.g., evidence, goals, system constraints) may elicit or deny possibilities (e.g., explanations, decisions, behaviors). In cases of underspecification, an absence of constraints yields uncertainty and competition among plausible outcomes. In cases of overspecification, no plausible outcome is yielded until one of the constraints is amended or forfeited. This framework shares features with theoretical models of reasoning and argumentation, but despite its intuitiveness and applicability, we know of no modeling language or graphical aid that explicitly depicts this defeasible constraint structure. We describe the syntax and semantics for PC graphing and then illustrate potential uses for it.