bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physicochemical Characterization of Unripe and Ripe Chontaduro (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) Fruit Flours and Starches
Authors: Torres‐Vargas Olga Lucia , Luzardo‐Ocampo Ivan , Hernandez‐Becerra Ezequiel , Rodríguez‐García Mario E.
Published: March 2021

The functional applications of chontaduro (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) flour and starches depend on its ripeness state. However, there are no reports of the physicochemical properties of chontaduro flours and starches nor their associated fatty acid profile. This research aimed to study the physicochemical properties of ripe/unripe chontaduro flours, isolated starches, and fats. Compared to unripe flour, ripe flour exhibited higher (p<0.05) protein (16.79%) but lower lipid content (‐25.72%). Minerals such as K, S, Ca, P, and Mg were the most abundant in the flours (0.025–0.030 g 100 g−1). Ripeness did not impact the morphology of the starch granules and its orthorhombic crystalline structure, but the cooking process partially damaged this structure, characteristic of A‐type starches. Ripe flour showed higher viscosity than unripe flour, while defatted flour did not exhibit increased peak viscosity due to fatty acid loss. There are no changes in the infrared spectra of the oil from unripe/ripe flour, but stearic, oleic, and palmitic acids were identified. The results suggested that chontaduro flour is an important source of minerals (mainly K, S, Ca, P, Mg, and Na), unsaturated fatty acids, and low‐viscosity starch, making it a suitable nutritious ingredient to supplement existing food line under functional terms.
Suckler calf diseases
Authors: Otter Arthur
Published: March 2021

This focus article has been prepared by Arthur Otter of the APHA Cattle Expert Group.
Providing veterinary advice on regenerative farming to help protect the environment
Authors: Hayward Halcyon
Published: March 2021

Regenerative farming – an approach that balances the health of the whole farm ecosystem – could be a good opportunity for farm vets, argues Halcyon Hayward.
Correction to: International Symposium on Mathematics, Quantum Theory, and Cryptography
Authors: Takagi Tsuyoshi , Wakayama Masato , Tanaka Keisuke , Kunihiro Noboru , Kimoto Kazufumi , Ikematsu Yasuhiko
Published: March 2021

The original version of the book was published with incorrect part names in the website for second part FM now updated with correct title. This has been corrected in the updated version.
Das Lagemanagement des Robert Koch-Instituts während der COVID-19-Pandemie und der Austausch zwischen Bund und Ländern
Authors:   RKI-Lagezentrums-Gruppe, Halm Ariane , Grote Ulrike , an der Heiden Maria , Hamouda Osamah , Schaade Lars , Rexroth Ute
Published: March 2021

Das Robert Koch-Institut (RKI) spielt in Deutschland eine zentrale Rolle bei der Bewältigung von Gesundheitsgefahren biologischen Ursprungs. Das Krisenmanagement des RKI hat das Ziel, dazu beizutragen, die Gesundheit der Menschen in Deutschland in epidemisch bedeutsamen Lagen zu schützen und die Arbeitsfähigkeit des RKI auch bei hoher Belastung über längere Zeit aufrechtzuerhalten. In diesem Artikel wird das Krisenmanagement des RKI generell und speziell während der COVID-19-Pandemie zum Stand 31.10.2020 dargestellt. Es werden die generischen RKI-Krisenmanagementstrukturen und der Aufbau des RKI-Lagezentrums, deren Operationalisierung im Rahmen der COVID-19-Pandemie sowie die aufgetretenen Herausforderungen beschrieben. Ebenso wird der Bund-Länder-Austausch während der bisherigen Pandemie dargestellt.

Die COVID-19-Pandemie hat außergewöhnliche Umstände mit sich gebracht. Eine gute Kommunikation und Koordination während der Lage sind essenziell, sowohl RKI-intern als auch mit anderen Bundes- oder Länderbehörden und der Fachöffentlichkeit. Unter hohem Druck erstellt das RKI Empfehlungen, Stellungnahmen und Bewertungen zu verschiedenen Themen und aktualisiert diese regelmäßig. Für die operative Unterstützung aller Aktivitäten wurde am RKI ein Lagezentrum aktiviert. Während der COVID-19-Pandemie gibt es verschiedene sowohl personelle als auch strukturelle Herausforderungen. Es zeigte sich, dass eine gute Vorbereitung (z. B. bereits vorhandene Positionsbeschreibungen und Räumlichkeiten) das Krisenmanagement positiv beeinflusst.
Correction to: Effects of vasopressin on anesthetic response time and circulatory dynamics of lidocaine
Authors: Fujimori Shoko , Sunada Katsuhisa
Published: March 2021

In the original publication of the article, an unwanted asterisk was found in Fig. 3. The correct Fig. 3 is provided below.
Structural integrity of shot peened Ti6Al4V specimens under fretting fatigue
Authors: Vantadori Sabrina , Vázquez Valeo Jesús , Zanichelli Andrea , Carpinteri Andrea , Luciano Raimondo
Published: March 2021

In the present paper, an experimental campaign performed on shot peened Ti6Al4V specimens under fretting fatigue, available in the literature, is simulated by using the Carpinteri et al. criterion. The experiments examined were carried out using a standard configuration, that is, a cylinder against a flat specimen. The fretting loading is a combination of low-cycle fatigue and high-cycle fatigue, and the corresponding stress field is determined by a FE analysis. A theoretical law is applied to describe the relaxed residual stress produced by shot peening treatment and fatigue loading.
Simple CVD growth of P-doped graphitic hallow carbon spheres for high-voltage (2.0 V) aqueous symmetric supercapacitor
Authors: Govindarasu Karthikeyan Gunasekaran , Ganesan Boopathi , Venkatesan Ramani , Arumugam Pandurangan
Published: March 2021

Doping of heteroatom into well-structured mesoporous carbon architecture can significantly augment the capacitive performance. In this work, we report P-doped graphitic hollow carbon spheres (P-GHCS) grown over Fe-KIT-6 through the in situ approach using the catalytic CVD technique. The obtained P-GHCS possesses a relatively high surface area with uniform mesoporous structure, good graphitization with tunable P-doping contents. The highly favorable structure and desirable heteroatom doping were taken into account to evaluate the P-GHCS as a modified electrode material towards high-performance supercapacitor. The optimized P-GHCS-800 sample exhibits superior specific capacitance (Csp) 321 F g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 with outstanding cycling stability with 2.9% loss of its initial capacitance after 2000 cycles in 6 M KOH electrolyte background in the three-electrode computerized system. More importantly, the fabricated P-GHCS-800 symmetric supercapacitor device can withstand at a wide potential width of 2.0 V, together with remarkable cyclic stability (89.09%) after 2000 cycles at a current density of 1 A g−1 in aqueous 1 M Na2SO4 as electrolyte providing a relatively high energy density of 10.83 Wh kg−1 with a power density of 222.78 W kg−1. Additionally, we demonstrated the single symmetric supercapacitor cell which provided sufficient energy to turn on a red LED of 20 mW and emit light over a certain period of time opens up possible realistic applications.
Teacher Nominations of Preschool Children at Risk for Mental Health Problems: how False Is a False Positive Nomination and What Make Teachers Concerned?
Authors: Stensen Kenneth , Lydersen Stian , Stenseng Frode , Wallander Jan Lance , Drugli May Britt
Published: March 2021

Identification attempts in populations with a low prevalence of problems usually result in a considerable number of false positives. Thus, the aim of the current study was to investigate the false positive rate following nomination of developmental concerns by preschool teachers and the reasons for which teachers raise developmental concerns about children who display non-clinical levels of mental health problems.A total of 1430 children aged 1 to 6 years in Norwegian childcare centers were classified as true positive, false positive, true negative, or false negative by comparing preschool teachers’ nomination with their ratings on the Caregiver-Teacher Report Form, resulting in 127 (9%) false positives and 1142 (80%) true negatives.Compared to the true negative group, the false positive group received significantly higher scores on internalizing problems, externalizing problems than true negatives, conflict and significantly lower scores on closeness. Children’s internalizing and externalizing problems and age were the main factors that increased the likelihood of teachers raising concerns, while increased closeness in the teacher-child relationship reduced the likelihood of being nominated. Children’s gender and conflict level were not significant when adjusting for other factors.These findings suggest that preschool teachers’ concerns about children’s development should not be discarded as the false positive group did show elevated levels of problem behavior and poorer teacher-child relationship compared to the true negative group. Scrutinizing concerns in collaboration with parents and other mental health professionals may be beneficial to ensure healthy development for children with elevated problem levels.
Flooding dynamics of diffusive dispersion in a random potential
Authors: Wilkinson Michael , Pradas Marc , Kling Gerhard
Published: March 2021

We discuss the combined effects of overdamped motion in a quenched random potential and diffusion, in one dimension, in the limit where the diffusion coefficient is small. Our analysis considers the statistics of the mean first-passage time T(x) to reach position x, arising from different realisations of the random potential. Specifically, we contrast the median $${\bar{T}}(x)$$

T

¯

(
x
)

, which is an informative description of the typical course of the motion, with the expectation value $$\langle T(x)\rangle $$

⟨
T
(
x
)
⟩

, which is dominated by rare events where there is an exceptionally high barrier to diffusion. We show that at relatively short times the median $${\bar{T}}(x)$$

T

¯

(
x
)

is explained by a ‘flooding’ model, where T(x) is predominantly determined by the highest barriers which are encountered before reaching position x. These highest barriers are quantified using methods of extreme value statistics.
In-queue priority purchase: a dynamic game approach
Authors: Wang Zhongbin , Yang Luyi , Cui Shiliang , Wang Jinting
Published: March 2021

Pay-for-priority is a common practice in congestion-prone service systems. The extant literature on this topic restricts attention to the case where the only epoch for customers to purchase priority is upon arrival, and if customers choose not to upgrade when they arrive, they cannot do so later during their wait. A natural alternative is to let customers pay and upgrade to priority at any time during their stay in the queue, even if they choose not to do so initially. This paper builds a queueing-game-theoretic model that explicitly captures self-interested customers’ dynamic in-queue priority-purchasing behavior. When all customers (who have not upgraded yet) simultaneously decide whether to upgrade, we find in our model that pure-strategy equilibria do not exist under some intuitive criteria, contrasting the findings in classical models where customers can only purchase priority upon arrival. However, when customers sequentially decide whether to upgrade, threshold-type pure-strategy equilibria may exist. In particular, under sufficiently light traffic, if the number of ordinary customers accumulates to a certain threshold, then it is always the second last customer who upgrades, but in general, it could be a customer from another position, and the queue-length threshold that triggers an upgrade can also vary with the traffic intensity. Finally, we find that in-queue priority purchase subject to the sequential rule yields less revenue than upon-arrival priority purchase in systems with small buffers.
High-bandwidth nanopositioning via active control of system resonance
Authors: Li Linlin , Aphale Sumeet S. , Zhu Limin
Published: March 2021

Typically, the achievable positioning bandwidth for piezo-actuated nanopositioners is severely limited by the first, lightly-damped resonance. To overcome this issue, a variety of open- and closed-loop control techniques that commonly combine damping and tracking actions, have been reported in literature. However, in almost all these cases, the achievable closed-loop bandwidth is still limited by the original open-loop resonant frequency of the respective positioning axis. Shifting this resonance to a higher frequency would undoubtedly result in a wider bandwidth. However, such a shift typically entails a major mechanical redesign of the nanopositioner. The integral resonant control (IRC) has been reported earlier to demonstrate the significant performance enhancement, robustness to parameter uncertainty, guaranteed stability and design flexibility it affords. To further exploit the IRC scheme’s capabilities, this paper presents a method of actively shifting the resonant frequency of a nanopositioner’s axis, thereby delivering a wider closed-loop positioning bandwidth when controlled with the IRC scheme. The IRC damping control is augmented with a standard integral tracking controller to improve positioning accuracy. And both damping and tracking control parameters are analytically optimized to result in a Butterworth Filter mimicking pole-placement—maximally flat passband response. Experiments are conducted on a nanopositioner’s axis with an open-loop resonance at 508 Hz. It is shown that by employing the active resonance shifting, the closed-loop positioning bandwidth is increased from 73 to 576 Hz. Consequently, the root-mean-square tracking errors for a 100 Hz triangular trajectory are reduced by 93%.
Governing for Revolution
Authors: Stewart Megan A.
Published: March 2021

Prevailing views suggest rebels govern to enhance their organizational capacity, but this book demonstrates that some rebels undertake costly governance projects that can imperil their cadres during war. The origins for this choice began with the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) during the Chinese Civil War. The CCP knowingly introduced challenging governance projects, but nevertheless propagated its strategy globally, creating a behavioural model readily available to later rebels. The likelihood of whether later rebels' will imitate this model is determined by the compatibility between their goals and the CCP's objectives; only rebels that share the CCP's revolutionary goals decide to mimic the CCP's governance fully. Over time, ideational and material pressures further encouraged (and occasionally rewarded) revolutionary rebels' conformity to the CCP's template. Using archival data from six countries, primary rebel sources, fieldwork and quantitative analysis, Governing for Revolution underscores the mimicry of and ultimate convergence in revolutionary rebels' governance, that persists even today, despite vast differences in ideology.
THE DYNAMICS OF EMOTION IN EURIPIDES’ MEDEA
Authors: Cairns Douglas
Published: March 2021

Medea's emotions loom large in a wide range of dramatic, literary, and philosophical sources from Euripides onwards. In focusing on aspects of the emotional texture of the original Euripidean play, all one can do is scratch the surface of an enormous subject, both in that play and in its reception in ancient literature and thought. Fortunately, we have the other articles in this issue of Greece & Rome to supplement this inevitably limited perspective. My procedure in this short paper is simply to highlight certain aspects of the dramatization of emotion in Euripides’ Medea that strike me as especially worthy of analysis in terms of ancient or modern emotion theory.
THE VIRTUOUS EMOTIONS OF EURIPIDES’ MEDEA
Authors: Allan William
Published: March 2021

The topic of ‘virtuous emotions’ might not seem the most obvious choice for a play featuring an unfaithful husband and a child-killing mother. Nonetheless, what I intend to consider here is how the emotional responses of various characters in the Medea shape our view of their moral character. The moral role of the emotions was clear to the ancient Greeks and, after a long interlude largely dominated by the idea that, as Kant claimed in The Metaphysics of Morals, ‘no moral principle is based…on any feeling whatsoever’, moral philosophy of the past half-century or so has returned to seeing the emotions as a central part of human experience and ethical evaluation.
THE EMOTIONS OF MEDEA THE LETTER-WRITER (OVID, HEROIDES 12)
Authors: Michalopoulos Andreas N.
Published: March 2021

Medea fascinated Ovid more than any other female mythical figure. She features in the Ars Amatoria (1.336; 2.381–2), the Heroides (6.75, 127–8, 151; 12 passim; 17.229, 233), the Metamorphoses (7.1–424), and the Tristia (3.9). Ovid also composed a tragedy called Medea (Am. 2.18.13–16; Tr. 2.553–4), which unfortunately has not survived.1 In the Remedia amoris Medea is mentioned in a list of mythical men and women who would have been cured of their torturing love passion, if Ovid had been their praeceptor. Medea is not named, but the identification is obvious (Rem. am. 59–60): nec dolor armasset contra sua viscera matrem, / quae socii damno sanguinis ulta virum est (‘Nor would a mother's vengeance on her husband / have steeled her heart to slay their progeny’).
Latin Literature
Authors: Whitton Christopher
Published: March 2021

These days Flavian epic and intertextuality go together like toast and butter, or a persistent cough and fever, depending on your taste. Either way, Intertextuality in Flavian Epic. Contemporary Approaches is not perhaps the most startling of titles. But the book within is an impressive collection, its four editors (Neil Coffee, Chris Forstall, Lavinia Galli Milić, and Damien Nelis) leading a star cast of Flavians in a wide-ranging and stimulating set of chapters.
General
Authors: Petrovic Andrej
Published: March 2021

Materiality of ancient text – written, painted, scratched, or carved – is a topic dear to my heart, and I find the visual dimension of ancient writing fascinating for many reasons. Like many Classicists, I also find a great joy in puzzling out the meanings of the lettered lines, arched like dancing serpents, on archaic Greek vases. If one pauses in front of an interesting pot in a museum, it is very easy to forget the time and the rest of the exhibition, as the somersaulting shapes of the continuous script reveal first their letters, then words, rewarding the reader's patience with a short sentence or two: ‘Rejoice! Drink well!’ At times, we have to admit defeat and acknowledge that we are in front of a ‘nonsense’ inscription: that is, an inscription whose lettering creates meanings in a different way – such as a framing device for the visual narrative scene, or devices in the narrative itself, or mimicking foreign sounds or music. Then there is the endlessly amusing world of ancient graffiti – some with acute-angled, nervous letters written in haste; some curvy and elegant, worked out by a skilled and learned hand with plenty of time at its disposal; many accompanied by drawings, some innocuous, some coarse; and all of them, in some way, intent on defying human transience and ephemerality.
Transcripts and protein levels of CSN1S1 and CSN3 genes in dairy cattle mammary gland secretory tissue during chronic staphylococcal infection
Authors: Kawecka-Grochocka Ewelina , Zalewska Magdalena , Kapusta Aleksandra , Ząbek Tomasz , Rzewuska Magdalena , Petrykowski Sławomir , Bagnicka Emilia
Published: March 2021

Our objective was to determine the influence of chronic coagulase-positive staphylococci (CoPS) or coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) infection on the mRNA and protein levels of two main milk proteins responsible for cheese curd quantity and quality, alpha-S1-casein (CSN1S1) and kappa-casein (CSN3). Measurements were made in cow mammary parenchyma with a prevalence of secretory tissue (MGST). Samples of MGST were collected from the separate quarters and divided into CoPS, CoNS and bacteria-free (H) groups according to the microbiological status of the quarter milk. No differences in CSN1S1 and CSN3 mRNA level were found between groups, however, CSN1S1 protein level was significantly higher in the H group than the CoNS group, and CSN3 protein level was significantly higher in H than CoPS group. Hence, while the CSN1S1 and CSN3 genes appear to be constitutively expressed at the mRNA level in dairy cow MGST during mastitis, CoNS infection negatively affected CSN1S1 protein level, and CoPS infection negatively affected CSN3 protein level. The lack of change at the mRNA level suggests that staphylococcal infection may affect the post-transcriptional or post-translational modifications.
The Australian Energy Transition as a Federalism Challenge: (Un)cooperative Energy Federalism?
Authors: Kallies Anne
Published: March 2021

The law and regulation of the energy sector in Australia is subject to overlapping responsibilities of both federal and state governments. Crucially for energy transition efforts, neither energy, environment nor climate is mentioned in the Australian Constitution. Australia has a tradition of creative cooperative federalism solutions for responding to problems of national importance. In the energy sector this has resulted in an intricate national framework for energy markets, which relies on mirror legislation passed by participating states, with oversight by state and federal executive governments. Independently of these frameworks, both federal and state governments have passed climate change legislation, which crucially includes renewable energy support mechanisms. At a time when a rapid transition to a decarbonized energy system is essential, legal frameworks struggle to respond in a timely fashion. The political discourse around energy has become increasingly toxic – reflecting a dysfunctional state–federal relationship in energy and climate law. Australia needs to consider whether its cooperative federalism solutions are sufficient to support the energy transition and how climate law at the state and federal levels interacts with energy market legal frameworks.
Temporal Variability and Within‐Plant Heterogeneity in Blade Biomechanics Regulate Flow‐Seagrass Interactions of Zostera marina
Authors: Vettori D. , Marjoribanks T. I.
Published: March 2021

Seagrasses are marine flowering plants that have important roles in the ecological and physical processes of many coastal areas. Seagrass modeling to date has mostly assumed that seagrasses have uniform biomechanical traits in space and time. In this study we compare the biomechanical traits of Zostera marina blades collected in late summer and spring from a lagoon in southern Denmark. Then, we describe how biomechanics vary depending on (i) seasonality, (ii) storage in laboratory conditions with high nutrient levels, (iii) blade rank and (iv) position along blades. The data collected with these direct measurements are fed into a numerical structural model that simulates seagrass response to an idealized flow and accounts for plant nonuniformity. The model is used to assess the effects of temporal variability and within‐plant heterogeneity in blade biomechanics on flow‐seagrass interactions. Results show that seagrass biomechanics are affected considerably by seasonality and laboratory storage. This biomechanical variability has a key role in defining flow‐seagrass interactions, enhancing light availability in summer and reducing potential drag force in spring. Significant within‐plant heterogeneity associated with both blade rank and along‐blade position is reported. Compared to temporal variability, within‐plant heterogeneity has a secondary role in determining flow‐seagrass interactions; however, blade rank is associated with a consistent reduction in the drag force. The results presented improve the understanding of flow‐seagrass interactions by clarifying the importance of variations in seagrass blade biomechanical traits and their origin.
Altered brain metabolite concentration and delayed neurodevelopment in preterm neonates
Authors: Tomiyasu Moyoko , Shibasaki Jun , Kawaguchi Hiroshi , Enokizono Mikako , Toyoshima Katsuaki , Obata Takayuki , Aida Noriko
Published: March 2021

Background

A very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) preterm infants is associated with an increased risk of impaired neurodevelopmental outcomes. In this study, we investigated how neonatal brain metabolite concentrations changed with postmenstrual age and examined the relationship between changes in concentration (slopes) and neurodevelopmental level at 3–4 years.

Methods

We retrospectively examined 108 VLBW preterm infants who had brain single-voxel magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 34–42 weeks’ postmenstrual age. Neurodevelopment was assessed using a developmental test, and subjects were classified into four groups: developmental quotient <70, 70–84, 85–100, and >100. One-way analyses of covariance and multiple-comparison post hoc tests were used to compare slopes.

Results

We observed correlations between postmenstrual age and the concentrations of N-acetylaspartate and N-acetylaspartylglutamate (tNAA) (p < 0.001); creatine and phosphocreatine (p < 0.001); glutamate and glutamine (p < 0.001); and myo-inositol (p = 0.049) in the deep gray matter; and tNAA (p < 0.001) in the centrum semiovale. A significant interaction was noted among the tNAA slopes of the four groups in the deep gray matter (p = 0.022), and we found a significant difference between the <70 and 85–100 groups (post hoc, p = 0.024).

Conclusions

In VLBW preterm infants, the slopes of tNAA concentrations (adjusted for postmenstrual age) were associated with lower developmental quotients at 3–4 years.

Impact

In very-low-birth-weight preterm-born infants, a slower increase in tNAA brain concentration at term-equivalent age was associated with poorer developmental outcomes at 3–4 years.

The increase in tNAA concentration in very-low-birth-weight infants was slower in poorer developmental outcomes, and changes in tNAA concentration appeared to be more critical than changes in tCho for predicting developmental delays.

While tNAA/tCho ratios were previously used to examine the correlation with neurodevelopment at 1–2 years, we used brain metabolite concentrations.
Publisher Correction: Predicting Subtype Selectivity for Adenosine Receptor Ligands with Three-Dimensional Biologically Relevant Spectrum (BRS-3D)
Authors: He Song-Bing , Hu Ben , Kuang Zheng-Kun , Wang Dong , Kong De-Xin
Published: March 2021

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Expanding the drug discovery space with predicted metabolite–target interactions
Authors: Nuzzo Andrea , Saha Somdutta , Berg Ellen , Jayawickreme Channa , Tocker Joel , Brown James R.
Published: March 2021

Metabolites produced in the human gut are known modulators of host immunity. However, large-scale identification of metabolite–host receptor interactions remains a daunting challenge. Here, we employed computational approaches to identify 983 potential metabolite–target interactions using the Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) cohort dataset of the Human Microbiome Project 2 (HMP2). Using a consensus of multiple machine learning methods, we ranked metabolites based on importance to IBD, followed by virtual ligand-based screening to identify possible human targets and adding evidence from compound assay, differential gene expression, pathway enrichment, and genome-wide association studies. We confirmed known metabolite–target pairs such as nicotinic acid–GPR109a or linoleoyl ethanolamide–GPR119 and inferred interactions of interest including oleanolic acid–GABRG2 and alpha-CEHC–THRB. Eleven metabolites were tested for bioactivity in vitro using human primary cell-types. By expanding the universe of possible microbial metabolite–host protein interactions, we provide multiple drug targets for potential immune-therapies.
Large-scale shift in the structure of a kelp forest ecosystem co-occurs with an epizootic and marine heatwave
Authors: McPherson Meredith L. , Finger Dennis J. I. , Houskeeper Henry F. , Bell Tom W. , Carr Mark H. , Rogers-Bennett Laura , Kudela Raphael M.
Published: March 2021

Climate change is responsible for increased frequency, intensity, and duration of extreme events, such as marine heatwaves (MHWs). Within eastern boundary current systems, MHWs have profound impacts on temperature-nutrient dynamics that drive primary productivity. Bull kelp (Nereocystis luetkeana) forests, a vital nearshore habitat, experienced unprecedented losses along 350 km of coastline in northern California beginning in 2014 and continuing through 2019. These losses have had devastating consequences to northern California communities, economies, and fisheries. Using a suite of in situ and satellite-derived data, we demonstrate that the abrupt ecosystem shift initiated by a multi-year MHW was preceded by declines in keystone predator population densities. We show strong evidence that northern California kelp forests, while temporally dynamic, were historically resilient to fluctuating environmental conditions, even in the absence of key top predators, but that a series of coupled environmental and biological shifts between 2014 and 2016 resulted in the formation of a persistent, altered ecosystem state with low primary productivity. Based on our findings, we recommend the implementation of ecosystem-based and adaptive management strategies, such as (1) monitoring the status of key ecosystem attributes: kelp distribution and abundance, and densities of sea urchins and their predators, (2) developing management responses to threshold levels of these attributes, and (3) creating quantitative restoration suitability indices for informing kelp restoration efforts.
Floating PV in mountain artificial lakes: a checklist for site assessment
Authors: Piana Valentino , Kahl Annelen , Saviozzi Cristina , Schumann René
Published: March 2021

Floating photovoltaics is a emerging approach to deploy photovoltaics on water bodies. Thanks to its high overall global potential and the extensive experience gained (with more than 2 GWp installed and than 510 plants, up to 2020), it represents a promising venue for expanding renewable electricity production worldwide. However, a local assessment for sustainability is needed for this potential to be converted into specific projects attracting the attention of stakeholders. This paper provides an original and wide-ranging screening checklist that allows for site assessment, with a view of separating suitable from unsuitable sites and emphasising that appropriate design can solve difficulties linked to the site features. It offers an extensive list of activities that international, national and regional authorities, investors, solution providers, local communities and civic society, environmentalists and other stakeholders might undertake for a fruitful dialogue. It explores the possibility that art, architecture and industrial design may play a role in increasing the touristic value and the public acceptance of new plants. Although the checklist can be used in other conditions, a particular attention is paid to mountain artificial lakes used as reservoirs by hydro-power plants, since they have potential high synergies (and a global potential of over 3.0 TW) but also may encounter significant implementation issues.
Spatial-geographical analysis of urbanization in Iran
Authors: Ali asghar Pilehvar
Published: March 2021

The development of urbanization and urbanism in Iran has created a wide socioeconomic gap in urban areas. Rapid population growth along with the lack of socioeconomic growth programs and urban development strategies have deteriorated unemployment, inflation, housing price, traffic congestion, and marginalization in cities, particularly in metropolises of Iran. This paper, using a descriptive-analytic research method and a meta-analysis technique, addresses the urbanization and urbanism changes in Iran. Using GIS technique and CV formula, the spatial distribution of urbanization and its rapid growth in Iran are depicted. The research data was derived from a systematic review of documents and techniques over 40 years. The results of the study demonstrated that Iranian cities have undergone an unsustainable growth trend and urbanization has overtaken urbanism. Over the past 4 decades, cities have been struggling with rapid growth and development. In this regard, development-oriented governments can play a significant role in tackling growth and urbanization problems. These problems are especially evident in the socio-economic, urban planning and urban ecology. The rapid growth of urbanization (74% in 2016) has resulted in the emergence of metropolitan areas in an unstable process. Also, in metropolitan areas of Iran, environmental and ecological threats, rural–urban migration and marginalization have posed serious national–regional and local challenges. The structural–functional reforms in Iran, along with skeletal–spatial and socio-economic changes in cities, have given rise to a new social class (low-income people), which is characterized with non-formal businesses and informal settlements in the outskirts of cities, especially metropolitan areas. This has prompted unsustainability in main indicators of urban development such as security, building density, environmental threats, and centralization, among other things. This analysis is based on indicators such as density and centralization, informal settlement, and urban security.
A formal proof of instability for five-dimensional Schwarzschild black strings
Authors: Ishimaru Matthew
Published: March 2021

Black strings, a higher dimensional family of black holes, have an exponentially growing unstable mode in five dimensions
Medication Adherence: Expanding the Conceptual Framework
Authors: Krousel-Wood Marie , Craig Leslie S , Peacock Erin , Zlotnick Emily , O’Connell Samantha , Bradford David , Shi Lizheng , Petty Richard
Published: March 2021

Interventions targeting traditional barriers to antihypertensive medication adherence have been developed and evaluated, with evidence of modest improvements in adherence. Translation of these interventions into population-level improvements in adherence and clinical outcomes among older adults remains suboptimal. From the Cohort Study of Medication Adherence among Older adults (CoSMO), we evaluated traditional barriers to antihypertensive medication adherence among older adults with established hypertension (N = 1,544; mean age = 76.2 years, 59.5% women, 27.9% Black, 24.1% and 38.9% low adherence by proportion of days covered (i.e., PDC <0.80) and the 4-item Krousel-Wood Medication Adherence Scale (i.e., K-Wood-MAS-4 ≥1), respectively), finding that they explained 6.4% and 14.8% of variance in pharmacy refill and self-reported adherence, respectively. Persistent low adherence rates, coupled with low explanatory power of traditional barriers, suggest that other factors warrant attention. Prior research has investigated explicit attitudes toward medications as a driver of adherence; the roles of implicit attitudes and time preferences (e.g., immediate vs. delayed gratification) as mechanisms underlying adherence behavior are emerging. Similarly, while associations of individual-level social determinants of health (SDOH) and medication adherence are well reported, there is growing evidence about structural SDOH and specific pathways of effect. Building on published conceptual models and recent evidence, we propose an expanded conceptual framework that incorporates implicit attitudes, time preferences, and structural SDOH, as emerging determinants that may explain additional variation in objectively and subjectively measured adherence. This model provides guidance for design, implementation, and assessment of interventions targeting sustained improvement in implementation medication adherence and clinical outcomes among older women and men with hypertension.
Tertiary cystic white matter injury as a potential phenomenon after hypoxia-ischaemia in preterm f sheep
Authors: Lear Benjamin A , Lear Christopher A , Davidson Joanne O , Sae-Jiw Jialin , Lloyd Johanna M , Gunn Alistair J , Bennet Laura
Published: March 2021

White matter injury, including both diffuse and cystic elements, remains highly associated with neurodevelopmental disability and cerebral palsy in preterm infants, yet its pathogenesis and evolution are still poorly understood and there is no established treatment. We examined the long-term evolution of white matter injury in chronically instrumented preterm fetal sheep (0.7 gestation) after 25 min of complete umbilical cord occlusion or sham occlusion. Fetal brains were processed for histology after 3 days (n = 9, sham n = 9), 7 days (n = 8, sham n = 8), 14 days (n = 9, sham n = 8) and 21 days (n = 9, sham n = 9) of recovery. At 3 and 7 days recovery, umbilical cord occlusion was associated with diffuse white matter injury, with loss of total and mature oligodendrocytes and reduced myelination in both the parietal and temporal lobes. At 14 days after umbilical cord occlusion, extensive microglial and astrocytic activation were observed in the temporal lobe. At 21 days recovery a spectrum of severe white matter degeneration was observed, including white matter atrophy, ventriculomegaly and overt cystic white matter lesions. The most severe injury was observed in the temporal lobe after 21 days recovery, including the majority of cystic lesions, persistent oligodendrocyte maturational arrest and impaired myelination. The spatial distribution of delayed white matter degeneration at 21 days recovery was closely related to the location of dense microglial aggregates at earlier time-points, implicating a role for exuberant inflammation originating from microglial aggregates in the pathogenesis of cystic white matter injury. The delayed appearance of cystic injury is consistent with continuing tertiary evolution of necrotic cell death. This slow evolution raises the tantalizing possibility that there may a relatively long therapeutic window to mitigate the development of cystic white matter injury. Delayed anti-inflammatory treatments may therefore represent a promising strategy to reduce neurodevelopmental disability in the preterm infants.
Sudden cardiac death risk in contact sports increased by myocarditis: a case series
Authors: Massoullié Grégoire , Boyer Baptiste , Sapin Vincent , Jean Frédéric , Andronache Marius , Peoc’h Michel , Clerfond Guillaume , Eschalier Romain
Published: March 2021

Background

Myocarditis is a known cause of sudden cardiac death of the athlete. The impact of direct chest trauma in at-risk sports or activities in patients with a history of myocarditis has never been demonstrated or studied. We report herein two cases of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia secondary to non-penetrating blunt chest trauma while playing contact sports.

Case summary

The first patient, a 26-year-old man described a brief loss of consciousness after having received blunt impact to the chest (typical intensity) while playing a rugby match. The loss of consciousness was total and proceeded by rapid and regular palpitations. He had a history of viral myocarditis 10 years prior with a fibrotic sequalae in the inferolateral wall on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (left ventricular ejection fraction 71%). Right apical ventricular pacing induced a sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia reproducing the patient’s symptoms. A subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator was implanted. The second patient is a 22-year-old professional rugby player with no known notable history. During a match, a direct blow to the chest wall was followed by a cardiac arrest. A ventricular fibrillation was cardioverted to pulseless electrical activity. Patient died despite cardiopulmonary resuscitation. An autopsy identified a myocardial sequela of fibrosis with no acute inflammatory remodelling compatible with a previous myocarditis.

Discussion

Myocarditis may increase the risk of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias caused by blunt impact to the chest, particularly in contact sports. Screening and prevention measures should be considered to reduce this risk.
An electronic health record (EHR) log analysis shows limited clinician engagement with unsolicited genetic test results
Authors: Nestor Jordan G , Fedotov Alexander , Fasel David , Marasa Maddalena , Milo-Rasouly Hila , Wynn Julia , Chung Wendy K , Gharavi Ali , Hripcsak George , Bakken Suzanne , Sengupta Soumitra , Weng Chunhua
Published: March 2021

How clinicians utilize medically actionable genomic information, displayed in the electronic health record (EHR), in medical decision-making remains unknown. Participating sites of the Electronic Medical Records and Genomics (eMERGE) Network have invested resources into EHR integration efforts to enable the display of genetic testing data across heterogeneous EHR systems. To assess clinicians’ engagement with unsolicited EHR-integrated genetic test results of eMERGE participants within a large tertiary care academic medical center, we analyzed automatically generated EHR access log data. We found that clinicians viewed only 1% of all the eMERGE genetic test results integrated in the EHR. Using a cluster analysis, we also identified different user traits associated with varying degrees of engagement with the EHR-integrated genomic data. These data contribute important empirical knowledge about clinicians limited and brief engagements with unsolicited EHR-integrated genetic test results of eMERGE participants. Appreciation for user-specific roles provide additional context for why certain users were more or less engaged with the unsolicited results. This study highlights opportunities to use EHR log data as a performance metric to more precisely inform ongoing EHR-integration efforts and decisions about the allocation of informatics resources in genomic research.
Too Much Skin-in-the-Game? The Effect of Mortgage Market Concentration on Credit and House Prices
Authors: Gupta Deeksha
Published: March 2021

In 2007, as American housing markets started to decline, the government-sponsored enterprises dramatically increased their acquisitions of low FICO and high loan-to-value mortgages. By 2008, the agencies had reversed course by decreasing their high-risk acquisitions. I develop a theory in which large lenders temporarily increase high-risk activity at the end of a boom. In the model, lenders with many outstanding mortgages have incentives to extend risky credit to prop up house prices. The increase in house prices lessens the losses they make on their outstanding portfolio of mortgages. As the bust continues, lenders slowly wind down their mortgage exposure.
Multi-objective optimization model for airport gate assignment problem
Authors: Cecen Ramazan Kursat
Published: March 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide feasible and fast solutions for the multi-objective airport gate assignment problem (AGAP) considering both passenger-oriented and airline-oriented objectives, which is the total walking distance from gate to baggage carousels (TWD) and the total aircraft fuel consumption during taxi operations (TFC). In addition, obtaining feasible and near-optimal solutions in a short time reduces the gate planning time to be spent by air traffic controllers.

Design/methodology/approach

The mixed integer linear programming (MILP) approach is implemented to solve the multi-objective AGAP. The weighted sum approach technique was applied in the model to obtain non-dominated solutions. Because of the complexity of the problem, the simulated annealing (SA) algorithm was used for the proposed model. The results were compared with baseline results, which were obtained from the algorithm using the fastest gate assignment and baggage carousel combinations without any conflict taking place at the gate assignments.

Findings

The proposed model noticeably decreased both the TWD and TFC. The improvement of the TWD and TFC changed from 22.8% to 46.9% and from 4.7% to 7.1%, respectively, according to the priorities of the objectives. Additionally, the average number of non-dominated solutions was calculated as 6.94, which presents many feasible solutions for air traffic controllers to manage ground traffic while taking the airline and passenger objectives into consideration.

Practical implications

The proposed MILP model includes the objectives of different stakeholders: air traffic controllers, passengers and airlines. In addition, the proposed model can provide feasible gate and baggage carousel assignments together in a short time. Therefore, the model creates a flexibility for air traffic controllers to re-arrange assignments if any unexpected situations take place.

Originality/value

The proposed MILP model combines the TWD and TFC together for the AGAP problem using the SA. Moreover, the proposed model integrates passenger-oriented and airline-oriented objectives together and reveals the relationships between the objectives in only a short time.
Cosmobio: a universe of certified organic cosmetics
Authors: Mariano Stefania
Published: March 2021

Study level/applicability

This case is appropriate for early-stage postgraduate courses in entrepreneurship or business modeling.

Subject area

Entrepreneurship.

Case overview

Cosmobio case study presents the journey of Antonella Bognanni, founder and CEO of Cosmobio, along seven years of operations, from the initial assessment of the business opportunity to the launch, relaunch and closure of the business.

Expected learning outcomes

1. To establish whether or not a business idea is a business opportunity. 2. To articulate aspects related to management prowess and liability of newness. 3. To differentiate between a lean versus a more traditional approach to business planning. 4. To discuss the potential bias of preliminary research. 5. To apply definitions of first-mover advantage. 6. To discuss how to conduct an environmental analysis; identify industry and target markets; and perform a competitor analysis. 7. To compare low-cost strategies to differentiation strategies. 8. To discuss marketing mix and marketing strategy. 9. To illustrate challenges related to being a solopreneur and related leadership styles or gender issues implications. 10. To illustrate implications related to business failure, past mistakes and lessons learned.

Supplementary materials

Teaching notes are available for educators only.

Subject code

CSS 3 Entrepreneurship.
Effects of Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis powder dietary inclusion level on antioxidant activities of broiler breast meat during storage
Authors: Choi In‐Hag , Chung Tae‐Ho
Published: March 2021

The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis (PBS) powder dietary inclusion levels on the antioxidant activities of broiler breast meat during storage. A total of 270 Arbor Acres broiler chicks were randomly allocated to three treatments (3 replicates with 30 birds per pen), fed diets with inclusion of 0%, 0.5% or 1% PBS powder, in a completely randomized design. After slaughtering, samples were packed and stored at 4°C for later analysis of broiler breast meat. Antioxidant analysis included measurement of pH, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and 1, 1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. All samples were measured at storage days 0 and 7 as three replicates. For breast meat, changes were observed in pH, TBARS values, and DPPH radical scavenging at storage days 0 and 7 (p < 0.05), except for TBARS values at storage day 0. Overall, the addition of PBS powder resulted in lower TBARS values and higher DPPH radical scavenging in broiler breast meat during storage. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the addition of 0.5% and 1% PBS powder to broiler diets was effective at reducing lipid oxidation during storage, which could be related to the subsequent lower meat pH.