bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HL‐A Haplotype Frequencies in Denmark and Norway
Authors: SVEJGAARD A. , HAUGE M. , KISSMEYER‐NIELSEN F. , THORSBY E.
Published: July 2010

A total of 1,291 Danish and Norwegian random HL—A haplotypes in 338 families were studied. Ninety‐nine different haplotypes could be distinguished and their frequencies were estimated (1) from the entire family data and (2) from the parental phenotype (population) data alone. The results obtained with these two methods compared fairly well. No significant differences could be demonstrated for the frequencies of the different haplotypes in Denmark and Norway. Estimates were calculated for the gametic associations (D values) of the various sets of genetic determinants from the first and second segregant series of the HL‐A system. The gametic associations seemed to be strongest in Norway. The segregation ratios of the HL‐A1, 8 and 3, 7 haplotypes were analysed and showed no deviation from expectations.
HL—A Typing in Asian Indians
Authors: SINGAL D. P. , MICKEY M. R. , TERASAKI P. I.
Published: July 2010

HL—A typing in 80 Asian Indians has shown differences in the frequencies of some HL—A antigens as compared with American Caucasians. These include the absence of Te54 (= W14 = Maki) and Te64, and significantly low frequencies for HL—A2 and HL—A8.
Severe Rejection of an HL‐A Identical Sibling Renal Transplant
Authors: DICK HEATHER M. , BRIGGS J. D. , WOOD R. F. M. , BELL P. R. F.
Published: July 2010

A twenty‐year‐old patient with end‐stage pyelonephritis received an HL‐A identical renal transplant from her brother. She remained well for 28 days and then suffered a severe rejection episode while on decreased immunosuppressive therapy because of low white blood counts, reducing renal function to a creatinine clearance of 32 ml/min. Two weeks later she suffered a second major rejection episode which was arrested at a clearance of 10 ml/min. For the last 10 months renal function has remained stable at this level.
HL‐A Haplotypes and Unexplained Infertility
Authors: LINDBLOM J. BERTIL , FRIBERG JAN , HöGMAN CLAES F. , GEMZELL CARL
Published: July 2010

The HL‐A types of eight couples with unexplained infertility were determined. The patients had been selected from 569 infertile couples who had undergone thorough investigations for infertility. Haplotypes which in a control group of fertile individuals showed negative associations between the first (LA) and the second (FOUR) HL‐A locus alleles seemed to occur more frequently in the group of infertile individuals than in the control group. Some possible mechanisms which might explain these findings are discussed briefly.
Repeated Platelet Transfusions from HL‐A Compatible Unrelated and Sibling Donors
Authors: THORSBY E. , HELGESEN ASTRI , GJEMDAL T.
Published: July 2010

The results of prolonged platelet transfusions in two patients with aplastic anaemia and thrombocytopenia are presented. One of them has been supported for more than 1 1/2 years with weekly platelet transfusions from an unrelated donor. Lymphocyte typing of donor and recipient revealed incompatibility only for HL‐A12, but this antigen was not detected on donor platelets. The other patient had strong multispecific HL‐A antibodies in his serum, and only his HL‐A identical brother was found compatible. After 10 months of support by platelet transfusions from his brother, the mixed lymphocyte culture test demonstrated strong cellular immunity probably against non HL‐A transplantation antigens of the donor. No circulating anti non‐HL‐A antibodies could be demonstrated with certainty.
Studies on Cross Reactive HL‐A Antibodies by Elution with Platelets
Authors: MUELLER‐ECKHARDT CH. , HEINRICH D. , ROTHENBERG VERA
Published: July 2010

To evaluate the actual frequency and complexity of cross reactive HL‐A antibodies, 268 eluates produced with platelets from 43 unselected sera of parous women containing cytotoxic, HL‐A specific antibodies were studied. With sera or eluates or both, 41 different cross reactions against antigens of the second and 6 against antigens of the first locus were demonstrated. Although the antigens most frequently involved were HL‐A 2, 5 and 7, it was difficult to delineate “cross reacting groups”. There was an obvious interdependence between the specificities of cross reactive antibodies and the antigens of the serum producer. With respect to the fathers' antigens, the occurring antibodies were usually broader than expected. RNEP (Reaction Negative‐Elution Positive)‐phenomena were found with 30 eluates derived from 21 sera.
Expression of HL‐A Antigens on the Surface of Cultured Human Lymphoid Cells: Effect of Inhibitors of Protein and Nucleic Acid Synthesis
Authors: FERRONE S. , DEL VILLANO B. C. , PELLEGRINO M. A. , LERNER R. A. , REISFELD R. A.
Published: July 2010

Cultured human lymphoid cells (WI‐L2), when incubated in mid‐log phase with different concentrations of puromycin, showed a 70% decrease in the expression of HL‐A antigens on their surface as measured by quantitative microabsorption. This decrease in surface antigen expression was accompanied by a marked inhibition of the rate of incorporation of 14C leucine into cellular polypeptides suggesting a correlation between protein synthesis and HL‐A antigen expression on cultured human lymphoid cells. The inhibitory effects of puromycin on HL‐A expression were reversible. Actinomycin D did not affect HL‐A antigen expression, suggesting that the messenger RNA coding for these antigens is relatively long‐lived. Cytosine arabinoside, 5‐bromodeoxyridine, ethidium bromide and rifampicin did not affect HL‐A antigen expression. By contrast, cycloheximide at a concentration which inhibited the rate of polypeptide synthesis by at least 95% did not change HL‐A antigen expression. The differential effects of puromycin and cycloheximide on the synthesis of HL‐A polypeptides are similar to the effect of these drugs on mitochondrial protein synthesis.
Automatic Reading and Recording of the Microlymphocytotoxicity Test
Authors: BRUNING J. W. , DOUGLAS R. , SCHOLTUS M. , VAN ROOD J. J.
Published: July 2010

We succeeded in developing a method which records the results of the fluorochromasia test automatically. This was facilitated by the centrifugation of the Falcon tray in a tilted position, thus separating cells and medium. The fluorescein which was left behind in live cells could then be estimated and recorded with the use of a scanning microscope, controlled by a PDP 8/E computer. The reading could be postponed. Typing results obtained in this system correlated very well with those of the routine laboratory.
Multiple Sclerosis: Association with HL—A3
Authors: NAITO S. , NAMEROW N. , MICKEY M. R. , TERASAKI P. I.
Published: July 2010

The incidence of HL—A3 among 94 patients with a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) was significantly higher than for 871 normal persons. In addition, some increase in Te58 and decrease in HL—A2 and Te60 frequencies was noted. The well‐known higher incidence of MS among Caucasians than among Orientals is paralleled by the higher incidence of HL—A3 and Te58 among Caucasians and a lower incidence of Te60.
Some Variations in Lymphocyte Freezing Methods Which Do Not Affect Cell Viability
Authors: STOPFORD CAROLYN R. , MACQUEEN J. MARILYN , AMOS D. B. , WARD F. E.
Published: July 2010

Several variables which differed among lymphocyte freezing and storage protocols, including resuspending media, freezing containers, sealing methods, freezing apparatus, and storage units, were investigated. Loss of viability was variable with the freezing and thawing techniques used; however, in general, lowered viability was not dependent upon the variables tested. Good results were achieved with 3 different, inexpensive freezing devices: the modified‐Hauschka box, a mechanical freezer set at — 68° C, and a Linde BF‐5 biological freezer. Lymphocyte storage in the mechanical freezer proved satisfactory for as long as 5 months.
HL‐A Antigens in Hodgkin's Disease and Multiple Myeloma: Increased Frequency of W18 in Both Diseases
Authors: BERTRAMS J. , KUWERT E. , BÖHME U. , REIS H. E. , GALLMEIER W. M. , WETTER O. , SCHMIDT C. G.
Published: July 2010

Eighty‐two patients with Hodgkin's disease (H.D.) and 40 patients with Multiple Myeloma (M.M.) were HL‐A typed. The results were compared with those of 255 healthy individuals of the same geographical area. In both diseases W18 (4cr) ‐ belonging to the 4c‐complex ‐ was significantly increased.
Serology and Genetics of Te58(W18) and Other Specificities Included in the 4c Complex
Authors: ALBERT E. D. , MICKEY M. R. , TERASAKI P. I.
Published: July 2010

In order to clarify the distinction between three antigens included in the 4c complex, correlation coefficients, gene frequencies, haplotype frequencies and linkage disequilibrium parameters are given for HL‐A5, Te50 = W5 and Te58 = W18 in three different ethnic groups.

Te58 = W18 is shown to be an allele of the second segregant series by data from family studies by correlation coefficients, by the lack of triplets, and by the goodness of fit according to the Hardy‐Weinberg law.
Escape from Sensitization to HL‐A Antibodies
Authors: MIYAJIMA T. , HIRATA A. A. , TERASAKI P. I.
Published: July 2010

Human lymphocytes sensitized with HL‐A antibodies could not be killed by the addition of complement if the lymphocytes were incubated for periods of 1 to 5 hours at 37° C. This phenomenon was not produced by simple dissociation of the antibodies or by loss of antigens (modulation), but rather is postulated to result from an active release or pinocytosis of HL‐A antigens together with the attached antibody. “Escape from sensitization” is followed closely by reformation of antigens, for the cells can readily be resensitized and killed by addition of complement. Loss of sensitization is an active process, since one‐day‐aged lymphocytes or lymphocytes treated with actinomycin D or puromycin were unable to express this activity. A differential escape rate for different specificities was encountered indicating that HL‐A9 was produced more rapidly than several other specificities present on the same lymphocytes. A correlation was noted between the rate of HL‐A antigen synthesis by lymphocytes (indicated by escape rate) and the quantity of HL‐A antigen in the serum.

Inhibition of lymphocyte cytotoxicity was used to detect the presence of HL‐A antigens in serum. Certain specificities, such as HL‐A9, were generally present in serum whereas others, such as HL‐A8, could not be detected. Cross‐inhibition tests with over 100 sera clearly showed an association of inhibition with specificity, although nonspecific inhibition was often observed. Sephadex fractions of sera tested at different concentrations revealed the greatest inhibitory activity in the 19S and 7S fractions.
Cross‐Reactivity in the HL‐A System
Authors: MITTAL KAMAL K. , TERASAKI PAUL I.
Published: July 2010

A comprehensive study to elucidate the cross‐reactivity between 25 specificities of the HL‐A system was carried out systematically with 65 monospecific anti‐HL‐A antisera and nearly 150 cell donors. Antisera were absorbed by platelets in microvolumes and the degree of absorption was measured by the inhibition of lymphocytotoxicity. The following conclusions were drawn: (1). Cross‐reactivity occurred only between allelic gene products of a single HL‐A segregant series and not between those of the two different series. (2). Cross‐reactive groups did not form isolated clusters but were interconnected. (3). Cross‐reactivity was found to be one‐way (unidirectional) or two‐way (bidirectional). One‐way cross‐reactivity was observed between 24 pairs of antigen groups and two‐way cross‐reactivity was observed between 8 pairs of antigen groups. (4). Cross‐reactivity is exhibited by certain antisera of a given specificity and not by others of the same specificity. (5). Some cells possessing a cross‐reacting antigen cross‐absorbed a certain anti‐HL‐A antiserum, whereas other cells with the same antigen did not. These results suggest the possibility that cross‐reactivity depends also upon other antigens present on the cells.
Subcellular Location of HL‐A Antigens
Authors: WILSON L. A. , AMOS D. B.
Published: July 2010

The subcellular location of histocompatibility antigens in the mouse H‐2 system has been ascribed to various subcellular organelles in addition to the surface location on the plasma membrane. Since the subcellular distribution of human histocompatibility antigens (HL‐A) has not been studied in any detail, human liver and two tissue culture cell lines were homogenized, fractionated, and profiled for subcellular membranes and antigenic content. Enzyme markers were selected to quantitate the various subcellular membranes in each fraction. Antigenic content, determined serologically by cytotoxicity inhibition, correlated only with 5’nucleotidase activity, the plasma membrane marker, regardless of other contaminating organelles. Thus, all 6 HL‐A determinants tested, representing both segregant series of the HL‐A locus, were limited to the plasma membranes of the tissue assayed.
Further Evidence for a Separate MLC‐Locus
Authors: MEMPEL W. , ALBERT E. , BURGER A.
Published: July 2010

MLC and HL‐A data are given for a family in which one sibling shows definite stimulation with three HL‐A identical siblings and conversely, a clear non‐stimulation with a sister who differs by one haplotype. All other MLC‐reactions between members of the family correlated well with the HL‐A typing. This lends support to the suggestion that there is separate MLC‐locus which is closely linked to the second (FOUR) HL‐A locus.
Soluble Leucocyte Antigens in Serum of Pigs
Authors: SCHMID D. O. , CWIK S.
Published: July 2010

Serum of 28 pigs was tested for the presence of soluble leucocyte‐associated antigens. In all of the tested sera, soluble antigen‐active substances were detectable either by means of the inhibition of cytotoxicity or the inhibition of cytoagglutination. The soluble substances were observed to differentiate into lymphocyte‐specific and granulocyte‐specific. For the detection of cell bound and soluble leucocyte associated antigens in this study we used populations of isospecific heteroantibodies developed through immunization of sheep with lymphocytes and granulocytes of pigs. So far, there is no evidence that the detected soluble antigenic factors belong to the histocompatibility system of the pig.
Raising Leucocyte Alloantisera in Limited Populations of Sub‐human Primates
Authors: HAWKER R. J. , BARNES A. D. , KING LINDA M.
Published: July 2010

A method is described for selecting animals in which to raise antisera of narrow specificity from limited populations of sub‐human primates in the absence of both genetically related animals or of alloantisera.

Antisera detecting the lymphocyte polymorphisms of sub‐human primates have been produced in three species of primate: Macaca mulatta, Papio anubis and P.cynocephalus, by repeated subcutaneous skin grafting between selected animals. A simple single‐stage micro‐cytotoxicity test is described and shown to be both applicable and reproducible in these species with the many sources of antisera. Selection of donor‐recipient pairs of close antigenic make‐up was achieved using a wide range of heterologous antisera that cross‐reacted with the lymphocytes of other species. Rhesus alloantisera were also used for rhesus donor selection. The antisera produced in the 13 selected animals were high titre; the 100 % cytotoxic end‐point against donor cells reached as high as 1/384 after 8 sets of skin grafts. Four of these antisera appear to be operationally monospecific without adsorption. The antisera titres of the animals have been traced over a period during and after repeated sensitization.
HL‐A Immunization and HL‐A Types in Pregnancy
Authors: NIELSEN L. STAUB , SVEJGAARD A.
Published: July 2010

A total of 199 pregnant women with lymphocytotoxic antibodies in their sera were HL‐A typed and the specificities of their antibodies were investigated by extensive panel investigations. A tentative classification of related HL‐A antigens was based on (1) the non‐random distributions of positive and negative deviations from Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium of the LA and FOUR phenotypes of these women; (2) the co‐occurrence of HL‐A specificities in the sera of 139 women whose antibodies could be identified; and (3) the relationship between the LA and FOUR antigens present in these women and the antibodies found in their sera. The antigens HL‐A2, Ba*(W28), and HL‐A9 of the LA series appear to form one group while the remaining antigens of this series may form another. In the FOUR series, two major groups can be postulated: HL‐A5 12 R* (W5) SL‐MaPi(W17), CM(W18), and LND (W15) constitute one group; and HL‐A7,8 BB(W10), FJH(W27), and AA (W22), another. This classification of FOUR antigens is similar but not entirely identical to the one obtained by anti‐4a and anti‐4b sera. Immunization against FOUR antigens was more frequent than against LA antigens, and this superior antigenicity of FOUR antigens was evident also when taking into account the chances of these women to meet the antigens during varying numbers of pregnancies and transfusions.
A Naturally Occurring Monospecific Anti‐HL‐A8 Isoantibody
Authors: Collins Z. V. , Arnold P. F. , Peetoom F. , Smith George S. , Walford Roy L.
Published: July 2010

Aided in part by a grant from the Jane Coffin Childs Memorial Fund for Medical Research. A case is reported of a 34‐year‐old female with chronic thyroiditis, multiple upper respiratory ailments, and a monospecific anti‐HL–A8 lymphocytotoxic isoantibody occurring in her serum in the absence of prior pregnancy or transfusion. The antibody showed a rise in titer over several years of observation and was contained wholly within the IgM serum fraction, which fraction was mildly increased above normal values. Whether the antibody reflects cross‐reaction to exogenous antigens or a spontaneous monoclonal proliferative phenomenon, the case is of interest in relation to Jerne's theory of the generation of antibody diversity.
HL‐A Antigens and Susceptibility to Diseases. II. Leprosy
Authors: Thorsby E. , Godal T. , Myrvang B.
Published: July 2010

Thirty‐nine leprosy patients (20 tuberculoid and 19 lepromatous) have been HL–A typed and compared to 36 non‐leprosy individuals of the same ethnic group (Amharas). The most significant deviation was related to the W21 antigen, which was found only among leprosy patients (both tuberculoid and lepromatous), not in the control group. No deviation in antigen frequency was found to be specific to the lepromatous group.
HL‐A Antigen Changes in Patients Treated with Chloramphenicol
Authors: Ben‐David A. , Orgad S. , Danon Y. , Michaeli D.
Published: July 2010

HL–A antigens were determined by the microlymphocytotoxicity test in patients treated with chloramphenicol and compared with appropriate controls. A reversible loss of antigenicity was found to be associated with chloramphenicol treatment. Possible mechanisms of action and clinical implications are discussed.
Suppression of Mixed Leukocyte Response by Plasma from Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Sengar D. P. S. , Opelz G. , Terasaki P. I.
Published: July 2010

The plasma samples of 11 out of 16 cytotoxicity‐negative hemodialysis patients were found to suppress 43% of 122 mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) combinations. An almost linear relationship was found between the number of transfusions and the blocking activity of the plasma. Plasma from parous women without cytotoxins suppressed 23% of 241 MLC combinations. With plasma from normal controls, only 2.8% of 140 MLC combinations tested were suppressed. The suppressive activity was found to be specific (though somewhat broad) and was absorbable from plasma by the stimulating cells. Inhibition could not be obtained by coating of the responding cells, although a weak degree of suppression was found by precoating the stimulating cells. If suppression of MLC can be explained by the presence of enhancing antibody, active production of such antibodies can be induced by transfusions. Unresponsiveness to incompatible transplants could then be attributed to preconditioning by transfusions.
A Rapid and Reliable Micro‐Method of Leukoagglutination using Papain
Authors: Cruikshank J. A. , Hay Judith
Published: July 2010

A papain‐activated leukoagglutination micro‐technique has been developed which employs granulocytes prepared by centrifugation through a double density gradient. The method is rapid and has a high order of reproducibility. Papain was found to potentiate the reaction of all agglutinating antibodies so far tested.
Specificity of Lymphocytotoxic Anti‐Human Antibodies in Normal Rabbit Sera
Authors: Mittal K. K. , Ferrone S. , Mickey M. R. , Pellegrino M. A. , Reisfeld R. A. , Terasaki P. I.
Published: July 2010

Forty‐nine of 127 normal sera from New Zealand white rabbits were found to contain cytotoxic antibodies against human lymphocytes. Reactions with these sera did not correlate with those of known HL–A or ABO specificities. However, four distinct specificities were found in 18 sera. These antibodies are labile upon prolonged storage at −20°C and heating at 56°C for 30 min and have low avidity. Since rabbit serum is the most efficient source of complement in the cytotoxic reaction with human lymphocytes, the quantity as well as the specificity of these natural antibodies in rabbit serum have to be considered when selecting this reagent for the lymphocytotoxic test.
Anti‐HL‐A Foeto‐Maternal Immunization. Persistence of Antibodies
Authors: Tongio M. M. , Berrebi A. , Mayer S.
Published: July 2010

This study concerns the persistence of antibodies in 42 sera. Twenty‐seven of these, sampled from 12 to 175 weeks after the first sample, remained positive. In general, the titre of the antibodies had decreased. The antibody's specificity either remained the same or, most often, narrowed, due either to the loss of a specificity in multi‐specific sera or to the narrowing of a basic specificity. Some sera that were very broad at childbirth, after a lapse of time acquired a specificity that made it possible to identify the immunizing antigens.
HL‐A Antigens and Diseases. I. Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Jersild C. , Svejgaard A. , Fog T. , Ammitzbøll T.
Published: July 2010

A total of 135 patients with a definite diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) has been HL–A typed. Increased frequencies of HL–A3 and 7 were found. Combining our material with other data revealed significant increases in HL–A3, HL–A7 and W18 and significant decreases in HL–A2 and HL–A12. The relative incidence ratios of Woolf (1955) were used in these comparisons and depicted graphically.

Titres of anti‐measles virus antibody were determined in sera of 132 of the patients. Increased titres were significantly more frequent in patients carrying HL–A3, 7 and/or W18 as compared to patients lacking these antigens. This finding may be interpreted as possibly reflecting the existence of an immune recognition locus (Ir) linked to the HL–A loci.
The Histocompatibility Complex of Rhesus Monkeys. II. A Major Locus Controlling Reactivity in Mixed Lymphocyte Cultures
Authors: Balner H. , Toth E. K.
Published: July 2010

Rhesus monkeys have a genetic locus which has a major influence on reactivity in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLR). This MLR locus is closely linked to the RhL–A system2, which controls the serologically defined histocompatibility antigens of this species. Three cases of recombination between RhL–A and the MLR region are described. Consequently, the MLR locus is located outside the RhL–A region proper, possibly adjacent to the locus defining the antigens of the 1st series. The recombination frequency between the MLR and RhL–A regions of rhesus monkeys is similar to that found for the analogous systems of man.

Inhibition of MLR can be achieved by pre‐incubation of responder or stimulator cells with cytotoxic anti‐RhL–A sera. Such inhibition is highly specific and probably caused by an interaction of the sera with RhL–A surface antigens, not with MLR determinants. Yet, there is circumstantial evidence that non‐cytotoxic sera can be produced which inhibit MLR, presumably by affecting MLR determinants on the cell surface.

The relevance of MLR to histocompatibility and the genetic control of the immune response of rhesus monkeys to synthetic antigens, are the subjects of current studies which are briefly discussed.
Poly‐DL‐Alanyl Skin Isograft Rejection by Purified Anti‐Poly‐DL‐Alanyl Antibodies
Authors: Clerici E. , Schechter I. , Villa M. L. , Marocchi A.
Published: July 2010

Viable mouse skin flaps conjugated with poly‐DL‐alanine chains were obtained by in vitro treatment with the N‐carboxyanhydride of DL‐alanine. It was assumed that the reacting groups are directly and covalently linked to the histocompatibility antigen molecules, or are in their close vicinity. Therefore, the transplantation of the poly‐DL‐alanylated skin flaps onto syngeneic recipients might provide a model for studying the behavior of antibodies of poly‐DL‐alanyl specificity in graft rejection.

When purified rabbit anti‐poly‐DL‐alanyl antibodies were passively administered to mice transplanted with poly‐DL‐alanylated skin, the graft survival was sharply reduced as compared with that of the controls. This observation might suggest that certain antibodies which have been produced in rabbits, can reduce graft survival when passively administered to mice. If mice were immunized with poly‐DL‐alanyl‐RSA before grafting, in order to elicit an active production of anti‐poly‐DL‐alanyl antibodies, the poly‐DL‐alanylated skin graft survival was similar to that of the controls. It is possible that this phenomenon may be caused by the production of non‐C‐fixing antibodies.
Subdivision of HL‐A5 and Comparative Studies of the HL‐A Polymorphism in South African Indians
Authors: Hammond M. G. , Appadoo B. , Brain P.
Published: July 2010

The HL‐A5 antigen has a higher frequency in the Indian population than in either the Caucasian or Bantu populations of South Africa. Ninety‐five Asian Indians were tested by microcytotoxicity using 34 anti‐HL‐A5 and nine anti‐W5 sera. The results confirm the heterogeneity of the HL‐A5 antigen and show that it may be subdivided into at least four parts. The Indian population of South Africa is here subdivided into four groups. The HL‐A antigen frequencies in each group are compared, and haplotype frequencies and gametic associations (delta values) have been calculated. The genetic distances (f) between these groups and between Indians. Caucasians and Bantu also are calculated. The results may indicate a differential selection with respect to the HL‐A polymorphism.
HL‐A Antigens and Some Immunological Parameters in Psoriasis
Authors: Seignalet J. , Clot J. , Guilhou J. J. , Duntze F. , Meynadier J. , Robinet‐levy M.
Published: July 2010

HL‐A typing was performed on 110 psoriatics and confirmed the highly increased frequencies of W17, HL‐A13 and HL‐A1‐W17 haplotype previously reported in two American works. Psoriasis was found twice as frequently among close relatives of W17 patients as in other groups. Yet, psoriasis and W17, when associated in individuals, were not always transmitted together genetically. Articular signs did not seem to have any relation to HL‐A antigens. The comparison of our results with those of two previous investigations showed probable modifications in the distribution of several HL‐A antigens: increased HL‐A1 and HL‐A2, decreased HL‐A9, W28, HL‐A7 and HL‐A12.

Some immunologic disturbances appeared particularly frequently in psoriasis, namely, an elevated IgE titer in serum and an anti‐IgG activity demonstrated on peripheral blood lymphocytes and in serum. It has been noted that numerous diseases related to HL‐A are accompanied by immune perturbations.

The mechanisms of association between HL‐A, immunity disorders and some diseases are discussed, including the following possibilities: indirect action of HL‐A through an epistasis phenomenon; direct action of HL‐A by antigenic cross‐reactions favouring the penetration of an aetiologic agent; no action of HL‐A which would thus only be a genetic marker linked with a locus governing some immune reactions.
HL‐A Antigens in Leprosy
Authors: Kreisler MIGUEL , Arnaiz ANTONIO , Perez EENIGNO , Cruz EDUARDO FERNANDEZ , Bootello ALFREDO
Published: July 2010

HL—A phenotype frequencies were studied in 30 patients with leprosy and in 149 healthy controls. Leprosy patients had a significantly higher frequency of HL—A14. In addition, a majority of the HL—A14 patients gave a negative response to leproma antigen using the Mitsuda test.
Stimulation of Human Lymphocytes by Allogeneic Endothelial Cells in Vitro
Authors: Hirschberg H. , Evensen S. A. , Henriksen T. , Thorsby E.
Published: July 2010

Endothelial cells separated from the vein of human umbilical cords were capable of stimulating allogeneic lymphocytes in mixed lymphocyte endothelial cultures. The degree of stimulation observed with endothelial cells was generally less than that for mitomycin treated lymphocytes, but of the same order of magnitude. Endothelial cells proved non‐stimulatory to autologous lymphocytes separated from cord blood.
Separation of Blood Leucocytes, Granulocytes and Lymphocytes
Authors: Bøyum ARNE
Published: July 2010

The present paper describes a technique for separation of leucocytes, mononuclear cells (lymphocytes and monocytes) and granulocytes from small as well as large blood volumes.
HL‐A Genotypes and MLR in Familial Sarcoidosis
Authors: Möller ERNA , Hedfors EVA , Wiman L‐G.
Published: July 2010

Investigations of HL‐A genotypes and MLR reactivity were performed in two families with an increased frequency of sarcoidosis. No significant correlation between either HL‐A or MLR alleles and disease was demonstrated. Individuals possibly homozygous for MLR alleles were found in this material. A possibly impaired stimulatory capacity of cells from sarcoidosis patients is discussed.
HL‐A Antigens of the Indiana Amish.
Authors: Kostyu D. , Amos D. B. , Harris S. , Pool P. , Johnson A. H. , Ward F. E. , Yunis E. J.
Published: July 2010

Genetic analysis of HL‐A, MLR and other immunologic studies are difficult to conduct in a typical Caucasian population where families tend to be small and lineage complex. The use of a genetically isolated, consanguinous population with extensive family records has marked advantages.

The Indiana Amish, numbering some 10,000 individuals, include many large multigeneration and interrelated family groups. We present here an initial summary on HL‐A typing results of the Amish in Indiana.
Capping of Granulocyte Membrane Antigens1
Authors: Ackermann ROLF , Terasaki PAUL I.
Published: July 2010

Human peripheral blood granulocytes reacted with allogeneic or xenogeneic antisera and when stained with FITC formed polar caps very rapidly. Within 8 min, 90 % of the cells had clusters and polar caps. Cap formation generally paralleled the motility function of the cells. It occurred just as rapidly on granulocytes kept in hanging drops or in constant motion within a test tube as on glass slides. Phagocytic function of the cells was not affected by capping.
Application of the Fluorescent Antibody Method for the Identification of HL‐A Antibodies
Authors: Ablin RICHARD J.
Published: July 2010

A method for the immunofluorescent (IF) identification of antibodies to HL‐A antigens on human peripheral blood lymphocytes is described. Pending further study, the detection of pre‐existing humoral sensitization to donor alloantigens, particularly weakly reactive or non‐complement fixing HL‐A antibodies by IF is suggested as a means of augmenting present methodology.
Study of HL‐A Genotypes in a Case of Familial Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL)
Authors: Delmas‐marsalet Y. , Hors J. , Colombani J. , Dausset J.
Published: July 2010

Blood groups and HL‐A antigens were determined in 12 members of a family in which chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) occurs in four siblings. The same HL‐A haplotype [Da25 (W30 + W31), HL‐A13] was observed in the three diseased siblings tested.

This case, together with that of a similar family studied by Schweitzer et al. (1973), in which three out of five diseased siblings shared two antigens ‐ HL‐A2 and W5 ‐ suggests a possible linkage between HL‐A and susceptibility to CLL.
Immunofluorescence of Hassall's Corpuscles with Pemphigus Serum. Confirmation of their Squamous Epithelial Nature
Authors: Pertschuk Louis P.
Published: July 2010

Fresh thymus tissue from 31 infants and from three adults was examined by indirect immunofluorescenc‐e using antisera from active cases of pemphigus vulgaris. This sera contained specific antibodies for squamous epithelial intercellular substance. Fluorescent staining was seen in Hassall's corpuscles in all cases. This finding is immunological support confirming the morphologic, ultrastructural and histochemical evidence that these bodies are squamous epithelial in nature.
The HL‐A System in Reiter's Syndrome
Authors: Woodrow J. C. , Treanor BERYL , Usher NORMAN
Published: July 2010

The HL‐A phenotypes were determined in 50 patients with Reiter's syndrome. HL‐A27 was found in 34 (68%) compared to 7.7% of controls. There was an association between the presence of HL‐A27 and sacro‐iliitis, uveitis and keratoderma blenorrhagica. Reiter's syndrome was found to have occurred in HL‐A27 positive identical twins. In four sibships a brother, sharing a haplotype with the proband, was found to have spondylitis. There was evidence that in some HL‐A27 positive individuals spondylitis had developed prior to the first attack of Reiter's syndrome, suggesting that spondylitis and Reiter's syndrome may be separate disease processes in the one genetically predisposed individual. When Reiter's syndrome was associated with severe keratoderma blenorrhagica and widespread psoriasiform lesions, sometimes with persisting psoriasis or recurrent uveitis, HL‐A27 was present and HL‐A17 absent.

There is some evidence that the HL‐A phenotype itself does not determine susceptibility to disease in HL‐A27 positive individuals but that linked immune response genes may be present.
Antibodies in Parous Women Detected by Antibody Dependent Cell Mediated Cytotoxicity
Authors: Carbonara A. , Trinchieri G. , Massobrio M. , Pilone N.
Published: July 2010

Feto‐maternal symbiosis during pregnancy induces the production of antibodies against fetal alloantigens. In this study, the presence of antibodies in the sera from parous women was checked by Complement dependent Lysis (CdL) at 20°C and at 15°C, and by Lymphocyte Antibody Lytic Interaction (LALI). The percentage of positive sera in CdL at 20°C is 15.3%, at 15°C 25.8% and in LALI 41.0%. This difference is due to the higher sensitivity of the LALI technique in detecting antibodies directed against histocompatibility antigens expressed on target cell surface. The high percentage of positive sera found suggests that alloimmunization during pregnancy is a generalized and physiological phenomenon and that this fact should be taken into account in the investigation of the feto‐maternal relationship.
Combined Analysis of Three Studies of Patients with Burkitt's Lymphoma
Authors: BODMER J. G. , BODMER W. F. , PlCKBOURNE P. , DEGOS L. , DAUSSET J. , DICK H. M.
Published: July 2010

Data from the three preceding studies on the possible relationship of HL–A type with Burkitt's lymphoma were combined to see whether any trends in the data, not significant in the individual studies, would show significance when the three groups were combined. A statistical method for combining data from different studies is developed. Although in this analysis even the combined data failed to show any significant association of HL–A type with disease, it is suggested that the statistical methods used will be helpful in analysing other sets of data where it seems desirable to combine information from several studies.
HL‐A System in the Japanese Population 1
Authors: MIYAJIMA T. , AMEMIYA H. , IWASAKI Y. , YOKOYAMA T. , KASHIWABARA H. , HASHIZUME T. , TACURI M.
Published: July 2010

The antigen W22 was found to be subdivided into three components in the Japanese population. Population and family studies indicate that a t least two of these components are new antigens. By using both known and new antigens, gene and haplotype frequencies in the Japanese population are shown.
LD Homozygous Cells in the Warao Population: A Possible New Allele at the LD 1 Locus within the Main Histocompatibility Region in Man
Authors: Layrisse Z. , De Rodríguez M. Pulido , Heinen H. D. , Layrisse M.
Published: July 2010

A Venezuelan isolate indigenous population, the Warao, with a very large proportion of IIL‐A identical unrelated subjects non‐reacting in MLC, has been considered a good potential source of LD homozygous cells. Cultures with lymphocytes from the members of several selected Warao families were performed with this aim and results obtained from three families are reported.

In two of the families the parents share haplotype 2,5 and two of the siblings are SD double homozygous 2,5; in the third family, the common haplotype was 2, W15 and two of the siblings are also double homozygous 2,W15. Mixed lymphocyte cultures within the families have revealed that the SD homozygous children do not stimulate the cells from either parent thus being LD homozygous as well. Negative bilateral stimulation between the 2,5 LD homozygous cells indicates that the LD1 allele carried by these individual's lymphocytes is the same; the negative MLC response of the 2,W15 LD homozygous cells to the 2,5 cells used as stimulators suggest either that their LD determinant is identical or the LD W15 allele is included in the LD5. As the Warao show a very large proportion of MLC identical individuals and a very high incidence of HL‐A5 and W15, it is postulated that the LD allele(s) here described will be found in high frequency in this population.
Induction of Cytotoxic Lymphocytes Directed Against Public Alloantigens
Authors: Leben M. Louise , Morris Linda M. , Boyle William
Published: July 2010

The response of H‐2k lymphocytes to in vitro stimulation by H‐2b and H‐2d spleen cells has been monitored for the production of cytotoxic lymphocytes (CL). Using cells from H‐2b strains CL which were capable of lysing both H‐2b and H‐2d target cells (TC) were generated. These results, together with competitive inhibitor studies of the cytotoxic activity against H‐2d TC, demonstrated that Tlymphocytes can respond to both public and private alloantigens of the H‐2 complex. When H‐2d cells were used for stimulation two of the three strains tested induced CL with cytotoxic activity towards both H‐2d and H‐2b TC. These observations indicate that the T cell response to alloantigen, leading to the production of cytotoxic lymphocytes, can be multicomponent like the established B cell response and can be expected to be subject to as much phenotypic variation. The full complexity may only be revealed by examining a number of combinations of stimulating strains, methods of stimulation and different kinds of target cells.
HLA‐D Antigen of Japanese Origin (LD‐Wa) and its Association with Vogt‐Koyanagi‐Harada Syndrome
Authors: Yakura H. , Wakisaka A. , Aizawa M. , Itakura K. , Tagawa Y. , Sugiura S.
Published: July 2010

One homozygous cell ‘Wa’ for HLA‐D alleles, associated with HLA‐Bw22J (Japanese specific variant of HLA‐Bw22), was found in a Japanese family. The HLA‐D antigenic specificity defined by this cell has been tentatively named LD‐Wa. Phenotype frequency of LD‐Wa in the Japanese population was 0.16 (13/81).

HLA‐D typing for LD‐Wa was performed in patients with the Vogt‐Koyanagi‐Harada syndrome (Harada's disease) with which Bw22J is strongly associated (15/35, 42.9%; corrected P >0.02). LD‐Wa was present in 22 of 33 patients (66.7%; P >0.0000003). The association of LD‐Wa with Harada's disease was stronger than that of Bw22J, and this implies that there might be one of the disease susceptibility gene loci affecting the development of this disease more closely linked to an HLA‐D gene locus than the HLA‐B locus.
Some Parameters of Lymphocyte Antibody Activity through Pregnancy and Further Eluates of Placental Material
Authors: Doughty R.W. , Gelsthorpe K.
Published: July 2010

One hundred and sixty‐nine pregnancies with lymphocyte cytotoxic antibody activity were found out of 851 full term pregnancies studied. A rise in incidence of antibody activity was found through first, second and third pregnancies. The average scores for antibody titre and avidity were similar for antibodies to the A and B loci in first, second and third pregnancies though individual scores varied greatly. Five cases are reported where antibody activity was not detectable till the 6‐month post‐natal stage. ABO compatability did not have any effect on antibody production. A further 40 placental eluates are reported with the same findings as reported previously.
The Distribution of HLA in a Polynesian Population – Western Samoans
Authors: Crosier Philip S. , Douglas Roy
Published: July 2010

HLA and gene frequencies are presented for a Polynesian population ‐ the Western Samoans. Within the HLA‐A locus A2, A9 and All have the highest frequencies and account for 55% of the alleles in this locus. The alleles BW22 and BW40 had the highest frequencies in the HLA‐B locus and accounted for 51% of the alleles. The blank gene frequencies for the HLA‐A and B loci are 382 and 373 respectively. Significant linkage disequilibrium was found with the haplotypes A1.B7; A3.B7; A2.BW40; A9.BW40 and A9.BW22. The most frequent haplotype was A2.BW40. Comparatively low values within this population and between this and other Polynesian populations are discussed in terms of selection, migration and drift.
HLA‐SD Antigens and Schizophrenia: Statistical and Genetical Considerations
Authors: Smeraldi E. , Bellodi L. , Scorza‐Smeraldi R. , Fabio G. , Sacchetti E.
Published: July 2010

The HLA‐SD phenotype distributions of hebephrenic and paranoid schizophrenics, and of the two groups combined, in an Italian population and in a combined group from the Swedish population have been analyzed statistically.

There is a significantly decreased frequency of HLA‐A10 in all of these. There are some preliminary indications of an increased frequency (a positive association) for some of the other antigens of the HLA‐SD series, but there is insufficient data at present for evaluating the significance of these findings.

Differences between hebephrenic and paranoid schizophrenics have been detected.
LD Typing and the Lack of Involvement of SD Antigens in the Priming Process
Authors: Parsa I. , Butterman J.A. , Kountz S.L.
Published: July 2010

Peripheral blood lymphocytes with known HLA‐SD were typed for LD determinants using a panel of primed cells prepared from SD identical lymphocytes. Then these lymphocytes (with known SD and LD) were primed by x‐irradiated cells from the same SD and LD group and their secondary reactions were evaluated. Disparity in SD antigens of responder and stimulator cells did not produce primed cells and lymphocytes were primed only for LD differences. This finding allows LD typing using primed cells from a panel of randomly selected lymphocytes regardless of their HLA‐SD.
Joint Report of the B Lymphocyte Specificities Workshop of the France‐one Region by FRANCE‐ONE with the collaboration of
Authors: Vives J. , Barcelona G. Ercilla , Turc J.M. , Dijon C Boisnard , Geneva M. Jeannet , Lille J. Goudemand , Betuel H. , Gebuhrer L. , Lyon J. Bertrand , Raffoux C , Nancy F. Streiff , Legrand L. , Lepage V. , Paris M. Pierres , Genetet B. , Fauchet R. , Rennes N. Genetet , Mayer S. , Tongio M.M. , Strasbourg J. Goudemand , De Mouzon A. , Toulouse E. Ohayon , Zagreb A. Kastelan , Pierres M. , Lepage V. , Legrand L. , Dausset J.
Published: July 2010

The analysis of 182 selected anti‐B cell sera on 102 cells allowed us to identifysseveral clusters of sera. They showed no correlation with HLA‐A, B or C specificities but many associations with the HLA‐D determinants. In 10 families, most of these sera segregated with HLA, and five recombinants showed a linkage with the BD or D end part of the MHC. The panel distribution and the family analysis indicated that at least one (the Ly‐Li system) and probably two segregant series could exist close to the HLA‐D locus.
The Detection of Ia Antibodies in Polyspecific H‐2 Alloantisera Absorbed with Erythrocytes
Authors: Staines Norman A. , Ashton L. Jean , Cuthbertson Joy L. , Allen D. , Davies L.
Published: July 2010

H‐2 alloantisera contain Ia antibodies whose detection is obscured by the presence of serodominant K, D specificities. A method is described whereby Ia antisera can be prepared by absorbing conventional H‐2 sera with donor‐strain erythrocytes. The analysis of such absorbed antisera has led to the identification of the new specificity Ia. 16, and the redefinition of the specificities H‐2.34 and H‐2.46 as complex Ia specificities which map in the I‐A region of the H‐2 complex. A number of other so‐called H‐2 specificities also appear to have Ia‐like properties.
Second Locus HL–A Antigens and 4a or 4b
Authors: Bright Susan
Published: July 2010

A panel of over 100 individuals was tested against several 4a and 4b antisera. A 4a/4b type was assigned to each individual on the basis of overall reactions with each group of sera. It was felt that because 4a and 4b antisera rarely give identical reaction patterns the use of several sera in each group gave a better definition of the specificities.

The relationship between each second locus HL‐A specificity and 4a or 4b was assessed. Most of the “narrower” antigens showed complete inclusion within one group but there were some anomalies. Associations of these specificities were analysed further by absorption experiments.

4a and 4b antisera were able to define differences in some second locus specificities which were not picked up by the narrower antisera. It seems likely that 4a and 4b represent a separate public site on the HL‐A gene product which is multifactorial. For a full description of the antigens all factors should be stated as there is not an invariant association between components.
Use of High Dose X‐Irradiation to Block Back Stimulation in the MLC Reaction
Authors: Sasazuki T. , McMichael A. , Radvany R. , Payne R. , McDevitt H.
Published: July 2010

Paradoxical stimulation, “back stimulation” was observed in MLR (mixed lymphocyte culture reaction) in both family and population studies. This is one of the major problems in obtaining clear cut‐off points for stin ulation and non‐stimulation in MLR using LD (lymphocyte defined) homozygous typing cells. The ability to provoke back stimulation was found to be different among LD homozygous typing cells. The presence of nonspecific blastogenic factors in supernatant from mixed culture of LD homozygous cells and heterozygous cells, which might be responsible for back stimulation, was confirmed. It was clearly shown that irradiation of LD homozygous typing cells with 6,000 rads instead of the widely used 3,000 rads can greatly reduce or eliminate this back stimulation without introducing any false non‐stimulation.
HL‐A Frequencies in Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Bergman Lars , Lindblom J. Bertil , Säfwenberg Jan , Krause Urban
Published: July 2010

Sixty‐two patients with Crohn's disease and 51 with ulcerative colitis were HL‐A typed. Phenotype frequencies were calculated and compared with those of a control group of 335 individuals. A higher frequency of HL‐A17 was found among the Crohn's disease patients but this was not significant. However, HL‐A17 has been included in two studies on Crohn's disease and the combined relative risk is 3.24 which significantly deviates from 1 unity.

No statistically significant differences in the HL‐A antigen distribution were found among the patients with ulcerative colitis.