bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characteristics Associated with Household Purchases of Sugar‐Sweetened Beverages in US Restaurants
Authors: Moran Alyssa J. , Subramanian S.V. , Rimm Eric B. , Bleich Sara N.
Published: January 2019

Objective

This study aimed to describe beverages purchased in restaurants among a nationally representative sample of US households.

Methods

Data were obtained from the US Department of Agriculture National Household Food Acquisition and Purchase Survey, 2012 to 2013. Survey‐weighted multiple regressions assessed correlates of purchasing a sugar‐sweetened beverage (SSB), purchasing a low‐calorie beverage, and per capita beverage calories and grams of sugar among purchases from US restaurants (n = 14,669).

Results

Dining at a top fast‐food chain (odds ratio = 1.9 [95% CI = 1.6, 2.3] vs. small chain or independent restaurants) and ordering a combination meal (2.8 [1.3, 3.3]) or from the kids’ menu (2.1 [1.2, 3.4]) were positively associated with purchasing an SSB. Age (young adult and adolescent vs. older adult; 0.7 [0.5, 0.9] and 0.4 [0.3, 0.7], respectively), race (Black vs. White; 0.4 [0.3, 0.6]), ethnicity (Hispanic vs. non‐Hispanic; 0.8 [0.6, 0.9]), and household food security (very low vs. high; 0.7 [0.5, 0.8]) were associated with purchasing a low‐calorie beverage. Caloric beverage purchases contained the most calories and grams of sugar per capita when purchased by Hispanic and non‐Hispanic Black adolescents.

Conclusions

US households purchase a considerable amount of SSBs from the nation’s largest chain restaurants, particularly when combination meals or kids’ menu items are ordered, and there are disparities by age, race/ethnicity, and household food security.
Improving body function and minimizing activity limitations in pediatric leukemia survivors: The lasting impact of the Stoplight Program
Authors: Tanner Lynn R. , Hooke Mary C.
Published: January 2019

Background

After acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treatment, children can have persistent muscle weakness, range of motion limitations, and decreased function after treatment. The Stoplight Program (SLP), a proactive physical therapy intervention, was administered as the standard of care during ALL treatment to prevent and minimize these impairments. The purpose of this follow‐up study was to measure body function and activity limitations in ALL survivors who completed the SLP and compare them to a pre‐SLP control group, thus evaluating the longer term impact of the SLP.

Procedure

Two cohorts of survivors of pediatric ALL ages 5 to 18 years were assessed 18 to 24 months after completing ALL treatment. Measurements included both the body coordination subtest and the strength and agility subtest of the Bruininks‐Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, active dorsiflexion range of motion (ADROM), and physical activity by self‐report.

Results

The control group and SLP group did not differ in size (n = 15), mean age (9 years), or time off ALL treatment (20 months). The SLP group had better scale scores for bilateral coordination (P = 0.05), running speed/agility (P < 0.01), and strength (P = 0.01). The number of survivors with 5 degrees or greater of ADROM (right) was significantly greater in the SLP group. ADROM had a positive correlation with strength/agility standard score in the combined survivor group.

Conclusion

The SLP is a proactive physical therapy intervention that continues to positively impact children after treatment. Referral to physical therapy should be the standard to optimize long‐term function.
Thermal, mechanical, and dielectric properties of aluminium oxide and solid glass microsphere‐reinforced epoxy composite for electronic packaging application
Authors: Agrawal Alok , Satapathy Alok
Published: January 2019

Substantial consideration is being devoted to the innovation, characterization, and execution of low density, corrosion resistant and low cost raw material and manufacturing of polymer based composite materials. Based on that, a series of novel flexible hybrid composites consisting of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) and solid glass microspheres (SGMs) in an epoxy matrix for high performance microelectronic components are designed and fabricated. Their physical, mechanical, thermal, and dielectric properties are studied. The measured thermal conductivity values are compared with calculated values obtained from the already established mathematical model and are found to be in good agreement with experimental findings. Result indicates that compared with raw epoxy, effective thermal conductivity and dielectric constant increases with Al2O3 content and decreases with SGM content. Meanwhile, glass transition temperature increases whereas coefficient of thermal expansion decreases with either of the filler content. Due to outstanding comprehensive properties, epoxy/Al2O3/SGM composites have a promising potential application in wide electronic packaging field. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:2573–2581, 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers
Exhaled breath temperature as a tool for monitoring asthma control after an attack in children
Authors: Sol In Suk , Kim Yoon Hee , Kim Soo Yeon , Choi Sun Ha , Kim Hye Ran , Kim Kyung Won , Sohn Myung Hyun
Published: January 2019

Background

Exhaled breath temperature (EBT) has been suggested as a non‐invasive marker of airway inflammation in asthma. There have been no studies examining longitudinal changes in EBT following asthma attacks.

Objective

To investigate changes in EBT during and after an asthma attack and to relate these changes to changes in respiratory physiological measurements.

Methods

We evaluated 38 hospitalized children aged 5‐18 years diagnosed with an asthma attack. Spirometry was performed upon hospitalization. During hospitalization, EBT, peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), and asthma score were measured daily. These tests were repeated 1 week and 1 month after discharge. The overall PEFR change, temporal changes in plateau values at the end of expiration, and time‐dynamic associations were evaluated using linear mixed models.

Results

FEV1 was lower at admission than at discharge (63.3 ± 24 vs 99.5 ± 14 percent of predicted, P < 0.001). The EBT was higher at admission than at 1 week after discharge (34.1°C [range: 33.9‐34.8°C] vs 33.6°C [range: 33.0‐34.2°C], P = 0.007); overall, EBTs decreased over time (P = 0.007). Among individual subjects, decreased EBT was correlated with increased PEFR over time. Furthermore, plateau values at the end of expiration had a time‐dependent, dynamic association with the PEFR during hospitalization (P = 0.005) and between asthma attack onset and asthma status stabilization (P = 0.032).

Conclusions

The EBT was elevated during asthma attacks and gradually decreased until asthma was well controlled. The EBT may be a useful, non‐invasive tool for monitoring asthma control in children.
Nasal swab bacteriology by PCR during the first 24‐months of life: A prospective birth cohort study
Authors: Palmu Arto A. , Ware Robert S. , Lambert Stephen B. , Sarna Mohinder , Bialasiewicz Seweryn , Seib Kate L. , Atack John M. , Nissen Michael D. , Grimwood Keith
Published: January 2019

Background

Most respiratory bacterial carriage studies in children are based on cross‐sectional samples or longitudinal studies with infrequent sampling points. The prospective Observational Research in Childhood Infectious Diseases birth cohort study intensively evaluated the community‐based epidemiology of respiratory viruses and bacteria during the first 2‐years of life. Here we report the bacteriologic findings.

Methods

Pregnant women in Brisbane, Australia were recruited between September 2010 and October 2012, and their healthy newborn children were followed for the first 2‐years of life. Parents kept a daily symptom diary for the study child, collected a weekly anterior nose swab and completed an illness burden diary when their child met pre‐defined illness criteria. Specimens were tested for respiratory bacteria by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays and those containing human genomic DNA, deemed as high‐quality, were analyzed.

Results

Altogether 8100 high‐quality nasal swab specimens from 158 enrolled children were analyzed. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Haemophilus influenzae were detected in 42.4%, 38.9%, and 14.8% of these samples, respectively. Concomitant detection of bacteria was common. In contrast, Bordetella pertussis, B. parapertussis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Simkania negevensis were rarely identified. The prevalence of the three major bacteria was higher with increasing age and in the winter and spring months. Siblings and childcare attendance were the other risk factors identified.

Conclusions

We confirmed the feasibility of frequent nasal swabbing by parents for studying bacterial colonization. PCR detected the major respiratory tract bacteria with expected high frequencies, but atypical bacteria were found rarely in this cohort.
On‐site three‐dimensional printer aerosol hazard assessment: Pilot study of a portable in vitro exposure cassette
Authors: Lewinski Nastassja A. , Secondo Lynn E. , Ferri James K.
Published: January 2019

Workplace exposures to concentrated aerosols are associated with a number of diseases. When assessing air quality, instruments are available for measuring aerosol concentrations and particle sizes in real time. By contrast, air contaminants are collected and brought to the laboratory for biological testing. To our knowledge, no instrument is designed for testing the toxicity of aerosols in real time at the site of exposure. This study involves a pilot study using a portable exposure cassette for conducting on‐site, in vitro toxicity testing of workplace air. The compact design also enables targeted personal breathing zone measurements. Data collected on aerosols generated by a metal binder jetting 3D printer are presented. The portable in vitro exposure cassette offers a new approach to monitoring workplace air quality. © 2019 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 38: e12030, 2019
Electric‐Field Control of Dirac Two‐Dimensional Electron Gas in PbTe/CdTe Heterostructures
Authors: Zhang Le , Shu Tianyu , Wu Huizhen , Ye Zhizhen , Zhu Liping
Published: January 2019

Two‐dimensional electron gases (2DEGs) confined to quantum wells trigger rich emergent phenomena and serve as a host for high‐speed electronics. 2DEG in PbTe/CdTe heterostructure was predicted to be Dirac electrons and confirmed by recent experiments. Here, we demonstrate the manipulation of electrical transport properties of this 2DEG with extremely high mobility and unique electron structure by ionic liquid‐gating. The extreme capacitance of carrier modulation enables to tune the band structure. With a change of the gate voltage, the Fermi level moves to the conduction band and crosses the Dirac Point, leading to the shift of quantum oscillation. Our results may offer new insight toward electronic application with on‐demand properties.
Instance invariant visual servoing framework for part‐aware autonomous vehicle inspection using MAVs
Authors: Pandya Harit , Gaud Ayush , Kumar Gourav , Krishna K. Madhava
Published: January 2019

Visual servoing approaches navigate a robot to the desired pose with respect to a given object using image measurements. As a result, these approaches have several applications in manipulation, navigation and inspection. However, existing visual servoing approaches are instance specific, that is, they control camera motion between two views of the same object. In this paper, we present a framework for visual servoing to a novel object instance. We further employ our framework for the autonomous inspection of vehicles using Micro Aerial Vehicles (MAVs), which is vital for day‐to‐day maintenance, damage assessment, and merchandising a vehicle. This visual inspection task comprises the MAV visiting the essential parts of the vehicle, for example, wheels, lights, and so forth, to get a closer look at the damages incurred. Existing methods for autonomous inspection could not be extended for vehicles due to the following reasons: First, several existing methods require a 3D model of the structure, which is not available for every vehicle. Second, existing methods require expensive depth sensor for localization and path planning. Third, current approaches do not account for the semantic understanding of the vehicle, which is essential for identifying parts. Our instance invariant visual servoing framework is capable of autonomously navigating to every essential part of a vehicle for inspection and can be initialized from any random pose. To the best our knowledge, this is the first approach demonstrating fully autonomous visual inspection of vehicles using MAVs. We have validated the efficacy of our approach through a series of experiments in simulation and outdoor scenarios.
Structural validity of the Parenting Daily Hassles Intensity Scale
Authors: Taylor John
Published: January 2019

Although the Parenting Daily Hassles Intensity Scale is a common measure, it has been relatively unclear whether users should employ the 15‐item form that quantifies routine parenting hassles on two dimensions of intensity or the 20‐item form that assumes a single dimension underlies the responses on the scale. To help address this gap, Bayesian confirmatory factor analysis was used to investigate the structural validity of the 15‐ and 20‐item forms in a sample of 174 mothers with at least one young child (
 = 6.040, SD = 0.492). Results of the Bayesian analysis did not provide empirical support for either form. A subsequent exploratory factor analysis indicated that six of the hassles that appear to address challenging child behaviour tended to cluster onto one latent factor whereas 11 hassles that appear to speak to routine parenting chores tended to cluster onto a second factor. A follow‐up Bayesian analysis indicated that intensity scores can be approximated well under the 17‐item form (ppp = 0.124). Accordingly, researchers and clinicians are encouraged to consider the 17‐item form when addressing their measurement needs.
Maze‐Like Halide Perovskite Films for Efficient Electron Transport Layer‐Free Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Liao Jin‐Feng , Wu Wu‐Qiang , Jiang Yong , Kuang Dai‐Bin , Wang Lianzhou
Published: January 2019

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) without an electron transport layer (ETL) exhibit fascinating advantages such as simplified configuration, low cost, and facile fabrication process. However, the performance of ETL‐free PSCs has been hampered by severe charge carrier recombination induced either by current leakage (insufficient perovskite film coverage) or inferior charge extraction. Herein, an additive‐assisted morphological engineering strategy is used to construct an intriguing bilayer perovskite film featuring a dense bottom layer and a maze‐like top layer. Such maze‐like perovskite films enable the construction of ETL‐free PSCs with a PCE of 18.5% and negligible hysteresis, which can be attributed to the higher crystallinity and superior light‐harvesting capability of the resultant perovskite film, as well as facilitated hole extraction at the hole transport layer (HTL)/perovskite interface. This work provides a simple approach to modify the perovskite film morphology and demonstrates the correlation between facilitated charge‐carrier extraction and high‐performance ETL‐free perovskite photovoltaics.
Structure‐Property Relationship in a Micro‐laminated Low‐Density Steel for Offshore Structure
Authors: Xu Xiangyu , Li Jianzhe , Zhang Wei , Liu Qiannan , Hu Bin , Wang Xuemin , Shang Chengjia , Misra Raja Devesh Kumar
Published: January 2019

A low‐density steel (7.5 g cm−3) steel produced by direct‐quenching and intercritical annealing (IA) process is designed for offshore structure. The microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance of steels are studied. It is found that after IA process, the microstructure is composed of micro‐laminated delta‐ferrite, tempered martensite, and reverted austenite. Two stage partitioning processes, the reheating process prior to rolling, and IA process lead to enrichment of C, Mn, and Ni elements in the reverted austenite. The enrichment of alloying elements stabilized austenite, and the retained austenite content is up to 18%. The growth of reverted austenite at lath‐lath interface is simulated by DICTRA software, and the results show that the growth of reverted austenite are controlled by diffusion of alloying elements. The ductility and toughness has a strong relationship with content of retained austenite. The mechanical properties are excellent with high yield strength (>620 MPa) and high total elongation (>40%). The experimental steel has excellent resistance to marine atmospheric corrosion, because of enrichment of Al and Ni in the rust layer, that leads to a compact layer. In addition, the partitioning of Al and Ni into different phase, promotes the corrosion resistance of rust layer.
Enhancement of Strength by Multiple Rolling at Room Temperature in the 1045 Steel Prepared by Aluminothermic Reaction
Authors: Li Zhengning , La Peiqing , Ma Jiqiang , Guo Xin , Sheng Jie , Shi Yu , Zhou Xueyuan
Published: January 2019

The effects of cold rolling on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 1045 steel prepared by aluminothermic reaction casting method are investigated. It is found that an ultrafine‐grained ferrite (α) + submicron/nano‐cementite particle (θ) structure is formed by rolling at room temperature with different thickness reduction. With the increase of thickness reduction, many lamella cementites are squeezed, a portion of cementite is crushed, the dislocation density increases, meanwhile the tensile strength is improved significantly. The underlying mechanisms of enhancing mechanical properties are analyzed, with a focus on the heterogeneous composite structure of a soft fine‐grained matrix embedded with hard nano‐scale cementite particles. The yield strength and ultimate tensile strength are increased from 256 MPa and 490 MPa (As‐casting) to 939 MPa and 956 MPa at 84% thickness reduction. The tensile strength of rolled steel with 70% thickness reduction is 1.5 times than common 1045 carbon steel, but it also has a considerable ductility, resulting from the enhancement caused by refined ferrite grains and cementite particles.
Virtualization of Machine Tools
Authors: Cugnon Frédéric , Ghassempouri Mani , Etxeberria Patxi
Published: January 2019

This section focusses on the dynamic modelling of the machine tool including its computer numeric control. To properly simulate modern machine tools in machining condition, which show close interaction between the dynamic behaviour of the mechanical structure, drives, and the CNC, we use an integrated methodology that combines control and MBS capabilities in a nonlinear FEA solver called SAMCEF Mecano. The capacity of such digital twin model to simulate machine tool dynamics is demonstrated considering several validation tests.
Data Monitoring and Management for Machine Tools
Authors: Fuertjes Tobias , Mozzati Christophe , Peysson Flavien , Alzaga Aitor , Armendia Mikel
Published: January 2019

Data monitoring is a key feature in current manufacturing industry. It provides the chance to know how the machine tool and the machining process are performing and opens further opportunities to improve process performance at various levels (maintenance, process control and even feedback to design). Twin-Control proposes a monitoring and data management architecture for machine tools. It consists of a modular local monitoring equipment that is flexible to cover most of the machine tool configurations. Monitored data at local level is uploaded to a cloud platform to perform fleet-level analysis. The proposed architecture has been working for almost two years, providing an excellent source of real data used as a basis for the rest of developments of Twin-Control.
Prevalence Studies from the Nordic Countries
Authors: Lien Marianne Inéz , Lorentzen Jørgen
Published: January 2019

This chapter is based on a review of key Nordic prevalence studies that chart violence against men in intimate relationships, with emphasis on Norwegian studies. In this book we will not go through this work in depth, but give a brief summary of the findings of those studies we have included, with our greatest focus being on the consequences of the violence for men and the kinds of help men seek. In this chapter we also present the part of our study investigating the level of awareness in Norway of the support available through crisis centres, family protection services and centres against incest and sexual abuse, and the awareness that these bodies also offer help to men.
Porto‐Rex Shunt for Left Portal Vein Reconstruction During Right Extended Hepatectomy for Advanced Extrahepatic Biliary Cancer
Authors: Lahat Eylon , Jaber Ahmad , Salloum Chady , Lim Chetana , Golan Gil , Ben‐Ari Ziv , Gutman Mordechai , Azoulay Daniel
Published: January 2019

Resection offers the only chance of long‐term survival or cure for perihilar cancer, provided R0 resection is achieved with margin‐negative status of the remnant liver, bile duct, proximal hepatic artery, and portal vein. End‐to‐end anastomosis of the portal trunk to the left portal branch is the conventional portal reconstruction in cases of right extended hepatectomy requiring resection of the portal vein bifurcation. This mandatory reconstruction may be challenging due to (1) vessel incongruence, (2) fragility of the left portal branch wall, and more importantly, and (3) the divergent orientation of the two vessels exposing to vascular twisting/kinking. We report here the first two cases of porto‐Rex shunt, between the portal vein trunk and the left portal vein in the umbilical fissure during right extended hepatectomy for advanced extrahepatic biliary cancer: one following failed conventional portal reconstruction and one to achieve macroscopically complete resection.
Sequence-based classification of type II polyketide synthase biosynthetic gene clusters for antiSMASH
Authors: Villebro Rasmus , Shaw Simon , Blin Kai , Weber Tilmann
Published: January 2019

The software antiSMASH examines microbial genome data to identify and analyze biosynthetic gene clusters for a wide range of natural products. So far, type II polyketide synthase (PKS) gene clusters could only be identified, but no detailed predictions for type II PKS gene clusters could be provided. In this study, an antiSMASH module for analyzing type II PKS gene clusters has been developed. The module detects genes/proteins in the type II PKS gene cluster involved with polyketide biosynthesis and is able to make predictions about the aromatic polyketide product. Predictions include the putative starter unit, the number of malonyl elongations during polyketide biosynthesis, the putative class and the molecular weight of the product. Furthermore, putative cyclization patterns are predicted. The accuracy of the predictions generated with the new PKSII antiSMASH module was evaluated using a leave-one-out cross validation. The prediction module is available in antiSMASH version 5 at https://antismash.secondarymetabolites.org.
Physiological essay on Gulliver’s Travels: a correction after three centuries
Authors: Kuroki Toshio
Published: January 2019

Gulliver’s Travels by Jonathan Swift, published in 1726, was analyzed from the viewpoint of scaling in comparative physiology. According to the original text, the foods of 1724 Lilliputians, tiny human creatures, are needed for Gulliver, but the author found that those of 42 Lilliputians and of 1/42 Brobdingnagians (gigantic human creatures) are enough to support the energy of Gulliver. The author further estimated their heartbeats, respiration rates, life spans and blood pressure. These calculations were made by the use of three equations, i.e., body mass index (BMI = W/H
2) and quarter-power laws (E∝W
3/4 and T∝W
1/4), where W, H, E, and T denote body weight, height, energy and time, respectively. Their blood pressures were estimated with reference to that of the giraffe and barosaurus, a long-neck dinosaur. Based on the above findings, the food requirement of Gulliver in the original text should be corrected after almost three centuries.
Does degree completion improve non‐cognitive skills during early adulthood and adulthood?
Authors: Oi Katsuya
Published: January 2019

Introduction

Non‐cognitive skills, particularly in terms of risk‐aversion, future‐orientation, and conscientiousness, grow with age, and this phenomenon is known as personality maturation. However, significant variability in maturation among individuals exists. The technology of cognitive/non‐cognitive skill formation suggests that the growth of non‐cognitive skills is contingent on cognitive skills or human capital in general. The completion of formal education is a quintessential form of human capital. The aim of this study is to test whether formal education indeed facilitates the improvement of non‐cognitive skills during early adulthood and adulthood.]

Methods

I used data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. The study sample consists of 9291 individuals, representative of U.S. adolescents in grades 7 through 12 in 1994. The longitudinal design of the data allowed the repeated measurement of their non‐cognitive skills in adolescence (age < 18), early adulthood (between 18 and 25) and then in adulthood (>25). I used Latent Score Difference modeling to examine whether advancement in formal education through degree completion predicts within‐individual change in non‐cognitive skills in early adulthood and adulthood.

Results

A steady increase in non‐cognitive skills beyond adolescence was found. Independently of academic engagement during high school, parental socio‐economic status, and adolescent non‐cognitive skills, degree completion reported in early adulthood coincides with gains in non‐cognitive skills since adolescence, and this positive feedback repeats itself in adulthood.

Conclusions

Continued schooling facilitates personality maturation beyond adolescence. Given the profound effects of non‐cognitive skills on various life outcomes, educational opportunities could alleviate social stratification.
Bayesian analysis of two methods MALDI‐TOF‐MS system and culture test in otomycosis infection
Authors: Rath Sibanarayan , Das Saumya Ranjan , Padhy Rabindra Nath
Published: January 2019

Objective

Identification of otomycotic fungi using matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) time of flight (TOF) mass spectroscopy (MS) and to quantify pervasive errors with Bayes rule; values of sensitivity and specificity of culture test and MALDI‐TOF‐MS method are quantified.

Method

Fungi cultured ear discharge samples were identified with culture test and MALDI‐TOF‐MS system. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) or MEC (minimum effective concentration) for 6 antifungals were determined by antifungal susceptibility testing in vitro. With Bayes rule, sensitivity and specificity of both MALDI‐TOF MS and culture test methods were computed.

Results

Cultures yielded 42 fungal isolates which were confirmed as species (specified against each species) belonging to 8 genera, A. niger 22, Candida sp. 7, A. fumigatus 3, A. flavus 3, mixed Aspergillus sp. 3, Mucor sp. 2, Rhizopus sp. 1, and Scopulariopsis sp.1; and MALDI‐TOF‐MS system also confirmed those isolates. In vitro antifungal susceptibility testing with terms of MIC 50 and MIC 90, isolates fungi were highly susceptible to 6 antifungals; and caspofungin was the most active antifungal. The high value of specificity 84.6%, suggested a limited loss of confidence on the culture test at the absence of an infection, in comparison to MALDI‐TOF‐MS. Sensitivity of the culture test was 87.5%; this high figure strongly approves the culture test to be the dependable method for the otomycosis diagnosis, when the infection is stable.

Conclusion

Based on sensitivity and specificity together the culture test could be done in face of the gold‐standard MALDI‐TOF‐MS system the estimating both methods.
Effect of Forage Kochia on Seedling Growth of Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) and Perennial Grasses
Authors: Aryal Parmeshwor , Islam M. Anowarul
Published: January 2019

Forage kochia [Bassia prostrata(L.) A. J. Scott] is competitive with annual weeds and has potential for use in reclamation of disturbed land. However, land managers are reluctant to use forage kochia in revegetation programs due to lack of understanding of its compatibility with or invasiveness in the native plant community. We conducted two greenhouse experiments, one to compare the competitive effect of forage kochia versus perennial grasses on growth of cheatgrass (Bromus tectorumL.) and one to study the effect of forage kochia on growth of native perennial grasses. In the first experiment, a single seedling ofB. tectorumwas grown with increasing neighbor densities (0 to 5 seedlings pot−1) of either forage kochia, crested wheatgrass [Agropyron cristatum(L.) Gaertner ×A. desertorum(Fisch. ex Link) Schultes; nonnative perennial grass], or thickspike wheatgrass [Elymus lanceolatus(Scribn. & J. G. Sm.) Gould; native perennial grass].Bromus tectorumgrowth was reduced moderately by all three perennial neighbors, butA. cristatumandE. lanceolatushad more effect onB. tectorumwhen compared with forage kochia. This experiment was repeated and similar results were observed. In the second experiment, forage kochia was grown with each of four native cool-season grass species: basin wildrye [Leymus cinereus(Scribn. & Merr.) Á. Löve], bluebunch wheatgrass [Pseudoroegneria spicata(Pursh) Á. Löve],E. lanceolatus, and western wheatgrass [Pascopyrum smithii(Rydb.) Á. Löve]. Forage kochia had no effect on height, tiller number, and aboveground biomass of native grasses. Similarly, native grasses did not show a significant effect on forage kochia seedlings. This experiment was also repeated, and forage kochia somewhat reduced the aboveground biomass ofL. cinereusandP. spicata. However, all native grasses significantly reduced change in height, branching, and aboveground biomass of forage kochia. These results suggest that forage kochia interfered withB. tectorumseedling growth, but it showed little competitive effect on native grass seedlings.
Improving Ecological Restoration to Curb Biotic Invasion—A Practical Guide
Authors: Guo Qinfeng , Brockway Dale G. , Larson Diane L. , Wang Deli , Ren Hai
Published: January 2019

Common practices for invasive species control and management include physical, chemical, and biological approaches. The first two approaches have clear limitations and may lead to unintended (negative) consequences, unless carefully planned and implemented. For example, physical removal rarely completely eradicates the targeted invasive species and can cause disturbances that facilitate new invasions by nonnative species from nearby habitats. Chemical treatments can harm native, and especially rare, species through unanticipated side effects. Biological methods may be classified as biocontrol and the ecological approach. Similar to physical and chemical methods, biocontrol also has limitations and sometimes leads to unintended consequences. Therefore, a relatively safer and more practical choice may be the ecological approach, which has two major components: (1) restoration of native species and (2) biomass manipulation of the restored community, such as selective grazing or prescribed burning (to achieve and maintain viable population sizes). Restoration requires well-planned and implemented planting designs that consider alpha-, beta-, and gamma-diversity and the abundance of native and invasive component species at local, landscape, and regional levels. Given the extensive destruction or degradation of natural habitats around the world, restoration could be most effective for enhancing ecosystem resilience and resistance to biotic invasions. At the same time, ecosystems in human-dominated landscapes, especially those newly restored, require close monitoring and careful intervention (e.g., through biomass manipulation), especially when successional trajectories are not moving as intended. Biomass management frequently uses prescribed burning, grazing, harvesting, and thinning to maintain overall ecosystem health and sustainability. Thus, the resulting optimal, balanced, and relatively stable ecological conditions could more effectively limit the spread and establishment of invasive species. Here we review the literature (especially within the last decade) on ecological approaches that involve biodiversity, biomass, and productivity, three key community/ecosystem variables that reciprocally influence one another. We focus on the common and most feasible ecological practices that can aid in resisting new invasions and/or suppressing the dominance of existing invasive species. We contend that, because of the strong influences from neighboring areas (i.e., as exotic species pools), local restoration and management efforts in the future need to consider the regional context and projected climate changes.
Deep learning of mixing by two ‘atoms’ of stratified turbulence
Authors: Salehipour Hesam , Peltier W. R.
Published: January 2019

Current global ocean models rely on ad hoc parameterizations of diapycnal mixing, in which the efficiency of mixing is globally assumed to be fixed at 20 %, despite increasing evidence that this assumption is questionable. As an ansatz for small-scale ocean turbulence, we may focus on stratified shear flows susceptible to either Kelvin–Helmholtz (KHI) or Holmboe wave (HWI) instability. Recently, an unprecedented volume of data has been generated through direct numerical simulation (DNS) of these flows. In this paper, we describe the application of deep learning methods to the discovery of a generic parameterization of diapycnal mixing using the available DNS dataset. We furthermore demonstrate that the proposed model is far more universal compared to recently published parameterizations. We show that a neural network appropriately trained on KHI- and HWI-induced turbulence is capable of predicting mixing efficiency associated with unseen regions of the parameter space well beyond the range of the training data. Strikingly, the high-level patterns learned based on the KHI and weakly stratified HWI are ‘transferable’ to predict HWI-induced mixing efficiency under much more strongly stratified conditions, suggesting that through the application of appropriate networks, significant universal abstractions of density-stratified turbulent mixing have been recognized.
DIFFERENTIAL FORMS ON STRATIFIED SPACES II
Authors: GÜRER SERAP , IGLESIAS-ZEMMOUR PATRICK
Published: January 2019

We prove that, for conelike stratified diffeological spaces, a zero-perverse form is the restriction of a global differential form if and only if its index is equal to one for every stratum.
Do natural experiments have an important future in the study of mental disorders?
Authors: Thapar Anita , Rutter Michael
Published: January 2019

There is an enormous interest in identifying the causes of psychiatric disorders but there are considerable challenges in identifying which risks are genuinely causal. Traditionally risk factors have been inferred from observational designs. However, association with psychiatric outcome does not equate to causation. There are a number of threats that clinicians and researchers face in making causal inferences from traditional observational designs because adversities or exposures are not randomly allocated to individuals. Natural experiments provide an alternative strategy to randomized controlled trials as they take advantage of situations whereby links between exposure and other variables are separated by naturally occurring events or situations. In this review, we describe a growing range of different types of natural experiment and highlight that there is a greater confidence about findings where there is a convergence of findings across different designs. For example, exposure to hostile parenting is consistently found to be associated with conduct problems using different natural experiment designs providing support for this being a causal risk factor. Different genetically informative designs have repeatedly found that exposure to negative life events and being bullied are linked to later depression. However, for exposure to prenatal cigarette smoking, while findings from natural experiment designs are consistent with a causal effect on offspring lower birth weight, they do not support the hypothesis that intra-uterine cigarette smoking has a causal effect on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and conduct problems and emerging findings highlight caution about inferring causal effects on bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.
Not all posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms are equal: fear, dysphoria, and risk of developing hypertension in trauma-exposed women
Authors: Sumner Jennifer A. , Kubzansky Laura D. , Roberts Andrea L. , Chen Qixuan , Rimm Eric B. , Koenen Karestan C.
Published: January 2019

Background

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with higher risk of incident hypertension, but it is unclear whether specific aspects of PTSD are particularly cardiotoxic. PTSD is a heterogeneous disorder, comprising dimensions of fear and dysphoria. Because elevated fear after trauma may promote autonomic nervous system dysregulation, we hypothesized fear would predict hypertension onset, and associations with hypertension would be stronger with fear than dysphoria.

Methods

We examined fear and dysphoria symptom dimensions in relation to incident hypertension over 24 years in 2709 trauma-exposed women in the Nurses’ Health Study II. Posttraumatic fear and dysphoria symptom scores were derived from a PTSD diagnostic interview. We used proportional hazards models to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each symptom dimension (quintiles) with new-onset hypertension events (N = 925), using separate models. We also considered lower-order symptom dimensions of fear and dysphoria.

Results

Higher levels of fear (P-trend = 0.02), but not dysphoria (P-trend = 0.22), symptoms were significantly associated with increased hypertension risk after adjusting for socio-demographics and family history of hypertension. Women in the highest v. lowest fear quintile had a 26% higher rate of developing hypertension [HR = 1.26 (95% CI 1.02–1.57)]; the increased incidence associated with greater fear was similar when further adjusted for biomedical and health behavior covariates (P-trend = 0.04) and dysphoria symptoms (P-trend = 0.04). Lower-order symptom dimension analyses provided preliminary evidence that the re-experiencing and avoidance components of fear were particularly associated with hypertension.

Conclusions

Fear symptoms associated with PTSD may be a critical driver of elevated cardiovascular risk in trauma-exposed individuals.
Perché le politiche cambiano: il caso dei trasporti
Authors: Tebaldi Mauro
Published: January 2019

Introduzione

Il tema delpolicy changeè da tempo al centro di un articolato dibattito intorno al quale si confrontano gli argomenti di chi, come l'autore di queste note, ritiene che il problema vada ben inquadrato in sede teorica avanti qualsivoglia indagine sui processi evolutivi delle politiche pubbliche. Sebbene assai poco frequentato dai cultori della scienza politica, il settore delle politiche dei trasporti richiama un campo di attività pubblica oltremodo rilevante, la cui esplorazione sistematica, alla luce degli studi sinora condotti, solleva questioni di ordine teorico e metodologico particolarmente salienti per l'analisi comparativa delpolicy change.
LO STATO SOCIALE NELL'ERA DELL'AUSTERITÀ PERMANENTE
Authors: Pierson Paul
Published: January 2019

Introduzione

Da tempo riconosciuto come un elemento caratterizzante delle democrazie industriali avanzate, il welfare state reclama oggi più attenzione che mai. Malgrado l'incremento delle disuguaglianze in molti paesi, le domande di tagli alla spesa sociale si sono intensificate. I tentativi in tale senso hanno provocato un acceso dibattito e diffuse proteste e ciò pone il welfare al centro del dibattito politico e del conflitto sociale.
OPINIONE PUBBLICA E POLITICA ESTERA IN ITALIA: IL CASO DELLA BOSNIA
Authors: Bellucci Paolo , Isernia Pierangelo
Published: January 2019

Introduzione

La guerra contro la Repubblica Federale di Jugoslavia ha evidenziato i problemi della politica estera italiana degli anni '90. Con non più del 40% dell'opinione pubblica stabilmente a favore dei raid aerei contro la Serbia ed il Kosovo, una veemente opposizione del Vaticano e del Papa in prima persona ed una maggioranza di governo divisa al suo interno tra negoziatori ad oltranza ed auspici di una immediataescalationterrestre, si riproponeva, con maggiore evidenza del passato, il ridotto margine di autonomia dell'esecutivo nel settore della politica di sicurezza. A poco meno di due anni dalla crisi albanese, la leadership politica italiana si è trovata così ad affrontare l'ennesima prova di politica estera, per giunta sul terreno delle armi, un terreno sul quale nell'ultimo quarantennio repubblicano raramente un governo si era avventurato. Rispetto all'ambiente tut to sommato «placido» nel quale la politica estera italiana ha operato nel secondo dopoguerra, gli anni '90, con un ininterrotto susseguirsi di crisi (dal Golfo alla Somalia, dall'Albania alla Bosnia, per finire con il Kosovo) hanno prodotto un maggior numero di sfide, in aree molto più vicine e rilevanti per gli interessi nazionali italiani e in un quadro di minore possibilità di far ricorso al proprio tradizionale alleato, gli Stati Uniti, per risolvere i propri fondamentali problemi di sicurezza. Da qui la necessità di costruire un consenso nazionale intorno alle scelte del governo e, di conseguenza, il crescente interesse per il ruolo che l'opinione pubblica assume nella politica estera italiana. Il Kosovo tuttavia non è il primo caso in cui l'opinione pubblica entra nei calcoli dei decisori nazionali. In questo saggio intendiamo esplorare questo ruolo in un'altra recente crisi che ha visto coinvolta l'Italia, quella relativa al dissolvimento della ex-Jugoslavia, con particolare riferimento alla crisi in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Come diremo nelle conclusioni, da questa esperienza è possibile trarre alcune considerazioni che sembrano dimostrarsi valide anche nel caso del Kosovo.
GLI ITALIANI E IL VOTO EUROPEO: MOLTE CONFERME, POCHE SMENTITE
Authors: Natale Paolo
Published: January 2019

Introduzione

Come da molte parti è stato sottolineato, e come confermano puntualmente i sondaggi d'opinione, Fattuale fase politica nazionale è marcata da una profonda e crescente disaffezione dei cittadini nei confronti del mondo della politica in generale e di quello partitico in particolare.

Tutti i giudizi che vengono formulati dagli italiani in merito alle più rilevanti istituzioni politiche o agli attori politici occupano - nel ranking complessivo delle «fiducie» (riportate in tab. 1) - le posizioni decisamente più basse. Senza particolari distinzioni tra elettori di sinistra o di destra, la popolazione italiana appare unanime nel considerare gravemente insufficienti sia i partiti che i principali organi di rappresentanza politica.
The Political Science 400: With Citation Counts by Cohort, Gender, and Subfield
Authors: Kim Hannah June , Grofman Bernard
Published: January 2019

This article updates the Masuoka, Grofman, and Feld 2002 dataset that identified the then-3,719 faculty in political science PhD-granting departments in the United States. That dataset contained information about each faculty member, including date and PhD-granting department, lifetime citation counts, fields of interest, and school of employment. We similarly create a database with the 4,089 currently tenured or tenure-track faculty, along with emeritus faculty, at US PhD-granting departments ca. 2017–2018. Using Google Scholar Profiles, along with manual counts for those who do not have a profile, we sort the dataset by citation count, PhD cohort, field of interest, and gender. This article identifies the 100 currently most-cited scholars, the 25 most-cited in each PhD cohort and subfield, the 40 most-cited women scholars, and the 25 most-cited emeriti. The full list of The Political Science 400 is available in an online appendix.
Evolution of a Mesospheric Bore in a Duct Observed by Ground‐Based Double‐Layer Imagers and Satellite Observations Over the Tibetan Plateau Region
Authors: Li Qinzeng , Xu Jiyao , Yue Jia , Liu Xiao , Yuan Wei
Published: January 2019

A mesospheric bore event was observed in the airglow layers of both OH and OI (557.7 nm) bands by two all‐sky airglow imagers in Lhasa (29.66°N, 90.98°E) on the Tibetan Plateau and the Day Night Band (DNB) of the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) onboard the Suomi National Polar‐orbiting Partnership (NPP) satellite on the night of 16–17 December 2014. Simultaneous temperature and OH intensity observations from the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument onboard the TIMED satellite and wind measurement by a Doppler meteor radar were used to characterize the environment of the bore propagation. A large mesospheric inversion layer was identified from the temperature measured by the SABER instrument. The observed winds in the height range of the OH layer were almost orthogonal to the propagation direction of the mesospheric bore. Both hydraulic jump theory and observations showed that the duct initially shrank followed by an expansion. The duct mainly existed in the OH layer but was weak in the OI layer, as revealed by the double‐layer imaging and satellite observations. The horizontal wavelengths and observed phase speeds of the bore packet decreased as the duct shrank and increased as the duct expanded. The intensity amplitude of the bore packet decreased slowly and then decreased sharply after dissipation. With the variation of the depth of the duct, the bore may have leak out of the duct. The presented study advances the understanding of mesospheric bore evolution and how the ducted environment influences the propagation of the bore.
Revising More Than 20 Years of EPHIN Ion Flux Data—A New Data Product for Space Weather Applications
Authors: Kühl P. , Heber B.
Published: January 2019

Solar energetic particle events and galactic cosmic rays are important aspects of space weather. Investigating them requires consistent measurements of electrons and ions over long time periods, that is, over more than a solar cycle. The Electron Proton Helium INstrument onboard the SOlar and Heliospheric Observatory is operational since 1995 and was designed to measure electrons in the energy range of 0.3 to 10 MeV as well as protons and helium ions in the energy range from 4 to 50 MeV per nucleon in four different coincidence channels with 1‐min resolution. Early in the mission and in 2017 two of six detectors became noisy and had to be switched of reducing the number of coincidence channels from 4 to 2, and thereby significantly reducing the energy resolution of the instrument. In order to restore the original count rate channels we present here a new data analysis applying the so called dE/dx − dE/dx method. A data set with different temporal resolutions from 1 min to a day has been generated for the whole ongoing SOlar and Heliospheric Observatory mission from 1995 to 2018. The resulting data sets are successfully validated against measurements from instruments close to Earth. Studies with regard to long‐term variation of the measured flux with special emphasis on the contribution of individual solar energetic particle events to the fluence observed over more than two solar cycles are presented here.
Can You Explain Science Using Only 1,000 Common Words?
Authors: Bedford Bailey
Published: January 2019

The Up-Goer Five Challenge forces researchers to peel back the jargon and reveal the simple nuggets of their work.