bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Opioid use for noncancer pain and risk of myocardial infarction amongst adults
Authors: Li L. , Setoguchi S. , Cabral H. , Jick S.
Published: April 2013

Backgrounds

With increasing use of opioids for chronic noncancer pain comes concern about safety of this class of drugs. Opioid‐induced hypogonadism, which could increase the risk for myocardial infarction (MI), has recently come to the attention of clinicians. To evaluate this concern we examined the association between opioid use for noncancer pain and risk of MI amongst adults.

Methods

We conducted a nested case‐control study using the UK General Practice Research Database. Amongst 1.7 million opioid users during 1990–2008, we identified 11 693 incident MI cases aged 18–80 years, and randomly selected up to four controls matched by age, gender, index date (date of onset symptoms or diagnosis of first‐ever MI) and general practice via risk‐set sampling. Cases and controls were required to have no cancer and no major risk factors for MI before the index date. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated from conditional logistic regression.

Results

Compared with nonuse, current use of opioids was associated with a 1.28‐fold (95% CI 1.19–1.37) risk of MI. Cumulative use of opioids with 11–50 (OR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.28–1.49) or > 50 (OR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.11–1.40) prescriptions, was also marginally associated with increased risk of MI. The risk was particularly increased in users of morphine (OR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.09–2.68), meperidine (OR = 2.15, 95% CI: 1.24–3.74) and polytherapy (OR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.22–1.76).

Conclusions

Current use of any opioids and cumulative use of 11 or more prescriptions are associated with a small increased risk for MI compared to nonuse and the risk was greater in morphine, meperidine and polytherapy users. Residual confounding, particularly confounding by indication, should be considered in interpreting our results.
Pathophysiology of heparan sulphate: many diseases, few drugs
Authors: Lindahl U. , Kjellén L.
Published: April 2013

Heparan sulphate (HS) polysaccharides are covalently attached to the core proteins of various proteoglycans at cell surfaces and in the extracellular matrix. They are composed of alternating units of hexuronic acid and glucosamine, with sulphate substituents in complex and variable yet cell‐specific patterns. Whereas HS is produced by virtually all cells in the body, heparin, a highly sulphated HS variant, is confined to connective‐tissue‐type mast cells. The polysaccharides interact with a multitude of proteins, mainly through ionic binding, and thereby control key processes in development and homoeostasis. Similar interactions also implicate HS in various pathophysiological settings, including cancer, amyloid diseases, infectious diseases, inflammatory conditions and some developmental disorders. Prospects for the development of HS‐based drugs, which are still largely unrealized, are discussed.
Thick-skinned thrusting in the northern Tien Shan foreland, Kazakhstan: structural inheritance and polyphase deformation
Authors: Kober Martin , Seib Nadine , Kley Jonas , Voigt Thomas
Published: April 2013

The northern front of the Cenozoic Tien Shan mountains in Kazakhstan comprises east- to NE-trending thrust-related basement uplifts. Some of these are open, asymmetric anticlines, whereas others are fault-bounded blocks. Where emergent and exposed, the bounding faults dip steeply at 45–70°. Large-wavelength open folds in the Cenozoic cover also overlie basement structures. The Palaeozoic basement of volcanic, (meta-) sedimentary and granitic rocks contains older structures such as folds, slaty cleavage, faults and dykes. Some Cenozoic faults truncate all earlier structures, just as some Cenozoic folds are independent of the attitudes of underlying stratified basement rocks. The strongest control on the Cenozoic structure is exerted by steep, NW-striking basement faults that induce along-strike segmentation and lateral terminations of some basement ridges. A few of these basement faults had already been reactivated as normal faults during a Cenozoic phase of east–west extension that preceded folding and thrusting. Some normal faults show reactivation as dextral strike-slip faults during the contractional phase, which is still active today. Since the NE to east trend of the main basement ranges has no obvious precursor structures, we interpret the thick-skinned structures to essentially reflect the modern shortening direction, modulated but not dominated by pre-existing basement faults. Variations in local kinematics over time are probably due to strain partitioning in the anisotropic basement, not to changing far-field stresses. The occurrence of steep dip-slip reverse faults apparently unrelated to reactivation presents an unsolved mechanical paradox similar to some low-angle normal faults.
Ciliary subcellular localization of TGR5 determines the cholangiocyte functional response to bile acid signaling
Authors: Masyuk Anatoliy I. , Huang Bing Q. , Radtke Brynn N. , Gajdos Gabriella B. , Splinter Patrick L. , Masyuk Tatyana V. , Gradilone Sergio A. , LaRusso Nicholas F.
Published: April 2013

TGR5, the G protein-coupled bile acid receptor that transmits bile acid signaling into a cell functional response via the intracellular cAMP signaling pathway, is expressed in human and rodent cholangiocytes. However, detailed information on the localization and function of cholangiocyte TGR5 is limited. We demonstrated that in human (H69 cells) and rat cholangiocytes, TGR5 is localized to multiple, diverse subcellular compartments, with its strongest expression on the apical plasma, ciliary, and nuclear membranes. To evaluate the relationship between ciliary TGR5 and the cholangiocyte functional response to bile acid signaling, we used a model of ciliated and nonciliated H69 cells and demonstrated that TGR5 agonists induce opposite changes in cAMP and ERK levels in cells with and without primary cilia. The cAMP level was increased in nonciliated cholangiocytes but decreased in ciliated cells. In contrast, ERK signaling was induced in ciliated cholangiocytes but suppressed in cells without cilia. TGR5 agonists inhibited proliferation of ciliated cholangiocytes but activated proliferation of nonciliated cells. The observed differential effects of TGR5 agonists were associated with the coupling of TGR5 to Gαi protein in ciliated cells and Gαs protein in nonciliated cholangiocytes. The functional responses of nonciliated and ciliated cholangiocytes to TGR5-mediated bile acid signaling may have important pathophysiological significance in cilia-related liver disorders (i.e., cholangiociliopathies), such as polycystic liver disease. In summary, TGR5 is expressed on diverse cholangiocyte compartments, including a primary cilium, and its ciliary localization determines the cholangiocyte functional response to bile acid signaling.
Delivery of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Chitosan/Collagen Microbeads for Orthopedic Tissue Repair
Authors: Wang Limin , Rao Rameshwar R. , Stegemann Jan P.
Published: April 2013

Microencapsulation and delivery of stem cells in biomaterials is a promising approach to repairing damaged tissue in a minimally invasive manner. An appropriate biomaterial niche can protect the embedded cells from the challenging environment in the host tissue, while also directing stem cell differentiation toward the desired lineage. In this study, adult human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) were embedded in hydrogel microbeads consisting of chitosan and type I collagen using an emulsification process. Glyoxal and β-glycerophosphate were used as chemical and physical crosslinkers to initiate copolymerization of the matrix materials. The average size and size distribution of the microbeads could be varied by controlling the emulsification conditions. Spheroidal microbeads ranging in diameter from 82 ± 19 to 290 ± 78 µm were produced. Viability staining showed that MSC survived the encapsulation process (>90% viability) and spread inside the matrix over a period of 9 days in culture. Induced osteogenic differentiation using medium supplements showed that MSC increased gene expression of osterix and osteocalcin over time in culture, and also deposited calcium mineral. Bone sialoprotein and type I collagen gene expression were not affected. Delivery of microbeads through standard needles at practically relevant flow rates did not adversely affect cell viability, and microbeads could also be easily molded into prescribed geometries for delivery. Such protein-based microbeads may have utility in orthopedic tissue regeneration by allowing minimally invasive delivery of progenitor cells in microenvironments that are both protective and instructive.
Specialization and Career Dynamics
Authors: Ferguson John-Paul , Hasan Sharique
Published: April 2013

In this article, we attempt to resolve the tension between two conflicting views on the role of specialization in workers’ careers. Some scholars argue that specialization is a net benefit that allows workers to get ahead, while others argue that broad experience across several domains is the only way to be truly exceptional. We use rich longitudinal data from 1974 to 2008 on the careers of Indian Administrative Service officers, members of the Republic of India’s elite bureaucratic service, to test both these hypotheses. We find that specialization benefits officers throughout their career. We distinguish between skill-based and signal-based mechanisms that relate specialization to promotion, by exploring the match (or lack thereof) between the skills officers acquire and the jobs to which they are promoted, and we find that both mechanisms operate, but at different points in the career. Specialization is rewarded later in officers’ careers because of the skills they acquire by specializing. Earlier in their careers, skills are less important; it appears that specialization benefits officers because it is a signal of general ability. These results contradict studies that find that specialization helps early in careers but fades with experience, but they also call into question the idea that specialization always reflects accumulated skill. Our results support both types of theories but suggest important scope conditions for when one mechanism or the other is likely to dominate.
Sex-Based Disparities in Pretrial Release Decisions and Outcomes
Authors: Pinchevsky Gillian M. , Steiner Benjamin
Published: April 2013

This study involved an examination of sex-based differences in judicial decision making during pretrial, an understudied stage of the criminal court process. We also examined whether defendants’ sex interacted with other legal and extralegal case characteristics, or the context of the county in which defendants were processed. Analyses of data collected from 62 large urban counties for the years 1994 through 2006 revealed that overall, women were treated more leniently than men throughout the pretrial process. Results also indicated that defendants’ sex interacted with other case characteristics to influence pretrial decisions and outcomes, and that judicial decisions were shaped by the sociopolitical context of the county in which these defendants were processed.
The prediction capability of the kinetic models extracted from isothermal data in non-isothermal conditions for an epoxy prepreg
Authors: Vafayan Mehdy , Beheshty Mohammad Hosain , Ghoreishy Mir Hamid Reza , Abedini Hossein
Published: April 2013

In this article, the kinetic behavior of a glass/epoxy prepreg, HexPly® 1454, has been investigated using differential scanning calorimetry data. The kinetic parameters of three different kinetic models have been calculated using non-linear curve fitting of isothermal differential scanning calorimetry data. Curve fitting was done based on genetic algorithm to allow to obtain a unique value for each kinetic parameter. The non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry experiments were predicted using the obtained models. Prediction results demonstrated that only model with the minimum number of kinetic parameters and unique value for each of them can correctly predict non-isothermal experiments at all heating rates.
Visualization of resin impregnation through opaque reinforcement textiles during the vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding process using ultrasound
Authors: Liu Hai Long , Tu Xin-Cheng , Lee Joon Oh , Kim Hyoung-Bum , Hwang Wook Ryol
Published: April 2013

In this study, an ultrasound visualization system has been set up for in-situ monitoring of the resin flow impregnating through opaque carbon fiber reinforcements during the vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding. The flow front advancement through the carbon fabrics covered by a bagging film can be identified and visualized by the high frequency B (brightness) mode ultrasound imaging technique. The resin advancement in the opaque carbon fabrics has turned out to form a non-uniform plug flow along the pressure gradient direction and the potential void formation can be observed from the mesoscopic resin flow behavior: the inter-tow regions have been preferentially filled by the resin fluid and the fiber tow region behaves as a sink that probably remain as a void defect. The local unsaturated transient velocity of the resin flow has been also evaluated, which is particularly important in understanding saturation behaviors in dual-scale fabrics and is hardly measurable by other means. In spite of the hardware limitations on the resolution, the proposed ultrasound visualization system can provide a less expensive and portable visualization tool to understand the microstructure of opaque reinforcements and monitor the resin flow behavior during the vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding process in the industrial composite manufacturing environment.
Untangling the Conceptual Issues Raised in Reydon and Scholz’s Critique of Organizational Ecology and Darwinian Populations
Authors: Dollimore Denise E.
Published: April 2013

Reydon and Scholz raise doubts about the Darwinian status of organizational ecology by arguing that Darwinian principles are not applicable to organizational populations. Although their critique of organizational ecology’s typological essentialism is correct, they go on to reject the Darwinian status of organizational populations. This paper claims that the replicator-interactor distinction raised in modern philosophy of biology but overlooked for discussion by Reydon and Scholz provides a way forward. It is possible to conceptualize evolving Darwinian populations providing that the inheritance mechanism is appropriately specified. By this approach, adaptation and selection are no longer dichotomized, and the evolutionary significance of knowledge transmission is highlighted.
Comparing Audio and Video Data for Rating Communication
Authors: Williams Kristine , Herman Ruth , Bontempo Daniel
Published: April 2013

Video recording has become increasingly popular in nursing research, adding rich nonverbal, contextual, and behavioral information. However, benefits of video over audio data have not been well established. We compared communication ratings of audio versus video data using the Emotional Tone Rating Scale. Twenty raters watched video clips of nursing care and rated staff communication on 12 descriptors that reflect dimensions of person-centered and controlling communication. Another group rated audio-only versions of the same clips. Interrater consistency was high within each group with Interclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) (2,1) for audio .91, and video = .94. Interrater consistency for both groups combined was also high with ICC (2,1) for audio and video = .95. Communication ratings using audio and video data were highly correlated. The value of video being superior to audio-recorded data should be evaluated in designing studies evaluating nursing care.
Writing a Competitive Individual National Research Service Award (F31) Application
Authors: Rawl Susan M.
Published: April 2013

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) are committed to increasing the number of PhD-prepared persons to meet the demand for well-trained behavioral, biological, and biobehavioral scientists. The Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award (NRSA) individual Predoctoral Fellowship (F31) program provides financial support for full-time PhD students who are committed to research careers in scientific health-related fields relevant to the NIH. This article provides guidance for PhD nursing students who are preparing an individual NRSA application with emphasis on those being submitted to the National Institute of Nursing Research. The advantages of receiving this award are described along with the steps to complete the application. After careful self- and environmental assessments, the task of writing begins in close collaboration with research mentors. Essential components of NRSA applications are described along with strategies for making applications competitive and, ultimately, successful.
Addressing Disproportionate Discipline Practices Within a School-Wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports Framework
Authors: Boneshefski Michael J. , Runge Timothy J.
Published: April 2013

Culturally responsible implementation of School-Wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (SWPBIS) requires that schools monitor indices of disciplinary practices among minority groups. School teams are encouraged to calculate risk indices and risk ratios to evaluate the extent to which students of all groups are removed from classrooms for behavioral infractions. Additional data sources are offered to understand the nature of disproportionate practices. These data are then used to develop more culturally responsive disciplinary practices in schools. An illustration is then provided using data from an ethnically diverse elementary school.
The logic of development effectiveness: Is it time for the broader evaluation community to take notice?
Authors: Picciotto Robert
Published: April 2013

This article addresses the evaluative dimension of development effectiveness. It argues that, with some refinements, the effectiveness criteria forged in the international-development field would be equally serviceable in other domains of evaluative practice. Specifically, the criteria and tools in widespread use within the development-evaluation arena reflect hard-won lessons of experience. They have demonstrated their worth in diverse operating environments. They have proved resilient to shifts in policy doctrines. They are equally applicable to project, programme and policy evaluations. Finally, having supplanted measures focused on inputs and outputs (rather than outcomes and impacts), they are well aligned with the evidence-based and results-oriented stance currently favoured by policy makers in rich and poor countries alike.
Using Qualitative Comparative Analysis to understand complex policy problems
Authors: Blackman Tim , Wistow Jonathan , Byrne Dave
Published: April 2013

This article shows how Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) can be used to understand what works to address complex policy problems at a local level, using the example of tackling high rates of teenage conceptions in England’s most deprived local authority areas. QCA is a promising method for providing evidence in situations where interventions interact with contexts, enabling causal pathways to be discerned from how sets of conditions combine with particular outcomes: in this instance, whether inequalities in conception rates do or do not narrow, compared with the England average. A wide range of survey and secondary data, sourced in collaboration with practitioners, was explored to identify conditions that might show a relationship with the outcome. Applying QCA’s process of logical reduction enabled identification of sets of cases. Two narrowing sets and three not-narrowing sets are presented, showing how there are different pathways to narrowing and not-narrowing outcomes, and how conditions often combine to have causal effect. Although based on systematic cross-case comparison, the article also demonstrates the importance of judgement and interpretation in QCA.
A fresh look at the intervention logic of Structural Funds
Authors: Gaffey Veronica
Published: April 2013

In the 1990s, the European Commission initiated the MEANS programme of evaluation guidance for socio-economic programmes, primarily for those co-financed with the Structural Funds. This initiative developed an intervention logic that has remained in place ever since. The Directorate General for Regional and Urban Policy has recently been taking a fresh look at the logical framework. We have examined it drawing on experiences from three programming periods: from the perspective of an intensive ex post evaluation of the 2000–06 programming period; from the perspective of reporting on the ongoing performance of current programmes; and from the perspective of designing a policy for 2014–20 with a stronger result orientation. The conclusion of this work is that our intervention logic was never entirely clear. We cannot in practice distinguish between a short-term direct effect (result) and a longer-term, indirect effect (impact). We have never actually measured impacts defined like this. With the increasing focus on outcomes in the international literature and the developments concerning the evaluation of impact – defined as the ‘change that can credibly be attributed to an intervention’, we realize that we need to clarify our intervention logic. This article outlines the experiences of the Directorate General for Regional and Urban Policy and its proposals for a re-articulation of the logic of our interventions and the terminology we use in this regard.
Determination of Patient Preference for Location of Elective Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Surgery
Authors: Landau John H. , Novick Teresa V. , Dubois Luc , Power Adam H. , Harris Jeremy R. , DeRose Guy , Forbes Thomas L.
Published: April 2013

Objective:

Aneurysm repair is centralized in higher volume centers resulting in reduced mortality, with longer travel distances. The purpose of this study is to explore patients’ preference between local care versus longer distances and lower mortality rates.

Methods:

Patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) measuring 4 to 5 cm and living at least a 1-hour drive from our hospital were asked to assume it had grown to 5.5 cm, and repair was recommended with a mortality risk of 2%. The level of additional risk they would accept to undergo surgery locally was determined.

Results:

A total of 67 patients were surveyed. If mortality risk was equivalent at the local and regional hospitals, 44% preferred care at our tertiary center, while 56% preferred surgery locally. If perioperative mortality was increased at the local hospital, 9% preferred local surgery.

Conclusions:

The vast majority of patients with AAA will accept longer travel distances for care as long as it results in a reduction in perioperative mortality.
Effect of Single-Session Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Applied Over the Hand Versus Leg Motor Area on Pain After Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Jetté Fanny , Côté Isabelle , Meziane Hadj Boumediene , Mercier Catherine
Published: April 2013

Background. Neuropathic pain often follows spinal cord injury (SCI). Objective. To compare the effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) applied over different motor cortex targets (hand vs leg area) versus sham stimulation on neuropathic pain and local neurophysiological changes in patients with SCI. Methods. A total of 16 patients with complete or incomplete motor SCI and chronic neuropathic pain participated in a double-blind, cross-over randomized study. Three single sessions of sham or active rTMS (10 Hz, total of 2000 stimuli) were applied in random order over the hand or leg area with a minimal 2-week interval. The main outcome measures were the numeric rating scale for pain sensation and parameters derived from motor mapping of the first dorsal interosseous muscle, including maximal amplitude of evoked response as well as map area, volume, and location. Results. rTMS applied to either the hand or the leg area, but not sham stimulation, induced a significant but equivalent reduction in pain for the first 48 hours postintervention ( P < .05). Participants with an incomplete lesion showed greater analgesia than those with a complete lesion (21% vs 3%, respectively; P < .05). The main change observed for motor map measurements was an increase in corticospinal excitability after stimulation of the hand area ( P = .04) but not for the other conditions. Conclusion. rTMS applied over the hand or leg motor cortex decreased neuropathic pain regardless of any change in cortical excitability, suggesting that the analgesic effect is not associated with local changes at the motor cortex level itself.
Developing Psychic Income in School Administration
Authors: Guramatunhu-Mudiwa Precious , Scherz Susan Day
Published: April 2013

This concept article discusses the importance of developing psychic income as an administrative strategy to enhance the context of school environments and to curb high teacher turnover. The hope is to promote further debate and research in order to establish the extent to which psychic income influences retention rates in hard-to-staff schools. Psychic income refers to the satisfaction and benefits derived from intangibles that have non-monetary value in the workplace. We argue that principals have little control over teachers’ salaries, but have significant influence in developing psychic income thresholds that can curb high teacher turnover in struggling schools. Discussed are strategies that principals can use to build psychic income for their schools, realizing that success and sustainability of the strategies are dependent on leadership style and tenure of the principal. Through engaged leadership strategies, principals have the capacity to promote psychic income in order to build satisfying school environments.
A realist logic model of the links between nurse staffing and the outcomes of nursing
Authors: Subirana Mireia , Long Andrew , Greenhalgh Joanne , Firth Jill
Published: April 2013

Background:

There has been a long-standing debate over the definition and nature of the quality of healthcare and factors that influence and enhance quality. Within nursing, the challenge is to identify the outcomes that are measurable and amenable to change as a result of nursing care. Arising originally from concerns over potential nurse staffing shortages and nurse retention within the United States, an extensive literature has developed in the acute sector, exploring nurse staffing and its consequences. All of these studies raise the generic question of what potential causal mechanisms might link nurse staffing levels and skill mix to issues of patient safety and outcome.

Objectives:

To generate a tentative logic model to understand existing findings and to elucidate possible ways in which nurse staffing and skill mix may affect patient and nurse outcomes.

Methods:

This study was grounded within the principles of realist evaluation, realist review and logic modelling. The existing literature was reviewed to bring to light the underlying rationale suggested by the authors of this study on how nursing care might affect patient outcomes. A step-by-step process was followed to demonstrate the generation of a tentative logic model of how nurse staffing might influence patient, and nursing, outcomes.

Results:

The final logic model depicts staffing adequacy as having a complex link with patient outcomes. This is mediated at a general level through factors in the process of care (for example, nurse surveillance, clinical judgement, level of education, level of nurse training and length of nursing experience) and tasks left undone. These operate in conjunction with working with other nurses who are clinically competent, having good nurse–physician relationships and communication, supportive nurse manager/supervisor and good teamwork.

Conclusions:

This study extends the understanding of the mechanisms through which nurse staffing levels may result in adverse patient outcomes in the acute sector. Key intervening variables are the application of nurse intuition, operation of clinical judgement and missed nursing care/tasks left undone. The tentative logic model can be used to draw up areas and hypotheses to guide the direction of future research and to aid interpretation of existing research.
Fit for the future? The place of global health in the UK's postgraduate medical training: a review
Authors: Hall Ja , Brown Cs , Pettigrew L , Malik Anj , Watson J , Topiwala A , Mcgregor L , Ramsay R
Published: April 2013

Objectives

That health is now global is increasingly accepted. However,a'mismatch between present professional competencies and the requirements of an increasingly interdependent world' has been identified. Postgraduate training should take account of the increasingly global nature of health; this paper examines the extent to which they currently do.

Design

Trainees across 11 medical specialties reviewed the content of their postgraduate curriculum.

Setting

Not relevant.

Partcipants

None.

Main outcome measures

Competencies were coded as ‘UK' (statement only relevant to UK work), ‘global' (statement with an explicit reference to aspects of health outside the UK) or generic (relevant both to the UK and international settings).

Results

Six of the 11 curricula reviewed contained global health competencies. These covered the global burden or determinants of disease and appropriate policy responses. Only one College required trainees to ‘be aware of the World Health Organization', or ‘know the local, national and international structures for health care'. These cross-cutting competencies have applicability to all specialties. All 11 curricula contained generic competencies where a global health perspective and/or experience could be advantageous, e.g. caring for migrant or culturally different patients.

Conclusion

Trainees in all specialties should achieve a minimum requirement of global health awareness. This can be achieved through a small number of common competencies that are consistent across core curricula. These should lead on from equivalent undergraduate
The large ectodomains of CD45 and CD148 regulate their segregation from and inhibition of ligated T-cell receptor
Authors: Cordoba Shaun-Paul , Choudhuri Kaushik , Zhang Hao , Bridge Marcus , Basat Alp Bugra , Dustin Michael L. , van der Merwe P. Anton
Published: April 2013

Key Points

The large extracellular domains of the tyrosine phosphatases CD45 and CD148 prevent them from inhibiting T-cell receptor triggering. These domains are required for optimal segregation from the engaged T-cell receptor, supporting the kinetic-segregation model of triggering.
Prevalence of reactive attachment disorder in a deprived
population
Authors: Minnis Helen , Macmillan Susan , Pritchett Rachel , Young David , Wallace Brenda , Butcher John , Sim Fiona , Baynham Katie , Davidson Claire , Gillberg Christopher
Published: April 2013

Background

Reactive attachment disorder (RAD) is associated with early childhood
maltreatment and has unknown population prevalence beyond infancy.

Aims

To estimate RAD prevalence in a deprived population of children.

Method

All 1646 children aged 6-8 years old in a deprived sector of an urban UK
centre were screened for RAD symptoms. Parents of high and low scorers
were interviewed using semi-structured interviews probing for
psychopathology and individuals likely to have RAD were offered
face-to-face assessment.

Results

Questionnaire data were available from 92.8% of teachers and 65.8% of
parents. Assessments were conducted with 50% of those invited and missing
data were imputed - based on the baseline data - for the rest. We
calculated that there would be 23 children with definite RAD diagnoses,
suggesting that the prevalence of RAD in this population was 1.40% (95%
CI 0.94-2.10).

Conclusions

In this deprived general population, RAD was not rare.
WOX4 and WOX14 act downstream of the PXY receptor kinase to regulate plant vascular proliferation independently of any role in vascular organisation
Authors: Etchells J. Peter , Provost Claire M. , Mishra Laxmi , Turner Simon R.
Published: April 2013

In plants, the cambium and procambium are meristems from which vascular tissue is derived. In contrast to most plant cells, stem cells within these tissues are thin and extremely long. They are particularly unusual as they divide down their long axis in a highly ordered manner, parallel to the tangential axis of the stem. CLAVATA3-LIKE/ESR-RELATED 41 (CLE41) and PHLOEM INTERCALATED WITH XYLEM (PXY) are a multifunctional ligand-receptor pair that regulate vascular cell division, vascular organisation and xylem differentiation in vascular tissue. A transcription factor gene, WUSCHEL HOMEOBOX RELATED 4 (WOX4) has been shown to act downstream of PXY. Here we show that WOX4 acts redundantly with WOX14 in the regulation of vascular cell division, but that these genes have no function in regulating vascular organisation. Furthermore, we identify an interaction between PXY and the receptor kinase ERECTA (ER) that affects the organisation of the vascular tissue but not the rate of cell division, suggesting that cell division and vascular organisation are genetically separable. Our observations also support a model whereby tissue organisation and cell division are integrated via PXY and ER signalling, which together coordinate development of different cell types that are essential for normal stem formation.
Experimental confirmation of quasi-soliton pulse formation in ultrafast VECSELs
Authors: Sieber O. D. , Hoffmann M. , Maas D. J. H. C. , Wittwer V. J. , Golling M. , Südmeyer T. , Keller U.
Published: April 2013

A detailed experimental study on pulse formation in ultrafast VECSELs confirms that shortest pulses require slightly positive dispersion to balance saturation effects. These results are in good agreement with simulations, confirming the quasi-soliton pulse-formation theory.
Beam Quality and Spectral Evolution in Large-Core Cladding-Pumped Cascaded-Raman Fiber Converter
Authors: Ji J. , Codemard C. A. , Boyland A. , Sahu J. K. , Nilsson J.
Published: April 2013

We fabricate the first large-core double-clad Raman fiber and use it for efficient pulsed cladding-pumped fiber Raman amplification. The beam-quality of the output beam improves to diffraction-limited through cascaded Raman scattering.
Diode-pumped Er3+:Y2O3 ceramic laser at ~3-µm
Authors: Sanamyan T. , Simmons J. , Dubinskii M.
Published: April 2013

We report on spectroscopy and diode-pumped ~3-µm laser operation of Er3+:Y2O3 ceramic resonantly pumped into upper laser level 4I11/2. This is believed to be the first laser based on 4I11/2 ⇒ 4I13/2 transitions of Er3+ in Y2O3.
First Experimental Demonstration of Optical Parametric Chirped Pulse Amplification in an Optical Fiber
Authors: Bigourd D. , Caucheteur C. , Hugonnot E. , Szriftgiser P. , Kudlinski A. , Mussot A.
Published: April 2013

Optical parametric chirped pulse amplification is experimentally demonstrated in an all fibered optical system. A single chirped fiber Bragg grating achieving the stretching/compression stages is combined to a continuous wave pumped Fiber optical parametric amplifier.
Tunable Near Transform Limited Pulses From a cw Seeded Optical Parametric Amplifier
Authors: Hädrich S. , Gottschall T. , Rothhardt J. , Limpert J. , Tünnermann A.
Published: April 2013

We present an optical parametric amplifier that is seeded by a wavelength tunable cw laser diode. By using the idler tunable near transform limited pulses with pulse durations between 190 fs and 230 fs are obtained directly without the need for any compression. Those idler pulses have been amplified in a second stage up to 7.2 µJ pulse energy at 50 kHz pulse repetition frequency. Additionally, we characterized the idler of the second stage that offers the tuning range of the cw seed and has similar pulse energies and durations. Furthermore, we varied the pump pulse duration that allowed the variation of the near transform limited idler pulses. Hence, this scheme provides a source for ultrashort pulses near their transform limit with variable pulse duration and center wavelength.
Power-Scalable Photonic Bandgap Fiber Sources with 167 W, 1178 nm and 14.5 W, 589 nm Radiations
Authors: Shirakawa Akira , Olausson Christina B. , Chen Meishin , Ueda Ken-ichi , Lyngsø Jens K. , Broeng Jes
Published: April 2013

1178nm ytterbium-doped photonic bandgap fiber amplifier with strictly amplified-spontaneous-emission-free, 167W output has been achieved with 61% slope efficiency. Single pass frequency doubling to 14.5W 589nm light was also demonstrated with 34% conversion efficiency.
High efficiency Mid-IR second harmonic generation in orientation patterned GaAs waveguides
Authors: Oron M. B. , Pearl S. , Blau P.
Published: April 2013

21%W-1 SHG efficiency at 4μm was demonstrated in OPGaAs waveguides. The high efficiency is attributed to record low waveguide loss of 1.0 db/cm, high material quality of periodically grown structure and accurate modeling of the waveguide effective indices.
Femtosecond mode locking of a Tm,Ho:KYW laser near 2 μm
Authors: Lagatsky A. A. , Fusari F. , Brown C. T. A. , Sibbett W. , Calvez S. , Dawson M. D. , Kisel V. E. , Kurilchik S. V. , Kuleshov N. V. , Gupta J. A.
Published: April 2013

Passive mode locking of a Tm3+,Ho3+:KY(WO4)2 laser with an InGaAsSb-based saturable absorber is reported. Transform-limited 570-fs pulses were generated at 2055nm with an average power of 130mW at a pulse repetition frequency of 118MHz.
589 nm Multi-Watt Narrow Linewidth Optically Pumped Semiconductor Laser for Laser Guide Stars
Authors: Leinonen Tomi , Härkönen Anti , Korpijärvi Ville-Markus , Guina Mircea , Epstein Ryan J. , Murray James T. , Fetzer Gregory J.
Published: April 2013

We demonstrate > 2 W of 589 nm output from an intra cavity frequency doubled optically pumped GaInNAs/GaAs laser. Single longitudinal mode operation with linewidths < 50 MHz are shown. Output powers are currently limited by available pump power and spot size.
Bend-effects on Brillouin gain in large mode area fiber amplifiers with acoustic antiguide
Authors: Nilsson J. , Yoo S. , Codemard C. A. , Jeong Y. , Mountfort F. , Sahu J. K.
Published: April 2013

Model calculations show that a bend radius of 10 cm degrades the Brillouin threshold by 8 dB for a large mode area fiber with an antiguiding acoustic waveguide designed to minimize the straight-fiber Brillouin gain.
Free Standing Single Crystal LiNbO3 Micro-wires Fabricated by Ion Slicing, Transferred and Bonded to SiO2/Si
Authors: Lee Yoo Seung , Lee Sang Shin , Steier William H.
Published: April 2013

Free standing mm long, 1 micron crystalline LiNbO3 micro-wires have been obtained by ion-slicing. They can be lifted, positioned, and bonded onto SiO2/Si. This is a promising approach for bringing LiNbO3 into the SOI technology
Generation of yellow, continuous-wave emission from an intracavity, frequency-doubled Nd:KGW self-Raman laser
Authors: Lee Andrew J. , Pask H. M. , Spence D. J. , Piper J. A.
Published: April 2013

We report generation of 450 mW continuous-wave emission at 590 nm from an intra-cavity, frequency-doubled, self-Raman laser utilising Nd:KGW. Power scaling is limited by secondary emission lines, astigmatic thermal lensing and thermally-induced fracture.
Laser properties of Na+ ions co-doped PbGa2S4:Dy3+ crystal
Authors: Basiev Tasoltan T. , Doroshenko Maxim E. , Osiko Vyacheslav V. , Badikov Valerii V. , Badikov Dmitrii V.
Published: April 2013

New Na+ ions co-doped PbGa2S4:Dy3+ crystals were synthesized and their lasing properties under 1.318 um excitation were investigated. Output energies at 4.3 µm up to 7.5 mJ with slope efficiency up to 2% were demonstrated.
Fifty Years of Advances in Solid-State Laser Materials
Authors: Boulon Georges
Published: April 2013

Today, solid-state lasers continue to occupy a prominent place among the different kinds of laser devices, which are widely used in industrial, medical, military and scientific fields. The year 2010 marks the 50th anniversary of the invention of the first laser device, ruby laser, on May 1960 at Hughes. It is therefore an appropriate time to look back at the developments in the laser field since its inception and to try to map out its milestones. There are in fact two kinds of solid-state laser materials: those based on light-pumped insulating host materials (crystals, glasses and ceramics) containing optically active point defects, and semiconductors lasers which are electrically excited. In this presentation, consideration will be given only to the area of solid-state lasers mainly based on metal transition ions (3d configuration) and rare earth ions (4f configuration) used as oscillators or amplifiers.
Cerium lasers generate ultrafast deep ultraviolet pulses
Authors: Granados Eduardo , Coutts David W. , Spence David J.
Published: April 2013

We demonstrate for the first time that the DUV laser material cerium LiCAF can be mode locked to produce picosecond pulses in this hard to access spectral range, and we discuss the potential to directly generate sub femtosecond pulses.
Highly efficient Nd:YVO4 laser by direct in-band diode pumping at 914 nm
Authors: Sangla D. , Castaing M. , Balembois F. , Georges P.
Published: April 2013

We present the first demonstration of Nd:YVO4 laser diode-pumped directly in band at 914-nm. We achieved a slope efficiency of 80.7 % by extracting 11.5W at 1064-nm for 14.6W of absorbed pump power at 914-nm.
Modelocked Integrated External-Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (MIXSEL) generates 660 mW average power in 23-ps pulses at 3 GHz repetition rate
Authors: Wittwer V. J. , Rudin B. , Maas D. J. H. C. , Barbarin Y. , Hoffmann M. , Golling M. , Südmeyer T. , Keller U.
Published: April 2013

We present an advanced MIXSEL, a semiconductor disk laser with integrated saturable absorber. Improved thermal management by wafer removal substantially increased the output power. The novel antiresonant design is growth-error tolerant and enables shorter pulses.
Tandem Pumping of Large-Core Double-Clad Ytterbium-Doped Fiber for Control of Excess Gain
Authors: Codemard C. A. , Nilsson J. , Sahu J. K.
Published: April 2013

We explain and experimentally verify how to control unwanted excess gain of higher-order modes in cladding-pumped large-core ytterbium-doped fiber amplifiers through high-brightness tandem-pumping with wavelengths close to the signal wavelength.
Mode-Locked Thulium-doped Silicate Fiber Laser with Saturable Absorber Mirror
Authors: Wang Q. , Geng J. , Luo T. , Jiang S.
Published: April 2013

We report a passively mode-locked fiber laser using a 30-cm long newly developed Tm-doped silicate glass fiber. The mode-locked pulses operate at 1980 nm with duration of 1.5 ps and energy of 0.76 nJ.
High-Power, Actively Modelocked Cryogenic Yb:YAG Laser
Authors: Gopinath Juliet T. , Wall Kevin F. , Hybl John , Moulton Peter F. , Fan T.Y.
Published: April 2013

A high-power, actively modelocked, cryogenically cooled Yb:YAG laser has been demonstrated. At a repetition rate of 80 MHz, 214-ps pulses with 55 W of output power have been measured.
Broadband Yb:CaF2 regenerative amplifier for millijoule range ultrashort pulse amplification
Authors: Ricaud Sandrine , Delaigue Martin , Courjaud Antoine , Druon Frédéric , Georges Patrick , Camy Patrice , Benayad Abdelmjid , Doualan Jean-Louis , Moncorgé Richard , Mottay Eric
Published: April 2013

We report a diode-pumped regenerative amplifier based on Yb:CaF2 material delivering up to 1.8 mJ at 100 Hz. The pulses have a spectral bandwidth of 16nm, indicating a good potential for millijoule range sub 100 fs pulse duration.
Self-referenced and optically stabilized 10 GHz frequency comb
Authors: Heinecke D. C. , Bartels A. , Fortier T.M. , Braje D. A. , Hollberg L. , Diddams S. A.
Published: April 2013

We demonstrate a self-referenced 10 GHz Ti:sapphire frequency comb where the continuum is generated in microstructured fiber. In addition, we discuss optical stabilization of the comb via saturated absorption in 87Rb with a single mode.
Demonstration of a 1 J diode-pumped Yb:YAG chirped pulse amplification laser system
Authors: Reagan Brendan A. , Furch Federico J. , Luther Bradley M. , Curtis Alden H. , Meehan Shaun P. , Rocca Jorge J.
Published: April 2013

We have demonstrated a compact diode-pumped chirped pulse amplification laser based on cryogenically-cooled Yb:YAG that produces 1 J, 8.5 ps duration pulses at 10 Hz repetition rate.
Increased field of view through optical multiplexing
Authors: Treeaporn Vicha , Ashok Amit , Neifeld Mark A.
Published: April 2013

A compact thin-film shuttered multi-beamsplitter superposition imaging solution to reduce some of the system size and weight costs typically associated with conventional wide field of view imaging techniques is described and demonstrated.
Depth Estimation with Locally Adaptive Support-Weight in a Thermographic Compound-Eye Camera
Authors: Kagawa Keiichiro , Fujiwara Yasuhiro , Tanida Jun
Published: April 2013

Depth acquisition from a textureless thermographic compound-eye image is a challenge in realizing an ambient photonic sensor. To obtain a smooth but edge-preserved depth, we applied a locally adaptive support-weight approach for stereo cameras to the thermographic compound-eye camera. Joint bilateral filter is used as post-processing. We built a prototype thermographic compound-eye camera with 3×3 aspherical single lenses. Measured relative distance errors were between -14% and 3% for objects whose distances were 105 mm to 300 mm. Absolute distance errors, that can be caused by a systematic error in estimation, were 27% to 53%.
Pseudo-Random Modulation Methods for Cavity-Enhanced Spectroscopy
Authors: Hovde Chris , Massick Steve M. , Bomse David S.
Published: April 2013

Both pseudo-random amplitude modulation and pseudo-random tone-burst modulation methods were applied to determine range resolved cavity losses in a cylindrical-mirror cavity excited by a distributed feedback laser. Gas concentrations were determined.
LIDAR technology for measuring trace gases on Mars and Earth
Authors: Riris Haris , Li Steve , Numata Kenji , Wu Stewart , Yu Anthony , Burris John , Krainak Michael , Abshire Jim
Published: April 2013

We report on remote sensing measurements of Methane using optical parametric generation at 1.65 um and 3.3 um for trace gas monitoring applications on Earth and Mars
Application of a dual-pump vibrational and pure rotational CARS system for temperature and multi-species measurements inside a porous burner
Authors: Seeger T. , Weikl M. C. , Tedder S. A. , Beyrau F. , Kiefer J. , Leipertz A.
Published: April 2013

Dual-pump vibrational and dual-broadband rotational coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) is applied to a combustion system with limited optical access. The CARS system uses only one detection system. With this measurement system temperature and species concentration were determined inside the porous ceramic of a porous burner.
Time-Resolved Picosecond Pure-Rotational Coherent anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy for Thermometry and Species Concentration in Combustion Environments
Authors: Kliewer Christopher J. , Seeger Thomas , Kiefer Johannes , Patterson Brian D. , Settersten Thomas B
Published: April 2013

Time-resolved picosecond pure-rotational coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy is applied for thermometry and 1-D imaging in flames. Time-delaying the probe pulse enables successful suppression of unwanted resonant and non-resonant four wave mixing background signals.
Effects of Molecular Interference on Femtosecond-CARS Spectroscopy
Authors: Kulatilaka Waruna D. , Roy Sukesh , Lucht Robert P. , Gord James R.
Published: April 2013

We investigate effects of molecular interference resulting from broad bandwidth excitation in femtosecond coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (fs-CARS) of N2 and O2. Particularly considered are the N2-CO and O2-CO2 polarization beatings in time-resolved fs-CARS thermometry.