bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A score of non-contrast transthoracic echocardiography to detect patent foramen ovale
Authors: Zhang Hui , Tang Haiyan , Wu Fei , Yu Chun , Dong Qiang , Cao Wenjie
Published: February 2020

Backgroud: The aim of this study was to develop a screening score of non-contrast transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) for patent foramen ovale (PFO) in patients with embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS).Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of 218 consecutive patients with a recent ESUS from 2015 to 2018, who received TTE and transcranial Doppler (TCD) as routine examinations. PFO was diagnosed by the bubble test of TCD. Significant differences of the TTE findings between PFO group and non-PFO group were selected into a score.Results: PFO was diagnosed in 35.8% (78/218) of the patients. Compared with non-PFO group, a larger median aortic root diameter (ARd) (34mm vs. 32mm, p=0.005), a lower median peak E wave velocity (Em) (61.5cm/s vs. 68cm/s, p=0.005) and a lower incidence rate of mitral regurgitation (33.8% vs. 50.7%, p=0.016) were seen in PFO group. A three-point score of TTE criteria (including aortic root diameter>33mm, Em<72cm/s and without mitral regurgitation, AEM) was tested to be independently predict PFO (odd risk 1.95, 95%CI 1.37~2.78, p<0.001). AEM score ≥2 detected PFO with a sensitivity of 0.71 (95% CI 0.67~0.85) and a specificity of 0.53 (95% CI 0.44 - 0.55).Conclusion: The AEM score measured with non-contrast TTE can select ESUS patients for bubble test of TCD to detect PFO.
Worldwide incidence and mortality of ovarian cancer and human development index: an ecology study in 2018
Authors: Goodarzi Elham , Naemi Hasan , Darvishi Isan , Bechashk Seyyede Maryam , Khazaei Zaher
Published: February 2020

Background: Ovarian cancer is the seventh most common cancer among women, accounting for about 4% of all cancers associated with women.Method: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study based on extraction of cancer incidence data and cancer mortality rates from the Global Cancer Data in 2018. The incidence and mortality rates and ovarian cancer distribution maps were drawn for World countries. To analyze data, correlation test and regression tests were used to evaluate the correlation between its incidence and mortality with HDI.Results: The results showed that there was a positive and significant correlation between ovarian cancer incidence (R = 0.409, P <0.0001) and mortality (R = 0.193, P <0.05) with HDI. The results showed that there was a positive and significant correlation between incidence with GNI ,MYS ,LEB and EYS ( P <0.0001). The results also demonstrated that there was a positive and significant correlation between mortality and GNI, MYS, LEB and EYS ( P <0.05).The linear regression model showed that a higher MYS [B = 0.2, CI95%: (- 0.03,0.5)] significantly increased the incidence of ovarian cancer and increased MYS [B = 0.2, CI95% (0.03, 0.4)] increased mortality.Conclusion: Given the positive and significant correlation between ovarian cancer incidence and mortality with HDI, attention to risk factors in these countries can be effective in curbing its incidence and mortality.
Identification of immune-based prostate cancer subtypes using mRNA expression
Authors: Song Jukun , He Song , Wang Wei , Su Jiaming , Yuan Dongbo , Chen Weihong , Zhu Jianguo
Published: February 2020

Background Immune infiltration of Prostate cancer (PCa) was highly related to clinical outcomes. However, previous works failed to elucidate the diversity of different immune cell types that make up the function of the immune response system. The aim of the study was to uncover the composition of TIICs in PCa utilizing the CIBERSORT algorithm and further reveal the molecular characteristics of PCa subtypes. Method In the present work, we employed the CIBERSORT method to evaluate the relative proportions of immune cell profiling in PCa and adjacent samples, normal samples. We analyzed the correlation between immune cell infiltration and clinical information. The tumor-infiltrating immune cells of the TCGA PCa cohort were analyzed for the first time. The fractions of 22 immune cell types were imputed to determine the correlation between each immune cell subpopulation and clinical feature. Three types of molecular classification were identified via R-package of “CancerSubtypes”. The functional enrichment was analyzed in each subtype. The submap and TIDE algorithm were used to predict the clinical response to immune checkpoint blockade, and GDSC was employed to screen chemotherapeutic targets for the potential treatment of PCa. Results In current work, we utilized the CIBERSORT algorithm to assess the relative proportions of immune cell profiling in PCa and adjacent samples, normal samples. We investigated the correlation between immune cell infiltration and clinical data. The tumor-infiltrating immune cells in the TCGA PCa cohort were analyzed. The 22 immune cells were also calculated to determine the correlation between each immune cell subpopulation and survival and response to chemotherapy. Three types of molecular classification were identified. Each subtype has specific molecular and clinical characteristics. Meanwhile, Cluster I is defined as advanced PCa, and is more likely to respond to immunotherapy. Conclusions Our results demonstrated that differences in immune response may be important drivers of PCa progression and response to treatment. The deconvolution algorithm of gene expression microarray data by CIBERSOFT provides useful information about the immune cell composition of PCa patients. In addition, we have found a subtype of immunopositive PCa subtype and will help to explore the reasons for the poor effect of PCa on immunotherapy, and it is expected that immunotherapy will be used to guide the individualized management and treatment of PCa patients.
Depression, Sexual Functioning and the Life Satisfaction of Pakistani Women with and without Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: Shakil Muneeba , Wajid Amina , Ashraf Farzana
Published: February 2020

Background: One hormonal disorder, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) has been frequently diagnosed in Pakistani women of reproductive age in the last few years. This study was carried out to determine whether there were any differences in the levels of depression, sexual function and/or life satisfaction of Pakistani women with and without PCOS related to their demographic situation. It was hypothesized that significant differences would be identified. Method: A sample of 126 women of reproductive age between 18 – 45 years [63 diagnosed with PCOS by their gynaecologist (Mage = 27.86, SD = 4.58) and 63 not suffering from any hormonal or reproductive issues (Mage = 27.89, SD = 3.92)] was selected through purposive and convenient sampling techniques respectively from Lahore, Pakistan. The participants responded to a Self-Developed Demographic Information Form, Siddiqui Shah Depression (SSDS), Life Satisfaction Scale (LS) and Female Sexual Functioning Index (FSFI). Results: A cross sectional study design with 2× 3 (age × Education), MANOVA was carried out and the analysis revealed significant differences between the variables in relation to the demographic situation of the sample women with/without PCOS. Conclusion: This research adds to Pakistan’s health psychology literature on the phenomena researched. Future research endeavours in this understudied research area are also suggested.
Trends in antimicrobial resistance amongst pathogens isolated from blood and cerebrospinal fluid cultures in Pakistan (2011-2015): a retrospective cross-sectional study
Authors: Javaid Nida , Sultana Qamar , Rasool Karam , Gandra Sumanth , Ahmad Fayyaz , Chaudhary Safee Ullah , Mirza Shaper
Published: February 2020

Background: Only a few studies have presented long-term trends in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) at a nationwide level in Pakistan. This study presents a comprehensive situational analysis of AMR trends among pathogens isolated from blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cultures, between 2011 and 2015, in Pakistan. Methods: A retrospective analysis of AMR data on pathogens isolated from Blood and CSF over a five year period was carried out. Susceptibility data on these pathogens was obtained from Chughtai Laboratory (CL). Then, proportion of the resistant pathogens were calculated and analyzed. Results: Our results show that highest resistance rates against all tested antimicrobials were observed in Acinetobacter species. We observed a steep rise in carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter species from 50 to 95.5% between 2011 and 2015. Our results also highlight the emergence of third and fourth generation cephalosporins resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in Pakistan. While we observed a rise in AMR in other major pathogens, we unexpectedly found decreasing resistance trends in Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusions: Taken together, our results show an overall increase in AMR in pathogens isolated from blood and CSF cultures in Pakistan between 2011 and 2015.
β-glucan attenuates cognitive impairment via the gut-brain axis in diet-induced obese mice
Authors: Shi Hongli , Yu Yinghua , Wang Qiao , Zheng Mingxuan , Zheng Peng , Zhang Peng , Hu Minmin , Pan Wei , Yang Xiaoying , Hu Tao , Tang Renxian , Zhou Feng , Zheng Kuiyang , Huang Xu-Feng
Published: February 2020

Background: “Western” style dietary patterns are characterised by a high proportion of highly processed foods rich in fat and low in fibre. This diet-pattern is associated with myriad metabolic dysfunctions including neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment. β-glucan, the major soluble fibre in oat and barley grains, are fermented in the lower gastrointestinal tract, potentially impacting the microbial ecosystem and thus may improve elements of the gut-brain axis. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of β-glucan on the microbiota-gut-brain axis and cognitive function in an obese mouse model induced by a high-fat and fibre deficient diet (HFFD). Results: After chronic supplementation for 15 weeks, β-glucan prevented HFFD diet-induced cognitive impairment assessed behaviourally by object location and nesting building tests. In the hippocampus, β-glucan countered the HFFD-induced microglia activation and its engulfment of synaptic puncta, and up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) mRNA expression. Also in the hippocampus, β-glucan significantly promoted PTP1B-IRS-pAKT-pGSK3β-pTau signalling for synaptogenesis; improved the synaptic ultrastructure examined by transmission electron microscopy and increased both pre- and post-synaptic protein levels compared to the HFFD-treated group. In the colon, β-glucan reversed HFFD-induced gut barrier dysfunction: increased the thickness of colonic mucus (Alcian blue and mucin-2 glycoprotein immunofluorescence staining); increased the levels of tight junction proteins occludin and zonula occludens-1; and attenuated bacterial endotoxin translocation. The HFFD diet resulted in widespread microbiota dysbiosis, effects abrogated by chronic β-glucan supplementation, with the β-glucan effects on bacteroidetes and its lower taxa particularly striking. Importantly, acute study of β-glucan supplementation for 7 days demonstrated pronounced, rapid differentiating microbiota changes before the cognitive improvement, suggesting the possible causality of gut microbiota profile on cognition. In support, broad-spectrum antibiotic intervention to severely deplete gut microbiota colonisation, eliminated β-glucan’s effects on improving cognition, highlighting the role of gut microbiota to mediate cognitive behavior. Conclusion: This study provides the first evidence that β-glucan improves indices of cognition and brain function with major beneficial effects all along the gut microbiota-brain axis. Our data suggest that elevating consumption of β-glucan-rich foods is an easily implementable nutritional strategy to alleviate detrimental features of gut-brain dysregulation and prevent neurodegenerative diseases associated with Westernized dietary patterns.
The differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells was reprogrammed in advanced tumor-bearing mice
Authors: Du Jicong , Xia Penglin , Gao Yuan , Cheng Ying , Liu Ruling , Cui Jianguo , Gao Fu , Liu Hu , Liu Cong
Published: February 2020

Background: Hematopoiesis and the differentiation of HSC have been proved to not only play important roles in cancer progression but also be changed or reprogrammed by the tumor microenvironment itself. In this study, we investigated the changes of HSCs differentiation in advanced tumor-bearing mice. Methods: The tumor-bearing mice model was established by subcutaneously inoculating with xenografts of B16-F10 mouse melanoma cells into the right back of male wild-type C57BL/6 mice. Hematopoietic stem cells and multilineage differentiation were evaluated using blood routine, HE-staining, flow cytometry assay and HSCs culture techniques. Results: The multilineage differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells was reprogrammed in vivo . Especially, the differentiations of megakaryocyte and erythrocyte were blocked , while myeloid cell and lymphoid cell differentiation was encouraged in advanced tumor-bearing mice. Conclusion: In this study we showed the potential mechanism of hematopoietic disorder in tumor condition from a respective of hematopoietic stem cell and multilineage differentiation, which provided new knowledge regarding cachexia.
Identification of Differentially Expressed microRNAs in Metastatic Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Gu Yang , Zhang Shulan
Published: February 2020

Background: The molecular mechanisms of ovarian cancer (OC) remain unclear. We sought to comprehensively identify miRNAs that are aberrantly expressed in OC. Methods: Differentially expressed miRNAs were screened from six pairs of primary and metastatic OC tissues; their possible functions were then analyzed and target genes were predicted by bioinformatics. Then gene expression profiling results were established by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot. Target binding between miR-7-5p and TGFβ2 was validated by dual-luciferase reporter assay. Results: Fifteen miRNAs and 10 target mRNAs were differentially expressed in primary and metastatic OC tissues. ITGB3, TGFβ2 and TNC correlated to miRNA function in metastatic OC. Compared with primary OC, RNA levels of hsa-miR-141-3p, hsa-miR-7-5p and hsa-miR-187-5p in metastatic OC tissues were potently decreased ( p < 0.05). However, a statistically prominent difference in hsa-miR-584-5p level between the two groups ( p > 0.05) was not observed. Comparing to primary OC, TGFβ2 and TNC were markedly increased ( p < 0.05). Luciferase activity was remarkably decreased after co-transfection of a wild-type TGFβ2 3’-UTR plasmid and miR-7-5p compared with a control plasmid, but no remarkable change after co-transfection of mutant TGFβ2 3’-UTR and miR-7-5p was demonstrated. Conclusions: Fifteen miRNAs and 10 mRNAs were differentially expressed in metastatic OC tissues compared with primary OC tissues, which suggested that they may participate in invasive and metastatic processes. Hsa-miR-141-3p, hsa-miR-187-5p and hsa-miR-7-5p expression was prominently lower in metastatic OC than in primary OC, while TGFβ2 and TNC expression was markedly higher in metastatic OC tissues. Hsa-miR-7-5p may bind to the TGFβ2 3’-UTR to inhibit its expression.
Effect of Corneal Cross-linking on Endothelial Cell Density and Morphology in the Peripheral Cornea.
Authors: Goukon Hiroyasu , Kamiya Kazutaka , Takahashi Masahide , Shoji Nobuyuki
Published: February 2020

BACKGROUND: To compare the endothelial cell density and morphology in the peripheral cornea before and after corneal cross-linking (CXL).METHODS: This study evaluated twenty eyes of 20 patients who were treated with standard CXL for progressive keratoconus. Preoperatively and 3 months postoperatively, we compared the corneal endothelial cell density (ECD), the coefficient of variation in cell size (CV), and the percentage of hexagonal cells (HEX), in the peripheral regions of the cornea, using a non-contact specular microscope (EM-3000, Tomey). RESULTS: All keratoconic eyes in this series were measurable in the peripheral regions. No significant differences were found in the peripheral ECD preoperatively and 3 months postoperatively at each point (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, superior, p=0.14, nasal superior, p=0.16, temporal superior, p= 0.35, inferior, p=0.27, nasal inferior, p=0.24, temporal inferior, p=0.10). The mean percentage of the ECD loss was 2.3%, 1.6%, 1.5%, 2.4%, 1.1%, and 2.2%, respectively. No significant differences in the peripheral CV or HEX were found preoperatively and 3 months postoperatively at each point.CONCLUSIONS: Standard CXL does not cause significant changes in endothelial cell density, polymegethism, or polymorphism, in the peripheral regions of the cornea. It is suggested that CXL is a less invasive surgical approach for progressive keratoconus, even in terms of peripheral endothelial cells.TRIAL REGISTRATION: University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trial Registry (000031162).
FOREIGN DECENTRALIZATION EXPERIENCE OF PUBLIC AUTHORITIES AND THE POSSIBILITY OF ITS TRANSFORMATION IN UKRAINE
Authors: Gordienko V. , Onischenko M. , Malionkina I
Published: February 2020

The article is devoted to urgent issues of reforming local self-government. It has been proved that decentralization of public authority is a mechanism that ensures sustainable development of the regions of the state on the basis of legislatively regulated processes of transfer of functions, authority and budgets of central executive bodies to local self-government bodies. The peculiarities in process of decentralization of power and reform of local self-government in Ukraine have been analyzed. As a result, we have some positive tendencies of the implementation this reform and some problems as well. The main ones are: the inconsistency of local policy about socio-economic development with real interests of territorial communities; lack of joint and several liability for development of the territory; inconsistency of sectoral decentralization with the real interests of territorial communities; regulation in rights of ownership of the territorial community for property, etc. The classical models of organization of local self-government and decentralization of public authority in foreign countries have been reviewed. They were: Anglo-Saxon, Continental and mixed ones. The dynamics of decentralization of public authority in Poland were examined and it was proved that this reform contributed to the formation of private property in state, development of democracy, creation of effective political institutions, increase of resource base of local self-government bodies, the protection of individual rights, development of civil and political freedom. The basic conditions for implementation the reform of decentralization of public authority have been defined, such as: consolidation of political forces in implementation the reform; permanent in creating socio-economic programs of development the administrative and territorial units; public support and control over reform.
Keywords:
decentralization, local self-government bodies, a reform, foreign experience of decentralization of public authority, administrative-territorial division.
MACROECONOMIC DYNAMICS FORECASTING
Authors: Semenenko T. , Domrachev V.
Published: February 2020

Steady economy growth is possible only after allocating a clear objective and building macroeconomic development model. Acquiring of accurate prognoses of future development is the primary objective of applying macroeconomic models. Before VAR methods emerged prognosis were made based on timeline of economic indicators that were acquired through singular spectrum prognosis methods and extrapolation. Applying SSA methods implied that an indicator under research was formed under the influence of a multitude of factors that were impossible to separate. In this case, indicator changes were connected with the time flow rather than with the influencing factors, which led to the creation of singular time series. Authors prove that Ukrainian economy faced steady developing as well shocks. That is why using simple regressions for prognosis of macroeconomic indicators is not sufficient. VAR models not only enable the accurate forecasting of macroeconomic indicators but also are very useful when building models of stress-testing of the economy and banks in case of external and internal shocks. Preventing the negative effects can be effective using a model of macroeconomic risk management that enables managing exogenous macroeconomic factors in order to attain the well-defined objectives.
In this paper, authors present the dynamics analysis of yearly changes of the gross domestic product, consumer price level, USD/UAH exchange rate, M2 money supply indicator, assets and liabilities of the Ukrainian banks dynamics, Ukrainian deposits, banks capital dynamics.
Keywords:
macroeconomic model, VAR model, macroeconomic risks, timeline, inflation rate, money supply, gross domestic product.
THE PROBLEMS OF STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT FOR THE CRAFTING OPERATORS (CASE OF BREWING OF UKRAINE)
Authors: Shvindina H. , Stryha V. , Lapin Ye.
Published: February 2020

The article deals with the set of factors that influence the brewing industry of Ukraine, the interrelations between the crafting industry and mass production, in particular. The beer tourism can be the source of the development of the country and a region. In the USA and the countries of EU craft beer production is growing and became attractive for the investors, however, in Ukraine, this sector is under threat of elimination. Due to regulating acts that was recently performed, huge competition with big corporations and decrease of real income of population small crafters have a challenge to keep on functioning. The culture of beer consumption is another problem in Ukraine while in the Chez Republic or Belgium beer crafting is a respectful business supported by the local governments. One more tendency that can be promising in terms of beer crafting production development is increasing of non-alcoholic beer consumption. The market has a big potential to grow, and it can be a strategic window for local producers.
In the paper, the social, economic factors are analyzed in order to develop the strategy. Among the main factors the lost of production capacities in the East played a significant role, the market interactions with Russian Federation were canceled, and new partners search took place. Moreover, the legislation has been changed several times for the rest years, and one of the most significant changes were licensing and promotion policy changes. Under these conditions, the mini-makers including beer crafters have to re-group their market strategies and market activities.
The modern tendencies and possible pathways are performed, the authors offered the propositions about the strategy of the development. Authors suggested that two main trajectories exist for the beer crafters: a reactive strategy and a proactive strategy. And if a proactive strategy is chosen to be implemented, this scenario can be accomplished through Bartlett-Ghoshal Strategies Framework. Multidomestic strategy can be a response to market changes, and strategic windows that opened in 2018 (legislations changes).
Keywords:
crafting, brewing, development, strategy of development.
Perceived Effective Business Ethics through Leadership and Cultural Competence in the United States
Authors: Kasztelnik Karina , Brown Damon
Published: February 2020

The paper summarizes the arguments and counterarguments within the scientific discussion on the issue perceived effective policing through leaderships’ diversity training learning outcomes and cultural competence. The main purpose of this quantitative correlational study was conducted to address if and to what extent the leadership of law enforcement agencies is learning outcomes of diversity training initiatives and the level of cultural competence of leadership influences law enforcement organizational effectiveness. Systematization of literary sources and approaches for solving the problem of effective policing leadership indicates that this quantitative research study expands police leadership knowledge base by identifying whether significant differences exist in police effectiveness when incorporating diversity training initiative learning outcomes and cultural competence both exclusively and collectively. The relevance of the decision of this scientific problem is that police leadership possessing the knowledge and understanding police effectiveness through diversity training initiative learning outcomes and cultural competence can adapt and adjust in concert with the need to be more effective in Black and multicultural commutes based on the study’s findings. The statistical significance indicated in this study concerning diversity training initiative learning outcomes predicting police effectiveness is substantial. The paper presents the results of this empirical analysis study that may contribute to the positive national senior management change by bringing into focus the role of effective policing through leaderships’ diversity training learning outcomes and cultural competence and its positive impact on the public sector. Keywords: Cultural Competence, Diversity Training, Management Effectiveness, Multicultural Leadership, Management Decision, Business Ethics.
Foliage Plants Improve Concentration and Emotional Condition of Elementary School Students Performing an Intensive Assignment
Authors: Kim Seon-Ok , Oh Yun-Ah , Park Sin-Ae
Published: February 2020

This study was conducted to compare the concentration and emotional condition of elementary school students performing an intensive assignment in the presence or absence of foliage plants, using electroencephalography (EEG) and a modified semantic differential method (SDM). In a crossover experimental design, 30 elementary students performed a 3-min intensive age-appropriate arithmetic assignment in the presence or absence of foliage plants. Continuous EEG monitoring in the frontal lobe was performed using a wireless dry EEG device. Immediately thereafter, subjective evaluation of emotions was performed using the SDM. The concentration of the male elementary students was significantly higher when the assignment was performed in the presence vs. absence of plants as evidenced by the increase in the ratio of spectral edge frequency of 50 and a decrease in the relative theta power spectrum in the right frontal lobe. The SDM results revealed a significant psychological relaxation when the assignment was performed in the presence of plants. Therefore, the presence of foliage plants in the space where the elementary students performed the intensive assignment led to positive effects on concentration and emotional condition.
Microbiological and Quality Responses of Strawberry Fruit to High CO2 Controlled Atmosphere and Modified Atmosphere Storage
Authors: Nakata Yuji , Izumi Hidemi
Published: February 2020

‘Minomusume’ strawberries were stored in high CO2 atmospheres (20%, 30%, and 40%) by means of a controlled atmosphere (CA) and active modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) for 10 days at 5 °C. The CA of 20% to 40% CO2 was effective in delaying an increase in fungal count and preventing the external formation of mold mycelia, but a CA of >30% CO2 induced black discoloration on the surface of strawberry due to CO2 injury. When strawberry fruit were stored in a MAP flushed with either air or high CO2, all packages approached an equilibrium of ≈20% CO2 and 2% O2 by the end of storage. Fungal counts of strawberry fruit stored in a MAP remained constant throughout the storage period and the diversity of fungal flora was partially similar regardless of the difference in the MAP method. Visual quality (mold incidence and severity of black discoloration) and physicochemical quality (weight loss, firmness, pH, and total ascorbic acid content) were unaffected by CO2 atmospheres as the flushing gas during active MAP storage, except that the fruit in a MAP flushed with 20% and 30% CO2 were firmer than those with air and 40% CO2. After transfer to ambient conditions for 6 days at 10 °C, however, external formation of mold mycelia identified as Botrytis cinerea and surface black discoloration were induced in strawberry fruit in MAP flushed with 30% and 40% CO2.
First report of Meloidogyne javanica (Nematoda: Meloidogynidae) infecting Scoparia dulcis, a medicinal plant in Brazil
Authors: Bellé Cristiano , Ramos Rodrigo Ferraz , de Brida Andressa Lima , Kaspary Tiago Edu
Published: February 2020

Medicinal plants Scoparia dulcis showing symptoms caused by root-knot nematodes were detected in the municipality of Cachoeira do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Based on the morphological, esterase phenotypes, and molecular analyses of the mitochondrial DNA region between the cytochome oxidase subunit II and 16S rRNA genes (mtDNA) and species-specific sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR), the causal agent of the observed symptoms was identified as Meloidogyne javanica. Pathogenicity was confirmed by fulfilling a modified version of Koch’s postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. javanica infecting S. dulcis in Brazil.
Nematicidal activity of fipronil against Pratylenchus zeae in sugarcane
Authors: Kawanobe Masanori , Toyota Koki , Seko Takashi , Gunjima Koshi
Published: February 2020

No nematicide has been registered for controlling plant-parasitic nematodes in sugarcane in Japan. Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the phenylpyrazole insecticide fipronil (0.3–0.45 kg a.i./ha) against the root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus zeae, which is an important plant-parasitic nematode species associated with sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids) in Okinawa, Japan. Both experiments showed a reduction of P. zeae population densities in sugarcane roots to 27 to 56% of the non-treated control after 7 wk in the greenhouse experiment and 3 months in the field experiment (two trials). In contrast, P. zeae population densities in soil were not reduced by the fipronil treatment. At harvest, sugarcane yields in the field experiment were significantly increased by 6 to 8% in the fipronil treated plots compared to the non-treated control. The data showed that fipronil reduced numbers of P. zeae in sugarcane roots at the early stage of sugarcane seedling growth resulting in increased sugarcane yields. This is the first report of nematicidal activity of fipronil against P. zeae under field conditions.
Nitrogen inputs and irrigation frequency influence population dynamics of Mesocriconema xenoplax under grapevines
Authors: Forge Thomas , Hannam Kirsten , Neilsen Denise , Neilsen Gerry
Published: February 2020

Nitrogen (N) fertilization and irrigation are critical for tree fruit and grape production in semi-arid regions of Western North America. Growers are increasingly considering more conservative fertilization and irrigation practices in order to optimize fruit quality while minimizing environmental impacts. The implications for pest populations of such shifts in production practices are not well known and warrant consideration. The objective of this research was to determine the effects of drip irrigation frequency (daily vs approximately every third day) and N fertilizer rate (ranging from 0 to 64 kg N/ha/year) on population densities of the ring nematode, Mesocriconema xenoplax, in a vineyard. The experiment was a split-plot randomized complete block design with irrigation frequency applied as whole-plot treatments and N input applied as subplot treatments. Nematode populations in root zone soils were assessed in spring, summer and fall of 2010 and 2011. There was a significant irrigation frequency × N input interaction, with M. xenoplax population densities increasing with N input under daily irrigation but not under low frequency irrigation. The data suggest that reductions in fertilizer N input and irrigation frequency, that have minimal impacts on fruit quality and yield, can also minimize M. xenoplax population buildup.
Prevalence and characterization of Escherichia coli in the Kelantan River and its adjacent coastal waters
Authors: Bong Chui Wei , Chai Siong Kiat , Chai Lay Ching , Wang Ai Jun , Lee Choon Weng
Published: February 2020

The presence of Escherichia coli in river and sea water may cause different levels of infections and constitutes a risk to public health. In this study, water samples were collected from 15 sites along the Kelantan River, estuaries and its adjacent coastal waters to investigate the prevalence and diversity of E. coli. A membrane filtration technique was used to enumerate E. coli and phylogenetic grouping was performed using triplex polymerase chain reaction. E. coli abundance ranged from 3.1 × 10 to 1.6 × 105 colony forming units 100 mL−1, and total suspended solids correlated significantly with E. coli abundance (r2 = 0.165, p < 0.001) and rainfall (r2 = 0.342, p < 0.001). Phylogenetic group B1 and A (59.4%) were the most prevalent, whereas groups B2 and D were least abundant. The higher abundance of phylogenetic group D at upstream sites of the Kelantan River suggested fecal contamination mainly of animal origin. Canonical-correlation analysis showed phylogenetic group B2, and phylogenetic groups A and D were greater in waters with higher inorganic nutrients (e.g. NH4, NO2 and NO3), whereas phylogenetic group B1 appeared to have better salinity tolerance between phylogenetic groups.
Modeling and advanced exergy analysis of integrated reverse osmosis desalination with geothermal energy
Authors: Yargholi R. , Kariman H. , Hoseinzadeh S. , Bidi M. , Naseri A.
Published: February 2020

In this research, the integrated carbon dioxide power cycle with a geothermal energy source to supply the required reverse osmosis desalination power for freshwater production is defined. It is also a carbon dioxide power cycle, coupled with thermal energy recovery of infrared energy of liquid natural gas (LNG) to generate more power. A sodium hypochlorite generator is considered to prevent the brine water discharging. The brine water portion of the desalination outlet was the input to this generator. The cycling power is consumed by the desalination system and sodium hypochlorite generator. After modeling, the advanced exergy analyses are studied. By exergy analysis, it is observed that in this model the condenser has the highest exergy destruction rate, equal to 952 kW. Additionally, the unavoidable part of the exergy destruction of carbon dioxide turbine constitutes 88% of its exergy destruction that is equal to 301 kW. So this component is the best option to improve exergy destruction.
Development of a Novel Oral Delivery Vehicle for Probiotics
Authors: Enck Kevin , Banks Surya , Yadav Hariom , Welker Mark E. , Opara Emmanuel C.
Published: February 2020

Background:

There is a significant interest in effective oral drug delivery of therapeutic substances.
For probiotics, there is a particular need for a delivery platform that protects the bacteria from destruction by the
acidic stomach while enabling targeted delivery to the intestine where microbiota naturally reside. The use of
probiotics and how they impact the gut microbiota is a growing field and holds promise for the treatment of a
variety of gastrointestinal diseases, including irritable bowel disease Crohn’s disease and C. diff and other diseases,
such as obesity, diabetes, Parkinson’s, and Alzheimer’s diseases.

Objective:

The aim of this research was to use our newly developed chemically-modified alginate hydrogel with
the characteristic feature of stability in acidic environments but disintegration under neutral-basic pH conditions
to design a novel system for effective targeted delivery of ingested probiotics.

Method and Results:

We have used the approach of encapsulation of bacterial cells in the hydrogel of the modified
alginate with in vitro studies in both simulated stomach acid and intestinal fluid conditions to demonstrate the
potential application of this novel platform in oral delivery of probiotics. Our data provide a proof-of-concept that
enables further studies in vivo with this delivery platform.

Conclusion:

We have demonstrated in the present study that our chemically modified alginate hydrogel is resistant
to acidic conditions and protects bacterial cells encapsulated in it, but it is sensitive to neutral-basic pH conditions
under which it disintegrates and releases its viable bacteria cell payload. Our data provide a proof-ofconcept
that enables further studies in vivo with this delivery platform for the efficacy of therapeutic bacteria in
various disease conditions.
The Brief Analysis of Peptide-combined Nanoparticle: Nanomedicine’s Unique Value
Authors: Wang Jiemin , Wu Junyong , Li Yongjiang , Wen Jing , Cai Jiaxin , Tang Tiantian , Hu Xiongbin , Xiang Daxiong
Published: February 2020

:

Therapeutic peptides (TPs) are biological macromolecules which can act as neurotransmitters,
hormones, ion channel ligands and growth factors. Undoubtedly, TPs are crucial in modern medicine.
But low bio-stability and some special adverse reactions reduce their places to the application.

:

With the development of nanotechnology, nanoparticles (NPs) in pharmaceutical science gained much
attention. They can encapsulate the TPs into their membrane or shell. Therefore, they can protect the
TPs against degradation and then increase the bioavailability, which was thought to be the biggest
advantage of them. Additionally, targeting was also studied to improve the effect of TPs. However,
there were some drawbacks of nano TPs like low loading efficiency and difficulty to manufacture.

:

Nowadays, lots of studies focused on improving effect of TPs by preparing nanoparticles. In this review,
we presented a brief analysis of peptide-combined nanoparticles. Their advantages and disadvantages
were listed in terms of mechanism. And several examples of applications were summarized.
ACE2/Angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas Receptor Axis in Human Cancer: Potential Role for Pediatric Tumors
Authors: de Paula Gonzaga Ana Luiza Ataide Carneiro , Palmeira Vitória Andrade , Ribeiro Thomas Felipe Silva , Costa Larissa Braga , de Sá Rodrigues Karla Emília , Simões-e-Silva Ana Cristina
Published: February 2020

Background:

Pediatric tumors remain the highest cause of death in developed countries. Research on novel therapeutic strategies with lesser side effects is of utmost importance. In this scenario, the role of Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) axes, the classical one formed by angiotensinconverting enzyme (ACE), Angiotensin II and AT1 receptor and the alternative axis composed by ACE2, Angiotensin-(1-7) and Mas receptor, have been investigated in cancer.

Objective:

This review aimed to summarize the pathophysiological role of RAS in cancer, evidence for anti-tumor effects of ACE2/Angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis and future therapeutic perspectives for pediatric cancer.

Methods:

Pubmed, Scopus and Scielo were searched in regard to RAS molecules in human cancer and pediatric patients. The search terms were “RAS”, “ACE”, “Angiotensin-(1-7)”, “ACE2”, “Angiotensin II”, “AT1 receptor”, “Mas receptor”, “Pediatric”, “Cancer”.

Results:

Experimental studies have shown that Angiotensin-(1-7) inhibits the growth of tumor cells and reduces local inflammation and angiogenesis in several types of cancer. Clinical trials with Angiotensin-( 1-7) or TXA127, a pharmaceutical grade formulation of the naturally occurring peptide, have reported promising findings, but not enough to recommend medical use in human cancer. In regard to pediatric cancer, only three articles that marginally investigated RAS components were found and none of them evaluated molecules of the alternative RAS axis.

Conclusion:

Despite the potential applicability of Angiotensin-(1-7) in pediatric tumors, the role of this molecule was never tested. Further clinical trials are necessary, also including pediatric patients, to confirm safety and efficiency and to define therapeutic targets.
N6-methyladenine RNA Modification (m6A): An Emerging Regulator of Metabolic Diseases
Authors: Zhong Hui , Tang Hui-Fang , Kai Yin
Published: February 2020

N6-methyladenine RNA modification (m6A) is an RNA methylation modification catalyzed
by methyltransferase at the 6th position nitrogen atom of adenine (A), which is the most common
chemical modification of eukaryotic messenger RNA (mRNA). Recently, m6A has been found to play
an important role in the dynamic regulation of RNA, which is crucial for some physiological and
pathophysiological processes such as adipogenesis, cell differentiation, and the immune/inflammatory
response. Metabolic diseases are a series of chronic inflammatory disorders caused by metabolic dysfunction
of proteins, glucose, and lipids. Emerging studies have shown that m6A plays an important
role in the process of metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular
diseases (CVDs) via regulation of glucose/lipid metabolism and the immune/inflammatory
response. In this review, we will summarize the role of m6A in metabolic diseases, which may provide
new ideas for the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases.
Adeno-Associated Viral Vector Mediated Expression of Broadly- Neutralizing Antibodies Against HIV-Hitting a Fast-Moving Target
Authors: Sherpa Chringma , Le Grice Stuart F.J.
Published: February 2020

The vast genetic variability of HIV has impeded efforts towards a cure for HIV. Lifelong
administration of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) is highly effective against HIV and
has markedly increased the life expectancy of HIV infected individuals. However, the long-term usage
of cART is associated with co-morbidities and the emergence of multidrug-resistant escape mutants
necessitating the development of alternative approaches to combat HIV/AIDS. In the past decade,
the development of single-cell antibody cloning methods has facilitated the characterization of
a diverse array of highly potent neutralizing antibodies against a broad range of HIV strains. Although
the passive transfer of these broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) in both animal models
and humans has been shown to elicit significant antiviral effects, long term virologic suppression
requires repeated administration of these antibodies. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) mediated antibody
gene transfer provides a long-term expression of these antibodies from a single administration
of the recombinant vector. Therefore, this vectored approach holds promises in the treatment and
prevention of a chronic disease like HIV infection. Here, we provide an overview of HIV genetic
diversity, AAV vectorology, and anti-HIV bnAbs and summarize the promises and challenges of the
application of AAV in the delivery of bnAbs for HIV prevention and therapy.
DNA Sequence Analysis of BlaVEB Gene Encoding Multi-drug Resistant and Extended-spectrum β-lactamases Producer Isolates of Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Al-Ouqaili Mushtak T.S. , Khalaf Eman A. , Al-Kubaisy Shaymaa H.
Published: February 2020

Objective:

Multi-drug resistance Gram-negative bacteria possessing Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) genes are of concern because of their resistance to third-generation cephalosporins. This study aims to investigate the molecular basis of resistance to modern β-lactams by ESBLs encoded by the blaVEB gene and the gene’s role in resistance. Also, gene sequencing was used to compare genetic similarities with global isolates using phylogenetic and cluster analyses.

Methods:

Between March and July 2018, a total of 100 Iraqi clinical isolates were examined, in this cross-sectional study, to determine their ESBL status using the double-disc synergy technique. Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCRs) were performed on extracted blaVEB genes and sequencing of the target PCR products was performed. All blaVEB sequences were compared with the available sequence data, using BLAST searches against the GenBank database.

Results:

A total of 35 isolates, comprising 5 Escherichia coli, 18 Klebsiella pneumoniae, and 12 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were confirmed to possess ESBLs; the blaVEB gene was detected in one isolate of each species. The sequencing of these genes revealed 99% similarity with the global standard genes deposited in GenBank.

Conclusion:

The blaVEB gene plays an essential role in the resistance of ESBL-producing isolates to new β-lactams. Further, the sequencing and phylogenetic analyses of the genes from the P. aeruginosa, K. pneumonia, and E. coli isolates revealed 99% similarity with the GenBank global standard genes.
Formulation and Evaluation of DHA Oil based Nicotinamide Nanoemulsion Gel for Treating Atopic Dermatitis
Authors: Pradeep Gayathri P. , Viswanad Vidya
Published: February 2020

Background:

Atopic dermatitis (or eczema) can be defined as a chronic inflammatory condition accompanied by severe pruritus.

Objective:

The prepared gel was evaluated for in vitro drug release, in vitro occlusion studies, transepidermal water loss studies, skin permeation studies, in vitro skin irritation studies and antiinflammatory cell line studies.

Methods:

In vitro drug release studies were performed using Franz diffusion cells. The in vitro occlusion studies were carried out by the procedure reported by Wissing et al. TEWL determination was done by the method proposed by Reiger. The skin permeation studies were carried out using porcine skin using Franz diffusion cells. In vitro skin irritation study was carried out using HETCAM (Hen’s Egg Test on the Chorioallantoic Membrane) method. Anti-inflammatory cell line studies were carried out using RAW 264.7 cell lines.

Results:

In vitro drug release studies,drug release of nicotinamide from nanoemulsion gel was found to be more than marketed gel. Kinetic modelling showed a higuchi model with non-fickian diffusion. In vitro occlusion study showed the percentage of evaporated water from prepared nanoemulsion formulation after 72 h is very less compared with the other formulations. The TEWL measurement shows the reduction in TEWL has more in prepared nanoemulsion gel than other formulations. Anti-inflammatory cell line studies proved that the nanoemulsion gel has inhibition capacity on COX activity, LOX activity, Inducibe nitric oxide synthase and cellular nitrate levels.

Conclusion:

DHA oil based nicotinamidenanoemulsion gel were prepared successfully and the evaluation of prepared gel showed better drug release and skin permeation with better antiinflammatory activity.