bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dots of connected numbers as learning instrument computational thinking concept in elementary school
Authors: Ridhoni Wahyu , Makwana Darshil , Choirudin Choirudin
Published: February 2025

The skill needed by future generations when computers become more massive and more connected is to think like a computer. Computational thinking is a method of thinking commonly used by programmers when writing program code. There are four principles in computational thinking, (1) Decomposition, (2) Pattern Recognition, (3) Abstraction, and (4) Algorithm Design. The research was conducted in three stages: planning, development, and testing. The results obtained are that the dots of corresponding numbers can be a simple instrument to teach computational thinking but requires that children have mastered the sum operation. The four principles of computational thinking have been contained in the Dots of numbers connected.
عالقة الضغوط المهنية بتقييم مستوى اداء معلمي التربية البدنية داخل مرکز مدينة نينوى
Authors: باهر احمد طارق
Published: February 2025

هدف البحث إلی1- التعرف علی العالقة بين الضغوط المهنية وتقييم االداء لمعلمي التربية البدنية في مركز مدينة الموصل. استخدم الباحثان المنهج الوصفي باألسلوب االرتباطي، وتكونت عينة البحث من عينة البناء (180) معلما، وعينة التطبيق (60) معلما لتربية البدنية داخل مدينة الموصل لتحقيق اهداف البحث تم بناء مقياس للضغوط المهنية والتحقق من صدقه، وفي معالجة البيانات إحصائيا تم استخدام الوسط الحسابي واالنحراف المعياري والنسبة المئوية والمتوســــط الفرضي والمنوال والوسيط ومعامــــل االلتواء ومعامل االرتباط البسيط، كوسائل احصائية. واستنتج الباحثان ما يأتي:-هناك عالقة معنوية عكسية بين الضغوط المهنية وتقييم االداء العملي لدرس التربية البدنية
مقارنة المتغيرات البايوكينماتيكية لصد الضربات العالية من خارج منطقة الجزاء لحراس المرمى بين الجهتين اليمين واليسار في كرة القدم
Authors: علو ثائر غانم مال
Published: February 2025

من خالل متابعة الباحثان ومالحظاتهما ومراقبتهما المستمرة لمعظم مباريات كرة القدم وجدا بأن هنالك فروق في بعض المتغيرات البايوكينماتيكية أثناء صد الكرات العالية بين جهتي اليمين واليسار لحراس مرمی كرة القدم، مما دفع الباحثان الی تصميم جهاز حمودات لقذف الكرات. ويهدف البحث الی التعرف علی قيم بعض المتغيرات البايوكينماتيكية األداء الفني لصد الضربات العالية من خارج منطقة الجزاء لحارس مرمی بين الجهتين يمين ويسار في كرة القدم. والكشف عن الفروق في بعض المتغيرات البايوكينماتيكية ألداء الفني لصد الضربات العالية من خارج منطقة الجزاء لحارس مرمی بين الجهتين يمين ويسار في كرة القدم. واستخدم الباحثان المنهج الوصفي لمالءمته لطبيعة البحث، اختيار عينة البحث بالطريقة العمدية من حراس مرمی كرة القدم الشباب المنتسبين الی أندية محافظة نينوى والبالغ عددهم (6) حارس مرمی وبواقع (3)  حراس من نادي البلدية و(2) حراس من نادي الموصل وحارس واحد من نادي الحدباء. واستخدم الباحثان المالحظة العلمية التقنية والقياس وسائل لجمع المعلومات. وقد تم تصوير عينة البحث في ملعب نادي البلدية في مدينة الموصل عصرا. إذ تم تثبيت آلة التصوير ً في يوم األربعاء (2020/4/29) الساعة الثالثة خارج منطقة الجزاء مقابل وسط الهدف ببعد (18 متر) وبارتفاع (1.10متر)  وبسرعة كرة 75 كم/ساعة وبزاوية (1 درجة) للكرات األرضية وبزاوية (6 درجة) للكرات العالية. وتوصل الباحثان الی وجود فروق ذات داللة معنوية بين جهتي اليمين واليسار أثناء صد الكرات في متغيرات مكان وقفة االستعداد ومسافة الخطوة األولی وسرعة الخطوة األولی. وأوصی الباحثان الی ضرورة التأكيد علی وقفة االستعداد. والتأكيد علی أخذ خطوة مناسبة الكتساب سرعة النهوض والوصول الی الكرة
تقويم أداء بعض االختبارات المهارية المرکبة وفقاً لمستويات أنماط الجسم الالعبين الشباب بکرة القدم
Authors: جواد ناظم کاظم , راشد عبد الرحمن ناصر , محمود هادي
Published: February 2025

لغرض التحقق من أهداف البحث في تقويم أداء الالعبين الشباب بکرة القدم في محافظة ديالی لبعض االختبارات البدنية والمهارية المرکبة وفقاً ألنماط الجسم. ومعرفة الفروق في أداء الالعبين الشباب بکرة القدم في محافظة ديالی لبعض االختبارات البدنية والمهارية المرکبة وفقا (لنمط الجسم). استخدم الباحثون المنهج الوصفي باألسلوب المسحي علی عينة من العبي الشباب ألندية (ديالی، والخالص، وبني سعد) وبعد تطبيق االختبارات البدنية والمهارية المرکبة والتي تحددها الخبراء وجمع البيانات ومعالجتها إحصائياً وعلی ضوء النتائج التي خرج الباحثون بها توصل إلی االستنتاجات اآلتية: ال توجد أفضلية في أداء االختبارات (البدنية – المهارية) قيد البحث بين الالعبين حسب النمط الجسمي. ويوصي بما يأتي: اعتماد االختبارات (البدنية- المهارية) التي اعتمدها الباحثون في عملية التقويم الموضوعي لالعبي أندية ديالی الشباب وتوجيههم نحو المرکز الذي يتناسب المتغيرات الجسمية والقدرات البدنية والمهارية لديهم وتعميمها من أجل اعتمادها في اختيار الالعبين المؤهلين في مباريات الدوري.  وا بحوث ودراسات مشابهة لجميع المستويات والمراحل العمرية بهدف التعرف علی ٕ ج ارء مستوياتهم وتقييم مستوى الالعبين وتأثير ذلك العملية التدريبية للعبة کرة القدم
دراسة انسجام العبي کرة القدم: نادي الوداد الرياضي المغربي نموذجا
Authors: قطاية أيوب , الوردي عزيز , برکاوي محمد , يونس قطاية , لحفاص مونير
Published: February 2025

جاء هذا البحث بهدف التعرف علی العالقة بين مستوى النشاط البدني بالحالة الذهنية اثناء جائحة کرونا في العراق، وذلك من خالل ما يبث وينشر ضمن البرامج الرياضية المختلفة وما يکتب في الصحافة الورقية واإللکترونية الرياضية والمنصات المتخصصة، استخدم الباحثون المنهج الوصفي لمالئمته لطبيعة المشکلة من اجل تحقيق االهداف، وذلك من خالل استخدام عدد من أدوات جمع البيانات في البحث العلمي، بعد االطالع علی الدراسات النظرية والدراسات السابقة عن جائحة ٕ حصاءات تمکورونا من مواقع رسمية وغير رسمية ومدونات، واالطالع علی مقاالت وأخبار وا تصميم استبانة أولية وعرضها علی عدد من المختصين والخبراء، وبعد االطالع علی مالحظات المختصين والخبراء تم تصميم االستبانة بصورتها النهاية وتم رفعها عبر (نماذج کوکل) ومشارکتها في مواقع التواصل االجتماعي (فيس بوك، واتساب، تويتر) وبعد االطالع علی ردود االستبانة في منصة کوکل، إذ تم تفاعل أکثر من (85) مستخدم وملء االستبانة، ليتم بعدها استخراج التحليل من منصة کوکل إلی جهاز الحاسب اآللي ومن ثم ارفاقها في البحث، ومن أهم النتائج التي توصل اليها الباحثون التالي:1- هنالك عالقة ارتباط معنوية مرتفعة بين الحالة الذهنية ومستوى النشاط البدني اليومي لدى افراد عينة البحث.2- الحالة الذهنية تسجل نتائج أفضل کلما ارتفع مستوى النشاط البدني.3- تبين بان هناك اختالفات ذات داللة معنوية في مؤشر الحالة الذهنية تبعا لمتغير مستوى النشاط  البدني، فکلما ارتفع مستوى النشاط البدني اليومي کلما کان مؤشر الحالة الذهنية اعلی، مقارنه مع النشاط البدني المتوسط والمنخفض.4- تبين بان مستوى النشاط البدني المتوسط لم يختلف عن مستوى النشاط البدني المنخفض.فيما يوصي الباحثون بالتالي:-التأکيد علی اداء النشاط البدني اليومي ألهميته بتعزير الحالة الذهنية.
Melawan Money Politics dalam Elektoral: Upaya Mereduksi Kejahatan Politik Masuk Gereja
Authors: Arifianto Yonatan Alex
Published: February 2025

Rampant money politics can be an indicator in society that political education and the importance of maintaining a healthy democracy are being degraded. It cannot be denied that money politics has become a new way to gain leadership positions and also an opportunity for society that is in harmony with the needs and reasonable assumptions that money politics has become the right place for prospective leaders to violate the law and norms of truth. Therefore, the church must have integrity in building a congregation with the character of Christian faith, rejecting all political crimes, including money politics. Using qualitative research methods with a literature study approach, it can be concluded that money politics and its challenges for the church will continue to exist and can lead the church to commit crimes if it does not teach and provide correct political education. With political teaching and education, church members can automatically reduce the evils of money politics in the church. For this reason, the active role of the actualization of Christianity in politics in a holistic and massive manner in the task of educating and directing church members continues to be carried out as part of national and state life which respects the law and of course protects the good name of the church so that it does not fall into political crimes. Keywords: Money Politics, Electoral Affairs, General Elections, Church Politics, reducing crime AbstrakMoney politics yang merajalela dapat menjadi indikator masyarakat bahwa pendidikan politik dan pentingnya menjaga demokrasi yang sehat telah mengalami degradasi. Hal itu tidak dapat dipungkiri bahwa adanya money politics sudah menjadi cara baru untuk melenggang dalam tampuk kepemimpinan dan juga kesempatan bagi masyarakat yang selaras dengan kebutuhan serta  anggapan wajar money politics menjadi ajang tepat para bakal calon pemimpin melanggar hukum dan norma kebenaran. Oleh karena itu gereja harus memiliki integritas dalam membangun jemaat berkarakter iman Kristen menolak segala kejahatan agenda politiknya, termasuk money politics. Menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi literature maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa money politics dan tantanganya bagi gereja akan terus ada dan dapat membawa gereja dalam tindakan kejahatan bila tidak mengajarkan dan memberikan pendidikan politik yang benar. Dengan adanya pengajaran dan pendidikan politik maka dengan sendirinya warga gereja dapat mereduksi kejahatan money politics dalam gereja. Untuk itu peran aktif dari aktualisasi kekristenan dalam perpolitikan secara holistik dan masif dalam tugas mendidik dan mengarahkan warga gereja terus dilakukan sebagai bagian dari hidup berbangsa dan bernegara yang menghormati undang-undang dan tentunya menjaga nama baik gereja untuk tidak masuk dalam kejahatan politik. Kata Kunci:  Politik Uang, Elektoral, Pemilihan Umum, Politik Gereja, mereduksi kejahatan
Family Altar sebagai Upaya Pembentukan Karakter Anak dalam Menghadapi Tantangan di Era Digital
Authors: Zendrato Darman Syah Putra , Novalina Martina , Waruwu Anwar Three Millenium , Simanjuntak Eddy
Published: February 2025

character of children in an era of rapid technological advancement. With the premise that learning shapes human character, especially inquisitive children, this research aims to identify the significance of the Family Altar as a foundation for character formation in accordance with the example set by Christ. The methodology employed is a literature review, emphasizing character development in the era of globalization. The research findings indicate that the Family Altar, as a cell group within the church, facilitates family interaction and fosters a relationship with Christ. The family, as a divine institution, holds an inherent role in education and character development. Parents, as family leaders, bear the responsibility of guiding, educating, and nurturing the spiritual well-being of the household. The use of gadgets by children in the technological age presents a challenge, necessitating vigilant oversight. By integrating spiritual values through the Family Altar, children's character can be cultivated to be disciplined, God-fearing, and morally upright. This contributes positively to preparing a competitive and morally upright next generation amidst the challenges of the times. The Family Altar serves not only as a place of worship but also as a robust foundation for shaping children's character, thereby yielding positive impacts on their surrounding environment. Keywords: Family Altar; Character Formation; Changing Times; Technological Influence. Abstrak Artikel ini membahas peran penting Family Altar dalam membentuk karakter anak di era teknologi yang berkembang pesat. Dengan latar belakang bahwa pembelajaran membentuk karakter manusia, terutama anak-anak yang penuh rasa ingin tahu, penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi signifikansi Family Altar sebagai landasan dalam membentuk karakter sesuai dengan teladan Kristus. Metode studi literatur digunakan untuk menekankan pembentukan karakter anak di era globalisasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Family Altar, sebagai sel grup dalam gereja, memungkinkan keluarga untuk berinteraksi dan membangun hubungan dengan Kristus. Keluarga, sebagai lembaga ilahi, memiliki peran kodrati dalam pendidikan dan pembentukan karakter. Orang tua sebagai pemimpin keluarga memiliki tanggung jawab membimbing, mendidik, dan memelihara kerohanian rumah tangga. Penggunaan gadget oleh anak-anak di era teknologi adalah tantangan, dan pengawasan bijak diperlukan. Dengan mengintegrasikan nilai-nilai rohani melalui Family Altar, karakter anak dapat dibentuk menjadi disiplin, takut akan Tuhan, dan berakhlak mulia. Ini memberikan kontribusi positif dalam mempersiapkan generasi penerus yang berdaya saing dan bermoral di tengah tantangan zaman. Family Altar tidak hanya sebagai sarana ibadah, tetapi juga fondasi kuat dalam membentuk karakter anak yang memberikan dampak positif pada lingkungan sekitarnya. Kata kunci: Family Altar; Pembentukan Karakter; Perubahan Zaman; Pengaruh Teknologi
Mengimplementasikan Amsal 22:6 dalam Penerapan Kurikulum Merdeka pada Mata Pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Kristen di Sekolah
Authors: Firmansah Endik , Rahel Rahel , Sukrisno Aji
Published: February 2025

This research is motivated by the implementation of an independent curriculum in schools which has received various responses, including agreeing and disagreeing. The author believes that every teacher, especially Christian Religious Education teachers, must be ready for every policy from the government as a form of obedience to the government as God's representative. This research uses a qualitative method which uses several references from books, journals and also past and ongoing phenomena faced by the researcher as a Christian teacher at school. The implementation of an independent curriculum, which researchers understand as a curriculum that places more emphasis on learning patterns that are adapted to students' talents and interests, is not at all contrary to God's Word. Furthermore, after finding this meaning, this research continued by implementing it in the learning process in schools with the hope that every Christian Education teacher in schools can carry out their duties with more spiritual responsibility to God because they see that the implementation of the independent curriculum is not just proof of obedience to the government but also proof from obedience to God. Keywords: Independent Curriculum, Educate Young People, The Right Way. AbstrakPenelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh diterapkannya kurikulum merdeka di sekolah yang telah mendapatkan berbagai respon antara setuju dan tidak setuju. Penulis berpendapat bila setiap guru secara khusus guru Pendidikan Agama Kristen harus siap kepada setiap kebijakan dari pemerintah sebagai bentuk ketaatan kepada pemerintah sebagai wakil Tuhan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif yang menggunakan beberapa referensi buku, jurnal dan juga fenomena di masa lampau dan yang masih berjalan yang dihadapi oleh peneliti sebagai seorang guru agama Kristen di sekolah. Penerapan kurikulum merdeka yang dipahami peneliti sebagai kurikulum yang lebih menekankan secara sederhana kepada pola pembelajaran yang disesuaikan dengan bakat dan minat siswa, tidak sama sekali bertentangan dengan Firman Tuhan. Selanjutnya, setelah menemukan makna tersebut, penelitian ini dilanjutkan dengan mengimplementasikannya dalam proses pembelajaran di sekolah dengan harapan setiap guru Pedidikan Agama Kristen di sekolah dapat melaksanaan tugasnya dengan lebih bertanggungjawab secara rohani kepada Tuhan karena melihat implementasi kurikulum merdeka tidak sekadar bukti ketaatan kepada pemerintah tetapi juga bukti dari ketaatan kepada Tuhan. Kata kunci: Kurikulum Merdeka, Didiklah Orang Muda, Jalan Yang Patut
Penerapan Manajemen Kelas pada Pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Kristen Berbasis Kurikulum Merdeka
Authors: Gulo Betieli
Published: February 2025

The classroom is the center for all aspects of learning to meet and process. The classroom is a place that allows students to freely learn with efforts made by the teacher which is known as classroom management. However, it is found that many teachers are unable to differentiate between classroom management and teaching activities. Teachers only know how to teach but have weaknesses in managing the class. Teachers should be able to manage the class by looking at elements in teaching such as student background, curriculum used, methods, media and teaching materials. The learning curriculum merdeka is being hotly discussed and recommended by the government to be applied to learning, including in the field of study of Christian Religious Education. Implementing the learning curriculum merdeka in Christian religious education is both a challenge and a necessity through good classroom management skills. This research uses a qualitative method, where the findings are analyzed and then described in sentences. The research results found that teachers who understand classroom management will find it easier to implement an curriculum merdeka, students will have more freedom to learn because learning is in accordance with their comfortable position, and the teacher's expertise in managing the classroom will make it easier to achieve learning goals and increase students' interest in learning Christian Religious Education . ABSTRAKKelas merupakan pusat segala aspek pembelajaran bertemu dan berproses. Kelas merupakan tempat yang memungkinkan siswa bebas belajar dengan upaya yang dilakukan oleh guru yang disebut sebagai manajemen kelas. Tetapi, banyak ditemukan guru tidak mampu membedakan antara manajemen kelas dengan kegiatan mengajar. Guru hanya mengetahui bagaimana mengajar tetapi memiliki kelemahan mengelola kelas. Guru harusnya mampu mengelola kelas dengan melihat elemen dalam mengajar seperti  latarbelakang siswa, kurikulum yang digunakan, metode, media, dan bahan ajar. Kurikulum merdeka belajar sedang hangat diperbincangkan dan dianjurkan oleh pemerintah untuk diterapkan pada pembelajaran, termasuk pada bidang studi Pendidikan Agama Kristen. Penerapan kurikulum merdeka belajar dalam pendidikan agama Kristen merupakan sebuah tantangan sekaligus keharusan melalui kemampuan mengelola kelas yang baik. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif, dimana hasil temuan dianalisa  lalu dideskripsikan dalam kalimat. Hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa guru yang memahami manajemen kelas akan lebih mudah menerapkan kurikulum merdeka, siswa lebih leluasa untuk belajar karena pembelajaran sesuai dengan posisi kenyamanan mereka. Kepiawaian guru dalam mengelola kelas akan memberi kemudahan pada pencapaian tujuan pembelajaran serta meningkatkan minat belajar siswa pada pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Kristen. Kata Kunci : Manajemen; Kelas; Pembelajaran PAK; Kurikulum Merdeka Belajar
Pendampingan Pastoral Dalam Melayani Pemulihan Orang dalam Gangguan Jiwa Tanpa Obat Berbahan Kimia
Authors: Indratno Yohanes Twintarto Agus , Ekoprodjo Herman Sjahthi
Published: February 2025

This article focuses on explaining how pastoral care should be carried out in services to people with mental disorders (ODGJ) without involving chemical drugs. This topic is explained because it is factual that ODGJ are all around us, even in the church environment. Church involvement is a necessity because the church is a religious institution that is expected to be active in social issues around it. By taking an observational and literary approach, this article is designed to help promote pastoral care. The findings from researching this article reveal that pastoral care, which can be provided through church-based spiritual counseling services, is an important pillar. Then intensive assistance becomes an important part of ODGJ. By implementing this, it will have an impact on significant changes both in the physiological aspects of ODGJ and in their spiritual aspects. Keywords: Church, Pastoral Care, People with Mental Disorders ABSTRAKTulisan ini berfokus menguraikan bagaimana semestinya pendampingan pastoral yang dilakukan dalam pelayanan kepada orang dalam gangguan jiwa (ODGJ) tanpa melibatkan obat-obatan berbahan kimia. Topik ini diuraikan karena secara faktual bahwa ODGJ ada dikitar kita bahkan dalam lingkungan gereja sekalipun. Keterliban gereja merupakan keharusan, karena gereja merupakan lembaga keagamaan yang diharapkan aktif dalam masalah-masalah sosial di sekitarnya. Dengan melakukan pendekatan observasi dan literatur, artikel ini dirancang bertujuan untuk menolong agar pendampingan pastoral makin menggeliat digalakkan. Hasil temuan dari penelusuran artikel ini mengungkapkan pendampingan pastoral yang dapat dilakukan melalui pelayanan berbasis gereja konseling rohani menjadi pilar penting. Kemudian adanya pendampingan yang intensif menjadi bagian penting kepada ODGJ. Dengan menerapkan itu, akan berdampak pada perubahan secra signifikan baik dalam aspek fisiologis ODGJ maupun dalam aspek spiritualnya. Kata Kunci: Gereja, Pendampingan Pastoral, Orang Dalam Gangguan Jiwa
Misi Tuhan Terhadap Panggilan Nabi Yunus dalam Konteks Pendidikan Agama Kristen
Authors: Nainggolan Jisman
Published: February 2025

This research discusses God's mission towards the call of the prophet Jonah in the context of Christian religious education, which is one of the interesting stories in the Old Testament. The purpose of this research is to explore God's main purpose in calling the prophet Jonah, Jonah's process in answering the call, and the response of God and the Prophet Jonah to the events that occurred. This research uses qualitative methods with a literature review approach to analyze various relevant literature. The results of this research show that God's call to Jonah was not only to punish the city of Ninevehhis research uses qualitative methods with a literature review approach to analyze various relevant literature.  but also to show God's mercy andgospele to forgive those who repent. This research also examines the implications of Jonah's call to preach the Gospel today, especially in the context of Christian religious education.Penelitian ini membahas tentang misi Tuhan terhadap panggilan nabi Yunus dalam konteks Pendidikan agama Kristen yang merupakan salah satu kisah yang menarik dalam  Perjanjian Lama dan . Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengeksplorasi tujuan utama Tuhan dalam memanggil nabi Yunus, proses Yunus dalam menjawab panggilan tersebut, dan respons Tuhan dan Nabi Yunus terhadap peristiwa yang terjadi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan tinjauan pustaka untuk menganalisis berbagai literatur yang relevan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa panggilan Tuhan kepada Yunus bukan hanya untuk menghukum kota Niniwe, namun juga untuk menunjukkan belas kasihan dan keinginan Tuhan untuk mengampuni mereka yang bertobat. Penelitian ini juga mengkaji implikasi panggilan Yunus untuk memberitakan Injil pada masa kini, khususnya dalam konteks pendidikan agama Kristen.Kata kunci: Misi Tuhan, Yunus, Implikasi Panggilan, Pengampunan
Karakter Pemimpin Kristen yang Ideal Menurut 1 Timotius 4:12
Authors: Anderson Lindin , Kefas Trio Klaudius
Published: February 2025

This article focuses on explaining what the ideal character of a Christian leader looks like based on 1 Timothy 4:12. The book of 1 Timothy was chosen to describe the ideal character of a Christian leader because the Bible character Timothy is an ideal example in displaying the theological side of the character of a Christian leader. The background of this study is based on the fact that the theological values of the character of Christian leaders are increasingly fading and disappearing. This is characterized by a life centered on hedonism, which is dominantly displayed in life practices, the emergence of disputes between leaders, and various problems presented by church leaders. By taking a methodological approach to literature and exegesis on the text of 1 Timothy 4:12. So the results of the description in this study found that the ideal Christian leadership character from the perspective of the book of Timothy is honest, trustworthy, lives a holy life, and has a strong pastoral side that protects and builds the faith of the congregation. This side of the leadership character displayed by the figure of Timothy is a reflection and lesson for Christian leaders today. ABSTRAKTulisan ini berfokus menguraikan seperti apa karakter yang ideal sebagai seorang pemimpin Kristen dari kajian 1 Timotius 4:12. Kitab 1 Timotius dipilih untuk menguraikan keidealan karakter pemimpin Kristen, karena tokoh Alkitab Timotius merupakan percontohan yang ideal dalam menampilkan sisi karakter kepemimpin Kristen yang teologis. Latar-belakang kajian ini teruruai karena secara faktual makin memudarnya dan hilangnya nilai-nilai teologis karakter pemimpin Kristen saat ini. Hal ini ditandai dengan kehidupan yang berpusat pada hedonisme yang dominan ditampilkan dalam praktik kehidupan, menyeruaknya perselisihan kesesama pemimpin dan berbagai problematika yang ditampilkan para pemimpin gereja. Dengan melakukan pendekatan metologis literatur dan eksegesis pada teks 1 Timotius 4:12. Maka hasil uraian pada kajian ini menemukan, bahwa karakter kepemimpin Kristen yang ideal dari sudut pandang kitab Timotius adalah, jujur, amanah, hidup suci, serta kuat sisi pastoral yang mengayomi dan pembinaan iman jemaat. Sisi karakter kepemimpinan yang ditampilkan oleh figur Timotius ini menjadi refleksi dan pembelajaran bagi para pemimpin Kristen saat ini.  Kata Kunci: Karakter, Pemimpin Kristen, Ideal, I Timotius 4:12
Screening of Brinjal Varieties for Resistance Against Blight Disease Caused by Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler in Konkan Region of Maharashtra, India
Authors: U.R. Phondekar, , J.J. Kadam, , P.B. Sanap, , M.S. Joshi, , V.G. More, , P.D. Potphode, , H.D. Pawar,
Published: February 2025

Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) belonging to family solanaceae, is widely recognized around the globe as “eggplant” due to it’s resemblance to the shape of a chicken egg. The field experiment was carried out during Rabi, 2022-23 and 2023-24 at Central Experiment Station, Wakawali, Dr. Balasaheb sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli under natural epiphytotic conditions. Sixty six varieties / cultivars and germplasm lines of brinjal were screened to test their resistance reactions against blight disease of brinjal caused by Alternaria alternata. The results revealed that, all the entries of brinjal screened showed varied degree of per cent disease intensity. The highest per cent disease intensity was recorded in Konkan Prabha (41.92%) and was followed by NB-746 (37.91%), Dapoli local-1 (34.62%) and Dapoli local-3 (33.42%). Among 66 entries screened, three entries viz., D-79-19, RCMB-3 and Dapoli pandharivangi sel. were found highly resistant, seven entries viz., Khed local-41, DPL-BR-19, NBH-106, Suwarna Pratibha, DPL-BR-20, N-1007 and NBH-104 resistant, thirty eight entries moderately resistant and eighteen entries of brinjal were moderately susceptible to A. alternata incitant of brinjal blight disease.
Challenges and Adaptations of Kindergarten Teachers in the New Normal: A Phenomenological Perspective
Authors: Botea Krizza Mae , Mariano Wendelaine , Torino Christine Joy , Quezada Rodeth Jane
Published: February 2025

The COVID-19 pandemic brought unprecedented disruptions to the education system, and kindergarten teachers were not spared from the challenges. This study sought to investigate the challenges faced by kindergarten teachers, their coping mechanisms, and the effects of the "new normal" brought about by the pandemic. A qualitative, descriptive-phenomenological design was used, and in-depth face-to-face interviews were conducted with 10 kindergarten teachers from four schools in Digos City, following safety protocols. There were six themes identified under challenges, seven under coping mechanisms, and three under the effects of the new normal. Key challenges identified included a lack of resources and administrative support as well as a challenge in effectively teaching lessons to young learners. Key challenges included limited resources, poor connectivity, difficulties in lesson delivery and assessment, and increased workload. Coping mechanisms emphasized acceptance, maintaining a positive mindset, effective time management, and skill-building through training and seminars. Nofig effects included mindset changes, the necessity of technological proficiency, and a heavier workload. These findings underscore the urgent need for enhanced support from school administrators and targeted training programs. The study provides valuable insights for stakeholders, including educators, policymakers, and administrators, to address gaps and ensure sustainable support systems for teachers in adapting to evolving educational demands.
Evaluating Strategies Employed in the Implementation of the Bachelor of Education Social Studies Curriculum in Colleges of Education of Ghana
Authors: Boadu Kankam , Owusu Anthony Akwesi , Ashun Emmanuel Adom
Published: February 2025

This study evaluated strategies to implement the Four-Year Bachelor of Education in Social Studies Curriculum in the Colleges of Education of Ghana. The study employed a concurrent embedded research design. The study population consisted of College Tutors, HoDs, and Principals from CoEs running the B.Ed. Social Studies Curriculum. Census and simple random sampling techniques were used to select 47 participants for the study. The main instruments for data collection were questionnaires, observation guides and interview protocols. The quantitative data collected were coded, processed using the SPSS software and analysed with descriptive statistics. Qualitative data from the interview and observation sessions were analysed using thematic analysis. The Social Studies curriculum for Colleges of Education was successfully implemented with appropriate strategies planned and executed by the stakeholders to the college tutors who were the grassroots implementers, even though important components of the implementation process, which is the organisation of professional development sessions (PDS) and the preparation of proforma lesson notes, were not successfully carried out. It is recommended that the management of Colleges of Education and other stakeholders in Teacher Education should re-design and adopt pragmatic ways of organising professional development sessions (PDS) for tutors in Colleges of Education for its effective organisation to achieve maximum results. The policy of weekly organisation of professional development sessions should be reconsidered and tailored to fit well into the activities of Colleges of Education for effective implementation of the social studies curriculum.
Effects of Irrigation Regimes on Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in Ogbomoso, Nigeria
Authors: T.P. Abegunrin , F.A. Aderinto, , Elijah Onofua, O. , B.A. Adeosun, , G.O. Awe, , P. Masupha, , J. M. Ntsibane, , D.O. Idowu, , M.A. Adejumobi, , T. B Adebayo, , I. O. Adesoye,
Published: February 2025

Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different irrigation depths and intervals on cucumber yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in Ogbomoso, Nigeria, to develop sustainable irrigation strategies for water-limited environments.
Study Design:  The experiment employed a split-plot randomized complete block design with three irrigation depths (D1: 100% ETc, D2: 85% ETc, D3: 70% ETc) as main plots and three irrigation intervals (I1: daily, I2: 2-day, I3: 3-day) as sub-plots.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Agricultural Engineering Department, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria, during the dry season between February and April 2024.
Methodology: The Darina F1 cucumber variety was grown under drip irrigation. Yield and water consumption were monitored throughout the growing season. Irrigation volumes were calculated based on crop evapotranspiration (ETc), and WUE was determined as the ratio of yield to total irrigation water applied. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, and treatment means were separated using Fisher’s Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at a 5% probability level.
Results: The highest yield (8,738.79 kg/ha) was achieved under full irrigation (D1), while the highest WUE (155.30 kg/m³) was observed under D3, representing a 15% improvement over full irrigation. Daily irrigation (I1) produced the highest WUE (196.52 kg/m³), approximately 37% higher than 2-day intervals. The interaction between depth and interval revealed that D3I1 (70% ETc with daily irrigation) achieved the optimal balance between yield and water use efficiency, with a WUE of 210.18 kg/m³.
Conclusion: 70% ETc irrigation combined with daily water application offers a sustainable approach for cucumber production in water-limited environments, balancing yield and water conservation. Full irrigation with daily intervals remains the most productive approach where water availability is not constrained.
Nutritional and Functional Characterization of Edible Insects in Nigeria: A Sustainable Protein Source
Authors: Eromosele Emmanuel O. , Chioma Madu Peace , Julius Ehiwario Nkeonyeasua , Oziegbe Okonofua Ambrose , Omokhepue Aigbokhan Joy
Published: February 2025

Introduction: Food insecurity in Africa persists due to extreme poverty, water scarcity, land degradation, and climate change. Many African countries continue to experience chronic hunger and malnutrition. To meet people’s nutritional needs, it’s important to use economical natural food sources, including edible insects. In Nigeria, edible insects play a vital role in human nutrition.
Aim: This study investigated the nutritional value and functional properties of four commonly consumed insects: Rhynchophorus phoenicis larva, Oryctes rhinoceros larva, Acheta domesticus, and Macrotermes bellicosus.
Method: Proximate composition, vitamin content, and functional properties were determined using standard analytical methods.
Results: Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in lipid (8.3% - 28.7%), crude protein (31.9% - 38.2%), carbohydrate (3.1% - 31.9%), moisture (9.2% - 58.9%), and ash content (2.9% - 14.1%) among the insects. Vitamin A values ranged from 2.2 to 4.2 µM, while vitamin C values were between 11.5 and 56.8 µM. Functional properties showed variability in water and oil absorption capacity, emulsion activity, foaming capacity, and stability.
Conclusion: These results indicate that these insects have potential as nutrient-rich food sources and could form the basis for new food products with considerable nutritional value.
Human Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Seafood from Southern Nigeria’s Coastal Regions
Authors: Okoro Samson Eruke , Sylver-Ikurusi Ellena , Onuoha Samuel C.
Published: February 2025

Aim: The levels of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in tilapia fish, prawn, oyster and periwinkle samples from southern Nigeria’s coastal regions were evaluated to determine possible human health risk associated with consumption.
Study Design: Ten (10) samples each of the selected seafood were collected from mangrove swamps along Bakana River in the study area. The samples were analyzed for nutrient levels and concentrations of toxic metals and PAHs.
Methodology: The concentrations of heavy metals and PAHs in the selected seafood samples were determined using Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detector and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Probable human health risk associated with the seafood consumption for adult and children populations was evaluated using Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Carcinogenic Risk (CR) assessment for heavy metals and PAHs.
Results: The seafood samples showed the presence of heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) but values were all below regulatory permissible limits of 0.6, 0.05, 3.0, 0.2 and 5.0 mg/kg respectively. PAH compounds (fluorene and anthracene) were below detectable limits in the seafood samples; phenanthrene was detected in all the seafood samples but highest in Tilapia fish, recording 28.32±0.05 mg/kg. Benzo (a) pyrene was below detectable limit in the investigated seafood samples. Carcinogenic Risk (CR) assessment values for heavy metals in the seafood samples were significantly (p<0.05) high for Cd, Pb, Cr and Ni in both adult and children populations.  CR values for PAHs were within regulatory threshold of 10E-6 – 10E-4.
Conclusion: This study revealed that individual carcinogenic potencies for heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr) in the seafood samples exceed the guideline screening value for human consumption, indicating high potential for carcinogenic risk. Our findings suggest that Bakana river is exposed to substantial amount of carcinogenic environmental pollutants associated with deleterious environmental and epidemiological effects.
The Role of Machine Learning in Enhancing Cybersecurity
Authors: Younis Karam Kamal , Yasin Hajar Maseeh
Published: February 2025

The advancement of information technology is rapidly changing the face of cyber security and this makes it more important with the increasing trend of sophistication of cyber threats in the society. The authors in this research aim at analyze how AI and ML can improve cybersecurity capabilities and how these technologies can be employed to prevent cyber-attacks in real-time. By examining a few well-known cyber episodes – the SolarWinds attack and the Colonial Pipeline hack – in an exploration of the future of AI and machine learning in cybersecurity, the study underscores the potential for advancement along with the potential for obfuscation. Despite these benefits, these Integrated technologies come loaded with new risks, especially in matters concerning the ethical issues and future insecurities within the AI-based security systems. More specifically, this paper investigates the issue of maintaining the balance between the introduction of innovative technologies and the protection of networks, arguing that the only effective approach to combating modern threats is their combination and the implementation of layers based on traditional anti-virus programs and artificial intelligence. This discussion insists on the interdependence of governmental agencies, business entities, and academic organizations to mitigate growing new age cyber risks. Last but not the least, the study recommends that for the development of more resilience and ethical solutions towards AI for cybersecurity solutions, more research work has to be implemented in developing more robust cybersecurity models.
Infestation of Mulberry Leaves by LEAF Roller/Webber- (Diaphania pulverulentalis) Hampson and (Glyphodes pyloalis) Walker and Its Management Strategies
Authors: Islam Tajamul , Qadir Jasmeena , Kant Ravi , Aryan Shalini , Pavankumar Somagaini
Published: February 2025

The mulberry is a perennial, fast growing plant mainly cultivated worldwide for rearing of mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori. The B. mori which is a monophagous insect feeds only on mulberry leaves for its proper growth and development. The mulberry plant during its growth is susceptible to various diseases viz., leaf spot, powdery mildew, leaf rust etc. and pests viz., leaf roller, Bihar hairy caterpillar, mealy bugs etc. in the field which deteriorates its leaf quality and quantity. Among these pests, defoliators attain significant importance as they cause damage up to 12-25% thereby making mulberry leaves unfit for silkworm rearing. The leaf rollers are major pests currently causing devastation to mulberry plants both in India and other parts of the world. Thus, in this review an attempt has been made regarding new insights about the leaf roller pests and devise more sustainable management of this pest through integrated pest management (IPM) strategy to control it, so that the overall cocoon crop production will be enhanced worldwide.
A Warming World and a Fading Buzz: The Impact of Climate Change on Pollinators
Authors: Dey Adrish , Laskar Nripendra
Published: February 2025

Insect pollinators are essential for the reproduction of over 80% of flowering plant species and contributes hugely to global crop production. Climate change resulting in rising temperature, increased drought, and more frequent extreme weather events can affect insect pollinators both directly and indirectly. The conservation of pollinators is crucial for maintaining the resilience of the ecosystem and food security at local and global scales. In this review we have compiled articles to have a better understanding of how climate change impacts pollinators by incorporating an up-to-date information on the available research. From the compiled information, we get to know that climate change can affect pollinators both directly and indirectly. The direct effects include changes in physiology and behaviour whereas the indirect effects result from altered interactions with food resources. By having a detailed idea about how severe the issues are and how interwoven they have become; the scientific community and beyond can adapting to and plan for improving resilience against the impacts of climate change.
Genetic Variability and Character Association Studies in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell) for Seed Yield and Its Contributing Traits
Authors: Gautam Upendra , Gaur Sateesh Chand , Singh Uday Pratap , Singh Pratap Narayan , Kumar Kamlesh , Gaur Ajay
Published: February 2025

This study investigated genetic variability, correlation and path analysis in wheat 54 genotypes, including 40 F1 hybrids, 14 parental lines, and a standard check variety (HD-3086). The parental lines consisted of 10 females and 4 males, with the hybrids evaluated using a randomized block design (RBD) during the 2020-21 and 2021-22 rabi season. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed significant differences among genotypes for most traits, indicating considerable genetic variability. Genotypic correlation analysis identified strong positive relationships between grain yield per plant (GYPP) and key agronomic traits, such as spike length, spikelets per spike, grains per spike, grain yield per spike, harvest index, and test weight. Conversely, negative correlations with days to 50% flowering and plant height suggested that early flowering and shorter plants are beneficial for yield enhancement. Path coefficient analysis revealed that harvest index and biological yield had the most substantial positive direct effects on GYPP, while traits like protein content and days to maturity showed negative direct effects. Thus, using such traits like harvest index and biological yield in wheat improvement program could increase wheat yield”.
Application and Recent Trends of Biotechnology in Sustainable Agriculture: A Brief Review
Authors: Singh Mamta , Singh R. P. , Patra Abhik , Singh Himanshu , Ram R. M.
Published: February 2025

Biotechnology has emerged as one of the key tools in crop improvement and molecular breeding programmes. CRISPR, plant tissue culture, molecular breeding, transgenic development, marker assisted selection (MAS), and animal cloning are regarded as key methods in biotechnology. Over the last two decades this technology has abetted in improved quality, yield, tolerance to both biotic and abiotic stress; and plays a pivotal role in introduction of several new features in crop development programmes. In agricultural sector, it has multifarious applications in crop improvement, fisheries and in livestock enhancement. The introduction of GM and biofortified Crops has proved to be noteworthy in overall crop development programme. Biotechnology in agriculture not only has boosted farmer income in both developed and developing countries but also played a remarkable role in agricultural sustainability. To improve farmers' lifestyles and the status of agriculture while preserving international standards of food quality and nutritional value, it is essential to promote the use of biotechnology in agriculture and related fields. The article opens by defining sustainability and emphasizing the critical role of biotechnology in different fields in attainment of sustainable agriculture.
Chemical and Biological Management of Wilt Disease of Safflower
Authors: Prabhavathi  , Ashwini
Published: February 2025

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of different bio-agents and chemicals against wilt disease of safflower .The field experiment was conducted in a Randomised Block Design at Agricultural Research Station, Annigeri during rabi 2021 and 2022, using crop variety, Annigeri-1 in a plot size of 2.25m × 4m and 12 treatments in 3 replications of fungicides and biocontrol agents in an integrated approach and observations such as per cent seedling emergence, wilt incidence at 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing and seed yield per plot were recorded.Among the fungicides examined under field conditions, the combi-product Carboxin 37.5% + thiram 37.5% showed the least per cent disease incidence at 30 days after sowing (4.62%), 60 days after sowing (11.74%) and 90 days after sowing (15.16%), followed by Penflufen 13.28% w/w + trifloxystrobin 13.28% w/w FS (11.94%) with less per cent disease incidence at 30 days after sowing (5.83%), 60 days after sowing (11.96%) and 90 days after sowing (15.72%) over untreated control, which has shown the highest per cent disease incidence at 30 days after sowing (27.00%), 60 days after sowing (37.60%) and 90 days after sowing (40.88%). Significantly, the least mean per cent disease incidence (10.67%) was observed in case of combi-product Carboxin 37.5% + thiram 37.5% which was on par with Penflufen 13.28% w/w + trifloxystrobin 13.28% w/w FS (11.14%) and found to be superior over Thiophanate methyl 45% + pyraclostrobin 5% FS (12.48%) and Carbendazim 25% + mancozeb 50% (14.11%) over untreated control (35.16%). Among the biocontrol agents, the least per cent disease incidence was recorded in case of Trichoderma harzianumat 30 days after sowing (8.63%), 60 days after sowing (14.48%) and 90 days after sowing (19.18%) and the least mean per cent disease incidence (14.10%) followed by Neofusicoccum parvum (15.92%) and Pseudomonas fluorescens (18.595%). The highest mean per cent disease incidence (20.76%) was noticed in case of Bacillus subtilis as compared to untreated control (35.16%).
Study on Relationship between the Personal Traits of the Respondents with their Knowledge and Attitude towards the Use of KCC
Authors: Yadav Vishal , Doharey R.K. , Vishwakarma Jyoti , Meena N.R. , Kumar Manoj , Yadav Rama Shankar
Published: February 2025

The farmer may come across a number of information sources but they pursue only few of them depending upon the availability and the ease of use. Countering the importance and facts in view the present study was undertaken in Ayodhya district. 150 farmers from Milkipur and Haringtonganj block were selected using simple random sampling method.It was found that out of twelve independent variables, scientific orientation (0.8238) was positively highly significantly correlated with the knowledge about Kisan Call Center. However, the education (0.0787), land holding (0.0294) and risk orientation (0.0827) are positively and non-significantly correlated with knowledge about Kisan Call Center. Whereas, age (-0.0230), family size (0.0429), annual income (-0.0057), extension contact (-0.0320) and social participation (-0.0161) are negatively and non-significantly correlated with knowledge about Kisan Call Center. It was found that out of twelve independent variables, that the source of information (0.1230) is found positively and significantly correlated. Age (0.0179), education (0.0434), scientific orientation (0.0272) and family size (0.0400) found significantly correlated at 0.05 level of probability with the attitude of the respondents towards use of Kisan Call Center. However, land holding (-0.0729), occupation (-0.0367), Innovativeness (-0.0637), extension contact (-0.0157) social participation (-0.0569) and risk orientation (- 0.0181) are negatively and non-significantly correlated at 0.05 level of probability with the attitude of the respondents towards use of Kisan Call Center.