bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Peach Blossom Thinning with CGA 152811
Authors: Krewer Gerard W. , Daniell Jeff W. , Couvillon Gary A.
Published: October 2022

There was an inverse linear relationship between fruit set of ‘Bicentennial’ and ‘Redhaven’ peach trees [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] and treatments of 0 − 4000 ppm of (2-chloroethyl)methylbis(phenylmethoxy) silane (CGA 15281) in 1980. Increases in fruit weight occurred at the highest rate of CGA 15281 when compared to lower rates with ‘Bicentennial’, but no significant increase was obtained with ‘Redhaven’. Terminal fruit were larger than basal and middle node position fruits in ‘Bicentennial’. In 1981, all applications of CGA 15281 (0 − 3000 ppm) to ‘Candor’ and ‘Jefferson’ thinned blossoms and resulted in an increase in fruit size, when compared to the hand-thinned control. Treatments of 2250, 2500, and 2750 ppm to ‘Candor’ resulted in adequate thinning and increased yields. Applications at 1500 and 1750 ppm resulted in overthinning and reduced yields in ‘Jefferson’.
Effect of Nitrogen and Daminozide on Shoot Growth for Pear Psylla Suppression and on ‘Bartlett’ Pear Performance1
Authors: Lombard P. B. , Westigard P. H. , Strang J. G. , Allen R. B. , Joy D. N.
Published: October 2022

Three consecutive annual nitrogen applications on trees of ‘Bartlett’ pear (Pyrus communis L.) at 120 kg/ha increased leaf N, shoot growth, number of expanded shoot leaves, crop density, fruit size, and yield compared to no N. N application without butanedioic acid mono-(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide) increased late bloom and fruit russet associated with pear psylla honeydew. Daminozide at 2 g/liter sprayed twice annually for 3 years, 30 and 50 days after bloom with or without N application, reduced minal growth, number of expanded shoot leaves, late bloom, fruit size, density of psylla nymphs, (Psylla pyricola Foerster) and fruit russet from psylla honey dew. The effects of N and daminozide on tree growth, fruit size, and yield, as well as on psylla density, varied from year to year. Daminozide can reduce shoot growth of pear and subsequently reduce psylla densities and resultant damage but with some reduction in fruit size.
‘Two Marthas’ Camellia1
Authors: Ackerman W. L.
Published: October 2022

One of the facets of the National Arboretum's landscape plant improvement program is to extend the range of cultivation of the genus Camellia beyond its present limits. Climatic limitations for camellias grown out-of-doors have been the East Coast from Maryland to northern Florida, westward through the Gulf States, and along the West Coast from California to coastal Oregon and Washington. This region, described roughly as the “Camellia Belt”, contains most of the camellias grown in the United States. Beyond this region there are scattered plantings, usually under protected microclimatic conditions. North of this region, plants are subject to severe winter injury, while in the extreme south they are subject to high heat and light intensity. Significant advances have been made in extending the range of camellia culture northward (2, 3). Efforts are also underway to extend camellia culture south of its present limits. The cultivar, ‘Two Marthas’, is the first release coming from this research.
Lima Bean Legacy
Authors: Erickson Homer T.
Published: October 2022

Lima beans, Phaseolus lunatus L., are native to the Western Hemisphere. In precolonial times they were cultivated from coastal Peru, their present English name being derived from the capital of that country, to the southern United States. Specimens have been found in archeological sites dating back more than 5,000 years. The prevailing evolutionary theory states that their center of origin is Central America, possibly Guatemala, and from there they spread north and south along the continental land mass and throughout the Caribbean Islands.
Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Koths Jay S.
Published: October 2022

The floricultural world is becoming one global market. Products are grown where climate is most favorable and production costs plus shipping costs result in the lowest selling price.
Quality Control Aspects of Soilless Root Media
Authors: Atkins P. S. , Waller P. L.
Published: October 2022

The quality of growing media used in horticulture is of vital importance. It can obviously be the difference between profit and loss to the commercial grower, since problemsof quality often cannot be rectified after the plant has been placed in the media. The plea can be also made that it is of equal importance to the hobby gardener—it has the potential to encourage and extend the range of gardening activities if the quality of media is good.
PP333 Effects on Stem Elongation Dependent on Site of Application1
Authors: Barrett James E. , Bartuska Carolyn A.
Published: October 2022

Container-grown Phaseolus vulgaris L. and Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. were treated with the growth retardant PP333 [(2RS, 3RS)-l-(4-chlorophenyl)- 4,4-dimethyl-2-l,2,4-triazol-l-yl-)pentan-3-ol] by applying the chemical to the soil, whole shoot, mature leaves, or stem. Regardless of application site, PP333 resulted in reduced stem elongation compared to untreated plants. However, more retardation occurred when the chemical was applied to the stem than when applied to the leaves. Results indicated that in foliar applications the chemical taken up by the stem was more important than that contacting the leaves.
Axillary and Adventitious Shoot Proliferation of Exbury Azaleas in Vitro.1
Authors: Fordham Ingrid , Stimart Dennis P. , Zimmerman Richard H.
Published: October 2022

Shoot tips of Exbury azalea (Rhododendron sp.) were proliferated on Anderson's Rhododendron medium supplemented with 6-benzylamino purine (BA), 6-(= ϒ, = ϒ-dimethylallylamino) purine (2iP), 6-(= ϒ, = ϒ dimethylallylamino) purine riboside (2iP-riboside), 6-furfurylaminopurine (kinetin), or 6-(4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enylamino) purine (zeatin). The greatest number of shoots was produced on medium containing zeatin, a lesser number on 2iP and 2iP-riboside, and the least on BA and kinetin. Shoot proliferation was affected by genotype. Few adventitious shoots formed on detached cultured leaves. Shoot tips rooted when subcultured on medium without cytokinin or when inserted in moist milled sphagnum.
Nitrogen Uptake by Sweet Corn1
Authors: Mills Harry A. , McElhannon William S.
Published: October 2022

N-demand periods and the form and quantity of N absorbed during the growth cycle of sweet corn (Zea Mays L.) was determined for ‘Silver Queen’ grown in solution culture with a N ratio of 50% NO3–50% NH4. Absorption of NO3 and NH4 were similar up to the tasseling stage. During the tasseling stage, NO3 was absorbed at rates greater than NH4, while during the ear development stage NH4 was absorbed at rates higher than NO3. Evaluation of N demand during the growth cycle shows that 60% of the total N absorbed occurred during the tasseling-ear development stage. These results indicate that with ‘Silver Queen’, greater efficiency of applied N fertilizer can be obtained by correlating rate of N and form of N to a specific growth stage.
Influence of Harvesting Asparagus the Year Following Planting on Subsequent Spear Yield and Quality1
Authors: Benson Brian L. , Motes J. E.
Published: October 2022

Yield, spear weight, and spear number of Asparagus officinalis L. were either unaffected or increased at 2 locations in subsequent years when plants were first harvested 1 year after planting crowns as compared to plants first harvested 2 years after planting crowns.
Combining Ability for Fruit Set, Flower Drop, and Underdeveloped Ovaries in Some Heat-tolerant Tomatoes1
Authors: Hanna Hanna Y. , Hernandez Teme P. , Koonce Kenneth L.
Published: October 2022

Seven tomato genotypes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) were crossed in all except reciprocal combinations in a diallel test for heat tolerance. S6916 had the highest general combining ability (GCA) value for heat tolerance, indicating that it transmitted good fruit setting abilty at high temperatures to its progeny. BL6807 had the second highest GCA value for fruit set but also transmitted underdeveloped ovaries. L401 had the lowest GCA value for fruit set. Additive gene action was more important than nonadditive effects for fruit set, flower drop, and underdeveloped ovaries at high temperatures.
Survey of the Genus Lycopersicon for Variability in α-Tomatine Content1
Authors: Juvik J. A. , Stevens M. A. , Rick C. M.
Published: October 2022

Twenty-seven accessions from 6 species of the genus Lycopersicon and 1 accession of Solanum pennellii were surveyed for content of the glycoalkaloid, α-to-matine. Significant variation in alkaloid content was found to exist among the accessions. L. esculentum cultivars were found to contain much lower concentrations of α-tomatine than accessions of L. esculentum var. cerasiforme, L. pimpinellifolium, and the L. peruvianum accession, LA 462.
Annual Culture of Globe Artichoke from Seed1
Authors: Baggett J. R. , Mack H. J. , Kean D.
Published: October 2022

Globe artichokes (Cynara scolymus L.) were grown from seed in the greenhouse and transplanted to the field in 1978, 1979, and 1980. Percentage of flowering without artificial vernalization of the transplants was 75%, 92%, and 99% for the 3 years. Nitrogen sidedress applications above a base rate of 48 kg N/ha did not significantly increase weight or number of buds per plant or buds/ha. Plant spacing of 1 × 0.6 m generally increased total weight and number of buds/ha, but reduced number and weight of buds/plant compared to spacings of l × lmorl × 2m. Average weight/bud was unaffected by either nitrogen level or plant spacing. Total yield was similar to California production of clonally produced artichokes, but buds were smaller.
Influence of Chilling on Growth and Flowering of Rabbiteye Blueberries1
Authors: Austin M. E. , Mullinix B. G. , Mason J. S.
Published: October 2022

The influence of chilling on rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) differed among cultivars studied. Growth measurements made 30 days after chilling indicated that maximum vegetative growth for ‘Climax’ occurred after 450 hours; ‘Bluebelle’ and ‘Delite’, after 500 hr; and ‘Tifblue’, after 650 hr of chilling below 7.2°C. Some ‘Climax’, ‘Bluebelle’, and ‘Delite’ flowered after 150 to 200 chilling hr; however, the latter 3 cultivars studied required at least 650 chilling hr for maximum flower development.
Seasonal Accumulation of Calcium and Potassium in the Cortex of ‘Golden Delicious’ Apple Fruit Sprayed with 2,3,5-Triiodobenzoic Acid
Authors: Stahly Edward A. , Benson Neis R.
Published: October 2022

The accumulation of Ca and K in the cortex of fruits of ‘Golden Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) from trees sprayed with 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) was measured during 2 growing seasons. TIBA reduced the rate of Ca accumulation in treated fruits within 2 or 3 weeks of application, and the slower rate of accumulation persisted through most of the season. K accumulation in the latter part of the growing season was enhanced by TIBA. The cortex of treated fruits was lower in Ca and higher in K than that of untreated fruits at harvest. In 1 year, TIBA-treated fruit had a higher dry weight and higher N content than unsprayed fruit. Bitter pit appeared in fruit from all treated trees both years.
Osmotic Adjustment and Stomatal Conductance in Peach Seedlings under Severe Water Stress1
Authors: Young Eric , Hand J. Mark , Wiest Steven C.
Published: October 2022

Seedlings of ‘Halford’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] maintained in a growth chamber and exposed to leaf water deficits as low as – 38 bars exhibited slight osmotic adjustment before turgor potential reached zero. This adjustment was inadequate to maintain high turgor potential, which decreased until reaching zero at a total leaf water potential of ca. —20 bars. Stomatal conductance was linearly related to total leaf water potential and independent of the average turgor potential of the leaf.
Influence of Low Temperature and Gibberellic Acid Treatment on the Germination of ‘Valencia’ Orange Seeds1
Authors: Burger David W. , Hackett Wesley P.
Published: October 2022

Seeds of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Valencia obtained from trees grown in north-central California would not germinate when fruit was harvested during the early part of the season (November 1978). Seeds from November-harvested fruit stored at 3 to 4°C for 21 days germinated 100%. A similar germination response to low temperature was obtained when seeds from fruit harvested April 1980 (exposed to only 103 hours below 3 to 4°) were treated for 3 weeks at 3 to 4°. Treatment with gibberellic acid (GA3) induced about 55% germination in seeds from non-cold-treated fruit. Germination rates for seeds from cold-treated fruit were found to increase when the seeds were presoaked in GA3 or germinated at high temperature.
Anthocyanins in African Violet1
Authors: Khokhar J. A. , Humphreys J. M. , Short K. C. , Grout B. W. W.
Published: October 2022

Flower color in African violet (Saintpaulia ionantha Wendl.) is due to the presence of anthocyanidin-3-rutinoside-5-glucosides. Blue-flowered cultivars contained malvidin-3-rutinoside-5-glucoside, and a naturally occurring light blue mutant obtained by in vitro culture contained 80% less of the pigment. African violets with red petals contained peonidin-3-rutinoside-5-glucoside and pink-petalled cultivars contained pelargonidin 3-rutinoside-5-glucoside. African violets with light pink flowers contained about 80% of the pelargonidin found in cultivars with dark pink petals. The petals of a plant with speckled red and pink flowers, which had been produced from petioles of a red-flowered African violet following X-irradiation, contained peonidin and pelargonidin, respectively, in the red and pink petal sectors.
Effect of GA3 on Germination of Primula vulgaris Huds. and Primula X polyantha Hort.1
Authors: Miller Edward A. , Holcomb E. Jay
Published: October 2022

Primula vulgaris Huds. and Primula X polyantha Hort. seeds were soaked for 24 hours in solutions ranging from 0 to 1000 ppm GA3 and allowed to germinate in a controlled environment. GA3 stimulated germination of P. X polyantha with 250 ppm most effective. P. vulgaris germination was unaffected by GA3.
Growth, Hardiness, and Leaf-water Potential of Blue Holly (Ilex X meserveae) Cultivars as Affected by Exposure1
Authors: Pair John C. , Still Steven M.
Published: October 2022

Ilex X meserveae S. Y. Hu cvs. Blue Angel, Blue Maid, Blue Princess (pistillate) and Blue Prince (staminate) were planted around specially designed cross-shaped structures to determine tolerance to summer and winter stresses as affected by sun, shade, and wind patterns. Most plant damage occurred in the summer on the S and SW exposures where plant canopy and soil temperatures reached 43° and 48°C, respectively. All cultivars survived −23° in winter, but ‘Blue Angel’ was damaged. ‘Blue Princess’ was the hardiest and most fruitful cultivar. Shoot growth was greatest on ‘Blue Prince’ and ‘Blue Maid’. Plants performed best on the N, NE, and NW exposures, where summer temperatures were relatively cool and foliage temperature fluctuation were reduced in winter.
Propagation of Fraser Fir by Stem Cuttings: Effects of Type of Cutting, Length of Cutting, and Genotype1
Authors: Miller N. F. , Hinesley L. E. , Blazich F. A.
Published: October 2022

Stem cuttings of Fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.] were used in 3 studies to examine rooting and visible terminal bud activity as influenced by cutting length (10 to 26 cm), type of cutting (laterals vs. terminals) and genotype. Pronounced genotypic variation was observed for percentage of rooting as well as number and length of roots. Trees which rooted in high percentages produced the greatest number and length of roots. Cutting length did not affect percentage of rooting. Long cuttings exhibited less visible bud activity and produced the greatest number of roots. Lateral cuttings exhibited a higher percentage of rooting than terminals, particularly without treatment with indolebutyric acid (IBA), and also displayed greater visible terminal bud activity.
Guelph SO1 Synthetic Octoploid Strawberry Breeding Clone1
Authors: Evans W. D.
Published: October 2022

A synthetic octoploid has been developed from a tetraploid hybrid of Fragaria moschata Duch. (2n = 42) and F. nubicola Duch. (2n = 14). The clone is recommended for use in strawberry breeding as it contains germ plasm not previously available at the octoploid level.
Procedures for Extracting and Analyzing Internal Gas Samples from Plant Tissues by Gas Chromatography1
Authors: Saltveit Mikal E.
Published: October 2022

Gas samples are often extracted from horticultural produce for analysis of ethylene, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and other gases by gas chromatography. This paper outlines procedures for extracting gas samples either by using a syringe needle to puncture a cavity within the fruit or vegetable or by subjecting the fruit or vegetable to a partial vacuum.
In Vitro Propagation of Rhododendron catawbiense from Flower Buds1
Authors: Meyer Martin M.
Published: October 2022

Flower pedicels and ovary bases of 4 cultivars of Rhododendron catawbiense Michx. were cultured in vitro and proliferated granular masses of tissue on Anderson's medium containing indoleacetic acid (IAA) 1.0 or 4.0 mg/liter and 6(γ,γ-dimethylal-lylamino)-purine (2iP) 5.0 or 15.0 mg/liter. These masses formed numerous shoots when cultured on Anderson's medium with lower levels of growth regulators. The shoots were rooted and grown as plants which appeared normal in vegetative characteristics.
Postharvest Performance of Poinsettia as Affected by Micronutrient Source, Storage, and Cultivar1
Authors: Scott Lelia F. , Blessington Thomas M. , Price James A.
Published: October 2022

After 4 weeks indoors, ‘Annette Hegg Dark Red’ (‘AHDR’) and ‘Gutbier V-14 Glory’ (‘GV14’) had higher leaf abscission than ‘Mikkel Improved Roch-ford’ (‘MIR’). ‘AHDR’ abscised more bracts than ‘MIR’ or ‘GV14’. Plant grade was highest for ‘GV14’. Fritted Trace Elements-treated (FTE) and Micromax-treated (MICROMAX) plants lost fewer leaves and bracts and had a higher plant grade than Perk-treated (PERK) or Soluble Trace Element Mix-treated (STEM) plants. Plants held in dark storage for 3 or 6 days had greater leaf abscission than plants not subjected to storage. Bract drop was highest for 6 days storage. Dark storage of 0 or 3 days had higher plant grade than 6 days dark storage.
Postharvest Effects of Various Light Sources and Duration on Keeping Quality of Ficus benjamina L.1
Authors: Collins P. C. , Blessington T. M.
Published: October 2022

Ficus benjamina was held in light-and-temperature-controlled chambers for 12 weeks under 3 light sources of 20 μE m−2s−1 incandescent (INC) lamps, 20 μE m−2s−1 Cool White fluorescent (CWF) lamps, or 10 μE m−2s−1 INC + 10 μE m−2s−1 CWF light combination totaling 20 μE m−2s−1 photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Plants also received 4 light durations (6, 12, 18, or 24 hr/day). Growth index was greater for plants held under INC. When plants were held under the light combination, leaf drop was reduced and plant grade was improved. Dry weight and plant grade increased and leaf drop decreased when plants were lighted for 24 hr/day. Chlorophyll content decreased under the light sources in the following order: CWF> light combination >INC.
Growth of Juniperus chinensis var. sargentii as Influenced by Vesicular-arbuscular Mycorrhizae and Soil Fertility1
Authors: Roncadori R. W. , Pokorny F. A.
Published: October 2022

Total fresh weight and crown spread of Juniperus chinensis var. sargentii Henry plants, grown in microplots containing a low fertility medium of 4 soil:l sand:l milled pine bark and amended with 10N-4.4P-8.3K fertilizer at rates of 0, 110, or 220 μg/g, were significantly increased by inoculation with a spore mixture of 3 different vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungi. Higher fertilizer concentrations improved crown spread but did not affect plant growth. Root colonization by the endophytes ranged from 24.4 to 39.2% and was unaffected by fertilization rates.
Evapotranspiration and Transpiration for Four Foliage Plants1
Authors: Barrett James E. , Nell Terril A.
Published: October 2022

Evapotranspiration and transpiration were determined for Aphalandra squarrosa Nees. ‘Dania’, Maranta leuconeura Kerchoviana E. Morr., Philodendron scandens subsp. oxycardium (Schott) Bunt., and Brassaia actinophylla Endl. Aphelandra transpiration was 1.5 to 2 times more per unit leaf area than other species. The hypostomatous leaves of Aphelandra and Brassaia had 151 and 131 stomata per mm2; stomatal density per mm2 was 66 for Maranta and 29 for Philodendron on abaxial surface, and 12 and 9, respectively, on adaxial surface. Midday abaxial water vapor conductance was 0.46, 0.26, 0.16, and 0.06 cm sec−1 for Aphelandra, Brassaia, Maranta, and Philodendron, respectively.
Transplant Quality and Metal Concentrations in Vegetable Transplants Grown in Media Containing Sewage Sludge Compost1
Authors: Sterrett S. B. , Chaney R. L. , Reynolds C. W. , Schales F. D. , Douglass L. W.
Published: October 2022

Tomato (Lycopericon esculentum Mill.) and cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. Capitata group) transplants were grown in peat-vermiculite (P-V) or in media containing sewage sludge compost from either a residential, low metal (LM) or industrially contaminated, high metal (HM) source. The transplant quality (stem diameter, fresh, and dry weight) of plants grown in P-V and LM were similar. Transplants grown in HM media were small, less-developed, and exhibited symptoms of heavy metal phytotoxicity. The concentrations of Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, Cd, and Ni in tomato and of Zn, Cu, Cd, and Ni in cabbage plants grown in HM media were significantly higher than those in transplants grown in LM media. The addition of peatmoss to LM media had little influence on media pH or the heavy metal concentrations in transplants. However, peatmoss lowered the pH of HM media and thus the concentrations of Zn, Mn, Cu, and Ni in tomato and Zn and Mn in cabbage transplants increased. Concentrations of Zn and Cu in tomatoes and Zn in cabbage were above phytotoxic levels.
GA3-increased Bolting and Seed Production in Late-planted Onions1
Authors: Loper G. M. , Waller G. D.
Published: October 2022

Gibberellic acid (GA3) at 25, 50, or 500 ppm applied to late-fall seeded onion (Allium cepa L.) near Yuma, Ariz., significantly increased bolting and seed yield. Seed weight was significantly increased at the highest level of GA3 tested.
Developmental Physiology of Tamarind Fruit (Tamarindus indica L.)1
Authors: Hernández-Unzon H. Y. , Lakshminarayana S.
Published: October 2022

Tamarind fruit took about 245 days from fruit-set to harvest, showing 3 clear stages: prematuration (growth), maturation, and ripening. Fruit weight showed a gradual increase up to 203 days after which there was a steep fall to practically half its weight. Volume, length, breadth, and thickness, on the other hand, showed gradual increases from fruit-set until harvest. Plotting fruit weight against time, the growth curve obtained was typically sigmoid to completion of maturation after which the behaviour was atypical. The respiratory curve during growth showed maximum CO2 output during the 4th week after fruit-set followed by a gradual decline. The peak respiratory activity noted on the 4th week was attributed to the probable impact of postfertilization changes in the growth of the embryo. Yield of fruit parts in relation to maturation and ripening of the fruit are discussed.
Gibberellic Acid-induced Fruiting of Lingonberries, Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. ssp. minus (Lodd.) Hult.1
Authors: Holloway Patricia S. , Stushnoff Cecil , Wildung David K.
Published: October 2022

A single application of 50, 100 or 500 mg/liter gibberellic acid (GA) during 75% full bloom induced seedless fruit development in lingonberries growing in their native habitat in Alaska. Fruit set was increased by the 500 ppm GA treatment in the absence of insect pollination. Fruit set was not increased by GA in open-pollinated plants. Berry weight and diameter were unaffected by GA treatments.
Exposure Measurements of Applicators Who Mix and Spray Paraquat in Grape Vineyards1
Authors: Forbess R. C. , Morris J. R. , Lavy T. L. , Talbert R. E. , Flynn R. R.
Published: October 2022

Several Arkansas commercial grape growers operating tractor-mounted, low-boom vineyard spray rigs were monitored for potential dermal, respiratory, and internal exposure to paraquat (1-1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion) during the 1980 and 1981 growing seasons. Workers followed their usual mixing and spraying routines with as little influence as possible from the test. Analyses by colorimetric methods revealed very low levels of paraquat exposure. Greatest dermal exposure levels averaging 0.015 mg paraquat/kg body weight were detected on persons operating the spray rigs. Respiratory exposure was minimal and there was no paraquat detected in any of the urine samples collected from each worker. Those persons receiving the highest levels of paraquat exposure had measurements which were well below those found to be toxic to laboratory animals. Hazards from using this material by this method of application should be low when used in accordance to label directions and precautions.
The Influence of Peeling Treatment and Cultivar on Applesauce Quality1
Authors: Drake S. R. , Spayd S. E.
Published: October 2022

Unpeeled or partially peeled apples (Malus domestica Borkh) reduced blanching losses and increased sauce yield. The use of a large screen (0.32 cm) in the pulper increased applesauce yield and improved quality. Applesauce from ‘Golden Delicious’ was superior to sauces from ‘Prime Gold’, ‘Criterion’, and ‘Granny Smith’ apples.
‘Honeoye’ and ‘Canoga’ Strawberries1
Authors: Sanford John C. , Ourecky Donald K. , Reich Jack E. , Aldwinckle Herb S.
Published: October 2022

‘Honeoye’ and ‘Canoga’ are 2 new cultivars of strawberry (Fragaria X ananassa Duch.) released by the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station in 1979 (1).
‘Flordaprince’ Peach1
Authors: Sherman W. B. , Lyrene P. M. , Mortensen J. A. , Sharpe R. H.
Published: October 2022

‘Flordaprince’ is a low-chill requiring peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] released for grower trial by the Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations in IFAS at the University of Florida. ‘Flordaprince’ bears attractive, large, high-quality, yellow-fleshed fruit (Fig. 1).
‘Yonik’ Macadamia
Authors: Kadman A. , Slor E.
Published: October 2022

Most of the known cultivars of macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche) found in Hawaii and California are grown in the collection of the Agricultural Research Organization of the Volcani Center. Yield and nut quality of these cultivars have been determined within the last 10–15 years under Israeli conditions, but none have proven satisfactory. This report describes a superior local selection named ‘Yonik’ derived from a seedling population.
Responses of Excised Douglas-fir Shoots to Disorientation1
Authors: Starbuck C. J. , Proebsting W. M. , Roberts A. N.
Published: October 2022

Succulent branch terminal cuttings of Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb) Franco] placed horizontally (adaxial side up) curved slightly. Cuttings placed vertically, horizontally (adaxial side down), or on a horizontal clinostat exhibited significant adaxial-convex curvature. The response is regulated, in part, by substances exported from the needles and terminal bud. Gibberellic acid (GA3), (2-chloro-ethyl)phosphoric acid (ethephon), amino-ethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), indolebutyric acid (IBA), triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA), and 6-benzylamino purine (BA) failed to affect the curvature of vertically placed shoots.
Control of Weevil (Curculio sp.) Larvae in Acorns of the Live Oak (Quercus virginiana) by Heat1
Authors: Crocker Robert L. , Morgan David L.
Published: October 2022

Mature acorns of the live oak (Quercus virginiana Mill.) were immersed for 0-60 minutes in 43.3 to 60.0°C (110 to 140°F) water baths. Various of those treatments produced up to 100% control of larvae of acorn weevils (Curculio sp.) in the seeds, but reduced acorn germination and radicle length to varying degrees.
‘Horizon’ Grape1
Authors: Reisch B. , Robinson W. B. , Kimball K. , Pool R. , Watson J.
Published: October 2022

‘Horizon’ (Fig. 1) is a high-yielding white wine grape that produces a neutral blending wine. It fulfills the need in the Great Lakes grape growing region for a winter-hardy grape relatively free of cultural and enological defects.
Sanilac BC6-Are White Bean Breeding Line1
Authors: Aylesworth J. W. , Tu J. C. , Buzzell R. I.
Published: October 2022

‘Sanilac’ has been a popular white dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Ontario, Canada, as well as in Michigan, U.S.A. It is resistant to anthracnose incited by alpha, beta, and gamma races of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. & Magn.) Briosi & Cav. and race 1 of Bean Common Mosaic Virus (BCMV) (1). ‘Sanilac’, however, is susceptible to race 15 of BCMV (2) and to races delta and lambda of C. lindemuthianum (5, 6, 7), and it was included in a backcrossing project to incorporate additional resistance genes. The new breeding line, designated Sanilac BC6-Are has broader resistances than ‘Sanilac’. Since several recently developed cultivars outyield ‘Sanilac’, Sanilac BC6-Are is being released only as germplasm.
Wisconsin 998 Muskmelon Germplasm1
Authors: Peterson C. E. , Owens K. W. , Rowe P. R.
Published: October 2022

The muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) breeding population Wisconsin (Wl) 998 was developed jointly by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the University of Wisconsin, and Michigan State University to provide breeders and seedsmen with a source from which gynoecious inbreds can be developed for use in the production of hybrid cultivars. In addition to a high incidence of gynoecious plants, WI 998 provides other useful plant and fruit characteristics.
Procedures for the Sensory Evaluation of Horticultural Crops1,2
Authors: Heintz Christi M. , Kader Adel A.
Published: October 2022

While some of the quality attributes, such as color and texture, of fresh horticultural crops can be measured by objective methods, accurate determination of flavor quality requires the use of subjective methods, i.e., sensory evaluation procedures. These include use of laboratory panels for detecting and describing differences among samples and use of consumer panels for indicating quality preferences. The proper use of such techniques involves following specific procedures for each sensory evaluation test as described in this article.
Breeding for Stable Resistance to Diseases1
Authors: Kerr E. A.
Published: October 2022

In this review, some suggestions will be made as to what we must do, or continue to do, to keep vegetable diseases under control. The word “stable” will be emphasized throughout. Most of the examples are from tomato diseases, although equally good or better ones could probably be found in other crops. My main experience, however, has been with tomato and especially with leaf mold. The gene-for-gene designation of leaf mold races will be used, although it is too complicated for day-to-day use.
Genetics of and Breeding for Resistance to Bacterial Pathogens in Vegetable Crops1
Authors: Coyne Dermot P. , Schuster M. L.
Published: October 2022

Bacterial pathogens cause destructive diseases on many important vegetable crops throughout the world. Satisfactory chemical control measures for bacterial pathogens have not been achieved. Recommended control measures are: use of disease-free seed and transplants; hot water treatment of seed if feasible; suitable rotations; deep plowing of plant debris; and use of resistant cultivars if available (13, 50, 51, 53, 73, 75, 76, 77).
Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Gilmore J. E.
Published: October 2022

One of the most widely discussed and hotly debated topics in recent years has been the medfly situation in California. After seemingly having been eradicated following its discovery in 1980, it flared up again in early summer of 1981 and became the center of a national and international furor. Despite this wide interest, some may wonder whether a symposium on an insect pest, even the medfly, is an appropriate topic for a meeting fo the American Society for Horticultural Science. However, when one considers the economic impact of the medfly on a wide range of horticultural crops (150-200 fruits and vegetables) and the economic impact of the pest on these horticultural crops, then a symposium on the medfly seems quite appropriate at almost any agricultural forum. The cost of eradication of the Santa Clara infestation currently is somewhere, between 80-$100 million. This does not include the additional millions of dollar losses in lost markets and the cost of fumigating commodities for interstate shipment or export as a result of quarantine restrictions during the 1981 season.
The Medfly in California: Organization of the Eradication Program and Public Policy
Authors: Scribner Jerry
Published: October 2022

The medfly experience in California over the last 2 years is a fascinating study of governmental response to crisis and of science and democracy in action. First, I will briefly describe the history and biology of the medfly and then the successive stages of the eradication project.
Pollen Germination in Interspecific Vaccinium Hybrids1
Authors: Goldy R. G. , Lyrene P. M.
Published: October 2022

Pollen germination differed significantly between and within 3 interspecific hybrid populations and their parents. Pollen germination of populations of ‘Sharpblue’ (Vaccinium X sp.) × V. myrsinites Lamark (38%) and ‘Sharpblue’ × V. darrowi Camp (33%) was lower than mid-parent means of 45% and 37%, respectively. ‘Avonblue’ × V. myrsinites averaged higher in pollen germination than the mid-parent, 42% vs. 32%. Pollen germination of ‘Sharpblue’ × V. myrsinites hybrids varied most in pollen germination, ‘Avonblue’ × V. myrsinites hybrids least, and ‘Sharpblue’ × V. darrowi hybrids intermediate.
Response of ‘Concord’ Grapes to Glyphosate Exposure1
Authors: Wallinder C. J. , Talbert R. E. , Morris J. R.
Published: October 2022

Glyphosate (N-phosphonomethyl glycine) was applied to low-hanging foliage and basal shoots of ‘Concord’ grapevines (Vitis labrusca L.) at 2.2 and 4.4 kg/ha in August, September, and October 1979. All treatments were extremely injurious to grapevines. Injury was evident throughout the grapevine the following spring and during the full growing season. Growth on new shoots, visual ratings of growth reduction during the season, grape yield, and pruning weights indicate 50% or more reduction in growth as compared to the untreated check. The September treatment appeared more injurious than the August or October treatments.
Reduction in Russetting of ‘Golden Delicious’ Apples with 2,4,5-TP and Other Compounds1
Authors: Byers R. E. , Yoder K. S. , Mattus G. E.
Published: October 2022

Fruit of apple (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Golden Delicious) sprayed with triethanolamine salt of silvex [2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) propionic acid] (2,4,5-TP), a finely dispersed aluminum oxide (Sun Clear), and potassium salt of a fluorochemical carboxylic acid (L-4749) had better finish than controls. Fruit size and seed numbers were significantly reduced by higher rates of 2,4,5-TP. Sprays of a mixture of anion acrylic polymer binding agents (Acrylocoat), poly-l-p-methen-8-9 diyl (Vapor Guard), and a nonionic dimethyl polysiloxane (Dow Corning Silicone 24) increased russeting on ‘Golden Delicious’ apple fruit. Fruit enclosed in a paper bag 16 days after bloom gave a greater reduction in russet than any spray treatment.
Relationship of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) Fruit Detachment Force to the Stage of Fruit Development and Chemical Composition1
Authors: Pauli Robert E. , Goo Theodore
Published: October 2022

Guava fruit detachment force began to decline from 7 kg at 115 days after anthesis before the fruit had fully grown, to less than 0.5 kg by day 130. There was a parallel decline in deformation force from greater than 14 kg to less than 4 kg, loss of skin chlorophyll, and a decline in pulp titratable acidity from 18 to 10 meq/100 gm fresh weight. Mature fruit harvested on one occasion showed a range of detachment force from 0.5 to 7.2 kg, which correlated well with the ranges in measures of pulp quality and fruit maturity, total soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity, and skin color. Fruit detached with a force less than 4 kg were full yellow and had pulp with a pH 3.0, less than 16 meq/100 g fresh weight titratable acidity and 6° Brix total soluble solids.
Factors Influencing Stem Root Emergence during Scale Propagation in the Easter Lily1
Authors: Matsuo E. , Arisumi K. , Satoh K. , Sakata Y.
Published: October 2022

Fertilizer applications to container-grown bulbs of Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) outdoors resulted in early bolting, early root development, and greater numbers of stem roots. Low winter temperatures retarded stem root development.
In Vivo Pollen Germination and Vital Staining in Deciduous Azaleas1
Authors: Widrlechner Mark P. , Pellett Harold M. , Ascher Peter D. , Fuhrman Susan C.
Published: October 2022

The relationship between in vivo pollen germination and vital staining was tested for 7 genotypes of deciduous azalea (Rhododendron sp.) differing in fertility. Fluorescein diacetate, 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole (AEC), and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) all showed significant correlations between staining and germination. AEC produced the highest significant correlation (r = 0.96). AEC and MTT were the most suitable vital stains for azalea pollen.
Tree Trunk Growth and Wound Closure1
Authors: Neely Dan
Published: October 2022

Five tree species, Platanus occidentalis L., Fraxinus americana L., Quercus palustris Muench., Liriodendron tulipifera L., and Gleditsia triacanthos L. f. inermis (L.) Zabel were wounded for 4 consecutive years. Four whorls of circular wounds or one whorl of elliptical wounds were cut into the trunk at widths of 10, 13, 17, and 25 mm. Tree growth was not measurably reduced by trunk wounding. Wound closure per unit of radial growth differed by species and annual growth.
Training Horticultural Leaders for Work in Developing Countries
Authors: William R. D.
Published: October 2022

Agricultural development requires functional infrastructures, a continued assimilation of old and new technologies, and increased involvement of people who are motivated to create behavioral changes among colleagues and farmers. As educators in graduate training programs, we provide basic horticultural and scientific training. However, we often neglect training in practical farming skills, leadership or administrative skills, communication strategies, and the study of human behavior related to the acceptance of new ideas, concepts, and techniques.
Performance of Peach and Nectarine in a High Density System in Italy
Authors: Bargioni G. , Loreti F. , Pisani P. L.
Published: October 2022

Performance trials were conducted oyer 7 years (1974–1980) on ‘Springcrest’ and ‘Redhaven’ peach and on ‘Early Sungrand’, ‘Flavortop’, and ‘Stark Redgold’ nectarine [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] in a commercial orchard established in northern Italy. The trees, budded on INRA Saint Julien GF 655-2, were spaced at 4 × 2 m (1250 trees/ha) and trained as free spindles. Trees began cropping in the second growing season (1976). Cumulative yield (1976 to 1980) ranged from 155 MT/ha in ‘Stark Redgold’ nectarine to 892 MT/ha in ‘Springcrest’ peach. Fruits sized well and were of satisfactory color.
The Calcium Cycle: Uptake and Distribution in Apple Trees
Authors: Himelrick David G. , McDuffie Robert F.
Published: October 2022

The consequences of physiological disorders of calcium in fruit and vegetable crops account for substantial annual economic losses. The present paper reviews calcium nutrition and physiology specifically as it relates to apple trees.
UWRIM: A Database Management System for Horticulturists
Authors: Clark James R. , Cummings Daniel
Published: October 2022

Database management systems are used to organize, manage, and administer numeric and non-numeric data. The UWRIM database management system possesses a relational structure and offers several management options. Two examples of UWRIM’s utility to horticulturists are organizing 1) a personal reference system and 2) an arboretum’s plant records.
Register of New Fruit and Nut Varieties List 33
Authors: Brooks Reid M. , Olmo H. P.
Published: October 2022

Classic Red Delicious (Classic).—Origin and description appeared in List 28 as Classic. Plant pat. 3182.
A System for High-temperature Catalytic Oxidation of Air for Plant-growing Chambers
Authors: Lang S. P. , Tibbitts T. W.
Published: October 2022

A system was constructed for high-temperature catalytic oxidation of the input air to 20-liter chambers used for plant-growth experimentation. A 20-liter/min system was developed using a 120-cm-long heating tube to bring the air to 450°C and a 40-cm long catalytic-oxidation chamber filled with aluminum oxide beads impregnated with hexachloroplatinate. When 1–3 ppm of ethylene was introduced into the system with the input air, no ethylene could be detected in the outflow air.
Establishment and Growth of In Vitro-cultured Dieffenbachia
Authors: Poole Richard T. , Conover Charles A.
Published: October 2022

Size of plant, maximum greenhouse temperature, and fertilizer level were major factors in the growth of tissue-cultured plants of Dieffenbachia maculata (Lodd.) G. Don (dumbcane), but mist, growing mixtures, and rooting hormones had minimal influence. Larger plants performed better than smaller ones. Maximum greenhouse temperatures of 38° and 44°C were detrimental to growth. Addition of fertilizer was beneficial, but excess fertilizer slowed subsequent growth.
Effect of Photosynthetically Active Radiation, Temperature, and Antitranspirants on Photosynthesis and Respiration of Leatherleaf Fern
Authors: Mathur D. D. , Bhagsari A. S.
Published: October 2022

The influence of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and temperature on net photosynthesis and dark respiration was determined on leatherleaf fern [Rumohra adiantiformis (G. Forst) Ching] grown under 73% polypropylene shade. The maximum photosynthesis rate of 7.5 mg CO2 dm-2 hr-1 occurred at 500 μE m-2s-1 PAR. The light compensation point was 44 μE m-2s-1 PAR. A temperature of 20°C and 1000 μE m-2s-1 PAR was most favorable for net photosynthesis of leatherleaf fern. Use of the antitranspirant, a paraffin wax emulsion (Mobilcer A), at a 2% concentration reduced dark respiration by more than 50% and reduced net photosynthesis considerably compared to the control at 40°.
Influence of Simulated Shipping Environments on Foliage Plant Quality
Authors: Poole Richard T. , Conover Charles A.
Published: October 2022

Simulated shipping of Chrysalidocarpus lutescens H. Wendl., Dracaena marginata Lam., Ficus benjamina L., and Schefflera arboricola Endl. for 7, 14, 21, or 28 days at 10°, 13°, 16°, or 19°C indicated that long-term shipping is possible while maintaining plant quality. Schefflera shipped best at 10°, Ficus at 10° or 13°, and Chrysalidocarpus and Dracaena at 13°, 16°, or 19°. Simulated shipping durations of up to 21 days were obtained on all species without significant loss of quality, and 28-day durations were possible at selected temperatures without severe quality reductions.
Vegetative Propagation of Euphorbia Lathyris by Stem and Leaf Bud Cuttings
Authors: Preece John E. , Wollbrink Ellen B.
Published: October 2022

Euphorbia Lathyris L. was readily propagated by stem cuttings in coarse sand or a 1:1 mix of perlite-vermiculite. Leaf bud cuttings did not root as well as stem cuttings, but rooting was promoted by indolebutyric acid (IBA), butanedioic acid mono-(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide), and (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon).
High CO2 Applied to Cuttings: Effects on Rooting and Subsequent Growth in Ornamental Species
Authors: Davis Tim D. , Potter John R.
Published: October 2022

CO2 enrichment (1200 μl CO2/liter of air) during rooting increased the number of roots per cutting from 7.4 to 12.0 in Peperomia glabella A. Dietr. ‘Variegata’. CO2 enrichment increased length and dry weight of root systems and fresh and dry weights of whole cuttings in P. glabella, Fuchsia magellanica Lam., Peperomia nivalis Miq., Hemigraphis alternata T. Anderson, and Begonia × argenteo-guttata V. Lemoine but not in Osmanthus heterophyllus P.S. Green ‘Rotundifolius’, Ficus pumila L., and Pelargonium × hortorum L.H. Bailey ‘Sprinter Scarlet’. After 4 weeks of growth at 330 μl CO2/liter, only P. nivalis retained the size differential due to CO2 enrichment.
Growth of Begonia × hiemalis as Influenced by Hand-pinching, Dikegulac, and Chlormequat
Authors: Agnew Nancy Howard , Campbell R. W.
Published: October 2022

Various concentrations of sodium 2,3:4,6-di-0-isopropylidene-2-keto-L-gu-lonate (dikegulac) sprayed on Rieger begonia (Begonia × hiemalis Fotsch ‘Northern Sunset’) in combination with hand-pinching were compared with a single concentration of (2-chloroethyltrimethyl)ammonium chloride (chlormequat), hand-pinching, and control. Both chemicals and hand pinch were effective in reducing internode length but did not affect overall height, diameter, visual quality, or dry weight. The dikegulac spray in combination with a hand pinch and the 0.10 and 0.16% double dikegulac sprays significantly decreased flower count compared to that of the control.
Photoperiod and Continuous Irradiation Studies of Chrysanthemum with High-pressure Sodium Lamps
Authors: Stefanis James P. , Langhans Robert W.
Published: October 2022

High-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps were as effective as incandescent (INC) lamps for controlling photoperiod with 10 cultivars of Chrysanthemum × morifolium Ramat. for up to 8 weeks when used at illuminances (108 to 215 lux) generally recommended. Two garden cultivars studied initiated flowering under long days (LD) with both lamps. In a second study, 11 chrysanthemum cultivars were grown under continuous irradiation from HPS lamps. Six cultivars were vegetative after 8 weeks; the other 5 cultivars developed crown buds or lost apical dominance.
Promalin or GA3 Increase Pedicel and Fruit Length and Leaf Size of ‘Delicious’ Apples Treated with Paclobutrazol
Authors: Curry Eric A. , Williams Max W.
Published: October 2022

Paclobutrazol (PP333) is a promising new bioregulant for controlling size of trees and significantly reducing the need for dormant and summer pruning. ‘Delicious’ trees were treated with a high rate of PP333, which resulted in some smaller, flattened fruit with shorter pedicels. Application of either gibberellin A4+7 plus 6-benzylamino purine (Promalin) or gibberellin A3 (GA3) before or at full bloom increased fruit size, pedicel length, and leaf size on PP333-treated trees.
Evaluation of Malus Germplasm for Resistance to Powdery Mildew
Authors: Korban S. S. , Dayton D. F.
Published: October 2022

Progenies of ‘Golden Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) crossed with 12 Malus species and hybrids were screened for resistance to powdery mildew incited by Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell. & Ev.) Salm. under greenhouse conditions. Noninfected seedlings were recovered from Morton Arboretum (M.A.) 8 (an unknown interspecific hybrid), M. zumi calocarpa Rend., M. sargenti Rehd. 843 × self, and M. baccata jackii Rehd. Evidence for a single heterozygous dominant gene conferring resistance in M.A.8 and M. sargenti was confirmed by field tests of resistant seedlings.
Components of Ripening in Rabbiteye Blueberry
Authors: Lyrene P. M.
Published: October 2022

Fifty-four seedlings of Vactinium ashei Reade, selected for large fruit and high fruit quality from 3000 seedlings of 8 crosses, were scored for dates of 50% anthesis and 50% fruit-ripening in 1981 and 1982. The earliest-ripening selection was 7 days earlier than the earliest cultivar in 1981 and 15 days earlier in 1982. Repeatability (seedling correlation between years, r = .84) was high for ripening date but somewhat lower for flowering date (r = .61) and flowering-to-ripening interval (r = .62). Most of the variation in ripening dates and in the flowering-to-ripening interval was genetic, but variation in flowering dates was due more to year effects than to genetic effects.