bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Therapeutic effect and molecular mechanism of Salvia Miltiorrhiza on rats with acute brain injury after carbon monoxide poisoning based on the strategy of internet pharmacology
Authors: Li Ze‐Kun , Li Chun‐Hua , Yue Ao‐Chun , Song Hui‐Ping , Liu Xu‐Han , Zhou Xu‐Dong , Bi Ming‐Jun , Han Wei , Li Qin
Published: November 2021

The pathogenesis of brain injury caused by carbon monoxide poisoning (COP) is very complex, and there is no exact and reliable treatment in clinic. In the present study, we screened the therapeutic target and related signal pathway of Salvia Miltiorrhiza for acute COP brain injury, and clarified the pharmacological mechanism of multicomponent, multitarget, and multisignal pathway in Salvia Miltiorrhiza by network pharmacology. To further verify the therapeutic effect of Salvia Miltiorrhiza on acute brain injury based on the results of network analysis, a total of 216 male healthy Sprague Dawley rats were collected in the present study and randomly assigned to a normal control group, a COP group and a Tanshinone IIA sulfonate treatment group (72 rats in each group). The rat model of acute severe COP was established by the secondary inhalation in a hyperbaric oxygen chamber. We found that Salvia Miltiorrhiza had multiple active components, and played a role in treating acute brain injury induced by COP through multiple targets and multiple pathways, among them, MAPK/ERK1/2 signaling pathway was one of the most important. COP can start apoptosis process, activate the MAPK/ERK1/2 signaling pathway, and promote the expression of VEGF‐A protein and the formation of brain edema. Tanshinone IIA can effectively inhibit apoptosis, up‐regulate the expressions of VEGF‐A, P‐MEK1/2 and P‐ERK1/2 proteins, thereby protect endothelial cells, promote angiogenesis and microcirculation, and finally alleviate brain edema.
Silver/poly(vinyl alcohol)/graphene hydrogels for wound dressing applications: Understanding the mechanism of silver, antibacterial agent release
Authors: Nešović Katarina , Mišković‐Stanković Vesna
Published: November 2021

Long‐term wound healing and chronic wound care represent significant challenges for biomaterials science and engineering with many diverse requirements for the wound dressing properties, as well as antibacterial efficacy and antibacterial agent release to prevent and treat persistent infections. Silver nanoparticles, as a wide‐spectrum antibacterial agent that does not induce bacterial resistance, are very convenient for use as an active component in antibacterial hydrogel wound dressing materials with the controlled release ability. In this work, we aim to perform a comprehensive analysis of silver release from poly(vinyl alcohol)‐based hydrogels with electrochemically synthesized antibacterial silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), aimed for wound dressing applications. Different AgNPs concentrations were loaded in hydrogel matrices using the green electrochemical reduction method, and thus synthesized nanocomposite hydrogels were characterized by different techniques (scanning electron microscopy, Fourier‐transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry), in order to assess their physico‐chemical and thermal properties. Silver release was monitored for 28 days in physiologically‐relevant conditions (phosphate buffered medium, pH 7.4, 37°C). The obtained experimental data were evaluated against several theoretical release models (Korsmeyer‐Peppas, Higuchi, Makoid‐Banakar, Kopcha, and early‐time approximation), which confirmed the predominantly diffusion‐controlled mechanism of release. Finally, AgNP‐loaded hydrogels were assessed for antibacterial activity againstStaphylococcus aureusTL andEscherichia coliATCC25922 bacterial strains, to prove their strong potential for wound dressing applications.
Tetranuclear cluster‐based coordination polymer templated by [Ca(H2O)6]2+ cations for the photocatalytic application
Authors: You Cai‐Xia
Published: November 2021

A new [Ca(H2O)6]2+ cations‐templated coordination polymer, namely {[Ca(H2O)6][Cu4(btec)2(μ3‐OH)2]}n (1, H4btec=1,2,4,5‐benzenetetracarboxylic acid), has been prepared via the solvothermal reactions of CuCl2 ⋅ 2H2O, CaCl2, and H4btec. X‐ray structural analysis revealed that it features a tetranuclear [Cu4(COO)6(μ3‐OH)2] cluster‐based 3D anionic framework with (4,8)‐connected scu topology that was further balanced by the isolated [Ca(H2O)6]2+ cations. The framework of 1 shows high thermostability under air atmosphere. Moreover, such compound shows high photocatalytic activity for the degradation of methyl blue (MB) with the degradation efficiency of 94.5 %, and the possible photocatalytic mechanism was also clarified.
Leptonic g − 2 anomaly in an extended Higgs sector with vector-like leptons
Authors: Bharadwaj Hrishabh , Dutta Sukanta , Goyal Ashok
Published: November 2021

Abstract

We address the observed discrepancies in the anomalous magnetic dipole moments (MDM) of the muon and electron by extending the inert two Higgs Doublet Model (2HDM) with SM gauge singlet complex scalar field and singlet Vector-like Lepton (VLL) field. We obtain the allowed parameter space constrained from the Higgs decays to gauge Bosons at LHC, LEP II data and electro-weak precision measurements. The muon and electron MDM’s are then explained within a common parameter space for different sets of allowed couplings and masses of the model particles.
A metabolically stable PET tracer for imaging synaptic vesicle protein 2A: synthesis and preclinical characterization of [18F]SDM-16
Authors: Zheng Chao , Holden Daniel , Zheng Ming-Qiang , Pracitto Richard , Wilcox Kyle C. , Lindemann Marcel , Felchner Zachary , Zhang Li , Tong Jie , Fowles Krista , Finnema Sjoerd J. , Nabulsi Nabeel , Carson Richard E. , Huang Yiyun , Cai Zhengxin
Published: November 2021

Purpose

To quantify the synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) changes in the whole central nervous system (CNS) under pathophysiological conditions, a high affinity SV2A PET radiotracer with improved in vivo stability is desirable to minimize the potential confounding effect of radiometabolites. The aim of this study was to develop such a PET tracer based on the molecular scaffold of UCB-A, and evaluate its pharmacokinetics, in vivo stability, specific binding, and nonspecific binding signals in nonhuman primate brains, in comparison with [11C]UCB-A, [11C]UCB-J, and [18F]SynVesT-1.

Methods

The racemic SDM-16 (4-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-1-((2-methyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl)pyrrolidin-2-one) and its two enantiomers were synthesized and assayed for in vitro binding affinities to human SV2A. We synthesized the enantiopure [18F]SDM-16 using the corresponding enantiopure arylstannane precursor. Nonhuman primate brain PET scans were performed on FOCUS 220 scanners. Arterial blood was drawn for the measurement of plasma free fraction (fP), radiometabolite analysis, and construction of the plasma input function. Regional time-activity curves (TACs) were fitted with the one-tissue compartment (1TC) model to obtain the volume of distribution (VT). Nondisplaceable binding potential (BPND) was calculated using either the nondisplaceable volume of distribution (VND) or the centrum semiovale (CS) as the reference region.

Results

SDM-16 was synthesized in 3 steps with 44% overall yield and has the highest affinity (Ki = 0.9 nM) to human SV2A among all reported SV2A ligands. [18F]SDM-16 was prepared in about 20% decay-corrected radiochemical yield within 90 min, with greater than 99% radiochemical and enantiomeric purity. This radiotracer displayed high specific binding in monkey brains and was metabolically more stable than the other SV2A PET tracers. The fP of [18F]SDM-16 was 69%, which was higher than those of [11C]UCB-J (46%), [18F]SynVesT-1 (43%), [18F]SynVesT-2 (41%), and [18F]UCB-H (43%). The TACs were well described with the 1TC. The averaged test–retest variability (TRV) was 7 ± 3%, and averaged absolute TRV (aTRV) was 14 ± 7% for the analyzed brain regions.

Conclusion

We have successfully synthesized a novel SV2A PET tracer [18F]SDM-16, which has the highest SV2A binding affinity and metabolical stability among published SV2A PET tracers. The [18F]SDM-16 brain PET images showed superb contrast between gray matter and white matter. Moreover, [18F]SDM-16 showed high specific and reversible binding in the NHP brains, allowing for the reliable and sensitive quantification of SV2A, and has potential applications in the visualization and quantification of SV2A beyond the brain.
A critical assessment of interatomic potentials for modelling lattice defects in forsterite Mg$$_2$$SiO$$_4$$ from 0 to 12 GPa
Authors: Hirel Pierre , Furstoss Jean , Carrez Philippe
Published: November 2021

Five different interatomic potentials designed for modelling forsterite Mg$$_2$$

2

SiO$$_4$$

4

are compared to ab initio and experimental data. The set of tested properties include lattice constants, material density, elastic wave velocity, elastic stiffness tensor, free surface energies, generalized stacking faults, neutral Frenkel and Schottky defects, in the pressure range $$0-12$$

0
-
12

 GPa relevant to the Earth’s upper mantle. We conclude that all interatomic potentials are reliable and applicable to the study of point defects. Stacking faults are correctly described by the THB1 potential, and qualitatively by the Pedone2006 potential. Other rigid-ion potentials give a poor account of stacking fault energies, and should not be used to model planar defects or dislocations. These results constitute a database on the transferability of rigid-ion potentials, and provide strong physical ground for simulating diffusion, dislocations, or grain boundaries.
Evaluation of synoptic eddy activities and their feedback onto the midlatitude jet in five atmospheric reanalyses with coarse versus fine model resolutions
Authors: Sang Xiaozhuo , Yang Xiu-Qun , Tao Lingfeng , Fang Jiabei , Sun Xuguang
Published: November 2021

Interaction between synoptic eddy and mean flow plays a crucial role in maintaining midlatitude westerly jet. In this study, climatologies of synoptic eddy activities and their feedback onto midlatitude jet for 1980–2016 are evaluated and compared through analyzing daily data from five atmospheric reanalyses with different resolutions including one coarse-resolution reanalysis (NCEP2) and four fine-resolution reanalyses (ERA-Interim, JRA-55, MERRA-2, and CFSR). Horizontal resolutions of the atmospheric models generating those reanalyses are approximately equivalent to 210, 79, 60, 50, and 38 km, respectively. Results show that the eddy activities and their feedback onto the midlatitude jet in those fine-resolution reanalyses are consistently and significantly stronger than those in the coarse-resolution reanalysis (NCEP2). The maximal relative increases that are found to occur primarily in the midlatitudes of the Southern Hemisphere are estimated to be up to 55% for the baroclinicity, 53% for the eddy energetics, 59% for the eddy forcing, and even 85% for the eddy feedback onto the mean flow. Those increases are reasonably conjectured to be related to increased model resolutions, since the synoptic eddy genesis is proportional to the low-level atmospheric meridional temperature gradient which is sensitive to the meridional resolution of atmospheric models. Although the coarse-resolution reanalysis resolves synoptic eddies insufficiently and thus underestimates their feedback onto the mean flow, the magnitudes of eddy-driven jets are almost the same among five reanalyses, implying a mismatch between the eddy feedback and the eddy-driven jet in the coarse-resolution reanalysis. Therefore, the results of this study imply the importance of using fine-resolution reanalyses in accurately understanding the midlatitude synoptic eddy–mean flow interaction.
Herausforderungen der Therapie thorakaler Schmerzen bei zystischer Fibrose (CF)
Authors: Hoffmann A. T. , Dillenhöfer S. , Lücke T. , Maier C. , Brinkmann F.
Published: November 2021

Hintergrund

Die zystische Fibrose (CF) ist eine multisystemische progrediente Stoffwechselerkrankung mit vorwiegend abdomineller und pulmonaler Beteiligung. Schmerzen sind für Betroffene ein weiteres komplexes und von den Behandlern unterschätztes Problem.

Methoden

Eine Literaturrecherche deutschsprachiger Leitlinien und englischsprachiger Studien zum Thema CF und Schmerzen wurde durchgeführt, zusätzlich die Beobachtungen zur Diagnostik und Therapie eines CF-Patienten mit progredienten thorakalen Schmerzen ausgewertet.

Ergebnisse

Die Recherche ergab, dass zur Diagnostik und Therapie thorakaler Schmerzen bei CF keine deutschsprachigen Leitlinien oder Konsenspapiere existieren. Die europäischen und amerikanischen Erhebungen zeigen aber die große Relevanz des Themas und postulieren einen Zusammenhang von Schmerzintensität mit einer erhöhten Mortalität. Sie enthalten jedoch keine Daten zur Effektivität der Schmerztherapie. Anhand dieser Daten und des Fallberichts eines jungen CF-Patienten mit stärksten Thoraxschmerzen bei pulmonalen Exazerbationen lassen sich die CF-spezifischen Herausforderungen der Schmerztherapie illustrieren. Neben den Schmerzen an sich sind auch Analgetika angesichts der multiplen Organdysfunktionen mit besonderen Risiken wie gastrointestinalen Blutungen, opioidinduzierter Atemdepression oder opioidinduzierter Obstipation verbunden.

Diskussion

Schmerztherapie bei Patienten mit zystischer Fibrose und Multiorganbeteiligung erfordert ein sorgfältiges Monitoring und interdisziplinäres Handeln. Empfehlungen zum Schmerzmanagement sollten in die deutschsprachigen CF-Leitlinien aufgenommen werden.
Meteorological factors associated with the timing and abundance of Hymenoscyphus fraxineus spore release
Authors: Burns Paul , Timmermann Volkmar , Yearsley Jon M.
Published: November 2021

The ascomycete Hymenoscyphus fraxineus has spread across most of the host range of European ash with a high level of mortality, causing important economic, cultural and environmental effects. We present a novel method combining a Monte-Carlo approach with a generalised additive model that confirms the importance of meteorology to the magnitude and timing of H. fraxineus spore emissions. The variability in model selection and the relative degree to which our models are over- or under-fitting the data has been quantified. We find that both the daily magnitude and timing of spore emissions are affected by meteorology during and prior to the spore emission diurnal peak. We found the daily emission magnitude has the strongest associations to weekly average net radiation and leaf moisture before the emission, soil temperature during the day before emission and net radiation during the spore emission. The timing of the daily peak in spore emissions has the strongest associations to net radiation both during spore emission and in the day preceding the emission. The seasonal peak in spore emissions has a near-exponential increase/decrease, and the mean daily emission peak is approximately Gaussian.
Using social media affordances to support Ill-structured problem-solving skills: considering possibilities and challenges
Authors: Koehler Adrie A. , Vilarinho-Pereira Daniela Rezende
Published: November 2021

Educators consider the development of problem-solving skills in learners to be a primary goal of contemporary teaching and learning efforts. Yet, participating in problem-centered instruction is challenging for learners, and educators have sought different ways of supporting learners as they make sense of complex content. Social media applications are readily available for use by educators, which in turn provides many opportunities for these tools to support teaching and learning activities. While social media affordances offer educators exciting opportunities to support learners in authentic problem-solving contexts, these tools do not come without challenges, and little research has considered how such tools can specifically facilitate the development of learners’ problem-solving abilities. The purpose of this paper is to identify prominent educational affordances of social media and to explore how these identified affordances have the potential to support ill-structured problem-solving activities. This paper offers researchers and educators new directions for facilitating problem-centered learning when using social media.
„Blaming the victim?“ Ergebnisse einer Vignettenstudie zur Stigmatisierung von HIV-positiven Personen
Authors: Haink Michele , Jaworeck Sandra , Kriwy Peter
Published: November 2021

Hintergrund

Die HIV(„human immundeficiency virus“)-Infizierten sind Diskriminierung in verschiedenen Bereichen ihres Lebens ausgesetzt. Ein Mechanismus der Stigmatisierung in diesem Zusammenhang basiert auf fehlendem Wissen über die Ansteckungswege von HIV.

Ziel der Arbeit

Wahrgenommenes Eigenverschulden sowie verantwortungsbewusstes Verhalten bei einer HIV-Infektion werden als mögliche Ursache für die Einschätzung der sozialen Distanz gegenüber HIV-Infizierten untersucht.

Material und Methoden

Datengrundlage ist eine Online-Vignettenbefragung, an der insgesamt 135 Personen teilgenommen haben. Die Hypothesen werden mit clusterkorrigierten multiplen linearen Regressionen getestet.

Ergebnisse

Wenn eine HIV-Infektion als vermeintlich selbst verschuldet wahrgenommen wird, so ist die soziale Distanz zu den Erkrankten größer. Ähnliche Distanzierung erfahren HIV-infizierte Personen, die beruflich eng mit Menschen zusammenarbeiten, z. B. Beschäftigte des Rettungsdienstes. Vor allem homosexuelle HIV-positive Männer werden stigmatisiert.

Schlussfolgerung

Die Stigmatisierung aufgrund von „victim blaming“ gegenüber HIV-Infizierten konnte in dieser Studie aufgezeigt werden.
SGB VIII-Reform und Inklusion
Authors: Hopmann Benedikt
Published: November 2021

In diesem Beitrag werden wesentliche „inklusive Schlaglichter“ des neuen Kinder- und Jugendstärkungsgesetzes hervorgehoben und diskutiert. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden schließlich zentrale Herausforderungen skizziert.
Genome-wide identification and functional prediction of salt- stress related long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
Authors: Kumar Neeraj , Bharadwaj Chellapilla , Sahu Sarika , Shiv Aalok , Shrivastava Abhishek Kumar , Reddy Sneha Priya Pappula , Soren Khela Ram , Patil Basavannagouda Siddannagouda , Pal Madan , Soni Anjali , Roorkiwal Manish , Varshney Rajeev Kumar
Published: November 2021

LncRNAs (long noncoding RNAs) are 200 bp length crucial RNA molecules, lacking coding potential and having important roles in regulating gene expression, particularly in response to abiotic stresses. In this study, we identified salt stress-induced lncRNAs in chickpea roots and predicted their intricate regulatory roles. A total of 3452 novel lncRNAs were identified to be distributed across all 08 chickpea chromosomes. On comparing salt-tolerant (ICCV 10, JG 11) and salt-sensitive cultivars (DCP 92–3, Pusa 256), 4446 differentially expressed lncRNAs were detected under various salt  treatments. We predicted 3373 lncRNAs to be regulating their target genes in cis regulating manner and 80 unique lncRNAs were observed as interacting with 136 different miRNAs, as eTMs (endogenous target mimic) targets of miRNAs and implicated them in the regulatory network of salt stress response. Functional analysis of these lncRNA revealed their association in targeting salt stress response-related genes like potassium transporter, transporter family genes, serine/threonine-protein kinase, aquaporins like TIP1-2, PIP2-5 and transcription factors like, AP2, NAC, bZIP, ERF, MYB and WRKY. Furthermore, about 614 lncRNA-SSRs (simple sequence repeats) were identified as a new generation of molecular markers with higher efficiency and specificity in chickpea. Overall, these findings will pave the understanding of comprehensive functional role of potential lncRNAs, which can help in providing insight into the molecular mechanism of salt tolerance in chickpea.
The application of the tracer method with peer observation and formative feedback for professional development in clinical practice: a scoping review
Authors: Steenbruggen Rudi A. , Maas Marjo J. M. , Hoogeboom Thomas J. , Brand Paul L. P. , Van der Wees Philip J.
Published: November 2021

Introduction The tracer method, commonly used for quality assessment, can also be used as a tool for peer observation and formative feedback on professional development. This scoping review describes how, by whom, and with what effect the tracer method is applied as a formative professional development instrument between healthcare professionals of equal status and aims to identify the types of scientific evidence for this use of the tracer method.

Methods The authors searched four electronic databases for eligible articles, which were screened and assessed for eligibility by two independent researchers. From eligible studies, data were extracted to summarize, collate, and make a narrative account of the findings.

Results The electronic search yielded 1757 unique studies, eight of which were included as valid and relevant to our aim: five qualitative, two mixed methods, and one quantitative study. Seven studies took place in hospitals and one in general practice. The tracer method was used mainly as a form of peer observation and formative feedback. Most studies evaluated the tracer method’s feasibility and its impact on professional development. All but one study reported positive effects: participants described the tracer method generally as being valuable and worth continuing.

Discussion Although the body of evidence is small and largely limited to the hospital setting, using the tracer method for peer observation and formative feedback between healthcare professionals of equal status appears sufficiently useful to merit further rigorous evaluation and implementation in continuous professional development in healthcare.
On the uniqueness of a suitable weak solution to the Navier–Stokes Cauchy problem
Authors: Crispo Francesca , Maremonti Paolo
Published: November 2021

The paper is concerned with the Navier–Stokes Cauchy problem. We investigate on some results of regularity and uniqueness related to suitable weak solutions corresponding to a special set of initial data. The suitable weak solution notion is meant in the sense introduced by Caffarelli–Kohn–Nirenberg. As further result we discuss the uniqueness of a set of suitable weak solutions (wider than the previous one) enjoying a “Prodi–Serrin” condition which is “relaxed” in space.
The Keller–Segel system on bounded convex domains in critical spaces
Authors: Hieber Matthias , Kress Klaus , Stinner Christian
Published: November 2021

Consider the classical Keller–Segel system on a bounded convex domain $$\varOmega \subset {\mathbb {R}}^3$$

Ω
⊂

R

3

. In contrast to previous works it is not assumed that the boundary of $$\varOmega $$
Ω
is smooth. It is shown that this system admits a local, strong solution for initial data in critical spaces which extends to a global one provided the data are small enough in this critical norm. Furthermore, it is shown that this system admits for given T-periodic and sufficiently small forcing functions a unique, strong T-time periodic solution.
Solving high-dimensional Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman PDEs using neural networks: perspectives from the theory of controlled diffusions and measures on path space
Authors: Nüsken Nikolas , Richter Lorenz
Published: November 2021

Optimal control of diffusion processes is intimately connected to the problem of solving certain Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equations. Building on recent machine learning inspired approaches towards high-dimensional PDEs, we investigate the potential of iterative diffusion optimisation techniques, in particular considering applications in importance sampling and rare event simulation, and focusing on problems without diffusion control, with linearly controlled drift and running costs that depend quadratically on the control. More generally, our methods apply to nonlinear parabolic PDEs with a certain shift invariance. The choice of an appropriate loss function being a central element in the algorithmic design, we develop a principled framework based on divergences between path measures, encompassing various existing methods. Motivated by connections to forward-backward SDEs, we propose and study the novel log-variance divergence, showing favourable properties of corresponding Monte Carlo estimators. The promise of the developed approach is exemplified by a range of high-dimensional and metastable numerical examples.
Innovation crisis in the pharmaceutical industry? A survey
Authors: Laermann-Nguyen Ute , Backfisch Martin
Published: November 2021

In the literature, it is widely discussed whether the pharmaceutical industry is going through an innovation crisis. Unfortunately, no comprehensive review exists to date that outlines the main empirical findings. In this paper, we provide an extensive survey on what is currently known about the crisis and its reasons. The empirical evidence shows that project success rates decreased over time, while attrition rates, development times, and the costs per new drug increased. The reasons for these developments are quite complex. The crisis seems to have largely technological causes. The enormous scientific progress in biotechnology and related disciplines has increased the opportunities to treat diseases, but the firms have difficulties transforming these advances into new and effective medicines. More basic research is necessary and the links between science and industry should be strengthened. Some measures have recently been taken to better adapt the approval process to current developments. However, the persistently high number of consolidations in the industry seems to have largely detrimental effects.
Material Objects
Authors: Sattig Thomas
Published: November 2021

This Element is a survey of central topics in the metaphysics of material objects. The topics are grouped into four problem spaces. The first concerns how an object's parts are related to the object's existence and to the object's nature, or essence. The second concerns how an object persists through time, how an object is located in spacetime, and how an object changes. The third concerns paradoxes about objects, including paradoxes of coincidence, paradoxes of fission, and the problem of the many. The fourth concerns views with radical consequences regarding the existence of composite material objects, including mereological nihilism, ontological anti-realism, and deflationism.
Beyond Rationality
Authors: Mintz Alex , Valentino Nicholas A. , Wayne Carly
Published: November 2021

How and why do people make political decisions? This book is the first to present a unified framework of the Behavioral Political Science paradigm. – BPS presents a range of psychological approaches to understanding political decision-making. The integration of these approaches with Rational Choice Theory provides students with a comprehensible paradigm for understanding current political events around the world. Presented in nontechnical language and enlivened with a wealth of real-world examples, this is an ideal core text for a one-semester courses in political science, American government, political psychology, or political behavior. It can also supplement a course in international relations or public policy.
The Idea of Rome in Late Antiquity
Authors: Papadopoulos Ioannis
Published: November 2021

The aim of this book is to approach the manifestation and evolution of the idea of Rome as an expression of Roman patriotism and as an (urban) archetype of utopia in late Roman thought in a period extending from AD 357 to 417. Within this period of about a human lifetime, the concepts of Rome and Romanitas were reshaped and used for various ideological causes. This monograph is unfolding through a selection of sources that represent the patterns and diversity of this ideological process. The theme of Rome as a personified and anthropomorphic figure and as an epitomized notion 'applied' on the urban landscape of the city would become part of the identity of the Romans of Rome highlighting a sense of cultural uniqueness in comparison to the inhabitants of other cities. Towards the end of the chronological limits set in this thesis various versions of Romanitas would emerge indicating new physical and spiritual potentials.
On the spacing of meandering jets in the strong-stair limit
Authors: Scott R.K. , Burgess B.H. , Dritschel D.G.
Published: November 2021

Based on an assumption of strongly inhomogeneous potential vorticity mixing in quasi-geostrophic

$\beta$

-plane turbulence, a relation is obtained between the mean spacing of latitudinally meandering zonal jets and the total kinetic energy of the flow. The relation applies to cases where the Rossby deformation length is much smaller than the Rhines scale, in which kinetic energy is concentrated within the jet cores. The relation can be theoretically achieved in the case of perfect mixing between regularly spaced jets with simple meanders, and of negligible kinetic energy in flow structures other than in jets. Incomplete mixing or unevenly spaced jets will result in jets being more widely separated than the estimate, while significant kinetic energy outside the jets will result in jets closer than the estimate. An additional relation, valid under the same assumptions, is obtained between the total kinetic and potential energies. In flows with large-scale dissipation, the two relations provide a means to predict the jet spacing based only on knowledge of the energy input rate of the forcing and dissipation rate, regardless of whether the latter takes the form of frictional or thermal damping. Comparison with direct numerical integrations of the forced system shows broad support for the relations, but differences between the actual and predicted jet spacings arise both from the complex structure of jet meanders and the non-negligible kinetic energy contained in the turbulent background and in coherent vortices lying between the jets.
Gravity-driven film flow down a uniformly heated smoothly corrugated rigid substrate
Authors: Daly G.R. , Gaskell P.H. , Veremieiev S.
Published: November 2021

Gravity induced film flow over a rigid smoothly corrugated substrate heated uniformly from below, is explored. This is achieved by reducing the governing equations of motion and energy conservation to a manageable form within the mathematical framework of the well-known long-wave approximation; leading to an asymptotic model of reduced dimensionality. A key feature of the approach and to solving the problem of interest, is proof that the leading approximation of the temperature field inside the film must be nonlinear to accurately resolve the thermodynamics beyond the trivial case of ‘a flat film flowing down a planar uniformly heated incline.’ Superior predictions are obtained compared with earlier work and reinforced via a series of corresponding solutions to the full governing equations using a purpose written finite element analogue, enabling comparisons to be made between free-surface disturbance and temperature predictions, as well as the streamline pattern and temperature contours inside the film. In particular, the free-surface temperature is captured extremely well at moderate Prandtl numbers. The stability characteristics of the problem are examined using Floquet theory, with the interaction between the substrate topography and thermo-capillary instability modes investigated as a set of neutral stability curves. Although there are no relevant experimental data currently available for the heated film problem, recent existing predictions and experimental data concerning the behaviour of corresponding isothermal flow cases are taken as a reference point from which to explore the effect of both heating and cooling.
Dynamic coupling between carrier and dispersed phases in Rayleigh–Bénard convection laden with inertial isothermal particles
Authors: Yang Wenwu , Zhang Yi-Zhao , Wang Bo-Fu , Dong Yuhong , Zhou Quan
Published: November 2021

We investigate the dynamic couplings between particles and fluid in turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard (RB) convection laden with isothermal inertial particles. Direct numerical simulations combined with the Lagrangian point-particle mode were carried out in the range of Rayleigh number

$1\times 10^6 \le {Ra}\le 1 \times 10^8$

at Prandtl number

${Pr}=0.678$

for three Stokes numbers

${St_f}=1 \times 10^{-3}$

,

$8 \times 10^{-3}$

and

$2.5 \times 10^{-2}$

. It is found that the global heat transfer and the strength of turbulent momentum transfer are altered a small amount for the small Stokes number and large Stokes number as the coupling between the two phases is weak, whereas they are enhanced a large amount for the medium Stokes number due to strong coupling of the two phases. We then derived the exact relation of kinetic energy dissipation in the particle-laden RB convection to study the budget balance of induced and dissipated kinetic energy. The strength of the dynamic coupling can be clearly revealed from the percentage of particle-induced kinetic energy over the total induced kinetic energy. We further derived the power law relation of the averaged particles settling rate versus the Rayleigh number, i.e.

$S_p/(d_p/H)^2{\sim} Ra^{1/2}$

, which is in remarkable agreement with our simulation. We found that the settling and preferential concentration of particles are strongly correlated with the coupling mechanisms.
Introduction: “Be Bold”: The Legacy of John R. Lewis
Authors: Bobinski Mary Anne
Published: November 2021

This essay introduces the roundtable, “John R. Lewis's Legacies in Law and Religion.” A civil rights icon and long-standing US congressman representing Georgia's Fifth Congressional District, Lewis was often described as the moral conscience of the US Congress and the nation. The essays in this roundtable explore the many facets of Lewis's moral leadership, with particular attention to his influence on law and religion. This roundtable is a testament to what it means to speak up, speak out, and be bold in defense of justice.
Willingness to Pay for Wine Bullshit: Some New Estimates
Authors: Capehart Kevin W.
Published: November 2021

As part of a classic article in this journal, Richard Quandt identified 123 wine descriptors that he deemed to be bullshit. In this paper, I examine whether wine consumers are willing to pay any more (or less) for wine if it is described by one of those “bullshit” descriptors. I use three methods to examine that. The first method involves applying a hedonic regression to a dataset of prices and expert descriptions for about 50,000 wines. The second method involves applying a matching estimator to the same dataset. The third method involves a stated-preference survey of about 500 wine consumers. The three methods suggest that for most of the descriptors Quandt deemed to be bullshit, most consumers’ marginal willingness to pay for a descriptor is zero or near-zero. Yet, for some of the descriptors, some consumers do seem to have a non-zero marginal willingness to pay, perhaps because the descriptors shape a consumer's subjective experience or because they signal objective aspects of wine. (JEL Classifications: D12, D83, L66)
Low accuracy of 1.5 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging in identification of the bony defect in patients with superior semi-circular canal dehiscence syndrome: case–control study
Authors: Jaiswal V , Fenlon C , McLaughlin I , McCrea I , Kontorinis G
Published: November 2021

Objective

To determine the accuracy of 1.5 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging in identifying the bony defect in superior semi-circular canal dehiscence syndrome.

Methods

A retrospective case–control study was conducted in tertiary university settings. The study included 12 patients with a definite diagnosis of superior semi-circular canal dehiscence syndrome and a control group comprising 12 non-superior semi-circular canal dehiscence syndrome patients, all with available magnetic resonance imaging data. The imaging scans were anonymised, and reviewed blindly and independently by three experienced radiologists.

Results

There was low sensitivity and specificity, with average values of 47 per cent (range, 16.7–66.7 per cent) and 69 per cent (range, 66.7–75 per cent) respectively. Cohen's kappa was 0.75, indicating substantial inter-rater reliability.

Conclusion

Given the low accuracy of 1.5T magnetic resonance imaging in identifying the bony defect in superior semi-circular canal dehiscence syndrome, despite its value in inner-ear imaging, computed tomography or equivalent should be used when superior semi-circular canal dehiscence syndrome is suspected.
Revisiting the Absurd: Posthuman Affects in Samuel Beckett’s Theatre
Authors: Chen Chang
Published: November 2021

The ‘Theatre of the Absurd’, the popular label for Samuel Beckett’s theatre, has been challenged over the past decades before its implications were fully explored. This article reconsiders the ‘absurd’ with respect to Beckett and the human/nonhuman relations in the Anthropocene. It draws upon affect theory and posthumanism, arguing that the absurd in Beckett’s theatre takes root in the theatricalization of posthuman affects, which connect the human body and the non-human world. Posthuman affects subvert human sovereignty and disintegrate humans into nothingness. Yet they also give birth to a different cosmic ontology, which involves a call for change in the relationship between the human and the nonhuman. Revisited from the perspective of posthuman affect, the absurd in Beckett’s theatre acquires new complexities that bring glimmering possibilities of endurance and comfort in the face of catastrophe. Chen Chang is an assistant researcher of the English Department at Nanjing University, where she recently completed her PhD dissertation on Beckett and the posthuman body. She has published several articles on Beckett as well as in gender studies.
Crystal structures and X-ray powder diffraction data for Cs2NiSi5O12, RbGaSi2O6, and CsGaSi2O6 synthetic leucite analogues
Authors: Bell Anthony M. T. , Stone Alex H.
Published: November 2021

Leucites are tetrahedrally coordinated silicate framework structures with some of the silicon framework cations partially replaced by divalent or trivalent cations. These structures have general formulae A2BSi5O12 and ACSi2O6; where A is a monovalent alkali metal cation, B is a divalent cation, and C is a trivalent cation. In this paper, we report the Rietveld refinements of three more synthetic leucite analogues with stoichiometries of Cs2NiSi5O12, RbGaSi2O6, and CsGaSi2O6. Cs2NiSi5O12 is Ia$\bar{3}$d cubic and is isostructural with Cs2CuSi5O12. RbGaSi2O6 is I41/a tetragonal and is isostructural with KGaSi2O6. CsGaSi2O6 is $I\bar{4}3d$ cubic and is isostructural with RbBSi2O6.
WITHDRAWN - GLOBAL BANK RISK AND MONETARY POLICY IN AN EMERGING ECONOMY
Authors: Luk Paul
Published: November 2021

The global financial crisis was characterized by heightened financial risk in the USA, which spread to the rest of the world, including emerging economies. This paper constructs a core–periphery model with a global banking network and financial frictions. Due to a common-lender effect, when global banks lend to an emerging economy, heightened financial risk in the center depresses cross-border lending to the emerging economy, reducing real activities and exacerbating monetary policy trade-offs. As financial markets become more integrated, exchange rate flexibility becomes less welfare enhancing and active capital account policy becomes more welfare enhancing.
On the Grammaticality of Poetry: The Asyndetic Verb-Late Clause in Otfrid’sEvangelienbuch
Authors: Somers Katerina
Published: November 2021

This article discusses asyndetic verb-late clauses in Otfrid’sEvangelienbuch, which has long been considered a problematic text within the Old High German corpus in part because of clauses like these. Clauses with a dependent clause’s verbal syntax and no complementizer have been characterized as ungrammatical and/or rare (Behaghel 1932, Schrodt 2004, Axel 2007) and thus have not been included in accounts of early German syntax. I argue that asyndetic verb-late clauses are grammatical and that they can function as main or dependent clauses. Crucially, they demonstrate that main verb fronting was not obligatory in 9th-century German. Although Otfrid marked the main-subordinate asymmetry by various grammatical means, including verbal syntax, I demonstrate that verbal prosody also influenced syntax: Heavy verbs are more frequent in clause-late or -initial position and light verbs in clause-second position, regardless of the main–dependent distinction. I suggest that prosodically-sensitive verbal syntax is characteristic of Otfrid’s exclusively oral vernacular. In contrast, Otfrid imports the concept of differentiating main and dependent clausesgrammaticallyfrom Latin. TheEvangelienbuch, then, represents an attempt to transform an oral vernacular into a written language by imposing, however imperfectly, the norm of grammatically distinct main and dependent clauses onto a prosodically-sensitive verbal syntax.*
Using Historical Glottometry to Subgroup the Early Germanic Languages
Authors: Agee Joshua R.
Published: November 2021

Historical Glottometry, introduced by Kalyan & François (2018), is a wave-based quantitative approach to language subgrouping used to calculate the overall strength of a linguistic subgroup using metrics that capture the contributions of linguistic innovations of various scopes to language diversification, in consideration of the reality of their distributions. This approach primarily achieves this by acknowledging the contribution of postsplit areal diffusion to language diversification, which has traditionally been overlooked in cladistic (tree-based) models. In this paper, the development of the Germanic language family, from the breakup of Proto-Germanic to the latest period of the early attested daughter languages (namely, Old English, Old Frisian, Gothic, Old High German, Old Low Franconian, Old Norse, and Old Saxon) is accounted for using Historical Glottometry. It is shown that this approach succeeds in accounting for several smaller, nontraditional subgroups of Germanic by accommodating the linguistic evidence unproblematically where a cladistic approach would fail.
Opposing Effects of Climate and Permafrost Thaw on CH4 and CO2 Emissions From Northern Lakes
Authors: Kuhn McKenzie A. , Thompson Lauren M. , Winder Johanna C. , Braga Lucas P. P. , Tanentzap Andrew J. , Bastviken David , Olefeldt David
Published: November 2021

Small, organic‐rich lakes are important sources of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere, yet the sensitivity of emissions to climate warming is poorly constrained and potentially influenced by permafrost thaw. Here, we monitored emissions from 20 peatland lakes across a 1,600 km permafrost transect in boreal western Canada. Contrary to expectations, we observed a shift from source to sink of CO2 for lakes warmer regions, driven by greater primary productivity associated with greater hydrological connectivity to lakes and nutrient availability in the absence of permafrost. Conversely, an 8‐fold increase in CH4 emissions in warmer regions was associated with water temperature and shifts in microbial communities and dominant anaerobic processes. Our results suggest that the net radiative forcing from altered greenhouse gas emissions of northern peatland lakes this century will be dominated by increasing CH4 emissions and only partially offset by reduced CO2 emissions.
Elongated Giant Seabed Polygons and Underlying Polygonal Faults as Indicators of the Creep Deformation of Pliocene to Recent Sediments in the Grenada Basin, Caribbean Sea
Authors: Gay A. , Padron C. , Meyer S. , Beaufort D. , Oliot E. , Lallemand S. , Marcaillou B. , Philippon M. , Cornée J‐J. , Audemard F. , Lebrun J‐F. , Klingelhoefer F. , Mercier de Lepinay B. , Münch P. , Garrocq C. , Boucard M. , Schenini L. ,   the GARANTI cruise team
Published: November 2021

Based on 2D seismic profiles, multibeam and seabed grab cores acquired during the Garanti cruise in 2017, 1–5 km wide seabed giant polygons were identified in the Grenada basin, covering a total area of ∼55,000 km2, which is the largest area of outcropping polygonal faults (PF) ever found on Earth so far. They represent the top part of an active 700–1,200 m thick underlying polygonal fault system (PFS) formed due to the volumetric contraction of clay‐ and smectite‐rich sediments, initiated in the sub‐surface at the transition between the Early to Middle Pliocene. The short axes of the best‐fit ellipses obtained from a graphical center‐to‐center method were interpreted as the local orientation of a preferential contraction perpendicular to the creep deformation of slope sediments. In the North Grenada Basin, the polygons are relatively regular, but their short axes seem to be parallel to a N40°E extension recently evidenced in the forearc, possibly extending in the backarc, but not shown in the study area. They are most probably related to a progressive burial due to a homogeneous subsidence. In the South Grenada Basin, the polygons are more elongated and their axes are progressively rotating southeastward toward the depocenter, indicating a creep deformation toward the center of the basin created by a differential subsidence. Seabed polygons and underlying PF could thus be indicative of the deformation regime of shallow sediments related to main slopes controlled by two different basin architectures.
Bounce Resonance Scattering of Radiation Belt Energetic Electrons by Extremely Low‐Frequency Chorus Waves
Authors: Guo Deyu , Xiang Zheng , Ni Binbin , Cao Xing , Fu Song , Zhou Ruoxian , Gu Xudong , Yi Juan , Guo Yingjie , Jiao Luhuai
Published: November 2021

Bounce‐resonant diffusion coefficients of radiation belt energetic electrons induced by extremely low‐frequency (ELF) chorus waves are comprehensively evaluated using Van Allen Probes observations on December 22, 2014. ELF chorus waves can efficiently scatter 85° < eq < 89° electrons with bounce resonance pitch angle scattering rates above 10−4/s and energy scattering rates above 10−7/s. By comparing diffusion coefficients due to bounce resonance with those due to cyclotron and Landau resonances, we found that bounce resonance diffusion rates have slight energy dependence for >100 keV electrons while Landau‐resonant scattering rates decrease significantly in the MeV energy range. These findings suggest that bounce resonances by ELF chorus waves have potentially significant contributions to the dynamics of energetic electrons and should be considered in the further modeling of Earth's radiation belts.