bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An earthquake cluster at Koyna
Authors: Guha S. K. , Gosavi P. D. , Padale J. G. , Marwadi S. C.
Published: September 2021

abstract

Large numbers of earthquakes of varying magnitudes have occurred in the vicinity of Koyna Dam, Maharashtra, India, since 1962 following the impounding of the reservoir. These earthquakes were shallow, mostly within 10 km of the Earth's surface. These low-magnitude earthquakes were followed by two earthquakes of shallow focus and of magnitudes 5.8 and 7.0, respectively. In the latter earthquake, an acceleration of 0.6 g was recorded.
Active displacement on the Calaveras fault zone at Hollister, California
Authors: Rogers Thomas H. , Nason Robert D.
Published: September 2021

abstract

The Calaveras fault zone, which is a major branch of the San Andreas fault system in northern California, passes through the City of Hollister 160 km (100 miles) southeast of San Francisco. Active fault displacement (fault creep slippage) has occurred in and near Hollister along a fault trace within the Calaveras fault zone. Various man-made structures crossing the fault trace have been deformed and gradually offset in a right-lateral sense. The amount of offset varies directly with age of the structure. The maximum offset is 33 cm (13 in) of a sidewalk constructed in the period 1909 to 1914.

Offsets on dated structures indicate displacement rates of approximately 2 mm/yr (0.08 in/yr) from 1909 to 1925 and 6 mm/yr (0.24 in/yr) from 1925 to 1967. Data obtained from periodic measurement of specially designed survey lines and instruments have indicated a displacement rate of 9 mm/yr (0.4 in/yr) since May 1967. Displacements of the survey lines are not associated with local earthquake events.

Rates of active fault displacement vary with time and position along the Calaveras and San Andreas fault zones in the Hollister area. The pattern of this variation suggests that active displacement on the San Andreas fault zone may be transferring northeastward to the Calaveras fault zone.
A velocity structure of the Earth's core
Authors: Buchbinder Goetz G. R.
Published: September 2021

abstract

Travel times and amplitudes of PKP, P2KP and higher multiple K phases are determined from a worldwide distribution of short-period seismograms. The sources are one explosion in Novaya-Zemlya and seven earthquakes, consisting of one intermediate focus event in the New Hebrides, and deep-focus events in Fiji, Java, Kermadec Islands, and Peru. The data are used to determine a new velocity model of the lowest mantle and the core. In the new velocity model 132, the velocity of the bottom of the mantle is 13.44 km/sec; the core mantle boundary is placed at 2892 ± 2 km. The velocity model of the core produces the PKP caustic B1 at 143° and the P2KP caustic B2 at −125°. A velocity discontinuity of 0.01 km/sec at a depth of 4550 km represents the top of the transition zone to account for the earliest forerunners of PKP. To account for the later forerunners a second discontinuity of 0.02 km/sec is placed at a depth of 4850 km. Since the forerunner data could not be resolved into branches, neither discontinuity is well defined.

The top of the inner core boundary is placed at a depth of 5145 km with an uncertainty of at least 10 km and represents a discontinuity of 0.576 km/sec. Older core models have transition zone discontinuities an order of magnitude larger than those of model 132 with a discontinuity at the inner core boundary of about 1 km/sec. The smaller velocity discontinuities are a result of interpreting the amplitudes and travel times of PKP so that the turning points D and G are located at 120° and 140°, respectively, rather than at 110° and 125° as in previous interpretations.

Amplitude ratios of PKP phases yield an inner core Q of about 400 and amplitude ratios of P3KP, P4KP and P5KP result in an outer core Q of about 4000.
Peru earthquake of May 31, 1970; engineering geology observations
Authors: Cluff Lloyd S.
Published: September 2021

abstract

At 3:23 p.m. local time, on May 31, 1970, an earthquake of magnitude 7 ¾; occurred approximately 15 miles off the coast of Peru, west of Chimbote. It is estimated that the earthquake took the lives of 70,000 people, caused 50,000 injuries, destroyed roughly 200,000 homes and buildings, and left approximately 800,000 people homeless.

Within the affected region, roughly 40,000 square miles, many villages were almost totally destroyed and several were swept away. The single, most devastating event was the large debris avalanche that originated from the north peak of Huascaran, falling 12,000 ft and traveling 7 miles at an average speed of roughly 200 miles per hour to destroy the villages of Yungay and Ranrahirca. Field evidence strongly suggests that the area near Yungay and Ranrahirca will continue to be overridden by future debris avalanches.

Damage resulting from vibrational effects was severe. The most intense vibrational damage occurred along the coast at Chimbote and Casma where most houses and buildings of adobe construction were destroyed or severely damage. Severe vibrational damage also occurred in cities and villages located in the Santa Valley at epicentral distances ranging from 60 to 100 miles inland.

The single, most important factor contributing to the massive damage from ground motion was the poor adobe construction. The influence of the underlying geological and soil conditions was an important secondary factor.
Unusual accelerograms recorded at Lima, Peru
Authors: Cloud William K. , Perez Virgilio
Published: September 2021

abstract

Accelerograms recorded in downtown Lima, Peru, appear to have two unusual characteristics in comparison with accelerograms recorded outside of Peru. First, the predominant period is approximately 0.1 sec, regardless of epicentral distance of earthquakes. Second, maximum accelerations are high in relation to epicentral distance of major earthquakes. For example, 0.40 g at an epicentral distance of over 160 km during the magnitude 7.5, October 17, 1966, earthquake, and 0.13 g at an epicentral distance of over 320 km during the May 31, 1970, earthquake, whose magnitude was rated by various agencies from 7.6 to 7.8. If the source of energy at Lima were closer than the earthquake epicenters, the accelerograms would appear less unusual, but there is no proof that this is the case.
The effect of Yucca Fault on seismic wave propagation
Authors: Hays Walter W. , Murphy John R.
Published: September 2021

abstract

Yucca Fault is a major structural feature of Yucca Flat, a well-known geological province of the Nevada Test Site (NTS). The trace of the Fault extends north-south over a distance of about 32 km. The fault plane is nearly vertical and offsets Quaternary alluvium, Tertiary volcanic tuffs and pre-Cenozoic basement rocks (quartzites, shales and dolomites) with relative down displacement of several hundred feet on the east side of the fault. Data recorded from the CUP underground nuclear detonation in Yucca Flat typify the effect of the fault on near-zone (i.e., inside 10 km) seismic wave propagation. The effect of the fault is frequency dependent. It affects the frequency components (3.0, 5.0, 10.0 Hz) of the seismic waves which have characteristic wavelengths in the order of the geological discontinuity. Little or no effect is observed for low-frequency components (0.5, 1.0 Hz) which have wave-lengths exceeding the dimensions of the geological discontinuity. The effect of the fault does not represent a safety problem.
A theory for pressure radiation from ocean-bottom earthquakes
Authors: Richards Paul G.
Published: September 2021

abstract

An ocean-bottom earthquake is modelled as motion of a rigid boundary adjacent to a fluid half-space. The resulting water pressure, for a wide class of source motions, is obtained exactly as a convolution integral. The kernel has a physical interpretation as a fundamental solution, and may be obtained explicitly by a Cagniard method. A worked example is given, in which the convolution is carried out, and steps in pressure are found which are approximately equivalent to an extra 200 m in the water column.
Detection of interfering Rayleigh waves at LASA
Authors: Capon Jack , Evernden Jack F.
Published: September 2021

abstract

The problem of detecting one Rayleigh wave in the presence of the coda of another larger Rayleigh wave is considered. A detection method is proposed in which a high-resolution, wave number analysis technique is applied to prefiltered data from the Large Aperture Seismic Array (LASA) to determine the direction of arrival of the 40-sec-period Rayleigh-wave group at the appropriate arrival time. The performance of this detection method is considered in great detail. A necessary concomitant of the study of the detection method is the determination of the phases which comprise the coda. It is shown that one component of the coda consists of fundamental-mode Rayleigh waves which propagate along multiple paths and may be caused by either reflections at continental margins or diffraction effects. As has been demonstrated many times, the coda is shown to consist also of fundamental-mode Rayleigh waves which have propagated around the Earth in the direction of the back azimuth. Multiply reflected P and S waves, which propagate primarily in the upper mantle, are detected easily.
Surface waves on multilayered anelastic media
Authors: Schwab Fred , Knopoff Leon
Published: September 2021

abstract

Surface-wave dispersion computations for perfectly-elastic media are generalized to allow dispersion-attenuation computations for anelastic media. In each layer, frequency-dependent, body-wave phase velocity and attenuation are taken into account directly. For a 50-layer structure, a single Love-wave dispersion-attenuation point can be determined in 0.28 sec—the phase velocity containing about 16 significant figures and the phase attenuation about 14, where 16 decimal digits are used in computations on an IBM 360/91 computer. Accuracies of 7 significant figures can be obtained in 0.13 sec. To this latter accuracy, the determination of the Love-wave dispersion and attentuation for an anelastic structure takes about 6.8 times the amount of computation time required to compute the dispersion for the comparable perfectly-elastic structure.

The technique is applied to Love waves on an anelastic, radially heterogeneous sphere. A family of low-velocity zone channel waves is identified and investigated. A possible explanation for the disappearance of Lg across large oceanic paths is offered.
The destruction of Bahia Solano, Colombia, on September 26, 1970 and the rejuvenation of a fault
Authors: Ramírez J. E.
Published: September 2021

abstract

On September 26, 1970, three main earthquakes, followed by over 300 aftershocks, caused havoc in Puerto Mutis and neighboring towns on the Pacific Coast of the Department of Chocó, Colombia. It was the first time in the seismic history of Colombia that an old fault showed clear signs of rejuvenation. The total earthquake damage is calculated as $200,000. Although no one was killed, and only two people injured, 39 per cent of a total of 287 houses collapsed completely, and one-third of the 2,400 frightened inhabitants of Puerto Mutis were evacuated through the good offices of the Navy and Air Force, by air and sea, these being the only means of transport between Puerto Mutis and the interior of Colombia.

Most of the hypocenters were normal. However, the three main shocks of September 26 had depths of about 10 km only. They took place at 12h02m29s and 14h57m02s on September 26 and at 03h38m36s on September 27 (G.M.T.). These earthquakes were felt in the central and northwestern part of the Republic and caused minor damage in the nearby towns of the sea coast.
Overestimation of epicentral distances for earthquakes in the middle-America region from Ann Arbor, Michigan, seismograms
Authors: Chander Ramesh , Fountain David M.
Published: September 2021

abstract

A re-examination of Ann Arbor, Michigan (AAM), seismograms for 18 earthquakes occurring in the middle-America region (between latitudes 5° and 20°N and longitudes 80° and 105°W) during 1967 and 1968 reveals that, on the long-period seismograms, more than one distinct arrival is recorded within 30 sec of the Jeffreys-Bullen (J-B) S arrival time. The earliest of these arrivals, at the J-BS time, has the smallest amplitude. For earthquakes of magnitude (mb) smaller than about 5.5, the amplitude of the arrival at the J-BS time on the AAM long-period seismograms (magnification 1,500) is so small that it is frequently overlooked during routine interpretation of seismograms. In such cases, one of the subsequent arrivals is interpreted as the S phase, and the epicentral distances are overestimated by 3° to 5° using J-BP and S tables. Examination of seismograms published in the literature suggests that epicentral distances of small magnitude earthquakes occurring in the middle-America region may be overestimated at other North American stations during routine interpretation of seismograms using J-BP and S tables.
Seismicity of northern and central California, 1965-1969
Authors: Bolt Bruce A. , Miller Roy D.
Published: September 2021

abstract

Detailed seismicity (M ≧ 2.5) of northern and central California for 1965-1969 is analyzed. The largest earthquakes were nine with magnitudes 5.0 < M < 6.0. Since the interval, 1962-1965, seismic activity has increased north of Corralitos on the San Andreas fault. Seven shocks were located in the western reaches of Monterey Bay. The histogram of focal depths (d) for the coast ranges shows all d < 16 km and 50 per cent with 0 < d < 5 km.

North of Cape Mendocino, the new Fickle Hill telemetry station shows that within 30 < Δ < 85 km of FHC, (a) only 15 per cent of recorded earthquakes (M ≧ 2.5) has M > 3.0 and (b) an average of 14 earthquakes (M ≧ 2.5) occurs each month. Some foci are as deep as 25 km in this region.

For northern California, the linear recurrence law gives b = 0.78 ± 0.04, slightly less than southern California. For the coast ranges, b = 1.00 ± 0.04. The water loading of Oroville reservoir in 1967-1968 has not been associated with increased seismicity in the area. On the present homogeneous data, a statistical t-test shows that the short-term occurrence rate of northern California earthquakes was not altered by large underground nuclear tests in Nevada.
Structures in earth noise beyond twenty seconds—a window for earthquakes
Authors: Savino John , McCamy Keith , Hade George
Published: September 2021

The nature of earth noise in the period range 20 to 130 sec has been investigated at the deep (543 m) mine observatory and at a temporary surface installation at Ogdensburg, New Jersey, and its structure, in part, explained. The earth noise spectrum displays a pronounced and stable minimum between 30 and 40 sec, thought to be a transition between the swell-generated microseisms at periods less than 30 sec and nonpropagating ground motion of atmospheric origin at periods greater than 40 sec. We estimate the yearly mean amplitude at 35 sec to be 0.5 mμ/mHz, which is 100 times smaller than estimates of the mean amplitude of the 5- to 9-sec microseisms. At periods greater than 40 sec, the noise spectrum rises at 12 to 14 db/oct. Above 30 sec, the earth noise is quite stable, varying by no more than a factor of 3 over a year with higher levels in the winter and lower levels in the summer. By contrast, microseisms with periods less than 20 sec can change by a factor of 10 to 100 in a few days. The shape and amplitude of the earth noise spectrum beyond 20 sec, as well as its attenuation with depth, can be explained by a model of atmospheric pressure cells loading the Earth on equal-area sectors. There is a secondary source of background disturbance—the long-period coda of earthquakes. These higher-mode free oscillations are excited by relatively small events (mb = 5.8) and can dominate the background for as much as 10 per cent of the time during active periods.

The structure and stability of the earth noise spectrum at these longer periods allows an important improvement in seismometer design. By shaping the response of the three-component set of long-period high-gain seismographs to resemble the inverse of the mean noise spectrum, the instruments record approximately 10 times as many long-period body and surface waves as the standard long-period seismographs. The elevated signal-to-noise ratio in the 30- to 40-sec window decidedly improves the sensitivity of seismic source-type discriminants.
Some discriminatory characteristics of earthquakes near the Kariba, Kremasta, and Koyna artificial lakes
Authors: Gupta Harsh K. , Rastogi B. K. , Narain Hari
Published: September 2021

abstract

The behavior of earthquakes near the artificial lakes at Kariba, Kremasta, and Koyna, where earthquakes of magnitude exceeding 6 have occurred, is examined. Foreshock-aftershock patterns of these earthquake sequences correspond with Mogi's type II model, whereas the normal earthquakes of these regions belong to type I. Three similar relations could be fitted in the time distribution of aftershocks of the main earthquakes. Quite contrary to normal earthquakes, foreshock b values are found to be comparable with the aftershock b values in the frequency-magnitude relations. Focal mechanisms of the largest earthquakes of these sequences have been determined and compared. Dip-slip components of the motion are such that the lakes are situated on the downthrown blocks. These regions are characterized by a volcanic past and the presence of rocks such as limestones and red boles which are easily affected by water. These findings are useful in distinguishing the reservoir-associated earthquakes from normal earthquakes and suggest that the artificial lakes are responsible for changing the mechanical properties of the strata and releasing the accumulated strains.
Stress estimates for the San Fernando, California, earthquake of February 9, 1971: Main event and thirteen aftershocks
Authors: Trifunac M. D.
Published: September 2021

The strong earthquake ground motion recorded in the center of and above the fault plane is combined with field evidence of faulting and instrumental studies of aftershocks to deduce stresses during and after the San Fernando earthquake of February 9, 1971. Stress computations based on Brune's near-field, shear-wave spectra, peak velocity of ground motion, energy calculated from the strong-motion record, and a model of circular dislocation give mutually consistent stress estimates, which suggest that the effective stress operating during the earthquake was approximately 100 bars, while during the earthquake it dropped several tens of bars. The energy of the main event is estimated to be 1022 dyne cm.

Thirteen aftershocks, recorded during the first 6 min, were associated with stress drops ranging from 10 to 500 bars, these events clustering along the north-eastern end of the dislocation surface.

The strong-motion accelerograms provide invaluable data for detailed investigations of the pattern of earthquake energy release during and immediately after an earthquake. Used for the first time in this study, strong-motion accelerograms gave an excellent picture of stress history and migration of seismic activity during the first 6 min.
Historical and recent seismic activity in South Carolina
Authors: Bollinger G. A.
Published: September 2021

The seismic history of South Carolina is dominated by the great Charleston earthquake of August 31, 1886. In addition to having several unusual aspects (region essentially free from shocks for preceding 200 years, large felt area, dual epicenter points, “low intensity zone” in West Virginia), that intensity X event seriously perturbed the seismic regime of the area for at least the following 30 years. Of 438 earthquakes reported to have occurred in the state between 1754 and 1971, 402 have been in the Charleston-Summerville area. The remaining 36 shocks form a southeasterly-trending zone of activity that is transverse to the structural grain of the Appalachians.

For the 60 shocks assigned an intensity value (1886-1971), a recurrence relationship between the number of earthquakes “N” of maximum intensity “I0” was found to be log N = 0.52-0.31 I0 for IV ≦ I0 ≦ VIII. This corresponds to a “b” value of 0.5 ± 0.1 in log N versus M relationship assuming M = 1 + (2/3)I0. These data suggest a frequency of seismic activity comparable to that reported for the New Madrid seismic zone.

Three months of microearthquake monitoring in the Charleston area during the summer of 1971 yielded 505 hr of low-noise data. Sixty-one earthquakes, primarily in swarm occurrence, were recorded. An h value of 1.8 ± 0.5 was determined for these microshock events. This value is similar to that previously observed for a swarm sequence in New Jersey.

Four shocks occurred in the state during 1971. Three of these events (May 19, July 31, August 11) were in the central part of the state near Orangeburg, while the third event (July 13) was near Seneca in northwestern South Carolina. All three events had 3.0 < ML < 4.0. Similar episodes of three or four shocks in 1 year happened in 1956 and again in 1965. The Orangeburg area had, according to historical data, been previously free of earthquake epicenters.
Statistical analysis of microearthquakes near Socorro New Mexico
Authors: Singh Surendra , Sanford Allan R.
Published: September 2021

Five year of data for microearthquakes originating in a small volume of crust near Socorro, New Mexico were analyzed to determine the temporal behavior of (1) the average number of shocks per unit time, (2) the slope of the earthquake-frequency graph, and (3) the energy release. Additional studies were made to establish the distribution function for the times observed between successive earthquakes and the hazard function.

The temporal behavior of the mean number of shocks per unit time and the slope of the earthquake-frequency law were found to be quite erratic until the observation period was increased to 2 or more years (more than 200 shocks detected). Large numbers of shocks generally produced large energy release but the converse was not always true. The distribution function for the observed interarrival times between events was found to differ significantly from exponential and normal distribution functions. This observation, along with the behavior of the hazard function, indicates that the microearthquake sequence studied did not follow a Poisson process.
Calculated compressional-wave arrivals from underground nuclear detonations
Authors: Murphy John R.
Published: September 2021

Analytical expressions have recently been derived by Červený (1965) for the principal waves generated at a plane interface between two elastic solids attributable to a spherical compressional wave arriving at an arbitrary angle of incidence. These results are generalized to incorporate a nuclear seismic source function acting in a multilayered, linearly inelastic half-space. Using a seismic source function appropriate for the nuclear event BOXCAR and an approximate crustal model, the particle velocity profiles corresponding to those compressional-wave types which are routinely identified on measured, near-field seismograms are calculated and compared with the observed data for this event. These comparisons indicate that the peak amplitudes of some important compressional-wave types can be predicted with reasonable accuracy using a relatively simple model of the seismic transmission path.
Influence of infill walls on building frames: An example from the May 12, 1971 earthquake in Turkey
Authors: Uzsoy Safak Z. , Citipitioglu E.
Published: September 2021

The Burdur earthquake of May 12, 1971, although only of moderate-sized magnitude, was responsible for much loss of life and property damage. The presence of full-height and/or partial-height infill walls in some reinforced concrete-framed structures completely altered the behavior of the frame elements. Damage to a four-story, reinforced concrete school building is described, as a typical example of this kind of failure.
Earthquakes caused by underground nuclear explosions on Pahute Mesa, Nevada Test Site
Authors: Hamilton R. M. , Smith B. E. , Fischer F. G. , Papanek P. J.
Published: September 2021

The underground nuclear explosions BENHAM, PURSE, JORUM, and HANDLEY, detonated on Pahute Mesa, initiated earthquake sequences lasting approximately 70, 10, 20, and 60 days, respectively. Earthquakes of magnitude 2.0 or larger in these sequences numbered 2012, 24, 159, and 231, respectively; earthquake magnitudes were all less than 5. The explosion PIPKIN, also detonated on Pahute Mesa, had no apparent effect on seismicity. Ninety-four per cent of the earthquakes with well-determined focal depths occurred at depths shallower than 5 km, and 95 per cent of the located earthquakes were within 14 km of ground zero of the preceding explosion. There is no evidence for explosion-stimulated earthquake activity extending outside the area of Pahute Mesa. The spatial distribution of earthquakes seems to be largely controlled by geological structure; however, the epicenter distribution can be correlated with observed fault movement only for aftershocks of HANDLEY. Fault-plane solutions indicate predominant dip-slip movement in the northern part of the Pahute Mesa area for aftershocks of BENHAM, JORUM, and HANDLEY. In the southern part, dextral strike-slip movement was found for aftershocks of BENHAM and HANDLEY. The frequency-magnitude relations are similar for earthquakes following BENHAM, PURSE, JORUM, and HANDLEY.
Rock dilatancy and strain accumulation near Parkfield, California
Authors: Cherry J. T. , Savage J. C.
Published: September 2021

The postearthquake deformation of a geodetic network which spans the zone of rupture of the 1966 Parkfield earthquake is not pure right-lateral shear as might be expected but rather is primarily an east-west extension. This deformation is consistent with that predicted by a dilatancy model.
Tectonic strain-release characteristics of CANNIKIN
Authors: Toksöz M. Nafi , Kehrer Harold H.
Published: September 2021

abstract

The tectonic strain-release characteristics of the CANNIKIN nuclear explosion are determined from seismic surface waves and static strain changes associated with the event. The source is considered to be the superposition of an isotropic explosion component and a tectonic component consisting of a fault of arbitrary orientation. From Love-to-Rayleigh-wave amplitude ratios, the strength of the tectonic component (F) relative to the explosion is determined to be 0.6. The parameters of the fault are found to be consistent with nearby faults and displacements observed following the event. Reasonable agreement with observed static strains is also obtained with a fault 20 km long, but of different orientation. Discrepancies between observed and theoretical strains indicate the complexity of strain readjustment. The relatively small amount of tectonic strain release associated with CANNIKIN is probably due either to the low rigidity of the medium or to low ambient stresses near the surface.
Effect of earth layering on earthquake displacement fields
Authors: Chinnery Michael A. , Jovanovich Dushan B.
Published: September 2021

abstract

The displacement fields due to a very long vertical strike-slip fault are calculated for earth models consisting of two layers over a half-space. It is shown that if zones of low rigidity are present beneath the Earth's surface, they will result in an amplification of the displacement field observed at the Earth's surface. The amount of amplification depends both on the structure and the distance from the fault. If thin soft layers exist in the upper mantle, it is shown that they will have a very strong effect on the observed displacements. It may eventually be possible to use static observations at the surface to detect such layers.
A digital seismic recording system
Authors: Allsopp D. F. , Burke M. D. , Cumming G. L.
Published: September 2021

abstract

A multi-channel seismic system which records directly on a nine-track synchronous digital tape is described. Low-noise amplifiers with a band-pass of 0.1 to 50 Hz coupled with a 14-bit A to D converter provide the wide-frequency response and dynamic range necessary for high-quality recording of seismic reflection signals from the deep crust.
The generation and properties of shear-coupled PL waves
Authors: Poupinet G. , Wright C.
Published: September 2021

abstract

The dispersion of shear-coupled PL waves, PL(S) and PL(SS), has been studied for several paths on the Canadian Shield over the distance range 33.4° to 115.5° with the twofold aim of elucidating the manner in which these waves are generated and of examining their value in investigating the structure of the crust and upper mantle. In many cases these waves are composed of several wave trains quasi-stationary in period. These observations can be explained by considering the large amplitudes associated with cusps in the S-wave travel-time curve and the adjacent flat portion of the S-wave apparent velocity curve produced by velocity discontinuities in the upper mantle; little-dispersed PL(S) trains appear to be generated in regions where S waves of very high amplitudes impinge on the crust. In addition, the recovery of the periods of these individual wave trains in the PL(S) record can provide information on the crustal structure in a relatively localized region and on the ray parameter close to each cusp.
Local distribution of strong earthquake ground motions
Authors: Hudson Donald E.
Published: September 2021

abstract

Twenty ground stations distributed over a 40-square-mile area in Pasadena recorded strong ground shaking during the San Fernando earthquake of February 9, 1971. Relative responses at 10 of these same stations as measured for small earthquakes by standard Wood-Anderson torsion seismometers are available for comparison from a study made by Gutenberg in the 1950's. Frequency spectra of strong ground motions as calculated for four sites having time-recording accelerographs assist in the interpretation of seismoscope results at the other stations. Attempts to correlate local distributions with known features of local geology such as thickness of alluvium, distance from known faults, etc., indicate that no single feature plays a dominant role in the resulting patterns. The implications of such complicated distributions for the preparation of seismic risk maps are discussed, and it is concluded that it would not be possible in the present state of knowledge to assess meaningful variations in the seismic risk throughout the Pasadena area.
A More Just, Inclusive Future for Sports
Authors: Koller Dionne
Published: September 2021

This issue of the Journal of Legal Aspects of Sport (JLAS) was dedicated to women in sports law, with a specific emphasis on inclusiveness and new ideas. For decades, the central focus of the law and policy directed to women and sports was Title IX enforcement and securing opportunities for participation. As we approach Title IX’s 50th anniversary, it is clear that the law has greatly expanded participation opportunities for women and powerfully altered the norms around women and sports. Nevertheless, much work remains. Women and girls still do not enjoy the full measure of equality that Title IX guarantees, and women’s sport at all levels still does not get the attention, resources, and respect that it should. The COVID-19 pandemic has only exacerbated this issue.
YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETEN EĞİTMENLERİN EĞİTİM PROGRAMI OKURYAZARLIK DÜZEYLERİ
Authors: Ustabulut Mete Yusuf
Published: September 2021

Bu araştırmanın amacı yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğreten eğitmenlerin eğitim programı okuryazarlık düzeylerini belirlemektir. Araştırmada nicel araştırma modellerinden ilişkisel tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklem grubunu yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğreten 240 öğretmen oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmaya katılanlar 20 yaş üzeri olup eğitim düzeyleri lisans, yüksek lisans ve doktora seviyesindedir. Araştırmada verileri toplamak için Eğitim Programı Okuryazarlığı Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Araştırmadan elde edilen verileri analiz etmek amacıyla betimsel analiz, t-testi, ANOVA, koelasyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmaya katılan yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğreten öğretmenler kendilerini eğitim programı okuryazarı olarak görmekte, eğitim programının bileşenleri olan hedef, içerik, öğrenme-öğretme süreci ve değerlendirme boyutunda kendilerini yeterli görmektedirler. Yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğreten öğretmenlerin cinsiyetleri, yaşları, eğitim düzeyleri ile eğitim programı okuryazarlık düzeyleri arasında anlamlı bir ilişki vardır.
Automation in Latin America: Are Women at Higher Risk of Losing Their Jobs?
Authors: Bustelo Monserrat , Egana-delSol Pablo , Ripani Laura , Soler Nicolas , Viollaz Mariana
Published: September 2021

New technological trends, such as digitization, artificial intelligence and robotics, have the power to drastically increase economic output but may also displace workers. In this paper we assess the risk of automation for female and male workers in four Latin American countries Bolivia, Chile, Colombia and El Salvador. Our study is the first to apply a task-based approach with a gender perspective in this region. Our main findings indicate that men are more likely than women to perform tasks linked to the skills of the future, such as STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics), information and communications technology, management and communication, and creative problem-solving tasks. Women thus have a higher average risk of automation, and 21% of women vs. 19% of men are at high risk (probability of automation greater than 70%). The differential impacts of the new technological trends for women and men must be assessed in order to guide the policy-making process to prepare workers for the future. Action should be taken to prevent digital transformation from worsening existing gender inequalities in the labor market.
PLAC Network Best Practices Series: Target-Income Design of Incentives, Benchmark Portfolios and Performance Metrics for Pension Funds
Authors: García-Mantilla Daniel
Published: September 2021

In defined contribution systems, at the end of the accumulation phase the assets in the retirement account are exchanged for a pension. The conversion rate from assets to retirement income (which depends on the level of interest rates) is very volatile, and its variations constitute the main investment risk facing pension fund affiliates. In this sense, performance metrics, management fees and benchmark portfolios that focus on assets (and asset returns) and ignore the variations in the conversion rate, embed several problems: i. they send wrong signals to regulators, fund managers and workers, ii. they provide wrong incentives to pension fund management companies, and iii. they leave pension fund affiliates exposed to their largest risk factor, even during the last few years preceding their retirement date. We find that regulatory incentives with these fundamental problems are ubiquitous in the region. The document presents a series of best practices, and delivers a practical set of tools to assist regulators and supervisors in designing a framework that improves security and sufficiency of retirement income, and provides relevant and timely information to pension fund affiliates. The framework achieves that by fostering an integration of the accumulation and the payout phases, and an alignment of the regulatory incentives for pension fund management companies with the retirement income objectives of pension fund affiliates. Using historical data from Colombia as a case study, the document illustrates and quantifies the improvements in terms of pension benefits and retirement income security that the proposed framework could bring.
Sensitivity analysis as a decision-making tool for the implementation of an investment project in mining industry
Authors:   UMMC Technical University, Pozdnyakova Elena A. , Ramenskaya Liudmila A. ,   Ural State University of Economics, Voronov Dmitrii S. ,   UMMC Technical University
Published: September 2021

Introduction. Russian mining companies need to implement large-scale investment projects due to a variety of internal and external reasons. Projects are aimed at the development of new deposits, technical equipment and the modernization of existing ones. To make substantiated management decisions, a toolkit for analyzing the risks of investment projects is required. Theoretical analysis. The section contains the need to apply quantitative methods for assessing investment risks based on cash flow modeling. We have analyzed the possibility of the use of sensitivity analysis techniques, real options and Monte Carlo methods for the quantitative assessment of the mining industry investment projects risks. The result includes a justification of the feasibility of applying the sensitivity analysis method at the early stages of an investment project. Empirical analysis. The sensitivity analysis tested metrics such as production volumes, commodity prices, capital and operating costs on two mining projects. It was found out that the projects under consideration are the most sensitive to changes in the price of commercial products. Results. Sensitivity analysis is a useful tool for risk analysis of investment projects. The application of this method to an investment project in the mining industry should be carried out taking into account the industry specifics.
Some challenges and opportunities for Russia and regions in terms of the global decarbonization trend
Authors: Nurgaliev Danis K. , Selivanovskaya Svetlana Yu. , Kozhevnikova Maria V. , Galitskaya Polina Yu.
Published: September 2021

This article discusses a possible scenario of energy transition in Russia, taking into account the economic structure, presence of huge oil and gas infrastructure and unique natural resources. All this allows to consider global trends of energy and economic decarbonization not only as a challenge, but also as a new opportunity for the country. Considering developed oil and gas production, transportation, refining and petrochemical infrastructure, as well as the vast territory, forest, water and soil resources, our country has unique opportunities for carbon sequestration using both biological systems and the existing oil and gas infrastructure. It is proposed to use the existing oil and gas production facilities for hydrogen generation in the processes of hydrocarbon catalytic transformation inside the reservoir. It is suggested to create and use large-scale technologies for CO2 sequestration using existing oil and gas production infrastructure. Considering high potential of the Russian Federation for carbon sequestration by biological systems, a network of Russian carbon testing areas is being developed, including one at Kazan Federal University (KFU), – the “Carbon-Povolzhye” testing area. The creation of carbon farms based on the applications at such testing areas could become a high-demand high-tech business. A detailed description of the KFU carbon testing area and its planned objectives are given.
Challenges and responses of the economy of the Republic of Tatarstan to decarbonization processes
Authors: Kryukov Valeriy A. , Milyaev Dmitriy V. , Savelieva Anastasiya D. , Dushenin Dmitriy I.
Published: September 2021

The processes of global energy transition are increasingly becoming one of the main driving forces of both the transformation of the existing market model and the technological foundations of the functioning of energy facilities. The reorientation of the world economy towards decarbonization threatens the stability of the functioning of many previously seemingly unshakable technological solutions and approaches in the field of system integration of the fuel and energy complex, which, in turn, stimulates the search for a new paradigm of its development.

The manifestations of transformation are observed at various levels of the economic hierarchy: inter-country, country and intra-country. The development of mechanisms for the response of Russian manufacturers to the realities of the energy transition requires testing at real facilities. According to the authors, Tatarstan can become an indicative region for the development of approaches to achieving carbon neutrality.

For a preventive forecast of the attainability of ESG (Environmental, Social and Governance) indicators, the authors propose a conceptual approach to assessing the development of decarbonization technologies, based on a combination of economic and mathematical methods, which allows us to develop an organizational and legal basis for the process, form and evaluate criteria for the effectiveness of innovations and the conditions for their implementation.
Carbon absorption by forests in the Volga region and Siberia: state and prospects
Authors: Pyzhev Anton I. , Vaganov Eugene A.
Published: September 2021

The prospect of Russia’s economic development will be inextricably bound up with the country’s success in the implementation of global climate initiatives. The strategy for the development of the national economy with a low level of greenhouse gas emissions, which is currently being formed, implies the fullest use of the potential for carbon sequestration by forest ecosystems, including through the implementation of various forest-climatic projects.

The article shows that despite the world’s largest forest areas, the carbon-absorbing capacity of Russian forests cannot balance anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Using the examples of several regions of the Volga region and Siberia, the spatial dynamics of the forest carbon budget in the 2010s is considered. For the regions of Siberia rich in boreal forests, there is a significant disproportion between the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of forest resources and the absorbing capacity, which is explained by the ineffective forestry regime in the territory and the high intensity of forest disturbances. Taking into account the fact that building an effective system for combating forest fires and insect pests requires very voluminous and expensive measures, the effectiveness of which is difficult to assess, the above illustrations of the current situation lead to the idea that, in addition to using the potential for increasing carbon sequestration in traditional forest regions in the implementation of forest-climatic projects should pay attention to sparsely forested areas.
The global energy transition: challenges and opportunities – a perspective from North America
Authors: Koning T.
Published: September 2021

The energy transition from fossil fuels to renewables is dominating the news in North America and other parts of the world. A decade ago, most people would have viewed global warming as an academic subject which did not impact themselves nor warrant serious concern. However, currently many parts of the world are experiencing record temperatures and related environmental impact such as the extensive forest fires being experienced in the western USA and Canada. Accordingly, governments worldwide recognize the need for future economic activity to be carbon-neutral or as is also termed carbon-zero. To achieve the goal of carbon-neutral economies by 2050 will be hugely challenging but economic opportunities will also arise in the major development of solar, wind and geothermal energy.
Faut-il déprécier l’un pour valoriser l’autre ? Le mépris dans Le Fort inexpugnable de l’honneur du sexe féminin de François de Billon
Authors: Giernatowska Justyna
Published: September 2021

Le Fort inexpugnable de l’honneur du sexe féminin de François de Billon prend part à la Querelle des femmes, ranimée au XVIe siècle, afin de défendre la dignité du beau sexe. Le mépris y joue un rôle important vu son potentiel persuasif auquel contribuent : sa place dans le schéma rhétorique, les moyens d’expression employés et les thèmes que l’auteur choisit en s’appuyant sur les sources aussi bien antiques que contemporaines. Grâce à tous ces procédés, Billon vise non seulement à dénoncer les idées diffamatoires dirigées contre les femmes et véhiculées par le discours ambiant, mais encore à critiquer et à ridiculiser les philosophes ou les écrivains – y compris ceux de la Renaissance – qui adhèrent aveuglément à ces propos calomniateurs et qui les propagent sans égard aux qualités innombrables de l’espèce féminine.
Un miroir du mépris : Guy Patin contre Théophraste Renaudot (1638-1648)
Authors: Capron Loïc
Published: September 2021

De 1638 à 1648, tout a opposé les deux médecins parisiens Théophraste Renaudot (1586-1653) et Guy Patin (1601-1672) : empirisme contre dogmatisme, paracelsisme contre galénisme, arrivisme politique contre mépris de la cour royale, Université de Montpellier contre Faculté de médecine de Paris… Sans doute attisé par leur ancienne camaraderie, leur duel a produit un foisonnement de libelles, auxquels s’ajoutèrent procès et pieds de nez dans un déchaînement réciproque de haine et de dédain. En 1643, après la mort de Richelieu et de Louis XIII, Patin pouvait impunément injurier son ennemi désarmé ; en disgrâce à la cour, Renaudot dut s’avouer vaincu. À la fin du XIXe siècle s’engagea une joute posthume entre les deux ennemis : Patin pour ses Lettres caustiques (rééditées en 1846) et Renaudot pour son invention du journalisme en France (La Gazette créée en 1631). L’opinion plaça le journaliste sur un piédestal et le fit jouir d’une immense célébrité en attachant son nom à celui d’un prix littéraire (1926).
La notion de mépris dans la critique d’art de Baudelaire et de Mirbeau
Authors: Staroń Anita
Published: September 2021

Le XIXe siècle voit apparaître une nouvelle vision de l’artiste. Face à une société bourgeoise et matérialiste, il s’érige en chantre d’un art hautain et désintéressé. Un tel écart entre l’artiste et le public doit produire des tensions et fait naître, des deux côtés, le sentiment d’incompréhension qui souvent dégénère en mépris. Charles Baudelaire contribue beaucoup à cette conception de l’art, où la notion de mépris revient souvent : le mépris envers le public bourgeois, l’artiste embourgeoisé, le critique d’art borné – mais aussi, le mépris du profanum uulgus dirigé contre l’artiste. Trois décennies plus tard, Octave Mirbeau fait appel à cette même notion pour construire son modèle des relations entre artiste et public, modèle bien proche de celui de Baudelaire. Notre objectif est donc double : analyser le concept du mépris chez les deux artistes, et relever les nombreuses affinités qui existent au niveau thématique, stylistique et rhétorique dans leurs écrits sur l’art.
« Salir pour nettoyer » : autour de la notion de pureté dans la pensée de G. Bachelard et dans la prose (néo) romanesque de M. Butor
Authors: Kotowska-Miziniak Joanna
Published: September 2021

Le Nouveau romancier Michel Butor bouleverse la vision optimiste des quatre éléments de la nature élaborée, entre 1938 et 1961, par son ancien professeur de philosophie à la Sorbonne, Gaston Bachelard. Celui-ci considère l’air, l’eau, le feu et la terre comme détenteurs de qualités et de valeurs morales, à l’instar de la pureté, qui leur permet de contribuer à la transformation, tant matérielle que spirituelle, d’un monde impur en un univers immaculé. Cinq ans avant la parution du sixième et dernier essai théorique de Bachelard, Butor publie son Emploi du temps (1956), roman qui fait vaciller les principes de la vision idéalisée des éléments. Ayant reçu une formation philosophique, le romancier entreprend une polémique littéraire avec le concept de la pureté des éléments, si cher à Bachelard, et fonde l’univers romanesque de son ouvrage sur une antivaleur, l’impureté, jusqu’à ce que la saleté omniprésente devienne le cinquième élément, la quintessentia symbolique du monde.