bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Entomological Evidence
Authors: Rozen JG , Eickwort GC
Published: August 2015

The primary task was to investigate and explain the source of blockage in an elbow (B2) and in other parts of the fuel supply unit recovered from the wreckage of a private airplane. A small clump of pollen associated with a disc-shaped gummy mass of plant fibers suggested that bees belonging to the family Megachilidae might have been responsible for accumulating these plant materials. Examination of other parts of the fuel control unit revealed three dead adult bees identified as Osmia gaudiosa Cockerell (Megachilidae) and a single dead individual of the genus Ashmeadiella (Megachilidae). A survey of the tubing of a heater that had been stored showed that 69% of its tubings and fittings contained nest material and other arthropod debris including those of Ashmeadiella meliloti (Cockerell) and Anthidium sp. (Megachilidae). Through SEM examination, a single branched hair partly embedded in the clump of pollen was matched with the postgenal hairs of an adult Ashmeadiella. These facts left no doubt that the B2 elbow mass was part of a nest of Ashmeadiella. This conclusion was consistent with the facts that the wreckage had been available to the bees for nesting during the entire time of the spring and summer nesting season, and that the plant materials (leaves of Sphaeralcea and pollen sources) were readily available near the storage yard during that time. Contamination of the wreckage by nesting bees was obviously a post-crash phenomenon. Plant materials as well as dead bees would have been consumed by the intense fire that accompanied the crash if they had been present before.
Field Sampling and Chemical Analysis
Authors: Liddell CM
Published: August 2015

The mass of material plugging the B2 elbow was 4.1 mm in diameter and 0.6 mm thick. It consisted of both light and dark colored organic material mixed with stellate trichomes and the pollen of several plants found near where the aircraft wreckage was stored. The mass was colonized by fungi such as Alternaria and Cladosporium. The organic matrix consisted of two dissimilar materials: A dark “gum-like” material and a lighter, golden-colored “nectar” and was subjected to FT-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analyses. Both reflectance and transmission FTIR techniques were used in the analyses, but the best results were obtained from transmission FTIR. This required that opaque substances such as the organic matrix be prepared as thin films. Several materials were collected from near the storage site as reference materials and these were also analyzed by FTIR spectroscopy. The reference materials included leaf and sap from Sphaeralcea coccinea and Grindelia squarrosa growing around the storage site. Commercial honey, cleaning solvents, and other organic fluids used in the aviation industry were also analyzed as well as gummy deposits found in equipment unrelated to the aircraft wreckage but stored near the aircraft parts. Mixed FTIR spectra were obtained from the organic matrix found in the B2 elbow, but showed a significant carbohydrate component. Comparison of these spectra to the reference materials clearly showed that the organic matrix was composed of macerated Sphaeralcea leaves mixed with a honey-like nectar.
Soil Science Contribution to an Airplane Crash Investigation, Ruidoso, New Mexico
Authors: Daugherty LA
Published: August 2015

Investigation of a plane crash near Ruidoso, New Mexico revealed foreign biological material and soil in the fuel system of the engine. In-flight accumulation of the soil was claimed by the plaintiffs as one cause for the crash. EDX X-ray maps and spectra were taken by the plaintiff's experts and showed patterns consistent with silicates. The defense hypothesis was that the soil accumulated after the crash while the debris was in a storage yard and exposed to the elements for several months. Many of the parts were covered in muddy water (mud puddles) before the plaintiffs investigated the parts for soil accumulation. The soil composition on the parts was found to be similar to that in the storage yard. Further, the plane was exposed to an intense fire after the crash, and if the soil had been subjected to such temperatures it would have oxidized to a red color. Soil from the storage yard, the crash site, and from an area in Montana where the plane landed on an unpaved runway was exposed to heat up to 1,000°C in the laboratory and the soil turned red. Soil from the fuel component was not red, although a small piece adhering to the outside of the wreckage was red suggesting exposure to the post-crash fire. It was concluded that the engine parts were contaminated with soil after the crash, and that pre-crash accumulation of soil, as a supplement or alternative to biological contamination, was not a viable explanation.
A New Variant of “Subjective” Delusional Misidentification Associated with Aggression
Authors: Arturo Silva J , Leong GB , Rhodes LJ , Weinstock R
Published: August 2015

Delusional misidentification syndromes are psychotic conditions in which the affected individual experiences delusions of radical change concerning the identity of others and/or of the self. These syndromes may lead to aggression, including serious violence toward others. In this article, we describe and analyze in detail an aggressive individual who suffered from a delusion that physical and psychological replicas of himself existed. We specifically analyze the link between the patient's subjective misidentification delusion and his resulting aggression. Both the roles of phenomenology and biology of delusional misidentification are evaluated as potential contributors of aggression.
The Anthropometry of Contemporary Commercial Cremation
Authors: Warren MW , Maples WR
Published: August 2015

This study establishes baseline parameters and examines those variables thought to influence cremains weights. Data were collected during the cremation of 100 individuals. A series of measurements was taken to determine relative skeletal robusticity. The weight, stature, sex, and age of each cadaver was recorded prior to cremation. The average cremains weight for the fully developed adults (n = 91) was 2430 g and ranged from 876 g to 3784 g. Male and female means were separated by 1053 g, but there was considerable overlap in the distribution. All cremains weights above 2750 g were male and all cremains weights below 1887 g were female. Five amputees and one long bone donor produced cremains weights below the means for their respective groups, reflecting the relative contribution of the thick cortical bone of the limbs to total skeletal weight, and thus to total cremains weight. Cremains weight represented approximately 3.5% of total body weight in adults, 2.5% of total body weight in children, and approximately 1% of total body weight in fetuses. The most accurate predictor of cremains weight was cadaver stature (r = .8473; p < .01). Calculated skeletal weight was also highly correlated with cremains weight (r = .7986; p < .01). Cadaveric weight was least correlated with cremains weight (r = .5470; p < .01). Regression formulae were calculated for each of the variables.
Analysis of Gunshot Residues on Human Tissues and Clothing by X-Ray Microfluorescence
Authors: Brazeau J , Wong RK
Published: August 2015

The analysis of gunshot residues on human tissues and clothing in suicide, homicide, suspicious death, or attempted murder events, permits the forensic scientist to confirm the possibility of an entry wound caused by a gunshot bullet from a pistol, revolver, rifle, etc. The residues to be detected are lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), barium (Ba) usually from the primer, copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) usually from the metal jacket bullet and iron (Fe) possibly from the barrel of the gun used. The presence or absence of these elements and their relative concentrations can help in the interpretation of the event.
Isotopic Analysis of 13C as a Tool for Comparison and Origin Assignment of Seized Heroin Samples
Authors: Besacier F , Guilluy R , Brazier JL , Chaudron-Thozet H , Girard J , Lamotte A
Published: August 2015

The applicability of isotopic analysis of 13C for forensic purposes has been discussed in the case of heroin. The obtained results showed first that morphine acetylation induces an isotopic fractionation, so that the 13C enrichment of diacetylmorphine depends on both geographical origin of the sample and source of acetic anhydride used by the drug trafficker. That measurement can then be of great interest in the determination of common-batch samples (tactical intelligence purpose). Second, diacetylmorphine deacetylation has also been studied and it appeared that this deacetylation allows to relieve the enrichment from the acetylation-induced part. Therefore, measuring morphine 13C enrichment, from deacetylated heroin samples, can be useful for determining the geographical origin of the samples (strategic intelligence purpose). Moreover, measuring both diacetylmorphine and morphine 13C enrichments may help identify the source of acetic anhydride used by the drug trafficker, so that the fraudulent laboratory where the morphine samples have been acetylated.
The Nondestructive Identification of Ivory-Like Seal Materials
Authors: Shimoyama M , Hamanaga Y , Ninomiya T , Ozaki Y
Published: August 2015

As nondestructive identification techniques, optical microscopic observation, microscopic fluorescence spectroscopy, and specific gravity measurement were applied to examine evidentiary ivory-like seal materials. The cross-hatching pattern, which is known to be characteristic on the cross section of genuine elephant ivory, could be observed on each evidentiary ivory-like seal material, and the evidentiary seal materials were concluded to be made of soft-type African elephant ivory on the correlation of microscopic fluorescence intensity and specific gravity. This technique is novel and useful in inferring the source of African elephant ivory.
Extent of Heterogeneity in Mitochondrial DNA of European Populations
Authors: Melton T , Wilson M , Batzer M , Stoneking M
Published: August 2015

Variation in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region as detected by sequence-specific oligonucleotide (SSO) probes is described for 595 individuals from six European or European-derived populations. Estimates of diversity for mtDNA types exceed 0.91 in all populations, while 50% of the 158 types which were observed occur only once. Of 68 shared types, most occur rarely (<3% of the total population); only one type occurs at a frequency greater than 10%, and it is present at comparable frequencies in all six populations (18–29%). An analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) incorporating genetic distances between types shows that 100% of the variation present in the total sample is attributable to within-population diversity, while there are essentially no between-population differences. Another AMOVA was performed for the first hypervariable region SSO sites only, which included this sample plus an additional 537 SSO types from nine more European population that were inferred from published mtDNA control region sequence data. Similar results were obtained, with over 99% of the variation overall attributable to within-population differences, and less than 1% of the variation attributable to between-population differences. The Saami were the most different from other populations, which had been observed in an earlier study of nucleotide sequence data. Overall, there is no statistically significant heterogeneity for European populations (p > 0.001), and these groups are virtually indistinguishable with respect to mtDNA SSO types. These results demonstrate the utility of mtDNA typing for forensic investigations.
PCR-Based DNA Typing of Saliva Stains Recovered from Human Skin
Authors: Sweet D , Lorente JA , Valenzuela A , Lorente M , Villanueva E
Published: August 2015

Human bites in cases of homicide, sexual assault, and abuse are often distorted due to the elasticity and curvature of the skin. Physical comparison of a bite mark to a suspect's teeth is sometimes difficult. Saliva, which is usually deposited during biting, can be collected and analyzed to identify the perpetrator. Using simulated bite mark situations in two experimental series, three samples of 40 μL of whole saliva were deposited on the skin of 27 cadavers (at 33 sites) and three samples of 100 μL of whole saliva were deposited on the skin of 5 cadavers (at 12 sites). Saliva was collected using the double swab technique at t = 5 min, t = 24 h, and t = 48 h. DNA was extracted using the modified Chelex method and submitted to PCR-based typing at two short tandem repeat loci. Results indicate that the concentration of DNA in saliva recovered from skin varies as a function of time since deposition. There is a significant decrease in concentration in the first 24 h but the concentration remains stable from 24 to 48 h. The success of PCR amplification is independent of the time since deposition or the concentration of DNA in the saliva sample. Contamination from the DNA of the cadaver was not found in any of the cases studied.
Infrared Fluorescent Detection of PCR Amplified Gender Identifying Alleles
Authors: Roy R , Steffens DL
Published: August 2015

An automated DNA sequencer utilizing high sensitivity infrared (IR) fluorescence technology together with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) methodology was used to detect several sex differentiating loci on the X and Y chromosomes from various samples often encountered in forensic case work. Amplifications of the X-Y homologous amelogenin gene, the alpha-satellite (alphoid) repeat sequences and the X and Y chromosome zinc finger protein genes ZFX and ZFY (ZFX/ZFY) were performed. DNA extracted from various forensic specimens was amplified using either Taq, Tth or ThermoSequenase. Multiplexing using primers for all three loci in one reaction tube was achieved using Tth and ThermoSequenase.

Two IR labeling strategies for detection of PCR products were utilized. In the first strategy, one of the PCr primers contained a 19-base extension at its 5′ end identical to an IR-labeled universal M13 Forward (−29) primer which was included in the amplification reactions. During PCR the tailed primer generates sequence complementary to the M13 primer which subsequently primes the initial amplification products, thereby generating IR-labeled PCR products. In the second strategy, dATP labeled with an IR dye (IR-dATP) was included in the amplification reaction. During amplification IR-dATP was utilized by the polymerase and incorporated into the synthesized DNA, thus resulting in IR-labeled PCR products. X and Y specific bands were readily detected using both labeling methodologies.

Amplified products were electrophoretically resolved using denaturing Long-Ranger gels and detected with an automated detection system using IR laser irradiation. A separation distance of 15 cm allowed run times of less than 2 h from sample loading to detection. Because the gels could be run more than once, at least 120 samples (2 loads × 60 samples/load) can be typed using a single gel.
Firearms Reference Collections—Their Size, Composition, and Use
Authors: Hamby JE , Thorpe JW
Published: August 2015

It was thought that firearms reference collections in forensic science laboratories are liable to come under scrutiny. A survey was carried out to ascertain how many forensic science laboratories have such collections, what uses are made of them, and the views of examiners about replacing them with images available using modern information technology. It was found that the vast majority of laboratories with a firearms section have a reference collection and virtually all the remaining laboratories have access to one. Although most examiners are prepared to consider using images, the use of collections for such purposes as repairs and research shows that reference collections cannot be completely disbanded.
Firearm and Toolmark Identification Criteria: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Nichols RG
Published: August 2015

A review of the literature pertaining to identification criteria for firearms and toolmark identification was performed. Thirty-four articles were reviewed including empirical studies of consecutively manufactured barrels, firing pins, breechfaces, and assorted tools. Also reviewed were mathematical and computer models developed for the purpose of developing a standard identification criteria. These articles are reviewed in a format to allow interested parties to learn what has been done in the field so as to permit a better articulation of their own criteria for identification.
The Mass Spectrum of Cocaine
Authors: Smith RM
Published: August 2015

The current literature allows an analysis of the electron impact mass spectral fragmentations of cocaine (I). Using published high-resolution mass measurements as a reference, the mass spectra of several cocaine derivatives were examined—specifically those having individual functional group modifications at the nitrogen, alkyl ester group, aromatic ring and two-carbon bridge. Previously proposed major fragmentation pathways are supported by these data, and structures and mechanisms for lesser fragmentations are proposed. The relative intensities of the m/z 152 ions in the mass spectra of the cocaine diasteromers are rationalized based on these proposals.
Barbiturates and Analgesics in Calliphora vicina Larvae
Authors: Sadler DW , Robertson L , Brown G , Fuke C , Pounder DJ
Published: August 2015

Calliphora vicina larvae were reared on artificial foodstuffs spiked with a range of concentrations of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), sodium salicylate, paracetamol, sodium aminohippurate, amphetamine sulfate, and the barbiturates thiopentone, phenobarbitone, amylobarbitone, barbitone, and brallobarbitone. Larvae were harvested at either day 6, 7, or 8 for analysis of drug content. Paracetamol, aspirin, amylobarbitone, and thiopentone were not detected in larvae fed on foodstuff containing drug concentrations equivalent to those expected in skeletal muscle from fatal human overdoses. Drug concentrations in larvae (expressed as larva: Foodstuff drug ratio) were 12–14% for phenobarbitone, 9–11% for sodium salicylate, 10% for aminohippurate, 18–19% for brallobarbitone, 41% for amphetamine, and 50–67% for barbitone. Amylobarbitone became detectable in larvae fed on higher drug concentrations (larva: Foodstuff drug ratio 2.6–21%). Higher levels of thiopentone and phenobarbitone were lethal to the larvae. Despite sharing similar basic structures, related drugs were each handled very differently by the larvae. We found it impossible to predict, on the basis of chemical structure, which drugs are likely to be detectable in Calliphora vicina larvae and in what ratio to the drug-spiked foodstuff. Drug concentrations in larvae are significantly lower than in their food source and the absence of a drug from feeding larvae does not necessarily imply its absence from the food source.
An In Vitro Experiment for Postmortem Vascular Permeation. The Passage of Morphine and Morphine Glucuronides Across a Vascular Wall
Authors: Skopp G , Lutz R , Pötsch L , Ganßmann B , Klinder K , Schmidt A , Aderjan R , Mattern R
Published: August 2015

A venous blood sample taken at autopsy cannot be considered to represent the antemortem blood concentration of a particular substance. Autolytic processes cause disintegration and increasing permeability of the physiological and anatomical barriers such as vascular walls and lead to changes in substance concentrations. In the present study, the experimental design represents an in vitro postmortem simulation of a drug substance crossing a venous wall. The postmortem behavior of morphine, morphine-3- and morphine-6-glucuronide was investigated. A Chien-Valia-diffusion chamber with a patch of inferior vena cava as diffusion barrier was used. For optimal simulation of postmortem events, vein sampling was restricted to selected autopsy cases. Parameters for the analysis of diffusion across the vascular tissue were dependence on time, temperature, and initial substance concentrations. The penetration behavior simulating venous efflux and influx of the substances was studied by different orientation of the venous wall in the experiments. Rhodamine B was used as a model substance to visualize the binding to the tissue and the passage across the venous wall. The permeation of morphine, morphine-3- and morphine-6-glucuronide across a vein tissue was found to be mainly dependent on the disintegration of the vascular wall and on the postmortem time period as well as on concentration gradients. From the data of this preliminary in vitro study, it can be concluded that a lag time for transvascular diffusion exists postmortem. However, it could be demonstrated, that adsorption to and penetration into the vascular tissue may alter intraluminal blood concentrations even at an early stage of the postmortem time period.
Digital Video Image Capture in Establishing Positive Identification
Authors: Marks MK , Bennett JL , Lee Wilson O
Published: August 2015

Positive identification of skeletonized, decomposed, or disfigured victims lacking clinical records is a difficult endeavor. However, videotapes of family and social activities can be analyzed using the frame isolating technique of video image capture by inexpensive means. A rare skeletal Class III malocclusion and dental peculiarities in a decomposing 3-year old lacking a clinical history were compared to videotapes taken of a suspected victim shortly prior to her disappearance. Overlaying transparent dental tracings from digitized skeletal remains onto selected frames of the videotape (and reversing this process) produced the identification and hastened the entire investigation.
Defining Microsatellite Alleles by Genotyping Global Indigenous Human Populations and Non-Human Primates
Authors: Jin L , Underhill PA , Buoncristiani M , Robertson JM
Published: August 2015

Polymorphisms at variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) loci have been used in forensic science for almost decade. Microsatellite loci, especially tri-, tetra-, and pentanucleotide repeat loci, have shown great potential in personal identification and paternity testing. In this report, we describe results of genotyping three tetranucleotide repeat loci (D5S818, D7S820, D13S317) in 16 worldwide indigenous human populations and one chimpanzee population which were being developed for forensic applications. We demonstrate the utility of typing globally diverse populations in defining microsatellite alleles: Specifically (i) investigating the measurement errors of each allele using semi-automatic genotyping instrumentation and software, (ii) assessing the range of alleles, (iii) understanding the extent of allele frequency differences across worldwide populations, and (iv) identifying possible anomalous alleles with complex structures.
A Pentaplex Automated Fluorescent Typing System for Forensic Identification and French Caucasian Population Data
Authors: Rousselet F , Pfitzinger H , Mangin P
Published: August 2015

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of short tandem repeat (STR) loci has already proven to be a method of choice for large scale typing of DNA samples in which the conventional restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) technique is ineffective.

A quadruplex PCR including HUMvWFA31A, HUMF13A01, HUMTH01, and HUMFESPFS STR loci is used successfully for routine forensic applications in our laboratory. However, the need to increase the discrimination power of the PCR systems used prompted us to develop a second system of a pentaplex PCR for the analysis of 4 additional STR loci (HUMD8S1179, HUMD18S51, HUMD21S11, and HUMFIBRA) and the sex determination by amplification of a segment of the X-Y homologous Amelogenin gene. Allele and phenotype frequencies for these 4 STR systems were obtained by multiplex amplification, from approximately 200 randomly selected and unrelated French Caucasian individuals. Statistical calculations for these phenotype distributions met expectations for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Furthermore, the French allelic frequencies of D18S51, D21S11, and HUMFIBRA loci were compared with the data obtained by the Forensic Science Service (UK) for the British Caucasian population and proved to be similar.
The Distribution of the vWF Alleles and Genotypes in the Palestinian Population
Authors: Khatib H , Ezzughayyar M , Ayesh S
Published: August 2015

Short tandem repeat (STR) loci amplified by PCR are known as a useful tool for individual identification and paternity testing. Direct PCR amplification from small amounts of whole blood is a rapid and convenient method for population screening for STR and VNTR markers. The allele frequencies of the vWF locus were determined for 127 unrelated Palestinians. Co-dominant segregation was observed in 20 mother/child pairs. Nine alleles were observed, with frequencies ranging from 0.004 to 0.327. Heterozygosity was 79%, and discrimination power was 0.927.
PCR-Based Forensic Testing of DNA from Stained Cytological Smears
Authors: Dimo-Simonin N , Grange F , Brandt-Casadevall C
Published: August 2015

Experiments were performed to evaluate the efficiency of PCR-STR (Short Tandem Repeats) and PCR-sequence polymorphisms for the identification of stained pap smears and postocital slides stained with cytological and forensic techniques. HLA-DQA1, PolyMarker, Amelogenin, HUMTH01, HUMVWFA31, HUMF13B, and HUMFES/FPS were determined. With the exception of the forensic Baecchi stain, all the PCR-systems gave consistent results in comparison with the reference blood from the donors. Cytological stained smears can be important evidence for identification in sexual assault cases and in missing person cases.
Distribution of Types for Six PCR-Based Loci; LDLR, GYPA, HBGG, D7S8, GC and HLA-DQA1 in Central Pyrenees and Teruel (Spain)
Authors: Bell B , Budowle B , Martinez-Jarreta B , Casalod Y , Abecia E , Castellano M
Published: August 2015

The PCR-based DNA loci LDLR, GYPA, HBGG, D7S8, GC and HLA DQA1 are widely used in forensic casework analyses. Population data on the distribution of allele frequencies are desired to estimate the rarity of a DNA profile. We studied the allele distributions at these forensically important DNA markers in two Spanish populations (Central Pyrenees and Teruel). Results were in agreement with Hardy-Weinberg expectations. Furthermore, there was little evidence for departures from expectation of independence between loci within the two sample populations. Tests for homogeneity were carried out between the two Spanish populations and a U.S. Caucasian population.
Italian Population Allele and Genotype Frequencies for the AmpliType® PM and the HLA-DQ-alpha Loci
Authors: Spinella A , Marsala P , Biondo R , Montagna P
Published: August 2015

The distribution of six genetic loci analyzed by PCR using the commercial AmpliType® PM (PolyMarker) kit (Perkin Elmer, Norwalk, CT) was evaluated in 200 unrelated Italian individuals. The examined loci included: Group-specific component (Gc) (1), D7S8 (2), hemoglobin G gammaglobin (HBGG) (3), glycophorin A (GYPA) (4), low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) (5), and HLA DQ-alpha (6). The AmpliType PM Kit analysis is based on the reverse dot blot format and the results are interpreted by reading the pattern of blue dots which determine the alleles present at each locus. The population data collected allow the implementation of AmpliType PM into routine casework.
An Unusual Bloodstain Case
Authors: Burnett BR , Orantes JM , Pierson ML
Published: August 2015

A body was discovered associated with a series of bloodstains on a sunken loading ramp of a supermarket. The initial evaluation of the scene by the local police determined that the victim was crushed by the rear wheels of an 18-wheel grocery truck when it backed down the ramp for a delivery. However, a careful examination of the photographs of the scene and the victim revealed that the victim was dead and in rigor mortis before the truck entered the ramp. The truck's rear wheels never came into contact with the deceased. The truck interacted with the deceased and his bicycle to create series of unusual bloodstain patterns.
Sudden Death Due to Tricuspid Valve Myxoma with Massive Pulmonary Embolism in a 15-Month Old Male
Authors: Parker KM , Embry JH
Published: August 2015

Myxomas of the tricuspid valve are extremely rare, with only 13 cases reported in the world literature (1). We report the case of a 15-month old male with tricuspid valve myxoma and massive myxomatous pulmonary emboli discovered at autopsy.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Medical Examiner/Coroner Information Sharing Program (MecISP)
Authors: Hanzlick R
Published: August 2015

In 1986, the Centers for Disease and Prevention established the Medical Examiner and Coroner Information Sharing Program (MecISP) with four primary goals: 1) To improve the quality of death investigations in the United States and to promote more standardized practices concerning when and how to conduct these investigations; 2) to facilitate communication among death investigators, the public health community, federal agencies, and other interested groups. 3) to improve the quality, completeness, management, and dissemination of information regarding investigated deaths; and 4) to promote the sharing and use of medical examiner/coroner death investigation data. Major MecISP projects have included periodic production of a directory of death investigators in the United States and Canada, creation of standard and generic death investigation report forms, development of death investigation data sets, and collection of death investigation data from medical examiner/coroner offices. MecISP also conducts site visits to assist in office computerization, supports educational meetings and the development of training materials for death investigators, facilitates ongoing projects of relevant professional organizations, contributes publications to the death investigation literature, conducts surveillance of selected types of deaths, and responds to specific inquiries from medical examiners and coroners about administrative and practical death investigation issues.
The Impact of Homicide Trials on the Forensic Pathologist's Time—The Fulton County Experience
Authors: Hanzlick R
Published: August 2015

Subpoenas received for criminal trials related to homicides in Fulton County (Atlanta) Georgia were tracked in a computer database for an 18 month period in order to determine the proportion of forensic pathologist worktime required for testimony in homicide cases. The number of subpoenas received annually amounted to 64% of the average number of homicides occurring annually. Testimony was required in about 33% of cases in which a subpoena was received, and, therefore, the number of testimony appearances per year was about 21% of the average annual number of homicides. Assuming a 40 hour work week for 52 weeks per year and an average of 3 hours of time preparing for, traveling to, and testifying in court, the time required of the forensic pathologist to testify in homicide trials amounted to about 2% of a full-time-equivalent. Although the time required for testimony in homicide cases may vary among jurisdictions because of the nature of its homicides, distance and travel time to court, and other factors, the data presented here may be used to estimate the impact of homicide trial court time on forensic pathology practice.
Gunshot Residue Analysis—A Review
Authors: Meng H-h , Caddy B
Published: August 2015

A review of all aspects of analysis associated with gunshot residues is provided. This includes a summary of what both inorganic and organic residues are, how they arise and how they may be collected from a variety of substrates. Ways of processing samples to the point of analysis and the means by which they may be analyzed using a variety of techniques is discussed. The techniques described include SEM/EDX, flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy, neutron activation analysis, energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence and some other less common methods for inorganic residues and gas, high performance liquid and super critical fluid chromatography with speciality detectors including mass spectrometry together with capillary electrophoresis, for organic residues. A summary of how the results of such analyses may be interpreted is discussed under the different analytical techniques.
Fundamental Studies of Gunshot Residue Deposition by Glue-Lift
Authors: Basu S , Boone CE , Denio DJ , Miazga RA
Published: August 2015

The mechanism of gunshot residue (GSR) deposition and its probing characteristics have been studied by the Glue-Lift collection of GSR and its identification by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX). By blocking alternately muzzle-blast residues and trigger-blast residues of shotguns, it has been shown that, if the firearm is thoroughly cleaned before the firing, the muzzle-blast residues seldom settle from the air onto the shooter's hands. Whereas the trigger-blast residues are literally blasted onto the immediate surfaces of the firearm and on both of the shooter's hands that are on the weapon. Therefore, the hand deposits are mainly the breech deposits. If the firearm is not pre-cleaned the residues of previous firings lodged as fouling in the interior of the gun are blown off rather irregularly through the breeches and the muzzle in the subsequent firings. These residues occasionally overlap with the fresh breech deposits of the shooter's hands. Color tests for residue developed with sodium rhodizonate have confirmed the basic mechanism of GSR escape through the breeches and the ejection mechanism of the close-breech weapons. The forced deposition of the trigger-blast residues is an advantageous as well as limiting process. The contrast of residue deposits on the back of a hand versus the palm, is due to shadowing of the residue particles by the hand grasp on the firearm. But these particles may also be transferred to the nonfiring hand by contact with a fired gun. Whether it is a handgun or a longarm, if the gun is pre-cleaned and the ammunition and the hand grasps remain unchanged, a fixed amount of residues is deposited per firing on the back of the trigger hand. This deposition, which takes into account all deposited particles containing one, two, and three characteristic elements of GSR (e.g., Pb, Sb, Ba), is a fundamental piece of information helpful for the reconstruction of a shooting.
Extent of Heterogeneity in Mitochondrial DNA of Sub-Saharan African Populations
Authors: Melton T , Ginther C , Sensabaugh G , Soodyall H , Stoneking M
Published: August 2015

Variation in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region as detected by sequence-specific oligonucleotide (SSO) probes is described for 381 individuals from nine sub-Saharan African populations. Population diversity estimates for SSO types ranged from 0.23 to 0.97, while 102 SSO types were detected, none of these types was shared by more than four populations. Eighteen types occurred in ≥ 10% of individuals in some populations; of these, 11 were population-specific. One type occurred in 15% of the total sample, but was shared among only three populations. African SSO types were characterized by high frequencies of blank variants, indicating that there was additional variation present at the nucleotide sequence level in regions where SSO probes hybridize. Analyses of molecular variance (AMOVA) incorporating genetic distances between SSO types showed that 30% of the total variation was due to differences among populations, indicating that there is statistically significant heterogeneity (p < 0.001). An AMOVA on mtDNA control region nucleotide sequence data from 12 populations showed that including all additional variation present at the sequence level increased the variance due to population subdivision to 34% (p < 0.001). Overall, when considering both the low diversity within some populations and high heterogeneity among populations, SSO typing of mtDNA may not be a desirable forensic DNA typing method for continental African populations. Further mtDNA sampling of African-derived populations of North America should be carried out to determine how much of the continental African mtDNA variation is of forensic significance. However, the existence of extensive mtDNA control region nucleotide sequence variation in African populations means that control region sequencing is still appropriate in forensic cases requiring mtDNA analysis.
Sequence Analysis of Domestic Dog Mitochondrial DNA for Forensic Use
Authors: Savolainen P , Rosén B , Holmberg A , Leitner T , Uhlén M , Lundeberg J
Published: August 2015

A method has been developed for the direct sequencing of hypervariable region 1 (HVI) of domestic dog (Canis familiaris) and wolf (Canis lupus) mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) using single hairs as template. The method uses a robotic work-station and an automated sequencer to allow for robust routine analysis. A population data base was created in order to investigate the forensic and population-genetic informativeness of domestic dog HVI. Sequence variation, partitioning of dog breeds among sequence variants and phylogenetic relations between the variants were determined. Samples from 102 domestic dogs of 52 different breeds and two captive wolves were analyzed. Nineteen dog-sequence variants were found and the frequencies of the variants ranged from 1 to 21%. The calculated discrimination power of the region, i.e., the exclusion capacity, implied that nine out of ten disputed individuals can be excluded by this analysis. The sequence variants were found to cluster into four phylogenetic groups.
The Estimation of Age of Bloodstains by HPLC Analysis
Authors: Andrasko J
Published: August 2015

A new HPLC system is described for estimating the age of bloodstains deposited on clothing. In addition to the decomposition peak designated as “X” and reported earlier in the literature, several other ageing processes were studied and found suitable for estimation of age of the stains. The various processes can be used independently of each other for estimation of bloodstain age when the storing temperature is known. Moreover, the ratio between the different peaks formed by ageing is practically independent of temperature between 0°C and 37°C.
The Surface Analysis of Copper Arc Beads—A Critical Review
Authors: Howitt DG
Published: August 2015

The chemical composition of arc beads has been purported to reflect the local atmospheric conditions at the precise moment when the arc occurs. It has further been claimed that Auger analyses, taken from beneath the surface contamination layers of an arc bead, can be used to distinguish whether the arcing was the cause of a fire. The hypothesis is that because atmospheric gases are trapped in the arc bead when it solidifies, the concentrations of gases inside the bead will reflect ambient conditions when the arc causes the fire, but rich concentrations of combustion gases when it does not. A review of the literature on the solubility of gases in liquid copper indicates that there is no scientific justification for this hypothesis.
Identification of Butyl Cannabinoids in Marijuana
Authors: Martin Smith R
Published: August 2015

Homologs of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC; Ic), cannabidiol (CBD; IIc) and cannabinol (CBN, IIIc) having butyl, rather than pentyl, side chains on the aromatic ring were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry as minor constituents of marijuana samples that also contained propyl cannabinoids. The mass spectra of butyl-THC (Ib), butyl-CBD (IIb), and butyl-CBN (IIIb) are analogous to those of the corresponding propyl and pentyl homologs and are consistent with the proposed structures.
Infrared Spectra of U.S. Automobile Original Topcoats (1974–1989): III. In Situ Identification of Some Organic Pigments Used in Yellow, Orange, Red, and Brown Nonmetallic and Brown Metallic Finishes—Benzimidazolones
Authors: Suzuki EW , Marshall WP
Published: August 2015

A number of unidentified absorptions, which appeared to be due to specific color-imparting pigments, were observed in infrared spectra of some U.S. automobile original topcoats (1974–1989) from the Reference Collection of Automotive Paints. In previous work of this study, several inorganic pigments were identified which were responsible for some of these. Unlike the inorganic pigment absorptions, which were usually broad and few in number, the remaining unidentified absorptions were sharp and numerous, indicative of organic compounds. Because these peaks are narrower than most binder absorptions, spectral subtraction can be a useful means to help delineate pigment peaks obscured by binder features. Using this technique, several organic pigments have been identified. In cases in which the pigment peaks are prominent, the specific pigment responsible can usually be identified based on the peaks observed between binder absorptions or superimposed upon them, without having to use spectral subtraction. This is possible even when absorptions of two or more pigments are present. This paper discusses the analysis of benzimidazolone pigments, which were identified in some yellow, orange, red, and brown nonmetallic single layer Reference Collection topcoats, and a few brown metallic ones. Absorptions of these particular pigments were not observed in spectra of any Reference Collection topcoats produced before 1977. Use of the benzimidazolones—especially Benzimidazolone Orange—increased in the 1980s because they were common replacements for lead chromate pigments, which were phased out of use in U.S. automobile original finishes during this period.
A Fully Three-Dimensional Method for Facial Reconstruction Based on Deformable Models
Authors: Quatrehomme G , Cotin S , Subsol G , Delingette H , Garidel Y , Grévin G , Fidrich M , Bailet P , Ollier A
Published: August 2015

Two facial models corresponding to two deceased subjects have been manually created and the two corresponding skulls have been dissected and skeletonized. These pairs of skull/facial data have been scanned with a CT scanner, and the computed geometric three-dimensional models of both skulls and facial tissue have been built. One set of skull/facial data will be used as a reference set whereas the second set is used as ground truth for validating our method. After a semi-automatic face-skull registration, we apply an original computing global parametric transformation T that turns the reference skull into the skull to be reconstructed. This algorithm is based upon salient lines of the skull called crest lines; more precisely the crest lines of the first skull are matched to the crest lines of the second skull by an iterative closest point algorithm. Then we apply this algorithm to the reference face to obtain the “unknown” face to be reconstructed. The reliability and difficulties of this original technique are then discussed.
Forensic Three-Dimensional Facial Reconstruction: Historical Review and Contemporary Developments
Authors: Tyrrell AJ , Evison MP , Chamberlain AT , Green MA
Published: August 2015

Despite varied attempts to achieve standardization in traditional techniques and the promotion of some newly developed ones, facial reconstruction remains on the threshold between art and science. It is the point at which science ends and the medical illustrator takes over that has led to most reservations over this branch of forensic anthropology. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that many techniques of facial reconstruction are prima facie questionable and to illustrate some possible solutions to the problems which are currently being explored by the Facial Reconstruction Project at the University of Sheffield (UK). The review includes 15 responses to a questionnaire which was offered to facial reconstruction experts and related specialists. The use of 3D color laser scanning equipment, collection of tissue depth measurements from CT scans and the development of a computer system for 3D forensic facial reconstruction, are described.
Violence in America: A Survey of Suicide Linked to Homicides
Authors: Aderibigbe YA
Published: August 2015

This paper describes murder-suicide in the United States from 1990 through 1995, using the cases reported in six major newspapers. Spousal murder-suicide was the predominant type with a range of 42%–57%; familicide-suicide was the second predominant type with a range of 22%–47%. The perpetrators were predominantly males; the victims were female sexual partners or consanguineous relatives. Firearms (guns) were used in 90% of the cases. The author concludes that a national surveillance system that specifically identifies and codes this phenomenon, and multi disciplinary studies are necessary to hinder this phenomenon.
The Role of Mania in the Genesis of Dangerous Delusional Misidentification
Authors: Arturo Silva J , Ferrari MM , Leong GB , Weinstock R
Published: August 2015

The delusional misidentification syndromes are characterized by a misidentification delusion of the self and/or others. Delusional misidentification syndromes frequently occur in psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia, psychotic disorder due to general medical condition, or psychotic disorder not otherwise specified. On rare occasions these syndromes may be associated with manic states secondary to bipolar disorder, schizoaffective disorder, or general medical conditions. The delusional misidentification syndromes may also be associated with verbal and physical aggression. In this article we present three cases of dangerous delusional misidentification associated with mania. We will discuss the role that mania may have in the genesis of dangerous delusional misidentification.
Forensic Autopsies from 1984 to 1993 in Vienna, Austria
Authors: Klupp N , Risser D , Heinzl H , Bauer G
Published: August 2015

In Austria every death is subject to an examination by a medical doctor authorized by the local health authority. If death is suspected to be unnatural and/or perpetrated by another person, this doctor has to report it to the police. Depending on the investigation results, the examining magistrate in charge demands a judicial autopsy at the institute of Forensic Medicine. In 1989, 41 murders of old patients by nursing assistants in a Viennese public hospital were disclosed. The main aim of this retrospective study was to determine any change in the demand for forensic autopsies by the Viennese health authority, as well as by the criminal court, after 1989. Furthermore, it was of interest to analyze the reporting practices of medical doctors examining corpses, as well as the reaction of the criminal court during the study period. After 1989, there was a signifcant increase of non-judicial and judicial autopsies, performed by Viennese forensic pathologists. In addition, there was a significant increase of reports to the police by coroners as well as by forensic pathologists, paralleled by a higher rate of forensic autopsies demanded by the examining magistrate. This increase of forensic autopsies took place even though the overall rate of deaths in Vienna significantly decreased during the 10-year study period. Thus, the disclosure of 41 murders in the Viennese hospital in 1989 can be assumed as a turning point in the reporting practices of Viennese coroners, as well as the autopsy rate handled by Viennese forensic pathologists.
Findings in Gunshot Wounds from Tandem Projectiles
Authors: Simmons GT
Published: August 2015

Tandem projectiles are unusual events which can cause erroneous case interpretations if one is unfamiliar with them. This paper presents two such cases. The first case involved three .32 caliber bullets, two of which became lodged in a revolver barrel because of faulty ammunition. A third fired bullet subsequently pushed itself and the lodged bullets out of the barrel resulting in a single entrance wound with three bullets in the body. The second case involved a 20 gauge shotgun shell which apparently was inadvertently loaded into a 12 gauge shotgun. This resulted in an unusual entrance wound and unusual X-rays with fragments of the 20 gauge shotgun shell, as well as 12 gauge shotgun shell wadding, being removed from the same wound. The pertinent findings in such cases are discussed so that they may be correctly identified when they occur.