bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seasonal Dynamics of Wood Formation in Pinus Halepensis from Dry and Semi-Arid Ecosystems in Spain
Authors: de Luis Martín , Gričar Jožica , Čufar Katarina , Raventós José
Published: July 2014

The seasonal dynamic s of cambial activity, wood formation , occurrence of false rings (FR), and tangential bands of resin canals (RC) were investigated in Pinus halepensis from three Mediterranean dry and semi-arid ecosystems in Spain. We collected intact tissues of phloem, cambium, and outer xylem at monthly intervals throughout 2004 from each time six trees at the three sites. Cell divisions in the cambium in all trees started before our first sampling in mid-March and ceased between November and December. Cambial activity was characterized by two maxima; one in spring and another in autumn. Trees still grew in summer but at a very low rate. The first solitary RC were formed in May or June and tangential bands ofRC in June or July. In general , tangential bands ofRC were observed in wider growth rings . The formation of tangential bands of RC seems to be induced by drought in the second half of the growing season . FR were formed as a result of cambial reactivation in autumn and were observed in growth rings that contained more than 50 cells in a radial row.It appears that summer drought and early autumn precipitation play an important role in false-ring formation.
Comparative Wood Anatomy of Perennial Shoots of Potentilla (Rosaceae)
Authors: Stepanova A. , Chavchavadze E.S. , Jausen S.
Published: July 2014

The wood anatomy of perennial shoots of 26 Potentilla speeies was studied using light and scanning eleetron mieroseopy. Secondary xylem of different growth forms was compared. The wood anatomy of perennial shoots of Potentilla speeies with growth forms intermediate between shrubs and herbs (except P. biflora and P. palustris) is similar to the wood anatomy of shrubs. Wood anatomy ofherbaeeous speeies is diverse, and some features have systematie signifieanee. Parenehymati sation and the anatomie al ehanges eorrelated with this proeess appear to be a general trend in the strueture of secondary xylem in rhizomes of herbaeeous Potentilla. This trend may aiso be eommon in rhizome s of other herbaeeous plants, and further studies are required to investigate this.
Structural Changes in Primary Lenticels of olea Europaea and Cercis Siliquastrum During The Year
Authors: Kalachanis D. , Psaras G.K.
Published: July 2014

The structure of primary lenticels of the Mediterranean evergreen Olea europaea and the winter deciduous species Cercis siliquastrum was investigated during the year using scanning electron, conventional brightfield and epi-fluorescence microscopy. It was revealed that lenticels of O. europaea do not undergo significant structural changes over this time period. The filling tissue of O. europaea lenticels consists of fully-suberized cells that form small intercellular spaces. The air-exposed filling cells are replaced during spring and early summer by new early-suberized cells. Further notable structural modifications during the year were not observed. By contrast, lentice1s of C. siliquastrum possess a closing layer of suberized cells delimiting an underlying mass of non-suberized filling cells. During the period of high metabolie activity of the plant, i.e. during spring and early summer, the suberized closing layer is ruptured from the pressure exerted by the newly formed underlying cells. During late summer a new closing layer is formed, delimiting again the non-suberized underlying filling cells during winter. The possible role of lenticels in the gas exchange process is discussed. In both species the shade-adapted parenchyma cells of the cortex beneath lenticels shows bright red auto-fluorescence of chlorophyll, a phenomenon that is not yet fully understood.
Modified Lignification in the Cell Walls of Cad Depressed Poplars
Authors: Yoshinaga A. , Wada M. , Fujital M. , Chabbert B. , Pilate G.
Published: July 2014

Ultraviolet microscopic spectrophotometry was used to investigate lignification in the secondary cell walls of wood fibers and vessel elements from either wild type or transgenic poplars with depressed activity of cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD). A distinct shoulder at 330 nm was characteristic of the transgenic poplar. Measurements performed after 1) a mild alkali treatment or 2) areduction with sodium borohydride indicated that this shoulder merely resulted from the occurrence of conjugated carbonyl groups in the lignin polymer rather than alkali-soluble cell wall bound phenolic aldehydes. UV absorbance ratios (A330 /A280) measured in the center of secondary walls in the differentiating xylem clearly showed that the structural changes observed in the lignin polymer of transgenic trees occurred very early during lignin deposition. This suggests that, in poplar trees with low CAD activity, cinnamaldehydes are incorporated into lignin even at the early stages of lignification.
High Resolution Scanning of Radial Strips cut from Increment Cores by Near Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Jenes P. David , Schimleck Laurence R. , So Chi-Leung , Clark III Alexander , Daniels Richard F.
Published: July 2014

Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy provides a rapid method for the determination ofwood properties of radial strips. The spatial resolution of the NIR measurements has generally been limited to sections 10mm wide and as a consequence the estimation of wood properties of individual rings or within rings has not been possible. Many different NIR instruments can be used to collect NIR spectra from the surface of radial strips at relatively high spatial resolution and the purpose of this study was to compare wood property calibrations obtained using NIR spectra collected in 5 mm and 2 mm seetions with several different NIR instruments. We found that calibrations based on spectra collected in 5 mm seetions had good statistics, with those based on the Bruker Vector 22/N spectrometer the strongest. Of the three properties examined (density, microfibril angle and stiffness), density had the weakest statistics. When the spatial resolution was decreased to 2 mm, calibration and prediction statistics were weaker than those at 5 mm. RPDp's were relatively low with the highest being 1.76 for predicted stiffness based on NIR spectra obtained using the ASD Field Spec Pro spectrometer. Based on the low RPDp's, we conclude that none of the instruments examined were suitable for scanning radial strips at a spatial resolution of 2 mm.
Rhetoric of stability and change: The organizational identity work of institutional leadership
Authors: Golant Benjamin D , Sillince John AA , Harvey Charles , Maclean Mairi
Published: July 2014

This article highlights a dynamic and productive duality in the expression of organizational identity claims between demonstrating coherence with the past and responsiveness in the present. Informed by renewed interest in the concept of institutional leadership, which is precisely concerned with the management of this temporal duality, we argue that its reconciliation depends on active discursive intervention. Drawing from archive data of executive speeches at Procter & Gamble (P&G), we suggest that through dissociation, the rhetorical device to distinguish the claim of an accurate or essential interpretation of core and distinctive values from a peripheral or apparent understanding, leaders actively construct fresh potentialities for organizational change. We thereby develop new insights into the dynamic processes of organizational identity maintenance, revealing its capacity to be regenerative and a herald to the new.
Conceptualizing punctuated and non-punctuated policy change: tobacco control in comparative perspective
Authors: Studlar Donley T. , Cairney Paul
Published: July 2014

How should we conceptualize major institutional and policy changes that take place in the absence of crises, shocks or big bangs? This article uses the case study of tobacco policy (in 23 democracies) to highlight the concept of phased transition towards paradigm change. It recognizes the importance of fundamental policy change while going beyond the binary distinction between the world at one point in time replaced by a fundamentally new political world in the next. It uses multiple measures of policy change over time to identify the magnitude and speed of change and considers how the current literature conceptualizes such outcomes.

Points for practitioners

Major policy change need not be associated solely with crisis or a major event. Rather, it can follow a series of steps or phases during which a series of key factors change and those changes reinforce each other to produce momentum. The case of tobacco control highlights the potential for relatively coherent policy change over three decades.
Modeling of post-filling stage in vacuum infusion using compaction characterization
Authors: Caglar Baris , Yenilmez Bekir , Sozer E Murat
Published: July 2014

Two-dimensional finite-element method solution of the post-filling stage of vacuum infusion was studied based on mass conservation in an infinitesimal control volume. First, resin pressure distribution at the instant of mold filling was calculated and then used as the initial condition for the transient post-filling stage. Explicit time-marching algorithm was used for the evolution of resin pressure and part thickness, and its stability was ensured by selecting the time step adaptively. Finite-element method solution was verified analytically for one-dimensional case and numerically for two-dimensional cases using global mass conservation. The time that it took for the settlement of pressure and thickness was investigated to compare the effectiveness of different resin-bleeding scenarios where different number and locations of gates were used. It was shown that the settlement time increased exponentially as the dimensions of the mold increased, which proved that process simulation fed with correctly designed material characterization can replace tedious trial-and-error search of control actions to reduce the settlement time and variation in part thickness.
A distributed simulation framework for modeling cyber attacks and the evaluation of security measures
Authors: Ashtiani Mehrdad , Abdollahi Azgomi Mohammad
Published: July 2014

The aim of this work is to propose a framework for the distributed simulation of cyber attacks based on high-level architecture (HLA), which is a commonly used standard for distributed simulations. The proposed framework and the corresponding simulator, which is called the distributed cyber attack simulator (abbreviated by DCAS), help administrators to model and evaluate the security measures of the networks. At the core of the DCAS is a simulation engine based on Portico, which is an open source HLA run-time infrastructure. The DCAS works in two modes: interactive and automated. Three types of simulation components (which are called federates in HLA terminology) are considered in the framework: the (1) network federate, (2) attacker federate and (3) defender federate. The simulator provides features for graphical design of the network models, animated traffic simulation, data collection, statistical analysis and different consoles for attacking and defending elements (e.g., intrusion detection systems, intrusion prevention systems). To increase the fidelity of the simulation outputs, real-world payloads are used by the DCAS. All the exploits information and the parameters of various network elements are automatically extracted from the open source vulnerability database. Also, the Snort rule-set is used as the signature database of the defending elements. The architecture and algorithms of the DCAS and the corresponding underlying simulation engine plus the security evaluation results of two illustrative examples are presented in this paper.
Compression behaviors of carbon woven composites with carbon nanotube-filled epoxy resin under high strain rates
Authors: Ma Pibo , Jiang Gaoming , Chen Qing , Miao Xuhong , Zhao Shuaiquan
Published: July 2014

The compressive properties and compressive failure mode of multi-layer carbon woven/epoxy resin composites with various carbon nanotube (CNT) contents at quasi-static and high strain rates loading have been investigated in the present paper. The results indicate that the stress–strain curves are strain rate sensitive, and the compressive stiffness and compressive failure stress of composites with various CNT contents are significantly influenced by the strain rates and CNT content. The compressive failure modes of woven composites without CNTs tend to be in shear deformation, delamination fiber breakage and matrix cracking, and the failure modes of woven composites with higher CNT contents are mainly delamination, matrix cracking and shear deformation.
Industrial gentrification in West Chelsea, New York: Who survived and who did not? Empirical evidence from discrete-time survival analysis
Authors: Yoon Heeyeun , Currid-Halkett Elizabeth
Published: July 2014

This paper empirically tests the extent to which economic restructuring and gentrification affect viability and vulnerability businesses, with specific focus on arts and cultural industries in West Chelsea from 2000 through 2012. Based on the theoretical framework, gentrification stage model and adopting discrete-time survival analysis, we separately compare the risks of opening and closing between businesses established before/early stage of revitalisation (early-arrivers) and those established in the later stage (late-arrivers) within West Chelsea, versus their counterparts in the remainder of the study area in New York. We find that West Chelsea has been an advantageous location overall for late-arrivers in surviving in their market, while the early-arrived gallery and individual artists’ enterprises have faced a higher risk of their operations closing. On the other hand, a higher proportion of new gallery and arts and cultural industries remain attracted to West Chelsea after 2000, suggesting that firms in those industries may be benefiting from the agglomeration effects and localisation economies associated with colocation. The higher opening probability of lodging venues (e.g. hotels) and other amenities signals an overall transformation of the neighbourhood and influx of new uses (and visitors) observed during this time frame.
‘I’m local and foreign’: Belonging, the city and the case for denizenship
Authors: Rosbrook-Thompson James
Published: July 2014

Those considering threats to the liberal-democratic model of citizenship which emanate ‘from below’ have naturally focused on migrants’ sentiments of belonging and the meaning they ascribe to citizenship – or substantive citizenship. Using the findings of two years’ ethnographic fieldwork, the article explores the modes of belonging of a group of first-, second- and third-generation migrants in central London. It is argued that a substantive notion of ‘denizenship’ united these individuals – whether they were citizens or denizens (resident non-citizens) in the formal sense – a mindset characterised by a rejection of nationhood and involving either a renouncement or a refusal of citizenship and its attendant duties and obligations.
Rethinking the role of ideas and norms in twentieth century decolonization: Constructing metropolitan British identities and responding to Indian nationalism (1929-1935)
Authors: Tan Lena
Published: July 2014

Recent ideational accounts of twentieth-century decolonization, one of the most important but least studied transformations in world politics, have highlighted the significance of mechanisms like principled beliefs and ethical arguments for explaining the triumph of norms and ideas like racial equality, human rights and self-determination and their role in ending colonialism. In this article, I engage with this body of literature and highlight, through a discussion of Britain and its reaction to Indian calls for self-determination from 1929 to 1935, that explanations that rely on the importance of the adoption and internalization of these norms and ideas by the colonizer and their subsequent extension to the colonized may miss certain critical elements at the heart of these colonial empires. Specifically, this article argues that metropolitan identities had a significant role in constraining and shaping the approaches of elite British policymakers when they were forced to respond to challenges to their colonial rule in India. Critically, this article also seeks to trace how change happens, by examining and discussing the processes, mechanisms and politics involved in the contestation of the dominant identity important to maintaining colonialism and the emergence of an alternative metropolitan identity.
Dengue epidemiological trend in Oman: a 13-year national surveillance and strategic proposition of imported cases
Authors: Al Awaidy Salah Thabit , Al Obeidani Idris , Bawikar Shyam , Al Mahrouqi Salim , Al Busaidy Suleiman Salim , Al Baqlani Said , Patel Prakash K
Published: July 2014

Dengue fever has emerged as a major public health problem globally in the past three decades. A 13-year national surveillance data analysis was done to describe the epidemiology and its trend of dengue disease in Oman reported between 2001 and 2013. Laboratory-confirmed dengue virus infections reported were studied retrospectively during the study period. A total of 64 laboratory confirmed cases were reported. All the patients contracted the disease during their visit to South-East Asian countries, hence classified as imported cases. The majority of the cases were reported in the year 2012 (23.4%). The most important clinical characteristics were fever (90.6%), myalgia (35.9%) and rash/petechial rash (20.3%). Thrombocytopenia was seen in 31.2% of the study subjects. The mortality was nearly 4.6% and all other patients made a full recovery. The most effective measure for travellers is taking precautions to avoid mosquito bites.
Improved APF strategies for dual-arm local motion planning
Authors: Byrne Steven , Naeem Wasif , Ferguson Stuart
Published: July 2014

Manipulator motion planning is a classic problem in robotics, with a number of complete solutions available for their motion in controlled (industrial) environments. Owing to recent technological advances in the field of robotics, there has been a significant development of more complex robots with high-fidelity sensors and more computational power. One such example has been a rise in the production of humanoid robots equipped with dual-arm manipulators which require complex motion planning algorithms. Also, the technological advances have resulted in a shift from using manipulators in strictly controlled environments, to investigating the deployment of manipulators in dynamic or unknown environments. As a result, a greater emphasis has been put on the development of local motion planners, which can provide real-time solutions to these problems. Artificial Potential Fields (APFs) is one such popular local motion planning technique, which can be applied to manipulator motion planning, however, the basic algorithm is severely prone to local minima problems. Here, two modified APF-based strategies for solving the dual-arm motion planning task in unknown environments are proposed. Both techniques make use of configuration sampling and subgoal selection to assist the APFs in avoiding these local minima scenarios. Extensive simulation results are presented to validate the efficacy of the proposed methodology.
Factors Affecting Spontaneous Closure of Gastrocutaneous Fistulae After Removal of Gastrostomy Tubes in Children With Intestinal Failure
Authors: Khan Faraz A. , Fisher Jeremy G. , Sparks Eric A. , Iglesias Julie , Zurakowski David , Modi Biren P. , Duggan Christopher , Jaksic Tom
Published: July 2014

Background: Children with intestinal failure (IF) frequently require gastrostomy tubes (GTs) for long‐term nutrition support. Risk factors for persistent gastrocutaneous fistulae (GCFs) in pediatric patients with IF are largely unknown but may include underlying nutrition status and duration of indwelling GT. Materials and Methods: Records of patients with IF having undergone GT removal and allowed a trial at spontaneous closure were reviewed. Nonparametric continuous variables were analyzed using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. Post hoc analysis was performed to identify the optimal threshold of GT duration predicting probability of spontaneous closure identified using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Results: Fifty‐nine children with IF undergoing GT removal were identified. Spontaneous closure occurred in 36 (61%) sites, while 23 (39%) underwent operative closure at a median 67 days after GT removal. The duration of indwelling GT was significantly shorter in the spontaneous closure group (11.5 vs 21 months, P = .002). Of 33 GT indwelling for ≤18 months, 28 (85%) closed spontaneously, compared with only 9 of 26 (35%) with duration >18 months (P < .001). With GCF persisting beyond 7 days, only 21% (6/28) of sites closed spontaneously, but this dropped to 6% (1/18) of cases with concurrent GT duration >18 months. Conclusions: Of the risk factors evaluated, only prolonged GT duration was associated with an increased likelihood of failure to close spontaneously. It is significantly less likely in pediatric patients with IF in whom GCF persists >7 days, particularly if the duration of GT is >18 months. Relatively earlier operative closure should be considered in this group.
A continuous rating model for news recommendation
Authors: Gao Hui , Chen Duan-Bing , Wang Guan-Nan , Mensah Dennis N. A , Fu Yan
Published: July 2014

With the explosive growth of online news, adaptive news recommendation models based on social connections have developed as a result of the growth of online news websites. Several models have relayed better outcomes for users. Most of these models establish users' social connections according to their binary news rating scores. In various real systems, mainly based on a non-binary pattern, the rating score is often multigrade. In this paper, we introduce a new continuous ratings model for news recommendations. This model uses exponential distance to measure the similarities of users to increase its robustness to noise. Simulation results show that the proposed model has significantly improved the performance of personalized news recommendation.
Domestic ideas, institutions or interests? Explaining governmental preferences towards global economic governance
Authors: Schirm Stefan A
Published: July 2014

Controversies in global economic governance are strongly shaped by domestic societal forces. In some instances, however, governmental positions reflect domestic interests, while ideas influence positions in other instances. Under which conditions do ideas prevail over interests and vice versa? How do they interact with each other and with domestic institutions? I argue that governmental positions predominantly follow interests if the governance issue at stake impacts the cost–benefit calculations of specific sectors, while ideas dominate when sectoral interests are affected in a diffuse way and fundamental questions on the role of politics in steering the economy are at stake. Furthermore, governmental positions tend to be consistent with national institutions, when the global governance issue concerned refers to questions related to domestic patterns of socio-economic regulation. In enhancing the societal approach to international political economy (IPE), the article exemplifies the relevance of these arguments in case studies on the G20 and the International Monetary Fund.
Costs of and Satisfaction With Child Care Arrangements for Parents of Children With Emotional or Behavioral Disorders
Authors: Barnard-Brak Lucy , Nuner Joyce , Sulak Tracey , Davis Tonya
Published: July 2014

Child care arrangements, costs, and satisfaction among parents of children with emotional or behavioral disorders were examined as compared with parents of children with other disabilities. The current study used a large, nationally representative, and community-based sample of approximately 3,000 parents of children with disabilities aged 3 to 5 years. Results indicate that parents of children with emotional or behavioral disorders did not appear to have significantly different types of child care arrangements or levels of satisfaction with these arrangements as compared with parents of children with other disabilities. Parents of children with emotional or behavioral disorders did appear to spend significantly more on child care as compared with parents of children with other disabilities. Parents of children with emotional and behavioral disorders spent $570 a year as compared with children with other disabilities. The overarching implication for policy would appear to be that special child care subsidies or more publicly fund child care services for parents of children with emotional or behavioral disorders should be provided.
Romantic Relationship Experiences of Adolescents and Young Adults
Authors: Cui Ming , Gordon Mellissa , Wickrama K. A. S.
Published: July 2014

With most current studies focusing on the snapshot of family structure and offspring relationship outcomes, this study examined how children’s exposure to mothers’ cumulative relationship history affected the likelihood of their own romantic involvement in adolescence and relationship frequency from adolescence to young adulthood. Using a large, nationally representative dataset, this study found that the number of mothers’ relationship transitions was positively associated with both the likelihood of romantic involvement among adolescent children and relationship frequency their children had from adolescence to young adulthood. Further, the association between mothers’ relationship transitions and young adults’ relationship frequency was mediated by mother-adolescent relationship closeness and young adults’ attitude towards marriage and relationships. Finally, an interaction between mother-adolescent relationship closeness and adolescent gender on young adults’ relationship frequency was found.
Parental Involvement With College Students in Germany, Hong Kong, Korea, and the United States
Authors: Fingerman Karen L. , Cheng Yen-Pi , Kim Kyungmin , Fung Helene H. , Han Gyounghae , Lang Frieder R. , Lee Wonkyung , Wagner Jenny
Published: July 2014

Rates of college attendance have increased throughout the world. This study asked whether students across nations experience high involvement with parents (frequent contact and support) and how satisfied they are with parental involvement. College students from four major Western and Asian economies participated—Germany ( n = 458), Hong Kong ( n = 276), Korea ( n = 257), and the United States ( n = 310). Consistent with solidarity theory, students across nations reported frequent contact with parents and receiving several forms of social support (e.g., practical, emotional, and advice) every month. Multilevel models revealed that Asian students received more frequent parental support than German or U.S. students but were less satisfied with that support. Students in Hong Kong resided with parents more often and gave more support to parents than students in other cultures. Discussion focuses on cultural (i.e., filial obligation) and structural (i.e., coresidence) factors explaining parental involvement.
A Clash of ‘Mass Movements’? Christian Missions and the Gandhian Nationalist Movement in India
Authors: Pachuau Lalsangkima
Published: July 2014

In the modern history of India, the term ‘mass movement’ has been used to refer to two entirely different things. One is the Gandhian nationalist movement from the second to the middle, and the other the Dalit (Hindu outcaste groups) conversion to Christianity en masse. This article traces Gandhi’s interaction with Indian Christianity, especially the Indian Dalit Christian movement, with an intention to gain a better understanding of the relation between Indian nationalist movement and Indian Christianity. The chapter shows that Gandhi’s aversion to interreligious conversion and his strong distrust of the Dalit people’s ability to make spiritual choice led to his strong and undue criticisms against Dalit conversion to Christianity. As peaceful a man as the Mahatma (the Great Soul) was, his clash with the Dalit Christian mass movement seems to have adversely affected the majority of Indian Christians from finding a welcoming home in India.
Global search demand for varicose vein information on the internet
Authors: El-Sheikha Joseph
Published: July 2014

Background

Changes in internet search trends can provide healthcare professionals detailed information on prevalence of disease and symptoms. Chronic venous disease, more commonly known as varicose veins, is a common symptomatic disease among the adult population. This study aims to measure the change in global search demand for varicose vein information using Google over the past 8 years.

Methods

The Google Trends instrument was used to measure the change in demand for the use of the local name for varicose veins in several countries across the world between January 2006 and December 2012. The measurements were normalised onto a scale relative to the largest volume of search requests received during a designated time and geographical location. Comparison of national levels of private healthcare and healthcare spending per capita to search demand was also undertaken using Organisation for Economic Co-operation and development economic measurements.

Results

Global interest has increased significantly, with linear regression demonstrating a 3.72% year-on-year increase in demand over the 8-year time period (r2 = 0.385, p < 0.001). Annual demand significantly increased in the northern hemisphere (p < 0.001 Friedman) yet decreased in the southern hemisphere (p < 0.001 Friedman). Significant seasonality was observed, with warmer months experiencing greater search demand compared to cooler winter months (<0.001 Kruskal–Wallis). National levels of private healthcare did not appear to correlate in search demand (r2 = 0.120 p = 0.306). Healthcare spending per capita did not relate to search demand (r2 = 0.450 p = 0.077).

Conclusion

There is increasing demand for information about varicose veins on the internet, especially during the warmer months of the year. Online search demand does not appear to be related to healthcare spending.
Progressive resistance exercise in women with osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Jorge Renata Trajano Borges , Souza Marcelo Cardoso de , Chiari Aline , Jones Anamaria , Fernandes Artur da Rocha Correa , Júnior Império Lombardi , Natour Jamil
Published: July 2014

Objective:

To determine the effect of a progressive resistance exercise (PRE) program on women with osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee.

Methods:

Eligible subjects included women aged 40 to 70 years with pain between 3 and 8 on a 10-cm pain scale. Among the 144 subjects screened, 60 met the eligibility criteria and were randomized to the experimental group (EG) or control group (CG). Subjects in the EG participated in a 12-week PRE program twice a week and CG remained on a waiting list for physical therapy. The PRE program consisted of strengthening exercises for knee extensors, knee flexors, hip abductors and hip adductors, all performed with 50% and 70% of the one-repetition maximum (1RM) using machines with free weights. Resistance was reevaluated every two weeks. Assessments of pain, muscle strength, walking distance, function and quality of life were performed at baseline, six weeks and 12 weeks by a blinded assessor.

Results:

Twenty-nine female subjects were randomly assigned to the EG and 31 were randomly assigned to the CG. Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed significantly better results in the EG pain (from 7.0±1.3 to 4.3±3.1 in the EG and from 7.0±1.2 to 6.6±1.5 in the CG - p<0.001), function ( p<0.001), some domains of quality of life (physical function: p=0.002; physical role limitation: p=0.002; and pain: p=0.044) and muscle strength (extensors: p<0.001; flexors: p=0.002; and abductors: p<0.001).

Conclusion:

The PRE program was effective in reducing pain and improving function, some quality of life domains and strength in women with OA of the knee.
Storytelling, Identity, and Strategy
Authors: Borland Elizabeth
Published: July 2014

How do activists perceive and interpret changing obstacles and opportunities? Studying narratives can help us to address unanswered questions about activist perception and attribution of the opportunity structure. I analyze the stories told by activists in the movement to legalize abortion in Buenos Aires, Argentina, drawing on ethnographic and interview data from three periods of fieldwork over the last 15 years. Although they talked about obstacles in many ways, I find that activists turned to storytelling when their hopeful expectations about politicians were disappointed. Stories about powerful allies are part of a social movement’s discursive repertoire that acts as a foundation for later interactions. Interpreting motives for past actions through storytelling helps activists to deliberate about practical responses and to imagine future tactics. Narrative study is a fruitful way to examine how people perceive opportunities and can help us understand how prior experiences shape present deliberation and future strategy.
Integrating Nutrition in the Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment
Authors: DiMaria‐Ghalili Rose Ann
Published: July 2014

Malnutrition continues to be a serious problem in older adults. Experts have suggested a mandatory integration of nutrition into the comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA). The purpose of this article is to briefly review the components of the CGA and discuss the nutrition implications of each individual domain of the CGA. Any problem identified during the assessment (including positive findings on nutrition screening and assessment tools) should be addressed and interventions implemented in a timely fashion. Recommendations for interdisciplinary health professionals across the care continuum are provided.
Psychological, Physical, and Sexual Abuse in Addicted Patients Who Undergo Treatment
Authors: Fernández-Montalvo Javier , López-Goñi José J. , Arteaga Alfonso
Published: July 2014

This study explored the prevalence of a history as victims of abuse among patients who sought outpatient treatment for drug addiction. A sample of 252 addicted patients was assessed. Information was collected on the patients’ lifetime history of abuse (psychological, physical, and/or sexual abuse), sociodemographic factors, consumption factors, psychopathological factors, and personality variables. Drug-addicted patients who present a lifelong history of abuse were compared with patients who were not abused. Of the total sample, 46% of the patients ( n = 115) who were addicted to drugs had been victims of abuse. There was a statistically significant difference between the victimization rates of men (37.8%) and women (79.6%). Moreover, for some variables, significant differences were observed between patients who had been abused and those who had not. Compared with patients who had not been abused, the addicted patients with a history of victimization scored significantly higher on several European Addiction Severity Index, Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II, and maladjustment variables but not on the Symptom Checklist-90–Revised. The current results indicate that patients who present a lifelong history of abuse exhibit both a more severe addiction than patients who were not abused and several comorbidities. The implications of these results for further research and clinical practice are discussed.
Parents of Adolescents Who Have Sexually Offended
Authors: Jones Sara
Published: July 2014

When an adolescent sexually offends, it is a traumatic experience in the lives of their families. However, there is limited research about the experiences of these family members. This article presents two qualitative pilot studies that explored the experiences of eight parents and parental figures of adolescents who have sexually offended (ASOs). Both studies are presented to give a more complete description of the experience. Data were collected using a focus group and individual interviews. The purpose of Study 1 was to identify how parents of ASOs felt when they provided support to their child after his sexual offense. The overarching theme that emerged from the data was to prevent reoffending within the context of the prescribed treatment. Three main themes emerged within this process: an interactive relationship between the parent and the child, identified as being there; the parental toll; and aspirations for the child’s future. Study 2 was then conducted to further explore the parental toll using an interview guide that was developed using the Trauma Outcome Process as a theoretical framework. It aimed to identify their lived experience and describe ways in which they coped with the emotional toll. Four main themes emerged: coping with the initial response, coping with feeling responsible, coping with feeling alone and overwhelmed, and benefits from participating in a family support group. These findings revealed parents’ perceptions of reality while living and coping with the experience of having a child who sexually offended. Results will be used in the development of an intervention to help this population gain acceptance and cope with this experience.
Ontological Considerations When Modeling Missing Data With Relational Databases
Authors: Rubinson Claude
Published: July 2014

SQL’s use of nulls to indicate missing data in relational databases has been criticized as violating the relational model. In this article, I review this critique and two popular recommendations of resolution. The first is to retire SQL’s multivalued logic and replace it with a conventional binary logic. The second is to revise SQL’s implementation of multivalued logic so that it can recognize tautological propositions. I argue that underlying this debate is an ontological disagreement about how to properly model missing data and, more generally, social reality. I demonstrate that the relational model provides useful tools for modeling different types of missing data in different ways and, furthermore, offers a useful foundation upon which to conduct social research, one that supports both variable-oriented and case-oriented analysis.
A Replication and Analysis of Tiebout Competition Using an Agent-Based Computational Model
Authors: Seagren Chad W.
Published: July 2014

Replication is a critical element of the scientific process. This article is an effort to contribute to the slowly growing literature concerning the replication of agent-based computational models. We present a replication of Kollman, Miller, and Page’s model of Tiebout sorting. In that model, individual agents with heterogeneous preferences for government policies select among jurisdictions that offer the most satisfactory package of government services. This project makes three contributions to the literature. First, our successful replication provides the research community with a modernized version of that seminal model. Second, we confirm that earlier results with respect to the single jurisdiction setting are highly robust with respect to voter preferences, while the results for multiple jurisdiction settings are more sensitive. Finally, we demonstrate a technique for conducting sensitivity analyses that leverages a high-dimensional experimental design.
Study on improvement of unstable discharge at start of electrical discharge machining using external high-voltage superimposition method: Comparison of external and internal superimposition methods and influence of externally superimposed voltage on machining characteristics
Authors: Yoshida Masahiro , Ueda Taito , Nagoya Hiroshi
Published: July 2014

In this study, attempts were made to resolve the problem of unstable discharge at the start of electrical discharge machining using the external superimposition method. In general, electrical discharge machining (EDM), the frontal gap distance is controlled by detecting the working voltage. Electrical discharge machining experiments were thus conducted to compare conventional power supplies for electrical discharge machining machines, which superimpose high voltage on the detected working voltage (internal superimposition) with a power supply that superimposes high voltage externally so that no superimposed voltage is added to the detected working voltage (external superimposition). Differences in abnormal discharge rate, discharge frequency, frontal gap distance, and machining characteristics between the two superimposition methods were also investigated. The results showed that external superimposition is better than internal superimposition in that it widens the frontal gap distance immediately after the start of electrical discharge machining, which decreases the abnormal discharge rate to more or less 0 and increases the discharge frequency in a very short time, and that machining characteristics are better with the external superimposition method. Consequently, the effects of the superimposed voltage level on the machining characteristics of electrical discharge machining applying external superimposition were also investigated. It was found that (1) the discharge frequency increases with increasing superimposition voltage, thereby improving the machining rate; (2) the frontal gap distance increases and the surface roughness of the machined surface improves with increasing superimposition voltage; and (3) the tool electrode wear ratio is the smallest when superimposition voltage is around 200 V.
Machinability experimental study of sintered alumina (Al2O3) ceramics material by chemical vapor deposition diamond coating milling tools
Authors: Liu Jiancheng , Camfield Robert
Published: July 2014

The sintered alumina (Al2O3) ceramic materials featured with high temperature stability, excellent wear resistance, and high strength are highly in demand for various commercial applications. Alumina ceramics in the sintered state are difficult to machine owing to their high hardness. This research focuses on the study on the machinability of sintered alumina ceramic materials by using chemical vapor deposition diamond coating tools. Milling cutting tests are performed on a common 3-axis computer numerical control milling center. Four fluted tungsten carbide end mills with chemical vapor deposition diamond coating are utilized to machine alumina ceramics at different cutting speeds, feed rates, and widths of cut. The cutting process outcome is evaluated based on the machined surface’s finish, tool wear and life, the material removal rate, and the cutting force. It is found that the milling machining process for alumina ceramic materials using chemical vapor deposition diamond coating tools is feasible with adequate machining conditions, and the machining outcome largely depends on the cutting conditions. Two alumina ceramics parts are also fabricated to demonstrate the feasibility of proposed machining processes. The details of the machining experiments and the obtained results are presented in this article.
A database and synthesis of northern peatland soil properties and Holocene carbon and nitrogen accumulation
Authors: Loisel Julie , Yu Zicheng , Beilman David W , Camill Philip , Alm Jukka , Amesbury Matthew J , Anderson David , Andersson Sofia , Bochicchio Christopher , Barber Keith , Belyea Lisa R , Bunbury Joan , Chambers Frank M , Charman Daniel J , De Vleeschouwer François , Fiałkiewicz-Kozieł Barbara , Finkelstein Sarah A , Gałka Mariusz , Garneau Michelle , Hammarlund Dan , Hinchcliffe William , Holmquist James , Hughes Paul , Jones Miriam C , Klein Eric S , Kokfelt Ulla , Korhola Atte , Kuhry Peter , Lamarre Alexandre , Lamentowicz Mariusz , Large David , Lavoie Martin , MacDonald Glen , Magnan Gabriel , Mäkilä Markku , Mallon Gunnar , Mathijssen Paul , Mauquoy Dmitri , McCarroll Julia , Moore Tim R , Nichols Jonathan , O’Reilly Benjamin , Oksanen Pirita , Packalen Maara , Peteet Dorothy , Richard Pierre JH , Robinson Stephen , Ronkainen Tiina , Rundgren Mats , Sannel A Britta K , Tarnocai Charles , Thom Tim , Tuittila Eeva-Stiina , Turetsky Merritt , Väliranta Minna , van der Linden Marjolein , van Geel Bas , van Bellen Simon , Vitt Dale , Zhao Yan , Zhou Weijian
Published: July 2014

Here, we present results from the most comprehensive compilation of Holocene peat soil properties with associated carbon and nitrogen accumulation rates for northern peatlands. Our database consists of 268 peat cores from 215 sites located north of 45°N. It encompasses regions within which peat carbon data have only recently become available, such as the West Siberia Lowlands, the Hudson Bay Lowlands, Kamchatka in Far East Russia, and the Tibetan Plateau. For all northern peatlands, carbon content in organic matter was estimated at 42 ± 3% (standard deviation) for Sphagnum peat, 51 ± 2% for non- Sphagnum peat, and at 49 ± 2% overall. Dry bulk density averaged 0.12 ± 0.07 g/cm3, organic matter bulk density averaged 0.11 ± 0.05 g/cm3, and total carbon content in peat averaged 47 ± 6%. In general, large differences were found between Sphagnum and non- Sphagnum peat types in terms of peat properties. Time-weighted peat carbon accumulation rates averaged 23 ± 2 (standard error of mean) g C/m2/yr during the Holocene on the basis of 151 peat cores from 127 sites, with the highest rates of carbon accumulation (25–28 g C/m2/yr) recorded during the early Holocene when the climate was warmer than the present. Furthermore, we estimate the northern peatland carbon and nitrogen pools at 436 and 10 gigatons, respectively. The database is publicly available at https://peatlands.lehigh.edu .
Antenatal detection of Edwards (Trisomy 18) and Patau (Trisomy 13) syndrome: England and Wales 2005-2012
Authors: Springett Anna L , Morris Joan K
Published: July 2014

Objectives

Pregnancies with Edwards or Patau syndrome are often detected through screening for Down’s syndrome. We aimed to evaluate the impact of screening for Down’s syndrome on the prevalence of live births and antenatal diagnoses of Edwards and Patau syndrome.

Setting

England and Wales, 2005 to 2012.

Methods

Data from the National Down Syndrome Cytogenetic Register, which contains information on nearly all ante- or postnatally diagnosed cases of Edwards or Patau syndrome in which a karyotype was confirmed, were analysed.

Results

From 2005 to 2012, 3,941 diagnoses of Edwards syndrome and 1,567 diagnoses of Patau syndrome were recorded (prevalence of 7.0 and 2.8 per 10,000 births respectively). Only 11% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 10–12) of diagnoses of Edwards syndrome and 13% (95% CI: 11–14) of Patau syndrome were live births, resulting in live birth prevalences of 0.8 (95% CI: 0.7–0.8) and 0.4 (95% CI: 0.3–0.4) per 10,000 live births respectively. About 90% of pregnancies with Edwards or Patau syndrome were diagnosed antenatally, and this proportion remained constant over time. The proportion of diagnoses detected before 15 weeks increased from 50% in 2005 to 53% in 2012 for Edwards syndrome, and from 41% in 2005 to 63% in 2012 for Patau syndrome.

Conclusions

Almost 700 women per year had a pregnancy with Edwards or Patau syndrome. Over 90% of these pregnancies were detected antenatally, with the increased use of first trimester screening for Down’s syndrome resulting in the reduction in the mean gestational age at diagnosis of these syndromes.
Video Screen Capture Basics
Authors: Dunbar Laura
Published: July 2014

This article is an introduction to video screen capture. Basic information of two software programs, QuickTime for Mac and BlueBerry Flashback Express for PC, are also discussed. Practical applications for video screen capture are given.