bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Litigating Illiteracy: The Media, the Law, and The People of the State of New York v. Adelbert Ward
Authors: Kemple Thomas M.
Published: July 2014

Making sense of the problems which illiterate people face in gaining access to justice puts the foundations of both the ethnography of law and the modern justice system itself into question. The essay explores this thesis with reference to the case of an elderly dairy farmer whose arrest for the mercy killing of his ailing brother attracted intense local and national attention. Documents from the trial which deal with the construction and use of evidence, confession, and testimony, along with schematic representations of the personal, community, and media responses to the case as depicted in the award-winning documentary Brother's Keeper (1992), render visible the textual conventions of a litigious society along with its non-literate and even ritual cultural context. The most troubling issue raised by the case involves a crisis in the bureaucratic organization and expert professionalization of modern litigation when it attempts to address the rights and competencies of relatively illiterate people who appear unable to articulate the values and beliefs of any cultural community at all.
Before His Passion Had Time to Cool: The “Unwritten Law of Adulterous Provocation” and Urban Legend
Authors: Miller Jeffrey
Published: July 2014

Neither can he be thought guilty of a greater Crime [than manslaughter], who finding a Man in Bed with his Wife, or being actually struck by him, or pulled by the Nose, or filliped upon the Forehead, immediately kills him.”

It used to be in the United States, that if you came home and found your wife in bed with the postman, it was perfectly okay to get your shotgun and blow the heads off both of them.”

Professors of criminal law like to impress their students with the “unwritten law of adulterous provocation.” It is seldom part of the curriculum; usually, it seems to present itself off-the-cuff, a professorial ploy to keep lectures interesting, a juridical curiosity that the students can regale friends and family with over dinner. In some classrooms, the unwritten law is limited to the southern United States or to Texas. In my case, at a southern Ontario law school, the entire U.S.A. (with the possible exception of Alaska and Hawaii) was implicated.

My teacher probably had heard the same story in a slightly different language from his own professor of introductory criminal law. Rather than gustily losing their heads, perhaps the lovers were “filled full of lead,” or the husband treated his wife to a summary shotgun divorce.
A Few Hard Cases? Sport, Sadomasochism and Public Policy in the English Courts
Authors: McArdle David
Published: July 2014

The decision of the House of Lords in R. v. Brown has been well documented as one which has serious repercussions for the civil liberties of homosexuals within the United Kingdom, its most notorious ramification being that one cannot consent to the infliction of injury upon oneself in the course of homosexual sadomasochistic activities. The case continues to arouse strong passions in the gay press and amongst civil liberties groups, and the recent announcement that the European Court of Human Rights is to hear the appeal of the men involved has confirmed that this particular “hard case” will continue to exercise the minds of legal practitioners, academics and others for some years to come.

In addition to its implications for sadomasochistic activities, Brown indirectly raises a myriad of other issues. One of these is the question of to what extent the courts should intervene in the case of injuries inflicted during the course of sporting activities. Although the Crown Courts (where the most serious criminal cases of England and Wales are heard) have recently shown an increased willingness to intervene in cases where the injuries inflicted are particularly severe, my preliminary research suggests that the prosecuting authorities are reluctant to bring such cases to court, although they almost certainly would do so if an incident which gave rise to similar injuries had occurred in a nonsporting context.
Law, Representation, and Political Activism: Community-based Practice and the Mobilization of Legal Resources
Authors: Sheldrick Byron
Published: July 2014

Discussions of the relationship between law and political activism have tended to rely on a rigid and unrealistic distinction between legislative and judicial institutional structures. This has led to a failure to consider the structure of professional organizations and the impediments to political activism around legal issues created by the nature of legal expertise. It is argued that the creation of democratic organizational forms, such as those adopted by some community-based legal clinics, holds possibilities for the successful integration of law into the broader political strategies of social groups.
Les codes de déontologie et d'ethique aux confins de l'éthique et du droit
Authors: Legault Georges A.
Published: July 2014

Comment analyser et comprendre l'importance que prend l'éthique notamment avec la prolifération des codes de déontologie et d'éthique dans notre société? L'auteur nous propose d'analyser ce phénomène social à partir des codes, des discours les légitimant, et de leur application. Cette analyse permet de cerner deux approches en tension dans cette forme de régulation sociale. La première s'inscrit dans la tradition juridique de la sanction des conduites; la seconde propose, malgré le contexte légal de son apparition, une avancée éthique d'actualisation de valeurs partagées. La tension existante entre ces deux modes de régulation sociale de l'activité occupationnelle permet d'éclairer un des aspects de la critique du droit dans la modernité: l'hégémonie du droit sur toute autre forme de régulation sociale.
The Psychosocial Courtroom: Towards a New Theory of Argumentation
Authors: Watson Barbara
Published: July 2014

This paper argues for a psychosocial theory of courtroom argumentation. Its central thesis is the deconstruction of the deceptive shifts of courtroom dynamics between the veneer of logical propriety and the emotional prescription buried below. Selected observations on the androcentric bias of the sciences, on linguistic convention as gendered historical ambition, and on alternatives to the dominant logical mode of reasoning and argumentation constitute Part I. Part II critically analyzes selected cases for courtroom alternatives. In an effort to reclaim non-linguistic discourse, Part III synthesizes the emotional mode of argumentation and reasoning with feminist spheres of relevance and reasonableness. The conclusion: that such a synthesis may combine with the rational to present a model for our legal system
Abused Women and Legal Discourse: The Exclusionary Power of Legal Method
Authors: Beaman-Hall Lori
Published: July 2014

Traditional legal method continues to be one of the most unexplored aspects of the gendered nature of legal discourse. In this paper, I outline a number of problems legal method creates in relation to women's experiences, more specifically the ways in which legal method works, as part of legal discourse, to exclude abused women's stories. Expanding the conceptualization of legal method as a process which includes the more mundane and insidious aspects of the daily practice of law, this paper examines aspects of legal method which are often overlooked in feminist legal theory and research. The paper is intended as a beginning point for future discussion and empirical research and as such suggests the possible depth of the exclusionary practices of legal method and the harm suffered by women as a result. I conclude with a discussion of how women can subvert traditional legal method through the formulation of local solutions based on their own experiences.
L'Invisibilité facteur d'exclusion : Les Femmes victimes de lésions professionnelles
Authors: Lippel Katherine , Demers Diane L.
Published: July 2014

Cet article présente les résultats de trois études démontrant comment une législation qui est en apparence neutre peut avoir des effets discriminatoires. Trois aspects de la législation québécoise en matière d'indemnisation des lésions professionnelles ont été examinés afin de déterminer si leur application aux travailleuses était équitable. La première étude a porté sur l'examen de 179 décisions en appel relatives aux réclamations pour dommages psychiques reliés au stress au travail. Elle conclut que l'accès à l'indemnisation est plus difficile pour les femmes que pour les hommes. Les difficultés ne s'expliquent pas par des différences individuelles. La discrimination est véhiculée à travers l'application par les décideurs de normes floues (stress inusité). La deuxième étude a porté sur l'examen des règles concernant l'indemnisation pour l'incapacité d'effectuer le travail domestique suite à une lésion professionnelle. La disparité des obligations des hommes et des femmes à l'égard du travail domestique avec le caractère inadéquat des programmes de réadaptation sociale ont eu pour effet de sous-indemniser les femmes pour les conséquences économiques réelles de leurs lésions corporelles. La troisième partie présente les conclusions préliminaires d'une étude sur les décisions et les politiques en matière de réadaptation professionnelle des victimes de lésions professionnelles. Elle fournit une illustration de la discrimination systémique découlant de la détermination de l'emploi convenable. L'accès aux programmes de réadaptation dépend en grande partie du salaire gagné au moment de la lésion. Le fait que le travail des femmes est sous-évalué de manière systémique se traduit par un accès limité aux programmes de réadaptation professionnelle qui seraient appropriés pour elles et qui tiendraient compte des conséquences réelles de leur lésion.
Les Séparations de corps dans le district judiciaire de Montréal de 1900 à 1930
Authors: Cliche Marie-Aimée
Published: July 2014

À l'époque où le divorce par voie judiciaire était impossible au Québec, les couples avaient recours à la séparation de corps. Ce genre de procès augmenta constamment entre 1900 et 1930. Un échantillon de 500 d'entre eux révèle que 83% des demandes de séparation étaient formulées par les épouses qui se plaignaient le plus souvent de mauvais traitements, tandis qu les maris demandeurs accusaient habituellement leur femme d'adultère. La garde des enfants était généralement confiée à la mère. À partir de 1920 environ, les juges acceptent plus facilement d'accorder la séparation pour incompatibilité d'humeur ou absence d'affection, ce qui montre un changement dans les attentes relatives à la vie conjugale.
Le Droit commeterra incognita: Conquérir et construire le pluralisme juridique
Authors: Belley Jean-Guy
Published: July 2014

Nous avons redécouvert la diversité sociale du droit. Le pluralisme juridique est désormais un paradigme à conquérir contre nos prénotions et nos idéologies du droit, un fait à construire à partir d'une théorisation pluridisciplinaire.
Lesbian Separatism and Legal Positivism
Authors: Davies Margaret
Published: July 2014

Legal positivism and lesbian separatism provide very different, yet comparable, approaches to the issue of separation. Legal positivism practices separation as a tool of dominance, while lesbian separatism is based upon the need for identity formation and resistance to dominance. By elaborating upon the justifications advanced for lesbian separatism, this article critiques the separateness defended by legal positivists, and highlights the effects of power and context upon the significance of separation. Thus separatism as a political objective is not rejected or supported, except insofar as it consolidates oppressive practices. However, a critique of the idea that separation is necessarily territorial and pure is also developped, and an alternative vision of separation based upon the work of María Lugones is proposed. It is suggested that a non-oppressive concept of law can only maintain its identity if an alternative understanding of its separateness evolves.
The Mystery of the French Language Ordinances: An Investigation into Official Bilingualism and the Canadian North-West—1870 to 1895
Authors: Aunger Edmund A.
Published: July 2014

In 1877, the North-West constitution was amended to provide for the publication of all statutes, or ordinances, in both English and French. In 1905, this provision was carried over into the newly-created provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan; it was not repealed until 1988, shortly after the Supreme Court's ruling in the Mercure case. At the present time, however, there remains only scant evidence that this constitutional guarantee was ever respected: very few French language ordinances are extant. Were the great majority of the ordinances never printed in French? Or, were they printed in French but then destroyed?

This article examines the Canadian North-West's experience with legislative bilingualism from 1870 until 1895, and the circumstances surrounding its rise and subsequent demise. During the early years of territorial government, when responsibility for the publication of the ordinances was vested in a lieutenant-governor appointed by the Canadian government, perfunctory attention was paid to the language guarantees: the French language ordinances were printed, but with a considerable delay, and then they often went undistributed. After 1894, when authority was transferred to an executive committee directly responsible to the legislative assembly, the language guarantees were completely ignored: the French language printings ceased altogether. Minority rights succumbed to majority rule. The North-West experience provides an abject lesson in the failure of a constitution to protect minority language rights, when faced with determined opposition from an unsympathetic majority-controlled government.
Pesticide Reforms and Globalization: Making the Farmers Responsible
Authors: Hall Alan
Published: July 2014

This paper examines a regulative shift in Canadian pesticide legislation which directs attention away from the agrichemical companies to individual farmers as the focus for preventing pesticide pollution. There are three parts to the analysis, each of which makes a particular connection between the globalization of agriculture and the development of the new regulative approach and discourse. The shift is first understood as a way in which agribusiness was able to resist environmentalist demands for increased control over the corporate promotion and development of pesticides. The link between the ideologies of globalization and agriculture's strategic responses to the environmentalist pressures are examined. The second part of the analysis looks at the broader restructuring of Canadian agricultural production and market relations to show how the intensification of agriculture within globalization helped to create significant political-economic crises within agriculture. It is argued that the policy and regulative focus on pesticide use practices and pesticide users was partly an effort to deal with these crises and the pressures to accumulate. Finally, the analysis looks at the link between globalization and the strategies and ideologies of the environmental and health movements.
Systematic rule analysis of generative design grammars
Authors: Königseder Corinna , Shea Kristina
Published: July 2014

The use of generative design grammars for computational design synthesis has been shown to be successful in many application areas. The development of advanced search and optimization strategies to guide the computational synthesis process is an active research area with great improvements in the last decades. The development of the grammar rules, however, often resembles an art rather than a science. Poor grammars drive the need for problem specific and sophisticated search and optimization algorithms that guide the synthesis process toward valid and optimized designs in a reasonable amount of time. Instead of tuning search algorithms for inferior grammars, this research focuses on designing better grammars to not unnecessarily burden the search process. It presents a grammar rule analysis method to provide a more systematic development process for grammar rules. The goal of the grammar rule analysis method is to improve the quality of the rules and in turn have a major impact on the quality of the designs generated. Four different grammars for automated gearbox synthesis are used as a case study to validate the developed method and show its potential.
Layout synthesis of fluid channels using generative graph grammars
Authors: Hooshmand Amir , Campbell Matthew I.
Published: July 2014

This paper presents a new technique for shape and topology optimization of fluid channels using generative design synthesis methods. The proposed method uses the generative abilities of graph grammars with simulation and analysis power of conventional computational fluid dynamics methods. The graph grammar interpreter GraphSynth is used to carry out graph transformations, which define different topologies for a given multiple-inlet multiple-outlet problem. After evaluating and optimizing the generated graphs, they are first transformed into meaningful three-dimensional shapes. These solutions are then analyzed by a computational fluid dynamics solver for final evaluation of the possible solutions. The effectiveness of the proposed method is checked by solving a variety of available test problems and comparing them with those found in the literature. Furthermore, by solving very complex large-scale problems, the robustness and effectiveness of the method is tested. To extend the work, future research directions are presented.
Molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis in Cambodian children
Authors: SCHOPFER K. , RIEDER H. L. , STEINLIN-SCHOPFER J. F. , van SOOLINGEN D. , BODMER T. , CHANTANA Y. , STUDER P. , LAURENT D. , ZWAHLEN M. , RICHNER B.
Published: July 2014

We analysedMycobacterium tuberculosisstrains from children, hospitalized from January 2004 to July 2008 in the largest paediatric hospital complex in Cambodia. Specimens were tested for drug susceptibility and genotypes. From the 260 children, 161 strains were available. The East African-Indian genotype family was the most common (59·0%), increasing in frequency with distance from the Phnom Penh area, while the frequency of the Beijing genotype family strains decreased. The drug resistance pattern showed a similar geographical gradient: lowest in the northwest (4·6%), intermediate in the central (17·1%), and highest in the southeastern (30·8%) parts of the country. Three children (1·9%) had multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. The Beijing genotype and streptomycin resistance were significantly associated (P < 0·001). As tuberculosis in children reflects recent transmission patterns in the community, multidrug resistance levels inform about the current quality of the tuberculosis programme.
Physiological stress reactivity and physical and relational aggression: The moderating roles of victimization, type of stressor, and child gender
Authors: Murray-Close Dianna , Crick Nicki R. , Tseng Wan-Ling , Lafko Nicole , Burrows Casey , Pitula Clio , Ralston Peter
Published: July 2014

The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the association between physiological reactivity to peer stressors and physical and relational aggression. Potential moderation by actual experiences of peer maltreatment (i.e., physical and relational victimization) and gender were also explored. One hundred ninety-six children (M= 10.11 years,SD= 0.64) participated in a laboratory stress protocol during which their systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and skin conductance reactivity to recounting a relational stressor (e.g., threats to relationships) and an instrumental stressor (e.g., threats to physical well-being, dominance, or property) were assessed. Teachers provided reports of aggression and victimization. In both boys and girls, physical aggression was associated with blunted physiological reactivity to relational stress and heightened physiological reactivity to instrumental stress, particularly among youth higher in victimization. In girls, relational aggression was most robustly associated with blunted physiological reactivity to relational stressors, particularly among girls exhibiting higher levels of relational victimization. In boys, relational aggression was associated with heightened physiological reactivity to both types of stressors at higher levels of peer victimization and blunted physiological reactivity to both types of stressors at lower levels of victimization. Results underscore the shared and distinct emotional processes underlying physical and relational aggression in boys and girls.
Profiles of the forms and functions of self-reported aggression in three adolescent samples
Authors: Marsee Monica A. , Frick Paul J. , Barry Christopher T. , Kimonis Eva R. , Muñoz Centifanti Luna C. , Aucoin Katherine J.
Published: July 2014

In the current study, we addressed several issues related to the forms (physical and relational) and functions (reactive and proactive) of aggression in community (n= 307), voluntary residential (n= 1,917), and involuntarily detained (n= 659) adolescents (ages 11–19 years). Across samples, boys self-reported more physical aggression and girls reported more relational aggression, with the exception of higher levels of both forms of aggression in detained girls. Further, few boys showed high rates of relational aggression without also showing high rates of physical aggression. In contrast, it was not uncommon for girls to show high rates of relational aggression alone, and these girls tended to also have high levels of problem behavior (e.g., delinquency) and mental health problems (e.g., emotional dysregulation and callous–unemotional traits). Finally, for physical aggression in both boys and girls, and for relational aggression in girls, there was a clear pattern of aggressive behavior that emerged from cluster analyses across samples. Two aggression clusters emerged, with one group showing moderately high reactive aggression and a second group showing both high reactive and high proactive aggression (combined group). On measures of severity (e.g., self-reported delinquency and arrests) and etiologically important variables (e.g., emotional regulation and callous–unemotional traits), the reactive aggression group was more severe than a nonaggressive cluster but less severe than the combined aggressive cluster.
Moving against and away from the world: The adolescent legacy of peer victimization
Authors: Rudolph Karen D. , Troop-Gordon Wendy , Monti Jennifer D. , Miernicki Michelle E.
Published: July 2014

Nicki Crick initiated a generative line of theory and research aimed at exploring the implications of exposure to overt and relational aggression for youth development. The present study aimed to continue and expand this research by examining whether early (second grade) and increasing (second–sixth grade) levels of victimization during elementary school contributed to youths’ tendencies to move against, away from, or toward the world of peers following the transition to middle school. Youth (M age in second grade = 7.96 years, SD = 0.35; 338 girls, 298 boys) reported on their exposure to victimization and their social goals (performance-approach, performance-avoidance, or mastery). Teachers reported on youths’ exposure to victimization and their engagement in antisocial, socially helpless, and prosocial behavior. Latent growth curve analyses revealed that early and increasing levels of both overt and relational victimization uniquely contributed to multifinality in adverse developmental outcomes, predicting all three social orientations (high conflictual engagement, high disengagement, and low positive engagement). The pattern of effects was robust across sex and after adjusting for youths’ early social motivation. These findings confirm that both forms of victimization leave an enduring legacy on youths’ social health in adolescence. Given that profiles of moving against and away from the world can contribute to subsequent psychopathology, understanding and preventing this legacy is pivotal for developing effective intervention programs aimed at minimizing the effects of peer adversity.
Social cognitions, distress, and leadership self-efficacy: Associations with aggression for high-risk minority youth
Authors: Leff Stephen S. , Baker Courtney N. , Waasdorp Tracy E. , Vaughn Nicole A. , Bevans Katherine B. , Thomas Nicole A. , Guerra Terry , Hausman Alice J. , Monopoli W. John
Published: July 2014

Urban ethnic minority youth are often exposed to high levels of aggression and violence. As such, many aggression intervention programs that have been designed with suburban nonethnic minority youth have been used or slightly adapted in order to try and meet the needs of high-risk urban youth. The current study contributes to the literature base by examining how well a range of social–cognitive, emotional distress and victimization, and prosocial factors are related to youth aggression in a sample of urban youth. This study utilized data gathered from 109 9- to 15-year-old youth (36.7% male; 84.4% African American) and their parents or caregivers. A series of hierarchical multiple regressions were fit predicting youth aggression from social–cognitive variables, victimization and distress, and prosocial variables, controlling for youth gender and age. Each set of variables explained a significant and unique amount of the variance in youth aggressive behavior. The full model including all predictors accounted for 41% of the variance in aggression. Models suggest that youth with stronger beliefs supportive of violence, youth who experience more overt victimization, and youth who experience greater distress in overtly aggressive situations are likely to be more aggressive. In contrast, youth with higher self-esteem and youth who endorse greater leadership efficacy are likely to be less aggressive. Contrary to hypotheses, hostile attributional bias and knowledge of social information processing, experience of relational victimization, distress in relationally aggressive situations, and community engagement were not associated with aggression. Our study is one of the first to address these important questions for low-income, predominately ethnic minority urban youth, and it has clear implications for adapting aggression prevention programs to be culturally sensitive for urban African American youth.
Borderline personality features as a predictor of forms and functions of aggression during middle childhood: Examining the roles of gender and physiological reactivity
Authors: Banny Adrienne M. , Tseng Wan-Ling , Murray-Close Dianna , Pitula Clio E. , Crick Nicki R.
Published: July 2014

The present longitudinal investigation examined borderline personality features as a predictor of aggression 1 year later. Moderation by physiological reactivity and gender was also explored. One hundred ninety-six children (M = 10.11 years, SD = 0.64) participated in a laboratory stress protocol in which their systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and skin conductance reactivity to recounting a relational stressor (e.g., threats to relationships or exclusion) were assessed. Teachers provided reports on subtypes of aggressive behavior (i.e., reactive relational, proactive relational, reactive physical, and proactive physical), and children completed a self-report measure of borderline personality features. Path analyses indicated that borderline personality features predicted increases in reactive relational aggression and proactive relational aggression among girls who evinced heightened physiological reactivity to interpersonal stress. In contrast, borderline personality features predicted decreases in proactive physical aggression in girls. Findings suggest that borderline personality features promote engagement in relationally aggressive behaviors among girls, particularly in the context of emotional dysregulation.
Slaveholders and slaves in Savannah's 1860 census
Authors: LOCKLEY TIMOTHY
Published: July 2014

This article re-examines the 1860 census for Savannah Georgia. It melds the free and slave census to gain insights into slave ownership, owners’ occupations and makes tentative suggestions as to slave occupations. It argues that the concentration of slaveholding among a minority of locally born residents explains both the tensions evident in white society during the 1850s and actions taken to ease them. It also demonstrates that the widely used data for the number of urban slaves in Savannah overstates the actual number byc. 20 per cent. The census thus complicates our understanding of the vitality of late antebellum urban slavery.
Inventory, characterization and monitoring
Authors: Tixier-Boichard M. , Ayalew W. , Jianlin H.
Published: July 2014

Inventory of species and breeds, their population sizes, geographic distribution and possibly their genetic diversity is generally undertaken as a first step in any national programme for the management of animal genetic resources for food and agriculture. The primary purpose of such an assessment is to document the current state of knowledge in terms of a population's ability to survive, reproduce, produce and provide services to farmers. Starting an inventory requires some knowledge of the inventory items and their characteristic attributes. Inventory and characterization are, therefore, complementary processes, in which the characterization step provides the baseline information as well as the criteria that will be used to establish and update the inventory. Characterization provides data on present and potential future uses of the animal genetic resources under consideration, and establishes their current state as distinct breed populations and their risk status. As use and management of animal genetic resources are dynamic processes, monitoring the status of a population has to be done on a regular basis. Thus, risk status indicators for use during the monitoring process need to be defined following the inventory and characterization steps.

This paper discusses methods and criteria currently available, from research and past experience, for inventory, characterization and monitoring of animal genetic resources, with the view to assist in the development of a more comprehensive framework. Particular consideration is given to emerging tools and technologies. The scope of the review includes all livestock species and their wild ancestors and wild related species. Examples focus on cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and chickens.
Sustainable use and genetic improvement
Authors: Nimbkar C. , Gibson J. , Okeyo M. , Boettcher P. , Soelkner J.
Published: July 2014

Sustainable use of animal genetic resources for agriculture and food production is proposed as the best strategy for maintaining their diversity. Achievement of sustainable use would continue to support livelihoods and minimize the long-term risk for survival of animal populations. The concept of sustainable use has economic, environmental and socio-cultural dimensions. Sustainable use of animal genetic resources also contributes to food security, rural development, increasing employment opportunities and improving standards of living of keepers of breeds. Supporting the rearing of breeds through better infrastructure, services, animal health care, marketing opportunities and other interventions would make a significant contribution to the sustainable use of animal genetic resources.

Sustainable use envisages the use and improvement of breeds that possess high levels of adaptive fitness to the prevailing environment. It also encompasses the deployment of sound genetic principles for sustainable development of the breeds and the sustainable intensification of the production systems themselves. Sustainable use and genetic improvement rely on access to a wide pool of genetic resources.

Genetic improvement programmes need to be considered in terms of national agriculture and livestock development objectives, suitability to local conditions and livelihood security as well as environmental sustainability. Genetic improvement can involve choice of appropriate breeds, choice of a suitable pure breeding or crossbreeding system and application of within-breed genetic improvement. The choice of appropriate breeds and crossbreeding systems in developed countries has been a major contributor to the large increases in productivity, and has benefited greatly from the fact that developed country animal genetic resources are well characterized and relatively freely exchanged. Where proper steps have been followed by careful assessment of demand, execution, delivery, impact and cost-benefit analyses, successful within-breed improvement has been realized within indigenous populations in developing countries. Breeding objectives and programmes for subsistence oriented and pastoralist systems are likely to be entirely different from conventional programmes. Crossbreeding has been most successful where it is followed by a rigorous selection programme involving livestock owners' participation and substantial public sector investment in the form of technical support. In any genetic improvement programme, inbreeding needs to be monitored and controlled.

Within-breed genetic improvement is normal practice in the developed world, and has become a highly technical enterprise, involving a range of reproduction, recording, computing and genomic technologies. Emerging genomic technologies promise the ability to identify better, use and improve developing world animal genetic resources in the foreseeable future. Useful systems can, however, be established without the need for application of advanced technology or processes.
Analysis Techniques of Lattice Fringe Images for Quantified Evaluation of Pyrocarbon by Chemical Vapor Infiltration
Authors: Li Miaoling , Zhao Hongxia , Qi Lehua , Li Hejun
Published: July 2014

Some image analysis techniques are developed for simplifying lattice fringe images of deposited pyrocarbon in carbon/carbon composites by chemical vapor infiltration. They are mainly the object counting method for detecting the optimum threshold, the self-adaptive morphological filtering, the node-separation technique for breaking the aggregate fringes, and some post processing algorithms for reconstructing the fringes. The simplified fringes are the foundation for defining and extracting quantitative nanostructure parameters of pyrocarbon. The frequency filter window of a Fourier transform is defined as the circular band that retains only those fringes with interlayer distance between 0.3 and 0.45 nm. Some judge criteria are set to define topological relation between fringes. For example, the aspect ratio and area of fringes are employed to detect aggregate fringes. Fringe coaxality and distance between endpoints are used to judge the disconnected fringes. The optimum values are determined by using the iterative correction techniques. The best cut-off value for the short fringes is chosen only when there is a reasonable match between the mean fringe length and the value measured by X-ray diffraction. The adopted techniques have been verified to be feasible and to have the potential to convert the complex lattice fringe image to a set of distinct fringe structures.
Broadband multi-layer antenna with improved design for the applications of perfect impedance matching
Authors: Abdipour Mahmoud , Alishahi Saba Kazemi , Noormohammadi Kambiz
Published: July 2014

In this paper, the design of a broadband multi-layer microstrip antenna is presented. The broadband characteristics are the results of coupled resonances of the patch and transmission line through the resonant aperture. For this purpose, a cross-shaped transmission line, a ring slot, and a shaped ring patch are used. The simulation and measurement results indicate that a wide impedance bandwidth of 70% for |S11| < −10 dB and a perfect impedance matching 35% for |S11| < −20 dB are achieved. The gain is stable over the impedance bandwidth. The maximum gain of the proposed antenna is 8.8 dBi at 5 GHz. The radiation pattern, radiation efficiency, and cross-polarization are also suitable throughout the impedance bandwidth.
Erfahrungen junger Eltern mit der familienzentrierten Betreuung in der Primärversorgung in der Schweiz: Eine qualitative Evaluationsstudie
Authors: Kläusler-Troxler Marianne , Kurth Elisabeth , Spirig Rebecca
Published: July 2014

Hintergrund: Junge Eltern in der Schweiz erhalten nach der Geburt ihres Kindes Unterstützung durch die Mütter-Väterberatung (MVB), einem Beratungsangebot in der Primärversorgung. Gefragt sind neue Beratungsansätze, welche Väter vom ersten Familienkontakt an in die Beratung miteinbeziehen. Im Rahmen eines Pilotprojektes führten wir ein familienzentriertes Pflegemodell in die Beratungspraxis der MVB in der Nordwestschweiz ein: das Calgary Familienassessmentmodell (CFAM) und das Calgary Familieninterventionsmodell (CFIM) von Wright und Leahey (2013). Ziel der vorliegenden qualitativen Studie war, das Pilotprojekt aus Sicht der Eltern zu evaluieren. Methode: Befragt wurden je fünf Mütter und Väter mit einem gesunden Erstgeborenen. Die Teilnehmenden wurden im Anschluss an eine offene Feldbeobachtung während einer familienzentrierten Beratung in der Beratungsstelle einzeln zu Hause befragt. Die Auswertung der Interviews erfolgte mittels Inhaltsanalyse nach Mayring. Ergebnisse: Die Studienteilnehmenden erlebten die postpartale, familienzentrierte Elternberatung als vertrauensbildende, professionelle Unterstützung in den ersten drei Monaten nach der Geburt ihres ersten Kindes. Die Beratung schien ihrem Bedürfnis nach Sicherheit und konkreter Hilfe im pflegerischen Umgang mit dem Neugeborenen und bei entwicklungsbezogen Fragen zu Themen wie Stillen, Weinen, Schlafen und Wachen zu entsprechen. Gleichzeitig unterstützte sie Mütter und Väter wesentlich bei der Rückkehr in ihren gewohnten Alltag. Väter fühlten sich von Anfang an in die Beratung involviert. Schlussfolgerungen: Somit bildet familienzentrierte Pflege ein mögliches umfassendes Rahmenkonzept für die Mütter-Väterberatung. Sie unterstützt und stärkt Familien von der Erstberatung an.
Die Rolle pflegender Angehöriger von Menschen mit Demenz in der Bedarfsbestimmung am Beispiel der CarenapD-Studie
Authors: Riesner Christine
Published: July 2014

Eine bedarfsgerechte Versorgung bei Demenz in der Häuslichkeit erfordert den Einsatz von Bedarfsassessments wie CarenapD (Care Needs Assessment Pack for Dementia). Das CarenapD Manual sieht vor, dass die Person mit Demenz (PmD) und der pflegende Angehörige (pA) einbezogen sein sollen. In einer Prä-Post-Studie wurde CarenapD in der Praxis bei PmD (n = 55) und pA (n = 49) durch professionelle Mitarbeiter (n = 15) eingesetzt, pA wurden wesentlich stärker einbezogen als PmD. Mit einer Sekundäranalyse wird die Frage diskutiert, ob die stärkere Einbeziehung der pA die Ergebnisse beeinflusst haben kann. In die Sekundäranalyse werden Bedarfe (BD) der PmD und des pA einbezogen. BD der PmD in T0 wie T1 zeigten häufig erfüllte funktionale BD (50 %), häufig keinen BD (42 %) in demenzspezifischen BD und hohe nicht erfüllte soziale BD (35 %). Die Belastung der pA konnte von T0 zu T1 in Alltagsbelastung (−14 %), Begleitung (−20 %) und Pflegeunterbrechung (−9 %) gesenkt werden. Auffällig ist gegenüber der Literaturlage, dass häufig kein demenzspezifischer BD der PmD festgestellt wurde. BD der pA zeigen kongruente Ergebnisse, es scheint zu Entlastungen gekommen zu sein. Unkenntnis und Scham der pA und Anwesenheit der PmD kann im Assessment-Prozess dazu geführt haben, dass häufig keine demenzspezifischen BD festgestellt wurden. PmD und pA sollten aktiv in den Assessment-Prozess einbezogen werden und ihre individuelle Sichtweise einbringen können, wie dies im CarenapD Manual vorgesehen ist. Die Umsetzung dieser Vorgabe erfordert professionelles Fallverstehen.
Disrupted auto-regulation of the spliceosomal gene SNRPB causes cerebro–costo–mandibular syndrome
Authors: Lynch Danielle C. , Revil Timothée , Schwartzentruber Jeremy , Bhoj Elizabeth J. , Innes A. Micheil , Lamont Ryan E. , Lemire Edmond G. , Chodirker Bernard N. , Taylor Juliet P. , Zackai Elaine H. , McLeod D. Ross , Kirk Edwin P. , Hoover-Fong Julie , Fleming Leah , Savarirayan Ravi ,   Care4Rare Canada, Boycott Kym , MacKenzie Alex , Brudno Michael , Bulman Dennis , Dyment David , Majewski Jacek , Jerome-Majewska Loydie A. , Parboosingh Jillian S. , Bernier Francois P.
Published: July 2014

Elucidating the function of highly conserved regulatory sequences is a significant challenge in genomics today. Certain intragenic highly conserved elements have been associated with regulating levels of core components of the spliceosome and alternative splicing of downstream genes. Here we identify mutations in one such element, a regulatory alternative exon of SNRPB as the cause of cerebro–costo–mandibular syndrome. This exon contains a premature termination codon that triggers nonsense-mediated mRNA decay when included in the transcript. These mutations cause increased inclusion of the alternative exon and decreased overall expression of SNRPB. We provide evidence for the functional importance of this conserved intragenic element in the regulation of alternative splicing and development, and suggest that the evolution of such a regulatory mechanism has contributed to the complexity of mammalian development.
Anionic surfactant coacervation extraction-magnetic solid phase microextraction for determination of malachite green
Authors: Tian Hong , Wu Hao , Hao Chengxuan , Du Liming , Fu Yunlong
Published: July 2014

A novel, fast, and efficient two-step microextraction technique for preconcentration and extraction of trace amounts of malachite green in fishpond water, river water and flesh of fish was developed using spectrophotometry.
Sensitive sensors for amperometric detection of nitrite based on carbon-supported PdNi and PdCo bimetallic nanoparticles
Authors: Xie Qianjie , He Wenya , Yu Sha , Chen Xiang-Yu , Zhang Xin , Shen Yehua
Published: July 2014

In this work, carbon-supported PdNi and PdCo bimetallic nanoparticles were synthesized and modified on GCEs to fabricate two highly sensitive amperometric nitrite sensors.
Synthesis of single crystalline sub-micron rutile TiO2 rods using hydrothermal treatment in acidic media
Authors: Leidich Patrick , Linker Olga , Panthöfer Martin , Tremel Wolfgang
Published: July 2014

We describe the growth mechanism of single-crystalline rutile rods with tuneable size from fused titania.
Easy access for the synthesis of 2-aryl 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones using gem-dibromomethylarenes as synthetic aldehyde equivalent
Authors: Narasimhamurthy Kereyagalahally H. , Chandrappa Siddappa , Sharath Kumar Kothanahally S. , Harsha Kachigere B. , Ananda Hanumappa , Rangappa Kanchugarakoppal S.
Published: July 2014

One step synthesis of 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones from gem-dibromomethylarenes and 2-aminobenzamide.
Electronic and dielectric properties of silicene functionalized with monomers, dimers and trimers of B, C and N atoms
Authors: Mohan Brij , Kumar Ashok , Ahluwalia P. K.
Published: July 2014

First principle calculations have been performed to study the geometric, electronic and dielectric properties of low-buckled silicene with the adsorption of monomers, dimers and trimers of B, C and N atoms. A band gap opening has been achieved for all the C adsorbates, homo dimers of B and N, the hetero N–B dimer and the B–C–N trimer on silicene.
An unconventional approach for improving the integrity and mechanical properties of xylan type hemicellulose based films
Authors: Bahcegul Erinc , Toraman Hilal E. , Erdemir Duygu , Akinalan Busra , Ozkan Necati , Bakir Ufuk
Published: July 2014

Inclusion of the salt KAcO into hemicellulose based polymeric films results in improved film formation and mechanical properties. Considering this beneficial effect of KAcO, its separation during the hemicellulose isolation process is not always a necessity for film production.
Steam explosion-ionic liquid pretreatments on wetland lignocellulosic biomasses of Phragmites (sp.) and Thalia dealbata for Bio H2conversion
Authors: Peng Hongyun , Gao Lingling , Li Mengjiao , Shen Yibin , Qian Qiongqiu , Li Xia
Published: July 2014

Bio H2conversion from wetland lignocellulosic biomass is one of the promising alternatives to fossil fuels.
On chemical distances and shape theorems in percolation models with long-range correlations
Authors: Drewitz Alexander , Ráth Balázs , Sapozhnikov Artëm
Published: July 2014

In this paper, we provide general conditions on a one parameter family of random infinite subsets of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\mathbb {Z}}^d$\end{document}Zd to contain a unique infinite connected component for which the chemical distances are comparable to the Euclidean distance. In addition, we show that these conditions also imply a shape theorem for the corresponding infinite connected component. By verifying these conditions for specific models, we obtain novel results about the structure of the infinite connected component of the vacant set of random interlacements and the level sets of the Gaussian free field. As a byproduct, we obtain alternative proofs to the corresponding results for random interlacements in the work of Černý and Popov [“On the internal distance in the interlacement set,” Electron. J. Probab. 17(29), 1–25 (2012)], and while our main interest is in percolation models with long-range correlations, we also recover results in the spirit of the work of Antal and Pisztora [“On the chemical distance for supercritical Bernoulli percolation,” Ann Probab. 24(2), 1036–1048 (1996)] for Bernoulli percolation. Finally, as a corollary, we derive new results about the (chemical) diameter of the largest connected component in the complement of the trace of the random walk on the torus.
Local pressure components and interfacial tension at a liquid-solid interface obtained by the perturbative method in the Lennard-Jones system
Authors: Fujiwara K. , Shibahara M.
Published: July 2014

A classical molecular dynamics simulation was conducted for a system composed of fluid molecules between two planar solid surfaces, and whose interactions are described by the 12-6 Lennard-Jones form. This paper presents a general description of the pressure components and interfacial tension at a fluid-solid interface obtained by the perturbative method on the basis of statistical thermodynamics, proposes a method to consider the pressure components tangential to an interface which are affected by interactions with solid atoms, and applies this method to the calculation system. The description of the perturbative method is extended to subsystems, and the local pressure components and interfacial tension at a liquid-solid interface are obtained and examined in one- and two-dimensions. The results are compared with those obtained by two alternative methods: (a) an evaluation of the intermolecular force acting on a plane, and (b) the conventional method based on the virial expression. The accuracy of the numerical results is examined through the comparison of the results obtained by each method. The calculated local pressure components and interfacial tension of the fluid at a liquid-solid interface agreed well with the results of the two alternative methods at each local position in one dimension. In two dimensions, the results showed a characteristic profile of the tangential pressure component which depended on the direction tangential to the liquid-solid interface, which agreed with that obtained by the evaluation of the intermolecular force acting on a plane in the present study. Such good agreement suggests that the perturbative method on the basis of statistical thermodynamics used in this study is valid to obtain the local pressure components and interfacial tension at a liquid-solid interface.