bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
News Coverage of the COVID-19 Outbreak: Thematic Analysis of a Portuguese Quality Newspaper
Authors: Rodrigues Pedro R. P.
Published: February 2023

News coverage can play a vital role during public health crises, raising awareness about potential risks, informing about response efforts, and encouraging preventive behaviors. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has increased the precariousness of journalists while introducing new challenges in their work. This article presents the results of a thematic analysis of 612 news articles about the initial stages of the COVID-19 outbreak in Portugal, published in a Portuguese quality newspaper from January to March 2020. Results show the relevance of geographical and cultural proximity as news values in international coverage. While the quantification of cases and deaths was a prominent theme in international and domestic coverage, specific cases of infection were frequent in domestic news, while general epidemiological indicators were more often the main theme in international coverage. News about events in Portugal was also more focused on specific containment and mitigation measures, while international coverage found states of emergency and lockdowns more newsworthy. As for news sources, there was a clear dependence on public officials and press releases from Direção-Geral de Saúde as information sources. Theexperiences and opinions of people speaking as individuals and not on behalf of organizations were much less frequent.
Is foster caring associated with an earlier transition to adulthood for caregivers’ own children? ONS Longitudinal Study
Authors: Sacker Amanda , Lacey Rebecca E , Maughan Barbara , Murray Emily T
Published: February 2023

There is limited research on the longer-term impact of fostering on caregivers’ own children. This study investigates whether the existing children in a fostering household differ from young people in non-caregiving households in the timing of their transitions to key adult roles, known to affect later health and life chances. Using data from the ONS Longitudinal Study, we pooled records from census years 1971 to 2001 and linked them to follow-up records from 1981 to 2011. We identified 2656 children living with a foster child and compared their profiles on the “big five” transitions to roles of adulthood — finishing school; leaving home; finding work and becoming financially independent; getting married; and having children — with those of other children without a foster child in the household (N = 209,453). We fitted multiple exposure models that controlled for childhood sociodemographic confounders, with standard errors adjusted for clustering of records in childhood, to estimate the prevalence of the five roles measured in early adulthood. We found that achieving the transition to adulthood for caregivers’ children was indicated based on four roles. The exception was leaving home. There was some evidence that caregivers’ children might cope better with the transition to adulthood if they were older than the foster child or were female. The findings suggest that supporting foster parents with delaying their children’s transition to adulthood could become part of the role of supervising social workers. Discussing with parents and their adolescent children what barriers might be preventing them from staying in school and what is prompting them to want to leave school and go out to work would be a first step, since educational qualifications have become so dominant for more recent generations of young people aspiring to take up other adult roles.
Caring for the monstrous algorithm: attending to wrinkly worlds and relationalities in an algorithmic society
Authors: Lee Francis , Landström Catharina , Palmås Karl
Published: February 2023

This text proposes that we, social analysts of algorithms, need to develop a split vision for the algorithm-as-technological-object and the algorithm-as-assemblage in order to effectively attend to, analyze, and critique algorithms in society. The point of departure is that we need to distance ourselves from a simplified and reductive understanding of algorithms-as-objects, and care for them as part of a relational algorithmic assemblage. A simplified notion of algorithms is problematic for two reasons: First, as it produces a reductive notion of the world where decision makers point to algorithms-as-objects to make simplified decisions about the world. Second, by taking a simplified and delineated object called “algorithm” as the point of departure for analysis and critique in an algorithmic society, we risk producing technologically deterministic understandings of complex and composite problems. We illustrate this argument through two example drawn from the handling of Covid-19 pandemic, where we attend to a universalist mathematical epidemiology and the particularities of field epidemiology to problematize how we should care for, understand, and analyze algorithms in society.
An Incomplete Recipe: One-Dimensional Latent Variables Do Not Capture the Full Flavor of Democratic Support
Authors: Hu Yue , Tai Yuehong Cassandra , Ko Hyein , Woo Byung-Deuk , Solt Frederick
Published: February 2023

Prominent recent works have measured democratic support using a single latent variable that purports to span a single dimension from steadfast opposition to whole-hearted support. This ignores ample evidence that support for democracy is complex and multidimensional. Here we provide a series of validation tests of the sort of cross-national time-series latent variable measures employed in recent research by reference to questions on support for liberal democracy and opposition to its erosion from multiwave surveys conducted around the world. These tests show that, across countries and years, this latent variable is nearly orthogonal to measures of support for contes- tation and participation; civil liberties; institutional constraints on executive power; and prioritizing democracy over the economy, economic equality, or order. We conclude that support for democracy in any robust sense is simply not well captured by a one-dimensional latent variable. Such measures are powerful but researchers must be mindful of their limitations.
Signaling Theory Evolving: Signals and Signs of Trustworthiness in Social Exchange
Authors: Przepiorka Wojtek , Berger Joël
Published: February 2023

Signaling theory is concerned with situations of strategic interdependence in which one actor (the sender) aims at persuading another actor (the receiver) of a fact the receiver does not know or is uncertain about. The unobserved fact can be a quality of the sender the receiver would like to know and act upon. Signaling theory has been used to explain individuals’ investments in higher education, advertisement, cultural consumption, aggressive behavior, and decision-making in social dilemmas. In this chapter, we give an overview of how signaling theory can be used to explain trust and trustworthiness in social exchange. After restating the core elements of the theory, we discuss conceptual extensions to the basic framework which have proved useful in explaining trust and trustworthiness in social exchange. In particular, we show how distinguishing between signaling costs and benefits, signals and signs, and the production and display of signals and signs can make signaling theory more broadly applicable in sociological scholarship. We illustrate these conceptual extensions with empirical evidence from laboratory experiments. The chapter concludes with an outlook on future research.
Evaluation of Occupational Health and Safety at the Sterilizer Station with the HIRARC Method at PT. Beurata Subur Persada
Authors: Razi Fachrul , Saputra Arie
Published: February 2023

PT. Beurata Subur Peusada is a factory engaged in the palm oil processing industry (PMKS). PT. Beurata Subur Persada is in the area of Babah Dua Village, Tadu Raya District, Nagan Raya Regency. Based on the company's historical data during the 2019-2022 period there have been 5 cases of accidents at the PT. Beurata Subur Peusada. The purpose of this research is to condition a significant level of work accident rates at the sterilizer station. The method used is Hazard Identification Risk Assessment and Risk Control (HIRARC). The results of the risk assessment of the PT. The potentially dangerous Beurata Subur Peusada consists of 25% extreme risk, 50% medium risk, and 25% high risk, and 0% low risk. Control measures that can be taken are to provide instructions to workers to work according to company SOPs and always use PPE, conduct training or seminars for workers in which there are recommendations for using PPE and always work according to SOPs and tighten regulations.
Renal Medullary Fibroma- A Histopathological Surprise in a Patient With an Asymptomatic Abdominal Mass
Authors: Cherukumudi Amulya
Published: February 2023

Renal medullary fibroma is a fairly common, but unusual benign mass lesion of the kidney. These are often small in size, and rarely produce symptoms; hence they frequently go unnoticed, diagnosed only during autopsy in most cases. Very rarely, they achieve large enough sizes to produce compressive symptoms or a clinically palpable mass. This tumour, however, poses a radiological dilemma, as it cannot be differentiated from malignant lesions of the renal parenchyma. Here we present a unique case of an asymptomatic, incidentally detected left renal mass, which was reported as renal medullary fibroma, a benign disease.
Does Bariatric Surgery Improve Kidney Function in obese Patients? A Cohort Study
Authors: Amaro Borborema Bezerra Juliana
Published: February 2023

Introduction: Obesity is a global epidemic that may cause renal dysfunction. Weight loss in the postoperative follow-up of bariatric surgery may improve renal function in these patients. Thus, the purpose of this study was to give insight on the subject using a sensible biomarker: cystatin C. Materials and methods: This cohort was performed in the Obesity Department from Campina Grande – Paraiba, Brazil. It was recruited 35 obese (25 women and 10 men) who underwent bariatric surgery with follow-up of at least one year. The ages ranged from 24 and 57 years. Those with thyroid disease and with microalbuminuria ≥ 30mg/g were excluded. Serum levels of creatinine and cystatin C were measured, and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated using the CKD Epi (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration) equation creatinine- cystatin C. The investigation was approved by the Ethics Committee. The sample was of convenience. Quantitative variables were expressed by the mean and standard deviation. Paired tests were used for assessing difference between means. Chi square test and exact Fisher were used for difference among frequencies. p ≤ 0.05 was used for rejecting the null hypothesis. Results:The most frequent associated morbidities were: sexual dysfunction (n = 17 – 48.5%); hypertension (n =15 – 42.8%); type II diabetes (n =13 – 37.1%); anxiety (n = 14 – 40.0%); and depression (n = 12 – 34.2%). Twenty-three (65.7%) patients underwent sleeve technique and 12 (34.2%) bypass surgery. It was observed a significant reduction in the mean of body mass index (BMI) in the post-operative follow-up – p < 0.0001. The mean concentrations of cystatin C were similar, regarding to pre- and post-operative periods – p = 0.1614. There was a significant improvement of glomerular filtration rates - p= 0.0091. The improvement of renal function was more significant among those who underwent sleeve surgery as compared to bypass - p = 0.0008. Conclusion: It was observed improvement of the majority of morbidities after bariatric surgery, as well as renal function, in obese individuals. Despite these results, larger and longer-term outcome cohorts are required for better answer of the main purpose of this health issue.
Mineral and Bone Disease After Kidney Transplantation: Risk of Fracture, Graft Dysfunction and Mortality - a Review
Authors: Moreira Guimarães Penido Maria Goretti
Published: February 2023

The mineral and bone disease of chronic kidney disease (CKD-MBD) is a combination of three components: abnormalities in calcium, phosphorus, PTH, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and vitamin D metabolism; abnormalities of bone metabolism, mineralization, volume, growth and strength; and vascular and other soft tissue calcification. During the natural course of kidney disease, there is an increase in FGF23 levels, inhibition of calcitriol production, secondary hyperparathyroidism, hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia. These changes have consequences on the cardiovascular and bone systems. Regarding cardiovascular disease, left ventricular hypertrophy is highlighted, associated with an increase in FGF23 and vascular calcification, directly related to hyperphosphatemia. The main types of bone disease are cystic fibrous osteitis (high turnover) and adynamic bone disease (low turnover), both of which are associated with a high risk of fracture in this population. Successful kidney transplantation (KT) does not fully correct the mineral, bone and cardiovascular abnormalities generated by CKD-MBD. In the first months after transplantation, PTH and FGF23 levels remain elevated in most patients. There is an increase in the production of calcitriol by the graft. These are the main alterations responsible for a mineral phenotype that resembles primary hyperparathyroidism, with hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia and elevated PTH levels. Cardiovascular disease does not revert after KT and the transplant patient has a higher cardiovascular risk than the general population. In relation to bone disease, in addition to the pre-existing bone alteration, specific factors of the post-KT period add damage to the bone, especially the use of corticosteroids. The main types of bone disease in renal transplant patients are bone fracture, renal osteodystrophy, osteoporosis and osteonecrosis. CKD-MBD is a complex disease that affects patients with CKD, increasing their morbidity and mortality. KT does not fully reverse the disease and still adds other specific risk factors that make its approach challenging. This review sought to show the association between the bone mineral disease of chronic kidney disease and the risk of fractures, vascular and other tissue calcifications, graft dysfunction and kidney transplant patient mortality.
Protocolized Diuretic Strategy as a Treatment Algorithm for Cardiorenal Syndrome
Authors: V. Liang Kelly
Published: February 2023

Background: A diuretic strategy is needed that is superior to current clinical care in the management of cardiorenal syndrome. Current HF guidelines do not provide any standard protocol for diuretic dosing. Aim: To determine if a protocolized diuretic treatment strategy (ProDiuS), compared to usual care (UC), results in improved decongestion, clinical outcomes, and health-related quality of life (HRQOL), while preserving renal function in hospitalized patients with cardiorenal syndrome. Materials and Methods: This trial was a prospective randomized single-blind trial of participants hospitalized for cardiorenal syndrome from November 1, 2013 to July 9, 2015. Participants were randomized to ProDiuS vs. UC and followed daily in hospital, and at 1-month and 3-month follow-up. ProDiuS was a stepped diuretic strategy targeting daily urine output of 3-5 L/day. UC was care at the discretion of treating providers. The primary outcome, change in body weight (kg) from randomization to 96 hours (day 4), was compared between the ProDiuS and UC groups using the t-test. Data analysis for secondary outcomes between the two groups were conducted using the t-test or Wilcoxon rank sum test depending on whether data was skewed for continuous variables, as well as linear regression modeling. For ordinal variables or proportions, data were analyzed using the exact chi-square test and logistic regression modeling. For mortality, time to death was analyzed as time-to-event data, with censoring at the time of death, date of last follow-up, or the end of the study (3 month follow-up), using Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank tests, and Cox proportional hazards models to adjust for continuous and discrete covariates in the survival analysis. Results: The study did not enroll the prespecified number of subjects due to slow recruitment. Out of 786 prescreened patients, 19 participants were included in the trial. There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics. Mean age was 68.7±7.3 years and 72.2% were male. There was borderline higher change in body weight from baseline to day 4 or discharge in ProDiuS vs. UC (-6.12 vs. -2.07 kg; p=0.05). Net negative fluid balance, length of hospitalization, HF rehospitalizations, mortality, acute kidney injury, adverse outcomes, and HRQOL scores were similar between groups. Conclusion: Due to small sample size, firm conclusions cannot be drawn. However, these findings suggest that ProDiuS results in similar clinical and HRQOL outcomes as UC in HF patients treated at a large tertiary medical center in the short term. This trial was conducted in an advanced HF population on specialized HF services, which may have attenuated the efficacy of ProDiuS vs. UC. Further studies with larger sample size and more diverse HF populations are needed to determine the efficacy and safety of ProDiuS. Several lessons learned in attempting to design a trial of protocolized diuretic strategy in the cardiorenal population are discussed.
PROBLEMS OF PROTECTION OF THE RIGHTS OF BUSINESS ENTITIES IN THE COMMERCIAL COURTS OF UKRAINE
Authors:   “KROK” University, Koroleva V.V. , Kimlenko O.O.
Published: February 2023

Judicial protection of the rights of economic entities is important among other forms of protection. The protection of the rights of economic entities can be considered in two ways: as the protection of the right that is exercised and implemented and the protection of the right that is violated with the use of means to restore it. Classically, the protection of rights is considered as a fact of protection of the rights of the violated. The main legislative act in the field of management is the Commercial Code of Ukraine, which enshrines the fundamental guarantees and ways to protect the rights and interests of economic entities. The Commercial Procedure Code of Ukraine has established a mechanism for reviewing a claim, application or complaint with a request to restore the violated / disputed right. The right to judicial protection corresponds to the obligation of the state to create a system of justice that will undoubtedly resolve complex, diverse and numerous court disputes, without violating judicial competence, and will ensure qualified judicial proceedings. In order to optimize the process of consideration of commercial disputes on the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of business entities, the article examines the problems that arise during the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of economic entities in commercial courts of Ukraine. The role of commercial courts in protecting the rights and legitimate interests of these entities has been studied. It should be noted that the urgency of this problem has been acute since Ukraine's independence, as regular changes in current legislation on the judiciary provide more and more topics for controversy not only between scholars but also practitioners. Ukrainian legislation in the field of economic relations not only contains many inconsistencies and contradictions, but also has significant shortcomings. The main factor that violates the stability in the field of protection of economic relations is the adoption of legislative acts that conflict with the Constitution of Ukraine and laws that were adopted earlier. The protection of the rights of economic entities in commercial courts takes place only with the personal participation of entities that have been granted the appropriate legal personality. The possibility of reviewing court decisions in appellate instances is guaranteed by the Constitution of Ukraine.
PROBLEMATIC ASPECTS OF PRE-TRIAL SETTLEMENT OF COMMERCIAL DISPUTES
Authors:   “KROK” University, Koroleva V.V. , Dykun D.A.
Published: February 2023

The article is devoted to the main problems of such an important institution of law as pre-trial settlement of commercial disputes. The paper considers public relations in the field of pre-trial settlement of legal disputes related to he implementation of business and other economic activities, in their relationship with the mechanism of consideration and resolution of cases in commercial courts. The authors investigate the legal nature and essence of pre-trial settlement of commercial disputes; its types are analyzed; the main approaches to the similar settlement of economic disputes in developed countries are identified. The study draws attention to the fact that today the main type of pre-trial settlement of commercial disputes in the legal field of Ukraine is claims proceedings, its mechanism is described. Considering the prospects for the development of other pre-trial instruments for resolving commercial disputes in Ukraine, in addition to litigation, which are actively used abroad, it should be noted that disagreements between the parties can be resolved peacefully. Mediation has been shown to be an alternative to litigation. Mediation (mediation) is an independent type (method) of alternative dispute resolution. Mediation - negotiations of the parties with the participation of a mediator in order to resolve the dispute (disputes) of the parties by developing a mutually agreed agreement. Mediation can be seen as a means of simplifying and improving access not only to justice but also to justice in general. It is proposed to expand the scope of pre-trial dispute resolution and its types, which, according to the authors, will identify the real causes of disputes between the parties to the conflict. It is substantiated that today the institution of pre-trial settlement of legal disputes - a complex intersectoral legal phenomenon is an independent legitimate form of protection of rights and legitimate interests of legal entities, aimed at resolving private and, in cases expressly provided by law, public conflicts.
FORMATION OF BANKING ACTIVITY IN UKRAINE AND BANKING SECRECY
Authors:   “KROK” University, Koroleva V.V. , Liashenko L.V.
Published: February 2023

The article is devoted to the study of the history of the institution of banking secrecy. It is established that in the early stages of development of the banking system the regulation of the processes of banking institutions was carried out by the first person of the state (emperor) and the highest legislative body by issuing regulations. It is proved that in the early stages of regulation of banking institutions was carried out on the basis of an extensive system of regulations. Over time, there has been a trend, which is still relevant, to systematize and unify legislation. It is justified that only in the 80s of the twentieth century in the Soviet Union began the process of reforming both the political and economic system. It is with this period that the beginning of the revival of the institution of banking secrecy can be associated. Based on a historical study of the institute of banking secrecy revealed certain patterns of development of banking secrecy, which influenced the further formation of this institution. In particular, it was established, first, that during the development of the institution of banking secrecy, its information remained unchanged about information about depositors, the secrecy of the deposit, the secrecy of the account and transactions; secondly, the history of the development of the institution of banking secrecy helped to strengthen the position of depositors from unjustified seizure of information constituting banking secrecy by investigative bodies, as this information could be disclosed only if available in criminal proceedings. This rule is a historical fact that has been developed and applied in recent times, and its abolition will significantly damage the stability of the institution of banking secrecy, and even make vulnerable positions of depositors, as law enforcement agencies may ask the bank for information that constitutes banking secrecy without criminal proceedings.
PRINCIPLES OF VOLUNTARY ASSOCIATION OF TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES IN UKRAINE
Authors:   “KROK” University, Brovko N.I. , Poliarush-Safronenko S.O.
Published: February 2023

The article is devoted to the characteristics of the principles of voluntary association of territorial communities in Ukraine. The principles of voluntary association of territorial communities (OTG) in Ukraine, their essence, content and main tasks in the legal relations of formation and functioning of united communities and reorganization of local governments on the basis of their decentralization are studied. The features of the principles of voluntary association of territorial communities are proposed, which include: a) their constitutional and legislative consolidation, taking into account the rule of law; b) contain the basic ideas of the municipal government and are formed voluntarily; c) act independently with the support of the state and under their own responsibility; d) ensure the realization of the rights and freedoms and common interests of the inhabitants of a certain administrative-territorial unit. The principles of voluntary association of territorial communities are enshrined in the Constitution and laws of Ukraine, taking into account the rule of law, the main ideas of voluntary association of villagers, settlements, cities, designed to exercise municipal authority independently and through their representatives with the support state and ensure the rights and freedoms of the inhabitants of a particular administrative-territorial unit. In order to improve the legal regulation of the principles of voluntary association of territorial communities, we propose to amend the Law of Ukraine of February 5, 2015 "On voluntary association of territorial communities." The words "rule of law" should be preceded by the words "rule of law". As a result of Art. 2 item 1, item 1) should be formulated: "rule of law, constitutionality and legality", and item 7) «responsibility and ensuring human and civil rights and freedoms».
GENESIS OF DEVELOPMENT OF LEGAL REGULATION IN THE FIELD OF HEALTH CARE IN UKRAINE IN TIMES OF INDEPENDENCE
Authors:   “KROK” University, Ткач К.Д.
Published: February 2023

The article analyzes the genesis of the development of legal regulation in the field of health care in Ukraine in times of independence. Four stages of normative and legal base creation of system of medical care of the population as the leading link of the state social policy are considered. The first stage in 1991–2000 was the most difficult, on one hand it was necessary to preserve the health care system, that was left over from the old government, and on another hand - to start reforming the normative and legal framework to further ensuring of a minimum level of social guarantees for population on health care provision. At the second stage in the period 2000–2010 of the development of the health care system in Ukraine the implementation of the Concept started, activities were carried out to identify the main directions and approbation of key mechanisms for reforming of the medical sector. During the third period in 2010-2013, a large-scale reform of the health care system in some regions was launched as part of a pilot project. The fourth stage began in 2014 and continues till today. In August 2014 the Ministry of Health initiated the development of a National Strategy for Health Care Reform in Ukraine. By means of the new strategic approaches in improving of the quality and availability of aid and reducing financial risks for people a new impetus to industry reform was required. It is emphasized that the third and fourth stages, from the standpoint of reforming the medical system, were the most productive. It is emphasized that the provisions of the National Strategy for Health Care Reform in Ukraine are currently being implemented. The document has two main objectives: first of all to stimulate the proper reforms, but at the same time to demonstrate to the decision-makers that health and health care are powerful tools in politics. The strategy clarifies the horizon for reform, provides it with structures and demonstrates the potential of various measures aimed at the effective development of health care services. Based on the strategy, the Ministry of Health has also developed a Concept for reforming the financing of the health care system and bills that will launch a reform of Ukrainian medicine. The strategy should be the basis for creating a detailed action plan for reforming of Healthcare with proposals for the short, medium and long term perspective.
THE PLACE OF MEDIATION IN THE SYSTEM OF WAYS OF PROTECTING THE RIGHTS OF BUSINESS ENTITIES
Authors:   “KROK” University, Frantsuz A.J. , Yanovska A.V.
Published: February 2023

Today, mediation is one of the most popular alternative ways of resolving disputes (conflicts) in developed countries. It involves the participation of a mediator (mediator), who helps the parties to the conflict to establish a communication process, analyze the conflict situation so that the parties can choose a solution that will meet the interests and needs of both parties to the dispute.The relationship related to the conduct of mediation and the implementation of the agreements reached during it requires regulatory regulation, given the importance of both the procedure itself and its results. Regulation of the mediation procedure, determination of the rights and obligations of its participants, the rules of registration of agreements between the parties are the basis for achieving the goals of mediation and ensuring a balance between the institution of mediation and the legal system of the country. Therefore, every mediator and every lawyer who is involved in the mediation procedure as a consultant or representative of his client must have legal knowledge and knowledge of the ethical and regulatory principles of mediation. The need to introduce the institution of mediation has long been ripe in the domestic legal system, which is due to the inefficiency and imperfection of the judicial system of Ukraine and the low rate of execution of court decisions. Given the successful application of the institution of mediation in many countries and the course of harmonization of national legislation with the legislation of the European Union, on November 3, 2016, the parliament of Ukraine adopted in first reading the draft Law of Ukraine "On Mediation". For the Ukrainian legal system, the legislative initiative to introduce regulations on the institution of mediation is a very important step. Because in the absence of national legislation that determines the legal basis for the process of out-of-court settlement of disputes, the practical application of the institution of mediation was carried out only on the basis of established practice of the European Union. According to the draft Law of Ukraine "On Mediation", mediation is defined as an alternative (out-of-court) method of dispute resolution, by which two (or more) parties to a dispute try to reach an agreement to resolve their dispute within a structured process involving a mediator. A mediator is an independent mediator who helps the parties to resolve a dispute through mediation.
CUSTOMS REGULATION OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN UKRAINE: HISTORY OF FORMATION AND MODERNITY
Authors:   “KROK” University, Oliynik O.B. , Makarenko Y.O.
Published: February 2023

Article considers the concept of E-Commerce and E-Contract, their essence and content. Main types of E- Commerce and factors influencing the development of E-Commerce are presented. The conclusion of the contract in electronic form is defined by law, but still needs more circumstantiation, because legal framework is still quite cumbersome and is in the process of continuous improvement. Today, the development of E-Commerce promotes rapid access to information and resources, becomes highly profitable form of commodity-money relations, and therefore must be actively implemented and carry out a kind of revolution. Digital technologies and information communication networks are gradually becoming a part of everyday life and playing an important role in development of business and national economy overall. Electronic commerce is the most important component of electronic business. Emergence and fast growth of electronic business all over the world results from a variety of reasonable conditions and preconditions. Electronic form of information presentation is the documentation type that enables reproduction of the information in the visual form acceptable by the reader. One of the risk management means in course of any electronic commerce transactions is conclusion of contracts (agreements) by telecommunications. Upon adoption of the Law of Ukraine “On electronic commerce”, the legislation has coordinated the particular aspects governing conclusion of electronic contracts (individual issues have been coordinated by the Law of Ukraine “On electronic documents and document flow” and “On electronic signature.)” The article details the conditions of electronic contract conclusion, the procedure of use of the electronic signature for electronic contracts, identifies the ways to improve development of electronic commerce and electronic contracts and the procedure of use of the above. The special objective of the research has been to determine how electronic commerce and electronic business may be used to foster sustainable development and generally to facilitate the economic relations of Ukraine, as well as how electronic ecommerce affects the economic law of Ukraine.
PROBLEMS OF PROPERTY DEVELOPMENT IN UKRAINE
Authors:   “KROK” University, Hizhevskyy V.K. , Gromey D.V.
Published: February 2023

The article considers a number of features of the interaction of power and property in Ukraine: the stable dominance of power over property at all levels of their interaction, the continuity of interaction between power and property in relation to the former economic system. General consequences of the unfinished privatization process and unformed social property relations. The need to privatize state property on the basis of market competition and to form an effective owner. De- oligarchization of property in favor of the state, because today such property is not only monopolistic, but also has a comprador orientation and therefore not only does not work for the growth of national capital, but also helps to support the economy and armed forces of the aggressor. Reasoned position on the need to regulate property relations. Recommendations on the prospects for the development of property rights in Ukraine are offered. It is also necessary to privatize state property on the basis of market competition and in order to form an effective owner. A number of other tasks have both political, legal and economic-regulatory orientation. The current state of Ukraine's development is characterized as an incomplete process of transformation of all spheres of society, the transition from Soviet attributes of state property, command-authoritarian form of government, etc. to modern standards of market economy and democratic principles of public relations. The scale and depth of modernization require appropriate quality content of task setting, cardinal decision-making and the formation of effective factors of development. The latter includes the social institution of private property, which performs a number of crucial functions in modern society. The urgency of considering the social institution of private property is due to its problematic formation in Ukraine, which is manifested in particular in such features as: the dominance of state property in the Soviet past, the incompleteness of the privatization process; monopolization of property and lack of market conditions for change of owners, inconsistency of power in determining the prospects for the development of private property; increasing criminalization of private law, low level of disclosure of the content of this institution in the scientific and journalistic literature. The practical aspect of the problem is complemented by a corresponding insufficient level of political awareness of the importance of this institution for solving Ukraine's pressing problems. In particular, the aspect that in order to create a favorable investment climate and support investment activity, it is necessary to ensure effective protection of private property rights.
THEORETICAL AND LEGAL PRINCIPLES OF ADMINISTRATIVE REGULATION OF PERMITTING PROCEDURES IN THE FIELD OF URBANIZATION
Authors:   “KROK” University, Frantsuz A.J. , Onyskovets M.Y.
Published: February 2023

The article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the definition, content and features of the application of permitting procedures in the field of urbanization. Attention is paid to the very concept of urban planning, urbanization and urban planning. An attempt has been made to link the concepts of urban planning and urbanization at the level of theory. Attention is paid to urban planning objects. The presence of the corresponding specialization called to study the basic provisions of the theory of town-planning activity, possibilities of its realization in practice is specified. The theoretical understanding of the concept of permitting procedures in the field of urbanization is investigated and generalized, which allowed to identify and generalize the problems of their design and issuance. The concept of the permitting procedures in the field of urbanization is revealed in detail, the shortcomings of their application in practice and their legislative regulation are highlighted, changes are proposed to improve this situation. The range of subjects of legal relations on permitting procedures in the field of urbanization, their responsibility, control over their activity is defined. The case law of the European Court of Human Rights shows the key aspects of the functioning of permitting procedures in the field of urbanization, as well as the problems and shortcomings of their functioning, offers to address the relevant shortcomings. The practice of foreign countries, especially European ones, in the field of regulation and application of such permitting procedures was also applied. The domestic practice of legislative regulation of provisions on permitting procedures in the field of urbanization is taken into account. The content and application of permitting procedures in the practical activities of the subjects of legal relations on permitting procedures in the field of urbanization are characterized. They are shown to be different depending on the type and complexity of construction of a particular urban development object. Examples of practical experience of other countries in the application of permitting procedures and the issue of providing them to certain business and community entities are given. Taking into account the additional domestic experience, the result of solving the problematic aspects of permitting procedures in the field of urbanization was summed up.
LEGAL AND REGULATORY SUPPORT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF A LAND PLANNING FOR ABSTRACTION LANDS FROM COMMUNAL TO PRIVATE PROPERTY
Authors:   “KROK” University, Skomorovskiy V.B. , Rybchenko V.I.
Published: February 2023

In this article is stated that the procedure of the lands’ assignation is particularly relevant. In accordance with the Constitution of Ukraine "Land is the main national wealth, which is under special protection of the state." Because of this, there is a need to analyze the legal framework, to reveal all the intricacies of the Constitution of Ukraine, the Land Code, problems that may arise in the process of assignation lands, and other documents. Land ownership is guaranteed. This right acquires and realizes by citizens, artificial person and by the state exclusively in accordance with Art. 14 of the Constitution of Ukraine. It should be noted that the legal order in Ukraine is based on the principles according to which no one can be forced to do what is not provided by law. Public authorities, local governments, and their officials should act only on the basis, within the powers and in the process provided by the Constitution and laws of Ukraine in accordance with Art. 19 of the Constitution of Ukraine. It should be emphasized that the citizens of Ukraine have the right to get own land free of charge, but many citizens don’t use this right because of their legal ignorance. It can have many reasons, but the main reason is the low level of legal awareness of citizens nowadays. Practical experience shows that citizens who are interested in getting land free of charge, knowing about this right, always try to find out at the place of application for permission to allocate land from state or communal ownership in the local government. According to the previous paragraph, the legal awareness of citizens is not at the highest level, they need to learn current legislation in more details, and if it’s necessary, inquire detailed information from the competent authorities. Often there are cases of queues for getting lands. There is a misconception that it is enough to write a statement without specifying a targeted location and targeted dimensions. As a result, citizens receive a reasoned refusal of their application. Another problem that occurs nowadays, is that citizens believe that they can get land only at the place of their registration, but the Land Code regulates otherwise. It should be noted that if citizens knows all the procedure of abstraction lands apply for permission to get land from state or communal ownership, they should indicate the approximate location and approximate size, as well as they know that their application must be considered within a month. The problem is not considering of citizens' applications. The problem is that the mayor doesn’t ensure the proper work of the executive committee. That’s why most citizens who have not received permission consult with lawyers or attorneys to prove in court that their rights were violated.
TECHNICAL SUPPORT OF PRIVATE DETECTIVE ACTIVITY IN UKRAINE
Authors:   “KROK” University, Frantsuz A.J. , Yelisieiev I.S.
Published: February 2023

Current trends in the development of criminal practices require the state to respond appropriately to them, to develop effective mechanisms to prevent crime. As a result, the crime prevention system is in constant motion. It depends on many factors, especially on the implementation of political will and the fulfillment of Ukraine’s international obligations. This is directly reflected in the current legislation, which generally forms a strategy to prevent crime and find its tactical countermeasures. One of such manifestations today is a new, in essence, detective activity of both public bodies and private organizations (institutions). Private detective work is regulated differently at the legislative level in many countries around the world. Despite the normative enshrinement, the activities of private detectives differ greatly in the degree of legal regulation by state institutions and control by professional self-government bodies. This primarily applies to both the licensing process and the process of carrying out such activities. On the way to knowledge of preventive detective activity there are certain both theoretical and practical problems. These include the fact that the subjective dimension of private detective activity, as well as private detective activity itself, has been little studied in modern criminological practice and has hardly been developed. Legal bases of use (application) of special means consist of the legislative acts regulating activity of bodies to which the right to their application is given. The legal basis for the use of special technical means in private detective work is a system of legal norms and bylaws that determine the admissibility or regulate the procedure and conditions of their use. The purpose of special equipment is in the following aspects: 1) facilitating the detection and investigation of crimes, ensuring the high quality of the inspection of the crime scene, facilitating the discovery of physical evidence during searches; 2) creating opportunities to obtain reliable information about persons involved in the preparation or commission of offenses. Statistics show that with the help of a number of operational and technical means it is possible to quickly and reliably obtain and record information about specific persons who plan or prepare crimes, and then take measures to prevent them. Devices for the use of such tools can be audio and video equipment, surveillance devices, etc .; 3) physical cessation of resistance by criminal elements. This can be achieved through the use of special means of personnel protection and special operations.
Practice, Ethical Life and Normative Authority: The Problem of Alienation in Steven Vogel's Environmental Philosophy
Authors: Lumsden Simon
Published: February 2023

In Thinking like a Mall Steven Vogel argues that there is no authoritative nature independent of human standards to which one can appeal to correct damaging environmental practices. Human practices are the only basis for interpreting the environment and our ecologically destructive practices have made our environment into the degraded thing that it is. Revising these flawed practices requires becoming alienated from them; only then can we be responsible for them. Alienation is overcome by a democratic community who chooses the practices that correct deficient ones and that we can recognise as expressions of ourselves and be at home in. This paper argues that there is a key step missing in this process, which is how we become alienated from our practices. It is only by appreciating the broader social and institutional horizon, ‘Ethical Life’, by which norms receive their authority and lose it, that we can understand alienation and the normative change necessary to correct it.