bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The generalized molecular fractionation with conjugate caps/molecular mechanics method for direct calculation of protein energy
Authors: He Xiao , Zhang John Z. H.
Published: May 2006

A generalized molecular fractionation with conjugate caps/molecular mechanics (GMFCC/MM) scheme is developed for efficient linear-scaling quantum mechanical calculation of protein energy. In this GMFCC/MM scheme, the interaction energy between neighboring residues as well as between non-neighboring residues that are spatially in close contact are computed by quantum mechanics while the rest of the interaction energy is computed by molecular mechanics. Numerical studies are carried out to calculate torsional energies of six polypeptides using the GMFCC/MM approach and the energies are shown to be in general good agreement with the full system quantum calculation. Among those we tested is a polypeptide containing 396 atoms whose energies are computed at the MP2∕6-31G* level. Our study shows that using GMFCC/MM, it is possible to perform high level ab initio calculation such as MP2 for applications such as structural optimization of protein complex and molecular dynamics simulation.
Ab initio calculations of nonlinear optical rotation by several small chiral molecules and by uridine stereoisomers
Authors: Qu Weixing , Tabisz George C.
Published: May 2006

Expressions for nonlinear optical rotation are presented based on the quantum theory of optical birefringence of Atkins and Barron [Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 304, 303 (1968); 306, 119 (1968)]. As concrete examples, the ordinary and nonlinear optical rotations are calculated with density functional theory (DFT) methodology for some simple single-ring molecules, namely, oxaziridine, diaziridine, and their derivatives, and for two, somewhat more complicated, conformations of uridine. For the single-ring molecules, (1) the angles of the ordinary optical rotation are mostly positive and (2) the contributions of the nonlinear effect to the total optical rotation depend both on the nature of the substituted species and of the host atom located on the ring. For the two conformations of uridine, (1) the signs of nonlinear optical rotation differ even though their ordinary optical rotations have the same sign and (2) whether the molecular structures are geometrically optimized with Hartree-Fock or DFT methodologies has no significant effect on the calculated nonlinear optical rotation when gauge-including atomic orbitals were used, even though the basis sets are small. These studies are expected to be helpful for interpretation of experimental results on nonlinear optical rotation by molecules underway in our research group.
Interfacial properties of high-k dielectric CaZrOx films deposited by pulsed laser deposition
Authors: Qiu X. Y. , Liu H. W. , Fang F. , Ha M. J. , Liu Z. G. , Liu J.-M.
Published: May 2006

The interfacial properties of high-k dielectric CaZrOx thin films deposited by pulsed laser deposition in O2 and N2 ambient are investigated. The SiOx (x<2) interfacial layer is observed for the films deposited at 300°C in 20Pa O2. Rapid thermal annealing (RTA) of the films at 700°C in N2 for 10s allows for oxidization of the interfacial layers into SiO2 and decomposition of the films into nano-ZrO2 crystals embedded in the matrix of amorphous CaO-rich zirconate. However, by the same RTA, the films deposited at 300°C in 20Pa N2 remain amorphous with clean Si∕CaZrOx interface and exhibit good electrical performances.
Surface enhanced infrared absorption of octadecanethiol on wet-chemically prepared Au nanoparticle films
Authors: Enders D. , Pucci A.
Published: May 2006

Surface enhanced infrared absorption of adsorbates on wet-chemically prepared Au islands was investigated using octadecanethiol as adsorbate. The preparation was done by letting Au nanoparticles adsorb on an oxidized silicon wafer surface followed by wet-chemically increasing the size of the Au nanoparticles. The surface enhanced infrared spectrum was measured in transmission geometry at normal incidence. Comparing the size of the antisymmetric CH2 stretch absorption of adsorbates on Au islands to the corresponding infrared reflection absorption signal on a 40nm thick smooth Au film gives an enhancement factor of about 2000.
The Glare Effect Does Not Give Rise to a Longer-Lasting Afterimage
Authors: Lu Hongjing , Zavagno Daniele , Liu Zili
Published: May 2006

The glare effect is an illusion in which a region appears self-luminous when flanked by gradients that decrease in luminance with distance from the region (Zavagno, 1999 Perception28 835–838). This region also appears brighter than a surface of the same luminance. We investigated, using the paradigm of afterimages, whether a low-level mechanism at the level of the retina or LGN could account for this apparent brighter sensation. We first replicated the result from the literature that brighter and longer-lasting physical stimuli generate longer-lasting afterimages. We then compared the glare-effect stimuli with their counterpart controls, and found that the glare-effect stimuli did not give rise to longer-lasting afterimages. This suggests that the apparent brighter sensation of the glare effect is not due to a retinal or LGN mechanism, but must have a cortical origin.
Reversing How to Think about Ambiguous Figure Reversals: Spontaneous Alternating by Uninformed Observers
Authors: Mitroff Stephen R , Sobel David M , Gopnik Alison
Published: May 2006

Ambiguous figures are a special class of images that can give rise to multiple interpretations. Traditionally, switching between the possible interpretations of an ambiguous figure, or reversing one's interpretation, has been attributed either to top-down or to bottom-up processes (eg attributed to having knowledge of the nature of the ambiguity, or to a form of neuronal fatigue). Here we present evidence that is incompatible with both forms of explanations. Observers aged 5–9 years can reverse ambiguous figures when uninformed about the ambiguity, negating purely top-down explanations. Further, those children who make these ‘spontaneous’ reversals are more likely to succeed on a high-order theory-of-mind task, negating purely bottom-up explanations.
Osmoregulation in Bacteria: Compatible Solute Accumulation and Osmosensing
Authors: Kunte Hans Jörg
Published: May 2006

Environmental Context.Bacteria and Archaea have developed two basic mechanisms to cope with osmotic stress. The ‘salt-in-cytoplasm mechanism’ involves adjusting the salt concentration in the cytoplasm according to the environmental osmolarity and the ‘organic-osmolyte mechanism’ involves accumulating uncharged, highly water-soluble organic compounds in order to maintain an osmotic equilibrium with the surrounding medium. This highlight gives an overview of the osmoadaptation of prokaryotes employing the organic-osmolyte strategy and introduces a model explaining the fine-tuning of osmoregulatory osmolyte synthesis. Abstract.Bacteria and Archaea have developed two basic mechanisms to cope with osmotic stress, the salt-in-cytoplasm mechanism, and the organic-osmolyte mechanism. Organic osmolytes or so-called compatible solutes can be accumulated in molar concentration in the cytoplasm and allow for the adaptation of bacterial cells to varying salt concentrations. The biosynthetic pathways of compatible solutes and different compatible solute transport systems are described. A model for osmoregulatory compatible solute accumulation is introduced.
Stratification, forms, and mobility of phosphorus in the topsoil of a Chromosol used for dairying
Authors: Dougherty W. J. , Nash D. M. , Chittleborough D. J. , Cox J. W. , Fleming N. K.
Published: May 2006

The forms and stratification of soil phosphorus (P) and their relationship to mobile forms of P were investigated in soils collected from a subcatchment used for grazing of dairy cattle in the Adelaide Hills, South Australia. Phosphorus in the soils was highly stratified. The concentration of calcium chloride extractable P in the 0–0.01 m increment was, on average, 5.7 times greater than in the 0.05–0.10 m increment. Organic P (% of total P) in the top 0.01 m was significantly (P < 0.001) related to soil P content such that low P soils (total P of ~600 mg/kg) had high proportions of Po (~65%), whereas high P soils (total P of ~2000 mg/kg) had low proportions (~25%) of Po. Runoff P from these soils was predominantly (86%) dissolved (i.e. <0.45 μm). There was a significant (P < 0.001) exponential relationship between Olsen P in the top 0.01 m and dissolved P concentration in runoff. The form of dissolved P in runoff from soil in repacked trays was also significantly (P < 0.001) related to soil P. Runoff from low P soils (high Po) had high proportions (>50%) of dissolved unreactive P (DUP), whereas runoff from high P soils (low Po) had low proportions of DUP (<10%). Ultrafiltration of runoff samples revealed that 94 and 65% of the dissolved reactive P and DUP, respectively, was subcolloidal (i.e. <1 nm). These results highlight the relationship between soil fertility, the forms of soil P, and the concentrations and forms of P mobilised in runoff. Such relationships need to be considered in further studies of P mobilisation and the subsequent development of strategies designed to reduce runoff P concentrations.
Development and behaviour of low‐birthweight term infants at 8 years in northeast Brazil: A longitudinal study
Authors: Emond Alan M. , Lira Pedro I. C. , Lima Marilia C. , Grantham‐Mcgregor Sally M. , Ashworth Ann
Published: May 2006

Aim: To investigate the development and behaviour of low‐birthweight (LBW) term infants compared with matched term infants of appropriate birthweight (ABW).

Methods: Two parallel cohorts of LBW infants (1500–2499 g) and ABW controls (3000–3499 g) were enrolled at birth in northeast Brazil. At 8 y, 164 children were assessed using clinical and psychological tests.

Results: The LBW group had lower IQ scores than ABW children on the Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children; differences were larger on the performance (5 points, p= 0.04) than the verbal scale (3 points, p= 0.11). LBW children had poorer dynamic balance (p= 0.03) and eye–hand coordination (p= 0.02), but better selective attention (p= 0.02). Hyperactivity and conduct problems were common in both groups, but fewer LBW children had peer problems (p= 0.04). After controlling for social background, IQ was not significantly associated with birthweight (p= 0.10). Significant determinants were maternal education, home stimulation and type of school attended. The effect of birthweight on coordination and selective attention remained significant. Birth head circumference and growth in head size in the first 6 mo had independent effects on IQ.

Conclusion: After controlling for social background, LBW term infants did not differ from ABW infants in cognition at school age. Head circumference at birth and 6 mo was a better predictor than birthweight of IQ.
Aerobic fitness and visceral adipose tissue in children
Authors: Winsley Richard J. , Armstrong Neil , Middlebrooke Andrew R. , Ramos‐Ibanez Norma , Williams Craig A.
Published: May 2006

Aim: To determine the relationship between aerobic fitness (peak [image omitted] ) and the volume of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in children. Methods: Participants were 30 males (13.7±0.5 y) and 22 females (13.5±0.5 y). Peak [image omitted]  was determined using a continuous, incremental treadmill protocol to exhaustion. Abdominal VAT volume was measured by magnetic resonance imaging using multiple slices from vertebral levels L1–L5. Subcutaneous body fat measure was calculated as the sum of seven skinfolds (σ7SKF). Results: Females had significantly (p≤0.05) more VAT than males (1035±717.3 vs 678.6±361.5 cm3); however, male peak [image omitted]  was higher (215±34 vs 182±20 ml/kg0.61/min). VAT was significantly (p≤0.05) negatively correlated with peak [image omitted]  in both males (r= ‐ 0.43) and females (r= ‐ 0.45). Subcutaneous body fatness was significantly correlated with VAT in both males (r=0.74) and females (r=0.72), and was the single strongest determinant of VAT.

Conclusion: Aerobic fitness is significantly inversely related to VAT, but subcutaneous body fatness is the single strongest determinant of VAT in children aged 13–14 y.
Inhaled nitric oxide in very preterm infants with severe respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Dani Carlo , Bertini Giovanna , Pezzati Marco , Filippi Luca , Cecchi Alessandra , Rubaltelli Firmino F.
Published: May 2006

Aim: To test the hypothesis that inhaled nitric oxide therapy can decrease the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and death in preterm infants with severe respiratory distress syndrome; to evaluate the possible predictive factors for the response to inhaled nitric oxide therapy. Methods: Preterm infants (less than 30 weeks’ gestation) were randomized to receive during the first week of life inhaled nitric oxide, or nothing, if they presented severe respiratory distress syndrome. Then, the treated infants were classified as non responders and responders. Results: Twenty infants were enrolled in the inhaled nitric oxide therapy group and 20 in the control group. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia and death were less frequent in the inhaled nitric oxide group than in the control group (50 vs. 90%, p=0.016). Moreover, nitric oxide treatment was found to decrease as independent factor the combined incidence of death and BPD (OR=0.111; 95% C.I. 0.02–0.610). A birth weight lower than 750 grams had a significant predictive value for the failure of responding to inhaled nitric oxide therapy (OR 12; 95% C.I. 1.3–13.3).

Conclusion: Inhaled nitric oxide decreases the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and death in preterm infants with severe respiratory distress syndrome. Birth weight may influence the effectiveness of inhaled nitric oxide therapy in promoting oxygenation improvement in preterm infants.
Transgenic mice aberrantly expressing pyruvate dehydrogenase complex E2 component on biliary epithelial cells do not show primary biliary cirrhosis
Authors: Inamura K , Tsuji H , Nakamoto Y , Suzuki M , Kaneko S
Published: May 2006

Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is an autoimmune disorder that specifically destroys biliary epithelial cells (BECs). In patients with PBC, the immunodominant pyruvate dehydrogenase complex E2 component (PDC-E2), identified as an antigen for disease-specific anti-mitochondrial antibody, is expressed aberrantly in the BEC cytoplasm. The present study focused on the pathophysiological role of aberrant PDC-E2 in the development of PBC. The BEC-specific cytokeratin-19 promoter and PDC-E2 gene were cloned from a mouse cDNA library. The constructed transgene was microinjected into fertilized eggs of mice, and the offspring were identified by Southern blotting and reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction. The protein expression was confirmed by immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting and immunohistochemical staining. Five founder lines were identified as carrying the PDC-E2 gene, and one of these lines expressed PDC-E2 mRNA. The protein expression of exogenous PDC-E2 was detected in the liver. The transgenic mouse line showed diffuse expression of PDC-E2 in the BEC cytoplasm. Biochemical, serological and histological features of PBC were not detected. We established transgenic mice that constitutively express PDC-E2. The results indicated that aberrant PDC-E2 expression in the cytoplasm of BECs is not sufficient for the initiation of autoimmunity. Additional factors may be required to establish a model of PBC.
AttenuatedSalmonella typhimuriumreduces ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation and T-helper type 2 responses in mice
Authors: Wu C-J , Chen L-C , Kuo M-L
Published: May 2006

Cytokines produced by Th2 cells are responsible for the pathogenesis of asthma. Th1-biased immune responses caused by attenuated salmonella have the potential to relieve asthmatic symptoms. We evaluated whether oral administration of attenuated salmonella could modulate allergic responses in a chicken ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthmatic murine model. Mice were fed with attenuated salmonella SL7207 one dose before and three doses during the induction of an allergic response. Lung histology, percentages of eosinophil in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, serum levels of OVA-specific antibodies and cytokine production by OVA-activated splenocytes were evaluated in mice with or without the administration of SL7207. A significant reduction in pulmonary eosinophilic infiltration was observed in mice receiving attenuated salmonella. Lower levels of OVA-specific IgG1 but higher titres of OVA-IgG2a in serum were also detected in this group. Splenocytes from salmonella-fed mice produced lower levels of Th2 cytokines upon OVA stimulation. The administration of attenuated salmonella significantly suppressed immunopathological symptoms in OVA-sensitized mice. Inhibition of Th2 responses might explain the potential mechanisms. This study provides some evidence for the feasibility of attenuated salmonella as an effective vaccine for allergic diseases.
Anti‐Müllerian hormone (AMH) in female reproduction: is measurement of circulating AMH a useful tool?
Authors: La Marca A. , Volpe A.
Published: May 2006

Anti‐Müllerian hormone (AMH) is a dimeric glycoprotein, a member of the transforming growth factor (TGF) superfamily. It is produced exclusively in the gonads and is involved in the regulation of follicular growth and development. In the ovary AMH is produced by the granulosa cells of early developing follicles and seems to be able to inhibit the initiation of primordial follicle growth and FSH‐induced follicle growth. As AMH is largely expressed throughout folliculogenesis, from the primary follicular stage towards the antral stage, serum levels of AMH may represent both the quantity and quality of the ovarian follicle pool. Compared to other ovarian tests, AMH seems to be the best marker reflecting the decline of reproductive age. AMH measurement could be useful in the prediction of the menopausal transition. It could also be used to predict poor ovarian response and possibly the prognosis of in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles. AMH has been shown to be a good surrogate marker for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Finally, its use as a marker for granulosa cell tumours has been proposed. A clearer understanding of its role in ovarian physiology may help clinicians to find a role for AMH measurement in the field of reproductive medicine.
Yield, persistency and chemical composition of Lotus species and varieties (birdsfoot trefoil and greater birdsfoot trefoil) when harvested for silage in the UK
Authors: Marley C. L. , Fychan R. , Jones R.
Published: May 2006

The yield and chemical composition of thirteen Lotus corniculatus varieties and one Lotus uliginosus variety, when grown and ensiled in the UK, were investigated. Replicate plots of each variety were established in a randomized block design. Dry‐matter (DM) yield was measured over two harvest years. At cuts 1 and 2 of the first harvest year, 1 kg of each variety was ensiled and sub‐sampled for chemical analysis. At cut 2 of the second harvest year, sub‐samples of forage were analysed for condensed tannins. Two L. corniculatus varieties, Oberhaunstaedter and Lotar, had higher DM yields (with Oberhaunstaedter having the highest DM yield at cut 3) in both harvest years compared with other varieties (P < 0·001). Chemical analyses showed differences among silages of varieties of L. corniculatus (P < 0·001) and that the ammonia‐N concentration of L. uliginosus silage was higher than that of L. corniculatus (P < 0·001), despite its lactic acid concentrations being within the range observed for L. corniculatus (17 g kg−1 DM vs. 13–19 g kg−1 DM). Differences (P < 0·001) in HCl/Butanol test absorbance units were found among varieties of L. corniculatus, indicating possible differences in concentrations of condensed tannins. Overall, the variety Oberhaunstaedter was found to be the most suitable variety for silage production. Based on its agronomic performance, L. corniculatus does not compare well with other legumes such as red clover.
Effects of exposure to below‐freezing temperatures, soil moisture content and nitrogen application on phyllochron in cool‐season grasses
Authors: Bartholomew P. W. , Williams R. D.
Published: May 2006

Accumulated temperature may provide an indicator of the phenology of cool‐season grass to assist in the timing of management operations but its value is highly dependent on a reliable measure of phyllochron, i.e. time between the elongation of successive leaves. Field and controlled environment studies with Italian ryegrass (IRG, Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and tall fescue (TF, Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) measured leaf‐appearance responses to accumulated temperature with varying conditions of exposure to low temperatures, soil moisture content and nitrogen application. In a controlled environment, soil volumetric water contents below 20% (equivalent to moisture potentials greater than −0·1 MPa) or more frequent exposure to below‐freezing air temperatures increased the phyllochron values on the main tiller of IRG and TF. There was no evidence of an interaction between soil moisture content and cold exposure on phyllochron values. Nitrogen application resulted in only small reduction in phyllochron values. In field studies over 4 years the phyllochron values in IRG during the months of January to March were 184, 180, 180 and 167 accumulated °C above 0°C leaf−1, more than double the mean value measured in a controlled environment. A greater understanding of the impact of variable low temperatures and of soil moisture potential on the phyllochron is necessary before accumulated temperature can be used to indicate changes in development stages in grasses in different environments.
The relative importance of sexual and clonal reproduction for population growth in the long‐lived alpine plant Geum reptans
Authors: WEPPLER TINA , STOLL PETER , STÖCKLIN JÜRG
Published: May 2006

Demographic studies in natural habitats are important for understanding the life history and mechanisms of population persistence of particular species. For plants living in high‐alpine habitats, it is of significant importance to what extent sexual or clonal reproduction contribute to population growth, but respective data are scarce.

We studied the demography of Geum reptans, an alpine plant which reproduces by seeds and by vegetative rosettes formed at the ends of above‐ground stolons. In three consecutive years, growth, survival, and reproduction were measured in two populations with 579 and 301 individuals, respectively. The two resulting transition matrices per population were used to calculate population growth rates (λ) and elasticities, and to perform stochastic simulations to assess the relative importance of sexual vs. clonal reproduction for population growth.

Population growth rates (λ) varied from 0.999 to 1.074 among years and populations. The frequency of seed and stolon production was relatively constant over the years. However, there was interannual variation in seed germination (0.7–2.4%) and in establishment of clonal offspring (53–74%).

Elasticity analysis showed that changes in the survival of adults had the largest effect on λ, confirming the importance of longevity and persistence in the life history of G. reptans.

Stochastic simulations showed that in G. reptans, independently of location and year, both sexual and clonal reproduction did not significantly differ in their contribution to the population growth rate λ. Establishment from seeds contributes to population growth particularly in favourable years, while the more regularly occurring reproduction by clonal offspring may ensure population growth in less favourable years.

Sexual reproduction in clonal plants is frequently explained by the short‐ and long‐term benefits of genetic variation and the need for dispersal and colonization, for which seeds are better suited than vegetative organs. Our results, however, show the importance of sexual reproduction in a clonal plant for local dynamics as well, and prove the power of matrix models to evaluate the relative contributions of the two reproductive modes.
Rapid detection of Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV) and extra small virus (XSV), the pathogenic agents of white tail disease of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man), by loop‐mediated isothermal amplification
Authors: Pillai D , Bonami J‐R , Sri Widada J.
Published: May 2006

A loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) procedure is described for rapid diagnosis of white tail disease, a viral disease caused by Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV) and extra small virus (XSV), in the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. This method was more sensitive than conventional RT‐PCR for detecting the two viruses. A set of four primers, two outer and two inner, were designed for MrNV detection. An additional pair of loop primers was also used in an accelerated LAMP reaction for detection of XSV. Time and temperature conditions were optimized for detection of the two viruses. The LAMP reaction is highly suited for disease diagnosis in developing countries as amplification of DNA can be detected without the use of agarose gel electrophoresis, by the production of whitish precipitate of magnesium pyrophosphate as a by‐product.
Nasal nitric oxide and nasal allergy
Authors: Struben V. M. D. , Wieringa M. H. , Feenstra L. , De Jongste J. C.
Published: May 2006

Measurements of nasal nitric oxide (nNO) are attractive because they are completely noninvasive and can easily be performed. The measurements may be useful in the early diagnosis of patients with chronic airway disorders such as Kartager's syndrome and cystic fibrosis. The possible use of nNO measurements in the diagnosis and treatment of allergic rhinitis still needs to be further evaluated because of the variable and also contradicting findings of nNO concentrations in this disease. In this review we will discuss the origin, production and measurement of nNO as well as the effect of allergic rhinitis, nasal allergen challenge and medication on nNO. Subsequently, we examine published data on allergic rhinitis and nNO, and summarize the effect of treatment of rhinitis on nNO. Finally, we discuss the potential future role for nNO in the diagnosis and management of allergic rhinitis.
Older people's experience of driver licence cancellation: A phenomenological study
Authors: Whitehead Bianca J. , Howie Linsey , Lovell Robin K.
Published: May 2006

Purpose:  This phenomenological study explored older people's experience of driver licence cancellation.

Methods:  Qualitative data were derived from interviews with four men and one woman, aged between 68 and 87 years (mean age = 78.6 years).

Results:  Driver licence cancellation was a deeply traumatic and shocking experience. Driving had been a normal and accepted part of life, and cancellation of their driver licences meant the loss of their independence. They lost their means of identification, and they were confronted with future losses and the deep sadness associated with these.

Conclusions:  There is a need for sensitive health‐care practices that consider the devastating consequences of licence cancellation, and support older people through the difficulties associated with adjusting to life without a driver licence.
Pathway engineering for healthy phytochemicals leading to the production of novel flavonoids in tomato fruit
Authors: Schijlen Elio , Ric de Vos C.H. , Jonker Harry , Van Den Broeck Hetty , Molthoff Jos , Van Tunen Arjen , Martens Stefan , Bovy Arnaud
Published: May 2006

Flavonoids are a large family of plant polyphenolic secondary metabolites. Although they are widespread throughout the plant kingdom, some flavonoid classes are specific for only a few plant species. Due to their presumed health benefits there is growing interest in the development of food crops with tailor‐made levels and composition of flavonoids, designed to exert an optimal biological effect. In order to explore the possibilities of flavonoid engineering in tomato fruits, we have targeted this pathway towards classes of potentially healthy flavonoids which are novel for tomato. Using structural flavonoid genes (encoding stilbene synthase, chalcone synthase, chalcone reductase, chalcone isomerase and flavone synthase) from different plant sources, we were able to produce transgenic tomatoes accumulating new phytochemicals. Biochemical analysis showed that the fruit peel contained high levels of stilbenes (resveratrol and piceid), deoxychalcones (butein and isoliquiritigenin), flavones (luteolin‐7‐glucoside and luteolin aglycon) and flavonols (quercetin glycosides and kaempferol glycosides). Using an online high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) antioxidant detection system, we demonstrated that, due to the presence of the novel flavonoids, the transgenic tomato fruits displayed altered antioxidant profiles. In addition, total antioxidant capacity of tomato fruit peel with high levels of flavones and flavonols increased more than threefold. These results on genetic engineering of flavonoids in tomato fruit demonstrate the possibilities to change the levels and composition of health‐related polyphenols in a crop plant and provide more insight in the genetic and biochemical regulation of the flavonoid pathway within this worldwide important vegetable.
Transgenesis has less impact on the transcriptome of wheat grain than conventional breeding
Authors: Baudo María Marcela , Lyons Rebecca , Powers Stephen , Pastori Gabriela M. , Edwards Keith J. , Holdsworth Michael J. , Shewry Peter R.
Published: May 2006

Detailed global gene expression profiles have been obtained for a series of transgenic and conventionally bred wheat lines expressing additional genes encoding HMW (high molecular weight) subunits of glutenin, a group of endosperm‐specific seed storage proteins known to determine dough strength and therefore bread‐making quality. Differences in endosperm and leaf transcriptome profiles between untransformed and derived transgenic lines were consistently extremely small, when analysing plants containing either transgenes only, or also marker genes. Differences observed in gene expression in the endosperm between conventionally bred material were much larger in comparison to differences between transgenic and untransformed lines exhibiting the same complements of gluten subunits. These results suggest that the presence of the transgenes did not significantly alter gene expression and that, at this level of investigation, transgenic plants could be considered substantially equivalent to untransformed parental lines.
Acquired perforating dermatosis: clinicopathological features in twenty‐two cases
Authors: Saray Y , Seçkin D , Bilezikçi B
Published: May 2006

Background  The term of acquired perforating dermatosis (APD) comprises the perforating dermatoses occurring in adult patients. Clinical and histological features of the disease are not uniform, and may resemble any of the four classic perforating disorders: elastosis perforans serpiginosa, reactive perforating collagenosis, perforating folliculitis or Kyrle's disease. Chronic renal failure and/or diabetes mellitus usually accompany this skin disease.

Objective  The aim of this study was to delineate the clinical and histopathological features of acquired perforating dermatosis and to investigate the potential relationship between this disease and associated conditions.

Methods  Twenty‐two patients with acquired perforating dermatosis were enrolled in this study. Clinical findings of acquired perforating dermatosis and the spectrum of associated diseases were investigated. Haematoxylin and eosin sections were re‐examined, and immunohistochemical stainings (elastic van Gieson and Masson trichrome stains) and periodic acid‐Schiff stain were also used for histopathological evaluation.

Results  Different clinical types of lesions resembling reactive perforating collagenosis, perforating folliculitis or Kyrle's disease were observed. Histopathological features were consistent with any of the four types of perforating dermatoses. Most of the patients (86.4%) had at least one systemic disease. Chronic renal failure (72.7%) and diabetes mellitus (50%) were the most commonly associated conditions. Most of the patients with diabetes mellitus (90.9%) had chronic renal failure due to diabetic nephropathy. All of the patients with chronic renal failure were on dialysis treatment. The other associated conditions were hepatitis (27.3%), anti‐HCV Ab‐positivity (13.6%), hypothyroidism (9.1%) and tuberculosis lymphadenitis (4.5%). Of the 22 patients, 13.6% were otherwise healthy, and 9.1% were renal transplant recipients.

Conclusion  Clinicopathological findings of our study indicate that the cases with APD represent the broad spectrum of perforating disorders rather than the variants of the same disease. Although APD is frequently associated with diabetes mellitus and chronic renal failure, this skin disorder may also develop in patients with other systemic disorders, and in those without any medical problems. This skin disease is probably linked to dialysis treatment in patients with chronic renal failure due to diabetes mellitus or other causes.
Collisions at the Intersection of Gender, Race, and Class: Enforcing the Chinese Exclusion Laws
Authors: Calavita Kitty
Published: May 2006

This article explores the ramifications of the intersections of gender, race, and class ideologies for the enforcement of the Chinese Exclusion Laws in the years immediately following their passage. Drawing from government documents and archival data, I argue that the notions of gender, race, and class that permeated the legislative debate contained significant incoherences and self-contradictions, and that many of the dilemmas surrounding the enforcement of the exclusion laws against Chinese women resulted from these collisions. Faced with conflicting mandates derived from, for example, racism and patriarchy, enforcement officers had to choose between equally powerful discourses. Their ad hoc and often pragmatic approach to such dilemmas contrasted sharply with a policy process that otherwise appeared to be driven by unquestioned—and unquestionable—moral mandates. In concluding, I note the implications for our understanding of the contingencies and instabilities of ideology and the legal practices of which it is part.
Still, at the Margins
Authors: Houh Emily M.S.
Published: May 2006

In one of many traditions of critical race scholarship, this review opens with a first-person narrative. When I was asked to review Austin Sarat's new compilation of introductory readings on law and society at the “Change” breakfast of the 2004 annual Law and Society Association meeting in Chicago, I responded affirmatively but with rather tepid enthusiasm, which reflected—as I recall—the level of enthusiasm I felt for the conference overall, despite (or perhaps because of) it being my third year in attendance at the notoriously large and panel-packed meeting. When I was asked further to review the compilation specifically from a “critical race perspective,” my lack of enthusiasm quickly transformed to discomfort, and I wanted to immediately revoke my acceptance of the offer to do the review.
Circadian Variation of Beat‐to‐Beat QT Interval Variability in Patients with Prior Myocardial Infarction and the Effect of β‐Blocker Therapy
Authors: FURUKAWA YOSHIO , SHIMIZU HIROKI , HIROMOTO KENJI , KANEMORI TETSUZOU , MASUYAMA TOHRU , OHYANAGI MITSUMASA
Published: May 2006

Background: Recent studies have demonstrated that increased QT interval variability (QTV) is associated with a greater susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmias and that patients with prior myocardial infarction (MI) were prone to ventricular arrhythmias during the daytime. The goal of the present study was to investigate the circadian variation of the QTV and to determine whether β‐blocker therapy improves the temporal fluctuation of the ventricular repolarization in patients with MI.

Methods: The study population consisted of 15 MI patients who had not received β‐blocker therapy, 11 MI patients who had received β‐blocker therapy, and 12 healthy subjects. Twenty‐four hour Holter monitoring was obtained, and the RR and QT intervals were calculated automatically from 512 consecutive sinus beats for every 2 hours.

Results: In the daytime, the QT‐SD was significantly greater in the MI group than in the healthy subjects (P < 0.01), but there was no difference in the QT‐SD when comparing the β‐blocker group to the control group. Moreover, the QT variability index and the QT variance normalized for the mean QT were similar pattern with QT‐SD. The heart rate variability did not significantly differ when compared between the three study groups.

Conclusion: These data indicate that the QTV increases during the daytime in patients with MI and that this circadian effect is prevented by β‐blocker therapy. Thus, β‐blocker therapy may reverse the maladaptation of the ventricular repolarization to the change in the heart rate and may thereby reduce the ventricular arrhythmias and decrease the mortality in patients with MI.
Psychiatry in selected countries of Central and Eastern Europe: an overview of the current situation
Authors: Füredi J. , Mohr P. , Swingler D. , Bitter I. , Gheorghe M. D. , Hotujac L. , Jarema M. , Kocmur M. , Koychev G. I. , Mosolov S. N. , Pecenak J. , Rybakowski J. , Svestka J. , Sartorius N.
Published: May 2006

Objective:  To review the current status of psychiatry in selected countries of Central and Eastern Europe: Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, and Slovenia.

Method:  A group of psychiatrists from the region evaluated the status of psychiatry at the end of 2004 based on data from their countries and information available on WHO homepages.

Results:  There is a shift from traditional in‐patient facilities towards out‐patient and community services as evidenced by a decreasing number of hospital beds. Economic pressures affect the financing of psychiatric services, and reimbursement for novel psychotropics. Political changes were followed by updated legislation. Psychiatric training, pre‐, postgraduate and continuous medical education, are gradually being transformed. Scientific output as measured by publications in peer‐reviewed journals has been significantly lower than in the West.

Conclusion:  The major changes in the period of transition documented in the review pose new challenges for psychiatry.
Magnetic resonance spectroscopic measurement of cerebral gamma-aminobutyric acid concentrations in patients with bipolar disorders
Authors: Wang Po W. , Sailasuta Napapon , Chandler Rebecca A. , Ketter Terence A.
Published: May 2006

Background:

Animal models of depression and psychopharmacological mechanisms of action suggest the importance of the gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) system in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. Mood stabilizers have overlapping effects on GABAergic neurotransmission, and antidepressant use has been associated with alterations in GABAB receptor function. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) provides an opportunity to noninvasively assess cerebral GABA concentrations in anterior paralimbic circuits that have been implicated in mood disorders.

Methods:

In bipolar disorder patients and healthy control subjects, we used MRS with a modified GABA-edited point resolved spectroscopy sequence (TE 68 ms, TR 1500 ms, 512 averages, total scan time 26 min) to assess GABA in an 18-cm3 occipital voxel. In addition, in another cohort of bipolar disorder patients and healthy control subjects, we similarly assessed GABA in a 12.5-cm3 medial prefrontal/anterior cingulate (MPF/AC) voxel. The concentration of GABA was referenced to creatine (Cr) from unedited spectra.

Results:

In bipolar patients and controls, we consistently detected 3.0 p.p.m. GABA peaks in occipital lobe and MPF/AC. In 16 bipolar (nine bipolar I and seven bipolar II) disorder patients, compared with six healthy control subjects, mean occipital GABA/Cr concentration was 61% higher. In addition, in 15 bipolar (five bipolar I, nine bipolar II, and one bipolar not otherwise specified) disorder patients, compared with six healthy control subjects, mean MPF/AC GABA/Cr concentration tended to be 41% higher.

Conclusions:

Patients with bipolar disorders may have increased cerebral GABA concentrations. Although this was more evident in the occipital lobe, MPC/AC GABA disturbance may be of greater potential interest in view the more established role of MPF/AC in affective processing. Additional studies are warranted to assess changes in GABAergic neurotransmission and the influences of diagnosis, mood state, and medication status in bipolar disorder patients.
Pattern of tooth loss in an elderly population from Ibadan, Nigeria
Authors: Taiwo Juliana O. , Omokhodion Folasade
Published: May 2006

Objectives:  To determine tooth loss, edentulousness, causes of tooth loss and pattern of tooth loss in the elderly in South East Local Government area (SELGA) in Ibadan.

Background data:  SELGA is one of the largest in Oyo State, Nigeria and has a population of 225 800.

Design:  A cross‐sectional survey.

Methodology:  A total of 690 elderly individuals who were 65 years and above living in various wards in SELGA were interviewed by two interviewers and examined by two trained and calibrated examiners whilst two record clerks recorded all the findings of the examination.

Result:  Forty‐eight per cent of the subjects in the study had not lost any teeth. The mean tooth loss was 4.5 ± 7.6. Percentage edentulousness was 1.3% and this was higher in males than in females. This difference was not statistically significant (χ2 = 0.07 p = 0.7). The total number of teeth lost was 3102, 14% of the total number of teeth examined. The study showed that caries was not a major cause of tooth loss. Only 22 (0.7%) teeth were lost as a result of caries, 19 (0.6%) were lost because of trauma and periodontal disease contributed to loss of 3061 (98.7%) teeth. Mandibular teeth exhibited a higher rate of retention than maxillary teeth. The percentage of elderly individuals with tooth loss increased with age.

Conclusion:  The study highlights the high life expectancy of a tooth among the elderly in SELGA. Despite the different cause of tooth loss in this area, in comparison with developed countries, the pattern of tooth retention appeared similar.
Caregivers’ perceptions of electric versus manual toothbrushes for the institutionalised elderly
Authors: Wolden Heidi , Strand Gunhild V. , Gjellestad Åshild
Published: May 2006

Objective:  To evaluate how caregivers feel about the use of electric vs. manual toothbrushes for the elderly in long‐term care.

Materials and methods:  After electric toothbrushes had been accessible in an institution for 15 months, a self‐administered questionnaire was distributed to the nursing staff. The questions posed were whether the electric toothbrushes were being used, how much time was spent on brushing and if electric toothbrushes simplified the provision of oral care for the residents.

Results:  The response rate was 79%. Of the 119 respondents, 78% replied that they always or frequently used an electric toothbrush. With regard to brushing times, 44% of the respondents reported that they spent less time on oral care procedures with an electric toothbrush than with a manual one. Equal amount of time for both types of toothbrushes was reported by 53%. Only 3% reported spending more time with an electric toothbrush than with a manual one. Oral care procedures were considered simpler with this device by 63% of the respondents, 22% registered no change and 15% found it more difficult. If patients suffering from dementia were considered separately, 45% found the procedures simpler when using electric toothbrushes, 24% registered no difference and 31% found it more difficult.

Conclusion:  The findings indicate that when given the choice, the caregivers prefer to use electric toothbrushes rather than manual ones as they feel this is simpler and often less time‐consuming.
Rapid electrical stimulation induces early activation of kinase signal transduction pathways and apoptosis in adult rat ventricular myocytes
Authors: Kuramochi Yukio , Guo Xinxin , Sawyer Douglas B. , Lim Chee Chew
Published: May 2006

Chronic tachycardia in patients and rapid pacing in animal models induce myocardial dysfunction and initiate a cascade of compensatory adaptations that are ultimately unsustainable, leading to ventricular enlargement and failure. The molecular pathogenesis during the early stages of tachycardia‐induced cardiomyopathy, however, remains unclear. We utilized our previously reported cell culture pacing system to directly assess phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase (PI3K)/Akt and mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling of adult rat ventricular myocytes (ARVM) in response to rapid electrical stimulation. Freshly isolated ARVMs were maintained quiescent (0 Hz), or continuously stimulated at 5 (normofrequency) and 8 Hz (rapid frequency). Pacing resulted in an increase in mitochondrial respiration, assessed by mitochondrial uptake of 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) at 48 h. Rapid pacing at 8 Hz significantly increased cell injury and death as assessed by Trypan Blue uptake, creatine phosphokinase release, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) assay. Pacing at 5 Hz induced early, but weak, activation of Akt and protein kinase 38 (p38). Rapid pacing further augmented the early activation of Akt and p38, and induced extracellular signal‐related kinase (Erk) and c‐jun amino terminal kinase (JNK) activation. Incubation of ARVM with PI3K inhibitor LY294002 resulted in a twofold increase of TUNEL‐positive cells under all pacing conditions examined. In conclusion, rapid pacing has immediate and detrimental consequences for cardiomyocyte survival, with pro‐apoptotic pathways (e.g. JNK, p38) able to overwhelm antiapoptotic signalling (PI3K/Akt, Erk). The rapid pacing methodology described in this report will be particularly useful in determination of cell signalling pathways associated with tachycardia‐induced cardiomyopathy.
Post‐ and prejunctional consequences of ecto‐ATPase inhibition: electrical and contractile studies in guinea‐pig vas deferens
Authors: Ghildyal P. , Palani D. , Manchanda R.
Published: May 2006

At sites of purinergic neurotransmission, synaptic ecto‐ATPase is believed to limit the actions of ATP following its neural release. However, details of the modulation by this enzyme of the ATP‐mediated conductance change and the possible mechanisms mediating this modulation remain unelucidated. We have addressed these issues by studying the effect of ARL 67156, a selective ecto‐ATPase inhibitor, on ATP‐mediated electrical and contractile activity in the sympathetically innervated guinea‐pig vas deferens. ARL 67156 at 100 μmsignificantly potentiated the amplitude of spontaneous excitatory junction potentials (SEJPs) by 81.1% (P< 0.01) and prolonged their time courses (rise time by 49.7%, decay time constant by 38.2%;P< 0.01). Moreover, the frequency of occurrence of SEJPs was strikingly increased (from 0.28 ± 0.13 to 0.90 ± 0.26 Hz;P< 0.01), indicating an additional, primarily presynaptic, effect of ecto‐ATPase inhibition. The frequency of occurrence of discrete events (DEs), which represent nerve stimulation‐evoked quantal release of neurotransmitter, was also increased (∼6‐fold;P< 0.01), along with the appearance of DEs at previously ‘silent’ latencies. Purinergic contractions of the vas deferens were potentiated significantly (P< 0.01) by ARL 67156; these potentiated contractions were suppressed by the A1 agonist adenosine (P< 0.01) but left unaffected by the A1 antagonist 8‐phenyltheophylline (8‐PT). Our results indicate (i) that ecto‐ATPase activity, in addition to modulating the ATP‐mediated postjunctional conductance change, may regulate transmitter release prejunctionally under physiological conditions, and (ii) that the prejunctional regulation may be mediated primarily via presynaptic P2X, rather than A1, receptors.