bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Archaeological retrospect 9
Authors: Mulvaney D. J.
Published: January 2016

In this penultimate contribution to our series in which archaeologists look back at archaeology in their time, John Mulvaney, formerly Professor of Prehistory and head of the Department of Prehistory and Anthropology in the Faculty of Arts, Australian National University, Canberra, speaks of his work as a teacher, writer, researcher and archaeological politician. More than anyone he has taught the world about Australian prehistory and the Australians about their own past—and the need to preserve it, culminating in the triumphal campaign to save the Franklin River region of SW Tasmania. He resigned from professional commitment to Australian archaeology at the early age of sixty. His retirement will allow him more time for writing, reading and, perhaps, recreation (the Production Editor treasures the gift of his book, ‘Cricket Walkabout’, in 1967: an account of the Aboriginal Cricket Tour of England, 1867–8).
Copper mining and metallurgy in the Vinča group
Authors: Jovanović B. , Ottaway B. S.
Published: January 2016

The earliest finds of copper objects in the Vinča group were made as early as the first half of this century, during the excavation of the eponymous site of Vinča-Belo Brdo, near Belgrade. Amongst other objects, a small group of oval beads was found at a depth of 6-6m, in a habitation level representing the beginning of the Vinča-Plocnik, or late, phase of this group (Vasić 1936, 43).
O. G. S. Crawford
Authors: Piggott Stuart
Published: January 2016

In June 1926 my father, a master at the school in Hampshire in which I was an idle and unedifying pupil, received a letter from the Archaeology Officer of the Ordnance Survey in Southampton, asking for details of a new Romano-British site at West Harting, on the downs just across the county boundary in Sussex. Crawford was collecting material for the second edition of the OS Roman Britain map: my proud discovery of sherds in moleheaps and rabbit-scrapes had found its way into the parish magazine and thence to the Portsmouth Evening News where it had been spotted by OGSC, and so the letter was really for me. Correspondence followed; the next year, in Southampton with my parents en route for a holiday in France, I was able to meet him for the first time. The Generation Gap had not then been invented, and we liked one another from the start, and from then on OGS (as we were all later to call him) took upon himself to be my archaeological godfather.
Gertrude Bell
Authors: Hill Stephen
Published: January 2016

Gertrude Bell first visited the East in 1886 when, after graduating with a First in Modern History—the first woman to do so, she went to stay with diplomatic relatives in Bucharest ‘to get rid of her Oxfordy manner’. From Bucharest she visited Constantinople. In 1892 she went to stay in Tehran: before the trip she devoted herself to learning Persian. From her observations of Persia and Turkey she wrote her first book of travel, Safar Nameh—Persian pictures, which was published ‘reluctantly and anonymously’ in 1894. She also worked on a translation, Poems from the Divan of Hafiz, which was published in 1897.
The origin and diffusion of the cross-bar wheel?
Authors: Littauer Mary Aiken , Crouwel Joost
Published: January 2016

The cross-bar wheel has never been completely legitimized in the history of draught, being alternately declared in direct line of descent or merely collateral. This wheel (PL. IXa and FIG. 7) is characterized by a single diametric bar, thick enough to accommodate the nave, and by two slender ‘cross-bars’ on either side of the nave which traverse the central bar at right angles to it, and the ends of which are mortised into the felloe. There may alternatively be four (or more) shorter cross-bars in similar relation to the central bar, but with their inner ends mortised into it.
The origins of the Hungarian sword style
Authors: Szabó Miklós
Published: January 2016

Dr Szabó, who is on the staff of the Hungarian Museum of Fine Arts, is by training a classical archaeologist and art historian. In recent years he has been concerned with a re-evaluation of eastern Celtic art and is one of the editors of the great newCorpus of Celtic Material in Hungarybeing prepared under the auspices of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. The text of Dr Szabó's paper was first delivered to the Vth International Celtic Congress held in Penzance in April 1975.
Authors: Thrane Henrik
Published: January 2016

The Ladby ship-burial, excavated in Denmark during 1935, was the precursor of Sutton Hoo, excavated in 1939. Both were ‘ship-moulds’, with the timber vanished but the shape of the vessel left in the earth and marked by its nails. While the British excavated Sutton Hoo and back-filled its barrow, the Danes left Ladby in place and on public display. Now Martin Carver's team is working again at Sutton Hoo though not on the ship-barrow itself; and the Danes have revisited Ladby, where they have made further discoveries in the barrow and made new provision for the ship-mould's continued preservation.
Authors: Ryan Michael
Published: January 2016

In June 1985, the National Museum of Ireland obtained possession of a major hoard of nine bronze objects decorated in an 8th-century style, which were discovered in advance of drainage works in Co. Meath. Its location and contents raise important questions about the genesis of the brilliant art of the 8th and 9th centuries in Ireland. The Keeper of Irish Antiquities begins their publication with some remarks on the unhappy way some of the recent hoards have come to light – concerns that are underlined by yet another episode of looting on a ‘treasure’ site in Surrey.
The saving of Navan
Authors: Mallory Jim
Published: January 2016

Navan, Co. Armagh, is one of the major ritual sites of Irish and of European prehistory. Its 2.5 square km encompass the bronze- and iron-age Navan ‘fort’, the bronze-age ritual pond of the King's Stables, the bronze-/iron-age Haughey's fort, and the iron-age ritual lake of Loughnashade – and, surely, other sites not yet detected. It figures largely in the early history of Ireland as the ancient capital of Ulster. For years, a limestone quarry has been eating into the archaeological landscape; its erosion was finally halted last year, thanks to the vigour with which the Friends of Navan fought the archaeological case. Here, one of the founder Friends sets out the issues, and what kind of victory was won.
High-precision radiocarbon chronometry of ancient Egypt, and comparisons with Nubia, Palestine and Mesopotamia
Authors: Hassan Fekri A. , Robinson Steven W.
Published: January 2016

Radiocarbon dating began in archaeology with ancient Egypt, for it was to the securely dated materials from Egypt that Willard Libby naturally turned when his new radiocarbon method needed verification from reliable historical sources. With this paper the reverse process begins: verifying and correcting the conventional chronology for Egypt and neighbouring regions by calibrated radiocarbon.

This paper compares calibrated radiocarbon dates against historical dates in a manner not well covered by ANTIQUITY's usual convention. So in this paper only uncalibrated radiocarbon dates are denoted by ‘b.p.’, historical dates are denoted by ‘BC’, and calibrated radiocarbon dates by ‘CalBC’ or simply ‘BC’ when the meaning is clear from the context.
Recording a level or nearly level horizon by photoplanning without specialist equipment
Authors: Houlder Eric
Published: January 2016

Salvage excavation demands rapid plan-making in the field. A method is offered of planning photographically with everyday equipment.
Archaeological classification: theory versus practice
Authors: Adams William Y.
Published: January 2016

Classification is fundamental to all artefactual archaeology, and no one who works with artefacts can be unaware of the doubts that surround many classifications. How similar are the similar things that belong together? How different are the different things that belong apart? What do the classes of similar things actually amount to? This paper looks at some fundamental questions of classification, believing that classification is too important a practical matter to be left to the theoreticians.
Some thoughts on cultural resource management archaeology in the United States
Authors: Adovasio J.M. , Carlisle Ronald C.
Published: January 2016

The relations between rescue and research have been a lively issue in those many countries where salvage work has become the context for much, or most, funding for archaeological fieldwork. Nowhere has the debate been livelier than in the USA, where the last decade has seen the growth of cultural resource management (CRM), in part ‘as a rebellion against the connotations of the term “salvage archaeology”’ (Knudson 1986:400).

The University of Pittsburgh is one of the most active anthropology departments in the field; here the CRM issues are explored, with examples from the Pittsburgh programme.
From art to algebra in Maya studies
Authors: Peebles Christopher S.
Published: January 2016

These books are about time: Maya cosmological time, measured by a multiplicity of eternal cyclical calendars, and our time, measured in mips (millions of computer instructions per second). One springs from an often-ending but eternal narrative; the other is expressed in differential equations and the language of systems analysis. One signals the complete rupture of an intellectual frontier and the birth of research tradition; the other seems the ultimate expression of a mature analytical tradition that is temporarily on the wane. One is anchored in Maya historical consciousness, the other in contemporary ecological anthropology. As such, one focuses on sequences of events judged important by the Maya themselves, the other on the cumulative implications of events that went unperceived by the Maya, even after their world was destroyed. Both demolish the ‘myth’ of the Maya as docile theocrats who spent their time cultivating their swiddens and their rituals. Both are contributions to our history of the Maya. In the final words of Schele and Miller: Maya ‘material culture was encoded with information about the nature of the world and the history of man. Although these messages were never intended for us, they speak across the centuries; once again we can utter the names of their kings and remember their actions. We do not share their beliefs, but we can perceive what they believed’ (p. 305). One can hope that we get it more or less right this time.
Old Calabria revisited
Authors: Ammerman Albert J.
Published: January 2016

It is uncommon for the prehistorian to engage in the writing of culture history in the wider sense of the term – that is, to comment on major works of literature and art in the light of contemporary experience, learning and values. As archaeology has become a more professional field of study, discourse in recent years has come increasingly to have a discipline-centred focus. There is a price to pay for the habit of looking inward: the loss of contact with cultural and intellectual developments in the world at large. What is attempted in revisiting Old Calabria, a classic that Norman Douglas wrote in the early part of this century, is an experiment at writing archaeological discourse that is less self-centred and instead tries to look outward.
An essay on the ‘emergence of civilization’ in the Aegean world
Authors: van Andel Tjeerd H. , Runnels Curtis N.
Published: January 2016

The fascicules of the final report on Franchthi Cave in the Argolid, the key Aegean sequence for the Mesolithic–Neolithic transition, are starting to appear, along with the publications of the Stanford survey of the region. Here, those reports prompt a wider review of existing explanations for the emergence of Greek social complexity, and the identifying of a new and major impetus as the basis for a revised model.
More on the ard marks
Authors: Rausing Gad
Published: January 2016

Another proposal is made as to why there often are ard marks under barrows.
A house for the temple builders: recent investigations on Gozo, Malta
Authors: Malone C. , Stoddart S. , Trump D.
Published: January 2016

After many years new research is being undertaken into the prehistory of the islands of Malta at the invitation of the Maltese authorities. One of the early results of the work, started in 1987, is the discovery of evidence for domestic architecture to complement the already well known ritual monuments of the Maltese islands.
The gabbroic pottery of Cornwall
Authors: Peacock D.P.S.
Published: January 2016

Cornish gabbroic pottery has one of the more distinctive British petrological signatures and a remarkable distribution in space and time. Here recent developments are reviewed and some misconceptions corrected
Stone tools, space and hominid evolution
Authors: Fletcher Roland
Published: January 2016

A new suggestion is made for early hominids' interest in stones, and thence for the origin of stone tools.
Archaeopolitics and responsibilities: the case of a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Arctic Norway
Authors: Helskog Knut
Published: January 2016

Many of the great sites–from Mycenae to Mesa Verde – now present problems of management that derive in part from the centuries or decades that have passed since first decisions were made as to how they should be presented. The Alta petroglyphs provide the opportunity of a ‘greenfield’ site whose archaeological resources can be planned for display on a clear new slate, as well as political aspects of a kind increasingly apparent everywhere.
The stone head from Mšecké Žehrovice: a reappraisal
Authors: Ruth  , Megaw Vincent
Published: January 2016

This fine, and deservedly famous, ragstone head from Czechoslovakia makes an appealing piece with its delightful curling moustaches – ‘perhaps the closest that we have to Celtic self-portraiture’. This new study looks at the head in its context, and notes the pieces that may parallel it.
Experimental archery: projectile velocities and comparison of bow performances
Authors: Bergman C.A. , McEwen E. , Miller R.
Published: January 2016

Experimental study with replica bows and projectiles of a variety of types indicates the superiority of archery over the throwing of spears, and makes it possible to indicate a hierarchy of increasing efficiency in the main classes of bows.
Pleistocene human occupation of the Solomon Islands, Melanesia
Authors: Wickler Stephen , Spriggs Matthew
Published: January 2016

Pleistocene dates from a rockshelter on Buka Island at the northern end of the Solomons Chain demonstrate human settlement by 28,000 b.p., some 25,000 years earlier than previously reported for this island group.
Radiocarbon dating Machu Picchu, Peru
Authors: Berger Rainer , Chohfi Reinaldo , Zegarra Alfredo Valencia , Yepez Wilfredo , Carrasco Octavio Fernandez
Published: January 2016

New radiocarbon dates confirm the evident possibility that Machu Picchu was not an Inca foundation on a wholly new site, and give a first indication of the duration of the citadel's previous occupation.
Expressions of wealth: Greek art and society
Authors: Gill David W.J.
Published: January 2016

In the 2nd century AD Pausanias (i.2.4-15.1) walked through the agora at Athens describing some of the statues and naming the artists; at least 35 of the statues were of bronze, yet not a single one survives intact today (Mattusch 1982: 8-9). Thinking only of the extant marble sculpture does an injustice to the civic art of Athens. This problem is commonplace; almost any classical site has numerous stone bases for bronze statues which have long gone into the melting-pot. Yet so often in modern scholarship stone sculpture is given a privileged position. Although modern histories of Greek art pay much attention to the marble sculpture of the Parthenon, ancient authorities were not so impressed; Pausanias (i.24.5-7) provides the briefest of descriptions to the marble sculpted pediments and omits to mention the frieze. For many scholars today the frieze has become an example of what ‘unlimited money can do’ (Ashmole 1972: 116), yet, as R. Osborne has recently pointed out, it merely helped the viewer to process to the east end of the temple where he or she would have been confronted by the great chryselephantine cult-statue of Athena: ‘this is what the temple was built to display, this is the object towards which worship is directed, and this is what the procession was all about’ (Osborne 1987: 101). And this is what Pausanias describes in detail, the great work of art and expression of Athens’ wealth which no longer survives.
Central Gaul at the Roman Conquest: conceptions and misconceptions
Authors: Ralston Ian
Published: January 2016

Several recent reconstructions of the social and economic development of non-Mediterranean Gaul afterc. 200 BC have argued for the development of complex societies, characterized by the appearance of centralized political entities with urban – or at least urbanizing – communities. The emergence of such ‘Archaic States’ is often considered as having been restricted to a broad zone running eastward from the Atlantic façade through the northern Massif Central to the Swiss plateau. Five certain such states are usually claimed: Bituriges cubi, Aedui, Arverni, Sequani, Helvetii; and three probable: Pictones, Lemovices and Lingones. The constitutents of this zone were originally recognized by Dr Daphne Nash (1976; 1978a; 1978b; 1981), and her view has since been adopted in Britain by Champion and his collaborators (1984), Bintliff (1984) and, most recently, Cunliffe (1988: figure 38). Essential to the formulation of this hypothesis was a wide-ranging consideration of three domains of protohistoric evidence on Gaul: literary, most conspicuously Julius Caesar’s deBello Gallico; numismatics; and the settlement record of the late La Tène and its more shadowy antecedents. Among more recent commentators, a primary interest in the ‘core–periphery’ relationship (Cunliffe 1988; Rowlands et al. 1987) which existed between the Mediterranean world and Central Gaul is manifest. In a minimal view, this interaction may be envisaged in terms of the consequences of long-distance trade and subsequent military conquest spurring socio-political change. The unspoken by-product of this perspective is that differential development within non-Mediterranean Gaul is simplistically presented in terms of distance-decay from the Mediterranean littoral, with little attention being paid to the effects of physiographic diversity across this landmass.
Analysis of spatial patterns in buildings (access analysis) as an insight into social structure: examples from the Scottish Atlantic Iron Age
Authors: Foster Sally M.
Published: January 2016

Clearly the pattern of space in buildings can be expected to relate to the way that buildings are used to structure and reproduce social relations. As an archaeologist, wishing to infer social structure by its reflection in the building pattern, one may hope the relation may be reasonably direct. Here the formal geometrical method of access analysis is used to elucidate the pattern in a distinctive kind of prehistoric settlement form, and thence to elucidate the social structure which both produced it and was structured by it.
‘Look what we've found’ – a case study in public archaeology
Authors: Pryor Francis
Published: January 2016

Two generations ago, Sir Mortimer Wheeler made himself the master of public relations in archaeology. He found some of the funds for digging Maiden Castle from opening the site to the visitors, who were able to buy souvenirs for a few pennies. After a period when the public have seemed a nuisance on-site, the fashion has come back — with added urgency in Britain where the pipeline of funding from public sources no longer flows so easily and where responding to some apparent public demand is becoming a new essential.

Flag Fen, in the wetland of eastern England, is being seen as a model of the new approach. It is conspicuous in the pages of Visitors welcome, the new English Heritage guide for excavators, which is reviewed warmly from across the Atlantic elsewhere in this issue. Here the Wheeler of the Fens explains what he is doing there and way.
From Dupljaja to Delphi: the ceremonial use of the wagon in later prehistory
Authors: Pare Christopher
Published: January 2016

Handsome four-wheeled wagons — finely crafted and decorated — are among the more remarkable large artefacts of later prehistoric Europe. Their find-contexts and condition certainly do not suggest everyday use or heavy wear. But when and how were they used? What did they stand for?
Excavations at Gough's Cave, Somerset 1986–7
Authors: Currant A. P. , Jacobi R. M. , Stringer C. B.
Published: January 2016

The British Isles, at the northern fringes of human occupation in Pleistocene Europe, offer a collection of Upper Palaeolithic sites which cannot match the riches of the continental mainland. And many of its sites, studied in the 19th century, have been much quarried or even quarried out. New finds from Gough's Cave — one of the classic sites that was almost emptied in the work that made it classic-show, nevertheless, that important new discoveries are still being made from such deposits as remain.
Mšecké Žehrovice, Bohemia: excavations 1979–88
Authors: Venclová Natalie
Published: January 2016

Megaw & Megaw, in the December 1988 ANTIQUITY, published a new study of the carved stone head from Mšecké Žehrovice. Here the excavator of the site adds new information about the archaeology of this remarkable find-spot.
‘The beginning of the end’: progress and prospects in Old World chronology
Authors: Harding A. F. , Tait W. J.
Published: January 2016

New publications addressing the age-old question of the match between Egyptian, Aegean and European chronologies in later prehistory are reviewed by an egyptologist and a prehistorian.
A 6th-century Mediterranean bucket from Bromeswell Parish, Suffolk
Authors: Mango Marlia Mundell , Mango Cyril , Evans Angela Care , Hughes Michael
Published: January 2016

The Sutton Hoo Project took up work again at that most famous of British early medieval sites two generations after the excavation of its ship-burial in the summer of 1939. As befits a field project of two generations later, much of its emphasis has been on the context of the site, as well as the barrow-field itself. Here is published a surface find from that wider context.
Seed preparation in the Mesolithic: the osteological evidence
Authors: Molleson Theya
Published: January 2016

Among the postglacial changes in human diet is the larger place for cereals that led on to full plant agriculture. Here, a specific trace is found in human osteology of the new kind of labour that the grinding of cereal seeds required.
Creating the Guanahatabey (Ciboney): the modern genesis of an extinct culture
Authors: Keegan William F.
Published: January 2016

It is common knowledge that the West Indies were inhabited by three cultures at the time of European contact—the Island Caribs, the Tainos and the Ciboney – identified largely from the accounts of Spanish and French explorers and chroniclers. Is this knowledge accurate? This evaluation of evidence for the Guanahatabey (‘Ciboney’) of western Cuba and southwestern Haiti finds they did not survive until the time of European contact.
Radiocarbon-accelerator dating of Ksar 'Aqil (Lebanon) and the chronology of the Upper Palaeolithic sequence in the Middle East
Authors: Mellars Paul , Tixier Jacques
Published: January 2016

The old importance of the eastern coastal region of the Mediterranean for the later Palaeolithic has been recently reinforced by remarkably early TL dates for modern hominids there. This important series of dates for the early Upper Palaeolithic at a Lebanese site adds to the story.
An unusual Iron Age burial at Hornish Point, South Uist
Authors: Barber John , Halstead Paul , James Heather , Lee Frances
Published: January 2016

Ritual, or apparently ritual, burials of Iron Age date are not uncommon in Britain. However, most of those for which records survive were recovered in less than ideal circumstances or from sites which are not securely dated. This example was recovered in recent excavations of a well-dated site, and from an area of Britain for which evidence of Iron Age burial practices is unusually scanty.
Soviet archaeology in the steppe zone: Introduction
Authors: Masson V. M. , Taylor Timothy
Published: January 2016

The steppe region, the temperate grassland of the Asian land-mass that runs the thousands of kilometres practically from the coast of the Atlantic to the coast of the Pacific, is one of the great zones of human settlement. It offers archaeology on the large scale, where local adaptations link to a grander picture. Most of the steppe falls in the Soviet Union and is studied by Soviet archaeologists, much of whose work is inaccessible to those many of us who have no Russian.

The steppe is novel in a second way also, for Soviet archaeology has a distinctive flavour in its ideas and how it works with them; there are concerns and terminologies that do not quite correspond with the common concepts of west European scholars.
Neolithic and Bronze Age cultural communities of the steppe zone of the USSR
Authors: Dergachev V.
Published: January 2016

The culture-historical development of Neolithic and Bronze Age communities under Eurasian steppe conditions is indissolubly linked with the establishment and development of early forms of productive economy, and displays a number of distinguishing features, which are the product of both natural and historical factors.

Within the USSR, the steppe extends from the mouth of the Danube to the upper reaches of the Ob and the Altai mountains (Milkov 1977). To the north, the steppes naturally grade in to the forest zone to form a belt of transitional foreststeppe landscape. To the south, the steppe is bounded by the coast of the Black Sea, the foothills of the Caucasus and beginning in the Lower Volga region the semi-deserts and, further south, deserts of Soviet Central Asia.
Palaeo-ecology and Pleistocene human occupation in south central Tasmania
Authors: Cosgrove Richard , Allen Jim , Marshall Brendan
Published: January 2016

Evidence for the late-Pleistocene and early-Holocene settlement of Tasmania is now offered by a growing number of sites in a variety of landscapes; among the more remarkable finds are cave-sites with evidence for human settlement of periglacial uplands before 30,000 BP. Good faunal assemblages and environmental records allow the reconstruction of a subsistence system different in character from those modelled on a European Pleistocene prototype.
Prehistoric, prehistory, prehistorian … who invented the terms?
Authors: Clermont Norman , Smith Philip E.L.
Published: January 2016

Who first used a word for the idea of ‘prehistory’? Chippindale, in a paper published last year, tried to clear up this old confusion once and for all. He failed. Here are more answers to the question — a matter of real historical importance since the invention of a prehistoric past was so central to the 19th-century development of archaeology.
Vitis pips in Neolithic Sweden
Authors: Rausing Gad
Published: January 2016

Antiquity reported, three years ago, a grape pip securely dated to the British Neolithic. Here are brought together reliable finds of grape pips from the Neolithic of Scandinavia — yet further from the Mediterranean warmth where the vine is comfortable. How they got to the north — by an early passion for viticulture in an unpromising climate? in a precocious long-distance exchange of sultanas? — is an intriguing question
Addendum to ‘Late Quaternary sea-level changes and archaeology’
Authors: van Andel Tjeerd H.
Published: January 2016

Van Andel adds an important postscript to his paper in the December ANTIQUITY
Dendrochronology of the English Neolithic
Authors: Hillam J. , Groves C. M. , Brown D. M. , Baillie M. G. L. , Coles J. M. , Coles B. J.
Published: January 2016

In the period 1970–85, tree-ring research in Europe had resulted in the production of long oak chronologies for both Ireland and Germany going back over 7000 years (e.g. Brown et al. 1986; Leuschner & Delorme 1984). In England, there was a network of regional chronologies covering the historic period, and almost no chronological coverage for the prehistoric. For the archaeologist this meant that, provided a site from the historic period produced a replicated site chronology, the chances of dating by dendrochronology were very high. The chances of this happening for a prehistoric site were poor by comparison, although some sites were successfully dated, for example the Iron Age causeway from Fiskerton in Liricolnshire and the Hasholme log boat found in North Humberside (Hillam 1987).

The period 1985–88 saw an intense effort to outline a prehistoric oak tree-ring chronology in England (Baillie & Brown 1988). This work centred on sub-fossil oaks from East Anglia and Lancashire and built on a previous chronology from Swan Carr, near Durham which spanned 1155–381 BC (Baillie et al. 1983). The approach to chronology-building was to produce wellreplicated chronology units which could be located precisely in time against the existing Irish (Pilcher et al. 1984) and North German (Leuschner & Delorme 1984) chronologies.
Classical Antiquity: the maritime dimension
Authors: Parker A. J.
Published: January 2016

Introduction

Ships and the sea were an omnipresent theme of Greek and Roman art and life. Shipwreck was a well-recognized risk, and an essential ingredient of ‘lost and found’ stories in novels and comedies. Conversely, safe arrival in harbour, the successful end of a journey, was a frequent motif, especially of Roman art. These ideas were obviously underpinned by economic facts: the need for metals, the sea-girt nature of Greece, Rome’s central position in the Mediterranean, and the constant threat of food shortage in the cities of the Mediterranean world generally, necessarily involved transport and trade by sea.

Into this scene has stepped, still less than 50 years old, a new character, namely underwater archaeology. Since 1945, over 1000 ancient and medieval shipwrecks have been reported in the Mediterranean, and the roll continues to grow at an unslackened pace. This rapid increase in archaeological resource has been due, of course, mainly to the widespread use of compressed-air diving gear for sport, so that most of the known wreck sites lie in inshore waters, and in popular diving areas. However, recent developments in offshore position-fixing and in underwater communications and robotics have made it possible to explore much deeper sites; the deepest so far to have been surveyed under archaeological direction (by A.M. McCann) is a late Roman wreck at 800 m deep between Sicily and Sardinia.
Analytical approaches in maritime archaeology: a Mediterranean perspective
Authors: Gibbins David
Published: January 2016

Introduction

If maritime archaeology, ‘the scientific study of the material remains of man and his activities on the sea’ (Muckelroy 1978: 4), is to be regarded usefully as a subdiscipline, then a major unifying factor must be the existence of common methodologies applicable to the study of shipwrecks irrespective of their date and location. The special conditions of work underwater are by themselves inadequate grounds for distinction, as has now long been recognized (Bass 1966). Instead it is in aspects of analysis and explanation of wreck data that the subject may be set apart.

Consideration of the nature of ships and shipwrecks suggests the groundwork for a unitary methodology. Ships as structures, or as ‘self-regulating machines’ (Muckelroy 1978: 216–19), present universal features of construction and design; common environmental and technological parameters explain the closely similar development of nautical technologies in disparate societies and seas. The usual reasons for seafaring, for trade, travel, warfare, and fishing, can be seen to create standardized assemblages of shipboard material, of comparrable forms and lading arrangement. And fundamental regularities occur in the event of shipwreck and the underwater process of site formation. As the basis for analytical tools, the models allowed by these characteristics should clearly be open to more refinement as one concentrates on the data of particular maritime activities and regions.
The past as propaganda: totalitarian archaeology in Nazi Germany
Authors: Arnold Bettina
Published: January 2016

An important element to the future of archaeology in the ex-Communist countries of central Europe will be the freeing of archaeological ideas from the constraints of a particular set of social theories built into the fabric of the state, as Milisauskas noted in the last ANTIQUITY (64: 283–5). This is a timely moment to look at the interference of a different set of social theories in the same region some decades ago
Late Preceramic ceremonial architecture at Asana, southern Peru
Authors: Aldenderfer Mark S.
Published: January 2016

Ceremonial architecture over 4600 years old has been discovered at the open air site of Asana in the high sierra of southern Peru – the best part of a thousand years earlier than in the central Andean sierra and with different architectural detail, form and content. This discovery provides new insights into a new regional architectural tradition and an alternative trajectory for the evolution of settled village life in the Andean highlands
Sanxingdui: a new Bronze Age site in southwest China
Authors: Ge Yan , Linduff Katheryn M.
Published: January 2016

One of the splendours of early Chinese history is the sudden apparent rise of a skilled bronze metallurgy in the Shang period, and a correspondingly vital research question is to locate the centre of that technology. New discoveries from Sanxingdui, within China, reported here, question the primacy of north China in the late 2nd millennium BC
First-order 14C dating of marine molluscs in archaeology
Authors: Glover E. , Glover I. , Vita-Finzi C.
Published: January 2016

A new technique of radiocarbon dating is presented, offering at modest expense the means to a determination that is good to the ‘first order’ of magnitude
Anthropomorphic figurines in Ferghana burials
Authors: Brykina G. A.
Published: January 2016

Ferghana, lying between the republics of Uzbekistan, Tadjikistan and Kirghizia, was famous in antiquity for its horses. Its Iron Age archaeology was brought to the attention of western audiences in Gorbunova's The culture of ancient Ferghana of 1986 (BAR S281). Here we are presented with a fascinating ethnoarchaeological study of a mid-first millennium AD burial practice and an interpretation of its symbolism
More Chibcha textiles
Authors: Broadbent Sylvia M.
Published: January 2016

In 1985, a short article of mine on Chibcha textiles in the British Museum (the Bunch collection) appeared in Antiquity (Broadbent 1985). In July of that year, while in Bogotá for the 45th International Congress of Americanists, I had an opportunity to examine a fine new collection of textiles in the Gold Museum (Museo del Oro) from the museum of Pasca, a small town near the southern edge of Chibcha territory. According to Cardale (1986). they are said to come from caves on the Páramo de Pisba. Although my analysis of them was somewhat sketchy, the time available being very limited, they seem to confirm the distinctive features I observed in the Bunch collection. I was allowed to take small samples of three of them for radiocarbon dating at the University of California, Riverside (UCR) dating facility. It therefore seems appropriate to present this short note as a sequel to the previous paper.
Chiefly exchange between Kyushu and Okinawa, Japan, in the Yayoi period
Authors: Pearson Richard
Published: January 2016

Introduction

During the Yayoi Period of Japan (approximately 300 BC to 300 AD) tropical shell bracelets appear in elite burials in Kyushu (FIGURE 1) .In this paper I discuss recent investigations which indicate that these shells were produced in Okinawa, some 500 km. to the southwest of Kyushu, and were exchanged for Yayoi pottery vessels and possibly other artefacts. The context of this exchange system and the implications for Japanese prehistory are also considered.
The Harappan flint quarries of the Rohri Hills (Sind-Pakistan)
Authors: Biagi Paolo , Cremaschi Mauro
Published: January 2016

Flint quarries in the Rohri hills supplied stone to the city of Mohenjo-Daro, out on the silty river-plain and lacking local supply. A new survey has identified workshop sites and an extraordinary scale of production.
Wessex with and without Mycenae: new evidence from Switzerland
Authors: Barfield L. H.
Published: January 2016

The relationship, chronological and cultural between Wessex and Mycenae, was much argued about some 20 years ago, as the implications of radiocarbon calibration were taken note of. New finds from Switzerland, somewhat midway between south England and south Greece, offers some fresh evidence.
No possible, probable shadow of doubt
Authors: Kehoe Alice B.
Published: January 2016

The ‘fertility symbols’ of Palaeolithic Europe run from unambiguous female effigies to shapes that may not be human at all. A view is taken of some of the forms that makes them into Mars rather than Venus.
Cation-ratio varnish dating and petroglyph chronology in southeastern Colorado
Authors: Loendorf Lawrence L.
Published: January 2016

Pecked figures – seeming to depict humans, animals, objects and ‘abstract’ shapes - are an important and recalcitrant aspect to the archaeology of the desert USA, in the Great Basin and the Southwest. Where they are covered by desert varnish, they provide an opportunity for an absolute dating by cation-ratio method. Here - as they did not for a similar study in South Australia reported in an earlier Antiquity - the cation-ratio dates do seem to run alongside the chronological pattern inferred by conventional means.
Megalithic myth or man the mover?
Authors: Burl Aubrey
Published: January 2016

Two material points are taken up in the matter of megalithic movement.
Archaeology in Czechoslovakia: trends and approaches
Authors: Venclová Natalie
Published: January 2016

Whatever the journalist’s definition of eastern Europe might be (cf. S. Milisauskas in ANTIQUITY 64: 283], let us state, as introduction to this Special Section, that Czechoslovakia (FIGURE 1) is a country in Central, not Eastern, Europe. It is somewhat controversial to speak about its ‘return to Europe’, as some politicians would have it, as it has been there all the time. After the period of limited contacts of Czechoslovak archaeologists with their colleagues ‘in the West’ it is felt that now, in the changed (post-November-1989) situation, information on the current state of research, and especially on the approaches applied recently to the study of Czech and Slovak archaeological material (and perhaps on Czechoslovakia's geographical position as well?) may be of use for an interested English-speaking reader. The following – rather random – selection of articles is the result.
The structuring of prehistoric landscape
Authors: Kuna Martin
Published: January 2016

Some recent archaeological landscape projects in Czechoslovakia have found a theoretical background within the concept of ’community areas‘. According to this concept prehistoric populations are approached as divided into communities. Each community is supposed to have shared a common territory within which most of its activities were concentrated. The community area consisted of several sub-areas (e.g. habitation areas, specific production areas, funerary areas, etc.) where activities different in function were performed (Neustupny 1986; 1991). The theory of community areas is not, however, limited to the identification of community areas themselves. It is rather a general approach, based on presumption and identification of patterns or structures underlying the archaeological record and reflecting structured human behaviour in the past. Using some concepts of the community area theory, this paper aims at analysing prehistoric habitation areas in the territory of Bohemia and articulating some general hypotheses concerning settlement processes and structures on various levels of complexity.
Lengyel-culture fortified settlements in Slovakia
Authors: Pavúk Juraj
Published: January 2016

The results of extensive investigations in Slovakia have shed considerable light on the problems of the emergence, development and cultural and chronological interconnections of the Neolithic Lengyel culture. This includes the economy and social structure of its bearers.

Typological methods make it easy to demonstrate a local origin for the Lengyel culture, defining clearly its innovative component which was introduced from the south, from the sphere of the Vinča culture (Vinča B2/C1), then in the process of transformation, carried to the territory of the nascent Lengyel culture by the Sopot culture (S. Dimitrijevič 1968; Pavúk 1981a; Kalicz 1988). The Lengyel culture emerged on the base of the Želiezovce cultural group which gave birth to the earliest stage of the former culture – Proto-Lengyel – under impulses from and with participation of the Sopot culture. Such a fusion of local and foreign elements may well be demonstrated in pottery, especially in the development of its shapes and decoration. This process is accompanied by a major paradox: continuous development of pottery is contradicted by the discontinuity in settlement sites. Not a single site excavated either in Slovakia or in Hungary has yielded a settlement with material both from the last stage of the Želiezovce group and from the early stages of the Lengyel culture (the Bíňa-Bicske group, Lužianky, Lengyel I) which could constitute evidence for local evolution.
Women's archaeology? Political feminism, gender theory and historical revision
Authors: Gilchrist Roberta
Published: January 2016

Women's issues are deservedly a growing concern in archaeology, with concerns that run from the power (im)balance between the sexes in the present practice of archaeology to the technical question of how gender-relations are, or are not, recoverable from archaeological context. The several aspects that lie within the phrase ‘women's archaeology’are explored.
Early farming in the Middle Nile Basin: recent discoveries at Kadero (Central Sudan)
Authors: Krzyżaniak Lech
Published: January 2016

Kadero, in the central Sudan, offers new discoveries pertinent to the old and valuable question of early domesticates - both plant and animal - in the Middle and Upper Nile region.
The shape of Pleistocene women
Authors: Duhard Jean-Pierre
Published: January 2016

The name of ‘Venus’ for the carved female figures of the Upper Palaeolithic in Europe is an inappropriate nick-name, for we cannot be certain that they are goddesses of love nor patterns of ideal women. When analysing these figures, their shape seems to be very similar to the morphology of modern women.
A panorama of Polish archaeology
Authors: Bursche Aleksander , Taylor Timothy
Published: January 2016

In October 1991, Janusz Krzysztof Kozlowski of the University of Cracow will be at the Society of Antiquaries in London to receive the Prehistoric Society's first Europa Prize in recognition of his contribution to Palaeolithic archaeology. His achievement, involving as it has international interdisciplinary collaboration, has been all the more remarkable in that it has been conducted from a country which has been in a state of internal crisis for the last decade, and subservient to a censorious Soviet scientific and political orthodoxy since the end of the Second World War. How has the discipline of archaeology developed generally this century in Poland? What can it now teach the west?
The stone-packed graves of the Funnel Beaker culture in Karmanowice, site 35
Authors: Nogaj-Chachaj Jolanta
Published: January 2016

Three groups of the Funnel Beaker culture in the middle Neolithic have been distinguished in Poland: East, Southeast and Silesian-Moravian (Kowalczyk 1970: Jażdżewski 1984), dated to 5250–4450 b.p. (4095–3245 BC) (Wiślański 1979). The earliest research was carried out on the cemeteries of the East Group, and a variant form, the Kujavian grave type, recognized (FIGURE 1A).

Kujavian graves are usually considered to be megalithic (Midgley 1985; Hoika 1990). They have stone-bordered barrows of triangular or trapezoid shape, being on average 50–100 m long and 3.5–15 m wide (Chmielewski 1952; Jażdżewski 1969). The majority of the Kujavian graves had a central grave usually located near the base of the construction. The number of burials varies between one and four, comprising extended inhumation, with the body lying on its back in a shallow pit which was sometimes had oval settings of stones round them (Chmielewski 1952).
Jakuszowice — a multi-period settlement in southern Poland
Authors: Godłowski Kazimierz
Published: January 2016

The village of Jakuszowice (Kielce Voivodship, Kazimie za Wielka Commune) lies some 50 km northeast of Cracow on a loess upland situated on the left bank of the river Nidzica, tributary of the Vistula. In 1911, during sand extraction, an extremely rich burial was discovered. It contained the bones of a young man and a horse as well as a long sword and several bronze, silver and gold objects (Åberg 1936; Lászlo 1951; Harmatta 1951; Werner 1956; Nosek 1959). The grave is dated to the first half of the 5th century AD, probably before 430 on the basis of artefacts made in the Soesdala-Untersiebenbrunn style. The grave goods show clear affinities with many other ‘chieftain's graves’ which occur in an area stretching from the western part of the Eurasian steppe to western Europe – most densely in the Carpathian Basin, where they are associated with the period of Hunnic domination (Werner 1956: 82–95, map 8). Most noteworthy in this context is the gold-foil covered model of a Central Asiatic reflex bow, considered by certain scholars to be a symbol of authority (Harmatta 1951; Lászlo 1951).
Origins of Early Slav Culture in Poland
Authors: Parczewski Michał
Published: January 2016

The archaeological remains of the Early Slav Culture (ESC), which dates to the 6th and 7th centuries AD, cover a substantial area of Europe ranging from eastern Byelorussia and the Ukraine to central Germany and Lower Austria, and from the Baltic to the Adriatic and Aegean. The Polish area is crucial for the clarification of the extremely unclear origins of the Slav ethnic group and the circumstances of its expansion around the middle of the 1st millennium AD. Traditionally, Polish scholars have viewed the lands lying athwart the basins of the Odra and Vistula rivers as the cradle of Slavia. This belief has to be subjected to closer scrutiny.
Excavations at the Jegliniec hillfort – recent developments in Balt archaeology
Authors: Iwanowska Grażyna
Published: January 2016

The Jatvings, closely related to the Old Prussian, Lithuanian and Latvian tribes, belonged to the Baltic branch of the Indo-Europeans who, in the 5th century BC, migrated north up the Driieper river to settle the southeast coast of the Baltic Sea. (Die Balten 1987: 18, 20). On the evidence available, Jatvingia as a complex of tribal communities emerged in the second half of the 1st millennium AD. The historical home of the Jatvings was in the northeastern corner of modern Poland and in the adjacent parts of modern Lithuania. It stretched eastwards across the Masurian Lakeland to the river Neman, touching on the Biebrza river valley in the south and the upper Sheshupa valley in the north (FIGURE 1). Information on Jatvingians survives in early mediaeval written sources: Polish documents, the chronicles of the Ruthenian Dukes and the Teutonic Order, Papal Bulls, etc. Interestingly enough, one of the oldest mentions in western European sources comes from an English source – the Otia imperialia written by Gervase of Tilbury.
The early medieval craft and commercial centre at Janów Pomorski near Elbląg on the South Baltic Coast
Authors: Jagodziński Marek , Kasprzycka Maria
Published: January 2016

The settlement of Janów Pomorski was discovered in the spring of 1982 during the AZP field survey (cf Introduction) 7 km southeast of the town of Elbląg in fields adjacent to the village of Janów Pomorski (FIGURES 1,2). An area of over 10 ha produced a wealth of animal bone, raw and worked amber and pottery that indicated a date between the late 8th and loth centuries.