bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Range, Information, and Process
Authors: Alkire Sabina
Published: August 2004

Each of the four chapters of Part I of the book synthesizes one aspect that must be specified in the operationalization of the capability approach, then proposes a framework for doing so. This third chapter considers the kind of ethical rationality that accompanies the capability approach, in which free choice between plural ends is given central place, and the information required to complete rational comparisons of diverse human development initiatives. The chapter proposes ingredients for making substantive and value judgements in dialogue with Amartya Sen's writings and concerns on related subjects. It is argued that the wider conception of rationality identified by Sen and John Finnis offer systematic ways of approaching substantive and value judgements that retain the fundamental incompleteness of the capability approach and do not impose a comprehensive doctrine of good. The different sections of the chapter are: Multidimensionality and Evaluation; Ethical Rationality in Poverty Reduction; Sen's Informational Pluralism; Sen's Principle Pluralism; Finnis's Principle Pluralism; Ethical Rationality Reconsidered; and Operational Considerations.
Participation and Culture
Authors: Alkire Sabina
Published: August 2004

Each of the four chapters of Part I of the book synthesizes one aspect that must be specified in the operationalization of the capability approach, then proposes a framework for doing so. This fourth chapter considers the relationship between choice, self‐direction, and the construction of cultural values and identities. It analyses the different possible values of community participation in poverty reduction initiatives, and also draws out considerations regarding the responsibilities that outside actors may have in generating and providing to decision‐makers the information necessary to make informed choices. It draws Amartya Sen's capability approach into discussion with the participatory processes that have been common in micro‐economic development initiatives, and that are becoming increasingly popular in macroeconomic approaches as well, and, in particular, focuses on community participation in development activities that are partly supported by resources external to the community, whether these be from regional or national government, NGOs, or other sources. The main sections of the chapter are: Participation: Means, Ends, Debate, and Identity; Subsidiarity; and External Assistance.
Three Case Studies
Authors: Alkire Sabina
Published: August 2004

The sixth and seventh chapters that make up Part II of the book consist of one practical and much narrower application of the capability approach, namely, a discussion of how economic analysis (cost‐benefit analysis) and systematic qualitative information on human impacts can be combined in order to assess the relative effectiveness of particular development activities in expanding human capabilities. This seventh chapter comprises case studies of three small Oxfam activities in Pakistan on which both cost‐benefit analysis and the further assessment of impacts were applied. The methodology described in Ch. 6 was developed, and these case studies were conducted, over nine months of field research in Pakistan with non‐governmental organizations (NGOs) that undertake income generation activities among poor communities using participatory methods. The aim was to develop a participatory method for evaluating development activities (at different stages of implementation) that field staff could implement themselves, and that would facilitate the kind of self‐direction and scrutiny of values issues advocated by Amartya Sen's capability approach. The three case studies were of women's income generation activities in Pakistan: loans for goat‐rearing, involving the local NGO the Rural Women's Welfare Organization; adult literacy and community development—the Khoj literacy activity project; and rose cultivation, involving the Marvi Women's Organization in the village of Arabsolangi, Sindh.
Overt and Covert Institutionalization in Europe
Authors: Héritier Adrienne
Published: August 2004

Concerns decision-making in the European Union (EU), given the ever-present threat of deadlock, and argues that a set of informal and more formal tactics, serving to facilitate rule-making, has evolved to deal with this problem. Three basic modes of overt and covert institutionalization are identified and discussed: overt and formal modes of rule-changing; overt change through informal strategies and patterns; and covert institutionalization through committing actors at an early stage, shaping policy behind closed doors, and re-labelling and restructuring a choice situation. The theoretical foundations of each of these are discussed, and each is illustrated by empirical examples of European policy-making, including various examples of initiatives that were initially blocked by the Council of Ministers, but eventually became EU law and policy. Finally, the question is raised as to the consequences of these different modes of institutionalization and the conditions under which these different paths of deepening European institutionalization do not normally occur.
Judicial Rulemaking and the Institutionalization of European Union Sex Equality Policy
Authors: Cichowski Rachel A.
Published: August 2004

An examination is made of the impact of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) on the institutional evolution of European Union sex equality policy, following the provision in the Treaty of Rome (Art. 119 EEC, now Art. 141) that men and women would receive equal pay for equal work – a provision aimed at protecting businesses from unfair competition. This same provision now bestows a positive right on individuals throughout the Member States, and is a judicially enforceable right that remains the backbone of an ever-expanding European social-justice policy. Over time, strategic action on the part of litigants and their lawyers and the ECJ’s judicial rule-making capacity has constructed a supranational space in which women can not only demand the right to equal pay but can also receive protection as pregnant workers. This dynamic process is the focus of the analysis presented, and involves an examination of three basic mechanisms of institutional evolution: the process by which self-interested private litigants and their lawyers are able to activate the European Union (EU) legal system through the Art. 177 (now Art. 234) procedure (which allows national individuals to invoke EU law before national courts); the ECJ’s authoritative interpretation of Art. 119 (focusing on how it became directly effective in national legal systems); and the feedback effects of this judicial rule-making in terms of how the litigation environment has been changed, and the EU and national-level policy consequence. In particular, the latter are traced through the development of EU pregnancy and maternity rights.
Est Maître Des Lieux Celui Qui Les Organise: How Rules Change When National and European Policy Domains Collide
Authors: Le Galès Patrick
Published: August 2004

An examination is made of how tensions that develop between supranational and national governance structures are resolved, given the institutionalization taking place at the European level. The focus is on two national policy domains – state aids and regional development – and the author explains how, since the mid-1980s, European Union (EU) officials have succeeded in inducing their French counterparts to alter legislation and administrative practices once assumed to be fundamentally immune to external influence – a process that is increasingly referred to as the ‘Europeanization of the nation state’. The view taken is that Europeanization took place in a series of ‘rounds’ that have followed a common sequence: disagreement about the nature and scope of EU rules in national regimes; open contestation between supranational and national officials; the fixing of a new or clarified rule on the part of EU officials; and, finally, the grudging acceptance of the rule by the French. After each round, new patterns of French resistance emerged, but the rules of the game governing these interactions are fixed by the results of previous rounds, and come to be more or less taken for granted by actors at both levels; it is argued that the overall process tends to favour the expansion and diffusion of EU modes of governance, and the weakening of specifically national modes. The chapter is divided into three main sections: the first provides a summary overview of the development of EU competition policy and its intersections with state aids and regional policy; the second focuses on state aids in two sectors (French regional and industrial policy), which are analysed against the backdrop of the development of European competition law; and the third part discusses conflicts over the meaning of European rules in relation to the process of ‘endogenous’ institutional change.
The Quest for Coherence: Institutional Dilemmas of External Action from Maastricht to Amsterdam
Authors: Smith Michael E.
Published: August 2004

The focus of this chapter is on the institutionalization of a space for the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), and on efforts since the signing of the Maastricht Treaty on European Union (TEU) to link the CFSP with other European Union (EU) domains under a principle of coherence. In the light of unfavourable perceptions about institutional performance in the conduct of EU external relations, and the perceived need for change, two major questions are addressed: the kinds of institutional problems that have resulted from the TEU’s provisions on external relations; and the extent to which, and how, these problems have been resolved. The chapter first maps out the EU’s institutional space in the policy domains most directly concerned with external relations, and then shows how these mechanisms created new problems, and thus pressures for institutional change, once the TEU came into effect. These problems are defined primarily in terms of institutional gaps and contradictions across the EU’s external policy domains. Finally, the attempts of the EU to resolve these problems through two sets of institutional reforms, one informal and the other formal, are described.
The Economic Theory of Privatization
Authors: SINISCALCO BERNARDO BORTOLOTTI DOMENICO
Published: August 2004

This chapter presents a concise survey of the economic literature of privatization providing the theoretical backing for the empirical analyses carried out in the book. The chapter shows why private or public ownership may matter in the behavior of firms. Then it surveys the main results of the political economy approach to privatization, taking into account political preferences and government constraints. Finally, it analyzes the optimal privatization method in order to achieve the various economic and political objectives.
How do Governments Privatize?
Authors: SINISCALCO BERNARDO BORTOLOTTI DOMENICO
Published: August 2004

When designing a divestiture program, governments typically pursue different – and sometimes conflicting – objectives. The main goals are the following: revenue maximization, share ownership diffusion, the promotion of popular capitalism, investors’ confidence building and financial market development. This chapter tries to explain how a given method can be functional to achieve specific goals, pointing out the possible trade-offs that any choice involves. Suitable privatization design is the key to solving these difficult trade-offs.
Personal Utility and Welfare
Authors: Little Ian Malcolm David
Published: August 2004

The economist's concept of utility is based on choice. If economic man chooses A rather than B, he is deemed to get more utility with A and to be better off, having reached a preferred position. Choosing between uncertain outcomes permits expected utility to be measured cardinally. Risk and equality are related. Utility theory is the cornerstone of normative economics, providing a criterion of better‐offness.
Mafias and the State
Authors: Hill Peter B. E.
Published: August 2004

Drawing on the work of Gambetta, Schelling, and other scholars of mafias and organized crime, this chapter establishes the theoretical framework for the remainder of the book. It is argued that the central characteristic of mafias is the provision of private protection. Such protection is not necessarily bogus (extortionate) and there are a number of potential consumers of this service. The chapter explores the conditions in which the market for private protection might arise, the consumers and suppliers of this commodity, and the relationship between mafias and the state.
YakuzaEvolution
Authors: Hill Peter B. E.
Published: August 2004

Outlines the historical evolution of theyakuza. Particular attention is paid to the extraordinary half century spanning from the conditions of post‐war chaos to the years of the bubble economy of the late 1980s. The enormous changes experienced by Japan in this period are reflected in theyakuza's own development over the same time.
Shinogi—Sources of Income
Authors: Hill Peter B. E.
Published: August 2004

Gives a comprehensive overview of the main sources of income of these groups during the late 1980s.
Bōtaihō: Organised Crime Countermeasures—Japanese Style
Authors: Hill Peter B. E.
Published: August 2004

Deals with the response of the state to organized crime. During the early 1990s a new anti‐yakuzalaw was introduced. Having discussed the reasons for this law's introduction, this law is described and analysed with reference to American and European anti‐organized crime laws (both of which were influential in the internal policy debate).
Scale and Scope: Coinage, Arbitrage, and Bimetallism
Authors: Flandreau Marc
Published: August 2004

Chapter 6 documents the role of arbitrage networks on the operation of bimetallism. Focusing on the experience of the Rothschilds, its shows how bankers organized themselves in order to take advantage of the profits associated with bullion arbitrage. The response involved a combination of concentration (of refining and coining activities), and decentralization (of partners and associates all over the world to put bullion into motion).
How did International Bimetallism Work? A Monetary Theory
Authors: Flandreau Marc
Published: August 2004

Chapter 7 provides a model of the operation of bimetallism as a global system, 1850-1870. It argues that the limited impact that the Gold Rush had on price levels can be primarily explained as resulting from a global adjustment process, whereby gold was in part absorbed by gold countries and in part by bimetallic ones, where it displaced silver which got absorbed by silver standard countries: because its effects were spread all over the world, regardless of the underlying standard, the Gold Rush had much more modest effects than contemporary initially feared.
Citizenship and the Environment
Authors: Dobson Andrew
Published: August 2004

Ecological citizenship cannot be fully articulated in either liberal or civic republican terms. It is, rather, an example and an inflection of ‘post‐cosmopolitan’ citizenship. Ecological citizenship focuses on duties as well as rights, and its conception of political space is not the state or the municipality, or the ideal speech community of cosmopolitanism, but the ‘ecological footprint’.

Ecological citizenship contrasts with fiscal incentives as a way of encouraging people to act more sustainably, in the belief that the former is more compatible with the long‐term and deeper shifts of attitude and behaviour that sustainability requires. This book offers an original account of the relationship between liberalism and sustainability, arguing that the former's commitment to a plurality of conceptions of the good entails a commitment to so‐called ‘strong’ forms of the latter.

How to make an ecological citizen? The potential of formal high school citizenship education programmes is examined through a case study of the recent implementation of the compulsory citizenship curriculum in the UK.
Chapter 1 Towards Post‐cosmopolitanism
Authors: Dobson Andrew
Published: August 2004

Post‐cosmopolitanism is presented as an alternative to cosmopolitan commitments beyond the nation‐state. Post‐cosmopolitanism grows out of an understanding of globalization as a producer of inequalities, and consequent relations of injustice.
Dividend Policy and Corporate Governance
Authors: Correia da Silva Luis , Goergen Marc , Renneboog Luc
Published: August 2004

By reviewing the interactions between dividend policy and other corporate governance mechanisms, this book provides a major contribution to the debate about the best corporate governance system. A conscious effort is made to compare existing empirical studies on the UK and US with those on other countries such as France, Germany, and Japan. The book provides new empirical evidence on German dividend policy, one of the representatives of the corporate governance system of Continental Europe – a system that remains largely under‐researched. We find major differences between the dividend policy of German firms and that of UK or US firms. First, the conventional wisdom, which states that German dividends are lower than UK or US dividends is not necessarily upheld as on a published profits basis; the exact converse is true. Second, dividends in the UK and US are relatively smooth as they are characterized by frequent, but small changes, whereas dividends in Germany show less frequent, but larger changes. Third, we find a link between corporate control and dividend payouts. Fourth, we report evidence that the existence of a loss is an additional determinant of dividend changes. Finally, we do not find a link between the tax status of the controlling shareholder and the firm's dividend payout. Our results have important implications for the current debate on the best corporate governance system.
Introduction
Authors: Silva Luis Correia Da , Goergen Marc , Renneboog Luc
Published: August 2004

Anecdotal evidence states that German dividend policy is much more flexible than the UK or US dividend policy. Given the different corporate governance environment, dividends may play less of a signalling and monitoring role in Germany than in the US or UK.
Research Questions
Authors: Silva Luis Correia Da , Goergen Marc , Renneboog Luc
Published: August 2004

Discusses the research questions that will be addressed in the next chapters. The research questions relate to the link between dividend levels and corporate control, and dividend flexibility and corporate control.
Empirical Issues on Dividend Payout Ratios
Authors: Silva Luis Correia Da , Goergen Marc , Renneboog Luc
Published: August 2004

Starts by reviewing patterns on dividend policy around the world. It then analyses some of the methodological issues as well as the tax treatment of dividends in Germany. The final part of the chapter describes the data analysed in Chs. 6–8
Dividend Policy, Earnings, and Cash Flow: A Dynamic Panel Data Analysis
Authors: Silva Luis Correia Da , Goergen Marc , Renneboog Luc
Published: August 2004

Benefiting from recent advances in panel data estimation, the chapter estimates the Lintner model for German firms. The Lintner model is estimated using both cash flow data and published earnings data. When the former are used, the implicit target payout ratio is much closer to the observed target payout ratio than when the latter is used. We conclude that target payout ratios of German firms are based on cash flow figures rather than published earnings figures.
When do Firms Change the Dividend Policy?
Authors: Silva Luis Correia Da , Goergen Marc , Renneboog Luc
Published: August 2004

Focuses on the flexibility of German dividends. The evidence obtained from analysing the data suggests that the dividend policy of German firms is much more flexible than that of UK or US firms. Contrary to what Lintner (1956) predicts, dividend are cut or omitted when profits are only temporarily, rather than permanently, depressed.
Conclusion
Authors: Silva Luis Correia Da , Goergen Marc , Renneboog Luc
Published: August 2004

The study provides new interesting results that are important for the ongoing debate about the best possible corporate governance system. Although, recently, the Continental European system of corporate governance has somehow fallen into disrepute, the system has some clear advantages as compared to the main competing system, the Anglo‐American system. One of these advantages is that the average firm in Continental European does not have to rely on costly dividend signalling.
Introduction
Authors: Bain William
Published: August 2004

Begins by giving an outline of the idea of trusteeship as presented by P. H. Kerr, and then as viewed against a background of the opposite idea—that of liberty, as considered by J. S. Mill. It states the purpose of the book is to interrogate the character of trusteeship as an idea of international society, to investigate the assumptions, claims, and justifications that render it intelligible as a recognized and settled mode of human conduct in international life. It contends that the character of trusteeship is discernible in full relief at the intersection of two dispositions of human conduct: the good of assisting persons in need, and the good of respecting human autonomy. The first part of the chapter is a general discussion of the idea of trusteeship in contemporary international society, and it ends by commenting that, since the 11 September attacks, there is very little about the Bush administration's claims that would be out of place in the age of empire—an age in which trusteeship was the most obvious outward manifestation of a similarly righteous mission to propagate the virtue of civilization and to eradicate its enemies. The remaining three sections of the chapter discuss the idiom of Oakeshottian conversation in which the book is written, the international society/English School theoretical tradition in which the book is situated, and the character of trusteeship, which is intelligible in a particular relation of virtue, inequality, and tutelage.
The Obligations of Power
Authors: Bain William
Published: August 2004

The idea of trusteeship in international society originates in late 18th century British India. The purpose of this chapter is to examine the emergence of trusteeship as a justification of political power in territories administered by the East India Company. The chapter has five sections: From Merchant to Sovereign in British India; The Claim to Rule; The Relations of Ruler and Subject; The Purpose of the Office of Government; and Providing Protection, Directing Improvement.
The Internationalization of Trusteeship
Authors: Bain William
Published: August 2004

Examines the internationalization of trusteeship as it arose in the context of British colonial administration in Africa, the Berlin and Brussels Conferences, and the experience of the Congo Free State. It is out of these experiences and events that the idea of trusteeship emerges as a recognized and accepted practice of international society. The chapter has five sections: the first discusses British attitudes towards Africa; the second looks at Lord Lugard's ‘dual mandate’ principle of colonial administration—the proposal that the exploitation of Africa's natural wealth should reciprocally benefit the industrial classes of Europe and the native population of Africa; the third discusses the Berlin Conference of 1884–1885 and the Brussels Conference of 1890; the fourth describes trusteeship in relation to the Congo Free State. The fifth section of the chapter points out the progression from the idea of trusteeship in the East India Company's dominion in India—in which the improvement of native peoples would come about rapidly and result in institutional forms and practices that closely resembled those in Europe—to a new incrementalist approach in which societies and people were thought of as occupying different rungs on a progressive ‘ladder of civilization’, and, depending on their stage of development on this ladder, were suited to different forms of constitution.
Trusteeship as an Institution of International Society
Authors: Bain William
Published: August 2004

Starts by pointing out that if the Berlin and Brussels Acts and the experience of the Congo Free State (as discussed in the last chapter) are understood as representing the internationalization of the idea of trusteeship, then the League of Nations mandates system might be understood as representing its institutionalization in international society. Examines the current of ideas from which the institutionalization of trusteeship arose out of the debates concerning the disposal of German colonies conquered during the First World War, and the subsequent compromise that resulted in the creation of the mandates system, which stands as a response to the problem of ordering relations of Europeans and non‐Europeans by reconciling the obligations of trusteeship and the search for national security in a single institutional arrangement. The victorious Allied powers divided Germany's colonial possessions amongst themselves, in no small part for reasons of national security, but in assuming administrative responsibility for these territories they also accepted the oversight of ‘international machinery’ to ensure that the work of civilization was being done. The seven sections of the chapter are: War and the Old Diplomacy; Trusteeship or Annexation?; From the New World—the effect of the Russian revolution and the entry into the First World War of the US on the French and British annexation policy and Woodrow Wilson's ideas for peace; The Mandates System—the birth of the League of Nations; Impasse at Versailles—the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and the Versailles Peace Treaty; Trusteeship or Deception—the obligations and defects of the League of Nations Covenant; and Novelty and Tradition—the compromise of the League of Nations system.
Trusteeship, International Society, and the Limit of Obligation
Authors: Bain William
Published: August 2004

Offers some thoughts about the idea of trusteeship and its place in the history of international society. The first section, Unity, Progress, and Perfection of Humankind, puts forward the claim that trusteeship is a historic idea that is distinctive of a particular time and place, and, specifically, that it is intelligible in relation to other ideas that are especially characteristic of the Enlightenment. Thus, trusteeship discloses moral excellence, and indeed obtains powerful justification, when it contributes to the unity, progress, and perfection of the human family. The second section, A Society of States and a Family of Peoples, argues that these ideas call forth an understanding of international life that conceives international society and human society as forming a perfect identity, and which is underwritten by the duty that we should act so as to secure the good of our fellows. The third section, The Limit of Obligation, considers the limits of this duty, and concludes that in seeking the good of our fellows we must stop short of treating people paternally. This conclusion casts a pall of doubt on the legitimacy of trusteeship in contemporary international society, even when it is aimed at protecting fundamental human rights, because it proposes to treat an equal unequally—indeed, trusteeship is morally objectionable because it offends the irreducible sanctity of human personality by repudiating the essence of what it means to be human, a thinking and choosing agent.
Facing the Pension Crisis in France
Authors: Clark Gordon L.
Published: August 2004

This chapter examines the pension problem in France. The French pension situation follows the path of most Bismarckian pension institutions; it has long maintained a relative status quo despite several difficult reforms. Such institutions are difficult to reform because change affects the special interests of various privileged groups of workers. For reforms to pass, they must be negotiated with social partners. It remains unclear when and what type of pension funds will develop, who will be in charge of them, and how they will be invested.
The Normative Dialogue of International Society
Authors: Jackson Robert
Published: August 2004

This introductory chapter begins with two conversations: one imaginary and one historical to illustrate the kind of dialogue that currently takes place in world politics. It summarizes the political conversation of humankind by focusing on the discourses of diplomacy and international law. It outlines the basic norms of international society: procedural norms of international law and prudential norms of statecraft. It then argues that a normative dialogue of world politics is possible to the extent that it is divorced from the values of particular civilisations.
The Situation Ethics of Independent Statecraft
Authors: Jackson Robert
Published: August 2004

This chapter presents a classical approach to the subject that analyses the following topics: international ethics as a special ethical sphere, the distinction between standards and circumstances, the relationship of power and responsibility, and the political virtues that statespeople must possess. It rejects the beliefs that foreign policy and other international activities of statespeople are devoid of normative direction or content, and that the conduct of statespeople can be judged by applying theories of moral philosophers. It argues that academics can only judge statespeople by their standards.
Justifying Conventional War
Authors: Jackson Robert
Published: August 2004

This chapter examines the normative character and modus operandi of conventional war in contemporary international society. The following normative issues are addressed: justifications of the UN and Iraq for resorting to war, wartime responsibilities of citizens, responsibilities of soldiers in waging war, normative reality of unlevel battlefields, distributive and corrective justice in war, and the constitutional aspects of conventional war member states of contemporary international society. It is argued that the Gulf War was as close to a legitimate and lawful war as any war of the 20th century due to special international circumstances in the 1990s.
Introduction
Authors: Kerr Rachel
Published: August 2004

This introductory chapter discusses the alleged ‘politicisation’ of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY). The UN Security Council established the ICTY on May 25, 1993 as a mechanism to restore and maintain international peace and security. Although its establishment was politically motivated, its internal mandate is to deliver justice. To be successful, the ICTY must walk the fine line between law and politics. An overview of the chapters included in this volume is presented.
Establishing a Court: ‘A Mammoth Task’
Authors: Kerr Rachel
Published: August 2004

This chapter discusses the process of creating the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. It charts the process from the adoption of Resolution 827 on May 25, 1993 to the end of the establishment in 1996. Tremendous logistical, financial, and political problems were overcome to transform the Tribunal from a ‘nebulous idea’ of the Security Council into a reality. These include finding premises, building courtrooms, recruiting staff, coping with a limited budget, and appointing a prosecutor.
Colonies and Occupied Territories: Transitional Administration Through the Twentieth Century
Authors: Chesterman Simon
Published: August 2004

Despite the conceit that transitional administration was invented in the 1990s, much can be learned concerning the development of an institutional capacity to administer territory from examining the manner in which the colonial empires were regulated and subsequently dismantled. An age less attuned to political sensitivities also provides a clearer‐eyed assessment of the requirements of such administration, challenging the conventional wisdom that ‘ownership’ on the part of the local population is essential to the process.
Relief and Reconstruction: The Politics of Humanitarian and Development Assistance
Authors: Chesterman Simon
Published: August 2004

If a peace settlement mediated in part through a transitional administration is to work, it is necessary that disparate parties ‘buy into’ the peace process. This, like ‘ownership’, is generally meant metaphorically, but it should also be understood literally: unless the new regime is seen to encourage economic activity and provide basic public goods, any such settlement is likely to be short‐lived. This chapter deals with the role of external actors in providing emergency humanitarian and medium‐term development assistance to a population living under a transitional administration. Such assistance is notoriously supply—rather than demand—driven, with the result that it is more responsive to the politics of donors than that of recipients. Together with the perverse economic effects that a sudden influx of foreign capital and personnel may have, these factors can undermine the short‐term political stability and the medium‐term economic viability of the territory in question.
‘You, the People’: The Future of State-Building
Authors: Chesterman Simon
Published: August 2004

Underlying all these issues is the most basic question of whether the United Nations and other international actors should be undertaking this sort of function at all. This chapter returns to the three sets of contradictions discussed in this Introduction—that the means are inconsistent with, inadequate for, and, at times, irrelevant to the ends—and recasts them in light of the changing role of the United Nations and its relationship to the United States. This relationship is important not merely because US political, economic, and military power may determine the success or failure of a transitional administration, but because US perceptions of its national security dictated the military operations in Afghanistan and Iraq in the first place. While the United Nations may be politically constrained from viewing transitional administrations through the lens of military occupation, the United States has sometimes appeared incapable of viewing them as anything else.
Moods, Modes, and Logical Compounds
Authors: Barker Stephen J
Published: August 2004

I analyse mood but reject the sense/force distinction. I offer expressivist analyses of negation and sentential compounds, conditionals, truth, identity and existence claims
Logical Complexity and Semantic Normativity
Authors: Barker Stephen J
Published: August 2004

I deal with the cognitive states expressed by de dicto logically complex sentences–those that are expressives, such as negations, disjunctions, universal noun phrase sentences, and adverbs of generality. I also articulate more clearly STA’s expressivism about semantic norms and its psychologism: the account of how sentences express cognitive states is integral to the semantics that STA gives of them.
Pleasure and the Good Life
Authors: Feldman Fred
Published: August 2004

Hedonism is the view that the Good Life is the pleasant life. The central aim of this book is to show that, when carefully and charitably interpreted, certain forms of hedonism yield plausible evaluations of human lives. The forms defended understand pleasure as intrinsic attitudinal pleasure. Rejects all forms of sensory hedonism. Defends preferred forms of hedonism against a barrage of classic objections derived from Plato, Aristotle, Brentano, Moore, Ross, Rawls, and many others. Compares the author's forms of hedonism to the hedonistic views of Aristippus, Epicurus, Bentham, and Mill. Some views in value theory are typically thought to be anti‐hedonistic. Shows that some of these views are equivalent to forms of hedonism. Also defends the claim that all the allegedly hedonistic theories discussed in the book are properly classified as forms of ‘hedonism’. Near the end of the book, the author presents his vision of the Good Life and mentions some remaining problems.
The Quest for the Good Life
Authors: Feldman Fred
Published: August 2004

Attempts to explain more exactly how the author understands the question about ‘the Good Life’. Interprets this to mean something like ‘the life that is good in itself for the one who lives it’ or ‘the life high in individual welfare’. So the question is: what feature (or features) ultimately make a person's life go well for that person? Some popular views about the Good Life are discussed. These include eudaimonism, preferentism, perfectionism, and pluralism. Sketches these views and briefly indicates why he think they are unsatisfactory. This leaves hedonism.
Replies to Some Objections
Authors: Feldman Fred
Published: August 2004

The objection from false pleasures (introduced in Ch. 3) is reviewed. A version relevant to Intrinsic Attitudinal Hedonism is formulated and evaluated. A new form of hedonism making use of an adjustment for truth is introduced and explained. It is alleged that this form of hedonism (‘Truth Adjusted Intrinsic Attitudinal Hedonism’) is not refuted by the objection from false pleasures. The Platonic objection based on pleasure without knowledge is reviewed. The objection seems ineffective against Intrinsic Attitudinal Hedonism. Finally, the objection from base or worthless pleasures is discussed. A new form of hedonism—Desert Adjusted Intrinsic Attitudinal Hedonism—is introduced and defended. This is said to evade all the objections so far mentioned.
But is it Really “Hedonism”?
Authors: Feldman Fred
Published: August 2004

Curious readers might wonder if some of the axiological theories discussed in this book have been stretched so far that it is no longer appropriate to categorize them as forms of hedonism. This raises a deeper question: what in general makes it correct to categorize an axiological theory as a form of hedonism? Attempts to answer this question. Also attempts to answer it in such a way as to justify the classification of the alleged hedonisms in this book. This turns out to be a trickier problem than might at first be expected.
Themes and Puzzles
Authors: Feldman Fred
Published: August 2004

Contains a review of the main themes of the book and a description of my vision of the Good Life. It also contains an admission of some of the puzzles left unsolved here. Among the main themes are: the importance of being clear about what an axiological theory is supposed to tell us; the importance of formulating one's proposed axiological theory (hedonistic or not) in a coherent way; the importance of recognizing the distinction between forms of sensory hedonism and forms of attitudinal hedonism; the advantages of attitudinal hedonism and its capacity (especially in desert‐adjusted forms) to avoid classic objections; the plasticity of attitudinal hedonism; the importance and interest (and difficulty) of determining precisely what makes it correct to categorize an axiological theory as ‘hedonism’.
INTRINSIC CONCERN FOR OTHERS
Authors: Brink David O.
Published: August 2004

This chapter examines Aristotle's and Green's concern for the common good. It is argued that both Aristotle and Green have the analytic resources to provide a eudaimonist justification of interpersonal concern that is derivative but not instrumental. This is why Green views interpersonal love as the next best thing to immortality, and why Aristotle and Green both claim that a proper conception of how others figure in self-love undermines the popular contrast between self-love and altruism.
MODERATE AND EXTREME HARMONY OF INTERESTS
Authors: Brink David O.
Published: August 2004

This chapter presents an interpretation of Green's conception of the common good. It is argued that Green's conception of the common good seeks to explain how it is that the goods of distinct individuals, when conceived in perfectionist terms, can be shown to be substantially interdependent. Only if he argues in this way is Green entitled to claim that a common good, which includes the good of others, is part of self-realization. This interpretation of Green's account of the role of the common good in self-realization models interpersonal relations and concern on intrapersonal relations and concern, thus extending the boundaries of self-interest and self-love so as to include the good of others. This view implies a conception of interpersonal relations that should lead us to see people's interests as metaphysically, and not just instrumentally, interdependent. This allows Green to claim that there is a substantial harmony between the agent's own interests and those of others — this is moderate harmony. However, these claims they do not establish the strong thesis that there can be no conflict or competition of interests among people — this is extreme harmony.
ABSOLUTE IDEALISM AND EXTREME HARMONY
Authors: Brink David O.
Published: August 2004

This chapter examines Green's metaphysical and political defence of extreme harmony. It is argued that Green's theory of moral personality and his claims about the role of the common good in self-realization provide the resources for his best defence of the sort of corporate agency required to maintain extreme harmony. It is shown that Green's most interesting and plausible arguments for corporate agency do not support the demands of extreme harmony.
GREEN AND BRADLEY
Authors: Brink David O.
Published: August 2004

This chapter focuses on the similarities between Green's and another prominent figure in British idealism, Bradley. In metaphysics and epistemology, both are deeply critical of empiricism and endorse a form of absolute idealism. In ethics, both reject the incompatibilist view of freedom and determinism, both reject psychological and evaluative hedonism and are critical of utilitarianism, and both defend an ethics of self-realization. However, despite these similarities, it is surprising how little evidence there is of significant interaction and influence between the two.
The Northern Ireland Conflict
Authors: McGarry John , O'Leary Brendan
Published: August 2004

The book collects some of the major essays, past and new, of two of the leading authorities on the Northern Ireland conflict. The essays cover a wide range of topics, from the Anglo-Irish Agreement of 1985, and the management of Northern Ireland by successive Labour and Conservative governments between 1974 and 1997, to an analysis of the 1998 Agreement, and the issues of policing and human rights reform in the aftermath of that agreement. The book is unified by the theory of consociation, one of the most influential theories in the regulation of conflicts. The authors are critical exponents of the consociational approach, and several chapters explain its attractions over alternative forms of conflict regulation. The book explains why Northern Ireland's national divisions have made the achievement of a consociational agreement particularly difficult.

The issues raised in the book are crucial to a proper understanding of Northern Ireland's past and future, which, the authors argue, is likely to involve some type of consociational democracy, whether or not the one agreed to on Good Friday 1998. The issues addressed, however, are not particular to Northern Ireland. They are relevant to a host of other divided territories, including Cyprus, Kosovo, Macedonia, Sri Lanka, Nigeria, Afghanistan, Bosnia, Israel/Palestine, and Iraq. The book is therefore vital reading not just for Northern Ireland specialists, but also for anyone interested in consociational and in the just and durable regulation of national and ethnic conflict.
The Anglo-Irish Agreement: Folly or Statecraft?
Authors: McGarry John , O'Leary Brendan
Published: August 2004

The chapter analyses the significance of the Anglo-Irish Agreement of 1985, and using research and interview material critically assesses explanations as to why it was signed. It evaluates the consequences of the Agreement (up to 12 July 1986) and considers the prospects for its survival. The article provides a normative defence of the Agreement, including its provisions for the promotion of a consociational settlement.
The Conservative Stewardship of Northern Ireland 1979–97: Sound-bottomed Contradictions or Slow Learning?
Authors: McGarry John , O'Leary Brendan
Published: August 2004

The chapter gives an evaluation of the inconsistencies in the conservatives' approach to Northern Ireland under Prime ministers Thatcher and Major. It applauds the Conservatives eventual recognition that intergovernmental cooperation with Dublin was essential to the successful management of the conflict - even if it took some ministers nearly two decades to relearn what Conservative prime minister Heath had appreciated in 1973.
The Nature of the Agreement
Authors: McGarry John , O'Leary Brendan
Published: August 2004

The chapter provides a comprehensive constitutional and political evaluation of the Agreement of 1998. It explains that the Agreement is consistent with the four central pillars of consociational democracy, but it also addressed the self-determination dispute at the heart of the conflict through a number of complex federal and confederal elements, involving both parts of Ireland, and Ireland and Great Britain. The chapter has an appendix which explains the d'Hondt formula used for executive appointment.
Globalization, European Integration, and the Northern Ireland Conflict
Authors: McGarry John , O'Leary Brendan
Published: August 2004

The chapter examines the effect of a number of changes in the international order on the Northern Ireland conflict. Its central argument is that while globalization and European integration have done little to transform Northern Ireland's rival identities in the way that some integrationists hope or claim, the internationalisation of Northern Ireland's conflict has had important and positive effects on conflict management.
The Protection of Human Rights under the Belfast Agreement
Authors: McGarry John , O'Leary Brendan
Published: August 2004

The chapter addresses a fundamental aspect of Northern Ireland's Agreement: the need to institutionalise rights protections. While a Bill of Rights should uphold traditional liberal norms of freedom and individual equality, an appropriately designed Bill also needs to entrench the basic political compromise at the heart of the Agreement. It should protect (or at least not endanger) the principles of inclusive power-sharing; proportionality; community self-government; the equality of groups; and community veto rights. It should also uphold the right of the current national minority and any future minority to meaningful cross-border arrangements, making explicit the ‘double protection model’ implicit in the Agreement.
The Politics of Policing Reform in Northern Ireland
Authors: McGarry John , O'Leary Brendan
Published: August 2004

This chapter builds on the arguments presented in John McGarry and Brendan O'Leary, Policing Northern Ireland: Proposals for a New Start (Belfast: Blackstaff 1999), arguments that were widely seen as influencing the findings of the Independent Commission on Policing (the Patten Commission). The chapter analyses the Commission's report and the controversy surrounding its implementation by Secretary of State Peter Mandleson. It discusses the relationship between the struggle over police reform and the stalemate in Northern Ireland's political institutions, and argues that the successful completion of policing reform is essential to the Agreement's consolidation.
Years of Uncertainty 1976–2000
Authors: Halsey A. H.
Published: August 2004

The final quarter of the twentieth century brought, at first, institutional arrest, retrenchment, and reduced funding for both research and teaching. Then came the 1992 decision, paradoxically, by a Conservative government, to admit the polytechnics and other institutions of higher education to university status. Thus, there was a renewed and greater expansion of students and teachers of university sociology. In the meantime, the SSRC had been replaced by the ESRC after the Rothschild report.

Optimists now held that sociology was flourishing especially in the light of the feminist movement. The number of chairs rose to over 200.

Two views of sociology emerged. One is that sociology is a polysyllabic plague subverting the political order; the other is that sociology is a modern assemblage of theory and method with potential for the reform of imperfect society. The two views fight for supremacy.