bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Fox. His Role and Significance in Slovenian and Central European Tradition
Authors: Kropej Monika
Published: April 2010

Raziskana je vloga lisice v ljudskem pripovedništvu, pesništvu in v likovni umetnosti (freske, reliefi, rezbarije, tapiserije, slike) na Slovenskem, pri čemer so pritegnjene vzporednice z evropskimi motivi in njihovimi sporočili. Ugotovljeno je, da se pri tem vsebina prenaša in preliva iz visoke umetnosti v ljudsko in nasprotno, kakor tudi iz upodabljajoče umetnosti v slovstvo in nasprotno. Poleg tega so ljudje prek lika lisice izražali kritiko socialnih in etičnih razmer, zato njeno mesto v slovstveni in likovni dediščini ostaja opazno do današnjih dni.
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Examined is the role of the fox in Slovenian folk narrative, poetry, and fine art (frescoes, reliefs, woodcuts, tapestries, and paintings) as well as parallels with motifs from other parts of Europe and their significance. It has been ascertained that these depictions of the fox have been intertwined with and transmitted from fine art to popular art and back, and from plastic art to literature, and vice versa. Since fox imagery was also used to express feelings or voice criticism over current social and ethical conditions its significance in literature and fine arts has been preserved to the present.
Tradition, Revitalization and Innovation in Contemporary Rituals in Slovakia
Authors: Jakubíková Kornélia
Published: April 2010

This paper looks at the process of change in rituals in eight western Slovakian villages after 1989 and examines how these changes have been perceived by informants. The following topics are discussed: how have traditional elements survived to this day; how is socio-economic differentiation of the community reflected in rituals; what are the reasons for and functions of revitalization; and which are the new elements introduced after 1989, and how are they perceived by the community?
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Predstavljeni so novejši procesi v spreminjanju ritualov na primeru raziskave v osmih podeželskih krajih na zahodnem Slovaškem po letu 1989, s posebnim poudarkom na tem, kako jih doživljajo ljudje sami. Obravnavana so naslednja vprašanja: kako so fenomeni tradicije preživeli v tem času, kako družbeno-ekonomska diferenciacija skupnosti odseva v ritualih, kateri so razlogi in funkcije revitalizacije, kakšne so inovacije po vsebini, zgledih in v doživljanju ljudi.
Slovenian Attempts at a Synthetic Presentation of Slovenian and Slavic Mythologies. A Critical Look at Zmago Šmitek’s Mitološko izročilo Slovencev (Slovenian Mythological Tradition)
Authors: Stanonik Marija
Published: April 2010

Članek povzema ključne postaje interesa za slovensko in slovensko mitologijo pri Slovencih, deloma tudi zglede, na katere so se opirali pisci od Linharta naprej. Omenjeni so Martin Ravnikar - Poženčan, Stanko Vraz, Davorin Trstenjak, Gregor Krek, Jakob Kelemina, Milko Matičetov, Alenka Goljevšček, Damjan J. Ovsec, V. V. Ivanov in V. N. Toporov, N. Mikhailov. Sledijo kritične misli o delu Z. Šmitka Mitološko izročilo Slovencev, objavljenem leta 2004.
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Analyzing the interest of Slovenian authors in Slavic and Slovenian mythology the article presents some works on this subject that were examined by Slovenian authors, starting with A. T. Linhart. Mentioned are the following researchers of this topic: Martin Ravnikar - Poženčan, Stanko Vraz, Davorin Trstenjak, Gregor Krek, Jakob Kelemina, Milko Matičetov, Alenka Goljevšček, Damjan J. Ovsec, V. V. Ivanov, V. N. Toporov, and N. Mikhailov. A critical review of Z. Šmitek’s publication titled Mitološko izročilo Slovencev (Slovenian Mythological Tradition) concludes the article.
Carnival. Boundaries and Transitions
Authors: Volarič Tina
Published: April 2010

Za organizacijo pustovanja v Drežnici v celoti skrbi vaška fantovščina. Njeni člani so tudi edini nosilci pustnih mask, pomembni po-ustvarjalci odnosov v vasi in predstavniki povezanosti vaške skupnosti. Kolikšno vlogo imajo v ustvarjanju in interpretaciji pustovanja druge skupine v vasi, ki so izključene iz središčno-tvornih procesov pustovanja? Prispevek pokaže, kako so izključene skupine z ločnicami strogo ločene od aktivnega fantovskega središča, a skupaj z njimi ustvarjajo območje srečevanj ali, enkrat v prihodnje, mogoče spremembe.
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Carnival organization in Drežnica is entirely in the hands of the village’s community of young men, who are also the only bearers of the Carnival costumes. They are important re-creators of the relationships in the village and they represent its togetherness. What part in creating and interpreting Carnival is played by other groups in the village that are excluded from the central processes of creating the Carnival celebration? This article shows how the excluded groups are strictly separated from the active center of young men through boundaries, but at the same time they also exist in a zone of confrontation, or even potential change someday.
Development of Choronyms in the Region of Zatolmin with High-Mountain Pastures
Authors: Čujec Stres Helena Ana , Stres Špela
Published: April 2010

Prvič so v celoti popisana ledinska imena v k. o. Zatolmin pri Tolminu in prenesena na orto foto načrt. Predstavljeni so spreminjanje, razumevanje in raba ledinskih imen na različnih katastrskih mapah. S pomočjo ljudskih pripovedi in ljudske etimologije je pojasnjen izvor nekaterih. Ker zaradi drugačnega načina življenja in spreminjanja vrednot ledinska imena izginjajo, je predstavljen poskus njihovega oživljanja in približevanja mlajši generaciji.
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For the first time a complete overview of choronyms in the region of village Zatolmin by Tolmin with high-mountain pastures is given. Data is inserted in a digital orto photo image. We demonstrate how choronyms have been changing, understood and used in different cadasters, explain the origin of some by using folklore tales and etimology. Due to life style and value changes choronymes are becoming less known and are dissapearing. We introduce an example of reviving their use and make them interesting for younger generations.
Evaluation of electric properties of cement mortars containing pozzolans
Authors: Cruz J. M. , Payá J. , Lalinde L. F. , Fita I. C.
Published: April 2010

In this paper the evolution of the microstructure of Portland cement mortar is analyzed, by using electrical impedance measurements. Cement mortars are compared without and with two pozzolanic substitutions: spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst (FCC) and metakaolin (MK). The measurement method is described and the model for analyzing the electrical impedance spectra is developed. Three electrical parameters are defined: electrical resistivity, capacitance exponent, and capacitive factor. The results show a significant increase in resistivity of the mortars with pozzolans after 7 days of curing, especially in mortars with MK. This increase is correlated with lime-fixing by the pozzolans. The capacitive properties evolve differently at early age, but reach the same values after 148 days. The electrical and mineralogical data show that the evolution of the microstructure in the mortar with MK starts before it does in the mortars with FCC and that the final microstructure becomes different.
Inflammation and Fibrosis duringChlamydia pneumoniaeInfection Is Regulated by IL-1 and the NLRP3/ASC Inflammasome
Authors: He Xianbao , Mekasha Samrawit , Mavrogiorgos Nikolaos , Fitzgerald Katherine A. , Lien Egil , Ingalls Robin R.
Published: April 2010

Chlamydia pneumoniae is a common respiratory pathogen associated with atypical pneumonia, and it has been suggested as a trigger or promoter of several chronic inflammatory conditions, such as asthma and atherosclerosis. The β form of IL-1 (IL-1β) is a proinflammatory cytokine released by many cell types and is an important mediator of inflammation during infection. IL-1β production is a tightly controlled process that includes regulation at multiple levels and typically requires two distinct signals for activation and release. In this study, we investigated the ability of C. pneumoniae to induce IL-1β secretion. We found that C. pneumoniae was unique among the other Chlamydia species tested in its ability to potently induce secretion of mature IL-1β from unprimed bone marrow-derived macrophages during a productive infection. TLR2 was required for induction of pro–IL-1β, whereas the NLRP3/ASC was required for caspase-1 activation and pro–IL-1β cleavage to produce mature IL-1β. Caspase-1 cleavage was independent of endogenous ATP release, but required potassium flux, lysosomal acidification, and cathepsin B release. We further investigated the role of IL-1 in host defense against C. pneumoniae-induced pneumonia using mice deficient in the type I IL-1R. Although the IL-1R−/− mice developed an inflammatory infiltrate, the number of infiltrating neutrophils was lower, whereas there was evidence of increased infiltrating fibroblasts and mesenchymal cells and more lung fibrosis. We conclude that C. pneumoniae directly activates the NLRP3/ASC inflammasome, leading to the release of biologically active IL-1β, and that concurrent IL-1 signaling is required for optimal host defense against acute bacterial pneumonia.
TGF-β Enhances Effector Th1 Cell Activation but Promotes Self-Regulation via IL-10
Authors: Huss David J. , Winger Ryan C. , Peng Haiyan , Yang Yuhong , Racke Michael K. , Lovett-Racke Amy E.
Published: April 2010

Myelin-specific effector Th1 cells are able to perpetuate CNS inflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model representative of multiple sclerosis. Although the effects of cytokines in the CNS microenvironment on naive CD4+ T cells have been well described, much less is known about their ability to influence Ag-experienced effector cells. TGF-β is a multifunctioning cytokine present in the healthy and inflamed CNS with well-characterized suppressive effects on naive T cell functions. However, the effects of TGF-β on effector Th1 cells are not well defined. Using myelin-specific TCR transgenic mice, we demonstrate that TGF-β elicits differential effects on naive versus effector Th1 cells. TGF-β enhances cellular activation, proliferation, and cytokine production of effector Th1 cells; however, adoptive transfer of these cells into naive mice showed a reduction in encephalitogenicity. We subsequently demonstrate that the reduced encephalitogenic capacity is due to the ability of TGF-β to promote the self-regulation of Th1 effector cells via IL-10 production. These data demonstrate a mechanism by which TGF-β is able to suppress the encephalitogenicity of myelin-specific Th1 effector cells that is unique from its suppression of naive T cells.
Ferrous High-Temperature Alloys for Exhaust Component Applications
Authors: Li Delin ,   Wescast Industries Inc., Sloss Clayton ,   Wescast Industries Inc.
Published: April 2010

There is a wide spectrum of cast ferrous heat resistant alloys available for exhaust component applications such as exhaust manifolds and turbocharger housings. Generally speaking, the ferrous alloys can be divided into four groups including: ferritic cast irons, austenitic cast irons, ferritic stainless steels, and austenitic stainless steels. Selection of a suitable alloy usually depends on a number of material properties meeting the requirements of a specific application. Ferritic cast irons continue to be an important alloy for exhaust manifolds and turbocharger housings due to their relatively low cost. A better understanding of the alloying effects and graphite morphologies of ferritic cast irons are discussed and their effect on material behavior such as the brittleness at medium temperatures is provided. The nickel-alloyed austenitic cast irons, also known as Ni-resist, exhibit stable structure and improved high-temperature strength compared to the ferritic cast irons. Austenitic cast irons with varying nickel contents were evaluated in terms of microstructure stability, heat treatment, oxidation and thermal fatigue resistance. For the most demanding applications requiring even higher elevated-temperature strength, creep, and fatigue resistance, ferritic or austenitic stainless steels may be selected. The chemical composition, microstructures, and properties of cast stainless steels are reviewed. Synthesizing this information on material behavior provides a guide to aid in the selection of ferrous alloys for high temperature applications.
Methods for the Design and Analysis of Sedimentation Velocity and Sedimentation Equilibrium Experiments with Proteins
Authors: Demeler Borries
Published: April 2010

Analytical ultracentrifugation experiments play an integral role in the solution phase characterization of recombinant proteins and other biological macromolecules. This unit discusses the design of sedimentation velocity and sedimentation equilibrium experiments performed with a Beckman Optima XL‐A or XL‐I analytical ultracentrifuge. Optimal instrument settings and experimental design considerations are explained, and strategies for the analysis of experimental data with the UltraScan data analysis software package are presented. Special attention is paid to the strengths and weaknesses of the available detectors, and guidance is provided on how to extract maximum information from analytical ultracentrifugation experiments. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 60:7.13.1‐7.13.24. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Publication and Database Deposition of Molecular Interaction Data
Authors: Orchard Sandra , Aranda Bruno , Hermjakob Henning
Published: April 2010

Depositing data to a public domain interaction database not only improves the quality and quantity of interactions available to the user community, but also increases the visibility of the data, with members of the International Molecular Exchange (IMEx) databases making the information available in all participating resources. Datasets submitted prior to publication will be issued an accession number that may be included in a publication and which increases user accessibility to the data. No dataset is too small for submission, and the database curators will provide assistance in ensuring the information is correctly represented. This unit provides several alternative protocols to assist the author in preparing and submitting data as an integral part of the manuscript‐preparation process. Which method the author selects is largely dictated by the amount of data to be deposited. In addition, two support protocols describe assignment of unambiguous accession numbers and use of controlled vocabulary terms. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 60:25.3.1‐25.3.13. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
PRIDE: Data Submission and Analysis
Authors: Vizcaíno Juan Antonio , Reisinger Florian , Côté Richard , Martens Lennart
Published: April 2010

The Proteomics Identifications database (PRIDE, http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pride) is one of the main repositories designed to store, disseminate, and analyze mass spectrometry–based proteomics datasets. In this unit, an overview of the PRIDE system is given, including its key satellite tools: the Ontology Lookup Service (OLS), the Protein Identifier Cross‐Referencing Service (PICR), and Database on Demand (DoD). Also described in detail are procedures for submitting data to PRIDE, and accessing data stored in PRIDE using the BioMart interface. Finally, to demonstrate the potential of PRIDE as a source for data mining, an example protocol is provided to showcase the powerful cross‐domain query capabilities available through a combination of BioMarts. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 60:25.4.1‐25.4.11. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Emission Color Tuning in Ambipolar Organic Single‐Crystal Field‐Effect Transistors by Dye‐Doping
Authors: Nakanotani Hajime , Saito Masatoshi , Nakamura Hiroaki , Adachi Chihaya
Published: April 2010

The effect of dye‐doping in ambipolar light‐emitting organic field‐effect transistors (LE‐OFETs) is investigated from the standpoint of the carrier mobilities and the electroluminescence (EL) characteristics under ambipolar operation. Dye‐doping of organic crystals permits not only tuning of the emission color but also significantly increases the efficiency of ambipolar LE‐OFETs. A rather high external EL quantum efficiency (∼0.64%) of one order of magnitude higher than that of a pure p‐distyrylbenzene (P3V2) single crystal is obtained by tetracene doping. The doping of tetracene molecules into a host P3V2 crystal has almost no effect on the electron mobility and the dominant carrier recombination process in the tetracene‐doped P3V2 crystal involves direct carrier recombination on the tetracene molecules.
Stem Cell Aligned Growth Induced by CeO2 Nanoparticles in PLGA Scaffolds with Improved Bioactivity for Regenerative Medicine
Authors: Mandoli Corrado , Pagliari Francesca , Pagliari Stefania , Forte Giancarlo , Di Nardo Paolo , Licoccia Silvia , Traversa Enrico
Published: April 2010

Hybrid 2D polymeric–ceramic biosupports are fabricated by mixing a nanostructured CeO2 powder with 85:15 poly(D,L‐lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA)/dichloromethane solutions at specific concentrations, followed by solvent casting onto pre‐patterned molds. The mold patterning allows the orientation of ceramic nanoparticles into parallel lines within the composite scaffold. The ability of the produced films to host and address cell growth is evaluated after 1, 3, and 6 days of culturing with murine derived cardiac and mesenchymal stem cells (CSCs and MSCs), and compared with PLGA films without ceramics and loaded with nanostructured TiO2. Aligned cell growth is observed only for scaffolds that incorporate oriented ceramic nanoparticles, attributed to the nanoceramic ability to modulate the roughness pitch, thus improving cell sensitivity towards the host surface features. Better CSC and MSC proliferative activity is observed for CeO2 composites with respect to either TiO2‐added or unfilled PLGA films. This evidence may be related to the nanostructured CeO2 antioxidative properties.
Fluctuating and directional asymmetry in young human males: Effect of heavy working condition and socioeconomic status
Authors: Özener Barış
Published: April 2010

Many adverse environmental and genetic factors can affect stability of development during human growth. Although the level of fluctuating asymmetry (FA) may be influenced by environmental and genetic stress encountered during this period, directional asymmetry (DA) is largely attributable to differential mechanical loading during bone growth, for example, handedness. I assessed the effects of heavy working conditions and socioeconomic conditions on asymmetry levels in three groups of young human males: 1) individuals employed in the heavy industry sector (n= 104, mean age = 18.48 ± 0.61 years), 2) individuals who had the same socioeconomic status as the laborers (n= 102, mean age = 18.39 ± 0.58 years) but were not laborers, and 3) nonlaborers from the higher socioeconomic levels of society (n= 103, mean age = 18.43 ± 0.67). For all subjects, hand length, hand width, elbow width, wrist width, knee width, ankle width, foot length, foot width, ear length, and ear width were measured. All measurements of the upper extremities in the labor group appeared to exhibit DA; in the other two groups only hand measurements exhibited DA. According to analysis of FA, subjects living in poor conditions exhibited more FA than their nonlaborer peers living in better conditions. In addition, biomechanical pressures due to heavy working conditions of the labor group appeared to cause increased DA in the upper extremities: DA increased with an increase in the number of years working. Am J Phys Anthropol 143:13–20, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
FUS‐immunoreactive inclusions are a common feature in sporadic and non‐SOD1 familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Deng Han‐Xiang , Zhai Hong , Bigio Eileen H. , Yan Jianhua , Fecto Faisal , Ajroud Kaouther , Mishra Manjari , Ajroud‐Driss Senda , Heller Scott , Sufit Robert , Siddique Nailah , Mugnaini Enrico , Siddique Teepu
Published: April 2010

Objective

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal disorder of motor neuron degeneration. Most cases of ALS are sporadic (SALS), but about 5 to 10% of ALS cases are familial (FALS). Recent studies have shown that mutations in FUS are causal in approximately 4 to 5% of FALS and some apparent SALS cases. The pathogenic mechanism of the mutant FUS‐mediated ALS and potential roles of FUS in non‐FUS ALS remain to be investigated.

Methods

Immunostaining was performed on postmortem spinal cords from 78 ALS cases, including SALS (n = 52), ALS with dementia (ALS/dementia, n = 10), and FALS (n = 16). In addition, postmortem brains or spinal cords from 22 cases with or without frontotemporal lobar degeneration were also studied. In total, 100 cases were studied.

Results

FUS‐immunoreactive inclusions were observed in spinal anterior horn neurons in all SALS and FALS cases, except for those with SOD1 mutations. The FUS‐containing inclusions were also immunoreactive with antibodies to TDP43, p62, and ubiquitin. A fraction of tested FUS antibodies recognized FUS inclusions, and specific antigen retrieval protocol appeared to be important for detection of the skein‐like FUS inclusions.

Interpretation

Although mutations in FUS account for only a small fraction of FALS and SALS, our data suggest that FUS protein may be a common component of the cellular inclusions in non‐SOD1 ALS and some other neurodegenerative conditions, implying a shared pathogenic pathway underlying SALS, non‐SOD1 FALS, ALS/dementia, and related disorders. Our data also indicate that SOD1‐linked ALS may have a pathogenic pathway distinct from SALS and other types of FALS. ANN NEUROL 2010;67:739–748
Human immunodeficiency virus‐associated neurocognitive disorders: Mind the gap
Authors: McArthur Justin C. , Steiner Joseph , Sacktor Ned , Nath Avi
Published: April 2010

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐associated neurocognitive disorders (HANDs) remain among the most common disorders in people infected with HIV, even in an era when potent antiretroviral therapy is widely deployed. This review discusses the clinical features of HANDs and the implications for more effective treatment. With the improved survival of individuals treated with antiretrovirals, comorbid conditions are increasingly salient, including particularly coinfection with hepatitis C and the effects of aging. This review attempts to answer why there appears to be a therapeutic gap between the salutary effects of antiretroviral regimens and normalization of neurological function. A second gap is found in the understanding of the pathophysiology of HANDs. This review addresses this and discusses the animal models that have helped to elucidate these mechanisms. Although triggered by productive HIV infection of brain macrophages, aberrant and sustained immune activation appears to play a major role in inducing HANDs, and may explain the often incomplete neurological response to highly active antiretroviral therapy. Novel therapies aimed at persistent central nervous system inflammation will be needed to close this gap. ANN NEUROL 2010;67:699–714
Anticipatory grief: an existential model for spiritual care
Authors: Gatewood Alan E.
Published: April 2010

This project sought through spiritual care, demonstrated in an intentional small group process, to promote theological reflection about meaningful living. The desired effect was to know the fact of one's death to be an impetus for life.

Methodology entailed determination of issues the participants wanted addressed as well as delineation of the mechanics of the phenomenon of anticipatory grief. The project showed a positive correlation between a constructive sense of anticipatory grief and a sense of meaning for life. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Peri‐ and postnatal rodent development of Hematide, an erythropoiesis‐stimulating agent
Authors: Lewis Elise M. , Hoberman Alan M. , Fong Kei‐Lai , Schatz Peter J. , Wilson Susan D. , Woodburn Kathryn W.
Published: April 2010

BACKGROUND: Aperi‐ and postnatal reproduction toxicity study was conducted in rats treated with Hematide, a synthetic PEGylated peptidic erythropoiesis stimulating agent (ESA). METHODS: Hematide, at IV doses of 0, 0.5, 3, and 15 mg/kg, was administered from implantation through lactation on gestation days (GDs) 5 and 18 and lactation day (LD) 13. RESULTS: Hematide induced pronounced polycythemia in all Hematide‐treated dams. On LDs 2 and 21, hemoglobin (Hgb) increases above control levels were 3.1, 5.2, and 5.0 g/dL and 4.1, 5.1, and 5.5 g/dL at the 0.5, 3, and 15 mg/kg/dose, respectively. There were no effects on parturition, lactation, or maternal behavior in the F0 generation female rats. A slight decrease in pup viability on postpartum days 2–4 and lower body weights and/or body weight gain for the F1 generation were associated with pronounced polycythemia and decreases in maternal body weight gain and/or food consumption at ≥3 mg/kg/dose. Hematide fetal exposure was negligible. No Hematide effect, other than on growth and survival, was noted on developmental, functional, mating, and fertility end points in the F1 generation rats, and no effect on litter or fetal parameters was observed in the F2 generation. The maternal no‐observed‐adverse‐effect level (NOAEL) for Hematide was 0.5 mg/kg, and the NOAEL for parturition and maternal behavior was 15 mg/kg. The NOAEL for F1 pup viability and growth was 0.5 mg/kg/dose. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the Hematide‐associated adverse findings were attributed to exaggerated erythropoiesis (pronounced and prolonged polycythemia) resulting from administration of an ESA to pregnant animals. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 89:155–163, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Median Regression Model with Interval Censored Data
Authors: Kim Yang‐J. , Cho HyungJun , Kim Jinheum , Jhun Myoungshic
Published: April 2010

Quantile regression methods have been used to estimate upper and lower quantile reference curves as the function of several covariates. Especially, in survival analysis, median regression models to the right‐censored data are suggested with several assumptions. In this article, we consider a median regression model for interval‐censored data and construct an estimating equation based on weights derived from interval‐censored data. In a simulation study, the performances of the proposed method are evaluated for both symmetric and right‐skewed distributed failure times. A well‐known breast cancer data are analyzed to illustrate the proposed method.
Blinded sample size recalculation in multicentre trials with normally distributed outcome
Authors: Jensen Katrin , Kieser Meinhard
Published: April 2010

The internal pilot study design enables to estimate nuisance parameters required for sample size calculation on the basis of data accumulated in an ongoing trial. By this, misspecifications made when determining the sample size in the planning phase can be corrected employing updated knowledge. According to regulatory guidelines, blindness of all personnel involved in the trial has to be preserved and the specified type I error rate has to be controlled when the internal pilot study design is applied. Especially in the late phase of drug development, most clinical studies are run in more than one centre. In these multicentre trials, one may have to deal with an unequal distribution of the patient numbers among the centres. Depending on the type of the analysis (weighted or unweighted), unequal centre sample sizes may lead to a substantial loss of power. Like the variance, the magnitude of imbalance is difficult to predict in the planning phase. We propose a blinded sample size recalculation procedure for the internal pilot study design in multicentre trials with normally distributed outcome and two balanced treatment groups that are analysed applying the weighted or the unweighted approach. The method addresses both uncertainty with respect to the variance of the endpoint and the extent of disparity of the centre sample sizes. The actual type I error rate as well as the expected power and sample size of the procedure is investigated in simulation studies. For the weighted analysis as well as for the unweighted analysis, the maximal type I error rate was not or only minimally exceeded. Furthermore, application of the proposed procedure led to an expected power that achieves the specified value in many cases and is throughout very close to it.
A Confidence‐Limit‐Based Approach to the Assessment of Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium
Authors: Wellek Stefan , Goddard Katrina A. B. , Ziegler Andreas
Published: April 2010

The classical χ2‐procedure for the assessment of Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) is tailored for detecting violations of HWE. However, many applications in genetic epidemiology require approximate compatibility with HWE. In a previous contribution to the field (Wellek, S. (2004). Biometrics, 60, 694–703), the methodology of statistical equivalence testing was exploited for the construction of tests for problems in which the assumption of approximate compatibility of a given genotype distribution with HWE plays the role of the alternative hypothesis one aims to establish. In this article, we propose a procedure serving the same purpose but relying on confidence limits rather than critical bounds of a significance test. Interval estimation relates to essentially the same parametric function that was previously chosen as the target parameter for constructing an exact conditional UMPU test for equivalence with a HWE conforming genotype distribution. This population parameter is shown to have a direct genetic interpretation as a measure of relative excess heterozygosity. Confidence limits are constructed using both asymptotic and exact methods. The new approach is illustrated by reanalyzing genotype distributions obtained from published genetic association studies, and detailed guidance for choosing the equivalence margin is provided. The methods have been implemented in freely available SAS macros.
Enantioseparation of dansyl amino acids by HPLC on a monolithic column dynamically coated with a vancomycin derivative
Authors: Pittler Elfriede , Schmid Martin G.
Published: April 2010

In this work a chiral stationary phase was prepared by dynamically coating a monolithic reversed‐phase HPLC column with a vancomycin‐derivative as chiral selector. A hydrophobic alkyl‐chain was attached to the vancomycin molecule, providing the immobilization of the chiral selector on the reversed‐phase material. Dansyl amino acids were chosen as model analytes for testing the separation power of the dynamically coated phase. All investigated compounds were separated into their enantiomers. Compared with a conventionally packed vancomycin‐CSP, a reversal of the enantiomer elution order was obtained.
Useful Products from Complex Starting Materials: Common Chemicals from Biomass Feedstocks
Authors: Marshall Amanda‐Lynn , Alaimo Peter J.
Published: April 2010

A rapidly expanding area of inquiry is the use of plant biomass for the industrial production of organic compounds for which there is high demand. This interest is fuelled largely by the anticipated decline in the supply of petroleum, and the inevitable concomitant rise in cost. Over the past 30 years, significant progress has been made toward the large‐scale conversion of plant biomass to common chemicals such as methanol, ethanol, glycerol, substituted furans, and carboxylic acids. However, examination of the list of top production organic chemicals reveals numerous opportunities for future development, including simple halocarbons, alkenes and arenes. Progress toward efficient and economical production of these challenging targets from biomass has recently been reported, and future success is likely to continue through academic and industrial collaboration.
Synthetic, Structural, and Photophysical Exploration of meso‐Pyrimidinyl‐Substituted AB2‐Corroles
Authors: Ngo Thien H. , Puntoriero Fausto , Nastasi Francesco , Robeyns Koen , Van Meervelt Luc , Campagna Sebastiano , Dehaen Wim , Maes Wouter
Published: April 2010

meso‐Pyrimidinyl‐substituted AB2‐corroles were efficiently synthesized starting from 5‐mesityldipyrromethane and various 2‐substituted 4,6‐dichloropyrimidine‐5‐carbaldehydes. The corrole yield was significantly enhanced by optimization of the amount of Lewis acid catalyst (BF3⋅OEt2). The main advantage of pyrimidinylcorroles over other meso‐triarylcorroles is their wide range of functionalization possibilities, which has been explored by nucleophilic and electrophilic aromatic substitution, and Pd‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions. Stepwise substitution of the chlorine functions afforded asymmetrically substituted pyrimidinylcorroles. Due to the lability of the free‐base corrole macrocycles, functionalization of the corrole periphery was preferentially performed on the Cu‐metalated counterparts. Functionalized free‐base AB2‐pyrimidinylcorroles were, however, readily accessible by the reversible sequence Cu insertion and subsequent reductive demetalation. AB2‐pyrimidinylcorroles can hence be regarded as highly versatile platforms towards more sophisticated corrole systems. X‐ray analysis of a bis(4‐tert‐butylphenoxy)‐substituted Cu–pyrimidinylcorrole showed the typical features of a Cu–corrole: short NCu distances and a saddled corrole plane. The absorption spectra and photophysical properties of some representative free‐base AB2‐pyrimidinylcorroles were examined in depth. The absorption spectra displayed typical corrole features: intense spin‐allowed π–π* bands, which can be classified as Soret‐ and Q‐type bands. The photophysical properties, investigated both in fluid solution at room temperature and in rigid matrix at 77 K, were governed by the lowest‐lying π–π* singlet state; however, in most cases, a state with partial charge‐transfer character (from the corrole ring to the pyrimidinyl group) was proposed to contribute to the dynamic properties of the emissive level.
Organization of amyloid‐β protein precursor intracellular domain‐associated protein‐1 in the rat brain
Authors: Jacob Amanda L. , Jordan Bryen A. , Weinberg Richard J.
Published: April 2010

Sustained activity‐dependent synaptic modifications require protein synthesis. Although proteins can be synthesized locally in dendrites, long‐term changes also require nuclear signaling. Amyloid‐β protein precursor intracellular domain‐associated protein‐1 (AIDA‐1), an abundant component of the biochemical postsynaptic density fraction, contains a nuclear localization sequence, making it a plausible candidate for synapse‐to‐nucleus signaling. We used immunohistochemistry to study the regional, cellular, and subcellular distribution of AIDA‐1. Immunostaining was prominent in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and neostriatum. Along with diffuse staining of neuropil, fluorescence microscopy revealed immunostaining of excitatory synapses throughout the forebrain, and immunoreactive puncta within and directly outside the nucleus. Presynaptic staining was conspicuous in hippocampal mossy fibers. Electron microscopic analysis of material processed for postembedding immunogold revealed AIDA‐1 label within postsynaptic densities in both hippocampus and cortex. Together with previous work, these data suggest that AIDA‐1 serves as a direct signaling link between synapses and the nucleus in adult rat brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:3221–3236, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three‐dimensional distribution of NO sources in a primary mechanosensory integration center in the locust and its implications for volume signaling
Authors: Münch Daniel , Ott Swidbert R. , Pflüger Hans‐Joachim
Published: April 2010

Nitric oxide (NO) is an evolutionarily conserved mediator of neural plasticity. Because NO is highly diffusible, signals from multiple sources might combine in space and time to affect the same target. Whether such cooperative effects occur will depend on the effective signaling range and on the distances of NO sources to one another and to their targets. These anatomical parameters have been quantified in only few systems. We analyzed the 3D architecture of NO synthase (NOS) expression in a sensory neuropil, the ventral association center (VAC) of the locust. High‐resolution confocal microscopy revealed NOS immunoreactive fiber boutons in submicrometer proximity to both the axon terminals of sensory neurons and their postsynaptic target, interneuron A4I1. Pharmacological manipulation of NO signaling affected the response of A4I1 to individual wind‐puff stimuli and the response decrement during repetitive stimulation. Mapping NOS immunoreactivity in defined volumes around dendrites of A4I1 revealed NOS‐positive fiber boutons within 5 μm of nearly every surface point. The mean distances between neighboring NOS‐boutons and between any point within the VAC and its nearest NOS‐bouton were likewise about 5 μm. For an NO signal to convey the identity of its source, the effective signaling range would therefore have to be less than 5 μm, and shorter still when multiple boutons release NO simultaneously. The architecture is therefore well suited to support the cooperative generation of volume signals by interaction between the signals from multiple active boutons. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:2903–2916, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lingual and palatal gustatory afferents each depend on both BDNF and NT‐4, but the dependence is greater for lingual than palatal afferents
Authors: Patel Ami V. , Huang Tao , Krimm Robin F.
Published: April 2010

Neurons of the geniculate ganglion innervate taste buds located in two spatially distinct targets, the tongue and palate. About 50% of these neurons die in Bdnf−/− mice and Ntf4/5−/− mice. Bdnf−/−/Ntf4/5−/− double mutants lose 90–95% of geniculate ganglion neurons. To determine whether different subpopulations are differentially influenced by neurotrophins, we quantified neurons from two ganglion subpopulations separately and remaining taste buds at birth within each target field in wild‐type, Bdnf−/−, Ntf4/5−/−, and Bdnf−/−/Ntf4/5−/− mice. In wild‐type mice the same number of neurons innervated the anterior tongue and soft palate and each target contained the same number of taste buds. Compared to wild‐type mice, Bdnf−/− mice showed a 50% reduction in geniculate neurons innervating the tongue and a 28% loss in neurons innervating the soft palate. Ntf4/5−/− mice lost 58% of the neurons innervating the tongue and 41% of the neurons innervating the soft palate. Taste bud loss was not as profound in the NT‐4 null mice compared to BDNF‐null mice. Tongues of Bdnf−/−/Ntf4/5−/− mice were innervated by 0 to 4 gustatory neurons and contained 3 to 16 taste buds at birth, indicating that some taste buds remain even when all innervation is lost. Thus, gustatory neurons are equally dependent on BDNF and NT‐4 expression for survival, regardless of what peripheral target they innervate. However, taste buds are more sensitive to BDNF than NT‐4 removal. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:3290–3301, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence regarding the integrity of the posterior medial lateral suprasylvian visual area in the cat
Authors: Sherk Helen
Published: April 2010

Among the areas of lateral suprasylvian visual cortex in cats defined by Palmer et al. (J Comp Neurol [1978] 177:237–256), PMLS (posterior lateral suprasylvian area) has been the most studied. Although PMLS has strong and well‐documented connections with area 17, it is unclear whether these connections extend to its upper visual field representation. We asked what cortical areas send input to the upper field representation in PMLS by making tracer injections in areas 17, 19, and posterior suprasylvian cortex. Tracer injections made in area 17's upper field representation in 15 cats failed to label the corresponding region in PMLS. Instead, they showed that area 17 is strongly connected with the posterior bank of the posterior suprasylvian sulcus (pSS), a region attributed by Palmer et al. to area 21a. Injections in area 19 had the same outcome. We consider this posterior upper field representation plus the lower field representation in PMLS to belong to a single area, LS (lateral suprasylvian visual area). Our data suggest that the upper field representation in PMLS belongs to a different area, most likely AMLS (anterior medial lateral suprasylvian area). J. Comp. Neurol. 518:3343–3358, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Studying Surface Chemistry beyond the Diffraction Limit: 10 Years of TERS
Authors: Domke Katrin F. , Pettinger Bruno
Published: April 2010

The use of an illuminated scanning probe tip to greatly enhance Raman scattering from the sample underneath the tip is one of the most intriguing developments in optical spectroscopy, and the steeply increasing number of publications per year shows that chemists, physicists and biologists alike recognize the importance and great potential of this technique. With tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS), one of the main goals in surface science has been achieved, namely the combination of scanning probe microscopy and optical spectroscopy such as Raman spectroscopy. Important here is the use of the tip as an optical antenna to substantially increase the emitted radiation and to simultaneously improve the optical resolution much beyond the Abbe diffraction limit. This permits the correlation of topographic and chemical information of the same surface region. The synergy of detailed insight in morphology and the chemical nature of the target species facilitates data interpretation significantly and enables characterization of interfaces at the nanometer scale. A wide variety of substrates and sample molecules have been studied with TERS since the first publication of tip‐enhanced Raman spectra, and the technique has reached a first level of maturity on its 10th birthday, with TERS applications extending into various research fields from surface chemistry over biology to nanoscale physics.
Entropy Effects in Atom Distribution and Electrochemical Properties of AuxPt1−x/Pt(111) Surface Alloys
Authors: Bergbreiter Andreas , Alves Otávio B. , Hoster Harry E.
Published: April 2010

We report on the structural and electrochemical properties of AuxPt1−x surface alloys prepared by Au vapour deposition onto Pt(111) followed by annealing to 1000 K. Driven by configurational entropy, Pt and Au atoms are distributed homogeneously over the surface. On the nm scale, however, atomically resolved scanning tunnelling microscopy images with chemical contrast reveal the formation of nm‐sized Pt‐rich and Au‐rich aggregates, similar to the behaviour recently reported for PdxRu1−x/Ru(0001) [H. Hartmann, T. Diemant, A. Bergbreiter, J. Bansmann, H. E. Hoster, R. J. Behm, Surf. Sci. 2009, 603, 1439]. Based on the STM data, we determine the abundance of specific adsorption sites for different Au contents, and we derive effective pair interaction parameters that allow reproducing the lateral distribution in Monte Carlo simulations. Cyclic voltammograms of the surface alloys have many similarities with Pt(111). Had and OHad related features both decrease with increasing amount of Au. Both seem to adsorb only on Pt sites, but Had requires smaller ensembles of Pt atoms than OHad. The onset potential for Had‐formation decreases with increasing Au content. This is can be explained by an effect of the Au atoms on the entropy of adsorption.
A review of polytypism in lead iodide
Authors: Beckmann P. A.
Published: April 2010

Lead Iodide (PbI2) is an important inorganic solid for both basic scientific research and possible technological applications and in this brief review we discuss the structure of PbI2. Although the basic structure is a simple I‐Pb‐I layered structure with a [PbI6]4‐ near‐octahedron being the basic building block, there are many ways of stacking the layers which results in many polytypes. We present 20 of the 23 entries for the structure of PbI2 from the Inorganic Structural Database and order them by polytype. This represents more than 80 years of crystallographic research in the structure of this compound. We present a simple way to view the 2H, 4H, 6H, and 6R polytypes and extend the procedure to higher‐order polytypes. We note a relationship, not generally appreciated, between the distortion of the near [PbI6]4‐ octahedrons and the polytype. We suggest that the significance of vacancies has only recently been appreciated. We suggest that small discrepancies in structure determination are probably due to different distributions of vacancies and that there are, in practice, very many structures for macroscopic or even mesoscopic samples of a given polytype when vacancies are considered. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of antioxidants on heterocharge generation in polymeric dielectrics
Authors: Suzuki Hirokazu , Sekii Yasuo , Noguchi Kazuo , Shimura Koichi , Maeno Takashi
Published: April 2010

The generation of space charges in polymeric dielectric materials is known to be affected by such inclusions as cross‐linking by‐products, antioxidants, and moisture. We reported previously that negative heterocharges in XLPE are generated in the presence of acetophenone and sulfur‐containing antioxidants. In this paper we describe further experiments using samples containing DCP and three different antioxidants in order to examine the mechanism of this phenomenon. Negative heterocharges near the positive electrode were detected in samples containing both DCP and antioxidants when those samples were soaked in acetophenone. Negative heterocharges were not detected in samples containing either DCP or the antioxidant, even when the sample was soaked in acetophenone. These results demonstrate that a heterocharge is generated by the combined effect of acetophenone and the substance produced by interaction between DCP and the antioxidant. Based on the results of experiments measuring the amount of heterocharge in samples that had been heatpressed at different temperatures, the mechanism of negative heterocharge generation in polymeric dielectric material is inferred. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 172(2): 1–9, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20941
Anion‐Dependent Facile Route to Magnetic Dinuclear and Dodecanuclear Cobalt Clusters
Authors: Zheng Ling‐Ling , Leng Ji‐Dong , Herchel Radovan , Lan Yan‐Hua , Powell Annie K. , Tong Ming‐Liang
Published: April 2010

An unprecedented dodecanuclear CoIII3CoII9 and a dinuclear CoII2 cluster were synthesized facilely from reactions of different coblt(II) salts with the ligand (1H‐benzimidazol‐2‐yl)methanol. The cobalt ions in the Co12 supercluster are linked into a disclike structures through μ3‐OL, μ‐OL, μ3‐O2–, μ1,1‐N3– and μ1,1,1‐N3– bridges. Magnetic studies reveal that strong ferromagnetic coupling through double end‐on (EO) azido bridges exists in 1, while both ferromagnetic coupling through the μ3‐OL and μ‐OL pathways and antiferromagnetc coupling through the μ1,1,1‐N3– pathway exist in 2, which results in a ferrimagnetic behaviour of 2.
An Efficient Synthesis of Substituted meta‐Halophenols and Their Methyl Ethers: Insight into the Reaction Mechanism
Authors: Khan Faiz Ahmed , Choudhury Sumit
Published: April 2010

An expeditious synthetic methodology leading to substituted meta‐halophenols and their corresponding methyl ether derivatives through acid‐mediated fragmentation of suitably substituted dihalonorbornyl ketones has been devised. The reaction sequence consists of TBTH‐mediated (TBTH is tri‐n‐butyltin hydride) selective bridgehead halogen reduction of easily accessible Diels–Alder adducts derived from 1,2,3,4‐tetrahalo‐5,5‐dimethoxycyclopentadiene and β‐substituted vinyl acetates, with subsequent conversion into the requisite bicyclic ketones by a two‐step hydrolysis/oxidation approach. An extensive mechanistic investigation based on isotope labeling and cross experiments has been carried out and plausible mechanistic pathways based on these results have been proposed. The absence of halogen atoms at the bridgehead positions steers the reaction through a novel pathway involving the incorporation of proton (or deuterium) followed by elimination of HX (or DX), so the described methodology also provides a reliable route to ortho‐para dideuteratedphenolic derivatives.