bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The ASEBA Hierarchical/Dimensional Approach to Taxonomy and Assessment
Authors: Rescorla Leslie A.
Published: December 2022

This chapter describes the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA) approach to assessment by summarizing its history; main characteristics; scales, scoring, and psychometric properties; multicultural applications; and clinical applications, with a focus on cross-informant agreement. From its outset, the ASEBA has combined both a hierarchical/dimensional approach to the taxonomy/conceptual structure of mental health problems and a system of assessment instruments to characterize the patterns and level of problems manifested by clients. This approach provided the groundwork for two more recently articulated hierarchical/dimensional approaches to characterizing psychopathology and personality: Caspi’s general pathology p factor approach and the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology approach. For each of these approaches, the chapter discusses its history, some major publications articulating the approach, and its guiding constructs. These three hierarchical/dimensional approaches seem to have achieved an exciting synergy that is poised to effect significant change in approaches to mental health. The chapter concludes with a discussion of challenges and future directions for hierarchical/dimensional approaches both for taxonomy and for direct assessment of clients.
The Technical Developments in Breaking from Conditioning to Mindset
Authors: Robitzky Niels “Storm”
Published: December 2022

The chapter points out specific events, such as the innovation and the development of different moves that formed trends in different eras in the Breaking community. It also mentions historical places that were of importance to the cultural development of Breaking, as well as dancers that had a significant impact on B-boy and B-girl culture. The main focus of this chapter lies on the general metaphysical approach of Breakers to the acquisition of their skills. Comprehending the metaphysical aspects of Breaking can help us understand its cultural values. How do B-Boys and B-Girls function? The acquisition of skill strongly depends on a person’s mindset. How do they value their technique? This is described by looking at the characteristics of Breakers as craftsmen.
Durkheim and Bergson, Durkheimians and Bergsonians
Authors: Delitz Heike
Published: December 2022

This chapter focuses on the relationship between Bergson and Durkheim, and between Bergsonians and Durkheimians. A brief first section reports the state of research on Durkheim versus Bergson. The second section sketches the relationship between the Durkheim school of sociology and Henri Bergson as a discipline-constituting aversion against a so-called Bergsonian philosophy of life, a so-called intuitionism and irrationalism, or a so-called philosophy of the subject. The third section reconstructs Bergson’s own sociological theory (The Two Sources of Religion and Morality) and the ways in which it follows, and contradicts, Durkheimian sociology. In some aspects, Bergson’s social theory can be called structuralist; in others, it is a new vitalism. A fourth section traces the elective affinities between Bergson’s philosophy and later theories of the social: authors such as Georges Canguilhem, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Gilbert Simondon, Gilles Deleuze, and Cornelius Castoriadis develop a “Bergsonian” social thought beyond positivism, Cartesian divisions, and methodological individualisms.
The Cachet of Cachê
Authors: Garland Shannon
Published: December 2022

This chapter examines debates over the determination of wages, cachê, for indie musicians in Brazil. It focuses on the organization Fora do Eixo, which sought to expand indie band circulation and audiences for them by paying bands in its alternative currency, called card. Card allowed Fora do Eixo to employ labor without the need to draw on real money, capacitating participants in music production in smaller cities with limited financial resources. But it also led to heated debates about what value a band’s wage represents: the labor of organizing indie production, the social relationships forged in production, bands’ social recognition, or the aesthetic quality of the “music itself.” The chapter finds that although all these locations of value obtain when it comes to the value of music, capitalism’s requirement of commodification prevents their simultaneous expression in the money form. The chapter thus highlights how the abstraction of value within capitalism clashes with the rich, multiple social and aesthetic values of music making. Determining the “real” location of value in music becomes an impossible, though necessary task.
Poverty, Class, and Tourism
Authors: Frenzel Fabian
Published: December 2022

Tourism’s relationship to poverty and class is multifaceted and has changed over time. Tourism is a social phenomenon in which class and poverty often become apparent and are sometimes negotiated. In this chapter, the author focuses on a certain aspect of the relationship between tourism and class, namely tourism’s role in enabling and underpinning the politics of class and poverty. Using the context of Victorian slumming as an empirical backdrop, the chapter discusses three aspects of the politics of class in tourism: (1) the relationship of knowledge and class in tourism, with tourism producing but also obscuring knowledge; (2) the relationship of tourism and inequality, interrogating how tourism enables claims making in contexts of inequality; and (3) the role of free time for political action, investigating how the availability of free time and space has enabled the formation of class-based politics. The chapter contributes to better understanding the role of tourism in political and class-based action, a role not widely acknowledged in political history and social movement studies.
Jurisdiction and Applicable Law in the WTO and Free Trade Agreements
Authors: Bartels Lorand
Published: December 2022

The WTO, and most modern FTAs, include binding dispute settlement systems for the determination of their core This chapter looks at the jurisdictional powers of the tribunals established in these dispute settlement systems. It briefly discusses the nature of jurisdiction, contrasting its treatment in trade and other international agreements. Next, it turns to the way that the WTO and FTAs grant trade tribunals the power to determine facts, including the measures adopted by a respondent party, and to identify, interpret and apply the applicable law to those facts. In this context, it considers questions such as the power of a WTO or FTA tribunal to consider domestic law, and also public international law outside of the WTO agreements or FTA at issue. Finally, this chapter considers how WTO and FTA tribunals relate to each other, including by means of FTA choice of forum clauses, and their effectiveness under WTO law.
Improvisations for Achilles
Authors: Lee Colin Andrew
Published: December 2022

This chapter is an evaluation of 45 individual music therapy sessions with Eddie, a gay man living with HIV/AIDS. As a self-identified gay music therapist, I describe how our professional relationship developed, how the balance between musical expression and therapeutic outcome evolved, and the music-centred values that became central to our work. Through Eddie’s verbal evaluations, my professional and personal reflections, and audio extracts from sessions themselves the reader is given the opportunity to enter the realities of the therapeutic process. Emphasizing the importance of embracing the authentic identities of client and therapist, this study highlights the essential balance between the creative essence of improvising and the aesthetic qualities of music-making in therapy.
GULAG Testimony Between Pluto and Orpheus
Authors: Kalinin Ilya
Published: December 2022

This chapter centers on the corpus of literary and documentary testimony about the GULAG. As a rule, studies of Holocaust memory deploy the conceptual framework of collective trauma, which makes an indelible mark on the discursive texture of commemoration. This chapter argues that the uncritical use of this analytical model to describe Soviet “camp literature” hampers understanding of its specific character. The second perspective I propose embeds textually expressed GULAG memory in the socio-cultural context of the late-Soviet space and the unofficial, uncensored culture of the underground, which permits us to correct our understanding of the unique features of the given memorial tradition. Uncovering these intersections and divergences offers insight into the way that widespread camp experience entered the habitus of the late-Soviet underground, while simultaneously revealing how the conditions of underground existence mediated representations of camp experience.
Plain Tunes for Plain Men? Opera and the “Man in the Street” in 1920s Britain
Authors: Wilson Alexandra
Published: December 2022

Throughout the 1920s a heated debate took place in Britain around the codification of “high” and “low” culture. The so-called battle of the brows involved categorizing not only different types of music but also different types of listeners, and the “man in the street” became the key player in discussions about a new phenomenon known as the “middlebrow.” Simultaneously a much-derided and much-mythologized figure, he was typically posited as the opposite number of the also widely stereotyped “highbrow.” This chapter examines who the fabled “man in the street” really was and considers his many and varied encounters with opera—via live performances, broadcasting, recordings, and other forms of dissemination—as part of an eclectic cultural diet. It analyzes the different operatic repertories the man in the street would have heard, his tastes, and his modes of listening at a time when opera was very much seen as accessible to all.
Buddhism and Digital Media
Authors: Veidlinger Daniel
Published: December 2022

Digital technologies are unifying all things into an interconnected web of existence that echoes the Buddhist notion of Dharmakāya, the body of the Buddha, that comprises all things in the universe. This chapter explores social media, virtual worlds, mobile apps, cybersanghas, and online scholarly resources, with an eye to examining how digital media affect the shape of Buddhism today. While many early figures associated with the computer revolution were interested in Buddhism, and Buddhism has contributed to the development of communication technologies as seen in the early Chinese printing presses, not all Buddhists have welcomed digital technology, with some seeing it as inauthentic, materialistic, and a driver of desire rather than a means to overcome it. Therefore, it is important to understand the environment that digital media create and ascertain the degree to which such an environment might foster or harm the ideas, practices, and institutions of Buddhism.
Acceptance and Commitment Training in the Workplace
Authors: Flaxman Paul E. , Prudenzi Arianna , Zernerova Lucie
Published: December 2022

Over the past two decades, the workplace has become an important context for delivering acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) interventions. This article summarizes the evidence that has accumulated on worksite ACT-based training programs. Although these programs have been shown to be effective in improving employees’ general mental health, their effects on job burnout and overall psychological flexibility have been less consistent. The authors respond to calls to provide clearer conceptualization of ACT’s hypothesized influence on people’s work-related well-being by considering the functions of psychological flexibility from the perspective of resource-based theories of job characteristics, burnout, and work engagement. The article highlights opportunities for further workplace research and practice, including: exploring the predictive influence of psychological flexibility on the effects of job demands and job resources; the use of multidimensional measures of flexibility to investigate specific subprocesses of change in worksite ACT interventions; and the potential of cultivating flexibility as part of other organizational initiatives.
The Concept of Accountability in AI Ethics and Governance
Authors: Lechterman Theodore M.
Published: December 2022

Calls to hold artificial intelligence to account are intensifying. Activists and researchers alike warn of an “accountability gap” or even a “crisis of accountability” in AI. Meanwhile, several prominent scholars maintain that accountability holds the key to governing AI. But usage of the term varies widely in discussions of AI ethics and governance. This chapter begins by disambiguating some different senses and dimensions of accountability, distinguishing it from neighboring concepts, and identifying sources of confusion. It proceeds to explore the idea that AI operates within an accountability gap arising from technical features of AI as well as the social context in which it is deployed. The chapter also evaluates various proposals for closing this gap. It concludes that the role of accountability in AI ethics and governance is vital but also more limited than some suggest. Accountability’s primary job description is to verify compliance with substantive normative principles—once those principles are settled. Theories of accountability cannot ultimately tell us what substantive standards to account for, especially when norms are contested or still emerging. Nonetheless, formal mechanisms of accountability provide a way of diagnosing and discouraging egregious wrongdoing even in the absence of normative agreement. Providing accounts can also be an important first step toward the development of more comprehensive regulatory standards for AI.
Smart City Technologies
Authors: Botero Arcila Beatriz
Published: December 2022

Smart cities and smart city technologies are terms used to refer to computational models of urbanism and to data-driven and algorithmically intermediated technologies. Smart city technologies intend to plan for and deliver new efficiencies, insights, and conveniences on city services. At the same time, in instances when these tools are involved in decision-making processes that don’t have right or wrong mathematical answers, they present important challenges related to cementing inequality, discrimination, and surveillance. This chapter is an introduction to the governance challenges smart city technologies pose. It includes an overview of the literature, focusing on the risks they pose and it includes a case study of surveillance technologies as an example of the adoption and diffusion patterns of smart city technologies. This is a political economy approach to smart city technologies, which emphasizes the adoption, development, and diffusion patterns of these technologies as a function of institutional, market and ideological dynamics. Such an approach should allow scholars and policymakers to find points of intervention at the level of the institutions and infrastructures that sustain the current shape of these technologies to address and prevent some of risks and harms they create. This should help interested parties add some nuance to binary analyses and identify different actors, institutions, and infrastructures that can be instances of intervention to shape their effects and create change. It should also help those working on developing these tools to imagine how institutions and infrastructures must be shaped to realize their benefits.
AI Loyalty by Design
Authors: Aguirre Anthony , Reiner Peter B. , Surden Harry , Dempsey Gaia
Published: December 2022

Personal and professional relationships between people take a wide variety of forms, with many including both socially and legally enforced powers, responsibilities, and protections. Artificial intelligence (AI) systems are increasingly supplementing, or even replacing, people in such roles including as advisors, assistants, and (soon) doctors, lawyers, and therapists. Yet it can be quite unclear to what degree they are bound by the same sorts of responsibilities. Much has been written about fairness, accountability, and transparency in the context of AI use and trust. But largely missing from this conversation is the concept of “AI loyalty”: for whom does an AI system work? AI systems are often created by corporations or other organizations, and may be operated by an intermediary party, such as a government agency or business, but the end-users are often distinct individuals. This leads to potential conflict between the interests of the users and those of the creators or intermediaries, and, problematically, to AI systems that appear to act purely in users’ interest even when they are not. Here, we investigate the concept of “loyalty” both in human and AI systems, and advocate its central consideration in AI design. Systems for which high loyalty is appropriate should be designed, from the outset, to primarily and transparently benefit their end users, or at minimum transparently communicate unavoidable conflict-of-interest tradeoffs. This chapter discusses both market and social advantages of high-loyalty AI systems, and potential governance frameworks in which AI loyalty can be encouraged and—in appropriate contexts—required.
Land in Food Regimes
Authors: McMichael Philip
Published: December 2022

Land is the centerpiece of food regimes. Originating in the long twentieth century, food regimes have developed across time and space via waves of land enclosure, commodifying natural resources to feed capital accumulation. The consolidating frontier has dismantled diverse farm and forest cultures in a cumulative process of “dispossession by accumulation.” Land-grab patterning shapes food regimes that are governed by hegemonic geopolitical relations and specified by geographies of global food provisioning. Successive food regimes deepen the span of industrial capitalism, annihilating space by time: collapsing distance with rising velocities of food circulation. Continuing land enclosure annihilates time by space, with the future closing in on a planetary ecology seriously compromised by public-private financial partnerships, promoting “agriculture without farmers/humans” with standardizing narratives of “sustainable intensification,” represented now by biodigitalization.
Land in World-Ecology Perspectives
Authors: Patel Raj
Published: December 2022

While theorists of international relations have generally understood land as a strategic resource under the purview of nation-states, a range of theories in the classical Marxist tradition have offered an increasingly sophisticated critique. World-systems theory sought to explain how enclosure turns land from commons into a fungible commodity to which labor and capital are applied across the planet. Through its analysis of the commodity frontier, world-ecology offers a way of thinking about land and the web of life of which it is part that complicates temporal, physical, and politico-legal understandings on which capital and labor operate. This chapter explores how world-ecology helps to deepen an understanding of land by posing questions about how land becomes recognized, and worked on, under capitalism. By drawing attention to the national-state and international complexes that attend the expansion of commodity frontiers, and to the dynamics of material and discursive change through such frontiers, this chapter shows how land itself becomes a site of production about which a richer series of questions might be asked.
Struggles over Land under Customary Tenure in Contemporary Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Peters Pauline E.
Published: December 2022

Most useable land in African countries is under customary forms of tenure, which today are facing considerable threat from the increasing appropriation of customary land by national and international agents, as well as from land policies and agricultural-development programs that push privatization. The typical basis of landholding across Sub-Saharan Africa was, and continues to be, through belonging to localized descent groups. Colonial “customary law” denied the status of property to customary landholdings by placing the land in trust of “native” or “traditional” authorities, a denial that continues in most countries today. Up through the 1990s, flawed land reforms, structural adjustment policies, indebtedness, economic downturn, and global trade imbalance all exacerbated the conflicts over land. The current century has seen these conditions worsen along with the financialized volatility of capital and a rush for land for production, investment, and speculation by national and international players. Repeated calls to increase the “security” of land rights produce legislation and policies that are overly focused on privatization and individual rights rather than on finding the means to legally recognize existing and long held “customary” land rights.
Conservation, Land Dispossession, and Resistance in Africa
Authors: Cavanagh Connor , Benjaminsen Tor A.
Published: December 2022

While conservation organizations work to expand the network of protected areas in Africa to 30 percent or more of terrestrial land area, the flip side of such expansion is the mounting dispossession of rural land users, including subsistence-oriented farmers and pastoralists. This may result in forced migration to urban areas or elsewhere, but also to various forms of resistance: both covert and more overt instances of opposition to conservation. This chapter examines the risks and determinants of these variable constellations of overt resistance. In doing so, it assesses whether or to what extent recent developments in violent resistance, including the growth of jihadist groups, can be linked to the expansion of a top-down environmental conservation agenda. Drawing on case studies from throughout Sub-Saharan Africa, the chapter suggests that mainstream conservation interventions often underestimate the risks of local resistance to these initiatives. In a similar vein, ideology-focused explanations of violent extremism also tend to overlook the material determinants of violence and associated grievances rooted in the loss of access to land, natural resources, and customary forms of livelihood. Empirical studies of the latter factors—and particularly those which eschew single-factor determinism in favor of qualitative, multifactor explanation or contextualization—represent a promising new area for future research on resistance to conservation in political ecology, critical agrarian studies, and related fields.
Aligning Arts Research with Practitioner Needs
Authors: Iyengar Sunil
Published: December 2022

For much of the past half century, researchers at the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) have marshaled statistics about arts “supply and demand” in the United States—one thinks immediately of surveys tracking the public’s arts participation habits, or reports about the artist labor force or arts organizations and industries. A separate focus of NEA research has been to measure the “value and impact” of the arts for individuals and communities. Such studies often use experimental or quasi-experimental methods to understand the relationships between the arts and various outcomes of interest, such as in health, education, or community development. The COVID-19 pandemic’s toll on arts organizations and arts workers has revealed some limitations to this twofold approach. The United States currently lacks a national arts surveillance and reporting system, one with sufficient data streams (approximating real time) that reliably can inform the sector about the health and vitality of its component parts, especially during economic downturns. Also lacking is a national clearinghouse of evidence-based practices that can appeal directly to arts managers. Although the NEA is not in a position to satisfy both needs entirely, the agency’s development of a new strategic plan and research agenda has surfaced themes that will contribute to a far more practitioner-oriented set of research investments than the NEA has made in previous years.
Christian Mission and Indigenous Peoples
Authors: Colvin Gina , Dewerse Rosemary
Published: December 2022

Indigenous peoples have suffered greatly, their worldviews and cultural practices almost destroyed by empire, justified by Christianity. This chapter speaks to Christian mission through the voice of Indigenous women and considers mission’s impact upon their systems of meaning-making. It privileges the decolonizing work of the Indigenous feminine speaking themselves out of even the subtlest forms of spiritual oppression by claiming sovereignty over their stories and worldviews. Applying an Indigenous feminist hermeneutic to the question of mission makes clear that God, Jesus Christ, the Holy Spirit, and indeed the biblical world continue to have profound resonance, and Indigenous woman an important place in the church’s story. The work of two Indigenous women, re-reading Scripture and re-framing theology is offered to demonstrate a unique missional insight brought by some of the most overlooked people in the church.
Hybrid Governance of State-owned Enterprises
Authors: Okhmatovskiy Ilya , Grosman Anna , Sun Pei
Published: December 2022

The governance of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) is hybrid in nature as it combines mechanisms of public administration, informal political interference, and standard corporate governance. While researchers often consider social enterprises as hybrid organizations and offer a favorable evaluation of these hybrid characteristics, the similar characteristics in SOEs are oftentimes viewed as their vulnerability. Prior discussions about SOE governance tend to focus on standard corporate governance mechanisms and treat the distinct SOE governance practices as “deviations” from these standard governance mechanisms. By considering SOE governance as hybrid, we bring attention to the existence of alternative governance mechanisms that the state can rely on, such as governance through performance contracts, intermediate ownership structures, and informal influence by politicians. We examine governance hybridity from a variety of theoretical perspectives used in prior research on SOE governance. We also discuss how hybrid governance arrangements in SOEs vary within and across countries. We conclude the chapter with directions for future research on the hybrid governance of SOEs.
Ethical Dimensions of Persuasive Technology
Authors: Williams James
Published: December 2022

This chapter explores the ethical dimensions of persuasive technology. It mentions persuasion as one of the most prevalent and consequential forms of interaction. The technological advancements of persuasion occurred in tandem with advances in the understanding of human psychology and decision-making. Since the ethics of persuasive technology intersects with many other areas of applied ethics, issues of persuasion may coexist with ethical issues that stem from the nature of technology. Generally, the ethical considerations that arise from a technology's persuasiveness per se concern questions of autonomy. The chapter notes the future of persuasive technology ethics that revolves around mitigating risks and enhancing the autonomy of persuasive technology.
How Lady Jane Grey May Have Used her Education
Authors: Richards Jennifer
Published: December 2022

That early modern education was segregated is a widely accepted truism. While boys attended school, girls remained at home to receive domestic and religious training. This paradigm overlooks exceptions: girls in whom the ambitions of their aristocratic families were invested. This chapter focuses on one such girl, Lady Jane Grey (1537–1554). It explores what we know of her education, contrasting the hesitant speaking voice created for her by Michael Drayton, with the one we hear in her prison writings. It compares Drayton’s Ovidian model for her speaking voice with the catechist role that she adopts in her prison writings. It also turns attention from the question of authorship to the act of attribution, arguing that even if the words we read were not spoken or written entirely by Grey herself, their attribution to her is meaningful—creating a different script for readers that is unusually direct, confrontational, and female.
The Self-Portrayal of Widows in the Early Modern English Courts of Law
Authors: Fikkers Lotte
Published: December 2022

Upon becoming a widow, an early modern woman was often faced with patriarchal anxieties and stereotypes about her new status. This held particularly true for widows who embarked on legal proceedings. While rejecting certain stereotypes, other tropes could work to her advantage. This could mean that widows fashioned a different image of themselves at different times, or in different areas of their lives. The persona a widowed litigant chose to adopt was dictated by the kind of suit she brought. Other models were tied to specific circumstances. This, together with the nature of these legal records, forced widowed litigants to fashion themselves as a particular kind of widow, while life-writing demonstrates that they may have been all of the above at the same time. As such, never were they merely widows, but they were biblical widows, wives and/or femes soles.
‘Mistresses of Tongues’
Authors: Hosington Brenda M.
Published: December 2022

In the 1673 pamphlet, An Essay to Revive the Ancient Education of Gentlewomen in Religion, Manner, Arts & Tongues, the phrase ‘mistresses of Tongues’ alludes to women’s linguistic abilities but also to the proverbial slur, ‘one tongue is enough for a Woman’. This chapter explores this binary concept of women and language in three areas: foreign language learning; translation; and the paratextual discourse accompanying female-authored translations. It also argues that anxieties concerning female speech surface in various ways in male-authored manuals, often circumscribing the female student in a domestic sphere. This chapter provides an overview of women’s translations in the years c 1500–1660. It concentrates on a few specific translators and the ways in which translation enabled connections with other language communities and cultures. Finally, it discusses how some women translators perceive their linguistic abilities and the importance of their translations as a tool for reaching beyond temporal and geographical borders.
Authorship, Attribution, and Voice in Early Modern Women’s Writing
Authors: Smith Rosalind
Published: December 2022

This chapter examines how questions of authorship, attribution, and voice have shaped the critical field of early modern women’s writing and continue to underwrite its investments, determining authors and texts that are studied, taught, and canonised. A consequence of the field’s emphasis on authors as embodied women has been its occlusion of texts of uncertain attribution that are linked indirectly or partially to historical women subjects through signature, voice, or prosopopoeia. This chapter examines how such problematic cases might be considered within studies of early modern women’s writing. In particular, it will address Stephen May’s recent case against the attribution of an early sonnet sequence to Anne Locke, arguing that May provides a telling example of the ways in which the investments in the embodied author continue to shape the field in ways counter to wider studies of early modern literature and revisions within early modern women’s writing itself.
Women’s Letters and Cryptological Coteries
Authors: Akkerman Nadine
Published: December 2022

This chapter analyses how women used both branches of cryptology: cryptography and steganography. Cryptography was not the prerogative of diplomats; before 1642, elite letter writers, male and female, employed cryptography socially, to create a sense of intimacy amongst a select circle of correspondents, one that encompassed a communal sense of privacy. A ciphered letter broadcasts its deceptive intent in the numbers or symbols staring blankly at the reader, whether they are the actual recipient or an interceptor. Letter writers were, in effect, compelled to try their hand at steganography, the creation of fictional discourses, to avoid detection. In illustrating another layer of ‘fiction in the archives’, this chapter casts letter writers as literary authors, showing cryptology to be a polysemous linguistic technique that women employed for many reasons, ranging from forming and maintaining fragile social networks across enemy lines and borders to ensuring secret communications remained just that: secret.
Networked Authorship in English Convents Abroad
Authors: Goodrich Jaime
Published: December 2022

Lucy Knatchbull (1584–1629) is an important figure in the history of seventeenth-century English Benedictine convents on the Continent. This chapter examines Knatchbull’s significance as an author by considering how an external network of priests and ecclesiastical officials preserved, circulated, and mediated her writings. While the corpus of Knatchbull’s extant work is comparatively small, it is also highly representative of textual production in convents of this period. Analysis of the material and intertextual aspects of this corpus reveals that cloistered authorship itself was a networked phenomenon. Serving as both a conduit and a mediator of Knatchbull’s writings, her circle offers an intriguing example of the way that cloistered authorship functioned as an extension of nuns’ social networks. By drawing attention to the network’s participation in constructing Knatchbull’s authorial roles, this chapter extends the ongoing critical conversation about nuns’ roles within familial, literary, patronage, and textual networks.
TheQuerelle des Femmes,the Overbury Scandal, and the Politics of the Swetnam Controversy in Early Modern England
Authors: Luckyj Christina
Published: December 2022

Offering a fresh reading of the texts of the so-called ‘Swetnam controversy’ of 1615–1617, this chapter explores both the history of the querelle des femmes and the historical moment in the early seventeenth century that produced an explosion of querelle texts. The first respondent to answer Joseph Swetnam, Rachel Speght, echoes earlier defences representing the female voice as a model of resistance to monarchical abuse. Mingling serious religio-political critique with a playfulness that anticipates Ester Sowernam and Constantia Munda, Speght never refers explicitly to the Overbury affair but taps into the backlash against its misogynist scapegoating of women. The chapter argues that Sowernam and Munda share Speght’s religious and political allegiances, offering a searing anti-court critique in their turn. The Swetnam controversy texts exploit the gendered discourses surrounding contemporary court scandal to offer thinly veiled criticism of the monarch, building on a tradition of real and imagined women speaking truth to power.
Coinage and Coin Use
Authors: Haselgrove Colin
Published: December 2022

This chapter reviews the use of coinage by Iron Age peoples in non-Mediterranean Europe, drawing on data from excavations, metal detecting, and scientific studies. Introduced around 300 BC, precious metal coinages soon spread across Celtic Europe, ultimately reaching Britain. Bronze was used increasingly widely from the second century BC. Following consideration of current explanations for the adoption of Iron Age coinage, its evolving functions are explored though contextual studies of coin finds from archaeological sites. Analysis suggests that many coin deposits had a ritual significance and that Iron Age coins were used primarily to fulfil elite social and political obligations; wider monetization did not occur until the Roman conquest. During the early centuries AD, Roman coins found their way to groups beyond the frontiers who had hitherto resisted the concept; but here too coin use was confined to the elite and military spheres.
Contextualizing Problem-Based Learning
Authors: Rehmat Abeera P. , Glazewski Krista , Hmelo-Silver Cindy E.
Published: December 2022

This chapter discusses problem-based learning as a powerful pedagogy that is able to facilitate students’ higher order thinking, knowledge development, and transferable knowledge and skills. Grounded in the constructivist approaches, problem-based learning is a robust methodology for teaching and learning. Problem-based learning supports learners’ active engagement and collaboration in real-world scenarios. The ill structured problem-based learning scenarios/problems allow for seamless content integration that cultivate real-world connections and assist learners to achieve a new level of conceptual understanding. Problem-based learning embodies many critical characteristics, some of which are unique to this instructional methodology. These key features comprise learning that is driven by problems, an inquiry cycle, collaboration, self-directed learning, facilitation, and scaffolding. These features coupled with a facilitator enhance students’ motivation and their construction of usable knowledge. Most importantly, the unique aspects allow problem-based learning to be interdisciplinary.
Motivational Interventions in Education
Authors: Rosenzweig Emily Q. , Wigfield Allan
Published: December 2022

In recent decades there has been a large increase in the number of researchers working to design motivational interventions, which are experimental programs that aim to improve students’ motivation in real-world learning contexts. This work has shown promising results, but in order to produce positive effects of interventions it is essential that researchers conduct, implement, and evaluate these programs carefully. This chapter synthesizes empirical intervention research across five major theories of motivation in the field of educational psychology, along with reviews of different facets of the motivational intervention literature, with a goal to discuss five key questions that researchers who wish to conduct a novel motivational intervention should consider prior to conducting a study. They are the following: (1) What is the theory of change guiding the intervention? (2) Should the intervention target a single motivational construct or multiple motivational constructs? (3) What methodological issues should I consider when designing the intervention? (4) Does the intervention have subgroup effects? (5) Is it ethical to implement the intervention in my chosen context? We discuss each topic and offer conclusions to help guide researchers in the design of future motivational interventions.
Enhanced genome-wide association reveals the role ofYABBY11-NGATHA-LIKE1in leaf serration development ofPopulus
Authors: Liu Peng , Bu Chenhao , Chen Panfei , El-Kassaby Yousry A , Zhang Deqiang , Song Yuepeng
Published: December 2022

Leaf margins are complex plant morphological features that contribute to leaf shape diversity, which affects plant structure, yield, and adaptation. Although several leaf margin regulators have been identified to date, the genetic basis of their natural variation has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we profiled two distinct leaf morphology types (serrated and smooth) using the persistent homology mathematical framework (PHMF) in two poplar species (Populus tomentosa and Populus simonii, respectively). A combined genome-wide association study (GWAS) and expression quantitative trait nucleotide (eQTN) mapping were applied to create a leaf morphology control module using data from P. tomentosa and P. simonii populations. Natural variation in leaf margins was associated with YABBY11 (YAB11) transcript abundance in poplar. In P. tomentosa, PtoYAB11 carries a premature stop codon (PtoYAB11PSC), resulting in the loss of its positive regulation of NGATHA-LIKE1 (PtoNGAL-1) and RIBULOSE BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE LARGE SUBUNIT (PtoRBCL). Overexpression of PtoYAB11PSC promoted serrated leaf margins, enlarged leaves, enhanced photosynthesis, and increased biomass. Overexpression of PsiYAB11 in P. tomentosa promoted smooth leaf margins, higher stomatal density, and greater light damage repair ability. In poplar, YAB11-NGAL1 is sensitive to environmental conditions, acts as a positive regulator of leaf margin serration, and may also link environmental signaling to leaf morphological plasticity.
Evidence for scale-dependent root-augmentation feedback and its role in halting the spread of a pantropical shrub into an endemic sedge
Authors: Bennett Jamie J R , Gomes Anabele S , Ferré Michel A , Bera Bidesh K , Borghetti Fabian , Callaway Ragan M , Meron Ehud
Published: December 2022

Vegetation pattern formation is a widespread phenomenon in resource-limited environments, but the driving mechanisms are largely unconfirmed empirically. Combining results of field studies and mathematical modeling, empirical evidence for a generic pattern-formation mechanism is demonstrated with the clonal shrub Guilandina bonduc L. (hereafter Guilandina) on the Brazilian island of Trindade. The mechanism is associated with water conduction by laterally spread roots and root augmentation as the shoot grows—a crucial element in the positive feedback loop that drives spatial patterning. Assuming precipitation-dependent root–shoot relations, the model accounts for the major vegetation landscapes on Trindade Island, substantiating lateral root augmentation as the driving mechanism of Guilandina patterning. Guilandina expands into surrounding communities dominated by the Trindade endemic, Cyperus atlanticus Hemsl. (hereafter Cyperus). It appears to do so by decreasing the water potential in soils below Cyperus through its dense lateral roots, leaving behind a patchy Guilandina-only landscape. We use this system to highlight a novel form of invasion, likely to apply to many other systems where the invasive species is pattern-forming. Depending on the level of water stress, the invasion can take two distinct forms: (i) a complete invasion at low stress that culminates in a patchy Guilandina-only landscape through a spot-replication process, and (ii) an incomplete invasion at high stress that begins but does not spread, forming isolated Guilandina spots of fixed size, surrounded by bare-soil halos, in an otherwise uniform Cyperus grassland. Thus, drier climates may act selectively on pattern-forming invasive species, imposing incomplete invasion and reducing the negative effects on native species.
Unemployment Insurance in Macroeconomic Stabilization
Authors: Kekre Rohan
Published: December 2022

I study unemployment insurance (UI) in general equilibrium with incomplete markets, search frictions, and nominal rigidities. An increase in generosity raises the aggregate demand for consumption if the unemployed have a higher marginal propensity to consume than the employed or if agents precautionary save in light of future income risk. This raises output and employment unless monetary policy raises the nominal interest rate. In an analysis of the U.S. economy over 2008–2014, UI benefit extensions had a contemporaneous output multiplier around 1. The unemployment rate would have been as much as 0.4 pp higher absent these extensions.
Postoperative Delirium after Dexmedetomidine versus Propofol Sedation in Healthy Older Adults Undergoing Orthopedic Lower Limb Surgery with Spinal Anesthesia: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Shin Hyun-Jung , Woo Nam Sun , Kim Heeyeon , Yim Subin , Han Sung-Hee , Hwang Jung-Won , Do Sang-Hwan , Na Hyo-Seok
Published: December 2022

Background

Delirium is a critical postoperative complication in older patients. Based on the hypothesis that intraoperative dexmedetomidine sedation would lower postoperative delirium than propofol sedation would, the authors compared the incidence of postoperative delirium in older adults, using the mentioned sedatives.

Methods

This double-blinded, randomized controlled study included 748 patients, aged 65 yr or older, who were scheduled for elective lower extremity orthopedic surgery, between June 2017 and October 2021. Patients were randomized equally into two groups in a 1:1 ratio according to the intraoperative sedative used (dexmedetomidine vs. propofol). The postoperative delirium incidence was considered the primary outcome measure; it was determined using the confusion assessment method, on the first three postoperative days. The mean arterial pressure and heart rate were evaluated as secondary outcomes.

Results

The authors enrolled 732 patients in the intention-to-treat analyses. The delirium incidence was lower in the dexmedetomidine group than in the propofol group (11 [3.0%] vs. 24 [6.6%]; odds ratio, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.201 to 0.86; P = 0.036). During sedation, the mean arterial pressure (median [interquartile range] mmHg) was higher in the dexmedetomidine group (77 [71 to 84]) than in the propofol group (74 [69 to 79]; P < 0.001); however, it significantly fell lower (74 [68 to 80]) than that of the propofol group (80 [74 to 87]) in the postanesthesia care unit (P < 0.001). Lower heart rates (beats/min) were recorded with the use of dexmedetomidine than with propofol, both during sedation (60 [55 to 66] vs. 63 [58 to 70]) and in the postanesthesia care unit (64 [58 to 72] vs. 68 [62–77]; P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Dexmedetomidine showed a lower incidence of postoperative delirium than propofol in healthy older adults undergoing lower extremity orthopedic surgery.

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Applications of human amniotic fluid stem cells in wound healing
Authors: Luo Han , Wang Zhen , Qi Fang , Wang Dali
Published: December 2022

Complete wound regeneration preserves skin structure and physiological functions, including sensation and perception of stimuli, whereas incomplete wound regeneration results in fibrosis and scarring. Amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSCs) would be a kind of cell population with self-renewing and non-immunogenic ability that have a considerable role in wound generation. They are easy to harvest, culture, and store; moreover, they are non-tumorigenic and not subject to ethical restrictions. They can differentiate into different kinds of cells that replenish the skin, subcutaneous tissues, and accessory organs. Additionally, AFSCs independently produce paracrine effectors and secrete them in exosomes, thereby modulating local immune cell activity. They demonstrate anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, regulate the physicochemical microenvironment of the wound, and promote full wound regeneration. Thus, AFSCs are potential resources in stem cell therapy, especially in scar-free wound healing. This review describes the biological characteristics and clinical applications of AFSCs in treating wounds and provide new ideas for the treatment of wound healing.