bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECTS OF THYROIDECTOMY AND THYROID‐FEEDING UPON THE ADRENALIN CONTENT OF THE SUPRARENALS
Authors: Herring P. T.
Published: December 2014

Complete thyroidectomy has little, if any, permanent effect upon the adrenalin content of the suprarenals of the rabbit—an animal in which no characteristic symptoms follow removal of the thyroids.

In cats the adrenalin content of the suprarenals is diminished in direct proportion to the severity of the symptoms induced by removal of the thyroids. The amount of adrenalin in the suprarenals is found to be up to the average normal amount in cats which show no symptoms.

In those cats which exhibit tetany, progressive muscular weakness, and emaciation subsequent to removal of the thyroids and parathyroids, the adrenalin is greatly reduced, and the greater the muscular weakness the greater is found to be the loss of adrenalin.

The absence of symptoms following upon complete removal of the thyroids and parathyroids is not infrequent in cats, and has been noted in the Macacus rhesus monkey.

The adrenalin content of the suprarenals per kilogramme body‐weight is higher in rabbits than in cats, the figures averaging 0·400 mg. and 0·229 mg. respectively for the normal animals examined.

In cats which receive large amounts of raw ox thyroid in addition to their ordinary diet, the amount of adrenalin in the suprarenals is increased, the amount averaging 0·347 mg. per kilogramme body‐weight in the thyroidfed cats examined against 0·229 mg. in the normal.

The relative amounts of adrenalin in the suprarenals of normal, thyroidectomised, and thyroid‐fed animals have been ascertained by physiological methods and by Folin'
s colorimetric method. The results are in agreement.
DOES THYROPARATHYROIDECTOMY IN THE DOG AFFECT THE BLOOD COAGULATION TIME?
Authors: Simpson Sutherland , Rasmussen A. T.
Published: December 2014

In the dog the blood‐coagulation time varies considerably in different individuals, and in the same individual from time to time.

The tetany resulting from the removal of the thyroid and all the parathyroid glands does not appear to have any distinct effect on the coagulability of the blood. This applies also to the period before the onset of tetany and to that immediately succeeding it. In our experience the venosity of the blood does not seem to affect the coagulation time in the dog.
RHYTHM AND METABOLISM OF CARDIAC MUSCLE
Authors: de Boer S.
Published: December 2014

The relations are studied which exist between the rhythm of the ventricular muscle and its metabolic condition. On the one hand the metabolic condition was altered by administering veratrine or digitalis, and the resulting changes in the beat‐rhythm shown and analysed. On the other hand the frequency of the ventricular beats was disturbed, and the resulting change in the metabolic state of the heart‐muscle was observed. In these latter experiments the disturbance was produced by warming sinus venosus, and long alternations of the ventricular rhythm were thus brought about. The electrograms of the alternans beat‐pairs show clearly that the ventricular electrogram consists of two components, the negativities of base and apex; during the “small systoles” only the base component appears. In another series of experiments alteration of the ventricular rhythm was produced by application of an induction‐shock to the veratrinised heart. In this way it was shown that the frequency of the rhythm of the ventricle can be immediately halved or doubled according as the stimulus is related to the metabolic condition of the muscle.
CAPILLARY PHENOMENA OBSERVED IN BLOOD CELLS: THIGMOCYTES, PHAGOCYTOSIS, AMŒBOID MOVEMENT, DIFFERENTIAL ADHESIVENESS OF CORPUSCLES, EMIGRATION OF LEUCOCYTES
Authors: Tait John
Published: December 2014

Rhumbler's Statement of the Physical hypothesis of Ingestion.

Rhumbler (1914) has stated the physical hypothesis regarding ingestion of foreign particles by cells, not in terms of surface‐tension, but in terms of molecular attraction. We shall carry out the necessary transformation of expression (1), which is stated in terms of surface‐tension, in order to compare the results with Rhumbler's statement of the conditions.
THE EFFECTS OF PORTAL AND JUGULAR INJECTIONS OF PYLORIC EXTRACTS ON GASTRIC SECRETION
Authors: Lim R. K. S. , Ammon S. E.
Published: December 2014

1. Injections of pyloric extract into the portal circulation produce a smaller depressor effect and less gastric secretion than similar injections into the jugular vein. The latent period is also more prolonged than in the former case.

2. The cause of this difference is discussed and attributed mainly to the removal by the liver of a portion of the gastric exciting substance from the portal blood passing through it.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE HUMAN GASTRO‐DUODENAL SECRETIONS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ACTION OF HISTAMINE
Authors: Lim R. K. S. , Matheson Alister R. , Schlapp W.
Published: December 2014

1. The overnight juice or “residuum” may be described as follows. Amount 52 cc. ; active HCl, 0.150 grm. % ; pepsin, 0.369 grm. % ; mucus and occasionally bile. The analysis of the overnight juice gives no information regarding the secretory state of the stomach ; the amount of the juice depends on the tone of the stomach wall and its holding capacity.

2. The basal or fasting juice is as follows. Amount 12 cc. (per 10 minutes); active HCl 0.185 grm. % ; pepsin, 0.544 grm. % ; bile, etc., should be absent. The basal acidity in the majority of cases is low but individuals may show considerable variation. The analysis of the basal juice is of great importance, especially the estimation of the acid output per unit time, as it furnishes the only reliable control to further experimental observations.

3. The gastric response. Histamine increases the rate of secretion, and the amount of acid and pepsin. The acid is secreted at a maximum rate for the period of response induced, while the stomach seeks to establish an optimum concentration of acid. The amount of fluid secreted is governed by the necessity of producing an optimum concentration from the acid output. The actual response in each case is therefore governed by the level of the basal output. The average acidity is 0.346 grm. % HCl ; this and actually lower figures in individuals are obtainable in the absence of duodenal regurgitation.

In short the acidity of the freshly secreted juice is seldom as high as 0.5 grm.% HCl, the commonly accepted figure.

The pepsin increase is irregular, and apparently unrelated to either acidity or amount of juice.

4. The influence of atropine. The local application of atropine in doses up to 0.0026 grm. of the sulphate for a period of ten minutes is ineffective in inhibiting the histamine response. The subcutaneous injection of 0.00065 grm. atropine sulphate has also no influence. Histamine must therefore act directly on the secreting cells.

5. The duodenal response. Histamine has no direct action on the duodenal, pancreatic, or biliary secretions, but under normal conditions it stimulates these secretions indirectly when the acid of the gastric response escapes into the duodenium.

6. Histamine and the alveolar CO2. Both a rise and a fall of alveolar CO2 pressures may be obtained after histamine. These changes may be supposed to result from a preponderating secretion of acid and of alkali respectively, although the evidence available cannot be considered as conclusive.

We wish to acknowledge our indebtedness to those students of this University who have volunteered for the experiments described in this paper.

The expenses incurred have been defrayed by grants from the Carnegie Trust and from the Earl of Moray Fund for the promotion of Research in the University of Edinburgh.
ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS ON THE INHIBITION OF HÆMOLYSIS BY BLOOD SERUM. II
Authors: Ponder Eric
Published: December 2014

Repeated injection of sodium taurocholate into rabbits does not result in any increase in the inhibitory power of their serum to taurocholate hænolysis.
EFFECTS OF THYROIDECTOMY ON THE CUTANEOUS SYSTEM IN THE SHEEP AND GOAT
Authors: Simpson Sutherland
Published: December 2014

1. Thyroidectomy in the sheep has a marked effect on the cutaneous system, causing, in certain cases, a falling out of the wool, and in all a diminution in the weight of the fleece when shorn.

2. In one case it is uncertain whether the extensive shedding of the wool was due to thyroidectomy or to an excessive dose of thyroxin.

3. There is reason to believe that a condition comparable with myxœdema in man may be induced in the sheep by removal of the thyroid glands.

4. Both in sheep and goats the rate of horn growth is markedly retarded by thyroidectomy ; and

5. This is not due secondarily to an effect on the gonads, but rather directly to loss of the thyroid glands.

The cost of this investigation has been defrayed by grants from the Sage Research Fund and the Heckscher Research Foundation of Cornell University.
THE INFLUENCE OF NATURAL CHEMICAL STIMULI ON THE MOVEMENTS OF THE FROG'S STOMACH
Authors: Babkin B. P.
Published: December 2014

1. The most active part of an isolated stomach of the frog is the pyloric part, from which both ascending and descending waves of contraction may arise.

2. The influence of hydrochloric acid on the spontaneous contractions of a frog's stomach varies according to the concentration of the solution employed. In weak solutions (0·05 per cent.) hydrochloric acid increases the contractions while diminishing their frequency. In more concentrated solutions (0·1 per cent. to 0·2 per cent.) it weakens or arrests them. In the latter case a marked lowering of tone is observed.

3. The pyloric part of the stomach is the most sensitive to hydrochloric acid.

4. The effect of sodium carbonate (0·3–0·5 per cent.) is to raise the tone and to increase the intensity and frequency of the contractions of the frog's stomach.

5. The effects of sodium carbonate vary with the excitability of the neuro‐muscular apparatus of the stomach. On weakened preparations what is observed is principally a rise in tone; but—with sufficient excitability of the preparation—special “sodium”contractions are caused.

6. Sodium carbonate, unlike hydrochloric acid, stimulates the activity of the pyloric part.

This investigation was begun in 1918 in the Physiological Department of the Institute of Experimental Medicine in Petrograd, and was finished in the Physiological Laboratory of the University of Odessa. I owe a debt of gratitude to Professor I. P. Pavlov, not only for allowing me to work in his Laboratory, but also for his helpful criticism throughout the work.
STUDIES ON THE PITUITARY.—IV. QUANTITATIVE COMPARISON OF PRESSOR ACTIVITY
Authors: Hogben Lancelot T. , Schlapp Walter , MacDonald A. D.
Published: December 2014

1. A method of standardising pressor activity of pituitary extracts with an order of precision not significantly inferior to that obtained with the virgin uterus of the guinea‐pig is described.

2. For quantitative or clinical purposes involving action on the circulatory system, pituitary extracts free of depressor substances can be prepared, as SCHAFER and VINCENT indicated, by alcoholic extraction.

3. For depressor‐free extracts tolerance is a function of the dosage and time interval between successive injections.

4. With appropriate time intervals a remarkable constancy of response of the same character and order of magnitude as the initial rise in blood‐pressure may be obtained with the spinal cat for periods up to twenty hours.

5. With sub maximal doses the period of recovery for response of the same order as that obtained on initial injection is rather less than an hour.

6. Consistent discrimination tending to increase as the experiment proceeds may be obtained for ten or twelve hours between hourly doses differing by 10 per cent.

7. The curve obtained by plotting increase of pressure against dose shows the steepest gradient near a point corresponding to half the dose requisite to produce maximal response; and the best discrimination is obtained by working with a standard in the neighbourhood of this value.

8. It is therefore suggested that the match should be made against a standard for which a curve of reference is kept in use: the limit of accuracy can be defined in any instance by interpolating a known dilution between two injections of the standard.
THE NERVOUS SYMPTOMS OF INSULIN HYPOGLYCÆMIA IN RABBITS CONTRASTED WITH THE CONVULSIONS INDUCED BY COCAINE
Authors: Brain W. Russell
Published: December 2014

1. An account is given of the symptoms of insulin hypoglycæmia in rabbits.

2. Their most prominent feature consists of rotatory disturbances of posture and movement, which are in great part the same as those resulting from unilateral labyrinth extirpation.

3. The response of the labyrinths to caloric tests has been shown to be diminished or abolished on one or both sides in hypoglycæmic animals.

4. The rotatory disturbances are therefore attributed to interference with the excitation or conduction of impulses from the labyrinths in the hypoglyceemic state.

5. The convulsions induced in rabbits by cocaine are described.

The expenses of this investigation have been defrayed by a grant from the Medical Research Council. I am indebted to Dr
George Riddoch, at whose suggestion it was undertaken, for much helpful advice.
BLOOD COAGULATION AS STUDIED BY INTRAVENOUS INJECTION OF TISSUE EXTRACT
Authors: Burke Hugh E. , Tait John
Published: December 2014

1. WOOLDRIDGE'S “tissue‐fibrinogen” (thrombokinase) is not obtainable in true solution, its active component being bound up with material in suspension. By filtration through a Pasteur‐Chamberland filter a “solution” of tissue extract (or thrombokinase) is rendered inactive.

2. Any injection of active tissue extract causes a prompt fall in the number of circulating platelets. The number soon rises again, to fall once more on repetition of the injection. The immediate fall in number of platelets on each successive injection of the active extract is due to the presence of particulate matter (cell‐debris) in the extract.

3. Negative‐phase blood produced by repeated slow injection of tissue extract may behave anomalously when one attempts to defibrinate it by whipping with a stick. If the platelets are still relatively abundant fibrin collects in small amount, and after a considerable delay, on the stick, the rest of the blood staying fluid. If the platelets are considerably reduced in number no fibrin collects, but the blood eventually and after long delay clots in lumps.

4. When a starved animal is killed by injection of a minimal lethal amount of active tissue extract, death is due to the formation of a platelet thrombus in the right ventricle and pulmonary artery. The remaining blood, which is fluid, is found to have been all but denuded of its platelets.

5. Blood which has been virtually deplateletised in this way still contains fibrinogen and will clot firmly on addition of tissue extract. Apart from a slight local coagulation due to contact of the few remaining platelets with the foreign surface, this blood does not spontaneously clot on glass. If the blood could be wholly deplateletised it would be found to have lost the property of spontaneous coagulation.

6. To describe the exact condition of a negative‐phase blood it is not sufficient to specify simply the amount of fibrinogen it contains. For full description one must also specify the relative number of contained platelets, which number does not run parallel to the amount of fibrinogen.

7. A blood in which the platelets have been sensibly reduced in number by injection of old and inactive tissue extract exhibits delay in spontaneous coagulation.

8. The fatal platelet thrombus in the right ventricle and pulmonary artery after injection of a minimal lethal dose of active tissue extract is similar to that described by
Welsh as occurring sometimes in pneumonia.

The expenses of this research were defrayed in part by a grant from the James Cooper Fund of M'Gill University for Research in Experimental Medicine.
HISTOLOGICAL EVIDENCES OF COLLOID ABSORPTION DIRECTLY BY THE BLOOD‐VESSELS OF PARS ANTERIOR OF THE HUMAN HYPOPHYSIS
Authors: Rasmussen A. T.
Published: December 2014

Histological examination of about a hundred apparently normal adult human hypophyses from cases of accidental death revealed colloid in the blood‐vessels of only two specimens. In one of these, a young pregnant woman, it was abundant and could be seen in both the capsular veins of the anterior lobe, veins emerging from the region of the stalk, as well as in the sinusoids proper. The method by which the colloid globules get into the vascular channels is not evident. There are indications of degeneration in some of the cells surrounding the colloid in many of the small vesicles or pseudoacini in pars anterior, and the colloid may be separated from the interstitial tissue and blood channels by only very thin flattened cells, but conditions where the colloid is actually in the process of entering the sinusoids were not located even after diligent search in supposedly very favourable material.
THE EFFECT OF THYROIDECTOMY ON SKELETAL MUSCLE IN SHEEP
Authors: Simpson Ethel D.
Published: December 2014

A study of the skeletal muscle from eleven cretin and five normal sheep shows that early thyroidectomy prevents the normal development of sarcoplasm. The ratio of nucleus to cytoplasm remains more nearly like that in the young animal than that in the control twin. No degeneration of the tissue is evident even in a cretin of four and a half years, and all the structures of normal muscle are demonstrable.

I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to Professor S. H.
Gage and Dr H. S.
Liddell for assistance in this investigation.
THE EFFECT OF THE INJECTION OF SERUM ON THE HEART AND VESSELS OF THE CAT
Authors: Ponder Eric
Published: December 2014

1. The intravenous injection of small quantities of serum produces in the cat a transient fall of blood‐pressure and a transient slowing and diminution of the amplitude of the heart‐beat. This is due to an effect of the serum on the pulmonary nerve‐endings, and a resulting effect on the cardiac and vasomotor centres.
Brodie's results are thus confirmed.

2. This typical effect occurs only in the urethaned or etherised cat. In the cat under chloralose or chloral the heart effect is absent, but the effect on the vasomotor centre persists.

3. The effects are not produced by all sera, but by only about 80 per cent. of the number tested. Of these about 50 per cent. produced marked effects. The serum of the cat, rabbit, ox, horse, and of man are equally effective in doses of about 3 c.c.

4. One injection rapidly sets up a state of immunity to subsequent injections, the site of the immunity being the pulmonary nerve‐endings. The active substance may be shown to remain in the circulating blood for about five minutes, but no longer. The state of immunity lasts at least thirty minutes, often several hours; the length of its duration depends on the amount of serum injected.

5. In animals in which this immunity is established, or in animals with both vagi cut, the injection of the serum produces a slight fall of pressure without any accompanying effect on the heart, and due to a direct action on the peripheral vessels. This effect is always obtained with ether or urethane anæsthesia. In cats under chloralose anæsthesia the fall of pressure is occasionally replaced by a marked rise; more frequently by no effect at all. In pithed cats, in which the effect of the serum on the medullary centres is necessarily abolished, the serum may produce either a fall of pressure or, more rarely, a rise. These effects are not confined to the cat, but occur in the dog, rabbit, and rat.

6. The statement that the substance which has its action on the medullary centres is a protein of the albumin class, formed during clotting of the blood in the presence of red cells, is confirmed. The effects on the peripheral vessels are, however, due to another substance which is soluble in boiling alcohol, and which is insoluble in ether or acetone. This latter substance is probably formed after the shedding of the blood.

This research was carried out with the aid of a grant from the Moray Fund of the University of Edinburgh.
THE NORMAL OVARIAN CYCLE IN RELATION TO ŒSTRUS PRODUCTION
Authors: Brambell F. W. Rogers , Parkes A. S.
Published: December 2014

1. It is shown that, in the mouse, double ovariotomy thirty‐six to forty‐eight hours before an œstrous period does not inhibit the appearance of œstrous, although, of course, no signs of it occur subsequently unless ovarian regeneration takes place. From this it is concluded that the œstrus‐producing stimulus becomes operative nearly two days before the appearance of œstrus—i.e. almost in the middle of the diœstrous period.

2. It is also shown that the group of follicles which will ovulate at an œstrous period undergo nearly their whole maturation growth after the time when the œstrus stimulus becomes operative. This is additional evidence that follicular maturation is not responsible for œstrous production, and suggests that follicular maturation itself results from the operation of the œstrus‐producing stimulus.

As in previous work, our thanks are due to Prof. J. P.
Hill, F.R.S., and Dr. F. H. A.
Marshall, F.R.S., for advice and criticism.

The expenses of the research were defrayed from grants from the Medical Research Council to A. S. P., and from the Government Grant Committee of the Royal Society to F. W. R, B.
CERTAIN EFFECTS PRODUCED BY SHOCK AND DEATH ON THE VESSELS OF THE SKIN
Authors: Densham H. B. A. R. , Wells H. M.
Published: December 2014

In “shocked” animals and in surviving perfused limbs the skin‐vessels do not react directly to adrenaline and “pituitrin,” although they react to alkali.

The reactivity of the muscle‐vessels to these drugs remains relatively unaltered.

The skin‐vessels respond by passive dilatation to a constriction of the muscle‐vessels of the limb.

Our thanks are due to Professor
M'Dowall for much kind assistance.

We are indebted to Messrs Parke, Davis & Co. for a supply of adrenaline.
DEMONSTRATION OF SPECIAL PARASYMPATHETIC NERVEFIBRES IN THE DORSAL OR POSTERIOR ROOTS OF THE LUMBAR REGION OF THE SPINAL CORD
Authors: Kure Ken , Nitta Yosio , Tuzi Morimasa , Siraisi Kensaki , Siuyenaga Binzi
Published: December 2014

The commonly received hypothesis that the vaso‐;dilator effects seen on stimulation of the dorsal roots of the spinal nerves in the thoraciclumbar regions of the cord are produced by antidromic impulses passing down the sensory fibres of those roots is incorrect.

Evidence is adduced of the presence of numerous fine medullated fibres in the dorsal roots which have their origin in small nerve‐cells in the grey matter at the base of the dorsal horn of the cord, the axis‐cylinders of which pass as fine medullated fibres into the dorsal roots (accompanying the entering sensory fibres), and pass into the dorsal root ganglia. They are there connected by synapse with special nerve‐cells from which other fine medullated fibres come off. These emerge from the ganglion and pass peripherally into the mixed nerve and its branches. Histological examination of the nerve‐fibres of the dorsal roots after section both beyond the ganglion and between the ganglion and the cord affords clear evidence of the above statement. This evidence is obtained from the result of section of the dorsal root between the ganglion and the cord in producing or in failing to produce Wallerian degeneration of the nerve‐fibres in question in the parts of the severed root distal or proximal to the cord respectively, and in the observation of the changes which occur in certain cells of the cord after such section.

It is concluded that the centrifugal small medullated fibres in question represent the parasympathetic fibres of the autonomic system of
Langley in the thoraciclumbar region of the cord, and that their presence is sufficient to account for the so‐called “antidromic” impulses, which have been supposed to travel (centrifugally) down the sensory nerve‐fibres.
THE MEASUREMENT OF THE DIAMETERS OF ERYTHRO‐CYTES. III.—CHANGES IN THE DIAMETER IN ANAEMIA RESULTING FROM HAEMORRHAGE
Authors: Ponder Eric , Millar W. G.
Published: December 2014

Measurements of the diameter of rabbit erythrocytes in plasma show that repeated hæmorrhage results in a small increase in the mean diameter (about 0.5µ). An increase in the scatter of the distribution of the cell sizes sometimes occurs, but this is an inconstant feature.

This investigation was carried out under a grant from the Medical Research Council, and was commenced in the Department of Physiology, Edinburgh University, during the time that one of us (W. G. M.) was holding a Crichton Scholarship.
SOME REMOTE EFFECTS OF DEFICIENT DIETS ON THE RHYTHMICAL MOVEMENTS OF THE ISOLATED INTESTINE
Authors: Magee H. E. , Anderson Wm. , M'Callum Miss J.
Published: December 2014

The movements of surviving small intestine of cavies fed on adequate diets and on diets consisting chiefly of cereals were studied.

In normally‐fed animals three types of rhythm were found: (a) fine contractions; (b) tonus movements of short duration; and (c) large sharp contractions‐the (a) movements preponderating and being very often superimposed on those of the (b) and sometimes of the (c) type. In animals fed on deficient rations various degrees of disordered rhythm were found of a hypersensitive or a hyposensitive type. The responses to adrenaline, bicarbonate, and phosphates were generally different from those found in normal animals.
STUDIES ON THE ACCELERATION AND INHIBITION OF HÆMOLYSIS.—I. THE INHIBITION OF SAPONIN AND TAUROCHOLATE HÆMOLYSIS BY SUCROSE
Authors: Yeager J. Franklin
Published: December 2014

1. Curves expressing the relation between the amount of isotonic NaC1 and the amount of isotonic sucrose in the haemolytic system and the value of the resistance constant have been obtained for both saponin and sodium taurocholate hæmolysis.

2. The form of these curves indicates that the rate of change of the resistance constant is inversely proportional to the completeness of the system with respect to the electrolyte NaC1.

3. The results also imply that neither saponin nor sodium taurocholate will produce hæmolysis in a system in which all of the electrolyte is replaced by isotonic sucrose.

4. Such electrolyte‐free systems have not been obtained, since the replacement of all the electrolyte NaC1 of a human red cell suspension by isotonic sucrose itself results in hsemolysis.

5. The local inactivity (i.e. the value of I) of sodium taurocholate in concentrations of about 1 in 1000 passes through a maximum and finally tends to disappear as increasingly greater amounts of isotonic sucrose are contained in the system.

6. Changes in the value of the resistance constant R are readily produced by variations in the method of formation of the haemolytic system.
SPINAL EXCITABILITY IN EMOTIONAL STATE
Authors: Marcu I.
Published: December 2014

It is shown by experiments carried out on decerebrate cats that:

1. Blood‐pressure rise caused by peripheral or central splanchnic stimulation increases spinal excitability by favouring the blood‐supply to the spinal cord.

2. Besides this hæmodynamic action there is a specific action of the afferent splanchnic nerve‐fibres on the excitability of the cord.

3. A viscero‐motor reflex contraction of a flexor muscle of the hind‐limb is evoked by stimulation of the central end of the splanchnic nerve.

4. Correlation with emotional state of pain is discussed.

I wish to express my gratitude to Sir Charles Sherrington for assistance in the preparation of this paper.
THE INTERACTION BETWEEN PRESSOR VASO‐MOTOR REFLEXES
Authors: Marcu I.
Published: December 2014

1. The interaction of vaso‐motor responses taking place during stimulation of various afferent nerves has been studied and compared with similar interactions taking place in reflex contractions of skeletal muscles.

2. The phenomenon of effacement taking place during intercurrent stimulation of two afferent nerves is described. This effacement is sometimes complete.

3. Effacement is also observed during the interaction of a sensory and an efferent vaso‐motor nerve.

4. The phenomenon of augmentation in vaso‐motor reflexes is described and critically examined.

5. The mechanism of effacement is a peripheral one. In this respect the phenomenon of vaso‐motor effacement differs from that of occlusion observed in muscular spinal reflexes. The peripheral overlap of vascular areas involved is so great that it is impossible to determine whether a central overlap also exists.

I wish to express my gratitude to Sir
Charles Sherrington for advice and criticism, and for the facilities afforded in his department for the performance of these experiments.
THE PHARMACOLOGY OF THE VENOM OF THE CAPE COBRA
Authors: Epstein David
Published: December 2014

The pharmacological actions of the dried venom of the Cape cobra (Naia flava) have been studied.

The minimum lethal dose for various animals has been determined, and the symptoms produced in the frog, cat, and rabbit described.

The venom has a digitalis‐like action on the circulation.

Respiratory failure is the usual cause of death. In the rabbit this is largely due to a curare‐like paralysis which is not seen in the cat.

The venom has a direct action on involuntary muscle, contraction being followed by relaxation. Slight hæmolysis of red‐blood cells occurs in vitro. Lengthening of the coagulation‐time following lethal injections of venom occurs in the cat but not in the rabbit.

The blood‐sugar of the rabbit is raised.

Non‐toxicity of the venom via the alimentary canal is to be attributed to very slow absorption and perhaps also to destruction of the venom in the large gut.

Solutions of the venom slowly deteriorate on keeping.
STUDIES ON THE ARNETH COUNT.—XVI. THE DEFLECTION OF THE COUNT BY IRRADIATED ERGOSTEROL
Authors: Climenko David Robert
Published: December 2014

1. The results of
Kennedy and
Thompson on the deviation of the Arneth count by ultra‐violet irradiation are confirmed.

2. The deflection resulting from the parenteral administration of irradiated ergosterol is closely comparable to that produced by direct ultra‐violet rays.

3. The blood‐calcium level is raised both by direct irradiation and by administration of irradiated ergosterol.

4. While a combination of irradiated ergosterol and ultra‐violet rays produces an additive effect on the blood‐calcium level, no such additive influence is exerted on the Arneth count.

5. In the control series no deflection or change in the blood‐calcium level was produced by either filtered ultra‐violet light or by non‐irradiated ergosterol.
THE INHIBITION OF (ESTRUS BY CORPUS LUTEUM EXTRACTS
Authors: Patel J. S.
Published: December 2014

Kythin inhibits œstrus by producing pseudo‐pregnancy conditions in the injected mice. The inhibition of œstrin can be obtained for a long period (40 days in some cases) without causing any permanent injury to the ovaries. Preliminary experiments show that the œstrus is prevented by the inhibition of œstrin‐secretion from the ovary, whose reactivity to the œstrogenic stimulus of the pituitary is reduced (but not removed). The response of the vagina to œstrin is also slightly reduced. There is no “neutralisation” of œstrin by kythin. It is probable that the kythin also acts on the pituitary, inhibiting the secretion of the œstrogenic substance of the pituitary—a condition similar to that found during pregnancy.

The writer desires to acknowledge his indebtedness to Professor F. A. E.
Crew and to Dr B. P.
Wiesner for their kind criticism and help.
ON THE EFFECT OF REMOVAL OF THE LITTER UPON THE REPRODUCTIVE RATE OF THE FEMALE MOUSE
Authors: Crew F. A. E. , Mirskaia L.
Published: December 2014

The reproductive phase of the sex cycle consists of two periods separated by an œstrous phase: the first of these periods is occupied by pregnancy, the second takes the form either of lactation or else of another pregnancy. Pregnancy and lactation are of equal duration and are alternative events, and so the reproductive phase represents a double pregnancy period. In any description of the reproductive phase the lactation period must be distinguished from the period of pregnancy. The non‐suckling female can give birth to twice as many offspring in a given period of time as can the suckling.
REGULATION OF RESPIRATION.—THE EFFECT UPON SALIVARY SECRETION OF THE INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION OF AMMONIUM CHLORIDE AND AMMONIUM CARBONATE
Authors: Eddy Nathan B.
Published: December 2014

When the submaxillary gland of the dog is made to secrete at a constant rate by continuous intravenous injection of pilocarpine after cutting the chorda tympani supplying the gland, the administration of ammonium chloride and of ammonium carbonate produces an initial increase and a subsequent decrease in the rate of secretion. With both agents the initial increase is more marked, and with ammonium carbonate the subsequent decrease is greater if the vago‐sympathetic is also cut before the injection.

Both ammonium chloride and ammonium carbonate increase submaxillary blood‐volume flow. With the former the increase is greater with the vago‐sympathetic intact; with the latter it is greater with the nerve cut.

Both substances in a dose of 1 c.c. per kilogram of M/6 solution produce a transient fall in blood‐pressure and a brief increase in pulmonary ventilation. Ammonium carbonate in a dose of 5 c.c. per kilogram lowers the blood‐pressure and depresses pulmonary ventilation, both for a short period only.

It is believed that changes in blood‐volume flow and in acid base equilibrium are factors in the production of the effects upon salivary secretion of ammonium chloride and ammonium carbonate. Since ammonium carbonate may turn the tissues alkaline, an additional and stronger action of the ammonium ion seems indicated. Further, the possibility of modification of the results by the rate of penetration of the ions into the cells is discussed.

I am greatly indebted to Professor
Robert Gesell, who cordially afforded me the privileges of his laboratory for the carrying out of the experiments upon which this series of papers is based. His interest and advice have been of great assistance throughout.
STUDIES ON THE ARNETH COUNT.—XVII. THE EFFECT OF ALTERATIONS OF THE SERUM‐CALCIUM LEVEL ON THE COUNT
Authors: Climenko David Robert
Published: December 2014

1. A number of patients who were being treated with irradiated milk were examined. They showed no change in the Arneth count and the serum‐calcium level.

2. Oral administration of colloidal calcium preparation in rabbits gave rise to no increase in the serum‐calcium level and had no effect on the count.

3. Intramuscular injections of a colloidal calcium preparation raised the serum‐calcium level and produced a regenerative deflection of the count.

4. Intravenous injections of calcium chloride raised the serumcalcium level and produced a regenerative deflection of the count.

5. Intravenous injections of hypotonic solutions produced no demonstrable effect on the serum‐calcium level, but caused a regenerative deflection of the count.

6. Intravenous injections of physiological saline solutions produced no effect on the serum‐calcium level and had no effect on the count.

I beg to thank Professor F. A. E. CREW for permitting the experimental portion of this investigation to be conducted in his laboratory.

This research was carried out during the tenure of a grant from the Littauer Fund. A portion of the costs was defrayed by a grant from the Earl of Moray Fund.
ON VARIATIONS IN THE WHITE‐CELL COUNT OF MAN
Authors: Ponder Eric , Saslow George , Schweizer Malvina
Published: December 2014

1. Under conditions of moderate activity the large fluctuations in the total white‐cell count described by
Sabin, Cunningham, Doan, and
Kindwall have not been observed. These large fluctuations seem to be due principally to errors of method. The total white‐cell count shows, however, small fluctuations, not exceeding ±8 per cent., throughout the day; these persist even after all errors of method have been allowed for.

2. These small fluctuations show no definite periodicity.

3. The increase in the total white‐cell count during the afternoon is an inconstant although fairly frequent phenomenon.

4. The increase which sometimes occurs during the afternoon and the smaller fluctuations which occur at short intervals are not due to the production of new polymorphs, but to a redistribution of white cells, i.e. to an alteration of the partition of white cells between the vessels of various parts of the body or between the vessels and the tissue spaces.
ON THE SPINAL PARASYMPATHETIC. Fourth Article
Authors: Kuré Ken , Saégusa Gen‐ichi , Kawaguchi Ken , Yamagata Kenji
Published: December 2014

In the cervical and lumbar regions the fine medullated fibres of the dorsal root belong almost exclusively to the spinal parasympathetic system ; they amount to about 40 per cent. of all fibres of the root.

In the thoracic region one‐third or one‐half of the fine medullated fibres of the dorsal root belong to this system ; in the second sacral segment only one‐fifth.

In the thirteenth thoracic segment the spinal parasympathetic fibres are exceptionally numerous.

The first sacral segment shows in some individuals the type of the second sacral, in others the type of the lumbar region.

In absolute number the spinal parasympathetic fibres show individual differences.

The fibres in question supply the blood‐vessels of the viscera, viz. vasoconstrictors for the pulmonary vessels, and vasodilators for those of the stomach, intestine, kidney, suprarenal capsule, and testicle. They carry motor impulses to the muscular coat of the stomach and intestines.

The number of spinal parasympathetic cells in the cord runs parallel with that of spinal parasympathetic fibres.

The spinal parasympathetic system is most developed in the cervical and lumbar enlargements.

The spinal parasympathetic fibres carry impulses to the sweat glands, skin‐vessels, and pilomotor muscles, and also to skeletal muscles, bones, and joints. This is illustrated by the study of cases of tabes, syringomyelia, and leprosy.
THE GONADOTROPIC HORMONES (ρ‐FACTORS). —I. THE PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF EXTRACTS OF ANTERIOR LOBE, PLACENTA, AND PREGNANCY URINE
Authors: Wiesner B. P. , Marshall P. G.
Published: December 2014

(1) Two methods for the preparation of potent extracts containing the ρ‐factors from pregnancy urine have been elaborated, one of which involves the use of phosphotungstic acid as a precipitant, whilst the other is an alcohol precipitation method with various refinements introduced.

(2) Methods are also given for the preparation of active extracts from the anterior lobe of the pituitary and human placenta.

(3) The effect of prolonged injections of small quantities or fewer injections of large quantities of ρ‐factors is to inhibit the œstrous cycle in the mature mouse, whilst small quantities actually induce premature œstrus in immature mice. A theory is enunciated to account for these phenomena.

(4) The active factors are not precipitated to any appreciable extent by dialysed iron, nor can they be ultrafiltered through an “ultrafein” membrane filter which is just impermeable to Congo red. Other chemical properties are in accord with the observations of previous workers.
THE CAUSATION OF MUCIFICATION AND CORNIFICATION IN THE VAGINA OF THE MOUSE
Authors: Robson J. M. , Wiesner B. P.
Published: December 2014

(1) An extract of corpus luteum of cow produces either cornification or mucification of the vaginal epithelium of mature oöphorectomised mice, according to the dose administered.

(2) Saponified extracts from pregnancy urine and extracts from follicular fluid, containing α‐hormone, can produce cornification or mucification according to the dosage.

(3) The mucifying dose of α‐hormone is about one‐quarter to one‐half of the cornifying dose.

(4) The production by α‐hormone of either cornification or mucification does not depend only on the total quantity of hormone administered but also on the concentration of α‐hormone in a dose. The conditions for the summation effect in mucification and cornification are discussed.
THE ACTION OF DIHYDROXYACETONE ON MAMMALIAN PLAIN AND CARDIAC MUSCLE
Authors: Gilding H. P. , Reeves H. Gordon , Renbom E. T.
Published: December 2014

α‐dihydroxyacetone, even in low concentrations such as 0.01 percent., is toxic to mammalian cardiac and smooth muscle, and hence does not seem likely to play any important part in the metabolism of the tissues investigated.

The expenses of this work were defrayed by a grant to one of us (H. G. R.) from the Government Grants Committee of the Royal Society.
THE RESPONSES OF THE BATRACHIAN ALIMENTARY CANAL TO AUTONOMIC DRUGS. XENOPUS LÆVIS (THE SOUTH AFRICAN CLAWED TOAD)—ARECOLINE
Authors: Epstein David
Published: December 2014

1. Arecoline causes contraction of every portion of the alimentary canal of Xenopus lævis (the South African clawed toad), and this is antagonised by atropine.

2. These responses have been interpreted as proving that the whole of the digestive tract of X. lævis receives motor (excitatory) fibres from the parasympathetic system.

3. Arecoline, under certain conditions, is a more suitable drug than pilocarpine for demonstrating the presence of parasympathetic motor (excitatory) fibres.
THE ACTION OF HISTAMINE ON THE MOTILITY OF THE LARGE INTESTINE
Authors: Tidmarsh C. J.
Published: December 2014

1. Histamine injected intravenously evokes a typical motor response in different parts of the large intestine.

2. This action is diminished but not abolished by previous injection of atropine.

3. Histamine in 0·1 to 0·2 per cent. solution of HCl is absorbed from the small and large intestine in sufficiently large amounts to stimulate intestinal motility.

I am indebted to professor B. P.
Babkin and Professor, J. C.
Meakins for advice and assistance.
ABSORPTION OF OXYGEN FROM THE SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUES
Authors: Singh Indeyit
Published: December 2014

1. The rate of absorption of oxygen from the subcutaneous tissue is very slow. It varies from ·6 to 1·2 c. c. per minute, when 500 c. c. are injected, the surface of absorption being almost half the subcutaneous region of the cat.

2. The absorption becomes almost nil an hour or an hour and a half after injection. This, of course, is due to the lowering of oxygen tension owing to the diffusion of CO2 and N out from the tissues (
Campbell).

3. The efficiency of the lungs to saturate the blood with oxygen is about 15 to 20 times greater than the whole subcutaneous region.

I beg to thank Dr. J. A.
Campbell of the Medical Research Institute for help and advice in the publication of these results, and I also wish to express my acknowledgments to Dr. B. S.
Kahali, M. B., of the Medical College, Rangoon, for co‐operation in the work.
EXTENSOR REFLEXES OF THE CHRONIC SPINAL CAT
Authors: Matthes K. , Ruch T. C.
Published: December 2014

1. The fraction of the maximum tension capacity of m. soleus which can be enlisted in reflex contraction from a large contralateral nerve is 75–85 per cent., in chronic spinal animals.

2. The rate and type of recruitment in the crossed extensor reflex of spinal animals are largely determined by the proportion of excitatory and inhibitory fibres excited by a given intensity of stimulus.

3. A single shock is a more effective stimulus to contralateral extension than is a tetanic series of such shocks. This discrepancy increases with strong stimuli. An interpretation is offered in terms of different time relations in the development of central excitation and inhibition from the crossed nerve.

4. The “spinality” of crossed extensor reflexes is more apparent with tetanic than with single‐shock stimulation.

5. Spinal “stepping” in the isolated soleus evoked by contralateral nerve‐trunk stimulation of varied intensity is described, and evidence is given for interaction of excitation and inhibition as a factor in the genesis of stepping.

6. The myotatic reflex to slowly applied and to maintained stretch in chronic spinal cats usually remains scanty, despite recovery of proprioceptive arcs enabling the hind‐limbs to stand. An instance of well‐developed stretch‐reflex in soleus muscle of a chronic spinal cat is recorded.

Expenses for materials were in part met by the Rockefeller Foundation. We wish to thank Professor
Sherrington for his advice, and for receiving us into his laboratory.
MODE OF ACTION OF RESPIRATORY STIMULANTS: I. MODE OF ACTION OF OXYGEN LACK
Authors: Selladurai S. , Wright Samson
Published: December 2014

(1) The effects on respiration of inhalation of various concentrations of oxygen (ranging from 4 to 16 per cent.) and of nitrogen has been studied in the decerebrate cat and in the chloralosed animal.

(2) With the sinus nerves and vagi eliminated, oxygen lack acts as a depressant to the “isolated” respiratory centre. The increase in breathing which is frequently obtained in the intact animal is wholly reflex, and depenads on excitatory afferent impulses in the sinus nerves and the vagi which overcome the direct depression of the centre which is simultaneously occurring.

(3) The reflex stimulation from the sinuses may, under certain circumstances, be of greater importance than that produced by the vagi.

(4) The integrity of the buffer nerves may enable the respiratory. centre to withstand for long periods degrees of anoxæmia which are lethal to it when it has been “isolated” by section of the vagi and denervation of the sinuses.

(5) The classical theories accounting for the stimulating action of oxygen lack are reviewed, and it is suggested that in the light of the fresh evidence they are no longer tenable. Anoxsemia decreases the response of the “isolated” respiratory centre to carbon dioxide.
STUDIES ON THE REDISTRIBUTION OF LEUCOCYTES.—I. VARIATIONS IN THE WHITE‐CELL COUNT IN CATS SUBJECTED TO OPERATIVE PROCEDURE
Authors: Schweizer Malvina
Published: December 2014

1. The leucocyte count in the operated cat undergoes a spontaneous decrease for about an hour after the beginning of the operation. This decrease occurs in the visceral as well as in the peripheral vessels. The cells which are lost from the circulation are chiefly polymorphs.

2. The fall in the count is caused by the operative procedure, and not by the anæsthetic nor by the changes in the general arterial pressure.

3. The fall in the count can occur when all the abdominal viscera are removed from the circulation.

4. The lungs, the kidneys, and the spleen are capable of retaining and releasing large numbers of white cells at various times.

5. The leucocytes are not equally distributed in the various vessels of the body, and there is no constant relation between the counts in the peripheral and those in the visceral regions.

I am indebted to the Dial Ciba Company for the supplies of dial used in these experiments.
ABERRANT VENTRICULAR BEATS IN THE DOG DURING VAGAL STIMULATION
Authors: Drury A. N. , MacKenzie D. W.
Published: December 2014

1. A procedure is described by which means aberrant ventricular beats in the dog can be consistently obtained.

2. The results offer an explanation of the aberrant beats which have been occasionally recorded during vagal stimulation, both in the dog and in the human subject.

3. They indicate that the vagal stimulation in some way alters the impulse as it passes through the upper portions of the junctional tissues between auricle and ventricle, so that it is unable to pass a region of impaired conduction in a bundle branch, which the normal impulse can traverse without difficulty.