bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cell renewal of the rat corneal epithelium
Authors: Håskjold Erling , Refsum Sigvald B. , Bjerknes Rolf
Published: May 2009

Abstract A stathmokinetic method to study the mitotic rate in the corneal epithelium of the rat is described and applied. Horizontal and vertical diameter sections were used. In order to analyze the mitotic rate in the various parts of the corneal epithelium, each vision field (objective 100, eye piece 12.5), comprising 182 μm basement membrane, was regarded as a separate unit. Since the number of vision fields acros the cornea varies from specimen to specimen, we constructed a mathematical method to correlate corresponding corneal areas from different eyes. Using this method it is shown that the mitotic rate is almost equal all over the cornea, with no definite reduction in the central areas. There is no area of significantly high proliferation rate, either in the limbal area or in the adjacent conjunctiva.
pH of organ‐culture‐stored corneas
Authors: Lass Jonathan H. , Greiner Jack V. , Meneses Patricio , Morgan Douglas C. , Medcalf S. Kent , Collie Donald M. , Skelnik Debra L , Glonek Thomas
Published: May 2009

Abstract Changes in intracorneal and storage‐medium pH values of organ‐culture‐stored cat corneas were monitored over a 4‐week period. The intracorneal pH was determined using the phosphorus‐31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P MRS) chemical shift of inorganic orthophosphate in conjunction with a standard pH titration curve. We incubated 32 adult cat corneas using two similar standard organ‐culture methods, one with chondroitin sulfate (method 1) and the other without (method 2). Time‐course data at 0, 1, 3 and 4 weeks of storage were used to calculate the rate of pH change. The intracorneal pH was not changed significantly for either organ‐culture method; however, the storage‐medium pH rate of change declined significantly for both methods (method 1, 0.15 pH units/week; method 2, 0.12 pH units/week). The difference between intracorneal and storage‐medium pH values over time increased at a rate of 0.12 and 0.11 pH units/week for method 1 and method 2, respectively. The declining storage‐medium pH in conjunction with the maintenance of intracorneal pH contributes to an increased metabolic demand on the cornea.
Visual results and social rehabilitation after cataract surgery
Authors: Immonen Ilkka , Tuominen Risto , Raivio Ilkka
Published: May 2009

Abstract This report examines the changes that occurred in the post‐operative visual and social function of patients with cataract when the hospital responsible for cataract treatment (roughly 1000 cataract extractions per year) shifted from non‐IOL to IOL techniques. Visual function and vision‐dependent social performance were compared retrospectively in 116 patients, 53 of whom had undergone cataract extraction without IOL implantation, and 63 of whom had been treated by IOL implantation. Patients with no IOL had the possibility of using extended‐wear contact lenses if unable to tolerate aphakic spectacles. Visual results and social rehabilitation were good with both techniques, and there was no significant difference in vision‐dependent social performance between the groups. The quality of vision and patient satisfaction with surgery were better in IOL patients. It appears that, once vision is restored by surgery and contact lenses are available, post‐operative function in patients is determined by factors other than the type of cataract surgery. However, the shift to IOL surgery brings about improved quality of vision and patient satisfaction. ‐
Regional choroidal atrophy and alopecia A new syndrome
Authors: Moloney J. B. M. , Blake J. , Denham B. , Moloney Jane B. M.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Two siblings with total regional choroidal atrophy and other manifestations of ectodermal dysplasia are presented. The mode of inheritance is uncertain, hut mild macular disease in the father may represent heterozygote manifestation of a recessive condition.
Corneal tissue mass in normal and keratoconic eyes
Authors: Edmund Carsten
Published: May 2009

Abstract.Based on measurements of the corneal diameter, radius of curvature variation, and thickness profile a method for calculation of the horizontal meri‐ dian's sectional tissue mass area (M) is described. Pooled values of 52 normal eyes demonstrate M to be 8.57 mm2±SD. Comparing one eye of 27 keratoconic patients with one eye of 28 normals established no significant difference in M. This result is in accordance with a hypothesis in which the keratoconic corneal thinning is a result of an increased sliding of collagen fibers rather than a result of increased collagen de‐ gradation.
Pathology and pathomechanisms of epithelial microcystic and basement membrane abnormalities of the cornea
Authors: Ehlers Niels , Møller Hans Ulrik
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Four patients with ‘microcystic epithelial abnormality’ were studied. Photographs demonstrated biomicroscopically visible alterations taking place over months. The histopathology comprising intraepithelial basement membrane abnormalities and intraepithelial cysts is described at the light and electron microscopical level. The biomicroscopically grey‐white microcysts correspond in size to the basement membrane abnormalities. The histopathologically described cysts are much smaller. The pathogenetic mechanisms are discussed and it is suggested that breaks in the normal basement membrane are a more likely initial event than a speculative ‘primary cellular dystrophy or degeneration’. Cells grow beneath the basement membrane and lift it up into the epithelium. A subsequent intraepithelial synthesis of basement membrane material may account for part of the ultrastructural appearance. The epithelial cysts were found exclusively beneath the basement membrane. They are thought to reflect the cellular maturation which is altered by the inserted membrane. It is suggested that the cysts pass through stages of maturation, which account for the observed difference in appearance.
Corneal graft endothelial cell densities after preservation in M‐K, K‐sol and MEM tissue culture media
Authors: Ruusuvaara Pekka , Setälä Kirsi
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The endothelial cell densities of corneal transplants of 30 keratoconus patients have been studied. All operations were performed by the senior author using the same technique. Preservation systems M‐K medium, MEM‐solution and K‐sol were used; ten grafts in each group. The average endothelial cell density for all 30 transplants was 1815 ± 869 cells/mm2. The mean cell density was the lowest (1128 ± 587 cells/mm2) and the mean follow‐up time longest (2 years and 9 months) in M‐K medium stored grafts. K‐sol is the newest preservation method used in our hospital. It gave the best graft endothelial cell densities (2302 ± 938 cells/mm2). The mean follow‐up time was shortest in K‐sol (8 months). The mean endothelial cell density for grafts from MEM‐solution was 2015 ± 614 cells/mm2) with the mean follow‐up time of 1 year, 4 months.
Chalazion therapy
Authors: Khurana A. K. , Ahluwalia B. K. , Rajan Ch.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A comparative study of intralesional steroid versus incision and curettage was carried out on 60 chalazia divided into 3 groups according to size. Intralesional therapy proved equally effective in small, multiple and marginal chalazia, while in large lesions incision and curettage scored better.
Repeated 50 burn/180 degree argon laser trabeculoplasty
Authors: Rouhiainen Harri , Teräsvirta Markku
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Thirty‐five repeated 50‐spot/180 degree argon laser trabeculoplasties (ALT) are prospectively compared to as many first ALT's. The distribution of the treatment variables possibly affecting the results was almost identical between the two groups. The postoperative intraocular pressure decrease was statistically significant in both groups but it was significantly smaller in the re‐AIT group as compared with the pressure reduction taking place in the group receiving their first ALT.
Neovascular glaucoma following vitrectomy for diabetic eye disease
Authors: Summanen Paula
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Between September 1979 and December 1985, 124 eyes of 105 patients underwent vitrectomy for diabetic eye disease. Until May 1987 (mean follow‐up of 3.2 ± 0.3 years) neovascular glaucoma (NVG) occurred in 21 eyes (17%); in 18 of them within the first post‐operative year. Post‐operative total retinal detachment (P = 0.0003) and pre‐ and/or per‐operative aphakia (P = 0.0047) proved to be significant independent risk factors for post‐operative NVG (odds ratio 9.9 and 4.6, respectively). The rate of NVG decreased from 22% in the second half of the study period (NS). This decrease may be related to smaller proportion of aphakic vitrectomies in the latter half (50% vs 18%, P < 0.0004). Lack of previous panretinal photocoagulation did not increase the risk of NVG significantly. Of the 84 non‐vitrectomized fellow‐eyes NVG occurred in 17. In 4 of the 21 eyes the intraocular prressure (IOP) was satisfactorily controlled by antiglaucomatous medication after retinal panphotocoagulation, direct photo‐coagulation of the iris new vessels and/or cyclocryocoagulation. Four eyes remained hypertonic, but were comfortable with symptomatic medication, 12 eyes became hypotonic. One eye was enucleated. Useful vision was preserved in 3 eyes, light perception (LP) in 2 eyes, the remainding 16 lost LP. In 13 of the 16 eyes vision was lost within the first post‐operative year.
Radial keratotomy for pseudophakic myopia
Authors: Plesner H. J. , Andersen J. , Olsen T. , Ehlers N.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Cataract extraction with implantation of a standard power IOL occasionally gives rise to considerable post‐operative myopia. When operation of the second eye is indicated, the question may arise whether the patient should be made strongly myopic in both eyes, be made anisometropic, or have the already implanted IOL exchanged for a weaker one. We report here on 3 patients made isometropic and low‐grade myopic after radial keratotomy in the myopic pseudophakic eye followed by cataract extraction and implantation of an IOL of predicted power in the second eye.
Antiviral activity of a D‐glucosamine derivative against herpetic ulcers (HSV type 2) in rabbit cornea
Authors: Martin Concepción Pérez , Vilas Pilar , Prieto Sara Pérez , Martin Antonio
Published: May 2009

Abstract Although most herpetic ocular infections in adults are caused by herpesvirus hominis type 1, several cases of culture proved HSV‐2 ocular infection in adults have been described, with more severe and prolonged disease. In a screening for new antiherpetic compounds, we investigated the efficacy in vivo of a new compound, nitroderivative of D‐glucosaminhydrochloride (GN‐11) in comparison with D‐glucosaminhydrochloride (GN), Acyclovir (ACV) and placebo against herpetic keratitis of herpes simplex type 2 in 4times4 eyes from 4times4 rabbits, respectively. ACV and GN‐11 showed similar results. The treatment with GN‐11 retarded the appearance of herpetic lesions, which were small and diffuse in comparison with the placebo group. A total recovery was obtained on the 12th day of the treatment. In the ACV treated group, a minimal number of small lesions appeared, but the eyes recovered normality on the 7th day of treatment. The appearance of acute herpetic keratitis was prevented by GN‐11. Placebo and GN treated groups showed similar evolution, with lost vision and neurological involvement on the 7th day of infection.
Foam at inner eye canthus in office workers, compared with an average Danish population as control group
Authors: Franck Carsten , Skov Peder
Published: May 2009

Abstract Foam formation in the eye canthus is well‐known. The presence of foam was observed in 169 office workers in 4 town halls in Copenhagen County compared with 112 control persons from the general population in the same area. The presence of foam depends on age and gender. A significant increase with age was observed in the control population (P=0.0078). In both groups, females had a significantly lower occurrence of foam than males (P=0.0043, P=0.010). This difference was mainly caused by the use of eye make‐up. After correction for age, gender and use of eye make‐up, the prevalence of foam was significantly lower in the office population than in the control population (P<0.0001). Furthermore, low foam formation was significantly correlated to reported subjective eye irritation in the office population (P=0.0074), but not in the control population (P=0.40). Also, significant positive correlation between absence of foam and different degrees of dry eyes (expressed as a combination of premature break‐up of the precorneal tearfilm and lissamine green stained epithelial damage of the bulbar conjunctiva) was found both in the office population and in the control population (P=0.0090, P=0.0034). However, after correction for the more frequent appearance of dry eyes in the office population, foam was still observed significantly less frequently in the office population than in the control population (P=0.0001). It is concluded that the decreased foam formation in the office worker constitutes a key symptom in the development of ‘office eye syndrome’. In what way the office environment influences the foam formation is unknown. Possible mechanisms are discussed.
Ocular complications after intracarotid BCNU for intracranial tumors
Authors: Elsås Tor , Watne Kjell , Fostad Kristen , Hager Bjarne
Published: May 2009

Abstract 112 patients with intracranial tumors treated with intracarotid BCNU to a cumulative dose of 370 mg/m2 body surface have been examined retrospectively for ocular complications. Average follow‐up was 494 days (range 5 months‐5 years). The rate of ocular complications was 2.7%. There was 1 case of hemorrhagic glaucoma with amaurosis and an accompanying oculomotor palsy, 1 case of retinal branch artery occlusion combined with third nerve paresis and 1 case of oculomotor palsy.
Colour vision and dark adaptation in diabetic patients after photocoagulation
Authors: Mäntyjärvi Maija
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Colour vision and dark adaptation were studied in 60 diabetic patients treated with photocoagulation. An acquired colour vision defect was found in 50% and a defective dark adaptation in 77% of the patients. Both colour vision and dark adaptation were defective in 47% of the patients. Colour vision defect only was found in 3% and dark adaptation defect only in 30% of the patients. Neither of these defects was found in 20% of the patients. The Farnsworth‐Munsell 100‐hue test showed a blue‐yellow axis in 24 of the 30 colour defective patients. In the patients with an impaired dark adaptation, the range of the cone and rod threshold elevations from the normal upper limit was from 0.2 to 1.4 log units. The Farnsworth‐Munsell 100‐hue test scores showed a significant positive correlation to the values of both cone and rod thresholds.
Psychophysical and electrophysiological testing of retinal function. Macular recovery time and oscillatory potentials in normal subjects
Authors: Brinchmann‐Hansen Olaf , Myhre Kjell , Larsen Stig
Published: May 2009

Abstract. We evaluated different aspects of 1) psychophysical and 2) electrophysiological testing procedures of retinal function, represented by macular recovery time (nyctometry) and oscillatory potentials (electroretino‐graphy), respectively. Ninety healthy males, aged 18–28 years, were used in the study. We registered two different phases of macular recovery time, IRT: initial recovery time (< 40 sec) and AUC: area under the curve (< 120 sec) and both individual and summed nodes of oscillatory potentials (OPs). A significant effect of training was observed in monocular registration of IRT and AUC (P < 0.01), and the superiority of binocular recovery was numerically compared to monocular recovery (P < 0.01). The inter‐variability (coefficient of variation) of IRT was high (40%) in both monocular and binocular registrations, while AUC had a smaller variability binocularily than monocularily (33% vs 21%). The inter‐variability of OPs was low (16%). Intra‐variability, between first and second eye tested, showed highly correlated values in IRT, AUC and OPs (r = 0.51‐0.82; P < 0.004), while IRT/AUC was not correlated to amplitudes of OPs. The results emphasize that selecting one eye, mean of two eyes or both eyes are critical for accuracy and validity in psychophysical testing of visual performance.
The accuracy of ultrasonic determination of axial length in pseudophakic eyes
Authors: Olsen Thomas
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The axial length was calculated by refractive means in 206 pseudophakic eyes and compared with the axial length measured by ultrasound using a Kretz 7200 MA A‐scanner or a Sonometrics DBR 400 scanner. The difference (± sd) between the calculated and the measured axial length was 0.13 mm (± 0.54) and 0.08 mm (± 0.28) using the Kretz and Sonometrics equipment, respectively (P < 0.01). The lower variation between the calculated and the measured axial length observed with the Sonometrics scanner indicated this instrument to be the most accurate. The calculated axial length may be used in future studies on the clinical accuracy of ultrasonic equipment.
Exogenous, ocular, and systemic factors associated with keratitic ulceration
Authors: Hjortdal Jesper Ø. , Ehlers Niels
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Information on type and frequency of empirically observed exogenous, ocular, and systemic predisposing factors for keratitic ulceration is important for clinical identification of groups at risk and may form a basis for planning experimental studies on the pathogenesis of ulceration. Therefore a retrospective study comprising 104 patients with 25 herpetic and 79 non‐herpetic corneal ulcerations was performed. Patients with herpetic ulcerations were mainly males and were younger than patients with non‐herpetic corneal ulceration. Keratoplasty and steroid treatment was found as frequent co‐existing predisposing factors in the herpetic group. In the non‐herpetic group an exogenous factor was found in 56%, an ocular factor in 56%, and a systemic predisposing factor in 46% of the patients. In only 2.5% of these patients was there found no predisposing factor. Pathogenetic mechanisms of predisposing factors for non‐herpetic corneal ulceration is discussed.
Cell kinetics during healing of corneal epithelial wounds
Authors: Håskjold Erling , Bjerknes Rolf , Refsum Sigvald B.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. After removing a circular area of the central corneal epithelium of the rat eye, the labelling indices and the mitotic rates were measured at various times after wounding, both in the cornea and in the adjacent conjunctival epithelium. The proliferative response was most marked in the corneal epithelium adjacent to the wound, but there was also a definite response in the epithelium covering the denuded areas, and in the conjunctival epithelium. The study demonstrated that the conjunctiva itself plays a role in the healing of a central corneal epithelial wound. The similarities in the cellular response may indicate that both epithelia are under the influence of the same growth‐suppressing factors (chalones), and must be looked upon as a unit. However, no support was found for the theory that the limbal area serves as a generative organ for the corneal epithelium.
Epidemiologic data on adult glaucomas
Authors: Teikari J. M. , O'Donnell J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The prevalence of glaucoma was studied using material from the Registry of Right to Free Medications, completed by the Social Insurance Institution of Finland in 1985. A total of 31 981 patients (10 022 males and 21 959 females) received free medication for glaucoma in 1985. Total crude glaucoma prevalence in Finland in 1985 was 0.67%, calculated for the total population (all glaucomas) according to data from this registry. The crude prevalence for those of 40 years of age and over, was 1.7% and for those of age 70 years and older, 6.1%. Age adjusted prevalence showed a female excess of cases with a male‐female ratio of 1/1.3. The incidence of different types of glaucoma was studied using the Hospital Discharge Registry for the years 1973–1982. For this 10‐year period, a total of 48 864 patients with glaucoma and 10 614 glaucoma suspects were found in a compilation based on an International Classification of Diseases (8th edn.) code number. Of all adult glaucomas, 67% were primary glaucomas, while 33% were secondary glaucomas. An increase in the incidence of glaucoma was noted during the 10‐year period, especially for the chronic simple and capsular glaucoma groups. Females were at higher risk for chronic simple, acute angle‐closure, capsular and chronic angle‐closure glaucoma; whereas, males were at greater risk for other types of secondary glaucomas. The patients with secondary glaucoma were the youngest (mean age 53.5 years in males, and 60.3 years in females), while the patients with capsular glaucoma were the oldest (mean age 71.9 years in males, and 72.8 in females).
Optic disc morphometry in simple optic nerve atrophy
Authors: Jonas Jost B. , Nguyen Nhung X. , Naumann Gottfried O. H.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. This study was undertaken to evaluate the optic disc changes in eyes with non‐glaucomatous optic nerve damage. The intra‐ and parapapillary region was evaluated morphometrically in 106 eyes of 56 patients with simple optic nerve atrophy (SONA) and in 107 normal eyes of 57 subjects. Colour stereo optic disc diapositives were used. Only one randomly chosen eye per subject and patient was taken for statistical analysis. Characteristics of SONA were: decreased visibility of the parapapillary retinal nerve fibers, diminished retinal vessel diameter, and area with pallor larger than area with cupping. Size and form of the optic disc, neuroretinal rim, peripapillary scleral ring, and zone Alpha and Beta of the parapillary chorioretinal atrophy were not significantly different. Also, distinctness of a tesselated fundus, frequency of optic disc haemorrhages and frequency of bared circumlinear or bared cilioretinal vessels did not differ significantly. These morphologic features are helpful in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of SONA.
Glaucoma prevalence in the Nordic countries
Authors: Goldschmidt Ernst , Fuchs Josefine , Raitta Christina
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Glaucoma prevalences in the 5 Nordic countries are estimated on basis of a) wholesale of glaucoma medicaments (Denmark, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) and b) registered glaucoma patients receiving free medication (Finland). Prevalences are compared nationally and internationally. The estimated glaucoma prevalence is highest in Norway (2.19% related to the population > 40 years), lowest in Denmark (0.76% in the same age group). The prevalences in Iceland, Finland, and Sweden are 2.0, 1.94, and 1.55%, respectively. We suggest that the relatively large differences in glaucoma prevalence between the countries may be explained by geographical differences in occurrence of capsular glaucoma. The sources of error concerning prevalence estimates based on glaucoma drug consumption are discussed. Pre‐supposing a balance numerically between undetected glaucoma cases and patients receiving glaucoma medication without really having glaucoma, the glaucoma drug sales statistics may be taken as fair indicators of glaucoma prevalence.
Ocular drug abuse in Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Adefule‐Ositelu A. O.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Ocular complications as severe as blindness are encountered as a result of drug abuse in the eye patients seen at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. They are due to self‐administered medications, ignorance, social and economic factors and malpractice. There is an acute need for the Nigerian general practitioners to be trained on the management of ocular problems with demarcation as to when references to the ophthalmologists are imperative. Traditional healers still see a lot of the patients before they come to the hospitals. An understanding between the Western trained doctors and the traditional healers is necessary to curb the unnecessary complications and blindness. Public enlightenment programmes in the national medias should be implemented in order to dissuade patients from self‐administration of medications and from consulting the unspecialised.
The effect of short‐term near‐normal blood glucose control on oscillatory potential and macular recovery time in insulin‐dependent diabetic patients with long‐standing metabolic dysregulation
Authors: Frost‐Larsen Kim , Christiansen Jens Sandahl , Lauritzen Torsten , Parving Hans‐Henrik
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Seven insulin‐dependent diabetic patients (mean age 36 years and mean duration of diabetes 19 years) underwent intensified treatment with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) for one week. The patients were selected for the study due to long‐standing hyperglycemia in an endeavour to determine possible influence on retinal neurosensory function by even short‐term near‐normalization of blood glucose concentrations. During CSII treatment, near‐normalization of the blood glucose levels was obtained (mean blood glucose concentration before treatment: 13.7 ± 1.6 mmol/1 – during treatment: 6.3 ± 0.4 mmol/1). Recordings of the oscillatory potentials by electroretinography and the macular recovery by nyctometry remained about the same in the course of this short‐term treatment. Our study suggests that short‐term strict metabolic control does not reverse the retinal neural abnormalities in long‐standing insulin‐dependent diabetes. Consequently, this regimen does not enable prediction of possible beneficial effect of sustained near‐normoglycemic treatment.
Detection of human papillomavirus type 11 DNA in a conjunctival squamous cell papilloma by in situ hybridization with biotinylated probes
Authors: Mäntyjärvi Maija , Syrjänen Stina , Kaipiainen Sulevi , Mäntyjärvi Rauno , Kahlos Tapio , Syrjänen Kari
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A 44‐year‐old man presented with an exophytic papillomatous growth in the tarsal conjunctiva of his right eye. The tumour was excised and subjected to histological examination. On light microscopy, a squamous cell papilloma without signs of dysplasia was disclosed. Because the entire tissue block was cut into sections, the performance of a conventional in situ hybridization for detection of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA was not possible. An alternative approach was used to demonstrate the presence of HVP 11 DNA in the papilloma. The cover slip was removed. The individual van Gieson‐stained sections on the (routine, uncoated) slides were cut apart by glass knife, and mounted (still attached on the original slide) separately on new microscopy slides. These slides were subjected to in situ DNA hybridization with biotin‐labelled DNA probes of HPV 6, 11, 16, and 18, under conditions of high stringency (Tm –17°C). Special caution was taken to prevent the detachment of sections. The papilloma displayed positive hybridization with the HPV‐11 probe, the intense signals being localized on the nuclei of koilocytotic cells. Infection with HPV‐6 (or the closely related HPV‐11) appears to be responsible for the majority of the conjunctival papillomas of children and young adults reported so far. The presence of genital tract HPV types 6/11 in these lesions suggests that some of the infections might have been acquired during the passage through an infected birth canal. The presence of HPV 6/11 in adult conjunctival papillomas might reflect a) an activation of a latent infection acquired as above, or b) a new infection transmitted from other mucosal sites, the genital tract included. The role of HPV in conjunctival dysplasias and malignant transformation is not clear as yet.
Lateral cell connections at the inner segment level of human parafoveal photoreceptors
Authors: Ringvold Amund , Davanger Martin
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Cytoplasmic processes on macular rod inner segments are described both in torn, fractured, and sectioned human tissue specimens. Longitudinal rows of villi are present along the inner segment's proximal part in fractured and sectioned tissue. Some villi were obviously abutting neighbouring cells. It is concluded that these processes undoubtedly represent a new type of cell extension different from calycal, pigment‐epithelial, and Müller basket processes.
The effects of different energy levels in argon laser trabeculoplasty
Authors: Hugkulstone Charles E.
Published: May 2009

Abstract In a retrospective survey of 143 eyes of 143 patients with chronic open‐angle glaucoma, 0.2 second argon laser trabeculoplasty was found to produce a greater decrease in intra‐ocular pressure, especially at higher initial values, and was associated with a reduction in the medications used. In addition, fewer patients required further intervention (repeat trabeculoplasty or drainage surgery) compared with those undergoing 0.1 second trabeculoplasty. This effect may have occurred because of the difference in the mean energy delivered between the two groups, which arose chiefly as a result of the duration employed.
Glycoconjugates in exfoliation syndrome A lectin histochemical study of the ciliary body and lens
Authors: Hietanen Jaana , Tarkkanen Ahti
Published: May 2009

Abstract The binding of ten biotin‐coupled lectins with different carbohydrate specifities to exfoliative material and neighbouring tissues was studied in 16 formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded human eyes. Eight of the eyes were exfoliation positive while the rest were exfoliation negative. Exfoliatve material reacted intensely with Lens culinaris (LCA), Canavalia ensiformis (ConA) and Ricinus communis (RCA‐I) agglutinins. Positive reaction was also seen with wheat germ (WGA), peanut (PNA) and soybean (SBA) agglutinins. The superficial zonular lamella, zonular fibers and the non‐pigmented epithelium of the ciliary body had a rather similar lectin‐binding profile to exfoliative material. The lens capsule was essentially unreactive with all the lectins used. The lens epithelium reacted faintly with ConA, LCA, WGA and RCA‐I. Pre‐treatment with neuraminidase to remove sialic acid resulted in increased binding of PNA and SBA to exfoliative material, zonular fibers and the zonular lamella, and in decreased binding of WGA to the non‐pigmented epithelium of the ciliary body, zonular fibers and the zonular lamella. The results indicate that α‐mannosyl, β‐galactosyl, N‐acetyl‐D‐glucosaminyl and N‐acetylneuaraminic acid residues are present in glycoconjugates of exfoliative material and neighbouring tissues.
Demonstration of tenascin‐like immunoreactivity in rabbit corneal wounds
Authors: Tervo Kaarina , Tervo Timo , van Setten Gysbert‐Botho , Tarkkanen Ahti , Virtanen Ismo
Published: May 2009

Abstract Tenascin, a novel extracellular matrix protein, was demonstrated immunohistochemically in rabbit corneas that had healed after anterior keratectomy. Tenascin‐like immunofluorescence (T‐LI) appeared in the corneal stroma at the wound area only. The wound edge showed the most intense specific fluorescence. The corneal epithelium, in general, displayed a moderate T‐LI. Wounding did not induce any change in epithelial T‐LI or T‐LI located in the stroma outside the wound.
Blinking and corneal sensitivity
Authors: Collins Michael , Seeto Rhonda , Campbell Louella , Ross Murray
Published: May 2009

Abstract. We have investigated the relationship between corneal sensitivity and blinking patterns. Using a group of 9 young normal subjects, measurements were made of blink patterns, central and peripheral corneal sensitivity and lid margin sensitivity both before and after use of topical corneal anaesthetic, proxymetacaine hydrochloride (Alcaine). Blink patterns were recorded through concealed filming and were later analysed in terms of blink frequency and the type of blinks (proportion of complete, incomplete, twitch and forced blinks). Blink rate was significantly lower following anaesthetic administration, but the relative proportion of blink types remained unchanged. We speculate that one of the factors responsible for normal involuntary blinks is the imminent break‐up of the tear film which is sensed by the cornea.
The influence of the learning effect on automated perimetry in patients with suspected glaucoma
Authors: Wild J. M. , Dengler‐Harles M. , Searle A. E. T. , O'Neill E. C. , Crews S. J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The influence of the learning effect on the outcome of automated perimetry was studied as a function of eccentricity. The sample comprised 20 patients with suspected glaucoma who were all naive to automated perimetry. Visual field examination of the right eye followed by that of the left eye was undertaken on each of three successive days and after a further interval of 12 days using a customised full‐field program of the Humphrey Field Analyser 630 (stimulus size III). The program comprised 60 points out to an eccentricity of 60° with an interstimulus grid of 12°. Global, central, peripheral, superior and inferior mean sensitivity each significantly increased (P 0.01) from the first to the second right eye examinations and from the third to the fourth left eye examinations (P 0.01). The global short‐term fluctuation, central mean defect and number of stimulus presentations decreased from the first to the second right eye examination (P 0.01). The order of examination between eyes and the interval between examination sessions influences the response recorded by automated perimetry.
Non‐stereo photographic screening after panretinal photocoagulation for proliferative diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Kalm H. , Sjödell L. , Jonsson R.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. 135 patients treated with panretinal photocoagulation for proliferative diabetic retinopathy were examined in order to detect 7 specific fibrovascular lesions after treatment. Two presumptive methods for long‐term follow‐up were evaluated and compared, i.e. slit‐lamp biomicroscopy enhanced by a 60 D lens and reading from two non‐stereo photographs of the posterior pole. Two observers repeated their examinations with respective methods. Comparison of the methods with respect to detecting ability of the fibrovascular lesions showed no significant disagreement except in some eyes with fibrous tissue on the optic disc where new vessels were better detected with the slit‐lamp method (P<0.001). There was no difference between the methods with respect to the intra‐ and inter‐observer variability. Twenty to 30 patients could be diagnosed per hour with the photographic method compared to 5–6 patients with the slit‐lamp. Two non‐stereo photographs of the posterior pole can be recommended as a safe and time‐saving method for objective documentation and longtime follow‐up after panretinal photocoagulation for proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
Evaluation of the Keeler Pulsair non‐contact tonometer
Authors: Sponsel William E. , Kaufman Paul L , Strinden Thomas I. , DePaul Kathleen L. , Bowes Harrison N. , Olander Kenneth W. , Barnebey Howard S.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The recently‐introduced Pulsair non‐contact tonometer (Keeler Instruments, Inc, Broomall, PA) was evaluated against the Goldmann applanation tonometer in cannulated post mortem human eyes, and in living subjects at three clinical centers. Statistical analysis of the findings revealed strong linear relationships between Goldmann or manometric and Pulsair intraocular pressure readings, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.79 to 0.97. However, with the Pulsair reading as the dependent variable, the slope of the relationship in each case was significantly less than 1.0 (range 0.65 to 0.83), while the intercept was positive (range 1.31 to 2.33 mmHg). Thus, the Pulsair tended to read low at intraocular pressure above the normal range. Conversion factors and a calibration table allowing intraocular pressure estimates more comparable to Goldmann tonometry using the current (J‐series) Pulsair are provided herein. A calibration algorithm could be integrated into the circuitry of future production models of the Pulsair instrument.
Long‐term evaluation of timolol
Authors: Uusitalo Risto J. , Palkama Arto
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Maintenance effect of the topical beta‐blocker timolol on intraocular pressure (IOP) was investigated for a mean follow‐up of 31.6 months in a group of 155 patients (275 eyes) with glaucoma or ocular hypertension. The mean IOP‐value was calculated from 3 readings of the daytime IOP curve, and the mean eye pressure of the right and left eye in the respective individual was used. The medical therapy was carried out with our ranking order of drugs of choice: timolol, timolol combined with adjunctive drug therapy, laser trabeculoplasty and/or filtering surgery. Intraocular pressure was controlled with timolol alone in 98 of 155 patients (63.2%, Group 1). In 36 patients, timolol plus adjunctive medication was required to control IOP (23.2%, Group 2). Twenty‐one (13.6%, Group 3) required either laser trabeculoplasty or filtering surgery in addition to timolol. Sufficient IOP‐lowering effect was more frequently maintained in patients with ocular hypertension than those with glaucoma simplex or capsular glaucoma. Failures in timolol treatment occurred mostly within 6 months from the start of the therapy and correlated well with higher initial IOP. Transient adverse effects were observed in 11.2% of cases. In three cases (1.9%) local and systemic side effects were serious enough to require discontinuation of the drug therapy. One patient (0.7%) was a non‐responder and was withdrawn from the study for that reason. Sixteen patients (10.3%) were lost to follow‐up during the 4 year study.
Do intraocular lenses with ultraviolet absorbing chromophores protect against macular oedema?
Authors: Clarke Michael P. , Yap Maurice , Weatherill John R.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. In a prospective study, designed to test the effect of intraocular lenses containing an ultraviolet absorbing chromophore on the incidence of post‐operative cystoid macular oedema, 55 patients undergoing extracapsular cataract extraction were randomly allocated to receive intraocular lenses with or without an ultra‐violet absorbing chromophore. Post‐operative fluorescein angiography showed no difference in the incidence of macular oedema in those patients receiving an intraocular lens with an ultraviolet absorbing chromophore compared with patients receiving a standard posterior chamber intraocular lens.
Experiences with a new corneal suction trephine
Authors: Franke G. , Wilhelm F. , Deutschmann S. , Pedal W.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The importance of exact trephining for successful keratoplasty is well known. We employ a new suction trephine, thus obtaining exact and sharp cutting margines which are examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The first observed clinical results in 25 cases are good.
Age‐related macular degeneration. Macular changes, prevalence and sex ratio
Authors: Vinding Troels
Published: May 2009

Abstract An epidemiological ophthalmic investigation of 1000 individuals aged 60–80 years disclosed age‐related macular degeneration (AMD), i.e. macular changes causing visual impairment in at least one eye with a prevalence of 12.2% of 924 individuals with both maculae examined. The prevalence increased with rising age for both sexes: age group 60–64 years: 2.3%, 65–69: 5.9%, 70–74: 12.1% and 75–80: 27.3%. No significant differences in prevalence rates of AMD were demonstrated between males and females in the respective age groups. About one half of the persons with AMD were affected in both eyes. No differences of AMD were found between right and left eyes. Findings of age related macular changes without visual impairment (AMCW) compared to AMD revealed far higher prevalences in the sixties and a smaller rise in the seventies (age group percentage in both sexes: 12.3, 18.0, 17.0 and 17.8%). No systematic prevalence differences were demonstrated between sexes. The collected data of AMD and AMCW might indicate a shift from AMCW to AMD in women, particularly aged 70–74 years and in men, particularly aged 75–80 years. Macular changes in total (AMD + AMCW) was found in 28.5% of the population (age group percentage 14.6, 23.8, 29.0 and 45.0%). No sex differences were found.
Retinitis punctata albescens
Authors: Katajakunnas Markku , Mäntyjärvi Maija
Published: May 2009

Abstract A case report of retinitis punctata albescens in a young medical student is presented. At first, the condition was stationary with no visual problems, but after 3 years, the disease showed progression. After 9 years of follow‐up, loss of visual acuity, a central scotoma, large errors in colour vision tests, much deteriorated dark adaptation, greatly diminished cone and rod responses in the electroretinogram, and progression in the myopic refraction were observed. In the family study, 71 of the relatives in four generations were examined. No signs of the disease could be found. Most probably, the disease is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. However, tracing the ancestors back until the year 1829 no consanguinity could be found between the families of the mother and the father of the proband. As for genetic counseling of the relatives, there is a very small probability of acquiring the disease if marriages between relatives are avoided.
Fusarium moniliforme keratitis
Authors: Durán Juan A. , Malvar Ana , Pereiro Mercedes , Pereiro Manuel
Published: May 2009

Abstract We report a case of keratomycosis from which fusarium moniliforme was isolated. After initial therapy without improvement, antifungal testing showed susceptibility to cyclopiroxolamine. After changing to this treatment the infection improved and an eventual healing took place with moderate corneal scarring.
Accurate superimposition of perimetry data onto fundus photographs
Authors: Bek Toke , Lund‐Andersen Henrik
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A technique for accurate superimposition of computerized perimetry data onto the corresponding retinal locations seen on fundus photographs was developed. The technique was designed to take into account: 1) that the photographic field of view of the fundus camera varies with ametropia‐dependent camera focusing 2) possible distortion by the fundus camera, and 3) that corrective lenses employed during perimetry magnify or minify the visual field. The technique allowed an overlay of perimetry data of the central 60 degrees of the visual field onto fundus photographs with an accuracy of 0.5 degree. The correlation of localized retinal morphology to localized retinal function was therefore limited by the spatial resolution of the computerized perimetry, which was 2.5 degrees in the Dicon AP‐2500 perimeter employed for this study. The theoretical assumptions of the technique were confirmed by comparing visual field records to fundus photographs from patients with morphologically well‐defined non‐functioning lesions in the retina.
Optic disc haemorrhages preceding manifest glaucoma
Authors: Bengtsson Bo
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The Dalby population has been subjected to repeated glaucoma surveys in a deliberate effort to describe the early stages of glaucoma. A total of 28 haemorrhagic episodes were observed at 3819 examinations of persons not having manifest glaucoma. The prevalence of optic disc haemorrhages was dependent on age and residence. The mean IOP in eyes with optic disc haemorrhages was 17.0 mmHg. Only four out of 24 haemorrhages in eyes without pseudoexfoliations were associated with intraocular pressures over 20.5 mmHg. Of twelve cases followed more than six years two died and five developed manifest glaucoma. The period of latency between the detection of a haemorrhage and the development of a glaucomatous visual field defect was 2, 3, 5, 6, and 7 years, respectively.
Intraocular levels of cefuroxime in uninflamed rabbit eyes
Authors: Koul Sunendha , Philipson Agneta , Philipson Bo T. , Kock Erik , Nylén Per
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Intraocular levels of cefuroxime following subconjunctival, intravitreal and combined intravitreal and intravenous administration were determined in uninflamed rabbit eyes. Intraocular levels of the antibiotic were assayed by a biological method. Penetration of cefuroxime into the vitreous following subconjunctival administration was poor. Subconjunctival administration produced higher levels of cefuroxime in the aqueous when compared to parenteral administration alone. Higher levels of cefuroxime were achieved both in the aqueous and in the vitreous after an intravitreal injection. Intravitreal injection of 100 and 1000 μg cefuroxime produced intravitreal levels close to the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for most ocular pathogens up to 24 h after drug administration. Intravenous supplementation did neither enhance the intraocular levels nor did it delay the clearance of the intravitreally injected antibiotic. Mild histopathological changes were seen with equal frequency both in the control and the test eyes and are attributed to the sampling techniques. Electroretinography (ERG) showed no definite changes suggestive of retinal toxicity up to 55 days after intravitreal administration.
A superficial corneal lesion of unknown origin
Authors: Fagerholm Per , Landau Irène , Holmberg Åke , Kock Erik , Lydahl Eva , Philipson Bo
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Three patients are described showing corneal changes of unknown origin previously not described. The changes consist of discrete opacities mostly located in the epithelium of the cornea. The opacities are arranged in a continuous arc originating from the limbus with the vertex extending towards the optic zone. The cornea inside and outside the arc was normal during the early stages of the disease. In two of the cases a progress of the changes were recorded and a stromal opacity developed inside the arc. The three cases were all unilateral. Bacterial and fungal cultures, virus isolation, several blood tests, serology and immunological tests have been negative. Light‐ and electron microscopy of biopsied material show intracellular specific epithelial cell changes in the form of perinuclear vacuoles. None of the treatments tried were successful.
The effect of reduced tear drainage on corneal and aqueous concentrations of topically applied fluorescein
Authors: Lindén Christina , Alm Albert
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The effect of reduced tear drainage on the intraocular peneration of topically applied fluorescein was studied with fluorophotometry in healthy eyes. Corneal and aqueous flourescein concentrations could not be followed for the first hour after application of fluorescein because tear film fluorescense influenced fluorophotometric determinations of fluorescein concentrations in cornea and aqueous for at least 30 min. Insertion of punctal plugs in the upper and lower punctum of one eye caused a significant (P<0.025) increase in aqueous fluorescein concentrations 1 to 8 h after application of 20 μl of a 2% solution of sodium fluorescein in the lower conjunctival sac. The achieved concentrations were almost 4 times as large as in the fellow eye. There was some individual variation, but a marked increase was observed in 9 of 11 subjects. Attempts to reduce tear drainage by compressing the tear sac and/or closing the eye lids for 1 min after application of the eye drop had no significant effect on corneal or aqueous concentrations of fluorescein 1 to 8 h later.