bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A facile and efficient addition reaction of nitrogen‐containing heterocyclic compounds with DMAD under neat conditions
Authors: Valizadeh Hassan , Shomali Ashkan , Gholipour Hamid
Published: August 2011

A simple and efficient method was developed for the reaction of dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate with benzothiazole, isoquinoline, quinoline, 3‐bromopyridine, pyridine, benzoxazole, benzimidazole, and 5,6‐dimethyl benzimidazole for the high‐yield synthesis of the related heterocyclic products (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) in very short reaction time under neat procedure. The reaction of isoquinoline, 3‐bromopyridine, and pyridine afforded to diastereomeric mixtures of products 2, 4, and 5, respectively. However, only one isomer of products 1, 3, 6, 7, and 8 were identified from the reaction of benzothiazole, quinoline, benzoxazole, benzimidazole, and 5,6‐dimethyl benzimidazole, respectively. Benzotriazole afforded to product 9 under these conditions. For comparison, the reactions were examined in different reaction mediums and/or under microwave irradiation. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
Silole‐core phenylacetylene dendrimers and their application in detecting picric acid
Authors: Li Shanshan , Leng Taohua , Zhong Hanbin , Wang Chengyun , Shen Yongjia
Published: August 2011

Silole‐core phenylacetylene dendrimers were designed and synthesized, among them, the model compound (n = 0) and the first generation of the dendrimer (n = 1) were obtained by the reaction of 2,5‐dibromosilole with corresponding terminal alkynes, the second generation of the dendrimers (n = 2) was synthesized from 2,5‐diiodosilole. These compounds indicated the absorptions of both phenylacetylene dendrons (250–350 nm) and silole core (400–500 nm). The first generation displayed efficient energy transfer from phenylacetylene dendrons to silole core, whose energy transfer efficiency was as high as 80%. These compounds were used as chemical sensors to probe explosive, for picric acid (PA), the Stern–Volmer constants of model compound and the first generation are 7120 and 5490M−1, respectively. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2012).
Microwave‐assisted synthesis of 1,3′‐diaza‐flavanone/flavone and their alkyl derivatives with antimicrobial activity
Authors: Kahriman Nuran , Iskender Nagihan Yilmaz , Yücel Murat , Yayli Nurettin , Demir Emine , Demirbağ Zihni
Published: August 2011

A simple environmentally friendly solid‐phase microwave‐assisted method was used to synthesis of the 1,3′‐diazaflavanone (2) and 1,3′‐diazaflavone (3) from the cyclization of 2′‐amino (E)‐3″‐azachalcone (1). Ten new N‐alkyl (C5–12,14,15)‐substituted 1,3′‐diazaflavanonium bromides (2a–j) were prepared from compound 2 with corresponding alkyl halides in acetonitrile under reflux. In addition, nine new N,N′‐dialkyl (C5–12,14)‐substituted 1,3′‐diazaflavonium bromides (3a–i) were also synthesized from compound 3 with corresponding alkyl halides using basic silica in acetonitrile. The antimicrobial activities of compounds 1–3, 2a–j, and 3a–i were tested against Gram‐positive (G+) (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis) and Gram‐negative (G−) (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella typhimirium, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, and Enterobacter cloaceae) microorganisms. They showed good antimicrobial activity against the Gram‐positive bacteria tested with the minimal inhibitory concentration values less than 7.8 μg/mL in most cases. The optimum length of the alkyl chain for better and broader activity is situated in the range of 9–12 carbon atoms in the series of compounds 2a–j and five to six carbon atoms in the series of compounds 3a–i. The nonalkylated compounds 1–3 were not effective, as were the ones alkylated with five or six C alkyl groups (2a and 2b) and 8–13 C alkyl groups for N,N′‐dialkyl compounds (3c–3i). The antimicrobial activity increased as the length of the alkyl substitution increased from 8 to 12 carbons in compounds 2a–j. However, antimicrobial activity decreased as the length of the alkyl substitution increased from 7 to 13 carbons in compounds 3c–i. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2012)
Evaluation of the keyhole technique applied to the proton resonance frequency method for magnetic resonance temperature imaging
Authors: Han YongHee , Mun ChiWoong
Published: August 2011

Purpose:

To evaluate the temporal and spatial resolution of magnetic resonance (MR) temperature imaging when using the proton resonance frequency (PRF) method combined with the keyhole technique.

Materials and Methods:

Tissue‐mimicking phantom and swine muscle tissue were microwave‐heated by a coaxial slot antenna. For the sake of MR hardware safety, MR images were sequentially acquired after heating the subjects using a spoiled gradient (SPGR) pulse sequence. Reference raw (k‐space) data were collected before heating the subjects. Keyhole temperature images were reconstructed from full k‐space data synthesized by combining the peripheral phase‐encoding part of the reference raw data and the center phase‐encoding keyhole part of the time sequential raw data. Each keyhole image was analyzed with thermal error, and the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) was compared with the self‐reference (nonkeyhole) images according to the number of keyhole phase‐encoding (keyhole‐data size) portions.

Results:

In applied keyhole temperature images, smaller keyhole‐data sizes led to more temperature error increases, but the SNR did not decreased comparably. Additionally, keyhole images with a keyhole‐data size of <16 had significantly different temperatures compared with fully phase‐encoded self‐reference images (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:

The keyhole technique combined with the PRF method improves temporal resolution and SNR in the measurement of the temperature in the deeper parts of body in real time. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Contributions of root respiration to total soil respiration before and after frost in Populus euphratica forests
Authors: Zhao ZhiMin , Zhao ChengYi , Mu YiliHa , Yu Sheng , Li Jun
Published: August 2011

Temporal changes in soil CO2‐efflux rate was measured by a canopy‐gap method in a Populus euphratica forest located at the both sides of Tarim River banks (W China). Soil CO2‐efflux rates in situ were correlated with key soil biotic (e.g., fungal, bacterial, and actinomycetes populations) and abiotic (e.g., soil moisture, temperature, pH, organic C) variables. Two kinds of measurement plots were selected: one under the crown of a living Populus euphratica tree and the other under a dead standing Populus euphratica tree. Diurnal variations in soil respiration in these plots were measured both before and after the occurrence of the first frost. Soil respiration of the dead standing Populus euphratica (Rd) was assumed to be a measure of heterotrophic respiration rate (Rh), and root respiration rate (Rr) was estimated as the difference between soil respiration under living (Rl) minus soil respiration under dead standing Populus euphratica. Daily variation of Rr contribution to the total soil respiration in Populus euphratica forests were analyzed before and after the frost. The contribution of root respiration to total soil respiration before and after frost varied from 22% to 45% (mean 30%) and from 38% to 50% (mean 45%), respectively. In addition, Rh was significantly correlated with soil temperature both before and after frost. In contrast, Rr was not significantly correlated with soil temperature. Change in Q10 of Rr was different from that of Rh from before the frost to after the frost. Variation of Q10 of Rr from before the frost to after the frost was larger than that of Q10 of Rh. Thus, the results indicate that different soil respiration models are needed for Rr and Rh because different factors control the two components of soil respiration.
Seismic stratigraphy records the deglacial history of Jakobshavn Isbræ, West Greenland
Authors: Hogan Kelly A. , Dix Justin K. , Lloyd Jerry M. , Long Antony J. , Cotterill Carol J.
Published: August 2011

Jakobshavn Isbræ is one of the largest ice streams in the Greenland Ice Sheet, presently draining c. 6.5% of the Inland Ice. Here we present high‐resolution Chirp and Sparker sub‐bottom profiles from a seismic survey conducted just outside of the Jakobshavn Isfjord, which provides detailed insight into the glacimarine sedimentary history of the Jakobshavn ice stream during the Holocene. We observe acoustically stratified and homogeneous sediments that drape an irregular substratum and were deposited between ∼10 and c. 7.6k cal a BP. The stratified lower units are interpreted as the product of ice‐proximal glacimarine sedimentation deposited rapidly when the grounded ice margin was located close to depositional basins on topographic highs. The upper acoustically homogenous units reflect suspension settling of fine‐grained material and gravitational flows that were extruded from an increasingly unstable ice margin as the ice retreated into the fjord. Proximity to the ice margin and bedrock topography were the dominant controls on sediment accumulation during deglaciation although the 8.2‐ka cooling event probably influenced the position of the ice margin at the fjord mouth. The post‐glacial sedimentary record is characterized by glacimarine and hemipelagic rainout with an increased ice‐rafted detritus fraction that records sedimentation following ice stream retreat into Jakobshavn Isfjord sometime after c. 7.8k cal a BP. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An integrated enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay system with an organic light‐emitting diode and a charge‐coupled device for fluorescence detection
Authors: Nakajima Hizuru , Okuma Yukiko , Morioka Kazuhiro , Miyake Mayo , Hemmi Akihide , Tobita Tatsuya , Yahiro Masayuki , Yokoyama Daisuke , Adachi Chihaya , Soh Nobuaki , Nakano Koji , Xue Shuhua , Zeng Hulie , Uchiyama Katsumi , Imato Toshihiko
Published: August 2011

A fluorescence detection system for a microfluidic device using an organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) as the excitation light source and a charge‐coupled device (CCD) as the photo detector was developed. The OLED was fabricated on a glass plate by photolithography and a vacuum deposition technique. The OLED produced a green luminescence with a peak emission at 512 nm and a half bandwidth of 55 nm. The maximum external quantum efficiency of the OLED was 7.2%. The emission intensity of the OLED at 10 mA/cm2 was 13 μW (1.7 mW/cm2). The fluorescence detection system consisted of the OLED device, two band‐pass filters, a five microchannel poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microfluidic device and a linear CCD. The fluorescence detection system was successfully used in a flow‐based enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay on a PDMS microfluidic device for the rapid determination of immunoglobulin A (IgA), a marker for human stress. The detection limit (S/N=3) for IgA was 16.5 ng/mL, and the sensitivity was sufficient for evaluating stress. Compared with the conventional 96‐well microtiter plate assay, the analysis time and the amounts of reagent and sample solutions could all be reduced.
Preparation and evaluation of molecularly imprinted microspheres for solid‐phase extraction of 1,4‐hydroxybenzoic acid esters in soy
Authors: He Juan , Shen Yanzheng , Chen Si , Wei Hongliang , Zhu Jing , You Liqin , Lu Kui
Published: August 2011

Molecularly imprinted microspheres (MIMs) were prepared by precipitation polymerization for the binding and recognition of 1,4‐hydroxybenzoic acid esters. Ethyl p‐hydroxybenzoate (EtPHB) was used as the template molecule, methacrylic acid as the functional monomer, ethylene dimethacrylate as the linking agent. It was evaluated by solid‐phase extraction column packed with MIMs combined with liquid chromatography to determine trace preservatives including benzoic acid, methyl p‐hydroxybenzoate, EtPHB, propyl p‐hydroxybenzoate in food products. A solid‐phase extraction based on MIM procedure was used to isolate four additives from the food matrix before quantitative analysis. The Scatchard plot suggested that the template–polymer system had two‐site binding behavior with the dissociation constants of 0.3577 and 3.952 mg/g, respectively. The rebinding test, based on the molecularly imprinted solid‐phase extraction column technique, showed the recoveries of soy samples spiked with four additives within 88.4–110.6%, with the relative standard deviations of 1.97–3.82%. Finally, the method was successfully applied for the analysis of parabens in foodstuff without traditional pretreatment.
Molecular dynamics simulation of intrusion of a C60 molecule ball into sliding contact space
Authors: Li Pei , Diao Dongfeng
Published: August 2011

The intrusion process of a C60 ball into a sliding contact space with an included angle made up by two silicon substrates (100) was simulated using the molecular dynamics approach. The simulation was carried out using Tersoff potential of C and Si atoms at room temperature of 300 K. The included angle was defined as initial entry angle changing from 20° to 90° in the simulation for studying the effect of the initial entry angle during the intrusion process. The dependence of the initial entry angle on the number of sticking Si atoms of upper substrate was calculated. The results showed that the number of sticking atoms increased with the increasing of initial entry angle, and the number of sticking atoms was divided into three regions with different slopes, which could be used to evaluate the intrusion performance of a C60 ball into the sliding contact space. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Real Time Monitoring of Morphologic and Mechanical Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites During Extrusion by near Infrared and Ultrasonic Spectroscopy
Authors: Fischer Dieter , Müller Jan , Kummer Sven , Kretzschmar Bernd
Published: August 2011

Extrusion is one of the most applied technologies for the processing of polymer nanocomposites for applications in automotive, electrical and packaging industrial sectors. These nanostructured materials have advantages in comparison to traditional polymer materials, so that properties like tensile strength and modulus, barrier and surface properties, electrical properties and flame retardancy will be improved. There is a need to control amount and dispersion of the nanofillers in the polymer matrix during melt processing and to control the influence of the processing conditions on the nanocomposite formation. For an adequate real time characterization it is necessary to measure directly in the extruder. Spectroscopic methods and Ultrasonic measurements are outstanding methods for this kind of in‐line monitoring.

This paper deals with the real time determination of the dispersion and the impact strength of polymer nanocomposites in the melt during extrusion by Ultrasonic measurements and NIR spectroscopy. These in‐line measurements were correlated with off‐line rheological measurements, transmission electron microscopy and mechanical test measurements by multivariate data analysis. The polymers used are polypropylene and polyamide 6. As nanofillers we used different modified layered silicates. We determined the degree of exfoliation as an indicator for the dispersion of the nanofiller in the polymer matrix for different layered silicates and at different process conditions.
Spectroscopic Investigation of Polypeptide Plane Brushes
Authors: Vlasova Elena , Volchek Boris , Tarasenko Irina , Vlasov Guennadii
Published: August 2011

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used for determination of orientational and conformational characteristics of plane polypeptide brushes with different density of polypeptide chains grafted to modified silicon surface. The determination of grafting density of polypeptide chains in brushes, which depends on chemical structure of spacer groups, was carried out using ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy. The influence of chemical structure of modifying spacer groups and outer conditions on the characteristics of plane polypeptide brushes was established. The peculiarities of α‐helical structure (random coil transfer of polymer chains in brushes under the action of denaturants) were investigated.
Peripheral nerve reconstruction with collagen tubes filled with denatured autologous muscle tissue in the rat model
Authors: Dornseifer ULF , Fichter Andreas M. , Leichtle Stefan , Wilson Andrew , Rupp Angelika , Rodenacker Karsten , Ninkovic Milomir , Biemer Edgar , Machens Hans‐Günther , Matiasek Kaspar , Papadopulos Nikolaos A.
Published: August 2011

Conventional nerve conduits lack cellular and extracellular guidance structures critical for bridging larger defects. In this study, an exogenous matrix for axonal regeneration was provided by pretreated muscle tissue. In 24 rats, 14‐mm sciatic nerve segments were resected and surgically reconstructed using one of the following methods: autograft (AG); bovine type I collagen conduit; (MDM) collagen tube filled with modified denatured autologous muscle tissue. For 8 weeks, functional regeneration was evaluated by footprint and video gait analysis. Evaluation was complemented by electrophysiology, as well as qualitative and quantitative structural assessment of nerves and target muscles. Group AG was superior both structurally and functionally, showing higher axon counts, a more normal gait pattern, and less severe muscle atrophy. Fiber quality (fiber size and myelin thickness) was highest in group MDM, possibly related to the myelin‐producing effect of muscular laminin. However, axon count was lowest in this group, and ultrastructural analysis of the denatured muscle tissue showed areas of incomplete denaturation that had acted as a mechanical barrier for regenerating axons. In light of these results, the often advocated use of muscular exogenous matrix for peripheral nerve reconstruction is reviewed in the literature, and its clinical application is critically discussed. In conclusion, combined muscle tubes may have a positive influence on nerve fiber maturation. However, muscle pretreatment is not without risks, and denaturation processes need to be further refined. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery, 2011.
Prescribing long‐acting beta2‐ agonist inhalers in asthma
Authors: Spencer Rachel , Serumaga Brian
Published: August 2011

In this series we present a number of prescribing safety indicators developed as part of an RCGP project.1 The evidence base behind each of the indicators is given along with information to illustrate their clinical significance. We provide a ‘real‐life’ audit based on the indicator to show how practices could begin to analyse their own prescribing data. Copyright © 2011 Wiley Interface Ltd
Ranibizumab for visual loss due to diabetic macular oedema
Authors: Chaplin Steve , Morphis George
Published: August 2011

Ranibizumab (Lucentis) has recently been licensed for the treatment of visual impairment due to diabetic macular oedema. In our New products review, Steve Chaplin presents the clinical data relating to its efficacy and adverse effects and Mr George Morphis discusses its place in treatment. Copyright © 2011 Wiley Interface Ltd
Indirect interaction of magnetic domain walls
Authors: Sedlmayr N. , Dugaev V. K. , Inglot M. , Berakdar J.
Published: August 2011

We calculate the electron‐mediated exchange interaction between two domain walls in magnetic wires. This corresponds to the equilibrium regime and, therefore, the interaction can be additionally controlled by an electric current. The ex‐ change interaction is long ranged and oscillates as a function of the distance between the walls. It also depends oscillatory on the polarization angle of the walls, having the maximum value for collinear polarization. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Self‐protecting networking using dynamic p‐cycle construction within link capacity constraint
Authors: Zhang Weiyi , Kandah Farah , Du Xiaojiang , Wang Chonggang
Published: August 2011

The p‐cycle design problem has been extensively studied because it can provide both ring‐like fast self‐protection speed and spare capacity efficiency of path protection scheme. However, p‐cycle provisioning for dynamic traffic has not been fully addressed. Most related works have not considered link capacity in the construction of p‐cycles, which may cause problems in practice because the protection paths may not have enough backup bandwidth. In this paper, with the consideration of link capacity, we present a sufficient and necessary condition that guarantees p‐cycles for providing enough protection bandwidth. Based on this condition, we propose an effective solution to provide connections for dynamic requests with the property that each link used for a connection is protected by a p‐cycle. Simulation results show that our dynamic p‐cycle provisioning solution outperforms the traditional path protection scheme. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Factor Structure of the 12‐item General Health Questionnaire in a Literate Kenyan Population
Authors: Abubakar A. , Fischer R.
Published: August 2011

The study evaluated the factorial structure of the 12‐item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ‐12) in a population of Kenyan adults and adolescents. A sample of 1216 people aged 12–60 years completed the English version of the GHQ‐12. To evaluate the factor structure of the GHQ‐12, a confirmatory analysis using MPLUS was carried out. A unidimensional model of GHQ‐12 as originally conceptualized did not provide a good fit for the data (Comparative Fit Index = 0.843, Tuckler Lewis Index = 0.841, Root Mean Square of Error Approximation = 0.078, Standardized Root Mean Square Residual = 0.063). Unidimensional models, which partial out the effects of negative wording showed an adequate fit to the data. Additionally, multidimensional models showed an excellent fit to the data. Based on the principles of parsimony, pattern of item loading and the correlation between identified factors in the multidimensional models, it was concluded that the GHQ−12 is a unidimensional measure whose structure is significantly influenced by wording effects. The GHQ‐12, when applied to a literate population in Africa, showed similar factor structure as in other regions of the world; hence, it can be recommended for use as a screening tool for general symptoms of psychological distress. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards a method for business process and informal business rules compliance
Authors: De Nicola Antonio , Missikoff Michele , Smith Fabrizio
Published: August 2011

Business process reengineering (BPR) is a common practice for a continuous improvement of the organization and the operations of an enterprise. An important technique of BPR is based on business rules (BRs). The latter are, in general, represented using natural language and, therefore, carry a certain degree of imprecision and ambiguity; therefore, our first objective is to start from informal BR and disambiguate them by using a question answering method based on a decision table. The introduction of BRs impacts on existing business processes (BPs), requiring often a reengineering intervention. In this paper, we present an approach to BPR based on the systematic use of ontologies and semantic annotations and focused on dependency constraints, a particular kind of BRs. To this end, we propose the synergic use of Business Process Abstract Language, a BP modeling framework to represent BP schemas, and Object Process Actor modeling Language, an ontological framework to capture the semantics of a business scenario. Both the frameworks are grounded in logic, and therefore, it is possible to apply effective reasoning methods to make inferences over a Business Process Knowledge Base stemming from the union of the two above components. Then we propose a query engine allowing for the detection of BPs that are not compliant with the BRs and, more precisely, the specific BP segment where to intervene. The proposed platform has been conceived not to substitute existing BPM tools but to integrate them providing advanced services to support rule‐based BPR activities. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Deformation on Continuous Cooling Phase Transformation Behaviors of 780 MPa Nb‐Ti Ultra‐High Strength Steel
Authors: Wang Xiaonan , Du Linxiu , Xie Hui , Di Hongshuang , GU Dehao
Published: August 2011

For the purpose of achieving the reasonable rolling technology of 780 MPa hot‐rolled Nb‐Ti combined ultra‐high strength steel, the effect of deformation and microalloy elements Nb and Ti on phase transformation behaviors was investigated by thermal simulation experiment. The results indicated: the deformation promoted ferritic transformation; due to the carbon content of the experimental steel was lower (<0.12% wt), the deformation indirectly impacted perlitic transformation through promoting ferritic transformation; the effect of the deformation on bainitic transformation was subject to condition whether proeutectoid ferrite precipitated before bainitic transformation. At low cooling rate of 0.5 °C/s, Nb and Ti promote transformation process γ → α, but that not good for refining the ferrite grain; at high cooling rate of 25 °C/s, Nb and Ti to a certain extent promote bainitic transformation. The recrystallization stop temperature of experimental steel was greater than 1000 °C, and phase transformation point Ar3 was 764 °C. In order to obtain the fully bainite microstructure in the practical rolling process, the cooling rate should be controlled above 15 °C/s, the start finish rolling temperature between 950–980 °C, the finishing temperature between 830–850 °C, the coiling temperature between 450–550 °C.
Effects of perinatal exposure to low doses of tributyltin chloride on pregnancy outcome and postnatal development in mouse offspring
Authors: Si Jiliang , Li Jie , Zhang Fengmei , Li Guozhen , Xin Quanbin , Dai Bingqin
Published: August 2011

Tributyltin (TBT), an endocrine‐disrupting chemical, is well known to induce imposex in female gastropods. In this study, we assessed the effects of low doses of tributyltin chloride (TBTCl) on dams and their offspring. Pregnant mice were administered by gavage with 0, 1, 10, or 100 μg TBTCl/kg body weight/day from day 6 of pregnancy through the period of lactation. There were no TBT treatment‐related deaths or clinical signs of toxicity for dams, and no treatment‐related effects on body weight, litter sizes, gestational length of dams, and sex ratio, lactational body weight, postnatal survival, age at eruption of incisors, and eye opening of pups. However, at 100 μg/kg, TBTCl retarded the testes descent of male offspring. Behavioral tests showed a significant delay in cliff‐drop aversion response in offspring of 10 and 100 μg/kg groups, but no significant difference in the righting reflex between control and TBT‐exposed offspring was detectable. These results indicate that neurobehavioral toxicity seems to be one sensitive indicator to assess the risk of low doses of TBT. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2012.
Intraoperative Ultrasound with Contrast Medium in Resective Pancreatic Surgery: A Pilot Study
Authors: Spinelli Antonino , Del Fabbro Daniele , Sacchi Matteo , Zerbi Alessandro , Torzilli Guido , Lutman Fabio R. , Laghi Luigi , Malesci Alberto , Montorsi Marco
Published: August 2011

Background

The introduction of contrast‐enhanced ultrasound has been a major innovation in liver and pancreatic imaging. Previous studies have validated its intraoperative use during liver surgery, while there is a lack of data regarding its use during pancreatic surgery. The purpose of the present study was to prospectively evaluate the possible role of contrast‐enhanced intraoperative ultrasound (CEIOUS) during resective pancreatic surgery for primary lesion characterization and intraoperative staging.

Materials and Methods

Thirty‐four patients (70% males, mean age 67.9 years) were selected for pancreatic surgery between October 2006 and July 2009. All patients underwent intraoperative ultrasound with intravenous injection of 4.8 mL sulfur‐hexafluoride microbubbles. Location of the primary tumor, relation to the main vessels, contrast medium uptake modalities, presence of liver metastases, and multifocal pancreatic involvement were evaluated. The majority of operations were pancreatoduodenectomies (70.6%) performed for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (64.7%).

Results

Additional lesions were detected by ultrasound in six patients (17.6%: liver metastases in four patients, a hemangioma in one patient, and a further pancreatic lesion in one patient). In five of these patients (5/34, 14.7%) surgical management was modified by these findings. All these new findings were diagnosed before injection of contrast medium, except for a metastasis from a neuroendocrine tumor; the characterization of the hemangioma was possible only after contrast injection. Intraoperative findings regarding location of primary tumor, relation to the main vessels, and lesion characterization did not differ from those obtained with preoperative imaging.

Conclusions

In our experience intraoperative ultrasound is a valid technique for intraoperative staging prior to pancreatic resection; it is unclear whether, in pancreatic surgery, the addition of contrast enhancement adds any benefit to traditional intraoperative ultrasound.
Large Clinical Experience of Primary Angiosarcoma of the Breast in a Single Korean Medical Institute
Authors: Bae Soo Youn , Choi Min‐Young , Cho Dong Hui , Lee Jeong Eon , Nam Seok Jin , Yang Jung‐Hyun
Published: August 2011

Background

Angiosarcoma of the breast is rare. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the clinicopathologic characteristics and the clinical outcomes of patients with primary breast angiosarcoma.

Methods

We analyzed the clinicopathologic factors of patients with angiosarcoma of the breast treated between 1997 and 2010 at the Samsung Medical Center. We reviewed the related demographic data, preoperative imaging studies, method of histologic confirmation, tumor size, histologic grades, status of hormonal receptors, treatment modality, and survival data.

Results

Nine women with angiosarcoma of the breast were identified. The median age of patients with primary angiosarcoma of the breast at diagnosis was 31 years (range: 19–63 years), and the median tumor size was 9.0 cm (range: 3.5–10.7 cm). Seven patients (77.7%) died within a median follow‐up of 46.7 months (range: 3.9–63.3 months), and all deaths were directly attributed to angiosarcoma. Overall, the median time from diagnosis of angiosarcoma to death was 46.8 months (range: 8.21–63.3 months). The 5 year overall survival with angiosarcoma was 42.9%.

Conclusions

Primary angiosarcoma of the breast is a rare malignancy with a poor prognosis, even with complete resection. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy have limited value as treatments to date. Total mastectomy appears to be the most appropriate and beneficial treatment. More aggressive surgical management should be considered, and future clinical research should explore the most appropriate adjuvant therapy in the treatment of angiosarcoma.
Biotransformation of puerarin into puerarin-6″-O-phosphate by Bacillus cereus
Authors: Yu Lijuan , Gao Fang , Yang Liping , Xu Lei , Wang Zhaohui , Ye Hui
Published: August 2011

The biotransformation of puerarin catalyzed by Bacillus cereus NT02 was studied. A primary screening was carried out using 307 strains of bacteria isolated from soil which were able to grow in the presence of puerarin. Strain NT02, identified as B. cereus, was able to convert puerarin into puerarin-6″-O-phosphate. Under the optimum conditions, resting cells of B. cereus NT02 converted 27% of added 0.4 g/l puerarin into puerarin-6″-O-phosphate that was characterized by MS, 13C NMR, 31P NMR. The activity of puerarin-6″-O-phosphate was 25 times higher than that of puerarin in the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging system. The water solubility of puerarin-6″-O-phosphate was 85.4 times higher than that of puerarin.
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Anorexia Nervosa: a Pilot Study
Authors: Van den Eynde F. , Guillaume S. , Broadbent H. , Campbell I.C. , Schmidt U.
Published: August 2011

The search for new treatments to improve outcome in people with anorexia nervosa continues. This pilot study investigated whether one session of high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) delivered to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex reduces eating disorder related symptoms following exposure to visual and real food stimuli. Safety and tolerability were also assessed. Ten right-handed people with anorexia nervosa underwent one session of rTMS. Subjective experiences related to the eating disorder (e.g. urge to restrict, feeling full etc.) were assessed before and after rTMS. Non-parametric repeated measures tests were used. rTMS was safe and well-tolerated, and resulted in reduced levels of feeling full, feeling fat and feeling anxious. Thus, rTMS may reduce core symptoms of anorexia nervosa. Future research should establish the therapeutic potential of rTMS in anorexia nervosa.
Attenuation for the Simple Expansion Chamber Muffler with a Right Angle Inlet
Authors: Wu C.-H. , Wang C.-N.
Published: August 2011

The simple expansion chamber muffler is a base control device whose use is to attenuate sound power, and has been known for a long time. Some of the most compelling research has focused on the mufflers with a straight inlet and outlet. To date, a muffler with a right angle inlet has never been studied. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to analyze the simple expansion chamber muffler with a right angle inlet. The numerical results show a comparable agreement between the experiment and other numerical approaches. A discussion is also presented in this work on the muffler with a different radius to that of the inlet/outlet pipe, a different inlet part, etc. The result clearly shows that the attenuation of the muffler with a right angle inlet is better than that with a straight inlet at particular frequencies. In addition, the mufflers do not have any absorbent linings attached to the inside of them, unlike the right angle-inlets which do. However, the propagation of sound in the muffler with a right angle inlet can lead its sound power to be attenuated about 10 ∼ 40dB at those particular frequencies.
A Self-Contained Portable Polymerase-Chain-Reaction System Integrated with Electromagnetic Mini-Actuators for Bi-Directional Fluid Transport
Authors: Chia B. T. , Yang S.-A. , Cheng M.-Y. , Lin C.-W. , Yang Y.-J.
Published: August 2011

In this paper, the development of a portable polymerase chain reaction (PCR) device is presented. Integrating electromagnetic mini-actuators for bi-directional fluid transport, the proposed device, whose dimension is 67mm × 66mm × 25mm, can be fully operated with a 5V DC voltage. The device consists of four major parts: A disposable channel chip in which PCR mixture is manipulated and reacted, a heater chip which generates different temperature zones for PCR reaction, a linear actuator array for pumping PCR mixture, and a circuit module for controlling and driving the system. The advantages of the device include the rapid temperature responses associated with continuous-flow-type PCR devices, as well as the programmable thermal cycling associated with chamber-type PCR devices. The thermal characteristics are measured and discussed. PCR amplification is successfully performed for the 122 bp segment of MCF-7/adr cell line. Due to its small footprint, this self-contained system potentially can be employed for point-of-care (POC) applications.
Predicting Failure Behavior of Polymeric Composites Using a Unified Constitutive Model
Authors: Vallejo M. J. , Tarefder R. A.
Published: August 2011

This study predicts the failure behavior of an IM7/977-2 carbon epoxy composite material through a unified constitutive model. The traction-separation response and damage initiation and evolution behavior were studied by modeling a composite double cantilever beam subjected to a Mode I delamination. Damage within the composite panels was also taken into consideration through the use of the disturbed state concept (DSC). The finite element modeling software Abaqus was used to model the failure behavior of the composite using a unified constitutive modeling approach. The finite element model was validated by comparing the model results to referenced laboratory testing performed on IM7/977-2 carbon epoxy composite. The results of the finite element modeling performed in this study are in good agreement with the referenced laboratory testing. The damaged states associated with various stages of loading are presented in this study.
An Axial Velocity Profile Method to Derive the Aortic Pulse-Wave Velocity in Diabaetic Patients
Authors: Wen C.-Y. , Yang A.-S. , Kuo T.-R. , Tseng L.-Y. , Chai J.-W.
Published: August 2011

The aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) is a useful clinical index to assess the aortic compliance and cardiovascular risk in a noninvasive manner. In this research, our previously developed axial velocity profile method (Yu et al., [11]) was modified to be more user-friendly and applied to the study of PWV of diabetic patients for the first time, using phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) technique to analyze the spatial and temporal profiles of the axial velocity along the descending aorta for measurement of the aortic PWV. The PWV results from healthy volunteers and diabetic patients were studied and compared. It is shown that the PWV of diabetic patients is much higher than that of health volunteers, the aortic compliance of diabetic patients is substantially worse than that of health volunteers. These results are in good agreement with early studies using different measurement techniques of PWV. The axial velocity profile method is again validated and proven to be a useful tool of long-term prognosis for patients with diabetes mellitus or hypertension.
Offspring production and self-superparasitism in the solitary ectoparasitoidSpalangia cameroni(Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) in relation to host abundance
Authors: Böckmann E.A. , Tormos J. , Beitia F. , Fischer K.
Published: August 2011

Parasitoid fitness strongly depends on the availability and quality of hosts, which provide all resources required for larval development. Several factors, such as host size and previous parasitation, may affect host quality. Because self-superparasitism induces competition among a female's offspring, it should only occur if there is an imperfect recognition of self-parasitized hosts or if there is a fitness advantage to self-superparasitism. Against this background, we investigated self-superparasitism and offspring production inSpalangia cameroni(Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) in relation to the abundance of a novel host,Ceratitis capitata(Diptera: Tephritidae). Individual pairs of parasitoids were provided with either two (low host abundance) or ten (high host abundance) pupae per day. Under high host abundance, lifetime fecundity (number of eggs laid), offspring number, number of pupae parasitized and hosts killed were greater than under low host abundance, whereas the number of eggs per host was lower; and the proportion of hosts that did not produce offspring tended to be lower. The latter suggests the occurrence of ovicide, when hosts are scarce due to an at least imperfect recognition of previously self-parasitized hosts. Offspring production per parasitized pupa was higher when hosts were scarce and levels of self-superparasitism high, suggesting the existence of beneficial effects of self-superparasitism.
A Tarsian Peculiarity (Dio Prus. Or. 33) with an Unnoticed Fragment of Porphyry
Authors: Bonner Campbell
Published: August 2011

The appearance of a new volume of Dio Chrysostom in the Loeb Classical Library seems to be an appropriate occasion to discuss a curious problem in the first oration addressed to the people of Tarsus. It has puzzled the translator, Professor H. Lamar Crosby, and there was little to help him in the work done by earlier students of Dio. The passages that bear most directly upon the point are not to be found in the books and articles that deal with the orator, and it is only because the demands of other studies have led me to explore a number of patristic texts that I am able to go somewhat beyond previous writers in explaining an odd and unrefreshing phenomenon of ancient manners.
Aeolus Figured on Colic Amulets
Authors: Bonner Campbell
Published: August 2011

The Museum of Classical Archaeology at the University of Michigan has recently acquired a small collection of engraved stones, with a few metal objects; most of them are amulets of the kind conventionally called gnostic — a description which, as is now recognized, is usually misleading. The collection was assembled in the Levant, chiefly in Syria. One of the stones, the occasion of this note, is now a mere fragment, probably a little more than half its original size. It is a piece of haematite, 27 mm. high, 10 mm. wide, and 5 mm. in thickness. When entire it was rectangular, as is shown by the fact that a borderdesign, a sort of feather pattern, is preserved at the top and right side, and makes a right angle at the upper right-hand corner. After the left side of the stone was broken away the remaining fragment was rounded off at the bottom, perhaps to remove a rough edge and make the piece into a more convenient shape. The fact that the fragment was preserved and re-shaped is not without interest as showing how tenaciously their possessors clung to amulets of this kind. Something of the same sort happened to a rather elaborately carved haematite which came into my own collection from Egypt. It was originally a fairly broad oval, but at some time a splinter was broken off the right side, after which loss the rough edge was ground down and an approximately oval shape restored. In the University's collection there is still another haematite which, after a part of the stone had been lost, was set in a protecting mounting fitted to its altered shape. All collectors, of course, are aware that haematite is peculiarly liable to splintering fracture.
The Fourth Gospel and the Church
Authors: Grant Robert M.
Published: August 2011

There are two important chronological questions in the history of the Fourth Gospel: the date of its composition and the date of its acceptance by the church. The solution of the first depends in large measure on the question of John's use of the synoptic gospels. Did he use them at all? And, if he did, in what way? There can be no doubt that if he knew them he had little interest in their historical value. But does this mean that he had more authentic historical data? Or that he was interested not in history but in theology?
Inscriptions Relating to Sacral Manumission and Confession
Authors: Cameron A.
Published: August 2011

This inscription of Edessa is of some importance for the problem of sacral manumission, since Latte (Heiliges Recht, pp. 103 ff.) has made it the basis of far-reaching conclusions with regard to the social and economic position of persons ‘dedicated’ to the goddess Μᾶ ἀνίκητος. Latte's results have in turn been adopted by Oppermann in his article on Apollo Lairbenos (R.-E. Suppl. V, col. 521 ff.) and used to interpret the important series of texts from the sanctuary of that god, to which corrections and additions have been made in M.A.M.A. IV, pp. 95 ff. The documents from Edessa to which reference will be made are dated from 214 A.D. to 265 A.D. and those of the Lairbenos sanctuary are roughly contemporary.
Hephaistion of Thebes and Christianity
Authors: Rose Herbert Jennings
Published: August 2011

It is now some fifty-two years since the first modern edition appeared of any part of Hephaistion of Thebes' compendium of astrology. The editor very properly collected in his introduction the scanty facts relative to the author and the unknown friend to whom he dedicates his work. But, apparently a little annoyed by the too positive assertion of Salmasius that all astrologers of that date were pagans, he put forth the hasty theory that this astrologer was a Christian. He had indeed no difficulty in proving that a somewhat unorthodox or lax Christian might have been a devotee of astrology at the time, about A.D. 381, when it is likely that Hephaistion wrote; but he went too far in the further statement that “das Werk des Hephaestion selbst bietet sicherlich keinen positiven Anhaltspunkt, dass der Verfasser desselben Nicht-Christ gewesen sei.” This has been echoed by later writers, as A. Bouché-Leclercq, who says “Il est possible qu'Hephestion de Thebes … fût chrétien,” and Fr. Boll, writing shortly before 1912, when a good deal more of our author had been printed in the C(orpus) C(odicum) A(strologicorum) G(raecorum). He sums up Engelbrecht's arguments, that the work begins σὺν θεῷ and is dedicated to one Athanasios, who is called ὁσιώτατος (and by other complimentary superlatives) and so may have been a Christian priest, concluding that the theory of the writer's Christianity is arrived at “wohl mit Recht.” As it seems to me remarkable that three learned men, of whom one had edited the astrologer and the others had certainly read him, should have overlooked the cogent evidence that he was a pagan, I think it worth while to set forth the proofs, positive and negative.
The Composition and Structure of Amos
Authors: Gordis Robert
Published: August 2011

Though Amos stands at the beginning of literary prophecy, the book that bears his name shows evidence of clear-cut, careful organization: (A) The great Judgment Speech against the nations (chapters 1 and 2); (B) Three addresses beginning with the phrase “Hear ye this word” (3: 1–15; 4: 1–13; 5: 1–6); (C) Three charges beginning with “Woe” (5: 7–17; 5: 18–27; 6: 1–14); (D) Five visions, four beginning with “Thus the Lord showed me” (7: 1, 4, 7; 8: 1), one with “I saw” (9: 1); and (E) An ending of consolation and hope (9: 11–15).
“Vetus Superstitio et Nova Religio” the Problem of Refrigerium in the Ancient Church of North Africa
Authors: Quasten Johannes
Published: August 2011

The history of the Church in North Africa, so far at least as the sources are concerned, begins for us in the year 180, and it begins with martyrdoms. At Carthage on July 17, Namphano of Madaura, called “Protomartyr” by Augustine, Miggin, Sanam, and six other Christians from Scili in Numidia were sentenced to death by the proconsul Saturninus and beheaded. The official record of their trial has been preserved to us in Greek and Latin and constitutes the oldest document in Africa's Church History.
Milton and the Book of Enoch — An Alternative Hypothesis
Authors: Williams Arnold
Published: August 2011

In an examination of the influence of the Book of Enoch on certain motifs in Milton's Paradise Lost, Mr. Grant McColley challenges the commonly accepted belief that Bruce was the first to restore to Western Civilization the knowledge of the existence of I Enoch, which had passed out of circulation during the early centuries of Christianity. Mr. McColley's belief that at least the existence of I Enoch was known to certain persons in the mid-seventeenth century and before rests on quotations from three popular travel books of the time: Sandys' Relation of a Journey (1615), Purchas His Pilgrimage (1613), and Peter Heylyn's Cosmography (1652). These authors all agree that the Ethiopians, or Abyssinians, had books containing the ‘oracles’ or ‘writings’ of the patriarch Enoch.