bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
REARING METHODS AND BIOLOGICAL NOTES FOR SEVEN SPECIES OF EUROPEAN AND JAPANESE PARASITES OF THE LARCH CASEBEARER (LEPIDOPTERA: COLEOPHORIDAE)
Authors: Ryan R. B.
Published: December 2009

Types of cages and methods for rearing, collecting, holding, and scheduling adult emergence are described for hymenopterous parasites ofColeophora laricella(Hübner). Methods differ depending on whether the parasite attacks needlemining larvae, e.g.Agathis pumila(Ratz.) andDiadegma laricinellum(Strobl), or casebearing larvae, e.g.Chrysocharis laricinellae(Ratz.),Elachertus argissa(Walk.),Necremnus metalarus(Walk.),Dicladocerus westwoodiiWestw., andDicladocerus japonicusYshm. Biological details of the parasites pertinent to laboratory rearing include stage attacked, developmental times, adult longevity, diapause, mode of reproduction, progeny sex ratios, and suggested parasite/host ratios.
INFLUENCES OF EXTRACTS OF FRESHWATER VEGETATION ON THE SURVIVAL AND OVIPOSITION BY AEDES AEGYPTI (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)
Authors: Angerilli Nello P. D.
Published: December 2009

Extracts of eight species of freshwater vegetation were tested for toxicity against larvae of Aedes aegypti L. All extracts were found to be toxic. The same extracts and culture water from one of the species were also tested for their possible influences on the oviposition behaviour of A. aegypti. Extracts of six species repelled ovipositing females; one extract and the culture water attracted ovipositing females; and one extract type had no influence on the oviposition behaviour.
A BIOASSAY SYSTEM FOR THE EVALUATION OF BLACK FLY (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) CONTROL AGENTS UNDER SIMULATED STREAM CONDITIONS
Authors: Gaugler Randy , Molloy Daniel , Haskins Thomas , Rider George
Published: December 2009

A new bioassay unit is described which provides simulated stream conditions for testing control agents against black fly larvae. Attributes include uniform flow, high control survival, and excellent visibility for observing larval behavior. It also possesses the unique advantage of using recycled water, continuously supplied fresh water, or both simultaneously. The unit has performed satisfactorily in assays against black flies using pathogens, parasites, and chemicals. In addition, stream invertebrates from four insect orders have been maintained in the unit.

A simple and inexpensive incubation unit is also described which possesses several of the advantages of the bioassay unit. It lacks the capability for recirculation and is generally less versatile than the bioassay unit; however, it is useful for the maintenance and observation of stream insects.
INHERITANCE OF PARTIAL STERILITY IN PROGENY OF IRRADIATED MALES OF EPHESTIA CAUTELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) AND ITS EFFECT ON THEORETICAL POPULATION SUPPRESSION
Authors: Brower John H.
Published: December 2009

One-day-old P1 males of the almond moth, Ephestia cautella (Walker), were irradiated with 5, 10, 15, or 2 krad of gamma radiation and paired with untreated virgin females. Progeny were collected through three generations, and lines were established in theF1and F2 with all possible degrees of inbreeding and outbreeding. Radiation effects were assayed by determining mating success, sterility of pairs, average number of progeny/fertile pair, and sex ratio for pairs with males (U♂ × F1♀ U♂ × F2 ♀), females, or both sexes (F1♂ × F1♀, F2 ♂ × F2 ♀) from each dose. Results showed the greater the initial dose, the greater the reduction in the number of progeny and the greater the male to female ratio. Radiation effects on both F1 males and F1 females were greater than effects on the P1 males, though effects on F1 males were greater than effects on F1 females. Except for extinct lines, partial recovery occurred in the F2 generation though recovery was much greater in F2 females than in F2 males. In each generation males were more affected than females from the same breeding line when they were outcrossed with untreated moths. The greater the degree of inbreeding in irradiated lines, the greater the effect on both males and females. Although a high degree of population reduction occurred only in the F1 generation at a dose of 15 and 20 krad, population models showed inbreeding at the lower doses caused sufficient depression to greatly reduce abundance of a natural population for several generations after a single inundative release of substerilized males.
CHANGES IN THE SEX RATIO OF DENDROCTONUS FRONTALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) ON PINUS TAEDA DURING THE ATTACK PROCESS
Authors: Hynum Barry G.
Published: December 2009

In studies of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm., on loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., one of the theories about the mechanism of attack is a shift in sex ratio from 100% to 25% females (Renwick and Vité 1970). This paper reports a test of this theory using trees that were naturally infested.

Thirty-one naturally infested loblolly pine trees were observed in July 1978, near Cut-and-Shoot, 19 km east of Conroe, Montgomery County, Texas. A 0.66 m quadrat was marked off on the bole of each tree at heights of 3 m and 3.66 m. Gallery starts in the quadrat were counted and marked every 24 h on each tree. The quadrat was reduced to a 0.33 m section on the bole at heights of 3.33 to 3.66 m on a tree after the attack density reached 1 gallery/100 cm2 and to a 0.16 m section at heights of 3.50 and 3.66 m on the bole after the attack density reached 2 gallerys/100 cm2; this facilitated timely counting and stabilized error due to observer fatigue.
MATING DISRUPTION WITH SYNTHETIC SEX ATTRACTANTS CONTROLS DAMAGE BY EUCOSMA SONOMANA (LEPIDOPTERA; TORTRICIDAE, OLETHREUTINAE) IN PINUS PONDEROSA PLANTATIONS: I. MANUALLY APPLIED POLYVINYL CHLORIDE FORMULATION
Authors: Sartwell Charles , Daterman G. E. , Sower L. L. , Overhulser D. L. , Koerber T. W.
Published: December 2009

A chemical mixture highly attractive to males of western pine shoot borer, Eucosma sonomana Kearfott, were dispensed from manually applied polyvinyl chloride releasers on 15 ha of ponderosa pine plantations during spring 1978 near Bly, Oregon. Mating disruption treatments, replicated 4 times, were 3.5 g/ha from 100 releasers/ha spaced at 10 m, and 14 g/ha from 400 releasers/ha spaced at 5 m. Both were equally effective; the number of damaged terminal shoots was reduced 83.0% with the low dosage and 84.2% with the high dosage.
STUDIES ON THE DISSIPATION OF DIFLUBENZURON AND METHOPRENE FROM SHALLOW PRAIRIE POOLS
Authors: Madder D. J. , Lockhart W. L.
Published: December 2009

A series of sod-lined pools were constructed and used to monitor repeated applications of diflubenzuron as Dimilin WP-25 and mefhoprene as Altosid SR-10. Diflubenzuron and methoprene "disappeared" rapidly from the pool water as determined by bioassays using Aedes aegypti (L.) (Culicidae) larvae and by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). Chemical assays for a diflubenzuron derivative were positive for several days; bioassay indicated the presence of diflubenzuron (or at least growth regulator activity) at levels toxic to mosquito larvae for up to 16 days. In contrast methoprene "fell" below GLC detection within 2 days although biological activity persisted for approximately a week after treatment. Neither parent compound should cause a long-term persistence hazard when used for mosquito control in Canadian prairie waters.
RELATIONSHIP OF TEMPERATURE AND PREY TYPE TO DEVELOPMENTAL TIME OF THE BARK BEETLE PREDATOR THANASIMUS DUBIUS (COLEOPTERA: CLERIDAE)
Authors: Nebeker T. E. , Purser G. C.
Published: December 2009

Effects of three temperatures and three prey types on the developmental time (egg to adult) of Thanasimus dubius (F.) from two different geographic areas were investigated in the laboratory. The developmental time decreased with increasing temperature. Larval T. dubius exhibited longer developmental times with small prey larvae as compared with larger prey. However, the prepupal and pupal period was shorter for T. dubius fed small prey. Prey type did not affect the overall developmental time. Significant difference in developmental time was observed between the two groups. Elytral lengths of adult T. dubius were indicative of rearing temperatures and prey type consumed by the immature predator.
PARASITIC MITES (ACARI: ERYTHRAEIDAE) ON SPRUCE BUDWORM MOTHS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Houseweart Mark W. , Jennings Daniel T. , Berkett Lorraine P. , Brann Thomas B.
Published: December 2009

At least two species of parasitic larval mites of the erythraeid genus Leptus were found on male spruce bud worm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), moths attracted to pheromone-baited traps. Mites were found on 28.5% of 2298 male moths captured during three trapping days in July 1977. Numbers of mite-infested moths were positively correlated with catch density. Percentage mite infestation increased with time. Red larval mites were also collected from both male and female free-flying budworm moths. Attachment sites include: wing veins, cervix, compound eye, femur, and abdomen. As many as four mites were collected from one female moth.
THE INFRARED RECEPTIVE FIELDS OF MELANOPHILA ACUMINATA (COLEOPTERA: BUPRESTIDAE)
Authors: Evans W. G. , Kuster J. E.
Published: December 2009

Receptive fields of the infrared receptors located in sensory pits adjacent to the mesocoxal cavities of Melanophila acuminata were measured using a goniometric apparatus and plotted on a Mollweide homolographic projection. The receptive fields extend mainly in a lateral and ventral direction. The total receptive area in units of solid angle is 5.80 steradians but the simultaneous field of perception of infrared radiation of all the sensilla in a pit is only 0.42 steradian. Based on these findings and on other evidence we believe that the infrared-sensitive sensilla function during flight and are used by these beetles for detecting point sources of heat, such as forest fires, from long distances.
PARASITES OF THE YELLOWHEAD SPRUCE SAWFLY, PIKONEMA ALASKENSIS (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE), IN MAINE AND NOVA SCOTIA
Authors: Thompson L. C. , Kulman H. M.
Published: December 2009

Thirteen species of parasites were reared from Pikonema alaskensis (Rohwer) larvae and cocoons collected in Maine and 12 species from larvae collected in Nova Scotia. Of the larval parasites, the most common species in Maine were the ichneumons Rhorus sp. 1 and Syndipnus rubiginosus Walley, and in Nova Scotia, the ichneumons Aderaeon bedardi (Provancher), Mesoleius sp., Rhorus sp. 2, and S. rubiginosus. Of the tachina flies, Palexorista bohemica (Mesnil) was more common in Maine, while it and Bessa harveyi (Townsend) were equally common in Nova Scotia. Only two cocoon parasites were reared in Maine, the ichneumon Endasys pubescens (Provancher) and the pteromalid Tritneptis diprionis Gahan. No egg parasites were reared. Parasitism totaled 12.3% in Maine larvae, 16.1% in Maine cocoons, and 46.7% in Nova Scotia larvae.
A SAMPLING SYSTEM FOR ESTIMATING EGG AND LARVAL POPULATIONS OF AGROMYZA FRONTELLA (DIPTERA: AGROMYZIDAE) IN ALFALFA
Authors: Harcourt D. G. , Binns M. R.
Published: December 2009

During 1977, a detailed study was undertaken to develop efficient sampling procedures for estimating egg and larval populations of the alfalfa blotch leafminer, Agromyza frontella (Rond.), in Vernal alfalfa. Distributions of the stages within and between stems were contagious and stem totals tended to follow negative binomial distributions. Within stems, the density of eggs and larval mines increased exponentially from base to tip. Taking these patterns and the costs of sampling into account, and using the relevant components of variance, four leaves taken systematically from a single stem is proposed as the appropriate sample unit for both eggs and mines. On this basis, 200 stems per field will give adequate precision (less than 10% of the mean with confidence probability 90%) for population estimates. However, the propensity of the leafminer to prefer the middle leaflet to the basal leaflets in the approximate ratio 3:4:3 suggests that sampling costs may be further reduced by restricting counts to the middle leaflet and raising them by a factor of 2.5.
A REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OFCALOTELEAWESTWOOD (HYMENOPTERA, PROCTOTRUPOIDEA, SCELIONIDAE)
Authors: Masner Lubomir
Published: December 2009

The genusCaloteleaWestwood of the Nearctic region is revised. Ten species are recognized, all of them new to science,viz.:C.anthracina♀ ♂ (New Mexico),C.atra♀ ♂ (Florida),C.aurulenta♀ (Texas, North Carolina),C.bicolor♀ ♂ (Virginia),C.cincta♂ (New Mexico),C.flava♀ (Florida, North Carolina, Texas),C.lutea♀ (Virginia),C.mellea♀ ♂ (Georgia),C.nebulosa♀ (Georgia, South Carolina), andC.pulla♀ (Florida). The taxonomic concept ofCaloteleais reviewed. The taxonomic position of the 10 Nearctic species is discussed and the keys to females and males given.
OPPORTUNISTIC FEEDING BY THE FEMALE TREE CRICKET, OECANTHUS NIGRICORNIS (ORTHOPTERA: GRYLLIDAE)
Authors: Bell Paul D.
Published: December 2009

Intruding Oecanthus nigricornis (Walker) females stole nutritional glandular secretions from males engaged in post-copulatory behavior with their mates. This mating strategy may enhance female reproduction.

Mating behavior of Oecanthus spp. begins with elaborate male courtship involving vibratory, acoustic, and olfactory signalling. The female mounts the male, with copulation occurring soon after. During courtship and after copulation the female remains mounted and is provided with male metanotal glandular secretions. These nutritional secretions and the consumed spermatophore increase reproduction (Bell 1979; in press).
THE LARVA OF COENAGRION INTERROGATUM (ODONATA: COENAGRIONIDAE), WITH NOTES ON THE SPECIES IN THE YUKON
Authors: Cannings Sydney G. , Cannings Robert A.
Published: December 2009

A description of the previously unknown larva of Coenagrion interrogatum (Hagen) is presented. In addition, information on larval habitat and the flight period of the adult is documented.
HEMOGRAMS OF SELECTED STAGES OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Dunphy Gary B. , Nolan Richard A.
Published: December 2009

Five types of hemocytes (plasmatocytes, granular cells, spherule cells, oenocytoids, and prohemocytes) were identified in the larval, prepupal, and pupal stages of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.). Hemocyte numbers (total hemocyte counts and absolute hemocyte counts) increased during larval development. The absolute counts were greater in female larvae than in the male larvae during the fourth instar but were higher in the males during the fifth and sixth instars. Hemocyte numbers peaked in the prepupal stage in females and in the early pupal stage in males. The plasmatocytes and granular cells were the predominant hemocytes in both sexes. The plasmatocytes decreased and the granular cells increased throughout larval development of both sexes. There were more plasmatocytes in the males than in the females in all stages of development. There were more granular cells in the males than the females until the sixth instar when the reverse occurred.
TOXICITY AND PERSISTENCE OF PYRETHROID INSECTICIDES AS FOLIAR SPRAYS AGAINST DARKSIDED CUTWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) ON TOBACCO IN ONTARIO
Authors: Cheng H. H.
Published: December 2009

Toxicity and persistence of six insecticides, including three pyrethroids and three organophosphorus insecticides, against Euxoa messoria (Harris) larvae were evaluated. These insecticides were applied to winter rye or tobacco seedlings in the field, and the residues on the foliage were bioassayed in the laboratory. The pyrethroids, cypermethrin, fenvalerate and permethrin, were more effective and persistent, and killed the larvae more rapidly than the organophosphorus insecticides, sulfopros, chlorpyrifos and trichlorfon. The higher rate of cypermethrin and fenvalerate gave a longer period of protection than the lower rate of the same materials and both materials were persistent longer than permethrin. No visible phytotoxicity was found on the tobacco plants treated directly with sulfopros, trichlorfon, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, and permethrin in the 3 years of tests.
TOXICITY OF INSECTICIDES TO SOME ORCHARD CARABIDS (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE)
Authors: Hagley Elmer A. C. , Pree D. J. , Holliday N. J.
Published: December 2009

In the laboratory, endosulfan and phosalone were non-toxic to adult Pterostichus melanarius and Harpalus affinis and of relatively low toxicity to Amara spp. Phosmet was non-toxic to P. melanarius but was toxic to Amara spp. and to a lesser extent to H. affinis. Azinphos-methyl, permethrin, and dimethoate were considerably more toxic to the latter two species than to P. melanarius. Diazinon was toxic to all species and methyl and ethyl parathion were highly toxic to P. melanarius. Bembidion quadrimaculatum was susceptible to most insecticides except endosulfan and phosalone. Mortality in the field generally supported laboratory findings. Diazinon caused the greatest mortality to all species and permethrin caused some mortality to all species. Phosmet was highly toxic to H. affinis and Amara spp. Generally the toxic effects of the insecticides were of relatively short duration.
THE TAXONOMIC STATUS OF BOMBUS FRANKLINI (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE)
Authors: Plowright R. C. , Stephen W. P.
Published: December 2009

A re-investigation of the taxonomic status of Bombus franklini (Frison) is described. Comb architecture was found to be characteristic of other taxa within its subgenus (Bombus s.s.) but multivariate analysis of wing venation data taken from queens gave a clear separation of franklini from other species within the subgenus. The male genitalia of franklini are markedly distinct from those of B. occidentalis Green. The authors advocate retention of specific status for franklini.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF APHIDS (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) ON ALDER AND BIRCH IN INDIA
Authors: Quednau F.W. , Chakrabarti S.
Published: December 2009

Neobetulaphis chaetosiphon n. sp. from Alnus nepalensis D. Don. and Betula spp., and Betulaphis longicornis n. sp. from Betula utilis D, Don. and Betula sp. are described. The taxonomic position of the aphids with respect to closely related species is discussed.
MICROTYPE EGGS OF SOME TACHINIDAE (DIPTERA)
Authors: Salkeld E. H.
Published: December 2009

The chorionic architecture, including the general and fine structure, of the eggshell of the microtype egg of the tachinid Euexorista futilis (Osten Sacken) is described. It is about 220 μm long, flattened dorso-ventrally, and has distinct dorsal and ventral chorions, each of which is differently structured. The surface features of the microtype eggs of an additional 20 tachinid species are described, and the usefulness of these features in taxonomic decisions is discussed. Three new combinations are used: Allophorocera arator (Aldrich), Cyzenis browni (Curran), and Eufrontina mitis (Curran).
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF (E,E)-9, 11-TETRADECADIENAL AGAINST MALE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Sanders C. J.
Published: December 2009

Priesner (1979) reported five types of receptor in the trichoid sensilla on the antennae of male spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana. One responded maximally to (E)-11-tetradecenal (Ell-TDAL), the primary component of the natural sex pheromone (Sanders and Weatherston 1976). Two other receptors showed maximum response to (E)- 11-tetradecen-1-yl acetate (E 11-TDACET) and (E)- 1l-tetradecen- 1-ol (E11-TDOL), respectively, both of which are present in female glands, but neither of which has been found in significant amounts in the emitted pheromone. The other two receptors showed maximum responses to (E)-9-tetradecenal (E9- TDAL) and (E,E)-9, 11-tetradecadienal (E9, E 11-TDDAL), respectively, neither of which has been reported from gland extracts or the emitted pheromone.
NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF MYCETOPHILIDAE (DIPTERA) FROM THE HOLARCTIC REGION, WITH NOTES ON OTHER SPECIES
Authors: Vockeroth J. R.
Published: December 2009

Eight new genera, seven Nearctic and one Holarctic, are described in the subfamily Sciophilinae. These genera, and their type-species, are: Loicia (L. basifurca n. sp.), Acadia (A. polypori n. sp.), Acomoptera (Eudicrana plexipus Garrett), Adicroneura (A. biocellata n. sp.), Aglaomyia (A. gatineau n. sp.), Drepanocerus (D. ensifer n. sp.), Garrettella (Leia shermani Garrett), Saigusaia (Boletina cincta Johannsen). Sixteen other new combinations and two new synonyms, mostly for species described by Garrett and Sherman, are proposed.
AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY FOR DETECTION AND ASSESSMENT OF GRASSHOPPER (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE) DAMAGE TO SMALL GRAIN CROPS IN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: Olfert O. O. , Gage S. H. , Mukerji M. K. , Randell R. L.
Published: December 2009

Aerial colour infra-red photographs were used to detect grasshopper damage to cereal grains, determine extent of damage, estimate crop yield, and identify crops. The detection and identification of grasshopper damage was facilitated by the development of a dichotomous key which differentiates grasshopper damage from other crop anomalies. Crop types and yield were determined from correlations between the optical density of the photographs and the biomass of standing crops.

Cost of an aerial survey was estimated at $0.02 per hectare as compared with ground survey cost of $0.20 per hectare. Information provided by an aerial survey of damage has the potential to assist grain growers, extension personnel, and researchers in evaluating the influence of grasshoppers on grain production
ENTOMOPATHOGENIC VIRUSES: STRATEGIES FOR USE IN FOREST INSECT PEST MANAGEMENT
Authors: Morris Oswald N.
Published: December 2009

Strategies for the use of entomopathogenic viruses in the management of forest insect pests include the use of viruses by themselves or with other biocontrol or chemical agents applied simultaneously or separately at strategic time intervals. It is concluded that baculoviruses (nuclear polyhedrosis and granulosis viruses) have considerable potential as components of integrated forest insect pest management systems. The prime limiting factors in their large scale use at present are the high cost of virus production and underdevelopment of application technology. Their greatest potential will probably be realized when used as an indirect, or preventative, strategy with a view to preventing the occurrence of pest emergency situations.
CORRIGENDUM FOR “BIOLOGY OF THE TORTOISE BEETLE, CASSIDA HEMISPHAERICA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE), A POSSIBLE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT FOR BLADDER CAMPION, SILENE CUCUBALUS (CARYOPHYLLACEAE), IN CANADA”
Authors: Maw M. G. , Steinhausen W. R.
Published: December 2009

Cassida azurea Fab. was incorrectly identified as C. hemisphaerica Hbst. in the paper entitled “Biology of the tortoise beetle, Cassida hemisphaerica (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a possible biological control agent for bladder campion, Silene cucubalus (Caryophyllaceae), in Canada”, Can. Ent. 108: 945–954, 1976. Thus, all references to C. hemisphaerica in that paper, with the exception of those in sections Geographic Distribution and Recorded Host Plants, should read C. azurea.
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE ON BLACK CUTWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) DEVELOPMENT AND REPRODUCTION
Authors: Archer T. L. , Musick G. L. , Murray R. L.
Published: December 2009

Influence of temperature and moisture on black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel), development and reproduction was studied on field corn. The black cutworm spends portions of its life above and below soil, consequently influence of temperature and soil moisture and temperature and relative humidity (R.H.) was determined. Temperatures of 34°, 27°, and 20°C were used with 18%, 24%, and 30% soil moisture and with 40%, 60%, and 80% R.H. In addition, a treatment of 13 °C and 60% R.H. was included.

Temperature was the only factor influencing development of all stages, with 27°C the optimum temperature studied. Soil moisture did not influence larval development, but relative humidity affected the first five instars. Larvae required from 6 to 9 instars to complete development, with temperature and relative humidity affecting the number of molts. Head capsule measurements varied depending on the number of molts required for development. Fecundity was greatest at 27° and 20°C, and at 60% and 80% R.H. The optimum treatment for reproduction and adult survival was 20°C and 80% R.H. Many females failed to lay fertile eggs at 34° and 13°C.
POST-EMBRYONIC GROWTH OF THE COLLEMBOLANSFOLSOMIA CANDIDAANDXENYLLA GRISEAAT THREE TEMPERATURES
Authors: Johnson Dan L. , Wellington W. G.
Published: December 2009

The relationship between body size and age in two species of Collembola,Folsomia CandidaandXenylla grisea, was studied in three temperature regimes. Power curves were used to describe length as a function of age for each species-temperature combination. Growth parameters (slopes of the log-log curves) and length at hatch (log intercepts) were compared by multiple regression. There was a strong non-linear effect of temperature on growth in the range normally encountered.
INFESTATION OF CERATOCYSTIS WAGENERI-INFECTED PONDEROSA PINES BY BARK BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN THE CENTRAL SIERRA NEVADA
Authors: Goheen D. J. , Cobb F. W.
Published: December 2009

The relationship between bark beetle infestation of ponderosa pine and severity of infection by Ceratocystis wageneri was investigated by closely monitoring 256 trees (136 apparently healthy, 60 moderately diseased, and 60 severely diseased at initiation of study) for beetle infestation from summer 1972 to fall 1975. Disease ratings were updated by periodic examination, and some trees changed disease category during the study. Ninety trees were infested by Dendroctonus brevicomis, D. ponderosae, or both, five by buprestids alone, and one tree died from effects of the pathogen alone. Sixty-two of the beetle-infested trees were severely diseased at time of infestation, 25 were moderately diseased, and only three were apparently healthy. Thus, the results showed that bark beetles were much more likely to infest infected than healthy trees. Among diseased trees, those with advanced infections were most likely to be infested. There was evidence that buprestids (especially Melanophila spp.) and possibly Ips spp. attacked diseased trees prior to Dendroctonus spp. infestation.
AN ANALYSIS OF DAILY FORAGING PATTERNS OF LABORATORY COLONIES OF THE EASTERN TENT CATERPILLAR, MALACOSOMA AMERICANUM (LEPIDOPTERA: LASIOCAMPIDAE), RECORDED PHOTOELECTRONICALLY
Authors: Fitzgerald T. D.
Published: December 2009

Daily periods of activity of eight colonies of the eastern tent caterpillar, Malacosoma americanum (F.), were monitored photoelectronically under a simulated springtime photoperiod in the laboratory. Colonies averaged 3.7 ± 0.1 (S.E.) activity periods per day (N = 103 colony-days), separated by an average interval of 6.6 ± 0.1 h (N = 389). Foraging trips lasted an average 2.8 ± 0.1 h (N = 397). A plot of 336 activity period midpoints (seven colonies) showed all colony activity peaks to occur between 0600 and 0800 h, 1100 and 1600 h, 1900 and 2100 h, and 0100 and 0400 h. The first three peaks correspond well to previously reported field observations but the early morning foraging trip, which occurred in darkness, was previously unreported by field investigators. The temporal placement of activity peaks shifted from day to day within colonies but the occurrence of evening foraging trips was the most consistent. Dark onset appeared to trigger foraging in resting colonies. Recruitment of hungry caterpillars to food finds appears to be a common component of the foraging strategy of this species.
REARING THE EGG PARASITE OOENCYRTUS ENNOMOPHAGUS (HYMENOPTERA: ENCYRTIDAE) ON EGGS OF CLOSTERA INCLUSA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOTODONTIDAE) KEPT BELOW FREEZING
Authors: Drooz A. T. , Solomon J. D.
Published: December 2009

The preservation of host material in a state suitable for successful development of beneficial parasite or predator species is desirable for the mass culture of entomophagous species. Thus, Coppel and Mertins (1977) report the coddling of sawfly cocoons, and Fedde et al. (1979) chilled host eggs to keep them in a susceptible state for the egg parasite Telenomus alsophilae Viereck. Such techniques are also valuable to assure continuous rearing of parasites or predators during shortages of hosts.

The latter situation pertained while we were studying factitious hosts of the thelyotokous, multivoltine egg parasite Ooencyrtus ennomophagus Yoshimoto (1975). This parasite cannot develop in embryonated eggs; therefore it is essential to hold hosts in the unembryonated condition. Faced with the loss of the typical host for 0. ennomophagus, the univoltine elm spanworm, Ennomos subsignarius (Hübner), we found that eggs of the multivoltine pipla tentmaker, Clostera inclusa (Hübner), would suffice. Field populations of the tentmaker crashed in 1979, leaving us dependent upon a small field-cage rearing of this insect for experimentation.
APPLICATION OF NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS VIRUS TO CONTROL BRUCE SPANWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)
Authors: Ives W. G. H. , Cunningham J. C.
Published: December 2009

A polyhedrosis virus was found in collections of Bruce spanworm, Operophtera bruceata (Hulst), larvae from two locations in British Columbia in 1957 (O. N. Morris, pers. comm.). Bruce spanworm was prevalent in the Maritime Provinces and Quebec in 1963 and 1964 and a polyhedrosis virus was credited with terminating this outbreak (Forbes et al. 1964, 1965; Martineau 1964, 1965). A detailed examination of the virus from Quebec showed that it was a singly-embedded (unicapsid) nuclear polyhedrosis virus (Smirnoff 1964) which is classified as Baculovirus subgroup A (Matthews 1979).
PREDATION ON ADULTS OF THE FLEA BEETLE PHYLLOTRETA CRUCIFERAE BY LACEWING LARVAE (NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE)
Authors: Burgess L.
Published: December 2009

Several instances of predation by lacewing larvae on adults of the flea beetle Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze) have been observed in Saskatchewan. Other reported insect predators of rapeseed-crop-infesting flea beetles in the Canadian prairie provinces are the beetle Collops vittatus Say (Gerber and Osgood 1975), and one of the big-eyed bugs, Geocoris bullatus (Say) (Burgess 1977).

The first observation of an attack on an adult flea beetle by a lacewing larva was in August 1972, when some lacewing larvae, adult flea beetles, diamondback moth larvae (Plutella xylostella (L.)) and unidentified aphids and midges were swept from maturing rapeseed near Aberdeen, Saskatchewan. One of these lacewing larvae attacked an adult of P. cruczferae in a glass collecting-vial and carried the flea beetle around in its jaws. Other lacewing larvae attacked aphids, midges, and diamondback moth larvae. Further evidence for lacewing larvae feeding on adult flea beetles was obtained in August 1979, when a sizeable population of lacewing larvae in a rapeseed crop was encountered near St. Gregor, Saskatchewan. One of the larvae swept from this crop had an adult of P. cruciferae in its jaws when it was first seen in the sweep net. Later the same day, another lacewing larva, swept from a nearby rapeseed field, attacked an adult of P. cruciferae in a collecting vial. In the laboratory both lacewing larvae, still carrying their prey, were quick-frozen, preserved in 70% ethanol and later photographed.
IMPROVED SEX ATTRACTANT BLEND FOR ADULT MALES OF THE GLASSY CUTWORM, CRYMODES DEVASTATOR (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Steck W. F. , Underhill E. W. , Bailey B. K. , Chisholm M. D.
Published: December 2009

We reported previously (Steck et al. 1977) that equal-parts mixtures of (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11-16:Ald) and (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16:Ac) attract male Crymodes devastator (Brace) moths to field traps, and that attraction is enhanced by incorporation of (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7-12:Ac) in the lure. During subsequent studies with sex lures for this species we discovered that (Z)-11-hexadecenol (Zll-16:OH) is much more effective than Z7-12:Ac as a trapping synergist.

During 1978 many structural analogs of the sex attractant components were tested as lure synergists by adding 20% of each analog to a basic 2:l Z11-16:Ald + Z11-16:Ac lure, using numbers of males trapped as the criterion of effect. Z5- and Z7-10:Ac; Z5-, Z7-, and Z9-12:Ac; Z5-, Z7-, Z9-, and Z11-14:Ac; Z5-, Z7-, and Z9-16:Ac were tested in this way, as were the corresponding alcohols and aldehydes and Zll-16:OH. The (E) isomers of these along with Ell-16:Ald and E11-16:Ac were finally tested.
ECONOMIC THRESHOLDS AND ECONOMIC INJURY LEVELS OF CEREAL APHIDS ON BARLEY IN SOUTHWESTERN QUEBEC
Authors: Ba-Angood S. A. , Stewart R. K.
Published: December 2009

Artificial infestations of cereal aphids in caged plants were made at different growth stages of barley in the field in 1978 and 1979. Forty, 80, 160, and 200 aphids/tiller reduced grain yield significantly (P < 0.01) when introduced into caged plants at flowering and milky stages for 2 weeks. Only the 150 and 200 aphids/tiller-treatments gave significant reductions in yield when introduction was at the mealy ripe stage. Twenty aphids/tiller gave a significant reduction in yield only when they were introduced at the beginning of ear emergence and flowering, but not at the milky ripe stage. Significant reduction in percentage protein was obtained only when 160 and 200 aphids/tiller were introduced at flowering and milky ripe stages. The economic injury and threshold levels were calculated as 10–18 and 8–16 aphids/tiller, respectively, depending on rate of increase of aphids, costs of chemical control, and the value of the crop in 1978 and 1979.
POLLEN REMOVAL IN CYPRIPEDIUM ACAULE (ORCHIDACEAE) IN RELATION TO AERIAL FENITROTHION SPRAYING IN NEW BRUNSWICK
Authors: Plowright R. C. , Thomson James D. , Thaler G. R.
Published: December 2009

Measures of pollen removal in the orchid Cypripedium acaule Ait. provided a retrospective method for estimating the activity of bumble bee pollinators in New Brunswick spruce-fir forests. Significantly lowered activity was observed in fenitrothion-sprayed forest as compared with unsprayed control areas. The difference is probably attributable to direct mortality of bees in sprayed forest.
COLOUR VARIABILITY AMONG FEMALES OFMICROCTONUS VITTATAE(HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE)
Authors: Wylie H. G.
Published: December 2009

Females ofMicroctonus vittataeMuesebeck reared at 20°C were darker in colour than females reared at 25°C but were lighter than those reared at 15°C. Temperature during the parasite’s larval or pupal development in the cocoon, or both, was apparently responsible for the colour differences. The observed effect of temperature is probably also associated with colour variability among adults ofM.vittataefield-collected throughout the season.
INFLUENCES OF AQUATIC PLANTS ON COLONIZATION OF ARTIFICIAL PONDS BY MOSQUITOES AND THEIR INSECT PREDATORS
Authors: Angerilli Nello P. D. , Beirne Bryan P.
Published: December 2009

The aquatic plants Utricularia minor L., Lemna minor L., and Elodea canadensis Rich. in Michx. were tested for their effects on the colonization of artificial ponds by mosquitoes and their predators. During the 11 weeks of sampling there were significantly fewer mosquito eggs, and hence mosquito larvae, in the plant-filled ponds than in plantless control ponds, and more predators in the Utricularia and Elodea ponds than in the plantless and Lemna ponds.
FEEDING AND BORING BEHAVIOR OF THE BARK BEETLEIPS PARACONFUSUS(COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) ON THE BARK OF A HOST AND NON-HOST TREE SPECIES
Authors: Elkinton J. S. , Wood D. L.
Published: December 2009

MaleIps paraconfususselected a host, ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), over a non-host, white fir (Abies concolor), only after the beetles had bored through the outer bark and into the phloem. Males, when given a choice between bark discs of these tree species in petri dishes, bored readily through the outer bark of either species. However, the beetles penetrated no more than 1 mm into the phloem of white fir, but they bored extensively in the phloem of ponderosa pine. The beetle’s preference for the pine over fir phloem was apparent with intact samples of phloem with the outer bark removed and with ground phloem. No preferences were apparent for the ground or intact pine or fir outer bark, with the phloem removed. The beetles bored preferentially in fissured as opposed to smooth outer bark of either tree. Beetles did not feed in the outer bark but did feed in the phloem of either species. In field experiments beetles attracted to logs of pine and fir bored through the outer bark of each species in nearly equal numbers. In white fir they re-emerged and departed soon after penetration of the phloem, whereas in ponderosa pine they continued excavation of tunnels in the phloem. In contrast, few beetles penetrated even the outer back of incense cedar (Calocedrus decurrens), another non-host species.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF ARADUS (HEMIPTERA: HETEROPTERA) FROM CANADA
Authors: Matsuda Ryuichi
Published: December 2009

This is to supplement a monograph on Aradidae of Canada published by the author in 1977 (The insects and arachnids of Canada, part 3, The Aradidae of Canada). A new species of the genus Aradus is described below.
RESULTS OF AERIAL TREATMENTS WITH BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS AGAINST SPRUCE BUD WORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA, DURING 3 CONSECUTIVE YEARS
Authors: Smirnoff W. A.
Published: December 2009

Un bloc de 40 ha compsé principalement de sapin baumier (Abies balsamea L. (Mill.) a été traité avec une préparation de Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) en 1976, 1977 et 1978 respectivement. Ces traitements n'ont permis qu'une défoliation de la pousse annuelle de 28, 46.5 et 15.2% les 3 années du traitement. En 1979, aucun traitement ne fut réalisé et la défoliation de la pousse annuelle a atteint 19.3%. Dans les zones non-traitées la défoliation de la pousse annuelle fut de 96, 97 et 96% de 1976 à 1978. En 1979, la défoliation fut de 69.6% suite à une mortalité élevée des larves par inanition après ces années de défoliation sévère. Des traitements consécutifs par B.t. peuvent donc maintenir les conditions d'un peuplement à un haut niveau même si ce territoire est entouré par une épidémie de la tordeuse.
EUROPEAN CORN BORER, OSTRINIA NUBILALIS (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE), ON WHEAT
Authors: Willson Harold R.
Published: December 2009

The European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner, is known to attack nearly every herbaceous plant large enough for the larvae to enter. Although the borer is primarily considered a pest of corn, economic infestations in such New York crops as potatoes, gladiolus, and other large stem plants are not uncommon.

In 1977, 1978, and 1979, economic levels of borer infestations were observed in winter wheat. In 1977, the presence of borer in wheat was noted at a number of sites, but only a few cases could be considered economically significant. However, in the 1978 season, the presence of borer in wheat had become common and reports of economic infestations exceeding 5 or 10% were widespread in the western New York wheat growing region. In 1979, the problem of borer on wheat declined significantly, and of infestations located, only one could be considered of economic significance.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE STUDY OF THE WORLD MACROPSINI (RHYNCHOTA: HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE)
Authors: Hamilton K. G. A.
Published: December 2009

The generic classification of the Macropsini is reviewed, and five new genera and four new subgenera are erected:Macropsellan. gen.,Macropsis(Neomacropsis) n. subgen,M. (Parapediopsis) n. subgen.,Pedionisn. gen.,P. (Thyia) n. subgen.,Pediopsoides(Celopsis) n. subgen.;Reticopsisn. gen.,Toropsisn. gen., andVaricopsellan. gen.. The following genus-group names are considered to be subgenera:MacropsidiusRibaut as a subgenus ofMacropsisLewis;NanopsisFreytag,KiamoncopsisLinnavuori andSispocnisAnufriev as subgenera ofPediopsoidesMatsumura;ParasitadesSingh-Pruthi as a subgenus ofOncopsisBurmeister.AsmaropsisLinnavuori is synonymized withHephathusRibaut,TsavopsisLinnavuori is synonymized withMacropsis(s.s.) Lewis, andZinnecaAmyot & Serville is synonymized withOncopsisBurm. (s.s.).

Three hundred and seventy-three macropsine species (including 59 unnamed species) are placed generically, with 73 new combinations. Twelve new species are described:Macropsella complicata(New Guinea),Macropsis citronella(Australia),M.gagnei(New Guinea),M.gressitti(New Guinea),Oncopsis enopis(Nepal),O.nepalensis(Nepal),O.tortosa(Nepal),Pedionis astrala(Philippines),P.contrasta(Hong Kong),P.venosa(Japan),Pediopsis femorata(Formosa),Varicopsella obtusa(Borneo). An index is provided to the 436 available names in the Macropsini, including four unplaced species from the Ethiopian region and 21 from the Australian region.

Macropsine types in the B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, the British Museum (Natural History), London, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, and the U.S. National Museum, Washington are illustrated and lectotypes are designated for Kirkaldy and Matsumura species. A neotype in the Canadian National Collection is designated forZinneca flavidorsumAmyot & Serville.
DISPENSING ALLYL ISOTHIOCYANATE AS AN ATTRACTANT FOR TRAPPING CRUCIFER-FEEDING FLEA BEETLES
Authors: Burgess L. , Wiens J. E.
Published: December 2009

Release of allyl isothiocyanate through the red rubber sleeve-type stoppers of small serum vials was found to be an effective and convenient method of dispensing this attractant from traps used to catch crucifer-feeding flea beetles. Liquid allyl isothiocyanate in a vial was conducted upwards by capillary action through a length of pipestem cleaner, absorbed by the rubber stopper and given off as a vapor from its outer surface. Release rates were affected by extent of exposure to solar or other radiant heat energy, time, and the thickness of stoppers.
A REVISION OF THE GENUS CARPHACIS DES GOZIS (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE) OF NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Campbell J. M.
Published: December 2009

The genus Carphacis des Gozis (Staphylinidae: Tachyporinae) is revised and recognized as a valid genus rather than a subgenus of Lordithon Thomson (= Bolitobius auctorum). Three species, dimidiatus Erichson, intrusus Horn, and nepigonensis Bernhauer are recognized as valid and transferred from Lordithon to Carphacis. Bolitobius dimidiatus humeralis Melsheimer is considered a new synonym of C. dimidiatus, and B. ruber Malkin and B. intrusus wallisi Malkin are considered new synonyms of C. nepigonensis. All taxa are described and illustrated and maps showing the known distribution of each species are included. A key is presented to aid in distinguishing the North American and only known Palearctic species.
MONITORING ANNUAL FLIGHT PATTERNS OF THE POTATO APHID MACROSIPHUM EUPHORBIAE (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE), IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO
Authors: Elliott W. M.
Published: December 2009

Populations of flying potato aphids (Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas)), available to initiate new infestations on crops, were measured by plant trapping from 1966 to 1971 and by suction trapping from 1967 to 1978 at Harrow, Ontario. Yearly total catches were extremely variable and in some years there were periods of 2 weeks without catches during the summer. The long term annual flight pattern was a unimodal curve with a peak in August. Counts by plant trapping correlated with those obtained by suction trapping, and catches on Brussels sprouts, tomatoes, and peppers were all positively correlated. Plants exposed on a background of bare soil attracted more alatae than those exposed on a background of mowed weeds. The first female alatae were caught in the suction traps on 21 June ± 5 days each year and the first male alatae on 22 October ± 2 days. The last female alatae were caught on 21 October ± 5 days and the last males on 6 November ± 2 days.
SAMPLING LOW DENSITY SPRUCE BUDWORM POPULATIONS FOR ISOZYME ANALYSIS
Authors: Harvey G. T.
Published: December 2009

A convenient and efficient method of determining if qualitative changes are associated with changes in density of insect populations is to search for changes in isozyme frequencies (Stock and Guenther 1979). However, obtaining sufficient material for analysis of low density populations presents a problem. We have found that the use of sticky traps baited with synthetic pheromone is an efficient and practical method of surmounting this problem.
REPELLENCY OF RAPESEED EXTRACTS TO ADULTS OF TRIBOLIUM CASTANEUM AND TRIBOLIUM CONFUSUM (COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE)
Authors: Ediz S. H. , Davis G. R. F.
Published: December 2009

The chemical composition of plants is one of the major factors influencing their acceptability as food by insects. The interrelationships among these chemicals and between them and insect predators is very complex (Davis 1968). Some are inherently toxic to insects (Singleton and Kratzer 1969); others inhibit feeding (Hsiao and Fraenkel 1968); and still others act both as toxicants and as repellents (Bennett 1965). Apparently, no class of chemical compound is without representation in this regard.
A WHITE COLOR MORPH OF THE COLORADO POTATO BEETLE, LEPTINOTARSA DECEMLINEATA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Boiteau Gilles
Published: December 2009

The Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), is distributed throughout the world and is an occasional pest of potatoes in Atlantic Canada. During the course of rearing Colorado potato beetles for behavioral studies at the Fredericton Research Station I obtained a strain of beetles which differs from the normal brown morph in being predominantly white. Similar coloring occurs in larvae and pupae and in young female and male adults. The eggs are light yellow instead of the usual orange-yellow. Such an albinic mutant has been previously reported in the United States by Tower (1906) and named L. pallida. Tower found the white mutant to be true-breeding and widely distributed, occurring both in nature and in laboratory colonies. Such a mutant has not been reported since and this is the first record of a white morph in Canada.
NUMERICAL RESPONSE OF COCCINELLIDS TO APHIDS IN CORN IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO
Authors: Wright E. Jane , Laing J. E.
Published: December 2009

Populations of two abundant coccinellid species, Coleomegilla maculata lengi Timberlake and Hippodamia tredecimpunctata tibialis Say, responded rapidly to corn leaf aphid populations [Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch)] once the aphids became exposed to predation when the plants tasselled. Coleomegilla m. lengi oviposited at lower densities of aphids than did H. t. tibialis but H. t. tibialis was shown to have a greater numerical response than C. m. lengi at high densities of aphids due to its greater fecundity. The numerical response of the coccinellids by oviposition was linear with a lag of 1/2 week behind the aphid population.
EFFECT OF APHID CONSUMPTION BY LARVAE ON DEVELOPMENT AND REPRODUCTIVE EFFICIENCY OF A FLOWER FLY, SYRPHUS COROLLAE (DIPTERA: SYRPHIDAE)
Authors: Cornelius M. , Barlow C. A.
Published: December 2009

Average duration of the larval stage of Syrphus corollae Fab. reared at 20 ± 1 °C decreased linearly with increase in amount consumed from 9.2 days with 40.9 cal consumed/larva to 7.9 days at 78.1 cal/larva. Mean weight of pupae and percentage emergence of adults increased with calories consumed. No eggs were laid by flies developed from larvae which consumed less than 54.6 cal of energy, equivalent to 38 aphids. Average fecundity increased linearly with consumption up to 81.6 cal/larva (= 58 aphids). Mean reproductive output was 3.2% of larval consumption above 55 cal but decreased as larval consumption increased. When food was scarce, fecundity decreased because pupae, and therefore ovaries, were smaller. Larvae consumed as much as possible in the time available rather than pupating after consuming a minimal amount.
ORIENTATION TO TRAILS BY A CARPENTER ANT, CAMPONOTUS MODOC (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE), IN A GIANT SEQUOIA FOREST
Authors: David C. T. , Wood D. L.
Published: December 2009

The trails of Camponotus modoc Wheeler follow perennial routes. The ants orient along these using both chemical and visual cues. If the chemical cues are disrupted the ants reform the trail while orienting by visual cues. They can respond to the same visual cues after at least 12 h, and since no evidence was found that the chemical cues survive the winter, probably after 6 months.