bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF REVERSE PHASE-HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY TECHNIQUE FOR THE CONCOMITANT ASSESSMENT OF OMEPRAZOLE AND PIPERINE IN BULK FORM
Authors: E Susithra , Ch Pavani
Published: January 2019

Objective: The immense literature study was carried out and disclosed that here no method arrived for the concomitant assessment of omeprazole and piperine in bulk form by using RP-HPLC. Hence, an effort was assembled to arise a easy, specific, precise, reliable, linear, rapid, and validated reverse phase-high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) technique for the simultaneous assessment of omeprazole and piperine in bulk form.Methods: The chromatographic analysis of omeprazole and piperine was performed using a RP-HPLC (WATERS) provided with autosampler and ultraviolet (UV) detector with the software of EMPOWER Version 2. The chosen conditions were isocratic separation with two mobile phase composed of acetonitrile:buffer (phosphate buffer: pH 6.5 ± 0.1) (55:45). Detection was carried out using UV/visible double-beam spectrophotometer at 320 nm. The method was validated as per the ICH guidelines.Results: The retention time for omeprazole and piperine by proposed HPLC method was found to be 2.767 and 4.029 min, respectively. The correlation coefficients are 0.999. The developed chromatographic method was found to be accurate with recovery 99.2–99.8% and was found within the acceptance criteria (i.e., 98.0–102.0%) with acceptable % relative standard deviation of not >2% at each level.Conclusion: Thus, the proposed HPLC procedure for the concomitant assessment of omeprazole and piperine was accurate, precise, linear, robust, simple, and economic.
SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, AND BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF OXAZOLONE ANALOGS
Authors: G Muthuboopathi
Published: January 2019

Objective: The main objective of the study is to synthesize some novel oxazolone derivatives to evaluate for anti-inflammatory activity.Methods: Acetylglycine was prepared using glycine and acetic anhydride, and the prepared acetylglycine was condensed with different aromatic aldehydes to get novel oxazolone derivatives. The synthesized compound was carried out the characterization by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and find the anti-inflammatory by human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization method.Results: The anti-inflammatory activity was performed using novel oxazolone derivatives (Cpd1, Cpd2, Cpd3, and Cpd4) and nimesulide (as standard) on HRBC membrane stabilization method. The percentage protection was observed using colorimeter. The synthesized oxazolone was compared with the standard drug nimesulide for anti-inflammatory using HRBC membrane stabilizing method. All the synthesized oxazolone derivatives have shown the anti-inflammatory activity as that of standard. The results can be easily interpreted using histograms.Conclusions: Among all the synthesized compounds, oxazolone with 4-chlorobenzaldehyde shows more anti-inflammatory activity when compared with the other oxazolone derivatives.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF VENLAFAXINE HYDROCHLORIDE SUSTAINED RELEASE MATRIX TABLET
Authors: Pg* Mahesh
Published: January 2019

Aim: The term modified-release drug product is used to describe products that alter the timing and/or the rate of release of the drug substance.Objective: The objective of the present study was to formulate and evaluate the sustained release matrix tablet of venlafaxine hydrochloride.Methods: Venlafaxine hydrochloride is a structurally novel antidepressant for oral administration. It is widely prescribed for the treatment of depression, generalized anxiety disorder, and social anxiety disorder. Venlafaxine hydrochloride is currently available as immediate release tablet and as an extended release capsules under the brand names of Effexor (WYETH AYERST) and Effexor XR (WYETH AYERST). The biological half-life of venlafaxine very short (5 h) and the dose is to be taken 2–3 times a day and the recommended maximum daily dose is 75–450 mg/day. Venlafaxine hydrochloride is an antidepressant and so it is to be taken for quite a long period. Hence, to reduce the dosing frequency, simple, lower cost sustained release tablets of venlafaxine were preferred for the development.Conclusion: The venlafaxine hydrochloride sustained release matrix tablets shown controlled release profile as per the release profile ofthe innovator is EffexorTm_XR. The sustained release of this matrix tablet reduces the dosing frequency and reduces the side effects, bywhich in a long-term therapy, it may be useful as a product with patient compliance for the treatment of major depression disorder.
PACKAGING OF HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN VACCINE AND MORINGA OLEIFERA EXTRACT INTO CHITOSAN NANOPARTICLES
Authors: Mudhakir Diky , Ahmadi Adik , Insanu Muhamad , Nuraini Neny
Published: January 2019

Objective: Oftentimes, the recombinant antigen for the use of vaccines is less immunogenic than live attenuated or inactive vaccines. Hence, a potent adjuvant is needed to enhance the immune response. Moreover, the role of vector design is also important to facilitate the improvement of the immune response. The aim of this research was to develop hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-loaded nanoparticles and Moringa oleifera aqueous leaf extracts as an adjuvant using chitosan polymer. Methods: Chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by the ionic gelation method using sodium tripolyphosphate as the cross-linking agent. A system was composed of chitosan core in which HBsAg and M. oleifera extracts were incorporated. The concentration of HBsAg used in this combination was 10 μg/ml, and the concentrations of extracts were 10, 50, and 100 μg/ml, respectively. In this study, three types of nanoparticles were produced: HBsAg-loaded nanoparticles, M. oleifera-loaded nanoparticles, and combination of HBsAg–M. oleifera-loaded nanoparticles. The nanoparticles formed were characterized by the particle size, HBsAg entrapment efficiency using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the entrapment efficiency of extracts using the total flavonoid method. Results: The results showed that the particle size was between 111 and 245 nm. The entrapment efficiency of HBsAg in the separate formula was 79%, while that in the combined formula was approximately 96–98%. Furthermore, the entrapment efficiency of the extracts in the separate formula was around 64–91%, while that in the combined formula was 55–82.5%. Particularly, HBsAg–M. oleifera-loaded chitosan nanoparticles with the extract concentrations of 50 μg/ml showed the highest entrapment efficiencies of HBsAg and M. oleifera extracts of approximately 98 and 82.5%, respectively. Conclusion: Collectively, the system has been successfully developed, so it is then plausible to determine the function of the devices to enhance the immune response in the future.
DIABETES MELLITUS TREATMENT: A RAPID REVIEW ON INNOVATIVE THERAPIES
Authors: Veni D. Krishna , Gupta N. Vishal
Published: January 2019

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic and metabolic disorder which results from defects in a section of insulin, action of insulin, or both. Primarily drugs are used to control the symptoms and save life. Secondary aims are to prevent long-term diabetic complications and by eliminating various risk factors to increase longevity. In type I diabetes mellitus, new innovative therapies such as pancreatic transplantation, pancreatic islet transplantation, stem cell therapy, transdifferentiation, and gene therapy are discussed, and regarding type II diabetes mellitus, treatment is based on drugs which stimulates the secretion of insulin such as conventional therapy, antihypoglycemic agents such as insulin, insulin secretagogues, and insulin sensitizers, α-glucosidase inhibitors, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, and a list of patents for the treatment of diabetes mellitus are discussed in this review article.
NEUROPHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF THE ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF DERIVATIVES OF LUPEOL IN RATS
Authors: Wal Ankita , Wal Pranay , Tiwari Ruchi
Published: January 2019

Objective: The neuropharmacological activities of ethanolic extract derivatives of lupeol are being screened on rats. Prepared derivatives are evaluated for their locomotor, anxiolytic and stereotype activities. The present investigation was designed to evaluate the antipsychotic effect of semisynthetic derivatives of lupeol using rat models of elevated maze model and apomorphine-induced stereotype behavior.Methods: Lupeol was extracted from Crataeva nurvala bark using ethano. After chemical modification, we made different derivatives using aldol condensation. Different derivatives were obtained from a series of reaction previously published LAH-3, LAP-3, LAPEA-3, LAMP-3, LATS-3, and LAS-3. Neuropharmacological effects, including anxiolytic, central nervous inhibitory, and stereotype antipsychotic effects were evaluated in the different derivatives of lupeol at a dose of 250 mg/kg using standard methods.Results: The absolute derivatives of LAH3 and LAPEA3 showed a significant reduction in the activity score in actophotometer test. Reduction in the locomotor activity indicates central nervous system (CNS) depressant property of the drug. LAMP3 and LAS3 show a significant anxiolytic effect. From the result of elevated plus maze, it was evident that derivatives of lupeol treated animals exhibit an increased number of entries into open arm when compared to normal control, which shows the anxiolytic activity of the lupeol derivatives. Sniffing, rearing and licking activities for lupeol derivatives LAH3 and LAPEA3 were found to be 35%, 33%, and 40% and 40.33%, 38%, and 33.33% respectively when it compared with standard and control groups. This model is suggestive of the absence of negative symptoms alleviating property of all the treatment groups.Conclusions: The lupeol and its semisynthetic derivatives possess anxiolytic, CNS inhibitory, and antipsychotic effects to varying degree.
RECENT UPDATE ON PRONIOSOMAL GEL AS TOPICAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
Authors: Rajkumar Jampala , Gv Radha , Sastri K Trideva , Burada Sadhana
Published: January 2019

An existence of transdermal delivery tool, proniosomal gel, has established to showed remarkable development for lipophilic/hydrophilic drugs over additional formulations. Newer drugs of lipophilic nature emerge poor bioavailability, irregular absorption, and pharmacokinetic changes. Therefore, this novel drug delivery system has been proved advantageous over other oral and topical delivery of drug candidates to bypass such disruption. This proniosomal gel basically is a compact semi-solid liquid crystalline (gel) composed of non-ionic surfactants easily formed on dissolving the surfactant in a minimal amount of acceptable solvent and the least amount of aqueous phase and phosphate buffer. Topical application of gel under occlusive condition during which they are converted into nisomes due to hydration by water in the skin present itself. Proniosomal gels are typically present in transparent, translucent, or white semisolid gel texture, which makes them physically stable throughout storage and transport. This review provides an important overview of the preparation, formulation, evaluation, and application of proniosome gel as a drug delivery carrier.
EVALUATION OF SIRTUIN 3 BIOMARKER BEFORE AND AFTER EXERCISE REGIMEN IN CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE MILD STRESS-INDUCED DEPRESSED RATS
Authors: R Sowndarya , Va Doss
Published: January 2019

Objective: Depression is one of the most common psychiatric illnesses that cause disability and public health problems. Physical exercise has been shown to reduce the stress impairment and ameliorate depressive symptoms. The objectives of the present study were to confirm, whether swimming exercise alleviates the depression-like behavior induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) through the alteration in the expression of sirtuin 3 (sirt 3) in brain.Methods: This study was undertaken to evaluate the possible antidepressant activity of exercise. Female Wistar rats weighing about 120–150 g were divided into four groups of six animals in each: Control, CUMS-induced, venlafaxine-treated, and exercise-treated groups. The rat model of depression was established using CUMS protocol. Behavioral assessment was performed by sucrose consumption test and forced swim test. Semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis were performed to study the gene expression and the protein activity of SIRT3.Results: Our results showed that the gene expression and protein activity of sirt3 were found to be significantly increased in the exercise-treated group when compared to the depressed group.Conclusion: The interesting fact from this study is that swimming exercise increases sirt3 expression and possesses a beneficial effect in curing depression.
IN VITRO ANALYSIS: THE ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES FROM CURCUMA LONGA
Authors: Jacob Vinoy , P Rajiv
Published: January 2019

Objective: Curcuma longa is a known natural medicine for inflammation from ancient times. It has a low absorption rate and poor solubility. Hence, it is used for the green synthesis of nanoparticles. Zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnO NPs) is famous nanoparticles which are economical, less toxic, and brilliantly biocompatible. They have potential biomedical properties, mainly anticancer, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial.Methods: The present study was designed to investigate in vitro analysis of the antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria and fungi and its ability to scavenge reactive oxygen radicals of ZnO NPs.Results and Conclusion: The results indicated that ZnO NPs produced from C. longa had higher antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Candida albicans. Therefore, we suggest that ZnO NPs can be used as the antimicrobial agent. It is a good scavenger of superoxide radical, nitric oxide, and hydrogen peroxide and has reducing power, which is greater than ascorbic acid at a higher concentration.
GREEN SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, AND IN VITRO ANTIMICROBIAL EFFICACY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESIZED FROM TECTONA GRANDIS WOOD FLOUR
Authors: Dangi Pinki , Op Jangir
Published: January 2019

Objective: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used as an antimicrobial agent. Due to the toxicity concerns related to the synthesis of the AgNPs, there is an urgent need of the novel green techniques to synthesis the AgNPs. In the light of the above, we had synthesized the AgNPs with the help of the Tectona grandis commonly known as teak wood.Methods: The aqueous wood floor extract of the T. grandis was used as a reducing agent in the synthesis of the AgNPs. The NPs were synthesized and characterized using different techniques such as ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Dynamic light scattering (DLS), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The synthesized NPs were then evaluated for their antimicrobial efficacy against the Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and antifungal activity. Further, in vitro antioxidant efficacy of the AgNPs was calculated using 2,2’-azino-bis(3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic) acid and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay.Results: From the above analyses, the formation of spherical NPs with an average size of 100 nm was confirmed. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal biocidal concentration (MBC) of the AgNPs were calculated, MIC and MBC values ranged from 0.50 to 1.8 μg/mL and 0.91 to 3.6 μg/mL, respectively.Conclusion: The prepared NPs were found to be uniform in size with smooth topography. The antibacterial and antifungal efficacy of the NPs was found to be effective on the broad spectrum of microbes. The antioxidant activity of AgNPs was comparable to ascorbic acid.
IN VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF SEEDPOD AND QUERCETIN OF NELUMBO NUCIFERA GAERTN
Authors: Pn Ruvanthika , S Manikandan
Published: January 2019

Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate whether ethanolic extracts of Nelumbo nucifera (EENN) seedpod and quercetin (active component of NN) possess antibacterial proprieties against Gram (-) bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Gram (+) bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus. Methods: Antibacterial activities of EENN seedpod and quercetin were investigated using disc diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration against E. coli and P. aeruginosa and Gram (+) bacteria such as S. aureus. Results: The antibacterial activity of both EENN seedpod and quercetin was found to be increased in dose-dependent manner. The maximum zone of inhibition was exhibited by both EENN seedpod and quercetin against E. coli (14 mm and 15 mm) and P. aeruginosa (13 mm and 15 mm). Gram-negative bacteria were more susceptible to the EENN seedpod extract and quercetin than Gram-positive bacteria.Conclusion: The results of the present study suggested that the effect of EENN seedpod and quercetin against the tested bacteria in vitro may contribute to the in vivo activities of the EENN seedpod and quercetin.
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF NEW STABILITY INDICATING REVERSED-PHASE HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE AND ERTUGLIFLOZIN IN BULK AND PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM
Authors: Rao P Venkateswara , Rao A Lakshmana , Svum Prasad
Published: January 2019

Objective: The present study deals with the development, validation, and application of simple, precise, and accurate high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the simultaneous estimation of metformin hydrochloride and ertugliflozin in pharmaceutical formulation and to validate.Methods: The analytical conditions were optimized on BDS C8 column (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) at room temperature. The mobile phase consists of buffer: acetonitrile in 55:45 v/v ratio. Injection volume was 10 μl. The flow rate was maintained at 1.0 ml/min, and the analysis was carried out at 224 nm.Results: The method was found to be linear in the concentration range of 125–750 μg/ml and 1.875–11.25 μg/ml for metformin hydrochloride and ertugliflozin with regression coefficient r2 = 0.999. The method was found to be precise with percentage relative standard deviation below 2%. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were found to be within the limits. The percentage recovery of the developed method was 100.15%. All the validation parameters such as robustness, recovery, and precision were found to be within the limits. Degradation parameters such as acid, base, thermal and peroxide, light, temperature, and humidity were performed and found that the drugs are stable in all the extreme conditions.Conclusions: A simple, accurate, precise, and less time-consuming reversed-phase HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of metformin hydrochloride and ertugliflozin has been developed and validated in accordance with the ICH guidelines.
SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, AND IN VIVO IMMUNOMODULATION OF CCR2 AND VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR ANTAGONISTS-LOADED PEGYLATED NANOPARTICLES
Authors: Abd-rabou Ahmed A , Ahmed Hanaa H , Kishta Mohamed S
Published: January 2019

Objective: Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), a candidate of cytokines, orchestrates immune cell recruitment to inflamed organs. CCL2 has been shown to have direct angiogenic effects, so providing an anti-angiogenic agent, Avastin (AV), to be combined with the CCR2 antagonist (concentration ratio [CR]) plays an essential role in the hemostatic strategy for immunomodulation. Lack of targetability and the adverse effects of chemical treatments are the main obstacles led scientists to develop novel strategies using nano-delivery approaches such as pegylated nanoparticles (NPs) which exhibits reduced drug clearance rates. The rationale of the current study is to test the in vivo immunomodulatory effects of AV and/or CR in their NPs or free counterparts.Methods: These NPs were synthesized and characterized using different physicochemical techniques. Males Wistar rats (n=114) were used and divided into 7 groups treated with vehicle, AV, AVNP, CCR2 antagonist (CR), CCR2 antagonist NPs (CRNP), AV-CCR2 antagonist (AVCR), and AV-CCR2 antagonist NPs (AVCRNP). Groups were subdivided into three subgroups according to the administrated dose. Blood was taken from rats for differential leukocyte and platelet profile measurements. Sera were collected to test vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels. Autopsy samples from liver were taken for histopathological investigation.Results: The morphology of the NPs was spherical and had sizes ranging from 89.89 nm to 146 nm. Monocytes and lymphocytes accumulated in the blood circulation and VEGF levels were inhibited after AV and CR administrations. In addition, large platelets concentration ratio was elevated in the blood circulation.Conclusion: We concluded that AV ad CR therapeutic regimens have an immunomodulatory role through induction of monocyte-platelet aggregation and inhibition of VEGF.
EFFECT OF PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR-ALPHA-AGONISTS ON DIABETES-INDUCED ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY: ROLE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS AND HYPERLIPIDEMIA
Authors: Chakkarwar Vishal Arvind , Kawtikwar Pravin
Published: January 2019

Objective: The present study investigated the possible effect of fenofibrate and gemfibrozil peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha agonist in diabetes-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) in rats.Methods: Rats were administered streptozotocin (STZ) (50 mg/kg, i.p., single dose) to induce experimental diabetes mellitus. The development of diabetic AKI was assessed biochemically and histologically. In addition, the diabetes-induced lipid profile and renal oxidative stress were assessed. The single dose of STZ produced diabetes, which induced renal oxidative stress, altered the lipid profile and subsequently produced kidney injuryAKI in 7 weeks by increasing serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), proteinuria, and glomerular damage. Treatment with fenofibrate and gemfibrozil (30 mg/kg p.o, 7 weeks) normalized the altered lipid profile by decreasing serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and increasing serum high-density lipoprotein in diabetic rats. Lisinopril (1 mg/kg, p.o., 7 weeks, reference compound) prevents lipid alteration and development of diabetic AKI.Result: Fenofibrate and gemfibrozil, besides hyperglycemia, significantly prevented the development of diabetic AKI by reducing (serum and tissue) oxidative stress, hyperlipidemia, serum BUN, creatinine, and urinary protein. Further, fenofibrate, but not gemfibrozil, considerably reduced renal structural and functional abnormalities in diabetic rats. The fenofibrate was more effective in attenuating the diabetes-induced AKI and renal oxidative stress as compared to treatment with and gemfibrozil.Conclusion: The fenofibrate and gemfibrozil treatment markedly prevented the diabetes-induced AKI. In comparison, the fenofibrate is found to be a superior approach to attenuate the diabetic AKI than gemfibrozil.
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A SIMPLE HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY–UV METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF VINORELBINE - A CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUG IN SPIKED HUMAN PLASMA
Authors: Mallu Useni Reddy , Rao Anna Venkateswara , Kasimala Bikshal Babu
Published: January 2019

Objective: Vinorelbine (VNRB) is a chemotherapeutic drug used to treat non-small cell lung cancer and breast cancer. Literature survey reveals that there are no reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) methods reported for the estimation of VNRB in spiked human plasma. Hence, the present work aimed to develop a simple and efficient RP-HPLC method for the estimation of VNRB in human plasma.Methods: Specimen preparation for the measurement of VNRB was performed through liquid-liquid extraction using methanol as extracting solvent and reconstructed with mobile phase. Paclitaxel (PCTX) was used as internal standard. HPLC method was optimized and validated as per the US FDA bioanalytical guidelines. VNRB and internal standard were separated on Kromasil® C18 (250×4.6 mm; id 5 μ) using acetate buffer (pH=5.9) and methanol in the ratio of 85:15 (v/v) at 1 ml/min flow rate. Eluted compounds were recorded using UV detector at 235 nm.Results: The retention time of PCTX and internal standard was found to be 4.3 and 9.0 min, respectively. The analytical measuring ranges were found to be 5–750 ng/ml (r2>0.9998). The method was found to be simple, accurate, precise, and stable and there is no interference of plasma matric components.Conclusion: The described HPLC method allows for the measurement of total and free PCTX in both plasma and cord blood and can utilize for the estimation of drug in pharmacokinetic studies.
FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF PRONIOSOMAL GEL OF ETHINYLESTRADIOL AND LEVONORGESTREL FOR ANTIFERTILITY TREATMENT
Authors: Chauhan Shikha Baghel , Naved Tanveer , Parvez Nayyar
Published: January 2019

Objective: The purpose of this research was to develop and formulate proniosomal gel drug delivery system of ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel for antifertility treatment that is capable of efficiently delivering entrapped drug over an extended period of time.Methods: Ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel are encapsulated in various formulations of proniosomal gel composed of various ratios of span surfactant, cholesterol, soya lecithin, and alcohol as aqueous phase prepared by coacervation-phase separation method. The prepared formulations characterized for drug encapsulation efficiency, size distribution, in vitro release studies, and vesicular stability at different storage conditions were carried. Stability studies for proniosomal gel were carried out for a few weeks. Morphological size and shape of the vesicles are characterized using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Stability studies for proniosomal gel were carried out for 3 months.Results: Morphological size and shape of the vesicles are characterized using optical microscopy and SEM, particles are found to be spherical, size of the particles is in the range of 46.4–80.6 nm, and permeation studies showed good control release for prolonged period of time. The encapsulation efficiency of proniosomal gel formulations is in the range of 74–80% and in vitro permeation studies proved that good amount of drug is permeated and has reasonably good stability characteristics as well.Conclusions: The results suggest that proniosomal gel formulations of ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel may be used for transdermal delivery for antifertility treatment. The dried proniosomal formulation could act as a promising alternative to niosomes.
SYNTHESIS AND INVESTIGATION OF ANTHELMINTIC, ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF 3,3-DIPHENYL PROPANAMIDE DERIVATIVES
Authors: Chaudhary Sachin , Verma Harish Chandra , Gupta Mandeep Kumar , Gupta Ramesh Kumar , Kumar Amit , El-shorbagi Abdel Nasser
Published: January 2019

Objective: A novel series of substituted 3,3-diphenyl propanamide derivatives (I-VIII) were synthesized by reacting 3,3-diphenyl propanoyl chloride with different amines/amino acids, and all the derivatives were investigated for anthelmintic, antibacterial, and antifungal activity.Methods: All the compounds were characterized by infrared (IR) and1H- nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry data. The synthesized derivatives were investigated for their anthelmintic activity employing housefly worms method and earthworm species model. The antibacterial and antifungal activity was performed employing cup plate method.Results: The synthesized compounds (VII and VIII) exhibited maximum anthelmintic activity as compared with standard drug albendazole at doses of 50 and 100 mg/mL, due to minimal paralyzing and death time in both housefly and earthworm models. The compounds (IV, VII, and VIII) at 50 μg/mL exhibited maximum activity against Gram-negative bacterial strains, namely, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa as compared with ciprofloxacin and same compounds exhibited maximum antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger in comparison with standard drug griseofulvin at 50 μg/mL.Conclusion: The synthesized compounds bearing amino acid moiety in their structure (VII-VIII) exhibited impressive anthelmintic activity in comparison with albendazole. This suggests that amino acid/peptide derivative of diphenyl propanamides can act as great anthelmintic agents. Further, the research can be performed to design potent antimicrobial diphenyl propanamide derivatives.
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND HISTOLOGY APPEARANCE OF ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY STUDY ON ETHANOL EXTRACT OF PSIDIUM GUAJAVA LINN. FRUIT IN MICE
Authors: Atik Nur , Muda Iskandar , Rahmadi Andri Reza , Achadiyani Achadiyani , Djunaedi Diah Dhianawaty
Published: January 2019

Objective: The main objectives of the research are to investigate the phytochemical screening, histology appearance, and safety of acute oral toxicity study on the extract of the fruit of Psidium guajava Linn. in mice.Methods: Mice that were administered by oral feeding with different and controlled dose were divided into three groups, with dose limits of both 2000 and 5000 mg/kg b.w. We analyzed the P. guajava Linn. extract with specific methods before treating the subject. The methods were followed with acute oral toxicity study of Up-and-Down Procedure Organization for Economic and Development 425. The mice were then observed for signs and symptoms of toxicity. In addition, toxicity in the liver and kidney was analyzed through histology observation.Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, quinone, triterpenoid/steroid, tannins and saponins, and the absence of alkaloids. We found that the treatment with 2000 and 5000 mg/kg b.w. of the extract did not show any differences in body weight changes, number of hepatocyte in liver, and podocyte in kidney compared with control (*p>0.05). Moreover, we noticed all mice lived and were healthy during observation.Conclusion: Our finding indicates that the extract of the fruit of P. guajava Linn. is safe and it was not toxic to the liver and kidney.
NEUROPROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF HYDROCOTYLE JAVANICA IN AMELIORATING NEUROBEHAVIORAL ALTERATION INDUCED BY MERCURY
Authors: Phukan Pankaj , Namasudra Sanjit , Bawari Meenakshi , Sengupta Mahuya
Published: January 2019

Objective: This study aims to assess the effects of the aqueous extract of Hydrocotyle javanica (HJ) in ameliorating mercury-induced neurobehavioral toxicity.Methods: For the study, 36 adult male Swiss albino mice of 25–30 g in weight were taken. They were equally divided into six groups. Group I was treated with distilled water, Group II was treated with mercuric chloride (1.5 mg/kg), Group III was treated with HJ extract low dose (100 mg/kg), Group IV was treated with HJ extract high dose (200 mg/kg), Group V was treated with mercuric chloride plus HJ extract low dose, and Group VI was treated with mercuric chloride plus TB extract high dose. In all the groups, the doses were administered orally through oral gavage tube and the treatment lasted for 14 days. The behavioral effects evaluated were locomotor activity in the open field test, immobility in forced swimming test and anxiety in elevated plus maze test, spatial learning ability, and memory in the Morris water maze test.Results: The present study showed that mercury exposure significantly decreased the locomotor activity (p<0.001), number of annulus crossovers (p<0.001), number of open arm entries (p<0.01), time spent in open arms (p<0.001), and increased escape latency (p<0.01), path length (p<0.001), and immobility (p<0.001) in mice. The aqueous extract of HJ significantly alleviated the neurotoxic effects of mercury. The aqueous extract of HJ showed to increase the locomotor activity (p<0.01), number of annulus crossovers (p<0.001), number of open arm entries (p<0.05), and time spent in open arms (p<0.05), which was decreased in mercury-exposed mice. The HJ extract also showed to decrease the immobility (p<0.001), escape latency (p<0.05), and path length (p<0.001) in mercury-exposed mice.Conclusion: The result of the study shows that neurobehavioral changes induced by mercuric chloride were significantly reversed by the aqueous extract of HJ. Thus, base on the present study, it is concluded that HJ is effective in ameliorating the neurobehavioral deficits induced by mercury.
QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF PHENOL CARBOXYLIC ACIDS IN POMEGRANATE FRUIT PULP BY THE HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH ULTRAVIOLET DETECTION
Authors: Pogosyan Ruben Ashotovich , Nesterova Olga Vladimirovna , Bokov Dmitry Olegovich , Samylina Irina Alexandrovna
Published: January 2019

Objective: Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is a broadly used plant possessing a wide range of medicinal properties. In this research, we have mainly focused on the investigation of phenolic compounds of pomegranate fruit pulp (PFP).Methods: Fresh fruits of “Çəhrayı Gülöyşə,” “Kizil-anor,” and pomegranate varietal mixture were used as samples. High-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) analysis of phenol carboxylic acids was performed with metal column Kromasil® C18 (4.6×250 mm, particle size 5 μm) and the acetonitrile-water-concentrated acid phosphoric system (400:600:5) under isocratic elution conditions (flow rate of 0.5 ml/min). Detection was carried out using a UV detector “GILSTON” UV/Visible model 151 at a wavelength of 280 nm.Results and Discussion: As a result of our research, we proposed chromatographic conditions for the separation of phenolic compounds, the conditions for sample preparation of PFP. Procedure for determination of phenolic carboxylic acids total content in terms of gallic acid by HPLC-UV method was developed. According to the obtained data, the content of phenolic carboxylic acids should be at least 0.7%.Conclusion: Procedure for the quantitative determination of gallic acid using the HPLC-UV method was developed. This method which can be used in the standardization of new medicinal plant raw materials - PFP, as well as extract preparations based on it in the future.
Conducta sexual y riesgo de embarazo temprano en adolescentes de cd. Victoria, Tamaulipas
Authors: Banda González Olga Lidia , Medrano Martínez Ma. Ramona , Ibarra González Cinthya Patricia , Vázquez Salazar Ma. Guadalupe , Vázquez Treviño Guadalupe Esmeralda
Published: January 2019

Introducción: La proporción de adolescentes que han iniciado relaciones sexuales va en aumento y la edad de inicio está disminuyendo, sin embargo, la capacidad para evitar el embarazo no acompaña este comportamiento. En la Jurisdicción Sanitaria No. 1 de Cd. Victoria, Tamaulipas, en el año 2008 se atendieron 15,137 embarazadas, y de estas el 22.0% son menores de 20 años,1 afectándoles de manera importante los planes de vida y futuro de las madres adolescentes. El propósito de esta investigación fue describir las características de la conducta sexual de los adolescentes, variables que se relacionan con el inicio de la actividad sexual, y practicas de riesgo para embarazo. Metodología: Se realizo un estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal, correlacional.2. En 1212 adolescentes de 12 a 19 años ambos sexos, mediante un muestreo no probabilístico, por disponibilidad. Utilizando un instrumento con un alpha de cronbach de 0.82. Resultados. La mitad de los participantes en el estudio se encuentra en el rango de 15 a 17 años con una media de 16 años. El 97% conoce métodos anticonceptivos, mas no su funcionamiento la información la adquirieron de la escuela y amigos. El 22 % tiene vida sexual activa iniciando entre los 14-15 años, no utilizaron método anticonceptivo por no planear la relación sexual. El 50% tiene más de una pareja, no se encontró asociación entre la edad y el número de parejas ni entre la edad y la última vez en que se tuvo relación sexual. Discusión: Los datos obtenidos sobre conducta sexual no difieren con lo reportado en la revisión de la literatura, la actividad sexual inicia más tempranamente entre los hombres que en las mujeres, el uso de métodos anticonceptivos no es generalizable ni en la primera ni en la última relación sexual. Conclusiones: Un porcentaje alto no tiene conocimiento sobre métodos anticonceptivos y su funcionamiento, considerándose estas variables como riesgo para la presentación de embarazo en la adolescencia.
Sobrepeso y obesidad infantil. Necesidad de intervención de Enfermería.
Authors: Sotomayor Sánchez Sandra M. , Bernal Becerril Martha Lilia , Salazar Gómez Teresa , Ponce Gómez Gandhy
Published: January 2019

Introducción: El sobrepeso y obesidad infantil son un problema complejo que necesita atención prioritaria en los programas de salud pública para rectificarlo; considerando que los factores desencadenantes son susceptibles de modificación, a través de crear entornos que capaciten y motiven a las personas, familias y comunidades a adoptar conductas positivas en relación a una alimentación saludable y la realización de actividades físicas que permitan mejorar su salud. Desarrollo: En general la investigación sobre obesidad y sobrepeso en México se ha enfocado en estudios epidemiológicos que apuntan a la necesidad de intervenciones en el estilo de vida para reducir esta agresiva epidemia. No obstante, muy pocos estudios han sido capaces de demostrar cuales son las aproximaciones más efectivas para promover cambios en el estilo de vida. Ante tal problemática los profesionales de enfermería, tienen el compromiso y responsabilidad, de crear un entorno que capacite y motive a las personas, familias y las comunidades a adoptar decisiones y conductas positivas en sus estilos de vida, integrando para ello modelos conceptuales y teorías de enfermería. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar una revisión de la literatura acerca del sobrepeso y la obesidad infantil, así mismo hacer énfasis en la necesidad de realizar estudios o investigaciones interventivas de enfermería para contribuir en la disminución de esta epidemia; pretendiendo aportar un marco de referencia para futuras investigaciones. Para ello se realizo una búsqueda y revisión del problema en las principales bases de datos en español (Artemisa, Lilacs y Medline). Conclusiones: el fin es el de aportar un marco de referencia que sirva de apoyo a futuras investigaciones para el desarrollo de intervenciones de enfermería que contribuyan de manera específica a disminuir el sobrepeso y la obesidad.
Egresados de la Escuela Nacional de Enfermería y Obstetricia (UNAM): calidad de la formación (2003-2008)
Authors: Pérez-Cabrera Iñiga , Müggenburg-Rodríguez María Cristina , Ortiz-Acevedo Pablo
Published: January 2019

Introducción: La evaluación del proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje ofrece elementos para proponer cambios en la formación de enfermeras. La ENEO anualmente estudia el desempeño profesional de sus egresados a tres años de la terminación de su carrea, para retroalimentar su formación. Objetivo: Describir la forma como los egresados visualizan la calidad de la formación recibida durante su aprendizaje formal. Metodologia: Estudio descriptivo de seis generaciones, encuestadas a los tres años de la terminación de su carrera, desde 2003 hasta 2008. Muestra: 360 exalumnos. Recolección: encuesta auto administrada, instrumento con validez de contenido, variables relacionadas con proceso formativo, aplicando estadística descriptiva e inferencial, específicamente el biplot. Desde el punto de vista ético se considera con riesgo mínimo. Resultados: La calidad de la formación teórica fue considerada superior a la calidad de la formación práctica. La congruencia entre la formación recibida y la práctica desempeñada fue evaluada prioritariamente como regular. Las actividades con mejor preparación fueron: cuidados complejos y cuidados sencillos para la resolución de problemas, cuidados para la resolución de necesidades fisiológicas y apoyo integral. El principal eje biplot, en lo cuadrantes valorados como alto y muy alto por su aplicación para la comprensión y cuidado del paciente, conjunta a las asignaturas: Proceso salud Enfermedad del Adolescente, Adulto y Anciano (AAA) I y II, Enfermería del AAA II y Enfermería del Niño. Ambos cuadrantes muestran además materias básicas. En el cuadrante de baja aplicación están las metodológicas, administrativas, y de apoyo psicológico y biológico. Las de muy baja aplicación pertenecen al área de las humanidades. La confiabilidad del biplot es de 96.5%. Discusión y Conclusiones: Las actividades del cuidado de enfermería con mejor preparación son congruentes con asignaturas de mayor aplicación para la comprensión y cuidado del paciente, pero se identifica insuficiente vinculación con asignaturas psicobiológicas y humanísticas.
La ética de la Enfermería posmoderna
Authors: Sánchez Estrada Teresa
Published: January 2019

La ética del cuidado enfermero en el contexto de la cultura moderna y posmoderna constituye un desafío teórico pero sobre todo práctico en las instituciones de salud. Según Francesc Torralba, siguiendo a E. Morín; hemos entrado al paradigma de la complejidad en la que no caben soluciones simples porque éstas, casi siempre son pragmáticas y muy frecuentemente carecen de anclaje valoral y axiológico.
Sobrecarga del cuidador primario de personas con deterioro cognitivo y su relación con el tiempo de cuidado
Authors: Camacho Estrada Lilian , YokebedHinostrosa Arvizu Gladys , Jiménez Mendoza Araceli
Published: January 2019

Introducción: El cuidado a las personas con Deterioro Cognitivo representa una sobrecarga objetiva importante en el cuidador primario, en términos de tiempo, lo cual repercute en sus diferentes ámbitos; laboral, familiar, social y de salud1, 2 Objetivo: Evaluar la sobrecarga del cuidador primario del adulto mayor con deterioro cognitivo en relación con el tiempo de cuidado. Metodología: Es un estudio descriptivo, resultado de una prueba piloto; realizada en el periodo de Marzo-Abril de 2010, en “la Fundación Alzheimer México” y “la Fundación Alzheimer Querétaro”, la muestra se constituyo de 40 cuidadores primarios de personas con deterioro cognitivo o demencia, a quienes se les aplicó la “Escala de Sobrecarga de Zarit”.3 Resultados: El 58% de la muestra presenta sobrecarga y sobrecarga intensa; en relación con las horas de cuidado el 74% dedica más de 5 horas al día y en años, el 65% más de 5 años. Discusión: Los resultados socio demográficos encontrados en el presente estudio son similares a los encontrados por otros autores españoles,11 Conclusiones: Se logró; evaluar la sobrecarga y las horas de cuidado, sin embargo falta profundizar en los factores predisponentes para sobrecarga y el acceso a la información para brindar cuidado a la persona a su cargo y generar mecanismos de autocuidado. El estudio aporta otra perspectiva de investigación y un panorama de oportunidad para el ejercicio del profesional de enfermería en el hogar.
Formación profesional de enfermería durante la primera mitad del Siglo XX en la UNAM
Authors: Castañeda Godínez María Cristina , Pérez Loredo Díaz Luz , Pérez Cabrera Iñiga , Müggenburg Rodríguez Vigil María Cristina
Published: January 2019

Formación profesional de enfermería durante la primera mitad del Siglo XX en la UNAM
Economía creativa y salarios urbanos en México
Authors: Valdivia López Marcos , Rodríguez Luna Isabel
Published: January 2019

Esta investigación analiza los efectos que produce el empleo asociado a las actividades económicas creativas en los salarios urbanos en México durante los últimos años. Los resultados indican que los salarios de los empleos en industrias y ocupaciones creativas son superiores a los salarios de las actividades económicas no creativas. Asimismo, se muestra a partir de regresiones cuantílicas que el empleo creativo tiene un efecto heterogéneo a lo largo de la distribución salarial, siendo el impacto mayor en la parte superior de la distribución. El efecto heterogéneo es fundamental para entender la desigualdad salarial urbana en México.
Gasto público social, el acceso al agua potable y el saneamiento de las poblaciones rurales en América Latina
Authors: Pinilla-Rodríguez Diego E. , Torres-Sánchez Yadier A.
Published: January 2019

El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar la relación entre el gasto público social y la cobertura de agua y de saneamiento en América Latina (19942014). Se
estiman cuatro modelos por mínimos cuadrados generales que vinculan los porcentajes de cobertura de las poblaciones urbanas y rurales con el gasto público social y otras variables de control. También se verifica su cointegración. La evidencia indica que el gasto público social tiene una relación positiva y  superconsistente con el nivel de cobertura de las poblaciones rurales, que suelen asumir altos costos de acceso, por lo que los aumentos de cobertura han requerido de la intervención estatal.
Desafios do saber-fazer docente na contemporaneidade
Authors: Martinazzo Celso José , Dresch Óberson Isac
Published: January 2019

O texto tem como objetivo refletir sobre os desafios do saber-fazer docente diante da complexidade do mundo contemporâneo. Busca-se destacar a importância e a pertinência da dimensão cognitiva no processo de formação de professores. A compreensão desta temática remete-nos a investigar os pressupostos epistemológicos que, historicamente, orientaram o processo de educação escolar e a formação do professor. Compreender o processo do conhecimento é um requisito fundamental para o êxito da educação escolar e, em razão disso, deve merecer atenção especial na formação docente. Estudos apontam para a necessidade de uma reforma paradigmática no modo de operar com o conhecimento, que transcenda a episteme moderna, produtora de concepções e práticas simplificadoras e fragmentadoras do saber-fazer, bem como o viés utilitarista das competências técnicas. As novas referências paradigmáticas buscam operar com base nos princípios do pensamento complexo que contemplam teoria e prática de forma antagônica, concorrente e complementar.
Observation of the Emperor penguins Aptenodytes forsteri in the Prince Gustav Channel related with unusual sea-ice decline in north-western Weddell Sea
Authors: Hrbáček Filip Hrbáček , Smolíková Jana , Nývlt Daniel , Kavan Jan , Engel Zbyněk
Published: January 2019

A pair of juvenile emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri) was observed in the northern coast of James Ross Island, the north-western sector of the Weddell Sea, Antarctica, in January 2017. The penguins originated from the colony located on Snow Hill Island, 120-130 km far from the observation area. Despite the emperor penguin´s ability to migrate over long distances, when they are well-known from different areas in Antarctica, this was the first observation of this species in the north of James Ross Island. In this short paper we discuss the environmental factors which allowed the penguins to reach James Ross Island northern coast, especially significant sea ice variability in this area during last decade.
Editorial: An international outlook of research in governance and regulation
Authors: Dell’Atti Stefano
Published: January 2019

The current issue of the Journal pays attention to the variety of issues: key sectors of economic growth in Greece, the influence of executives’ characteristics on bank performance, the role of universities as entrepreneurial financial players, alternative corporate performance measurements, the influence of digitalization on corporate governance and others.