bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formulation and characterization of pigmented inkjet inks containing aminopropyl/vinyl/silsesquioxane for jet printing onto polyester fabrics
Authors: Hakeim Osama A. , Rashed Samah A. , Diab Hanan
Published: October 2021

Purpose

The present research aims to manage the formulations of pigment-based inks containing aminopropyl/vinyl/silsesquioxane (APSV) as a pigment binding agent for inkjet printing of polyester as a commercial trial for the printing of polyester as a single-step process.

Design/methodology/approach

The proposed formulations incorporated APSV by using the mini-emulsion technique at a low relieving temperature under the thermal initiation or UV radiation of vinyl-terminated groups in APSV. In this study, the storage stability of inks with regard to physical properties was broadly examined. Moreover, the color performance, including colorimetric data, color fixation and fastness properties of printed fabrics was evaluated.

Findings

The results indicated that the inks containing APSV were formulated and were stable in terms of particle size, dispersion stability, surface tension and viscosity over a period of one month and for four freeze/thaw cycles. APSV successfully fixed the pigment-based inkjet inks on polyester fabric and could achieve a significantly higher color performance and degree of fixation than the formulated inks without APSV.

Research limitations/implications

It could also fulfill all the physical properties of ink prerequisites over storing and eliminating all challenges in improving the performance and utilization of inkjet printing.

Practical implications

APSV can also be used as a pigment binding agent to formulate inks for inkjet printing of polyester fabrics as the authors’ past examination for inkjet printing of polyester fabrics post-treated with APSV.

Social implications

This study eliminates the noteworthy challenges in formulating the pigment-based inks for textile applications by incorporation of a binder while keeping up the necessary viscosity profile for a specific print head.

Originality/value

This study addressed all the issues arising from the complex nature and very challenging requirements of inkjet inks.
Primary initial teacher trainees' perceptions of and perspectives on the role of the teaching assistant in English primary contexts
Authors: Benstead Helen
Published: October 2021

This article focuses on exploring initial teacher trainees' experiences and perspectives on the role of the teaching assistant (TA) in mainstream primary contexts. A backdrop of shrinking school budgets coupled with a ‘mainstream for all’ political agenda is contributing to growing uncertainty about the role of TAs in education. This article presents the results of a small‐scale empirical study, involving 75 initial teacher trainees at the University of Cambridge. Trainees' perspectives regarding the roles/responsibilities that TAs have been seen to undertake and perceptions regarding the impact of the TAs they worked with were ascertained, with the aim of exploring how well current ITT content prepares students for an effective teacher/TA working relationship. Concept modelling was used as an analysis tool, to present visual representations of these perceptions. Trainees emphasised the administrative, pedagogical and pastoral roles that TAs were perceived to undertake and specifically highlighted the perceived ability of TAs to support students displaying needs relating to social, emotional and mental health. The findings highlight that the vague nature of current ITT content in relation to the role of TAs continues to serve as a barrier to students building coherent and consistent understandings of the successful deployment of TAs in English primary contexts.
Enzymatic crosslinking and food allergenicity: A comprehensive review
Authors: Ahmed Ishfaq , Chen Huan , Li Jiale , Wang Bin , Li Zhenxing , Huang Gonghua
Published: October 2021

Food allergy has become a major global public health concern. In the past decades, enzymatic crosslinking technique has been employed to mitigate the immunoreactivity of food allergens. It is an emerging non‐thermal technique that can serve as a great alternative to conventional food processing approaches in developing hypoallergenic food products, owing to their benefits of high specificity and selectivity. Enzymatic crosslinking via tyrosinase (TYR), laccase (LAC), peroxidase (PO), and transglutaminase (TG) modifies the structural and biochemical properties of food allergens that subsequently cause denaturation and masking of the antigenic epitopes. LAC, TYR, and PO catalyze the oxidation of tyrosine side chains to initiate protein crosslinking, while TG initiates isopeptide bonding between lysine and glutamine residues. Enzymatic treatment produces a high molecular weight crosslinked polymer with reduced immunoreactivity and IgE‐binding potential. Crosslinked allergens further inhibit mast cell degranulation due to the lower immunostimulatory potential that assists in the equilibration of T‐helper (Th)1/Th2 immunobalance. This review provides an updated overview of the studies carried out in the last decade on the potential application of enzymatic crosslinking for mitigating food allergenicity that can be of importance in the context of developing hypoallergenic/non‐allergenic food products.
A mixed DNA profile controversy revisited
Authors: Kalafut Tim , Pugh Simone , Gill Peter , Abbas Sarah , Semaan Marie , Mansour Issam , Curran James , Bright Jo‐Anne , Hicks Tacha , Wivell Richard , Buckleton John
Published: October 2021

Semaan et al. (J Forensic Res, 2020, 11, 453) discuss a mock case “where eight different individuals [P1 through P8] could not be excluded in a mixed DNA analysis. Even though … expert DNA mixture analysis software was used.” Two of these are the true donors. The LRs reported are incorrect due to the incorrect entry of propositions into LRmix Studio. This forced the software to account for most of the alleles as drop‐in, resulting in LRs 60–70 orders of magnitude larger than expected. P1, P2, P4, P5, and P8 can be manually excluded using peak heights. This has relevance when using LRmix which does not use peak heights. We extend the work using the same two reference genotypes who were the true contributors as Semaan et al. (J Forensic Res, 2020, 11, 453). We simulate three two‐donor mixtures with peak heights using these two genotypes and analyze using STRmix™. For the simulated 1:1 mixture, one of the non‐donors’ LRs supported him being a contributor when no conditioning was used. When considered in combination with any other potential donors (i.e., with conditioning), this non‐donor was correctly eliminated. For the 3:1 mixture, all results correctly supported that the non‐donors were not contributors. The low‐template 4:1 mixture LRs with no conditioning showed support for all eight profiles as donors. However, the results from pair‐wise conditioning showed that only the two ground truth donors had LRs supporting that they were contributors to the mixture. We recommend the use of peak heights and conditioning profiles, as this allows better sensitivity and specificity even when the persons share many alleles.
Permutation tests for hypothesis testing with animal social network data: Problems and potential solutions
Authors: Farine Damien R. , Carter Gerald G.
Published: October 2021

Permutation tests are widely used to test null hypotheses with animal social network data, but suffer from high rates of type I and II error when the permutations do not properly simulate the intended null hypothesis.

Two common types of permutations each have limitations. Pre‐network (or datastream) permutations can be used to control ‘nuisance effects’ like spatial, temporal or sampling biases, but only when the null hypothesis assumes random social structure. Node (or node‐label) permutation tests can test null hypotheses that include nonrandom social structure, but only when nuisance effects do not shape the observed network.

We demonstrate one possible solution addressing these limitations: using pre‐network permutations to adjust the values for each node or edge before conducting a node permutation test. We conduct a range of simulations to estimate error rates caused by confounding effects of social or non‐social structure in the raw data.

Regressions on simulated datasets suggest that this ‘double permutation’ approach is less likely to produce elevated error rates relative to using only node permutations, pre‐network permutations or node permutations with simple covariates, which all exhibit elevated type I errors under at least one set of simulated conditions. For example, in scenarios where type I error rates from pre‐network permutation tests exceed 30%, the error rates from double permutation remain at 5%.

The double permutation procedure provides one potential solution to issues arising from elevated type I and type II error rates when testing null hypotheses with social network data. We also discuss alternative approaches that can provide robust inference, including fitting mixed effects models, restricted node permutations, testing multiple null hypotheses and splitting large datasets to generate replicated networks. Finally, we highlight ways that uncertainty can be explicitly considered and carried through the analysis.
Organ pathologies detected post‐mortem in patients receiving opioid agonist treatment for opioid use disorder: a nation‐wide 2‐year cross‐sectional study
Authors: Bech Anne Berit , Clausen Thomas , Waal Helge , Delaveris Gerd Jorunn Møller , Skeie Ivar
Published: October 2021

Aims

To document organ pathologies detected post‐mortem in patients receiving opioid agonist treatment for opioid use disorder and estimate the extent to which individual characteristics are associated with pulmonary, cardiovascular, hepatic or renal pathologies.

Design

Two‐year cross‐sectional nation‐wide study.

Setting

Norway.

Participants

Among all 200 patients who died during opioid agonist treatment between 1 January 2014 and 31 December 2015, 125 patients (63%) were autopsied. Among these, 122 patients (75% men) had available autopsy reports and were included. The mean age at the time of death was 48 years.

Measurements

Information on pulmonary, cardiovascular, hepatic and renal pathologies were retrieved from forensic or medical autopsy reports, with no (0) and yes (1) as outcome variables and age, sex and body mass index as covariates in logistic regression analyses.

Findings

Pathologies in several organs were common. Two‐thirds (65%) of the decedents had more than two organ system diseases. The most common organ pathologies were chronic liver disease (84%), cardiovascular disease (68%) and pulmonary emphysema (41%). In bivariate analyses, only older age was associated with any pulmonary pathology [odds ratio (OR) = 1.06; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.01–1.10], cardiovascular pathology (OR = 1.11; 95% CI = 1.05–1.17) and renal pathology (OR = 1.05; 95% CI = 1.00–1.11). Older age remained independently associated with cardiovascular pathology (OR = 1.10; 95% CI = 1.04–1.16) and renal pathology (OR = 1.06; 95% CI = 1.01–1.12) adjusted for body mass index and sex.

Conclusions

Among autopsied Norwegians who died during opioid agonist treatment in 2014 and 2015, two‐thirds had more than two organ system diseases, despite their mean age of 48 years at the time of death. Older age was independently associated with at least one cardiovascular or renal pathology after adjusting for sex and body mass index.
Reducing problematic alcohol use in employees: economic evaluation of guided and unguided web‐based interventions alongside a three‐arm randomized controlled trial
Authors: Buntrock Claudia , Freund Johanna , Smit Filip , Riper Heleen , Lehr Dirk , Boß Leif , Berking Matthias , Ebert David Daniel
Published: October 2021

Aims

To perform an economic evaluation of guided and unguided internet‐based interventions to reduce problematic alcohol consumption in employees compared with a waiting‐list control condition (WLC) with unrestricted access to treatment‐as‐usual.

Design

A cost‐effectiveness analysis (CEA) and cost–utility analysis (CUA) from a societal and a cost–benefit analysis from the employer's perspective with a 6‐month time horizon.

Setting

Open recruitment in the German working population.

Participants

Employees (178 males, 256 females, mean age 47 years) consuming at least 14 (women) or 21 (men) standard units of alcohol (SUAs) per week and scoring ≥ 8 (men) or 6 (women) on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test.

Measurements

On‐line questionnaires administered to assess SUAs and assess quality of life (AQoL‐8D) and resource use. Outcome measure was responder (≤ 14/≤ 21 SUAs) for the CEA and quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) for the CUA. Net benefit regression was used to estimate cost‐effectiveness for each study arm. Bootstrapping and sensitivity analyses were performed to account for uncertainty.

Interventions

Five weekly modules including personalized normative feedback, motivational interviewing, goal setting, problem‐solving and emotion regulation, provided with adherence‐focused guidance [n = 142; responders:n = 73 (51.4%); QALYs = 0.364, standard error (SE) = 0.006] or without guidance [n = 146;n = 66 (45.2%); 0.359, 0.007]. Controls were on a waiting‐list [n = 144;n = 38 (26.4%); 0.342, 0.007].

Findings

From a societal perspective, the guided intervention had a probability of 55% (54%) of being the most efficient strategy at a willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) of €0 per responder (QALY) gained, compared with the unguided intervention and the control condition. At a WTP of €20 000 per QALY gained, the probability was 78%. From an employer's perspective, the guided intervention had a higher probability of a positive return on investment (81%) compared with the unguided intervention (58%).

Conclusion

A guided internet‐based intervention to reduce problematic alcohol consumption in employees appears to be both cost‐beneficial and cost‐effective.
A seat at the table: Regional, rural and remote health research and impact
Authors: Kelly Wade B , MacDermott Sean , Spelten Evelien
Published: October 2021

Aims

Across higher education, systems and policies explicitly address the impact of research. This paper contributes to the impact and engagement discussion from a regional, rural and remote perspective. We focus on how impact and engagement fit with regional, rural and remote research and explore strategies that can be employed to enhance impact and engagement in a rural health research context.

Context

The impact agenda in Australia is a response to a worldwide call for demonstrable change or potential for change resulting from university research. As funding models evolve to integrate impact, there are increased pressures for universities and academics to plan for, evidence and report on it. The current lack of focus on impact in regional, rural and remote research may further disadvantage regional, rural and remote researchers’ prospects for career progression and funding opportunities.

Approach

Ignoring or avoiding impact will marginalise rural researchers and research. We discuss the definitions of impact and engagement as they apply to rural research and argue that engagement and impact must be commensurate with employment conditions. To platform regional, rural and remote impact, we provide strategies to assist researchers and administrators in building impact and engagement into their research and academic culture.

Conclusion

The message to researchers is that impact is here to stay. The high levels of rural engagement can lead to impact, but we need to be clever at providing clear evidence to make that visible.
Improving access of young adults with experience of homelessness to primary care dental services in the UK: A realist synthesis
Authors: Ahmadyar Maryam , Rai Tanvi , Daly Blanaid , Wong Geoffrey
Published: October 2021

Objective

To understand why, how and under what circumstances interventions lead to improved access of young adults with experience of homelessness (YAEH) to primary care dental services in the UK.

Methods

We followed a realist, theory‐driven methodology. It involved locating existing theories, searching for evidence, document selection, data extraction/appraisal and evidence synthesis. We searched scientific databases and grey literature sources. We used these data and relevant substantive theories to develop explanations of how, why and under what circumstances interventions lead to desired outcomes. We presented these explanations in the form of context‐mechanism‐outcome configurations (CMOCs). The CMOCs were incorporated in an overarching programme theory, which was iteratively developed and refined throughout the realist synthesis.

Results

We used 106 scientific and 18 grey literature records to synthesize 61 CMOCs. Our revised programme theory highlights the importance of four main considerations: ‘preparing a service’, ‘producing and disseminating information’, ‘outreach activities’ and ‘facilitating interactions’. When designing dental programmes for YAEH, we recommend considering the importance of prior service planning (including resourcing of emergency dental care, training staff and incorporating safety measures), creating positive experiences, flexibility, patient‐centeredness, being informative and reassuring, creating an enabling environment (including strong communication, building rapport and avoiding negative judgements), having realistic expectations and designing services that empower patients.

Conclusions

Improving dental access of YAEH requires attention to multiple levels. Services can achieve positive outcomes by understanding the complexity of YAEH lives, and creating contextual circumstances that encourage their attendance.
Revisiting a place‐based policy: Transformations in Northeast Brazil
Authors: Halleck Vega Solmaria
Published: October 2021

Despite being the second most populated region in Brazil, the Northeast has persistently accounted for a small share of national income. A well‐known attempt to develop the region was made in 1959 with the creation of SUDENE, a big push type of place‐based policy resulting in an intensification of industrial investments. Historical data sets are used to make comparable input–output tables at a 31 sector level for 1959 and 1980, and input–output analysis is applied to appraise transformations. Developments in the following decades are also discussed. The main focus is on changes in the interdependence among sectors in the region, the sectors' dependency on the rest of Brazil, and the sectors' contributions to the regional economy in terms of value added. From the first decades, the main finding is an unintended trade‐off between production growth and employment performance. Over the 1990s and turn of the century, although the economy diversified, dependence on inputs from the rest of Brazil also increased. Also, manufacturing sectors continued to be less capable of generating value added. Given persistent regional inequalities, levelling up attempts require a more encompassing approach including investing in human capital and addressing differential access to power.
Conservation genomics of the endangered Seychelles Magpie‐Robin (Copsychus sechellarum): a unique insight into the history of a precious endemic bird
Authors: Cavill Emily L. , Gopalakrishnan Shyam , Puetz Lara C. , Ribeiro Ângela M. , Mak Sarah S. T. , da Fonseca Rute R. , Pacheco George , Dunlop Bronwyn , Accouche Wilna , Shah Nirmal , Zora Anna , Calabrese Licia , Genner Martin , Jones Gareth , Guo Chunxue , Zhang Guojie , Gilbert M. Thomas P.
Published: October 2021

The Seychelles Magpie‐Robin Copsychus sechellarum is an IUCN Red‐List Endangered species endemic to the Seychelles, whose population was reduced to eight individuals on a single island in the 1960s. Translocations from the remaining population to four additional islands have been an integral factor in their recovery, but the potential genetic consequences of their translocation history have not previously been explored. We resequenced the genomes of 141 individuals sampled across the five current island populations and analysed the data to characterize their population structure, as well as to explore suspected inbreeding. Overall, very low levels of heterozygosity were observed, all coupled with long homozygous segments that suggest recent inbreeding, probably the consequence of a population bottleneck in the 1960s. Three of the four translocated populations displayed less genetic diversity than the founder population from which they were taken, a familiar pattern observed as a result of the evolutionary force of genetic drift following founder events. Furthermore, and perhaps surprising given the recent time since the new populations were established, population structure was observed within these same three populations. New awareness of inbreeding in the Seychelles Magpie‐Robin populations, and continued genetic monitoring, will allow for genetically informed management decisions. This is particularly prudent in maximizing the success of the future conservation translocation planned for this species.
Comparative evaluation of phenolics and antioxidant activities of hot air and superheated steam roasted coffee beans (Coffea canephora)
Authors: Chindapan Nathamol , Chaninkun Nujaree , Devahastin Sakamon
Published: October 2021

As no investigation has so far been made to study the effect of superheated steam (SHS) roasting in comparison to that of hot air (HA) roasting on bioactive compounds acting as antioxidants in roasted coffee beans, changes in phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of robusta coffee beans undergone HA and SHS roasting at 210–250 °C to reach a light, medium or dark roast level were investigated. Total phenolics as well as 5‐, 4‐ and 3‐CQA contents and ABTS, DPPH and FRAP antioxidant activities significantly decreased, whereas the flavonoid content remained unchanged or even increased with an increased roast level. Highest and lowest caffeic acid contents were noted in medium and dark roasted beans, respectively. All the aforementioned variables belonging to dark roasted beans significantly decreased with decreased roasting temperature, particularly at 210 °C. However, CQAs and caffeic acid contents tended to increase in dark roasted beans when SHS was applied, instead of HA for roasting at 210 °C.
New opportunities for gluten‐free diet:teff (Eragrostis tef) as fibre source in baking products
Authors: Homem Raísa V. , Proserpio Cristina , Cattaneo Camilla , Rockett Fernanda C. , Schmidt Helena de O. , Komeroski Marina R. , Rios Alessandro de O. , Pagliarini Ella , Oliveira Viviani Ruffo de
Published: October 2021

This study assessed physicochemical parameters of high fibre and gluten‐free breads made with teff and associated flours. Four breads samples were developed: wheat flour (T1), teff flour (T2), teff flour + cassava starch + rice flour (T3 and T4). Hedonic evaluation of sensory attributes characterising the samples was performed by coeliac and non‐coeliac subjects. Breads made with different percentages of teff flour showed huge amount of total and insoluble fibres. The wheat bread presented the highest values for pH and the texture parameters analysed, except for crumb hardness and elasticity. The sensory analysis showed that all samples made with teff were well accepted by coeliac and non‐coeliac subjects. Purchase intention and the acceptability index suggested a potential market success for the developed products. Teff flour showed promising use for its technological and nutritional values as well as sensory properties, supporting the hypothesis that it is possible to develop new gluten‐free bakery products without decreasing consumers’ satisfaction.
Encapsulation of β‐carotene in 2‐hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin/carrageenan/soy protein using a modified spray drying process
Authors: Lakshmanan Mahalakshmi , Moses Jeyan A. , Chinnaswamy Anandharamakrishnan
Published: October 2021

The objective of this study was to produce ternary complex encapsulates to improve solubility and bioaccessibility of the β‐carotene (β‐c). A modified spray drying process was used to produce encapsulated β‐c particles with 2‐hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (HβCD), carrageenan (CRG), and soy protein (SP). Physicochemical properties, dissolution behaviour, and in vitro gastrointestinal (GI) stability of the encapsulate were studied. The optimised ternary complex (β‐c/HβCD/CRG/SP) particles had a spherical shape with a particle size of 726.1 nm, polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.41, the zeta potential of −45 mV, and higher retention of β‐c with 84% encapsulation efficiency. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis revealed that encapsulates are in the amorphous state and had excellent solubility. The bioaccessibility of β‐c was found to be significantly higher for β‐c/HβCD/CRG/SP (78%), compared to β‐c/HβCD (34%) and β‐c/HβCD/CRG (62%), in the in vitro study. This study concludes that the HβCD/CRG/SP ternary complex facilitates a potential delivery system for hydrophobic bioactive compounds with improved solubility and bioaccessibility.
Inhibitory effects of Chinese quince fruit proanthocyanidins with different polymerisation degrees on the formation of heterocyclic aromatic amines in chemical model systems
Authors: Wang Shou‐Tao , Zhuo Wen‐Ling , Dan Ya‐Qian , Qin Zhao , Zhang Chen‐Xia , Xi Jun , Liu Hua‐Min , Ma Yu‐Xiang , Wang Xue‐De
Published: October 2021

Proanthocyanidins with different polymerisation degrees were extracted from Chinese quince fruits by subcritical ethanol/water into four fractions (F1‐F4), which were then analysed using UPLC‐MS/MS, GPC and thiolysis combined with RP‐HPLC MS and MALDI‐TOF MS (matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry). The inhibitory effects of these proanthocyanidins on the formation of heterocyclic aromatic amines (HCAs), such as norharman, harman and PhIP, in chemical model systems were determined. The results reflected that the mean degree of polymerisation (DP) of proanthocyanidins in fractions F1, F2, F3 and F4 were 8.0, 12.7, 27.5 and 64.9, respectively. All four fractions prominently and dose‐dependently reduced the formation of HCAs at concentrations of 0.5, 1 and 2 mg mL−1 in chemical models. F1, the fraction richest in oligomers, had the most effective inhibition of harman, norharman and PhIP, with the levels reduced by 65.71%, 37.15% and 72.99%, respectively, when used at a concentration of 2 mg mL−1. The mean DP of proanthocyanidins showed negative correlation with the inhibition of HCA formation (R2= −0.697 for norharman, −0.799 for PhIP and −0.758 for harman). These findings suggest that proanthocyanidins from Chinese quince fruit have the potential to be used as additives to reduce the levels of heterocyclic amines in foods.
Study on the evaluation standard of extruded glutinous rice starch with thermostable α‐ amylase for making Chinese rice wine
Authors: Guan Zhongjing , Ren Xiaoru , Bian Shichao , Xu Enbo , Jiao Aiquan , Jin Zhengyu
Published: October 2021

To promote the industrial production of Chinese rice wine made by enzymatic extrudates, the first is to ensure the consistency of the raw material. That is, an evaluation standard of enzymatic extrudate should be set up. It was studied for the first time. By studying the changes of seven indexes of samples at different sites of extruder barrel and the die along the extrusion direction and making the correlation analysis to select the representative indexes. The results showed that the change trends of dextrose equivalent (DE), molecular weight distribution (MWD) and oligosaccharide composition (OC) were the same, and these indexes were more affected by mechanical force than by temperature. The ability of degradation of different zones was: conveying area < kneading area << exit of the die. There was little difference in extent of gelatinisation (GE) at the temperature where the enzyme activity was relatively high. Different from DE value, water solubility index (WSI) rose gradually. Surprisingly, DE was negatively correlated with GE, and positively correlated with oligosaccharides except DP1 and DP6, and had no significant correlation with water absorption index (WAI) and WSI. In conclusion, DE, WSI, DPD (especially DP6) could be used as a comprehensive evaluation index of enzymatic extrudates.
Potential Health Hazards of Roadside Springs: Results from Central New York
Authors: Sinton Christopher W. , Olivieri Matthew , Perry Tara , Stoddard Katherine , Kresge Ryan
Published: October 2021

Across the United States, groundwater springs adjacent to roadways have been developed as unregulated drinking water sources. We attempted to address two basic questions: 1) why do people collect water at these springs; and 2) is the water safe to drink? We conducted a study during 2015‐2019 of seven springs in central New York State that included a survey of 199 users and analysis of the water for common dissolved constituents and bacteria. The survey of water users showed that over 70% of respondents use the springs at least multiple times per month for drinking water and the majority collect more than five gallons per visit. More than 80% of the users live farther than three miles from the springs and a recurring reason for drinking the spring water is that the taste is better than the water available at their homes. However, all the springs at some point tested positive for total coliform bacteria and all but one tested positive at least once for fecal coliform bacteria, meaning that 86% of the springs at some point did not meet U.S. municipal drinking water standards. None of the measured dissolved constituents exceeded drinking water standards, but one spring that exhibited elevated nitrate is downslope from a small cattle operation which may be affecting nutrient values in the water. Most of these springs appear to be fed by shallow, unconfined aquifers that are susceptible to contamination from nearby land uses that are not readily apparent from the roadside collection locations.
Spatio‐temporal variation of macroinvertebrate metacommunity organization in a monsoon‐climate region
Authors: Li Zhengfei , Heino Jani , Song Zhuoyan , Jiang Xiaoming , Wang Jun , Liu Zhenyuan , Chen Xiao , Meng Xingliang , Zhang Junqian , Xie Zhicai
Published: October 2021

Aim

Disentangling the drivers of community assembly and species diversity in space and time is critical to elucidating metacommunity theory. However, our understanding of how metacommunity structuring will change over time remains insufficient, especially in rivers in the monsoon climate zone. We examined whether (1) the idealized metacommunity structure is different among seasons and (2) the relative importance of underlying mechanisms on community assembly varies within and across tributaries as well as among seasons.

Location

Five tributaries in the Hanjiang River Basin.

Taxon

Macroinvertebrates.

Methods

Benthic macroinvertebrates and environmental data were collected seasonally (i.e. spring, summer, autumn and winter) from the same 70 sampling sites. The elements of metacommunity structure (EMS) framework was employed to identify which idealized topology best characterizes the actual metacommunity. Redundancy analysis and variance partitioning procedures were applied to determine key environmental and spatial factors and to examine their relative contributions to variation in community structure in different seasons.

Results

The best‐fit metacommunity typologies were consistent over time, with metacommunity structure in each season displaying Clementsian gradients, characterized by high degrees of coherence and turnover, and positive boundary clumping. Environmental control prevailed over spatial processes in structuring macroinvertebrate communities, but their relative influence on community variation was context‐dependent. Particularly, environmental filtering was the predominant mechanism at the intermediate spatial scale. However, spatial processes had gradually stronger effects at smaller and larger extents.

Main conclusions

Both EMS analysis and the variance partitioning approach suggested environmental filtering was the principal structuring processes for macroinvertebrate assemblages throughout the year, although mass effects and dispersal limitation also played significant roles at smaller and larger spatial extents respectively. Considering that the most influential environmental factors shaping macroinvertebrate communities were variable across seasons, we argue that spatio‐temporal investigations would provide more information on community assembly than single snapshot studies.
Effective methods for isolation and purification of extracellular vesicles from plants
Authors: Huang Yifan , Wang Shumei , Cai Qiang , Jin Hailing
Published: October 2021

Plant extracellular vesicles (EVs) play critical roles in the cross‐kingdom trafficking of molecules from hosts to interacting microbes, most notably in plant defense responses. However, the isolation of pure, intact EVs from plants remains challenging. A variety of methods have been utilized to isolate plant EVs from apoplastic washing fluid (AWF). Here, we compare published plant EV isolation methods, and provide our recommended method for the isolation and purification of plant EVs. This method includes a detailed protocol for clean AWF collection from Arabidopsis thaliana leaves, followed by EV isolation via differential centrifugation. To further separate and purify specific subclasses of EVs from heterogeneous vesicle populations, density gradient ultracentrifugation and immunoaffinity capture are then utilized. We found that immunoaffinity capture is the most precise method for specific EV subclass isolation when suitable specific EV biomarkers and their corresponding antibodies are available. Overall, this study provides a guide for the selection and optimization of EV isolation methods for desired downstream applications.
Self‐conscious emotions and breastfeeding support: A focused synthesis of UK qualitative research
Authors: Leeming Dawn , Marshall Joyce , Hinsliff Sophie
Published: October 2021

Research on women's experiences of infant feeding and related moral discourse suggests that self‐conscious emotions may be highly relevant to breastfeeding support interactions. However, the emotional impact of receiving support has not been fully explored. The aim of this review is to re‐examine qualitative UK research on receiving breastfeeding support, in order to explore the role of self‐conscious emotions and related appraisals in interactions with professional and peer supporters. From 2007 to 2020, 34 studies met criteria for inclusion. Using template analysis to identify findings relevant to self‐conscious emotions, we focused on shame, guilt, embarrassment, humiliation and pride. Because of cultural aversion to direct discussion of self‐conscious emotions, the template also identified thoughts about self‐evaluation, perceptions of judgement and sense of exposure. Self‐conscious emotions were explicitly mentioned in 25 papers, and related concerns were noted in all papers. Through thematic synthesis, three themes were identified, which suggested that (i) breastfeeding ‘support’ could present challenges to mothering identity and hence to emotional well‐being; (ii) many women managed interactions in order to avoid or minimise uncomfortable self‐conscious emotions; and (iii) those providing support for breastfeeding could facilitate women's emotion work by validating their mothering, or undermine this by invalidation, contributing to feelings of embarrassment, guilt or humiliation. Those supporting breastfeeding need good emotional ‘antennae’ if they are to ensure they also support transition to motherhood. This is the first study explicitly examining self‐conscious emotions in breastfeeding support, and further research is needed to explore the emotional nuances of women's interactions with supporters.
Work team diversity: Refocusing through the lens of team power and status
Authors: Perry Jamie Lyn
Published: October 2021

A well‐worn research debate is whether diversity is beneficial or detrimental to team success. On one hand, diversity has shown to facilitate team performance and engender creativity, yet studies have also found that diversity can have ill effects for team members and their work. Prior work has focused on mechanisms that lead to positive versus negative effects in teams by focusing on social category and information processing theories; however, the broader social psychological and sociological literature suggests additional social structural factors may play a role. In this article, I review findings suggesting that social structures, such as power and status of the team, may ultimately affect the link between work team diversity and performance outcomes. I make recommendations on how future research should not only consider the type and amount of work team diversity, but also focus on the social structure context in which diversity resides.
Wave Elevation for an Array of Columns Under Wave–Current Interactions
Authors: Song Gao , Bin Teng
Published: October 2021

A wave and current diffraction model is developed based on the potential flow theory and a high-order boundary element method with the successful treatment of singular and nearly singular integrals. The wave–current diffraction from four mounted cylindrical columns are computed, and the free surface wave elevations among the columns are investigated. The influences of the current speed, wave direction, and column spacing on the wave elevation are examined. Ultimately, the presence of a current has a significant influence on the magnitude, spatial location, and occurrence frequency of the maximum wave elevation.
Dynamic Model of the VVER-1000 Reactor for Seismic and LB LOCA Evaluation
Authors: Ishchenko Oleksii , Filonov Vladislav , Dubyk Yaroslav
Published: October 2021

The assessment of seismic and dynamic strength for the VVER-1000 reactor with emphasis on fuel assemblies interaction is carried out based on experience for Ukrainian NPPs. Evaluation of fuel assembly structural response to externally applied forces is based on NUREG-800 “Standard Review Plan”, item 4.2 “Design of fuel systems”. The analysis considered two types of events: Safety Shutdown Earthquake (SSE) and Large break Loss Of Coolant Accident (LB LOCA). As LB LOCA for the VVER-1000 – “Maximum design accident” Recirculation Line Break is considered. For the analysis of the initial dynamics, the 3D CFD model (ANSYS CFX) of the VVER-1000 was adapted to account for the two-phase flow. To take into account the transience of the phase transition during depressurization, a special model of interphase exchange is proposed, which takes into account not only the nonequilibrium temperature, but also the features of the pressure change by analogy with cavitation. For full dynamic analysis, it is necessary to develop an analytical and/or FEM model of the reactor, which will include reactor elements, their masses stiffness and inertia characteristics. The developed model is validated against experimental data of natural frequencies of fuel assembles, for uncompressed and compressed working position, also with and without fluid influence. The seismic analysis consider the available response spectra for NPP site with 3-component seismic impact of SSE level. Another important issue is to analyze reactor elements interaction and in case of need, to account for the non-linear behavior of the model. The seismic and LOCA impact at the location of fixation of the fuel assemblies (lower and upper support plates) is calculated by taking into account the dynamic response of the reactor system as a whole. After demonstrating the seismic/dynamic stability of the fuel assemblies and the reactor internals, a justified conclusion is provided on preserving the safety factor for fuel assembles at both loadings.
Cyclic Stress-Strain Curve of Austenitic Stainless Steels Applicable to Elastic-Plastic Stress Analysis
Authors: Asada Seiji , Nomura Yuichiro
Published: October 2021

Within Section III of the ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code, Appendix XIII-3440 contains guidance for performing shakedown analysis. XIII-3440 allows use of elastic-plastic stress analysis for evaluating shakedown and fatigue analysis. However, Appendix XIII does not specify any stress-strain curves for use in an evaluation. In this paper, cyclic stress-strain curves for austenitic stainless steels are developed and proposed.

To develop cyclic stress-strain curves, the applicable fatigue data of 316 and 304 stainless steel have been collected from the literature. These data include strain-controlled testing of hollow cylindrical and round bar specimens at strain amplitudes were from 0.1 % to around 2.3 %, temperature were room and high temperature (100–360 °C), and environments of air and PWR water environment.

Two types of cyclic stress-strain relationship are employed. One is a power law type and the other is Ramberg-Osgood type. The relationships are converted to bilinear forms including appropriate margin to be applied to cyclic elastic-plastic analysis.

The developed cyclic stress-strain curves are compared with other cyclic stress-strain curves of the ASME B&PV Section VIII, Div.2 and RCC-MRx. The relationships developed in this work compare favorably with those other sources.
Research on Action Layers and Application and Database Design of Safety Barrier in Petrochemical Plant
Authors: Fang Zhou , Huan Zhibo , Wang Zhe , Li Guanghai , Chen Ruxin
Published: October 2021

In recent years, petrochemical industry accidents occur frequently. The reason was that the existing safety measures were not comprehensive enough to protect all layers of production. It is an urgent problem for enterprises to improve the existing safety measures and form a system to cover all stages of production. Safety barrier can protect and control every layer of production, so as to protect the production process comprehensively, avoid, prevent and control accidents. Four action layers of safety barrier in petrochemical production were established, and the specific implementation method of safety barrier was proposed. This method was applied with taking atmospheric and vacuum distillation unit as an example. The results show that the atmospheric and vacuum distillation unit can be fully protected by the safety barrier through physical or non-physical means, and its safety has been significantly improved. Finally, the safety barrier database of petrochemical plant was designed and developed in order to manage the safety barrier information and make it convenient for personnel to use. The database functions include storing, querying, adding, modifying and deleting the names, categories, functions and specific description of the safety barrier.
Estimation of the Stresses in Rotational Autofrettage of Thick-Walled Pressure Vessels Using von Mises Yield Criterion
Authors: Kamal S. M. , Aziz Faruque
Published: October 2021

Rotational autofrettage is one of the recently proposed potential methods for eliminating the in-service yielding of thick-walled cylindrical pressure vessels. A few researchers have studied the feasibility of the process theoretically, and asserted certain advantages over the practicing hydraulic and swage autofrettage processes. In the literature, all theoretical analyses on the rotational autofrettage are based on the Tresca yield criterion and its associated flow rule, along with the assumption of different plane end conditions (plane strain and generalized plane strain). In this paper, an analysis of the rotational autofrettage of cylindrical vessel is attempted incorporating von Mises yield criterion. The plane strain condition is used for the analysis. A numerical shooting method is used to solve the governing differential equations providing the elastic-plastic stress distributions in the cylinder during loading. The present procedure is numerically experimented for a typical AH36 pressure vessel. It is found that the achievable level of the maximum stress pressure of the rotationally autofrettaged vessel is 74.46% higher than that of its non-autofrettaged counterpart for an overstrain level of 46.7%.
Investigations on the Environmentally Assisted Fatigue Behavior of Steel Specimens for a Better Understanding of Component Fatigue in Nuclear Applications
Authors: Swacek Christian , Stumpfrock Ludwig , Weihe Stefan
Published: October 2021

The fatigue assessment of pressurized components is of high importance for the operation of nuclear power plants. However, the environmental influences on the fatigue behavior are highly discussed. On the one hand, laboratory specimens tested in high temperature water (HTW) conditions show a significant drop in fatigue lifetime, compared to tests at air environment, and question the conservatism of modern standards. On the other hand, the fatigue assessment methods based on uniaxial tensile testing seems to overestimate the fatigue damage of components during operation. To overcome these discrepancies, the environmental influences on material fatigue have to be better understood. Laboratory testing setups have to be adapted to the relevant loading conditions during power plant operation. Therefore, MPA Stuttgart is investigating the environmentally assisted fatigue (EAF) of steels under various loading conditions for smooth and notched specimens, as well as full scale component testing at HTW conditions. In this paper the results of ongoing research are presented. The low cycle fatigue experiments on steel materials for relevant nuclear applications are performed at air and under pressurized water reactor (PWR) environment. The shape of specimens, the loading spectra, loading rate and the multiaxiality of load are derived from piping components in power plant operation.
Determination of Eurofer97 Fracture Toughness by Testing Small C(T) Specimens
Authors: Andres David , Serrano Marta , Hernandez Rebeca , Wang Yiqiang , Richardson Mark
Published: October 2021

The use of small specimen test techniques (SSTT) to determine the mechanical properties of irradiated materials has been studied over the past decades both in fission and fusion programs, but also to characterise and optimise new materials by nuclear and non-nuclear communities. Currently a number of activities are running that focus on the standardisation of SSTT to determine fracture toughness properties for fusion reactor materials (IAEA [1], EUROfusion [2], F4E [3]), and to support the long-term operation of light-water reactors (CRIEPI [4]). The determination of the T0 reference temperature (ASTM E1921 [5]) has been successfully achieved by testing small compact tension (C(T)) specimens (W = 8mm, B = 4mm) of non-irradiated and irradiated pressure vessel materials. However, some concerns exist regarding the use of the Master Curve (MC) on ferritic-martensitic steels, not only with SSTT but also with standard specimens. The main concern is the slope of the MC [6, 7], that seems to be steeper than the standard one. In this paper, the fracture toughness of Eurofer97 has been obtained by testing small C(T) specimens with the geometry selected in IFMIF-DONES (W = 9.2mm, B = 4.6mm) in the transition region. T0 has been determined and compared to the one obtained from 0.5T-C(T) specimens (both normalised to 1T). The scatter of the results has also been assessed to validate the scatter description of the MC.