bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ANÁLISE PLUVIOMÉTRICA NO ESTADO DO PARÁ: COMPARAÇÃO ENTRE DADOS OBTIDOS DE ESTAÇÕES PLUVIOMÉTRICAS E DO SATÉLITE GPCC
Authors: Ferreira Filho David Figueiredo , Lira Bruna Roberta Pereira , Crispim Diêgo Lima , Pessoa Francisco Carlos Lira , Fernandes Lindemberg Lima
Published: October 2020

O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar o comportamento pluviométrico das médias mensais e anuais das precipitações pluviométricas obtidas de duas fontes de dados diferentes, HidroWeb (ANA) e do satélite meteorológico GPCC, para a série de dados de 1986 a 2015. Com auxílio de ferramentas de geoprocessamento foi feito a interpolação de ambas as fontes de dados, pelo método de Krigagem, para médias mensais e anuais e de posse destas, feitas as comparações. Para avaliar o desempenho utilizou-se como métodos estatísticos os testes do coeficiente de correlação de Pearson (R), coeficiente de determinação (R²), coeficiente de Nash- Sutcliffe (NASH), o Erro Quadrático Médio (MSE) e a Raiz do Erro Quadrático Médio (RMSE). Para ambos os dados notou-se uma semelhança na interpolação dos dados, e a espacialização da distribuição da precipitação média anual para o período de 1986 a 2015 no estado do Pará através do método de interpolação, evidenciou que os maiores índices pluviométricos estão localizados no Nordeste Paraense, abrangendo áreas das mesorregiões do Marajó, Metropolitana de Belém e Nordeste Paraense. Além disto, os resultados obtidos pelo GPCC e ANA, indicaram que os menores índices de precipitações foram observados na porção sudeste do estado. Os resultados obtidos para a distribuição da média mensal da precipitação do estado do Pará com base nos dados do GPCC e ANA indicou comportamentos similares para sazonalidade, no qual observou duas estações bem distintas ao longo dos anos, uma chuvosa e outra menos chuvosa. Logo, os meses com maiores registros de precipitação é fevereiro, março e abril, enquanto os meses menos chuvosos é agosto e setembro. Os resultados dos testes estatísticos evidenciaram que em alguns meses os dados são bons entre si, e outros são moderados. Concluiu-se que os o comportamento pluviométrico é não-homogêneo e os conjuntos de dados apresentaram similaridades, confirmando a boa consistência entre as diferentes fontes de dados, demonstrando e contribuindo como subsídio para a gestão e planejamento dos recursos hídricos no estado.
BALANÇO HÍDRICO DE UMA MICROBACIA HIDROGRÁFICA NO SUDESTE DO BRASIL: IMPLICAÇÕES PARA O MANEJO DE SERVIÇOS ECOSSISTÊMICOS
Authors: Rodrigues Alisson Lopes , Villa Pedro Manuel , Rodrigues Alice Cristina , Mata Rafles Anselmo , Martorano Lucieta Guerreiro
Published: October 2020

O objetivo neste trabalho foi avaliar o balanço hídrico em uma microbacia hidrográfica no Município São Miguel do Anta, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Procurou-se apontar os benefícios do balanço hídrico no manejo do solo visando identificar as melhores épocas com estoques de água no solo capazes de manter o potencial produtivo em cultivos agrícolas como garantia de prestação de serviços ecossistêmicos. As estimativas do balanço hídrico na microbacia foi realizado usando métodos que incluam no modelo variável explicativas de fluxos associados à precipitação pluvial, evaporação, evapotranspiração, vazão, armazenamento de água em reservatórios, e estimação de água usada na irrigação. Observa-se que a maior evapotranspiração da microbacia ocorreu no mês de janeiro com um valor médio de 93,9 mm e as menores taxas evapotranspiratórias ocorreram em junho com 56,5 mm. Esses resultados evidenciam que em janeiro há maior oferta de água no solo, pois os déficits hídricos são reduzidos, atingindo no máximo 94,4 mm. Em março os excessos hídricos atingem valores médios de 149,4 mm, indicando que há alta oferta de água na microbacia para atender a demanda evapotranspiratória das plantas. Os meses de fevereiro, março, novembro e dezembro contabilizaram as maiores cotas pluviais, chegando ao máximo de 230 mm no mês de março. Por outro lado, os meses menos pluviosos foram maio, junho, julho e janeiro, atingindo valores mínimos de 3 mm no mês de junho. O principal fluxo de saída de água da bacia hidrográfica foi devido à evapotranspiração, correspondendo a 80%, reforçando a importância desse serviço ecossistêmico em bombear para atmosfera vapor de água para manter o ciclo hidrológico na microbacia hidrográfica. A variação sazonal da vazão média da microbacia é explicada pela estacionalidade das chuvas que determinam o balanço hídrico e que são influenciadas pelos tipos de cobertura do solo nas diferentes formas de uso da água para atender as atividades antrópicas em microbacias hidrográficas.
CHUVAS MÁXIMAS DIÁRIAS E EQUAÇÕES INTENSIDADE-DURAÇÃO-FREQUÊNCIA PARA O ESTADO DO AMAPÁ, BRASIL
Authors: Back Álvaro José , Cadorin Sabrina Baesso
Published: October 2020

As chuvas intensas podem ser representadas por meio das curvas ou equações Intensidade-Duração-Frequência (IDF). As equações IDF são necessárias em vários cálculos de drenagem agrícola e urbana. Tendo em vista sua importância, este trabalho tem como objetivo determinar as precipitações máximas anuais e ajustar as equações IDF para o Amapá, justificado pela carência de informações sobre chuvas intensas para o estado. Foram analisadas as séries históricas das estações pluviométricas da Agência Nacional de Águas (ANA), sendo selecionadas dezesseis estações com séries históricas superiores a 10 anos de dados. Foram ajustados os parâmetros das distribuições Gumbel e Generalizada de Valores Extremos (GEV), determinadas pelos métodos da Máxima Verossimilhança, dos Momentos e dos Momentos-L. A aderência das distribuições avaliadas pelos testes de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Anderson-Darling e Filliben. As relações IDF estimadas apresentaram um bom ajuste, com coeficientes de determinação acima de 0,995. As equações ajustadas permitem estimativa da intensidade da chuva com duração de 5 a 1440 minutos e período de retorno de 2 a 100 anos com erro padrão inferior 3,5 mm h-1. As séries de chuvas máximas anuais se ajustaram bem a distribuição Gumbel e GEV, sendo o ajuste considerado melhor com a distribuição GEV com parâmetros estimados pelo método dos Momentos-L.
INFLUENCIA DA VARIABILIDADE CLIMÁTICA NA DENSIDADE DE MOSQUITOS VETORES NO LESTE DA AMAZÔNIA
Authors: Silva Rommel Benicio da , Vitorino Maria Isabel , Sousa Adriano Marlisson Leão , Santos Joyse Tatiane , Ferreira Giovani Rezende , Gonçalves Fabio Luiz Teixeira , Santos Marcos Ronielly da Silva
Published: October 2020

O clima na Amazônia vem se alterando, principalmente pelas atividades antrópicas. Uma floresta primária detém de 80% a 85% de floresta de terra firme, elevada diversidade e riqueza de espécies. Com o objetivo de caracterizar o clima da região de estudo, associando à variabilidade dos oceanos, atlântico e pacífico equatorial, com a chuva (chuvas), umidade e temperatura do ar, buscando uma visão espaço-temporal da evolução climática regional em um período pré-estabelecido, além de investigar a influencia destas variáveis climáticas na densidade populacional de mosquitos na região de floresta primária, onde as informações destas variáveis foram obtidas no site do INMET/BDMET e na Torre do LBA (meteorológicos) e no site da NOAA (índices de IOS/TSM) e as informações sobre a densidade dos mosquitos foram adquiridas no consorcio entre Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, FIOCRUZ, Instituto Evandro Chagas e Universidade Federal do Pará que realizaram a coleta de mosquitos dentro de uma unidade de conservação (UC) em cinco campanhas com duração de 6 dias cada, realizadas no período de junho, setembro e dezembro de 2005, e fevereiro e abril de 2006. A variabilidade e a evolução do clima para a área de estudo, apresentaram elevação em suas oscilações tanto da temperatura média do ar (de »0.28°C por década) quanto dos níveis de chuva com redução nos índices de umidade do ar, indicando que mesmo com o aumento das chuvas, a floresta sugere uma atmosfera com intervalos maiores de estiagem. Existe um indicativo de elevação expressiva nos níveis de temperatura média do ar (>1.5°C), e nos índices de chuvas, além de pouca e tendenciosa redução nos índices de umidade do ar, concorrendo para um aumento significativo na densidade de mosquitos com maior amplitude na distribuição das endemias na região.
CARACTERÍSTICAS DA PRECIPITAÇÃO NA AMÉRICA DO SUL REVELADAS ATRAVÉS DE ÍNDICES CLIMÁTICOS
Authors: Marrafon Vitor Hugo , Reboita Michelle Simões
Published: October 2020

Este estudo apresenta as características da precipitação na América do Sul, entre 1979 a 2019, através de índices climáticos calculados com precipitação diária. Os dados utilizados no estudo provêm de análises do Climate Prediction Center (CPC-NOAA). O principal resultado do estudo é que em grande parte do Brasil, na banda que se estende da Amazônia em direção à região sudeste do país, há tendência de redução do volume sazonal e anual da precipitação e da sequência de dias úmidos e aumento da sequência de dias secos; o que indica menor disponibilidade de água no ciclo hidrológico. Por outro lado, o percentil de 95% mostra que o volume de chuva considerada como extremo tem aumentado. Já entre o sul do Paraguai, nordeste da Argentina, parte do sul do Brasil e Uruguai, em geral, os índices climáticos ou não mostram tendência ou indicam aumento das condições úmidas.
Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Adsorption Behavior of Nitrate Ions by Layered Double Hydroxide Using Impedance Spectroscopy
Authors: Elmelouky Abderrahmane , Mortadi Abdelhadi , Chahid Elghaouti , Elmoznine Reddad
Published: October 2020

This chapter analyzes the experimental data using impedance spectroscopy to reduce water pollution by nitrate ions. The adsorption is through a synthesized layered double hydroxide (Zn3-Al-Cl-LDH). The kinetic study data analysis by pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models is highly correlated they were found to fit very well the pseudo-second-order. This is confirmed by fast kinetic modeling of experimental data according to the pseudo-second-order. Furthermore, the Nyquist plots suggest that the grains and grain boundaries have contributed to the conduction mechanism of the material at different adsorption times and monitoring of the adsorption phenomenon. The investigation by impedance spectroscopy was used for modeling by an equivalent circuit. The real and imaginary functions of impedance complex are analyzed by modifying Cole-Cole relaxation. Revel most changes in the structure of the manifestation of the grains and the grains boundaries. The alternative current (AC) conductivity was investigated using the double power law of Jonscher. More importantly, the calculated value and the percentage of efficiency are evaluated in the adsorption. The water molecules and nitrate ions in the adsorbed were favored for the generation of the electrical response. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data are often interpreted by using electrical equivalent circuits.
Mode of Transmission and Viral Shedding of SARS-CoV-2: Emerging New Paradigms
Authors: Ishaku Akyala Adamu
Published: October 2020

SAR CoV-2 is an important group of animal and human pathogens that infect respiratory tract, hepatic, gastroenterological, and nervous systems of mouse, bat, bat, humans and other vertebrates. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) Outbreaks in 2002–2003 have demonstrated the possibility of human to human transmission, animals to humans transmission of the emerging SARS-CoV-2. The World Health Organization (WHO) On 12 January 2020 renamed novel coronavirus infectious disease (COVID-19) to SARS-CoV-2 In late 2019, the first case of the COVID-19 was reported. A total of 87,137 confirmed cases globally, 79,968 confirmed in China and 7169 outside of China, with 2977 deaths (3.4%) had been reported by WHO in March 1, 2020. Meanwhile, several independent research groups have identified that SARS-CoV-2 belongs to β-coronavirus, with highly identical genome to bat coronavirus, pointing to bat as the natural host and by proxy has a zoonotic propensity. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the same receptor been used by the novel coronavirus as that of SARS-CoV and largely spreads through the respiratory tract. Currently, there are few specific antiviral strategies, but several potent candidates of antivirals and repurposed drugs are under urgent investigation. In this review, we summarized the latest research progress on the transmission mode dynamics and viral shedding in provide direction for isolation protocol. R0 estimates for SARS have been reported to range between 2 and 5, which is within the range of the mean R0 for COVID-19 found in this review. Due to similarities of both pathogen and region of exposure, this is expected. On the other hand, despite the heightened public awareness and impressively strong interventional response, the COVID-19 is already more widespread than SARS, indicating it may be more transmissible.
The Role of Cupping Therapy in Pain Management: A Literature Review
Authors: Al-Shidhani Asma , Al-Mahrezi Abdulaziz
Published: October 2020

Cupping therapy is an ancient method which has been used for centuries for various painful conditions. It is performed by applying cups to selected skin points most commonly in the back aiming to create areas of sub-atmospheric pressure. It has been classified as either dry or wet type of therapy. Its mechanism of action is not well understood but several proposed mechanisms are described in the literature. It is relatively safe with a few reported side effects which include scar formation and skin infection. In this paper, a review of the literature will be presented to determine its potential benefits in pain management particularly in musculo-skeletal conditions such as low back and neck pain.
Effect of Resistance Training with Palm Pollen and Testosterone on Runx2 Protein and Gene Expression Levels in Bone Tissue of Adult Male Rats
Authors: Payandeh Nazila , Peeri Maghsoud , Azarbayjani Mohammad Ali , Hosseini Seyed Ali
Published: October 2020

Background: A healthy lifestyle, nutrition, and exercise can improve bone mass via several mechanisms. Objectives: This study assessed the effects of four weeks of palm pollen consumption along with resistance training on protein and gene expression levels of Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) in bone tissue of rats. Methods: Thirty-six rats were selected and assigned into six groups, including (1) training + testosterone, (2) training + palm pollen, (3) testosterone, (4) palm pollen, (5) training and (6) sham. Then, 100 mg/kg of palm pollen was prescribed five days per week. Resistance training was performed five sessions per week, and 2 mg/kg of testosterone propionate was prescribed peritoneally. Gene expression and protein levels of Runx2 were measured via the real-time PCR and Western blot methods. Results: Training had a significant effect on the increase in Runx2 protein levels (P≤0.05). Training + testosterone, training + palm pollen, testosterone, and palm pollen had significant effects on gene expression and protein levels of Runx2 (P ≤ 0.05). Training + testosterone and training + palm pollen had more favorable effects on the increase of gene expression and protein levels of Runx2 than had testosterone, palm pollen, and training (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusions: Although training, palm pollen, and testosterone alone could increase the Runx2 protein levels in the bone tissue of rats, training with palm pollen and training with testosterone appeared to have more favorable effects on the increase of gene expression and protein levels of Runx2 than either alone.
Responsibility for Vulnerability
Authors: Vögele Hannah ,   DePaul University
Published: October 2020

Care (work) is in crisis. In fact, within our current system, social vulnerabilities of differential kinds are pushed to the fringes of society, while self-responsibility prevails. Yet recently, vulnerability has become a fashionable concept in (feminist) theory. It owes this popularity not least to Judith Butler’s work. This paper analyses the political potential of her conceptualization. More precisely, it argues for the need to assume political responsibility for vulnerability. This is not a connection that Butler makes explicitly. Instead, and contrary to her previous ambivalence to ethics more broadly, she tries to formulate a critical ethics based on vulnerability. Against the abstract nature of ethics, this paper turns to activist voices and Iris Marion Young’s theorisations on responsibility to develop a structural, historically contextualised and collective account of political responsibility. The example of care work and the crisis of care elucidates both theoretical and practical insights throughout the paper.
Uma análise teórico-política decolonial sobre o conceito de moda e seus usos
Authors:   Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro, Santos Heloisa Helena De Oliveira
Published: October 2020

A partir de uma perspectiva pós-colonial/decolonial, a proposta do artigo é questionar o conceito ocidental de moda e seus possíveis usos. Entendemos que o conceito de moda pode ser utilizado como uma noção dentro do aparato ideológico colonial que busca desautorizar a relação das sociedades não ocidentais com o tempo ao afirmar que estas últimas não tem moda porque pouco mudam seu vestuário, ou como o colonizador prefere chamar, sua indumentária ou costume. Este tipo de binarismo, no caso “moda X costume”, engessa, como aponta Quijano (2005), as sociedades não ocidentais e fornece ao Ocidente o status ideológico do movimento, da capacidade de se modificar, renovar e, por que não, evoluir (em um sentido evolucionista mesmo), pois como aponta Said (2007), o colonizador, em seu lugar de autoridade, entende que lhe cabe “ler” o colonizado e traduzir a cultura do mesmo para si próprio.
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia, Version 2.2021, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology
Authors: Deininger Michael W. , Shah Neil P. , Altman Jessica K. , Berman Ellin , Bhatia Ravi , Bhatnagar Bhavana , DeAngelo Daniel J. , Gotlib Jason , Hobbs Gabriela , Maness Lori , Mead Monica , Metheny Leland , Mohan Sanjay , Moore Joseph O. , Naqvi Kiran , Oehler Vivian , Pallera Arnel M. , Patnaik Mrinal , Pratz Keith , Pusic Iskra , Rose Michal G. , Smith B. Douglas , Snyder David S. , Sweet Kendra L. , Talpaz Moshe , Thompson James , Yang David T. , Gregory Kristina M. , Sundar Hema
Published: October 2020

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is defined by the presence of Philadelphia chromosome (Ph) which results from a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22 [t(9;22] that gives rise to aBCR-ABL1fusion gene. CML occurs in 3 different phases (chronic, accelerated, and blast phase) and is usually diagnosed in the chronic phase. Tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy is a highly effective first-line treatment option for all patients with newly diagnosed chronic phase CML. This manuscript discusses the recommendations outlined in the NCCN Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of patients with chronic phase CML.
Small Renal Masses With Tumor Size 0 to 2 cm: A SEER-Based Study and Validation of NCCN Guidelines
Authors: Pecoraro Angela , Rosiello Giuseppe , Luzzago Stefano , Deuker Marina , Stolzenbach Franciska , Tian Zhe , Shariat Shahrokh F. , Saad Fred , Briganti Alberto , Kapoor Anil , Fiori Cristian , Porpiglia Francesco , Karakiewicz Pierre I.
Published: October 2020

Background: The NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology for Kidney Cancer recommend active surveillance as an option for initial management of T1a 0- to 2-cm renal lesions, in addition to partial nephrectomy, radical nephrectomy, and focal ablation. However, contemporary data regarding the distribution of patient and renal cell carcinoma characteristics within this special patient group are scarce. Methods: Within the SEER database (2002–2016), 13,364 patients with T1aNanyMany 0- to 2-cm renal lesions treated with nephrectomy were identified. Data were tabulated according to histologic subtype, Fuhrman grade (FG1–2 vs FG3–4), age category, and sex. In addition, rates of synchronous metastases were quantified. Results: Overall, clear-cell (69.3%), papillary (21.4%), chromophobe (6.9%), multilocular cystic (2.0%), sarcomatoid dedifferentiation (0.2%), and collecting-duct histologic subtypes (0.2%) were identified. Advanced age was associated with a lower rate of FG1–2 clear cell histologic subtype (70.8%–50.3%) but higher rates of FG1–2 papillary (11.1%–23.9%) and chromophobe histologic subtypes (6.2%–8.5%). Overall, 14.5% individuals harbored FG3–4 clear cell (9.8%) or FG3–4 papillary histologic subtypes (4.8%), and both were more prevalent in men. FG3–4 clear-cell and FG3–4 papillary histologic subtypes increased with age, more so in women than in men. The overall rate of synchronous metastases was 0.4% and ranged from 0 in the multilocular cystic subtype to 0.9% in the FG3–4 papillary histologic subtype, respectively, except for 13.8% in the sarcomatoid dedifferentiation histologic subtype. Conclusions: Most T1a 0- to 2-cm renal cell carcinoma represents the low-grade clear-cell or low-grade papillary histologic subtype, with an FG3–4 minority. Even in patients with the FG3–4 histologic subtype, rates of synchronous metastases are virtually zero.
HEALING of LARGE PERIAPICAL LESION FOLLOWING CONVENTIONAL ROOT CANAL TREATMENT- A CASE REPORT
Authors: KAYA Fatma , AKPINAR Kerem Engin , ZAN Recai , ALTUNBAŞ Demet
Published: October 2020

The infected pulp, microorganisms toxins, metabolic products, chemical agents, mechanical irritations, foreign substances, trauma and host defense plays a role in the periapical tissue diseases. Options for the treatment of large periapical lesions range from non-surgical root canal treatment and/or apical surgery to extraction. Although apical surgery may be a treatment option in these cases, conventional root canal treatment should be the first choice. The aim of this case report is to report that the large size of a periapical lesion does not always need a surgical approach and even large periapical lesions heal following a conservative endodontic therapy.
A STUDY ON THE USE OF DIFFERENT MATERIALS COMBINED WITH ALLOGRAFT ON OSSEOINTEGRATION AND BONE REGENERATION OF DENTAL IMPLANTS WITH CORONAL DEFECTS IN A RABBIT MODEL
Authors: ELMALI Oğuzhan Mehmet , ENİNANÇ İlknur , YELER Defne , HEPOKUR Ceylan , ÜNAL Yener , YELER Hasan
Published: October 2020

Objectives: To assess differential effects of different materials combined with allograft on bone-to-implant contact and newly formed bone formation in dental implants with coronal defects histomorphometrically.
Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 24 male New Zealand white rabbits. Dental implants (3.0 × 10 mm) were placed at the center of defects (9 mm diameter, 4 mm depth) created in the tibial bones of the rabbits. Graft (GF, n=8), graft + rifamycin (GR, n=8), and graft + black cumin oil via orogastric route (GB, n=8) were applied on the coronal aspects of the implants for 28 days. Undecalcified histomorphometric analyses were conducted on slides stained with toluidine blue.
Results: Bone-to-implant contact was 46.57% ± 3.59% in the graft, 67.12% ± 3.64% in the graft+rifamycin, and 55.62% ± 4.37% in the graft+black cumin oil groups. The percentage of new bone formation at the defect area was 34.71% ± 4.11% in the graft, 55.37% ± 4.89% in the graft + rifamycin, and 45.75% ± 3.69% in the graft + black cumin oil groups. In terms of new bone formation and bone-to-implant contact, graft + rifamycin and graft + black cumin oil groups were significantly different from the graft group. The differences between the graft + rifamycin and graft + black cumin oil groups were also statistically significant.
Conclusion: Allogreft + rifamycin and orogastric black cumin oil were found to have positive effects on bone healing at sites with coronal defects. Rifamycin showed significantly greater favorable effects on bone-to-implant contact and new bone formation compared to black cumin oil.
THE EFFECTS OF UNCONTROLLED EXTRACTIONS OF THE PERMANENT LOWER FIRST MOLARS ON THE PROGNOSIS OF SPONTANEOUS SPACE CLOSURE AND OCCLUSION
Authors: KİRAZ Melike , DEMİREL Akif , AYDINBELGE Mustafa , SARI Şaziye
Published: October 2020

Objectives: This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the
prognosis of spontaneous space closure and occlusion in uncontrolled permanent
lower first molar extractions in patients with different developmental stages. Materials and Methods: Fifty permanent lower first
molar extractions were included in the study. Extractions were divided into two
groups as appropriate-timing (Group 1- 6th or 7th stages of Nolla) and late-timing
(Group 2- 8th or 9th stages of Nolla), according to the Nolla calcification stage
of permanent second molar germs in the same quadrant. In the 24th month, based
on clinical/radiological/photographic data, the success of spontaneous space
closure, rotation degrees of adjacent teeth, and dental midline deviations were
evaluated. Results: Successful spontaneous space closure was observed in 52%
in Group 1, and no successful result was present in Group 2. The difference was
statistically significant (p<0.001). Rotation results of adjacent teeth were
determined more frequently in Group 2, and the difference was not statistically
significant (p=0.138, p=0.084, p=0.120). Dental midline deviations were
statistically significantly higher in unilateral extractions compared to
bilateral extractions (p=0.006).

Conclusions: The timing of permanent lower first molar
extractions for successful spontaneous space closure should be planned at the sixth
or seventh development stage of the permanent lower second molar, according to
Nolla’s classification. Since rotations in adjacent teeth occur regardless of
extraction timing, cases should be followed-up and intervened if necessary. Besides,
unilateral permanent first molar tooth extractions should be avoided as much as
possible since they cause dental midline deviation.
Modelling the Modal Shift Effects of Converting a General Traffic Lane into a Dedicated Bus Lane
Authors: Yang Guangchuan , Wang Daobin , Mao Xuesong
Published: October 2020

This paper presents an analytical framework for evaluating the performance of dedicated bus lanes. It assumes that under a designated travel demand, the traffic volume on a corridor changes with the modal shifts. The modal shift affects the operations of both bus traffic and car traffic and eventually, an equilibrium bus share ratio that maximizes the performance of the corridor will be reached. Microsimulation modelling is employed to assess the traffic operations under various demand levels and bus share ratios. The results show that converting a general lane into a bus lane significantly reduces bus delay. For car traffic, the overall trend is that delay increases after converting a general lane to a bus lane. In addition, delay decreases with the increase of bus share ratio. Nevertheless, when bus share ratio reaches 0.6 (demand less than 10,000 passengers per hour, pph; or 0.8 when demand increases up to 14,000 pph), there is no significant difference in delay between the two scenarios. The identified bus share ratios have the potential to direct the development of bus lane warrants. Finally, this research recommends that the Transportation Demand Management (TDM) strategies shall be developed to stimulate the modal shifts towards the identified optimal bus share ratio.
Effects of Driving Style and Vehicle Maintenance on Vehicle Roadworthiness
Authors: Mikulić Iva , Bošković Igor , Zovak Goran
Published: October 2020

Vehicles that are non-roadworthy pose a hazard for all road users and can be one of the main causes of traffic accidents. Previous studies have analysed the impact of the driving style on environmental sustainability and road safety. Starting from this, there was a need to further investigate the relationship between the driving style and vehicle roadworthiness as well. Vehicles that do not comply with the prescribed requirements should be excluded from traffic at a periodic technical inspection. However, the causes of detected vehicle defects cannot be established at a periodic technical inspection. The paper therefore, examines the factors affecting vehicle roadworthiness. First, the failure rate and mileage of vehicles at periodic technical inspection regarding the type of ownership was examined. In addition, a questionnaire was conducted to collect data about the driving style and maintenance habits of different types of car owners. The paper argues that vehicles owned by legal entities were generally in a worse condition than the vehicles owned by natural persons, due to the increased vehicle exploitation, but also due to a more aggressive driving style. Finally, it was found that by modifying their driving style, the drivers can affect the condition of their vehicles, considering the same mileage and maintenance habits.
Modelling of Driver and Pedestrian Behaviour – A Historical Review
Authors: Babojelić Karlo , Novacko Luka
Published: October 2020

Driver and pedestrian behaviour significantly affect the safety and the flow of traffic at the microscopic and macroscopic levels. The driver behaviour models describe the driver decisions made in different traffic flow conditions. Modelling the pedestrian behaviour plays an essential role in the analysis of pedestrian flows in the areas such as public transit terminals, pedestrian zones, evacuations, etc. Driver behaviour models, integrated into simulation tools, can be divided into car-following models and lane-changing models. The simulation tools are used to replicate traffic flows and infer certain regularities. Particular model parameters must be appropriately calibrated to approximate the realistic traffic flow conditions. This paper describes the existing car-following models, lane-changing models, and pedestrian behaviour models. Further, it underlines the importance of calibrating the parameters of microsimulation models to replicate realistic traffic flow conditions and sets the guidelines for future research related to the development of new models and the improvement of the existing ones.
Historia de las emociones y los sentimientos: aprendizajes y preguntas desde América Latina
Authors: Garrido Otoya Margarita
Published: October 2020

Objective/Context: This text sets out a succinct overview of the sweep of the history of emotions and sentiments, from the decisive steps taken by Peter N. Stearns and Carol Z. Stearns in the 1980s up to some of the essential contributions made to the field by numerous academics from Latin America in subsequent moments. The fundamental goal of this exercise is to provide context for the contributions of the articles included in the current issue of Historia Crítica. Methodology: I will point out the main methods and approaches of numerous papers about the history of emotions and sentiments produced in North America and Europe. At the same time, I will inquire about the attention this field has received in Latin American historiography and present the articles of the dossier. Originality: The text condenses and compares a substantial set of historical viewpoints about emotions and sentiments, the pathways it opens to widening historical explanations and invites exploring them from Latinamerican historiography. Conclusions: The articles collected in this issue suggest the importance of continuing to move forward in the study of the history of emotions and sentiments in Latin America, given the authors of these texts prove that the weight of regimes and the signification of emotional experiences matter in the spectrum of causalities, in the decisions, and the agency of individuals and groups, in the formation of political loyalties, in power contests, in revolutions, and wars, in the representations of order and the manners in which to subvert it, but also in the elucidation of the deepest creases of the lives, feelings, and words of the societies of the past.
Clemencia y obediencia. El vínculo amoroso entre el rey y los vasallos del Nuevo Reino de Granada entre 1780 y 1800
Authors: Melo Flórez Jairo Antonio
Published: October 2020

Objective/Context: This article explores the link between clemency and obedience within the jurisdictional legal order of Castile and the Indies. We analyze the legitimization of the relationship, founded on the love of the King, between the Monarch and his vassals. Our analysis centers on the decades following the Comunero Rebellion of 1781 in the New Kingdom of Granada. Originality: We explore clemency as an element strengthening the emotional bonds between the King and his vassals, which was questioned because it was considered that rather than achieving its purpose, it had served to make the inhabitants more rebellious. Methodology: Based on the analysis of archival and printed sources that addressed the problem of obedience in the New Kingdom of Granada, to find correlations with the use of royal clemency and the relationship between the King and his vassals. Conclusions: Our analysis shows how clemency was questioned as a virtue that strengthened the emotional bond between vassals and the Monarch. Thanks to the flexibility of the conception of clemency as a part of the dialectic between love and fear of the King, it was considered that while the King could demonstrate his munificence towards his subjects, vassals were responsible for deserving forgiveness only if they acted with blind obedience. This conception, although weakened a few years later, may have helped to build the arguments that represented the Spanish monarchy as a despotic system during the decades thereafter.
La contrarreloj de la venganza. Regular la muerte en Colombia, 1899-1902
Authors: Hering Torres Max S. , Trujillo Daniel H.
Published: October 2020

Objective/Context: The aim of this article is to discuss, in historical terms, the emotional tension between the desire for revenge and death, and the different ways in which the affective universe is interpreted. To this end, we study a threat of execution of political prisoners —known at the time as the prevención (prevention)— made by the Minister of War Aristides Fernández during the War of a Thousand Days (1899-1902) in Colombia. Methodology: The above is done from primary sources, with a micro view and from a regressive narrative, in which details reveal structural aspects. Originality: It is an episode named by historiography, but whose complexity has yet to be reconstructed, making the dense interpretation of the case epistemologically useful. More so, when emotions evidence how the emotional logics of violence permeate the State’s institutional framework, transform anomie, and law into governmental techniques and end up integrated into the interpretation of the law and State activity. Conclusions: The study of events surrounding the prevención reveals that state policy rationalized the feelings and emotional demand for revenge and the death of the enemy under cover of the legal rhetoric of a state of siege. With blood and passion being regulators of political interests; and that, under the cloak of exception, the State was able to promote and harness feelings of retaliation with yearnings for justice, co-opt public opinion through censorship, monopolize the interpretation of the law, regulate death, and shoot and execute the enemy. Thanks to the prevención, we thus learn of multiple ways of codifying a sensory world —hatred, lust for power, and fear— under the rhetoric of law and justice.
Distributed Ledgers
Authors: Townsend Robert M.
Published: October 2020

An economic analysis of what distributed ledgers can do, examining key components and discussing applications in both developed and emerging market economies.

Distributed ledger technology (DLT) has the potential to transform economic organization and financial structures. In this book, Robert Townsend steps back from the hype and controversy surrounding DLT (and the related, but not synonymous, innovations of blockchain and Bitcoin) to offer an economic analysis of what distributed ledgers can do and a blueprint for the optimal design and regulation of financial systems. Townsend examines the key components of distributed ledgers, discussing, evaluating, and illustrating each in the context of historical and contemporary economies, reviewing featured applications in both developed economies and emerging-market countries, and indicating where future innovations can have large impact.

Throughout, Townsend emphasizes the general equilibrium impact of DLT innovations, the welfare gains from these innovations, and related regulatory innovations. He analyzes four crucial components of distributed ledgers—ledgers as accounts, e-messages and e-value transfers, cryptography, and contracts—assessing each in terms of both economics and computer science, and forges some middle ground. Relatedly, Townsend highlights hybrid systems in which some of these components allow useful innovation while legacy or alternative pieces deal with the problem of scale. The specific applications he analyzes include an intelligent financial automated system that provides financial services to unbanked and under-banked populations, and cross-border payments systems, including financial systems that can integrate credit and insurance with clearing and settlement. Finally, Townsend considers cryptocurrencies, discussing the role and value of tokens in economies with distributed ledger systems.

The open access edition of this book was made possible by generous funding from Arcadia – a charitable fund of Lisbet Rausing and Peter Baldwin.
Wood Adhesives Based on Natural Resources: A Critical Review Part I. Protein-Based Adhesives
Authors: Dunky Manfred
Published: October 2020

This series of critical reviews on Wood Adhesives Based on Natural Resources (in total four parts) describes the experience and actual status of wood adhesives based on natural resources and gives an outlook into the future of these materials. Desite boundless results and papers in
the development, purely naturally based wood adhesives are in industrial use only in negligible amounts; therefore this review series also reports on combinations of naturally based adhesives with synthetic components, such as modifiers or crosslinkers.
 Part I of this series concentrates
on general topics and questions related to wood adhesives based on natural resources, such as systematic overview on the various types of naturally based wood adhesives, including cases where the adhesive is not applied separately but is used in situ, originating from the various components
of the wood material. As a first product group, proteins from plants and animal sources and their use as wood adhesives will be described in this Part I.
Light quality affects the proliferation of in vitro cultured plantlets of Camellia oleifera Huajin
Authors: He Chaoyin , Zeng Yanling , Fu Yuzhong , Wu Jiahao , Liang Qin
Published: October 2020

Background

Camellia oleifera is an important oil-yielding woody plant native to China. Tea oil extracted from the seeds is rich in health-beneficial compounds. Huajin is a high-yielding elite variety of C. oleifera, with large fruits and remarkable resilience, widely cultivated in southern China; however, its seedling quality tends to be uneven. At present, techniques such as grafting, and cuttings are primarily adopted to propagate C. oleifera. These approaches are susceptible to environmental constraints owing to the long growth period, resulting in the lack of C. oleifera seedlings. Methods to make the cultivation more economical are warranted; this can be facilitated by tissue culture technology to provide good-quality seedlings in a short time.

Methods

In vitro cultured plantlets of C. oleifera Huajin were exposed to red light (RL), blue light (BL), red:blue light at a 4:1 ratio (R4:B1), and red:blue light at a 1:4 ratio (R1:B4); white light (WL) was used as the control treatment. To investigate the influence of light spectral quality on the proliferation coefficient, photosynthetic pigments, soluble proteins, plant height, leaf shape, Rubisco enzyme activity, and stomata and leaf anatomical features.

Results

The highest proliferation coefficient was observed under combined red and blue (4:1) light. In addition, this treatment resulted in the second highest chlorophyll content, the thickest palisade and spongy tissues, and consequently, the thickest leaves. The same treatment resulted in the second highest stomatal density, albeit concomitantly with the smallest average stomatal length and width.

Discussion

These results indicate that high-quality propagation of Huajin shoots can be achieved by culturing the plants in vitro under a combination of red and blue (4:1) lights. Previous studies have shown that red and blue lights improve rooting and transplanting rates of tissue culture seedlings. Hence, future research should focus on the effect of light quality on rooting and transplanting of tissue culture plantlets of Huajin and its specific molecular mechanisms.
Neighbourhood socioeconomic characteristics and blood pressure among Jamaican youth: a pooled analysis of data from observational studies
Authors: Ferguson Trevor S. , Younger-Coleman Novie O.M. , Mullings Jasneth , Francis Damian , Greene Lisa-Gaye , Lyew-Ayee Parris , Wilks Rainford
Published: October 2020

Introduction

Neighbourhood characteristics are associated with several diseases, but few studies have investigated the association between neighbourhood and health in Jamaica. We evaluated the relationship between neighbourhood socioeconomic status (SES) and blood pressure (BP) among youth, 15–24 years old, in Jamaica.

Methods

A pooled analysis was conducted using data from three studies (two national surveys and a birth cohort), conducted between 2005–2008, with individual level BP, anthropometric and demographic data, and household SES. Data on neighbourhood SES were obtained from the Mona Geo-Informatics Institute. Neighbourhood was defined using community boundaries from the Social Development Commission in Jamaica. Community characteristics (poverty, unemployment, dependency ratio, population density, house size, and proportion with tertiary education) were combined into SES scores using principal component analysis (PCA). Multivariable analyses were computed using mixed effects multilevel models.

Results

Analyses included 2,556 participants (1,446 females; 1,110 males; mean age 17.9 years) from 306 communities. PCA yielded two neighbourhood SES variables; the first, PCA-SES1, loaded highly positive for tertiary education and larger house size (higher value = higher SES); while the second, PCA-SES2, loaded highly positive for unemployment and population density (higher value = lower SES). Among males, PCA-SES1 was inversely associated with systolic BP (β-1.48 [95%CI −2.11, −0.84] mmHg, p < 0.001, for each standard deviation unit increase in PCA-SES1 score) in multivariable model accounting for age, household SES, study, BMI, fasting glucose, physical activity and diet. PCA-SES1 was not significantly associated with systolic BP among females (β −0.48 [−1.62, 0.66], p = 0.410) in a similar model. Associations for PCA-SES2 was assessed using linear splines to account for non-linear effects. The were no significant associations between systolic BP and PCA-SES2 among males. Among females, higher PCA-SES2 (i.e. lower SES) was associated with higher systolic BP at spline 2 [z-score -1 to 0] (β4.09 [1.49, 6.69], p = 0.002), but with lower systolic BP at spline 3 [z-core 0 to 1] (β-2.81 [−5.04, −0.59], p = 0.013). There were no significant associations between diastolic BP and PCA-SES1, but PCA-SES2 showed non-linear associations with diastolic BP particularly among males.

Conclusion

Higher neighbourhood SES was inversely associated with systolic BP among male Jamaican youth; there were non-linear associations between neighbourhood SES and systolic BP among females and for diastolic BP for both males and females.
Attention behaviours but not pain-related behaviours are modified by the presence of a twin in lambs undergoing castration by rubber ring
Authors: Cho Andrew Inhyuk , Lee Caroline , Small Alison
Published: October 2020

The social context of social species such as sheep can modify their physiological and behavioural responses to stressors, through social buffering and social facilitation. Social buffering can lead to amelioration of stress, while social facilitation can lead to stress responses in an observer animal in the presence of a conspecific in distress. The current study investigated twin lambs undergoing ring castration, grouped either homogeneously with a castrated lamb (actor), or heterogeneously with a non-castrated lamb (observer) to examine the impact of social grouping on behavioural responses. Each lamb was scored for two classes of behaviour: pain-related behaviours and postures that are putatively related to the response to castration; and attentional behaviours directed at its twin. Thus, each lamb participated in the experiment as an actor exhibiting pain-related behaviours and postures, and as an observer of its twin. When behaviours of lambs were assessed as actors, there was a significant (P< 0.05) effect of castration but no significant effect of social grouping on expression of pain-related behaviours. When behaviours of lambs were assessed as observers, homogeneous grouping of castrated lambs increased attention towards the other twin in comparison to non-castrated lambs grouped homogeneously or lambs grouped heterogeneously (P< 0.01). Non-castrated lambs grouped homogeneously demonstrated significantly lower numbers of head direction changes (P< 0.001) and lower number of ear posture changes (P< 0.05) than heterogeneously grouped or castrated lambs. This study indicates that social attention between twin lambs is not clearly dependent on pain status of the actor lamb. It suggests that in order for the observer lamb to provide significant attention to the actor lamb displaying pain-related behaviour, the observer lamb also needs to be experiencing pain concurrently. Furthermore, there is some evidence that the presence of pain-related behaviours can lead to increased attention to the surrounding environment in non-castrated lambs. Understanding the effect of concurrent experience and varying social context assists us to improve our understanding of results of other experiments on pain-related behavioural responses.
Growth Pattern, Mortality and Exploitation Rate of the Giant African Threadfin, Polydactylus quadrifilis (Cuvier, 1829) from Ebrié Lagoon (Potou Sector, Côte d’Ivoire)
Authors: Bédia Théophile Aké , Coulibaly Bakari , Konan Yao Aristide , Kouamelan Essetchi Paul , N’douba Valentin
Published: October 2020

The study evaluated some population parameters of Polydactylus quadrifilis within Ebrié lagoon (Potou sector). Samples were obtained using artisanal gillnet fishery from April 2004 to March 2006. A total of 741 individuals of P. quadrifilis ranged from 11 to 70 cm were examined. Population parameters were estimated where asymptotic length (L∞) was found 60 cm, growth rate (K) 0.33 per year, the longevity (T max) 9.09 years, and growth performance index (Φ′) 3.06. The length at first capture (Lc50 = 10.60 cm) was lower than the length at first maturity (Lm50 = 40 cm). Total mortality rate (Z) was calculated as 1.10 per year including natural mortality and fishing mortality. The exploitation rate (E=0.36) was found to be less than the maximum exploitation rate (E max = 0.44) and indicated that P. quadrifilis is not overexploited. The current exploitation rate should be maintained by sustainable fisheries measures including monitoring of fishing effort.