bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Editorials
Authors: Fontanarosa Phil B.
Published: October 2024

Editorials are published by virtually every scientific journal and are designed to present cogent, cohesive, and compelling discussions or important insights that advance understanding of an article the Editorial is accompanying. This chapter provides guidance for writing effective and informative Editorials in biomedical journals. As discussed in the chapter, Editorials may be solicited by journal editors and written by external authors or may be written by the editors of the journal and used to communicate information about the journal, including policies, new initiatives or developments, or other issues. In all instances, authors should follow the journal guidelines for tone, content, length, and number of references, and meet agreed on timelines for preparing and submitting the Editorial.
Pet Peeves of Editors
Authors: Zylke Jody W.
Published: October 2024

Everyone, including some editors of biomedical journals, has pet peeves—those minor annoyances that an individual finds particularly irritating or vexing. This chapter describes some of the most common pet peeves of journal editors, ranging from those that are minor annoyances to those that are irritating or vexing, and includes advice on how authors can avoid them. Common annoyances of editors are discussed, including those involving language, such as too many abbreviations; failure to follow a journal’s instructions for authors; incomplete or unclear reporting of methods and results or interpretation of data that may require substantial revision; and requests or demands for exceptions or preferential treatment. These pet peeves most likely will not result in rejection of an author’s manuscript, but avoiding them may help an author achieve a favorable editorial decision.
Ethical Issues in Biomedical Publication
Authors: Fontanarosa Phil B. , Bauchner Howard , Flanagin Annette
Published: October 2024

Biomedical researchers must adhere to the highest ethical standards for research integrity as they pursue an unbiased search for scientific truth and new knowledge, and authors must adhere to sound ethical standards when they report the results of their studies and communicate them to the scientific and clinical communities. This chapter discusses several ethical issues that researchers and authors should understand, including research misconduct, issues with research oversight (which may include ethical approval, informed consent, and confidentiality), issues related to scientific reporting, authors’ discovery of previously undetected errors that have implications for the content of their published article, and how journal editors evaluate and investigate allegations of scientific misconduct and other ethical concerns. The recommendations in this chapter underscore the importance of following ethical principles of honesty, integrity, and trust in the conduct and publication of biomedical research.
Conflict of Interest and Biomedical Publication
Authors: Fontanarosa Phil B. , Bauchner Howard , Flanagin Annette
Published: October 2024

Conflicts of interest (COIs) are common among authors of articles in biomedical journals, and it is critical that authors report COI information accurately, completely, and transparently so editors, reviewers, and readers can evaluate whether the information in the article could possibly be influenced or biased because of authors’ COIs. This chapter reviews the responsibilities of authors for disclosing relationships, activities, and interests (financial and nonfinancial) that may represent COI, the editorial evaluation of COI related to research reports and opinion articles, approaches to safeguard against COI in the editorial decision process (including during peer review), and recent developments related to COI reporting and management in biomedical journals. Editorial management of allegations of undisclosed COI also is addressed.
Interacting With the News Media
Authors: Bellandi Deanna , Greenland Philip
Published: October 2024

Having a manuscript accepted for publication is an exciting event for authors. In addition to communicating study results or other information to the scientific community, authors may have the opportunity to interact with news media to disseminate the study findings via various news outlets, such as newspapers, television, radio, websites, blogs, and others. This chapter provides guidance for interacting with the news media, including details about journal embargo policies and helpful suggestions for interacting with reporters. Authors should be aware that journals have policies for interactions with news media and information dissemination before publication and, while these policies may differ among journals, the 2 most important are journal embargo policies (which govern the timing of release of information to the public) and rules around the timing of media outreach. When interacting with reporters and media representatives, authors should be prepared to educate, communicate clearly, and keep to the article’s message.
ATOMS: ALMA three-millimeter observations of massive star-forming regions – XVIII. On the origin and evolution of dense gas fragments in molecular shells of compact H ii regions
Authors: Zhang Siju , Liu Tie , Wang Ke , Zavagno Annie , Garay Guido , Liu Hongli , Xu Fengwei , Liu Xunchuan , Sanhueza Patricio , Soam Archana , Zhou Jian-wen , Li Shanghuo , Goldsmith Paul F , Zhang Yong , Chibueze James O , Lee Chang Won , Hwang Jihye , Bronfman Leonardo , Dewangan Lokesh K
Published: October 2024

Fragmentation and evolution for the molecular shells of the compact H ii regions are less explored compared to their evolved counterparts. We map nine compact H ii regions with a typical diameter of 0.4 pc that are surrounded by molecular shells traced by CCH. Several to a dozen dense gas fragments probed by H$^{13}$CO$^+$ are embedded in these molecular shells. These gas fragments, strongly affected by the H ii region, have a higher surface density, mass, and turbulence than those outside the shells but within the same pc-scale natal clump. These features suggest that the shells swept up by the early H ii regions can enhance the formation of massive dense structures that may host the birth of higher mass stars. We examine the formation of fragments and find that fragmentation of the swept-up shell is unlikely to occur in these early H ii regions, by comparing the expected time scale of shell fragmentation with the age of H ii region. We propose that the appearance of gas fragments in these shells is probably the result of sweeping up pre-existing fragments into the molecular shell that has not yet fragmented. Taken together, this work provides a basis for understanding the interplay of star-forming sites with an intricate environment containing ionization feedback such as those observed in starburst regions.
Judea under Greek and Roman Rule
Authors: deSilva David A.
Published: October 2024

This volume provides a reconstruction of the history of Judea and its neighboring regions from 334 bce, when Alexander’s eastward conquests brought Judea into the Greek empire, through 135 ce, when Hadrian refounded Jerusalem as Aelia Capitolina and banished Jews from the city limits—a formative period both for early Judaism and the Christian movement. This history unfolds against the backdrop of the international politics that largely constrained developments within Judea, including the wars between the Seleucid and Ptolemaic empires for control of Palestine, the internal wars that led to the decline of the Seleucid empire, and the eastward expansion and consolidation of Roman rule with its own history of civil wars. Particular attention is given to the Hellenizing Reform that precipitated the Maccabean Revolt, the establishment of an independent kingdom under the Hasmonean Dynasty, the rule of Herod and transition to Roman rule, the circumstances that precipitated two devastating revolts against Roman domination, and constructive responses (both literary and practical) within Judaism to both revolts and their consequences. Attention is given throughout to economic and social conditions as well as religious developments and movements. The reconstruction relies on the critical analysis of a wide range of ancient literary sources, the archaeological and inscriptional record, numismatics, and modern scholarship.
The King of the Jews
Authors: deSilva David A.
Published: October 2024

This chapter chronicles the rise of Antipater and his son Herod as Hyrcanus II proves increasingly unable to maintain control over the Judean state in the face of repeated attempts by his brother and nephews to take power. Against the backdrop of Rome’s eastward expansion and its own internal strife, Herod emerges as king of Judea and inaugurates a period of stability and prosperity for his kingdom, manifested most dramatically in his transformation of the landscape through his many building programs throughout his realm and beyond. The chapter covers the rule, more or less successful, of Herod’s sons, Antipas and Philip, and the introduction of Judea to direct Roman rule after the removal of Archelaus in 6 ce. Attention is also given to the demographics and economic circumstances of Galilee and the development of the institution of the synagogue.
A New Dimension
Authors: Finch Andrew J.
Published: October 2024

The chapter explains the development of the Minnesota Model for alcohol and drug treatment and how a small private school evolved into the state’s first recovery high school. Carol and Sheridan Robson created the “New Dimensions School,” a private alternative school, to provide services for children like their son, who had cerebral palsy. The school was housed in a St. Louis Park community center, and the chapter describes how that school operated and grew under the influence of its second teacher, Bruce McLean, who had taught in a treatment center prior to New Dimensions. Adolescent treatment had emerged in Minnesota during the 1970s and 1980s, and after treatment, youths were typically released into traditional school environments, where most returned to use. McLean felt New Dimensions could provide a more supportive option, and he ultimately suggested the Robsons start focusing on enrolling teens who had received treatment.
All Things Are Connected
Authors: Finch Andrew J.
Published: October 2024

Ken Simon and Howard Pearson were staff members at the Summit House group home, operated by Carol and Sheridan Robson. Simon was working on his teaching certificate when he and Pearson visited the Robsons’ school, New Dimensions/Sobriety High, which had recently begun focusing on substance use recovery. They had observed Bruce McLean teaching, and Simon and Pearson felt they could create a better school. Simon was also teaching at a middle school, and when he mentioned the idea to a fellow schoolteacher, Barbara Schmidt, she began working with them on starting a school. Schmidt took the lead and infused the concept with ideas such as holistic learning, consciousness studies, and connectedness. This chapter explains how they created an organization, designed a school, found a facility, hired staff, enrolled students, and began operation as a contract alternative school called “Holos” in January 1989.
Introduction: The Music between Us
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross
Published: October 2024

The rise of sixties British pop is linked to Britain’s recovery from World War II, London’s role in a postcolonial world, and the birth of the Bulge Generation. Behind its emergence as an important player in transatlantic pop culture, English behavior (as outlined by Kate Fox) shaped attitudes toward humor, class, gender, ethnicity, age, and fairness. Musicians and producers arrived in London from across the UK and the world to create recordings that redefined pop music. Although the American press described this phase as a “British Invasion,” postwar technologies brought cultures into contact in ways the world had not previously experienced. Cosmopolitan culture attracted suburban youth into clubs, dance halls, and theaters, and each of these spaces shaped the music created in them and the experiences of musicians and audiences. The structure of recording studios, perhaps the most important of these spaces, reflected British class hierarchy.
First Responders
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross
Published: October 2024

The 2i’s, a subterranean Soho space, hosted early British attempts at copying American rock ’n’ roll. EMI’s Norrie Paramor produced bands such as Tony Crombie and His Rockets who brought their jazz sensibilities to their interpretations. More successfully, Tommy Steele brought a country sensibility and humor to his performances with help from Decca producer Hugh Mendl. Back at EMI, however, Paramor launched Britain’s first rock ’n’ roll star. Cliff Richard would prove to be one of the most successful British singers of the sixties.
Channeling English Pop
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross
Published: October 2024

Televisions invaded British homes in the 1950s, first the BBC and then ITV. Two promoters of British rock ’n’ roll played powerful roles in establishing pop television in the UK. Jack Good created the television shows Six-Five Special, Oh Boy!, Boy Meets Girls, and Wham!! Providing him with talent, Larry Parnes found artists such as Marty Wilde, Billy Fury, and Joe Brown. Adam Faith and Johnny Leyton, aided by managers Eve Taylor and Robert Stigwood, also used television to promote their recordings. The British artist with the biggest UK hits of 1961, however, would be Helen Shapiro. John Schroeder, Norrie Paramor’s assistant, discovered her, and with Mike Hawker wrote her first successes.
Beatle Beginnings
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross
Published: October 2024

John Lennon described the Beatles as “just a band.” Their Liverpool origins offer an example of how London attracted talent into the city to feed popular culture’s insatiable appetite for new content. The stories of how Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, Pete Best, Stuart Sutcliffe, and Ringo Starr brought their individual talents to the task of providing dance music in Liverpool and Hamburg and of how Brian Epstein and George Martin transformed them offer examples of the role class and region played in this music culture.
Meet the Rolling Stones
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross
Published: October 2024

When Andrew Oldham took over managing the Rolling Stones, he applied proven methods for advancing their professional status by dressing them in matching suits. They complied at first, but middle-class Mick Jagger and Brian Jones preferred the role of professional amateur. Doffing the suits, they opted for a “scruffy” presentation that defied pop convention, bothered adults, and endeared them to adolescents. This approach reached its zenith at the conclusion of their hastily organized American tour, when Oldham and Jagger realized that adolescent fans reacted to them as alternatives to the Beatles. Presenting themselves as the anti-Beatles, they began to incorporate misogynistic elements into their recordings and performances.
Introduction
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross
Published: October 2024

The “high sixties” (1964–1969) saw British artists combining different genres to create hybrid forms of pop that critics called “rock.” Audio technologies enhanced concert amplification, multitrack recording, and home listening and made albums a preferred mode for consuming music. To feed this market, artists and production crews created complex audioscapes that encouraged deep listener engagement. Driving this shift in music consumption, the Bulge Generation began entering adulthood and shaping pop culture. Men’s fashion became brighter, with new patterns, while women entering a hostile workplace adopted more sexually suggestive clothing. Government programs encouraged the working class and lower middle class to enter higher education, and campuses became important music sites whose audiences demanded more sophisticated lyrics and music. Meanwhile, pharmaceutical developments drove a deeper wedge between the Establishment and youth culture.
The Art of Pop
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross
Published: October 2024

As the Bulge Generation entered adulthood, they encountered pushback from an Establishment intent on preserving its privileges. Pop composers, recognizing the growing maturity of their audiences, began to create increasingly sophisticated songs with musical ideas that pushed the envelope. Manchester teenager Graham Gouldman’s material for the Yardbirds, the Hollies, Herman’s Hermits, Wayne Fontana, and others combined ideas from the blues, Indian music, Jewish liturgical music, and other sources. In these experiments, he realized aspects of Englishness that had previously been suppressed. For the Beatles, listening to Bob Dylan and reacting to the chaos of large concerts, John Lennon and Paul McCartney began introducing adult concepts into their songs while George Harrison’s interest in the sitar emerged in his work. Consequently, their albums grew more sophisticated.
Finding England
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross
Published: October 2024

English songwriters went about creating English pop songs by referencing the past. Mick Jagger and Keith Richards wrote ballads while Herman’s Hermits embraced music-hall sentimentality and humor. Geoff Stephens found inspiration in early twentieth-century pop songs to write about failed love while mocking institutional religion as exemplified by Winchester Cathedral. And a national fascination with American gangsters of the 1930s led to Mitch Murray and Peter Callander writing a period piece for Georgie Fame about Bonnie and Clyde. The songwriter who perhaps most channeled English identity, Ray Davies, wrote songs satirizing the businessmen who rode trains into the City every day, the dandies dedicated to Carnaby Street fashion, and the idle rich. And when the UK faced a currency crisis in 1966, Davies turned his attention to the poor, the simple pleasure of watching a sunset over the Thames River, and the activities of a gardener cleaning up autumnal detritus.
England Calling
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross
Published: October 2024

Migration between countries and continents characterized the second half of the twentieth century, and sixties British pop reflected these intercultural exchanges. Americans PJ Proby and Geno Washington arrived in the UK to work British stages and make records, as did Los Bravos from Spain and the Easybeats from Australia. Eric Burdon, in contrast, moved to the United States and recruited British musicians for a new version of the Animals. Commonwealth immigrants, for their part, brought optimism and a vast range of ideas to London. The Equals and the Foundations proved successful in creating Black British versions of American rhythm-and-blues, while others brought ska, rocksteady, and reggae to UK clubs and broadcasts. The Skatalites and Desmond Dekker attracted both Mods and the immigrant audiences, while the Equals moonlighted as the Four Gees to offer a ruder version of themselves.
Folk Pop
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross
Published: October 2024

Many musicians responded to the urge to bring elements of folk music into pop. Cat Stevens commented on the urban condition with songs describing personal relations, meaningless employment, and personal resentment. The three Gibb brothers used folk forms such as the broadside ballad to reference recent events while ornamenting them with orchestras, Julie Driscoll and Brian Auger took songs by Bob Dylan and Donovan Leitch and gave them psychedelic jazz-tinged interpretations, and the Incredible String Band incorporated musical ideas from around the world as they reimagined folk forms as pop music. Some of the most direct importations of folk material into pop contexts came when Fairport Convention created British folk-rock versions of both traditional ballads and Bob Dylan. In comparison, Pentangle combined folk and jazz ideas with instrumental virtuosity.
English Tales
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross
Published: October 2024

Toward the end of the sixties, some songwriters, musicians, and producers began using the word “opera” to suggest that they were bringing pop music aesthetics to an upper-class convention. In the summer of 1967, Mark Wirtz began writing and producing music with singer Keith West that claimed to be the beginnings of an opera while the Pretty Things’ Phil May came up with the idea of songs depicting scenes from the story of a working-class lad. Peter Townshend tells a story about a child who witnesses a murder, is told to suppress the memory of the experience, and consequently retreats into a semicatatonic state, only to be released through self-realization. Meanwhile, Ray Davies first described individuals connected to an idealized English village green and developed a televised musical about a family’s travails during the twentieth century.
Value Recruitment Defined
Authors: Nelson Thomas E.
Published: October 2024

This chapter begins by reviewing arguments from political theory and philosophy that foreground values in the analysis of how political systems operate. It also explains how political debate and rhetoric invoke and evoke social and political values. It is argued that value recruitment helps the partisan associate values with their position, dissociate values from the opponent’s position, and prioritize their values when they compete with the opponents. Next, the chapter describes three families of value recruitment tactics: framing, social cuing, and value qualification. The chapter concludes by previewing the two case studies and outlining the balance between qualitative (interviews) and quantitative (experiments) research methods used in the project.
Teaching Intelligent Design
Authors: Nelson Thomas E.
Published: October 2024

This chapter provides a concise history of the intelligent design (ID) movement in the United States. It shows the link between ID, creationism, and anti-evolutionism. The chapter describes the key values used in the debate and how both supporters and opponents of ID have recruited them. It makes the case that ID has been more successful than creationism and creation science because its promoters have obscured the link between ID and religion while emphasizing the links between ID and core values such as freedom, fairness, science, and education. The chapter discusses how this strategy has put evolution’s backers on the defensive because they must answer the accusation that they oppose these universal ideals. ID opponents have responded in the main by trying to reclaim the value of science and arguing that some appealing values must take lower priority in science class.
Intelligent Design Experiments
Authors: Nelson Thomas E.
Published: October 2024

This chapter describes the methods and findings of nine experiments conducted in laboratory, survey, and field settings. These experiments tested hypotheses about the psychological impact of value recruitment, including, most important, how value recruitment shapes attitudes about the intelligent design (ID) issue. The chapter describes novel instruments that were used to measure participants’ perceptions of how important various values are to the issue and to their personal opinions. There is evidence that all three broad categories of value recruitment tactics—framing, social cuing, and value qualification—have discernible impacts on respondents’ attitudes about the ID issue. For example, the experiments show that framing can affect respondents’ views about whether science should concern itself with supernatural forces.
James Bond's Socialist Rivals
Authors: Amar Tarik Cyril
Published: October 2024

Focusing on three blockbuster television series from the Soviet Union, Poland, and East Germany, James Bond’s Socialist Rivals recovers an essential aspect of the history of popular culture in Europe’s Cold War East. As in the West, fictitious spy characters achieved mass appeal through film. In their countries, and often beyond them as well, the protagonists of Seventeen Moments of Spring, Stakes Greater than Life, and The Invisible Visor were as prominent as super-agent icon James Bond on the other side of the Iron Curtain. The actors playing them were stars, and their roles as spy heroes defined their public image. For authoritarian political regimes in search of popular legitimacy, these shows offered an ideal blend merging ideological messages and suspenseful entertainment. Shaped by their cultural and political backgrounds in three societies in a heterogeneous postwar Eastern Europe, they also came to reflect different responses to the Bond phenomenon in the West.
Introduction
Authors: Amar Tarik Cyril
Published: October 2024

This introduction lays out the subject matter of this work—television spy stories in the Cold War East—and the approach used—combining political and cultural history. It lists the three series that are at the center of the study—Seventeen Moments of Spring (from the Soviet Union), Stakes Greater than Life (Poland), and The Invisible Visor (East Germany)—and discusses them in the context of the global history of Cold War popular culture, in general, in both East and West. It also locates them in longer historical trajectories—most importantly, the rise of the spy as a hero of popular culture—that have preceded and outlasted the Cold War. The concept of the Cold War is explicated, with an emphasis on its everyday effects and power to reshape imaginaries. The introduction also points out the significance of the global Bond phenomenon in the context of Soviet-dominated Eastern Europe.
A “Zone of Constant Compromise”
Authors: Amar Tarik Cyril
Published: October 2024

Chapter 2 of James Bond’s Socialist Rivals details the making of the film series Stawka. It discusses the politics shaping the series. Issues that arose from the beginning clustered around several recurring themes: competition with the West; the true nature of the hero Hans Kloss’s loyalty and allegiance; the depiction of the Germans and of Nazism; and the image of Polish society under occupation. The popularity of James Bond in the West raised questions regarding how far the approach of the Bond movies could be emulated and, if not, what Polish intelligence movies should rely on instead, The chapter also analyzes the influence of the early Bond movies, Poland’s memory of World War II and occupation, and the relationship between, on one side, Poland and the Soviet Union (historically, the Russian Empire) and, on the other, Poland and Germany (including Nazi Germany).
Conclusion
Authors: Amar Tarik Cyril
Published: October 2024

The conclusion of James Bond’s Socialist Rivals summarizes its findings regarding the three series at the center of the study. It puts them in the context of the rise of the spy to popular-culture hero. While this development began before the Cold War, to a large extent, this is a story of Cold War popular culture. Comparisons of fictional Cold War spy heroes from the East with James Bond are largely misleading, the chapter explains, because the Western Bond phenomenon exerted a complicated influence. The East’s spy heroes were sui generis and cannot be reduced to Bond imitations. The chapter argues that the history of the spy as a hero of global popular culture did not end with the Cold War. Neither did the special relationship between the media and intelligence services seeking to polish their image, and film and television still play a key role in these efforts.
Introduction
Authors: Peppard Michael
Published: October 2024

For Catholics, the Bible is rarely read as an individual printed book. This introduction describes how the Catholic Bible will be interpreted through the categories of story, imagination, and sacrament. While the book will eventually describe and explain Catholic methods of reading and scholarship, the majority of its chapters will illuminate how Catholic prayers, narratives, rituals, and artistic traditions are infused with biblical themes. That is to say, the Catholic Bible exists primarily in so far as it is proclaimed, prayed, embodied, and re-imagined. For readers unacquainted with the basics of the Bible, this chapter offers a brief history of the Jewish and Christian scriptures. It further explains the contents of the Catholic canon of the Bible and some general principles of its interpretation. Finally, it presents an overview of the book’s approach, author, audience, and brief chapter summaries.
The Bible in Catholic Prayer and Devotion
Authors: Peppard Michael
Published: October 2024

As this book transitions from the Bible in Catholic worship to the Bible in Catholic imagination, an appropriate bridge is the concept of visualization. This chapter covers visualization in common devotional prayers, such as the rosary, the Stations of the Cross, and the prayers of the Divine Office (also called the Liturgy of the Hours). The rosary has been the most popular devotional practice, which draws Catholics into meditative visualization on biblical scenes. These are interlaced with non-biblical scenes, too, especially those about the Virgin Mary. Prominent pilgrimages and festivals, such as Las Posadas and the Feast of Our Lady of Guadalupe for Latin American Catholic communities, show how rich biblical cultures are embodied in narratives of Marian devotion and national identity.
Poetry, Fiction, Song, and Screen
Authors: Peppard Michael
Published: October 2024

Just as the Bible infuses Catholic worship, prayer, and visual arts, it also does so with literature, lyrics, and film. This chapter shows how producers of fiction from Catholic regions of Europe and the Americas have remixed biblical characters and themes into new guises with powerful effects. As with other media we have analyzed, Catholic fiction draws biblical inspiration primarily from the Gospels, Psalms, prophets, and stories from Genesis—biblical sections emphasized also in Catholic worship and visual culture. Selected for in-depth analysis are examples from the poetry of Dante, the short stories of Flannery O’Connor, the lyrics of Bruce Springsteen, the films of Martin Scorsese, and the television show Daredevil. These literary and cinematic artworks share moral and tonal affinities with one another; and this chapter shows how one directly influences the next, in a chain of succession through the Bible and the Catholic literary imagination.
Conclusion
Authors: Peppard Michael
Published: October 2024

The book concludes by reflecting on a tiny biblical story with an outsized influence in Catholicism: the Annunciation to Mary. The many manifestations of the Annunciation show how Jesus and Mary remain united at the center of the Catholic biblical tradition. This conclusion uses the story of the Annunciation to think back through each chapter of the book in succession. The Annunciation embodies how Catholic traditions can use a few verses to refract, like a prism, manifold meanings in prayer, imagination, and doctrine. When combined with the Pietà of this book’s Introduction, these two scenes encompass the biblical interpretation enacted by story, imagination, sacrament—and, yes, occasionally by reading—during each church year and throughout a Catholic life.
Editing Chaucer, 1924–28
Authors: Bowers John M. , Steffensen Peter
Published: October 2024

While still at Leeds, Tolkien was commissioned to produce the Clarendon edition Selections from Chaucer’s Poetry and Prose, co-edited with George S. Gordon. Eight newly discovered letters in Oxford University Press’s archives trace the history of the project from 1924 until 1951. Working from Walter W. Skeat’s 1894 Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer in six volumes, Tolkien completed the text and glossary, but his nearly 200 pages of notes doomed the edition, as did his lengthy digressions such as one on “Chaucer and the Alliterative Tradition”. Besides headnotes in his commentary, this chapter includes selected transcriptions from Tolkien’s glossary and annotations for his Clarendon Chaucer.
Merton Professor of Chaucer, 1947–54
Authors: Bowers John M. , Steffensen Peter
Published: October 2024

After twenty years as Oxford’s Professor of Anglo-Saxon when he published his classic lecture “Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics”, Tolkien was elected Merton Professor of Language and Literature in 1945 and undertook his new duties lecturing on the assigned Chaucer texts. His newly unearthed letter from February 1945 dismisses the notion that the poet was involved in any Wycliffite activities; Tolkien’s later lectures would therefore exclude any consideration of Chaucer’s involvement in religious or political controversaries. In 1947 he sketched out his first lectures on the Clerk’s Tale and the Pardoner’s Tale, expanding and revising these as the Michaelmas term unfolded. The next year when the Parlement of Foules replaced the Clerk’s Tale, Tolkien simply took his notes on the dream vision from his long-stalled Clarendon Chaucer and expanded their commentaries for use in the lecture hall. He revised his notes on the Pardoner’s Tale as he continued delivering these lectures from 1951 through Trinity term 1954. This chapter provides a sampling from these teaching notes when legible.
The Pardoner’s Tale: The Story and its Form, 1955–56
Authors: Bowers John M. , Steffensen Peter
Published: October 2024

After preparing The Return of the King for publication, Tolkien seems to have realized that he had told much the same archetypal story as Chaucer in his Pardoner’s Tale about men wrestling to the death over a gold treasure. Abandoning his usual word studies, his last lectures on this Canterbury Tale engaged in narrative analysis – implicitly arguing his own superiority as a storyteller over Chaucer – and thus he reversed his earlier judgment “We here come to one of Chaucer's best told tales.” These lectures were carefully revised in a fair copy transcribed here for the first time in full. Fantasy writer Diana Wynne Jones attended these lectures as an Oxford undergraduate and left an account of her memories of them.
The Axe’s Heart Work
Authors: Bielfeldt Ruth
Published: October 2024

Hephaestus’ animated creations and tools in Book 18 of the Iliad have garnered significant attention and debate in recent scholarship. Is the god’s smithy merely a poet’s vehicle for rhetorical vividness? Is it an expression of divine magic, or even an early example of robotics? This chapter takes a different approach, examining Hephaestus’ creations within the broader phenomenological framework of human craftsmanship. The study focuses on three extended similes centred on timberwork (Il. 3.60–63; Il. 15.410–413; Il. 17.742–746). The argument posits that the Iliad presents a clear concept of technological animation linked to the notion of the automaton—self-propelled material energy—rooted in the embodied experience of craft. The well-known simile (Il. 3.60–63), likening Hector’s heart to a carpenter’s axe, serves as the primary text for exploring this concept. It depicts a dynamic kinaesthetic event where human, material, and natural forces converge and resonate. Human manual labour emerges as a process that invokes a new sense of selfhood, intertwining somatic, cognitive, and psychological dimensions. By blurring boundaries between human and machine, body and matter, organic and non-living, and the inner and outer worlds, craft similes shed light on the anthropology of Homeric craftsmanship—a technique not of domination, but of animating the connection between humans and their world. Consequently, they provide valuable material for reader-response studies influenced by enactivist theories of cognition.
Automata and Other Technological Devices in Trimalchio’s Dinner-Party
Authors: Grillo Francesco , Panayotakis Costas
Published: October 2024

The wealthy freedman Trimalchio in Petronius’ Satyricon seems to be very fond of automata and other such animated devices: these include (but are not confined to) a clock and a trumpeter in Trimalchio’s dining-room (26.9); a celebrated zodiac dish (35.1–6 and 36.1–4) which contains birds, sow᾿s udders, a winged hare made to look like Pegasus, and fish swimming in a spicy sauce flowing out of the wine-skins of four figures of the satyr Marsyas at the corners of the dish; a self-opening ceiling that lets out a hoop adorned with golden crowns and perfumes (60.1–3); and a pastry figure of Priapus holding fruit and grapes which spurts out saffron when touched (60.4–6). These constructions are not merely decorative items but play an active role in Trimalchio’s house and have meaning in Petronius’ text. Considering the substantial scholarly advances that have been made recently in the field of technological animation ((water-)clocks, fountains, pneumatic devices, mobile automata) in the ancient world, we discuss the mechanics behind Trimalchio’s mechanical equipment and think about their originality, their value as sophisticated apparatus, and their usefulness as symbols of luxury and status. We also explore their role in the menacing atmosphere of Trimalchio’s dining-room and in the narrative of the Satyricon as a whole, bearing in mind that the information about Trimalchio’s automata is conveyed to us though the ambiguous and unreliable narrator Encolpius in a state of gradually increasing inebriation and panic at his inability to cope with Trimalchio’s world and with what it represents.
Affecting Artifacts
Authors: Steiner Deborah
Published: October 2024

This chapter seeks to reorient discussions of seemingly animated artifacts in the archaic and early Classical sources, arguing that the organic and manufactured are not two opposing categories, but that in their physical form, matter, function, ornamentation, and interactions with the environments around them, artifacts in metal, clay, and paint reflect and broadcast ideas about their incipient vitality and the embodied cognition they possess. Drawing on the recent theorists of ‘New Materialism’, I explore instances where, in poetic, visual, and the archaeological remains, these more symbiotic relations between humans and things manifest themselves, inviting us to see our bodies as composites, heterogeneous assemblages onto and into which tools can be adjoined and amalgamated by means of their users’ affective engagement with them. My discussion privileges three sites where these interactions occur: the tripod cauldrons fashioned by Hephaestus in Il. 18.373–381 and the material evidence for these in the early visual and archaeological sources; the bellows used by the craftsman-god (18. 468–473) in the creation of Achilles’ arms; and the objects—principally the furnace and the artisan’s other crafting tools—that populate the spaces where he plies his labours. Here we not only witness the two-way trajectory observed so far—even as the individuals acting in these scenes undergo objectivization, the artifacts and implements with which they engage are anthropomorphized—but this portion of my discussion additionally observes how those who typically work in this space, the artisan, slave, and satyr, are all figures whom our sources depict as hybrid or marginal in their bodily constitution, origins, ethos, and status.
Visualizing Time
Authors: Kim SeungJung
Published: October 2024

The Greeks had two words for time: the measurable, uniform time that is chronos, and the hard-to-grasp, opportune moment that is kairos. As the sole visual personification of a time concept in Classical and Early Hellenistic Greece, the celebrated sculpture of Kairos by Lysippos embodies the aesthetic principles of the artist—perhaps Kairos was his own ‘canon’, envisioned as a direct response to that of his predecessor Polykleitos. When encountering the sculpture in its reconstructed 3D form, it becomes clear that its technical tour de force, especially in its composition, balance, and weight distribution as well as its possible mechanization, must be understood within the context of fourth-century scientific and technological advancements, including that of astronomy. By reviewing more recent ideas regarding fourth-century development of the mechanistic arts—those involving Archytas and Eudoxus as well as time-measuring or time-telling devices that signal a more focused societal awareness of short-term temporality—and by revisiting Aristotle’s relationship to the branch of mechanics, the Lysippan Kairos is re-evaluated as a visual expression of the fleeting concept of time—one that is both an essential part of the contemporary lived experience as well as a product of the contemporary philosophical and scientific landscape.
Devising Nature
Authors: Berryman Sylvia
Published: October 2024

Beauty, it is often said, lies in the eyes of the beholder. When we consider the reception of ancient Greek technologies that are said to imitate living beings, it turns out that the notion of animation likewise appears to obey no formula, but depends on the judgement of the observer. We can nonetheless ask why so much value and significance are added to mechanical devices by what, from a technical point of view, are decorative elements. Some technological animations of antiquity were designed simply to amuse. While historians of technology used to bemoan the obsession with ‘mere toys’ in ancient technology, I suggest that the role of ancient Greek working-artifacts as pure entertainment should conversely be taken seriously, since it may reveal something about the reception of such devices amongst non-expert observers. I suggest that mechanical imitations of living beings are amusing exactly because of the tension between make-believe and common sense, between credulity and incredulity. The amusement derives from the fact that observers simultaneously see that moving devices mimic the movements of humans or animals, while also noticing that the appearances is illusory, created by a clever contrivance that invites the observer to fill in any lacunae. The internal tension in the observer between credulity and incredulity creates the humour; humour indicates, conversely, that both aspects of this tension are being experienced. This analysis accounts for the fascination that ancient Greek automata still exert today, even upon audiences accustomed to much more sophisticated technologies.
The Psychiatric Phenomena of Encephalitis Lethargica
Authors: Foley Paul Bernard
Published: October 2024

Following its first description in 1917, encephalitis lethargica was an epidemic infectious disease, primarily in Europe and North America, until the mid-1920s. The acute stage of the illness was dominated either by lethargy and oculomotor pareses or by hyperkinetic phenomena, its chronic phase by post-encephalitic parkinsonism. Its neuropathology was limited to the brainstem, but the disorder also elicited a range of mental and psychiatric signs and symptoms, some unique to the new disease (including bradyphrenia, loss of drive and impaired volition, and behavioral changes), some that combined neurologic and psychiatric features in a hitherto unknown manner (in particular, oculogyric crises), and others that were previously associated with hysteria and psychotic disorders and consequently regarded as functional rather than neurologic in nature.
The Associations between Herpes Simplex Virus and Neurocognitive and Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Authors: Eslick Guy D.
Published: October 2024

A member of the Herpesviridae family of viruses, herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a common infection among humans. Infection with HSV is lifelong, and there currently is no cure. HSV can be transmitted vertically and impacts infants with neurological complications that can continue into adulthood. In adults, findings from studies investigating associations between HSV-1 seropositivity and dementia have been consistent. While the strength of the association is not exceptionally strong, the anatomical and biological factors such as the relationship with apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele carriers associated with this infectious link with Alzheimer’s disease are impressive. Future research focusing on potential mechanisms underlying the association of HSV-1 with dementia, with a greater emphasis on potential vaccine development and antiviral therapy, is needed.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Nweke Martins , Hedges Dawson W. , Gale Shawn D.
Published: October 2024

First identified in the early 1980s, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects an estimated 40 million people worldwide. While combined antiretroviral therapy improves the lifespan of people living with HIV, the disease itself remains incurable. Despite the use of combined antiretroviral therapy, HIV-associated neurocognitive dysfunction (HAND) affects approximately 20–50 percent of HIV patients. Although antiretroviral therapy appears to have decreased the incidence of HIV-associated dementia, it does not seem to have decreased the incidence and prevalence of asymptomatic and mild HAND. HAND is characterized by deficits in attention, concentration, psychomotor processing, and memory. In addition to HAND, HIV is associated with depression, apathy, mania, and psychosis. Additional research into treatment for the neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric deficits associated with HIV is needed.
Neurocognitive, Neuropsychiatric, and Neurological Aspects of Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1
Authors: Erickson Lance D. , Hedges Dawson W.
Published: October 2024

A member of the Retroviridae family and infecting approximately 5–10 million people globally, human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is implicated in the etiology of several neurological disorders, including human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1-associated tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), a progressive myelopathy found in a small subset of patients with HTLV-1. Although not all studies have been consistent, increasing evidence suggests that HAM/TSP and HTLV-1 infection in otherwise asymptomatic carriers can be associated with cognitive deficits. HAM/TSP also has been associated with progressive cognitive impairment and possibly with vascular dementia. Further, HTLV-1 might be associated with depression and anxiety, although not all studies have found such associations. HTLV-1 appears to result in oxidative stress, white matter lesions in a high percentage of patients with and without HAM/TSP, and in inflammatory changes. Emerging findings indicate that HTLV-1 results in a significant burden of neurological, neuropsychiatric, and cognitive dysfunction.
Whipple’s Disease
Authors: Panegyres Peter K.
Published: October 2024

Whipple’s disease (WD) of the brain is an extraordinary infectious disease caused by the bacillus Tropheryma whipplei. WD is difficult to diagnose and may lead to disability and death if unrecognized. Central nervous system involvement may occur secondary to gastrointestinal or arthritic infections or as the even more obscure entity of primary WD of the brain. WD has multifarious presentations in the central nervous system from the effects of mass lesions with seizures, stroke-like phenomena, and meningoencephalitis to masquerading as almost every neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric syndrome including amnesia, rapidly progressive dementia, frontotemporal dementia, prosopagnosia, Korsakoff’s syndrome, Klüver–Bucy syndrome, Lewy body disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, limbic encephalitis, normal-pressure hydrocephalus, dementia–parkinsonism–motor neuron disease complex, and rhombencephalitis. WD must enter the differential diagnosis in the assessment of patients with the suspicion of neurodegenerative disorders, especially if magnetic resonance imaging reveals patchy nodular contrast enhancement with cerebral atrophy, particularly in the frontal and temporal regions, eye movement abnormalities, and oculomasticatory myorhythmia. Cerebrospinal fluid polymerase chain reaction for Tropheryma whipplei DNA confirms the diagnosis. If recognized early, WD of the central nervous system is treatable and curable by antibiotics providing there is a high index of suspicion for the diagnosis. Remember to always ask: could it be WD?