bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SEPARATING NIGHTSIDE INTERPLANETARY AND IONOSPHERIC SCINTILLATION WITH LOFAR
Authors: Fallows R. A. , Bisi M. M. , Forte B. , Ulich Th. , Konovalenko A. A. , Mann G. , Vocks C.
Published: August 2016

Observation of interplanetary scintillation (IPS) beyond Earth-orbit can be challenging due to the necessity to use low radio frequencies at which scintillation due to the ionosphere could confuse the interplanetary contribution. A recent paper by Kaplan et al. presenting observations using the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) reports evidence of nightside IPS on two radio sources within their field of view. However, the low time cadence of 2 s used might be expected to average out the IPS signal, resulting in the reasonable assumption that the scintillation is more likely to be ionospheric in origin. To check this assumption, this Letter uses observations of IPS taken at a high time cadence using the Low Frequency Array (LOFAR). Averaging these to the same as the MWA observations, we demonstrate that the MWA result is consistent with IPS, although some contribution from the ionosphere cannot be ruled out. These LOFAR observations represent the first of nightside IPS using LOFAR, with solar wind speeds consistent with a slow solar wind stream in one observation and a coronal mass ejection expected to be observed in another.
First report of Cheiloneurus exitiosus (Perkins, 1906) and Helegonatopus dimorphus (Hoffer, 1954) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) from Japan, with remarks on their abundance in rice paddies
Authors: Mita Toshiharu , Handa Hironobu , Higashiura Yoshimitsu , Japoshvili George
Published: August 2016

Encyrtid secondary parasitoids of Delphacidae have not been recorded in Japan. However, they may play an important role in the rice ecosystem because they can reduce the number of Dryinidae, the natural enemies of rice planthoppers.

We found two encyrtid species, Cheiloneurus exitiosus (Perkins, 1906) and Helegonatopus dimorphus (Hoffer, 1954), from rice paddies and the surrounding environment. Haplogonatopus oratorius (Westwood, 1833) and Anteon sp. were newly recognized as hosts of He. dimorphus. Parasitism of C. exitiosus was rare, but He. dimorphus was common in Kumamoto Prefecture. The sex ratio (male proportion) and clutch size of He. dimorphus was estimated as 0.19 and 4.95, respectively.
Nurse Delegation in Home Care: Research Guiding Policy Change
Authors: Young Heather M. , Farnham Jennifer , Reinhard Susan C.
Published: August 2016

The current study evaluated nurse delegation in home care, a pilot program introduced in 2007 in New Jersey to promote home care options for consumers needing assistance with medical/nursing tasks. Findings on readiness for the program, barriers and facilitating factors, experience with the program, and recommendations are summarized and presented. Methods included surveys and interviews with participants in nurse delegation, observations of planning and implementation meetings, and review meeting minutes. Major findings were no negative outcomes for consumers, improvements in quality of life and quality of care for consumers, high readiness and increasing satisfaction with experience in delegation, perception of nurse delegation in home care as a valued option, and the challenges of ensuring adequate staffing. Subsequent changes in regulation in New Jersey are underway, translating this research into policy. [
Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 42
(9), 7–15.]
Impact of olive oil usage on physical properties of chocolate fillings
Authors: Dias J. M. , Almeida M. , Adikevičius D. , Andzevičius P. , Alvarenga N. B.
Published: August 2016

The development of a new olive oil based chocolate filling was carried out. In this study three different types of virgin olive oil were tested, in three different concentrations in the production of chocolate fillings. An instrumental analysis was carried out for chemical analyses, such as moisture and pH. The color analysis included the CIE 1976 L*a*b* color space and RGB color space. The rheological analysis included the evaluation of flow curve, flow index (n), consistency (K) and dynamic moduli (G’ and G’’). No influence was detected on the moisture or pH of chocolate fillings, due to the concentration or type of olive oil. However, the use of olive oil decreased consistency from 1371 Pasn to 148 - 559 Pasn, even using olive oil concentrations of 20% w/w. Also, G’ registered a similar correlation, where a decrease was observed from 4.42 x 106 Pa to values around 1.70-2.51 x 106 Pa, for 20% w/w olive oil. The fillings presented a darker yellow-green color when using olive oil produced with Galega and Cordovil de Serpa varieties, but olive oil produced with the Arbequina variety did not affect color significantly, although further studies will be required to evaluate the impact of ripening stage.
Isolation and physico-chemical characterization of Butea parviflora seed oil
Authors: Kaki S. S. , Jabeen T. , Reddy J. R.C. , Ram Mohan M. , Anjaneyulu E. , Prasad R. B.N. , Rao B. V.S.K.
Published: August 2016

The seeds of Butea parviflora were investigated for oil extraction and the oil was studied for complete physico-chemical properties. The fatty acid profile of the seed oil showed oleic acid (18:1) at 27.5%, linoleic acid (18:2) at 26.4%, palmitic acid (16:0) at 16.1% and behenic acid (22:0) at 14.1% as the major fatty acids. The physico-chemical characteristics of the seed oil were studied for parameters such as free fatty acids (0.71%), iodine value (76.2 g/100g), peroxide value (5.95 ppm), saponification value (177.32 mg KOH/g), unsaponifiable matter (0.82%), phosphorous content (197 ppm), triglyceride analysis, tocols, specific gravity and refractive index following standard procedures.
Nutritional quality of the seed oil in thirteen Asphodeline species (Xanthorrhoeaceae) from Turkey
Authors: Zengin G. , Aktumsek A. , Girón-Calle J. , Vioque J. , Megías C.
Published: August 2016

The fatty acid composition of the seed oil from 13 Turkish Asphodeline species was analyzed. The seed oil content ranged between 0.9% and 4.6%, and included 26 different fatty acids from C12:0to C22:5. The most abundant saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were C16:0 (5.7% to 23.7% of their total fatty acid content), C18:1ω9 (11.3% to 30.3%), and C18:2ω6 (49.2% to 66.1%). A. tenuior subsp. tenuiflora, which had the highest content of unsaturated fatty acids, also had the best fatty acid profile from a nutritional point of view. Asphodeline seed oil composition was similar to that of local, related vegetables such as onion seeds. Asphodeline species, which are most frequently grown to use the leaves in salads, may also be a good source of seed oil with good nutritional properties. Results of a cluster analysis using data on the fatty acid composition are consistent with the taxonomic classification of genus Asphodeline.
Use of Laser Scanner for Digital Surveying of the Sarnicli Inn and the Byzantine Cistern Underneath
Authors: Benli Gülhan , Ekizce Eylem Görmüş
Published: August 2016

Measurement methods including traditional measurement methods, topographic and photogrammetric measurement methods, measurements via laser scanning devices and aerial photogrammetric measurement methods obtained using model airplane or model helicopters are used in documentation of the cultural heritage and protected areas in our country. Although data obtained by Aerial Lidar technology accepted as advanced technology over the past decade, enables faster data comparing to others as data obtained by terrestrial laser scanners provide millimetre level accuracy close-range scanning methods are preferred in architectural facades scanning during the process of surveying of a single building. Inclusion process of a Byzantine cistern in Istanbul, Turkey, which was undiscovered for centuries, in our cultural heritage as well as surveying stages of the cistern along with the inn structure built over, using 3D scanning technology shall be described within this study.
Residential Architecture of Russian Imperial Age (1703-1843) in Drawings of Italian Architects
Authors: Komarova Mariya
Published: August 2016

The object of research is the residential architecture of the heyday of the Russian Empire that has undergone many changes under the influence of time and urban transformation. However, the drawings of Italian architects as primary sources, can tell a lot about architectural and landscape heritage of the Russian cities of XVIII-XIX centuries. That was the period of origination and development of architectural drawing and Building Code in Russia. Domenico Trezzini, Francesco Rastrelli, Giacomo Quarenghi, Luigi Rusca, Domenico Gilardi, Giuseppe Bova, and others created their precious works of art. Thanks to the remaining drawings it is possible to write not only the history of architecture, but also restore the monuments of the Russian Empire.
Black theology in South Africa – A theology of human dignity and black identity
Authors: Van Aarde Timothy
Published: August 2016

Black theology in South Africa is still relevant 20 years after the apartheid regime ended. It is a theology that gave to Black South Africans human dignity and a black identity. Black theology in South Africa confronted the imbalances of power and abusive power structures through an affirmation of human dignity and the uniqueness of the identity of black people. The biblical narrative of the Exodus is a definitive narrative in American black theology and liberation theology in overcoming oppression understood as political victimisation. Black theology in South Africa is not primarily about power and economics but also about the rediscovery of human dignity and black identity and to a lesser extent about victimisation. A third generation of black theology in South Africa will gain impetus through a rediscovery of human dignity and identity as its core values instead of a Black American liberation theology of victimisation or a Marxist liberation theology of the eradication of all power or economic imbalances.
Human dignity and education – A Protestant view
Authors: Schweitzer Friedrich
Published: August 2016

Taking current discussions on the relationship between human dignity as a human right and education as his starting point the author pursues the possibility of interpreting this relationship from a Protestant perspective based on the biblical understanding of the likeness of God. Since this understanding has not been at the centre of the majority view in Protestant educational thinking the author tries to uncover a minority tradition that has made the likeness of God the basis of education (Melanchthon, Comenius, and others). In another step, the author describes four foundational perspectives for making the likeness of God and human dignity the basis for education today, addressing education beyond utilitarianism, justice in education and education for justice, interreligious education and special commitment to children’s rights. In all four respects Protestantism can make important contributions but there is also a need for the renewal of Protestantism’s understanding of education in light of future challenges.
Prasugrel Results in Higher Decrease in High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Level in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Comparing to Clopidogrel
Authors: Hajsadeghi Shokoufeh , Chitsazan Mandana , Chitsazan Mitra , Salehi Negar , Amin Ahmad , Bidokhti Arash Amin , Babaali Nima , Bordbar Armin , Hejrati Maral , Moghadami Samar
Published: August 2016

Objectives

A growing body of clinical and laboratory evidence indicates that inflammation plays a crucial role in atherosclerosis. In the present study, we compared the effects of clopidogrel and prasugrel on high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Methods

The present randomized, double-blind clinical trial included 120 patients who underwent PCI. Eligible patients were randomly assigned 2:1 to one of the two groups: 80 patients in the first group received clopidogrel (Plavix®; loading dose and maintenance dose of 300 and 75 mg daily, respectively) and 40 patients in the second group received prasugrel (Effient®; loading dose and maintenance dose of 60 and 10 mg, respectively) for 12 weeks. The hs-CRP levels between baseline and 12th week were compared.

Results

Of the 120 patients, 69 patients (57.5%) were male. Pretreatment hs-CRP level was statistically comparable in clopidogrel (median, 15.10 mg/dL; interquartile range [IQR], 9.62-23.75 mg/dL) and prasugrel groups (median, 18 mg/dL; IQR, 14.25-22 mg/dL; P = 0.06). Patients taking clopidogrel showed a significant reduction in hs-CRP level compared with the baseline values ( P < 0.001). Prasugrel administration also resulted in a significant reduction in hs-CRP level ( P < 0.001). A significant 73% overall reduction in the hs-CRP level was seen with prasugrel compared with 39% overall reduction in hs-CRP level with clopidogrel ( P 0.002).

Conclusion

Prasugrel seems to be superior to clopidogrel in the reduction of hs-CRP in patients undergoing PCI.
O ekspliciranju strategij naslavljanja v nemških oglasih za otroške izdelke
Authors: Polajnar Janja
Published: August 2016

V oglasnih sporočilih, pri katerih kupec in uporabnik ne sovpadata vedno, je mogoče pri naslavljanju uporabiti več različnih strategij. To velja tudi za oglase za otroške izdelke, ki so sicer namenjeni otrokom, a so njihovi kupci starši oz. stari starši. V prvem delu članka smo razdelali model za analizo različnih tipov naslavljanja, pri katerih osrednjo vlogo igrajo oblike naslavljanja (implicitne in eksplicitne) ter vrste naslavljanja, tipi naslovnikov itd. Drugi del članka povzema empirično analizo 100 otroških televizijskih oglasov za prehrambene izdelke in igrače. Tako smo na primeru otroških televizijskih oglasov lahko pokazali, da se poleg enostavnega naslavljanja (specifično naslavljanje otrok ali staršev) uporabljajo tudi različni tipi in oblike naslavljanja več naslovnikov, tj. hkratno naslavljanje staršev in otrok. S pragmastilistično analizo smo pokazali, da naslavljanje v televizijskih oglasih poteka na jezikovnem, parajezikovnem in nejezikovnem ter vsebinskem nivoju (tematiziranje vrednot). V otroških oglasnih besedilih lahko naslavljanje na eni strani poteka na različnih kanalih: v tem primeru so starši na primer nagovorjeni z jezikovnimi sredstvi, otroci pa s sliko. Na drugi strani je možno obe ciljni skupini nagovoriti z implicitnimi jezikovnimi sredstvi, tako da na primer uporabimo slengizme in termine s področja živilske tehnologije. Eksplicitni nagovori obeh ciljnih skupin so zelo redki.
Präfixal-präpositionale Verhältnisse bei Slowenischen präfigierten Verben - kontrastiert mit dem Deutschen
Authors: Žele Andreja , Sicherl Eva
Published: August 2016

Die Wechselbeziehung, die zwischen den Präfixen und den Präpositionen bei sloweni- schen Verben besteht, wird in der Verteilung der Aktionsart, Phasenhaftigkeit und Adverbialität zwischen den verbalen Präfixen und Präpositionen reflektiert, indem die Aktionsart, Phasenhaftigkeit und adverbiale Orientierung im präfixal-suffixalen Teil ausgedrückt werden, während die vom Verb regierte Präposition adverbiale verhältnisse ausdrückt. Die Präfixe formulieren also eine adverbiale Orientierung (Determiniertheit und Modifikation), die Präpositionen aber adverbiale Verhältnisse, die die semantische und struktur-syntaktische Rolle eines Verbs im Satz näher bestimmen.
Standard French liaison and natural syntax
Authors: Orešnik Janez
Published: August 2016

Natural Syntax is a developing deductive theory, a branch of Naturalness theory. The naturalness judgements are couched in naturalness scales, which follow from the basic parameters (or “axioms”) listed at the beginning of the paper. The predictions of the theory are calculated in what are known as deductions, whose chief components are a pair of naturalness scales and the rules governing the alignment of corresponding naturalness values. Parallel and chiastic alignments are distinguished, in complementary distribution. Here almost only chiastic alignment is utilized, this being mandatory in deductions limited to unnatural environments. (Of special importance below is the word-initial vowel as a phenomenon of low naturalness in Natural Syntax.)
Narration et langage dans l'oeuvre de Raymond Queneau, Zazie dans le métro
Authors: Vaupot Sonia
Published: August 2016

Zazie dans le métro est un roman de Raymond Queneau, paru en 1959 et traduit dans plusieurs langues dont le slovène, adapté au théâtre plusieurs fois et, au cinéma, en octobre 1960, par Louis Malle. En 1966, Jacques Carelman fait même de Zazie dans le métro une bande dessinée. en 19 chapitres, Queneau nous retrace les aventures non seulement du personnage éponyme, mais d’autres encore, qui se laissent guider par leur destinée, leurs choix, leurs decision. Et surtout par l’art de l’auteur dans les domaines de la narration, de la parodie, des jeux de langage... Son texte est complexe et l’écriture soignée. Queneau maîtrise différents niveaux de langue : on assiste à un va-et-vient incessant entre le populaire et le soutenu. C’est là également que réside la force comique de l’oeuvre. Cet article se propose donc d’étudier brièvement la matière de l’oeuvre narrative de Raymond Queneau, Zazie dans le métro.
Soggetto e verbo con dormire, telefonare e arrivare in contesti diversi
Authors: Augendre Sandra
Published: August 2016

L'articolo presenta i risultati di uno studio realizzato su un campione di cento parlanti attraverso la somministrazione di un questionario. Il suo scopo è di descrivere il legame esistente tra contesto verbale e forma dell'enunciato in italiano. Il questionario consiste nella presentazione di una serie di contesti linguistici, ai quali sono associati diversi tipi di frasi, chiedendo ai parlanti di esprimere un giudizio sull'adeguatezza di ogni variante rispetto al contesto proposto. L'articolo si limita a presentare la realizzazione della sequenza soggetto+verbo in due contesti diversi per i verbi dormire, telefonare e arrivare, distinti per proprietà semantico-aspettuali ma identici dal punto di vista della struttura argomentale. Infatti, questi verbi hanno un solo argomento: il soggetto, che può anche rimanere implicito, essendo sintatticamente opzionale in italiano; di conseguenza, tutti gli altri elementi che si aggiungano eventualmente all'enunciato, risultano indipendenti dal verbo. I due contesti linguistici messi a confronto si presentano in questo caso sotto forma di domande e determinano, nelle risposte, una organizzazione diversa dell'informazione: nel primo ("Che cosa è successo?") né il soggetto né il verbo sono presupposti e la loro introduzione complessivamente informativa; nel secondo ("Sono andata a fare spese. E Maria?") solo il soggetto è introdotto ed è il verbo a portare l'informazione nuova. Sulla base di queste restrizioni contestuali, lo scopo è di analizzare quali siano le strategie linguistiche adeguate o meno per veicolare il tipo di informazione richiesto, confrontando i risultati per i tre verbi, al fine di stabilire un legame tra proprietà degli elementi presenti, contesto e forma dell'enunciato.
Il catalogo di donne di venzone (sec. XIV)
Authors: Vicario Federico
Published: August 2016

Nell’articolo si presenta l’edizione di un documento friulano tardomedievale, il catalogo di donne di venzone (sec. Xiv), un documento conservato presso la Biblioteca Civica di Udine «V. Joppi». All’edizione, diplomatica, segue un commento linguistico, in particolare sull’onomastica personale, sul lessico comune e sulla toponomastica; l’esame del testo consente di isolare numerosi elementi di interesse, nomi femminili e maschili, ma anche nomi di mestiere e funzione, che costituiscono gli antecedenti di numerosi cognomi moderni.Si conferma l’importanza fondamentale dello studio sistematico delle carte friulane di uso pratico, come quelle qui presentate, operazione preliminare e indispensabile al fine di avviare, in seguito, opere di lessicografia di ampia prospettiva, in primis la redazione di un dizionario storico comprensivo delle forme antiche. Sembra quest’ultimo un obiettivo ormai alla portata, potendo contare sui progressi che la disciplina ha compiuto negli ultimi anni, con lo svolgimento di un vasto progetto di ricognizione dei fondi archivistici di tutto il Friuli storico promosso dalla Società Filologica Friulana e dal Ministero per i Beni culturali (documenti antichi dagli archivi friulani). Ai positivi risultati ottenuti con lo svolgimento di questo progetto si aggiungono le numerose edizioni realizzate su fondi manoscritti conservati in alcuni degli enti conservatori più importanti della regione, a partire ancora dai materiali antichi depositati presso la Biblioteca Civica di Udine.
Per un aggiornamento del concetto di vitalità linguistica
Authors: Carli Augusto
Published: August 2016

Il contributo è incentrato sulle possibili definizioni di «vitalità» linguistica. Più precisamente si passano in rassegna alcune definizioni per verificarne la applicabilità a varie tassonomie lin- guistiche, quali le cosiddette «lingue maggioritarie», «lingue minoritarie», «lingue in via di estinzione», «lingue obsolescenti» o altro. Disporre di parametri che siano in grado di rilevare e misurare lo stato di «vitalità» di una determinata lingua, significa innanzitutto verificare e analizzare gli ambiti in cui la lingua viene realmente o potenzialmente usata. Il contributo mette in evidenza che oggi, accanto alle lingue storicamente minoritarie, sussiste un processo di minoritarizzazione che coinvolge anche le lingue maggioritarie. Ciò per un processo di rela- tivo confronto con una lingua come l’inglese che ha assunto il ruolo di lingua globale.
Ipotesi di un calco paradigmatico slavo-romanzo: (l'imperativo-congiuntivo, uno studio fondato sul Glossario del dialetto del Torre di Jan Baudouin de Courtenay)
Authors: Spinozzi Monai Liliana
Published: August 2016

Muovendo dal presupposto, teorizzato da Baudouin de Courtenay, secondo il quale il mutamento linguistico è costitutivo del linguaggio umano e pertanto la nozione di monolinguismo andrebbe superata, i dialetti sloveni di area friulana, esposti alla millenaria azione del romanzo, rappresentano un terreno ideale per gli studi sull'interferenza, in quanto rendono perspicui fenomeni da contatto altrimenti difficili da individuare. Il primo ad aver colto una tale opportunità fu lo stesso Baudouin, che visitò ripetutamente le vallate snodantisi lungo (l'attuale) confine italo-sloveno, raccogliendovi materiali dialettologici solo in parte pubblicati. Uno dei complessi più notevoli rimasti inediti per oltre un secolo è costituito dal Glossario del dialetto del Torre, le cui schede risalgono agli anni 1873 e 1901. Esso registra un gran numero di prestiti e calchi romanzi, alcuni dei quali risultano del massimo interesse, perché documentano da un lato la forza incisiva di un sistema sull'altro in presenza di condizioni di natura strutturale e storico-culturale particolarmente favorevoli; dall'altro, la capacità di elaborazione originale del modello forestiero ad opera del sistema ricevente. Il contributo si concentra su un fenomeno di calco assai complesso compiuto sul friulano, che investe il sistema dell'imperativo, estraendone in maniera originale un paradigma di congiuntivo, ignoto alla grammatica slovena. Il mutamento viene seguito nelle sue varie fasi, a iniziare dalle motivazioni di ordine generale che ne stanno a monte, per passare a quelle specifiche di natura morfosintattica, connesse con l'interlingua sloveno-friulana.
Origini e sviluppi delle analisi e delle teorie sul linguaggio politico: (1920-1960)
Authors: Desideri Paola
Published: August 2016

Scopo di questo contributo è di ricostruire le origini e gli sviluppi degli studi, sia teorici che applicati, sul linguaggio politico dal 1920 al 1960, a cominciare dagli articoli di alcuni autorevoli formalisti russi pubblicati nel 1924 sulla rivista sovietica Lef. Vengono ripercorse le tappe fondamentali di questo interessante e complesso settore di studi, che vede, soprattutto negli anni Trenta, le prime analisi applicate indirizzate all'esame delle peculiarità stilistiche degli idioletti di tre capi carismatici che hanno fatto la storia del primo Novecento: Lenin, Hitler e Mussolini. Di tali linguaggi sono particolarmente messi in luce quei tratti semantici e retorici che, lessicalizzati da parole d'ordine e slogan ad effetto, hanno reso possibile quel passivo e irrazionale rapporto popolo-capo che ha caratterizzato inquietanti regimi nel secolo scorso. Inoltre sono prese in considerazione le prime teorie novecentesche sulla specificità del discorso politico, del quale si tenta di identificare modi e usi, tenendo conto del comportamento segnico di questa particolare produzione linguistica. A tale riguardo, la teoria predominante è certamente quella della Content analysis, che, a partire dagli anni 1930-1940 in avanti, sarà il punto di riferimento metodologico per intraprendere ricerche, anche quantitative, sulla persuasione politica e sulle strategie comunicative di massa.
Distribucija označevalcev nedoločniškega obrazila v Chaucerjevih Canterburyjskih zgodbah
Authors: Trobevšek Drobnak Frančiška
Published: August 2016

Ena najbolj opaznih značilnosti srednjeangleškega nedoločnika je, da se pojavlja v šestih prepoznavnih oblikah, ki jih določajo kombinacije treh različnih označevalcev: nedoločniškega obrazila, ki razmeroma zgodaj prične glasovno šibeti, členice, ki v srednji angleščini izgubi svojo prvotno vlogo namenilniškega označevalca, ter členiške zveze, ki v srednjeangleški dobi najprej prevzame vlogo namenilniškega označevalca, a razmeroma hitro funkcijsko ošibi in zamre. Vsaj od 13. stoletja dalje raba različnih nedoločniških oblik ni ne slovnično ne pomensko dosledno razmejena. Med dejavniki, ki bi lahko vplivali na izbor ene ali druge nedoločniške oblike, so bile preučevane pomenske in vezljivostne značilnosti nadrednih glagolskih zvez, fizična razdalja med pomožnim ali faznim glagolom in nedoločnikom, metrične lastnosti besedila in podobno. Večina študij se osredinja na razmerje med rabo t. i. golega nedoločnika, ki je označen le z glasovno šibečo pripono in nedoločnikom, ki ga označuje bodisi členica ali njena okrepljena dvojnica, prisotnost ali odsotnost končnega soglasnika v priponi pa se obravnava (zgolj) kot posledica glasovne spremembe, ki poteka hitreje v položaju pred začetnim soglasnikom naslednje besede. Pričujoči sestavek povzema rezultate analize nedoločniških polstavkov v prvih tisočih verzih Canterbury Tales, pesnitve Geoffreya Chaucerja iz konca 14. stoletja. Osnovno vprašanje, ki si ga zastavlja, je, ali in v kolikšni meri se posamezni nedoločniški označevalci, še posebej končni soglasnik v priponi sopojavljajo s specifičnim skladenjskimi funkcijami nedoločniškega polstavka v nadrednem stavku ali zvezi, kakor tudi s posameznimi vrednostmi slovničnih kategorij v nadrednem okolju.
More on the origin of the Indo-European feminine gender : a reply to Ledo-Lemos
Authors: Shields Kenneth
Published: August 2016

This brief paper has two related purposes. First, it represents a response to Ledo-Lemos' criticisms (2003) of the theory of the origin of the Indo-European feminine gender presented in Shields (1995 and elsewhere) - a theory based on the established typological principle that demonstratives (in this case, a demonstrative in *a) are key in the emergence of gender systems because of their dual role as anaphora and attributive modifiers. Second, this paper includes critical commentary about Ledo-Lemos' own hypothesis regarding the origin of this Indo-European grammatical category, grounded in the specialization of "relational adjectives." Objections to the latter involve his reliance on unmotivated analogical reanalysis and paradigmatic specialization.
Testing the suffixoidization of German -mann '-man'
Authors: Lightfoot Douglas
Published: August 2016

Throughout its history in Old High German (OHG), Middle High German, Early New High German, and Modern German (ModG), the word Mann "man" has exhibited a high degree of productivity and linguistic flexibility. It has ranged morphosyntactically from a full noun (OHG man "man"), compounded noun (OHG werolt.man "human, mortal"), affixoid (ModG Sports.mann "athlete"), indefinite pronoun (ModG man "one"), to something approaching zero (undergoing demorphologization in the OHG compound gom.man "husband, man"). The affixoid notion and its usefulness in morphology have been controversial in the literature (e.g., Schmidt 1987). Relatively recently, Stevens (2005) proposed criteria for the category affixoid, and a number of standard German grammatical and etymological references (e.g., Duden 1995) have been utilizing this term. This study involves examining modern usage of the form -mann as found in the online Spiegel newsmagazine's database, as well as the collection of historical data primarily on the forms of German -mann from the robust Titus database in Frankfurt. Stevens' (2005) criteria are evaluated and used to measure the validity of German -mann's membership in the category of suffixoid.
The imperative in natural syntax
Authors: Orešnik Janez
Published: August 2016

The framework of this paper is Natural Syntax initiated by the author in the tradition of (morphological) naturalness as established by Wolfgang U. Dressler and Willi Mayerthaler. Natural Syntax is a pseudo-deductive linguistic theory, and this is its most recent version. The naturalness judgements are couched in naturalness scales, which follow from the basic parameters (or "axioms") listed at the beginning of the paper. The predictions of the theory are calculated in what are known as deductions, the chief components of each being a pair of naturalness scales and the rules governing the alignment of corresponding naturalness values. Parallel and chiastic alignment is distinguished and related to Henning Andersen's early work on markedness. The basic idea is to illustrate how a (pseudo)deductive theory of syntax performs if it insists on avoiding abstract solutions, and in particular on excluding any generative component. In this paper the framework of Natural Syntax is applied mostly outside its original domain; namely, to the morphological behaviour of the imperative in various languages.
Jespersen's cycle in Slovenian
Authors: Ilc Gašper
Published: August 2016

The paper examines the syntactic status of the negative marker in standard Slovenian and its Pannonian dialects in terms of the grammaticalisation process known as Jespersen's cycle. Assuming that Jespersen's Cycle can be observed synchronically, the paper focusses on the correlation between the morpho-phonological strength of the negative marker and the syntactic derivation of negative clauses. The data analysis identifies at least three different stages of Jespersen's cycle in modern Slovenian: (i) the clitic-likenegation, (ii) the bipartite negation, and (iii) the adverb-like negation, the first occurring in standard Slovenian and the latter two in the Pannonian dialect group. In terms of the generative syntactic derivation, the analysis proposes that the negative marker occupies three different structural positions: (i) the head of the Negation phrase (clitic-like negation), (ii) the specifier of the Negation phrase (adverb-like negation) or (iii) both syntactic positions (bipartite negation). In addition, the paper explores the question whether the syntactic position of the negative marker determines the semantic interpretation of multiple occurrences of negative elements, in particular, the negative concord and the double negation interpretation. The analysis shows that in Slovenian the morpho-phonological properties of the negative marker and its structural position bear no consequences for the semantic interpretation of multiple occurrences of negative elements.
Beyond dichotomies : on the nature and classification of compound verbs in English
Authors: Bagasheva Alexandra
Published: August 2016

The study of compound verbs in English poses numerous problems, among which even their recognition as compounds on grounds of their derivation. Resulting from at least three different word-formation patterns, compound verbs constitute a heterogeneous class of complex lexemes. Their status as actual compound lexemes invites the differentiation between compounding as a word-formation process and compounds as a special class of lexemes. Even within the latter, compound verbs display marked properties at least in relation to the inability of standard classifications of compounds to capture and compromise their lexical uniformity and their heterogeneous origin. The adoption of a position in which it is argued that compound verbs in English constitute a constructional idiom and the application of scalar analytical notions which combine word-formationist and lexical-semantic accounts cast in the general framework of the cognitive linguistic enterprise yield informative generalizations concerning the linguistic and conceptual properties of compound verbs in English. In view of Radden and Dirven's (2007: 41-46) claim that we do not need "more than two basic types of conceptual units things and relations" in order to establish linguistically relevant conceptual distinctions, compound verbs pose a problem for neat dichotomous treatment as they very often both conceptually and in terms of form include a "thing" (e.g. to flat-hunt, to house-sit, to fellow-feel, to case-harden, etc.) and thus come closer to a "situation" than to a "relation". Exactly because of the fact that compound verbs profile/perspectivize "situations" as "relations", they function as special construal mechanisms and as such do not fit the subordinate/coordinate distinction, because they name situations. In view of the above the paper treats compound verbs as a constructional idiom whose analysis necessitates the recognition of the role of conceptual conversion mechanisms, scalar classificatory and interpretative criteria and uniform lexico-semantic treatment.
Raffaella Bombi e Fabiana Fusco (a cura di)
Authors: Di Giovine Paolo
Published: August 2016

Quando, poco prima dell’estate, mi fu rivolto l’invito a presentare un volume di saggi in onore di Vincenzo Orioles, in occasione del suo sessantesimo compleanno, non ho avuto alcuna esitazione ad accogliere la proposta, e con grande piacere, misto a una nota malinconica, di cui pure dirò. La soddisfazione è certo suggerita da motivi scientifici, perché è sempre un grande onore poter festeggiare uno studioso largamente noto nel panorama della linguistica in Italia e all’estero, distintosi per una notevole varietà di interessi, ma nasce anche da ragioni personali, in quanto condivido con l’amico Orioles un lungo sodalizio, nato nei tempi ormai lontani - più di due   decenni- del concorso che ci vide accomunati in un esito felice (e in ripetute visite a Viale Trastevere, aggiungerei, per far fronte ai continui intoppi burocratici che l’iter del decreto incontrava). Il rammarico, anch’esso di natura personale, deriva dal fatto che quando si è invitati a presentare un volume miscellaneo significa che sono irrimediabilmente trascorsi gli anni della ricerca spensierata - si fa per dire, ovviamente -, e che sono arrivati tempi di più gravose responsabilità. Dato che si tratta, però, di un evento pressoché fisiologico, temo proprio che ci si debba rassegnare di buon  animo.
Un cas d'extragrammaticalité particulier : les amalgames lexicaux fantaisistes
Authors: Léturgie Arnaud
Published: August 2016

L'amalgamation lexicale est un procédé d'innovation lexicale assez peu décrit en français et dont la morphologie ressort de l'extragrammatical. Partant du constat que les différentes classifications des amalgames lexicaux sont établies sur des corpus restreints, nous proposons de dresser un état des lieux de ces classifications en confrontant plusieurs modèles théoriques avec deux corpus complémentaires pour fournir une description morpho-phonologique de ces unités lexicales afin de faire émerger un prototype pour le français. Nous avons procédé, dans un premier temps, au recensement de 7 052 amalgames lexicaux tirés de 17 dictionnaires fantaisistes. Puis, un second corpus d'amalgames attestés en discours a été constitué afin d'être comparé au premier. À l'aide des données récoltées, il est possible de voir apparaître un schéma prototypique de l'amalgamation lexicale en français.
El proceso de adquisición del artículo español en el lenguaje infantil : funciones y fases adquisitivas
Authors: Santiago Alonso Gemma
Published: August 2016

En el presente artículo se ha llevado a cabo un acercamiento al proceso de adquisición del artículo en español en el habla infantil, teniendo en cuenta las diferentes etapas de la adquisición, a partir de los datos de habla infantil de dos niños y dos niñas de entre 1;10 y 4;1 años. En la investigación realizada se han buscado las apariciones de las formas del artículo en dicho periodo de tiempo. Para la investigación se han utilizado y analizado las intervenciones espontáneas de los cuatro sujetos del corpus Koiné de habla infantil a través de un estudio longitudinal de los datos de dichos sujetos, y a partir de un análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo se han definido los rasgos que determinan la emergencia de la adquisición del artículo para poder establecer un mapa referencial en el que se pueden distinguir las diferentes fases adquisitivas del artículo en español.
Using the ToBI transcription to record the intonation of Slovene
Authors: Volk Jana
Published: August 2016

The paper presents ToBI, a transcription method for prosodic annotation. ToBI is an acronym for Tones and Breaks Indices which first denoted an intonation system developed in the 1990s for annotating intonation and prosody in the database of spoken Mainstream American English. The MAE_ToBI transcription originally consists of six parts – the audio recording of the utterance, the fundamental frequency contour and four parallel tiers for the transcription of tone sequence, ortographic transcription, indication of break indices between words and for additional observations. The core of the transcription, i. e. of the phonological analyses of the intonation pattern, is represented by the tone tier where tonal variation is transcribed by using labels for high tone and low tone where a tone can appear as a pitch accent, phrase accent and boundary tone. Due to its simplicity and flexibility, the system soon began to be used for the prosodic annotation of other variants of English and many other languages, as well as in different non-linguistic fields, leading to the creation of many new ToBI systems adapted to individual languages and dialects. The author is the first to use this method for Slovene, more precisely, for the intonational transcription and analysis of the corpus of spontaneous speech of Slovene Istria, in order to investigate if the ToBi system is useful for the annotation of Slovene and its regional variants.
Les marqueurs discursifs "mais" et "alors" en tant qu'indicateurs du degré de l'oralité dans les discours officiels, les débats télévisés et les dialogues littéraires
Authors: Schlamberger Brezar Mojca
Published: August 2016

Lʼoral et lʼécrit présentent, selon la définition de C. Blanche-Benveniste, deux mondes distincts dʼexpression. À lʼépoque contemporaine, les deux modes sʼentremêlent. Lʼécrit influence lʼoral dans les situations dʼénonciation officielles ainsi que les situations du discours spontané tandis que lʼoral entre dans la littérature et la presse. Ces deux situations sont expliquées par les notions de la littératie et de lʼoralisation de lʼécrit. Les marqueurs discursifs en tant quʼorganisateurs de la pensée sont surtout fréquents à lʼoral mais ils ont des équivalents en discours normé, écrit ou oral, à savoir des connecteurs présentant une forme homonyme mais une fonction différente. La position des marqueurs discursifs est surtout au début de lʼénoncé. Au niveau de la normativité, les marqueurs discursifs sont souvent considérés comme redondants pour un discours bien structuré. De ce point de vue, ils peuvent présenter les indicateurs de lʼoralité. Dans le but de le prouver, nous avons analysé les positions et les valeurs des marqueurs discursifs "mais" et "alors" dans les débats télévisés, dans les discours officiels et dans les dialogues des romans français provenant dʼun corpus parallèle français-slovène FraSloK. Les corpus oraux ont été transcrits et analysés manuellement en vue de déterminer la fréquence de ces marqueurs discursifs dans chacun des types du discours en question. Lʼanalyse a démontré que plus le discours est proche de lʼoral spontané, plus nombreux sont les marqueurs discursifs, et vice-versa : plus le discours est officiel, moins de marqueurs discursifs il présente. Les dialogues littéraires représentent un genre de discours intermédiaire.
La nominalizzazione come indicatore del grado di formalità in alcuni tipi testuali della lingua parlata
Authors: Mikolič Južnič Tamara
Published: August 2016

Il presente contributo si pone come oggetto una ricerca su alcune caratteristiche del discorso parlato legate alla complessità sintattica e lessicale determinata dall’uso della nominalizzazione. Partendo dalla considerazione, più volte espressa, su come la lingua parlata differisca da quella scritta anche dal punto di vista della complessità sintattica e lessicale, dalla quale può dipendere il grado di formalità, e basandoci su studi antecedenti sulla presenza di un fenomeno sintattico-lessicale relativamente complesso, quale è la nominalizzazione, in alcuni generi della lingua slovena scritta, si intende verificare se e in quali aspetti i vari tipi di testi della lingua parlata differiscano tra loro sotto questo punto di vista. La nominalizzazione, qui intesa come metafora grammaticale nel senso hallidayiano, secondo vari studiosi è, infatti, generalmente un elemento caratteristico della lingua formale scritta, la quale trova minore spazio nei generi parlati, sebbene non sia completamente assente in alcuni suoi generi formali. Per la raccolta dei dati necessari ai fini della ricerca viene usato il corpus della lingua parlata slovena GOS, in cui i testi compresi sono divisi in vari subcorpora secondo criteri predefiniti riguardanti la tipologia testuale, il canale dell’evento comunicativo, il tipo di evento comunicativo, la regione di provenienza dei parlanti ecc. La metodologia usata è quella della linguistica dei corpora, integrata, in parte, con ipotesi basate soprattutto sul quadro teorico della linguistica sistemico funzionale.
Coherence relations in academic spoken discourse
Authors: Antonio Juliano Desiderato , Trombini Rahmen Cassim Fernanda
Published: August 2016

According to Rhetorical Structure Theory, implicit propositions emerge from the combination of pieces of text which hang together. Implicit propositions have received various labels as coherence relations, discourse relations, rhetorical relations or relational propositions. When two portions of a text hold a relation, the addressee of the text may recognize the connection even without the presence of a formal sign as a conjunction or a discourse marker. In this paper we claim that some intrinsic spoken discourse phenomena like paraphrasing, repetition, correction and parenthetical insertion hold coherence relations with other portions of discourse and, thus, may be considered strategies for the construction of coherence. The analysis, based on academic spoken discourse (five university lectures in Brazilian Portuguese), shows that these phenomena are recurring and relevant for the study of spoken discourse.
Processability theory and pedagogical progression in an Italian textbook
Authors: Zipser Katharina
Published: August 2016

Most L2-learners are taught a language on the basis of a textbook. But are these textbooks arranged according to the learners’ needs? For the present study the grammatical structures and their progression in an Italian-language textbook were analysed, and they were compared to the learners’ speaking ability to cross-check the degree of correspondence between what is taught following the textbook and what is actually learned. The question is asked in how far textbook design should consider the findings of current SLA research. It is suggested that even though Processability Theory is right to predict that language acquisition develops in stages, instruction need not be strictly sequenced. Above all it is important to distinguish between input, intake and expected output.
Spoken discourse in Alzheimer' disease: a review
Authors: Ahmed Samrah , Garrard Peter
Published: August 2016

In its typical form, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) manifests with early impairment in episodic memory. Evidence suggests that language deficits also occur early on in the disease process, and can be detected at the preclinical stage, suggesting that language could constitute an important diagnostic marker for disease. Additionally, a number of variant clinical presentations of AD are recognised, due to an atypical distribution of pathology at onset, including a minority of patients presenting with a slowly progressive language impairment. We review language performance in typical and atypical presentations of AD, and describe a series of recent, novel findings examining the language phenotype of typical AD.
Chemical characteristics and causes of airborne particulate pollution in warm seasons in Wuhan, central China
Authors: Lyu Xiaopu , Chen Nan , Guo Hai , Zeng Lewei , Zhang Weihao , Shen Fan , Quan Jihong , Wang Nan
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Continuous measurements of airborne particles and their chemical compositions were conducted in May, June, October, and November 2014 at an urban site in Wuhan, central China. The results indicate that particle concentrations remained at a relatively high level in Wuhan, with averages of 135.1 ± 4.4 (mean ± 95 % confidence interval) and 118.9 ± 3.7 µg m−3 for PM10 and 81.2 ± 2.6 and 85.3 ± 2.6 µg m−3 for PM2.5 in summer and autumn, respectively. Moreover, PM2.5 levels frequently exceeded the National Standard Level II (i.e., daily average of 75 µg m−3), and six PM2.5 episodes (i.e., daily PM2.5 averages above 75 µg m−3 for 3 or more consecutive days) were captured during the sampling campaign. Potassium was the most abundant element in PM2.5, with an average concentration of 2060.7 ± 82.3 ng m−3; this finding indicates intensive biomass burning in and around Wuhan during the study period, because almost no correlation was found between potassium and mineral elements (iron and calcium). The source apportionment results confirm that biomass burning was the main cause of episodes 1, 3, and 4, with contributions to PM2.5 of 46.6 % ± 3.0 %, 50.8 % ± 1.2 %, and 44.8 % ± 2.6%, respectively, whereas fugitive dust was the leading factor in episode 2. Episodes 5 and 6 resulted mainly from increases in vehicular emissions and secondary inorganic aerosols, and the mass and proportion of NO3− both peaked during episode 6. The high levels of NOx and NH3 and the low temperature during episode 6 were responsible for the increase of NO3−. Moreover, the formation of secondary organic carbon was found to be dominated by aromatics and isoprene in autumn, and the contribution of aromatics to secondary organic carbon increased during the episodes.