bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nitrate residual as a key parameter to efficiently control partial denitrification coupling with anammox
Authors: Le Tri , Peng Bo , Su Chunyang , Massoudieh Arash , Torrents Alba , Al‐Omari Ahmed , Murthy Sudhir , Wett Bernhard , Chandran Kartik , deBarbadillo Christine , Bott Charles , De Clippeleir Haydée
Published: May 2019

Despite the increased research efforts, full‐scale implementation of shortcut nitrogen removal strategies has been challenged by the lack of consistent nitrite‐oxidizing bacteria out‐selection. This paper proposes an alternative path using partial denitrification (PdN) selection coupled with anaerobic ammonium‐oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB). A nitrate residual concentration (>2 mg N/L) was identified as the crucial factor for metabolic PdN selection using acetate as a carbon source, unlike the COD/N ratio which was often suggested. Therefore, a novel and simple acetate dosing control strategy based on maintaining a nitrate concentration was tested in the absence and presence of AnAOB, achieving PdN efficiencies above 80%. The metabolic‐based PdN selection allowed for flexibility to move between PdN and full denitrification when required to meet effluent nitrate levels. Due to the independence of this strategy on species selection and management of nitrite competition, this novel approach will guarantee nitrite availability for AnAOB under mainstream conditions unlike shortcut nitrogen removal approaches based on NOB out‐selection. Overall, a COD addition of only 2.2 g COD/g TIN removed was needed for the PdN‐AnAOB concept showing its potential for significant savings in external carbon source needs to meet low TIN effluent concentrations making this concept a competitive alternative.

Practitioner points

Nitrate residual is the key control parameter for partial denitrification selection.

Metabolic selection allowed for flexibility of moving from partial to full denitrification.

2.2 g COD/g TIN removed was needed for partial denitrification‐anammox process.
Environmental factors driving the dominance of the harmful bloom‐forming cyanobacteria Microcystis and Aphanocapsa in a tropical water supply reservoir
Authors: de J. Magalhães Aline A. , da Luz Lafayette D. , de Aguiar Junior Terencio R.
Published: May 2019

Harmful cyanobacterial blooms in reservoirs have become a serious global issue for environmental health. However, dominance among different toxic cyanobacteria genera remains poorly understood, especially in tropical areas. We evaluated the influence of environmental factors, including total phosphorus, dissolved aluminum, water level, and precipitation on the change of the dominant genus from Microcystis to Aphanocapsa, in a hypereutrophic tropical reservoir, using 443 water samples over six years of field monitoring by applying generalized linear models (GLM). The results pointed out the prevalence of longer hydrologic retention time leading to enhanced water stability, and nutrients’ accumulation into the hypolimnetic zones of the reservoir may have favored the ecophysiological advantages for the picocyanobacteria Aphanocapsa, which reached densities greater than 1 million/ml. In addition, this article also suggests that physical–chemical remediation methods applied for immobilizing phosphorus in the sediments of the reservoir may be low effective in limiting cyanobacterial growth. These findings are not only meaningful to the understanding of the dynamics of cyanobacterial genera but also to improve the management of eutrophic reservoirs in tropical regions.

Practitioner points

We assessed cyanobacterial dominance changes based on 6‐year field monitoring.

First article addressing the dominance of Aphanocapsa spp. in a tropical reservoir.

Species of Aphanocapsa responded better to hydrological changes in the reservoir.

The use of remediators was accompanied by an increase in cyanobacteria biomass.
Corporate-Level Communities at Ericsson: Parallel Organizational Structure for Fostering Alignment for Autonomy
Authors: Šmite Darja , Moe Nils Brede , Wigander Jonas , Esser Hendrik
Published: May 2019

Organizational management traditionally has taken care of all the important strategy, structure, and work-design decisions, as well as most of the ongoing decisions about work procedures. In large-scale corporations with many geographically distributed sites and high divisional detachment, such strategies are yet doomed to result in implementing irrelevant work methods and procedures that conflict with the local interests. As Tayloristic habits are disappearing, organizations willingly or unwillingly change their decision-making approaches to enable more participation and influence from the performers. These trends are associated with the rise of participation-based parallel structures, such as quality circles, task forces or communities of practice. In this paper, we present our findings from studying corporate-level communities by the means of a multi-case study at Ericsson. We found that the main hindrances are related to the limited decision-making authority of parallel structure, member selection and achieving representation across the organizational units. Our results suggest that parallel structures highly depend on the authority of the members within their local communities, and their ability to not only channel the dialog between the units they represent and the community, but also enable the active engagement of the unit in the community studies. As such, we believe that special attention shall be put on the ambassador role of the community members.
A Taxonomy of Software Engineering Challenges for Machine Learning Systems: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Lwakatare Lucy Ellen , Raj Aiswarya , Bosch Jan , Olsson Helena Holmström , Crnkovic Ivica
Published: May 2019

Artificial intelligence enabled systems have been an inevitable part of everyday life. However, efficient software engineering principles and processes need to be considered and extended when developing AI- enabled systems. The objective of this study is to identify and classify software engineering challenges that are faced by different companies when developing software-intensive systems that incorporate machine learning components. Using case study approach, we explored the development of machine learning systems from six different companies across various domains and identified main software engineering challenges. The challenges are mapped into a proposed taxonomy that depicts the evolution of use of ML components in software-intensive system in industrial settings. Our study provides insights to software engineering community and research to guide discussions and future research into applied machine learning.
Evolution of Scrum Transcending Business Domains and the Future of Agile Project Management
Authors: Oprins Richard J. J. , Frijns Helena A. , Stettina Christoph J.
Published: May 2019

The growing popularity of Agile management methods has led to their application to a number of areas inside, but also outside, the software development domain. However, despite many practitioner reports, research exploring whether and how Agile practices have been applied in domains beyond software development has been rather patchy with little empirical evidence. What is there behind the hype and how can other domains learn from it? To address this gap in the research, we present the findings of our study on the application of Agile management practices in other domains, including an outlook towards a potential expansion enabling Business Agility. To practitioners, this study presents examples of Scrum applied outside the software development domain including concrete practices applied. To researchers, it presents an empirical starting point for further exploration.
Leadership Gap in Agile Teams: How Teams and Scrum Masters Mature
Authors: Spiegler Simone V. , Heinecke Christoph , Wagner Stefan
Published: May 2019

Motivation: How immature teams can become agile is a question that puzzles practitioners and researchers alike. Scrum is one method that supports agile working. Empirical research on the Scrum Master role remains scarce and reveals contradicting results. While the Scrum Master role is often centred on one person in rather immature teams, the role is expected to be shared among multiple members in mature teams.

Objective: Therefore, we aim to understand how the Scrum Master role changes while the team matures.

Method: We applied Grounded Theory and conducted qualitative interviews with 53 practitioners of 29 software and non-software project teams from Robert Bosch GmbH.

Results: We discovered that Scrum Masters initially play nine leadership roles: Method Champion, Disciplinizer on Equal Terms, Coach, Change Agent, Helicopter, Moderator, Networker, Knowledge Enabler and Protector. They transfer some of those roles to the team while it matures. The Scrum Master provides a leadership gap, which allows team members to take on a leadership role.

Conclusion: The Scrum Master role changes while the team matures. Trust and freedom to take over a leadership role in teams are essential enablers. Our results support practitioners in implementing agile teams in established companies.
Empowering Agile Project Members with Accessibility Testing Tools: A Case Study
Authors: Stray Viktoria , Bai Aleksander , Sverdrup Nikolai , Mork Heidi
Published: May 2019

There is a growing interest in making software more accessible for everyone, which is emphasized by the numerous suggestions passed into law in many countries. However, many software organizations that use agile methods postpone or neglect accessibility testing. We aimed to understand how accessibility testing can be better integrated into the daily routine of agile projects by conducting a case study in a Norwegian software company. We investigated three accessibility testing tools: automatic checker, simulation glasses, and a dyslexia simulator. We hosted sessions at which agile project members used the tools while thinking out loud, responded to questionnaires, and were interviewed at the end. Additionally, we observed the project members for 18 workdays. Our results show that all three tools are suitable for agile projects. Especially the automatic checker and simulation glasses worked well in finding accessibility issues and were described as easy to use by the project members. Software organizations should empower their agile project members with low-cost and efficient accessibility testing tools to make their products more accessible for all. Doing this early and often in the development cycle may save the project from potential high costs at a later stage.
Ramp lesions are frequently missed in ACL-deficient knees and should be repaired in case of instability
Authors: Bumberger Alexander , Koller Ulrich , Hofbauer Marcus , Tiefenboeck Thomas Manfred , Hajdu Stefan , Windhager Reinhard , Waldstein Wenzel
Published: May 2019

Purpose

The aim of the current study was (1) to provide an overview of common definitions and classification systems of ramp lesions (RL) and (2) to systematically review the available literature with regard to the diagnosis and treatment of RLs in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)-deficient knees.

Methods

Following the PRISMA guidelines, MEDLINE and Scopus were searched for articles (1) reporting on acute or chronic ACL injuries, (2) with concomitant medial meniscus injury, (3) located at the posterior meniscocapsular attachment site (and red–red zone). Ex vivo studies, reviews and technical notes were excluded.

Results

Twenty-seven studies were included based on the criteria mentioned above. RLs are common in ACL-deficient knees with a prevalence ranging from 9 to 24%. RLs should especially be suspected in younger patients, patients with an increased meniscal slope and in patients with prolonged time from injury to surgery. The sensitivity of MRI for the detection of RLs ranges from 48 to 86% at a specificity of 79–99%. For arthroscopy, RLs are easily missed through standard anterior portals (sensitivity 0–38%). RL repair leads to a significant improvement of subjective knee scores, regardless of the specific fixation technique. For stable RLs, the literature suggests equivalent postoperative stability for trephination and abrasion compared to surgical RL repair.

Conclusion

Ramp lesions are frequently missed in ACL-deficient knees on standard arthroscopy with anterior portals only. If a RL is suspected, exploration via an additional posteromedial portal is indicated. In case of instability, RL repair should be performed.

Level of evidence

IV.
Sexuelle Orientierung im therapeutischen Kontext. Thematische Besonderheiten in der Beziehungsgestaltung mit homo- und bisexuellen Patient*innen
Authors: Höfner Claudia , Ginkel Kai , Käfer-Schmid Gerald
Published: May 2019

Die Sozialisation homo- und bisexueller Menschen birgt innerhalb der heteronormativen Mehrheitsgesellschaft einige Besonderheiten, die in Bezug auf die therapeutische Beziehung reflektiert werden müssen. Sie sehen sich häufig Erfahrungen von Stress, Problematisierung und Diskriminierung ausgesetzt. Es fehlt überdies oft an positiven Rollenvorbildern. Der vorliegende Beitrag reflektiert diese Besonderheiten etwa in Bezug auf das Coming-out als lebenslangen Prozess oder die Überwindung einer oftmals internalisierten Homonegativität. Hierbei steht als Zielsetzung der Einsatz für eine bessere, barriere- und diskriminierungsarme Gesundheitsversorgung und Behandlung durch kompetente und wertschätzende Fachkräfte im Mittelpunkt.
Konstruktionen und Kulturen von Krankheit aus Gender-Perspektive
Authors: Zehetner Bettina
Published: May 2019

Im Bereich der Norm sind Krankheit und Geschlecht eng miteinander verknüpft. In Krankheitsbildern, ihrer Interpretation und Behandlung werden „Männlichkeit“ und „Weiblichkeit“ inszeniert. Geschlechtsspezifische Krankheitsformen beinhalten darum auch kritisches Potenzial, indem sie das Leiden an Geschlechternormen demonstrieren. Bestimmte psychosomatische Störungsbilder treten bei Männern und Frauen in unterschiedlicher Häufigkeit auf und sind unterschiedlich sozial „legitim“: Essstörungen, Angststörungen und Depressionen sind vom Rollenbild her eher „akzeptabel“ für Frauen als für Männer – Frauen, das psychosomatische Geschlecht? Anhand diverser Störungsbilder wird gezeigt, wie die Anpassung an überfordernde Verhältnisse und widersprüchliche Geschlechternormen krank machen kann und wie umgekehrt Krankheit als Verweigerung von Anpassung durchaus ein Zeichen psychischer Gesundheit sein. Abschließend werden Ansätze für eine emanzipatorisch wirksame Haltung in der Psychotherapie diskutiert.
Population-based simulation optimization for urban mass rapid transit networks
Authors: Schmaranzer David , Braune Roland , Doerner Karl F.
Published: May 2019

In this paper, we present a simulation-based headway optimization for urban mass rapid transit networks. The underlying discrete event simulation model contains several stochastic elements, including time-dependent demand and turning maneuver times as well as direction-dependent vehicle travel and passenger transfer times. Passenger creation is a Poisson process that uses hourly origin–destination-matrices based on anonymous mobile phone and infrared count data. The numbers of passengers on platforms and within vehicles are subject to capacity restrictions. As a microscopic element, passenger distribution along platforms and within vehicles is considered. The bi-objective problem, involving cost reduction and service level improvement, is transformed into a single-objective optimization problem by normalization and scalarization. Population-based evolutionary algorithms and different solution encoding variants are applied. Computational experience is gained from test instances based on real-world data (i.e., the Viennese subway network). A covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy performs best in most cases, and a newly developed encoding helps accelerate the optimization process by producing better short-term results.
Distribution and ignorance
Authors: Räikkä Juha
Published: May 2019

According to the so-called presumption of equality, a person who does not know whether there is an acceptable reason for differential treatment should just presume the similarity of the cases and treat them equally. If we assume that the presumption of equality is an acceptable moral principle, at least when the allocation cannot be postponed and an equal distribution of goods is possible, then an important question arises: when exactly does the allocator have sufficient reasons for differential treatment and is not relevantly ignorant? This is a question about the required strength of the “acceptable reasons” for differential treatment. It has been commonplace to think that the presumption of equality demands that the reasons that refute the presumption must be very strong and that differential treatment requires that there is a proper justification for the claim that the cases are relevantly different. I will argue, however, that refuting the presumption and solving the issue (of whether the cases are relevantly similar or relevantly different) are two separate matters. A person can have good enough reasons for rejecting the presumption that the cases are relevantly similar without having reasons that she could present as a full justification for the claim that the cases are relevantly different. A precondition of the applicability of the presumption of equality is ignorance, but not ignorance in the sense of “not having a full justification”.
Measuring Christian Religiosity by Google Trends
Authors: Yeung Timothy Yu-Cheong
Published: May 2019

This work proposes a new method to construct a measure of religiosity by utilizing information obtained from Google Trends. The proposed measure, named Christian Religiosity Revealed by Search, is built upon ten comparisons between religious and non-religious topics, and is shown to perform better than the frequently used Gallup Poll and World Values Survey religiosity scores in explaining some economic and political indicators.
Clinical and socio-demographic characteristics associated with involuntary admissions in Switzerland between 2008 and 2016: An observational cohort study before and after implementation of the new legislation
Authors: Hotzy Florian , Hengartner Michael P. , Hoff Paul , Jaeger Matthias , Theodoridou Anastasia
Published: May 2019

Background:

Involuntary admission (IA) for psychiatric treatment has a history of controversial discussions. We aimed to describe characteristics of a cohort of involuntarily compared to voluntarily admitted patients regarding clinical and socio-demographic characteristics before and after implementation of the new legislation.

Methods:

In this observational cohort study, routine data of 15’125 patients who were admitted to the University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich between 2008 and 2016 were analyzed using a series of generalized estimating equations.

Results:

At least one IA occurred in 4’560 patients (30.1%). Of the 31’508 admissions 8’843 (28.1%) were involuntary. In the final multivariable model, being a tourist (OR = 3.5) or an asylum seeker (OR = 2.3), having a schizophrenic disorder (OR = 2.1), or a bipolar disorder (OR = 1.8) contributed most to our model. Male gender, higher age, prescription of neuroleptics (all OR < 2.0) as well as having a depressive disorder, prescription of psychotherapy, prescription of antidepressants and admission after implementation of the new legislation (all OR > 0.6) were also weakly associated with IA.

Conclusions:

Besides schizophrenic or bipolar disorders, a small group of patients had an increased risk for IA due to non-clinical parameters (i.e. tourists and asylum seekers). Knowledge about risk factors should be used for the development of multi-level strategies to prevent frequent (involuntary) hospitalizations in patients at risk. On the organizational level, we could show that the new legislation decreased the risk for IA, and therefore may have succeeded in strengthening patient autonomy.
Soft Tissue Sarcomas
Authors: Dei Tos Angelo Paolo
Published: May 2019

Soft tissue sarcomas represent a heterogeneous group of rare malignancies, widely regarded as one of the most diagnostically challenging. Drawing on their collective experience gleaned from over 30,000 cases, this book offer practical guidance from leading experts in soft tissue pathology. Exploring topics with clinical, immune-histochemical and molecular correlation, chapters are organised in a clear, morphological structure. This valuable resource includes diagnostic clues for practitioners of all levels to override the challenges and pitfalls in patient diagnosis. Featuring a range of high-quality illustrations, the focus is on sarcomas, lesions of intermediate malignancy, and benign tumours, whilst also providing support in emphasizing the differences between these and pseudosarcomas. Readers can gain confidence in minimizing diagnostic errors, with this pattern-based, wide-ranging approach. This book includes entry to an online version on Cambridge Core, which can be accessed via the code printed on the inside of the cover.
Market-Driven Corn Monocropping in the U.S. Midwest
Authors: Wang Haoying , Ortiz-Bobea Ariel
Published: May 2019

This study examines the market drivers of corn monocropping in the U.S. Midwest by empirically analyzing crop rotation responses to market fluctuation from 2005 to 2014 and the price shock induced by the recent biofuel mandate. We find that the expected market returns for crops have a significant impact on farmers' decisions about monocropping. We also find that corn monocropping is loosely associated with the presence of nearby ethanol plants. This study illustrates the emerging use of high-resolution land cover data to tackle critical agribusiness and agro-environmental policy questions that remain elusive with aggregate data.
The effect of eye images and a social norms message on healthcare provider hand hygiene adherence
Authors: Stella Sarah A. , Stace Roger J. , Knepper Bryan C. , Reese Sara M. , Keniston Angela , Burden Marisha , Young Heather L.
Published: May 2019

Background:

Depictions of eye images and messages encouraging compliance with social norms have successfully motivated behavioral change in a variety of experimental and applied settings. We studied the effect of these 2 visual cues on hand hygiene adherence in a cohort of hospital-based healthcare providers participating in an electronic monitoring and feedback program.

Methods:

Prospective, quasi-experimental study utilizing an interrupted time-series design. Intervention placards depicting an image of eyes, a social norms message, or a control placard were placed near soap and alcohol-based hand-rub dispensers on 2 hospital units. Placards were alternated every 10 days. Hand hygiene opportunities and adherence rates were assessed electronically via the CenTrak Hand Hygiene Compliance Solution.

Results:

A total of 166 nurses and certified nursing assistants (74 on a medical-surgical unit and 92 on a progressive care unit) were monitored electronically over the 4-month study period. In total, 184,172 electronic observations were collected (110,903 on a medical-surgical unit and 73,269 on a progressive care unit). The median daily number of electronic observations was 1,471 (interquartile range, 1,337–1,584). The preintervention baseline hand hygiene adherence rate was 70%. No statistically significant increase in hand hygiene adherence was observed as a result of either intervention.

Conclusion:

Displaying eye images or a social norms message in the hospital environment did not result in measurable improvements in HH adherence in a cohort of healthcare providers participating in an electronic monitoring and feedback program.
Quantification of added-mass effects using particle image velocimetry data for a translating and rotating flat plate
Authors: Corkery S. J. , Babinsky H. , Graham W. R.
Published: May 2019

Added mass characterises the additional force required to accelerate a body when immersed in an ideal fluid. It originates from an asymmetric change to the surrounding pressure field so the fluid velocity satisfies the no-through-flow condition. This is intrinsically linked with the production of boundary vorticity. A body in potential flow may be represented by an inviscid vortex sheet and added-mass forces determined using impulse methods. However, most fluids are not inviscid. It has been theorised that viscosity causes the ‘added-mass vorticity’ to form in an intensely concentrated boundary layer region, equivalent to the inviscid distribution. Experimentally this is difficult to confirm due to limited measurement resolution and the presence of additional boundary layer vorticity, some the result of induced velocities from free vorticity in the flow field. The aim of this paper is to propose a methodology to isolate the added-mass vorticity experimentally with particle image velocimetry, and confirm that it agrees with potential flow theory even in separated flows. Experiments on a flat-plate wing undergoing linear and angular acceleration show close agreement between the theoretical and measured added-mass vorticity distributions. This is demonstrated to be independent of changes to flow topology due to flow separation. Flow field impulse and net force are also consistent with theory. This paper provides missing experimental evidence coupling added mass and the production of boundary layer vorticity, as well as confirmation that inviscid unsteady flow theory describes the added-mass effect correctly even in well-developed viscous flows.
Three-dimensional wakes behind cylinders of square and circular cross-section: early and long-time dynamics
Authors: Agbaglah G. , Mavriplis C.
Published: May 2019

The flow in the near wake of a square cylinder at Reynolds numbers of 205 and 225, corresponding to three-dimensional wake instability modes $A$ and $B$, respectively, and that of the square’s circumscribed circular cylinder are examined by using three-dimensional Navier–Stokes numerical simulations. At small times, prior to the streamwise vortex shedding, a self-similar velocity is observed in the wake and no significant difference is observed in the dynamics of the flows past the square and the circular cylinders. The exponential growth of the three-dimensional instability reaches a saturation regime during this early time for the considered Reynolds numbers. Vortical structures in the wake at long times and shedding frequencies are very close for the square and the circular cylinders. The flow separation on the forward top and bottom corners of the square cylinder have the effect of increasing its effective width, making it comparable with the diameter of the circumscribed circular cylinder. Thus, Floquet multipliers and modes of the associated three-dimensional instabilities are shown to be very close for the two cylinders when using the circumscribed circular cylinder as the basis for a characteristic length scale. Most importantly, the wavenumber with the maximum growth rate, for modes $A$ and $B$, is approximately identical for the two cylinders.
Bridging the pond: measuring policy positions in the United States and Europe
Authors: Struthers Cory L. , Hare Christopher , Bakker Ryan
Published: May 2019

Recent work has pioneered the use of expert surveys to estimate cross-national party positions in a common ideological space. In this paper, we report findings from an original dataset designed to evaluate bridging strategies between European and American party placements. Specifically, we compare the use of “anchoring vignettes” (fictional party platforms) with an alternative approach that asks comparativist scholars who live in the US (whom we call transatlantic or TA experts) to place parties and parties in their country of expertise on a series of issues scales. The results provide an optimistic assessment of the ability of TA experts to serve as valid bridges across the Atlantic. The resulting cross-comparable estimates of party positions show instances of both convergence and divergence between American and European party systems, including parallels between systems on the cross-cutting issue of international economic integration.
Estimation of energy expenditure in free-living red deer (Cervus elaphus) with the doubly-labelled water method
Authors: Haggarty P. , Robinson J. J. , Ashton J. , Milne E. , Adam C. L. , Kyle C. E. , Christie S. L. , Midwood A. J.
Published: May 2019

Energy expenditure was estimated using the doubly-labelled water (DLW) method in summer in five free-living adult, non-pregnant, non-lactating, red deer (Cervus elaphus) hinds (weight 107.3 (se 0.9) kg; age 6 (se 1) years) on lowland pasture under typical farming conditions. Climatic conditions were monitored throughout the experiment. Errors due to 2H losses in CH4 and faeces were calculated from previous estimates of stoichiometries. CH4 production, fractionated water loss, urinary N and O2 consumption were estimated using an iterative approach. The water flux (rH2O) in these animals consuming only fresh grass was 12 (se 0.5) kg/d, the CO2 production (rCO2) was 1271 (se 4.0) litres/d and the mean energy expenditure was 25 (se 0.8) MJ/d. There were no significant differences in the isotope distribution spaces and flux rates, rH2O, rCO2 or energy expenditure using the multi-point or two-point approaches to calculation. The DLW-derived energy expenditure of 25 MJ/d is approximately 20% higher than the recommended intake of 21 MJ/d for adult hinds kept outdoors (Adam, 1986) and, at 757 kJ/kg0.75 per d, one third higher than the value of 570 kJ/kg0.75 per d for stags penned indoors (Key et al. 1984).
The effect of low and moderate fat intakes on the postprandial lipaemic and hormonal responses in healthy volunteers
Authors: Shishehbor Farideh , Roche Helen M. , Gibney Michael J.
Published: May 2019

Present literature indicates that whereas an acute fat intake of 5 g does not elicit a postprandial triacylglycerolaemic response, 20 g of fat does. Since 67 % of fat intake occasions involve fat doses of less than 20 g, the present study examined the effect of a relatively low-fat (LF) meal (0·2 g/kg body weight; mean 14 g) on postprandial triacylglycerol (TAG) metabolism, compared with a high-fat (HF) meal (0·6 g/kg body weight; mean 43 g), a fat dose which is more typical of laboratory studies. Plasma- and chylomicron-TAG concentrations increased significantly (P≤ 0·001) following both meals, and the increase was significantly (P≤ 0·02) greater after the HF meal. The postprandial areas under the curves and maximal postprandial TAG concentrations for plasma- and chylomicron-TAG were significantly higher following the HF meal (P≤ 0·05). Postprandial plasma insulin and gastric inhibitory polypeptide concentrations increased significantly (P≤ 0·001) after each meal, but there was no difference between the two meals. These data show that modest amounts of fat in a meal will elicit a measurable postprandial TAG response. Since postprandial lipaemia affects the composition and concentration of the TAG- and cholesterol-rich lipoproteins, controlling dietary TAG supply may influence the metabolic fate of these lipoproteins.
Lack of influence of test meal fatty acid composition on the contribution of intestinally-derived lipoproteins to postprandial lipaemia
Authors: Jackson Kim G. , Zampelas Antonios , Knapper Jacky M. E. , Culverwell Caroline C. , Wright John , Gould Barry J. , Williams Christine M.
Published: May 2019

The extent and duration of postprandial lipaemia have been linked to risk of CHD but the influence of dietary variables on, and the relative contributions of, exogenous (chylomicron) and endogenous (VLDL) triacylglycerols to the total lipaemic response have not been comprehensively evaluated. In the present study the triacylglycerol, apolipoprotein (apo) B-48 and retinyl ester (RE) responses to three test meals of varying monounsaturated (MUFA) and saturated fatty acid (SFA) content were measured in the triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein (TRL) fraction of plasma (ρ = 1·006 g/ml) for 9 h after meal consumption. Fifteen healthy normolipidaemic young men consumed, on separate occasions, three test meals which were identical apart from their MUFA and SFA contents. Expressed as a percentage of total energy the MUFA/SFA contents of the meals were: (1) 12 %/17 %; (2) 17 %/12 % and (3) 24 %/5 %. The contribution of the intestinally-derived lipoproteins (chylomicrons) to the lipaemic response was investigated by determining the time to reach peak concentration and the total and incremental areas under the time response curves (AUC and incremental AUC) for RE, apoB-48 and triacylglycerol in the TRL fraction. No significant differences in these measurements were observed for the three meals. However, visual comparison of the postprandial responses to the three meals suggested that as meal MUFA content increased there was a tendency for the triacylglycerol, apoB-48 and RE responses to become biphasic as opposed to the typical monophasic response seen with the 12 % MUFA/17 % SFA meal. Comparison of the apoB-48 and RE responses for the three test meals confirmed other workers’ findings of delayed entry of RE relative to apoB-48 in TRL. The value of the two markers in investigating dietary fat absorption and metabolism is discussed.
Dietary rhubarb (Rheum rhaponticum) stalk fibre stimulates cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase gene expression and bile acid excretion in cholesterol-fed C57BL/6J mice
Authors: Goel Vinti , Cheema Sukhinder K. , Agellon Luis B. , Ooraikul Buncha , Basu Tapan K.
Published: May 2019

Both experimental and clinical studies have indicated that a novel source of dietary fibre, produced from rhubarb (Rheum rhaponticum) stalks, is potentially hypolipidaemic. The present study, using C57BL/6J mice, was undertaken to examine if this fibre source affects cholesterol degradation. Mice were maintained on semi-purified diets containing 50 g rhubarb fibre or cellulose/kg with or without 5 g cholesterol/kg for 4 weeks. In cholesterol-supplemented mice, rhubarb fibre caused significant lowering of plasma cholesterol (-13 %) and the hepatic concentrations of total cholesterol (-34 %) and cholesteryl esters (-34 %). In parallel to the reduction of hepatic cholesteryl ester content, animals fed on rhubarb fibre had significantly lower activity of acyl CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase (EC2.3.1.26) than the mice maintained on a diet containing cellulose and cholesterol. Rhubarb-fibre feeding accelerated the faecal bile-acid loss and diminished the gall-bladder bile-acid pool in both the normal and the cholesterol-fed mice. The increase in the bile-acid excretion was positively correlated with an increased activity as well as mRNA abundance of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (EC1.14.13.17). The increased excretion of bile acids and induction of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase activity may account for the hypocholesterolaemic effect of rhubarb fibre.
Serum caeruloplasmin as a coronary risk factor in the elderly: the Rotterdam Study
Authors: Klipstein-Grobusch Kerstin , Grobbee Diederick E. , Koster J. F. , Lindemans J. , Boeing Heiner , Hofman Albert , Witteman Jacqueline C. M.
Published: May 2019

Serum Cu and caeruloplasmin levels have been suggested to be independent risk factors for CHD operating through oxidative modification of LDL. However, given its function as an acute-phase protein, the question has been raised whether an elevated caeruloplasmin level is not merely an indicator of inflammation. In the current study, we investigated whether serum caeruloplasmin was associated with subsequent myocardial infarction, taking into account indices of inflammation. The study population consisted of 210 cases of first myocardial infarction and controls, frequency-matched on age (5-year categories) and sex, selected from the population-based cohort of the Rotterdam Study. Serum caeruloplasmin levels were significantly elevated in cases of myocardial infarction compared with controls (510 (sd 110) v. 470 (sd 100) mg/1; P = 0·007). Risk of myocardial infarction for the highest compared with the lowest quartile of caeruloplasmin was 2·46 (95 % CI 1·04, 6·00; Ptrend = 0·043) after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, pack-years smoked, serum cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, and income. The relative risk was most evident in current smokers. Adjustment for C-reactive protein and leucocyte count reduced the excess risk by 33 %. This suggests that a substantial part of the observed association between serum caeruloplasmin and CHD may be attributed to inflammation processes rather than to the pro-oxidant activity of caeruloplasmin.
MALICE AS AN INGREDIENT OF TORT LIABILITY
Authors: Murphy John
Published: May 2019

This article is concerned with the question of whether malice is an appropriate touchstone of liability in tort law. It begins by identifying four torts in which malice may properly be regarded as an ingredient of liability (distinguishing various other torts, such as private nuisance and defamation, in which malice plays a merely secondary and contingent role). Having identified these four torts – namely malicious prosecution, abuse of process, misfeasance in a public office and lawful means conspiracy – the article then seeks to identify a common juridical thread which links them together. So doing serves to rebut the allegation, often made in respect of all them, namely, that they are anomalous actions. It then concludes by considering the individual worth of these torts, bearing in mind the important difference between not being anomalous on the one hand, and being positively meritorious on the other. It concludes that a respectable defence of each of the four torts can be made even though malice is an atypical touchstone of liability.
Being Witnessed Saving Others: Moral Personhood in Women's Popular Buddhist Practice in Rural Northern Vietnam
Authors: Meeker Lauren
Published: May 2019

In popular Buddhist practice in rural northern Vietnam, moral personhood does not merely belong to the self but is embedded in the intersubjective relationship among individuals, the gods, and the community. The inner moral person, characterized as heart/mind (tâm), is constituted in the very process of becoming visible in the social world through virtuous action (đức) subject to the intentional acts of being witnessed for (chứng cho) by the gods and one's peers. Drawing upon popular Buddhist practice of the female followers of a ritual specialist in Bathing Buffalo Village, this article argues that the act of being witnessed for bridges the gap between the invisible and deeply felt experience of moral selfhood and the visible manifestation of that self in the social realm through acts of altruism and filial piety and reveals the inherently social nature of moral personhood.
Permineralized Fossils from the Terminal Proterozoic Doushantuo Formation, South China
Authors: Zhang Yun , Yin Leiming , Xiao Shuhai , Knoll Andrew H.
Published: May 2019

Permineralized fossils of the terminal Proterozoic (600–550 Ma) Doushantuo Formation, China, provide an unusually clear window on biological diversity just before the Ediacaran radiation. In the eastern Yangtze Gorges region, cherts in lower and upper Doushantuo carbonates preserve prokaryotes and protists from subtidal marine environments below and above fair weather wave base, respectively. Phosphorites in the Weng'an district to the south contain diverse acanthomorphic acritarchs as well as cellularly preserved thalloid algae. Twelve taxa of probable cyanobacteria are recognized. None is endemic to the Doushantuo Formation, and most have long stratigraphic ranges. The apparent restriction of two species to late Neoproterozoic and Cambrian rocks may reflect secular variation in taphonomic circumstance rather than evolution. Thirty-one species of spheromorphic and acanthomorphic acritarchs are recognized, about half of which occur elsewhere in rocks of the same approximate age. At least some of the eight formally described species of multicellular algae can be assigned with confidence to the Rhodophyta; these fossils provide a glimpse of structural and reproductive diversity in Neoproterozoic algae that is, to date, unique. Several reports of Doushantuo animal fossils have been published; most compelling are triact spicules identified in chert nodules. Along with more than two dozen taxa of compressed macrofossils preserved in carbonaceous shales from the top of the formation, Doushantuo permineralizations indicate that large animals radiated into a world rich in prokaryotic, protistan, and, even, multicellular diversity.
The Sandelian Republic and the Encumbered Self
Authors: Dagger Richard
Published: May 2019

InDemocracy's Discontent, Michael Sandel argues for a revival of the republican tradition in order to counteract the pernicious effects of contemporary liberalism. As in his earlier work, Sandel charges that liberals who embrace the ideals of political neutrality and the unencumbered self are engaged in a self–subverting enterprise, for no society that lives by these ideals can sustain itself. Sandel is right to endorse the republican emphasis on forming citizens and cultivating civic virtues. By opposing liberalism as vigorously as he does, however, he engages in a self–subverting enterprise of his own. That is, Sandel is in danger of undercutting his position by threatening the liberal principles upon which he implicitly relies. This danger is greatest when he presses his case against the unencumbered self, when he appeals to the obligations of membership, and when he treats republicanism and liberalism as adversaries rather than allies.
Influence of water stress and surfactant on the efficacy, absorption, and translocation of glyphosate
Authors: de Ruiter Hans , Meinen Esther
Published: May 2019

Black nightshade was subjected to two degrees of water stress by adding polyethylene glycol 20,000 (PEG) to the nutrient solution 5 d before treatment with glyphosate. The ED50values for glyphosate, determined from dose-response curves, demonstrated that both degrees of water stress strongly increased the ED50, with and without the surfactant Ethomeen T/25 in the spray solution. The surfactant reduced the ED505-, 4.6-, and 6.9-fold at 0, 15, and 20% PEG, respectively. A14C study demonstrated that unstressed plants absorbed 22% of applied glyphosate. Without surfactant, water stress reduced foliar absorption 2.2-fold at 15% PEG and 4.5-fold at 20% PEG. With surfactant, the foliar absorption was 35% of the applied amount in unstressed and water-stressed plants. The surfactant and PEG reduced the translocation efficiency of glyphosate. The surfactant had the most pronounced influence and reduced the translocation efficiency 1.5-fold at 0% PEG, 2.2-fold at 15% PEG, and 1.8-fold at 20% PEG. Induction or removal of water stress 24 h after glyphosate treatment indicated that plant growth rate is positively correlated with glyphosate efficacy. It was concluded that the surfactant can overcome the adverse influence of water stress on foliar absorption of glyphosate but not the adverse, postapplication influence of water stress on glyphosate efficacy.
Influence of environment during maternal plant growth on dormancy of shattercane (Sorghum bicolor) and giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) seed
Authors: Kegode George O. , Pearce R. Brent
Published: May 2019

The germination behavior of giant foxtail and shattercane seed was investigated to determine whether environment in which maternal plants grow and progeny seed develop affects seed dormancy. Giant foxtail and shattercane seed was collected in 1985, 1991, and 1992. Plants from this seed were grown to maturity in the field and the greenhouse in 1993 and 1994. Experiments were conducted using mature progeny seed collected from these plants to determine the influence of environment of maternal growth on seed germination. Greenhouse-raised giant foxtail seed was more dormant than field-raised seed. Progeny of the 1991 giant foxtail collection had the most dormant seed, whereas progeny of the 1992 collection had the least dormant seed. Field-raised shattercane seed was more dormant than greenhouse-raised seed, but this dormancy was easily overcome by placing them in fluctuating temperatures. Moist stratification of giant foxtail seed increased its overall germination and reduced the differences in germination between individual collections and between field- and greenhouse-raised seed lots. Moist stratification of shattercane seed resulted in increased variability in germination within and among seed lots. Subjecting shattercane seed to freezing and thawing was most detrimental and caused an 89% reduction in germination due to seed death. These data indicate that before overwintering, giant foxtail seed differed in germination percentage, but overwintering reduced these differences. Shattercane seed produced in different environments had similar germination percentage. This suggests that successful overwintering depends on its ability to survive freezing and thawing conditions.
MON 37500 rate and timing affects downy brome (Bromus tectorum) control in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: Geier Patrick W. , Stahlman Phillip W. , Northam Francis E. , Miller Stephen D. , Hageman Neal R.
Published: May 2019

Field experiments were conducted at five locations in Colorado, Kansas, and Wyoming in 1994–1995 and 1995–1996 to compare the effects of MON 37500 rate and application timings on downy brome control and winter wheat tolerance. MON 37500 at 18 to 35 g ha−1applied preemergence or fall postemergence reduced downy brome density 71 to 92% in 1995. Spring-applied MON 37500 suppressed downy brome growth but did not reduce plant density. No application reduced downy brome density in 1996. At each location, downy brome was controlled best by MON 37500 applied preemergence or fall postemergence at 35 g ha−1. MON 37500 did not affect wheat height at Archer or Torrington, WY, and Burlington or Stratton, CO, but wheat treated preemergence or fall postemergence was taller than untreated wheat at Hays, KS, in 1995. Spring-postemergence-treated wheat at Hays in 1995 was shorter than untreated, preemergence-, or fall-postemergence-treated wheat. Wheat head density did not differ among treated and untreated plots at Torrington, but herbicide treatment increased wheat yields. Wheat head density increased with all MON 37500 treatments at Hays in 1995, as did yield. However, preemergence and fall-postemergence applications resulted in the highest wheat yields. No herbicide treatment affected head density or yield at Hays in 1996.
Introduction
Authors: Zimdahl Robert L.
Published: May 2019

This symposium is a first in the history of our society. We have never before devoted a portion of the annual meeting to formal consideration of the ethical aspects of our work. It is significant to me that after 38 annual meetings, 42 years of existence, and 45 volumes of our journal, we have begun to discuss the ethics of weed science. I applaud the vision of the Board of Directors that provided funding to bring two of our speakers to the meeting. The Board has always provided capable management of the society's affairs. By management, I mean that we have been well organized to proceed in the direction we are headed. Voting to hold this symposium and providing funding is, in my view, an act of leadership, by which I mean, thinking about moving in a new direction, in a direction not dictated by the past. When disciplines proactively begin to examine the ethical dimensions of their science and technology, society may begin to believe that scientists recognize and act upon their social responsibilities. This would be a welcome and refreshing development in these days when public distrust and disillusionment with science may be as high as they have ever been (Lockwood 1997).