bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The technosphere in Earth System analysis: A coevolutionary perspective
Authors: Donges Jonathan F , Lucht Wolfgang , Müller-Hansen Finn , Steffen Will
Published: February 2017

Earth System analysis is the study of the joint dynamics of biogeophysical, social and technological processes on our planet. To advance our understanding of possible future development pathways and identify management options for navigating to safe operating spaces while avoiding undesirable domains, computer models of the Earth System are developed and applied. These models hardly represent dynamical properties of technological processes despite their great planetary-scale influence on the biogeophysical components of the Earth System and the associated risks for human societies posed, e.g. by climatic change or novel entities. In this contribution, we reflect on the technosphere from the perspective of Earth System analysis with a threefold focus on agency, networks and complex coevolutionary dynamics. First, we argue that Haff’s conception of the technosphere takes an extreme position in implying a strongly constrained human agency in the Earth System. Assuming that the technosphere develops according to dynamics largely independently of human intentions, Haff’s perspective appears incompatible with a humanistic view that underlies the sustainability discourse at large and, more specifically, current frameworks such as UN sustainable development goals and the safe and just operating space for humanity. Second, as an alternative to Haff’s static three-stratum picture, we propose complex adaptive networks as a concept for describing the interplay of social agents and technospheric entities and their emergent dynamics for Earth System analysis. Third, we argue that following a coevolutionary approach in conceptualising and modelling technospheric dynamics, also including the socio-cultural and biophysical spheres of the Earth System, could resolve the apparent conflict between the discourses on sustainability and the technosphere. Hence, this coevolutionary approach may point the way forward in modelling technological influences in the Earth System and may lead to a considerably deeper understanding of pathways to sustainable development in the future.
Teaching voters new tricks: The effect of partisan absentee vote-by-mail get-out-the-vote efforts
Authors: Hassell Hans J.G.
Published: February 2017

In the last few years policy innovators have implemented a variety of new voting reforms aimed at increasing the ways voters can cast their ballot and with it voter turnout. While these efforts have largely suggested that the net effect of these reforms has been minimal, scholars have not analyzed the effectiveness of the use of these methods by partisan campaigns to increase targeted turnout or to change the methods voters use to cast their ballot. In collaboration with a state party organization, I examine the effect of a partisan get-out-the-vote effort using an absentee vote-by-mail push. I find that these get-out-the-vote efforts to target voters using absentee ballot request forms are effective at shifting more voters to vote absentee. However, while pushing absentee vote-by-mail balloting may bank votes for a campaign before Election Day, the overall effect of partisan campaigns’ use of absentee ballot efforts to increase turnout appears limited.
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy or Constrictive Pericarditis: An Unresolved Conundrum
Authors: Ho Gregory , Peng Ed , Hermuzi Antony , Hasan Asif
Published: February 2017

Cardiomyopathy may have a variety of causes and may lead to significant morbidity. Often, there is no “perfect” treatment. New investigative techniques may add insight but retain the possibility of uncertainty. The distinction between restrictive cardiomyopathy and pericardial constriction may be challenging, particularly when considering the incidence of these entities. This distinction may significantly impact patient management and this is becoming increasingly important in the context of donor organ austerity. We present a case of a 17-year-old male to illustrate the overlap highlighting this debate and our subsequent management.
Submitral Aneurysm After Pulmonary Artery Banding—A Case Report
Authors: Iqbal Abid , Menon Sabarinath , Dharan Baiju S. , Raman Kapilamoorthy Tirur , Karunakaran Jayakumar
Published: February 2017

Submitral aneurysms are rare clinical entities occurring predominantly in young adults of African descent. A host of etiologies have been proposed for this entity. We present a unique case of submitral aneurysm which developed after pulmonary artery banding in a three-year-old girl with complex congenital heart disease. The aneurysmal sac was burrowing into the interatrial septum.
When Women Fail to “Hold Up More Than Half the Sky”
Authors: Xu Qingru , Billings Andrew , Fan Minghui
Published: February 2017

Communist beliefs on gender equality and Chinese female athletes’ consistent ability to win national glory have lead to female athletes in Chinese sports media being primarily portrayed as legitimate athletes akin to levels of male athletes. This study examines such assumptions within Chinese Central Television’s (CCTV) 2016 Olympic telecast of gymnastics, a sport in which Chinese female athletes failed to attain national expectations, exploring potential variations of gendered frames in Chinese sports culture. A full examination of 100% (over 14 hr) of CCTV’s broadcast coverage revealed that female athletes received less media attention in terms of clock time and name mentions. Regarding word-by-word commentary ascribed to the gymnasts, CCTV employees significantly devoted more descriptors related to personality and physicality to female athletes, indicating a noticeable deviation from the Chinese traditional gendered frame of depicting female athletes as tenacious fighters with their nonsport-related aspects rarely covered. Implications for the findings are offered.
Two Novel KCNQ2 Mutations in 2 Families With Benign Familial Neonatal Convulsions
Authors: Al Yazidi Ghalia , Shevell Michael I. , Srour Myriam
Published: February 2017

Benign familial neonatal convulsion is a rare autosomal dominant inherited epilepsy syndrome characterized by unprovoked seizures in the first few days of life, normal psychomotor development, and a positive intergenerational family history of neonatal seizures. Over 90% of the affected individuals have inherited causal mutations in KCNQ2, which encodes for the potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q, member 2. Mutations in KCNQ2 are also associated with a severe neonatal encephalopathy phenotype associated with poor seizure control and neurodevelopmental deficits. The authors report the clinical presentations, response to medication, and intrafamilial phenotypic variability in 2 families with benign familial neonatal convulsions, carrying previously unreported heterozygous missense mutations, c.1066C>G (p.Leu356Val) and c.1721G<A (p.Gly574Asp), in KCNQ2. The cases reported herein suggest that inherited missense mutations in KCNQ2 can be associated with an intermediate phenotype and illustrate the challenges associated with prognosis and counselling for individuals with inherited missense mutations in KCNQ2.
The Process and Impact of Stakeholder Engagement in Developing a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Communication and Decision-Making Intervention
Authors: Michelson Kelly N , Frader Joel , Sorce Lauren , Clayman Marla L , Persell Stephen D , Fragen Patricia , Ciolino Jody D , Campbell Laura C , Arenson Melanie , Aniciete Danica Y , Brown Melanie L , Ali Farah N , White Douglas ,   The Navigate Study Investigators
Published: February 2017

Stakeholder-developed interventions are needed to support pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) communication and decision-making. Few publications delineate methods and outcomes of stakeholder engagement in research. We describe the process and impact of stakeholder engagement on developing a PICU communication and decision-making support intervention. We also describe the resultant intervention. Stakeholders included parents of PICU patients, healthcare team members (HTMs), and research experts. Through a year-long iterative process, we involved 96 stakeholders in 25 meetings and 26 focus groups or interviews. Stakeholders adapted an adult navigator model by identifying core intervention elements and then determining how to operationalize those core elements in pediatrics. The stakeholder input led to PICU-specific refinements, such as supporting transitions after PICU discharge and including ancillary tools. The resultant intervention includes navigator involvement with parents and HTMs and navigator-guided use of ancillary tools. Subsequent research will test the feasibility and efficacy of our intervention.
Living With “Man’s Fate” Away From Home
Authors: Wong Hilda , Nilges Edward
Published: February 2017

Edward Nilges is a former software consultant who came from Chicago to Hong Kong in 2005, and has since worked as a teacher. Having been residing in Hong Kong for all these years, Edward fell ill with cancer and its complications. He choose to receive medical treatment in Hong Kong, where both the dominant culture and medical system were foreign to him. Here, he gives an account of his physical, psychological, social and existential experience, in quest of meaning away from home, while his physician discusses the clinician’s perspective.
Somatic mutations in children with GATA2-associated myelodysplastic syndrome who lack other features of GATA2 deficiency
Authors: Fisher Kevin E. , Hsu Amy P. , Williams Christopher L. , Sayeed Hadi , Merritt Brian Y. , Elghetany M. Tarek , Holland Steven M. , Bertuch Alison A. , Gramatges Maria Monica
Published: February 2017

Key Points

Children with primary MDS should be tested for GATA2 mutations, regardless of karyotype, family history, or features of GATA2 deficiency. Screening children with GATA2-MDS for somatic mutations may reveal mutations predictive of clinical outcomes.
Network meta-analysis of randomized trials in multiple myeloma: efficacy and safety in relapsed/refractory patients
Authors: Botta Cirino , Ciliberto Domenico , Rossi Marco , Staropoli Nicoletta , Cucè Maria , Galeano Teresa , Tagliaferri Pierosandro , Tassone Pierfrancesco
Published: February 2017

Key Points

Different therapeutic agents are currently available for the treatment of RRMM. By performing an NMA, we identified a lenalidomide-dexamethasone + mAb regimen as the most active therapeutic option in this setting.
Effects of canagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, on blood pressure and markers of arterial stiffness in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a post hoc analysis
Authors: Pfeifer Michael , Townsend Raymond R. , Davies Michael J. , Vijapurkar Ujjwala , Ren Jimmy
Published: February 2017

Background

Physiologic determinants, such as pulse pressure [difference between systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP)], mean arterial pressure (2/3 DBP + 1/3 SBP), and double product [beats per minute (bpm) × SBP], are linked to cardiovascular outcomes. The effects of canagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, on pulse pressure, mean arterial pressure, and double product were assessed in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methods

This post hoc analysis was based on pooled data from four 26-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies evaluating canagliflozin in patients with T2DM (N = 2313) and a 6-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) study evaluating canagliflozin in patients with T2DM and hypertension (N = 169). Changes from baseline in SBP, DBP, pulse pressure, mean arterial pressure, and double product were assessed using seated BP measurements (pooled studies) or averaged 24-h BP assessments (ABPM study). Safety was assessed based on adverse event reports.

Results

In the pooled studies, canagliflozin 100 and 300 mg reduced SBP (−4.3 and −5.0 vs −0.3 mmHg) and DBP (−2.5 and −2.4 vs −0.6 mmHg) versus placebo at week 26. Reductions in pulse pressure (−1.8 and −2.6 vs 0.2 mmHg), mean arterial pressure (−3.1 and −3.3 vs −0.5 mmHg), and double product (−381 and −416 vs −30 bpm × mmHg) were also seen with canagliflozin 100 and 300 mg versus placebo. In the ABPM study, canagliflozin 100 and 300 mg reduced mean 24-h SBP (−4.5 and −6.2 vs −1.2 mmHg) and DBP (−2.2 and −3.2 vs −0.3 mmHg) versus placebo at week 6. Canagliflozin 300 mg provided reductions in pulse pressure (−3.3 vs −0.8 mmHg) and mean arterial pressure (−4.2 vs −0.6 mmHg) compared with placebo, while canagliflozin 100 mg had more modest effects on these parameters. Canagliflozin was generally well tolerated in both study populations.

Conclusions

Canagliflozin improved all three cardiovascular physiologic markers, consistent with the hypothesis that canagliflozin may have beneficial effects on some cardiovascular outcomes in patients with T2DM.

Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01081834 (registered March 2010); NCT01106677 (registered April 2010); NCT01106625 (registered April 2010); NCT01106690 (registered April 2010); NCT01939496 (registered September 2013)
Understanding and evaluating the behavior of technical users. A study of developer interaction at StackOverflow
Authors: Ahmed Tanveer , Srivastava Abhishek
Published: February 2017

This paper is focused on analyzing the details of one of the most widely used Q&A technical discussion forums on the Internet: StackOverflow. StackOverflow is a huge source of information for both academics and industry practitioners and its analysis can provide useful insights. This is evident by a growing body of work dedicated to the study of this platform. There are several papers that have taken the ‘platform’ as an analyzing point to gain a few useful insights into the practices adopted by software developers. However, different from current literature, the objective of this paper is to explore the habit of users, more specifically, we want to find out how do technical users behave online? In doing so, we attempt to present a new picture that focuses more on the human aspect of this online community. We neither focus on the technical aspects of the platform nor do we focus on the technical capabilities of developers, rather, the focus of this paper is to explore the humanistic point of view of technical users. To do that, we mine StackOverflow’s repositories to find a few patterns that raise several questions. The observations presented in this paper highlight real world implications of having open call based software engineering platforms. Further, we conduct a survey of StackOverflow users to find an answer to one of the highly talked about topics on Meta (a discussion forum for StackOverflow). The subject of the survey concerns changing participation habit of users. As the paper progresses forward, we discuss factors that raise the issue of professionalism and ethics at this online venue. The findings show several malpractices happening at StackOverflow. We present a detailed analysis and discuss these issues in this paper.
Traveltime tomography of crosshole ground-penetrating radar based on an arctangent functional with compactness constraints
Authors: Hu Shufan , Zhao Yonghui , Qin Tan , Rao Chunfeng , An Cong
Published: February 2017

Regularization has been an effective technique to provide unique and stable solutions for crosshole ground-penetrating radar (GPR) traveltime tomography. The traditional form of this method, in which a low-order differential operator was used, commonly yields a smooth solution that may not be appropriate when anomalies occur in block patterns, such as voids or irregular objects. The minimum support (MS) functional can be used to improve the resolution of blocky structures; however, in crosshole GPR traveltime tomography, the MS functional is unable to resolve residual artifacts, whose departure from an a priori model are smaller than the focusing parameter selected from a trade-off curve. In addition, it would result in severe instability and yield a trade-off curve with poorly defined corners when the focusing parameter nears the precision of the apparatus. We have developed a new stabilizing functional based on the arctangent (AT) function that effectively removes the artificially small values in the crosshole GPR traveltime tomography, and ultimately is more efficient because it does not require the user to select a focusing parameter. We inverted three 2D synthetic data sets based on the reweighted regularized conjugate gradient algorithm. Compared with the low-order differential and MS functional, the user will be able to clearly distinguish the anomaly boundary using this method, which will yield results that are closer to the actual structure. We also discussed the impact of some influencing factors caused by the noise contained in the data, the central frequency of the antenna, the anomalous trends, and the ray coverage angle. We further inverted an experimental data set to test the effectiveness and robustness of the method.
Passive seismic reflection interferometry: A case study from the Aquistore CO2storage site, Saskatchewan, Canada
Authors: Cheraghi Saeid , White Donald J. , Draganov Deyan , Bellefleur Gilles , Craven James A. , Roberts Brian
Published: February 2017

Seismic reflection interferometry has recently been tested in a few resource-exploration applications. We have evaluated passive seismic interferometry results for data from the Aquistore [Formula: see text] storage site, Saskatchewan, Canada, with the objective of testing the method’s ability to image the subsurface geology and its potential for time-lapse imaging. We analyzed passive seismic data recorded along two perpendicular geophone lines for two time periods that include 23 days in June 2014 and 13 days in February 2015. Beam-forming analysis showed that a nearby power plant is the dominant source of ambient noise. We retrieved virtual shot gathers not only by correlating long noise panels (1 h) for both recording periods, but also by correlating shorter noise panels (10 s) from two days of each recording period. We applied illumination diagnosis to the noise panels from the two chosen days for each period to help suppress the surface waves. Comparisons of the common-midpoints stacked sections, resulting from the virtual shot gathers, with colocated active-source images and log-based synthetic seismograms showed that the best ambient-noise images were obtained for the longest recording periods. The application of illumination diagnosis revealed that only a small percentage of the noise panels are dominated by body waves. Thus, images formed using only this subset of noise panels failed to improve the images obtained from the 23 and 13 days of noise recording. To evaluate the passive images, we performed log-based correlations that showed moderate correlation ranging from approximately 0.5–0.65 in the two-way time range of 0.8–1.5 s. For the 13 to 23 days of noise used in our analysis, the resulting images at the reservoir depth of 3200 m or [Formula: see text] are unlikely to be suitable for time-lapse imaging at this site. This is most likely due to the limited directional illumination and dominance of surface-wave noise.
Reduced and Compressed Cisplatin-Based Chemotherapy in Children and Adolescents With Intermediate-Risk Extracranial Malignant Germ Cell Tumors: A Report From the Children’s Oncology Group
Authors: Shaikh Furqan , Cullen John W. , Olson Thomas A. , Pashankar Farzana , Malogolowkin Marcio H. , Amatruda James F. , Villaluna Doojduen , Krailo Mark , Billmire Deborah F. , Rescorla Frederick J. , Egler Rachel A. , Dicken Bryan J. , Ross Jonathan H. , Schlatter Marc , Rodriguez-Galindo Carlos , Frazier A. Lindsay
Published: February 2017

Purpose

To investigate whether event-free survival (EFS) can be maintained among children and adolescents with intermediate-risk (IR) malignant germ cell tumors (MGCT) if the administration of cisplatin, etoposide, and bleomycin (PEb) is reduced from four to three cycles and compressed from 5 to 3 days per cycle.

Patients and Methods

In a phase 3, single-arm trial, patients with IR MGCT (stage II-IV testicular, II-III ovarian, I-II extragonadal, or stage I gonadal tumors with subsequent recurrence) received three cycles of PEb. A parametric comparator model specified that the observed EFS rate should not be significantly < 92%. As recommended for trials that test a reduction of therapy, a one-sided P value ≤ .10 was used to indicate statistical significance. In a post hoc analysis, we also compared results to the EFS rate of comparable patients treated with four cycles of PEb in two prior studies.

Results

Among 210 eligible patients enrolled from 2003 to 2011, 4-year EFS (EFS4) rate was 89% (95% confidence interval, 83% to 92%), which was significantly lower than the 92% threshold of the comparison model ( P = .08). Among 181 newly diagnosed patients, the EFS4 rate was 87%, compared with 92% for 92 comparable children in the historical cohort ( P = .15). The EFS4 rate was significantly associated with stage (stage I, 100%; stage II, 92%; stage III, 85%; and stage IV, 54%; P < .001).

Conclusion

The EFS rate for children with IR MGCT observed after three cycles of PEb was less than that of a prespecified parametric model, particularly for patients with higher-stage tumors. These data do not support a reduction in the number of cycles of PEb from four to three. However, further investigation of a reduction in the number of cycles for patients with lower-stage tumors is warranted.
Head and Neck Cancer Survivorship Care Guideline: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline Endorsement of the American Cancer Society Guideline
Authors: Nekhlyudov Larissa , Lacchetti Christina , Davis Nancy B. , Garvey Thomas Q. , Goldstein David P. , Nunnink J. Chris , Ninfea Jose I. Ruades , Salner Andrew L. , Salz Talya , Siu Lillian L.
Published: February 2017

Purpose

This guideline provides recommendations on the management of adults after head and neck cancer (HNC) treatment, focusing on surveillance and screening for recurrence or second primary cancers, assessment and management of long-term and late effects, health promotion, care coordination, and practice implications.

Methods

ASCO has a policy and set of procedures for endorsing clinical practice guidelines that have been developed by other professional organizations. The American Cancer Society (ACS) HNC Survivorship Care Guideline was reviewed for developmental rigor by methodologists. An ASCO Expert Panel reviewed the content and recommendations, offering modifications and/or qualifying statements when deemed necessary.

Results

The ASCO Expert Panel determined that the ACS HNC Survivorship Care Guideline, published in 2016, is clear, thorough, clinically practical, and helpful, despite the limited availability of high-quality evidence to support many of the recommendations. ASCO endorsed the ACS HNC Survivorship Care Guideline, adding qualifying statements aimed at promoting team-based, multispecialty, multidisciplinary, collaborative head and neck survivorship care.

Recommendations

The ASCO Expert Panel emphasized that caring for HNC survivors requires a team-based approach that includes primary care clinicians, oncology specialists, otolaryngologists, dentists, and other allied professionals. The HNC treatment team should educate the primary care clinicians and patients about the type(s) of treatment received, the likelihood of potential recurrence, and the potential late and long-term complications. Primary care clinicians should recognize symptoms of recurrence and coordinate a prompt evaluation. They should also be prepared to manage late effects either directly or by referral to appropriate specialists. Health promotion is critical, particularly regarding tobacco cessation and dental care. Additional information is available at www.asco.org/HNC-Survivorship-endorsement and www.asco.org/guidelineswiki .
Coastal Form: Amphibian Positions, Wider Worlds, and Planetary Horizons on the African Indian Ocean Littoral
Authors: Samuelson Meg
Published: February 2017

This essay makes a case for the categories of littoral literature and coastal form through which it aims to take up the expansive possibilities of the maritime turn while keeping both the materiality of the ocean and the locality of the shore in sight. It elaborates the notion of coastal form through a focus on the African Indian Ocean littoral and with reference to the oeuvres of Mia Couto and Abdulrazak Gurnah. Both are shown to muddle the inside-outside binary that delineates nations and continents, and which has been particularly stark in framing Africa in both imperial and nativist thought. At the same time, coastal form is found to decenter, extend, and thicken constructions of world literature, while opening to a planetary perspective sensible to the prodigious and implacable forces of the Anthropocene.
Where Oceans Come from
Authors: Somerville Alice Te Punga
Published: February 2017

Tracing the various names used for the Pacific Ocean and drawing on Pacific scholarship and poetry, this article suggests alternative genealogies for the field of Ocean Studies that are visible from the Pacific region. Observing that the claim that Ocean Studies began in the North Atlantic echoes the history of European colonialism, and suggesting that one particular element of the Pacific Ocean is ongoing and diverse Indigenous presence, it reflects on the lack of engagement with Pacific scholarship in academic work globally. Rather than Ocean Studies turning its attention to the Pacific, it would benefit from reconsidering and reconfiguring its own genealogies in relation to multiple sites, perspectives, and oceans.
Dante's Pilgrimage in Dorothy Richardson
Authors: Caselli Daniela
Published: February 2017

This article analyzes Dante's presence in Dorothy Richardson's novel series Pilgrimage, focusing on Interim and making references to Deadlock and Revolving Lights. It argues that, although his words are never quoted directly, Dante is a strong presence in the novel and a revealing case study for understanding the complex theories of intertextuality at work in Pilgrimage. Dante is never an authoritative source to be used “as a code or a weapon … to crush someone,” but contributes instead to shaping the novel's reluctance to transform literary precedents in measurable cultural value. The article explores the significance of the “Dante lecture”; looks at how Pilgrimage throws a bridge across modernist experimentalism and the nineteenth century by engaging in a complex dialogue with Philip Wicksteed's theories of political economy; and focuses on the ironic ways in which Interim links Dante to gender via the figure of an almost invisible female translator, Wilhelmina Kuenen.
Highly variable penetrance of abnormal phenotypes in embryonic lethal knockout mice
Authors: Wilson Robert , Geyer Stefan H. , Reissig Lukas , Rose Julia , Szumska Dorota , Hardman Emily , Prin Fabrice , McGuire Christina , Ramirez-Solis Ramiro , White Jacqui , Galli Antonella , Tudor Catherine , Tuck Elizabeth , Mazzeo Cecilia Icoresi , Smith James C. , Robertson Elizabeth , Adams David J. , Mohun Timothy , Weninger Wolfgang J.
Published: February 2017

Background: Identifying genes that are essential for mouse embryonic development and survival through term is a powerful and unbiased way to discover possible genetic determinants of human developmental disorders. Characterising the changes in mouse embryos that result from ablation of lethal genes is a necessary first step towards uncovering their role in normal embryonic development and establishing any correlates amongst human congenital abnormalities.

Methods: Here we present results gathered to date in the Deciphering the Mechanisms of Developmental Disorders (DMDD) programme, cataloguing the morphological defects identified from comprehensive imaging of 220 homozygous mutant and 114 wild type embryos from 42 lethal and subviable lines, analysed at E14.5.

Results: Virtually all mutant embryos show multiple abnormal phenotypes and amongst the 42 lines these affect most organ systems. Within each mutant line, the phenotypes of individual embryos form distinct but overlapping sets. Subcutaneous edema, malformations of the heart or great vessels, abnormalities in forebrain morphology and the musculature of the eyes are all prevalent phenotypes, as is loss or abnormal size of the hypoglossal nerve.

Conclusions: Overall, the most striking finding is that no matter how profound the malformation, each phenotype shows highly variable penetrance within a mutant line. These findings have challenging implications for efforts to identify human disease correlates.
Trajectory-Adaptive Routing in Dynamic Networks with Dependent Random Link Travel Times
Authors: Huang He , Gao Song
Published: February 2017

This paper addresses the problem of finding the optimal routing policies with only trajectory information in a stochastic time-dependent network where all link travel times are temporally and spatially correlated. Two equivalent definitions are given for trajectory-adaptive routing policy. The first definition follows the mapping definition in a series of previous studies, where the trajectory information is included in the state variable. With that definition, any subpolicy of an optimal routing policy must also be optimal, and the algorithm developed in previous studies could serve as an exact solution, but the nature of the definition that trajectory information is included in the state variable determines that the number of states is prohibitively huge. Therefore, a second definition is given as a recursive definition, where the trajectory information is not included in the state variable. It is shown that, with the second definition, a subpolicy of an optimal/nondominated routing policy is not necessarily optimal/nondominated, but any subpolicy of a pure routing policy must also be pure which is a new property defined based on nondominance. An exact algorithm is designed to find optimal trajectory-adaptive routing policies based on the aforementioned property of pure routing policy. A comparison is made between the optimal trajectory-adaptive routing policies and the optimal paths in the same test networks to investigate the benefit of being adaptive. The results show that the benefit of being adaptive to trajectory information is more significant with a higher risk aversion, a higher correlation, and/or a larger network.

The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/trsc.2016.0691 .
Blaming the poor for biodiversity loss: a political economic critique of the study of poaching and wildlife trafficking
Authors: Lynch Michael J , Stretesky Paul B , Long Michael A
Published: February 2017

Biodiversity has become a topic of study in a variety of disciplines. Within criminology the study of biodiversity loss is often emphasised in the poaching literature. However, an alternative perspective on the political economy of biodiversity loss exists within criminology. While both approaches to biodiversity provide important information for the discipline of criminology, the implications of those approaches have very different implications for environmental discourse related to poverty and social justice. We suggest that poaching studies be viewed with caution as there is a possibility that those studies can be used to ‘;blame the poor’ for biodiversity loss.
Potency of antigenic and serologic tests based on CNTKCQTP linear epitope on H5N1 haemagglutinin for Avian Influenza
Authors: Tarigan Simson , Sumarningsih .
Published: February 2017

Rapid diagnostic tools or point-of-care (POC) test is needed in the effort to control and eradicate the high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 in Indonesia. Accuracy of a POC test is determined by the specificity of antibodies, which is the main component of a POC test. Recently a linear epitope, CNTCKQTP epitope, located at 274-281 amino acid residue of H5 hemagglutinin has been confirmed to be present all clade of H5N1 viruses. This study aimed at producing and evaluating the reactivity of a monospecific, polyclonal antibody against the epitope. The Antibody was produced by immunising a goat with the peptide in the form of multiple antigen peptide (MAP). The specificity of the antibody was estimated by assaying its reactivity against influenza virus subtypes H3N3, H4N4, H5N1, H6N5, H7N7, H9N2, H10N7 and H11N9; and recombinant hemagglutinins H1-H12, H14 and H15 with ELISA and immunoblot. The results of the assay showed that CNTKCQTP antibody was not specific for H5 haemagglutinin because it cross-reacted with other haemagglutinins especially H7, H8 and H9. The potential of the peptide containing the epitope, GNCNTKCQTPMGAINSS. as an ELISA reagent for assaying H5 antibodies in chickens previously vaccinated and challenged with the H5N1 virus was also evaluated in this study. In contrast, the results of previous studies, the ELISA using GNCNTKCQTPMGAINSS as coating antigen was not sensitive in detecting antibody to haemagglutinin H5 in chickens.
Key Words: AI Virus, Hemagglutinin H5, CNTKCQTP Epitope, MAP, Immunoassay
Anaerobic fermentation effectively reduces concentration of total tannins in Chromolaena odorata
Authors: Mullik Yelly M. , Ridla Muhammad , Prihantoro Iwan , Mullik Marthen L.
Published: February 2017

Chromolaena odorata is a potential feed source but its usage is hampered by presence of various secondary metabolic compounds in plant’s tissues. One group of them is tannin. This experiment was aimed to evaluate various pre-treatment methods on total tannin concentration and in vitro digestibility of dry- and organic-matter. An 8 x 3 completely randomized experimental design was employed to test 8 different treatments. The treatments were: Fresh = freshly-chopped chromolaena  leaves as control,  Sun-dried = sun-dried (3x 24 hours) chromolaena leaves, Oven-dried = oven-dried (60oC for 24 hours) chromolaena leaves,  Boiled = water-boiled (5 minutes) chromolaena leaves, RenWater = water-soaked (4 hours) chromolaena leaves,  RenNaOH = NaOH-soaked (4 hours) chromolaena leaves,  RenHCl = HCl-soaked (4 hours) chromolaena leaves, and Fermented = anaerobically-fermented (21 days) chromolaena leaves. Parameters measured were concentration of total tannins and nutrient content. The results showed that application of low heat (Sun-dried), hot water (Boiled), water soaking (RenWater), or unaeobic fermentation technique significantly reduced total tannin by 43% into 62% compared to control. The highest suppression (62%) was achieved by Fermented treatment. In the contrary, medium heat application (oven-dried at 60°C) or chemicaltreatments (HCl or NaOH) had no effect. Protein content of chromolaena was improved by 60% and crude fiber was reduced by 32% in Fermentaed treatment compared to the control. It could be concluded that anaerobic fermentation can be used an effective strategy to reduce tannin concentration in Chromolaena odorata without affecting its feeding value.
Chitosan nanoparticle of hCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin) hormone in increasing induction of dairy cattle ovulation
Authors: Pamungkas Fitra Aji , Sianturi Ria Sari Gail , Wina Elizabeth , Kusumaningrum Diana Andrianita
Published: February 2017

A controlled release delivery system of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone helps to overcome the rapid degradation of hCG hormone in the blood, to avoid the use of multiple injections for ovulation induction and to enhance reproductive efficacy. This study aimed to prepare chitosan nanoparticles hCG (CS-NPh) and to determine its efficacy as nasal spray of CS-NPh. The observed parameters include physico-chemical characteristics of CS-NPh and the follicle size, corpus luteum, the time of ovulation and onset of estrus performed after administration of CS-NPh as a nasal spray compared with intramuscular hCG (control) at a dose of 1,000 IU in dairy cattle. The result showed that the formation of the hormone hCG nanoparticles is still in the size range of nanoparticles with a well and more stable molecular mass distribution, so it can be used as a carrier component of hormones. The result showed that the time of ovulation after hCG by intramuscular (day to 3.13±0.35) and CS-NPh as a nasal spray (days to 3.33±0.49) with the follicle size by 1.62±0.22 and 1.76±0.28 cm showed no significant differences (p> 0.05), likewise the size of the corpus luteum and onset of oestrus. This indicates that administration of CS-NPh as a nasal spray can be used in enhancing the induction of ovulation in dairy cattles.
Key Words: Nanoparticles, hCG, Nasal Spray, Ovulation
Phylogenetic tree of Kuantan cattle by DNA barcoding
Authors: Hidayati . , Misrianti R. , Ali A.
Published: February 2017

Kuantan cattle is one of local beef cattle breed of Riau Province which its origin was unknown. Kuantan cattle are commonly found in Indragiri Hulu and Kuantan Singingi Regency. Based on phenotype characterizations, kuantan cattles are similar with pesisir cattle (West Sumatera beef cattle). Historically, kuantan cattle were pesisir cattle brought by “minang” immigrants (Immigrant from West Sumatera) to this region. The purpose of this study was to analyze the origin of the kuantan cattle through genetic diversity analysis using DNA barcode. DNA barcode used was Cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene which was found in the mtDNA. DNA isolation was done on 25 kuantan’s blood samples and 18 pesisir blood samples. Amplification of COI gene segment used Polymerase Chain Reaction technique. The forward primer sequence used in this study was F’5 TTCTCAACCAACCATAAAGATATTGG-3’ and the reverse primer sequence used was reverse 5’-TAGACTTCGGGGTGTCCAAAGAATCA-3. It squeezed kuantan and pesisir sequence 5711 - 6420 base (GeneBank accession number NC_005971) with length by 710 bp. Analysis result of sequence using MEGA 5.2 Program showed that there were 6 polymorphic sites establishing 7 haplotypes on kuantan cattle and 9 polymorphic sites establishing 12 haplotypes on pesisir cattle. Based on genetic distance and phylogeney tree, kuantan and pesisir cattle were in same group with Bos indicus. Mutation in the COI gene segment in this study was too small and was not able to distinguish the difference of those breeds. The result of neighbor joining analyze indicated that kuantan cattle origin was from Bos indicus just like pesisir cattle.
Key Words: COI Gene, Polymorphic, Kuantan Cattle, Genetic Distance, Phylogenetic Tree
Synthesis and antimicrobial activities of some (E)-N'-1-(substituted benzylidene)benzohydrazides
Authors: Manikandan V. , Balaji S. , Senbagam R. , Vijayakumar R. , Rajarajan M. , Vanangamudi G. , Arulkumaran R. , Sundararajan R. , Thirunarayanan G.
Published: February 2017

About ten substituted (E)-N'-1-(substituted benzylidene) benzohydrazides have been synthesized. They are analyzed by their analytical, ultra violet (UV), Fourier transform-IR (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectral data and evaluated by antimicrobial activities such antibacterial and antifungal activities.
Scenes of Commitment
Authors: Venkat Bharat Jayram
Published: February 2017

What shape does ethical reasoning assume in the face of potentially contradictory commitments? Drawing on fieldwork in a private clinic in Chennai, the capital of the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu, I examine how patients, their families, and the clinic’s staff navigated ethically complex situations in which one was called on as both family member and patient. I argue that the doctors and counselors at the clinic attempted to reconfigure the relationship between what were experienced as divergent or contradictory commitments—to treatment and to close kin—in terms of what I call hierarchical subsumption. This mode of response worked not simply to recast treatment as noncontradictory with familial obligations; rather, the commitment to therapy became hierarchically subsumed by and therefore necessary to the fulfillment of such kin-based commitments. In attending to those ordinary moments in which commitments are felt to be at odds, I suggest that we might develop a better understanding of the particular styles of ethical reasoning that people employ to manage such conflictual situations, which refuse the kind of tacitness that scholars have associated with everyday life.
The prediction of undergraduates’ self-regulation strategies, motivational beliefs, attitudes towards English, and speaking anxiety on foreign language classroom anxiety
Authors: Bademcioglu Mehtap , Karatas Hakan , Ergin Atilla
Published: February 2017

Individual differences are considered as important factors in the language learning process. Apart from individual differences, affective factors such as attitudes and motivation of individuals and their anxiety levels which affect the individuals’ language learning directly or indirectly are also believed as significant impacts in this process. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to examine the relationship between self-regulation strategies, motivational beliefs, attitudes, speaking anxiety and foreign language classroom anxiety and to investigate the predictive power of these variables for foreign language classroom anxiety. The relational model was used in the current study. The research group included 320 male (65.6 %) and 168 female (34.4 %) English preparatory students at Istanbul Technical University. Attitudes toward English Lesson Scale, Foreign Language Speaking Anxiety Questionnaire, The Motivational Strategies for Learning Questionnaire, and Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale were used as the data collection tool. The statistical methods used for analyses were correlation and multiple regression. The findings indicated that there is a significant positive correlation between foreign language classroom anxiety and self-regulation, test anxiety, and foreign language speaking anxiety. Also, there is significant negative correlation between foreign language classroom anxiety and self-efficacy intrinsic value perception, and attitude towards English. Moreover, self-efficacy, test anxiety, attitude towards English, and foreign language speaking anxiety are predictors of the university students’ foreign language classroom anxiety.
PELANGGARAN KESOPANAN BERBAHASA DALAM KOMUNIKASI POLITIK PADA PEMILIHAN GUBERNUR SULAWESI SELATAN 2013
Authors: Yusri Yusri
Published: February 2017

This study aims at describing the violations of the politeness principles committed by the South Celebes governor candidates in 2013 and their factors. This is qualitative research with a pragmatic approach. The data are a written record of the utterances of the South Celebes governor candidates, which violates the maxim of politeness principles. The data were taken from the largest print media in South Celebes, namely the Daily Dawn and East Tribune during the last 4 months including April, May,  June,  and July before the governatorial election. The result shows that the violation mostly happens to the maxim of simplicity.  The modesty may arise when the opponents  violating the maxim. It is to respond or denigrate the other political opponents who are trying to improve their image by praising themselves. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan pelanggaran kesopanan berbahasa yang dilakukan oleh calon gubernur Sulawesi Selatan dalam komunikasi politik menjelang pemilihan gubernur 2013 serta faktor- faktornya. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan pragmatik. Data  penelitian ini ialah data tertulis tuturan para calon gubernur Sulawesi Selatan yang tidak sesuai dengan prinsip kesopanan berbahasa. Sumber data adalah media cetak terbesar di Sulawesi Selatan, yakni Harian Fajar dan Tribun Timur yang terbit selama 4 bulan terakhir, yaitu: April, Mei, Juni dan Juli sebelum pemilihan gubernur.  Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa 1) sebagian besar pelanggaran terjadi  pada  maksim kesederhanaan dan 2)  pelanggaran terjadi karena kandidat lainnya juga melanggar. Tuturan itu berfungsi untuk menanggapi ataupun berusaha menjatuhkan lawan politiknya yang  mencoba meningkatkan citranya  dengan memuji dirinya sendiri.
The Challenges in New Tourist Destination Development within the Area of Ecological Network Natura 2000
Authors: Pavlović Duško , Knežević Mladen , Radoš Božica
Published: February 2017

Natura 2000 is often equated with protected areas where human activities are significantly limited or even excluded in order to preserve biodiversity. However, Natura 2000 is based on other settings. Most of the activities and projects in the Natura area can be carried out with the mitigation of possible negative impacts. Sometimes they need only minor adjustments. Proposals of major development projects or changes in land use should undergo the evaluation of acceptability for the ecological network. If the assessment is positive, the procedure will be allowed if it is in the Natura area. As such, the Natura 2000 can provide new opportunities for rural areas, for example through eco-tourism and recreation. The paper will provide a SWOT analysis of micro location of building a new transport route, which is aimed at the development of new tourist destinations in the protected area.
Importance of Tourism Paradox, Tourism Equinox and Tourism Detox for Urban Environments
Authors: Arikan Irfan , Ünsever Ilker , Halioui Salma
Published: February 2017

When looking at the increase of tourism in a destination, it can be said that tourism is a valuable part of the economy. The proposal offered by today’s competitive paradigm: that higher the number of tourists visiting a city, the higher the income, sounds good at first. The increased number of tourist arrivals gives the appearance of increasing desirability of the city. Parallel with the increased tourism activities, new buildings, new lifestyles, foreign capital and new socio-economic relationships appear rapidly and replace the traditional ones. However, there will be a huge amount of social, cultural, economic and environmental problems faced by the local people as well as the tourists the city. Tourism paradox is the name given to the phenomenon where tourism industry destroys natural and cultural environment in a destination that is necessary for tourism activities. On the other hand the balance, which does not change and disturbs the social and economic relations at the destination is called “tourism equinox”. Therefore, spatial reorganization and urban regeneration play a crucial role for the marketing of cities and this transformation action affects all infrastructure facilities, restorations of old buildings, reorganization of historical zones, and revitalizing the architectural style of the cities. New projects and approaches to solve the problems caused by the growth of urban populations and to establish healthy sustainable tourism destinations are becoming more important than ever. Tourism detox is a treatment that is intended to remove harmful substances from these destinations. This paper investigates the influence of tourism paradox and tourism equinox on urban environments in relation to tourism activities and the protection of natural and cultural resources with the help of tourism detox. It primarily relies on qualitative research to understand the main futures of tourism paradox, equinox and detox taking the physical and environmental aspects of urban environments into consideration. As research methodology a literature review and the sources of secondary data were used.