bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Emotional and Behavioral Problems in Children Living With Addicted Family Members: Prevention Challenges in an Underprivileged Suburban Community
Authors: Vilela Thaís dos Reis , Silva Rebeca de Souza e , Grandi Camila Garcia de , Rocha Marina Monzani da , Figlie Neliana Buzi
Published: May 2016

Abstract Children living with substance abusers are more likely to experience negative outcomes. Our goal was to compare caregivers' reports on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and a socioeconomic and risk form of psychological aspects of children exposed to substance abuse assisted versus not assisted by a preventive intervention program in an underprivileged community. This observational intervention study was conducted with 66 caregivers of children who attended the program and 35 caregivers of children from the same community who did not attend. Ages ranged between six and 11 years old. Chi-square and logistic regression tests indicate that children exposed to substance abusers have more mental health problems than the general population and those who did not participate in the preventive intervention program presented worse outcomes, with higher rates of behavioral/emotional problems and exposure to risk situations. Results suggest that preventive actions might be helpful to promote the mental health of children at risk, validating the need for public policies and services.
El estudio de los procesos de medicalización en América Latina
Authors: Murguía Adriana , Ordorika Teresa , Lendo León F.
Published: May 2016

Resumen En las últimas décadas se ha intensificado la ocurrencia de un conjunto de fenómenos que llaman la atención de científicos sociales e historiadores enfocados en la medicina: los procesos de medicalización. Latinoamérica no ha sido ajena a estos fenómenos. Este artículo presenta una revisión de literatura reciente relacionada con los estudios sociológicos de dichos procesos en esta región con el objetivo de establecer un balance de la cuestión. Se exploran los cambios teóricos ligados al concepto de medicalización registrados en los contextos en los que tuvo su origen. Posteriormente se analizan las formas en que el concepto ha sido apropiado por las ciencias sociales latinoamericanas para dar cuenta de los diversos fenómenos asociados a la medicalización en el subcontinente.
Exercise performance and differences in physiological response to pulmonary rehabilitation in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with hyperinflation
Authors: Albuquerque André Luis Pereira de , Quaranta Marco , Chakrabarti Biswajit , Aliverti Andrea , Calverley Peter M.
Published: May 2016

Objective: Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) improves exercise capacity in most but not all COPD patients. The factors associated with treatment success and the role of chest wall mechanics remain unclear. We investigated the impact of PR on exercise performance in COPD with severe hyperinflation. Methods: We evaluated 22 COPD patients (age, 66 ± 7 years; FEV1 = 37.1 ± 11.8% of predicted) who underwent eight weeks of aerobic exercise and strength training. Before and after PR, each patient also performed a six-minute walk test and an incremental cycle ergometer test. During the latter, we measured chest wall volumes (total and compartmental, by optoelectronic plethysmography) and determined maximal workloads. Results: We observed significant differences between the pre- and post-PR means for six-minute walk distance (305 ± 78 vs. 330 ± 96 m, p < 0.001) and maximal workload (33 ± 21 vs. 39 ± 20 W; p = 0.02). At equivalent workload settings, PR led to lower oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production (VCO2), and minute ventilation. The inspiratory (operating) rib cage volume decreased significantly after PR. There were 6 patients in whom PR did not increase the maximal workload. After PR, those patients showed no significant decrease in VCO2 during exercise, had higher end-expiratory chest wall volumes with a more rapid shallow breathing pattern, and continued to experience symptomatic leg fatigue. Conclusions: In severe COPD, PR appears to improve oxygen consumption and reduce VCO2, with a commensurate decrease in respiratory drive, changes reflected in the operating chest wall volumes. Patients with severe post-exercise hyperinflation and leg fatigue might be unable to improve their maximal performance despite completing a PR program.
New anticoagulants for the treatment of venous thromboembolism
Authors: Fernandes Caio Julio Cesar dos Santos , Alves Júnior José Leonidas , Gavilanes Francisca , Prada Luis Felipe , Morinaga Luciana Kato , Souza Rogerio
Published: May 2016

Worldwide, venous thromboembolism (VTE) is among the leading causes of death from cardiovascular disease, surpassed only by acute myocardial infarction and stroke. The spectrum of VTE presentations ranges, by degree of severity, from deep vein thrombosis to acute pulmonary thromboembolism. Treatment is based on full anticoagulation of the patients. For many decades, it has been known that anticoagulation directly affects the mortality associated with VTE. Until the beginning of this century, anticoagulant therapy was based on the use of unfractionated or low-molecular-weight heparin and vitamin K antagonists, warfarin in particular. Over the past decades, new classes of anticoagulants have been developed, such as factor Xa inhibitors and direct thrombin inhibitors, which significantly changed the therapeutic arsenal against VTE, due to their efficacy and safety when compared with the conventional treatment. The focus of this review was on evaluating the role of these new anticoagulants in this clinical context.
Explorando la relación ser humano-naturaleza: agricultura urbana, ciencias de la conservación y ciudad
Authors: Torres Ana Cristina , Prévot Anne Caroline , Nadot Sophie
Published: May 2016

La tendencia dominante de las ciencias de la conservación y del urbanismo, ha buscado detener el deterioro ambiental estableciendo una base ética de actitudes consideradas apropiadas para conservar una naturaleza particular. A través del estudio de 9 jardines comunitarios parisinos, mostramos los límites que muestra esta aproximación al limitar la interacción ser humano-naturaleza. Tomando en cuenta subjetividades ciudadanas, brindamos perspectivas para nutrir las ciencias de la conservación y repensar las ciudades, en vista a alimentar la reflexión sobre el desafío global mayor que es la conservación de la naturaleza.
Introducción: biodiversidad y agricultura urbana
Authors: Cuvi Nicolás
Published: May 2016

Introducción al Dossier.
Тезаурусный подход в публикациях журнала «Знание. Понимание. Умение» (2014 г.)
Authors: Габа Олег Иванович , Луков Сергей Валерьевич
Published: May 2016

В обзоре характеризуются статьи, раскрывающие теоретико-методологические основы и прикладные аспекты применения тезаурусного подхода. Журнал «Знание. Понимание. Умение» — научное периодическое издание, уделяющее большое внимание этой проблематике.
Does Aortic Valve Replacement Restore Normal Life Expectancy: a Twenty-Year Relative Survival Study
Authors: Manché Alexander
Published: May 2016

Background This 20-year relative survival study investigates life expectancy in defined age cohorts and evaluates the role of patient, procedural and peri-operative variables on absolute survival after aortic valve replacement.
 

Methods Absolute long-term survival variance was calculated using Cox regression analysis in 585 consecutive aortic valve replacement patients. Relative survival curves in defined age groups were constructed using age- and gender-matched controls.

Results There were 12 peri-operative deaths (2.1%), and 11 further deaths (1.9%) during the first year. 154 patients (26.3%) died subsequently and 408 patients (69.7%) were alive after 20 years. Relative survival increased with age: in patients over 68 survival was equivalent to an age- and gender-matched population. Patient risk indicators for decreased absolute survival included age, Parsonnet score, additive and logistic EuroSCORE, and for increased absolute survival included weight, body surface area, and stroke volume. Procedural risk indicators for decreased absolute survival included bypass time, use of a tissue valve, and prosthesis-patient mismatch with size 19 valves, and for an increased absolute survival included use of a mechanical valve. Post-operative risk indicators for decreased absolute survival included ITU stay, ventilation time, transfusion, haemorrhage volume and new-onset atrial fibrillation/flutter. Strong risk indicators included intra-aortic balloon pump use, and dialysis.

 

Conclusions Patients over 68 years discharged from hospital after aortic valve replacement had a similar 10-year survival as an age- and gender-matched population. In this age cohort surgery restored the patient’s normal life expectancy.

 

Key words: aortic valve replacement; absolute survival predictors; relative survival
Factors influencing heart rate variability
Authors: Sammito Stefan , Böckelmann Irina
Published: May 2016

The measurement and analysis of heart rate variability (HRV), which is based on the variation between consecutive NN intervals, has become an established procedure over the past two decades. A decrease in HRV has been shown to correlate with an increase in mortality. HRV is influenced by a number of physiological factors such as various diseases. Awareness of these mediators or confounders is of great importance in the analysis and assessment of HRV both in scientific studies and in clinical practice. This document, which is based on a selective survey of references and supplemented by information from national and international guidelines, presents the main endogenous, exogenous and constitutional factors. A decrease in HRV has been observed not only in connection with non-influenceable physiological factors such as age, gender and ethnic origin, but also in conjunction with a large number of acute and chronic diseases. Numerous lifestyle factors have both a positive and a negative influence on HRV. There are also physical influences that affect HRV. They must on no account be disregarded. Although the list of the factors is long and not all of them have yet been fully studied, awareness of them is of crucial importance in the measurement of HRV (both under laboratory conditions and during medical practice), its analysis and its assessment. More research also needs to be carried out to close knowledge gaps.
Rede virtual: ferramenta para analisar o conhecimento dos voluntários do MORHAN sobre hanseníase
Authors: Nardi Susilene Maria Tonelli , Pedro Heloisa Da Silveira Paro , Loureiro Luisa Arantes , Marciano Lucia Helena Soares Camargo , Sousa Artur Custódio Correa de , Paschoal Vânia Del’Arco
Published: May 2016

O objetivo do estudo foi revelar o conhecimento sobre hanseníase dos voluntários participantes da Rede virtual de Mobilização (REMOB) do Movimento de Reintegração das pessoas Atingidas pela Hanseníase (MORHAN) em relação a aspectos gerais, diagnóstico, transmissão e tratamento. Os voluntários da REMOB foram convidados a responder um formulário on line contendo 35 afirmativas sobre hanseníase e perguntas específicas sobre o voluntariado. Participaram do estudo 105 voluntários, representando 20 estados brasileiros, a média de idade foi de 38,9 (dp14,14), 72,4% eram atuantes na área da saúde, 73,3% tinham nível superior e/ou pós-graduação, para 63,8% as atividades voluntárias não iniciaram por conhecer alguém com a doença. O percentual médio de acertos sobre diagnóstico foi de 84,2%, aspectos gerais 83,2%, transmissão 71,6% e tratamento 61,9%.  O conhecimento sobre hanseníase foi maior nas questões referentes ao diagnóstico e menor sobre tratamento que embora sejam bastante específicas, devem ser alvo de investimento para capacitação permanente.
Vulnerabilidade social e autocuidado relacionado à prevenção do câncer de mama e de colo uterino
Authors: Luchetti Joquebede Cristina , Traldi Maria Cristina , Fonseca Márcia Regina Campos Costa da
Published: May 2016

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a associação entre vulnerabilidade social e o autocuidado através daanálise da adesão às ações dos programas de prevenção do câncer de mama e de colo uterino em umacomunidade fechada de mulheres. Estudo transversal com corte no período de 2008 e 2014, com amostrade 495 mulheres ≥ 40 anos, moradoras da área de abrangência de uma Unidade de Saúde da Família emmunicípio do sudeste brasileiro. A média anual de Papanicolaou e mamografias e/ou ultrassonografias foide 150,0 e 150,6, entre todas pesquisadas respectivamente. Não houve associação significativa entreadesão aos exames preventivos do câncer de mama e de colo uterino e os dois grupos: semvulnerabilidade social (77,8%) e nesta condição (22,2%). Conclui-se que as ações da Estratégia de Saúdeda Família estão alcançando efetividade em promover a equidade do acesso e facilitar o autocuidado coma saúde dos grupos mais vulneráveis.Descritores: Vulnerabilidade em saúde; Neoplasias da mama; Neoplasias do colo do útero; Saúde damulher
Situação vacinal de ingressantes da área da saúde de uma universidade pública
Authors: Nardelli Giovanna Gaudenci , Carleto Cínta Tavares , Gaudenci Eliana Maria , Garcia Bethania Bonato , Santos Álvaro da Silva , Pedrosa Leila Aparecida Kauchakje
Published: May 2016

Este é um estudo descritivo, transversal e quantitativo que teve como objetivo identificar a situação vacinal dosingressantes em graduação da área da saúde de uma instituição ensino superior publica. A coleta de dados foirealizada através da conferência do cartão vacinal, preenchimento de questionário sociodemográficoautoaplicável e levantamento das vacinas administradas. Participaram 124 alunos. Destes, apenas 39,5%apresentavam o cartão vacinal completo. Dos alunos com o cartão vacinal incompleto (60,5%), 80% atualizaramo cartão e foram vacinados na matrícula. A maioria dos alunos não estava adequadamente vacinada e asapresentações do cartão vacinal, bem como, a campanha de vacinação para os ingressantes no momento damatrícula, constituem estratégia fundamental de prevenção de agravos imunopreviníveis na comunidadeuniversitária.Descritores: Estudantes de Ciências da Saúde; Prevenção de doenças; Vacinas; Cobertura vacinal.
Using Prewriting Tasks in L2 Writing Classes: Insights from Three Experiments
Authors: McDonough Kim , Neumann Heike
Published: May 2016

Even though collaborative prewriting tasks are frequently used in second language (L2) writing classes (Fernández Dobao, 2012; Storch, 2005), they have not been as widely researched as other tasks, such as collaborative writing and peer review. This article examines the effectiveness of collaborative prewriting tasks at encouraging English for Academic Purposes (EAP) students to engage in critical reflection while brainstorming the content and organization of written texts. Drawing upon data from three experiments (Neumann & McDonough, 2014a, 2014b), the impact of task design and students’ perceptions about collaboration on their prewriting discussions are explored. Suggestions for instructors with an interest in using collaborative prewriting tasks are provided.Les tâches collaboratives de préparation à la rédaction sont communes dans les cours de rédaction en langue seconde (Fernández Dobao, 2012; Storch, 2005); par contre, elles n’ont pas aussi souvent fait l’objet de recherche que d’autres tâches comme la rédaction collaborative et l’examen par les pairs. Cet article examine dans quelle mesure les tâches collaboratives de préparation à la rédaction encouragent les étudiants en anglais académique à réfléchir de façon critique pendant les séances de remue-méninges sur le contenu et l’organisation de textes écrits. Puisant dans des données découlant de trois expériences (Neumann & McDonough, 2014a, 2014b), nous explorons l’impact qu’ont l’élaboration de la tâche et les perceptions des étudiants quant à la collaboration sur leurs discussions pendant la préparation à la rédaction. En fin d’article, nous présentons des suggestions qui visent les enseignants intéressés à employer des tâches collaboratives de préparation à la rédaction.
Using Hierarchical Linear Modelling to Examine Factors Predicting English Language Students’ Reading Achievement
Authors: Fung Karen , ElAtia Samira
Published: May 2016

Using Hierarchical Linear Modelling (HLM), this study aimed to identify factors such as ESL/ELL/EAL status that would predict students’ reading performance in an English language arts exam taken across Canada. Using data from the 2007 administration of the Pan-Canadian Assessment Program (PCAP) along with the accompanying surveys for students and the schools, a two-level (student level and school level) HLM model was analyzed for predictive relationships. Results showed that, at the student level, predictors such as students’ participation in class discussions, language spoken at home, parents’ encouragement to read at a young age, and the number of individual projects requiring students to work outside of class contributed significantly to the students’ reading scores. However, none of the school-level predictors were found to be significant. All the significant predictors contributed to only 12% of the variability in this HLM model. Identification of more signi cant variables is needed in order to have a full picture of students’ reading competence and achievement. S’appuyant sur la modélisation linéaire hiérarchique (MLH), ce e étude porte sur l’identi cation des facteurs, comme le statut ALS/ELL/ALA, qui prédiraient les acquis en lecture d’élèves lors d’un examen d’anglais administré partout au Canada. Les auteures ont employé des données du Programme pancanadien d’évaluation (PPCE), y compris les sondages connexes pour les élèves et les écoles, a n d’analyser les liens prédictifs d’un modèle HLM à deux niveaux (élève et école). Les résultats indiquent que les prédicteurs tels la participation des élèves aux dis- cussions en classe, la langue parlée à la maison, la mesure dans laquelle les parents encouragent leurs enfants à lire dès un jeune âge et le nombre de projets individuels exigeant du travail à l’extérieur de la salle de classe, contribuaient de façon significative aux résultats des élèves en lecture. Toutefois, aucun des prédicteurs au niveau de l’école ne s’est révélé comme étant significatif. Dans leur ensemble, les prédicteurs significatifs n’ont contribué qu’à 12% de la variabilité du modèle MLH. A n d’arriver à une vue globale du rendement et de la compétence en lecture des élèves, il faudra identifier plus de variables signi catifs.
An Updated Visual Representation for Writing Assessment Research
Authors: Baker Beverly
Published: May 2016

This article offers a suggestion for a visual representation of writing assessment and its related research enterprise. In today’s world of visual data and multiliteracies, representation through images is recognized as a powerful tool of inquiry that can transform our understandings and our research practices (Sanders-Bustle, 2003). Although previous visual representations in the eld of language assessment have been useful, they have been predicated on two assumptions: that all writing assessment consists of formal tests, and that assessment processes are linear rather than recursive. This new proposed visual representation has potential to aid in reconceptualizing the interrelated elements of writing assessment, as well as revealing new relationships among elements to explore. Such awareness can bene t anyone involved in the writing assessment enterprise, from writing assessment scholars to classroom teachers of writing. Cet article offre une suggestion de représentation visuelle de l’évaluation de l’écrit et de la recherche qui en découle. Dans notre monde de données visuelles et de li ératies multiples, la représentation par les images est reconnue comme un outil d’enquête puissant qui peut transformer notre connaissance et nos pratiques de recherche (Sanders-Bustle, 2003). Si les représentations visuelles antérieures dans le domaine de l’évaluation des compétences linguistiques ont été utiles, elles ont aussi été basées sur deux hypothèses : toute évaluation de l’écrit consiste en des épreuves formelles et les processus d’évaluation sont linéaires plutôt que récursifs. Ce e nouvelle représentation visuelle a le potentiel d’appuyer la reconceptuali- sation des éléments interreliés de l’évaluation de l’écrit et d’exposer de nouveaux rapports entre les composantes de l’écriture. Toutes les personnes impliquées dans l’évaluation de l’écrit pourraient en pro ter, qu’elles soient des professeurs en évaluation ou des enseignants de l’écriture.
An allometric approach to quantify the extinction vulnerability of birds and mammals
Authors: Hilbers J. P. , Schipper A. M. , Hendriks A. J. , Verones F. , Pereira H. M. , Huijbregts M. A. J.
Published: May 2016

Methods to quantify the vulnerability of species to extinction are typically limited by the availability of species‐specific input data pertaining to life‐history characteristics and population dynamics. This lack of data hampers global biodiversity assessments and conservation planning. Here, we developed a new framework that systematically quantifies extinction risk based on allometric relationships between various wildlife demographic parameters and body size. These allometric relationships have a solid theoretical and ecological foundation. Extinction risk indicators included are (1) the probability of extinction, (2) the mean time to extinction, and (3) the critical patch size. We applied our framework to assess the global extinction vulnerability of terrestrial carnivorous and non‐carnivorous birds and mammals. Irrespective of the indicator used, large‐bodied species were found to be more vulnerable to extinction than their smaller counterparts. The patterns with body size were confirmed for all species groups by a comparison with IUCN data on the proportion of extant threatened species: the models correctly predicted a multimodal distribution with body size for carnivorous birds and a monotonic distribution for mammals and non‐carnivorous birds. Carnivorous mammals were found to have higher extinction risks than non‐carnivores, while birds were more prone to extinction than mammals. These results are explained by the allometric relationships, predicting the vulnerable species groups to have lower intrinsic population growth rates, smaller population sizes, lower carrying capacities, or larger dispersal distances, which, in turn, increase the importance of losses due to environmental stochastic effects and dispersal activities. Our study is the first to integrate population viability analysis and allometry into a novel, process‐based framework that is able to quantify extinction risk of a large number of species without requiring data‐intensive, species‐specific information. The framework facilitates the estimation of extinction vulnerabilities of data‐deficient species. It may be applied to forecast extinction vulnerability in response to a changing environment, by incorporating quantitative relationships between wildlife demographic parameters and environmental drivers like habitat alteration, climate change, or hunting.
Lianas suppress seedling growth and survival of 14 tree species in a Panamanian tropical forest
Authors: Martínez‐Izquierdo Laura , García María M. , Powers Jennifer S. , Schnitzer Stefan A.
Published: May 2016

Lianas are a common plant growth form in tropical forests, where they compete intensely with trees, decreasing tree recruitment, growth, and survival. If the detrimental effects of lianas vary significantly with tree species identity, as is often assumed, then lianas may influence tree species diversity and community composition. Furthermore, recent studies have shown that liana abundance and biomass are increasing relative to trees in neotropical forests, which will likely magnify the detrimental effects of lianas and may ultimately alter tree species diversity, relative abundances, and community composition. Few studies, however, have tested the responses of multiple tree species to the presence of lianas in robust, well‐replicated experiments. We tested the hypotheses that lianas reduce tree seedling growth and survival, and that the effect of lianas varies with tree species identity. We used a large‐scale liana removal experiment in Central Panama in which we planted 14 replicate seedlings of 14 different tree species that varied in shade tolerance in each of 16 80 × 80 m plots (eight liana‐removal and eight unmanipulated controls; 3136 total seedlings). Over a nearly two‐yr period, we found that tree seedlings survived 75% more, grew 300% taller, and had twice the aboveground biomass in liana‐removal plots than seedlings in control plots, consistent with strong competition between lianas and tree seedlings. There were no significant differences in the response of tree species to liana competition (i.e., there was no species by treatment interaction), indicating that lianas had a similar negative effect on all 14 tree species. Furthermore, the effect of lianas did not vary with tree species shade tolerance classification, suggesting that the liana effect was not solely based on light. Based on these findings, recently observed increases in liana abundance in neotropical forests will substantially reduce tree regeneration, but will not significantly alter tropical tree species diversity, relative abundance, or community composition.
Quantifying diet breadth through ordination of host association
Authors: Fordyce J. A. , Nice C. C. , Hamm C. A. , Forister Matthew L.
Published: May 2016

Many areas of research in ecology and evolutionary biology depend on the quantification of dietary niche width. For herbivorous insects, diet breadth has most often been measured as simply the number and type of host plant taxa attacked. We propose an index of host range (which we refer to as “ordinated diet breadth”) based on observed associations between plants and insects, and the calculation of multivariate distances among plants in ordination space. Similarities and distances are calculated based on host association and, in this context, potentially encompass multiple properties of plants, including phytochemistry, phenology, and other plant traits. This approach can distinguish between herbivores that utilize suites of hosts that are commonly used together and herbivores that attack unusual host combinations, and thus have a relatively broad diet breadth. For illustration, we use a data set of nymphalid butterfly host records, and compare taxonomic and ordinated host range. For a large number of butterfly taxa, we find that host use is clustered in multivariate space with respect to associations observed across all of the butterfly taxa. Applications are discussed, including a hypothesis test of nonrandom host association, and prediction of shifts and expansions of diet breadth.
Identifying consumer–resource population dynamics using paleoecological data
Authors: Einarsson Árni , Hauptfleisch Ulf , Leavitt Peter R. , Ives Anthony R.
Published: May 2016

Ecologists have long been fascinated by cyclic population fluctuations, because they suggest strong interactions between exploiter and victim species. Nonetheless, even for populations showing high‐amplitude fluctuations, it is often hard to identify which species are the key drivers of the dynamics, because data are generally only available for a single species. Here, we use a paleoecological approach to investigate fluctuations in the midge population in Lake Mývatn, Iceland, which ranges over several orders of magnitude in irregular, multigeneration cycles. Previous circumstantial evidence points to consumer–resource interactions between midges and their primary food, diatoms, as the cause of these high‐amplitude fluctuations. Using a pair of sediment cores from the lake, we reconstructed 26 years of dynamics of midges using egg remains and of algal groups using diagnostic pigments. We analyzed these data using statistical methods that account for both the autocorrelated nature of paleoecological data and measurement error caused by the mixing of sediment layers. The analyses revealed a signature of consumer–resource interactions in the fluctuations of midges and diatoms: diatom abundance (as inferred from biomarker pigment diatoxanthin) increased when midge abundance was low, and midge abundance (inferred from egg capsules) decreased when diatom abundance was low. Similar patterns were not found for pigments characterizing the other dominant primary producer group in the lake (cyanobacteria), subdominant algae (cryptophytes), or ubiquitous but chemically unstable biomarkers of total algal abundance (chlorophyll a); however, a significant but weaker pattern was found for the chemically stable indicator of total algal populations (β‐carotene) to which diatoms are the dominant contributor. These analyses provide the first paleoecological evaluation of specific trophic interactions underlying high amplitude population fluctuations in lakes.
Positive effects of neighborhood complementarity on tree growth in a Neotropical forest
Authors: Chen Yuxin , Wright S. Joseph , Muller‐Landau Helene C. , Hubbell Stephen P. , Wang Yongfan , Yu Shixiao
Published: May 2016

Numerous grassland experiments have found evidence for a complementarity effect, an increase in productivity with higher plant species richness due to niche partitioning. However, empirical tests of complementarity in natural forests are rare. We conducted a spatially explicit analysis of 518 433 growth records for 274 species from a 50‐ha tropical forest plot to test neighborhood complementarity, the idea that a tree grows faster when it is surrounded by more dissimilar neighbors. We found evidence for complementarity: focal tree growth rates increased by 39.8% and 34.2% with a doubling of neighborhood multi‐trait dissimilarity and phylogenetic dissimilarity, respectively. Dissimilarity from neighbors in maximum height had the most important effect on tree growth among the six traits examined, and indeed, its effect trended much larger than that of the multi‐trait dissimilarity index. Neighborhood complementarity effects were strongest for light‐demanding species, and decreased in importance with increasing shade tolerance of the focal individuals. Simulations demonstrated that the observed neighborhood complementarities were sufficient to produce positive stand‐level biodiversity–productivity relationships. We conclude that neighborhood complementarity is important for productivity in this tropical forest, and that scaling down to individual‐level processes can advance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying stand‐level biodiversity–productivity relationships.
Biogeography of Alaska paper birch (Betula neoalaskana): latitudinal patterns in chemical defense and plant architecture
Authors: Stevens Michael T. , Brown Sarah C. , Bothwell Helen M. , Bryant John P.
Published: May 2016

The latitudinal herbivory‐defense hypothesis (LHDH) predicts that plants near the equator will be more heavily defended against herbivores than are plants at higher latitudes. Although this idea is widely found in the literature, recent studies have called this biogeographic pattern into question. We sought to evaluate theLHDHin a high‐latitude terrestrial ecosystem where fire and mammalian herbivores may contribute to selection for higher levels of defensive chemistry. To address this objective, we collected seeds of Alaska paper birch (Betula neoalaskana) from nine locations along two north–south transects between 55° N and 62° N latitudes in western, interior Canada. The birch seeds were planted in pots in a common garden in Madison, Wisconsin,USA. From the resulting seedlings, we determined levels of chemical defense by assessing the density of resin glands, which have been shown to be negatively correlated with browsing. To assess plant architectural traits such as height, mean individual leaf area, and root‐to‐shoot ratio, we harvested a subset of the birch seedlings. Further, we used these traits to examine growth–defense trade‐offs. Contrary to theLHDH, we found a positive correlation between chemical defense and latitude. Investigating relationships with fire, we found a strong positive correlation between resin gland density and percentage of area annually burned (PAAB) around each collection location and also betweenPAABand latitude. Additionally, birch seedlings originating from higher latitudes were shorter, smaller‐leaved, and rootier than their lower‐latitude counterparts. Growth–defense trade‐offs were observed in negative correlations between resin gland density and height and leaf size. Seedlings with higher resin gland densities also allocated less biomass to shoots and more to roots. These results further call into question theLHDHand provide specific information about latitudinal trends in plant defense at high, northern latitudes where fire is a major ecosystem driver and mammals are the main herbivores of deciduous trees such as birches. We propose that these interconnected relationships are the key drivers of the positive correlation between defense and latitude inB. neoalaskana. Understanding patterns of boreal plant defense and growth is especially important because high latitude ecosystems are particularly susceptible to climate change.
Global scombrid life history data set
Authors: Juan‐Jordá Maria José , Mosqueira Iago , Freire Juan , Ferrer‐Jordá Elena , Dulvy Nicholas K.
Published: May 2016

The scombrids (Family Scombridae), commonly known as tunas, bonitos, Spanish mackerels, and mackerels, play an important role as predators and prey in coastal and oceanic marine ecosystems, and sustain some of the most important fisheries in the world. Knowledge of their basic biology and life history traits, such as growth, age, and maturity, is fundamental to sustainably manage these species, and maintain their critical role in marine ecosystems. Given the economic and social importance of their fisheries in many regions throughout the world, numerous life history studies have been conducted in the last century. Despite efforts to create global repositories of life history parameters, e.g., FishBase, many life history studies remain scattered and not readily accessible. Here, we compiled 667 life history studies published between 1933 and 2012 describing the growth, age, and reproductive biology of the 51 species of scombrids distributed around the world and create a standardized life history data set including maximum size, longevity, growth, maturity, fecundity, spawning season and frequency, and egg size information. We created this data set to promote the best use of the existing life history information and with the intention of providing a data resource suitable to test large‐scale ecological hypotheses on life history strategies and life history evolution, as well as support the management and conservation of this important group of commercially exploited species. We envisage the large repository of standardized life history data compiled will make this endeavor more effective and robust by providing a valuable resource that can help address many research questions.
A 20‐year data set of species replacement patterns in the middle‐intertidal zone of Tatoosh Island, Washington, USA
Authors: Wootton J.Timothy
Published: May 2016

This data set documents changes in the sessile species occupying several rock benches on wave‐exposed shores of Tatoosh Island, Washington, USA from 1993 to 2012. Plots and transects were located within the middle intertidal zone dominated by the mussel Mytilus californianus. Data were taken in 14 60 × 60 cm quadrats positioned at two corners with permanent marking screws. A 10 × 10 grid defined by the intersection of equally spaced monofilament lines yielded a set of 100 fixed points per quadrat per census. Plots were generally located initially in sites that had undergone natural wave disturbance in the past 0–3 years, to better document transient successional dynamics, and most plots have experienced one or two disturbance/succession cycles over the course of the data collection. A further set of points was monitored on 11 permanent transects 9.1 m long with 30 initially randomly placed points, which cover a broader span of shoreline than the quadrats. The data collection was implemented to parameterize Markov Chain models and use these to make predictions about the effects of local species extinction that could subsequently be tested in an experimentally tractable ecosystem. To date, the data have been used in (1) a parameterization and analysis of a basic multi‐species Markov Chain model, (2) a spatially explicit cellular automata, (3) a reformulation, parameterization, and experimental test of the Neutral Theory of Biodiversity, (4) a comparative analysis of Markov Chain models across different marine habitats, (5) development of an approach to link global change to multi‐species interactions using an environment‐dependent (ocean acidification) series of Markov Chain models, (6) analysis of changes in system dynamics following experimental species extinction, and (7) parameterization of population dynamic models of mussels revealing density‐linked stochastic patterns. The Markov Chain and Neutral models have subsequently been tested in independent experiments. These data may be of further use in analyzing detailed patterns of species transitions, as well as more standard analyses of spatial and temporal patterns of species abundance and richness.
Filosofía multicultural y educación para la convivencia ciudadana
Authors: Pinedo Cantillo Iván Alfonso
Published: May 2016

Las sociedades actuales tienden a ser cada vez más abiertas, plurales y multiculturales como consecuencia de un mundo globalizado que afecta de distintas maneras los estilos de vida de individuos y comunidades. Pero junto a la idea de aldea global aparecen también reacciones locales, personales y grupales que reivindican los sentimientos nacionalistas, las creencias, los lazos culturales y las identidades colectivas, generando situaciones de conflicto, intolerancia y no aceptación de las diferencias. En este contexto, resulta mucho más beneficioso para la vida en sociedad educar a las nuevas generaciones en criterios para convivir en ambientes multiculturales y plurales que intentar extirar los prejuicios, la violencia y la marginación que resultan de formas de pensar intolerantes y excluyentes. Por tal motivo, la educación filosófica mantiene plena validez como espacio de reflexión escolar en donde es posible discutir, formular y asumir puntos de vista éticamente sostenibles y racionalmente justificados que contribuyan a solidificar una convivencia ciudadana pacífica,
democrática y respetuosa de la dignidad humana.
¿Qué hacemos con la educación?
Authors: Moreno Agustín , Diez Enrique , Pazos José Luis , Recio Miguel
Published: May 2016

Este libro de sesenta y tres intensas páginas acaba de inaugurar una colección sustanciosa en la que se pasará revista a los asuntos primordiales que conforman nuestra problemática actualidad. Tarjeta de presentación de la misma, está especialmente pensado para ciudadanos preocupados por cómo en pocos meses los derechos sociales y políticos que tanto tiempo y trabajo costaron, están siendo arrebatados con enorme facilidad y desparpajo.
La reflexión sobre los estilos pedagógicos y la innovación curricular en la universidad
Authors: Callejas Restrepo María Mercedes , Gómez Gómez Leonor , Gutiérrez Martha Cecilia , Pardo Novoa Alberto
Published: May 2016

El siglo XXI plantea nuevos retos a las universidades y en el debate por la calidad de la educación hay exigencias para los profesores universitarios sobre la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de los saberes y los currículos propuestos para la formación profesional y disciplinar en la universidad. En este marco, grupos de investigación pertenecientes a cuatro universidades colombianas, han desarrollado un proyecto con el propósito de articular las relaciones entre la formación de profesores
universitarios a través de la investigación de sus prácticas y los procesos de innovación curricular, para lo cual se promueve la conformación de colectivos pedagógicos y se genera un proceso reflexivo sobre sus estilos pedagógicos (Callejas & Corredor, 2002). La investigación-acción
se propone como metodología y estrategia de desarrollo profesional (McKernan, 1999) con sus fases de observación-reflexión, planeación-acción y, de nuevo, observación-reflexión. Se realizan grabaciones en video de clases, observación individual y en colectivo de las grabaciones, entrevistas individuales y de grupo que favorecen procesos de reflexión sobre las dimensiones del estilo pedagógico. El análisis de la práctica, está orientado por una visión compleja, investigativa e integral del currículo que articula la teoría y la práctica. El reconocimiento crítico que hacen los profesores del propio estilo pedagógico favorece la evolución de sus concepciones y les orienta para iniciar un proceso de innovación curricular.

 
Matricular las emociones en la escuela, una necesidad educativa y social
Authors: Buitrago Bonilla Rafael Enrique , Herrera Torres Lucía
Published: May 2016

Tradicionalmente las emociones han tenido un papel muy discreto en la escuela y la afectividad en el aula se ha hecho presente de manera desprovista en las relaciones de maestros y estudiantes. Con todo y lo anterior, desde que Salovey & Mayer (1990) utilizaron por primera vez el término de inteligencia emocional (IE) en una revista académica, el número de investigaciones y hallazgos respecto a la relación de la IE con diferentes conductas, con el éxito de la vida y con el rendimiento académico entre otras, han generado importantes avances permitiendo un nuevo posicionamiento de los programas de gestión emocional en las instituciones educativas. Hay que advertir que diversas disciplinas como la psicología, la neurociencia afectiva, el budismo y la educación, han dado relieve a las emociones y su incidencia en el desarrollo social y humano. Por esta razón se pueden evidenciar diversas experiencias exitosas en distintos contextos educativos que se han nutrido de estos hallazgos, sugiriendo además, una especial atención para el desarrollo de habilidades emocionales en los docentes en formación. 

 
Una mirada al programa Ondas en San Andrés Isla: aportes pedagógicos y sociales
Authors: Duarte Torres Paula Andrea , Hernández Vásquez Jenifer C , Medina Jairo Humberto
Published: May 2016

El presente escrito reporta la evaluación del impacto social y pedagógico del Programa Ondas en San Andrés Isla, que fomenta una cultura de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, en niños, niñas, adolescentes y jóvenes (NNAJ). Dicha evaluación se realizó en el año 2011 mediante un trabajo de campo en siete instituciones educativas de la isla, donde a través de tres ejes de análisis (cobertura, pedagógico y social) se presentan los resultados de proceso. El primer eje de análisis se centra en las características de los actores vinculados al programa; el segundo y tercer eje presentan los hallazgos y reflexiones en torno a los aportes de Ondas en términos de aprendizaje, participación de sus actores, vinculación de familia y comunidad al proceso. Del mismo modo expone recomendaciones para el fortalecimiento del programa en el departamento. 

 
Powerpoint y el desarrollo del pensamiento lateral del estudiante
Authors: Muñoz Sierra Luz Myrian
Published: May 2016

Siendo la presentación de diapositivas de uso descriptivo frecuente en las aulas de la Institución Educativa Víctor Manuel Lodoño del municipio de Vianí, Cundinamarca,surgió la inquietud de indagar cómo esta actividad favorecía la capacidad de reflexión y creatividad de los estudiantes. Con este fin se realizó una investigación centrada en identificar cómo contribuye el uso del programa PowerPoint en el desarrollo del pensamiento lateral del estudiante en el aula de grado séptimo. Para este trabajo se retomó la teoría cognoscitivista, proyectos de investigación sobre creatividad, y el método cualitativo de investigación con enfoque etnográfico, aplicando guías de observación directa y entrevistas con docentes y estudiantes. Finalmente se logró identificar que PowerPoint favorece el desarrollo del pensamiento lateral de los estudiantes con base en el dominio que ellos tengan de los temas y del programa, lo que les permite dinamizar la competencia interpretativa mediante el uso de las herramientas de dibujo, expresar flexibilidad, fluidez y originalidad de nuevas ideas, diferentes esquemas en sus trabajos, y propuestas de solución a variadas situaciones. Estas ventajas se destacaron durante las actividades de identificación de saberes previos de los estudiantes, en el trabajo colaborativo y por tareas, en el cumplimiento con funciones asignadas individual y grupalmente y en la orientación y motivación del docente.
Reflexiones previas hacia la integración de nuevas tecnologías en el currículo de lenguas extranjeras de la formación inicial.
Authors: Montenegro Ivan Miranda
Published: May 2016

El artículo presenta una serie de consideraciones conceptuales que involucran la revisión de la política educativa lingüística, en términos de enseñanza - aprendizaje de una lengua extranjera, adelantada en el país, así como la necesidad de implementación de nuevas tecnologías en la educación. De igual manera, se presenta unas reflexiones acerca de la incidencia de las nuevas tecnologías en la educación inicial. Finalmente, se esboza una propuesta de integración curricular de las nuevas tecnologías en el proceso de aproximación a la lengua extranjera, a la luz del auge creciente de desarrollo de proyectos de bilingüismo y multilingüismo en el mundo actual.
Construcción del concepto de razón y razón constante desde la óptica socioepistemológica
Authors: Espinosa Romero César Iván , Jiménez Espinosa Alfonso
Published: May 2016

El artículo describe cómo ciertas prácticas sociales de construcción de conocimiento acompañan la cimentación del concepto de razón y razón constante, como fase previa para la formalización del mismo; lo anterior a partir de detalladas interacciones en el aula. El artículo es el resultado de una investigación que tuvo como objetivo caracterizar el proceso de construcción social y contextual de conocimiento que un grupo de estudiantes lleva a cabo, relativo al concepto de derivada en un punto, a partir de prácticas sociales (interpretadas desde la Socioepistemología) y de las interacciones en el aula de clase. La investigación se fundamenta en la Socioepistemología, la cual critica el discurso teórico matemático escolar y considera que el conocimiento emerge de prácticas sociales situadas.
Se usó el esquema metodológico socioepistemológico en el hecho de que el discurso teórico escolar no constituye una base propicia para el aprendizaje de las matemáticas, según los socioepistemólogos. Los resultados alcanzados permiten concluir que algunas prácticas de simulación posibilitan dicha construcción enuncian las prácticas y se describe la construcción.

 
Ser docente y sociedad de control “lo oculto en lo visto”
Authors: Zambrano Leal Armando
Published: May 2016

Para comprender el malestar y las tensiones que hoy se viven en la profesión docente es importante, necesario y urgente reflexionar el tránsito operado entre el ideal educativo moderno y contemporáneo. Cuatro aspectos centran el desarrollo de la tesis: el oficio del maestro, el docente como filósofo de la República, el profesor como profesional de la disciplina y el régimen de la proletarización y del control. Estos cuatro aspectos tienen como territorio al isomorfismo estructural. 

 