bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular Divergence in AllopatricCeratosolen(Agaonidae) Pollinators of Geographically WidespreadFicus(Moraceae) Species
Authors: Moe Annika M , Weiblen George D
Published: November 2010

Speciation in pollinating seed predators such as fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae) is likely to have been influenced by a combination of ecological and geographical isolating mechanisms, but recent molecular analyses of fig wasps have focused on pollinator specialization as the main factor driving speciation. This study investigates the contribution of geographic modes of speciation such as dispersal, vicariance, and isolation by distance. We sampled haplotypes of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I from Ceratosolen pollinators of six geographically widespread Australasian fig (Moraceae: Ficus) species, including four species spanning Wallacea. Phylogenetic analysis investigated the extent of host conservatism and host switching accompanying divergence in Ceratosolen. Geographically widespread Ceratosolen showed deep intraspecific divergence exceeding or comparable to divergence between named sister species. Maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses supported species monophyly in five of six cases, whereas results for a sixth species were equivocal. Bayesian divergence time estimation suggested dispersal across Wallacea during the Miocene epoch, after the collision of Australian and Asian continental plates. Cryptic species were evident in all six focal taxa. Because the deep mitochondrial divergence within these taxa is regionally distributed, allopatric divergence provides a simple explanation for the existence of these cryptic lineages pollinating widespread fig species. We found little evidence of divergence accompanied by host switching. The ancient origin of cryptic and geographically isolated species suggests that long-distance dispersal may be rare in Ceratosolen and that host associations are generally conserved during range expansion.
Diversity of JapaneseAphis gossypiiand Comparison with OtherAphisSpecies Based on the Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I Sequence
Authors: Komazaki S , Shigehara T , Toda S
Published: November 2010

The sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene was analyzed in 168 individuals from seven Aphis (Hemiptera: Aphidini: Aphidina) species: Aphis gossypii Glover, Aphis glycines Matsumura, Aphis spiraecola Patch, Aphis craccivora Koch, Aphis fabae Scopoli, Aphis rumicis (L.), and Aphis nerii Boyer de Fenscolombe. One other Aphidina species, Toxoptera odinae (van der Goot), and two Macrosiphini species, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) and Myzus persicae (Sulzer), were analyzed as out-groups. The coding region of the gene contains 1,563 bp in all of the species, and 272 sites were variable among the Aphis species. DNA sequence identities among individual aphids ranged from 91.4 to 100%, with greater identities among aphids in the same species (96.5–100%) than between different species (91.4–95.3%). Compared with some other species, A. gossypii showed little divergence in either nucleotide sequences or haplotypes, although intraspecific cytochrome oxidase I (COI) sequence divergence was observed in A. gossypii clones isolated from Commelina communis L. and Rubia cordfolia L. In the phylogenetic tree, every species formed a robust clade. The pairs A. gossypii and A. glycines, and A. rumicis and A. fabae showed robust sister relationships. T. odinae was located within the Aphis species clade, and this suggested that the Toxoptera classification should be reconsidered in the light of molecular data.
Nonlethal Tissue Sampling Techniques and Microsatellite Markers Used for First Report of Genetic Diversity in Two Populations of the Endangered Somatochlora hineana (Odonata: Corduliidae)
Authors: Monroe Emy M , Lynch Colleen , Soluk Daniel A , Britten Hugh B
Published: November 2010

Techniques for obtaining DNA noninvasively or nonlethally are highly desirable in molecular genetic studies of protected species, and several advances have been made in these types of sampling and extraction techniques. Insects present a unique set of difficulties in this regard that are not present when working with most vertebrates. This study evaluated the effectiveness of several nonlethal sampling techniques for larval and adults of the federally listed endangered dragonfly Somatochlora hineana (Williamson) (Odonata: Corduliidae). Fecal pellets and shed exuviae from captive S. hineana larvae did not provide high enough quality DNA for microsatellite analyses. Invasive, but nonlethal, wing clips from adults and tarsi from larvae provided high-quality DNA that amplified 10 microsatellite markers for this species. Ten loci were polymorphic in 94 specimens with four to 14 alleles per locus. Two populations in WI had average observed heterozygosity of 0.47, which is within the range reported for other odonates. Our sampling techniques and these new microsatellite markers provide an essential tool for determining the genetic structure of S. hineana populations throughout its range.
Remarkable New Genus of Gumillinae (Neuroptera: Osmylidae) from the Jurassic of China
Authors: Yang Qiang , Makarkin Vladimir N , Ren Dong
Published: November 2010

Allotriosmylus uniramosus n. gen., n. sp. (Osmylidae: Gumillinae) is described from the Jurassic of China. This is the smallest representative of the family and possesses several peculiar features not occurring in other osmylids, such as a structurally well-formed clavus in the hind wing and a single-branched Rs in both the fore- and hind wings.
Equilibrium of masonry arches
Authors: Heyman J.
Published: November 2010

The state of a masonry arch, as of any hyperstatic structure, must conform to the equations of static equilibrium, but is determined by displacements imposed by the environment. These ‘boundary conditions' are in general unknown, but very small movements (as for example of the abutments of an arch bridge) can alter markedly the internal stresses in the structure. An elastic analysis purports to determine an actual state, but in fact requires a knowledge of the boundary conditions which is not possessed by the engineer, and any elastic solution must therefore be viewed with reservation. Further, predicted elastic deformations are small, and do not correspond to observed displacements of a masonry arch. The ‘traditional' nineteenth-century examination of equilibrium by means of ‘lines of thrust' is free of these defects (the analysis can be made today by use of computers and can involve properly constructed finite elements); such equilibrium solutions are, by virtue of the plastic theorems, safe.
A semi-analytical approach for the dynamics of the stone arch
Authors: Sinopoli A.
Published: November 2010

A semi-analytical approach is proposed for modelling the plane dynamics of a stone arch, treated as a system of rigid elements with friction and unilateral contacts at each joint. By generalising the method proposed in a previous paper, the analytical approach is firstly applied to the plane dynamics of a rectangular block simply supported on a moving base. In this case, where the contact although sometimes extended is unique, dynamics is formulated as a frictional contact problem, and conditions for onset of motion according to various mechanisms are fully analytically identified; moreover, criteria for evaluating contact reactions during either smooth or non-smooth dynamics are outlined. The method is then extended to the case of the arch, where each element is characterised at most by a double extended contact; criteria for the onset of motion and evaluation for each element of contact reactions during the dynamic evolution are then identified. The approach proposed constitutes a first step for performing dynamic analysis through either an event-driven or a time-stepping numerical procedure.
Institutional innovation and financing infrastructure in Xi’an
Authors: Tan Willie , Xin Dong
Published: November 2010

This paper provides an account of institutional innovations in the city of Xi’an, China to access funds for infrastructure development within the constraints of central government directives. The analysis is guided by a simple framework that explains institutional changes based on the rational choice of agents. A case study is used to explore the institutional mechanisms, and these are supplemented by quantitative data. The main findings are that the Xi’an city government is less reliant on central government funds for financing infrastructure projects, thereby providing it with considerable autonomy and incentive to act by establishing a new investment vehicle, the Xi’an Infrastructure Investment Group. The bulk of funds actually came from internal sources through taxation and self-raised funds. In recent years, attempts were made to access private capital through the bond market and public–private partnerships, forcing Xi’an Infrastructure Investment Group towards greater transparency and better corporate governance. However, several issues remain, such as those pertaining to corporate governance, stop–go limits on user charges, and vulnerability of infrastructure projects to the property cycle because of its system of land assignment.
A modern contract: developments in the UK and China
Authors: Lord Wayne , Liu Anita , Tuuli Martin Morgan , Zhang Shuibo
Published: November 2010

The form of contract plays a significant role in the governance of relationships between parties. Recent research in project procurement emphasises relationships and cultural/behavioural issues. Such relationships operate within a formal (contractual) framework as well as an informal (interpersonal/social) framework since no contract is entirely transactional or entirely relational in nature. Sir Michael Latham suggested a cultural/behavioural change is required in the construction industry such that project participants should embrace a ‘modern contract’. This paper examines the 13 Latham requirements of a modern contract in the latest edition of the NEC. The requirements are categorised, under what are labelled here as pillars of a modern contract, namely ‘fairness’, ‘roles and functions of project participants’, and ‘payment operating mechanisms’. Developments in contracting practices in the Chinese construction industry, with a cultural tradition grounded in Confucian values of cooperation and sharing, are then examined and juxtaposed against the UK construction industry’s movement towards a modern contract rooted in relational contracting. The developments show that China has nurtured a change towards the more formal, contractual, system of rights and obligations in their ‘modernisation’ of construction procurement in sharp contrast to the UK movement towards greater collaboration and cooperation.
Removal of Zinc Ions from Water Using Emulsion Liquid Membrane
Authors: Al-Hemiri Adel , Mahmoud Heaven Emad
Published: November 2010

In the present study, the removal of zinc from synthetic waste water using emulsion liquid membrane extraction technique was investigated. Synthetic surfactant solution is used as the emulsifying agent. Diphenylthiocarbazon (dithizone) was used as the extracting agent dissolved in carbon tetrachloride as the organic solvent and sulfuric acid is used as the stripping agent. The parameters that influence the extraction percentage of Zn+2 were studied. These are the ratio of volume of organic solvent to volume of aqueous feed (0.5-4), ratio of volume of surfactant solution to volume of aqueous feed (0.2-1.6), pH of the aqueous feed solution (5-10), mixing intensity (100-1000) rpm, concentration of extracting agent (20-400) ppm, surfactant concentration (0.2-2) wt.%, contact time (3-30) min, and concentration of strip phase (0.25-2) M . It was found that 87.4 percent of Zn+2 can be removed from the aqueous feed solution at the optimum operating conditions.
Melatonin combats molecular terrorism at the mitochondrial level
Authors: Reiter Russel , Paredes Sergio , Korkmaz Ahmet , Jou Mei-Jie , Tan Dun-Xian
Published: November 2010

Melatonin combats molecular terrorism at the mitochondrial level

The intracellular environmental is a hostile one. Free radicals and related oxygen and nitrogen-based oxidizing agents persistently pulverize and damage molecules in the vicinity of where they are formed. The mitochondria especially are subjected to frequent and abundant oxidative abuse. The carnage that is left in the wake of these oxygen and nitrogen-related reactants is referred to as oxidative damage or oxidative stress. When mitochondrial electron transport complex inhibitors are used, e.g., rotenone, 1-methyl-1-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, 3-nitropropionic acid or cyanide, pandemonium breaks loose within mitochondria as electron leakage leads to the generation of massive amounts of free radicals and related toxicants. The resulting oxidative stress initiates a series of events that leads to cellular apoptosis. To alleviate mitochondrial destruction and the associated cellular implosion, the cell has at its disposal a variety of free radical scavengers and antioxidants. Among these are melatonin and its metabolites. While melatonin stimulates several antioxidative enzymes it, as well as its metabolites (cyclic 3-hydroxymelatonin, N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine and N1-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine), likewise effectively neutralize free radicals. The resulting cascade of reactions greatly magnifies melatonin's efficacy in reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis even in the presence of mitochondrial electron transport inhibitors. The actions of melatonin at the mitochondrial level are a consequence of melatonin and/or any of its metabolites. Thus, the molecular terrorism meted out by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species is held in check by melatonin and its derivatives.
Rat cytochromes P450 oxidize 3-aminobenzanthrone, a human metabolite of the carcinogenic environmental pollutant 3-nitrobenzanthrone
Authors: Mizerovská Jana , Dračínská Helena , Arlt Volker , Hudeček Jiří , Hodek Petr , Schmeiser Heinz , Frei Eva , Stiborová Marie
Published: November 2010

Rat cytochromes P450 oxidize 3-aminobenzanthrone, a human metabolite of the carcinogenic environmental pollutant 3-nitrobenzanthrone

3-Aminobenzanthrone (3-ABA) is a human metabolite of carcinogenic 3-nitrobenzanthrone (3-NBA), which occurs in diesel exhaust and air pollution. Understanding which cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are involved in metabolic activation and/or detoxication of this toxicant is important in the assessment of an individual's susceptibility to this substance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of rat hepatic CYPs to oxidize 3-ABA and to examine the metabolites formed during such an oxidation. The metabolites formed by CYPs in rat hepatic microsomes were separated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 3-ABA is oxidized by these enzymes to three metabolites, which were separated by HPLC as distinguish product peaks. Using co-chromatography with synthetic standards, two of them were identified to be oxidative metabolites of 3-ABA,N-hydroxy-3-ABA and 3-NBA. The structure of another 3-ABA metabolite remains to be characterized. To define the role of rat hepatic CYP enzymes in metabolism of 3-ABA, we investigated the modulation of its oxidation using different inducers of CYPs for treatment of rats to enrich the liver microsomes with individual CYPs. Based on these studies, we attribute most of 3-ABA oxidation in rat hepatic microsomes to CYP2B, followed by CYP1A, although a role of other hepatic CYPs cannot be ruled out. Inhibition of 3-ABA oxidation by selective inhibitors of individual CYPs, supported this finding.
Evaluation of developmental neurotoxicity: some important issues focused on neurobehavioral development
Authors: Dubovický Michal , Kovačovský Pavel , Ujházy Eduard , Navarová Jana , Brucknerová Ingrid , Mach Mojmír
Published: November 2010

Evaluation of developmental neurotoxicity: some important issues focused on neurobehavioral development

Exposure of the developing organism to industrial chemicals and physical factors represents a serious risk factor for the development of neurobehavioral disorders, such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism and mental retardation. Appropriate animal models are needed to test potentially harmful effects and mechanisms of developmental neurotoxicity of various chemical substances. However, there are significant human vs. rat differences in the brain developmental profile which should be taken into account in neurotoxicity studies. Subtle behavioral alterations are hard to detect by traditional developmental toxicity and teratogenicity studies, and in many cases they remain hidden. They can however be revealed by using special behavioral, endocrine and/or pharmacological challenges, such as repeated behavioral testing, exposure to single stressful stimulus or drugs. Further, current neurobehavioral test protocols recommend to test animals up to their adulthood. However some behavioral alterations, such as anxiety-like behavior or mental deficiency, may become manifest in later periods of development. Our experimental and scientific experiences are highly suggestive for a complex approach in testing potential developmental neurotoxicity. Strong emphasis should be given on repeated behavioral testing of animals up to senescence and on using proper pharmacological and/or stressful challenges.
Degradation dynamics and dissipation kinetics of an imidazole fungicide (Prochloraz) in aqueous medium of varying pH
Authors: Aktar Md. , Sengupta Dwaipayan , Purkait Swarnali , Ganguly Madhumita , Paramasivam M.
Published: November 2010

Degradation dynamics and dissipation kinetics of an imidazole fungicide (Prochloraz) in aqueous medium of varying pH

Laboratory degradation studies were performed in water at pH 4.0, 7.0 and 9.2 using Prochloraz (450 EC) formulation at the concentration of 1.0 (T1) and 2.0 (T2) μg/mL. Water samples collected on 0 (2 h), 3, 7, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 90 days after treatments were processed for residue analysis of Prochloraz by HPLC-UV detector. In 60 days, dissipation was 89.1-90.5% at pH 4.0, 84.1-88.2% at pH 7.0, and 92.4-93.8% at pH 9.2 in both treatments. The results indicate that at pH 7.0 the degradation of Prochloraz was much slower as compared to other two. Between pH 4.0 and 9.2 the degradation of compound is little faster at pH 9.2. The half-life periods observed were 18.35 and 19.17 days at pH 4.0, 22.6 and 25.1 days at pH 7.0 and 15.8 and 16.6 days at pH 9.2 at T1and T2doses respectively.
New Carré Equation
Authors: Magalhaes Pedro , Neto Perrin , Magalhães Cristina
Published: November 2010

New Carré Equation

The present work offers new equations for phase evaluation in measurements. Several phase-shifting equations with an arbitrary but constant phase-shift between captured intensity signs are proposed. The equations are similarly derived as the so called Carré equation. The idea is to develop a generalization of the Carré equation that is not restricted to four images. Errors and random noise in the images cannot be eliminated, but the uncertainty due to their effects can be reduced by increasing the number of observations. An experimental analysis of the errors of the technique was made, as well as a detailed analysis of errors of the measurement. The advantages of the proposed equation are its precision in the measures taken, speed of processing and the immunity to noise in signs and images.
Comparative Analysis of Three Algorithms for Two-Channel Common Frequency Sinewave Parameter Estimation: Ellipse Fit, Seven Parameter Sine Fit and Spectral Sinc Fit
Authors: Ramos Pedro , Janeiro Fernando , Radil Tomáš
Published: November 2010

Comparative Analysis of Three Algorithms for Two-Channel Common Frequency Sinewave Parameter Estimation: Ellipse Fit, Seven Parameter Sine Fit and Spectral Sinc Fit

In this paper, a comparison analysis of three different algorithms for the estimation of sine signal parameters in two-channel common frequency situations is presented. The relevance of this situation is clearly understood in multiple applications where the algorithms have been applied. They include impedance measurements, eddy currents testing, laser anemometry and radio receiver testing for example. The three algorithms belong to different categories because they are based on different approaches. The ellipse fit algorithm is a parametric fit based on the XY plot of the samples of both signals. The seven parameter sine fit algorithm is a least-squares algorithm based on the time domain fitting of a single tone sinewave model to the acquired samples. The spectral sinc fit performs a fitting in the frequency domain of the exact model of an acquired sinewave on the acquired spectrum. Multiple simulation situations and real measurements are included in the comparison to demonstrate the weaknesses and strong points of each algorithm.
On a Certain Class of Expanding Systems
Authors: Żuchowski Adam
Published: November 2010

On a Certain Class of Expanding Systems

The interesting properties of a class of expanding systems are discussed. The operation of the considered systems can be described as follows: the input signal is processed by a linear dynamic converter in subsequent time intervals, each of them is equal to Ti. Processing starts at the moments n · Ti, always after zeroing of converter initial conditions. For smooth input signals and a given transfer function of the converter one can suitably choose Ti and the gain coefficient in order to realize the postulated linear operations on input signals, which is quite different comparing it to the operation realized by the converter. The errors of postulated operations are mainly caused by non-smooth components of the input signal. The principles for choice of system parameters and rules for system optimization are presented in the paper. The referring examples are attached too.
Analysis of Bolt Joint Using the Finite Element Method
Authors: Żyliński Bartłomiej , Buczkowski Ryszard
Published: November 2010

Analysis of Bolt Joint Using the Finite Element Method

A numerical analysis of the initially clamped bolt joint subject to the working pressure is presented in the paper. Special, hexahedral 21- and 28-node isoparametric finite elements have been employed to model the contact zone. In this model, one takes into account loading due to the working pressure in the gap between the gasket and the flange arising as an effect of the progressing joint opening, what has not been considered in recent papers. Nonlinear stiffness characteristics of the bolt and the flange with the gasket are developed. Working pressure corresponding to the critical bolt force resulting in the joint leakage (complete opening between the gasket and the flange) is determined. FE computational results are compared with the available experimental results. The numerical results are presented using the authors' own graphical postprocessor.
The effects of temperature on the behaviour of the Antarctic sea star Odontaster validus
Authors: Kidawa Anna , Potocka Marta , Janecki Tomasz
Published: November 2010

The effects of temperature on the behaviour of the Antarctic sea starOdontaster validus

Many Antarctic marine benthic invertebrates are adapted to specific environmental conditions (e.g.low stable temperatures, high salinity and oxygen content). Changes caused by global climatic shifts can be expected to have significant impact on their physiology and distribution.Odontaster validus, an ubiquitous, omnivorous sea star is one of the "keystone species" in the Antarctic benthic communities. Laboratory experiments were carried out to study the effect of temperature rise (from 0 to 5°C) on some vital biological functions that sea stars must perform in order to survive in their environment. Parameters such as behavioural reaction of sea stars to food and food odour, locomotory performance and ability to right were measured. Temperature increase significantly impaired the ability ofO. validusto perform these functions (e.g.lowering the number of sea stars able to right, increasing time-to-right, reducing locomotory activity, weakening chemosensory reaction to food and food odour). At temperatures of 4 and 5°C a loss of motor coordination was observed, although at all tested temperatures up to 5°C there were single individuals performing successfully.
Authigenic pyrite framboids in sedimentary facies of the Mount Wawel Formation (Eocene), King George Island, West Antarctica
Authors: Mozer Anna
Published: November 2010

Authigenic pyrite framboids in sedimentary facies of the Mount Wawel Formation (Eocene), King George Island, West Antarctica

Pyrite framboids occur in loose blocks of plant-bearing clastic rocks related to volcano-sedimentary succession of the Mount Wawel Formation (Eocene) in the Dragon and Wanda glaciers area at Admiralty Bay, King George Island, West Antarctica. They were investigated by means of optical and scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and isotopic analysis of pyritic sulphur. The results suggest that the pyrite formed as a result of production of hydrogen sulphide by sulphate reducing bacteria in near surface sedimentary environments. Strongly negative Δ34SVCDTvalues of pyrite (-30 - -25 ‰) support its bacterial origin. Perfect shapes of framboids resulted from their growth in the open pore space of clastic sediments. The abundance of framboids at certain sedimentary levels and the lack or negligible content of euhedral pyrite suggest pulses of high supersaturation with respect to iron monosulphides. The dominance of framboids of small sizes (8-16 μm) and their homogeneous distribution at these levels point to recurrent development of a laterally continuous anoxic sulphidic zone below the sediment surface. Sedimentary environments of the Mount Wawel Formation developed on islands of the young magmatic arc in the northern Antarctic Peninsula region. They embraced stagnant and flowing water masses and swamps located in valleys, depressions, and coastal areas that were covered by dense vegetation. Extensive deposition and diagenesis of plant detritus in these environments promoted anoxic conditions in the sediments, and a supply of marine and/or volcanogenic sulphate enabled its bacterial reduction, precipitation of iron monosulphides, and their transformation to pyrite framboids.
Functional Gait Assessment and Balance Evaluation System Test: Reliability, Validity, Sensitivity, and Specificity for Identifying Individuals With Parkinson Disease Who Fall
Authors: Leddy Abigail L. , Crowner Beth E. , Earhart Gammon M.
Published: November 2010

Background

Gait impairments, balance impairments, and falls are prevalent in individuals with Parkinson disease (PD). Although the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) can be considered the reference standard for the determination of fall risk, it has a noted ceiling effect. Development of ceiling-free measures that can assess balance and are good at discriminating “fallers” from “nonfallers” is needed.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to compare the Functional Gait Assessment (FGA) and the Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest) with the BBS among individuals with PD and evaluate the tests' reliability, validity, and discriminatory sensitivity and specificity for fallers versus nonfallers.

Design

This was an observational study of community-dwelling individuals with idiopathic PD.

Methods

The BBS, FGA, and BESTest were administered to 80 individuals with PD. Interrater reliability (n=15) was assessed by 3 raters. Test-retest reliability was based on 2 tests of participants (n=24), 2 weeks apart. Intraclass correlation coefficients (2,1) were used to calculate reliability, and Spearman correlation coefficients were used to assess validity. Cutoff points, sensitivity, and specificity were based on receiver operating characteristic plots.

Results

Test-retest reliability was .80 for the BBS, .91 for the FGA, and .88 for the BESTest. Interrater reliability was greater than .93 for all 3 tests. The FGA and BESTest were correlated with the BBS (r=.78 and r=.87, respectively). Cutoff scores to identify fallers were 47/56 for the BBS, 15/30 for the FGA, and 69% for the BESTest. The overall accuracy (area under the curve) for the BBS, FGA, and BESTest was .79, .80, and .85, respectively.

Limitations

Fall reports were retrospective.

Conclusion

Both the FGA and the BESTest have reliability and validity for assessing balance in individuals with PD. The BESTest is most sensitive for identifying fallers.
On the Meaning of Change in a Clinician's Routine Measure of Outcome: HoNOSCA
Authors: Brann Peter , Coleman Grahame
Published: November 2010

Objective: With the advent of routine outcomes across Australia and New Zealand, clinicians, managers, parents and children will be interested in change on these measures. This paper presents a number of approaches and the implications.

Method: Health of the Nations Outcome Scales for Children and Adolescents (HoNOSCA) collected during clinical practice for 911 patients were examined for changes over time, clinical significance, treatment status, effect size, and reliable and clinically significant change.

Results: Statistically significant changes in symptom severity were found related to treatment status and to changes in the number of clinically significant scales. An effect size of almost one standard deviation was noted and the proportion of patients who improved was examined. While the reliable change index was calculated, there are clinical complications with this approach. The impact of the capacity to change on specific scales illustrates a critical issue in describing outcomes.

Conclusion: From a number of perspectives, change in HoNOSCA total and scale scores is valid. However, several clinical dilemmas must be faced in deciding which approach should be used. The implications of these choices may affect clinicians, patients, carers and managers in understanding change.
Tests of Static Balance Do Not Predict Mobility Performance Following Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Williams Gavin P. , Morris Meg E.
Published: November 2010

Purpose: To investigate the extent to which different single-limb support (SLS) parameters predict mobility performance following traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Methods: Seventy-one people with mobility limitations following TBI were assessed for balance and mobility performance in a human movement laboratory. Participants performed a clinical test of static balance that involved balancing in SLS on each leg with eyes open and eyes closed. Mobility performance was measured by self-selected gait speed and performance on the High Level Mobility Scale (HiMAT). Dynamic stability during walking was measured by quantifying lateral centre of mass (COM) displacement, width of base of support, and proportion of double-support stance time.

Results: Total static balance scores were strongly correlated with HiMAT scores (r=0.57, p<0.001) and lateral COM displacement (r=−0.51, p<0.001). Despite these strong correlations, however, balance scores explained only 32% of the variance in advanced mobility skills (r2=0.32) and 26% of the variance in lateral COM displacement (r2=0.26).

Conclusions: Since mobility performance varied widely for people with similar levels of balance, SLS time was not able to predict dynamic stability during gait, self-selected gait speed, or advanced mobility skills in people with TBI.
Engineered Cementitious Composites
Authors: Şahmaran Mustafa , Li Victor C.
Published: November 2010

Because conventional concrete is brittle and tends to crack easily under mechanical and environmental loads, there are concerns with durability. During the past decade, the effort to modify the brittle nature of ordinary concrete has resulted in high-performance fiber-reinforced cementitious composites (HPFRCCs), which are characterized by tensile strain-hardening after first cracking. Engineered cementitious composites (ECCs), a special type of HPFRCC, represent a new concrete material that offers significant potential to reduce the durability problem of concrete structures. Unlike ordinary concrete and fiber-reinforced concrete materials, ECC strain-hardens after first cracking, as do ductile metals, and it demonstrates a strain capacity 300 to 500 times greater than normal concrete. Even at large imposed deformation, crack widths of ECC remain small, less than 80 μm. Apart from unique tensile properties, the relationship between crack characteristics and durability—including transport properties (permeability, absorption, and diffusion); frost resistance with and without deicing salts; performance in a hot and humid environment; performance in a high-alkaline environment, corrosion, and spall resistance; and self-healing of microcracks—is presented. Research results indicate that, because of intrinsic self-control tight crack width, robust self-healing performance, and high tensile strain capacity, many durability challenges confronting concrete can be overcome by using ECCs.
Grid Types Used to Strengthen Reinforced Concrete Panels Subjected to Impact Loading
Authors: Majeed M. , Halim A. O. Abd El , Isgor O. B. , Contestable E.
Published: November 2010

The protection of existing reinforced concrete structures against impact loads, the effects of blast, or both, has become a major concern of researchers and engineers. Sudden impacts and release of high-speed loads, such as those from bullets, fragment bombs, and bare explosive charges, can generate high pressures on structures, resulting in fragmentation that can cause serious damage, injuries, and casualties. Results from an experimental investigation performed on reinforced concrete slabs retrofitted with different grids and polypropylene, polyethylene, and steel meshes are presented. The testing program includes impact tests using a falling weight and fragmentation simulation using an air gun. These tests were conducted on square concrete panels with dimensions of 600 × 600 × 100 mm. Deflections and depths of penetration were measured, as were applied and absorbed kinetic energy and the kinetic energy of the resulting concrete fragments. Damage and mode of failure due to post-impact were also observed and recorded. Results and analysis of the data and observations showed that the concrete panels retrofitted with a combination of steel mesh and polyethylene grid provided the most promising retrofitting protection when compared with other options.
New AASHTO T336-09 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Test Method
Authors: Tanesi Jussara , Crawford Gary L. , Nicolaescu Mihai , Meininger Richard , Gudimettla Jagan M.
Published: November 2010

Although many papers were published during the past decade on the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and its impact on concrete pavement design, an error was recently discovered in the AASHTO TP60-00 about the calibration of the testing equipment and, consequently, determination of the concrete CTE. The new AASHTO T336-09, even though based on the TP60-00, rectifies this calibration issue. This paper presents differences between the two test methods and implications for the Long-Term Pavement Performance database and for the Mechanistic–Empirical Pavement Design Guide and for its implementation by state departments of transportation. Recommendations are provided for improvements to the AASHTO T336-09 test method.
Interlaboratory Study on Measuring Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Concrete
Authors: Crawford Gary L. , Gudimettla Jagan M. , Tanesi Jussara
Published: November 2010

Coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) is one of the sensitive inputs in the new Mechanistic–Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG). The most widely used test method to measure CTE of concrete is outlined in AASHTO TP60-00, Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Hydraulic Cement Concrete. Several state highway agency materials laboratories and university research centers have custom-built manually operated or automated CTE measuring devices based on recommendations from AASHTO TP60. Automated CTE devices are also commercially available. With many states in the process of implementing the MEPDG, it is important that the CTE measurements from the various devices provide accurate and comparable results. Results from a nationwide CTE interlaboratory study conducted by FHWA are presented. Eleven custom-built and seven commercially purchased CTE units were used in the study. The 18 CTE devices were divided into four groups, with each group testing one 410 stainless steel (SS) specimen and two concrete specimens with low and high CTE. Statistical analysis was performed to determine overall variability of the CTE measurements from the various devices. Additionally, variability was determined between custom-built and commercially available CTE units and between two CTE measuring methodologies (AASHTO TP60 and Texas test method). Accuracy of the CTE measurements from the interlaboratory study was determined from the CTE value of a 410 SS specimen measured according to ASTM E228-06, Standard Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid Materials with a Push-Rod Dilatometer.
Porous Concrete Pavements
Authors: McCain George N. , Dewoolkar Mandar M.
Published: November 2010

A study evaluating the mechanical and hydraulic properties of several porous concrete pavement mix designs is presented. Objectives of the study were to examine various mix designs with constituents available in Vermont, evaluate compressive strength and hydraulic conductivity of laboratory and field-cured specimens, compare results with those found in the literature, and characterize the effects of specimen size on measured parameters. To evaluate the role of sample size on these testing procedures, experiments were performed on specimens of three diameters: 76.2 mm (3 in.), 101.6 mm (4 in.), and 152.4 mm (6 in.). Multiple specimens were tested for a particular size. A specimen size of 101.6 mm (4 in.) was found to be optimal for the experiments performed and is therefore recommended. The measured compressive strength and hydraulic conductivity for the various mix designs showed a clear linear dependence on sample density. Also, the measured values fall within the expected range obtained from a review of the literature. Parametric studies included effects of the water-to-cement ratio and admixtures. Generally, increased water content yielded a higher density, higher compressive strength, and reduced hydraulic conductivity. Admixtures such as a high-range water reducer and viscosity modifying admixture had insignificant effects on the compressive strength, hydraulic conductivity, and workability of the porous concrete mixes examined. Field cores displayed a much greater variability in hydraulic conductivity than that of laboratory-prepared specimens, largely because of differences in compaction effort that are inherent to porous concrete placement in the field.
Development and Application of Maturity Method for Prediction of Concrete's Resistance to Chloride Ion Penetration
Authors: Radlinski Mateusz , Olek Jan , Nantung Tommy
Published: November 2010

The applicability of the maturity method for prediction of the resistance of concrete to chloride ion penetration as measured by the ASTM C1202 Rapid Chloride Permeability Test was examined. Predictive capability of the method was successfully validated for laboratory-made, continuously moist cured ternary concrete containing 20% fly ash and 5% silica fume and was found to be excellent. Applicability of the developed maturity method was also verified for field-made and field-exposed ternary concrete used during a two-phase construction of a pilot high-performance concrete bridge deck in Indiana. Although agreement between the predicted and measured coulomb values was good for Phase 2 (constructed in spring), the rapid chloride permeability (RCP) values for Phase 1 (constructed in late fall) were consistently underestimated. Reasons for these disparities were thoroughly investigated. It was concluded that the measured values were higher than the predicted ones mainly because of the reduced degree of cement hydration and the potential increase in the water-to-cementitious materials ratio of concrete. Finally, two additional applications of the developed maturity method were demonstrated. The first application enables prediction of RCP values of concrete subjected to an accelerated curing procedure. This result may prove particularly useful for quality control, as 56-day RCP values may be obtained in about 13 days if temperature is elevated to 38°C. The second application allows for estimation of RCP values at a predefined age of first exposure to deicing salts as a function of construction date (assuming certain temperature history).
Concrete Containing Recycled Concrete Aggregate for Use in Concrete Pavement
Authors: Bekoe Patrick Amoah , Tia Mang , Bergin Michael J.
Published: November 2010

This study evaluated the feasibility of using concrete containing recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) in concrete pavement application. Concrete containing 0%, 25%, and 50% RCA was produced in the laboratory and properties vital to the performance of concrete pavement were evaluated. Results from the laboratory testing program indicate that the compressive strength and elastic modulus are reduced slightly as the percentage of RCA increases. The flexural strength, splitting tensile strength, and coefficient of thermal expansion are about the same for concrete containing virgin aggregate and RCA. The free shrinkage increases slightly as the percentage of RCA increases. With the measured properties, a finite element analysis was performed to determine how the concretes containing the different amounts of RCA would perform if they were used in a typical concrete pavement in Florida. Analysis from the finite element model determined the maximum stresses under critical temperature and load conditions. Potential performance of the pavements was evaluated based on the computed maximum stress to flexural strength ratio. The maximum stress to flexural strength ratio in the pavement was found to stay about the same as the percentage of RCA increases. This indicates that RCA can be used in concrete pavement without affecting its performance.
Evaluating Economic Reasons for China's Stance on Ship-Based Greenhouse Gas Reduction Negotiations
Authors: Wang Haifeng , Wang Chengfeng
Published: November 2010

Greenhouse gas emissions from international shipping are an increasing concern of those interested in mitigating global climate change. Countries have not reached a consensus on ship-based greenhouse gas reduction strategies and on the responsibilities each country should take. In this paper, the economic reasons for China's insistence that the regulatory regime of the International Maritime Organization specifically address the Kyoto axiom of “common but differentiated responsibility” is evaluated, and fundamental equations relating power, speed, energy consumption, and cost to evaluate the impact of emission reduction on a selected set of routes and vessel data are applied. The policy options that are under discussion regarding ship-based carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction and China's viewpoint are reviewed, and economic justifications for China's stance are discussed. Estimates indicate that ships flying the Chinese flag accounted for 3.4% of the approximately 35 million metric tons of CO2 emitted by container ships calling at U.S. ports in 2005, and ships carrying Chinese exports accounted for 17%. Further estimates suggest that China will pay approximately $238 to $298 million more for container ship services and international trade with the United States if all vessels are required to reduce ship-based CO2 emissions. The direct cost is equivalent to about 0.20% of the total value of goods carried by container ships to the United States from China, or an $11 increase per ton of cargo. For some low-value goods, this is about an 8% increase in terms of price per ton, decreasing the already thin profit margins of Chinese exporters. These results, discussed in the context of policy-based actions, may limit or affect the choice of policy instruments.
Supply Chain Coordination for Port Sustainability
Authors: Cheon SangHyun , Deakin Elizabeth
Published: November 2010

The rapid expansion of trade and the intense pace of the economic activities of ports pose numerous social and environmental challenges, and thus put port hinterland regions at risk and challenge traditional port business models. Few studies have examined the conceptual and empirical issues involved in improving port sustainability, although port sustainability issues have recently been discussed with some urgency in the goods movement sector. This paper sets out a conceptual model of port sustainability, presents and examines multiple concepts of supply chains surrounding port activity, and identifies both institutional barriers and supply chain bottlenecks. Three different supply chain concepts for seaports are discussed: physical infrastructure chain, economic value chain, and institutional chain. Rather than a narrow focus on an individual port's operational aspects, broader, more systematic supply chain perspectives on cargo movement systems are essential to introduce port sustainability effectively to current U.S. port business practices. Actions are needed, not just from port authorities, but also from other stakeholders, including government, industries, and community groups. Coordinated activities and collaboration would significantly facilitate the implementation of sustainable models of seaport businesses and cargo movement services.
The Berth-Scheduling Problem
Authors: Golias Mihalis , Boile Maria , Theofanis Sotiris , Efstathiou Christos
Published: November 2010

This paper presents a new formulation for the discrete space berth-scheduling problem at marine container terminals. This formulation reflects an environmentally friendly berth-scheduling policy with the objectives of (a) maximizing berth productivity by minimizing the total service time and delayed departures for all vessels and (b) minimizing the total emissions and fuel consumption for all vessels while in transit to their next port of call. A genetic algorithms–based heuristic is presented to solve the resulting problem, and computational examples are presented to evaluate the proposed berth-scheduling policy.
Development of a Web-Based Foreign Waterborne Cargo Data System in the United States
Authors: Daniel Edsel B. , Dobbins James P. , Abkowitz Mark D.
Published: November 2010

As nations forge strategic trade alliances, international marine trade is expected to increase, and the United States is expected to play a prominent role. This situation will require the private sector to play a critical role in identifying and entering new markets; correspondingly, public authorities must continue to provide adequate port services. Achieving this objective means having access to reliable foreign waterborne cargo data in a timely manner. In an effort to improve data access and use for analysis purposes, a web-based foreign waterborne cargo data system for the United States was developed to query the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' foreign waterborne cargo databases and report on U.S. port cargo movements (exports, imports, and in-transit) to foreign ports, countries, or regions. Query tools have been developed for cargo flows, cargo flow changes, ton-miles, container traffic, and additional reports. Potential system users include government agencies, international organizations, businesses, port authorities, individual shippers or carriers, trade associations, and chambers of commerce. The aim of this paper is to highlight some of the current challenges in U.S. foreign waterborne transportation and present the results of the U.S. data system on foreign waterborne cargo. The main system query and report tools are illustrated through several examples. Also presented is a brief discussion on the benefits of utilizing these flexible tools and future system enhancements, which will focus on integrating foreign and domestic flows into a single system and improving cargo flow mapping by showing port–port routes.