bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘The devil’s bargain’
Authors: Novek Eleanor
Published: January 2005

A free press is necessary for a healthy democracy but how can imprisoned journalists speak the truth to power? To answer that question, this article maps the development of an inmate newspaper over two and a half years. In 2001, the author began teaching journalism classes at a state prison for women in the northeastern United States. Following the objectives of social justice research, the classes offered inmates literacy skills, vocational training and social benefits through regular independent publication of a prison newspaper. Such a publication proved to be a paradoxical ‘devil’s bargain’ - on one hand, a control mechanism employed by prison administrators and, on the other, a potentially empowering aspect of prison culture for inmates. Yet the intrinsic value of news-making demonstrates itself even in repressive circumstances. Because prison journalism helps incarcerated people enhance their self-efficacy in pro-social ways, it should be supported as a rehabilitative approach by prison administrators.
Functional truth or sexist distortion?
Authors: McManus John , Dorfman Lori
Published: January 2005

Journalism assumes reporters are able to pursue ‘functional truth’ - an account of issues and events reliably describing social reality. But researchers have often found systematic bias. In reporting about cross-gender violence, critical feminist scholars contend that news media devalue violence against women and often blame the victim while mitigating or blurring the perpetrator’s responsibility. The present study is the first in the USA to test this critique as it applies to reporting the vast social pathology of intimate-partner violence. Consistent with the critique, intimate violence was covered much less often and with less depth than other violence of similar gravity. In contrast, however, the newspapers studied very rarely blamed female battering victims or mitigated suspect blame.
The method is the message
Authors: Lavie Aliza , Lehman-Wilzig Sam
Published: January 2005

Whether, and how, gender affects the news product is one of the most challenging areas in the field of gender and the media. This article analyzes the impact of specific research methodologies on findings regarding gender news influence - based on survey questionnaires and in-depth interviews of female and male editors working in Israeli public radio, as well as on content analysis of their editorial product. Based on different results obtained from these qualitative and quantitative methodologies, we conclude that gender/news research cannot rely on either method exclusively, as heretofore has been overwhelmingly the case. Editorial interviewees’ responses can be as unreliable as autobiographies due to socio-organizational exigencies, while content analyses of news product must also be viewed critically as they do not necessarily reflect underlying gender ‘otherness’. This study discusses the research implications of the findings as well as the extent of ‘real’ gender influence on news product/ion.
The communicative structures of journalism and public relations
Authors: Salter Lee
Published: January 2005

This article seeks to analyze the communication structures of journalism and public relations, using the communication ethics of Jürgen Habermas. The intention is to use this analysis to draw attention to the differences between journalism and public relations in the interests of good journalism and in the interests of democracy. I do not deny that public relations is an inevitable part of the communications order but rather that, contrary to some recent suggestions, it is with good reason that good journalists reject the use of public relations techniques in their own practices. The article ends with the suggestion that journalists need to defend their practice in policy and a clearly articulated self-understanding.
Indians in the park
Authors: Denzin Norman K.
Published: January 2005

This is a performance experimental text with multiple speaking parts. Drawing from autoethnography, popular culture and history, I argue, following Walter Benjamin, that one way to write history is to quote history back to itself, thereby exposing the cracks and contradictions in official ideology. The ideology at hand involves the represented presence of Native Americans in two cultural landscapes, mid-central Iowa in the 1940s and 1950s, and Yellowstone National Park in the 1870s.
Managing masculinity: young men's identity work in focus groups
Authors: Allen Louisa
Published: January 2005

Displays of hegemonic masculinity within research contexts are often perceived to inhibit the collection of ‘good’ data and present a problem which the researcher must overcome. Instead of being seen as hindering the research process, this article takes such moments as ‘data’, which provide first hand insights into the way male sexuality is made within focus group settings. This environment is seen as constitutive of male sexual subjectivities in the way that it provides a public forum for young men's presentation of self. Through their talk about sexuality young men engage in the management of their own sexual identities, fashioning these through what they reveal and conceal about their sexual selves. In order to meet the objective of the focus group and discuss sexuality ‘seriously’ yet also preserve masculine identity, young men deploy discursive constructions in complex ways. Such demands render the maintenance of an identity which conforms to traditional constructions of masculinity precarious, so that constant slippage between projections of ‘hard’ and ‘softer’ versions of male sexuality occur.
Storying schools: issues around attempts to create a sense of feel and place in narrative research writing
Authors: Sikes Pat
Published: January 2005

Narrative research writing often seeks to create a sense of feel and place. The aim is to convince an audience that the researcher has ‘been there’ and that they could have been there too. This article presents a story about a visit to a secondary special school for boys judged to have emotional and behavioural difficulties, and then goes on to discuss issues around ‘othering’ experienced by the author when writing it. The problems of first visits and the way in which personal identities influence perceptions of research settings are considered with reference to othering. The article concludes with the suggestion that, when the intention has been to work ‘ againstOthering, forsocial justice’ (Fine, 1994: 81), maybe one has to recognize that some concerns can probably not be relieved, and to ‘simply attempt to do the best [I] can’ (Smith and Deemer, 2000: 891).
Fear of offending: disclosing researcher discomfort when engaging in analysis
Authors: Hoskins Marie , Stoltz Jo-Anne
Published: January 2005

In this article we take up the issue of transcript analysis within a collaborative researcher/participant relationship. We specifically focus on the challenges and ethical dilemmas that researchers face when engaging in analysis. As researchers who use constructivist psychological theory to study the narratives of people's lives, we are particularly interested in inviting dialogues about what is involved when we engage in analysis of our participants’ renditions of experience. By conversing with colleagues and students, and reflecting on previous research projects, we use research experiences to shape our discussion.
Safe minimization of cardiopulmonary bypass circuit volume for complex cardiac surgery in a 3.7 kg neonate
Authors: Boettcher Wolfgang , Merkle Frank , Koster Andreas , Hübler Michael , Stiller Brigitte , Kuppe Hermann , Hetzer Roland
Published: January 2005

Over recent years, increasing awareness has been aroused to the hazards of the utilization of donor blood products. Particularly in neonate cardiac surgery employing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), the relative high priming volume of the CPB system and its adjunctive components, such as hemofilters, causes severe hemodilution and, therefore, particularly during extended perfusions, customarily requires priming of the system with autologous blood components. We report on our efforts to minimize the CPB system and adjust the perfusion strategy to the goal of transfusion-free CPB in a 3.7 kg neonate scheduled for repair of transposition of the great arteries.
A case report of mitral valve replacement in a patient with lupus antibody syndrome
Authors: Brownstein Louis , Bartholomew Terry P , Silver David G , Berry Charles M
Published: January 2005

Systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE) is an autoimmune disease frequently accompanied by the presence of an antiphospholipid antibody (APA). Early referred to as the lupus anticoagulant (LAC), this APA consists of immunoglobulins that are known to interfere with coagulation tests that are phospholipid dependent. Such tests include the partial thromboplastin time (PTT), the activated clotting time (ACT) and may affect the thrombin time (TT). This challenges the cardiac surgical team and the perfusionist responsible for monitoring anticoagulation while performing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). A 46- year-old female with a history of SLE, severe mitral insufficiency, an anterior wall myocardial infarction, and the presence of a LAC was admitted for mitral valve surgery. Replacement of the mitral valve was accomplished successfully, utilizing CPB. Anticoagulation was managed using the Hepcon® HMS PLUS, a device that calculates an individual’s heparin dose response and permits assessment of the heparin concentration throughout the procedure. The patient recovered and was sent home 16 days after surgery.
Pericardial patch closure of an atrial septal defect using endoscopic robotic technology
Authors: Resley Justin , Fitzgerald Dave , Albus Robert , Massimiano Paul
Published: January 2005

Significant progress has been made over the last several years in the area of minimally invasive cardiac surgery with beneficial clinical results and increased patient satisfaction. With the addition of robotic technology to the cardiac operating room come improvements in technical manual dexterity and decreased surgical trauma. This paper reports an endoscopic pericardial patch closure of an ostium secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) using a combination of the daVinci™ Surgical System (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) and the PORT ACCESS™ System (CardioVations, Sommerville, NJ, USA) for full cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). CPB, aortic occlusion, and cardioplegia delivery were accomplished via peripheral cannulation with the PORT ACCESS™ System. Two robotic arms, one endoscopic camera, and one working incision were placed through ports in the thorax. The ASD was closed with a gluteraldehyde fixed pericardial patch using both running and interrupted suture. CPB and aortic occlusion times were 160 and 93 min, respectively. The patient was discharged on the second postoperative day and returned to normal lifestyle shortly thereafter. The benefits of peripheral access CPB and robotic technology to patients who do not want a median sternotomy provide an alternative method to traditional surgical intervention.
When the blood-back detection system fails: an IABP case report
Authors: Linley G H , Bakker E W , de Vroege R , Spijkstra J J
Published: January 2005

A 74-year-old male patient’s circulation was supported by an intra-aortic balloon for a period of six days following multiple cardiac infarcts. On the sixth day, several ‘leak in IAB circuit’ alarms appeared. The nursing staff checked the tubing and refilled the balloon, as described in the manual, without notifying the medical staff or perfusionist. A few hours later, the balloon showed a leak, as blood was seen in the catheter tubing. This leak resulted in considerable damage to the device caused by a large amount of blood migrating back to the tubing and flooding the internal drive system, due to a failing ‘blood detection’ sensor. The balloon catheter was removed percutaneously and intra-aortic counterpulsation was discontinued. The patient died 20 days later of heart failure. This raises doubts over the adequacy of the protective sensors of such devices and, importantly, how to interpret the present user manuals and the instructions for troubleshooting.
Increasing the antioxidative capacity of neonatal cardiopulmonary bypass prime solution: anin vitro study
Authors: Draaisma Anjo M , Molicki Jacek S , Verbeet Nicole , Munneke Rendel , Huysmans Hans A , Berger Howard M , Hazekamp Mark G
Published: January 2005

Inflammation and oxidative damage are believed to play an important role in the postoperative complications after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in neonates. During the preparation of the prime, red blood cells (RBCs) release non-protein-bound iron (NPBI) and free haemoglobin/haem (Hb/haem). The presence of these prooxidants in the prime solution may increase oxidative stress in neonates undergoing CPB. The solution used as the basis of the prime solution may influence the degree of this oxidative stress. We investigated the NPBI and the Hb/haem binding capacities of two different prime solutions: a prime based on pasteurized human albumin and a prime based on fresh frozen plasma. The presence of NPBI and free Hb/haem were measured during and after the preparation of the prime solution. Only in the albumin prime was NPBI detectable. However, in both primes, the concentrations of free Hb/haem increased. Thus, to reduce the prooxidative effects of NPBI and free Hb/haem, RBCs should be added to the prime at the last possible moment. Adding fresh frozen plasma should be considered, as this would result in no detectable NPBI in the prime solution.
Tense, aspect and the passive voice in L1 and L2 academic texts
Authors: Hinkel Eli
Published: January 2005

This study analyses specific written discourse production in which NNSs’ usage of English tenses and voice appears to be dramatically different from that of NSs. The data for the study narrowly focuses on a small number of verb phrase features, such as tenses, aspects and the passive voice, examining how they are presented in writing instruction texts and identifying areas of L2 learning in need of intensive instruction. The main goal of the analysis is to identify the patterns and median frequency rates of L1 and L2 uses of three English tenses (the present, the past and the future), two aspects (the progressive and the perfect), and passive verb structures encountered in a NS and NNS corpus of L1 and L2 academic student academic texts (746 essays/226,054 words). The results of the study demonstrate that even after many years of L2 learning and use, advanced NNS students may have difficulty with the conventionalized uses of tenses, aspects and the passive voice in written academic discourse. The paper also offers a few practical techniques to improve NNS students’ production of passable L2 written academic prose. Therefore, the types of texts and contexts in which NNSs may choose to use particular tenses, aspects and voice (or to avoid them) represent an important research venue because such investigations can lead to new insights into learners’ real-life L2 skills. In particular, in academic writing that all NNS students in universities in English-speaking countries must produce in copious quantities, the issues of tense, aspect and specifically passive voice usage are usually seen as very important (Michaelis, 1994; Nehls, 1988, 1992; Swales and Feak, 2000).

The study presented here analyses specific written discourse production in which NNSs’ usage of English tense and voice appears to be dramatically different from that of NSs. The data for the study narrowly focuses on a small number of verb phrase features, such as tenses, aspects and the passive voice, with the goal of identifying areas of L2 learning in need of intensive instruction, in light of the fact that these important features of academic text are barely even mentioned in most writing instructional texts. The paper also offers a few practical techniques to improve NNS students’ production of passable L2 written academic prose. The research goal of this study is to analyse the patterns and median frequency rates of L1 and L2 uses of three English tenses (the present, the past and the future with both will- and would-constructions), two aspects (the progressive and the perfect) and passive verb structures encountered in a NS and NNS corpus of L1 and L2 academic student academic texts (746 essays/226,054 words).
Scientific Approach to the Optimization of Protein Crystallization Conditions for Microgravity Experiments
Authors: YOSHIZAKI IZUMI , NAKAMURA HIROHIKO , FUKUYAMA SEIJIRO , KOMATSU HIROSHI , YODA SHINICHI
Published: January 2005

Abstract: The National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA) developed a practical protocol to optimize protein crystallization conditions for microgravity experiments. This protocol focuses on the vapor diffusion method using high density protein crystal growth (HDPCG)—hardware developed by the University of Alabama, Birmingham—that flew on the STS‐107 mission. The objective of this development was to increase the success rate of microgravity experiments by setting crystallization conditions based on knowledge of crystal growth and fluid dynamics. The protocol consists of four steps: (1) phase diagram preparation, (2) estimation of condensation rate in the vapor diffusion method, (3) fluid dynamic property measurement, and (4) fluid dynamic simulation. First, a phase diagram was constructed. Crystallization characteristics were investigated by a microbatch method. The data were recalculated based on classical nucleation theory and the crystallization boundary was determined as a function of time. The second step was to develop a practical model to estimate the condensation rate of the crystallizing solution, including protein and precipitant, as a function of the precipitant concentration and solution volume. By considering the crystallization map and the vapor diffusion condensation model we were able to optimize the crystallization conditions that generate crystals in the desired time. This was particularly important in a shuttle mission whose mission duration is limited. The third step was fluid dynamic property measurement necessary for fluid dynamics simulation and crystal growth study. The last step was to estimate the mass transport in space on the basis of the fluid dynamics simulation transport model. It turned out that neither the vapor phase nor the solution phase was seriously affected by gravity until nucleation provided the hardware was set in a normal direction. Therefore, we concluded that the optimized crystallization conditions could be directly applied to microgravity experiments. By completing the approach, we were able to control the time for nucleation in the vapor diffusion method.
Nucleation of Insulin Crystals in a Wide Continuous Supersaturation Gradient
Authors: PENKOVA ANITA , DIMITROV IVAYLO , NANEV CHRISTO
Published: January 2005

Abstract: Modifying the classical double pulse technique, by using a supersaturation gradient along an insulin solution contained in a glass capillary tube, we found conditions appropriate for the direct measurement of nucleation parameters. The nucleation time lag has been measured. Data for the number of crystal nuclei versus the nucleation time were obtained for this hormone. Insulin was chosen as a model protein because of the availability of solubility data in the literature. A comparison with the results for hen‐egg‐white lysozyme, HEWL was performed.
The Importance of Being Asymmetric: The Physiology of Digesta Propulsion on Earth and in Space
Authors: ARUN C P
Published: January 2005

Abstract:In the embryo, the mammalian gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is a midline structure, but later becomes strikingly asymmetric. Such asymmetry is in contrast to other organ systems that are essentially bilaterally symmetric. Making a departure from the traditional straight tube model of the bowel, we offer a more realistic model—a kinked collapsible conduit disposed as a constrained kinematic chain. We examine evidence for the importance of its asymmetry to the unidirectional flow of digesta. A number of factors cooperate to ensure a unidirectional flow. The anatomical factors must include (1) the shape of the abdomen, the inverted truncated cone allowing several degrees of freedom of movement of the bowel allowing folds and twists; (2) the location of the liver and the stomach under the diaphragm, providing for efficient force transmission from the diaphragm (especially in the distended state in the case of the stomach); (3) cranio‐caudal gradients in length of the small bowel mesentery and diameter of the bowel lumen. The physiological factors include (1) a deliberate conversion of ingested food into a non‐Newtonian fluid with increasing viscosity, (2) nonlinearity of the tube law, (3) respiratory excursions of the diaphragm, and (4) a “Law of the Intestine”. In microgravity, the bowel can be expected to float and exhibit loss of polarity of propulsion of digesta, but this can be compensated for by exercise (indirectly by increasing diaphragmatic movement). The asymmetry of the GIT is an ingenious device to ensure a unidirectional movement of digesta.
Modeling of Phosphate Ion Transfer to the Surface of Osteoblasts under Normal Gravity and Simulated Microgravity Conditions
Authors: MUKUNDAKRISHNAN KARTHIK , AYYASWAMY PORTONOVO S. , RISBUD MAKARAND , HU HOWARD H. , SHAPIRO IRVING M.
Published: January 2005

Abstract:We have modeled the transport and accumulation of phosphate ions at the remodeling site of a trabecular bone consisting of osteoclasts and osteoblasts situated adjacent to each other in straining flows. Two such flows are considered; one corresponds to shear levels representative of trabecular bone conditions at normal gravity, the other corresponds to shear level that is representative of microgravity conditions. The latter is evaluated indirectly using a simulated microgravity environment prevailing in a rotating wall vessel bioreactor (RWV) designed by NASA. By solving the hydrodynamic equations governing the particle motion in a RWV using a direct numerical simulation (DNS) technique, the shear stress values on the surface of the microcarriers are found. In our present species transfer model, osteoclasts release phosphate ions (Pi) among other ions at bone resorption sites. Some of the ions so released are absorbed by the osteoblast, some accumulate at the osteoblast surface, and the remainder are advected away. The consumption of Pi by osteoblasts is assumed to follow Michaelis‐Menten (MM) kinetics aided by a NaPi cotransporter system. MM kinetics views the NaPi cotransporter as a system for transporting extracellular Pi into the osteoblast. Our results show, for the conditions investigated here, the net accumulation of phosphate ions at the osteoblast surface under simulated microgravity conditions is higher by as much as a factor of three. Such increased accumulation may lead to enhanced apoptosis and may help explain the increased bone loss observed under microgravity conditions.

image
Magnetic Microspheres and Tissue Model Studies for Therapeutic Applications
Authors: RAMACHANDRAN NARAYANAN , MAZURUK KONSTANTIN
Published: January 2005

Abstract: The use of magnetic fluids and magnetic particles in combinatorial hyperthermia therapy for cancer treatment is reviewed. The investigation approach adopted for producing thermoregulating particles and tissue model studies for studying particle retention and heating characteristics is discussed.
The Measurement of Solute Diffusion Coefficients in Dilute Liquid Alloys: The Influence of Unit Gravity and G‐Jitter on Buoyancy Convection
Authors: SMITH R W , YANG B J , HUANG W D
Published: January 2005

Abstract: Liquid diffusion experiments conducted on the MIR space station using the Canadian Space Agency QUELD II processing facility and the microgravity isolation mount (MIM) showed that g‐jitter significantly increased the measured solute diffusion coefficients. In some experiments, milli‐g forced vibration was superimposed on the sample when isolated from the ambient g‐jitter; this resulted in markedly increased solute transport. To further explore the effects arising in these long capillary diffusion couples from the absence of unit‐gravity and the presence of the forced g‐jitter, the effects of a 1 milli‐g forcing vibration on the mass transport in a 1.5 mm diameter long capillary diffusion couple have been simulated. In addition, to increase understanding of the role of unit gravity in determining the extent to which gravity can influence measured diffusion coefficient values, comparative experiments involving gold, silver, and antimony diffusing in liquid lead have been carried out using a similar QUELD II facility to that employed in the QUELD II/MIM/MIR campaign but under terrestrial conditions. It was found that buoyancy‐driven convection may still persist in the liquid even when conditions are arranged for a continuously decreasing density gradient up the axis of a vertical long capillary diffusion couple due to the presence of small radial temperature gradients.
Effect of Magnetic Field on the Crystalline Structure of Magnetostrictive TbFe2 Alloy Solidified Unidirectionally in Microgravity
Authors: OKUTANI TAKESHI , NAKATA YOSHINORI , NAGAI HIDEAKI
Published: January 2005

Abstract: We performed unidirectional solidification experiments on TbFe2 alloy in a static magnetic field in microgravity of 10−4g for 10 sec obtained by a 490 m free fall of the Japan microgravity center (JAMIC). When the magnetic field strength was increased from zero to 4.5 × 10−2 T during unidirectional solidification in microgravity, a [1 1 1] crystallographic alignment dominated, and the maximum magnetostriction constant increased from 1,000 ppm to 4,000 ppm. For unidirectional solidification in normal gravity, the maximum magnetostriction constant remained at 2,000 ppm with increasing magnetic field. The columnar structure grows and orients along the magnetic field. TbFe2 crystals grow in microgravity predominantly in the same direction as the magnetic field.
Ground‐Based Diffusion Experiments on Liquid Sn‐In Systems Using the Shear Cell Technique of the Satellite Mission Foton‐M1
Authors: SUZUKI SHINSUKE , KRAATZ KURT‐HELMUT , FROHBERG GÜNTER
Published: January 2005

Abstract: This study reported in this paper was aimed at testing the shear cell that was developed for the satellite mission Foton‐M1 to measure diffusion coefficients in liquid metals under microgravity (μg)‐conditions. Thick Layer diffusion experiments were performed in the system Sn90In10 versus Sn under 1 g‐conditions. For this system several μg‐diffusion results are available as reference data. This combination provides a low, but sufficiently stable, density layering throughout the entire experiment, which is important to avoid buoyancy‐driven convection. The experimental results were corrected for the influences of the shear‐induced convection and mixing after the final shearing, both of which are typical for the shear cell technique. As the result, the reproducibility and the reliability of the diffusion coefficients in the ground‐based experiments were within the limits of error of μg‐data. Based on our results we discuss the necessary conditions to avoid buoyancy‐driven convection.

image
Microgravity Experiments on Boiling and Applications: Research Activity of Advanced High Heat Flux Cooling Technology for Electronic Devices in Japan
Authors: SUZUKI KOICHI , KAWAMURA HIROSHI
Published: January 2005

Abstract:Research and development on advanced high heat flux cooling technology for electronic devices has been carried out as the Project of Fundamental Technology Development for Energy Conservation, promoted by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization of Japan (NEDO). Based on the microgravity experiments on boiling heat transfer, the following useful results have obtained for the cooling of electronic devices. In subcooled flow boiling in a small channel, heat flux increases considerably more than the ordinary critical heat flux with microbubble emission in transition boiling, and dry out of the heating surface is disturbed. Successful enhancement of heat transfer is achieved by a capillary effect from grooved surface dual subchannels on the liquid supply. The critical heat flux increases 30‐40 percent more than for ordinary subchannels. A self‐wetting mechanism has been proposed, following investigation of bubble behavior in pool boiling of binary mixtures under microgravity. Ideas and a new concept have been proposed for the design of future cooling system in power electronics.
Microgravity Experiments on Phase Change of Self‐Rewetting Fluids
Authors: ABE YOSHIYUKI , IWASAKI AKIRA , TANAKA KOTARO
Published: January 2005

Abstract:A series of microgravity experiments on self‐rewetting fluids has been conducted at the 10‐second drop shaft of the Japan Microgravity Center (JAMIC). In all the experiments, 1.5 wt% of 1‐butanol aqueous solution were employed as a self‐rewetting fluid. The objective of the first experiment was to observe the boiling behavior of two‐dimensional adjacent dual vapor bubbles with the aid of a two‐wavelength interferometer and tracer particles. A significant difference was observed between a self‐rewetting fluid and a normal fluid (CFC‐113 in this experiment) in bubble interaction and flow developed along vapor/bubble interface. The second experiment focused on the flow at the bubble/heater contact area and around the three‐phase interline, visualized with tracer particles. Differing behavior among three fluids, 1‐butanol aqueous solution, CFC‐113, and ethanol aqueous solution, was observed. The last microgravity experiment was a demonstration of wickless heat pipes containing three different fluids as a working fluid, 1‐butanol aqueous solution, water, and ethanol aqueous solution. The temperature variation of working fluid in the heat pipe was monitored, and the liquid flow returning from the condensation region to the evaporation region was visualized by tracer particles. In addition to microgravity experiments, the performance of conventional heat pipes with 1‐butanol aqueous solution was evaluated on the ground, and compared with water heat pipes. Our preliminary results are presented.

image
Experimental Study of a Constrained Vapor Bubble Fin Heat Exchanger in the Absence of External Natural Convection
Authors: BASU SUMITA , PLAWSKY JOEL L. , WAYNER PETER C.
Published: January 2005

Abstract: In preparation for a microgravity flight experiment on the International Space Station, a constrained vapor bubble fin heat exchanger (CVB) was operated both in a vacuum chamber and in air on Earth to evaluate the effect of the absence of external natural convection. The long‐term objective is a general study of a high heat flux, low capillary pressure system with small viscous effects due to the relatively large 3 × 3 × 40 mm dimensions. The current CVB can be viewed as a large‐scale version of a micro heat pipe with a large Bond number in the Earth environment but a small Bond number in microgravity. The walls of the CVB are quartz, to allow for image analysis of naturally occurring interference fringes that give the pressure field for liquid flow. The research is synergistic in that the study requires a microgravity environment to obtain a low Bond number and the space program needs thermal control systems, like the CVB, with a large characteristic dimension. In the absence of natural convection, operation of the CVB may be dominated by external radiative losses from its quartz surface. Therefore, an understanding of radiation from the quartz cell is required. All radiative exchange with the surroundings occurs from the outer surface of the CVB when the temperature range renders the quartz walls of the CVB optically thick (λ > 4 microns). However, for electromagnetic radiation where λ < 2 microns, the walls are transparent. Experimental results obtained for a cell charged with pentane are compared with those obtained for a dry cell. A numerical model was developed that successfully simulated the behavior and performance of the device observed experimentally.

image
Effect of Gravity on the Caloric Stimulation of the Inner Ear
Authors: KASSEMI MOHAMMAD , DESERRANNO DIMITRI , OAS JOHN G.
Published: January 2005

Abstract: Robert Bárány won the 1914 Nobel Prize in medicine for his convection hypothesis for caloric stimulation. Microgravity caloric tests aboard the 1983 SpaceLab 1 mission produced nystagmus results that contradicted the basic premise of Bárány's convection theory. In this paper, we present a fluid structural analysis of the caloric stimulation of the lateral semicircular canal. Direct numerical simulations indicate that on earth, natural convection is the dominant mechanism for endolymphatic flow. However, in the microgravity environment of orbiting spacecraft, where buoyancy effects are mitigated, an expansive convection becomes the sole mechanism for producing endolymph motion and cupular displacement. Transient 1 g and microgravity case studies are presented to delineate the different dynamic behaviors of the 1 g and microgravity endolymphatic flows. The associated fluid‐structural interactions are also analyzed based on the time evolution of cupular displacements.
Convection in Containerless Processing
Authors: HYERS ROBERT W. , MATSON DOUGLAS M. , KELTON KENNETH F. , ROGERS JAN R.
Published: January 2005

Abstract: Different containerless processing techniques have different strengths and weaknesses. Applying more than one technique allows various parts of a problem to be solved separately. For two research projects, one on phase selection in steels and the other on nucleation and growth of quasicrystals, a combination of experiments using electrostatic levitation (ESL) and electromagnetic levitation (EML) is appropriate. In both experiments, convection is an important variable. The convective conditions achievable with each method are compared for two very different materials: a low‐viscosity, high‐temperature stainless steel, and a high‐viscosity, low‐temperature quasicrystal‐forming alloy. It is clear that the techniques are complementary when convection is a parameter to be explored in the experiments. For a number of reasons, including the sample size, temperature, and reactivity, direct measurement of the convective velocity is not feasible. Therefore, we must rely on computation techniques to estimate convection in these experiments. These models are an essential part of almost any microgravity investigation. The methods employed and results obtained for the projects levitation observation of dendrite evolution in steel ternary alloy rapid solidification (LODESTARS) and quasicrystalline undercooled alloys for space investigation (QUASI) are explained.

image
Active Electrostatic Control of Liquid Bridge Dynamics and Stability
Authors: THIESSEN DAVID B. , WEI WEI , MARSTON PHILIP L.
Published: January 2005

Abstract: Stabilization of cylindrical liquid bridges beyond the Rayleigh‐Plateau limit has been demonstrated in both Plateau‐tank experiments and in short‐duration low gravity on NASA KC‐135 aircraft using an active electrostatic control method. The method controls the (2,0) capillary mode using an optical modal‐amplitude detector and mode‐coupled electrostatic feedback stress. The application of mode‐coupled stresses to a liquid bridge is also a very useful way to study mode dynamics. A pure (2,0)‐mode oscillation can be excited by periodic forcing and then the forcing can be turned off to allow for a free decay from which the frequency and damping of the mode is measured. This can be done in the presence or absence of feedback control. Mode‐coupled feedback stress applied in proportion to modal amplitude with appropriate gain leads to stiffening of the mode allowing for stabilization beyond the Rayleigh‐Plateau limit. If the opposite sign of gain is applied the mode frequency is reduced. It has also been demonstrated that, by applying feedback in proportion to the modal velocity, the damping of the mode can be increased or decreased depending on the velocity gain. Thus, both the mode frequency and damping can be independently controlled at the same time and this has been demonstrated in Plateau‐tank experiments. The International Space Station (ISS) has its own modes of oscillation, some of which are in a low frequency range comparable to the (2,0)‐mode frequency of typical liquid bridges. In the event that a vibration mode of the ISS were close to the frequency of a capillary mode it would be possible, with active electrostatic control, to shift the capillary‐mode frequency away from that of the disturbance and simultaneously add artificial damping to further reduce the effect of the g‐jitter. In principle, this method could be applied to any fluid configuration with a free surface.

image
Gravitational Effects on the Weld Pool Shape and Microstructural Evolution During Gas Tungsten Arc and Laser Beam Welding of 304 Stainless Steel and Al‐4 wt% Cu Alloy
Authors: KANG NAMHYUN , SINGH JOGENDER , KULKARNI ANIL K.
Published: January 2005

Abstract:Effects of gravitational acceleration were investigated on the weld pool shape and microstructural evolution for 304 stainless steel and Al‐4wt% Cu alloy. Effects of welding heat source were investigated by using laser beam welding (LBW) and gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW). As the gravitational level was increased from low gravity (LG ∼ 1.2g) to high gravity (HG ∼ 1.8g) using a NASA KC‐135 aircraft, the weld pool shape for 304 stainless steel was influenced considerably during GTAW. However, insignificant change in the microstructure and solute distribution was observed at gravitational levels between LG and HG. The GTAW on Al‐4 wt% Cu alloy was used to investigate the effect of gravitational orientation on the weld solidification behavior. Gravitational orientation was manipulated by varying the welding direction with respect to gravity vector; that is, by welding upward opposing gravity (‖‐U) and downward with gravity (‖‐D) on a vertical weld piece and welding perpendicular to gravity (⊥) on a horizontal weld piece. Under the same welding conditions, a larger primary dendrite spacing in the ‖‐U weld was observed near the weld pool surface and the fusion boundary than in the case of ⊥ or ‖‐D welds. The ‖‐D weld exhibited different solidification morphology and abnormal S shape of solidification rate curve during its growth. For 304 stainless steel GTAW, significant effects of gravitational orientation were observed on the weld pool shape that was associated with weld surface morphology and convection flow. However, the weld pool shape for LBW was mostly constant with respect to the gravitational orientation.
An overview of animal models in experimental schistosomiasis and refinements in the use of non-human primates
Authors: Farah Idle O. , Kariuki Thomas M. , King Christopher L. , Hau Jann
Published: January 2005

The complex nature of the schistosome parasite and its interaction with the mammalian host necessitates the continued use of live intact animal models in schistosomiasis research. This review acknowledges this necessity and highlights some of the important insights into the pathogenesis of the disease that have been gained from using various animal models. The use of non-human primates as more relevant models of human schistosomiasis is stated. In addition, the importance of animal welfare consideration when using primates for research is emphasized. Finally, some guidelines for the refined capture, handling and early humane endpoints for non-human primates to be used in experimental schistosomiasis are suggested.
Development of a new aerosol delivery system for systemic pulmonary delivery in anaesthetized and orotracheal intubated rats
Authors: Lizio Rosario , Marx Degenhard , Nolte Thomas , Lehr Claus-Michael , Sarlikiotis Antonio Werner , Borchard Gerrit , Jahn Wolfgang , Klenner Thomas
Published: January 2005

Over the last decade, the systemic absorption of a broad range of therapeutics after pulmonary application has been demonstrated in animals as well as in humans. The most common method used in the laboratory is the intratracheal instillation of drugs in solution. This method is, however, unsatisfactory, because of discrepancies in particle distribution, clearance, kind of injury and bioavailability between instillation and inhalative application. On the other hand, a precise determination of the amount of drug applied by aerosol, and of the aerosol volume retained within the lungs is rather difficult, and is not possible for use with small animals such as mice or rats. We describe a system which allows the delivery of aerosols directly into the animal's lungs, and calculation of the amount of drug retained in the lungs. Our system was tested in vitro and in vivo and was shown to allow precise and efficient pharmacokinetic and toxicological studies to be carried out.
Effect of herb supplement on hepatic enzyme activities in ddY mice
Authors: Arai T. , Horii N. , Koshirakawa M. , Nakajyo S. , Sako T.
Published: January 2005

Plasma glucose and lipid concentrations and hepatic enzyme activities were measured in male ddY mice supplemented with the herb, Echevaria glauca, to examine the effect of herbal treatment. In mice supplemented with the herb, plasma triglyceride (TG) and free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations decreased and hepatic glycolytic enzyme and glutathione peroxidase (GSHpx) activities increased significantly compared with those in the nontreated control mice. These increases in hepatic enzyme activities were not fully dosedependent, however the higher dose and longer duration with herb supplement induced increases in the enzyme activities. It was found that dietary herb supplement caused an acceleration of hepatic function, judged by increased activities of glycolytic enzyme and GSHpx in ddY mice.
Acclimatization and response of minipigs toward humans
Authors: Tsutsumi H. , Morikawa N. , Niki R. , Tanigawa M.
Published: January 2005

As a first step toward making an efficient acclimatization methodology for minipigs, the reaction of Goöttingen minipigs, 3-24 months of age, toward humans was investigated. All minipigs were kept in an individual cage, and the reaction toward humans (acclimatization index) was evaluated by simple observations. The acclimatization index was evaluated as the total number of points scored (0-30 points) based on the following criteria: (1) the position of the minipig when the cage door was opened; (2) the reaction of the minipig when the observer approached; and (3) the reaction of the minipig when the observer touched it. Subsequently, each animal was ranked by total points scored: 30 points = AA, 20 points ≅ A < 30 points, 10 points ≅ B < 20 points, 0 points ≅ C < 10 points. Based on this evaluation, the reactions of minipigs under three conditions were investigated. The following findings were confirmed: first, minipig reaction to humans was influenced by monthly age; second, taming was possible under ordinary conditions of care, but we had to wait until 10 months of age on average for this to occur; third, if simple contact was made during care time, minipigs became tame within less than 4 weeks after the commencement of contact. We therefore consider it possible to artificially control the reaction of minipigs toward humans, and to make minipigs more available for experiments by adding control of the hereditary factors that influence this reaction.
Long-term cannulation of the vena cava of rats for blood sampling: local and systemic effects observed by histopathology after six weeks of cannulation
Authors: De Jong W. H. , Timmerman A. , Van Raaij M. T. M.
Published: January 2005

A cannulation system with fixation by a metal cuff around the tail was used for blood sampling. The cannula was guided subcutaneously and positioned in the vena cava after entering the body via the femoral vein. Histopathology was performed after long-term cannulation of up to 35 and 45 days. The presence of the cannula in the vena cava induced endothelial hypertrophy and hyperplasia accompanied by stromal hypertrophy. The endothelial activation was not limited to the vena cava but was also observed in both the cannulated vena iliaca and the contralateral control vena iliaca, the latter showing only minor alterations. In the lung, thrombi were noted in the larger lung arteries; and foreign body emboli, probably situated in the alveolar septi, could be detected occasionally. Inflammatory reactions in the tail at the site of cuff fixation consisted of a mixture of acute and chronic inflammatory responses. The chronic inflammation extended into the tail muscles, as shown by the presence of fibrous tissue associated with muscle degeneration. In conclusion, prolonged venous cannulation in rats resulted in local alterations in the veins, small emboli in the lungs and a moderate to marked inflammation in the tail. However, the procedure itself was well tolerated by the animals.
A method of endoscopic endotracheal intubation in rabbits
Authors: Tran H. S. , Puc M. M. , Tran J-L. V. , Del Rossi A. J. , Hewitt C. W.
Published: January 2005

Endotracheal intubation in rabbits is a formidable task and has led to the devising of a new endoscopic method. Sixty New Zealand White rabbits (2.0-3.5 kg) underwent experimental left thoracotomy requiring mechanical ventilation. After anaesthetic induction was achieved, the animal was placed in a supine position. A rigid 30° endoscope was passed through a 4.5 mm endotracheal tube (ET) and then used to advance, under direct vision, through the oropharynx and vocal cords. Once passing the vocal cords, the ET was advanced into the trachea as the endoscope was withdrawn. All animals were successfully intubated within 30 s to 2 min and then ventilated. No complications or deaths occurred during or after intubation, or postoperatively. No instances of oesophageal intubation occurred. All animals survived long-term. Thirty animals underwent necropsy at 10 days and, 30 at 30 days, with no postoperative evidence of orotracheal injury. We have established a new method of endotracheal intubation in rabbits. It is reliable, effective, non-traumatic, safe, and expeditious.
Dimensions of rabbit subglottis and trachea
Authors: Loewen M. S. , Walner D. L.
Published: January 2005

One of the most challenging problems confronting otolaryngologists today remains the management of subglottic stenosis (SGS) in infants and children. It is a problem of decreased airway calibre, usually associated with prolonged intubation. The pathophysiology of an intubated airway becoming stenotic is not fully understood. Although an ideal animal model for studying SGS does not currently exist, several studies have used the rabbit's airway as a wound healing model. In order to establish such a model in the rabbit, sizes of the normal rabbit larynx must be measured in order to compare them to the diseased airway. Measuring the airway diameters of 35 rabbits ranging from 2.3-5.1 kg, the average airway at the level of the cricoid was found to be 5.81 mm (ventral-dorsal) by 5.41 mm (lateral). These dimensions did not vary significantly with animal weight.