bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Concepção dos enfermeiros na estratégia saúde da família referente a uma capacitação problematizadora em um município do estado Pernambuco
Authors: De Melo Ana Rosa Falcão Ferreira , Dos Santos Carmina  Silva , E Lima Tereza Rebecca de Melo , Rego filho Jerônimo Faustino do
Published: March 2020

Objetivo: Compreender a percepção dos enfermeiros sobre a utilização de uma proposta metodológica problematizadora em uma capacitação com enfermeiros. Métodos: Foi realizada uma pesquisa descritiva, exploratória e qualitativa, no município da mata sul de Pernambuco. Os dados foram coletados mediante grupo focal, por meio de entrevista semiestruturada, utilizou-se a análise de Bardin no tratamento dos dados, obteve o Certificado de Apresentação para Apreciação Ética nº 32004614.30000.5569. Resultados: As quatro entrevistadas variam entre 9 a 21 anos de formadas, com um tempo de atuação de 8 a 10 anos. A utilização de uma metodologia problematizadora pode contribuir para atuar nos problemas identificados, as falas apontam uma descrição sobre a percepção frente à metodologia problematizadora, demostram dinamismo, valorizando o conhecimento prévio de cada um,  é possível identificar as mudanças ocorridas nos profissionais. Conclusão: que os enfermeiros conseguem definir o uso da metodologia problematizadora e descrevem que a mesma estimula o pensamento em conjunto e colaborou na mudança de prática pessoal.
Screening of Clinically Approved and Investigation Drugs as Potential Inhibitors of COVID-19 Main Protease: A Virtual Drug Repurposing Study
Authors: Durdagi Serdar , Aksoydan Busecan , Dogan Berna , Sahin Kader , Shahraki Aida
Published: March 2020

There is an urgent need for a new drug against COVID-19. Since designing a new drug and testing its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics properties may take years, here we used a physics-driven high throughput virtual screening drug re-purposing approach to identify new compounds against COVID-19. As the molecules considered in repurposing studies passed through several stages and have well-defined profiles, they would not require prolonged preclinical studies and hence, they would be excellent candidates in the cases of disease emergencies or outbreaks. While the spike protein is the key for the virus to enter the cell though the interaction with ACE2, enzymes such as main protease are crucial for the life cycle of the virus. This protein is one of the most attractive targets for the development of new drugs againstCOVID-19 due to its pivotal role in the replication and transcription of the virus. We used 7922 FDA approved small molecule drugs as well as compounds in clinical investigation from NIH Chemical Genomics Center (NCGC) Pharmaceutical Collection (NPC) database in our drug repurposing study. Both apo and holo forms of target protein COVID-19 main proteases were used in virtual screening. Target proteins were retrieved from protein data bank (PDB IDs, 6M03 and 6LU7). Standard Precision (SP) protocol of Glide docking program of Maestro was used in docking. Compounds were then ranked based on their docking scores that represents binding energies. Top-30 compounds from each docking simulations were considered initially in short (10-ns) molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and their average binding energies using collected 1000 trajectories throughout the MD simulations were calculated by Molecular Mechanics Generalized Born Surface Area (MM/GBSA) method. Selected promising hit compounds based on average MM/GBSA scores were then used in long (100-ns) MD simulations. These numerical calculations showed that the following 6 compounds can be considered as COVID-19 Main Protease inhibitors: Lasinavir, Brecanavir, Telinavir, Rotigaptide, 1,3-Bis-(2-ethoxycarbonylchromon-5-yloxy)-2-(lysyloxy)propane and Pimelautide.
Bioreducible Pro-drug Inhibitors of Enolase
Authors: Yan Victoria , Yang Kristine , Ballato Elliot , Arthur Kenisha , Georgiou Dimitra , Muller Florian
Published: March 2020

Glycolysis inhibition remains aspirational in cancer therapy. We recently described a promising phosphonate inhibitor of Enolase for cancers harboring deletions in ENO1. Here, we describe the application of nitroheterocycle pro-drugs capitalizing on tumor hypoxia. These bioreducible pro-drugs exhibit up to 14-fold greater potency under hypoxic conditions compared to normoxia and exhibit robust stability in biological fluids. Our work provides strong proof-of-concept for using bioreduction as a pro-drug delivery strategy in the context of Enolase inhibition.
Sulfoxide Synthesis from Sulfinate Esters under Pummerer-like Conditions
Authors: Kobayashi Akihiro , Matsuzawa Tsubasa , Hosoya Takamitsu , Yoshida Suguru
Published: March 2020

A facile synthetic method of allyl sulfoxides by S-allylation of sulfinate esters through sulfonium intermediates has been developed without [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement and further Pummerer-type reactions of the resulting allyl sulfoxides. On the basis of the plausible reaction mechanism involving sulfonium salt intermediates, S-alkynylation and S-arylation were also accomplished.
Enhanced Performance Induced by Phase Transition of Li2FeSiO4 upon Cycling at High Temperature
Authors: Masese Titus , Orikasa Yuki , Yamamoto Kentaro , Horie Yosuke , Hagiwara Rika , Uchimoto Yoshiharu
Published: March 2020

Owing to its low cost, thermal stability and theoretically high capacity, Li2FeSiO4 has been a promising cathode material for high-energy-density Li-ion (Li+) battery system. However, its poor rate performance and high voltage polarisation attributed to innately slow Li+ kinetics at room temperature, has fundamentally curbed its ascent into prominence. Here, the rate performance of Li2FeSiO4 at high temperatures in electrolyte comprising molten salt (ionic liquid) was investigated. Subsequently, a comparison of the phase transition behaviour observed at both high-temperature and room-temperature cycling was elucidated. Our results show that remarkable rate performance with good cyclability in conjunction with low voltage polarisation is attained upon cycling of Li2FeSiO4 at high temperatures, due to the faster phase transformation from unstable monoclinic structures to thermodynamically stable orthorhombic structures triggered by elevated temperature. What this study adds to the burgeoning body of research work relating to the silicates is that the initially slow phase transformation behaviour observed at room temperature can significantly be enhanced upon cycling at elevated temperatures.
MỘT SỐ ĐẶC ĐIỂM HÌNH THÁI VÀ SINH HỌC CỦA BƯỚM PHƯỢNG LỚN PAPILIO MEMNON LINNAEUS, 1758 (PAPILIONIDAE) Ở THÀNH PHỐ HUẾ VÀ VÙNG PHỤ CẬN
Authors: Ba Võ Đình , Liên Vũ Văn , Lành Lê Thị , Trang Lê Quỳnh , Nhung Bùi Thị , Quỳnh Nguyễn Thị Khánh
Published: March 2020

Bướm phượng lớn Papilio memnon Linnaeus, 1758 là một trong những loài bướm đẹp, kích thước lớn, mặc dù chúng là loài phân bố rộng nhưng chỉ gặp rải rác vài cá thể ngoài tự nhiên. Nghiên cứu về loài bướm này được thực hiện từ tháng 1/2018 đến tháng 3/2019 tại thành phố Huế và các vùng phụ cận. Kết quả cho thấy bướm trưởng thành khá lớn (cánh trước dài trung bình 71,65 ± 0,59 mm), bướm cái trưởng thành có 2 dạng hình thái: dạng không đuôi và dạng có đuôi; bướm cái có số lượng ít hơn bướm đực. Sâu mới nở có hình thái khá xù xì, cuối tuổi 1 đạt 4,05 ± 0,15 mm; ở các tuổi về sau, sâu càng trở nên trơn láng, sâu non cuối tuổi 5 đạt kích thước trung bình 54,90 ± 2,11 mm. Nhộng dài trung bình 39,27 ± 0,61 mm; phần thóp thu hẹp, phía ngoài song song, đỉnh thóp chẻ thành hai sừng bởi khoảng trống hình mũi mác rất đặc trưng. Sâu non sử dụng sáu loài cây thuộc họ Cam chanh (Rutaceae) làm thức ăn, gồm: Citrus aurantifolia, C. grandis, C. sinensis, Clausena excavata, Glycosmis pentaphylla và Zanthoxylum nitidum. Trong điều kiện nuôi bán tự nhiên với nhiệt độ từ 27 đến 40 °C (trung bình (TB) 37,32 ± 0,27 °C) và độ ẩm tương đối 70–98% (TB 88,69 ± 0,48%), sâu non được nuôi bằng lá bưởi tươi (Citrus grandis), trưởng thành thả trong lồng có hoa cây bông trang (Ixora coccinea), hoa cây bông ổi (Lantana camara) và mật ong pha loãng 50%. Vòng đời của chúng khoảng 33–56 ngày (TB 49,8 ± 4,2 ngày).
LÊN MEN LACTIC TẠO ĐỒ UỐNG GIÀU PROBIOTIC TỪ THANH LONG RUỘT TRẮNG (Hylocereus undatus)
Authors: Quỳnh Mai Nguyễn Thị , Mỹ Linh Đào Thị , Hoàng Tuyến Đỗ Thị , Thúy Hằng Nguyễn Thị , Kim Tuyến Nguyễn Phạm
Published: March 2020

Thanh long (Hylocereus undatus) là loại trái cây chứa hàm lượng dinh dưỡng phong phú, giàu vitamin, khoáng và chất xơ. Đây là nguồn cơ chất rất phù hợp cho vi khuẩn lactic sinh trưởng. Hiện tại ở Việt Nam, thanh long chủ yếu được sử dụng trực tiếp ở dạng quả tươi hoặc lên men tạo rượu. Trong nghiên cứu này, lần đầu tiên dịch quả thanh long trắng được lên men lactic bằng vi khuẩn Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 nhằm tạo đồ uống lên men giàu lợi khuẩn, hướng đến đa dạng hóa các sản phẩm từ nguyên liệu thanh long ruột trắng. Các thông số lên men được khảo sát bao gồm nồng độ chất khô, pH, tỉ lệ giống cấy và thời gian lên men. Đồng thời, sức sống của lợi khuẩn theo thời gian bảo quản và khả năng sống sót trong điều kiện khắc nghiệt ở hệ tiêu hóa cũng được theo dõi. Kết quả cho thấy, ở các điều kiện lên men bao gồm nồng độ chất khô 16 °Bx, pH 6,0, tỉ lệ giống cấy 4% (v/v) tương ứng mật độ ban đầu là 4,8 × 107 CFU/mL, thời gian lên men phù hợp nhất là 72 giờ. Sản phẩm có mật độ lợi khuẩn đạt 10,4 log tương ứng với 2,5 × 1010 CFU/mL). Lợi khuẩn trong dịch lên men có khả năng sống sót 94,39% sau 2 giờ ở dịch dạ dày nhân tạo (SGJ, pH 2,0) và 77,19% sau 4 giờ ở dịch ruột nhân tạo (SIF). Sau thời gian bảo quản 21 ngày ở 4 °C, mật độ lợi khuẩn giảm còn 9,91 log.
RESEARCH OF CALLER ID SPOOFING LAUNCH, DETECTION, AND DEFENSE
Authors: Buriachok Volodymyr , Sokolov Volodymyr , Mahyar Taj Dini
Published: March 2020

Caller ID parodying produces the valid Caller character, in this manner deciding seem to start from another client. This apparently basic assault strategy has been utilized in the developing communication fake and trick calls, bringing about significant financial trouble. Unfortunately, callerID spoofing is easy to implement but yet it is difficult to have protection against it. In addition, there are not effective and defense solutions available right now. In this research it is suggested the CIVE (Callee Inference & VErification), a compelling and viable guard against Caller ID spoofing. This way it is described how it’s possible to lunch call spoofing and between line describe how CIVE approach method can help to prevent somehow this kind of attacks. Caller ID Spoofing could cause huge financial and political issues special nowadays, when many things even sometimes authentication and verification are available by phone call, like banks approving transactions or two factor authentications and many other things. We believe critical industries specially banks and payment service providers should be protected against such vulnerabilities with their system and make an approach to prevent it, also it is very important to learn people specially who has special social place like politicians or celebrities to know such kind of attack are already exist. For this paper we implemented a call from white house to show there is no limitation and no matter whom you try to spoof, but destination which is the victim receive the call and that make this attack vector dangerous. And even modern communication and even devices like 4G and smart phones are not able to prevent or even detect this kind of attack. This study is a demonstration of the vulnerabilities available. All experiments were conducted on isolated mock-ups.
ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ ЗОВНІШНЬОПОЛІТИЧНОГО КУРСУ США ЗА АДМІНІСТРАЦІЇ ДОНАЛЬДА ТРАМПА
Authors: Sydoruk Tetiana , Myronchuk Valerii , Tymeichuk Iryna
Published: March 2020

У статті проаналізовано нові тенденції в зовнішній політиці США після приходу в Білий дім Дональда Трампа, а також їх вплив на розвиток сучасної системи міжнародних відносин. Співпраця України зі США є ключовим пріоритетом у реалізації національних інтересів нашої держави, тому розуміння нинішніх підходів США до міжнародних відносин є принципово важливим із погляду продовження плідної співпраці з ними. На основі аналізу Стратегії національної безпеки США 2017 р. та інших документів автори доводять, що зовнішня політика США набуває рис ізоляціонізму та унілатералізму. Контент-аналіз публікацій на офіційному сайті адміністрації Дональда Трампа демонструє пріоритетні регіони з погляду Білого  дому: Східна Азія, країни-члени НАТО, Близький Схід, Латинська Америка й зростання уваги до питань Арктики. Проаналізовано тенденції розвитку відносин США з Китаєм, Росією, Північною Кореєю, Іраном. Розглянуто ймовірні сценарії подальшої поведінки США на міжнародній арені, які потрібно враховувати офіційному Києву в контексті розбудови українсько-американських відносин. Стверджується, що головне завдання на сьогодні для Києва – зберегти й розширити двопартійну підтримку України в Конгресі США. Серед іншого слід активно розширювати взаємовигідне співробітництво зі США та їхніми країнами-партерами в енергетичній сфері, де увагу Вашингтона сконцентровано на питаннях енергетичної безпеки Європи взагалі й Східної, зокрема. На тлі останніх резонансних подій в українсько-американських відносинах нагальним є створення модерного національного центру з питань американістики, адже допущені прорахунки є наслідком недостатнього розуміння багатьох важливих питань.
Development of Analytical Methods for Modeling Two-Dimensional in Plan of the Open Water Flows
Authors: Kochanenko Viktor , Burtseva Olga , Evtushenko Sergey , Kondratenko Anatoly , Kelekhsaev Dmitry
Published: March 2020

The basic system of equations of motion of a non-stationary two-dimensional open water flow is obtained, which does not contradict the previously known system for a stationary flow.
AUTOMATION OF EVALUATION OF FACTOR RELATIONS AND STRATEGIES OF PRODUCTION AND TECHNOLOGICAL RELATIONS BY THE OPERATOR OF TRANSFORMATION OF THE BASIS OF LINEAR INFORMATION STRUCTURES
Authors: Kulikov Vladimir , Serova Elena , Stafeeva Olga , Pestrikova Anastasia
Published: March 2020

In this paper, an attempt is made to equivalent transformation of structured data by tabular forms by means of their adequate transformation into vector similarity forms, which significantly improve the conditions for formalization of computing processes and processing of information structures and data arrays. The solution of the problem is obtained by such a linear transformation of vector structures of information in the corresponding analytical dependencies using transformation matrices. The method of estimation of achievement of balance between expenses on the organization of production and, the income received from sale of production at the fixed price is offered.
DETERMINANT EXECUTORS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT POTENTIALS AND ITS DEVELOPMENT MODEL IN SAROLANGUN REGENCY, JAMBI, INDONESIA
Authors: Wulandari Novita
Published: March 2020

This study aims to analyze the Effect of Policy Implementation, Investment, and Business Executors on the Effectiveness of Tourism Potential Development in Sarolangun Regency, Jambi Province. This research uses a quantitative approach with explanatory research type, with a population of 74,660 people and a sample of 100 people determined by the Slovin formula. Data collection techniques in this study were using documentation, observation, questionnaire, and literature techniques. The results of the study prove that Policy Implementation has an effect of 51.3%, Investment has an effect of 15.5%, Business executors have an effect of 52.6%, Policy Implementation, Investment and Entrepreneurs together have a 52.8% effect on the Effectiveness of Tourism Development. Recommendations from the results of this study are that the implementation of the policy must be supported by a law on tourism and RIPPARDA. Thus, mapping the tourism area which is supported by multi-stakeholder policies and cooperation, will open up large investment opportunities in the tourism sector. Organizational restructuring of the regional tourism office as a business executor from a structural dimension. These three variables must get attention, so they can form quality human resources for the benefit of tourism development in Sarolangun Regency.

Keywords: Policy Implementation, Investment, Business Executors, Effectiveness and Tourism
THE EFFECT OF PRODUCT PRICE AND PRODUCT QUALITY ON PURCHASING DECISIONS FOR SAMSUNG BRAND HANDPHONES AMONG STIE AAS SURAKARTA STUDENTS
Authors: Muliasari Dewi
Published: March 2020

This study aims to analyze the mobile phone price towards the decision to purchase Samsung mobile phone among STIE AAS Surakarta students and to analyze the quality of the Samsung mobile phone product against the decision to buy a Samsung mobile phone among STIE AAS Surakarta students. The populationS in this study were all consumers or users of Samsung mobile phones among STIE AAS students. The sample in this study was Samsung mobile phone users as many as 100 respondents. The results of this study indicate that the t test results are known to significantly influence the price variable purchasing decisions. The results of the F test together with the price variable (X1) and product quality (X2) have a joint effect on purchasing decisions. R2 analysis results obtained adjusted R square (R2) of 0.0627 means that variations in changes in purchasing decision variables can be explained by nutrient variables (X1) and product quality (X2) have a positive effect on purchasing decisions by 62.8%. While, the remaining Values Of 37.2% is explained by other variables outside the model.

Keywords: Price, product quality, buying decision, mobile phone.
EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES AND POVERTY LEVELS IN PRO V INSI KALIMANTAN TIMUR
Authors: Puspita Ditha Pradnya , Militina Theresia , Effendi Aji Sofyan
Published: March 2020

Poverty is one factor that concerns a country not least in Indonesia in general and East Kalimantan Province in particular. With the increasing number of poor people in an area being a bad impact on the performance of the government itself, so the government must be able to work to overcome and reduce the number of poor people in the area, one of which is providing opportunities for broad work for the community, the purpose of this study is to analyze several factors that can be used in reducing poverty. In this study there are several independent variables used including infrastructure spending, investment, transfer funds and economic growth and with the dependent variables which are dependent on employment opportunities and poverty levels. In this study using a tool such as SPSS version 22 where to see the direct or indirect relationship between the independent variables on the dependent variable. The analysis test results obtained that the independent variable as a whole has an influence on the employment variable and also on the poverty level variable, the independent variable has a positive and significant effect indirectly on the poverty level variable with the employment opportunity variable as an intermediary .
THE INFLUENCE OF WORKPLACE SPIRITUALITY AND WORKPLACE CLIMATE ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE
Authors: Watoni M Hibbul , Suyono Joko
Published: March 2020

The objective of this study was to determine the influence of workplace spirituality and workplace climate on employee performance in Sharia Banks in East Kalimantan Province. The samples in this study were 160 employees of the marketing division, using the probability sampling technique and the method used was stratified random sampling. The type of data used was in the form of cross-sectional data, while the source of the data used was primary data. The data collection method used a questionnaire, using a scale of one to five (Likert scale) that has been tested previously by testing the validity and reliability. The data analysis technique used multiple linear regression analysis, t test, f test, and determination test. Based on data analysis using SPSS 20 for windows, it can be concluded that the partial and simultaneous tests of workplace spirituality and workplace climate have an influence on the employee performance inSharia Banks in East Kalimantan Province.
THE INFLUENCE OF WORK ENVIRONMENT AND MOTIVATION ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE IN WOOD FACTORY
Authors: Andrianto Teddy , Siringoringo Joshua Pandapotan
Published: March 2020

This research was conducted to analyze the influence of the environment and motivation on employee performance. The sample used was saturated sampling with 50 respondents. The results of this study indicate that the work environment and motivation have a significant effect on the performance of the Timber Mill with work motivation as the dominant variable. This research uses a quantitative approach and this research data is obtained through a questionnaire.
CASE REPORT: HEMICHOREA-HEMIBALLISMUS IN NON-KETOTIC HYPERGLYCEMIA AND NON-HEMORRHAGIC STROKE PATIENT WITH BASAL GANGLIA HYPERDENSITY
Authors: Setiawan Regina Caecilia , Sonyo William Septian , Trisna Lestari Luh Kadek
Published: March 2020

Background : Hemichorea-hemiballismus (HC-HB) is a hyperkinetic disorder characterized by uncontrolled movements, non patterned, occurring mostly in the proximal extremity on one side of the body. The etiology that most often causes HC-HB is acute cerebrovascular disorder. Non-ketotic hyperglycemia is another etiology that is very important because it is the second most common cause of HC-HB and can be manifested as an initial symptom or complication of diabetes mellitus. This case is rare and the prevalence is unknown.

Case : A diabetic patient with non-ketotic hyperglycemia reported  with hemiballismus syndrome. A 60-year-old woman experiences involuntary, repetitive, and non-rhythmic movements in the left arm and leg. These patients have a history of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Head CT scan images in patients showed hyperdensity lesions in the right basal ganglia which were thought to be caused by non-ketotic hyperglycemia and infarction in the right temporal lobe. Involuntary movements improve after blood glucose targets are achieved by administering basal and prandial insulin.  Clinical response in the case of hemiballismus above is reversible even though the appearance of hyperdensityt lesions can last for several months.

Discussion : Hemichorea-Hemiballismus (HC-HB) is a rare disorder of involuntary movement, most often caused by focal lesions in the basal ganglia and the contralateral subthalamic nucleus. HC-HB is mainly caused by systemic processes both focal and diffuse. Nonketotic hyperglycemia is known to be a metabolic cause of HC-HB, especially in elderly patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. Clinical manifestations and supporting patients support hyperglycemia and basal ganglia hyperdensity to be the etiology of hemiballismus experienced by patients.

Conclusion : Many etiologies can cause this disorder, but vascular disorders and non-ketotic hyperglycemia are the most common etiologies. HC-HB in non-ketotic hyperglycemic is manifestation which is very rare in diabetes mellitus. The prognosis is quite good in most patients with or without treatment. This case report describes a successful treatment approach with positive results and a fairly short duration.
Perhitungan Perkiraan Umur Transformator Akibat Pengaruh Pembebanan Dan Suhu Lingkungan
Authors: Nugroho Setyo Adi , Taufiq Arif Johar , Kusuma Hardani Dian Nova
Published: March 2020

Transformator daya adalah peralatan penting pada sistem tenaga listrikkhususnya pada penyaluran energi listrik. Dalam penyaluran energi listrikkeberadaannya sangat berpengaruh terhadap kontinuitas pelayanan. Salahsatu faktor yang mempengaruhi umur pemakaian transformator adalah panasyang timbul akibat pembebanan transformator dan suhu sekitar (ambienttemperature). Pada penelitian ini dilakukan sebuah perhitungan dan analisispengaruh pembebanan terhadap susut umur transformator daya pada PT.SUMBER SEGARA PRIMADAYA unit 1. Berdasarkan hasil dari penelitianini diperoleh penyusutan umur transformator terbesar yaitu 0,197 per unitdengan perkiraan sisa umur sebesar 48,27 tahun dan penyusutan umurtransformator terkecil yaitu 0,035 per unit dengan perkiraan sisa umursebesar 266,89 tahun. Nilai perkiraan sisa umur tersebut masih diatasstandarnya yaitu 20,55 tahun berdasarkan standar IEEE C57.91 1999, denganmengetahui perkiraan sisa umur transformator tersebut maka dapat mencegahkerusakan dengan mengganti transformator sebelum terjadi kerusakansehingga kontinuitas pelayanan tetap terjaga
Sistem Penjejak Posisi Kendaraan Bermotor Berbasis GPS Melalui Media SMS
Authors: Budianto B , Tamam Muhammad Taufiq , Hayat Latiful
Published: March 2020

Ketika tindak kejahatan yang semakin meningkat, terutama dalam kasus pencurian kendaraan bermotor. Solusi yang dilakukan oleh pemilik kendaraan bermotor biasanya hanya menggunakan kunci ganda. Pencuri dapat membuat duplikat kunci kendaraan sehingga pencuri dengan santai bisa untuk mengambilnya.Dalam perkembangan teknologi saat ini, teknologi telepon seluler telah berubah menjadi perangkat multifungsi. Dengan memanfaatkan SMS(Short Message Service) dapat mengontrol sistem keamanan kendaraan bermotor menggunakan Mikrokontroler AT-Mega 328, serta modul GPS SIMCOM SIM908 untuk bisa mengetahui lokasi kendaraan tersebut berada. Dengan teknologi yang semakin canggih sekarang diharapkan kejahatan, terutama pencurian kendaraan dapat dikurangi. Dengan sistem keamanan kendaraan bermotor menggunakan GPS berbasis media SMS dapat memberikan keamanan lebih kepada pemilik kendaraan, karena pemilik kendaraan dapat mengetehui keberadaan kendaraanya jika terjadi suatu pencurian
Rancang Bangun Pengisi Baterai Lead Acid Dan Li-Ion Secara Otomatis Menggunakan Mikrokontroler PIC 16F877A Bersumber Energi Matahari Dengan Pengendali PI
Authors: Setiaji Bayu , Dwiono Wakhyu , Tamam Muhammad Taufiq
Published: March 2020

Saat ini, baterai menjadi banyak digunakan dalam berbagai hal dan ada beberapa jenis baterai yang tersedia saat ini, seperti yang dapat diisi ulang dan yang tidak dapat diisi ulang. Salah satu jenis yang dapat diisi ulang adalah asam timbal dan baterai li-ion. Studi ini merancang perangkat lunak dan desain perangkat keras untuk mengontrol pengisian baterai asam timbal dan li-ion. Baterai asam timbal yang dipilih dioperasikan dengan kapasitas 35 Ah 12 V dan li-ion 3,4 Ah 3,7 V dalam tiga koneksi seri. Sumber energi yang dipilih untuk mengisi baterai yang diperoleh dari sinar matahari diubah menjadi energi listrik oleh panel surya. Untuk mengisi baterai asam timbal, dua panel surya 100 wp dioperasikan, sementara itu hanya membutuhkan satu panel surya 100 wp untuk mengisi baterai li-ion. Mikrokontroler pengisian baterai ini adalah PIC16F877A yang dijalankan untuk membaca data dan mengontrol arus pengisian baterai. Untuk menghindari fluktuasi arus, pengontrol proporsional integral diimplementasikan dengan Kp 5 dan Ki 1.5. Arus untuk mengisi baterai asam timbal adalah 3,6 A sedangkan baterai li-ion diperlukan 1 A. Driver MOSFET yang dipilih adalah IR2110 IC High Side Switch untuk menggerakkan MOSFET IRF540N. Konverter buck digunakan untuk mengurangi tegangan panel surya yang dipasok ke baterai. LCD 16x2 disiapkan sebagai tampilan jenis baterai, tegangan baterai, arus baterai, dan suhu baterai. Jika baterai sudah penuh, pengisian akan otomatis dihentikan. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa waktu pengisian asam timbal adalah 10 jam dan li-ion adalah 3 jam 20 menit. 6 A sedangkan baterai li-ion diperlukan 1 A. Driver MOSFET yang dipilih adalah IR2110 IC High Side Switch untuk menggerakkan MOSFET IRF540N. Konverter buck digunakan untuk mengurangi tegangan panel surya yang dipasok ke baterai. LCD 16x2 disiapkan sebagai tampilan jenis baterai, tegangan baterai, arus baterai, dan suhu baterai. Jika baterai sudah penuh, pengisian akan otomatis dihentikan. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa waktu pengisian asam timbal adalah 10 jam dan li-ion adalah 3 jam 20 menit. 6 A sedangkan baterai li-ion diperlukan 1 A. Driver MOSFET yang dipilih adalah IR2110 IC High Side Switch untuk menggerakkan MOSFET IRF540N. Konverter buck digunakan untuk mengurangi tegangan panel surya yang dipasok ke baterai. LCD 16x2 disiapkan sebagai tampilan jenis baterai, tegangan baterai, arus baterai, dan suhu baterai. Jika baterai sudah penuh, pengisian akan otomatis dihentikan. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa waktu pengisian asam timbal adalah 10 jam dan li-ion adalah 3 jam 20 menit. pengisian akan otomatis dihentikan. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa waktu pengisian asam timbal adalah 10 jam dan li-ion adalah 3 jam 20 menit. pengisian akan otomatis dihentikan. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa waktu pengisian asam timbal adalah 10 jam dan li-ion adalah 3 jam 20 menit.
Perancangan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Mikro Hidro Kapasitas Daya 50 KW
Authors: Fatahudin Dian , Kurniawan Itmi Hidayat
Published: March 2020

Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Mikro Hidro (PLTMH) suatu pembangkit listrik berskala kecil yang menggunakan tenaga air sebagai penggeraknya, dengan cara memanfaatkan tinggi terjunnya air (head satuan meter) dan jumlah debit airnya (m3/s). Prinsip PLTMH dari perubahan tenaga potensial air menjadi tenaga listrik dengan Tenaga potensial adalah tenaga air karena berada pada ketinggian, Tenaga kinetik adalah tenaga air karena mempunyai kecepatan, Tenaga mekanik adalah tenaga kecepatan air yang terus memutar runner atau sudu-sudu turbin. Tujuannya Perancang pembangkit listrik tenaga mikro hidro dengan tinggi jatuh air 5 meter menggunakan turbin crossflow dengan daya 50 kW, desain komponen-komponen mekanik menggunakan software Solidworks. Dan mensimulasikan kelistrikannya mengunakan software etap 12.6.0. Hasil perancangan mekanik generator yang digunakan kapasitas daya 55 kW mengacu pada data teknikal dari IEC frame size tipe Y2 250M 2 dan perancanga turbin crossflow dengan tinggi jatuh air 5 meter debit 1,3 m3/s dan efisiensi turbin 82% daya yang dihasilkan hanya 52,2 kW. Perancangan kelistrikan dari sisi Main Distribution Panel (MDP) yang digunakan  proteksi MMCB NSX160F 36kA 3P 160 A, dan current transformer sekala 1:100, kabel pada transmisi yang digunakan a sudrado tipe AAAC/S 300 mm2 sepanjang 1 km, sisi Sub Distribution Panel (SDP) proteksi yang digunakan MCCB tipe TM80D 115 A, kabel yang digunakan kabel sudrado tipe NFA2X AAC/S 2x16 sepanjang 10 m. Dan perancangan pempembangkit listrik mikro hidro (PLTMH) dengan daya 50 kW mebutukan estimasi anggaran biaya produksi sebesar Rp 499,058,000. Perhitungan  dan nilai BEP 2 tahun + 6bulan + 3 hari atau dapat mencapai titik impas sebelum umur ekonomis pembangkit 10 tahun.
Optimalisasi Aplikasi Macromedia Flash 8 Dalam Pembelajaran Kosakata Bahasa Arab
Authors: Yusuf Muhammad , Rahmawati Eka Dewi
Published: March 2020

Language learning in the era of industrial revolution 4.0 is also influenced by technology information development, for example, on using an application in the teaching and learning process. The application is usually using as a medium for improving language skills or language components, such as vocabulary. One application is efficient and effective in teaching the Arabic language, especially Arabic language vocabulary is a Macromedia flash 8 application. The application can be used to solve the problem which still constraint the Arabic teacher and also the students. This article aims to research the Macromedia flash 8 application in learning Arabic vocabularies. This research used a research design method with procedures, need analysis, application design, application implementation, application evaluation, and application validation. The subject of this research was Islamic junior student's grade IX. The result showed that Macromedia flash 8 application was effective in improving students’ vocabulary, especially related to Islamic fasting, Ied Al-Adha, and hobby. They were presented using text, graphics, and animation.
Uma abordagem para o ensino através de Questões Sociocientíficas e aprendizagem baseada em modelos (SIMBL)
Authors: Sadler Troy D. , Friedrichsen Patricia , Zangori Laura
Published: March 2020

Ensinar com questões sociocientíficas (QSC) representa uma abordagem específica para a educação CTSA. Demonstrou-se que o ensino baseado em QSC apoia a aprendizagem dos alunos e apresenta noções progressivas de letramento científico. No entanto, a abordagem pode ser desafiadora e nossa equipe tem trabalhado para desenvolver uma estrutura para apoiar o ensino baseado em QSC. Nossos primeiros esforços levaram à criação de uma sequência de ensino que descreve fases sequenciais para a implementação de uma unidade baseada em QSC. O trabalho subsequente com os professores que aprovaram a QSC levou ao desenvolvimento de um conjunto de seis características essenciais da aprendizagem baseada em Questões Sociocientíficas e em Modelos (SIMBL). Esses recursos se concentram nas oportunidades de aprendizado que os alunos devem ter ao se envolverem com a QSC. As seis características são: 1) explorar fenômenos científicos subjacentes; 2) engajar-se em modelagem científica; 3) considerar a dinâmica de questões sobre o sistema; 4) empregar estratégias de letramento em informação e mídias; 5) comparar e contrastar múltiplas perspectivas; e 6) elucidar a própria posição/solução. Apresentamos exemplos retirados de dois módulos, um projetado para a exploração climática por estudantes do ensino médio e outro projetado para a exploração de perda de habitat de borboleta por alunos do ensino fundamental, para ilustrar maneiras pelas quais cada um dos recursos essenciais pode ser abordado nas salas de aula de ciências.
Análise das condições para efetuar a transdisciplinaridade em instituições básicas da educação em Boyacá Colômbia
Authors: Merchán Nidia Yaneth Torres , Altuzarra José Gabriel Cristancho , Torres Aura Marcela
Published: March 2020

Nas últimas três décadas, a transdisciplinaridade tem sido promovida e ganhado terreno para ser uma alternativa aos problemas globais de grande complexidade. No entanto, é necessário compreender a maneira pela qual diferentes sujeitos sociais a estão assumindo. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é mostrar os resultados de um estudo sobre as percepções que os professores do ensino médio têm no departamento de Boyacá-Colômbia sobre a transdisciplinaridade e avaliar em que medida os processos acadêmicos desenvolvidos em instituições de ensino estão fornecendo essa perspectiva. Metodologicamente, foram realizadas entrevistas com professores de instituições de ensino fundamental que participaram voluntariamente e uma análise qualitativa dessas informações foi realizada. Os resultados mostram que é necessário facilitar os processos de treinamento para a implementação da transdisciplinaridade; também foi observado que os programas de formação de professores deveriam assumir essa perspectiva de conhecimento, a fim de gerar atitudes de trabalho transdisciplinar em práticas pedagógicas, uma vez que esses cenários podem ser a oportunidade inicial para a formação de futuras gerações que fomentam a aprendizagem social. e a co-produção de conhecimento. Nesse sentido, a educação CTSA e o trabalho colaborativo entre universidades e escolas oferecem um caminho que pode facilitar esse processo.
Educação CTS e formação de professores: dimensões a serem contempladas a partir do modelo crítico-transformador
Authors: Lacerda Nília Oliveira Santos , Strieder Roseline Beatriz
Published: March 2020

A educação Ciência-Tecnologia-Sociedade (CTS) constitui-se como necessária e essencial ao processo de escolarização, principalmente, diante das exigências da sociedade contemporânea, marcada pela ciência e tecnologia, e também, por desigualdades e injustiças socioambientais. Por isso, não basta inserir temas sociais ao currículo ou elaborar materiais didáticos, sem que haja mudanças significativas nas concepções e nas práticas dos docentes, assim como reflexões sobre o papel social da escola. Assim, o objetivo deste ensaio é propor dimensões formativas que podem subsidiar ações fundamentadas pela educação CTS, visando o desenvolvimento da autonomia docente em uma perspectiva crítico-transformadora. Para tanto, utilizamos os princípios defendidos por José Contreras e Paulo Freire, articulando-os aos pressupostos da Educação CTS, que envolvem as dimensões de princípios e valores, responsabilidade social e exigências profissionais. Entendemos que a apropriação e a incorporação de uma orientação CTS mais crítica, nos cursos de formação de professores, pode contribuir para a construção da autonomia, sobretudo, quando as dimensões forem trabalhadas em uma perspectiva crítica-transformadora.
Análise de seções complementares em livros didáticos de Ciências: potencialidades para discussões sociocientíficas
Authors: Silva Karolina Martins Almeida e , Gomes Verenna Barbosa , Paula Ludmylla Élfrida Cardoso de
Published: March 2020

Os pressupostos da Educação Ciência-Tecnologia-Sociedade (CTS) para o ensino de ciências com vistas à formação sociopolítica estão calcados na problematização da visão cientificista e instrumental da ciência e da tecnologia. Por outro lado, considera-se que o Livro Didático (LD) é um importante instrumento para o planejamento didático-pedagógico de professores na abordagem dos conteúdos científicos. Frente a isso, o presente estudo teve por objetivo identificar potencialidades de seções complementares de LDs de ciências para fomentar discussões sociocientíficas em aulas no Ensino Médio. Deste modo, a metodologia da pesquisa foi estruturada nas seguintes etapas: 1) leitura do Guia do LD (2014) para os componentes curriculares de Biologia, Física e Química; 2) identificação dos LDs com seções complementares intituladas “CTS”; 3) leitura sistemática e análise textual discursiva das seções identificadas e; 4) evidenciação das categorias correlacionadas às dimensões CTS. A partir das análises, constatou-se que os textos potencialmente incitam discussões sociocientíficas por abarcarem diversos aspectos das dimensões CTS. No entanto, cabe mencionar que o direcionamento dado pelos professores durante o processo discursivo de sala de aula é fundamental para ampliar as compreensões dos estudantes em uma perspectiva problematizadora, contextualizada e interdisciplinar.
Clinical Characteristics of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury and Suicide Attempts among Psychiatric Patients in Korea: A Retrospective Chart Review
Authors: Bae Yubeen , Seong Yoanna , Kim Seok Hyeon , Kim Sojung
Published: March 2020

Objective Limited data exist on non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicide attempts among psychiatric patients in Korea. In this study, we investigated the clinical characteristics of patients who engaged in NSSI and/or suicide attempts.Methods We performed a retrospective medical chart review of patients with NSSI and/or suicide attempts at the psychiatric department of a university medical center in Seoul between 2017 and 2019. According to their history, patients were allocated to one of three groups: NSSI only, suicide attempts only and NSSI and suicide attempts group. Groups were compared based on sociodemographic characteristics and psychological assessments.Results Overall, 80 patients with NSSI and/or suicide attempts were evaluated. Patients with NSSI and suicide attempts were more likely to be female than the other two groups. Patients with NSSI and suicide attempts were more likely to suffer from Cluster B personality disorder than the other groups. And patients with NSSI and suicide attempts scored significantly higher on novelty-seeking in TCI and RC8, RC9 in MMPI-2.Conclusion Patients with NSSI and/or suicide attempts were more likely to be female, younger, and showed higher levels of psychological disturbances. These findings highlight the importance of early detection and intervention for patients with NSSI.
Perahu Dalam Beberapa Prasasti Indonesia
Authors: Setianingsih Rita Margaretha
Published: March 2020

Dalam tulisan singkat ini penulis mencoba untuk memanfaatkan prasasti sebagai salah satu sumber informasi tentang keberadaan perahu dl masa lampau. Kenyataannya, dari hasil pembacaan dan pembahasan oleh peneliti asing maupun bangsa sendlri terhadap beberapa prasastl yang dalam kesempatan ini digunakan sebagai bahan penulisan, dapat diketahui adanya beberapa jenis berikut fungsi perahu bahkan keberadaan petugas yang mengurusinya.
Cara-Cara Menentukan Kekunaan Gerabah Dalam Penelitian Arkeologi: Analisis Eksternal
Authors: Nitihaminoto Goenadi
Published: March 2020

Studi tentang keramik selama ini sangat menarik perhatian di kalangan para arkeolog Indonesia. Keramik merupakan data arkeologi yang terbuat dari tanah liat. Jenis-jenis keramik berdasarkan pcrbedaan tingkat pembakarannya dibedakan menjadi dua jenis yaitu porselin-batuan dan gerabah. Sedangkan berdasarkan fungsinya terbagi dari wadah dan non wadah. Dalam penulisan ini pembahasan akan dititikberatkan pada gerabah. Tanah liat sebagai bahan pembuatan gerabah mempunyai sifat plastis dan sifat ini akan hilang apabila dibakar sehtngga gerabah tidak mudah basah (Samidi, 1982:71). Pecahan gerabah disebut kereweng. Kedua istilah itu berasal dari Jawa yang sampat saat ini masih dipakai oleh beberapa peneliti. Selama ini dalam penyebutan istilah tersebut belum dibedakan tentang segi kekunaannya, sehingga dalam menganalisis tingkat kekunaannya masih sering tercampur antara gerabah kuna dengan gerabah baru.
PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA KEWENANGAN ANTAR LEMBAGA NEGARA OLEH MAHKAMAH KONSTITUSI
Authors: Lestari Sulistyani Eka
Published: March 2020

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REDAKSI DAN DAFTAR ISI
Authors: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum DIH
Published: March 2020

DIH â€“ JURNAL ILMU HUKUMÂ Â PenasehatKetua Umum Yayasan Perguruan Tinggi 17 Agustus 1945 SurabayaRektorÂ Penanggung JawabDekan Fakultas HukumÂ Pemimpin UmumKetua Program Doktor Ilmu HukumÂ Pemimpin RedaksiKetua Program Magister Ilmu HukumÂ Wakil Pemimpin RedaksiKetua Program Sarjana Ilmu HukumÂ Sekretaris RedaksiWiwik Afifah, S.Pi., S.H., M.H.Â Dewan PenyuntingDr. Soetanto Soephiady, S.H., M.H.Dr. Krisnadi Nasution, S.H., M.H.Dr. Hufron, S.H., M.H.Dr. Fajar Sugianto, S.H., M.H.Dr. Sri Setiadji, S.H., M.H.Â Penyunting BahasaMuh. Jufri Ahmad, S.H., M.H., M.M.Â Mitra BestariProf. Dr. Mashudi, S.H., M.H. (Universitas Pasundan)Prof. Dr. Teguh Prasetyo, S.H., M.Si. (Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana Salatiga)Prof. Dr. I Dewa Gede Atmaja, S.H. (Universitas Udayana)Prof. Dr. Tjuk Wirawan, S.H. (Universitas Jember)Prof. Dr. IB. Supancana, S.H., M.H. (Central for Regulatory Research Jakarta)Dr. Gunarto Suhardi, S.H. (Universitas Katolik Atmajaya Yogyakarta)Prof. Dr. Zudan Arif F, S.H., M.H. (Kementerian Dalam Negeri Jakarta)Prof. Dr. I Nyoman Nurjaya, S.H., M.H. (Universitas Brawijaya)Dr. Harjono, S.H., M.C.L. (Universitas Airlangga)Dr. Kusnu Goesniadhi Slamet (Advokat/Surabaya)Â Pelaksana AdministrasiKasdi, S.Sos.; Suwasonoadi, S.E., M.M.Â PenerbitFakultas HukumUniversitas 17 Agustus 1945 SurabayaJl. Semolowaru 45 Surabaya Telp. 031-5905442; Email: fh@untag-sby.ac.idÂ
KONSEP LAYANAN PENDIDIKAN ANAK TERLANTAR SEBAGAI HAK KONSTITUSIONAL WARGA NEGARA
Authors: Gunarso Gatot , Afifah Wiwik
Published: March 2020

Pendidikan adalah salah satu hak asasi manusia dimana anak terlantar merupakanÂ warga negara yang berhak mendapatkan layanan pendidikan. Anak terlantar merupakanÂ bagian warga negara yang juga mempunyai hak konstitusional untuk mendapatkan layananpendidikan sesuai dengan Undang-Undang RI No. 23 tahun 2002 tentang PerlindunganÂ Anak. Konsep layanan pendidikan bagi anak terlantar hendaknya memperhatikan salah satuÂ prinsip dalam KHA (Konvensi Hak Anak), yaitu prinsip yang terbaik untuk anak. Padakenyataanya, kosep layanan pendidikan anak terlantar masih carut marut sehingga padaÂ konteks pelaksanaanya belum mampu memenuhi hak asasi anak secara menyeluruh.Â Pernyataan permasalahan yaitu konsep pelayanan pendidikan oleh pemerintah dalamÂ rangka pemenuhan hak konstitusional anak-anak terlantar. Metode penelitian yangÂ digunakan adalah metode penelitian hukum normatif. Kesimpulan yang dihasilkan yaituÂ anak terlantar yang berhak mendapat layanan pendidikan adalah anak-anak yang berusia 518tahunÂ danÂ tidakÂ dalamÂ asuhanÂ orangÂ tuanyaÂ yaituÂ anak-anakÂ yangdipeliharaÂ olehÂ panti sosial/panti asuhan, anak-anak yang tempat tinggalnya tidak jelas yaitu di jalanan atau tempat-tempat umum, anak-anak yang berada di daerah terbelakang/pedalaman/pulau terpencil, anak dalam pengungsian/bencana. Mengingat kompleksnya permasalahan pendidikan bagi anak terlantar, maka penyelenggaraan layanan pendidikan bagi anak terlantar tidak bisa diselesaikan oleh satu instansiKata Kunci : hak pendidikan, anak terlantar
NET BENEFIT ANALYSIS TO THE REFERENT GROUP TERHADAP DAMPAK IMUNITAS HUKUM APARAT PENEGAK HUKUM DI INDONESIA
Authors: Sugianto Fajar
Published: March 2020

Net Benefit Analysis (NBA) is a technique aimed at identifying the least costly way of achieving aÂ given objective. It weights the expected benefits of choices or policy against its expected costs. TheÂ difference between the anticipated benefits and the anticipated costs is then used to choose amongÂ competing alternatives. In this writing, benefits are approximated by a willingess to pay, while costsÂ are formalized either as a willingness to pay to avoid or, alternatively, as opportunity costs. It alsoÂ shows that NBA does not require the expression of benefits and costs in money terms. The result ofÂ this analysis provides a choice among alternative means and address the preliminary question ofÂ whether the end is worth pursuing, or which among alternative goals should be pursued.
KEBIJAKAN HUKUM PIDANA NON PENAL DALAM PENANGGULANGAN KEJAHATAN RADIKALISME BERBENTUK TERORISME
Authors: Winarni Luh Nila
Published: March 2020

Paham radikal berbasis agama (SARA) kerap kali dianggap sebagai cikal bakal berbagai aksiÂ terorisme di Indonesia. Faktanya sejarah mencatat berbagai beberapa kejadian yang dapatÂ digolongkan sebagai aksi teror terjadi di Indonesia beberapa tahun terakhir. Menyikapiperkembangan kejahatan terorisme di Indonesia, pemerintah melakukan upaya denganÂ mengeluarkan regulasi berupa Perpu No. 1 Tahun 2002 yang disahkan menjadi undangundangÂ No.15Â Tahun 2003 tentang Pemberantasan tindak Pidana Terorisme. Sanksi Pidana diterapkan terhadap para pelaku terorisme yang tertangkap, namun keberadaan pihakpihak dengan paham radikal tersebut tetap saja menjadi momok menakutkan bagi masyarakat. Selain upaya berupa penerapan sanksi pidana (penal) pemerintah juga perlu menerapkan upaya non penal untuk melengkapi kekurangan-kekurangan dari upaya penal yang dilakukan.Kata Kunci: Kebijakan Hukum Pidana, Non Penal, Penanggulangan, Terorisme.
DIVERSI DAN PELAKU KECELAKAAN LALU LINTAS
Authors: Prasetya Rendra Kurniawan
Published: March 2020

Traffic and road transport are important in improving the social mobility of the community. Traffic problems are a national-scale problem and relate to community development. The most important factor in traffic is the matter of traffic accidents causing death. Perpetrators in traffic accidents may be subject to legal or off-court settlement efforts. The regulation on traffic and road transport nationally is regulated in Law Number 22 Year 2009 on Traffic and Road Transport. The law is a guideline in the prosecution of traffic violations. This provision is expected to adhere to and comply with the entire legal rules of driving or traffic, so that it creates safety, security and smooth traffic and improve the welfare of the community. The research method used is normative law research method. The approach is done constitution approach, concept approach, philosophy approach and case approach. Law materials source is primary, secondary and tertiary law materials with the analysis using deductive silogism. Law enforcement is the process of undertaking efforts to uphold or functioning legal norms in real terms as a behavioral guide in traffic or legal relationships in the life of society and state. Law enforcement is an attempt made to make the law both formal and material in nature, as a code of conduct in every legal act, both by legal subjects concerned and law enforcement officials authorized by law to ensure the proper functioning of the legal norms applied in the society life and state.