bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
t
Authors: Feather Leonard , Gitler Ira
Published: November 2023

Tabackin, lew (lewis barry), tnr sax, fl; b. Philadelphia, PA, 3/26/40. Began pl. in hs 1955. Flute major at Phila. Cons. ’58–62 (B. Mus. ’62). In army ’62–5, pl. in N.J. w. Tal Farlow, Don Friedman. Moved to NYC ’65; freelanced w. Maynard Ferguson; Cab Calloway; Urbie Green; Bobby Rosengarden; Buddy Morrow; Clark Terry; Duke Pearson; Thad Jones–Mel Lewis; Joe Henderson; Chuck Israels; Doc Severinsen; also small gp. gigs w. Donald Byrd; Elvin Jones; Attila Zoller; D. Friedman; Roland Hanna; Toshiko Akiyoshi. Led trio at La Boheme in ’68–9. Pl. w. Dick Cavett show band ’69; also in Eur. w. Israels’ Int’l Jazz Qt., Danish Radio Orch ’69. Married Toshiko Akiyoshi, co-led qt. w. her fr. ’70. Moved to LA ’72, pl. w. Tonight Show band ’72–83. Since ’73 feat. soloist w. Akiyoshi-Tabackin bb; concert apps., tours of Japan, and a series of LPs on RCA. The orch. rose rapidly in popularity and earned many awards for Akiyoshi as arr. and comp. It was voted the Best Band in the DB poll annually fr. ’80 to ’84; Grammy nominations for Best Big Band Performance annually fr. ’76 to ’81 and several times subsequently. The band also won several awards fr. SJ in Japan and other publications. Moved back to NYC ’83. In recent yrs. Tabackin has focused on small gp. projects. Pl. in duo w. Dave Holland ’89; qt.
Viruses and Humankind: Intracellular Symbiosis and Evolutionary Competition
Authors: Lederberg Joshua
Published: November 2023

Some may say that AIDS has made us ever vigilant for new viruses. I wish that were true. Others have said that we could do little better than to sit back and wait for the avalanche. I am afraid that this point of view is much closer to the reaction of public policy and the major health establishments of the world, even to this day, to the prospects of emergent disease. A relatively small number of investigators have been preoccupied with the biology of viruses and have a very personal and intimate acquaintanceship with how they tick; these scientists are therefore much more sensitive to the viruses’ potentialities for evolutionary change in the evolution of their symbiotic relations with their hosts. Never has there been a more concentrated collection of intellect devoted to that kind of question than is represented in this book.
New Technologies for Virus Detection
Authors: Ward David C
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter, Richman has given an overview of the various methods for viral detection that are available, ranging from the immunological to nucleic acid hybridization. Apart from the “ gold standard” culture methods, it appears at the moment that the most sensitive methods are based on nucleic acid hybridization for detecting viral genetic sequences, particularly with the application of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify target sequences. I will discuss here three other emerging techniques that could be applied to the analysis of viral infection. One of these methodologies involves fluorescent optical imaging, particularly using confocal microscopy, with the idea of obtaining information on virus integration, viral latency, and, in general, for detecting within intact cells a single copy of a viral genome. One often desires quantitative data (a plaque assay, for example, is quantitative and not merely qualitative), and fluorescent optical imaging techniques have this advantage.
Recombination in the Evolution of RNA Viruses
Authors: Strauss James H
Published: November 2023

Recombination is a fundamental mechanism of genetic variation that results from the reshuffling of genetic material by processes including reassortment of chromosomes, breakage of a chromosome followed by rejoining to a chromosome from a second parent, or by a replicase enzyme switching strands during replication of the nucleic acid. Recombination in viruses is now known to arise from all of these mechanisms. The high frequency recombination characteristic of influenza virus and other viruses with segmented genomes has been well documented. This occurs by reassortment of the individual segments to make new combinations during mixed infection of cells with two virus strains. Within the past few years it has also become clear that recombination also plays a role in the evolution of viruses whose entire genome is a single piece of RNA. I will here discuss evidence for recombination in such viruses and the role of recombination in viral evolution.
Evolutionary Relationships of Vectors and Viruses
Authors: Eldridge Bruce F
Published: November 2023

In a recent paper on the evolution of bunyaviruses, Calisher wrote that whereas creationism offers certainty without data, science of fers data without certainty (Calisher, 1988). If this is true of the bunyaviruses, then what we can offer about the evolution of their mosquito vectors is very little data and very little certainty. Even so, we know more about the evolution of mosquitoes than we know about many other arthropod vector groups.
From Snapshots to Videotape
Authors: Riger Stephanie
Published: November 2023

As Director of A women’s studies program, people often besiege me with questions about sex differences. Their questions typically are prompted by stories that appear in the media reporting the latest supposedly “scientific” findings of gender differences. Is it true, they ask me, that men can park their cars better than women? That women cannot read maps? What do the experts say? Sit down, I tell them, this is going to take a while.

There are at least five different responses to the question of whether there are sex differences. These five answers derive from different traditions within psychology. The earliest tradition, an individual differences model, produced what I call “snapshot” research, that is, one-time, quick, narrowly focused studies in which people’s performance is assumed to be the product of internal factors, be they biology or socialization. This model has been expanded at least to some extent by a social psychological model that incorporates situational factors as causal possibilities.
Working Together
Authors: Riger Stephanie
Published: November 2023

Collaboration Between advocates and researchers working on issues of violence against women has become increasingly important in recent years for at least two reasons. First, both groups recognize that they have much to gain by working together. New knowledge and improved services require multiple forms of expertise. Whereas researchers may help answer practicedriven questions, advocates may be able to use research findings to improve services, impress funders, and change policies and public opinion.

Second, collaborations occur now not only because both groups benefit, but also (and increasingly) because funders and others mandate collaboration. Several funding agencies, such as the Centers for Disease Control and the National Institute of Justice, require collaboration in research on domestic violence. Research projects sometimes must have advisory boards composed of community members, and innovative service projects often must have an evaluation component. So it is increasingly important that advocates and researchers learn how to work together. However, even if they collaborate because they want to, not just because t ey have to, working together may be difficult.
Dance-Tested Records And Syncopep For The Millions
Authors: Ogren Kathy J
Published: November 2023

Segregated in black communities-known primari1y to black audiences. This was as true for phonograph recordings and radio as it was for live performances. “Race records” were produced for black consumers and seldom reached white listeners. One study maintains that the jazz controversy waned precisely because commercial formulas and musically conservative white tastes dominated jazz performance by the l 930s-costing jazz its vitality.
Workbook of Epidemiology
Authors: Norell Staffan E
Published: November 2023

Through a combination of descriptive text and exercises, this book presents a common framework for the planning and critical evaluation of epidemiological studies; it describes the principal sources of error in study design, their impact on the results, and the research strategies used to prevent or control different kinds of errors. These strategies are the building blocks used in the design of studies with the overall objective of obtaining accurate results with limited resources. They are illustrated throughout by examples and exercises. Workbook of Epidemiology provides the reader with a clear understanding of the research strategies used in experimental and non-experimental studies.
Sampling from the Base (Case-Referent Strategies)
Authors: Norell Staffan E
Published: November 2023

Usually a large study population has to be followed over a considerable period of time in order to obtain the number of cases required for accept able precision. It may be very costly to obtain information on exposures (including potential confounders) from all subjects in a large study population. But if the study size is reduced, in order to reduce the costs, precision may not be sufficient. The relation between precision and cost, that is, the cost-efficiency of a study, may be improved considerably by using a sample that reflects the occurrence of the exposure in the study base or study population.
Introduction: Mormonism, A Historical Context
Authors: Hamilton C Mark
Published: November 2023

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints was organized on April 6, 1830, in Fayette, New York. The religion, of American origin, as was its founder Joseph Smith, Jr. (1805-1844), differed from the Protestant sects because of its claim to ecclesiastical authority through restoration.’ It began in 1820 during a period of religious fervor in western New York when various Protestant faiths were vying for the “soul so men.” Wishing to know which religion to join, the young Joseph Smith sought divine help through prayer. In response to his supplication, he declared that he had received a vision in which God the Father and His Son Jesus Christ appeared to him as resurrected beings.
Meetinghouses
Authors: Hamilton C Mark
Published: November 2023

The meetinghouse was to become the most common building type within the hierarchy of Mormon architecture. It served the congregational needs of a ward, the basic ecclesiastical unit within the church, serving the weekly devotional needs of the Saints as community hall and, often, as school.1 “In pioneer Utah the ward was more than the basic ecclesiastical unit-it was the most important political unit and, except for the family, the most important social unit as well The ward was the unit of welfare, the unit from which younger men (and later women) were called on missions to proselyte in “foreign” fields of labor; the unit where babies were christened or “blessed,” younger men (and older men as well) ordained to the priesthood, funerals held, dances, musical festivals, and bazaars sponsored, young people taught and group consciousness established.
Concepts, Terms, and Methods
Authors: Pless I B
Published: November 2023

This chapter is intended to help readers who may be unfamiliar with some of the concepts, terms or methods used in epidemiology. The goal is to walk a thin line between providing sufficient knowledge to understand the subsequent chapters while avoiding the appearance of a mini-, how-to-do-it text. In short, this introduction is not meant to be a crash course in epidemiology and biostatistics. The word “epidemiology” comes from the greek epi (upon), demos (people) and logos (the study of) and describes “the study of the distribution and determinants of diseases and injuries in human populations” (Mausner et al., 1985). It is also used in a broader sense to include the application of epidemiologic methods to the control of health problems. It follows that an epidemiologist is one who either studies patterns of disease or seeks to control them.
The Special Role of Longitudinal Studies
Authors: Power Chris
Published: November 2023

Longitudinal, follow-up, or cohort studies have a unique role to play in pediatric epidemiology (see Chapter 1). They are designed to collect information about a group of individuals exposed to a suspected risk factor and a group of non exposed individuals, and usually this is done prospectively. Disease outcomes (mortality, morbidity, or disability) are compared according to category of exposure. It is therefore necessary to collect information on at least two time points, i.e., on exposure and at subsequent disease occurrence. In some in stances, however, it is possible to take advantage of pre-existing records of disease outcome (e.g., cancer registers) or of information on exposure, which may be available from historical records (Rothman, 1986). Another variation of the longitudinal design is the general population follow-up, which either uses routinely collected data (Fox, 1985; OPCS, 1988) or establishes regular contact with a group of subjects specially selected for the study (often referred to as a “panel study”). General population surveys are usually multipurpose, obtaining information about a variety of risk factors and disease outcomes. As has been explained in the previous chapter, a cross-sectional study, in contrast, does not obtain information on individuals over time; even if a repeat survey is undertaken, it involves a different group of subjects.
Gastroenteritis
Authors: Glass Roger I , Bern Caryn
Published: November 2023

Gastroenteritis is one of the most frequent illnesses affecting children, causing significant morbidity throughout the world and many deaths in developing countries. Although the term “gastroenteritis” implies inflammation of the stomach and intestines, the group of diseases involved can be caused by a wide variety of infectious agents. Many of these produce no inflammation and can be associated with a variety of conditions that are unrelated to the gastrointestinal tract. Consequently, the term now includes many enteric illnesses-acute and chronic diarrhea, dysentery, or vomiting regardless of whether inflammation is present or not. Throughout this chapter, the term “diarrhea” is often used interchangeably for gastroenteritis to emphasize the ambiguity.
Communicable Diseases
Authors: Mortimer Edward A
Published: November 2023

The epidemiology of the common contagious diseases of childhood (which sometimes occur in adults) depends on interactions among four variables: the infecting organism, the mechanism(s) of transmission, host defenses, and environmental factors. These variables affect not only the likelihood that an individual will acquire an infection but also population epidemiology.
Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Stanley Fiona J , Blair Eve
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on one of the most common motor handicaps in childhood: the cerebral palsies. They are the most frequently occurring cause of motor handicap (Pharoah, 1985) and there is considerable interest in their trends and causes and whether their occurrence can be reduced by improved perinatal care. In recent years there has been a proliferation in the number of reports on cerebral palsy: “Reviewing the published work in cerebral palsy over the past 5 years, one is tempted to organize it into ‘Epidemiology’ and ‘the Rest’ and the epidemiologic papers outnumber ‘the Rest”‘ (Robinson, 1991). Much of the former work has been stimulated, first, by the need to know the proportion of cerebral palsy that is due to birth asphyxia and is possibly preventable by obstetric care and, second, by increasing concerns about motor and other handicaps among the significant number of very low birthweight infants who are now surviving the neonatal period after having received intensive care. For this chapter pertinent publications since 1984 have been reviewed, because a major review monograph covered the earlier period (Stanley & Alberman, 1984).
“So Unstable and Like Mad Men They Were”: Language and Interpretation in Early American Captivity Narratives
Authors: Sewell David R
Published: November 2023

In Regeneration through Violence, Richard Slotkin prefaces a chapter on captivity mythology with William Carlos Williams’s comment on the Puritans’ ideological cohesion: “The jargon of God, which they used, was their dialect by which they kept themselves surrounded with a palisade.” 1 But for early Americans language was a flimsy bulwark in anything more than an abstract sense; the palisade of language could always be breached by those physical incursions and confrontations that subjected hundreds of explorers, missionaries, and settlers to Indian captivity during the first three centuries of North American colonization. Perhaps in a fiction like Cooper’s Mohicans a David Gamut might set up a wall of hymns and prayers formidable enough to dismay Mingo and Huron attackers; in reality, neither prayer, threat, nor discourse of reason was of much avail in altering the purposes of Indians who sought to take captives.
Phillis Wheatley and the Black American Revolution
Authors: Erkkila Betsy
Published: November 2023

In the years leading up to the American Revolution, those who advocated a break with England did so in the language of the two primary social tropes: the family and slavery. The position of America was figuratively represented as the natural right of the son or daughter to revolt against a tyrannical parent and the natural right of a slave to revolt against a master. Through a masterful deployment of these parent/child and master/slave tropes in Common Sense, which was published in 1776, Tom Paine galvanized popular support for the formal break with England that would occur six months later. In his attempt to “divest” the king and monarchy of their traditional authority, Paine represented the king as a slave master seeking to deprive Americans of their natural liberties: “When the republican virtue fails, slavery ensues. Why is the constitution of England sickly, but because monarchy has poisoned the republic, the crown has engrossed the Commons?” Pleading the cause of “final separation” from Britain in the language of the “violated unmeaning names of parent and child,” Paine says,
Problems and Research Needs for Chamaecyparis Nootkatensis Forest Management in Coastal British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Dunsworth Glen B
Published: November 2023

Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach (Alaska yellow-cedar, yellow-cypress) is distributed predominantly in the Pacific region of western North American forests from 61°N to 41°N latitude (Fig. 4.1; see Hennon et al., Chapter 3 for range map; Frenkel 1974, Antos and Zobel 1986, Harris 1990, Klinka 1991). Considered by many to be a high-elevation species, it exists on suboptimal conditions from sea level to 2,000 m in many parts of coastal British Columbia (Harlow and Harrar 1969, Viereck and Little 1972, Harris 1990). Although C. nootkatensis will persist on organic soils and ferro-humic podzols, its most rapid growth in coastal British Columbia is on humo-ferric podzols (William J. Beese, personal communication; Klinka 1991). The species requires moist, humid growing conditions and neutral to acidic soils, which predominate north and west on Vancouver Island and on the northwest coast of British Columbia (Krajina 1969, Minore 1979, Harris 1990).
Reconstruction of the Mashantucket Pequot Cedar Swamp Paleoenvironment Using Plant Macrofossils, New England, USA
Authors: McWeeney Lucinda
Published: November 2023

Plant macrofossils found in sediment cores taken from wetlands that were once postglacial lakes and ponds can provide documentation for the changing vegetation patterns and wetland evolution of today’s coastal forests in southern New England, USA. Plant macrofossil analyses hold the potential to produce species-level identifications of plants that were growing close to the site of deposition, thereby clarifying local habitat evolution (Watts 1978, Warner and Barnett 1986, McWeeney 1991) and enabling ecologists to trace the entrance of taxa into a locale and follow the fluctuations in population diversity (Jackson 1989). Fluctuations in the vegetation patterns and the water table can be inferred from the preservation of the organic remains or lack thereof, from the autochthonous presence of certain taxa, and changes in the rate of sediment accumulation (Digerfeldt 1986).
Atlantic White Cedar in North Carolina, USA: A Brief History and Current Regeneration Efforts
Authors: Phillips Ronald W , Hughes Joseph H , Buford M A , Gardner W E , White F M , Williams C G
Published: November 2023

Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) BSP. (Atlantic white cedar), known locally as juniper or white cedar, is an obligate wetland species whose natural botanical range extends along the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of the United States from southern Maine to northern Florida and through Mississippi. In eastern North Carolina, it has been an economically and ecologically important component of forested swamps, freshwater bogs, pocosins, wet depressions, and streambanks.
Taxodium-Nyssa (Cypress-Tupelo) Forests Along the Coast of the Southern United States
Authors: Mcwilliams William H , Tansey John B , Birch Thomas W , Hansen Mark H
Published: November 2023

The Taxodium-Nyssa (cypress-tupelo) association inhabits freshwater wetlands across the southern United States. Taxodium-Nyssa forests are a prevalent subset of lowland forests on sites inundated for most of the year. The association occurs on a continuum from cypress-dominated to tupelo-dominated, but pure stands of either species are common. Pure stands of tupelo often follow clearcutting of cypress (Putnam 1951).
Coastal Forest Management and Research
Authors: Laderman Aimlee D , Donnette Rachel L
Published: November 2023

Ecosystem management and research are closely linked. Although research provides the guidelines to govern sensible management, management problems indicate the most urgently needed research. This chapter summarizes the major threats to coastally restricted forests and their attendant management strategies, and poses a series of questions for further research. Information is drawn from chapters in this book as well as from workshops1 at two international symposia.
Respectable Radicals: Southern Suffragists As Champions of Women’s Rights
Authors: Wheeler Marjorie Spruill
Published: November 2023

The leaders of the Southern suffrage movement understood all too well that theirs was the region of the United States most hostile to the women’s rights movement, and they made every effort to present themselves and their cause as nonthreatening and in accord with traditional Southern values. Proud to be Southern Ladies, these women took care to look and act the part; publicists for the suffrage movement deliberately celebrated the femininity as well as the social prominence of their leaders.
Introduction: Global Warming As A Regional Issue
Authors: Schmandt Jurgen , Clarkson Judith
Published: November 2023

Global climate change is an environmental problem of international proportions and vast economic and social implications. Never before bas the world bad to face a problem with these characteristics: The issue is global in scale; it results from mankind’s very success in using science and technology as the foundation for economic development; and solutions to redress the situation will be costly and require far-reaching social and economic change. Consequently, few models exist for dealing with the issue. In 1988 a treaty was agreed upon for phasing out a group of chemicals—chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)—that destroy the ozone layer. This was hailed as a major accomplishment in environmental diplomacy.
Assessing Regional Damage Costs From Global Warming
Authors: Ayres Robert U
Published: November 2023

Despite obvious difficulties, policymakers in the real world are increasingly forced to quantify and monetize. An example of the usual accounting methodology for estimating economic damages is provided by the recent study by William Nordhaus (Nordhaus 1989a, 1989b). Unfortunately, mainstream economists, including Nonlhaus, display a tendency to attach zero valuation to un priced environmental assets and services.
Regions Of Resilience: An Essay On Global Warming
Authors: Burton Ian
Published: November 2023

As the islands of scientific knowledge expand in the surrounding seas of ignorance, the greater becomes the boundary with the unknown. It is thus a perennial feature of the scientific enterprise that the more that is known the greater the consciousness of ignorance. Standing now on the seashore frontier of the infant island discipline of climatology, there is a new realization of how little is known about the forces that shape Earth’s climate, how little is known about how climate in tum shapes the processes of the biosphere on Earth’s surface, and bow even more unreliable is the meager knowledge of the interactions among climate, biosphere and human activities.
Climate Change-Need For National Awareness And Commitment Among Small Regional Communities: Case Of The Southwest Indian Ocean Islands
Authors: Saha Vijaya Lakshmi
Published: November 2023

No country will be insulated from the new planetary threat of global warming, a phenomenon that has only recently been propelled to the forefront of the international scene. The primary impacts are going to vary from country to country and from region to region, ranging from beneficial to harmful, and creating winners and losers at the inter national level.
Before the War
Authors: Tec Nechama
Published: November 2023

An excited crowd surrounded the new arrivals. The crowd demanded to know who had come, who was left behind, what was happening to them, who else will arrive, why were they not yet here. Question upon question kept piling up. Coming all at once they were hard to follow, impossible to answer. Here and there, among the noisy haphazard efforts to tell, to connect, one could hear sudden outbursts-relatives, friends, and acquaintances were finding each other.
The Beginning of the Bielski Otriad
Authors: Tec Nechama
Published: November 2023

From March 1942 Asael with thirteen followers continued to elude the Germans by staying in the forests, close to the town of Nowogr6dek. When collecting provisions, they made an effort not to rob poor peasants but instead took from those they thought had extra food. Familiarity with the area and with local farmers helped them decide who was an appropriate target.
Back-Calculation
Authors: Brookmeyer Ron , Gail Mitchell H
Published: November 2023

Back-calculation is a method for estimating past infection rates from AIDS incidence data. The method has been useful for obtaining shortterm projections of AIDS incidence and estimating HIV prevalence. Back-calculation requires reliable counts of the numbers of AIDS cases diagnosed over time and a reliable estimate of the incubation period distribution. Early references on back-calculation are Brookmeyer and Gail (1986; 1988).
Introduction
Authors: Siegel Bryna
Published: November 2023

This book is the result of twelve years of sitting with parents and explaining to them what it means for their child to be autistic. As many times as I have met and talked with parents confronting the diagnosis of autism for the first time, I know I cannot have the same feelings about the diagnosis of autism that parents do. I do know that many emotions present themselves. Both parental emotions and the child’s treatment are very important issues that need to be thoroughly addressed. Over the years, I have become convinced that the parents’ best defense against the potential emotional devastation of the diagnosis is to gain competence rapidly to get help for their child. I see treatment planning and implementation of treatment as positive coping that helps both child and parent function as well as possible.
Psychoactive Medications
Authors: Siegel Bryna
Published: November 2023

What role do psychoactive medications have in the treatment of children with autism or PDD? The short answer is that psychoactive medications treat symptoms. There are no medications that have been found effective in the treatment of autism as a whole. This is because autism is not just one thing, but a syndrome—or collection of symptoms, as we discussed in Chapter 1. Autism is a collection of overlapping groups of symptoms that vary from child to child. When medications are used to treat an autistic child, they are used to treat a particular symptom or group of related symptoms. Symptoms of autism and PDD that sometimes improve with the introduction of medications include hyperactivity, short attention span, stereotyped motor movements, self-injurious behaviors (SIBs), aggressiveness, social withdrawal, excessive anxiety, and poor sleep. Although all of these problems can occur in autistic children, none are symptoms unique to autism, nor are any of the medications used with children with autism or PDD used only for children with these two diagnoses. There are no separate medications that are used only for autism or only for PDD.
Places
Authors: Ehrenfeld David
Published: November 2023

An awareness of places doesn’t always come naturally. In my case it was definitely an acquired trait. The place was Tortuguero, in Costa Rica. I had gone there as a graduate student, sent by my major professor, the late Archie Carr. He was one of the great conservationists of our time and a remarkable teacher, but he didn’t teach conservation by any formal process of instruction. He was too smart for that. Instead, he taught about places through direct experience and let his students’ feelings of conservation develop spontaneously, as they almost invariably did.
Forgetting
Authors: Ehrenfeld David
Published: November 2023

On the nineteenth of April 1989, one of the huge gun turrets on the battleship Iowa blew up, killing the sailors who were manning it. Debate about the responsibility for the explosion continued long afterwards, but lost in the emotion of the tragedy was a curious aspect of the story. According to the commander of the ship, interviewed after the event, it was expected to be difficult, if not impossible, to fix the damaged gun turret. The Iowa is of World War H vintage, and he feared that the materials and technological know how to repair its gigantic guns might not exist anymore.
The Technology of Destruction
Authors: Ehrenfeld David
Published: November 2023

Edward Teller was born in Budapest in 1908, the son of successful, nonobservant Jewish parents. Showing an early talent for mathematics, he was trained in that subject and in chemical engineering, but eventually gravitated toward theoretical physics. In 1931 he became a part of the celebrated Gottingen group of physicists and mathematicians, which included such names as Werner Heisenberg, David Hilbert, James Franck, Enrico Fermi, Niels Bohr, George Gamow, and a youthful pair who roomed at the same villa, Paul Dirac and J. Robert Oppenheimer. Driven from Germany by the rise of Hitler and the Nazis, Teller made his way, with Rockefeller Foundation support, to Niels Bohr’s institute in Copenhagen, where he shared lodgings and the love of poetry with a German aristocrat and talented atomic physicist, Carl Friedrich von Weizsiicker. In 1935 Teller traveled to the United States and took the first of a series of university appointments.
King Oliver Father Figure
Authors: Williams Martin
Published: November 2023

King Oliver ‘s Creole Jazz Band has been called one of the legends of early jazz, and perhaps legend is the right word for, although there were records made in 1923-thirty-seven se lections in all, counting the alternate versions and alternate takes-one needs to hear those records with a sympathetic and even creative ear, so badly were some of the selections recorded, on equipment primitive even for their time. And what one hears is a group of improvising, blues-oriented players, acutely, reflexively attuned both to one another and to the collective power and thrust of their fine ensemble style. That style was at once spontaneous and deliberate, passionate and controlled, controlled in ways that make its passion all the more convmcmg.
Charlie Parker The Burden of Innovation
Authors: Williams Martin
Published: November 2023

It is now possible to discuss Bix Beiderbecke as a musician, but Beiderbecke has been dead since 1931. When Charlie Parker had been dead less than a year they still spoke of him often, but it became more and more unusual for anyone to discuss his music. They were beginning to speak of him as a god, perhaps because it saved them the trouble of reflecting either on his playing or on his life. Some prayed to him as a saint, but surely a saint must have a clear self-knowledge and acceptance of his destiny. Some said, in non sequiturs that passed for insight, that he was destroyed by big business and advertising. An uptown barkeep muttered, “I got no use for a man who abuses his talent. “ They proclaimed, “He never practiced. “ (But he did practice, of course, and in his youth he practiced day and night.) They said of the more careless performances and the reed squeaks, “He was a man in a hurry. “ Perhaps he once said it better: “I was always in a panic. “ His friends said, “You had to pay your dues just to know him. “ In a sense you have to pay them even to listen to him. Perhaps that is as it should be.
Thelonious Monk Modem Jazz in Search of Maturity
Authors: Williams Martin
Published: November 2023

The rediscovery of Thelonious Monk in the late ‘fifties is surely a curious event in the admittedly short history of jazz. The fan and trade press, which once dismissed his recordings with a puzzled or scornful two or three “stars, “ began to wax enthusiastic at the slightest provocation and listed his name in popularity polls where it had seldom appeared before. Musicians who once dismissed him as having long since made his small contribution to jazz listened attentively for ways out of the post-bop dilemmas. They found that his music had continued to develop through the years of his neglect, that it provided a highly personal summary and synthesis of fifteen years of modern jazz, and that it suggested sound future paths as well. And a public which had once barely heard of this man with the intriguing name soon began to buy his records and attend his public appearances.
National Health Systems of The World volume 2
Authors: Roemer Milton I
Published: November 2023

This is Volume II of the comprehensive review of national health systems of the world presented in Volume I. In that volume, the author analysed the organization, financing, management, and delivery of health services in 68 countries at diverse levels of economic development and political ideology. In Volume II, the principal issues in health systems across countries are examined. The issues are categorized according to the several components by which national health systems may be analysed. They include such issues as the role of traditional healers, the scope of Ministries of Health, Social Security financing, commercial health insurance, methods of cost-containment, strategies of planning, legislation on health promotion, concepts of primary health care, control of sexually-transmitted diseases, emergency medical services, and many other controversial topics. The elucidation of these issues is designed not to provide answers, but to provoke discussion.
Nurses, Pharmacists, and Other Health Personnel
Authors: Roemer Milton I
Published: November 2023

The reach of the physician has been greatly extended over the years by the training of a wide variety of other health personnel. Strictly speaking, most of these personnel perform their functions under the general supervision of or according to orders issued by the physician. In practice, however, these associated health personnel have developed a proper scope of functions of their own, and a great deal of their work is carried out quite independently of the physician. The most abundant category of health personnel is the nurse, who plays a major role in the health system of nearly all countries. Often closely associated with the nurse, and oriented especially to pregnancy and childbirth, is the midwife.
Social Security for Medical Care
Authors: Roemer Milton I
Published: November 2023

Actions by government to support the costs of medical care for working people have a background very different from the background of public health preventive services. These developments evolved not from epidemics or envi-ronmental hazards, but from the conditions of life and work created by industrialization and early capitalism. They emerged from the organization of working people, for whom sickness meant a loss of economic livelihood.
Appendix: Proof Of The 0-1 Principal
Authors: Smith Justin R
Published: November 2023

Consider the example of super-unitary speedup on page 16. Is such superunitary speedup always possible? If not, what conditions must be satisfied for it to happen? At about the time that he developed the Bitonic Sorting Algorithm, and the associated merging algorithm, Batcher also developed the Odd-Even Merge Algorithm.
Dataflow Computers
Authors: Smith Justin R
Published: November 2023

Although these algorithms look considerably more complex than the corresponding algorithms for the Butterfly and the shuffle-exchange network, their execution-time is comparable. Consider a modification of the butterfly network, where we introduce a new edge in each column that connects the top and bottom vertex - we will call this the m-Butterfly network. It is similar, but not identical to, the form of the Butterfly that identifies the top and bottom rows. Show that the CCC network with a given value of r is isomorphic to an m-Butterfly network with 2r rows.
SIMD Programming: the Connection Machine
Authors: Smith Justin R
Published: November 2023

Generalities. In this section we will consider the Connection Machine manu factured by Thinking Machines Corporation. Aside from the inherent interest in this particular piece of hardware, it will be instructive to see how a number of important issues in the theory of parallel algorithms are addressed in this system. We first consider some general features of the architecture of this system. The computer (model CM-2) is physically implemented as a 12-dimensional hypercube, each node of which has 16 processors. This is a SIMD machine in which programs are stored on a front end computer. The front end is a conventional computer that is parallel variables involved. They argue that this would be logically more consistent than what C* does, because the semantics of the abs-function would be the same as for addition-operations.
Numerical evaluation of definite integrals
Authors: Smith Justin R
Published: November 2023

General Principles. In this section we will present a number of P-RAM algo rithms that are closely related. They may be regarded as generalizations of the simple algorithm for adding numbers presented in the introduction, and the sample program in §2 of chapter N. There are various names for this family of algorithms: doubling algorithms, parallel-prefix algorithms and cyclic reduction algorithms. The different name reflect different applications of this general technique.
Doubling Algorithms
Authors: Smith Justin R
Published: November 2023

General Principles. In this section we will present a number of P-RAM algo rithms that are closely related. They may be regarded as generalizations of the simple algorithm for adding numbers presented in the introduction, and the sample program in §2 of chapter N. There are various names for this family of algorithms: doubling algorithms, parallel-prefix algorithms and cyclic reduction algorithms. The different name reflect different applications of this general technique.
Computer Algebra
Authors: Smith Justin R
Published: November 2023

Sorting Algorithms for a PRAM computer. We have already seen the Batcher sorting algorithm. It was one of the first parallel sorting algorithms developed. In 1978 Preparata published several SIMD-parallel algorithms for sorting n numbers in O(lgn) time - see [123]. The simplest of these sorting algorithms required O(n2) processors. Essentially this algorithm used the processors to compare every key value with every other and then, for each key, counted the number of key values less than that key. When the proper key sequence was computed one additional step sufficed to move the data into sequence.
VII.Probabilistic Algorithms
Authors: Smith Justin R
Published: November 2023

Numerical algorithms. The Buffon Needle algorithm falls into this category. These algorithms involve performing a large number of independent trials and produce an answer that converges to the correct answer as the number of trials increase. They are ideally suited to parallelization, since the trials are completely independent These are algorithms that always work, and always produce correct answers, but the running time is indeterminate, as a result of random choices they make. In this case, the probable running time may be very fast, but the worst case running time (as a result of unlucky choices) may be bad. This type of algorithm is of particular interest in Parallel Processing. We define the class RNC to denote the class of problems that can be solved by probabilistic parallel algorithms in probable time that is poly-logarithmic, using a polynomial number of processors (in the complexity-parameter - see 35).
Women under SiegeSexuality and the Gendered Economies of Colonization, 1840 –1852
Authors: González Deena J
Published: November 2023

Gertrudis Barceló of Santa Fe was born in 1800 and lived through half a century marked by growing economic and social disarray. In her lifetime, the confusion surrounding women’s lives intensified when dollars flooded the marketplace, replacing pesos. Before she died in 1852, Barceló could reflect on changes in the economy; on the ways in which, respectively, traders had re- placed trappers, merchant-enterprisers had replaced the traders, and bureaucrats the merchant-enterprisers. Barceló herself helped create a new world in Santa Fe by building a prosperous gambling saloon that became a busy social center for locals as well as for Euro-American traders and soldiers.
Communicating Scientific Information: The Scientific Paper
Authors: Valiela Ivan
Published: November 2023

The basic parts of the scientific paper are familiar to most people: introduction, methods, results, discussion. There are other items in addition, such as the title, abstract or summary, acknowledgments, references cited, and sometimes appendices, that may be less prominent but nevertheless need a great deal of thought.
Case Studies of Graphical Data Presentation
Authors: Valiela Ivan
Published: November 2023

In chapter 9 we discussed reasonably good examples of the various types of graphics. Choice of graphics is to some extent up to the author, but it is easy to graph data in ways that impair graphical perception. I have always found it difficult, however, to learn from exhortations such as “Make good graphics!” Instead, I think that it is easier to learn what to avoid by examining examples of imperfect design. As practice in graphic design, in this chapter we encounter some examples of different graphics, as they appeared in print, briefly critique the design, and discuss suggestions that, at least in my opinion, will improve communication of the data. As we go through this “Bestiary of Graphical Misdesign,” keep in mind that the purpose of graphics is to allow a clear, untrammeled, truthful, and perhaps attractive view of the information.
Truth, Realism, and the Regulation of Theory
Authors: Blackburn Simon
Published: November 2023

In this essay I want to approach an area where our metaphysics and our theory of knowledge are apt to become scrambled. Few would deny that a general theory of what it is that marks a statement as true should have implications for the theory of knowledge—of what is necessary, or sufficient, to know such a statement. Equally a view of knowledge might carry with it a picture of the kind of thing that makes true the statements said to be known. My trouble is this: I begin to doubt whether familiar ways of characterizing debates in the theory of truth—realism vs. instrumentalism, and so on—actually succeed in marking out interesting areas of dispute. I doubt too whether, if this is so, the theory of knowledge will provide a solution, so that by looking at conflicting views of what knowledge is we might come to understand genuine metaphysical oppositions. I shall pursue these doubts through the figure of the ‘quasi-realist,’ a person who, starting from a recognizably antirealist position, finds himself progressively able to mimic the intellectual practices supposedly definitive of realism. In effect, quasi-realism is the program begun by Hume in his treatment of both causal and moral belief. I take it that its success would be a measure of the difficulty of defining a genuine debate between realism and its opponents. There are certainly images and perhaps attitudes to our discourse within a field which seem to be associated with realism, but I shall argue that unless these are given some concrete employment they represent subjects not so much for decision as for nostalgia. This concrete employment would, in effect, be a practice that a quasi-realist cannot imitate.
Opinions and Chances
Authors: Blackburn Simon
Published: November 2023

Ramsey was one of the few philosophers who have fully appreciated the fundamental picture of metaphysics that was originally sketched by Hume. In this picture the world-that which makes proper judgement true or false—impinges on the human mind. This, in turn, has various reactions: we form habits of judgement and attitudes, and modify our theories, and perhaps do other things. But then—and this is the crucial mechanism—the mind can express such a reaction by ‘spreading itself on the world’. That is, we regard the world as richer or fuller through possessing properties and things that are in fact mere projections of the mind’s own reactions: there is no reason for the world to contain a fact corresponding to any given projection. So the world, on such a metaphysic, might be much thinner than common sense supposes it. Evidently the picture invites us to frame a debate: how are we going to tell where Hume’s mechanism operates? Perhaps everywhere: drawing us to idealism, leaving the world entirely noumenal; or perhaps just somewhere; or nowhere. Hume’s most famous applications of his mechanism, to values and causes, are extended by Ramsey to general propositions, which to him represented not judgements but projections of our habits of singular belief, and also to judgements of probability, which are projections of our degrees of confidence in singular beliefs.
Perennial Antinomies and Perpetual Redrawings: Is There Progress in the Study of Mind?
Authors: Gardner Howard
Published: November 2023

I recently attended a conference filled with controversy. The purpose of the conference was to review studies of twins, with special reference to the insights about intelligence, personality, and psychopathology that can be gained from comparisons of identical (monoxygotic) and fraternal (dizygotic) twins reared together and reared apart (Bouchard, 1993). As a researcher who has questioned traditional views of intelligence and intelligence testing, I found myself caught in heated debate about whether intelligence is a single entity, one that is adequately measured by a standardized intelligence test; or whether the intellect is better viewed as a collection of separate faculties, which might be called distinctive factors of the mind, or intelligences. This controversy continued throughout the conference, adding spice if not clarity to the proceedings. When the conference had ended, one of the more senior persons in attendance remarked to a colleague, “I have not heard so much venom at a conference since the old days when we used to debate the effects of nature versus nurture. and it’s equally unlikely that either side will be proved correct.