bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Peter van Inwagen on gratuitous evil
Authors: KRAAY KLAAS J.
Published: September 2013

Defenders and critics of the evidential argument from evil typically agree that if theism is true, no gratuitous evil occurs. But Peter van Inwagen has challenged this orthodoxy by urging that for all we know, given God's goals, it is impossible for God to prevent all gratuitous evil, in which case God is not required do so. If van Inwagen is right, the evidential argument from evil fails. After setting out this striking and innovative move, I examine three responses found in the literature, and show that none of them defeats van Inwagen's argument. I then offer a novel criticism: I show that van Inwagen implicitly relies on the claim that God can sensibly be thought tosatisfice, and I argue that this is seriously under-motivated. Accordingly, van Inwagen's objection to the evidential argument from evil is, at best, incomplete.
Population dynamics of canopy trees in New Caledonian rain forests: are monodominantNothofagus(Nothofagaceae) forests successional to mixed rain forests?
Authors: Read Jennifer , Jaffré Tanguy
Published: September 2013

In New Caledonia, rain forests with an upper canopy dominated by single species ofNothofagusoccur next to mixed-canopy forests, without discernible environmental cause. A potential explanation is that they are different successional stages. To test this hypothesis and predict long-term change in canopy dominance, population size structures of 61 canopy species were analysed in sixNothofagus-dominated forests and three adjacent mixed rain forests. Weibull analysis suggests that theseNothofagusforests are secondary forests, with recruitment insufficient to maintain monodominance, except at a high-altitude site. At low- to mid-altitudes theNothofaguscanopy is predicted to develop into a mixed canopy, unless moderate to severe disturbance occurs within its reproductive lifespan. However, adjacent mixed rain forests are also secondary, with 85% of analysed species showing no evidence of continuous regeneration. Fifteen species from both forest types showed reverse-J curves suggesting continuous regeneration, but onlyCalophyllum caledonicumdid so consistently. Since few canopy species showed evidence of high shade tolerance and persistence, a small number of shade-tolerant species is predicted to dominate both forests in the long term, in the hypothetical absence of disturbance. Hence, temporal factors associated with disturbances play a key role in determining dominance in these forests.
The syllabic bridge: the first step in learning spelling-to-sound correspondences*
Authors: DOIGNON-CAMUS NADEGE , ZAGAR DANIEL
Published: September 2013

It is widely agreed that learning to read starts with the establishment of letter-to-phoneme correspondences. However, it is also widely agreed that prereaders do not have access to phoneme units. Here we show that the building of associations between letters and syllables, which we call the ‘syllabic bridge’, might be a faster and more direct way of learning spelling-to-sound correspondences in French. After a few minutes of exposure, prereaders are able to learn the statistical properties of letter co-occurrences. Statistical learning is boosted by explicit instructions about the associations between letter clusters and syllables. Building the syllabic bridge from available phonological syllables and frequent letter clusters may therefore be the first step in learning to read.
The Threat of Nuclear Proliferation: Perception and Reality
Authors: Hymans Jacques E. C.
Published: September 2013

Nuclear weapons proliferation is at the top of the news these days. Most recent reports have focused on the nuclear efforts of Iran and North Korea, but they also typically warn that those two acute diplomatic headaches may merely be the harbingers of a much darker future. Indeed, foreign policy sages often claim that what worries them most is not the small arsenals that Tehran and Pyongyang could build for themselves, but rather the potential that their reckless behavior could catalyze a process of runaway nuclear proliferation, international disorder, and, ultimately, nuclear war.
Justice and Fairness in the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime
Authors: Tannenwald Nina
Published: September 2013

Today, the nuclear regime is widely perceived to be in crisis. While part of this crisis has to do with direct challenges to the regime posed by the illicit nuclear programs of North Korea and Iran, from the perspective of much of the developing world, the issues facing the nonproliferation regime are overwhelmingly about the justice and fairness of the regime's norms, rules, and procedures. Indeed, it is difficult to identify a security regime today where equity issues are more central to debates about its future than the nuclear nonproliferation regime. Of the three regimes for controlling weapons of mass destruction (chemical, biological, and nuclear), it is in the nuclear regime that issues of justice and fairness appear most critical to long-term sustainability and viability.
The Gordian Knot: Moral Debate and Nuclear Weapons
Authors: Wilson Ward
Published: September 2013

We have the power of choice over nuclear weapons. But we do not feel our power. Instead, we feel their power. They are larger than life. They loom over us, seemingly beyond our control, shrouded in myth and dark mystery. Because of their power and our feeling that nuclear weapons are unique, we believe that these weapons require a special set of moral rules, specially tuned to the separate world where nuclear weapons dwell.
Exposing bovine cumulus–oocyte complexes to aromatizable androgen restore serum-induced low estradiol production in vitro
Authors: Bernuci M.P. , Bulgareli D.L. , Vireque A.A. , Pitangui C.P. , de Sa M.F.S. , Rosa-e-Silva A.C.J.S.
Published: September 2013

We aimed in this study to assess whether serum-decreased bovine cumulus–oocyte complex (COC) steroidogenesis during in vitro maturation (IVM) is caused by deficient androgen milieu. For this approach, bovine COCs were cultured in serum-supplemented IVM medium in the presence or absence of 1 μM androstenedione. After 24 h of culture, medium was collected and analyzed for its content of estradiol-17β (E2) and progesterone (P4). Medium E2 content markedly increased after incubation of COCs with androstenedione (17.52 ± 1.86 ng/ml to the androgen group; 0.32 ± 0.05 ng/ml to the non-androgen group). No significant difference in the P4 content was detected despite the presence of androstenedione (21.83 ± 1.61 ng/ml to the androgen group; 21.73 ± 1.67 ng/ml to the non-androgen group). Our data provide compelling evidence that bovine COCs steroidogenesis remains functional during culture in serum-supplemented medium and suggest that serum-induced decreased COCs estradiol secretion is caused by deficiency of an aromatizable androgen source.
Effect of melatonin treatment on developmental potential of somatic cell nuclear-transferred mouse oocytesin vitro
Authors: Salehi Mohammad , Kato Yoko , Tsunoda Yukio
Published: September 2013

The beneficial effect of supplementing culture medium with melatonin has been reported duringin vitroembryo development of species such as mouse, bovine and porcine. However, the effect of melatonin on mouse somatic cell nuclear transfer remains unknown. In this study, we assessed the effects of various concentrations of melatonin (10−6to 10−12M) on thein vitrodevelopment of mouse somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos for 96 h. Embryos cultured without melatonin were used as control. There was no significant difference in cleavage rates between the groups supplemented with melatonin, dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) and the control. The rate of development to blastocyst stage was significantly higher in the group supplemented with 10−12M melatonin compared with the control group (P< 0.05). Thus, our data demonstrated that adding melatonin to pre-implantation mouse nuclear-transferred embryos can accelerate blastocyst formation.
Effects of gaseous atmosphere and antioxidants on the development and cryotolerance of bovine embryos at different periods ofin vitroculture
Authors: Rocha-Frigoni Nathália Alves de Souza , Leão Beatriz Caetano da Silva , Nogueira Ériklis , Accorsi Mônica Ferreira , Mingoti Gisele Zoccal
Published: September 2013

This study examined the effects of antioxidant supplementation and O2tension on embryo development, cryotolerance and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. The antioxidant supplementation consisted of 0.6 mM cysteine (CYST); 0.6 mM cysteine + 100 μM cysteamine (C+C); 100 IU catalase (CAT) or 100 μM β-mercaptoethanol (β-ME) for 3 or 7 days ofin vitroculture (IVC). Two O2tensions (20% O2[5% CO2in air] or 7% O2, 5% CO2and 88% N2[gaseous mixture]) were examined. After 7 days of antioxidant supplementation, the blastocyst frequencies were adversely affected (P< 0.05) by CYST (11.2%) and C+C (1.44%), as well as by low O2tension (17.2% and 11.11% for 20% and 7% O2, respectively) compared with the control (26.6%). The blastocyst re-expansion rates were not affected (P> 0.05) by the treatments (range, 66–100%). After 3 days of antioxidant supplementation, the blastocyst frequencies were not affected (P> 0.05) by any of the antioxidants (range, 43.6–48.5%), but they were reduced by low O2tension (P< 0.05) (52.1% and 38.4% for 20% and 7% O2, respectively). The intracellular ROS levels, demonstrated as arbitrary fluorescence units, were not affected (P> 0.05) by antioxidant treatment (range, 0.78 to 0.95) or by O2tension (0.86 and 0.88 for 20% and 7% O2, respectively). The re-expansion rates were not affected (P> 0.05) by any of the treatments (range, 63.6–93.3%). In conclusion, intracellular antioxidant supplementation and low O2tension throughout the entire IVC period were deleterious to embryo development. However, antioxidant supplementation up to day 3 of IVC did not affect the blastocyst frequencies or intracellular ROS levels.
Relational paraphrase acquisition from Wikipedia: The WRPA method and corpus
Authors: VILA M. , RODRÍGUEZ H. , MARTÍ M. A.
Published: September 2013

Paraphrase corpora are an essential but scarce resource in Natural Language Processing. In this paper, we present the Wikipedia-based Relational Paraphrase Acquisition (WRPA) method, which extracts relational paraphrases from Wikipedia, and the derived WRPA paraphrase corpus. The WRPA corpus currently covers person-related and authorship relations in English and Spanish, respectively, suggesting that, given adequate Wikipedia coverage, our method is independent of the language and the relation addressed. WRPA extracts entity pairs from structured information in Wikipedia applying distant learning and, based on the distributional hypothesis, uses them as anchor points for candidate paraphrase extraction from the free text in the body of Wikipedia articles. Focussing on relational paraphrasing and taking advantage of Wikipedia-structured information allows for an automatic and consistent evaluation of the results. The WRPA corpus characteristics distinguish it from other types of corpora that rely on string similarity or transformation operations. WRPA relies on distributional similarity and is the result of the free use of language outside any reformulation framework. Validation results show a high precision for the corpus.
Connecting Parents of Children With Chronic Pain Through Art Therapy
Authors: Pielech Melissa , Sieberg Christine B. , Simons Laura E.
Published: September 2013

To help address the unique needs of parents of children with chronic pain, a four module, parent-only, group art therapy curriculum was designed and implemented within an interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation treatment program. We evaluated perceived satisfaction and helpfulness of the group intervention. Fifty-three parents of children experiencing chronic pain enrolled in a day hospital interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation program participated. The voluntary parent art therapy group was offered one time per week for 1 hour. Participants completed a measure of satisfaction, helpfulness, and perceived social support at the end of each group session. Parents enjoyed participating in the group, agreed that they would try art therapy again, and found it to be a helpful, supportive, and validating experience. Initial results are promising that group art therapy is an appropriate and helpful means of supporting parents of children with chronic pain during interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation.
Applying a Developmental–Ecological Framework to Sickle Cell Disease Transition
Authors: Griffin Anya , Gilleland Jordan , Johnson Alcuin , Cummings Lindsay , New Tamara , Brailey Tonya , Eckman James , Osunkwo Ifeyinwa
Published: September 2013

Transitioning from pediatric to adult care is a challenging process for adolescents with sickle cell disease (SCD). There is a critical need for well-designed and practically adaptable SCD transition programs that are compatible within the social and cultural context of the individual. The purpose of this article is to outline the design of a theoretically informed intervention to facilitate successful transition for adolescents and young adults (AYAs) diagnosed with SCD. The authors propose and describe the use of a developmental–ecological framework in creating and implementing the Sickle Cell Disease–Age Based Curriculum for Transition (SCD-ABC). The SCD-ABC Transition program’s framework begins at birth with the parent–caregiver and spans throughout a child’s development into young adulthood. This program involves a multidisciplinary team approach with collaboration from pediatric and adult medical providers, family and peers, social services, the community, and adult mentors living with SCD. The goal of this program was to foster increased disease knowledge and self-efficacy for AYAs and ultimately facilitate successful transition to adult care. Finally, this review will present preliminary data from the SCD-ABC Transition program and discuss opportunities for broader applicability of this model to adolescents and young adults with SCD.
Youth Suicide Prevention in Primary Care: A Model Program and Its Impact on Psychiatric Emergency Referrals
Authors: Wintersteen Matthew B. , Diamond Guy S.
Published: September 2013

Primary care is an emerging setting for suicide prevention efforts. Psychologists can play a valuable role in not only consulting to primary care but also assisting with the management of suicidal youth. This article describes the Pennsylvania Youth Suicide Prevention in Primary Care model. After detailing the model, a brief study is reported whereby the intervention of primary care staff training, screening, and available services on referrals to the emergency department (ED) for evaluation and the rate of psychiatric hospitalization following psychiatric evaluation in the ED for these youth are examined. Results demonstrated a reduction in referrals to the ED in the year after the intervention compared to 3 years preintervention. Implications for mental health professionals working in primary care are discussed.
Behavioral Treatments to Improve Pill Swallowing and Adherence in an Adolescent With Renal and Connective Tissue Diseases
Authors: Hankinson Jessica C. , Slifer Keith J.
Published: September 2013

Nonadherence to complex medication regimens is a common problem among adolescents with chronic medical conditions. It may be the result of multiple factors, including pill-swallowing difficulties, lack of independent coping skills, lack of developmentally appropriate parental oversight, negative mood, and insufficient motivation to take medication. This case study demonstrates the use of a combination of cognitive–behavioral interventions to teach pill swallowing and improve medication adherence in an adolescent with mixed connective tissue and renal diseases and self-reported negative mood. Provision of this treatment package coincided with improvement in pill swallowing, increased adherence, and independence with a complex medication regimen, in addition to improvements in self-reported mood.
Improving Nutrition in Toddlers With Cystic Fibrosis: Feasibility of a Behavioral Parent-Training Intervention
Authors: Hourigan Shannon E. , Helms Sarah W. , Christon Lillian M. , Southam-Gerow Michael A.
Published: September 2013

This study tested feasibility of a developmentally sensitive adaptation of a behaviorally based group parent-training intervention designed to improve adherence to cystic fibrosis nutrition recommendations and address a variety of mealtime behavior management problems. Modifications to the original intervention are described. Parents of 4 children ages 21 to 31 months with cystic fibrosis participated. Two children were malnourished and had primary goals of increasing intake and weight; 2 were adequately nourished and had primary goals of improving diet quality. Additional data are provided for 1 child regarding child disruptive behavior. Anthropometric data were collected at baseline, pre- and posttreatment, and follow-up and retrospectively via chart review. Families completed 3-day diet diaries across 2 baseline weeks, 6 weeks of intervention, and at a 12-week postintervention follow-up. Data support acceptability of this intervention to parent participants. The 2 malnourished children increased caloric intake throughout the intervention and demonstrated clinically significant weight gains at posttreatment. Furthermore, these gains were maintained at follow-up. One of the 2 adequately nourished children demonstrated improved diet quality. Findings provide some support for the feasibility for parent group intervention providing training in cystic fibrosis-specific child behavior management skills to multiple families. Preliminary results suggest that this intervention may provide benefits to parents who often struggle with the demands of nutrition requirements and toddler behavior.
Protooncogene TCL1b functions as an Akt kinase co-activator that exhibits oncogenic potency in vivo
Authors: Hashimoto M , Suizu F , Tokuyama W , Noguchi H , Hirata N , Matsuda-Lennikov M , Edamura T , Masuzawa M , Gotoh N , Tanaka S , Noguchi M
Published: September 2013

Protooncogene T-cell leukemia 1 (TCL1), which is implicated in human T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL), interacts with Akt and enhances its kinase activity, functioning as an Akt kinase co-activator. Two major isoforms of TCL1 Protooncogenes (TCL1 and TCL1b) are present adjacent to each other on human chromosome 14q.32. In human T-PLL, both TCL1 and TCL1b are activated by chromosomal translocation. Moreover, TCL1b-transgenic mice have never been created. Therefore, it remains unclear whether TCL1b itself, independent of TCL1, exhibits oncogenicity. In co-immunoprecipitation assays, both ectopic and endogenous TCL1b interacted with Akt. In in vitro Akt kinase assays, TCL1b enhanced Akt kinase activity in dose- and time-dependent manners. Bioinformatics approaches utilizing multiregression analysis, cluster analysis, KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway mapping, Venn diagrams and Gene Ontology (GO) demonstrated that TCL1b showed highly homologous gene-induction signatures similar to Myr-Akt or TCL1. TCL1b exhibited oncogenicity in in vitro colony-transformation assay. Further, two independent lines of β-actin promoter-driven TCL1b-transgenic mice developed angiosarcoma on the intestinal tract. Angiosarcoma is a rare form of cancer in humans with poor prognosis. Using immunohistochemistry, 11 out of 13 human angiosarcoma samples were positively stained with both anti-TCL1b and anti-phospho-Akt antibodies. Consistently, in various cancer tissues, 69 out of 146 samples were positively stained with anti-TCL1b, out of which 46 were positively stained with anti-phospho-Akt antibodies. Moreover, TCL1b structure-based inhibitor ‘TCL1b-Akt-in’ inhibited Akt kinase activity in in vitro kinase assays and PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor)-induced Akt kinase activities—in turn, ‘TCL1b-Akt-in’ inhibited cellular proliferation of sarcoma. The current study disclosed TCL1b bears oncogenicity and hence serves as a novel therapeutic target for human neoplastic diseases.
Testing the annual nature of speleothem banding
Authors: Shen Chuan-Chou , Lin Ke , Duan Wuhui , Jiang Xiuyang , Partin Judson W. , Edwards R. Lawrence , Cheng Hai , Tan Ming
Published: September 2013

Speleothem laminae have been postulated to form annually and this lamina-chronology is widely applied to high-resolution modern and past climate reconstructions. However, this argument has not been directly supported by high resolution dating methods. Here we present contemporary single-lamina 230Th dating techniques with 2σ precision as good as ±0.5 yr on a laminated stalagmite with density couplets from Xianren Cave, China, that covers the last 300 years. We find that the layers do not always deposit annually. Annual bands can be under- or over-counted by several years during different multi-decadal intervals. The irregular formation of missing and false bands in this example indicates that the assumption of annual speleothem laminae in a climate reconstruction should be approached carefully without a robust absolute-dated chronology.
Total absorption in asymmetric hyperbolic media
Authors: Nefedov Igor S. , Valagiannopoulos Constantinos A. , Hashemi Seed M. , Nefedov Evgeny I.
Published: September 2013

Finite-thickness slabs of hyperbolic media with tilted optical axes exhibit asymmetry properties for waves propagating upward and downward with respect to slab interfaces. Under certain conditions, asymmetric hyperbolic media acquire extreme permittivity parameters and the difference between upward and downward propagating waves becomes very large. Furthermore, both waves can be perfectly matched with the free space; such a feature makes possible the development of optically ultra thin perfect absorbers. The proposed approach is unified and allows the use of different "Equation missing"-negative materials. Of particular interest is the asymmetric hyperbolic medium, made of silicon nanowires, since it can be directly applicable to solar cell systems.
Ultrafast zero balance of the oscillator-strength sum rule in graphene
Authors: Kim Jaeseok , Lim Seong Chu , Chae Seung Jin , Maeng Inhee , Choi Younghwan , Cha Soonyoung , Lee Young Hee , Choi Hyunyong
Published: September 2013

Oscillator-strength sum rule in light-induced transitions is one general form of quantum-mechanical identities. Although this sum rule is well established in equilibrium photo-physics, an experimental corroboration for the validation of the sum rule in a nonequilibrium regime has been a long-standing unexplored question. The simple band structure of graphene is an ideal system for investigating this question due to the linear Dirac-like energy dispersion. Here, we employed both ultrafast terahertz and optical spectroscopy to directly monitor the transient oscillator-strength balancing between quasi-free low-energy oscillators and high-energy Fermi-edge ones. Upon photo-excitation of hot Dirac fermions, we observed that the ultrafast depletion of high-energy oscillators precisely complements the increased terahertz absorption oscillators. Our results may provide an experimental priori to understand, for example, the intrinsic free-carrier dynamics to the high-energy photo-excitation, responsible for optoelectronic operation such as graphene-based phototransistor or solar-energy harvesting devices.
Overcoming chemoresistance of small-cell lung cancer through stepwise HER2-targeted antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and VEGF-targeted antiangiogenesis
Authors: Minami Toshiyuki , Kijima Takashi , Kohmo Satoshi , Arase Hisashi , Otani Yasushi , Nagatomo Izumi , Takahashi Ryo , Miyake Kotaro , Higashiguchi Masayoshi , Morimura Osamu , Ihara Shoichi , Tsujino Kazuyuki , Hirata Haruhiko , Inoue Koji , Takeda Yoshito , Kida Hiroshi , Tachibana Isao , Kumanogoh Atsushi
Published: September 2013

Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) easily recurs with a multidrug resistant phenotype. However, standard therapeutic strategies for relapsed SCLC remain unestablished. We found that human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is not only expressed in pretreated human SCLC specimens, but is also upregulated when HER2-positive SCLC cells acquire chemoresistance. Trastuzumab induced differential levels of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) to HER2-positive SCLC cells. Furthermore, as a mechanism of the differential levels of ADCC, we have revealed that coexpression of intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 on SCLC cells is essential to facilitate and accelerate the trastuzumab-mediated ADCC. Although SN-38–resistant SCLC cells lacking ICAM-1 expression were still refractory to trastuzumab, their in vivo growth was significantly suppressed by bevacizumab treatment due to dependence on their distinctive and abundant production of vascular endothelial growth factor. Collectively, stepwise treatment with trastuzumab and bevacizumab is promising for the treatment of chemoresistant SCLC.
Ground state of the singly ionized oxygen vacancy in rutile TiO2
Authors: Brant A. T. , Giles N. C. , Yang Shan , Sarker M. A. R. , Watauchi S. , Nagao M. , Tanaka I. , Tryk D. A. , Manivannan A. , Halliburton L. E.
Published: September 2013

Results from electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and electron-nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) experiments are used to establish the model for the ground state of the singly ionized oxygen vacancy in the interior of bulk rutile TiO2 crystals. Hyperfine from 47Ti and 49Ti nuclei show that the unpaired electron in this S = 1/2 defect is localized on one titanium ion adjacent to the oxygen vacancy (i.e., the spin is not shared by two titanium ions). These defects are formed at low temperature (∼35 K) in as-grown oxidized crystals when sub-band-gap 442 nm laser light converts doubly ionized nonparamagnetic oxygen vacancies to the singly ionized paramagnetic charge state. The g matrix is obtained from EPR spectra and the 47Ti and 49Ti hyperfine and nuclear electric quadrupole matrices (A and Q) are obtained from ENDOR spectra. Principal values of the 47Ti and 49Ti hyperfine matrices are 64.54, 11.57, and 33.34 MHz. All the matrices have a principal axis along the [001] direction. In the basal plane, principal axes of the hyperfine and quadrupole matrices also coincide. The principal axes of the g matrix in the basal plane, however, deviate significantly from those of the A and Q matrices, thus indicating mixing of d orbitals due to the low symmetry at the Ti3+ ion site and participation of excited-state orbitals.
Wave function for time-dependent harmonically confined electrons in a time-dependent electric field
Authors: Li Yu-Qi , Pan Xiao-Yin , Sahni Viraht
Published: September 2013

The many-body wave function of a system of interacting particles confined by a time-dependent harmonic potential and perturbed by a time-dependent spatially homogeneous electric field is derived via the Feynman path-integral method. The wave function is comprised of a phase factor times the solution to the unperturbed time-dependent Schrödinger equation with the latter being translated by a time-dependent value that satisfies the classical driven equation of motion. The wave function reduces to that of the Harmonic Potential Theorem wave function for the case of the time-independent harmonic confining potential.
Interface-dependent nucleation in nanostructured layered composites
Authors: Beyerlein Irene J. , Wang Jian , Zhang Ruifeng
Published: September 2013

Nanocomposite properties are to a large extent governed by interface-associated mechanisms. Via atomic-scale modeling of bi-phase interfaces, we reveal a strong correlation between interface structure and the nucleation of dislocations. We show that the number and types of dislocations that are emitted depend sensitively on a few key structural features of the interface. Based on these insights, a model is developed that connects nucleation propensity with interface structure. This finding implies that tuning interface structure is a conceivable approach for strengthening nanocomposites, one that is distinct from the common strategy of shrinking nanostructure dimensions.
Energy benchmarks for water clusters and ice structures from an embedded many-body expansion
Authors: Gillan M. J. , Alfè D. , Bygrave P. J. , Taylor C. R. , Manby F. R.
Published: September 2013

We show how an embedded many-body expansion (EMBE) can be used to calculate accurate ab initio energies of water clusters and ice structures using wavefunction-based methods. We use the EMBE described recently by Bygrave et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 137, 164102 (2012)], in which the terms in the expansion are obtained from calculations on monomers, dimers, etc., acted on by an approximate representation of the embedding field due to all other molecules in the system, this field being a sum of Coulomb and exchange-repulsion fields. Our strategy is to separate the total energy of the system into Hartree-Fock and correlation parts, using the EMBE only for the correlation energy, with the Hartree-Fock energy calculated using standard molecular quantum chemistry for clusters and plane-wave methods for crystals. Our tests on a range of different water clusters up to the 16-mer show that for the second-order Møller-Plesset (MP2) method the EMBE truncated at 2-body level reproduces to better than 0.1 mEh/monomer the correlation energy from standard methods. The use of EMBE for computing coupled-cluster energies of clusters is also discussed. For the ice structures Ih, II, and VIII, we find that MP2 energies near the complete basis-set limit reproduce very well the experimental values of the absolute and relative binding energies, but that the use of coupled-cluster methods for many-body correlation (non-additive dispersion) is essential for a full description. Possible future applications of the EMBE approach are suggested.
Sandwich structure of Pd doped nanostructure TiO2 film as O2 sensor
Authors: Wang Hairong , Sun Quantao , Chen Lei , Zhao Yulong
Published: September 2013

In this paper, we investigated the sensing properties of sandwich structure of TiO2/Pd/TiO2 thin films at various operating temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The nanostructure TiO2 thin films were prepared by the sol-gel method. Various thickness of Pd buried layer was deposited by magnetron sputtering of a pure Pd target. The films were characterized using X-ray diffraction analysis and SEM. It was found that TiO2/Pd/TiO2 thin films have the p-type behavior while the pure TiO2 thin film is n-type semiconductor materials. We found that the structure of TiO2/Pd/TiO2 thin films with 10 s sputtering Pd layer has a better stability at 240 °C.
Controlled synthesis of SnO2 nanostructures with different morphologies and the influence on photocatalysis properties
Authors: Guan Mengmeng , Zhao Xiaoru , Duan Libing , Cao Mengmeng , Guo Wenrui , Liu Jinru , Zhang Wei
Published: September 2013

SnO2 nanoparticles, nanoflowers, and nanorods of highly crystalline were synthesized via a simple hydrothermal method. The size and morphology of the SnO2 nanostructures could be controlled by varying the NaOH concentration of the precursor solutions. The SnO2 structures appeared to be sphere-like nanoparticles with diameters in the range of 5–10 nm in lower NaOH concentrations. In higher NaOH concentrations, the nanostructures showed orientation growth behavior and were flower-like or rod-like in morphology. The sphere-like shape demonstrated that Ostwald ripening took effect only at lower NaOH concentration while the preferential growth behavior at higher NaOH concentration testified “oriented attachment” was more suitable under this condition. Photocatalysis experiments were carried out to study the influence of the morphology, size, and surface on photocatalytic activities of SnO2. The nanoparticles synthesized with the MNaOH:MSnCl4 = 4:1 showed the highest photolytic activities owing to their tiny size, large surface area, and abundant defect-related energy states.
Improvement in the internal quantum efficiency of InN grown over nanoporous GaN by the reduction of Shockley-Read-Hall recombination centers
Authors: Seetoh Ian P. , Soh Chew Beng , Zhang Li , Patrick Tung Kar Hoo , Fitzgerald Eugene A. , Jin Chua Soo
Published: September 2013

InN was grown over nanoporous GaN by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. Additional free surfaces in the numerous GaN nanopores reduced the surface energy and encouraged extensive nucleation and uniform growth of InN nanoislands. Conversely, coarse and poorly distributed InN islands grew on planar GaN surfaces. Non-radiative Shockley-Read-Hall recombination rates were significantly lower in InN grown on nanoporous GaN than those on planar GaN, leading to the internal quantum efficiency increasing from 3% to 20%. This is attributed to the reorientation of InN during growth over the underlying nanoporous GaN, which relieved misfit stress and reduced defects associated with Shockley-Read-Hall recombination.
Frequency shifts of the E2high Raman mode due to residual stress in epitaxial ZnO thin films
Authors: Harriman T. A. , Bi Z. , Jia Q. X. , Lucca D. A.
Published: September 2013

To investigate the stress effect on the E2high Raman vibration mode, we grew heteroepitaxial ZnO films on c-plane sapphire with different strain states by changing the film thicknesses between 5 and 100 nm. To determine the relationship between the observed frequency of the E2high mode with the biaxial residual stress of the ZnO thin films, the out-of-plane strain of films were measured with x-ray diffraction from which the residual stress was calculated. The biaxial residual stress and E2high frequency were related linearly by a factor of ∼170 MPa/cm−1, which is in agreement with reported values from high pressure investigations of bulk ZnO.
Terahertz responsivity of field-effect transistors under arbitrary biasing conditions
Authors: Földesy Péter
Published: September 2013

Current biased photoresponse model of long channel field-effect transistor (FET) detectors is introduced to describe the low frequency behavior in complex circuit environment. The model is applicable in all FET working regions, including subthreshold, linear, saturated modes, includes bulk potential variations, and handles the simultaneous gate-source and drain-source detection or source-driven topologies. The model is based on the phenomenological representation that links the photoresponse to the gate transconductance over drain current ratio (gm/ID) and circuit theory. A derived method is provided to analyze the detector behavior, to characterize existing antenna coupled detectors, and to predict the photoresponse in a complex circuit. The model is validated by measurements of 180 nm gate length silicon and GaAs high electron mobility FETs.
Focusing guided waves using surface bonded elastic metamaterials
Authors: Yan Xiang , Zhu Rui , Huang Guoliang , Yuan Fuh-Gwo
Published: September 2013

Bonding a two-dimensional planar array of small lead discs on an aluminum plate with silicone rubber is shown numerically to focus low-frequency flexural guided waves. The “effective mass density profile” of this type of elastic metamaterials (EMMs), perpendicular to wave propagation direction, is carefully tailored and designed, which allows rays of flexural A0 mode Lamb waves to bend in succession and then focus through a 7 × 9 planar array. Numerical simulations show that Lamb waves can be focused beyond EMMs region with amplified displacement and yet largely retained narrow banded waveform, which may have potential application in structural health monitoring.
Epitaxial growth and magnetic properties of ultrathin iron oxide films on BaTiO3(001)
Authors: Hari Babu V. , Govind R. K. , Schindler K.-M. , Welke M. , Denecke R.
Published: September 2013

The growth and magnetic properties of ultrathin iron oxide films on BaTiO3(001) substrate have been studied by low energy electron diffraction, x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD), and magneto-optic Kerr effect experiments. The iron oxide films were prepared by both simultaneous oxidation and postgrowth oxidation methods. Assuming a surface structure close to Fe3O4[100], the unit cell was found to be epitaxially grown on BaTiO3[100] unit cell due to small lattice mismatch between the film and the substrate. The films exhibit a uniaxial magnetic anisotropy with the easy-axis along Fe3O4[11¯0] direction. For the films on or above 1.7 nm thickness, the XMCD shows characteristic contributions from different Fe site occupations similar to those of the bulk Fe3O4. On the other hand, the XAS line shape and XMCD of the films in the thickness range 1.2–1.6 nm indicate the lesser occupation of Fe2+ octahedral sites associated with the formation of γ-Fe2O3 phase at lower thicknesses. Our investigations offer further insight into the structure, interface, and magnetic properties of the Fe3O4/BaTiO3 as an interesting system for technological applications.
Double-shell C60/C240 fullerenes with Stone-Wales defects for hydrogen storage: An ab initio study
Authors: Liu Po-Liang , Hong Jia-Yang
Published: September 2013

We present ab initio calculations to find the migration pathways of the hydrogen atom through Stone-Wales defects into the inside of the double-shell fullerene. We report that the most favorable pathway consists of the tunneling pathway through Stone-Wales defects on the double-shell C60/C240 fullerene. This tunneling pathway gives rise to three barrier heights of 0.54 eV, 0.47 eV, and 0.7 eV. The driving force for the hydrogen atom diffusion through the tunneling pathway towards the inside of the double-shell fullerene is 0.82 eV. Our findings lead to a relatively low energy pathway, which provides a practical route to develop newly inexpensive solid-state hydrogen storages.
Unusual instability mode of transparent all oxide thin film transistor under dynamic bias condition
Authors: Oh Himchan , Hwang Chi-Sun , Pi Jae-Eun , Ki Ryu Min , Ko Park Sang-Hee , Yong Chu Hye
Published: September 2013

We report a degradation behavior of fully transparent oxide thin film transistor under dynamic bias stress which is the condition similar to actual pixel switching operation in active matrix display. After the stress test, drain current increased while the threshold voltage was almost unchanged. We found that shortening of effective channel length is leading cause of increase in drain current. Electrons activate the neutral donor defects by colliding with them during short gate-on period. These ionized donors are stabilized during the subsequent gate-off period due to electron depletion. This local increase in doping density reduces the channel length.
Resonance Raman spectroscopy of G-line and folded phonons in twisted bilayer graphene with large rotation angles
Authors: Wang Yanan , Su Zhihua , Wu Wei , Nie Shu , Xie Nan , Gong Huiqi , Guo Yang , Hwan Lee Joon , Xing Sirui , Lu Xiaoxiang , Wang Haiyan , Lu Xinghua , McCarty Kevin , Pei Shin-shem , Robles-Hernandez Francisco , Hadjiev Viktor G. , Bao Jiming
Published: September 2013

We report the synthesis and systematic Raman study of twisted bilayer graphene (tBLG) with rotation angles from below 10° to nearly 30°. Chemical vapor deposition was used to grow hexagon-shaped tBLG with a rotation angle that can be conveniently determined by relative edge misalignment. Rotation dependent G-line resonances and folded phonons were observed by selecting suitable energies of excitation lasers. The observed phonon frequencies of the tBLG superlattices agree well with our ab initio calculation.
Diameter dependency for the electric-field-assisted growth of carbon nanotubes
Authors: Ta Bao Q. , Halvorsen Einar , Hoivik Nils , Aasmundtveit Knut E.
Published: September 2013

Controlling the growth orientation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is a topic of great importance in the integration of CNTs into micro/nanosystems. The electric field has been exploited to control the growth orientation of CNTs. In this letter, the diameter dependency of the effect of an electric field on the growth orientation of CNTs is reported. Statistical analysis of the direction and the straightness of CNTs show that the electric field has a positive effect on small-diameter CNTs, but not on large-diameter CNTs. An electrostatic and thermodynamic model is proposed for an explanation of this phenomenon.
Four-terminal nonlocal signals in lateral spin transport devices with variously ordered Co2FeAl0.5Si0.5 full-Heusler alloy electrodes
Authors: Saito Tatsuya , Tezuka Nobuki , Matsuura Masashi , Sugimoto Satoshi
Published: September 2013

The structural ordering of the Co2FeAl0.5Si0.5 (CFAS) full-Heusler alloy, the electrical transport properties, and the four-terminal (4T) nonlocal signals were investigated in lateral spin transport devices with CFAS/n-GaAs Schottky tunnel junctions as a function of the deposition temperature of CFAS (TCFAS). The 4T nonlocal signals increased with increasing TCFAS, in contrast to the trend in three-terminal Hanle measurements [Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 1 52, 063001 (2013)]. No relationship between interface resistance and 4T nonlocal signal was confirmed, indicating that conductance mismatch problems did not affect the tendency of signal values.
Effect of growth temperature on the terahertz-frequency conductivity of the epitaxial transparent conducting spinel NiCo2O4 films
Authors: Silwal Punam , La-o-vorakiat Chan , Chia Elbert E. M. , Kim Dae Ho , Talbayev Diyar
Published: September 2013

We have measured the terahertz-frequency optical conductivity of the epitaxial inverse spinel NiCo2O4 films grown at different temperatures. The low-temperature-grown film exhibits a metallic behavior with ferrimagnetic ordering, while the high-temperature-grown film shows greatly suppressed magnetization and insulating behavior. Both films exhibit band-like coherent conduction at intermediate temperatures, albeit with very different carrier densities consistent with the proposed models of cation valencies in this mixed-valence material. Both films also display a crossover to incoherent transport at low temperatures, indicating a disorder-induced tendency toward localization.
Atom probe tomography analysis of different modes of Sb intermixing in GaSb quantum dots and wells
Authors: Martin Andrew J. , Hunter Allen H. , Saucer Timothy W. , Sih Vanessa , Marquis Emmanuelle A. , Millunchick Joanna
Published: September 2013

Different modes of intermixing are observed in GaSb/GaAs layers via atom probe tomography. The intermixing length scale for quantum wells of varying thickness is on the order of a monolayer, but three times longer for the wetting layer of a quantum dot structure. The former arises from segregation of Sb and/or surface-induced intermixing via detachment from step edges. The latter is dominated by surface-induced intermixing due to disintegration of the GaSb dots upon capping.
Experimental demonstration on the ultra-low source/drain resistance by metal-insulator-semiconductor contact structure in In0.53Ga0.47As field-effect transistors
Authors: Liao M.-H. , Chen P.-K.
Published: September 2013

In this work, we demonstrate the ultra-low contact resistivity of 6.7 × 10−9 Ω/cm2 by inserting 0.6-nm-ZnO between Al and InGaAs(Si: 1.5 × 1019 cm−3). The metal-insulator-semiconductor tunneling diode with 0.6-nm-ZnO exhibits nearly zero (0.03 eV) barrier height. We apply this contact structure on the source/drain of implant-free In0.53Ga0.47As quantum-well metal-oxide-semiconductor field- effect transistors. The excellent on-state performance such as saturation drain current of 3 × 10−4 A/μm and peak transconductance of 1250 μS/μm is obtained which is attributed to the ultra-low source/drain resistance of 190 Ω-μm.
The advertised diet: an examination of the extent and nature of food advertising on Australian television
Authors: Roberts Michele , Pettigrew Simone , Chapman Kathy , Quester Pascale , Miller Caroline
Published: September 2013

Issues addressed

The aim of the present study was to describe food advertising and expenditure on Australian television, and to conduct an audit to assess what proportion of food and beverage television advertisements was consistent with dietary recommendations.

Methods

Data were acquired from a national media monitoring company for advertisements broadcast in five major Australian cities from 1 September 2010 to 31 October 2010. Content analysis was undertaken on these advertisements and the advertised foods were assessed against the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating. The data also included advertising expenditures.

Results

Most advertised foods were non‐core foods (63%), with few advertisements for fruits and vegetables (6%). Advertisements for non‐core foods were significantly more frequent during prime time viewing periods (71% vs 60%; P < 0.01). High levels of advertising for fast food (28%) and non‐core beverages (24%) were recorded.

Conclusions

The present study found that the foods advertised during the data‐collection period were inconsistent with the recommended diet. There are clear areas for policy concern given that the majority of recorded advertisements were for foods classified as ‘occasional foods’, there were low levels of advertising for fruit and vegetables, and there were no social marketing messages to support healthy eating.

So what?

The findings of the study suggest that there is an urgent need for more comprehensive regulation of food advertising in Australia.
Can competition with pasture be used to manipulate bellyache bush (Jatropha gossypiifolia L.) population biology?
Authors: Bebawi Faiz F. , Campbell Shane D. , Mayer Robert J.
Published: September 2013

Bellyache bush (Jatropha gossypiifolia L.) is an invasive weed that poses economic and environmental problems in northern Australia. Competition between pasture and bellyache bush was examined in North Queensland using combinations of five pasture treatments (uncut (control); cut as low, medium, and high pasture; and no pasture) and four bellyache bush densities (0, 2, 6 and 12 plants m−2) in a buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) dominated pasture. The pasture treatments were applied approximately once per year but no treatments were applied directly to the bellyache bush plants. Measurements of bellyache bush flowering, seed formation, and mortality were undertaken over a 9-year period, along with monitoring the pasture basal cover and plant species diversity. Maximum flowering rates of bellyache bush occurred after 9 years (97%) in plots containing no pasture, with the lowest rates of 9% in uncut control plots. Earliest flowering (322 days after planting) and seed formation (411 days) also occurred in plots with no pasture compared with all other pasture treatments (range 1314–1393 days for seed formation to occur). No seeds were produced in uncut plots. At the end of 9 years, mortality rates of bellyache bush plants initially planted averaged ≥73% for treatments with some pasture compared with 55% under the no-pasture treatment. The percentage of herbaceous plant basal cover in uncut plots was increased 5-fold after 9 years, much greater than the average 2% increase recorded across the low, medium, and high pasture treatments. The number of herbaceous species in uncut plots remained largely unchanged, whereas there was an average reduction of 46% in the cut pasture treatments. Buffel grass remained the species with the greatest basal cover across all cut pasture treatments, followed by sabi grass (Urochloa mosambicensis (Hack.) Dandy) and then red Natal grass (Melinis repens (Willd.) Ziska). These results suggest that grazing strategies that maintain a healthy and competitive pasture layer may contribute to reducing the rate of spread of bellyache bush and complement traditional control techniques such as the use of herbicides.