bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Postoperative Analgesia with Saphenous Block Appears Equivalent to Femoral Nerve Block in ACL Reconstruction
Authors: Chisholm Mary F. , Bang Heejung , Maalouf Daniel B. , Marcello Dorothy , Lotano Marco A. , Marx Robert G. , Liguori Gregory A. , Zayas Victor M. , Gordon Michael A. , Jacobs Jason , YaDeau Jacques T.
Published: June 2014

Background

Adequate pain control following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL) often requires regional nerve block. The femoral nerve block (FNB) has been traditionally employed. Ultrasound application to regional nerve blocks allows for the use of alternatives such as the saphenous nerve block following ACL reconstruction.

Questions/Purposes

This study evaluated postoperative analgesia provided by the subsartorial saphenous nerve block (SSNB) compared to that provided by the traditional FNB for patients undergoing ACL reconstruction with patellar tendon (bone–tendon–bone (BTB)) autografts.

Methods

A randomized, blinded, controlled clinical trial was conducted using 80 ASA I–III patients, ages 16–65, undergoing ACL reconstruction with BTB. The individuals assessing all outcome measures were blinded to the treatment group. Postoperatively, all patients received cryotherapy and parenteral hydromorphone to achieve numeric rating scale pain scores less than 4. At discharge, patients were given prescriptions for oral opioid analgesics and a scheduled NSAID. Patients were instructed to complete pain diaries and record oral opioid utilization. Patients were contacted on postoperative days (POD) 1 and 2 to ascertain the level of patient satisfaction with the analgesic regimen.

Results

No differences between the two groups were found. Patient demographics and postoperative pain scores at rest were not different. In addition, there was no difference in opioid use, as measured in daily oral morphine equivalents between groups. A small but statistically significant report of higher patient satisfaction with the FNB was found on POD 1 but not on POD 2.

Conclusion

These data support our hypothesis that the SSNB provides similar and adequate postoperative analgesia when compared to the FNB, following arthroscopic ACL reconstruction with patellar tendon autograft.
Standortalternativen für die Windenergie – Berechnung des Ertragspotenzials auf Offenland- und Waldstandorten in Bayern
Authors: Ludwig Nikolas , Bosch Stephan
Published: June 2014

The consideration of alternative sites for renewable energies should not only be a reaction to dwindling acceptance of the transformation of the energy system. Rather it should be incorporated at the beginning of any site planning process and thereby enable transparent, democratic negotiations about sustainable land use. On the one hand, alternative sites can result from successively expanding or limiting the search area for sites by mini- or maximizing restriction criteria. On the other hand, a certain search area may be extended by considering a category of space not previously included in the site calculation process. Both aspects will be discussed in the following attempt to develop spatial corridors for the implementation of the transformation of the Bavarian wind energy system. The spatial patterns resulting from the GIS-based site analysis for wind power plants may serve as a basis for the allocation of exclusion, restriction, and priority areas in regional planning. Simply standardizing procedures among the various regional planning associations based on potential analysis may prevent a patchwork of energy strategies and may guide site planning processes towards a balanced spatial development. It is the main goal of this study to investigate the suitability concerning usage for wind power of sites on both open landscapes as well as in forest territories. Thereby those spatial patterns of wind power are being identified that not only meet the specifications of the “bavarian wind decree”, but furthermore satisfy the qualitative demand for a maximum socio-ecological compatibility.
Tumour necrosis factor alpha‐induced neuronal loss is mediated by microglial phagocytosis
Authors: Neniskyte Urte , Vilalta Anna , Brown Guy C.
Published: June 2014

Tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) is a pro‐inflammatory cytokine, expressed in many brain pathologies and associated with neuronal loss. We show here that addition of TNF‐α to neuronal–glial co‐cultures increases microglial proliferation and phagocytosis, and results in neuronal loss that is prevented by eliminating microglia. Blocking microglial phagocytosis by inhibiting phagocytic vitronectin and P2Y6 receptors, or genetically removing opsonin MFG‐E8, prevented TNF‐α induced loss of live neurons. Thus TNF‐α appears to induce neuronal loss via microglial activation and phagocytosis of neurons, causing neuronal death by phagoptosis.
Inhibitory role of polyunsaturated fatty acids on lysophosphatidic acid‐induced cancer cell migration and adhesion
Authors: Kim Eun Kyoung , Ha Jung Min , Kim Young Whan , Jin Seo Yeon , Ha Hong Koo , Bae Sun Sik
Published: June 2014

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have important pharmacological effects on mammalian cells. Here, we show that carboxyl group‐containing PUFAs inhibit lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)‐induced focal adhesion formation, thereby inhibiting migration and adhesion. Carboxyl group‐containing PUFAs inhibit LPA‐induced calcium mobilization, whereas ethyl ester‐group containing PUFAs have no effect. In addition, carboxyl group‐containing PUFAs functionally inhibit LPA‐dependent RhoA activation. Given these results, we suggest that PUFAs may inhibit LPA‐induced calcium/RhoA signaling pathways leading to focal adhesion formation. Carboxyl group‐containing PUFAs may have a functional role in this regulatory mechanism.
Mitochondrial protein synthesis: Figuring the fundamentals, complexities and complications, of mammalian mitochondrial translation
Authors: Lightowlers Robert N. , Rozanska Agata , Chrzanowska-Lightowlers Zofia M.
Published: June 2014

Mitochondrial protein synthesis is essential for all mammals, being responsible for providing key components of the oxidative phosphorylation complexes. Although only thirteen different polypeptides are made, the molecular details of this deceptively simple process remain incomplete. Central to this process is a non‐canonical ribosome, the mitoribosome, which has evolved to address its unique mandate. In this review, we integrate the current understanding of the molecular aspects of mitochondrial translation with recent advances in structural biology. We identify numerous key questions that we will need to answer if we are to increase our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying mitochondrial protein synthesis.
Long‐term recovery from hippocampal‐related behavioral and biochemical abnormalities induced by noise exposure during brain development. Evaluation of auditory pathway integrity
Authors: Uran S.L. , Gómez‐Casati M.E. , Guelman L.R.
Published: June 2014

Sound is an important part of man's contact with the environment and has served as critical means for survival throughout his evolution. As a result of exposure to noise, physiological functions such as those involving structures of the auditory and non‐auditory systems might be damaged.

We have previously reported that noise‐exposed developing rats elicited hippocampal‐related histological, biochemical and behavioral changes. However, no data about the time lapse of these changes were reported. Moreover, measurements of auditory pathway function were not performed in exposed animals. Therefore, with the present work, we aim to test the onset and the persistence of the different extra‐auditory abnormalities observed in noise‐exposed rats and to evaluate auditory pathway integrity.

Male Wistar rats of 15 days were exposed to moderate noise levels (95–97 dB SPL, 2 h a day) during one day (acute noise exposure, ANE) or during 15 days (sub‐acute noise exposure, SANE). Hippocampal biochemical determinations as well as short (ST) and long term (LT) behavioral assessments were performed. In addition, histological and functional evaluations of the auditory pathway were carried out in exposed animals.

Our results show that hippocampal‐related behavioral and biochemical changes (impairments in habituation, recognition and associative memories as well as distortion of anxiety‐related behavior, decreases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and increases in antioxidant enzymes activities) induced by noise exposure were almost completely restored by PND 90. In addition, auditory evaluation shows that increased cochlear thresholds observed in exposed rats were re‐established at PND 90, although with a remarkable supra‐threshold amplitude reduction.

These data suggest that noise‐induced hippocampal and auditory‐related alterations are mostly transient and that the effects of noise on the hippocampus might be, at least in part, mediated by the damage on the auditory pathway. However, we cannot exclude that a different mechanism might be responsible for the observed hippocampal‐related changes.
Right atrial tachycardia with 2:1 intra‐atrial conduction
Authors: Kofune Masayoshi , Watanabe Ichiro , Okumura Yasuo
Published: June 2014

In a case of atrial tachycardia (AT) originating from the inferolateral right atrium, cycle length (CL) alternans was observed. Conduction at the longer CL was to the high right atrium (HRA), His bundle electrogram region (HBE), and coronary sinus (CS). Conduction at the shorter CL was to the HRA, with that to the HBE and CS blocked.
Reconsidering Vertical Integration: An Examination of National Political Parties and Their Counterparts in Ontario
Authors: Pruysers Scott
Published: June 2014

This paper reconsiders whether federal and provincial parties are as independent and separate as the literature would suggest. Examining five different types of party personnel (party members, activists, riding presidents, candidates and legislators) this paper explores how federal parties and their counterparts in Ontario have responded to multi-level governance. Rather than embracing “two political worlds,” party personnel have responded to the federal nature of Canadian politics by engaging with parties at multiple levels. Additionally, the paper examines two competing explanations of party integration and seeks to uncover whether differences organizational design or ideological consistency best explain divergent levels of party integration. The experience of the Conservatives demonstrates that vertical integration is not a result of a party's organizational design alone and that a coherent ideology can help to offset a truncated organizational structure.
The Quality of Democratic Accountability: A Comparative View of Latin America
Authors: Barreda Mikel
Published: June 2014

This paper presents a comparative analysis of the quality of democratic accountability mechanisms in Latin America. It begins by reviewing the concept of democratic accountability quality and its operationalization by means of factor analysis. As a result, three quality indicators are identified corresponding to the types of accountability that prevail in the literature: horizontal, electoral and social. The study reveals considerable differences among the Latin American democracies. Set out below is an exploratory analysis of the factors explaining these differences. The analysis yields three main conclusions. First, it confirms the usefulness of the model. Second, the quality of each type of accountability is explained by specific factors: no one factor explains all three cases. Third, a different logic behind social accountability mechanisms is detected as compared with the other two types of accountability mechanisms.
La controverse sur les tribunaux d'arbitrage religieux ontariens: un non-dit identitaire?
Authors: May Paul
Published: June 2014

Le présent article s'intéresse à la controverse survenue en 2002–2005 à l'occasion de la mise en place des tribunaux d'arbitrage religieux en Ontario. Il contribue aux travaux existants sur la question en mobilisant de nouvelles sources empiriques. Une attention particulière est accordée au discours des acteurs sociaux opposés à la mise en place de tribunaux d'arbitrage. Nous verrons que la plupart des opposants à l'arbitrage ne conçoivent pas le débat en termes d'opposition entre la religion et les principes féministes, mais centrent l'essentiel de leur argumentation sur le danger que constituerait, selon eux, un islam perçu comme oppressif et étranger. La controverse sur l'arbitrage religieux devient l'occasion de revendiquer une « identité canadienne » occidentale, à la fois laïque et judéo-chrétienne. De ce point de vue, on peut rapprocher l'épisode ontarien des controverses européennes relatives à l'islam qui ont émergé au cours de la dernière décennie, comme l'affaire des caricatures de Mahomet au Danemark, la polémique sur les minarets en Suisse, ou l'interdiction du voile intégral en Belgique.
International Humanitarian Law and the Israeli Supreme Court
Authors: Barak Aharon
Published: June 2014

In contrast with most other municipal courts in the world, the Israeli Supreme Court routinely decides cases based on international humanitarian law (IHL). Since the Six Day War in 1967, both the state and the Supreme Court have agreed that the Court has jurisdiction to decide humanitarian issues that come before it from territory held under belligerent occupation. The Court has indeed done so in issues ranging from land seizures to targeted killings, ruling on the basis of the relevant IHL. The Court has been criticised for its judgments, both from the right wing of the political spectrum, who see it as interfering with military matters, and from the left, who see it as granting legitimacy to occupation. In this article, I briefly describe the development, both historical and legal, of IHL in the Israeli Supreme Court, the criticism of the way the law is applied by the Court, and finally the importance of the fundamental concepts of human dignity and proportionality to IHL decisions.
The Military Response to Criminal Violent Extremist Groups: Aligning Use of Force Presumptions with Threat Reality
Authors: Corn Geoffrey S , Kaleemullah Tanweer
Published: June 2014

In 1949, the inclusion of Common Article 3 to the four Geneva Conventions represented a significant advance in the regulation of armed hostilities. That article extended international humanitarian law to the realm of non-international armed conflicts. At that time, these conflicts were considered synonymous with intrastate conflicts such as civil wars. While the scope of applicability of Common Article 3 to internal threats and disturbances has witnessed what is arguably a significant evolution since that time, it is unclear whether and when this baseline humanitarian obligation – and the broader customary laws and customs of war applicable to non-international armed conflicts once this article is triggered – are applicable when a state confronts organised criminal gangs who possess a capability to engage in violence and wreak havoc that rivals, if not exceeds, that of traditional insurgent threats.

Much of this uncertainty derives from the fact that the response to criminal disturbances appears to have been specifically excluded from situations triggering Common Article 3 when it was adopted in 1949. However, it is unlikely that the drafters of the Conventions at that time anticipated the nature of organised criminal gangs and the destabilising effect these groups have today in many areas of the world. The nature of this threat has resulted in the increasingly common utilisation of regular military forces to restore government control in areas in which they operate. This results in the use of force and the exercise of incapacitation powers that far exceed normal law enforcement response authority. It is therefore the thesis of this article that when the nature of these threats exceeds the normal law enforcement response authority and compels the state to resort to regular military force to restore order, international humanitarian law, or the law of armed conflict, provides the only viable legal regulatory framework for such operations. However, it is also the view of the authors that the risk of excess of authority inherent in this legal framework necessitates a carefully tailored package of rules of engagement to mitigate the risk that the effort to restore order will result in the unjustified deprivation of life, liberty and property.
Effects of correcting for microbial contamination and the use of sodium sulphite in neutral detergent fibre analyses on the ruminal fibre degradability of several feeds
Authors: GUEVARA-GONZÁLEZ J. A. , MOUHBI R. , ARROYO J. M. , ALVIR M. R. , GONZÁLEZ J.
Published: June 2014

Sodium sulphite is used in an optional way to remove insoluble proteins from neutral detergent fibre (NDF) residue. To determine whether the recovery of both NDF and insoluble nitrogen (N) in NDF solution (NDIN) are altered by its use, both parameters were measured in a set of 12 feeds, including cereal grains: maize (MG), rye (RG) and wheat (WG); cereal co-products: maize gluten feed (MGF), distilled dried grains from barley (DDGB) and wheat (DDGW) and wheat bran (WB); protein concentrates: rapeseed meal (RSM) and expeller palm kernel (EPK); dehydrated sugar beet pulp (DBP) and oat (OH) and ryegrass (RGH) hays. Associated effects on thein situeffective degradability (ED) of both NDF and NDIN were also studied in DDGW, WB, RSM, EPK, DBP, OH and RGH. Also, ED of acid detergent fibre (ADF) and its N (ADIN) were studied in hays. Errors due to microbial contamination in the rumen on the ED of NDF, ADF, NDIN and ADIN were also established in these last seven samples using15N infusion methods. Three rumen and duodenum cannulated wethers were used in the study. The sulphite use in NDF solution led to reductions (DDGB, DDGW, RSM and OH) and increases (RG, WG, WB and DBP) of the NDIN proportion, as well as the contribution of crude protein to NDF. These variations were associated with irregular effects on NDF residues and on ED of both NDIN and NDF. As a consequence, sulphite use does not assure the reduction of the insoluble protein contamination and it may even increase it. This methodology may also alter the degradability estimates of NDIN or NDF. Mean ruminal microbial contamination in NDF was 7·0, 10·8, 13·3, 5·4, 12·0, 35·3 and 20·0 g/kg in WB, DDGW, RSM, EPK, DBP, OH and RGH, respectively. The associated contents of microbial N in NDIN were: 59·3, 29·9, 26·2, 19·8, 37·3, 441 and 150 g/kg, respectively. Microbial contamination in ADF and ADIN (g/kg) was 3·6 and 94·5 in OH and 1·7 and 41·2 in RGH. Not correcting this contamination led to consistent undervaluations of ED of NDIN and NDF in all tested feeds, although errors only reached significance for NDIN in hays and DBP. Microbial-corrected ED of NDIN was 0·685, 0·826, 0·481, 0·389, 0·166, 0·718 and 0·425 in WB, DDGW, RSM, EPK, DBP, OH and RGH, respectively, whereas values for ADIN were 0·504 (OH) and 0·469 (RGH).
‘Neither Male nor Female’: The Ethiopian Eunuch in Acts 8.26–40
Authors: Wilson Brittany E.
Published: June 2014

There is a widespread assumption in Acts' scholarship that the Ethiopian eunuch is an elite official who reflects Luke's larger interest in high-status individuals. Such an assumption, however, overlooks the inextricable connection between status, gender and ethnicity in the Greco-Roman world, and how the eunuch's repeated designation as ‘the eunuch’ would have affected his status in particular. This article thus problematises the depiction of the eunuch as an elite convert by contextualising the eunuch's identification as both a ‘eunuch’ (εὐνοῦχος) and an ‘Ethiopian’ (Αἰθίοψ). Overall, the eunuch is an ambiguous figure who embodies the boundary-crossing nature of the gospel itself.
Particle-in-cell simulation of two stream instability in the non-extensive statistics
Authors: Ghorbanalilu Mohammad , Abdollahzadeh Elahe , Rahbari S.H. Ebrahimnazhad
Published: June 2014

We have performed extensive one dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations to explore generation of electrostatic waves driven by two-stream instability (TSI) that arises due to the interaction between two symmetric counterstreaming electron beams. The electron beams are considered to be cold, collisionless and magnetic-field-free in the presence of neutralizing background of static ions. Here, electrons are described by the non-extensive q-distributions of the Tsallis statistics. Results shows that the electron holes structures are different for various q values such that: (i) for q > 1 cavitation of electron holes are more visible and the excited waves were more strong (ii) for q < 1 the degree of cavitation decreases and for q = 0.5 the holes are not distinguishable. Furthermore, time development of the velocity root-mean-square (VRMS) of electrons for different q-values demonstrate that the maximum energy conversion is increased upon increasing the non-extensivity parameter q up to the values q > 1. The normalized total energy history for a arbitrary entropic index q = 1.5, approves the energy conserving in our PIC simulation.
Generation and radiation of ultra-wideband electromagnetic pulses with high stability and effective potential
Authors: Efremov A.M. , Koshelev V.I. , Kovalchuk B.M. , Plisko V.V. , Sukhushin K.N.
Published: June 2014

An ultra-wideband radiation source based on the excitation of a 64-element array of combined antennas by a generator of bipolar voltage pulses with the length of 1 ns, amplitude of 200 kV and pulse repetition rate of 100 Hz has been designed and studied. The peak power of the voltage pulse was 3.2 GW. The effective potential of the ultra-wideband source radiation reached 4.3 MV.
Plasma plume behavior of laser ablated cerium oxide: Effect of oxygen partial pressure
Authors: Panda Arun Kumar , Singh Akash , Mishra Maneesha , Thirumurugesan R. , Kuppusami P. , Mohandas E.
Published: June 2014

This paper describes the spatial and temporal investigation of laser ablated plasma plume of cerium oxide target using Langmuir probe. Cerium oxide target was ablated using a KrF (λ ~ 248 nm) gas laser. Experimental studies confirmed that oxygen partial pressure of 2 × 10−2mbar is sufficient enough to get good quality films of cerium oxide. At this pressure, plume was diagnosed for their spatial and temporal behavior. Spatial distribution was investigated at a distance of 15 mm, 30 mm, and up to a maximum distance of 45 mm from the target, whereas temporal behavior has been recorded in the range of 0 to 50 µS with an interval of 0.5 µS. The average electron densities are found to be maximum at 30 mm from the target position and the plasma current of the laser ablated ceria is found to be maximum at 22 µS.
Ameliorative role of gemfibrozil against partial abdominal aortic constriction-induced cardiac hypertrophy in rats
Authors: Singh Amrit Pal , Singh Randhir , Krishan Pawan
Published: June 2014

Fibrates are peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α agonists and are clinically used for treatment of dyslipidemia and hypertriglyceridemia. Fenofibrate is reported as a cardioprotective agent in various models of cardiac dysfunction; however, limited literature is available regarding the role of gemfibrozil as a possible cardioprotective agent, especially in a non-obese model of cardiac remodelling. The present study investigated the role of gemfibrozil against partial abdominal aortic constriction-induced cardiac hypertrophy in rats. Cardiac hypertrophy was induced by partial abdominal aortic constriction in rats and they survived for 4 weeks. The cardiac hypertrophy was assessed by measuring left ventricular weight to body weight ratio, left ventricular wall thickness, and protein and collagen content. The oxidative stress in the cardiac tissues was assessed by measuring thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, superoxide anion generation, and reduced glutathione level. The haematoxylin–eosin and picrosirius red staining was used to observe cardiomyocyte diameter and collagen deposition, respectively. Moreover, serum levels of cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins, triglycerides, and glucose were also measured. Gemfibrozil (30 mg/kg,p.o.) was administered since the first day of partial abdominal aortic constriction and continued for 4 weeks. The partial abdominal aortic constriction-induced cardiac oxidative stress and hypertrophy are indicated by significant change in various parameters used in the present study that were ameliorated with gemfibrozil treatment in rats. No significant change in serum parameters was observed between various groups used in the present study. It is concluded that gemfibrozil ameliorates partial abdominal aortic constriction-induced cardiac oxidative stress and hypertrophy and in rats.
Successful implantation of a dual-chamber pacemaker in an ELBW infant for long QT syndrome
Authors: McCrossan Brian , d’Udekem Yves , Davis Andrew Mark , Pflaumer Andreas
Published: June 2014

Long QT syndromes encompass the most prevalent group of ion channelopathies. Long QT syndromes are predominantly familial and predispose the affected individual to ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death. Permanent pacemaker insertion for long QT syndrome is discouraged apart from younger patients exhibiting 2:1 atrioventricular block. However, permanent pacemaker insertion is a relatively common procedure in neonates with atrioventricular block, and dual-chamber permanent pacemaker insertion in low birth weight infants is challenging. We describe the management of long QT syndrome − type 2 − presenting in an extremely preterm neonate including epicardial, dual-chamber permanent pacemaker insertion.
Transposition of the great arteries and sinus venosus defect with partially anomalous pulmonary venous return: physiological and anatomic considerations
Authors: Raju Vijayakumar , Rathod Rahul , Quinonez Luis G. , Baird Christopher W.
Published: June 2014

Transposition of the great arteries is a common congenital heart defect causing cyanosis in neonates, occurring in 0.2 per 1000 live births. It has been reported to occur with other associated congenital heart lesions. However, its association with a superior sinus venosus defect and partially anomalous pulmonary venous return has not been reported. We present a neonate with transposition of the great arteries, superior sinus venosus defect with partially anomalous pulmonary venous return that underwent successful complete neonatal repair, and discuss important physiological and anatomic considerations.
THE EPISTEMOLOGICAL PROBLEM OF BRITISH INDIA IN RUDYARD KIPLING'S “THE MAN WHO WOULD BE KING”
Authors: Pionke Albert D.
Published: June 2014

First published in The Phantom Rickshaw (1888), the fifth volume in A. H. Wheeler & Co.'s “Indian Railway Library” series, “The Man Who Would Be King” may be the best and is almost certainly the last story that Rudyard Kipling wrote while still living in India. It is, then, the culmination of an annus mirabilis that saw its twenty-three-year-old author publish six books, albeit short ones, and achieve widespread fame in India. He also garnered sufficient acclaim in England that he would decide to resign his editorial position at George Allen's two Anglo-Indian newspapers, the Civil and Military Gazette and the Pioneer, in favor of a literary life in London. In light of these biographical facts, readers might reasonably expect the story to offer a summative, even authoritative, conclusion about life and empire on the subcontinent that Kipling had represented so abundantly all year.
“NOT ALTOGETHER UNPICTURESQUE”: SAMUEL BOURNE AND THE LANDSCAPING OF THE VICTORIAN HIMALAYA
Authors: Banerjee Sandeep
Published: June 2014

During his third expeditioninto the higher Himalaya in 1866, the most ambitious of his three journeys into the mountains, Samuel Bourne trekked to the Gangotri glacier, the source of the Ganges. At that site he took “two or three negatives of this holy and not altogether unpicturesque object,” the first photographs ever made of the glacier and the ice cave called Gomukh, meaning the cow's mouth, from which the river emerges (Bourne 96). These words of Victorian India's pre-eminent landscape photographer, importantly, highlight the coming together of the picturesque mode and the landscape form through the medium of photography. In this essay, I focus on Samuel Bourne's images of the Himalaya, produced between 1863 and 1870, to query the ideological power of this triangulation to produce a specific image of the mountains in late nineteenth-century Victorian India. Situating Bourne's images in relation to contemporaneous material practices of the British within the space of the Himalaya, namely, the establishment of hill stations as picturesque locales in the higher altitudes of the Indian subcontinent, I argue that the landscape form, the picturesque mode, and the photographic medium, inflect each other to tame the sublimity of the mountains by representing them as similar to the Alps.
BEYOND BENGAL: GENDER, EDUCATION, AND THE WRITING OF COLONIAL INDIAN HISTORY
Authors: O'Dell Benjamin D.
Published: June 2014

Few topics connected to the studyof colonial India have produced quite as much scholarship in recent years as the issue of colonial Indian education reform. The past decade alone has witnessed the publication of no fewer than eight English-language books on the subject, as well as a steady stream of journal articles. Part of the appeal of such research is no doubt a result of India's privileged place in the British Empire during the nineteenth century. In 1881, India's first complete census documented the existence of 253,891,821 Indian subjects living under the British Raj – or, to put it another way, a population nearly ten times the size of England and Wales's own population during the same period. For scholars, education offers a particularly fruitful site for understanding British colonial ideology. In addition, it provides an important glimpse into the lives of Indian subjects. An extensive print archive, manifest in sources as diverse as political speeches, bureaucratic files, periodicals, and memoirs, has greatly aided research into the development of colonial education. At the same time, the tendency for research to privilege particular regional focuses has left troublesome gaps in the historical record.
TRANSFORMATIONS OF BYRON IN THE LITERATURE OF BRITISH INDIA
Authors: Fhlathúin Máire ní
Published: June 2014

This essay examines the receptionof Byron's work, and some responses to it, among the poets of the British community in India during the first half of the nineteenth century. The first section sketches some of the routes by which Byron's work and accounts of his life were circulated and read in India and demonstrates the impact of his work on the poets of British India. These poets co-opted Byronic texts into their own writings in the form of epigraphs and other citations and allusions, composed responses to Byron and his work, and imitated the tropes, formats and themes of Byron's poetry. The second section of the essay looks in more detail at selected examples of the many adaptations and imitations of Byron's work that proliferated during this period. In these poems, Byronic models are appropriated by writers whose chosen professions or relationships have the effect of aligning them with the colonial project of the East India Company. They re-imagined the encounter with the romanticized Orient that characterizes many of Byron's works in response to the specific political and cultural contexts of British India in the nineteenth century.
Existential behavioral therapy for informal caregivers of palliative patients: Barriers and promoters of support utilization
Authors: Thurn Tamara , Brandstätter Monika , Fensterer Veronika , Küchenhoff Helmut , Fegg Martin Johannes
Published: June 2014

Objective:

Several interventions have been developed during recent years to support informal caregivers of palliative patients. However, these trials reported low enrollment rates. Employing a newly developed group intervention, existential behavioral therapy (EBT), one study reported that only 13.6% of approached informal caregivers participated. The purpose of our present study was to identify the reasons for this low enrollment rate in order to improve future support designs.

Method:

All participants in the EBT trial (intervention vs. standard-care control group) as well as those who declined participation during a 4-month recruitment period were studied prospectively over 12 months. Andersen's behavioral model of healthcare service use was employed to identify group differences between acceptors and decliners: predisposing (age, gender, education, family status, relationship), enabling (social support, distance to hospital, caring vs. bereaved), and need factors (psychological distress, quality of life) were evaluated in a binary-logistic model.

Results:

Some 94 decliners were compared to 160 EBT participants (n = 81 intervention, n = 79 control). Caregivers who took part were significantly more distressed and suffered from a lower quality of life compared to decliners. Not only these need factors but also predisposing (age <55 years) and enabling (use of social/professional support, familiarity with caregiving institution) factors were associated with EBT utilization. At the 12-month follow-up, EBT intervention participants reported greater quality of life improvements than decliners or controls (p = 0.05). While all groups had mean anxiety scores below the cutoff at 12-month follow-up, decliners showed better improvement in anxiety compared to EBT participants (intervention p = 0.04, controls p = 0.03).

Significance of results:

On average, decliners are less burdened: they may be more resilient, may have better coping strategies, or already have a sufficient support network in place. Screening caregivers with regard to their experienced quality of life and targeting those in need, especially younger caregivers with low levels of quality of life, may help to allocate resources more appropriately.
Can marine bacteria be recruited from freshwater sources and the air?
Authors: Comte Jérôme , Lindström Eva S , Eiler Alexander , Langenheder Silke
Published: June 2014

There is now clear evidence that microorganisms present biogeographic patterns, yet the processes that create and maintain them are still not well understood. In particular, the contribution of dispersal and its exact impact on local community composition is still unclear. For example, dispersing cells may not thrive in recipient environments, but may still remain part of the local species pool. Here, we experimentally tested if marine bacteria can be retrieved from freshwater communities (pelagic and sediment) and the atmosphere by exposing bacteria from three lakes, that differ in their proximity to the Norwegian Sea, to marine conditions. We found that the percentage of freshwater taxa decreased with increasing salinities, whereas marine taxa increased along the same gradient. Our results further showed that this increase was stronger for lake and sediment compared with air communities. Further, significant increases in the average niche breadth of taxa were found for all sources, and in particular lake water and sediment communities, at higher salinities. Our results therefore suggests that marine taxa can readily grow from freshwater sources, but that the response was likely driven by the growth of habitat generalists that are typically found in marine systems. Finally, there was a greater proportion of marine taxa found in communities originating from the lake closest to the Norwegian Sea. In summary, this study shows that the interplay between bacterial dispersal limitation and dispersal from internal and external sources may have an important role for community recovery in response to environmental change.
Al13@Pt42 Core-Shell Cluster for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Xiao B. B. , Zhu Y. F. , Lang X. Y. , Wen Z. , Jiang Q.
Published: June 2014

To increase Pt utilization for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in fuel cells, reducing particle sizes of Pt is a valid way. However, poisoning or surface oxidation limits the smallest size of Pt particles at 2.6 nm with a low utility of 20%. Here, using density functional theory calculations, we develop a core-shell Al13@Pt42cluster as a catalyst for ORR. Benefit from alloying with Al in this cluster, the covalent Pt-Al bonding effectively activates the Pt atoms at the edge sites, enabling its high utility up to 70%. Valuably, the adsorption energy of O is located at the optimal range with 0.0–0.4 eV weaker than Pt(111), while OH-poisoning does not observed. Moreover, ORR comes from O2dissociation mechanism where the rate-limiting step is located at OH formation from O and H with a barrier of 0.59 eV, comparable with 0.50 eV of OH formation from O and H2O on Pt(111).
Nanoscopic optical rulers beyond the FRET distance limit: fundamentals and applications
Authors: Ray Paresh Chandra , Fan Zhen , Crouch Rebecca A. , Sinha Sudarson Sekhar , Pramanik Avijit
Published: June 2014

This review reports recent advances in the development of long-range nanomaterial-based optical rulers.
NanoSIMS combined with fluorescence microscopy as a tool for subcellular imaging of isotopically labeled platinum-based anticancer drugs
Authors: Legin Anton A. , Schintlmeister Arno , Jakupec Michael A. , Galanski Mathea S. , Lichtscheidl Irene , Wagner Michael , Keppler Bernhard K.
Published: June 2014

NanoSIMS combined with fluorescence microscopy reveals subcellular structures in cancer cells where 15N-labeled cisplatin is accumulated, with implications for Pt–N bond integrity.
Mycobacteriophage lysin-mediated capture of cells for the PCR detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis
Authors: Singh Upasana , Arutyunov Denis , Basu Urmila , Santos Seckler Henrique Dos , Szymanski Christine M. , Evoy Stephane
Published: June 2014

Mycobacteriacaptured by beads functionalized with phage lysin.
Covalent, sequence-specific attachment of long DNA molecules to a surface using DNA-templated click chemistry
Authors: Abel Gary R. , Cao Blessing Huynh , Hein Jason E. , Ye Tao
Published: June 2014

We present a novel method that covalently and sequence-specifically attaches long DNA molecules to a surface that is compatible with high-resolution atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging.
Large-scale dissipative particle dynamics simulations of self-assembled amphiphilic systems
Authors: Li Xuejin , Tang Yu-Hang , Liang Haojun , Karniadakis George Em
Published: June 2014

GPU-accelerated dissipative particle dynamics has been explored to probe the self-assembly of amphiphilic molecules in a soft confined environment.
Tuning the thermosensitive properties of hybrid collagen peptide–polymer hydrogels
Authors: Rubert Pérez Charles M. , Rank Leslie A. , Chmielewski Jean
Published: June 2014

Collagen peptide, PEG-based hydrogels with tuneable thermosensitive properties are validated as stimuli-responsive materials.
Dominant behaviours in the expression of human carbonic anhydrase hCA I activity
Authors: Abdelrahim M. Yahia M. , Tanc Muhammet , Winum Jean-Yves , Supuran Claudiu T. , Barboiu Mihail
Published: June 2014

Dynamic deconvolution ofDCLsof inhibitors (CAIs) and activators (CAAs) of hCA I show that the inhibitory effects dominate over the activating ones.
Polynorbornene derived 8-hydroxyquinoline paper strips for ultrasensitive chemical nerve agent surrogate sensing
Authors: Sarkar Santu , Shunmugam Raja
Published: June 2014

The detection of nerve agent simulants is achieved by the photoinduced electron transfer (PET) mechanism.
Well-defined nano-sunflowers formed by self-assembly of a rod-coil amphiphile in water and their morphology transformation based on a water-soluble pillar[5]arene
Authors: Zhou Yujuan , Yao Yong , Xue Min
Published: June 2014

Well-defined nano-sunflowers were constructed by self-assembling a rod-coil amphiphile in water. They transformed into fluorescent vesicles upon addition of a water soluble pillar[5]arene. However, Ag2O could prohibit this transformation.
BaPbSi2O6·BaSO4: the first mixed anionic compound synthesized via BaSO4 salt-inclusion
Authors: Dong Lingyun , Pan Shilie , Wang Ying , Yu Hongwei , Bian Qiang , Yang Zhihua , Wu Hongping , Zhang Min
Published: June 2014

A novel silicate and sulfate compound, BaPbSi2O6·BaSO4, has been synthesized via BaSO4 salt-inclusion.
Water/n-heptane interface as a viable platform for the self-assembly of ZnO nanospheres to nanorods
Authors: Ali Mohammed , Rahaman Hasimur , Rahman Dewan S. , Nath Surjatapa , Ghosh Sujit Kumar
Published: June 2014

The water/n-heptane interface has been exploited as a viable and selective platform for the transformation of quasi-spherical ZnO nanoparticles to nanorods.
Recent advances in the design strategies for porphyrin-based coordination polymers
Authors: Zha Quanzheng , Rui Xing , Wei Tiantian , Xie Yongshu
Published: June 2014

Strategies to construct the porphyrin-based coordination polymers are summarized based on utilization of metal nodes, porphyrin ligands, inorganic polyoxometalates and post-synthetic modification.
IRMPD spectroscopy of metalated flavins: structure and bonding of Mq+–lumichrome complexes (Mq+ = Li+–Cs+, Ag+, Mg2+)
Authors: Günther Alan , Nieto Pablo , Berden Giel , Oomens Jos , Dopfer Otto
Published: June 2014

The strength, structure, and type of bonding of cationic metal–flavin interactions are characterized by IR spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations of Mq+ ions complexed to lumichrome.
Significant evidence of C⋯O and C⋯C long-range contacts in several heterodimeric complexes of CO with CH3–X, should one refer to them as carbon and dicarbon bonds!
Authors: Varadwaj Pradeep R. , Varadwaj Arpita , Jin Bih-Yaw
Published: June 2014

An illustrated example of a ‘dicarbon bond’ formed between a pair of two carbon atoms of the OC⋯CH3–Cl3intermolecular complex, one corresponding to the methylated carbon in 1,1,1-trichloro-ethane (CH3–Cl3) and one to the carbon in the carbon dioxide (CO) molecule.
Heterometallic aluminates: alkali metals trapped by an aluminium aryloxide claw
Authors: Muñoz Mª Teresa , Cuenca Tomás , Mosquera Marta E. G.
Published: June 2014

In the heterometallic species prepared [AlMMe2{2,6-(MeO)2C6H3O}2]n (M = Li, Na and K), the {AlMe2{(2,6-(MeO)2C6H3O}2}− moiety acts as a claw that grasps alkali metals of very different sizes.
Synthesis of metal–organic frameworks by continuous flow
Authors: Bayliss Peter A. , Ibarra Ilich A. , Pérez Eduardo , Yang Sihai , Tang Chiu C. , Poliakoff Martyn , Schröder Martin
Published: June 2014

MIL-53(Al) can be prepared via reaction in continuous flow in only 5–6 minutes with a space time yield of 1300 kg m−3 d−1. Extraction of free terephthalic acid from within the pores of MIL-53(Al) using supercritical ethanol has been developed.
Delayed voltammetric with respect to amperometric electrochemical detection of concentration changes in microchannels
Authors: Trouillon Raphaël , Gijs Martin A. M.
Published: June 2014

Using a microfluidic/electrochemical chip, it is shown that voltammetric techniques cannot resolve fast concentration changes as well as amperometry, largely because of the intrinsic relaxation time of the diffusion layer, inducing a dampening of the system response at high frequency.
l-Valine methyl ester-containing tetraphenylethene: aggregation-induced emission, aggregation-induced circular dichroism, circularly polarized luminescence, and helical self-assembly
Authors: Li Hongkun , Cheng Juan , Zhao Yihua , Lam Jacky W. Y. , Wong Kam Sing , Wu Hongkai , Li Bing Shi , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: June 2014

Val-TPE shows aggregation-induced emission, aggregation-induced circular dichroism, circularly polarized luminescence and the capacity to self-assemble into helical nanofibers.
Synthesis of tunable ZnS–CuS microspheres and visible-light photoactivity for rhodamine B
Authors: Wang Xuewu , Li Yanan , Wang Mingrui , Li Wenjiang , Chen Minfang , Zhao Yue
Published: June 2014

The heterostructure of obtained ZnS–CuS can timely transfer and separate photogenerated electrons and holes, which enhances their photocatalytic abilities.
Preparation and characterization of few-layer MoS2nanosheets and their good nonlinear optical responses in the PMMA matrix
Authors: Tao Lili , Long Hui , Zhou Bo , Yu Siu Fung , Lau Shu Ping , Chai Yang , Fung Kin Hung , Tsang Yuen Hong , Yao Jianquan , Xu Degang
Published: June 2014

Few-layer MoS2nanosheets are homogeneously incorporated in PMMA and show good nonlinear optical responses, suggesting a promising candidate for laser optical limiting materials.
Dimerization of heteroaromatic N-oxides under metal-free conditions
Authors: Wang Hui , Pei Yu , Bai Jie , Zhang Jinli , Wu Yangjie , Cui Xiuling
Published: June 2014

A one-pot protocol to synthesize biheteroaromaticN-oxide compounds was developed under metal-free and catalyst-free conditions.
Orientational order of one-patch colloidal particles in two dimensions
Authors: Iwashita Yasutaka , Kimura Yasuyuki
Published: June 2014

Various orientational orders of one-patch colloidal particles were realized experimentally by controlling ordering kinetics. Comparison of them with the equilibrium orders calculated by simulation reveals the ordering mechanism.
Modification of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 high potential cathode from the inner lattice to the outer surface with Cr3+-doping and Li+-conductor coating
Authors: Yang Xiaojian , Yang Tao , Liang Shanshan , Wu Xin , Zhang Hanping
Published: June 2014

The Li0.1B0.967PO4 Li+-conductive coating improves the cyclability and rate performance of Cr3+-doped LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 high potential cathode.
Preparation and oxidation behavior of Ag-coated Cu nanoparticles less than 20 nm in size
Authors: Chee Sang-Soo , Lee Jong-Hyun
Published: June 2014

This study examines the oxidation behavior of Ag-coated Cu (Cu@Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) less than 20 nm in size synthesized using a solvothermal method and an immersion process with varying Ag shell quality. The anti-oxidation property of Cu@Ag NPs was strongly dependant on the Ag shell quality.
A novel ambipolar polymer: from organic thin-film transistors to enhanced air-stable blue light emitting diodes
Authors: Fallahi Afsoon , Taromi Faramarz Afshar , Mohebbi Alireza , Yuen Jonathan D. , Shahinpoor Mohsen
Published: June 2014

An efficient binary blend of PFO and a novel DA polymer is presented to suppress keto defect sites of PFO as well as creating a strong long-lasting blue-color emitting PLED.
Single‐band full‐duplex MAC protocol for distributed access networks
Authors: Askari Elaheh , Aïssa Sonia
Published: June 2014

Recent advances in wireless communications promised the realisation of a revolutionary technique, called full‐duplex (FD), which allows communication in both directions at the same time and over the same channel. However, the viability of FD in the physical layer requires the support of the MAC layer to fully spread the advantages of this technology to the whole wireless network. In this study, the authors introduce a distributed MAC protocol, termed distributed‐access FD MAC, suitable for multi‐hop communications whereby nodes are FD enabled. Using this protocol, a data packet can be forwarded by a number of nodes along a multi‐hop path with un‐contented access to the channel at each hop except for the head node. After detailing the specifications of this protocol, they establish a finite‐state discrete‐time Markov model to evaluate its performance. Using probabilistic mathematical methods, they derive important quantitative metrics such as path delay and throughput. Numerical results are provided and demonstrate the considerable improvement in network performance that the proposed protocol achieves compared with CSMA/CA half‐duplex access mechanism.