bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sexual Science: Whose Cultural Difference?
Authors: Braiterman Jared
Published: March 2007

This paper questions assumptions and conclusions in the recent scientific literature on Latin American sexuality written by US and European anthropologists. Specifically, it questions why transgendered Brazilians are depicted as key to understanding cultural and sexual differences between North and South America. Current claims are contrasted with earlier sexual science, including writings by a Brazilian criminologist/anthropologist and ethnographic material collected by the author. The discussion includes critical questioning of the contemporary AIDS industry, disciplinary homophobia and other institutional contexts that shaped this recent sexual science. Which histories and contexts explain how the most incredible stories were once seen as objective, true and disinterested?
Delusions of Pregnancy in Saudi Arabia: A Socio-Cultural Perspective
Authors: Qureshi Naseem Akhtar , Al-Habeeb Tariq Ali , Al-Ghamdy Yasser S. , Abdelgadir Muzamil H. , Quinn John G.
Published: March 2007

Delusion of pregnancy is an uncommon symptom that has been reported in both male and female patients who suffer from a variety of organic and functional psychiatric disorders. This study describes seven Saudi females who developed this symptom during the course of chronic schizophrenia ( n= 5) and mood disorders ( n= 2). This symptom serves multiple socio-cultural functions, which are described.
Tjunguwiyanytja, Attacks on Linking: Forced Separation and its Psychiatric Sequelae in Australia’s ‘Stolen Generations’
Authors: Petchkovsky Leon , Roque Craig San
Published: March 2007

From 1914 to the late 1960s, large numbers of Australian Aboriginal children were forcibly removed from their families and communities and placed in institutional foster care. Recently, attention has focused on the long-term mental health consequence of these forced separations. We describe the symptomatology of a group of nine adult members of the Australian Aboriginal ‘Stolen Generations’ selected for psychiatric examination for legal purposes. Interviews were conducted to Present Mental State Examination standard, using a culturally sensitive reflective listening mode. Interviewees also completed the Goldberg Shorter Anxiety and Depression Questionnaire (GSADQ). The clinical picture shared by all interviewees was consistent with contemporary understanding of the harmful impact of chronic trauma on the developing self. All reported high levels of distress on the GSADQ (means: Anxiety 8.6, Depression 7.8, total 16.4). The symptomatology fit diagnostic constructs of ‘complex PTSD, depressive type,’ with disorders of self-organization, and marked somatizing features. Specific issues of cultural identity conflict were also salient. Indigenous Australian cultures view links to kinship networks ( walytja), land ( ngura), and myth and ritual ( tjukurpa), as central to emotional and psychological well-being. All the members of our sample felt that it was precisely these linkages that had been attacked by the process of removal and deculturation, and that this was the cause of many of their problems. We also consider the larger question ‘how can this happen in a liberal society?’ in terms of Bion’s notions of ‘attacks on linking.
Recontextualizing Psychiatry: Toward Ecologically Valid Mental Health Research
Authors: Devries Marten W.
Published: March 2007

A new research strategy is proposed that supplements current research approaches by measuring a person's activity and mental state in daily life settings, thereby taken a step toward ecologically validating diagnosis. This approach is embedded in a multi-method, multi-level design that cascades from ethnography and population and small group statistics to the indepth, time sampling of individuals. In the model, methods such as community surveys, in-care registration statistics, social network analysis, snowball sampling of hidden populations and focus groups of specific problems are linked. The intensive study of the person with the Experience Sampling Method stands central in the model and is illustrated in detail. This design attempts to adjust shortcomings in current research by providing supplementary information at a variety of qualitative and quantitative levels for use in cross-cultural research, service planning and personalized treatment.
Culture and Illness Behavior in South Korea
Authors: Kim Kwang-Iel
Published: March 2007

This article describes characteristic illness behaviors in Korea, traces the traditional and medico-social roots of these illness behaviors, estimates the associated social and medical costs, and introduces relevant public policies and programs. The illness behavior of Korean lay people is characterized by seeking help from multiple sources, noncompliance with medical treatment, resort to medical facilities that treat exclusively physical illness (somatization), preference for magico-religious therapies, use of health foods, and reliance on word-of-mouth advice from lay persons. The author attributes these behaviors to traditional concepts of illness in shamanism, Oriental herbal medicine, Taoist tradition and a cultural tendency toward syncretism. This pattern of illness behavior hampers efforts at secondary and tertiary prevention. Public and governmental policies and programs to address this problem have been insufficient. The author emphasizes the need for policies and programs to promote better health care in Korea.
Making decisions: involving parents as partners in care
Authors: Sheldon Lesley M
Published: March 2007

■ There is little research on how individual nurses involve parents as partners in care during their child's hospitalisation

■ What importance do nurses give to certain variables when considering parents as partners in care?

■ How do nurses use and evaluate information to make a judgement about the parent's capability to participate in the care of their children?

■ How consistent are the judgements between nurses and across similar situations?

■ How accurate are these judgements in assessing a parent's willingness and competence to participate in the care of their children at any given time?

■ Nurses need to be more analytical in their approach to decision making in relation to parental participation
Review : Caring for children of differing cultures
Authors: Whiting Lisa S.
Published: March 2007

■ The term 'culture' is open to diverse interpretation.

■ The provision of culturally-sensitive care to children and their families is a challenge which nurses cannot avoid.

■ There are a range of potential methods of enhancing culturally-sensitive care for children, but these are open to debate.

■ This is an area of children's nursing practice which deserves further consideration and research.
The death of the tourist
Authors: Veijola Soile , Jokinen Eeva
Published: March 2007

The text examines narrative violence, by experimenting with ways of rewriting narratives, such as detective stories, travel stories and campus stories, those both ancient and contemporary forms of narration. Experimenting and improvisation displace and, eventually, unveil violence that is embedded in the (patriarchal) narratives. Different focalizations, enunciations and movements of desire are used for the purpose. The main modes of displacement are, on the one hand, embodying and sexing the figurations of subjectivity, the narrators included, and, on the other hand, feminist deconstruction, with the help of irony. Who killed the tourist? And, where is the body? Hiding, or finding, the body of the woman is, still, the main initiative of both academic and crime discourse.
The death and resurrection of Ernesto Che Guevara
Authors: Hardt Hanno , Rivera-Perez Luis , Calles-Santillana Jorge A.
Published: March 2007

The authors analyze US media constructions of Ernesto Che Guevara at the time of his death and 30 years later, when his remains were buried in Cuba. At stake is the meaning of Che Guevara and his position in the historical narrative as his image changed from the radical revolutionary and enemy of the United States during the early 1960s to a cult figure of the 1990s. This project is about a process of re-articulating Che Guevara as he moved from being a symbol of radical opposition and revolutionary change to a commodified expression of nostalgia. It is based on an understanding of communication as articulation, which - when located within institutional contexts - dominates the cultural field and forms consciousness.
Defending community
Authors: Coe Cati
Published: March 2007

Users of electronic forums often invest quite seriously in their on-line creations and communications because they see them as places to fulfil utopian dreams. However, because people have different notions of 'the good life', conflict inevitably ensues about the particular form the community should take. I examine this phenomenon as it manifested in two political debates on LambdaMOO, an electronic community accessible through the Internet. The debaters resorted to discourse from real-world political discussions - using metaphors of ethnicity, immigration, colonialism, tourism, and first peoples' rights - in order to protect their 'community' and 'culture' from perceived internal division and external threat. The justifications for generating these boundaries came from the real world, yet paradoxically, to users of LambdaMOO, the boundaries emphasized LambdaMOO's separation from the real world.
GATT/ WTO and the Trips Agreement: a South Asian Perspective
Authors: Sahai Suman
Published: March 2007

The paper argues that the Uruguay Round has been impervious to the needs of the developing countries while securing the interests of the industrialised nations. This is particularly evident in the provisions of the TRIPS Agreement, which have negative consequences for the South Asian countries. There are also potential conflicts between the TRIPS patenting regime and agreements such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the International Understanding being negotiated at the FAO. The paper maintains that the only way to fully ensure a fair deal for South Asian and other developing countries is to remove biodiversity from TRIPS altogether. Meanwhile as a way out it recommends keeping TRIPs as flexible as possible for the time being and working for its ultimate rejection.
Control of the Commission's Executive Functions
Authors: Franchino Fabio
Published: March 2007

The literature on implementation committees predominantly emphasizes their informational role and relies on a sui generis characterization of the European Union. This article reasserts their control function and locates these committees within the core tenets of rational choice and agency theory. It takes McCubbins and Page's (1987) propositions about the determinants of legislators' control of executive functions and applies these to the control that the member states exert on the Commission's executive powers. The likelihood of establishing control procedures and the stringency of control are positively correlated with 1) the uncertainty facing legislators about the optimum policy actions, 2) the level of conflict among legislators and 3) the need of unanimous agreement in the Council of Ministers. Using logistic regressions and a cumulative logit model applied to a stratified sample of non-amending secondary legislation adopted between 1987 and 1998, the article concludes that unanimity, level of conflict and uncertainty significantly increase the likelihood of procedural control of the Commission's activities. Level of conflict and uncertainty are also significant factors affecting the stringency of control. The article concludes by relating these results to the literature on European integration and on political control of the bureaucracy.
The Nexus
Authors: Gowan Teresa
Published: March 2007

Using street ethnography and interviews with homeless men in San Francisco and St Louis, this article examines the dynamic connection between incarceration and homelessness. Among the homeless men in the study, crimes of desperation, aggressive policing of status offenses, and the close proximity of many ex-cons created a strong likelihood of incarceration and reincarceration. Conversely, for jail and prison inmates, time inside consistently eroded employability, family ties, and other defences against homelessness: several of the men had become homeless for the first time directly following release from a carceral establishment. Each of these dynamics was present in both San Francisco and St Louis but the process of becoming homeless and the experience of homelessness itself varied significantly with the differing economic and cultural configurations presented by the two cities. In both cases, each trajectory reinforced the other, creating a homelessness/incarceration cycle more powerful than the sum of its parts, a racialized exclusion/punishment nexus which germinates, isolates, and perpetuates lower-class male marginality.
Police Integrity Testing in Australia
Authors: PRENZLER TIM , RONKEN CAROL
Published: March 2007

Problems of recurring corruption have stimulated major reforms in policing in many countries in the last 30 years. Considerable advances have been made in recruitment, training, complaints investigations and external oversight of conduct. However, continuing problems have prompted a search for more effective forms of misconduct prevention. This article examines the situation in Australia in relation to the emerging and controversial anti-corruption strategy of integrity testing. The study is concerned with `integrity tests' that simulate misconduct opportunities for serving officers—not pre-employment screening tests. The eight police agencies in Australia were asked to supply information on planned or implemented testing programmes as well as information on policy perspectives and debates. Only three jurisdictions were identified as conducting targeted testing. The success of these programmes in identifying misconduct suggests this may be an essential anti-corruption device and leaves a question mark over the adequacy of accountability in jurisdictions without this capacity. Two other agencies were planning to introduce targeted testing. While some agencies had given serious consideration to random integrity testing, legal, ethical and practical concerns have meant that no programmes have been introduced except for drug and alcohol testing. The latter also appears to be a useful tool to improve police conduct. The article concludes with a theoretical review of the possible benefits of randomized testing as a form of behavioural audit.
The Use of an Ethical Advisory Group in a Learning Disability Service
Authors: Malin Nigel A. , Wilmot Stephen , Beswick Joseph A.
Published: March 2007

The paper examines the concept of an interprofessional ethical advisory group and the contribution which it might make towards improving care provision for people with learning disabilities. It describes briefly the policy and professional practice background and outlines the aims and functions of such a group, focusing upon that established within the Southern Derbyshire Community NHS Trust.
Marketing Images
Authors: Stern Barbara , Zinkhan George M. , Jaju Anupam
Published: March 2007

This article examines inconsistent usage of the term ‘image’ in reference to brand, corporate, and store images and the measurement problems that have prevented theory development. It first traces the history of the term’s ambiguous usage in marketing and consumer behavior research, and presents classification systems for organizing post-1950s definitions into parsimonious groups. Next, it provides an overview of measurement problems related to the lack of nominal and operational definitions. It ends with a summary of where we are now and what needs to be done to advance theory development.
The Paradox of Persisting Opposition
Authors: Goodin Robert E.
Published: March 2007

If voters accord evidentiary value to one another's reports, revising their own views in the light of them as Bayesian rationality requires, then even relatively small electoral majorities ought to prove rationally compelling and opposition ought rationally to vanish. For democratic theory, that is a jarring result. While there are no resources for avoiding that result within the Bayesian model itself, there are various aspects of the political process lying outside that model which do serve to underwrite the rationality of persistent opposition to majority opinion.
Predicting Expatriate Work Attitudes
Authors: Nicholls Chantell E. , Rothstein Mitchell G. , Bourne Andrea
Published: March 2007

Taking an individual difference perspective, we evaluated individual trait and skill antecedents to expatriate attitudes and turnover intent with a sample of 84 expatriates working in China. We investigated the role of a theoretically relevant personality trait - cognitive closure - reflecting comfort with ambiguity and uncertainty, and we introduced a set of empirically derived skill-based adjustment competencies developed through a job analytical technique. The results showed that work-related adjustment competencies, and in particular the ability to integrate head and host offices, were important to positive work attitudes and intention to remain on assignment. These results underscore the importance of selecting and training expatriates on adjustment competencies specific to cross cultural work to reduce the costs of assignment failure. Cognitive closure related to non-work related adjustment competencies (cultural sensitivity and ability to adapt to the social environment), suggesting that this trait may be related to non-work related aspects of expatriate attitudes and behavior.
Another Instrumental Republican Approach?
Authors: Maynor John
Published: March 2007

This article critically examines liberal accusations that, despite some differences, there are no significant divergences between liberalism and republicanism because both approaches contain instrumental accounts of certain ideals and virtues that have the effect of enhancing the overall system of freedom for individuals. This article will explore this issue by looking at a possible response to the liberal critique by building on the recent work of Philip Pettit on republican liberty as nondomination. By exploring the ideals and institutions which accompany republican liberty, I will argue that within the constitutional and reciprocal power of nondomination reside certain goods and character traits which are not purely instrumental in the way that liberal critics charge. Rather, I believe that these goods and character traits are intrinsically valuable to republican citizens and help to constitute the freedom that they experience. In this article I will explore the types of virtues associated with nondomination and how they can be defended as being intrinsically valuable to republican citizens. Finally, I will also argue that, on this point, republicanism can be significantly differentiated from liberal accounts in a manner that is compelling and attractive.
Rawls in the Netherlands
Authors: Lehning Percy B.
Published: March 2007

In a comprehensive assessment of the penetration of Rawls's ideas in the Netherlands since 1971 five debates are discerned in which different aspects are highlighted or play a role. Some of these debates are more or less ongoing ones, some overlap with each other, and some can be pinpointed more precisely in time. In the first 15 years following the publication of A Theory of Justice, attention was focused on the distributive implications of `justice as fairness'. Next, the `liberalism-communitarianism debate' came to the fore. More recently, Kantian aspects of Rawls's theory have been discussed. A fourth, also more recent debate relates to problems of multiculturalism. Finally, in recent years, and more or less in conjunction with the debate on multiculturalism, the current situation of the Dutch welfare state has been discussed. Here we get back to the core of Rawlsian theory, its distributive implications. But now it is argued that this theory focuses too much on equality at the expense of responsibility and incentives.
High-Performance Leadership at the Individual Level
Authors: Wilson Lynda S. , Boudreaux Mary Allyn , Edwards Mertis
Published: March 2007

The Problem and the Solution. Employees are the foundation of any organization, so effective leaders must have the competencies to lead them to high performance This chapter describes two competency domains, employee performance and employee potential, and nine competency groups that leaders must master to achieve high performance in an organization These competencies address Rummler and Brache's (1995) job/performer level of performance
Core Beliefs in Human Resource Development
Authors: Ruona Wendy E. A.
Published: March 2007

The Problem and the Solution. The work, values, and alternative paradigms of human resource development (HRD) are not yet well understood by others, or even by many of its own professionals. As a result, the profession faces challenges in differentiating and legitimizing itself and, with the astronomical growth in numbers of H RD practitioners, risks poor quality and damaging practice Underlying every facet of the profession are beliefs that form the foundations of its practice A central task in advancing HRD and continuing to offer excellence to those it serves is Identifying these core beliefs and engaging in ongoing dialogue to shape, question, learn from, and enact them
Action Learning for Personal Development and Transformative Learning
Authors: Dilworth Robert L. , Willis Verna J.
Published: March 2007

The Problem and the Solution. Organizations and those working in them have a serious problem keeping up with change The renewal required to succeed is continuous This chapter focuses on the practical aspects of the individual journey for personal development
Mental Illness Parity: A Call for Nursing Action
Authors: Thomas Nancy Stubbs , Leavitt Judith K.
Published: March 2007

Parity for mental illness refers to insurance companies and employers providing the same benefits for the treatment of mental illness that apply to any medical condition. Until recently, people with mental illnesses have been discriminated against or denied coverage altogether by third-party payers for mental health care services. The Mental Health Parity Act, signed by President Clinton in 1996, was the first federal mental illness parity policy. Since then, many states have passed their own parity laws either equal to or more comprehensive than the Mental Health Parity Act of 1996. However, complete parity for people with mental illnesses will not occur until the public is more informed about the facts of mental illness and more is known scientifically and clinically in the areas of diagnosis and measurement of treatment outcomes.
Republic of South Africa: Policies and Politics Guide Nurses’ Application of Genetic Technology in Public Health Settings
Authors: Ehlers Valerie
Published: March 2007

This article briefly refers to the impact of political and policy changes that have affected genetic services in the Republic of South Africa (RSA) since 1994’s first democratic elections brought the African National Congress to power. Genetic services were relocated to the field of primary health care services. During 2001 the National Department of Health of the RSA published guidelines for enhancing genetic services in this country. The most prevalent genetic conditions to be managed in the RSA include fetal alcohol syndrome, Down syndrome, neural tube defects, and HIV/AIDS. Nurses can make major contributions toward the effective management of all these genetic conditions and birth defects provided that they acquire sufficient knowledge and skills and that they have adequate referral systems and access to appropriate genetic technology in public health settings.
Web Coatings by Powder Deposition Technology
Authors: Bellemare David J.
Published: March 2007

The coating of web substrates is usually accomplished by using various forms of liquid coating. While appropriate for many applications, liquid methods often involve the use of hazardous solvents reaqmring special EPA per mits. In addition, certain coatings and specific performance features cannot be at tained when using liquid coatings. For these instances an alternate method of application can be accomplished by powder deposition.
Information, Oral Arguments, and Supreme Court Decision Making
Authors: JOHNSON TIMOTHY R.
Published: March 2007

Conventional wisdom in judicial politics is that oral arguments play little if any role in how the Supreme Court makes decisions. A primary reason for this view is that insufficient evidence exists to test this hypothesis. Thus, I ask, do Supreme Court justices use information from oral arguments that may help them make decisions as close as possible to their preferred goals? My answer is straightforward: An investigation of the oral arguments and the Court's majority opinions in a sample of cases from the Burger Court era shows that the Court gathers information during oral arguments and then uses this information when making substantive policy choices. This finding has clear implications for the way in which scholars view the Supreme Court's decision-making process, as it suggests that the accepted view of where oral arguments fit into this process is far from accurate.
Network News Coverage of Campaign Advertisements
Authors: GWIASDA GREGORY W.
Published: March 2007

In this article, the author examines whether network news coverage of a campaign advertisement's issue can reinforce the ad's basic message for the public and alter individual candidate assessments. The author uses the 1988 Willie Horton ad to investigate this question, combining data from the 1988 American National Election Study with content analysis from the Vanderbilt Television News Archives. Results show that general campaign coverage of race and crime issues as well as coverage of Horton influenced individual ideological perceptions of Dukakis. In line with Zaller's theory of public opinion, this influence was limited to certain individuals within the population, namely, media coverage affects individuals with moderate levels of political awareness who have weaker initial predispositions. Combined, these results demonstrate that media can exert both significantly and substantively significant influence on the public.
Winning and Losing
Authors: Sheffield James F. , Goering Lawrence K.
Published: March 2007

Elections are intended to provide voters a means of exercising control over public policy, but the implications of some empirical studies are that variables having little policy rele vance are often important in understanding electoral outcomes. This study examines the relative impact of incumbency, candidate social status, method of recruitment, and electoral context to see whether they outweigh policy-relevant traits of candidates in deter mining success in a set of local school board elections. Opposition proves to be largely a function of incumbency, but in contested races policy-oriented variables appear to play a key role in determining outcomes.
Voter Choice in the 1974 Congressional Elections
Authors: Conway Margaret , Wyckoff Mikel L.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the impact of voter reactions to Watergate and the 1973-1974 reces sion, as well as the voters' evaluations of presidential performance and of the presence or absence of an incumbent on individual vote choice in the 1974 House of Representatives elections. The influence of these variables is considered within the context of an attitudinal model of voter choice, using path analysis of responses by voters included in the 1974 University of Michigan National Election Study. Party identification and candidate related variables (incumbency and candidate name familiarity) contribute more to the explanation of vote choice than do voter evaluations of Watergate, the recession, and presidential performance. The total set of explanatory variables are able to account for 43% of the variance in vote choice.
Ballot Access Requirements in Congressional Elections
Authors: Robeck Bruce W. , Dyer James A.
Published: March 2007

Ballot access laws attempt to limit the number and type of candidates who qualify to have their name appear on official ballots. A study was conducted of the relationship between the difficulty of access requirements and the number of congressional candidates from 1968 through 1976. Incumbency and electoral margin also were used as predictor variables. Ballot access requirements helped to explain the number of candidates running in House elections but not for the Senate contests. Incumbency and electoral competition variables were found to influence candidate competition for both houses in the primary but only for the House in general elections. Although the ballot access requirements have some effect on the opportunities for candidacy, the political factors have an independent effect which may be more important than the formal requirements in some circumstances.
Membership in Speaker's Task Forces
Authors: Garand James C.
Published: March 2007

Recent research on leadership in the U. S. House of Representatives has emphasized the development of a new "strategy of inclusion," by which party rank-and-file members are included to a much larger extent in the party decision-making process, and hence become more responsive to leadership pressures. This article explores the use of one such mechanism of inclusion, the Speaker's task force, utilized in the House during the late 1970s. A model is developed to test the process by which House members are selected to serve on task forces. Two major sets of motivations are seen as underlying the selection process: (1) the short-term goal by House leaders to maximize the probability that important legislation for which task forces are created will pass the House; and (2) the long-term goal of inclusion and the associated socialization of rank-and-file party members into partisanship and/or followership roles. Based on the analysis of task force membership lists, substantial empirical evidence is found for both motivations during the period under study, although variables representing the short-term goals of House leaders tend to dominate the task force selection process.
Substantive and Procedural Aspects of Supreme Court Decisions as Determinants of Institutional Approval
Authors: Mondak Jeffery J.
Published: March 2007

Public evaluations of the Supreme Court are influenced by response to the Court's rulings, but the specific elements of decisions that affect such institutional appraisals require identification. In particular, previous investigators have been unable to determine if support of the Supreme Court moves in response to the substantive aspects of decisions, public concern with democratic procedure, or attention to both substance and procedure. This article presents the results of an experiment designed to distinguish the possible influences of substantive and procedural concerns. Findings reveal that the substantive aspects of Court rulings exert significant influence on evaluations of the Supreme Court, affecting institutional support, confidence in the Court's justices, and specific support of each of the three decisions that were studied. In contrast, concern with the democratic implications of activist rulings failed to alter any dimension of Court approval.
Generational Differences in Attitudes Toward Abortion
Authors: Cook Elizabeth Adell , Jelen Ted G. , Wilcox Clyde
Published: March 2007

Although scholars who focus on generational change generally portray the youngest cohorts as most liberal, this need not be so. Evidence is provided that among whites but not blacks, those who reached adulthood after the 1960s are less supportive of legal abortion than those who came of age during that decade. The decline in support for legal abortion is statistically significant after multivariate controls for demographic variables, religious and moral attitudes, attitudes toward gender roles, and general ideology and partisanship. Explanations for this result are tested.
Divided Government and the Supreme Court
Authors: Richardson Lilliard E. , Scheb John M.
Published: March 2007

One of the common explanations for the existence of divided government is that voters, preferring moderate public policy outcomes, split their tickets in voting for president and Congress. This argument presumes that divided government in fact results in more moderate policy outcomes than would be the case under unified government. To date, no one has examined the consequences of divided government for policymaking by the Supreme Court. Does appointment of Supreme Court justices under conditions of divided government produce a more moderate Court? The authors address this question in the context of civil rights and liberties cases, looking at liberal-conservative voting by justices between 1954 and 1989, inclusive. They test a model of Supreme Court decision making that incorporates a number of factors along with the existence of divided party government at the time of a justice's appointment. These factors include the number of years the individual justice has served on the Court, and the possible effects of the increased politicization of the Court and the judicial selection process since 1968. The authors find that appointment under divided party government is a significant predictor of moderation in civil rights and liberties decision making by the Court.
State Turnout and Presidential Voting
Authors: Erikson Robert S.
Published: March 2007

This article challenges Radcliff's recent claim that state-level voter turnout strongly influences state-level vote divisions for president. It is demonstrated that Radcliff's claim is an artifact of ignoring the contribution of the Voting Rights Act to southern electoral politics. When the analysis is restricted to nonsouthern states, least squares dummy variable (LSDV) pooled time-series cross-sectional analysis shows no evidence whatsoever of a turnout effect on the vote.
Why Incumbents Are Treated So Harshly
Authors: Chadha Anita , Bernstein Robert A.
Published: March 2007

In this research, we seek to explain state-to-state variation in how harshly term limits treat incumbent state legislators. Harshness is measured by how quickly and how permanently state limits remove incumbents from the legislature. Overall, there is considerable support for the contention that political structure influences how harshly states treat their incumbents. Much of the variation in the harshness of term limits may reflect the idiosyncrasies of leaders or small groups in the various ad hoc organizations that have pushed for limits in the different states. However, the impact of at least one contextual variable is significant: Variation in turnover rate accounts for 33% of the variance in harshness. In comparing states that have adopted term limits, the lower the existing turnover rate in the legislature, the harsher the term limits they tend to adopt.
Multidimensional Land Use Classification and How it Evolved: Reflections on a Methodological Innovation in Urban Planning
Authors: Guttenberg Albert
Published: March 2007

That planning history is a thriving subject is evidenced by the continuing success of Society for American City and Regional Planning History (SACRPH) conferences and those of other planning history organizations. Its vigor is also proven by the many varieties of history that find a voice in these conferences: histories of famous city plans and of renowned planners, histories of state planning and of national planning agencies, and histories of great planning movements. Unfortunately, not all types of planning history are as well represented. Among the most neglected are methodological and conceptual histories. In this article, the author presents the story of a conceptual and methodological innovation in urban planning known as multidimensional land use classification. Since its appearance more than forty years ago, it has influenced the way planners think about land use as well as the manner in which land use data are organized. This article places multidimensional classification in its historical context and explains how and why it came to be from the standpoint of one who had a role in its development.
Physiotherapy Approaches in the Treatment of Ataxic Multiple Sclerosis: A Pilot Study
Authors: Armutlu Kadriye , Karabudak Rana , Nurlu Gülay
Published: March 2007

Objective: This study was planned to investigate the efficacy of neuromuscular rehabilitation and Johnstone Pressure Splints in the patients who had ataxic multiple sclerosis. Methods: Twenty-six outpatients with multiple sclerosis were the subjects of the study. The control group (n = 13) was given neuromuscular rehabilitation, whereas the study group (n = 13) was treated with Johnstone Pressure Splints in ad dition. Results: In pre- and posttreatment data, significant differences were found in sensation, anterior balance, gait parameters, and Expanded Disability Status Scale (p < 0.05). An important difference was observed in walking-on-two-lines data within the groups (p < 0.05). There also was a statistically significant difference in pendular movements and dysdiadakokinesia (p < 0.05). When the posttreatment values were compared, there was no significant difference between sensation, anterior balance, gait parameters, equilibrium and nonequilibrium coordination tests, Expanded Disability Status Scale, cortical onset latency, and central conduction time of somatosensory evoked potentials and motor evoked potentials (p > 0.05). Comparison of values re vealed an important difference in cortical onset-P37 peak amplitude of somatosen sory evoked potentials (right limbs) in favor of the study group (p < 0.05). Conclu sions : According to our study, it was determined that physiotherapy approaches were effective to decrease the ataxia. We conclude that the combination of suitable phys iotherapy techniques is effective multiple sclerosis rehabilitation. Key Words: Multi ple sclerosis—Ataxia—Physical therapy.
Managed Care in Neurorehabilitation
Authors: Idelkope Bruce , Zorowitz Richard D.
Published: March 2007

The collision between the practice and the business of medicine has spawned a sys tem of health care termed managed care Although physicians recognize the circum stances that fostered the appearance of these organizations, they generally are not en amored of the restrictions in their autonomy when diagnostic tests and therapeutic interventions fall out of the "norm." They experience a decline in their practice economies and are aware of dollars taken seemingly without tangible benefit to their patients. Overall, they dislike their placement between contractual obligations with managed care organizations and their ability to practice "quality medicine." Physicians also recognize the some of the benefits managed care can provide. The escalating costs of medicine have created a need to identify affordable sources of health care that managed care organizations may provide. The security and flexibility that em ployment versus practice ownership brings may be a relief to the physician who wishes to focus only on clinical duties. Some of these organizations can assimilate large amounts of clinical data and improve the delivery and quality of health care. However, managed care is a complex concept and needs to be more fully understood by the physician as he attempts to manage both the clinical and the business aspects of his practice.
Severe Disability After Stroke: Outcome After Inpatient Rehabilitation
Authors: Schmidt John G. , Drew-Cates Jessie , Dombovy Mary L.
Published: March 2007

Objective: To determine the functional outcome following acute rehabilitation of patients with severe and very severe stroke using the Functional Independence Mea sure (FIM). Background: Most patients with severe and very severe stroke are reported in the literature to have a poor functional outcome. However, there are few studies that specifically address severity and their conclusions are confounding. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed charts of 41 consecutive patients with the primary diag nosis of ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke admitted to an inpatient rehabilitation unit with a admission FIM score of <60. Outcome measures included discharge residence, length of stay, and FIM score. Results: Over 63 percent (26 patients) were discharged to home. Discharge mean FIM scores (61.24) were significantly improved over the admission mean FIM (34.12) for self-care, mobility, communication, and social cog nition. The FIM Efficiency score was 0.356/day (mean[FIMdis-FIMadm]/mean LOS) as compared with previous reports of FIM Efficiency of 0.97/day for all stroke. Con clusion: Patients with severe stroke can experience improvement during inpatient rehabilitation and be discharged to a home setting, although the rate of improvement is less than that of more moderate stroke.
Rheological Considerations in Coextrusion
Authors: Multer Arvedson Marsha Ann
Published: March 2007

Successful coextrusion depends to a large extent on the rheological properties of the polymers being coextruded. Several important articles have appeared in the litera ture in the past few years on the rheology of coextrusion. These analyses provide invaluable help in understanding how the rheological properties of the polymers in volved affect the coextrusion process and the product produced.
Design Parameters for LLDPE Film Resin Selection
Authors: Schurzky Ken G.
Published: March 2007

A wide variety of LLDPE resins have been run on laboratory through commercial scale blown film lines. The film properties fit into two classes, butene copolymers in one, and higher alpha-olefins in a second, higher strength class. Within each class the film properties have been correlated with resin density and melt flow properties. These relationships can help converters to choose the optimum LLDPE resin for each specific application.
Machinery Developments and Marketing Concepts for Individual Shrink-Seal Packaging of Fresh Produce
Authors: Idol R.C.
Published: March 2007

Individual shrink wrapping of fruits and vegetables provides several possible advantages including reduced loss of water, better appearance, improved retention of juice and freshness, less color change, and the extension of marketability time. The cost and relatively slow operational speeds of the packaging machinery is still a major detriment to the widespread use of this concept. However, there have been substan tial improvements to the machinery as described here. Marketing concepts should emphasize the above benefits rather than longer shelf life, since the last is not perceived favorably by the consumer or the retailer.
In-Line Extrusion/Thermoforming Techniques for Deep Draw Polyolefin Containers
Authors: Johansson Kent T. , Reber Dean H.
Published: March 2007

Requirements for thermoformed containers are described and con sideration is given to the merits of several production systems. Results are presented for an in-line extrusion and thermoforming system that has been developed for the production of deep draw polyolefin containers.
Treated Talc as an Effective Anti-Block for Ldpe Blown Film
Authors: Radosta J.A. , Riley W.D.
Published: March 2007

The effectiveness of two anti-blocking agents, diatomaceous earth and treated talc, were evaluated with and without a slip agent for films made from low density polyethylene (LDPE) and EVA copolymer resins. Both anti-block agents provided similarly good COF and blocking properties with little change of clarity and gloss. The treated talc gave generally tougher films and slightly better heat seal strengths than obtained with the diatomaceous earth.
Effects of Vinyl Chain-Ends on the Melt Viscoelastic Properties of Radiation Crosslinked Polyethylene
Authors: Chum S.P.
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses the structural changes and summarizes the uniaxial melt extensional properties of low density polyethylene (LDPE) after it has been subjected to high energy radiation. Two LDPE resins were selected with similar characteristics except that one (LDPE-1) had a much higher level of unsaturated vinyl change ends. The vinyl chain ends in LDPE-1 were found to be highly active during the radiation-induced crosslinking reactions, result ing in the formation of a network polymer with improved network homogeneity and melt extensional properties. This improvement is expected to benefit sev eral major PE applications such as foam, film and deep-draw thermoforming.
Correlating the Plastic Strain With the Properties of the Low Density Polyethylene Blown Film
Authors: Babel A.K. , Campbell G.A.
Published: March 2007

Experiments were carried out to verify a theory developed to cor relate the plastic strain history in the film blowing to the ultimate physical properties of the blown film. The theory predicts that the amount of strain put in the blown film once it starts to freeze, defined as plastic strain here, has the prominent effect on the film's ultimate physical properties. A grade of low den sity polyethylene was used to produce the blown film runs yielding a 1.25 mil thin film at the outlet. Film surface and bulk temperatures, along the machine direction, were measured using the infra-red techniques to identify the points where film starts to crystallize. A video digitization technique was used to measure the bubble kinematics. Film's physical properties were measured us ing standard ASTM methods. The results indicate a correlation between the amount of plastic strain, or its derivatives, and the ultimate physical properties of the blown film. This principal applies equally well to the film properties in the cross or transverse direction. The results obtained can be exploited by de signing the blown-film equipment and processing conditions which result in op timal bubble stretching once the melts begin to crystallize.
A Marxist Critique of Black Radical Theories of Trade-Union Racism
Authors: Virdee Satnam
Published: March 2007

When it comes to understanding the relationship between organised labour and the racialised worker in England, the conclusions reached by black radical theorists like Sivanandan and Gilroy have gone unchallenged for many years. In this paper, it is contended that these accounts of trade-union racism are constructed on the mistaken assumption that a trade union represents the interests of all the working class. Instead, an alternative conceptual framework is advanced underpinned by the recognition that the response of trade unions towards racialised labour is contingent on a wider set of economic, political and ideological circumstances and the type of strategy trade unions employ to protect the economic interests of their members. Through an assessment of events between 1945 and 1979 (the period black radical theorists use to advance their arguments), this paper challenges the conclusions drawn by black radical theorists regarding the basis of trade-union racism, the significance of `black' self-organisation and the likelihood of `inter-racial' class action developing.
A Simulacrum of Workplace Community: Individualism and Engineered Culture
Authors: Ezzy Douglas
Published: March 2007

This paper focuses on the cultural and social consequences of the new forms of work organisation variously described as engineered workplace culture, flexibilisation, teamwork, employee involvement, quality circles and post-Fordism. Some celebrate the new form of worker this creates as a consumer of organisationally provided meanings. However, the choices are quite limited for workers in engineered cultures, and for the self-discovering subjects of consumer capitalism more generally. The language, norms and values of engineered cultures become internalised and dominate employees' subjectivity. Further, a sociological analysis of institutional structures of consumer capitalism, and engineered cultures in particular, points to how they encourage workers to develop moral frameworks that are individualistic, with little concern for other people. Simone Weil's studies of the workplace are used to argue that a culture that encourages an ethical orientation of respect for the other is at the heart of good work.