bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Genre and Musical Training on Ratings of Listener Enjoyment
Authors: Williams Matthew L.
Published: June 2018

The purpose of this study was to explore continuous and summative ratings of listener enjoyment across a variety of genres and to examine the roles of musical training and familiarity. Participants (N = 150) provided preference ratings for four popular, classical, and world music excerpts using the Continuous Response Digital Interface in either a continuous or summative response condition. After each excerpt, participants also provided a rating of their familiarity with the excerpt on a pencil and paper Likert-type scale. Significant main effects for genre and major were found in preference ratings, as well as a significant interaction between genre and major. Music majors tended to rate excerpts significantly higher than nonmajors, except in the popular music genre, and majors responded faster than nonmajors in the continuous response condition. Correlations between preference and familiarity were moderate and uniformly significant, whereas there appeared to be no association between familiarity and response times. Implications for teachers selecting music for use in their classrooms include considering the impact of the genre used, the musical material presented at the outset, and students’ familiarity with the music.
Empowering Women Farmers in Tanzania Through Communication for Development
Authors: Agunga Robert , Sanga Camilius Aloyce , Isaya Elizabeth
Published: June 2018

African women play a major role in the development and industrialization of the continent. They account for up to80% of household food production by smallholder farmers. In spite of their large numbers, African women generallydo not have access to agricultural production resources, such as land and credit. Their access to land is often throughtheir husbands and fathers and usually loses their property rights as a consequence of widowhood, divorce, ordesertion. This study of women farmers in Tanzania argues that farming is the main source of livelihood for womenand the key to their empowerment. The study, therefore, examines how communication or access to information, canserve as the vehicle for women farmers’ empowerment in Tanzania.
Board Diversity and Accounting Conservatism: Evidence from Jordan
Authors: Makhlouf Mohammed Hassan , Jamiel Al-Sufy Fares , Almubaideen Haitham
Published: June 2018

The main aim of this research is to investigate whether board diversity affect the accounting conservatism. This study depends on a panel data set drawn from 68 industrial firms listed on Amman Stock Exchange (ASE) for the period from 2013 to 2016. Four demographic characteristics of directors have been investigated, namely: gender diversity, education level, average age and nationality diversity. Accounting conservatism was measured by accrual-based conservatism. The results indicate that gender diversity, education level and nationality diversity are significantly positively correlated with accounting conservatism. However, the findings fail to reveal any significant effect for directors' age on accounting conservatism. The findings of this study assert that it is necessary to take board diversity (directors' demographic characteristics) into account when choosing board of directors members because demographic characteristics diversity influences directors' behavior to deal with different issues that are related to accounting principles.
A Study on Constructing the Business Models of Community Development Social Enterprises from the Perspective of Social Design Strategies
Authors: Wei Chang-Chih , Yen Shang-Yun
Published: June 2018

With the development of globalization, countries encourage non-profit organizations or general enterprises to use the business model beyond profit, pay attention to social value and solve social or environmental problems synchronously. Social design is to solve social problems, promote innovation in the field of social reform, and solve all kinds of problems derived from social development. However, many social enterprises show enthusiasm for the society but ignore the importance of the management, which will be difficult to reach the goal of sustainable development.This paper serves as a reference for social enterprises to build a sustainable management model from the aspects of social design, systems thinking and value proposition of business model through a case study. The enterprises can not only achieve a sustainable development by relying on government subsidies or the implementation of government plans, but also solve social problems by improving the social environment.
Taxonomic novelties in Southern Brazilian Amaryllidaceae – II: Zephyranthes comunelloi a new species from Santa Catarina; and lectotypification of Zephyranthes mesochloa Herb. Ex Lindl.
Authors: Büneker Henrique Mallmann , Bastian Regis Eduardo
Published: June 2018

Zephyranthes comunelloi, a new species of Amaryllidaceae (Amaryllidoideae, Hippeastreae) that occurs in grasslands of the central-western region of Santa Catarina (Brazil) is described and illustrated. Data are provided on their habitat, ecology and geographic distribution. The new species shows morphological affinity with Z. gratissima and Z. mesochloa; differing basically in the shape of the leaves, size and color of the tepals and position of the style. We have also proposed here a lectotype for Z. mesochloa.
Mieux comprendre l’image du consommateur responsable : de la personne idéale aux stéréotypes négatifs
Authors: Séré de Lanauze Gilles , Lallement Jeanne
Published: June 2018

Face aux enjeux environnementaux de ce début du XXI e  siècle, le consommateur responsable, présenté comme le consommateur « idéal » a fait l’objet de nombreuses études portant sur son profil, ses pratiques et ses motivations. Pourtant, les recherches antérieures soulignent de nombreuses contradictions entre les attitudes favorables énoncées à l’égard de la consommation responsable et les comportements réels. Mobilisant une approche qualitative, cet article vise à comprendre ces contradictions à partir d’une analyse compréhensive des discours de 35 consommateurs. Quatre stéréotypes (l’intégriste, l’ermite, le rabat-joie et le snob) éclairent les images négatives latentes liées à la consommation responsable, qui sont ensuite discutées.
Les effets des activités promotionnelles et du service logistique sur la satisfaction et l’engagement des détaillants
Authors: Nagati Haithem , Rebolledo Claudia , Cheour Mourad
Published: June 2018

Les activités promotionnelles et le service logistique sont deux leviers clés qui peuvent être utilisés par les industriels pour accroître la satisfaction et l’engagement de leurs détaillants. Les relations entre les activités logistiques et promotionnelles, la satisfaction et l’engagement des détaillants sont testées à l’aide de données collectées auprès de détaillants de produits du tabac canadiens. L’analyse des données confirme le lien positif entre la satisfaction du détaillant et les activités promotionnelles et logistiques. Nous avons aussi vérifié le rôle de médiation de la satisfaction entre ces deux types d’activités et l’engagement des détaillants. De plus, notre analyse suggère une interaction entre les activités promotionnelles et logistiques. Nous suggérons un nombre de meilleures pratiques pour les industriels voulant accroître l’engagement de leurs détaillants.
Pacto Nacional pelo Fortalecimento do Ensino Médio e o Programa Nacional do Livro Didático: aproximações necessárias
Authors: Caldeira Brant de Tolentino Neto Luiz , Bueno do Nascimento Karine , Bordoli Amestoy Micheli
Published: June 2018

Este artigo tem como objetivo investigar quais as influências do processo de formação docente no primeiro ano do Pacto Nacional pelo Fortalecimento do Ensino Médio na escolha do livro didático (LD) para o Ensino Médio. Realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa, do tipo estudo de caso. A coleta de dados foi realizada em 2014 em um município do interior do Rio Grande do Sul, em uma escola de periferia. Dez professores de diferentes áreas do conhecimento e uma coordenadora/supervisora foram entrevistados por meio de um roteiro semiestruturado. O processo de escolha do LD caracterizou-se pelo individualismo, culminando na ausência de diálogos e reflexões entre todos os docentes. Porém, mesmo individualmente, notaram-se indícios positivos do Pacto na escolha dos LDs e no cotidiano dos docentes. Contudo, grandes mudanças, principalmente relacionadas a um “redesenho curricular”, não se concretizam em ações isoladas; para que ocorram é preciso compreender a escola como unidade de múltiplas facetas, que necessitam problematizar, dialogar e refletir entre si.
O conceito de socialização no Ensino Médio: a formação dos professores de Ciências Sociais do PARFOR
Authors: Da Costa Filho Geraldo Pedro
Published: June 2018

Com o retorno obrigatório da disciplina sociologia ao currículo escolar, em 2008, e como consequência de pesquisas que realizo nos últimos anos sobre o processo de socialização e a relação entre cérebro e comportamento nos adolescentes/jovens, utilizando como referências Berger e Luckmann (1983) e Herculano-Houzel (2005), procurei desenvolver um programa metodológico teórico e empírico para, em primeiro lugar, conhecer a situação do ensino de sociologia no país, com Silva (2007) e Mascarenhas (2012) e, em seguida, analisar a formação dos professores licenciados em Ciências Sociais, do programa do Ministério da Educação denominado Plataforma Freire (PARFOR), executado pela Universidade Federal do Piauí, especificamente na abordagem do tema socialização. Com esse objetivo, apliquei questionários cujos resultados são apresentados em tabelas, que apontam para deficiências de compreensão mais ampla do conceito de socialização, principalmente em relação a transformações do cérebro.
Museus, história e educação: narrativas de “futuros professores” de História
Authors: Aparecida Martins Zarbato Jaqueline
Published: June 2018

Este artigo apresenta a abordagem das narrativas e experiências históricas de acadêmicos/ as, “futuros” professores, sobre a inserção/visita em museus. Após os estudos sobre a importância da fundamentação da visita em museus como uma ação didática, realizados na disciplina de Prática de Ensino de História, cada estudante teve a fundamentação teórica da autobiografia para embasar sua narrativa sobre a visita e importância do museu no ensino de história. Assim, foram utilizadas metodologicamente as narrativas dos/as acadêmicos/as do curso de História, relacionando suas vozes múltiplas, suas impressões, seu entendimento sobre o museu como espaço histórico, com a produção de sentido do patrimônio musealizado. O objetivo foi analisar as dimensões da cultura histórica, em que acadêmicos/as construíram suas experiências históricas.
Estado democrático e a concepção de democracia e representatividade nos Conselhos Municipais de Educação no Brasil
Authors: Bosco de Lima Antonio , Raimann Ari , Dos Santos Fernando
Published: June 2018

O artigo problematiza a questão da representatividade presente nos Conselhos Municipais de Educação. Para seu desenvolvimento, os autores explicitam a concepção de Estado democrático burguês. Num primeiro momento destacam a relação entre Estado, democracia, representatividade e participação realizada a partir de pesquisa bibliográfica. Na segunda parte, focam a experiência vivenciada sobre função e papel dos conselheiros nos Conselhos Municipais de educação (CMEs), com base em pesquisa realizada a partir de dois encontros nacionais sobre conselhos municipais de educação no Brasil. O primeiro realizado na Cidade de Jataí/GO e o segundo realizado na cidade de Uberaba/MG. Destacam que as atividades dos conselheiros situam-se num campo de disputa, na qual os Conselhos institucionalizados tendem a reproduzir as relações hierarquizadas das Secretarias de Educação Municipal, entretanto os Conselhos não se fundamentam apenas num papel de mera representação, pois os conselheiros têm história de vida, política e social diferenciada, o que faz com que não reproduzam simplesmente o que a secretaria requer. Isto suscita em cada conselho uma história, a qual está vinculada ao seu local, aos movimentos sociais daquela cidade, à organização societal daquele povo, enfim, à construção educacional e cultural que recolhe um papel diferenciado a cada Conselho.
A mixed-method empirical study of Function-as-a-Service software development in industrial practice
Authors: Leitner Philipp , Wittern Erik , Spillner Josef , Hummer Waldemar
Published: June 2018

Function-as-a-Service (FaaS) describes cloud computing services that make infrastructure components transparent to application developers, thus falling in the larger group of “serverless” computing models. When using FaaS offerings, such as AWS Lambda, developers provide atomic and short-running code for their functions, and FaaS providers execute and horizontally scale them on- demand . Currently, there is no systematic research on how developers use serverless, what types of applications lend themselves to this model, or what architectural styles and practices FaaS-based applications are based on. We present results from a mixed-method study, combining interviews with advanced practitioners, a systematic analysis of grey literature, and a Web-based survey. We find that successfully adopting FaaS requires a different mental model, where systems are primarily constructed by composing pre-existing services, with FaaS often acting as the “glue” that brings these services together. Tooling availability and maturity, especially related to testing and deployment, remains a major difficulty. Further, we find that current FaaS systems lack systematic support for function reuse, and abstractions and programming models for building non-trivial FaaS applications are limited . We conclude with a discussion of implications for FaaS providers, software developers, and researchers.
Multimodal cell tracking from systemic administration to tumour growth by combining gold nanorods and reporter genes
Authors: Comenge Joan , Sharkey Jack , Fragueiro Oihane , Wilm Bettina , Brust Mathias , Murray Patricia , Levy Raphael , Plagge Antonius
Published: June 2018

Understanding the fate of exogenous cells after implantation is important for clinical applications. Preclinical studies allow imaging of cell location and survival. Labelling with nanoparticles enables high sensitivity detection, but cell division and cell death cause signal dilution and false positives. By contrast, genetic reporter signals are amplified by cell division. Here, we characterise lentivirus-based bi-cistronic reporter gene vectors and silica-coated gold nanorods (GNRs) as synergistic tools for cell labelling and tracking. Co-expression of the bioluminescence reporter luciferase and the optoacoustic reporter near-infrared fluorescent protein iRFP720 enabled cell tracking over time in mice. Multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) showed immediate biodistribution of GNR-labelled cells after intracardiac injection and successive clearance of GNRs (day 1–15) with high resolution, while optoacoustic iRFP720 detection indicated tumour growth (day 10–40). This multimodal cell tracking approach could be applied widely for cancer and regenerative medicine research to monitor short- and long-term biodistribution, tumour formation and metastasis.
Temporal processing and context dependency in Caenorhabditis elegans response to mechanosensation
Authors: Liu Mochi , Sharma Anuj K , Shaevitz Joshua W , Leifer Andrew M
Published: June 2018

A quantitative understanding of how sensory signals are transformed into motor outputs places useful constraints on brain function and helps to reveal the brain’s underlying computations. We investigate how the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans responds to time-varying mechanosensory signals using a high-throughput optogenetic assay and automated behavior quantification. We find that the behavioral response is tuned to temporal properties of mechanosensory signals, such as their integral and derivative, that extend over many seconds. Mechanosensory signals, even in the same neurons, can be tailored to elicit different behavioral responses. Moreover, we find that the animal’s response also depends on its behavioral context. Most dramatically, the animal ignores all tested mechanosensory stimuli during turns. Finally, we present a linear-nonlinear model that predicts the animal’s behavioral response to stimulus.
Synthesis, enzyme inhibitory kinetics mechanism and computational study ofN-(4-methoxyphenethyl)-N-(substituted)-4-methylbenzenesulfonamides as novel therapeutic agents for Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Abbasi Muhammad Athar , Hassan Mubashir , Aziz-ur-Rehman  , Siddiqui Sabahat Zahra , Shah Syed Adnan Ali , Raza Hussain , Seo Sung Yum
Published: June 2018

The present study comprises the synthesis of a new series of sulfonamides derived from 4-methoxyphenethylamine (1). The synthesis was initiated by the reaction of1with 4-methylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (2) in aqueous sodium carbonate solution at pH 9 to yieldN-(4-methoxyphenethyl)-4-methylbenzensulfonamide(3).This parent molecule3was subsequently treated with various alkyl/aralkyl halides, (4a–j), usingN,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) as solvent and LiH as activator to produce a series of newN-(4-methoxyphenethyl)-N-(substituted)-4-methylbenzenesulfonamides(5a–j). The structural characterization of these derivatives was carried out by spectroscopic techniques like IR,1H-NMR, and13C-NMR. The elemental analysis data was also coherent with spectral data of these molecules. The inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase and DPPH were evaluated and it was observed that N-(4-Methoxyphenethyl)-4-methyl-N-(2-propyl)benzensulfonamide(5c)showed acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity 0.075 ± 0.001 (IC500.075 ± 0.001 µM) comparable to Neostigmine methylsulfate (IC502.038 ± 0.039 µM).The docking studies of synthesized ligands5a–jwere also carried out against acetylcholinesterase (PDBID 4PQE) to compare the binding affinities with IC50values. The kinetic mechanism analyzed by Lineweaver-Burk plots demonstrated that compound (5c) inhibits the acetylcholinesterase competitively to form an enzyme inhibitor complex. The inhibition constants Kicalculated from Dixon plots for compound(5c)is 2.5 µM. It was also found from kinetic analysis that derivative 5c irreversible enzyme inhibitor complex. It is proposed on the basis of our investigation that title compound5cmay serve as lead structure for the design of more potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.
High‐Temperature Simulated Distillation Applications in Petroleum and Renewable Energy
Authors: Villalanti Dan C. , Fuchs Kandi A. , Dowling Debbie C.
Published: June 2018

The distribution of distillation temperatures of liquid and semifluid products, including petroleum fractions and products, is an important process and practical consideration. At present, the distribution of distillation temperatures is often investigated by simulated distillation (SimDist). SimDist is a gas chromatography (GC) technique, which separates individual hydrocarbon components in the order of their boiling points, and is used to simulate the expensive and time‐consuming laboratory‐scale method known as true boiling point (TBP) distillation. The most used SimDist method, American Society for Testing and Materials International (ASTM) D2887,
1
covers the boiling range 36–545 °C (97–1013 °F), which includes the
n
‐alkanes (
n
‐paraffins) of chain length from C
5
to C
44
. The most popular high‐temperature simulated distillation (HTSD) method, ASTM D7169,
2
covers the boiling range 36–720 °C (97–1328 °F), which includes the
n
‐alkane range of about C
5
–C
100
. A key difference between ASTM D2887 and D7169 is the ability of the latter technique to handle residue‐containing samples (i.e. material boiling >720 °C, 1328 °F). The use of SimDist and laboratory‐scale physical distillation procedures is important in the characterization of petroleum crude oil properties and refined products in the operational decisions of any refinery to improve both product yields and quality, and aids the refiner in the ability to rapidly evaluate opportunity crudes for selection of those with economic advantages and more favorable refinery profit margins. As a result of the Bakken Crude Oil incident, the US Department of Transportation (DOT) enhanced tank car standards regarding the classification of products shipped via rail including crude oil. The goal is better classification and characterization of mined gases and liquids, which is accomplished through the use of HTSD coupled with detailed hydrocarbon analysis (DHA) to understand the front end, which allows for an accurate determination of initial boiling point (IBP). The use of SimDist methods in today's environment proves to be a valuable tool not just for refiners (upstream technologies, flow assurance, fracking, and polymer chemistry) but also for environmental forensics, biofuel and renewable energy development, and compliance with regulatory rules.
Light‐Induced Fluorescence [Process Analytical Method]
Authors: Domike Reuben
Published: June 2018

Light‐induced fluorescence (LIF) as a process analytical method has relevance in many industrial applications where the monitoring of a fluorophore is desired. Subject to the fluorescence characteristics of the materials being monitored, LIF can rapidly provide highly selective and sensitive assessment of the molecule of interest. Typical configuration of a LIF instrument, equipment challenges, and material challenges are described.
Field‐Portable Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Leary Pauline E. , Kammrath Brooke W. , Reffner John A.
Published: June 2018

Portable gas chromatograph–mass spectrometer (GC‐MS) systems are currently used in the field for the analysis of both volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs). Detection, identification, and quantitative analysis of these chemicals are performed using this technology so that scene assessment and remediation may occur. Although originally designed and deployed to meet the needs of the environmental‐analysis community, the use of field‐portable GC‐MS systems has extended to other markets including emergency response and the military. These new markets have different requirements from those of the environmental field. They have driven instrument manufacturers to innovate smaller, lighter, and easier‐to‐use systems with expanded capabilities and aggressive fielding and performance specifications.

Unlike most other field‐portable detectors, portable GC‐MS systems allow for the conclusive identification of gases and vapors, even when these substances are present at trace levels in complex matrices. This is a powerful capability and is the primary reason GC‐MS is considered the gold standard for the identification of gases and vapors. Different vendors of these systems employ different types of systems, each with perceived advantages and disadvantages. Practically, the GC (gas chromatography) limits analysis time, while the mass‐analyzer type is generally the limiting factor for field performance and operational capability. Other instrument features may also influence a system's capability in the field. Depending upon the application and the reason for the analysis, these factors may be critical for successful deployment.

The purpose of this article is to describe the history and current state of portable GC‐MS technology. Instrument design, as well as relevant features that impact performance and operation in the field, is considered. This discussion is intended to highlight the value each type of system offers the user, as well as describe challenges for successful deployment.
Prioritarianism
Authors: Persson Ingmar
Published: June 2018

Prioritarianism is the view that benefits to those who are worse off, absolutely speaking, have a greater moral weight or value than benefits to those who are better off. It could be seen as rectifying the implausible implication of utilitarianism that a benefit has the same moral value if it is received by somebody who is better off as by somebody who is worse off. The chief difference between prioritarianism and egalitarianism is that, whereas prioritarians hold that it is the recipients’absolutelevel of welfare or well‐being that determines the moral value of benefits they receive, egalitarians affirm that it is how recipients farerelative to othersthat is decisive. Derek Parfit argues that this exposes egalitarianism to aleveling down objection: if the better‐off suffer some misfortune, so that they become as badly off as the worse off, egalitarians are committed to saying that this change isin one respectfor the better – the inequality disappears – though it is better for nobody. It is here argued that prioritarianism is also exposed to this objection because, like egalitarianism, it recognizes an impersonal value of benefits which increases on average when the better off becomes worse off.
Ancient Ethics
Authors: Margrethe Nielsen Karen
Published: June 2018

This entry will provide a survey of the major philosophical schools in ancient Greek and Roman ethics from the time of Plato (429–347bc) until the end of the Hellenistic period, when Cicero (106–43bc) wrote his dramatic summary of Epicurean, Stoic, and Peripatetic Ethics,De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum(“On Moral Ends,” 45bc). The entry pays special attention to the different accounts of virtue and happiness in ancient schools.
Disgust
Authors: Giubilini Alberto
Published: June 2018

In recent years there has been a burgeoning discussion in moral philosophy and psychology about what we might call the ethical role of disgust, i.e. disgust as connected to our moral evaluations. This is sometimes referred to as “moral disgust.” This entry discusses the evolutionary path from physical to moral disgust and the complex and ambiguous relation between disgust and moral judgments. It will briefly present the types of moral violations that can elicit moral disgust and, consistent with evidence from psychology, it will highlight the fact that disgust is an emotion that political and moral conservatives tend more frequently to associate with moral evaluations, but that characterizes the moral and political talk of many individuals also outside conservative circles. Finally, it will address the issue whether the use of disgust language as associated to moral judgments is to be taken literally or only metaphorically.
Survivor's Guilt
Authors: Metz Thaddeus
Published: June 2018

This essay first analyzes the concept of survivor's guilt, distinguishing various manifestations of it and considering whether any truly count as a form of guilt. Then, it addresses arguments for thinking that survivor's guilt is unreasonable to exhibit, after which it takes up arguments for thinking that it is not unreasonable. The aim is not to come to some firm conclusion about these conceptual and evaluative matters, but instead to acquaint the reader with the debates about them among contemporary English‐speaking philosophers.
Hypocrisy
Authors: Cureton Adam , Hill Thomas E.
Published: June 2018

Familiar cases and historical conceptions of hypocrisy vary, but most paradigmatic examples of hypocrisy involve intentionally or unintentionally applying an unjustified double standard to oneself and others that make oneself falsely appear superior to others. Although we argue that these are not essential or defining features of hypocrisy, our tentative summary of its central elements allows us to consider why hypocrisy is a vice and whether hypocritical actions are distinctively wrong. Some might argue, for example, that hypocrisy is incompatible with an ideal of mutually respectful relations because the hypocrite fails to relate to others sincerely and in good faith as equal members of the moral community. Hypocrisy might also conflict with the moral idea of “universality” because the hypocrite treats herself as special by failing to apply to herself a moral principle that she openly expects others to follow. And, through hypocrisy, a vicious person publicly “pays tribute to virtue” but often privately mocks it by treating the morally virtuous traits of others merely as means to her own selfish purposes. Behaving like hypocrites in significant respects, however, may be justified in certain contexts when necessary, for example, to hide from unjust oppressive treatment or to avoid being rude on social occasions
Scarcity
Authors: Bognar Greg
Published: June 2018

It is often said that economics is the science of scarcity. But since a lot of economics is just applied ethics, it is perhaps more apt to say the real science of scarcity is ethics. Scarcity is arguably one of the fundamental problems that morality has evolved to address, and most discussions in ethics assume some kind of scarcity in the background. I show this by considering a number of issues in ethics, from resource allocation to self‐control, where scarcity plays a major role.
Mechanical Properties of Graphene Foam and Graphene Foam—Tissue Composites
Authors: Yocham Katie M. , Scott Crystal , Fujimoto Kiyo , Brown Raquel , Tanasse Emily , Oxford Julia T. , Lujan Trevor J. , Estrada David
Published: June 2018

Graphene foam (GF), a 3‐dimensional derivative of graphene, has received much attention recently for applications in tissue engineering due to its unique mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties. Although GF is an appealing material for cartilage tissue engineering, the mechanical properties of GF‐tissue composites under dynamic compressive loads have not yet been reported. The objective of this study is to measure the elastic and viscoelastic properties of GF and GF‐tissue composites under unconfined compression when quasi‐static and dynamic loads are applied at strain magnitudes below 20%. The mechanical tests demonstrate a 46% increase in the elastic modulus and a 29% increase in the equilibrium modulus after 28‐days of cell culture as compared to GF soaked in tissue culture medium for 24 h. There is no significant difference in the amount of stress relaxation, however, the phase shift demonstrates a significant increase between pure GF and GF that has been soaked in tissue culture medium for 24 h. Furthermore, the authors have shown that ATDC5 chondrocyte progenitor cells are viable on graphene foam and have identified the cellular contribution to the mechanical strength and viscoelastic properties of GF‐tissue composites, with important implications for cartilage tissue engineering.
Impact Print‐Type Hot Embossing Process Technology
Authors: Yun Dongwon , Kim Jonghyun , Kim Myungjin , Kim Do‐Young , Kwon Junsang , Hwang Jungkook
Published: June 2018

In this study, we propose a new hot embossing technology called impact print‐type (or simply, impact‐type) hot embossing process. Our process is based on the concept of a dot or line printer, in that it involves forming a fine pattern by applying force on a heated substrate using a fine probe or fine‐shaped printing head. We developed a prototype and conducted experiments using it to verify the efficacy of our method in which an electromechanical impact actuator is used to create the necessary force. We believe that our study makes a significant contribution to the literature because, unlike conventional embossing processes, our method can not only intricately create fine structures, but can do so in real time, without incurring high replacement costs for creating embossing stamps as in conventional methods when a different design is required.
Natural Wax for Transient Electronics
Authors: Won Sang Min , Koo Jahyun , Crawford Kaitlyn E. , Mickle Aaron D. , Xue Yeguang , Min Seunghwan , McIlvried Lisa A. , Yan Ying , Kim Sung Bong , Lee Seung Min , Kim Bong Hoon , Jang Hokyung , MacEwan Matthew R. , Huang Yonggang , Gereau Robert W. , Rogers John A.
Published: June 2018

Emerging classes of bioresorbable electronic materials serve as the basis for active biomedical implants that are capable of providing sensing, monitoring, stimulating, and other forms of function over an operating period matched to biological processes such as wound healing. These platforms are of interest because subsequent dissolution, enzymatic degradation, and/or bioresorption can eliminate the need for surgical extraction. This report introduces natural wax materials as long‐lived, hydrophobic encapsulation layers for such systems, where biodegradation eventually occurs by chain scission. Studies of wax stability as an encapsulation material demonstrate the ability to retain operation of underlying biodegradable electronic systems for durations between a few days to a few weeks during complete immersion in aqueous solutions in ex‐vivo physiological conditions. Electrically conductive composites result from the addition of tungsten micro/nanoparticles, as a conductive, printable paste with similar lifetimes. Demonstrations of these materials in partially biodegradable wireless light‐emitting diodes and near‐field communication circuits illustrate their use in functional bioresorbable electronic systems. Investigations in animal models reveal no signs of toxicity or other adverse biological responses.
Ultrasmall Au Nanoparticles Embedded in 2D Mixed‐Ligand Metal–Organic Framework Nanosheets Exhibiting Highly Efficient and Size‐Selective Catalysis
Authors: Yan Rui , Zhao Yang , Yang Hong , Kang Xiao‐Jing , Wang Chao , Wen Li‐Li , Lu Zhen‐Da
Published: June 2018

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) hold great promise as porous matrixes for the incorporation of Au nanoparticles (NPs) because of their rationally designed framework structures. Unfortunately, the as‐synthesized bulk MOFs usually vary in the range of micrometer or sub‐micrometer size, rendering extremely longer molecular diffusion distance of chemical species. 2D MOF nanosheets with extended lateral dimensions and nanometer thickness are expected to implement fast kinetics and effectively lower mass‐transfer barriers during embedding Au NPs process and sequential catalytic reactions. In this study, a novel 2D nanosheet of mixed‐ligand Ni(II) MOF (referred to NMOF‐Ni) is successfully fabricated. With the merits of well‐defined micropores and functional oxygen‐decorated inner walls, the incorporation of quite monodisperse ultrasmall Au nanoparticles of around 1 nm into NMOF‐Ni has been achieved for the first time. The resulting nanocomposites exhibit remarkable catalytic performance and good size selectivity toward aqueous reduction reactions of nitrophenol, taking advantage of ultrasmall Au and 2D nanosheet nature, as well as the intact microporosity of host matrix. The present encouraging findings might shed light on new ways to develop high‐performance heterogeneous catalysts by using of 2D MOF nanosheets with functional cavities as hosts for homogeneous distribution of ultrasmall Au NPs.
Exogenous/Endogenous‐Triggered Mesoporous Silica Cancer Nanomedicine
Authors: Yang Bowen , Chen Yu , Shi Jianlin
Published: June 2018

Recent advances in nanomedicine‐based theranostic platforms have catalyzed the generation of new theranostic modalities for pathological abnormalities, such as cancer. Mesoporous silica–based nanomedicines, which feature unique physicochemical properties and specific applicability, are extensively explored for numerous oncological applications. Due to the well‐defined morphology, specific surface area, and pore volume, mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN)‐based theranostic platforms have provided unprecedented opportunities for the development of next‐generation cancer nanomedicine. However, current understanding on the underlying mechanisms of how these feasible theranostic platforms interact with exogenous/endogenous triggers and how this unique responsiveness for optimized cancer therapy can be taken advantage of is still preliminary. In this progress report, efforts are made to give a comprehensive overview of the development of MSN‐based “smart” theranostic platforms, from exogenous physical irradiation–triggered platforms for localized therapy to endogenous biological stimulus–triggered platforms for tumor microenvironment responsiveness. It is highly expected that these elaborately fabricated MSN‐based nanoformulations will play an indispensable role in the efficient cancer therapy based on their high therapeutic outcome and reduced side effects.
Ion‐Migration Inhibition by the Cation–π Interaction in Perovskite Materials for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Wei Dong , Ma Fusheng , Wang Rui , Dou Shangyi , Cui Peng , Huang Hao , Ji Jun , Jia Endong , Jia Xiaojie , Sajid Sajid , Elseman Ahmed Mourtada , Chu Lihua , Li Yingfeng , Jiang Bing , Qiao Juan , Yuan Yongbo , Li Meicheng
Published: June 2018

Migration of ions can lead to photoinduced phase separation, degradation, and current–voltage hysteresis in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), and has become a serious drawback for the organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite materials (OIPs). Here, the inhibition of ion migration is realized by the supramolecular cation–π interaction between aromatic rubrene and organic cations in OIPs. The energy of the cation–π interaction between rubrene and perovskite is found to be as strong as 1.5 eV, which is enough to immobilize the organic cations in OIPs; this will thus will lead to the obvious reduction of defects in perovskite films and outstanding stability in devices. By employing the cation‐immobilized OIPs to fabricate perovskite solar cells (PSCs), a champion efficiency of 20.86% and certified efficiency of 20.80% with negligible hysteresis are acquired. In addition, the long‐term stability of cation‐immobilized PSCs is improved definitely (98% of the initial efficiency after 720 h operation), which is assigned to the inhibition of ionic diffusions in cation‐immobilized OIPs. This cation–π interaction between cations and the supramolecular π system enhances the stability and the performance of PSCs efficiently and would be a potential universal approach to get the more stable perovskite devices.
Lanthanide Contraction as a Design Factor for High‐Performance Half‐Heusler Thermoelectric Materials
Authors: Liu Yintu , Fu Chenguang , Xia Kaiyang , Yu Junjie , Zhao Xinbing , Pan Hongge , Felser Claudia , Zhu Tiejun
Published: June 2018

Forming solid solutions, as an effective strategy to improve thermoelectric performance, has a dilemma that alloy scattering will reduce both the thermal conductivity and carrier mobility. Here, an intuitive way is proposed to decouple the opposite effects, that is, using lanthanide contraction as a design factor to select alloying atoms with large mass fluctuation but small radius difference from the host atoms. Typical half‐Heusler alloys, n‐type (Zr,Hf)NiSn and p‐type (Nb,Ta)FeSb solid solutions, are taken as paradigms to attest the validity of this design strategy, which exhibit greatly suppressed lattice thermal conductivity and maintained carrier mobility. Furthermore, by considering lanthanide contraction, n‐type (Zr,Hf)CoSb‐based alloys with high zT of ≈1.0 are developed. These results highlight the significance of lanthanide contraction as a design factor in enhancing the thermoelectric performance and reveal the practical potential of (Zr,Hf)CoSb‐based half‐Heusler compounds due to the matched n‐type and p‐type thermoelectric performance.
Atomic Cobalt Covalently Engineered Interlayers for Superior Lithium‐Ion Storage
Authors: Wang Changda , Xie Hui , Chen Shuangming , Ge Binghui , Liu Daobin , Wu Chuanqiang , Xu Wenjie , Chu Wangsheng , Babu Ganguli , Ajayan Pulickel M. , Song Li
Published: June 2018

With the unique‐layered structure, MXenes show potential as electrodes in energy‐storage devices including lithium‐ion (Li+) capacitors and batteries. However, the low Li+‐storage capacity hinders the application of MXenes in place of commercial carbon materials. Here, the vanadium carbide (V2C) MXene with engineered interlayer spacing for desirable storage capacity is demonstrated. The interlayer distance of pristine V2C MXene is controllably tuned to 0.735 nm resulting in improved Li‐ion capacity of 686.7 mA h g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, the best MXene‐based Li+‐storage capacity reported so far. Further, cobalt ions are stably intercalated into the interlayer of V2C MXene to form a new interlayer‐expanded structure via strong V–O–Co bonding. The intercalated V2C MXene electrodes not only exhibit superior capacity up to 1117.3 mA h g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, but also deliver a significantly ultralong cycling stability over 15 000 cycles. These results clearly suggest that MXene materials with an engineered interlayer distance will be a rational route for realizing them as superstable and high‐performance Li+ capacitor electrodes.
Highly Branched VS4 Nanodendrites with 1D Atomic‐Chain Structure as a Promising Cathode Material for Long‐Cycling Magnesium Batteries
Authors: Wang Yanrong , Liu Ziteng , Wang Caixing , Yi Xu , Chen Renpeng , Ma Lianbo , Hu Yi , Zhu Guoyin , Chen Tao , Tie Zuoxiu , Ma Jing , Liu Jie , Jin Zhong
Published: June 2018

Rechargeable magnesium batteries have attracted increasing attention due to the high theoretical volumetric capacities, dendrite formation‐free characteristic and low cost of Mg metal anodes. However, the development of magnesium batteries is seriously hindered by the lack of capable cathode materials with long cycling life and fast solid‐state diffusion kinetics for highly‐polarized divalent Mg2+ ions. Herein, vanadium tetrasulfide (VS4) with special one‐dimensional atomic‐chain structure is reported to be able to serve as a favorable cathode material for high‐performance magnesium batteries. Through a surfactant‐assisted solution‐phase process, sea‐urchin‐like VS4 nanodendrites are controllably prepared. Benefiting from the chain‐like crystalline structure of VS4, the S22‐ dimers in the VS4 nanodendrites provide abundant sites for Mg2+ insertion. Moreover, the VS4 atomic‐chains bonded by weak van der Waals forces are beneficial to the diffusion kinetics of Mg2+ ions inside the open channels of VS4. Through a series of systematic ex situ characterizations and density functional theory calculations, the magnesiation/demagnesiation mechanism of VS4 are elucidated. The VS4 nanodendrites present remarkable performance for Mg2+ storage among existing cathode materials, exhibiting a remarkable initial discharge capacity of 251 mAh g‐1 at 100 mA g‐1 and an impressive long‐term cyclability at large current density of 500 mA g‐1 (74 mAh g‐1 after 800 cycles).
Functional Film with Electric‐Field‐Aided Aligned Assembly of Quantum Rods for Potential Application in Liquid Crystal Display
Authors: Kaur Sandeep , Murali G. , Manda Ramesh , Chae Young Cheol , Yun Minhee , Lee Joong Hee , Lee Seung Hee
Published: June 2018

Harnessing the unique polarized light emission characteristic from semiconductor quantum rods (QRs) necessitates their large‐area unidirectional alignment. Herein, the aligned assembly of CdSe/CdS QRs is demonstrated by fabricating a functional film on a micrometer‐spaced interdigitated electrodes substrate over an area of ≈1.3 cm2. The external electric field is used to control the position and orientation of QRs which is later frozen by the polymerization of reactive mesogen under the exposure of UV light. Under the fluorescence microscope, a judicious change in the QRs emission intensity with the polarizer axis positioned parallel and perpendicular to the alignment direction suggests the optical anisotropy. The degree of alignment of QRs is characterized by the polarization ratio which is measured 0.48 from the photoluminescence spectra. It is found that factors such as optimal QRs concentration and the presence of liquid crystal contributed for better QRs alignment. Such films may be advantageous for liquid crystal display devices to accomplish light polarization and wider color gamut.
Efficient Solar‐Driven Water Oxidation over Perovskite‐Type BaNbO2N Photoanodes Absorbing Visible Light up to 740 nm
Authors: Seo Jeongsuk , Hisatomi Takashi , Nakabayashi Mamiko , Shibata Naoya , Minegishi Tsutomu , Katayama Masao , Domen Kazunari
Published: June 2018

Photoelectrochemical water splitting using semiconductors absorbing a wide range of visible light is a potentially attractive means of harvesting large portions of the solar spectrum. However, this is also very challenging because narrowing the semiconductor band gap lowers the driving force for photoreactions. Herein, a highly active perovskite BaNbO2N exhibiting photoexcitation up to 740 nm for water oxidation is reported. The synthesis route, consisting of moderate nitridation and subsequent annealing in inert Ar flow, enhances the crystallinity of the BaNbO2N surface without inducing the reduction of the Nb species. As a result, a particulate BaNbO2N photoanode exhibits a photocurrent of 5.2 mA cm−2 at 1.23 VRHE under simulated solar irradiation, which is the highest yet reported for an oxynitride responsive at wavelengths above 600 nm. Suppressing the reduction of B‐site cations during the synthesis of perovskite AB(O,N)3, which otherwise results in surface defects or impurities, is critical for achieving high water oxidation activity.
Revising the Concept of Pore Hierarchy for Ionic Transport in Carbon Materials for Supercapacitors
Authors: Borchardt Lars , Leistenschneider Desirée , Haase Jürgen , Dvoyashkin Muslim
Published: June 2018

Rapid motion of electrolyte ions is a crucial requirement to ensure the fast charging/discharging and the high power densities of supercapacitor devices. This motion is primarily determined by the pore size and connectivity of the used porous carbon electrodes. Here, the diffusion characteristics of each individual electrolyte component, that is, anion, cation, and solvent confined to model carbons with uniform and well‐defined pore sizes are quantified. As a result, the contributions of micropores, mesopores, and hierarchical pore architectures to the overall transport of adsorbed mobile species are rationalized. Unexpectedly, it is observed that the presence of a network of mesopores, in addition to smaller micropores—the concept widely used in heterogeneous catalysis to promote diffusion of sorbates—does not necessarily enhance ionic transport in carbon materials. The observed phenomenon is explained by the stripping off the surrounding solvent shell from the electrolyte ions entering the micropores of the hierarchical material, and the resulting enrichment of solvent molecules preferably in the mesopores. It is believed that the presented findings serve to provide fundamental understanding of the mechanisms of electrolyte diffusion in carbon materials and depict a quantitative platform for the future designing of supercapacitor electrodes on a rational basis.
Highly Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity of Graphitic Tube Encapsulating Nitrided CoxFey Alloy
Authors: Sultan Siraj , Tiwari Jitendra N. , Jang Jue‐Hyuk , Harzandi Ahmad M. , Salehnia Foad , Yoo Sung Jong , Kim Kwang S.
Published: June 2018

Nonprecious metals are promising catalysts to avoid the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in next‐generation regenerative fuel cells or metal–air batteries. Therefore, development of nonprecious metal catalysts for ORR is highly desirable. Herein, precise tuning of the atomic ratio of Fe and Co encapsulated in melamine‐derived nitrogen‐rich graphitic tube (NGT) is reported. The Co1.08Fe3.34 hybrid with metalnitrogen bonds (1: Co1.08Fe3.34@NGT) shows remarkable ORR catalytic activities (80 mV higher in onset potential and 50 mV higher in half‐wave potential than those of state‐of‐the‐art commercial Pt/C catalysts), high current density, and stability. In acidic solution, 1 also shows compatible performance to commercial Pt/C in terms of ORR activity, current density, stability, and methanol tolerance. The high ORR activity is ascribed to the co‐existence of FeN, CoN, and sufficient metallic FeCo alloys which favor faster electron movement and better adsorption of oxygen molecules on the catalyst surface. In the alkaline anion exchange membrane fuel cell setup, this cell delivers the power density of 117 mW cm−2, demonstrating its potential use for energy conversion and storage applications.