bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surface tension of flowing soap films
Authors: Sane Aakash , Mandre Shreyas , Kim Ildoo
Published: February 2018

The surface tension of flowing soap films is measured with respect to the film thickness and the concentration of soap solution. We perform this measurement by measuring the curvature of the nylon wires that bound the soap film channel and use the measured curvature to parametrize the relation between the surface tension and the tension of the wire. We find that the surface tension of our soap films increases when the film is relatively thin or is made of soap solution of low concentration; otherwise, it approaches an asymptotic value of $30~\text{mN}~\text{m}^{-1}$. A simple adsorption model with only two parameters describes our observations reasonably well. With our measurements, we are also able to estimate the Gibbs elasticity of our soap film.
The initial development of a jet caused by fluid, body and free surface interaction with a uniformly accelerated advancing or retreating plate. Part 2. Well-posedness and stability of the principal flow
Authors: Gallagher M. T. , Needham D. J. , Billingham J.
Published: February 2018

We consider the problem of a rigid plate, inclined at an angle $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\in (0,\unicode[STIX]{x03C0}/2)$ to the horizontal, accelerating uniformly from rest into, or away from, a semi-infinite strip of inviscid, incompressible fluid under gravity. Following on from Gallagher et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 841, 2018, pp. 109–145) (henceforth referred to as GNB), it is of interest to analyse the well-posedness and stability of the principal flow with respect to perturbations in the initially horizontal free surface close to the plate contact point. In particular we find that the solution to the principal unperturbed problem, denoted by [IBVP] in GNB, is well-posed and stable with respect to perturbations in initial data in the region of interest, localised close to the contact point of the free surface and the plate, when the plate is accelerated with dimensionless acceleration $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}\geqslant -\cot \,\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$, while the solution to [IBVP] is ill-posed with respect to such perturbations in the initial data, when the plate is accelerated with dimensionless acceleration $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}<-\cot \,\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$. The physical source of the ill-posedness of the principal problem [IBVP], when $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}<-\cot \,\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$, is revealed to be due to the leading-order problem in the innermost region localised close to the initial contact point being in the form of a local Rayleigh–Taylor problem. As a consequence of this mechanistic interpretation we anticipate that, when the plate is accelerated with $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}<-\cot \,\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$, the inclusion of weak surface tension effects will restore well-posedness of the problem [IBVP] which will, however, remain temporally unstable.
AN EQUIVARIANT DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN HOLOMORPHIC SYMPLECTIC VARIETIES
Authors: CROOKS PETER
Published: February 2018

Varieties of the form$G\times S_{\!\text{reg}}$, where$G$is a complex semisimple group and$S_{\!\text{reg}}$is a regular Slodowy slice in the Lie algebra of$G$, arise naturally in hyperkähler geometry, theoretical physics and the theory of abstract integrable systems. Crooks and Rayan [‘Abstract integrable systems on hyperkähler manifolds arising from Slodowy slices’,Math. Res. Let., to appear] use a Hamiltonian$G$-action to endow$G\times S_{\!\text{reg}}$with a canonical abstract integrable system. To understand examples of abstract integrable systems arising from Hamiltonian$G$-actions, we consider a holomorphic symplectic variety$X$carrying an abstract integrable system induced by a Hamiltonian$G$-action. Under certain hypotheses, we show that there must exist a$G$-equivariant variety isomorphism$X\cong G\times S_{\!\text{reg}}$.
DEFORMING A CONVEX DOMAIN INTO A DISK BY KLAIN’S CYCLIC REARRANGEMENT
Authors: YANG YUNLONG , ZHANG DEYAN
Published: February 2018

For a convex domain, we use Klain’s cyclic rearrangement to obtain a sequence of convex domains with increasing area and the same perimeter which converges to a disk. As a byproduct, we give a proof of the classical isoperimetric inequality in the plane.
NONEXPANSIVE BIJECTIONS TO THE UNIT BALL OF THE -SUM OF STRICTLY CONVEX BANACH SPACES
Authors: KADETS V. , ZAVARZINA O.
Published: February 2018

Extending recent results by Cascales et al. [‘Plasticity of the unit ball of a strictly convex Banach space’, Rev. R. Acad. Cienc. Exactas Fís. Nat. Ser. A Mat.110(2) (2016), 723–727], we demonstrate that for every Banach space $X$ and every collection $Z_{i},i\in I$, of strictly convex Banach spaces, every nonexpansive bijection from the unit ball of $X$ to the unit ball of the sum of $Z_{i}$ by $\ell _{1}$ is an isometry.
Sémantique différentielle
Authors: Darbelnet J.
Published: February 2018

Le point de vue comparatif a ouvert de fructueux champs de recherches aux historiens de la littérature. Il n’y a pas de raison pour qu’il ne se révèle pas également fécond en linguistique. Il existe déjà des ouvrages de grammaire comparée, en petit nombre cependant. Mais à mesure que les langues seront mieux connues et plus amplement décrites, la méthode des rapprochements trouvera davantage l’occasion de s’exercer.

Ce qui la justifie, c’est qu’elle permet de faire sur les choses comparées des observations qui ne seraient guère possibles autrement. Il y a, par exemple, une certaine valeur de la voix pronominale en français qui ne frappe que lorsqu’on établit une comparaison avec d’autres langues, par exemple le latin et l’anglais. Celui qui étudie le français sans regarder au dehors risque fort de ne pas apercevoir un aspect caractéristique qui n’apparaît guère que par contraste.
On the use of informants in field-work
Authors: Hale Kenneth
Published: February 2018

The point of this paper is an extremely simple and not at all a surprising one, one that is in no way new. It is essentially the following: the native speakers of any language know its structure and the linguist doing field work can make use of this knowledge in ways other than the obvious one of asking an informant to produce utterances, with little or no other direction. What I hope to do here is outline briefly a set of strategies or field-work techniques developed during the past two years in a field methods course at the University of Illinois. In particular, I will describe certain aspects of our research on Papago done in co-operation with Mr. Albert Alvarez, a Papago speaker, who served as assistant in the course during the academic year 1963-64.
Language universals and research efficiency in descriptive linguistics
Authors: Swadesh M.
Published: February 2018

Thirty years ago the leitmotif of ethnology and linguistics was militant relativism. It was emphasized that each culture and each language is a world of its own with its own elements and arrangements, its own standards, and its own laws. It was often, though not always, clearly recognized that, running across the differences, there were points of agreement among different systems. In the effort to avoid ethnocentrically based errors, the principle of generalization itself was sometimes atrophied.

In the matter of research technique, openmindedness was emphasized. The field-worker was urged to gather plentiful evidence before drawing any conclusions. In matters of phonology it was recommended that one write exactly what one heard. Now, one of the positive fruits of the relativist epoch was the development of the idea of structure, the gestalt principle, and, in the study of sounds, phonemics. This means that not until one has discovered the system is he in a position to perceive sounds adequately. And something of the same kind is applicable in other phases of language. In dropping the illusion of objective non-phonemic recording there was opened up a short-cut to the laborious collection of unorganized facts.
Eyak: a preliminary report
Authors: Krauss Michael E.
Published: February 2018

This paper is an informal summary preview of Eyak structure, with a minimum of exemplification and a maximum of structural tables and diagrams. Included are a number of historical and comparative remarks with reference to Athapaskan and Tlingit. There are still three persons capable of serving adequately as informants for Eyak. The following is a summary report of the results of field-work with these persons, up to July 10, 1964, on a grant from the National Science Foundation. The phonology of Eyak is now well understood, as is, more surprisingly, the verb. In addition, the list of morphemes is approaching exhaustiveness. The consonant inventory is shown in Table I:
Quasi-direct discourse: style or grammar?
Authors: Schaarschmidt Gunter H.
Published: February 2018

In 1924 Otto Jespersen pointed out the difficulty of finding an adequate term for a type of indirect speech which is not dependent on an immediately preceding verb like ‘he said’ or ‘he thought.’ He suggested that previous terms such as ‘erlebte Rede’ be replaced by the term ‘represented speech,’ because the writer “does not experience or ‘live’ these thoughts or speeches, but represents them to us….” Since then the terminology problem has by no means become smaller. Jespersen’s term is almost forgotten today, having been replaced by completely new terms, or by terms previously in use, among them ‘erlebte Rede.’ Some of the more common terms presently in use are: ‘style indirect libre,’ ‘monologue intérieur indirect,’ ‘indirect interior monologue,’ ‘narrated speech,’ ‘nesobstvenno-prjamaja reč’, and ‘quasi-direct discourse.’ The last two are direct translations of the German term ‘uneigentliche direkte Rede.’ One of them, viz. quasi-direct discourse, will be used in the present paper only tentatively, since it will be shown later that there is actually no need for having a special term in the grammar of Russian.
Franco-canadien et français standard: problèmes de perception des oppositions vocaliques*
Authors: Léon Pierre R. , Nemni Monique
Published: February 2018

On Possède des renseignements précieux sur les dialectes franco-canadiens et d’excellentes informations sur les tendances phonétiques qui apparaissent dans l’uniformisation de la langue parlée de ce pays. Mais il ne semble pas, lorsqu’on parle “d’accent canadien” par rapport à la norme standard, qu’on ait tenté depuis l’article de René Charbonneau de chiffrer l’écart entre les deux systèmes phoniques. Le but de cette étude est justement d’essayer de montrer comment il est possible d’évaluer, à l’aide de tests psycho-acoustiques, les différences de prononciation entre le français et le canadien français. On n’a pas cherché à apprécier ou à critiquer les différences non pertinentes qui peuvent d’ailleurs faire partie des variantes phoniques du français. Il ne s’agit ici que de trouver ce qui, dans un certain type d’accent canadien, peut présenter des difficultés de compréhension pour un francophone. Cette étude concerne donc essentiellement l’aspect phonémique des systèmes en présence.
English loanwords in the Serbo-Croatian immigrant press
Authors: Surducki Milan I.
Published: February 2018

Orthography of E Loanwords. Faced with the task of writing down E loanwords (which he uses so often in speech), the bilingual chooses one among a multitude of ways ranging from one extreme, i.e. writing loanwords the way they are written in E, to another, i.e. writing loanwords the way they are pronounced by him, using one of the two SC alphabets. The range of possibilities is almost limitless (cf. Table 6), since the biningual may use all orthographical means and devices that are at his disposal in both E and SC. The existence of the two SC alphabets (latinica, with the Roman characters, and ćirilica, with the Cyrillic characters) makes the situation even more complicated, though, generally speaking, the E spelling is favoured by those who use latinica, and the pronunciation spelling is favoured in ćirilica.
Japanese imperative constructions
Authors: Prideaux Gary D.
Published: February 2018

Modern colloquial Japanese exhibits within its grammatical system several types of imperative constructions which, on the surface, seem quite diverse. Examples of some imperatives are

All of these imperatives may be glossed as “close the window,” with various differences in style noted in parentheses. In each of the constructions above, both ‘window’ and o, the direct object marker, remain unchanged, while the shape of the verb ‘close’ as well as the presence of other morphemes such as ‘give’, ‘do’, and i, ro, imperative shapes, change considerably. The negative imperatives are equally diverse. Each of the following examples may be glossed as “do not close the window”:
The social rôle of the indigenous languages of Mexico and Guatemala
Authors: Arzápalo Ramón
Published: February 2018

It is the purpose of this article to show the social status of monolinguals of Indian languages in what roughly corresponds to Middle America, as well as to indicate how the salient features of interference on the Spanish spoken in that same area seem to clearly indicate a good basis for the social stratification of the people. Yucatan being the Mexican State with the highest percentage of bilinguals (even higher than Guatemala), it offers, on the one hand, an excellent example for the study of language contact, and, on the other—a field considerably neglected—the effect of this linguistic phenomenon on social stratification, together with the further biological implications it involves.
The English auxiliaries: A relational network description
Authors: Reich Peter A.
Published: February 2018

This is the second of two papers comparing relational network theory with transformational theory. In Reich 1970b we defined some basic nodes and compared relational network theory with a subset of transformational theory which is commonly acknowledged to be linguistically inadequate. In this paper we shall review the types of problems which context-free phrase-structure grammars cannot adequately handle. We shall then show that each of these problems occurs in that portion of English grammar which is concerned with the English auxiliaries; thus a good test of any proposed grammatical theory is whether or not it can be used to describe a grammar of the auxiliaries in an acceptable way. Finally, we shall describe in detail a relational network grammar of the auxiliaries and attempt to demonstrate that relational network theory passes this test.
Sur l’interpretation des co-occurrences d’ «adjectifs de nation» et de noms en français
Authors: Bellert Irena , Nattiez Jean-Jacques
Published: February 2018

Le But de cet article est d’examiner comment des locuteurs ayant la compétence du français, interprètent des phrases contenant la co-occurrence d’« adjectifs de nation » et de noms quelconques, où l’adjectif est, par rapport au nom, soit en position d’épithète (ex.: « l’homme français »), soit en position d’attribut (ex.: « cet homme est français »).

La dénomination « adjectif de nation » reste évidemment très vague, car il n’est pas certain que les adjectifs examinés ici puissent être rangés dans une classe désignée par un terme simple. Nous entendons ici des adjectifs rattachés à des noms propres de pays, comme « français », « belge », « suisse » ou à des groupes humains comme « esquimau », qui, sans posséder de pays qui leur soit propre, n’en constituent pas moins ce qu’on peut appeler une nation. De toute manière, il serait vain de se donner a priori une définition sémantique globale de tous ces termes, puisque l’analyse détaillée des quelques types auxquels ils appartiennent, doit permettre de préciser leur interprétation.
Canadian raising
Authors: Chambers J. K.
Published: February 2018

This Paper discusses a particular phonological rule that occurs in several English dialects, including Canadian English. The rule will be referred to throughout as ‘Canadian Raising’ purely for mnemonic purposes; no geographical rigour is intended by the epithet ‘Canadian’—a point that is made abundantly clear in §4, where the distribution of the rule is taken up. The appropriateness of the term resides in the relative role the rule plays in Canadian English, where its effect is the most readily identifiable trait of the dialect. Thus, speakers of Canadian English are often identified by the speakers of adjoining dialects by their pronunciation of words like wife and south, which are usually mis-heard by speakers of General American as weef and sooth.

The main facts about Canadian Raising were first organized systematically three decades ago by Martin Joos, in a short article entitled “A phonological dilemma in Canadian English” (1942). Since then, they have been cursorily referred to in the literature several times (for example: Bloomfield 1948: 62; McDavid 1963: 470, etc.) and have been reorganized in a different theoretical framework (Halle 1962: 343) with no augmentation—and usually a simplification—of Joos’s observations.
The diphthongs əi and a1 in Scottish, Scotch-Irish and Canadian English
Authors: Gregg R. J.
Published: February 2018

The Development of generative phonology to deal with the phonological component of transformational grammars has in recent years led to many fruitful insights in the analysis and description of synchronic states of languages. It was inevitable, however, that generativists should eventually turn their attention to historical linguistics and seek to re-interpret the olderlawsof sound change in terms of modernrules, recognizing specifically the effects of the addition of new rules, the extension of rules by the removal of constraints, and the deletion or re-ordering of rules (King 1969: 39-63).
Dialect literature: A two-way street?
Authors: Wilson H. Rex
Published: February 2018

In a review of Dobson’s English Pronunciation 1500-1700, Helge Kökeritz (1961) listed the resources which he felt should be fully exploited before a comprehensive study of the development of modern English pronunciation could be attempted. They were: “major and minor orthoepists between 1550 and 1850; spellings in private documents between 1400 and 1800; rimes of all the poets between 1450 and 1750, as well as their stress patterns, with special emphasis on the rimes of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; and homonymie puns, mainly in the drama of these two centuries.”
Morpheme recognition and the learning of rules for derivational morphology
Authors: Derwing Bruce L.
Published: February 2018

Derivational morphology is one of the most difficult and least studied of all the areas of linguistic description (cf. Lightner, 1968:71). There are two main problems which are largely responsible for this. The first is the question of morpheme recognition or lexical identity: how similar in meaning or in sound do two words have to be in order for the linguist or language learner to identify a common morphemic unit and thus to see a morphological relationship between the words? (This problem is discussed in detail in Derwing, 1973: 122-6.) Many of the morphological rules which are proposed by linguists, whether morphophonemic or phonotactic in presumed character, are posited primarily, if not solely, in order to capture certain kinds of supposed ‘lexical redundancies,’ i.e., systematic variations which appear in the phonological form of the same morpheme when the morpheme occurs in different syntactic constructions. The viability of all such rules is thus directly contingent upon the assumption that the words involved do, in fact, share a common morpheme. Consider, for example, the morphophonemic rule which Chomsky proposes for English which changes a /d/ to an /s/ before the suffix /lv/, and the phonotactic rule which changes a /d/ plus /i/ or /y/ into a /ž/ before a vowel (1964:90); both of these rules are motivated by the presumed fact that the English words decisive and decision, for example, contain in their ‘underlying’ or ‘lexical’ representations the common morpheme decide. But how does one decide whether this claim is justified for ordinary native speakers of the language, particularly in some of the more problematical cases discussed in Derwing (1973)?
Discriminating learning of stops and fricatives in CVC syllables, by five-year-olds
Authors: Gilbert John H. V.
Published: February 2018

This report contains the results of a preliminary study dealing with the ways in which children between five and six years of age discriminate and learn phonetic elements of spoken language. In particular, it describes differences on a verbal discrimination learning task of stops vs fricatives in CVC syllables.
The translator’s sensitivity to syntactic ambiguity—a psycholinguistics experiment
Authors: Piquette Elyse
Published: February 2018

Transformational grammar has attempted to outline the systematic nature of language structure while also stressing the creative aspect of language. Language is systematic in that speakers use a finite number of means to make up their messages, and yet it is creative in that there are an infinite number of individual different messages which are possible in any natural language. In natural languages, however, there is not a perfect one-to-one correspondence between possible messages—intended or perceived—and possible linguistic realizations, as there exists in conventional or artificial languages. Often it is found in natural languages that a single linguistic form may have two or more meanings. Homonymy, whether it is lexical or syntactic, is an important notion, not only because syntactic ambiguity plays a central role in linguistic theory, but also because its study gives us a better understanding of the systematics of language and of the way we attach meaning to linguistic representations. Hence, the importance of evaluating how speakers deal with syntactic ambiguity in their attempts to understand and to be understood.
Etats de conscience en phase de réveil et complexité linguistique
Authors: Sarrasin Robert , Pinard Gilbert , Nabet Marc , Annable Lawrence , Vo-Ngoc Ba
Published: February 2018

Il règne dans le cerveau une activité électrique constante qu’on peut capter sous forme d’ondes transmises par des électrodes fixées à la surface du crâne. En période d’éveil, la fréquence de ces ondes varie de 8 à 12 cycles/sec. en état de relaxation ; c’est ce qu’on appelle les ondes alpha. Cette fréquence peut augmenter jusqu’à 30 cycles/sec. lors d’une activité mentale intensive. Pendant le sommeil, il se produit aussi des variations de fréquence, à partir desquelles on peut déterminer divers niveaux de profondeur.
Resonant devoicing in Cowichan
Authors: Hukari Thomas E.
Published: February 2018

The Cowichan Dialect of Halkomelem, a Coast Salishan language, has a reduplication process in three morphological categories that copies stem-initial CV. When a stem-initial resonant (voiced sonorant) is reduplicated, a prefix hə- results. Two possible explanations for h instead of the predicted resonant support distinct, although not necessarily mutually exclusive, claims for the status of h in a universal classification. One possible explanation is that the reduplicated resonant devoices to h-lending support to Chomsky and Halle’s (1968) classification of h as a voiceless sonorant, since h would be functioning as the voiceless counterpart to Cowichan voiced sonorants. But an alternative is that the prefixed sonorant elides, with the subsequent insertion of h as a juncture phenomenon—suggesting that h functions here as a neutral nonsyllabic segment.
On structural complexity in relational networks
Authors: Schreyer Rüdiger
Published: February 2018

The first part of this paper is devoted to an analysis of the basic concepts underlying Reich’s 1973 and 1970 complexity count for relational networks in a stratificational grammar. The second part treats of some problems arising in connection with optionality.
Universal constraints on variably deleted final consonants: evidence from Spanish
Authors: Terrell Tracy D.
Published: February 2018

One of the principle aims of research in linguistic theory is to discover linguistic universals which may be represented as a part of linguistic metatheory. In phonological theory there are many examples of such attempts. For example, the formal conventions proposed by Chomsky and Halle (1968) in The Sound Pattern of English were to represent universal constraints for natural languages.

It has been shown on numerous occasions (for example, Labov, 1971) that phonological theory must be able to account for the systematic variability regularly present in all phonological systems. Although quantitative studies of phonological variability are still relatively new, it is important all the same to attempt to posit possible universal constraints, both formal and substantive, within the current formulation of variability theory in order to test the theory itself. Of particular interest are questions such as the following: What are universal constraints on the FORM of variable rules? Are there universal constraints on the types of environments in which variable rules may apply?
German Evidence for a Universal Clause Union Rule
Authors: Embleton Sheila M.
Published: February 2018

Perlmutter posits a universally-applicable Clause Union (CU) rule as follows:

(a)

If the downstairs clause is intransitive, downstairs 1 becomes upstairs 2.

(b)

If it is transitive, downstairs 2 becomes upstairs 2, and downstairs 1 becomes upstairs 3.

(c)

Deviations will be the result of (i) PSV or (ii) DAT MVT.
Contre l’interpretation morphologique de la denasalisation en francais
Authors: Picard Marc
Published: February 2018

On a toujours considéré, semble-t-il, que la nasalisation vocalique régressive procède habituellement par étapes, c’est-à-dire que certaines voyelles se font nasaliser avant d’autres, soit à cause de leur nature même ou à cause du contexte plus ou moins propice dans lequel elles se trouvent. Or, voici qu’après avoir effectué une étude exhaustive sur le développement des voyelles nasales, George Entenman en est arrivé récemment à la conclusion tout à fait opposée. Son hypothèse peut se résumer ainsi: “A language cannot nasalize some vowels before nasal consonants without nasalizing all vowels in this environment” (1977:1). C’est ce qu’il a baptisé le principe “tout ou rien” (the “all-or-nothing” principle).

Bien que les arguments qu’il présente en faveur de ce principe semblent en général solides et bien motivés, je vais tenter de démontrer qu’il y en a un d’entre eux qui s’effondre complètement. L’argument en question découle d’une tentative de rendre compte d’un phénomène de toute évidence phonologique, à savoir la dénasalisation vocalique en français, en des termes morphologiques. Avant d’aborder ce problème particulier, cependant, il est essentiel de le situer dans le contexte de sa théorie.
Morphologisation de l’épenthèse en ancien français
Authors: Morin Yves-Charles
Published: February 2018

Dans un article stimulant dans cette revue, Walker (1978) cherche à établir le statut phonologique des alternances du type (1) en ancien français, qui remontent à une ancienne règle phonétique d’épenthèse introduisant une occlusive à l’intérieur des suites constituées d’une des consonnes /m n ɲ l ʎ s z/ suivie d’une liquide—suites qui résultent en général de la syncope d’une voyelle atone, et dont on note les effets dans les mots (2), par exemple.
Chapter V: From Herder to Darwin, 1772-1871
Authors: Wilson Richard Albert
Published: February 2018

Nature leads the way. Man emerges on the scene, follows her footprints, marks and registers them in language, and makes a Science of Nature. Then he looks back and discovers that Language, while following the path of Nature, has left a trail of her own. He returns on this new trail, again marks and registers its footprints, and makes a Science of Language.

My purpose in this book is not to compare languages as in linguistic science, or to trace their concrete development as in language history; but to describe the problem which gave birth to language, to show the place of language in the general scheme of world evolution, and to point out its basic structure in relation to the two forms of sense, Space and Time. I have dealt at some length with Herder and his time because that period was the beginning of the modern movement in language investigation in which we are still engaged. For the next hundred years, from Herder’s essay in 1772 to Darwin’s Descent of Man in 1871, I can only touch some of the peaks in the development of linguistic theory and science, that, in their combined results, have prepared the way for the present inquiry, and that may help to give the perspective necessary to set the fabric of language clearly in its place among the other phenomena of the world. If this mode of treatment should appear to the language specialist as in some degree wanting in the ‘hard factualness’ of language, the explanation is that the inclusion of such factual material would not contribute to the investigation in hand. If one can make clear the world-problem which called language into existence, and show the structure which language was destined to assume in order to answer this problem, then the way should be better prepared and the impulse quickened for tracing man’s first steps and subsequent windings in the actual making of language.
Chapter II: The Mechanistic Hypothesis
Authors: Wilson Richard Albert
Published: February 2018

I have spoken of variations sometimes as if they were due to chance. This is a wholly incorrect expression; it merely serves to acknowledge plainly our ignorance of the cause of each particular variation.—DARWIN.

Both the mechanistic and the organic hypotheses agree that in the world as it stands at present we find not only matter, but also life, mind, and purpose. The mechanistic hypothesis, however, as I understand it, holds that this earth was originally a purely inorganic world without life, mind, or purpose, governed by purely mechanical laws alone; and that at some point of time in the relatively recent past, life got started upon the surface of this mechanical world by some kind of ‘biological accident,’ and having got started in ‘one or more primordial forms’ it then set out on a course of evolution impelled by a strong reproductive impulse, presumably co-accidental with life itself; and with a strong tendency to reproduce or repeat the type, coupled with a lesser tendency to slight variations and an occasional tendency to a great variation, it gradually differentiated its ‘one or more primordial forms’ into many genera and species of life, each species or genus then moving forward towards greater and greater perfection under the operation of ‘natural selection,’ until we have the multi-variegated organic world as we find it to-day.
Chapter VI: Man and the Animals
Authors: Wilson Richard Albert
Published: February 2018

Every animal has its sphere to which it belongs by birth, into which it instantly enters, in which it continues all through life, and in which it dies. … The spider weaves with as much skill as did Minerva, but all its skill is restricted to this narrow sphere; this is its universe. How marvellous is the insect and how narrow the sphere of its activity.—HERDER, Origin of Language, 1772.

In the preceding pages we have given a descriptive outline of the Space-Time picture of the life and mind of the world as it has emerged by successive steps towards freedom and individuality, up to and including animal life and intelligence. But there is as yet no language; and, from all that we can discover, no power nor problem in the animal nature which would bring language into existence. There seems to be some barrier that holds the animal’s mind back from that realm of free mind into which man has entered, where language first emerges. What is the barrier? Can it be intellectually grasped and described? These are the two questions.
Chapter X: Language and the Natural Arts of Space and Time
Authors: Wilson Richard Albert
Published: February 2018

‘Behold at last the poet’s sphere!But who,’ I said, ‘suffices here?For, ah! so much he has to do;Be painter and musician too!. . . .No painter yet hath such a way,Nor no musician made, as they;And gather’d on immortal knollsSuch lovely flowers for cheering souls.Beethoven, Raphael, cannot reachThe charm which Homer, Shakespeare, teach.’

ARNOLD, Epilogue to Lessing’s Laocoön.

Nevertheless, the sensuous sound element does remain as the substratum of articulate language, and as language issues from the lips it issues in the same time sequence as does pure sound, for example, in music. But here is the unique difference which separates language fundamentally from the other four arts. As language issues from the lips, the pure ‘timeness’ of it, as we might say, is immediately transmuted and absorbed in the conventionalized connotation which is arbitrarily given to the differentiated sounds. Hence in the thought-process of intellecting the world by language the actual space-time world is translated first into pure time, that is, into sound, but is immediately, in the very act as it were, retranslated by the conventionalization of sound into its former space-time structure within the world of mind.
Chapter XII: Summary and Conclusion
Authors: Wilson Richard Albert
Published: February 2018

The termination of the world in a man appears to be the last victory of the intelligence. … An individual man is a fruit which it cost all the foregoing ages to form and ripen. … Each individual soul is such, in virtue of its being a power to translate the world into some particular language of its own.—EMERSON, The Method of Nature, 1841.

Our story of evolution ended with a stirring in the brain-organ of the latest of nature’s experiments; but that stirring of consciousness transmutes the whole story and gives meaning to its symbolism.—EDDINGTON, Science and the Unseen World, 1929.

It may be worth while now to summarize in a page or two the view of world evolution as outlined above, a spiral structure of which man’s created language forms the final story. In this summary I adopt the organic hypothesis, which assumes that mind is a basic and permanent element in the world, self-determining and purposive in its nature, and the directing agency in the evolutionary process throughout its history. While the acceptance or rejection of this metaphysical hypothesis is not essential to the acceptance or rejection of the scientific exposition of the birth and structure of language given in the preceding pages, the choice of one or other hypothesis does, of course, make a rather complete difference in the diction and phraseology chosen to set out the specific exposition. To a mechanist many of the terms which I have used may appear altogether unwarranted or quite wrong.
MAY, CAN and the expression of permission
Authors: Duffley Patrick , Clarke Sandra , Hirtle Walter
Published: February 2018

Any system is necessarily both one, by virtue of its governing principle, and several internally, by virtue of the positions it contains. No system can contain just one element. By nature and by definition a system is binary: it must contain at least two elements to be a system at all. (Translated from Guillaume 1973:175)

In any linguistic system—and this is the basic condition for systematizing—there is … a before and an after within which and between which the mind moves, crossing over the dividing-line which separates these two positions, and that is why a linguistic system necessarily has a kinetic basis in the mind. (Translated from Guillaume 1969:160)
On Katz on “Chomsky on Meaning”
Authors: Bell Sarah J.
Published: February 2018

Katz (1980:1) views the meaning of a sentence and its logical form as identical and believes that this logical form should receive an intensional rather than an extensional interpretation. He sees Chomsky’s proposal to separate semantic interpretation into two parts, a logical form (LF), which is strictly determined by rules of sentence grammar, and whatever aspects of meaning remain, which are determined by discourse rules and possibly by other cognitive faculties, as pernicious. He further objects to what he interprets as Chomsky’s supporting extensionalism. He argues that Chomsky’s grounds for separating LF from other aspects of meaning are not compelling, that LF is itself incoherent, and that the results of making such a separation are harmful to the study of semantics in linguistics and philosophy alike.
Local Lexical Items in the Sociodialectical Survey of Vancouver English
Authors: Gregg R. J.
Published: February 2018

Saltchuck? Skookum? Oolichan? Saskie? A Squamish? Saskabush? Slough? …How many Vancouverites are familiar with these words? How many know their meaning or meanings? How many have heard them used or actually used them? All of the words in question should be at home in the Vancouver area, some in British Columbia generally or even in the wider area of the old Pacific Northwest. A traditional dialect investigation would have localized such words, pinpointing on a map in a linguistic atlas the spots where they cropped up. Recent urban sociodialectal linguistic surveys, however, have been emphasizing the social rather than the geographical variability of language. In the recently completed Survey of Vancouver English (SVEN) it was decided to include a short component (Section VI) in the questionnaire that would elicit information about local words—a mere 26 questions out of a total of 1,058. This section aroused the interest of many of the informants who were able to add a considerable body of useful data to what was known about this group of words.

We interviewed a total of 240 informants over a period of six years. Included were equal numbers of males and females, divided into three age groups (old, middle, young) and fitted into four socio-economic classes which could be labelled lower working class, upper working class, lower middle class and upper middle class. If the informants knew the local lexical items they were asked the questions: (1) What does this word mean? (2) Have you ever heard anyone say it? (3) Do you use it yourself? In some cases questions were asked about pronunciation and spelling.
The Speech of Nations
Authors: Hewson John
Published: February 2018

Having lived in both Quebec and Newfoundland, without being native to either, I often note the similarities between the two that transcend linguistic boundaries: ancient settlement, isolation, survival, the sense of tribe, la nostalgie des Vieux Pays, the wealth of folk song and folklore, the strength of the family, the proud sense of identity with a place and with a history. This paper, then, starts with a reverberating comment from Jean-Paul Vinay, another CFA (a come-from-away, Newfoundland term for one who is not native-born) who was born across the Channel from me, and whose early training as an angliciste corresponds to mine in French language and linguistics. JPV wrote (1979:60):

De même que les Québécois gardent encore une grande nostalgie de la terre, ils conservent en leur cœur un coin préférentiel pour la parlure des aïeux. Il n’est donc pas étonnant de constater que la dialectologie a été adoptée de bonne heure par nos étudiants, curieux de voir comment le nouvel outil descriptif que nous leur mettions entre les mains pouvait s’appliquer au parler de leur village natal.
Subject Doubling, Free Inversion, and Null Argument Languages
Authors: Roberge Yves
Published: February 2018

The aim of this paper is twofold. First, I shall propose a unified account of the subject doubling construction and point out its similarities and differences with respect to object doubling — the so-called clitic doubling. The discussion is based on Trentino, a northern dialect of Italian, and Colloquial French. I will argue that it is not desirable to establish a connection between subject doubling and free inversion as is implicitly assumed in Safir (1982). Rather, it seems preferable to assume that the subject clitics are generated in the AGR element of INFL and that they are associated with pro in subject position. The possibility of subject doubling is then related to a parameter making reference to the optionality of Case absorbtion or spell-out by the clitic.
Comment que, marqueur d’assertion de non-incompatibilité: propriétés semantico-syntaxiques
Authors: Lagacé Michel Francis
Published: February 2018

Cet article est essentiellement extrait (avec les adaptations nécessaires) du mémoire de maîtrise (Lagacé, 1984) déposé en juin 1984, mais non publié, mémoire qui analysait les relations concessives et les structures syntaxiques connexes afin d’établir une systématique à la fois sémantique et syntaxique permettant de définir ce champ linguistique et de créer des outils d’analyse et d’exploration.
Underlying vs superficial grammatical relations
Authors: Hofmann Th. R.
Published: February 2018

This paper is based in part on evidence and insights found in various studies. These studies had as their objects to prove (or at least to demonstrate the plausibility of) either an analysis of a language or a theory of grammar. Their evidence, in addition to that which is new here, demonstrates the difficulty of using superficial relational information for semantic interpretation. It may be noted that, some years ago, Jespersen pointed out many such difficulties, though not with the orientation of relating syntax to semantics.
Composantes sémantiques
Authors: Darbelnet J.
Published: February 2018

Le présent article expose l’utilisation d’un nouveau concept tel qu’il a été présenté à des étudiants francophones dans un cours de lexicologie et de sémantique du français moderne. La nouveauté de ce concept est relative, car il est très proche des sèmes ou sémantèmes familiers aux linguistes. Cependant, si la composante sémantique, telle qu’elle sera définie ci-dessous, ressemble beaucoup aux sèmes dont parle Pierre Guiraud dans ses Structures étymologiques du lexique français (Larousse, 1967) lorsqu’il dit que singe contient en puissance les sèmes de « laideur », « grimace », « espièglerie » (p. 200), par contre elle ne correspond pas vraiment au sémantème ou sème défini par Marouzeau dans son Lexique de la terminologie linguistique, et d’ailleurs Guiraud ne fait pas des sèmes l’utilisation qui est proposée ici.
The processing of Japanese relative clauses
Authors: Prideaux Gary D.
Published: February 2018

Over the past several years, a considerable amount of research on language comprehension has been carried out under the assumption that comprehension crucially involves language-independent cognitive strategies interacting with grammatical properties specific to a given language. Accordingly, the two factors of grammatical structure and cognitive strategies interact to render certain structures relatively more difficult to process than others. For example, it has been suggested that centre-embedded structures are more difficult to process than right-branching structures because centre-embedding interrupts the main clause and imposes a burden on short term memory, thereby making it relatively more difficult for the hearer to obtain closure on the entire sentence (Kuno 1974). Much attention within the cognitive strategies paradigm has been addressed to the comprehension of English complex sentences, and in particular to those sentences containing relative clauses. Since English permits relative clauses to be attached to NPs playing almost any grammatical role, and since, within a relative clause, the relativized NP can itself play almost any role, sentences containing relative clauses have provided a useful arena for testing various proposed cognitive strategies insofar as they relate to complex structures. In particular, much research has been addressed to SVO sentences in which a relative clause is formed on either the subject or object NP, and in which the relative pronoun is either subject or object.
Semantics of abstract finals in Algonquian transitive inanimate verbs
Authors: Denny J. Peter
Published: February 2018

A general problem in Algonquian verb derivation is the role of various morphemes conveying abstract meanings, in contrast to those conveying the main concrete meaning of the verb. Usually, the specific action taking place is quite well described by the root, medial and concrete final, but other morphemes appear such as pre-medials, post-medials and abstract finals which have much more abstract but nonetheless vital meanings. The abstract morphemes are especially important because they are few in number, but occur frequently, so that the abstract meaning of any one of them is a component of the meaning of large numbers of verbs. In previous papers I have tried to show what some of these abstract meanings are. In Denny and Mailhot (1976) we showed that, in Cree-Montagnais, pre-medial -ā- indicates that the root expresses an extrinsic property of the object referred to by the medial, e.g., ossisk ā kam-āw ‘cypress-EXTRINSIC-lake-it.is = it is a cypress lake,’ whereas lack of pre-medial -ā- indicates that the root expresses an intrinsic property, e.g., čino-kam-āw ‘long-lake-it.is = it is a long lake.’
Sociolinguistique ou gÉolinguistique? Un cas: le [p] aspiré en Estrie
Authors: Beauchemin Normand
Published: February 2018

Le corpus de la présente étude a été établi à partir de 145 enquêtes sur le terrain, réalisées entre septembre 1971 et juin 1972 dans 18 paroisses de caractère francophone, établies avant 1875 et situées dans une zone circulaire d’environ 65 milles qui a pour centre géographique la ville de Sherbrooke. Le choix dés informateurs s’est fait à partir d’une liste dressée avec l’aide du curé ou du secrétaire de la municipalité, ou d’un(e) président(e) de club ou de cercle de l’endroit: l’informateur devait être francophone, né de parents qui habitaient la paroisse et dont au moins l’un des deux y était lui-même né, il devait être âgé de 20 à 65 ans et disposé â recevoir les deux enquêteurs après un premier contact par lettre puis par téléphone et qui exposait très brièvement le but de la visite.
The Idiocy of Idioms: A Problem in Lexicography
Authors: Drysdale Patrick
Published: February 2018

Many of the hours I passed learning from Wally Avis were spent discussing practical problems of lexicography. Because of this, and because my tribute to him is being published elsewhere (English World-Wide 1:1, 1980), it seems appropriate to honour him here by dealing with one such problem, especially one that no one has satisfactorily solved. I refer to the treatment in monolingual English dictionaries of idioms—those elusive, hard to define, and harder still to classify phrases that appear usually in boldface as numbered or listed subentries.

Perhaps the most common type of idiom so defined is the fuzzy phrasal verb, and Wally was constantly intrigued by the anomalies of such apparently simple examples as start up. We can say, “Let’s start up the car” and “Let’s start the car up”; we can say, “Let’s start up the hill” but not “Let’s start the hill up.”
Note sur l’elargissement Possible du terme canadianisme
Authors: Vinay Jean-Paul
Published: February 2018

Comme le faisait justement remarquer A. M. Kinloch dans une récente notice nécrologique (Kinloch 1980), le nom de W. S. Avis est indissolublement lié—avec celui de mon collègue et ami M. H. Scargill—à l’expansion des études de linguistique canadienne, domaine anglais: “it is no belittlement of the work of C.J. Lovell or of other of his associates to say that it was Avis who put Canadian English on the map.” II est done normal de placer la présente note sous l’égide de Avis, et j’en profite pour rappeler les contacts fructueux qui ont existé entre nous tout au long des années 1950 et 1960. Je voudrais cependant adopter ici une perspective un peu différente de la sienne, celle des canadianismes pancanadiens, si l’on peut dire, en ayant à l’esprit le problème très concret d’un dictionnaire bilingue français-anglais à l’usage des Canadiens (Vinay 1962). Je me propose d’examiner brièvement les différents critères retenus par les auteurs pour cerner le concept de canadianisme; et pour compléter l’image que Avis donne du mot canadianism, je ferai porter l’accent sur l’aspect français de la question.