bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Rapid Beam Pointing Determination and Beam-Pointing Error Analysis Method for a Geostationary Orbiting Microwave Radiometer Antenna in Consideration of Antenna Thermal Distortions
Authors: Hu Hualong , Tong Xiaochong , Li He
Published: September 2021

When observing the Earth’s radiation signal with a geostationary orbiting (GEO) mechanically scanned microwave radiometer, it is necessary to correct the antenna beam pointing (ABP) in real time for the deviation caused by thermal distortions of antenna reflectors with the help of the on-board Image Navigation and Registration (INR) system during scanning of the Earth. The traditional ABP determination and beam-pointing error (BPE) analysis method is based on the electromechanical coupling principle, which usurps time and computing resources and thus cannot meet the requirement for frequent real-time on-board INR operations needed by the GEO microwave radiometer. For this reason, matrix optics (MO), which is widely used in characterizing the optical path of the visible/infrared sensor, is extended to this study so that it can be applied to model the equivalent optical path of the microwave antenna with a much more complicated configuration. Based on the extended MO method, the ideal ABP determination model and the model for determining the actual ABP affected by reflector thermal distortions are deduced for China’s future GEO radiometer, and an MO-based BPE computing method, which establishes a direct connection between the reflector thermal distortion errors (TDEs) and the thermally induced BPE, is defined. To verify the overall performance of the extended MO method for rapid ABP determination, the outputs from the ideal ABP determination model were compared to calculations from GRASP 10.3 software. The experimental results show that the MO-based ABP determination model can achieve the same results as GRASP software with a significant advantage in computational efficiency (e.g., at the lowest frequency band of 54 GHz, our MO-based model yielded a 4,730,000 times faster computation time than the GRASP software). After validating the correctness of the extended MO method, the impacts of the reflector TDEs on the BPE were quantified on a case-by-case basis with the help of the defined BPE computing method, and those TDEs that had a significant impact on the BPE were therefore identified. The methods and results presented in this study are expected to set the basis for the further development of on-board INR systems to be used in China’s future GEO microwave radiometer and benefit the ABP determination and BEP analysis of other antenna configurations to a certain extent.
Characterisation of SiPM Photon Emission in the Dark
Authors: McLaughlin Joseph Biagio , Gallina Giacomo , Retière Fabrice , De St. Croix Austin , Giampa Pietro , Mahtab Mahsa , Margetak Peter , Martin Lars , Massacret Nicolas , Monroe Jocelyn , Patel Mayur , Raymond Kurtis , Roiseux Jolie , Xie Liang , Zhang Guoqing
Published: September 2021

In this paper, we report on the photon emission of Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) from avalanche pulses generated in dark conditions, with the main objective of better understanding the associated systematics for next-generation, large area, SiPM-based physics experiments. A new apparatus for spectral and imaging analysis was developed at TRIUMF and used to measure the light emitted by the two SiPMs considered as photo-sensor candidates for the nEXO neutrinoless double-beta decay experiment: one Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK) VUV-HD Low Field (LF) Low After Pulse (Low AP) (VUV-HD3) SiPM and one Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. (HPK) VUV4 Multi-Pixel Photon Counter (MPPC). Spectral measurements of their light emissions were taken with varying over-voltage in the wavelength range of 450–1020 nm. For the FBK VUV-HD3, at an over-voltage of 12.1±1.0 V, we measured a secondary photon yield (number of photons (γ) emitted per charge carrier (e−)) of (4.04±0.02)×10−6γ/e−. The emission spectrum of the FBK VUV-HD3 contains an interference pattern consistent with thin-film interference. Additionally, emission microscopy images (EMMIs) of the FBK VUV-HD3 show a small number of highly localized regions with increased light intensity (hotspots) randomly distributed over the SiPM surface area. For the HPK VUV4 MPPC, at an over-voltage of 10.7±1.0 V, we measured a secondary photon yield of (8.71±0.04)×10−6γ/e−. In contrast to the FBK VUV-HD3, the emission spectra of the HPK VUV4 did not show an interference pattern—likely due to a thinner surface coating. The EMMIs of the HPK VUV4 also revealed a larger number of hotspots compared to the FBK VUV-HD3, especially in one of the corners of the device. The photon yield reported in this paper may be limited if compared with the one reported in previous studies due to the measurement wavelength range, which is only up to 1020 nm.
Early Detection of Aphid Infestation and Insect-Plant Interaction Assessment in Wheat Using a Low-Cost Electronic Nose (E-Nose), Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Machine Learning Modeling
Authors: Fuentes Sigfredo , Tongson Eden , Unnithan Ranjith R. , Gonzalez Viejo Claudia
Published: September 2021

Advances in early insect detection have been reported using digital technologies through camera systems, sensor networks, and remote sensing coupled with machine learning (ML) modeling. However, up to date, there is no cost-effective system to monitor insect presence accurately and insect-plant interactions. This paper presents results on the implementation of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) and a low-cost electronic nose (e-nose) coupled with machine learning. Several artificial neural network (ANN) models were developed based on classification to detect the level of infestation and regression to predict insect numbers for both e-nose and NIR inputs, and plant physiological response based on e-nose to predict photosynthesis rate (A), transpiration (E) and stomatal conductance (gs). Results showed high accuracy for classification models ranging within 96.5–99.3% for NIR and between 94.2–99.2% using e-nose data as inputs. For regression models, high correlation coefficients were obtained for physiological parameters (gs, E and A) using e-nose data from all samples as inputs (R = 0.86) and R = 0.94 considering only control plants (no insect presence). Finally, R = 0.97 for NIR and R = 0.99 for e-nose data as inputs were obtained to predict number of insects. Performances for all models developed showed no signs of overfitting. In this paper, a field-based system using unmanned aerial vehicles with the e-nose as payload was proposed and described for deployment of ML models to aid growers in pest management practices.
An Improved STL-LSTM Model for Daily Bus Passenger Flow Prediction during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Jiao Feng , Huang Lei , Song Rongjia , Huang Haifeng
Published: September 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic is a significant public health problem globally, which causes difficulty and trouble for both people’s travel and public transport companies’ management. Improving the accuracy of bus passenger flow prediction during COVID-19 can help these companies make better decisions on operation scheduling and is of great significance to epidemic prevention and early warnings. This research proposes an improved STL-LSTM model (ISTL-LSTM), which combines seasonal-trend decomposition procedure based on locally weighted regression (STL), multiple features, and three long short-term memory (LSTM) neural networks. Specifically, the proposed ISTL-LSTM method consists of four procedures. Firstly, the original time series is decomposed into trend series, seasonality series, and residual series through implementing STL. Then, each sub-series is concatenated with new features. In addition, each fused sub-series is predicted by different LSTM models separately. Lastly, predicting values generated from LSTM models are combined in a final prediction value. In the case study, the prediction of daily bus passenger flow in Beijing during the pandemic is selected as the research object. The results show that the ISTL-LSTM model could perform well and predict at least 15% more accurately compared with single models and a hybrid model. This research fills the gap of bus passenger flow prediction under the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic and provides helpful references for studies on passenger flow prediction.
Assessment of Arrow-of-Time Metrics for the Characterization of Underwater Explosions
Authors: Miralles Ramón , Lara Guillermo , Carrión Alicia , Bou-Cabo Manuel
Published: September 2021

Anthropogenic impulsive sound sources with high intensity are a threat to marine life and it is crucial to keep them under control to preserve the biodiversity of marine ecosystems. Underwater explosions are one of the representatives of these impulsive sound sources, and existing detection techniques are generally based on monitoring the pressure level as well as some frequency-related features. In this paper, we propose a complementary approach to the underwater explosion detection problem through assessing the arrow of time. The arrow of time of the pressure waves coming from underwater explosions conveys information about the complex characteristics of the nonlinear physical processes taking place as a consequence of the explosion to some extent. We present a thorough review of the characterization of arrows of time in time-series, and then provide specific details regarding their applications in passive acoustic monitoring. Visibility graph-based metrics, specifically the direct horizontal visibility graph of the instantaneous phase, have the best performance when assessing the arrow of time in real explosions compared to similar acoustic events of different kinds. The proposed technique has been validated in both simulations and real underwater explosions.
Motorized Treadmill and Optical Recording System for Gait Analysis of Grasshoppers
Authors: Barreto Leslie , Shon Ahnsei , Knox Derrick , Song Hojun , Park Hangue , Kim Jeonghee
Published: September 2021

(1) Background: Insects, which serve as model systems for many disciplines with their unique advantages, have not been extensively studied in gait research because of the lack of appropriate tools and insect models to properly study the insect gaits. (2) Methods: In this study, we present a gait analysis of grasshoppers with a closed-loop custom-designed motorized insect treadmill with an optical recording system for quantitative gait analysis. We used the eastern lubber grasshopper, a flightless and large-bodied species, as our insect model. Gait kinematics were recorded and analyzed by making three grasshoppers walk on the treadmill with various speeds from 0.1 to 1.5 m/s. (3) Results: Stance duty factor was measured as 70–95% and decreased as walking speed increased. As the walking speed increased, the number of contact legs decreased, and diagonal arrangement of contact was observed at walking speed of 1.1 cm/s. (4) Conclusions: This pilot study of gait analysis of grasshoppers using the custom-designed motorized insect treadmill with the optical recording system demonstrates the feasibility of quantitative, repeatable, and real-time insect gait analysis.
In-Line Measurement of the Surface Texture of Rolls Using Long Slender Piezoresistive Microprobes
Authors: Teir Linus , Lindstedt Tuomas , Widmaier Thomas , Hemming Björn , Brand Uwe , Fahrbach Michael , Peiner Erwin , Lassila Antti
Published: September 2021

Long slender piezoresistive silicon microprobes are a new type of sensor for measurement of surface roughness. Their advantage is the ability to measure at speeds of up to 15 mm/s, which is much faster than conventional stylus probes. The drawbacks are their small measurement range and tendency to break easily when deflected by more than the allowed range of 1 mm. In this article, previously developed microprobes were tested in the laboratory to evaluate their metrological properties, then tested under industrial conditions. There are several industrial measurement applications in which microprobes are useful. Measurement of the roughness of paper machine rolls was selected for testing in this study. The integration of a microprobe into an existing roll measurement device is presented together with the measurement results. The results are promising, indicating that measurements using a microprobe can give useful data on the grinding process.
Stopping the Mobile Robotic Vehicle at a Defined Distance from the Obstacle by Means of an Infrared Distance Sensor
Authors: Klimenda Frantisek , Cizek Roman , Pisarik Matej , Sterba Jan
Published: September 2021

The article deals with the creation of a program for stopping an autonomous robotic vehicle Robotino® 4. generation at a defined distance from an obstacle. One of the nine infrared distance sensors located on the frame of the robotic vehicle in the front part of the frame is used for this application task. The infrared distance sensor characteristic is created from the measured experimental data, which is then linearized in the given section. The main aim of the experiment is to find such an equation of a line that corresponds to the stopping of a robotic vehicle with a given accuracy from an obstacle. The determined equation of the line is applied to the resulting program for autonomous control of the robotic vehicle. This issue is one of the many tasks performed by AGV in the industry. The introduction of AGVs into the industry is one of the many possibilities within Industry 4.0.
Peculiarities and Applications of Stochastic Processes with Fractal Properties
Authors: Amosov Oleg Semenovich , Amosova Svetlana Gennadievna
Published: September 2021

In this paper, the fractal properties of stochastic processes and objects in different areas were specified and investigated. These included: measuring systems and sensors, navigation and motion controls, telecommunication systems and networks, and flaw detection technologies. Additional options that occur through the use of fractality were also indicated and exemplified for each application. Regarding the problems associated with navigation information processing, the following fractal nature processes were identified: errors of inertial sensors based on the microelectromechanical systems called MEMS, in particular gyroscopic drift and accelerometer bias, and; the trajectory movement of mobile objects. With regard to navigation problems specifically, the estimation problem statement and its solution are given by way of the Bayesian approach for processing fractal processes. The modified index of self-similarity for telecommunication series was proposed, and the self-similarity of network traffic based on the R/S method and wavelet analysis was identified. In failure detection, fractality manifested as porosity, wrinkles, surface fractures, and ultrasonic echo signals measured using non-destructive sensors used for rivet compound testing.
The Effects of the Structural and Acoustic Parameters of the Skull Model on Transcranial Focused Ultrasound
Authors: Zhang Hao , Zhang Yanqiu , Xu Minpeng , Song Xizi , Chen Shanguang , Jian Xiqi , Ming Dong
Published: September 2021

Transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) has great potential in brain imaging and therapy. However, the structural and acoustic differences of the skull will cause a large number of technical problems in the application of tFUS, such as low focus energy, focal shift, and defocusing. To have a comprehensive understanding of the skull effect on tFUS, this study investigated the effects of the structural parameters (thickness, radius of curvature, and distance from the transducer) and acoustic parameters (density, acoustic speed, and absorption coefficient) of the skull model on tFUS based on acrylic plates and two simulation methods (self-programming and COMSOL). For structural parameters, our research shows that as the three factors increase the unit distance, the attenuation caused from large to small is the thickness (0.357 dB/mm), the distance to transducer (0.048 dB/mm), and the radius of curvature (0.027 dB/mm). For acoustic parameters, the attenuation caused by density (0.024 dB/30 kg/m3) and acoustic speed (0.021 dB/30 m/s) are basically the same. Additionally, as the absorption coefficient increases, the focus acoustic pressure decays exponentially. The thickness of the structural parameters and the absorption coefficient of the acoustic parameters are the most important factors leading to the attenuation of tFUS. The experimental and simulation trends are highly consistent. This work contributes to the comprehensive and quantitative understanding of how the skull influences tFUS, which further enhances the application of tFUS in neuromodulation research and treatment.
Prescription and Effects of Strength Training in Individuals with Intellectual Disability—A Systematic Review
Authors: Jacinto Miguel , Oliveira Rafael , Brito João P. , Martins Alexandre D. , Matos Rui , Ferreira José Pedro
Published: September 2021

The practice of physical exercise (PE), especially strength training (ST), has health benefits in the healthy population; however, the literature is scarce in the recommendations related to the population with intellectual disability (ID). This study represents the first analysis on the topic and aims to examine the structure and efficacy of ST experimental intervention programs in individuals with ID. This systematic review was carried out between January and April 2021, using the PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus databases, according to the PRISMA guidelines. From a total of 166 studies, eight were included in the present systematic review. The studies included a total of 280 individuals (18.23 ± 2.86 years old). The main features of the exercise programs are: 12 weeks average duration, three weekly sessions of 45–60 min, six to seven exercises targeting the main muscle groups, two to three sets, 6–12 repetitions, and avoiding free weights for safety reasons. The main results showed increments in strength, balance and fat-free mass and decrements in fat mass and waist circumference. It is a useful guideline for PE technicians to prescribe and adjust correctly in order to not only promote physical fitness, but improve the quality of life of individuals with ID.
Abscisic Acid in Coordination with Nitrogen Alleviates Salinity-Inhibited Photosynthetic Potential in Mustard by Improving Proline Accumulation and Antioxidant Activity
Authors: Majid Arif , Rather Bilal A. , Masood Asim , Sehar Zebus , Anjum Naser A. , Khan Nafees A.
Published: September 2021

This investigation was done to assess the role of abscisic acid (ABA; 25 µM) and/or nitrogen (N; 10 mM) in the alleviation of salinity (NaCl; 100 mM)-induced reduction in photosynthetic activity and growth, N and sulfur (S) assimilation of mustard (Brassica juncea L.) cv. RH0-749. Salinity treatment caused oxidative stress and significantly elevated the content of both H2O2 and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and impaired photosynthetic activity and growth, but increased the content of nitrogenous osmolyte proline and the activity of antioxidant enzymes involved in the metabolism of reactive oxygen species. The application of 25 µM ABA under a controlled condition negatively affected photosynthesis and growth. However, ABA, when combined with N, minimized oxidative stress and mitigated the salinity-inhibited effects by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD; glutathione reductase, GR; ascorbate peroxidase, APX) and proline content. Overall, the supplementation of 10 mM N combined with 25 µM ABA provides an important strategy for enhancing the photosynthetic potential of B. juncea under saline conditions.
SUBPOPULATIONS OF CALBINDIN-, CALRETININ- AND PARVALBUMINIMMUNOREACTIVE INTERNEURONS OF THE DORSAL HORN OF THE SPINAL CORD OF FEMALE C57BL/6 MICE
Authors: Порсева В. В. , Емануйлов А. И. , Маслюков П.М.
Published: September 2021

Цель - сравнительный анализ субпопуляций интернейронов, содержащих кальбиндин (КАБ), кальретинин (КАР) и парвальбумин (ПАВ) в дорсальном роге Т-Т-сегментов спинного мозга (СМ). Материал и методы. Иммунореактивные (ИР) интернейроны у самок мышей C57BL/6 в возрасте 16 нед исследовали с использованием иммуногистохимических методов. Результаты. Все субпопуляции ИР-интернейронов топографически выявлялись во всех пластинках дорсального рога СМ, однако в пластинке I не выявлены ИР к ПАВ-интернейронам. При этом содержание КАБ-интернейронов преобладало в пластинках I (27 %) и II (29 %), КАР-интернейронов - в пластинке II (21,5 %), ПАВ-интернейронов - в пластинках IV (5,7 %) и V (6,2 %). Кроме того, субпопуляция ПАВ-интернейронов представлена малочисленной группой клеток по сравнению с другими кальций-связывающими белками в пластинках II, III и области медиального края (ОМК) дорсального рога, а КАРинтернейронов - в пластинках III, IV, V и ОМК. Количественное распределение субпопуляции интернейронов, содержащих кальбиндин, преобладало во всех пластинках дорсального рога СМ. Клеточные размеры в указанных субпопуляциях ИР-интернейронов статистически значимо различались, при этом крупнее оказались интернейроны, содержащие КАБ и КАР, мельче - ПАВ. Выводы. В дорсальном роге СМ выявляются различные субпопуляции интернейронов, иммунореактивных к кальбиндину, кальретинину, парвальбумину, специфичные для каждой пластинки.

Objective - to make a comparative analysis of interneurons subpopulations that contain calbindin (CAB), calretinin (CAR) and parvalbumin (PAV) in the dorsal horn of the T-T segments of the spinal cord (SC). Materials and methods. Immunoreactive (IR) interneurons in 16-week-old female C57BL/6 mice were studied using immunohistochemical methods. Results. All subpopulations of IR interneurons were located in all laminae of the dorsal horn of the SC; however, interneurons IR to PAV were not detected in plate I. The relative content of CAB interneurons was greatest in laminae I (27 %) and II (29 %), CAR interneurons - in lamina II (21,5 %), PAV interneurons - in laminae IV (5,7 %) and V (6,2 %). In addition, a subpopulation of PAV interneurons in plates II, III and in the region of the dorsal horn medial border (MB) was represented by a small group of cells, in contrast with other calcium-binding proteins. The same was true for CAR interneurons in plates III, IV, V and MB. The quantitative distribution of the subpopulation of calbindin-containing interneurons prevailed in all laminae of the dorsal horn of SC. The differences in cell sizes in the mentioned subpopulations of IR interneurons were statistically significant, with CAB and CAR interneurons being larger and PAV interneurons - smaller. Conclusions. In the dorsal horn of the SC, various subpopulations of interneurons immunoreactive to calbindin, calretinin, and parvalbumin were identified, and the subpopulations were specific in each lamina.
OXIDATIVE STRESS IN AGING
Authors: Зенков Н. К. , Кожин П. М. , Чечушков А. В. , Кандалинцева Н. В. , Мартинович Г. Г. , Меньщикова Е. Б.
Published: September 2021

Выдвинутая более 50 лет назад Д. Харманом свободнорадикальная теория старения остается популярной и сегодня. В обзоре проведен анализ возрастных изменений основных эндогенных механизмов продукции активированных кислородных метаболитов (АКМ) и механизмов антиоксидантной защиты. С возрастом генерация АКМ митохондриями, пероксисомами и NAD(P) H -оксидазами усиливается, в то время как транскрипционная активность важной системы поддержания редокс-баланса Keap 1/ Nrf 2/ ARE уменьшается. У старых животных отмечается также низкая активность аутофагии, удаляющей из клеток поврежденные органеллы и агрегированные структуры. Возрастное смещение редокс-баланса в сторону окислительного стресса может являться причиной развития возраст-ассоциированных нейрогеденеративных, аутоиммунных и воспалительных патологий.

The free-radical theory of aging, advanced more than 50 years ago by D. Harman, remains popular today. The review analyzes age-related changes in the main endogenous mechanisms of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and antioxidant defense mechanisms. With age, ROS generation by mitochondria, peroxisomes, and NAD(P)H oxidases is enhanced, while the transcriptional activity of the important system Keap 1/ Nrf 2/ ARE maintaining redox balance decreases. In old animals, autophagy activity is also low, which removes damaged organelles and aggregated structures from cells. The age-related shift of the redox balance towards oxidative stress can cause the development of age-associated neurodegenerative, autoimmune and inﬂ ammatory pathologies.
- AND -DEPENDENT WAYS PARTICIPATION IN APOPTOSIS MECHANISMS IN HYPOTALUMUS IN PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL AGING
Authors: Бажанова Е. Д. , Анисимов В. Н.
Published: September 2021

Устойчивость клеток к апоптозу может быть связана с активностью цитокинзависимой сигнализации. Целью работы явилось изучение механизмов FAS/TNF -опосредуемой регуляции апоптоза нейросекреторных клеток при физиологическом и патологическом (сверхэкспрессия HER -2/ Neu ) старении. Исследовали HER -2/ Neu -трансгенных ускоренно стареющих мышей разного возраста, дикий тип - FVB/N . Определяли уровень апоптоза нейронов ( TUNEL ) и экспрессию caspase -8, FASL , FAS , FADD и TNF -α, TRADD ( Western blotting ) в нейросекреторных центрах гипоталамуса. Показано участие провоспалительного компонента в процессе старения. Синтез FAS , FADD , TRADD и caspase -8 активируется в нейронах мышей FVB/N при старении и коррелирует с повышением уровня апоптоза. Экспрессия HER -2/ Neu вызывает подавление внешнерецепторного пути апоптоза, при этом супрессирован прием апоптозного сигнала ( FASL , FAS ) и его дальнейшая передача (экспрессия FADD и TRADD ). Однако достаточно высокое содержание TRADD у молодых трансгенных мышей и повышенная экспрессия TNF -α у старых может активировать один из путей выживания ( NF -κ B , ERK или AKT ). Таким образом, рецептор HER -2/ Neu играет важную роль в механизме резистентности клеток к возрастзависимому апоптозу, и FAS/TNF -каскады являются одной из мишеней HER -2/ Neu .

The cell resistance to apoptosis can be related to the activity of cytokine-dependent signaling. So, the aim of the work is to investigate the mechanisms of cytokine-dependent FAS/TNF -mediated regulation of apoptosis of neurosecretory cells in the physiological and pathological (overexpression of the oncogene HER -2 /Neu ) aging. HER 2/ Neu transgenic accelerated aged mice of different ages and wild type FVB/N were examined. The apoptosis level of neurons in hypothalamic sections (supraoptic and para-ventricular nuclei) ( TUNEL ) and expression of caspase -8, CD 178 ( FASL ), FAS , FADD , TRADD ( Western blotting ) was determined. Participation of the proinﬂammatory component in the aging process is shown. FAS , adapter proteins associated with the death domain ( FADD and TRADD ), caspase -8 expression is activated in hypothalamus in FVB/N mice (wild type) during aging, and it correlates with an increase in the apoptosis level. HER -2/ Neu expression leads to the extrinsic apoptotic pathway suppression. In this case, the reception of an apoptotic signal ( FAS -receptor expression) and its further transmission (expression of FADD and TRADD ) is suppressed. However, in young transgenic mice, increased expression of TRADD can activate one of the survival ways - NF -κ B , ERK or PI 3 K-AKT cascade. Thus, the HER -2/ Neu tyrosine kinase receptor plays a role in the mechanism of cell resistance to age-dependent apoptosis, and the FAS/TNF -signaling pathway is one of the targets of HER -2/ Neu .
THE ROLE OF COMPREHENSIVE GERIATRIC ASSESSMENT IN THE TREATMENT OF CANCER PATIENTS IN ELDERLY AND SENILE AGE
Authors: Алексеева Ю. В. , Семиглазова Т. Ю. , Каспаров Б. С. , Ткаченко Е. В. , Прощаев К. И. , Бриш Н. А. , Филатова Л. В. , Семиглазов В. В. , Воронина Е. А. , Касымов Р. Х. , Беляев А. М.
Published: September 2021

Современные подходы к организации диагностики и лечения больных пожилого и старческого возраста со злокачественными новообразованиями позволяют улучшать качество жизни и увеличивать продолжительность жизни. Оценка гериатрического статуса в онкологии позволяет прогнозировать осложнения в процессе комплексного лечения, в том числе лекарственного, модифицировать терапию для уменьшения факторов риска неблагоприятных исходов, осуществлять отбор пациентов на специализированное лечение с использованием стандартных схем. Таким образом, своевременная оценка гериатрических синдромов и их коррекция способна расширить показания к специализированному лечению больных пожилого и старческого возраста.

Modern approaches to the organization of diagnosis and treatment of elderly and senile patients with malignant tumors allow to maintain the necessary level of health, improve the quality of life and increase life expectancy. Assessment of geriatric status in Oncology allows: to predict complications during the complex treatment, including drug treatment; to modify treatment to reduce the risk factors of adverse outcomes; to select patients for specialized treatment using standard schemes. So, timely assessment of geriatric syndromes and their correction can expand the indications for specialized treatment of elderly and senile patients.
ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY IN CANCER PATIENTS WITH ATRIAL FIBRILLATION. CONSIDERING AGE FACTOR
Authors: Потиевская В. И. , Ахобеков А. А. , Баллюзек М. Ф.
Published: September 2021

Рассматривается современное состояние вопроса выбора антикоагулянтной терапии при фибрилляции предсердий (ФП) у онкологических больных. Отмечается, что сложность выбора антикоагулянта при злокачественных новообразованиях (ЗНО) определяется такими факторами, как коморбидные сердечно-сосудистые заболевания, нарушения функции печени и почек, метаболические дисфункции, свойственные, прежде всего, пациентам старшей возрастной группы. Приводятся актуальные данные по оценке риска геморрагических и тромбоэмболических осложнений ФП при ЗНО в аспекте возраста. Обсуждаются возможные причины увеличения риска развития ФП во время и после лечения ЗНО, в том числе и в связи с возраст-ассоциированностью этих патологий. Рассмотрены вопросы выбора антикоагулянтов у пациентов, находящихся на активной противоопухолевой терапии, особенно на препаратах из группы прямых оральных антикоагулянтов (ПОАК). Согласно данным обсервационных исследований, именно ПОАК являются перспективным, относительно безопасным и эффективным выбором для онкологических пациентов с ФП, в связи с чем их применение должно активно изучаться в рандомизированных клинических исследованиях с учетом фактора возраста. Подчеркивается, что подбор схемы антикоагулянтной терапии у пациентов с ФП и ЗНО требует междисциплинарного участия кардиологов и онкологов, а часто и гериатров, чтобы индивидуализировать лечение и предложить наиболее эффективную терапию.

The current issue of the choice of anticoagulant therapy of atrial ﬁbrillation (AF) in cancer patients is considered. It is noted that the difﬁculty of choosing an anticoagulant in malignancies is largely determined by age-related factors, such as comorbid cardiovascular diseases, liver and kidney dysfunction, metabolic disorders common for in elderly patients. Current data on the risk assessment of hemorrhagic and thromboembolic complications of AF in cancer patients in the aspect of age presented. During and after cancer treatment, the risk of developing AF can increase, also in connection with the age-associated pathology. Possible reasons of it are discussed. The choice of different anticoagulants groups in patients treated with anticancer therapy, including direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) is considered. According to available data from observational studies, it is the DOAC that is a promising, relatively safe and effective choice for cancer patients with AF, and therefore their use should be actively studied in randomized trials, considering the factor of age. It is particularly noted that solving this problem requires the interdisciplinary involvement of cardiologists, oncologists, and sometimes, geriatrics, to individualize treatment for each case and to offer the most effective therapy.
SOME PROBLEMS OF CREATING A GERIATRIC SERVICE IN THE REGIONS
Authors: Меметов С. С. , Шаркунов Н. П.
Published: September 2021

В статье отражено современное состояние гериатрической помощи в Российской Федерации на этапе формирования трехуровневой модели гериатрической службы. Указано на проблемы при организации гериатрической службы на уровне региона, в том числе отражены сложности подготовки кадров соответствующего профиля, негативное отношение людей пожилого возраста как к гериатрическим отделениям, так и к гериатрии в целом. Предложены меры по совершенствованию работы в этом направлении.

The article reﬂects the current state of geriatric care in the Russian Federation at the stage of formation of a three-level model of geriatric service. The problems in the organization of geriatric services at the regional level, including the problem of training the appropriate proﬁle, the negative attitude of the elderly to geriatric departments and geriatrics in General. Measures to improve the work in this direction are proposed.
COGNITIVE AGING AND COGNITIVE RESERVE: POINT OF CONTACT
Authors: Мякотных В. С. , Сиденкова А. П. , Остапчук Е. С. , Кулакова И. А. , Белых Н. А. , Боровкова Т. А.
Published: September 2021

Высокий риск когнитивных расстройств у лиц пожилого и старческого возраста заставляет, с одной стороны, искать их причины, с другой - возможности профилактики. В связи с этим в последние годы получило распространение понятие когнитивного резерва, подразумевающего совокупность количественных параметров головного мозга и его способности сохранять высокую функциональную активность в процессе старения и на фоне связанной с возрастом патологии головного мозга. Представленный в статье материал на основе обзора научной литературы освещает два основных момента, касающихся возможности сохранения когнитивного резерва, - гендерный и образовательный факторы. Указывается на разные возможности женщин и мужчин, связанные со структурными и функциональными особенностями ЦНС у представителей разного пола, и на особую роль поддерживаемого в течение всей жизни образовательного процесса. Обозначена авторская позиция о необходимости разделения понятий образования и образованности, то есть уровня общей культуры и создания удобного инструмента для определения последнего. Это, в свою очередь, помогло бы в разработке модели когнитивного резерва, нацеленной на предотвращение трансформации физиологического когнитивного старения в патологическое.

The high risk of cognitive disorders in the elderly and senile age makes, on the one hand, to look for their causes, on the other - the possibility of prevention. In this regard, in recent years, the concept of cognitive reserve has become widespread, implying a set of quantitative parameters of the brain and its ability to maintain high functional activity in the process of aging and against the background of age-related brain pathology. The material presented in the article on the basis of the review of scientiﬁc literature highlights two main points concerning the possibility of preserving the cognitive reserve-gender and educational factors. It is pointed to the different opportunities of women and men associated with the structural and functional characteristics of the Central nervous system in representatives of different sexes and the special role of the educational process supported throughout life. The author’s position on the need to separate the concepts of education and the level of General culture, and the creation of a convenient tool for determining the latter is indicated. This, in turn, would help in the development of a cognitive reserve model aimed at preventing the transformation of physiological cognitive aging into pathological aging.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF UNSATURATED INDICATORS FATTY ACIDS IN ELDERLY PATIENTS IN INITIAL STAGES OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE AND VASCULAR DEMENTIA
Authors: Дубинина Е. Е. , Щедрина Л. В. , Ющин К. В. , Светкина Е. В. , Залуцкая Н. М. , Ананьева Н. И. , Гомзякова Н. А. , Незнанов Н. Г.
Published: September 2021

Снижение когнитивных функций вплоть до развития деменции у пожилых людей связывают с уменьшением в крови уровня полиненасыщенных жирных кислот, особенно Омега-3, которое происходит на фоне окислительного стресса. В работе представлен сравнительный анализ спектра полиненасыщенных жирных кислот и активности отдельных компонентов ферментативной антиоксидантной системы в крови у лиц пожилого возраста с нарушением показателей когнитивного функционирования до уровня «мягкое когнитивное снижение» первично-атрофической (MCI БА, продромальная болезнь Альцгеймера) или васкулярной этиологии (MCI СД, продромальная сосудистая деменция) по сравнению с пожилыми людьми без признаков нарушений когнитивных функций. Выявлено снижение концентрации Омега-3 полиненасыщенных жирных кислот в крови обеих групп обследованных больных по сравнению с контрольной группой. У пациентов с MCI БА обнаружено резкое снижение концентрации арахидоновой кислоты (Омега-6) по сравнению с больными MCI СД и контрольной группой. Выявленное нами снижение активности антиоксидантной ферментативной системы и снижение полиненасыщенных жирных кислот за счет их пероксидации свидетельствует об интенсификации процессов окислительного стресса у пациентов с нарушением когнитивных функций. Обсуждается вопрос о патогенетической роли арахидоновой кислоты у больных, предрасположенных в будущем к развитию болезни Альцгеймера.

A decrease in cognitive functions up to the development of dementia in the elderly is associated with a decrease in the blood level of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially Omega-3, which occurs against the background of oxidative stress. The paper presents a comparative analysis of the spectrum of polyunsaturated fatty acids and the activity of individual components of the enzymatic antioxidant system in the blood of elderly people with impaired cognitive performance to the level of «mild cognitive decline» (MCI AD, prodromal Alzheimer’s disease) or vascular etiology (MCI VaD, prodromal vascular dementia) compared with older people without signs of cognitive impairment. A decrease in the concentration of Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the blood of both groups of the examined patients was revealed compared with the control group. In patients with AD MCI, a sharp decrease in the concentration of arachidonic acid (Omega-6) was detected compared with patients with MCI VaD and the control group. The decrease in the activity of the antioxidant enzymatic system and the decrease in polyunsaturated fatty acids due to their peroxidation revealed in this study indicate an intensiﬁcation of the OS processes in patients with impaired cognitive functions. The question of the pathogenetic role of arachidonic acid in patients predisposed in the future to the development of AD is discussed.
THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SELF-REPORTED HEALTH IN OLDER ADULTS: LESSONS IMPLIED BY LIFESTYLE FACTORS
Authors: Asiamah N. , Petersen C. , Kouveliotis K. , Eduafo R. , Borkey R.
Published: September 2021

Доказано, что физическая активность (ФА) связана с самооценкой здоровья, но в исследования, подтверждающие эти данные, не были включены некоторые существенные независимые переменные, особенно те, которые относятся к африканской выборке. В этом исследовании изучали связь между ФА и самооценкой здоровья, с соответствующими факторами образа жизни, сопутствующими заболеваниями и индивидуальными характеристиками, которые рассматривали как независимые переменные в ходе данной оценки. В исследование были включены люди, которые уже вышли на пенсию, а также те, кто продолжают работать в возрасте 60 лет и старше (Аккра, Гана). В общей сложности на анкету-опросник ответили 686 человек. Для представления результатов использовали критерии Пирсона и бинарную логистическую регрессию. Наши данные показали, что люди пожилого возраста, которые занимались умеренной ФА более 60 мин за 7 занятий (OR=7,41; р =0,000), с большей вероятностью сообщали о хорошем здоровье по сравнению с теми, у которых ФА занимала менее 30 мин. Точно так же, те, кто занимался активной ФА в течение 60 мин или более за 5 занятий (OR=4,52; р =0,003), с большей вероятностью сообщали о хорошем здоровье по сравнению с теми, у которых ФА занимала менее 30 мин. Был сделан вывод, что ФА улучшает самооценку здоровья, если люди пожилого возраста стараются избегать сидячего образа жизни, снижают частоту курения и изменяют свой рацион питания, но наша независимая переменная корректировка предполагает, что употребление алкоголя обязательно ухудшает самооценку здоровья.

Physical activity (PA) has been evidenced to be associated with self-reported health, but studies providing this evidence have failed to incorporate some relevant covariates, especially those pertinent to an African sample. This study examined the association between PA and self-reported health, with relevant lifestyle factors, comorbidities, and personal characteristics treated as covariates in this assessment. The study population was retired and working older people aged 60 years or more in Accra, Ghana. A total of 686 individuals responded to self-reported questionnaires. Pearson’s chi-square test and binary logistic regression were used to present ﬁndings. Our data indicated that older adults who participated in moderate PA for more than 60 minutes were 7 times (OR=7,41; p =0,000) more likely to report good health compared with those who were active for less than 30 minutes. Similarly, those who participated in vigorous PA for 60 or more minutes were 5 times (OR=4,52; p =0,003) more likely to report good health compared with those who were active for less than 30 minutes. It is concluded that PA is likely to better enhance self-reported health when older people avoid sedentary behaviour, reduce their frequency of smoking, and modify their diet, but our covariate adjustment suggests that alcohol intake does not necessarily mar self-reported health.
PREVALENCE AND FEATURES OF GERIATRIC SYNDROMES TREATMENT IN OLD PATIENTS (CLINICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY)
Authors: Голованова Е. Д. , Титова Н. Е. , Афанасенкова Т. Е. , Аргунова И. А. , Янковая Т. Н. , Уколова Л. А. , Баженова Д. С.
Published: September 2021

Изучали распространенность хронических неинфекционных заболеваний (ХНИЗ) у пациентов пожилого и старческого возраста во взаимосвязи с синдромом старческой астении, распространенность саркопении в зависимости от гендерных особенностей и частоту встречаемости синдрома падений у пациентов старших возрастных групп с саркопенией. Анализировали особенности медикаментозной терапии в амбулаторной практике. Использовали метод комплексной гериатрической оценки у 528 пациентов, разделенных на три возрастные группы (65-74 года, 75-84 года, 85 лет и старше). Оказалось, что в структуре ХНИЗ у пациентов гериатрического профиля преобладают артериальная гипертензия, ИБС, а также их осложнения - ХСН и фибрилляция предсердий, частота встречаемости которых имеет выраженную возрастную зависимость и увеличивается у больных со старческой астенией. Для пациентов старших возрастных групп обоего пола характерно увеличение частоты встречаемости саркопении и связанного с ней повышенного риска синдрома падений, что необходимо учитывать при планировании лечебно-реабилитационных мер как в стационаре, так и при оказании первичной медикосоциальной помощи.

We studied the prevalence of chronic non-communicable diseases (CND) in elderly and senile patients in conjunction with the syndrome of senile asthenia, the prevalence of sarcopenia depending on gender characteristics and the frequency of occurrence of the falls syndrome in patients with sarcopenia of older age groups. The features of drug therapy in outpatient practice were analyzed. The method of complex geriatric assessment was used in 528 patients divided into 3 age groups (65-74 years, 75-84 years, 85 years or more). It turned out that in the structure of CND in geriatric patients dominated: arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease, and their complications - chronic heart failure and atrial ﬁ brillation their incidence has a pronounced age dependence and increases in patients with senile asthenia. Patients of older age groups of both sexes are characterized by an increase in the incidence of sarcopenia and the associated increased risk of falls syndrome, which must be taken into account when planning treatment and rehabilitation measures both in the hospital and when providing primary medical and social care.
METABOLIC SYNDROME AS A GERONTOLOGICAL PROBLEM (LITERATURE REVIEW)
Authors: Карпин В. А.
Published: September 2021

Метаболический синдром - это комплекс взаимосвязанных нарушений углеводного и жирового обмена, а также механизмов регуляции АД и функции эндотелия, в основе развития которых лежит снижение чувствительности тканей к инсулину. Следовательно, ведущим компонентом, патофизиологической основой и объединяющим фактором большинства симптомов, описываемых в рамках метаболического синдрома, является резистентность периферических тканей к действию инсулина, тесно коррелирующая с большинством метаболических нарушений. Необходимо подчеркнуть, что практически все составляющие метаболического синдрома являются установленными факторами риска развития сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. Вероятность развития метаболического синдрома увеличивается с возрастом. В статье обсуждается возможность представления метаболического синдрома как геронтологической проблемы.

Metabolic syndrome is a complex of interrelated disorders of carbohydrate and fat metabolism, as well as mechanisms for regulating blood pressure and endothelial function, which are based on a decrease in tissue sensitivity to insulin. Therefore, the leading component, pathophysiological basis and uniting factor of most of the symptoms described in metabolic syndrome is the resistance of peripheral tissues to the action of insulin, which is closely correlated with most metabolic disorders. It should be emphasized that almost all components of metabolic syndrome are established risk factors for developing cardiovascular diseases. The likelihood of developing metabolic syndrome increases with age. The article discusses the possibility of presenting the metabolic syndrome as a gerontological problem.