bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rating of Therapeutic Warmth and Genuineness by Untrained Judges
Authors: Gurman Alan S.
Published: September 2011

20 untrained raters rank-ordered typescripts of therapy segments representative of the Truax warmth and genuineness scales on the dimensions of acceptance-rejection and genuineness-falseness. Correlations between untrained raters' ranks and the Truax criteria for warmth were generally positive and moderately high, with an over-all positive r, whereas r with genuineness was generally low and negative, with an over-all low positive value. Vocal cues influenced untrained judges' ratings of genuineness more than those of warmth. Verbal style influenced raters' judgments of warmth more than those of genuineness. Comparisons were made with previous studies of naive judges' ratings of empathy. Implications for therapeutic practice were discussed.
Clustering and Sequential Ordering in Multitrial Free Recall as a Function of Meaningfulness
Authors: Abramczyk Rudolf R.
Published: September 2011

A 15-item CVC list representing 3 categories of meaningfulness (M), High, Medium and Low, was learned for 16 alternating presentation-free-recall trials under conditions of either Immediate (I), or Delayed (D) recall. In the D Condition, a 30-sec. task-filled interval preceded each recall trial. Substantial organization in recall showing both M clustering and sequential ordering occurred primarily in the D Condition. Recall was higher and more stable in the D than in the I Condition. The Low M category was most prominent in contributing to condition differences in recall strategies and performance. Condition differences were attributed to the greater use by I than D Ss of short-term recall strategies. Two possible sources for discriminating the M of a CVC were discussed: (a) the size of its associative hierarchy and (b) its similarity to a word.
Marital Status of Prison Inmates as a Diagnostic Index of Personal Characteristics and Personality Traits
Authors: Payne I. Reed , Howell Robert J. , Roe Allan V.
Published: September 2011

From an original sample of 170 inmates including 77 currently married, 71 single, and 22 divorced men, a group of 39 single inmates were matched with 39 married inmates in terms of age. Similarly all 22 of the divorced inmates were age-matched with a similar number of married and single inmates. These inmates were compared on a 15-trait personality test and 32 other personal variables. Only between the currently married and single groups were there a sufficient number of significant differences. The currently married inmates were less deviant on four dimensions of the personality test. There were also significant differences on only 4 of the 32 personal characteristics. The currently married inmates appeared to be better adjusted than the single inmates.
Inter-Subject Communication
Authors: Hakmiller Karl L.
Published: September 2011

A random sample of 55 ex- Ss was interviewed 3 days following participation in a deception experiment. While a very large percentage recalled that they had been asked not to discuss the experiment with others as well as the reasons for that request, 30% of the sample reported providing a partial or complete description of the experiment to other students when requested to do so.
A Symbolic Interactionist Approach to Self-Referent Behavior
Authors: Touhey John C.
Published: September 2011

A preliminary study designed to illustrate the determinants of accurate self-referent behavior was conducted. Ss predicted their individual performances on arithmetic, verbal, and clerical tasks. After the prediction each task was performed for 3 min. Findings were: (1) Ss predicted their verbal task performance with moderate accuracy ( r = .55, p < .01), (2) the arithmetic task was less accurately predicted ( r = .29, p < .05), and (3) the clerical task was not predicted. Ss employed consistent estimates and were consistently accurate across verbal and arithmetic tasks but not over either one of these two tasks and the clerical task. Absolute accuracy of prediction was not correlated across any task pairs. The findings are interpreted as functions of differential access to the symbolic acts required to predict one's own behavior accurately.
Relation between Perseveration and Position Responding in Reversal Learning
Authors: Sweller J. , Winefield A. H.
Published: September 2011

In order to test an interpretation of the overlearning reversal effect, 2 groups of rats were given acquisition and reversal training on a simultaneous discrimination using 50% or 100% reinforcement. No difference in position responding was observed during reversal, and this result was construed as disconfirming the hypothesis.
Development of the Reaction Inventory to Measure Anger
Authors: Evans David R. , Stangeland Mel
Published: September 2011

The Reaction Inventory was developed to measure anger, and the 76 items in the inventory were administered to 275 Ss. The estimate of the internal consistency coefficient was .95. The coefficient of concurrent validity with the Buss-Durkee Inventory for one subsample of 45 Ss was .52 and for another subsample of 138 Ss was .57. Factor analysis of the Reaction Inventory yielded 10 factors.
Bitter and Sweet Saccharin Preferences as a Function of Food Deprivation
Authors: Hursh Steven R. , Beck Robert C.
Published: September 2011

16 rats were given 23-hr. tests with each of 2 low-concentration (sweet by human report) pairs of saccharin (.05% vs .15% and .05% vs .35%) and 2 high-concentration (bitter) pairs (1.15% vs 1.25% and 1.15% vs 1.45%). All Ss were tested under each condition while on ad lib. feeding and while on a 23-hr. food deprivation schedule. Results with the 2 low-concentration pairs showed the typical deprivation-concentration interaction, greatly increased intake for the higher concentration of a pair. There was also an interaction with the “bitter” pairs, due to Ss drinking more of the 1.15% concentration when food-deprived than when non-deprived.
Response Resistance to Punishment and Extinction as a Function of Instructions Manipulating Informative Properties of Blank Trials
Authors: Vogel-Sprott M.
Published: September 2011

60 Ss were trained on an instrumental response for money. A CR training schedule was employed with half of the group and the remainder received PR. 10 Ss from each training condition subsequently received one of 3 types of instructions designed to manipulate the informative property of blanks. One instruction treatment defined blank (nonreward) outcomes for a response as a reliable “r” predictor of future nonreward, another identified blanks as an equivocal “e” predictor. The third instruction treatment served as a control, supplying no comment about blanks. The r treatment was predicted to decrease instrumental responses, e should increase responding and the control treatment should yield intermediate performance. Support for this hypothesis was obtained when behaviour was examined under intermittent punishment (50% electric shock and 50% blank outcomes) and under extinction (100% blanks). Some theoretical and practical implications of these findings were discussed.
Prejudice, Socio-Economic Status, and Public Attitudes toward Riots and Demonstrations
Authors: Buys Christian J. , Bebeau Charles E.
Published: September 2011

This is a report of a recent survey in Boulder, Colorado, a Colorado University community where Negroes constitute a small proportion of the total population. Perceptions of threat, causes, and treatment of racial riots and demonstrations were studied in relation to sociological and psychological variables. Results indicated that socio-economic status and certain prejudice measures were powerful predictors of perceptions concerning race riots and demonstrations. High socio-economic status was associated with more tolerant attitudes toward both types of disturbances, while high prejudice was associated with more intolerant attitudes.
Role of Individual Differences in Measures of Ego-Involvement
Authors: Ferguson Eva Dreikurs
Published: September 2011

When 2 measures of ego-involvement were examined, ego-involvement in a task reflected both long-term as well as momentary response to experimentally induced conditions, which may mask the effects of ego-involving instructions. It was also found that transitivity of goal choices is related to verbal aptitude as measured by college entrance tests.
Category Clustering in the Free Recall of Sentences
Authors: Andre Thomas , Kulhavy Raymond W.
Published: September 2011

2 groups of Ss free-recalled a list of active or passive voice sentences. The “actee” nouns in the sentences were classified into 3 categories. Ss reliably clustered their recall by conceptual category and clustering increased over 5 trials. No significant group differences were obtained on either organization or total recall. On a posttest of organization, 76.9% of the passive Ss and 60% of the active Ss organized the sentences into E-provided categories. The results suggested that category clustering occurs in the free recall of sentences.
Developmental Patterns of Conceptual Styles
Authors: Penk W. E.
Published: September 2011

Two differing interpretations of maturation in children's conceptual behavior—continuity and discontinuity—were compared for their relative efficiency in predicting, among the same children, developmental changes in two sets of cognitive measures expected to demonstrate either continuity- or discontinuity-like growth patterns. Five groups of Ss ( N = 100), 7- to 11-yr.-old, were selected from an age range during which major cognitive shifts were hypothesized by theorists of the discontinuity persuasion. Growth patterns of 48 conceptual style measures were analyzed by trend analyses. Neither the discontinuity nor the continuity mode of interpretation alone accounted for the many types of growth patterns empirically established. A rationally derived system for classifying types of developmental trends was proposed and devised, based on multicriterial analyses of three basic components determining curve forms (i.e., predominance, directionality, and rate of change).
Role of Dominance Status in Shock-Stimulated Agonistic Behavior
Authors: Kimbrell G. McA. , Chesler D.
Published: September 2011

To clarify the relationship between dominance status and frequency of specific sub-classes of agonistic behavior in response to foot shock, 30 mice were selected on the basis of high- or low-dominance status and paired in a foot-shock situation. Dominant pairs exhibit a high frequency of defensive behavior patterns whereas submissive pairs exhibit a very low frequency of defensive patterns.
Role of Stimulus Generalization in the Treatment of Alcoholism
Authors: Cohen Danny J. , Phelan Joseph G.
Published: September 2011

7 avoidance and 6 escape Ss were conditioned to an alcoholic beverage and administered the Rotter internal vs external locus of control of reinforcement test. 23 Ss, all patients at the Sepulveda V.A. Hospital, were tested for generalized conditioned anxiety in reaction to other alcoholic beverages after acquisition and extinction procedures. Results (χ3) showed significant generalization for all experimental Ss combined in extinction who externalized their locus of control of reinforcement.
Effects of Insulin Preparations on Titrated Sucrose Regulation
Authors: Vitulli William F.
Published: September 2011

Albino rats were conditioned on a titration schedule of reinforcement which enabled the animals to adjust the sucrose concentration of food pellets. Concentrations of 90%, 70%, 50%, 30% and 10% sucrose were decreased by 20% every 30 sec. unless the animal emitted 1 of 2 concurrent operants, which reversed the process. Preparations of globin, protamine, and regular insulins were administered via the intraperitoneal route in small doses, on separate sessions, when steady states on the titration schedule were observed. Regular insulin had the strongest effect in producing higher titration and pellet rates and greater sucrose consumption.
Role of Frustration and Anger in the Imitation of Filmed Aggression against a Human Victim
Authors: Savitsky Jeffrey C. , Rogers Ronald W. , Izard Carroll E. , Liebert Robert M.
Published: September 2011

A factorial experiment involving 48 boys investigated the effects of frustration and an aggressive content film with a peer model on (a) aggression against a human clown and (b) a measure of anger. As predicted, exposure to the film increased imitative aggression, and anger was correlated with aggression. Neither independent variable affected anger nor did frustration influence aggression.
Toward an Anthropology of Dogmatism: II. Traditionalism, Modernism, Existentialism, and the Counter Culture: All in the Family
Authors: Stark Stanley
Published: September 2011

This paper is the second in a series designed to “anthropologize” the psychology of dogmatism, i.e., to suggest that there are important cultural implications in the Rokeach concept and in certain dogmatism research findings. The series embeds closedmindedness-openmindedness within the Traditionalism-Modernism model of personality. Thus, Traditional Man is authoritarian, closedminded, dogmatic, and intolerant; and this shows itself in his attitudes toward blood transfusions and heart transplants. But, the paper suggests, Traditional Man is also someone who appreciates the analogical, the animistic, the ascriptive, the autistic, the charismatic, the communionistic, the distinctive, the dreamy, the einfuehlunglich, the familial, the fantastic, the geisteswissenschaftlich, the gemeinschaftlich, the humanistic, the idealistic, the inner creative, the intangible, the intuitional, the I-Thou, the moralistic, the normative, the personalistic, the phenomenological, the primary process, the religious, the romantic, the spiritual, the subjective, the supernatural, the verstehenlich, etc. Hence the paper suggests that Traditional Man—even in his blue-collar, hard-hat variety—may be considered to possess considerable “existentialist” and “counter-culturist” capability. The illustration is Archie Bunker of the TV program All in the Family.
Some Effects of Negation on Adults' Conditional Reasoning Abilities
Authors: Roberge James J.
Published: September 2011

110 Ss evaluated conclusions for conditional reasoning arguments embodying 1 of 4 principles of inference: modus ponens, conversion, inversion, and modus tollens. The presence of the negative “not” was varied systematically within each major premise and conclusion. The results indicated that the form of the major premise had a significant ( p < .001) effect on reasoning. More importantly, it had a significant ( p < .001) differential effect according to the type of conclusion. The difference between Ss' mean error scores for conditional arguments with affirmative and negative conclusions was slight and nonsignificant ( p > .05).
A Bibliography of Experimental Extinction
Authors: Smith Roger C. , Bowles Sharon M.
Published: September 2011

An alphabetic listing of articles on extinction published from 1935 to 1970 is presented.
Effects of Reinforcement Condition upon Long-Term Retention of Retarded
Authors: Talkington Larry W.
Published: September 2011

4 groups of educable, teenage retardates learned a motor task, each under a different token contingency condition. 14 days later, Ss were tested on two retention measures to determine relationship between reinforcement condition and long-term memory. The recall measure indicated that a response-cost condition resulted in higher recall than the reward, combination cost/reward or non-token controls, however, a savings score analysis did not demonstrate treatment differences.
Spontaneous Recovery Interpreted as Opportunity for Extinction
Authors: Angle Hugh V.
Published: September 2011

Selected events initiated sessions of fixed-ratio 10 training for 3 rats. These events were eliminated during 14 extinction sessions. In the following 3 extinction sessions, the early session events occurred as secondary reinforcement after every tenth bar response. 2 Ss demonstrated response recovery. In the next 6 extinction sessions with the same 3 Ss, the early session events occurred after every fifth bar response. The response rate increased for all Ss. The results indicate that an extinguished response rate is sensitive to events associated with the start of the training session. These events suggest a possible explanation of the phenomenon of spontaneous recovery.
Noncontingent Nonreinforcement of a Response as the Aversive Event in a Cer Paradigm
Authors: Calef Richard S. , Kaufman Richard A. , Bone Ronald N. , Werk Steven A.
Published: September 2011

The present experiment investigated the effects of noncontingent nonreinforcement as the aversive event in a CER paradigm. The results showed a significant response-facilitation effect during early training, but none during later training with a high rate-producing, high-density reinforcement schedule. The present results imply that a low rate-producing, high-density reinforcement schedule is not a necessary condition for response facilitation.
An Attempt to Replicate the Teacher Expectancy Effect
Authors: Fielder William R. , Cohen Ronald D. , Feeney Stephanie
Published: September 2011

Rosenthal suggests teachers' expectancies can influence pupil behavior as measured by gain in IQ. Following his design, 19% of 796 Ss in 36 classes at 3 elementary schools were identified to their teachers as showing exceptional potential for intellectual gain, when in fact their names had been randomly selected. After one semester no trends could be drawn from analyses of grade level, sex, and minority group membership; nor was the “expectancy advantage” of the selected Ss significant ( p < .05). Measuring gain in IQ for a semester rather than a year and the mechanics of first grade test administration were discussed, as well as the question of pervasiveness of the expectancy effect.
Effects of Training on Decision-Making
Authors: Maier Norman R. F.
Published: September 2011

The experiment was designed to test whether training on one simulated problem would upgrade decisions on an entirely different one. The training problem required groups to contribute three solutions. E then demonstrated a method for appraising solutions in terms of the facts that had been supplied. The test problem required only the making of a decision about a promotion in which a choice between three alternatives was allowed: Encourage, Discourage and Insufficient Information (compromise decision). In Condition I, 222 Ss were given the test problem and worked as individuals; in Condition II, 153 Ss were given the test problem and worked in 3-person groups; and in Condition III, 189 Ss were first given the training problem, working in 5-person groups in the morning, and the test problem in the afternoon, working in 3-person groups as in Condition II. Comparison of Conditions I and II showed the 3-person groups to be more likely to reach the compromise alternative, resulting both in fewer high (Discourage) and low quality decisions. Comparison of Conditions II and III showed a sharp increase in high quality decisions (7.8% to 36.5%), indicating that the training had a significant effect. Since the training and test problems had no overlapping content, the only relevant link between them was the exercise in evaluating solutions in terms of objective criteria and hence avoiding emotional bias based on liking the person or using promotion as a reward for past performance.
Stability of State and Trait Anxiety
Authors: Newmark Charles S.
Published: September 2011

The stability of state and trait anxiety in a normal college population was assessed on four separate occasions over a 10-mo. period. The results indicate the transitory nature of state anxiety while simultaneously emphasizing the stability of trait anxiety.
Authoritarianism, Economic Liberalism, and Political Preference
Authors: Nudelman Arthur E.
Published: September 2011

Investigation of the political behavior of 293 Wisconsin adults in a gubernatorial election suggests that, while authoritarianism has some effect on political behavior, this is small and attenuated by more important economic considerations. Political man is, in large part, economic man.
Social Desirability and the I-E Scale
Authors: Joe Victor C.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated social desirability as a variable in the Internal-External Control of Reinforcement Scale (I-E). The data indicated that 13 of the internal statements were judged as significantly more socially desirable than the corresponding external statements. The results were consistent with previous research.
Measurement of Behavioral Effects of the CER Procedure
Authors: Shimoff Eliot H.
Published: September 2011

While the disadvantages of absolute measures of the behavioral effects of response rate in the CER procedure are well-known, there are several often unrecognized difficulties with the use of suppression ratios, the most serious relating to changes in pre-S1 response rates and to non-uniformity of response rate in the presence of S1. Several alternative metrics either describing the response pattern in S1 or focusing on some specific component of the pattern are suggested.
Preference for Warning in an Unavoidable Shock Situation: Replication and Extension
Authors: French David , Palestino Dominick , Leeb Charles
Published: September 2011

To replicate and extend the previously reported preference for warning in an unavoidable shock situation rats were tested individually in a two-compartment grid shuttle box and whether a preference for signal prior to unavoidable shock could be established over a shock-alone condition was observed. Ss were tested at warning durations of 3, 5, 10, 20 and 30 sec. All Ss exhibited a clear preference for the signal-shock condition, regardless of duration of warning.
Philosophies of Human Nature among Roman Catholic Sisters
Authors: Gardiner Harry W.
Published: September 2011

One of a series of small studies aimed at understanding personality development among Roman Catholic sisters and priests. Philosophies of Human Nature Scale (PHN) was administered to 30 nuns, ranging in age from 22 to 50 yr. ( M = 37.10). Means and standard deviations for each of the 6 dimensions and two subscales indicated unusually high Trustworthiness and Strength of Will scores and an extremely low Independence score. Areas of research were discussed.
Maturation and Open-Field Behavior in Rats Exposed Prenatally to an ELF Low-Intensity Rotating Magnetic Field
Authors: Ossenkopp Klaus-Peter
Published: September 2011

Rats that had been exposed continuously during their prenatal development to a 3 to 12 gauss, 0.5-Hz rotating magnetic field (RMF) were significantly retarded, in comparison to the control group, in time of eye opening ( p < .01) and time of teeth eruption ( p < .01) but did not differ significantly in maturation of startle response. RMF-exposed animals traversed significantly fewer squares than their controls in an open-field situation ( p < .01), but defecated ( p < .05) and urinated ( p < .01) significantly more often, as well as entering the center circle in the open field significantly less often ( p < .01). There was no significant difference in the number of rearing responses for the two groups. Reference is made to Ludwig's mathematical hypothesis concerning the absorption mechanism of ELF-waves in the nervous system.
The Comedian's World: Some Tentative Mappings
Authors: Pollio Howard R. , Edgerly John , Jordan Robert
Published: September 2011

To recover the properties serving to define the imaginary worlds evoked by contemporary comedians, word associations—more correctly, comedian associations—were gathered in response to the names of 37 currently recognizable comedians. From these data associative overlap scores were computed between all possible pairs of comedians and a factor analysis done. Eight major groupings of comedians emerged and suggested that comedians could be described in terms of surface (comedian's sex or color, etc.), and style factors (verbal fluency and use of hostility). These latter two factors were seen as consistent with eclectic analysis of what it is that makes someone or some situation a source of fun or humor.
Study Behaviors and Their Relationships to Test Anxiety and Academic Performance
Authors: Allen George J. , Lerner Wayne M. , Hinrichsen James J.
Published: September 2011

Multivariate regression analysis of academic aptitude, test anxiety, and self-report study data from 122 undergraduates indicated high school rank to be the best predictor of grade point average. The number of days Ss reported studying and one test anxiety scale also added significantly to the prediction. Analysis of the study-relevant variables across the semester indicated differential patterns of study existed for students with good, average, and poor grades. The relative independence of test anxiety and study behaviors suggested that the latter class of variables might profitably be used to increase prediction of academic performance.
Locus of Control: Effects of a Serendipitous Manipulation
Authors: Brecher Marilyn , Denmark Florence L.
Published: September 2011

88 female Ss were given the I-E Control Scale. Ss in the experimental group were given highly negative feedback regarding a previously administered course examination immediately prior to the experimental testing session. The mean I-E score of the group given negative feedback was significantly higher, i.e., more “External,” than that of the control group.
Factor-Analytic Scales of a Normative Form of the EPPS Replicated across Samples and Methodologies
Authors: Sherman Richard C. , Poe Charles A.
Published: September 2011

In the original investigation (Sherman & Poe, 1969) evidence was found for four factors extracted by an item factor analysis computed on responses to a normative form of the EPPS (N-EPPS); a subsequent scale factor analysis of the 15 need scores of the N-EPPS gave evidence for three of these factors. In a cross-validation sample, item and scale factor analyses showed that two of the three factors noted in the original sample were replicated. The factor analytic scales which were constructed to reflect the two factors that were replicated across both samples and both methodologies (item and scale factor analyses) were (I) Interpersonal Orientation and (II) Assertive Aggressiveness. These scales were further specified by their internal reliability, their correlations with the 15 N-EPPS scales and their correlations with measures of academic aptitude and achievement. It was concluded that the two factor scales were homogeneous and stable, that their content was meaningful, and that further investigation is likely to yield predictable and useful relationships with a variety of external variables.
Four Dimensions of Interpersonal Behavior
Authors: Hare A. Paul
Published: September 2011

A review of the major category systems in use in the social-psychological literature suggests that 2 category systems should be used concurrently, one for process and the other for content. The content system is based on Parsons' 4 categories for functional analysis: A-Adaptation, G-Goal attainment, I-Integration, and L-Latent pattern maintenance and tension management. The process system, derived from the work of Bales and Couch, also has four dimensions: I. Dominant vs submissive, II. Positive vs negative, III. Serious vs expressive, and IV. Conforming vs nonconforming.
Quick Test Validation: Scores of Adults in a Welfare Setting
Authors: Joesting Joan , Joesting Robert
Published: September 2011

The Full Scale Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and Quick Test (QT) Form 1 were administered to 45 Ss; their ages ranged from 16 to 56 yr. ( Mago = 17.81 yr.). The Full Scale WAIS MIQ was 68.24 ( SD = 21.55) and the MIQ on Form 1 of the QT was 58.84 ( SD = 22.14), which became 73.84 when corrected. QT IQs and raw scores yielded substantive and significant ( p = .001) correlations with all WAIS raw and scaled scores.
Behavioral Contrast as a Function of Changes in Reinforcement Frequency
Authors: Topping Jeff S. , Larmi Osmo K.
Published: September 2011

After the responding of pigeons had stabilized on a MULT VI VI reinforcement schedule, one of the components was switched to a DRO contingency. The reinforcement frequency associated with the DRO component was either one-half, equal to, or twice as large as the reinforcement frequency during the constant VI component. The resulting changes in response rate extended previous work by Nevin (1968) and provided some contradictory evidence for Hughes' (1971) inverse hypothesis.
Effects of Puromycin on Learning in the Toad
Authors: Titus H. Edwin , Costanzo Dominic J.
Published: September 2011

Toads were tested to determine whether puromycin could produce memory blockage of a learned aversion for stinging honeybees. Although the drug disrupted the learned aversion, there was evidence that the noxious consequences of puromycin itself produced a generalized aversion in the feeding situation which interacted with the effects on memory.
Effects of Semantic and Acoustic Relatedness on Free Recall in a Between-Subjects Design
Authors: Forrester William E.
Published: September 2011

Independent groups of Ss were presented with a list of semantically related, acoustically related, or unrelated words for 3 free-recall trials. While semantic relatedness induced significant amounts of clustering and facilitated recall, acoustic relatedness had no effect. These results are consistent with those found by Forrester and King (1971) for a mixed-list design.
Expectancy Model of Coalition Formations
Authors: Wahba Mahmoud A.
Published: September 2011

In coalition formation under conditions of uncertainty, the probability of coalition success is 0 < P < 1. A Coalition Expected Utility Model is proposed where coalitions with the highest expected utility are predicted to form. One experiment was designed to test the expectancy model given four of Caplow's triads. The observed frequencies in the four triads supported the expectancy model against Caplow's Minimum Resource Theory (χ2, P < .001). The expectancy model showed a higher predictive validity than three other deterministic theories of coalition formation.
Academic Recovery and Client Perceptions of Group Counselors
Authors: Heaps Richard A. , Rickabaugh Karl , Fuhriman Addie
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relationship between group counselor effectiveness (i.e., GPA change) and client perceptions of counselors, using semantic differential ratings. 67 probationary university students participarted in the short-term group counseling program. While this group approach was effective, the counselors were differentially effective. Differences in counselor effectiveness were significantly related to the client-perceived counselor qualities of optimism and responsibility. Results suggested that client perceptions may be useful indicators of a counselor's ability to create conditions necessary for change by clients.
Addicts and Rehabilitation: Whom to Send Where?
Authors: McKee Michael R.
Published: September 2011

Probably “any” drug addiction rehabilitative effort will work should the addict possess enough motivation, particularly if there is a lack of reinforcement of the total addiction response pattern. Attention is focused on improvement of the “fit” of addict to treatment alternatives through consideration of several social psychological variables and treatment methods of three ongoing programs.
Adult Locus of Control and Mental Ability
Authors: Powell Arnold , Centa David
Published: September 2011

Correlations between I-E and Adult Locus of Control scales, and a measure of mental ability, supported the hypothesis that these scales provide alternative measures of feelings of control for adults. Support was also obtained for the hypothesis that an internal control is associated with greater mental ability.
Increasing Verbalizations by a Disadvantaged Preschool Child
Authors: Beissel G. F.
Published: September 2011

The present study employed techniques of behavior modification in an attempt to increase the frequency of verbalizations. S was a preschool Negro girl who was classified by her teacher as a nontalker. Results showed that verbal behavior was predictable during the presence and absence of contingent social reinforcement. As expected, verbalizations were higher during contingent periods than concontingent periods of reinforcement.
Children's Quick Test, Picture Interpretation, and Goodenough Draw-A-Person Scores
Authors: Joesting Joan , Joesting Robert
Published: September 2011

44 children, ranging in age from 6–5 and 13–10 yr., took the Goodenough Draw-A-Person Test, 51 the Picture Interpretation Test, and 47 the Quick Test Form 1. Significant correlations were found among the three tests.
Does Required Participation Eliminate Volunteer Differences?
Authors: Macdonald A. P.
Published: September 2011

Making participation in experiments part of beginning psychology requirements may obviate volunteer-nonvolunteer differences as all students must participate. Since students are free to select experiments, biases may be introduced into any one by virtue of its kind and/or the time of the semester in which it is offered. In this study differences between those who sign up for the first experiment of the term and those who decline it were examined. Results indicate that those who sign up for the first experiment resemble volunteer Ss—especially on variables which appear rather likely to affect experimental results, viz., authoritarianism and conformity.
The Computer vs the Technologist: Comparison of Psychological Reports on Normal and Elevated MMPI Profiles
Authors: Bringmann Wolfgang G. , Balance William D. G. , Giesbrecht Constance A.
Published: September 2011

It has been suggested that the present critical shortage of professional manpower in the area of psychodiagnostic testing and psychological consultation can be considerably reduced by the development and application of computerized test interpretation and report writing systems. The present study contrasted reports on a normal and an elevated profile with those written by a group of psychological technicians and by advanced graduate students in clinical psychology. All reports were rated by advanced graduate students in clinical psychology for style and content using a five-point Likert-style rating scale. (a) Computer reports on both profiles did not differ significantly regarding style from either of those of both groups of report writers, (b) the content of computer reports for the elevated profile was rated significantly higher than the content of individually written reports, (c) on the normal profile the computer report did not differ significantly from the technicians' reports, and (d) graduate students received significantly higher content ratings for their reports on the normal profile.
Intrusive Thinking in Psychiatric Patients after Stress
Authors: Horowitz Mardi J. , Becker Stephanie S. , Moskowitz Maurice , Rashid Kenneth
Published: September 2011

A clinical hypothesis of increased intrusive and repetitive thought after stress was operationalized into experimental procedures to study cognitive response to stress. In a counterbalanced design, 23 non-psychotic inpatients from a military hospital saw neutral and stress films, performed signal-detection tasks, and gave written reports of mental contents. The data were consistent with clinical predictions and analogous to prior data from Ss without psychiatric diagnosis: after the stressful film patients had significantly more intrusive thinking, film references, and intrusive film references, as measured by content-analysis techniques.
Development of Health Beliefs
Authors: Gochman David S.
Published: September 2011

Predictions that among children age is directly related to the level of perceived vulnerability to health problems, and the degree of probabilism or uncertainty within such perceptions were confirmed through a questionnaire study conducted with 774 children, aged 8 to 17 yr. Data were obtained in 28 classes, 4 at each of 7 grade levels (3rd through 9th) within the schools of a large city. Equal numbers of classes were drawn from inner-city and non-inner-city areas. Findings reflecting significant SES effects were explained in terms of differential normative pressures and communications processes.
Personality and Situational Factors in the Process of Inferring Attitudes from Behavior
Authors: Zuckerman Miron
Published: September 2011

Ss were told that they were going to convince passers-by in the street to sign a petition against air pollution, (a) if this was in accordance with their attitudes (belief-relevant condition), (b) no matter what their attitudes were (belief-irrelevant condition). All Ss filled out a questionnaire indicating the extent to which they generally utilize external cues when inferring inner dispositions. Belief-relevant Ss were more opposed to air pollution than either belief-irrelevant Ss or control Ss who only filled out an attitude questionnaire. Opposition to air pollution was higher among Ss who were classified as dependent on external cues in the belief-relevant and belief-irrelevant groups, but not in the control group. The results replicate former studies which suggested that attitudes are inferred from behavior only when there are cues implying that behavior is relevant to belief. They also add a personality variable which further qualifies the conditions under which such an inference can take place.
Cognitive Balance in Agreement on Issues and Interpersonal Relations among Age Groups
Authors: González Arthur E. John
Published: September 2011

Six age groups were administered a questionnaire in which four items were to be assessed in terms of positive or negative reactions to unspecified and specified persons and to an unspecified issue. Responses were classified as balanced or unbalanced according to cognitive balance theory. The results indicated that the disposition toward cognitive balance and the strength of sentimental and unit ties differed among the age groups.
Correlations between Vocational Interest Areas of the Fowler-Parmenter and Thurstone Interest Schedules
Authors: Blum Donna M.
Published: September 2011

Scores for 165 male and 119 female college students on two tests of vocational interests correlated moderately.
Self-Esteem as a Moderator of the Relationship between Task-Success and Task-Liking
Authors: Waters L. K. , Roach David
Published: September 2011

The relationship between task-success and task-liking was higher for college students with high self-esteem ( n = 54) than for a group with low self-esteem ( n = 55). These results were discussed in relation to previous data.
Inhibition Due to Recording and Clients' Evaluation of Counseling
Authors: Gelso Charles J.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relationship between clients' reports of inhibition due to the fact that their counseling interviews were recorded (for the purpose of counselor supervision) and their evaluations of several aspects of counseling. For clients with personal problems, ratings of inhibition were negatively related to (a) over-all evaluation of counseling, (b) satisfaction with counseling, and (c) evaluations of the counseling climate. However, inhibition was not significantly related to any aspect of evaluation for educational-vocational clients. Implications of these findings in relation to additional research on recording were discussed.
Relative Effectiveness of Modeling and Verbal Instructions on Severe Retardates' Gross Motor Performance
Authors: Altman Reuben , Talkington Larry W. , Cleland Charles C.
Published: September 2011

Previous research utilizing modeling procedures with the severely retarded has used verbal instruction contiguous to imitation training. This study explored the relative efficacy of modeling and verbal instruction employed independently. The failure to achieve imitative learning under either treatment condition is consistent with the reported non-imitative status of this population. Methodological implications for modeling as a behavior modification technique with this population are discussed.
Autonomic Stress Resolution in Repressors and Sensitizers following Microcounseling
Authors: Baldwin Bruce A.
Published: September 2011

The effectiveness of the respective defensive orientations of repressors ( n = 24) and sensitizers ( n = 24) in reducing autonomic stress was studied. In an experimental interview, heart rate and GSR were recorded during 90-sec. intervals prior to stress induction (Rest), as Ss received self-discrepant information (Stress), and following microcounseling (Resolution). Male college students with repressing and sensitizing defenses were presented with low “maturity” scores from a test profile (Stress), producing significant elevation of heart rate and GSR above Res: levels. Microcounseling was provided to help Ss reduce autonomic stress. Heart rate and GSR significantly decreased following microcounseling (Resolution) but remained significantly higher than Rest levels in both groups. Stress to Resolution change scores on autonomic variables were not significantly different in these groups indicating efficiency of both repressing and sensitizing defensive orientations in reducing stress. It was hypothesized that “defensive failure” in sensitizers may occur when threat is vague and in the absence of others to help structure ambiguous and confusing interpersonal experiences.
Need Affiliation and Achievement: Declining Sex Differences
Authors: Lunneborg Patricia W. , Rosenwood Linda M.
Published: September 2011

This study replicated one in Bardwick's 1971 Psychology of women which showed that women were strictly interpersonal and affiliative. Ss were 465 college students who responded anonymously to a brief projective survey for which a coding-by-example scheme had been developed to measure need affiliation and need achievement. Of four χ3 tests of differences between the sexes in the 2 needs under 2 stimulus conditions, only one reached significance, although all differences were in line with traditional expectations. It was concluded that sex-stereotypes in regard to these needs are changing in the college population both by men becoming more concerned with interpersonal relationships and women with pride in school and work.
Blood Type Gene Frequency and Mental Ability: Premature Conclusions?
Authors: Owen David R.
Published: September 2011

2 attempts to replicate suspected relationships among blood groups and mental ability using multiple regression failed. The problem of statistical inference in stepwise multiple regression is discussed and illustrated with a Monte Carlo example.
Authenticity, Technique and Utilization of Personal Flairs
Authors: Kilpatrick William
Published: September 2011

The relationship between authenticity and technique is examined. The use of technique is not inconsistent with authenticity but finds its proper place as a vehicle for the employment of personal flairs and characteristic modes of effectiveness.
Retroactive and Proactive Inhibition in Young and Elderly Adults Using an Unpaced Modified Free Recall Test
Authors: Traxler Anthony J.
Published: September 2011

The role of interference as an age-related variable in RI and PI as a function of anticipation interval and transfer paradigm was studied by employing different transfer paradigms (A-B, A-C; A-B, C-B; A-B, C-D), and by varying the anticipation interval (2 sec. or 4 sec.). 60 young ( M = 27.42 yr.) and 60 elderly adults ( M = 68.73 yr.) learned 2 lists of paired adjectives to an 8/8 criterion and then recalled the lists by means of a written modified method of free recall. Significant age differences in RI and PI were found, with the old Ss showing disproportionately more RI under the 2-sec. A-B, A-C high interference condition. Neither anticipation interval nor transfer paradigm contributed to age differences in PI. Results indicated that adult age differences in RI and PI as measured by the unpaced modified free-recall procedure essentially agree with those in RI and PI studies using relearning and paced recall tests.
Incarcerated and Street Heroin Addicts: A Personality Comparison
Authors: Sutker Patricia B. , Allain Albert N.
Published: September 2011

This investigation examined the personality characteristics of unincarcerated street addicts as compared with two groups of prisoners: those admitting a history of heroin addiction and inmates who had never experimented significantly with opium derivatives. Although the three groups did not differ on such variables as age, education, or level of intellectual functioning and were markedly antisocial as measured by felony convictions and test indices, unincarcerated heroin addicts showed significantly more personality deviance on the MMPI than either prisoner addicts or nonaddict prisoners.
Status-Role Consequences of Internal-External Control of Reinforcement
Authors: De Bolt Joseph W. , Liska Allen E. , Love William , Stahlman Richard W.
Published: September 2011

Referring to the work of Rotter, a relationship between a generalized expectancy for internal-external control (I-E) and task leadership status was hypothesized. Employing an experimental design of three- and four-member groups subdivided by I-E score and sex, Ss were requested to write group papers due later, at which time the task leadership was measured. Task leaders tended to show a belief in internal control and followers a belief in external control. The relationship was accentuated within single-sex groups and with extreme I-E Ss.
Translation of Auditory Stimuli into Neural Codes
Authors: Hendrickson Alan Einar
Published: September 2011

A recent theory has hypothesized that the brain works on the basis of encoding information as the intervals between the individual spikes in spike trains. The number of spikes in spike trains is thought to be a constant within a given species, and 22 spikes has been hypothesized for humans. Microscopic evidence that the hair cells of the human cochlea have 22 hairs each is thought to support the basic theory. This evidence, in conjunction with the assumptions of the basic theory, is used to provide an explanatory framework for the basis of neural coding of auditory frequency and amplitude.
An Alternative to Current Analyses of Suicidal Behavior
Authors: Mikawa James K.
Published: September 2011

An alternative to current analyses of suicidal behavior is discussed: suicidal acts should be assessed within a broader framework of coping styles and stress situations occurring over a period of time. One of the major implications for research is that suicidal acts will not be seen as unique, isolated events but instead can be understood within the larger context of related psychological knowledge.
Comparison of Wallace, Nixon, and Humphrey Supporters along Certain Demographic, Attitudinal, and Value-System Dimensions
Authors: Rawls James , Harrison C. Wade , Rawls Donna J. , Hayes Robert L. , Johnson August W.
Published: September 2011

A 28-item questionnaire and the Rokeach Value Survey were administered to 298 registered voters in 12 Southern states. The questionnaire included (1) background information such as age, marital status, education, family income, church attendance, etc., and (2) attitudinal data such as Hawk-Dove, law and order, integration-segregation issues, etc. In addition, the 18 terminal values of the Rokeach scale were rank-ordered by all Ss. The data were first analyzed so as to describe Wallace, Nixon, and Humphrey supporters along demographic, attitudinal, and value-system dimensions. A stepwise discriminant analysis indicated that seven values accounted for almost all of the variance. In order of discriminatory power, these values are as follows: equality, national security, world of beauty, inner harmony, pleasure, social recognition, and family security.
Probability Strategies in Similar Concurrent Tasks as a Function of Instructions and Stimulus-Presentation Conditions
Authors: Schenck Herbert U. , Surber Colleen
Published: September 2011

48 adults learned 2 concurrent 4-choice tasks with 70% probable reinforcement for the correct choice. Stimuli for the 2 tasks were presented in 3 orders, and 2 instruction conditions were used. One stimulus order led to more maximization than the others, and 48% of the Ss changed strategies between the 2 tasks. Questions about the predictability of individual behavior in probability-learning situations are discussed.