bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The first record of Nitzschia alba from UK coastal waters with notes on its growth potential
Authors: Armstrong Evelyn , Rogerson Andrew , Leftley John W.
Published: July 2002

Nitzschia alba (Bacillariophyceae), a colourless (apochlorotic) pennate diatom, was found on the surface of seaweeds collected from the Clyde Sea area between August and December, 1994. This is the first record of N. alba in UK waters. Nitzschia was found to replicate much more rapidly than heterotrophic protists of similar size. At 20°C, cells divided in just 6.9 h and even at 5°C the generation time was only 38.2 h. The ecological importance of these diatoms has been overlooked by microbial ecologists despite the high productivity of coastal ecosystems and recent work that has shown that Nitzschia can utilize seaweed phycocolloids and invade damaged seaweed tissue.
New Testament Christology in its Hellenistic Reception
Authors: ZELLER DIETER
Published: July 2002

This survey provides a sort of ‘counterpoint’ to the way in which the history of research has actually gone. In reaction to the ‘Religionsgeschichtliche Schule’, nowadays the Jewish origins of NT Christology are usually pointed out. But when we pay attention to its ‘reception’ in Greco-Roman culture, some of the old findings may still prove useful. This article seeks to check this, taking into account especially the alternative models of explanation offered by the ‘New Religionsgeschichtliche Schule’.
KOLLEKTENBERICHT, ‘WIR’-BERICHT UND ITINERAR NEUE (?) ÜBERLEGUNGEN ZU EINEM ALTEN PROBLEM
Authors: KOCH DIETRICH-ALEX
Published: July 2002

Der Vergleich der beiden Seereisen in Apg 18.18–22a und 20–21 ergibt, daß der Verfasser der Apg in Apg 20–21 eine Quelle verwertet, und zwar den ersten Teil eines Rechenschaftsberichts, den ein Mitglied der in 20.4 genannten Kollektendelegation nach der Rückkehr aus Jerusalem angefertigt hat. Diese Quelle war von vornherein im ‘Wir’-Stil verfaßt. Dagegen gehen die Reiseroute und das ‘Wir’ von Apg 16.10–17; 17.1 (Übergang nach Europa; Beginn der Mission in Philippi) auf Lukas selbst zurück, der so einen gemeinsamen Rahmen für die selbständige Mission des Paulus (Apg 16–19) bildet. Lukas betont dabei besonders die Lenkung des Geschehens durch den Geist.
Haemolymph from female beetles infected with

Hymenolepis diminuta metacestodes retards the

development of ovarian follicles in recipient Tenebrio

molitor (Coleoptera)
Authors: MAJOR M. , WEBB T. J. , HURD H.
Published: July 2002

Infection with developing metacestodes of the rat tapeworm,

Hymenolepis diminuta, is known to retard the accumulation

of the yolk protein, vitellin, in the terminal ovarian follicles of the
intermediate

host, Tenebrio molitor. It is probable that

this is the result of competitive inhibition of juvenile hormone binding
at a

microsomal binding site in the beetle follicular

epithelium. Experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that inhibitor

molecules were circulating in the haemolymph

of infected beetles. Whole haemolymph, collected from male or female beetles

at various stages post-infection, was injected

into non-infected female recipients 2 days post-emergence. Ovaries were
removed

3 days later and the vitellin content

of the same sized follicles measured using an ELISA. The vitellin content
of

follicles from recipients of haemolymph

from females infected with metacestodes at stage 1 and stage 3–4
was

significantly reduced (24 and 27·9%) compared

to sham-infected females. However, haemolymph from females infected with
mature

metacestodes did not affect the

vitellin content. Results were thus comparable to those obtained by monitoring

ovarian vitellin levels in female T. molitor

with bona fide infections. Haemolymph from infected males did
not affect

ovarian vitellin content. These results indicate

that molecules that can modulate vitellogenesis may be present in the haemolymph

of females infected with developing

metacestodes but that these factors disappear later in infection.
Folic acid the essential supplement to brain heart infusion
broth for cultivation and cloning of Leishmania donovani promastigotes
Authors: KAR K.
Published: July 2002

Multiplication of virulent and avirulent Leishmania donovani
promastigotes was inhibited by brain heart infusion broth
(BHI) (3·7%) supplemented with haemolysed or whole blood
(2·5–10%) or heat-inactivated foetal bovine serum (HIFBS)
(10–20%). Peptone, glutamine, tryptophan, purine bases, ribonucleosides,
deoxyribonucleosides, B-vitamins and vitamin
C were evaluated for the reversal of this growth inhibition. Supplementation
of BHI with folic acid further supplemented
with haemolysed rabbit blood or HIFBS and haemin supported propagation
in
serial subpassages of 2 primary isolates
and 3 other virulent strains of L. donovani and 1 strain of
L. major. Folic acid supplemented BHI with 3% rabbit blood
in solid phase with 0·7% agar also supported the colony formation
of
L. donovani. This manuscript documents the
development of high efficiency media for the cultivation of L. donovani
promastigotes in liquid phase and as colonies on
agar plates using BHI as a basal medium.
Phylogenetic taxonomy of Leishmania (Viannia)
braziliensis based on isoenzymatic study of 137 isolates
Authors: CHOUICHA N. , LANOTTE G. , PRATLONG F. , CUBA CUBA C. A. , VELEZ I. D. , DEDET J. P.
Published: July 2002

Biochemical characterization of 137 Leishmania braziliensis
isolates from South and Central America, and from selected
endemic foci in Bolivia, Brazil and Colombia, performed by isoenzymatic
electrophoresis using 10 enzymatic systems,
showed a high enzymatic polymorphism (44 zymodemes obtained) based on
the variation of a small number of enzymes.
Cladistic analysis showed close links between the zymodemes within the
L. braziliensis s.s. cluster. The position of 2
Colombian zymodemes obtained (MON*204 and MON*205) justify the
inclusion of L. peruviana within the L. braziliensis
cluster.
The effect of salinity on transovarial transmission of a
microsporidian infecting Gammarus duebeni
Authors: DUNN A. M. , HATCHER M. J.
Published: July 2002

This is an investigation of the impact of salinity on transovarial
transmission and burden of a microsporidian sex ratio
distorter in the inter-tidal crustacean Gammarus duebeni.
Exposure of parasitized mothers to increased salinity during the
gonotrophic cycle caused an increase in parasite burden in the follicle
cells and a decrease in burden in the oocytes. It
appears that salinity impedes parasite transmission from the follicle cells
to the oocytes during host oogenesis. A lower
proportion of the young were infected in broods from elevated salinity
and,
in infected offspring, parasite burden was
lower than in control embryos. Parasite replication occurred during
embryogenesis. However, the pattern of parasite
growth did not differ between salinities, indicating that differences in
parasite burden could be attributed to a reduction
in the initial parasite burden transmitted to the gamete, rather than to
a
reduction in parasite replication during host
embryogenesis. We discuss our findings with respect to parasite/host
dynamics and the ecology of the host.
Heligmosomoides polygyrus superantigen: differential
response with mouse and human lymphocytes
Authors: ROBINSON M. , GUSTAD T. R.
Published: July 2002

The interaction between Heligmosomoides polygyrus
superantigen and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC)
was evaluated. Parasite homogenate and excretory–secretory proteins
from both L4 larvae and adult worms were examined
for their ability to stimulate, and be presented by, human cells. Proliferation
assays using PBMC from 3 human volunteers
indicated that naïve cells were stimulated by H. polygyrus
superantigen. Antigen presenting cells (APC) from a number
of human donors were able to successfully present H. polygyrus
superantigen to mouse T cell hybridomas. However, this
ability varied according to the source of the superantigen, and human APC,
in contrast to APC from mice, could only
present the superantigen contained within parasite homogenate. Also, in
contrast to
the situation with mice, human APC
could present H. polygyrus superantigen to stimulate mouse T cells
expressing not only TCR Vβ8.1, but also TCR Vβ7.
Therefore, H. polygyrus superantigen can successfully stimulate,
and be
presented by, human PBMC of different MHC
haplotypes, although the cellular mechanisms appear to be different from
those
observed in the mouse.
The relationship between immunological responsiveness
controlled by T-helper 2 lymphocytes and infections with parasitic helminths
Authors: PRITCHARD D. I. , HEWITT C. , MOQBEL R.
Published: July 2002

It should have been difficult until relatively recently for immunologists

to ascribe a sound biological reason for the
continued possession of the allergic phenotype in human populations.
Nevertheless, for the past 20 years or so textbooks
of immunology have routinely exhibited fanciful and perhaps exaggerated

diagrams as to how IgE and eosinophils killed
all helminth parasites. These diagrams were largely based on perhaps selective

in vitro observations, and it is only now
that immunoparasitologists, working on human populations under arduous

conditions in the field, are able to provide data
to corroborate these findings, and perhaps ascribe a useful purpose for

a generally pathological immune response termed
Type I hypersensitivity. The present paper reviews much of this
recent
literature, and asks a number of pertinent questions
relating to the relationship between what we now know to be T-helper
2 lymphocyte-driven immunological responsiveness and infections with parasitic
helminths.
Action of excitatory amino acids on hypodermis and the
motornervous system of Ascaris suum: pharmacological
evidence for a glutamate transporter
Authors: DAVIS R. E.
Published: July 2002

Electrophysiological and pharmacological experiments suggest the
presence
of an electrogenic glutamate transporter in the
motornervous system of the parasitic nematode Ascaris suum. This

putative transporter occurs in hypodermis (a tissue in
some respects analogous to glia) and in DE2 motorneurons, a dorsal excitatory

motorneuron class which receives excitatory
glutamatergic post-synaptic potentials. Glutamate application to hypodermis

produced non-conductance mediated depolarizations that were smaller in

amplitude and slower in rate of rise than DE2 responses where a glutamate-activated

conductance occurs. The hypodermal response is sodium dependent and
calcium independent. Excitatory amino acid
ionotropic receptor agonists (kainate, alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic

acid and N-methyl-D-aspartate) were ineffective in
eliciting hypodermal responses. The ionotropic receptor antagonist,
6,7-dinitroquinoline-2,3-dione, had no effect on hypodermal glutamate responses.

The L- and D-forms of glutamate, aspartate and homocysteate

produced hypodermal and DE2 depolarizations consistent with the pharmacological

profile for glutamate transporters in
other systems. Glutamate transport inhibitors (L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate

and beta-hydroxyaspartate) elicited
electrogenic depolarizations in hypodermis and DE2. These results suggest

that the hypodermal glutamate response has
an electrogenic transporter component, while the DE2 response has 2 components,

one conductance-mediated and the other due to an electrogenic transporter.
The development of schistosomiasis mansoni in an
immunologically naive immigrant population in
Masongaleni, Kenya
Authors: OUMA J. H. , FULFORD A. J. C. , KARIUKI H. C. , KIMANI G. , STURROCK R. F. , MUCHEMI G. , BUTTERWORTH A. E. , DUNNE D. W.
Published: July 2002

The relocation of several thousand members of the Kamba tribe from

the Kyulu Hills to the Thange valley near
Masongaleni in Kenya provides an excellent opportunity to study the
development of the immune response to schistosomiasis mansoni in a
population with little or no previous experience
of the infection. An adjacent, well-established
Kamba community with similar patterns of water contact provides a
suitable endemic control population. The immigrants
were, uniquely, examined shortly after their arrival in the endemic
area, while the prevalence of infection was still low.
At this time faecal egg counts peaked atypically around 30 years of
age. Over the next 12–18 months infection increased
rapidly, especially among teenagers, producing a pattern of infection
more typical of endemic communities. This
substantially narrows estimates of the time required to develop the
important determinants of the age–intensity profile,
supporting the notion that changes related to age per se,
rather than duration of infection, dominate. Age-dependent factors
might include behaviour or physiology, including immune response.
This paper provides the background for continuing
longitudinal studies on the development of immunological responses to this
parasite.
In vitro sensitivity of artemeter in Plasmodium falciparum-infected beta-thalassaemic trait erythrocytes
Authors: SENOK A. C. , LI K. , NELSON E. A. S. , CHUNG K. W.
Published: July 2002

Using an age-fractionated RBC model, we investigated the in
vitro sensitivity of artemether in β-thalassaemic RBC infected

with the K1 and FC27 strains of Plasmodium falciparum and, to
study the role of oxidant stress in modulating the sensitivity
pattern, pro-oxidant (riboflavin) and antioxidant (vitamin E) agents were
added to cultures in the presence of artemether.
With the FC27 strain, the artemether IC50 doses in thalassaemic
samples (whole blood and fractions) were significantly
higher compared to equivalent normal RBC samples (P<0·05).
However, with the K1 strain, such a significant difference
was not demonstrable. The addition of vitamin E reduced the antimalarial
effect of artemether in both the FC27 and
K1 strains (P<0·0001). In contrast, the addition of
riboflavin resulted in a significant increase in antimalarial activity

(P<0·0001). This effect of the drug combinations was
not influenced by the red cell type (P<0·0001) and there
was
no interaction between red cell type and drug type (P<0·0001).
These findings show that reduced sensitivity to artemether
occurs in whole blood and age-fractionated β-thalassaemic trait RBC.
It appears that the RBC redox status does not
influence the sensitivity to artemether.
Trypanosoma cruzi does not induce apoptosis in murine
fibroblasts
Authors: CLARK R. K. , KUHN R. E.
Published: July 2002

The intracellular cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi in mammalian
host cells involves the differentiation of dividing amastigote
forms into flagellated trypomastigote forms. The mechanism(s) regulating
the growth and differentiation of the intracellular parasites is (are)
not known. The number of parasites in infected cells can be several hundred
and may be enough
to induce apoptosis, a suicide-like death programme, generating products
(e.g. nuclear proteins) that could function as
signals to initiate the differentiation of amastigotes into trypomastigotes.
Murine fibroblasts infected with T. cruzi were
examined during a 5-day course of infection for evidence of apoptosis.
However, characteristics of apoptosis, including
degeneration of nuclear structure, condensation of chromatin, loss of plasma
membrane integrity, or the cleavage of DNA
into nucleosomal fragments, were not observed. Therefore, it is unlikely
that products resulting from host cell apoptosis
function to induce parasite differentiation. The possibility that T.
cruzi might inhibit host cell apoptosis by increasing
intracellular levels of Bcl-2, an endogenous inhibitor of apoptosis, was
then investigated. Analysis of infected cells by flow
cytometry did not demonstrate a significant amount of intracellular Bcl-2.
This suggests that if the parasite is inhibiting
host cell apoptosis, it is by a method that does not involve increasing
levels of Bcl-2.
Molecular and immunodiagnosis of human filarial nematode infections
Authors: HARNETT W. , BRADLEY J. E. , GARATE T.
Published: July 2002

The filarial nematodes Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi and Onchocerca volvulus represent major public health
problems in the Tropics. Effective diagnosis of infection with these parasites is required both for administration of drugs
to infected individuals and for monitoring of control programs. However parasitological diagnosis is associated with a
number of problems including frequently inadequate sensitivity, long pre-patency of infection and inconvenience for
patients. For these reasons there has been considerable effort expended in developing other forms of diagnosis, in particular
immunoassays for measuring antibody and circulating parasite antigen as well as molecular-biology-based assays for
detecting parasite DNA. This article reviews the progress and achievements obtained to date. The latter include the
development of ELISAs employing recombinant antigen for detection of antibody to O. volvulus which have both high
sensitivity and specificity, the commercial availability of immunoassays to measure circulating antigen in W. bancrofti
infection and the generation of specific DNA-based detection systems for all three parasites.
γδT cells do not play a major role in controlling infection
in experimental cysticercosis
Authors: TOENJES S. A. , SPOLSKI R. J. , MOONEY K. A. , KUHN R. E.
Published: July 2002

Protective immunity against larval Taenia crassiceps has been shown to rely on T cells; however, the roles of the specific
subsets of T cells during infection are not known. To investigate a possible role for γδT cells, this study investigated larval
infection in δ-chain knock-out C57BL/6 (deltaKO) and wild-type C57BL/6 mice. It was found that deltaKO mice and
C57BL/6 mice were equally susceptible to infection suggesting γδT cells do not play a major role in protective immunity.
Cytokine production by concanavalin A (ConA)-stimulated spleen cells from infected deltaKO mice and C57BL/6 mice
were determined. All infected mice demonstrated an increased IL-10 production suggesting a Th1-inhibitory function.
Cells from infected deltaKO mice and C57BL/6 mice did not show increases in IL-4 production. Heavily-infected
C57BL/6 mice showed a decrease in IFN-γ production compared to deltaKO mice. These observations suggest that an
increase in IL-10 production best correlates with a non-protective immune response. To make comparisons between in
vitro cytokine production and systemic immune responses, cytokine levels in serum were determined. C57BL/6 mice and
deltaKO mice showed increases in serum levels of IL-4 and IFN-γ at 52 days post-infection. The systemic immune
response of these mice, therefore, is a mixed Th1/Th2-type response and γδT cells are apparently not responsible for
the systemic increases in these cytokines.
Self-Consciousness and the Double Immunity
Authors: Christofidou Andrea
Published: July 2002

It is accepted that first-person thoughts are immune to error through misidentification. I argue that there is also immunity to error through misascription, failure to recognise which has resulted in mistaken claims that first-person thoughts involving the self-ascription of bodily states are, at best, circumstantially immune to error through misidentification relative to ‘I’ and, at worst, subject to error. Central to my thesis is that, first, ‘I’ is immune to error through misidentification absolutely, and that if there is any problem with first-person thoughts this cannot be with the self-identification component, but only with the self-ascriptive component. Secondly, the ‘know who’, or ‘know what’, or ‘know which’ requirement is appropriately relevant to considerations of different self-ascriptive properties, and thus its inapproriateness in self-identification does not entail that ‘I’ may fail to refer and identify.
To the Editor
Authors: VORACEK MARTIN , FISHER MARYANNE L.
Published: July 2002

Parker et al. (31, 549–553) analysed the monthly incidence of registered male and female suicides in the Republic of Singapore for the 120 consecutive months 1989–98.
Saccadic and attentional abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia
Authors: MARUFF P. , DANCKERT J. , PANTELIS C. , CURRIE J.
Published: July 2002

Background. Abnormal performance on the antisaccade task

suggests that patients with
schizophrenia have difficulty with the inhibition of reflexive attentional

shifts. The aim of the study
was to investigate whether deficits in the inhibition of reflexive
attentional shifts were specific to the
oculomotor modality or whether they could also occur when attentional shifts
were made without
eye movements (e.g. covert attentional shifts).

Methods. Fifteen medicated patients with chronic schizophrenia

and 15 matched controls
performed the antisaccade task and the covert orientating task (COVAT)
where the probability of
targets appearing at the same location of a peripheral cue was
varied so that voluntary and reflexive
orientating systems had the same goal (80% probability of target and cued
condition) or opposite
goals (20%probability of target at cued location). A condition
where only reflexive orientating was
initiated was also included (50% probability of target at cued location).
For each of these
conditions the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) varied between 150 and 350
ms.

Results. Patients with schizophrenia showed normal latency

and accuracy for visually guided
saccades but increased error rates and latency on the antisaccade task.
For the COVAT, patients
with schizophrenia were unable to use voluntary orientating strategies

to inhibit reflexive shifts of
covert attention. On conditions where only reflexive orientating was
required or when the goals of
the reflexive and voluntary orientating systems were the same, patients

with schizophrenia showed normal performance.

Conclusions. These results suggest the reflexive orientating

mode is normal in patients with chronic
schizophrenia. However, these patients have a reduced ability to utilize

the voluntary orientating
mode to control or inhibit reflexive orientating. This impairment of
voluntary control is evident for both overt and covert attentional shifts.
Śankara on memory and the continuity of the

self
Authors: CARR BRIAN
Published: July 2002

An issue much discussed by Indian philosophers and Western

philosophers alike is one that concerns the need to assume a continuing self (or

subject of experience) in giving an account of the world and our experience of it.

This paper concentrates on two arguments put forward by the eighth-century AD

Indian philosopher Śankara, in a short passage of his commentary on Bādarāyana's Brahmasūtra. The innovative peculiarity of these arguments is that they rest on an

appeal to the content of memory judgements. Śankara takes the line that an

analysis of the content of memory judgements shows that a Buddhist attempt to

reconstrue memory as mere similarity between successive experiences is

fundamentally flawed. Our concern, therefore, is whether Śankara's account of the

content of memory judgements is correct, and whether it establishes the required

continuity.
Lone Mothers and Policy Discourse in New Zealand
Authors: UTTLEY STEPHEN
Published: July 2002

Lone mother families are seen as a major policy problem facing governments
throughout the OECD. Responses to this problem in New Zealand,
as in many other countries, are couched in terms of imposing work and
training programmes to encourage exit from dependency on government
financial support. This article uses ideas of ‘needs talk’ and discourse
coalitions to explore the language of policy framing. Two periods in the
development of the women's movement in New Zealand during which
opportunities within political institutions have been available to women
are examined. It is argued that an unintended consequence of naming
needs for many women has been to contribute to the marginalisation of
needs of lone mothers and indirectly to encourage policies which seek
control and normalisation of this group.
Susan Hoyle & Carolyn Temple Adger (eds.),
Kids talk: Strategic language use in later childhood.
Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. Pp.
xv, 290. Hb $75.00, pb $35.00.
Authors: Wootton Tony
Published: July 2002

This is a book containing reports of original research
on children aged somewhere between seven and eighteen.
All the contributors are based in the US, and with one
exception all the thirteen studies were also carried out
in the US; the exception, by Marilyn Merritt, also incorporates
material from work which she has done in various parts
of the African continent. Taken together, the studies cover
many aspects of these young people's lives –
home, school, playground, voluntary group meetings and
work schemes. In most cases, one is struck by the extensive
fieldwork which lies behind these research reports. Long
periods of observation seem to be commonplace; and the
efforts are impressive because, as Shirley Brice Heath
points out in her chapter, obtaining naturalistic data
from young people of this age can pose problems regarding
both access and quality of data. In almost all cases, a
corpus of audio or audio-visual recordings forms a basis
for at least part of the analysis, though chapters are
generally written so as to focus on only a small set of
conversation extracts – a strategy which often does
little justice to the range of data gathered within the
research.
Numa Markee, Conversation analysis. Mahwah,
NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2000. Pp. xv, 216. Pb $22.50.
Authors: Waring Hansun Zhang
Published: July 2002

Conversation analysis has opened up a new
frontier for both Conversation Analysis (CA) and second-language
acquisition (SLA). It is a gutsy and timely book. As a
first endeavor of its kind, it ventures to apply an increasingly
popular discourse analytic methodology to a field whose
research has traditionally been governed by experimental
paradigms. It also strikes an impressive balance between
theoretical considerations and empirical analyses. The
book begins with purely theoretical discussions on the
larger issues that govern the two fields, then moves on
to incorporate empirical data in illustrating the possibility
of connecting them. The theory-to-practice continuum is
completed by applying CA to two SLA-related collections
of data. In a remarkable way, the author manages to become
fully engaged in micro-analytic procedures without for
a moment losing sight of the larger pictures that motivated
these procedures.
Cecil H. Brown, Lexical acculturation in Native
American languages. (Oxford studies in anthropological
linguistics, 20.) New York & Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 1999. Pp. 259. Hb. $55.00.
Authors: Fowler Catherine S.
Published: July 2002

Lexical acculturation has received moderate attention
through the years, but largely from the perspective of
acculturative studies of individual languages, or from
that of the incorporation of loans from one specific language
into another. A few authors have attempted comparative
studies of patterns across regional areas or several languages,
but rarely on the scale represented by Brown's study.
In this volume, he looks at 77 concepts and items of acculturation
from European sources in 292 Native American languages,
covering the whole of the New World. But this work is more
than a catalog of these items in the native languages:
it is also a thorough discussion and analysis of the apparent
processes and principles by which such transfers take place.
Brown hopes that, through such massive comparisons and
analyses, the basic principles and processes of linguistic
acculturation will become better understood and thereby
take on some predictive value in specific situations.
COURT CASES AND LEGAL ARGUMENTS IN ENGLAND, c.1066–1166
Authors: Hudson John
Published: July 2002

THE relationship between law, the power of participants in disputes, and the structure of society and politics is always a complex one. It is also, not surprisingly therefore, controversial in writings on jurisprudence, modern law, and legal history. In this paper I argue for the importance of legal norms in the conduct of disputes in England in the period between the Norman Conquest and the early Angevin legal reforms. This importance is certainly related to the extent of Anglo-Norman royal power. However, in a wider context I shall argue against any necessary, simple, and direct link between political structure and the existence and influence of legal norms.
Emotional networks: The heart of brain design
Authors: Fentress John C.
Published: July 2002

The concept of emotion as defined by Rolls is based upon reinforcement mechanisms and their underlying neural networks. He shows how these networks process signals at many levels, through both separate and convergent pathways essential for adaptive action. While many behavioral issues related to emotion are omitted from his review, he succeeds admirably in summarizing both the “current state of the art” in single unit analyses and in pointing out how future research directions may be crafted.
Is schema theory an appropriate framework for modeling the organization of the brain?
Authors: Morasso Pietro G.
Published: July 2002

This review evaluates pros and cons of the schema theory as a general framework for expressing what Arbib et al. call “systems neuroscience.” We discuss the software/hardware duality of the schema concept and the relative neglect of the mechanical properties of muscles. We propose a computational alternative to the functional decomposition in terms of schemas.
A few tips on hypothesis testing
Authors: Davis Jennifer Nerissa
Published: July 2002

Gangestad & Simpson's account of the role of good-gene sexual selection in conditional human mating strategies is reasonably convincing, but could be more so with a little more attention to (1), dropping unnecessary sub hypotheses and especially (2) the inclusion of alternative evolutionary explanations.
Localist representations are a desirable emergent property of neurologically plausible neural networks
Authors: Martindale Colin
Published: July 2002

Page has done connectionist researchers a valuable service in this target article. He points out that connectionist models using localized representations often work as well or better than models using distributed representations. I point out that models using distributed representations are difficult to understand and often lack parsimony and plausibility. In conclusion, I give an example – the case of the missing fundamental in music – that can easily be explained by a model using localist representations but can be explained only with great difficulty and implausibility by a model using distributed representations.
Dynamic thresholds for controlling encoding and retrieval operations in localist (or distributed) neural networks: The need for biologically plausible implementations
Authors: Pickering Alan D.
Published: July 2002

A dynamic threshold, which controls the nature and course of learning, is a pivotal concept in Page's general localist framework. This commentary addresses various issues surrounding biologically plausible implementations for such thresholds. Relevant previous research is noted and the particular difficulties relating to the creation of so-called instance representations are highlighted. It is stressed that these issues also apply to distributed models.
A biocognitive approach to the conscious core of immediate memory
Authors: Baars Bernard J.
Published: July 2002

The limited capacity of immediate memory “rides” on the even more limited capacity of consciousness, which reflects the dynamic activity of the thalamocortical core of the brain. Recent views of the conscious narrow-capacity component of the brain are explored with reference to global workspace theory (Baars 1988; 1993; 1998). The radical limits of immediate memory must be explained in terms of biocognitive brain architecture.
Working memory capacity and the hemispheric organization of the brain
Authors: Gratton Gabriele , Fabiani Monica , Corballis Paul M.
Published: July 2002

Different hypotheses about the mechanisms underlying working memory lead to different predictions about working memory capacity when information is distributed across the two hemispheres. We present preliminary data suggesting that memory scanning time (a parameter often associated with working memory capacity) varies depending on how information is subdivided across hemispheres. The data are consistent with a distributed model of working memory.
Infants reach to location A without practice or training
Authors: McDonough Laraine
Published: July 2002

Thelen and her colleagues' model overemphasizes the role of action in cognitive development. Recent research has shown that infants do not have to be trained to reach for a hidden object. By 7.5 months of age, infants can recall the location of a hidden object with no practice trials. Thelen at al.'s goal to design a parsimonious account of A-not-B behaviors was successful, but at the expense of focusing primarily on implicit and ignoring explicit memory.
Simulation and the psychology of sociopathy
Authors: Cruz Joseph L. Hernandez
Published: July 2002

Mealey's (1995a) psychological explanation of the
sociopath's antisocial activity appeals to an incomplete or
nonstandard theory of mind. This is not the only possible mechanism
of mental state attribution. The simulation theory of mental state
ascription offers a better hope of explaining the diverse elements of
sociopathy reported by Mealey.
On the relation between phenomenal and representational properties
Authors: Güzeldere Güven , Aydede Murat
Published: July 2002

We argue that Block's charge of fallacy remains
ungrounded so long as the existence of P-consciousness, as Block
construes it, is independently established. This, in turn, depends on
establishing the existence of “phenomenal properties”
that are essentially not representational, cognitive, or functional.
We argue that Block leaves this fundamental thesis unsubstantiated.
We conclude by suggesting that phenomenal consciousness can be
accounted for in terms of a hybrid set of representational and
functional properties.
Glossing over too much
Authors: McCollum Gin
Published: July 2002

Although Phillips & Singer's proposal of
commonalities seems sound, information theory and artificial
neural network modeling omit important detail. An example is
given of a distributed neural transformation that has been
characterized mathematically and found to have both overall
commonalities and differences of detail in different regions.
P&S's contextual field is compared to inclusive regions
in a formalism relevant for modeling bodily-kinaesthetic
intelligence.
Is there a sex difference in the balance of pain excitatory and pain inhibitory processes?
Authors: Lautenbacher Stefan
Published: July 2002

According to berkley's review, women
have a higher risk of suffering from pain than men. If this is true,
there should be more frequent and more intense activity both in the
pain excitatory system and in the pain inhibitory system of women than
of men. Consequently, it remains unclear whether the overall effect at
the end is more pain or less pain in women. This conclusion fits the
weak sex differences observed for experimental and clinical pain as
shown by berkley's review of the literature.
Central inhibitory dysfunctions in neuropathic pain: What is the relationship between basic science and clinical practice?
Authors: Siddall Philip J.
Published: July 2002

The possible dysfunction of γ aminobutyric acid (GABA) and
opioid inhibitory mechanisms following central and peripheral nervous
system injury is an important and potentially useful finding. However,
effective clinical application must take into account the specific
characteristics of the models used in the studies and the relationship
of these models to specific clinical conditions. [dickenson;
wiesenfeld-hallin et al.]
Chow's defense of null-hypothesis testing: Too traditional?
Authors: Frick Robert W.
Published: July 2002

I disagree with several of Chow's traditional
descriptions and justifications of null hypothesis testing:
(1) accepting the null hypothesis whenever p > .05;
(2) random sampling from a population; (3) the frequentist
interpretation of probability; (4) having the null hypothesis
generate both a probability distribution and a complement
of the desired conclusion; (5) assuming that researchers must
fix their sample size before performing their study.
On the roles of consciousness and representations in visual science
Authors: Earle David C.
Published: July 2002

It is argued that there is a role for the representational
conception of vision, and that this is compatible with the task-level
account advocated by Pessoa et al. However, the role of
representations must be understood independently of our
conscious experience of vision.
Representation of similarities – a psychometric but not an explanatory concept for categorization
Authors: Jüttner Martin
Published: July 2002

The representation of similarities is a viable concept for a
cognitive extension of visual psychophysics to the recognition of
shapes, bringing issues such as similarity and categorization back
into that field. However, as a framework it appears too general to
place constraints on a particular process model for categorization.
In particular, a preference for Chorus-like schemes with respect to
structure-oriented approaches is unwarranted.
Context-dependent feature discovery is evidence that the coordination of function is a basic cognitive capacity
Authors: Phillips W. A.
Published: July 2002

Schyns et al. make a strong case for context-dependent feature
discovery. The features computed from specialized and diverse
data-sets help to coordinate their activity by adapting so as to
emphasize what is related across sets. Their perspective can be
strengthened and extended by formal arguments for the contextual
guidance of learning and processing and by neurobiological and
psychological evidence of structures and processes that implement this
guidance.
The practical and conceptual case against isomorphism: Evolution and homomorphism
Authors: Pishva Valla
Published: July 2002

The case against analytical isomorphism is made within
an evolutionary framework. The relevance to neural filling-in is
discussed. Homomorphism is argued for as a conceptually superior
substitute for isomorphism, and the implications for the
personal/subpersonal distinction are explored.
Analytical isomorphism and Marilyn Monroe
Authors: Van Gulick Robert
Published: July 2002

Pessoa, Thompson & Noë present compelling
evidence in support of their central claims about the diversity of
filling-in, but they embed those claims within a larger framework
that rejects analytical isomorphism and uses the personal/subpersonal
distinction to challenge the explanatory importance of filling-in. The
latter views seem more problematic.
Visual space is not cognitively impenetrable
Authors: Aloimonos Yiannis , Fermüller Cornelia
Published: July 2002

Cognitive impenetrability (CI) of a large part of visual
perception is taken for granted by those of us in the field of
computational vision who attempt to recover descriptions of space
using geometry and statistics as tools. These tools clearly point out,
however, that CI cannot extend to the level of structured descriptions
of object surfaces, as Pylyshyn suggests. The reason is that visual
space – the description of the world inside our heads –
is a nonEuclidean curved space. As a consequence, the only
alternative for a vision system is to develop several descriptions of
space–time; these are representations of reduced intricacy and
capture partial aspects of objective reality. As such, they make sense
in the context of a class of tasks/actions/plans/purposes, and thus
cannot be cognitively impenetrable.
Explicitness and predication: A risky linkage
Authors: Carstairs-McCarthy Andrew
Published: July 2002

Dienes & Perner (D&P) link explicit knowledge of facts
to predication. But predication is basically a linguistic notion. Their
approach therefore makes it difficult to attribute knowledge of facts to
non- language-users, such as animals. The explicit/implicit distinction,
as D&P formulate it, is accordingly of little use for exploring the
cognitive capacities of nonhuman primates – despite the increasing
evidence for sophisticated social awareness among apes, implying mental
representations of events in which participants are clearly
distinguished. A revised formulation, less biased toward syntax as it
happens to have evolved in humans, could avoid this drawback.
Neuron doctrine: Trivial versus radical versus do not dichotomize
Authors: Horwitz Barry
Published: July 2002

Gold & Stoljar argue that there are two (often confused)
neuron doctrines, one trivial and the other radical, with only the
latter having the consequence that non-neuroscientific sciences of
the mind will be discarded. They also attempt to show that there is
no evidence supporting the radical doctrine. It is argued here that
their dichotomy is artificial and misrepresents modern approaches
to understanding the neuroscientific correlates of cognition and
behavior.
Mere functional characterization is not enough to understand memory circuits
Authors: Treves Alessandro
Published: July 2002

What exactly is going on via fornical connections? Aggleton
& Brown's target article correctly stresses their importance,
but a detailed understanding of their role in memory appears to
require fresh research approaches.
Top-down influences on saccade generation in cognitive tasks
Authors: Radach Ralph
Published: July 2002

The theoretical framework laid out by Findlay & Walker has direct implications for central topics in research on saccades in reading and other cognitive activities and these in turn may also have implications to be considered in the context of Findlay & Walker's model. The present commentary focuses on the problem of selecting a target for a saccade. It is argued that there are indirect and direct top-down influences on this process and that direct influences are not adequately represented in Findlay & Walker's theory.
The future of vision needs more bridges and fewer walls
Authors: Sanocki Thomas
Published: July 2002

The commentator agrees with Pylyshyn's most general
claims but sees problems with the more specific proposals about where
the boundary between early vision and later processing might lie. The
boundary cuts across current models of identification. Limitations in
current research on scenic context effects preclude firm conclusions.
High-level vision will benefit more from integrative work than from
premature analysis.
On the full periodicity kernel for one-dimensional maps
Authors: LESEDUARTE M. CARME , LLIBRE JAUME
Published: July 2002

Let $\bpropto$ be the topological space obtained by identifying the points 1 and 2 of the segment $[0,3]$ to a point. Let $\binfty$ be the topological space obtained by identifying the points 0, 1 and 2 of the segment $[0,2]$ to a point. An $\bpropto$ (respectively $\binfty$) map is a continuous self-map of $\bpropto$ (respectively $\binfty$) having the branching point fixed. Set $E\in\{\bpropto,\binfty\}$. Let $f$ be an $E$ map. We denote by $\Per(f)$ the set of periods of all periodic points of $f$. The set $K \subset{\mathbb N}$ is the full periodicity kernel of $E$ if it satisfies the following two conditions: (1) if $f$ is an $E$ map and $K\subset \Per(f)$, then $\Per(f)={\mathbb N}$; (2) for each $k\in K$ there exists an $E$ map $f$ such that $\Per(f)={\mathbb N}\setminus\{ k\}$. In this paper we compute the full periodicity kernel of $\bpropto$ and $\binfty$.
Topological equivalence and rigidity of flows on certain solvmanifolds
Authors: BENARDETE D. , DANI S. G.
Published: July 2002

Given a Lie group $G$ and a lattice $\Gamma$ in $G$, a one-parameter subgroup $\phi$ of $G$ is said to be rigid if for any other one-parameter subgroup $\psi$, the flows induced by $\phi$ and $\psi$ on $\Gamma\backslash G$ (by right translations) are topologically orbit-equivalent only if they are affinely orbit-equivalent. It was previously known that if $G$ is a simply connected solvable Lie group such that all the eigenvalues of $\mathrm{Ad} (g) $, $g\in G$, are real, then all one-parameter subgroups of $G$ are rigid for any lattice in $G$. Here we consider a complementary case, in which the eigenvalues of $\mathrm{Ad} (g)$, $g\in G$, form the unit circle of complex numbers.

Let $G$ be the semidirect product $N \rtimes M$, where $M$ and $N$ are finite-dimensional real vector spaces and where the action of $M$ on the normal subgroup $N$ is such that the center of $G$ is a lattice in $M$. We prove that there is a generic class of abelian lattices $\Gamma$ in $G$ such that any semisimple one-parameter subgroup $\phi$ (namely $\phi$ such that $\mathrm{Ad} (\phi_t)$ is diagonalizable over the complex numbers for all $t$) is rigid for $\Gamma$ (see Theorem 1.4). We also show that, on the other hand, there are fairly high-dimensional spaces of abelian lattices for which some semisimple $\phi$ are not rigid (see Corollary 4.3); further, there are non-rigid semisimple $\phi$ for which the induced flow is ergodic.
Measurable distal and topological distal systems
Authors: LINDENSTRAUSS ELON
Published: July 2002

In this paper we prove that any ergodic measurably distal system can be realized as a minimal topologically distal system with an invariant Borel measure of full support. The proof depends upon a theorem stating that every measurable function from a measurable system with its base space being a compact metric space to a connected compact group is cohomologous to a continuous function.
Craig D. Patton, Flammable Material: German Chemical Workers in War, Revolution, and Inflation, 1914–1924. Berlin: Haude and Spener, 1998. v + 315 pp. 169 DM cloth.
Authors: Harsch Donna
Published: July 2002

This clearly written, well-researched monograph analyzes the shop-floor
actions, strikes, and general insurgency of German chemical workers during and
after World War One, proving, once again, that reports of labor history's
demise are premature. Patton's work suggests that we still have much to
learn from an anatomy of militant working-class behavior. In the classic manner,
Flammable Material surveys the overall economic and industrial context
of rebellion while also offering a detailed comparative study of conditions,
organization, and activity in specific companies—in this case, the four
biggest concerns, Bayer, Höchst, Leuna, and BASF. Simultaneously, the book
moves beyond traditional labor history (at least of the dominant German variety)
by adopting the perspective “from below” as opposed to from inside
trade unions and socialist parties. Moreover, Patton criticizes assumptions that
often crop up even in the field of the new labor history. Indeed, his study was
motivated by his dissatisfaction with explanations of the oft-noted volatility
of chemical workers from 1918 to 1921. He challenges, first, the notion that
their actions were “wild” or spontaneous, showing that they were
driven by long-festering, well-articulated grievances and steered by shop-floor
leaders and organizations. He disputes, second, the assumption that chemical
workers were apolitical. To understand both the curve and content of workplace
solidarity and militancy, he argues, the historian must consider the impact of
partisan politics on chemical workers, on the one hand, and their intense
concern with the balance of power between employees and management, on the
other.
Kinematics and dynamics of a parallel manipulator with a new

architecture
Authors: Fattah A. , Kasaei G.
Published: July 2002

In this paper, the kinematics and dynamics of a parallel manipulator

with a new architecture supposed to be used as a moving mechanism in a flight simulator project is studied. This manipulator with three independent degrees of freedom consists of a

moving platform connected to a based platform by means of three legs. Kinematic solutions for this manipulator at position, velocity and acceleration levels are obtained. Moreover, the dynamical equations of motion of the manipulator are determined using Newton-Euler's equations and applying the natural orthogonal complement (NOC) method. Using kinematics and dynamics and also performing simulation for different manoeuvres of moving platform, the motion and the actuator forces of the legs are obtained.