bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pigeonpea composite collection and identification of germplasm for use in crop improvement programmes
Authors: Upadhyaya H. D. , Reddy K. N. , Sharma Shivali , Varshney R. K. , Bhattacharjee R. , Singh Sube , Gowda C. L. L.
Published: January 2011

Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan(L.) Millsp. is one of the most important legume crops as major source for proteins, minerals and vitamins, in addition to its multiple uses as food, feed, fuel, soil enricher, or soil binder, and in fencing, roofing and basket making. ICRISAT's genebank conserves 13,632 accessions of pigeonpea. The extensive use of few parents in crop improvement is contrary to the purpose of collecting a large number of germplasm accessions and has resulted in a narrow base of cultivars. ICRISAT, in collaboration with the Generation Challenge Program, has developed a composite collection of pigeonpea consisting of 1000 accessions representing the diversity of the entire germplasm collection. This included 146 accessions of mini core collection and other materials. Genotyping of the composite collection using 20 microsatellite or simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers separated wild and cultivated types in two broad groups. A reference set comprising 300 most diverse accessions has been selected based on SSR genotyping data. Phenotyping of the composite collection for 16 quantitative and 16 qualitative traits resulted in the identification of promising diverse accessions for the four important agronomic traits: early flowering (96 accessions), high number of pods (28), high 100-seed weight (88) and high seed yield/plant (49). These accessions hold potential for their utilization in pigeonpea breeding programmes to develop improved cultivars with a broad genetic base. Pigeonpea germplasm has provided sources of resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses and cytoplasmic-male sterility for utilization in breeding programmes.
Ground deformation monitoring at Taiwan Light Source due to the construction of Taiwan Photon Source
Authors: Hsu K. H. , Tsai Y. L. , Lin C. J. , Wang H. S. , Perng S. Y. , Ho H. C. , Lai W. Y. , Hsu K. H. , Tseng T. C. , Chen J. R.
Published: January 2011

Taiwan Photon Source is now under construction at NSRRC Taiwan. In order to maintain the Taiwan Light Source (TLS) for normal operation, a hydrostatic levelling system and precision inclination sensor (Leica Nivel 220) were installed both in the storage ring and beamlines to monitor ground deformation arising. This paper presents the monitoring system setup and the circumstances of ground deformation including vertical settlement and floor inclination during the ground breaking period to provide a criterion for TLS operation.
Appetite and Endocrine Regulators of Energy Balance After 2 Days of Energy Restriction: Insulin, Leptin, Ghrelin, and DHEA‐S
Authors: Pasiakos Stefan M. , Caruso Christina M. , Kellogg Mark D. , Kramer F. Matthew , Lieberman Harris R.
Published: January 2011

Using a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled crossover design, the effects of 48 h near complete energy restriction on endocrine regulators of appetite and satiety were assessed. Twelve men and one woman participated in this controlled, 2‐day diet intervention study. One experimental trial was completed in a calorie deprived state (CAL‐DEP; <10% of estimated energy requirements) and others in a fed condition (carbohydrate only and carbohydrate and fat; data were pooled and compared to CAL‐DEP). Test meals containing prescribed energy intake and indistinguishable in sensory characteristics were provided during each trial. Glucose, insulin, leptin, ghrelin, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone‐sulfate (DHEA‐S), and satiety were repeatedly assessed. Mean glucose, insulin, and leptin concentrations were lower (P < 0.0001) for CAL‐DEP compared to the fully fed (FED) state. Ghrelin and DHEA‐S were higher (P < 0.0001) for CAL‐DEP relative to FED. Cortisol levels declined each day regardless of diet (P < 0.0001) but were 32% higher (P < 0.01) at the conclusion of the session for CAL‐DEP compared to FED. Satiety was 25% lower (P < 0.0001) for CAL‐DEP relative to FED and decreased (P < 0.0001) over time regardless of diet. In the FED state, insulin (r = 0.55), glucose (r = 0.76), cortisol (r = −0.59), and DHEA‐S (r = −0.62) were associated (P < 0.05) with satiety, but not during CAL‐DEP. These findings show that 2 days of severe energy restriction alter several endocrine regulators of appetite independent of perception of increased hunger suggesting a physiological mechanism to explain overeating following acute periods of severe energy restriction.
Household Obesity Prevention: Take Action—a Group‐Randomized Trial
Authors: French Simone A. , Gerlach Anne F. , Mitchell Nathan R. , Hannan Peter J. , Welsh Ericka M.
Published: January 2011

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate an intervention to prevent weight gain among households (HHs) in the community. Ninety HHs were randomized to intervention or control group for 1 year. Intervention consisted of six face‐to‐face group sessions, placement of a television (TV) locking device on all home TVs, and home‐based intervention activities. Measures were collected in person at baseline and 1 year. Weight, height, eating behaviors, physical activity (PA), and TV viewing were measured among HH members ages ≥12 years. Follow‐up rate at 1 year was 96%. No significant intervention effects were observed for change in HH BMI‐z score. Intervention HHs significantly reduced TV viewing, snacks/sweets intake, and dollars per person spent eating out, and increased (adults only) PA and self‐weighing frequency compared with control HHs. A 1 year obesity prevention intervention targeting entire HHs was effective in reducing TV viewing, snack/sweets intake and eating out purchases. Innovative methods are needed to strengthen the home food environment intervention component. Longer intervention durations also need to be evaluated.
Focused ion beam and electron microscopy characterization of nanosharp tips and microbumps on silicon and metal thin films formed via localized single-pulse laser irradiation
Authors: Moening Joseph P. , Georgiev Daniel G. , Lawrence Joseph G.
Published: January 2011

Cross-sections of laser fabricated nanosharp tips and microbumps on silicon and metal thin films are produced and examined in this work. These structures are formed with a Q-switched neodymium doped yttrium aluminum garnet nanosecond-pulse laser, emitting at its fourth harmonic of 266 nm, using a mask projection technique to generate circular laser spots, several microns in diameter. Cross-section of selected structures were produced using a focused ion beam and were characterized via electron microscopy. The diffraction patterns of the silicon samples indicate that the laser formed tip maintains the same single crystal structure as the original silicon film. Examinations of the laser formed structures in metal films confirm that the microbumps are hollow, while revealing that the vertical protrusions are solid.
Effects of Bi nonstoichiometry in (Bi0.5+xNa)TiO3 ceramics
Authors: Sung Y. S. , Kim J. M. , Cho J. H. , Song T. K. , Kim M. H. , Park T. G.
Published: January 2011

Effects of Bi nonstoichiometry on (Bi0.5+xNa)TiO3 (BNT) ceramics were investigated at x=−1–+2 mol % of Bi0.5 covering Bi deficiency and excess. At all compositions, rhombohedrally symmetric BNT perovskite formed without secondary phases. Increasing x caused smaller grains. Higher piezoelectric coefficient (d33) but lower depolarization temperature (Td) occurred at Bi excess than at Bi deficiency and vice versa. Leakage current at room temperature decreased with decreasing x. Electrical conductivity of the stoichiometric BNT (x=0) from 700 to 900 °C increased with decreasing partial oxygen pressure from 1 to 10−5 atm suggesting n-type conductivity at elevated temperatures.
A Goldstone theorem in thermal relativistic quantum field theory
Authors: Jäkel Christian D. , Wreszinski Walter F.
Published: January 2011

We prove a Goldstone theorem in thermal relativistic quantum field theory, which relates spontaneous symmetry breaking to the rate of spacelike decay of the two-point function. The critical rate of fall-off coincides with that of the massless free scalar field theory. Related results and open problems are briefly discussed.
Conductance fluctuations in metallic nanogaps made by electromigration
Authors: Petit P. , Anthore A. , Della Rocca M. L. , Lafarge P.
Published: January 2011

We report on low temperature conductance measurements of gold nanogaps fabricated by controlled electromigration. Fluctuations of the conductance due to quantum interferences and depending both on bias voltage and magnetic field are observed. By analyzing the voltage and magnetoconductance correlation functions, we determine the type of electron trajectories generating the observed quantum interferences and the effective characteristic time of phase coherence in our device.
Electronic structural and electrochemical properties of lithium zirconates and their capabilities of CO2 capture: A first-principles density-functional theory and phonon dynamics approach
Authors: Duan Yuhua
Published: January 2011

Lithium zirconates have attracted researchers’ interests because they can also be used as solid sorbents for CO2 capture. The structural, electronic, and phonon properties of Li2ZrO3, Li6Zr2O7, and monoclinic phase ZrO2 are investigated by the density-functional theory and phonon dynamics. Their electrochemical properties and their thermodynamics of CO2 absorption/desorption are analyzed. The calculated results show that their optimized structures and calculated bulk moduli as well as cohesive energies are in good agreement with experimental measurements. The calculated band gaps are 3.90 eV (indirect), 3.98 eV (direct), and 3.76 eV (direct) for Li2ZrO3, Li6Zr2O7, and ZrO2, respectively. The calculated Li intercalation voltage and energy densities of Li2ZrO3 are higher than that of Li6Zr2O7, which indicates that as a cathode material Li2ZrO3 is better than Li6Zr2O7. The calculated phonon dispersions and density of states show that there is one soft mode in Li2ZrO3 and two soft modes in Li6Zr2O7. From the calculated thermodynamic properties of these two lithium zirconates reacting with CO2, we found that the performance of Li2ZrO3 as a CO2 sorbent is better than that of Li6Zr2O7. In the first half cycle, sorbents absorbing CO2 to form lithium carbonate, Li6Zr2O7 performs better than Li2ZrO3 because the former releases more heat of reaction and has a lower Gibbs free energy and a higher CO2 capture capacity. However, during the second half cycle, regenerating sorbent from carbonate and zirconia to release CO2, the main product is the thermodynamically favorable Li2ZrO3 rather than forming Li6Zr2O7.
Embeddings of the Euclidean algebra $\mathfrak {e}(3)$e(3) into $\mathfrak {sl}(4,\mathbb {C})$sl(4,C) and restrictions of irreducible representations of $\mathfrak {sl}(4,\mathbb {C})$sl(4,C)
Authors: Douglas Andrew , Repka Joe
Published: January 2011

The Euclidean group E(3) is the Lie group of orientation-preserving isometries of three-dimensional Euclidean space. It is the noncompact, semidirect product group \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$E(3) \cong SO(3) \ltimes \mathbb {R}^{3}$\end{document}E(3)≅SO(3)⋉R3. The Euclidean algebra \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\mathfrak {e}(3)$\end{document}e(3) is the complexification of the Lie algebra of E(3). We classify the embeddings of the Euclidean algebra \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\mathfrak {e}(3)$\end{document}e(3) into the simple Lie algebra \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\mathfrak {sl}(4,\mathbb {C})$\end{document}sl(4,C) and, as an application of this classification, discuss the restriction to various embeddings of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\mathfrak {e}(3)$\end{document}e(3) of certain irreducible representations of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\mathfrak {sl}(4,\mathbb {C})$\end{document}sl(4,C). In particular, we consider which of these restrictions are \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\mathfrak {e}(3)$\end{document}e(3)-indecomposable.
High-sensitivity charge detection using antisymmetric vibration in coupled micromechanical oscillators
Authors: Okamoto Hajime , Kitajima Norihito , Onomitsu Koji , Kometani Reo , Warisawa Shin-ichi , Ishihara Sunao , Yamaguchi Hiroshi
Published: January 2011

High-sensitivity charge detection using antisymmetric vibration in two coupled GaAs oscillators is demonstrated. The antisymmetric mode under in-phase simultaneous driving of the two oscillators disappears with perfect frequency tuning. The piezoelectric stress induced by a small gate-voltage modulation breaks the balance of the two oscillators, leading to the re-emergence of the antisymmetric mode. Measurement of the amplitude change enables detection of the applied voltage or, equivalently, added charges. In contrast to the frequency-shift detection using a single oscillator, our method allows a large readout up to the strongly driven nonlinear response regime, providing the high room-temperature sensitivity of 147 e/Hz0.5.
Auto-inhibitory role of the EF-SAM domain of STIM proteins in store-operated calcium entry
Authors: Zheng Le , Stathopulos Peter B. , Schindl Rainer , Li Guang-Yao , Romanin Christoph , Ikura Mitsuhiko
Published: January 2011

Stromal interaction molecules (STIM)s function as endoplasmic reticulum calcium (Ca
2+
) sensors that differentially regulate plasma membrane Ca
2+
release activated Ca
2+
channels in various cells. To probe the structural basis for the functional differences between STIM1 and STIM2 we engineered a series of EF-hand and sterile α motif (SAM) domain (EF-SAM) chimeras, demonstrating that the STIM1 Ca
2+
-binding EF-hand and the STIM2 SAM domain are major contributors to the autoinhibition of oligomerization in each respective isoform. Our nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) derived STIM2 EF-SAM structure provides a rationale for an augmented stability, which involves a 54° pivot in the EF-hand:SAM domain orientation permissible by an expanded nonpolar cleft, ionic interactions, and an enhanced hydrophobic SAM core, unique to STIM2. Live cells expressing “super-unstable” or “super-stable” STIM1/STIM2 EF-SAM chimeras in the full-length context show a remarkable correlation with the in vitro data. Together, our data suggest that divergent Ca
2+
- and SAM-dependent stabilization of the EF-SAM fold contributes to the disparate regulation of store-operated Ca
2+
entry by STIM1 and STIM2.
The syntax–lexicon continuum in Construction Grammar
Authors: Boas Hans C.
Published: January 2011

This paper offers an alternative analysis of Goldberg’s (1995) account of communication verbs appearing in the ditransitive construction. Based on a more finely-grained frame-semantic analysis of constructional phenomena, it is shown that generalizations over specific syntactic frames are possible at different levels of semantic abstraction. This, in turn, allows us to make across-the-board generalizations that hold not only between lexical units evoking the same frame, but also between lexical units belonging to different frames at different levels of abstraction. The resulting network of constructions combines Goldberg’s proposals regarding the status of abstract-schematic constructions with item-specific knowledge regarding the specific lexical units, with various midpoints in between. This approach has the advantage that there is no need for fusing lexical entries with abstract meaningful constructions, thereby avoiding some of the problems that arise due to the separation of syntax and the lexicon in some constructional approaches.
Constructions and frames as interpretive clues
Authors: Fried Mirjam
Published: January 2011

Drawing attention to a rather neglected domain in Construction Grammar analyses, this paper examines the multi-layered nature of speakers’ linguistic knowledge and its manifestation in the emergence of new linguistic structure. In particular, I show that the emergence of certain discourse-sensitive grammatical patterns can be systematically captured by appealing to an intricate interaction between fairly abstract constructional meanings based on metonymic transfer, lexical meanings of words (‘semantic’ frames), and particular discourse-pragmatic functions (‘discourse’ frames, understood as pragmatically grounded schematizations of communicative and discourse-structure conventions). It is the knowledge of all three dimensions that aids speakers in their interpretive tasks. The theoretical issues are demonstrated on a subset of discourse-functional and modal uses of the word jestli ‘if/whether’ in conversational Czech, as attested in the Czech National Corpus.
Naming and framing in Belgian politics
Authors: Temmerman Martina
Published: January 2011

This paper describes the way Belgian politicians represented themselves, their parties and the political situation in newspaper interviews in the government formation period of 2007. Interviews with four politicians, both in Dutch and in French, have been analyzed in order to reconstruct the image the politicians convey of themselves and of the political parties they stand for, and to reconstruct the frames they apply to the political situation. A critical linguistic and framing analysis shows how this representation is built up through an interplay of names used to describe oneself, the specific use of the pronouns of the first person plural and consistent metaphors. The paper ties in with the theme of this special issue in that it bridges the gap between construction grammar and linguistic discourse analysis: knowledge of social networks (and their evaluation of utterances) is important for analyzing choices between discourse alternatives by discourse agents (as politicians are).
Reflections on discourse and critique in China and the West
Authors: Chilton Paul , Tian Hailong , Wodak Ruth
Published: January 2011

The term “critical”, as used by scholars writing under the banner of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), is in need of review in a new global intellectual environment in which diverse philosophical and political traditions are increasingly in contact with one another. This essay is particularly concerned with the question of how a shared understanding of the concept of the critical can be developed among Western and Chinese scholars. To this end the paper gives an overview of notions of critique in the historical traditions of China and the West, addressing issues of conceptualisation, discourse practice and translation. This leads us to consider, from a “critical” point of view, what the appearance of the “critical” approach may mean in the Chinese context. The need for continued dialogue oriented to a deepened understanding of existing ideas and approaches is highlighted.
The discursive construction of the social stratification order in reforming China
Authors: Zhang Qing
Published: January 2011

This article examines the discursive reconfiguration of the social stratification order in reforming China. Applying the two notions of metadiscourse and entextualization from the natural history of discourse (NHD) perspective (Silverstein & Urban 1996), I argue that the missing link between the discursive and the social is forged through the metadiscourses (Urban 1996) originated by the top leaders of the Communist Party of China, and that their ongoing entextualizations play a crucial role in establishing the stratificational status quo. They set the tone for dismantling the pre-reform hierarchical pattern and constructing an evolving system in light of the growing market economy. The analysis of their entextualizations is based on period texts (1978–2008), primarily speeches of the three party leaders Deng Xiaoping, Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao. Combining the discursive insights of critical discourse theory and the NHD perspective, this study intends to break new ground in applying the NHD approach to analyzing the reforming Chinese state socialism where social stratification is necessarily subject to ongoing transformations.
Institutional language as power in contemporary China
Authors: Li Yi
Published: January 2011

Against the backdrop of an increasingly divided society and the government’s determined pledge to build social cohesion in China, this paper examines how social institutions, through their discursive practices, participate in the construction of the still evolving social relations in contemporary China, using data collected from interactions between citizens and officials at two governmental agencies. It finds that discourse is an important way of reflecting and realizing the institutional power possessed by institutional officials and that institutional power is exercised and reinforced through a variety of discursive practices ranging from fixed procedures of questioning to speech acts of interrupting and blaming. Based on these findings, this paper argues that for government agencies to act as a force of social cohesion in contemporary China as they have always claimed, their linguistic forms of interaction with society, as well as the ideologies and practices associated with it, all need to be dramatically transformed.
A cultural political economy of transnational knowledge brands
Authors: Sum Ngai-Ling
Published: January 2011

This paper adopts a “cultural political economy” (CPE) approach to examine the production of hegemony and related hegemonic struggles during the socio-spatial changes occurring in the Pearl River Delta. Drawing from the case of Hong Kong/Pearl River Delta, economic restructuring has given rise to the “hollowing out” debate. In face of this debate, two knowledge brands, the Harvard-Porter’s “competitive advantage” (1985) and MIT-Berger-Lester’s “industrial performance” models, have been stabilized as competing modes of developmentality (development governmentality) and have operated as paper-based economic panopticons to order/manage, at a distance, the organization of Hong Kong’s/Pearl River Delta’s space, policy, and, ultimately, the conduct of its population. These modes of developmentalities have met resistance from other forces in other spaces and with other interests, including from below. Nonetheless the two main power blocs are engaging in inter-bloc negotiations in the light of such resistance and are creating a hybrid strategy under the dominance of the service bloc.
Discursive production of teaching quality assessment report
Authors: Tian Hailong
Published: January 2011

To produce a teaching quality assessment (TQA) report in the TQA practice launched by the Chinese Ministry of Education the assessing group is naturally in an authoritative position, but the assessed university does not remain absolutely passive and dominated. To investigate this struggle of power over each other in producing the TQA report, the present research examines the discourse aspect of the TQA practice by observing the discursive strategies each party deployed. It is found that both parties resort to institutional power in their discourse practice, and that the assessed university incorporates promotional genres into its self-assessment discourse while the assessing group recontextualises the promotional statement in its authoritative TQA report. It is concluded, based on this case study, that the assessing group’s authoritative TQA report is largely influenced by the self-assessment of the assessed university.
Discursive construction of Chinese foreign policy
Authors: You Zeshun , Chen Jianping , Zhong-Hong
Published: January 2011

The article carries out a diachronic analysis of the topics and schemata of foreign policy sections (FPSs) in the Chinese government’s Annual Work Report (AWR, 1993–2007) to the National People’s Congress (NPC). The analysis shows that: (1) all the reports are constructed with similar topics and schemata decided by the general rules set in the FPS of the report in 1986, which work as “orders of discourse”; (2) topical selection and schematic structure, as two sides of a mental model for the production and understanding of the discourse, are ideological mechanisms for the government to manipulate power control over policy construction and implementation; (3) the discourse is actually the final product of the struggle and interaction between new discourse and “orders of discourse”; (4) the discourse is a reflection of social changes and works as a catalyst to shape people’s view toward social reality and to mold China’s foreign policy practice.
Disasters, devastation and polysemy
Authors: Aitchison Jean
Published: January 2011

This paper explores meaning change, especially how listeners and readers handle polysemy, a topic which has come to the forefront of attention in recent years. It discusses in particular words for catastrophic events, which perhaps because of their dramatic content, seem to be prone to polysemy. The paper will look first at word class differences associated with the lexical item devastate, and will consider how their meanings differ. It will then evaluate the various meanings of the word disaster, looking particularly at clues which enable readers to distinguish the different senses. Finally, it looks at the newspaper language used to report an event which was widely labeled a disaster, the so-called 9/11 disaster, and considers journalists’ descriptions of the event.
Dual coding theory and the mental lexicon
Authors: Paivio Allan
Published: January 2011

The dual coding theoretical (DCT) approach to the mental lexicon differs radically from standard approaches to the concept in linguistics and psychology. The differences are related to a long-standing dispute concerning the nature of the mental representations that mediate perception, comprehension, and performance in cognitive tasks. The issue contrasts what have been described as common coding and multiple coding views of mental representations. The common coding view is that a single, abstract form of representation underlies language and other cognitive skills. The standard approach to the mental lexicon is in that category. The multiple coding interpretation is that mental representations are modality specific and multimodal. The DCT view of the mental lexicon is in that camp. The general theories are first summarized; subsequently, their approaches to the mental lexicon and its relation to cognition are compared.
Interwoven functionality of the brain’s action and language systems
Authors: Boulenger Véronique , Nazir Tatjana A.
Published: January 2011

Theories of embodied cognition consider language understanding as intimately linked to sensory and motor processes. Here we review evidence from kinematic and electrophysiological studies for the idea that processing of words referring to bodily actions, even when subliminally presented, recruits the same motor regions that are involved in motor control. We further discuss the functional role of the motor system in action word retrieval in light of neuropsychological data showing modulation of masked priming effects for action verbs in Parkinson’s patients as a function of dopaminergic treatment. Finally, a neuroimaging study revealing semantic somatotopy in the motor cortex during reading of idioms that include action words is presented. Altogether these findings provide strong arguments that semantic mechanisms are grounded in action-perception systems of the brain. They support the existence of common brain signatures to action words, even when embedded in idiomatic sentences, and motor action. They further suggest that motor schemata reflecting word meaning contribute to lexico-semantic retrieval of action words.
Coherence in text, coherence in mind
Authors: Givón T.
Published: January 2011

This paper suggests that text coherence is a multi-factored affair that, ultimately, pertains to the mental organization of episodic memory, most likely as a partially-hierarchic mental structure. What text researchers usually describe as coherence is merely an artifact of the cognitive phenomenon. The role of grammatical clues in signalling text coherence is investigated, and it is suggested that the grammar processing channel merely supplements an evolutionarily older channel of lexically-guided (content-based) coherence. Coherence is both local and global, and both properties can be signalled by both processing channels (lexicon and grammar). Finally, the establishement of text coherence is a flexible, negotiable process, and this is true of both conversation and narrative.
Emotional states and linguistic events
Authors: Tsohatzidis Savas L.
Published: January 2011

This paper intends to contribute to the evaluation of the project of analyzing speech act concepts in terms of mental state concepts, by examining Searle's and Vanderveken's proposed analyses of certain types of illocutionary acts as expressions of corresponding types of emotional states. It is argued that the proposed analyses are all defective, that the assumptions about underlying speech act/mental state parallelisms from which their initial plausibility might be taken to derive are themselves mistaken, and that the fact that they have been proposed at all betrays insufficient attention to the distinction between semanti-cally and pragmatically determined aspects of utterance interpretation. It is concluded that these results disturb both the overall structure of Searle's and Vanderveken's theory of speech acts, and the logic of several other similarly reductionist claims in the philosophy of language.
Passionate thought
Authors: Losonsky Michael
Published: January 2011

According to a computational view of mind, thinking is identified with the manipulation of internal mental representations and intelligent behavior is the output of these computations. Although Thomas Hobbes's philosophy of mind is taken by many to be a precursor of this brand of cognitivism, this is not the case. For Hobbes, not all thinking is the manipulation of language-like symbols, and intelligent behavior is partly constitutive of cognition. Cognition requires a 'passionate thought', and this Hobbsian synthesis of inner thought and outer behavior suggests a resolution to the contemporary conflict between cognitive theories of mind that make KNOWING THAT primary and pragmatic theories that make KNOWING HOW primary.
Telling what they know
Authors: Crowder Elaine M. , Newman Denis
Published: January 2011

What is the role of gesture in classroom science talk? This study first approaches the question generally, by asking how children communicate their knowledge of the seasons (through language, gesture and/or deictic references to props). We then ask how gestures function as they interplay with language in students' science talk. A typology, coded for High or Low lexical and gestural specification, summarized how thirteen sixth graders externalized their knowledge of seasonal change. Applying it to sixteen student discourse excerpts, we tested its usefulness as an analytical tool. Representational gestures functioned as redundant to, or enhancing of ideas expressed through speech, or alternatively as carriers of scientific meaning. Findings show that gestures are an expected mode of communication in the science classroom. They can reveal student knowledge that is missing from verbal communication. Additionally, gestures may figure crucially in the construction as well as the communication of scientific insights.
Du Dépeçage du cerf à l'Aigle d'Occident
Authors: Batany Jean
Published: January 2011

Résumé Un traité de chasse élargi en allégorie morale et politique (vers 1300) relie de plusieurs façons le matériel zoologique à
l'idéologie nobiliaire: 1) Les rituels de la chasse sont en rapport de contiguïté avec les niveaux sociaux (dépeçage, parlement des veneurs,
débat vénerie-fauconnerie, pauvres chassant par "pièges"). 2) Le bestiaire moralisé est relié symboliquement à un ordre social intégré: la
société idéale des trois ordres ("bêtes douces") s'oppose à la société déstructurée ("bêtes puantes"); les rapaces attaquant les autres
oiseaux sont tour à tour les soldats pillards, les seigneurs, le clergé; l'apprivoisement de la sauvagerie est lié de façon problématique à
l'ordre monarchique (Renart et Loutre officiers royaux pervers, mais Du Guesclin "Aigle d'Occident").
Le français d'Esope les fables de L.S. Desmay
Authors: Giachino Luca
Published: January 2011

Résumé
L'Esope du temps (1677) et L'Esope françois (1678) sont les deux recueils d'un auteur, L.S. Desmay, mort en 1699, qui demeure, non sans raison, encore obscur, écrasé, comme tant d'autres, par le poids du génie de La Fontaine. Si la médiocrité de ces fables est hors de question, on peut toutefois y apprécier les efforts d'un écrivain qui, conscient sans doute de la perfection des chefs-d'oeuvre du Maître, essaie plusieurs recettes, par ailleurs fades et réchauffées, dans la tentative, avortée, d'innover un genre qui a définitivement atteint sa perfection.
Une Liberté ambiguë
Authors: Batany Jean
Published: January 2011

Résumé
La fable Le Loup et le Chien, classique "éloge de la liberté" de Phèdre à La Fontaine, n'a pas un sens simple et évident. Le texte du Romulus est ambigu. Au Moyen Age, certains (Jean Gobi) font du chien le défenseur de l'ordre chrétien contre la sauvagerie; ailleurs, l'accent est mis, tantôt sur les faiblesses du chien, tantôt sur le conflit intérieur dans l'esprit du loup; la nécessité de respecter son statut naturel reste la base. Chez Avianus, un lion inattendu à la place du loup semble évoquer quelque vieux mythe. Des confrontations avec une foule d'autres textes sont suggérées.
Spenser's Submarine Creation
Authors: Porges Watson Elizabeth
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Spenser's use of aquatic monsters in his imagery is perhaps influenced by observation, but surely also by his reading of Gessner's Historia Animalium (Zurich 1551-87). He uses images of sea monsters to expres a stage of emergent creation as yet incomplete and terrifying. These images can be linked vertically with images of the fish of the fertile waters and the fruitfulness of the lands they water, to suggest a universal harmony, in cosmological, psychological and even political terms.
Variation in the expression of nominal possession in Costeño Spanish
Authors: Orozco Rafael
Published: January 2011

To express nominal possession, Spanish speakers use a linguistic variable with three variants: a possessive adjective, a definite article and periphrasis. This study explores the expression of possession in Barranquilla, Colombia examining data extracted from sociolinguistic interviews with a socially stratified group of twenty informants. I conducted a series of statistical regression analyses for each variant testing ten linguistic and five social constraints. The results revealed that possessive adjectives and definite articles marking possession are almost evenly distributed. The expression of possession is conditioned by eight linguistic and two social constraints including distance between referent and possessive, semantic category, type of subject, speaker’s sex and social status/age. The results also suggest that the incursion of possessive periphrasis may constitute a manifestation of cyclicity, a crosslinguistic evolutionary process triggering internal syntactic and morphological adjustments. The results help increase our understanding of variation in contemporary Spanish and of how the sociolinguistic forces constraining language variation in Colombian Costeño Spanish conform to established sociolinguistic theory.
Nuevas categorizaciones sociales a través del habla
Authors: Sabaté Dalmau Maria
Published: January 2011

Este estudio analiza nuevos modelos de categorización etnosocial de cuatro grupos de migrantes1 multilingües en una localidad catalana semi-rural. Se investiga cómo los antiguos modos de identificación social en un enclave rural catalán se actualizan en las prácticas lingüísticas diarias cuando el extranjero ya no es solamente el castellano sino que está ahora formado por un ‘Otro’ que incluye la multiplicidad de nuevas identidades de los recién llegados y que se define, en el imaginario colectivo, como el no-catalanohablante. En primer lugar, se describen los procesos globalizadores que actualizan la política económica de la lengua en el área rural de Barcelona y las ideologías del habla de los actores sociales de la localidad. Se analizan también intercambios lingüísticos que ejemplifican dichos procesos de alteridad y la creación y mantenimiento de antiguas y nuevas barreras étnicas. Además, se exploran los nuevos significados que adquiere ahora la convergencia lingüística al castellano. Finalmente se vincula el habla no sólo con los procesos de categorización sino con la extranjerización y la exclusión social.
Apologizing in Cuernavaca, Mexico and Panama City, Panama
Authors: Wagner Lisa , Roebuck Regina
Published: January 2011

This comparative study of naturally occurring apologies in Cuernavaca and Panamanian Spanish investigates the apology strategies community members employ most often, and the types of positive- and negative-politeness strategies they use to perform this speech act. The authors calculate the frequency with which speakers use positive- and negative-politeness strategies in their apology acts and investigate whether members of these two speech communities demonstrate a preference for positive or negative politeness when apologizing. Instead of using a language-specific parameter such as “Spanish Language” and assuming that all native speakers of this language have and will use a closed set of linguistic strategies in the same way when they apologize, the authors argue that speech acts, politeness and face are socio-culturally sensitive variables whose values and effects vary between communities of practice. To support this claim, they show how the communities of Cuernavaca, Mexico and Panama City, Panama differ from previous findings on apologizing within different communities of practice in the Spanish-speaking world.
Variants of intervocalic /d/ as markers of sociolinguistic identity among Spanish-Portuguese bilinguals
Authors: Waltermire Mark
Published: January 2011

The border shared by Brazil and Uruguay represents a situation of sustained, intimate cultural and linguistic contact between Spanish and Portuguese speakers. Previous research on the bilingualism of this region has focused primarily on Dialectos Portugueses del Uruguay ‘Portuguese Dialects of Uruguay’ (DPU) (Carvalho 1998, 2003a, 2003b; Elizaincín 1976, 1992a, 1992b; Elizaincín, Behares & Barrios 1987; Hensey 1971, 1972; Rona 1965). Surprisingly, however, the Spanish of Uruguay spoken along this border has never been extensively studied. The current research focuses on the role of sociolinguistic identity in the conditioning of language-specific variants of intervocalic /d/ in the Spanish of 63 bilinguals living in Rivera, Uruguay. Unlike in monolingual varieties of Spanish, in which intervocalic /d/ is realized as either a fricative or a phonetic zero, this phoneme is also variably realized as an occlusive in the bilingual Spanish of Rivera in accordance with Portuguese phonological norms. Perceptions of sociolinguistic identity within this speech community are based on four independent factor groups. These are: (1) frequency of language use, (2) language preference, (3) attitudes toward local Portuguese and (4) attitudes toward language mixing. Results from multivariate analysis reveal that Portuguese-dominant speakers tend to incorporate occlusive variants of intervocalic /d/ into their Spanish to a much greater extent than Spanish-dominant speakers. Conversely, the deletion of this consonant, which has garnered covert prestige within the community due to its association with non-border varieties of Spanish, is statistically favored among speakers who prefer this language. These results provide evidence in support of the hypothesis that the ease of access of phonological exemplars from stored memory is greater for those encoding frequent, recent experiences (Pierrehumbert 2001). With regards to sociolinguistic attitudes, statistical analysis shows that speakers who have positive attitudes toward local Portuguese favor the use of occlusive variants, which serve as markers of Brazilian identity. Somewhat counter intuitively, speakers who have positive attitudes toward language mixing favor deletion. When these attitudes are cross-tabulated with speakers’ occupation, however, it becomes clear that only students have overwhelmingly positive attitudes toward language mixing. Not surprisingly, they are also the least conservative group in the community and lead the way for phonological change (Waltermire 2008).
Attitude Markers and Conversational Implicatures in Turkana Speech Acts
Authors: Dimmendaal Gerrit J.
Published: January 2011

Turkana has a set of particles expressing attitudes on the part of the speaker towards the propositional content of utterances in which such markers are used. Attitude markers in Turkana form a closed set whose distributional behavior partly follows from syntactic principles of the language. The absence of these attitude markers from certain syntactic positions follows from their lexical meaning and from pragmatic structure. Their current meaning is argued to have emerged through metonymic extension in certain lexical items, and through conventionalisation of their conversational implicatures. In addition some methodological issues are discussed concerning the interaction between grammar and culture-specific language use, by means of a comparison with similar markers in a number of other languages.
The Diachrony of Predicate Negation in Saramaccan Creole
Authors: McWhorter John
Published: January 2011

Unlike most Caribbean English-based creoles, Saramaccan has two predicate negator allomorphs, á and ná. While aspects of their distribution suggest that the former is simply a phonologically eroded reflex of the latter, synchronic, diachronic, and comparative evidence indicate that á actually resulted from a phonological coalescence of a resumptive pronominal and the following original negator, in the context of topic-comment constructions. This account explains predicate negator occurrences in the grammar which are otherwise anomalous. Furthermore, the analysis demonstrates that caution must be applied in the tendency to view Saramaccan as a repository of ontoge-netically primary creole features, or as an instantiation of Universal Grammar on view. Finally, the account leads to various conclusions about the role that topic-comment constructions play in diachrony, particularly relating to the various reanalyses that resumptive pronominals will undergo depending upon the grammar in question.
Towards an Operational Definition of Discourse Contrast
Authors: Myhill John , Xing Janet Zhiqun
Published: January 2011

Linguists have often invoked the concept of contrast in attempting to explain the use of certain constructions without explicitly defining this term. The present paper proposes an operational definition of contrast which can be applied to naturally occurring data so as to provide a more precise account of the relationship between form and function. The specific problem addressed is word order in Biblical Hebrew and Chinese. It is shown that contrast is one factor affecting deviations from canonical word order in these languages, but that the effect of contrast differs in a number of respects in the two languages, and many deviations from canonical word order cannot be accounted for by reference to contrast.
Voice in Indonesian Discourse and its Implications for Theories of the Development of Ergativity
Authors: Wouk Fay
Published: January 2011

Estival and Myhill (1988) propose the passive construction as the (only) source for morphological ergativity, and hypothesize a unidirectional path of change which appears crucially to pass through a stage which they label deep ergative, but which has been called discourse ergative by a number of linguists working in the field of discourse analysis. This paper begins by addressing the synchronic issue of whether or not Indonesian may be considered discourse ergative. An examination of discourse determinants of voice in Indonesian shows that it cannot be considered ergative on a discourse level. However, Indonesian developed out of Early Modern Malay, which has been identified as discourse ergative (Hopper, 1979a, 1979b, 1983, 1986). This analysis of Indonesian has serious diachronic implications for Estival and Myhill's (1988) hypothesis, which must be revised either by allowing for bidirectional change, or by eliminating the discourse ergative stage.
A Synchronic Perspective on the Grammaticalisation of will in Hypothetical Predicates
Authors: Ziegeler Debra
Published: January 2011

Current works on grammaticalisation have discussed the tendency for older, lexically-based meanings to continue to adhere to the grammaticalising item in a situation described as 'retention' (Bybee & Pagliuca, 1987), and for these meanings to impose semantic constraints affecting the grammatical distribution of the item in some present-day environments. The present study will examine the restrictions on the use of the modal will (represented in its backshifted form would) in the hypothetical predicates of the verb wish, and, using a small sample of native-speaker informants, statistically-based suggestions will be proposed regarding the distributional limits on the grammaticalisation of the modal as a future auxiliary.
Semantics and the Number of English Sentences
Authors: Bjurlöf Thomas , Jamieson Dale
Published: January 2011

How many English sentences are there? Infinitely many has long been the answer in the catechisms of the orthodox. And not without reason. 'This is the cat that caught the rat.' is an English sentence. So is 'This is the cat that caught the rat that stole the cheese.'. This is the cat with white paws that caught the rat that stole the cheese.' is unobjectionable as well. Since a clear cutoff point cannot be specified, it is tempting to resort to the three dots. We argue that the argument from the lack of a clear cutoff point to infinity is a bad argument; the set of English sentences may be a fuzzy set rather than a standard set. We also argue that the initial question suppresses several quite distinct questions. A theory constructed to account for formal relations between sentences might warrant the positing of infinite semantic structures. A theory constructed to account for human understanding probably would not. Furthermore the common claim that infinity is necessary if there are to be novel and creative uses of language is found to be entirely without substance.
Oblique case marking on core arguments in Korean
Authors: Kim Jong-Bok , Sells Peter
Published: January 2011

In this paper we present data from Korean in which the core arguments (subject and direct object) of a transitive clause may be suffixed with oblique postpositional markers rather than the usual nominative or accusative case markers. Unlike familiar cases of oblique arguments, such as dative subjects, we argue that the oblique case marking surveyed here does not indicate a particular thematic role, but rather brings out something different: other semantic properties of the argument in one instance, and a special interpretation imparted to the whole clause in the other. We present a description of the data against a background of current theoretical approaches to case marking, and conclude with some consequences for grammatical theory.
Conflict resolution in syntactic theory
Authors: Moravcsik Edith A.
Published: January 2011

The paper investigates conflicts that arise in syntactic description and the resolutions of these conflicts. I will identify four logical possibilities of resolving conflicts and will cite examples from the syntactic literature for each. It will further be suggested that conflict resolution is a common goal of otherwise different linguistic theories in and outside syntax, and that it goes a long way towards motivating argumentation both in other sciences and in everyday discourse. The basic theme of the paper is that just as the study of languages provides a window into human cognition, so does the study of metalanguages — the conceptual apparatus employed by linguists in describing languages. Partonomy (whole-part relations) and taxonomy (type-subtype relations) will be represented as shared tools across various domains of human thought, with both relations serving a shared goal: resolving conflicts.