bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Outage Analysis and System Disturbances on 330 kV and 132 kV Transmission System in Nigeria
Authors: Adelakun Najeem Olawale , Olanipekun Banji Abubakar
Published: February 2022

The Persistent power outage in the country due to faults has become alarming to the government and the body responsible for electricity generation in the country. It also creates a major problem for electricity consumers in Nigeria, there must be an improvement in the reliability of the transmission system in Nigeria. This research work is predominantly concerned with the analysis of outages on 330kV and 132kV transmission system, and system disturbances on generation and transmission system for five (5) years. The result shows that the forced outages are the most occurred outages on the 330 kV line, while on 132 kV line, emergency outages have the highest number of outages in 2014 but decreases rapidly over the years, similarly, twenty-seven (27) major system disturbances occurred in 2016 with 31% against ten (10) with 11% disturbances in 2015, while 2014 and 2018 with the same number of system disturbances of thirteen (13) with 15%, it is apparent that more disturbances occur on the transmission system, and there should be a proper protection scheme to maintain stable grid network. Consequently, Mini-grid and off-grid solutions will prominently address the issue of power supply shortage and instability in Nigeria. Keywords: outage, transmission, generation, disturbances, grid.
Failure Analysis and Repair of a Broken Extruder Shaft
Authors: Karrab Salem Ali , Ballem Mohamed Ali
Published: February 2022

In this paper a failure analysis of a screw shaft used in a co-rotating intermeshing twin-screw extruder was carried out; furthermore a detailed description for the repair procedure of the fractured part was presented. By means of the preliminary analyses of the failed shaft which includes a visual examination, appearance of fracture face, and photographic documentation of the fractured surfaces, and by summarizing and analyzing all relevant data it was possible to determine that the combination of torsion and bending forces was the cause of the failure. The shaft fractured with evidences of fatigue failure. Repairing of the fractured shaft was mainly performed by welding technique followed by suitable heat treatments and appropriate inspection methods. After repair process is completed, the extruder was put back into service, the recorded data during the trial and regular operations were satisfactory and within the design limits. Finally, in order to avoid future accidents and to prevent such problems in similar equipment, precautionary measures and recommendations were proposed.
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Extraction from Oily Sludge using Kerosene
Authors: Chancelice Ndjeumi Chrisdel , Philémon Ze Bilo’o , Ghislain Arnaud Mouthe Anombogo , Benoït Ngassoum Martin
Published: February 2022

The National Petroleum Refinery of Cameroon is a crude oil refining company that generates large quantity of oily sludge. The extraction, identification and quantification of aliphatic hydrocarbons that can be recovered from oily sludge were assessed. The extraction was conducted following an experimental design and the distribution of the aliphatic hydrocarbons of the sludge was realized by using a simple gas chromatographic method. The extraction results showed that all the factors have positive effect on the extraction. It was also found that the highest concentration of 127992 ppm was obtained under experimental conditions of Ratio = 6:1, Temperature = 40°C, Contact time = 90 min.
Development of Radio Propagation Path Loss Model for Kaduna Town, Nigeria Using GMDH Algorithm
Authors: Abdullahi Z. M. , Okereke O. U. , Isa A. I. , Ozovehe A.
Published: February 2022

Radio propagation measurement were acquired at the 900 MHz and 1800 MHz frequency bands from six (6) live base stations (BS1 to BS6) in Kaduna town, Nigeria using an Asus Zenfone enhanced with a network monitoring software (Network Cell Info Lite). The receive signal strength (RSS) measurements were taken from the BSs at a distances of 200 m apart (in dB) until the signal faded out and the measurements were taken for twelve (12) calendar months which covered all seasons of the year, the corresponding path loss were calculated which were subsequently used to develop a propagation path loss prediction model with the Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH) algorithm. However, the results obtained shows very small variations between the model fit (which was the best fit curve from the measured data) and the predictions (which is the forecast). Hence, since the variations between the model fit and the predictions are not wide, with sometime the values of prediction being better than that model fit, the GMDH model is showing good prediction for Kaduna metropolis.
Estimation of Aquifer Protective Capacity, Soil Corrosivity and Dar-Zarrouk Parameters in Kaura Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria
Authors: Olaniyan Isaac O.
Published: February 2022

This study presents an estimation of aquifer protective capacity, soil corrosivity and Dar-Zarrouk parameters for Kaura area of Kaduna State in northern Nigeria. Electrical resistivity sounding data and borehole pumping test data obtained from 20 locations within the LGA were obtained and used for this study. The geoelectric data exhibited curve types generally consisting of H, HA, KH or K-A-H types from which five-layer lithology were delineated across the entire study area. Well yield varies from 16 – 400 litres/min, pumping rate ranges from 16 to 140 l/min, drawdown varies from 1 – 22m, while specific capacity ranged from 1 – 95 litres/min. The aquifer protective capacity characterization was based on values of longitudinal unit conductance of the overburden, and 35% of the locations showed good protective capacity, while the remaining 65% exhibited moderate protective capacity. From the soil corrosivity evaluation, the upper soil layers were classified as moderately corrosive at one location, four locations were marked as slightly corrosive, while the remaining locations were found to be practically non-corrosive. Based on thicknesses and resistivities of the overburden layers, Dar-Zarrouk parameters were determined. The reflection coefficient ranged from 0.29 to 0.92, resistivity contrast occurred between 0.35 to 25.38, while the coefficient of anisotropy ranged from 0.70 to 3.84 with mean value of 1.57. Values above 1.0 are generally considered high and they occurred more toward the western part of the area than the middle and eastern parts. Both the longitudinal unit conductance map and coefficient of anisotropy map were generated for the area.
A Partial Environmental Engineering Management Study of Open Dump Site and Its Impact on Land and Water
Authors: Ugoji Kelechi Uchenna , Green Abba Ibim , Nmoye Ruth Ngozi , Igbere Ndukam Billy
Published: February 2022

This research appraises in partial the environmental engineering effects of open dumpsite with peripheral study of the dumpsite at km 3 Aba-Enugu Expressway in Abia State southeast of Nigeria. The investigation includes visual assessment, interviews / questionnaires results, and analysis. The study reveals that the waste dump serves as a sink to many parts of Aba metropolis being one of the biggest dumpsites in Abia state. The sand value of 47.7% obtained from the study agrees with existing literature/hydrogeology of the area. Results proved that the ground water is safe as samples display quality, which are below the Nigerian standards for drinking water quality limit. These values also fall below the World Health Organization (WHO) water quality limit so the residents around do not stand any health risk at the moment. However, increasing concentration of pollutants indicates that the Soil and probably the potential drinking water source may be contaminated with time, supporting existing study. Therefore, this research recommends a well-engineered waste management plan alongside Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) cradle-to-grave approach to management of open dumpsite.
Emotional Preferences Towards E-Learning Based on Analytic Hierarchy Process and Kansei for Decision Making
Authors: Hadiana Ana
Published: February 2022

Users in software world play key role in determining whether a software, including e-Learning system, has a long time of use or not. Past literatures have highlighted the importance of incorporating emotional requirement into software systems. It is important to consider what users need related to software. One of the critical component of a software systems that directly interacts with users is the interface. Users interface design (UID) could induce critical emotional experience and impression to users the first time they execute a software system. Kansei Engineering is adopted as a methodology to analyze users emotional experience towards the software UID. This research implemented a combination approach of Kansei Engineering and Analytic Hierarchy Process in order to analyze students’ emotional experience as users of e-Learning in higher learning institution, and then determines which of an open source e-Learning system that suits their positive emotional experience. This paper reports an attempt to discover the relationship between UID and users’ emotional experience in e-Learning systems. The research found that there were two critical students’ emotional factors, which are “clear” and “pleasant”. These two factors had a big impact in the selection of an e-Learning system, with factor of clear has larger impact. The research result then suggests the preferred e-Learning system for students based on those that evoked positive emotional experience to students. The result will benefit higher learning institution in promoting e-Learning, to extend the outreach potential of e-Learning among students.
Smart Intrusion Detection System Comprised of Machine Learning and Deep Learning
Authors: Istiaque Shah Md. , Khan Asif Iqbal , Waheed Sajjad
Published: February 2022

In the present world, digital intruders can exploit the vulnerabilities of a network and are capable to collapse even a country. Attack in Estonia by digital intruders, attack in Iran's nuclear plant and intrusion of spyware in smart phone depicts the efficiency of attackers. Furthermore, centralized firewall system is not enough for ensuring a secured network. Hence, in the age of big data, where availability of data is huge and computation capability of PC is also high, there machine learning and network security have become two inseparable issues.

In this thesis, KDD Cup’99 intrusion detection dataset is used. Total 3, 11,030 numbers of records with 41 features are available in the dataset. For finding the anomalies of the network four machine learning methods are used like Classification and Regression Tree (CART), Random Forest, Naive Bayes and Multi-Layer Perception. Initially all 41 features are used to find out the accuracy. Among all the methods, Random Forest provides 98.547% accuracy in intrusion detection which is maximum, and CART shows maximum accuracy (99.086%) to find normal flow of data. Gradually selective 15 features were taken to test the accuracy and it was found that Random Forest is still efficient (accuracy 98.266%) in detecting the fault of the network. In both cases MLP found to be a stable method where accuracy regarding benign data and intrusion are always close to 95% (93.387%, 94.312% and 95.0075, 93.652% respectively).

Finally, an IDS model is proposed where Random Forest of ML method and MLP of DL method is incorporated, to handle the intrusion in a most efficient manner.
Conceptions of The Baccalaureate Students of The Eastern Region of Morocco on the Environment and Sustainable Development
Authors: Sbai Abdelkader , El Mediouni Abdeljabbar , Hakim Hassan , Mentak Said
Published: February 2022

The conceptions of the baccalaureate students of Bouarfa and Jerada are analyzed on the basis of a questionnaire relating to the environment and sustainable development. These conceptions are analyzed as interactions between scientific knowledge (K), social practices (P), and value systems (V). The multivariate analyzes used highlight two major poles or systems of conceptions. The first pole brings together people with rather anthropocentric tendencies concerned first with the use of natural resources. The second pole brings together people who tend to be more ecocentric and concerned about preserving the environment. Within these clusters appear sub-groups with different characteristics: for or against GMOs, preservation of the environment, activism in favor of the environment, actions of defense or protection of the environment. Most of the students interviewed lent feelings towards animals, but with a difference from one animal to another and from one city to another (sentiment-centered attitude). These different conceptions deserve to be taken into account in the training of trainers and teaching programs to better assume the objectives of Environmental Education.
Automated Mobile Telecom Cell Sites System
Authors: Egho-Promise Ehigiator Iyobor , Ola Bamidele
Published: February 2022

Telecommunication is the transmission of traffic from one place to another in a network through a media using mobile station. Cell site is referred to as the base station of telecommunication, it is part of telecom network that allow subscribers to access services from the telecom service providers.

Cell sites depend on core network and transmission system to function, it is not a standalone network. It is the interface between mobile station and the network (core network and transmission system).

In this research, an automated mobile telecom cell site system will be designed and developed. The system will help to provide accurate and reliable online information about cell sites equipment and determine profit or loss from cell sites.

Qualitative research approach will be used in the study while interview will be employed to collect data.
Contribution to the Development of a Two-Dimensional Asymptotic Theory of the Three-Point Bending Behaviour of Multi-Layered Beams: Applications to Orthotropic Phase Sandwich Beams
Authors: Pagui A. D. , Foudjet A. E. , Mabekou J. S. T. , Ekoume T. R. S. N. , Talla P. K.
Published: February 2022

The objective of this work is to present a methodology for analyzing the behavior in bending of the structure of sandwich beams base on the second order of asymptotic method. This work is in continuation with the work of Talla [1]. This work includes the knowledge of all the physical elastic constant of the sandwich beams. This result confirms the fact that the second order of asymptotic method doesn’t bring a significative change in the behavior of the solution until a certain point. The curves have been obtained by the software named python. This result was predictable because the asymptotic methods deal with small variation due to the presence of the epsilon parameter, which is very small.
The Impact of Guinea Corn Husk Ash as an Admixture for Crack Control in Concrete
Authors: Aburime Peter I. , Ndububa Emmanuel E. , Kpue David O.
Published: February 2022

Guinea corn husk, a post-harvest agricultural waste common in Northern Nigeria is often heaped up constituting environmental nuisance. Guinea Corn Husk Ash (GCHA) is an incinerated by-product of it. In this experimental investigation, it was used to replace cement in concrete at levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% by weight. The sample cubes were casted and cured for 3, 14, 28 and 56 days before crushing. Before then, the chemical constituents of the GCHA were determined from an X-Ray diffraction analyzer. The oxides found in the ash included SiO2 (85.4%), K2O (4.01%), Fe2O3 (0.64%), CaO (2.04%) and NaO2 (0.98%). SO3 and AI2O3 were not detected. The combined percent of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 of 86.04% is above the 70% benchmark for a pozzolana material. Also, SO3 and NaO2 fell below the maximum allowable values of 4% and 1.5% respectively. The fresh concrete had slump values that ranged from 11mm for 0% cement replacement to 3.6mm for 40% replacement. The hard concrete had the highest compressive strength value of 23.67 N/mm2 for plain concrete and 49.3 N/mm2 at 5% GCHA replacement level. All were at 56 days of curing, satisfying quality for heavy load bearing. Beam samples cured for 3, 14, 28 and 56 days were subjected to flexural tests until they developed cracks. The cracks were measured for lengths (CRL) and width (CRW) for different replacement levels and curing days with a crack measuring microscope. The results show that, at 14days curing, there is a trend in the crack values’ reduction for the hardened GCHA concrete. This trend is also marginally seen for the 28 day cured samples, particularly at up to 20% replacement levels. The decrease in crack values were up to 17.2% and 2091% for CRL and CRW respectively. However, there were no significant crack controls with samples of higher replacement levels and those cured for 3 and 56 days. GCHA concrete can therefore be used to for heavy load bearing structures and for crack control at 5 – 20% replacement levels when cured for 14 days and 38 days.
4D Printing and Characterization of Shape Memory Polymer (SMP) Based Smart Gripper
Authors: Maina Francis Irungu , Osinde Nahashon , Odira Japheth Ka’pesha , Wanjiru Patrick Kariuki , Mwangi Margaret Wanjiku
Published: February 2022

Shape Memory Polymer (SMP) is stimuli-responsive material with the ability to recover the original shape from a deformation upon triggering by an appropriate stimulus like heat, light, and electricity. The shape recovery properties can be harnessed through 4D printing of self-recoverable functional structures and made usable in fields like medicine and robotics. To investigate the recovery properties, best printing parameters and optimal sizes, 4D reconfigurable gripper designed in CAD was printed in Ultimaker 2 Printer. Different stencils were made in varying printing parameters of temperature, infill, speed and time. Analysis for the stencils proved best print quality at a temperature of 195 °C and nozzle retract speed of 40mm/s. Shape recovery characterization was done on MATLAB. A printing temperature of 203 °C, infill density of 38% and printing speed of 40 mm/s gave the gripper with the best print quality. Characterization of the varying performances of the four grippers was attributed to the different infill percentages. The lower the infill, the higher the recovery rate due to the low stiffness of the gripper. The best recovery rate of 96.93% was associated with an optimal printing temperature of 203 °C.
Experimental Study of Mean Flow Characteristics in the Near Field of Wedge-Shaped Swirling Jets
Authors: Hossain Md. Mosharrof , Nayeem Muhammed Hasnain Kabir , Ali Dr. Md Abu Taher
Published: February 2022

In this investigation experiment was carried out in 80 mm diameter swirling pipe jet, where swirl was generated by attaching wedge-shaped helixes in the pipe. All measurements were taken at Re 5.3e4. In the plain pipe jet the potential core was found to exist up to x/D=5 but in the swirling jet there was no existence of potential core. The mean velocity profiles were found to be influenced by the presence of wedge-shaped helixes in the pipe. The velocity profiles indicated the presence of sinusoidal flow field in the radial direction existed only in the near field of the jet. This flow field died out after x/D=3 and the existence of jet flow diminished after x/D=5.
Motion Prediction of Underwater Sensors
Authors: Jamjoom Abdulrzaq Naji , Othman Ramzi , Almitani Khalid H.
Published: February 2022

In this work, we will simulate the motion of a single underwater sensor knowing the current velocity to predict its location and velocity during certain time frame using a numerical approach of non-linear time-dependent partial differential equations and develop numerical computer programming code to solve the equations.

The underwater sensor are used to collect data for many scientific and practical reasons all the sensor collected data without specifying the sensor location and time will be missing lowers valuable information and by simulating the sensor motion numerically will have many values and impact on the underwater sensor industries as this will lead to less power consumption sensors with smaller size and less network coverage required.

This paper will study the kinetics of the underwater sensor which will resulted to a set of non-linear time-dependent partial differential equations that can be solved analytically and computer programming simulation is developed to solve the equations and predict the motion of underwater sensor.

Different scenarios considered in the work such as simulating the result for different sensor’s density and the effect on its final position.   Also, the result will include the sensor velocity simulation and comparison with the sea current velocity.

This work is limited to the motion prediction of single underwater sensor and the result is only for mechanical aspect of the problem, the networks connectivity or coverage is out-of-scope.
A Fuzzy Inventory Model Considering Imperfect Quality Items with Receiving Reparative Batch and Order
Authors: Tahami Hesamoddin , Fakhravar Hengameh
Published: February 2022

This paper presents an inventory model for imperfect quality items with receiving a reparative batch and order overlapping in a fuzzy environment by employing fuzzy triangular numbers. It is assumed that the imperfect items identified by Screening are divided into either scrap or reworkable items. The reworkable items are kept in store until the next items are received. Afterward, the items are returned to the supplier to be reworked. Also, a discount on the purchasing cost is employed as an offer of cooperation from a supplier to a buyer to compensate for all additional holding costs incurred to the buyer. The rework process is error-free. An overlapping order scheme is employed so that the vendor is allowed to use the previous shipment to meet the demand by the inspection period. In the fuzzy model, the graded mean integration method is taken to defuzzify the model and determine its approximation of a profit function and optimal policy. In doing so, numerical examples are rendered to represent the model behavior, and, eventually, the sensitivity analysis is presented.
Trend of Extreme Precipitations Indices in West-central Côte d’Ivoire: Case of the Lobo Watershed
Authors: Allechy F. B. , Youan Ta M. , N’Guessan Bi V. H. , Yapi F. A. , Koné A. B. , Kouadio A.
Published: February 2022

The Lobo watershed located in the west-central part of Côte d'Ivoire is an area with high agricultural potential, influenced by climate variations and changes that reduce crop yields. The objective of this study is to analyse trends in ETCCDI extreme rainfall indices from rainfall data from 1984 to 2013 using ClimPACT2 software. This study shows that the trend of the indices: number of consecutive wet days (CWD), number of rainy days (R1mm) and the cumulative annual total rainfall (PRCPTOT) is decreasing. On the other hand, the number of consecutive dry days (CDD) is on the rise. In general, the whole basin has experienced a decrease in rainfall as well as wet sequences and an increase in dry sequences. These different trends observed in this study are more pronounced in the northern half of the watershed.
Measurement of Energy Production from Biogas: Evidence from the Wastewater Treatment Plant in Durres
Authors: Sefa Stela , Floqi Tania , Sefa Julian
Published: February 2022

The wastewater treatment plant serving the city of Durres, which is the second most populous city of Albania, employs the tertiary advanced wastewater treatment method and engages in biogas production to achieve energy efficiency. In order to empirically evaluate the plant’s energy efficiency realization, the total biogas produced and converted to electricity for daily consumption was measured during a three years period (2016 - 2018). The highest electricity produced was recorded in 2016, with a daily average of 844kWh compared to 550kWh and 370kWh in 2017 and 2018, respectively. So that the plant meets proper criteria to classify as an energy-efficient entity, 30.0 percent of its electricity consumption must be derived from biogas. Converted in kWh, the plant should generate 2,975 kWh/day. Based on the biomass and energy values measured during the study period, it is concluded that electricity supplied from biogas met 6.0 percent of the plant’s energy requirements, or one fifth of the energy-efficiency target. While the plant was successful in carrying out the full waste-to-energy production process, the electricity supplied from biogas was very low and did not fulfil the plant’s self-energy requirements.
Prediction of Formation Damage, Fluid Loss and Rheological Properties of Water Based Mud with Corn Cob
Authors: Nmegbu Godwin Chukwuma Jacob , Kinate Bright Bariakpoa , Bekee Bari-Agara
Published: February 2022

The extent of damage to formation caused by water based drilling mud containing corn cob treated with sodium hydroxide to partially replace polyanionic cellulose (PAC) as a fluid loss control additive has been studied. Core samples were obtained from a well in Niger Delta for this study with a permeameter used to force the drilling mud into core samples at high pressures. Physio-chemical properties (moisture content, cellulose and lignin) of the samples were measured and the result after treatment showed reduction. The corn cob was combined with the PAC in the ratio of 25-75%, 50-50% and 75-25% in the mud. Analyzed drilling mud rheological properties such as plastic viscosity, apparent viscosity, yield point and gel strength all decreased as percentage of corn cob increased in the combination and steadily decreased as temperature increased to 200oF. Measured fluid loss and pH of the mud showed an increase in fluid loss and pH in mud sample with 100% corn cob. The extent of formation damage was determined by the differences in the initial and final permeability of the core samples. Experimental data were used to develop analytical models that can serve as effective tool to predict fluid loss, rheological properties of the drilling mud at temperature up to 200oF and percentage formation damage at 100 psi.
A Brief Review of Heat Sink, Heat Pipe, and Vapor Chamber as a Key Function of Thermal Solution for Electronic Devices
Authors: Elnaggar Mohamed , Hatab Mohammed Abu , Edwan Ezzaldeen
Published: February 2022

Electronics industry requires efficient design that can handle fast mathematical operations to compensate for the growing development and demand for processing power. These days, there are numerous equipment or parts inside machines called heating elements particularly with electrical or electronic devices and they should be cooled during the working process. However, with respect to their size, manufacturers are minifying day by day to satisfy requirements of users but the power should be maintained. Hence, elements withstand a high amount of heat and high heat flux (transition/mutability) is being generated during the working process. The main contribution of this study is to investigate thermal solutions using four cooling tools and to compare to each other and consider thermal design guidelines and factors as well. Furthermore, we review the appropriate thermal solutions for the produced heat from the electronic equipment and we present the effective and suitable tools which used to dissipate this heat. A heat sink, heat pipe, and vapor chamber are reviewed and compared depending on the previous studies that have implemented them.
Multi-Modal Natural Frequency Response of Utility Transmission Tapered Wood Poles Under Various Soil Foundation Conditions
Authors: Ayakannu Ramani , Razzaq Zia
Published: February 2022

Studied herein is the multi-modal natural frequency response of utility transmission tapered wood poles under various soil foundation conditions. Strong winds and hurricanes in various parts of the world have resulted in collapse of such utility poles and have resulted in the disruption of electrical distribution systems in addition to creating hazardous conditions for the public. To avoid the development of resonance under such dynamic loading, the multi-modal natural vibration of the utility poles first needs to be understood in the presence of practical soil foundation conditions. To capture the soil-structure interaction effects on the multi-modal frequencies, a SAP2000 dynamic finite element model is created in which the foundation soil stiffness is characterized by means of a series of ‘soil springs’ below the ground level. The properties of the soil springs vary with types of foundation soils and depths. Three types of foundation soils are considered, namely sandy, clayey soils and Granite (Rock). The results are compared to a standard fixed base model. It is found that the fundamental natural frequencies decreased by 52%, 37%, and 3% for sandy, clayey soils and granite, respectively, when compared to fixed base model. It was observed that there was an increase in the frequencies of the embedded utility poles in clay and granite, when compared to those with the fixed based after the 1st mode whereas, poles embedded in sandy soils showed increase in modal frequencies after the 3rd mode. The 10th mode appears to be a starting point of modal frequency convergence, while an apparent convergence occurs after the 20th mode. The convergent modal frequency was about 740 Hz for the Class H1 utility pole. However, there was a significant increase in the higher modal frequencies such as nearly 55% at the 20th mode, in all soil types when compared to the fixed base model.
Modelling Flow Behavior of Gas Leakage from Buried Pipelineu
Authors: Ndalila Petro , Li Yuxing , Liu Cuiwei
Published: February 2022

Risks in gas transportation are usually comprised of losses of the valuable gas, fire, explosion, and destruction to the environment. The safety of this infrastructure especially flammable gas pipelines is of great importance due to potential associated risks when leakage happens. An accurate understanding of the dispersion characteristics of the leaked gas from the underground pipe is of great importance. A gas leaking model from the buried pipeline was established based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique, to simulate the situation. At the incidence of leakage, gas will propagate out and cause changes in flow behavior, which will prompt the detectors. The leakage position influences significantly much on the strength of leak signals to be detected at the ground surface. Under the simulation process, the double leakage pipeline model was involved. The variation of flow parameters inside the pipeline, outside pipeline, and the effect of leakage position were depicted and analyzed.
Effect of Water Injection into Aero-derivative Gas Turbine Combustors on NOx Reduction
Authors: Agbadede Roupa , Allison Isaiah
Published: February 2022

Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) generated from gas turbines causes enormous harm to human health and the environment. As a result, different methods have been employed to reduce NOx produced from gas turbine combustion process. One of such technique is the injection of water or steam into the combustion chamber to reduce the flame temperature. A twin shaft aero-derivative gas turbine was modelled and simulated using GASTURB simulation software. The engine was modelled after the GE LM2500 class of gas turbine engines. Water injection into the gas turbine combustor was simulated by implanting water-to-fuel ratios of 0 to 0.8, in an increasing order of 0.2. The results show that when water-to-fuel ratio was increased, the Nox severity index reduced. While heat rate and fuel flow increased with water-to-fuel ratio (injection flow rate).
Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Information Security in 5G IoT Environments
Authors: Petrov Ivan , Janevski Toni
Published: February 2022

The development of the telecommunication networks observed in present and future time is impressive. Today we witness rapid implementation of 5G networks. We can say that this actually is the moment when (artificial intelligence) AI enters at small door but in the beyond 5G world it is expected to have the prime role in smart operation, management and maintenance of non-software defined networking (SDN), network function virtualization (NFV) and especially at SDN and NFV aware networks. Number of standardization body’s and work groups are focused in a way to create a framework that will define the future use of AI and security standards necessary to exist in order to create health environment for the next generation telecommunication infrastructure. In the wireless world AI/Machine learning (ML) has great potential to shake the way we operate and to become foundation of the transformation that leads to the next industrial revolution. Network virtualization gives flexibility and freedom of the telco operators to choose the hardware and network topology they need for AI/ML platforms and big data sets. 5G and IoT create positive environment for AI and ML development and usage. As the network requirements are developed and the number of the users raises, gains are expected to grow with the number of variables and the interactions among them so it becomes impossible to relay on humans to control the network for increased number of variables and this is why AI with ML and automation become beneficial and necessity to run the future networks. AI generally is defined as capacity of mind or ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills while ML is defined as learning that does not require explicit programming. Combined usage of AI and ML can optimize almost any component of the wireless network, this does not mean that it should be used everywhere mainly because at the end of the day the cost benefit analysis of its usage must be positive. Smart operation, management and infrastructure maintenance (SOMM) networks are defined as: Intelligent, data driven, integrated and agile. Today AI is introduced but in future it will represent the network engine. It is interesting to mention that network security must be upgraded because the network will provide services for massive number of IoT devices that will have variety of functions and requests. AI/ML can improve the security services and to be used in order to elevate them at advanced level. In this text we focus our attention at AI/ML and security scenarios defined for IoT in 5G environment.
Lateral-Torsional Buckling Strength of Two-Span Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Beams
Authors: Sirjani Mojtaba B. , Razzaq Zia
Published: February 2022

This paper presents the outcome of a study of two-span glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) I-section beams susceptible to lateral-torsional buckling when subjected to gradually increasing concentrated vertical load(s) in the presence of two different types of lateral bracing schemes. It is found that loading one span results in a smaller buckling load as compared with the cases with loading in both spans regardless of the type of bracing scheme used. Also, the study shows that the addition of midspan braces for the GFRP beams results in up to 5.5 times increase in the buckling load capacity.
Characterization of Multi-Drug Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria Present in Fresh Leafy & Salad Vegetables in Dhaka, Bangladesh
Authors: Aurin Shahrin Akter , Chowdhury Sohana Parvin , Abony Maruf , Rifa Jarin , Banik Avijit , Fatema Aneeka Nawar , Ghurnee Oshin , Ahmed Zakaria
Published: February 2022

This study was conducted to determine the microbiological quality of fresh raw and unwashed leafy and salad vegetables in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Six different types of samples (red amaranth, spinach, carrot, radish, tomato, and cucumber) were collected in pre-sterilized zip-lock bags from various local markets in Dhaka. All samples were transported to the Centre of Excellence for Global Health Research Laboratory of Primeasia University at earliest convenience. Samples were enriched in Nutrient Broth media and were then cultured on selective media for isolation purpose. Serial dilution was performed for the total viable count. Biochemical and carbohydrate profiling was conducted for the presumptive identification of the isolates. Commercial antibiotic discs were used for antibiogram by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar medium. The total microbial load ranged from 8x107 to 1.70x108. Total 36 isolates were identified, having 7 differentorganisms. The most predominant organism was Vibrio sp. (23%) followed by Klebsiella sp.(20%), Acinetobacter sp. (19%), Pseudomonas sp. (19%), Salmonella sp. (8%), Moraxella sp.(8%) and Escherichia coli (3%). 11% of the Vibrio sp. isolates were V. cholerae, found from 4 samples. No presence of V. cholerae was observed in the tomatosamples. E. coli was observed only in Carrot sample. Antibiotics from 7 different groups were tested against the organisms among which Imipenem showed the highest sensitivity (86%). Following Ceftriaxone (100%), Nitrofurantoin (94%), Erythromycin (89%) and Amoxicillin (83%) had the highest resistance against the isolated organisms. Moreover, most of the isolates showed a multi-drug resistance pattern where they were resistant to at least four drugs. Prevalence of pathogenic bacteria in raw unwashed vegetables can cause potential adverse health effects and therefore the consumers need to be conscious about the matter.
The Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Water-Health-Food-Economy Nexus and Sustainable Development in Developing Countries
Authors: Joshua W. K.
Published: February 2022

The SARS-Cov-2 pandemic has raised important concerns regarding sustainable development. With vaccines still on trial and lack of effective treatment, countries must ensure adequate measures are in place to protect and cushion the impact of the virus. In this short review, I examine the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). I aim to achieve this by looking at how non-pharmaceutical measures like lockdown, impacts negatively on the water-health-food-economy nexus, and how it affects the realization of the SDGs. The nexus between water, food, health, and economy especially in the context of the pandemic has a strong relationship that will undermine sustainable development. I argue that a large number of people from Sub-Saharan Africa have largely been marginalized economically and socially and that despite having low numbers of positive cases, the region will significantly be impacted due to underlying issues relating to poverty, hunger, poor education and health systems. Although I project to see a relatively improved health sector due to the funds injected into the sector to curtail the pandemic, food-water-economy will drastically impact on sustainable development in the region. There is therefore the need to address the issue by adopting a measure that looks at the nexus between food, water, health, and economy. The root problem underlying the inequity in the health, water food and economic sectors, exposed by the pandemic must be addressed, not just to prepare for another pandemic but to care for people in resource-poor settings in non-pandemic times and ensure sustainable development.
Next Steps Might Be Considered by Joe Biden for the Development of International Trade Law
Authors: Alam Md. Habib
Published: February 2022

The United States of America is a part of the globalization of international trade law. The USA is known as a leading global trader among all nations. The President of the USA plays a vital role in the development of international trade law. On 8 November 2016, Donald Trump was elected as president of the United States of America. Donald Trump engaged in different trade deals and policies with different countries and international institutions. The trade deals and policies are withdrawal from TPP, reshaping NAFTA, reforming WTO, and imposing tariffs on foreign goods. On 8 November 2020, CNN commented, Joe Biden will be the next president of the USA. Many scholars expressed different thoughts relating to the reforming international trade law by Joe Biden. The main aim of Joe Biden will be to remove trade barriers and end artificial trade wars with different foreign nations. My research will suggest how Joe Biden may overcome these issues for the betterment of the international trade law around the world.
Assessment of Efficiency and Sustainability of Housing Plan in Khartoum
Authors: Elhag Abdelrahim
Published: February 2022

This study aims to investigate the efficiency and adequacy of Sudan Housing Plan that aims to attain the goal of the provision of comfortable and affordable houses for those who get a low income. Two districts were chosen as a study area. Alazhari Block 3 and Alawda housing project located in the south of Khartoum. BK3 representing the sites and service brand, furthermore, Alawda represents core buildings (flats) type. Both areas have been monitored for 16 years (2004 - 2020) using satellite imageries, local services committee queries, and field surveying. The study showed that only 34% percent of the 678 parcels of BK3 was built up and only 3% of the buildings were occupied for 30 years, suffering the deficiency of basic services, while 100% of Alawda 1216 flats were built and occupied with full services in 3 years. This gives the credit of efficiency and adequacy to the core type on the site and services type.
Evaluation of the Behavior of The Physical and Mechanical Properties of Green Concrete Exposed to Magnesium Sulfate
Authors: Landa-Ruiz Laura , Ariza-Figueroa Hilda , Santiago-Hurtado Griselda , Moreno-Landeros Victor , López Meraz Raúl Alberto , Villegas-Apaez Rafael , Márquez-Montero Sabino , Croche René , Baltazar-Zamora Miguel Angel
Published: February 2022

In the present research work, four concrete mixtures were designed according to the ACI 211.1 method, the first as a control mixture, with 100% CPC, and the remaining three elaborated with partial replacement of the CPC by combinations of Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash and Silica Fume (SCBA-SF) in 10%, 20% and 30% (Green Concrete). The tests carried out on the four mixtures were physical properties (Slump, Temperature, Density) and mechanical properties as Compressive Strength (F'c) and Modulus of Elasticity, according to the ASTM and ONNCCE standards, the study specimens were exposed in water, as a control medium and a 3.5% solution of MgSO4 as an aggressive medium for a period of 28 days. The results obtained indicate a good performance of the Green Concrete in comparison with the control mixture, in particular the Green Concrete made with 10% and 20% substitution of CPC by SCBA-SF.
Leaching Batch Test and XRD Characterized OPC Treated Lead Contaminated Soil
Authors: Arhoma Mabrouk Hassan
Published: February 2022

The metal leaching behaviour of synthetically prepared contaminated soil containing 792 ?g/g lead was investigated after the addition of cement. The leaching behaviour of lead was investigated using 5 grams of the soil thoroughly mixed with 0.1g of the stabilizing material in a polypropylene container to which 50ml of either deionized water,0.01M HNO3 or 0.1M HNO3 was added. The mixture was shaken on a flat bed shaker for 2h, and then filtered using a Whatman No 542 filter paper. The lead concentration in the filtrate was determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. When deionised water or 0.1MHNO3 was used, the concentration of lead in the leachate was less than 1% of the added lead in the soil. In similar experiments with 0.1M HNO3 lead retention in the presence of Portland cement was 90%. Results from the analysis of X-ray diffraction measurements on soil samples retained on the filter paper showed the formation of lead sulphate and lead carbonate when Portland cement is used to stabilize the lead contaminated soil.
Nigerian Defence Academy Shooting Zone: Soil Speciation of the Kwanar-Doya Military Shooting Range, Kachia, Kaduna State, Nigeria
Authors: Nwaedozie Jonathan Maduka , Awe Femi Emmanuel , Aghanwa Ifeanyi Charles
Published: February 2022

The speciation of toxic metals of Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb, Zn, Ni and As in Kwanar – Doya Shooting site of the Nigerian Army, Military Training, Base Camp, Kachia, Kaduna State, Nigeria was investigated. The soil physico-chemical parameters, total metal content and sequential extraction methods were determined in duplicates using standard methods. The pH ranged from 3.93–4.51, showing the high acidity of the soil and electro -conductivity gave a mean value of 0.11 ms / cm showing the poor nutrient value of the soil). While the mean total metals values were Zinc: 28.94 mg/kg, Nickel: 13.45mg/kg, Manganese: 78: 12 mg/kg, Lead: 40.6 mg/kg, Arsenic: 305 mg/kg, Chromium: 49.32 mg/kg, Cobalt: 162:50 mg/kg and copper: 7.3 mg/kg. All the metals were above the W.H.O permissible limit for toxic metals in soils except Zinc and Nickel. The sequential partitioning and distribution and variation of toxic metals in the various fractions of the Nigerian Defence Academy Shooting Range soil were in the following order: Cobalt: Residual > Bound to carbonate > Exchangeable > Organic > Fe – Mn Oxide Arsenic: Fe – Mn Oxide > Bound to carbonate > Residual > Organic > Chromium: Bound to carbonate > Exchangeable > Fe – Mn Oxide > Organic > Residual. Nickel: Fe – Mn Oxide > Exchangeable > Bound to carbonate > Residual > Organic. Manganese: Residual > Fe – Mn Oxide > Bound to carbonate > Organic > Exchangeable. Lead: Residual > Organic > Bound to carbonate > Exchangeable > Fe – Mn Oxide. Zinc: Fe – Mn Oxide > Residual > Organic > Bound to carbonate > Exchangeable. Copper: Residual > Fe – Mn Oxide > Exchangeable > Bound to carbonate > Organic. The Toxic metals speciation of the soil samples indicate that the toxic metals were predominately in the non-residual fractions suggestive of input by anthropogenic sources and human activities due to military exercise and are readily available for plant uptake. This could pose serious health risk to the military personnel using the training period. Thus phyto-remediation technique which is cheap and non-destructive is recommended to be applied to remedy the affected toxic metals in the soil for its continual use as a military training ground and also preserve the soil fertility for continued agricultural use of the area when there is no military operation.
Chemical Characterization of Nine Locally Made Cement Products for Quality Assurance in Nigeria Cement Industry
Authors: Odewale Stephen A. , Oladunni Atilade A. , Oyewale Babatunde O.
Published: February 2022

Chemical characterization of Portland limestone cement products collected across the nine existing cement manufacturing plants in Nigeria was conducted using Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (EDXRF) with the aim of determining conformity with global and local standards and investigating likely variation in quality resulting from differences in the sources of major raw materials, especially limestone used in production. The cement samples are composed essentially of CaO, SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, Na2O, K2O and SO3 while P2O5, MnO and TiO2 were present in trace amount. In addition to oxide compositions, the mineralogical components: Alite (C3S), Belite (C2S), Celite (C3A), and Ferrite (C4AF), and other cement quality control variables such as Lime Saturation Factor, Silica Modulus and Alumina Modulus of all the nine cement samples analyzed in this study are in agreement with the specifications for Portland limestone cement published by the Standard Organisation of Nigeria (SON), the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), and the British Standards Institution (BSI). The nine cement products also have their compositions in close proportion indicating none of the products is superior in quality irrespective of manufacturer or production site, a common misconception in the Nigerian cement market.