bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intensification of heat exchange in the developed surfaces in flat channels
Authors: Getman Pavel , Shchelchkov Alexey , Popov Igor , Zubkov Nikolai , Getman Valeriya
Published: December 2023

The paper presents the results of an experimental study of heat transfer during forced water flow from microstructured surfaces in a slotted channel. The investigated micro-structured surfaces were obtained by a resource-saving (waste-free) method of deforming cutting with various constructive shapes and sizes. A description of the experimental setup, methods for conducting and processing experimental data are presented. The maximum increase in heat transfer coefficients in comparison with a smooth surface reaches Nu/Nu0 = 16.2.
Study of rivulet deflections and interactions on the surface of heated liquid film
Authors: Semionov Vitaliy V. , Mileshkin Maxim S. , Sergeev Egor I. , Chinnov Evgeny A.
Published: December 2023

Study of rivulet deflections and interactions on the surface of vertical flowing heated liquid film at Reynolds number Re = 75 and initial temperature T0 = 25oC has been carried out. For recognition of rivulets and calculation maximal deflection amplitude neural network YOLOv5 was used. Distribution of rivulets’ interaction is presented. Obtained results are in good agreement with the data for Re = 33.
Numerical investigation of diesel fuel spray in a nozzle with counter-swirling jets
Authors: Hrebtov Michael Y. , Zheribor Maxim O. , Mullyadzhanov Rustam I.
Published: December 2023

Nozzle prototype for a diesel fuel reformer was investigated using numerical simulation. The main goal was to increase the rate and degree of fuel evaporation, as well as to improve the mixing characteristics between diesel fuel and superheated steam. A nozzle design was proposed with two internal regions, in which jets with opposite swirl directions were created. The simulation of mixing and evaporation of liquid fuel droplets and steam jets was performed in a finite volume formulation. The results of simulations show good uniformity of the mixture concentration downstream the nozzle exit, as well as high degree of evaporation, which is important for catalytic processes.
Aerodynamic wall based on industrial axial fans
Authors: Dekterev Dmitrii , Dekterev Aleksandr , Dekterev Artem , Vavilov Denis
Published: December 2023

The paper presents the results of development and study of an aerodynamic wall made with industrial axial fans as a tool for conducting of laboratory experiments to study the aerodynamics of various objects, including the testing of drone flight modes. Preliminary calculations, which showed the feasibility of creating an aerodynamic wall in the form of 4x4 or more fan array, were carried out using CFD modeling. A model aerodynamic wall of 4x4 server fans has been created and the characteristics of the output flow have been studied, including the confusers effect to increase the output speed. Based on the results of preliminary work, an aerodynamic wall in the form of an array of 4x4 industrial axial fans type VO-6-300-4 was developed and manufactured. The outlet section is 3.7 m2, an outlet flow rate of up to 10 m/s (14 m/s when using a confuser) and a total power consumption is 12 kW. The use of several frequency changers to control the rotation speed of the fans allows make possible control the output flow profile, which is important in a number of scientific areas.
The influence of microstructured surfaces and liquid pulsations on increasing heat transfer in a minichannel
Authors: Litvintceva Anastasia A. , Cheverda Vyacheslav V. , Agazhanov Alibek Sh.
Published: December 2023

The paper compares two methods for improving the intensification of heat transfer during boiling in a rectangular minichannel. Studies were carried out of the influence of additive structures on the crisis of heat transfer in a minichannel with a two-phase flow, as well as studies of the influence of high-frequency pulsations of liquid flow on the intensification of heat transfer processes during flow boiling.
État des lieux de l’enseignement de l’éducation thérapeutique du patient dans la formation initiale des sages-femmes françaises
Authors: Ohayon Emilie , Marchand Claire , Naudin David , Riquet Sébastien
Published: December 2023

Objectifs : Cette étude vise à établir un état des lieux de l’enseignement de l’Éducation Thérapeutique du Patient (ETP) en formation initiale des sages-femmes françaises. Méthode : Une étude quantitative descriptive a été menée sur le territoire français. Un questionnaire en ligne, comportant 27 questions a été diffusé aux 35 écoles de sages-femmes françaises. Résultats : Sur 19 écoles ayant répondu à l’enquête, 11 enseignaient l’ETP, 8 ne l’abordaient pas en formation. Cet enseignement est principalement transversal. Les freins à l’enseignement de l’ETP sont la densité actuelle du programme, l’absence de texte réglementant cet enseignement et des difficultés à circonscrire le champ de l’ETP par rapport à celui de la prévention, de la promotion et de l’éducation pour la santé. La simulation est utilisée dans une seule école. Discussion : Cette enquête montre une volonté des équipes pédagogiques à investir dans l’enseignement des éducations en santé, notamment de l’ETP. Pour cela, il s’agit de renforcer la formation des enseignants afin de clarifier les domaines d’intervention de la sage-femme faisant appel à la promotion de la santé, la prévention et les éducations en santé ; de proposer des stages spécifiques aux étudiants et de faire appel à la simulation. L’allongement de la durée de la formation initiale constitue une opportunité de planifier un enseignement spécifique et de discuter la place du service sanitaire.
Alltagsproblem Zielformulierung
Authors: Menig Alexandra
Published: December 2023

Warum fällt es uns im therapeutischen Alltag schwer, SMART-Ziele mit
unseren Klienten zu formulieren? Jeder weiß, wie wichtig es für
die Fortschritte des Klienten und die Eigenreflexion ist. Was sind
mögliche Hindernisse und wie kann es leichter fallen, erfolgreich Ziele
zu formulieren?
From Nasolabial Folds to Pan-facial Rejuvenation—The Evolution of Fillers in my Career
Authors: Grunebaum Lisa D. , Eitan Dana N. , Cave Taylor B.
Published: December 2023

This is a comprehensive review of facial fillers including landmark studies and expert commentary spanning the years from 2003 (when the first hyaluronic acid [HA] dermal filler underwent Food and Drug Administration approval in United States) to present.
Severe Unilateral Microtia with Aural Atresia, Hair White Patch, Stereotypes in a Young Boy with De novo 16p13.11 Deletion: Reasons for a New Genotype–Phenotype Correlation
Authors: Pavone Piero , Pappalardo Xena Giada , Parano Claudia , Parano Enrico , Corsello Antonio , Ruggieri Martino , Cacciaguerra Giovanni , Falsaperla Raffaele
Published: December 2023

Background Microtia is an uncommon congenital malformation ranging from mild anatomic structural abnormalities to partial or complete absence of the ear leading to hearing impairment. Congenital microtia may present as a single malformation (isolated microtia) or sometimes associated with other congenital anomalies involving various organs. Microtia has been classified in three degrees according to the complexity of the auricular malformation and to anotia referred to the total absence of the ear. Genetic role in causing auricular malformation has been widely demonstrated, and genotype–phenotype correlation has been reported in cases of syndromic microtia.

Case Presentation We report here a young patient with a third degree of scale classification and aural atresia. The patient showed unspecific facial dysmorphism, speech delay, precocious teething, hair white patch, and stereotypic anomalous movements. Genetic analysis displayed a de novo 16p13.11 deletion.

Conclusion Microtia with aural atresia is an uncommon and severe birth defect, which affects functional and esthetic aspects, often associated with other malformations. As traumatic this disorder may be for the parents, the microtia and aural atresia are treatable, thanks to the improving and evolving surgical techniques. Based on the genetic analysis and the clinical features observed in the present case, a genotype–phenotype correlation has been proposed.
A new complex mapping method of neural networks used in sound source localization
Authors: Jian Zeming , Hu Junhao , Nie Lei , Liu Mengran
Published: December 2023

Sound source localization has a wide range of application prospects in many fields, such as smart home and audio monitoring. Traditional methods are difficult to achieve accurate location in the face of multi-path reflection, reverberation, and ambient noise. In this paper, a complex mapping conversion method for sound source location is proposed. By using complex-valued convolutional neural networks to fuse the amplitude and phase information of the data, a more accurate and comprehensive analysis can be carried out to improve its robustness and realize the accurate location of the sound source. The sound source location method based on complex-valued convolutional neural networks is studied, and the complex mapping principle is analyzed. Simulation and experimental studies were carried out, and the results of simulation and experiment are basically consistent. In the experiment, the positioning accuracy of the complex mapping method is 9.49% higher than that of the absolute value method and 15.81% higher than that of the phase angle method. In addition, its localization success rate, respectively, increased by 4.9% and 8.6% compared to two other methods. This paper opens up a new way for the application of complex-valued convolutional neural networks in sound source localization.
Intervocalic /ɡ/ realization in Border Uruguayan Spanish
Authors: Gradoville Michael , Waltermire Mark , Chery Audrey , Fernandez Sofía , Long Avizia
Published: December 2023

In Border Uruguayan Spanish, intervocalic voiced obstruents have been known to be produced as stops due to the variety’s contact with Portuguese. The present study investigates intervocalic /ɡ/ in a corpus of sociolinguistic interviews. Using an acoustic measure, a consonant-vowel intensity ratio, as an index of constriction of /ɡ/, we found that, similar to /b/ and /d/, the speaker’s age, Spanish use, and sex have a strong impact on the realization of intervocalic /ɡ/. Specifically, younger speakers, those that speak Spanish most of the time, and men are likely to use less constricted variants such as approximants and elision. Given the parallels that these results have with findings of studies of intervocalic /d/ and, to a lesser extent, /b/ in this variety, we discuss support for the notion that the three phonemes behave as a series and not independently.
Cultivars of Arabica coffee: Characterization and interception of solar radiation
Authors: Trindade Lídia Raiza Sousa Lima Chaves , Carvalho Alves Marcelo , Sanches Luciana
Published: December 2023

The importance of coffee crops in the global agricultural scenario goes beyond economic aspects, also encompassing political and sociocultural factors. Brazil stands out in this scenario as the largest producer and exporter of coffee in the world, with a particular emphasis on the state of Minas Gerais. Coffee production is mainly focused on the
Coffea arabica
L. species. However, several factors directly impact coffee crop productivity, resulting in significant losses. Among the most relevant factors are adverse climatic conditions, nutritional deficiencies, and the presence of pests and diseases. Therefore, it is essential to seek an efficient metabolic response from coffee crops in the face of biotic and abiotic stresses, developing plants that are more resistant to climate variations. Based on the literature, this review is structured as follows: first, the characteristics and growth habits of coffee crops are presented; second, 18 cultivars of Arabica coffee analyzed in the study are discussed, providing specific agronomic information for each of them; subsequently, the coffee’s phenological cycle and productivity are addressed; finally, radiometric variables such as photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (f
APAR
), transmittance, reflectance, and leaf area index (LAI) are treated. The evidence gathered in this review unanimously points to the need for intensified studies on solar radiation interception and LAI in different cultivars of Arabica coffee. The literature highlights the importance of using field-obtained datasets to complement information on the characteristics and growth patterns of varieties, as well as their phenological cycle, in order to understand the plant’s behavior before and after harvesting and its relation to productivity.
Permeant cations modulate pore dynamics and gating of TRPV1 ion channels
Authors: García-Ávila Miriam , Tello-Marmolejo Javier , Rosenbaum Tamara , Islas León D.
Published: December 2023

The transient receptor vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is a non-selective ion channel, which is activated by several chemical ligands and heat. We have previously shown that activation of TRPV1 by different ligands results in single-channel openings with different conductance, suggesting that the selectivity filter is highly dynamic. TRPV1 is weakly voltage dependent; here, we sought to explore whether the permeation of different monovalent ions could influence the voltage dependence of this ion channel. By using single-channel recordings, we show that TRPV1 channels undergo rapid transitions to closed states that are directly connected to the open state, which may result from structural fluctuations of their selectivity filter. Moreover, we demonstrate that the rates of these transitions are influenced by the permeant ion, suggesting that ion permeation regulates the voltage dependence of these channels. Our data could be the basis for more detailed MD simulations exploring the permeation mechanism and how the occupancy of different ions alters the three-dimensional structure of the pore of TRPV1 channels.
Thermoelectricity: from the iron arc of Alessandro Volta to radioisotope thermoelectric generators
Authors: Chikina I , Goupil C , Sharapov S G , Varlamov A A
Published: December 2023

We start with an overview of the fascinating history of thermoelectricity, which included such famous scientists as Luigi Galvani, Alessandro Volta, Thomas Johann Seebeck, Jean Charles Athanase Peltier, and even the philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. Then we move on to the basic concepts for describing thermoelectric phenomena and how, as our understanding of nature improves, thermoelectricity finds more and more applications. We formulate the requirements for the materials necessary for the wide practical use of thermoelectricity and will mention those that exist, and those that Nature has forgotten to create but will be discovered/invented by scientists. Finally, we enumerate several more significant applications of thermoelectricity.
Topology-based optimization of handcuff graphs on 3D lattice
Authors: No Sungjong , Oh Seungsang , Yoo Hyungkee
Published: December 2023

In the field of macromolecular chemistry, handcuff-shaped catenanes and pretzelanes have a conformation consisting of two distinct loops and an edge connecting them. In spatial graph theory, this shape is referred to as a handcuff graph. One topological aspect of interest in these molecular structures involves determining the minimal number of monomers required to create them. In this paper, we focus on a handcuff graph situated in the cubic lattice, which we refer to as a lattice handcuff graph. We explicitly verify that constructing a lattice handcuff graph requires at least 14 lattice sticks, except for the two handcuff graphs: the trivial handcuff graph and the Hopf-linked handcuff graph. Mainly we employ the properly leveled lattice conformation argument, which was developed by the authors to find the lattice stick number of knot-shaped and link-shaped molecules.
Estimating the yield stress of soft materials via laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
Authors: Gong 龚 Shuhang 书航 , Li 李 Yaju 亚举 , Qian 钱 Dongbin 东斌 , Ye 叶 Jinrui 晋瑞 , Zhao 赵 Kou 扣 , Zeng 曾 Qiang 强 , Chen 陈 Liangwen 良文 , Zhang 张 Shaofeng 少锋 , Yang 杨 Lei 磊 , Ma 马 Xinwen 新文
Published: December 2023

Taking three typical soft samples prepared respectively by loose packings of 77-, 95-, and 109-μm copper grains as examples, we perform an experiment to investigate the energy-dependent laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) of soft materials. We discovered a reversal phenomenon in the trend of energy dependence of plasma emission intensity: increasing initially and then decreasing separated by a well-defined critical energy. The trend reversal is attributed to the laser-induced recoil pressure at the critical energy just matching the sample’s yield strength. As a result, a one-to-one correspondence can be well established between the samples’ yield stress and the critical energy that is easily obtainable from LIBS measurements. This allows us to propose an innovative method for estimating the yield stress of soft materials via LIBS with attractive advantages including in-situ remote detection, real-time data collection, and minimal destructive to sample.
Generation of orbital angular momentum hologram using a modified U-net
Authors: Zheng 郑 Zhi-Gang 志刚 , Han 韩 Fei-Fei 菲菲 , Wang 王 Le 乐 , Zhao 赵 Sheng-Mei 生妹
Published: December 2023

Orbital angular momentum (OAM) holography has become a promising technique in information encryption, data storage and opto-electronic computing, owing to the infinite topological charge of one single OAM mode and the orthogonality of different OAM modes. In this paper, we propose a novel OAM hologram generation method based on a densely connected U-net (DCU), where the densely connected convolution blocks (DCB) replace the convolution blocks of the U-net. Importantly, the reconstruction process of the OAM hologram is integrated into DCU as its output layer, so as to eliminate the requirement to prepare training data for the OAM hologram, which is required by conventional neural networks through an iterative algorithm. The experimental and simulation results show that the OAM hologram can rapidly be generated with the well-trained DCU, and the reconstructed image’s quality from the generated OAM hologram is significantly improved in comparison with those from the Gerchberg–Saxton generation method, the Gerchberg–Saxton based generation method and the U-net method. In addition, a 10-bit OAM multiplexing hologram scheme is numerically demonstrated to have a high capacity with OAM hologram.
Design and Fabrication of Test Rig for Static Pushing and Pulling Experiments
Authors: Izzat Muhammad Nadzirul , Halim Isa , Abidin Muhammad Zaimi Zainal , Abdullah Zulkeflee , Umar Radin Zaid Radin , Rahman Husna , Kasim Mohd Shahir
Published: December 2023

Muscular strength data associated with pushing and pulling forces are crucial for ergonomists to design tasks and equipment in manual materials handling. Usually, ergonomists measure pushing and pulling forces using a force gauge. Subjects participating in the pushing and pulling experiments need to grip and hold the force gauge. Additional weight from the force gauge can affect the muscular strength of the subjects, which impacts the validity and reliability of the pushing and pulling data. However, research on the design and fabrication of test rigs for facilitating pushing and pulling experiments seems to be scarce. This study aimed to design and fabricate a test rig to facilitate ergonomists and subjects in performing symmetric two-handed static pushing and pulling experiments. To develop the test rig, the researchers performed a maximum force measurement, a computer-aided design model, materials selection, a finite element analysis, a functionality test, and a reliability test. Seven subjects with a body mass of more than 120 kg participated in the validation of the developed test rig. Key findings of this study showed that the test rig could sustain the pushing and pulling forces up to 900 N, representing almost double the muscular strength of the subjects. This study concluded that the developed test rig was sturdy and helpful for facilitating ergonomists in quantifying the magnitude of pushing and pulling forces.
Maximum spreading diameter of a water droplet after impact on a hot surface beyond Leidenfrost temperature
Authors: Juhar M Z F , Mohamad M S , Illias S , Amin N A M , Hussain S , Ani M H
Published: December 2023

The impact of liquid droplets on heated surfaces are relevance across a range of applications. The maximum spreading diameter of water droplet during impact on hot surface was experimentally studied. The surface was made of aluminium. The diameter and height of the aluminium block was 70.0 mm and 30.0 mm, respectively. During experiment, the test surface was heated beyond Leidenfrost temperature. A high-speed video camera was used to capture the droplet images from the first impact until the droplet reached maximum spreading condition. The frame rate was set to be 2,000 fps. Distilled water was used as the test liquid. The impact height was set to be about 65.0 mm. From the high-speed images analysis, the droplet diameter was found to be approximately 4.5 mm. The measured droplet maximum spreading diameters were found to have a good agreement with theoretical calculation.
Flow Fluctuation during Flow Boiling of Binary Mixtures in High Aspect Ratio Microchannel
Authors: Widyatama Arif , Venter Mandi , Mohamad Muhammad Sofwan Bin , Dirker Jacob , Orejon Daniel , Sefiane Khellil
Published: December 2023

Flow boiling performance is affected by several factors, such as channel characteristics and working fluid types. It is found that there is still limited study that discusses the use of binary mixtures combined with high aspect ratio microchannels. The aim of this study is to investigate the flow fluctuation during flow boiling of binary mixtures in rectangular microchannels. Here, a 6 mm width and 0.3 mm depth rectangular channel was utilised, and it represents a hydraulic diameter of 571 μm and an aspect ratio of 20. In the present works, a mass flux of 10 kg m-2 s-1 was used, and the heat flux ranged from 15.2 and 21.0 kW m-2. The image processing technique was applied to track the bubble tail movement. In addition, the thermal camera was utilised to gather the wall temperature distribution of the channel. The preliminary results show that the use of binary mixtures influences the vapour fraction in the channel and the flow fluctuation characteristics. Some differences are observed in terms of wall temperature characteristics. However, the rapid increase of wall temperature is found in the outlet region for high flux cases under all liquid types which suggests the dominance of dry out event.
K-means Algorithm Based on Flower Pollination Algorithm and Calinski-Harabasz Index
Authors: Aik Lim Eng , Choon Tan Wee , Abu Mohd Syafarudy
Published: December 2023

Aiming at the problems that the Flower Pollination (FP) algorithm is easy to fall into the local optimum, the searchability is weak, and the k-means algorithm is easily affected by the selection of the initial clustering centre, a k-means algorithm based on the FP algorithm is proposed. Six benchmark functions test the improved FP algorithm. The effectiveness of the k-means algorithm based on the improved FP algorithm was tested and verified with UCI machine learning and artificial datasets. The verification results showed that the improved FP algorithm improved based on ensuring a faster convergence speed. Compared with other algorithms, the performance of this algorithm has been significantly improved in all aspects.
PCMs’ performance and the benefit enhancement
Authors: Zhang Xinyue
Published: December 2023

At present, non-renewable energy sources such as oil are being consumed in large quantities and, along with this energy consumption, large quantities of carbon dioxide (greenhouse gases) are being produced, contributing to increased global warming. The energy used to control the interior temperature of a building area cannot be disregarded since the building industry, as a significant energy consumer and CO2 emitter, has a significant influence on the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Due to their enormous thermal energy storage capacity, phase change materials may be employed in building envelopes, where they can help conserve energy and somewhat lower carbon emissions. In this paper, the thermal performance of phase change materials that can be applied to the building sector is summarised and compared, while various ways of improving the ratio of thermal efficiency to cost are proposed based on their practical use, from material enhancement, production method enhancement, and the choice of use and location for efficiency enhancement.
Inverter design trade-off for photovoltaic power generation
Authors: He Xie
Published: December 2023

Photovoltaic (PV) power generation is a very important way of energy conversion. It can convert solar energy into electricity. As the core photovoltaic power generation device, the microinverter design has many challenges. Limitations that need to be considered include high-frequency leakage current generated by parasitic capacitance, the front DC voltage gain of the inverter, and switch components’ number and power consumption. In many cases, these limitations are difficult to solve perfectly simultaneously in a standard H-bridge or three-phase inverters. A front boost converter requires a high DC voltage gain with fewer switches, and Z-source or split-source structures can be applied. But these structures can lead to high leakage current. A traditional half-bridge inverter can solve the problem but with low efficiency. H5 or HERIC full-bridge inverter for PV can eliminate leakage current while more switches are used. A dual-boost common-grounded H-bridge topology can remove the leakage current and achieve a high DC voltage gain with only four switches. However, the power consumption of different switches varies greatly, which may cause an imbalance in heating and damage the device.
The state-of-the-art wireless power transmission technology in electric vehicles
Authors: Yang Yebing
Published: December 2023

Since the 21st century, people have been paying attention to energy and environmental protection issues, and the world is accelerating the development and promotion of new energy vehicles. At present, the mainstream charging method of new energy vehicles is wired charging, but this charging method has certain safety hazards. So using wireless charging technology can effectively make up for this shortcoming. This paper starts with the development history of wireless charging technology, and expounds the birth and development of wireless charging technology. Then three common wireless charging technologies are introduced. This article will introduce the three wireless charging technologies from their principle, topology and advantages and disadvantages. Secondly, by comparing the three wireless charging technologies, it is concluded that IPT technology is the most mature and widely used technology at present, at the same time, CPT technology is also promising. Finally, the technical challenges and development prospects of wireless charging technology are discussed.
Design of preamplifier circuit for ECG circuit of wearable devices
Authors: Ren Chenyang
Published: December 2023

In this study, a wearable electrocardiogram (ECG) acquisition system with high performance instrumentation amplifier is presented. It adopts a 3-op-amp circuit and utilizes 180nm CMOS technology to achieve large input impedance. Furthermore, a drive-right leg module is used to configure the input’s common-mode range, increasing the common-mode rejection rate. Simulations in standard 180nm CMOS technology show bandwidths ranging from 0.1Hz to 251Hz. The front-end circuit operates on a 0.8V power supply. At the same time, using LTspice to conduct a preliminary test on the performance of the circuit, the total integrated input-referred noise of the circuit is 3.98 µVRMS
, and the power consumption is 5.059 µ W . This satisfies the need for an ECG circuit with low power and noise requirements for wearable technology. The preliminary research findings presented in this paper have established a solid theoretical framework for the amplifier used in the measuring of ECG signals.
The accuracy analysis of different algorithms for 4-Bit absolute value detector
Authors: Ren Binyi
Published: December 2023

This paper proposes and compares three different algorithms for implementing a 4-bit absolute value detector (AVD) using Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The demand for low power, low delay and high-performance drive the need for AVDs. The proposed algorithms are analysed based on logical effort theory and simulation results for delay and energy performance. The circuits employ a range of logical gates, including multiplexers, NAND gates, XNOR gates, XOR gates, and inverters. The chosen proposed algorithm achieves the lowest delay and energy cost while maintaining high accuracy. Sizing and Vdd optimization can be used to optimize energy, and a 53.7 FO4(1V), 39.91Eu(1V) 4-bit Absolute-Value Detector can be achieved. Overall, this paper provides valuable insights into the design and optimization of AVDs using CMOS technology, which can have important applications in developing electronic systems.
Design and optimization of CMOS layout structure for improved semiconductor device performance
Authors: Huang Peihao
Published: December 2023

CMOS layout structure plays a very important role in the field of semiconductor. Since the invention of CMOS technology in the 1970s, engineers have developed many other CMOS layout technologies based on it. This paper will also focus on the CMOS transistor layout structure, focusing on the analysis of three more important structures, demonstrating their impact on the performance of semiconductor devices. Before that, this paper will first introduce the basic theory of CMOS, such as the drift and diffusion of charge carriers in PN junctions, and the working principle of PMOS and NMOS, so as to facilitate us to further describe the optimization and improvement of CMOS structure. Then, the performance and characteristics of each structure are introduced in detail, and finally the comparison is made to highlight their advantages in technology and performance compared with traditional structures. In the future, CMOS structure layout will also become a hot spot, constantly creating more reasonable and advanced structures to improve semiconductor performance.
Design of 4-bit absolute value detector with low energy
Authors: Zhang Beining
Published: December 2023

The article highlights the latest developments in the design of low-power 4-bit Absolute Value Detector (AVD) circuits that are utilized in digital signal processing (DSP) applications. DSP applications like audio and video processing, biological signal processing, and digital communication systems rely heavily on the AVD circuit, which determines the absolute value of an input signal. The article introduces a low-energy 4-bit AVD circuit based on pass transistors that incorporates advanced optimization techniques like adiabatic logic, approximation techniques, and layout optimization. This optimized AVD circuit achieves remarkable results in terms of power consumption and energy efficiency. With a power consumption of just 0.6 nW and an energy efficiency of 0.6 pJ per cycle, the circuit maintains precision and rapid response time. These advancements in AVD circuit design can be highly beneficial for portable and battery-powered devices such as earplugs, implants, and cell phones, as well as electronic components like Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) and motherboards. Overall, the proposed low-energy 4-bit AVD circuit is a significant development in the DSP field, enabling more efficient and effective processing of digital signals.
High-performance LFSR circuit design based on XOR gates
Authors: Xiao Haoyuan
Published: December 2023

The research discussed in this article is focused on analysing the effects of XOR gates based on different logic families, namely MOS Current Mode Logic (MCML), dynamic current logic, and PTL, on the performance of linear feedback shift register (LFSR) circuits. The aim of the study is to evaluate the power dissipation and critical path latency of the circuits while comparing the results with earlier works in the field. To achieve this, the researchers implemented the 3, 4, and 5-bit LFSR circuits using Verilog HDL code and synthesized them on the Cadence tool using 90nm CMOS technology. The study concludes that LFSR circuits based on XOR gates outperform previous LFSR circuits in terms of power dissipation. The research also offers a comparative analysis of the different types of XOR gates used in the LFSR circuits, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each type. The results of the study can be useful for researchers working in the field of circuit design, as well as for practitioners who are interested in developing low-power and efficient LFSR circuits.
Dynamic path planning in autonomous driving
Authors: Wen Sheng
Published: December 2023

With the development of emerging technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI) and fifth-generation cellular network technology (5G), good conditions are provided for the level of automation, providing the necessary assistance to coordinate the environment, planning decisions and path optimisation for self-driving vehicles. This paper briefly outlines and analyses the key technologies required to realize autonomous driving and summarizes the corresponding research results for each part; by considering the operation process of self-driving vehicles, this paper chooses path planning as the focus of research and presents it in the form of a methodology; finally, it concludes with a summary of personal opinions and a discussion of possible future research directions.
Design of UAV wireless communication system
Authors: Bai Xinyue
Published: December 2023

The increasing demand for communication has led to a surge in the development and deployment of wireless communication technology in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). As a result, there has been extensive research conducted on UAV wireless communication systems over the past five years. This article provides an overview of the advancements made in three key areas of research: transmission of UAV wireless communication systems, wireless communication networks, and design optimization of UAV wireless communication systems. The article summarizes the existing literature on these topics and highlights the main findings and challenges faced by researchers. In addition, it explores the principles and implementation approaches of three types of UAV wireless communication systems, including a UAV wireless communication system, a UAV wireless transmission system based on the AD9361+ZYNQ7045 platform, and a UAV communication system based on wireless data transmission module. Overall, the research in UAV wireless communication systems has shown great potential for future applications in various fields such as aerial photography, disaster monitoring, and search and rescue operations. By improving the efficiency and reliability of wireless communication between UAVs, the technology can enhance their performance and increase their usefulness in a range of industries.
Design of low-noise low-power ECG amplifier circuit with high integration level
Authors: Wang Wenzhao
Published: December 2023

Electrocardiogram (ECG) is a common tool in medicine and is an important indicator for diagnosing many diseases. Nowadays, aspects such as low noise, low power, and high integration have become important indicators for ECG circuit design. Also, due to the low amplitude of ECG signals, ECG circuits need to have high gain to ensure accurate signal detection and analysis. Second, ECG signals are usually subject to interference from other parts of the body, so a high common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) is required to suppress these interfering signals. In this paper, we propose an ECG circuit composed of an amplifier with a drive right leg circuit (DRL) using pseudo-resistors as well as capacitors to improve the common instrumentation amplifier. The simulation using industrial-grade simulation software LTspice shows that the circuit has a voltage of 1.8 V, a bandwidth of 17 mHz-1 KHz, a gain of 55 dB, and an INR of 3.4 μVrms, and because the signal amplifier part of this circuit design consists of only pseudo-pseudo-resistors, capacitors, and mos tubes. Therefore, it has a smaller size and a higher degree of integration. In addition, the circuit has less power loss for the same amplification design. Overall, this design has excellent characteristics such as low noise, low power, and small size.
A comparison study between the lithium sulphur battery and fuel cell in new energy vehicle applications
Authors: Gan Boyuan , Li Yilong , Wu Yunshang
Published: December 2023

In recent years, the development of new energy vehicles has been rapid to solve the emerging energy depletion and carbon emission problems. Lithium-sulfur batteries and fuel batteries have become the most competitive two development directions in the new generation of power batteries for electric vehicle applications. Lithium-sulfur battery has a high specific capacity, low production cost and is environmentally friendly. However, some problems include low coulomb efficiency and short life span in the process of lithium-sulfur battery production. Fuel cells are also environmentally friendly, energy-efficient and drive efficiently. But fuel cells are extremely expensive, and their longevity problems regarding the membranes and electrode materials and supporting infrastructure, such as the hydrogen and oxygen storage obstacles, must also be overcome. This paper focuses on analyzing the two new energy vehicle power resource principles, advantages and disadvantages of two kinds of typical batteries, the current development bottleneck, and respectively put forward suggestions for future development.
Study on influencing factors and optimization of carbon fiber wear resistance test
Authors: Li Wusheng , Meng Xiangshu , Qiao Rui
Published: December 2023

In order to accurately distinguish the wear resistance level of different carbon fibers including high strength fibers and high modulus fibers, and ensure minimal fluctuations in testing results, orthogonal tests are designed based on the testing method of carbon fiber wear resistance from the standard Q/ZHFC 4403-2014, and the influencing factors of wear resistance test is determined, and the corresponding test parameters were optimized by the error sum of squares. The results show that within a certain factor level, the traction tension, friction load, friction rod angle and the number of friction rods have a highly significant impact on the test results of fuzz mass, the traction speed has an impact on the test results, and the density of sponge sheet has no impact. When the traction tension is 25N, the friction load is 350g, the traction speed is 30m/min, and the sponge density is 2.28×10−2g/cm3, the angle of friction rod is 120°, the coefficient of variation of the fuzz mass test results is 2.9%~5.0%, which means the testing method with optimized parameters can accurately and quantitatively distinguish the wear resistance level of different brand carbon fibers.
FAIR AI models in high energy physics
Authors: Duarte Javier , Li Haoyang , Roy Avik , Zhu Ruike , Huerta E A , Diaz Daniel , Harris Philip , Kansal Raghav , Katz Daniel S , Kavoori Ishaan H , Kindratenko Volodymyr V , Mokhtar Farouk , Neubauer Mark S , Eon Park Sang , Quinnan Melissa , Rusack Roger , Zhao Zhizhen
Published: December 2023

The findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable (FAIR) data principles provide a framework for examining, evaluating, and improving how data is shared to facilitate scientific discovery. Generalizing these principles to research software and other digital products is an active area of research. Machine learning models—algorithms that have been trained on data without being explicitly programmed—and more generally, artificial intelligence (AI) models, are an important target for this because of the ever-increasing pace with which AI is transforming scientific domains, such as experimental high energy physics (HEP). In this paper, we propose a practical definition of FAIR principles for AI models in HEP and describe a template for the application of these principles. We demonstrate the template’s use with an example AI model applied to HEP, in which a graph neural network is used to identify Higgs bosons decaying to two bottom quarks. We report on the robustness of this FAIR AI model, its portability across hardware architectures and software frameworks, and its interpretability.
Small proteins in Gram-positive bacteria
Authors: Brantl Sabine , Ul Haq Inam
Published: December 2023

Small proteins comprising less than 100 amino acids have been often ignored in bacterial genome annotations. About 10 years ago, focused efforts started to investigate whole peptidomes, which resulted in the discovery of a multitude of small proteins, but only a number of them have been characterized in detail. Generally, small proteins can be either membrane or cytosolic proteins. The latter interact with larger proteins, RNA or even metal ions. Here, we summarize our current knowledge on small proteins from Gram-positive bacteria with a special emphasis on the model organism Bacillus subtilis. Our examples include membrane-bound toxins of type I toxin–antitoxin systems, proteins that block the assembly of higher order structures, regulate sporulation or modulate the RNA degradosome. We do not consider antimicrobial peptides. Furthermore, we present methods for the identification and investigation of small proteins.
Assessing the potential of synthetic and ex situ airborne laser scanning and ground plot data to train forest biomass models
Authors: Schäfer Jannika , Winiwarter Lukas , Weiser Hannah , Novotný Jan , Höfle Bernhard , Schmidtlein Sebastian , Henniger Hans , Krok Grzegorz , Stereńczak Krzysztof , Fassnacht Fabian Ewald
Published: December 2023

Airborne laser scanning data are increasingly used to predict forest biomass over large areas. Biomass information cannot be derived directly from airborne laser scanning data; therefore, field measurements of forest plots are required to build regression models. We tested whether simulated laser scanning data of virtual forest plots could be used to train biomass models and thereby reduce the amount of field measurements required. We compared the performance of models that were trained with (i) simulated data only, (ii) a combination of simulated and real data, (iii) real data collected from different study sites, and (iv) real data collected from the same study site the model was applied to. We additionally investigated whether using a subset of the simulated data instead of using all simulated data improved model performance. The best matching subset of the simulated data was sampled by selecting the simulated forest plot with the highest correlation of the return height distribution profile for each real forest plot. For comparison, a randomly selected subset was evaluated. Models were tested on four forest sites located in Poland, the Czech Republic, and Canada. Model performance was assessed by root mean squared error (RMSE), squared Pearson correlation coefficient (r$^{2}$), and mean error (ME) of observed and predicted biomass. We found that models trained solely with simulated data did not achieve the accuracy of models trained with real data (RMSE increase of 52–122 %, r$^{2}$ decrease of 4–18 %). However, model performance improved when only a subset of the simulated data was used (RMSE increase of 21–118 %, r$^{2}$ decrease of 5–14 % compared to the real data model), albeit differences in model performance when using the best matching subset compared to using a randomly selected subset were small. Using simulated data for model training always resulted in a strong underprediction of biomass. Extending sparse real training datasets with simulated data decreased RMSE and increased r$^{2}$, as long as no more than 12–346 real training samples were available, depending on the study site. For three of the four study sites, models trained with real data collected from other sites outperformed models trained with simulated data and RMSE and r$^{2}$ were similar to models trained with data from the respective sites. Our results indicate that simulated data cannot yet replace real data but they can be helpful in some sites to extend training datasets when only a limited amount of real data is available.
A method for identifying and segmenting branches of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees using terrestrial laser scanning
Authors: Yrttimaa Tuomas , Kankare Ville , Luoma Ville , Junttila Samuli , Saarinen Ninni , Calders Kim , Holopainen Markus , Hyyppä Juha , Vastaranta Mikko
Published: December 2023

Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) has been adopted as a feasible technique to characterize tree stems while the characterization of trees’ branching architecture has remained less explored. In general, branching architecture refers to the spatial arrangement of branches and their characteristics that are important when exploring the eco-physiological functioning of trees or assessing tree biomass and wood quality. Our aim was to develop a point cloud processing method for identifying and segmenting individual branches from TLS point clouds. We applied a Cartesian-to-cylinder coordinate transformation and a simple morphological filtering for stem surface reconstruction and stem-branch separation. Then branch origins were identified as their intersections with the stem surface, and individual branches were segmented based on their connectivity with the branch origins. The method, implemented in MATLAB and openly available, was validated on a 0.4-ha mature and managed southern boreal forest stand. The branch identification performance was assessed based on visual interpretation of 364 randomly sampled stem sections from 100 Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris (L.)) trees that were inspected for branch identification accuracy. The results showed that the branches could only be identified up to the height where the stem could be reconstructed. For 90% of the trees, this threshold ranged between 59.3% and 81.2% relative tree heights. Branches located below this threshold were identified with a recall of 75%, a precision of 92%, and an F1-score of 0.82. Based on our study, it appears that in a managed Scots pine stand, most of the branches can be identified with the developed method for the most valuable stem part eligible for logwood. The findings obtained in this study promote the feasibility of using TLS in applications requiring detailed characterization of trees. The developed method can be further used in quantifying the characteristics of individual branches, which could be useful for biomass and wood quality assessment, for example.
Intellectual monopolies as a new pattern of innovation and technological regime
Authors: Rikap Cecilia
Published: December 2023

Building on Schumpeter Mark I and Mark II, I propose an additional pattern of innovation and technological regime called the intellectual monopoly (IM) to explain the co-habitation of large incumbent firms with high entry and exit rates and provide evidence for pharmaceuticals and information technologies. I associate the IM pattern and technological regime with corporate innovation systems and illustrate that patterns not only evolve after changes in technological regimes but also due to economic, political, and institutional transformations.