bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Land Reform Management in Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe
Authors: Mufune P.
Published: June 2011

This article compares land reform management in Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe—three countries in Southern Africa sharing a similar history of race-based minority rule characterized by extensive land expropriation that pushed indigenous black populations into unfertile reserves during the colonial era. Although each of the three countries has pressures for land redistribution resulting in land invasions, they have had very different reactions and approaches to the management of land reform issues that they face. While the Zimbabwean government has supported and encouraged land invasions resulting in a chaotic land management process, the Namibian and the South African governments have had very little sympathy with land invaders and have insisted on an orderly process. What accounts for these different reactions in the management of land reform? What are the dynamics at play in encouraging the forceful distribution of land in Zimbabwe but not in Namibia and South Africa? Examining the extensive literature and research available, this conceptual article compares the dilemmas that the three countries face and discusses the way they have managed land reform. The rationale for the article is that land reform (and the accompanying land redistribution) is important for buying social peace in communities where land alienation meant extreme forms of land division by race. The manner in which land reform is managed might condition the social and political stability of the three countries.
Impact of Joint Forest Management (JFM) on Environmental Stress Migration
Authors: Sahu Naresh Chandra , Rath Binayak
Published: June 2011

In this study, an attempt has been made to unravel the impact of forest protection committees (FPCs) under JFM on stress migration in four forest divisions of Orissa. In order to undertake this study, field investigations have been carried out in 12 villages of four forest divisions of the state. Our study has covered 318 households comprising of landless and agriculture labourer, marginal, small, and medium farmers from 12 different villages where FPCs are operating since early 1990s. The household level benefits have been estimated in terms of employment generation, income from timber and non-timber forest products (NTFP), and fuel wood collection from community managed forests. Further, we have examined the impact of JFM via FPCs on environmental stress migration (ESM) by adopting a Logit Regression Model at household level. It has been found that the employment opportunities have increased significantly since the establishment of FPCs. The findings of the study establish that the improvement in forest cover under JFM has positive impact on the reduction of stress migration in the study area. The ESM, which was severe in these villages before the implementation of JFM, has come down significantly over the years. Our results have also established that the health of local labour market has improved a lot due to the proper and sustainable utilization of the CPRs through JFM.
Leadership, LMX, Commitment and NGO Effectiveness
Authors: Shiva M.S.A. Mahalinga , Suar Damodar
Published: June 2011

This study examines whether transformational leadership influences leader–member exchange (LMX) that furthers organizational commitment. It also examines whether transformational leadership directly influences the organizational commitment. Further, the study tests whether organizational commitment enhances NGOs’ effectiveness that improves programme outcomes in terms of health, income, education and happiness of villagers. Data were collected from 312 NGOs in Jharkhand state (India). The constructs under study were assessed from NGO personnel using standard instruments, and programme outcomes on health, income, education and happiness were evaluated from villagers using visuals. Results reveal that transformational leadership directly influences LMX that furthers organizational commitment. Organizational commitment of staff members furthers NGO effectiveness. NGO effectiveness improves health, income, education and happiness of villagers. Transformational leadership has no direct influence on organizational commitment. Rather, such a leadership at the top fosters favourable LMX that leads to organizational commitment of the employees that positively influences NGO effectiveness, which finally improves health, income, education and happiness levels of beneficiaries.
The Couple’s Personality Preferences Questionnaire (CPPQ)
Authors: Eckstein Daniel
Published: June 2011

The Couple’s Personality Preferences Questionnaire (CPPQ) provides a self-scoring relational assessment methodology. The questionnaire may be used by clinicians in the practice of couple and marriage counseling.
Students’ motivation to study music: The mainland China context
Authors: Jiaxing Xie  , Bo Wah Leung
Published: June 2011

Entering the new century, China has gradually increased her participation in international affairs. Education is regarded as a crucial issue in strengthening the country in the long term. Music education in mainland China has been facing a reform with reference to recent global trends. However, students’ motivation in relation to learning music in schools has not been widely studied. This article reports data drawn from an international study which examined students’ motivation to study music as compared to other school subjects across the school grades. A total of 2,750 students from three middle schools and four high schools in Beijing responded to a questionnaire. Results indicated that the task value of learning music to Chinese students is significantly lower than other school subjects. Students’ expectancy in learning music declines while their perceived difficulties in learning music rise across the school levels. However, their interest in learning music also rises across the school levels.
Update in Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Aguilar Maria I. , Brott Thomas G.
Published: June 2011

Spontaneous, nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is defined as bleeding within the brain parenchyma. Intracranial hemorrhage includes bleeding within the cranial vault and encompasses ICH, subdural hematoma, epidural bleeds, and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). This review will focus only on ICH. This stroke subtype accounts for about 10% of all strokes. The hematoma locations are deep or ganglionic, lobar, cerebellar, and brain stem in descending order of frequency. Intracerebral hemorrhage occurs twice as common as SAH and is equally as deadly. Risk factors for ICH include hypertension, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, advanced age, antithrombotic therapy and history of cerebrovascular disease. The clinical presentation is “stroke like” with sudden onset of focal neurological deficits. Noncontrast head computerized tomography (CT) scan is the standard diagnostic tool. However, newer neuroimaging techniques have improved the diagnostic yield in terms of underlying pathophysiology and may aid in prognosis. Intracerebral hemorrhage is a neurological emergency. Medical care begins with stabilization of airway, breathing function, and circulation (ABCs), followed by specific measures aimed to decrease secondary neurological damage and to prevent both medical and neurological complications. Reversal of coagulopathy when present is of the essence. Blood pressure management can be key and continues as an area of debate and ongoing research. Surgical evacuation of ICH is of unproven benefit though a subset of well-selected patients may have improved outcomes. Ventriculostomy and intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring are interventions also used in this patient population. To date, hemostatic medications and neuroprotectants have failed to result in clinical improvement. A multidisciplinary approach is recommended, with participation of vascular neurology, vascular neurosurgery, critical care, and rehabilitation medicine as the main players.
Human-friendly tele-operation for robot partners
Authors: Kubota N
Published: June 2011

This paper discusses human-friendly tele-operation for the next generation using robot partners through sensor networks. The emerging synthesis of robot technology, information technology, network technology, and intelligence technology based on cognitive psychology and brain science can be a key approach to realize human-friendly tele-operation. In particular, the strong link between collection, structuralization, and visualization of information through these technologies interacting with human interest and intention is the most important. First, this paper looks at the current research studies on tele-operation. Next, several examples are shown of human-friendly tele-operation of robot partners. Finally, the various types of technologies required for human-friendly tele-operation for the next generation are discussed.
Active fault-tolerant tracking control for near-space vehicle attitude dynamics with actuator faults
Authors: Gao Z , Jiang B , Shi P , Liu J , Xu Y
Published: June 2011

Based on both adaptive and fuzzy logic techniques, the fault-tolerant tracking problem for near-space vehicle (NSV) with actuator faults is investigated in this paper. First, the nonlinear NSV attitude dynamics is given, which can represent the dynamic characteristics of NSV in both ascent and re-entry phases. The actuator fault under consideration in this study is the loss of effectiveness, and a novel fault detection scheme is presented by designing a nonlinear fault detection observer. In terms of fault detection information and multi-observer technique, a fault isolation scheme is proposed. Taking advantage of a fuzzy logic system (FLS) to approximate the unknown nonlinear function, an adaptive FLS-based fault-tolerant tracking control law is developed to achieve asymptotic output tracking and closed-loop stability of NSV attitude dynamics in spite of the actuator faults. Simulation results are provided to illustrate the feasibility of the proposed fault-tolerant tracking control approach.
Wnt controls the transcriptional activity of Kaiso through CK1ε-dependent phosphorylation of p120-catenin
Authors: del Valle-Pérez Beatriz , Casagolda David , Lugilde Ero , Valls Gabriela , Codina Montserrat , Dave Natàlia , de Herreros Antonio García , Duñach Mireia
Published: June 2011

p120-catenin is an E-cadherin-associated protein that modulates E-cadherin function and stability. In response to Wnt3a, p120-catenin is phosphorylated at Ser268 and Ser269, disrupting its interaction with E-cadherin. Here, we describe that Wnt-induced p120-catenin phosphorylation at Ser268 and Ser269 also enhances its binding to the transcriptional factor Kaiso, preventing Kaiso-mediated inhibition of the β-catenin–Tcf-4 transcriptional complex. Kaiso-mediated repression of this complex is due to its association not only with Tcf-4 but also with β-catenin. Disruption of Tcf-4–Kaiso and β-catenin–Kaiso interactions by p120-catenin not only releases Tcf-4 and β-catenin enabling its mutual association and the formation of the transcriptional complex but also permits Kaiso binding to methylated CpG islands, an interaction that is weakly inhibited by p120-catenin. Consequently, Wnt stimulates Kaiso association to the CDKN2A promoter, which contains CpG sequences, in cells where these sequences are extensively methylated, such as HT-29 M6, an effect accompanied by decreased expression of its gene product. These results indicate that, when released from E-cadherin by Wnt3a-stimulated phosphorylation, p120-catenin controls the activity of the Kaiso transcriptional factor, enhancing its binding to repressed promoters and relieving its inhibition of the β-catenin–Tcf-4 transcriptional complex.
Modelling the effects of maintenance on the degradation of a water-feeding turbo-pump of a nuclear power plant
Authors: Baraldi P , Compare M , Despujols A , Zio E
Published: June 2011

This work addresses the modelling of the effects of maintenance on the degradation of an electric power plant component. This is done within a modelling framework previously proposed by the authors, of which the distinguishing feature is the characterization of the component living conditions by influencing factors (IFs), i.e. conditioning aspects of the component life that influence its degradation.

The original fuzzy logic-based modelling framework includes maintenance as an IF; this requires one to jointly model its effects on the component degradation together with those of the other influencing factors. This may not come natural to the experts who are requested to provide the if-then linguistic rules at the basis of the fuzzy model linking the IFs with the component degradation state. An alternative modelling approach is proposed in this work, which does not consider maintenance as an IF that directly impacts on the degradation but as an external action that affects the state of the other IFs. By way of an example regarding the propagation of a crack in a water-feeding turbo-pump of a nuclear power plant, the approach is shown to properly model the maintenance actions based on information that can be more easily elicited from experts.
A Revisit to High-pressure Transitions of Pyridine: A New Phase Transition at 5 GPa and Formation of a Crystalline Phase over 20 GPa
Authors: Yasuzuka Takaharu , Komatsu Kazuki , Kagi Hiroyuki
Published: June 2011

A new high-pressure phase transition of pyridine at 5.0 GPa was found using Raman and IR spectroscopy. Application of pressure over 20 GPa induced irreversible polymerization of pyridine, and a yellow-brownish solid material was recovered at ambient condition. The X-ray diffraction pattern revealed that the recovered solid material contained a crystalline phase in contrast to amorphization of other aromatic compounds in a similar pressure region.
Synthesis and Properties of Aliphatic Waterborne Polyurethanes with High Ionic Concentration
Authors: Peng Ya , Zhao Guangbin , Wang Ke , Tong Rongbai , Sun Fei , Mei Fangfang , Lu Shoutao
Published: June 2011

A series of aliphatic waterborne polyurethane (WPU) dispersions with high ionic concentration were synthesized by prepolymer mixing. The resultant structure–property relationships were investigated. It was revealed that there was a new microphase besides the phase separation between the soft and the hard domains. The new microphase separation found in the hard domains was formed by aggregation of the ionic groups characterized by dynamic mechanical analysis, FTIR characterization, and thermal gravimetric analysis.
Supporting trainees in difficulty: a new approach for Scotland
Authors: Anderson Fiona , Cachia Philip G , Monie Robert , Connacher Alan A
Published: June 2011

National Health Service (NHS) Education for Scotland (NES) works with NHS and University employers, through the four Postgraduate Deaneries to provide education and training for medical trainees from graduation to completion of specialist and general practice training. Most trainees make good progress through the relevant curriculum supported by a managed system of supervision with regular appraisal and feedback. Similarly most trainees demonstrate their progression to Certificate of Completion of Training through the assessment process that is defined in each specialty curriculum. However a small number of trainees each year will experience difficulties sufficient to impact on their progress and when this occurs, a clear plan of investigation, support and management is required. These activities now have to be robust, and are subject to quality management locally and also external scrutiny by Postgraduate Medical Education and Training Board. Therefore, there is a need for the management process to be clear and consistent, and easily accessible to both trainees and their consultant supervisors. NES has introduced a new infrastructure for Scotland which is described in this paper. The paper also discusses training of educational supervisors, best use of national training and remediation resources and how a national advisory group might contribute.
Is Foundation training producing competent doctors? What do Foundation trainees, educational supervisors and nurses in Scotland have to say?
Authors: Wakeling Judy , French Fiona , Bagnall Gellisse , Mchardy Ken
Published: June 2011

The aim of this paper is to examine perceptions of Foundation Year trainees, consultants and senior nurses about the introduction of the Foundation Programme. Specifically, to examine whether Foundation trainees acquire appropriate skills, experience and responsibility. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 23 F1 doctors, 22 F2 doctors, 23 consultants and 25 nurses from across Scotland in a broad range of specialties. In the summer of 2007 trainees, consultants and nurses broadly agreed that Foundation offers good experience but some issues were highlighted. Certain specialties were seen as offering insufficiently generic experience and consultants, in particular, were concerned that four-month rotations are too short. Frequent moving around for trainees was seen as detrimental for seeing cases through and continuity of care was now perceived to be provided by nurses and consultants rather than junior doctors. Levels of responsibility could vary widely from post to post and tended to be specialty-dependent. As a result, some F2s reported frustration that they were not given sufficient responsibility for their stage of training. Nights were recognized as a valuable learning opportunity and most trainees were supportive of night work being made available in F1 and F2. In conclusion, in order to maximize the possibilities of the Foundation years and ensure that trainees can meet the required Foundation competencies, specialties that offer narrow experience need to be matched with ‘busy’ specialties that can offer broader experience. Night work should be retained, but perhaps not introduced right at the start of F1. Trainees feeling that they are being given insufficient experience, particularly in the F2 year, need to be proactive in addressing this if possible. There is a perception among some consultants and nurses that a process of ‘delayed skilling’ is taking place, attributable more to reduced hours than Foundation per se. There is a need to follow trainees through to specialty training to ascertain if Foundation has adequately prepared them for run-through training.
Simulation in surgery: a review
Authors: Tan Shaun Shi Yan , Sarker Sudip K
Published: June 2011

The ability to acquire surgical skills requires consistent practice, and evidence suggests that many of these technical skills can be learnt away from the operating theatre. The aim of this review article is to discuss the importance of surgical simulation today and its various types, exploring the effectiveness of simulation in the clinical setting and its challenges for the future. Surgical simulation offers the opportunity for trainees to practise their surgical skills prior to entering the operating theatre, allowing detailed feedback and objective assessment of their performance. This enables better patient safety and standards of care. Surgical simulators can be divided into organic or inorganic simulators. Organic simulators, consisting of live animal and fresh human cadaver models, are considered to be of high-fidelity. Inorganic simulators comprise virtual reality simulators and synthetic bench models. Current evidence suggests that skills acquired through training with simulators, positively transfers to the clinical setting and improves operative outcome. The major challenge for the future revolves around understanding the value of this new technology and developing an educational curriculum that can incorporate surgical simulators.
Primary hepatoid adenocarcinoma of the endometrium with a high alphafetoprotein level
Authors: Hwang Jong Ha , Song Seung Hun , Kim Young Hye , Shin Bong Kyung , Lee Jae Kwan , Lee Nak Woo , Lee Kyu Wan
Published: June 2011

Primary hepatoid adenocarcinoma of the endometrium is a rare tumour that is similar to hepatocellular carcinoma histologically. Here, a patient with primary hepatoid carcinoma of the endometrium with a high alphafetoprotein (AFP) level (90,508 ng/mL) is presented in a 75-year-old woman. The pelvic computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging suggested a submucosal leiomyoma with degeneration or endometrial hyperplasia. However, the endometrial biopsy revealed a primary hepatoid carcinoma of the endometrium. The patient underwent a staging laparotomy including a total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and lymph node sampling with pelvic cytology. The AFP level can be highly elevated in hepatoid carcinoma of the endometrium.
Type 1 Bland Sutton colonic atresia complicated by fetalis hydrops in a premature neonate
Authors: Tan Shaun Shi Yan , Liang Zhen Chang , Loh Dale , Prabhakaran Krishnan
Published: June 2011

Colonic atresia (CA) is an unusual cause of neonatal intestinal obstruction where a section of the colon has failed to form, leading to blockage or absence. A premature baby was delivered at 32 weeks of gestation via caesarian section following fetal distress. She was grossly oedematous and diagnosed with severe fetalis hydrops secondary to anaemia. She was resuscitated and stabilized. On the sixth day of life, the neonate's abdomen became severely distended with bilious vomiting and failure to pass meconium. We suspected intestinal obstruction and performed an omnipaque enema which revealed dilated small bowel loops and a bowel atresia. Exploratory laparotomy confirmed a Type 1 Bland Sutton CA with mucosal web. An end colostomy was successfully performed and uneventful. In our case report, we describe a rare occurrence of postnatally diagnosed CA, complicated by fetalis hydrops and anaemia.
Duodenal rupture following trauma in a child
Authors: Mcwhirter Derek
Published: June 2011

We present a case of delayed presentation of a traumatic duodenal rupture in a 15-year-old boy. He presented 12 hours after falling six feet and sustaining blunt trauma to his anterior abdominal wall. On arrival in the Emergency Department he was shocked and peritonitic. After initial resuscitation he was stable and transferred to computed tomography where free retroperitoneal air and duodenal rupture was found. He was transferred to theatre where he underwent laparotomy and successful repair of the rupture. He made an uneventful recovery and was discharged nine days later. Duodenal rupture is a rare but serious complication of blunt abdominal trauma. Diagnosis is difficult but missed diagnosis and delayed presentation is associated with high morbidity and mortality. A high index for suspicion must be kept when dealing with blunt abdominal trauma to ensure this is not missed.
Awareness and Impact Of Wins on Female Surgical Trainees
Authors: Walsh U , Meyer FJ
Published: June 2011

The proportion of female graduates is increasing year on year. Female intake to medical schools equals 60% on average, with many schools now reporting figures nearer to 70–80%. 1 Despite this increase in absolute numbers, women continue to be underrepresented in many specialist training programmes, including surgery. Women currently make up only 6% of UK consultants, 16% of SpRs and 27% of SHOs in surgical specialties.
From mammals to viruses: the Schlafen genes in developmental, proliferative and immune processes
Authors: de la Casa-Esperón Elena
Published: June 2011

TheSchlafengenes have been associated with proliferation control and with several differentiation processes, as well as with disparate phenotypes such as immune response, embryonic lethality and meiotic drive. They constitute a gene family with widespread distribution in mammals, where they are expressed in several tissues, predominantly those of the immune system. Moreover, horizontal transfer of these genes to orthopoxviruses suggests a role of the viralSchlafensin evasion to the host immune response. The expression and functional studies of this gene family will be reviewed under the prism of their evolution and diversification, the challenges they pose and the future avenues of research.
Direct chromogenic substrate immuno-capture activity assay for testing of factor VII-activating protease
Authors: Stephan Sina , Schwarz Herbert , Haude-Barten Anja , Sidelmann Johannes J. , Fischer Bodo , Althaus Harald , Hahn Martin , Kappel Andreas , Ehm Matthias , Vitzthum Frank
Published: June 2011

Background: The Marburg I (MRI) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the factor VII-activating protease (FSAP) gene has been associated with thrombophilia and atherosclerotic disease. PCR is used to detect the SNP. Also, the specific FSAP activity to cleave single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator (scu-PA) serves as a surrogate for PCR testing. Development of further assays is indicated in order to increase testing opportunities for future studies.

Methods: A direct chromogenic substrate immuno-capture activity assay for FSAP (FSAP dcs activity assay) was established. Performance characteristics of the FSAP dcs activity assay were compared to the FSAP scu-PA activity assay.

Results: The FSAP dcs activity assay detects FSAP activity from 25% to 150% of the norm. Total CVs ranged from 6% to 10% for FSAP wild type samples and 9%–18% for MRI samples. Correlation between the FSAP dcs and scu-PA activity assays was low (R=0.7). The FSAP dcs activity determined the presence of the MRI FSAP alloenzyme with a diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 100% [95% confidence interval (CI): 89.6%–100%] and 96.2% (95% CI: 93.2%–97.4%), respectively, whereas the specific FSAP dcs activity increased specificity to 99.0% (95% CI: 97.2%–99.6%).

Conclusions: The specific FSAP dcs activity represents a reliable method for the detection of the FSAP MRI alloenzyme. Due to the limited correlation between the FSAP dcs and scu-PA activity assays, these different measurands may exhibit different utility in research and clinical applications. Thus, the FSAP dcs activity assay can represent a valuable complement or alternative for FSAP testing in future studies.
QoS Provisioning for TT-TR Based OBS Ring Networks
Authors: Peng Limei , Kim Young-Chon , Tang Wan , Youn Chan-Hyun
Published: June 2011

Optical burst switching (OBS) is one of the most promising switching technologies. This paper studies the efficient OBS ring network using the TT-TR based node architecture. The TT-TR based OBS ring network can use the network resources very efficiently, but the network performance is restricted due to the limited network resources. Moreover, different network demands have different network resource requirements. It is very important to satisfy their different requirements while using the limited network resources efficiently. In this paper, Quality of Service (QoS) provisioning mechanisms are studied to solve the above mentioned problems. Two kinds of network services, namely the real-time traffic and the best-effort traffic, are considered in this paper. The real-time service is delay-sensitive that should be transmitted in a real-time manner and cannot tolerate high transmission delay; while the best-effort traffic has no strict limitation in transmission delay or loss, but the best effort are made to improve their transmission reliability. According to their different servicing requirements, different QoS provisioning mechanisms are proposed to serve them in the OBS unidirectional and bidirectional ring networks, respectively. The proposed mechanisms are evaluated and analyzed through simulation. The simulation results show that even though the proposed mechanisms cannot get absolute zero-delay or zero-loss for real-time traffic or best-effort traffic, their different requirements for delay or loss are satisfied to some significant degree.
An Efficience Scheme to Reduce Burst Loss Rate and Supporting Differentiated Services in All-Optical Networks
Authors: Garg Amit Kumar
Published: June 2011

Due to their one-way resource reservation mechanism, Optical Burst Switching (OBS) networks experience high bursts (thus packets) loss rate. In OBS networks, the contention is resolved either by dropping one of the contending bursts or more efficiently by dropping from one of the contending bursts only the parts that overlap with the other bursts. In both situations, only one data source will suffer the data loss in favor to the other. In this paper, an efficient scheme to reduce burst loss rate has been proposed in conjunction with an appropriate mechanism to provide differentiated service in order to support the quality of service (QoS) requirements of different applications. Simulation results show that the performance of the proposed scheme is better than existing mechanisms in terms of reducing burst (packets) loss. Numerical results show that the proposed scheme provides an accurate fit for the performance of the highest traffic class and lower bounds for the other traffic classes that are tighter than earlier known results.
Phase Noise Influence in Optical OFDM Systems employing RF Pilot Tone for Phase Noise Cancellation
Authors: Jacobsen Gunnar , Kazovsky Leonid G. , Xu Tianhua , Popov Sergei , Li Jie , Zhang Yima , Friberg Ari T.
Published: June 2011

For coherent and direct-detection Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexed (OFDM) systems employing radio frequency (RF) pilot tone phase noise cancellation the influence of laser phase noise is evaluated. Novel analytical results for the common phase error and for the (modulation dependent) inter carrier interference are evaluated based upon Gaussian statistics for the laser phase noise. In the evaluation it is accounted for that the laser phase noise is filtered in the correlation signal detection. Numerical results are presented for OFDM systems with 4 and 16 PSK modulation, 200 OFDM bins and baud rate of 1 GS/s. It is found that about 225 km transmission is feasible for the coherent 4PSK-OFDM system over normal (G.652) fiber.
The Transporting Property of Hybrid SCM/Ethernet PON
Authors: Ji Wei , Ren Yongpeng
Published: June 2011

SCM/Ethernet PON is the hybrid PON, which two wavelengths transport downstream services simultaneously. With the high rate of Ethernet PON and the high subcarrier frequency of SCM PON, the two down-stream wavelengths of hybrid PON are interactional seriously. This paper mainly analysis the impacts of Cross-power Modulation and Dispersion in SCM/Ethernet PON, rewards the relationship of BER and the modulation frequency, modulation index, and the average optical power.
Rethinking the Value of Lyric Closure: Giorgio Agamben, Wallace Stevens, and the Ethics of Satisfaction
Authors: Cole Rachel
Published: June 2011

Lyric poetry's investment in structural delimitation has been read as a commitment to the exclusion of otherness and more specifically of other people. But delimitation need not be synonymous with exclusivity. Giorgio Agamben suggests that lyric closure and the satisfaction it affords may be a model for achieving peace with the other—a model of how we might find, in or with another, not merely alterity but contentment. Wallace Stevens offers examples of how such contentment might be realized between text and reader, as an effect of the bounded aural intensity of lyric language. Agamben's poetics and Stevens's poems complicate our assumptions about the sociality of lyric structure. In addition, they offer a provocative alternative to the Levinasian models that influence much of our current thinking about ethics.
Adorno's Advice:Minima Moraliaand the Critique of Liberalism
Authors: Norberg Jakob
Published: June 2011

Adorno'sMinima Moraliawas part of a publishing boom in the genre of advice literature in postwar West Germany. The combination of economic resurgence and attempted cultural restoration resulted in a widespread wish to master forming models of social intercourse; this craving for guidance accounts for the volume's commercial success. But while Adorno participates in the culture of counseling, he couples practical suggestions with repeated announcements of the demise of the self-determining subject, the projected recipient of advice. He addresses problems that appear in the individual's frame of attention but consistently disputes that this is a meaningful scene of action in the age of total administration.Minima Moraliaboth inhabits and violates the conventions of advice literature in order to dramatize the experience of the discrepancy between societal logic and the individual's resources.
Labor, Language, and Finance Capital
Authors: Godden Richard
Published: June 2011

Between the credit crunch and the greek debt crisis, the cohead of emea global finance kindly found time to walk me through the fixed-income trading floor of Barclays Capital. I noted no vestige of bull pen or bear pit in what seemed a high-end call center, but mainly I listened. At one point, in relation to derivatives trading, my guide spoke of “real money,” “less real money,” and “barely real money.” Perhaps prompted by the economic historian Robert Brenner's assurance that “the real economy” retains links to manufacture (1), I asked what made money real. The ensuing rebuke, graciously delivered, continues to give pause: “You sound like my father.” He had a point: given that I am a child of Britain's long postwar recovery through manufacture (there was no economic miracle here), might not my allegiance to a labor theory of value in matters literary be no more than an archaic, conditioned response? Karl Marx and Frederick Engels define language as “practical consciousness” made from “agitated layers of air” (51) and acting on a reality whose elements it renders inseparable from its processes. Their definition, in its subsumption of the intellectual in the laborious, might have been made for the academic son of a printer.
“Have Animals Souls?”: Theosophy and the Suffering Body
Authors: Viswanathan Gauri
Published: June 2011

The normative understanding of “the clash of religions” assumes external conflict: we think, for example, of christianity's historical struggle with Islam; of the clash between Hinduism and Islam in the partition of the Indian subcontinent; or, in the field of empire, of the imperial contest over the souls and bodies of colonial subjects, in which material rationales for control and expropriation appear as theological motivations, rendering religious conversion virtually interchangeable with cultural conquest. Viewed in this light, the notion of a clash of religions bypasses conflicts internal to individual religions, which are equally if not more important in shaping the content of religious thought. Internal conflicts often play out as debates over the meanings of key concepts in the religions.
Organized Religions in Our Global Modernity
Authors: Sassen Saskia
Published: June 2011

Social scientists and political philosophers who assumed that modernity would become progressively secular may have got it wrong. Current history shows us that modern societies, including states, do not inevitably grow more secular. Nor are organized religions inevitably confined to narrower and narrower domains as modernity proceeds. In fact, the current period makes legible the variability of the spaces (institutional, ideational, tactical) of organized religions over time and their expansion into domains once off-limits to religion, domains as diverse as the liberal state, global finance, and cosmopolitanism. Indeed, new types of globality and cosmopolitanism are becoming visible in, and arising from, organized religions. They can coexist with regressive forces in those religions, signaling the complexity of the religions' organizational architecture.
A new vertical‐alignment LC mode with high‐transmittance and fast‐response‐time features
Authors: Jang Yong‐Kyu , Lee Seong Jun , Lee Jae Young , Li Yi , Hwang Jae Hoon , Kim Sang Woo , Shim Chang Woo , Seo Ju Yeon , Kim Nam Jin , Ahn Yi Joon , Kim Nam Hee , Ahn Seon Hong , Lee Seong Ryong , Park Dae Hee , Kim Chi Woo
Published: June 2011

Abstract— A novel pixel design for vertical‐alignment LCDs with superior transmittance has been developed. The new liquid‐crystal mode, refered to as the hole‐induced vertical‐alignment mode (Hi‐VA), uses a via hole of an organic layer on a TFT substrate to achieve multi‐domain alignment. Compared to the conventional design, the Hi‐VA mode has a transmittance of up to 135% with a contrast ratio of 2000:1. Moreover, the new structure is free from ITO patterning or protrusion on the color‐filter side, which makes the fabrication process simple and low cost.
Parents’ Retrospective Reports of Youth Psychological Responses to the Sniper Attacks in the Washington, DC, Area
Authors: Self-Brown Shannon R. , Massetti Greta M. , Chen Jieru , Schulden Jeffrey
Published: June 2011

A random-digit-dial telephone survey was conducted in May 2003, with 355 parents of children ages 2–17 years old, living in Washington, DC, or in the two surrounding counties during the October 2002 sniper shootings, to examine parent retrospective reports of child event-related psychological distress. An estimated 32% of parents reported that children experienced at least one psychological distress symptom related to sniper shootings. Older children, females, children with a history of trauma exposure prior to sniper attacks, children whose parents reported routine disruption as the result of attacks, children whose parents perceived them as at great risk for harm from sniper attacks, and those children whose parents reported more traumatic stress symptoms in response to attacks were at greatest risk for reported psychological distress.
Pandora Doesn’t Live Here Anymore: Normalization of Screening for Intimate Partner Violence in Australian Antenatal, Mental Health, and Substance Abuse Services
Authors: Spangaro Jo , Poulos Roslyn G. , Zwi Anthony B.
Published: June 2011

Routine screening for intimate partner violence (IPV) has been widely introduced in health settings, yet screening rates are often low. A screening policy was introduced statewide in Australia in antenatal, mental health, and substance abuse services. Annual snapshot indicates a sustained screening rate of 62%–75% since 2003. Focus group research with health care workers from 10 services found that initial introduction of screening was facilitated by brief, scripted questions embedded into assessment schedules, training, and access to referral services. Over time, familiarity and women’s favorable reactions reinforced practice. Barriers remain, including lack of privacy, tensions about limited confidentiality, and frustration when women remain unsafe. Screening added to the complexity of work, but was well accepted by workers, and increased awareness of and responsiveness to IPV.
The Contribution of Childhood Family Violence on Later Intimate Partner Violence Among Robbery Victims
Authors: Iverson Katherine M. , Jimenez Sherlyn , Harrington Kelly M. , Resick Patricia A.
Published: June 2011

This study examined the relative contributions of the three forms of childhood family violence exposure on physical intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization among recent robbery victims and tested a gender-matching modeling prediction for IPV risk. Data from a sample of 103 male and 93 female victims of a robbery were analyzed to investigate the effects of exposure to childhood physical abuse (CPA), childhood sexual abuse (CSA), and witnessing parental violence on the likelihood of IPV in adulthood. As expected, witnessing parental violence was associated with a 2.4-fold increase in IPV for both men and women. Neither CPA nor CSA was significantly associated with IPV after accounting for the effect of witnessing parental violence. There was support for the gender-matching hypothesis with men more likely to report IPV if they had witnessed mother-to-father violence and women more likely to report IPV if they had witnessed father-to-mother violence. Witnessing parental violence is strongly associated with risk for IPV victimization, particularly when the victim is the same-gender parent. Future directions and clinical implications are discussed.
Routine Inequality: Violent Victimization at the Intersection of Race and Ethnicity Among Females
Authors: Like-Haislip Toya Z. , Warren Patricia Y.
Published: June 2011

Criminological research has clearly demonstrated that the risk of violent victimization varies across gender. More complex are the differences across race and ethnicity within gender groups. Past studies have established that victimization rates among Black females exceed those of White and Latina females. Although this pattern has been established, the reason for these differences between females must continue to be explored. We draw on situational and contextual features of routine activities and lifestyle theories to examine their use in accounting for these variations across race and ethnicity among females. The results indicate that the divergent impact of routine activities and lifestyle measures on females’ risks for violent victimization. For example, some situational (e.g., riding public transportation) and contextual (e.g., residential stability) measures increased the risks of violent victimization among females of color but decreased among White females. The implications of these findings and areas of consideration for further research are discussed.
Serving Multicultural Elders: Recommendations for Helping Professionals
Authors: Weaver Hilary N.
Published: June 2011

As demographic patterns shift in the United States, helping professionals are likely to see more clients of color, including those who are first-generation immigrants. Additionally, given the aging of the American population, helping professionals are likely to encounter more elderly clients and their families. It is crucial that helping professionals be prepared to respond to elders from various cultural populations in effective and respectful ways. This article gives an overview of how old age may interact with cultural identity. This information can be useful for professionals in many different settings working with elders from various cultural backgrounds.
The Ethical Implications of Liver Transplantation in Patients With a Large Burden of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Rosenthal Lori
Published: June 2011

This review discusses extending liver transplantation to patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) beyond established United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) criteria. After a thorough review of the literature, ethical issues are discussed with particular attention to informed decision making regarding autonomy and paternalism, especially considering patients without preexisting medical knowledge may have difficulty making informed decisions in times of emotional stress and facing an otherwise terminal illness. Additionally, a discussion of just organ allocation is addressed during a time of deceased organ scarcity. These issues are examined while addressing the use of extended donors. Acknowledging these issues are necessary for the practice of clinicians who advise, educate, and manage patients with HCC requiring liver transplantation.
An Agenda for Occupational Therapy's Contribution to Collaborative Chronic Disease Research
Authors: Hand Carri L. , Letts Lori J. , von Zweck Claudia M.
Published: June 2011

Background. To meet the needs of adults with chronic diseases, Canadian health care is moving toward more interdisciplinary, collaborative practice. There is limited high-quality evidence to support practice in this area. Occupational therapists can play a significant role in this area of practice and research.

Purpose. To develop an agenda of priority areas within collaborative chronic disease research to which occupational therapy can make a contribution.

Methods. The project involved literature and Internet review, a consensus meeting with a range of stakeholders, a surveyofoccupationaltherapists, andsynthesisoffindingstocreatearesearchagenda.

Findings. An interdisciplinary and intersectoral group of stakeholders identified seven main priority areas. One priority is specific to occupational therapy while the remaining six cross disciplines.

Implications. The research agenda can support funding applications and encourage interdisciplinary research collaboration to ultimately produce research evidence that can benefit people with chronic diseases.
Cultural Competence in Occupational Therapists Working in Early Intervention Therapy Programs
Authors: Wray Eleanor L. , Mortenson Patricia A.
Published: June 2011

Background. Cultural competence promotes equity in health care outcomes and ensures that occupational therapists support clients in culturally relevant daily activities. However, it is unclear to what extent occupational therapists in early intervention therapy (EIT) settings practise cultural competence.

Purpose. To explore how occupational therapists working in EIT settings work towards cultural competence in practice.

Methods. Qualitative methods in the ethnographic tradition were used to explore five occupational therapists' experiences of working with culturally diverse clients.

Findings. Four major themes emerged from the data: (1) learning about culture; (2) applying cultural knowledge; (3) reflecting on culture; (4) family-centred partnerships. The first three themes occurred as a dynamic learning process within the context of family-centred partnerships. The findings corresponded with existing models; however, discussions lacked critical examination of power relationships.

Implications. Occupational therapists could develop cultural competence further by engaging in reflexive practice and taking actions to promote equity in healthcare outcomes.
Parameter Estimation for Series Compensated Transmission Line
Authors: Du Yan , Liao Yuan
Published: June 2011

Transmission line parameters are essential inputs to various power system analysis programs and applications such as protective relaying algorithms, and precision of line parameters is thus significant in ensuring the analysis accuracy and algorithm reliability. This paper proposes methods for estimating positive sequence parameters of a series compensated transmission line. The methods are based on distributed parameter line model and utilize voltages and currents from both terminals of the line during normal operations. In particular, based on nonlinear estimation theory, an optimal estimator is designed for deriving positive sequence line parameters. The algorithm is capable of detecting and identifying bad measurement data, and thus improving the estimation accuracy. The proposed method is independent of the operation status of the compensation device.
Error estimate for a fully discrete spectral scheme for Korteweg-de Vries-Kawahara equation
Authors: Koley Ujjwal
Published: June 2011

We are concerned with convergence of spectral method for the numerical solution of the initial-boundary value problem associated to the Korteweg-de Vries-Kawahara equation (Kawahara equation, in short), which is a transport equation perturbed by dispersive terms of the 3rd and 5th order. This equation appears in several fluid dynamics problems. It describes the evolution of small but finite amplitude long waves in various problems in fluid dynamics. These equations are discretized in space by the standard Fourier-Galerkin spectral method and in time by the explicit leap-frog scheme. For the resulting fully discrete, conditionally stable scheme we prove an L
2-error bound of spectral accuracy in space and of second-order accuracy in time.