bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tobacco in the news: an analysis of newspaper coverage of tobacco issues in Australia, 2001
Authors: Durrant R , Wakefield M , McLeod K , Clegg-Smith K , Chapman S
Published: July 2003

Objective:To assess the extent and nature of newspaper coverage of tobacco related issues in Australia in 2001.

Design:Content analysis of newspaper articles.

Subjects:All articles (n=1188) at least seven lines long and containing at least one paragraph focused on tobacco in all major Australian national and State capital city newspapers (n=12) in 2001.

Main outcome measures:Number of articles, month of publication, State in which newspaper published, prominence of article, type of article, article theme, and slant of article relative to tobacco control objectives.

Results:The number of tobacco articles varied considerably in different months over the course of the year, from a low of 51 in December to a peak of 180 in May. The most frequent theme was secondhand smoke issues (30% of articles), with the second most dominant theme related to education, prevention, and cessation programmes and services (20%). Events that were covered were predominantly positive for tobacco control: 62% of articles were related to events that were positive, compared with 21% that were negative for tobacco control objectives. Excluding news articles, the opinions expressed by the authors of articles were also mainly positive (61%) rather than negative (22%) for tobacco control objectives. The amount of coverage of and population exposure to tobacco focused articles showed considerable variation across different Australian States, with Victoria having the highest frequency and rate of articles and the most media impressions per capita throughout 2001.

Conclusions:Coverage of events and opinions related to tobacco in Australian newspapers in 2001 was generally positive for tobacco control objectives. Given that over 2 million individuals (out of a population of 19 million) were potentially exposed to tobacco related newspaper articles per day in Australia, this represents good news for tobacco control advocates. The variation in news coverage in different States and at different times in the year, however, illustrates how a combination of local events and advocacy efforts may at times combine to make tobacco more newsworthy. Understanding which tobacco issues are most likely to be covered and the nature of the coverage about them provides valuable feedback for tobacco control advocates and is a useful gauge of actual events as well as the tobacco related agendas promoted by the press.
Appraisal of anti-smoking advertising by youth at risk for regular smoking: a comparative study in the United States, Australia, and Britain
Authors: Wakefield M , Durrant R , Terry-McElrath Y , Ruel E , Balch GI , Anderson S , Szczypka G , Emery S , Flay B
Published: July 2003

Objective:To compare the similarity in how youth in the United States, Australia, and Britain appraise anti-smoking advertisements with different characteristics.

Design:Each participant viewed and evaluated a set of 10 anti-smoking adverts (from an overall total of 50 adverts) in a controlled experimental context using an audience response methodology. A structured telephone interview was completed one week after viewing the adverts, in which recall and engagement with the adverts by participants was evaluated.

Subjects:615 youths who were experimenting with smoking or were susceptible nonsmokers.

Main outcome measures:Measures of advert appraisal and engagement.

Results:Youth in the United States, Australia, and Britain responded in very similar ways to the same anti-smoking advertisements. In full multivariate models, the target audience of the advert and the advert theme were not related to the main outcome measures employed in this study. However, adverts with visceral negative or personal testimonial executional characteristics were appraised more positively by youths and were more likely to be recalled, thought about, and discussed at follow up one week later.

Conclusions:Youths in three different countries responded to anti-smoking advertisements in very similar ways, suggesting that such adverts might be more actively shared among nations. The appraisal of, and engagement with, the anti-smoking adverts, however, varied substantially depending on executional characteristics. In the design of effective anti-smoking adverts, due attention needs to be paid to those characteristics that appear to most engage youth across different social and cultural environments.
Data Structures for One-Dimensional Packet Classification Using Most-Specific-Rule Matching
Authors: Sahni Sartaj , Kim Kun Suk , Lu Haibin
Published: July 2003

We review the data structures that have been proposed for one-dimensional packet classification. Our review is limited to data structures for the case when ties among the rules that match an incoming packet are broken by selecting the matching rule that is most specific. For the case when the rule filters are destination-address prefixes or are nonintersecting ranges, this tie breaker corresponds to longest-prefix or shortest-range matching, respectively. When the rule filters are arbitrary ranges, this tie breaker resolves the tie only when the rule set is conflict free. Data structures for both static and dynamic rule tables are discussed.
On the Competitiveness of Online Real-Time Scheduling with Rate of Progress Guarantees
Authors: Palis Michael A.
Published: July 2003

This paper investigates the task scheduling problem in the oontext of reservation-based real-time systems that provide quality of service (QoS) guarantees. In such a system, each incoming task specifies a rate of progress requirement on the task's execution that must be met by the system in order for the computation to be deeemed usable. A new metric, called granularity, is introduced that quantifies both the maximum slowdown and the variance in execution rate that the task allows. This metric generalizes the stretch metric used in recent research on task scheduling. An online preemptive scheduling algorithm is presented that achieves a competitive ratio of g(1 - r) for every set of tasks with maximum rate r and minimum granularity g. This result generalizes a previous result based on the stretch metric that showed that a competitive ratio of (1 - r) is achievable for the case when g = 1.
Interconnection Networks and Their Eigenvalues
Authors: Qiu Ke , Das Sajal K.
Published: July 2003

Interconnection networks of various topologies have been widely used in designing multiprocessor architectures. Study of graph theoretical or combinatorial properties of such networks help us better understand them, as well as develop on these architectures more efficient parallel algorithms including fault-tolerant communication/routing algorithms. In this paper, we analyze a broad class of interconnection networks from a new angle by looking into the corresponding graph spectra (i.e., eigenvalues and their multiplicities). Since eigenvalues of the edjacency matrix of a graph can reveal many important properties of the graph that are closely related to its combinatorial invariants, we believe that the study of spectra of interconnection networks can be a more unified approach to studying their topological properties. As a first step) in this direction, here we mainly concentrate on finding out the spectra of some of the most studied interconnection networks. Specifically, after a brief survey of results that relate spectra of graphs to their structural properties, we summarize the existing results for eigenvalues and multiplicities of several popular interconnection networks such as the hypercube and mesh. We also derive some of these results in a more straightforward way. Then we present new results on spectra for some other known networks such as the line graph of the hypercube, followed by experimental results on a few others including the star and pancake networks.
Sorting on Single-Channel Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Bordim Jacir Luiz , Nakano Koji , Shen Hong
Published: July 2003

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a distributed system consisting of a large number of wireless sensing devices and a base station. Due to their compactness and low-cost, sensor networks can be distributed at a fraction of the cost of conventional wired sensors and actuator systems. The physical world generates an unlimited amount of data that can be observed and monitored. Hence, designing protocols to coordinate WSNs with hundreds, or even thousands, of sensors will face many challenges. In this work we focus on the design of protocols that enable the sensor nodes to coordinate among themselves to achieve a larger task. From this standpoint, we present a sorting protocol for wireless sensor networks. We show that in a WSN consisting of n sensor nodes, where each sensor stores an element and has a fixed transmission range r. sorting can be performed in [Formula: see text] time slots when [Formula: see text]. We also reason that future applications of wireless sensor networks are very likely to employ short-range radio communications (i.e., r less than 100 meters). If this is the case, the time complexity of our sorting protocol is optimal.
Interprocedural Induction Variable Analysis
Authors: Tang Peiyi , Yew Pen-Chung
Published: July 2003

Induction variable analysis is an important part of the symbolic analysis in parallelizing compilers. Induction variables can be formed by for or [Formula: see text] loops within procedures or loops of recursive procedure calls. This paper presents an algorithm to find induction variables in formal parameters of procedures caused by recursive procedure calls. The compile-time knowledge of induction variables in formal parameters is essential to summarize array sections to be used for data dependence test and parallelization.
Block Sorting is Hard
Authors: Bein Wolfgang W. , Larmore Lawrence L. , Latifi Shahram , Sudborough I. Hal
Published: July 2003

Block sorting is used in connection with Optical Character Recognition (OCR). Recent work has focused on finding good strategies which work in practice. In this paper, we show that optimizing block sorting is [Formula: see text]-hard. Along with this result, we give new non-trivial lower bounds. These bound can be computed efficiently. We define the concept of "Local Property Algorithms" and show that several previously published block sorting algorithms fall into this class.
A New Approach to Efficient Channel Assignment for Hexagonal Cellular Networks
Authors: Ghosh Sasthi C. , Sinha Bhabani P. , Das Nabanita
Published: July 2003

Given a hexagonal cellular network with specific demand Vector and frequency separation constraints, we introduce the concept of a critical block of the network, that leads us to an efficient channel assignment scheme for the whole network. A novel idea of partitioning the critical block into several smaller sub-networks with homogeneous demands has been introduced which provides an elegant way of assigning frequencies to the critical block. This idea of partitioning is then extended for assigning frequencies to the rest of the network. The proposed algorithm provides an optimal assignment for all well-known benchmark instances including the most difficult two. It is shown to be superior to the existing frequency assignment algorithms, reported so far, in terms of both bandwidth requirement and computation time.
Supernode Binary Search Trees
Authors: Jung Haejae , Sahni Sartaj
Published: July 2003

Balanced binary search tree structures such as AVL, red-black, and splay trees store exactly one element per node. We propose supernode versions of these structures in which each node may have a large number of elements. Some properties of supernode binary search tree structures are established. Experiments oonducted by us show that the supernode structures proposed by us use less space than do the corresponding one-element-per-node versions and also take less time for the standard dictionary operations: search, insert and delete.
M-Heap: A Modified Heap Data Structure
Authors: Bansal S. , Sreekanth S. , Gupta P.
Published: July 2003

In this paper a new data structure named M-heaps is proposed. This data structure is a modification of the well known binary heap data structure. The new structure supports insertion in constant time and deletion in O(log n) time. Finally a generalization of the data structure to d – ary M-heaps is presented. This structure has similar time-bounds for insertion and deletion.
On Source-Based Route Computation for Quickest Paths under Dynamic Bandwidth Constraints
Authors: Grimmell William C. , Rao Nageswara S. V.
Published: July 2003

Routing in the newer generation of network transmission methods may be performed at various levels of the IP stack such as datagram, TCP stream, and application levels. It is important in the use of these methods to compute the routes that minimize the end-to-end delays for the specific routing mechanism. We formulate an abstract network path computation problem, the dynamic quickest path problem, to encompass a number of message forwarding mechanisms including circuit switching, Internet Protocol, and their variations. This problem deals with the transmission of a message from a source to a destination with the minimum end-to-end delay over a network with propagation delays and dynamic bandwidth constraints on the links. The available bandwidth for each link is specified as a piecewise constant function. We present for each message forwarding mechanism or mode an algorithm to compute a path with the minimum end-to-end delay for a given message size. Our algorithms with suitable network restrictions have polynomial time complexity in the size of the network and total number of segments in the bandwidth list.
Inelastic Neutron Scattering Signal from Deconfined Spinons in a Fractionalized Antiferromagnet
Authors: Lannert C. , Fisher Matthew P. A.
Published: July 2003

We calculate the contribution of deconfined spinons to inelastic neutron scattering (INS) in the fractionalized antiferromagnet (AF*), introduced elsewhere. We find that the presence of free spin-1/2 charge-less excitations leads to a continuum INS signal above the Néel gap. This signal is found above and in addition to the usual spin-1 magnon signal, which to lowest order is the same as in the more conventional confined antiferromagnet. We calculate the relative weights of these two signals and find that the spinons contribute to the longitudinal response, where the magnon signal is absent to lowest order. Possible higher-order effects of interactions between magnons and spinons in the AF* phase are also discussed.
The "Takeover" of a One-Lane Traffic Model
Authors: Chen Hung-Jung , Tseng Hsen-Che , Chou Chien-Ho
Published: July 2003

Within a varied Nagel–Schreckenberg model of traffic flow on one-lane highways, we study the probability of "takeover" and its effect on traffic flow. In the paper, we define the probability of takeover, and compare the results derived partially from the equation estimated accordingly with those completely obtained from the computer simulations. The probability of driver-oriented takeover is also considered.
A Construction of Inflation Rules for Pisot Octagonal Tilings
Authors: Escudero Juan García
Published: July 2003

A construction for the generation of eight-fold symmetry planar patterns is introduced. The basic building blocks are four triangle prototiles with six edge lengths. Subpatterns with three prototile shapes and two edge lengths can also be derived.
On the Magnetic Behaviour of Y(MxAl1 - x)3 Compounds where M = Fe or Co
Authors: Tetean R. , Burzo E.
Published: July 2003

The Y ( M x Al 1 - x)3 compounds with M = Fe or Co crystallize in BaPb3-type structure for compositions x ≤ 0.4 while for x ≥ 0.6 the crystal structure is of PuNi3-type. Two phases were evidenced in the intermediate composition range. Magnetic measurements were performed on Y ( M x Al 1 - x)3 compounds in the temperature range 5–800 K and external field up to 10 T. The compounds with x ≥ 0.8 for M = Fe and Co are ferromagnetically ordered. For x < 0.8 a short range order and freezing effects of magnetic clusters originating from replacement of Fe by Al are evidenced. The mean magnetic moments of iron clusters as well as their number are estimated. For the samples with cobalt for x = 0.4 no magnetic order, down to 4.2 K was evidenced. For all compositions, the thermal variations of magnetic susceptibilities obey Curie–Weiss type dependencies.
Structure and Superconducting Properties of (Bi,Pb):2223 Superconductor with 3D Excess Conductivity
Authors: Ciurchea D.
Published: July 2003

The full pattern decomposition method by Le Bail was applied to a single phase orthorhombic (Bi,Pb):2223 superconductor with an accentuated three dimensional excess conductivity. The space group Pmam, with the lattice parameters a = 5.2598, b = 5.5381, c = 37.174 Å was found. The Fourier maps derived show that delocalization of the Sr atoms induces terracing of the Cu/Ca/Cu superconducting stacking of 0.3 Å, close to the c-axis coherence length, yielding the three dimensional character of the conduction evidenced by the resistivity measurements.
Bernoulli Potential, Hall Constant and Cooper Pairs Effective Masses in Disordered BCS Superconductors
Authors: Mishonov Todor , Penev Evgeni
Published: July 2003

We have analyzed what new fundamental information on the properties of superconductors can be obtained by systematic investigation of the Bernoulli effect. We show that the latter is a tool to determine the effective mass of Cooper pairs, the volume density of charge carriers, the temperature dependence of the penetration depth and the condensation energy. To this end, the theoretical results for disordered and anisotropic-gap superconductors are systematized. For clean anisotropic-gap superconductors we present a simple derivation of the temperature dependence of the penetration depth.
Resonant Reflections in a Particle Conducting Through a Normal-Conductor–Superconductor Interface in Magnetic Fields
Authors: Nonoyama Shinji , Motoki Shinji , Inoue Jun-Ichiro
Published: July 2003

A quantum resonance in the conduction through the normal-conductor–superconductor junction is investigated in the presence of a magnetic field using a numerical transfer matrix method. It is shown that dip-pairs in the conductance curve occur at a certain geometry of the system owing to the resonant reflection caused by the interference of the reflected electron and hole waves under a finite magnetic field. By examining a local density of quasiparticles, we found that the feature of the resonant state giving the dip-pair in the conductance (in a magnetic field) is very different from that in a finite bias voltage.
Transport and Magnetic Properties in MgB2
Authors: Yang Tzuen-Rong , Patapis S. , Furdui O. , Toma V. , Pop A. V. , Ilonca G.
Published: July 2003

Magneto-transport and magnetic data on MgB 2 polycrystalline samples are reported for applied magnetic fields up to 9 T. In the normal state we find that MgB 2 compound has a temperature and field-dependent resistivity behavior like a simple metal. The critical magnetic field Hc2(T) and the irreversibility field Hirr(T) curves were determined. The Hall coefficient RH is slightly temperature dependent. Using the extracted data, we calculated the electronic mean free path, coherency length ξ0 and London penetration depth λL.
Canonical Approach to the Time-Dependent Parametric Oscillator with and without a Singular Potential
Authors: Pedrosa I. A. , Guedes I.
Published: July 2003

By using canonical and unitary transformations and the Lewis–Riesenfeld invariant method, the generalized invariant and the exact Schrödinger wave functions for a time-dependent parametric oscillator with and without an inverse quadratic potential are obtained.
Application of the Edwards Model to Steric Stabilization of Nanoparticles
Authors: Roan Jiunn-Ren
Published: July 2003

The Edwards model for polymers with excluded-volume interaction has been used to study steric stabilization of colloidal dispersions since Dolan and Edwards' work in 1975. Following the standard picture of steric stabilization since 1950s, Dolan and Edwards solved the model by treating the surfaces of colloidal particles as plane surfaces. Consequently, their result was also consistent with the standard picture: Reduction of conformational entropy of the adsorbed homopolymers results in a purely repulsive force that stabilizes the colloidal dispersion. Recently the Edwards model was solved without treating the spherical particle surfaces as plane surfaces. It was found that, contrary to the standard picture, the conformational entropy indeed increases and the force between particles may be either purely attractive or attractive at large particle-particle separation, repulsive at intermediate separation, and again attractive at small separation. Thus, the standard picture of steric stabilization was challenged. This review summarizes this recent progress in the theory of steric stabilization of colloidal dispersions. Reconciliation between the standard picture and the recent result, and possible directions for further research are also discussed.
A Model Photoemission Calculations Using Projection Operator Method
Authors: Zoliana B. , Pachuau Zaithanzauva , Zadeng Lalthakimi , Thapa R. K. , Patra P. K. , Khathing D. T.
Published: July 2003

We have shown in this report the application of projection operator method of group theory in deriving the wavefunctions for the surface state in Cu(110) which had been used in calculating photocurrent. This approach gives a qualitative characterization of surface states simply on the basis of existing bulk-band structure calculations.
Actor-Oriented Design of Embedded Hardware and Software Systems
Authors: Lee Edward A. , Neuendorffer Stephen , Wirthlin Michael J.
Published: July 2003

In this paper, we argue that model-based design and platform-based design are two views of the same thing. A platform is an abstraction layer in the design flow. For example, a core-based architecture and an instruction set architecture are platforms. We focus on the set of designs induced by this abstraction layer. For example, the set of all ASICs based on a particular core-based architecture and the set of all x86 programs are induced sets. Hence, a platform is equivalently a set of designs. Model-based design is about using platforms with useful modeling properties to specify designs, and then synthesizing implementations from these specifications. Hence model-based design is the view from above (more abstract, closer to the problem domain) and platform-based design is the view from below (less abstract, closer to the implementation technology).

One way to define a platform is to provide a design language. Any valid expression in the language is an element of the set. A platform provides a set of constraints together with known tradeoffs that flow from those constraints. Actor-oriented platforms, such as Simulink, abstract aspects of program-level platforms, such as Java, C++, and VHDL. Actor-oriented platforms orthogonalize the actor definition language and the actor composition language, enabling highly polymorphic actor definitions and design using multiple models of computation. In particular, we concentrate on the use of constrained models of computation in design. The modeling properties implied by well chosen constraints allow more easily understood designs and are preserved during synthesis into program-level descriptions. We illustrate these concepts by describing a design framework built on Ptolemy II.
POLYCHRONY for System Design
Authors: Le Guernic Paul , Talpin Jean-Pierre , Le Lann Jean-Christophe
Published: July 2003

Rising complexities and performances of integrated circuits and systems, shortening time-to-market demands for electronic equipments, growing installed bases of intellectual property (IP), requirements for adapting existing IP blocks with new services, all stress high-level design as a prominent research topic and call for the development of appropriate methodological solutions. In this aim, system design based on the so-called "synchronous hypothesis" consists of abstracting the nonfunctional implementation details of a system and lets one benefit from a focused reasoning on the logics behind the instants at which the system functionalities should be secured. With this point of view, synchronous design models and languages provide intuitive (ontological) models for integrated circuits. This affinity explains the ease of generating synchronous circuits and verify their functionalities using compilers and related tools that implement this approach. In the relational mathematical model behind the design language SIGNAL, this affinity goes beyond the domain of purely synchronous circuits, and embraces the context of complex architectures consisting of synchronous circuits and desynchronization protocols: globally asynchronous and locally synchronous architectures (GALS). The unique features of the relational model behind SIGNAL are to provide the notion of polychrony: the capability to describe circuits and systems with several clocks; and to support refinement: the ability to assist and support system design from the early stages of requirement specification, to the later stages of synthesis and deployment. The SIGNAL model provides a design methodology that forms a continuum from synchrony to asynchrony, from specification to implementation, from abstraction to concretization, from interfaces to implementations. SIGNAL gives the opportunity to seamlessly model circuits and devices at multiple levels of abstractions, by implementing mechanisms found in many hardware simulators, while reasoning within a simple and formally defined mathematical model. In the same manner, the flexibility inherent to the abstract notion of signal, handled in the synchronous-desynchronized design model of SIGNAL, invites and favors the design of correct by construction systems by means of well-defined transformations of system specifications (morphisms) that preserve the intended semantics and stated properties of the architecture under design. The aim of the present article is to review and summarize these formal, correct-by-construction, design transformations. Most of them are implemented in the POLYCHRONY tool-set, allowing for a mixed bottom–up and top–down design of an embedded hardware–software system using the SIGNAL design language.
ATPG for Timing Errors in Globally Asynchronous Locally Synchronous Systems
Authors: Arekapudi Srikanth , Xin Fei , Peng Jinzheng , Harris Ian G.
Published: July 2003

Globally Asynchronous, Locally Synchronous (GALS) systems are now commonplace in many cost-critical and life-critical applications, thus motivating the need for a systematic approach to verify functionality. The complexity of the verification problem for large heterogeneous GALS systems necessitates the development of simulation-based validation approaches to uniformly validate hardware, software, and their interaction. GALS systems are comprised of several processes which may be mapped to different hardware and software components and communicate through asynchronous interfaces. Communication between these processes must be verified to ensure that the system is working correctly. Previous work focuses on checking the correctness of individual processes rather than communication between multiple processes. Timing errors may cause a signal to have an incorrect value for a short time period. Timing errors can cause a problem in GALS systems if the value of a signal with a timing error is used while is has an incorrect value. This paper presents an automatic test pattern generation (ATPG) tool to generate tests for timing-induced functional errors.
Reconfigurable Instruction-Set Application-Tuning for DSP
Authors: Mesman B. , Zhao Q. , Busa N. , Leijten-Nowak K.
Published: July 2003

In current System-on-Chip (SoC) design, the main engineering trade-off concerns hardware efficiency and design effort. Hardware efficiency traditionally regards cost versus performance (in high-volume electronics), but recently energy consumption emerged as a dominant criterion, even in products without batteries. "The" most effective way to increase HW efficiency is to exploit application characteristics in the HW. The traditional way of looking at HW design tends to consider it a time-consuming and tedious task, however. Given the current lack of HW designers, and the pressure of time-to-market, clearly a desire exists to fine-balance the merits and effort of tuning your HW to your application. This paper discusses methods and tool support for HW application-tuning at different levels of granularity. Furthermore we treat several ways of applying reconfigurable HW to allow both silicon reuse and the ability to tune the HW to the application after fabrication. Our main focus is on a methodology for application-tuning the architecture of DSP datapaths. Our primary contribution is on reusing and generalizing this methodology to application-tuning DSP instruction sets, and providing tool support for efficient compilation for these instruction sets. Furthermore, we propose an architecure for a reconfigurable instruction-decoder, enabling application-tuning of the instruction-set after fabrication.
BUILDABONG: A Framework for Architecture/Compiler Co-Exploration for ASIPs
Authors: Fischer Dirk , Teich Jürgen , Weper Ralph , Thies Michael
Published: July 2003

With the term Architecture/Compiler Co-exploration, we denote the problem of simultaneously optimizing an application-specific instruction set processor (ASIP) architecture as well as its generated compiler. In this paper, we characterize the design space of both compiler frontend (intermediate code optimization) and backend (changes of the machine model) and present the workflow of our framework BUILDABONG. The project consists of four phases: (a) architecture entry and composition, (b) automatic simulator generation, (c) compiler generation (in particular, retargeting), and (d) automatic architecture/compiler design space exploration. We demonstrate the feasibility of our approach by a detailed case study.
Generalized Statistics and the Formation of a Quark-Gluon Plasma
Authors: Teweldeberhan A. M. , Miller H. G. , Tegen R.
Published: July 2003

The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of a non-extensive form of statistical mechanics proposed by Tsallis on the formation of a quark-gluon plasma (QGP). We suggest to account for the effects of the dominant part of the long-range interactions among the constituents in the QGP by a change in the statistics of the system in this phase, and we study the relevance of this statistics for the phase transition. The results show that small deviations (≈ 10%) from Boltzmann–Gibbs statistics in the QGP produce a noticeable change in the phase diagram, which can, in principle, be tested experimentally.
Nucleon-Nucleon High-Energy Scattering
Authors: Yan Y. , Pumsa-Ard K. , Tegen R. , Gutsche T. , Lyubovitskij V. E. , Faessler Amand
Published: July 2003

The high energy pn charge exchange and pp elastic scattering reactions are studied in an effective hadron model for the energy range of s ~ 50 to 400 GeV2. The main features of the observed differential cross section of the pn charge exchange reaction, the forward peak and the scaling behavior over the large energy range, are well reproduced by a combination of π-, ρ-exchange and a 4-Nucleon contact term. The latter acts as a background field which turns out to be naturally suppressed in elastic N N scattering but contributes significantly to the charge-exchange reaction.
Experimental Test of Spontaneous Correlation and Anomalous Sensitivity in Finite Highly Excited Many-Body Systems
Authors: Wang Qi , Kun Sergey Yu , Tian Wendong , Li Songlin , Jiang Zhonghe , Dong Yuchuan , Li Zhichang , Lu Xiuqin , Zhao Kui , Fu Changbo , Liu Jiancheng , Jiang Hua , Hu Guiqing , Greiner W.
Published: July 2003

We have tested recent suggestion of anomalous sensitivity in highly excited quantum many-body systems. Two independent measurements of cross sections for the 19 F + 93 Nb strongly dissipative heavy-ion collisions have been performed at incident energies from 102 to 108 MeV in steps of 250 keV. In the two measurements we used different, independently prepared, 93Nb target foils with nominally the same thickness. The data indicate statistically significant non-reproducibility of the energy oscillating yields in the two measurements. The observed non-reproducibility is consistent with recent theoretical arguments on spontaneous correlation, slow phase randomization and chaos in highly excited complex quantum systems.
Dyson–Schwinger Equations: A Tool for Hadron Physics
Authors: Maris Pieter , Roberts Craig D.
Published: July 2003

Dyson–Schwinger equations furnish a Poincaré covariant framework within which to study hadrons. A particular feature is the existence of a nonperturbative, symmetry preserving truncation that enables the proof of exact results. The gap equation reveals that dynamical chiral symmetry breaking is tied to the long-range behavior of the strong interaction, which is thereby constrained by observables, and the pion is precisely understood, and seen to exist simultaneously as a Goldstone mode and a bound state of strongly dressed quarks. The systematic error associated with the simplest truncation has been quantified, and it underpins a one-parameter model efficacious in describing an extensive body of mesonic phenomena. Incipient applications to baryons have brought successes and encountered challenges familiar from early studies of mesons, and promise a covariant field theory upon which to base an understanding of contemporary large momentum transfer data.
Investigation of the Muon Catalyzed Fusion in the Spin Polarized Condition
Authors: Kalantari S. Z.
Published: July 2003

The cross-sections of the muonic atom interactions in the muon catalyzed fusion (μCF) cycle are spin dependent. In this paper we answer an interesting question about the efficiency of μCF: "Dose the efficiency of μCF increase by spin polarization of the injected beam of muons in the spin polarized D/T mixture?" To answer this question we investigate the spin polarization effects on the kinetics of the μCF cycle by simulating the collisional processes of the μt atoms by the Monte–Carlo method. The themalization and spin-flip rates are determined and used to simulate the kinetics of μCF in the spin polarized condition. Then, the total number of fusions per muon in two cases, spin polarized and unpolarized conditions, are compared. We have shown the spin polarization condition is rapidly converted to the unpolarized case in μCF cycle and its effects can be ignored, especially if the concentration of tritium increases.
Study of Nuclei with A = 5 on the Basis of the Unitary Scheme Model
Authors: Doma S. B.
Published: July 2003

The total antisymmetric wave functions of the different states of nuclei with A = 5 are calculated by using the basis of the unitary scheme model corresponding to numbers of quanta of excitations N = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. The residual interactions used in these calculations are the Gogny et al. potential, the Doma et al. Potential, and an effective interaction which has been used successfully for the nucleus 6Li. The energy matrices for nuclei with A = 5 are diagonalized in terms of the oscillator parameter ℏω, which is varied in order to obtain the best fit to the spectra of these nuclei. The binding energy, the root mean-square radius, and the magnetic dipole moment of 5He are also calculated. Some new levels for these nuclei are obtained. The role of the three-body forces is also investigated for the nucleus 5He.
Evidence of Intermittent Type Fluctuation of Target Residue in Relativistic Nuclear Collisions at a Few Gev/n
Authors: Ghosh Dipak , Deb Argha , Bhattacharyya Swarnapratim , Das Jayita Ghosh Rupa , Mukherjee Sima
Published: July 2003

This paper presents evidence of intermittency in target fragmentation in 28Si-AgBr interactions at 14.5 AGeV in emission angle space and azimuthal angle space separately and also in two-dimensional (cos θ,ϕ) space. From the intermittency exponent, the anomalous fractal dimension dq is calculated and the variation of dq with the order q is investigated. The authors also compare the results with those obtained from 16O-AgBr interactions at 60 AGeV and at 2.1 AGeV and 32S-AgBr interactions at 200 AGeV to study the energy dependence of intermittent type of fluctuations in emission angle and azimuthal angle space separately. Comparing the intermittency exponents in one- and two-dimensions it is further seen that intermittency exponent has a higher value in two-dimensional space.
Superposition of Power-Law Models for Hardware/Software System Reliability Data Analysis
Authors: Zhao Ming
Published: July 2003

One of the widely used NHPP models in reliability is the so-called power-law model, also known as the Duane model. A power-law model can be applied in analyzing failure data of both software and hardware systems. Nevertheless, the power-law model is no longer applicable to describe the failure behavior when a hardware/software embedded system is concerned since the failures can come from both hardware and software. How to analyze the failure data of this type is still a problem to study and a new type of model is needed to develop. In this paper, we consider the superposition of the power-law models (SPLM) as one candidate to describe the failure behaviors of hardware/software systems. The characteristics of SPLMs are thoroughly studied. It is shown that an SPLM has the intensity function that can be increasing, decreasing, increasing-then-decreasing or decreasing-then-increasing. Specifically, the identification method of the superposition of power-law processes is provided by using the TTT-plot technique. The TTT-transform of a superposition of power-law processes is DFR-like. Therefore, the conditional TTT-plot should present a convex pattern if the system failures follow a superposition process by a few power-law processes. This provides us an easy way to identify the model when the testing data is available.
Reliability Modelling with Fuzzy Covariates
Authors: Guo R. , Love E.
Published: July 2003

In this research, we focus on covariate modelling to explore the interactions between industrial system and its enviroment in terms of the modelling fundamental characteristic — random and fuzzy uncertaity with an intention to decrease the fatal weakness of the modern dissection methodology. We extend the additive and multiplicative covariate models from these considering randomness alone into these considering both randomness and fuzziness in the sense as a mathematical extension to the existing covariate modelling. In terms of the form of logical function an engineering oriented fuzzy reliability model which could potentially count all the aspects associated with an operating system and its environment is proposed. Statistical estimation on the parameters of system fuzzy reliability is considered based on the general theory of the point processes. The impacts on the optimal plant maintenance from the engineering oriented fuzzy reliability modelling is also discussed. Finally we use an industrial example to illustrate the main theoretical developments.
On the Estimation Error in Zero-Inflated Poisson Model for Process Control
Authors: He B. , Xie M. , Goh T. N. , Ranjan P.
Published: July 2003

The control chart based on a Poisson distribution has often been used to monitor the number of defects in sampling units. However, many false alarms could be observed due to extra zero counts, especially for high-quality processes. Therefore, some alternatives have been developed to alleviate this problem, one of which is the control chart based on the zero-inflated Poisson distribution. This distribution takes into account the extra zeros present in the data, and yield more accurate results than the Poisson distribution. However, implementing a control chart is often based on the assumption that the parameters are either known or an accurate estimate is available. For a high quality process, an accurate estimate may require a very large sample size, which is seldom available. In this paper the effect of estimation error is investigated. An analytical approximation is derived to compute shift detection probability and run length distribution. The study shows that the false alarm rates are higher than the desirable level for smaller values of the sample size. This is further supported by smaller average run length. In general, the quantitative results from this paper can be utilized to select a minimum size of the initial sample for estimating the control limits so that certain average run length requirements are met.
Handling Data Insufficiency Problem in Diagnosing Batch Processes
Authors: Cho Hyun-Woo , Kim Kwang-Jae
Published: July 2003

To ensure safety of a batch process and quality of its final product, one needs to quickly identify an assignable cause of a fault. To solve the diagnosis problem of a batch process, Cho and Kim6 proposed a new statistical diagnosis method based on Fisher discriminant analysis (FDA). They showed satisfactory diagnosis performance on industrial batch processes. However, the diagnosis method of Cho and Kim6 has a major limitation: it does not work when the fault data available for building the discriminant model are insufficient. In this work, we propose a method to handle the insufficiency of the fault data in diagnosing batch processes. The diagnosis performance of the proposed method is demonstrated using a data set from a PVC batch process. The proposed method is shown to be able to handle the data insufficiency problem, and yield reliable diagnosis performance.
An Investigation of Rank Reserval when Using Fuzzy Importance Levels in QFD Analysis
Authors: Iranmanesh Seyed Hossein , Salimi Mohamad Hossein
Published: July 2003

Identification of important design requirements for product development is critical because it leads to successful products with shorter development time. Quality Function Deployment (QFD) is a tool to help the product development team to systematically determine the design requirements for developing a product with higher customer satisfaction. Therefore, determining the Importance rating of Engineering Characteristics should be robust and reliable. Generally, in QFD charts the relationships between Customer Attributes and Engineering Characteristics can be defined using linguistic variables that have three values: Weak, Medium and Strong. Reversing priority of results (rank reversing) is possible when various scales such as 1-3-5 or 1-3-9 are employed. In this paper, the effect of using fuzzy numbers in rank reverse reduction is studied. For this study a statistical experiment for measuring rank reverse with fuzzy numbers was designed. This experiment was replicated for 7 sets, which included symmetrical and non-symmetrical triangular and trapezoidal fuzzy sets with various degrees of fuzziness. This experiment was extended for cases involving relative importance for Customer Attributes with various fuzzy sets used for weights of importance. The results showed a major reduction in rank reversal using symmetrical membership functions. Furthermore, results did not depend on system fuzziness, and there were not any major differences between the use of triangular and trapezoidal membership functions.
Interactive Desirability Function Approach to Multi-Response Surface Optimization
Authors: Jeong In-Jun , Kim Kwang-Jae
Published: July 2003

A common problem encountered in product or process design is the selection of optimal parameters that involves simultaneous consideration of multi-response characteristics, called a multi-response surface (MRS) problem. There are several approaches proposed for MRS optimization (MRO), including the priority-based approach, the desirability function approach, and the loss function approach. The existing MRO approaches require that all the preference information of a decision maker be articulated prior to solving the problem. However, it is difficult for the decision maker to articulate all the preference information in advance. This paper proposes an interactive approach, called an interactive desirability function approach (IDFA), to overcome the common limitation of the existing approaches. IDFA focuses on extracting the decision maker's preference information in an interactive manner. IDFA requires no explicit tradeoffs among the responses and gives an opportunity for the decision maker to learn his/her own tradeoff space. Consequently, through IDFA, it is more likely that the decision maker finds a solution which is faithful to his/her preference structure.
Martin Metrics on the Sierpiński Gasket
Authors: Imai Atsushi , Kawasaki Yasuhiro , Sato Hiroshi
Published: July 2003

It is known that the (N–1)-dimensional Sierpiński gasket [Formula: see text] is defined as an attractor of a dynamical system induced by affine mappings fi (i = 1, 2, …, N). Identifying fi with i, Denker and Sato [1] represented [Formula: see text] as the Martin boundary of a Markov chain on the word space generated by N letters. The Martin metrics determine a unique topological space on [Formula: see text] but are not always Lipschitz equivalent. In this paper, we characterize the Lipschitz equivalence of Martin metrics in terms of their coefficients, compare them with the Euclidean metric and compute their Hausdorff dimensions.
Hyperbolic Stochastic Partial Differential Equations with Additive Fractional Brownian Sheet
Authors: Erraoui Mohamed , Ouknine Youssef , Nualart David
Published: July 2003

Let [Formula: see text] be a fractional Brownian sheet with Hurst parameters H, H′ ≤ 1/2. We prove the existence and uniqueness of a strong solution for a class of hyperbolic stochastic partial differential equations with additive fractional Brownian sheet of the form [Formula: see text], where b(ζ, x) is a Borel function satisfying some growth and monotonicity assumptions. We also prove the convergence of Euler's approximation scheme for this equation.
L2 Diffusion Approximation for Slow Motion in Averaging
Authors: Kifer Yuri
Published: July 2003

Assuming that the fast motion in averaging is sufficiently well mixing we show that the slow motion can be approximated in the L2-sense by a diffusion solving Hasselmann's nonlinear stochastic differential equation and which provides a much better approximation than the one suggested by the averaging principle. Previously, only weak limit theorems in averaging were known which cannot justify, in principle, a nonlinear diffusion approximation of the slow motion.
Stability of Dynamical Systems with a Multiplicative White Noise
Authors: Belinskiy Boris P. , Caithamer Peter
Published: July 2003

We discuss the behavior, for large values of time, of a class of linear mechanical systems with a white noise in their parameters. The initial conditions may be random as well but are independent of white noise. It is well known that a deterministic linear mechanical system with viscous damping is stable, i.e. its energy approaches zero as time increases. We calculate the expected energy and check that this behavior takes place in the case when the initial conditions are random but the parameters are not. When the parameters contain a random noise the expected energy may be infinite, approach zero, remain bounded, or increase with no bound. This regime is similar to but more interesting than the known regime for the solutions of differential equations with time-dependent periodic coefficients that describe the behavior of a mechanical system whose characteristics are periodic functions of time. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for stability of the systems considered in terms of the roots of an auxiliary equation. We explain why our approach may not be applied to some other models.