bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Visual Analog Scale Scores in Pain Assessment during Pulpotomy using Different Injection Materials in Children Aged 6 to 8 and 8 to 10 Years
Authors: Alinejhad Donya , Bahrololoomi Zahra , Navabazam Alireza , Ali Asayesh M
Published: March 2018

Aim

Proper anesthesia and pain management during treatment are most important concerns in dentistry for people of all ages, especially children. This study compared the success rate of lidocaine block with articaine buccal infiltration during anesthesia of the primary mandibular second molars in children aged 6 to 8 and 8 to 10 years.

Materials and methods

The present clinical trial was conducted on 40 children aged 6 to 8 and 8 to 10 years who were referred to the Department of Pediatrics of the Faculty of Dentistry at Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in Yazd (Islamic Republic of Iran) and needed to be treated with pulpotomy on both primary mandibular second molars. The patients were randomly divided into two groups. At the first session, a group received articaine buccal infiltration and the other group experienced inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) block. At the next visit, this trend was reversed. Visual analog scale (VAS) was used to evaluate the pain during pulpotomy.

Results

Data were analyzed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (version 17) software using Mann–Whitney test. According to the results of this test, the pain during pulpotomy was significantly lower in the articaine group (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Articaine buccal infiltration can be employed for pulpotomy treatment in primary mandibular second molars.

Clinical significance

This research will eliminate block injection of lidocaine in children and utilize infiltration of articaine for pulpotomy treatment of mandibular teeth, hence preventing lingual nerve damage and prolonging paresthesia of IAN, lip, and cheek bite due to IAN block anesthesia.

How to cite this article

Alinejhad D, Bahrololoomi Z, Navabazam A, Asayesh MA. Comparison of Visual Analog Scale Scores in Pain Assessment during Pulpotomy using Different Injection Materials in Children Aged 6 to 8 and 8 to 10 Years. J Contemp Dent Pract 2018;19(3):313-317.
Effect of Different Surface Treatments on Biaxial Flexural Strength of Yttria-stabilized Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystal
Authors: Jain Teerthesh , Porwal Amit , Babu Sumanth , Khan Zahid A , Kaur Chandeep , Jain Ranu B
Published: March 2018

Introduction

Ceramics are widely applied in dentistry owing to their excellent mechanical and physical attributes. The most popular ceramics are Lava™, KaVo Everest, and Cercon. However, it is unclear whether or not a different surface treatment along with low-temperature aging and mechanical loading (ML) affects the physical properties of computer-aided design (CAD)/computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)-machined yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZP) ceramic.

Aim

The objective of this research was to assess the impact of various surface treatments as air-particle abrasion, ML, low-temperature degradation (LTD), and their cumulative effects on biaxial flexural properties of Y-TZP.

Materials and methods

Totally, 50 specimens were fabricated by CAD–CAM machining from Cercon® and divided into five groups following different surface treatments as control (C), air-particle abrasion (Si), ML, LTD, and cumulative treatment (CT) group. Results were investigated by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey honest significant difference (HSD) test.

Results

The highest biaxial flexural strength was observed in the Si group (950.2 ± 126.7 MPa), followed by the LTD group (861.3 ± 166.8 MPa), CT group (851.2 ± 126.5 MPa), and the least with ML (820 ± 110 MPa). A significant difference was observed in the two-way ANOVA test. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the control group consists of 100% tetragonal zirconia and the maximum amount of monoclinic phase was obtained after LTD.

Conclusion

No negative effect on biaxial flexural strength was observed; indeed, it increases the biaxial strength. Hence, these surface treatments can be done in routine clinical practice to improve the performance of ceramic restoration.

How to cite this article

Jain T, Porwal A, Babu S, Khan ZA, Kaur C, Jain RB. Effect of Different Surface Treatments on Biaxial Flexural Strength of Yttria-stabilized Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystal. J Contemp Dent Pract 2018;19(3):318-323.
Quality of Life-related “Patient-reported Outcome Measures” in Oral Submucous Fibrosis Patients
Authors: Yuwanati Monal , Gondivkar Rima S
Published: March 2018

Aim

The aim of this study was to explore the patients’ perspectives about the impact of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) on life quality.

Materials and methods

Thirty clinically diagnosed OSF patients with a wide degree of disease severity and diverse range of sociodemographic profile were included in this study. Fourteen participants were interviewed and four focus group discussions were conducted in nonclinical settings. The audio recordings were anonymized, transcribed, and translated in English from Marathi language. Data were analyzed using an in-depth narrative thematic analysis method.

Results

Four main themes evolved from the interviews: (1) discomfort and functional impairment; (2) psychological wellness; (3) physical wellness, and (4) social wellness. Majority of the participants discussed about discomfort and functional impairment. Participants also reported greater impact of OSF on psychological and social wellness.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated the impact of OSF on different aspects of participant’s life. “Discomfort and functional impairment” was noticed to be the most recognized theme by our participants. However, OSF also has impacts on other important domains, namely psychological, social, and physical wellness.

Clinical significance

The patient-reported outcome (PRO) measure (PROM) reflects an integral aspect of general health and well-being and thus can be used to elucidate the impact of OSF on the quality of life (QoL) of affected individuals. These patients’ perspectives should be taken into consideration along with thorough clinical examination to decide and effectively manage the overall health care needs of the OSF patients.

How to cite this article

Gondivkar SM, Bhowate RR, Gadbail AR, Sarode SC, Gondivkar RS, Yuwanati M, Patil S. Quality of Life-related “Patient-reported Outcome Measures” in Oral Submucous Fibrosis Patients. J Contemp Dent Pract 2018;19(3):331-338.
Comparative Evaluation of Flexural Strength of Nano-zirconia-integrated Pressable Feldspathic and Lithium Disilicate Ceramics
Authors: Sasikala Chengalvarayan , Chander N Gopi
Published: March 2018

Aim

The purpose of the study was to evaluate and compare the flexural strength of nano-reinforced zirconia feldspathic porcelain, lithium disilicate ceramics, and zirconia.

Materials and methods

Ten bar-shaped specimens of computer-aided design (CAD)/computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) zirconia, reinforced feldspathic porcelain, and reinforced lithium disilicate were fabricated in accordance to International Organization for Standardization (ISO 6872; n = 10). Feldspathic porcelain and lithium disilicate ceramic specimens were reinforced with 5, 10, 15, and 20% of zirconia nanoparticles through a customized technique. The specimens were subjected to three-point flexural strength test using universal testing machine (UTM) and examined for crack propagation using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). One­way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test were used to analyze the data (p < 0.05).

Results

The flexural strength of feldsphatic porcelain increased with the increase in the concentration of zirconia particles. The mean flexural strength of 5, 10, 15, and 20% nano-zirconia-incorporated lithium disilicate was 93.8, 97.1, 100.6, and 100.8 MPa respectively, and was lower than the control group (221.7 MPa). A significant difference in the flexural strength was found with the incorporation of nano-zirconia particles.

Conclusion

The flexural strength of zirconia-integrated feldspathic porcelain increased and lithium disilicate ceramics decreased with the nano-zirconia reinforcement.

Clinical significance

The simplified approach of reinforcing feldspathic porcelain with zirconia nanoparticles can be adapted in clinical situations of higher masticatory forces.

How to cite this article

Sasikala C, Chander NG. Comparative Evaluation of Flexural Strength of Nano-zirconia-integrated Pressable Feldspathic and Lithium Disilicate Ceramics. J Contemp Dent Pract 2018;19(3):339-344.
Entre a proteção e os fundamentos dos direitos humanos: críticas a algumas dificuldades hermenêuticas do positivismo jurídico
Authors: Brum Rômulo Gubert de Mello , Ferreira Rafael Fonseca
Published: March 2018

A partir de um recorte temático o presente artigo visa elaborar uma breve contribuição: a de que a proteção dos direitos humanos não prescinde do problema de sua fundamentação. De maneira mais incisiva procura demonstrar que somente se pode compreender o que sejam ou não tais direitos na medida em que se resgatam seus fundamentos insculpidos não somente através de documentos jurídicos/políticos, mas ao longo do curso histórico da humanidade. O trabalho é dividido em dois tópicos: o primeiro deles dedicado a delimitar as dificuldades impostas à afirmação cunhada por Norberto Bobbio de que o desafio dos direitos humanos contemporaneamente é sua proteção e, somente em segundo plano, seu fundamento, analisando ainda as limitações de uma perspectiva estatalista do Direito para a abertura constitucional aos tratados internacionais de proteção à dignidade humana. A segunda parte visa esboçar uma alternativa teórica capaz de enfrentar satisfatoriamente tais dificuldades, especialmente com os aportes do Direito como integridade de Ronald Dworkin e da Hermenêutica filosófica de Hans-Georg Gadamer, com o objetivo de demonstrar a imprescindibilidade da ideia de fundamentação como elo entre texto constitucional e tradição dos direitos humanos. A abordagem desenvolvida se sucede com as contribuições da hermenêutica filosófica.
Comprehensive analysis of particle growth rates from nucleation
mode to cloud condensation nuclei in Boreal forest
Authors: Paasonen Pauli , Peltola Maija , Kontkanen Jenni , Junninen Heikki , Kerminen Veli-Matti , Kulmala Markku
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Growth of aerosol particles to sizes at which they can act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) is a crucial factor in estimating the current and future impacts of aerosol cloud climate interactions. Growth rates are typically determined for particles with diameters (dP) smaller than 40 nm immediately after a regional new particle formation (NPF) event. These growth rates are often taken as representatives for the particle growth until CCN sizes (dP > 50–100 nm). In modelling frameworks, the concentration of the condensable vapours causing the growth is typically calculated with steady state assumptions, where the condensation sink is the only loss term for the vapours. Additionally, the growth to CCN sizes is represented with the condensation of extremely low-volatile vapours and gas-particle partitioning of semi-volatile vapours. Here, we use a novel automatic method to determine growth rates (GR) from below 10 nm to hundreds of nanometres from a 20-years long particle size distribution data set in Boreal forest. With this method, we are able to detect growth rates also at other times than immediately after a NPF event. We show that the GR increases with an increasing oxidation rate of monoterpenes, which is closely coupled with the ambient temperature. Based on our analysis, the oxidation reactions of monoterpenes with ozone, hydroxyl radical and nitrate radical all are capable of producing vapours that contribute to the particle growth in the studied size ranges. We find that GR increases with particle diameter, resulting in up to three-fold GRs for particles with dP ~ 100 nm in comparison to those with dP ~ 10 nm. We use a single particle model to show that this increase in GR can be explained with aerosol-phase reactions, in which semi-volatile vapours form non-volatile dimers. Finally, our analysis reveals that the GR of particles with dP
Information content of OCO-2 oxygen A-band channels for retrieving marine liquid cloud properties
Authors: Richardson Mark , Stephens Graeme L.
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Information content analysis is used to select channels
for a marine liquid cloud retrieval using the high-spectral-resolution oxygen
A-band instrument on NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2). Desired
retrieval properties are cloud optical depth, cloud-top pressure and
cloud pressure thickness, which is the geometric thickness expressed in hectopascals.
Based on information content criteria we select a micro-window of 75 of the
853 functioning OCO-2 channels spanning 763.5–764.6 nm and perform a series
of synthetic retrievals with perturbed initial conditions. We estimate
posterior errors from the sample standard deviations and obtain ±0.75
in optical depth and ±12.9 hPa in both cloud-top pressure and cloud
pressure thickness, although removing the 10 % of samples with the highest
χ2 reduces posterior error in cloud-top pressure to ±2.9 hPa
and cloud pressure thickness to ±2.5 hPa. The application of this
retrieval to real OCO-2 measurements is briefly discussed, along with
limitations and the greatest caution is urged regarding the assumption of a
single homogeneous cloud layer, which is often, but not always, a reasonable
approximation for marine boundary layer clouds.
Comparing soil carbon loss through respiration and leaching under extreme precipitation events in arid and semiarid grasslands
Authors: Liu Ting , Wang Liang , Feng Xiaojuan , Zhang Jinbo , Ma Tian , Wang Xin , Liu Zongguang
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Respiration and leaching are two main processes responsible for soil carbon loss. While the former has received considerable research attention, studies examining leaching processes are limited, especially in semiarid grasslands due to low precipitation. Climate change may increase the extreme precipitation event (EPE) frequency in arid and semiarid regions, potentially enhancing soil carbon loss through leaching and respiration. Here we incubated soil columns of three typical grassland soils from Inner Mongolia and the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau and examined the effect of simulated EPEs on soil carbon loss through respiration and leaching. EPEs induced a transient increase in CO2 release through soil respiration, equivalent to 32 and 72 % of the net ecosystem productivity (NEP) in the temperate grasslands (Xilinhot and Keqi) and 7 % of NEP in the alpine grasslands (Gangcha). By comparison, leaching loss of soil carbon accounted for 290, 120, and 15 % of NEP at the corresponding sites, respectively, with dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC, biogenic DIC + lithogenic DIC) as the main form of carbon loss in the alkaline soils. Moreover, DIC loss increased with recurring EPEs in the soil with the highest pH due to an elevated contribution of dissolved CO2 from organic carbon degradation (indicated by DIC-δ13C). These results highlight the fact that leaching loss of soil carbon (particularly in the form of DIC) is important in the regional carbon budget of arid and semiarid grasslands and also imply that SOC mineralization in alkaline soils might be underestimated if only measured as CO2 emission from soils into the atmosphere. With a projected increase in EPEs under climate change, soil carbon leaching processes and the influencing factors warrant a better understanding and should be incorporated into soil carbon models when estimating carbon balance in grassland ecosystems.
Tracking an atmospheric river in a warmer climate: from water vapor to economic impacts
Authors: Dominguez Francina , Dall'erba Sandy , Huang Shuyi , Avelino Andre , Mehran Ali , Hu Huancui , Schmidt Arthur , Schick Lawrence , Lettenmaier Dennis
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Atmospheric rivers (ARs) account for more than 75 % of heavy
precipitation events and nearly all of the extreme flooding events
along the Olympic Mountains and western Cascade Mountains of western
Washington state. In a warmer climate, ARs in this region are
projected to become more frequent and intense, primarily due to
increases in atmospheric water vapor. However, it is unclear how the
changes in water vapor transport will affect regional flooding and
associated economic impacts. In this work we present an integrated
modeling system to quantify the atmospheric–hydrologic–hydraulic and
economic impacts of the December 2007 AR event that impacted the
Chehalis River basin in western Washington. We use the modeling system
to project impacts under a hypothetical scenario in which the same
December 2007 event occurs in a warmer climate. This method allows us
to incorporate different types of uncertainty, including (a)
alternative future radiative forcings, (b) different responses of the
climate system to future radiative forcings and (c) different
responses of the surface hydrologic system. In the warming scenario,
AR integrated vapor transport increases; however, these changes do not
translate into generalized increases in precipitation throughout the
basin. The changes in precipitation translate into spatially
heterogeneous changes in sub-basin runoff and increased streamflow
along the entire Chehalis main stem. Economic losses due to stock
damages increase moderately, but losses in terms of business
interruption are significant. Our integrated modeling tool provides
communities in the Chehalis region with a range of possible future
physical and economic impacts associated with AR flooding.
Quantifying biostabilisation effects of biofilm-secreted and extracted extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) on sandy substrate
Authors: van de Lageweg Wietse I. , McLelland Stuart J. , Parsons Daniel R.
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Microbial assemblages (“biofilms”) preferentially develop at
water–sediment interfaces and are known to have a considerable influence on
sediment stability and erodibility. There is potential for significant
impacts on sediment transport and morphodynamics, and hence on the
longer-term evolution of coastal and fluvial environments. However, the
biostabilisation effects remain poorly understood and quantified due to the
inherent complexity of biofilms and the large spatial and temporal (i.e.
seasonality) variations involved. Here, we use controlled laboratory tests to
systematically quantify the effects of natural biofilm colonisation as well
as extracted extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) on sediment stability.
Extracted EPSs may be useful to simulate biofilm-mediated biostabilisation
and potentially provide a method of speeding up timescales of physical
modelling experiments investigating biostabilisation effects. We find a mean
biostabilisation effect due to natural biofilm colonisation and development
of almost 4 times that of the uncolonised sand. The presented cumulative
probability distribution of measured critical threshold for erosion of
colonised sand reflects the large spatial and temporal variations generally
seen in natural biostabilised environments. For identical sand, engineered
sediment stability from the addition of extracted EPSs compares well across
the measured range of the critical threshold for erosion and behaves in a
linear and predictable fashion. Yet, the effectiveness of extracted EPSs to
stabilise sediment is sensitive to the preparation procedure, time after
application and environmental conditions such as salinity, pH and
temperature. These findings are expected to improve biophysical experimental
models in fluvial and coastal environments and provide much-needed
quantification of biostabilisation to improve predictions of sediment
dynamics in aquatic ecosystems.
Overview of experiment design and comparison of models participating in phase 1 of the SPARC Quasi-Biennial Oscillation initiative (QBOi)
Authors: Butchart Neal , Anstey James A. , Hamilton Kevin , Osprey Scott , McLandress Charles , Bushell Andrew C. , Kawatani Yoshio , Kim Young-Ha , Lott Francois , Scinocca John , Stockdale Timothy N. , Andrews Martin , Bellprat Omar , Braesicke Peter , Cagnazzo Chiara , Chen Chih-Chieh , Chun Hye-Yeong , Dobrynin Mikhail , Garcia Rolando R. , Garcia-Serrano Javier , Gray Lesley J. , Holt Laura , Kerzenmacher Tobias , Naoe Hiroaki , Pohlmann Holger , Richter Jadwiga H. , Scaife Adam A. , Schenzinger Verena , Serva Federico , Versick Stefan , Watanabe Shingo , Yoshida Kohei , Yukimoto Seiji
Published: March 2018

Abstract. The Stratosphere–troposphere Processes And their Role in Climate (SPARC) Quasi-Biennial Oscillation initiative (QBOi) aims to improve the fidelity of tropical stratospheric variability in general circulation and Earth system models by conducting coordinated numerical experiments and analysis. In the equatorial stratosphere, the QBO is the most conspicuous mode of variability. Five coordinated experiments have therefore been designed to (i) evaluate and compare the verisimilitude of modelled QBOs under present-day conditions, (ii) identify robustness (or alternatively the spread and uncertainty) in the simulated QBO response to commonly imposed changes in model climate forcings (e.g. a doubling of CO2 amounts), and (iii) examine model dependence of QBO predictability. This paper documents these experiments and the recommended output diagnostics. The rationale behind the experimental design and choice of diagnostics is presented. To facilitate scientific interpretation of the results in other planned QBOi studies, consistent descriptions of the models performing each experiment set are given, with those aspects particularly relevant for simulating the QBO tabulated for easy comparison.
Revised mineral dust emissions in the atmospheric chemistry–climate model EMAC (MESSy 2.52 DU_Astitha1 KKDU2017 patch)
Authors: Klingmüller Klaus , Metzger Swen , Abdelkader Mohamed , Karydis Vlassis A. , Stenchikov Georgiy L. , Pozzer Andrea , Lelieveld Jos
Published: March 2018

Abstract. To improve the aeolian dust budget calculations with the global ECHAM/MESSy
atmospheric chemistry–climate model (EMAC), which combines the Modular Earth
Submodel System (MESSy) with the ECMWF/Hamburg (ECHAM) climate model developed
at the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg based on a weather
prediction model of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), we have
implemented new input data and updates of the emission scheme. The data set comprises land cover classification, vegetation, clay fraction and
topography.
It is based on up-to-date observations, which are crucial to account for the
rapid changes of deserts and semi-arid regions in recent decades.
The new Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)-based land cover
and vegetation data are time dependent, and the effect of long-term trends and
variability of the relevant parameters is therefore considered by the emission
scheme.
All input data have a spatial resolution of at least 0.1∘ compared to
1∘ in the previous version, equipping the model for high-resolution
simulations. We validate the updates by comparing the aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 550 nm
wavelength from a 1-year simulation at T106 (about 1.1∘) resolution
with Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) and MODIS observations, the
10 µm dust AOD (DAOD) with Infrared Atmospheric Sounding
Interferometer (IASI) retrievals, and dust concentration and deposition
results with observations from the Aerosol Comparisons between Observations and Models (AeroCom) dust benchmark data set. The
update significantly improves agreement with the observations and is therefore
recommended to be used in future simulations.
Cumulative effects of transgenerational induction on plant palatability to generalist and specialist herbivores
Authors: Neylan Isabelle P. , Dirzo Rodolfo , Sobral Mar
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Herbivore damage can induce anti-herbivore traits in plants. However, there
is little data regarding how these induced traits
affect a plant's palatability (an important factor in determining the
likelihood and magnitude of herbivore damage) across multiple generations
post-induction, or whether the effect of transgenerational induction differs
between generalist and specialist herbivores. Here we used palatability as a
measure of the effects of transgenerational defensive induction in wild
radish plants. We conducted a greenhouse experiment to determine whether
generalist (slugs) and specialist (caterpillars of the white cabbage
butterfly) herbivores' preference for wild radish differed depending on the
number of previous generations that experienced herbivory. We found lowered
palatability in plants with two or three inductions in their past in the case
of generalist slugs, while palatability to a specialist herbivore was not
affected by transgenerational induction. We conclude that the history of
herbivory experienced by a plant's ancestors over multiple generations may
play an important role in its ability to defend itself against generalist
herbivores, but not against the specialists with whom they have co-evolved.
Our findings suggest that the effects that multiple past inductions may have
on palatability down the family line can be expected to have ecological and
evolutionary implications.
A first inventory of gypsum flora in the Palearctic and Australia
Authors: Pérez-García Francisco J. , Akhani Hossein , Parsons Robert F. , Silcock Jennifer L. , Kurt Latif , Özdeniz Ebru , Spampinato Giovanni , Musarella Carmelo M. , Salmerón-Sánchez Esteban , Sola Fernando , Merlo María E. , Martínez-Hernández Fabián , Mendoza-Fernández Antonio J. , Garrido-Becerra Juan A. , Mota Juan F.
Published: March 2018

Gypseous substrates are well-recognised as supporting distinctive and unique flora assemblages, including numerous gypsum endemic (gypsophile) species. Along with these, others are also frequent although their presence is not restricted to gypsum; they show a clear preference for them (gypsocline). While this phenomenon (gypsophily) has been studied regionally, and various hypotheses put forward to explain it, there has been little global synthesis. We present a preliminary check-list on the gypsophile and gypsocline flora of the Palaearctic and Australian areas as a part of a project to develop a global checklist of the World’s gypsophytes, which can broaden our ecological and biogeographical understanding of these unique environments. The database contains 935 taxa spanning 54 countries. The Irano-Turanian region —and to a lesser extent the Mediterranean region— emerged as the richest territories in terms of gypsophile species; this richness was much reduced in the Saharo-Arabian and, especially in the Eurosiberian regions. The factors that can modulate the richness of gypsophytes in a region are discussed and have been distributed into four groups: a) geological and edaphic factors; b) factors linked to the insular nature of outcrops; c) climatic variables and their interaction with the soil; d) biogeographical factors. The importance of those factors linked to insularity and, especially, to water availability is emphasized. Because the soil structure of many gypsum outcrops reduces water ability to plants, such outcrops can be regarded as “dry-islands” surrounded by less xeric substrates. The fact that gypsophytes can be grouped within a few major flowering plant clades across continents, confirms their pre-adaptations to these harsh and unique environments. Our work provides a preliminary database for exploring ecological and biogeographic issues relating to gypsophily, and we hope it will stimulate global interest in these valuable ecosystems.
Index of nomenclatural syntaxonomic novelties
Authors: Mediterranean Botany Editorial Board
Published: March 2018

Index of nomenclatural syntaxonomic novelties
Digitising and Re-examining Vere Gordon Childe’s ‘Dawn of European Civilization’: a celebration of the UCL Institute of Archaeology’s 80th Anniversary
Authors: Meheux Katie
Published: March 2018

This article presents a detailed examination of Gordon Childe’s The Dawn of European Civilization, one of the best known books in European Archaeology. An overview of the book, its scope and influence is provided, as well as an analysis of its complex theoretical structures and philosophical context. Detailed sequential analysis of all six editions reveals how the original was repeatedly reinvented by Childe over a thirty year period in response to advances in European archaeology, his own theoretical interests and external political factors. The importance of the book for the history of 20th century archaeology and its role as an ‘ancestral text’ are assessed.
Avoiding the Pestilence of the State: Some Thoughts on Niche Construction, Heritage, and Sacred Waterworks
Authors: Wengrow David
Published: March 2018

The egalitarian character of traditional irrigation (subak) systems in Bali has been widely documented and discussed by anthropologists, historians, and archaeologists. In a recent study, Stephen Lansing and Karyn Fox considered how the principles of niche construction theory might help to understand the genesis of these systems, as well as certain of their institutional characteristics. Here I discuss how this approach might be extended, to include the relationship between subak systems and the hierarchical organization of the Balinese state, within which they exist. Just as the logistics of subak irrigation work to maintain a symbiosis between rice farmers and the non-human predators (e.g. crop-pests) which surround them, so the ritual elaboration of the agrarian calendar works as a kind of cultural camouflage against the parasitical interests of the state. In theory, these ecological and institutional dimensions of subak may seem to pertain to quite separate spheres of Balinese life. In practice, I suggest, they are intertwined aspects of a single system, which allowed the subak to survive from their origins in the 11th century AD, down to their recent inscription on the UNESCO World Heritage List.
A Selection of News from the Institute
Authors: Hamilton Sue , Frearson Charlotte , Gardner Andrew , Reade Hazel , Rando Carolyn
Published: March 2018

Details of news and events can be found throughout the year on the Institute’s website at http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/calendar.
Mincing words: Balancing recovery and deletion in word truncation
Authors: Pham Mike , Lee Jackson L.
Published: March 2018

Brazilian Portuguese exhibits word truncation: e.g., the word cruzeiro ‘cruise’ results in the truncated form cruza, where the vowel -a is added to the truncated stem cruz-. Gonçalves (2011) claims that truncated words preserve the onset of the rightmost syllable of the first binary foot. We argue from a corpus-based perspective instead that the truncated stem is better predicted by optimizing two opposing forces: original word recovery and phonological deletion. These are formalized and implemented as right-complete counts (RC) and left-complete counts (LC), based primarily on the analysis of blends and subtractive word formation in Gries (2006) and taking into consideration the informativity of the deleted material as well as the preserved material. Specifically, a model incorporating both RC and LC outperforms one that uses only one or the other, as well as prosodic models based on binary feet, in predicting truncated stems in Brazilian Portuguese. Beyond truncation, our model has implications for morpheme segmentation as well as the mechanics of morphological reanalysis.
Consideraciones para un modelo de negocio de diseño Cubano desde la gestión estratégica.
Authors: Rubio Toledo Miguel Angel
Published: March 2018

Las recientes modificaciones políticas y económicas en Cuba, han generado la posibilidad de desarrollar potencialmente negocios de diversa índole, en donde la gestión estratégica del diseño puede ser un factor de crecimiento sostenido tanto para estos negocios como para el mismo diseño. Resulta fundamental proponer y coadyuvar a que estos negocios se posicionen, sean competitivos y se mantengan en crecimiento constante. Este trabajo sugiere que se analicen las consideraciones que han sido útiles para diversos negocios desde la gestión estratégica, con el fin de discurrir un modelo de negocio a partir de la literatura reciente.
Construcción de una trinchera gráfica: la experiencia de la Agrupación de Plásticos Jóvenes (APJ) y el Tallersol durante la dictadura en Chile
Authors: Rojas Nicole Cristi , Manzi Javiera
Published: March 2018

El papel político que tuvo el cartelismo en Chile como un medio de promoción y agitación sufrió una profunda redefinición desde el período de la Unidad Popular, en que se despliega una utopía gráfica que luego tras el golpe militar es asumida como práctica de resistencia. El presente artículo busca ahondar en la pregunta por la relación entre gráfica y política durante la década de los setenta y ochenta a partir de la experiencia de dos colectivos: la Agrupación de Plásticos Jóvenes (APJ) y el Centro Cultural Tallersol, ambos ubicados en Santiago de Chile. La forma en que politizan la práctica gráfica da lugar a una ampliación de lo político en tanto contenido o consigna, para dar lugar a la politización de sus procedimientos y a sus modos de hacer con otros. De este modo, se traslada la concepción de la pieza gráfica entendida como instrumento de propaganda, a la concepción de esta como resultado de un entramado de complicidad y experimentación mancomunada, una experiencia de producción que permite la construcción y expansión de una trinchera gráfica.
Post cartel en Chile: la pérdida del aura y su devaluación en tiempos de Google
Authors: Álvarez Caselli Pedro
Published: March 2018

El presente texto, desde una perspectiva cualitativa, analiza la circulación de carteles (en formato impreso y digital), principalmente vinculados a la esfera del espectáculo, el entretenimiento y la cultura en el contexto nacional reciente1, por medio de una discusión bibliográfica. Tiene como objetivo documentar, analizar y abrir un debate respecto del actual estatuto de la producción de carteles en un escenario donde nuestra subjetividad se ha ampliado en razón de un profundo cambio en los modos de producción y circulación de esta herramienta de comunicación, cuestionando la autonomía del diseñador. Se busca profundizar en una zona de investigación en la cual el cartel ha tenido una suerte de discontinuidad histórica que actualmente se torna aún más compleja dada su proliferación y presencia, tanto en el espacio urbano como en redes sociales digitales. El artículo en cuestión remite a un despliegue de artefactos culturales híbridos, inmediatos, transitorios e incluso kitsch, que son testimonio de la mentalidad de una época concreta.
El cartel político en México: memoria, reflexiones e inflexiones
Authors: Morelos Villegas José Manuel
Published: March 2018

Establecer una clasificación irreductible de los tipos de cartel es una empresa imposible, debido a que este ente creativo crea sus categorías en su devenir performativo y social. En el presente ensayo se hace un reconocimiento de su complejidad interpretativa, en su multiplicidad de valores y se insiste en la necesidad de establecer iniciativas de resguardo de los carteles de contenido político en México a fin de contener una memoria y patrimonio social e ideológico para la reconstrucción de la identidad, con vistas a su estudio e interpretación.
Diseño de packaging. Una aproximación sistémica a un artefacto complejo
Authors: Ciravegna Erik
Published: March 2018

El packaging es un artefacto complejo, que con el tiempo ha ampliado considerablemente sus funciones. Es un objeto de uso (prótesis instrumental), que permite contener un producto, protegerlo, almacenarlo, transportarlo, y al mismo tiempo, favorecer su interacción física con el usuario. Además es un dispositivo de comunicación (prótesis comunicativa), caracterizado por funciones de tipo apelativo, persuasivo, informativo, prescriptivo, entre otros.

Por su naturaleza multifacética, el proyecto de un envase requiere diferentes habilidades y la intervención de múltiples disciplinas: un packaging, por lo tanto, debe entenderse como el resultado de un conjunto integrado de elecciones realizadas por una pluralidad de actores que desempeñan, cada uno, un rol específico –directo o indirecto– en su definición. Dichos actores, junto con las relaciones que entre ellos se establecen a lo largo del ciclo de vida del producto, conforman el llamado “sistema-packaging”.

Dentro de este sistema, el Diseño –y específicamente el Diseño de comunicación– juega un papel relevante de dirección y mediación, capaz de dar forma a través de la síntesis proyectual a soluciones que sean expresión de la confluencia de las necesidades de las distintas partes implicadas y las múltiples funciones del artefacto, conectando la dimensión comunicativa a la dimensión más estrictamente prestacional y operativa.
Treatment trends and Medicare reimbursements for localized prostate cancer in elderly patients
Authors: Dell'Oglio Paolo , Valiquette Anne Sophie , Leyh-Bannurah Sami-Ramzi , Tian Zhe , Trudeau Vincent , Larcher Alessandro , Shariat Shahrokh F. , Capitanio Umberto , Briganti Alberto , Graefen Markus , Montorsi Francesco , Karakiewicz Pierre I.
Published: March 2018

Introduction: The absolute and proportional numbers of elderly patients diagnosed with localized prostate cancer (PCa) are on the rise. We examined treatment trends and reimbursement figures in localized PCa patients aged ≥80 years.Methods: Between 2000 and 2008, we identified 30 217 localized PCa patients aged ≥80 years in Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare-linked database. Alternative treatment modalities consisted of conservative management (CM), radiation therapy (RT), radical prostatectomy (RP), and primary androgendeprivation therapy (PADT). For all four modalities, utilization and reimbursements were examined.Results: PADT was the most frequently used treatment modality between 2000 and 2005. CM became the dominant treatment modality from 2006‒2008. RP rates were marginal. RT ranked third, and its annual rate increased from 20.77% in 2000 to 29.13% in 2008. Median individual reimbursement of RT was highest and ranged from $29 343 in 2000 to $31 090 in 2008, followed by RP (from $20 560 in 2000 to $19 580 in 2008), PADT (from $18 901 in 2000 to $8000 in 2008), and CM (from $1824 in 2000 to $1938 in 2008). RT contributed to most of the cumulative annual reimbursements from 2003 (49.24%) to 2008 (72.97%). PADT ranked first from 2000 (54.56%) to 2002 (50.49%), but decreased by 19.40% in 2008. CM’s contribution increased from 4.42% in 2000 to 6.96% in 2008. RP’s share of reimbursements was stable during the study period.Conclusions: Our results, focusing on localized PCa treatment in patients aged ≥80 years, showed an important increase in rates, median cost, and proportion of cumulative cost related to RT.
A population-based study examining the influence of a specialized rapid-access cancer clinic on initial treatment choice in localized prostate cancer
Authors: Vos Larissa J. , Ho Clement K. , Donnelly Bryan J. , Reuther J. Dean , Kerba Marc
Published: March 2018

Introduction: Treatment decisions in localized prostate cancer are complicated by the available choices. A rapid-access cancer clinic (RAC) has been unique to Calgary, AB, since 2007. This RAC offers multidisciplinary prostate cancer education by a urologist, medical oncologist, and radiation oncologist. It is hypothesized that treatment utilization data from decisions taken at RAC may serve to benchmark the appropriateness of treatment decisions on a population level.Methods: Records of patients with clinically localized prostate cancer in Alberta between October 1, 2007 and September 30, 2009 were reviewed with ethics approval. Records were linked to the Alberta Cancer Registry database. Clinical, treatment, and health services characteristics pertaining to patients attending RAC were compared to the general population. The primary endpoint was utilization rates of each initial treatment.Results: During this two-year period, 2838 patients were diagnosed with localized prostate cancer; 375 attended RAC. The utilization rates among RAC patients vs. the whole Alberta population were: prostatectomy 60.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 55.3–65.2) vs. 48.0% (95% CI 47.1‒50.7; χ2 p<0.001); active surveillance 16.0% (95% CI 12.3‒19.7%) vs. 13.5% (95% CI 12.2‒15.8; χ2 p=0.214); radiotherapy 11.7% (95% CI 8.5‒15.0) vs. 18.0% (95% CI 16.9‒20.5; χ2 p=0.002); and hormone therapy 8.0% (95% CI 5.2‒10.8) vs. 17.4% (95% CI 16.1‒18.9; χ2 p<0.001).Conclusions: A specialized clinic for localized prostate cancer may be associated with a higher likelihood of receiving surgery or active surveillance as initial treatment compared to the prostate cancer population in Alberta.
Photoselective vaporization of the prostate with the 180-W XPSGreenlight laser: Five-year experience of safety, efficiency, and functional outcomes
Authors: Ajib Khaled , Mansour Mila , Zanaty Marc , Alnazari Mansour , Hueber Pierre-Alain , Meskawi Malek , Valdivieso Roger , Tholomier Come , Pradere Benjamin , Misrai Vincent , Elterman Dean , Zorn Kevin C.
Published: March 2018

Introduction: Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is still considered the gold standard surgical treatment for symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). However, photoselective vaporization of the prostate (PVP) has gained widespread global acceptance in national guidelines as a safe and effective alternative option. Nevertheless, further evidence is required to assess the durability of Greenlight PVP. Herein, we report our five years of PVP experience with the Greenlight 180W XPS laser system.Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on a prospectively gathered database of 370 consecutively included patients who underwent PVP using Greenlight XPS-180 W laser system (Boston Scientific, Boston, MA, U.S.) performed by a single experienced laser surgeon between 2011 and 2016. Preoperative characteristics, intervention parameters, postoperative functional, uroflowmetry outcomes, and complications were collected. Outcomes are reported over a period of five years.Results: Mean age was 68 years, with a mean prostate volume of 78.8 cc (95% confidence interval [CI] 70.9–78.7]). The mean followup was 59.4 months (55.4–63.5). Mean energy, operative time, and energy/cc were 270.2 kJ (255.2–285.2), 62.7 minutes (59.6–65.7), and 3.7 kJ/cc (3.6–3.9), respectively. Compared to preoperative values, International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), maximum flow rate (Qmax), and post-void residual (PVR) parameters were significantly improved and sustained over the five postoperative years. Of note, only 66 patients (out of 370) had a complete five-year followup. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) reached nadir at one year, with a drop of 67% from the mean preoperative value of 6.2 ng/mL. Mean IPSS nadir was reached at three years, with a drop of 80.4% (-21.1 points). Similarly, mean quality of life (QoL) score dropped by 82.8% after three years (preoperative mean of 4.7). With respect to mean Qmax, there was an increase by 72.7% (+14.7 mL/s) at one year, reaching the value of 19.9 mL/s. Moreover, mean PVR was 32.8 mL at four years compared to 345 mL preoperatively. At five years followup, PSA, IPSS, QoL, and PVR dropped by 59.7% (3.7 ng/mL), 75.2% (19.7 points), 78.72% (3.7 points), and 84.4% (291.3 mL), respectively. Qmax increased by 12.9 mL/s. Clavien complication rates were low, with bladder neck stenosis observed in seven (1.6%) men. During the five-year followup, only four patients (1%) required BPH surgical re-intervention.Conclusions: This is the first long-term reporting of Greenlight XPS- 180W laser system. In experienced hands, the observed outcomes appear to demonstrate that Greenlight XPS-180 W laser system is safe, efficacious, and durable for the treatment of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) secondary to BPH.
Phase 1 pharmacokinetics and phase 3 efficacy of testosterone nasal gel in subjects with seasonal allergies
Authors: Rogol Alan D. , Tkachenko Natalia , Badorrek Philipp , Hohlfeld Jens M. , Bryson Nathan
Published: March 2018

Introduction: NATESTO® testosterone nasal gel (TNG) is a liquid gel that is applied in the nose for the treatment of male hypogonadism. There is a reasonable concern that administration of TNG to patients with active rhinitis could modify absorption. Results from two clinical studies are reported wherein subjects with allergic rhinitis (AR) subjects are treated with TNG.Methods: The 24-hour pharmacokinetics (PK) and relative bioavailability of serum total testosterone (sTT) from TNG (11 mg tid) were determined using a phase 1 Latin-square design with 18 eugonadal AR subjects crossed over between asymptomatic, symptomatic-untreated, and symptomatic-treated (oxymetazoline) conditions. Allergy symptoms, assessed using Total Nasal Symptom Score (TNSS), were induced using grass pollen in an allergy challenge chamber (ACC) prior to administration of TNG. The data are discussed in relation to results from a phase 3 study in 306 hypogonadal patients which compare clinical outcomes of AR and non-AR patients treated with TNG.Results: PK analysis (Tmax, maximum observed concentration [Cmax], area under the curve [AUC]) of sTT showed no difference in the rate or extent of absorption of exogenous testosterone from TNG as a function of allergy symptoms. The relative bioavailability also showed all three conditions to be equivalent. However, pre-dose mean sTT in AR patients was 21‒25% lower when symptomatic vs. asymptomatic, which is attributed to the allergic reaction. A large phase 3 study, based predominantly on PK measures of sTT, showed that clinical outcomes for AR and non-AR patients treated with TNG were identical, including the percentage of patients in the eugonadal range, hormone profiles, and adverse events.Conclusions: AR does not affect absorption of TNG. Patient outcomes for long-term treatment with TNG for up to one year are not dependent on AR history.
Examining the association between adiposity and biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy
Authors: Mason Ross J. , Boorjian Stephen A. , Bhindi Bimal , Rangel Laureano , Frank Igor , Karnes R. Jeffrey , Tollefson Matthew K.
Published: March 2018

Introduction: Herein, we examined the association between adiposity, as measured by computed tomography (CT), and biochemical recurrence (BCR) after radical prostatectomy (RP).Methods: Using axial CT images, preoperative fat mass index (FMI) was calculated for 698 men who underwent RP from 2007–2010 by using measurements of total surface area of adipose tissue at the L3 level. Obesity was classified according to National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) standards for obesity (FMI >9 kg/m2). The associations between obesity and the distribution of adiposity (visceral vs. subcutaneous) with BCR were examined using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards regression analyses.Results: Obese men were older than non-obese men (63.0 vs. 60.7 years; p<0.001), but were similar with regards to all other clinical and pathological characteristics. With a median followup of six years, 152 patients were diagnosed with BCR. Five-year BCR-free survival was similar between obese and non-obese patients (80.6% vs. 82.1%; p=0.27). Furthermore, in multivariable analyses, obesity was not independently associated with the risk of BCR (hazard ratio [HR] 1.02; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.73–1.43). Similar results were obtained when analyzing FMI as a continuous variable (HR 1.02; 95% CI 0.94–1.09 for each 1 kg/m2 increase in FMI). Additionally, neither visceral adiposity, subcutaneous adiposity, or visceral-to-subcutaneous adiposity ratio were associated with BCR (all p>0.05) in multivariable analyses.Conclusions: Neither total abdominal adiposity nor the distribution of adiposity were independently associated with BCR after RP in this study. As such, the presence of obesity may not be a marker of increased oncological risk after RP.
Case – Utility of magnetic resonance urography in pediatric urinary incontinence: Radiological considerations
Authors: Mousa Ahmad , Ming Jessica , Lightfoot Michelle , Kirsch Andrew , Farhat Walid A.
Published: March 2018

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