bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bacterial contamination of Nigerian currency notes: A comparative analysis of different denominations recovered from local food vendors
Authors: Ofoedu Chigozie E. , Iwouno Jude O. , Agunwah Ijeoma M. , Obodoechi Perpetual Z. , Okpala Charles Odilichukwu R. , Korzeniowska Małgorzata
Published: January 2021

Microbial transmission, on the surface of any currency note, can either be through direct (hand-to-hand contact) or indirect (food or other inanimate objects) means. To ascertain the degree of bacterial load enumerated during the handling of money and food items, particularly on currency note by denominations, should be of public health importance. Despite the available literature regarding microbial contamination of Nigerian currency notes, there is still paucity of information about how microbial contamination/load differ across the denominations specific to different food vendors. In this context, therefore, the current study investigated bacterial contamination of Nigerian currency notes via a comparative study of different denominations (₦1,000, ₦500, ₦200, ₦100, ₦50, ₦20, and 10, and ₦5) recovered from local food vendors. Specifically, the different food handlers/vendors included fruit, meat, vegetable, fish, and grain/cereal sellers. All emergent data from 8 × 5 factorial design of experiment were of duplicate measurements. To consider the currency denominations and food vendor type, a one-factor-at-a-time analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted. Results showed that about 81.7% of currency notes were contaminated with eitherEscherichia coli,Klebsiellaspp. orStaphylococcusspp. in varying degrees. The higher denominations of ₦500, ₦200, and ₦100 note, with the exception of ₦1,000 note, recorded increased degree of contamination over the lower denominations of ₦50, ₦20, ₦10, and ₦5 note. Based on the total viable count (TVC), the ₦100 currency note appeared the most contaminated (1.32 × 105cfu/ml) whereas ₦5 note appeared the least contaminated (1.46 × 104cfu/ml). The frequency of isolated bacteria on currency notes from vegetable, meat, and fish sellers were significantly higher (p< 0.05) compared to other food vendors. The degree of bacterial contamination of the current work appears chiefly dependent on the food vendor type and currency denomination(s). This work calls for increased awareness and education among food vendors and ready-to-eat food sellers. Doing this would help mitigate the possible cross-contamination between currency notes and foodstuff. Through this, consumers would know more about the potential health risks such simultaneous activities (of handling currency notes and foodstuff) do pose on food safety.
Correlation of Maternal BMI with Foetal Liver Blood Flow and Neonatal Adiposity in Normal Pregnancies and Pregnancies Complicated by Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Foetal Growth Restriction
Authors: Bachani Sumtira , Dadhwal Vatsla , Perumal Vanamail
Published: January 2021

Introduction: The foetus exhibits a wide array of structural and functional adaptations in response to intrauterine conditions, towards protection of vital organs and maintaining the supply of essential nutrients. When oxygen is limited, foetal adaptations prioritise brain growth, irrespective of whether other essential nutrients are limited or not. The hypothesis for this study was that fatty acid synthesis occurs in foetal liver therefore if adaptive changes occur in the hepatic and umbilical flow it will affect fat deposition which will manifest as neonatal adiposity. Aim: Correlation of maternal Basal Metabolic Index (BMI) with Foetal liver blood flow and neonatal adiposity in normal pregnancies and pregnancies complicated by Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) and Foetal Growth Restriction (FGR) .Materials and Methods: An observational pilot study was carried out in a tertiary care referral hospital of Northern India. Antenatal women were recruited in three groups of singleton uncomplicated pregnancies (40), Women with GDM (31) and women with FGR (29). Maternal characteristics including pre-pregnancy BMI and obstetric ultrasound doppler study were recorded at 35 weeks gestation. The time-averaged maximum velocity (TAMX) was calculated for Umbilical Vein (UV) and Ductus Venosus (DV) as (Vmax) UV and (Vmax) DV. Blood flow (Q) was calculated as Q=h×(D/2)2×p×TAMX. The neonatal biometry and Skin Fold Thickness (SFT) was measured. Statistical techniques used were t-tests for analyses of dichotomous outcomes, Pearson’s correlation (r) and multivariate regression. Results: In mothers with higher DV shunting neonatal adiposity was significantly lower in the FGR group. In the uncomplicated group about 46% of variation in adiposity was explained by all the study variables and overall regression equation was statistically significant (p=0.004). Conclusion: Mothers with low BMI and normal umbilical and middle cerebral doppler flow had higher foetal hepatic flow to improve substrate deposition. DV shunting was significantly higher in hypoxic foetuses with reduced hepatic flow.
Local Side Effects of Inhaled Budesonide in Asthmatic Children- A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Tiwari Aditi , Kaur Satnam , Gera Rani
Published: January 2021

Introduction: There is scarcity of Paediatric literature regarding local side effects of Inhaled Corticosteroids (ICSs) and available paediatric literature on the subject is old and has shown variable prevalence of these side effects varying from none to 60%. Aim: To evaluate local side effects of inhaled Budesonide in asthmatic children of ≤12 years. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 250 asthmatic children attending Paediatric chest clinic of a tertiary care hospital and taking inhaled Budesonide for at least three months were evaluated for occurrence of local side effects during preceding one month. Local side effects (dysphonia, sore throat, cough during inhalation, thirsty feeling after inhalation, oral ulcers) experienced in preceding month were asked for and clinical evaluation for oral thrush, perioral dermatitis and tongue hypertrophy was done at the time of assessment. Information was collected regarding potential risk factors associated with occurrence of these side effects. Chi-square test was used to study the association between qualitative variables. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to study the association between local side effects and potential factors associated with their occurrence. Results: About 250 asthmatic children aged ≤12 years (64 children <6 years, 186 children ≥6 years) taking inhaled budesonide via pressurised Metered Dose Inhaler (pMDI) were evaluated. Almost half (48.8%) of the enrolled children experienced at least one local side effect, either daily or frequently, in the preceding month. Though majority experienced a single side effect, 21% experienced two or more side effects. Thirsty feeling after inhalation was the most common reported side effect experienced by 31.2% children followed by cough during inhalation, sore throat and dysphonia which were experienced by 25.2%, 17% and 8% children, respectively. Perioral dermatitis was found in only one patient while none of the patients had tongue hypertrophy or oral thrush. On univariate logistic regression, thirsty feeling after inhalation was associated with older age (≥6 years) and higher dose of Budesonide (>400 μg/day). Cough during inhalation was found to be associated with older age, higher dose of Budesonide, poor compliance to treatment and incorrect technique of taking pMDI and sore throat was associated with poor compliance and incorrect technique. However, on multivariate logistic regression, only cough during inhalation was found to be associated with higher dose of Budesonide and poor compliance to treatment. Conclusion: Local side effects are common in asthmatic children using ICSs and should be routinely assessed during follow-up as a part of comprehensive asthma management plan.
Enquiry into the Online Class Intervention during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case at Shari Higher Secondary School, Paro, Bhutan
Authors: Rai Bak Bir
Published: January 2021

This paper is a first attempt to study the challenges of online teaching, learning and assessment for teachers and students during the COVID-19 school closure, at Shari Higher Secondary School, Paro. The intervention was on the adoption of online learning as a response to COVID-19, mode of learning presumed as alternative-that need reconsideration and redressing students’ attitudes to this mode of learning. The study was a mixed method approach (both qualitative and quantitative) in nature and used purposive sampling. Data were collected from the students who were actively participating in online classes and all the teachers. The quantitative data was collected using the survey questionnaires as tool to understand the status of online learning in the school. The qualitative study encapsulated the teachers and students perceptions towards the online teaching learning in the school and was collected through open ended questions. Responses from the survey were analyzed using SPSS- descriptive and correlation. The study revealed that for an effective delivery of online teaching, learning and assessment, the mode of instruction needs to be altered, prioritized curriculum needs to be adopted, teachers need to make adjustments in teaching strategies, and students have to be more responsible.
Design and Functional Verification of 4 Bit Arbiter in Quantum Dot Cellular Automata
Authors: Rajesh A. , Arulkarthick V.J. , Rajeshwaran N.
Published: January 2021

Reduction in the size of a device gains much attention nowadays. But the process of reducing the same gets more complicated. QCA is getting expedited to do the task. Because Quantum Dot Cellular Automata is dealing with the movement of electrons in a quantum cell, it is already like a partially done job. Various aspects of 2 and 3 input arbiters are discussed. A new 4 input arbiter design is introduced and verified by combining the QCA concepts which includes the basic elements Majority Gates and an inverter. This novel 4 Bit arbiter can be a fundamental block for multiple resources sharing networks with a reduced size and delay.
Housing, family, and life‐course in post‐growth Japan
Authors: Hirayama Yosuke
Published: January 2021

The state‐guided housing system in Japan during the “post‐war growth period” has consistently driven the expansion of the family‐owned housing sector, in association with an increase in independent nuclear households. Nevertheless, Japan entered a “post‐growth era” in the 1990s, characterized by a more precarious economy, aging population, and policy shifts toward a more neoliberal course. People's housing paths have since noticeably diverged, in relation to both individualization and familization in life‐courses. However, government housing policy has remained directed toward family home ownership while excluding unmarried individuals, one‐person households, and renter households. This is beginning to widen social inequalities. Using the case of post‐growth Japan, this study focuses on the roles that individualization and familization play in reshaping housing paths, and examines the extent to which home‐owning societies centered on conventional nuclear households are sustainable.
Recent Advances in Cross‐Dehydrogenative Couplings (CDC) of C−H Bond in Aqueous Media
Authors: Peng Kang , Dong Zhi‐Bing
Published: January 2021

To develop highly efficient synthetic reactions is quite important in organic chemistry. Cross dehydrogenative couplings (CDC) utilize C−H bonds of substrates to construct new C−X (X=C, S, O, N, P) bonds. For CDC, the pre‐functionalization of reaction substrates can be avoided and the C−X (X=C, S, O, N, P) bonds can be newly formed by simple and efficient synthesis routes. Meanwhile, water is increasingly used as a substitute for organic solvents in cross‐dehydrogenative coupling because of its rich content, non‐toxicity, and non‐ flammability. In recent years, organic chemists are devoted their efforts to explore the cross dehydrogenative couplings (CDC) in aqueous phase which feature high atom utilization rate and environmental friendliness. Herein, we summarized the recent advances in the construction of C−C, C−S, C−O, C−N, and C−P bonds through CDC reactions of C−H bonds in water.

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Catalyst and Additive‐Free Selective Ring‐Opening Selenocyanation of Heterocycles with Elemental Selenium and TMSCN
Authors: Lu Li‐Guo , Bi Kang , Huang Xiao‐Bo , Liu Miao‐Chang , Zhou Yun‐Bing , Wu Hua‐Yue
Published: January 2021

A catalyst and additive‐free strategy for selective ring‐opening selenocyanation of saturated heterocycles with elemental selenium and TMSCN is developed, affording a series of aliphatic selenocyanates and selenaheterocycles. In the case of unprotected unstrained N‐heterocycles, the reactions offer ammonium selenonitriles that prove to be an efficient selenonitrile reagent.

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Synthesis of Difluorinated Dihydrobenzo[de]chromenes via Rh(III)‐Catalysed C‐H Couplings of 1‐Naphthols with Gem‐Difluoromethylene Alkynes
Authors: Li Liping , Zhong Xiuhua , Xu Jiali , Gao Hui , Zhou Zhi , Yi Wei
Published: January 2021

The Rh(III)‐catalysed C−H couplings of 1‐naphthols with gem‐difluoromethylene alkynes have been realized for the direct construction of difluorinated dihydrobenzo[de]chromenes with broad substrate/functional group compatibility and good regio‐/chemoselectivity and in an atom‐economic manner. The unique fluorine effects account for the unconventional reaction path involving intramolecular 1,3‐hydrogen migration process to afford the exo‐methylene fragment.

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Palladium‐Catalyzed Carbonylative Synthesis of 2‐(Trifluoromethyl)quinazolin‐4(3H)‐ones from Trifluoroacetimidoyl Chlorides and Nitro Compounds
Authors: Wang Le‐Cheng , Zhang Yu , Chen Zhengkai , Wu Xiao‐Feng
Published: January 2021

A procedure on palladium‐catalyzed carbonylative reaction of trifluoroacetimidoyl chlorides and nitro compounds for the construction of pharmaceutically valuable 2‐(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin‐4(3H)‐ones has been achieved. In this transformation, Mo(CO)6 has been used both as a convenient CO source and a reducing reagent. This newly developed protocol is compatible with various nitro compounds and can be readily scaled up to 1 mmol scale.

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Analyzing strategic entrepreneurial choices in agriculture—Empirical evidence from Germany
Authors: Graskemper Viktoria , Yu Xiaohua , Feil Jan‐Henning
Published: January 2021

Entrepreneurship in agriculture is a phenomenon that is growing in importance with the changing framework conditions for agricultural production and has led to heterogeneity in farm business development paths. To understand this phenomenon better, a classification scheme for strategic entrepreneurial choices in agriculture is developed for family farmers. The choices that are scrutinized are reduction, continuation, expansion, diversification, and the dual strategy of expansion and diversification. Each farmer is uniquely assigned to one of these choice classes according to their implemented entrepreneurial activities. Determinants influencing these choices are investigated with a multinomial logit model. The data are derived from a quantitative survey among German farmers (N = 745). Strong effects are observable within the area of personal factors; creativity and risk affinity benefit entrepreneurial strategies connected with diversification. Farmers with a third‐level education qualification are less likely to follow expansion strategies, and those with off‐farm employment and risk‐averse farmers mainly choose a reduction strategy. Family involvement, especially the farmer's spouse, proves to have stabilizing and even enhancing effects on certain strategies. Implications for policymakers and actors within the agricultural sector can thus be derived.
The consistency of individual centrality across time and networks in wild vervet monkeys
Authors: Canteloup Charlotte , Puga‐Gonzalez Ivan , Sueur Cédric , van de Waal Erica
Published: January 2021

Previous primate social network studies largely limited their focus to grooming and/or aggression networks, particularly among adult females. In addition, the consistency of individuals' network centrality across time and/or different networks has received little attention, despite this being critical for a global understanding of dynamic social structure. Here, we analyzed the grooming, aggression, and play social networks of a group of 26–28 wild vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus), including adults and juveniles, over two periods of 6 months. We collected data on grooming, play, and aggression using focal animal sampling with instantaneous recording and ad libitum sampling. We examined whether individuals' network centralities were consistent over the two periods and across networks, as well as the effect of age, sex, and dominance rank on three individual centrality metrics in each network and within each study period. We found that individuals were quite consistent in their network position from 1 year to the next despite changes in group composition. However, their network centralities were not correlated across networks, except for Strength and weighted Eigenvector centrality between grooming and aggression networks. We also found that in the aggression network, high‐rankers showed the highest centrality in most network metrics (e.g., Degree, Strength, and Eigenvector centrality) and compared to males, females were most central in 2017 but not in 2018. In the grooming network, high‐ranking females had the highest Eigenvector centrality, whereas in the play network, juvenile males had the highest Eigenvector centrality. Our findings corroborate previous findings on vervet monkeys. In addition, they show that individuals' network centralities may vary among networks and over time; thus highlighting the effect of sociodemographics and behaviors' functions on the group level dynamics of social behavior.
Generation of N‐particle W State with Trapped Λ‐Type Ions by Transitionless Quantum Driving
Authors: Liu Yang , Shi Zhi‐Cheng , Song Jie , Xia Yan
Published: January 2021

An efficient scheme to generate multiparticle W state based on transitionless quantum driving (TQD) with trapped ions is proposed. In the TQD scheme, the effective Hamiltonian can be obtained with the help of quantum Zeno dynamics and large off‐resonance condition, and the multiparticle W state can be generated with high fidelity. The influence of decoherence induced by the ionic spontaneous emission and the ambient heating, and the sensitivity of the TQD scheme to some experimental errors are discussed by numerical simulation. The result demonstrates that the TQD scheme is faster than that only via the fractional stimulated Raman adiabatic passage and robust against decoherence and operation imperfection.
Terahertz Polarization Conversion in an Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT)‐Like Metamaterial
Authors: Yang Tian , Liu Xiaoming , Zhou Ji
Published: January 2021

In this paper, a unique metamaterial (MM) design incorporating both electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) effect and polarization conversion is proposed. It consists of a cut‐wire as a bright resonator and a side coupled split‐ring resonator (SRR) as a dark resonator, on the one hand, the dark resonator can be excited by the bright resonator via the magnetic near‐field coupling, thereby contributing to a strong cross‐polarization conversion. On the other hand, the destructive interference between the sub‐radiant (dark) SRR and the super‐radiant (bright) cut‐wire results in an EIT effect. Benefiting from the destructive interference between the radiative and dark elements in the EIT MM, radiation loss is greatly suppressed and nearly perfect cross‐polarization conversion with high transmission and low‐loss is realized. In addition, the importance of symmetry is demonstrated by the phenomenon of polarization conversion and EIT effects disappearing when an identical cut‐wire is placed on the other side of the SRR. The proposed MM design provides a new way to address the loss problem in MM polarization devices. More importantly, this design principle of taking advantage of one area to solve the challenges in others may inspire new high‐performance multifunctional MM designs.
Transition Metal Complexes as Catalysts for the Electroconversion of CO2: An Organometallic Perspective
Authors: Kinzel Niklas W. , Werlé Christophe , Leitner Walter
Published: January 2021

The electrocatalytic transformation of carbon dioxide has been a topic of interest in the field of CO2 utilization for a long time. Recently, the area has seen increasing dynamics as an alternative strategy to catalytic hydrogenation for CO2 reduction. While many studies focus on the direct electron transfer to the CO2 molecule at the electrode material, molecular transition metal complexes in solution offer the possibility to act as catalysts for the electron transfer. C1 compounds such as carbon monoxide, formate, and methanol are often targeted as the main products, but more elaborate transformations are also possible within the coordination sphere of the metal center. This perspective article will cover selected examples to illustrate and categorize the currently favored mechanisms for the electrochemically induced transformation of CO2 promoted by homogeneous transition metal complexes. The insights will be corroborated with the concepts and elementary steps of organometallic catalysis to derive potential strategies to broaden the molecular diversity of possible products.
Using geophysical survey as a tool for resolving issues of the structure of the built‐up area of the early medieval centre at Pohansko near Břeclav, Czech Republic
Authors: Prišťáková Michaela , Milo Peter
Published: January 2021

Early medieval strongholds are a significant phenomenon in the archaeology of East Central Europe, as they mirror the political and socio‐economic changes occurring towards the end of the Early Middle Ages. This contribution is concerned with the site of Břeclav‐Pohansko (Czech Republic), which graphically illustrates the rise and fall of the Moravian principality during its short existence from the second half of the 9th to the beginning of the 10th century. The site has been systematically excavated over more than 60 years. The excavation work has been accompanied by numerous geophysical surveys. Based on comparing previous knowledge of settlement on the site and the results of magnetic prospection, we evaluated similarities and differences in the central district of the stronghold using statistics and spatial analysis. Upon analysis of the success rate of the applied geophysical method, we present the resulting model of the settlement structure. The results confirm that the structure of the built‐up area in the central district at Pohansko follows an original pattern which has no analogues in the Central Danubian region in the given period.
Assessing Recent Efforts and the Future of Water Loss Control in the Tar Heel State
Authors: Blackwell Drew
Published: January 2021

Key Takeaways

Passage of the 2008 Drought Management Act provided momentum for North Carolina's water loss control efforts; AWWA Manual M36 and the AWWA water audit formed the foundation.

Partnering groups tested a state pilot program to determine how small and medium‐sized utilities might benefit from using accepted best practices and tools for their own water loss control plans.

It's all too easy to put the past behind us when a drought ends, so water utilities bear the responsibility of making water resource management a constant priority and educating the public.
Randomized ‐values for multiple testing and their application in replicability analysis
Authors: Hoang Anh‐Tuan , Dickhaus Thorsten
Published: January 2021

We are concerned with testing replicability hypotheses for many endpoints simultaneously. This constitutes a multiple test problem with composite null hypotheses. Traditional ‐values, which are computed under least favorable parameter configurations (LFCs), are over‐conservative in the case of composite null hypotheses. As demonstrated in prior work, this poses severe challenges in the multiple testing context, especially when one goal of the statistical analysis is to estimate the proportion of true null hypotheses. Randomized ‐values have been proposed to remedy this issue. In the present work, we discuss the application of randomized ‐values in replicability analysis. In particular, we introduce a general class of statistical models for which valid, randomized ‐values can be calculated easily. By means of computer simulations, we demonstrate that their usage typically leads to a much more accurate estimation of than the LFC‐based approach. Finally, we apply our proposed methodology to a real data example from genomics.
Know how to address legal issues related to e‐learning during pandemic
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: January 2021

The shift from in‐person to remote learning solutions has made it more important than ever to understand the role copyright laws play in online class presentations, Jeffrey D. Peterson, Esq., a Partner with the law firm of Michael Best & Friedrich LLP in Wisconsin, explained during a webinar hosted by the Employment Law Alliance.
Did court dismiss professor's hostile environment claim against university?
Authors: Lyerly Eric
Published: January 2021

The plaintiff was a Princeton University professor with a career spanning 35 years at the university. In April 2017, a 25‐year‐old female graduate student reported the professor to the Title IX Office for sexual harassment.
Review claims of deliberate indifference to sexual assault, harassment
Authors: Lyerly Eric
Published: January 2021

An overview of the key topics faced by campus administrators with citations to noteworthy cases, statutes, regulations, and additional sources.
Know how to properly manage student‐athletes’ claims of mistreatment by coaches
Authors: O'Brien Timothy
Published: January 2021

During the last 10 years, the college athletics world has seen an increasing number of cases involving student‐athletes expressing their displeasure at the manner in which their coach treats them. Student‐athletes have complained about and brought lawsuits against coaches who allegedly treated them in a disparaging, disrespectful, harassing, or discriminating manner. Of course, unlawful harassment and discrimination are inexcusable, should never be tolerated, and must be immediately investigated and promptly addressed.
Review rulings involving retaliation
Authors: Lyerly Eric
Published: January 2021

An overview of the key topics faced by college athletics administrators administrators with citations to noteworthy cases, statutes, regulations, and additional sources.
Case report of unilateral retrobulbar hematoma associated with von Willebrand disease in a Doberman Pinscher dog
Authors: Barbry Jean‐Baptiste , Poinsard Anne‐Sophie , Bouzouraa Tarek , Durand Alexane , Balland Olivier
Published: January 2021

A 5‐year‐old Doberman Pinscher dog was presented with sudden onset left‐sided periocular bleeding following third eyelid gland replacement surgery. Left‐sided exophthalmos and 360‐degrees subconjunctival hemorrhage were present. The ophthalmic examination revealed blindness with absent direct and consensual pupillary light reflexes. A superficial exposure ulcerative keratitis due to exophthalmos was also present. Computed tomography (CT) revealed a large left‐sided retrobulbar mass lesion surrounding the optic nerve, compatible with a retrobulbar hematoma. Due to absence of orbital fractures and no history of trauma, a coagulopathy was strongly suspected. The buccal mucosal bleeding time (BMBT) was prolonged (>4 minutes) consistent with a primary hemostatic defect in the absence of thrombocytopenia. Von Willebrand factor antigens levels were decreased (24%‐ Normal Range: 50%‐150%). Surgical drainage of the retrobulbar hematoma was performed uneventfully thirty minutes after subcutaneous injection of desmopressine acetate, Minirin® (1 µg/kg, SC). Von Willebrand disease type I gene mutation was confirmed by PCR amplification of the DNA encoding von Willebrand factor. This case report demonstrates that hemostatic disorders, including von Willebrand Disease (vWD), are a risk factor for orbital bleeding following surgical trauma. Retrobulbar hematoma should be considered as a differential diagnosis in any dog with exophthalmos.
Lumbar hernia diagnosed after laparoscopic hiatal hernia surgery
Authors: Kiam Jian Shen , Lam Stephen , Crane Jasmine , Kumar Bhaskar
Published: January 2021

The presence of a new lumbar swelling or pain in the postoperative period following laparoscopic surgery should raise the suspicion of a lumbar hernia. Cross‐sectional imaging can be used to establish an early diagnosis to enable successful management.
Pseudomyogenic hemangioendothelioma of bone with rare WWTR1‐FOSB fusion gene: Case report and literature review
Authors: Murshed Khaled A. , Torres‐Mora Jorge , ElSayed Ahmed Mounir , Ammar Adham , Al‐Bozom Issam
Published: January 2021

Pseudomyogenic hemangioendothelioma rarely arises in bone. WWTR1‐FOSB fusion gene is rarely reported in PMHE of bone. Currently, fusion genes can be used as diagnostic markers in PMHE; however, their prognostic and therapeutic significance is unclear.
A Spectroscopic Study of Supported‐Phosphate‐Catalysts (SPCs): Evidence of Surface‐mediated Hydrogen‐Transfer
Authors: Kiani Daniyal , Baltrusaitis Jonas
Published: January 2021

Supported‐phosphate‐catalysts (SPCs) are a versatile class of heterogeneous materials used in various industrially relevant processes including Fischer‐Tropsch synthesis (FTS), selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx with NH3, and Guerbet reaction of C2H5OH to n‐C4H9OH. Herein, model SPCs synthesized by impregnating various supports with phosphoric acid were studied using in‐situ chemical probe temperature‐programmed‐desorption infrared spectroscopy. Hydroxylation of the catalyst surface was observed during the temperature ramp on all SPCs. This behavior was not observed on the bare supports during identical experiments. The results indicate that hydroxylation of the surface occurs via sacrificial hydrogen‐transfer reaction, where the chemical probe (NH3 or C2H5OH) can be utilized as the hydrogen‐donor. Results herein also show that the extent and the rate of hydrogen‐transfer reaction depend on the identity of the support, phosphate loading, and identity of the hydrogen‐donor molecule. Surface Brønsted acid sites (P−OH) do not contribute to the reaction and P=O surface sites are proposed as the active sites for the observed hydrogen‐transfer. Based on the current work, it is suggested that any catalytic reaction that involves hydrogenation over phosphate‐promoted or phosphate‐based catalysts needs to account for the surface‐mediated hydrogen‐transfer capability of the phosphate sites in the overall reaction mechanism.
Crystal Structure and Ferroelectric Evidence of BaZnSi3O8, a Low‐Permittivity Microwave Dielectric Ceramic
Authors: Zou Zheng‐Yu , Song Xiao‐Qiang , Jiang Lei , Yuan Chang‐Lai , Lu Wen‐Zhong , Hu Yong‐Ming , Lei Wen
Published: January 2021

BaZnSi3O8 ceramic was prepared by the conventional solid‐state method and sintered at 1100 °C. XRD and synchrotron Rietveld refinement analyses revealed the BaZnSi3O8 ceramic presented a monoclinic structure with a space group of P21/a (No.14), which is reported for the first time. The BaZnSi3O8 ceramic presented a weak ferroelectricity, which was confirmed by the P–E loop and the 90° nanoscale ferroelectric domain. Although ϵr–T displayed two ϵr abnormal peaks at 400 °C and 460 °C, the Curie temperature (Tc) was located at 460 °C according to the dielectric loss and Curie–Weiss law. Moreover, the BaZnSi3O8 ceramic exhibited optimized microwave dielectric properties with ϵr=6.55, Q×f=52400 GHz, and τf=−24.5 ppm/°C. Hence, the BaZnSi3O8 ceramic in the ternary BaO‐ZnO‐SiO2 system possessed both weak ferroelectricity and microwave dielectric properties. These results are expected to break the technical barrier of ferroelectric phase shifter applications in microwave and even millimeter‐wave frequency bands.
High‐Pressure High‐Temperature Synthesis of Mixed Nitridosilicatephosphates and Luminescence of AESiP3N7:Eu2+ (AE=Sr, Ba)
Authors: Eisenburger Lucien , Oeckler Oliver , Schnick Wolfgang
Published: January 2021

Tetrahedra‐based nitrides with network structures have emerged as versatile materials with a broad spectrum of properties and applications. Both nitridosilicates and nitridophosphates are well‐known examples of such nitrides that upon doping with Eu2+ exhibit intriguing luminescence properties, which makes them attractive for applications. Nitridosilicates and nitridophosphates show manifold structural variability; however, no mixed nitridosilicatephosphates except SiPN3 and SiP2N4NH have been described so far. The compounds AESiP3N7 (AE=Sr, Ba) were synthesized by a high‐pressure high‐temperature approach using the multianvil technique (8 GPa, 1400–1700 °C) starting from the respective alkaline earth azides and the binary nitrides P3N5 and Si3N4. The latter were activated by NH4F, probably acting as a mineralizing agent. SrSiP3N7 and BaSiP3N7 were obtained as single crystals. They crystallized in the barylite‐1O (M=Sr) and barylite‐2O structure types (M=Ba), respectively, with P and Si being occupationally disordered. Cation disorder was further supported by solid‐state NMR spectroscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) mapping of BaSiP3N7 with atomic resolution. Upon doping with Eu2+, both compounds showed blue emission under UV excitation.
Disturbance of the equilibrium in ethyl acetoacetate with homemade bromine water
Authors: Schank Andreas , Schundelmeier Simon , Kremer Matthias
Published: January 2021

Bisher veröffentlichte Vorschläge zur Bromwasserherstellung ohne elementares Brom haben eines gemeinsam: Das didaktisch wertvolle Experiment zur Störung und Wiedereinstellung eines Gleichgewichts anhand der Keto‐Enol‐Tautomerie von Acetessigsäureethylester ist damit nicht realisierbar. Ein Ausweg ist nach Proske et al. [1] die Vorschrift von Lange [9] zur Bildung von elementarem Brom. Dieser Vorschlag wird hier zur Minimierung seines Gefährdungspotenzials modifiziert, wobei jedoch erhebliches experimentelles Geschick gefordert ist. Müller und Kirsch schlagen als weniger gefährliche Variante die elektrolytische Herstellung von Bromwasser vor [10]. Darauf aufbauend wird eine Versuchsvorschrift vorgeschlagen, durch die das Experiment zur Keto‐Enol‐Tautomerie realisierbar wird. Mit den beiden hier vorgestellten Herstellungsvarianten können somit auch ohne die Aufbewahrung von elementarem Brom die bekannten Schulexperimente mit Brom bzw. Bromwasser im Unterricht eingesetzt werden.
An extension to the CAM16 colour appearance model to predict the size effect
Authors: Gao Cheng , Li Changjun , Xiao Kaida , Luo Ming Ronnier , Pointer Michael R.
Published: January 2021

Experience and experimental results show that the perceived colour appearance of an object varies with the size of that object or the viewing angle. Based on available visual size‐effect data, it is found that the size effect can be compensated in the CAT16 cone‐like space. Furthermore, it is found that, similar to the von Kries chromatic adaptation, size‐effect correction can be operated independently on the different cone channels. Hence, the size effect can be easily built into the CAM16 model to predict the colour appearance for stimuli of varying sizes.
What Factors Predict Willingness to Join Low‐Risk Pragmatic Clinical Trials?
Authors: Morain Stephanie R. , Kass Nancy E. , Faden Ruth R.
Published: January 2021

Pragmatic clinical trials (PCTs) may improve the efficiency, relevance, and representativeness of research. While prior research has indicated that willingness to join a PCT is high, it is not universal among those asked in surveys exploring attitudes toward hypothetical PCTs. The objective of this study was to examine what factors predict willingness to join a hypothetical low‐risk PCT comparing two blood pressure medicines. In our study, 2,618 respondents, recruited from three populations (adult patients from an academic health system, adult patients from an integrated delivery system, and adults from an online nationally representative panel), completed an online survey. Most respondents (90%) expressed willingness to participate in the hypothetical PCT. The two key predictors of expressed willingness to join low‐risk PCTs were respondents' understanding of key features of PCTs, including how they differ from traditional research, and the degree of importance respondents perceived comparative research to have. Increasing awareness of the rationale for PCTs and understanding of these trials, including how they differ from explanatory trials, may increase prospective participants' willingness to contribute to this effort.
Should Participants in Clinical Trials Be Able to Withdraw from Passive Follow‐Up?
Authors: Capell Warren H. , Wynia Matthew K. , Hurley Elisa A. , Bonaca Marc P.
Published: January 2021

A research participant's right to withdraw from all research procedures is widely accepted, but there can be justifiable limits to a participant's exercise of autonomy to withdraw from some procedures. Clinical outcomes trials depend on complete subject follow‐up for accurate assessment of the safety and efficacy of investigational therapies. Subjects' refusal to complete follow‐up, even through passive medical record review, can cause failure to detect safety signals, inaccurate estimation of efficacy, or lack of acceptance of trial results, which alters the study's benefit‐risk ratio. Allowing participant refusal of follow‐up data collection therefore creates tension between respect for persons and beneficence. With minimal risk study procedures that can help preserve trial benefit, such as passive data collection, we argue that the importance of upholding the principle of beneficence outweighs individual autonomy concerns. Furthermore, a consent process that prospectively informs participants of mandatory passive follow‐up is ethically justified and optimizes the balance between autonomy and beneficence.
Among‐individual diet variation within a lake trout ecotype: Lack of stability of niche use
Authors: Chavarie Louise , Howland Kimberly L. , Harris Les N. , Gallagher Colin P. , Hansen Michael J. , Tonn William M. , Muir Andrew M. , Krueger Charles C.
Published: January 2021

In a polyphenic species, differences in resource use are expected among ecotypes, and homogeneity in resource use is expected within an ecotype. Yet, using a broad resource spectrum has been identified as a strategy for fishes living in unproductive northern environments, where food is patchily distributed and ephemeral. We investigated whether specialization of trophic resources by individuals occurred within the generalist piscivore ecotype of lake trout from Great Bear Lake, Canada, reflective of a form of diversity. Four distinct dietary patterns of resource use within this lake trout ecotype were detected from fatty acid composition, with some variation linked to spatial patterns within Great Bear Lake. Feeding habits of different groups within the ecotype were not associated with detectable morphological or genetic differentiation, suggesting that behavioral plasticity caused the trophic differences. A low level of genetic differentiation was detected between exceptionally large‐sized individuals and other piscivore individuals. We demonstrated that individual trophic specialization can occur within an ecotype inhabiting a geologically young system (8,000–10,000 yr BP), a lake that sustains high levels of phenotypic diversity of lake trout overall. The characterization of niche use among individuals, as done in this study, is necessary to understand the role that individual variation can play at the beginning of differentiation processes.
The first detection of the fungal pathogen batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Norway with no evidence of population declines for great crested and smooth newts based on modeling on traditional trapping data
Authors: Taugbøl Annette , Bærum Kim Magnus , Dervo Børre K. , Fossøy Frode
Published: January 2021

The pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) causes chytridiomycosis in amphibians across the world, often leading to population declines and species extinctions. Here, we present the first detection of Bd in Norway, diagnosed using environmental DNA (eDNA) in water samples. In a genetic screening of 31 ponds in southeastern Norway for Bd, great crested newt (Triturus cristatus) and smooth newt (Lissotriton vulgaris), we detected Bd in five different localities. Resampling in one location revealed that time of sampling seemingly had a strong effect on the concentration of Bd eDNA in the water, which increased from May till June. In contrast, eDNA concentration of great crested newt decreased during the same period. Following a traditional sampling approach with traps, newts in the investigated ponds have been sampled for population estimates since 2012. We imposed a model on the catch data and contrasted the Bd‐positive ponds to the Bd‐negative ponds, finding no signs of population declines in the Bd‐positive ponds. This could suggest either recent infection events, with animals still having low prevalence of Bd and with little time for Bd to affect the present breeding generations of newts, and/or that the two newt species are infection‐tolerant. This study further highlights eDNA as a tool for early detection of invasive species.
Pd‐Catalyzed Regio‐ and Stereoselective sp3 C−H Arylation of Primary Aliphatic Amines: Mechanistic Studies and Synthetic Applications
Authors: Ha Hyeonbin , Choi Ho Jeong , Park Hahyoun , Gwon Yunyeong , Lee Jiin , Kwak Jaesung , Kim Min , Jung Byunghyuck
Published: January 2021

The Pd‐catalyzed γ‐position sp3−C−H arylation of primary amines bearing an aliphatic chain or cycloalkyl substituent and related mechanistic studies are disclosed. 3‐Bromo‐2‐hydroxybenzaldehyde plays a key role in γ‐position sp3−C−H arylation as a transient directing group (TDG) to assist the regio‐ and stereoselective C−H activation of a Pd catalyst, and the development of a tandem reaction to transform 1°‐amines into γ‐aryl‐substituted ketones demonstrates synthetic utility. Density functional theory (DFT)‐based calculations revealed the detailed reaction mechanism and the origins of the high selectivity (γ‐position and cis‐only). The X‐ray crystal structure of the isolated endo‐palladacycle intermediate supported the DFT results, and a kinetic isotope experiment confirmed the results of DFT calculations indicating that the C−H activation step via simultaneous palladation and deprotonation is rate‐determining.
Rely on data for strategic approach, ability to pivot
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: January 2021

When Boyd Bradshaw arrived at Indiana University‐Purdue University Indianapolis in 2016 as Associate Vice Chancellor for Enrollment Management and Chief Enrollment Officer, his unit had recently transitioned from an enrollment services to an enrollment management focus. His goal was to take a more data‐driven approach with collaboration between admissions, the registrar, and financial aid. An integrated approach to collecting and using data supports students throughout the student life cycle, he said.
(Remote) class is now in session: Consider antitrust issues in higher education
Authors: Gutierrez Iván Resendiz
Published: January 2021

The Antitrust Division of the U.S. Department of Justice has recently indicated antitrust laws will be enforced vigorously and higher education institutions may be subject to that enforcement. Institutions would benefit from paying close attention to two areas in particular — financial aid policies and competitive information‐sharing.
Determinants of the WTI‐Brent price spread revisited
Authors: Geyer‐Klingeberg Jerome , Rathgeber Andreas W.
Published: January 2021

Using autoregressive distributed lag modeling and structural break testing, we explore the drivers of the oil price spread between West Texas Intermediate and Brent in a data set from 1995 to 2019. We find a major structural break in December 2010 and minor breaks in 2005 and 2012. Important spread determinants are the convenience yield, as a proxy for crude oil inventories, the trading activity in crude oil paper markets, shipping costs, as well as the stock market development in the United States and Europe. After the break in 2010, the paper market activity, open interest, and shipping costs have become more important spread drivers.
Sedimentary facies and diagenesis control on petrophysical properties of sandstone reservoirs: A case study from the Permian Sulige Gas Field, Ordos Basin (Central China)
Authors: Yang Renchao , Kong Deqi , Fan Aiping , Mazumder Rajat , Li Jinbu , Li Zhiyuan , Zhou Shiming
Published: January 2021

The sedimentary characteristics and petrophysical properties of the reservoir of the second/lower member of the Lower Permian Shanxi Formation (P1s2) in Sulige Gas Field, Central China are studied by means of thin section petrography and scanning electron microscopy. This article highlights the relationship between reservoir quality and sedimentary environments, explains the differences in reservoir petrophysical properties in different sedimentary environments, discusses the influence of clastic components and authigenic minerals on the reservoir, and finally, provides the basis for the prediction of relatively high‐quality reservoir in P1s2 of the study area. The results show that the sandstones formed as a meandering river deposit in the south of the study area are fine‐grained, mainly composed of lithic fragments of quartz sandstone, metamorphic, and volcanic rock lithic fragment, with high content of matrix and poor sorting, average porosity of 5.09%, and average permeability of 0.20 × 10−3 μm2. The braided river sedimentary deposits in the north are coarse‐grained, mainly composed of quartz sandstone sedimentary rock lithic fragment, with low content of matrix, good sorting, and more developed dissolution pores. The average porosity is 6.16%, and the average permeability is 0.53 × 10−3 μm2. Among the authigenic minerals, siderite, calcite, and illite block, the pores between the grains reduce the porosity. Siliceous cement often indicates better reservoir petrophysical properties. The siliceous cement is more common in braided river deposits in the north area, in which the channel bar detailed facies are conducive to retain more primary pores or form secondary pores, thus forming better reservoirs.
Health Research and Social Justice Philosophy
Authors: Venkatapuram Sridhar
Published: January 2021

Situating medical and scientific research within a framework or theory of social justice is long overdue. Attempting to extend principles of research ethics beyond the clinic and lab to other affected people or consequences tolerates or obfuscates injustice. While it must be done, the timescales, methodologies, and commitment to real‐world impact are quite different in research ethics versus political philosophy.