bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction in Pregnancy: an App-Based Programme to Improve the Health of Mothers and Children (MINDFUL/PMI Study)
Authors: Lenz Bernd , Eichler Anna , Schwenke Eva , Buchholz Verena , Hartwig Charlotte , Moll Gunther , Reich Karin , Mühle Christiane , Volz Bernhard , Titzmann Adriana , Beckmann Matthias , Heinrich Hartmut , Kornhuber Johannes , Fasching Peter
Published: December 2018

Unfavourable intrauterine environmental factors increase the risk of delivery complications as well as postpartum developmental and behavioural problems in children and adolescents with ongoing effects into older age. Biomarker studies show that maternal stress and the use of alcohol and tobacco during pregnancy are associated with a higher intrauterine testosterone exposure of the child. The antenatal testosterone load, in turn, is a risk factor for lasting adverse health effects which extend into adulthood. A 15-week, mindfulness-oriented, app-based programme for the reduction of stress as well as for the reduction of alcohol and tobacco use in pregnant women is established. In the monocentre, prospective, controlled, and investigator-blinded MINDFUL/PMI (Maternal Health and Infant Development in the Follow-up after Pregnancy and a Mindfulness Intervention) study, pregnant women carry out the programme. Its effect on antenatal testosterone exposure of the child is examined by assessing the index/ring finger length ratio and other biomarkers in the 1-year-old children. In addition, the programmeʼs effects on self-regulation, the developmental status and the mental health of the children at the age of one year will be investigated. Additional aspects of the course of the pregnancy and delivery represent exploratory study objectives. This longitudinal study project is intended to improve the understanding of the impact of intrauterine environmental factors on early childhood development and health. Maternal stress as well as alcohol and tobacco use during pregnancy are modifiable factors and represent potential preventive targets.
Fertility, Pregnancy and Lactation After Bariatric Surgery – a Consensus Statement from the OEGGG
Authors: Stopp Tina , Falcone Veronica , Feichtinger Michael , Göbl Christian
Published: December 2018

Bariatric surgery is recommended when other weight loss interventions, such as lifestyle modification or medications, have failed. A considerable number of women undergoing bariatric surgery are of childbearing age; hence, it is necessary to be aware of the effects of bariatric surgery on pregnancy for managing these patients. Although bariatric surgery is associated with positive effects on cardiovascular and metabolic parameters, side effects such as anaemia, the risk of developing internal hernia, altered glucose metabolism and the risk of small for gestational age offspring have to be considered. Pregnant women with a history of gastric bypass should not undergo the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) due to the high risk of hypoglycaemia. There are no contraindications for vaginal delivery and breastfeeding. This paper has been published as a consensus statement by the Austrian Society of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (OEGGG).
Joint Guideline of the OEGGG, AGO, AGK and ÖGZ on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia and Appropriate Procedures When Cytological
Specimens Are Unsatisfactory
Authors: Reich Olaf , Braune Georg , Eppel Wolfgang , Fiedler Thomas , Graf Anton , Hefler Lukas , Joura Elmar , Kölbl Heinz , Marth Christian , Pokieser Wolfgang , Regitnig Peter , Reinthaller Alexander , Tamussino Karl , Widschwendter Andreas , Zeimet Alain , Kohlberger Petra
Published: December 2018

Purpose On January 1st, 2018, the ÖGZ (Austrian Society of Cytology) revised its cytological nomenclature to make it more similar to the 2015 Bethesda system. Following these
changes, the Austrian Society of Gynecology and Obstetrics felt it necessary to revise the approach currently used in Austria to diagnose and treat CIN and to review the procedures to be
followed when the quality of cytological specimens is unsatisfactory. It was not possible to adopt the German S3 guideline “Prevention of Cervical Cancer” in its entirety, because the Munich
III gynecological cytology nomenclature used in Germany is not used in Austria. This made it necessary to compile a separate scientific opinion for Austria.

Methodology The OEGGG worked together with the ÖGZ (Austrian Society for Cytology), AGO Austria (Austrian Working Group for Gynecological Oncology), the AGK (Colposcopy Working
Group), and physicians representing gynecologists in private practice. The different scientific associations nominated representatives, who attended the various meetings. After an in-depth
analysis of the recent literature, three meetings and numerous votes by telephone, we were able to achieve a consensus about the contents of this guideline.

Recommendations The guideline provides recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of CIN which take account of the gynecological cytology nomenclature used in Austria.
Characteristics of homogeneous multi-core fibers for SDM transmission
Authors: Puttnam Benjamin J. , Luís Ruben S. , Rademacher Georg , Alfredsson Arni , Klaus Werner , Sakaguchi Jun , Awaji Yoshinari , Agrell Erik , Wada Naoya
Published: December 2018

We describe optical data transmission systems using homogeneous, single-mode, multi-core fibers (MCFs). We first briefly discuss space-division multiplexing (SDM) fibers, observing that no individual SDM fiber offers overwhelming advantages over bundles of single-mode fiber (SMF) across all transmission regimes. We note that for early adoption of SDM fibers, uncoupled or weakly coupled fibers which are compatible with existing SDM infrastructure have a practical advantage. Yet, to be more attractive than parallel SMF, it is also necessary to demonstrate benefits beyond improved spatial spectral efficiency. It is hoped that the lower spread of propagation delays (skew) between spatial channels in some fibers can be exploited for improved performance and greater efficiency from hardware sharing and joint processing. However, whether these benefits can be practically harnessed and outweigh impairments or effort to mitigate cross talk between spatial channels is not yet clear. Hence, focusing on homogeneous MCFs, we first describe measurements and simulations on the impact of inter-core cross talk in such fibers before reporting experimental investigation into the spatial channel skew variation with a series of the experimental results including a comparison with SMF in varying environmental conditions. Finally, we present some system and transmission experiments using parallel recirculating loops that enable demonstration of both multi-dimensional modulation and joint digital processing techniques across three MCF cores. Both techniques lead to increased transmission reach but highlight the need for further experimental analysis to properly characterize the potential benefits of correlated propagation delays in such fibers.
Low pressure chemical vapor deposition of β-Ga2O3 thin films: Dependence on growth parameters
Authors: Feng Zixuan , Karim Md Rezaul , Zhao Hongping
Published: December 2018

Low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) has been used to produce high quality β-Ga2O3 materials with controllable n-type doping. In this work, we focus on the studies of key LPCVD growth parameters for β-Ga2O3 thin films, including oxygen/carrier gas flow rates, growth temperature, pressure, and the substrate to Ga crucible distance. These growth parameters play important roles during the LPCVD β-Ga2O3 growth and determine the thin film growth rate, n-type dopant incorporation, and electron mobilities. The dependence of the growth parameters on LPCVD of β-Ga2O3 was carried out on both conventional c-plane sapphire and 6 degree off-axis (toward ⟨11-20⟩ direction) sapphire substrates. To better understand the precursor transport and gas phase reaction process during the LPCVD growth, a numerical model for evaluating the growth rate was developed by using a finite element method and taking into account the gas flow rate, chamber pressure, and chamber geometry. The results from this work can provide guidance for the optimization of the LPCVD growth of β-Ga2O3 with targeted growth rate, surface morphology, doping concentration, and mobility. In addition, β-Ga2O3 grown on off-axis c-sapphire substrates features with faster growth rates with higher electron mobilities within a wide growth window.
Evaporation-induced assembly of colloidal clusters into superclusters with nonconvex deltahedral geometry
Authors: Pham-Van Hai , Tran-Manh Cuong , Do-Danh Bich , Nguyen-Minh Thuy , Luc-Huy Hoang
Published: December 2018

Using small colloidal clusters with dumbbell, triplet, tetrahedral, octahedral geometry as elementary building blocks, we investigate the templated-assisted cluster-cluster aggregation into hierarchical clusters, namely superclusters, by means of Monte Carlo simulations. We find that the colloidal superclusters made of dumbbells and triplets produces a unique structural motif that is similar to that of clusters of single colloids, whereas the superclusters composed of tetrahedral and octahedral clusters possess a more complex structure. However, despite their complexity, such structures can be predicted based on a decomposition using triplets as a core and the number of initial “building block” clusters. In particular, a majority of the observable superclusters are members of a particular category of nonconvex deltahedra (Cundy deltahedra). These findings could be useful in preparation of complex colloidal molecules.
What was the vegetation in northwest Australia during the Paleogene, 66–23million years ago?
Authors: Macphail Michael K. , Hill Robert S.
Published: December 2018

Fossil pollen and spores preserved in drillcore from both the upper South Alligator River (SARV) in the Kakadu National Park, Northern Territory and the North-West Shelf, Western Australia provide the first record of plants and plant communities occupying the coast and adjacent hinterland in north-west Australia during the Paleogene 66 to 23million years ago. The palynologically-dominant woody taxon is Casuarinaceae, a family now comprising four genera of evergreen scleromorphic shrubs and trees native to Australia, New Guinea, South-east Asia and Pacific Islands. Rare taxa include genera now mostly restricted to temperate rainforest in New Guinea, New Caledonia, New Zealand, South-East Asia and/or Tasmania, e.g. Dacrydium, Phyllocladus and the Nothofagus subgenera Brassospora and Fuscospora. These appear to have existed in moist gorges on the Arnhem Land Plateau, Kakadu National Park. No evidence for Laurasian rainforest elements was found. The few taxa that have modern tropical affinities occur in Eocene or older sediments in Australia, e.g. Lygodium, Anacolosa, Elaeagnus, Malpighiaceae and Strasburgeriaceae. We conclude the wind-pollinated Oligocene to possibly Early Miocene vegetation in the upper SARV was Casuarinaceae sclerophyll forest or woodland growing under seasonally dry conditions and related to modern Allocasuarina/Casuarina formations. There are, however, strong floristic links to coastal communities growing under warm to hot, and seasonally to uniformly wet climates in north-west Australia during the Paleocene-Eocene.
2018 Infectious Diseases Society of America Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapya
Authors: Norris Anne H , Shrestha Nabin K , Allison Genève M , Keller Sara C , Bhavan Kavita P , Zurlo John J , Hersh Adam L , Gorski Lisa A , Bosso John A , Rathore Mobeen H , Arrieta Antonio , Petrak Russell M , Shah Akshay , Brown Richard B , Knight Shandra L , Umscheid Craig A
Published: December 2018

A panel of experts was convened by the Infectious Diseases Society of America to update the 2004 clinical practice guideline on outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) [1]. This guideline is intended to provide insight for healthcare professionals who prescribe and oversee the provision of OPAT. It considers various patient features, infusion catheter issues, monitoring questions, and antimicrobial stewardship concerns. It does not offer recommendations on the treatment of specific infections. The reader is referred to disease- or organism-specific guidelines for such support.
RAEdb: a database of enhancers identified by high-throughput reporter assays
Authors: Cai Zena , Cui Ya , Tan Zhiying , Zhang Gaihua , Tan Zhongyang , Zhang Xinlei , Peng Yousong
Published: December 2018

High-throughput reporter assays have been recently developed to directly and quantitatively assess enhancer activity for thousands of regulatory elements. However, there is still no database to collect these enhancers. We developed RAEdb, the first database to collect enhancers identified by high-throughput reporter assays. RAEdb includes 538 320 enhancers derived from eight studies, most of which were from six human cell lines. An activity score was assigned to each enhancer based on reporter assays. Based on these enhancers, 7658 epromoters (promoters with enhancer activity) were identified and stored in the database. RAEdb provides two ways of searches: the first is to search studies by species and cell line; the other is to search enhancers or epromoters by position, activity score, sequence and gene. RAEdb also provides a genome browser to query, visualize and compare enhancers. All data in RAEdb is freely available for download.
Shipping the good coffee out: the Alchian–Allen theorem and relative demand for Brazilian Arabica and Robusta coffees
Authors: Miljkovic Dragan , Gómez Miguel I
Published: December 2018

The validity of the Alchian–Allen (AA) theorem is tested for the export demand of Brazilian Arabica (high-quality) and Robusta (low-quality) coffees. We check for robustness using different model specifications, estimation procedures and time periods. Given that international prices for both Brazilian naturals (Arabica varieties) and Robusta are determined on international commodity exchanges, the change in relative price varies by country only due to changes in transportation costs. Results show that the consumption of Arabica increases relative to the consumption of Robusta with distance, therefore with the corresponding increasing per-unit transportation cost. We confirm that GDP per capita does not impact relative demand for coffee.
Lower Skeletal Muscle Mass at Admission Independently Predicts Falls and Mortality 3 Months Post-discharge in Hospitalized Older Patients
Authors: Reijnierse Esmee M , Verlaan Sjors , Pham Vivien K , Lim Wen Kwang , Meskers Carel G M , Maier Andrea B
Published: December 2018

Background

Approximately 10% of older adults are annually admitted to a hospital. Hospitalization is associated with a higher risk of falls and mortality after discharge. This study aimed to identify predictors at admission for falls and mortality 3 months post-discharge in hospitalized older patients.

Methods

The Evaluation of Muscle parameters in a Prospective cohort of Older patients at clinical Wards Exploring Relations with bed rest and malnutrition (EMPOWER) study is an observational, prospective longitudinal inception cohort of 378 patients aged 70 years and older who were subsequently admitted to a tertiary hospital (the Netherlands). Potential predictors for falls and mortality 3 months post-discharge were tested using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses and included the following domains: demographic (age, sex, living independently), lifestyle (alcohol, smoking), nutrition (SNAQ score), muscle mass (absolute, relative), physical function (handgrip strength, Katz ADL score), cognition (six-item cognitive impairment test score), and disease (medications, diseases).

Results

The mean age was 79.6 years (standard deviation 6.23) and 50% were male. Within 3 months post-discharge, 19% reported a fall and 13% deceased. Univariate predictors for falls were higher age, lower absolute muscle mass and higher six-item cognitive impairment test score. Lower absolute muscle mass independently predicted falls post-discharge (multivariate). Univariate predictors for mortality were higher age, male sex, no current alcohol use, higher SNAQ score, lower absolute and higher relative muscle mass, higher Katz ADL score and higher number of diseases. Male sex, higher SNAQ score, and lower absolute muscle mass independently predicted mortality post-discharge (multivariate).

Conclusions

In hospitalized older adults, muscle mass should be measured to predict future outcome. Future intervention studies should investigate if increasing muscle mass prevent short-term falls and mortality.
A novel method to assess data quality in large medical registries and databases
Authors: Perren Andreas , Cerutti Bernard , Kaufmann Mark , Rothen Hans Ulrich ,   Swiss Society of Intensive Care Medicine
Published: December 2018

Background

There is no gold standard to assess data quality in large medical registries. Data auditing may be impeded by data protection regulations.

Objective

To explore the applicability and usefulness of funnel plots as a novel tool for data quality control in critical care registries.

Method

The Swiss ICU-Registry from all 77 certified adult Swiss ICUs (2014 and 2015) was subjected to quality assessment (completeness/accuracy). For the analysis of accuracy, a list of logical rules and cross-checks was developed. Type and number of errors (true coding errors or implausible data) were calculated for each ICU, along with noticeable error rates (>mean + 3 SD in the variable’s summary measure, or >99.8% CI in the respective funnel-plot).

Results

We investigated 164 415 patient records with 31 items each (37 items: trauma diagnosis). Data completeness was excellent; trauma was the only incomplete item in 1495 of 9871 records (0.1%, 0.0%–0.6% [median, IQR]). In 15 572 patients records (9.5%), we found 3121 coding errors and 31 265 implausible situations; the latter primarily due to non-specific information on patients’ provenance/diagnosis or supposed incoherence between diagnosis and treatments. Together, the error rate was 7.6% (5.9%–11%; median, IQR).

Conclusions

The Swiss ICU-Registry is almost complete and data quality seems to be adequate. We propose funnel plots as suitable, easy to implement instrument to assist in quality assurance of such a registry. Based on our analysis, specific feedback to ICUs with special-cause variation is possible and may promote such ICUs to improve the quality of their data.
Just the Tip: Resection of a Narcotic Catheter-Tip Granuloma: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Gernsback Joanna Elizabeth , Kolcun John Paul G , Manzano Glen
Published: December 2018

The catheter tip “granuloma” is a rare inflammatory mass that forms in about 3% of patients with an intradural catheter, most commonly from a morphine pump. It has also been seen with other narcotic pumps, narcotic-non-narcotic combinations, and baclofen pumps. Mass formation is associated with increased opioid dose and concentration. It typically presents with increasing pain requiring increasing doses of medication, with minimal improvement, although it may present with neurologic deficits or be asymptomatic. On MRI, it appears as a round, rim-enhancing lesion that is low intensity with a hypointense rim on both T1 and T2. In the absence of neurologic deficits, there are many treatment options, ranging from a temporary stopping of the pump to catheter replacement. When the lesion presents with neurologic deficits, surgical intervention, beyond catheter replacement or repositioning, is indicated. A laminectomy is performed, with intradural exploration and careful resection of the mass, which is likely adherent to the spinal cord. Postoperative worsening of symptoms is common due to the mass being densely adherent to the spinal cord, requiring spinal cord manipulation. This worsening is usually temporary, and many patients make excellent recoveries. We present a case of a hydromorphone pump inflammatory mass, which initially presented with increasing pain, then progressive neurologic deficits, requiring referral and mass resection. We achieved only a partial resection due to the lesion's adherent nature. This surgical video demonstrates our intradural technique for resection of this rare and technically difficult mass, with 6-mo patient follow-up. The patient has consented to this case report.
The Social Development Model
Authors: Cambron Christopher , Catalano Richard F. , Hawkins J. David
Published: December 2018

This chapter presents an overview of the social development model (SDM)—a general theory of human behavior that integrates research on risk and protective factors into a coherent model. The goal of this synthesis is to provide more explanatory power than its component theories. This chapter first specifies the model constructs and their hypothesized relationships to prosocial and antisocial behaviors. It then provides a synthesis of what has been learned from empirical tests of social development hypotheses for predicting pro- and antisocial behaviors. This chapter also highlights interventions derived from the SDM and summarizes their impact on pro- and antisocial behaviors. Finally, the chapter concludes by presenting future directions for SDM-based research.
Peer Influences on Offending
Authors: Sullivan Christopher J. , Childs Kristina K. , Gann Shaun
Published: December 2018

This chapter details some important literature related to peers, delinquency, and development, offering a sense of how those parallel findings should be viewed in relation to one another when considering offending behavior. It next considers the theoretical perspectives that have incorporated peer influences in their core tenets. The chapter assesses the ways in which peers and gangs fit into the practical literature on crime prevention. It also looks at how justice response might account for peer influences on offending behavior, describing some areas that offer opportunities for growth in knowledge with respect to the role of peers in offending over the life course. Finally, the chapter explores the opportunities to expand the empirical evidence base and also discusses the prospects of this specific area of this literature for contributing more generally to the understanding of crime and societal response.
The Effects of Neighborhood Context and Residential Mobility on Criminal Persistence and Desistance
Authors: Kirk David S.
Published: December 2018

This chapter describes the relevance of the neighborhood context in the explanation of persistence in and desistance from criminal offending, with a particular focus on the behavior of former prisoners. It first presents facts about the geographic distribution of returning prisoners. Next, the chapter draws upon extant research to examine in what ways the conditions of residential neighborhoods influence persistence and desistance among formerly incarcerated individuals. Similarly, this chapter draws upon theoretical perspectives and corresponding empirical evidence to examine how residential mobility might exert an impact on persistence and desistance. The distinction between these two subjects is that the former focuses on neighborhood effects whereas the latter focuses on individual-level mobility effects. Lastly, the chapter focuses on criminal justice policy and practice, including a discussion of the implications of the lessons learned from research on neighborhood effects and residential mobility for the re-entry and re-integration of formerly incarcerated individuals.
Age of Onset of Offending Behavior
Authors: Doherty Elaine Eggleston , Bacon Sarah
Published: December 2018

This chapter first provides an overview of the empirical observations that have shaped the age-of-onset research. It approaches these empirical observations as the central “facts” regarding age of onset that must be taken into account in any discussion of the criminal career. The chapter then discusses these empirical observations in their relation to the definitions and measurement of age of onset and to the theoretical approaches to understanding and explaining age of onset. It also discusses the importance and implications of age-of-onset research for prevention and intervention purposes. For each of these areas of consideration the chapter provides an overview and a critical analysis of extant research, followed by critical unanswered questions.
Determinants of Variation in IPO Underpricing
Authors: Boulton Thomas , Smart Scott , Zutter Chad
Published: December 2018

From 1998 to 2014, average IPO underpricing at the country level ranged from 1.2% in Argentina to 69.7% in China. What factors account for the high variability of IPO underpricing in the international cross section? This chapter reviews research attempting to answer that question. The chapter begins by providing current evidence on the extent to which IPO underpricing varies internationally. It then focuses on research that ties international underpricing differences to disclosure regulations and practices around the world. Next, the authors evaluate studies that attribute cross-country variation in underpricing in part to differences in corporate governance practices and legal institutions. The chapter concludes with some thoughts about directions for future research in this field.
Introduction
Authors: Cumming Douglas , Johan Sofia
Published: December 2018

The worldwide landscape for raising firm capital from Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) has significantly evolved over the last few decades. This introductory chapter reviews more recent research on initial public offerings. The Oxford Handbook of IPOs comprises twenty-nine chapters from authors around the world. The chapters describe the economics of going public, short- and long-term performance of IPOs, regulation of IPOs, IPOs versus acquisitions, reverse mergers, special purpose acquisition companies, service providers including investment banks and auditors, venture capital funds, international differences in IPOs, and crowdfunding. The Introduction summarizes the chapters that appear in the Handbook and highlight research trends on topic.
The Interplay of IPO and M&A Markets
Authors: Aktas Nihat , Andres Christian , Ozdakak Ali
Published: December 2018

This chapter examines the interactions of initial public offerings (IPOs) and mergers and acquisitions (M&As), in contrast with the common approach of studying them in isolation. Of the many motivations to conduct an IPO (e.g., fundraising, access to capital, increased liquidity, publicity), several of them clearly relate to takeover activities. This chapter analyzes three key forms of interaction: (1) IPO and M&A markets interact when entrepreneurs and early investors from private firms decide to liquidate and cash out their investments. They can exit through an IPO, or they might seek an acquisition by another firm (e.g., sellout to a strategic acquirer, private equity fund, or another financial investor); (2) after a being listed, some firms become takeover targets, and some IPO firms also participate actively in the M&A market as acquirers; (3) between the IPO and M&A markets, one can be used to exert pressure on the other.
Global Food Policies
Authors: Elver Hilal
Published: December 2018

In this chapter, global food policy is depicted as focusing on the elimination of hunger and improvement of food security for all persons while simultaneously satisfying their dietary needs and food preferences. This chapter provides a brief history ranging from late-nineteenth-century practices to the current impact of economic globalization on food systems. This is followed by a review of the current state of hunger and malnutrition, including the persistence of these despite major increases in global food production. Emphasis is placed on the need to develop food policies, including the right to food, using an interdisciplinary approach in the context of global studies. Such an approach calls attention to ethical and legal principles that affirm the right to sufficient and nutritious food. This understanding of political, economic, ecological, social, and cultural conditions will ensure the development of critical thinking with respect to the agenda of global food politics.
War and Militarization
Authors: Grove Jairus
Published: December 2018

This chapter provides an overview of how warfare and militarization, as historical processes, have mutated and changed in parallel with and intersecting processes of globalization. Given the contradictory trajectory of less lethal wars that break out increasingly more frequently and last longer, it is necessary to revisit accepted definitions of war. The chapter provides insight into how to think about war as a conceptual problem rather than a discrete empirical phenomenon. Attempts to simplify war for the purposes of measuring it have created significant shortcomings in the fields of international relations, security studies, and war studies. This chapter does not attempt to develop a replacement definition. Instead, it is argued that the changing nature of war should be treated as a problematic for research and investigation rather than trying to settle on another definition of war that fails to keep up with the dynamic and complex character of empirical reality.
Major Figures in the Field of Global Studies
Authors: James Paul
Published: December 2018

The field of global studies and the study of globalization are intertwined. This chapter traces the emergence of the study of globalization from isolated elaborations in the 1950s to the bourgeoning of the field of global studies across the turn of the century to the present. The chapter seeks to explain the intermediate context for the explosion of attention to the question of globalization. It argues that two key clusters of social change stand out: the changing nature of globalization across the middle to late twentieth century linked to uneven challenges to the assumed dominance of modernization; and the paradigm shift in social enquiry and intellectual practice, particularly in the ways of understanding theory. This second shift is used to explore a further quandary: Why did the new field of global studies tend to defer questions concerning the “why” of globalization to concentrate on issues concerning “how” and “what”?
Global Studies Versus International Studies
Authors: Curran Sara
Published: December 2018

The intellectual antecedents of international studies scholarship and the efforts to enclose it within academia bounded the research enterprise closely to a predominantly US-centric, international relations, and international systems perspective on world order. Investments by the US government and leading foundations led to the strengthening of interdisciplinary area studies and international studies curricular programs. These investments coincided with a concomitant turn in the humanities and social sciences toward critical social science and postmodern inquiries. Thus, international studies curricular programs became more expansive and less closely tied to a narrow agenda that had previously and primarily been curated by political scientists. By the early 2000s, this disjuncture between international studies scholarship and pedagogy found a voice that continues to be heard in ongoing debates that define a widely delineated space for global studies to closely align its own scholarship and pedagogy, providing a foundation for a vibrant field of transdisciplinary scholarship.
Religious Globalisms
Authors: Haynes Jeffrey
Published: December 2018

Religious globalisms are ways of understanding the global environment as expressed through specific religious world views. The literature tends to see a dichotomous relationship between religious and secular globalisms, with the former in opposition to the latter. The issue was put in focus by the impact of post-Cold War globalization and the contemporaneous return of religion to international relations, which had much to say about the “soulless” nature of market-based globalization and the advance of capitalism to the detriment of religious values and norms. This chapter contends that there are various religious globalisms and that it is not a straightforward relationship per se between religious and secular globalism.
Globalization and Security
Authors: Toft Monica Duffy , Duursma Allard
Published: December 2018

This chapter provides an overview of how globalization has changed what security is and how security can be achieved most effectively. The first section provides a brief overview of the literature on globalization and security, highlighting a disconnect between the state-centric security literature and the focus on transnational linkages within the literature on globalization. The second section shows the importance of accounting for the effects of globalization when studying security. Globalization has made the threat environment more diverse and complicated for understanding the dynamics of the states system. The third section addresses the interaction of core issues at the domestic, international, and transnational levels highlighting how these interactions challenge or reinforce the traditional basis of legitimacy and authority of states and the state system. The final section concludes with a discussion of implications of the impact of globalization on security.
The Evolution of Global Studies
Authors: Juergensmeyer Mark
Published: December 2018

Since the last decade of the twentieth century, there has been a proliferation of new academic programs in global studies. This chapter examines the diversity of these programs, from disciplinary emphases on global phenomena to curricula designed solely for the global studies field. The programs designed solely for graduate students usually subscribe to four basic elements in defining the essential character of global studies: transnationality interdisciplinarity, trans-temporality, and critical perspectives on globalization. Some programs add a fifth feature, global responsibility. This chapter concludes with a discussion of some emerging tensions in the field between theory and practice, between insider and outsider, and between self-contained and expansive views of its role within the academic community. These are healthy tensions because they help the field chart a middle course between extremes and find its own location within the intellectual community in an increasingly global age.
Researching the Localizations of the Global
Authors: Sassen Saskia
Published: December 2018

Although the global is often portrayed in opposition to the national, this chapter explores how the global can be structured inside the national in at least three ways that are significant for the field of global studies. They are a) the endogenizing or the localizing of global dynamics in the national milieu; b) the creation of formations that, although global, are articulated with particular actors, cultures, or projects; and c) the denationalizing of what had historically been constructed as national. Global studies research into such subnationally based processes and dynamics of globalization requires methodologies and theorizations that engage not only global scalings but also subnational scalings as components of global processes. It makes possible the use of long-standing research techniques in the study of globalization, and it provides a bridge between globalization and the wealth of national and subnational data sets.
Migration
Authors: Chan Sucheng
Published: December 2018

Migration has played a critical role in human survival on Earth since prehistoric times. Archaeologists, anthropologists, linguists, geneticists, and climatologists now agree that anatomically modern humans, Homo sapiens, originated in Africa. It took approximately 70,000 years for them to disperse out of Africa to populate the other habitable continents. Climate change and geography determined their migration routes. Historically, there have been more involuntary migrations than voluntary ones. Empire-building and wars were the two main contexts for forced migrations; in contrast, large-scale socioeconomic developments, particularly differences among various regions of the world, provide the contexts for voluntary migrations. This chapter discusses both forms of migration.
WPS and Female Peacekeepers
Authors: Rupesinghe Natasja , Stamnes Eli , Karlsrud John
Published: December 2018

This chapter discusses the progress and challenges of mainstreaming gender in UN peacekeeping. To do so, we trace the evolution and impact of the Women, Peace, and Security (WPS) agenda’s successive resolutions on peacekeeping. Specifically, we provide an overview of the participation of female peacekeeping personnel in UN missions, tracing key target and agenda-setting policy events, as well as examining causes for the slow progress in female participation. This chapter also highlights the internal tensions within WPS itself by examining the implementation of Resolution 1325 in the peacekeeping field. To that end, we consider the operational dimensions of the WPS agenda in UN peacekeeping, highlighting issues brought to the fore by the WPS Global Study and the High-level Panel on Peace Operations (HIPPO) reports. Moreover, we examine the coherence of these two reports and offer strategies for the implementation of their recommendations. Finally, we argue that while gender-balancing might be tokenistic, it is a necessary but insufficient strategy to ensure meaningful participation in this highly militarized context.
WPS in Military Training and Socialization
Authors: Carreiras Helena , Fragoso Teresa
Published: December 2018

This chapter explores the idea that a lack of congruence between national policies on gender integration in the military and the requirements of UN Security Council Resolution 1325 account for many of the implementation problems identified at the level of international military missions. To do so, this chapter reviews scholarly and policy developments regarding gender integration in the armed forces of different UN member states, with a special focus on military training and socialization. Drawing on a diverse literature, including case studies and comparative analyses developed during the last two decades, it describes the structural and cultural dimensions of national policies on gender integration in the military. It then examines the extent to which these policies have been congruent with the WPS agenda. This chapter argues that the steady growth of women in national militaries has not translated into an identical increase in their engagement at the international level. Relative success in recruiting and retaining women in national forces does not automatically reduce the gender gap in international missions.
Where the WPS Pillars Intersect
Authors: O'Reilly Marie
Published: December 2018

The four pillars of UN Security Council Resolution 1325 are typically understood as prevention; protection; participation; and relief and recovery. While theoretically these pillars are conceived of as equally important to the advancement of the women, peace, and security (WPS) agenda, the operationalization of each has been highly uneven. Most Security Council resolutions that followed Resolution 1325 on WPS focused on protection, with participation and prevention receiving less attention. Similarly, WPS-related interventions in conflict-affected contexts frequently focus exclusively on protection without drawing possible synergies from the other pillars. This chapter explores the challenges and opportunities of “cross-pillar engagement” in conflict and post-conflict situations, arguing that greater emphasis on participation would lead to gains in all four areas and beyond. I suggest that understandings of participation need to evolve beyond merely taking part. To more effectively challenge the gendered power structures that continue to hinder progress, women seeking peace and equality need to adopt a transformative, feminist approach to participation.
What Works in Relief and Recovery
Authors: True Jacqui , Hewitt Sarah
Published: December 2018

Women’s economic participation and empowerment are submerged within the Women, Peace, and Security (WPS) agenda, yet both are crucial to the success of its core goal to bring gender equal and lasting peace. Relief and Recovery (R&R) is the one of four pillars of the WPS agenda that most strongly aligns with the goal of economic empowerment. Among all the WPS pillars, however, it is the most ambiguous and under-researched. In this chapter, we examine how R&R features in the United Nations Security Council Resolutions on WPS and in wider United Nations frameworks on peace-building. We suggest that the current siloing of humanitarian relief responses, sustainable development approaches focused on resilience building, and securitized approaches addressing women’s participation and protection represent a major challenge to realizing gender-just peace and security in relief and recovery from conflict and other crises. At the same time, the R&R pillar has the most transformative potential to connect both short-term and long-term goals to achieve sustainable peace, development, and resilience, while also promoting women’s participation and socioeconomic rights.
WPS and the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Sexual Violence in Conflict
Authors: O'Gorman Eleanor
Published: December 2018

This chapter explores the capacity of a dedicated office on Sexual Violence in Conflict (SVC) to facilitate meaningful change in UN operations. To do so, the chapter reviews research and policy trends on SVC as part of WPS agenda 2008–2016, as well as UN Security Council Resolution 1325.This chapter engages directly with the policy challenges and institutional developments leading up to and following the creation of the position of UN Special Representative of the Secretary-General on SVC, which was proposed in UN Security Council Resolution 1889 (2009). It sets out the evolution of the role and the office in terms of leadership and competition within the UN and the global agenda on combatting sexual violence in conflict since 2010. In doing so, this chapter provides valuable insights and lessons regarding the institutionalization of WPS. Specifically, it is argued that the evolution of the office of the Secretary-General for SVC demonstrates the difficulties associated with reforming and coordinating strategies on WPS within the UN system.
WPS and Transnational Feminist Networks
Authors: Onyesoh Joy
Published: December 2018

This chapter uses the example of women’s situation rooms (WSR) to illustrate the promises and pitfalls of feminist transnational networks in implementing the WPS agenda. The women’s situation room is a civil society initiative led by women that encourages substantive participation in political processes, specifically election monitoring. The purpose of this chapter is to bridge the normative gap between theoretical and contextual debates around WPS and the state’s responsibility toward its successful implementation. This chapter examines the transnational origins of WSRs and highlights their capacity to act as spaces for the implementation of the WPS agenda. Drawing on specific examples from Nigeria, this chapter demonstrates that the WSR provides a space for women to participate substantively in politics and mediation. I argue that the WSR advances the WPS agenda by employing the knowledge of the African Eminent women within and across state boundaries. Indeed, the WSR facilitates and encourages the sharing of knowledge and expertise among women.
WPS and International Financial Institutions
Authors: True Jacqui , Svedberg Barbro
Published: December 2018

This chapter explores the relationship between the policy development and lending programs of International Financial Institutions (IFI) and the Women, Peace, and Security agenda. Using the examples of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, we demonstrate the importance of IFIs for advancement of the WPS agenda. We make the case for the relevance of the WPS agenda to IFIs given their institutional mandates and commitment to gender and global development agendas, as well as their more recent emphasis and commitment with respect to “fragility, conflict and violence” (FCV) contexts. Moreover, this chapter explores practical ways to integrate these agendas, bringing IFIs into WPS and vice versa. To this end, we evaluate existing initiatives, such as development and financial commitments to FCV states, donors and conflict-affected country WPS National Action Plans, and World Bank country strategies, in order to identify entry points and opportunities for bolstering the political economy tools of the to-date largely security and human rights-focused WPS agenda.
WPS as Diplomatic Vocation
Authors: Tiewa Liu
Published: December 2018

More open, active, and comprehensive participation of women in public affairs is an important component of modern democracy, and also significant for the promotion of sustainable security and peace. More than fifteen years have passed since the global agenda on Women, Peace, and Security was introduced. As a responsible great power of the United Nations, China has endeavored to implement WPS in its own way, despite not yet developing a formal National Action Plan. This chapter suggests that China has made great progress in the promotion of gender equality and highlights the important roles that Chinese women occupy in society and politics, despite the continued presence of “hidden rules” regarding gender roles. This research explores the different ways in which China has implemented the four WPS pillars. In doing so, it argues that China has, over the last fifteen years, increasingly viewed WPS as its diplomatic vocation.
Testing the WPS Agenda
Authors: Duncanson Claire , Farr Vanessa
Published: December 2018

Military intervention in Afghanistan was launched only weeks after the adoption of UN Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace, and Security (WPS). Yet, there was no mention of Resolution 1325 in any of the resolutions passed by the United Nations Security Council on Afghanistan in 2001, and gender-just peace remains elusive in Afghanistan. This chapter explores the reasons why the WPS agenda had such little traction in what could be considered its first testing ground, and how it might even have been counterproductive. After examining efforts to implement the WPS agenda in each of its four pillars, we suggest three key interconnected reasons for the limited progress: the self-interested nature of the intervening powers, the legacies of decades of conflict and intervention in Afghanistan, and the WPS agenda’s emphasis on civil and political rights and relative neglect of women’s economic and social rights. We conclude with suggestions for enhancing women’s security and participation in Afghanistan and the WPS agenda more broadly.
WPS and Responsibility to Protect
Authors: Bellamy Alex J. , Davies Sara E.
Published: December 2018

This chapter explores the evolving relationship between WPS and the Responsibility to Protect (R2P). It begins by outlining the emergence of R2P in the wake of failures to respond adequately to mass atrocities in Rwanda, Bosnia, and elsewhere, and evaluating the charge that, as originally conceived, R2P was “gender blind.” The chapter moves on to show how the UN Secretary-General and others have attempted to build bridges between the two agendas and how the Security Council has looked to simultaneously implement both. This section also considers some of the feminist critiques of R2P in light of these efforts. The third part of the chapter sets out the similarities and differences between the two agendas and calls for greater cross-fertilization between them, including through the incorporation of a gender lens into atrocity prevention and an atrocity-prevention lens into WPS. Overall, the chapter argues that the two agendas should be understood as mutually reinforcing, such that the attainment of one requires the attainment of the other, but that they are complementary rather than synonymous agendas inasmuch as they contain important differences