bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rethinking Domestic Service
Authors: Saptari Ratna
Published: July 2002

HILL, BRIDGET. Servants. English Domestics in the Eighteenth Century. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1996. vii, 278 pp. £35.00.

ROMANO, DENNIS. Housecraft and Statecraft. Domestic Service in Renaissance Venice, 1400–1600. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore [etc.] 1996. xxvi, 333 pp. Ill. $54.00.

Over the last two decades, our understanding of domestic service, its changes throughout history and its links to larger political and economical transformations, has been enriched by feminist and historical scholarship. A first step towards a better understanding of domestic work was made when feminists challenged the dominant theoretical bias that formerly had concentrated exclusively on the production process, and argued that the separation of the domestic and the public which occurred with the emergence of capitalism became the root cause of women's subordination. This separation resulted in a situation where anything associated with the domestic became hidden, undervalued and perceived as unimportant. In later debates this dichotomizing framework has been further developed into discussions on the ways in which “the domestic” may shift in content and form; how it may be associated with not only what is conducted within the home, but also with the type of work (domestic work) and the type of people (women) considered as belonging in the home. Although the boundaries separating the domestic and public spheres may perpetually experience shifts, the implications of this separation are considered to be more or less clear, namely the devaluation of women's work and women's identity.
INNOVATION AND CONFLICT: CLOTH DYERS AND THE INTERWAR DEPRESSION

IN ABEOKUTA, NIGERIA
Authors: BYFIELD JUDITH
Published: July 2002

BY the twentieth century, the southern Yoruba town of
Abeokuta was

integrated into the international economy both as an exporter of cash crops

and an importer of manufactured products. It became one of the primary

producing areas of cocoa and kola nuts in western Nigeria. Abeokuta's

integration into the international economy had a profound effect on its
local

textile industry. As weavers gained access to European threads and dyers

gained access to European cloth, relations of production were transformed.

Both sets of producers became dependent on European trading firms for

their raw materials and were thus brought squarely into the nexus of

international trade. Dyeing, which was predominantly a women's industry,

benefited substantially from this economic relationship. Dyers' access
to

cloth as well as credit from the European firms allowed them to become

autonomous producers of tie-dyed cloth, adire, that was in great demand

across Nigeria, the Gold Coast, Senegal and the Belgian Congo.
DICTIONARIES AND KONGO HISTORY Langues, culture et histoire Koongo aux XVIIe et

XVIIIe siècles, à travers les documents

linguistiques. Par JEAN DE DIEU

NSONDÉ. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1995. Pp. 249. FF140,

paperback (ISBN 2-7384-3953-5).
Authors: THORNTON JOHN
Published: July 2002

The core of this interesting book is an attempt to discern

outlines of Kongo culture from the dictionaries left behind by the

French mission to Kakongo between 1768 and 1776. These dictionaries,

which are found in London, Paris, Rome, Besançon and Genoa, are

both French to Kikongo and Kikongo to French and sometimes run to more

than 700 pages, often containing examples of usage as well as the

words themselves. Indeed, when one considers the seventeenth-century

linguistic materials, such as the dictionary (utilized by

Nsondé) and the catechism (not used) and the excellent modern

dictionaries of Laman and Bentley, Kikongo is one of the rare African

languages that can be effectively documented over a three-century

period.
THE ANNUAL VOLUME AND REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE BRITISH SLAVE TRADE,

1780–1807
Authors: BEHRENDT STEPHEN D.
Published: July 2002

In a recent article David Richardson revised estimates of the volume
and

African regional distribution of the eighteenth-century British slave trade.

Richardson calculated that British slave vessels sailing between 1698 and

1807 – to the year of Abolition – embarked 3,052,509 slaves

on the African

coast. This figure falls at the midpoint between lower-bound estimates
made

by Curtin in 1969 and upper-bound estimates published by Inikori seven

years later. Further, Richardson provided historians with the first extended

year-by-year series of British slave exports; and he separated the trading
data

of the three principal British slaving ports of Liverpool, London and Bristol,

which comprised 50, 28 and 18 per cent of the trade, respectively.
Effects of 15N-labelled crop residues and management
practices on subsequent winter wheat yields, nitrogen
benefits and recovery under field conditions
Authors: KUMAR KULDIP , GOH K. M. , SCOTT W. R. , FRAMPTON C. M.
Published: July 2002

Nitrogen-15 enriched ammonium sulphate was applied to micro-plots in a field in which two
leguminous (white clover and peas) and two non-leguminous (ryegrass and winter wheat) crops were
grown to produce 15N-labelled crop residues and roots during 1993/94. Nitrogen benefits and
recovery of crop residue-N, root-N and residual fertilizer-N by three succeeding winter wheat crops
were studied. Each crop residue was subjected to four different residue management treatments
(ploughed, rotary hoed, mulched or burned) before the first sequential wheat crop (1994/95) was
sown, followed by the second (1995/96) and third wheat crops (1996/97), in each of which residues
of the previous wheat crop were removed and all plots were ploughed uniformly before sowing. Grain
yields of the first sequential wheat crop followed the order: white clover > peas > ryegrass > wheat.
The mulched treatment produced significantly lower grain yield than those of other treatments. In the
first sequential wheat crop, leguminous and non-leguminous residues supplied between 29–57% and
6–10% of wheat N accumulated respectively and these decreased with successive sequential crops.
Rotary hoed treatment reduced N benefits of white clover residue-N while no significant differences
in N benefits occurred between residue management treatments in non-leguminous residues. On
average, the first wheat crop recovered between 29–37% of leguminous and 11–13% of non-leguminous
crop residues-N. Corresponding values for root plus residual fertilizer-N were between
5–19% and 2–3%, respectively. Management treatments produced similar effects to those of N
benefits. On average, between 5 to 8% of crop residue-N plus root and residual fertilizer-N was
recovered by each of the second and third sequential wheat crops from leguminous residues compared
to 2 to 4% from non-leguminous residues. The N recoveries tended to be higher under mulched
treatments especially under leguminous than non-leguminous residues for the second sequential
wheat crop but were variable for the third sequential wheat crop. Relatively higher proportions of
leguminous residue-N were unaccounted in ploughed and rotary hoed treatments compared with
those of mulched and burned treatments. In non-leguminous residue-N, higher unaccounted residue-N
occurred under burned (33–44%) compared with other treatments (20–27%).
Influence of number and timing of fungicide applications on the yield and quality of early and later-sown spring malting barley grown in the south-east of Ireland
Authors: CONRY M. J. , DUNNE B.
Published: July 2002

Eighteen experiments were carried out over a 6-year period (1989–94) on three different soil types to compare the effects of a broad-spectrum fungicide, applied as 1-, 2- or 3-spray programmes at different growth stages, to control foliar diseases on early and later-sown Blenheim malting barley. Powdery mildew, caused by Erysiphe graminis (Blumeria graminis) f. sp. hordei, was the dominant disease in all 6 years. Sowing date had a major effect on grain yield and ex-farm quality of the malting barley. The earlier-sown treatments gave significantly greater yield than the later-sown in 13 of the experiments, and significantly lower grain N concentrations and screenings (small grains <2·2mm) in 14 and 16 of them, respectively.

Early and more frequent fungicide applications improved grain yield and reduced grain screenings but had no significant effect on grain N. Early-applied fungicide (i.e. before GS 33) was generally the most effective in controlling disease, increasing yield and reducing screenings. The magnitude of the response depended on disease severity. In those years when disease was low on the early-sown crops (1989,1991 and 1994), the early-applied 1-spray programme and 2-spray programmes increased grain yields by relatively small amounts in both early and late-sown crops. In the other 3 years (1990,1992 and 1993), when disease severity was greater, the early-applied 1-spray programme and 2-spray programmes gave much greater grain yield increments on both early and late sowings. The 3-spray fungicide programme gave the greatest yields in most of the experiments but they were not significantly greater than the best of all the other treatments. Grain screenings were reduced by fungicide applications in both early and late-sown crops, but the early-applied 1-spray programme and 2-spray programmes were generally the most effective in reducing screenings.
Effect of short-term waterlogging applied at various

growth phases on growth, development and yield in

Vigna unguiculata
Authors: UMAHARAN P. , ARIYANAYAGAM R. P. , HAQUE S. Q.
Published: July 2002

The effects of short-term waterlogging during the vegetative,

reproductive and total growth phases

were investigated in four cultivars of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata
L. Walp)

in relation to their controls

in a pot experiment conducted at the University of the West Indies, St.
Augustine,

in 1989. All

cultivars were able to recover completely and produce near to normal yields,

when waterlogging was

confined to the vegetative period. Recovery growth was affected in cultivars

waterlogged during the

total growth phase and the plants were significantly smaller

(P < 0·05) in vegetative dry matter

(60–80% of the size of their respective controls) even at maturity.

Recovery growth was affected, to

a greater extent, in cultivars possessing a small mainstem[ratio ]branch
ratio.

Yield development in the

waterlogged plants was affected by accelerated leaf senescence and consequent

reduction in the

reproductive period. As a result, yields in all the cultivars tested were

significantly smaller (P < 0·05)

than their respective controls and varied between 54 and 60% of the controls.

Plants waterlogged

during the reproductive phase were not significantly different

(P < 0·05) in vegetative dry matter from

the controls, but showed root degeneration and accelerated leaf senescence
in

all but one cultivar

(Local Red). Yield reduction, however, was significant (P <
0·05)

only in IT-83S-898. Possible criteria

for selecting plants tolerant to waterlogging are discussed.
REVIEW Towards an explanation of crop nitrogen demand
based on the optimization of leaf nitrogen per unit leaf area
Authors: GRINDLAY D. J. C.
Published: July 2002

An area of plant science that is still uncertain is
precisely what determines plants' demand for nitrogen
(N), that is the amount of N they need to take up from
the soil to meet their requirements for potential
growth and synthesis of new tissue. A robust and
unequivocal physiological basis from which to determine N demand is
lacking. Yet N dominates plant
nutrition. No nutrient is needed in larger quantities
and, in most environments, no nutrient is in such
limiting supply. Knowledge of the factors governing
N demand is essential to predict the needs of crops
under a wide range of field situations, so that growers
can be given more reliable fertilizer recommendations
(Greenwood 1982; van Keulen et al. 1989). This is
important, not just for economic reasons, but because
of the risks to the environment that can arise from the
over-application of N fertilizers, in particular the
problem of nitrate leaching (Addiscott et al. 1991).
Crop production and water-use. IV. Yield functions

for sugarbeet
Authors: WRIGHT E. , CARR M. K. V. , HAMER P. J. C.
Published: July 2002

The water-use model (watyield) was used to estimate

a number of variables which were then related

to the actual yields recorded in long term sugarbeet experiments

carried out at several sites in England

over the last 30–40 years. Nine functions were developed which

are based on yield/water-input,

yield/crop evaporation and (the equivalent of) relative

yield/relative crop evaporation relationships.

In all cases, highly significant linear correlations were obtained

but the levels of precision, and degree

of site specificity, varied. For irrigation planning and water

allocation, three approaches are

recommended with increasing sophistication and, in general,

precision. These are (1) relating yield

increases to the estimated irrigation need; (2) relating actual yields

to crop evaporation totals; and

(3) determining actual yields for rainfed and irrigated crops from the

calculated seasonal totals of the

‘effective’ solar radiation intercepted by the crop canopy.

These values can be estimated with the

model using standard weather and soil physical data appropriate to

the locality and the crop.
The efficiency of utilization of energy and nitrogen
in young sambar (Cervus unicolor) and red deer
(Cervus elaphus)
Authors: SEMIADI G. , HOLMES C. W. , BARRY T. N. , MUIR P. D.
Published: July 2002

Two experiments each with two rates of feeding
(maintenance and twice maintenance) were
conducted during summer 1993/94 (Expt 1) and summer
1994/95 (Expt 2), at Massey University,
New Zealand. Four sambar and four red deer, including stags
and hinds aged 10–14 months, were
used in each year. Animals were fed a pelleted diet (total
N 30 g/kg DM; NDF 247 g/kg DM).
Digestibility and nitrogen (N) balances were determined using
deer metabolism cages, whilst methane
production and heat production were determined using open
circuit respiration calorimetry, with
measurements made on each deer at both rates of feeding.
Digestibility and metabolizability of energy
were greater for sambar than for red deer in Expt 1 but not
in Expt 2. Nitrogen retention, expressed
as a proportion of N intake, was similar for sambar and red
deer. Metabolizable energy required for
maintenance (MEm) was 474 kJ kg
W−0·75 d−1 for
sambar deer and 567 kJ kg W−0·75
d−1 for red deer,
whilst the efficiency of utilization of ME above maintenance
(kg) was similar for sambar deer and red
deer. These studies indicated that the sambar deer had
lower rates of maintenance heat production
than the red deer, which may explain the sambar's
superior feed conversion measured in previous
experiments. However, the two species utilized nitrogen with
similar efficiency, when fed a high quality ration.
Cell wall thickness and cell dimensions in plant parts
of eight forage species
Authors: REZVANI MOGHADDAM P. , WILMAN D.
Published: July 2002

To appreciate more clearly some of the physical characteristics

of forages which may be important
in relation to digestibility and structural integrity, different
parts of eight plant species were examined
for the proportion of thick-walled, thin-walled and epidermal cells,
the thickness of the cell walls and
the diameter, length and volume of the cells. The eight species were:
Trifolium repens L., Medicago
sativa L., Desmodium intortum (Mill.) Urb., Lolium perenne
L.,
Festuca arundinacea Schreb., Chloris
gayana Kunth, Cenchrus ciliaris L. and Zea mays
L.
Early harvesting was compared with later
harvesting in each of two years. The plants were grown in a heated
glasshouse in spring–summer.

The plant parts with the lowest proportion of thick-walled cells
(3–6% of cross-sectional area) were
the legume leaflets and those with the highest proportion (47–57%)

were the leaf blades and stems
of C. ciliaris. The plant parts with the highest proportion of

thin-walled cells were the legume leaflets
and petioles and the Z. mays stems and leaf sheaths. The walls

of the cells categorized as thick-walled
were thinnest (0·9 μm) in L. perenne leaf blades and

T. repens leaflets and thickest (2·0–2·3 μm)
in the
leaf blade midribs, leaf sheaths and stems of Z. mays and in
the stems and petioles of T. repens. The
thinnest outer walls of epidermal cells (0·9 μm) were
recorded for the leaf blades of L. perenne.

The largest cells within the categories and plant parts examined
(1 100000 μm3) were thin-walled
cells in the stems of Z. mays. The longest cells recorded (180
μm)
were thin-walled cells in the petioles
of T. repens. The thick-walled cells were particularly small
(1800–2600 μm3) in L. perenne leaf blades

and sheaths and in T. repens leaflets. The largest thick-walled

cells in the study were in the stems and
petioles of T. repens. The epidermal cells of D. intortum

leaflets, petioles and stems were particularly
small (2000–3000 μm3).
Effects of dicyandiamide (DCD) blended with urea on
growth, yield and nutrient uptake of wheat
Authors: SHARMA S. N. , KUMAR R.
Published: July 2002

Field experiments, conducted during 1992/93 and 1993/94
at the Indian Agricultural Research
Institute, New Delhi, indicated that dicyandiamide (DCD) blended with urea
produced taller wheat
plants with more grains ear−1 and thus higher grain and
straw yields than following urea alone. The
economic optimum dose (EOD) of nitrogen was estimated to be 73 kg N ha−1

for DCD-blended urea (8[ratio ]2) and 84 kg N ha−1
for urea alone, and the grain kg−1 N of the crop at the
EOD was calculated to
be 23 kg grain kg−1 N with DCD-blended urea and
18·6 kg grain kg−1 N with urea alone. Thus
DCD-blended urea produced more grain using less nitrogen than urea alone.

The nitrogen requirement for a targeted yield of 4 t ha−1

was also less when using DCD-blended urea (29 kg N ha−1)
than when
using urea alone (38 kg N ha−1). The DCD-blended urea
resulted in higher N, P and K uptakes,
agronomic efficiency and apparent recovery of nitrogen than urea alone.
Productivity and botanical composition of
Mediterranean grassland in relation to residual
phosphate
Authors: OSMAN A. E. , SALKINI A. K. , GHASSALI F.
Published: July 2002

The effects of residual phosphate (P) fertilizer were monitored for six seasons on Mediterranean
grassland. The phosphate fertilizer was originally applied annually at three rates (0, 25 and 60 kg
P2O5/ha) for 7 years (1984–1990) to phosphate-deficient grassland at Tel Hadya, northern Syria. The
herbage biomass productivity, botanical composition and the seed bank in the soil were monitored
for six seasons (1991/92–1996/97). The experiment was grazed at two annual stocking rates
(1·1 sheep/ha (low) and 2·3 sheep/ha (high)). The experimental site was typical of native grassland
within the cereal zone of west Asia, where cropping is not possible because of shallow, stony soils and
steep slopes.

Available soil phosphorus in May 1991 was 6·5, 20·8 and 40·1 mg P/kg under the 0, 25 and
60 kg P2O5/ha treatments and 6·6, 13·4 and 14·8 mg P/kg respectively, in May 1997. Yields of both
legumes and total herbage (legume+grass+other species) were significantly influenced by the
residual phosphate. Legume yields were between 6- and 7-times the control yield in the first two years
of the study. This decreased with time but was still in the range of 1·5 to 1·9 times the yield of the
control in 1997, six years later. Total herbage yield was consistently higher on the plots previously
fertilized with P, which ranged between 1·5- and 2·5-times the control. Both legume seed and grass
seeds were significantly larger with residual P, which ranged between 5·4- and 2·0-times the control
for the legume and 2·5- and 1·4-times for the grasses. All these factors have practical implications for
the use of P fertilizer on grassland which could help control soil erosion and improve livestock
production on marginal lands on which farming communities largely depend.
The combining ability of recombinant S-lines developed
from an F2 maize population
Authors: IPSILANDIS C. G. , KOUTSIKA-SOTIRIOU M.
Published: July 2002

Starting with the F2 generation of the single-cross commercial hybrid Lorena (PR3183), recombinant
lines were developed combining half-sib/S1 evaluation on widely spaced plants in
the direction of high yielding per se. Combining ability tests consisted of crosses between:
(a) recombinant lines of common pedigree and (b) recombinant lines and freely available inbred lines.
The highest-yielding crosses between recombinant lines reached 100% of the original F1 hybrid in
a percentage of 14·2. Low heterosis was estimated owing to additive gene action of recombinant lines.
Crosses between recombinant lines and freely available inbred lines outyielded significantly the
commercial F1 hybrid in a percentage of 33·3. Heterosis was greater and the original F1 hybrid was
outyielded significantly because of non-additive gene action. When the applied breeding procedure on
a source population with high yield adaptability is adopted and where effects of intergenotypic
competition masking the inherent genotypic value are controlled, population improvement may be
substituted by combined half-sib/S1 selection for productivity of lines per se in low stress conditions
during the very early stages.
Pre-fertilization incompatibility barriers to interspecific
hybridizations in Pennisetum species
Authors: KAUSHAL P. , SIDHU J. S.
Published: July 2002

The study was undertaken at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, in 1991–1992 to investigate
the behaviour of the pollen tubes of four wild Pennisetum species in the stigmatic tract of P. typhoides
and to identify stages of pre-fertilization impediments to interspecific hybridization. Pollen
germination was normal in crosses with P. violaceum, P. squamulatum and P. orientale and slightly
inhibited in a cross with P. setaceum. Fertilization was accomplished within 3 h of pollination in a
control cross within P. typhoides. P. typhoides × P. violaceum was a compatible cross and the pollen
tubes of P. violaceum reached the ovary within 4 h of pollination. The presence of P. squamulatum
and P. orientale pollen tubes in the ovary 10–15 h after pollination indicated the possibility of normal
fertilization, while in crosses with P. setaceum, pollen tubes did not penetrate the ovary even 15 h after
pollination. The study indicated that there is no impediment at the pollen germination stage or in the
stigmatic hairy region. Delayed/restricted growth of pollen tubes indicated that the barrier operates
in the styllar hairless region for the crosses with P. squamulatum and P. orientale, and at the ovarian
level for the P. typhoides × P. setaceum cross.
Factors affecting gestation length in goats and the effect of gestation period on kid survival
Authors: MELLADO M. , AMARO J. L. , GARCÍA J. E. , LARA L. M.
Published: July 2002

Data on 1468 pregnancies and 2356 newborn goat kids of six genetic groups under intensive
management were utilized to determine some genetic and non-genetic factors affecting gestation
length, and to assess the relationship between gestation length and survival of kids to 25 days of age.
The study revealed significant (P < 0·01) effect of breed of dam, litter weight, breeding season and
parity on gestation length. Number of kids born and sex of kids were not a significant source of
variation affecting this trait. Granadina goats had the shortest gestation (149·0±0·31 days), whereas
Toggenburg (151·7±0·28 days) and Alpine (151·4±0·46 days) had the longest. Litter weight and
gestation period were related curvilinearly in summer and linearly in autumn. Gestation of goats bred
in summer was 1 day longer (P < 0·01) than those mated in the autumn. There was a progressive
reduction of gestation length as parity increased (151·3±0·24, 150·6±0·17 and 149·9±0·39 days for
1, 2·6 and > 7 kiddings, respectively). The mean survival rate of kids gestated < 148 days and
148–;152 days were 78±2 and 87±1, respectively, and these were significantly lower (P < 0·05) than
the survival rate of kids gestated 152–156 days and > 156 days (94±1 and 95±2). In conclusion,
prolonged gestation (152–160 days) in goats was beneficial because it resulted in heavier litters at
birth and higher viability of neonatal kids.
A “World-Historical Idea”: The St. Louis Hegelians and the Civil War
Authors: GOOD JAMES A.
Published: July 2002

The St. Louis Hegelians existed as a loosely organized group from
approximately 1858 to 1880. Before the Civil War they participated in the
St. Louis Literary and Philosophical Society which dissolved when most
of its members left the city to fight in the war. After the guns fell silent,
a few of these “respectable vagabonds,” most notably Henry Conrad
Brokmeyer and William Torrey Harris, organized the St. Louis
Philosophical Society in January 1866. Both organizations were part of a
larger “St. Louis Movement” which included an art club, an Aristotle
club, a Shakespeare society, the St. Louis Academy of Science, the St.
Louis Philharmonic Society, and the Academy of Useful Science. All of
these organizations were primarily composed of local professionals –
public school teachers and administrators, judges, and attorneys.
Hawthorne's Puritans: From Fact to Fiction
Authors: MADSEN DEBORAH L.
Published: July 2002

Nathaniel Hawthorne's view of his first American ancestors as belonging to a
grim and gloomy race, impatient with human weaknesses and merciless towards
transgressors, reflects a wide-spread popular attitude towards the Massachusetts
Bay colonists. Indeed, Hawthorne's contribution to the construction and
perpetuation of this view is not inconsiderable. Hawthorne frankly confesses to
his own family descent from one of the “hanging judges” of the Salem witchcraft
trials, and he does not spare any instance of persecution, obsession, or cruelty
regarding the community led by his paternal ancestors. But Hawthorne does not
stop at indicting his own family history; in a famous exchange with the president
of Hartford College, Thomas Ruggles Pynchon, shortly after the publication of
The House of the Seven Gables (1851) Hawthorne is accused of blackening the
reputation of another of New England's great colonial families. Hawthorne
denied any knowledge of a “real” Pynchon family, let alone one with living (and
litigious) descendants. He apologized for his mistake and offered to write an
explanatory preface (which never appeared) for the second edition. Historical
evidence suggests that Hawthorne, in fact, knew the history of the Pyncheon
family, in particular William Pyncheon and his son John, of Springfield, who
shared political and business connections throughout the mid-seventeenth
century with William Hathorne of Salem. William Hathorne was a notorious
persecutor of Quakers and his son John was the “hanging judge” of the
witchcraft trials; William Pyncheon was a prominent fur-trader and founder of
several towns along the Connecticut River who left the colony abruptly in circa
1651 accused of heresy. Given this history, a more likely model for the grim
Colonel Pyncheon of Nathaniel Hawthorne's novel is rather a composite of John
and William Hathorne than William Pynchon. So why should Nathaniel, who had
already in his fiction revealed his family skeletons, choose to displace his own
family history on to the Pyncheon family, with all the trouble that then ensued?
Hunting with the Camera: Nature Photography, Manliness, and Modern Memory, 1890–1930
Authors: DUNAWAY FINIS
Published: July 2002

On January 7, 1892, Forest and Stream – the magazine of “true
sportsmen” – featured a photograph of wild mule deer taken by Fred
Baker, a hunter from Wyoming. A doe and her two fawns rest peacefully
in front of a patch of sagebrush, as the midday sun casts a bright light.
“Here, by a piece of good fortune which might not come to a man once
in a lifetime,” the editor George Bird Grinnell explained, “Mr. Baker
discovered the deer, and creeping up to the edge of the ravine focussed
his camera on them without disturbing their siesta.” Grinnell emphasized
to readers the accuracy and details portrayed in the image – the large
mule-like ears of the deer and the black tips of fur that marked their tails.
But he also drew a moral message from this scene of tranquility. “The
flesh of the mule deer is excellent eating,” Grinnell wrote, “far better in
the estimation of some people than that of the Virginia deer; but we think
a man would have to be pretty hungry or quite without soul who would
be willing to disturb the charming family group which is shown in our
illustration. As we grow older we incline more and more to the opinion
that a camera is sometimes a more satisfactory implement to hunt with
than a gun.”
THE RELATION OF CLOSED BIRTH INTERVALS TO THE SEX OF THE PRECEDING CHILD AND
THE SEXUAL ORIENTATION OF THE SUCCEEDING CHILD
Authors: BLANCHARD RAY , BOGAERT ANTHONY F.
Published: July 2002

The study investigated whether homosexual men are, on average, born a
shorter time after their next-older siblings than are heterosexual men.
Because of mixed evidence that birth intervals are longer after a male child,
the sex of the next-older sibling was included as a control variable. The
probands were 220 heterosexual and 183 homosexual men with at least one older
sibling examined in Southern Ontario in 1994–95. These completed a
self-administered, anonymous questionnaire concerning their family background
and other biodemographic information. The results showed that birth interval
was negatively correlated with sibship size, positively correlated with
maternal age, and uncorrelated with paternal age. They also confirmed that
birth intervals are longer after a male than after a female child. The mean
birth intervals preceding
heterosexual and homosexual males, however,
were virtually identical, indicating that the association of short birth
intervals
with decreased sex hormone levels in cord blood is unrelated to the development of sexual orientation.
Thrice-daily milking throughout lactation maintains epithelial integrity and thereby improves milk protein quality
Authors: SORENSEN ANNETTE , MUIR D. DONALD , KNIGHT CHRISTOPHER H.
Published: July 2002

Cows managed for extended lactations of 16 months duration were milked
on a half-udder basis twice or thrice daily, commencing in lactation week 9.
Mammary epithelial integrity (assessed by milk sodium[ratio ]potassium ratio) was greater
in the half-udder which was milked thrice daily. This difference was evident
throughout the lactation but became greater after week 41. Milk protein composition
was assessed during late lactation (52±3 weeks). Casein number (casein as a
proportion of total protein) was significantly higher in half-udders milked thrice
daily, as were the relative amounts of α- and β-caseins, whilst those of κ- and γ-caseins
were reduced. Two days of inverted milking frequency (i.e. thrice-milked
udder halves now milked twice, and vice versa) only partly reversed these differences.
We concluded that thrice-daily milking will help to prevent or ameliorate the usual
decline in milk processing quality associated with late lactation. Part of this effect is
due simply to reduced exposure to proteolytic enzymes as a result of decreased
storage time in the udder, but part is due to a better maintenance of epithelial tight
junction integrity as lactation advances, which restricts leakage of proteolytic
enzymes from serum into milk.
Influence of pH on the heat-induced proteolysis of casein molecules
Authors: GAUCHERON FRÉDÉRIC , MOLLÉ DANIEL , PANNETIER ROGER
Published: July 2002

Proteolysis of sodium caseinate solution (24·5 g/l) induced by heat
treatment at 120 °C at different pH values was studied by measuring nitrogen
content and relative fluorescence intensity in the 4% trichloroacetic acid filtrates.
The low molar mass peptides corresponding to the soluble nitrogen were identified
using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Increase in proteolysis,
deduced from the increase in soluble nitrogen content, was observed with heating
time (10, 20 and 30 min) and pH (6·0, 7·0, 8·0 and 9·0). The fluorescence
measurements showed that the release of peptides containing tryptophan was
minimal at pH ∼ 7·0. In parallel, eighteen low molar mass peptides were
characterized, of which four came from κ-casein, nine from β-casein and five from
αs1-casein. Peptides were preferentially released under alkaline conditions.
Respiratory burst activity of blood and milk neutrophils in dairy cows during different stages of lactation
Authors: MEHRZAD JALIL , DOSOGNE HILDE , MEYER EVELYNE , HEYNEMAN ROGER , BURVENICH CHRISTIAN
Published: July 2002

The non-stimulated and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-stimulated luminol-augmented cellular chemiluminescence (CL) response and viability of milk and blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) were determined in lactating dairy cows during different stages of lactation. In the first study, ten healthy cows each in early, mid and late lactation were compared. In a second study, the same measurements as in the first study were evaluated longitudinally in 12 cows during 1 month following parturition. The CL activity and myeloperoxidase (MPO) content of milk PMN and macrophages (M) were also compared. Milk M did not possess MPO activity and were devoid of any luminol-enhanced CL. The CL activity of milk and blood PMN was significantly lower in early lactation than in mid and late lactation (P < 0·001). Whereas little changes were observed in viability of blood PMN, the viability of milk PMN was lower in early lactation than in mid and late lactation (P < 0·001). The percentage of PMN in isolated milk cells was also lower during early lactation than during mid and late lactation (P < 0·001). The CL activity in response to PMA during early, mid and late lactation increased 13, 59 and 42-fold in blood PMN and 1·7, 2·6 and 2·4-fold in milk PMN, respectively, in comparison with non-stimulated PMN. The CL activity, both in milk and blood PMN, the milk PMN viability and the percentage of milk PMN were lowest between 3 d and 11 d post partum. These observed changes immediately after calving could contribute to a higher susceptibility to mastitis in that period.
Isolation and detection of Clostridium tyrobutyricum cells
in
semi-soft and hard cheeses using the polymerase chain reaction
Authors: HERMAN LIEVE , DE BLOCK JAN , VAN RENTERGHEM ROLAND
Published: July 2002

Butyric acid fermentation in brine salted, semi-soft and hard cheeses
(late
blowing) can create considerable loss of product. Clostridium
tyrobutyricum, a Gram-positive, sporeforming, anaerobic bacterium,

has been identified as the causative
agent (Klijn et al. 1995).
SHORT COMMUNICATIONS Preparative-scale fractionation of bovine, caprine and ovine whey
proteins by gel permeation chromatography
Authors: FELIPE XAVIER , LAW ANDREW J. R.
Published: July 2002

The whey proteins of the cow, goat and sheep have
previously been fractionated
on an analytical scale by reversed-phase HPLC (De Frutos et al. 1992),
anion-exchange FPLC (Andrews et al. 1985; Manji et al. 1985;
Laezza et al. 1991) and gel
permeation FPLC (Andrews et al. 1985; Hill & Kakuda, 1990).
Anion-exchange and
gel permeation FPLC can readily be scaled up for laboratory preparation of whey
protein fractions. There is some indication, however, that anion-exchange FPLC
does not give complete separation of β-lactoglobulin and
α-lactalbumin from the
other minor whey protein fractions (Girardet et al. 1989).

In previous work it has been shown that gel permeation FPLC gives a satisfactory
fractionation of the whey proteins of the cow (Law et al.
1993), goat (Law & Brown,
1994) and sheep (Law, 1995). In this paper we describe a scaled-up method of gel
permeation that can be used for fairly rapid preparation or
purification of four main
whey protein fractions from the milks of these species.
Genetic polymorphism of plasminogen in dairy cattle
Authors: WANG WEI , TURNER JEFF D. , ROBITAILLE GILLES
Published: July 2002

Plasmin (PLM; E.C. 3.4.4.14) is the major proteolytic enzyme
normally present
in bovine milk. From a technological point of view, PLM activity in milk
is
detrimental as it increases the proteolysis of casein to proteose peptones,
and this
results in reduced storage time, taste defects, loss of cheese yield and
quality, and
changes in the physicochemical properties of milk (for review, see Fox,
1992).
Therefore a reduction of PLM activity in milk would be desirable. Plasminogen

(PLG), the zymogen of plasmin, and PLM content are affected by several

physiological and environmental factors, and by genetic factors such as
breed
(Richardson, 1983; Schaar, 1985; Politis et al. 1989; Benslimane

et al. 1990). We have
addressed the question of PLG polymorphism in dairy cattle.
Marian Exiles and the Legitimacy of Flight from Persecution
Authors: WRIGHT JONATHAN
Published: July 2002

With particular attention paid to the experience of the Marian exiles, this paper analyses the
sixteenth-century Protestant debate about the rectitude of flight from persecution. It suggests that,
although this debate must be located in a centuries-old Christian discussion about flight,
contemporary understandings of the nature of God's will and providence were equally important.
The paper contends that the Marian exiles largely succeeded in justifying their flight to their
brethren, and that this success had a significant impact on the subsequent historical accounts of the
period.
Holmboe's instability in exchange flows
Authors: ZHU DAVID Z. , LAWRENCE GREGORY A.
Published: July 2002

A laboratory study of the exchange of two fluids of different density through a
constant-width channel with an underwater sill has enabled us to study Holmboe's
instability in greater detail than has been possible in mixing-layer experiments. The
internal hydraulics of the exchange flow are such that we have been able to observe the
initiation of instability, the development and behaviour of both symmetric and asymmetric
Holmboe instabilities, and the suppression of the instability at bulk Richardson
numbers above about 0.7. A number of stability criteria resulting from previous
numerical investigations have been verified experimentally. Our laboratory measurements
are consistent with theoretical predictions of wave speed and wavenumber.
Linear instability mechanisms for sand wave formation
Authors: KOMAROVA NATALIA L. , HULSCHER SUZANNE J. M. H.
Published: July 2002

A height- and flow-dependent model for turbulent viscosity is employed to explain
the generation of sand waves in tidal seas. This new model resolves the problem of
excitation of very long waves in sand wave formation, because it leads to damping of
the long waves and gives a finite separation between the most excited mode and the
zero mode. For parameters within their physically realistic ranges, a linear analysis
of the resulting system yields a first excited mode whose wavelength is similar to the
characteristic wavelength of sand waves observed in nature. The physical mechanism
of sand wave formation as predicted by the new model is explained in detail. The
dispersion relation obtained can be the starting point for a weakly nonlinear analysis
of the system.
Three-dimensional oscillatory flow over steep ripples
Authors: SCANDURA P. , VITTORI G. , BLONDEAUX P.
Published: July 2002

The process which leads to the appearance of three-dimensional vortex structures in
the oscillatory flow over two-dimensional ripples is investigated by means of direct
numerical simulations of Navier–Stokes and continuity equations. The results by Hara
& Mei (1990a), who considered ripples of small amplitude or weak fluid oscillations,
are extended by considering ripples of larger amplitude and stronger flows respectively.
Nonlinear effects, which were ignored in the analysis carried out by Hara & Mei
(1990a), are found either to have a destabilizing effect or to delay the appearance
of three-dimensional flow patterns, depending on the values of the parameters. An
attempt to simulate the flow over actual ripples is made for moderate values of the
Reynolds number. In this case the instability of the basic two-dimensional flow with
respect to transverse perturbations makes the free shear layer generated by boundary
layer separation become wavy as it leaves the ripple crest. Then the amplitude of the
waviness increases and eventually complex three-dimensional vortex structures appear
which are ejected in the irrotational region. Sometimes the formation of mushroom
vortices is observed.
On the rise of an ellipsoidal bubble in water: oscillatory paths and liquid-induced velocity
Authors: ELLINGSEN KJETIL , RISSO FRÉDÉRIC
Published: July 2002

This work is an experimental study of the rise of an air bubble in still water.
For the bubble diameter considered, path oscillations develop in the absence of
shape oscillations and the effect of surfactants is shown to be negligible. Both the
three-dimensional motion of the bubble and the velocity induced in the liquid are
investigated. After the initial acceleration stage, the bubble shape remains constant
and similar to an oblate ellipsoid with its symmetry axis parallel to the bubble-centre
velocity, and with constant velocity magnitude. The bubble motion combines path
oscillations with slow trajectory displacements. (These displacements, which consist
of horizontal drift and rotation about a vertical axis, are shown to have no influence
on the oscillations). The bubble dynamics involve two unstable modes which have the
same frequency and are π/2 out of phase. The primary mode develops first, leading
to a plane zigzag trajectory. The secondary mode then grows, causing the trajectory
to progressively change into a circular helix. Liquid-velocity measurements are taken
up to 150 radii behind the bubble. The nature of the liquid flow field is analysed from
systematic comparisons with potential theory and direct numerical simulations. The
flow is potential in front of the bubble and a long wake develops behind. The wake
structure is controlled by two mechanisms: the development of a quasi-steady wake
that spreads around the non-rectilinear bubble trajectory; and the wake instability
that generates unsteady vortices at the bubble rear. The velocities induced by the
wake vortices are small compared to the bubble velocity and, except in the near wake,
the flow is controlled by the quasi-steady wake.
The start-up vortex issuing from a semi-infinite
flat plate
Authors: LUCHINI PAOLO , TOGNACCINI RENATO
Published: July 2002

The subject of the present work is the start-up vortex issuing from a sharp trailing
edge accelerated from rest in still air. A numerical simulation of the flow has been
performed in the case of a semi-infinite at plate by solving the Navier–Stokes
equations in the ψ_ω formulation. The numerical algorithm is based on a fast
multigrid implicit integration of the difference equations in an unstructured mesh
that is dynamically built to minimize the computational costs. A local refinement of
the mesh near the edge of the plate increases the accuracy of the simulation. The
results show that the asymptotic stage of the vortex evolution is self-similar in the
mean, but the appearance of instabilities produces a time-dependent flow which is
not instantaneously self-similar.
On self-sustained oscillations in two-dimensional
compressible flow over rectangular cavities
Authors: ROWLEY CLARENCE W. , COLONIUS TIM , BASU AMIT J.
Published: July 2002

Numerical simulations are used to investigate the resonant instabilities in
two-dimensional flow past an open cavity. The compressible Navier–Stokes equations
are solved directly (no turbulence model) for cavities with laminar boundary layers
upstream. The computational domain is large enough to directly resolve a portion
of the radiated acoustic field, which is shown to be in good visual agreement with
schlieren photographs from experiments at several different Mach numbers. The results
show a transition from a shear-layer mode, primarily for shorter cavities and
lower Mach numbers, to a wake mode for longer cavities and higher Mach numbers.
The shear-layer mode is characterized well by the acoustic feedback process described
by Rossiter (1964), and disturbances in the shear layer compare well with predictions
based on linear stability analysis of the Kelvin–Helmholtz mode. The wake mode is
characterized instead by a large-scale vortex shedding with Strouhal number
independent of Mach number. The wake mode oscillation is similar in many ways to that
reported by Gharib & Roshko (1987) for incompressible flow with a laminar upstream
boundary layer. Transition to wake mode occurs as the length and/or depth of the
cavity becomes large compared to the upstream boundary-layer thickness, or as the
Mach and/or Reynolds numbers are raised. Under these conditions, it is shown that
the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability grows to sufficient strength that a strong
recirculating flow is induced in the cavity. The resulting mean flow is similar to wake profiles
that are absolutely unstable, and absolute instability may provide an explanation of
the hydrodynamic feedback mechanism that leads to wake mode. Predictive criteria
for the onset of shear-layer oscillations (from steady flow) and for the transition to
wake mode are developed based on linear theory for amplification rates in the shear
layer, and a simple model for the acoustic efficiency of edge scattering.
Instability of a spatially developing liquid sheet
Authors: DE LUCA LUIGI , COSTA MICHELA
Published: July 2002

The linear stability of an inviscid two-dimensional liquid
sheet falling under gravity in a still gas is studied by analysing
the asymptotic behaviour of a localized perturbation (wave-packet
solution to the initial value problem). Unlike previous papers the
effect of gravity is fully taken into account by introducing a slow
length scale which allows the flow to be considered slightly
non-parallel. A multiple-scale approach is developed and the
dispersion relations for both the sinuous and varicose disturbances
are obtained to the zeroth-order approximation. These exhibit a local
character as they involve a local Weber number
Weη. For sinuous disturbances a critical
Weη equal to unity is found below which the
sheet is locally absolutely unstable (with algebraic growth of
disturbances) and above which it is locally convectively unstable.
The transition from absolute to convective instability occurs at a
critical location along the vertical direction where the flow Weber
number equals the dimensionless sheet thickness. This critical
distance, as measured from the nozzle exit section, increases with
decreasing the flow Weber number, and hence, for instance, the liquid
flow rate per unit length. If the region of absolute instability is
relatively small it may be argued that the system behaves as a
globally stable one. Beyond a critical size the flow receptivity is
enhanced and self-sustained unstable global modes should arise. This
agrees with the experimental evidence that the sheet breaks up as the
flow rate is reduced. It is conjectured that liquid viscosity may act
to remove the algebraic growth, but the time after which this occurs
could be not sufficient to avoid possible nonlinear phenomena
appearing and breaking up the sheet.