bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insecticidal and Microbial Control of Late-Season Insect Pests of Minnesota Sweet Corn, 1991
Authors: Hutchinson W. D. , Bartels D. W. , Rinkleff J. H. , Bolin P. C. , Campbell C. D.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted on the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station at Rosemount in corn planted 13 Jun. Two-row plots, 30 ft long with 4 ft alleys, and separated by one skip-row, were arranged in a randomized complete block design. A backpack COa sprayer with two hollow-cone (TX-10) nozzles/row, delivering 25 gal/acre at 33 psi, was used to treat the ear zone of each row. A 5-7 day spray schedule was maintained with the first spray initiated at 20% silk. Treatments were applied 18, 23, 30 Aug, and 6 Sep. Plots were artificially infested with about 25 neonate ECB larvae/ear on 27 Aug. A large natural infestation of CEW also developed. Treatments were evaluated 12 Sep by randomly selecting 25 ears/plot (100/treatment) and recording total ECB and CEW larvae, larval size and location, and feeding damage.
Control of Corn Earworm on Sweet Corn, 1991
Authors: Mayer D. F. , Lunden J. D. , Volker K. C.
Published: March 2022

Sweet corn was planted 6 Jun with rows spaced 30 inches apart and 10-12 inches between plants. Plots consisted of 4 rows, 30 ft long replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Silk sprays were applied with a Hi-Boy selfpowered boom sprayer with 4 (TJet 8001) nozzles set 76 inches off the ground and centered on the row at a rate of 30 gal/acre at 30 psi. The corn was at 1% silk on 5 Aug and treatments were applied 5, 9, 13, and 17 Aug except for BioVector which was applied once to a set of plots on 9 Aug. The other set of BioVector plots had applications on 9, 13, and 17 Aug. All plots were hand harvested and evaluated 23 Aug by randomly selecting 25 ears plot, husking the ears, and checking for CEW larvae.
Control of the Corn Lepidoptera with Foliar Applications, 1991
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T.
Published: March 2022

Corn was planted on 15 May at the Vegetable Crops Research Farm near Geneva, NY. The planting consisted of an RCB design with four replicates of nine treatments and one control. Plots consisted of six 30-ft rows of sweet corn on 3 ft centers with 9-inch plant spacing. Blocks were separated by 20 ft. Treatments consisted of five applications of each insecticide for naturally occurring Lepidoptera. Foliar sprays were applied by a 2-row tractor-mounted boom, having 3 nozzles per row with flat fans and 8004 tips, and delivering 31 gal/acre at 50 psi and 2.5 mph. Insecticides were applied on 26 Jul, 1, 12, 16, and 26 Aug. On 4 Sep, 25 ears from the two treated rows of each plot were evaluated for ear injury.
First Generation European Corn Borer Control on Sweet Corn, 1991
Authors: Walker Melody , Wedberg John
Published: March 2022

Excellency' sweet corn was planted 23 May. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated four times. Treatments consisted of 40-ft single row plots with 30-inch row spacing separated by single border rows. Whorls of V6-stage corn were hand-infested with two black head stage European corn borer egg masses on 25 Jun. Whorls were treated 27 Jun. Granular formulations of insecticides were applied in a 14-inch band with a Noble insecticide applicator. Liquid formulations were applied in a 7-inch band with a COa pressurized backpack sprayer fitted with one 8004 Teejet nozzle delivering 32 gal/acre at 30 psi. Ten stalks per plot were dissected 8 Aug from one inch above the soil line to the tassel. Cavities were counted. Tunnels of at least one inch in length were considered one cavity.
Labeled and Unlabeled Insecticides for Control of European Corn Borer on Sweet Corn in Wisconsin, 1991
Authors: Wedberg John , Jensen Bryan
Published: March 2022

'Excellency' sweet corn was planted 20 Jun at 23,000 seeds per acre. Each treatment plot was six rows wide, 18 m long, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated four times. Sprays were applied with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with D2/23 Teejet disc-core nozzles which delivered 94 liters of finished spray per ha at 40 psi. The spray boom height was set just above the tassel. Sprays were applied on 12, 19, 26 Aug, and 4 Sep 1991. Plots were evaluated 11 Sep by removing 25 ears per treatment and recording the size of larvae and number of infested ears.
Insect Control on Sweet Corn, 1991
Authors: Whalen J. , Spellman M.
Published: March 2022

Sweet corn was planted on 3 Jul near Georgetown, DE. Two row plots, 20 ft long on 30 inch centers, were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer using two nozzles/row delivering 86.2 gal/acre at 40 psi. Silk sprays were applied on 23, 26, 30 Aug; 3, 6, and 9 Sep. At harvest maturity (10 Sep), all ears from each plot were husked and evaluated for damage as “fresh market” (clean ears, no damage evident) and “processing” (evidence of tip feeding but less than 3.6 cm tip damage). All worms were identified and counted.
Control of the Sweetpotato Whitefly in Fresh Market Cucumber with an IGR and a Pyrethroid Insecticide, 1991
Authors: Riley David G.
Published: March 2022

Cucumbers were direct seeded into 35 ft × 6.7 ft two row plots. Three insecticide treatments and an unsprayed check were replicated four times in an RCB design. Plants were sprayed at 70 psi (ca. 51 gal/acre) using a CO2 tractor-mounted sprayer with three TX-6 hollow cone spray tips (Spraying Systems Co.) positioned one above and two on either side of the plant canopy. Treatment applications were made on 13, 20, 27 Sep, and 3 Oct. SPWF adults were counted on the second or third expanded leaf on treated plants at 24 after the spray application. Immature SPWF (including eggs and all stages of nymphs) were sampled on the first four dates 120 hours after treatment from a 0.6 diameter leaf disk and on 22 Oct from a 2.1 cm diameter leaf disk (average sample unit over all dates 0.9 cm2) and numbers were recorded by instar on the oldest or second oldest leaf. Plots were harvested at maturity, but overall yields were low due to excessive moisture and downy mildew. The results of a single harvest are given in number and weight of fruit per plot.
Andalin Dosage Comparison, 1991
Authors: Noetzel David , Ricard Michele , Hansen Roger
Published: March 2022

The experiment was located on the Red River Valley Potato Growers Research farm in Grand Forks, ND. Cut A-size certified 'Norchip' potatoes were planted on 28 May. Soils at this location were Bearden silt-loam with adequate moisture at planting. Plots consisted of four rows, 0.9 m wide, 7.6 m in length, with a 1.5 m fallow aisle on the end of each plot. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Foliars were applied in 2 1 of total material per 0.0088 ha on 27 Jun, 4, 10, 19, and 25 Jul. Karate 1 E was combined with MYX-1806, as indicated, for each of the 5 treatments.
Wireworm Control on Potato, 1991
Authors: Seal D. R. , Jansson R. K. , Lecrone S. H.
Published: March 2022

Certified LaRouge' seed pieces were planted on 19 Nov 1990 in a 0.4 acre area with Perrine marl soil and spaced 4 inches apart in rows that were 3 ft apart. Nine treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatment plots consisted of 4 rows 12.2 m long. Plants were fertilized with 1700 lb/acre of granular fertilizer (6:12:10) at planting. Monitor was applied (1.0 qt [AI]/acre) on two dates and Pounce was applied (6 oz [AI]/acre) on four dates to control green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), and Thrips palmi Karny. In addition, Trigard was applied (1.2 lb [AI]/acre) on 17 Jan to control leafminers, Liriomyza sativae Blanchard and L. trifolii (Burgess). Topsin was applied (1 lb [AI]/acre) on 17 and 21 Jan to control plant pathogenic fungi. The insecticides tested were: EXP 60166A, Thimet, PCC300 (10% [AI] ethoprop and 10% [AI] phorate), and PCC 307 (8% [AI] fonofos and 12% [AI] phorate). Treatments evaluated were: EXP 60166A (0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 lb [AI]/acre), Thimet (3.6 lb [AI]/acre), PCC 300 (2.0 and 3.0 lb [AI]/acre), PCC 307 (1.9 and 2.5 lb [AI]/acre), and a nontreated check. Insecticides were manually sprinkled over the seed pieces in the furrow and covered with soil four days after planting. Vines were killed on 19 Feb 1991 with Paraquat Plus (1 qt/acre; 29.1% [AI]). Two 20 ft sections of row per treatment plot were harvested on 7 Apr 1991. Tubers were washed, graded for wireworm injury (tubers with ≤2 holes per tuber with a combined depth ≤3/4 inch) or damage (tubers with at least 1 to 2 holes per tuber with a combined depth >3/4 inch or >2 holes per tuber), cracking, sunburn, disease, etc., and fresh weight. Data for injury, damage, sunburn, and cracking are presented as a percentage of total fresh weight per harvested section of row.
Wireworm Control, 1991
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A.
Published: March 2022

'Atlantic' potatoes were planted 2 May, near Powells Point, NC, on 42 inch centers. Plots consisted of single rows, 10 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Alleys of 10 ft were used between replicates. Treatments were applied with a shaker jar before planting. Materials were either placed in the bottom of the furrow, placed in a 12 inch band, or broadcast across a row. Potatoes were harvested and numbers of damaged and undamaged potatoes recorded 6 Aug.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control with Genetically Engineered (Transgenic) Potato Plants, 1991
Authors: Stoltz Robert L. , Matteson Nancy A.
Published: March 2022

Test plots using 'Russet Burbank' potatoes that had been genetically engineered to contain a transformed Bacillus thuringiensis var. tenebrionis (Bt) gene were established at the UI Research and Extension Center, Aberdeen, ID. Two 'Russet Burbank' check plots and five lines, including a non-transformed (NT) line, of minitubers obtained from Monsanto, were hand planted on 20 May. All treatment plots were replicated six times. The transgenic potato lines planted ranged from pea to golf ball size mini-tubers. Due to the small average size, these tubers were planted at a shallow depth of not more than four inches. Individual plots were 1 row of ten hills (1 ft spacing between hills) with treatment rows bordered by a blank row. Between the blank rows was an untreated row of 'Russet Burbank' potatoes. Irrigation of plots was by sprinklers. No chemical controls for CPB were used other than to one of the 'Russet Burbank' check treatments when an application of Asana (0.02 lb Al/acre) was made on 11 Jul. On a weekly basis, all stages of beetles were counted and percent defoliation estimates were made using whole plant inspections of all plants within the single plot rows. Larval stages were separated into small (1-2 instar) and large (3-4 instar). Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Newman-Keuls studentized range test.
Effectiveness of Bacillus Thuringiensis Transgenic Potato Plants for Control of Colorado Potato Beetles, 1991
Authors: Stone T. , Parker G. , Lewis B. , Young D.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted at the McCain Foods Ltd. research farm in Florenceville, New Brunswick. Seven treatments comprising four 'Russet Burbank' lines genetically modified to express the endotoxin protein of Bacillus thuringiensis var. tenebrionis, one non-expressing transgenic check line and two commercial 'Russet Burbank' checks were arranged in a randomized complete block design with six replicates. All tubers were hand planted on 22 May. The B. thuringiensis transgenic potato minitubers were sized by hand. They were planted by size with the larges tubers planted in the first replicate decreasing to the smallest in the last replicate. Due to the small size of the mini-tubers they were planted at a shallow depth of 1-3 inches. Plots were single rows of 11 plants with 12 inch spacing between plants and 3 feet between rows. Each plot was bordered on each side by one row of commercial 'Russet Burbank' potatoes. No chemical controls for CPB were used. However, beetles were hand-picked daily from one of the commercial 'Russet Burbank' checks to simulate chemical insecticide control. All stages of beetles were counted weekly on the emerged plants in each plot. Larval stages were separated into small (1-2 instars) and large (3-4 instars).
Sweetpotato Soil Insect Control, Greene Co., 1990
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A.
Published: March 2022

'Jewel' and 'Beauregard' sweetpotatoes were transplanted 14 Jun (Mocap treated plots were planted 20 Jun), near Hugo, NC, using a row spacing of 42 inches. Soil moisture was low at planting, and conditions were very dry throughout the test. Plots consisted of 3 rows, 20 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Alleys of 5 ft were used between replicates. Preplant treatments were applied with a shaker jar (granules) or a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer using a single flat fan nozzle (80-04-E) operating at 40 psi to deliver 40 gal/acre, and incorporated into the soil using a hand rake. Layby treatments were applied over the foliage using a shaker jar on 3 Aug. Sweetpotatoes were harvested, graded, and weighed on 26 Sep. A sample of sweetpotatoes from each plot was returned to the lab and evaluated for WFB and WW damage.
Insect Control on Staked Tomatoes, 1991
Authors: Palmer C. R. , Walgenbach J. F.
Published: March 2022

Transplants were set on 11 Jun, at the Mountain Horticultural Crops Research Station, Fletcher, NC. Plants were set 2 ft apart within rows and rows were on 10-ft centers. Single-row plots (10 plants) were separated by 10 ft of cultivated soil. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Insecticide applications were initiated at first fruiting, and applied on 15, 22, 30 Jul, 8, 15, 23, 30 Aug, and 6 Sep. All applications were made with a CO2 backpack sprayer operating at 40 psi and delivering 50-100 gal/acre (volume increased as plants grew) through 6 hollowcone nozzles per row. Each row was sprayed on both sides with three nozzles spaced 12 inches apart on the spray wand. Extensive rains occurred throughout the trial period. During the 92 days between planting and final harvest, rain fell on 41 days. PA populations were monitored by observing ten leaves (1st leaf below terminal flower) per treatment (40 total) and recording the number infested with 2:1 apterous aphid. Thrips populations were sampled by counting total thrips in each of 10 flowers per treatment (40 flowers total). Mature fruit (pink stage) were harvested weekly from 13 Aug to 18 Sep, and those damaged by SB and lepidopterans (TFW and CL) were recorded.
Control of Leafminers and Armyworms on Fresh Market Tomatoes in West-Central Florida, Spring, 1991
Authors: Schuster David J. , Butler George D.
Published: March 2022

Transplants were set 5 Mar, 15 inches apart on 8-inch-high beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with white polyethylene mulch. Each plot consisted of a single 15-ft row with rows on 5 ft centers. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design and were applied with a 2.5 gal, handheld CO2-powered sprayer on 15, 24, 30 Apr, 6, 15, and 24 May. The sprayer was operated at 40 psi and 75 gal/acre using a single nozzle fitted with a D- 5 disk and #45 core. On 6 (after spraying), 7 and 8 May, the number of sweetpotato whitefly adults was estimated by counting the number dislodged from the upper foliage of five plants per plot. The foliage was shaken over a black aluminum pan with the bottom coated with a thin layer of vegetable oil. On 31 May, the number of leafmines was counted in a 1 minute search of selected treatments. Fruit were harvested on 20, 30 May, and 6 Jun and the number and weight of undamaged fruit and the number and weight of fruit damaged by noctuid larvae (primarily the southern armyworm), and stink bugs (primarily the southern green stink bug) were determined.
Clover Leaf Weevil Larval Control in Alfalfa, 1991
Authors: Jarvi Keith J. , Howard Larr.
Published: March 2022

Three insecticides were applied to 20-25 cm tall alfalfa near West Point, NE, on 25 Apr. Plots were 16.6 × 6.6 m arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Treatments were applied with a 4-nozzle COz backpack sprayer equipped with T-jet 8002 nozzles delivering 177 liters/ha at 25 psi. Air temperature at the time of application was 18°C with a wind speed of 25 km/ h. Evaluation was by averaging the number of weevil larvae found in 2 randomly selected 30 × 30 cm areas per plot on 2 May, 7 days after application. Pretreatment counts were taken just prior to application.
Alfalfa Weevil Control, 1991
Authors: Karner Mile. , Goodson Jerr. , Smith L. D. , Kelley Mar.
Published: March 2022

This trial was initiated on 20 Mar on a 5 yr stand of 'Buffalo' alfalfa in Jackson County near Altus, OK, to determine efficacy of several foliar sprays for AW larvae. Insecticides were applied using a ground rig with a 15 ft boom calibrated to deliver 6.0 gal/acre at 28 psi. Plots were 15 × 100 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates. Larval densities were determined 2, 7, 14, and 21 DAT by collecting 10 stems from each plot and extracting larvae with Berlese funnels. Yield estimates were also taken 24 DAT.
Alfalfa Insect Control in Illinois, 1991
Authors: Oloumi-Sadeghi Hassa. , Steffey K. L.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were evaluated on a 3-yr-old stand during the second alfalfa growth period at University of Illinois, Urbana. Plots were 40 × 50 ft with 4 replications of treatments in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied 21 Jun from a tractor-mounted sprayer with a 20-ft boom and equipped with flat fan nozzles (XR Teejet 8002VS) spaced 20,inches apart delivering 19.3 gal/acre at 30 psi. Insect abundance was estimated by taking 10 pendulum sweeps in each plot 3, 7, 10, and 16 DAT. Alfalfa stem length and plant maturity were recorded at harvest (8 Jul). Forage yield was determined from a 3.2 × 50 ft swath taken from each plot. Subsamples of the strip-harvested hay were used for crude protein determination.
Grasshopper Control in Barley, 1991
Authors: Noetzel Davi. , Ricard Michel. , Heuser Laur.
Published: March 2022

A 16.2 ha barley field in Norman County near Ada, MN, was divided into 15.3 m strips 378 m long. Each strip constituted 1 plot. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 4 times. The barley was in Zadoks stage 3 (stem elongation) and the stand was quite dense. Treatments were applied on 11 Jun by a Brave 300 plane using 46.9 liter total material/ha. Treatment began at 6 PM and ended at 9 PM. Temperature at time of application was 26°C. There was a 6.2 cm rainfall 48 hours after treatment.
Cabbage Seedpod Weevil Control, 1990
Authors: Johnson D. W. , Herbek J. H. , Murdock L. W.
Published: March 2022

Six insecticides and 2 application timings were tested for control. Plots were located on the Research and Education Center in Princeton, KY. Plots were 6 × 15 ft consisting of five 10.5 inch rows, arranged in a randomized complete block design and planted using standard agricultural practices. Foliar insecticides were applied using a C02-powered plot sprayer at the equivalent of 23 gal finished spray per acre. All plots (except unsprayed check) were treated on 7 May and one-half the plots were re-treated on 24 May. Pod damage was determined by randomized examination for CSPW exit holes, 100 pods/plot/wk for 5 wks after preliminary sampling indicated that CSPW emergence had begun. The greatest percent damage/plot was used in the analysis. Data were collected and are presented as percent damaged pods; however, analysis (SAS Proc GLM; P - 0.05) was conducted using Arcsine transformed data.
Control of Flea Beetle in Canola, Trial I, 1991
Authors: Noetzel Davi. , Holder Bobb.
Published: March 2022

A trial was established at the Northwest Experiment Station in Crookston, MN. Plot size was 1.5 m × 5.35 m and was planted with a cone type 10 row planter. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 4 times. All granular treatments were planted with the seed. A single foliar application was made to appropriate plots using 2 liters total material/37.9 m2 applied with a hand held COa sprayer. Foliar applications occurred while plants were in the cotyledon stage. Plant heights, defoliation, and stand data were collected before bloom. Yield and moisture were measured and final yields adjusted to a standard moisture content.
Field Corn, Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1991
Authors: Hower Arthur A. , Alexander Sandr.
Published: March 2022

Two insecticide evaluation studies were conducted for control of mixed populations of northern and western corn rootworms. Both experiments were conducted on separate fields approximately 1 mile apart at the Russell E. Larson Agricultural Research Centre at Rock Springs, Centre County, PA. Corn was planted no-till on 10 May (experiment 1) and 15 May (experiment 2) using a 2-row John Deere Max Emerge planter with 30-inch row spacing. Insecticides were applied to 5 × 40 ft plots in a randomized complete block design with 5 replications per treatment. Plants were counted on 10 and 11 Jun (experiment 1) and 7 and 10 Jun (experiment 2). Root damage ratings were evaluated 18 Jul (experiment 1) and 16 Jun (experiment 2) using the Iowa 1 to 6 system. Yield was determined by mechanically harvesting each plot for shelled corn on 23 Oct. Percent moisture of corn was determined for each plot with a moisture meter and adjusted to 15.5%.
Liquid Options for Corn Rootworm Control, 1991
Authors: Journey A. M. , Ostlie K. R. , Luedeman L. J.
Published: March 2022

Experimental plots measuring 2 rows (76 cm row spacing) X 14 m were planted on 7 Jun in a Waukegan silt loam soil at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Research Station, Rosemount. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Three different application methods were used: banded ahead of the press wheel; banded behind the press wheel; and broadcast. Treatments were also applied at 1 of 3 different times: at planting; at cultivation; and tank-mixed with the postemergence herbicide bromoxynil (Buctril) 2 E. All pesticides were applied at a rate of 217 liter/ha (20 gal/acre). In order to insure adequate rootworm pressure, approximately 3 m of each plot row were artificially infested with WCR eggs at a rate of 600 eggs per 30.5 cm on 19 Jul using the method of Sutter and Branson (1980). On 21 Aug, 5 roots were dug from each plot, washed, and rated using the Iowa 1-6 scale (subdivided into half-point increments for higher sensitivity).
Apple Ermine Moth Dose Response Bioassay to Guthion, 1991
Authors: Beers E. H. , Unruh T.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted with adult female AEM. Pupae were collected from infested sites in western Washington in Jul, left to emerge in cages, sexed, and shipped to Wenatchee. Moths were kept cool until the beginning of the bioassay. Fresh, unsprayed apple leaves were dipped in a concentration series of Guthion 35 WP and allowed to dry. Leaves with dried residue were wrapped around the interior of a shell vial (1-2 leaves/vial). Two adult female moths were introduced into each vial. Mortality was evaluated at 24, 48, 72, 96, and 192 h post-treatment. Fifty moths were tested at each concentration. Moths which were injured during handling were omitted from die analyses. Both dead and moribund moths were included in mortality counts.
Early Season Galandromus (-Typhlodromus) Toxicity Trial, 1991
Authors: Beers E. H. , Browne R. W.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted in a commercial orchard in Orondo, Washington. The orchard had a well established WPM population at bloom. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 3 treatments and 5 replications. Experimental units were single trees. Population samples were brushed leaf counts, 25 leaves per tree taken periodically through the growing season. Treatments were applied on 6 May. Applications were to the point of drip with a handgun at 300 psi. Tetranychid mites were present in the orchard but were found only occasionally and never at densities greater than 0.04 mites per leaf.
Permethrin Efficacy Trial, 1991
Authors: Luedeman L. J. , Ostlie K. R. , Journey A. M.
Published: March 2022

Performance of liquid and granule formulations of permethrin were evaluated against artificial ECB infestations at the University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN. Plots measured 1 row × 9.14 m were established in corn planted 6 Jun. The middle 15 plants of each plot received 3 egg masses per plant during the late whorl stage, 1 on 18 Jul and 2 on 19 Jul. Treatments included a factorial combination of three application strategies (Ambush 2 E Broadcast, Ambush 2 E Band, and Pounce 1.5 G Band) and 4 application rates (0.056, 0.112, 0.168 and 0.224 kg(AI)/ha) plus an untreated check. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 reps. Granules were applied on 22 Jul pm using a 1-row Gandy° granular applicator. Liquids were applied on 23 Jul am with a CO2-powered back pack sprayer calibrated to deliver 187 liters/ha. Broadcast treatments were applied with 8002 nozzles on a 38 cm spacing while banded treatments were applied over the row with 8004 nozzles on a 76 cm spacing. Efficacy was evaluated on 27 Aug by dissecting the 15 infested plants and counting the number of larvae and tunnels. Data were analyzed with a GLM because of a missing value. Means were separated by 2-sample t-tests.
Effect of Selected Soil Insecticides on Corn Rootworms, 1991
Authors: Oloumi-Sadeghi H. , Gray M. E. , Steffey K. L.
Published: March 2022

Soil insecticides were applied at planting time at 4 locations 2 May (Urbana), 9 May (Monmouth), 10 May (DeKalb), and 22 May (Bondville). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Each treatment was applied to a single 100-ft row; rows were 30 inches apart. Granular insecticides were metered through Noble units mounted on each of the planter units (John Deere, 7000 series, 4-row Max-Emerge planter). Granules were applied in-furrow or in a 7-inch band ahead of the firming wheels and incorporated into the soil. Liquid application of Lorsban 4 E was delivered at planting in a 7- to 10-inch band with extended range flat fan spray tips (XR Tee Jet 8004VS) mounted ahead of the firming wheels and turned perpendicular to the row for band applications. Later, the liquid was incorporated into the soil. The liquid was applied with a compressed-air system calibrated to deliver 11.5 gal/acre at 20 psi at a speed of 5 mph. Five roots were evaluated for damage in each plot using the Iowa State 1-6 scale. Stand counts were determined by recording the number of plants per 17.4 linear ft of row on 4 Jun at Urbana, 5 Jun at DeKalb and Monmouth, and 6 Jun at Bondville.
White Grub Control with Soil Insecticides at Planting, 1990
Authors: Ostlie K. R. , Chaddha S. , Luedeman L. J. , Cavanaugh K.
Published: March 2022

A natural white grub infestation in a corn/soybean rotation near Boyd, MN, provided the opportunity to evaluate soil insecticide performance. The site, typical of severe P. implicita infestations, was associated with a sandy loam soil near a windbreak of poplars. Insecticides were applied at planting on 4 May using planter-mounted Noble granular applicators calibrated to deliver the desired rates at 6.4 km/ha. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 6 replications. Plots measured 1 row × 60 m. Surviving stand was evaluated 14 Jun by counting all live plants; wilting, severely stunted, or “dead heart” plants were excluded. Final stand, ear number and yield, adjusted to 15.5% moisture, were measured at harvest on 23 Oct. Because a thrown chain caused insecticide misapplication on some plots, a GLM was used and least-square means were calculated.
White Grub Control with Soil Insecticides—Large Plot Trial, 1990
Authors: Ostlie K. R. , Chaddha S. , Luedeman L. J. , Cavanaugh K.
Published: March 2022

A natural white grub infestation in a corn/soybean rotation near Boyd, MN, provided the opportunity to evaluate soil insecticide performance. The site, typical of severe P. implicita infestations, was associated with a sandy loam soil near a windbreak of populars. Insecticides were applied at planting on 4 May using planter-mounted Noble granular applicators calibrated to deliver the desired rates at 6.4 km/ha. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Plots measured 4 rows × 180 m. Surviving stand was evaluated 27 Jun by counting all live plants; wilting, severely stunted, or “dead heart” plants were excluded. Yield, adjusted to 15.5% moisture, was measured on 23 Oct.
Timing of Insecticide Applications Against Second-Generation European Corn Borer, 1991
Authors: Ostlie K. R. , Luedeman L. J.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy of Penncap M 2 FM at 5 different timings was evaluated against second-generation ECB in a commercial production field at the Southwest Experiment Station in Lamberton, MN. The field, planted on 3 Jun to an 85 day RM variety, was tasseling and silking as the second generation moth flight peaked; it attracted significant egg laying (>2.5 egg masses per plant). Treatments were applied at 3-4 day intervals beginning 6 Aug to plots measuring 4 rows (76 cm centers) X 30 m. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 5 replications. Applications were made with a Hagie Hi-Boy sprayer at 6.4 km/h delivering 174 liters/ha through 8002E drop nozzles. Application dates of 6, 9, 13, 16, and 20 Aug corresponded to ECB infestation predominantly in these stages: egg (15% hatch), egg and first instar (55% hatch), first instar (80% hatch), 2nd instar, and 3rd instar, respectively. Efficacy was evaluated on 18 Sep by dissecting 20 plants and counting tunnels in ear shank and stalk. Preharvest measurements of broken stalks, ear droppage, and % kernels damaged were made on 25 Sep. Plots were harvested by combine on 11 Oct and yields adjusted to 15.5% moisture.
Evaluation of Soil Insecticides on First Year and Continuous Corn in Oh, 1991
Authors: Willson H. R. , Eisley J. B.
Published: March 2022

Planting-time treatments of 6 granular soil insecticide products and a seed treatment were evaluated on reduced tilled first year and continuous corn at the OARDC Western Branch Field Station near South Charleston. Each of the soil insecticide products was evaluated at 2 rates. A randomized complete block design with 4 replicates was used. Plots were 140 ft in length and 2 rows wide at 30 inch row spacing. Treatments were applied 10 May at planting time using a John Deere 7000 planter equipped with Noble granular insecticide application equipment. All granular treatments were applied as a band prior to closure by the press wheel. No seed treatment was used where soil insecticides were applied. Stand counts were taken 28 May and 10 Jun on 100 ft of row. Root systems of 5 plants per plot were rated 1 Jul using the Iowa 1-6 scale. On 7 Oct, plots were machine harvested to determine yield.
Control of European Corn Borer in Whorl Stage Corn, 1991
Authors: Witkowski John F.
Published: March 2022

The experimental design was randomized complete block with 16 insecticide treatments and a control replicated 3 times. Single row plots were 16.6 m in length. Granular insecticides were applied with cone belt distributors mounted on a Hahn Hi-Boy. Application date was 28 Jun. Two days prior to insecticide application 6 black head ECB egg masses were attached to marked plants for later evaluation. On 27 Jul, 10 marked plants in each replicate were dissected from tassel to ground, examined, and the number of corn borer cavities recorded.
AC 303630 Bollworm/Tobacco Budworm Insecticide Trial, 1990
Authors: Harris F. A. , Furr R. E.
Published: March 2022

Seven treatments were tested for efficacy against bollworm/tobacco budworm in cotton planted 18 May. Treatments were arranged in randomized complete blocks replicated 4 times (6.7 (2 rows) × 50 ft). Application was with a compressed air spray system mounted on a John Deere, model 6000 high clearance sprayer (5.5 mph, 7.3 gal/acre, 42 psi, Conejet TX-8 nozzle tips). The cotton crop was planted in a 2 × 1 skip row pattern. Treatments were arranged so that the treated rows in each plot were bordered on each side by 2 untreated planted rows and 1 untreated skip row. Bollworm/tobacco budworm larval infestation and damage observations were made by examination of the top 6 inches (terminal area) of 25 plants per plot for larvae, and examination of 25 squares from the terminal area for larval damage. Data are converted to larvae per 100 terminals and percent larval damaged squares. Since bollworm/tobacco budworm infestations in 1990 were atypically low during most of the season, only pretreatment and posttreatment means for larvae in terminals and larval damaged squares for the first application date, 10 Aug, are presented.
Apple, Early Season Insect Control, 1991
Authors: Hull L. A. , Biddinger D. J. , Felland C. M.
Published: March 2022

The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with 4 insecticide treatments and a control replicated 4 times. Plots consisted of 3 trees, one each of cultivars 'Yorking', 'Golden Delicious', and 'Rome Beauty'. Test trees were planted at a spacing of 20 × 20 ft and were 18-yrs-old. Experimental sprays were applied with a Myers Mity Mist airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gpa. The first three treatments were applied at half-inch green stage (8 Apr) and the Cygon treatment was applied at pink stage (17 Apr) of'Golden Delicious' development. A regular fungicide schedule (Benlate, Captan, Nova, and Thiram) was maintained throughout the season. Post-bloom insecticides (Guthion, Lannate) were applied at 1- to 2-week intervals beginning at petal-fall in early May. A cleanup spray of Diazinon, Swat, and Tween-20 was applied after injured clusters were counted on 29 May and another application of Swat was applied on 7 Jun. Effectiveness of sprays for RAA was evaluated by counting RAA injured clusters/tree in a 10 minute sample and total number of damaged apples per tree ('Rome Beauty' and 'Yorking'). WALH density was evaluated by counting nymphs/25 injured leaves.
Late Season Control of Bollworm/Budworm, 1991
Authors: Layton Blake , Howell Mike , Head Bob
Published: March 2022

Plots were treated on 22 Aug using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 9.9 gal of finished spray/acre through 8001 nozzle tips at 40 psi. The plots were 8 rows × 50 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Planting date was 5 Jun, and row spacing was 38 inches. Counts were made at 4 and 7 DAT by examining 4 squares/plant, 25 plants/ plot. No rain fell on the plots prior to the 4 DAT count.
Chemical Control of Tobacco Thrips in Cotton, 1991
Authors: Roberts P. M. , All J. N. , Tanner B. H.
Published: March 2022

Cotton was planted on 15 May at the University of Georgia Plant Sciences Farm, Oconee Co. Soil type was a Cecil coarse sandy loam. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4-row plots × 25 ft long × 38 inch row width with 3 ft alleys and 4 replicates. Planting time treatments were applied above the seed in the seed furrow. Post planting time treatments were applied with a full cone sprayer using a CO2 pressure sprayer at 30 psi with a final volume of 25 gal/acre. Plants were sprayed from above 7 and 14 d after cracking (24 and 31 May). Thrips infestations were sampled on 31 May and 7 Jun by randomly selecting 10 plants in each plot and immersing them in 70% ethanol. Scheduled insecticide applications for boUworm control were made according to threshold requirements throughout the season. Sprays were applied uniformly over all treatments. The center 2 rows of each plot were harvested on 13 Nov.
Caterpillar Control on Peanuts, North Carolina, 1991
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Hertl P. T.
Published: March 2022

Foliar applications of insecticides were evaluated for CEW control near Lewiston in Bertie Co. Plots we're established in peanuts grown under standard production practices in a light sandy soil with a pH of 5.8 and 1.1% humic matter. Each plot was 25 ft × 2 rows (36 inch centers), arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Plot ends were separated by a 5 ft barren strip and on eacn side by 2 buffer rows. Treatments were applied on 9 Aug using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer delivering 25 gal/acre, operating at 40 psi and using 8002 flat fan nozzles. Conditions at the time of application were overcast and 87°F. Caterpillars were sampled on 12 and 15 Aug (3 and 6 DAT) by taking 2 standard 3 ft beat cloth counts/plot. Pretreatment counts determined the caterpillar population to be 24.0/2 standard 3 ft beat cloth counts and all instars were present. Only five caterpillars were counted for analysis. All data were transformed VX + 0.5 prior to analysis.
Thrips Control in Peanuts, North Carolina, 1991
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Hertl P. T.
Published: March 2022

At-plant, in-furrow, and foliar-applied insecticides were evaluated for tobacco thrips control at the Peanut Belt Research Station (Bertie Co.) in Lewiston. Peanuts were planted on 36 inch rows on 13 May at approx. 100 lb seed/acre. Soil temperature was 70°F and the soil was moist (0.5% humic matter and 5.6 pH). Soil series consisted of Rains + Goldsboro sandy loam. Prowl and Vernam were used for early season weed control. Plots 2 rows wide × 25 ft long were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Each plot was separated by 2 buffer rows, and plot ends were separated by a 5 ft barren strip. Peanuts were planted using a Cole planter, and in-furrow treatments were placed in the furrow with the seed using electric Gandy* boxes. In-furrow application of Orthene was applied by mounting spray nozzles directly behind the seed tube and connecting these to a Co2-pressurized sprayer on the planter. The sprayer was operated at 40 psi and delivered 15 gal/acre. A similar sprayer was hand held to apply Starfire 1.5 L (paraquat) at cracking on 23 May on 2 treatments. Treatments, rates, and application techniques are listed in the table. Foliar treatments were applied when damage exceeded 25% of the leaflets with injury, and applications were made following the 3 Jun sample with a backpack CO2-pressurized sprayer operating at 40 psi and using 8002 flat fan nozzles. The alternate Orthene treatment (see table) was applied on 12 Jun. Peanuts were otherwise managed under standard agronomic practices. Thrips control was evaluated by determining the abundance of damaged leaflets/ plot on 3, 7, 12, and 21 Jun. Twenty-five newly-opened leaflets per plot were randomly selected and examined for thrips damage. The number of damaged leaflets was recorded. All data were transformed . Actual means are presented in the table.
Foliar Treatments for Control of Tobacco Thrips in Peanut, 1991
Authors: Herbert D. A.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy of single (band, late crack) and double (band, late crack plus band, post) foliar insecticide treatments was evaluated for control of TT injury in Virginia-type peanut. Peanuts were planted 9 May with 36-inch row spacing. Band, late cracking time treatments were applied about 2 weeks after planting (24 May) and band, post treatments about 4 weeks after planting (6 Jun), both in a 12 to 14-inch band over the row with a COa pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 17 gal/acre at 22 psi through one 8004E nozzle per row. Temik 15 G was applied in-furrow at planting as a treatment standard. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows × 30 ft. Treatments were evaluated by determining plant injury based on a 0-10 scale where 0 = noTT injured leaves and 10 = 100% leaves injured. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD procedures.
Corn Earworm Control in Peanut in Virginia, 1991
Authors: Herbert D. A.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy of selected insecticides was evaluated against CEW in 'NC 7' Virginiatype peanut in Suffolk, VA. Peanuts were planted 6 May using a 36-inch row spacing. Temik 15G at 1 lb (AI)/acre was applied in-furrow at planting. Test treatments were applied on 9 Aug using a COa pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 14.5 gal formulation per acre at 50 psi through three D2- 13 disc-core hollow cone spray nozzles per row, 1 over the top and 1 on each side. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 3 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 40 ft. Treatments were evaluated before and 3, 6, 10 and 13 DAT by comparing numbers of small, medium, and large-sized CEW larvae per 3 row ft, corresponding to lst-2nd, 3rd-4th and 5th-6th instar groupings, respectively. Pretreatment means were determined from four 3 row-foot samples per replicate taken before treatments were applied. Yield was determined by digging, combining (8 Oct), drying, and weighing peanuts from the 2 center rows of each plot. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD statistical procedures.
Rice Pest Control and Effects on Predators in Thailand, 1986
Authors: Jahn Gary C.
Published: March 2022

Identically designed experiments were conducted in Amphur Muang and Amphur Sribrajon of the Suphonburi province of Thailand. On 7 Apr in Amphur Sribrajon and on 15 Apr in Amphur Muang, rice seedlings were transplanted to 10 × 10-m plots at 25 × 25-cm spacing. All rice seedlings were 25 days old at the time of transplanting. At each location there were 6 treatments replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were separated from each other by 1.0 m wide strips of untreated rice. Blocks were 5.0 m apart. Crushed seeds of the Thai neem tree, Azadirachta indica var. siamensis Valeton, were soaked in a solution of 1.25 cc sticker-spreader/ liter water for 12 to 24 h (just prior to application) at 3 concentrations; 0.03 kg/liter, 0.07 kg/liter, and 0.10 kg/liter. Thai neem seed extracts, Azodrin (monocrotophos), and Posse (carbosulfan) were applied with a hand-pump sprayer at 5 liters per plot containing 15, 35, or 50 kg seeds/ha. In Amphur Muang, plots were treated on 7, 22 May, 6, and 21 Jun. In Amphur Sribrajon, plots were treated on 29 Apr, 14, 30 May, and 14 Jun. BPH and LYC population densities were estimated by directly counting their numbers on every other plant along one diagonal of the 5 × 5-m center of each plot. Thirty rice plants were surveyed per plot. CLH and CYR population densities were estimated with sweep net collections. Ten sweeps were made in the 5 × 5-m center of each plot.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Soybean Loopers and Velvetbean Caterpillars on Soybeans, 1991
Authors: Mack T. P.
Published: March 2022

This field test was conducted in conventionally planted and tilled soybeans at the Plant Breeding Unit in Tallassee, AL. Eleven treatments and a control were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot was 4 rows wide (36 inch row spacing) and 50 ft long. Replicates were separated by a 15 ft alley. Treatments were applied in water on 9 Sep using a boom sprayer equipped with 1 TX 10 nozzle per row operating at 40 psi and delivering 8 gal/acre. Insect populations were monitored by taking 10 sweeps with a sweep net in each plot. Samples were taken at 1 h before treatment and at 4 and 7 DAT.
Stink Bug Control in Soybean, 1991
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Mintarsih Tuti H. , Delano Taylor J.
Published: March 2022

Eight insecticide treatments were evaluated to determine their efficacy in controlling stink bug pests in soybean. Insecticides were foliar-applied on 3 Sep in Test 1 and 16 Sep in Test 2 on 'Braxton' soybeans. The field was planted on 22 May in conventionally prepared seedbeds on 36-inch row spacings at the University of Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station at Tifton, GA. Individual plots were 6 rows by 50 ft long with 6-ft alleys at the beginning and end of plots. Each plot consisted of 4 treated rows with an untreated border row on each side. In each test there were 4 treatments, plus an untreated control, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each spray concentrate was applied with a CO2 powered backpack sprayer with 4 TX-12 nozzles on a 6 ft boom at 40 psi that delivered 17.4 gal of formulation per acre. Each plot was sampled prior to treatment and on 3, 7, and 14 DAT, by taking a 25 sweep sample (15-inch diam net) from a single row.
Evaluation of Bacillus Thuringiensis Products for Control of a Soybean Looper Population on Soybean, 1989
Authors: Young S. Y.
Published: March 2022

Commercial B. thuringiensis products were evaluated against a population of SL on soybean in Lafayette Co., Ark. Treatments were applied on 21 Sep with a manually propelled 4-row boom (2 nozzles per row) sprayer using TX-6 nozzles at 1.6 km/h and calibrated to deliver 96 liter per ha. A randomized complete block experiment was used with 4 replicates. Plots were eight rows with 0.98-m spacing × 32.3 m in length. Plots were separated by 2-row buffer. Treatments were evaluated at 4 and 7 DAT by shaking larvae from plants onto a 0.77 m long cloth spread between the rows. Larval numbers on the cloth were counted per 3.1 m of row. Larvae were first to fourth instars. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD procedures.
Evaluation of Bacillus Thuringiensis Products for Control of a Mixed Vbc:Gcw Population on Soybean, 1990
Authors: Young S. Y. , Forschler B.-T.
Published: March 2022

Commercial B. thuringiensis products were evaluated against a mixed VBC:GCW population on soybean in Lafayette Co., Ark. Treatments were applied on 26 Sep with a manually propelled 4 row boom (2 nozzles per row) sprayer using TX-6 nozzles at 1.6 km/h and calibrated to deliver 96 liters/ha. Water used for mixing insecticides had a pH of 8.4; Bactec I and Bactec III preparations were buffered to pH 7.0 using phosphate buffer supplied by Bactec Corp. A randomized complete block experiment was used with 4 replicates. Plots were 8 rows with 0.98 m spacing × 30.8 m in length. Plots were separated by a 2-row buffer. Treatments were evaluated at 4 and 7 DAT by shaking larvae from plants onto a 0.77-m length cloth spread between the rows. Larval numbers on the cloth were counted per 3.1 m of row. The ratio of VBC to GCW at application was 1:1.9 and larvae of both species were predominately first and second instars. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD procedures.
Aerial Application Control of the Sugarcane Borer, 1991
Authors: White C. A. , Schexnayder H. P. , Reagan T. E.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied to plant cane varieties 'CP 74-383" (3 replications) and 'CP 70-331' (1 replication) at the Goldmine Plantation near Edgard, LA, for evaluation of season long SCB control. Experimental plots were 30 rows wide (1.8 m row spacing) and 152.4 m long (0.84 ha) arranged in a randomized block design (4 replications). Each treatment was applied in water using a Cessna Ag Truck with a swath width of 18 m (10 rows) delivering 18.7 liters of finished form/ha. The first application was made when 60% of the stalks exhibited visible intemodes above ground and SCB infestations exceeded the Louisiana State University recommended threshold of 5% of the stalks infested with live larvae in the leaf sheaths (17 Jun). Second (10 Jul), third (1 Aug), and fourth (21 Aug) applications were made when the SCB infestation exceeded this threshold in plots treated with Asana XL 0.66 EC. SCB damage was assessed by counting the number of bored internodes, exit holes, and total internodes from 60 randomly-selected stalks (4 locations of 15 stalks each) of sugarcane in each plot.