bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of cancellous bone grafts on time to consolidation at osteotomy site following tibial tuberosity advancement in dogs
Authors: Marques Danilo Roberto Custódio , Ibañez José Fernando , Monteiro Juliana Fonseca , Hespanha Ana Carolina Valentim , Eggert Mayara , Becker Amanda , Freitas Itallo Barros
Published: June 2017

Rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament is the main cause of lameness in dogs. Several surgical techniques are used as a treatment, especially osteotomies, as the tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA). Recently new research are being conducted investigating ways to reduce bone healing time. Cancellous bone grafting is considered to be the gold standard method to speed healing due to its osteoinductive and osteoconductive properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cancellous gone grafts on the time taken for consolidation at the osteotomy site in dogs undergoing TTA surgery. TTA surgery was performed in 19 stifles in which there was rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament and a tibial plateau angle less than 27 degrees. The cases were divided into two groups: dogs in the control group (C) had TTA only and for those in the study group (E) TTA was complimented with a cancellous bone graft. Serial radiographs were evaluated at 21 day intervals post-surgery and consolidation was confirmed by visual inspection by three observers (two radiologists and an orthopedic surgeon). There was no difference in consolidation time between Groups C and E. The addition of cancellous bone grafting to the osteotomy did not influence time to consolidation in dogs undergoing TTA surgery.
Uma escola sem partido: dicursividade, currículos e movimentos sociais
Authors: Carvalho Fabiana Aparecida de , Polizel Alexandre Luiz , Maio Eliane Rose
Published: June 2017

Este ensaio objetiva problematizar o movimento Escola Sem Partido (ESP) e seus atravessamentos, como gerador de efeitos, junto aos currículos escolares. Como movimento social, o ESP atua nos domínios da escola e do currículo implementando uma pedagogia cultural e estratégias biopolíticas que excluem as diferenças nesses contextos. Trata-se de uma estratégia de vigilância, coerção e proibição que nega certas discussões e posicionamentos na escola. O movimento tem ganhado espaço em projetos de leis que intensificam essa vigilância por sobre os educadores e alunos. Destacamos alguns enunciados discursivos do movimento que discutem a sua insurgência em meio às políticas nacionais; como ele se caracteriza em um dispositivo constitutivo e gerador de efeitos por sobre as identidades escolares; como cria um fluxo discursivo que poderá atravessar modos de ver e pensar a educação, a docência, os alunos, o posicionamento dos pais para com a escola e as identidades dentro desse território.
Some Remarks on the Stability Condition of Numerical Scheme of the KdV-type Equation
Authors: Lee Chun-Te , Lin Jeng-Eng , Lee Chun-Che , Liu Mei-Li
Published: June 2017

This paper has employed a comparative study between the numerical scheme and stability condition. Numerical calculations are carried out based on three different numerical schemes, namely the central finite difference, fourier leap-frog, and fourier spectral RK4 schemes. Stability criteria for different numerical schemes are developed for the KdV equation, and numerical examples are put to test to illustrate the accuracy and stability between the solution profile and numerical scheme.
Associations and a new species of the genus Apatidelia (Trichoptera, Apataniidae) from China
Authors: Xu Jihua , Xie Yue , Wang Beixin , Sun Changhai
Published: June 2017

Nine individuals of Apatidelia from Zhejiang Province, China were examined and their barcode sequences were generated and analyzed. A new species, A. morsei Xu & Sun sp. nov., is described and illustrated. The larva, male and female of A. acuminata Leng & Yang, 1998 and the male and female of A. morsei Xu & Sun sp. nov. are associated by mtCOI gene sequences. The male of A. acuminata Leng & Yang, 1998 is re-described and re-illustrated, and the female and the larva of the same species are also described and illustrated. Females and larvae of the genus are here reported for the first time.
HIV misdiagnosis in sub‐Saharan Africa: performance of diagnostic algorithms at six testing sites
Authors: Kosack Cara S. , Shanks Leslie , Beelaert Greet , Benson Tumwesigye , Savane Aboubacar , Ng'ang'a Anne , Andre Bita , Zahinda Jean‐Paul BN , Fransen Katrien , Page Anne‐Laure
Published: June 2017

Introduction: We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of HIV testing algorithms at six programmes in five sub‐Saharan African countries.

Methods: In this prospective multisite diagnostic evaluation study (Conakry, Guinea; Kitgum, Uganda; Arua, Uganda; Homa Bay, Kenya; Doula, Cameroun and Baraka, Democratic Republic of Congo), samples from clients (greater than equal to five years of age) testing for HIV were collected and compared to a state‐of‐the‐art algorithm from the AIDS reference laboratory at the Institute of Tropical Medicine, Belgium. The reference algorithm consisted of an enzyme‐linked immuno‐sorbent assay, a line‐immunoassay, a single antigen‐enzyme immunoassay and a DNA polymerase chain reaction test.

Results: Between August 2011 and January 2015, over 14,000 clients were tested for HIV at 6 HIV counselling and testing sites. Of those, 2786 (median age: 30; 38.1% males) were included in the study. Sensitivity of the testing algorithms ranged from 89.5% in Arua to 100% in Douala and Conakry, while specificity ranged from 98.3% in Doula to 100% in Conakry. Overall, 24 (0.9%) clients, and as many as 8 per site (1.7%), were misdiagnosed, with 16 false‐positive and 8 false‐negative results. Six false‐negative specimens were retested with the on‐site algorithm on the same sample and were found to be positive. Conversely, 13 false‐positive specimens were retested: 8 remained false‐positive with the on‐site algorithm.

Conclusions: The performance of algorithms at several sites failed to meet expectations and thresholds set by the World Health Organization, with unacceptably high rates of false results. Alongside the careful selection of rapid diagnostic tests and the validation of algorithms, strictly observing correct procedures can reduce the risk of false results. In the meantime, to identify false‐positive diagnoses at initial testing, patients should be retested upon initiating antiretroviral therapy.
Pediculus capitis in schoolchildren of the urban area of Nuevo León, México: Analyses of associated factors
Authors: Molina-Garza Zinnia J. , Galaviz-Silva Lucio
Published: June 2017

Introducción. La pediculosis capitis es un problema recurrente que afecta anualmente de 6 a 12 millones de niños; no existen datos epidemiológicos en el estado de Nuevo León, y en México son escasos, por lo cual se necesitan estudios fundamentados para diseñar estrategias de control basadas en los factores que predisponen a la infestación por piojos.Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia de Pediculus capitis en niños de educación primaria para detectar factores de riesgo y conocer las características individuales y las condiciones socioeconómicas asociadas estadísticamente con la infestación.Materiales y métodos. Se incluyeron 840 escolares de seis municipios, previa firma del consentimiento informado por parte de los padres y de los niños. Los ectoparásitos se recolectaron en cada niño infestado utilizando un peine fino. Los participantes contestaron una encuesta que incluía variables individuales y socioeconómicas, como la edad, el sexo, el grado escolar, las características del cabello, el hacinamiento y la pediculosis en hermanos, entre otras.Resultados. La prevalencia de pediculosis capitis en los niños fue de 28 % (235/840), con una mayor prevalencia en las niñas (33,7 %; 140/417); los niños del quinto grado (10 a 11 años) fueron los más afectados (6,2 %; 52/840). El sexo femenino, el cabello largo y el nivel escolar de los padres se asociaron significativamente con la pediculosis capitis.Conclusiones. Los resultados demostraron que la prevalencia de pediculosis capitis en Nuevo León es una de las más altas de México y que es un problema real de salud pública, por lo cual es importante establecer programas de prevención en la escuela y en el hogar para disminuirla o controlarla con la ayuda de las autoridades de salud pública.
How variable is the number of triggered aftershocks?
Authors: Marsan D. , Helmstetter A.
Published: June 2017

Aftershock activity depends at first order on the main shock magnitude but also shows important fluctuations between shocks of equal magnitude. We here investigate these fluctuations, by quantifying them and by relating them to the main shock stress drop and other variables, for southern California earthquakes. A method is proposed in order to only count directly triggered aftershocks, rather than secondary aftershocks (i.e., triggered by previous aftershocks), and to only quantify fluctuations going beyond the natural Poisson variability. Testing of the method subjected to various model errors allows to quantify its robustness. It is found that these fluctuations follow a distribution that is well fitted by a lognormal distribution, with a coefficient of variation of about 1.0 to 1.1. A simple model is proposed to relate this observed dependence to main shock stress drop variability.
Ultrasonic monitoring of spontaneous imbibition experiments: Precursory moisture diffusion effects ahead of water front
Authors: David Christian , Sarout Joël , Dautriat Jérémie , Pimienta Lucas , Michée Marie , Desrues Mathilde , Barnes Christophe
Published: June 2017

Fluid substitution processes have been investigated in the laboratory on 14 carbonate and siliciclastic reservoir rock analogues through spontaneous imbibition experiments on vertical cylindrical specimens with simultaneous ultrasonic monitoring and imaging. The motivation of our study was to identify the seismic attributes of fluid substitution in reservoir rocks and to link them to physical processes. It is shown that (i) the P wave velocity either decreases or increases when the capillary front reaches the Fresnel clearance zone, (ii) the P wave amplitude is systematically impacted earlier than the velocity is, (iii) this precursory amplitude decrease occurs when the imbibition front is located outside of the Fresnel zone, and (iv) the relative variation of the P wave amplitude is always much larger than that of the P wave velocity. These results suggest that moisture diffuses into the pore space ahead of the water front. This postulate is further supported by a quantitative analysis of the time evolution of the observed P wave amplitudes. In a sense, P wave amplitude acts as a precursor of the arrival of the capillary front. This phenomenon is used to estimate the effective diffusivity of moisture in the tested rocks. The effective moisture diffusivity estimated from the ultrasonic data is strongly correlated with permeability: a power law with exponent 0.96 predicts permeability from ultrasonic monitoring within a factor 3 without noticeable bias. When the effective diffusivity is high, moisture diffusion affects ultrasonic P wave attributes even before the imbibition starts and impacts the P wave reflectivity as evidenced by the variations recorded in the waveform coda.
Observations and fine‐scale model simulations of gravity waves over Davis, East Antarctica (69°S, 78°E)
Authors: Alexander S. P. , Orr A. , Webster S. , Murphy D. J.
Published: June 2017

Large vertical velocities were observed throughout the troposphere at Davis, East Antarctica, on 18 February 2014 by a VHF wind‐profiling radar. Simulations using the Met Office Unified Model at 2.2, 0.5, and 0.1 km horizontal grid spacing were able to broadly capture the location, timing, and magnitude of the observed velocities, as well as reveal that they are due to small‐scale orographic gravity waves resulting from the interaction between the coastal topography and strong easterly winds associated with a synoptic‐scale cyclone situated to the north. The simulations indicated that the gravity waves are responsible for (i) temperature fluctuations which coincided with satellite‐observed cloud variations in the vicinity of Davis, suggesting that they have a crucial role in the formation of cirrus clouds, and (ii) large vertical momentum fluxes in the troposphere. The waves are prevented from propagating into the stratosphere by the background winds turning from near‐surface easterlies to lower stratospheric northerlies. As well as illuminating and quantifying the role that weather systems have in producing orographic gravity waves along the East Antarctic coastline, studies such as this should be exploited to improve the representation of key localized atmospheric processes in global climate models.
Mummers' Shows and Folk Drama
Authors: Vaught Jennifer C.
Published: June 2017

Mumming refers to the wearing of festive masks or disguises and the performance of shows or ceremonials. For the Twelve Days of Christmas mummers made house‐to‐house visits to perform shows like the Hero‐Combat featuring the British national hero and popular icon St. George. Other forms of folk drama performed during the winter season consisted of rituals of inversion involving a mock king called a Lord of Misrule. Folk pageants, dances, and shows during the spring and summer included morris dancers, hobby horses, Wild Men wearing an ivy disguise and carrying an oak club, Sword Dance and Robin Hood plays, summer mock kings and queens, and the Mummers' Play
St. George and the Fiery Dragon
. These medieval and early modern folk traditions developed into ritual practices and performances still enjoyed today in Britain and North America such as the custom of “Trick or Treat” during Halloween and Mardi Gras festivities in Louisiana.
Old English
Authors: Fulk R.D.
Published: June 2017

This entry summarizes the most salient properties of the Old English language. Some differences between Old and Modern English are identified, and the relation between Old English sounds and alphabetic characters is sketched, as well as patterns of accentuation. The essentials of declension and conjugation are laid out, along with the different classes of nouns and verbs. Rules for the placement of verbs in independent and subordinate clauses are explained. Finally, the chief dialects of Old English are identified, along with the texts exemplifying them and the chief characteristics that distinguish them.
C
handos
H
erald
Authors: Bellis Joanna
Published: June 2017

This entry offers a brief introduction to the Chandos Herald, the author of
The Life of the Black Prince
, and the significance of his text.
Awntyrs off Arthure at the Terne Wathelyn
Authors: Schiff Randy P.
Published: June 2017

The Awntyrs off Arthure
is an anonymous, late‐medieval, alliterative romance composed in the 13‐line stanza, surviving in varying forms in four manuscripts. The poem first narrates an encounter with the ghost of Guinevere's mother, who both urges Guinevere to seek salvation and condemns the Arthurian militarism practiced by Gawain, and then portrays Galeron of Galloway's fateful effort to reclaim his lands by dueling Gawain before Arthur's court. With its linkage of spiritual condemnation and militarist expansionism, the
Awntyrs
directs itself to the culture of an unstable borderlands.
G
olagros and
G
awane
Authors: Schiff Randy P.
Published: June 2017

Golagros and Gawane
is an anonymous Arthurian romance in alliterative, 13‐line stanzaic metre, surviving in a single printing in a Middle Scots dialect. Gawain is featured in the poem's two incidents: he helps secure provisions from a fearsome lord, and then secures the good will of the independent lord Golagros by agreeing to pretend to have been defeated by him. While there is scholarly debate about whether the romance is emphatically Scottish or rather the product of a broader Anglo‐Scottish borderlands culture, critics agree that it is a sophisticated poem that meditates on profound ethical issues.
Æthelthryth, Lives of
Authors: Blanton Virginia
Published: June 2017

Multiple narratives about the twice‐married, virgin saint Æthelthryth, who was founder and abbess of a monastic community at Ely in Cambridgeshire, demonstrate that hers was a densely attested cult in southern England. These prose and verse narratives, written in Latin, Old English, Middle English, and Norman French, were produced from shortly after Æthelthryth's death in 679 through the dissolution of the monasteries in the 1530s and were appreciated by a variety of audiences, including monks, nuns, and lay devotional readers.
Wisdom Literature
Authors: Cavill Paul
Published: June 2017

Wisdom as a theme and topic was popular in British medieval literature, surviving in Irish, English, Welsh, and Scots texts. This entry examines the shape that wisdom typically took, namely the list or catalogue, and indicates that both lists and individual sayings were used beyond the confines of the catalogues. It discusses the structuring devices used in the presentation of the items in various lists and analyzes the formal units of wisdom: precepts or instructions, maxims, gnomes, and proverbs. It identifies the texts in which sapiential literature is preserved, and briefly summarizes the possible origins and developments of the discourse, its purpose and typical themes.
Maxims
I

and

Maxims
II
Authors: Deskis Susan E.
Published: June 2017

Maxims I
and

Maxims
II

are Old English gnomic poems presenting wisdom about the powers of God, the elements of nature, and the ways of humanity.
Maxims I,
from the Exeter Book, is divided into three sections. Both poems combine gnomic sentence structures with passages of description and brief narrative.
Scottish Legendary
Authors: von Contzen Eva
Published: June 2017

The
Scottish Legendary
, which dates to the late fourteenth century, is an anonymous compilation of saints' legends in the vernacular from medieval Scotland. Extant in one manuscript, it comprises 50 saints' lives, only two of which are about Scottish saints. The saints seem to have been chosen on the basis of the “secular” appeal of their narratives, which take center stage. Many questions about the uses and purposes of the text remain unresolved, including the question of authorship and the arrangement of the legends.
S
ir
G
owther
Authors: Manion Lee
Published: June 2017

Sir Gowther
is a tail‐rhyme Middle English romance composed c. 1400 relating how the son of a devil terrorizes women and the church until he is redeemed through a combination of penance and combat against infidels to become Holy Roman Emperor and, after death, a saint. Adapting its source materials to present new thematic and symbolic meanings, the poem speaks to late medieval interest in the proper role of knights and the extent of divine grace for the sinful individual.
J
ohn of
F
ordun
Authors: Wingfield Emily
Published: June 2017

Very little is known about John of Fordun, author of the editorially entitled
Chronica gentis Scotorum
(Chronicle of the Scottish people) written either before 1363 or between 1384 and 1387. The
Chronica
survives in seven manuscripts; it charts the early history of the Scottish nation and places it in the wider context of national and global geography and history. For the first two books, Fordun draws upon the work of an anonymous “synthesizer” produced between 1249 and 1285. He also makes use of a host of English writers, such as Bede and Geoffrey of Monmouth, and continental writers such as Isidore and Vincent of Beauvais. Fordun's
Chronica
(and the related
Gesta annalia
I and II) was continued between 1441 and 1447 by Walter Bower in his
Scotichronicon
. Both works contribute to the so‐called “War of Historiography” begun during the Wars of Scottish Independence.
Athelston
Authors: Young Helen
Published: June 2017

Athelstonis a Middle English tail‐rhyme romance of just over 800 lines from the late fourteenth century. Set in the pre‐Conquest Saxon era of English history, its themes of good kingship, justice, and the rule of law resonate strongly with the turbulent politics of Richard II's reign.
S
iege of
J
erusalem, The
Authors: Johnston Michael
Published: June 2017

The Siege of Jerusalem
is an alliterative poem from the late fourteenth century that tells the story of the Roman generals Titus and Vespasian destroying the city of Jerusalem and getting revenge on the Jews for killing Christ. Recent criticism has returned to the poem and begun to appreciate its ethical complexity, while also acknowledging the learned tradition from which the poet works.
B
ayeux
T
apestry
Authors: Terkla Dan
Published: June 2017

The Bayeux Tapestry provides the most important account of the events leading up to and culminating in the battle of Hastings and the Norman Conquest of England in 1066. This monumental embroidery is unique among medieval works of art and is listed in UNESCO's Memory of the World Register. Its visual story covers nine linen panels; is approximately 68 m long, 45 cm to 53 cm wide; and was made before 1082. The first unequivocal record of the tapestry appears in the
Inventory of the Treasures at Bayeux Cathedral
(1476). There have been over 400 changes or repairs made to it, casting doubt on the authenticity of some of its scenes. The embroidery's end piece is missing, and so its story lacks a conclusion. The Tapestry's designer is unknown, but current consensus holds that its patron was Bishop Odo of Bayeux (c. 1030–97), half‐brother of William the Conqueror (c. 1028–87). The tapestry likely was made in Canterbury at the Abbey of St. Augustine; it is indebted for some of its images to illustrated manuscripts produced at the abbey and nearby Christ Church Cathedral. The tapestry is on permanent display in the Musée Tapisserie de Bayeux at the Centre Guillaume le Conquerant.
Vernon Manuscript
Authors: Scase Wendy
Published: June 2017

The Vernon manuscript is a major collection of Middle English literature of extraordinary size and scope. It includes many hundreds of religious and moral writings, among themPiers Plowman,works by Rolle and Hilton, saints' lives, homilies, and lyrics. It has illustrations, many fine illuminated initials, and hundreds of decorative borders. It is written in the dialect of the West Midlands, indicating that it may have been made for an audience and patron of the region. However the style of its illustrations and its inclusion of northern texts suggest links beyond the region. The publication of a printed facsimile and more recently an electronic facsimile with full transcription have led to renewed efforts to tackle the many problems of purpose and provenance posed by the volume as well as to wider public awareness of this extraordinary monument of vernacular literature.
BarkingAbbey
Authors: Hollis Stephanie
Published: June 2017

Barking Abbey is the only English convent whose extant documentation points to the existence of a flourishing literary culture and exercise of literary patronage from the time of its foundation as a double monastery (c. 666) until the late Middle Ages. Also unique is the relatively well‐documented presence at Barking throughout its long history of a number of female authors, both named and anonymous. Of particular note is their early adoption of Anglo‐Norman as a literary language and their creation of liturgical and dramatic texts from the thirteenth to the fifteenth century.
Comitatus
Authors: Hill John M.
Published: June 2017

Many scholars have questioned both the reality and the survival of the “comitatus” Tacitus describes. Especially the supposed ethic of suicidal loyalty has been debunked. Yet something notably like the Tacitean “comitatus” exists in historical records and literary works, among Germanic groups and especially among the Anglo‐Saxons: the warlord's or king's personal hall troop, his battle‐hardened retainers. The bond with their lord is reciprocal: from them, service for rewards; from the lord, gifts for service. Loyalty is emphasized, oath‐breaking denounced, and suicidal loyalty a special, late development.
S
ir
L
aunfal
Authors: Guy‐Bray Stephen
Published: June 2017

This entry situates Thomas Chestre's poem
Sir Launfal
in relation to its sources and identifies the important ways in which it differs from them.
D
urham (city)
Authors: Cartlidge Neil
Published: June 2017

Durham is a cathedral city in the northeast of England, the historic seat of the bishops of Durham. A center of literary activity throughout the Middle Ages, the cathedral's medieval library is now one of the oldest and most important in England. The city's writers include the city's twelfth‐century historian, Symeon of Durham, and the Anglo‐Latin poet, Lawrence of Durham.
Eger andGrime
Authors: Cichon Michael
Published: June 2017

Eger and Grimeis a Scottish romance that explores the homosocial world of late‐medieval chivalry.
Reading Practices
Authors: Coleman Joyce
Published: June 2017

The study of “reading practices” looks at the who, what, where, when, why, and how of medieval reading. These practices developed from the early monasteries into the schools and universities and out to the lay population of the later Middle Ages. Rather than a straightforward evolution from oral to privately read literature, attention to medieval practice reveals that across this period, many modes of reading and engaging with texts coexisted, depending on the individuals, texts, and contexts involved.
LybeausDesconus
Authors: Weldon James
Published: June 2017

Lybeaus Desconusis an anonymous fourteenth‐century Middle English romance about Sir Gawain's illegitimate son, Sir Gyngelayne, also known as Lybeaus Desconus or the Fair Unknown. When Gyngelayne arrives at Arthur's court, he is ignorant of his father, courtly life, and even his name. Because of his “fair looks” King Arthur knights the young man and gives him the name, Lybeaus Desconus. He proves his chivalric stature by means of a series of trial‐adventures and rescues the imprisoned and enchanted Lady of Sinadoun, whom he eventually marries. From the Lady of Sinadoun he discovers his kinship with Sir Gawain, and in some versions he learns his paternity and name from his mother and Sir Gawain. Several fifteenth‐century references to the narrative attest to the popularity ofLybeaus Desconus, and the character Lybeaus/Gyngelayne appears as a minor character in several medieval works.
Wedding of
S
ir
G
awain and
D
ame
R
agnell, The
Authors: Niebrzydowski Sue
Published: June 2017

The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnell
is a fifteenth‐century comic romance in the tradition of the Loathly Lady stories, in which King Arthur goes on a quest to discover the answer to the question of “what women want.” The text demonstrates the late‐medieval tendency of romance to be written as parody, pre‐figuring post‐medieval iterations of the narrative‐type.
Melusine
Authors: Elmes Melissa Ridley
Published: June 2017

Originating in a 1393 prose romance by Frenchman Jean d'Arras and adapted later that same year by the poet Coudrette,
Melusine
presents a hybrid historical/romance foundation text for the powerful and influential Lusignan family. Melusine, daughter of a fairy and a mortal, marries Raymondin the Count of Poitiers, and together they found the fortress of Lusignan. Their sons go on to spread the family name and win renown throughout Europe and the Middle East. Melusine and Raymondin prosper until Raymondin breaks his vow not to see her on a Saturday and discovers her half‐serpent form, the product of a curse. Because of his transgression, Melusine is fated to remain in her serpent's form until Judgment Day; whenever the fortress of Lusignan changes hands, she reappears as a portent. The legend of Melusine enjoyed widespread popularity throughout Continental Europe. Both French versions of the story were translated into Middle English around 1500.
A
ldhelm
Authors: Thornbury Emily V.
Published: June 2017

Aldhelm of Malmesbury (c. 640–709) was the first important Anglo‐Saxon author. Connected to West Saxon royalty and highly educated, he developed a sophisticated Latin literary style in both prose and verse, and wrote a number of books, including
De uirginitate
(On virginity) and the
Enigmata
(Riddles). His work was very widely read during the Anglo‐Saxon period, becoming a touchstone of English style. Aldhelm's poetry also demonstrates formulaic techniques that illuminate the composition of Old English verse.
P
eter of
C
ornwall
Authors: Galloway Andrew
Published: June 2017

Peter of Cornwall (c. 1140–1221) may be considered one of London's founding public intellectuals, active during a seminal period of the city's and England's intellectual and literary expansion. His “Book of Visions” presents a massive collection of vision stories and helped launch a long period in which such narratives were popular.
Liber Monstrorum
Authors: McFadden Brian
Published: June 2017

TheLiber monstrorum(Book of monsters) is a late seventh‐ or early eighth‐century Latin catalogue of monsters, beasts, and serpents found in the work of classical and Christian authors. Although apparently English in origin, the surviving manuscripts are all connected to Francia, suggesting both Continental and Insular scholarly interest in monsters. The text expresses skepticism about many of the beings described but leaves the ultimate judgment about them to the audience; it also suggests anxiety about nonhuman and cultural Others, suggesting its composition during a time of cultural crisis.
Letter of
A
lexander to
A
ristotle
Authors: Kim Susan M.
Published: June 2017

The Old English
Letter of Alexander to Aristotle
is bound with the Marvels of the East and
Beowulf
in London, British Library, MS Cotton Vitellius A XV (c. 1000). A fictional letter addressed by Alexander the Great to his teacher, Aristotle, the
Letter
details Alexander's travel through and conquest of the East, and his encounters with various “wondrous” animals and people, as well as his military campaigns, and ends with a description of oracles foretelling Alexander's death.
B
ook of the
A
nchorite
Authors: Lloyd‐Morgan Ceridwen
Published: June 2017

The Book of the Anchorite of Llanddewi Brefi, a manuscript dated 1346, is the earliest and most substantial compendium of religious texts in Middle Welsh. The unnamed anchorite scribe, who may have resided for a time at Strata Florida abbey, compiled it at the request of a lay patron, Gruffydd ap Llywelyn ap Phylip ap Trahaearn of Cantref Mawr in Carmarthenshire. The anchorite's hand is also found in four other Welsh manuscripts, including the White Book of Rhydderch.
Wulf andEadwacer
Authors: Klinck Anne L.
Published: June 2017

Wulf and Eadwacerhas generated a bewildering array of interpretations. First thought to be a riddle, it is now most often perceived as a heartfelt lament, one of only two “woman's songs” (female‐voice love poems) in Old English – unless the speaker is grieving for the loss of her son. Confined on an island, the narrator longs for her wide‐wandering Wulf. He and Eadwacer are usually taken as the speaker's lover and husband/guardian, respectively, but they could be the same person. Thebeaducafa(“battlebold one,” l. 11) whose embraces have given her both joy and pain is probably to be identified with Eadwacer, but some favor Wulf. The “whelp” (l. 16) whom Wulf (or a wolf) carries to the forest would be her infant child – unless it is metaphorical. And the ill‐fated “story of us two together” (uncer giedd geador,l. 19) suggests a doomed relationship; with which man is unclear.
Mordred
Authors: Leitch Megan G.
Published: June 2017

Mordred (sometimes known as Modred or Medrawd) is a literary figure central to the main narrative of Arthurian literature. He is usually King Arthur's nephew or incestuous son, and often betrays Arthur by usurping his throne before dying in the same battle in which Arthur is fatally wounded. Mordred is portrayed as a villain especially in influential texts such as Geoffrey of Monmouth'sHistory of the Kings of Britainand Malory'sMorte Darthur. However, elsewhere Mordred's villainy is tempered by sympathetic traits or actions, or – especially in some Scottish chronicles and some Welsh poetry – he is presented in a positive light.
B
ook of
C
erne
Authors: Brown Michelle P.
Published: June 2017

The Book of Cerne is an early ninth‐century Mercian prayerbook in Latin and Old English, containing the earliest extant English prose and a Harrowing of Hell text which may be the earliest example of liturgical drama.
Patience
Authors: Allen Elizabeth
Published: June 2017

Patience
is the shortest poem in the manuscript Cotton Nero A.x, which also contains
Pearl
,
Cleanness
, and
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
. Through a clerical narrator, the poem recounts the story of the biblical prophet Jonah in a sermon on the virtue of patience or “suffraunce,” defined as both suffering and bearing one's pain. Jonah is a negative exemplum. Although he was commonly understood as a precursor to Christ, the poem focuses on his literal experience and God's responses. The poet stays close to his biblical source but adds physical description and gives Jonah human motives for his actions. Jonah resists God's command to prophesy in Nineveh, briefly repents, and grows angry at God again; God exhibits both fearsome power and, in the end, mercy.
K
ing of
T
ars
Authors: Calkin Siobhain Bly
Published: June 2017

This entry provides a brief overview of the medieval romance the
King of Tars
. The entry summarizes the contents of the Middle English romance, lists its key manuscripts, and introduces readers to the main topics of critical discussion, which include family relationships, flesh and formlessness, race, religion, and conversion.
Gregory the Great
Authors: DeGregorio Scott
Published: June 2017

Gregory the Great was pope from 590 to 604; he is also known as one of the four great Latin doctors of the western church and is regarded as a saint by the Roman Catholic, Anglican, and Eastern Orthodox religious traditions. Gregory produced several exegetical and pastoral works that greatly impacted medieval British literary culture; some of these were translated into Old English. Gregory also spearheaded the mission to convert the Anglo‐Saxons in 597; he thereafter became a powerful influence on Anglo‐Saxon writers like Bede, King Alfred, and Aelfric of Eynsham, and was the subject of the earlier Latin life of Gregory, produced at the monastery of Whitby c. 705–15.
Dives and Pauper
Authors: Crassons Kate
Published: June 2017

Dives and Pauper
(1405–10) is a long prose treatise in Middle English that explores the meaning of the Ten Commandments. The text was likely written by a Franciscan friar, and it is structured as a dialogue between a rich layman and a spiritually authoritative poor man, whose life closely parallels that of a friar. As an extensive piece of vernacular theology,
Dives and Pauper
is an orthodox work engaged with questions relevant to Wycliffism, England's first indigenous heresy.
Chronicle Tradition
Authors: Kennedy Edward Donald
Published: June 2017

This entry surveys the tradition of using chronicles to record past and contemporary events in medieval England, Wales, and Scotland with some attention to Ireland. It is a literary history of one of the most popular types of medieval literature: more than 450 chronicles were written in the Middle Ages and early Renaissance in what is now the United Kingdom and Ireland. They were in Latin and in vernacular languages and in prose and verse. After brief introductory discussions of characteristics of chronicles, the terminology used (chronica,annales,historia,gesta), the nature of historical truth in the Middle Ages, and purposes for which history was written (instruction, entertainment, patriotism, propaganda), it focuses on major chronicles and chroniclers of England, Scotland, and Wales and various types of chronicle, such as national, world, town, and genealogical.
C
ulhwch
ac O
lwen
Authors: Hughes Ian
Published: June 2017

Culhwch ac Olwen
is based upon a simple narrative plot: The “hero,” Culhwch, is destined to marry only Olwen, the daughter of the giant Ysbaddaden. To do this he must accomplish a number of tasks set by the giant. These he succeeds in completing with the aid of his cousin Arthur and his war‐band. For this reason, Welsh scholars have often regarded
Culhwch ac Olwen
as the earliest extended Arthurian narrative in any language. This however has not always been recognized outside of Wales. Nevertheless, this text is important in that it reveals an Arthurian world which has not yet come under the influence of English and French writers and poets. This world is by no means Norman in outlook – it appears to contain a native Welsh portrayal of a more primitive era. The emphasis is more on the heroic nature of Arthur as a leader of a band of warriors such as Cai (Kay), Bedwyr (Bedivere), and Gwythyr. The enemies are giants, witches, and beasts, all of whom dwell in the wild parts of the Island of Britain. Culhwch eventually achieves his goal and marries Olwen.
Henryson,Robert
Authors: Parkinson David J.
Published: June 2017

Robert Henryson was a significant exponent of an emerging independence in late‐medieval Scottish poetry. His development of existing themes and techniques of narration subjected various late‐medieval genres to unprecedented stress and change. HisFables,Orpheus and EurydiceandTestament of Cresseid,continue to provoke debate about Henryson's narrative and allegorical technique, as well as his attitude to English literary tradition as epitomized by Chaucer.
A
ndreas
Authors: Godlove Shannon
Published: June 2017

Andreas
is an Old English poem in the Vercelli Book manuscript that recounts the apocryphal legend of St. Andrew's adventure to rescue his fellow apostle Matthew from imprisonment in the cannibal land of Mermedonia, as well as Andrew's own conversion of the heathen Mermedonians to Christianity. The poem uses a heroic idiom similar to that of
Beowulf
, and has been compared to the works of the Old English poet known as Cynewulf.
Andreas
has been studied extensively from the perspectives of typological criticism, postcolonial criticism, theories of the body, and ecocriticism, among others.
Computus Tradition
Authors: Stephenson Rebecca
Published: June 2017

Computus is the medieval calculation of dates and concerns itself particularly with calculating the dates of moveable feasts like Easter. Bede played an important role in the development of computus both in England and on the Continent. In the tenth century, there was renewed interest in computus connected to the Benedictine Reform, and some of these texts are in English.
B
enedictine
R
eform
Authors: Stephenson Rebecca
Published: June 2017

The Benedictine Reform was a tenth‐century ecclesiastical movement led by Dunstan, Æthelwold, and Oswald with the support of King Edgar. The reformers wished to emulate the Continental Benedictine Reform, particularly as practiced at Fleury and Ghent. Beyond the religious aspects, the reform fundamentally changed how monasteries held property and removed them from the control of local nobility.
M
erlin/
M
yrddin
Authors: Faletra Michael
Published: June 2017

This entry traces the development of the familiar figure of Merlin (Myrddin in Welsh) from his shadowy origins as a sixth‐century Welsh bard, to his role as a political prophet and magician, and finally to his adoption into the cycles of Arthurian romance, where he plays a prominent role as kingmaker and counselor.
H
occleve,
T
homas
Authors: Perkins Nicholas
Published: June 2017

Thomas Hoccleve (c. 1367–1426) is one of the most compelling English poets of the fifteenth century. His major poetic works, including
The Regiment of Princes
and the
Series
, demonstrate Hoccleve's ability to write in numerous genres, including advice literature or “mirrors for princes”; dialogue; religious instruction; and romance. Hoccleve worked as a clerk of the Privy Seal in Westminster, and many manuscripts survive that he copied, including some containing his poetry. Hoccleve uses autobiographical revelation and moral or exemplary instruction in equal measure, and his description of his own mental illness is unusual and important. His praise of Geoffrey Chaucer helped to establish the latter's reputation as England's great vernacular poet. Hoccleve's telling explorations of politics, social tensions, religious controversy, and financial insecurity all mark his work as distinctive and have led to significant scholarly discussion.
Schools and Education
Authors: Zieman Katherine
Published: June 2017

Schools were present in medieval England from at least the sixth century. Founded chiefly to train clergy, they focused on the elements of Latin literacy and grammar as well as on the performance of liturgical chant. Over the course of the Middle Ages, schools became more widespread and autonomous, such that most large towns had a grammar master who collected fees for teaching. Jewish communities before the Expulsion had their own schools for Hebrew. From the twelfth century, French, already a literary language, was also taught as a language of law and business. By the fourteenth century more elementary forms of prayer‐reading were often taught by mothers but were also available in elementary “reading” schools. From the mid‐fourteenth century efforts were made to establish more endowed forms of education in colleges and chantries. The number of these schools grew significantly under the influence of humanist trends in the sixteenth century.
Anglo‐Saxon Charms
Authors: Arnovick Leslie K.
Published: June 2017

Anglo‐Saxon charms fascinate scholars of medieval magic, medicine, and religion, as well as literature and language. Charm texts reveal reliance on traditional rites and utterances that frequently make use of Christian liturgical prayers, saintly invocation, and unintelligible utterances. Above all, charms reveal the power of the spoken word.
C
hanson
de R
oland

and
D
igby 23
Authors: Taylor Andrew
Published: June 2017

Digby 23 is composed of two twelfth‐century manuscripts: the first a copy of Plato's
Timaeus
, which in the thirteenth century was bequeathed to Oseney Abbey, Oxford, and the second the earliest copy of the
Chanson de Roland
. The Digby
Roland
was probably copied in about the second quarter of the twelfth century, although a later date is not impossible. There is no particular reason to suppose that this manuscript was ever associated with a jongleur or minstrel. There are points of cultural similarity between the two parts, both probably copied in an academic milieu, but they may not actually have been bound together until as late as the seventeenth century.
Chaucer:CanterburyTales
Authors: Cooper Helen
Published: June 2017

TheCanterbury Talesis the major work by Geoffrey Chaucer, medieval England's leading poet. It tells of a group of 30 pilgrims, comprising a cross‐section of English society, who agree to travel together from the Tabard Inn in Southwark to Canterbury and tell stories in competition with each other along the way. The work as Chaucer left it at his death in 1400 consists of 22 tales in verse and two in prose, drawn from French, Italian, and Latin as well as English, plus aGeneral Prologueand a brief coda.
I
pomedon
Authors: Purdie Rhiannon
Published: June 2017

There exist three separate Middle English translations of Hue de Rotelande's twelfth‐century Anglo‐Norman romance
Ipomédon
: the lengthy Yorkshire tail‐rhyme romance of
Ipomadon
; the much shorter couplet
Lyfe of Ipomydon
, and the incomplete prose
Ipomedon
. In all versions, the tale is memorable for the eponymous hero's determination to perform all of his deeds of prowess incognito, adopting ever more humiliating disguises as he strives to make himself worthy of his love, the heiress of Calabria, who has vowed to marry only the best knight in the world. The Middle English versions drop the irony and periodic misogyny that pervade Hue's treatment of his material.
Tail‐Rhyme
Authors: Purdie Rhiannon
Published: June 2017

Tail‐rhyme, or stanzas modeled on an
aabccb
rhyme‐pattern, has a prominent place in Middle English literature thanks to its use for about a third of all Middle English romances, with the earliest appearing in the Auchinleck manuscript. Chaucer's
Tale of Sir Thopas
satirizes Middle English tail‐rhyme romance style. Tail‐rhyme is partly derived from Latin hymnody but its use was greatly developed by Anglo‐Norman poets, who extended its use from lyric to narrative material (though not romances). Anglo‐Norman scribes also developed a distinctive manuscript layout – “graphic tail‐rhyme” – which was adopted by copyists of Middle English tail‐rhyme romance.
Seafarer, The
Authors: O'Camb Brian
Published: June 2017

The 124‐line Old English lyricThe Seafarertakes its title from the unnamed first‐person speaker who contrasts the hardships he frequently endured on the seas with the relative comforts enjoyed by land‐dwellers at its start. It is one of the elegies inscribed in the Exeter Book, though it shares features with gnomic poetry, a subgenre of wisdom literature. This entry provides an introduction to its genre, content, critical reception, and the chief preoccupations of the poem's most recent critics. The first paragraph summarizes the poem's content, structure, progression, and thematic development. Paragraph two provides an overview of how the lyric was received before and after Whitelock's influential interpretation ofThe Seafarer, as well as the poem's importance for students of Anglo‐Saxon epistemology and subjectivity more generally. The entry concludes by summarizing discussions ofThe Seafarer's genre, including its relationship to elegy, wisdom literature, and lyric.
D
unbar,
W
illiam
Authors: Purdie Rhiannon
Published: June 2017

William Dunbar (c. 1459–1513?) is one of the most important Scottish poets of the late Middle Ages. Most of his work was written at or for the court of James IV (1488–1513) and his queen Margaret Tudor, where Dunbar served as a secretary, priest, and chaplain. Of all the poets writing in Older Scots – often known as the “makars” – he is the one most famed for his technical virtuosity and vast stylistic range. The majority of his c. 84 poems are shorter lyrics: sincere devotional lyrics mix with satirical portraits, courtly love‐allegories, eldrich fantasies, and a large number of entertaining petitionary poems. In his own day it was the “aureate” language and complex formal stanzas of his love allegory
The Goldyn Targe
that attracted most attention, but modern audiences tend to find his apparently autobiographical pieces more sympathetic.
D
igby Plays
Authors: Scoville Chester N.
Published: June 2017

The Digby plays and the e Museo plays together represent a significant and unique collection of early English dramatic texts. Two of them,
The Conversion of Saint Paul
and
Mary Magdalene
, are the only surviving English medieval saint plays; the rest,
The Killing of the Children
,
Wisdom
, and the two e Museo plays of Christ's Burial and Resurrection, are substantial examples of the variegated traditions of medieval drama and dramatic adaptation.
Antifeminism
Authors: Schuurman Anne
Published: June 2017

The term “antifeminism” refers to the long tradition of misogynist and misogamist writing in medieval Europe, a tradition that originated primarily with the Roman Catholic Church's struggle to establish a celibate priesthood, and that culminated in the early modern period in a wide‐ranging debate about the nature and roles of women. Much medieval antifeminist writing was produced by clerics, much of it is satirical, and all of it is characterized by the repetition of proverbial and stereotypical complaints about women.
Antiquarianism
Authors: Parry Graham
Published: June 2017

Much of what has been preserved of medieval British literature survives thanks to the efforts and interests of early modern antiquarians, who catalogued, collected, and studied the material remains of the medieval British past. Particularly after the Dissolution of the Monasteries, their efforts were crucial in rescuing some of the dispersed collections of medieval monastic libraries.