bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydroxyurea and Bronchogenic Carcinoma
Authors: Ahmad A.
Published: March 2008

The disappointing outlook in the treatment and prognosis of lung cancer still continues and is an enigma which baffles clinicians in the management of this disease.

A selected clinical trial was carried out in the Royal Adelaide Hospital using hydroxyurea and irradiation in one group of patients versus a placebo group who received irradiation only. The results are discussed and a plea is made for further clinical trials and research into the patho‐physiology of the disease.
Engelmann's Disease
Authors: Singh Joginder
Published: March 2008

Engelmann's disease or progressive diaphyseal dysplasia is a rare disease. We report a Malaysian Chinese girl with typical radiological manifestations characterized by gross thickening and sclerosis of the skull and long bones. In her case, pulmonary tuberculosis was also present. Various laboratory investigations showed a low haemoglobin and a raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Other results were normal. Bone marrow biopsy from the iliac crest showed a sideroblastic type of haemopoiesis and this was thought to be abnormal, for it was felt that the drug isoniazid was too recently administered to cause any bone marrow changes. Pathogenesis of this disease still remains unknown.
Zonography in the Diagnosis of Poorly Visualized or Non‐Filling Gall‐Bladder in Peroral Cholecystography
Authors: Koivisto Erkki , Lahde Seppo , Nuutinen Juhani
Published: March 2008

The value of zonography was studied in 212 patients whose gall‐bladder was poorly visualized or was not filled at all in routine peroral cholecystography. The tomographic angle was 9°. In 26 (12%) patients the gall‐bladder was visualized only by zonography. Zonography had most value in confirming or excluding the existence of gall‐stones.
The Recognition and Incidence of Splenic Artery Aneurysms
Authors: Kreel By Louis
Published: March 2008

Splenic artery aneurysms are commonly associated with longstanding portal hypertension in the presence of a markedly enlarged spleen, and these aneurysms also occur in normal sized spleens following successful portacaval anastomosis. They are most successfully demonstrated by selective coeliac axis or splenic arteriography, but a large volume injection of concentrated contrast medium is essential for the demonstration of the intra‐splenic bifurcation aneurysms in the presence of marked splenomegaly.

Most of these aneurysms are not detectable on the plain film as they are not calcified and none of the intra‐splenic aneurysms showed calcifications. The trunk aneurysms may be large and easily detectable, but the branch aneurysms may appear as a markedly tortuous artery. Their diameter is, however, greater than that of the associated branch. Intra‐splenic bifurcation aneurysms in association with portal hypertension occur more frequently than either trunk aneurysms or aneurysms at the hilum of the spleen.

The common association of splenic artery aneurysms and portal hypertension is thought to be due to the increased volume and rate of blood flow through the splenic artery.
Enlargement Of Cervical Intervertebral Foramina By Coiling Of The Vertebral Artery
Authors: Barratt J. G.
Published: March 2008

Coiling of the vertebral artery is described as an apparently rare cause of widening of one or more intervertebral foramina in t‐e re: viral spine. It appears to be more common in females, mainly on the left side and frequently at the level of C4‐5. It seems likely that the abnormality itself does not produce symptoms and is an incidental finding but nevertheless important to recognise in order that unnecessary investigation and surgery may be avoided.
A Personal Assessment Of The Gas Contrast Barium Meal
Authors: Sim G. P. G.
Published: March 2008

Although the greater accuracy of the gas contrast barium meal in demonstrating gastric ulcers and tumours has been assumed, it was thought necessary to test its efficacy in relation to hiatus hernias and duodenal ulcers. The findings in 300 gas contrast meals carried out since August, 1971, have been compared with previous personal series of 909 meals reported in 1964, and 2,686 meals evaluated in 1968. Gas distension of the stomach was not used in the earlier series. Statistical analysis of the appropriate comparative figures shows no significant difference in the results. On this basis it is considered that the use of the gas contrast barium meal as the routine procedure for the examination of the upper alimentary tract will not decrease the numbers of hiatus hernias and duodenal ulcers diagnosed.
Gastric Outlet Obstruction–An Unusual Cause
Authors: Furtado M. A.
Published: March 2008

Unusual cause of Gastric Outlet Syndrome due to gallbladder pathology. Two cases are discussed–one with non‐opaque calculi and one with opaque calculi.
Urography Preparation and Anti‐diuretic Hormone
Authors: Benness G. T. , Evill C. A. , Glazer M.
Published: March 2008

A study was carried out on student volunteers in two centres to examine the effects of climate on the normal state of hydration (urinary osmolality). The response of urinary osmolality to fluid restriction, as practised prior to intravenous urography, and the additional response to anti‐diuretic hormone were also examined.

The study failed to show a statistically significant difference between effects of the two climates. However, it was found that antidiuretic hormone significantly increased urinary osmolality when values were low prior to hormone administration.
Dosimetry Of 137Cs Tubes In The Treatment Of Carcinoma Of Cervix Uteri
Authors: Philip By P. C. , Santhamma A. V. , Hatimbhai B.SC  , Iyer P. S.
Published: March 2008

The use of radiation in the treatment of cancer of the cervix uteri is at present a well‐accepted form of treatment. Cs is one of the radioisotope; used for such treatments. This paper reports on the theoretical and the experimental studies on the dosimetry of Cs tubes which can be used in intracavitary therapy based on the revised hi ancliester system. Typical isodose curves are presented and the dose rates at point A and point B are analysed.
Some Applications of Electronic Radiography
Authors: Sashin Donald , Hoy Ronald J.
Published: March 2008

The principal advantages of electronic radiography that have emerged in the course of early clinical experience may be summarised as follows:

1. Instantaneous availability of images for immediate and unhurried examination.

2. Greatly reduced radiation doses to patient and staff per recorded image. Reduced radiation exposure for given resolution and contrast required. Greater freedom to use x‐ray examinations in pregnancy.

3. Increased spatial detail relative to standard spot‐films and normal fluoroscopy.

4. Instantaneous production of arterial maps for selective catheterisation and interventional procedures.

5. Precise positioning of catheters and needles through the combination of live and stored reference images.

6. Reduced time for special procedures; reduced patient trauma; more efficient use of die radiologist's time.

7. Reduction in the total amount of contrast material needed in selective catheterisation, with reduction in the risk of contrast effects.

8. Replacement of life‐sized images by smaller images, with reduction in film, display, filing and retrieval costs.

New television techniques in diagnostic radiology have been developed as a result of the availability of high resolution imaging components. These electronic radiographic techniques record images with higher image quality than conventional films but with much less radiation dose to the patient and personnel. These methods are being developed for pelvimetry, intrauterine transfusion, gastrointestinal examinations, stereotaxic procedures, and selective catheterisation. Reduction in examination time, dosage of contrast media, and patient trauma can be effected, training can be facilitated, and substantial economies achieved.
Planning of an X‐ray Department
Authors: McMyn J. K.
Published: March 2008

Green Lane Hospital is one of the five large hospitals forming the Auckland group of teaching hospitals, associated with the Department of Medicine of the University of Auckland. It serves a population of 660,000. The present X‐ray department was opened in 1970 and the procedure followed in its planning and the principles followed are described. It was planned for an estimated work load of approximately 67,000 examinations by 1968, with an expected 10% increase per annum for the decade following. This total was reached in 1970 and is now approaching 90,000 examinations which includes approximately 15,000 from general practitioners.

The department has been able to deal satisfactorily with this work load and could take many more if not limited by a shortage of staff. There has been some shortage of space for typing services which has been temporarily overcome by some reorganisation. Further space for this and three more diagnostic X‐ray rooms have been allowed for in the future Stage III building.

The need for generous provision of facilities for viewing and reporting X‐rays and for conferences has been emphasised.

The basic concept of a good work flow with minimal cross‐traffic between staff and patients has been more than fulfilled, and according to the charge radiographer the department works better than expected.
“Computed Cranial Tomography in the Investigation of Acoustic Neurilemmomas”
Authors: Dubois Philip J. , Drayer Burton P. , Boehnke Manfred , Rosenbaum Arthur E.
Published: March 2008

Computed Cranial Tomography (CT) was performed in 17 patients with 18 acoustic neurilemmomas. Fourteen of 15 (93%) tumours with diameters above 1.5 cm were detected. Smaller lesions are below the threshold of detection by this method with current technology. Intravenous contrast enhancement and meticulous technique are essential for diagnosis.

An indirect sign of large cerebellopontine angle masses, distortion of the quadrigeminal plate‐ambient cistern junction is described. The place of CT in the sequential pre‐operative evaluation and post‐operative management of patients with suspected cerebellopontine angle lesions is considered.
Kerosene Pneumonia–its Incidence in Perth and Case History of a Recent Fatality
Authors: Morrison Dr. Ian , Sprague Dr. Paul
Published: March 2008

The incidence of admissions to the Princess Margaret Hospital for Children due to ingestion of kerosene in the years 1968/69 and 1973/74 has been ascertained. The chest x‐rays of the patients admitted have been reviewed and the radiological changes assessed.

A recent fatal case of kerosene pneumonitis is reported.
Colonic Juvenile Polyps in a Family
Authors: Devadason Dr. Indran
Published: March 2008

Four siblings with juvenile polyposis coli are presented–one with bleeding per rectum, another with recurrent intussusception and two asymptomatic.

Double contrast barium enema findings are illustrated and comparison is made with the premalignant condition of familial adenomatous polyposis.
P.T.C.–Luck–8/3 πr3
Authors: Robertson Angus
Published: March 2008

We are employing P.T.C. as a diagnostic procedure using a long fine gauge needle which enables one to stay within the liver for longer and outline a greater proportion of biliary tracts.
Ultrasound and the Missing Loop
Authors: Picker R. H. , Saunders D. M.
Published: March 2008

The use of ultrasonic echoscopy in the localisation of missing Lippes loops in 20 patients is described. The method is recommended as the initial investigation of choice in patients where the location of an IUCD is in doubt.
Dosimetric Considerations for the Proposed Usage of 125I Sodium Iodide in Thyrotoxic Patients Presenting With and Without Hot Autonomous Nodule/s
Authors: Richards Paul A. C.
Published: March 2008

Iodine‐125 presents a new approach to the therapeutic management of hot autonomous nodule/s of the thyroid gland. Because of the energy range of the low energy photons (—18μ) one can completely ablate the nodule without severely affecting the rest of the gland and consequently lower the whole body radiation dose. This method of therapy is proposed as a replacement for 131I by virtue of its ablative powers and dosimetry.

A table for dosimetric calculations is presented, along with a simple formula that can be applied to each individual patient. Thyroid supplementation with antithyroid drugs is reduced to a minimum.
Dilatation of Azygos Vein Simulating Mediastinal Tumour
Authors: Batistich A. T.
Published: March 2008

A case of dilatation of the azygos vein simulating a mediastinal tumour has been presented. The importance of postural changes on enlargement of the azygos arch is reemphasised.
Catheter Embolic Therapy in Vascular Tumours
Authors: Foley W. Dennis , Glancy John J. , Tulloch Alastair G. S.
Published: March 2008

Selective use of catheter embolic therapy both prior to tumour resection and in control of bleeding from recurrent and irresectable tumour is discussed.

Experience with pre‐operative infarction of renal carcinomas and selective occlusion of the internal maxillary artery in troublesome epistaxis following radiotherapy and excision of an angiofibroma of the nasopharynx is presented. Excision of bulky vascular renal tumours was achieved with minimal blood loss and with shortening of operating time. Catheter occlusion of the internal maxillary artery obviated a further attempt at operative ligation of this vessel. Two cases (multifocal hepatoma and carcinoma in a solitary kidney) were considered for C.E.T. but in each case relative benefits appeared to be outweighed by potential risks. Further clinical experience with C.E.T. for inoperable hepatoma and multiple hypervas‐cular liver metastases is required.

These results, together with other reports, suggest a useful role for C.E.T. in selected cases.
Pulmonary Encasement — A Sign of Advanced Malignant Diffuse Mesothelioma
Authors: KENDALL‐SMITH I. M.
Published: March 2008

Three cases of malignant diffuse pleural mesothelioma are presented. These serve as a reminder of the urban hazard ever present. Radiologically each of these cases demonstrates the characteristic progressive diffuse pulmonary encasement by a thickened nodular pleural neoplasm, in the manner of a rind. This sign may be all too obvious only after incidental induction of a pneumothorax.

Note is made in regard to the difficulty often experienced in making a precise histological diagnosis and the inevitable delay in diagnosis may be partly responsible for the poor prognosis. The Radiologist by maintaining a high index of suspicion can offer the chance of an early diagnosis.
Mucocoele of the Appendix
Authors: SIMMONS K. , SAGE M. R.
Published: March 2008

Two cases of mucocoele of the appendix have been reported in which a preoperative diagnosis was made by barium enema. The two cases illustrate the radiological criteria which enable a definitive diagnosis to be made.
Osteochondroma of the Clivus
Authors: FON G. , SAGE M. R.
Published: March 2008

A case of an osteochondroma, arising from the base of the skull is reported and the literature is reviewed. In particular, computerized tomography proved extremely valuable in confirming the diagnosis, defining the extent of the tumour mass, and assessing the effect on adjacent brain tissue.
The Battered Child Syndrome
Authors: BARRETT I. R. , KOZLOWSKI K.
Published: March 2008

Two hundred and fifty four children presented to the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children, Sydney, between 1972–1976 classified as “at risk”. Of these children, fifty one presented with fractures requiring orthopaedic attention. The clinical records and radiographs of these 51 children were reviewed. A practical radiological classification was formulated in order to assist in the diagnosis of the battered child syndrome. Differentiation between non‐accidental posttraumatic deformity, when the history of trauma is denied, and congenital anomaly, may be impossible. A plan of management for these children is discussed.
Radionuclide Diagnosis of Pulmonary Artery Aneurysm
Authors: PARAMSOTHY M. , SINGHAM K. T. , KHOO B. H.
Published: March 2008

Radionuclide angiocardiographic features of aneurysm of the main pulmonary artery is described. Both dynamic and static radionuclide examination demonstrated the aneurysm well. Radionuclide angiocardiography is a simple, safe, rapid and non‐invasive procedure in the differentiation of pulmonary artery aneurysms from other mediastinal masses.
Perforation of a Hollow Viscus Without Evidence of Free Gas
Authors: HOUSE ROBERT , SPRAGUE PAUL
Published: March 2008

Two cases of small bowel perforation without free intraperitoneal gas are presented. The association of small bowel ileus with hollow viscus perforation is discussed.
Renal Calculus. A Sexual Paradox
Authors: BATESON ERIC M.
Published: March 2008

An analysis of 280 intravenous pyelograms which demonstrated calculi in the renal tract showed that renal were more common in female and that ureteric calculi were more common in male patients.

This paradox is difficult to explain. Several factors appear to be involved and these include, the period of time a calculus is present in the kidney compared with the time it is present in the ureter, the different clinical presentation of renal and ureteric calculi, and the different stability of renal calculi in male and female patients.
Radiological Features of Two Cases of Renal Oncocytoma
Authors: GILFORD E. J. , KWIATKOWSKI A. , LAVOIPIERRE A. M.
Published: March 2008

Two cases of proximal tubular adenoma with so‐called oncocytic features (renal oncocytoma) are reported. The vascular supply in both was arranged in a “spoke‐wheel” distribution, and tomographs during I.V.P. demonstrated a homogeneous well circumscribed mass.
The Radiotherapy of Non‐Seminomatiis Germinal Tumours of the Testis
Authors: SANDEMAN T. F.
Published: March 2008

231 non‐seminomatous germ cell tumours were analysed as to the control which could be obtained in various subtypes of the teratomas (Pugh classification) by radiotherapy. Little difference could be found in the response and survival in equivalent stages between intermediate and undifferentiated teratomas. Trophoblastic tumours gave a surprisingly high survival rate.

Vascular invasion of the testis or cord played a more important part in determining the outcome than nodal involvement. This has been incorporated in the staging system proposed. Radiotherapeutic technique must be carefully watched so that the renal hilum is included. A pyramidal field covering both iliac groups of nodes has been most successful with a low complication rate and a 3 year survival of 79% for those without radiological node involvement and 69% overa11 for radically treated cases (Stages I and II combined). Only 3 of 76 adequately treated cases recurred primarily within the abdominal field and one of these survives following resection of a “benign teratoma”.

Radiotherapy still gives the best quality survival for the least risk to life and fertility in early cases. Combination chemotherapy will probably save a high proportion of those who recur. In high risk groups such as those with bulky nodal disease cytotoxics plus surgery will probably prove superior to radiotherapy alone. Adjuvant cytotoxics seems to be indicated for T2 cases (those with vessel invasion).
Tricho‐Rhino‐Phalangeal Syndrome with Perthes Disease‐Like Changes and Coxa Vara (Report of a Case)
Authors: KOZLOWSKI K. , MOWBRAY G.
Published: March 2008

The first Australian case of TRICHO‐RHINO‐PHALANGEAL SYNDROME with a rare hip complication of Perthés disease‐like changes and coxa vara is described.

This syndrome is one of the well differentiated diseases in the subgroup of peripheral dysostoses. It shows diagnostic clinical and radiographic features.
Hemiplegia as a Complication of Therapeutic Embolisation of the Internal Maxillary Artery
Authors: THOMAS M. LEA , WALTERS H. L.
Published: March 2008

A hemiplegia complicating a successfully treated angioma arising from the internal maxillary artery is described. The probable pathogenesis of the complication is discussed.

A right common carotid arteriogram and a selective right external carotid arteriogram were carried out.

The common carotid arteriogram showed that the intra‐cerebral arteries were normal. The external carotid arteriogram showed an enlarged main stem and a greatly enlarged internal maxillary artery (Figure 1). A rapid series of films in the antero‐posterior and lateral projections were taken and subtraction films prepared, to identify the feeding vessels to the arterio‐venous malformation and to exclude any connections between the external and internal carotid arterial systems.

The internal maxillary artery and its branches were the only feeding vessels demonstrated as supplying a large arterio‐venous malformation situated in the pterygo‐palatine fossa (Figure 2).

Because of the anatomical site of the angioma and its wide ramification, it was decided that the most suitable method of treatment would be embolisation of the main feeding arteries rather than an attempt at surgical removal.

Following embolisation the patient developed a hemiplegia. A C.T. Scan confirmed the presence of an area of infarction in the right hemisphere of the brain. The hemiplegia slowly improved over a period of four months but left a residual partial paralysis of the left arm.

The embolisation therapy was successful in abolishing the bruit and the vascular hum complained of by the patient.
Fifty‐Five Degree Posterior Oblique Tomography of the Chest
Authors: SHEVLAN JOHN E. , LU CHUN H. , YOUSEF MONZER M. ABU
Published: March 2008

Fifty‐five degree posterior oblique tomography of the chest is currently a popular method of evaluating the hilum. Although a relatively recent modality in English‐speaking countries, its use goes back several decades in parts of Europe.

Over 1,000 of our patients have now been examined by this technique, and we have found it to be a highly accurate means of evaluating hilar pathology. Our principal use of the technique is in the staging of lung cancer, where it is utilised along with computed tomography and gallium scanning. We have found posterior oblique tomography to be as accurate, and occasionally superior, to computed tomography in staging the hilum. The technique is ideal for excluding pathology in the case of the “problem” hilum, and of great use in the localization of lesions adjacent to the posterior portions of the major fissures.

With experience, the radiographic anatomy in the oblique projection is easy to interpret.
Gynaecological Cancer Treatment with the Curietron
Authors: JONES W. K.
Published: March 2008

The Curietron is a remotely controlled electromechanical machine for afterloading caesium‐137 sources for treatment of gynaecological cancer. Its mechanism and safety features are described. Applicators, sources and dose distributions are discussed.

The machine was the first such unit to be installed in Australia and has now been in service for over four years. It has been used to carry out over 200 treatments with very few problems.
Carotid Occlusion — A Hair's Breadth Away
Authors: TRESS BRIAN M. , FIELD PETER L.
Published: March 2008

Amongst the many recognized complications of cerebral angiography are those due to the introduction of emboli into the cerebral circulation. This report documents a previously undescribed iatrogenic embolic material, pubic hair, together with the simple measures necessary to prevent this potential hazard.
The Ultrasonic Demonstration of Colonic Carcinoma
Authors: KHOO H. T.
Published: March 2008

The ultrasonic demonstration of carcinoma of the colon in five patients is presented.

The characteristic echographic pattern is described and its differential diagnosis discussed.

The smallest possible size for ultrasonic detection is postulated.
Cholangiographic Morphology as a Guide to the Demonstration of the Bile Duct by Ultrasound
Authors: PORTER ALAN J.
Published: March 2008

Cholangiography demonstrated that the main bile duct in the majority of patients with surgically‐proven cholelithiasis has a “boomerang” shape with marked angulation between the superior, ligamentous segment and inferior, juxtapancreatic segment. Measurement of the angles at cholangiography provides a guide to the demonstration of these separate segments of the main bile duct by ultrasound using the U.I. Octoson, a water delay echoscope.
The Ultrasonic Aspects of Polyhydramnios
Authors: ACTON C. M. , WEIR P. E. , BEISCHER N. A.
Published: March 2008

In a consecutive series of 250 patients with polyhydramnios, there were 242 patients with chronic and 8 with acute polyhydramnios. The incidence of fetal abnormality in association with chronic polyhydramnios was 18.4% (49 patients); 64% of these abnormalities had features recognisable by ultrasonography but only 28% could have been positively diagnosed by plain radiography. Acute polyhydramnios was associated with uniovular twins, and 2 of the 10 infants were malformed. This study demonstrated that ultrasonography has a greater diagnostic role than radiography in the patient who presents with polyhydramnios.
Ectopic Pregnancy
Authors: VERCO P.W. , COOK C.W. , OGDEN S.E.
Published: March 2008

A series of 20 patients who had an ectopic gestation is reviewed, and the ultrasonic findings discussed. The series is too small for statistical analysis. The findings in the acute stages of rupture of an ectopic or tubal abortion are sufficiently encouraging (12 correct diagnoses in 15 patients) to lead one to persevere in attempts to improve diagnostic acumen in view of the fact that the ultrasound department receives only the more obscure examples of this condition.
Progression of Lumbosacral Spondylolisthesis
Authors: McPHEE I. B. , O'BRIEN J. P. , McCALL I. W. , PARK W. M.
Published: March 2008

A series of fifty‐one cases of lumbo‐sacral spondylolisthesis under the age of thirty years were followed up for a minimum period of one year. The overall progression rate in this series was 24%, but more significantly, the incidence of progression in adolescence was 38%. Furthermore, there was a marked difference in the incidence of progression in the dysplastic type (32%) compared with the isthmic type (4%). Radiological studies showed that adolescent progression occurred concurrently with significant structural changes in both the 5th lumbar vertebra and the sacrum. It was felt that the loss of support of the posterior vertebral complex in dysplastic spondylolisthesis resulted in an interference in the vertebral growth once displacement exceeded 25%, demonstrating that progression may occur before a fusion becomes sound. Late progression was not accompanied by structural changes, and was due to a loss of posterior ligamentous and disc integrity.
Cartilage Atrophy Following Spinal Cord Damage
Authors: ANDERSON J. , BREIDAHL P.
Published: March 2008

A retrospective analysis of hip joint space measurement of patients who had previously sustained spinal cord damage was undertaken.

This paper confirms previous findings that patients with flaccid paralysis in lower limbs develop hip joint space narrowing. It has been found that this phenomenon is far more frequent than previously reported and can be seen in a significant proportion of patients with lower limb spasticity.
Unilateral Rhinolithiasis
Authors: SHARMA B. G. , SAHNI R. C.
Published: March 2008

A unique case of unilateral rhinolithiasis is reported. The literature is reviewed in detail. Special emphasis has been given to the pathogenesis and the exogenous theory of rhinolith formation has been discounted.
A Comparative Trial of Two Urographic Contrast Media — Conray 420 and Urografin 370
Authors: EYES B. E. , EVANS A. F. , WHITEHOUSE G. H.
Published: March 2008

A double blind randomised trial of two urographic contrast media was performed on two hundred patients with normal renal function and no significant urological abnormality. One hundred patients were given Conray 420 (sodium iothalamate), and one hundred received Urografin 370 (mainly methylglucamine diatrizoate with a small amount of sodium diatrizoate). The same amount of iodine, 300 mg per kg B.W., was given to each patient. The only significant urographic difference was an inferior demonstration of the pelvicalyceal system with Urografin 370. No serious reactions were encountered but of the minor side effects, pain at the injection site, pain in the proximal part of the arm, and a metallic taste were significantly more frequent with Conray 420. There was no relationship between individual side effects and the presence or absence of anxiety. No significant change in blood pressure or pulse occurred with either contrast medium.
The Intraperitoneal Use of Technetium Sulphur Colloid
Authors: BOLITHO L. E. , ANDREWS J. T. , LICHTENSTEIN M.
Published: March 2008

Technetium labelled Sulphur Colloid (99m Tc.S/C) is routinely used as the radiopharmaceutical in liver and spleen scanning. The radionuclide is taken up the Küpffer cells and macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system in the liver, spleen and bone marrow.

Intraperitoneal injection of 99mTc.S/C can be used to assess the patency of a peritoneo‐jugular (Le Veen) shunt in patients who develop recurrent ascites after insertion of the shunt. This technique has been previously described (Kirchmer, N. etal, 1977; Gorten, R. J., 1977; Rickers, L. F. et al, 1977; Williamson et al, 1978). A further illustrative case is presented. Using a similar technique, we have been able to demonstrate a peritoneo‐pleural communication in a patient with recurrent pleural effusions and ascites. A similar situation has recently been described by Adam et al (1980).
An Unusual Cholecystoduodenostomy
Authors: MUTHUKUMARASWAMY S.
Published: March 2008

Spontaneous cholecystoduodenostomy is an unusual method by which relief of obstructive jaundice may be obtained. In addition, it is rare for the relief of jaundice to be short‐lived due to obstruction of the fistula by a calculus in the gallbladder.
Planning and Efficiency of Diagnostic Tests
Authors: DUGDALE LESLIE M.
Published: March 2008

The basic principles and techniques of medical decision making are outlined and illustrated. The techniques include ROC curve production, the use of the 2*2 Table, with its derivations, the use of Bayesian analysis to produce Predictive Values, and an introduction to Decision Trees and the use of Utilities. The necessity for a basic knowledge is stressed, particularly in light of current pressures on public and peer accountability.
Physical Characteristics of a Varian Clinac 18/10 Linear Accelerator Part 1 — The Photon Beam
Authors: KAROLIS CHRISTOPHER , WONGSE‐EK CHAVALIT , OLIVER LYN D. , STEWART ROBERT JAMES J. , LANGENEGGER ARMIN
Published: March 2008

The physical characteristics of a Varian Clinac 18/10, 10 MeV X‐ray beam are presented in terms of central axis depth dose, surface dose, buil‐up dose, tissue maximum ratios and attenuation measurements in lead, brass, water and lipowitz metal.

Where appropriate the results for our accelerator are compared with data published in the literature. There is enough variation between our data and previously published work to demonstrate the importance of individual measurements on every accelerator.
The Narrow Cervical Spinal Canal
Authors: SOO Y. S. , NGAN M. M. W.
Published: March 2008

An element of developmental stenosis is present in a review of twelve patients presenting with cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Superimposed cervical spondylosis causes further canal narrowing to the extent that the minimal sagittal canal diameters of these patients measures from 5 mm to 10 mm.

The maximal level of narrowing is at C3/C4 level where greatest stress is said to occur during neck movement.

There is a possible association between cervical canal narrowing and lumbar canal stenosis (33% in this series).

Advanced age of the patients and a moderately long history of CSM do not usually imply a poor prognosis.

The control series show that cord compression signs are not present even with a sagittal diameter of 9 mm. This indicates that in CSM other factors are involved besides cervical canal stenosis.

The most critical diameters are 6 mm and less. Under such circumstances surgery is indicated.

Differentiation between CSM and a predominantly cauda equina compression syndrome does not generally pose a problem if attention is given to the importance of a very narrow cervical canal and the presence of an almost complete obstruction at cervical myelography.
Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis –The Varying Lung Appearances in Four Cases
Authors: DOYLE T. C. A.
Published: March 2008

The radiological appearances of four cases of lymphomatoid granulomatosis and the known features of the disease are reviewed. There is a wide range of differential diagnoses on the chest appearance alone, but this may be substantially reduced by consideration of the clinical presentation.
Radiological Features of Sclerosing Cholangitis
Authors: DOYLE TERRENCE C. A. , ROBERTS‐THOMSON IAN C.
Published: March 2008

Retrograde, operative or percutaneous transhepatic cholangiograms were analysed in 14 patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. In three relatively asymptomatic patients, the extra‐hepatic ducts had irregular and blurred margins and/or nodules encroaching on the lumen of the duct possibly representing early stages in the evolution of disease; in two patients radiological changes were restricted to intrahepatic ducts and in the remaining nine patients there were widespread and characteristic abnormalities including multiple strictures, areas of dilatation, pseudo‐diverticula and pruning of intraphepatic radicles.
The Growth Rate of Breast Cancer as a Dynamic Indicator of Prognosis
Authors: LUNDGREN BENGT
Published: March 2008

In 280 cases of breast cancer detected in connection with mammography screening growth rates were estimated. Growth rates decreased with increasing age, and with increasing tumour volume. Patients with high growth rates showed a high mortality rate. The use of growth rates for prognosis and its implications for therapy are discussed.
Neutron Therapy
Authors: ALLEN B. J.
Published: March 2008

In recent years considerable progress has been made in the application of neutron sources to the treatment of cancer. The development of this field is outlined, and a review is given of the current status of published clinical experience. A variety of sources can be used for neutron therapy and their relative merits are discussed. Proposals for an Australian facility for neutron therapy are put forward.
Spondylo‐Epiphysealis Dysplasia Tarda (Report of 7 cases)
Authors: KOZLOWKSI K. , MASEL J.
Published: March 2008

Seven cases of spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda are reported. The disease has a very uniform clinical presentation ‐ shortening of stature with pains in spine and large joints secondary to early osteoarthritic changes ‐ with little variability. hump &aped lower thoracic and lumbar vertebral bodies are the diagnostic feature Of the disease.
Idiopathic Hypertrophic Osteo‐Arthropathy (Report of a Further Case with Brief Literature Review)
Authors: KOZLOWSKI K. , POSEN S.
Published: March 2008

A further patient with Idiopathic Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy is reported. The mutual relationship between Dysacromelias – Secondary Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy, Idiopathic Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy, Pachydermoperiostitis, Familial Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy and Idiopathic Clubbing is discussed.
Cerebral Atrophy in the Aboriginal, Child and Man: A Review of CT Brain Scans in the Northern Territory
Authors: BATESON ERIC M.
Published: March 2008

Over one thousand CT brain scans performed within a three year period were reviewed. The results demonstrated noticeable differences between Aboriginals and non‐Aboriginals, in that infectious and traumatic lesions were more common in the former, and cerebro‐vascular and neoplastic lesions in the latter group.

In addition, there was a much higher incidence of cerebral atrophy in the Aboriginals. Of special interest was the significant number of Aboriginal children with this radiological appearance. The possibility of neuropsychological impairment in Aboriginal children and adults is discussed.
Computed Tomography in Carcinoma of the Larynx
Authors: SEXTON C. C. , ANDERSON C. G.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTS

CT scanning in the investigation of carcinoma of the larynx is compared with direct laryngoscopy and laryngectomy specimens. Scans of twenty‐two patients studied on a GE 8800 scanner over a two‐year period are retrospectively reviewed. CT scanning compares closely with direct laryngoscopy in ability to define the longitudinal extent of tumours and is superior in evaluating the soft tissues deep to the mucosal surface and in identifying cervical lymphadeno‐pathy. Our findings agree with previous reports and we conclude that CT scanning is an imaging modality complementary to direct laryngoscopy and uniquely useful in characterizing the extent of carcinoma of the larynx in areas vital to planning of appropriate therapy.
Gastric Emphysema: An Etiologic Classification
Authors: AGHA FAROOQ P.
Published: March 2008

I Gas within the wall of the stomach is a rare radiologic finding. The stomach has been the least often reported site of intramural gas in the hollow viscera. Based on etiology, gas in the wall of the stomach can be classified as either gastric emphysema or emphysematous gastritis. Gastric emphysema may be classified into traumatic, pulmonary or obstructive types depending upon the mechanism and pathogenesis. Three cases of gastric emphysema, each of different etiology, are presented to emphasize the subclassification of gastric emphysema. The clinical and prognostic significance of this classification is emphasized.
Technetium‐99m‐DiethyI‐IDA Sequential Hepatobiliary Scintigraphy in the Pre‐Operative Evaluation of Omphalopagus Conjoined Twins1
Authors: PARAMSOTHY M. , WONG T. J. , WOON S. T. , KHOO B. H.
Published: March 2008

Sequential hepatobiliary scintigraphy using Tc‐99m‐diethyI‐IDA of an omphalopagus conjoined twins indicated the anatomic size, contour and position of fusion of the livers pre‐operatively. There was absence of significant cross‐circulation between the twins. It demonstrated separate gall bladders and biliary ducts which emptied into separate proximal duo‐denas. In addition, fusion of the proximal midgut from which separate ilea arose was shown. Separate kidneys and bladders were also demonstrated. This case illustrates a significant advantage of this non‐invasive technique over other methods in the evaluation of the anatomy and function of the liver and biliary system of omphalopagus conjoined twins.
Nitrous Oxide Analgesia in the Radiology Department
Authors: EDWARDS KEITH C. , KATZEN BARRY T.
Published: March 2008

Nitrous oxide is an ideal agent for use not only in the interventional radiology suite, but throughout the radiology department for pain relief and anxiety reduction. It is safe, easy to use, and effective in a multitude of clinical settings. During a one year period nitrous oxide analgesia was used in 300 patients with adequate analgesia and/or anxiety reduction in over 95 percent.
Mammography Doses in N.S.W.
Authors: COLGAN PETER J. , O'REILLY PETER A.
Published: March 2008

A statewide midline depth dose assessment of the mammography units in N.S.W. is presented the results compared with similar overseas data. Film/Screen units are shown to provide significantly less depth dose to the average patient when compared to the Xerox units in use in N.S.W. Twenty seven percent of the Film/Screen units were found to operate at a peak voltage below a level considered as adequate for proper image quality. A further twenty seven percent of Xerox units were found to operate at a peak voltage above that considered desirable for good contrast. In both cases this may lead to either needless exposure or missed microcalcifications and the need for modifications in either technique or equipment is considered essential.
An Assessment of Hexabrix, a Low Osmolality Contrast Medium, in Aortofemoral Angiography
Authors: WHITEHOUSE G. H. , SNOWDON S. L.
Published: March 2008

Hexabrix, a dimeric intravascular medium, has an osmolality which is similar to that of nonionic contrast agents and lower than conventional monomelic media. The degree of reactive vasodilatation on aortic injection is such that the sensation of heat in the legs is usually moderate in severity while the incidence of pain is extremely low. The fall in blood pressure and rise in pulse rate are similar to those for metrizamide and less than for other contrast media. The radiographic quality of the angiograms was consistently high.
Craniofacial Neurofibromatosis: A Roentgen Profile
Authors: GUPTA S. K. , KAUR SARABJIT , SHARMA O. P.
Published: March 2008

Multiple radiographic projections were employed to study osseous abnormalities of the skull in twenty cases of craniofacial neurofibromatosis. Calvarial defects in the lambdoid suture were observed in eight cases. Large midline defects produced a cranium bifidum appearance in one case. Mandibular changes consisted of hypoplasia with flattening of the external contour, thinning of the body and the ramus and widening of the medial and lateral coronoid spaces. Mandibular overgrowth with a convex outer contour and increase in the vertical height was seen in one case and a large cystic lesion around three unerrupted molar teeth was seen in another case. Abnormalities were also observed in the zygomatic arch and the mastoid process. The tympanic bone was absent in three cases. A 20 degree occipitomental projection best demonstrated these abnormalities. Orbital changes consisted of enlargement, outwardly curved innominate line, indistinct lower part of the innominate line, elevated lesser wing of the sphenoid, irregular enlargement or obliteration of the superior orbital fissure and intraorbital calcification. The pituitary fossa was enlarged in two cases without evidence of raised intracranial tension. Macrocranium was observed in one case. Functional disabilities observed in some cases were conductive deafness, loss of vision, cranial nerve palsies and mental retardation. Carotid angiograms done in three cases showed tortuous branches of the external carotid artery feeding the plexiform scalp lesions. A fourth ventricle tumour was seen on ventriculography in one case which presented with hemiplegia and cerebellar signs and symptoms. Skeletal abnormalities corresponded closely to the locations of soft tissue masses indicating developmental interdependance of neuroectodermal and mesodermal derivatives.
Micturating Cysto‐Urethrography as a Cause of Bacteraemia in Childhood
Authors: YEE RUTH S.Y. , MENAHEM SAMUEL
Published: March 2008

A project was undertaken to investigate whether the performance of a micturating cysto‐urethrogram may lead to a bacteraemia. Of the 24 patients included in the study, none had positive blood cultures. Three patients had evidence of a urinary tract infection at the time of the procedure. This result was not influenced by the presence or absence of any renal anomaly.
Central Giant Cell Reparative Granuloma of the Mandible in Children: Report of Four Cases
Authors: PIEKARCZYK J. , KOZLOWSKI K.
Published: March 2008

Four cases of Central Giant Cell Reparative Granuloma of the mandible in children were described.

Although rarely seen in Paediatric Institutions it is the most common primary destructive lesion of jaw in childhood.
A Trial of Radiation Dose Prescription Based on Dose‐Cell Survival Formula
Authors: ALLEN E. P.
Published: March 2008

Radiation treatment has been prescribed for 379 basal cell carcinomata on the basis of a selected equivalent single dose derived from the standard multi‐target dose‐cell survival formula using values of m = 2 and Do = 130 rads for orthovoltage x‐rays. The results suggest that the approach provides a flexible and acceptable alternative to prescription by total dose or by NSD, It is submitted that Total Dose is an inadequate expression of radiobiological effects: that the NSD and related systems are valuable measures of the ability of normal tissues to recover from radiation damage: that a parallel measure of the degree of tumour depopulation has become necessary to allow further progress in alternative fractionation schedules.
Preparing for Final Radiology Examinations
Authors: LAU L. , CAMPO J. DE
Published: March 2008

The authors outline their approach to preparing for the final radiology examinations.
The Virgin and Child, Three Saints and A Donor A Case Report
Authors: SIDDLE K. , CHADWICK W. , GILBERT R. , WAY T.
Published: March 2008

A painting, approximately 500 years old, was acquired by the Queensland Art Gallery. It was x‐rayed because of some inconsistencies in composition. The x‐rays revealed that considerable changes had been made in the original work.
A Computerized System for Radiological Reporting
Authors: SHERBON K. J. , RAGG B. C. , BARKER J. G. , HORVATH DIANA G.
Published: March 2008

A computerized reporting system based on a Digital PDP 11/34 computer has been developed.

The system is particularly suitable for decentralized radiolgy departments.

Reports can be immediately recalled by medical record number or surname from any VDU connected to the system.

Current limitations of system speed and report storage are to be overcome by installing a larger computer and larger disc drive.
The Sectional Anatomy of the Mediastinum
Authors: HEAP STUART W.
Published: March 2008

Simple, schematic sectional diagrams of the mediastinum are displayed in a three‐dimensional context, to aid understanding of the anatomy of the region.
Calvarial Doughnut Lesions with Osteoporosis, Multiple Fractures, Dentinogenesis Imperfecta and Tumorous Changes in the Jaws. (Report of a Case)
Authors: COLAVITA N. , KOZLOWSKI K. , VECCHIA G. LA , FILENI A. , RICCI R.
Published: March 2008

A case of calvarial doughnut lesions with osteoporosis, multiple fractures, dentinogenesis imperfecta and tumorous changes in the jaws in a 21 year old man observed since infancy is reported.

This is the youngest and most severe case of calvarial doughnut lesions ever described. In the opinion of the authors calvarial doughnut lesions are not always benign but may be an expression of a generalised, severe bone disease.
Degenerative Disease of the Shoulder
Authors: CONE ROBERT O. , RESNICK DONALD
Published: March 2008

A variety of degenerative or degenerative‐like processes affect the shoulder in elderly patients. Hydroxyapatite crystal deposition disease produces intratendinous and intrabursal calcification or, more rarely, intra‐articular calcification. Disruption of the rotator cuff leads to characteristic plain film and arthrographic abnormalities whereas the impingement syndrome, owing to entrapment of periarticular soft tissues between the greater tuberosity and coracoacromial ligamentous arch, is best demonstrated by fluoroscopy. Additional degenerative disorders include adhesive capsulitis and osteoarthritis.
Balloon Angioplasty of a Superior Mesenteric Artery Occlusion in a Patient with Angiodysplasia of the Caecum
Authors: LEE JIMMY , WATTIE JOHN
Published: March 2008

A patient with angiodysplasia of the caecum was found to have the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries occluded. Balloon angioplasty was performed on the superior mesenteric occlusion. The patient underwent hemicolectomy with no post‐operative complications.
Comparison of the Tolerance of Iohexol and Ioxaglate in Phlebography of the Legs
Authors: THOMAS M. LEA , KEELING F. P.
Published: March 2008

Fifty patients were examined by ascending phlebography of both legs in a prospective, double‐blind, within‐patient series. Each leg was randomly allocated to the examination using either iohexol 300 mg I/ml or ioxaglate 320 mg I/ml as the contrast medium. Immediate side effects were recorded in all patients, and delayed effects in 40 patients. Statistical analysis using the chi‐square test showed no significant difference in the immediate or late side effects of either medium, and there was no difference in film quality. It is concluded that both iohexol and ioxaglate are well tolerated for phlebography and both are acceptable media for this examination.