bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Revisiting the Issue of Influential Sources in the Integration of Psychology and Theology: Are We There Yet?
Authors: Barnett Keri L. , Bassett Rodney L. , Grimm Julia P. , Repass Cheryl L.
Published: February 2018

Building upon the work of Grimm et al. (2012), maturational trends in the most influential books and articles within the integration literature were identified across the time periods of 1985–1994, 1995–2004, and 2005–2010. The most frequently cited book chapters were also identified for the later two time periods. There was a significant increase in the frequency of citations for book chapters as well as an increase in forgiveness-related books. For the most influential articles, there was an increase in both theoretical and scale development articles. The vacillations in the proportion of empirical studies seem to be accounted for by the proportion of special issues in the Journal of Psychology and Theology. The low frequency of multiple-study articles is a weakness in the integration literature, suggesting limited programmatic research. Lastly, there has been no significant change in the balance of first authors who are affiliated with secular or religious institutions.
Culture, Language, and Integration
Authors: Dueck Al
Published: February 2018

Conversation between the Christian community and the dominant culture involves the use of language. However, culture is implicated in the language used as we think. This essay follows the model of Native Americans who wish that their indigenous culture flourish in a context of political powerlessness. It is suggested that this applies to Christians in psychology as well and calls for decolonizing psychological insight, a recovery of our indigenous Christian anthropology and engaging culture in nuanced ways.
Christian Counseling, Interpersonal Neurobiology, and the Future
Authors: Clinton Tim , Sibcy Gary
Published: February 2018

The emerging field of interpersonal neurobiology (IPNB) suggests complex interrelationship between the mind, the body, the brain (including genetics), the environment, and especially the role of close relationships. We cover Seigel's triangle of well-being and discuss how it can be integrated into attachment-based psychotherapy as a fulcrum to strengthen a biblically-informed and evidence-based treatment. Recent findings in neuroplasticity, memory, and brain differentiation and integration have helped shape an integrative paradigm for psychotherapy, described in the acronym SECURE: Safety, Education, Containment, Understanding, Restructuring, and Engaging. Psychotherapy is thus becoming understood not simply as a transfer of factual information and psycho-education, but as interpersonal learning that occurs implicitly and explicitly. The future of integration will require theories of psychotherapy that take seriously the role of the therapist as an image-bearer of God who provides clients with opportunities to learn new ways of understanding their behavior and relating to themselves, others, and God.
The Role of Spiritual Development in the Cross-Cultural Reentry Adjustment of Missionaries
Authors: Kimber Thomas R.
Published: February 2018

This study investigated the relationship between spiritual development and cultural reentry adjustment in a group of missionaries. One hundred and two missionaries completed a questionnaire that correlated the Spiritual Assessment Inventory (SAI) with five cultural adaptation and transition scales. The study found significant relationship between the Reentry Distress Scale and the SAI Disappointment and Instability scales. There was also a significant relationship between the SAI Awareness scale and the Transition Change Scale. The study also explored the relationship between reentry distress and calling, regularly practicing spiritual disciplines, and returning home to a supportive community. The implications of the study are discussed in relation to missionaries, mission agencies, and local churches in order to provide meaningful care for missionaries during cross-cultural transitions.
Therapists’ Multicultural Orientation: Client Perceptions of Cultural Humility, Spiritual/Religious Commitment, and Therapy Outcomes
Authors: Owen Jesse , Jordan Terrence A. , Turner Darren , Davis Don E. , Hook Joshua N. , Leach Mark M.
Published: February 2018

Client perceptions of their therapists’ cultural humility have been associated with positive therapy outcomes; however, it is unclear whether these positive effects are consistent across clients. In particular, this study examines the extent to which clients’ religious commitment moderates the association between their perceptions of their therapists’ cultural humility and therapy outcomes. The sample included 45 clients, all of whom identified their religion/spirituality as the most salient aspect to their cultural identity. The results demonstrated that perceptions of cultural humility were positively associated with therapy outcomes. However, this effect was moderated by clients’ religious commitment. The relationship between perceived cultural humility and outcomes was positive for clients with higher religious commitment, whereas it was not different from zero for clients with lower religious commitment. Implications for research, theory, and practice are offered.
Psychometric Evaluation of the Arabic Version of the Spiritual Well-Being Scale on a Sample of Jordanian Arab Christians
Authors: Musa Ahmad S. , Pevalin David J.
Published: February 2018

This paper assesses the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS) in an Arab Christian sample by analyzing its internal structure. A convenience sample of 340 Arab Christians was recruited from the adult community population of northern Jordan. Data were collected through a self-completion, anonymous questionnaire distributed through church and community groups. Principal Components factor analysis, non-parametric bivariate statistics, and Cronbach's alpha were used to assess the psychometric properties of the total scale and its subscales. The findings broadly supported the factor structure of the SWBS in other Arab samples in that the scale consists of three factors, representing positive existential well-being, affiliation, and alienation subscales. In conclusion, these preliminary findings suggest that the Arabic version of the SWBS can be used as an instrument to measure levels of spiritual well-being in Arab Christian populations.
Incorporating Evidence-Based Practices into Faith-Based Organization Service Programs
Authors: Terry John D. , Smith Anna R. , Warren Peter R. , Miller Marissa E. , McQuillin Sam D. , Wolfer Terry A. , Weist Mark D.
Published: February 2018

Faith-based organizations (FBOs) are increasingly involved in providing a range of services in communities and research indicates that such involvement will increase in the future. However, like other types of organizations, FBOs generally have been slow to embrace evidence-based practices (EBPs)—those that have scientific evidence of being beneficial. We contend that incorporating EBPs into both new and existing FBOs’ service programs can enhance their effectiveness. In this paper, we discuss several relevant issues when implementing EBPs within FBO service. In this discussion we briefly explore FBO service provision, public policy to increase funding for FBO service, criteria for EBPs, and provide some considerations for future applications of EBPs within FBOs.
Measuring Expatriate Cross-Cultural Stress: A Reanalysis of the CernySmith Assessment
Authors: Edwards Keith J. , Dodd Carley H. , Rosenbusch Katherine H. , Cerny Leonard J.
Published: February 2018

This study reports a statistical modification of a psychometric expatriate adjustment survey (e.g., the CernySmith Assessment or CSA) applied to expatriate missionary and humanitarian workers and their families. Earlier CSA survey items assisted in a need for rapid response clinical assessment originating from clinical observations, literature with a factor analysis resulting in 20 subscales and 5 qualitative content domains (Organizational, Cultural, Relational, Behavioral, and Personal). However, the assessment required more robust scale and factor analysis development to assure replicability. The present study analyzed 1,133 respondents working in 130 host countries. After various factor analytical iterations, a final CSA psychometric scale of 5 factors and 15 subscales (and a final 3 factor solution) emerged that compares with other known expatriate employee and spousal adjustment scales (Bhaskar-Shrinivas, Harrison, Shaffer, & Luk, 2005; Black, Mendenhall, & Oddou, 1991; Brown, 2008). This improved adjustment assessment answers Hippler, Caligiuri, and Johnson's (2014) call for robust expatriate adjustment assessments. The CSA moves adjustment measurement forward with new domains of resilience (Well-Being, Past Stresses, and Focus) and personal foundation (Spirituality, Health, and Habits). In light of 20–40% rate of preventable missionary attrition, the CSA should contribute to research, practice, and organizational support.
Development of the Experiences of Humility Scale
Authors: Davis Don E. , McElroy Stacey , Choe Elise , Westbrook Charles J. , DeBlaere Cirleen , Van Tongeren Daryl R. , Hook Joshua , Sandage Steven J. , Placeres Vanessa
Published: February 2018

In three studies, we developed the Experiences of Humility Scale (EHS). In Study 1, we used exploratory factor analysis to determine the factor structure and to reduce items in a sample of undergraduates (N = 200). The EHS had four subscales: Other-orientation, Transcendence, Awareness of Selfishness, and Awareness of Egotism. Study 2 involved an experiment with a second sample of college students (N = 106) that provided initial evidence of construct validity. Participants assigned to a Meaning Condition (i.e., writing about a most meaningful event) reported lower levels of awareness of egotism and selfishness than did participants assigned to a Neutral Condition. In Study 3, with a third sample of college students (N = 155), we replicated the factor structure of the EHS using confirmatory factor analysis and evaluated additional evidence of construct validity. As predicted, the EHS subscales predicted constructs associated with spiritual connection and meaning. Likewise, providing evidence of discriminant validity, the EHS subscales were only moderately related to traits of humility, agreeableness, and neuroticism.
Posture in Relation to God and Ethnic Background: A Qualitative Analysis of Urban Youth Ministry Workers' Responses to Crisis
Authors: Fort Christin J. , Eriksson Cynthia B. , Gottuso Ann Y. , Wilkins Ashley M.
Published: February 2018

The relationship between humans and God has been one of great interest to scholars throughout the ages (Snow, McMinn, Bufford, & Brenlinger, 2011). This study analyzed urban youth ministry workers' experiences of crisis and the impact of these experiences on their relationships with God. Participants were interviewed, and interview transcriptions were coded using the Consensual Qualitative Research (CQR) method. Two major categories emerged to describe participants' posture in relation to God: “posture toward God” and “posture away from God.” Additionally, ten subcategories emerged. Issues related to theodicy and feelings of distance from God were explored, along with experiences of trust and intimacy with God. Sub-categories were further analyzed for distinctions correlated with participants' ethnic background. Results suggested that the postures of anger, confusion and tension were noteworthy, as ethnic group differences in report of these experiences were apparent. Recommendations for further research and implications for clinical practice were offered.
Revisiting and Extending the Role of Religious Coping in the Racism-Mental Health Relation among Christian, Asian American Students
Authors: Kim Paul Youngbin
Published: February 2018

Despite the prevalent belief to the contrary, Asian Americans are susceptible to experiencing contemporary forms of racism and their deleterious influence on mental health. The present study is an empirical investigation of Asian Americans' experience of racism, its association with mental health, the different religious coping strategies that might be utilized, and the mediating roles of religious coping in a sample of Christian Asian American college students. The current study revisits and extends a prior study (P. Y. Kim, Kendall, & Webb, 2015) by using a more nuanced conceptualization and assessment of religious coping, examining religious coping as a mediator instead of a moderator, and examining mental health outcomes multidimensionally (anxiety, depression, and well-being). Results indicated that Asian American participants tended to rely on certain types of religious coping over others, and that some highly endorsed religious coping strategies had a deleterious effect on mental health (e.g., positively associated with racism and distress symptoms), whereas other endorsed strategies had a facilitative role on mental health (e.g., positively associated with racism, but inversely associated with psychological distress). The findings point to the complex roles religious coping might play in the association between racism and the mental health of Asian American college students.
Demon Possession and Psychopathology: A Theological Relationship
Authors: Bach Paul J.
Published: February 2018

Sall (1976) made four distinctions between demon possession and psychopathology, particularly psychosis. Each of these distinctions is reviewed and found to be unnecessarily subjective, less than totally representative of the scriptural witness, or lacking in clinical precision. Analysis of the relationship between demon possession and psychopathology indicates that psychotherapy is a part of the larger ministry of the church.
“Weep with those who Weep”: Understanding and Helping the Crying Person
Authors: Van Heukelem Judith F.
Published: February 2018

The expression of pain, whether physical, emotional, or spiritual, in the form of tears is often difficult for the professional helper to deal with. However, crying is a God-given gift and a therapeutic outlet. Scriptural examples give us a wide range of situations where crying is treated as normal and expected behavior. The role of the counselor is thus to support and encourage crying rather than to inhibit it or “put it down” as a sign of instability or spiritual immaturity. The professional helper who understands the emotions and responses evoked in him by a crying individual is better able to support people in distress. There are practical ways the counselor can “lower the crying threshold,” thus encouraging the release of tension through tears.
Towards A Biblical Model of Counseling
Authors: Carter John D.
Published: February 2018

This article attempts to develop a model of counseling which is biblical in structure and which is contrasted to two inadequate alternatives. The model is developed for the Scriptures' description of the Flesh and the Spirit and centers on therapeutic relationship as expressed in six dimensions: goal setting, source of value, locus of responsibility, focus on cognition/feeling/behavior, style of therapy, and duration of therapy.
The Denial of Death: Foundations for An Integration of Psychological and Theological Views of Personality
Authors: Hartz Gary W.
Published: February 2018

The thesis of this article is that Ernest Becker's book, The Denial of Death, presents viable propositions for an integration of psychological and theological views of personality. The key integrative bases for this work are (a) that the core tendency of the personality is to minimize the fear of death while minimizing the fear of life, and (b) that this tendency is supported both by Christian theology and the nature of the religious quest. Both psychological and spiritual resources for minimizing the fears of life and death are delineated. A brief model of personality, psychological growth, and holistic maturity is presented in order to resolve tensions between religious and psychological conceptions of growth and maturity.
The Facilitativeness of Parish Ministers: A Descriptive Study
Authors: Virkler Henry A.
Published: February 2018

Counseling efficacy studies suggest that when certain conditions such as empathy, respect, genuineness, and concreteness are present in a counseling relationship, positive therapeutic change is likely to result, while in the absence of such conditions little change or even client deterioration may occur. Fifty-four randomly selected Protestant pastors participated in a tape-recorded, 10-minute counseling module. Their responses were subsequently rated on levels of empathy, respect, genuineness, and concreteness using the scales developed by Carkhuff and Truax. It was found that pastors were significantly below minimally facilitative levels on those conditions which convey empathy, acceptance, and warmth. While none of the 54 pastors reached minimally facilitative levels, conservative pastors were significantly less facilitative than their more liberal counterparts. Completion of the general seminary curriculum did not increase facilitativeness, and courses in pastoral counseling increased facilitativeness only minimally. Facilitativeness did not increase with maturation and experience. The need for specific training in facilitation skills within the seminary counseling curriculum is suggested.
Back to the Basics: a Broad Conceptual Model for the Integration of Psychology and Theology
Authors: Mathisen Kenneth
Published: February 2018

The purpose of this article is to explore Bube's “levels of description” approach to the integration of science and Christian faith with respect to its implications for the integration of psychology and theology. It is proposed that Bube's model provides a broad conceptual foundation upon which other aspects of integration may be profitably constructed. Some specific implications of this model for experimental. professional, and intra-personal integration are suggested.
The Effect of Religious Orthodoxy: A Statistical Analogy
Authors: Rytting Marvin , Christensen Harold T.
Published: February 2018

In a study of religious and social attitudes of Mormon students at Brigham Young University, Christensen and Cannon (1978) found dramatic increases in religious orthodoxy from 1935 to 1973. The present extended analysis of their data explores the effects of this high level of religious orthodoxy. As conformity to the orthodox position increased, the influence of demographic variables (except membership in the Mormon Church) almost disappeared. An attempt to derive reliable scales from the data failed due to the lack of variance within the data, but provided an analogy. It is suggested that the lack of variability in opinions reflected in the Mormon students' orthodoxy may be dysfunctional just as the lack of variance in the data makes them less meaningful than they otherwise would be.
The Centrality and Scope of Conversion
Authors: Price Robert M.
Published: February 2018

This article argues that conversion understood as a miracle of the Holy Spirit is not merely the point of entry to evangelical Christianity. On the contrary, it has a centrality that is often overlooked, relative both to the theological program and to the shape and style of the religious life itself. This importance is so far-reaching in scope that when the miraculous character, of conversion is redefined by well-meaning evangelical psychologists, the results are serious and surprising. First, when God's activity in conversion is located in overall significance rather than supernatural causation, the door is opened to a liberal (non-miraculous) understanding of God's acts in biblical history as well. Second, when conversion is understood as a crisis-transformation, a pattern is established which can lead to stereotyped thinking and stunted personal growth. When this understanding of conversion is softened in favor of psychological realism, evangelistic claims for “changed lives” are made ambiguous. The dilemma can be solved if one is willing to apply the designation “miraculous” only to the saving truth to which one is converted, and not to the process of Conversion itself.
A Systems View of Jesus as Change Agent
Authors: Deschenes Paul , Rogers Martha L.
Published: February 2018

Jesus Christ stands out as the most effective change agent in recorded history. His therapeutic encounters and the gospel message he preached may both be understood from a brief therapy, systems theory point of view. There are two levels of understanding in Jesus’ brief encounters and communications: an earthly level and a spiritual level. Most of the people whom Christ encountered were operating on the earthly level. Christ's goal in these encounters was to move the individual from an earthly perspective to a spiritual perspective, or from their old system to a new one. It is at this point of paradigm shift that people are presented with the opportunity to make the most significant second-order change possible: salvation.
Burn-Out and the Pastorate: A Critical Review with Implications for Pastors
Authors: Daniel Stephen , Rogers Martha L.
Published: February 2018

The phenomenon of burn-out is examined and defined. Behavioral symptoms such as increased defensiveness, increased risk taking, rigidity, and suspiciousness are discussed as are physical symptoms of exhaustion, fatigue, headaches, and gastrointestinal disturbances. Factors including dispositional attribution and pluralistic ignorance which increase the chance of burn-out are described. The available published literature on burn-out is classified into anecdotal, experimental, theoretical, and prescriptive studies and then critically reviewed. These findings are compared with a similar constellation of symptoms identified in prior research with problems of clergy. A case is made comparing the symptoms and strains of ministers to other professionals who have been identified as burned out. Preventive and treatment recommendations on individual and systems levels are made. A theoretical framework for further research on burn-out in ministers is also suggested.
The Counseling Function of Pastors: A Study in Practice and Preparation
Authors: Abramczyk Lois W.
Published: February 2018

This study looked at the counseling function of pastors in terms of several practice and preparation variables by studying a group of pastors from the Columbia District, United Methodist Church, Columbia, South Carolina. The results showed that all respondents were to some extent involved in counseling activities, used primarily Rogerian theory and non-directive techniques, worked mostly with individuals and dyads, had short-term contacts, and most frequently dealt with problems related to traditional pastoral functions and life meaning. Respondents saw their ability to help as due primarily to personal characteristics and their spiritual perspective. Satisfaction with training was low. Results also raised several questions that merit further investigation.
The Shepherd Scale: Separating the Sheep from the Goats
Authors: Basset Rodney L. , Sadler Ronald D. , Kobischen Eric E. , Skiff David M. , Merrill Ivy J. , Atwater Barbara J. , Livermore Paul W.
Published: February 2018

This article presents an instrument designed to differentiate Christians from non-Christians. The instrument reflects the belief that published past attempts to measure Christianity have underutilized the Bible as a resource. Therefore, in the construction of this instrument, the New Testament was searched for qualities characteristic of Christians and then these were used as the basis for determining item content. When administered to a sample of college students from a small Christian liberal arts college the instrument, the Shepherd Scale, demonstrated promising reliability and validity. As a further test of the instrument's validity it was also given to a broader range of people living in the suburbs of a metropolitan area. Again, the Shepherd Scale seemed to “separate the sheep from the goats.”
Induced Christian Neurosis: An Examination of Pragmatic Paradoxes and the Christian Faith
Authors: Cohen Eric J.
Published: February 2018

Perceived theological imperatives, which are paradoxical in nature, can result in a classic double-bind situation which place a Christian believer in a position where no “correct” or “obedient” response is possible. Such double-binds entrap Christians in a way that they can neither take action, not take action, nor comment upon the dilemma of the entrapment itself. A prolonged exposure to such double-binds can result in a neurotic symptomatology that is directly induced by the double-bind situation. The author develops a theoretical framework for understanding “induced Christian neurosis” through an examination of experimental neuroses, paradoxes, pragmatic paradoxes, and double-binds. Final consideration is given to the resolution of the double-bind predicament.
Schematic Portrayal: Parents’ Cognitive Styles and Children's Developmental Health
Authors: Peake Thomas H. , Stehouwer R. Scott , Stehouwer Nancy Devos
Published: February 2018

While Christian parents are instructed to “train up a child in the way he should go” (Proverbs 22:6), many parents do not realize that some of the most important aspects of learning in children are taught by parents inadvertently. This learning includes the expression and labeling of emotions, and the assignment of personal values. Parents tacitly model for children a complex schemata of ego defenses (cognitive styles), applied values, and experiential labels. Although several theoretical schools (e.g. learning theory, psychodynamic theory, and systems theory) have terminology describing this phenomenon, Piaget's concepts of “schemata,” “assimilation,” “accommodation,” and “cognitive growth” best integrate the processes involved because as used in his system they describe qualitative changes in mentation. Parents have need to develop a greater awareness of the powerful influences that modeling, or “schematic portrayal” as it is referred to in this article, has on their children. In addition there is need for parents to become more cognizant of the psychological processes operating in their own personalities. This would allow Christian parents, in particular, to realize the importance of their own values, beliefs, and behavior in training and witnessing to their children.
The Ethics of Paradox
Authors: Deschenes Paul , Shepperson Vance L.
Published: February 2018

The use of paradox in psychotherapy has mushroomed in recent years. Along with its increased popularity this therapeutic tactic for change has generated strong opposition in some Christian quarters. Critics charge that therapists who use these techniques are manipulative, uncaring, cold, dishonest, and unethical. This discussion considers these allegations in the following fashion: A variety of such techniques and their ethical implications will be described using current and scriptural examples, therapist variables associated with the use of paradox will be considered, and the issue of who and what is responsible for therapeutic change in “paradoxical therapy” will be discussed.
Spirit and Soul in No-Man's Land: Reflections on Haule's “Care of Souls”
Authors: Kemp Hendrika Vande
Published: February 2018

The author responds to Haule's (1983) “The Care of Souls’” by reviewing historical sources which demonstrate that the task of psychotheological integration has always been too multi-faceted to permit an easy reconciliation, by questioning the implicit equivalence of spirit and soul (psyche and pneuma), by challenging the adequacy of his anthropological model, and by directing him to further sources in the Jungian tradition.
Assimilation and Accommodation Applied to Vernacular Scriptures-in-Use
Authors: Pike Patricia L.
Published: February 2018

The principles of assimilation and accommodation are applicable to missions in that the aim of missionary effort involves presenting new concepts to change ideas and behavior. Development of appropriate personal use of vernacular Scriptures is a goal of much mission strategy. Literacy activities play a major role in attainment of that goal. Research literature on cognition and literacy is thus presented to demonstrate that assimilation and accommodation are applicable on three significant levels of literacy activity: (a) A broad culture-wide level, (b) a narrow materials-preparation level, and (c) a midrange program-planning level.
Missionary Fit: A Criterion-Related Model
Authors: Cureton Charles B.
Published: February 2018

Missionary-sending agencies are becoming concerned about missionary attrition. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop a strategy for identifying the antecedents to successful missionary service. Forty-four participants, attending the National Conference on Mental Health and Missions, formed three groups for the present study. Mental health professionals, missionary leaders, and professionals with missionary personnel experience were measured on three criteria for the task of identifying a successful missionary: A job-function analysis, a value-orientation scale, and a personality checklist. The three groups were significantly alike in their perceptions, thereby permitting the development of a statistical model representative of all participants. Slight statistical variances which did exist among and within the three groups suggest that missionary organizations should seriously consider developing their own statistical model for identifying and selecting successful missionaries.
Preferred Means of Hostility Expression among Missionaries: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Taylor Beth Corey , Malony H. Newton
Published: February 2018

The effects of the stresses in a missionary's environment were examined in terms of their responses to a measure of hostility and an index of stress. The Buss-Durkee Inventory (BD; Buss & Durkee, 1957) was used to measure hostility among 34 missionaries, 15 of whom were currently on the mission field and 19 of whom were home on furlough. The groups were compared with the norms on the BD for hostility scores and preferred means of hostility expression. Hostility expression was divided into seven different measures: Assault, indirect hostility, irritability, negativism, resentment, suspicion, and verbal hostility. Scores for indirect hostility and negativism did not differ significantly from the norms. On five of these measures the missionary groups scored significantly lower than the norms. Comparisons were also made between the two missionary groups for each hostility measure. No significant differences were found between missionaries on the field and those on furlough, except on the measure of indirect hostility where male missionaries on the field scored higher than those on furlough. The inverse was true for females. Perception of stress increased as the number of years on the field increased.
Complete Yet Inadequate: The Role of Learned Helplessness and Self-Attribution from the Writings of Paul
Authors: Mcminn Mark R. , Mcminn Gordon N.
Published: February 2018

The model of learned helplessness is reviewed and related to New Testament Pauline writings. It is suggested that Paul did experience the perception of helplessness, yet did not experience the deficits which often accompany helplessness. The lack of such deficits can be explained, in terms of a reformulated model of learned helplessness, by considering the self-attributional statements exhibited in Paul's writings. Despite Paul's realistic appraisal of his helplessness, his self-worth was not threatened –- he was complete although inadequate. It is suggested that an overemphasis on the doctrine of inadequacy may lead to self-esteem deficits among evangelicals.
Integration and the Culture of Rationalism: Reaction to Responses to “The Conduct of Integration,” Part II
Authors: Farnsworth Kirk E. , Alexanian Joseph M. , Iverson Jerome D.
Published: February 2018

An argument is presented for interpreting “praying without ceasing” (I Thessalonians 5:17) and “understanding and knowing God” (Jeremiah 9:24) in terms of both rational behavior and nonrational experience. There are many people in the evangelical subculture, however, who would interpret such verses only in the rational sense. The subcultural influence of this rationalistic content bias, of always interpreting Scripture in rational categories, as well as the method bias of viewing the interpretation process itself as entirely rational –- collectively referred to as the evangelical culture of rationalism –- is critiqued. It is noted that scriptural interpretation is by nature a human activity, comprised of thoughts and feelings and guided by the Holy Spirit, but not perfectly all of the time. It is concluded that the basic assumptions of the evangelical culture of rationalism, methodological purity and epistemological certainty, lead to the polarization of rational versus nonrational, which is not an accurate account of the hermeneutic process.
Hypnosis and Metaphor in Christian Context: History, Abuse, and Use
Authors: Shepperson Vance L. , Henslin Earl R.
Published: February 2018

This article investigates two aspects of hypnosis: in the first section we examine the meanings that have been attributed to hypnosis over the centuries; in the second, we examine a highly practical clinical tool, the multiple embedded hypnotic metaphor. The first section not only details secular attributions to hypnosis but also addresses Christian concerns regarding the same. One is thus presented with a panoramic historical perspective as a vantage point for examining a highly specific hypnotic tool. This tool, the multiple embedded metaphor, is potentially quite useful in the service of integrative work. The reader is given step by step instruction in how to understand the structure and content of this tool. In addition, a detailed, annotated case example illustrates how one may use the multiple embedded metaphor in one's everyday clinical practice.
Jacob's Journey: From Narcissism toward Wholeness
Authors: Shepperson Vance L.
Published: February 2018

This article details the etiology, symptomatology, and treatment of pathological narcissism from a Christian perspective. The theoretical orientation throughout the article is primarily Jungian although other perspectives are presented as well. The primary embodiment of narcissism and its transformation process throughout is the Old Testament patriarch, Jacob; illustrations from his life highlight this transformational process. Specific treatment principles useful in the therapy of narcissistic character disorders are given along with examples of those principles.
The Biblical Concept of Creativity: Scope, Definition, Criteria
Authors: Liesch Barry W. , Finley Thomas J.
Published: February 2018

This article attempts to relate the scope, definition, and criteria of the biblical concept of creativity to recent research in creative behavior, as well as writings of scientists, artists, and Christian thinkers. Extensive word study led to the conclusion that creativity in Scripture refers exclusively to God's achievements and that those achievements are in two dimensions which mirror human creativity. In one dimension God creates by making or constructing things or entities. In the other dimension he creates by doing or performing rather than making. His creations are characterized by a newness that is unprecedented, unforseeable, valuable, transformational, and lasting. Creating involves envisioning, fashioning, and linking the product to societal needs. Grounds for an interface between divine and human creativity are proposed within the areas of newness, wisdom, and the image of God in humans.
Healing in the Koinonia: Therapeutic Dynamics of Church Community
Authors: Bishop Leigh C.
Published: February 2018

The concept of the church as a sharing community is particularly compatible with the social psychiatric concept of healing community. Indeed, healing community has emerged as a social phenomenon among lay Christian groups and church communities. Almond's concepts of communitas and healing charisma, among others, help to explain the processes of psychological healing in groups that can be identified as healing communities. A description of a church community that has also functioned as a healing community is given, and some special characteristics of church healing community are suggested.
Religiosity, Sin and Self-Esteem
Authors: Watson Paul J. , Hood Ralph W. , Morris Ronald J. , Hall James R.
Published: February 2018

The empirical literature remains largely unsuccessful in clearly defining the functioning of the self within religious persons; and at the same time, a controversy exists within the religious community over how to integrate biblical beliefs about sin with psychological notions associating positive self-regard with mental health. The present study suggests that the wider social controversy is useful in clarifying the empirical problem and that more specifically the languages of sin and of self-esteem are at least partially incompatible. The results indicated that operationalization of religiosity was generally important in defining the nature of religiosity relationships with self-esteem; and more particularly, it was found that a sensitivity to the humanistic language of self-measures and to the guilt dimensions of orthodox views was in fact useful in demonstrating positive associations between self-esteem and a number of religiosity measures including those relating to sin.
Moral Reasoning and Christian Faith
Authors: Clouse Bonnidell
Published: February 2018

A Politics-Religion Attitude Scale and the Defining Issues Test were administered to students at a midwestern state university to ascertain differences in stage of moral reasoning between those who accept the Christian faith and those who do not, between those who are conservative in their political views and those who are liberal, and between males and females. Significant religious differences were found at the postconventional stages 5 and 6, political differences at the conventional Stage 4 and the postconventional stages 5 and 6, and gender differences at the conventional Stage 3. The implications of these findings for Christians are discussed in terms of the teachings and life of Jesus. Suggestions for further research are given.
The Gnostic World of Anorexia Nervoso
Authors: Sabom W. Stephen
Published: February 2018

The pastoral and theological literature has been notably quiet about the now-epidemic disorder of anorexia nervosa. In pursuit of a theological and pastoral understanding of this affliction, it is proposed here that beliefs and practices of anorexics share a common rejection of incarnated presence with advocates of the ancient Christological heresy of gnosticism. Examined are three parallel theological errors expressed in claims of specialness, all-or-nothing reasoning and asceticism.
Pastors’ Friendships, Part 1: Project Overview and an Exploration of the Pedestal Effect
Authors: Blackbird Tegan , Wright Paul H.
Published: February 2018

This is the first of two reports of a study exploring the expectation that pastors would be discouraged from forming close friendships by a “pedestal effect,” norms of propriety, and antifraternization norms. Members of 12 congregations responded to their pastor or to a control layman, providing data on the pedestal effect, norms, and friendship expressed toward the pastor or control. Each pastor also estimated the pedestal effect and norms in his congregation. Pastors’ closest friendships were no less strong or rewarding than those of controls. The overall pedestal effect was mild, and was unrelated to pastors’ closest friendships. This effect appeared to be an individual rather than a congregational matter, and parishioners showing a stronger effect were less inclined to express friendship toward their pastors. No pedestal effect was found for controls. Congregational norms will be considered in our second report.
A Developmental Perspective on Adolescent “Rebellion” in the Church
Authors: Hill Cathryn I.
Published: February 2018

Theories on the development of faith are reviewed with an emphasis on the developmental changes associated with adolescence in relation to moral development and identity resolution. A unified framework is proposed which distinguishes “conventional” from “postconventional” faith. Implications are suggested for explaining the problem of teenage “rebellion” in the church, and considerations for further research are indicated.
A Selective Response to Saucy
Authors: Zern David S.
Published: February 2018

The author responds to Saucy's (1987) reaction to his article, “Positive Links Among Obedience Pressure, Religiosity, and Measures of Cognitive Accomplishment.” While finding Saucy's reactions primarily interesting and helpful, the author does find one point at which he must challenge Saucy, that is, the extent to which religion fosters the appropriateness of obeying without understanding.
Ethnocentrism among Free Methodist Leaders and Students
Authors: Hollister J. Elliott , Boivin Michael J.
Published: February 2018

An ethnic awareness survey was used to evaluate ethnocentrism in a national sample of denominational lay leaders, clergy, and college students of the Free Methodist Church of North America Those found to demonstrate the greatest degree of ethnocentricity were individuals with little or no college education and/or nonprofessionals from smaller churches. Those demonstrating the least degree of ethnocentricity were college graduates, pastors, conference superintendents, those from inner-city churches, and those involved in professional occupations. Among college students in the sample, senior level students were significantly less ethnocentric with respect to the questionnaire scales than their freshman counterparts. Level of education and the demographic nature of the respondent's church and home environment seemed to override the purely theological dimensions of religious and church involvement. The result is a discrepancy between the theological ideals of a church or faith and the way in which social values and attitudes are expressed in day-to-day settings.
Career Counseling Tailored to the Evangelical Christian Woman at Midlife
Authors: Melcher Charlotte R.
Published: February 2018

The unique career counseling needs of traditional evangelical Christian women at midlife are seen as precipitating from two circumstances: (a) children reaching school age and/or (b) husbands undergoing midlife crises which threaten their marriages. The rationale for choosing a Christian versus secular counselor is discussed, along with ways to adapt conventional secular counseling strategies and tools to accommodate evangelical values. Suggestions for motivating clients biblically are offered Problems addressed include phases of counseling, guilt issues, family concerns, and financial considerations. A decision-making model that emphasizes the centrality of values and a “change agent” approach to barriers is advocated.
Can Psychology Aid Us in the Fulfillment of the Great Commission? A Missiologist Speaks to Christian Psychologists
Authors: Hesselgrave David J.
Published: February 2018

Gary Collins (1976) says that “discipling of others must be a part of Christian counseling–-perhaps even its major goal” (p. 18). Missions people applaud this approach. But whether or not it will be realized cross-culturally depends on the attitude that will be assumed and the action that will be taken by Christian psychologists. Criticism from some quarters notwithstanding, historically both anthropologists and missiologists have benefited when their relationship has been one of mutual respect. Appropriate actions commended to psychologists include examination of some form(s) of non-Western therapy, a reexamination of the notion of universals, and cooperation with cross-culturalists in theory-building.
Clergy Counseling Practices, Christian Orthodoxy and Problem Solving Styles
Authors: Winger Darrell , Hunsberger Bruce
Published: February 2018

This survey study of 127 male clergy from 10 Protestant denominations in Ontario investigated counseling practices, religious orthodoxy, problem solving styles and related variables, in order to increase the understanding of clergy as counselors. Results confirmed that clergy spend a significant amount of time counseling a wide variety of problems, and that their views of mental illness and their approaches to counseling are related to their religious orthodoxy and their approaches to problem solving. For example, clergy who tended to view both the individual and God as active in problem solving also tended to report using both psychological and spiritual techniques in their counseling. However, clergy who tended to view the individual as passive, and God as active in problem solving, were more likely to use spiritual techniques in their counseling. Similarly, more orthodox clergy employed spiritual counseling techniques more than did less orthodox clergy. Other findings and their implications are reported and discussed.
Beyond Pragmatism: Brief Therapy and Christian Counseling
Authors: Hesselgrave David J.
Published: February 2018

The increased attention being given to the potential of brief therapy and short-term counseling underscores the importance of the issue of pragmatism in Christian counseling. In their well-known book Change: Principles of Problem Formation and Problem Resolution (1974), Watzlawick, Weakland and Fisch note the similarity between their four-step paradigm for brief therapy and the Four Noble Truths of Buddhism. Since original Buddhism is preeminently pragmatic this comparison furnishes the occasion for an examination of pragmatism in general and brief therapy techniques in particular. This examination leads to the conclusion that in spite of the obvious similarities between brief therapy and original Buddhism, there is the profound difference that the latter does concern itself with the root cause of the human dilemma while brief therapy professes no interest in causal factors. The comparison, then, encourages Christian counselors to look beyond pragmatism and, in doing so, to recognize both the potential and the pitfalls inherent in counseling on the brief therapy model.
Christian Therapists' and Clients' Perceptions of Religious Psychotherapy in Private and Agency Settings
Authors: Worthington Everett L. , Dupont Philip D. , Berry James T. , Duncan Loretta A
Published: February 2018

This study investigates the work of seven mental health professionals with 27 adult clients using data from 92 sessions. Therapists were in private practice or agencies. Therapists and clients (a) identified presenting problems, (b) rated improvement in therapy since its onset, and (c) estimated severity of problems both (retrospectively) at the onset of therapy and(later) at the beginning of the study. Each week, therapists and clients reported on the use or non-use of 20 spiritual guidance techniques and rated the helpfulness of the session. Therapists saw a range of problems, most often involving marriage and family and personal-emotional concerns. Agency and private therapists saw people with different types of problems. Therapists also reported using spiritual guidance techniques at different frequencies. Therapists used spiritual guidance techniques differently with clients of differing religious intensity. Clients and therapists are cautioned that Christian therapists may differ substantially in use of spiritual guidance techniques, expertise, and therapy outcome; consequently, Christian counseling should not be treated as a unitary phenomenon.
The Task of Integration: A Modest Proposal
Authors: Bouma-Prediger Steve
Published: February 2018

This article examines the issue of integration and proposes a typology of four different kinds of integration: interdisciplinary, intradisciplinary, faith-praxis, and experiential integration. The elaboration of the nature of each type of integration includes specific implications for Christians. The proposal is intended to clarify the integration discussion and stimulate dialogue on these important issues.