bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Varying effects of EGF, HGF and TGFβ on formation of invadopodia and invasiveness of melanoma cell lines of different origin
Authors: Makowiecka A. , Simiczyjew A. , Nowak D. , Mazur A.J.
Published: December 2016

The understanding of melanoma malignancy mechanisms is essential for patient survival, because melanoma is responsible for ca. 75% of deaths related to skin cancers. Enhanced formation of invadopodia and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation are two important drivers of cell invasion, and actin dynamics facilitate protrusive activity by providing a driving force to push through the ECM. We focused on the influence of epidermal growth factor (EGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) on melanoma cell invasiveness, since they are observed in the melanoma microenvironment. All three factors stimulated invasion of A375 and WM1341D cells derived from primary tumor sites. In contrast, only EGF and HGF stimulated invasion of WM9 and Hs294T cells isolated from lymph node metastases. Enhanced formation of invadopodia and ECM degradation underlie the increased amount of invasive cells after stimulation with the tested agents. Generally, a rise in invasive potential was accompanied by a decrease in actin polymerization state (F:G ratio). The F:G ratio remained unchanged or was even increased in metastatic cell lines treated with TGFβ. Our findings indicate that the effects of stimulation with EGF, HGF and TGFβ on melanoma cell invasiveness could depend on melanoma cell progression stage. 
Editorial foreword
Authors: Vorster Nico
Published: December 2016

No abstract available.
Rehabilitation in orphan children
Authors: Sharma Shambhu Dayal , Pailoor Subramanya , Tikhe Sham Ganpat
Published: December 2016

More than 153 million children worldwide have been orphaned by the loss of one or both parents and millions more have been abandoned. There is a strong association between child health measures and the health of their primary caregivers. Poor caregiver health is a strong signal for poor health of orphan children. The strategies to support orphan children may include taking steps to ensure food security, foster gender equality, and prevent and treat traumatic events. Yoga, a feasible and acceptable activity with self-reported benefits to child's mental and physical health, may play effective role in the rehabilitation of orphaned children.
Efficacy of a 4-week yogic lifestyle education for promoting holistic health in Indian school adolescents
Authors: Singh Arun Pratap
Published: December 2016

Context:

Need for yogic lifestyle education in schools is being recognized eloquently. However, effectiveness of yogic lifestyle for enhancing adolescent health in schools remains partially or minimally attempted.

Aims:

To examine the relevance of yogic lifestyle education in improving holistic aspects of adolescent health in schools.

Method:

A four week field experiment was conducted among a sample of 100 students enrolled in a residential school located in a semi-urban setting by using a 2 (control and intervention group) ×2 (male and female students) ×2 (pre and post-test) factorial design. Standardized self-report adolescent health questionnaires were used before and after yogic lifestyle education to assess its holistic effects.

Results:

ANOVA was used to analyze efficacy of yogic lifestyle education in promoting different aspects of adolescent health. Results revealed that yogic lifestyle education group participants' responses displayed significantly greater enhancement on a variety of self-reported positive health outcomes and a reduction on different negative health outcomes than the control group participants.

Conclusions:

Yogic lifestyle education programme has promising potential to not only reduce health problems but also enhance positive aspects of health in school going adolescents.
Nyasa – A scientific study
Authors: Bashyam Sarangapani , Srinivasan T. M. , Nagendra Hongasandra Ramarao
Published: December 2016

Background:

Divine worship follows Veda or agama sastras (liturgy) in Hindu lore. Nyasa is a mandatory procedure before every mantra japa (repetition of a mantra) as per agama sastra. In nyasa, the individual places parts of the mantra in designated parts of the body in a sequential order before performing japa.

Aims:

The aims of this study are to understand the concept and the diverse practices and to gather scientific evidence of the benefits to the body-mind-intellect of an individual doing mantra japa with nyasa.

Method:

Literature available on the subject was studied. Controlled experiments on a limited scale were performed using Electrophotonic Imaging (EPI) device with participants from a Vedic institution, performing daily Gayatri japa (recitation of the most popular mantra) with self as control and cross-over design. EPI was used to measure three parameters, namely integral entropy, integral area, and fractality.

Results:

Qualitative outcome of the study is described. Marginal improvements in integral entropy (decrease) and integral area (increase) were observed. Both signify positive outcome due to nyasa compared with relaxation by the control group. There was no noticeable difference in fractality between the two groups.

Conclusion:

Because decrease in entropy and increase in integral area are associated with better health, the study can be extended to larger and heterogeneous samples and over longer periods of nyasa practice for more conclusive results.
Yoga in the works of Ādi Śaṅkāracārya
Authors: Bhate Niranjana H.
Published: December 2016

Context:

Ādi Śaṅkāracārya was an exponent of Advaita Vedānta philosophy. It is well-known that he preached Jñāna Yoga or the path of knowledge for attainment of liberation. However, very few people are aware of the fact that Ādi Śaṅkāracārya has mentioned various methods or types of yoga for liberation depending on the dispositions of the aspirants. Study of his unpopular works reveal this fact.

Aim:

The aim of this paper is to present various types of yoga discussed in the works of Ādi Śaṅkāracārya.

Method:

A descriptive method of analyzing arguments is used because of the philosophico-literary nature of the study.

Result:

Ādi Śaṅkāracārya has stated various types of yoga such as Bhakti Yoga, Rāja Yoga, Haṭha Yoga, and Tantra Yoga as a means to Jñāna Yoga.

Conclusion:

Study of Ādi Śaṅkāracārya's work reveals that Bhakti Yoga, Rāja Yoga Haṭha Yoga, and Tantra Yoga are a means to knowledge or Jñāna Yoga for the attainment of emancipation.
Effects of yogic practices on total cholesterol and triglyceride among obese women
Authors: Malarvizhi V. , Elangovan R.
Published: December 2016

Context:

Obesity has been globally recognized as a risk factor for human health. It not only affects our health but also challenges our emotions and behavioral patterns. It is a significant problem among Indian women because many of them are homemakers and have sedentary lifestyle. Therefore, there is a growing urgency to counter obesity among women.

Aim:

The objective of the study was to find out the effect of yogic practices on cholesterol and triglyceride levels among obese women. It was hypothesized that yogic practices would significantly decrease total cholesterol and triglyceride levels among obese women in comparison to the control group.

Method:

The study consisted of yoga and control group, each containing twenty obese women randomly selected from Mogappair (Chennai). The yoga program was conducted three days a week (50–60 min/day) for twelve weeks. Cholesterol and triglycerides were tested on both groups at zero time and after 12 weeks, and the data were analyzed with independent t-test.

Results:

The post-test mean value of total cholesterol (193.4 mg/dL) and triglyceride (144.9 mg/dL) of the yoga group considerably reduced with respect to the corresponding mean value of post-test total cholesterol (213.1 mg/dL) and triglyceride level (167.8 mg/dL) of the control group. The independent t-test indicated that the total cholesterol (p < 0.05) and triglyceride (p < 0.05) levels were significantly decreased in the yoga group after twelve weeks of yogic practices.

Conclusion:

Regular practice of yoga significantly improved the health condition of obese women by decreasing total cholesterol and triglyceride.
Yoga reduces chronic low back pain
Authors: Bhatta Jalandhara , Tekur Padmini , Tikhe Sham Ganpat , Nagendra Hongasandra Ramarao
Published: December 2016

Background:

Although yoga is an effective treatment for chronic low back pain (CLBP), little is known about the mechanisms responsible for its benefits.

Objective:

To study the effect of Integrated Approach of Yoga Therapy (IAYT) on disability, depression, and pain in patients with CLBP.

Method:

Seven days intensive residential IAYT program in a single group pre-post study was conducted in a holistic health centre at Bengaluru, India. Thirty-five patients (22 females, 13 males) with CLBP were selected conveniently to undergo the IAYT program. The IAYT program was a combination of Asanas (physical postures), Pranayama (breathing practices), and meditation, apart from interactive sessions on the philosophical concepts of yoga. The modified Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Straight Leg Raising (SLR) Test were administered before and after the IAYT program.

Statistical Analysis:

The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 16 was used for statistical analysis. The Shapiro–Wilk test showed that the data was normally distributed. Paired samples t-test was used to compare the means.

Results:

The data analysis showed significant change (p< 0.001, in all cases) with 54.13% decrease in the RMDQ scores (t = 0.759), 36.46% increase in right (t = 0.887) and 36.04% (t = 0.884) in left SLR scores, and 71.47% decrease in BDI scores (t = 0.797).

Conclusion:

The present study suggests that 7-day intensive residential IAYT program reduces disability and depression and improves spinal mobility in patients with CLBP. Thus, yoga may play a vital role in the management of CLBP. Additional randomized control trials are needed before a strong recommendation can be made.
Potential use of Algae Microcystis aeruginosa (Chroococaceae) in bioremediation
Authors: Akoma Osondu , Chris-Iwuru W.N.
Published: December 2016

A comparison of growth response of algal species in varying concentrations of petroleum products to assess their bioremediation potentials was carried out using Microcystis aeruginosa as test organism. The modified Chu #10 standard medium for algal culture was used for the experimental set up which lasted for twenty-one days. The test alga was subjected to growth medium with varying concentrations of petrol and kerosene. Algal growth was determined by measuring optical density of inoculated medium at three days’ interval using a spectrophotometer at 750nm wavelength. The effect of the hydrocarbons on algal growth was either stimulatory or inhibitory depending on the concentration. The inhibitory effects of the hydrocarbons increased with increasing concentrations. Comparatively, petrol had more inhibitory effect than kerosene which did not appreciably alter growth either at lower or higher concentrations. The experiment concludes that Microcystis aeruginosacan be used for bioremediation of soil or water impacted by crude oil or petroleum products.Keywords: Algal culture, Petroleum hydrocarbons, Bioremediation, Microcystis aeruginosa
Research, statistics and mathematics educators in Nigeria: effect size perspective
Authors: Adeniji K.A.
Published: December 2016

Over reliance on the perspective of a dichotomous reject or fail-to-reject outcome from a null hypothesis testing framework to answer research questions has become a worrisome issue to research methodologists and statistics experts. Thus, the Journals of Mathematical Association of Nigeria, Abacus (2013 & 2014) were surveyed to investigate the effect size reports practice among Mathematics Educators in Nigeria. The study showed that majority (60%) of questions of research interests of Mathematics Educators were answered by Null Hypothesis Significant Testing (NHST) and less than one –fifth (16%) of this empirical studies reported Effect sizes (standardized) for their findings. However, the survey further revealed that though Effect sizes were mostly not reported but can be conveniently estimated from the associated descriptive statistics reported by the researchers except in the analyses which seek for relationship in categorical data. Recommendations made included that Editorial Policies and guidelines of Journals in Education, especially in Mathematics Education should include Effect sizes and Confidence Intervals reports for authors.Keywords: Research, Statistics, Effect size, Mathematics Educators, Empirical studies
Factors affecting use of computer statistical applications among undergraduate students of economics in Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma
Authors: Akinlosotu N.T.
Published: December 2016

This study investigated factors affecting use of computer statistical applications among undergraduate students of Economics in Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma. The study was concerned with determining the relationship between predictor variables (performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence and facilitating conditions) and use of statistical applications. 400 students were drawn by stratified random sampling technique from the population of 808 regular students in the Department of Economics. Instrument used for the collection of data was a survey questionnaire adapted and modified from the work of Abdulwahab & Dahalin (2010). Linear regression technique was used to establish the relationship between the dependent and independent variables at 0.05 level of significance. Findings showed that performance and effort expectancy have no significant relationship with students’ statistical application usage (p>0.05) while social influence and facilitating conditions are significantly related with students’ use of the applications (p<0.05). R-square (R2) was 0.76 depicting that 76.0% change in students’ use of computer statistical applications was determined by the predictors (performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence and facilitating conditions). It was recommended for the faculty to create a social forum where students can meet to share knowledge on data analysis and computer statistical application usage.Keywords: Statistical Applications, Performance expectancy, Effort expectancy, Social influence, facilitating conditions
A review of intuitionistic fuzzy topsis for supplier selection
Authors: Omorogbe Dickson E.A.
Published: December 2016

This paper presented a review of intuitionistic fuzzy TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution) for supplier selection in literature and identified gaps and lapses associated with the existing method. We also proposed new research frontiers.Keywords: intuitionistic fuzzy TOPSIS, supplier selection, metric functions
Nuevas tipologías en el estudio de las prácticas del diseño gráfico contemporáneo
Authors: Sánchez Rubio Dionisio
Published: December 2016

Las prácticas emergentes dentro del diseño gráfico se definen como un conjunto de proyectos que se están iniciando dentro del ámbito del diseño gráfico y que, debido a sus características, no pueden ser clasificados en ninguna de sus especialidades. Este marco profesional nos aporta una visión diferente en la forma de entender la profesión, ya que es el diseñador desde su propia autonomía el que se sitúa de una forma activa frente a estos cambios. Como consecuencia, el diseño como práctica ha cambiado de significado y los límites de la disciplina se han visto desplazados.
Visto en la calle. Un libro sobre escritura sin una sola palabra
Authors: Benavent María
Published: December 2016

Grafía Callada es un libro sobre el que no se puede realizar una lectura verbal. Solo permite una lectura gráfica. Esta acción intencionada de separar contenido y forma, ha convertido la estructura gráfica del libro en su argumento. Su autor, Pepe Gimeno, es uno de los principales diseñadores gráficos españoles. Su estudio, con sede en Godella, Valencia, ha diseñado algunas de las marcas más representativas del ideario nacional, desde el logotipo de Les Corts Valencianes, el rediseño de la identidad visual de Roca, los paneles de la EMT o la imagen gráfica de la Presidencia Española de la Unión Europea 2012.
Música y cómic. Melodia Narrada
Authors: Giner Miguel Angel
Published: December 2016

Análisis de los valores expresivos que la música proporciona al autor en su proceso creativo, donde la experiencia personal se nutre de ese acompañamiento y delimita tanto la inspiración, la creatividad o la gestación del carácter de los personajes. Pero, sobre todo, de su influencia en el ritmo narrativo de algunas de las historias contadas por el autor en sus cómics.
Influence of the Bermuda High on interannual variability of summertime ozone in the Houston–Galveston–Brazoria region
Authors: Wang Yuxuan , Jia Beixi , Wang Sing-Chun , Estes Mark , Shen Lu , Xie Yuanyu
Published: December 2016

Abstract. The Bermuda High (BH) quasi-permanent pressure system is the key large-scale circulation pattern influencing summertime weather over the eastern and southern US. Here we developed a multiple linear regression (MLR) model to characterize the effect of the BH on year-to-year changes in monthly-mean maximum daily 8 h average (MDA8) ozone in the Houston–Galveston–Brazoria (HGB) metropolitan region during June, July, and August (JJA). The BH indicators include the longitude of the BH western edge (BH-Lon) and the BH intensity index (BHI) defined as the pressure gradient along its western edge. Both BH-Lon and BHI are selected by MLR as significant predictors (p < 0.05) of the interannual (1990–2015) variability of the HGB-mean ozone throughout JJA, while local-scale meridional wind speed is selected as an additional predictor for August only. Local-scale temperature and zonal wind speed are not identified as important factors for any summer month. The best-fit MLR model can explain 61–72 % of the interannual variability of the HGB-mean summertime ozone over 1990–2015 and shows good performance in cross-validation (R2 higher than 0.48). The BH-Lon is the most important factor, which alone explains 38–48 % of such variability. The location and strength of the Bermuda High appears to control whether or not low-ozone maritime air from the Gulf of Mexico can enter southeastern Texas and affect air quality. This mechanism also applies to other coastal urban regions along the Gulf Coast (e.g., New Orleans, LA, Mobile, AL, and Pensacola, FL), suggesting that the BH circulation pattern can affect surface ozone variability through a large portion of the Gulf Coast.
Dynamic Consideration of Smog Chamber Experiments
Authors: Chuang Wayne K. , Donahue Neil M.
Published: December 2016

Abstract. Recent studies of the α-pinene + ozone reaction focused on particle nucleation show relatively high molar yields of highly oxidized multifunctional organic molecules with very low saturation concentrations that can form and grow new particles on their own. On the other hand, numerous smog-chamber experiments focused on Secondary Organic Aerosol mass yields, interpreted via equilibrium partitioning theory, suggest that the vast majority of SOA from α-pinene is semi volatile. We explore this paradox by employing a dynamical volatility basis set model that reproduces the new-particle growth rates observed in the CLOUD experiment at CERN and then modeling SOA mass yield experiments conducted at CMU. We find that the base-case simulations do over-predict observed SOA mass but by much less than an equilibrium analysis would suggest because delayed condensation of vapors suppresses the apparent mass yields early in the chamber experiments. We further find that a second model featuring substantial oligomerization of semi-volatile monomers can match the CLOUD growth rates with substantially lower SOA mass yields because the lighter monomers have a higher velocity and thus a higher condensation rate for a given mass concentration. However, we also find that if the chemical conditions in CLOUD and the CMU chamber were identical, nucleation would have occurred in the CMU experiments when in fact none occurred. This suggests that the chemical mechanisms differed in the two experiments, perhaps because the high oxidation rates in the SOA formation experiments led to rapid termination of peroxy radical chemistry.
Ammonia emissions from a grazed field estimated by miniDOAS measurements and inverse dispersion modelling
Authors: Bell Michael , Flechard Christophe , Fauvel Yannick , Häni Christoph , Sintermann Jörg , Jocher Markus , Menzi Harald , Hensen Arjan , Neftel Albrecht
Published: December 2016

Abstract. Ammonia (NH3) fluxes were estimated from a field being grazed by dairy cattle during spring, by applying a backward-Lagrangian Stochastic model (bLS) model combined with horizontal concentration gradients measured across the field. Continuous concentration measurements at field boundaries were made by open-path miniDOAS (differential optical absorption spectroscopy) instruments, during the cattle’s presence and for 6 subsequent days. The deposition of emitted NH3 to ‘clean’ patches on the field was also simulated, allowing both ‘net’ and ‘gross’ emission estimates, where the dry deposition velocity (vd) was predicted by a canopy resistance (Rc) model developed from local NH3 flux and meteorological measurements. Estimated emissions peaked during grazing and decreased after the cattle had left the field, while control on emissions was observed from covariance with temperature, wind speed and humidity/wetness measurements made on the field, revealing a diurnal emission profile. Large concentration differences were observed between downwind receptors, due to spatially heterogeneous emission patterns. This was caused by uneven cattle distribution and a low grazing density, where ‘hotspots’ of emissions would arise as the cattle grouped in certain areas, such as around the water trough. The spatial complexity was accounted for by separating the model source area into sub-sections, and optimising individual source area coefficients to measured concentrations. The background concentration was the greatest source of uncertainty, and based on a sensitivity/uncertainty analysis the overall uncertainty associated with derived emission factors from this study is at least 30–40 %. Emission factors can be expressed as 6 ± 2 g NH3 cow−1 day−1, or 9 ± 3 % of excreted urine-N emitted as NH3, when deposition is not simulated, and 7 ± 2 g NH3 cow−1 day−1, or 10 ± 3 % excreted urine-N emitted as NH3 when deposition is included in the gross emission model. The results suggest that around 14 ± 4 % of emitted NH3 was deposited to patches within the field that were not affected by urine or dung.
Exchange of CO2 in Arctic tundra: impacts of meteorological
variations and biological disturbance
Authors: López-Blanco Efrén , Lund Magnus , Williams Mathew , Tamstorf Mikkel P. , Westergaard-Nielsen Andreas , Exbrayat Jean-François , Hansen Birger U. , Christensen Torben R.
Published: December 2016

Abstract. An improvement in our process-based understanding of carbon (C) exchange in the Arctic, and its climate sensitivity, is critically needed for understanding the response of tundra ecosystems to a changing climate. In this context, we analyzed the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO2 in West Greenland tundra (64° N) across eight snow-free periods in eight consecutive years, and characterized the key processes of net ecosystem exchange, and its two main modulating components: gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (Reco). Overall, the ecosystem acted as a consistent sink of CO2, accumulating −30 g C m−2 on average (range −17 to −41 g C m−2) during the years 2008–2015, except 2011 that was associated with a major pest outbreak. The results do not reveal a marked meteorological effect on the net CO2 uptake despite the high inter-annual variability in the timing of snowmelt, start and duration of the growing season. The ranges in annual GPP (−182 to −316 g C m−2) and Reco (144 to 279 g C m−2) were > 5 fold larger and they were also more variable (Coefficients of variation are 3.6 and 4.1 % respectively) than for NEE (0.7 %). GPP and Reco were sensitive to insolation and temperatures; and there was a tendency towards larger GPP and Reco during warmer and wetter years. The relative lack of sensitivity of NEE to climate was a result of the correlated meteorological response of GPP and Reco. During the 2011 anomalous year, the studied ecosystem released 41 g C m−2 as biological disturbance reduced GPP more strongly than Reco. With continued warming temperatures and longer growing seasons, tundra systems will increase rates of C cycling although shifts in sink strength will likely be triggered by factors such as biological disturbances, events that will challenge the forecast of upcoming C states.
Deforestation in Amazonia impacts riverine carbon dynamics
Authors: Langerwisch Fanny , Walz Ariane , Rammig Anja , Tietjen Britta , Thonicke Kirsten , Cramer Wolfgang
Published: December 2016

Abstract. Fluxes of organic and inorganic carbon within the Amazon basin are considerably controlled by annual flooding, which triggers the export of terrigenous organic material to the river and ultimately to the Atlantic Ocean. The amount of carbon imported to the river and the further conversion, transport and export of it depend on temperature, atmospheric CO2, terrestrial productivity and carbon storage, as well as discharge. Both terrestrial productivity and discharge are influenced by climate and land use change. The coupled LPJmL and RivCM model system (Langerwisch et al., 2016) has been applied to assess the combined impacts of climate and land use change on the Amazon riverine carbon dynamics. Vegetation dynamics (in LPJmL) as well as export and conversion of terrigenous carbon to and within the river (RivCM) are included. The model system has been applied for the years 1901 to 2099 under two deforestation scenarios and with climate forcing of three SRES emission scenarios, each for five climate models. We find that high deforestation (business-as-usual scenario) will strongly decrease (locally by up to 90 %) riverine particulate and dissolved organic carbon amount until the end of the current century. At the same time, increase in discharge leaves net carbon transport during the first decades of the century roughly unchanged only if a sufficient area is still forested. After 2050 the amount of transported carbon will decrease drastically. In contrast to that, increased temperature and atmospheric CO2 concentration determine the amount of riverine inorganic carbon stored in the Amazon basin. Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations increase riverine inorganic carbon amount by up to 20 % (SRES A2). The changes in riverine carbon fluxes have direct effects on carbon export, either to the atmosphere via outgassing or to the Atlantic Ocean via discharge. The outgassed carbon will increase slightly in the Amazon basin, but can be regionally reduced by up to 60 % due to deforestation. The discharge of organic carbon to the ocean will be reduced by about 40 % under the most severe deforestation and climate change scenario. These changes would have local and regional consequences on the carbon balance and habitat characteristics in the Amazon basin itself as well as in the adjacent Atlantic Ocean.
Electromagnetic system for detection and localization of miners caught in mine accidents
Authors: Pronenko Vira , Dudkin Fedir
Published: December 2016

Abstract. The profession of a miner is one of the most dangerous in the world. Among the main causes of fatalities in underground coal mines are the delayed alert of the accident and the lack of information regarding the actual location of the miners after the accident. In an emergency situation (failure or destruction of underground infrastructure), personnel search behind and beneath blockage needs to be performed urgently. However, none of the standard technologies – radio-frequency identification (RFID), Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT), Wi-Fi, emitting cables, which use the stationary technical devices in mines – provide information about the miners location with the necessary precision. The only technology that is able to provide guaranteed delivery of messages to mine personnel, regardless of their location and under any destruction in the mine, is low-frequency radio technology, which is able to operate through the thickness of rocks even if they are wet. The proposed new system for miner localization is based on solving the inverse problem of determining the magnetic field source coordinates using the data of magnetic field measurements. This approach is based on the measurement of the magnetic field radiated by the miner's responder beacon using two fixed and spaced three-component magnetic field receivers and the inverse problem solution. As a result, a working model of the system for miner's beacon search and localization (MILES – MIner's Location Emergency System) was developed and successfully tested. This paper presents the most important aspects of this development and the results of experimental tests.
Evaluating the strength of the land–atmosphere moisture feedback in Earth system models using satellite observations
Authors: Levine Paul A. , Randerson James T. , Swenson Sean C. , Lawrence David M.
Published: December 2016

Abstract. The relationship between terrestrial water storage (TWS) and atmospheric processes has important implications for predictability of climatic extremes and projection of future climate change. In places where moisture availability limits evapotranspiration (ET), variability in TWS has the potential to influence surface energy fluxes and atmospheric conditions. Where atmospheric conditions, in turn, influence moisture availability, a full feedback loop exists. Here we developed a novel approach for measuring the strength of both components of this feedback loop, i.e., the forcing of the atmosphere by variability in TWS and the response of TWS to atmospheric variability, using satellite observations of TWS, precipitation, solar radiation, and vapor pressure deficit during 2002–2014. Our approach defines metrics to quantify the relationship between TWS anomalies and climate globally on a seasonal to interannual timescale. Metrics derived from the satellite data were used to evaluate the strength of the feedback loop in 38 members of the Community Earth System Model (CESM) Large Ensemble (LENS) and in six models that contributed simulations to phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). We found that both forcing and response limbs of the feedback loop in LENS were stronger than in the satellite observations in tropical and temperate regions. Feedbacks in the selected CMIP5 models were not as strong as those found in LENS, but were still generally stronger than those estimated from the satellite measurements. Consistent with previous studies conducted across different spatial and temporal scales, our analysis suggests that models may overestimate the strength of the feedbacks between the land surface and the atmosphere. We describe several possible mechanisms that may contribute to this bias, and discuss pathways through which models may overestimate ET or overestimate the sensitivity of ET to TWS.
Tsunami arrival time detection system applicable to discontinuous time series data with outliers
Authors: Lee Jun-Whan , Park Sun-Cheon , Lee Duk Kee , Lee Jong Ho
Published: December 2016

Abstract. Timely detection of tsunamis with water level records is a critical but logistically challenging task because of outliers and gaps. Since tsunami detection algorithms require several hours of past data, outliers could cause false alarms, and gaps can stop the tsunami detection algorithm even after the recording is restarted. In order to avoid such false alarms and time delays, we propose the Tsunami Arrival time Detection System (TADS), which can be applied to discontinuous time series data with outliers. TADS consists of three algorithms, outlier removal, gap filling, and tsunami detection, which are designed to update whenever new data are acquired. After calibrating the thresholds and parameters for the Ulleung-do surge gauge located in the East Sea (Sea of Japan), Korea, the performance of TADS was discussed based on a 1-year dataset with historical tsunamis and synthetic tsunamis. The results show that the overall performance of TADS is effective in detecting a tsunami signal superimposed on both outliers and gaps.
Marine Rapid Environmental Assessment in the Gulf of Taranto: a multiscale approach
Authors: Pinardi Nadia , Lyubartsev Vladyslav , Cardellicchio Nicola , Caporale Claudio , Ciliberti Stefania , Coppini Giovanni , De Pascalis Francesca , Dialti Lorenzo , Federico Ivan , Filippone Marco , Grandi Alessandro , Guideri Matteo , Lecci Rita , Lamberti Lamberto , Lorenzetti Giuliano , Lusiani Paolo , Macripo Cosimo Damiano , Maicu Francesco , Mossa Michele , Tartarini Diego , Trotta Francesco , Umgiesser Georg , Zaggia Luca
Published: December 2016

Abstract. A multiscale sampling experiment was carried out in the Gulf of Taranto (eastern Mediterranean) providing the first synoptic evidence of the large-scale circulation structure and associated mesoscale variability. The mapping of the mesoscale and large-scale geostrophic circulation showed the presence of an anticyclonic large-scale gyre occupying the central open ocean area of the Gulf of Taranto. On the periphery of the gyre upwelling is evident where surface waters are colder and saltier than at the center of the gyre. Over a 1-week period, the rim current of the gyre undergoes large changes which are interpreted as baroclinic–barotropic instabilities, generating small-scale cyclonic eddies in the periphery of the anticyclone. The eddies are generally small, one of which can be classified as a submesoscale eddy due to its size. This eddy field modulates the upwelling regime in the gyre periphery.
Deriving pedotransfer functions for soil quartz fraction in southern France from reverse modeling
Authors: Calvet Jean-Christophe , Fritz Noureddine , Berne Christine , Piguet Bruno , Maurel William , Meurey Catherine
Published: December 2016

Abstract. The quartz fraction in soils is a key parameter of soil thermal conductivity models. Because it is difficult to measure the quartz fraction in soils, this information is usually unavailable. This source of uncertainty impacts the simulation of sensible heat flux, evapotranspiration and land surface temperature in numerical simulations of the Earth system. Improving the estimation of soil quartz fraction is needed for practical applications in meteorology, hydrology and climate modeling. This paper investigates the use of long time series of routine ground observations made in weather stations to retrieve the soil quartz fraction. Profile soil temperature and water content were monitored at 21 weather stations in southern France. Soil thermal diffusivity was derived from the temperature profiles. Using observations of bulk density, soil texture, and fractions of gravel and soil organic matter, soil heat capacity and thermal conductivity were estimated. The quartz fraction was inversely estimated using an empirical geometric mean thermal conductivity model. Several pedotransfer functions for estimating quartz content from gravimetric or volumetric fractions of soil particles (e.g., sand) were analyzed. The soil volumetric fraction of quartz (fq) was systematically better correlated with soil characteristics than the gravimetric fraction of quartz. More than 60 % of the variance of fq could be explained using indicators based on the sand fraction. It was shown that soil organic matter and/or gravels may have a marked impact on thermal conductivity values depending on which predictor of fq is used. For the grassland soils examined in this study, the ratio of sand-to-soil organic matter fractions was the best predictor of fq, followed by the gravimetric fraction of sand. An error propagation analysis and a comparison with independent data from other tested models showed that the gravimetric fraction of sand is the best predictor of fq when a larger variety of soil types is considered.
A new approach to estimate ice dynamic rates using satellite
observations in East Antarctica
Authors: Kallenberg Bianca , Tregoning Paul , Hoffmann Janosch F. , Hawkins Rhys , Purcell Anthony , Allgeyer Sébastien
Published: December 2016

Abstract. Mass balance changes of the Antarctic ice sheet are of significant interest due to its sensitivity to climatic changes and its contribution to changes in global sea level. While regional climate models successfully estimate mass input due to snowfall, it remains difficult to estimate the amount of mass loss due to ice dynamic processes. It's often been assumed that changes in ice dynamic rates only need to be considered when assessing long term ice sheet mass balance; however, two decades of satellite altimetry observations reveal that the Antarctic ice sheet changes unexpectedly and much more dynamically than previously expected. Despite available estimates on ice dynamic rates obtained from radar altimetry, information about changes in ice dynamic rates are still limited, especially in East Antarctica. Without understanding ice dynamic rates it is not possible to properly assess changes in ice sheet mass balance, surface elevation or to develop ice sheet models. In this study we investigate the possibility of estimating ice dynamic rates by removing modelled rates of surface mass balance, firn compaction and bedrock uplift from satellite altimetry and gravity observations. With similar rates of ice discharge acquired from two different satellite missions we show that it is possible to obtain an approximation of ice dynamic rates by combining altimetry and gravity observations. Thus, surface elevation changes due to surface mass balance, firn compaction and ice dynamic rates can be modelled and correlate with observed elevation changes from satellite altimetry.
Effect of the Foundation Modelling on the Fatigue Lifetime of a Monopile-based Offshore Wind Turbine
Authors: Aasen Steffen , Page Ana , Skjolden Skau Kristoffer , Nygaard Tor Anders
Published: December 2016

Abstract. Several studies have emphasized the importance of modelling foundation response with representative damping and stiffness characteristics in integrated analyses of offshore wind turbines (OWT's). For the monopile foundation, the industry standard for pile-analysis has shown to be inaccurate, and alternative models that simulate foundation behavior more accurately are needed. As fatigue damage is a critical factor in the design phase, this study investigates how four different soil-foundation models affect the fatigue damage of an OWT with monopile foundation. The study shows how both stiffness and damping properties have a noticeable effect on the fatigue damage, especially for idling cases. At mudline, accumulated fatigue damage varied up to 16 % depending on the foundation model used.
Comments on Paul Katsafanas's Agency and the Foundations of Ethics: Nietzschean Constitutivism
Authors: Reginster Bernard
Published: December 2016

In the article, I raise two issues for Katsafanas's “Nietzschean constitutivism.” First, I question the claim that constitutivism is the best way to make sense of an assortment of metaethical views Nietzsche advocates; in the process, I also question the claim that “Nietzschean constitutivism” is actually a form of constitutivism. Second, I challenge the claim that power may plausibly be understood as a “constitutive aim” of action.
Response to Bernard Reginster, Jorah Dannenberg, and Andrew Huddleston
Authors: Katsafanas Paul
Published: December 2016

This is a response to Bernard Reginster's, Jorah Dannenberg's, and Andrew Huddleston's comments published in the Journal of Nietzsche Studies 47.3, on Agency and the Foundations of Ethics. I address the main points raised in their critiques: Dannenberg's concerns about whether I have adequately characterized nihilism and his argument that Nietzschean constitutivism would be of no help to the nihilist; Reginster's argument that constitutivism offers no interpretive advantage over internalism and subjectivism, his contention that it is a mistake to see all drives as aiming at expression, and his arguments against my claim that all actions aim at power; and Huddleston's critiques of the will to power thesis and objections to the constitutivist project. I argue that these objections and concerns can be answered.
Prevalence and associated risk factors for bovine brucellosis in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil
Authors: Almeida Erivânia Camelo de , Freitas Aderaldo Alexandrino , Pontual Késia Alcântara Queiroz , Souza Marcília Maria Alves , Amaku Marcos , Dias Ricardo Augusto , Ferreira Fernando , Telles Evelise Oliveira , Heinemann Marcos Bryan , Gonçalves Vítor Salvador Picão , Evêncio-Neto Joaquim , Marvulo Maria Fernanda Vianna , Grisi-Filho José Henrique Hildebrand , Ferreira Neto José Soares , Silva Jean Carlos Ramos
Published: December 2016

This study was conducted to characterize the epidemiology of bovine brucellosis in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. The state was divided into three regions, and in each region, approximately 300 properties were randomly sampled. From these selected properties, a pre-established number of animals were randomly selected and blood serum samples were obtained. A total of 3,901 animals were selected from 900 properties. For each selected property, an epidemiological questionnaire was administered to assess the type of farming, the animal husbandry practices and the sanitary practices that could be associated with the presence of brucellosis infection. The testing protocol consisted of screening the samples with a buffered acidified plate antigen test and retesting the positive samples with a complement fixation test (CF). One positive animal was enough to define an infected herd. The prevalence rates of infected herds and animals in the state were 4.5% [3.2; 6.4%] and 1.4% [0.7; 2.7%], respectively. By region, the prevalence rates of infected herds and animals, respectively, were as follows: Zona da Mata, 3.3% [1.8; 6.1%] and 1.7% [0.5; 3.0%]; Agreste, 7.4% [4.9; 10.9%] and 1.9% [0.8; 3.0%]; and Sertão, 1.3% [0.5; 3.5%] and 0.7% [0.0; 1.6%]. Flooded pastures (OR = 2.86 [1.37; 6.42]) and the presence of 13 or more females in the herd (3rd quartile) (OR = 2.65 [1.19; 5.89]) were identified as risk factors. The existence of veterinary care emerged as a protective factor against bovine brucellosis in the state of Pernambuco (OR = 0.24 [0.10; 0.58]).
Prevalence and risk factors for bovine brucellosis in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil
Authors: Baumgarten Karina Diniz , Veloso Flávio Pereira , Grisi-Filho José Henrique Hildebrand , Ferreira Fernando , Amaku Marcos , Dias Ricardo Augusto , Telles Evelise Oliveira , Heinemann Marcos Bryan , Gonçalves Vitor Salvador Picão , Ferreira Neto José Soares
Published: December 2016

A study was conducted to verify that the State of Santa Catarina has maintained a low prevalence of bovine brucellosis, which would allow the state to move forward with implementing strategies for disease eradication. The state was divided into five regions. In each region, a predetermined number of randomly selected properties was sampled. In each property, blood samples were collected from randomly selected cows with ages equal to or greater than 24 months. Sera from the animals were submitted to a serial testing protocol, with screening by the buffered acidified antigen test and confirmation by the 2-mercaptoethanol test. In each property, a questionnaire was used to identify the risk factors associated with the disease. In the state, the prevalence rate of infected herds was 0.912% [0.297 - 2.11] and infected animals was 1.21% [0.09 - 4.97]. Relative to the earlier study in 2002, there was no difference. The risk factors associated with the condition of a herd infected with brucellosis were as follows: herd size ? 12 cows (OR = 7.47 [2.14 - 34.34]) and the presence of flooded areas (OR = 5.68 [1.62 - 26.13]). In view of the low prevalence, it is recommended that the state proceed with the implementation of eradication strategies that are based on a surveillance system structured to detect and eliminate infected herds, and supported by an effective compensation fund for the replacement of seropositive animals. Additionally, the State should make a significant effort to educate and supervise producers to ensure the testing of breeding animals for brucellosis before introducing them into their properties.
An update on the epidemiologic situation of bovine brucellosis in the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil
Authors: Anzai Eleine Kuroki , Costa Daniele Da , Said Alba Luisa Pereira Ribeiro , Grisi-Filho José Henrique Hildebrand , Amaku Marcos , Dias Ricardo Augusto , Ferreira Fernando , Galvis Jason Onell Ardila , Gonçalves Vitor Salvador Picão , Heinemann Marcos Bryan , Telles Evelise Oliveira , Ferreira Neto José Soares
Published: December 2016

A cross-sectional study was carried out between January 2012 and May 2014 to estimate the prevalence of bovine brucellosis in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. This study was carried out 11 years after the implementation of the immunization program for heifers with a vaccine derived from the S19 strain of Brucella abortus. The state was divided into two regions. Three hundred farms from each region, with reproductive activity, were randomly chosen and included as primary sample units. A fixed number of cows were randomly selected and tested for antibodies against Brucella spp. A farm was considered to be infected when at least one female tested positive for Brucella spp. In the selected farms, an epidemiological questionnaire based survey, focused on herd traits as well as husbandry and sanitary practices, was conducted, to evaluate the factors associated with the risk of infection. The overall prevalence of infected herds was 9.3% (95% confidence interval, 95% CI = 7.1–11.8%), varying from 8.7% (95% CI = 5.7–12.6%) in region 2 to 9.7% (95% CI = 6.8–13.4%) in region 1. There was no significant difference in the prevalence between the regions. The apparent prevalence of Brucella spp. positive farms across the regions and the state was similar to the prevalence observed 11 years earlier. The prevalence of positive animals was 3.8% (95% CI = 0.9–10.1%), varying from 1.5% (95% CI = 0.8–2.4%) in region 1 to 7.9% (95% CI = 1.9–20.3%) in region 2, without a significant difference between the regions. There was no difference in the number of Brucella spp. positive animals after 11 years of the immunization program. The risk factors associated with brucellosis were (i) more than 10 cows per herd (OR = 5.0; 95% CI =2.5–11.1) and (ii) equipment, feedstock, or personnel sharing (OR = 2.2; 95% CI = 1.1–4.2). The state of Espírito Santo should seek systematic vaccination coverage targeting more than 80% of the eligible heifers. An efficient animal health program, which educates the farmers to test replacement animals for brucellosis before introducing them to their herds, to avoid equipment, personnel or feedstock sharing with farms of unknown sanitary conditions, and to increase awareness of the importance of good sanitary procedures during artificial insemination, should be implemented.