bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of ethanol‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissues for proteomic applications
Authors: Ahram Mamoun , Flaig Michael J. , Gillespie John W. , Duray Paul H. , Linehan W. Marston , Ornstein David K. , Niu Shulan , Zhao Yingming , Petricoin Emanuel F. , Emmert‐Buck Michael R.
Published: April 2003

We previously reported that ethanol fixation and paraffin embedding of tissues produce excellent histomorphology and good preservation of macromolecules. Here, we present a detailed evaluation of ethanol‐fixed tissues for proteomic initiatives. When proteins were extracted from ethanol‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded prostate tissue, resolved by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (2‐DE), and stained by standard methods, several hundred protein molecules could be detected and successfully analyzed by mass spectrometry. Protein profiles obtained from ethanol‐fixed tissues were highly similar to those observed from frozen tissues, in contrast to the poor protein recovery from formalin‐fixed material. The protein content of specific cells that were microdissected from ethanol‐fixed tissue sections using laser capture microdissection could also be successfully analyzed by 2‐DE. We observed that eosin staining of tissue sections had a detrimental effect on protein separation, whereas hematoxylin staining had minimal consequence. In order to illustrate the applicability of ethanol‐fixed tissues for proteomic discovery studies, we compared the protein profiles of patient‐matched, normal prostatic epithelial cells and invasive adenocarcinoma cells obtained from ethanol‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissues. A number of differentially expressed proteins was discovered and identified by mass spectrometry. Immunohistochemical analyses performed on ethanol‐fixed tissue sections were in agreement with the proteomic discovery findings. In light of these results, we conclude that ethanol‐fixed tissues can be successfully utilized for proteomic analyses.
Monocyte lipid rafts contain proteins implicated in vesicular trafficking and phagosome formation
Authors: Li Nan , Mak Allan , Richards Dawn P. , Naber Claudia , Keller Bernd O. , Li Liang , Shaw Andrew R. E.
Published: April 2003

Lipid rafts are membrane microdomains of unique lipid composition that segregate proteins with poorly understood consequences for membrane organization. Identification of raft associated proteins could therefore provide novel insight into raft‐dependent functions. Monocytes process antigens for presentation to T cells by ingesting pathogens into calcium‐dependent plasma membrane invaginations called “phagosomes” which develop by sequential fusion with the endoplasmic reticulum, early and late endosomes. We investigated the protein composition of Triton X‐100 insoluble low density membranes of the monocyte cell‐line THP‐1 by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization‐time of flight and tandem mass spectrometry. The ganglioside GM1 colocalized on the plasma membrane with the raft markers flotillin 1 and 2, which were enriched in low buoyant density fractions containing 52 identifiable proteins, 28 of which have not been reported in rafts, and nine of which are associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Remarkably, 27 of the 52 proteins are components of phagosomes, including the ER protein calnexin which we demonstrate is phosphorylated on serine 562, a switch controlling calcium homeostasis. The presence of the early and late endosome trafficking proteins Rab‐1, and Rab‐7 together with the late endosome protein LIMPII, indicate lipid rafts are present throughout endosome maturation. Identification of vacuolar ATP synthase, and synaptosomal‐associated protein‐23, proteins implicated in membrane fusion, together with the cytoskeletal proteins actin, α‐actinin, and vimentin, and Rac 1, 2, and 3, regulators of cytoskeletal assembly, indicate monocyte lipid rafts contain the machinery to direct vesicular fusion and actin based vesicular migration throughout phagosome development.
Cell division in the heliozoan Dimorpha mutans and evolution of centrosomal organization during the cell cycle
Authors: Mignot Jean‐Pierre , Brugerolle Guy
Published: April 2003

Summary— The heliozoan Dimorpha mutans possesses a complex centrosome, consisting of an axoplast which anchors radiating axopodia crossing the nucleus, two kinetosomes and different associated fibres, including striated roots. During mitosis, which is an open orthomitosis, the axoplast separates into two, then dissociates, and most of the axopodia disappear. The axoplast therefore does not transform directly into asters at the poles of the mitotic spindle, as previously suggested. The spindle poles are made up of diffuse material which appears to be linked with a pair of kinetosomes by a short striated fibre. No differentiated kinetochore was observed. At the end of telophase, some axopodial axonemes appear to be reconstituted by the juxtaposition of microtubules before the axoplast reappears. The channels followed by the axopodial axonemes crossing the nucleus were formed when the nuclear envelope reconstituted around the chromosomes. From these observations, and those on other protists, it is suggested that the centrosome results from the concentration during the cell cycle of a heterogenous group of microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs), of which the centriole might be only one of the types.
Changes in the organization of the microfilamentous cortical cytoskeletal system during oral regeneration in Climacostomum virens (ciliate)
Authors: Hulays Samah , Grain Jean , Viguès Bernard
Published: April 2003

Summary— With specific antibodies directed against non‐actin micrifilaments (NAMFs), it was possible to determine the spatial distribution of these cytoskeletal elements within the cell cortex of the ciliate Climacostomum virens by immunofluorescence. In the somatic areas, the antibodies allowed to vizualize a more or less continuous layer spanning the whole cell surface with a higher amount of filaments just beneath the ciliary rows. In the buccal region the NAMF system forms bundles running parallel to the ciliary clusters termed the membranelles. The same procedure was used on cells treated with 1 M urea, an agent which induces the release of the oral apparatus followed by a complete regeneration of this part of the cell body. Such an approach completed by an electron microscopy study allowed us to describe the dynamic of NAMFs in the region where new ciliary membranelles will organize from a few somatic kinetics. We observed that in this region, the NAMF system undergoes a desorganization‐reorganization cycle during oral apparatus regeneration. This cycle may be related to the destabilisation of the cortex which allows kinetosome proliferation and to its restabilisation which corresponds to the definitive positioning of the new kinetosomes. Consequently, regeneration of C virens's oral apparatus seems to be a good model for studying relations between cortical NAMF cytoskeleton, positioning of kinetosomes, and cortical stabilisation.
Effect of maitotoxin on sea urchin egg fertilization and on Ca2+ permeabilities of eggs and intracellular stores*
Authors: Pesando Danielle , Girard Jean‐Pierre , Durand‐Clément Monique , Payan Patrick , Puiseux‐Dao Simone
Published: April 2003

Summary— Maitotoxin (MTX), a potent marine toxin involved in ciguatera poisoning, inhibited sea urchin egg fertilization in a dose‐dependent manner with an IC50 of 7.5 × 10−3 MU (mouse‐unit)/ml. It did not affect male gametes fertilizing capabilities but provoked exocytosis in female gametes. It induced a K+ loss simultaneously with a Na+ entry into unfertilized eggs and increased the Ca2+ influx at higher concentrations. On isolated cortex preparations, high concentrations of MTX reduced the rate of ATP‐dependent ca2+ accumulation into reticulum compartments and caused a leakage of Ca2+ from a preparation pre‐loaded with 45Ca2+. Verapamil (10−4 M) similarly blocked the increase of egg permeability to Ca2+ and the effect on Ca2+ sequesting into intracellular compartment, induced by MTX. Ion transport perturbations which evolved relatively slowly are probably not the direct cause of fertilization inhibition which could be related to a modification of the plasma membrane of the female gametes by this hydrophilic toxin.
Semi-classical Schrödinger equations with harmonic potential and nonlinear perturbation
Authors: Carles Rémi
Published: April 2003

Solutions of semi-classical Schrödinger equation with isotropic harmonic potential focus periodically in time. We study the perturbation of this equation by a nonlinear term. If the scaling of this perturbation is critical, each focus crossing is described by a nonlinear scattering operator, which is therefore iterated as many times as the solution passes through a focus. The study of this nonlinear problem is made possible by the introduction of two operators well adapted to Schrödinger equations with harmonic potential, and by suitable Strichartz inequalities.

Les solutions de l’équation de Schrödinger semi-classique avec potentiel harmonique isotrope focalisent périodiquement en temps. Nous étudions la perturbation de cette équation par un terme non linéaire. Pour une échelle critique de cette perturbation, chaque traversée de foyer est décrite par un opérateur de diffusion non linéaire, qui est par conséquent itéré autant de fois que la solution traverse une caustique. Cette étude est permise par l’usage de deux opérateurs qui s’avèrent bien adaptés à l’équation de Schrödinger avec potentiel harmonique, et par des estimations de Strichartz adéquates.
Economic Change and the National Question in Twentieth-Century Europe. Edited by Alice Teichova, Herbert Matis, and Jaroslav Patek. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Pp. xvi, 433. $74.95.
Authors: Greenfeld Liah
Published: April 2003

The connection between nationalism and economic development is an important subject, and the contributors to the volume before us are to be commended for tackling it. But the significance of contributions to edited volumes in humanities and the social sciences rarely extends beyond their symbolic function—of serving as memorabilia to the rites and ceremonies in which scholarly conviviality finds its chief expression. Thus they are forgotten almost as soon as they appear in print, similarly to the elegant menus of formal dinners and wedding invitations, and for all intents and purposes are lost to the world of learning. Their only chance to escape this sad fate in most cases depends on the clarity, originality, and persuasiveness of the editors' vision, which may claim and hold the reader's attention, while creating a conceptual framework within which each individual essay acquires an added meaning. The editors of Economic Change and the National Question in Twentieth-Century Europe fail to provide such a framework, and the result is a collection of historical trivia with no more intellectual interest than any limited amount of raw data awaiting an interpreter.
Public Lands and Political Meaning: Ranchers, the Government, and the Property between Them. By Karen R. Merrill. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002. Pp. xix, 274. $50.00.
Authors: Nugent Jeffrey B.
Published: April 2003

The objective of this book by Karen Merrill is to use the history of public land policy to better understand the political history of the American West since 1870 and the recurring tensions between government, ranchers, and environmentalists. Although the book is aimed primarily at political historians, it is a useful reference for economic historians interested in property rights and land-use regulations.
Redefining Efficiency: Pollution Concerns, Regulatory Mechanisms, and Technological Change in the U.S. Petroleum Industry. By Hugh S. Gorman. Series on Technology and the Environment. Series Editors, Jeffrey Stine, and Joel Tarr. Akron, OH: University of Akron Press, 2001. Pp. xv, 451. $49.95, cloth; $39.95, paper.
Authors: Libecap Gary D.
Published: April 2003

In this well-written, documented, and technically complete book, Hugh Gorman describes the response of the American petroleum industry to pollution over the course of the twentieth century. The industry, which grew and matured during this period as an integral part of modern industrialization, faced serious, and often dramatic pollution problems. They were inherent in production from common oil pools that encouraged haste, waste, and excessive surface storage; in transportation through pipelines and tanker trucks and ships; and in refining and storing complex hydrocarbons that easily escaped into the air, soil, or aquifers. Reaction to pollution brought new technologies, organizational forms, firm collaboration, and regulation—all of which are described and documented from primary and secondary sources throughout this volume. Gorman partitions efforts to address pollution into two “ethics”—an efficiency ethic that characterized industry action through the 1960s and an environmental ethic that came into being in the 1970s. The efficiency ethic describes antipollution efforts to reduce the costly wastes associated with extraction and shipment, including saving lost oil from “gusher” wells and leaky tanks and pipelines, as well as capturing natural gas and water voided in production that could be re-injected and used to propel oil to the surface. Efficiency also required greater productivity and less waste in refining through reducing vapor and hydrocarbon discharges and recycling acids and other chemicals. The firms could capture the benefits of internalizing the externalities associated with these pollutants. In tables 2.1 and 4.3 Gorman lists some of the pollution and waste-related problems encountered in oil production, shipment, and refining that were addressed effectively by firms without much government intervention. He describes the role of the major trade association, the American Petroleum Institute, in generating information for oil firms to reduce externalities.
Melissa Bowerman & Stephen Levinson (eds.), Language acquisition
and conceptual development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
2001. Pp. ix, 602. Hb. $100.00, pb. $35.00.
Authors: Bavin Edith L.
Published: April 2003

This volume, dedicated to Martin Braine, is
the outcome of a conference held at the Max Plank Institute
in Nijmegen in 1995. The first of four parts covers general
theoretical issues; part 2 focuses specifically on word learning,
particularly nouns; in part 3, entities, individuation and
quantification are examined; and in part 4, relational concepts
in form-function mapping, with a focus on the influence of
language-specific properties. Two main issues link the nineteen
chapters: whether concepts are language-independent or constructed
through language, and the role of experience in conceptual
development. As emphasized by the editors in the introduction,
past attempts to relate cognitive and linguistic development
have not been too successful, possibly because of the focus
on language structure within theoretical linguistics. Recent
research on the domain-specific cognitive abilities of infants
and on semantic and cross-linguistic aspects of language
acquisition have provided new insights, and thus it is timely
to reexamine the links.
Jean Bernabé, La graphie créole.
Martinique: Ibis Rouge Editions, 2001. Pp. 142. Pb. €15.00.
Authors: Valdman Albert
Published: April 2003

A signal event in the history of language
policy in France was the recognition in 2000 of French-lexifier
creoles as languages that students in secondary schools could
select as subject matter. This decision by the ministry of
education placed these languages on an equal footing with the
heretofore officially recognized regional languages, such as
Breton or Corsican. For these languages to be taught in French
secondary schools, teachers needed to be certified by an
examination, the CAPES (Certificat d'Aptitude au Professorat
de l'Enseignement Secondaire). This book by the leading
creolist of the French Antilles is part of a series of handbooks
for prospective candidates for that diploma.
Multilingualism and ethnic stereotypes: The Tariana of northwest
Amazonia
Authors: AIKHENVALD ALEXANDRA Y.
Published: April 2003

Tariana is spoken by about 100 people in the
multilingual area of the Vaupés basin in northwest Amazonia
(Brazil). Other languages spoken in the area are members of
the East Tucanoan subgroup, with its most numerous representative,
the Tucano language, rapidly gaining ground as a lingua franca.
Also spoken are Makú languages; Baniwa, an Arawak language
spoken on the fringes of the area and closely related to Tariana;
and Portuguese, the national language. The area is known for
its language group exogamy and institutionalized multilingualism,
with its language being the badge of identity for each group.
Language choice is motivated by power relationship and by status,
and there are strict rules for code-switching. Inserting bits
of other languages while speaking Tariana
(“code-mixing”) has different consequences that
mirror existing ethnic stereotypes. Code-mixing with Tucano
is considered a “language violation”; using elements
of Baniwa is considered funny, while mixing different Tariana
dialects implies that one “cannot speak Tariana
properly.” Overusing Portuguese is associated with the
negative image of an Indian who tries to be better than his
peers.
Social stigma and grammatical autonomy in nonnative varieties
of English
Authors: ZHIMING BAO
Published: April 2003

The spread of English has created a rich array
of varieties, which are often grouped into a tripartite division:
the ENL, ESL, and EFL of Quirk, or the inner-circle, outer-circle,
and expanding-circle of Kachru. These varieties, especially
ESL, differ among themselves in both form and function. It is
often assumed in the literature that these varieties are autonomous
systems of communication. This article challenges this assumption
by showing that the innovative phonological features of one
ESL variety, the vernacular English spoken in Singapore, cannot
be analyzed without reference to native English. These
change-in-progress features fall into two types: those that
originate in phonemes, and those that originate in words. Social
stigma associated with them poses a formidable barrier to their
stabilization and diffusion, and consequently to their
autonomization. Nonnative English is grammatically dependent
on native English.
Can't we all just be altruistic?
Authors: Broude Gwen J.
Published: April 2003

Neither evolutionary theory nor behavioral evidence is consistent with Rachlin's view of altruism as a learned, domain-general learned habit displayed because of its intrinsic value. But human beings can be psychologically motivated by altruism while still reaping a genetic benefit from their altruistic actions.
Interpreting the neuroscience of imagery
Authors: Gold Ian
Published: April 2003

Pylyshyn rightly argues that the neuroscientific data supporting the involvement of the visual system in mental imagery is largely irrelevant to the question of the format of imagistic representation. The purpose of this commentary is to support this claim with a further argument.
Problems with a “cortical screen” for visual imagery
Authors: Ingle David
Published: April 2003

I support Pylyshyn's skepticism that visual imagery reflects a re-activation of the spatial layout of active neurons embedded within a topographical cortical map of visual space. The pickup of visual information via successive eye movements presents one problem and the two visual systems model poses another difficulty.
Adaptive altruistic strategies
Authors: Krebs Dennis L.
Published: April 2003

Biological, cognitive, and learning explanations of altruism, selfishness, and self-control can be integrated in terms of adaptive strategies. The key to understanding why humans and other animals sometimes resist temptation and sacrifice their immediate interests for the sake of others lies in mapping the design of the evolved mental mechanisms that give rise to the decisions in question.
Altruism is never self-sacrifice
Authors: Lewis Michael
Published: April 2003

Altruism by definition involves the self's evaluation of costs and benefits of an act of the self, which must include cost to the self and benefits to the other. Reinforcement value to the self of such acts is greater than the costs to the self. Without consideration of a self-system of evaluation, there is little meaning to altruistic acts.
Time matters! Implications from mentally imaged motor actions
Authors: Raab Markus , Boschker Marc
Published: April 2003

Pylyshyn provides sound arguments against the dominant picture theory of mental imagery. However, we claim that mental imagery is intrinsically dynamic and that the very nature of mental imagery will not be uncovered by studying static pictures. Understanding mental imagery of motor actions reveals that any theory of mental imagery should start off with the temporal nature of real-life experiences.
When is enough enough? The integration of competing scientific agendas
Authors: Toth Jozsef A.
Published: April 2003

This commentary asks the reader to examine Pylyshyn's target article and the imagery debate at four levels of analysis – institutional, programmatic, empirical, and individual. It is proposed that the debate follows somewhat generic patterns of discourse at all four levels, but the discourse associated with one side of the debate may or may not be expressible and evaluated in terms of the other. The different sides of the debate might better serve cognitive science if they proceed as separate research programs in their respective sub-disciplines. A more inclusive program could result, however, if the opposing approaches could somehow unite.
Involvement of a visual blackboard architecture in imagery
Authors: van der Velde Frank , de Kamps Marc
Published: April 2003

We discuss a visual blackboard architecture that could be involved in imagery. In this architecture, networks that process identity information interact with networks that process location information, in a manner that produces structural (compositional) forms of representation. Architectures of this kind can be identified in the visual cortex, but perhaps also in prefrontal cortex areas related with working memory.
The importance of social learning in the evolution of cooperation and communication
Authors: Zuidema Willem
Published: April 2003

The new emphasis that Rachlin gives to social learning is welcome, because its role in the emergence of altruism and communication is often underestimated. However, Rachlin's account is underspecified and therefore not satisfactory. I argue that recent computational models of the evolution of language show an alternative approach and present an appealing perspective on the evolution and acquisition of a complex, altruistic behavior like syntactic language.
LIBERALISM'S DIVIDE, AFTER SOCIALISM AND BEFORE
Authors: Levy Jacob T.
Published: April 2003

For most of the century and a half that began roughly with the
later works of John Stuart Mill, the most important divide within
liberal political thought was that between classical (or market, or
libertarian) liberalism and welfare (or new, or redistributionist)
liberalism. The questions that were important to the socialist/liberal
debate also became important for debates within liberalism: What is
the relationship between property and freedom? Between free
trade and freedom? Is freedom of commercial activity on a moral
par with other sorts of freedom? Is the alleviation of poverty
or material need a more important political goal than freedom?
How do freedom and equality fit together in a liberal understanding
of justice? What degree of state economic planning, or state
taxation and expenditure, is compatible with liberal freedom?
Symposium on explanations and social ontology 3: can we dispense with structural explanations of social facts?
Authors: Weber Erik , Van Bouwel Jeroen
Published: April 2003

Some social scientists and philosophers (e.g., James Coleman and Jon Elster) claim that all social facts are best explained by means of a micro-explanation. They defend a micro-reductionism in the social sciences: to explain is to provide a mechanism on the individual level.

The first aim of this paper is to challenge this view and defend the view that it has to be substituted for an explanatory pluralism with two components: (1) structural explanations of P-, O- and T-contrasts between social facts are more efficient than the competing micro-explanations; and (2) whether a plain social fact (as opposed to a contrast) is best explained in a micro-explanation or a structural explanation depends on the explanatory interest. The second aim of the paper is to show how this explanatory pluralism is compatible with ontological individualism.

This paper is motivated by our conviction that explanatory pluralism as defended by Frank Jackson and Philip Pettit is on the right track, but must be further elaborated. We want to supplement their contribution, by (1) introducing the difference between explanations of facts and explanations of contrasts; (2) giving examples from the social sciences, instead of mainly from the natural sciences or common sense knowledge; and (3) emphasizing the pragmatic relevance of explanations on different levels –social, psychological, biological, etc. – which is insufficiently done by Jackson and Pettit.
Commitment-based and dialogue-game-based protocols: new trends in agent communication languages
Authors: MAUDET N. , CHAIB-DRAA B.
Published: April 2003

This survey introduces existing approaches to Agent Communication Languages (ACLs) and particularly Conversation Policies (CPs) which can be viewed as
general constraints on the sequence of semantically coherent messages leading to a goal. Then limitations of these CPs are discussed in detail, particularly limitations on flexibility and specification. Finally, ACLs are viewed from the dialectic point of view, and some
approaches are introduced in this context: some focusing on commitment-based protocols and others on dialogue-game-based protocols.
Book Review
Authors: Parsons Simon
Published: April 2003

Bayesian Networks and Decision Graphs by Finn V.
Jensen, Springer Verlag, £64.95, ISBN 0-387-95259-4
ASYMPTOTIC BAYES ANALYSIS FOR THE FINITE-HORIZON
ONE-ARMED-BANDIT PROBLEM
Authors: Burnetas Apostolos N. , Katehakis Michael N.
Published: April 2003

The multiarmed-bandit problem is often taken as a basic model
for the trade-off between the exploration and utilization required
for efficient optimization under uncertainty. In this article,
we study the situation in which the unknown performance of a
new bandit is to be evaluated and compared with that of a known
one over a finite horizon. We assume that the bandits represent
random variables with distributions from the one-parameter
exponential family. When the objective is to maximize the Bayes
expected sum of outcomes over a finite horizon, it is shown
that optimal policies tend to simple limits when the length
of the horizon is large.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF PRIORITY: “On the conditions for
mixtures of increasing failure rate distributions to have an
increasing failure rate”
Authors: Lynch James
Published: April 2003

The above-mentioned article by James Lynch was published in
Probability in the Engineering and Informational Sciences
(1999), 13: 33–36.

It has recently been brought to the author's attention that the
results in that paper were preceded and superseded by the results in
Thomas H. Savits' paper, “A multivariate IFR class,”
which appeared in the Journal of Applied Probability (1985),
22: 197–204. This acknowledgment is to correct this contretemps.
MAINTENANCE POLICY FOR A CONTINUOUSLY MONITORED DETERIORATING
SYSTEM
Authors: Bérenguer C. , Grall A. , Dieulle L. , Roussignol M.
Published: April 2003

We consider a continuously monitored system that gradually
and stochastically deteriorates. An alarm threshold is set on
the system deterioration level for triggering a delayed preventive
maintenance operation. A mathematical model is developed to
find the value of the alarm threshold that minimizes the asymptotic
unavailability. Approximations are derived to improve the numerical
optimization.
ORIGIN OF THE LIENZO DE TULANCINGO
Authors: van Doesburg Bas
Published: April 2003

In a rather complex argument brought forth in 1993,
Ross Parmenter tried to identify one of the place signs
in the center of the Lienzo de Ihuitlan, called “Water”
by Alfonso Caso (1961) as the place sign for the village
of Tulancingo. This identification was mainly based on
the fact that several of the royal couples associated with
the place “Water” in the Lienzo de Ihuitlan
also appear scattered around the dominant central church
on the Lienzo de Tulancingo, which was photographed for
the first time in 1974 by Jesús Franco Carrasco
in the village of San Miguel Tulancingo. The same argument
was presented by Carlos Rincón Mautner (1994). There
is strong evidence, however, indicating that the place
sign “Water” represents the village of Ihuitlan
itself and that the Lienzo de Tulancingo originally came
from the village of Ihuitlan.
BEYOND MARITIME SYMBOLISM
Authors: Maxwell David
Published: April 2003

Tikal caches frequently contain a wide variety of
marine materials such as shells, fish bones, and stingray
spines (Coe 1990; Maxwell 1996). Beyond the possible use
of stingray spines as bloodletters, however, little attention
has been given to the role of these objects in ritual.
Numerous caches contain the remains of toxic animals, including
stingrays, porcupine fish, cone shells, and potentially
toxic corals and sponges. Intriguingly, these objects are
found in the greatest frequencies dating to the period
from a.d. 562 to 695—known as the Tikal
hiatus—beginning immediately following the defeat
of Tikal by Caracol and ending with the ascension of Ruler
A. It is proposed toxic marine objects were employed in
rituals at Tikal and these rituals were most important
during the hiatus period.
PROVISIONING THE CEREN HOUSEHOLD
Authors: Sheets Payson
Published: April 2003

The Classic-period households of the Ceren village in
the southeastern periphery of the Maya area provisioned
themselves by one of three different economies. (1) Household
members produced many items for intrahousehold use, including
architecture, food, and some artifacts, with no input from
outside. (2) Each household produced some commodity in
excess of what they needed for their internal consumption,
by means of part-time specialization, and they used this
for exchange with other households within the village or
nearby. This is termed the horizontal or village economy.
The commodities included craft items such as groundstone
tools and painted gourds as well as agricultural specialities
such as agave for fiber. (3) Each household obtained distant
exotic items, such as obsidian tools, jade axes, and polychrome
serving ceramics, by exchanging their household surplus
commodities in elite centers. In this paper, this is called
the vertical economy. The choices available to commoner
households in negotiating economic transactions in various
elite centers gave them economic power and could have the
effect of constraining the elite in setting exchange equivalencies.
This is quite different from the view from the top of the
pyramid which generally depicts commoners as the exploited
class at the bottom of a powerful political and economic
hierarchy.
OTUMBA AND ITS NEIGHBORS
Authors: Charlton Thomas H. , Nichols Deborah L. , Charlton Cynthia L. Otis
Published: April 2003

Otumba is one of a few Late Aztec-period city-states
in the Basin of Mexico whose central city or town is not
obscured by post-Conquest occupation. Long-term research
there began in the early 1960s, with more recent fieldwork
between 1987 and 1989, and has been complemented by intensive
laboratory and technical analyses that are still underway.
Traditional typological analyses have been aided by neutron
activation analyses providing strong evidence of economic
linkages between the Otumba city-state and raw material
sources, as well as evidence of tribute and market distribution
channels for finished products within and outside the Otumba
city-state.
LOS SEÑORES CON TOCADO DE BORLAS
Authors: Paulinyi Zoltán
Published: April 2003

Se presenta una nueva interpretación de un importante
grupo de la nobleza teotihuacana, cuyos miembros portaban tocado
de borlas, como parte de su vestimenta. En base al análisis
iconográfico se establece que los señores portadores
de la versión más compleja de este tocado (el
Gran Tocado) eran gobernantes sagrados que poseían poderes
sobrenaturales: se dedicaban al servicio del Dios de la Lluvia
y en la guerra eran capaces de usar como arma el rayo del propio
Dios. Los miembros de menor rango de dicho grupo también
eran ofrendantes del Dios de la Lluvia y aparentemente
cumplían funciones políticas. El grupo tenía
varios niveles jerárquicos, planteándose la
hipótesis de que quizás pudo haber sido regido
simultáneamente por varios señores con Gran Tocado.
Se sugiere que el ejemplo de este grupo de principales puede
servir como clave para descifrar la naturaleza de la clase
gobernante de Teotihuacan.
ANCIENT MAYA CAUSEWAYS AND SITE ORGANIZATION AT CARACOL, BELIZE
Authors: Chase Arlen F. , Chase Diane Z.
Published: April 2003

Statements concerning the function of intrasite Maya causeways
often focus on inferred ritual purposes or on symbolic kinship
alliances rather than on the more practical roles that such
roads may have served. Data collected on an extensive intrasite
causeway system at Caracol, Belize, demonstrate that the primary
role of its sacbes lay in facilitating the administrative
control of people, goods, and services. An estimated 75 km of
roads not only served intrasite communication and transport;
they also affected the political and economic integration of
this huge center.
REVISITING THE TEOTIHUACAN CONNECTION AT ALTUN
HA
Authors: White Christine D. , Longstaffe Fred J. , Law Kimberley R.
Published: April 2003

An analysis of oxygen-isotope ratios in skeletal phosphate
was used to assess the possibility that the Early Classic period
(a.d. 280–550) Maya elite male in Tomb F/8-1
from the eastern Belizean site of Altun Ha had originally come
from Teotihuacan, Mexico. When compared with four other individuals
used as controls for spatial and temporal variability in
δ18Op values at Altun Ha, this individual
falls at the high end of the expected range of local intrasite
variation but does not have a δ18Op
value consistent with that of Teotihuacan. The mortuary and
isotopic data have been compared with those from the previously
analyzed Maya site of Kaminaljuyu, Guatemala, in order to examine
regional and temporal differences in the influence of the powerful
state of Teotihuacan. It appears that Teotihuacan was not the
homeland of any of the tomb individuals analyzed from either
site. Thus, models of ideological or symbolic power are supported
over those of political or military imperialism.
AZTEC-PERIOD POLITICAL ORGANIZATION IN THE TEOTIHUACAN
VALLEY
Authors: Evans Susan Toby
Published: April 2003

The Aztec period city-state of Otumba in the upper Teotihuacan
Valley was integrated into the Acolhua domain from the early
1430s to about 1515. It then became independent, demonstrating
the fragility of city-state organization as a means of regional
political integration. A close look at Otumba and other city-states
in the Teotihuacan Valley reveals that Acolhua strategies of
social engineering welded together the potentially-autonomous
city-states into an elaborate political system with impressive
structural strengthening and improved flow of services and
materials through it.
TRANSFORMATION OF THE TERMINAL CLASSIC TO POSTCLASSIC
ARCHITECTURAL LANDSCAPE AT CAYE COCO, BELIZE
Authors: Rosenswig Robert M. , Masson Marilyn A.
Published: April 2003

In this paper, we analyze the distribution of Late Postclassic
(A.D. 1250–1500) architecture and associated artifacts
of the Maya site of Caye Coco, Belize. Artifact density
and distribution suggest that different buildings served different
functions and reflect a range of domestic and non-domestic
activities at the island. An assessment of the labor investment
required to build the seventeen structures at Caye Coco provides
evidence of the degree of social hierarchy at this site, as
many more people would have been required to build its elite
residences than could have lived in them. The shift in the focus
of architectural construction to the island at Progresso Lagoon
in the Late Postclassic contrasts with the predominance of
construction on the west shore during the Terminal Classic period.
This trend reflects the emergence of a new political center
among the lagoon settlements. It also may suggest an increased
concern with aquatic transportation of trade goods during the
Postclassic period, as Caye Coco is the most prominent island
of the lagoon, which connects directly to the Caribbean Sea.
The architecture at Caye Coco suggests that Late Postclassic
political organization of northeastern Belize was more hierarchical
than has been previously documented. This paper is the first
systematic effort to quantify architectural labor investment
and size distribution at a southern lowland Postclassic Maya
site in order to address the issue of sociopolitical hierarchy.
WHAT AND WHERE IS OLMEC STYLE? Regional perspectives
on hollow figurines in Early Formative Mesoamerica
Authors: Blomster Jeffrey P.
Published: April 2003

To understand better the significance of the Olmec style and
its implications for Early Formative interregional interaction
within Mesoamerica, one particular type of artifact—the
hollow figurine—is examined. A definition of the Olmec
style is provided based on Gulf Coast monumental art. One of
several contemporaneous hollow-figurine types—“hollow
babies” (Group 1)—is consistent with a Gulf
Coast–based definition of the Olmec style. Fragments of
Group 1 hollow figurines from across Mesoamerica are examined,
revealing concentrations at a Gulf Coast center and, to a lesser
extent, sites in southern Mexico. Rather than the primarily
funerary function previously suggested for these objects,
contextual data suggest multivalent meanings and functions.
Group 2 figurines are related but different; variation appears
in both the distribution of Group 2 fragments across Mesoamerica
and their use. Available evidence suggests limited access to
hollow figurines of both groups compared with contemporaneous
solid figurines. A previous assertion that “hollow
babies” were primarily produced and consumed in Central
Mexico is rejected, and the significance of the differences
among these hollow-figurine types is considered.
LA CULTURA BOLAÑOS Y SU TRADICION FUNERARIA
Authors: Cabrero G. Ma. Teresa
Published: April 2003

La región del cañón de Bolaños
estuvo habitada por sociedades que acostumbraron enterrar
a sus muertos en tumbas de tiro. El hallazgo de uno de
estos monumentos funerarios sellado proporcionó
el conocimiento integral del ritual funerario dentro de
esa región.
PATRONS OF SHAMANIC POWER
Authors: Tate Carolyn E.
Published: April 2003

This article takes two new approaches to the “enigmas”
of La Venta. First, it examines the form of the site in
relation to the region from which the La Ventans procured
their stone: primarily, the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. La
Venta's north–south axis pointed to the nearest
high mountain south of the site. The bar-and-four-dots
design on the Mosaic Pavements corresponded to the duality
of the female earth and its four-directional maize plants
crossed by the east–west path of the male sun. The
Massive Offerings, previously interpreted as effigies of
seas, are noted to be on the north of the ceremonial court
and to correspond to the ocean a few kilometers north of
the site. Second, this paper augments the current understanding
of the ideological or spiritual motivations for the design
and construction of La Venta's Massive Offerings and
Mosaic Pavements by looking through the lens of contemporary
Mixe ritual practice and shamanic cosmology. The Mixe are
probably the linguistic descendants of the Gulf Coast Olmecs.
Using these two lines of analysis, the paper advances several
related proposals. It argues that the La Ventans planned
Complexes A and C (the designations for the ceremonial
court containing the Massive Offerings and other deposits
and for the big mound) to replicate the topography of the
region important to La Venta as a source of materials and
food and, by extension, of knowledge. It specifically correlates
the Massive Offerings, Mosaic Pavements, and almond-eyed
supernaturals on stelae at the foot of Mound C to the principal
“supernatural reality configurations” of the
contemporary Mixe. Furthermore, it contextualizes the problem
of shamanism by arguing that these supernaturals were not
“gods” but sources of shamanic power and that
the many buried offerings at La Venta are best seen as
similar to aspects of Mixe ritual, which they call “work
of the earth.” Finally, the paper reconsiders the
existence of “gods” among the Olmecs, concluding
that a more appropriate way to express their notions of
the sacred is that they conceived supernaturals as meta-cosmological
or meta-meteorological forces.
Understanding, Being, and Doing: Medical Ethics in Medical
Education
Authors: RHODES ROSAMOND , COHEN DEVRA S.
Published: April 2003

Over the past 15 years, medical schools have paid some attention
to the importance of developing students' communication
skills as part of their medical education. Over the past decade,
medical ethics has been added to the curriculum of most U.S.
medical schools, at least on paper. More recently, there has
been growing discussion of the importance of professionalism
in medical education. Yet, the nature and content of these fields
and their relationship to one another remains confused and vague,
and that lack of clarity, in turn, impairs the effectiveness
of medical education. This ambiguity invites serious contention
over who should design and teach the curriculum as well as when,
where, and how it should be taught.
CQ SOURCES/BIBLIOGRAPHY
Authors: Anton Bette
Published: April 2003

These CQ Sources were compiled by Bette Anton.
Divided Minds and Successive Selves: Ethical Issues in
Disorders of Identity and Personality, by Jennifer Radden.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996. 296 pp. $55.00.
Authors: Adams David M.
Published: April 2003

Jennifer Radden's subtitle nicely summarizes the set of
concerns that animate this rich and provocative book. Radden's
aims are at once conceptual and normative. What degree of
continuity (over time) or unity (at a time) do selves or persons
really possess? And how ought healthcare professionals and others
deal with individuals whose selves become “fragmented”
or “divided” in various ways? Radden's analysis
blends theoretical investigations in the philosophy of mind
and metaphysics with key findings in abnormal psychology and
psychotherapy to illuminate a nest of issues: Can we legitimately
speak of one body housing or supporting more than one
“person”? To what extent does our normatively charged
notion of “person” presuppose a self that is integrated
by continuities of memory, experience, and agency? Must legal
conceptions of individual responsibility for civil or criminal
wrongs be construed to require a continuous and unified
“self” who is accountable? Are paternalistically
motivated therapeutic interventions justifiable when dealing
with dissociative-identity disorder on the grounds that they
protect one “self” from another? Ought psychiatric
advance directives be enforceable? What should be the normative
goals of therapeutic practice with regard to individuals whose
selves are fragmented?
Dissociation of perceptual and motor inhibition processes
through the use of novel computerized conflict tasks
Authors: NASSAUER KATHARINE W. , HALPERIN JEFFREY M.
Published: April 2003

Efficient behavioral functioning requires early perceptual
inhibition of irrelevant stimuli and later motor inhibition
of inappropriate responses. The Perceptual and Motor Conflict
Tasks were developed to differentially assess perceptual and
motor inhibition, and to determine whether these processes utilize
separate or shared cognitive resources. The computerized tasks
include six subtests involving a box or an arrow appearing in
various locations. Subjects respond by pressing a key on the
left or right side of a keyboard. In different subtests, arrow
direction or stimulus location determines correct responses.
Perceptual inhibition assessment requires the subject to respond
to a conflicting arrow direction while ignoring stimulus location.
Motor inhibition assessment involves the subject responding
in the direction opposite to that indicated by a centrally located
arrow. In a neurologically normal sample (N = 44), reaction
time analyses yielded significant Perceptual and Motor Conflict
main effects, with slower performance under conflict conditions,
but no significant Perceptual × Motor interaction. The
lack of a significant Perceptual × Motor interaction,
according to the additive factor model, indicates that these
two processes utilize distinct cognitive resources. Nevertheless,
performance on the two conflict tasks was significantly correlated
with each other, and Perceptual Conflict performance was
significantly correlated with Stroop interference. (JINS,
2003, 9, 25–30.)
EXPECTATIONS COORDINATION ON A SUNSPOT EQUILIBRIUM: AN EDUCTIVE APPROACH
Authors: Desgranges Gabriel , Negroni Giorgio
Published: April 2003

We analyze expectations coordination on a stationary sunspot equilibrium (SSE) using an eductive approach in which agents forecast the forecasts of others. This approach is grounded in some common-knowledge assumptions. We show that two institutional contexts may be envisaged; we also distinguish between stationary and nonstationary beliefs. We show that the conditions for eductive stability depend mainly on whether stationarity of beliefs is imposed. We also prove the existence of eductively stable SSEs by means of the Poincaré–Hopf theorem and show that eductively stable SSEs exist in a neighborhood of some indeterminate steady states.
COORDINATION ON SADDLE-PATH SOLUTIONS: THE EDUCTIVE VIEWPOINT—LINEAR UNIVARIATE MODELS
Authors: Evans George W. , Guesnerie Roger
Published: April 2003

We investigate local strong rationality (LSR) in a one-step-forward-looking univariate model with memory one. Eductive arguments are used to determine when common knowledge (CK) that the solution is near some perfect-foresight path is sufficient to trigger complete coordination on that path (i.e., the path is LSR). Coordination of expectations is shown to depend on three factors: the nature of the CK initial beliefs, the degree of structural heterogeneity, and the information structure. Our sufficient conditions for LSR precisely reflect these features and provide basic consistent justifications for the choice of the saddle-path solution.
Overview of the Issue
Authors: BROWN JEFFREY , HABERMAN STEVEN , MILEVSKY MOSHE , ORSZAG MIKE
Published: April 2003

This issue features three original research articles, an issues & policy article and, as we noted in the Review of 2002 above, a new book review section. As in issues in our first volume, the articles in this issue span a broad range of topics.
Highly Multilayered Urease Decomposes Highly Concentrated Urea
Authors: Kobayashi Satoshi , Yonezu Shinji , Kawakita Hidetaka , Saito Kyoichi , Sugita Kazuyuki , Tamada Masao , Sugo Takanobu , Lee William
Published: April 2003

Urease was immobilized at a density of 1.2 g of urease per gram of a matrix via ion‐exchange binding of urease to an anion‐exchange polymer chain grafted onto a pore surface of a porous hollow‐fiber membrane and subsequent cross‐linking of urease with transglutaminase. Urea was hydrolyzed during the permeation of a urea solution, the concentration of which ranged from 2 to 8 M, through the pores of the resultant membrane with a thickness of approximately 1 mm. Quantitative hydrolysis of 4 M urea was achieved at a permeation rate lower than 1 mL/h, i.e., a residence time longer than 5.1 min, at ambient temperature. This performance is ascribed to convective transport of urea through the pores rimmed by the urease‐immobilized polymer chains at a high density. Urease was denatured in the presence of urea at concentrations higher than 6 M while hydrolyzing urea.