bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Does Praising Intelligence Improve Achievements? An ESL Case
Authors: Akbar Rahima Sayed Sulaiman , Al-Gharabally Nada
Published: April 2020

Praising is considered to have a positive effect on learners’ motivations. Yet, what to praise and how to praise is an issue of controversy. The present study looks at the effect of praising ESL learners’ writing efforts in English as opposed to evaluating their writing abilities in order to test Dweck (2007) theory of praising intelligence or effort. The investigation is based on a set of language parameters used in conventional evaluation of ESL writing pieces.Forty adult English L2 learners at the women’s College of Basic Education, English Department, who were enrolled in writing classes comprised the study’s experimental and control groups. The study’s findings indicate that praising the effort increases the learners’ motivation and creates a relaxed teaching and learning environment.The present study highlights the importance of incorporating the praise of a student’s effort within the grading. Since grading plays a motivating factor on how well the learners’ work progresses, it follows that it should strategically place importance on the teacher’s feedback as well as clear instructions for improvement.
Taking tuberculosis preventive therapy implementation to national scale: the Nigerian PEPFAR Program experience
Authors: Odume B. , Meribe S. C. , Odusote T. , Ifunanya M. , Debem H. , Amazue-Ezeuko I. , Ogbanufe O. , Adamu Y. , Onotu D.
Published: April 2020

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) preventive therapy (TPT), including isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT), has been implemented within the Nigerian human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) programme since 2014. However, drug procurement and logistic support has remained the responsibility
of the National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control Programme. The US President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief-Nigeria (PEPFAR Nigeria) reviewed the key bottlenecks to TPT implementation in 2016.Method: The logistics of delivery of isoniazid (INH) were integrated with the antiretroviral
(ARV) logistics management and information system (LMIS). Drug order and requisition forms at the facility level were revised to include INH, along with training on appropriate quantification and requisition of INH with ARVs. Support was provided for last mile delivery of INH directly to every
implementing site, alongside ARV.Reults: We observed an increasing trend in TPT uptake between the pre-and-post intervention periods: 6% in fiscal year (FY) 2015, 7% in FY2016 and 12% in FY2017. Overall, the logistical changes in the LMIS to include INH in 2016 led to a 69% increase
in TPT by the end of FY2017; this was statistically significant.Conclusion: Addressing logistical challenges to TPT implementation will ensure that the TB and HIV programmes can tackle the increasing burden of TB infection in people living with HIV. We recommended that the provider-to-client
stage of TPT implementation be driven by the HIV programme and that cross-communication between the two programmes be improved.
Closing the reporting gap for childhood tuberculosis in South Africa: improving hospital referrals and linkages
Authors: du Preez K. , Schaaf H. S. , Dunbar R. , Swartz A. , Naidoo P. , Hesseling A. C.
Published: April 2020

Setting: A referral hospital in Cape Town, Western Cape Province, Republic of South Africa.Objective: To measure the impact of a hospital-based referral service (intervention) to reduce initial loss to follow-up among children with tuberculosis (TB) and ensure the
completeness of routine TB surveillance data.Design: A dedicated TB referral service was established in the paediatric wards at Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, in 2012. Allocated personnel provided TB education and counselling, TB referral support and weekly telephonic follow-up
after hospital discharge. All children identified with TB were matched to electronic TB treatment registers (ETR.Net/EDRWeb). Multivariable logistic regression was used to compare reporting of culture-confirmed and drug-susceptible TB cases before (2007–2009) and during (2012) the intervention.Results:
Successful referral with linkage to care was confirmed in 267/272 (98%) and successful reporting in 227/272 (84%) children. Children with drug-susceptible, culture-confirmed TB were significantly more likely to be reported during the intervention period than in the pre-intervention period
(OR 2.52, 95%CI 1.33–4.77). The intervention effect remained consistent in multivariable analysis (adjusted OR 2.62; 95%CI 1.31–5.25) after adjusting for age, sex, human immunodeficiency virus status and the presence of TB meningitis.Conclusions: A simple hospital-based
TB referral service can reduce initial loss to follow-up and improve recording and reporting of childhood TB in settings with decentralised TB services.
HIV testing and ART initiation in people who inject drugs and are placed on methadone in Kachin State, Myanmar
Authors: Lum N. , Wai K. T. , Thar A. M. C. , Show K. L. , Harries A. D. , Wann N. M. A. , Hone S. , Oo H. N.
Published: April 2020

Setting: People who inject drugs (PWID) enrolled for methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) and never previously tested for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Myitkyina Drug Dependency Treatment Hospital, Myitkyina, Kachin State, Myanmar.Objectives: To compare before
(2016) and after (2018) adoption of ‘Test and Treat’ guidelines for antiretroviral therapy (ART): 1) the demographic profile of PWID, 2) HIV testing uptake and ART initiation in those diagnosed HIV-positive, and 3) time taken for events.Design: This was a cohort study
using secondary programme data.Results: In 2016 and 2018, there were respectively 141 and 146 PWID: all were male except for one female and age distribution between the 2 years was similar. In 2018, significantly more PWID were HIV-tested than in 2016 (85% vs. 45%; P ≤
0.001). Among those tested, the proportions who were HIV-positive were similar (37% in 2016 and 38% in 2018). In 2018, significantly fewer HIV-positive PWID were started on ART than in 2016 (19% vs. 48%; P = 0.01). Median times between enrolment on MMT and HIV testing (2 vs. 1 day)
and between being diagnosed HIV-positive and started on ART (31 vs. 17 days) for 2016 and 2018 were not significantly different.Conclusion: ART uptake decreased in 2018 compared with 2016, and ways to rectify this are urgently needed.
Retention and sustained viral suppression in HIV patients transferred to community refill centres in Kinshasa, DRC
Authors: Moudachirou R. , Van Cutsem G. , Chuy R. I. , Tweya H. , Senkoro M. , Mabhala M. , Zolfo M.
Published: April 2020

Setting: In 2010, Médecins Sans Frontières set up decentralised community antiretroviral therapy (ART) refill centres (“poste de distribution communautaire”, PODI) for the follow-up of stable human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients.Objective:
To assess retention in care and sustained viral suppression after transfer to three main PODI in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) (PODI Barumbu/Central, PODI Binza Ozone/West and PODI Masina I/East).Design: Retrospective cohort study using routine programme data for
adult HIV patients transferred from Kabinda Hospital to PODIs between January 2015 and June 2017.Results: A total of 337 patients were transferred to PODIs: 306 (91%) were on ART for at least 12 months; 118 (39%) had a routine “12-month” viral load (VL) done, 93% (n
= 110) of whom had a suppressed VL <1000 copies/ml. Median time from enrolment into PODI to 12-month routine VL was 14.6 months (IQR 12.2–20.8). Kaplan-Meier estimates of retention in care at 6, 12 and 18 months after enrolment into PODIs were respectively 96%, 92% and 88%.Conclusion:
Retention in care and viral suppression among patients in PODI with VL results were better than patients in clinic care and national outcomes.
The book review - Wioletta Kwiatkowska, Mozaikowy wizerunek uczących się w uniwersyteckim kształceniu on-line
Authors: Nalaskowski Aleksander
Published: April 2020

Discussing the above books, an indication of good and debatable topics
Research on Footwear Laces with Respect to Abrasion Resistance and Spontaneous Untying
Authors: Czaplicki Zdzisław , Rylski Adam , Serweta Wioleta , Strzelecki Stanisław
Published: April 2020

In this paper, two types of footwear laces research were undertaken. The first was connected with abrasion resistance and the second with the displacement force at the knot. The abrasion resistance was registered by the level of abrasion for standard eyelet. The displacement force was measured with the use of a tensile test machine, where the force and extension were registered. As a criterion of test evaluation, the maximum force was established when the knot was untied. The research was conducted for a set of different types of shoelaces (differing in shape, structure and raw materials). The evaluation criteria proposed can be used in order to determine the raw materials and optimal construction of shoelaces. From the user’s point of view, the measures identified i. e. the displacement force in the knot (Fpw) and abrasion resistance (Ks) are the most important factors.
Wicked Problems und Digitalisierung als Herausforderung für politisch-administratives Handeln
Authors: Winkel Olaf
Published: April 2020

Als Wicked Problems werden gesellschaftliche Herausforderungen bezeichnet, die sich herkömmlichen Bearbeitungsstrategien von Politik, Verwaltung und anderen mit der Erfüllung öffentlicher Aufgaben befassten Akteuren entziehen. Im Übergang zur digitalen Informationsgesellschaft ist mit der Entstehung neuer und der Verschärfung überkommener Wicked Problems zu rechnen, weil die Verlagerung zentraler gesellschaftlicher Funktionen in elektronische Netzwerke einer Erhöhung sozialer Komplexität, Diversität und Unsicherheit Vorschub leistet und dazu beiträgt, dass Zielkonflikte auf die Spitze getrieben werden. Zur Anpassung der gesellschaftlichen Problembearbeitungsfähigkeit an die gestiegenen Anforderungen sind kulturelle und institutionelle Innovationen erforderlich.
Verbreitung und Einflussfaktoren von Homophobie unter Jugendlichen und Erwachsenen. Befragungsbefunde aus der Schweiz und Deutschland
Authors: Baier Dirk , Kamenowski Maria
Published: April 2020

Homophobie, d. h. die Abwertung von nicht-heterosexuellen Menschen, ist sowohl in der Schweiz als auch in Deutschland existent. Im Beitrag wird einerseits der Frage nachgegangen, wie verbreitet homophobe Einstellungen in der Jugend- bzw. Erwachsenenbevölkerung sind. Andererseits werden alters- und länderübergreifend Einflussfaktoren dieser Einstellungen analysiert. Hierfür werden drei Stichproben herangezogen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass je nach Item der genutzten Messinstrumente zwischen 10,3 % und 29,9 % der Befragten homophoben Einstellungen zustimmen; insbesondere gleichgeschlechtliche Ehen werden von den Befragten abgelehnt. Daneben kann gefolgert werden, dass männliche Befragte, Jugendliche mit Migrationshintergrund und religiöse Befragte (unabhängig von der konkreten Religionszugehörigkeit) signifikant stärker ausgeprägte Vorurteile gegenüber Homosexuellen aufweisen.
Medienrechtliche Herausforderungen im digitalen Strukturwandel der Öffentlichkeit
Authors: Brinkmann Tomas
Published: April 2020

Der Beitrag geht der Frage nach, inwieweit die multiplen digitalen Kommunikationsstrukturen die Funktion der Öffentlichkeit als Raum der Konfliktaustragung und Konsensbildung über wichtige gesellschaftliche und politische Fragen verändert haben und ob aus medienrechtlicher Sicht Anlass besteht, den rechtlichen Rahmen zur Sicherung der Funktionsbedingungen der freien öffentlichen Kommunikation anzupassen. Während im Bereich der traditionellen Massenmedien zum Teil umfangreiche Vorkehrungen zur Gewährleistung der Freiheit und Vielfalt der Angebote bestehen, haben sich neue Angebotsformen von weitreichender Bedeutung und neue privat-öffentliche Kommunikationsformen etabliert, die sich global und privatwirtschaftlich autonom entwickelt haben. Es gibt Korrekturversuche in allenthalben beklagten Problemfeldern, z. B. mit dem Netzwerkdurchsetzungsgesetz und der kartellrechtlichen Missbrauchskontrolle. Angesichts der teilweise problematischen Verschiebungen im Gesamtgefüge der Kommunikation und der Reichweiten- und Bedeutungsverluste von Presse und Rundfunk spricht sich der Beitrag dafür aus, mit medienrechtlichen Vorkehrungen und ergänzenden institutionellen Maßnahmen eine Erosion der Öffentlichkeit im Zeitalter des digitalen Strukturwandels zu verhindern.
Regulierungsarchitektur für Medienintermediäre: Interdisziplinäre Überlegungen zu den Entwürfen des Medienstaatsvertrages
Authors: Liesem Kerstin
Published: April 2020

Medienintermediäre wie Suchmaschinen oder Soziale Netzwerke haben zunehmend Einfluss darauf, welche journalistisch-redaktionellen Inhalte Nutzer wahrnehmen. Damit übernehmen sie - ähnlich wie klassische Medien - Gatekeeper-Funktionen, auch wenn sie selbst (bisher noch) keine eigenen Medieninhalte zur Verfügung stellen. Allerdings fühlen sich Anbieter algorithmischer Vermittlerdienste als primär profitorientierte Unternehmen keineswegs journalistischen Qualitätskriterien verpflichtet, ihre Auswahllogik orientiert sich vielmehr ausschließlich an der Relevanz von Medieninhalten für den User. Ausgehend von der wachsenden Bedeutung dieser Informationsvermittler für den Meinungsbildungsprozess geht dieser Beitrag der Frage nach, wie eine zeitgemäße Regulierungsarchitektur von Medienintermediären gestaltet sein sollte. Dabei verfolgt der Aufsatz einen interdisziplinären Ansatz, indem er Ergebnisse der aktuellen kommunikationswissenschaftlichen Forschung mit rechtlichen Überlegungen verschränkt. Dazu stellt er in einem ersten Schritt die generellen Herausforderungen dar, mit denen die Medienpolitik bei der Konzeption regulatorischer Maßnahmen konfrontiert ist. In einem zweiten Schritt überprüft und vergleicht er konkret die Vorschläge, die im Diskussionsentwurf vom Sommer 2019 (DSE-MedienStV 2019) und dem Textentwurf für einen Staatsvertrag zur Modernisierung der Medienordnung in Deutschland, den die Regierungschefinnen und -chefs am 5. Dezember 2019 beschlossen haben (E-MedienStV 2019), enthalten sind. Mit dem neuen Medienstaatsvertrag wollen die Bundesländer auf die Erfordernisse des digitalen Zeitalters und der zunehmenden Medienkonvergenz reagieren und in diesem Zuge auch die bisher unregulierten Medienintermediäre in das Regulierungsregime einbeziehen. Erklärtes Ziel aller regulatorischen Bestrebungen im Bereich der Medienintermediäre ist dabei die Sicherung der Meinungsvielfalt, die durch Vorgaben zu Transparenz und Diskriminierungsfreiheit erreicht werden soll.
Erschöpftes Bewusstsein
Authors: Otte Johannes
Published: April 2020

Almost 200 years have passed since the publication of E.T.A. Hoffmann's Der Sandmann and Alex Garland's science fiction film Ex Machina. And yet both ask amazingly similar questions about human integrity in the face of artificial intelligence. The humanoid machines act as objects of reflection, from which it can be seen that the essence of human beings is always only contoured in an omnipresent network of power relations and by imitating normative behavior patterns. These power relations and performative acts are discussed in more detail in this work, among other things, by referring back to the concepts of panoptism and performativity. Posthuman subjects are thus negotiated as both a danger and an enlightenment for the human being.
Entre servicio regio y estrategia personal: los Continos de Valladolid (1480-1525) = Between Royal Service and Personal Strategy: The Continos of Valladolid (1480-1525)
Authors: García Alcázar María Francisca , Martín Romera María Ángeles
Published: April 2020

El presente artículo aborda el estudio de los continos reales incidiendo tanto en su carácter de oficio regio, como elemento clave para entender el desarrollo de la figura del oficial en la época premoderna, como en el valor que el cargo tuvo en las estrategias familiares y personales de aquellos que lo ejercieron. Para ello se combina la visión conjunta del reino que proporcionan los archivos reales con un estudio concreto de la oligarquía de Valladolid. Este último estudio se apoya a su vez en un doble enfoque: por un lado la prosopografía de las élites vallisoletanas y, por otro, el análisis de sus redes sociales. El resultado es una aproximación a la integración real de estos servidores regios en la sociedad local que permite comprender el papel que este cargo pudo tener en sus trayectorias personales, así como el interés de los monarcas por nombrar como continos a determinados individuos. Como oficio, su flexibilidad e indefinición permitía variar los servicios y condiciones en función de las necesidades tanto de la monarquía como de los sujetos implicados.AbstractThis article analyses the royal continos by addressing both the nature of the  office as a key element in the development of officialdom in the pre-Modern era, and the way in which holding the position of contino affected personal and family strategies. This study includes a global perspective on continos in the kingdom by exploring royal documentation, as well as a case study of the oligarchy of Valladolid. This specific case is based on a double approach: on the one hand, the prosopography of urban elites, and on the other hand, the analysis of their social networks. As a result, it combines an analysis of the impact of the office on these royal servants’ personal trajectories and integration in a local context, as well as the king’s rationality behind the appointment of these officials. The contino office was particularly flexible and its indefinite nature allowed a degree of variability in the service and conditions based on the needs both of the monarchy and of those individuals involved.
Por que los montes de esta villa se conserben, e no se disipen como al presente estan: la regulación de los recursos forestales en la Corona de Castilla (siglos XIV-XVI)
Authors: Luchía Corina Julia
Published: April 2020

La enorme riqueza que proveen los montes y bosques peninsulares es objeto de una intensa y sistemática explotación por parte de los colectivos comunitarios bajomedievales. El deterioro de estos recursos, especialmente a partir del siglo XV, motiva la proliferación de ordenanzas tendientes a regular los múltiples aprovechamientos. El estudio de estos cuerpos normativos nos permitirá apreciar el estado de estos espacios; a la vez que advertir los intereses contradictorios que se despliegan sobre ellos. En este sentido, las diversas reglamentaciones procedentes de distintos ámbitos jurisdiccionales constituyen fuentes de enorme valor para comprender la dinámica socioeconómica de las villas y aldeas y establecer un diálogo crítico con las interpretaciones historiográficas dominantes.AbstractThe great wealth of Iberian woodlands was subjected to intense and systematic exploitation in the later Middle Ages. Especially since the fifteenth century, the deterioration of these resources contributed to the proliferation of ordinances that regulated their manifold uses. The study of these regulations will allow us to assess the state of these woodlands, as well as to identify the conflicting interests that affect them. The legislation produced in different jurisdictional areas are valuable sources that allow us to identify the socioeconomic dynamics present in the towns and villages as well as to contrast them with the models that prevail in modern scholarship.
La memoria del linaje Arias Dávila en la cofradía y hospital de San Cosme y San Damián de Valladolid (siglos XV a XVII) = The Memory of the Arias Dávila Lineage and the Confraternity and Hospital of Saints Cosme and Damian of Valladolid (Fifteenth to Seventeenth Centuries)
Authors: Contreras Jiménez María Eugenia
Published: April 2020

El estudio aborda la relación mantenida por un linaje castellano y una cofradía y su hospital, así como el cambio que paralelamente se produce en la apreciación de la propia memoria del grupo familiar, desde categorías individuales a grupales, a medida que evolucionan los dos mayorazgos instituidos en la rama masculina de los Arias Dávila. Las fuentes, en gran parte inéditas, permiten ver cómo Pedrarias Dávila, gobernador en América, enalteciendo el origen de su propia rama, el obispo don Juan Arias, estableció las bases del proceso analizado.AbstractThis study examines the relationship between a Castilian lineage and a confraternity and its hospital, as well as the change that took place at the same time, in the self-assessment of the family’s memory, both on an individual and a group level, in the development of the entailed estates (mayorazgos) of the male branch of the Arias Dávila lineage. The documentary records, many of which are unpublished, allow us to establish how Pedrarias Dávila, governor in America, laid the foundations for his family’s memory by extolling the origin of his branch founded by bishop Juan Arias.
Reseña de: Martín Gutiérrez, Emilio y Ruiz Pilares, Enrique José, El viñedo en Jerez durante el siglo XV. Un mercado de trabajo en torno al vino. Jerez de la Frontera
Authors: Rivera Medina Ana María
Published: April 2020

Reseña de: Martín Gutiérrez, Emilio y Ruiz Pilares, Enrique José, El viñedo en Jerez durante el siglo XV. Un mercado de trabajo en torno al vino. Jerez de la Frontera, Peripecias libros, «Colección Cultura del vino», 2019, 216 pp.  ISBN: 978-84-120551-5-3
Reseña de: Castro Correa, Ainoa y Rodríguez Sánchez, Manuel, Colección diplomática altomedieval de Galicia II. Documentación en escritura visigótica de la sede lucense
Authors: Cuenca Muñoz Paloma
Published: April 2020

Reseña de: Castro Correa, Ainoa – Rodríguez Sánchez, Manuel, Colección diplomática altomedieval de Galicia II. Documentación en escritura visigótica de la sede lucense, Transcripción, edición e índices a cargo de Ainoa Castro Correa y Manuel Rodríguez Sánchez, Lugo, Publicaciones Diócesis de Lugo, tomos I y II, 2019, 859 pp. ISBN: 978-84-9488-831-1
La cara opuesta al retribucionismo penal: la justicia restaurativa y la especial protección de los menores de edad
Authors: Aguilar Cárceles Marta María
Published: April 2020

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo principal el poner de manifiesto cómo la modernización del Derecho Penal lleva consigo la indiscutible consideración de corrientes más humanitarias propias de la Justicia Restaurativa. Como es sabido, la posible cabida de soluciones extrajudiciales o distintas a las vías convencionales ofertadas por la Administración se convierten en un recurso con múltiples ventajas, ya sea la propia agilización del Sistema de Justicia, como la misma consideración de una salida más resocializadora para el infractor. Ahora bien, pese a ello, lo que no debe perderse de vista es que la principal protagonista dentro de estos procedimientos es la víctima, siendo imprescindible garantizar sus derechos a lo largo de todo el proceso para no llegar a desvirtuar la propia esencia de los modelos restaurativos. Para ello, se comienza haciendo una breve conceptualización y un encuadre legislativo, internacional y nacional, de lo que compete a las medidas alternativas de resolución de conflictos, para proseguir con aquellos aspectos que atañen a los menores de edad como sujetos de especial vulnerabilidad. Finalmente, destacan los aspectos más prácticos de la citada temática, esto es, lo relativo a los programas de actuación y medidas de prevención de futuros conflictos a través de la aplicación específica de la mediación penal y de la mediación penitenciaria. The main aim of this paper is to demonstrate how the modernization of Criminal Law entails the unquestionable consideration of a more humanitarian perspectives proper to the Restorative Justice.  by the Administration becomes a resource with multiple advantages, either the fact of making a Justice System more dynamic, as the consideration of a more re-socializing ways for the offender. Despite that, the aspect that should be always present is that the main protagonist in these procedures is the victim, being essential to guarantee their rights throughout the process in order to not distort the essence of restorative models. For this, this article begins making a brief conceptualization and a legislative framework, both international and national, of all the aspects that define the alternative measures of conflict resolution, to continue with those aspects that concern to minors as subjects of special vulnerability. Finally, it will be stand out the most practical aspects of this topic, that is, what concerns to action programs and measures to prevent future conflicts through the specific application of criminal mediation and prison mediation.
Extracting class diagram from hidden dependencies in data set
Authors: Hnatkowska Bogumiła , Huzar Zbigniew , Tuzinkiewicz Lech
Published: April 2020

A conceptual model is a high-level, graphical representation of a specic do-main, presenting its key concepts and relationships between them. In particular, these dependencies can be inferred from concepts' instances being a part of big raw data les. The paper aims to propose a method for constructing a conceptual model from data frames encompassed in data les. The result is presented in the form of a class diagram. The method is explained with several examples and veried by a case study in which the real data sets are processed. It can also be applied for checking the quality of the data set.
Kvinner med innvandrerbakgrunn og deres møte med helsearbeidere
Authors: Bergsli Oddhild , Hellne-Halvorsen Ellen Beate
Published: April 2020

Denne artikkelen tematiserer hvordan kvinner med innvandrerbakgrunn erfarer møte med helsepersonell i helsesektoren. Studien tar utgangspunkt i intervju med førstegenerasjons kvinner fra Pakistan diagnostisert med diabetes type 2 og de utfordringer de har for å gjøre livsstilsendringer. Studien retter oppmerksomheten mot kommunikasjonen mellom helsepersonell og kvinner med innvandrerbakgrunn. Kunnskap om helse og livsstil, flerkulturalitet og kultursensitiv kommunikasjon utgjør det teoretiske fundamentet for studien. Det ble gjennomført syv kvalitative intervjuer og resultatene viser at kvinner med innvandrerbakgrunn erfarer at de ikke får kulturtilpasset opplæring i kosthold- og fysisk aktivitet, to avgjørende determinanter for god og vellykket behandling av livsstilsykdommer. Videre viser resultatene at kvinnene led av angst og depresjoner som de ikke snakket med helsepersonell om. Dette ble et hinder for å gjøre livsstilsendringer. Kvinnene selv mente de manglet kunnskap som kunne gjøre deres fysiske og psykiske helse bedre. I kommunikasjonen mellom kvinnene og helsepersonell våget de heller ikke å stille spørsmål om sykdommen og sykdomsutviklingen. Videre opplevde de at helsepersonell hadde liten forståelse for deres kulturforankring.
Bærekraft i yrkesfaglærerutdanninger
Authors: Offergaard Trine-Lise
Published: April 2020

Dagens bærekraftutfordringer utgjør en trussel av en art og dimensjon som er ny i menneskehetens historie, og nødvendiggjør en respons av tilsvarende dimensjon og radikalitet. Med innføring av bærekraftig utviklingsom tverrfaglig tema i grunnopplæringen, settes denne tematikken på dagsorden på en ny måte i norsk skole. I dagens rammeplan for yrkesfaglærerutdanning er bærekraftig utvikling imidlertid ikke nevnt.

Med utgangspunkt i alvoret i jordas tilstand, gjennomføres en kritisk hermeneutisk drøfting av hvilke utfordringer tverrfaglig integrering av bærekraft representerer for utdanning av yrkesfaglærere.Utgangspunktet for drøftingen er skolens verdigrunnlag, fortolket i lys av alvoret i dagens situasjon. Resonnementet utvikles som en hermeneutisk spiralbevegelse, der nye fagområder og saksforhold etter hvert trekkes inn for å belyse utfordringene.

For at kommende yrkesutøvere skal kunne bidra til de dyptgående samfunnsmessige endringene som er nødvendige, argumenteres det for en nytenkning om bærekraftbegrepet og for at den tverrfaglige integreringen må ta utgangspunkt i et transformasjonsparadigme. Dette representerer en grunnleggende sivilisasjonskritikk og vil innebære et brudd med dagens utviklingsretning. En utfordring er at denne kritikken også rammer utdanningssystemet generelt og sider ved fag- og yrkesopplæringen spesielt. Med utgangspunkt i transformasjonsparadigmet argumenteres det for at den tverrfaglige integreringen av bærekraft må forankres i et holistisk grunnsyn, representert ved begrepet ecoliteracy. Videre utdypes hvilke utfordringer en slik nyorientering representerer for yrkesfaglærerutdanningene, med behov for utvikling av en bærekraft- og endringsrelatert yrkeskunnskap og en ny transkontekstuell didaktikk. Samlet ligger dermed utfordringene i å reorientere yrkesfaglærerutdanningene mot en ny bærekraftforståelse, og i å utvikle et yrkesfaglig, yrkesetisk og didaktisk innhold basert på denne.
Patterns of association of native and exotic boring polychaetes on the southeastern Pacific coast of Chile: the combined importance of negative, positive and random interactions
Authors: Neill Paula E. , Rozbaczylo Nicolás , Villaseñor-Parada Cristóbal , Guzmán-Rendón Garen , Sampértegui Sandra , Hernández Cristián E.
Published: April 2020

Background

Studies of biological invasions focus on negative interactions between exotic and native biotas, emphasizing niche overlap between species and competitive exclusion. However, the effects of positive interactions and coexistence are poorly known. In this study we evaluate the importance of positive, negative, or random species associations in explaining the coexistence of native and exotic boring polychaetes inhabiting invertebrate hosts, on the southeastern Pacific coast of Chile. We assess three hypotheses to explain the observed patterns: positive species interactions, weak competitive interactions, and competitive intransitivity.

Methodology

To assess the potential effect of competition between native and exotic polychaetes we analyzed patterns of co-occurrence of species pairs in northern and southern regions, using the metric of the probabilistic model. Since biotic interactions can affect not only native species, we also evaluated correlations between native and exotic polychaete abundance, using reduced major axis regression linear models. To assess the transitivity of competitive hierarchies we used metrics and analytical methods based on abundance matrices to estimate species competition and patch transition matrices.

Results

On average 50% of the species pairs presented significant weak negative associations, all associated with the exotic species Polydora rickettsi; the remaining 50% had random associations, and none showed positive associations. However, the relationship of abundance between native and exotic boring polychates supports a tendency towards coexistence. At local and regional scales, we observed the presence of a transitive network competition structure, where the exotic boring polychaete, P. rickettsi was generally the dominant species.

Conclusions

Our results support that native and exotic boring polychaete species coexist through weak competitive interactions. Nevertheless, the large number of random interactions observed indicates that species coexistence can be accounted for by stochastic processes, as proposed by neutral theory. Coexistence may be a frequent result of interactions between native and exotic species, although less apparent than competitive exclusion. Thus, the probabilistic point-of-view used here provides a statistical tool for evaluating coexistence as a result of exotic and native species’ interactions, an idea which has been proposed in invasion ecology, but largely lacks empirical support and methodologies for detecting underlying mechanisms. Finally, we found evidence that P. rickettsi is a successful invader by being competitively dominant, but not excluding other species.
Dietary squid paste supplementation promotes feed intake via brain-gut dynamic response in Chinese soft-shelled turtle Pelodiscus sinensis
Authors: Sun Cunxin , Qian Yu , Liu Wenbin , Xu Weina , Wang Kaizhou , Liu Bo
Published: April 2020

Background

As the primary source of protein for aquaculture, fishmeal has reached the extremity of sustainable development, our previous studies have proven that rice protein concentrate and squid paste are outstanding protein source and stimulant for Pelodiscus sinensis. However, little attention has been given to the molecular mechanism of the appetite modulated by the dietary nutrient factor, especially for a reptile. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate feed intake and brain-gut dynamic responses to dietary rice protein concentrate and squid paste in Chinese soft-shelled turtle Pelodiscus sinensis.

Methods

Three isonitrogenous and isoenergetic practical diets were formulated including 60% fishmeal (CT), 42% fishmeal + 18% rice protein concentrate (RP) and 42% fishmeal + 18% rice protein concentrate + 1% squid paste (RPS), respectively. Microcapsule lysine was supplemented in RP and RPS diets to balance the amino acid profile. Turtles (initial weight 30.65 ± 0.97 g) were fed three times daily to apparent satiation. After the 8-week feeding trial, the turtles were exposed to 48h food deprivation, then the dynamic expression of the orexigenic and anorexigenic peptides were measured.

Results

The results showed that no significant effect was observed on feed intake when fishmeal was replaced by rice protein concentrate (P = 0.421), while significantly improved feed intake was found by squid paste supplemented (P = 0.02). The mRNA expression of anorexigenic peptides, such as leptin receptor, insulin receptor, pro-opiomelanocortin, cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript, cholecystokinin (and its receptor) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor in the brain increased significantly at 3 h past feeding (P < 0.05), and then decreased. Nevertheless, neuropeptide Y and peptide YY mRNA expression showed the valley at 3h and peak at 12h past feeding. Intestinal cholecystokinin receptor and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor mRNA expression showed no difference during the postprandial time (P > 0.05). The results suggested that squid paste is an outstanding stimulant for Pelodiscus sinensis. Furthermore, the orexigenic and anorexigenic peptides evaluated here might play an essential role in short-term fasting to this species, of which the dynamic expression levels were regulated by squid paste.
Ursolic acid improves the bacterial community mapping of the intestinal tract in liver fibrosis mice
Authors: Wan Sizhe , Huang Chenkai , Wang Anjiang , Zhu Xuan
Published: April 2020

Liver fibrosis often appears in chronic liver disease, with extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition as the main feature. Due to the presence of the liver-gut axis, the destruction of intestinal homeostasis is often accompanied by the development of liver fibrosis. The inconsistent ecological environment of different intestinal sites may lead to differences in the microbiota. The traditional Chinese medicine ursolic acid (UA) has been proven to protect the liver from fibrosis. We investigated the changes in the microbiota of different parts of the intestine during liver fibrosis and the effect of UA on these changes based on high-throughput sequencing technology. Sequencing results suggest that the diversity and abundance of intestinal microbiota decline and the composition of the microbiota is disordered, the potentially beneficial Firmicutes bacteria are reduced, and the pathways for functional prediction are changed in the ilea and anal faeces of liver fibrosis mice compared with normal mice. However, in UA-treated liver fibrosis mice, these disorders improved. It is worth noting that the bacterial changes in the ilea and anal faeces are not consistent. In conclusion, in liver fibrosis, the microbiota of different parts of the intestines have different degrees of disorder, and UA can improve this disorder. This may be a potential mechanism for UA to achieve anti-fibrosis. This study provides theoretical guidance for the UA targeting of intestinal microbiota for the treatment of liver fibrosis.
Relationship between Profile of the Farmers and Their Attitude towards Sustainable Agricultural Practices
Authors: Deshmukh J. M. , Dhawale S. P. , Kanade S. V.
Published: April 2020

The present study was conducted in Latur district from Marathwada region of Maharashtra state during the years 2018-19. Three talukas viz., Latur, Ausa and Renapur of Latur District were selected randomly and four villages from each taluka were selected randomly. From each village ten members were randomly selected constituting the sample size 120. A number of profile characteristics were selected as independent variables to find out profile of farmers from the study area. All profile characteristics, age, education, family size, annual income, social participation, extension contacts, sources of information, knowledge level were found in medium category while majority of the respondents were having marginal land holding. It was observed from that variables like age and family size had found to be non-significant relationship with attitude of farmers towards sustainable agricultural practices. Variables like education, land holding, annual income, social participation and extension contact found to be positive and significant relationship with attitude of farmers towards sustainable agricultural practices. Variables like source of information and knowledge had positive and highly significant relationship with attitude of farmers towards sustainable agricultural practices.
Students Perception on Enrolment Factors in Their Retention in Higher Agricultural Education
Authors: Panda Chandan Kumar , Christopher Kevin , Paswan Anil , Patel Deepak , Sohane R. K.
Published: April 2020

India is the land of Agriculture. The role of the agricultural sector still important to Indian economy. However, despite the tremendous significance of agriculture in our country, there is disillusionment among students toward in higher agricultural education. Most of the school going students choose their career in medical and engineering and counts agriculture as boring and unattractive subject. Enhancing their perception and attitude toward agriculture as the fastest growing industry where they can start their own entrepreneurial and helping other to acquire knowledge and skill related to agriculture development will reduce dependence on government jobs and help youths to start their own agriculture start-up that will be beneficial to national economy. Thus the present study was carried out to assess students’ perception on enrolment factors in retention in higher agricultural education. A Study was conducted in six colleges of Bihar Agriculture University, Sabour, Bhagalpur. Eighty students from these six colleges were chosen through stratified random sampling. The collected data were classified, tabulated and analyzed. The findings inferred that there are major Enrolment Factors (out of twenty) contributes in students retention is agricultural education, promote agriculture within the country (Rank I). The finding of the study will help extension policy makers and Governments to frame suitable polices for educating students and youths and enhance their knowledge towards agriculture and retention in higher agricultural education.
Influence of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (Glomus clarum) and Compost on Early Growth Response of Parkia biglobosa under a Greenhouse Condition
Authors: Musa F. B. , Sulaiman O. N. , Olayiwola V. A. , Abiodun F. O. , Agbo-Adediran O. A.
Published: April 2020

Background and Objective: Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) plays a role in the structural stability of soil which governs most soil activities. Stable organic manure such as compost may provide a suitable habitat and energy source for mycorrhizal growth, which is also a benefits in view of soil productivity. The impact of a combination of compost and mycorrhizal on plant growth was assessed in this study. Hence, experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of compost and mycorrhizalon the early growth response of Parkia biglobosa under a greenhouse condition.

Materials and Methods: In the greenhouse of the Department of Bioscience, Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria. A 2 × 5 factorial experiment in a complete randomized design was conducted; two levels of mycorrhizal (with and without); five levels of compost (10t/ha, 20t/ha, 30t/ha, 40t/ha and no amendments) in two (2) kilogram soil under four (4) replications was set up. Laboratory analyses of soil and organic amendment incorporated in the soil were done. Data on growth variables were taken fortnightly. The data was statistically analyzed and mean were separated using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT).

Results: The results showed that, there was significant difference (p<0.05) in the plant height of Parkia biglobosa between mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants across all weeks after transplanting (WAT),compost application with the interaction of AMF at 40 t/harecorded the highest plant height and number of leaves at 16WAT with 35.14 cm  and 29.75 respectively, which are relatively comparable to other treatments used, the least plant height  and number of leaves were observed when -AMF 0 t/ha ( control) was used as an amendment with 23.00 cm and AMF 0t/ha (15.05) respectively. For collar diameter, all the treatments were comparable to one another except + AMF 30t/ha which produced the lowest collar diameter with mean value of 2.97mm.

Conclusion: Based on the description of results above, it can be concluded that: The Inoculation of the AMF and compost significantly affect the early growth performance of Parkia biglobosa, thus providing optimum soil physical conditions for it growth.
Prescribing Trends of Amlodipine in Outpatient Setting
Authors: Ahmed Nehad J.
Published: April 2020

Aim: This study aims to illustrate the Prescribing Trends of Amlodipine in Outpatient Setting in Al-Kharj city.

Methodology: This is a retrospective study that was conducted in a public hospital in Alkharj city. The outpatient prescriptions were reviewed to evaluate the prescription patterns of Amlodipine. The data were collected and analyzed using Excel software, the descriptive data were represented by frequencies and percentages.

Results: The majority of amlodipine prescriptions were for patients more than 40 years old. The most prescribed departments were internal medicine followed by emergency and cardiology department. Amlodipine was mainly prescribed by resident physicians.

Conclusion: Amlodipine is one of the most prescribed antihypertensive drugs. It is prescribed mainly by residents, many of them without sufficient experiences. This may lead to inappropriate prescribing patterns, as a result more efforts needed to increase the knowledge of prescribers regarding the appropriate use of cardiovascular medicines including amlodipine.
Regaining access to marginal knowledge in a classroom setting
Authors: Butler Andrew C. , Black‐Maier Allison C. , Campbell Kathryn , Marsh Elizabeth J. , Persky Adam M.
Published: April 2020

Students learn large amounts of information, but not all of it is remembered after courses end – meaning that valuable class time is often spent reviewing background material. Crucially, laboratory research suggests different strategies will be effective when reactivating previously learned information (i.e. marginal knowledge), as opposed to learning new information. In two experiments, we evaluated whether these laboratory results translated to the classroom. Topics from prior courses were tested to document which information students could no longer retrieve. Half were assigned to a not‐tested control and half to the intervention; for these topics, students answered multiple‐choice questions (without feedback) that gave them the chance to recognize the information they had failed to retrieve. Weeks later, students completed a final assessment on all topics. Crucially, multiple‐choice testing increased the retrieval of previously forgotten information, providing the first classroom demonstration of the reactivation of marginal knowledge.
External Validation of a Risk Score for Major Toxicity Among Nonsteroidal Anti‐Inflammatory Drug Users: Real‐World Application
Authors: Solomon Daniel H. , Paynter Nina P. , Guan Hongshu , Kremer Joel M.
Published: April 2020

Objective

We previously derived and validated a risk score for major nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) toxicity over 1 year among NSAID users in a randomized controlled trial. This work was extended to examine the risk score's performance in an external population using real‐world data.

Methods

Patients enrolled in the Corrona Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Registry were included if they initiated use of an NSAID. We defined the original risk factors previously identified in the risk score for major NSAID toxicity: age; male sex; history of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and diabetes; tobacco use; statin use; elevated serum creatinine and hematocrit values; and RA. Additionally, we defined the occurrence of major toxicity, including major adverse cardiovascular events, acute kidney injury, significant gastrointestinal events, and mortality. The original risk factors were assessed in Cox regression examining discrimination and calibration. Low (less than 1%), intermediate (1%‐4%), and high (more than 4%) risk categories for 1‐year risk were applied to the population.

Results

A total of 5231 patients from Corrona who had a new NSAID exposure period were included. The original risk score model showed good discrimination (C‐index 0.70). Not all of the original variables were statistically significant in real‐world data. Using the original risk score weights, 1363 (26.1%) patients had predicted risk of less than 1%, 3571 (68.3%) had predicted risk of 1% to 4%, and 297 (5.7%) had predicted risk of more than 4%.

Conclusion

The original NSAID major toxicity risk score demonstrated good model fit characteristics in this external real‐world cohort. These results suggest that such a risk score is valid in typical practice and could be considered for clinical care.
Separable multi‐innovation stochastic gradient estimation algorithm for the nonlinear dynamic responses of systems
Authors: Xu Ling , Ding Feng , Wan Lijuan , Sheng Jie
Published: April 2020

This article is concerned with the parameter identification problem of nonlinear dynamic responses for the linear time‐invariant system by means of an impulse excitation signal and discrete observation data. Using the impulse signal as the input, the impulse response experiment is carried out and the dynamical moving sampling is designed to generate the measured data for deriving new identification algorithms. By applying the moving window data that contain the dynamical information of the system to be identified, an objective function with respect to the parameters of the systems is constructed according to the impulse response. In accordance with different functional relations between the system parameters and the system output response, the unknown parameter vector of the system is separated into a linear parameter vector and a nonlinear parameter vector. Based on the separated parameter vectors, two subidentification models are constructed and a separable identification algorithm is presented through the gradient search to improve the accuracy. Moreover, for the purpose of enhancing the estimation accuracy and capturing the dynamical feature of the systems, the moving window data are employed to develop the separable identification algorithm. The performance of the proposed separable identification method is illustrated via a numerical example.