bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polyviologen Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode Employed for Anodic Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Mercury(II)
Authors: Cheng Kuan‐Chiao , Chen Po‐Yu
Published: October 2007

In this study, a polyviologen modified glassy carbon electrode (PVGCE) was used to detect Hg(II) in aqueous solutions containing significant amounts of chloride anions in order to demonstrate the electroanalytical application of the electropolymerized polyviologen. The polyviologen thin film was formed on the electrode surface by applying a constant potential of −1.0 V in the pH 4.2 Britton–Robinson (BR) buffer solution that contains 0.1 wt% of viologen oligomers. The PVGCE was found capability to improve the detection limit of Hg(II) in the solutions with high concentration of chloride because Hg(II) forms negative complex ions HgCl$\rm{ {_{4}^{2-}}}$ that can be accumulated to PVGCE by the anion‐exchange characteristic of polyviologen. With 5 minutes accumulation at −0.2 V, the adsorbed HgCl$\rm{ {_{4}^{2-}}}$ anions were reduced to Hg and deposited on the electrode surface, and were determined with the following anodic stripping differential pulse voltammetry (ASDPV). The dependence of anodic stripping current versus concentration was linear from 1 ppb (5 nM) to 100 ppb (0.5 μM) with a regression coefficient of 0.9959.
High‐speed‐range enhancement of switched reluctance motor with continuous mode for automotive applications
Authors: Rekik M. , Besbes M. , Marchand C. , Multon B. , Loudot S. , Lhotellier D.
Published: November 2007

This paper describes an original method for the elaboration of control laws for the Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) for high‐speed operation. In this case, the control optimisation relies on the choice of optimal turn‐on and turn‐off angles to ensure, in general, high global efficiency, in classical supply mode with full‐wave voltage. Then, after showing the influence of number of turns, a new supply mode called the continuous mode is described. This mode, used with a higher number of turns, allows to reduce the inverter current rating and hence silicon requirements without compromising performance at high speed. This makes the SRM competitive compared to other technologies (synchronous and induction motors). The simulation results for a 12/8 SRM are presented and compared to those for an induction motor. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Height functions for applying contact angles to 2D VOF simulations
Authors: Afkhami S. , Bussmann M.
Published: October 2007

Recent work on a consistent representation of surface tension and on the accurate computation of interface curvature has extended the applicability of the volume‐of‐fluid, or VOF, method to surface tension‐driven phenomena. We have extended these methodologies to interfaces near solid surfaces; specifically, we show how height functions can be used to enforce a contact angle boundary condition at a contact line, for the full range of contact angles. As such, this work may be viewed as following up on the methodology of Renardy et al. (J. Comput. Phys. 2001; 171:243–263). This approach yields accurate values of curvature and the surface tension force at contact lines, values that converge with mesh refinement. The efficacy of the methodology is demonstrated using 2D examples of static fluid configurations in equilibrium and dynamic contact line phenomena that approach known equilibrium configurations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tracking Down Hazardous Substances
Authors: Unterstell Rembert
Published: October 2007

Between basic research and policy advice: Helmut Greim, the long‐standing Head of the MAK Commission, takes stock
The Fight Against Malaria
Authors: Müller Olaf
Published: October 2007

Every year, around three million people die as a result of this infectious disease. Mosquito nets can provide simple yet effective protection
Strengthening the Dynamics of Research in Europe
Authors: Kleiner Matthias
Published: October 2007

The internationalisation of research funding programmes relies on binding standards and transparent processes
Adolar, Eoban and the History of a Cathedral
Authors: Cramer Johannes , Schuller Manfred , Perlich Barbara
Published: October 2007

On the tracks of medieval history of architecture: during the 14th century Erfurt Cathedral was enlarged, as it became an important place of pilgrimage
Vessel‐depleted neck: Techniques for achieving microvascular reconstruction
Authors: Jacobson Adam S. , Eloy Jean Anderson , Park Eunice , Roman Benjamin , Genden Eric M.
Published: October 2007

Background.

In the neck, the recipient vessels most frequently used for microsurgical reconstruction are compromised by prior surgery and radiation.

Methods.

We conducted a retrospective chart review of all patients who underwent microvascular reconstruction between July 2001 and June 2005. Donor vessels, vein grafts, and flap survival were examined.

Results.

Fourteen of 197 patients (7%) were identified with a vessel‐depleted neck. All patients had undergone a prior neck dissection and radiation (100%) or chemoradiation (42%). Free flap revascularization was achieved using the transverse cervical artery with a vein graft and a cephalic vein (4 patients), thoracoacromial artery and cephalic vein (3 patients), internal mammary artery and vein (3 patients), and inferior thyroid artery and cephalic vein (1 case). In 3 patients, the reverse flow thoracodorsal artery and cephalic vein were used to vascularize the scapular flap.

Conclusion.

The cephalic vein, transverse cervical, internal mammary, and thoracoacromial vessels represent reliable alternatives in the vessel‐depleted neck. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2008
Report of a case of sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma arising in a background of extensive nasal gliomatosis
Authors: Tetzlaff Michael T. , Liu Peter , O'Malley Bert W. , LiVolsi Virginia A. , Elder David
Published: October 2007

Background.

Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC) is a relatively rare, aggressive malignancy of adulthood. Nasal glial heterotopia is a benign congenital condition in which mature benign brain tissue develops outside the central nervous system.

Methods.

A 37‐year‐old man was seen with right nasal obstruction, epistaxis, and headache. Imaging showed a radiologically malignant mass lesion. Biopsy and subsequent resection were performed in the evaluation and treatment of this lesion. Histologic and immunohistochemical assessments of the biopsy and resection specimens on the pathology material classified the lesional tissue.

Results.

Histology and immunohistochemistry of the biopsy specimen demonstrated an SNUC that was subsequently resected following chemotherapy. In addition to SNUC, the resection specimen revealed extensive, multifocal nasal glial heterotopia (so called “nasal glioma”).

Conclusions.

This is the first known case in the literature in which these 2 relatively rare entities coincide. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2008
Solitary sebaceous nevus of Jadassohn complicated by squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma
Authors: Arshad Ahmad Ridzwan , Azman Wan S. , Kreetharan Ayadurai
Published: October 2007

Background.

Sebaceous nevus is a benign congenital epidermal nevus. Its association with basal cell carcinoma is well known.

Method.

This is a case report of sebaceous carcinoma complicated by both basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.

Results.

The behavior of this tumor is very aggressive, resulting in poor prognosis.

Conclusions.

All sebaceous nevi should be excised early. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2008
Supracricoid partial laryngectomies after radiation failure: A multi‐institutional series
Authors: Pellini Raul , Pichi Barbara , Ruscito Paolo , Ceroni Alberto Rinaldi , Caliceti Umberto , Rizzotto Giuseppe , Pazzaia Antonio , Laudadio Pasquale , Piazza Cesare , Peretti Giorgio , Giannarelli Diana , Spriano Giuseppe
Published: October 2007

Background.

Radiation therapy (RT) is one of the gold standard treatments for early laryngeal cancer, and total laryngectomy is still the most applied surgical procedure after failure. Selected recurrences can be managed by supracricoid partial laryngectomies (SCPLs).

Methods.

A multi‐institutional retrospective analysis was carried out in 78 consecutive patients treated by SCPLs for the recurrence of glottic‐supraglottic cancer after RT. Cricohyoidoepiglottopexy was performed in 62, and cricohyoidopexy (CHP) in 16 cases.

Results.

Disease‐free survival at 3 and 5 years were 95.5%. Early and late postoperative complications occurred in 27% and 17.9% of cases. Decannulation and satisfactory swallowing were achieved in 97.4% of cases.

Conclusions.

SCPLs represent effective surgical organ‐preservation strategies in the treatment of selected recurrences after RT failure, resulting in a good local control as well as functional recovery with acceptable morbidity, despite a complication rate which is not negligible. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2008
Long‐term survival of resectable subset after induction chemotherapy in patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer
Authors: Cho Yo‐Han , Lee Se Hoon , Kim Dong‐Wan , Wu Hong‐Gyun , Hah J. Hun , Rhee Chae‐Seo , Sung Myung‐Whun , Kim Kwang Hyun , Heo Dae Soeg
Published: October 2007

Background.

Although meta‐analysis showed that survival improved with concurrent chemoradiation in locally advanced head and neck cancer, neoadjuvant chemotherapy is still unique, because it renders curative surgery feasible for marginally resectable head and neck cancer patients.

Methods.

We reviewed patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer, who had been treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy between June 1984 and February 2001 at the Seoul National University Hospital.

Results.

A total of 167 patients were included. After 2 to 3 chemotherapy cycles, either surgery (38 patients) or radiation (104 patients) was conducted. Those who received surgery exhibited better survival than those who received radiation [median survival: not reached vs 33.6 months (95% CI: 22.6–44.7), p = .006]. The 5‐year and 10‐year survival rates of surgery group were 63.2% and 59.8%.

Conclusion.

The potential benefit of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with surgery in patients with locally advanced head and neck cancers merits further evaluation in future clinical trials. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2008
Reconstruction of floor of mouth defects by the facial artery musculo‐mucosal flap following cancer ablation
Authors: Ayad Tareck , Kolb Frédéric , De Monés Erwan , Mamelle Gérard , Temam Stéphane
Published: October 2007

Background.

The purpose of this study is to review our experience with the use of the facial artery musculo‐mucosal (FAMM) flap for floor of mouth (FOM) reconstruction following cancer ablation to assess its reliability, associated complications, and functional results.

Methods.

This was a retrospective analysis of 61 FAMM flaps performed for FOM reconstruction from 1997 to 2006.

Results.

No total flap loss was observed. Fifteen cases of partial flap necrosis occurred, with 2 of them requiring revision surgery. We encountered 8 other complications, with 4 of them requiring revision surgery for an overall rate of revision surgery of 10% (6/61). The majority of patients resumed to a regular diet (85%), and speech was considered as functional and/or understandable by the surgeon in 93% of the patients. Dental restoration was successful for 83% (24/29) of the patients.

Conclusion.

The FAMM flap is well suited for FOM reconstruction because it is reliable, has few significant complications, and allows preservation of oral function. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2008
An investigation of the α1A‐adrenergic receptor gene and antipsychotic‐induced side‐effects
Authors: Saiz Pilar A. , Susce Margaret T. , Clark Dan A. , Kerwin Robert W. , Molero Patricio , Arranz Maria J. , de Leon Jose
Published: October 2007

Antipsychotic treatment is hampered by the induction of side‐effects such as tardive dyskinesia (TD), weight gain, sedation and extrapyramidal side‐effects (EPS). Identification of the factors related to their development would facilitate their avoidance and the improvement of antipsychotic treatment. It has been hypothesised that genetic variants in drug targeted receptors may contribute to the development of side‐effects. In this study, we have investigated the possible influence of genetic variants (‐563‐C/T, ‐4155‐G/C and ‐4884‐A/G) of the α1A‐adrenergic receptor, an important target of atypical antipsychotic drugs, and development of side‐effects after antipsychotic medication in a sample of N = 427 US Caucasian patients. We found several marginal associations (p < 0.05) between α1A‐adrenergic genetic variants and antipsychotic‐induced side‐effects which did not reach statistical significance after corrections for multiple analyses. These results do not support a major role of α1A‐adrenergic genetic variants in obesity and other side‐effects observed after prolonged treatment with antipsychotic medications. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decreased expression of human D‐glucuronyl C5‐epimerase in breast cancer
Authors: Grigorieva Elvira , Eshchenko Tatiana , Rykova Valentina I. , Chernakov Alexei , Zabarovsky Eugene , Sidorov Sergei V.
Published: November 2007

D‐glucuronyl C5‐epimerase (GLCE) is one of the key enzymes in proteoglycan biosynthesis. However, nothing is known about expression and activity of the protein in cancer. In this study, we investigated GLCE expression in human breast cancer using multipex RT‐PCR, QRT‐PCR and Western‐blot assays. In total, 21 patients without malignancy and 74 patients with breast tumor were investigated. The obtained data showed that in 82–84% of human breast tumors there is either downregulation or loss of D‐glucuronyl C5‐epimerase mRNA expression and significant decrease of the protein content. In most cases (77%), GLCE expression was decreased also in the normal‐appearing tissue surrounding the tumor node but the protein amount was comparable to normal breast tissue. These findings represent the first data about involvement of human D‐glucuronyl C5‐epimerase in malignant transformation. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevention of upper aerodigestive tract cancer in zinc‐deficient rodents: Inefficacy of genetic or pharmacological disruption of COX‐2
Authors: Fong Louise Y.Y. , Jiang Yubao , Riley Maurisa , Liu Xianglan , Smalley Karl J. , Guttridge Denis C. , Farber John L.
Published: November 2007

Zinc deficiency in humans is associated with an increased risk of upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) cancer. In rodents, zinc deficiency predisposes to carcinogenesis by causing proliferation and alterations in gene expression. We examined whether in zinc‐deficient rodents, targeted disruption of the cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2 pathway by the COX‐2 selective inhibitor celecoxib or by genetic deletion prevent UADT carcinogenesis. Tongue cancer prevention studies were conducted in zinc‐deficient rats previously exposed to a tongue carcinogen by celecoxib treatment with or without zinc replenishment, or by zinc replenishment alone. The ability of geneticCOX‐2deletion to protect against chemically‐induced forestomach tumorigenesis was examined in mice on zinc‐deficientversuszinc‐sufficient diet. The expression of 3 predictive biomarkers COX‐2, nuclear factor (NF)‐κ B p65 and leukotriene A4hydrolase (LTA4H) was examined by immunohistochemistry. In zinc‐deficient rats, celecoxib without zinc replenishment reduced lingual tumor multiplicity but not progression to malignancy. Celecoxib with zinc replenishment or zinc replenishment alone significantly lowered lingual squamous cell carcinoma incidence, as well as tumor multiplicity. Celecoxib alone reduced overexpression of the 3 biomarkers in tumors slightly, compared with intervention with zinc replenishment. Instead of being protected, zinc‐deficient COX‐2 null mice developed significantly greater tumor multiplicity and forestomach carcinoma incidence than wild‐type controls. Additionally, zinc‐deficient COX‐2−/−forestomachs displayed strong LTA4H immunostaining, indicating activation of an alternative pathway under zinc deficiency when the COX‐2 pathway is blocked. Thus, targeting only the COX‐2 pathway in zinc‐deficient animals did not prevent UADT carcinogenesis. Our data suggest zinc supplementation should be more thoroughly explored in human prevention clinical trials for UADT cancer. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Why is PTEN an important tumor suppressor?
Authors: Li Li , Ross Alonzo H.
Published: October 2007

Phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) was originally cloned as a tumor suppressor for brain tumors. Now it is known as a tumor suppressor for many tumor types. In this review, we ask the simple question: why is PTEN such a common and important tumor suppressor? The most obvious answer is that there are no other family members that can replace PTEN. As a result, several pathways critical for cell transformation are misregulated. The most important of these is the phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (P13K) PI3K‐Akt pathway, which has downstream effects on transcription, proliferation, cell survival, invasiveness, and angiogenesis. In addition, PTEN is linked via several mechanisms to the p53 tumor suppressor. Through p53 and additional mechanisms, loss of PTEN leads to genomic instability. Hence, PTEN is important because its loss misregulates multiple Akt‐dependent and ‐independent pathways critical for the development of cancer. J. Cell. Biochem. 102: 1368–1374, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tangency sets inPG(3, q)
Authors: Metsch K. , Storme L.
Published: November 2007

A tangency set of PG(d,q)is a setQof points with the property that every pointPofQlies on a hyperplane that meetsQonly inP. It is known that a tangency set of PG(3,q)has at most$q^2+1$points with equality only if it is an ovoid. We show that a tangency set of PG(3,q)with$q^2-1, q\geq 19$, or$q^2$points is contained in an ovoid. This implies the non‐existence of minimal blocking sets of size$q^2-1$,$q\geq 19$, and of$q^2$with respect to planes in PG(3,q), and implies the extendability of partial 1‐systems of size$q^2-1$,$q\geq 19$, or$q^2$to 1‐systems on the hyperbolic quadric$Q^+(5,q)$. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 16: 462–476, 2008
MCMI‐III personality complexity and depression treatment outcome following group‐based cognitive–behavioral therapy
Authors: Craigie Mark A. , Saulsman Lisa M. , Lampard Amy M.
Published: October 2007

This study investigated the association of personality disorder complexity to treatment outcome for depression following time‐limited group‐based cognitive–behavioral therapy. One hundred fifteen outpatients with a primary diagnosis of depression participated in the study. In this study, personality disorder complexity was determined by the degree of personality disorder comorbidity identified by the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory‐III (T. Millon, 1994). As predicted, analyses revealed that increasing personality disorder complexity was related to increasing baseline symptom severity and slightly poorer end‐state functioning at posttreatment. However, results regarding clinically significant improvement and mean improvement in depression symptoms were less supportive of an association between personality disorder complexity and poorer treatment outcome. The implications of these findings for treatment planning are discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 63: 1153–1170, 2007.
Validity of two selected‐item short forms of the WAIS‐III in an intellectually deficient sample
Authors: Alley Pamala J. , Allen Ryan A. , Leverett J. Patrick
Published: October 2007

Various short forms of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Third Edition (WAIS‐III; D. Wechsler, 1997) have been investigated, but limited information is available regarding the usefulness of any WAIS‐III abbreviation with intellectually deficient individuals. Our study compared the validities of two WAIS‐III selected‐item short forms in a sample of 59 individuals with full scale IQs (FSIQs) of 79 or lower. The performance of both short forms was adequate, but the results gave a consistent edge to an adapted version of the Satz–Mogel (1962) short form in comparison to the abbreviated form by J. H. Wymer, K. Rayls, and M. T. Wagner (2003). The correlation (r = .98) of Satz–Mogel estimates with WAIS‐III FSIQ scores was slightly higher than the correlation (r = .97) for estimates from Wymer et al.'s abbreviated form, and Satz–Mogel estimates did not differ significantly from actual FSIQs. In comparison to individual classification (FSIQ > 70 versus FSIQ ≤ 70) obtained with the full WAIS‐III, the misclassification rate was somewhat lower for the Satz–Mogel short form. Although both short forms performed reasonably well, practitioners should be cautious when utilizing any short form to make decisions about individuals. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 63: 1145–1152, 2007.
Light and shape: A contribution to demonstrate morphological differences in diurnal and nocturnal teleosts
Authors: Pulcini Domitilla , Costa Corrado , Aguzzi Jacopo , Cataudella Stefano
Published: October 2007

Light intensity is an important environmental factor affecting the structure of fish assemblages during the day–night cycle. Light influences how organisms perceive their environment, modulating their intraspecific and interspecific relationships. The relationship between light intensity variations and biological cycles should be observed at the level of organismal morphology. In this study the relationship between activity rhythms, thus light intensity experienced by fish in the period of major activity and external morphology, have been investigated. The morphological traits of 97 selected fish species were compared in order to determine the existence of a common morphological plan in agreement with their diurnal or nocturnal activity rhythm. Species sorting was performed by maximizing the diversity of activity rhythm, habitat choice, ecology, and trophic habits within the same family, to assess the importance of the day–night cycle on species morphology in relation to other environmental features. The morphological characters selected for the geometric morphometric analysis were body profile and the position of mouth, eye, pelvic, pectoral, dorsal, and caudal fin. The present analysis allowed different consensus forms for nocturnal and for diurnal species to be identified. Two‐block Partial Least Squares analysis was then performed for the purpose of modeling the covariation between the form and two important external variables (ecology and activity). J. Morphol., 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Articular cartilage in the knee joint of the African elephant, Loxodonta africana, Blumenbach 1797
Authors: Egger Gunter F. , Witter Kirsti , Weissengruber Gerald , Forstenpointner Gerhard
Published: October 2007

Knee joints of one adult and three juvenile African elephants were dissected. The specific features of the articular cartilage with particular reference to matrix components were studied by light and electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. The elephant knee joint cartilage contains an unusually low concentration of proteoglycans resulting in rather eosinophilic staining properties of the matrix. The very thick collagen fibers of the cartilage possibly represent collagen I. Except for the different thickness of cartilage at the weight‐bearing surfaces of femur (∼6.7 mm) and tibia (∼11.2 mm) in juvenile elephants, light and electron microscopy did not reveal distinct topographical differences in cartilage structure, perhaps because of the high congruency of the articulating surfaces and resulting uniform load distribution in the knee. The number of cell profiles per section area of both femoral (∼950 cell profiles/mm2) and tibial cartilage (∼898 cell profiles/mm2) was low, indicating excessive matrix production by the chondrocytes during cartilage development. These unique properties could be a result of the enormous compressive load resting on the elephant knee. Maintenance of the equilibrium between biological function and resistance to compression seems to be crucial in the elephant knee joint cartilage. Any disturbance that interferes with this equilibrium appears to lead to arthrotic alterations, as particularly seen in captive elephants. J. Morphol., 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: Center case review
Authors: Lauenstein Thomas C. , Salman Khalil , Morreira Roger , Tata Sudha , Tudorascu Dana , Baramidze George , Singh‐Parker Sareeta , Martin Diego R.
Published: October 2007

Purpose

To retrospectively analyze nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) cases at our center, to determine prior gadolinium based contrast agent (GBCA) administration and to evaluate possible common risk factors for the development of NSF by reviewing laboratory data and concurrent medications.

Materials and Methods

A total of four data bases (pathology, MRI, dialysis, and medical records) were cross‐referenced for identification and evaluation of NSF patients. Medical history of NSF patients was assessed as for previous deep venous thrombosis (DVT), surgery, or infections. Laboratory data (creatinine, anion gap, calcium, phosphorus, and albumin) as well as concurrent medication were evaluated. Findings were compared to those of a control group of non‐NSF dialysis patients.

Results

Between October 2003 and February 2007 a total of nine NSF cases were identified. All patients had undergone contrast‐enhanced MRI prior to the diagnosis of NSF. Only one gadolinium chelate had been used at our MRI center (Omniscan®, gadodiamide; GE Healthcare). Of nine patients, eight were receiving dialysis at the time of the MRI scan. During the same time 312 dialysis patients received gadodiamide. Thus, the prevalence of NSF within dialysis patients exposed to gadodiamide was 2.6%. NSF patients presented with a higher creatinine and anion gap than the control patients. Other laboratory values as well as medication did not show a significant difference. There were no patterns regarding previous history of DVT, surgery, or infection in the NSF group.

Conclusion

Our findings are consistent with the previously reported association between gadodiamide exposure and NSF. All NSF patients had severe renal insufficiency with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) < 30 (highest GFR = 25 mL/minute) at the time of last gadodiamide administration, and on average had received 71 mL of gadodiamide over an average of 2.9 administrations. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;26:1198–1203. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Numerically‐simulated induced electric field and current density within a human model located close to a z‐gradient coil
Authors: Li Yan , Hand Jeff W. , Wills Tim , Hajnal Jo V.
Published: October 2007

Purpose

To simulate exposure (e.g., during interventional procedures) of a worker close to an operating MR scanner by calculating electric fields and current density within an anatomically realistic body model due to a z‐gradient coil and to compare results with safety guidelines and European Directive 2004/40/EC.

Materials and Methods

Electric field and current density in an adult male model located at three positions within the range 0.19–0.44 m from the end of a generic z‐gradient coil were calculated using the time‐domain finite integration technique (FIT). Frequency scaling was used in which quasistatic conditions were assumed and results obtained at 1 MHz (assuming tissue conductivity values at 1 kHz) were scaled to 1 kHz.

Results

Current density (averaged over 1 cm2) in central nervous system (CNS) tissues up to 20.6 mA m−2 and electric fields (averaged over 5 mm) up to 4.1 V m−1 were predicted for a gradient of 10 mT m−1 and slew rate of 10 T m−1 second−1.

Conclusion

Compliance with 2004/40/EC, and with basic restriction values of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) C95.6‐2002, was predicted only at impracticably low gradients/slew rates in the ranges 4.9–9.1 mT m−1/4.9–9.1 T m−1 second−1 and 5–21 mT m−1/5–21 T m−1 second−1, respectively. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;26:1286–1295. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Induced magnetic field gradients and forces in the human head in MRI
Authors: Tomasi Dardo G. , Wang Ruiliang
Published: October 2007

Purpose

To map the induced magnetic field gradients and estimate the magnetic force in the human head during magnetic resonance imaging at 4 Tesla (T).

Materials and Methods

The magnetic field distribution in the human head was measured using two gradient‐echo experiments with different echo times. The phase of the complex image ratio removed the wrapping artifact, characteristic of phase images, and was used to map the magnetic field distribution and calculate the accurate maps of the magnetic field gradients in the human head.

Results

The time‐independent gradient fields induced by air/tissue interfaces in the head can be 50 times larger than those resulting from the magnetic field inhomogeneity of the MRI magnet. However, the associated magnetic force in the brain is by far smaller than the gravitational force.

Conclusion

The induced gradient fields increase the magnetic force on tissues. However, even for tissue components with large magnetic susceptibility such as iron‐containing proteins, this force is negligible compared with the gravitational force. Therefore, this study suggests that static and uniform magnetic fields do not have a significant risk for the tissues in the head. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;26:1340–1345. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Claustrophobia during magnetic resonance imaging: Cohort study in over 55,000 patients
Authors: Dewey Marc , Schink Tania , Dewey Charles F.
Published: October 2007

Purpose

To evaluate whether MR scanners with acoustic noise reduction and a short magnetic bore reduce the rate of claustrophobic reactions.

Materials and Methods

We performed a cohort study in an outpatient setting, enrolling a total of 55,734 consecutive patients referred for MRI of any part of the body based on a clinical indication. Imaging was performed using a conventional MR scanner (42,998 patients) and a recently developed MR scanner (12,736 patients) with 97% acoustic noise reduction and a short bore. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to adjust for the nonrandomized design.

Results

In addition to those undergoing head‐first examinations, female and middle‐aged patients were significantly more likely to develop claustrophobia in the logistic regression analysis (P < 0.001). The rate of claustrophobic reactions was significantly lower with the recent MR scanner (0.7%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.6–0.9%) than with the conventional scanner (2.1%; 95% CI, 2.0–2.3%; P < 0.001) with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 3.1 (95% CI, 2.5–3.9) and a number needed to treat of 72 (95% CI, 63–85).

Conclusion

The incidence of claustrophobia may be reduced by a factor of 3 when recently‐developed MR scanners are used. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;26:1322–1327. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electromagnetic and modeling analyses of an implanted device at 3 and 7 Tesla
Authors: Ibrahim Tamer S. , Tang Lin , Kangarlu Alayar , Abraham Roney
Published: October 2007

Purpose

To study the specific absorption rates (SAR) associated with implantable devices at 3T and 7T.

Materials and Methods

Studies were carried out utilizing a finite difference time domain (FDTD) model that treats the radio frequency (RF) coil and an anatomically detailed human head mesh as a single system. Analyses were performed at 3T and 7T for different orientations and positions of an implanted (in the brain) aneurysm clip. Studies were also performed for two different types of FDTD mesh of the same aneurysm clip.

Results

The results showed that: 1) the electromagnetic effects of implanting the aneurysm clip (in the brain) is mostly local on SARs; and 2) orientations of the implanted aneurysm clip have considerable effect on the local SARs near the implanted clip; the level of such an effect can also vary significantly between 3T and 7T.

Conclusion

In general, the presented study shows that the local SARs (in 1 g and in 10 g of tissue) near the implanted aneurysm clip are lower than the peak SARs (due to the standard RF coil operation) in other regions of the human head mesh/brain. For specific orientations, however, if the aneurysm clip is implanted in a region in which the brain peak‐SAR occurs due the standard RF coil operation, the brain peak SAR increases further. This is more prevalent at 7T compared to 3T. Additionally, it was also found that basic structured and Cartesian FDTD modeling produces relatively higher local SARs than that obtained with simple non‐Cartesian FDTD modeling. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;26:1362–1367. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Safety of human MRI at static fields above the FDA 8T guideline: Sodium imaging at 9.4T does not affect vital signs or cognitive ability
Authors: Atkinson Ian C. , Renteria Laura , Burd Holly , Pliskin Neil H. , Thulborn Keith R.
Published: October 2007

Purpose

To assess whether exposure to a 9.4T static magnetic field during sodium imaging at 105.92 MHz affects human vital signs and cognitive function.

Materials and Methods

Measurements of human vital signs and cognitive ability made before and after exposure to a 9.4T MR scanner and a mock scanner with no magnetic field are compared using a protocol approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

Results

Exposure to a 9.4T static magnetic field during sodium imaging did not result in a statistically significant change in the vital signs or cognitive ability of healthy normal volunteers.

Conclusion

Vital sign and cognitive ability measurements made before and after sodium imaging at 9.4T suggest that performing human MRI at 105.92 MHz in a 9.4T static magnetic field does not pose a health risk. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;26:1222–1227. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thresholds for perceiving metallic taste at high magnetic field
Authors: Cavin Ian D. , Glover Paul M. , Bowtell Richard W. , Gowland Penny A.
Published: October 2007

Purpose

To perform an initial characterization of the metallic taste effect observed by some workers when moving around an MRI scanner.

Materials and Methods

A total of 21 subjects performed controlled movements in the stray field of a 7‐T scanner. Rates of change of magnetic flux were recorded during the study using a custom‐built three‐axis coil unit connected to a data logger.

Results

Relatively normal movements could generate switched fields of 2 T/second. Of the 21 subjects, 12 detected a metallic taste, but the threshold at which it was perceived varied greatly between subjects, with the minimum dB/dt value at which such a taste was detected being 1.3 T/second. The threshold also depended on the direction of movement.

Conclusion

This study indicates that 50% of subjects will perceive a metallic taste for head shaking with a period of 1.5 seconds (magnetic field in an anterior/posterior direction) causing a dB/dt of 2.3 ± 0.3 T/second. The presence of dental fillings is not a requirement for the sensation of metallic taste. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;26:1357–1361. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Numerical study of currents in workers induced by body‐motion around high‐ultrahigh field MRI magnets
Authors: Stuart Crozier  , Trakic Adnan , Wang Hua , Liu Feng
Published: October 2007

Purpose

To numerically evaluate the electric field/current density magnitudes and spatial distributions in healthcare workers when moving through strong, nonuniform static magnetic fields generated by the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system and to understand the relationship between the field characteristics and levels/distributions of induced field quantities.

Materials and Methods

Tissue‐equivalent, whole‐body male and female voxel phantoms are engaged to model the workers at various positions and variety of body motions around three real superconducting magnets with field strengths of 1.5T, 4T, and 7T. The numerical calculations of induced fields are based on an efficient, quasistatic finite‐difference scheme.

Results

The simulations show that it is possible to induce electric fields/current densities above levels recommended by International Commission for Non‐ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standards when the worker is moving very close to the imager. The results indicate that the worker should be at least ∼0.5–1.0 m axially away from the cryostat end for field strengths between 1.5–7T to limit the exposure according to the standards when moving at a nominal 1 m second−1.

Conclusion

To comply with international safety regulations, workers either need to be restricted in their access to certain areas around the magnet or to ensure slow movement in specified regions. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;26:1261–1277. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Robust flat waves with a uniform feed using a randomized local search
Authors: Keller Brian , Lopes Leo
Published: October 2007

Placement of radar emitters in non‐uniformly spaced radar arrays typically involves optimizing the placement of a fixed number of emitter elements across the array. This paper explores optimizing for a flat wave under uniform feed where the number of emitter elements is not fixed. A randomized local search algorithm is used to generate an emitter design, and a greedy search is used to find the optimal solution in that neighborhood. This technique results in a near‐field wave with less than 1 dB of amplitude ripple and less than 8 degrees of phase ripple across a width of 50λ. The designs chosen are robust in the sense that solutions with neighboring pixels on are also of high quality. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm can also find array designs that generate flat waves that are not parallel to the emitter array. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A SPICEanalog behavioral model of two‐port devices with arbitrary port impedances based on theS‐parameters extracted from time‐domain field responses
Authors: Du Huilian , Gorcea Dan , So Poman P. M. , Hoefer Wolfgang J. R.
Published: October 2007

We present a new procedure for extracting generalizedS‐parameters from the 3D time‐domain field analysis of microwave components that have ports with different and arbitrary reference impedances. The proposed approach has been implemented in the 3D TLM environment for transient circuit simulation. The accuracy of this method has been validated by comparing TLM simulation results with theoretical predictions. We then describe a general analog behavioral model (ABM) for two‐port networks with different port impedances, characterized by its generalizedS‐parameters. Such an ABM has been implemented in the PSPICEenvironment for transient circuit simulation. This model has been validated by comparing its time response with the original TLM field simulation. The described modeling approach can be used to build field‐based behavioral models for SPICE‐based circuit simulators. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Versican and brevican are expressed with distinct pathology in neonatal hypoxic‐ischemic injury
Authors: Leonardo Christopher C. , Eakin Autumn K. , Ajmo Joanne M. , Gottschall Paul E.
Published: October 2007

The developing brain is uniquely susceptible to injury after exposure to hypoxia‐ischemia (H‐I). Lecticans are developmentally regulated in formative white matter and exert growth‐inhibitory effects in several adult injury models, yet little is known regarding their role in neonatal H‐I injury. The main objectives of this study were to examine the expression profiles of brevican and versican in rat using a standard H‐I model and to determine whether altered expression was associated with distinct components of white and gray matter pathology. The H‐I procedure in postnatal day 7 rats produced progressive injury limited to the ipsilateral hemisphere. Cresyl violet staining revealed severe cavitary infarctions at 14 and 21 days that were absent at 4 days. Cellular damage, as measured by glial fibrillary acidic protein and fractin immunoreactivity, occurred in cortical and subcortical gray matter at all end points. O4 sulfatide immunoreactivity was reduced in the external capsule, hippocampal fimbria, and corpus striatum at 4 days relative to that contralaterally, suggesting the loss of preoligodendrocytes. Brevican expression was reduced in the cortex and hippocampus at 4 days but was markedly elevated at later end points, localizing to regions of cellular damage both in and proximal to the lesion core. However, versican was reduced in the external capsule 4 days after H‐I, a reduction that was sustained up to 21 days in white matter. These data demonstrate unique expression profiles for lecticans after neonatal H‐I, suggesting brevican deposition is elevated in response to progressive gray matter injury, whereas diminished versican expression may be associated with deep cerebral white matter injury. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
How and what to imitate? A sequential model for the imitation of competitive advantages
Authors: Andersén Jim
Published: October 2007

Research in competitiveness generally focuses on how competitive advantages can be developed. This is an important area of research, but as a consequence the process of imitation of competitive advantages has become a neglected area of research.

A conceptual sequential model for the imitation of competitive advantages is presented. The model mainly draws on resource‐based theory, provides a holistic view of the imitation process, identifies different hindrances to imitation of competitive advantages, and presents arguments for the scheme chosen.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intra‐industry shared cognitions and organizational competitiveness
Authors: Bloodgood James M. , Turnley William H. , Bauerschmidt Alan
Published: October 2007

Managers and researchers have long debated the role of industry cognition in guiding strategic change. Still unresolved within this discussion, however, is the degree to which cognition‐based strategic change is directed at being more similar to—and different from—competitors.

This paper uses multi‐source data collected for 380 corrugated box manufacturing plants in the USA to suggest that managers in different cognitive groups within the industry place differing degrees of importance on two fundamental organizational activities, namely: innovation and customer service. More importantly, the extent to which a plant manager's ratings of the importance of these two activities deviated from the cognitive group's norms is found to be negatively related to organizational performance.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A pragmatist's perspective on models in manufacturing management: muddles dressed as models
Authors: Walker David S. , Tobias Andrew M.
Published: October 2007

With scientific management now in sight of its centenary, the continuing shortage of numerically articulated models in manufacturing management leaves managers only words and concepts with which to work. Those that do exist are overwhelmingly qualitative in nature and many are presented in diagrammatic forms that suggest degrees of insight and rigour far in excess of actuality.

A change of emphasis is required if the area is to develop further. Efforts should be redirected towards quantifying the major variables in typical situations and then building quantitative models for managers to use. Drawing upon their current research into management practices in a wide range of manufacturing organizations in the UK and internationally, the authors identify and criticize three types of models that appear all too frequently in manufacturing management theory.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Not just surviving, but thriving: perceived strengths of successful US‐based travel agencies
Authors: Weaver David Bruce , Lawton Laura Jane
Published: October 2007

In‐depth interviews with owners of 19 exceptionally successful US‐based travel agencies were analyzed using a ground theory approach to reveal customer service excellence, employee enrichment and effective networking as three core perceived strengths that comprise a theme of ‘relationship building’. The latter is supported by a theme of ‘facilitation’ entailing diligent client selection, a culture of learning, high adaptability (related to technology and product realignment), scale, adherence to business basics, and owner optimism. Together, both themes suggest a macro‐theme of ‘deep commitment’. The results provide guidelines for aspiring travel agency owners. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Laser induced fluorescence model of human goiter
Authors: Jaliashvili Z V , Medoidze T D , Mardaleishvili K M , Ramsden J J , Melikishvili Z G
Published: October 2007

Laser induced fluorescence (LIF) with wide area surveillance for resected thyroid tissue solid chunks is presented. The characteristic LIF spectra of goiter were established. The state of tissue at each point represents a superposition of normal and pathology states. To our knowledge two co-existing pathological effects were observed optically for the first time. It is demonstrated that the LIF spectral functions and their intensities well-labeled such areas and represent a good tool for medical diagnostics of goiter and for the definition of the degree of abnormality and geometrical sizes of these areas.
Observation of many-phonon stimulated Raman scattering and related cascaded nonlinear-laser effects in monoclinic LaBO2MoO4 single crystals
Authors: Becker P , Bohatý L , Rhee H , Eichler H J , Hanuza J , Kaminskii A A
Published: October 2007

Large single crystals of the compound LaBO2MoO4, undoped and doped with Nd3+ ions, were grown. Their multi-wavelength Stokes and anti-Stokes picosecond generation, nonlinear-laser effects, and neodymium IR luminescence were investigated. We classify these crystals as a promising material for Raman frequency converters and gain medium for solid-state lasers.
Conjugation of Bioactive Groups to Poly(lactic acid) and Poly[(lactic acid)‐co‐(glycolic acid)] Films
Authors: Prime Emma L. , Cooper‐White Justin J. , Qiao Greg G.
Published: October 2007

A novel PLA‐based polymer containing reactive pendent ketone or hydroxyl groups was synthesized by the copolymerization of L‐lactide with ε‐caprolactone‐based monomers. The polymer was activated with NPC, resulting in an amine‐reactive polymer which was then cast into thin polymeric films, either alone or as part of a blend with PLGA, before immersion into a solution of the cell adhesion peptide GRGDS in PBS buffer allowed for conjugation of GRGDS to the film surfaces. Subsequent 3T3 fibroblast cell adhesion studies demonstrated an increase in cellular adhesion and spreading over films cast from unmodified PLGA. Hence the new polymer can be used to obtain covalent linkage of amine‐containing molecules to polymer surfaces.

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Copolymers for Hepatocyte‐Specific Targeting Carrying Galactose and Hydrophobic Alkyl Groups
Authors: Hiratsuka Takahiro , Goto Mitsuaki , Kondo Yoshiyuki , Cho Chong‐Su , Akaike Toshihiro
Published: October 2007

Core‐forming hydrophobic alkyl groups were incorporated into amphiphilic PVLA to enhance the stability and inclusion ability of the homopolymeric micelles in water. The CAC and hepatocyte targeting in the synthesized P(VLA‐co‐VBH) were investigated in vitro. The CAC of the copolymers decreased and the stability of the copolymeric micelles increased with the incorporation of hydrophobic groups into the homopolymer. The galactose moieties in the copolymer could be recognized by the ASGP‐R of the hepatocytes through a receptor‐mediated mechanism. The copolymers efficiently delivered a water‐insoluble drug to the hepatocytes. Hence, they be used to deliver hydrophobic drugs to cure various liver diseases.

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