bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Negotiation: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Menkel-Meadow Carrie
Published: September 2022

Everyone negotiates. Whenever we need someone else to help us achieve our goals we negotiate. This book introduces theories of negotiation, including assumptions of scarcity and competition, or possibilities of integration of parties’ needs and interests and problem-solving approaches to achieve both joint and individual gain. The book provides analysis and guidance on how to assess what is at stake in each negotiation and how contexts vary to help us choose appropriate behaviors, including different strategies and tactics for achieving both joint and individually preferred outcomes. Illustrations and examples come from historical, diplomatic, international, legal, employment, relationship, business, family, and everyday negotiations. Drawing on the varied disciplines of game theory, economics, psychology, sociology, law, political science, and anthropology, negotiation is described as a multi-disciplinary process, involving both cognitive analysis and behavior. The book looks at modern applications of negotiation in complex multi-party, multi-issue situations, with cultural, racial, class, ethnic, and gender differences and use of negotiation processes in new dispute resolution and transactional settings, like mediation, facilitation, deliberative democracy, decision making, and restorative justice. Challenges to good negotiations in ethical dilemmas, legal enforcement, and behavioral barriers are explored.
Expression of microRNA let-7 in cleavage embryos modulates cell fate determination and formation of mouse blastocysts
Authors: Liu Weimin , Chen Jing , Yang Chen , Lee Kai-Fai , Lee Yin-Lau , Chiu Philip Chi-Ngong , zhang Yihui , Duan Yong-Gong , Liu Kui , Yeung William Shu-Biu
Published: September 2022

After fertilization, the zygote undergoes cell division. Up to the 8-cell stage, the blastomeres of mouse preimplantation embryos are morphologically identical. The first cell differentiation starts in the morula leading to the formation of trophectoderm cells and inner cell mass cells of the blastocyst. The regulation of the differentiation event and the formation of blastocysts are not fully known. Lethal-7 (let-7) is a family of evolutionarily conserved microRNAs. Here, we showed that the expression of let-7a and let-7g decreased drastically from the 1-cell stage to the 2-cell stage, remained low up to the 8-cell stage and slightly increased after the morula stage of mouse embryos. The expression of let-7 in the inner cell mass was higher than that in the trophectoderm. Forced expression of let-7a in embryos at the 1-cell and 4-cell stage inhibited blastocyst formation and downregulated the expression of CDX2 but maintained that of OCT4 in the trophectoderm. Forced expression of other let-7 isoforms exhibited similar inhibitory action on blastulation. On the other hand, inhibition of let-7a at the 4-cell stage and the 8-cell stage enhanced blastocyst formation. Co-injection of green fluorescent protein (GFP) mRNA (lineage tracer) with either precursor of let-7a (pre-let-7a) or scramble control into one blastomere of 2-cell embryos showed that ~75% of the resulting blastocysts possessed GFP+ cells in their inner cell mass only. The biased development towards the inner cell mass with forced expression of let-7 was reproduced in 2-cell chimeric embryos consisting of one wildtype blastomere and one GFP mRNA-injected blastomere from another 2-cell embryo carrying a doxycycline-inducible let-7g gene. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that Tead4 was a potential target of let-7. Let-7 bound to the 3′UTR of Tead4 and let-7 forced expression downregulated the expression of Tead4 in mouse blastocysts. Co-injection of Tead4 mRNA partially nullified the modulatory roles of let-7a in the inner cell mass cell fate. In conclusion, a high level of let-7 at the 2-cell stage favored the formation of the inner cell mass, whereas a low level of let-7 at the 4-cell to 8-cell stage enhanced blastocyst formation. Tead4 mediated the action of let-7 on the inner cell mass cell-fate determination.
Spalt and disco define the dorsal-ventral neuroepithelial compartments of the developing Drosophila medulla
Authors: Valentino Priscilla , Erclik Ted
Published: September 2022

Spatial patterning of neural stem cell populations is a powerful mechanism by which to generate neuronal diversity. In the developing Drosophila medulla, the symmetrically dividing neuroepithelial cells of the outer proliferation center crescent are spatially patterned by the nonoverlapping expression of 3 transcription factors: Vsx1 in the center, Optix in the adjacent arms, and Rx in the tips. These spatial genes compartmentalize the outer proliferation center and, together with the temporal patterning of neuroblasts, act to diversify medulla neuronal fates. The observation that the dorsal and ventral halves of the outer proliferation center also grow as distinct compartments, together with the fact that a subset of neuronal types is generated from only one half of the crescent, suggests that additional transcription factors spatially pattern the outer proliferation center along the dorsal-ventral axis. Here, we identify the spalt (salm and salr) and disco (disco and disco-r) genes as the dorsal-ventral patterning transcription factors of the outer proliferation center. Spalt and Disco are differentially expressed in the dorsal and ventral outer proliferation center from the embryo through to the third instar larva, where they cross-repress each other to form a sharp dorsal-ventral boundary. We show that hedgehog is necessary for Disco expression in the embryonic optic placode and that disco is subsequently required for the development of the ventral outer proliferation center and its neuronal progeny. We further demonstrate that this dorsal-ventral patterning axis acts independently of Vsx1-Optix-Rx and thus propose that Spalt and Disco represent a third outer proliferation center patterning axis that may act to further diversify medulla fates.
Age-Related Hearing Loss, Cognitive Performance, and Metabolic Risk in Healthy Adults: A Seven-Year Longitudinal Study
Authors: Ghisletta Paolo , Dahle Cheryl L , Raz Naftali
Published: September 2022

Objectives

Sensorineural hearing loss (presbycusis) affects up to half of the adults, is associated with cognitive decline. Whether this association reflects the cause, the consequence, or parallel processes driven by other factors remains unclear. Both presbycusis and cognition are linked to elevated metabolic risk, which in turn raises with age.

Method

In a multioccasion longitudinal design, we used latent change score models with strong factorial invariance to assess the change in pure-tone threshold auditory function, fluid intelligence, metabolic risk, variability therein, and the dynamic relationships among the 3 domains. We examined, up to 4 times over more than 7 years, a sample of relatively healthy 687 adults (aged 18.17–83.25 years).

Results

We found that levels of auditory and cognitive functioning at time t-1 influence each other’s subsequent change between times t-1 and t, even when controlling for the reciprocal effects of metabolic risk on both. Thus, auditory and cognitive functioning do not only decline in parallel in healthy adults, but also affect each other’s trajectories. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first long-term study with such evidence.

Discussion

Our results are in accord with extant hypotheses about auditory-cognitive associations in old age (e.g., social isolation, cognitive load, increased inflammation, reduced gene expression, and other microvascular or neuropathological factors). They also echo previous reports underscoring the need for improving access to hearing aids and other rehabilitative services aimed at reducing hearing loss. If applied early in the aging process, such interventions may mitigate cognitive decline.
34 A Comparison of International Genetic Evaluations of Show Jumping in Sport Horses
Authors: Doyle Jennifer L , Carroll Christopher , Corbally Alison , Fahey Alan G
Published: September 2022

The breeding of sport horses to compete in show jumping is fast becoming a global industry with the increased use of reproductive technologies, including artificial insemination and embryo transfer, facilitating the dissemination of genetics from elite horses across multiple countries and breeds. Due to this increased level of crossbreeding, there is an increased need for estimate breeding values for sport horse performance that can be compared across breeds and countries. However, the implementation of a cross-breed or across-country genetic evaluations has been limited by the differences in individual breeding programs and genetic evaluations in each studbook. Consequently, the aim of this study was to compare the genetic evaluations for show jumping of sport horse studbooks worldwide. An email was sent to the studbooks included in the World Breeding Federation for Sport Horses Studbook Rankings for show jumping in 2019 to request information on their current breeding programs and genetic evaluations. Twenty-six of the 51 studbooks contacted replied to this request. Only 18 of these studbooks conducted their own genetic evaluations or were part of a larger genetic evaluation in their country of origin. Overall, many differences were identified among the genetic evaluations of each studbook or each country. The definition of show jumping performance differed within each evaluation and the methods and models utilized also differed (Table 1). Despite some stallions and mares being registered in multiple studbooks or having progeny in multiple studbooks, these differences make comparison of estimated breeding values across studbooks difficult. Further transparency and collaboration of sport horse studbooks with organizations such as Interstallion, will be essential to facilitate any future implementation of international genetic evaluations for show jumping performance.
33 Genetic Evaluation of Show Jumping Performance in the Irish Sport Horse
Authors: Doyle Jennifer L , Fahey Alan G
Published: September 2022

The current genetic evaluations of the Irish Sport Horse are undertaken on a single trait called the Lifetime Performance Rating (LPR). The LPR represents the highest level a horse has achieved two double clear rounds in show jumping in both national and international performances. The objective of this study was to compare the method currently used in these evaluations (Model 1, Table 1) to a modified methodology to determine the most accurate method for estimating breeding values (EBV) for the LPR. Genetic parameters and EBVs were generated based on the LPR of 30,355 horses using eight different animal models. Each of the eight models considered the additive genetic variance as the random effect and a combination of following fixed effects: sex, year the highest level was first achieved, age the highest level was achieved, maximum age of the animal in the competition data, Thoroughbred percentage (TB%), and TB% divided into eights. (Table 1). The goodness-of-fit of each model was evaluated using the Akaike’s information criteria and the genetic parameters produced by each model. Heritability estimates for LPR ranged from 0.26 to 0.32 depending on the model used (Table 1). The inclusion of age or maximum age in the model decreased the residual variances, and thus, increased the heritability estimates of LPR; these models also performed better than those that did not consider age in any form. The models that considered the effect of TB% were not a significantly better fit than those that did not consider this effect. In conclusion, future genetic evaluations of LPR in the Irish Sport Horse would benefit from using a model that considers either the age or maximum age of performance of each horse, alongside the year the highest level was achieved, and the sex of the horse.
40 The Impact of Sire EBV for Growth and Feed Intake on Pig Activity Level Using Nuutrack
Authors: Obermier Dalton R , Rathje Tom , Schmidt Ty B , Mote Benny E
Published: September 2022

Feed cost accounts for two-thirds of the total cost in producing pork. The principle in reducing feed costs, without sacrificing pork output, is improving feed efficiency. To date, the two traits commonly associated with improving feed efficiency are growth and feed intake; however the impact they have on maintenance levels is unclear. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine activity and behavior patterns of progeny using NUtrack from sires with different EBV combinations for growth and feed intake. A total of 175 pigs from four different sire groups (DNA Genetics Line 600; High Growth/High Feed Intake, HGHI; High Growth/Low Feed Intake, HGLI; Low Growth/High Feed Intake, LGHI; and Low Growth/Low Feed Intake, LGLI) were utilized at the UNL ENREC swine farm. Finisher pens were blocked by sire group and sex. Finisher exit weights were collected after 85 days, along with loin-eye area (LEA) and backfat (BF). NUtrack algorithms allowed for individual identification of pigs in a group housing setting to track daily activity behaviors including distance traveled (DIST) and time lying (LIE). Estimated marginal means were processed through RStudio. HIHG pigs traveled less DIST than those sired by LILG, HILG, and LIHG (P < 0.05; 929 vs. 1,066, 990, and 984m, respectively). The HIHG pigs had greater LIE time than LIHG and LILG pigs (P < 0.05; 1,119 vs. 1,188 and 1,175min, respectively). LILG pigs had greater LEA compared with HIHG, HILG, and LIHG sired pigs (P < 0.05; 52.85 vs. 49.39, 49.97, and 51.05cm2, respectively). The LILG pigs had less BF compared with HIHG, HILG, and LIHG sired pigs (P < 0.05; 1.42 vs. 1.48, 1.46, and 1.50cm, respectively). These results suggest that pigs from boars with high EBVs for growth travel less, spend more time lying and yield a fatter carcass.
52 Can Annual Lespedeza (Kummerowia Stipulacea) be Used as an Anti-Parasitic Hay for Goats?
Authors: Hicks Jayla , Holmes Brianna , Dykes Gregory , Mendez Nallely , Neha Ayesha , Shaik Arshad , Chelkapally Sai Chandan , Brown Davia , Crumpler Jeslyn , Whitley Niki C C , Pech-Cervantes Andres a , Terrill Thomas H
Published: September 2022

Infection with internal parasites is the primary constraint to profitable small ruminant production systems world-wide. Perennial lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata) has been used as a nutraceutical (nutritional + pharmaceutical) forage for livestock, with very good bioactivity against gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) and coccidia (Eimeria spp.) in sheep and goats, but the anti-parasitic bioactivity of annual lespedeza (Kummerowia stiulacea) has not been documented. An 8-week pen feeding trial was completed with yearling Spanish intact bucks (38.3 ± 3.6 kg) fed 3 treatment diets (n = 15/treatment) of 60% hay and 40% concentrate, with diets balanced for CP and energy. Hay treatments were ground ‘Korean’ annual lespedeza (AL), ‘AU-Grazer’ sericea lespedeza (SL), and bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon). Blood and fecal samples were taken every 7 days throughout the study to determine packed cell volume (PCV) and GIN fecal egg counts (FEC) and coccidia fecal oocyst counts (FOC), respectively. Body weights (BW) were taken at the start and end of the trial. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design with repeated measures. There was no effect of treatment, time, or treatment x time interaction on BW or PCV of the goats. Both FEC and FOC were impacted by a treatment by time interaction (P < 0.05). For FEC, AL goats were different from CON at all time points, but the SL group was only different from CON at d 14, 21 and 49. The AL and SL groups were different at days 35, 42 and 49 only. For FOC, AL was only different (P < 0.03) from CON on day 49, SL different from CON on day 42 and 49 and AL different from SL on day 42 only. Korean AL had similar anti-parasitic bioactivity as AU-Grazer SL in goats, suggesting a larger role for AL as a nutraceutical forage for livestock.
51 Determining the Best Indicators for Targeted Selective Treatment Against Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Sheep and Goats in Mississippi
Authors: Dearborn Lindsey , de Alvarez Leyla Rios , Torres-Acosta Juan Felipe
Published: September 2022

Successful Targeted Selective Treatment (TST) against gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) in small ruminant farms require the accurate measurement of phenotypic indicators of the animals. Specific indicators to predict the GIN burden include the age of the animal (A, years), bodyweight (BW, lbs), FAMACHAÓ (score from 1 to 4), body condition score (BCS, score from 1 to 5), and fecal egg count (FEC, eggs per gram of feces or EPG). Objective: Determine the indicator(s) that will more accurately contribute to TST for sheep and goats in the state of Mississippi (MS). Five (05) sheep and five (05) goat herds were used for data collection during fall 2021, the indicators of ewes (n=182) and does (n=197) were individually measured and FEC was determined using a modified McMaster technique. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistix for Windows v. 8.0., and two by two contingency tables were used to evaluate the association between FAMACHA and EPG, and BCS and EPG. The average indicators for sheep and goats sampled were, respectively, for A 2.91 and 2.98 years (P>0.05); BW 137.99 and 89.69 lbs. (P=0.0000); FAMACHA 2.53 and 2.99 (P=0.0000); BCS 3.25 and 2.98 (P=0.0000); FEC 510.05 and 487.56 EPG (P=0.0001). The correlations of FEC and FAMACHA for both species were positive 0.1753 (P=0.0006). Negative correlations were found for FEC and BCS of -0.1517 (P=0.0031) and for FAMACHA and BCS of -0.2945 (P=0.0000). The 2x2 contingency tables showed that goats with FAMACHA 4-5 had 37% chances to have >500 EPG compared to goats with FAMACHA 1-3 (28.2%) (P >0.05). Meanwhile, the BCS 1-2 resulted in 1.01-2.73 times more goats with >500 EPG (45.8% vs. 27.7%; P< 0.05). That effect was more evident for sheep, where 62.6% of animals with BCS 1-2 had >500 EPG vs. 15.8% with BCS 3-5, but the sample size was insufficient to assign statistical significance.
55 The Humoral Response of Newborn Calves Vaccinated Against Bovine Respiratory Complex and Supplemented with Autolyzed Yeast
Authors: Primel Katlin G , Abreu Ana C , Milla Bianca , Naiverth Sarah , Bertagnon Heloisa , Bonato Melina A
Published: September 2022

The Bovine Respiratory Complex (BRC) significantly impacts morbidity and mortality in dairy calves between 1 and 3 months of age, called the immunological gap. The calves receive colostrum and milk immunoglobulins; however, these animals are still developing their specific immune system and cannot present a robust active humoral response. Vaccines against intranasal BRC are recommended for calves from the first week of age; although they do not prevent the disease, they can mitigate the condition. The yeast-based products have been studied as immunomodulators due to the ß-glucans interaction with the innate immune system. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of autolyzed Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast supplementation in the humoral response of newborn calves vaccinated against BRC. For this, 20 calves with no respiratory changes and who received colostrum at adequate immunoglobulin levels were vaccinated against BRC (Inforce 3, Zoets, Brazil) intranasal route in a single dose at 30 days of age. The animals were divided into the Control group (n = 10), and autolyzed yeast supplemented group [AY] (RumenYeast at 10 g/animal/day, ICC Brazil Company). The calves received the supplementation once a day in the milk from the 15th at 51st days of age. Blood samples were collected at 15, 33, 36, and 51 days to measure the serum IgG and IgA of the calves Serum IgA increased at 51 days in the AY group compared to the other moments (P=0.03) and both immunoglobulins of the AY group were greater than the control group at 51 days (P=0.08 and 0.007, respectively), as shown in Figure 1. In conclusion, the AY supplementation could potentially improve the vaccine response against BRC in calf-dependent on colostral immunity.
77 Hands-on: Making Sense of big Data, Machine Learning, and Modeling
Authors: Brennan Jameson R , Menendez Hector M
Published: September 2022

Advancements in precision livestock technology have resulted in an unprecedented amount of data being collected on individual animals. Often processing of these datasets can be time consuming, tedious, and prone to human-error if processed with conventional software. Open-source statistical software (e.g., R of Python) can provide users with tools to automate many data processing steps for compiling and aggregating data. However, the steps from data collection to processing and training machine learning (ML) models can be time intensive for those new to statistical programming, with few examples pertaining to livestock. The objectives of this hands-on training are: 1) introduce workshop participants to methods for streamlining data processing tasks in Python and R, 2) demonstrate and provide examples of compiling large accelerometer datasets for determining daily livestock behavior; 3) introduce a suite of classification algorithms and validation testing approaches for classifying accelerometer training datasets, and 4) utilize model predictions to estimate and analyze daily behavior for beef cattle. Real life example datasets and code will be provided to workshop attendees to demonstrate how to take raw accelerometer datasets through a finished machine learning analysis. An example of estimating daily energy expenditure for individual animals using behavior data will be provided to highlight linkages to potential rangeland nutrition modeling applications. To obtain maximum benefit from this workshop, participants should bring a portable laptop computer to the workshop and will be encouraged to load software and preview content from a shared cloud directory prior to this training.
90 Evaluating the Difference between Formulated Dietary net Energy Values and net Energy Values Determined from Growth Performance and Estimates of Shrunk Body Weight Gain in Finishing Beef Cattle
Authors: Hales Kristin E , Galyean Michael , Smith Zachary K
Published: September 2022

The California Net Energy System (CNES) was developed more than 50 yr ago and partitions energy into NEm and NEg, both of which can be calculated for feedstuffs as a cubic function of dietary ME. Recovered energy (i.e., NEg) can be calculated from NEm requirements, dry matter intake (DMI), and shrunk body weight gain (SWG). Thus, if body composition can be reliably estimated relative to maturity, SWG and DMI can be used to calculate performance-adjusted net energy values using a quadratic solution. Likewise, SWG can be predicted from 13.91 × RE0.9116 x EQSBW-0.6837. Evaluating observed vs. predicted values of NEm, NEg, and SWG enables nutritionists to better understand differences in maintenance energy requirements, efficiency of energy use, associative or antagonistic effects of feedstuffs, nutrient deficiencies, and environmental factors. Our objective was to use feedlot performance and carcass data from numerous pens of cattle fed at two locations to identify potential weaknesses in the CNES equations by evaluating factors affecting residuals between calculated dietary NEm and NEg values based on NASEM (2016) tabular values and performance based NEm and NEg values. With adjustments to address beef industry changes, the CNES will continue to maintain functionality in practical beef production.
93 Research Needs to Advance Nutrient Requirements for Beef Cattle: Ninth Revised Edition
Authors: Krehbiel Clint
Published: September 2022

The Statement of Task for the Committee on Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle for the Eighth Revised Edition indicated that the report would address "future areas of needed research." Advancement of science and evolution of beef cattle and beef cattle production as well as our ability to collect and to assimilate data lends itself to continuously filling gaps in knowledge and solidifying nutrient recommendations. Advancements made in energy requirements, micronutrients, and model evaluation are being discussed in the present symposium. There are many additional needs and gaps related to intake and nutritive value of grazed forages, microbial protein synthesis and its contribution to metabolizable amino acids, and contributions to greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions across beef cattle production systems, to name a few. Additional data to better understand beef production system (conventional, organic, grassfinished, etc.) effects on safety and nutrient profile of beef products are also warranted. Serial slaughter experiments at different stages of production of beef cattle (i.e., feedlot growth rate, gestational status, lactation, etc.) should be conducted across all production segments to evaluate retention of energy, protein, and minerals. Development of a data repository for continuous improvement of model development and evaluation is needed, including methods to ensure accuracy and outlier removal. A greater understanding of how industry nutritionists and producers use the publication and what they need moving forward for ease of application in the field would be beneficial. This presentation will summarize needs and opportunities for improving the ninth edition of the Nutrient Requirements for Beef Cattle.
110 Evaluation of High-Protein Diets Differing in Protein Source in Healthy Adult Dogs
Authors: Sieja Kelly M , Oba Patrícia M , Kelly Janelle , Swanson Kelly S
Published: September 2022

Given the dynamic market for protein-based ingredients in the pet food industry, demand continues to increase for both plant- and animal-based options. Animal and plant protein sources contain different amino acid profiles and vary in digestibility, which can affect the protein quality provided to the animal. Our objective was to evaluate the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and compare protein quality of canine diets differing in protein source using healthy adult dogs. Four isocaloric and isonitrogenous, extruded diets were formulated to meet all AAFCO nutrient recommendations for adult dogs, with the primary difference being protein source: 1) chicken by-product meal (CBPM), 2) deboned chicken, dried chicken, and spray dried chicken (DC), 3) corn gluten meal (CGM), or 4) wheat gluten meal (WGM). Adult female beagles (n = 20; BW = 9.9 kg; age = 6.3 yr) were used in a replicated 4×4 Latin square design (n=12/treatment). Each period consisted of a 22-d adaptation phase, 5 d for total and fresh fecal collection, and 1 d for blood collection. All data were analyzed using the Mixed Models procedure of SAS 9.4. Diets contained similar crude protein (CP) concentrations (39.8%-41.7%), but DC had the most balanced AA profile (indispensable AA:dispensable AA ratio). Fecal scores were greater (P< 0.01) in dogs fed DC or CBPM than those fed WGM or CGM, but all remained within an appropriate range. Apparent dry matter digestibility was less (P< 0.0001) in dogs fed CBPM or CGM than those fed DC or WGM. Dogs fed CBPM had decreased (P< 0.0001) apparent organic matter, CP, and energy digestibilities than those fed the other 3 diets. Apparent CP digestibility was also reduced (P< 0.0001) in dogs fed DC or CGM than those fed WGM. Considering AA profiles and digestibility data together, the DC diet clearly provided the most and greatest quality protein of all diets tested.
112 Determining the Required Length of Adaptation and Fecal Collection Periods for in-Home Digestibility Testing of cat Foods
Authors: Bos E , Hendriks W H , Bosch Guido , Beerda B
Published: September 2022

In-home digestibility testing of pet foods has advantages over the standard procedure of testing in kennels. Existing test protocols must be adjusted for use in-home, e.g. regarding periods of adaptation and fecal collection[1]. We evaluated the minimal durations of these periods for in-home digestibility testing of cat foods. In a cross-over design, 26 privately-owned indoor cats (16♀10♂; 1-16 yr; 3-8 kg) were fed two extruded cat foods of contrasting digestibility (Food A high, Food B low) and containing 0.1% titanium (Ti) dioxide. Consecutive feeding periods (1, 2) lasted 8 days and owners collected feces daily. Foods and daily feces were analyzed for Ti, dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N), crude fat (CFat) and gross energy (GE). Fecal Ti concentrations and digestibility values were analyzed with repeated measures ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test, within each combination of food and period. Feces were collected on 320 out of 416 study days, implying the necessity for multiple collection days to account for long intervals between defecations. Fecal marker concentrations were constant from day 3 (Food A) and 2 (Food B) onwards in both periods (Figure 1a,b). In period 1, when cats received Ti for the first time, CFat digestibility of food A was constant from day 1 and DM, N (Figure 1b) and GE from day 3 onwards. For Food B, all digestibility values were constant from day 2. In period 2, CFat digestibility of food A was constant from day 2 and that of DM, N (Figure 1d) and GE again from day 3. For Food B, N digestibility was constant from day 1, GE and CFat from day 2 and that of DM from day 3. In-home digestibility testing of cat food seems to require 2 days of adaptation and 3 days of fecal collection. [1] FEDIAF (2021), nutritional guidelines, fediaf.org
125 Evaluation of Antioxidant-Containing Kibble on Serum Antioxidant Biomarkers in Adult Beagles
Authors: Panasevich Matthew , Daristotle Leighann , Lin Ching-Yen , Frantz Nolan
Published: September 2022

The objective of this study was to evaluate oxidative health biomarkers in healthy male and female adult Beagles (n=30, 13 male and 17 female; avg age and BW + SD 4.46 ± 1.41 years; 9.83 ± 2.37 kg) fed a commercial adult maintenance diet (Blue Buffalo Life Protection Formula Adult Chicken and Brown Rice) without (control diet) and supplemented with an antioxidant-containing kibble (test diet; a proprietary blend containing blueberries, cranberries, and other antioxidant-containing ingredients). Both diet offerings analyzed as 25.6% crude protein, 14.4% crude fat, 2.6% crude fiber, 8.6% moisture, 42.6% carbohydrate as-is. We hypothesized that test diet feeding would reduce serum pro-oxidative biomarkers, compared with control diet feeding. The study protocol was first approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. All dogs were fed a base kennel maintenance diet (no added antioxidants beyond maintenance requirements) for 14d before treatment phase. Animals were then randomized to control or test for a 28-d treatment period in a randomized cross-over design. Base kennel maintenance diet was provided for a 14d washout, followed by another treatment period. Serum was collected on days 0, 14, and 28 of each treatment period for biomarker analysis. Data were analyzed as a mixed models 2-way ANCOVA (SAS v9.4). Significant differences between treatments were set at P<0.05 and a trend at P<0.10. Average daily food intake and body weight were similar between treatments for the entire study. Serum advanced glycation end-products and malondialdehyde tended (P<0.10) to be reduced when animals were fed test diet compared with control diet. No differences were observed in other antioxidant biomarkers. These data suggest that addition of an antioxidant-containing kibble extruded to preserve antioxidant activity to a maintenance diet results in some favorable modulation of serum antioxidant markers in dogs. The observed trends suggest additional research to elucidate the effects.
163 Assessment of the Methanogenic Archaeal Communities Throughout the Gastrointestinal Tract in Beef Cattle with Different Breeds
Authors: Ban Yajing , Zhou Mi , McAllister Tim A , Le Guan L
Published: September 2022

Methane mitigation in ruminants is important to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance feed utilization. Methanogenic archaea inhabit the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of ruminants where they utilize H2 reducing equivalents formed by other microbiota (i.e., bacteria, fungi, and protozoa) to reduce CO2 to methane. This study aimed to assess methanogens in the GIT of beef cattle and evaluate the influence of gut regions and cattle breeds on methanogenic ecology. Digesta were collected from six gut regions (rumen, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, rectum) in forty-two beef steers representing three breeds (Angus n=13, Charolais n=14, Kinsella composite hybrid n=15). Methanogens were characterized using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing with methanogen-specific primers and analyzed using RIM-DB with QIIME2. Total methanogens were quantified using qPCR with universal methanogen primers. Gut region and breed effects were assessed using the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test. Estimation of methanogenic populations showed a region effect (P < 0.05), with the highest copy number observed in the rumen and the lowest in the duodenum and jejunum. Ten methanogenic species were identified (with a relative abundance ≥ 0.01% in ≥ 50% of individuals per breed) throughout the GIT with Methanobrevibacter ruminantium (predominant in all regions), Methanobrevibacter gottschalkii, and Methanosphaera sp. ISO3-F5 observed in all regions and in all breeds. Divergent methanogenic compositions were observed among gut regions (P < 0.05) and breed-specific species were identified (e.g., Methanobacterium bryantii in the colon of Charolais). The alpha-diversity index (Chao1) varied among gut regions (P < 0.05), and rumen showed the highest richness over other gut regions. Breed affected the alpha-diversity where Angus was distinct from other breeds (P < 0.05). These results revealed that methanogens in the GIT are region-dependent and breed-specific, highlighting the importance of taking cattle breed and total-tract ecology into consideration to understand the role of methanogens in the GIT.
178 Impacts of an Online Extension Initiative on Adoption of Research-Based Principles by Beef Stakeholders
Authors: Brandão Alice P , Lamb Cliff C , Cooke Reinaldo , Pohler Ky G , Dunlap Kathrin
Published: September 2022

The objective of this study was to evaluate, characterize and quantify the learning experiences and subsequent application of research-based technologies by beef producers upon conclusion of an online extension certification program (44 Farms International Beef Cattle Academy, IBCA). Upon conclusion of the program, participants were invited to complete a structured interview. Interview transcripts (n = 4) were coded, categorized, and merged into four overarching themes: Demographics, Program Material, Outcomes, and Feedback. Within Demographics the most prevalent codes were associated with participant background, program diversity and participant description of target audience. The most frequently occurring references within the Program Material related to the “Prestige of the IBCA” (n = 64); “Courses” (n = 48); “Content and delivery” (n = 44); and “Instructors” (n = 37). The subcodes of “Nutrition” (n = 11) and “Reproduction” (n = 8) were those most frequently mentioned in “Courses”. Outcomes were an emergent theme (n = 35) in which participant discussion of development of knowledge and skills (n = 16) as well as translation of information (n = 13) were captured. Examples include unsolicited mentions of concepts presented in one or more courses (“concept presented”, n = 3; “combining courses” n = 2; “display of knowledge”, n = 3). Within Feedback main identified challenges, included “time management” (n = 7); and “English as a second language” (n = 5), while the positive aspects identified included “research experience” of instructors (n = 11); “manageability” of materials (n = 7) and the “value of international connections” (n = 7). Collectively, these results support the impact of the IBCA as an educational extension initiative for beef stakeholders around the world, and provide insight into participants, their learning experiences, and programmatic design to be used for refinement of future offerings.
203 Estradiol Improves Proliferation and Protein Synthesis Rates of Primary Bovine Satellite Cells by Altering Mrna Abundance Related to Amino Acid and Micronutrient Metabolism
Authors: Reichhardt Caleb C , Okamoto Lillian L , Motsinger Laura A , Ineck Nikole E , Thornton Kara J
Published: September 2022

Approximately 90% of beef cattle on feed in the U.S. receive an anabolic implant to improve production. The mechanisms implants operate through to improve growth have not been deciphered. Estradiol (E2) is one of the primary hormones found in anabolic implants. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of E2 on mRNA abundance of genes associated with skeletal muscle growth in proliferating and fused bovine satellite cells (BSC). To accomplish this, BSC were isolated from six backgrounded steers and cultured. Proliferation experiments used BSC cultures grown to 75% confluency, followed by treatment with 1% fetal bovine serum (FBS) or 10 nM E2 in 1% FBS. Protein synthesis experiments used cultures grown to 80% confluency, at which point cultures were induced to differentiate and treated 48-h later with serum free media (SFM) or10 nM E2 in SFM. Isolation of RNA occurred 30-min and 12-h post-treatment in both experiments. The mRNA abundance of 94 genes associated with skeletal muscle growth were examined. Treatment with E2 increased (P< 0.05) both proliferation and protein synthesis rates compared with controls. In proliferating BSC, 30-min post-treatment four genes had abundance altered (P< 0.10) by E2, while 12-h post treatment two genes had abundance altered (P< 0.10). Fused BSC, 30-min post-treatment, E2 altered (P< 0.10) abundance of five genes, while 12-h post treatment eight genes were altered (P< 0.10). A subset of significant genes include Zip8 abundance increasing (P=0.03) 30-min post-treatment in E2 treated proliferating BSC, arginase-2 abundance increasing (P=0.03) 30-min post-treatment in E2 treated fused cultures, Retinoid X Receptor-gamma abundance increasing (P=0.05) 12-h post-treatment in E2 treated proliferating BSC, and superoxide dismutase-2 abundance increasing (P=0.05) 12-h post-treatment in E2 treated fused BSC. These results indicate that E2 may improve proliferation and protein synthesis rates of BSC by altering mRNA abundance related to amino acid and micronutrient metabolism.
216 Effects of Total Equine Grain Containing Ascophyllum Nodosum Seaweed Extract and Chelated Minerals on in-Vitro DMd & Ndfd, Body Composition, and Post-Exercise Recovery in Mature Quarter Horse Mares
Authors: Lai Kai Yun , Porter Dylan , Boyd Jamie A
Published: September 2022

Supplements such as seaweed extracts and chelated minerals have been shown to positively affect animal health. However, these supplementation is not well-researched in equines. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of an extruded grain (Total Equine) containing Ascophyllum nodosum seaweed extract with and without a chelated sulfur supplement (Total Equine-15 Natural) on in vitro DMd and NDFd, body composition, and post-exercise recovery. Six Quarter Horse mares were fed three different diets: Control (Ctrl), Total Equine (TM), Total Equine plus Equine-15 Natural (TM15) in a Latin square design study with a six-week washout period between each three-week experimental period. Grain was offered at 0.004% BW. A submaximal test (4 min at 4.3 mph, 14 min at 9.5 mph, 6 min at 13.5 mph) was conducted on days 0 and 21. Resting and post-exercise blood lactate, respiratory rate, heart rate, and rectal temperature were measured at the start and end of each experimental period. Fecal samples were collected during the last week of each experimental period and analyzed through Daisy ANKOM. Body weight and body composition were evaluated pre- and post-study. Analysis showed no effect (P=0.12) on Bermuda DMd and NDFd among treatments. However, the DMd and NDFd of alfalfa with TE15 were decreased significantly at 24 hr (P=0.0001 and 0.0003, respectively). The other only significant change observed was body composition. Horses on TE15 had greater loss of fat mass (p=0.005), followed closely by the TE. In conclusion, TE did not show any adverse effects on DMd, NDFd, body composition, and post-exercise recovery; TE15 did not change most nutritional and physiological parameters besides decreasing in vitro DMd, NDFd, and body fat mass. The simple effect of the chelated sulfur and Ascophyllum nodosum in equine should be further investigated.
225 Effects of Supplementing a Live Yeast Supplement in pre-Weaning and Finishing Diets of Holstein Bull Calves on Meat Production and Quality
Authors: Davies Sarah J , Esposito Giulia , Mapiye Cletos , Villot Clothilde , Chevaux Eric , Raffrenato Emiliano
Published: September 2022

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of a live yeast supplement in the preweaning and finishing diets of Holstein bull calves on growth performance, carcass quality attributes and physiochemical traits. Holstein bulls (n = 39) at 5 days of age were randomly allocated to one of two treatment groups with 20 receiving no yeast supplement and 19 calves receiving the yeast supplement. The inclusion level of the yeast supplement in the pre-weaning diet was 54 mg/calf/day added to the milk replacer. During the post-weaning phase, the calves in the yeast treatment group received a pelleted feed with the yeast supplement already incorporated at 150g/tonne. The bull calves were slaughtered at 156 ± 15 days and the m. longissimus thoracis et lumborum was sampled for meat quality measurements. The live yeast supplement had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on average daily gain and final body weight of Holstein bull calves. Furthermore, carcass attributes and meat physiochemical traits were not influenced (P > 0.05) by diet. It was concluded that addition of yeast to preweaning and finishing diets of dairy bull calves has no effect on meat production and quality
232 Examination of Mirna Mimics and Inhibitors on Satellite Cell Proliferation in Vitro
Authors: Greene Maslyn A , Duckett Susan K
Published: September 2022

The objective of this study was to examine how the use of specific miRNA mimics or inhibitors alters ovine satellite cell proliferation in vitro. Satellite cells were isolated from a Texel x Suffolk cross lamb at d 2 of age and cell purity was assessed with PAX7 protein staining and the population was 95% pure. miRNA candidates were selected from miRNA sequencing of the longissimus muscle at several time points from gestational d85 to market weight. Satellite cells were plated and allowed to reach 60% confluence, then treated with a miRNA mimic (miR-127 or 299a) at 50 or 100nM or a miRNA AntagomiR (miR-22-3p, 29a, 133, or 27) at 500nM using lipofectamine transfection reagent. Cells were allowed to proliferate for 4d following transfection and samples were collected daily for proliferation analysis using DNA quantification. Experiments were replicated and data analyzed using a priori contrasts with miRNA treatment in the model. DNA quantification showed that miR-127 mimic-100nM and miR-22-3p AntagomiR increased (P< 0.05) DNA content after 4d of proliferation following transfection. miR-127 mimic-100nM treatment increased (P< 0.05) miR-127 expression relative to controls at d1 and d4 post transfection. miR-22-3p AntagomiR transfection tended (P< 0.10) to reduce miR-22-3p expression on d4 post-transfection. miR-22-3p AntagomiR did not alter (P>0.05) PAX7, MYOD, or MYOG expression compared with the control. miR-127 mimic-100nM treatment did not alter (P>0.05) PAX7 expression, while it did increase (P< 0.05) MYOD expression on d4 and reduced (P< 0.05) MYOG expression compared to the control. mRNA sequencing was performed on d4 samples to determine possible miR-127 and 22-3p targets. IGF1, fibroin and other extra cellular matrix proteins were identified from miR-127 treated samples and CNDP2, involved in carnosine hydrolysis, was identified from miR-22-3p treated samples. miR-127 and 22-3p enhanced satellite cell proliferation and therefore could be used to promote muscle fiber hypertrophy.
255 Leucine Supplementation During Continuous Feeding Enhances Lean Growth in a Preterm Piglet Model
Authors: Posey Erin A , Suryawan Agus , Nguyen Hanh , Stoll Barbara , Sciarrillo Christina , Vonderohe Caitlin , Burrin Douglas G , Fiorotto Marta L , Davis Teresa A
Published: September 2022

Extrauterine growth restriction is a common complication of preterm birth and is associated with reduced lean growth and long-term morbidities. We previously showed that intermittent pulses of leucine during continuous orogastric feeding increases mTORC1 signaling to protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of neonatal pigs born at term. The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which leucine pulses during continuous feeding would promote lean growth by enhancing mTORC1 signaling in a preterm piglet model. Pigs delivered by cesarean section at 105 d gestation were continuously fed a protein and energy balanced milk-replacer diet [195 kcal ME and 13.5 g protein (kg body weight; BW)-1·d-1)]. Pigs (n=11-12) were randomly assigned to Leucine (LEU) or Alanine (ALA, isonitrogenous control) groups and treatments were administered as a pulse (1.6 mmol·kg BW-1·h-1) for 1 h every 4 h for 21 d. Body composition was determined by DXA and indices of amino acid signaling and mTORC1 activation were determined postprandially, 60 min after initiation of the last pulse. LEU pigs had a 10% greater average daily gain (ADG) (P < 0.05) than ALA pigs. Total lean mass tended to be greater (+13%; P < 0.06) in LEU compared with ALA, and longissimus dorsi muscle weight was 17% heavier in LEU than ALA pigs (P=0.01). Indices of mTORC1 activation, i.e., phosphorylation of S6K1 and 4EBP1 and abundance of the eIF4E-eIF4G complex, were increased in longissimus dorsi and gastrocnemius muscle of LEU compared with ALA pigs (P < 0.05). These results show that leucine supplementation during continuous feeding enhances mTORC1-activated translation initiation in skeletal muscle leading to an increase in muscle mass and lean growth in a preterm piglet model. Research was supported by NIH and USDA.
250 Effect of Dietary Zinc and Copper Supplements on Digestibility of Minerals in Growing Pigs
Authors: Ketata Mohamed Ali , Guay Frederic , Létourneau-Montminy Marie-Pierre
Published: September 2022

Dietary zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) supplementation can affect the digestion and absorption of nutrients in pigs, especially of minerals. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary levels of Zn and Cu on their ileal (AID) and total tract (ATTD) digestibility and that of manganese (Mn), calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P). Six crossbred pigs were surgically equipped with a single-T cannula in their distal ileum. In cross over design, pigs received one of a four corn-soybean meal diets supplemented by two levels of Zn (100 and 500 mg/kg as Zn oxide) and two levels of Cu (40 and 80 mg / kg as Cu sulfate) for each period (7d with 2d for ileal digesta and feces collection). In this study, high level of Zn increased Zn and Mn AID (P< 0.01) but decreased Ca AID (P< 0.05). The high level of Cu improved Cu AID but only when high level of Zn was used (Zn x Cu, P< 0.051). The ATTD of Zn, Cu, Mn, and P were greater in pigs receiving 500 mg/kg of Zn (P< 0.01). The high level of Cu also increased its ATTD (P< 0.01) but reduced that of Ca when low level of Zn was added (Zn x Cu, P< 0.01). The post-ileal digestibility showed a significant absorption of Cu, Mn and Ca (digestibility different from 0). The post-ileal digestibility of Cu, Mn and Ca was greater when high level of Zn was added (P< 0.05). This study confirmed that the AID and ATTD of Cu and Zn could be affected by the dietary level of Zn and Cu in growing pigs. This study also showed that high levels of Cu and Zn reduced ATTD and AID of Ca but increased P ATTD. This last result is contradictory and must be confirmed by the analysis of phytic P.