bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sparse element for shallow water wave equations on triangle meshes
Authors: Mewis Peter
Published: January 2013

Within the mixed FEM, the mini‐element that uses a bubble shape function for the solution of the shallow water wave equations on triangle meshes is simplified to a sparse element formulation. The new formulation has linear shape functions for water levels and constant shape functions for velocities inside each element. The suppression of decoupled spurious solutions is excellent with the new scheme.

The linear dispersion relation of the new element has similar advantages as that of the wave equation scheme (generalised wave continuity scheme) proposed by Lynch and Gray. It is shown that the relation is monotonic over all wave numbers. In this paper, the time stepping scheme is included in the dispersion analysis. In case of a combined space–time staggering, the dispersion relation can be improved for the shortest waves.

The sparse element is applied in the flow model Bubble that conserves mass exactly. At the same time, because of the limited number of degrees of freedom, the computational efficiency is high. The scheme is not restricted to orthogonal triangular meshes.

Three test cases demonstrate the very good accuracy of the proposed scheme. The examples are the classical quarter annulus test case for the linearised shallow water equations, the hydraulic jump and the tide in the Elbe river mouth. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reconstructing Phreatic Palaeogroundwater Levels in a Geoarchaeological Context: A Case Study in Flanders, Belgium
Authors: Zwertvaegher Ann , Finke Peter , De Reu Jeroen , Vandenbohede Alexander , Lebbe Luc , Bats Machteld , De Clercq Wim , De Smedt Philippe , Gelorini Vanessa , Sergant Joris , Antrop Marc , Bourgeois Jean , De Maeyer Philippe , Van Meirvenne Marc , Verniers Jacques , Crombé Philippe
Published: January 2013

The complex debate on prehistoric settlement decisions is no longer tackled from a purely archaeological perspective but from a more landscape‐oriented manner combined with archaeological evidence. Therefore, reconstruction of several components of the former landscape is needed. Here, we focus on the reconstruction of the groundwater table based on modeling. The depth of the phreatic aquifer influences, for example, soil formation processes and vegetation type. Furthermore, it directly influences settlement by the wetness of a site. Palaeogroundwater modeling of the phreatic aquifer was carried out to produce a series of full‐coverage maps of the mean water table depth between 12.7 ka and the middle of the 20th century (1953) in Flanders, Belgium. The research focuses on the reconstruction of the input data and boundary conditions of the model and the model calibration. The model was calibrated for the 1924–1953 time period using drainage class maps. Archaeological site data and podzol occurrence data act as proxies for local drainage conditions over periods in the past. They also served as a control on the simulated phreatic palaeogroundwater levels. Model quality testing on an independent validation data set showed that the model predicts phreatic water table levels at the time of soil mapping well (mean error of 1.8 cm; root mean square error of 65.6 cm). Simulated hydrological conditions were in agreement with the occurrence of archaeological sites of Mesolithic to Roman age at 96% of the validation locations, and also with the occurrence of well‐drained podzols at 97% of the validation locations.
Two‐Phase Designs to Follow‐Up Genome‐Wide Association Signals With DNA Resequencing Studies
Authors: Schaid Daniel J. , Jenkins Gregory D. , Ingle James N. , Weinshilboum Richard M.
Published: January 2013

Genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) of complex traits have generated many association signals for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). To understand the underlying causal genetic variant(s), focused DNA resequencing of targeted genomic regions is commonly used, yet the current cost of resequencing limits sample sizes for resequencing studies. Information from the large GWAS can be used to guide choice of samples for resequencing, such as the SNP genotypes in the targeted genomic region. Viewing the GWAS tag‐SNPs as imperfect surrogates for the underlying causal variants, yet expecting that the tag‐SNPs are correlated with the causal variants, a reasonable approach is a two‐phase case‐control design, with the GWAS serving as the first‐phase and the resequencing study serving as the second‐phase. Using stratified sampling based on both tag‐SNP genotypes and case‐control status, we explore the gains in power of a two‐phase design relative to randomly sampling cases and controls for resequencing (i.e., ignoring tag‐SNP genotypes). Simulation results show that stratified sampling based on both tag‐SNP genotypes and case‐control status is not likely to have lower power than stratified sampling based only on case‐control status, and can sometimes have substantially greater power. The gain in power depends on the amount of linkage disequilibrium between the tag‐SNP and causal variant alleles, as well as the effect size of the causal variant. Hence, the two‐phase design provides an efficient approach to follow‐up GWAS signals with DNA resequencing.
A Very Public Ritual
Authors: Krull Lena
Published: January 2013

In Wilhelminian Germany the congregation of tens of thousands of Catholics in processions through the streets of Prussian towns was a bold expression of religious commitment within a nation fraught with political and social tensions.
Gotcha
Authors: Schuster Stefan
Published: January 2013

How are decisions made? And what happens in the brain? The tiny cellular networks in archerfish are giving researchers surprising answers to some fundamental questions.
Faster, More Precise and Visible
Authors: Greve Henry , Jahns Robert , Raethjen Jan
Published: January 2013

Both ECG and EEG often run up against their own limitations. Physicians, electrical engineers and medical scientists are now searching for optimum composite materials to be used in innovative new magnetic field sensors for the diagnosis and treatment of heart and brain diseases.
ONE SIZE DOES NOT FIT ALL: INVESTIGATING DOCTORS' STATED PREFERENCE HETEROGENEITY FOR JOB INCENTIVES TO INFORM POLICY IN THAILAND
Authors: Lagarde Mylene , Pagaiya Nonglak , Tangcharoensathian Viroj , Blaauw Duane
Published: January 2013

This study investigates heterogeneity in Thai doctors' job preferences at the beginning of their career, with a view to inform the design of effective policies to retain them in rural areas. A discrete choice experiment was designed and administered to 198 young doctors. We analysed the data using several specifications of a random parameter model to account for various sources of preference heterogeneity. By modelling preference heterogeneity, we showed how sensitivity to different incentives varied in different sections of the population. In particular, doctors from rural backgrounds were more sensitive than others to a 45% salary increase and having a post near their home province, but they were less sensitive to a reduction in the number of on‐call nights. On the basis of the model results, the effects of two types of interventions were simulated: introducing various incentives and modifying the population structure. The results of the simulations provide multiple elements for consideration for policy‐makers interested in designing effective interventions. They also underline the interest of modelling preference heterogeneity carefully. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thyroid Hormone-Responsive SPOT 14 Homolog Promotes Hepatic Lipogenesis, and Its Expression Is Regulated By Liver X Receptor α Through a Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein 1c–Dependent Mechanism in Mice
Authors: Wu Jing , Wang Chunjiong , Li Shuo , Li Sha , Wang Wanyi , Li Jing , Chi Yujing , Yang Hang , Kong Xiaomu , Zhou Yunfeng , Dong Chengyan , Wang Fan , Xu Guoheng , Yang Jichun , Gustafsson Jan-Åke , Guan Youfei
Published: January 2013

The protein, thyroid hormone-responsive SPOT 14 homolog (Thrsp), has been reported to be a lipogenic gene in cultured hepatocytes, implicating an important role of Thrsp in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Thrsp expression is known to be regulated by a variety of transcription factors, including thyroid hormone receptor, pregnane X receptor, and constitutive androstane receptor. Emerging

in vitro

evidence also points to a critical role of liver X receptor (LXR) in regulating Thrsp transcription in hepatocytes. In the present study, we showed that Thrsp was up-regulated in livers of

db/db

mice and high-fat-diet–fed mice, two models of murine NAFLD. Hepatic overexpression of Thrsp increased triglyceride accumulation with enhanced lipogenesis in livers of C57Bl/6 mice, whereas hepatic Thrsp gene silencing attenuated the fatty liver phenotype in

db/db

mice. LXR activator TO901317 induced Thrsp expression in livers of wild-type (WT) and LXR-β gene-deficient mice, but not in LXR-α or LXR-α/β double-knockout mice. TO901317 treatment significantly enhanced hepatic sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) expression and activity in WT mice, but failed to induce Thrsp expression in SREBP-1c gene-deficient mice. Sequence analysis revealed four LXR response-element–like elements and one sterol regulatory element (SRE)-binding site within a −2,468 ˜+1-base-pair region of the Thrsp promoter. TO901317 treatment and LXR-α overexpression failed to induce, whereas overexpression of SREBP-1c significantly increased Thrsp promoter activity. Moreover, deletion of the SRE site completely abolished SREBP-1c–induced Thrsp transcription.

Conclusion

: Thrsp is a lipogenic gene in the liver that is induced by the LXR agonist through an LXR-α–mediated, SREBP-1c–dependent mechanism. Therefore, Thrsp may represent a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of NAFLD. (Hepatology 2013;58:617–628)
SIRT2 overexpression in hepatocellular carcinoma mediates epithelial to mesenchymal transition by protein kinase B/glycogen synthase kinase-3β/β-catenin signaling
Authors: Chen Juan , Chan Anthony W.H. , To Ka-Fai , Chen Weixian , Zhang Zhenzhen , Ren Jihua , Song Chunli , Cheung Yue-Sun , Lai Paul B.S. , Cheng Suk-Hang , Ng Margaret H.L. , Huang Ailong , Ko Ben C.B.
Published: January 2013

Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) has been implicated in telomere maintenance and the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Nevertheless, the role of other sirtuins in the pathogenesis of HCC remains elusive. We found that sirtuin 2 (SIRT2), another member of the sirtuin family, also contributes to cell motility and invasiveness of HCC. SIRT2 is up-regulated in HCC cell lines and in a subset of human HCC tissues (23/45). Up-regulations of SIRT2 in primary HCC tumors were significantly correlated with the presence of microscopic vascular invasion (

P

= 0.001), a more advanced tumor stage (

P

= 0.004), and shorter overall survival (

P

= 0.0499). Functional studies by short hairpin RNA–mediated suppression of SIRT2 expression in HCC cell lines revealed significant inhibition of motility and invasiveness. Depletion of SIRT2 also led to the regression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotypes, whereas the ectopic expression of SIRT2 in the immortalized hepatocyte cell line L02 promoted cell motility and invasiveness. Mechanistic studies revealed that SIRT2 regulates the deacetylation and activation of protein kinase B, which subsequently impinges on the glycogen synthase kinase-3β/β-catenin signaling pathway to regulate EMT.

Conclusions:

Our findings have uncovered a novel role for SIRT2 in HCC metastasis, and provide a rationale to explore the use of sirtuin inhibitors in HCC therapy.
Leadership, Creative Problem‐Solving Capacity, and Creative Performance: The Importance of Knowledge Sharing
Authors: Carmeli Abraham , Gelbard Roy , Reiter‐Palmon Roni
Published: January 2013

This article presents two studies that examine whether leader supportive behaviors facilitate knowledge sharing and employee creative problem‐solving capacity, thereby enhancing creative performance. The findings from both studies indicate that leader supportive behaviors are directly and indirectly related, through both internal and external knowledge sharing, to employee creative problem‐solving capacity. In addition, creative problem solving was related to the two dimensions of creative performance—fluency and originality. However, a test of the mediation model indicated that creative problem solving only mediated the relationship between internal knowledge sharing creative performance and originality. These findings highlight the complex process by which leaders facilitate both internal and external knowledge sharing and employee creative problem‐solving capacity, thereby improving employee creative performance.
Sr, Mg cosubstituted HA porous macro‐granules: Potentialities as resorbable bone filler with antiosteoporotic functions
Authors: Landi Elena , Uggeri Jacopo , Medri Valentina , Guizzardi Stefano
Published: January 2013

Porous macro‐granules of nanostructured apatite with Ca ions partially cosubstituted with Mg and Sr ions in different ratios (SrMgHAs), were synthesized at 37°C and compared with Mg and/or Sr free apatites (MgHAs and HA). Strontium improved the Mg substitution extent in the apatite and the chemical‐physical and thermal stability of the resulting cosubstituted apatite. Porous macro‐granules of 400–600 micron with selected composition were tested for the ionic release in synthetic body fluid and the data were related with the results of preliminary cell investigation in vitro. As compared to the corresponding Sr‐free granulate, the SrMgHA could be exploited to prolong the beneficial Mg release during the bone regeneration process. In addition the contemporary in situ supply of Sr, an antiosteoporotic and anticarie ion, could influence the quality of new hard tissues. The ionic multirelease created a more favorable environment for human osteoblasts, demonstrated by a proliferative effect for each dose tested in the range 0.1–10 mg/mL. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 101A: 2481–2490, 2013.
Predominance of Enterobacteriaceae Isolates in Early Positive Anaerobic Blood Culture Bottles in BacT/Alert System
Authors: Chiueh Tzong‐Shi , Lee Shih‐Yi , Tang Sheng‐Hui , Lu Jang‐Jih , Sun Jun‐Ren
Published: January 2013

We collected and analyzed the time to detection (TTD) of blood cultures in the BacT/Alert automated system from 2002 to 2007. Among the 10,893 monomicrobial isolates from a total of 133,735 blood culture sets, the recoveries of aerobic bottles were compared with those of anaerobic bottles in this study. Significantly more Gram‐positive cocci (except Staphylococcus aureus and enterococci), glucose nonfermentative Gram‐negative bacteria, and yeast were recovered from aerobic bottles than from anaerobic bottles. The average TTD was 19.0 hr and 20.1 hr for the aerobic and anaerobic bottles, respectively, and 96.8% of the microorganisms were detected within the first 72 hr. Of the 5,489 microorganisms recovered from both of the blood culture bottle pair, microbial growth was significantly more often detected first in the anaerobic bottles than the aerobic bottles for Enterobacteriaceae except Serratia marcescens, while S. aureus, coagulase‐negative staphylococci and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were more often detected first in the aerobic bottles. According to these data, we conclude that the earlier positivity of anaerobic bottles is a useful marker for rapid presumptive identification of Enterobacteriaceae infection. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 27:113–120, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Identification of MicroRNAs in Calcisponges: Independent Evolution of MicroRNAs in Basal Metazoans
Authors: Robinson Jeffrey M. , Sperling Erik A. , Bergum Brith , Adamski Marcin , Nichols Scott A. , Adamska Maja , Peterson Kevin J.
Published: January 2013

We present the discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the calcisponges Sycon and Leucosolenia (phylum Calcarea), and potential miRNAs in the homoscleromorph Oscarella carmela (Phylum Homoscleromorpha), expanding the complement of poriferan miRNAs previously known only from the siliceous sponges (demosponges and hexactinellids). Comparison of these miRNAs with those previously described from silicisponges and eumetazoans reveals that these newly described miRNAs are novel, with each metazoan lineage (Silicea, Calcarea, Homoscleromorpha, and Eumetazoa) characterized by a unique and non‐overlapping repertoire of miRNAs (or potential miRNAs as in the case of the homoscleromorphs). Because each group is characterized by a unique repertoire of miRNAs, miRNAs cannot be used to help resolve the contentious issue of sponge mono‐ versus paraphyly. Further, because all sponges are characterized by a similar repertoire of tissue types and body plan organisation, we hypothesize that the lack of conserved miRNAs amongst the three primary sponge lineages is evidence that cellular differentiation and cell type specificity in sponges are not dependent upon conserved miRNAs, contrary to many known cases in eumetazoans. Finally, we suggest that miRNAs evolved multiple times independently not only among eukaryotes, but even within animals, independently evolved miRNAs representing molecular exaptations of RNAi machinery into pre‐existing gene regulatory networks. The role(s) miRNAs play though in sponge biology and evolution remains an open question. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 320B:84–93, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Crowd Flight in Response to Police Dispersal Techniques: A Momentary Lapse of Reason?
Authors: Cocking Chris
Published: January 2013

There has been much debate about the use of certain public order policing tactics in Britain in response to the disorder seen in recent years. This paper explored the use of an indiscriminate public order tactic that has received comparatively less attention, that of crowd dispersal techniques. More specifically, the use of police charges (either by mounted police or on foot) and subsequent collective flight was investigated. An interview study was conducted with 20 participants who experienced such charges at protests in English cities. Thematic analysis of the data found that although participants reported fear and initial crowd scattering, these instinctive responses were quickly replaced by more socialised reactions, such as co‐operation with others and an increased sense of collective unity. Furthermore, participants reported greater determination to resist what were considered as illegitimate attacks by the police. This increased collective unity was explained in terms of a shared sense of experience that was similar to that found in previous crowd behaviour research. It was concluded that rather than fragmenting crowds, the tactic of crowd dispersal can unite previously heterogeneous groups to resist further police charges and so may be counter‐productive as a public order policing strategy. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isometric handgrip exercise during cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging: Set‐up and cardiovascular effects
Authors: von Knobelsdorff‐Brenkenhoff Florian , Dieringer Matthias A. , Fuchs Katharina , Hezel Fabian , Niendorf Thoralf , Schulz‐Menger Jeanette
Published: January 2013

Purpose:

To establish a suitable setup for combining isometric handgrip exercise with cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging and to assess cardiovascular effects.

Materials and Methods:

Fifty‐three healthy volunteers (31 males, mean age 45 ± 17 years) underwent handgrip exercise in a 3T scanner using a prototype handgrip system and a custom‐made feedback system that displayed the force. Handgrip was sustained at 30% of the maximal contraction for 6–8 minutes. Heart rate, blood pressure (BP), and double product were determined sequentially. Stroke volume was quantified in a subgroup (n = 21) at rest and stress using phase contrast acquisitions.

Results:

Heart rate increased significantly between rest and stress by 20 ± 13%, systolic / diastolic / mean BP by 15 ± 11% / 20 ± 18% / 17 ± 13%, double product by 37 ± 21%, and cardiac output by 27 ± 16% (each P < 0.001). Stroke volume did not significantly increase (3 ± 9%; P = 0.215). Higher age was associated with reduced increase of stroke volume (P = 0.022) and cardiac output (P < 0.001). Overweight subjects showed less increases in heart rate (P = 0.021) and cardiac output (P = 0.002).

Conclusion:

The handgrip exercise during CMR with the presented set‐up leads to considerable hemodynamic changes in healthy volunteers. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;37:1342–1350. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimizing MRI scan time in the computation of pharmacokinetic parameters (Ktrans) in breast cancer diagnosis
Authors: Jena Amarnath , Mehta Shashi Bhushan , Taneja Sangeeta
Published: January 2013

Purpose:

To assess the effects of reduced scan time in dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE‐MRI) of breast for the evaluation of pharmacokinetic parameters (Ktrans, ve, and kep).

Materials and Methods:

High temporal resolution DCE‐MRI was performed for calculation of pharmacokinetic parameters (Ktrans, ve, and kep) at different timepoints using an in‐house developed computation scheme adopting the standard model (SM).

Results:

The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis revealed an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.994 for Ktrans at 90 seconds and 0.987 for Ktrans at 60 seconds with a significant decrease in the AUC for Ktrans at 30 seconds (0.669). While ve showed a consistently higher AUC (>0.9) at timepoints ≥40 seconds, the AUC for kep showed a consistent decline with reduced acquisition times.

Conclusion:

Reducing the acquisition time for the Ktrans and ve measurement up to 60 seconds yields reasonable accuracy for both and can be incorporated in the routine DCE‐MRI protocol for evaluation of enhancing breast lesions. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;38:573–579. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pulmonary perfusion MRI using interleaved variable density sampling and HighlY constrained cartesian reconstruction (HYCR)
Authors: Wang Kang , Schiebler Mark L. , Francois Christopher J. , Del Rio A. Munoz , Cornejo Ma. Daniela , Bell Laura C. , Korosec Frank R. , Brittain Jean H. , Holmes James H. , Nagle Scott K.
Published: January 2013

Purpose:

To demonstrate the feasibility of performing single breathhold, noncardiac gated, ultrafast, high spatial‐temporal resolution whole chest MR pulmonary perfusion imaging in humans.

Materials and Methods:

Eight subjects (five male, three female) were scanned with the proposed method on a 3 Tesla clinical scanner using a 32‐channel phased‐array coil. Seven (88%) were healthy volunteers, and one was a patient volunteer with sarcoidosis. The peak lung enhancement phase for each subject was scored for gravitational effect, peak parenchymal enhancement and severity of artifacts by three cardiothoracic radiologists independently.

Results:

All studies were successfully performed by MR technologists without any additional training. Mean parenchymal signal was very good, measuring 0.78 ± 0.13 (continuous scale, 0 = “none” → 1 = “excellent”). Mean level of motion artifacts was low, measuring 0.13 ± 0.08 (continuous scale, 0 = “none” → 1 = “severe”).

Conclusion:

It is feasible to perform single breathhold, noncardiac gated, ultrafast, high spatial‐temporal resolution whole chest MR pulmonary perfusion imaging in humans. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;38:751–756. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preparation of Reactive Three‐Dimensional Microstructures via Direct Laser Writing and Thiol‐ene Chemistry
Authors: Quick Alexander S. , Fischer Joachim , Richter Benjamin , Pauloehrl Thomas , Trouillet Vanessa , Wegener Martin , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher
Published: January 2013

Three‐dimensional microstructures are fabricated employing the direct laser writing process and radical thiol‐ene polymerization. The resin system consists of a two‐photon photoinitiator and multifunctional thiols and olefins. Woodpile photonic crystals with 22 layers and a rod distance of 2 μm are fabricated. The structures are characterized via scanning electron microscopy and focused ion beam milling. The thiol‐ene polymerization during fabrication is verified via infrared spectroscopy. The structures are grafted in a subsequent thiol‐Michael addition reaction with different functional maleimides. The success of the grafting reaction is evaluated via laser scanning microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The grafting density is calculated to be close to 200 molecules μm−2.
I just don't know what I don't know!”: A longitudinal investigation of the perceived usefulness of information to people with type 2 diabetes
Authors: St. Jean Beth
Published: January 2013

Consumer health information behavior (CHIB), which encompasses a person's health‐related information needs and the activities in which they engage in order to look for, manage, and use information related to their health condition, impacts a person's ability to manage and cope with a disease. Although CHIB has been found to be both dynamic and situational, very few studies have undertaken to study this phenomenon as a process that unfolds across time. This paper reports results from a longitudinal, mixed‐method study of the information behavior of people with type 2 diabetes. This study aimed to discover this group's information needs and information seeking practices, the factors that motivate or impede their information seeking and use, the sources and types of information that they find useful, and how all of these changed across time. This paper focuses on results related to participants' perceptions regarding the usefulness of different sources and types of diabetes‐related information. The findings indicate that important changes took place in participants' perceptions regarding the usefulness of information as their disease progressed, as their attitudes changed, and as their awareness of their information needs changed. A suggestion is made to extend the definition of information behavior to encompass an earlier state (“incognizance”) in which a person has not yet become aware that he/she has an information need and is, thus, less able (or unable) to recognize the potential relevance and usefulness of information. Implications for the important role that researchers and information professionals can play in helping to mitigate incognizance and its potentially devastating impacts are discussed.
Eating disorder questions in Yahoo! Answers: Information, conversation, or reflection?
Authors: Bowler Leanne , Oh Jung Sun , He Daqing , Mattern Eleanor , Jeng Wei
Published: January 2013

This study investigated a particular form of social Q&A – Yahoo! Answers – and the nature of the questions posed by teens on the topic of eating disorders. The goals of this study were to identify the information needs of questioners in Yahoo! Answers vis á vis the topic of eating disorders, to create a taxonomy of question types in Yahoo! Answers on the topic of eating disorders, and finally, to contribute to broader models of question‐asking in social Q&A. We achieved these goals through a content analysis of 2230 questions posed in Yahoo! Answers between December 2005 and April 2011. This resulted in a classification scheme with five overarching themes – Seeking Information, Seeking Emotional Support, Seeking Communication, Seeking Self‐Expression, and Seeking Help to Complete a Task, and the sub‐categories of factual, diagnosis, treatment or intervention, validation, seeking comfort, conversation starters, deep talk, confession, reflection, homework help, and manuscript ideas. Through the investigation of the socio‐emotional aspects of social Q&A, this study enriches our understanding of the affective dimension of health information behavior.
Crossing the divide: Putting information seeking research and theory into computer science practice to make information search systems and services more effective for the user
Authors: Kuhlthau Carol C. , Case Donald O. , Dervin Brenda , Bates Marcia J. , Cole Charles , Fisher Karen E.
Published: January 2013

With Carol Kuhlthau as moderator, we propose a panel of six information behavior researchers with diverse views on operationalizing findings and theoretical positions in information behavior/information seeking research for application in information system design and for re‐envisioning library and information services for technological information environments. Whereas computer‐science designed information systems and technological environments in libraries are designed for the user with an answer or at least the form of the answer firmly in mind, information seeking research is interested in the user with a complex information need who utilizes an information system or library service for knowledge construction and sense‐making. The dilemma is how to communicate information behavior/information seeking research and objectives to those who design the systems. The panelists propose different views on and solutions.
Bridging languages in social networks: How multilingual users of Twitter connect language communities?
Authors: Eleta Irene , Golbeck Jennifer
Published: January 2013

Multilingual users of social media and social networking sites are invisible —even unconscious— translators. Their language skills and multicultural background could help diminish the segmentation of information spheres online by connecting different language communities. Focusing on the microblogging site Twitter, this study aims at defining and classifying language bridges by looking at the languages and structure of the social networks of multilingual individuals. The social network analysis unveils four types of structures, one of which is defined as a language bridge. The next step of this work in progress aims at providing quantitative measures of this phenomenon, which has not been yet properly described or understood.
Preoperative identification of perforator vessels by combining MDCT, doppler flowmetry, and ICG fluorescent angiography
Authors: Onoda Satoshi , Azumi Shogo , Hasegawa Kenjiro , Kimata Yoshihiro
Published: January 2013

Background:

The position of perforator vessels varies between individuals. In this report, we present our experience on the use of combining multidetector‐row computed tomography (MDCT), Doppler flowmetry, and indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescent angiography to identify perforator vessels of flaps for reconstruction. We evaluated the advantages, disadvantages, and chose the necessary examination, depending on characteristics of the flap.

Methods:

The combination of MDCT, Doppler flowmetry, and ICG fluorescent angiography examinations to identify perforators was performed in 50 patients before reconstructive surgery. The patients first underwent MDCT of the prospective flap donor region. Perforators were then marked for this site by using Doppler flowmetry in the neighborhood of the points identified by MDCT. After placing the patient in the intraoperative posture, ICG fluorescent angiography was performed to confirm the intensity and position of the perforators.

Results:

In all 50 patients examined by using this approach, perforators were intraoperatively identified near the preoperatively determined sites. Flap harvesting was possible in all patients with the identified perforators as the vascular pedicle. But it was difficult to identify the perforators on the MDCT in the patients who had a flap thickness of less than 8 mm and the identification of the perforators was difficult on ICG fluorescent angiography in the patients with a flap thickness greater than 20 mm. The transferred free flaps survived in all patients without complications.

Conclusion:

On the basis of the results, selection of the most suitable mode of examination depending on the characteristics of flap is recommended. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery, 2013.
Glutathione exposes sequential IgE‐epitopes in ovomucoid relevant in persistent egg allergy
Authors: Roth‐Walter Franziska , Starkl Philipp , Zuberbier Torsten , Hummel Karin , Nöbauer Karin , Razzazi‐Fazeli Ebrahim , Brunner Richard , Pali‐Schöll Isabella , Kinkel Janis , Felix Ferdinand , Jensen‐Jarolim Erika , Kinaciyan Tamar
Published: January 2013

Scope

Patients with persistent egg allergy have more immunoglobulin E (IgE) against sequential than conformational epitopes of ovomucoid (OVO). Here, we aimed to identify compounds capable to render sequential epitopes in egg.

Methods and results

Glutathione was used for in vitro reduction of OVO and circular dichroism analyses were performed. Glutathione reduced OVO in a concentration‐dependent manner. Egg white was analyzed for reduced proteins with a thiol probe and by MALDI‐TOF/TOF. In unprocessed total egg white, several reduced proteins were detected by the thiol probe, among them reduced ovalbumin could be confirmed with MS analyses.

Egg‐allergics or sensitized controls were tested serologically (n = 19) for IgE against native and reduced OVO and in skin prick tests (n = 9). More patients had IgE against reduced than native OVO in Western blots. In skin prick test, five out of seven persistent egg‐allergics and none of the controls reacted with reduced OVO.

Conclusion

Reduced egg proteins are present in natural egg white. Glutathione, which is present in egg and furthermore is used as texture‐improving additive in processed food, is capable of reducing OVO. Patients with persistent egg allergy reacted rather to reduce the native OVO. Hence, our data indicate that reduction is a novel natural and processing‐associated principle, which contributes to the allergenicity of food.
The influence of folate supplementation on global gene expression in normal colonic mucosa of subjects with colorectal adenoma
Authors: Pufulete Maria , Abbadi Reyad Al‐Ghnaniem , Arno Matthew , Ewins Mark , Green Caroline , Astarloa Estibaliz Aldecoa‐Otalora , Sanders Tom , Emery Peter
Published: January 2013

Scope

We determined whether short‐term supplementation with a physiological dose of folate alters global gene expression in the normal colonic mucosa of subjects with colorectal adenoma.

Methods and results

Fourteen subjects with adenoma, randomised to receive folic acid (400μg/day,n= 6) or placebo (n= 8) for 10 weeks, had blood samples and colonic tissue biopsies collected before and after the intervention.RNAextracted from colonic tissue samples was used to determine global gene expression in the colon usingAffymetrix®MicroarrayGeneChips and real‐timeRT‐PCR. Following intervention, 67 genes were upregulated and 13 genes were downregulated in the folic acid group, while 21 genes were upregulated and none were downregulated in the placebo group (p< 0.05, adjusted for multiple testing). Thirty‐six genes were upregulated and 18 genes were downregulated in the folic acid group when compared with placebo, but none of these were statistically significant after adjustment for multiple testing. These genes are involved in multiple pathways, including cell cycle, signal transduction, cell differentiation, transport, cell division, cell motility, protein transport, and immune response.

Conclusion

These results indicate that while folic acid can modify gene expression, it is difficult to separate its effects from the natural variability in gene expression in the colon.
The Spinning Disk Reactor for Polymers and Nanoparticles
Authors: Pask Stephen D. , Cai Zhizhong , Mack Helmut , Marc Laurent , Nuyken Oskar
Published: January 2013

The preparation of reactive polyurethanes, the photopolymerization, and copolymerization of acrylates in emulsion as well as solution and the precipitation and reactive precipitation to prepare BaSO4 and silver nanoparticles, respectively, employing a spinning disk reactor (SDR) are summarized. The advantages of an SDR (excellent mass and heat transfer, minimal energy, and material usage, easy scale up as well as flexibility) are discussed. Where experiments are described comparing the SDR with traditional batch processes, known, optimized industrial batch processes are chosen. In all cases, the SDR could be shown to yield equivalent product quality while having procedural advantages.

magnified image
Early Zooarchaeological Evidence for Mus musculus in Australia
Authors: Davies P. , Garvey J.
Published: January 2013

A recent discovery at the 19th‐century Hyde Park Barracks Destitute Asylum in Sydney provides the earliest securely recorded zooarchaeological evidence for the house mouse (Mus musculus) in Australia. While M. musculus probably arrived with the first European settlers in the late 18th century, securely dated examples from the colonial period are rare. Our find consisted of a wooden matchbox containing the well preserved skeletal remains of three mice, in a context dating to the period 1848–1886. The material is noteworthy for the excellent preservation of the bones, which include skulls, articulated vertebrae, ribs, innominates (pelvis) and distal hindlimb. This paper briefly describes the evidence for the arrival of M. musculus in Australia; the archaeological and historical context of the find; the nature and condition of the mouse skeletons; and possible interpretations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Postnatal phenotype according to prenatal ultrasound features of Noonan syndrome: a retrospective study of 28 cases
Authors: Gaudineau A. , Doray B. , Schaefer E. , Sananès N. , Fritz G. , Kohler M. , Alembik Y. , Viville B. , Favre R. , Langer B.
Published: January 2013

Objective

Noonan syndrome is a frequent genetic disorder with autosomal dominant transmission. Classically, it combines postnatal growth restriction with dysmorphic and malformation syndromes that vary widely in expressivity. Lymphatic dysplasia induced during the embryonic stage might interfere with tissue migration. Our hypothesis is that the earlier the edema, the more severe postnatal phenotype.

Method

This retrospective study analyzed data from all 32 cases of Noonan syndrome diagnosed in the Medical Genetics Department of Hautepierre Hospital in Strasbourg, France, between 1995 and 2011. The postnatal evolution of Noonan syndrome was compared according to the presence of at least one prenatal ultrasound feature of lymphatic dysplasia.

Results

The most frequent prenatal ultrasound features found were increased nuchal translucency, cystic hygroma and polyhydramnios; their global prevalence was 46.4%. The presence of these features was not significantly associated with the postnatal phenotype of Noonan syndrome.

Conclusion

The results of our study indicate that prenatal ultrasound features of lymphatic dysplasia do not predict an unfavorable postnatal prognosis for Noonan syndrome. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Factors influencing the prescription of drugs of different price levels
Authors: Semark Birgitta , Engström Sven , Brudin Lars , Tågerud Sven , Fredlund Kerstin , Borgquist Lars , Petersson Göran
Published: January 2013

Purpose

Socioeconomic factors have been suggested to influence the prescribing of newer and more expensive drugs. In the present study, individual and health care provider factors were studied in relation to the prevalence of differently priced drugs.

Methods

Register data for dispensed drugs were retrieved for 18 486 individuals in a county council in Sweden. The prevalence of dispensed drugs was combined with data for the individual's gender, age, education, income, foreign background, and type of caregiver. For each of the diagnostic groups (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD], depression, diabetes, and osteoporosis), selected drugs were dichotomized into cost categories, lower and higher price levels. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were performed using cost category as the dependent variable and the individual and provider factors as independent variables.

Results

In all four diagnostic groups, differences were observed in the prescription of drugs of lower and higher price levels with regard to the different factors studied. Age and gender affected the prescription of drugs of lower and higher price levels more generally, except for gender in the osteoporosis group. Income, education, foreign background, and type of caregiver affected prescribing patterns but in different ways for the different diagnostic groups.

Conclusions

Certain individual and provider factors appear to influence the prescribing of drugs of different price levels. Because the average price for the cheaper drugs versus more costly drugs in each diagnostic group was between 19% and 69%, there is a risk that factors other than medical needs are influencing the choice of drug. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimizing geographic allotment of photovoltaic capacity in a distributed generation setting
Authors: Urquhart Bryan , Sengupta Manajit , Keller Jamie
Published: January 2013

A multi‐objective optimization was performed to allocate 2 MW of photovoltaic (PV) among four candidate sites on the island of Lanai, Hawaii, such that energy was maximized and variability in the form of ramp rates was minimized. This resulted in the Pareto‐optimal set, an optimal solution set that provides a range of geographic allotment alternatives for fixed PV capacity. Within the Pareto‐optimal set, a trade‐off was found between energy produced and variability experienced, whereby a decrease in variability always necessitates a simultaneous decrease in energy. With this development, system designers have a method to select the preferred combination of energy generation and variability within the set of optimal alternatives to meet their needs. A design point within the optimal set was selected for study that decreased extreme ramp rates by more than 50% while decreasing annual energy generation by only 3% above the maximum generation allocation. To quantify the allotment mix selected, a new metric called the “ramp ratio” was developed. It compares ramping magnitude when all capacity is allotted to a single location to the aggregate ramping magnitude in a distributed scenario. The ramp ratio quantifies simultaneously how much more smoothing a distributed scenario would experience than single‐site allotment and how much a single site is being underutilized for its ability to reduce aggregate variability. This paper creates a framework for use by cities and municipal utilities to reduce variability impacts while planning for high penetration of PV on the distribution grid, thereby maximizing the value of investments. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Divorce as an Influence in Return Migration to Rural Areas
Authors: Wall Tamara , Von Reichert Christiane
Published: January 2013

This qualitative study focuses on individuals who moved back to rural US communities in relatively isolated areas with modest levels of natural amenities. Open‐ended interviews at high school reunions revealed that a subset of return migration was driven by marital separation and divorce. This research sets out to explore why after divorce people return to rural areas, despite what are often limited economic opportunities. Findings suggest that both people and place shape return migration decisions after divorce: an individual's functional and emotional support networks, provided by people, work with the physical and affective attributes offered by place. Return migration to rural areas after divorce can be seen as a strategy to adapt to post‐divorce changes and to cope with the trauma and vulnerabilities that can accompany divorce. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of growth process scheme on the properties of AlGaN/AlN/GaN heterostructures
Authors: Wośko Mateusz , Paszkiewicz Bogdan , Paszkiewicz Regina , Tłaczała Marek
Published: January 2013

To check the influence of different process parameters, such as precursors (TMAl and TMGa) flow rates, growth interrupt time between subsequent stages of the growth for purging the reactor, on the properties of the two dimensional electron gas (2DEG) in the AlGaN/AlN/GaN heterostructure, seven sets of HEMT structures were developed and investigated. It was demonstrated that for the growth of canonically the same “sandwich” structure, several growth process schemes can be applied, and different properties of fabricated AlGaN/AlN/GaN can be obtained. It was shown, that changing Al content in the AlGaN barrier layer by modifying TMAl flow rate results in significant decrease in 2DEG mobility compared to the method in which TMGa flow rate is adjusted to keep the assumed composition. The presented results also showed, that the growth interruption between successive stages of AlGaN/AlN/GaN growth has a distinct impact on the mobility and concentration of 2DEG in HEMT’s. The transport properties of the fabricated heterostructures were studied by impedance spectroscopy technique. Specific parameters of growth process, such as growth rate and Al content, were obtained by in‐situ interferometry and photoluminescence technique. There are many publications which describes the influence of different structure parameters, e.g. composition of the AlGaN barrier layer, thickness of the AlN interlayer, however the information is rather fragmentary and it is difficult to compare quantitative results deriving from various groups. The purpose of this article was to show the key HEMT’s structure parameters in relation to MOVPE process scheme, influencing the electrical transport of 2DEG. Detailed explanation of physical phenomenas was not the main aim of this work and will be presented later. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Phase I Control of Simple Linear Profiles with Individual Observations
Authors: Yeh Arthur , Zerehsaz Yaser
Published: January 2013

Most of the existing literature on phase I control of simple linear profiles requires multiple observations because the profile parameters need to be estimated given each subgroup of observations. Such a requirement may not be attainable in practical applications in that the observations collected in phase I for assessing whether the process is in control and estimating the profile parameters may not necessarily follow what is prescribed by the existing phase I methods. This is particularly the case for processes in which only few observations or a single observation per subgroup can be obtained for phase I control. In this work, a control charting mechanism based on a change‐point model is proposed for phase I control of simple linear profiles with individual observations. The proposed charting mechanism consists of two control charts. The first control chart, which is essentially based on a likelihood ratio test, is used to monitor the profile parameters. The error standard deviation is monitored using a second control chart, which is constructed on the basis of the recursive residuals. Simulation results show that the control charting mechanism is effective in detecting sustained changes in the profile parameters and/or error standard deviation. The proposed phase I control charting mechanism is used in an application to demonstrate how the proposed control charts can be applied in practice. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.