bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sentinel lymph node biopsy for ocular adnexal melanoma
Authors: Pfeiffer Margaret L. , Ozgur Omar K. , Myers Jeffrey N. , Peng Andrew , Ning Jing , Zafereo Mark E. , Thakar Sudip , Thuro Bradley , Prieto Victor G. , Ross Merrick I. , Esmaeli Bita
Published: October 2016

Background

We sought to update our prior report of findings on sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) and predictors of a positive SLN in patients with conjunctival or eyelid melanoma.

Methods

We reviewed the records of all patients with ocular adnexal melanoma who underwent SLNB at one institution during 2000–2015. We determined rates of positive and false‐negative findings on SLNB, primary tumour features correlated with positive findings and rate of nodal recurrence (false‐negative event) after negative findings.

Results

The study included 51 patients, 31 with conjunctival and 20 with eyelid melanoma. These patients include 30 patients who underwent SLNB during 2000–2008, described in our previous report, and 21 additional patients who underwent SLNB during 2008–2015. There were 30 women and 21 men with median age at SLNB of 62 years (range, 24–83). The nodal basins most commonly sampled were intraparotid (27 patients) and level II (14 patients). Ten patients had positive SLNB findings. Compared to tumours with negative findings, tumours with positive findings had greater median thickness (3.5 mm versus 2.2 mm, p = 0.04), greater median number of mitotic figures (6 versus 2, p = 0.03) and greater incidence of ulceration (80% versus 26%, p = 0.003). Perineural and vascular invasion were not significantly associated with positive findings. There were three false‐negative events. Three patients (6%) had temporary marginal mandibular weakness which resolved spontaneously.

Conclusion

SLNB in patients with ocular adnexal melanoma is safe and identifies nodal micrometastasis in approximately 20% of cases. Histologic features associated with a positive SLN included greater tumour thickness, greater number of mitotic figures and ulceration.
Thickness of macular inner retinal layers and peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer in neuromyelitis optica spectrum optic neuritis and isolated optic neuritis with one episode
Authors: Peng Chunxia , Wang Wei , Xu Quangang , Yang Mo , Zhou Huangfen , Zhao Shuo , Wei Shihui
Published: October 2016

Purpose

The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences between macular inner retinal layers and peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (pRNFL) thickness in Chinese patients with neuromyelitis spectrum optic neuritis (NMOSD‐ON) and isolated optic neuritis (ION) with only one episode.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study included 35 patients (35 eyes) with NMOSD‐ON (NMO‐IgG seropositive) and 46 patients (46 eyes) with ION after one episode. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT) was used to quantify pRNFL, macular RNFL (mRNFL), ganglion cell and inner plexiform layers (GCIPL) and inner nuclear layer (INL) thickness using an automated algorithm. Differences in OCT parameters between NMOSD‐ON and ION were compared after adjusting for age, sex and disease duration.

Results

The pRNFL and mRNFL in some locations (average pRNFL, nasal pRNFL, nasal inferior (NI) pRNFL, nasal/temporal (N/T) ratio pRNFL, average mRNFL, inner temporal mRNFL, outer nasal mRNFL and outer temporal mRNFL) in NMOSD‐ON differed significantly from those in ION (all p < 0.05). These parameters had moderate diagnostic accuracy, with area under curves (AUCs) ranging from 0.684 to 0.762 for pRNFL and from 0.660 to 0.700 for mRNF. The thickness of GC‐IPL and INL in all sectors was similar in NMOSD‐ON and ION (p > 0.05). This study and our meta‐analysis of four previous studies obtained consistent results, with pooled mean difference (MD) −10.4 μm (95% CI: −12.4 to −8.4, p < 0.001) for pRNFL, −1.5 μm (95% CI: −3.5 to 0.6, p = 0.158) for mRNFL and 0.2 μm (95% CI: −0.4 to 0.9, p = 0.490) for GC‐IPL, respectively.

Conclusions

Neuromyelitis spectrum optic neuritis (NMOSD‐ON) patients had more pRNFL and mRNFL loss compared to ION patients after one episode. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT) may help to distinguish NMOSD‐ON from ION with only moderate diagnostic accuracy.
Towards better characterization and quantification of emulsification of silicone oil in vitro
Authors: Chan Yau Kei , Czanner Gabriela , Shum Ho Cheung , Williams Rachel L. , Cheung Ning , Wong David
Published: October 2016

Purpose

Emulsification is related to complications arising from silicone oil (SO) tamponade. Currently, there is no widely accepted method for testing the propensity of SO to emulsify that are physiologically realistic and quantitative.

Methods

We compared different ways of inducing emulsification namely vortex mixing, sonication and homogenization. Silicone oil (SO) emulsification was quantitatively assessed using the Coulter counter and laser light scattering. The in vitro results are compared with the droplet size distribution profile of vitreous clinical washout. Conventional SO was compared with two novel SO blends with high‐molecular‐weight (HMW) additives (SOHMW2000 and SOHMW5000).

Results

Of the three methods for inducing emulsification, homogenization generated the most consistent emulsion samples with the smallest variance. The results from the Coulter counter measurement correlated strongly with the laser light scattering measurement within the range of 1 to 30 µm. The droplet size distribution profiles from human eyes were similar to that of emulsions generated in vitro by homogenization. The human size distribution profile was within the range of values obtained by the in vitro experiment. Compared to the conventional SO, the emulsion droplet counts for the new SO blends were significantly lower (SOHMW2000 and SOHMW5000 were 79% (±17%) and 49% (±18%) of the SO2000 and SO5000, respectively; p = 0.03 and p = 0.002).

Conclusion

Emulsion generated in vitro by homogenization has similar droplet size profile as human eyes filled with SO. Using this method to induce emulsion, SO blends with HMW additives demonstrated less propensity to emulsification with lower droplet counts compared to conventional SO with similar shear viscosity.
Monitoring macular pigment changes in macular holes using fluorescence lifetime imaging ophthalmoscopy
Authors: Sauer Lydia , Peters Sven , Schmidt Johanna , Schweitzer Dietrich , Klemm Matthias , Ramm Lisa , Augsten Regine , Hammer Martin
Published: October 2016

Purpose

To investigate the impact of macular pigment (MP) on fundus autofluorescence (FAF) lifetimes in vivo by characterizing full‐thickness idiopathic macular holes (MH) and macular pseudo‐holes (MPH).

Methods

A total of 37 patients with MH and 52 with MPH were included. Using the fluorescence lifetime imaging ophthalmoscope (FLIO), based on a Heidelberg Engineering Spectralis system, a 30° retinal field was investigated. FAF decays were detected in a short (498–560 nm; ch1) and long (560–720 nm; ch2) wavelength channel. τm, the mean fluorescence lifetime, was calculated from a three‐exponential approximation of the FAF decays. Macular coherence tomography scans were recorded, and macular pigment's optical density (MPOD) was measured (one‐wavelength reflectometry). Two MH subgroups were analysed according to the presence or absence of an operculum above the MH. A total of 17 healthy fellow eyes were included. A longitudinal FAF decay examination was conducted in nine patients, which were followed up after surgery and showed a closed MH.

Results

In MH without opercula, significant τm differences (p < 0.001) were found between the hole area (MHa) and surrounding areas (MHb) (ch1: MHa 238 ± 64 ps, MHb 181 ± 78 ps; ch2: MHa 275 ± 49 ps, MHb 223 ± 48 ps), as well as between MHa and healthy eyes or closed MH. Shorter τm, adjacent to the hole, can be assigned to areas with equivalently higher MPOD. Opercula containing MP also show short τm. In MPH, the intactness of the Hele fibre layer is associated with shortest τm.

Conclusions

Shortest τm originates from MP‐containing retinal layers, especially from the Henle fibre layer. Fluorescence lifetime imaging ophthalmoscope (FLIO) provides information on the MP distribution, the pathogenesis and topology of MH. Macular pigment (MP) fluorescence may provide a biomarker for monitoring pathological changes in retinal diseases.
The intronic ABCA4 c.5461‐10T>C variant, frequently seen in patients with Stargardt disease, causes splice defects and reduced ABCA4 protein level
Authors: Aukrust Ingvild , Jansson Ragnhild W. , Bredrup Cecilie , Rusaas Hilde E. , Berland Siren , Jørgensen Agnete , Haug Marte G. , Rødahl Eyvind , Houge Gunnar , Knappskog Per M.
Published: October 2016

Purpose

Despite being the third most common ABCA4 variant observed in patients with Stargardt disease, the functional effect of the intronic ABCA4 variant c.5461‐10T>C is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the molecular effect of this variant.

Methods

Fibroblast samples from patients carrying the ABCA4 variant c.5461‐10T>C were analysed by isolating total RNA, followed by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) using specific primers spanning the variant. For detection of ABCA4 protein, fibroblast samples were lysed and analysed by SDS‐PAGE followed by immunoblotting using a monoclonal ABCA4 antibody.

Results

The ABCA4 variant c.5461‐10T>C causes a splicing defect resulting in the reduction of full‐length mRNA in fibroblasts from patients and the presence of alternatively spliced mRNAs where exon 39–40 is skipped. A reduced level of full‐length ABCA4 protein is observed compared to controls not carrying the variant.

Conclusions

This study describes the functional effect and the molecular mechanism of the pathogenic ABCA4 variant c.5461‐10T>C. The variant is functionally important as it leads to splicing defects and a reduced level of ABCA4 protein.
Validation, test–retest reliability and norm scores for the Dutch Catquest‐9SF
Authors: Visser Martijn S. , Dieleman Myrthe , Klijn Stijn , Timman Reinier , Lundström Mats , Busschbach Jan J. V. , Reus Nicolaas J.
Published: October 2016

Purpose

The Catquest‐9SF questionnaire is a unidimensional, reliable, valid and short patient‐reported outcome measure for quantifying benefits in visual functioning from cataract surgery. Our aim was to develop a formal Dutch translation, calculate norm scores, assess its validity and test–retest reliability and provide an easy way for use in clinical practice.

Methods

Translation of the questionnaire was performed according to guidelines of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research. Catquest‐9SF was obtained in 657 patients pre‐ and postcataract surgery. We applied Rasch and classical analyses to determine the questionnaire performance with characteristics such as unidimensionality, reliability, separation and differential item functioning. Test–retest reliability was assessed in another group of 145 patients. A cut‐off value to discriminate between people with and without cataract, norm scores and a reliable change index (RCI) were calculated using data from a sample of 916 ‘healthy’ persons from the normal population.

Results

The Dutch Catquest‐9SF was unidimensional, and both person and item reliability were high; 0.87 and 0.99, respectively. Cronbach's alpha was 0.94, test–retest reliability was 0.85 and the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.93. Catquest‐9SF showed to be responsive to the effect of cataract surgery (effect size = 1.27; p < 0.001). The cut‐off value was −1.90, and RCI was 2.27. A quick‐access table with norm scores and percentiles was established to facilitate clinical interpretation.

Conclusion

This investigation provides validity and reliability of the Dutch Catquest‐9SF as well as norm scores and a new tool to facilitate the clinical interpretation of patient scores. This makes Catquest‐9SF suitable for routine use in clinical practice.
Imaging retinal inflammatory biomarkers after intravitreal steroid and anti‐VEGF treatment in diabetic macular oedema
Authors: Vujosevic Stela , Torresin Tommaso , Bini Silvia , Convento Enrica , Pilotto Elisabetta , Parrozzani Raffaele , Midena Edoardo
Published: October 2016

Purpose

To evaluate changes of specific retinal imaging biomarkers [intraretinal hyper‐reflective retinal spots: HRS ; subfoveal neuroretinal detachment: SND; and increased foveal autofluorescence: IFAF after intravitreal steroid or anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor treatment in diabetic macular oedema (DME)] as possible indicators of retinal inflammatory condition.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of images and clinical charts of 49 eyes (49 patients) with DME treated with intravitreal dexamethasone (dexamethasone, 23 eyes) or intravitreal ranibizumab (ranibizumab, 26 eyes). All patients had fundus colour photograph, spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT) and fundus autofluorescence (FAF), best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and microperimetry recorded before and 1 month after the end of treatment. Central macular thickness (CMT), number of HRS and presence of SND were evaluated by SD OCT. Fundus autofluorescence images were evaluated for area of (IFAF). Retinal sensitivity within 4° and 12° from fovea was quantified by microperimetry. Changes in morphologic and functional parameters were assessed, and correlation was performed by Pearson's correlation.

Results

Best‐corrected visual acuity and CMT improved in all patients, (p < 0.05, for both groups). Mean number of HRS decreased after both treatments (p < 0.0001). Subfoveal neuroretinal detachment resolved in 85.7% dexamethasone‐treated eyes (p = 0.014) and in 50% ranibizumab‐treated eyes (p = 0.025). Mean IFAF area decreased in both groups, (p < 0.0001, for both). A significantly higher decrease in CMT was observed in dexamethasone‐ versus ranibizumab‐treated eyes, (p = 0.032). In dexamethasone group, higher number of HRS at baseline and larger IFAF were correlated with higher increase in retinal sensitivity; eyes with SND at baseline had major decrease in CMT versus those without SND, (p = 0.003).

Conclusion

Higher number of HRS, larger area of IFAF and presence of SND may indicate a prevalent inflammatory condition in DME with specific response to targeted treatment.
The contributions of mental state understanding and executive functioning to preschool‐aged children's lie‐telling
Authors: Leduc Karissa , Williams Shanna , Gomez‐Garibello Carlos , Talwar Victoria
Published: October 2016

In this study, preschool‐aged children's lie‐telling behaviour was examined in relation to mental state understanding and executive functioning. Sixty‐seven children aged between 25 and 43 months (Mage in months = 34.80, SD = 4.39) participated in a temptation resistance paradigm (TRP). Children completed emerging ToM tasks measuring the following mental states: (1) diverse beliefs, (2) diverse desires, and (3) knowledge access. Children also completed measures of inhibitory control and working memory. In total, 63 of the 67 children peeked at the toy during the TRP, and a total of 26 of those children denied their transgression to the research assistant. Inhibitory control and understanding of knowledge access predicted lie‐telling behaviour. Results are discussed in relation to a developmental model of children's lie‐telling behaviour.

Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

The relationship between lie‐telling, executive functioning, and ToM has been established in older children (aged 4 and above).

Inhibitory control plays a role in young children's lie‐telling (aged 2–4).

Children above 3 years of age have some understanding of mental states.

What does this study add?

Very young children (2–3‐year‐olds) also possess an understanding of mental states.

Mental state understanding is related to 2–3‐year‐old children's lie‐telling behaviours and may be more predictive than inhibitory control.

While the results were not significant, this study is the first to look at the unique role of working memory in very young children's lie‐telling.
‘Janet vs Freud’ on Traumatization: A Critique of the Theory of Structural Dissociation from an Object Relations Perspective
Authors: Lesley Joan , Varvin Sverre
Published: October 2016

It is still ‘Janet vs Freud’. We present ‘The theory of structural dissociation’ and the three‐phase treatment programme that provides the basis for treatment of traumatized patients in many services in Europe, exploring its shortcomings. With roots in Janet's work it displays a behaviouristic, systemic view of the human being that allows for an understanding of traumatic experience as preventing natural development of the personality towards an integrated unit, or disrupting integration, causing splits along fault lines between major personality systems. Traumatization, structural dissociation, produces patients with multiple inner parts, each with a subjective first person perspective of experience not (necessarily) shared with other parts. With our roots in Freud, from an object relations perspective, we illustrate, through clinical example with two traumatized female patients, how (1) the transference and countertransference provides a unique, alternative understanding of the traumatized patient determining the direction of the therapeutic process, thus making a phase‐orientated therapy moot; (2) the patient's functioning prior to traumatization influences the actual traumatic experience, reactions to it and the treatment process; and (3) a patient's attachment needs and way of handling these, brings the traumatic experience into the treatment room from the first contact, providing a core process in the transference and countertransference throughout the therapy.
A Couple's Unconscious Communication: Dreams
Authors: Sommantico Massimiliano
Published: October 2016

The author describes the process of a couple's psychoanalytic psychotherapy, conducted in co‐therapy, through the analysis of some dreams and their associations. The dream analysis will show the common and shared inter‐subjective dimension of the couple that emerged from the psychoanalytic psychotherapy setting. Central notions of this clinical work are those of inter‐phantasizing, common and shared dream space, and couple associative chain. But also the containing model of the psychic envelope can be considered as one of the bases of the theory of a couple's dream space. The author describes the process by which the partners of the couple, and more generally the ‘therapeutic new group’, were able to achieve the unveiling of a denial pact that allowed the couple to add to their family at the time of the birth of their first child with Down's syndrome; but also, and more fundamentally, what has allowed this young couple to cope with the trauma of this birth. The author finally shows how the group working‐through, within the setting of the couple's psychoanalytic psychotherapy, gave new meaning to sensations, feelings and affects of the couple.
Functional and therapeutic relevance of hepatocyte growth factor/c‐MET signaling in synovial sarcoma
Authors: Imura Yoshinori , Nakai Takaaki , Yamada Shutaro , Outani Hidetatsu , Takenaka Satoshi , Hamada Kenichiro , Araki Nobuhito , Itoh Kazuyuki , Yoshikawa Hideki , Naka Norifumi
Published: October 2016

Synovial sarcoma (SS) is an aggressive soft tissue sarcoma with a poor prognosis and, thus, novel therapeutic strategies for SS are urgently required. In the present study, we investigated the functional and therapeutic relevance of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c‐MET signaling in SS. Both HGF and c‐MET were highly expressed in Yamato‐SS cells, resulting in activation of c‐MET and its downstream AKT and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase signaling pathways, whereas c‐MET was expressed but not activated in SYO‐1 or HS‐SY‐II cells. c‐MET‐activated Yamato‐SS cells showed higher anchorage‐independent growth ability and less sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents than did c‐MET‐inactivated SYO‐1 or HS‐SY‐II cells. INC280, a selective c‐MET inhibitor, inhibited growth of Yamato‐SS cells both in vitro and in vivo but not that of SYO‐1 or HS‐SY‐II cells. INC280 induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and blocked phosphorylation of c‐MET and its downstream effectors in Yamato‐SS cells. Co‐expression of HGF and c‐MET in SS clinical samples correlated with a poor prognosis in patients with SS. Taken together, activation of HGF/c‐MET signaling in an autocrine fashion leads to an aggressive phenotype in SS and targeting of this signaling exerts superior antitumor effects on c‐MET‐activated SS. HGF/c‐MET expression status is a potential biomarker for identification of SS patients with a worse prognosis who can benefit from c‐MET inhibitors.
Can Infinitival to Omissions and Provisions Be Primed? An Experimental Investigation Into the Role of Constructional Competition in Infinitival to Omission Errors
Authors: Kirjavainen Minna , Lieven Elena V. M. , Theakston Anna L.
Published: October 2016

An experimental study was conducted on children aged 2;6–3;0 and 3;6–4;0 investigating the priming effect of two WANT‐constructions to establish whether constructional competition contributes to English‐speaking children's infinitival to omission errors (e.g., *I want ___ jump now). In two between‐participant groups, children either just heard or heard and repeated WANT‐to, WANT‐X, and control prime sentences after which to‐infinitival constructions were elicited. We found that both age groups were primed, but in different ways. In the 2;6–3;0 year olds, WANT‐to primes facilitated the provision of to in target utterances relative to the control contexts, but no significant effect was found for WANT‐X primes. In the 3;6–4;0 year olds, both WANT‐to and WANT‐X primes showed a priming effect, namely WANT‐to primes facilitated and WANT‐X primes inhibited provision of to. We argue that these effects reflect developmental differences in the level of proficiency in and preference for the two constructions, and they are broadly consistent with “priming as implicit learning” accounts. The current study shows that (a) children as young as 2;6–3;0 years of age can be primed when they have only heard (not repeated) particular constructions, (b) children are acquiring at least two constructions for the matrix verb WANT, and (c) that these two WANT‐constructions compete for production.
Familiarity, Priming, and Perception in Similarity Judgments
Authors: Hiatt Laura M. , Trafton J. Gregory
Published: October 2016

We present a novel way of accounting for similarity judgments. Our approach posits that similarity stems from three main sources—familiarity, priming, and inherent perceptual likeness. Here, we explore each of these constructs and demonstrate their individual and combined effectiveness in explaining similarity judgments. Using these three measures, our account of similarity explains ratings of simple, color‐based perceptual stimuli that display asymmetry effects, as well as more complicated perceptual stimuli with structural properties; more traditional approaches to similarity solve one or the other and have difficulty accounting for both. Overall, our work demonstrates the importance of each of these components of similarity in explaining similarity judgments, both individually and together, and suggests important implications for other similarity approaches.
Maternal and infant affect at 4 months predicts performance and verbal IQ at 4 and 7 years in a diverse population
Authors: Sheinkopf Stephen J. , Tenenbaum Elena J. , Messinger Daniel S. , Miller‐Loncar Cynthia L. , Tronick Ed , Lagasse Linda L. , Shankaran Seetha , Bada Henrietta , Bauer Charles , Whitaker Toni , Hammond Jane , Lester Barry M.
Published: October 2016

Using existing longitudinal data from 570 infants in the Maternal Lifestyle Study, we explored the predictive value of maternal and infant affect and maternal vocalizations during 2 minutes of face‐to‐face interactions at 4 months on IQ scores at 4.5 and 7 years. After controlling for demographic factors, maternal depression, and prenatal drug exposure, maternal positive affect and maternal positive vocalizations emerged as predictors of both verbal and performance IQ at 4.5 and 7 years. Although infant positive affect during the interaction with the mother was not predictive of these outcome measures, infant positive affect towards an examiner predicted verbal but not performance IQ at 4.5 years. These results suggest that maternal positive affect may index emotional engagement in interaction that facilitates both verbal and nonverbal cognitive development, while infant social positive affect is specifically related to the acquisition of verbal reasoning abilities. These findings are significant because they are based on a discrete snapshot of observable behavior in infancy (just 2 minutes of interaction), because they extend the range of maternal behaviors and characteristics known to support positive developmental outcomes, and because they are derived from high‐risk infants where prevention efforts may be beneficial. Potential mechanisms for these associations are discussed, as are the clinical implications for identifying dyads most in need of targeted interventions.
Executive functioning in Spanish‐ and English‐speaking Head Start preschoolers
Authors: White Lisa J. , Greenfield Daryl B.
Published: October 2016

A growing percentage of low‐income children in the United States come from Spanish‐speaking homes and are dual language learners (DLLs). Recent research shows that bilingual children, compared to monolinguals, have enhanced executive functioning (EF), a set of foundational cognitive skills that predict higher social‐emotional competence and academic achievement in preschool and beyond. Although this association has been found among children of different backgrounds, no study to date has assessed whether bilingual Latino preschoolers from low‐income backgrounds have higher EF than their monolingual peers and their emerging bilingual peers, respectively. The current study assessed 303 predominantly Latino Head Start preschoolers (83.5% Latino and 13.5% African American) to examine this relationship. Using a language screener, three groups were formed (148 Spanish‐English bilinguals, 83 English monolinguals, and 72 Spanish‐dominant emerging bilinguals) and subsequently compared on a latent factor of EF. As predicted, results indicated that the bilingual group outperformed the monolingual English group on EF. Implications for the findings of the lack of EF differences between the Spanish‐dominant emerging bilinguals and the other two groups are also discussed. This study advances our understanding of the intersection between language and cognitive development for young low‐income Latino DLLs growing up in the United States and highlights bilingualism as a potential advantage in this population. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J2Eq_MwLRfQ
Neurobehaviour at term‐equivalent age and neurodevelopmental outcomes at 2 years in infants born moderate‐to‐late preterm
Authors: Spittle Alicia J , Walsh Jennifer M , Potter Cody , Mcinnes Emma , Olsen Joy E , Lee Katherine J , Anderson Peter J , Doyle Lex W , Cheong Jeanie L Y
Published: October 2016

Aim

To examine the association between newborn neurobehavioural assessments and neurodevelopmental outcomes at 2 years in infants born moderate‐to‐late preterm (MLPT).

Method

Two‐hundred and one infants born MLPT (born 32–36+6wks' gestation) were assessed with the Hammersmith Neonatal Neurological Examination (HNNE) and NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS), with suboptimal performance defined as scores lower than the 10th centile. Development was assessed at 2 years corrected age with the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development 3rd Edition, with delay defined as scores less than 1 standard deviation (SD) below the mean. The relationships between neurobehaviour at term and Bayley‐III cognitive, language, and motor scales at 2 years were examined using linear regression.

Results

Increased odds for cognitive delay were associated with suboptimal HNNE total scores (odds ratio [OR] 2.66; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.14–6.23, p=0.020) and suboptimal NNNS excitability (OR 3.01; 95% CI 1.33–6.82, p=0.008) and lethargy (OR 4.05; 95% CI 1.75–9.31, p=0.001) scores. Suboptimal lethargy scores on the NNNS were associated with increased odds of language (OR 5.64; 95% CI 1.33–23.85, p=0.019) and motor delay (OR: 6.86; 95% CI 1.64–28.71, p=0.08).

Interpretation

Suboptimal performance on specific aspects of newborn neurobehavioural assessments is associated with neurodevelopmental delay at 2 years in children born MLPT.
Focus on the upper limb in Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Authors: Pangalila Robert
Published: October 2016

This commentary is on the original article by Klingels et al. on pages 224–231 of this issue.
Patterns of fish species distributions replicated across three parallel rivers suggest biotic zonation in response to a longitudinal temperature gradient
Authors: Mee Jonathan A. , Robins Geneva L. , Post John R.
Published: October 2016

Environmental gradients determine the distributions of individual species, which, in turn, shape patterns of species assemblage across those gradients. We used species distribution models to study the assemblage of fish species along the three mainstem rivers in the South Saskatchewan River Basin (SSRB) in Alberta, which flow in parallel across an 800‐km longitudinal span and down 1400 m from the Rocky Mountains to the Great Plains of North America. We estimated the similarity of species assemblages along each river to identify general patterns of species assemblage associated with temperature and five other physiochemical variables. Mean July water temperature, which ranged from <11°C at high elevation to >21°C at low elevation, was strongly associated with the presence–absence of most species in the SSRB. We found that high turnover occurred at two locations along the longitudinal gradient: where mean July water temperature was approximately 15°C and where mean July water temperature was approximately 19 or 20°C. There was also an increase in species richness at lower elevations where water temperatures were higher. Models incorporating forecasted changes in water temperature with climate change will likely provide accurate predictions of changes in the diversity and distribution of riverine fish communities across topographically heterogeneous landscapes.
Red Imported Fire Ant in Australia: What if we lose the war?
Authors: Wylie F. Ross , Janssen‐May Sharon
Published: October 2016

In Australia, a national eradication programme for the Red Imported Fire Ant (Solenopsis invicta Buren), one of the world's most invasive species, has been in operation since 2001 when the pest was first detected in Brisbane, Queensland. Since that time, four separate incursions of this ant have been successfully eradicated from this country, but the main Brisbane population remains. Cost‐benefit analyses already conducted put the likely impact of Red Imported Fire Ant in Australia, if not eradicated, at between A$8.5 and A$45 billion. Despite this, ongoing funding for the eradication programme is not assured. A recent external review has concluded that it remains technically feasible, cost beneficial and in the national interest to eradicate. In support of previous analyses, our study highlights some of the potential impacts of Red Imported Fire Ant in Australia in more detail and provides case examples. Results show that adverse impacts are likely in most sectors of the economy, and will be felt not only by agricultural industries, but also the building and construction, tourism, electrical and communications industries. In addition to industry effects, there will also be negative impacts on public health and lifestyle, the environment and infrastructure such as main roads, airports and schools. Our estimates of potential cost impacts in the case examples where extrapolation was possible exceed A$1.65 billion/year and support previous predictions. We conclude that increased spending is justified to avert ‘invasion debt’ – the future cost of battling pests that escape today. This is a war that Australia cannot afford to lose.
The importance of people compliance (social desirability bias) in the assessment of epilepsy prevalence in rural areas of developing countries. Results of the Atahualpa Project
Authors: Del Brutto Oscar H. , Mera Robertino M. ,   the Atahualpa Project Investigators
Published: October 2016

Epilepsy is a major health issue in rural areas of developing countries. However, heterogeneity of epilepsy prevalence in different studies precludes assessment of the magnitude of the problem. Using similar protocols, two population‐based surveys were conducted 12 years apart (2003 and 2015) in a rural Ecuadorian village (Atahualpa). The only difference was a higher people compliance with interviewers during the second survey. Epilepsy prevalence in the 2003 survey was 13.5 per 1,000 (18/1,332) in villagers aged ≥20 years. This rate increased to 26.8 per 1,000 (41/1,530) in the 2015 survey. Thirty‐three persons with epilepsy detected during the second survey lived in the village in 2003; six of them had seizures starting after 2003. Of the remaining 27 cases, 13 (48%) denied their problem during the first survey. Further interview revealed that denial was related to lack of confidence with unacquainted field personnel. Social Desirability Scale‐17 scores were lower in those who admitted having epilepsy than in those who denied their condition (p = 0.048). Lack of confidence with interviewers and a social desirability bias account for a sizable proportion of epilepsy denial in the study population, and may explain heterogeneity of epilepsy prevalence reported in studies conducted in poor rural settings.
High β‐diversity maintains regional diversity in Brazilian tropical coastal stream fish assemblages
Authors: Teshima F. A. , Mello B. J. G. , Ferreira F. C. , Cetra M.
Published: October 2016

Understanding spatial patterns of species diversity and the variables that structure biological communities is critical to successful ecosystem management. Regional diversity (γ) can be considered a combination of local diversity (α) and among sites variation (β). Using abundance data of fish species in 19 stream stretches, an analysis of diversity partitioning was used to determine the contribution of α‐ and β‐diversity to γ‐diversity. Redundancy analysis was applied to find the contribution of environmental variables and spatial configuration to species composition. Intersite variation contributed significantly to γ‐diversity. Spatial configuration and instream heterogeneity (coarse substrate, channel width, water velocity and shading) and riparian vegetation were related to local fish abundances. Conservation actions should consider that all streams are important, and prioritisation of just a small number of the richest sites is not appropriate.
A Coupled Groundwater–Surface Water Modeling Framework for Simulating Transition Zone Processes
Authors: Mugunthan Pradeep , Russell Kevin T. , Gong Binglei , Riley Michael J. , Chin Arthur , McDonald Blair G. , Eastcott Linda J.
Published: October 2016

There is an identified need for fully representing groundwater–surface water transition zone (i.e., the sediment zone that connects groundwater and surface water) processes in modeling fate and transport of contaminants to assist with management of contaminated sediments. Most existing groundwater and surface water fate and transport models are not dynamically linked and do not consider transition zone processes such as bioturbation and deposition and erosion of sediments. An interface module is developed herein to holistically simulate the fate and transport by coupling two commonly used models, Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC) and SEAWAT, to simulate surface water and groundwater hydrodynamics, while providing an enhanced representation of the processes in the transition zone. Transition zone and surface water contaminant processes were represented through an enhanced version of the EFDC model, AQFATE. AQFATE also includes SEDZLJ, a state‐of‐the‐science surface water sediment transport model. The modeling framework was tested on a published test problem and applied to evaluate field‐scale two‐ and three‐dimensional contaminant transport. The model accurately simulated concentrations of salinity from a published test case. For the field‐scale applications, the model showed excellent mass balance closure for the transition zone and provided accurate simulations of all transition zone processes represented in the modeling framework. The model predictions for the two‐dimensional field case were consistent with site‐specific observations of contaminant migration. This modeling framework represents advancement in the simulation of transition zone processes and can help inform risk assessment at sites where contaminant sources from upland areas have the potential to impact sediments and surface water.
Seasonality of Coliform Bacteria Detection Rates in New Jersey Domestic Wells
Authors: Atherholt Thomas B. , Procopio Nicholas A. , Goodrow Sandra M.
Published: October 2016

It is important that indicators of fecal pollution are reliable. Coliform bacteria are a commonly used indicator of fecal pollution. As other investigators have reported elsewhere, we observed a seasonal pattern of coliform bacteria detections in domestic wells in New Jersey. Examination of a statewide database of 10 years of water quality data from 93,447 samples, from 78,207 wells, generated during real estate transactions, revealed that coliform bacteria were detected in a higher proportion of wells during warm weather months. Further examination of the seasonal pattern of other data, including well waterpH, precipitation, ground and surface water temperatures, surface water coliform bacteria concentrations, and vegetation, resulted in the hypothesis that these bacteria may be derived from nonfecal (or environmentally adapted) as well as fecal sources. We provide evidence that the coliform seasonality may be the result of seasonal changes in groundwater extraction volumes (and to a lesser extent precipitation), and temperature‐driven changes in the concentration of surface or near‐surface coliform sources. Nonfecal coliform sources may not indicate the presence of fecal wastes and hence the potential presence of pathogens, or do so in an inconsistent fashion. Additional research is needed to identify the sources of the coliforms detected in groundwater.
Moral Outrage and Musical Corruption: White Educators’ Responses to the “Jazz Problem”
Authors: Hardesty Jacob
Published: October 2016

More than a musical genre, jazz in the 1920s was viewed by critics and supporters alike as a type of lifestyle, one that frequently led to drinking, dancing, and “petting.” Much to the horror of older generations, white young people were particularly drawn to jazz and its “hot rhythms.” Secondary school teachers and administrators took up the formidable task of persuading youth of jazz's morally corrupting influences. I argue that, in the first half of the decade, such educators instituted curricular and various informal policies designed to replace jazz, universally associated with black musicians, with more “wholesome” European-originated alternatives. By the latter part of the decade, however, most educators admitted a grudging acceptance of jazz's permanence and abandoned their efforts to convince students of its iniquity.
Learning Freedom: Education, Elevation, and New York's African-American Community, 1827–1829
Authors: Hines Michael
Published: October 2016

Even though the black community of antebellum New York City lived in a society that marginalized them socially and economically, they were intent on pursuing the basic privileges of American citizenship. One tactic African Americans employed to this end was the tenacious pursuit of education, which leaders believed would act both as an aid in economic advancement and as a counterargument against the widely assumed social inferiority of their race. The weekly newspaper, Freedom's Journal, the first African American owned and operated newspaper in the United States, was an avid supporter of this strategy of social elevation through education. From 1827 to 1829, the paper's editors, John Russwurm and Samuel Cornish, used their platform to advertise for a range of schools, editorialize on the importance of learning, and draw connections between the enlightenment of the individual and the progress of the race.
Privatising Probation: The Death Knell of a Much‐Cherished Public Service?
Authors: SENIOR PAUL
Published: October 2016

The probation service has showed a remarkable facility to reinvent itself over a century of turbulent, but sustained, history. This 16th Bill McWilliams Memorial Lecture will explore the ethos underpinning that survival as the service faces its potential fragmentation, and even dismantling, given the government commitment to privatise much of its current business. If the institution of probation collapses, is there still an important place for probation skills and in what institutional forms will this be reconstructed? Can a hopeful scenario for the future be garnered from the current policy imperatives? Does it matter? And if it matters, how can a vision be created which builds on that history in concert with partners from all sectors? This lecture will reflect on these themes in a policy framework which is fluid, uncertain, and deeply challenging.
Novel seminal fluid proteins in the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus identified by a proteomic and transcriptomic approach
Authors: Bayram H. , Sayadi A. , Goenaga J. , Immonen E. , Arnqvist G.
Published: October 2016

The seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus is a significant agricultural pest and increasingly studied model of sexual conflict. Males possess genital spines that increase the transfer of seminal fluid proteins (SFPs) into the female body. As SFPs alter female behaviour and physiology, they are likely to modulate reproduction and sexual conflict in this species. Here, we identified SFPs using proteomics combined with a de novo transcriptome. A prior 2D‐sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis identified male accessory gland protein spots that were probably transferred to the female at mating. Proteomic analysis of these spots identified 98 proteins, a majority of which were also present within ejaculates collected from females. Standard annotation workflows revealed common functional groups for SFPs, including proteases and metabolic proteins. Transcriptomic analysis found 84 transcripts differentially expressed between the sexes. Notably, genes encoding 15 proteins were highly expressed in male abdomens and only negligibly expressed within females. Most of these sequences corresponded to ‘unknown’ proteins (nine of 15) and may represent rapidly evolving SFPs novel to seed beetles. Our combined analyses highlight 44 proteins for which there is strong evidence that they are SFPs. These results can inform further investigation, to better understand the molecular mechanisms of sexual conflict in seed beetles.
Attitudes toward Asylum Seekers in Small Local Communities
Authors: Zorlu Aslan
Published: October 2016

The admission and geographic distribution of asylum seekers has a central place in public discourse in Western countries, amid mounting asylum applications and dire humanitarian crises. Receiving countries usually distribute the newly arriving asylum seekers across the entire country, in particular for small remote communities. Incidental opposition actions by local residents against the siting of Asylum Seeker Centres (ASC) has created the perception of strong and widespread resistance in the public sphere. This article aims to assess this alleged backlash by examining attitudes toward asylum seekers in small local communities. Using data from three representative surveys conducted among residents in the vicinity of four ASCs in the Netherlands, the regression analysis shows a strikingly high willingness to host an ASC, in opposition to popularly assumed public opinion.
Detrimental effect of systemic antimicrobial CD4+ T‐cell reactivity on gut epithelial integrity
Authors: Kwong Chung Cheong K.C. , Ronchi Francesca , Geuking Markus B.
Published: October 2016

Healthy host–microbe mutualism relies on compartmentalization and proper regulation of systemic and mucosal immune responses. Nevertheless, the systemic immune system is frequently exposed to bouts of bacteraemia, which can trigger systemic antimicrobial immune reactivity including CD4+ T cells. Low‐level bacteraemia can occur when immune compartmentalization is compromised, for example in the presence of innate immune deficiency or following use of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs. We generated an Escherichia coli strain expressing a defined T helper neo‐epitope to study systemic antigen‐specific antimicrobial CD4+ T cells and their potential involvement in the pathogenisis of inflammatory bowel diseases. We found that the dose of bacteria required for the induction of systemic antimicrobial CD4+ T‐cell proliferation was high and not easily reached under physiological conditions. Importantly, however, when intestinal barrier function was compromised by induced damage to the intestinal epithelium, the presence of systemic antimicrobial CD4+ T cells specific for a single neo‐antigen resulted in dramatically increased levels of bacterial translocation. This study therefore demonstrates that systemic antimicrobial CD4+ T‐cell reactivity might impact adversely on the mucosa under conditions of reduced barrier function and that despite strong mucosal immune regulation, antigen‐specific recognition is still sensitive.
Improving the welfare of African elephants Loxodonta africana in zoological institutions through enclosure design and husbandry management: an example from Blair Drummond Safari and Adventure Park
Authors: Lucas C. , Stanyon B.
Published: October 2016

Satisfying the physical and psychological needs of animals in zoological institutions can be a difficult task. In particular, maintaining high welfare standards for elephants poses a significant challenge because of their size, intelligence and complex social dynamic. In 2012, in order to address properly the needs of the female African elephants Loxodonta africana at Blair Drummond Safari and Adventure Park, UK, a new indoor enclosure was constructed and substantial improvements were made to the outdoor habitat. The husbandry regime was also improved to encourage a greater amount of movement and more foraging, and provide additional decision‐making opportunities for the elephants. Various physical and behavioural improvements were observed after the elephants moved into the new indoor facility. Most notably, there was a significant decrease in the amount of stereotypic behaviours displayed by the dominant individual and an improvement in the condition of the feet of both elephants. The renovations at Blair Drummond Safari and Adventure Park demonstrate how correct enclosure design, combined with a well‐managed husbandry regime, can prove to be beneficial and enriching to the lives of elephants.
Effect of excess Li2S on electrochemical properties of amorphous li3ps4 films synthesized by pulsed laser deposition
Authors: Quan Zhen , Hirayama Masaaki , Sato Daichi , Zheng Yueming , Yano Taka‐aki , Hara Kosuke , Suzuki Kota , Hara Masahiko , Kanno Ryoji
Published: October 2016

Amorphous Li3PS4 films were synthesized by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) at room temperature using Li3PS4 targets with excess lithium and sulfur. Raman and X‐ray photoemission spectroscopies indicated that the Li3PS4 film synthesized with a stoichiometric amount of Li3PS4 target contained lithium‐deficient phases such as Li4P2S6, Li2−xS and sulfur due to composition deviation caused during the ablation process. The film synthesized with a 14% Li2S‐excess target (Li3.42PS4.21) contained fewer impurities, and exhibited a higher ionic conductivity of 5.3 × 10−4 S/cm at 298 K than the lithium‐deficient film (3.1 × 10−4 S/cm). The target composition is an important factor for the fabrication of highly conductive Li3PS4 films for electrolytes in thin‐film batteries.