bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recent harbour porpoise bycatch in gillnet fisheries in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
Authors: Benjamins Steven , Lawson Jack , Stenson Garry
Published: February 2023

Despite reduced fishing effort in many North Atlantic fisheries following collapse of fish stocks, concerns remain about levels of direct mortality of harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), primarily through incidental catches in fishing gear. Although harbour porpoise incidental catch is known to occur in several fisheries along the coast of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, there are no reliable quantitative estimates for the last decade when the commercial fisheries have undergone major changes in effort and target species. Based on incidental catch rates derived using different reporting methods, with net-days as measures of effort and fishing trips as sampling units, the potential number of incidental catches of harbour porpoises in several gillnet fisheries in Newfoundland waters was estimated for the years 2001, 2002 and 2003. Confidence intervals were calculated using re-sampling techniques. Incidental catches of small cetaceans were estimated to be 862 in 2001, 1,428 in 2002 and 2,228 in 2003 in Newfoundland gillnet fisheries; virtually all cetaceans reported were harbour porpoises. Annual estimates of incidental catch of small cetaceans varied greatly between fisheries and areas. Confidence intervals were large due to variation in reported incidental catch rates among individual fishers and geographic areas. Most small cetaceans were reported in the nearshore cod fishery, although there were also numerous reports of catches in nearshore fisheries for lumpfish, herring and Greenland halibut. Incidental catch of small cetaceans was also identified in offshore fisheries for monkfish, white hake and Greenland halibut. Most incidental catch events occurred during the third quarter of the year (July-September) along the south coast, although catches of harbour porpoises were also reported during the second and fourth quarters. Several strategies could be implemented to better monitor small cetacean incidental catch in Newfoundland and Labrador waters. However, harbour porpoise population estimates are required before it can be determined if this fisheries-related mortality occurring in Newfoundland is sustainable.
THE EFFECT ON DIGITAL CONTENT MARKETING ON ONLINE PURCHASE INTENTION: THE MODERATOR ROLE OF AGE AND GENDER VARIABLES
Authors: Gülsoy Miray , Leblebici Koçer Leyla
Published: February 2023

This study examines how digital content marketing affects consumers' intentions to make online purchases. It tries to identify how demographic data on gender and age play a moderating impact. A face-to-face survey approach was used to collect data from 620 participants as part of the research, and PLS-SEM analysis was applied to the results. Obtained results demonstrate that gender and age variables do not moderate the relationship between digital content marketing and online purchase intention variables, even though they demonstrate that digital content marketing methods are extremely effective on online purchase intention. Thus, the study has shown that age and gender factors, which have been looked at for companies to accurately determine their target audiences and potential customer profiles, do not have a moderating role, despite evidence showing that digital content marketing is an important strategy in consumers' preferences for online shopping.
Impact of Digital Learning using Smartboards with Undergraduate Students in the Suburbs of Mumbai
Authors: Prof Abhijeet K. Mohite  , Dr. Deepak Raverkar
Published: February 2023

The research paper focuses on the impact of digital learning using smart boards for undergraduate students in the suburbs of Mumbai. While doing this research the students were being surveyed using online forms and were asked questions on their digital learning and impact of smartboard. A comparative study has been carried out to understand whether smartboards are really an effective tool as compared to whiteboards/blackboards. While doing this the sample population was considered for the survey and questions were asked to the random students who have encountered both types of mediums I.e., smartboards and blackboards/whiteboards. So, while using paired t test has been carried out as a statistical test to carry out the hypothesis testing. While doing this SPSS was used to carry out the analysis and it can be seen that the P value is <0.05 hence we have rejected the null hypothesis and accepted the alternate hypothesis. Hence from this study we can conclude that the smartboards are really impacting the teaching learning methodology and improving the learning of students in the classrooms.
Travel Itinerary – with Special Reference to Family Tours of Households of Mumbai
Authors: Dr. Subhash Shamrao Khot
Published: February 2023

A travel itinerary is a schedule of events relating to planned travel, generally including destinations to be visited at specified times and means of transportation to move between those destinations. The present study aims to understand the planning of booking of accommodation and mode of transport done by the family tourist. Also to know selection of accommodation and mode of transport done by family tourists. The study is conducted among respondents of Mumbai area who go on tour with their family. There were 84 respondents taken as sample size whom questionnaire (Google form) was sent and requested to fill up the same. The findings of the study state that their preference for accommodation is hotel and for local travel they prefer private vehicle. Further they prefer to book their accommodation in advance also significant number of tourist prefers to book the accommodation on the spot. Regarding travel, they prefer to book it in advance.
भारतातील मासेमारी करणाÚया लोकांसाठीच्या शासकीय योजना
Authors: प्रा. डाॅ. सिताफुले एल. एस.
Published: February 2023

मासेमारी हा व्यवसाय शेती पुरक व्यवसाय असून या व्यवसायाला अनन्यसाधारण महत्त्व आहे. भारतामध्ये डंतपदम थ्पेीमतपमे ब्मदेने पद प्दकपं 2010 च्या रिपोर्टनुसार भारतामध्ये सागरी मासेमारी करणारी लोकसंख्या 40 लाख 25 हजार 735 इतकी असून मासेमारी करणाÚया कुटुंबांची संख्या 08 लाखापेक्षाही अधिक आहे. भारताच्या पश्चिम दिशेला अरबी समुद्र, पूर्वेस बंगालचा उपसागर आणि दक्षिणेस हिंदी महासागर लाभला आहे. भारतातील एकूण 09 राज्ये आणि 04 केंद्रशासित प्रदेशांना 8118 कि.मी. लांबीचा सागरी किनारा लाभला असून या भागातील बहुतेक लोकांचा व्यवसाय मासेमारी हा आहे. मासेमारी व्यवसाय करणारे लोक अशिक्षित आणि आर्थिकदृष्ट्या दुर्बल आहेत. सागरी किनारा लगतच्या भागातील लोक पारंपारिक पध्दतीने मासेमारी करून आपली उपजिविका भागवतात. या मासेमारी व्यवसायाला चालना देण्यासाठी केंद्र आणि राज्य सरकारे यांचेकडून विविध अशा योजना राबविण्यात येतात.
भारतामध्ये मरीन फिशिंग रिपार्ट 2010 नुसार भारतामध्ये सागरी मासेमारी करणारी लोकसंख्या 40 लाख 25 हजार इतकी असून देशातील एकूण मासेमारी व्यवसायापैकी आंध्रप्रदेश राज्यातील मासेमारी व्यवसाय करणाÚया लोकसंख्येचे प्रमाण 15.30ः, ओरिसामध्ये 15.19ः, पश्चिम बंगालमध्ये 9.50ः, कर्नाटक राज्यात 4.20ः, महाराष्ट्र राज्यामध्ये 9.69ः, गुजरात राज्यात 8.43ः, तामिळनाडू राज्यामध्ये 20.14ः तर केरळ राज्यामध्ये 15.30ः इतके प्रमाण असलेले दिसून येते. मासेमारी करणारा समाज हा आर्थिकदृष्ट्या दुर्बल आहे. यांच्या उन्नतीसाठी आणि आर्थिक व सामाजिक विकास घडवून आणण्यासाठी विविध योजना राबविण्यात येतात. त्यामध्ये मच्छिमारांना प्रशिक्षण, मच्छिमार नौकांचे यांत्रिकीकरण, मच्छिमार सहकारी संस्थाचा विकास, मासेमारी संकट निवारण निधी अंतर्गत मच्छिमारांना अर्थसहाय्य, बोट खरेदीसाठी अर्थसहाय्य, मच्छिमार बोटींना डिझेल तेलावरील अबकारी करात सूट, मच्छिमारांसाठी राष्ट्रीय कल्याण निधी अंतर्गत घरकूल योजना इत्यादी
Sustainable Strategies for Boosting Tourism in Maharashtra Post Covid-19
Authors: Mr. Lokesh Tardalkar  , Dr Deepak Raverkar
Published: February 2023

One of India's leading commercial and industrial states, Maharashtra, has identified tourism as a key driver of economic development. The Maharashtra government has identified tourism as a key sector for the state to provide both economic growth and new jobs. With an increase in foreign visitors, Maharashtra became India's second most popular entrance point in 2011. Additionally, the travel and tourism business, which includes transportation, storage, communication, trade, hotels, and restaurants, contributed 20–22% to the state's GDP and 3.5–6% of the state's jobs. Maharashtra's dedication to the tourist sector is shown in the state's promotion and development programs. Depending on the specifics, tourism can either help or hurt the economy, the environment, or both. It is common knowledge that the tourism industry plays an essential role in a country's overall economic growth. An area's natural beauty is a valuable asset, as it is a primary factor in deciding whether or not to visit a given location. Cultural and societal changes are brought about by tourists' contacts with locals, businesses, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). There should be no doubt in anyone's mind that the environment is a finite resource that must be protected for future generations. Future generations should be able to enjoy the benefits of tourism, so it's important to keep the carrying capacity and the level of growth in mind. Therefore, in order to have future growth in tourism and economic development, the environment, as the primary source of tourist products, should be maintained and sustained. This paper highlights the sustainable strategies for boosting the tourism sector of the state of Maharashtra post-COVID-19.
Role of Green Technology to Achieve Sustainable Development
Authors: Ms. Komal Kamlesh Gaikwad
Published: February 2023

Global environmental challenges have compelled society to reconsider its methods of growth and establish the idea of sustainable development. The adoption of new environmentally friendly technology is undoubtedly essential for achieving sustainable growth. Numerous green efforts are being implemented to preserve and enhance the environment's potential to thrive in the new resource-efficient and sustainable civilization of the future. There is hope for global action in the application of science and technology to environmental concerns. This hope is stimulated by the urgency of current environmental issues, the newly discovered recognition of shared environmental interests, and the fundamental role that science and technology, and specifically green technologies, play in identifying and addressing environmental threats. This research aims to find out role of green technologies to achieve sustainable development. This research is conducted in two ways primary and secondary. The primary information was collected by a questionnaire survey through google form, and same was used to analyse it and the secondary information was collected by referring various research articles and blogs. This study recommends needs for selecting green technology to achieve sustainable development. In conclusion it is inferred that the green technologies improve the standards of livings without impacting environment which leads to achieve sustainability.
Analysis of Social Vision of Dr B R Ambedkar in Gail Omvedt' Seeking Begumpura
Authors: Manoj Pralhad Bhagat
Published: February 2023

The word "Seeking Begumpura"" derived from the poem composed by the great bhakti radical saint Sant Ravidas who imagined a city without caste, class, taxes and torture but equality and abundance for all. Gail Omvedt Seeking Begumpura covers the period of five hundred years from the Sant Ravidas (1450-1520)to the age of Dr B R Ambedkar (1891-1956). It gives us the vision of the anti cast Intellectuals . It is completely related to the vision of Ideal society in the context of India. The present research paper is an attempt to focus on the Idea of Utopia and the vision of the anticaste intellectual Dr B R Ambedkar.
Personal comprometido: el papel clave de la dirección de recursos humanos y de la generación de empoderamiento psicológico
Authors: Beltrán Martín Inmaculada , Bou Llusar Juan Carlos , García Juan Beatriz , Salvador Gómez Alejandro
Published: February 2023

¿Cómo de importante es el grado de motivación intrínseca que siente un empleado/a para que esté comprometido/a con su empresa? El propósito de este trabajo es aportar nuevos conocimientos sobre el todavía poco explorado papel mediador de un proceso motivacional clave: el empoderamiento psicológico (EP), en el vínculo entre la gestión de los recursos humanos y el compromiso de los empleados/as. En concreto, siguiendo las recomendaciones de trabajos previos en esta literatura, estudiamos cómo las cuatro dimensiones específicas del EP median en esta relación. Así, el presente trabajo examina, desde una perspectiva multinivel, hasta qué punto las dimensiones del EP de los empleados/as (significado, competencia, autodeterminación e impacto) median en la relación entre los sistemas de recursos humanos de alto rendimiento y el compromiso afectivo de los empleados/as. Para ello, se utiliza un enfoque multinivel, con datos emparejados de directores/as de recursos humanos y una muestra de 504 empleados/as pertenecientes a 146 empresas españolas. El estudio contribuye a la literatura existente al demostrar la importancia de generar sentimientos motivadores en los empleados/as como forma de promover reacciones afectivas en las organizaciones. Más concretamente, destaca la utilidad de examinar y potenciar las dimensiones de significado, autodeterminación e impacto del EP cuando se buscan empleados/as comprometidos/as.
INTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF INTERNATIONAL COMMISSIONS OF INQUIRY AS A MEANS OF PEACEFUL SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES
Authors:   Tashkent State University of Law, Egamberdiev Dilshod
Published: February 2023

At the beginning of the last century, international commissions of inquiry were initially created by States to promote the peaceful settlement of international disputes. After the creation of the United Nations, International Commissions of Inquiry are formed in the international community in order to investigate crisis situations in the international arena, fully inform about cases of violations within the framework of international law and resolve issues of guilt of the perpetrators. At the same time, the activities of international investigative committees are increasingly necessary today to investigate and investigate situations related to genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and human rights violations. In short, the commissions have become one of the institutions of international law to which they turn in order to investigate violations committed by international human rights law, international humanitarian law and international criminal law. In turn, it is believed that the creation of commissions has its own legal basis in international law. In this article, the author scientifically substantiated the legal framework and effective activities for the creation of international investigative commissions. Comments were also made on the further development of this activity.
Aerosol emissions estimation with POLDER
Authors: Tsikerdekis Athanasios , Hasekamp Otto P. , Schutgens Nick A. J. , Zhong Qirui
Published: February 2023

Abstract. We apply a Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Smoother (LETKS) in combination with the global aerosol climate model ECHAM-HAM to estimate aerosol emissions from POLDER-3/PARASOL observations for the year 2006. We assimilate Aerosol Optical Depth at 550 mnm (AOD550), Ångström Exponent for 550 nm and 865 nm (AE550-865) and Single Scattering Albedo at 550 nm (SSA550) in order to improve modeled aerosol mass, size and absorption simultaneously. The new global aerosol emissions increase to 1419 Tg·yr-1 (+28 %) for dust, 1850 Tg·yr-1 (+75 %) for sea salt, 215 Tg·yr-1 (+143 %) for organic aerosol and 13.3 Tg·yr-1 (+75 %) for black carbon, while the sulfur dioxide emissions increase to 198 Tg·yr-1 (+42 %) and total deposition of sulfates to 293 Tg·yr-1 (+39 %). Organic and black carbon emissions are much higher than their prior values from bottom up inventories with a stronger increase in biomass burning sources (+193 % and +90 %) than in anthropogenic sources (115 % and 70 %). The evaluation of the experiments with POLDER (assimilated) and AERONET as well as MODIS Dark Target (independent) observations shows a clear improvement compared to the ECHAM-HAM control run. Specifically based on AERONET the global mean error of AOD550 improves from -0.094 to -0.006 while AAOD550 improves from -0.009 to -0.004 after the assimilation. A smaller improvement is observed also in AE550-865 mean absolute error (from 0.428 to 0.393), with a considerably higher improvement over isolated island sites over the ocean. The new dust emissions are closer to the ensemble median of AEROCOM I, AEROCOM III and CMIP5 as well as some of the previous assimilation studies. The new sea salt emissions get closer to the reported emissions from previous studies. Indications of a missing fraction of coarse dust and sea salt particles are discussed. The biomass burning changes (based on POLDER) can be used as alternative biomass burning scaling factors for the GFAS inventory distinctively estimated for organic carbon (2.93) and black carbon (1.90), instead of the recommended scaling of 3.4 (Kaiser et al. 2012). The estimated emissions are highly sensitive to the relative humidity due to aerosol water uptake, especially in the case of the sulfates. We found that ECHAM-HAM, like most of the GCMs that participated in AEROCOM and CMIP6, overestimated the relative humidity compared to ERA-5 and as a result the water uptake by aerosols, assuming the kappa values are not underestimated. If we use the ERA-5 relative humidity, sulfate emissions must be further increased, as modeled sulfate AOD is lowered. Specifically, over East Asia, the lower AOD can be attributed to the underestimated precipitation and the lack of simulated nitrates in the model.
Tropospheric NO2 vertical profiles over South Korea and their relation to oxidant chemistry: implications for geostationary satellite retrievals and the observation of NO2 diurnal variation from space
Authors: Yang Laura Hyesung , Jacob Daniel J. , Colombi Nadia K. , Zhai Shixian , Bates Kelvin H. , Shah Viral , Beaudry Ellie , Yantosca Robert M. , Lin Haipeng , Brewer Jared F. , Chong Heesung , Travis Katherine R. , Crawford James H. , Lamsal Lok N. , Koo Ja-Ho , Kim Jhoon
Published: February 2023

Abstract. Nitrogen oxides (NOx≡ NO + NO2) are of central importance for air quality, climate forcing, and nitrogen deposition
to ecosystems. The Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS)
is now providing hourly NO2 satellite observations over East Asia,
offering the first direct measurements of NO2 diurnal variation from
space to guide understanding of NOx emissions and chemistry. The
NO2 retrieval requires independent vertical profile information from a
chemical transport model (CTM) to compute the air mass factor (AMF) that
relates the NO2 column measured along the line of sight to the NO2
vertical column. Here, we use aircraft observations from the Korea-United
States Air Quality (KORUS-AQ) campaign over the Seoul metropolitan area (SMA) and around the Korean Peninsula in May–June 2016 to better understand the factors controlling the NO2 vertical profile, its diurnal
variation, the implications for the AMFs, and the ability of the GEOS-Chem CTM to compute the NO2 vertical profiles used for AMFs. Proper representation of oxidant chemistry is critical for the CTM simulation of
NO2 vertical profiles and is achieved in GEOS-Chem through new model
developments, including aerosol nitrate photolysis, reduced uptake of hydroperoxy (HO2) radicals by aerosols, and accounting for atmospheric
oxidation of volatile chemical products (VCPs). We find that the
tropospheric NO2 columns measured from space in the SMA are mainly
contributed by the planetary boundary layer (PBL) below 2 km altitude,
reflecting the highly polluted conditions. Repeated measurements of NO2
vertical profiles over the SMA at different times of day show that diurnal
change in mixing depth affecting the NO2 vertical profile induces a
diurnal variation in AMFs of comparable magnitude to the diurnal variation in the NO2 column. GEOS-Chem captures this diurnal variation in AMFs and
more generally the variability in the AMFs for the KORUS-AQ NO2 vertical profiles (2.7 % mean bias, 7.6 % precision), with some outliers in the
morning due to errors in the timing of mixed-layer growth.
Decomposition of estuarine circulation and residual stratification under land-fast sea ice
Authors: Burchard Hans , Bolding Karsten , Lange Xaver , Osadchiev Alexander
Published: February 2023

For Arctic estuaries which are characterized by land-fast sea-ice cover during the winter season, processes generating estuarine circulation and residual stratification have not yet been investigated, although some of the largest estuaries in the world belong to this class. Land-fast sea ice provides a no-slip surface boundary condition in addition to the bottom boundary, such that frictional effects are expected to be increased. For this study of estuarine circulation and residual stratification under land-fast sea ice, first a simple linear analytical model is used. To include tidally varying scenarios, a water-column model is applied with a second-moment turbulence closure to juxtapose free-surface and ice-covered estuaries. Well-mixed and strongly stratified tidally periodic scenarios are analyzed by means of a decomposition of estuarine circulation into contributions from gravitational circulation, eddy viscosity - shear covariance (ESCO), surface stress and river run-off. A new method is developed to also decompose tidal residual salinity anomaly profiles. Estuarine circulation intensity and tidally residual potential energy anomaly are studied for a parameter space spanned by the Simpson number and the Unsteadiness number. These are the major results of this study that will support future scenario studies in Arctic estuaries under conditions of accelerated warming:(i) Residual surface drag under ice opposes estuarine circulation;(ii) Residual differential advection under ice destabilizes the near-surface flow;(iii) Reversal of ESCO during strong stratification does not occur under land-fast sea ice;(iv) Tidal pumping (s-ESCO) contributes dominantly to residual stratification also with sea-ice cover.
Impact of tropical cyclones on global ecosystems
Authors: Kropf Chahan M. , Pellissier Loïc , Vaterlaus Lisa , Fairless Christopher , Bresch David N.
Published: February 2023

Human societies rely on the existence of functioning global ecosystems, which are threatened by a combination of gradual changes and extreme events. Among the latter, natural hazards such as wildfires or floods can play a *functional* role for ecosystems, with plant and animal species requiring regular disturbance in their life-cycle in order to thrive, but beyond a threshold, the extreme events might cause ecosystem degradation.Here we map and project the risk of tropical cyclones on coastal ecosystems worldwide, using the probabilistic risk model CLIMADA to describe the vulnerability of global terrestrial ecosystems to tropical cyclones. First, a baseline for the current climate conditions is used to determine whether ecosystems are resilient, dependent, or vulnerable to tropical cyclones. We show that most ecosystems in the tropics are at least resilient to lower-intensity storms, but only a few ecosystems are not vulnerable to high-intensity storms. Second, the changes in tropical cyclone frequency under the high-emission scenario RCP8.5 in 2050 are used to determine which ecosystems are at risk. We show that while the global increase in the frequency of strong storms is the most threatening effect, several ecosystems with a dependency relationship are also at risk of locally decreasing frequency of low to middle-intensity storms.Our study paves the way for a better understanding of the functional and vital relationship between extreme weather events and ecosystems at a global scale, and how regime shifts under climate change might threaten them. This can prove useful to improve ecosystem management and design appropriate nature-based protection measures in a rapidly changing climate.  
Microscopic characteristics analysis of tight sandstone reservoir: a case study from Chang 6 sandstones of Yanchang formation in Longdong area, Ordos basin
Authors: He Taping , Zhou Yaoqi
Published: February 2023

Abstract: In recent years, tight oil, an important unconventional oil and gas resource, has become a research hotspot of global oil and gas exploration. The typical representative of the tight oil reservoir is the Chang 6 reservoir of the Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin. Its lithology is tight, and the pore throat is small and complex, making it difficult to describe the microscopic pore throat characteristics. Under the influence of pore throat structure, tight sandstone reservoir seepage characteristics are also more complex, which is an important factor affecting oil and gas exploration and development. Therefore, how to effectively characterize the microscopic pore throat characteristics of tight sandstone reservoirs is a key issue in the study of unconventional oil and gas resources. To clarify the characteristics and influencing factors of Chang 6 reservoir in this area, the rock mineral composition, diagenesis, and physical properties of Chang 6 tight sandstone in the Longdong area of Ordos Basin were studied utilizing rock core photos, casting thin sections, field emission scanning electron microscope, high-pressure mercury injection and constant rate mercury injection, and the influence of diagenesis on pore throat was qualitatively analyzed. The results show that the sandstone in the study area is mainly lithic feldspar sandstone and feldspar lithic sandstone, and the interstitial material is mainly clay minerals. The reservoir pore types are mainly residual intergranular pores, dissolution pores, and micropores. The pore throats are mainly distributed in the range of 0.004-100 μm, less distributed less than 0.1 μm, and more than 1 μm. The pore radius of each sample is concentrated between 60-348 μm. The throat radius of each sample is dispersed between 0.12-1.5 μm, and the roaring type is fine-micro roar type, showing strong heterogeneity. The throat mainly controls reservoir permeability, and the proportion of small throat increases with the decrease of permeability.
evolution and development of ephemeral gully erosion in hilly and gully region of the Loess Plateau in China
Authors: Liu Boyang , Zhang Biao , Yin Ziming , Hao Bai , Wu Shufang , Feng Hao , Siddique Kadambot H.M.
Published: February 2023

ephemeral gully erosion is a primary mode of soil erosion that is highly visible, affecting soil productivity and restricting land use. Watershed is the basic unit of soil erosion control; existing research has focused on several typical ephemeral gullies or slopes, which do not fully display changes in ephemeral gullies at a watershed scale. This study analyzed the spatial-temporal evolution and development rate of ephemeral gully erosion at the watershed scale on the Loess Plateau from 2009 to 2021 using remote sensing images (0.5 m resolution), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), and field investigations. The results revealed that: (1) most ephemeral gullies occurred in southwestern parts of the watershed, with many hills and large slope gradients; (2) average growth rates of each ephemeral gully frequency, length, density, dissection degree, and width were 2.87 km2 y–1, 1.66 m y–1, 0.12 km km–2 y–1, 0.0125% y–1, and 0.04 m y–1 , respectively; (3) ephemeral gully erosion volume (V) and length (L) had a good power function relationship: . The root mean square error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R2) between the measured and predicted ephemeral gully volumes suggest that the V–L relationship has a good predictive ability for ephemeral gully volume. Thus, the V–L model was used to evaluate the development rate of ephemeral gully erosion volume in small watersheds from 2009 to 2021, revealing an average value of 743.20 m3 y–1. This study proposed a feasible model for assessing ephemeral gully volume and volume changes at a watershed scale using high-resolution remote sensing images, providing a reference for understanding the development of ephemeral gully erosion in small watersheds over time.
Anthropogenic conditions of change in the structure of the channel of a mountain river on the example of the Ochotnica River (Western Polish Carpathians)
Authors: Gołąb Agata , Michno Anna
Published: February 2023

Human economic activities in the catchment directly or indirectly affect the formation and contemporary functioning of river channels. Mainly through changes in land cover in the catchment, hydrotechnical works carried out in river channels, and the increase in development in the valley floor, human influences the circulation of water and sediment within the slopes and fluvial systems. This is usually reflected in the variation of the morphodynamic structure of river channels. The research was carried out in the riverbed of the Ochotnica River (Western Polish Carpathians), which is a left tributary of the Dunajec River. To understand the contemporary structure of the riverbed, a geomorphological mapping of the riverbed and an inventory of hydrotechnical buildings were carried out in 2021. Erosion and accumulation forms were characterized, and the maximum diameter of the channel material was determined. The minimum and maximum water levels for the period 1984-2021 were also analyzed. The morphodynamic structure of the Ochotnica riverbed was compared with the results of the mapping, which was carried out in 1984 and 2001. An increase in the number of erosional forms and a decrease in the number of accumulation forms along the longitudinal profile of the riverbed were found. An analysis of changes in the land cover of the catchment based on archival and contemporary cartographic materials was also carried out. In the period 1930-2019, an increase in the proportion of forest area, and a decrease in the area of arable land and grassland was found. Also noticeable is an increase in the area occupied by buildings at the bottom of the main valley, and in the valleys of tributaries, increasing the share of a sealed area in the catchment. The results of the study documented the impact of land cover changes and hydrotechnical regulations on the diversification of the morphodynamic structure of the Ochotnica River channel, including the intensification of erosion processes.The research has been supported by a grant from the Faculty of Geography and Geology under the Strategic Programme Excellence Initiative at Jagiellonian University.
Interannual variability in biogeochemical cycling around the island of South Georgia: insights from a new database of macronutrients from productive regions of the Southern Ocean
Authors: Hendry Katharine R , Thorpe Sally , Young Emma F , ten Hoopen Petra , Tarling Geraint A , Whitehouse Michael J
Published: February 2023

A key challenge in understanding carbon cycling in the Southern Ocean is disentangling long-term responses from significant spatial and temporal variability in physical and biogeochemical parameters. As such, there is a critical need for regional long-term observations for the model validation and testing needed for a better mechanistic understanding of primary production drivers. We present a new macronutrient data product for the South Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean, including depth profiles and underway surface measurements of nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, phosphate, silicic acid, temperature and salinity, collected from 1980 to 2009 and covering most months of the year (https://doi.org/10/h3qr). Using this data product, we explore the differences in shallow and deep-water nutrients around the island of South Georgia that are observed between years. We discuss both the biological and physical driving mechanisms behind this variability, which are interconnected with climate feedbacks. The new data product provides an unprecedented view of biogeochemical cycling in biologically productive regions of the Southern Ocean across a critical period in recent climate history, and illustrates the importance of building these scientifically valuable and FAIR (findability, accessibility, interoperability, and reusability) observational datasets.
Soil-water characteristic curves and their estimated parameters as affected by tillage intensity
Authors: Jabro Jay , Stevens Bart
Published: February 2023

Tillage alters soil structure and pore size distribution, consequently affecting the shape of the soil-water retention curve (SWRC) and related hydraulic parameters in the top layer of soil. This work compares the effect of no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) practices on SWRCs at 0-15 and 15-30 cm soil depths based on soil samples collected in 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017. Undisturbed soil cores were extracted using stainless steel cylinders (8 cm in diameter and 5 cm in height) from 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm depths in planted corn rows. Soil core sampling was replicated five times in a randomized block design. Soil cores were saturated prior to measurement by the capillarity method and SWRC were measured using the evaporative method. Measured soil-water retention curve data were modeled for no-tilled and tilled soils using the van Genuchten (vG) equation for each depth. Results indicated that differences existed in SWRC properties and estimated parameters of vG equation between the two tillage practices. Averaged across 4 years and two depths, the SWRC parameters α, n, and θs were significantly greater under CT than under NT, however, θr was not affected by tillage. The higher α, n, and θs values in CT were likely associated with greater soil loosening and disturbance induced by CT operations, thereby forming greater macroporosity and pore volume. Regardless of the tillage method, SWRCs enable growers to select farming and irrigation management practices that improve water use efficiency, sustain crop productivity and maintain environmental quality.
Jarzynski equality and Crooks relation for local models of air-sea interaction
Authors: Wirth Achim
Published: February 2023

 We show that the most prominent of the work theorems, the Jarzynski equality and the Crooks relation, can be applied to the momentum transfer at the air-sea interface using a hierarchy of local models. In the more idealized models, with and without a Coriolis force, the variability is provided from a Gaussian white-noise which modifies the shear between the atmosphere and the ocean. The dynamics is Gaussian and the Jarzynski equality and Crooks relation can be obtained analytically solving stochastic differential equations. The more involved model consists of interacting atmospheric and oceanic boundary-layers, where only the dependence on the vertical direction is resolved, the turbulence is modeled through standard turbulent models and the stochasticity comes from a randomized drag coefficient. It is integrated  numerically and can give rise to a non-Gaussian dynamics. Also in this case the Jarzynski equality allows for calculating a dynamic-beta ßD of the turbulent fluctuations (the equivalent of the thermodynamic-beta  ß=(kB T)-1 in thermal fluctuations). The Crooks relation gives the ßD as a function of the magnitude of the work fluctuations. It is well defined (constant) in the Gaussian models and can show a slight variation in the  more involved models. This demonstrates that recent concepts of stochastic thermodynamics used to study micro-systems subject to thermal fluctuations can further the understanding of geophysical fluid dynamics with turbulent fluctuations.
What can we learn from nested IoT low-cost sensor networks for air quality? A case study of PM2.5 in Birmingham UK.
Authors: Cowell Nicole , Baldo Clarissa , Bloss William , Chapman Lee
Published: February 2023

Birmingham is a city within the West Midlands region of the United Kingdom. In June 2021, coinciding with the introduction of the Clean Air Zone by Birmingham City Council (BCC), multiple low-cost IoT sensor networks for air pollution were deployed across the city by both the University of Birmingham and BCC. Low-cost sensor networks are growing in popularity due to their lower costs compared to regulatory instruments (£10’s-£1000’s per unit compared to £10,000+ per unit) and the reduced need for specialised staff allow for deployments at greater spatial scales (1-3).  Although such low-cost sensing is often associated with uncertainty, the measurement of PM2.5 optical particle counters have been generally shown to perform well, giving indicative insight into concentrations following calibrations and corrections for external influence such as humidity (4-7). One common problem with sensor networks is they tend to be isolated and unopen deployments, deployed and maintained by an interested party with the focus of their own monitoring goal. To tackle this, Birmingham Urban Observatory was an online platform created and used by researchers at the University of Birmingham to host and share open access meteorological and air pollution data from low-cost sensor deployments. Whilst hosting and displaying data from two of their own deployments of air quality sensors (Zephyrs by Earthsense and AltasensePM: an in-house designed PM sensor), the platform also pulled data from the DEFRA AURN sites and collaborated with local government to pull data from their own low-cost sensor network. The result was a real-time view of environmental data produced from a series of nested arrays of sensors.This poster presents findings from this combined low-cost network, considering the successes and pitfalls of the low-cost monitoring network alongside insight into regional and local PM2.5 concentrations. Colocations against reference instruments within the network demonstrate good performance of the low-cost sensors after calibration and data validation but the project experienced challenges in deploying the network and sensor reliability. Low-cost sensor data generally gives novel insight into spatial analysis of PM2.5 across the city and this is presented alongside other experiences of deploying and using sensor networks for air quality.1 Lewis et al., (2016) https://doi.org/10.1039/C5FD00201J2 Chong and Kumar. (2003) doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2003.8149183 Snyder et al., (2013) https://doi.org/10.1021/es40226024 Magi et al., (2020) https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2019.16199155 Crilley et al., (2018) https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-709-20186 Cowell et al., (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.7984857 Cowell et al., (2022) https://doi.org/10.1039/D2EA00124A
The quasi-linear relation between planetary outgoing long wave radiation and surface temperature: a climate footprint of radiative and non-radiative processes
Authors: Cai Ming , Sun Jie , Ding Feng , Kang Wanying , Hu Xiaoming
Published: February 2023

The slope of the quasi-linear relation between planetary outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and surface temperature (TS) is an important parameter measuring the sensitivity of the Earth climate system. The main goal of this study is to seek a general explanation for the quasi-linear OLR-TS relation that does not require the narrowing of “atmospheric window” of planetary thermal radiation. The physical understanding on the quasi-linear OLR-TS relation and its slope is gained from observation analysis, climate simulations with radiative-convective equilibrium and general circulation models, and a series of online feedback suppression experiments.The observed quasi-linear OLR-TS relation manifests a climate footprint of radiative (such as greenhouse effect) and non-radiative processes (poleward energy transport). The former acts to increase the meridional gradient of surface temperature and the latter decreases the meridional gradient of atmospheric temperatures, causing the flattening of the meridional profile of the OLR. Radiative processes alone can lead to a quasi-linear OLR-TS relation that is more steeply sloped. The atmospheric poleward energy transport alone can also lead to a quasi-linear OLR-TS relation by rerouting part of the OLR to be emitted from the warmer place to colder place. The combined effects of radiative and non-radiative processes make the quasi-linear OLR-TS relation less sloped with a higher degree of linearity. In response to anthropogenic radiative forcing, the slope of the quasi-linear OLR-TS relation would be further reduced via stronger water vapor feedback and enhanced poleward energy transport.
Impact of radio occultation data on satellite radiance data assimilation performance in tropical cyclone formation forecast over the western North Pacific
Authors: Teng Hsu-Feng , Kuo Ying-Hwa , Done James
Published: February 2023

This study explores the potential impact of global navigation satellite system (GNSS) radio occultation (RO) data on the performance of satellite radiance data assimilation for the tropical cyclone formation forecast over the western North Pacific. The forecast experiments of 32 tropical disturbances in September−October 2019 are performed through a regional model. Either assimilation of GNSS RO data, radiance data, or both of them can improve the forecast skill and environmental moisture of tropical cyclone formation. However, the interaction between radiance and GNSS RO data can further increase moisture throughout the forecast period, compared to the experiment with only radiance data assimilation. Moreover, the improved vorticity patterns are different between the experiments with GNSS RO data and with radiance data. When both the GNSS RO and radiance data are assimilated, the improved vorticity pattern tends to the pattern improved by GNSS RO data assimilation. This may be attributed to the anchoring effect of GNSS RO data on satellite radiance data assimilation. Although radiance data volume is much larger than GNSS RO data, the interaction between GNSS RO and radiance data in the data assimilation process can significantly improve forecast performance.
Using tracer-aided ecohydrological models to assess the impact of alternative land use strategies on optimizing water availability in drought-sensitive catchments
Authors: Luo Shuxin , Tetzlaff Doerthe , Smith Aaron , Soulsby Chris
Published: February 2023

Recent consecutive drought years have led to multiple negative impacts on water-related ecosystem services in many parts of the world; these include reduced crop yields, increased tree mortality, persistent soil moisture deficits, lower groundwater levels and stream flow becoming more intermittent. Continuing negative rainfall anomalies, coupled with climate change projections of increased drought severity and frequency, drive an urgent need to increase resilience and integration in land and water management strategies. However, complex interactions between land cover change, hydrological  partitioning and water availability are difficult to quantify, especially at different temporal and spatial scales. Process-based ecohydrological modeling, particularly when calibrated with multiple data streams, is a powerful tool for estimating water partitioning and assessing the impact of alternative land management strategies on catchment water resources. We employed the spatially-distributed and tracer-aided ecohydrological model, EcH2O-iso, to quantify the effects of current and potential future land use scenarios on ecohydrological water flux partitioning and water ages in a 66 km2 drought-sensitive catchment in the North European Plain, Germany. The model was calibrated using hydrometric, ecohydrological and isotopic data at daily time steps for a period of 13 years (Jan 2007 –  Dec 2019). In conjunction with local stakeholders, we developed plausible, alternative land-use scenarios (including forest diversification and agroforestry schemes) based on the existing four primary land-use types (i.e., broad-leaved forests, conifer forests, arable agriculture and pasture) to evaluate spatial and temporal changes to water flux partitioning and water ages. This sought to identify the most drought-resilient land management plan especially in the context of  increased drought frequency and severity. The results showed that replacing conifer forests with uneven-aged mixed forests with younger broad-leaved trees had the most positive impacts in terms of reducing total evapotranspiration and increasing groundwater recharge in the catchment. The mixed-forest management alternatives also significantly reduced groundwater ages and subsurface water turnover times. This indicates that under this management soil moisture and groundwater stores will recover more quickly from drought than under existing land management. This study demonstrates an ecohydrological modelling approach that provides importance science-based evidence for policy makers allowing quantitative assessment of the impact of different land-use types on water partitioning and water availability. Other current work is coupling the tracer-aided ecohydrological model with a nitrate model for future assessment of biogeochemical processes.Keywords: ecohydrological modeling; drought-sensitive area; water partitioning; water age
Glacial hot spots for sediment supply during global warming: a case study from the Eastern Italian Alps
Authors: Savi Sara , Comiti Francesco , Strecker Manfred
Published: February 2023

Glacial and proglacial zones of high-mountain regions are among the areas most affected by the ongoing climate warming. Rising temperatures accelerate glacial retreat and the degradation of permafrost, with a consequent increase of instability of steep rock walls, moraines, and slopes. This may increase sediment production that could either contribute to the debris cover of the retreating glaciers, or to an increase in the amount of sediment being transported through the proglacial zone and the more distant fluvial system. The contribution of a proglacial area to the total amount of sediment that exits a basin, however, depends on many factors and it is not yet clear, if sediment supply from such areas will continue to increase or decrease in future. Filling this knowledge-gap is crucial to be able to predict the transport capacity of glacial-fed fluvial systems, especially in relation to possible related hydrogeological hazards.By analyzing aerial photographs and high-resolution digital surface models from a proglacial area in the Eastern Italian Alps, we demonstrate that these sources of sediment are intimately coupled with the position of the glacier through time; this also applies to the newly formed channel reaches that have evolved following glacial retreat. It follows that sediment sources can be “switched on” or “switched off” in relative short time periods, which are primarily influenced by climate-driven environmental change. Such a pulsed sediment production thus generates waves of sediment that may be entrained by the fluvial system depending on water availability and transport capacity. As such, a detailed and robust forecast of sediment yield for future scenarios may be possible if the spatial and environmental changes associated with glacier retreat and newly formed channel network are monitored and assessed.