bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Built environmental characteristics and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: den Braver N. R. , Lakerveld J. , Rutters F. , Schoonmade L. J. , Brug J. , Beulens J. W. J.
Published: January 2018

Background

The built environment influences behaviour, like physical activity, diet and sleep, which affects the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study systematically reviewed and meta-analysed evidence on the association between built environmental characteristics related to lifestyle behaviour and T2DM risk/prevalence, worldwide.

Methods

We systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE.com and Web of Science from their inception to 6 June 2017. Studies were included with adult populations (>18 years), T2DM or glycaemic markers as outcomes, and physical activity and/or food environment and/or residential noise as independent variables. We excluded studies of specific subsamples of the population, that focused on built environmental characteristics that directly affect the cardiovascular system, that performed prediction analyses and that do not report original research. Data appraisal and extraction were based on published reports (PROSPERO-ID: CRD42016035663).

Results

From 11,279 studies, 109 were eligible and 40 were meta-analysed. Living in an urban residence was associated with higher T2DM risk/prevalence (n = 19, odds ratio (OR) = 1.40; 95% CI, 1.2–1.6;I2 = 83%) compared to living in a rural residence. Higher neighbourhood walkability was associated with lower T2DM risk/prevalence (n = 8, OR = 0.79; 95% CI, 0.7–0.9;I2 = 92%) and more green space tended to be associated with lower T2DM risk/prevalence (n = 6, OR = 0.90; 95% CI, 0.8–1.0;I2 = 95%). No convincing evidence was found of an association between food environment with T2DM risk/prevalence.

Conclusions

An important strength of the study was the comprehensive overview of the literature, but our study was limited by the conclusion of mainly cross-sectional studies. In addition to other positive consequences of walkability and access to green space, these environmental characteristics may also contribute to T2DM prevention. These results may be relevant for infrastructure planning.
The efficacy of ampicillin compared with ceftriaxone on preventing cesarean surgical site infections: an observational prospective cohort study
Authors: Assawapalanggool Srisuda , Kasatpibal Nongyao , Sirichotiyakul Supatra , Arora Rajin , Suntornlimsiri Watcharin , Apisarnthanarak Anucha
Published: January 2018

Background

Cesarean surgical site infections (SSIs) can be prevented by proper preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis. Differences in antibiotic selection in clinical practice exist according to obstetricians’ preferences despite clear guidelines on preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of ampicillin and ceftriaxone in preventing cesarean SSIs.

Methods

The observational prospective cohort study was conducted at a tertiary hospital in Thailand from 1 January 2007 to 31 December 2012. Propensity scores for ceftriaxone prophylaxis were calculated from potential influencing confounders. The cesarean SSI rates of the ceftriaxone group vs. those of the ampicillin prophylactic group were estimated by multilevel mixed-effects Poisson regression nested by propensity score.

Results

Data of 4149 cesarean patients were collected. Among these, 911 patients received ceftriaxone whereas 3238 patients received ampicillin as preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis. The incidence of incisional SSIs was (0.1% vs. 1.2%; p = 0.001) and organ space SSIs was (1.2% vs. 2.9%; p = 0.003) in the ceftriaxone group compared with the ampicillin group. After adjusting for confounders, the rate ratios of incisional and organ/space SSIs in the ceftriaxone compared with the ampicillin group did not differ (RR, 0.23; 95% CI 0.03–1.78), and (RR, 1.62; 95% CI 0.83–3.18), respectively.

Conclusion

These data indicate no difference exists between ampicillin and ceftriaxone to prevent SSIs after cesarean section. Ampicillin may be used as antibiotic prophylaxis in cesarean section.
An automated A-value measurement tool for accurate cochlear duct length estimation
Authors: Iyaniwura John E. , Elfarnawany Mai , Ladak Hanif M. , Agrawal Sumit K.
Published: January 2018

Background

There has been renewed interest in the cochlear duct length (CDL) for preoperative cochlear implant electrode selection and postoperative generation of patient-specific frequency maps. The CDL can be estimated by measuring the A-value, which is defined as the length between the round window and the furthest point on the basal turn. Unfortunately, there is significant intra- and inter-observer variability when these measurements are made clinically. The objective of this study was to develop an automated A-value measurement algorithm to improve accuracy and eliminate observer variability.

Method

Clinical and micro-CT images of 20 cadaveric cochleae specimens were acquired. The micro-CT of one sample was chosen as the atlas, and A-value fiducials were placed onto that image. Image registration (rigid affine and non-rigid B-spline) was applied between the atlas and the 19 remaining clinical CT images. The registration transform was applied to the A-value fiducials, and the A-value was then automatically calculated for each specimen. High resolution micro-CT images of the same 19 specimens were used to measure the gold standard A-values for comparison against the manual and automated methods.

Results

The registration algorithm had excellent qualitative overlap between the atlas and target images. The automated method eliminated the observer variability and the systematic underestimation by experts. Manual measurement of the A-value on clinical CT had a mean error of 9.5 ± 4.3% compared to micro-CT, and this improved to an error of 2.7 ± 2.1% using the automated algorithm. Both the automated and manual methods correlated significantly with the gold standard micro-CT A-values ( r = 0.70, p < 0.01 and r = 0.69, p < 0.01, respectively).

Conclusion

An automated A-value measurement tool using atlas-based registration methods was successfully developed and validated. The automated method eliminated the observer variability and improved accuracy as compared to manual measurements by experts. This open-source tool has the potential to benefit cochlear implant recipients in the future.
A radiofrequency device for tract ablation after liver biopsy: a single-institution human feasibility study
Authors: Song Kyoung Doo , Rhim Hyunchul , Lee Min Woo , Kang Tae Wook , Lim Sanghyeok
Published: January 2018

Objective:

The need for liver biopsy has been increasing because genetic testing of specimens has become important for determining prognosis and management in patients with hepatic malignancy. We evaluated the feasibility of a device for biopsy tract ablation in patients with hepatic masses.

Methods:

This prospective single-center pilot study was approved by our institutional review board and patients provided written informed consent. Between September 2015 and March 2016, 10 patients (6 males and 4 females, 35–66-years-old) who had hepatic masses and normal range of platelet count and prothrombin time were enrolled. After percutaneous ultrasound-guided biopsy, the biopsy tract was ablated with the device which consists of an insulation sheath and a radiofrequency applicator. Complications were evaluated with Doppler ultrasound immediately after the biopsy, with noncontrast abdominopelvic CT the day after the biopsy, and with a telephone interview 7 days after the biopsy.

Results:

Tract ablation did not cause any pain in seven patients and caused minimal pain in three3 patients. Tract ablation was performed for a mean of 4.8 s (range, 4–6 s). No adverse events occurred during the procedure. Bleeding through the biopsy tract was not apparent on Doppler ultrasound, and abnormal fluid was not detected in the abdominal cavity on CT. Procedure-related complications were not reported on telephone interview.

Conclusion:

Biopsy tract ablation with the device is technically feasible. If the device is used appropriately considering its potential advantages, it may help to reduce the risk of complications associated with liver biopsy.

Advances in knowledge:

It is technically feasible to perform biopsy tract ablation with the radiofrequency ablation device after liver biopsy.
The Role of Scientific Communications in the Scientific and Technological Development of Russia
Authors: Изаак С. , Izaak S.
Published: January 2018

The role of scientific communications in scientific and technological development of the country is studied in the article. It is shown that the improvement of interaction in the scientific community directly depends on increasing the efficiency of modern science. At the international level, efficiency is associated with the search for a balance of local and international participation in scientific activities, an optimal balance of fundamental and applied research, commercialization of research and development. Russian state policy in the field of science is aimed at implementing priorities, one of which is the formation of a system of scientific communications, as well as the formation of a model for international cooperation and international integration in the field of research.
Do Those Who Want to Eat Have No Taste?
Authors: Бобылев Б. , Bobylev B.
Published: January 2018

The article is devoted to the study of the contexts of use of the verb “ kushat’“, which is of Slavonic origin, possessing considerable expressive and communicative flexibility. In the article is refuted the view of some modern experts, characterizing the specified word from the standpoint of subjective assessments and paying homage to the “linguistic impressionism.” The article cites a significant body of examples from the works of Russian writers of the nineteenth, twentieth and twenty-first century, clearly indicating the broad stylistic, imaginative and communicative functionality of the word “kushat’“. The reasons for prejudice towards the use of this verb are revealed. The article indicates the link between negative assessments of its semantics with the processes of evaluation rethinking of Church Slavonic vocabulary in the linguistic consciousness of the Russian people under the influence of atheistic tendencies.
Science Communication in the Scientific and Educational Field in Different Countries
Authors: Мякотникова Светлана , Myakotnikova Svetlana
Published: January 2018

The article deals with the phenomenon of “science communication”, which is considered as a complex system including different subjects who use varied communication channel and vehicles to generate personal interest, form positive attitude and understanding of science. The article examines the reasons which have led to an increased need for scientists to communicate. Among the latter can be identified: the loss of expertise and authority of scientists; a change in the nature of knowledge production; improved communications and a proliferation of sources of information; the democratic deficit. These factors are equally valid in the developed countries. The peculiarities of science communication in scientific and educational field in Russia, the USA, Germany, Great Britain, China and Japan are also investigated. The conclusion is made about the need of two-way communication between science and society; the dependency of communication peculiarities on government goals.
A governance skills audit
Authors: Armitage Ian
Published: January 2018

The importance of a skills audit in securing the governors that your school needs should not be underestimated. Ian Armitage advises
Effect of Ram Breed on the Efficiency of in vitroDevelopment of Sheep Embryos
Authors: Al-Anazi Y. , G. Al-Mutary M. , M. Alfuraiji M. , Al-Ghadi M. , R. Al-himaidi A. , Ammari A.
Published: January 2018

The aim of this work was to investigate the impacts of ram breed on in vitro embryo development from fresh or frozen semen. Semen was collected from Najdi and Naimi rams and frozen; the mass and progressive motility of the spermwere assessed in each trial before and after freezing. Then, 970 oocytes in six replicates were fertilized with fresh and frozen semen in vitro. Different stages of sheep embryos were recorded. There were no significant differences in mass and progressive sperm motility of fresh or frozen ram semen between Najdi and Naimi,but there were significant differences between frozen and fresh semen within each breed. Our results showed significant (P<0.05) differences in 2-cell stage, 4-cell stage, 8-cell stage, morula, fragmented embryos, cleavage and blastocyst rates in the frozen semen group compared to fresh semen group in both breeds. In addition, significant (P<0.05) differencesbetween the two breeds were shown in 8-cell and16-cell embryonic stages.In conclusion, there were slight breed effects on the efficiency of in vitro development of sheep embryos.
Propagation of Rootstocks of Gisela 5 Based On Tissue Culture Method
Authors: Tariverdi Zahra , Akbari Nughabi Kamran , Piri Saeed
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACT: Cherry is one of the most common fruits in the moderate conditions. Common rootstocks like Gisela5 have been used in the gardening field in recent years. The purpose of the current study is investigating the enhancement of Gisela5 rootstock method on the basis of tissue culture. Cutting grafting was used as explant material. These explants included the following materials in the MS environment: 1mg/l IBA (Indole-3-butyric acid), 0.75 mg/l BPA, 1mg/l BPA+ 1 mg/l BPA, 0.75 mg/l BPA + 2mg/l BPA and 1mg/l BPA +2mg/l BPA. The planting was kept in the planting room with 24 ±2 Oc temperature. The basic environment of MS completed with 0, 1,2,4,6 mg/l NAA during the rooting stage. The maximum number of branches which was 289 was achieved by means of the combination of the following values: 1 mg/l INA+ 0.75 mg/l BAP and 2mg/l IBA +1 mg/l BAP. The maximum length of the branches was 1.69 cm. varieties of concentrations of NAA were added in the rooting stage. The amount of rooting was increased by adding almost 6 mg/l of NAA into the rooting stage
Openness of Comics
Authors: Ahmed Maaheen
Published: January 2018

Never before have comics seemed so popular or diversified, proliferating across a broad spectrum of genres, experimenting with a variety of techniques, and gaining recognition as a rich form of art. Openness of Comics examines this trend by taking up the philosopher Umberto Eco’s notion of the open work of art, according to which the reader–or listener or viewer, as the case may be–is offered several possibilities of interpretation in a cohesive narrative and aesthetic structure. The monograph delineates the visual, literary, and other medium-specific features used by comics to form open rather than closed works, focusing on the methods through which comics generate (or limit) meaning, as well as increase the scope of reading into a text.
The analysis of a diverse group of Anglo-American and European (Franco-Belgian, German, Finnish) comics from key genre categories–fictionalized memories and biographies, adventure and superhero, noir, black comedy and crime, science fiction and fantasy–demonstrate the many ways in which comics generate openness by teasing genres codes and conventions while maintaining a cohesive structure.
Analyzed comics include: Will Eisner’s The Contract with God Trilogy, Jacques Tardi’s It Was the War of the Trenches, Hugo Pratt’s The Ballade of the Salty Sea, Edmond Baudoin’s The Voyage,Grant Morrison and Dave McKean’s Arkham Asylum, Neil Gaiman’s Sandman, Alan Moore and Eddie Campbell’s From Hell, Moebius’ Arzach, Yslaire’s Cloud 99 series, and JarmoMäkilä’s Taxi Ride to Van Gogh’s Ear.
Adventure and Superheroes
Authors: Ahmed Maaheen
Published: January 2018

This chapter begins with one of the earliest consecutive comics adventure stories to be published, namely Hugo Pratt’s La Ballade de la mersalée.Analyses of Dave McKean and Grant Morrison’s Arkham Asylum and Neil Gaiman’sSandman: Preludes and Nocturnes then explore how conventions of the typical superhero adventure that have characterized American comics since the 1930s are overturned. The analysis of Edmond Baudoin’sLe Voyage, where the adventures develop in the interlinked internal and external worlds of the protagonist, highlights the scope of meaning harbored in abstract imagery. Since, like Voyage, the adventures in Sandman and Arkhamunfold on more psychological than physical terms, the analyses of the last three comics illustrate the inclination towards more complex subject matter in more comics since the 1980s.
From the Nineteenth to the Twentieth Century
Authors: Barbour Chad A.
Published: January 2018

Chapter three follows the lineage of frontier and Western fantasies from the nineteenth century to the twentieth via the comic book adaptations of novels like The Last of the Mohicans and comic depictions of frontier figures like Boone and Girty. Following in the line of late-nineteenth century dime novels and early twentieth century film, comic books inherited many of the tropes and
conventions of the Western and frontier genres, including those of the white
Indian and playing Indian. Multiple adaptations of The Last of the Mohicans, from
the 1940s to the 2000s, testify to that story's persistent appeal. In the 1950s, a
flurry of Boone comics demonstrates his popularity as an American hero while engaging in many of the themes and cultural implications that are essential to this book's focus.
The Shape of the Jewel
Authors: Molotiu Andrei
Published: January 2018

This chapter takes Hergé’s most celebrated volume and considers it through terms borrowed from the study of music. By using theoretical structures previously applied to, for example, Mozart, the chapter is able to construct a frame for reading and admiring a book in which, famously, nothing happens.
An Unspeakable Filiation
Authors: Pellegrin Annick
Published: January 2018

This chapter inquires into multiple references to Tintin in the pages of the strip’s chief rival, Spirou. The essay argues that deep connections run between the two series, connections with implications for a more politically and historically informed reading.
Introduction
Authors: Grenade Wendy C.
Published: January 2018

This chapter provides the broad framework for the volume. It introduces the reader to the principal aim and purpose of the work. It discusses the Grenada Revolution from various perspectives and raises probing questions about that Cold War, Caribbean radicalism and the significance of the Grenada Revolution and the US invasion as a critical period in the post-colonial experience of the Caribbean. It then outlines the various chapter themes.
The Spirit and Ideas of Maurice Bishop Are Alive in Our Caribbean Civilization
Authors: Gonsalves Ralph E.
Published: January 2018

This chapter reproduces a speech by Prime Minister Ralph Gonsalves of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, on the occasion of the naming of the Maurice Bishop International Airport (MBIA) in Grenada in May, 2009. Gonsalves argues that the spirit and ideas of Maurice Bishop are alive and flourishing among the people of Grenada and the Caribbean. He applauds the naming of the airport as an act of the Grenadian people ‘coming home to themselves out of their agony and compromises, their pain and joys, and their triumphs and defeats of the past.’
Listen to This
Authors: Svorinich Victor
Published: January 2018

When Bitches Brew was released, it was not just another jazz album, but a major single event, with ramifications rippling over the next forty-plus years. Not only did Miles Davis change the face of jazz once again by launching the entire jazz-fusion movement, he changed all of modern music. Listen to This looks in detail at the making of Bitches Brew, exploring the inner workings of Davis at his creative peak, and provides resolution to many of the controversies that have plagued this record since its inception. It revisits the mysteries surrounding the album and places it into both a historical and musical context using new interviews, original analysis, recently found recordings, unearthed session data sheets, letters, musical transcriptions, scores, and other associated data. Listen to This is not just the story of Bitches Brew. It reveals the legend of Miles Davis, his attitude, his relationship to the masses, his business and personal etiquette, and his response to extraordinary social conditions determined to bring him down. Listen to This unveils this iconic figure’s complex psyche and his impact on both the fine arts and popular culture through one of the greatest recordings ever made.
Infection control: effect of nursing teaching protocol on nurses' knowledge and practice regarding kidney transplantation patients
Authors: Mohamed Younis Hanan , Thabet Mohammed Ghada , Sayed Khalil Shaymaa
Published: January 2018

Aims: Assess nurses' knowledge & practice about infection control regarding kidney transplantation patients, design and implement of nursing teaching protocol regarding kidney transplantation patients, & assess the effect of nursing teaching protocol on nurses knowledge and practice about infection control regarding kidney transplantation patients. The study was conducted in the kidney transplantation unit of Assiut Nephrology Hospital; data were collected from all nurses working in Kidney Transplantation Unit (30 nurses). Three tools used for data collection; Pre-posttest interview questionnaire sheet & observation checklist sheet, & Nursing teaching protocol.Results: all the nurses were female, most of them their ages were from 18 - 25 years, single, living in the rural area, had a high degree in nursing. Most of them had previous infection-control training. An improvement in the mean knowledge & practice scores were found after the application of the teaching protocol (1st hypothesis). A positive correlation between nurse's knowledge and practice scores after application of the nursing teaching protocol (2nd hypothesis).Conclusions: Improving nurse's knowledge and practice can favorable affect the incidence and outcome of kidney transplantation patients.Recommendations: There is a need for continued and written standards training programs about infection control regarding kidney transplantation patients and should be available.
PENGARUH KECERDASAN EMOSIONAL DAN MOTIVASI TERHADAP KINERJA PENYULUH DI DINAS PERTANIAN KABUPATEN TANGGAMUS
Authors: Zainal Anna Gustina , Saleh Amiruddin
Published: January 2018

The most forward elements of the bureaucracy, dealing directly with farmers and spearheading the development of agriculture is the agricultural extension. Its presence is very important in determining the success of development activities of farmers. The purpose of this study to (1) determine the effect of emotional intelligence and motivational variables on the performance of agricultural extension; (2). determine the effect of emotional intelligence and motivation variable partially on the performance of agricultural extension (3). proving variables emotional intelligence has a dominant influence compared to the performance of agricultural extension motivation. The research is a kind of survey of the Department of Agriculture agricultural extension Tanggamus. The analysis technique used: multiple regression analysis to determine the effect of the independent variable (X) studied both together and partially to the dependent variable (Y). As for the multiple linear regression model should qualify the common assumptions of regression to test heteroscedasticity, autocorrelation and multicollinearity. Based on the analysis of F test proved that the independent variable in the form of emotional intelligence(X1),motivation (X2)has a significant influence on the performance variable (Y) so that the first hypothesis is accepted. While based on t test results proved that the X variable partially significant influence to variable Y so that the second hypothesis is accepted. The dominant independent variables affect the performance is not a variable motivational variables emotional intelligence so that the third hypothesis is rejected.
Correlation scheme of frame synchronization in communication systems with QPSK-modulation
Authors: Sadchenko A. V. , Kushnirenko O. A. , Yefimov O. I. , Punko V. V. , Parovyi S. Y.
Published: January 2018

The information efficiency of communication systems using quadrature amplitude modulation is reduced because of the costs for data transmission necessary to provide frame synchronization and the required time to search for the sync signal and to go into the tracking mode of the synchronization system.
One of the most effective schemes of constructing a frame synchronization system is the correlation diagram. In order for this diagram to operate, signal-code constructions with good aperiodic autocorrelation properties are required.
The aim of this study is to develop an effective frame synchronization system for quadrature modulation communication systems based on binary signal-code sequences with an ideal sectioned non-periodic autocorrelation function.
In this paper, we propose a frame synchronization scheme for QPSK modulation based on binary sequences of even length with an ideal autocorrelation function. All binary synchronous sequences of length N = 8 with the idealness of the autocorrelation function are analytically found in the study. On the basis of the chart of the code distance spectrum in the Hamming metric for binary sequences of N = 8 length, it was established that such sequences have a correcting ability that allows correcting single errors. Based on the structural properties of binary sequences of N = 8 length, sequences of a larger multiple length (N = 16, N = 32, etc.) can be synthesized.
The practical value of the proposed scheme of frame synchronization is to reduce the complexity of technical implementation and increase the overall noise immunity of the communication system. The proposed approach can be successfully used to synchronize communication systems with QAM modulation with a large number of signal positions such as QAM 16, QAM 64, etc.
Carbon nanowalls in field emission cathodes
Authors: Belyanin A. F. , Borisov V. V. , Daghetsyan S. A. , Evlashin S. A. , Pilevsky A. A. , Samorodov V. A.
Published: January 2018

The carbon nanowall (CNW) layers were grown from a gas mixture of hydrogen and methane, activated by a DC glow discharge, on Si substrates (Si/CNW layered structure). The second layer of CNW was grown either on the first layer (Si/CNW/CNW structure) or on Ni or NiO films deposited on the first CNW layer (Si/CNW/Ni/CNW and Si/CNW/NiO/CNW structures). The composition and structure of the resulting layered structures were studied using scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffractometry. It was found that annealing of Si/CNW structure in vacuum, growing of the second CNW layer on Si/CNW, as well as deposition of Ni or NiO films prior to the growing of the second CNW layer improve functional properties of field emission cathodes based on the electron-emitting CNW layers.
Succession in Contemporary Hasidism
Authors: Heilman Samuel C.
Published: January 2018

A discussion of the Zaddik/rebbe concept and description of a Hasidic court, and the history of and issues involved in succession, the role of charisma, branding, and inherited identity as well as the growing conservatism of Hasidism are discussed.
Hollywood’s Last Lonely Places
Authors: Lewis Jon
Published: January 2018

Transition-era Hollywood began with the dead body of Elizabeth Short and ended with two more discarded young women, Barbara Payton and Marilyn Monroe, two more casualties found at the crossroads between a dreamed-of life in the sunny city of angels and the reality lived by so many naïve arrivals after the Second World War. Payton and Monroe were glamorous movie stars who began their careers at the very moment Short ended hers. The Black Dahlia murder maybe did not register much with them. Or maybe it did and they figured a shot at movie celebrity was worth the risk. Payton and Monroe believed they were going to be different. They believed in what men had for years been whispering in their ears: “you’re so pretty you should be in pictures.” They were (pretty that is)… and they did (appear in pictures). But movie-land success was for them a mixed blessing at best, their dreamed-of Hollywood celebrity hopelessly complicated by a new breed of industry middlemen, gangsters, and gossip, their lives cut short before their fortieth birthdays.
New Technologies and Separation/Divorce Violence against Women
Authors: Dekeseredy Walter S. , Dragiewicz Molly , Schwartz Martin D.
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines how new electronic technologies are used by men to exert control and power over women during and after separation and divorce. Included in this chapter are sections on cyberstalking, social network site intrusion, and image-based sexual abuse.
What Is to Be Done about Separation/Divorce Violence against Women?
Authors: Dekeseredy Walter S. , Dragiewicz Molly , Schwartz Martin D.
Published: January 2018

This chapter argues that a single strategy will not end the atrocities committed both by men continuing their abuse after separation and by those who were not abusive during a relationship but became so after their partners left them. The solutions proposed are legal and criminal justice reforms; social services; economic policies; feminist men's efforts; and new electronic technologies.
Introduction
Authors: Olsson Ulf
Published: January 2018

The introduction provides with basic facts about the band, as well as the book’s basic theoretical perspective, inspired by the work of Theodor W. Adorno and Herbert Marcuse. Their theories make it possible to see the band as simultaneously part of and opposed to the culture industry. “Self-organization” is introduced as a flexible concept, applicable to many aspects of the band. Polarized representations of the band, by Tom Wolfe and Joan Didion, respectively, serve as a background to the book’s critical discussion and evaluation of the band and its culture. Even the Grateful Dead, symbols of the counterculture, worked within a cultural market, but challenged it in different ways. The introduction argues that the band actually produced music with an aesthetic value, and thus political significance.
Crashes in Space: Aspects of Improvisation
Authors: Olsson Ulf
Published: January 2018

Improvisation in the Grateful Dead consists of simultaneously following impulse and taming impulse. But in the absence of the band, their improvisations now exist only in fixed, recorded form, meaning that aspects of improvisation are lost: uniqueness and presence are transformed into repeatability. Still, improvisation by the Grateful Dead originally took on the form of resistance against the culture industry, and the Dead came to use delay in improvisation as a way to refuse fixation of the song performed. Most of all, improvisation served as a method for losing ego, in a dialectic of preservation and destruction, of memory and forgetfulness. Improvisation provided a way for the band to produce presence, as well as a central method for the band’s formation of its music into a montage.
Triaging the Everyday, Every Day
Authors: Sufrin Carolyn
Published: January 2018

This chapter explains how triage in the intake jail, CJ1, possess the hallmarks of decision-making and prioritizing that characterize the medical triage seen in emergency rooms and disaster zones. These processes contain not just a practical but a moral dimension, one that involves reckoning someone's health-related deservingness in the face of finite resources. In jail triage, the criteria for this calculus of health-related deservingness were guided in part by official San Francisco's Jail Medical Care (JMC) protocols. Determinations about deservingness were also affected by the reality of tending to people who might not otherwise get treated outside of jail, and whose treatment occurred in a space of punishment; in other words, it was an active, contingent process of care.
Gestating Care
Authors: Sufrin Carolyn
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores how the pregnant inmate and her fetus challenge the institution to think about how it cares for all those inside its walls. It first gives an overview of incarcerated pregnancy on a national scale, and contextualizes these processes in the contradictions encapsulated by the pregnant inmate. What happens on the ground at the San Francisco jail then reveals how, through the custody and medical staff's management of pregnant inmates, the jail articulates what kind of care these women—and their fetuses—deserve. Through risk management, moral judgments, and gestures of care and control, the jail both challenges and reinforces expected norms of punishment and maternity.
Mexico for the Mexicans, China for the Chinese
Authors: González Fredy
Published: January 2018

The anti-Chinese campaigns in Sonora and Sinaloa, which successfully removed Chinese migrants from those two states, took place in an atmosphere of fervent political activity both among Mexican politicians as well as Chinese migrants themselves. Anti-Chinese activists took advantage of internecine struggles known as the Tong Wars to organize for the expulsion of the Chinese from northwest Mexico. Shielded by former president Plutarco Elías Calles, anti-Chinese associations in Sonora and Sinaloa acted with impunity in forcing the Chinese out of the region. The anti-Chinese campaigns were a traumatic moment for the community and horrified international observers.
The Golden Age of Chinese Mexicans
Authors: González Fredy
Published: January 2018

The Chinese Civil War and the advent of the People’s Republic of China represented a profound challenge to the international legitimacy of the Republic of China, now on Taiwan. This chapter chronicles the efforts by ROC ambassador Feng-shan Ho to cultivate a relationship with Chinese Mexicans to present a positive image of the ROC and encourage the Mexican government to maintain diplomatic relations. This especially took place during the annual pilgrimage to the Basílica de Guadalupe and the Chinese Mexican response to the 1963 Economic and Commercial Exposition of the People’s Republic of China. Chinese Mexicans, far from being tools of the Republic of China, used such instances of public diplomacy to enhance their own image.
A New China, a New Community
Authors: González Fredy
Published: January 2018

This chapter illustrates the profound changes that affected the Chinese Mexican community after Mexico established diplomatic relations with the People’s Republic of China. Chinese Mexican political associations abruptly closed, while second- and subsequent generation Chinese Mexicans founded their own cultural associations. At the same time, new Chinese immigrants arrived from the mainland, speaking a different language and holding different cultural traditions. The different waves of Chinese Mexicans present a challenge to community unity. Finally, some Chinese Mexicans have slowly come to embrace the People’s Republic of China, making claims to belonging in mainland China while at the same time proudly declaring that their roots are now in Mexico.
Introduction
Authors: Davies Tom Adam
Published: January 2018

This introductory chapter briefly captures the major themes covered in this book. It explores three key concepts regarding Black Power: how the ideas, tactics, and language readily associated with Black Power permeated the community activism, and everyday lives, of ordinary African Americans at the local level; how and why mainstream politicians and institutions exploited Black Power's flexibility as an ideology and organizing tool in their efforts to guide the course of black advancement; and the subsequent impact and meaning of those efforts. The chapter examines how public policies intended to engage, modify, and sublimate the Black Power impulse evolved as a response not only to the deepening urban crisis and growing black radicalism but also to the Johnson administration's troubled War on Poverty.
“A Mouthful of Civil Rights and an Empty Belly”
Authors: Davies Tom Adam
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the War on Poverty's genealogy by tracing its roots in New Deal and Cold War liberal policy making and 1950s social science research, and by revealing the gendered social and economic assumptions that both underpinned the Johnson administration's antipoverty program and limited its effectiveness. It then maps how the War on Poverty unfolded in New York, Los Angeles, Atlanta and at the federal level, explaining how it became intertwined with the black freedom struggle and the ideological shift toward Black Power, before detailing the multiple and contrasting ways in which elected officials responded to the challenge that the program posed to their political authority. The chapter concludes by addressing the War on Poverty's impact on the American political landscape.
Black Mayors and Black Progress
Authors: Davies Tom Adam
Published: January 2018

This chapter assesses how African Americans fared under black political leadership during the 1970s. After first exploring the upsurge in the number of black elected officials from the mid-1960s onward, the chapter turns to developments in Los Angeles and Atlanta, cities that in 1973 both elected their first black mayor (Tom Bradley and Maynard Jackson, respectively). An in-depth analysis of Bradley and Jackson's campaigns and first two terms in office focuses on the various factors that shaped their respective political philosophies and mayoralties. Confronted by broader national economic problems, and with limited city resources at their disposal, both Bradley and Jackson deferred to white downtown business interests and pursued pro-growth policies that ultimately reinforced the disadvantages facing their poor and working-class black constituents. For the black middle class and elite in both cities, however, African American city leadership proved to be a wellspring of opportunity.
Conclusion
Authors: Davies Tom Adam
Published: January 2018

This concluding chapter summarizes the major themes explored throughout this book. It argues that Black Power was a flexible and ambiguous concept, and the goals it broadly encompassed—black political, economic, and cultural empowerment—had wide appeal among African Americans. Defining no single path for achieving those goals, Black Power was open to interpretation. In the tumultuous, highly charged urban political landscapes of mid-1960s America, Black Power's meaning was constantly being contested and was always evolving and being adapted to suit different needs and contexts. Moreover, mainstream white politicians, institutions, and organizations played a vital yet understudied role in that process.
Epilogue
Authors: Davies Tom Adam
Published: January 2018

This epilogue considers the developments in racial progress since the decades covered in this volume. It shows how millions of African Americans find themselves mired in poverty and trapped in a world shaped by post-industrial urban decline and the retrenchment of the welfare state, their chances for a better future severely constrained by the failure of public education and the persistence of discriminatory practices in employment, housing, credit and insurance markets, the criminal justice system, and a range of public institutions. Having more African Americans holding elected office, working in corporate management positions, owning their own businesses, or working and studying on college campuses over the past few decades has not substantially undermined structural inequality or cyclical black poverty.
Collective Purchase
Authors: Zitcer Andrew
Published: January 2018

Consumer food cooperatives are one means to achieve social, economic and cultural transformation. They have been a part of struggle for justice since the middle of the 19th century, beginning as a response to the exploitation and excesses of the Industrial Revolution. Through democratic practice and local ownership, co-ops seek to shift power back towards community wealth building and consumer control. This chapter contrasts two food co-ops in Philadelphia, one that takes a liberal approach and one that is more radical in its orientation. By discussing how each co-op handles management, governance, its role as an employer, and as a neighbor, this chapter seeks to undercover the best of what each co-op has to offer to food activism.
Urban Agriculture, Food Justice, and Neoliberal Urbanization
Authors: Glowa Michelle
Published: January 2018

While urban agriculture has been immensely popular in the San Francisco region, highly competitive land markets increasingly compel landowners, both public and private, to put their properties to uses other than gardening. Gardeners have developed a variety of strategies to gain and maintain access to land. In so doing, they connect gardening to a “land politics” that asks who should have access to and decision-making power over particular properties as well as broader urban design. This chapter explores how gardeners influence the production of space and the institution of property.
Boston’s Emerging Food Solidarity Economy
Authors: Loh Penn , Agyeman Julian
Published: January 2018

An emerging food justice movement in Boston aspires to build a food economy rooted in values of justice, sustainability, and democracy. Though not centrally coordinated, this movement encompasses cooperatives, a community land trust, social enterprises, and nonprofits spanning the food system, from land and farms to food processing and organic waste recycling. This chapter uses an urban political ecology lens and a solidarity economy framework to understand and analyze the challenges and opportunities facing this emerging Boston Food Solidarity Economy. The chapter examines how these play out through the case of the legalization of commercial farming in Boston. Finally, we discuss how some of these constraints might be overcome, with an emphasis on organizing and shifting power relations.
Introduction
Authors: Robson Laura
Published: January 2018

This introduction summarizes the process by which the British and French mandate governments in Iraq, Syria, and Palestine, in collaboration with the League of Nations, proposed, funded, and implemented a series of dramatic plans for “minority” transfer, resettlement, and partition across the Levant. It traces the origins and consequences of these schemes of demographic engineering across the region, arguing that such policies served as symbols of modernity and provided a rationale for a neo-imperial form of international governance, while also serving as a practical mode of colonial population control on the ground.
Epilogue
Authors: Robson Laura
Published: January 2018

This conclusion suggests that policies of ethnic transfer, resettlement, and partition served less as modes of creating a new regional or global order and more as a way to structure and legitimize international intervention in the post-WWI Middle East and elsewhere.
Introduction
Authors: Piccato Pablo
Published: January 2018

The introduction frames the central themes of the book. It examines the historiography on modern Mexico and violence, and it presents the construction of the country’s reputation as a place of violence and impunity.
Horrible Crimes
Authors: Piccato Pablo
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the emergence of famous murderers through the press. It focuses on a few cases, like that of Goyo Cárdenas. It examines the ways in which detectives, judges, psychologists, and journalists focused on these suspects, as well as the way in which some of these suspects used their public visibility to put forward their narratives.
Our Models of Dread
Authors: Piccato Pablo
Published: January 2018

This chapter looks closely at a few authors who explored the possibilities of crime fiction to reflect on the problem of truth and on homicide as a form of aesthetic creation. These authors are María Elvira Bermúdez, Rafael Bernal, Juan Bustillo Oro, and Rodolfo Usigli.
Exchange
Authors: Oxfeld Ellen
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on the exchange and circulation of food in Moonshadow Pond. Food is part of a gift economy. It is also part of a subsistence economy as well (to the extent that people self-provision), and it is part of commodified market economy. It is additionally part of a system of direct payment or barter, where foodstuffs themselves are exchanged for goods, services or property. In gift exchange, food circulates in a wide range of venues, from informal everyday give and take among close family members to more formal exchanges during life-cycle rituals and yearly festivals. Finally, food circulates not only amongst humans, but as offerings in a cosmic exchange with gods, ghosts and ancestors. As such, the exchange and circulation of food structures a myriad of social and even cosmological relations and identities.
Gender and the Western Reaction to the Case
Authors: Eltantawi Sarah
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the western reaction to Amina Lawal’s case. It outlines how famous western leaders, from Nicolas Sarkozy to Bill Clinton to Oprah Winfrey treated this case, and critically examines western non-governmental organizations’ responses. The chapter also examines how difficult it can be to discuss how Nigerian women feel about shar’iah, if their views are negative, in western scholarly discourses that are understandably concerned about the damage done by “imperial feminism.” This chapter tries to unearth Nigerian women’s voices in as authentic a way as possible, and provides two visions of gender rights in Northern Nigeria: that of Northern Nigerian historian Ibraheem Sulaiman and Northern Nigerian journalist, the late Balkisu Yusuf. The chapter ends with a short conclusion.
That “Monster House” Is My Home
Authors: Lung-Amam Willow S.
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines controversies over the building of large homes, or what some derisively call “McMansions” or “monster homes,” in established neighborhoods. Fremont's large-home debates reveal the different norms and values for single-family suburban homes and neighborhoods held by many Asian American and White residents in Silicon Valley. The chapter shows that the planning processes, development standards, and design guidelines adopted to deal with these conflicts largely reflected the interests of established White residents while marginalizing those expressed by Asian Americans. The debate highlights how planning processes and seemingly neutral regulations often employ dominant social and cultural norms about “good” and “appropriate” design that reinforce suburbia's established racial and class order.
Encounters with Violence, 1957–1958
Authors: Karl Robert A.
Published: January 2018

This chapter considers how, for urban Colombians, the excitement that accompanied the country's return to democracy in 1957–58 was joined by frank realization of how little they knew about “national problems,” violence foremost among them. With the veil of censorship lifted, observers inside and outside the state engaged in sociological, ethnological, economic, and partisan readings of violence. While these converged on select points of agreement regarding the origins and consequences of violence, no unified explanation emerged. The frightening resurgence of violence-as-practice in the countryside, especially across Tolima, only served to intensify the search for solutions. Moreover, the debate over violence in Bogota generated rumbles of discontent from the provinces, where expectation generated by democratization mixed with resentment over the capital's condescension.
Epilogue
Authors: Karl Robert A.
Published: January 2018

This concluding chapter explains how La Violencia came into being as Colombia was witnessing far less violence. The period beginning in the late 1960s was dissimilar to the peace that had come a decade earlier, lacking the trust or optimism of 1958. The fight against banditry and the independent republics between 1962 and 1965 had left Gran Tolima and other regions of central and southern Colombia traumatized and militarized. Nonetheless, the particular forms of state, partisan, and bandit violence seen in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s came to an end, as the overall incidence of homicide also fell. Recourse to the technique of violence in public life, though not banished, had been greatly reduced from midcentury.