bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effects of Polygonum multiflorum and Phlomis umbrosa extracts on myoblast cell proliferation
Authors: Hong Heeok , Batjargal Enkhbaatar , Lam Pham Duy , Choi Jin‐Kook , Abanto Oliver D. , Hwang Seong‐Gu
Published: June 2021

The extracts from P. umbrosa and P. multiflorum contain compounds that were reported to promote growth and immune system. The present study was conducted to determine whether these extracts participate in skeletal cell glucose uptake regulation and muscle cell proliferation. Twelve male rats were treated for four weeks with either control, or 200mg/kg body weight oral dose of P. umbrosa, or P. multiflorun extracts. Plasma glucose level was measured at the end of the experiment. Mouse C2C12 cells were treated with 0, 100, 250, 500, 750 ppm medium concentration of each extract; and the IRS‐1 and GLUT4 protein expressions were determined after 24h incubation. The C2C12 cell proliferation was measured using tetrazolium salt (WST) assay after 24 and 48h incubation. The plasma glucose concentration of rats was decreased by P. umbrosa treatment. The expressions of IRS‐1 and GLUT4 proteins were up‐regulated following P. multiflorum and P. umbrosa treatment. The C2C12 cell proliferation was stimulated by P. multiflorum dose dependently up to 250 ppm. Cell proliferation was arrested by P. umbrosa at concentrations beyond 100 ppm. Our findings suggest that both P. multiflorum and P. umbrosa can be used to regulate cell glucose uptake. The P. multiflorum indicated potential for muscle growth stimulation, while P. umbrosa showed potential for diabetes control.
Optimal extraction methods of β‐Sitosterol from Phyllanthus urinaria L.
Authors: Hwa Kang Myung , Su Kim Tae , Un Park Hee , Jeong Seong Ha , Beom Ko Sang , Keun Park Chun
Published: June 2021

Phyllanthus urinaria has traditionally been used by the personal care as chronic hepatitis and is also renowned for its anti‐imflamatoy effects. Phyllanthus urinaria are extracted by supercritical fluid extraction (S.F.E.), hexan and methanol. The extracts was purified a unknown peak using a Prep‐HPLC system. It was identified as a molecular weight of 414.7 as analyzed by GC/MS. The peak was identified as β‐Sitosterol with a chemical formula of C29H50O of 50 protons and 29 carbons from 1H‐NMR and 13C‐NMR. The extracts are analyzed regarding the contents of β‐Sitosterol. β‐Sitosterol content was 1,068mg/100g in S..F.E.(Alcohol), 795.09mg100g in P.U(80% MeOH, Hexane), 765.73mg/100g in S.F(CO2), 762.22mg/100g in P.U(CHCl3: MeOH 3:1, Hexane), and 717.91mg/100g in P.U.S(CHCl3:MeOH 3:1) by HPLC system. The results of the determined β‐sitosterol content are well comparable, whereas β‐sitosterols are extracted more carefully by S.F.E. than with the classical methods. It is obvious that extraction of β‐sotisterol of Phyllanthus urinaria by S.F.E is a gentle and optimal methods, which gives precise and repeatable results.
Medicinal use of vinegar should be accompanied by a diet rich in potassium alkali salts to avoid possibility of low grade metabolic acidosis
Authors: Appel Christy L , Johnston Carol S
Published: June 2021

Although daily ingestion of vinegar may help manage blood glucose, vinegar can decrease urine pH and possibly exacerbate low grade metabolic acidosis (LGMA). We examined if daily ingestion of vinegar or control would decrease urine pH in a randomized, crossover trial. Because change in urine pH may be buffered by dietary intake of potassium (K) alkali salts, we also determined the impact of K status on urine pH during the trial. Healthy subjects (3 M, 7 F, age 27.7±3.1 y [mean±SEM], BMI 24.9±2.0 kg/m2) ingested 2 tablespoons of vinegar (VIN) or cranberry juice (CON) twice daily for 3 d with a 2 wk washout period. While no pH change was noted with the CON treatment, mean 24 h urine pH after 3 d with the VIN treatment was significantly more acidic if K status was low versus adequate (pH 5.62±0.10 versus 6.24±0.11, P=0.015). Low K status was defined as baseline 24 h urine K <50 mmol/L (n=3). Thus, it appears that high intake of K‐alkali salts enhances base‐forming capacity to buffer the acid load associated with vinegar. Persons using vinegar medicinally may benefit from consuming vinegar with K‐alkali rich plant foods to avoid LGMA. This research was supported by the ASU Nutrition Research Fund.

Grant Funding Source

ASU Nutrition Research Fund
The natural plant water extracts suppressed melanin production in murine
Authors: You Jin Kyoun , Seo Dong Joo , Kim Dae Jung , Chung Mi Ja , Park Jeong Hae , Choe Myeon
Published: June 2021

Melanin is the pigment responsible for the color of human skin. Tyrosinase is known to be a key enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of melanin in melanocytes. The effects of natural plant water extracts [(Camellia sinensis (BIC), Black,allium sativum. L (HMN), Aloe (ALE), Crataegus pinnatifida (SS), Paeonia suffruticosa (MDP), Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim (CHB), Cornus officinalis (SSY), Discorea japonica Thunb (SY)) on antioxidant, the activity of mushroom tyrosinase and melanin synthesis have been studied in a cell‐free system and mouse melanoma B16 cell. Radical‐scavenging activity was tested as reactivity towards 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The results showed that all the extracts exhibited antioxidant activity and the MDP, BIC and SSY extracts possessed high antioxidant among eight water extracts. The cellular tyrosinase activity and melanin content measured in mouse melanoma B16 cell by RT‐PCR and Western blot analysis. Treatment with HMN and ALE extracts significantly inhibited melanogenesis by tyrosinase. The melanin content of melanoma B16 cell was significantly decreased by treatment with MDP, BIC, HMN and ALE water extracts. Our results indicate that MDP, BIC, HMN and ALE water extracts exhibited antioxidant activity, tyrosinase and melanin reducing activities. The natural extracts may be a candidate for cosmetic use.
Intestinal microbiota of sow‐reared piglets is unaffected by route of delivery
Authors: Wang Mei , Radlowski Emily C. , Monaco Marcia H. , Fahey George C. , Gaskins H. Rex , Donovan Sharon M.
Published: June 2021

How vaginal vs. Cesarean delivery affected the microbiota and short‐chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations in ileum and ascending colon (AC) of piglets was studied. Piglets were weaned on d21 and samples obtained on d3, 14, 21 and 28. Microbiota were assessed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T‐RFLP) analysis and real‐time PCR using universal and group‐specific primers. Route of delivery was not significant, so data were grouped by day. Multivariate analysis of T‐RFLP profiles from AC displayed 3 distinct clusters by age (d3, d14/21, and d28). Total bacteria in ileum and AC and Clostridium cluster XIVa in AC increased between d3 and 14, were stable until d21, then decreased at d28 (p<0.05). In ileum, Clostridium cluster XIVa and Lactobacillus densities were stable between d3 and d21 piglets, then decreased at d28 (p<0.05). Bifidobacterium in ileum did not change over time, and was stable in AC prior to weaning, after which its density increased. Lactobacillus spp in AC was also stable during the suckling period, then decreased after weaning. Ileal pH (7.4) was unaffected by age, while AC pH decreased after weaning compared to d3‐21 (pH 5.6 vs 6.8). Prior to weaning, SCFA concentrations were similar in ileum and AC. After weaning, SCFA decreased in ileum, but increased 2‐ to 5‐fold in AC. Piglet microbiota and SCFA changed over time, but were not affected by route of delivery (BMS Freedom to Discover Award).
Effects of Moderate Zinc Deficiency and Phytase Supplementation on Lumbar Vertebrae in Exercising Rats
Authors: Catrambone Daniel E , Antczak Amanda J , Hendrickson Nathan R , Regalia Ryan S , Young Andrew J , Scrimgeour Angus G
Published: June 2021

Dietary zinc (Zn) is important for bone remodeling. Phytase (P) increases the bioavailability of Zn and other micronutrients. How modeling adaptations of the lumbar spine may be affected by a P supplemented low Zn diet has not been investigated.

PURPOSE

Determine the effects of a low Zn diet and supplemental P on the 4th lumbar vertebra (L‐4) in exercising rats.

METHODS

30 Male Sprague‐Dawley rats were housed in cages fitted with voluntary running wheels and fed either a 5ppm Zn (ZnLo), 5ppm Zn + 1,500 FTU/kg P (ZnLo+P) or a 30ppm Zn (ZnAd) diet for 9 wks, (n=10 per group). In vivo peripheral quantitative computed tomography scans were performed at 40, 50 and 60% of the total L‐4 length. Cortical content (CNT) (mg), area (A) (mm2) and bone mineral density (BMD) (mg/cm3) were measured. Plasma concentrations (PC) (µg/ml) of Zn were determined. A one‐way ANOVA was used to compare the data.

RESULTS

ZnLo+P exhibited increased CNT (11.6 ± 1.5 vs. 9.9 ± 0.7, p=0.006), A (12.0 ± 1.4 vs. 10.5 ± 0.7, p=0.007) and BMD (959.5 ± 15.9 vs. 938.8 ± 7.9 p=0.012) compared to ZnLo and increased BMD (959.5 ± 15.9 vs. 942.5 ± 18.9, p=0.043) compared to ZnAd. ZnAd exhibited increased PC of Zn (1.2 ± 0.2 vs. 0.8 ± 0.1 and 0.5 ± 0.2, p<0.001) compared to ZnLo+P and ZnLo respectively. ZnLo+P exhibited increased PC of Zn (0.8 ± 0.1 vs. 0.5 ± 0.2, p=0.01) compared to ZnLo.

CONCLUSION

P supplementation increased PC of Zn and increased mid‐vertebral cortical CNT, A and BMD in a ZnLo fed sample. The greatest L‐4 cortical modeling was observed in rats fed a ZnLo+P diet.

The study was funded by the U.S. Army MRMC
Modulation of fatty acid induced oxidative stress by adiponectin in 3T3 L1 adipocytes
Authors: Faris Richard Joel , Davis Jeremy , Braucher Doug , Walker‐Daniels Jennifer , Spurlock Michael
Published: June 2021

Stimulation of toll‐like receptor signaling by palmitate increases inflammation in adipocytes. Adiponectin is an anti‐inflammatory adipokine. We hypothesized that treatment of adipocytes with palmitate (0.5 mM) would increase production of ROS and transcript levels of iNOS, TLR2 and 4 while decreasing transcript levels of IL10, and that co‐treatment with adiponectin (30 ?g/mL Adn + Palm) would alleviate inflammation and normalize gene expression. We used 10‐day post differentiation mouse 3T3 L1 adipocytes for our studies. Adiponectin decreased ROS production (p=0.0395) while palmitate did not affect ROS production. Treatment with Adn + Palm decreased ROS production compared to palmitate (Palm) alone (p=0.0156). Adiponectin treatment did not affect iNOS, TLR2, or TLR4 transcript levels. Palmitate treatment did not affect TLR2 transcript levels, but there was a trend toward an increase in both iNOS and TLR4 transcript expression (p=0.0616 and 0.0697, respectively). Adiponectin did not alter IL10 expression. Palmitate reduced IL10 transcript abundance as compared with the vehicle control (p=0.0111), and adiponectin reversed this effect. These data suggest that palmitate reduces anti‐inflammatory cytokine production and increases oxidative stress in adipocytes. Adiponectin may have an important role in attenuating the adverse effects of palmitate.
TOTAL IgA IN SALIVA: EFFECT OF A LOW QUALITY DIETARY PROTEIN
Authors: Vidueiros Silvina Mariela , Fernandez Inés , Roux María Estela , Pallaro Anabel
Published: June 2021

In previous studies it was observed a decrease in body weight, weight gain and in total T CD5+cells, T subpopulations and IgA containing B cells in the intestinal villi of rats fed a cereal based diet. Also, total IgA in intestinal fluids was diminished. The aim of this work is to study total IgA in the saliva of growing rats fed a low quality ‐ low concentration protein diet. Wistar rats were fed a 6.5% precooked maize diet for 18 days (M). Age‐matched quality control group received a 6.5% casein diet (Cas). Well‐nourished control group fed a 20% casein diet (C). Saliva was collected after stimulation with 1% pilocarpine. Total IgA concentration were determined by ELISA (BETHYL). Statistical analysis: ANOVA test. Results (X±SD, n=14‐17/group): Total IgA in saliva (mg/ml) in M was decreased compared to Cas and C (M:0.003±0.001 vs Cas:0.007±0.004; C:0.011±0.009, p<0.001). The results show that the intake of a low quality dietary protein produces a significant reduction in total IgA in saliva, which would demonstrate a disorder in the mucosal immunity. It suggests the importance of assessing secretory immunoglobulin A in non‐invasive samples, as saliva, in nutritional studies. Supported by UBACYT B098
Role of dietary glutamic acid in gut‐immune system: impaired immune responses in mice fed glutamic acid‐free diet
Authors: Yoneda Junya , Kawamata Yasuko , Chin Keigi , Torii Kunio , Sakai Ryosei
Published: June 2021

Although sufficient intake of protein and amino acids is essential for normal immune functions, it has not been elucidated well whether dietary glutamic acid (Glu), the most abundant amino acids in food proteins, plays any roles in the maintenance of immune functions or not. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effect of removal of Glu from the diet on mucosal and systemic immune responses in immunized mice.

Female BALB/c mice were divided into two dietary groups, and were given amino acids defined diet (control) or Glu‐free diet during one‐week acclimation period and successive immunization period. The mice were orally immunized with 2mg of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and 10μg of cholera toxin (CT) on day 0, 10 and 20 or systemically immunized (i.p.) with 100μg of KLH and 1μg of CT on day 0 and 14 (n=5 for each). One week after the last immunization, plasma samples were collected to measure KLH‐specific antibody titer by ELISA. Lamina propria lymphocytes (LPL) were harvested to assess their IgA‐secretion in vitro (ELISPOT assay).

Feeding of Glu‐free diets reduced the elevation of antigen‐specific antibody titer in plasma in orally immunized mice, which was accompanied with reduced IgA‐secreting activity in mucosa. Besides, there was no effect in the responses against systemic immunization. These results suggest nutritional roles of Glu in the maintenance of normal mucosal immune response.
Canola oil is protective against macrophage infiltration into subcutaneous adipose tissue of swine
Authors: Braucher Doug R , Gabler Nicholas K , Walker‐Daniels Jennifer , Davis Jeremy E , Spurlock Michael E
Published: June 2021

Omega 3 fatty acids (FA) possess anti‐inflammatory properties and attenuate inflammatory events linked to obesity, including macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue. The anti‐inflammatory properties of dietary n‐3 fatty acids (FA) have been primarily attributed to dietary sources of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). However, the potential benefit of dietary α‐linolenic acid (αLA) to alleviate inflammation has not been determined. We hypothesized that EPA and DHA production from dietary αLA metabolism would be sufficient to attenuate inflammation in pigs fed a high fat diet. Pigs were fed a diet containing either 25.4% canola oil, 28% lard, or 0.5% canola and 0.5% lard (control) for 11 weeks. Gas chromatography detected EPA and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) in the liver tissue of the canola and control diet fed pigs. EPA was also in the subcutaneous (SQ) adipose tissue of pigs fed canola oil. DHA was not detected in any tissue. Macrophage infiltration was assessed based on expression of the porcine macrophage specific gene swine workshop cluster 3 (SWC3) as determined by quantitative PCR. SWC3 transcript abundance in SQ adipose tissue was lower in pigs fed the canola oil vs. those fed the lard (p=0.04) or control (p=0.03) diets. These data suggest that a diet rich in αLA creates a tissue specific fatty acid profile that protects against the infiltration of macrophages into SQ adipose tissue.

Grant Funding Source

Iowa State University
Splenic dendritic cell populations in vitamin A deficient C57BL/6J mice
Authors: Duriancik David Michael , Hoag Kathleen Ann
Published: June 2021

Vitamin A‐deficient individuals have altered adaptive immunity, showing depressed antibody‐mediated [T helper (Th)2] responses and enhanced cell‐mediated (Th1) responses. In the mouse, myeloid dendritic cells (DCs) and lymphoid DCs are responsible for stimulating Th2 and Th1 responses, respectively. The objective of this research project was to compare the percentage and absolute numbers of DC populations in vitamin A‐sufficient and vitamin A‐deficient uninfected laboratory C57BL/6J mice. The hypothesis was that vitamin A‐deficient animals would have decreased myeloid DCs and increased neutrophils and precursor DCs compared to vitamin A‐sufficient animals. We used dietary restriction to deplete the animals of vitamin A and multicolor flow cytometry to detect and quantify the numbers of immune cell populations from individual mouse spleens. In accordance with our hypothesis, the myeloid DCs are decreased and the neutrophils and precursor DCs are increased in the vitamin A‐deficient animals compared to the vitamin A‐sufficient animals. Therefore, the observed decrease in myeloid DCs in vitamin A‐deficient animals may be the basis for depressed Th2 function in vitamin A‐deficient animals.

Grant Funding Source

Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University
Guar gum and resistant starch consumption increases interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) abundance in the colon of pigs fed a high‐fat diet
Authors: Fan Ming Z. , Archbold Tania , Lackeyram Dale , Farberman Ashley , Liu Qiang , Mine Yoshinori
Published: June 2021

This study was conducted to examine colonic abundances of anti‐inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 (IL‐10) and pro‐inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) in pigs fed a high‐fat basal diet supplemented with 15% guar gum and resistant starch. A total of 24 Yorkshire grower barrows were assigned into a high‐fat basal diet as the control and two basal diets supplemented with 15% guar gum and retrograded high amylose cornstarch, i.e., resistant starch, according to a randomized block design for 4 weeks. Compared with the control group, guar gum and resistant starch consumption at 15% increased (P<0.05) colonic IL‐10 abundance. However, there was no difference (P>0.05) in colonic IL‐10 abundance between the 15%‐guar gum and the 15%‐resistant starch groups. Furthermore, the consumption of guar gum and resistant starch did not affect (P>0.05) colonic abundances of TNF‐α and IL‐6. We conclude that consumption of guar gum and resistant starch supplemented in a high‐fat basal diet may protect the colon from developing inflammation by enhancing IL‐10 abundance. Supported by OMAFRA of Canada.
Regulation of IL‐12 expression in adipocytes during inflammatory stress
Authors: Nam Heesun , Ferguson Bradley S , Stephens Jacqueline M , Morrison Ron F
Published: June 2021

Chronic inflammation is an important element of pathogenic mechanisms linking obesity and diabetes. During development of insulin resistance, adipose tissue accumulates macrophages and secretes a plethora of inflammatory adipokines that regulate lipid metabolism and systemic insulin resistance. Interleukin‐12 (IL‐12) is a heterodimeric pro‐inflammatory cytokine encoded by independent IL‐12α and IL‐12β genes. While IL‐12 serum levels are known to be elevated in type 2 diabetics, cellular origin has yet to be determined. Using 3T3‐L1 adipocytes stimulated with tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) as a model of inflammatory stress, we show with qRT‐PCR that both IL‐12 genes were equivocally expressed in undifferentiated preadipocytes relative to mature adipocytes suggesting that expression is a function of inflammatory status rather than adipocyte differentiation. Following TNFαstimulation, each IL‐12 gene was dramatically and acutely induced with overlapping kinetics supporting the synthesis of a functionally mature p70 heterodimer. Using inhibitors for specific signaling pathways, we also show differential regulation of inducible gene expression where NFkB and ERK signaling was predominant in IL‐12α and IL‐12β expression, respectively. These findings indicate that diverse mechanisms mediate IL‐12 gene expression in adipocytes during inflammatory stress. Supported by NIH (5R21DK072067‐02).
Investigation of a chronic inflammation model in swine
Authors: Clapper Joan , Clapper Jeffrey , Smith Brenda , Droke Elizabeth
Published: June 2021

Previous research demonstrated slow‐release lipopolysaccharide (LPS) pellets could induce a chronic inflammatory response in rodents. The objective of this preliminary study was to translate this rodent model of chronic inflammation into swine. A dose‐response study with repeated measures was performed using 12 barrows (~ 100 kg; three per group). The four treatments groups were: non‐surgical controls, placebo (pellet with matrix only), and pellets with LPS designed to release at a rate of 2.5 or 5.0 μg/kg/d. Food intake and behavior were monitored daily. Rectal temperatures and blood samples were taken on days 0, 1, 2, 3, and 7 post‐implantation. Implantation of the pellets did not induce lethargy and vomiting in the pigs thereby demonstrating the LPS dosages were safe to use in swine. Temperature was increased (P<0.05) by LPS on day 1 but returned to baseline levels by day 2. LPS caused an increase (P<0.05) in neutrophils and a decrease (P<0.05) in lymphocytes indicating the induction of an inflammatory response. Neutrophil and lymphocyte counts returned to baseline levels by day 7. No differences (P>0.05) were observed between the two dosages of LPS. The results of this preliminary study indicate the use of slow‐release LPS pellets are safe and efficacious to use in generating a low‐grade inflammatory response in swine. Supported by: SD Agricultural Experiment Station and the SDSU Research and Support Fund
The effect of vitamin B6 insufficiency in mice on inflammation caused by diet‐induced obesity.
Authors: Sakakeeny Lydia Barrett , Roubenoff Ronenn , Bujanover Yoram , Obin Martin , Selhub Jacob
Published: June 2021

In humans, severity of inflammatory diseases (RA, IBD) and/or expression of inflammatory markers (CRP) are inversely associated with plasma vitamin B6 levels despite adequate intake. These observations suggest that the vitamin B6 deficit associated with inflammation results from increased utilization of vitamin B6 in inflammatory processes. To explore this hypothesis, we assessed the effect of reduced vitamin B6 (intake or antagonism by 4DPD) on adipose tissue (AT) inflammation in male C57BL/6 mice made obese by a high fat diet. Obesity is associated with chronic AT inflammation mediated by Th1 lymphokines (IFN‐γ, IP‐10) and by classically‐activated (M1‐polarized) CD11c+ macrophages (ATMs) that infiltrate AT and express proinflammatory mediators. Resident, M2‐polarized ATMs (CD11c‐) antagonize the pro‐inflammatory actions of infiltrating ATMs in part through production of IL‐10. In the present study partial (50‐60%) B6 depletion was associated with reductions in IFN‐γ, IP‐10 and CD11c and coincident increases in Il‐10 gene expression in perigonadal AT of obese mice as compared with weight‐matched, B6‐replete controls. These data suggest that B6 status can regulate the Th1/Th2 and M1/M2 balance of obesity‐associated AT inflammation. Ongoing FACS will determine if and how low B6 status alters T cell and ATM populations and polarization in obesity.
n‐3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Suppress T‐Cell Mitochondrial Translocation to the Immunological Synapse
Authors: Yog Rajeshwari , Barhoumi Rola , McMurray David N. , Chapkin Robert S.
Published: June 2021

T helper (Th) cell activation is necessary for the adaptive immune response. Formation of the immunological synapse (IS) between Th cells and antigen‐presenting cells is the first step in Th cell activation. In vitro studies indicate that formation of the IS induces cytoskeleton‐dependent mitochondrial redistribution to the immediate vicinity of the IS. This redistribution of mitochondria to the IS in T cells is necessary to maintain Ca2+ influx across the plasma membrane and Ca2+‐dependent Th cell activation. In an earlier study, we demonstrated that n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) suppress the localization and activation of signaling proteins at the IS. Therefore, we hypothesized that n‐3 PUFA suppress CD4+ T‐cell mitochondrial translocation during the early stages of IS formation. CD4+ cells derived from fat‐1 mice, a transgenic model that synthesizes n‐3 PUFA from n‐6 PUFA, were co‐cultured with anti‐CD3‐expressing hybridoma cells (145‐2C11) for 15 min at 37°C, and mitochondrial relocation to the IS was assessed by confocal microscopy. T‐cells from fat‐1 mice significantly reduced the percentage of cells with mitochondria which translocated to the IS; fat‐1 (34%) vs. wild type control (85%); P=0.008. These results demonstrate that n‐3 PUFA limit mitochondrial translocation to the IS, a critical early step for CD4+ T‐cell activation.

Supported in part by NIH grant DK07107, CA59034 and P30ES09106

Grant Funding Source

NIH DK71707 and CA59034
Consumption patterns of snacks according to characteristics of family environment among Korean adolescents
Authors: Doo Miae , Seo Ji Yeong , Kim Yangha
Published: June 2021

In this study, consumption patterns of snacks were studied according to characteristics of family environment. The subjects of the study were 607 adolescents (men 316 women 291) aged 14 ~ 16 years, living Seoul area, Korea. The subjects were surveyed by a self‐administered questionnaire about household income, parents' education, mother's job, and snack consumption. The subjects with mother having a job showed higher consumption of processed‐snack (P < 0.001), lower consumption of home‐made snack (P < 0.001), but higher frequency of consumption in 'Fruit and fruit juice' (P < 0.05) or 'Milk and yogurt' (P < 0.001) compared to the subjects with mother having not a job. The subjects with higher household income showed higher frequency of consumption in 'Fast food' (P < 0.05), but lower frequency of consumption in 'Milk and yogurt' (P < 0.05). The subjects with parents having higher education level showed higher frequency of consumption in 'Fast food' (P < 0.05). These results suggest that characteristics of family environment may be one of the important factors contributing the consumption pattern of snack among Korean adolescents.
Consumption patterns of snacks according to gender and obesity status in Korean adolescent
Authors: Doo Miae , Seo Ji Yeong , Kim Yangha
Published: June 2021

In this study, consumption patterns of snacks were analyzed according to gender and obesity status. The subjects of this study were 607 adolescents (men 316 women 291) aged 14 ~ 16 years, living Seoul area, Korea. The subjects were surveyed by a self‐administered questionnaire about anthropometrics, general characteristics, and snack consumption. Mean height and body weight of subjects increased significantly with increasing age. 81% of subjects consumed at least one snack per day, and 66.1% of subjects ate snack between lunch and dinner. The frequency of snack consumption was different with gender and obesity status; men adolescents showed significantly higher consumption than women adolescents in 'Instant noodles' (P<0.05), 'Milk and milk products' (P<0.01), or 'Cereal' (P<0.01). In the other hand, women adolescents showed significantly higher consumption than men adolescents in 'Biscuits' (P<0.05) and Candies and chocolates' (P<0.05). Subjects in underweight group showed higher frequency in the consumption of 'Candies and chocolates' (P<0.001) or 'Biscuits' (P<0.01) compared with subjects in other groups. The expense of snack consumed was higher in underweight group than other groups (P<0.01). These results suggest that gender and obesity status may be one of the important factors contributing consumption pattern of snacks in Korean adolescents.
Maternal n‐3 docosahexaenoic acid in gestation is associated with better early language development in term gestation infants.
Authors: Innis Sheila M , Mulder Kelley , Duggal Shalu
Published: June 2021

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an n‐3 fatty acid present in high amounts in structural lipids of the brain and retina where it plays key roles in neurogenesis and neurite outgrowth, and the visual transduction pathway. Inadequate dietary n‐3 fatty acids during development may have short and long‐term implications for brain development, but whether n‐3 fatty acid deficiency occurs among pregnant women sufficient to limit DHA transfer for optimum fetal brain development is unclear. We used a longitudinal intervention with 400mg/d DHA or placebo from 16 wk gestation until delivery, n=220, and assessed language development at 9 mths of age. DHA supplementation increased the maternal mean erythrocyte phosphatidylethanolamine DHA by 30% at 36 wk gestation. The ability to detect contrasting consonants not present in the native language(s) is present in young infants but lost with development, usually about 9 mth age. We assessed language development using infant‐controlled habituation procedures, as the ability to discriminate phonetic difference in a voiced English and Hindi contrast. More infants of mothers in the DHA supplement than placebo group were unable to distinguish the contrast, consistent with better language development in the supplement group. DHA status in pregnancy is to be important for early infant neural development, yet in some women poor DHA status may be limit infant development. Supported by CIHR.
Incidence of Obesity and Associated Health Risks in the District of Columbia Public Schools
Authors: Lockwood Susan D , Harland Barbara F , Steinert Donald , Tavakol Karman
Published: June 2021

A Youth Risk Behavior Study (YRBS) was conducted by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention in collaboration with the District of Columbia (DC) Public Schools and the DC Department of Health. Twenty‐seven percent of DC high school students were either overweight or obese with BMI's over 25. Eighty percent did not meet recommended levels of physical activity. These values are higher than corresponding values for the national average. Physical activity is important for both short‐ and long‐term maintenance of normal body weight. Physical activity appears to have an independent effect on health‐related outcomes in addition to weight control. These negative health conditions may substantially increase the risk of morbidity from hypertention, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, stroke, gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea, asthma, respiratory problems and cancer. Overweight youngsters are permitting TV, video games, and indiscriminate eating to take the place of regular, controlled regimes including vigorous physical activity accompanied with intelligent food selection.

A proposal has been developed for the study of obesity among high school children grades 9 through 12 in the DC public schools, via a survey of 3 schools from poorer neighborhoods, and 3 schools from wealthier areas (1200 subjects). Heights, weights, BMI's and blood pressure will be recorded. Faculty and students from the University of the District of Columbia and Howard University will officiate in an attempt to interrupt these negative behavior patterns.

Funded by Research Infrastructure in Minority Institutions (RIMI).
Energy expenditure and physical activity comparable between developing and industrialized countries: results of a meta‐analysis
Authors: Luke Amy , Merrill Sarah , Dugas Lara , Durazo‐Arvizu Ramon , Shoham David
Published: June 2021

The etiology of overweight is unclear at the population level, ultimately, however, it must be due to imbalance of energy intake and expenditure. Despite a paucity of comparative data, it is accepted that populations in developing countries expend more energy than those in industrialized countries. We tested this assumption by conducting a meta‐analysis of published doubly labeled water studies. The methods included a search of literature and extraction of relevant data: cohort size, sex, age, weight, body mass index (BMI), total energy expenditure (TEE) and physical activity level (PAL). Cohorts were assigned either developing or industrialized country status by ranking of the U.N. Human Development Index (HDI). Analyses included estimation of TEE and PAL using both fixed and random effects models. Meta‐regression was performed to assess impact of HDI status on TEE or PAL controlling for sex, age, and body size. 89 studies and 166 discrete cohorts were identified. Mean BMI was lower in the low HDI (n=21) than high HDI (n=145) group, 22.8 vs 26.3 (p<0.01). Overall mean TEE was 2555 kcal/d and PAL was 1.73. TEE was associated with weight and sex and inversely associated with age (all p<0.001). PAL was associated with sex (p<0.05). Neither mean TEE nor PAL differed between low or high HDI countries. These data support the idea that energy intake may play a greater role than expenditure in population differences in obesity.
Determinants of insulin resistance among Mexican pregnant women
Authors: De Haene Jessica , Perez Marcela , Casanueva Esther , Parra Adalberto , Stanhope Kimber , King Janet
Published: June 2021

Impaired glucose tolerance is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Early detection would allow implementing interventions to reduce progression to Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM). Hispanic women are a risk group for GDM. The objective was to identify biochemical, anthropometric and dietary factors that predict insulin resistance, Homeostasis Model Assessment‐Insulin Resistance (HOMA‐IR), at 16‐20 or 26‐30 wk gestation in 109 pregnant women living in Mexico City. Maternal health history, anthropometry and dietary intakes were measured at 16‐20 wk . Dietary intakes were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Fasting insulin, glucose, adiponectin, and leptin concentrations were measured at 16‐20 and 26‐30 wk. HOMA‐IR and leptin increased (HOMA‐IR: 2.6±1.5 to 3.1±1.9 and leptin: 25.5 ± 12 to 27.3 ± 14 ng/mL) while adiponectin decreased between time points (12.1 ± 5 to 11.5 ± 5 ug/mL). At 16‐20 wks, stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that maternal weight, fasting leptin and adiponectin concentrations were the strongest predictors of HOMA‐IR. At 26‐30 wks, sugar intake, maternal weight and subscapular skinfold thicknesses best predicted HOMA‐IR. Maternal weight was the only variable predicting HOMA‐IR at both mid and late pregnancy. These results support programs targeting overweight and obese women for weight control to reduce the risk of GDM. Funded by UCMexus.
Dietary practices exchanges between Ghanaians and Liberian refugees living in Ghana
Authors: Hromi‐Fiedler Amber , Gallego Daniel , Sandow Adam , Lartey Anna , Pérez‐Escamilla Rafael
Published: June 2021

We assessed the exchange of dietary practices among female Liberian refugees and Ghanaians living in Buduburam Refugee Settlement and an adjacent Ghanaian village. Liberian refugees live in all 12 camp zones while Ghanaians predominately live in 2 of the 12 zones (zones 11 & 12). Dietary intake was assessed using a 131 food item FFQ. Liberian refugees were younger than Ghanaians (28 vs. 29 y), and had lived in the camp 8.2 y. A significantly higher percentage of Liberians in zones 11‐12 consumed Ghanaian dishes (fufu, palm soup, waakye), western foods (canned fish, boxed cereal, processed cheese, canned juice, Irish potatoes, fried rice), and neutral foods (i.e. foods common to Liberians and Ghanaians) such as mangos, corn and beef compared to Liberians in zones 1‐10. A significantly higher percentage of Ghanaians from zones 11‐12 consumed Liberian foods (fever leaves, potato greens stew, collard greens, water greens, kittely, bread nuts, frog, shortbreads, dumboy/GB, cassava leaf soup, toborgi, Liberian gravy), and western foods (canned beans, sesame seeds, cream of wheat, boxed cereal, chips, mayonnaise, fried rice) compared to Ghanaians in the adjacent village. These preliminary findings suggest that dietary patterns are influenced by the encounter between local and refugee populations. Funded by a West African Research Association Postdoctoral Fellowship.
Assessment of Cognitive Function of 4‐5 Year Old Children and of Iron Status of Mother‐Child Dyads in Northern Jordan
Authors: Gharaibeh Muna A. , Stoecker Barbara J.
Published: June 2021

Cognitive function was assessed in children using scales from the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test‐IV (PPVT‐IV) and the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K‐ABC‐II). Family socioeconomics, anthropometrics, hemoglobin, ferritin, and transferrin receptors (TfRs) were determined in 93 mothers and their children. Mean age (SD) of mothers was 34.0 (6.0) y and of children was 60.7 (5.4) mo. Body mass index (BMI) of mothers was 29.6 (15.2) with 77% of women having BMI = 25 kg/m2. Plasma ferritin for 53.8% of women was <15 µg/L and 44.1% had TfRs = 8.5 mg/L. Only 16% of children had ferritin <12 µg/L and 14% had TfRs = 8.5 mg/L. Mothers with lower incomes had higher TfRs. No significant differences in iron status or cognitive test scores were found between boys and girls. Neither ferritin nor TfRs predicted children's test performance. Children from higher‐income families had higher mean scores on non‐verbal and simultaneous indices from the K‐ABC‐II and on the PPVT. Using stepwise regression, age and kindergarten (KG) attendance significantly predicted mean scores on non‐verbal and simultaneous indices from K‐ABC‐II, and KG but not age predicted the sequential index from the K‐ABC‐II. Children of mothers with high school education or above (n=56) had higher non‐ verbal, simultaneous, and sequential scores on indices from the K‐ABC‐II and the PPVT compared to children whose mothers had less education. Family income, mothers' education, and KG attendance had significant effects on children's cognitive function. (Supported by Oklahoma State University)
Dietary bioactive polyphenols inhibit heme iron absorption in human intestinal Caco‐2 cells
Authors: Ma Qianyi , Kim Eun‐Young , Han Okhee
Published: June 2021

Heme iron is an important source of dietary iron in humans. It is known that heme iron and non‐heme iron are absorbed differently. Recently, bioactive dietary polyphenols are receiving increasing interest due to their reported health benefits for a variety of disorders. Dietary polyphenolic compounds have a wide range of effects in vivo and vitro, including chelation of metals such as iron. We previously reported that bioactive polyphenols impair the utilization of dietary non‐heme iron in human intestinal cells. In the current study, we examined the influence of the dietary polyphenols, (‐) ‐epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG) and grape seed extract (GSE) on heme‐55Fe absorption in Caco‐2 intestinal cells. The rate of heme iron absorption was linear (R> 0.99) during 7 hour incubation time. Both EGCG and GSE decreased the rate of heme iron absorption by > 85%. The addition of EGCG and GSE also significantly (P < 0.001) decreased heme iron transport across the basolateral membrane of enterocyte. However, apical heme iron uptake was significantly (P < 0.001) increased by addition of EGCG. Despite the increased cellular levels of 55Fe the transfer of 55Fe across the basolateral membrane of the enterocyte was extremely low in the presence of EGCG. Our data show that bioactive polyphenols also inhibit heme iron absorption by reducing basolateral iron exit rather than by decreasing apical heme iron uptake in intestinal cells. (Supported by the College of Human and Health Development at the PSU and USDA: 2005‐35200‐16543.)
Three types of dietary inulin exerted similar impacts on expression profiles of iron‐related genes in the intestine and liver of young pigs
Authors: Yasuda K. , Dawson H D , Wasmuth E , Roneker K R , Kohn K , Chen C , Urban J F , Welch R M , Miller D D , Lei X G
Published: June 2021

This study compared the mRNA expression of 27 Fe‐related genes in intestine and liver of pigs fed 3 types of inulin (BENEO‐Orafti, Tienen, Belgium). A total of 20 pigs (5‐wk old) were fed a corn‐soybean meal based diet (BD) without supplemental inorganic iron, or the BD + 4% of P95 (oligofructose), HP (long‐chain), and Synergy 1 (50:50 mix of P95 and HP). After 5 wks, all pigs were killed to collect total RNA from the liver and mucosa of duodenum, ileum, cecum, and colon. Relative mRNA expression of the 27 genes was quantified using real‐time qRT‐PCR (ABI 7700, Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) and normalized with levels of 4 housekeeping genes. The 3 types of inulin showed similar effects (P < 0.05) on 2 genes in the duodenum, 6 genes in the colon, and 7 genes each in the cecum and liver. The up‐regulated ferritin light chain gene expression in the liver and cecum was consistent with the improved iron status. The altered expressions of hephaestin and chytochrome‐b reflected possible effects of inulin on iron transport system. Decreased expression of pro‐inflammatory mediators/indicator (TNF, NRAMP, transferrin‐receptor) implied beneficial effects of inulin in Fe recycling. In conclusion, regulations of dietary inulin on the expression of Fe‐related genes in the intestines and liver might help explain its beneficial effects on Fe utilization. (Harvest‐Plus and BENEO‐Orafti).
Zinc (Zn) Modulates the Stress Response in Cadmium (Cd) Treated Cultured Choroid Plexus
Authors: Bradley Jennifer L , Young Robin K , Villalobos Alice R
Published: June 2021

Our objective is to elucidate how an essential mineral Zn might attenuate the cellular stress response elicited by a contaminant metal, e.g., Cd, in choroid plexus (CP). To begin, primary cultures of neonatal rat CP were supplemented ± 25 µM Zn with 5% NuSerum for 48 h then exposed to 500 nM Cd ± 10 µM Zn in serum‐free medium for 24 h. As per immunoblot analysis, Hsp70 and hemeoxygenase‐1 (HO) were expressed at low levels in control cells (no Zn/no Cd) and cells treated only with Zn. Cd increased Hsp70 and HO by 3‐6‐fold, but co‐exposure with Zn attenuated induction of both stress proteins. Hsp70 expression was also imaged by immunochemistry and fluorescence microscopy; DAPI was used for nuclear staining. Diffuse low fluorescence was detected in controls and in cells treated only Zn. Cd increased Hsp70 throughout the cytosol and altered cell morphology, but in cells co‐exposed to Zn Hsp70 expression pattern was similar to that in controls. Actin cytoskeleton was probed with TRITC‐phalloidin. In control cells, actin filaments were localized at the periphery, whereas in cells treated with Cd plus Zn there was an increase in actin filaments throughout the cell. Interestingly, in cells treated only with Zn actin filaments were localized at the periphery as in control. These preliminary data suggest that Zn attenuates induction of stress proteins and modifies changes in the actin cytoskeleton in Cd‐treated CP.
THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS SOY‐BASED DIETS ON THE DIABETIC PHENOTYPE IN A PORCINE MODEL
Authors: Apgar Gary , Carroll Brian , Winters Todd , Banz William
Published: June 2021

Research has shown specific soy ingredients can elicit anti‐diabetic actions, namely an improvement in glucose tolerance and attenuation of dyslipidemia, fatty liver and other metabolic abnormalities. The current study explored the effects of two soy‐based diets on the diabetic phenotype in a porcine model. The two experimental diets were high in soybean meal and were matched for macronutrients. In the first soy‐based diet (Low‐Isoflavone) the meal had the isoflavones removed through an alcohol‐wash extraction process and the other diet (High‐Isoflavone) contained the soy isoflavones. This 3‐month study was conducted on intact male boars (n = 20) at the University Swine Center. Body weight, platelet aggregation, serum lipids and glucose were assessed at the end of the study. The body weight of the High‐Isoflavone group was significantly greater vs. the Low‐Isoflavone group. The rate of platelet aggregation in the Low‐Isoflavone group was significantly higher than the High‐Isoflavone group. The Low‐Isoflavone group also had significantly higher cholesterol and triglyceride levels vs. the High‐Isoflavone group. There was no significant difference in fasting blood glucose between the groups. Overall, this research suggests that isoflavone containing soy‐based diets may have therapeutic potential in treating some of the anomalies associated with the diabetic phenotype.
Evolutionary conservation of Tino/Quaking interaction suggests its impact to cell polarity control in ontogenesis and oncogenesis
Authors: Lulli Matteo , Donnini Martino , Lapucci Andrea , Quaglierini Paolo , Witort Ewa , Papucci Laura , Specogna Rebecca , Morello Dominique , Capaccioli Sergio
Published: June 2021

Loss of cell polarity is very common in invasive and metastatic tumours, but also in early stages of cancerogenesis. In C. elegans the conserved Par genes control several proteins transducing polarity cues in the embryo. One of these transducers is ceMex‐3, a translational regulator of cell fate during development. Its human ortholog is Tino, firstly identified in our lab as a post‐transcriptional regulator. The high conservation between ceMex‐3 and Tino suggests that also Tino could have an impact on mammalian embryogenesis, cell polarity and cancer. Par‐4 is a ceMex‐3 translational regulator, its human ortholog Lkb1 is responsible, if mutated, for the Peutz‐Jeghers cancer syndrome. Another liaison dangereuse co‐involves ceMex‐3 with Gld‐1 gene, whose mammal ortholog is Quaking (Qki). Both ceMex‐3 and Gld‐1 co‐regulate common targets and if mutated induce onset of teratomas during embryogenesis.

Here we show that Qki contributes to the negative regulation of Tino, confirming our hypothesis of evolutive conservation of Tino pathway. Furthermore, identification of Tino's target mRNAs and their consensus reveals that 50% of these mRNAs contains also Qki consensus, underlying the possibility that Qki and Tino co‐regulate common targets.
Role of Phox2B in neuroblastoma development
Authors: Alam Goleeta Nazaneen
Published: June 2021

Neuroblastoma (NB) a common childhood malignant tumor of the sympathetic nervous system presents as a heterogeneous group of tumors ranging from tumors comprising of undifferentiated neuroblasts to those largely consisting of fully differentiated neurons. We have used MYCN transgenic mice‐ mice with targeted expression of the oncogene MYCN in neural crest cells‐ as a model system to investigate the cellular basis for NB development. These mice develop overt neuroblastomas preceded by a pre‐neoplastic stage characterized by development of hyperplastic lesions in the post‐natal sympathetic ganglia. Immunostaining analysis of these lesions revealed extensive proliferation and absence of staining with sympathetic differentiation markers, indicating their undifferentiated state. A majority of the hyperplastic cells as well as majority of cells in all primary tumors examined showed strong staining for Phox2B, a marker of sympathetic neural progenitors. Recently, we observed that retinoic‐acid induced differentiation of human NB cell lines is accompanied by a marked down‐regulation of Phox2B suggesting that Phox2B may be important for maintenance of the neuroblasts characterizing NB tumors. Also, Phox2B down‐regulation in the human NB cell line SK‐N‐AS results in decreased survival of cells. Given together, these data suggest that Phox2B may function as a lineage‐survival oncogene in NB development.

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