bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cardiac Output Measurement Using the Ultrasonic Cardiac Output Monitor: A Validation Study in Newborn Infants
Authors: Fraga María V. , Dysart Kevin C. , Rintoul Natalie , Chaudhary Aasma S. , Ratcliffe Sarah J. , Fedec Anysia , Kren Stephanie , Cohen Meryl S. , Kirpalani Haresh
Published: July 2019

Objectives: We aimed to determine the accuracy and validity of the Ultrasonic Cardiac Output Monitor (USCOM) measurements of cardiac output (CO) compared to echocardiography in newborn infants, and the inter-rater agreement of USCOM measurements. Methods: In a single-center study we prospectively evaluated neonates undergoing an echocardiographic evaluation. USCOM measurements of CO were obtained at the pulmonary and aortic valve by 2 physicians blinded to the echocardiographic results. All echocardiographic measurements were performed blinded to USCOM measurements. We first enrolled an ascertainment cohort which was subsequently validated in an independent new cohort. Agreement between echocardiography and USCOM methods was assessed by Bland-Altman analysis. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) assessed the agreement between the 2 operators. The ascertainment cohort correction factors were applied in a second validation cohort and agreement of the calibrated measures evaluated with repeat Bland-Altman comparisons. Results: A total of 50 infants were enrolled in the initial cohort and 15 in the validation cohort. There was a high degree of correlation between the USCOM operators (ICC = 0.975). USCOM measurements of CO were significantly higher compared to echocardiography (left ventricular output bias 95 ± 52 mL/kg/min and right ventricular output bias 64 ± 30 mL/kg/min). There was no difference in the subgroup of infants with and without a ductus arteriosus. After the correction was applied to the validation cohort, there was no longer a significant difference between the measures. Conclusions: CO measured by USCOM consistently overestimated the results obtained from echocardiography. USCOM is not adequate to provide absolute estimates of CO. However, it may allow longitudinal hemodynamic assessment of sick neonates.
O cinema enquanto locus dialógico
Authors: Lima Marcelo De , Mousinho Luiz Antonio
Published: July 2019

Utilizando principalmente o conceito de dialogismo, aplicado ao estudo de narrativas cinematográficas (BAKHTIN, 2003; STAM, 1992), procuramos verificar as relações dialógicas construídas nos filmes Tudo sobre minha mãe (1999), de Pedro Almodóvar, e A malvada (1950), de Joseph Mankiewicz. Consideramos que as obras são detentoras de discursos socialmente localizados e que traduzem intenções ideológicas específicas, revelando as conexões existentes entre ficção e sociedade. Nosso interesse recai, portanto, sobre a forma como esse diálogo é constituído entre os textos fílmicos e como ele serve à ressignificação e recontextualização de temas e significados – como, por exemplo, a representação da mulher e da feminilidade –, deixando claro o papel do cinema enquanto produtor de vozes dissonantes, contraditórias e representativas de determinados contextos históricos e posições sociais.
O cinema e o direito à morte
Authors: Sales Michelle Cunha
Published: July 2019

Este artigo discute a trajetória do realizador português Pedro Costa, apontando elementos recorrentes de sua linguagem fílmica: rostos, corpos e cartas revisitados como um aceno à morte. A partir do último filme de Pedro Costa, discorremos livremente acerca de suas experimentações em torno da linguagem, do dispositivo cinematográfico, dos aspectos políticos contidos nos filmes e, por fim, da recepção do cinema de Costa no campo cultural brasileiro.
A filmagem acidental dos acontecimentos e o regime visual do século XXI
Authors: Polydoro Felipe Da Silva
Published: July 2019

Este artigo discute, no regime contemporâneo das imagens, a prevalência do ímpeto documental, do apelo realista e de uma estética da urgência associada à ubiquidade das câmeras. Para tanto, toma como objeto de análise alguns registros em vídeo dos atentados contra o World Trade Center, em setembro de 2001. Entende-se aqui que o acontecimento em questão representa um marco neste novo regime visual. O primeiro, no século XXI, a contar com uma elevada quantidade de vídeos e fotografias de amadores. Priorizaremos a observação dos três registros que documentam, acidentalmente, o choque do primeiro avião e remetem mais diretamente a um regime visual no qual convivem os fenômenos, a princípio antagônicos, de espetacularização e vigilância.
The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean)
Authors: MADEIRA PATRÍCIA , KROH ANDREAS , CORDEIRO RICARDO , DE FRIAS MARTINS ANTÓNIO M. , ÁVILA SÉRGIO P.
Published: July 2019

In more than 150 years of research in the waters surrounding the Azores, several publications on the fauna of echinoderms of the archipelago have been produced, in the form of papers, notes, reports, reviews, and monographs. This work attempts to summarize the present knowledge on this marine group in the Azorean exclusive economic zone (i.e., waters within 200 nautical miles of the archipelago’s shores). A short review of the history of the species’ taxonomy is given, with key references, geographical distribution, ecology, additional notes and, when possible, figures. We herein report 172 species of echinoderms (6 crinoids, 55 ophiuroids, 45 asteroids, 36 holothurians, and 30 echinoids) from the Azores Archipelago, most of them inhabiting deep waters (>200 m). Only 29 shallow-water species were recorded locally (≤50 m depth). In general, the echinoderm species present in the Azores are characterized by a wide geographical distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. Only nine taxa (all deep-water species, >840 m) appear to be restricted to the Azorean waters. Overall, the knowledge of the echinoderm fauna of the Azores is out-dated, with many species last collected in the archipelago over 100 years ago. A recent interest in the Azorean Mid-Atlantic waters has brought oceanographic cruises back to the archipelago, thus providing new opportunities for the renewal of 150 years of echinoderm studies in the area.
High Daytime and Nighttime Temperatures Exert Large and Opposing Impacts on Winter Wheat Yield in China
Authors: Chen Xiaoguang , Tian Guoping , Qin Zhilong , Bi Xiang
Published: July 2019

We analyze a provincial-scale dataset of winter wheat yield, together with finescale daily weather outcomes from 1979 to 2011, to assess the responses of winter wheat yield in China to temperature fluctuations. Contrary to the majority of the previous literature, we find that winter wheat yield in China responded positively to higher nighttime temperature Tmin, with the positive Tmin effects most significant in the northern China winter wheat region. Consistent with the previous studies, winter wheat yield in China exhibited negative responses to higher daytime temperature Tmax. As a result of these opposing temperature effects on yield, the net economic impact of weather variations on China’s winter wheat sector is uncertain and is sensitive to specifications and data. Average winter wheat yield is projected to decline by 5.3%–7.0% by 2050 under the global climate model HadGEM2-ES and by 2.0%–3.4% under the NorESM1-M model.
Carcinoma Adenomatodes Cervicis Uteri
Authors: Spencer Herbert E.
Published: July 2019

The case is one of carcinoma adenomatodes (adenoma malignum) cervicis uteri, which occurred, in a patient, aged 49. Vaginal hysterectomy was performed with the Pacquelin cautery, and the patient remains well after 22 years. Attention is drawn to the rarity of the disease, and the point is emphasized that in true cases of the disease the glandular epithelium is nowhere proliferated, and therefore reliance on microscopic examination alone for the diagnosis may lead to serious error.
Ultra-violet Radiation in Man
Authors: Dally J. F. Halls
Published: July 2019

THE nature and effects of ultra-violet radiation constitute a study of increasing practical importance, so that, in the interests of patients, whether human or lower animal, subjected to this form of radiant energy, it behoves us to proceed with caution, and to analyse with the greatest care the principles upon which this method of treatment rests.

Let us at once frankly admit that such principles are still based on slender supports. What little we do know is mainly due on the part of applied science to the well-known observations of Professor Leonard Hill and of his co-workers in this country, as well as to Professor Carl Sonne and his well-known predecessors, Finsen, Reyn, Ernst and others of the Danish school. On the clinical side, Sir Henry Gauvain, Dr. Howard Humphris, Dr. Kerr Russell, Dr. Percy Hall, and others in this country, have published the results of their practical experience, while abroad useful references are to be found in American, French and German literature.
The Danger Instincts
Authors: Rippon T. S.
Published: July 2019

Theory:—Rivers' theory of the “danger instincts” is a key to the problem of moral and prevention of war neuroses. Causes of War Neuroses:—These are believed to be largely mental, e.g., conflict between the instinct of self-preservation and the sense of duty. Instinct of Self-Preservation:—This subject presents difficulties, because people react in so many different ways; a man may be impelled to run away, or to become aggressive or even motionless when in danger. Importance:—The importance of knowing all the reactions of the normal man to danger is, first—the need to know the normal before considering the abnormal states; second—the chemical warfare of the future will involve increased emotional stress; third—in such war, there will be an additional strain of inactivity during a gas attack. The Danger Instincts as described by Rivers:—Reaction by flight. Aggression. Manipulative activity. Immobility and collapse. Emotional states associated with reactions. Conflict between different tendencies the reason for collapse when in danger. Evidence supporting Rivers' Theories:—Relative severity of war neurosis in pilots, observers, balloon officers, Army officers and submarine crews. Investigation on reactions of pilots to danger and fear. Rivers' Theory applied to Moral (Mental Hygiene):—Knowledge of normal reactions to danger enables the medical officer to help to maintain moral by:—(a) Preparing the mind to meet danger. Explaining that fear is a natural emotion under certain circumstances. Need for self-control but not shame. (b) Prevention of repression. (c) Counter-suggestion and panic. Concluding Statement on Cowardice:—Difficulty in distinguishing cowardice from neurosis. Definition suggested. Medical tests.
Some Notes on Paracusis Willisii from the Ferens Institute of Oto-Laryngology
Authors: Hastings Somerville , Scarff Gordon R.
Published: July 2019

Investigations were carried out by Tucker's Audiometer, in which a pure note, electrically produced, is reduced by means of resistances until it ceases to be heard. Thirty cases of middle-ear deafness with paracusis were investigated. In two there was absolute paracusis, the sound being better heard with disturbing noise. In sixteen (relative paracusis) there was little diminution in hearing power in the presence of a disturbing sound. In twelve the hearing was apparently improved in the presence of a disturbing sound in the opposite ear (crossed paracusis). We have found no previous description of this last condition, and venture no suggestions as to its significance.
The Prognosis and Treatment of Eclampsia and Albuminuria, with Special Reference to the Risk of Recurrence in Subsequent Pregnancies
Authors: Young James
Published: July 2019

In a series of hospital cases treated for eclampsia and albuminuria there was found to be a recurrence of toxæmia or non-toxæmic interruption of pregnancy (abortion, acccidental hæmorrhage, etc.) in succeeding gestations in over 50 per cent. There is no evidence that this tendency to recurrence is directly or indirectly dependent upon any persisting renal defect. Chronic nephritis is found in only a small proportion of cases and there is evidence that this is the result of the toxæmia. In view of the large risk of recurrence the need for antenatal supervision from an early stage in the event of a subsequent pregnancy should be clearly explained to the patient. Toxæmia in two or more pregnancies is an indication for the prevention of any further pregnancy.
Growths of the Testicle
Authors: Roche Alex. E.
Published: July 2019

Description of three recent cases, including one late and one early case. Pathology and classification. Relation of growth to trauma, previous inflammation, incomplete descent. Clinical aspect. Diagnosis from hydrocele, hæmatocele, tubercle, syphilis. Prognosis. Treatment by orchidectomy, the radical operation, X-rays.
A Pharmacological Approach to the Cause of Asthma
Authors: Burn J. H.
Published: July 2019

About four years ago I began the investigation of an obscure pharmacological problem which, though interesting enough from a theoretical standpoint, offered no hope that any result of general importance might emerge from it. In the course of the work a number of new observations have been made which, taken together, suggest that adrenaline in circulation in the body has a function in relation to the sympathetic system not hitherto assigned to it. The results indicate that the efficiency of the sympathetic nerve (that is to say the size of the response elicited by a given impulse passing down a sympathetic nerve) depends upon the amount of adrenaline in circulation in the blood. The pathological application of this arises from the consideration that in some persons the amount of adrenaline in circulation may be below normal; some evidence derived from asthmatic patients is in support of this, and there is some evidence that the amount of adrenaline in the blood of different cats differs. If the amount of adrenaline in different persons does indeed vary, it follows that those persons in whom the amount of circulating adrenaline is abnormally low will possess a relatively inefficient sympathetic system; they will be predisposed to asthma. Should any chronic inflammatory change develop, leading either to a direct or to a reflex diminution of the bronchiolar air way, these patients will be unable to dilate their bronchioles and will suffer an asthmatic attack. The conception of the predisposing cause of asthma as being a deficient secretion of adrenaline which enfeebles the sympathetic nerves suggests fresh methods of treatment for the alleviation of the disease, by the addition to the diet of the precursors of adrenaline.
Neurospirochætosis in the East African
Authors: Gordon H. L.
Published: July 2019

(1) An inquiry was made at the Mathari Mental Hospital, Nairobi, into the validity in Kenya of the common belief that syphilitic infection of the nervous system is rare amongst Africans in their own environment.

(2) The difficulties encountered by the inquiry are discussed, especially: ( a) That arising from the presence of both yaws and syphilis in the colony; ( b) that due to apparent unreliability of the Wassermann reaction under local conditions.

(3) The incidence of a positive serum reaction in the general population was estimated.

(4) The whole of the male adults in the hospital were selected for the inquiry.

(5) The results are presented in tables showing: ( a) Mental state and neurological and other signs; ( b) serum reactions; ( c) cerebrospinal fluid examination results, including those from the Lange colloidal gold reaction.

(6) The post-mortem reports on four of the series who died during the inquiry are given.

(7) The inquiry appears to allow the general conclusion that spirochœtal infection of the nervous system of the Kenya native is not uncommon.

(8) Insufficient evidence is forthcoming for a decision as to whether the infection found was syphilitic, frambœsial, or from an unknown source.

(9) The question has much more than medical importance in view of the possibility that unchecked spirochætal infection in the past may have been an environmental influence contributing to the present degree of cerebral deficiency found in the native by Dr. F. W. Vint and the writer, and reported elsewhere. (To the Eugenics Society on November 7, 1933, by the writer, and in the next issue of the Journal of Anatomy, by Dr. Vint.)
A New Electrocardiograph Employing the Cathode Ray Oscillograph as the Recording Device
Authors: Robertson Douglas
Published: July 2019

The advantages of the cathode ray tube as an electrical recording instrument are unique. It has no inherent inertia, so that there is no distortion from this source as there is in every known electro-mechanical recorder. The workings of the cathode ray oscillograph are explained and discussed. Immediate visual observation of the electrocardiogram is obtained by the use of a new fluorescent screen, which is described, and the mechanism of a suitable “time base” circuit for this purpose is explained. Some of the problems associated with the design of an amplifier, distortionless as far as electrocardiography is concerned, are dealt with, including the use of long “time constants” and the employment of a suitable filter circuit. The design of a suitable camera unit (for photographic recording) is discussed. A method of neutralizing interference picked up from alternating current electric light mains is explained and illustrated.

The apparatus consists of four easily portable, and mechanically robust, units. The Recorder Unit, the Amplifier Unit, the H.T. (high tension) Supply Unit, and the Camera Unit.
A Pedigree of Congenital Optic Atrophy Embracing Sixteen Affected Cases in Six Generations
Authors: Thompson A. Hugh , Cashell G. T. Willoughby
Published: July 2019

A family including six generations and 31 individuals is described. Sixteen were affected with congenital optic atrophy; in ten of these the condition has been verified by expert examination. Out of the sixteen, ten were males and six females, a sex-incidence differing considerably from that in Leber's disease. In our pedigree, inheritance is dominant and is always through an affected mother, never through an unaffected mother or through the father. In typical Leber's disease it is through an unaffected mother, i.e. it is recessive.

In the family now described, the optic atrophy appears to be stationary. In all the cases that have been seen the discs are white, with well-defined margins and no filling-in of the central cups, even in those cases that retain some useful vision. Instead of a central scotoma as in Leber's disease, there is peripheral restriction, in some cases severe, but in others only slight. No ring or paracentral scotoma or any colour scotoma have been demonstrated. Except the atrophic discs there are no definite ophthalmoscopic changes. Nystagmus is either constant or intermittent in nearly all the cases. No other congenital anomalies have been noted, either in the affected or the unaffected members of our pedigree, or are known to exist in any relatives. There is no consanguinity which might be a factor in the causation.

There are several recorded pedigrees of family optic atrophy differing from Leber's disease in some respects, but the only ones at all resembling ours are those of (1) J. M. Griscom and (2) Rampoldi. In (1) eight males and six females included in three generations had optic atrophy dating from early childhood. The inheritance was dominant but was through an affected father. In (2) seven members of a pedigree of four generations are presumed to have had optic atrophy inherited directly from an affected father in two cases, and from an affected mother in four.

Taken together, these instances suggest that there may exist a form of congenital or family optic atrophy in which inheritance is of the dominant type, which in some families is transmitted through the father only, in others through the mother, and in others sometimes through the father and sometimes through the mother.
An Experimental Investigation of the Lymphatic System of the Teeth and Jaws
Authors: MacGregor Alexander
Published: July 2019

A review of the literature is given, followed by a consideration of the available methods of demonstrating the lymphatic system in the area of the teeth and jaws.

A new method of demonstrating this system by the injection or application of lead acetate intra vitam, is described, and the technique is explained. The method can be employed to reveal macroscopic or microscopic lymph channels in any part of the body, and is especially of value where decalcification of the hard tissues has to be carried out in the preparation of the sections.

The various types of experiments which have been performed are described, and the macroscopic and microscopic results dealt with separately.

Among the macroscopic results, the lymphatic drainage of various parts the jaws is described, and the large amount of anastomosis and cross anastomosis between the vessels is shown. A comparison of the lymphatic system in this region in the guinea-pig, cat, dog, and monkey is given, and it is demonstrated that the guinea-pig and monkey possess submental and supraclavicular lymph nodes which assist in the drainage of this area in addition to the submaxillary and cervical groups of nodes possessed by the cat and the dog.

Among the microscopic results, the way in which the mass makes its way from the gingival tissues through the bone, and is found in the pulp, dentine, and cementum of the tooth, even where no pressure is applied, is described. The communication of the lymphatic vessels of the pulp with those of the periodontal membrane and the path of the mass down the periodontal membrane from the gingival trough, and its entry into the alveolar bone from this situation are demonstrated, and the way in which the mass reaches the pulp, dentine, and cementum of the tooth from the gingival tissues is discussed.

The significance of various concentrations of the mass in the tissues, particularly the dentine, is also discussed. Control experiments are described, the conclusions which have been reached are given, and the lines on which further experiments are being continued are indicated.

Finally, the application of the results to the pathology of infection in this region, particularly paradontal disease, is given, and also their application to the phenomena of injection anæsthesia.
Respiration in High Flying
Authors: Marshall G. Struan
Published: July 2019

Atmospheric pressure falls, as height increases, to about one-ninth of its sea-level value at 50,000 feet. The intake of oxygen into the blood depends on the partial pressure of oxygen in the inspired air, which is about one-fifth of the atmospheric pressure. But since the gaseous content of the lungs is saturated with water vapour at body temperature, 47 mm. Hg. of the atmospheric pressure in the lungs is due to water vapour and is therefore not available for oxygen or other gases, while the alveolar air contains also an almost constant pressure of 40 mm. CO2.

Mental and physical output demand an adequate partial pressure of O2; they begin to be limited as soon as this falls, and at heights above 18,000 feet are seriously reduced. Consequently in order to fly higher than about 15,000 feet it is necessary to increase the partial pressure of oxygen in the inspired air. Up to about 44,000 feet this can be done by merely raising the percentage of oxygen, usually by allowing a regulated stream of oxygen to enter a small naso-buccal mask, but preferably by a closed system in which the negative pressure of inspiration opens a valve and allows oxygen to enter a bag from which it is inspired.

Beyond 44,000 feet as a limit (and a lesser height for safety) it is necessary to create a local atmospheric pressure around the pilot higher than that of the surrounding air, by enclosing him in an airtight sit or cabin in which a relatively increased pressure with a maximum value of about 2½ lb. per square inch is maintained, while he breathes pure oxygen. This device was used in the recent British world record high flight, when a height of 50,000 feet was attained. The pressure-suit used by the pilot on this occasion and the decompression chamber recently built at Farnborough are described in detail.
Hepatitis and Jaundice Associated with Immunization against Certain Virus Diseases
Authors: Findlay G. M. , MacCallum F. O.
Published: July 2019

Among 3,100 persons immunized against yellow fever with virus and immune serum over a period of five years, 89 cases of jaundice have been traced. The symptoms are those of a hepatitis and closely resemble those produced by common infective hepatic jaundice, cases of which have frequently been noted as occurring in the same areas. The average period between the time of inoculation and the development of hepatitis is between two and three months. Attention is directed to the occurrence of hepatitis in horses, usually two to three months after immunization against the viruses of horse sickness and equine encephalomyelitis, and also after the injection of horse serum containing antitoxins against Cl. welchii toxins. Similar symptoms were observed, though to a lesser extent, in normal horses. The only factor common to the inoculated horses and men was the injection of homologous proteins, either in sera or in tissue extracts. The only theories which at present explain the observed facts are that either (1) a hepatotoxic virus is introduced with the virus inoculum or that (2) two factors combine to induce the hepatitis ( a) a hepatotoxic substance present in the homologous sera or tissue extract injected and ( b) an infective agent which, in the case at least of human beings, is probably the causal agent of common infective hepatic jaundice.
Preventive Medicine in Relation to Aviation
Authors: Whittingham H. E.
Published: July 2019

Introduction—The progress of aviation.

The protection of communities against diseases liable to be imported by aircraft.

Relationship between the incubation period of infectious diseases and time taken by air journeys to distant lands.

Administrative measures for the sanitary control of air-traffic:—

The International Sanitary Convention for Aerial Navigation (1993). The role of the Office International d'Hygiène Publique, and the Health Organization of the League of Nations. The Public Health (Aircraft) Regulations, 1938. Types of aerodromes for sanitary purposes.

Practical measures for the sanitary control of aerodromes and aircraft especially as regards insects, passengers, and freight.

Possible transmission of yellow fever by aircraft: antimeasures, including vaccination.

The protection of flying personnel against diseases due to flying.

Vision—glare; ocular fatigue of night and blind flying; blacking-out; night blindness. Hearing — Noise; aerial telephony; middle-ear deafness, and excessive vestibular stimulation. Respiration—oxygen want. Fatigue. Digestion—ballooning of stomach; air-sickness; rations for long-distance flights; water supply.
The Electrical Activity of a Denervated Ear
Authors: Rawdon-Smith A. F. , Hawkins J. E.
Published: July 2019

The electrical response from the cochlea of a cat which had previously been denervated by intracranial crushing of the auditory nerve was submitted to a lengthy study, the results of which may be summarized as follows:-

The responses to acoustical stimulation derived from electrodes placed on the round window margin and in the chin muscles were studied by means of an amplifier and cathode ray oscillograph, in the usual way. Transient stimuli whose polarity could be reversed were employed to demonstrate the absence of any electrical component of neural origin such as is invariably present in a normal ear. In all other respects, however, the responses were unaffected, and both threshold contours (the so-called “electrical audiogram”) and equal response contours for approximately pure-tone stimuli demonstrated close comparability with those for normal ears. Harmonic analysis of the cochlear response yielded results departing from the normal only in such respects as would be expected in view of the complete absence of nervous component in the analysed wave.

From these data, it is argued that this animal presented a case in which normal electrical responses were obtained from the peripheral organ, despite virtually complete degeneration of the auditory nerve, and, it follows, complete unilateral deafness. Subsequent histological examination confirmed these observations, and it is urged, therefore, that the validity of the view that the cochlear response provides an index of the hearing ability of an animal, as is sometimes stated, is open to question. Additionally, this experiment finally discredits the hypothesis that the cochlear response itself is, in any sense, neural in origin; it further indicates the necessity for caution in the interpretation of results obtained from normal ears, where the cochlear response, however derived, is in some degree adulterated by the simultaneous presence of an action potential component.
The Pathology of Tumours of the Urinary Tract
Authors: Newcomb W. D.
Published: July 2019

Attention is called to the difference between the pathologist's and the radiologist's point of view. The reasons for this difference are discussed with special emphasis on renal tumours.

Classification of renal tumours. The first main groups are innocent and malignant. Are these really clear-cut or do they blend into one another? The commoner innocent renal tumours are adenoma, fibroma, myoma, lipoma, and angioma. These are rarely of any clinical importance but adenoma is a possible source of hypernephroma. Many elaborate classifications of cancer of the kidney have been proposed but the following four groups are sufficient for most puposes: Carcinoma, hypernephroma, sarcoma, and teratoid tumours.

Much the commonest malignant renal tumour in adults is the hypernephroma, thought by Grawitz and others to be derived from ectopic adrenal rests. There is still no agreement concerning their origin but three views are held at the present time: ( a) All are carcinoma of renal tubules. ( b) Some are derived from renal tubules and some from ectopic adrenal. ( c) All are formed from adrenal tissue. These views are discussed with special reference to material in St. Mary's Hospital Museum, and it is suggested that the first view is the most probable although the second cannot be excluded.

The teratoid tumours are the commonest in infants and swine. The differences between them and hypernephromata are described. The renal Pelvis, ureter, and bladder all have tumours of the same type and can conveniently be considered together. Connective tissue tumours, both innocent and malignant, are very rare. Papilloma and carcinoma are rare in the pelvis and ureter, but commoner in the bladder. The relation between these two tumours is discussed.
The Organization of Hospital Services for Casualties Due to the Bombing of Cities, Based on Experience Gained in Barcelona—with Special Reference to the Classification of Casualties
Authors: Trueta J.
Published: July 2019

(1) Difference between modern “total population” war and old-fashioned war. Difference between bombing of ( a) military objectives and ( b) civilian population.

( a) The heavy bomb, e.g. 750 lb., with large fragments, upward throw, great destruction of buildings.

( b) The light bomb with finger nail fragments, horizontal throw, great velocity. There is in addition the incendiary bomb, little used in Barcelona because the buildings are built of stone and concrete.

(2) Aerial bombing of a town produces injuries needing more immediate hospitalization than most front-line wounds. At the same time it is possible in a town to organize rapid collection of patients and their immediate transfer to hospital.

(3) Experience shows that it is most desirable to make this transfer of patients to hospital a primary consideration. On arrival they are “ sorted” and minor injuries are given First Aid treatment and sent home, others are fully examined, classified, and dispatched to the theatres on a priority list, to nearby wards for resuscitation, to wards for rest, or sent on to plaster rooms for splintage, or to a neurosurgical centre.

(4) First-aid posts in a town should be in hospitals and treat superficial injuries, &c., after primary sorting in the hospital reception room.

(5) First-aid posts in outlying areas should carry out the same function for the same type of cases; all the more seriously wounded, including those with tiny penetrating wounds, should be dispatched without first aid treatment direct to hospital.

(6) Hospital arrangements, for circulation of ambulances, for sorting, undressing of patients, docketing of valuables, &c.

(7) Classification must be carried out by surgeons of experience and judgment. They must regard not only a standard priority list but the particular clinical picture and prognosis in each case.

(8) The surgeon will furthermore draft the cases with regard to the special abilities of the surgical units available, e.g. chest, abdomen, or limbs.

(9) Review of wounds in limbs, chest, abdomen, and head, caused by fragments from heavy bombs or by splinters from small light bombs.

(10) Injuries from falling masonry.

(11) Standard classification by urgency of operation.

(12) Classification re possible early evacuation.
Virus Diseases in General Practice
Authors: Watson G I
Published: July 2019

Dr G I Watson considers the many facets of clinical and immunological response to virus infections in man. These are illustrated with examples from his practice.

Dr R E Hope-Simpson describes the ways in which viruses have become adapted so as to ensure their survival as parasites. These embrace the effects of urbanization, adaptation to a different habitat, reduction in infectivity and the development of mutants.

Dr P G Higgins considers the role of the laboratory in diagnosis and treatment of virus infections. He outlines the best ways in which general practitioner and virologist can co-operate in this field.
When Borders Migrate: Reconstructing the Category of ‘International Migrant’
Authors: Gorodzeisky Anastasia , Leykin Inna
Published: July 2019

Using the Baltic states as an empirical example of a wider social problem of categorization and naming, this article explores the statistical categories of ‘international migrant/foreign-born’ population used in three major cross-national data sources (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Eurostat and The World Bank Indicators (WBI)). We argue that these seemingly politically neutral categories ignore historical processes of state formation and migration, and privilege the current ethnonational definition of the state. We demonstrate how, in regions with recent geopolitical changes, the international migrant category’s spatial and temporal constraints produce distorted population parameters, by marking those who have never crossed sovereign states’ borders as international migrants. In certain social contexts, applying the international migrant category to those who have never crossed international borders shapes and legitimizes restrictive citizenship policies and new forms of social exclusion. We further argue that, when uncritically adopting this category, transnational institutions assert territorial imaginaries embedded in ethnonational political discourses and legitimize exclusionary citizenship policies.
Precarious Work, Young Workers, and Union-Related Attitudes: Distrust of Employers, Workplace Collective Efficacy, and Union Efficacy
Authors: Fiorito Jack , Gallagher Daniel G. , Russell Zachary A. , Thompson Katina W.
Published: July 2019

This study examined the effects of precarious work characteristics on U.S. workers’ attitudes about three union-related issues using the 2009 Young Worker Survey. Union-related criteria included distrust in employers to treat employees fairly, collective efficacy (rather than individual) in solving workplace problems, and union efficacy in terms of whether union members are better off (or worse off) than nonunion workers. The results suggest that precarious work is much more a problem for younger workers (aged 18-34 years) than for older workers (aged 35 years and above). Consistent with prior studies, we find that young workers tend to hold more positive views of unions, although they are not uniformly more “pro-union” about all three union-related criteria. Further analysis indicates that what may be seen as youth effects on union attitudes are in part precarious work effects that can be confounded due to the strong relation between youth and precarious work.
Neo-esophago-sternocutaneous fistula after coloesophagoplasty: A case report
Authors: Yankov Georgi , Yamakova Yordanka , Vladimirov Borislav , Ilieva Viktoria , Alexov Svilen , Petrov Danail
Published: July 2019

Revision surgery following colon interposition is a challenging problem. We describe a case of successful surgery for neo-esophago-sternocutaneous fistula as a late complication following coloesophagoplasty for intractable benign stricture. The cutaneous part of the fistula was excised and the distal part of the sternum was resected. On the anterior wall of the colon graft, there was a large defect that communicated with the posterior wall of the osteomyelitis-transformed sternum with sinus track formation. After excising the edges of the neoesophagus defect, Roux-en-Y neo-esophagojejunostomy and gastrostomy were carried out.
Indian Board of Orthodontics Case Report: Management of a Skeletal Cl II Malocclusion Using Two-phase Treatment with a Standard Twin Block Appliance
Authors: Aphale Hrushikesh
Published: July 2019

NK, a 12-year-old male patient, presented with a Class II division 1 incisor relation on a Class II skeletal base with a decreased maxillomandibular plane angle and decreased face-height ratio. He had a convex profile, incompetent lips, lip trap, deep mentolabial sulcus, everted lower lip and a positive VTO (Visual Treatment Objective). Intraorally, he presented with bilaterally Angle’s Class II molar relation and canine relation, scissor bite in the region of first premolars bilaterally, a closed bite and a 13 mm overjet. He presented with mild spacing in the upper arch and mild crowding in the lower arch with a pronounced curve of Spee. This was further complicated as the LR6 was endodontically treated and temporarily restored; also, enamel hypoplasia was seen in all permanent first molar region. The treatment was carried out in two phases, Phase I involved growth modulation done with a twin block appliance, and Phase II was the postfunctional orthodontic phase for dental corrections and finishing and detailing of occlusion, which was done with a preadjusted edgewise appliance (0.022 × 0.028˝ slot) with MBT (McLaughlin, Bennett, Trevisi) prescription. The posttreatment results were highly satisfactory, showing improvement in facial esthetics and occlusal traits as well as good long-term stability as was evident in the 3-year retention records.
“In the Exercise of a Sound Discretion, Who, of This Class of Persons, Shall Have a Right to the License…”: Family, Race, and Firearms in Antebellum North Carolina
Authors: Hunter Antwain K.
Published: July 2019

In 1841, North Carolina passed a law requiring free black people to acquire firearm licenses from their county court. This essay argues that the license requirement forced free black people to rely on their families’ support to access firearms, which sits contrary to the “individual right” framework that firearms are often viewed through. Family members helped free black people to construct racial identities, highlight trustworthiness, connect individuals to patrons and professional networks, and manage legal fees, all in pursuit of firearm access. This essay contributes to our understanding of antebellum black families and their connections to their broader interracial communities.
Evaluation of the Psychometric Properties of the Teacher Efficacy for Promoting Partnership Measure Among a Sample of Head Start Educators
Authors: Moen Amanda L. , Sheridan Susan M.
Published: July 2019

The current study reports the evidence for the reliability (via coefficient α, coefficient ω) and validity (via confirmatory factor analysis, correlations) of the Teacher Efficacy for Promoting Partnership measure. Participants were 255 in-service Head Start educators from all Head Start regions across the United States. Educators were sent a survey to complete with a cover letter, written consent form, survey, and compensation for their contribution. To maximize survey response rates, a follow-up post card and survey were sent. Results from the study indicated strong evidence for the reliability of the measure with both coefficient alpha and coefficient omega. Furthermore, evidence was found for convergent-related validity of the measure. The results of the confirmatory factor analyses suggest that further refinement and analysis of the measure is necessary.
Investigating pitching moment stall through dynamic wind tunnel test
Authors: Pontillo Alessandro , Yusuf Sezsy , Lopez Guillermo , Rennie Dominic , Lone Mudassir
Published: July 2019

Experimental characterisation of aircraft dynamic stall can be a challenging and complex system identification activity. In this article, the authors present a method that combines dynamic wind tunnel testing with parameter estimation techniques to study the nonlinear pitching moment dynamics of a 1/12 scale Hawk model undergoing moment stall. The instrumentation setup allows direct calculation of angular acceleration terms, such as pitch acceleration, and avoids post-processing steps involving differentiation of signals. Data collected from tests, carried out at 20 m/s and 30 m/s, are used for a brief aerodynamic analysis of the observed stall hysteresis. Then an output-error-based parameter estimation process is used to parameterise dynamic stall models and furthermore, illustrate that in a scenario where the model's heave motion is constrained. The observed nonlinear behaviour arises from the nonlinear angle of attack and linear pitch rate components.
Monocular-vision-based spacecraft relative state estimation under dual number algebra
Authors: Liang Haizhao , Wang Jianying , Wang Yonghai , Huo Wenxia
Published: July 2019

This paper develops a relative state estimation method for two spacecraft based on monocular vision measurement, where the leader spacecraft of three-dimensional shape is observed by a calibrated camera fixed on the follower spacecraft. The two-dimensional image of the leader spacecraft with multiple geometric features is obtained by the camera. Multiple geometric features including points, lines and circles are described under dual number algebra, and the observation models are proposed based on the geometric projection relationships of these features. By the proposed method, the geometric features appeared on the leader spacecraft can be employed to estimate the relative state between the two spacecraft. Another contribution of this paper is to develop a six-degree-of-freedom relative motion dynamics using dual number. The dynamics model describes the relative motion between arbitrary points on the spacecraft, and both the kinematically and dynamically coupling effects are considered. Based on the derived process model and observation model, an extended Kalman filter is presented to estimate the relative state between the two spacecraft. In addition, an unscented Kalman filter is also developed to avoid complicated calculation of derivations. Finally, numerical simulations are performed to evaluate the proposed EKF and UKF approaches based on multiple geometric feature measurement. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, and show that by using EKF or UKF technique, the relative translation and rotation estimation errors converge rapidly with the desired high estimation accuracy. Comparison simulations are made with the situations using less feature measurement, which demonstrate that employing multiple feature measurement provides superior estimation performance than methods with less feature measurement.
Selection of Visual Objects in Perception and Working Memory One at a Time
Authors: Thigpen Nina , Petro Nathan M. , Oschwald Jessica , Oberauer Klaus , Keil Andreas
Published: July 2019

How does the content of visual working memory influence the way we process the visual environment? We addressed this question using the steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP), which provides a discernible measure of visuocortical activation to multiple stimuli simultaneously. Fifty-six adults were asked to remember a set of two oriented gratings. During the retention interval, two frequency-tagged oriented gratings were presented to probe the visuocortical processing of matching versus mismatching orientations relative to the memory set. Matching probes prompted an increased visuocortical response, whereas mismatching stimuli were suppressed. This suggests that the visual cortex prioritizes attentional selection of memory-relevant features at the expense of non-memory-relevant features. When two memory items were probed simultaneously, visuocortical amplification alternated between the two stimuli at a rate of 3 Hz to 4 Hz, consistent with the rate of attentional sampling of sensory events from the external world. These results suggest a serial, single-item attentional sampling of remembered features.
Human germline editing is not prohibited by the Oviedo Convention: An argument
Authors: Beriain Iñigo de Miguel , Armaza Emilio Armaza , Sánchez Aliuska Duardo
Published: July 2019

Human germline gene editing has ignited wide-ranging debates on the ethical and legal issues involved. The text of the Oviedo Convention is particularly relevant here, as it remains the only international legally binding instrument on the protection of human rights in the biomedical field which considers human genome modification. However, it is often misinterpreted. Indeed, most of the academic literature assumes that Article 13 forbids germline gene editing. This article seeks to demonstrate that this belief is mistaken. To this purpose, it develops a general analysis of the Convention, its Explanatory Report, and its historical background. As a result, it argues that the Convention does not veto genetic editing for basic research purposes, but only its clinical application on human embryos to be transferred into a womb. Nevertheless, it recommends a revision of the clause according to the original intention of the Convention.
On the manufacturing, integration, and wiring techniques of in situ piezoelectric devices for the manufacturing and structural health monitoring of polymer–matrix composites: A literature review
Authors: Tuloup Corentin , Harizi Walid , Aboura Zoheir , Meyer Yann , Khellil Kamel , Lachat Rémy
Published: July 2019

This article aims to provide a general overview on what has been achieved recently in the scientific community on the manufacturing, embedding, and wiring techniques of various kinds of piezoelectric devices for manufacturing monitoring and structural health monitoring applications of polymer–matrix composites.
What Is the Optimal Number of Samples for Culture in Patients Undergoing Surgery for Foot and Ankle Infections?
Authors: Tanaka Yasuhito , Aiyer Amiethab , Iwata Eiichiro , Yamamoto Yusuke , Mijares Michael R.
Published: July 2019

Recommendation:

The optimal number of samples for culture in patients undergoing surgery for foot and ankle infections is unknown. We recommend that multiple tissue samples be taken.

Level of Evidence:

Consensus.

Delegate Vote:

Agree: 100%, Disagree: 0%, Abstain: 0% (Unanimous, Strongest Consensus)