bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: Risk for Diabetes and Congenital Heart Defects
Authors: Salmon Jenny
Published: July 2018

Excessive use of alcohol can be a cause for many disease and injury conditions. These include amongst many others, myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation, nonischaemic cardiomyopathy, fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), congenital heart defects (CHD) and liver cirrhosis. Even low levels of prenatal alcohol  ethanol) exposure, such as in a single dose, can produce birth defects termed fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) which is the highest marker on the spectrum. Diabetes is regarded as a major cause of cardiovascular disease whilst prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) can range from no observable adverse effects to mortality. CHD are stated to be the most prevalent cause of mortality in individuals with FASD. The dimension of the problems is still greatest in the Western world although it is stated to be the leading cause of mental retardation in North America. FASD is a neurodevelopmental disability which can be occasioned when a pregnant woman consumes alcohol. The diagnostic  criteria for FASD includes growth impairment, abnormal facial features and neurocognitive impairments. The most frequently reported abnormal facial features in FASD are thin upper lip, indistinct or smooth philtrum and short palpebral fissure length. Other features are microganthia, low set ears, ptosis, absent or indistinct philtral ridge, epicanthal folds, cleft palate, flat nasal bridge and midface hypoplasia. The neurocognitive features commonly reported in FASD are microcephaly, intellectual disability, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and behavioural impairments. Central nervous system (CNS) injury is also seen and is debilitating. Structural abnormalities of the CNS can include microcephaly, agenesis/absence of the corpus callosum and multiple severe brain malformations. This review article seeks to address the association of FASD with diabetes and CHD.
Espécies do cerrado com potencial para recuperação de áreas degradadas, Gurupi (TO)
Authors: Bendito Bianca Pietsch Cunha , Souza Patrícia Aparecisda de , Ferreira Rômullo Quirino de Souza , Bonfim e Cândido Jacqueline , Souza Priscila Bezerra de
Published: July 2018

A cobertura vegetal do Bioma Cerrado vem sendo substituída em decorrência de atividades antrópicas, necessitando de técnicas e estratégias para a recuperação das áreas degradadas. Este trabalho objetivou identificar e recomendar espécies arbustivo-arbóreas da flora de uma área de cerrado sensu stricto, estado do Tocantins, para auxiliar no manejo adequado de áreas similares. Foram instaladas, em área de cerrado sensu stricto da fazenda experimental da UFT, três parcelas amostrais na área experimental, com dimensões de 20 × 50 m cada uma, totalizando 3.000 m². Todos os indivíduos arbustivo-arbóreos com circunferência maior ou igual a 10 cm, a 1,30 cm do solo (CAP), foram amostrados. A fim de obter os parâmetros fitossociológicos, foi utilizado o programa Fitopac versão 2.1. Determinou-se a forma de vida de acordo com a classificação de Raunkiaer para espécies amostradas e identificadas em nível específico. Foram identificados 598 indivíduos, 78 espécies e39 famílias. A forma de vida predominante entre as espécies identificadas na área de cerrado foram as Fanerófitas. As famílias que apresentaram maior número de indivíduos foram: Vochysiaceae, Myrtaceae, Burseraceae, Malpighiaceae e Fabaceae. As espécies que apresentaram maior valor decobertura foram Protium heptaphyllum, Myrcia splendens, Qualea multiflora, Tapirira guianensis, Magonia pubescens Copaifera langsdorffii Desf, Psidium guineense Sw, Cordia glabrata (Mart.) A.DC, inferindo que essas espécies possuem grande potencial para áreas degradas do Bioma Cerrado.
Sumário
Authors: Agrogeoambiental Revista
Published: July 2018

Sumário
Atividades metacognitivas como facilitadoras na aprendizagem sobre seres vivos nos anos iniciais
Authors: Ferreira Sabrina Antunes , Bernardi Geovane , Silveira Maira Dos Santos , Leonardi Ariadne De Freitas , Goldschmidt Andréa Inês
Published: July 2018

O artigo investiga a inserção de momentos de evocação do pensamento metacognitivo durante a realização de uma sequência didática para o conteúdo seres vivos, desenvolvida com alunos dos anos iniciais em escola pública do município de Palmeira das Missões, RS. O objetivo consistiu em proporcionar que os estudantes recorram a essa forma de pensamento durante as atividades desenvolvidas como meio de qualificar suas aprendizagens. Para tanto, investigaram-se, teoricamente, os elementos metacognitivos e aspectos construtivistas nas vertentes psicológica e epistemológica. Os aspectos construtivistas nortearam a elaboração da Sequência Didática Metacognitiva (SDMc), cuja pesquisa qualitativa foi desenvolvida em distintas fases: sondagem, como forma de revelar a presença de momentos de evocação metacognitiva; discussão inicial com os participantes sobre as concepções iniciais; aplicação da sequência didática; desenvolvimento de instrumento para coleta dos dados e avaliação; e, discussões sobre a viabilidade, para efetivação do modelo proposto. A pesquisa teve como instrumento investigativo a análise oriunda de um questionário inicial e de uma ficha de avaliação, aplicadas aos alunos, além de observações dos pesquisadores. Os resultados permitem inferir que o modelo se mostra pertinente, revelando que a explicitação de momentos de evocação do pensamento metacognitivo representa uma alternativa para tornar as atividades desenvolvidas potencialmente mais significativas na aprendizagem.
A argumentação e o potencial metacognitivo de uma atividade experimental baseada na POA (previsão-observação-argumentação)
Authors: Medeiros Edilene Ferreira de , Silva Marcia Gorette Lima da , Locatelli Solange Wagner
Published: July 2018

Esta pesquisa apresenta incidentes metacognitivos de alunos do ensino médio ao vivenciar uma atividade experimental sobre fotossíntese e respiração baseada na Previsão-Observação-Argumentação. A atividade inclui retomada dos conteúdos, elementos do argumento e guias de scripts. O experimento selecionado objetivou aplicar conhecimentos de biologia em um contexto real e desenvolver habilidades argumentativas. Consistia em colocar uma planta em dois tubos contendo água com fenolftaleína, onde um ficaria em uma câmara escura e outro no claro. Foi solicitado aos alunos prever o que aconteceria com cada tubo e comparar com as mudanças na cor do pH. Participaram 8 alunos sendo a atividade realizada em grupos cooperativos promovendo discussão a partir da perspetiva de participação em práticas científicas. Concretamente foram analisados incidentes metacognitivos presentes no discurso dos alunos quando justificavam suas conclusões baseadas nos dados obtidos no experimento. Os resultados indicaram 4 categorias de incidentes metacognitivos: confirmação, monitoramento, mudança positiva e mudança negativa. Nos discursos mostraram maior habilidade para observar dados experimentais e justificar depois de confrontar suas previsões iniciais com conhecimento científico. No entanto, apresentaram dificuldades em argumentar suas explicações (incidente metacognitivo de mudança negativa). Sinalizamos que as atividades envolvendo a argumentação favoreceram a capacidade de autorregulação do processo de aprendizagem
Stable Nano Calcite Synthesis
Authors: Kilic Sevgi
Published: July 2018

Synthesis of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) particles in the presence of a population of carbon dioxide (CO2) bubbles was investigated in the calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) solution, which is a natural stabilizer for CaCO3. Possible chemical speciation reactions were presented for an inorganic synthesis of hollow nano-CaCO3 particles. In the progress of CaCO3 synthesis, some of the particles started to dissolve at their edges and turned into hollow nano-CaCO3 particles. Some of the pores closed at the end of crystallization as a result of dissolution-recrystallization mechanism. Hollow nano-CaCO3 particles with sizes of about 300 nm were synthesized with a narrow size distribution. It was concluded that the hollow nano-CaCO3 particles could be advantageous due to lower weights and higher surface areas.
La libertad de expresión y la defensa de los Derechos Humanos en México: Situación actual = Freedom of expression and the defense of Human Rights in Mexico: Current situation
Authors: Villanueva Sossa Selene , Chávez Cervantes José de Jesús
Published: July 2018

RESUMEN: La libertad de expresión es un derecho aún pendiente por garantizar por parte del Estado mexicano si éste se considera comprometido con el resguardo de los derechos humanos. Prueba de lo anterior, son las numerosas violaciones de sus derechos a periodistas y personas defensoras de derechos humanos, lo que se traduce en un Estado en el que ejercer la libertad de expresión, se puede estar firmando una sentencia de muerte. ABSTRACT: Freedom of expression is a still pending right to be guaranteed by the Mexican State if he considers itself committed with the safeguarding human rights. Proof of the previous text, are the numerous violations to journalist rights and human right defenders, which it translates into a state in which to exercise freedom of expression, could be a death sentence.PALABRAS CLAVE: libertad de expresión, derechos humanos, estado constitucional, México.KEYWORDS: freedom of expression, human rights, constitutional state, Mexico.
Setting the stage to quit smoking in Bipolar Disorder patients: brief advice in clinical practice
Authors: Sarramea Fernando , Jaen-Moreno Maria José , Balanzá-Martínez Vicent , Osuna Maria Isabel , Alcalá José Ángel , Montiel Francisco Javier , Gómez Cristina , Sánchez María Dolores , Rico Ana Belén , Redondo-Écija Justa , Gil Susana , Valdivia Francisca , Caballero-Villarraso Javier , Gutiérrez-Rojas Luis
Published: July 2018

Tobacco consumption is the main preventable factor of mortality in smokers with bipolar disorder (BD), and any possible solutions are often blocked by prejudices over desire, and the possibilities and risks for these patients in giving up tobacco consumption. Adults with BD were recruited at 8 Mental Health Centres. Smokers were evaluated before and after a brief intervention based on the 3 A’s and classified into a ‘Stage of Change’ (SOC) and their ‘Readiness to Change’ (RTC). A multiple linear regression was used to analyze the progression in their RTC and the independent effect of different variables (pharmacological treatment, history of psychotic symptoms, current anxiety symptoms, willingness, self-perceived capacity to quit smoking and subjective perception of cognitive functioning). Of 212 stable patients diagnosed with BD, current smokers (n=101; 47.6%) were included in the intervention phase, and 80.2% completed it. At baseline, 75.2% were considering the idea of giving up smoking and, after the brief intervention, 30.9% of the patients progressed in their SOC. A significant increase in the level of RTC was observed (53.3 vs 59.3, P=0.019). Perception of cognitive performance (β=-0.35;P=0.002), the degree of willing to quit (β=0.32;P=0.008), self-perceived capacity to quit tobacco smoking (β=-0.30;P=0.012), the patient’s age (β=-0.72;P=0.004), the age of onset of smoking (β=0.48;P=0.022) and years as a smoker (β=0.48;P=0.025) were all factors that significantly influenced the chances of improving after the short intervention. Smokers with BD consider the idea of quitting and a brief intervention developed in the every day mental health care setting improves the level of readiness. The neurocognitive dysfunction associated with BD may limit patients’ readiness to quit smoking.
A comparison between phase-III trials and a phase-IV study of nalmefene in alcohol use disorder patients. Is there a difference?
Authors: Barrio Giménez Pablo , Ortega Lluisa , Guardia Josep , Roncero Carlos , Yuguero Lara , Gual Antoni
Published: July 2018

Concerns regarding the external validity of phase-III trials are common to many medical disciplines, with relevant discrepancies found between experimental and clinical samples in some diseases such as hypertension. The aim of this study was to compare the samples included in the pivotal, phase-III clinical trials of nalmefene with that of a recently conducted phase-IV trial. Baseline characteristics of the studies were compared through univariate analysis. Significant differences were found in the percentage of low-risk drinkers included. Differences were also found in the prescription and intake pattern of nalmefene, as well as in the rate of psychiatric and addictive comorbidities, which were much higher in the phase-IV study. These data suggest that in the field of alcohol use disorders there are also relevant differences between experimental and clinical samples, a fact that reinforces the need for phase-III trials to be balanced with observational, phase-IV trials.
Soccer Post-Match Recovery – a Review of the Evidence on Static Stretching
Authors: Sciacchitano Ryan
Published: July 2018

Soccer is the most played sport worldwide, with over 265 million participants. It is an incredibly demanding sport, with many different technical skills and physical loads placed on the body. This makes post-match recovery strategies amongst high level soccer players of great importance. The aim of this review is to summarize the existing literature on stretching for post-match recovery, examining its relation to injury prevention, Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS), and performance. Scientific evidence of the highest quality and relevance was extracted and reviewed. Despite its common practice, evidence does not support static stretching as a modality to improve recovery post-match amongst soccer players. Larger trials with important outcome measures are needed to determine if a post-match stretching regimen to facilitate recovery exists.
European Web-Based Platform for Recording International Health Regulations Ship Sanitation Certificates: Results and Perspectives
Authors: Mouchtouri Varvara A. , Van Reusel Diederik , Bitsolas Nikolaos , Katsioulis Antonis , Van den Bogaert Raf , Helewaut Björn , Steenhout Inge , Damman Dion , Dávila Cornejo Miguel , Hadjichristodoulou Christos , SHIPSAN ACT joint action partnership EU
Published: July 2018

The purpose of this study was to report data analysis results from the International Health Regulations (2005) Ship Sanitation Certificates (SSC), recorded in the European Information System (EIS). International sea trade and population movements by ships can contribute to the global spread of diseases. SSC are issued to ensure the implementation of control measures if public health risk exists on board. EIS designed according to the World Health Organization (WHO) “Handbook for Inspection of Ships and Issuance of SSC”. Inspection data were recorded and SSC issued by inspectors working at European ports were analysed. From July 2011-February 2017, 107 inspectors working at 54 ports in 11 countries inspected 5579 ships. Of these, there were 29 types under 85 flags (including 19 EU flags). As per IHR (2005) 10,281 Ship Sanitation Control Exception Certificates (SSCEC) and 296 Ship Sanitation Control Certificates (SSCC) were issued, 74 extensions to existing SSC were given, 7565 inspection findings were recorded, and 47 inspections were recorded without issuing an SSC. The most frequent inspection findings were the lack of potable water quality monitoring reports (23%). Ships aged ≥12 years (Odds Ratio, OR = 1.77, 95%Confidence Intervals, CI = 1.37–2.29) with an absence of cargo at time of inspection (OR = 3.36, 95%CI = 2.51–4.50) had a higher probability of receiving an SSCC, while ships under the EU flag had a lower probability of having inspection findings (OR = 0.72, 95%CI = 0.66–0.79). Risk factors to prioritise the inspections according to IHR were identified by using the EIS. A global information system, or connection of national or regional information systems and data exchange, could help to better implement SSC using common standards and procedures.   
Modeling Analysis of Complex Products Resource Integration Behavior Under Distributed Collaborative Technology Innovation Mode
Authors: Chen Hongzhuan , Wang Yue , Song Lulu , Zhang Qiaoke
Published: July 2018

According to new features of distributed technology innovation collaboration of complex products of China’s aviation, in the multi-agent collaborative R&D process, between main manufacturer and suppliers, this paper summarizes the organizational structure and characteristics of collaborative mode of distributed technology innovation of complex products, basing on the technological innovation and resource integration of complex products, and treating resource contribution rate as a key parameter. It establishes multi-agent resource integration collaborative symbiosis model under distributed collaborative technology innovation mode based on symbiosis theory. And finds that some factors such as the basic attributes of the enterprise, the mutual influence of resources among enterprises and the behavior decision of the main manufacturer have some effects on the resource integration using stability analysis and simulation analysis, which provides a theoretical basis for the main manufacturer to optimize the behavior of suppliers’ resource integration.
The Effect of Transportation and Housing Subsidies on Urban Sprawl
Authors: Cai Qiao , Wang Zou , Xiao Lingling
Published: July 2018

This paper analyses theoretically the effect of transportation and housing subsidies on urban sprawl, modal choice decisions and urban spatial structure using a spatial general equilibrium model in a monocentric city with two transport modes. Our analysis shows that public transit subsidy leads to urban shrink, whilst subsidizing automobile and housing make the city sprawl. We also find the effects of the other factors on urban sprawl, such as households income and demand, rural land rent, the income tax rate, the total fixed cost of public transit and automobile and the travelling marginal cost of public transit and automobile. Furthermore, this paper also studies how to maximize the urban-area-wide spatial equilibrium utility level.
Dynamics of Indonesian Robusta Coffee Competition Among Major Competitor Countries
Authors: Rosiana Nia , Nurmalina Rita , Winandi Ratna , Rifin Amzul
Published: July 2018

Fluctuations in Indonesian Robusta coffee exports occurred along with a declining trend in coffee exports compared to major competitor countries over the past fifteen years.  This research aimed to analyze the dynamics of the competitiveness of Indonesian Robusta coffee exports and the level of competition among the major competitor countries such as Vietnam and India. The methods used are Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Dynamic Revealed Comparative Advantage (DRCA), and Rank Spearman Correlation. These methods were selected to analyze changes in competition level within 15 years’ time dimension (2000–2015) as well as to analyze the relationships among competing countries, which may affect Robusta coffee market of each country. The analysis showed that Indonesia's coffee competitiveness tends to increase compared to the two major competitors of Robusta coffee exporter of the world such as Vietnam and India. However, Indonesia's coffee competitiveness is still a half below Vietnam. The Indonesian coffee rivalry against Vietnam and India is not significantly correlated due to the different markets of export destination countries.  Increasing competitiveness and the strength of competition in export market can be done through quality improvement and continuity of domestic Robusta coffee in accordance to the demand of world consumers.
Aplikasi Sitokinin untuk Meningkatkan Pertumbuhan Tanaman Teh di Dataran Rendah
Authors: Rosniawaty Santi , Anjarsari Intan Ratna Dewi , Sudirja Rija
Published: July 2018

Tea (Camellia sinensis [L.] O. Kuntze) is one of priority commodities in West Java. Extensification of tea plantation in lowland and suboptimal areas is believed to contribute significantly in improving the farmers welfare. Temperature differences between the lowland and highland areas affects the metabolism of tea plants. In technical culture, centering (pruning) is required to form the shrub with ideal branching. This study aimed to determine cytokinin effects on the growth of tea plants after centering in the lowland areas. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Station of Faculty of Agriculture, Padjadjaran University, Jatinangor, from November 2016 until June 2017 using 10 months old tea plant materials. The experiments used a randomized block design with 4 replications. The treatment used was cytokinin derived from coconut water with concentration of 25%, 50%, and 75%, cytokinin in the form of benzyl amino purin (BAP) with concentration of 60 ppm, 90 ppm, and 120 ppm, and control (without cytokinin). The results showed that cytokinin derived from coconut water or in the form of BAP applied in tea plants after centering, was only effective up to 3 months after application. At 1 and 3 months after application, 50% coconut water or BAP 60 ppm increased the length of stem diameter, number of leaves, shoot length, and number of shoots. Therefore, coconut water with 50% concentration or BAP 60 ppm can be used as source of cytokinins for tea plants in the lowlands after centering.
The Effectiveness of Trichoderma Viride TNU in Inhibiting Infection of Phytophthora Palmivora on Cocoa
Authors: Samsudin Samsudin , Harni Rita , Taufik Efi
Published: July 2018

Phytophthora palmivora is a pathogenic fungus that causes pod rot and stem cancer in cacao plant. This pathogen was difficult to control because it survives in the form of mycelium and chlamydospores in infected plant parts or in soil. Trichoderma viride is expected to inhibit the growth and development of this pathogen. The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of T. viride in inhibiting P. palmivora infection on cacao, conducted at Plant Protection Laboratory and Greenhouse of Indonesian Industrial and Beverage Crops Research Institute (IIBCRI), Sukabumi from March to December 2014. The T. viride TNU isolates used was purified and propagated in the laboratory. The T. viride inhibition against  P. palmivora growth and development was tested in vitro on potato dextrose agar medium (PDA) and in vivo on infected cacao pods and seedlings. The parameters observed were percentage of inhibition on PDA and the disease progression on infected pods and seedlings. The results showed that T. viride inhibited the growth of P. palmivora with inhibition percentage up to 68.60%, a strong antagonist for P. palmivora on PDA and reduced P. palmivora infection on seedlings in the greenhouse. Applications of T. viride 3 days before or after inoculation with P. palmivora was able to protect cacao seedlings in polybags, respectively by 60% and 45%. However, T. viride has not been able to hinder the development of pod rot disease on cacao.
Recent Advances of Water-Soluble Fullerene Derivatives in Biomedical Applications
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyan , Cong Hailin , Yu Bing , Chen Qun
Published: July 2018

Fullerenes, especially C60, exhibit great potential applications in biology field, due to their excellent antibacterial, antiviral, antitumor and other properties. Many water-soluble fullerene derivatives have been designed, synthesized and used as photo-dynamic therapy agents, antiviral agents, bioimaging agents, drug carriers and so on. This review focuses on the usage of water-soluble fullerene derivatives in biomedical field in recent years. The first half gives the preparation of water-soluble fullerene derivatives themselves with covalent bonds and non-covalent bonds. In the second half, myriad applications of water-soluble fullerene derivatives in biomedical field are introduced.
The Entrepreneurs’ Organisation into Several Forms of GROUPS under the Law
Authors: ILANA Ana
Published: July 2018

An Economic Interest Group is a form of organisation for participants in an economic or civil activity that has been under regulation in Romania for more than 10 years, nevertheless it is quite rare in the business world today. There is some reluctance to use this form of organisation, which is often mistaken for a Group of Companies, a much more common form, but which has no recognition in terms of a legal person status, i.e., the Group of Companies is not a separate entity with legal personality. The need to bring this form of organisation under regulation was justified by an intention to support the harmonious development of economic activities, as well as their ongoing and balanced expansion throughout the European Community, for the proper working of a single market which offers conditions similar to the those of a national market.
Structural, morphological, magnetic and electrical properties of Ni-doped ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by co-precipitation method
Authors: Dasari Madhava , Godavarti Umadevi , Mote Vishwanath
Published: July 2018

Weak ferromagnetic behaviour was obtained in a systematic way at room
temperature by doping of ZnO with nickel (Zn1-xNixO, where x = 0.00, 0.05,
0.15 and 0.20). The obtained results were correlated with conductivity and
impedance studies. Diamagnetic to ferromagnetic change was observed with
increased concentration of nickel. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed
wurtzite ZnO structure of prepared nanopowders while microstrain was
increased with nickel concentration. Incorporation of nickel in ZnO
structure was confirmed using EDAX analysis, while FTIR spectroscopy
provided further information on functional groups. Transmission electron
microscopy images showed that the particle sizes are in the range of 12-20
nm, and scanning electron microscopy analyses that grain size decreases with
increase in nickel concentration. Photo luminescence studies confirmed the
presence of VO and Zni defects in the prepared samples. It was concluded
that the defect induced strain, grain boundaries and lower particle sizes
are the reasons for weak ferromagnetic behaviour of the investigated
samples.
Enhancement of proton conductivity through Yb and Zn doping in BaCe0.5Zr0.35Y0.15O3-δ electrolyte for IT-SOFCs
Authors: Afif Ahmed , Radenahmad Nikdalila , Zaini Juliana , Abdalla Mohamed , Rahman Seikh , Eriksson Sten , Azad Abul
Published: July 2018

The new compositions of BaCe0.5Zr0.3Y0.15-xYbxZn0.05O3-? perovskite
electrolytes (x = 0.1 and 0.15) were prepared by solid state synthesis and
final sintering at 1500?C. The obtained ceramics were investigated using
X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, thermo-gravimetric analysis
and impedance spectroscopy. The refinement of XRD data confirmed cubic
crystal structure with Pm3m space group for both samples. SEM morphology
showed larger and compacted grains which enables obtaining of high density
and high protonic conductivity. The relative densities of the samples were
about 99% of the theoretical density after sintering at 1500?C. The
protonic conductivities at 650?C were 2.8?10-4 S/cm and 4.2?10-3 S/cm for x
= 0.1 and 0.15, respectively. The obtained results showed that higher
Yb-content increases the ionic conductivity and both of these perovskites
are promising electrolyte for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel
cells to get high efficiency, long-term stability and relatively low cost
energy system.
Severe sink-in occurrence in thermally sprayed hydroxyapatite coating
Authors: Saber-Samandari Saeed , Baradaran Saeid , Nasiri-Tabrizi Bahman , Alamara Kadhim , Basirun Wan
Published: July 2018

The performance of orthopaedic and dental implants counts on the ability to
appraise the mechanical properties of biomaterials. In the present study,
nanoindentation was used to characterize the mechanical properties of
thermally sprayed hydroxyapatite-coated commercial pure titanium (HA/CP-Ti).
From the XRD patterns, the as-sprayed HA coating showed an
inhomogeneous mixture of polycrystalline and amorphous phases along with the
formation of the decomposed constituents including tricalcium phosphate
(?-TCP), tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP) and calcium oxide (CaO). The SEM
micrographs of HA coating indicated some incompletely melted particles on
the surface of flattened droplets, where the average pore size was around
0.8 ?m. After the loadunload indentation experiment, a clear severe sink-in
deformation feature was observed around the residual indentation impression
of the amorphous part. In contrast, pile-up only occurs during loading for
the crystalline part of the coating. In addition, the crystalline part of
the coating exhibited a Young?s modulus and hardness of around 120.46 and
7.91GPa, respectively, which were almost 8 and 259% higher than that of the
bare CP-Ti substrate. This is the first report on the nanoindentation
characterization of the inhomogeneous mixture of various phase structures in
thermally sprayed HA coatings.
A Anamnese Fonoaudiológica segundo os preceitos da Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde (CIF)
Authors: Pinto Fernanda Chequer de Alcântara , Schiefer Ana Maria , Perissinoto Jacy
Published: July 2018

Objetivo: identificar, por meio da anamnese fonoaudiológica, quais as categorias e componentes mais frequentes relacionados à funcionalidade segundo os princípios da Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde (CIF), em quadros de Transtornos de Linguagem e Fala. Métodos: pesquisa retrospectiva de acervo parcial de registros de entrevista fonoaudiológica de clínica-escola, correspondente a 1000 casos avaliados entre os anos de 2004 a 2013; após cálculo estatístico, constituiu-se uma amostra por conveniência de 110 protocolos. Analisaram-se os registros da anamnese de acordo com as 362 categorias do nível dois da CIF e considerou-se na seleção um corte, arbitrário, nas 30 primeiras categorias mais frequentes de cada domínio e entre todas elas, para o agrupamento. Para o tratamento estatístico adotou-se o Teorema do Limite Central e a Leis dos Grandes Números para o cálculo pré-amostral e o teste não-paramétrico Igualdade de Duas Proporções, na análise da frequência. Resultados: as categorias mais frequentes foram: b176 (funções mentais para a sequência de movimentos complexos), d310 (comunicar e receber mensagens orais), d330 (falar) e e410 (atitudes individuais de membros da família próxima). Os componentes mais frequentes foram função do corpo e atividades/participação, os menos frequentes, os fatores ambientais e estrutura do corpo. As queixas “aprendizagem e fala” e “dificuldades de aprendizagem” foram as que apresentaram mais categorias nos componentes. Conclusão: foi possível a identificação de categorias e componentes da CIF, relacionados à funcionalidade, recorrentes em relatos da anamnese fonoaudiológica. Deste modo, esse resultado amplia o olhar e o cuidado do fonoaudiólogo com a saúde do indivíduo.
Avaliação audiológica em criança com microcefalia pelo zika vírus: estudo de caso
Authors: Rosa Bárbara Cristina da Silva , Silva Jamylle Figueiredo , Santos Mirelles , Lewis Dóris Ruthy
Published: July 2018

Introdução: A microcefalia caracteriza-se pela medida do perímetro cefálico de um indivíduo com dois desvios-padrões abaixo da média populacional para sexo e idade. Sabe-se que crianças com microcefalia são consideradas de alto risco para perda auditiva. Portanto, é imprescindível a avaliação e monitoramento audiológico até o terceiro ano de vida. Dentro da bateria de exames, há atualmente novos estímulos, como o Ichirp, que se pode utilizar no Potencial Evocado Auditivo de Tronco Encefálico durante a avaliação. Objetivo: Descrever a avaliação audiológica de uma criança com microcefalia pelo Zika vírus. Método: Foi realizada uma bateria de exames audiológicos: meatoscopia, avaliação comportamental, imitânciometria e o Potencial Evocado Auditivo de Tronco Encefálico, com os estímulos clique e Ichirp. Esses exames foram aplicados em uma criança de sete meses, diagnosticada com microcefalia pelo Zika vírus. Resultados: A criança apresentou exames audiológicos dentro dos padrões de normalidade, com exceção da audiometria de reforço visual. Conclusão: A avaliação audiológica foi dentro dos padrões de normalidade. Deve-se monitorar até o terceiro ano de vida, devido ao risco da perda progressiva. Foram observadas, no PEATE, melhor morfologia e maiores latências das ondas no estímulo Ichirp, quando comparadas ao clique.
Acknowledgements
Authors: Rappe Erja
Published: July 2018

Agricultural and Food Science expresses its sincere thanks to the following referees for their constructive critical reviews of one or more manuscripts during the year 2013.
Proximity of waterways to Finnish farmlands and associated characteristics of regional land use
Authors: Peltonen-Sainio Pirjo , Laurila Heikki , Jauhiainen Lauri , Alakukku Laura
Published: July 2018

High latitude agriculture is rainfed. Climate change could, however, increase water deficiency and initiate a call for development of irrigation systems as a part of field water management systems. This study aimed to develop a basic understanding about the current state of irrigation potential according to region by monitoring proximity of fields to waterways and characterizing their general conditions. One third of Finnish fields are in direct contact with a shoreline of an inland waterway. This coupled with Finland being water-rich country may improve adaptive capacity to cope with the potentially harmful impacts of climate change in the future. However, there are marked differences between regions in access to water resources. Findings of this survey will serve as background information needed to assess future needs for introduction of irrigation and to evaluate the opportunities to close yield gaps and improve yield stability through irrigation.
Direct energy consumption and CO2 emissions in a Finnish broiler house – a case study
Authors: Rajaniemi Mari , Ahokas Jukka
Published: July 2018

Direct energy (electricity and heating) consumption was measured from one broiler house in southern Finland. CO2 emissions were also calculated. Six broiler flocks were reared per year with an average of 26 000 birds per flock. Heating constituted the major energy input, averaging 1.3 kWh kg-1 of carcass weight. It varied greatly between seasons and was highest during the cold period. Using renewable energy for heating remarkably reduces CO2 emissions compared to fossil energy. Electricity consumption averaged 0.08 kWh kg-1 of carcass weight. The greatest energy saving potential can be found in heating. CO2 emissions can be lowered to similar levels as in warmer countries by using biofuels for heating. Ventilation control is one possibility for direct energy savings in broiler production. Feed production is one of the key elements when total energy consumption is considered.
A comparative ideotype, yield component and cultivation value analysis for spring wheat adaptation in Finland
Authors: Laurila Heikki , Mäkelä Pirjo , Kleemola Jouko , Peltonen Jari
Published: July 2018

In this study Mixed structural covariance, Path and Cultivation Value analyses and the CERES-Wheat crop model were used to evaluate vegetation and yield component variation affecting yield potential between different high-latitude (> 60° N lat.) and mid-European (< 60° N lat.) spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes currently cultivated in southern Finland. Path modeling results from this study suggest that especially grains/ear, harvest index (HI) and maximum 1000 kernel weight were significant factors defining the highest yield potential. Mixed and Cultivation value modeling results suggest that when compared with genotypes introduced for cultivation before 1990s, modern spring wheat genotypes have a significantly higher yielding capacity, current high yielding mid-European genotypes even exceeding the 5 t ha-1 non-potential baseline yield level (yb). Because of a forthcoming climate change, the new high yielding wheat genotypes have to adapt for elevated temperatures and atmospheric CO2 growing conditions in northern latitudes. The optimized ideotype profiles derived from the generic high-latitude and mid-European genotypes are presented in the results. High-latitude and mid-European ideotype profiles with factors estimating the effects of concurrent elevated CO2 and temperature levels with photoperiodical daylength effects can be utilized when designing future high yielding ideotypes adapted to future growing conditions. The CERES-Wheat ideotype modeling results imply, that with new high yielding mid-European ideotypes, the non-potential baseline yield (yb) would be on average 5150 kg ha-1 level (+ 108 %) vs. new high-latitude ideotypes (yb 4770 kg ha-1, 100%) grown under the elevated CO2(700ppm)×temperature(+3ºC) growing conditions projected by the year 2100 climate change scenario in southern Finland.
Structural development and regional concentration of agriculture in Finland in 1975–2008
Authors: Voutilainen Olli , Muilu Toivo , Wuori Olli
Published: July 2018

This article analyses structural and regional development and concentration of agriculture in terms of jobs and value of production, here value added, in Finland during 1975–2008 based on statistical and georeferenced data. The empirical results showed us that, while the relative socioeconomic importance of agriculture has decreased all over Finland, the role of agriculture varies a great deal between regions. Agricultural development trends both in terms of number of jobs and value of production, have been different from total economic development since the mid-1980s. As with economic functions in general, a regional concentration trend has taken place in agriculture. However, this trend has been stronger in all industries together and compared to other industries, agriculture as a whole is still regionally evenly dispersed. The reasons behind this can be found in historical, societal and political factors, and tight connections between agriculture and surrounding land and natural circumstances.
Effect of lactic acid on the meat quality properties and the taste of pork Serratus ventralis muscle
Authors: Grajales-Lagunes Alicia , Rivera-Bautista Cecilia , Ruiz-Cabrera Miguel , Gonzalez-Garcia Raul , Ramirez-Telles Jorge , Abud-Archila Miguel
Published: July 2018

In this work was evaluated the effect of lactic acid treatment method in pork Serratus ventralis muscle on meat quality parameters pH, color, weight loss, cooking loss, hardness, and taste.  The treatment was performed by immersing the sample in lactic acid solutions at two concentrations (1 and 3% v v-1) for 1 and 3 min., immediately the samples were stored at 4 °C during 7 days. The taste was evaluated employing trained and untrained judges.  Only hardness, weight loss and cooking loss, were affected by lactic acid concentration (p<0.05). The perception of lactic acid taste to trained judges was higher in samples of major concentration and immersion time. To untrained judges the sample treated with 3% lactic acid for 1 minute, had the best acceptation. Both judges reported that the taste of meat was delicious. Therefore, lactic acid treatment may be an alternative to extend pork shelf life.
Changes in maize silage fermentation products during aerobic deterioration and effects on dry matter intake by goats
Authors: Gerlach Katrin , Roß Fabian , Weiß Kirsten , Büscher Wolfgang , Südekum Karl-Heinz
Published: July 2018

Chemical and microbiological changes occurring during aerobic exposure of maize silages and their influence on dry matter (DM) intake and preference by goats were evaluated. Eight maize silages differing in DM content, chopping length and compaction pressure were used for the study. After opening, silages were exposed to air for 8 days (d). In 2-d intervals, silage was stored anaerobically for use in preference trials. During the experimental phase, each possible two-way combination of the five silages (d0, d2, d4, d6 and d8) and one standard lucerne hay, was offered as free choice to six goats. Generally, a significant decline occurred in DM intake after 4 d of aerobic exposure. After 8 d, mean decrease in intake was 53% in comparison to the fresh silages. Preference when expressed as DM intake was negatively correlated to silage temperature (as difference to ambient), ethanol and ethyl lactate.
Preface
Authors: Turtola Eila , Chardon Wim J.
Published: July 2018

This special issue of AFS gathers current Finnish research on novel methods for reducing agricultural nutrient lossesto water bodies.
Über die Resistenz der in Finnland anzubauenden Getreiderosten gegen Weizensteinbrand und Haferflugbrand
Authors: Jamalainen E. A.
Published: July 2018

In der Landwirtschaftlichen Versuchsanstalt, Abteilung für Pflanzenkrankheiten, sind über die Resistenz von aus finnischen Pflanzenzüchtungsanstalten erhaltenen Sommerweizenlinien gegen Steinbrand [Tilletia caries (DC.) TUL.] Ver suche angestellt worden, deren Ergebnisse im folgenden wiedergegeben werden. Zugleich werden die in der Abteilung für Pflanzenkrankheiten in den Jahren 1937 1938 ausgeführten Versuche veröffentlicht, in denen die Resistenz verschiedener Hafersorten gegen Ustilago avenue (PERS.) JENS, erforscht wird.
The amounts and adequacy of food rations in Finland during 1941-46
Authors: Roine Paavo
Published: July 2018

Owing to the impossibility of obtaining reliable information on the food consumption of the »self-providers,» only the food rations and nutrition of the ordinary »consumers» are discussed in this paper. The daily amounts of calories, protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus, iron, vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, and ascorbic acid have been calculated on the basis of the rations of bread flour, fats, milk, sugar, and meat. Of the ration-free foodstuffs only potatoes had greater importance in the diets; their contents of different constituents have been taken into consideration in using approximate values of the daily consumption of potatoes. Inadequacy of calories is a common feature in the diets of adults and also of adolescent children. Distinct deficiencies can also be noticed in the amounts of calcium and vitamin A, a slight deficiency in riboflavin. The intake of other constituents discussed can be regarded as being nutritionally adequate, although the amounts of protein and particularly those of niacin have been in many cases rather scanty. The nutrition of children has been remarkably better than that of the adults owing, above all, to the greater share of milk in the children’s dietary. The nutrition situation was the worst in 1942 and very poor again in 1945. In 1946 and later it has been continually improving.
Versuche über die Bedeutung von methyl-thiouracil bei der Mastfütterung von alten Milchkühen
Authors: Poijärvi Ilmari
Published: July 2018

Oben ist ein Mastversuch mit zehn zum Schlachten bestimmten Ayrshirekühe beschrieben worden. Die Kühe waren in zwei Gruppen eingeteilt, die in Alter und Gewicht möglichst gleich waren. Beiden Gruppen wurde dasselbe Grundfutter gegeben. Die Kühe der einen Gruppe erhielten ausserdem täglich je Tier 100 g »Vevoron», ein Präparat, das etwa 5 % 4-Methyl-2-Thiouracil enthält. Der Versuch dauerte 37 Tage. Danach wurden die Kühe geschlachtet und im Zusammenhang mit dem Schlachten verschiedene Wägungen ausgeführt (vgl. Tabelle 2). Ausserdem bestimmte man bei allen Tieren den Trockensubstanz- und den Fettgehalt einer bei allen Tieren an derselben Körperstelle entnommenen Fleisch- und einer Leberprobe. Folgende Ergebnisse stellten sich heraus. 1) Bei den Tieren der Thiouracilgruppe nahm das Lebendgewicht durchschnittlich 47.2 kg, bei denen der Normalgruppe 27.6 kg zu, so dass als Thiouracilwirkung 19.6kg Zunahme im Lebendgewicht je Tier in 37 Tagen sich ergaben. 2) Das durchschn. Gewicht der Rümpfe, ohne Blut, Haut, Kopf und Füsse, war bei der Thiouracilgruppe um 31.4 kg grösser als bei der Normalgruppe. 3) Nach dem Ausweiden und Abkühlen der Rümpfe war ihr durchschnittliches Gewicht bei der Thiouracilgruppe nur noch 4.2 kg grösser, so dass der Mehrbetrag im Lebendgewicht hauptsächlich auf dem grösseren Gewicht der Eingeweide beruhte. 4) Da die Thiouracilgruppe durchschnittlich je Kuh 0.4 kg weniger Eingeweidefette hatte und z.B. die Leber durchschn. nur 0.5 kg mehr wog, hat das Mehrgewicht der Eingeweide, das 25.2 kg betrug ,bei dieser Gruppe fast ausschliesslich auf der grösseren Füllung der Vormägen und der Gedärme beruht. 5) Vorausgesetzt, dass das Fleischgewicht bei beiden Gruppen denselben Prozentsatz vom Lebendgewicht sowohl zu Beginn als auch bei Beendigung des Versuchs ausgemacht hätte, kommt man zu dem Ergebnis, dass das Thiouracil eine Zunahme von nur etwa 2 kg im Fleischgewicht verursacht hätte. Auch wenn sie nur blosses Fett gewesen wäre, hätte sich die Anwendung von Thiouracil wirtschaftlich nicht rentabel gestaltet. 6) Sowohl im Trockensubstanz- als im Fettgehalt von Fleisch und Leber der Thiouraciltiere hat gegenüber den Normaltieren kein Unterscheid festgestellt werden können. Dagegen hatten die Thiouraciltiere augenscheinlich etwas mehr Nierentalg als die Kühe der Normalgruppe, die nur minimal wenig davon aufwiesen. 7) Verfasser stellt die Hypothese dar, dass die in verschiedenen Fällen verschieden mästende Wirkung von Thiouracil davon abhängig sein kann, wie stark oder schwach die auf den Hormonabsonderungen beruhenden natürlichen Neigungen zur Mast bei den Tieren sind. Je besser diese Neigungen sind, desto grösser ist die Wirkung, die das Thiouracil ausübt.
Kulutusmaidon kysynnän joustavuus
Authors: Koivisto Esko
Published: July 2018

Edellä on esitetty tuloksia kulutusmaidon kysynnän joustavuutta koskevista tutkimuksista. Kulutusmaidon kysynnän hintajoustavuus on voitu määrätä neljää menetelmää käyttäen. Eri menetelmät ovat antaneet verraten yhdenmukaisen tuloksen siitä huolimatta, että tutkimusaineisto kussakin tapauksessa on ollut aivan erilaatuinen. Eräät eroavuudet tuloksissa on selitettävissä etupäässä kulutusmaidon kysynnän erikoispiirteistä johtuviksi, joihin tässä yhteydessä tutkimusten vielä jatkuessa ei kuitenkaan puututa. Kysynnän tulojoustavuutta koskevat tutkimustulokset näyttävät myös olevan sopusoinnussa sekä keskenään että hintajoustavuuksiin verrattuna.
A statistical study of the interrelations between certain mineral constituents of the blood of dairy cows
Authors: Saarinen Pellervo
Published: July 2018

A statistical study of interrelations between some blood minerals was made on the basis of 330 arterial blood samples collected from 16 herds. The mutual dependence of five variables, calcium (x1), sodium (x2), the total excess of cations (x3), chlorine (x4), and inorganic phosphorus in the blood (x5), was investigated simultaneously. For this purpose the coefficients of partial correlation were calculated and the dependence of each mineral studied was expressed as a linear function of the others. If the effects of all the minerals studied were taken into consideration simultaneously the inorganic anions in the blood showed a slight positive correlation with the blood calcium or vice versa, r14;235 = +0.1353 and r15;234= +0.1717. The phosphates appeared to be proportionately more effective than the chlorides. No reciprocal relationship was noticed between calcium and inorganic phosphorus in the blood of dairy cows Blood chlorine and inorganic phosphorus in the blood were reciprocally related, r45;123 = —0.1746; hence it is concluded that an excessive feeding of chlorides can remove phosphorus from the blood and affect the requirements. Blood sodium and chlorine were fairly closely correlated, r24;135 = +0.7022, and the possibilities of removing one oi these elements from the blood by feeding the other in excess appear to be limited. Regarding the positive effects asserted to be obtainable with chlorides in maintaining the blood calcium at high level the study has given a fairly positive result. If, however, the excess of cations in he blood is maintained simultaneously at a normal level the effect of chlorides on the blood calcium appears to be very slight and in practice some other methods may be preferable.