bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hemingway at Rambouillet
Authors: Fuller Robert
Published: June 2014

This essay examines Hemingway’s WW II activities in and around the French town of Rambouillet. Hemingway claimed that he took charge of a group of French resistance fighters to keep the Germans from reoccupying the otherwise undefended town of 7,300, a boast that led to an investigation by the Third Army’s Inspector General to determine if the writer’s activities were consistent with his status as a war correspondent. The full results of that investigation, found in the National Archives in College Park, Maryland, are consulted here for the first time. The Army’s report sheds more light on the writer’s activities and the veracity of his claims, clears up some questions about the origins and fate of the investigation, and raises others.
The Co-Creation of Caring Student-Teacher Relationships: Does Teacher Understanding Matter?
Authors: Cooper Kristy S. , Miness Andrew
Published: June 2014

This study explores the role of high school students’ perceptions of teacher understanding in the development of caring student-teacher relationships. Whereas past research has embedded understanding as a facet of care, this research distinguishes between care and understanding to examine whether and how understanding is necessary for care. Extending Noddings’ (1992) conceptions of caring as virtue and caring as relation to consider understanding as virtue and understanding as relation , the researchers analyzed 33 interviews with high school students discussing 65 student-teacher relationships to consider the nuances within these different types of relationships. The findings confirm that caring as relation is the more desirable form of teacher care and that in most instances of relational caring, students perceive that teachers understand them both as people and learners. However, this is not uniformly the case, and many students perceive agency in co-creating their relationships with teachers by regulating the extent to which they allow teachers to understand them. The researchers recommend greater attention to the development of understanding as virtue within high schools as a middle ground between a complete lack of understanding and extensive relational understanding. This research has implications for teachers and school leaders seeking to foster stronger student-teacher relationships.
Law, Deities, and Beyond: From the Sanyan Stories to Xingshi yinyuan zhuan
Authors: Ling Xiaoqiao
Published: June 2014

Xiaoqiao Ling compares several Sanyan stories with the full-length novel Xingshi yinyuan zhuan , especially in the context of seventeenth-century print culture and the social practice of merit-accumulation, to show how the two genres differ in their representation of law. The Sanyan stories target both an imagined, illiterate mass audience and the sophisticated literatus reader; they thus adopt the storyteller’s voice to educate the former and provide marginal commentary to address the literate elite. Set in everyday reality, the courtroom stands out as a fictional space where retributive calculations are carried out to fulfill the mandate of Heaven. By contrast, Xingshi yinyuan zhuan removes the storyteller’s voice and invokes multiple moral discourses to explore the limitations of law as a human institution. Morality, Ling concludes, is a fluid field shaped not only by the contemporary intellectual debates but also by the audience that the author anticipates.
Staging her People’s Voice: Ina Césaire
Authors: Makward Christiane
Published: June 2014

Trained as an ethnographer, Ina Césaire eventually decided to turn her back on the métropole and to live as a recluse, to voice her people but never herself, and only rarely her famous parents. Her creative work is largely grounded in memory preservation for the island of Martinique: recording and presenting oral tradition, imagining humble people’s roles in contemporary or distant periods, or creating her own vision of historical figures through dramatic dialogues. Césaire’s work for the stage is the most extensive by any woman from the French Caribbean. In this essay, Makward gives an overview of the diversity of Césaire’s opus, beginning with the forthcoming first volume of her plays (published by Karthala, Paris). She then discusses in more detail the two works (intimate dramas) that have been created in English in the USA ( Fire’s Daughters and Island Memories ) as well as others representing different categories of texts (historical dramas). In a third section, this article briefly describes the remaining, unpublished plays: adaptations from Martinican oral traditions, and adaptations from international plays and narratives (Brecht, Maupassant, Hearns). In her concluding remarks, Makward discusses language: Césaire’s use of French and the question of Martinican Creole as dramatic tool.
Théâtralisation et quête de liberté par procuration chez trois dramaturges antillaises
Authors: Edwards Carole
Published: June 2014

Dans cet article, Carole Edwards analyse comment la dramaturgie de Simone Schwarz-Bart, Michèle Césaire et Gerty Dambury apportent conceptuellement une triple volonté de s'inscrire dans la communauté antillaise. A l'aide du corpus suivant : Ton beau capitaine, La Nef et Lettres indiennes , elle retient la structure triptyque des pièces pour étudier comment l'esthétique et la poétique se conjuguent pour traduire le double paradoxe qui se pose entre écriture et oralité, privé et collectif. Edwards tente de démontrer que la quête de la liberté des personnages (qui reflètent eux-mêmes la réalité antillaise) s’opère par l’intermédiaire d’un objet ou bien même d’un personnage allégorique. A travers la transversalité sur scène, les éléments de théâtralisation et le choix judicieux de leurs personnages, les auteures parviennent à transcender les règles pour rendre la parole à celles qui ont été perdues dans l’Histoire. Soucieuses de parvenir à une prise de conscience collective, elles représentent la « vitalité créatrice en toute authenticité » (Chamoiseau, Bernabé et Confiant 53). En s’inscrivant dans leur raison, leur tiers espace, elles se libèrent des systèmes de représentation pour donner libre cours à leur imaginaire. Ainsi, dans leurs pièces respectives, la liberté est recherchée « par procuration » par le biais d’une cassette, d’un personnage allégorique ou d’un bateau virtuel.
Reconfiguring Family Legitimacy: Olympe de Gouge’s L’Esclavage des Noirs
Authors: Vanpée Janie
Published: June 2014

Conceived before the onset of the Revolution and before the Déclaration des droits de l’homme , Gouges’s play, L’Esclavage des Noirs critiqued the inequities and injustices of slavery more forcefully than other plays of the period and advanced some radical ideas about established practices in the colonies. Between the first published version of Zamore et Mirza in 1788 and the final, revised version, L’Esclavage des Noirs of 1792, Gouges modified the drama to highlight the intersection of the economics of slavery and the economics of family through the issue of illegitimacy. Her revisions were directly informed by the thinking she had articulated in the Déclaration des droits de la femme on how to abolish both family and commercial illegitimacy (slavery) through the recognition and legitimization of blood or natural ties. The changes focus on two themes of the play—the search for family legitimacy and the injustice of slavery—and reinforce their convergence.
Staging the Writing Self: The Character of the Artist in Hélène Cixous’s Theater
Authors: Lindley Elizabeth
Published: June 2014

The act of writing, for Hélène Cixous, offers women the freedom to articulate their true individuality. When writing theater, the author’s early intentions challenged voyeuristic traditions to free female subjects from masculine structures. In her more recent plays, however, Cixous’s writings undergo an essential process described as a decentralization of the self or “deselfing”. Escaping the “self” through theater, Cixous relinquishes dominant control of the space of creativity, permitting “others” a voice through the transformation of her actors. This essay will elaborate, in the first instance, how the theatrical event that happens on stage is the result of the writing event that happens to the author . As the process of writing theater becomes an essential aspect of the play, Cixous develops from creating the private performance of writing the self to publicly staging her experiences of writing. Lindley’s analysis of Cixous’s recent plays Voile noire, voile blanche, On ne part pas, on ne revient pas and L’Histoire (qu’on ne connaîtra jamais) articulates the aesthetics of her theater: an eternal dramatic space beyond the restrictions of time, of societal structures and of western theater. Cixous’s dramatic characters are themselves writers, floundering in a theatrical space devoid of accepted frames of reference. With each endeavoring in vain to seize control of their narrative, the characters mirror Cixous’s own failed efforts to manipulate the creation of her dramatic writings which produces instead a myriad of possibilities. As this investigation demonstrates, Cixous stages her self’s experiences writing theater, confirming an impressive journey toward new forms of theater.
Lupo Liverani , adaptation du Damné pour doute de Tirso de Molina et testament théosophique de George Sand
Authors: Masson Catherine
Published: June 2014

Dans Lupo Liverani , adaptation du Damné pour doute de Tirso de Molina, George Sand livre aux lecteurs de la Revue des Deux Mondes son testament théosophique tout en se permettant des audaces dramaturgiques, esthétiques, religieuses et philosophiques. C’est la première fois que Sand écrit une pièce à thèse religieuse, et elle n’a pas l’intention de la faire représenter. Elle écrit donc un « spectacle dans un fauteuil » qui est publié dans la Revue des Deux Mondes le 1er décembre 1869. George Sand n’a jamais manqué une occasion d’exprimer son anti-cléricalisme, son rejet du catholicisme, de la confession, et de l’enfer, et d’affirmer de plus en plus sa foi dans une théosophie où aucun intermédiaire n’existe entre l’homme et Dieu ou entre « le ciel et l’homme » comme elle le dit dans sa préface de Lupo Liverani (515). Masson analysera la pièce de Sand par rapport aux idées articulées dans l’article, « Théosophie et philosophie », paru dans La Presse du premier août 1863, dans lequel Sand évoque « ce rapport à Dieu, qui constitue à lui seul […] une théosophie sérieuse » (299). Elle déclare : « Si l’accord des quatre termes qui, selon nous, constituent l’homme complet : morale et liberté, philosophie et théosophie, est à jamais impossible, associonsnous dans l’universelle tolérance » (300) et termine son article par l’affirmation : « Que d’autres condamnent à l’enfer ceux qui croient au néant. Nous qui ne croyons ni à l’un ni à l’autre, estimons avant tout le dévouement courageux. […] Nous sommes bien d’accord sur ce point que l’existence du mal n’est pas absolue » (302). Cet article, qui nous livre son point de vue sur l’enfer et dans lequel elle y commente le livre d’Edmond About, Madelon , révèle que ce qu’elle a apprécié dans le roman d’About, c’est « le ton amèrement léger du narrateur [qui] donne à cette révélation une force d’ amusement […] qui en décuple l’effet » (296). Masson montre la façon dont Sand, comme About, fait passer des idées critiques sur la religion de façon subversive en amusant le lecteur et en utilisant l’ironie dans sa pièce Lupo Liverani .
“Juste une petite mise en scène de la problématique”: Citational Constrution of an Autofictional Voice in Chloé Delaume’s Éden matin midi et soir
Authors: Gaensbauer Deborah
Published: June 2014

Novelist, playwright, performer, and musician, Chloé Delaume presents herself as most fundamentally a “chercheuse” who conceives of her writing as a laboratory for experimentation with autofiction. This essay focuses on her experimentation with a citational construction of an autofictional identity in her 2009 play, Éden matin midi et soir . It examines her innovative mobilization of the citational strategies that are both a defining feature of postmodernism and, post-Doubrovsky, omnipresent in contemporary autofiction in the creation of a highly distinct and unconventional autofictional voice. At stake in her work is self-deliverance from a horrifying genealogy by means of a literal replacement in 1999 of her original identity with that of an autofictional character with a first name borrowed from Boris Vian’s L’écume des jours and an invented surname taken from Artaud’s L’Arve et l’aume . At age ten she witnessed at close hand the murder of her mother by her father, who then committed suicide: “J’étais pleine de cadavres en mon fort intérieur, Le Moi était en gelée, une terrine de vers blancs. Le Je vacillait tellement qu’il recouvrait son crêpe d’une posture amidon pour rester vertical….Il existait un genre qui pouvait héberger la démarche de mon Je qui se voulait souverain. Il existait un mot, onze lettres : autofiction” ( La Règle du je 72). As this traumatic event has played out in her writing in a highly referential dialogic form haunted by recurring echoes of Samuel Beckett and Marguerite Duras and allusions, in its resonant alexandrine rhythms, to Racinian tragedy, Chloé Delaume’s autofictions have been much solicited for performance as reader’s theater. In her current work, as she locates her experiments more and more beyond the confines of the printed page, mobilizing the creative interfaces of cyberspace to link traditional print media, musical scores, and performance, she has turned increasingly to writing directly for the theater. This essay approaches her dramatic representation of traumatic identity in Éden matin midi et soir as exemplary of her commitment to developing the practice of autofiction into a highly unconventional exacerbation of the rawness of psychic and physical wounds, as opposed to a cathartic confessional or transgressive exposé.
Le Couteau dans la plaie: Théâtre témoignage, théâtre thérapie dans Trames de Gerty Dambury
Authors: Ruiz Maria-Luisa
Published: June 2014

La dernière œuvre de Gerty Dambury, Trames , montée au musée Dapper, à Paris en novembre 2008 met en scène l’histoire d’une femme guadeloupéenne, Gilette, confrontée à son fils Christian, jeune homme dans la vingtaine, chômeur, toxicomane et vivant tragiquement ses appartenances identitaires. Deux fois par semaine, Gilette offre à dîner à Christian. Ces rencontres ont lieu sous le regard de Dabar, personnage muet, interprété par une femme. D’emblée on pense à un procédé de mise en abîme du spectateur mais les choses sont un peu plus complexes. En effet, comme Gilette se consacre à mettre par écrit des témoignages de femmes préalablement enregistrés sur cassettes, elle donne corps à une femme écrivaine et témoin. A partir des voix enregistrées, elle « rassemble les éléments » pour constituer un texte. L’espace de la scène met donc aussi en abîme une forme d’écriture particulière à mi chemin entre le témoignage, le récit de vie et ce qu’on a appelé le théâtre auditif par opposition au théâtre visuel. En 2005, Gerty Dambury a offert au public New-yorkais une version auditive du texte Jaz de Koffi Kwahulé. A l’instar de Becket et de Duras, elle misait sur le pouvoir de la voix et les facultés d’un acteur à dramatiser un texte sans qu’on voie sa gestuelle. Pour Trames le défi de mise en scène de Gerty Dambury est différent. Poursuivant sa quête artistique sur la fonction de représentation et/ou de non-représentation du théâtre, sa gageure consiste à donner une place entière à la puissante présence de la voix et au spectacle du corps. Partant d’une analyse du personnage de Dabar en tant qu’agent d’une double transmutation qui fonctionne à la fois comme métaphore et métonymie du pouvoir de transformation du théâtre, cet article explore également la dimension thérapeutique d’une œuvre telle que Trames . Le sens étymologique du mot thérapeutique est en grec ancien « au service de ». D’une mise en abîme à l’autre, la notion de service met en place un jeu d’ombre et de lumière qui, tout en démultipliant les capacités de la scène à contenir plusieurs sens, les remet aussi en question. L’espace scénique se déroulerait-il à la manière d’une bande de Moebius?
Esquisse de révolte : Libre ! de Jeanne Herter-Eymond au Théâtre Féministe en 1898
Authors: Viot-Southard Katia
Published: June 2014

En 1901 la Revue d’art dramatique publie un dossier intitulé « Le féminisme au théâtre ». Dans un article intitulé « Le Théâtre féministe », Marya Chéliga affirme qu’ « il serait intéressant et même instructif d’entendre [la femme] raconter elle-même ses impressions, […] voire même ses griefs contre la société ». C’est pourquoi, dit-elle, elle a créé en 1897 le Théâtre Féministe, un théâtre « pour les femmes dramaturges, afin qu’elles puissent librement donner la mesure de leur talent, exposer leurs idées, livrer le secret de leur âme réputée indéchiffrable ». Cet essai se propose d’éclairer la notion de « féminisme au théâtre », telle qu’elle est comprise par les journalistes qui ont contribué au dossier de la Revue d’art dramatique de 1901, mais aussi telle qu’elle est représentée sur scène. De fait, les pièces jouées dans le cadre des soirées initiées par le « Théâtre Féministe » illustrent les problématiques liées aux représentations théâtrales de l’émancipation féminine. Ainsi de la pièce Libre ! de Jeanne Herter-Eymond, jouée au théâtre d’Application le 3 février 1898, qui, dès son titre exclamatif, révèle un désir de montrer sur scène le geste d’une révolte. C’est la révolte d’une femme, celle d’Hélène une jeune bourgeoise mariée à un homme, ou plutôt un type d’hommes, un certain Philippe, imbu de lui-même, et fièrement convaincu de la supériorité de sa classe et de son sexe. Philippe est le mari ; représentant de manière caricaturale la suffisance masculine à l’intérieur du mariage, il incarne l’obstacle auquel l’épouse doit se mesurer pour s’affirmer libre. Cependant, si la pièce de Jeanne Herter-Eymond participe effectivement d’une réflexion féministe sur les obstacles que les femmes doivent surmonter, elle montre aussi que les révoltes féminines, ébauchées sur le mode de l’opposition verbale, échouent par leur impossibilité de se définir dans de nouveaux espaces de liberté.
Mode et société dans le théâtre de Colette
Authors: Schmitz Catherine
Published: June 2014

En 1961, dans son article « Contemporary French Feminine Literature », Henri Peyre fait l’éloge d’une écriture féminine qui a son mot à dire, et prend le soin tout particulier de dédier plusieurs paragraphes à Colette qu’il tient responsable de l’image négative du genre. Selon lui, elle manque de lucidité et de curiosité intellectuelle comme écrivain (52). Parce qu’elle ne questionne pas les problèmes sociaux, son esthétique intimiste ne dépasse pas le décorum et ses textes restent à la surface des choses. Issue de la bourgeoisie française de province, Colette ne peut pas prendre conscience des injustices sociales qui l’entourent et remettre en question ses valeurs bourgeoises. De ce fait et simplement, elle finit par épouser l’idéologie de sa société. Ce reproche à l’égard d’un manque d’intérêt pour la critique sociale dans le texte colétien est émis par plusieurs autres critiques postérieurs à Peyre. La distinction entre « Colette, le personnage » et « Colette, l’auteure » prête souvent à cet amalgame entrainant une lecture incomplète du texte colétien et résistant ainsi à une étude socio-culturelle. Dans cet essai, Schmitz propose de réviser cette interprétation en examinant le théâtre de Colette à la lumière d’une critique sociale. Férue de mode, et parce que les vêtements participent encore à déterminer la sociabilité des femmes en ce début de vingtième siècle, Colette déconstruit le langage psychosocial de la mode de la Belle Epoque et celle de la nouvelle femme. En soulevant les contradictions des deux modes dans ses pièces, la dramaturge révèle une société en transition difficile au niveau de ses rôles sexués, indiquant même un retour en arrière des mentalités après la Première Guerre mondiale. Finalement, Colette suggère un modèle de renaissance sociale grâce à la mode des gens du spectacle qui neutralise la sexualité et s’efforce ainsi de mettre tout le monde sur un même pied d’égalité.
Powerful Narratives in Contemporary Quebec Dramaturgy by Women
Authors: Forsythe Louise
Published: June 2014

The more or less direct representation of life stories which characterized many feminist plays in Québec in the 1970s and 1980s opened paths toward a richly creative range of dramaturgical and performative strategies making innovative uses of narration and narrators. Women's voices, speaking or writing about girls' and women's real experiences (outside stereotypes and taboos), demanded to be heard on stage starting in the 1970s. While explicit biography and autobiography in Québec women's theater have grown muted, voices telling stories (usually those of individuals previously silenced or rendered invisible through established theater convention), drawing spectators' attention to elements in the story, functioning as narrators, and speaking from one of various layers of spaces between fiction and reality are now heard in a number of plays by women. Since narration has not been a primary device in traditions of theatrical representation, it is interesting to study some of the innovative and effective ways in which women have been dramatizing their corporeal presence and their coming to voice in scenically congenial contexts, along with their ways of seeing and knowing the world through their women's eyes.
Power and the Salonnière in Madame Ancelot’s L’Hôtel de Rambouillet
Authors: Johnston Joyce Carlton
Published: June 2014

One of the most successful woman playwrights of her time, Virginie Ancelot (1792-1875) staged 21 plays at Paris theaters in the mid-nineteenth century. This exceptional writer and painter also left her mark on literature as one of the most prominent salonnières of her time. Often referred to as the new Hôtel de Rambouillet, Ancelot’s salon attracted the most important authors of the day such as Stendhal, Vigny and Balzac. Her 1842 play L’Hôtel de Rambouillet , while set two centuries prior, bears reflection on Ancelot’s own life as she simultaneously exalts the Marquise de Rambouillet while inserting herself into the same tradition of literary patronage. L’Hôtel de Rambouillet warrants rediscovery not only as an esteemed salonnière’s homage to her predecessor, but also as a criticism of societal constraints imposed upon women. Ancelot staged the plight of women through a seemingly light-hearted play in which wit plays a pivotal role in subverting established patriarchal views of women and marriage. Ancelot states her intent in writing the play in the preface to her complete theatrical works: “ L’Hôtel de Rambouillet représente avec la marquise une femme dans ses rapports avec la société des salons, et montre un esprit distingué, agissant sur la littérature de son siècle” (Dédicace 5). She incorporates writers such as Voiture and Tallament des Réaux among her cast of characters to emphasize the power of the salonnière as a protector and promoter of literary talent. Furthermore, the power of women in literary society takes center stage in Ancelot’s presentation of exceptional women who overshadow the men in this play. L’Hôtel de Rambouillet provides a defense of maligned women associated with salon culture, namely Geneviève d’Urfé, while Ancelot’s use of humor distances the esteemed Marquise de Rambouillet from the frivolous lifestyle associated with the précieuses . Ancelot’s witty and poignant reinterpretation of salon life is an example of a subversive use of the theater to criticize the unequal treatment of women. Moreover, L’Hôtel de Rambouillet ’s focus on the importance of the salon in historical context combined with thinly veiled references to self allows Ancelot to laud the femme d’esprit while prompting a reconsideration of women’s power in the salon.
Use of Copy Number Deletion Polymorphisms to Assess DNA Chimerism
Authors: Bruno Damien L , Ganesamoorthy Devika , Thorne Natalie P , Ling Ling , Bahlo Melanie , Forrest Sue , Veenendaal Marieke , Katerelos Marina , Skene Alison , Ierino Frank L , Power David A , Slater Howard R
Published: June 2014

BACKGROUND

We describe a novel approach that harnesses the ubiquity of copy number deletion polymorphisms in human genomes to definitively detect and quantify chimeric DNA in clinical samples. Unlike other molecular approaches to chimerism analysis, the copy number deletion (CND) method targets genomic loci (>50 base pairs in length) that are wholly absent from wild-type (i.e., self) background DNA sequences in a sex-independent manner.

METHODS

Bespoke quantitative PCR (qPCR) CND assays were developed and validated using a series of DNA standards and chimeric plasma DNA samples collected from 2 allogeneic kidney transplant recipients and 12 pregnant women. Assay performance and informativeness were assessed using appropriate statistical methods.

RESULTS

The CND qPCR assays showed high sensitivity, precision, and reliability for linear quantification of DNA chimerism down to 16 genomic equivalents (i.e., 106 pg). Fetal fraction (%) in 12 singleton male pregnancies was calculated using the CND qPCR approach, which showed closer agreement with single-nucleotide polymorphism–based massively parallel sequencing than the SRY (sex determining region Y) (Y chromosome) qPCR assay. The latter consistently underestimated the fetal fraction relative to the other methods. We also were able to measure biological changes in plasma nonself DNA concentrations in 2 renal transplant recipients.

CONCLUSIONS

The CND qPCR technique is suitable for measurement of chimerism for monitoring of rejection in allogeneic organ transplantation and quantification of the cell-free fetal DNA fraction in maternal plasma samples used for noninvasive prenatal genetic testing.
Islamic concept of music communication in street begging performance: A study of Babiyala in Ilorin Metropolis
Authors: Oghenevwarho Ojakovo Gabriel
Published: June 2014

This study examines the Islamic perspective of musical renditions by babiyala/for the sake of God itinerant musicians as a communicative tool in street-begging performance in Ilorin Metropolis. In this respect, we use, primarily, the observation, descriptive and interview methods for the study. Relevant secondary sources such as journals, books, newspapers and the Internet are used to complement the primary sources. Findings from this study therefore prove that music has been a veritable communication medium adopted by the babiyala itinerant musicians as a measure to be noticed by their benefactors, who in turn give alms to them. Islam, the dominant religion in Ilorin metropolis, plays a major role in appreciating their performance through alms giving to meet their daily needs. The law made by the state government illegalizing the activities of itinerant musicians both skilled and unskilled who source for alms publicly from members of the public is not a practical solution to these vices. It also proves that, despite this law, the rate of street begging is on the increase. We therefore conclude that the state, through the National Directorate of Employment Labour and Productivity, should create a scheme aimed at empowering abled babiyala itinerate musicians who form part of the majority of them in Ilorin metropolis. This can be achieved by developing them in the area of musical skills that will enable them to be self-reliant. This, when implemented, will markedly reduce their numbers and give them a place in the social stratification.
Predicting tree structure from tree height using terrestrial laser scanning and quantitative structure models
Authors: Krooks Anssi , Kaasalainen Sanna , Kankare Ville , Joensuu Marianna , Raumonen Pasi , Kaasalainen Mikko
Published: June 2014

We apply quantitative structure modelling to produce detailed information on branch-level metrics in trees. Particularly we are interested in the branch size distribution, by which we mean the total volume of branch parts distributed over the diameter classes of the parts. We investigate the possibility of predicting tree branch size distributions for trees in similar growing conditions. The quantitative structure model enables for the first time the comparisons of structure between a large number of trees. We found that the branch size distribution is similar for trees of different height in similar growing conditions. The results suggest that tree height could be used to estimate branch size distribution in areas with similar growing conditions and topography.
Increasing the Accessibility of Science for All Students
Authors: Langley-Turnbaugh S. J. , Wilson G. , Lovewell L.
Published: June 2014

This paper evaluates the accessibility of selected field and laboratory high school science activities, and provides suggestions for increasing accessibility for students with disabilities. We focused on GLOBE (Global Learning Observations to Benefit the Environment) protocols, specifically the new Seasons and Biomes investigation currently being developed as part of the GLOBE program. Five university students with disabilities majoring in science or technology were recruited to test the GLOBE protocols, and 10 protocols were evaluated for accessibility. Based on our results, we make several suggestions with regards to instructions, equipment, safety, outcomes and activity significance that will increase the accessibility of GLOBE and all K-16 science methods.
Censoring metaphors in translation: Shakespeare's Hamlet under Franco
Authors: Sullivan Karen , Bandín Elena
Published: June 2014

In the three versions of Hamlet translated during the Franco regime in Spain, metaphors related to the censored themes of sex and religion were altered or removed. In this study, we employ the Metaphor Identification Procedure (Pragglejaz Group 2007) to identify all metaphors involving sex and religion in Shakespeare's Hamlet and its three Franco-era Spanish translations. We find that under the influence of censorship, authors employ many of the strategies for metaphor translation also used for uncensored texts, such as those identified by Newmark (1981), van den Broeck (1981), and Toury (1995). However, we argue that censorship encourages strategies judged as less preferable, more extreme, or which are not usually discussed in translation studies. These strategies appear to be selected specifically to remove the material subject to censorship, whether this is found in the source domain (vehicle) or the target domain (tenor) of a metaphor.
Relay Selection Based Double-Differential Transmission for Cooperative Networks with Multiple Carrier Frequency Offsets: Model, Analysis, and Optimization
Authors: Zhao Kun , Zhang Bangning , Pan Kegang , Liu Aijun , Guo Daoxing
Published: June 2014

Due to the distributed nature, cooperative networks are generally subject to multiple carrier frequency offsets (MCFOs), which make the channels time-varying and drastically degrade the system performance. In this paper, to address the MCFOs problem in detect-andforward (DetF) multi-relay cooperative networks, a robust relay selection (RS) based double-differential (DD) transmission scheme, termed RSDDT, is proposed, where the best relay is selected to forward the source's double-differentially modulated signals to the destination with the DetF protocol. The proposed RSDDT scheme can achieve excellent performance over fading channels in the presence of unknown MCFOs. Considering double-differential multiple phase-shift keying (DDMPSK) is applied, we first derive exact expressions for the outage probability and average bit error rate (BER) of the RSDDT scheme. Then, we look into the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime and present simple and informative asymptotic outage probability and average BER expressions, which reveal that the proposed scheme can achieve full diversity. Moreover, to further improve the BER performance of the RSDDT scheme, we investigate the optimum power allocation strategy among the source and the relay nodes, and simple analytical solutions are obtained. Numerical results are provided to corroborate the derived analytical expressions and it is demonstrated that the proposed optimum power allocation strategy offers substantial BER performance improvement over the equal power allocation strategy.
Phonetic environment of disfluencies in children with stuttering
Authors: Mahesh Sangeetha , Geetha Y.V.
Published: June 2014

Phonological contributions to stuttering have been discussed with increased attention in the recent years. The present study is aimed to analyze the effect of phonological environment during the instances of stuttering. The study included 10 monolingual children with stuttering (CWS) in the age range of 6–8 years, who spoke Kannada (south Indian language) as their mother tongue. Conversation, topic narration, story narration, and picture description tasks were carried out in Kannada language. The relative difficulty of individual syllables for each participant was determined. Further, the effect of phonetic environment (succeeding syllable) during the instances of stuttering was calculated. The results revealed a rank order of relative occurrence of succeeding consonantal contexts. Most of the time, the phonetic environment included voiceless consonants, nasals, and plosives compared to others. This indicated that CWS may have difficulties in the transition of articulatory movement from oral to nasal and from voiced to voiceless consonants during speech production. Findings also revealed variability in the occurrence of phonetic context within and between CWS, which supports the disturbances occurring across various time domains. It is hoped that the findings of the current study will support theorists, researchers, and clinicians in arriving at a more comprehensive understanding of stuttering and phonetic behavior in CWS.
Intergenerational Wealth Transfer and the Need to Revive and Metamorphose the Israeli Estate Tax
Authors: Hacker Daphna
Published: June 2014

This article suggests enacting an accession tax instead of the estate duty – which was repealed in Israel in 1981. This suggestion evolves from historical and normative explorations of the tension between perceptions of familial intergenerational property rights and justifications for the “death tax,” as termed by its opponents, i.e., estate and inheritance tax. First, the Article explores this tension as expressed in the history of the Israeli Estate Duty Law. This chronological survey reveals a move from the State’s taken-for-granted interest in revenue justifying the Law’s enactment in 1949; moving on to the “needy widow” and “poor orphan” in whose name the tax was attacked during the years 1959–1964, continuing to the abolition of the tax in 1981 in the name of efficiency and the right of the testator to transfer his wealth to his family, and finally cumulating with the targeting of tycoon dynasties that characterizes the recent calls for reintroducing the tax. Next, based on the rich literature on the subject, the Article maps the arguments for and against intergenerational wealth transfer taxation, placing the Israeli case in larger philosophical, political, and pragmatic contexts. Lastly, it associates the ideas of accession tax and “social inheritance” with inspirational sources for rethinking a realistic wealth transfer taxation to bridge the gap between notions of intergenerational familial rights and intergenerational social justice.
Peroxide vulcanization of natural rubber. Part I: effect of temperature and peroxide concentration
Authors: Kruželák Ján , Sýkora Richard , Hudec Ivan
Published: June 2014

Four different peroxides as curing agents were used to prepare vulcanizates based on natural rubber (NR). The effects of temperature and peroxide concentration on the vulcanization characteristics of rubber compounds, cross-link density (ν) and physical-mechanical properties of equivalent vulcanizates were investigated. The results revealed that the vulcanization temperature and also the relative amount of peroxide decomposition products are of significant importance in the properties of vulcanizates. Lower vulcanization temperature and lower concentration of peroxides were found to be better factors, showing a proper balance between the degree of cross-linking of the rubber and degradation of the macromolecular chains by side reactions in relation to the crystallization of NR, which imparts vulcanizates based on NR outstanding properties.
Effect of the amount of SiC, number of strokes, and applied load on the reciprocating wear behavior of Al-SiC composites
Authors: Lakshmipathy Jayakumar , Kulendran Balamurugan
Published: June 2014

The wear behavior of Al/SiC composites prepared by stir casting technique is investigated to find out the effects of the weight percentage of SiC, load, and the number of strokes on a shaper machine. Metal matrix composite (MMC) pins are prepared with different weight percentages of SiC (10%, 15%, and 20%). The tests are carried out with different load conditions (25, 50 and 75 N) and different number of strokes (420,780 and 1605 strokes). Wear surfaces of tested samples are examined in scanning electron microscope (SEM). Hardness and impact tests are also carried out on the MMC samples. The experimental results show that the hardness of composites increases with an increase in SiC particle, and the impact strength decreases with increase in SiC content. The volume loss of MMC specimens are less than that of the matrix alloy. Moreover, the temperature rise near the contact surface of the MMC specimens increases with increase in wt% of SiC, load, and number of strokes. The coefficient of friction decreases with increase in load and the number of strokes.
Patient Tolerability of Bowel Preparation is Associated with Polyp Detection Rate During Colonoscopy
Authors: Holt Edward W. , Yimam Kidist K. , Ma Hanley , Shaw Richard E. , Sundberg Richard A. , Verhille Michael S.
Published: June 2014

Background & Aims: A number of factors have been identified that influence the yield of screeningcolonoscopy. The perceived tolerability of bowel preparation has not been studied as a predictor of quality outcomes in colonoscopy. We aimed to characterize the association between patient-perceived tolerability of bowel preparation and polyp detection during colonoscopy.Methods: We performed a cross-sectional cohort study of 413 consecutive adult patients presenting foroutpatient colonoscopy at two outpatient endoscopy centers at our institution. We developed a standardized questionnaire to assess the patient's experience with bowel preparation. Bowel preparation quality was measured using the validated Ottawa scale and colonoscopic findings were recorded for each patient. The primary outcome was polyp detection and the secondary outcome was the quality of bowel preparation.Results: Patient-reported clarity of effluent during bowel preparation correlated poorly with Ottawa score during colonoscopy, k=0.15. Female gender was an independent risk factor for a poorly tolerated bowel prep (OR 3.93, 95% CI 2.30 - 6.72, p<0.001). Report of a poorly tolerated bowel prep was independently associated with the primary outcome, polyp detection (OR 0.39, 95% CI 0.18 - 0.84, p=0.02) and also with the secondary outcome, lower quality bowel preparation (OR 2.39, 95% CI 1.17 - 4.9, p=0.02).Conclusions: A patient-perceived negative experience with bowel preparation independently predicted both a lower quality bowel preparation and a lower rate of polyp of detection. Assessment of the tolerability of bowel preparation before colonoscopy may be a clinically useful predictor of quality outcomes during colonoscopy.
Partial Splenic Embolization for Hypersplenism in Cirrhotic Patients. A Case Series
Authors: Omer Secil , Zara Octavian , Iacobescu Claudia , Dina Ion
Published: June 2014

The prognosis of liver cirrhosis depends on the presence of its major complications as well as on other factors such as hypersplenism with thrombocytopenia. Partial splenic embolization is an effective interventional procedure performed in liver cirrhosis complicated with portal hypertension to improve the low platelet count. This technique represents an efficient alternative to splenectomy, which has major drawbacks and is associated with a high morbidity. We report a series of patients with liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension who presented with severe thrombocytopenia and were treated with partial splenic embolization eventually having a favourable outcome.
Implementation of A Comprehensive Student-Centred Approach to Education: A Case Study
Authors: Merwe B. C. van der
Published: June 2014

The term student-centred learning is widely used in the teaching and learning literature and many terms such as flexible learning, experiential learning and self-directed learning have been linked with student-centred learning. The key factor is to focus on the student, on his or her learning experiences and development, well-being and retention so that institutional learning programmes are delivered in ways that are demonstrably in the student’s best interests. However, the author is of the opinion that the implementation of a comprehensive student-centred approach to education requires that all role-players in the educational process must be focused on student success. This study explores strategies to introduce a comprehensive student-centred approach to education at the Central University of Technology, Free State.
Commercial considerations: A reason for retranslating — an exploration of the retranslation boom in the 1990s mainland China
Authors: Xu Mingwu , Tian Chuanmao
Published: June 2014

This paper explores the reasons for the translation boom in the 1990s in mainland China. During this period translated literature flourished in China. Many translations were retranslations of the great classical works of world literature. The major reason for the prospering of retranslations in this period was commercial. After 1978, the year of political opening-up, the monotonous cultural life of the Chinese people was enriched and enthusiasm for reading classical literature reawakened. A surprisingly large readership emerged. Well-established publishers, such as People’s Literature Publishing House and Yilin Publishing House produced many high-quality translations of works included in the world’s literary canons, which fueled and strengthened people’s interest in reading literature. Due to a large market, re-translation and re-publication of foreign masters became a very lucrative business. Some publishers were unqualified for publishing foreign literature and they did not have foreign-language editors. However, in the hope of making a large profit, they began to publish poor-quality retranslations of literary masterworks, even though a canonical translation of the same work had been published by some other publishing house. As a result, the retranslation boom of the 1990s in mainland China became a bedlam.
Infections and use of antibiotics in residents of long-term care facilities in Hungary
Authors: Szabó Rita , Böröcz Karolina
Published: June 2014

Introduction: Healthcare associated infections and antimicrobial use are common among residents of long-term care facilities. Faced to the lack of standardized data, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control funded a project with the aim of estimating prevalence of infections and antibiotic use in European long-term care facilities. Aim: The aim of the authors was to present the results of the European survey which were obtained in Hungary. Method: In Hungary, 91 long-term care facilities with 11,823 residents participated in the point-prevalence survey in May, 2013. Results: The prevalence of infections was 2.1%. Skin and soft tissues infections were the most frequent (36%), followed by infections of the respiratory (30%) and urinary tract (21%). Antimicrobials were mostly prescribed for urinary tract infections (40.3%), respiratory tract infections (38.4%) and skin and soft tissue infections (13.2%). The most common antimicrobials (97.5%) belonged to the ATC J01 class of “antibacterials for systemic use”. Conclusions: The results emphasise the need for a national guideline and education for good practice in long-term care facilities. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(23), 911–917.
Evaluation of the DIABOBHU Observational Study
Authors: Gaál Zsolt , Papp Zsuzsanna , Bakó Barnabás
Published: June 2014

Introduction: The authors present and analyze the outcome of DIABOBHU observational study. The work was carried out in Hungarian type 2 diabetic patients whose treatment was insufficient with oral antidiabetic agents. Aim: The safety and efficacy of glargine insulin added to oral antidiabetic therapy treatment was evaluated. Method: Between 2008 and 2011 3955 patients were enrolled. After proper education, patients titrated the insulin dosage under self-monitoring with the help of their attending physicians. During the 26-week study period 3 visits were included. The primary endpoint was the change of HbA1c. The secondary endpoints were fasting glucose levels, dose of insulin, body weight and body mass index, satisfaction of the patients with the treatment and the incidence of hypoglycemic events. Results: During the study mean HbA1cdecreased from 8.94% to 7.31%. Most patients achieved the glycemic goals with very low frequency of hypoglycemia. The patients did not gain weight and were satisfied with their treatment. Conclusions: The authors emphasize that this treatment based on an analogue basal insulin should be considered as an effective and safe therapy. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(23), 903–910.
Intestinal bleeding and obstruction in the small intestine caused by metastatic thyroid angiosarcoma. Case report
Authors: Benis Éva , Szilágyi Anna , Izbéki Ferenc , Varga István , Altorjay Áron
Published: June 2014

The authors present a case of a primary angiosarcoma of the thyroid gland with an intestinal metastasis. The 59-year-old female patient with tarry stool and anemia was referred to the outpatient hospital. Her past history included a thyroid “cold” nodule. Gastroscopy and colonoscopy failed to identify the origin of gastrointestinal bleeding, however, capsule endoscopy verified synchronous tumors in the small intestine. The distal tumor showed signs of bleeding and caused bowel obstruction. An urgent operation was performed and the tumorous part of the ileum was resected. Histology of the removed specimen indicated cleft-like spaces in the mucosa with CD31+ epithelial cells. Pathological report described metastatic epithelial angiosarcoma with an unknown origin. Before chemotherapy the patient underwent total thyroidectomy and histology confirmed malignancy similar to that found in the intestinal surgical specimens. This case seems particularly interesting, because bleeding from intestinal metastasis leaded to the diagnosis of the primary tumor located in the thyroid gland. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(23), 918–921.