bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DIGAMASELLUS BERLESE, 1905, AND DENDROLAELAPS HALBERT, 1915, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW TAXA OF DIGAMASELLIDAE (ACARINA: MESOSTIGMATA)
Authors: Lindquist Evert E.
Published: December 2009

Conceptual and nomenclatural problems of Digamasellus Berlese, 1905 and Dendrolaelaps Halbert, 1915 are reviewed. It is shown that Digamasellus punctum (Berlese, 1904) is conspecific with D. perpusillus Berlese, 1905, the type-species of Digamasellus Berlese, 1905 (new synonymy). Hence, the genus in which punctum is included must take the name Digamasellus.A new case is made for recognizing Digamasellus and Dendrolaelaps as distinct genera in the Digamasellidae. Two other genera of Digamasellidae are recognized, Dendroseius Karg, 1965 and a broadened concept of Longoseius Chant, 1961. Two new subgenera are proposed, Dendrolaelaspis in the genus Dendrolaelaps, and Longoseiulus in the genus Longoseius. Diagnoses, descriptions, and a key to these genera and subgenera of Digamasellidae, along with a comprehensive description of the family, are presented. The phylogenetic relationship of the Digamasellidae in the Rhodacaroidea, and some thoughts on phylogeny within the Digamasellidae are given.A second species of Digamasellus sensu stricto, D. australis, is described as new, and the female and male adults of the type-species of Longoseius, L. (L.) cuniculus Chant, are described for the first time. New combinations include: Dendrolaelaps (Dendrolaelaspis) orientalis (Bhattacharyya), Longoseius (Longoseiulus) longulus (Hirschmann), L. (L.) ornatus (Hirschmann), L. (L.) aberrans (Hirschmann), and L. (L.) brachypoda (Hurlbutt).The absence of the protonymphal seta, md, from the telotarsi of legs II to IV is noted as a singular deficiency in the leg setation of Longoseius cuniculus Chant. This seta is not known to be absent in any other species among the families of Gamasina.A paper published by Hirschmann while the present work was in press is considered in an addendum to this paper. The subgeneric name Dendrolaelaps (Tridendrolaelaps) Hirschmann, 1974 is an objective junior synonym of Digamasellus Berlese, 1905, and the latter also has priority over Dendrolaelaps Halbert, 1915 so long as both names are applied within the same genus. A lectotype is designated for the nominal species Digamasellus punctum (Berlese). The status of the subgenus Dendrolaelaps (Multidendrolaelaps) Hirschmann, 1974 is problematic, pending a more comprehensive diagnosis providing data sufficient to indicate whether this is a monophyletic group. The quadrisetus group is newly proposed for some of the species placed by Hirschmann in the armatus group of Multidendrolaelaps. Digamasellus badenhorsti (Ryke) is tentatively considered as the second known species of Dendroseius Karg. Hirschmann's opinion, that Longoseius Chant warrants no more than a species-group in Dendrolaelaps, is disputed.
A REVIEW OF THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE APHRODINA (RHYNCHOTA: HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE), WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE NEARCTIC FAUNA
Authors: Hamilton K. G. A.
Published: December 2009

The subtribe Aphrodina of the Aphrodini is an essentially Palaearctic group with eight Nearctic species, of which six are apparently all recently introduced from Europe to North America. The subtribe comprises four genera: Aphrodes Curtis with six species, Planaphrodes n. gen. with 15 species, Stroggylocephalus Flor with four species, and Anoscopus Kirschbaum with nine species.

The genera and species of the Nearctic Region are keyed, and notes are provided on North American literature pertaining to distribution, nomenclature, and the earliest records of the introduced species. The northern hemisphere species are illustrated, and their apparent relationships are discussed.

By type examination, the synonymy of Cicada rustica Fabricius 1775 with Aphrophora salicis (DeGeer) 1773 is confirmed and the following new synonymies are established: Acucephalus circumflexus Provancher 1889 = Anoscopus albiger (Germar) 1821; Acocephalus bifasciatus nigricans Matsumura 1912 = Planaphrodes sahlbergi (Signoret) 1879; and Acucephalus bifasciatus guttatus Matsumura 1912 = Planaphrodes japonica (Dlabola) 1960, as Planaphrodes guttata (Mm.). An index of all usages of trivial names in the Aphrodina is given.
SÉQUENCES DE DESCENDANCE DES FORMES SEXUÉES CHEZ LE PUCERON DU POIS ACYRTHOSIPHON PISUM (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) EN RELATION AVEC LA DURÉE DES PHOTOPÉRIODES
Authors: Sharma M. L. , Larrivée J. M. , Thériault L. M.
Published: December 2009

Suite à des expositions aux photopériodes courtes, la viviparité est remplacée par l’oviparité. Cette action est au maximum à 12 : 10 h et elle n’est nullement accélérée lorsque la photopériode raccourcit davantage. A des photopériodes critiques, il y a des chances égales d’apparition d’ovipares ou de mâles. Dans tous les cas, durant la première moitié de sa vie, la femelle donnera naissance à des ovipares. Les mâles n’apparaissent qu’à la 2e moitié de la vie de la femelle. Les séquences de descendance des sexuées restent les mêmes aussi bien au laboratoire qu’en nature.
OBSERVATIONS SUR LA STRUCTURE DES OCELLES LARVAIRES (STEMMATES) DE CERTAINS LÉPIDOPTÈRES
Authors: Philogène Bernard J. R.
Published: December 2009

Les ocelles larvaires (stemmates) de quatre espèces de Lépidoptères (Malacosoma pluviale, M. disstria, Isia Isabella et Hypocryta jacobaeae) ont été examinés au microscope photonique et au microscope électronique à balayage. Les ocelles appartiennent à deux types morphologiques, l’un à triple convexité, l’autre à convexité simple. Il existe des différences entre les espèces. L’examen de la structure interne révèle la présence de deux entités morphologiques séparées correspondant aux différences observées en surface. La signification de ces observations est discutée, à la lumière des travaux antérieurs.
HOST SPECIFICITY AND BIOLOGY OFUROPHORA CARDUI(DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE). A BIOCONTROL AGENT FOR CANADA THISTLE (CIRSIUM ARVENSE)
Authors: Peschken D. P. , Harris P.
Published: December 2009

The biology ofUrophora cardui(L.) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and its suitability as a biocontrol agent for Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop.) were investigated. The incubation period of the eggs was 4.3 days at 27 °C. Crowding did not significantly reduce the longevity of the adults, the number of eggs laid, or the egg hatch.U.carduioverwinters as a mature larva in the gall but pupation and further development ensue when the larvae are exposed to air by opening the gall. The roots of single and double-galled plants weighed 65 and 78% less and the combined weights of the stem and leaves 47 and 58% less respectively than plants without galls.U.carduiis monophagous: it oviposits into Canada thistle and if kept without this host, into the closely related weedsCirsium vulgare(Savi) Ten. andCarduus acanthoidesL.U.carduiis a promising biological control agent and should be released in Canada.

Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop.) is a widespread noxious weed in Canada and the northern United States. This paper reports on the biology ofUrophora cardui(L.), a European tephritid, and its suitability for introduction into Canada to aid in the control of the thistle.
A NEW NAME FOR A SUBGENERIC HOMONYM IN THE SIMULIIDAE (DIPTERA)
Authors: Peterson B. V.
Published: December 2009

The subgenus Hagenomyia, of the genus Simulium, was erected by Shewell (1959) for Simulium pictipes Hagen, 1880, and S. longistylatum Shewell, 1959. Unfortunately, Hagenomyia Shewell is a junior homonym of Hagenomyia Banks (1911, p. 8) created for H. tristis (Hagen), an African myrmeleontid (Neuroptera). This matter was drawn to the attention of Mr. Shewell some time ago, and he has requested that I act on it.
A NEW NEARCTIC APANTELES (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) FROM OREGON GRAPE (BERBERIDACEAE)
Authors: Mason W. R. M.
Published: December 2009

A new species, Apanteles mahoniae, has been reared from Coryphista meadi Packard, a geometrid feeding on Oregon grape (Mahonia spp.) in the West (British Columbia, Idaho). It is described and differentiated from its close relatives in the glomeratus group.
A COMPARISON OF THE REPRODUCTIVE PATTERNS OF APTEROUS AND ALATE VIRGINOPAROUS ACYRTHOSIPHON PISUM (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Mackay Patricia A. , Wellington W. G.
Published: December 2009

Data on daily fecundity and survival are presented for the apterous and alate virginoparous morphs of Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) reared on broadbean, Vicia faba (var. Exhibition Longpod), at 20 ± 1 °C. Alatae began to reproduce later, and produced fewer young over a longer period than did apterae, but lived no longer.

Reproductive patterns of A. pisum apterae from a number of other clones are compared, and the patterns of some other species are discussed in relation to A. pisum apterae and alatae.
SIMULATION OF TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT DEVELOPMENT IN POPULATION DYNAMICS MODELS
Authors: Stinner R. E. , Butler G. D. , Bacheler J. S. , Tuttle C.
Published: December 2009

The simulation of variability in temperature-dependent development is discussed. An algorithm for simulation of this variability is developed and validated under constant and variable temperature regimes for Anthonomus grandis, Trichoplusia ni, and Heliothis zea.
THE BIOLOGY OF TWO RELATED SPECIES OF COENAGRIONID DRAGONFLIES (ODONATA: ZYGOPTERA) IN WESTERN CANADA
Authors: Sawchyn W. W. , Gillott C.
Published: December 2009

The biology ofCoenagrion angulatumWalker andC.resolutumHagen in Saskatchewan has been studied. In these species embryonic development begins as soon as the eggs are laid and is completed in the field within 3 weeks. Larval development is rapid and larvae in the final instar were first collected before the middle of September. Development ceases during the first 2 weeks of October when the water temperature is about 2 °C. By this time the majority of larvae are in the last three instars. Larvae overwinter frozen in the ice 15 to 20 cm below the pond surface. They are able to survive temperatures as low as −5° to −6 °C though these extremes are not normally experienced in the field because of snow cover. Although the study pond filled with runoff water by mid-April no change in the larval population structure occurred until mid-May. Emergence, which is highly synchronous, begins in the last week of May. However, it is governed by the prevailing air and water temperatures, and occurs only when the mean daily water temperature exceeds 12 °C and the mean maximum air temperature reaches 20° to 21 °C. Most insects emerge within 10 days of the first appearance of the adults. Sexual maturation takes about 1 week. Oviposition occurs while the pair are in tandem. Preferred oviposition sites are the submerged portions of stalks of floating plants such asUtricularia,Ranunculus, andPotamogeton. The observations are discussed in terms of the species’ ability to survive the climatic extremes of central Canada.
APPROACHES TO ASSESSING INSECTICIDE EFFICACY IN SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) CONTROL PROGRAMS
Authors: Simmons Gary A. , Chen Chao W.
Published: December 2009

Two-sample and four-sample methods of assessing insecticidal control efficacy are explored. Respective indices of survival and mortality including methods of constructing confidence intervals and minimizing bias are discussed. Procedures for determining the number of samples required for specified statistical limits are presented
EFFECTS OF INSECT DEVELOPMENTAL INHIBITORS ON ADULT EMERGENCE OF BLACK FLIES (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE). II
Authors: Dove R. F. , McKague A. B.
Published: December 2009

Adult emergence of Simulium verecundum was reduced 75 to 100% by 0 001 to 0.1 ppm Altosid SR–10 at 25 ± 3 °C and 10 °C. No reduction in adult emergence was observed with 0.0001 ppm Altosid SR–10. 0.1 ppm of the granular R–20458 4–G reduced adult emergence 56 to 98% whereas 0.02 ppm was not effective. Exposure of black fly larvae to 0.1 ppm R–20458 4–G for 24 h gave a maximum of 50% reduction in adult emergence of those flies which had not pupated during the 24-h period.
DEFENSE IN TWO PRE-SOCIAL MEMBRACIDS (HOMOPTERA: MEMBRACIDAE)
Authors: Wood T. K.
Published: December 2009

Of nine treehopper species presented to the lizard, Anolis carolinensis, two were unpalatable. The basis for rejection of newly emerged adults of Umbonia crassicornis and Platycotis viltata appeared to be taste. As these adult insects matured the pronotum became highly sclerotized. Mature P. vittata lost their aposematic color and became palatable while U. crassicornis continued to be rejected. Both species brood their young and form large conspicuous aggregations.
AN EXCEPTIONALLY EARLY AND INFORMATIVE ARRIVAL OF ADULTANAX JUNIUSIN ONTARIO (ODONATA: AESHNIDAE)
Authors: Butler Terese , Peterson Jane E. , Corbet Philip S.
Published: December 2009

Two mature male adults ofAnax Juniuswere seen in Ontario exceptionally early in spring, before emergence had begun locally, and very soon after an episode of unseasonably warm weather which was associated with the arrival from Texas of a low-pressure system.
INFLUENCE OF OTHER INSECTS ON PRODUCTION OF HORN FLY, HAEMATOBIA IRRITANS (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE), FROM CATTLE DUNG IN SOUTH-CENTRAL BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Macqueen Angus , Beirne Bryan P.
Published: December 2009

The effect of coprophilic insects on horn fly (Haematobia irritans irritans (L.)) production from cattle dung was measured at Kamloops, B.C. Adult female flies were trapped after oviposition on fresh dung pads during 24-h sample periods. The pads were then either exposed to field insects for 24 h or covered with frames excluding insects for the same period, and removed to a greenhouse where all fauna emerged.

Horn fly females did not show a definite diurnal rhythm in oviposition. There was a single peak in adult abundance during the summer. Numbers of progeny produced per female fly from covered pads showed an apparent peak from 0300 to 0600 h while lowest numbers were produced in the early evening. Throughout the summer the progeny production from pads exposed to other insects was uniformly and significantly lower than from covered pads of the same age. Insects chiefly responsible for this suppression are probably the predators Philonthus cruentatus Gmelin, Sphaeridium scarabaeoides (L.), and S. lunatum (F.). Parasites of horn fly and dung-burying beetles (Scarabaeinae) are scarce and so there is still plenty of opportunity for manipulation of horn fly populations by use of other biological agents.
PRELIMINARY FIELD TRIALS WITH BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS – CHEMICAL INSECTICIDE COMBINATIONS IN THE INTEGRATED CONTROL OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Morris O.N. , Armstrong J. A.
Published: December 2009

Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) + sublethal doses of the organophosphates fenitrothion or Orthene® were aerially applied to spruce budworm infested white spruce and balsam fir trees. B.t. + fenitrothion applied at 10 BIU + 17.5 g active ingredient in 4.71./ha (4 BIU + 0.25 oz in 0.5 gal/acre) and depositing at 1.5 to 3.0 BIU + 2.1 to 4.9 g/ha (0.03 to 0.07 oz/acre) did not protect the trees in the year of application owing to too low application rates but apparently gave good protection 1 year later without further treatment. A B.t. + Orthene combination applied at 20 BIU + 42 g/ha (8 BIU + 0.6 oz/acre) and depositing at the rate of 6.9 BIU + 12.6 g/ha (2.29 BIU + 0.18 oz/acre) provided good protection for both tree species in the year of spray.

Moth emergence was substantially reduced by 20 to 30 BIU B.t. + Orthene combination treatment. Thuricide fenitrothion, Dipel fenitrothion, and 30 BIU Orthene treatments reduced oviposition rate by at least 62%, 47%, and 47%, respectively. B,t. + a low dose of Orthene apparently had no major destructive effects on larval, pupal, or egg parasites whereas B.t. + a low dose of fenitrothion seriously reduced egg parasitism.

The data indicate the possibility of using B.t. in combination with low doses of chemical insecticides against the spruce budworm as an alternative to high doses of chemical insecticides alone.
EFFECTS OF PHOTOPERIOD AND SIZE ON FLIGHT ACTIVITY AND OVIPOSITION IN THE EASTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Sanders C. J. , Lucuik G. S.
Published: December 2009

Well-fed, mated female spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) show little activity during the first 24 h after emergence. During the second 24 h they lay between 33 and 50% of their egg complement. During the third 24 h most flight activity occurs. Smaller, artificially starved females are much more active, especially during the second 24-h period, when many fly before ovipositing. Timing of oviposition and flight is under photoperiodic control: female flight occurs just before dark after peak oviposition while male activity starts before dark, but peaks after dark, with a morning peak of variable intensity.
LABORATORY CROSSINGS WITH DIFFERENT SOURCES OF THE LARCH CASEBEARER PARASITE CHRYSOCHARIS LARICINELLAE (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE)
Authors: Ryan R.B. , Yoshimoto C. M.
Published: December 2009

Chrysocharis laricinellae (Ratz.) from Austria, Sweden, England, and Wisconsin, some of which were thought possibly different species, were crossed. Hybrid sex ratios in this arrhenotokous species were similar to parental types, indicating conspecificity. English and Wisconsin strains tended toward darker legs and female scapes.
SEASONAL FLIGHT AND VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF SCOLYTIDAE ATTRACTED TO ETHANOL IN AN OAK-HICKORY FOREST IN MISSOURI
Authors: Ruling M. P. , Kearby W. H.
Published: December 2009

Window flight traps baited with ethanol attracted 15 genera representing 25 species of scolytids. Monarthrum fasciatum and Xyleborus saxeseni were the most frequently trapped scolytids. Evidence for seasonal flight periods and vertical flight distribution are presented for Hypothenemus dissimilis, X. ferrugineus, X. saxeseni, X. sayi, X. xylographus, M. fasciatum, M. mali, and Corthylus columbianus. Live Q. velutina injected with ethanol attracted five species of scolytids: X. saxeseni, X. xylographus, M. fasciatum, M. mali, and C. columbianus.
TERMITE (ISOPTERA) SUPPRESSION WITH TOXIC BAITS
Authors: Ostaff D. , Gray D. E.
Published: December 2009

A field trial with toxic-bait blocks for suppression of subterranean termite activity was initiated in Toronto. Decayed, mirex-impregnated red pine wood blocks 2.5 × 3.8 × 0.5 cm were placed individually in soil at 1.5-m intervals. Attack on bait blocks effectively suppressed termite activity for 3 years in the eight plots. The method offers a cheaper, environmentally sound, effective alternative to conventional soil-poisoning methods.
ORIENTATION AND DISPERSAL OF LATE-STAGE LARVAE OF PORTHETRIA DISPAR (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE)
Authors: Doane Charles C. , Leonard David E.
Published: December 2009

Late-stage gypsy moth larvae, Porthetria dispar (L.), orient by polarized light in woodland openings. Activity of larvae was greatest before 1030 h and after 1400 h Eastern Standard Time, when plane-polarized sky-light was stronger and ground surface temperatures more moderate than during midday. Larvae in the opening were attracted to vertical objects up to 3 m distant at cardinal points closest to their path of orientation but much less to the cardinal points furthest away. Most larvae move in a north to northeast or south to southwest direction at abroad angle to the direction of the sun’s rays.
EFFECTS OF THE PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR INDOLEBUTYRIC ACID ON THE GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT, AND REPRODUCTION OF THE WESTERN TENT CATERPILLAR, MALACOSOMA CALIFORNICUM PLUVIALE (LEPIDOPTERA: LASIOCAMPIDAE)
Authors: Cameron P. J. , Wellington W. G.
Published: December 2009

The synthetic plant growth regulator indolebutyric acid delayed pupation, produced lighter pupae, and interfered with the larva-to-pupa molt of the western tent caterpillar, Malacosoma californicum pluviale (Dyar), when it was mixed with water (0.1 g/1.) in which cut foliage for rearing the larvae was kept. Treatment of very young larvae led to adults that produced more and better eggs than the controls. Treating older larvae produced antigonadotrophic effects.
GENETIC FEEDBACK AND SIMULATED ENVIRONMENTAL CATASTROPHES
Authors: Sydor William J. , Pimentel David
Published: December 2009

An investigation was made of the impact of a series of environmental catastrophes upon herbivore population regulation through density-dependent genetic feedback interactions with simulated plants. Mean density and amplitude of fluctuation of the herbivore in the control system (only susceptible alleles in the plant population) were higher than in the genetic feedback system (3 resistant alleles and 3 susceptible alleles in the plant population). Mean density and amplitude of fluctuation of the herbivores in the catastrophic system (only susceptible alleles in the plant population and the herbivore population subject to a series of environmental catastrophes) were lower than in the control and genetic feedback systems, but both mean density and amplitude of fluctuation were higher than in the genetic feedback and catastrophic system (3 resistant and 3 susceptible alleles in the plant population and the herbivore population subject to a series of environmental catastrophes). The results of this experiment suggest that genetic feedback can exert a controlling influence in population dynamics even in systems where environmental catastrophes are a common occurrence.
DEFOLIATION OF WHITE BIRCH BY THE BIRCH CASEBEARER, COLEOPHORA FUSCEDINELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: COLEOPHORIDAE)
Authors: Bryant D. G. , Raske A. G.
Published: December 2009

Defoliation by the birch casebearer, Coleophora fuscedinella Zeller, the most important pest of white birch, Betula papyrifera Marsh., in Newfoundland, is correlated with leaf size but the differences in defoliation associated with leaf size are too small to be of practical importance. Thus, a sample of at least eight leaves from either the top crown quarter or from mid crown will give consistent estimates of tree defoliation, and 14 trees should be sampled to classify a stand for appraisal surveys or for evaluation of damage to scenic areas. Evaluation of stand defoliation in three broad classes is recommended: up to 30% defoliation appears as light browning not noticed by the general public, 30% to 90% results in distinct browning, and over 90% defoliation denotes intensive browning and bud and branch mortality.
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL ATTEMPTS BY INTRODUCTIONS AGAINST PEST INSECTS IN THE FIELD IN CANADA
Authors: Beirne B. P.
Published: December 2009

This is an analysis of the attempts to colonize at least 208 species of parasites and predators on about 75 species of pest insects in the field in Canada. There was colonization by about 10% of the species that were introduced in totals of under 5,000 individuals, 40% of those introduced in totals of between 5,000 and 31,200, and 78% of those introduced in totals of over 31,200. Indications exist that initial colonizations may be favoured by large releases and by selection of release sites that are semi-isolated and not ecologically complex but that colonizations are hindered when the target species differs taxonomically from the species from which introduced agents originated and when the release site lacks factors needed for introduced agents to survive or when it is subject to potentially-avoidable physical disruptions. There was no evidence that the probability of colonization was increased when the numbers of individuals released were increased by laboratory propagation. About 10% of the attempts were successful from the economic viewpoint. Successes may be overestimated if the influence of causes of coincidental, actual, or supposed changes in pest abundance are overlooked. Most of the successes were by two or more kinds of agents of which at least one attacked species additional to the target pests. Unplanned consequences of colonization have not been sufficiently harmful to warrant precautions to the extent advocated by Turnbull and Chant but are sufficiently potentially dangerous to warrant the restriction of all colonization attempts to biological control experts. It is concluded that most failures were caused by inadequate procedures, rather than by any weaknesses inherent in the method, that those inadequacies can be avoided in the future, and therefore that biological control of pest insects has much unrealized potential for use in Canada.
INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE AND THE EVALUATION OF CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR AN INSECT POPULATION
Authors: Taylor C. Robert , Headley J. C.
Published: December 2009

The development of physiological resistance in insect populations of agricultural and public health importance to insecticides and other methods of control has taken on proportions of increasing importance. In this paper, a mathematical pest population model is presented which can be used for dynamic economic and ecological evaluation of alternative control strategies. Because of the unique nature of pest populations, the model is not directly applicable to all actual problems. However, the model is an illustration of a whole class of models that promises to remove pest control strategies from the category of ad hoc decisions.

For those empirical problems for which a benefit function can be defined, dynamic programming is suggested as a method for determining an optimal strategy over time. When it is difficult or impossible to specify a benefit function, which is frequently the case, it is suggested that Monte Carlo techniques, applied to the pest control strategies of interest, be used to determine the effects on the pest population over time.
A TRANSFER FUNCTION FORECASTING MODEL FOR MOSQUITO POPULATIONS
Authors: Hacker Carl S. , Scott David W. , Thompson James R.
Published: December 2009

A mathematical model relating mosquito densities and meteorological variables is given. The model is developed from observations on a real mosquito population and forecasts future mosquito densities from information about mosquito densities, amount of rainfall, and temperature at past points in time.
SPRING FLIGHT AND ADULT ACTIVITY OF THE WHITE PINE WEEVIL, PISSODES STROBI (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE), ON SITKA SPRUCE IN WESTERN WASHINGTON
Authors: Overhulser D. L. , Gara R. I.
Published: December 2009

Observations were made on the flight patterns, sex ratios, and ovipositional activity of Pissodes strobi in Sitka spruce. There is an aggregation of adults on spruce leaders early in the flight season during which sexual maturation and mating take place. Males are more active early in the flight season, while females are more numerous during the latter half of the flight season.
EXTRACTION AND BIOASSAY OF FEMALE SEX PHEROMONE OF WHITE-MARKED TUSSOCK MOTH, ORGYIA LEUCOSTIGMA (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE)
Authors: Grant G. G.
Published: December 2009

Factors affecting the extraction and bioassay of the sex pheromone of white-marked tussock moths were evaluated. Dipping the female pheromone glands in a solvent (preferably hexane) to produce a wash containing active material was a particularly effective and reproducible method of obtaining a potent extract. These were most active if obtained from virgin females < 2 days old. Extracts from recently mated females were only slightly less active than those from virgin females. Males were most responsive in bioassays when 2 to 3 days old. The maximum percentage response of males was obtained at 1 × 10−4 FE (female equivalents); beyond this concentration the percentage response decreased. Characteristically, extracts lost their potency within 1–3 weeks of preparation. It is suggested that either an inhibitor or loss of a chemical component of the sex pheromone causes an extract to become inactive.
NATURAL ENEMIES OF THE EUROPEAN FRUIT LECANIUM, LECANIUM TILIAE (HOMOPTERA: COCCIDAE), IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Rubin Amos , Beirne B. P.
Published: December 2009

Lecanium tiliae (L.) is now attacked in British Columbia by three species of parasites, about 18 predators, and a fungus. Parasites are the most important natural enemies but parasitize an average of only 30% of the scales. Reasons for low parasite effectiveness include: hyper-parasitism by one species, Coccophagus lycimnia, which is apparently a recent arrival in the district, on itself and on the chief parasite, Blastothrix longipennis; a tendency for C. lycimnia to be relatively abundant in low scale populations; differences in sex ratio of B. longipennis between low and high host populations; and parasite mortality in the scales. It was confirmed that the parasites pass the summer as diapausing adults rather than in alternate hosts. It is concluded that the biological control attempt of 1928 and 1929 that has been widely regarded as a success was in fact probably a failure, as the introduced parasite, B. sericea, did not apparently become established. An attempt in 1969 and 1970 with an introduced fungus also failed.
CONTROL OF THE SAN JOSE SCALE ON HARVESTED APPLES BY METHYL BROMIDE FUMIGATION AND COLD STORAGE
Authors: Morgan C. V. G. , Gaunce A. P. , Madsen B. J.
Published: December 2009

The San Jose scale, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), was killed on harvested apples by fumigation with 32 g/m3 of methyl bromide for 2 hours followed by standard cold storage for about a month. Fumigation, without storage, did not kill all the scale.
A QUANTITATIVE METHOD OF BEATING FOR SAMPLING LARVAE OF SELIDOSEMA SUAVIS (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE) IN PLANTATIONS IN NEW ZEALAND
Authors: White T. C. R.
Published: December 2009

By beating foliage with a stick, insects inhabiting the foliage can be dislodged onto a sheet held beneath it. In an attempt to develop this as a quantitative method for sampling lepidopterous defoliators feeding on exotic conifers in New Zealand, the size of the sheet and method of beating were standardized. Analysis of samples made over a period of 2 years revealed that differences between individual collectors were minimal, and that although very similar proportions of larvae were captured on the three areas of sheet used, the middle size gave the optimum balance between precision and cost of sampling. It also showed that as the number of larvae captured increased, the number of samples could be decreased in a semi-sequential manner.
A TAXONOMIC STUDY OF THE GENUS TEGRODERA (COLEOPTERA: MELOIDAE)
Authors: Pinto John D.
Published: December 2009

Three allopatric species are recognized in the North American genus Tegrodera LeConte. Speciation was probably a relatively recent event in this genus as all species are closely related, and separable by minor but consistent differences of adult anatomy. The most distinctive species, T. aloga Skinner, ranges throughout much of the Sonoran Desert in western Arizona and northwestern Sonora. T. erosa LeConte, a species occurring in southern California and Baja California, is separated geographically from T. aloga by the arid Colorado Desert. T. erosa consists of two distinct subspecies, the nominate form occurring in southern California, and T. e. inornata Blaisdell distributed throughout much of Baja California. T. latecincta Horn, a species found in the Owens and Antelope valleys of California, is the closest relative of T. erosa. It is separated from the latter by the San Gabriel and San Bernardino mountains, and from T. aloga by the vast Mojave Desert. The species of Tegrodera are each associated with different plant communities, though the genus Eriastrum seems to be an important food source for all adults. The taxonomic analysis presented herein includes the study of both intra- and interspecific variation. The first instar larva of T. aloga and T. e. erosa are compared, and notes on seasonal distribution, habitat, and non-sexual behavior are included.
THE ABIETINA GROUP OF PRISTIPHORA (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE)
Authors: Wong Horne R.
Published: December 2009

Twelve species are recognized in the abietina group of Pristiphora. A key to species and illustrations of the lancets and penis valves are presented. Only P. erichsonii (Hartig) is holarctic in distribution. P. gerula (Konow) is re-established as a species since it is not a variety of P. saxesenii (Hartig). A new species P. thalenhorsti is described. The name P. takagii is proposed for laricivorus Takagi nee Brischke.
FIELD TEST OF AN AUTOCIDAL CONTROL METHOD WITH THE FERAL MOSQUITO CULEX RESTUANS (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)
Authors: Bracken G. K. , Maw M. G.
Published: December 2009

An autocidal control method involving attraction of ovipositing females to artificial oviposition sites, rearing and chemical sterilization of adults reared from the collected eggs, and release of sterilized males back into the system was field tested with the mosquito Culex restuans Theobald. This species cannot be cultured continuously. The average weekly percentage of sterile egg rafts was 2.4 (range 0.3–16.0) in the test area where sterile males were released (av. 9620/wk) and 5.3 (range 1.5–30.0) in the area where both sterile males (av. 7000/wk) and untreated females (av. 4590/wk) were released. The low level of sterility achieved is attributed to infiltration of gravid females from outside the experimental areas, poor efficiency in producing sterile males from the collected egg rafts, and the small scale of the test.

A hypothetical model is used to compare theoretical reduction in rates of increase of a population of mosquitoes when various proportions are induced to oviposit in ‘trap’ pools if the eggs trapped are destroyed, reared to produce sterile males for release, or reared to produce sterile males for release in conjunction with larvicidal treatment of uncontrolled breeding areas.
TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE CARROT WEEVIL, LISTRONOTUS OREGONENSIS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Martel P. , Harris C. R. , Svec H. J.
Published: December 2009

Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the toxicity of a number of insecticides to adults of the carrot weevil, Listronotus oregonensis (LeConte). Initial screening tests indicated that, in general, carrot weevil adults were quite tolerant to insecticides. However, several materials showed sufficient activity as direct contact, residual contact-stomach, and soil insecticides to warrant testing under field conditions. These included Zinophos® (O,O-diethyl 0–2 pyrazinyl phosphorothioate), WL 24073 [O-(2-chloro-l-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)vinyl) O-methyl ethylphosphonothioate], WL 25735 [O-(2-chloro-1-(2,5-dichlorophenyl) vinyl) O-methyl methylphosphonothioate], Pirimiphos-methyl® (O-[2-(diethylamino)-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinyl] O,O-dimethyl phosphorothioate), tetrachlorvinphos, and parathion. Although less active, Biothion® [(O,O′-thiodi-p-phenylene) O,O,O′,O′-tetramethyl phosphorothioate], carbofuran, and chlorpyrifos were also considered sufficiently effective to warrant further study.
LABORATORY AND FIELD EXPERIMENTS ON THE TOXICITY OF VARIOUS INSECTICIDES TO GRASSHOPPERS, MELANOPLUS SANGUINIPES AND CAMNULA PELLUCIDA (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)
Authors: McKinlay K. S. , Burrage R. H.
Published: December 2009

Four insecticides, carbofuran, chlorpyrifos, methidathion, and dimethoate, were tested against grasshoppers in laboratory and field experiments. Carbofuran was the most effective compound in all tests but it was concluded that, over-all, it would be difficult to predict field performance on the basis of laboratory data alone.
MIGRATION FLIGHT BY AN APHID, RHOPALOSIPHUM MAIDIS (HEMIPTERA: APHIDIDAE), AND A NOCTUID, SPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Rose A. H. , Silversides R. H. , Lindquist O. H.
Published: December 2009

An instance of medium-range migration by Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) and of long-range migration by Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) are documented and the weather systems that made the migrations possible are detailed. Although both species were carried beyond their northern limit for overwinter survival and little damage ensued, the usefulness of synoptic weather analysis in explaining sudden population increases is shown.
CRITERIA FOR SELECTING CHRYSOPA CARNEA BIOTYPES FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL: ADULT DIETARY REQUIREMENTS
Authors: Tauber Maurice J. , Tauber Catherine A.
Published: December 2009

Based on our studies with 10 geographic populations of Chrysopa carnea, we recommend that biological control programs involving this predator use "pure" carnea stock originating from eastern and midwestern North America. Of the two strains (races or biotypes) of C. carnea—carnea and mohave—carnea is the superior choice for biological control on commercial crops in both eastern and western North America because (1) its preoviposition period is approximately one-half as long as mohave’s, (2) unlike mohave adults, neither sex of the carnea strain requires prey for successful mating and initiating oviposition, (3) carnea’s oviposition can be enhanced in the field by applying currently available food sprays, and (4) carnea is efficient to mass-rear on a commercial basis.

The “pure” mohave race is restricted to limited areas on the west coast. This race, which can enter a food-mediated summer diapause, is more suitable for biological control on the west coast in non-agricultural situations dominated by native vegetation, where prey occurrence is highly variable during summer.

Most west coast populations in agricultural areas are composed of intermediates between the carnea and mohave races. F1 hybrids produced by crossing individuals from mohave, carnea, and intermediate populations, show predominantly carnea characteristics, and inheritance of the distinguishing biological traits appears to be controlled by polygenes.
NEW SPECIES OF GRASS-FEEDING DELTOCEPHALINE LEAFHOPPERS WITH KEYS TO THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OF PALUS AND ROSENUS (RHYNCHOTA: HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE)
Authors: Hamilton K. G. A. , Ross H. H.
Published: December 2009

Eight new nearctic deltocephaline leafhoppers are described and illustrated: Palus beirnei, Rosenus pendulus, R. decurvus, R. transarcticus, Laevicephalus saskatchewanensis, Flexamia satilla, Deltocephalus serpentinus, and D. mystax. All known nearctic species of Palus and Rosenus are illustrated and keyed.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE PARASITOID HYPOSOTER EXIGUAE AND THE CABBAGE LOOPER, TRICHOPLUSIA NI: THE EFFECT OF HOST AGE ON OVIPOSITIONAL RATE OF THE PARASITOID AND SUCCESSFUL PARASITISM
Authors: Smilowitz Zane , Iwantsch Gerard F.
Published: December 2009

The effect of host age of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), on ovipositional rate and successful parasitism by Hyposoter exiguae (Viereck), a solitary endoparasitoid was investigated. Success in parasitism of T. ni was correlated with host age. Successful parasitism of hosts exposed as first, second, or early third instar larvae, ranged from 83 to 88%. A decline in parasitism was observed for the remaining instars with a low of 27% for mid-fifth instar larvae.

A different relationship between host age and successful parasitism was observed in tests where all five instars of the host were presented to the parasitoid simultaneously. Successful parasitism was highest among second and third instars, approximately 75% for both, and lowest for fifth and first instars, 10% and 30%, respectively. A significantly higher rate of mortality was found for first instar hosts.

The ovipositional rate of H. exiguae was related to host age. The parasitoid deposited an average of 2.3 and 1.3 eggs per 24 h in first and second instar T. ni, respectively The number of eggs/host and degree of superparasitism declined in older individuals and differed statistically for each instar. The percentage parasitism differed statistically for all but first and second instar larvae.
FIELD STUDIES OF QUEEN HONEY BEES (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE) REARED BY SMALL NUMBERS OF CAGED WORKER BEES
Authors: Liu Ying-Shin , Jay S. C.
Published: December 2009

Queen honey bees were reared in the laboratory in cages by small groups of worker bees; the queens were then introduced to small nuclei to test their acceptance, mating ability, brood patterns, and brood production. Later, certain morphological and anatomical characters were measured. No significant differences in sealed brood, total brood, or in selected morphological characters were found between control queens and those reared in the laboratory. The possible economic aspects of this cage rearing method are discussed.
DIELDRIN RESISTANCE IN HYLEMYA BRASSICAE (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE) IN ALBERTA
Authors: McDonald S. , Swailes G. E.
Published: December 2009

Dieldrin resistance has been confirmed in adults of the cabbage maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché), from the Edmonton area of Alberta. The resistance of this heterogeneous strain had increased from 30% in 1967 to about 80% in 1972. The change in resistance is attributed to selection pressures on H. brassicae by dieldrin residues in the soil. Dieldrin resistance is suspected in the Fincastle area but was not detected in the Lethbridge area.

Toxicity data were established for the Lethbridge and Edmonton strains with alternative insecticides currently recommended in Alberta. There were no differences in the toxicity of the alternative insecticides between strains. Carbofuran and chlorfenvinphos were equal to dieldrin whereas fensulfothion was about six times less effective.

A discriminating dose technique for detecting changes in insecticide susceptibility is discussed.
TOXICITY OF SOIL APPLICATIONS OF INSECTICIDES TO THREE SPECIES OF SPRINGTAILS (COLLEMBOLA) UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS
Authors: Tomlin A. D.
Published: December 2009

The toxicity of a number of insecticides was tested against three species of springtails (Collembola), Folsomia candida (Willem), Onychiurus justi porteri (Denis), and Hypogastrura armata (Nicolet), which were cultured in the laboratory. Treatment was accomplished by incorporating the insecticide into moist Plainfield sand and exposing the springtails for 24 h on this substrate. Generally, the order of toxicity of the insecticides to all three species was: Counter® (phosphorodithioc acid S- (tertbutylthio) methyl O,O diethyl ester) > phorate > carbofuran > heptachlor > methomyl > chlorfenvinphos. Acephate, leptophos, p, p′-DDT, and chlordimeform were of low toxicity to all species. More significantly, however, there were large interspecific differences in susceptibility to insecticides; fensulfothion was virtually non-toxic to O. j. porteri (LD50 > 80 p.p.m.) but highly toxic to F. candida (LD50 = 0.1 p.p.m.). Results of these tests suggest that extrapolation of toxicity data from one species of springtail to other species would be unwarranted.
POPULATION ASSESSMENT DURING THE LARVAL STAGE OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL, HYPERA POSTICA (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Guppy J. C. , Harcourt D. G. , Mukerji M. K.
Published: December 2009

This paper presents a sampling plan for estimating numbers of H. postica larvae in the spring growth of alfalfa. A 6-stem bouquet of foliage formed an appropriate sample unit. The pattern of counts for all four instars conformed to the negative binomial distribution, and variance analysis for 89 sets of data revealed that differences between block, plots, and quadrats generally were not significant. For moderate levels of infestation (ca. 12 larvae per bouquet), estimates with acceptable precision may be obtained by taking a single 6-stem bouquet from each of 16 randomly selected ft2 (0.9m2) quadrats within a field, at a total cost of 120 man-minutes.
EFFECTS OF A SINGLE INJECTION OF METHOXYCHLOR BLACK-FLY LARVICIDE ON INSECT LARVAE IN A 161-KM (100-MILE) SECTION OF THE NORTH SASKATCHEWAN RIVER
Authors: Fredeen F. J. H.
Published: December 2009

A single 7.5-min injection of 0.6 p.p.m. of methoxychlor into the North Saskatchewan River eliminated 100% of instars 3 to 6 inclusive of the larvae of Simulium arcticum Mall, from sites 40 and 80 km downstream, 91% at 121 km, and 66% at 161 km. Ninety-six per cent of the larvae less than 1 mm long were removed from the 161-km site. Plecoptera larvae were similarly affected. Chironomidae, Ephemeroptera, and Trichoptera were least affected.

The treated portion of the river was rapidly repopulated by insect larvae. None of the pretreatment taxa disappeared and in fact many new ones appeared, during the 10 weeks immediately following the treatment. In all four sites examined in the treated portion of the river, population densities of Chironomidae larvae larger than 1 mm long equalled or surpassed the pretreatment densities within 1 to 3 weeks, Ephemeroptera within 1 to 4 weeks, Trichoptera 1 to 7 weeks, Plecoptera 4 to 5 weeks, and Simuliidae in 2 to 10 weeks. Populations of larvae smaller than 1 mm long were generally restored more rapidly. Procedures for an annual abatement programme for S. arcticum in the Saskatchewan River are outlined.
ANATOMICAL BASIS FOR CONELET ABORTION ON PINUS ECHINATA FOLLOWING FEEDING BY LEPTOGLOSSUS CORCULUS (HEMIPTERA: COREIDAE)
Authors: DeBarr Gary L. , Kormanik Paul P.
Published: December 2009

Second-instar nymphs of Leptoglossus corculus (Say) confined to shortleaf pine conelets for only 4 days caused 100% conelet abortion. The bugs fed almost exlusively on the cytoplasm of cells of the nucellar tissue. Feeding in May produced an abscission zone in only a few days and resulted in conelet abscission in less than 2 weeks. Similar ovule destruction, followed by conelet abortion, occurred in late summer after being fed upon by the same instar, but conelet abscission was prevented because of a greater proportion of tracheary elements in the conelet stalks.
SEX RATIO OF THE EUROPEAN RED MITE, PANONYCHUS ULMI (ACARINA: TETRANYCHIDAE), IN APPLE ORCHARDS IN NOVA SCOTIA
Authors: Herbert H. J. , Butler K. P.
Published: December 2009

The number of male and female first generation Panonychus ulmi (Koch) were recorded from 13 apple orchards representing widely different levels of mite infestation on four different varieties. The average percentage of males was 27.5. Statistically significant differences were found among orchards, varieties, observers, and their interactions. No relationship between sex ratio and population density was evident.
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE BIOLOGY OF IRONOQUIA PUNCTATISSIMA (TRICHOPTERA: LIMNEPHILIDAE)
Authors: Williams D. Dudley , Williams N. E.
Published: December 2009

The life cycle of Ironoquia punctatissima (Walker) is described for a population occurring in a temporary stream in southern Ontario. A description of the hitherto undiscovered pupa is also given.
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF A FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR (LEPIDOPTERA: LASIOCAMPIDAE) OUTBREAK IN NORTHERN MINNESOTA
Authors: Witter J. A. , Mattson W. J. , Kulman H. M.
Published: December 2009

An outbreak of the forest tent caterpillar began in northern Minnesota in 1964 and ended abruptly in 1972. During 1968–71 when egg densities ranged from 1 to 9 million per acre, caterpillars caused virtually complete tree defoliation in all study plots. As a result, tree stem densities and basal areas were reduced per plot by 41 and 27%, respectively. Tree mortality was more severe on plots having higher water tables. Graphical and components of variance analyses both showed that: (1) variations in annual egg densities were due mostly to variations in survival during the egg to 30-day larval stage (SI) and secondly to variations in survival during the 30-day larval to adult stage (S2), (2) S2 tended to change in the opposite direction from S1, (3) the net result was a tendency to produce a constant amount of eggs per unit area. Variations in S1 were due primarily to pharate larval mortality and mortality of larvae 2–3 weeks after hatch while variations in S2 were due mainly to unmeasured mortality factors such as starvation, disease, dispersal, etc. Survival during the egg stage (SE) and fecundity (F) varied significantly by years, but not by plots and both were apparently related to weather conditions. Plots of two simultaneous equations were presented to demonstrate the nature of population change in relation to the densities of eggs and 30-day larvae per acre.
A DEVICE FOR MARKING ADULT CODLING MOTHS (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE) WITH FLUORESCENT POWDERS
Authors: Logan D. M. , Proverbs M. D.
Published: December 2009

Chilled adult codling moths, Laspeyresia pomonella (L.), are exposed to a cloud of Day Glo® fluorescent powder as they pass through a rotating screen drum.