bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trends in polar ozone loss since 1989: potential sign of recovery in the Arctic ozone column
Authors: Pazmiño Andrea , Goutail Florence , Godin-Beekmann Sophie , Hauchecorne Alain , Pommereau Jean-Pierre , Chipperfield Martyn P. , Feng Wuhu , Lefèvre Franck , Lecouffe Audrey , Van Roozendael Michel , Jepsen Nis , Hansen Georg , Kivi Rigel , Strong Kimberly , Walker Kaley A.
Published: December 2023

Abstract. Ozone depletion over the polar regions is monitored each year by satellite- and ground-based instruments. In this study, the vortex-averaged ozone loss over the last 3 decades is evaluated for both polar regions using the passive ozone tracer of the chemical transport model TOMCAT/SLIMCAT and total ozone observations from Système d'Analyse par Observation Zénithale (SAOZ) ground-based instruments and Multi-Sensor Reanalysis (MSR2). The passive-tracer method allows us to determine the evolution of the daily rate of column ozone destruction and the magnitude of the cumulative column loss at the end of the winter. Three metrics are used in trend analyses that aim to assess the ozone recovery rate over both polar regions: (1) the maximum ozone loss at the end of the winter, (2) the onset day of ozone loss at a specific threshold, and (3) the ozone loss residuals computed from the differences between annual ozone loss and ozone loss values regressed with respect to sunlit volume of polar stratospheric clouds (VPSCs). This latter metric is based on linear and parabolic regressions for ozone loss in the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere, respectively. In the Antarctic, metrics 1 and 3 yield trends of −2.3 % and −2.2 % per decade for the 2000–2021 period, significant at 1 and 2 standard deviations (σ), respectively. For metric 2, various thresholds were considered at the total ozone loss values of 20 %, 25 %, 30 %, 35 %, and 40 %, all of them showing a time delay as a function of year in terms of when the threshold is reached. The trends are significant at the 2σ level and vary from 3.5 to 4.2 d per decade between the various thresholds. In the Arctic, metric 1 exhibits large interannual variability, and no significant trend is detected; this result is highly influenced by the record ozone losses in 2011 and 2020. Metric 2 is not applied in the Northern Hemisphere due to the difficulty in finding a threshold value in enough of the winters. Metric 3 provides a negative trend in Arctic ozone loss residuals with respect to the sunlit VPSC fit of −2.00 ± 0.97 (1σ) % per decade, with limited significance at the 2σ level. With such a metric, a potential quantitative detection of ozone recovery in the Arctic springtime lower stratosphere can be made.
Examining the vertical heterogeneity of aerosols over the Southern Great Plains
Authors: Wang Yang , Bagya Ramesh Chanakya , Giangrande Scott E. , Fast Jerome , Gong Xianda , Zhang Jiaoshi , Tolga Odabasi Ahmet , Oliveira Marcus Vinicius Batista , Matthews Alyssa , Mei Fan , Shilling John E. , Tomlinson Jason , Wang Die , Wang Jian
Published: December 2023

Abstract. Atmospheric aerosols affect the global energy budget by scattering and absorbing sunlight (direct effects) and by changing the microphysical structure, lifetime, and coverage of clouds (indirect effects). Both aerosol direct and indirect effects are affected by the vertical distribution of aerosols in the atmosphere, which is further influenced by a range of processes, such as aerosol dynamics, long-range transport, and entrainment. However, many observations of these processes are based on ground measurements, limiting our ability to understand the vertical distribution of aerosols and simulate their impact on clouds and climate. In this work, we examined the vertical heterogeneity of aerosols over the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) using data collected from the Holistic Interactions of Shallow Clouds, Aerosols and Land Ecosystems (HI-SCALE) campaign. The vertical profiles of meteorological and aerosol physiochemical properties up to 2500 m above are examined based on the 38 flights conducted during the HI-SCALE campaign. The aerosol properties over the SGP show strong vertical heterogeneity and seasonal variabilities. The aerosol concentrations at the surface are the highest due to strong emissions at ground level. In general, the mode diameter of aerosols during summer (∼ 100 nm) is larger than that during spring (∼ 30 nm), a result of enhanced condensational growth due to enriched volatile organic compounds in summer. The concentration of aerosols below 30 nm in the boundary layer (BL) (e.g., below 1000 m) during spring is higher than that during summer, a result of the stronger new particle formation (NPF) events due to the reduced condensation sink in spring. In the BL, the size of the aerosols gradually increases with altitude due to condensational growth and cloud processing. However, the chemical composition of the aerosols remained similar, with organics and sulfates representing 59.8 ± 2.2 % and 22.7 ± 2.1 %, respectively, of the total mass in the BL. Through the vertical profiles of aerosol properties, we observed NPF events in the upper BL during 7 out of 38 research flights, where the newly formed particles continue to grow as they are mixed down to the surface. There is also an indication that deep convection brings aerosols from the free troposphere (FT) to the surface, where they grow to contribute to the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Overall, the vertical heterogeneity of aerosols over the SGP is influenced by aerosol dynamics (new particle formation, growth, and cloud processing) and transport processes (mixing in the BL, long-range transport, entrainment, and convective downward transport). Case studies showing the influence of these factors are discussed.
An open-path observatory for greenhouse gases based on near-infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy
Authors: Schmitt Tobias D. , Kuhn Jonas , Kleinschek Ralph , Löw Benedikt A. , Schmitt Stefan , Cranton William , Schmidt Martina , Vardag Sanam N. , Hase Frank , Griffith David W. T. , Butz André
Published: December 2023

Abstract. Monitoring the atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases (GHG) carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) is a key ingredient for fostering our understanding of the mechanisms behind the sources and sinks of these gases and for verifying and quantitatively attributing their anthropogenic emissions. Here, we present the instrumental setup and performance evaluation of an open-path GHG observatory in the city of Heidelberg, Germany. The observatory measures path-averaged concentrations of CO2 and CH4 along a 1.55 km path in the urban boundary layer above the city. We combine these open-path data with local in situ measurements to evaluate the representativeness of these observation types on the kilometer scale. This representativeness is necessary to accurately quantify emissions, since atmospheric models tasked with this job typically operate on kilometer-scale horizontal grids. For the operational period between 8 February and 11 July 2023, we find a precision of 2.7 ppm (0.58 %) and 18 ppb (0.89 %) for the dry-air mole fractions of CO2 (xCO2) and CH4 (xCH4) in 5 min measurements, respectively. After bias correction, the open-path measurements show excellent agreement with the local in situ data under atmospheric background conditions. Both datasets show clear signals of traffic CO2 emissions in the diurnal xCO2 cycle. However, there are particular situations, such as under southeasterly wind conditions, in which the in situ and open-path data reveal distinct differences up to 20 ppm in xCO2, most likely related to their different sensitivity to local emission and transport patterns. Our setup is based on a Bruker IFS 125HR Fourier transform spectrometer, which offers a spacious and modular design providing ample opportunities for future refinements of the technique with respect to finer spectral resolution and wider spectral coverage to provide information on gases such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide.
Thermophilisation of Afromontane forest stands demonstrated in an elevation gradient experiment
Authors: Ntirugulirwa Bonaventure , Zibera Etienne , Epaphrodite Nkuba , Manishimwe Aloysie , Nsabimana Donat , Uddling Johan , Wallin Göran
Published: December 2023

Abstract. The response of tropical trees and tree communities to climate change is crucial for the carbon storage and biodiversity of the terrestrial biosphere. Trees in tropical montane rain forests (TMFs) are considered particularly vulnerable to climate change, but this hypothesis remains poorly evaluated due to data scarcity. To reduce the knowledge gap in the response of TMF trees to warming, we established a field experiment along a 1300–2400 m elevation gradient as a proxy for warming in Rwanda. Seedling-size trees of 20 species native to montane forests in eastern and central Africa were planted in multi-species plots at three sites along the gradient. They have overlapping distributions but primarily occur in either transitional rain forests (∼ 1600–2000 ma.s.l.) or mid-elevation TMFs (∼ 2000–3000 ma.s.l.), with both early- (ES) and late-successional (LS) species represented in each elevation origin group. Tree growth (diameter and height) and survival were monitored regularly over 2 years. We found that ES species, especially from lower elevations, grew faster at warmer sites, while several of the LS species, especially from higher elevations, did not respond or grew slower. Moreover, a warmer climate increased tree mortality in LS species, but not much in ES species. ES species with transitional rain forest origin strongly increased proportional to stand basal area at warmer sites, while TMF species declined, suggesting that lower-elevation ES species will have an advantage over higher-elevation species in a warming climate. The risk of higher-elevation and LS species of becoming outcompeted by lower-elevation and ES species due to a thermophilisation response in a warmer climate has important implications for biodiversity and carbon storage of Afromontane forests.
Warming drove the expansion of marine anoxia in the equatorial Atlantic during the Cenomanian leading up to Oceanic Anoxic Event 2
Authors: Abraham Mohd Al Farid , Naafs Bernhard David A. , Lauretano Vittoria , Sgouridis Fotis , Pancost Richard D.
Published: December 2023

Abstract. Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 (OAE 2) (∼ 93.5 Ma) is characterized by widespread marine anoxia and elevated burial rates of organic matter. However, the factors that led to this widespread marine deoxygenation and the possible link with climatic change remain debated. Here, we report long-term biomarker records of water-column anoxia, water-column and photic zone euxinia (PZE), and sea surface temperature (SST) from Demerara Rise in the equatorial Atlantic that span 3.8 Myr of the late Cenomanian to Turonian, including OAE 2. We find that total organic carbon (TOC) content is high but variable (0.41 wt %–17 wt %) across the Cenomanian and increases with time. This long-term TOC increase coincides with a TEX86-derived SST increase from ∼ 35 to 40 ∘C as well as the episodic occurrence of 28,30-dinorhopane (DNH) and lycopane, indicating warming and expansion of the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) predating OAE 2. Water-column euxinia persisted through much of the late Cenomanian, as indicated by the presence of C35 hopanoid thiophene but only reached the photic zone during OAE 2, as indicated by the presence of isorenieratane. Using these biomarker records, we suggest that water-column anoxia and euxinia in the equatorial Atlantic preceded OAE 2 and this deoxygenation was driven by global warming.
The YOPP site Model Intercomparison Project (YOPPsiteMIP) phase 1: project overview and Arctic winter forecast evaluation
Authors: Day Jonathan , Svensson Gunilla , Casati Barbara , Uttal Taniel , Khalsa Siri-Jodha , Bazile Eric , Akish Elena , Azouz Niramson , Ferrighi Lara , Frank Helmut , Gallagher Michael , Godøy Øystein , Hartten Leslie , Huang Laura X. , Holt Jareth , Di Stefano Massimo , Suomi Irene , Mariani Zen , Morris Sara , O'Connor Ewan , Pirazzini Roberta , Remes Teresa , Fadeev Rostislav , Solomon Amy , Tjernström Johanna , Tolstykh Mikhail
Published: December 2023

Abstract. Although the quality of weather forecasts in the polar regions is improving, forecast skill there still lags the lower latitudes. So far there have been relatively few efforts to evaluate processes in Numerical Weather Prediction systems using in-situ and remote sensing datasets from meteorological observatories in the terrestrial Arctic and Antarctic, compared to the mid-latitudes. Progress has been limited both by the heterogeneous nature of observatory and forecast data but also by limited availability of the parameters needed to perform process-oriented evaluation in multi-model forecast archives. The YOPP site Model Inter-comparison Project (YOPPsiteMIP) is addressing this gap by producing Merged Observatory Data Files (MODFs) and Merged Model Data Files (MMDFs), bringing together observations and forecast data at polar meteorological observatories in a format designed to facilitate process-oriented evaluation. An evaluation of forecast performance was performed at seven Arctic sites, focussing on the first YOPP Special Observing Period in the Northern Hemisphere (SOP1), February and March 2018. It demonstrated that although the characteristics of forecast skill vary between the different sites and systems, an underestimation in boundary layer temperature variance across models, which goes hand in hand with an inability to capture cold extremes, is a common issue at several sites. Diagnostic analysis using surface fluxes suggests that this is at least partly related to insufficient thermal representation of the land-surface in the models, which all use a single layer snow model.
Role of the forcing sources in morphodynamic modelling of an embayed beach
Authors: Carrion-Bertran Nil , Falqués Albert , Ribas Francesca , Calvete Daniel , de Swart Rinse , Durán Ruth , Marco-Peretó Candela , Marcos Marta , Amores Angel , Toomey Tim , Fernández-Mora Àngels , Guillén Jorge
Published: December 2023

Abstract. The sensitivity of a 2DH coastal area (XBeach) and a reduced-complexity (Q2Dmorfo) morphodynamic models to using different forcing sources is studied. The models are tested by simulating the morphodynamic response of an embayed beach in the NW Mediterranean over a 6-month period. Wave and sea level forcing from in-situ data, propagated buoy measurements, hindcasts as well as combinations of these different data sources are used and the outputs are compared to in-situ bathymetric measurements. Results show that when the two models are calibrated with in-situ measurements, they accurately reproduce the morphodynamic evolution with a "Good" BSS (Brier Skill Score). The wave data propagated from the buoy also produces reliable morphodynamic simulations but with a slight decrease in BSS. Conversely, when the models are forced with hindcast wave data the mismatch between the modelled and observed beach evolution increases. This is attributed to a large extent to biased mean directions in hindcast waves. Interestingly, in this small tide site the accuracy of the simulations did not depend on the sea-level data source, and using filtered or non-filtered tides also yielded similar results. These results have implications for long-term morphodynamic studies, like those needed to validate models for climate change projections, emphasizing the need of using accurate forcing sources such as those obtained by propagating buoy data.
Significant impact of urban-tree biogenic emissions on air quality estimated by a bottom-up inventory and chemistry-transport modeling
Authors: Maison Alice , Lugon Lya , Park Soo-Jin , Baudic Alexia , Cantrell Christopher , Couvidat Florian , D'Anna Barbara , Di Biagio Claudia , Gratien Aline , Gros Valérie , Kalalian Carmen , Kammer Julien , Michoud Vincent , Petit Jean-Eudes , Shahin Marwa , Simon Leila , Valari Myrto , Vigneron Jérémy , Tuzet Andrée , Sartelet Karine
Published: December 2023

Abstract. Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (BVOCs) are emitted by vegetation and react with other compounds to form ozone and secondary organic matter (OM). In regional air-quality models, biogenic emissions are often calculated using a Plant Functional Type approach, which depends on the land-use category. However, over cities, the land-use is urban, so trees and their emissions are not represented. Here, we develop a bottom-up inventory of urban-tree biogenic emissions, in which the location of trees and their characteristics are derived from the tree database of the Paris city combined with allometric equations. Biogenic emissions are then computed for each tree based on their leaf dry biomass, tree-species dependent emission factors and activity factors representing the effects of light and temperature. Emissions are integrated in WRF-CHIMERE air-quality simulations performed over June–July 2022. Over Paris city, the urban tree emissions have a significant impact on OM, inducing an average increase of OM of about 5 %, reaching 14 % locally during the heatwaves. Ozone concentrations increase by 1.0 % on average, by 2.4 % during heatwaves with local increase of up to 6 %. The concentration increase remains spatially localized over Paris, extending to the Paris suburbs in the case of ozone during heatwaves. The inclusion of urban-tree emissions improves the estimation of OM concentrations compared to in situ measurements, but they are still underestimated as trees are still missing from the inventory. OM concentrations are sensitive to terpene emissions, highlighting the importance of favoring urban tree species with low terpene emissions.
Merging holography, fluorescence, and machine learning for in situ, continuous characterization and classification of airborne microplastics
Authors: Beres Nicholas D. , Burkart Julia , Graf Elias , Zeder Yanick , Dailey Lea Ann , Weinzierl Bernadett
Published: December 2023

Abstract. The continued increase in global plastic production and poor waste management ensures that plastic pollution is a serious environmental concern for years to come. Because of their size, shape, and relatively low density, plastic particles between 1–1000 μm in size (known as microplastics, or MPs) emitted directly into the environment (“primary”) or created due to degradation (“secondary”) may be transported through the atmosphere, similar to other coarse-mode particles, such as mineral dust. MPs can thus be advected over great distances, reaching even the most pristine and remote areas of the Earth, and may have significant negative consequences for humans and the environment. The detection and analysis of MPs once airborne, however, remains a challenge because most observational methods are offline and resource-intensive, and, therefore, are not capable of providing continuous quantitative information. In this study, we present results using an online, in situ airflow cytometer (SwisensPoleno Jupiter; Swisens AG; Emmen, Switzerland) – coupled with machine learning – to detect, analyze, and classify airborne, single-particle MPs in near real time. The performance of the instrument to differentiate single-particle MPs of five common polymer types (including polypropylene, polyethylene, polyamide, poly(methyl methacrylate), and polyethylene terephthalate) was investigated under laboratory conditions using combined information about their size and shape (determined using holographic imaging) and fluorescence measured using three excitation wavelengths and five emission detection windows. The classification capability using these methods was determined alongside other coarse-mode aerosol particles with similar morphology or fluorescence characteristics, such as a mineral dust and several pollen taxa. The tested MPs exhibit a measurable fluorescence signal that not only allows them to be distinguished from the other fluorescent particles, such as pollen, but can also be differentiated from each other, with high (> 90 %) classification accuracy based on their multispectral fluorescence signatures. The classification accuracies of machine learning models using only holographic images of particles, only the fluorescence response, and combined information from holography and fluorescence to predict particle type are presented and compared. The results provide a foundation towards significantly improving the understanding of the properties and types of MPs present in the atmosphere.
Identifying decadal trends in deweathered concentrations of criteria air pollutants in Canadian urban atmospheres with machine learning approaches
Authors: Yao Xiaohong , Zhang Leiming
Published: December 2023

Abstract. This study investigates long-term trends of criteria air pollutants, including NO2, CO, SO2, O3 and PM2.5, and (NO2+O3) measured in ten Canadian cities during the last two to three decades and associated driving forces in terms of emission reductions, perturbations from varying weather conditions and large-scale wildfires, and changes in O3 sources and sinks. Two machine-learning methods, including random forest algorithm and boosted regression trees, were used to extract deweathered mixing ratios (or mass concentrations) of the pollutants. The Mann-Kendall analysis of the deweathered and original annual average concentrations of the pollutants showed that, on the time scale of 20 years or longer, the perturbation from varying weather conditions exerted a very minor influence on the decadal trends of original annual averages (within ±2 %) in ~70 % of the cases, and a moderate influence up to 16 % of the original trends in the other 30 % cases. NO2, CO and SO2 showed decreasing trends in the last two to three decades in all the cities except CO in Montreal. O3 showed increasing trends in all the cities, except Halifax, mainly due to weakened titration reaction between O3 and NO. (NO2+O3), however, showed decreasing trends in all the cities, except Victoria, because the increase in O3 is much less than the decrease in NO2. In three of the five eastern Canadian cities, emission reductions dominated the decreasing trends in PM2.5, but no significant trends in PM2.5 were observed in the other two cites. In five western Canadian cities, increasing or no significant trends in PM2.5 were observed, likely due to unpredictable large-scale wildfires overwhelming or balancing the impacts of emission reductions on PM2.5. In addition, despite improving air quality during the last two decades in most cities, air quality health index of above 10 (representing very high-risk condition) still occasionally occurred after 2010 in western Canadian cities because of the increased large-scale wildfires.
Transpiration rates from mature Eucalyptus grandis  ×  E. nitens clonal hybrid and Pinus elliottii plantations near the Two Streams Research Catchment, South Africa
Authors: Kaptein Nkosinathi David , Everson Colin S. , Clulow Alistair David , Toucher Michele Lynn , Germishuizen Ilaria
Published: December 2023

Abstract. Pine plantations are the dominant species currently planted within the South African commercial forestry industry. Improvements in bio-economy markets for dissolving wood pulp products have seen an expansion in fast-growing Eucalyptus plantations due to their higher productivity rates and better pulping properties than pine. This has raised concerns regarding the expansion of Eucalyptus plantations and how they will affect water resources as they have been reported to have higher water use (quantified using transpiration rates) than pine. We measured transpiration rates (mm yr−1), diameter at breast height (quantified as quadratic mean diameter, Dq, m) and leaf area index of an 8-year-old Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus nitens clonal hybrid (GN) and a 20-year-old Pinus elliottii. Transpiration rates were measured for two consecutive hydrological years (2019/20 and 2020/21) using a heat ratio sap-flow method, calibrated against a lysimeter. In the 2019/20 year, annual transpiration for P. elliottii exceeded GN by 28 %, while for the 2020/21 hydrological year, there was no significant difference between the transpiration of the two species, despite a 17 % and 21 % greater leaf area index for P. elliottii than GN in 2019/20 and 2020/21 measurement years respectively. Quadratic mean diameter increments were statistically similar (p > 0.05) in 2019/20, whereas the 2020/21 year produced significant differences (p<0.05). Tree transpiration is known to be influenced by climatic variables; therefore, a random forest regression model was used to test the level of influence between tree transpiration and climatic parameters. The soil water content, solar radiation and vapour pressure deficit were found to highly influence transpiration, suggesting these variables can be used in future water-use modelling studies. The profile water content recharge was influenced by rainfall events. After rainfall and soil profile water recharge, there was a rapid depletion of soil water by the GN trees, while the soil profile was depleted more gradually at the P. elliottii site. As a result, trees at the GN site appeared to be water stressed (reduced stem diameters and transpiration), suggesting that there was limited access to alternative water source (such as groundwater). The study concluded that previous long-term paired catchment studies indicate that eucalypts use more water than pine; however, periods of soil water stress and reduced transpiration observed in this study must be accommodated in hydrological models. Long-term total soil water balance studies are recommended in the same region to understand the long-term impact of commercial plantations on water resources.
Comparing quantile regression forest and mixture density long short-term memory models for probabilistic post-processing of satellite precipitation-driven streamflow simulations
Authors: Zhang Yuhang , Ye Aizhong , Analui Bita , Nguyen Phu , Sorooshian Soroosh , Hsu Kuolin , Wang Yuxuan
Published: December 2023

Abstract. Deep learning (DL) and machine learning (ML) are widely used in hydrological modelling, which plays a critical role in improving the accuracy of hydrological predictions. However, the trade-off between model performance and computational cost has always been a challenge for hydrologists when selecting a suitable model, particularly for probabilistic post-processing with large ensemble members. This study aims to systematically compare the quantile regression forest (QRF) model and countable mixtures of asymmetric Laplacians long short-term memory (CMAL-LSTM) model as hydrological probabilistic post-processors. Specifically, we evaluate their ability in dealing with biased streamflow simulations driven by three satellite precipitation products across 522 nested sub-basins of the Yalong River basin in China. Model performance is comprehensively assessed using a series of scoring metrics from both probabilistic and deterministic perspectives. Our results show that the QRF model and the CMAL-LSTM model are comparable in terms of probabilistic prediction, and their performances are closely related to the flow accumulation area (FAA) of the sub-basin. The QRF model outperforms the CMAL-LSTM model in most sub-basins with smaller FAA, while the CMAL-LSTM model has an undebatable advantage in sub-basins with FAA larger than 60 000 km2 in the Yalong River basin. In terms of deterministic predictions, the CMAL-LSTM model is preferred, especially when the raw streamflow is poorly simulated and used as input. However, setting aside the differences in model performance, the QRF model with 100-member quantiles demonstrates a noteworthy advantage by exhibiting a 50 % reduction in computation time compared to the CMAL-LSTM model with the same ensemble members in all experiments. As a result, this study provides insights into model selection in hydrological post-processing and the trade-offs between model performance and computational efficiency. The findings highlight the importance of considering the specific application scenario, such as the catchment size and the required accuracy level, when selecting a suitable model for hydrological post-processing.
Global dryland aridity changes indicated by atmospheric, hydrological, and vegetation observations at meteorological stations
Authors: Shi Haiyang , Luo Geping , Hellwich Olaf , He Xiufeng , Kurban Alishir , De Maeyer Philippe , Van de Voorde Tim
Published: December 2023

Abstract. In the context of global warming, an increase in atmospheric aridity and global dryland expansion under the future climate has been expected in previous studies. However, this conflicts with observed greening over drylands and the insignificant increase in hydrological and ecological aridity from the ecohydrology perspective. Combining climatic, hydrological, and vegetation data, this study evaluated global dryland aridity changes at meteorological stations from 2003 to 2019. A decoupling between atmospheric, hydrological, and vegetation aridity was found. Atmospheric aridity represented by the vapor pressure deficit (VPD) increased, hydrological aridity indicated by machine-learning-based precipitation minus evapotranspiration (P − ET) data did not change significantly, and ecological aridity represented by the leaf area index (LAI) decreased. P − ET showed nonsignificant changes in most of the dominant combinations of the VPD, LAI, and P − ET. This study highlights the added value of using station-scale data to assess dryland change as a complement to results based on coarse-resolution reanalysis data and land surface models.
Type synthesis of non-overconstrained and overconstrained two rotation and three translation (2R3T) parallel mechanisms with three branched chains
Authors: Rong Yu , Zhang Xingchao , Dou Tianci , Wang Hongbo
Published: December 2023

Abstract. In this paper, a new synthesis method of 2R3T (R denotes rotation and T denotes translation) overconstrained and non-overconstrained parallel mechanisms (PMs) with three branched chains based on the displacement sub-manifold method is presented. Firstly, the displacement sub-manifolds of mechanisms were determined based on 2R3T motions. Subsequently, the displacement sub-manifolds of the branched chains were derived using the displacement sub-manifold theory, and their corresponding motion diagrams were provided. Additionally, a comprehensive analysis of non-overconstrained 2R3T PMs with a single-constraint branched chain was conducted, and the type synthesis of overconstrained 2R3T PMs with two or three identical constraints was also performed, accompanied by the presentation of partial mechanism diagrams. Finally, the number of DOF (degrees of freedom) of the mechanism was calculated using the modified Kutzbach–Grübler equation for a new PMs,and the screw theory was used to verify the kinematic characteristics, proving this new method's correctness.
Observations of strong turbulence and mixing impacting water exchange between two basins in the Baltic Sea
Authors: Muchowski Julia , Jakobsson Martin , Umlauf Lars , Arneborg Lars , Gustafsson Bo , Holtermann Peter , Humborg Christoph , Stranne Christian
Published: December 2023

Abstract. Turbulent diapycnal mixing is important for the estuarine circulation between basins of the Baltic Sea as well as for its local ecosystems, in particular with regard to eutrophication and anoxic conditions. While the interior of the basins is overall relatively calm, stratified flow over steep bathymetric features is known as a source of strong turbulent mixing. Yet, current in situ observations often cannot capture the spatio-temporal development of dynamic and intermittent turbulent mixing related to overflows over rough bathymetry. We present observational oceanographic data together with openly accessible high-resolution bathymetry from a prototypical sill and an adjacent deep channel in the sparsely sampled Southern Quark located in the Åland Sea, connecting the northern Baltic Proper with the Bothnian Sea. Our data were acquired during two 1-week cruises on R/V Electra in February–March 2019 and 2020. We collected high-resolution broadband acoustic observations of turbulent mixing together with in situ microstructure profiler measurements, and current velocities from acoustic Doppler current profilers. We found that a temporally reversing non-tidal stratified flow over the steep bathymetric sill created a dynamic and extremely energetic environment. The observed flow reversed during both cruises on timescales of a few days. Saltier, warmer, and less oxygenated deep water south of the sill was partly blocked, the reversing flow was at times hydraulically controlled with hydraulic jumps occurring on both sides of the sill, and high spatial variability occurred in the surface layer on small scales. Dissipation rates of turbulent kinetic energy, vertical turbulent diffusivities, and vertical salt flux rates were increased by 3–4 orders of magnitude in the entire water column in the vicinity of the sill compared to reference stations not directly influenced by the overflow with average dissipation rates near the sill between 10−7 and 10−6 W kg−1, average vertical diffusivities of 0.001 m2 s−1 in the halocline and up to 0.1 m2 s−1 below the halocline, and average vertical salt flux rates around 0.01 g m−2 s−1 in the halocline and between 0.1 and 1 g m−2 s−1 below the halocline. We suggest, based on acoustic observations and in situ measurements, that the underlying mechanism for the highly increased mixing across the halocline is a combination of shear and topographic lee waves breaking at the halocline interface. We anticipate that the resulting deep- and surface-water modification in the Southern Quark directly impacts exchange processes between the Bothnian Sea and the northern Baltic Proper and that the observed mixing is likely important for oxygen and nutrient conditions in the Bothnian Sea.
Earth's core variability from magnetic and gravity field observations
Authors: Saraswati Anita Thea , de Viron Olivier , Mandea Mioara
Published: December 2023

Abstract. The motions of the liquid within the Earth's outer core lead to magnetic field variations together with mass distribution changes. As the core is not accessible for direct observation, our knowledge of the Earth’s liquid core dynamics only relies on indirect information sources. Mainly generated by the core dynamics, the surface geomagnetic field provides information about the variations of the fluid motion at the top of the core. The dynamic of the fluid core is also associated with mass distribution changes inside the core and produces gravitational field time fluctuations. By applying several statistical blind source separation methods to both the gravity and magnetic field time series, we investigate the common space–time variabilities. We report several robust interannual oscillations shared by the two observation sets. Among those, a common mode of around 7 years looks very significant. Whereas the nature of the driving mechanism of the coupled variability remains unclear, the spatial and temporal properties of the common signal are compatible with a core origin.
A Corpus-Based Socio-Onomastic Analysis On Turkish And American Horror Film Naming
Authors: Bozkurt Ferdi , Mohammadi Mandana Kolahdouz
Published: December 2023

Both fear and horror have been extensively explored as universal unpleasant emotions with significant effects on psychological well-being. It is believed that horror is the feeling aroused when watching a horror film, and a sense of suspense and resolution is behind it. The present study explores how cultural, social, interactive, and cognitive contexts influence Turkish and American horror film naming. The present study aims to analyze Turkish and American horror film titles based on a socio-onomastic approach. So, 223 Turkish (1949-2021) and 2840 American (1898-2023) horror movie titles were investigated. The hypothesis was that Turkish horror film naming uses religious elements due to religious background. But according to the present study's findings, religious elements are also available in USA horror film naming. Yet, while making and naming their films, American horror film producers pay more attention to cultural events than Turkish filmmakers. On the other hand, the keywords used in naming Turkish and American horror films, regardless of their languages, were the same.
phénoménologie de la souffrance enseignante
Authors: Fanizzi Caroline
Published: December 2023

Cet article présente une réflexion à propos de la souffrance des professeurs des écoles au Brésil. L’examen de ce phénomène a été réalisé à partir de la définition que Paul Ricœur propose de la « souffrance », à l’occasion de sa conférence « La souffrance n’est pas la douleur ». Dans le pays étudié, la souffrance est souvent liée à la précarité de l’exercice du métier d’enseignant : les classes en sureffectifs, les bas salaires, le cumul des postes, les ressources matérielles dégradées et insuffisantes. Nous visons, cependant, à examiner les phénomènes de la souffrance à partir de la condition désignée dans nos recherches comme « précarité symbolique du métier d’enseignant ». De cette condition découle un changement dans la possibilité pour l’enseignant d’exercer ses capacités en tant qu’agent humain, ainsi que dans sa relation avec les autres. C’est donc à partir de ces deux axes que nous proposons une phénoménologie de la souffrance enseignante.
Introduction – Ricœur et l’éducation
Authors: Brennan Eileen
Published: December 2023

Introduction au numéro spécial « Ricœur et l’éducation »
Praktik Jual Beli Emas Anggota Majelis Ta'lim Al-Hijrah Gunung Binjai Balikpapan
Authors: Masykur Marhamah , Safrina Adara Elthani , Rukmana Rukmana
Published: December 2023

Islam groups gold and silver as usury objects. Consequently, the exchange (buying and selling) of such objects must pay attention to the provisions that have been outlined by Shari'a so as not to fall into the practice of usury. Therefore, there are special rules in the gold and silver business. The purpose of this study is to find out the practice of buying and selling gold for members of Majelis Ta'lim Al-Hijrah of Gunung Binjai, and also to find out how the practice is from the perspective of Islamic law.

This type of research is a field research that uses a descriptive qualitative analysis pattern through a phenomenological approach. The researcher chose to use this approach because through this approach the researcher tried to bring out reality naturally through provocation questions, then the research subject was left to describe all kinds of dimensions of his experience based on the phenomena that occurred.

                  The results of this study are that there are two methods used by members of MT al-Hijrah to trade the gold. First, the cash method (cash) at the gold shop. Second, the arisan method. The two methods used are in accordance with the Shari'ah, because they meet the legal requirements of the gold trade contract. There are two purposes of the gold transaction, namely as savings (investment) and used for jewelry.
Implementasi Pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam Dalam Penguatan Karakter Religius Dan Sikap Peduli Sosial Siswa
Authors: Nurhasanah Dede
Published: December 2023

Tujuan penelitian ini ada tiga: (1) memahami bagaimana evaluasi pembelajaran PAI berkontribusi terhadap pembentukan karakter religius dan kepedulian terhadap sesama siswa SMK Plus Al-Farhan; (2) mempelajari bagaimana implementasi pendidikan Islam mempengaruhi pembentukan karakter religius siswa dan kepedulian terhadap kesejahteraan orang lain; dan (3) mengetahui bagaimana evaluasi pembelajaran PAI berkontribusi terhadap pembentukan karakter religius dan kepedulian terhadap pembentukan karakter religius di kalangan siswa SMK Plus Al-Farhan. Metode kualitatif berdasarkan analisis deskriptif digunakan di sini. Wawancara mendalam, catatan lapangan, dan catatan lain digunakan untuk menyusun informasi ini. Teori reduksi data, tampilan data, dan verifikasi data yang dikembangkan oleh Miles dan Huberman digunakan dalam proses ini. Untuk memastikan keandalan data, triangulasi digunakan. Untuk menanamkan karakter religius yang kuat pada siswa SMK Plus Al-Farhan dan kepedulian terhadap kesejahteraan orang lain, temuan menunjukkan bahwa (1) perencanaan pembelajaran PAI dilaksanakan melalui penyusunan silabus, sosialisasi silabus, dan penyusunan RPP. (2) Di SMK Plus Al-Farhan, siswa terlibat dalam PAI baik di dalam maupun di luar kelas untuk menumbuhkan pertumbuhan pribadi dan perkembangan spiritual, serta rasa tanggung jawab terhadap masyarakat luas. (3) Di SMK Plus Al-Farhan, karakter religius dan sikap peduli sosial siswa ditunjang melalui evaluasi pembelajaran PAI melalui penilaian autentik, penilaian kriteria acuan, dan evaluasi hasil akhir pembelajaran. Tesis ini menunjukkan bahwa pemanfaatan PAI untuk membentengi moral dan kepedulian terhadap sesama merupakan proses yang membentuk, mengubah, dan menumbuhkembangkan potensi peserta didik di seluruh Indonesia untuk memastikan bahwa mereka mempertahankan standar keunggulan yang tinggi dalam pemikiran, hati, dan tindakan mereka sepanjang hidup mereka.
Women’s Domestic Role Based on Islamic Teachings (Classical Fiqih) and Local Culture
Authors: Saiddaeni Saiddaeni
Published: December 2023

Islam and Feminism, both are perceived as incompatible. However, this view is sadly only generated by the Western when they see Islam in the Middle Eastern. It even misleads when the Western has been only looking for particular countries which practice conservative and textual Islam. In reality, Islam put women in a respectful position, and though Islam has different points of view from some points in feminism, it does not mean they are against each other. Here in this paper, I tried to analyze a comparative study between how our Indonesian culture and how Islamic teachings perceive the role of women in their domestic reality.  Here we make structure our paper starting with an introduction, later we talk about classical Fiqih. The reason why we choose classical Fiqih is that we want to understand the root of Islamic teachings on the blatant reality so we can understand how Islam sees a woman in reality. Later, we will discuss a comparison between our culture in general and Islamic Teaching so we will have insight into which one is part of our culture and which one is purely Islamic teachings. From our findings, we found that our culture and Islamic teaching have relatively similar points of view on women’s role in domestic reality. However, the conservative approach is coming from misunderstanding and, people's attitudes to mixing Islamic teachings with their Khawarij culture which is not a real Islam yet because people from outside of the Islamic world do not understand, they tend to think it is a real Islam which is giving Islam a bad reputation.
A Content Analysis of Theses on Public Education Centres in Turkey
Authors: TOK Türkay Nuri
Published: December 2023

The aim of this study is to shed light on future academic studies on this subject by evaluating the postgraduate theses published on public education centres in terms of thematic, methodological and statistical analysis techniques. Qualitative research method was used in the study. Content analysis was used in this study in which the theses in the field of public education centres in the National Thesis Centre database of the Council of Higher Education were examined. In this study, theses were scanned from the National Thesis Centre database of the Council of Higher Education by specifying the keyword "public education centres" without specifying the year. As a result of the search, it is seen that a total of 43 postgraduate theses were conducted between 1983 and 2023. No sample selection was made in the study and the entire study population was reached. Therefore, 43 postgraduate theses constitute the study group of the research. The "Publication Classification Form" developed by the researchers was used to analyse the theses included in the study. This form was analysed under seven main headings to reveal the year of publication, type, subject, university, language of publication, method and study group of the theses. When the results of the research are analysed, it is seen that 43 theses were made in 40 years, theses consisted only of master's theses, and the most theses were made on education and training. Quantitative studies were mostly conducted in the researches. When the universities where the researches were conducted are examined, it is seen that most of the studies were conducted at Gazi University, more trainees were selected as the study group in the researches and their opinions were consulted. The fact that public education centres provide services for trainees may have caused the studies to focus on them. In addition, it is seen that there are also studies on master trainers, managers and teachers working in Public Education Centres. Taking opinions from different segments such as parents and citizens may contribute to the structuring of public education centres and the revision of course programmes. It is seen that the publication language of the theses is mostly Turkish. It is understood that only English is used as a different language and there are no theses written in other languages. Theses to be written in languages other than Turkish will cause interest in these studies at the international level and may lead to the emergence of proposals for joint studies from different countries. Key words: Public education centres, non-formal education, content analysis.
Eğitim Alanı Olarak Öğrenen Organizasyonlarda Sistematik Düşüncenin Değişim ve Gelişim Süreci
Authors: Polat Erkan
Published: December 2023

Today, many organizations are trying to become a learning organization in order for individual, team and organizational structures to create, nurture and share knowledge. These organizations that are trying to become a learning organization are also changing their structures. In the restructuring process, there is a question of creating a business organization in teams, creating smaller business units and profit centers that will enable decisions to be made to obtain, share information and improve customer service or product quality. In order to understand how the functioning of learning organizations is and especially how the results of their work change over time, learning organizations devote themselves to systematic thinking, that is, to learning about multiple factors, short- and long-term results, feedback loops and other systematic events. Learning organizations are environments where people are constantly expanding their capacities to create the results they want to achieve, where the formation of new thought patterns is encouraged, where working together encourages achieving results, and where people are constantly learning how to learn better together. By creating a common vision in learning organizations, learning is removed from individuality and disseminated to the entire organization. To create a learning organization, to develop relationships and gain strength in cooperation in order to benefit from different knowledge, skills and experiences. Employees who can manage themselves, are sociable, investigative, innovative, discover, produce, develop, use and share information are the basic element of organizations that learn. Employees obtain information from various sources inside and outside the organization. This information is needed for use in current and future missions and operations. Key Words: Field of Education, Learning Organization, Systematic Thinking