bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regenerative treatment for male stress urinary incontinence by periurethral injection of adipose‐derived regenerative cells: Outcome of the ADRESU study
Authors: Gotoh Momokazu , Shimizu Shinobu , Yamamoto Tokunori , Ishizuka Osamu , Yamanishi Tomonori , Mizokami Atsushi , Narimoto Kazutaka , Toriyama Kazuhiro , Kamei Yuzuru , Nakayama Shinobu , Kuwatsuka Yachiyo , Mizuno Masaaki , Hirakawa Akihiro
Published: July 2020

Objectives

To report the outcome of the ADRESU study, a multicenter, single‐arm, investigator‐initiated clinical trial to confirm the efficacy and safety of regenerative treatment for male patients with stress urinary incontinence.

Methods

The participants were male patients with mild‐to‐moderate stress urinary incontinence persisting for >1 year after prostatectomy. Autologous adipose‐derived regenerative cells were isolated using the Celution system from adipose tissue obtained by liposuction. Adipose‐derived regenerative cells and mixture of adipose‐derived regenerative cells with adipose tissue were transurethrally injected into the rhabdosphincter and submucosal space of the urethra, respectively. The primary end‐point was the proportion of patients with improvement of the urine leakage volume at 52 weeks (or last visit within 52 weeks). Improvement of leakage volume was defined as a decrease from baseline >50% by the 24‐h pad test. A total of 10 secondary end‐points were set.

Results

A total of 45 patients satisfying the eligibility criteria were enrolled. The primary end‐point was met; the proportion of patients with improvement in leakage volume at 52 weeks was 37.2% (95% confidence interval 23.0–53.3%). No serious adverse events with causal relationships to the adipose‐derived regenerative cells were encountered. There was a progressive improvement in secondary end‐points. In the King’s Health Questionnaire, improvement of quality of life scores showed greater improvement in responders, as compared with non‐responders.

Conclusions

Findings from the ADRESU study suggest the efficacy and safety of regenerative treatment for male patients with mild‐to‐moderate stress urinary incontinence.
A collaborative approach in patient education for diabetes foot and wound care: A pragmatic randomised controlled trial
Authors: Heng Marabelle Liwen , Kwan Yu Heng , Ilya Nik , Ishak Izza Atiqa , Jin Patricia Huixia , Hogan Debbie , Carmody David
Published: July 2020

Foot care education is an important strategy in reducing lower limb complications. There is evidence that contemporary communication approaches can improve patient education outcomes. To inform the potential of such methods in diabetic foot education, we trialled a collaborative approach in patient education counselling in a podiatry clinic. We conducted a single‐blind pragmatic randomised controlled trial on 52 diabetes patients who had an active foot ulcer. Participants were randomised to either collaborative education or traditional didactic education. Outcomes on knowledge and self‐care behaviours were collected via a pre and post study questionnaire (max score: 75). The study ended at 12 weeks or when the wound healed prior. 42 (80.7%) participants completed the study. The collaborative patient education group had a significant increase in score post‐study (38.8 ± 8.5) compared to pre‐study (32.8 ± 6.9; P < .001). The control group had no significant increase in score post study. The difference in scores between groups had a moderate effect size (d = 0.54). The use of a collaborative approach in patient education was able to produce significantly greater increase in knowledge retention and self‐care behaviours, without the need for additional consultation time in a podiatry clinic.
lncRNA MIR4435‐2HG promoted clear cell renal cell carcinoma malignant progression via miR‐513a‐5p/KLF6 axis
Authors: Zhu Kai , Miao Chenkui , Tian Ye , Qin Zhiqiang , Xue Jianxin , Xia Jiadong , Zhu Shenhao , Xu Aiming , Yang Jie , Wang Zengjun
Published: July 2020

Long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) take various biological effects in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) mostly through sponging with microRNAs (miRNAs). lncRNA MIR4435‐2HG is found to promote tumour progression in gastric cancer, glioblastoma and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the role of lncRNA MIR4435‐2HG in ccRCC progression remains unknown. The purpose of this research was to investigate the potential molecular mechanism of lncRNA MIR4435‐2HG regarding the regulation of ccRCC initiation and progression. In this study, we found the up‐regulation of MIR4435‐2HG in ccRCC tissues and cell lines. Functionally, overexpression of MIR4435‐2HG promoted the proliferation as well as the metastasis in ccRCC cell lines, whereas knockdown of MIR4435‐2HG inhibited the above changes. Then, bioinformatic analysis and luciferase reporter assays confirmed the negative regulation effect of MIR4435‐2HG on miR‐513a‐5p. And further investigations showed that KLF6, which collected from the intersection of databases, was the potential conjugated mRNAs of miR‐513a‐5p. Finally, the rescue experiments revealed the relation among MIR4435‐2HG and KLF6, which showed that KLF6 could reverse the promoting effect of MIR4435‐2HG on ccRCC in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, our findings provided insight into the mechanisms of MIR4435‐2HG in ccRCC and revealed an alternative target for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of ccRCC.
Melatonin against acute ischaemic stroke dependently via suppressing both inflammatory and oxidative stress downstream signallings
Authors: Chen Kuan‐Hung , Lin Kun‐Chen , Ko Sheung‐Fat , Chiang John Y. , Guo Jun , Yip Hon‐Kan
Published: July 2020

This study tested the hypothesis that melatonin (Mel) therapy preserved the brain architectural and functional integrity against ischaemic stroke (IS) dependently through suppressing the inflammatory/oxidative stress downstream signalling pathways. Adult male B6 (n = 6 per each B6 group) and TLR4 knockout (ie TLR4−/−) (n = 6 per each TLR4−/− group) mice were categorized into sham control (SCB6), SCTLR4−/−, ISB6, ISTLR4−/−, ISB6 + Mel (i.p. daily administration) and ISTLR4−/− + Mel (i.p. daily administration). By day 28 after IS, the protein expressions of inflammatory (HMBG1/TLR2/TLR4/MAL/MyD88/RAM TRIF/TRAF6/IKK‐α/p‐NF‐κB/nuclear‐NF‐κB/nuclear‐IRF‐3&7/IL‐1β/IL‐6/TNF‐α/IFN‐γ) and oxidative stress (NOX‐1/NOX‐2/ASK1/p‐MKK4&7/p‐JNK/p‐c‐JUN) downstream pathways as well as mitochondrial‐damaged markers (cytosolic cytochrome C/cyclophilin D/SRP1/autophagy) were highest in group ISB6, lowest in groups SCB6 and SCTLR4−/−, lower in group ISTLR4−/− + Mel than in groups ISTLR4−/− and ISB6 + Mel and lower in group ISB6 + Mel than in group ISTLR4−/− (all P < .0001). The brain infarct volume, brain infarct area and the number of inflammatory cells in brain (CD14/F4‐88) and in circulation (MPO+//Ly6C+/CD11b+//Ly6G+/CD11b+) exhibited an identical pattern, whereas the neurological function displayed an opposite pattern of inflammatory protein expression among the six groups (all P < .0001). In conclusion, TLR inflammatory and oxidative stress signallings played crucial roles for brain damage and impaired neurological function after IS that were significantly reversed by Mel therapy.
Long non‐coding RNA HEIH suppresses the expression of TP53 through enhancer of zeste homolog 2 in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Ding XinYu , Qi Chen , Min Jie , Xu ZhiFei , Huang KeNan , Tang Hua
Published: July 2020

It is increasingly evident that the molecular and biological functions of long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNA) are vital for understanding the molecular biology and progression of cancer. The lncRNA‐HEIH, a newly identified lncRNA, has been demonstrated to be up‐regulated in hepatocellular cancer. However, little is known about its role in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). In the present study, an obvious up‐regulation of lncRNA‐HEIH was observed in ESCC compared to the adjacent normal tissues. Meanwhile, patients with high expression of lncRNA‐HEIH have significantly poorer prognosis than those with low expression. We further found that lncRNA‐HEIH was associated with enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) and that this association led to the repression of TP53. These findings indicate that lncRNA‐HEIH may serve as a prognostic marker and a potential therapeutic target for ESCC.
Toxoplasma gondii excreted‐secreted antigens suppress Foxp3 promoter activity via a SP1‐dependent mechanism
Authors: Chen Jinling , Wang Jingjing , Gao Xuyang , Zhu Dandan , Chen Liuting , Duan Yinong
Published: July 2020

Toxoplasma gondii excreted‐secreted antigens (ESA) could result in adverse outcomes of pregnancy including abortion, stillbirth, foetal infection or teratogenesis in mice during early stage of pregnancy. Defective generation or function of regulatory T cells (Tregs) may account for those adverse pregnancy outcomes. Forkhead box p3 (Foxp3), which is the key transcriptional factor of Tregs, modulates its development and maintains inhibitory function. We previously demonstrated that ESA inhibited Foxp3 expression by attenuating transforming growth factor β RII/Smad2/Smad3/Smad4 pathway. In this study, we propose to study the role of ESA on the activity of Foxp3 promoter and explore potential mechanisms. We demonstrated that ESA suppressed Foxp3 promoter activity using dual‐luciferase reporter assay. ESA functioned at −443/−96 region of Foxp3 promoter to suppress its activity using truncated fragments of Foxp3 promoter. Further analysis revealed that suppressive role of ESA on Foxp3 promoter activity is related to specificity protein 1 (SP1). Transfection of expression plasmid of pcDNA3.1‐SP1 could restore the down‐regulation of Foxp3 induced by ESA. In conclusion, this study provides a new mechanism by which ESA could inhibit the Foxp3 promoter activity via SP1.
Epidemiology of paediatric Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and implications for the control of coronavirus virus disease 2019
Authors: MacIntyre Chandini R , Chen Xin , Adam Dillon C , Chughtai Abrar A
Published: July 2020

Aim

To compare the clinical features of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) infection between paediatric and adult cases.

Methods

Using multiple public data sources, we created an enhanced open‐source surveillance dataset of all MERS‐CoV cases between 20 September 2012 and 31 December 2018 in Saudi Arabia including available risk factor data.

Results

Of the 1791 cases of MERS‐CoV identified, 30 cases (1.7%) were aged under 18 years and 1725 cases (96.3%) were aged 18 years and over. Three paediatric cases were fatal, aged 0, 2 and 15 years. The odds of asymptomatic MERS‐CoV infection among cases under 18 years (n = 10/23; 44%) was significantly higher (odds ratio (OR) = 4.98; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.15–11.51; P = 0.001) compared to adults (n = 199/1487; 13%). The odds of hospitalisation were significantly lower (OR = 0.17; 95% CI: 0.08–0.39; P < 0.001) among cases under 18 years (n = 12/24; 50%) compared to adults (n = 1231/1443; 85%). Children were more likely to have a known source of exposure compared to adults (OR = 2.68; 95% CI: 1.29–5.56; P = 0.008).

Conclusions

Clinically severe illness is less common in children, although death can occur, and the proportion of paediatric cases (1.7%) is similar to that reported for COVID‐19. Age‐specific differences in the clinical presentation of MERS‐CoV cases could have implications for transmission for other betacoronaviruses including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). Children may be at risk within the household with an infected adult. More studies are required on the role of children in transmission of betacoronaviruses.
Blood levels of lead and dental caries in permanent teeth
Authors: Yepes Juan F. , McCormick‐Norris Jayme , Vinson LaQuia A. , Eckert George J. , Hu Howard , Wu Yue , Jansen Erica C. , Peterson Karen E. , Téllez‐Rojo Martha M. , Mier Esperanza Angeles Martinez
Published: July 2020

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is an association between lead exposure within the ages of 1–4 years and dental caries in the permanent dentition between ages 9–17 among Mexican youth.

Methods

Data were collected for the Early Life Exposures in Mexico to Environmental Toxicants (ELEMENT) cohort from a group of 490 children born and reared in Mexico City. Among ages 1–4 years, blood lead levels were measured in micrograms of lead per deciliter of blood (μg/dL) and the presence of caries in adolescence was determined using the International Caries and Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS). The relationship between blood levels of lead and decayed, missing, or filled surfaces (DMFS) was examined using negative binomial regression. Covariates were selected based on previous studies and included age, gender, socioeconomic status, oral hygiene, body mass index, and diet. The nonlinear relationship between lead and DMFS was examined using smoothing splines.

Results

The mean overall blood lead level (BLL) was 4.83 μg/dL (S.D. of 2.2). The mean overall caries level (DMFS) was 4.1. No statistically significant association was found between early childhood blood lead levels and dental caries in adolescence.

Conclusion

This study shows a lack of association between exposure to lead between the ages of 1–4 years of age and dental caries in permanent dentition later in life. Other covariates, such as age and sugar consumption, appeared to play a more prominent role in caries development.
Beneficial effects of curcumin as a native or nanoparticles form on productive efficiency, liver and kidney functions, antioxidative status and immunity of heat‐stressed growing rabbits
Authors: El‐Ratel Ibrahim T. , Tag El‐Din Tag El‐Din Hassan , Bedier Merna Mohamed
Published: July 2020

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of dietary supplementation with curcumin in a native (CUR) or solid nanoparticles (CURNPs) form as natural antioxidants on productive traits and some physiological functions of heat‐stressed growing rabbits. Total of 100 weaned APRI line rabbits (5 weeks old) was distributed according to body weight (BW) into five treatments (n = 20). Rabbits in the first treatment were fed a basal diet (BD, control), while those in treatments 2, 3, 4 and 5 were fed BD containing CUR (25 or 50 mg) and CURNPs (2.5 or 5 mg) per kg diet up to 13 week of age. The mean of air temperature and relative humidity during the growing period were 32.77°C and 43.23% respectively. Final BW, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio and viability were positively affected by treatments compared with the control diet. Also, CUR and CURNPs treatments significantly increased total proteins, immunoglobulins, total antioxidants capacity, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione in blood serum and hepatic tissues and significantly decreased serum total lipids, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low‐density lipoproteins, urea, aspartate transaminases and malondialdehyde (MDA) in hepatic tissues. Albumin and high‐density lipoproteins were significantly increased, while alanine transaminases and MDA were significantly decreased by both CURNPs levels. The CUR or CURNPs supplementation may enhance productive performance, lipid profile, liver function, immunity and antioxidant activity, with reducing liver lipid peroxidation of heat‐stressed growing rabbits. The best results were obtained by adding 2.5 mg CURNPs/kg diet under the experimental condition of this study.
Not playing by the rules: mixed support of ecogeographic rules in an arid‐adapted African ground squirrel
Authors: LaFlèche L. J. , Waterman J. M.
Published: July 2020

Body size impacts nearly all aspects of an animal's life and can be subject to considerable variation in response to differences in climate and resource availability. We studied the impact of temperature and resource availability on arid‐living Cape ground squirrels (Xerus inauris), relative to body size and degree of sexual dimorphism, over three locations differing in annual rainfall and temperature to test Bergmann's rule, the resource rule and Rensch's rule. We found that squirrels were the largest where resources were the highest and temperatures were the lowest but squirrels were similar in mass where resources were medium or low and temperatures medium and highest, partially supporting Bergmann's rule and the resource rule. Hind‐feet were the largest where resources were medium and temperatures were medium and similarly small in low and high resource and high‐ and low‐temperature areas. The degree of sexual dimorphism of hind‐foot and mass was constant no matter the resource abundance or temperature, suggesting no impact of resource availability or temperature on the degree of sexual dimorphism, contradicting Rensch's rule. Our findings suggest that, while resource availability and temperature may have an impact on body size, other mechanisms may be important in limiting both body size and degree of sexual dimorphism in this species.
A strategic road map for conserving the Endangered dhole Cuon alpinus in India
Authors: Srivathsa Arjun , Sharma Sushma , Singh Priya , Punjabi Girish A. , Oli Madan K.
Published: July 2020

Large carnivores face high extinction risks, often exacerbated by the absence of adequate information on their ecological requirements, and the high economic and socio‐political commitments that their conservation warrants. Country‐scale conservation plans can serve as effective frameworks to prioritise areas, actions, and conservation investments.

We explore conservation tenets of retention, recovery, and restoration for the Endangered dhole Cuon alpinus in India – a global stronghold for the species. Specifically, we: 1) examine the current status of dholes in India’s states using a recent distribution assessment; 2) identify areas for directing management interventions – zones to be targeted for population recovery and for habitat recovery; 3) identify potential areas for range expansion; 4) use eco‐socio‐political criteria to determine state‐wise conservation priority scores and likelihood of conservation action; and 5) conduct an exhaustive review of all published literature on dholes.

Dholes occupy ~49% of potential habitats in 685 of mainland India’s 2342 sub‐districts. We identified 143 sub‐districts with potential for dhole population recovery, 145 for habitat recovery, and 404 for range expansion. Of the 34 mainland states/union territories, 17 were identified as high priority for dhole conservation. Of these, nine are adequately equipped to implement management actions to conserve dholes, while eight need to improve capacity towards increasing likelihood of conservation success.

Literature on dholes (from 1874 to 2019; n=237) was dominated by natural history notes, followed by distribution records and studies of population ecology. A majority of the reviewed studies were from India (55% of 215 country‐specific papers). The number of studies showed an exponential increase over time: 43% were published in the last decade.

Our review of published literature revealed significant knowledge gaps in terms of quantitative ecological assessments across all dhole range‐countries. Given this context, our results provide a comprehensive, multi‐dimensional, and administratively feasible road map for dhole conservation in India, with potential applicability in other dhole range‐countries and also for other threatened species.
“Imagining a More Just World”: Interview with Julie Maldonado
Authors: Maldonado Julie , Schuller Mark , Benedeck Lacey , Boddy Halle , Kramer Katelyn , Blankenberger Evan , Cieslak Ardyn , Jenkins Christine
Published: July 2020

It is difficult to canonize anthropology and anthropological concepts, in part because of the creative tensions within the discipline's contradictions: a desire and deep respect for local knowledge with a global, comparative perspective, what might be called the “anthropological imagination.” Firmly rooted in—and in defense of—an inclusive vision of humanity, an anthropological imagination inspires “radical empathy.” It offers the scaffolding of a coalitional politics that values the specificity of local struggles but also reaffirms and defends humanity. We must identify the humanity in others, and the common humanity in their struggle, while affirming particular identities and challenging differential privilege: an anthropological imagination inspires radical empathy and solidarity, reminding us, in the words of the World Social Forum, that “another world is possible.” How people learn to cultivate this anthropological imagination and bring it in the service of marginalized groups is not generally discussed, and rarely taught. This article aims to bridge this gap. On October 10, 2018, Julie Maldonado, Associate Director for the Livelihoods Knowledge Exchange Network (LiKEN), discussed her new book, Seeking Justice in an Energy Sacrifice Zone: Standing on Vanishing Land in Coastal Louisiana, via video‐conference with Mark Schuller's Anthropology and Contemporary World Problems class at Northern Illinois University. This interview offers one perspective of a career focused around advocacy anthropology that aims to reach public audiences and policy‐ and decision‐makers in ways that translates scholarly research into information that is most useful for problem solving and enacting change in response to our climate crisis.
Planting Orange Trees in Twenty Cultures: The Practice of International Negotiations
Authors: Mahdavi Mehdi , Fatehi‐Rad Navid , Graham John L.
Published: July 2020

International commerce has always driven human progress. Its inherent cultural diversity has maximized the new ideas that improve consumers’ lives around the world. The best international business relationships are maintained over the long term and managed through inventive negotiation processes. Investments in time and money are required to build the trust and honest information exchange that allow for exploitation of mutually beneficial opportunities. This article provides a database and associated tools to help international negotiators understand the cultural differences that may impact buyer–seller relationships between parties from twenty countries and cultures including the United States and Iran.
Transcriptome analysis of leafy near‐isogenic lines provides molecular insights into floral transition in maize (Zea mays)
Authors: Du Xuemei , Wang Xiaoli , Zhang Jie , Zhen Sihan , Liu Yunjun , Fu Junjie , Wang Jianhua , Gu Riliang , Wang Guoying
Published: July 2020

Leafy (Lfy1) is a typical late‐flowering mutant with locus being fine‐mapped, but its underlying molecular mechanism is unknown. In this study, two near‐isogenic lines, with and without the Lfy1 locus, were developed for phenotypic and transcriptional analysis of Lfy1‐mediated floral transition. Phenotypic observation showed that wild‐type (WT) plants transited into the tassel primordium at the V6 (6 expanded leaves) stage, whereas the Lfy1 mutant maintained the vegetative stage up to the V9 stage. Transcriptome analysis of shoot tips of both lines revealed more differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at the V5 (394) than the V3 stage (227). Functional enrichment analysis showed that circadian clock pathway genes exhibited lower expression levels in the Lfy1 mutant than in the WT at the V5 stage. A few integrator genes that functioned as downstream regulators of circadian clock genes also showed a lower transcript abundance in mutant lines, suggesting that the Lfy1‐mediated late‐flowering phenotype was partially caused by inefficient expression of circadian clock pathway genes. These results provide molecular clues for the late‐flowering phenotype of the Lfy1 mutant.
Acute inflammatory Demodex‐induced pustulosis in an immunocompetent patient related to topical steroid use
Authors: Guzman Anthony K. , Gittler Julia K. , Amin Bijal , Srikantha Rithu , Balagula Yevgeniy
Published: July 2020

Demodex spp. mites are a common colonizer of sebaceous adult skin. Though usually clinically insignificant, demodicosis may be associated with a wide spectrum of skin diseases in immunocompetent hosts, such as erythematotelangiectatic and papulopustular rosacea, Demodex folliculorum, and blepharitis. We present a case of a healthy 9‐year‐old boy with an exuberant, inflammatory, Demodex‐associated pustular eruption of the face, induced by the use of a high‐potency topical steroid and successfully treated with oral ivermectin.
Enzymatic fish protein hydrolysates in finfish aquaculture: a review
Authors: Siddik Muhammad A.B. , Howieson Janet , Fotedar Ravi , Partridge Gavin J.
Published: July 2020

In intensive farming systems, fish are held at high densities, which may increase stress, leading to susceptibility to diseases that result in economic losses. Therefore, effective feeding practices incorporating health‐promoting compounds such as proteins, hydrolysates and bioactive peptides that can stimulate the defence mechanisms of fish and achieve better growth are some of the priorities for sustainable aquaculture development. Globally, the fish processing industries generate and discard a large volume of waste every year, estimated at up to 60% of the harvested biomass. This waste can be converted to value‐added products such as fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) with the addition of various proteolytic enzymes. FPH from fish processing waste including skin, heads, muscle, viscera, liver and bones is a good source of protein, amino acids, peptides and antioxidants and has been found to possess desirable functional and bioactive peptides. A moderate inclusion of FPH in aquafeeds has the potential to improve growth, feed utilization, immune functions and disease resistance of fish. Production of FPH, targeted to more precise molecular weight ranges, has superior functionalities that are in high demand. With interest in FPH as an aquafeed supplement, this review aimed to summarize the source, production processes and functional properties of FPH and the reported impact of FPH in aquafeed supplement on fish growth, survival, feed utilization, immune response and disease resistance. Possible limitations of using FPH and future research potential as an opportunity for the use of processing fish waste are also discussed.
Pulmonary toxicity of systemic lung cancer therapy
Authors: Long Kathryn , Suresh Karthik
Published: July 2020

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer‐related deaths worldwide. As new therapies are developed, it is important to understand the pulmonary toxicities associated with systemic lung cancer therapies. Cytotoxic chemotherapy regimens for NSCLC often include taxanes. Pulmonary toxicity from taxanes presents as an ILD‐type reaction characterized by increasing dyspnoea, dry cough, fever and bilateral pulmonary interstitial infiltrates. The incidence of taxane‐induced pneumonitis is rare, and many patients respond to steroid therapy; however, fatal cases have been reported. Patients with NSCLC are routinely tested for the presence of tumour oncogenes to determine their candidacy for targeted therapies, such as TKI. EGFR‐TKI can cause pneumonitis characterized by progressive dyspnoea and hypoxia. EGFR‐TKI‐associated ILD rarely presents as an AIP with rapidly progressive respiratory failure and high mortality rates. The most recent development in lung cancer therapy has been the discovery of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI). ICI pneumonitis has been increasingly recognized as a common complication of ICI therapy, with reported incidence as high as 19% in some clinical settings. Early‐grade ICI pneumonitis may be asymptomatic; however, high‐grade ICI pneumonitis can result in progressive dyspnoea, hypoxia and respiratory failure. ICI pneumonitis is unique in that only half of the patients will improve with steroid treatment, and mortality rates are high. As treatment of NSCLC evolves, providers must be able to recognize and respond to the development of drug‐induced pulmonary toxicities.
Sharing and modifying stories in neonatal peer support: an international mixed‐methods study
Authors: Thomson Gill , Balaam Marie‐Clare
Published: July 2020

While shared personal experiences are a valued prerequisite of the peer supporter–service‐user relationship, they have the potential to create harm. There are challenges in peer supporters being emotionally ready to hear the experiences of others, and how much personal information peers should disclose. As part of an international study that aimed to explore how peer supporters who worked in a neonatal context (providing support to parents whose infant(s) has received neonatal care) were trained and supported, new insights emerged into how peers’ personal stories were used and modified to instil boundaries in peer support services. In this paper, we report on a secondary analysis of the data to describe how peer supporters’ stories were valued, used, assessed and moderated in neonatal peer support services; to safeguard and promote positive outcomes for peers and parents. Following University ethics approval, a mixed‐methods study comprising online surveys and follow‐up interviews was undertaken. Surveys were distributed through existing contacts and via social media. Thirty‐one managers/coordinators/trainers and 77 peer supporters completed the survey from 48 peer support services in 16 different countries, and 26 interviews were held with 27 survey respondents. Three themes describe variations in the types of stories that were preferred and when peers were perceived to be ‘ready’ to share them; the different means by which sharing personal accounts was encouraged and used to assess peer readiness; and the methods used to instil (and assess) boundaries in the stories the peers shared. In neonatal‐related peer support provision, the expected use of peer supporters’ stories resonates with the ‘use of self’ canon in social work practice. Peer supporters were expected to modify personal stories to ensure that service‐user (parents) needs were primary, the information was beneficial, and harm was minimised. Further work to build resilience and emotional intelligence in peer supporters is needed.
Comparison of comparable scald and contact burns in a porcine model: A preliminary report
Authors: Singer Adam J. , Zhou Juin W. , Osman Omar B. , Harris Zachery B. , Khani Mahmoud E. , Baer Evyatar , Zhang Nigel , McClain Steve A. , Arbab M. Hassan
Published: July 2020

Whether the depth and healing of scalds and contact burns are similar is controversial. Due to water's greater heat capacity, we hypothesized that when exposed to similar temperatures and durations of exposure, burns caused by hot water would be deeper than those caused by contact with hot metal. Forty standardized burns were created in two anesthetized female domestic pigs using a brass bar or circulating heated water. In one pig, the temperature was kept constant (95°C) while the duration of exposure varied (5, 10, 15 seconds) In the second pig, the exposure time was kept constant (10 seconds) while the temperature of exposure varied (70°C, 80°C, 98°C). Periodic punch biopsies were taken to determine burn depth immediately after injury, percentage burns reepithelialized within 21 days, and depth of scar at 28 days. The analysis was performed using analysis of variance. When the temperature was held constant, duration of exposure (5, 10, and 15 seconds) was associated with scar depth (2.1 vs 3.8 vs 5.0 mm, respectively, P = 0.001) but not with burn depth (2.0 vs 2.2 vs 2.3 mm, respectively, P = 0.10). When exposure duration was held constant, temperature (70°C, 80°C, 98°C) was associated with scar depth (0.6 vs 1.7 vs 3.6, P < 0.001) but not with burn depth (1.2 vs 1.5 vs 1.7 mm, respectively, P = 0.21). Burn depths were greater for scald than contact burns although not significantly greater. After controlling for temperature, the difference in scar depth between scalds and contact burns was statistically significant (marginal means 3.0 for contact burns, 4.3 for scalds, P = 0.008). We conclude that burns created in swine with circulating hot water result in deeper scars than those created by contact with a brass bar when controlling for temperature and duration of exposure.
A new species and new record of Gamasodes (Mesostigmata: Parasitidae) from China

Authors: Yao Mao-yuan , Guo Jian-jun , Michal Polak , Yi Tian-ci , Jin Dao-chao
Published: July 2020

A new species, Gamasodes pachysetis Yao & Jin sp. nov., is described based on deutonymphs and adults from Jiangsu and Taiwan provinces, China. A nominal species, Gamasodes spiniger Trägårdh, 1910, new to China, is redescribed also based on deutonymph and adults from Guizhou Province. A key to Gamasodes species of China is presented.
The Tetranychoidea, Tarsonemidae and Tydeoidea mite complex on Florida citrus between 1954 and 2014: pests or beneficials?

Authors: Childers Carl C. , Ueckermann Edward A.
Published: July 2020

A survey of the mite fauna on citrus was conducted in 542 dooryard trees in the following counties: Dade (24), Broward (127), Palm Beach (68), Martin (35), St. Lucie (20), Indian River (11), Collier (23), Lee (37), Charlotte (20), Sarasota (67), Manatee (18), Pinellas (59), Polk (32), and Highlands (1) to update our knowledge of the mite complex on Florida citrus. We also sampled 25 varietal citrus trees at two research centers in Polk and Dade Counties. A third block of 'Tahiti' lime trees was sampled at the Tropical Research & Education Center in Dade County. At least 787 commercial citrus trees were also sampled in Florida between 2009 and 2014. Here we report the frequency and occurrence of the Tetranychoidea, Tarsonemidae and Tydeoidea on those trees. Previous field studies of the Tarsonemidae and Tydeoidea on citrus in Florida between 1993-2003, a horticultural mineral oil (HMO) field study during 1994-1996 and M. H. Muma from 1961-1975 are included for comparison.  Eutetranychus species near orientalis was collected from a lemon tree in Broward County.  This is a new record of this species on Florida citrus. Additional new records of mites on Florida citrus include Tarsonemidae: Fungitarsonemus setillus Sousa et al, Tarsonemus confusus Ewing, and Tarsonemus waitei Banks; Tydeoidea: (Iolinidae)- Parapronematus n sp, Neopronematus n sp; (Triophtydeidae): Triophtydeus immanis Kuznetzov, T. n sp; (Tydeidae): Afrotydeus n sp, Brachytydeus sp near australiensis, B. n sp, Pretydeus sp near reticulatus, and Tydeus sp near munsteri. Seven species of tarsonemids were collected from dooryard and varietal block citrus during the 2009-2014 survey compared with one species from commercial citrus trees. A total of 27 species of Tarsonemidae were collected from citrus in Florida between 1954 and 2014. Thirteen species of Tydeoidea were collected from dooryard and varietal block citrus trees during the 2009-2014 survey compared with 4 species from commercial citrus trees. A total of 31 species of Tydeoidea were collected from citrus in Florida between 1961-2014. The roles that different species of tarsonemid and tydeoid mites have as plant feeders, fungivores, mycophages, or predators of one or more phytophagous mites are discussed.
Nonlinear effects in low-energy ion sputtering of solids
Authors: Kudriavtsev Yuriy , Asomoza Rene , Hernandez Angelica , Kazantsev Dmitry Yu. , Ber Boris Ya. , Gorokhov Alexander N.
Published: July 2020

In this paper, we demonstrate that the sputtering of solids by ions of low (<30 keV) and even ultralow energies (<2 keV) is accompanied by nonlinear effects. These nonlinear effects are the result of heating a significant part of the cascades of collisions above the effective melting temperature of the material with the formation of local melts or “thermal spots” (a special case of the thermal spike regime). Nonlinear effects should primarily be observed in dense targets irradiated by heavy and cluster ions. In this paper, the question of the lifetime of such spots and their effect on the emission of secondary particles and the formation of specific surface topography is examined in detail. Another important assumption of the model is the existence of an intermediate ion sputtering regime, in that both linear cascades and thermal spots can exist simultaneously. A phenomenological model based on the effect of a rapid decrease in the cascade volume with a monotonic decrease in the energy of primary ions below 3 keV, which leads to the formation of thermal spots at ultralow energies (<2 keV), is also proposed. The suggested thermal spot model allows us to explain several experimental data that have not yet been explained in the framework of the traditional sputtering models. In particular, a simple explanation is given for the formation of pores in the surface layer during implantation and the formation of a relief on an ion-bombarded surface such as nanodots, pits (holes), and in the form of a foam-like surface. The small stationary concentration of cesium on the surface of the target sputtered by low-energy cesium ions is also explained.
Polyphonic pitch tracking with deep layered learning
Authors: Elowsson Anders
Published: July 2020

This article presents a polyphonic pitch tracking system that is able to extract both framewise and note-based estimates from audio. The system uses several artificial neural networks trained individually in a deep layered learning setup. First, cascading networks are applied to a spectrogram for framewise fundamental frequency (f0) estimation. A sparse receptive field is learned by the first network and then used as a filter kernel for parameter sharing throughout the system. The f0 activations are connected across time to extract pitch contours. These contours define a framework within which subsequent networks perform onset and offset detection, operating across both time and smaller pitch fluctuations at the same time. As input, the networks use, e.g., variations of latent representations from the f0 estimation network. Finally, erroneous tentative notes are removed one by one in an iterative procedure that allows a network to classify notes within a correct context. The system was evaluated on four public test sets: MAPS, Bach10, TRIOS, and the MIREX Woodwind quintet and achieved state-of-the-art results for all four datasets. It performs well across all subtasks f0, pitched onset, and pitched offset tracking.
Standardized Lab Shoes Do Not Decrease Loading Rate Variability in Recreational Runners
Authors: Hunter Jessica G. , Smith Alexander M.B. , Sciarratta Lena M. , Suydam Stephen , Shim Jae Kun , Miller Ross H.
Published: July 2020

Studies of running mechanics often use a standardized lab shoe, ostensibly to reduce variance between subjects; however, this may induce unnatural running mechanics. The purpose of this study was to compare the step rate, vertical average loading rate, and ground contact time when running in standardized lab shoes versus participants’ normal running shoes. Ground reaction forces were measured while the participants ran overground in both shoe conditions at a self-selected speed. The Student’s t-test revealed that the vertical average loading rate magnitude was smaller in lab shoes versus normal shoes (42.09 [11.08] vs 47.35 [10.81] body weight/s, P = .013), while the step rate (170.92 [9.43] vs 168.98 [9.63] steps/min, P = .053) and ground contact time were similar (253 [25] vs 251 [20] ms, P = .5227) and the variance of all outcomes was similar in lab shoes versus normal shoes. Our results indicate that using standardized lab shoes during testing may underestimate the loads runners actually experience during their typical mileage.
Being Mindful of Perfectionism and Performance among Collegiate Gymnasts: A Person-Centered Approach
Authors: Van Dyke Erika D. , Metzger Aaron , Zizzi Sam J.
Published: July 2020

Little research has integrated mindfulness and perfectionism, particularly within sports wherein athletes are judged on performance to a standard of perfection. The current study had two primary aims: (a) to explore profiles of mindfulness and perfectionism among intercollegiate gymnasts through a person-centered approach and (b) to analyze differences in objective performance across the resulting profiles. The analytic sample consisted of 244 NCAA gymnasts who completed self-report measures of mindfulness and perfectionism. Competitive performance records (i.e., national qualifying scores) were then gathered for participating gymnasts. Cluster analyses revealed a three-cluster solution; however, significant performance differences were not observed across the three profiles due to lower than desired power. Small to moderate effect size estimates provided some evidence that perfectionism may be adaptive to gymnastics performance. Elite-level athletes were represented across three distinct profiles, suggesting that more than one profile of characteristics may be adaptive for reaching high levels of performance.
Boys and Girls Have Similar Gains in Fundamental Motor Skills Across a Preschool Motor Skill Intervention
Authors: Palmer Kara K. , Harkavy Danielle , Rock Sarah M. , Robinson Leah E.
Published: July 2020

Purpose: Motor skill interventions are effective for improving young children’s fundamental motor skills, but less is known regarding if boys and girls equally benefit from these interventions. The purpose of this study was to compare changes in preschool-aged boys’ and girls’ fundamental motor skills across an intervention.Methods: Sixty-eight children (Mage = 4.4 years,SD = 0.44) participated in the study and completed the Test of Gross Motor Development 2nd Edition before and after a 600-minute Children’s Health Activity Motor Program (CHAMP) intervention. All girls’ (n = 27) and a random subsample of boys’ (n = 27) total, locomotor subtest, object control skill subtests, and individual skills were compared before (pre) and after (post) CHAMP. Potential sex differences in treatment effects were examined by sex by treatment interactions from repeated measures ANOVA, and potential sex differences in individual skills before, after, and across (change) were examined using MANOVAs.Results: Boys and girls had similar motor skills before and after the intervention. Boys and girls had higher scores at posttest, and CHAMP was equally effective for boys and girls. Boys outperformed girls on the run and kick (p < .05) at posttest.Conclusion: Findings support that CHAMP improves skills for both preschool boys and girls.
The Independent and Combined Effects of Aerobic Physical Activity and Muscular Strengthening Activity on All-Cause Mortality: An Analysis of Effect Modification by Race-Ethnicity
Authors: Boyer William , Churilla James , Miller Amy , Gillum Trevor , Penny Marshare
Published: July 2020

Background: The effects of aerobic physical activity (PA) and muscular strengthening activity (MSA) on all-cause mortality risk need further exploration among ethnically diverse populations. Purpose: To examine potential effect modification of race-ethnicity on meeting the PA guidelines and on all-cause mortality. Methods: The study sample (N = 14,384) included adults (20–79 y of age) from the 1999–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. PA was categorized into 6 categories based on the 2018 PA guidelines: category 1 (inactive), category 2 (insufficient PA and no MSA), category 3 (active and no MSA), category 4 (no PA and sufficient MSA), category 5 (insufficient PA and sufficient MSA), and category 6 (meeting both recommendations). Race-ethnic groups examined included non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Mexican American. Cox-proportional hazard models were used. Results: Significant risk reductions were found for categories 2, 3, and 6 for non-Hispanic white and non-Hispanic black. Among Mexican American, significant risk reductions were found in category 6. Conclusion: In support of the 2018 PA guidelines, meeting both the aerobic PA and MSA guidelines significantly reduced risk for all-cause mortality independent of race-ethnicity. The effects of aerobic PA alone seem to be isolated to non-Hispanic white and non-Hispanic black.
Global plan seeks to promote vaccine equity, spread risks
Authors: Kupferschmidt Kai
Published: July 2020

Poor countries fear ending up at the end of the queue.
Mountains and monsoons created Tibetan biodiversity
Authors: Stokstad Erik
Published: July 2020

The rise of the Hengduan range 30 million years ago kick-started evolution of world's oldest alpine flora.
Lizard man
Authors: Pennisi Elizabeth
Published: July 2020

For Jonathan Losos, tiny Caribbean islands and their reptile inhabitants are test tubes of evolution.
A physics-based method that can predict imminent large solar flares
Authors: Kusano Kanya , Iju Tomoya , Bamba Yumi , Inoue Satoshi
Published: July 2020

Predicting large solar flares

The sudden release of magnetic energy on the Sun drives powerful solar flares, which are difficult to predict. Kusano
et al.
derived physics-based thresholds for the onset of large solar flares and show how they can be predicted from routine solar observations (see the Perspective by Veronig). They tested their method using observations of the Sun from 2008 to 2019. In most cases, the method correctly identifies which regions will produce large flares within the next 20 hours, although there are some false positives and false negatives. The method also provides the exact location where each flare will begin and limits on how powerful it will be. Accurate predictions of solar flares could improve forecasts of space weather conditions around Earth.

Science
, this issue p.
587
; see also p.
504
The function of the thymus and its impact on modern medicine
Authors: Miller Jacques F. A. P.
Published: July 2020

How the thymus shaped immunology

The function of the thymus was discovered by Jacques Miller in 1961 and laid a foundation for immunology and modern medicine. Until that time, researchers mistakenly believed the thymus merely represented a remnant of defunct lymph tissue, something of an immune cell graveyard. In a Review, Miller recounts the seminal experiments and conceptual thinking that led to uncovering the critical function of the thymus and provides insights that can be learned from those early days. How knowledge of thymus function subsequently spawned the field of T cell biology and the impact it has had on immune cell interactions, vaccination, cancer immunotherapy, and the microbiome are also discussed.

Science
, this issue p.
eaba2429
Structural insights into differences in G protein activation by family A and family B GPCRs
Authors: Hilger Daniel , Kumar Kaavya Krishna , Hu Hongli , Pedersen Mie Fabricius , O’Brien Evan S. , Giehm Lise , Jennings Christine , Eskici Gözde , Inoue Asuka , Lerch Michael , Mathiesen Jesper Mosolff , Skiniotis Georgios , Kobilka Brian K.
Published: July 2020

Revealing family differences

In response to low blood glucose concentrations, both the glucagon receptor (GCGR)—a family B G protein–coupled receptor (GPCR)—and the β
2
adrenergic receptor (β
2
AR)—a family A GPCR—are activated and act through the cyclic adenosine monophosphate signaling pathway to increase glucose production. The kinetics of the response is different for the two receptors. Based on structural and spectroscopic data, Hilger
et al.
show that the conformation of transmembrane helix 6 in the activated state is a key differentiator (see the Perspective by Lebon). In β
2
AR, the helix moves toward its active conformation when an agonist binds, but in GCGR, both agonist and G protein binding are required. This likely explains why activation of its partner G protein is slower for GCGR than for β
2
AR.

Science
, this issue p.
eaba3373
; see also p.
507