bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RELACIÓN ENTRE LA CARIES Y SU IMPACTO EN LOS DESEMPEÑOS DIARIOS EN ESCOLARES DE 6 AÑOS, DE LA PARROQUIA HERMANO MIGUEL-CUENCA 2016
Authors: Cañar Rivera Gabriela Elizabeth , Encalada Verdugo Liliana , Tello Terán Damián Alfredo , Toledo Ortega Celia Elizabeth
Published: July 2021

Objetivo: El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la relación de la caries con los desempeños diarios en los niños de 6 años de edad de las instituciones educativas pertenecientes a la Parroquia Hermano Miguel de la Ciudad de Cuenca, en el año 2016. Materiales y Métodos: La metodología aplicada fue un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo en donde se utilizaron fichas epidemiológicas que están archivadas en el departamento de investigación de la carrera de odontología de la UCACUE, se analizó una muestra de 121 escolares de ambos sexos en dentición decidua en niños de 6 años de la Parroquia hermano Miguel del Cantón- Cuenca. Resultados: La prevalencia de caries fue alta afectando tanto a hombres como mujeres en un 91.74%. El impacto de la caries en ambos sexos estuvo afectando principalmente a los desempeños de hablar en 42 escolares y lavarse los dientes en 41 escolares con un valor porcentual de 34.71% y 33.88% respectivamente y menor afección al sonreír en 29 escolares y descansar en 30 escolares con un valor porcentual de 23.97% y 24.79%. El mayor porcentaje de severidad fue para el nivel 3 en comparación a niveles 2 y 1, habiendo una mayor afección en hombres que en mujeres. Conclusión: La caries dental afectó a los desempeños diarios de los escolares principalmente al desempeño de hablar.
Prevalencia de fracasos en restauraciones directas clase ll semestre A-B 2017 UCSG
Authors: Gonzales Gilces Mayra , Valdiviezo María José , Zambrano Manzaba Gabriela , Bermúdez Velásquez Andrea
Published: July 2021

Introducción: las resinas compuestas para restauraciones posteriores clase ll nos permiten recuperar las funciones ymorfología de las estructuras dentarias afectadas por lesiones cariosas interproximales, uno de los factores principales quehace deficiente a las restauraciones de resinas compuestas es la contracción de polimerización y al estrés que se someten. Enlas restauraciones clase ll es importante la utilización de una técnica operatoria y material restaurativo adecuado, si lasrestauraciones realizadas no ofrecen un correcto sellado marginal estas se verán afectadas provocando diversos problemasa futuro. El propósito de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de fracasos en restauraciones directas clase ll en pacientesque fueron sometidos a tratamientos odontológicos restaurativos. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo, transversal yprospectivo. Se estudiaron 107 pacientes a los cuales se les realizo un examen clínico y radiográfico en dientes quepresentaron restauraciones clase ll, obteniendo una muestra de 158 dientes restaurados, se hizo la tabulación respectivaclasificando las piezas dentales restauradas por cuadrantes. Resultados: De 158 dientes con restauraciones de resinacompuesta clase ll evaluados clínica y radiográficamente, 106 restauraciones (67%) fueron consideradas como fracaso.Discusión: esta investigación demuestra que existe una alta prevalencia de fracasos en restauraciones directas clase ll, perotambién existe cierta relevancia con otros autores los cuales sus resultados fueron contrarios.
Nivel de conocimiento de historia clínica como instrumento legal, estudiantes de Odontología UCSG, semestre B-2019
Authors: Serrano Garcia Lenin Wladimir , Bermúdez Velásquez Andrea
Published: July 2021

INTRODUCCIÓN: La historia clínica es un documento legal entre odontólogo y paciente donde se registran eventos de su vida y sus datos personales, incluyendo sus problemas de salud y sus tratamientos presentes o futuros. OBJETIVO: Determinar el conocimiento que presentan los estudiantes de la clínica de odontología de la UCSG sobre la historia clínica como instrumento legal. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio analítico de corte transversal, se presentó una muestra de estudiantes que cursan los ciclos de 7mo, 8vo y 9no de la Carrera de Odontología. Se analizó el conocimiento de los estudiantes de odontología referente a la historia clínica con un enfoque legal, anamnesis, en relación con el examen clínico, diagnóstico y exámenes paraclínicos mediante encuestas realizadas exclusivos para este estudio. Los resultados fueron tabularon y se registrados en medida de porcentaje. RESULTADOS: Entre las variables estudiadas se encontró en un 77.68% de conocimiento legal sobre la historia clínica, siendo en su mayoría adecuada. Además de encontrar un 100% de conocimiento adecuado en anamnesis, examen clínico, diagnóstico presuntivo – definitivo, y exámenes paraclínicos. CONCLUSIÓN: El conocimiento sobre la historia clínica es alto en los estudiantes de ciclos superiores de la carrera de odontología gracias a la enseñanza que se imparte como parte del pensum académico.
Fibroma reactivo lateral de lengua: presentación de un caso clínico
Authors: Santos Zambrano Thainah Bruna , Barreiro Mendoza Nataly , Navarrete Bazurto Maitte Romina
Published: July 2021

El fibroma traumático es considerado un crecimiento tumoral benigno que aparece en cualquier órgano, pero lo hace con mayor frecuencia en la cavidad oral. Se define como, una hiperplasia reactiva de tejido conectivo fibroso, siendo su factor etiológico el traumatismo o la irritación local. Se presenta generalmente asintomático, en sitios como, mucosa de revestimiento, bordes laterales de lengua y reborde alveolar de pacientes edéntulos. La lesión por lo general no se asocia con síntomas y se observa con mayor frecuencia en adultos, pero puede encontrarse en individuos de cualquier sexo y edad. Se reporta caso de un paciente del sexo masculino, 40 años de edad, que compareció al departamento de patología de la Universidad San Gregorio de Portoviejo, Ecuador, debido a una lesión en región lateral de lengua. El presente trabajo fue aprobado por el comité de ética de investigación de la Universidad y aplicado al paciente un formulario de consentimiento informado. En el examen clínico se observó una formación tumoral en la cara interna lateral de lengua con superficie mucosa que mide 1,1 x 0,8 cm de diámetro mayor, de superficie irregular. Considerando las características clínicas de la lesión, el estudio histopatológica confirmó la hipótesis diagnóstica Fibroma Reactivo.
Eficacia de la Tetraciclina como coadyuvante en la terapia de raspado y alisado radicular en paciente con Periodontitis crónica. Reporte de caso
Authors: Rodríguez Pinargote Bryan , Chauca Bajaña Luis , Vallejo Mera David
Published: July 2021

Introducción: La enfermedad periodontal es una anomalía dental, la cual es causada por la presencia de bacterias y microorganismos a nivel gingival, el no cuidado de la misma, provoca a posterior la enfermedad periodontal que está caracterizada por la presencia de bolsas periodontales, recesiones gingivales, inflamación y sangrado. Existen diferentes tipos de tratamiento para la enfermedad periodontal, está el uso de antibióticos, terapia de raspado y alisado radicular, esta última es la más indicada para eliminar todo tipo de microorganismos presentes en las bolsas periodontales, para que un tratamiento periodontal sea exitoso, dependerá mucho de la cooperación del paciente, ya que, sin la colaboración del mismo, no se pueden llegar a resultados favorables.  Objetivo: Determinar la efectividad de la tetraciclina como coadyuvante en la terapia de raspado y alisado radicular en paciente con enfermedad sistémica y con periodontitis agresiva en un periodo de un mes del año. Resultado: Se obtuvo resultados favorables a los 15 días de haberse aplicado el antibiótico en la superficie gingival, obteniendo una cicatrización rápida y así se logró satisfacer las expectativas del paciente con una técnica mínimamente invasiva, con resultados positivos y comprobando la eficacia de este antibiótico. Conclusiones: A pesar de que existieron ciertas limitaciones de estudios recientes, se logró evidenciar que el uso de este antibiótico es efectivo para la eliminación de bolsas periodontales cuando es acompañado de una buena terapia de raspado y alisado radicular, por lo que a la tetraciclina se la declara segura para ser aplicada en una enfermedad periodontal.
Medidas de prevención al odontólogo ante la epidemia causada por el coronavirus COVID-19
Authors: Santos Zambrano Thainah Bruna , Barreiro Mendoza Nataly
Published: July 2021

La microbiota de la cavidad bucal está compuesta por miles de microorganismos, incluidas bacterias, hongos y virus, que encuentran su nicho ideal en ella. La presencia de bacterias patógenas y sus productos de metabolismo interfieren con la homeostasis del tejido oral, lo que lleva al desarrollo de enfermedades como la caries, periodontitis y enfermedades respiratorias, como la neumonía y enfermedades más graves como el coronavirus (CoV). El coronavirus es una amplia familia de virus que pueden causar diversas afecciones, desde el resfriado común hasta enfermedades más graves, como ocurre con el coronavirus causante del síndrome respiratorio de Oriente Medio que ha convertido en un fenómeno mundial (MERS-CoV) y el que ocasiona el síndrome respiratorio agudo severo (SRAS-CoV), ocasionando fiebre, síntomas respiratorios como la tos y disnea o dificultad para respirar. En caso más complicado, puede ocasionar neumonía, síndrome respiratorio, insuficiencia renal e, inclusive, la muerte. Las transmisiones del coronavirus se han descrito con tiempos de incubación entre 2-10 días, facilitando su propagación mediante el contacto con saliva, fluidos, falta de higienización en las manos o superficies contaminadas, sin embrago el odontólogo está más propenso a este virus sino aplica las medidas pertinentes. Por lo tanto, esta revisión de literatura disponibiliza información sobre la prevención en la práctica diaria del odontólogo frente a este fenómeno mundial.
Oclusión balanceada bilateral aplicada en un paciente con prótesis total inmediata
Authors: Cervantes Urenda Andrea , Guillén Gárate Andrea Beatriz , Manteca López Verónica , Correia Miranda Valdivia Andréa Dolores
Published: July 2021

Los conceptos básicos de oclusión para darle el confort fisiológico y psicológico al paciente, siguen siendo aplicados en la actualidad ya que el hacer un esquema oclusal incorrecto afectaría en la retención, estabilidad, soporte y  función masticatoria de la prótesis. La prótesis total inmediata es una prótesis dental construida para reemplazar la dentición perdida, la cual es insertada inmediatamente después de la extracción de los dientes remanentes en la cavidad oral mientras el paciente espera la cicatrización de los tejidos.  El propósito de este artículo es describir los procedimientos realizados a un paciente de sexo masculino de 65 años de edad, con enfermedad periodontal, ausencias dentales y caries que fue tratado mediante una rehabilitación oral con prótesis totales inmediatas para devolverle su aspecto estético, fonético y funcional en la misma sesión donde se realizaron las extracciones dentales, para esto se requirió un enfoque multidisciplinario basado en el diagnóstico, la planeación y los procedimientos terapéuticos, obteniendo estabilidad, soporte adecuado y retención gracias a la oclusión balanceada bilateral logrando una mejor salud bucal y una mejor apariencia estética.
CONOCIMIENTO EN PREVENCIÓN DE LA SALUD ORAL MATERNO INFANTIL
Authors: Merchán Baque Angelina Verónica , Chamba Ramírez Erika Yanina , Chamba Cevallos Genesis Briyith , Amoroso Acosta Angie Abigail
Published: July 2021

La salud oral materno infantil es un tema relevante a nivel mundial, se considera que un embarazo saludable y un parto seguro son esenciales para una vida feliz tanto para el bebé como para la madre. Objetivo: Determinar el conocimiento en prevención de la salud oral materno infantil en las mujeres atendidas en el Hospital General Guasmo Sur durante el periodo de enero y febrero del 2019. Materiales y métodos: estudio de tipo Cuantitativo, No experimental, Transversal, Descriptivo. La población correspondió a 330 mujeres embarazadas y puérperas en un lapso de 24 horas, que acudieron para sus chequeos médicos prenatales, los datos fueron recopilados a través de una encuesta validada por especialistas. Resultados:  Las embarazadas y puérperas que acudieron con mayor frecuencia a controles prenatales están en el rango de edad entre 22-24 años, las cuales se encuentra con mayor prevalencia en el tercer trimestre de embarazo, la mayor frecuencia con las que acudieron a los controles es de 3veces durante todo el tiempo de gestación, la enfermedad con mayor prevalencia fue la caries. En cuanto al trimestre adecuado para el tratamiento odontológico ellas respondieron con mayor prevalencia el primer trimestre, de las encuestadas la mayoría respondió que no existe efecto negativo en él bebe. Conclusiones: Los controles odontológicos son indispensables durante y después del embarazo ya que permiten mantener una salud bucal buena durante el período de gestación minimizando complicaciones en el parto y posparto.
LAS TIC Y EL E-LEARNING EN EL PROCESO DE ENSEÑANZA APRENDIZAJE DE LOS ESTUDIANTES UNIVERSITARIOS
Authors: Mascaró Benites Eva María , Moretta Gordillo José  Alfonso
Published: July 2021

La Comunicación, el trabajo colaborativo y la interacción del docente con el estudiante son partes esenciales del aprendizaje e- learning el uso de las denominadas TIC  las cuales son indispensables en el proceso educativo. Las mismas que se pueden clasificar en 3 tipos según la transmisión de mensajes, el aprendizaje activo a través de la experimentación y las que facilitan la interacción para aprender. Todas estas además permiten la utilización de foros , lecciones y chats que mejoran el entorno enseñanza aprendizaje. Otra de las tendencias en boga con el uso de estas nuevas tecnologías es el flipped Classroom o aula invertida, por lo que los AVA desarrollan condiciones para que los alumnos se empoderen con nuevos conocimientos que generen nuevas experiencias a través de un ordenador o dispositivo móvil, y es aquí donde influyen directamente los EVA que permiten comunicarse simultáneamente con varios usuarios para enriquecer el proceso de formación. La investigación se planteó un esquema que consiste en explicar un EVA y sus diferentes tipos de uso más extendido a nivel escolar como son las plataformas de e-Learning, blogs, wikis y redes sociales. El presente artículo se utilizaron fuentes bibliográficas documentales con el objetivo analizar el uso las TIC y el aprendizaje e-learning en los estudiantes Universitarios y establecer la importancia de las mismas. Como conclusión cabe recalar que el uso de estos recursos educativos abiertos, tuvo un efecto significativo en el mejoramiento las TIC en la práctica pedagógica generando un  impacto favorable en el aspecto educacional, condición indispensable para  la capacitación continua y el establecimiento de bases teóricas y prácticas que afiancen las competencias tecnológicas.
HIPERPLASIA GINGIVAL INDUCIDA POR FENITOÍNA
Authors: Duque Ortiz Belsy Yuliany , Zumba Macay Raúl
Published: July 2021

Uno de los problemas más comunes que suele presentarse en la consulta odontológica es el tratar de manera sistémica pacientes con alteraciones mentales y problemas epilépticos, siendo el status epiléptico uno de los más difíciles de tratar por la ingesta de fármacos anticonvulsivos. El problema radica en el consumo de la fenitoína debido a los efectos secundarios a nivel bucal que manifiestan los pacientes que la consumen. Este estudio tiene como objetivo describir la hiperplasia gingival inducida por fenitoina. Los agrandamientos gingivales inducidos por estos fármacos presentan una serie de características en común, como : variación en la respuesta entre pacientes y dentro del mismo paciente, lo que sugiere una posible predisposición genética, tendencia a ocurrir más frecuentemente en el sector anterior de la boca, mayor prevalencia en personas jóvenes, aparición dentro de los 3 primeros meses de uso del fármaco, usualmente comienzan a nivel de las papilas gingivales, y pueden presentarse en un periodonto con o sin pérdida ósea, no se asocian a pérdida de inserción o de piezas dentarias. Diversos autores concluyen que la hiperplasia gingival asociada a medicamentos es una reacción adversa que aparece tras el uso sistémico de fenitoína, ciclosporina y antagonistas del calcio.
Kekerasan terhadap Anak dan Perempuan
Authors: Hidayat Anwar
Published: July 2021

Kekerasan yang terjadi terhadap anak dan perempuan tanpa kita sadari sering dilakukan oleh orang orang dewasa. Padahal mereka adalah orang yang memiliki tugas sebagai pelindung anak dan perempuan yang paling utama. Parahnya sebuah survei menyatakan 60 % wanita (ibu ) lebih sering melakukan kekerasan dari pada laki laki (ayah). begitu pula dengan tindak kekerasan terhadap perempuan,yang dimana kebanyakan yang menjadi pelaku adalah orang orang yang berada paling dekat dengan mereka, seperti ayah dan juga suami. Terdapat beberapa hal yang melatar belakangi mengapa kekerasan terhadap anak lebih banyak dilakukan oleh seorang ibu, diantaranya adalah stress dan juga kenangan masa lalu yang suram. Kekerasan terhadap anak dan perempuan itu dapat menyebabkan berbagai macam dampak negatif, diantaranya ialah fisik maupun psikis. Bahkan kekerasan terhadap anak dan perempuan itu memiliki dampak yang sangat berbahaya, yaitu dapat menyebabkan kematian terhadap korban. Dampak lainnya yang juga berbahaya ialah trauma yang berkepanjangan, dikhawatirkan hal tersebut akan memicu adanya pengulangan tindakan kekerasan yang pernah dialaminya, yang menjadi korban adalah anak anak mereka dimasa depan. Pelaku tindakan kekerasan ditindak tegas dalam peraturan perundang-undangan. peraturan tidak memandang bulu, walaupun pelaku adalah orang tuaq sendir tetap di tindak dengan tegas guna meminimalisir dan juga menghentikan tindakan kekerasan yang kerap terjadi.
Menuju Keseimbangan Baru Antara Keselamatan Kondisi Ekonomi Dan Keselamatan Kondisi Kesehatan Di Tengah Pandemi (Covid 19) Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara (Sebuah Perspektif Akademik)
Authors: Iskandar Iskandar
Published: July 2021

The management of the COVID-19 pandemic in this area is racing towards a balance between the safety of economic conditions and overall health conditions. This management is expected to prioritize saving lives as much as possible in the short term with the disaster relief paradigm, and then economic recovery and prosperity in the medium and long term. Social safety net during disaster relief is needed not only for the poor but also vulnerable middle-class people. A distribution policy mix is needed to accelerate the process and the quality of disbursements.Policies for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises and banks are directed at reducing liquidity. In the mid-term recovery process, the focus of the policy is on reducing pressure from the supply side. Ensuring the business world can operate immediately, maintaining the sustainability of the logistics sector and encouraging industrial independence. Keywords : safety of economic conditions and overall health conditions.
Marketing Strategy Analysis In PT Bankaltimtara Tenggarong
Authors: Suhardi Suhardi , Idham Idham
Published: July 2021

Abstract:

The purpose of this research is to see the right strategy to be applied at PT. Bankaltimtara Tenggarong based on  SWOT analysis. The impact of the global economic crisis, which attacks the banking sector.  that some of banks experience enough problems such as customer savings to become unsecured, resulting in public distrust of the bank for their savings guarantee. Another impact is that the amount of funds that can be collected from the public to the bank is decreasing, so that the bank finds it difficult to turn its cash flow, and various other impacts. internal sample of 63 people and external as many as 74 customers. Data that can be analyzed using theoretical basics, namely SWOT analysis to identify the strengths and weaknesses of PT. Bankaltimtara Tenggarong and identify factors of opportunities and threats that come from the external environment. Based on the SWOT analysis conducted, PT Bank Kaltimtara can obtain several marketing strategies, namely: Increasing various types of competitive banking products. a). Increase customer loyalty and expand services to remote villages. b) Increase promotion to be known to remote villages. c) Focus on BUMDes and SMEs targets. d). Implement an attractive savings interest rate strategy and low credit interest rates.

 

Keyword :  Marketing Strategic
THE IMPACT OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEM
Authors: OMAR Mohammed
Published: July 2021

This study aims to identify the role of e-commerce in improving and developing the quality of the accounting information system by designing a questionnaire as it was distributed to accountants working in a group of commercial companies in the governorates of Duhok, Erbil and Sulaymaniyah, where (300) questionnaires were distributed. The number of retrieved and correct questionnaires reached (280) questionnaires, i.e. 93% of the size of the studied sample. The Statistical Program for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze the study data, and the study reached a number of results, the most important of which are: The increase in the effectiveness of accounting information systems and the increase Its ability to achieve goals through relying on e-commerce, as the efficiency of accounting information systems has been increased and the quality of its outputs has been raised, and decision-makers have been able to adopt accounting information and trust it. The study presented some recommendations, most notably: the speed of obtaining data and communicating the resulting information to the beneficiaries, making use of the services arising from the spread of e-commerce, and the search for advanced services that can be provided in a manner that ensures these systems continue to maintain their effectiveness and increase their efficiency.
İSLAMİ FİNANS ARAÇLARININ KULLANIM ORANLARININ ARTIRILMASI İÇİN KATILIM BANKALARININ YAKLAŞIMLARININ İNCELENMESİ
Authors: YURTTADUR Mustafa
Published: July 2021

Katılım bankacılığının İslami bankacılık sistemlerinin toplumun her katmanına ulaştırılabilmesi ve anlatılabilmesi amacıyla ortaya koyduğu en önemli çalışma konularından birisi İslami finans araçlarının kullanımlarının nasıl daha geniş bir çerçeveye yayılacağı hususudur. Bu çalışmanın amacı, genel anlamda en fazla kullanılan İslami finans araçlarının her birinin reel sektörlerde nasıl kullanıldığının sırasıyla açıklanmasının yanında katılım bankacılığının tarihi gelişimini ele alarak bu bankaların ortaya çıkmasında hangi sebeplerin daha fazla etkin olduğunu ortaya koyarak fon toplama ve kredi kullandırma yöntemlerini incelemektir. Bu amaçla, kullanımları daha çok olan İslami finans araçlarının tanımları yapıldıktan sonra daha etkin bir şekilde nasıl kullanılabilecekleri üzerinde durulmuştur. Katılım bankalarının İslami finans araçlarının kullanım oranlarını artırabilmeleri için müşterileri ile kurmuş oldukları iletişim ve müşterilerine bu araçları anlatmaları ile bu araçların kullanım oranlarının artması arasında bir ilişki olup olmadığı araştırılmıştır. Araştırma sözlü görüşme tekniği kullanılarak katılım bankaları çalışanları ve müşterileri üzerinde yapılmıştır. Bunun yanında katılım bankalarının bu araçların kullanımında ne kadar etkin oldukları ve daha ne kadar etkin olabilecekleri üzerinde özellikle ayrıntılı bir şekilde konu edinilmiştir. Bireylerin, toplumların ve şirketlerin finansman ihtiyaçlarını giderirken özellikle rekabetin en üst seviyede yaşanıldığı için karlılıkların minimum seviyelerde gerçekleştiği günümüz dünyasında normal giderlerinin yanında bir de faiz giderine katlanmamaları ve bu gider türünü ortadan kaldırabilmeleri için İslami finans araçlarını kullanmalarının çok önemli olduğu bir gerçektir. Katılım bankaları bu gerçekliği gösterebilmek için çok daha fazla kişiye ve şirkete ulaşmak zorunluluğundadır. Bu çalışma ile katılım bankalarının İslami finans araçlarının kullanım oranlarının artırılmasında ki yerleri ve önemlerinin ne kadar büyük olduğu ortaya konulmuştur. Katılım bankalarının çalışanlarının İslami finansal araçlarla ilgili iyi bir şekilde eğitilmeleri sonucunda müşterilerini bu finansal araçlarla ilgili bilgilendirmeleri sayesinde de kullanım oranlarının yükseleceğini ifade edebiliriz. Ayrıca bu bankaların İslami finans araçlarının konvansiyonel bankaların araçlarına göre ne kadar avantajlı olduklarını anlatma konusunda da önemlerinin fazla olduğunu anlamak mümkündür. Tüm bunların yanında katılım bankalarının finans araçlarını müşterilerine çok iyi anlatabilmeleri sağlandığında bu araçların kullanım oranlarının yükseldiği ortaya çıkmaktadır.
Referral in a routine Italian optometric examination: towards an evidence-based model.
Authors: Cheloni Riccardo , Swystun Alexander G , Frisani Mauro , Davey Christopher J
Published: July 2021

Italian optometrists refract patients and prescribe optical appliances. The routine optometric examination that is currently conducted in Italy, however, does not include a comprehensive ocular health assessment. Like many other countries, in Italy ophthalmologists are solely responsible for the diagnosis and treatment of ocular pathologies, yet, the care an optometrist provides must be done with the aim of promoting the general and ocular health of patients seen in practice. Such scope has to be pursued using a close collaboration with ophthalmologists, ultimately facilitating the earliest medical diagnosis and minimisation of visual impairment. Referral represents the basis of optometrist-ophthalmologist collaboration, yet, no guidance is available to Italian optometrists indicating when referral is warranted. The purpose of this study was to identify the circumstances deserving a referral in a routine Italian optometric examination in adults, ultimately constituting preliminary evidence-based indications of a referral model oriented to enhance the ocular and general health of patients. A literature review was conducted on Pubmed and the Cochrane Library, mainly targeting high quality secondary literature such as systematic reviews, meta-analysis and clinical guidelines. Several reasons for referral were identified. Further, while a wide range of anomalies of the visual system are likely to be discovered by the Italian optometric examination, up to 20% of patients could suffer an underlying condition undetected by the current assessment. This results in the need to refer seemingly healthy patients if they have not attended routine ophthalmological examinations within optimal time frames. In Italy, and countries with similar settings, the referral is an essential instrument that optometrists must largely use to ensure early diagnosis of ocular conditions by ophthalmologists and minimisation of avoidable visual impairment.
Eosinophil-mediated inflammation in the absence of eosinophilia
Authors: Miyabe Yui , Kobayashi Yoshiki , Fukuchi Mineyo , Saga Akiko , Moritoki Yuki , Saga Tomoo , Akuthota Praveen , Ueki Shigeharu
Published: July 2021

The increase of eosinophil levels is a hallmark of type-2 inflammation. Blood eosinophil counts act as a convenient biomarker for asthma phenotyping and the selection of biologics, and they are even used as a prognostic factor for severe coronavirus disease 2019. However, the circulating eosinophil count does not always reflect tissue eosinophilia and vice versa. The mismatch of blood and tissue eosinophilia can be seen in various clinical settings. For example, blood eosinophil levels in patients with acute eosinophilic pneumonia are often within normal range despite the marked symptoms and increased number of eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Histological studies using immunostaining for eosinophil granule proteins have revealed the extracellular deposition of granule proteins coincident with pathological conditions, even in the absence of a significant eosinophil infiltrate. The marked deposition of eosinophil granule proteins in tissue is often associated with cytolytic degranulation. Recent studies have indicated that extracellular trap cell death (ETosis) is a major mechanism of cytolysis. Cytolytic ETosis is a total cell degranulation in which cytoplasmic and nuclear contents, including DNA and histones that act as alarmins, are also released. In the present review, eosinophil-mediated inflammation in such mismatch conditions is discussed.
Use of Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) for Teaching Reading Skills in Saudi Universities
Authors: BinSaran Abdallah Abdulmahsan A.
Published: July 2021

This research paper endeavors to evaluate, assess and assert the expediency and efficacy of employing content and language integrated learning (CLIL) in teaching Reading skills to EFL students. It is a qualitative paper which examines and underscores the usefulness of developing EFL reading comprehension skills by using the CLIL teaching. The outcome of this teaching and learning methodology is predicted and determined by presenting and evaluating considerable researches carried out in this field by eminent language researchers. These studies unequivocally demonstrate that the application of CLIL in classrooms with regard to the acquisition and retention of EFL reading and vocabulary skills among college students has proved to be very helpful and palpable. It must be understood that CLIL does not help in making the teaching content simple or revising what learners already know. CLIL courses actually blend language and content together so as to enhance the language as well as the thinking abilities of the learners. The significant amount of research interest in this subject and its growing demand as a foreign language teaching approach necessitate intensive research and analysis as to its efficacy in other parts of the world. In this context, this paper examines and validates its efficacy for the Saudi EFL learners, in view of its ostensible advantages related to language awareness and content knowledge. This paper aims to address the problems and concerns of Saudi learners and teachers of EFL, and lays down the plans to implement CLIL courses in Saudi universities for the benefit of the students in this part of the world. The research concludes by encapsulating and analyzing the researches undertaken in this field and explaining the lessons learnt by employing CLIL courses at the graduate and undergraduate levels in Saudi universities.
Usefulness of measuring urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and calculating NGAL to creatinine ratio as early predictors of kidney dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Gala-Błądzińska Agnieszka , Żyłka Agnieszka , Rybak Katarzyna , Dumnicka Paulina , Kuźniewski Marek , Kuśnierz-Cabała Beata
Published: July 2021

The aim of the study was to assess the usefulness of measuring concentrations of NGAL in first morning urine and calculating NGAL/creatinine ratio (uNGAL/uCr) among patients with early stage diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in course of type 2 diabetes (DMt2) and to assess the correlations between these markers and routine biochemical and blood count parameters.
Material and Methods: The studied group consisted of 55 patients with DKD in course of DMt2 and 22 controls without diabetes; the study included patients with estimated glomerular filtration rate >60ml/min/1,73m2 without overt proteinuria. NGAL was measured with chemiluminescence microparticle immunoassay (CMIA) with ARCHITECT analyzer (Abbott Diagnostics).
Results: Studied group had higher values of uNGAL/uCr than controls (median 21.3 vs. 12.2 μg/g; p=0.014). Among studied group, women presented higher uNGAL/uCr comparing to men (38.6 vs. 11.7 μg/g; p=0.001). Both in patients and controls, uNGAL concentrations were positively correlated with urine creatinine. In studied group, we observed positive correlations of uNGAL and uNGAL/uCr with urine albumin and albumin/creatinine retaio (UACR); in control group, only the correlation between uNGAL and albuminuria was statistically significant. Additionally, in studied group, positive correlations were observed between uNGAL and uNGAL/uCr and serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides concentrations. In multiple regression, albuminuria and LDL-cholesterol significantly predicted uNGAL and UACR and triglycerides significantly predicted uNGAL/uCr in the studied group.
Conclusions: The obtained results confirm the usefulness of measuring uNGAL and calculating uNGAL/uCr as early markers of kidney dysfunction in patients with DMt2. The results of the study should be confirmed in larger group of patients.
Assessment of vitamin D and VDR gene expression in colorectal cancer patients
Authors: Berska Joanna , Bugajska Jolanta , Hodorowicz-Zaniewska Diana , Sztefko Krystyna
Published: July 2021

Background: Vitamin D insufficiency may increase risk and/or progression of cancer. Vitamin D acts through a nuclear receptor (VDR) which binding to vitamin D response elements causes changes in many genes expression.
The aim: to assess the serum concentration of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D3) and tissue VDR expression in colorectal cancer patients in relation to disease stage, tumor localization and disease progression.
Material & Methods: The study group consisted of 39 patients with colorectal cancer (mean age 65,5±6,8 yrs, 23/16 male/female) and a control group consisted of 25 patients (mean age 51,0±6,9 yrs; 8/17 male/female) without gastrointestinal disease and without neoplasm.
Serum level of 25(OH)D3 was measured by HPLC/UV. RNA was isolated from homogenized normal colonic mucosa and tumor tissue then RT-PCR was performed.
Results: The mean serum concentration of 25(OH)D3 was lower in the colorectal cancer patients as compared to the control group. The difference was significantly lower only for the patients with the early stages of the disease (p<0.02) and for the patients with tumor present in rectum (p<0.03). Higher VDR expression in tumor tissue than in normal colonic mucosa was observed. For the patients with the early stages of the disease (stage A, B1, B2) higher expression of VDR as compared to the patients with advanced stages (stage C1, C2, D) was noticed. Moreover, VDR expression was higher in tumor tissue obtained from disease-free patients as compared to the patients with disease progression noted one-year-follow-up (p<0.04).
Conclusion: Antitumor effect of vitamin D depends on VDR expression in tumor tissue.
Hyperglycation of extra and intracellular proteins; marker or active element of diabetic pathomechanisms
Authors: Szutowicz Andrzej
Published: July 2021

States of chronic hyperglycaemia, irrespective of the diabetes type result in excessive non enzymatic glycation of several proteins in extra and intracellular compartments of the body. Hyperglycation of hemoglobin is employed for assessment of long term control of glycaemia in diabetic patients. However, hyperglycaemia may change biological properties of several proteins thereby contributing to miss function and structural impairments of several organs in the course of diabetes.
The relationship between BMI, leptin, leptin receptors (LepR) and Foxp3+ Tregs cells in women with asthma
Authors: Kraszula Łukasz , Eusebio Makandjou-Ola , Jasińska Anna , Kupczyk Maciej , Kuna Piotr , Pietruczuk Mirosława
Published: July 2021

The aim of this study was evaluation whether there is an association between BMI, leptin and its soluble receptor, the expression of
FoxP3 in CD4+ pTreg in women with severe asthma.
Materials and methods. The study included thirty women with asthma: 17 patients with severe and 13 with mild-moderate disease. The
control group comprised of 25 healthy women. Asthma was diagnosed in accordance with the Global Initiative For Asthma guidelines
(GINA 2014). The phenotype of CD4+CD25highCD127lowFoxp3+CD152+ cells was evaluated by multicolor flow cytometry. The concentration
of leptin and its soluble receptor were determined using an immunoenzymatic method (ELISA).
Results. It has been shown significantly increased leptin concentration in the group of women with severe asthma compared with
mild-moderate asthma and control group (p <0.05). The concentration of the leptin receptor significantly increased (p <0.05) in women
with severe asthma compared with control group. There were no differences in percentage of CD4+FoxP3+ and CD4+CD25highCD127low-
FoxP3+CD152+ subsets after leptin stimulation in all tested groups.
Conclusions. Our results don’t confirm the direct effect of leptin on the CD4+ pTreg cells and the expression of FoxP3 in these cells, in
tested groups.
High-sensitivity troponin assays: analytical and clinical aspects
Authors: Krintus Magdalena
Published: July 2021

Cardiac troponins are considered the most sensitive and specific biomarkers for the diagnosis of acute coronary syndromes (ACS). According
to the Third Universal Definition of Acute Myocardial Infarction, the diagnosis requires a rise / or fall of troponin concentration
with at least one value exceeding the 99th percentile upper reference limit (URL) in a reference population with the coexistence of
clinical symptoms of ischemia. The introduction of highly sensitive assays has resulted in lower detection limits for the concentration
of troponin, allowing for early diagnosis of, as well as the detection of quantifiable concentrations of this biomarker in healthy subjects.
According to current guidelines, the use of high-sensitivity tests can shorten the time required to make clinical decisions from the current
3-6 hours to 1-2 hours. The use of highly sensitive troponin assays also carries other potential benefits associated with their predictive
value, as well as challenges that include reduced specificity for myocardial infarction, lack of standardization or the presence of biological
variability. Given the increasing availability of new, highly sensitive troponin assays we should be aware that their increased analytical
sensitivity and precision is accompanied by accurate clinical assessment of the patient, and takes into account other non-cardiac causes
of their increased concentrations.
NLR and PLR ratios in prognostic assessment of non-small cell lung cancer patients
Authors: Wójcik Ewa , Stasik Zofia , Rychlik Urszula , Tarapacz Jadwiga , Kulpa Jan Kanty , Brandys Katarzyna
Published: July 2021

The aim of the present study was an assessment of NLR and PLR ratios and also C-reactive protein and hemoglobin concentrations prognostic values in non-small cell lung cancer patients (NSCLC). Studied group consisted of 95 NSCLC patients with different stages of disease. The reference group consisted of 57 healthy people and 10 with non-malignant lung lesions. For every investigated individual hematological parameters and CRP concentration were measured and also NLR and PLR ratios were calculated. Compared to the reference group, NSCLC cancer patients demonstrated significantly higher leukocyte count, absolute neutrophil count, platelet count, CRP concentration and significantly lower absolute lymphocyte count and hemoglobin concentration. The values of NLR and PLR in lung cancer patients were significantly higher than in the reference group. The area under ROC curve for CRP was significantly larger than for the rest of the studied parameters apart from NLR. The area under the ROC curve for NLR was significantly larger than for PLR. There were significant positive correlations between CRP and WBC (Rs=0.2887; P=0.0046), CRP vs. NLR (Rs=0.4127; P=0.0000), CRP vs. PLR (Rs=0.4009; P=0.0006), and also reciprocal correlation with hemoglobin (CRP vs. HGB Rs=-0.4753, P=0.0000). Univariate analysis confirmed dependencies between stage of disease, performance status, age, hemoglobin and CRP concentrations, leucocyte count, absolute neutrophil count, platelet count as also NLR and PLR values and probability of 5-year survival of patients. Multivariate analysis demonstrated, that apart from stage of disease and performance status, the independent prognostic factor in NSCLC was NLR higher than 2.5.
An evaluation of the clinical usefulness of soluble urokinase
plasmigonen activator receptor in the prognosis in sepsis patients
treated in an Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Terlecka Monika , Machała Waldemar , Rydz-Lutrzykowska Joanna , Terlecki Artur , Urbaniak Anna , Paradowski Marek , Wlazeł Rafał Nikodem
Published: July 2021

Background. Soluble Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor (suPAR) is a new biomarker of an unfavourable prognostication of
diseases of various etiology.
Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate clinical usefulness of suPAR, in comparison with procalcitonine (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP),
white blood count as well as APACHE II score, for prediction of unfavourable outcome in sepsis patients treated in the Intensive Care Unit.
Material and Methods: 33 patients, who developed Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome with confirmed or presumed sepsis
during the treatment were included in the study. 23 patients died.
Results: The result of the tests indicate significant differences of medians between survivors and no-survivors for suPAR, CRP, PCT, APACHE
II (25.2 vs 8.46 ng/mL; 196 vs 104 mg/L; 17.96 vs 0.13 and 34 vs 11.5 score respectively) determined during last days of hospitalization
and no differences of medians of the parameters determined during admission. Statistical analysis confirmed the highest prediction of
unfavourable outcome for APACHE II score and suPAR determined simultaneously on admission (area under ROC curve 0.75, p<0.01).
In contrast to other evaluating parameters the dynamics of the level of suPAR in the group of non-survivors systematically increased
and did not fluctuate during day-to-day observation.
Conclusion: The results of our study indicate that performing suPAR determinations in sepsis patients, brings independent benefits in
patient prognosis.
POLMICRO 2015 – Polish National External Quality Assessment Scheme
in Microbiological Diagnostics
Authors: Stefaniuk Elżbieta , Bosacka Karolina , Młodzińska Ewa , Mikołajczyk Anna , Chryniewicz Waleria , Fortuna Monika
Published: July 2021

In 2015 Centre for Quality Control in Microbiology (CQCM) conducted Polish National External Quality Assessment Scheme in Microbiological
Diagnostics according to the requirements of PN-EN ISO/IEC 17043:2011. The CQCM organized two different types of proficiency
programmes: one was designed for laboratories providing a broad spectrum of microbiological diagnostics and the second one was
prepared for laboratories dealing with enteric infections only. The aim of the POLMICRO 2015 programme was to evaluate proficiency
of laboratories in the identification of microorganisms, determination and clinical interpretation of bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics,
detection of different resistance mechanisms and interpretation of Gram slides. The paper presents the results of the XXII edition of the
Programme POLMICRO 2015.
Evaluation of selected parameters of oxidative stress in patients with psoriasis
Authors: Pawłowska Marta , Mila-Kierzenkowska Celestyna , Kwiatkowska Agnieszka , Paprocki Jarosław , Sutkowy Paweł , Woźniak Alina
Published: July 2021

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential for proper functioning of the body. It is important to strike a balance between the production
of ROS and their removal by the action of the antioxidant system. The deterioration of this balance may lead to oxidative stress, which
causes damage to cell components of all – of lipids, proteins and DNA. Lipid peroxidation is a chain and free-radical process of lipid
oxidation, in the course of which are involved ROS. The lipid peroxidation may play an important role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.
The aim of the study was to determine the concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, malondialdehyde and conjugated
dienes, and the activity of superoxide dismutase in patients with psoriasis.
Material and methods: The study group consisted of 12 women and 24 men with psoriasis – patients of the Department of Dermatology,
Sexually Transmitted Infections and Immunodermatology CM UMK. The control group consisted of 16 healthy volunteers. The material
for the study was venous blood. The concentration of TBARS and CD was determined in plasma and erythrocytes. The concentration of
MDA was determined in plasma and SOD activity in the erythrocytes.
Results: Statistically significantly higher concentration of MDA and statistically significantly higher concentration of TBARS was revaled
in patients with psoriasis as compared to control group. There were no statistically significant differences in plasma concentrations of
CD among patients with psoriasis and control group. In erythrocytes of patients concentration of CD was twice as high. There were no
statistically significant differences in the activity of SOD between the patient group and the control group.
Conclusions: The most important product of lipid peroxidation responsible for the formation of psoriatic lesions is MDA. Lack of changes
in the concentration of the primary products of lipid peroxidation, with significant changes in the concentration of secondary products
of the process in blood of studied subjects can provide a significant degree of severity of damage to the cells.
Efficiency evaluation of extraction methods of selected benzodiazepine
derivatives from human serum and whole blood and the reactivity phenomenon
in immunoassay for benzodiazepines
Authors: Potocka-Banaś Barbara , Dembińska Teresa , Borowiak Krzysztof
Published: July 2021

The aim of the study was to compare efficiency of various extraction methods of benzodiazepine derivatives: diazepam, estazolam,
flunitrazepam and nitrazepam. The study compared the recovery of benzodiazepines isolated from biological material (blood and
human blood serum) using liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction. The efficiency of each extraction was evaluated using
high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector. In addition, benzodiazepines immunoassay reactivity was estimated.
The following methods of extraction were used: liquid-liquid extraction (a classical liquid-liquid extraction and microextraction), solid-
-phase extraction (Baker’s columns and United Chemical Technologies’ (UTC columns). The reactivity was evaluated using V-Twin System
with EMIT technology by Siemens.
The results showed that the lowest recovery (nitrazepam – 16%, diazepam – 23%, flunitrazepam – 28%, estazolam – 37%) was obtained
using liquid-liquid microextraction of whole blood and the highest recovery was obtained in solid-phase extraction of whole blood
using United Chemical Technologies’ columns (nitrazepam – 86%, diazepam – 89%, estazolam – 91%, flunitrazepam – 94%). The lowest
recovery in classical liquid-liquid extraction was obtained for diazepam isolated from whole blood (36%), and the highest – for flunitrazepam
isolated from serum (74%). Solid-phase extraction with Baker’s columns was successful only in case of drugs isolation from serum and the recovery range from 57% to 89% for flunitrazepam. The results indicated higher efficiency of solid-phase extraction,
especially with use of columns specific for the extraction of benzodiazepines. The immunoassay analysis showed a decreased reactivity
of the tested benzodiazepine derivatives on the reagent used for the EMIT assay.
Comparative analysis of the recovery efficiency of selected benzodiazepine derivatives led to the conclusion that use of solid-phase
extraction should be considered more often in routine toxicological analysis. The knowledge of benzodiazepine derivatives cross-reactivity
in immunoassay method is essential for correct interpretation of obtained results.