bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
E‐glass/DGEBA/m‐PDA single fiber composites: New insights into the statistics of fiber fragmentation
Authors: Kim Jaehyun , Leigh Stefan , Holmes Gale
Published: October 2009

The interfacial shear strength is a critical parameter for assessing composite performance and failure behavior. This parameter is usually obtained from a single‐fiber fragmentation test that induces sequential fracture with increasing strain of a single embedded fiber with output being the distribution of fragment lengths. An exact analytical form for the expected fragment length distribution is still not known. Such data are often fit empirically to Weibull, shifted‐exponential, or lognormal distribution functions. In this report, new insights into the sequential fiber fracture process are provided by detailed analyses of the fiber break locations along the length of the embedded fiber. From this approach, the high degree of uniformity of the break coordinate loci strongly suggests that there can be no mechanistic rationale for the use of the Weibull, or lognormal, or exponential functions to fit the fragment lengths. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 2301–2312, 2009
The role of appearance investment in the adjustment of women with breast cancer
Authors: Moreira Helena , Silva Sónia , Canavarro Maria Cristina
Published: October 2009

Objective: Appearance investment can be considered an important factor in the explanation of individual differences in adjustment to breast cancer. This study aims to analyze the role of this variable on a set of adjustment outcomes, namely, quality of life (QOL), emotional adjustment (depression and anxiety) and fear of negative evaluations. The differential role of motivational salience facet of appearance investment (MS; the individual's efforts to be or feel attractive), conceptualized as a protective factor, and of self‐evaluative salience facet (SES; the importance an individual places on physical appearance for their definition of self‐worth), conceptualized as a vulnerability factor, is explored.

Methods: This cross‐sectional study included 117 Portuguese breast cancer patients (mean age=52.47; SD=8.81), on average 2.32 months (SD=2.17) post‐diagnosis. Appearance investment was measured by the ASI‐R; QOL by the WHOQOL‐bref; emotional adjustment by the HADS; and fear of negative evaluations by the FNE (Portuguese versions). Several hierarchical multiple regressions were conducted for each outcome, using investment facets as a predictor variable.

Results: Both facets of investment contributed to the explanation of social (p⩽0.001) and psychological (p⩽0.001) QOL and also depression (p⩽0.001), with SES being associated with poorer results and MS with better outcomes. SES also predicted higher levels of fear of negative evaluations (p⩽0.001).

Conclusions: This study provided significant information about the role of appearance investment in the adjustment of breast cancer patients and added empirical support to SES‐MS distinction. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Highlights of the flame acceleration in a confined nonuniform H2/O2/N2 mixture
Authors: Daubech J. , Sochet I. , Proust Ch.
Published: October 2009

Gaseous explosion models generally assume the gas mixture to be uniform. However, in a real explosion, the vapor cloud may not be homogeneous, and repartitioning of the reactivity inside the cloud can be subject to wide spatial variations. In this work, experimental tests were run to study the flame propagation and acceleration in nonuniform mixtures. Experiments were performed in a long vertical confined tube with a square cross section, composed of four equal sections. A gate valve separated the tube into two parts, and the composition of the gases was different on each side of the valve. The opening of the valve permitted the mixing of gases by molecular diffusion. For nonuniform mixtures, a mode of propagation identical to that seen in uniform mixtures was observed; however, a third phase of propagation was found, in which the flame velocity increased strongly. This increase occurred with higher hydrogen concentration in an upward‐propagating flame. A concentration gradient can appreciably modify the trajectory and acceleration of a flame. Here, however, the incidence of pressure effects remained modest, since the combustion was confined and the final pressure depended mainly on the quantity of reactants available. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2009.
Catching Ips duplicatus (Sahlberg) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) with pheromone‐baited traps: optimal trap type, colour, height and distance to infestation
Authors: Chen Guofa , Zhang Qing‐He , Wang Yanjun , Liu Guang‐Tian , Zhou Xiaoming , Niu Jingfu , Schlyter Fredrik
Published: October 2009

BACKGROUND: Field trapping experiments were carried out to evaluate effective trap characteristics for maximising Ips duplicatus (Sahlberg) catches in pheromone‐baited traps in China.

RESULTS: Window‐slot and cross‐barrier traps had significantly higher catches than multiple‐funnel traps. The colour of window‐slot traps showed a significant effect on catches, with dark colours (black and red) being more effective than light colours, especially white and yellow. Window‐slot traps at a 1.5–2.0 m level caught more beetles than those at either ground level (0–0.5 m) or at 3.5–4.0 m. Ips duplicatus can be attracted to pheromone‐baited traps over a distance of > 100 m from the forest edge in an open grassy field. There was a strong diurnal pattern of flight activity, with catches on window‐slot traps occurring during the daytime with one broad peak at mid‐ to late afternoon. The seasonal flight activity of I. duplicatus as monitored by pheromone‐baited window‐slot traps during 2007–2008 indicated that three major flight peaks occurred in early June, late June–early July and late July respectively, suggesting the existence of a potential second generation.

CONCLUSION: The optimal trap characteristics will improve the performance of pheromone‐baited traps as a critical monitoring or mass‐trapping tool to combat outbreaks of this pest species. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Ultrafast decay of non‐equilibrium (hot) phonons in GaN‐based 2DEG channels
Authors: Matulionis Arvydas
Published: October 2009

Fast and ultrafast decay of non‐equilibrium longitudinal optical phonons (hot phonons) is discussed on examples of two‐dimensional electron gas (2DEG) channels confined in nominally‐undoped nitride and selectivelydoped arsenide heterostructures subjected to pulsed dc electric power. At a low–moderate power, a nonmonotonous dependence of the hot‐phonon lifetime on the 2DEG density is found. The fastest decay takes place at ∼2.5 × 1012 cm–2 in GaInAs 2DEG channel and at ∼7 × 1012 cm–2 in GaN 2DEG channel. The result is discussed in terms of plasmon–LO‐phonon resonance. The hot‐phonon lifetime decreases when the supplied power is increased if the 2DEG density exceeds the resonance density. The shortest hot‐phonon lifetime of 60 fs is obtained at/above 50 nW/electron for the lattice‐matched AlInN/AlN/GaN 2DEG channel (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Coloration of zinc oxide crystals originating from particle plasmons
Authors: Irmscher K. , Albrecht M. , Heimbrodt B. , Naumann M. , Remmele T. , Schulz D. , Schulz T. , Fornari R.
Published: October 2009

Depending on growth and annealing conditions ZnO crystals can show a reddish coloration clearly deviating from the normal, colorless transparency. The additional broad nearedge absorption is observed when particles of few nanometer diameter are present in the crystals. Excitation of plasmons in Zn nanoparticles can explain this absorption. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Technical decomposition approach of critical to quality characteristics for Product Design for Six Sigma
Authors: He Yihai , Tang Xiaoqing , Chang Wenbing
Published: October 2009

Product Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) approach is a structural and disciplined methodology driven by critical to quality characteristics (CTQs). How to identify and decompose the CTQs is the kernel part in the DFSS process. Traditional method only depends on the quality function deployment (QFD) matrix to flow down CTQs roughly. The paper puts forward a novel technical approach for CTQs decomposition from customer requirements into critical technical parameters based on the relational tree. Specifically, this approach emphasizes the systematic process and quantitative computation on quality relation weight. In order to specify the object of product DFSS, the connotation and evolution model of CTQs are created first. Then along the product development process, a decomposition measure for relational tree of CTQs is studied based on the functional and physical trees in Axiomatic Design (AD). And the quality relation weight computation of its nodes by means of Rough Set and fuzzy Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) is explored. Finally, an application on a car body noise vibration harshness (NVH) improvement, as an example, is given, and the decomposition process of NVH related with the functional and physical trees as well as its node weights computation algorithm are expounded in detail. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ab initio investigation of water clusters (H2O)n (n = 2–34)
Authors: Qian Ping , Song Wei , Lu Linan , Yang Zhongzhi
Published: October 2009

Various properties of typical structures of water clusters in the n = 2–34 size regime with the change of cluster size have been systematically explored. Full optimizations are carried out for the structures presented in this article at the Hartree–Fock (HF) level using the 6‐31G(d) basis set by taking into account the positions of all atoms within the cluster. The influence of the HF level on the results has been reflected by the comparison between the binding energies of (H2O)n (n = 2–6, 8, 11, 13, 20) calculated at the HF level and those obtained from high‐level ab initio calculations at the second‐order Møller–Plesset (MP2) perturbation theory and the coupled cluster method including singles and doubles with perturbative triples (CCSD(T)) levels. HF is inaccurate when compared with MP2 and CCSD(T), but it is more practical and allows us to study larger systems. The computed properties characterizing water clusters (H2O)n (n = 2–34) include optimal structures, structural parameters, binding energies, hydrogen bonds, charge distributions, dipole moments, and so on. When the cluster size increases, trends of the above various properties have been presented to provide important reference for understanding and describing the nature of the hydrogen bond. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Application of Lobatto polynomials in atomic physics
Authors: Romanowski Zbigniew
Published: October 2009

The approximation properties of Lobatto polynomials are analyzed and then applied to approximate the atomic Kohn–Sham eigenfunction. In the first part of this article the approximation algorithm based on the Galerkin finite element method is derived. To obtain the approximation of the function, based on the presented algorithm, the linear set of equations must be solved. The matrix of the equation set is very sparse and its elements can be evaluated analytically. In the second part of this article, the algorithm is applied to evaluate adaptive polynomial approximation of selected Kohn–Sham eigenstates of indium (In) atom. The proposed r‐adaptive algorithm evaluates the minimum number of subintervals needed to represent the eigenfunction with required accuracy. Based on the r‐adaptive algorithm, the approximations of 4d, 5s 5p In eigenfunctions were calculated. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Focused ion beam irradiation: morphological and chemical evolution in epoxy polymers
Authors: Kochumalayil J. J. , Meiser A. , Soldera F. , Possart W.
Published: October 2009

This work contributes to the understanding of focused ion beam (FIB) technology for polymers. The conditions of treatment are varied, in particular by etching under ‘dry’ ultra‐high vacuum conditions or in the presence of water vapour. For a glassy epoxy network, the changes in chemistry and morphology are characterised. Energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis reveals that gallium is always implanted in the epoxy but the content is higher in the case of ‘dry’ FIB milling. According to attenuated total reflection infrared micro‐spectroscopy, new chemical structures form in the surface region of the epoxy during FIB milling with or without water vapour. Scanning electron microscopy and scanning force microscopy were used to image the topography of the etched epoxy surfaces. Quite smooth surfaces result under ‘dry’ etching conditions. In the presence of water vapour, rough surfaces with a sub‐micrometre globular morphology are obtained. This is an indication of the heterogeneous morphology of the epoxy polymer. As compared to ‘dry’ conditions, the introduction of water vapour during FIB milling increases the milling yield significantly. As a result, the FIB treatment changes the chemistry and the structure of the epoxy network not only at the very surface but also in some significant surface layer of the sample. It can be expected that such a modified zone will also form on other cross‐linked polymers. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ontology‐based Grid resource management
Authors: Amarnath Balachandar R. , Somasundaram Thamarai Selvi , Ellappan Mahendran , Buyya Rajkumar
Published: October 2009

Grid resources are typically diverse in nature with respect to their software and hardware configurations, resource usage policies and the kind of application they support. Aggregating and monitoring these resources, and discovering suitable resources for the applications become a challenging issue. This is partially due to the representation of Grid metadata supported by the existing Grid middleware which offers limited scope for matching the job requirements that directly affect scheduling decisions. This paper proposes a semantic component in conventional Grid architecture to support ontology‐based representation of Grid metadata and facilitate context‐based information retrieval that complements Grid schedulers for effective resource management. Web Ontology language is used for creating Grid resource ontology and Algernon inference engine has been used for resource discovery. This semantic component has been integrated with conventional Grid schedulers. Several experiments have also been carried out to investigate the performance overhead that arises while integrating this component with Grid schedulers. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Social Ecological Approach to Investigating Relationships Between Housing and Adaptive Functioning for Persons with Serious Mental Illness
Authors: Kloos Bret , Shah Seema
Published: October 2009

This paper seeks to advance mental health—housing research regarding which factors of housing and neighborhood environments are critical for adaptive functioning, health, and recovery for persons with serious mental illness (SMI). Housing and neighborhood environments are particularly important for persons with SMI because of the prevalence of poor housing conditions among this population. Most mental health—housing research has been limited by a focus on problems in environments and functioning. The paper seeks to expand the mental health—housing research agenda to consider protective factors that promote community integration and adaptive functioning. We provide an account of how social ecology theory transformed a research program, from examining individual risk factors to investigating the functioning of persons in the contexts of their housing and neighborhood experiences. The resulting housing environment framework—physical aspects of housing and neighborhoods, social environment of neighborhoods, and interpersonal relationships tied to housing—allows for identification of opportunities for health promotion and facilitation of participation in community‐based settings. This program of research draws upon several methods to understand the social experience of persons with SMI living in community settings—survey research, qualitative interviews, Geographic Information Systems, participatory research, and visual ethnography. In this paper, we present how social ecology theory was instrumental in the development of new housing environment measures, the selection of appropriate research methods, and framing research questions that are building a new empirical base of knowledge about promoting adaptive functioning, health, and recovery for persons with SMI living in community settings.
Families in the Gautreaux Housing Mobility Program: Perceptions and Responses to the U.S. Political Economy
Authors: Mendenhall Ruby
Published: October 2009

This study examines how perceptions of shifts in the U.S. political economy such as those associated with the Great Migration(s), the Civil Rights Movement, and various housing policies influenced the lives of three generations of African American families and children. This study looks at the experiences of families living in Chicago, Illinois who participated in the Gautreaux Assisted Housing Program, which was a direct result of the Civil Rights Movement. A qualitative analysis is employed that analyzes the perceptions of Gautreaux participants ( N=25) about how changes in the U.S. political economy affect their life course development and the life courses of their parents ( N=50) and children ( N=72). Added to the perceptions of Gautreaux participants is an intergenerational analysis of educational achievement and occupational attainment in the context of a changing U.S. political economy from the Jim Crow era to the post-Civil Rights era. The findings suggest that in many cases participants perceived expanding opportunities but also recognized the persistence of structural constraints. They identified several structural changes that they believed influenced their families' educational and occupational opportunities: industrial jobs in the North, civil rights protests by African Americans against employment and housing discrimination (and the resulting policies like “affirmative action”), as well as increased government funding for job training and education. The intergenerational analysis of educational and occupational achievement revealed that each Gautreaux generation has higher rates of college attendance and post-high school training, as well as a greater range of occupations. I argue that the interplay between changing structural forces and bundled acts of resistance over the three generations created pathways that significantly improved life course development within and across the generations.
Acute ingestion of resistant starch reduces food intake in healthy adults
Authors: Bodinham Caroline L. , Frost Gary S. , Robertson M. Denise
Published: October 2009

Resistant starch (RS), a non-viscous dietary fibre, may have postprandial effects on appetite regulation and metabolism, although the exact effects and mechanisms are unknown. An acute randomised, single-blind crossover study, aimed to determine the effects of consumption of 48 g RS on appetite compared to energy and available carbohydrate-matched placebo. Twenty young healthy adult males consumed either 48 g RS or the placebo divided equally between two mixed meals on two separate occasions. Effects on appetite were assessed, using anad libitumtest meal and 24-h diet diaries for energy intake, and using visual analogue scales for subjective measures. Changes to postprandial glucose, insulin and C-peptide were also assessed. There was a significantly lower energy intake following the RS supplement compared to the placebo supplement at both thead libitumtest meal (5241 (sem313)v. 5606 (sem345) kJ,P = 0·033) and over the 24 h (12 603 (sem519)v. 13 949 (sem755) kJ,P = 0·044). However, there was no associated effect on subjective appetite measures. Postprandial plasma glucose concentrations were not significantly different between supplements, but there was a significantly lower postprandial insulin response following the RS supplement (P = 0·029). The corresponding C-peptide concentrations were not significantly different, although the ratio of C-peptide to insulin was higher following the RS supplement compared to placebo (P = 0·059). These results suggest that consumption of 48 g RS, over a 24-h period, may be useful in the management of the metabolic syndrome and appetite. Further studies are required to determine the exact mechanisms.
AN ASSESSMENT OF PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION (SRI) PRACTICES COMPARED WITH RECOMMENDED RICE CULTIVATION PRACTICES IN INDIA
Authors: THAKUR A. K. , UPHOFF NORMAN , ANTONY EDNA
Published: October 2009

An evaluation was conducted in eastern India over three years, 2005–2007, to compare the performance of certain System of Rice Intensification (SRI) practices: transplanting single, young (10-day-old) seedlings in a square pattern; no continuous flooding; and use of a mechanical weeder – with those currently endorsed by the Central Rice Research Institute of India, referred to here as recommended management practices (RMP). All plots received the same fertilization, a combination of organic and inorganic nutrients, and the SRI spacing used was 20% less than usually recommended. Accordingly, the results reported here are designated as a modification of SRI recommendations (SRIm). The objective of this research was to understand the benefits in terms of yield and other physiological parameters, if any, from using most if not all recommended SRI practices compared to RMP. These selected SRI practices out-yielded RMP by 42%, with the higher yield associated with various phenotypical alterations, which are reported here. Significant measurable changes were observed in physiological processes and plant characteristics, such as longer panicles, more grains panicle−1 and higher % of grain-filling. The decreased plant density with SRIm management was compensated for by increased per-plant productivity. SRIm hills with single plants were found to have deeper and better-distributed root systems, higher xylem exudation rates, more open plant architecture with more erect and larger leaves, and more tillers than did RMP hills having multiple plants. Due to the reduction in number of hills m−2 in SRIm plots compared to RMP, no significant difference was found in root dry weight or leaf number, tillers or panicle number on an area basis. Nevertheless, in spite of SRIm having fewer hills and fewer tillers per unit area, the leaf area index (LAI) with SRIm practice was greater due to larger leaves. These together with altered plant architecture, contributed to more light interception by SRIm plants. The higher leaf chlorophyll content at ripening stage reflected delayed senescence and the greater fluorescence efficiency (Fv/Fm and ФPS II) associated with SRIm practices contributed to more efficient utilization of light and a higher rate of photosynthesis, which was probably responsible for the observed increase in grain filling and heavier grains compared to RMP plants. The higher photosynthesis rate coupled with lower transpiration in SRIm plants indicated that they were using water more efficiently than did RMP plants. The latter produced 1.6 μ mol CO2 fixed per m mol water transpired, compared to 3.6 μ mol CO2 in SRIm plants.
Palaeogene alluvial–volcaniclastic deposits in the Mesta Basin (SW Bulgaria): depositional setting and basin evolution
Authors: SIEMES ANDREAS , McCANN TOM , FISCHER ANNE
Published: October 2009

The Mesta half-graben is one in a series of extensional basins in SW Bulgaria that record the onset of extension within the Rhodope Zone in the Late Eocene. Tectonic activity on a continuous detachment along the eastern margin was a major control on subsidence, accommodation space creation, sediment supply and facies distribution in the basin. The sedimentary architecture was complicated by synsedimentary rotation, the presence of intrabasinal faults and the resulting compartmentalization, as well as synsedimentary volcanic activity. Facies and structural analysis of a key transverse section in the central part of the basin, together with supporting observations from other parts of the basin, indicate a pulsed tectono-sedimentary evolution of the basin with three distinct stages. The first stage (Late Eocene) is a phase of rapid extension with an initial alluvial setting. Basin margin fans and an axial fluvial through-drainage system were the major depositional systems in this stage. The second stage (Early Oligocene) marks the onset of volcanic activity within the Mesta Basin and is characterized by the formation of volcanic centres, an intense phase of explosive volcanism and rapid infilling of the previous basin topography with volcanic material deposited from pyroclastic density currents. The third stage (Late Oligocene) represents waning volcanic activity in a mixed alluvial–volcaniclastic environment. This stage is characterized by alternating alluvial and volcaniclastic depositional cycles, as well as partial reworking of volcanic material.
On Zakharov's kernel and the interaction of non-collinear wavetrains in finite water depth
Authors: STIASSNIE MICHAEL , GRAMSTAD ODIN
Published: October 2009

The non-uniqueness of Zakharov's kernel T(ka, kb, ka, kb) for gravity waves in water of finite depth is resolved. This goal is achieved by the physical insight gained from the study of the induced mean flow generated by two interacting wavetrains.
Heat and cold stress in the Antarctic
Authors: Wilkins Denis
Published: October 2009

It has long been supposed that repeated exposure of a man to cold conditions might be expected to produce changes within him which would better enable him to stand up to those cold conditionsto acclimatize to cold. Until recently, however, there has been little and conflicting evidence of the mechanism of such changes. Accounts of the polar explorers of the Scott-Amundsen era reveal that these men were exposed to severe cold stresses, but unfortunately the sophisticated research facilities necessary to measure the various factors involved were not then available. Now that these facilities are available, man conducts his polar activities under far more comfortable conditions, and the degree of cold stress to which he is exposed is probably of a much smaller order. Small wonder, then, that research into the elusive phenomenon of acclimatization to cold has yielded little profit. In fact, the available evidence suggests that the polar traveller may well undergo a marked heat stress as a result of strenuous exercise under conditions in which he is unable to get rid of surplus heat easily. This article looks at the basic physiological problems of heat loss and heat conservation with which the modern polar traveller has to contend, and points out the results of some recent investigations.
History of the Hudson's Bay Company salmon fisheries in the Ungava Bay region
Authors: Power Geoffrey
Published: October 2009

Today the north is no longer remote and insulated from the demands of modern society, and northern Quebec is no exception. Principal threats to the environment come from mining, pipeline construction and hydro-electric developments. In the negotiations that are going on today between the native peoples, who are trying to protect what is left of their culture, and the developers from the south, there is a large divergence of opinion about what is important. When the native peoples are asked to document their use of natural resources in the courts they find themselves at a great disadvantage due to the lack of written history about their activities. The value of renewable natural resources that have sustained indigenous populations for thousands of years is difficult to quantify and can easily be made to look insignificant in comparison to the often exaggerated benefits of development proposals. For this reason it is important to make available whatever factual information there is and to present it in an unbiased manner.
The air cushion vehicle: a possible answer to some Arctic transport problems
Authors: Fowler Howard S.
Published: October 2009

Now that the air cushion vehicle (ACV) or hovercraft has become an accepted and reliable means of transport, it is of considerable interest to examine its applicability to Arctic operations. Since there are so many different types of ACV, we should first understand the fundamental qualities of these devices, before going on to survey the range of vehicles at present operating.
Migration of Arctic waders wintering in Europe
Authors: Morrison R. I. G.
Published: October 2009

Waders are among the most characteristic birds breeding in Arctic regions. The group includes species such as the KnotCalidris canutusand TurnstoneArenaria interpreswhose breeding distribution spreads to the. most northerly points of land in the world, along the shores of Greenland and Ellesmere Island bordering the Arctic Ocean. To succeed, these species must be highly adapted to their environment, able to fit all the events of the nesting season—territorial procurement, laying, incubation and hatching of eggs, and raising of young—into the short Arctic summer, able to withstand extremes of weather and fluctuations in food supply, and to avoid the attentions of mammalian and avian predators. To exploit their Arctic niche, these birds make long and spectacular migrations from a wintering area where climate and food supply are suitable for subsistence but not for reproduction. Owing to the remoteness of the Arctic breeding areas, details of the migrations of these species have remained obscure or undocumented until relatively recently. This article describes the development of research on wader migration in Britain and the research expeditions which have taken place since 1970 to various Arctic, sub-Arctic (and sub-tropical) areas, and which together have clarified or solved many aspects of the migration of species wintering in Europe. Some of the features of the migration of the Knot are discussed in particular, as a representative species of the group.
The Soviet contribution to the Italia search and rescue, 1928
Authors: Barr William
Published: October 2009

The story of the crash of Nobile's dirigible Italia to the north of Svalbard in 1928 and of the complex and often confused multi-national search for the survivors which ensued has become one of the best known themes in the history of Arctic exploration, and One which has given rise to a small library of books weighing every aspect of the story. While the role of the Soviet icebreaker Krasin in this story, as the vessel which reached and rescued the main group of survivors, has become world famous, it is not generally realized that Krasin's voyage represented only one facet of a multi-pronged Soviet assault, aimed at rescuing the Italia survivors. Two other vessels, Malygin and Sedov, were also involved in the search, in each case representing the first voyage for these vessels into the northern Arctic under the Soviet flag. Later, after a refit in Norway, Krasin made a second voyage in the autumn of 1928 to Svalbard and Zemlya Frantsa-Iosifa, still in search of any possible survivors from Nobile's Italia. This article will stress in particular these lesser known aspects of the Soviet rescue operation.
The adaptation of groups to Antarctic isolation
Authors: Macpherson Neil
Published: October 2009

Scientific programmes in Antarctica have depended for their fulfilment on small groups of men working in conditions of prolonged social isolation in an alien physical environment. This is true of both early and recent phases of exploration: despite massive advances in technology and, hence, in material comforts and communications over the period, the element of prolonged social isolation remains as a dominant psychological problem. Contrary to the popular image of lonely living conditions and heroic tasks, the Antarctic worker has to cope with the very opposite of loneliness, and his tasks are likely to be mundane and routine. In his work he must adapt to a close, and closed, interpersonal world, and it is with this adaptation that the present article is concerned.
The Wärtsilä air bubbling system
Authors: Juurmaa Kimmo
Published: October 2009

The importance of reducing friction between an icebreaker's hull and the ice or snow by hull lubrication has been known for a long time and bow screws have been used on ships designed for sub-Arctic conditions. These propellers, however, are at high risk in Arctic conditions and this prompted intensive research in the 1960's at the Oy Wärtsilä Ab Helsinki shipyard to try to find an alternative method for use on icebreakers venturing further north. The idea of using air bubbles to create a lubricating water stream arose from the investigations of the two phase propulsion system, in which the propulsive effect is obtained by mixing gas and liquid, carried out at the Helsinki University of Technology. Model testing and detailed design of the system started immediately, and the first installation was made in 1969 in the roll on roll off ferry MS Finncarrier (Fig 1).
The present status of the Antarctic Fur Seal Arctocephalus gazella at South Shetland Islands
Authors: Aguayo L. Anelio
Published: October 2009

The purpose of this paper is to report on the present status of the small but growing population of the Antarctic Fur Seal Arctocephalus gazella in the South Shetland Islands (Fig 1). The previous history of the sealing of this species is well documented by O'Gorman (1961, 1963), Bonner and Laws (1964) and Bonner (1964,1968). The current status of this and other species of fur seals, and the species of sea lions and true seals in the Southern Hemisphere, has been summarized by Laws (1973a). Bonner (1968) has made natural history and population studies on Antarctic Fur Seals in South Georgia, and present research here is being carried out by Dr M. R. Payne and two other colleagues of the British Antarctic Survey (Laws, 1973b).
Cultural monuments on Svalbard
Authors: Reymert Per Kyrre
Published: October 2009

In 1974 the Norwegian government passed a Royal Decree entitled ‘Kongelig Resolusjon om forskrifter om fredning m.v. av kulturminner pa Svalbard og Jan Mayen’ (Royal Resolution on regulations concerning the protection of cultural monuments on Svalbard and Jan Mayen). Since the appointment of a government inspector in 1976 a systematic survey of the permanent cultural monuments on Svalbard has been carried out. The results have so far confirmed the previously held impression that Svalbard is indeed very rich in cultural monuments left by man's exploits in previous centuries. This article is concerned with some of the typical monuments up to the turn of the 20th century. In addition the regulations for the protection of cultural monuments passed in 1974 are discussed.
Ross Ice Shelf Project, 1977–78
Authors: Clough John W.
Published: October 2009

The 1977–78 Ross Ice Shelf Project (RISP) field season was marked by two major achievements: completion of the Ross Ice Geophysical and Glaciological Survey (RIGGS) and successful penetration of the ice shelf at the RISP drill camp (82°22′S 168°38′N). The RIGGS programme visited nearly 200 sites over four field seasons, providing complete coverage of the shelf with measurements of ice thickness and velocity, surface strain rates, bottom depth, accumulation, and mean annual temperature. The survey work was conducted by Twin Otter aircraft operating from six temporary base camps. Tidal gravity measurements were made at these six camps and a few additional sites.
1978 expedition to renovate the 1912–13 Australasian Antarctic Expedition base hut
Authors: Ledingham R. B.
Published: October 2009

Following a recent upsurge of interest in Australia's heritage and association with the Antarctic, plans were formulated in the winter of 1977 to place ashore a small expedition at Cape Denison to assess the state of the various huts left by the Australasian Antarctic Expedition (AAE) in 1912–13 (Davis, 1919; Mawson, 1915). Particular interest centred on the living and working hut and the party was to make recommendations as to whether it could be either renovated in situ or returned to Australia and re-erected in a place suitable for public viewing. The decision to send a summer expedition was reached after numerous enquiries from sources within Australia and overseas, dating back to a report in 1962 when the first Australian National Antarctic Research Expedition (ANARE) to visit Cape Denison found the hut in need of repair. All records since 1930 report the gradual whittling away of the surface timber, particularly on the windward side, and the gradual shrinking of the tongue and groove pine with which the roof and verandah are clad.
Alaska's North Slope Borough: oil, money and Eskimo self-government
Authors: Morehouse Thomas A. , Leask Linda
Published: October 2009

When oil was discovered at Prudhoe Bay on Alaska's North Slope in 1968, the Eskimo villages of the region scattered around the ten-billion-barrel oil field were similar to most other rural native villages in the state: poor and isolated, with high unemployment, little or no prospect for local economic development, and dependent on federal and state programmes for minimum levels of education, medical care, and other services. Soon after the Prudhoe Bay discovery, however, Eskimo leaders on the North Slope began taking steps toward creation of a borough—a form of local or regional government in Alaska somewhat like a county elsewhere in the United States, but potentially having more extensive powers of taxation and regulation, and greater independence from the state government, than county governments typically possess. Incorporated in 1972, the North Slope Borough covers an area of 228 800 km2 and makes up about 15 per cent of the land area of Alaska. Within its boundaries lie the 93 435 km2 National Petroleum Reserve and most of the 35 560 km2 Arctic National Wildlife Range; both of these areas are under the jurisdiction of the federal Department of Interior. Located between these two federal land areas is the Prudhoe Bay oil field complex, which occupies state lands leased to the oil companies. Extending south from the oil field and crossing the borough's southern border is 270 km of the 1 270 km trans-Alaska oil pipeline.
Radio echo and magnetic sounding of the Antarctic ice sheet, 1978–79
Authors: Drewry D. J. , Meldrum D. T. , Jankowski E.
Published: October 2009

During December 1978 the Scott Polar Research Institute (SPRI) undertook its sixth and final season of long-range airborne radio echo sounding (RES) and magnetometry in Antarctica in cooperation with the US National Science Foundation Division of Polar Programmes (NSF-DPP) and the Electromagnetics Institute of the Technical University of Denmark (TUD). The 1978–79 season (DF–79) was part of a long-term programme of glaciological and geophysical investigation of the Antarctic ice sheet (Drewry and Meldrum 1978a; 1978b). The broad aims have been to extend a 100-km grid network over Antarctica for a study of surface form, thickness, internal structure, rheology, thermodynamics, electrical properties, basal conditions and processes, and sub-ice geology.
The 19th century Newfoundland seal fishery and the influence of Scottish whalemen
Authors: Sanger Chesley W.
Published: October 2009

The origins of the contemporary Newfoundland Harp and Hooded Seal fisheries can be traced back to the 16th and 17th centuries when ‘Biscainers’ (Spanish Basques) hunted whales, walrus and seals in the Gulf of St Lawrence and along the southern coast of Labrador (Prowse, 1895, p 43; Barkham, 1978). Throughout the next 400 years, as the seal fishery developed—both the landsmen and vessel operations—it became a major influence on the spread and character of settlement over a large area of Newfoundland and Labrador. By the middle of the 19th century, the large off-shore vessel operation had assumed the dominant role, and its contribution to the overall economic growth was second only to the cod fishery.
Identifying Humpback Whales using their natural markings
Authors: Katona S. K. , Whitehead H. P.
Published: October 2009

One must suppose that even before Melville transformed the true story of an unusually lightcoloured Sperm Whale named Mocha Dick into his epic novel, Moby Dick, and certainly afterwards, whalers and zoologists working in the whaling industry have noted that pronounced morphological differences often exist among whales of the same species and stock (Lillie, 1915; Matthews, 1937; Pike, 1953). During the past 15 years, scientists studying living whales have commented on individuals with odd marks, scars, pigmentation patterns or albinism, deformities, algal films or the shape and position of external features such as the dorsal fin.
Arctic Data Buoy Program
Authors: Untersteiner Norbert , Thorndike Alan S.
Published: October 2009

The Arctic Data Buoy Program described in this article is designed to provide certain fundamental data from an inaccessible region, using automatic devices rather than costly manned stations. The first effort in that direction was the Soviet Drifting Automatic Radiometeorological Stations (DARMS) programme of the 1950s and 1960s (Olenicoff, 1968). These buoys reflected the then state of technology which involved the use of heavy storage batteries and a method of location by high frequency (HF) radio wave triangulation (Figs 1,2; Table 1). Restrictions of that system—high cost, weight, and limited range and accuracy of HF radio wave triangulation— apparently caused the Soviet Union to terminate the programme. At about the same time satellite navigation and data transmission technology, developed in the United States, created a new generation of data buoys. These buoys can accommodate a wide range of sensors, data compression and pre-processing devices and hull designs, for stationary use on land, as moored or drifting ocean data buoys, or on sea ice; they can be installed on land, in the ocean from ships, or by parachute drops from aircraft.
Experiences of Scott's Northern Party: evidence for a relationship between winter katabatic winds and the Terra Nova Bay polynya
Authors: Bromwich David H. , Kurtz Dennis D.
Published: October 2009

The six men of Captain Robert Falcon Scott's Northern Party were stranded on Inexpressible Island (Fig 1) from late February to September 1912. During that period their lives were profoundly influenced by prevailing surface wind and sea ice conditions in Terra Nova Bay. Members of the party lived under the most primitive conditions, enduring more than seven months of strong, persistent winds. The western part of Terra Nova Bay remained largely free of ice in 1912, thus preventing the group from leaving until there was sufficient daylight to cross the Drygalski Ice Tongue. This open water, however, may also have assured their survival for it attracted enough seals and penguins to provide them with a continual though limited supply of food. Despite these adverse conditions some of the men, Raymond Priestley in particular, kept detailed journals which provide the only in situwintertime observations for this area. Analysis of Priestley's wind and ice record provides strong confirmation of our model for the wintertime persistence of open water (a polynya) in Terra Nova Bay.
Polar aspects of the Transglobe Expedition
Authors: Fiennes Ranulph
Published: October 2009

The Transglobe Expedition (leader Sir Ranulph Fiennes, Bt.), circumnavigated the world between September 1979 and 1982, keeping as close as possible to the Greenwich meridian. This involved journeys in both polar regions. During the expedition's southern phase (1979–81) two overwintering bases were established in Antarctica and a party of three crossed the icecap on snowmobiles, via the South Pole. During the northern phase (1981–83) two men traversed the Northwest Passage by boat on foot, sledging across Ellesmere Island to the settlement of Alert, where a party of three overwintered. Two then set out over the pack ice, crossing the North Pole and drifting with the floating ice toward Svalbard, to be picked up by the expedition ship.
Reindeer herding as private enterprise in Canada
Authors: Stager J. K.
Published: October 2009

After unsuccessful introductions of reindeer into Canada during the early decades of this century, a herd brought from Alaska in 1935 was maintained successfully under government management (latterly under the Canadian Wildlife Service) for almost 40 years in the Mackenzie Delta region, Northwest Territories. Sold in 1974 into private ownership, the herd has since increased substantially in size; new management techniques have been developed to herd, handle and slaughter the animals. Meat, antlers in velvet and skins are the main products of a small but profitable local industry under native ownership. Currently numbering some 16 000 animals, the herd now justifies new management decisions affecting its future size and the scope of the enterprise.
Profile: Knud Rasmussen, 1879–1933
Authors: Gilberg Rolf
Published: October 2009

Knud Johan Victor Rasmussen, who died just over 50 years ago on 21 December 1933, is known both for his Arctic exploration and for his interest in Eskimos, especially Greenlanders and their way of life.

His parents, Sofie Louise Susanne Fleischer (1842–1917) and Christian Vilhelm Rasmussen (1846–1918), married in 1875 in the small West Greenland town of Ilulissat (Jacobshavn), where Christian was a missionary and head of the local teachers' training college. Sofie's family had settled in Greenland more than a hundred years earlier, and several of her kin gained high positions in the administrative service. Knud, who was born on 7 June 1879, was the first of three children. His Eskimo heritage came from his great-grandmother, who was a native of West Greenland, and an early taste of Eskimo culture passed to him from his maternal grandmother, Iteraluk (1816–99). Knud's Eskimo name was Kunnnguaq. As a boy in Greenland he grew up with his own sled and dog team, learning to drive well. Though he attended school in Denmark from the age of 12, he remembered his Eskimo training; travels with dog sleds were to become an important feature of his expeditions in later years.
Circulation in Antarctic waters as revealed by iceberg tracks 1972–1983
Authors: Tchernia Paul , Jeannin Pierre François
Published: October 2009

Between February 1972 and January 1983, successively using positioning satellites Eole, Nimbus F, Tiros N-Argos, movements of 21 Antarctic icebergs were monitored daily from radio transmissions; 17 of the bergs were followed over periods of 228–828 days through distances of 1600 to 8000 km (2000 to 5000 nautical miles, nm). Mean daily positions, calculated from several observations, were accurate to less than 5.5 km (3 nm) for Eole and Nimbus, 0.9 km (0.5 nm) for Argos. Grouped into three areas (Weddell Sea, Enderby Land to Adelie Land, Ross Sea), the trajectories cover four fifths of the continental periphery. Movements clearly indicate singular points along the boundary between the two circumpolar currents, the East Wind and West Wind drifts, and variations in the strength and direction of flow of these currents; submarine topography and other underlying causes are suggested.
Bowhead Whales and acoustic seismic surveys in the Beaufort Sea
Authors: Reeves Randall R. , Ljungblad Donald K. , Clarke Janet T.
Published: October 2009

Seismic survey activities in the western Beaufort Sea, involving ships and sound production, were monitored in autumn 1982 for their possible effects on migrating Bowhead whalesBalaena mysticetus. The study, begun in 1981 by die Minerals Management Service of the US Department of the Interior, covered offshore waters between the Alaskan coast and 72°N. Distribution, behaviour and numbers of whales were recorded, and procedures were established for monitoring and controlling seismic activities in their presence.