bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neuroprotection of hypoxic/ischemic preconditioning in neonatal brain with hypoxic-ischemic injury
Authors: Fan Xue , Wang Huiqing , Zhang Li , Tang Jun , Qu Yi , Mu Dezhi
Published: September 2020

The neonatal brain is susceptible to hypoxic-ischemic injury due to its developmental characteristics. Hypoxia-ischemia means a decreased perfusion of oxygen and glucose, which can lead to severe encephalopathy. Although early initiation of therapeutic hypothermia was reported to provide neuroprotection for infants after HI, hypothermia administered alone after the acute insult cannot reverse the severe damage that already has occurred or improve the prognosis of severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Therefore, exploring new protective mechanisms for treating hypoxic-ischemic brain damage are imperative. Until now, many studies reported the neuroprotective mechanisms of hypoxic/ischemic preconditioning in protecting the hypoxic-ischemic newborn brains. After hypoxia and ischemia, hypoxia-inducible factor signaling pathway is involved in the transcriptional regulation of many genes and is also play a number of different roles in protecting brains during hypoxic/ischemic preconditioning. Hypoxic/ischemic preconditioning could protect neonatal brain by several mechanisms, including vascular regulation, anti-apoptosis, anti-oxidation, suppression of excitotoxicity, immune regulation, hormone levels regulation, and promote cell proliferation. This review focused on the protective mechanisms underlying hypoxic/ischemic preconditioning for neonatal brain after hypoxia-ischemia and emphasized on the important roles of hypoxia inducible factor 1 signaling pathway.
Asymmetric Responses of Economic Growth to Daily Oil Price Changes: New Global Evidence from Mixed-data Sampling Approach
Authors: Maghyereh Aktham , Sweidan Osama , Awartani Basel
Published: September 2020

Our paper inspects empirically the asymmetric impact of daily oil price shocks on the quarterly real domestic product in eight countries during the period (1983–2016). We employ two methodologies Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Asymmetric Mixed Data Sampling (AMIDAS). The OLS technique shows that the positive oil price shocks have a statistically significant negative effect on economic growth in all the countries and vice versa. In addition, it reveals that this relationship could be either symmetric or asymmetric in all the countries. On the contrary, the AMIDAS gives more important details and proves that all the relationships in our sample data are asymmetric. Thus, we think that the AMIDAS technique leads to more accurate results which enhances a better insightful of an energy policy. The policy implication of our paper demonstrates that the energy policies are significant procedures to improve economic performance.
Psychosocial subgroups in high-performance athletes with low back pain: eustress-endurance is most frequent, distress-endurance most problematic!
Authors: Titze Christina , Fett Daniela , Trompeter Katharina , Platen Petra , Gajsar Hannah , Hasenbring Monika I.
Published: September 2020

Objectives

In non-athletes, fear-avoidance and endurance-related pain responses appear to influence the development and maintenance of low back pain (LBP). The avoidance-endurance model (AEM) postulates three dysfunctional pain response patterns that are associated with poorer pain outcomes. Whether comparable relationships are present in athletes is currently unclear. This cross-sectional case-control study explored frequencies and behavioral validity of the AEM-based patterns in athletes with and without LBP, as well as their outcome-based validity in athletes with LBP.

Methods

Based on the Avoidance-Endurance Fast-Screen, 438 (57.1% female) young adult high-performance athletes with and 335 (45.4% female) without LBP were categorized as showing a “distress-endurance” (DER), “eustress-endurance” (EER), “fear-avoidance” (FAR) or “adaptive” (AR) pattern.

Results

Of the athletes with LBP, 9.8% were categorized as FAR, 20.1% as DER, 47.0% as EER, and 23.1% as AR; of the athletes without LBP, 10.4% were categorized as FAR, 14.3% as DER, 47.2% as EER, and 28.1% as AR. DER and EER reported more pronounced endurance- and less pronounced avoidance-related pain responses than FAR, and vice versa. DER further reported the highest training frequency. In athletes with LBP, all dysfunctional groups reported higher LBP intensity, with FAR and DER displaying higher disability scores than AR.

Conclusions

The results indicate that also in athletes, patterns of endurance- and fear-avoidance-related pain responses appear dysfunctional with respect to LBP. While EER occurred most often, DER seems most problematic.

Implications

Endurance-related pain responses that might be necessary during painful exercise should therefore be inspected carefully when shown in response to clinical pain.
Monte-Carlo-Methode zur Verringerung von Messfehlern bei der Materialparameterbestimmung mit Hohlraumresonatoren
Authors: Peter Ronny , Fischerauer Gerhard
Published: September 2020

Die quantitative Bestimmung von Materialparameterverläufen in Hohlraumresonatoren ist eine relativ neue Methode zur echtzeitfähigen Überwachung verfahrenstechnischer Prozesse. Dazu werden elektromagnetische Resonanzen des Hohlraumresonators als Eingangsdaten für die Rückrechnung (Inversion) verwendet. Der Rückrechenalgorithmus ist allerdings empfindlich auf Störungen (= Messabweichungen) der Eingangsdaten und neigt zum Divergieren. In dieser Arbeit wird ein auf der Monte-Carlo-Methode beruhender Korrekturalgorithmus präsentiert, der für ein konvergentes Verhalten des Rückrechenalgorithmus sorgt.
Ganzheitliche Kalibrierung von Gewinden auf Basis eines dreidimensionalen Ansatzes
Authors: Schädel Sebastian , Przyklenk Anita , Stein Martin , Kniel Karin , Manske Eberhard
Published: September 2020

Gewinde sind Maschinenelemente mit vielseitiger Funktionalität. Sie werden zum Befestigen, Verbinden, Abdichten oder Zentrieren verwendet und in großen Stückzahlen hergestellt. Dabei steigen die Anforderungen an die Fertigung und Qualitätssicherung stetig an. Nach aktuellen Normen und Richtlinien erfolgt die Prüfung der Bestimmungsgrößen an Gewinden stichprobenartig in wenigen festgelegten Axialschnitten und Prüfebenen. Die komplex geformten und stark gekrümmten Werkstückoberflächen von Gewindeflanken werden deshalb hinsichtlich ihrer Funktionalität unzureichend bewertet. Das neuartige Messverfahren basiert auf einem dreidimensionalen mathematischen Modell zur Beschreibung der Gewindegeometrie. Die Aufnahme der Messpunkte als Ist-Punktewolke erfolgt durch eine flächenhafte Messstrategie auf konventionellen Koordinatenmessgeräten. Der anschließende ganzheitliche Auswertealgorithmus ermöglicht erstmals die Bestimmung aller relevanten Bestimmungsgrößen am Gewinde auf Basis eines einzigen Datensatzes. Des Weiteren liefert der neue Auswertealgorithmus erstmals ein Ergebnis für die lokalen Bestimmungsgrößen, welche zur Berechnung des Paarungsflankendurchmessers benötigt werden.
Antiproliferative effect of rosehip tea phenolics in prostate cancer cell lines
Authors: Özgönül Ali Mert , Aşık Aycan , Durmaz Burak , Aslaminabad Ramin , Gündüz Cumhur , Sozmen Eser Yıldırım
Published: September 2020

Objectives

Recently, phenolic compounds (quercetin, kaempferol, ellagic acid (EA), and myricetin) as natural sources have been suggested to be used for treatment and chemoprevention of prostate cancer. Since rosehip includes the above molecules in high concentration, we set out to investigate possible anti-proliferative effect of rosehip tea on the prostate cancer cell line.

Methods

The flavonol content of rosehip tea prepared at different temperatures and time intervals was determined first and then the antiproliferative effect of tea samples was established by adding tea samples to the prostate cancer cell line (VCaP and LNCaP).

Results

Quercetin was more effective in LNCaP cell than in VCaP cell (IC50 = 20 and 200 μM, respectively). The boiled fruit shredded at minute 7 showed the highest levels of quercetin, EA and kaempferol and the boiled fruit at minute 7 had the highest levels of kaempferol and EA. The tea samples were prepared in concentrations relevant to their IC50 values, added to the VCaP and LNCaP cell lines. The antiproliferative effect of rosehip tea on VCaP cells was slightly greater than that of LNCaP cells.

Conclusion

Each of the flavonols exhibits an antiproliferative effect. Our data clearly indicated that rosehip as a natural source of all flavonols had an antiproliferative effect on androgen-sensitive prostate cancer. Now that it is important to use natural sources in cancer, rosehip seems to be a promising natural product to be used to treat the prostate illness.
New mixed-valent alkali chain sulfido ferrates A
1+x
[FeS2] (A = K, Rb, Cs; x = 0.333–0.787)
Authors: Schwarz Michael , Stüble Pirmin , Köhler Katharina , Röhr Caroline
Published: September 2020

Four new mixed-valent chain alkali metal (A) sulfido ferrates of the general structure family

A

1
+
x

Fe
x
II

Fe

1
−
x

III

S
2

${A}_{1+x}\left[{\text{Fe}}_{x}^{\text{II}}{\text{Fe}}_{1-x}^{\text{III}}{\text{S}}_{2}\right]$

were synthesized in the form of tiny green-metallic needles from nearly stoichiometric melts reacting elemental potassium with natural pyrite (A = K) or previously prepared Rb2S/Cs2S2 with elemental iron and sulfur (A = Rb/Cs). The crystal structures of the compounds were determined by means of single crystal X-ray diffraction: In the (3+1)D modulated structure of K7.15[FeS2]4 (space group Ccce(00σ
3)0s0, a = 1363.87(5), b = 2487.23(13), c = 583.47(3) pm, q = 0,0,0.444, R1 = 0.055/0.148, x = 0.787), a position modulation of the two crystallographically different undulated

[

FeS

4
/
2

]

∞
1

${}_{\infty }{}^{1}\left[{\text{FeS}}_{4/2}\right]$

tetrahedra chains and the surrounding K cations is associated with an occupation modulation of one of the three potassium sites. In the case of the new monoclinic rubidium ferrate Rb4[FeS2]3 (x = 

1
3

$\frac{1}{3}$

; space group P21/c, a = 1640.49(12), b = 1191.94(9), c = 743.33(6) pm, β = 94.759(4)°, Z = 4, R1 = 0.1184) the undulation of the tetrahedra chain is commensurate, the repetition unit consists of six tetrahedra. In the second new Rb ferrate, Rb7[FeS2]5 (x = 0.4; monoclinic, space group C2/c, K7[FeS2]5-type; a = 2833.9(2), b = 1197.36(9), c = 744.63(6) pm, β = 103.233(4)°, Z = 4, R1 = 0.1474) and its isotypic mixed Rb/Cs-analog Rb3.6Cs3.4[FeS2]5 (a = 2843.57(5), b = 1226.47(2), c = 759.890(10) pm, β = 103.7170(9)°, R1 = 0.0376) the chain buckling leads to a further increased repetition unit of 10 tetrahedra. For all mixed-valent ferrates, the Fe–S bond lengths continuously increase with the amount (x) of Fe(II). The buckling of the chains is controlled through the local coordination of the S atoms by the variable number of A cations of different sizes.
Single-crystal investigation of Ce5Ag
x
Ge4−x
(x = 0.1−1.08) with Sm5Ge4 type
Authors: Belan Bohdana , Kowalska Dorota , Dzevenko Mariya , Manyako Mykola , Gladyshevskii Roman
Published: September 2020

The crystal structure of the phase Ce5Ag
x
Ge4−x
(x = 0.1−1.08) has been determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction data for Ce5Ag0.1Ge3.9. This phase is isotypic with Sm5Ge4: space group Pnma (No. 62), Pearson code oP36, Z = 4, a = 7.9632(2), b = 15.2693(5), c = 8.0803(2) Å; R1 = 0.0261, wR2 = 0.0460, 1428 F
2 values and 48 variables. The two crystallographic positions 8d and 4c show Ge/Ag mixing, leading to a slight increase in the lattice parameters as compared to those of the pure binary compound Ce5Ge4.
Kirche und Kirchenrecht auf dem Wege in und durch die deutsche Sprache
Authors: Köbler Gerhard
Published: September 2020

Church and Ecclesiastical Law in German language and beyond. Searching for sense in human life, already in prehistoric times, men developed religious notions. Jesus (Christ), born at Bethlehem about 2020 years ago, declared himself to be the unique son of god Jahwe and was therefore crucified by Romans and Jews at Jerusalem. Nevertheless billions of men and women believed in his miraculous resurrection and his sacrifice for the salvation of mankind – among them almost every individual speaking German. The study shows how the Christian term ‘church’, derived from Greek kyrios (master), was adopted and spread in old German languages. Various parts of human law in general, which were and are influenced by Christian thought, were analyzed from the very beginning of the church within the Roman empire, and they were followed up to the global presence.
Abaelards Regel
Authors: Mueller Daniela
Published: September 2020

Abelard’s Rule. The Paraclet convent and its order. Petrus Abaelardus is the man who divides opinion. This was already the case during his lifetime, and it also becomes evident in current research. It is striking that even though a number of studies have appeared on his capacity as a philosopher, not many discuss him as a theologian and even fewer as the founder of an order. The following article will address this unique aspect. Even though reference will be made to examples of the monastic life of women in the 12th century. Above all an attempt should be made to perceive this role as founder of an order as the logical evolution of Abaelard’s previous development and as the consistent continuation of his theological work. What role did Abaelard play as the founder of a convent for women? What developments had led to this role in the first place? How was the interaction with Heloise, who became the first abbess of the Paraclet convent? Why was the convent’s rule only ever formulated theoretically, but never realised and implemented? In any case, the radically spiritual fresh start which had emerged in the correspondence between Heloise and Abelard, did not take place. Abaelard’s rule, however, remains the fascinating legacy of a man who managed to transform the traumatic experience of castration into deep spirituality. This spirituality turned out to be an extension of his critical dialectic, coupled with the passionate piety of the Middle Ages.
Die Präzedenz der Stiftsdignitäre vor den Domkanonikern
Authors: Neuheuser Hanns Peter
Published: September 2020

The claim of prelates of collegiate churches to precede the canons of cathedrals. The fundamentals of ritual precedence in medieval times. The pluralistic stratification of the ecclesiastical hierarchy is mirrored in accumulated appearances of the office-bearers during synodal congregations by attending liturgy in the choir stalls as well as by walking in procession. Conflicts relevant to liturgical law and discipline concern claims to precede. The present investigation deals with the relationship between high prelates (provosts, deans) of institutes of secular canons and the simple members of the chapter of a cathedral. In this way a theory of procession-arrangement could be developed. Unknown sources of the Roman Curia, suppressed in medieval times, can be presented.
PREVENTING OF PACKAGING EXUDATION IN FRANKFURTER SAUSAGES BY USING MODIFIED POTATO STARCH
Authors: SAIMAITI Maliyanmu , GENÇCELEP Hüseyin
Published: September 2020

The effect of potato starch modified by pre-gelatinization on frankfurter sausage exudation level was investigated. This liquid exuded from the food product may have a negative impact in sensorial properties of packaged food as well as in its microbial quality for consumers acceptance. Modified potato starch caused a decrease in exudation formation vacuum-sealed packages of frankfurter sausages stored at +4 0C. The juice exuded into the package of the control group was higher than the other groups (P<0.05). Also, some quality characteristics of frankfurter sausages (color, pH, water activity, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), conjugated diene and free fatty acid (FFA) were analyzed during the storage period. Potato starch exhibited a high reducing hydrolysis activity in this study. As a result; it is advisable to use modified potato starch instead of normal potato starch to reduce or delay the exudation level in sausages.
A Selected Catalogue of World War I Memorials and Cemeteries Honoring Californians
Authors: Brandt Maria C. , North Diane M. T.
Published: September 2020

Organized alphabetically by city name, the selected catalog describes more than one hundred California memorials dedicated to women and men who served and died during World War I. Memorials include flagpoles, fountains, statues, sculptures, plaques, Veterans’ Buildings, groves of trees, roads, and bridges. It also includes a preliminary record of seventeen U.S. cemeteries where California's World War I soldiers are buried and nineteen European monuments and cemeteries honoring Californians.
Forgotten, but Not Gone
Authors: Brandt Maria C.
Published: September 2020

This essay discusses how the community in Oakland, California, in the 1920s considered and erected memorials to those who served and died in World War I, including plaques, flagpoles, proposed fountains, and the Veterans’ Memorial Building, as well as dozens of city streets renamed as WWI memorials.
Keepers of the Flame in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park
Authors: Pollock Christopher
Published: September 2020

This article explores memorials placed in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park in the aftermath of World War I, with an emphasis on those of a botanical nature. Historical, general, and local inspirations behind creation of the memorials are discussed. A detailed description of the development of the park's three memorial groves follows. Context for the creation of the memorial groves is provided through discussion of related local events. Other in-park and local memorials to those who fell in World War I are also covered.
Letterman General Hospital during World War I
Authors: Sokolov Barbara Berglund , Bertland John
Published: September 2020

When the United States entered World War I on April 6, 1917, the Army Medical Department operated only four general hospitals and was in many ways unprepared for the scale and nature of the conflict ahead. This article examines the war's impact on Letterman General Hospital in San Francisco, which was the largest of the four hospitals before the war. In addition to tripling in capacity, Letterman incorporated many of the Medical Department's new services, the most significant concerning orthopedics and physical rehabilitation. The army's embrace of the ethic of rehabilitation was part of a major change in how the government managed care and compensation for those wounded in war—a change that marked a shift, continuing to this day, in how both state and society understand the relationship between disability and citizenship. After the war, Letterman incorporated new requirements for treating veterans in support of the country's evolving veterans’ health care system, which at times was unable to provide the full level of care the government had pledged and that many veterans had come to expect.
Reading Rules
Authors: Nguyen Cindy
Published: September 2020

This article examines how builders and users contested the cultural, political, and social mission and meaning of the Hà Nội Central Library [Bibliothèque centrale de Hanoi] from 1919 to 1941. I argue that the central library was not just a symbol of Western modernity, but a public space in which modern practices were defied and defined by Vietnamese students, urban readers, and administrators. Library readers freely accessed diverse print matter, practiced self-directed learning, and created a social space for study, research, and leisure. Through this historical study, I reveal how the library was a contested colonial institution and a formative space of urban social life.
“Let History Render Judgment on My Life”
Authors: Tran Nu-Anh
Published: September 2020

The famous writer and revolutionary Nhất Linh (Nguyễn Tường Tam) committed suicide on July 7, 1963, in protest against Ngô Đình Diệm, the first president of the Republic of Vietnam (RVN, or South Vietnam). Although largely ignored by Western scholars, the suicide was a major catalyst for the growing resistance to Ngô Đình Diệm and contributed to a deeper transformation of Vietnamese political culture. Even decades after the collapse of the RVN, the event remains central to the historical memory of the Vietnamese diaspora.
Commerce informel et réseaux sociaux à Dakar. Itinéraire d’une adaptation inattendue
Authors: Diallo Mamadou Mounirou , Sylla Ibrahima , Diouck Assane , Wadji Astou
Published: September 2020

Le commerce informel est très dynamique dans la ville de Dakar, marquée par une forte urbanisation. Récemment, ce commerce a pris une orientation en se fondant sur les réseaux sociaux qui sont de plus en plus adaptés aux réalités socioéconomiques de la population. Les réseaux sociaux inspirent des commerçants qui optent pour de nouvelles pratiques de commerce et font apparaître de nouveaux acteurs économiques auparavant discrets. L’ampleur du commerce sur les réseaux sociaux est presque proportionnellement à leur usage par la société sénégalaise. Les réseaux sociaux semblent renforcer le commerce informel en ville en impliquant une multitude d’acteurs et de lieux qui concourent au renforcement de sa complexité. Partant de cette situation, ces réseaux actualisent la question de la régulation qui s’adapte très peu aux innovations numériques en perpétuelles mutations.
Gobernanza y movilidad urbana hacia la sustentabilidad. Comunidad educativa en Monterrey, México
Authors: Soto Canales Karina , Gómez Dávila Javier Alonso
Published: September 2020

Las autoridades mexicanas reconocen que el problema de la movilidad urbana en el país es un asunto que se ha ignorado por años, lo que ha acarreado diversas consecuencias socioespaciales y medioambientales. De igual manera, afirman que se requiere impulsar la estructura de gobernanza urbana, establecer marcos de apoyo y favorecer la planificación y gestión del desarrollo urbano para alinearse con los compromisos de la Nueva Agenda Urbana y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sustentable de ONU-Hábitat. El presente documento expone un esfuerzo de gobernanza tripartita entre el gobierno de San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México, la Universidad del Valle de México, campus  Monterrey Norte (UVMCMN) y su comunidad estudiantil para construir patrones locativos y de tipología de movilidad a partir de la implementación de un instrumento cualitativo-cuantitativo. Los resultados evidencian que, aunque existe una buena cobertura de la red de transporte urbano y la comunidad tiene acceso a ella, dicha red es desaprovechada porque sus recorridos no responden a criterios de eficiencia, seguridad o economía para los estudiantes y, en consecuencia, la proximidad entre la vivienda y el espacio educativo, más que considerarse un atributo locativo positivo, es un factor de diferenciación y desigualdad social.
El derecho a la ciudad al arbitrio del plan. Una revisión del caso colombiano
Authors: Sanabria A. Tadeo Humberto
Published: September 2020

El artículo reflexiona sobre la formulación de los regímenes de aprovechamientos urbanísticos y cómo este proceso de planificación debe mediar entre el interés privado, que sigue las lógicas de mercado y el interés común, el cual está asociado con la institucionalización político administrativa del derecho a la ciudad. El objetivo de esta investigación es considerar el papel de los mecanismos de planeación urbana como mediadores entre los derechos individuales y colectivos, para plantear una revisión del caso colombiano. En primer lugar, el estudio analiza cómo la reconfiguración del derecho a la ciudad se inserta en los modelos de mercado y en el sistema de planeamiento colombiano para luego explicar cómo opera el aprovechamiento en la ciudad y los derechos inherentes a él. Finaliza demostrando que los ejercicios de planeación que pretenden materializar este derecho, a pesar de contar con un discurso institucionalizado, son incapaces de garantizarlo y que el condicionamiento del usufructo de la ciudad a los esfuerzos individuales para materializar los aprovechamientos, resultado de esta reconfiguración, es su obstáculo principal.
Reflexión sobre los planes de desarrollo en Colombia
Authors: Zapata Cortés Olga Lucía
Published: September 2020

A partir de una revisión normativa y un análisis documental, se reflexiona sobre el papel de los planes de desarrollo en el modelo actual de planeación de Colombia y se propone que no dependan del ciclo electoral, priorizando la articulación instrumental multinivel y la agenda ciudadana. Se evidencia la existencia de instrumentos de planeación centralistas y jerárquicos, cuya mayor expresión es el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo, direccionador de la agenda nacional y subnacional, que, a su vez, incide en la elaboración de los planes de desarrollo subnacionales. Desde la normativa se revela un discurso contradictorio que  fomenta, al tiempo que limita, la actuación de los gobiernos locales y que se evidencia en instancias de participación como los Consejos Territoriales de Planeación, los cuales se crean con un espíritu amplio y desde principios constitucionales generosos, aunque, en la práctica, se restringen, redireccionan o pierden su función y objetivos. En contraste, se propone que el proceso planificador parta desde lo local y se articule hacia arriba, sintonizándose con los niveles departamental y nacional.
Del monstruo-bestia al monstruo-individuo: Un estudio genealógico de la monstruosidad en las tradiciones narrativas
Authors: Rodríguez Jiménez Leda
Published: September 2020

El trabajo plantea un acercamiento a lo monstruoso, teniendo como norte especialmente las ficciones narrativas. Se inicia con la indagación genealógica del término teras-monstro para pasar de inmediato al tema de las metamorfosis, es decir, la transformación del humano en monstruo concentrándose en la figura y características del hombre-lobo como forma arquetípica. Posteriormente, el texto hace un viraje hacia el nacimiento del monstruo humano, ya no necesariamente como figura proveniente de la animalística sino como el monstruo-individuo, para cuya construcción imaginaria tanto a nivel social como narrativa la aparición de la máquina fotográfica hacia mediados del siglo XIX, fue decisiva. Por último, el estudio se aproxima a la importancia del romanticismo como movimiento cultural-artístico y su legado narrativo respecto del nacimiento de una serie de personajes que construyen y siembran las bases de buena parte de las formas monstruosas que consumimos en las ficciones narrativas de hoy.
La Revolución bolivariana: humanismo y contracultura
Authors: Marín Murillo Asdrúbal
Published: September 2020

La Revolución bolivariana es un proceso político, económico e ideológico que se ubica dentro del espectro denominado socialismo del siglo XXI. Su proyecto revolucionario es una propuesta humanista, cultural y contrahegemónica que examina y confronta los valores tradicionales de una Venezuela excluyente y represora, fundada en los principios del gran capital y de la acumulación desmedida. La Revolución bolivariana no es solo un planteamiento ideológico y político económico, es a la vez un movimiento contracultural y antisistema que busca una transformación total de los principios y fines de una cultura arraigada y sostenida por el pensamiento de los grupos tradicionales del gran capital venezolano.
Pensamientos filosóficos de la independencia: Louverture, Bolívar y Morazán
Authors: Rangel Díaz Gabriela
Published: September 2020

Esta investigación pone de relieve las ideas y luchas llevadas a cabo por tres independentistas de América Latina: Toussaint Louverture, de Haití; Simón Bolívar, de Venezuela, y Francisco Morazán, de Honduras. Los tres, desde diferentes flancos de acción y contextos, compartieron pensamientos filosóficos similares en torno a la independencia y lo que esta pudiera implicar para los pueblos latinoamericanos sedientos de libertad, pero analfabetos en su administración.

Diversos eventos históricos exhortaron pensamientos independentistas en América Latina; sin embargo, los dos más destacables fueron: La Revolución francesa y la Declaración de los Derechos del Hombre y del Ciudadano. No obstante, se concluye que la independencia no es un hecho, sino un proceso inacabado.
El propósito de la formación humanista en la Universidad de Costa Rica del siglo XXI
Authors: Monge Ortiz Jorge Alberto
Published: September 2020

El presente artículo plantea la necesidad de las humanidades en la formación profesional del estudiante que entra en la Universidad de Costa Rica con el fin de rescatar una visión integral que coadyuve en la inserción ética del egresado de la educación superior.
Pertinencia de la Guía de Investigación del Curso Integrado de Humanidades de la Escuela de Estudios Generales de la Universidad de Costa Rica. Una perspectiva crítica: autocomplacencia o autocrítica
Authors: Montalbán Rivera Vanessa
Published: September 2020

En la Universidad de Costa Rica, en el Sistema de Educación General, en la Escuela de Estudios Generales, se imparte un curso inter y transdisciplinar, que nace con la intención de brindar un espacio de formación humanista; integral e integrador de la persona y del futuro profesional, que le introduce en el quehacer universitario desde lo académico y cultural. Es el “Curso integrado de Humanidades”.

Una parte de este en el subcurso denominado: “Guía Integrada de Investigación”, que inicia a los estudiantes en los caminos de la investigación. Este es el objeto del presente artículo, cuya pregunta fundamental versa sobre su pertinencia, puesto que por las complejidades que conlleva se ha cuestionado su existencia y forma de realizarse.

Se mostrará una posible respuesta con fundamentación teórica e ideológica, desde la normativa de la Universidad de Costa Rica, el ideario de los Estudios Generales, la experiencia personal y docente.
La síntesis en los dibujos de Juan Manuel Sánchez por medio de la línea
Authors: Ramírez Chacón Fernando
Published: September 2020

Juan Manuel Sánchez (1907-1990) es un artista costarricense particularmente recordado por sus dibujos, ya que le fue encargada la ilustración de libros de Luis Ferrero, Lilia Ramos, Emma Gamboa, Carlos Luis Sáenz, Fabián Dobles, entre otros; sus ilustraciones más recordadas y famosas son las que hizo para los Cuentos de mi tía Panchita, de Carmen Lyra. Este artista destaca por la síntesis en sus imágenes, especialmente los dibujos de animales, figura humana y los espacios (internos y externos). Este artículo analiza la síntesis de la forma gracias a la línea; para lograrlo, se utilizan algunos de los dibujos de la colección del Museo de Arte Costarricense. El objetivo es mostrar cuáles son las líneas características que él destacó para sugerir la forma
Fundamentación biológica de la inteligencia y su influencia en la construcción de las categorías de ideologización e historización de Ignacio Ellacuría
Authors: Carrera Umaña Randall
Published: September 2020

En este estudio se defiende la tesis de que en el pensamiento temprano de Ignacio Ellacuría, el cual posee un énfasis particular en la profundización de las tesis antropológicas, metafísicas y epistemológicas de su maestro Xavier Zubiri, se encuentran las bases para comprender los elementos fundamentales de su pensamiento filosófico relacionado con una filosofía liberadora Para tal fin, se profundiza en su interpretación sobre los fundamentos biológicos de la inteligencia, para luego mostrar sus implicaciones en categorías claves de su pensamiento maduro, tal como su crítica a la ideologización y su propuesta de historización. Finalmente, se presentan algunas conclusiones en torno a la originalidad de su pensamiento, el cual no se limita a una simple sistematización y aplicación  de la filosofía de Zubiri.
The United Nations and the Soviet Union: Diplomacy and Propaganda in the Twilight of the Cold War
Authors: Zapariy Julia
Published: September 2020

Referring to the preparation of Soviet diplomacy for the 3rd session of the UN General Assembly, this article examines the process behind the development of the political line of the Soviet delegation, as well as the principles of covering the “UN” theme by the press, informing the population and shaping public opinion on major international problems. On the basis of specific material, the author demonstrates the principles of Soviet diplomats’ work on the preparation of analytical materials, the development of recommendations, and the implementation of propaganda measures at the UN in response to the changing international situation. Archival materials allow us to understand the attitude of the Soviet political elite to multilateral diplomacy and reconstruct the USSR’s assessment of the effectiveness of the organisation’s activities both in the field of maintaining international security and in the non-political sphere. Referring to the analysis of materials from the Russian Foreign Policy Archive (AVP RF) and the Russian State Social and Political Archive (RGASPI), the author reconstructs the rationale behind the propaganda campaign in the Soviet press against Trygve Lie, the first UN Secretary-General, in connection with the publication of the annual report on the organisation’s work between 1947 and 1948. Coordinated criticism of the world’s highest-ranking diplomat became an integral part of the political game in connection with the settlement of the Berlin crisis, as well as an important element in the strategy of a massive propaganda offensive against the United States, aimed at portraying the Truman administration as the culprit of the imminent split in Europe and Germany.
The History of Pre-Petrine Russia as Recounted by Voltaire: The View of an Enlightened European
Authors: Mezin Sergey
Published: September 2020

This article analyses Voltaire’s evaluation of pre-Petrine Russia, its evolution, the sources of Voltaire’s data on medieval Muscovy, and his Russian contemporaries’ attitude to the historical work of the enlightener. The topic of Russia is touched upon in a number of Voltaire’s works: The History of Charles XII, Anecdotes of Peter the Great, Essay on the Customs and the Spirit of the Nations, and History of the Russian Empire under Peter the Great. Peter I is always characterised as the “creator” of a new Russia. This idea, as well as European stereotypes of Muscovy, determined the author’s attitude to pre-Petrine Rus’. Voltaire created a picture of a barbaric society characterised by superstitions, ignorance, despotism, the enslavement of its subjects, the dominance of Asian customs, and isolation. In History of the Russian Empire under Peter the Great, Voltaire softens his characterisation of pre-Petrine Rus’. It no longer looks to him like a country stuck in its barbarism. Voltaire emphasises the desire of Peter’s predecessors for transformation, as a result of which the picture of medieval Russia acquires a more realistic form. On becoming acquainted with the sources, the enlightener’s observations indicate the formation of a new look at the process of civilization. The article’s author singles out issues of medieval history of Russia considered by Voltaire in his works and the sources that formed the basis of the “Russian” works of the famous French writer, paying attention to the conclusions that ultimately not only confirmed Voltaire’s new history of Russia, but also outlined novel ways to study world history.
Rembrandt’s Danaë as Perceived by Russian Postmodern Artists
Authors: Parfentyeva Natalia , Parfentyev Nikolai
Published: September 2020

This article considers works of contemporary artists inspired by Rembrandt’s Danaë (1636). The article’s purpose is to reveal the authors’ approaches to the perception of Rembrandt’s masterpiece and the representation of the well-known image in modern art. Paintings found at the exhibition In Memory of a Masterpiece (Chelyabinsk, 2006) are studied in the context of postmodern tendencies. Temporal, spatial, stylistic, cultural, and symbolic layers in works devoted to Danaë not only coexist and interact but are also presented with maximum irony, which is studied in the article through the prism of J. Baudrillard’s theory of simulacra and that of “double copying” by R. Barthes. Artists get actively involved in the game, which is realised by decanonising and fragmenting the original and creating unexpected extravagant combinations. Their dialogue with Rembrandt involves borrowings from the original through direct citation and other forms, i. e. allusions, reminiscences, and the grotesque. The article’s authors classify works according to how the artists use different citation formulas containing explicit and implicit references to the original painting. In their interpretations, contemporary artists present the “memory of Danaë” in nostalgic and ironic ways, also using play, parody, and protest. Together with this, the play on 20th-century styles is easy to notice and ranges from naïve art, primitivism, and minimalism to expressionism, symbolism, cubism, abstractionism, surrealism, suprematism, etc. As a result, what emerges is a mega-text where canon and tradition interact with the unique form chosen by the author of a particular painting. Even though all the works are united by a single theme and scale, the artists demonstrate a high degree of freedom, a spirit of contest, and play in the context of the postmodernist perception of the heritage of Rembrandt. They start a dialogue with the great Dutch painter, each of them being a mature and recognised master, which adds to the project’s artistic importance. The variations on the theme of Danaë by Rembrandt dramatically differ from each other from the point of view of composition, technique, colour, and style. The artists make it possible for the well-known plot to be prolonged and actualised, making it a sign of contemporary culture and convincing the viewer of the vast possibilities of modern art.
…The French king wrote to our Sovereign about love: Henry III de Valois and the Emperors of Muscovy
Authors: Shishkin Vladimir
Published: September 2020

This article is an analytical review of five letters by King Henry III of France and Poland to the Russian tsars Ivan IV and Fyodor I between 1574 and 1588. The author reconstructs their content based on extant sources from archive collections in Russian and French libraries. The appendix provides evidence about the attribution of one of Henry III’s letters from 1588, which was previously considered to have been addressed to Fyodor by Henry IV de Bourbon in 1589: its transcription based on three copies with a Russian translation. Based on the materials of royal and diplomatic correspondence, the article also traces the evolution of relations between the monarchs of the two countries in the second half of the sixteenth century.
Hungarian Troops in World War II: The Bitter Truth of Archival Documents and an Attempt at Revision
Authors: Krausz Tamás
Published: September 2020

This study analyses how Hungarian historiography reflects the revision of the results of the Great Patriotic War. From the position of the ideas of totalitarianism, Hungarian historian Krisztián Ungváry equals the roles of Nazi Germany and the USSR played in World War II, thus equating the two regimes. A number of Hungarian historians distort the role of the Hungarian occupation army in the genocide on Soviet territory and falsify the history of the partisan war, ignoring the peculiar annihilative character of the Nazi war in the East. Ungváry completely overlooks the fundamental differences between the fates of German and Soviet prisoners of war. This study aims to provide a brief overview of the reasons for this distorted approach. The second part of the publication mostly focuses on the falsification of sources and the neglect of objective statistics. The neglect of documents from Russian archives in national Hungarian historiography, caused by misunderstood patriotism, is capable of not only splitting public opinion but is also very distant from the principles of academic scholarship.
The Downfall of the Russian and Austro-Hungarian Empires and the Monarchist Counter-Revolution
Authors: Bondarenko Dmytro
Published: September 2020

The aim of this article is to offer a comparative analysis of the revolutionary dissolution of the Russian and the Austro-Hungarian Empires, and also to study the process of revolution-counter-revolution, in particular, the origins, classification, and results of the monarchist counter-revolution witnessed in the territories of the former Empires. The monarchist counter-revolution in Central and Eastern Europe emerged in these countries (Russia, Hungary, Finland) precisely as a response to Soviet power and Bolshevism, as an ideology and political practice. It would not have had a serious basis during the democratic republican period of the revolution that preceded Bolshevism. The factors involved in the emergence of a monarchist counter-revolution include the following: the existence of strong monarchist traditions in society, the presence of charismatic military and political leaders who professed monarchical views (for example, Lieutenant-General Baron Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim in Finland, Lieutenant-General Pavlo Skoropadsky in Ukraine, Major-General Pyotr Krasnov in the Don, Vice-Admiral Alexander Kolchak in Russia, Vice-Admiral Miklós Horthy in Hungary), and, finally, international military and diplomatic support from neighboring monarchies, for instance, the German Empire and the Kingdom of Sweden in the case of Finland, the German Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire in the cases of Ukraine and Don, and we can also consider, in a certain sense, the Kingdom of Romania in the case of Hungary. The monarchist counter-revolution developed at the periphery of each state (for example, in Finland, it was in Vaasa, in Hungary – Szeged, in Russia – Omsk), since the capitals were captured by the Bolsheviks. Admittedly, the monarchist counter-revolution was defeated in Russia, but, in Finland and Hungary, its victory had only a provisional character, since both Kingdoms existed without their kings due to Allied pressure.
Had It Not Been for the Tower of Babel, or Why All of Russia Would Not Speak French
Authors: Kondakov Denis
Published: September 2020

This review analyses The French Language in Russia: A Social, Political, Cultural, and Literary History, a book by an international research group (D. Offord, V. Rjéoutski, G. Argent). It deals with the peculiarities of French language use and attitudes towards it in the Russian Empire from Peter I to Alexander II. The book’s authors consider the history of French language teaching and determine the functions of French at court, high society, diplomacy, administration, fiction, journalism, private correspondence, diaries, and memoirs. They also examine attacks on gallomania in Russian comedies and novels between the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. D. Offord, V. Rjéoutski, and G. Argent argue that Russian society, despite the widespread use of the French language, was never monolingual. They claim that the Russian language developed due to active contacts with French and other languages in the political, social, cultural, and literary spheres. Thus, francophonie became one of the crucial factors of Russia’s westernisation. Without questioning the relevance and importance of the conclusions, the reviewer points out the underestimation of historical inertia which let the French language shape the cultural image of Russian society until the Revolution of 1917.
Birthday Collections — Pro et Contra
Authors: Dergacheva Irina , Sozina Elena
Published: September 2020

What are the ideological and artistic peculiarities of collections of articles published in connection with a scholar’s birthday and how are they different from high-ranking academic journals? In this article, the reviewers analyse two collections of articles on philology issued to commemorate scholars’ birthdays and try to answer these questions. Except for expressing respect, such collections are manifestations of the cultural and academic views and achievements of the scholar, their followers, and students. Such collections aim to draw attention to the personality of a scholar who has established a school and is developing their field of knowledge; also, it is an opportunity to evaluate their achievements and the achievements of their school, which has its own methods and followers. The reviewers analyse materials of both collections and conclude that they can be characterised by a diversity of views and methods from literary criticism on Russian literature compared with precedent texts of world literature. On the other hand, the disadvantage of such collections is the fact that they contain many articles authored by people willing to express their gratitude to the scholar but failing to comply with the theme and concept of the collection. The reviewers conclude that, overall, such collections are meant as an attempt at a collective search for scholarly truth. Together with high-ranking journals indexed in Russian and international databases, such collections are a valuable fund, accumulating scholarly research works as they focus on the new discoveries of different schools of knowledge.
Gender characteristics of retinal parameters in patients with uncomplicated hypertension
Authors: Barsukov A. V. , Shcherbakova K. A. , Burnasheva M. A. , Maltsev D. S. , Kulikov A. N. , Korovin A. E. , Yasenovets M. V. , Gordienko A. V.
Published: September 2020

Aim. To establish gender specificities of retinal arteriolar and venular diameters, foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area, subfoveal choroid thickness (SCT), and to determine their association with cardiovascular risk and prognosis in patients with uncomplicated hypertension (HTN).

Material and methods. The study included 70 patients (56 males and 14 females) aged 45-59 years with stage I or II HTN. There were following  exclusion  criteria:  diabetes,  liver  failure,  clinically  relevant  ophthalmic pathology. We assessed routine hemodynamic parameters, biochemical profile, serum N-terminal procollagen-III peptide, urinary albumin-creatinine ratio, 24-hour urinary albumin excretion, retinal parameters. All patients underwent electrocardiography and echocardiography. Ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease (SCORE) was estimated. Based on scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, central   retinal   arterial   (CRAE)   and   venous   (CRVE)   equivalents, arteriovenous ratio (AVR) were calculated. Using optical coherence tomography angiography, we determined FAZ area and SCT. Data processing was performed using StatSoft Statistica 10.

Results. Hypertensive women were characterized by significantly larger FAZ area (p<0,001), CRVE  (p=0,005), CRAE (p=0,012)  compared with men. SCT values (p>0,05) were comparable. CRVE was associated with Cornell voltage product (r=0,3) in the male group. In women, age was negatively correlated with SCT (r=-0,54); SCORE value was inversely associated with SCT (r=-0,56), AVR (r=-0,53), CRAE (r=-0,3).

Conclusion. In patients with uncomplicated HTN, the gender specificities of retina are manifested by a relative decrease of arteriolar diameters in males and a relative increase of venular diameters and FAZ in females. SCT decreases most clearly with age among hypertensive women. Men are characterized by a direct association of retinal venular diameters with a quantitative electrocardiographic marker of left ventricular hypertrophy. In women, there are an inverse association of SCT and arteriolar diameters with a ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular  disease.