bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How does China appraise self and others? A corpus-based analysis of Chinese political discourse
Authors: Li Tao , Zhu Yifan
Published: October 2019

Political discourse is a major site where ideological construction of both Self and Others is carried out. Based on a corpus of 98 political texts issued by Chinese governing bodies from 2000 to 2018, this study adopts Appraisal System to analyse the lexical items that indicate attitudes towards China and other countries with a view to revealing the ways in which China and other countries are appraised in Chinese political discourse. It is found that (1) Chinese political discourse does represent the ideological square of positive Self-presentation and negative Other-presentation, but more frequently it negatively evaluates China’s things (appreciation) rather than its behaviours (judgement) while more negative appraisals are used to describe Others’ behaviours rather than Their things, (2) interestingly, while China upturns Others’ negative profiles, it also upscales negative presentation of Self; likewise, China mitigates negative presentation of both Self and Others, (3) Chinese political discourse allows more external voices when expressing its attitudes towards Self. The analysis shows that the producers of Chinese political discourse skilfully use appraisal resources, sometimes implicitly, to construct a subtle but dynamic ‘Self versus Other’ ideological structure in Chinese political discourse, which enhances the understanding of China’s moderate view on itself and others in its pursuit of national interests.
The social historical roots of the concept of emerging adulthood and its impact on early adults
Authors: Parameswaran Gowri
Published: October 2019

Adults between the ages of 18 and 25 live in an era of economic and social uncertainty. Outsourcing, automation, and decreased governmental social spending have led to lowered living standards for youth; they frequently change jobs, are more likely to live with other people and have few benefits attached to their employment thereby prohibiting them from thinking about their long-term goals. The bio-psychological sciences have responded by offering a new life stage that they call emerging adulthood (EA). The new characterization disempowers youth and naturalizes their new uncertainties as a biological condition. This article argues that the stage offers little new insight about the experiences of youth and limits individual empowerment. In addition, such a conceptualization of youth is indicative of the narrow range of possibilities for adulthood in a post-industrial world that offers few pathways to get there.
Highly esteemed science: An analysis of attitudes towards and perceived attributes of science in letters to the editor in two Dutch newspapers
Authors: de Jong Stefan P.L. , Ketting Elena , van Drooge Leonie
Published: October 2019

Understanding attitudes towards science is crucial to safeguard the future of science, the application of its results and the inclusivity of decision-making processes related to science and technology. Most studies focus on attributes of social groups to explain attitudes towards science. In this study, we aim to move the discussion forward by focusing on perceived attributes of science itself by analysing over 300 letters to the editor in two Dutch national newspapers. The authors of these letters express a large degree of trust in science as a source of societal progress, if research is conducted according to a specific set of rules. Yet, they believe that these rules are under attack. The interests of universities as organizations and individual academics as well as the involvement of industry and government in research are perceived as conflicting with these rules. We conclude with recommendations for further research and practice.
The good despot: Technology firms’ interventions in the public sphere
Authors: Tamir Eran , Davidson Roei
Published: October 2019

We examine how the technology industry intervenes in social domains not directly tied to its products, services, and immediate commercial concerns. We intend to develop a framework for considering the ways technology and the technology industry reshape these domains in ways both intended and unintended. Drawing on sociologies of knowledge and technology and a set of 20 semi-structured interviews with technology workers and HR professionals working in the Israeli facilities of two large multi-national technology firms, we find evidence that the intervention allows the industry to re-purpose public education as a means of nurturing a firm’s workforce with the goal of remaining competitive in a tight labor market both nationally and globally. In parallel, the programs allow workers to experience satisfying and pleasant interactions. These re-purposing interventions might aggravate existing education inequality while further cementing the legitimacy of a dominant industry as a model for an idealized commercial society.
Total Recall: How Cultural Heritage Communities Use Digital Initiatives and Platforms for Collective Remembering
Authors: Burkey Brant
Published: October 2019

This article argues that digital heritage initiatives, where cultural heritage institutions offer more interactive possibilities with their digital collections through multimodal platforms and social media applications, provide new territory for memory scholars to explore how heritage communities collectively remember in the digital age. Through in-depth interviews and participant observations of practitioners and participants from three cultural heritage institutions, the findings show that digital heritage initiatives offer new circumstances and venues to observe, interpret, and research collective remembering, as well as illustrate how heritage communities can use these multimodal platforms as means for sharing collective remembrance.
Australian local governments and affordable housing: Challenges and possibilities
Authors: Morris Alan , Beer Andrew , Martin John , Horne Sandy , Davis Catherine , Budge Trevor , Paris Chris
Published: October 2019

For an increasing proportion of Australian households, the Australian dream of home ownership is no longer an option. Neoliberal housing policy and the financialisation of housing has resulted in a housing affordability crisis. Historically, Australian housing policy has afforded only a limited role to local government. This article analyses the results of a nation-wide survey of Australian local governments’ perceptions of housing affordability in their local government area, the possibilities for their meaningful intervention, the challenges they face, the role of councillors and councils’ perceptions of what levels of government should take responsibility for housing. Almost all of the respondents from Sydney and Melbourne councils were clear that there is a housing affordability crisis in their local government area. We apply a framework analysing housing policy in the context of neoliberalism and the related financialisation of housing in order to analyse the housing affordability crisis in Sydney and Melbourne. We conclude that in order to begin resolving the housing crisis in Australia’s two largest cities there has to be an increasing role for local government, a substantial increase in the building of social and affordable housing and a rollback of policies that encourage residential property speculation.

JEL Codes: R31, R21
Explorations Across National Borders: Wor(l)ding Differences Together
Authors: Chernik Valerii , Afonkina Julia , Kuzmicheva Tatiana , Merzliakova Elena , Stien Kirsten E. , Reinertsen Anne B.
Published: October 2019

In this article, we explore expansions of our perspectives on pedagogical phenomena in Early Childhood Education through textual- and meta-textual encounters and open-ended dataphilosophy. This implies experimenting with our epistemic understandings of pedagogies and pedagogical research and the ontological models that we have brought to bear. The texts revolve around working doubts, development of pedagogical thoughts and research, and formation of mental images, worldviews, and values. Researchers from Russia and Norway write texts potentializing the shaping of other configurations of—and models for knowledge production—thinking, critiquing, and learning. Our aim is to explore significant conceptual frameworks needed to build up complex research perspectives and dialogic observation cultures through storying across borders.
Nonsuicidal Self-Injury: Management on the Inpatient Psychiatric Unit
Authors: Timberlake Laurie M. , Beeber Linda S. , Hubbard Grace
Published: October 2019

BACKGROUND. Between 4% to 70% of inpatients engage in self-harming behaviors and effective interventions are needed to address this population. AIM. This article reviews literature from 2007 to 2017 to address treatment and management strategies specific for the treatment of nonsuicidal self-injury in the inpatient psychiatric setting. METHODS. Cochrane, PsycINFO, PubMed, and CINAHL were searched for relevant articles with 34 studies reviewed for applicability to the question, and 9 parsed into a summary of Findings table. RESULTS. Therapeutic approaches that show promise include cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectical behavior therapy, and mentalization as well as medications that act on the serotonergic, dopaminergic, and opioid systems. Effective models of care aim toward enhancing therapeutic relationships with staff, providers, and most important, encouraging the internal shift toward recovery within the patient. CONCLUSIONS. More research with controlled designs in the inpatient setting is needed, however, regardless of which approach is used, the impact of the individual caregiver on the patient’s recovery is key.
Accountability and Patchwork Governance in Urban Rail Interchanges: Junctions of London Crossrail and Stockholm City Line Compared
Authors: Newlove-Eriksson Lindy
Published: October 2019

How is accountability in safety management affected in and by public–private urban multiroute stations? To help address this question, major interchanges with newly tunneled lines in London and Stockholm are studied: Stratford station and Stockholm Station City. Differences in origin, national and regional significance, and specific governance features of these megaprojects are identified. Accountability in safety management appears more critiqued in the Swedish case, possibly related to comparatively higher attention to particularities of this “bottleneck” national nexus. Wrought with albeit less visible geographical and geological constraints, the comparative magnitude of London and acclimatization to projects has explanatory value. Similarity in the patchwork of public–private actors, implying fragmented governance jeopardizing accountability is observed in both cases. Both megaprojects span decades, with turnover and lack of institutional memory posing further challenges for accountability and safety. A major finding is that, complementary to standard risk analysis, accountability in the governance of infrastructural megaprojects begs improvement.
An Examination of John Henryism, Trust, and Medication Adherence Among African Americans With Hypertension
Authors: Cuffee Yendelela L. , Hargraves Lee , Rosal Milagros , Briesacher Becky A. , Allison Jeroan J. , Hullett Sandral
Published: October 2019

Background. John Henryism is defined as a measure of active coping in response to stressful experiences. John Henryism has been linked with health conditions such as diabetes, prostate cancer, and hypertension, but rarely with health behaviors. Aims. We hypothesized that reporting higher scores on the John Henryism Scale may be associated with poorer medication adherence, and trust in providers may mediate this relationship. Method. We tested this hypothesis using data from the TRUST study. The TRUST study included 787 African Americans with hypertension receiving care at a safety-net hospital. Ordinal logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between John Henryism and medication adherence. Results. Within our sample of African Americans with hypertension, lower John Henryism scores was associated with poorer self-reported adherence (low, 20.62; moderate, 19.19; high, 18.12; p < .001). Higher John Henryism scores were associated with lower trust scores (low John Henryism: 40.1; high John Henryism: 37.9; p < .001). In the adjusted model, each 1-point increase in the John Henryism score decreased the odds of being in a better cumulative medication adherence category by a factor of 4% (odds ratio = 0.96, p = .014, 95% confidence interval = 0.93-0.99). Twenty percent of the association between medication adherence and John Henryism was mediated by trust (standard deviation = 0.205, 95% confidence interval = 0.074-0.335). Discussion. This study provides important insights into the complex relationship between psychological responses and health behaviors. It also contributes to the body of literature examining the construct of John Henryism among African Americans with hypertension. Conclusion. The findings of this study support the need for interventions that promote healthful coping strategies and patient–provider trust.
Vascular endothelium damage from catheter-induced mechanical stimulation causes catheter sleeve formation in a rabbit model
Authors: Tanabe Hidenori , Takemura Naoto , Terao Hisako , Hagiwara Hitomi , Zushi Yasunobu , Murayama Ryoko , Abe-Doi Mari , Sanada Hiromi
Published: October 2019

Background:

Intravenous catheters are widely used but are often removed due to complications associated with catheter sleeve formation. A catheter sleeve can develop from a thrombus, and catheter-induced vascular endothelium damage may be a critical factor for thrombus formation. We investigated the effect of catheter-induced mechanical stimulation on venous endothelial cells and catheter sleeve formation and the efficacy of anti-thrombogenic technology for preventing catheter sleeve formation in vivo.

Methods:

We surgically implanted poly(2-methoxyethyl acrylate)-coated and uncoated catheters with and without a stylet into the right external jugular vein of a rabbit model for 14 days. Catheter sleeve formation and the ratio of residual venous endothelial cells were compared using histological examination and immunostaining with an anti-CD31 antibody, respectively.

Results:

Stiffening an uncoated catheter with a stylet induced catheter sleeve formation along more than two-thirds of the length of the catheter. The ratios of residual venous endothelial cells at the tip of uncoated catheters with and without a stylet were 3% and 36%, respectively. While poly(2-methoxyethyl acrylate) coating also reduced the ratio of venous endothelial cells at the tip of the stiffened catheter (12%), it prevented external thrombus and catheter sleeve formation.

Conclusion:

High levels of mechanical stimulation can affect catheter-related thrombosis and promote catheter sleeve formation, and anti-thrombogenic technology such as a poly(2-methoxyethyl acrylate) coating reduces thrombus formation and can prevent catheter sleeve formation on stiffened catheters. Further studies are required to determine the maximum degree of venous endothelial cell damage before catheter sleeve formation and to compare other anti-thrombogenic technologies with poly(2-methoxyethyl acrylate) for preventing catheter sleeve formation.
A field study on the acoustic environment of special-needs education classrooms
Authors: Ueno Kanako , Noguchi Saki , Takahashi Hidetoshi
Published: October 2019

A child with a developmental disability, such as autism spectrum disorder, has a high possibility of having atypical sensorial characteristics. Indeed, children with autism spectrum disorder often face great difficulties while listening to teachers’ instructions in noisy environments. Moreover, since some of their hearing is highly sensitive, specific or loud sounds may induce problematic behaviors. It is necessary to determine the acoustic requirements of a classroom by considering the atypical hearing properties of such children. In this study, we investigated the acoustic problems of schoolrooms for special-needs education and the methods to improve their sound environment. First, a questionnaire survey was conducted on the supervising teachers of the special-needs education class, and the children’s disorders, hearing properties, and problems caused by the acoustic environment were examined. Simultaneously, an observational survey of the school was performed and acoustic problems were overviewed. Second, as a means to find a method to improve the problems caused by sound, a small calming space was constructed with metal frames surrounded by sound-absorbing material. It was experimentally placed in a classroom so that children could take refuge in the quiet environment. The effectiveness of the space was investigated by an observational survey of the classroom and an interview survey of the teachers.
The October revolution as a global media event: Connective imaginaries in 2017
Authors: O’Loughlin Ben
Published: October 2019

This article analyses the proliferation of imaginaries of ‘revolution’ present in global media around the October Revolution’s 100th anniversary in 2017. The October Revolution stands alongside the French Revolution as a model that has guided sense-making about revolutionary moments since. Yet this anniversary fell against a backdrop marked by a set of highly contested recent revolutions, notably the post-Cold War Colour Revolutions in post-Soviet countries and Arab uprisings, and voluminous public analyses of contemporary Russian politics. Taking media as resources for informed citizenship, analysis of 114 English language news stories of the centenary from 26 countries demonstrates that audiences were offered varied and ambivalent representations of both revolution and its mechanisms and of Russia and its relations with other countries. Following Moretti I argue that, together, these formed a textual ‘world effect’ of 1917 as an event that constituted a global experience entangling all societies – and that 1917 is unfinished, either due to continued direct effects on migration, geopolitics and economics, or by continuing to inspire visions of political transformation beyond the West.
Identification of existing stress in existing civil structures for accurate prediction of structural performance under impending extreme winds
Authors: Li Tiantian , Yan Guirong , Honerkamp Ryan , Zhao Yi
Published: October 2019

To accurately predict structural performance under impending extreme winds, it is imperative to identify the existing stressing condition in critical structural components before a hazard (intrinsic stress, referred to as “existing stress” hereafter). The identified existing stress should be added onto the stress induced by future extreme winds in order to determine the real structural performance under these conditions. To identify the existing stress, a novel approach is proposed in this study based on the connection between the unknown existing stress–existing strain curve and the measured stress–strain curve. This approach takes advantage of the known strain information when the material yields. Therefore, an approach to determine when the material yields is also developed. The proposed identification approach does not require any information on previous loads or load effects. Two numerical simulations and one laboratory test are conducted to validate the proposed identification approach. The obtained results demonstrated that the proposed approach is able to identify the existing stress with high accuracy and can be potentially implemented in practical applications.
Environmental criminology in the big data era
Authors: Snaphaan Thom , Hardyns Wim
Published: October 2019

This study examines to what extent new and emerging data sources or big data have been empirically used to measure key theoretical concepts within environmental criminology. By means of a scoping review, aimed at studies published between 2005 and 2018, insight is provided into the characteristics of studies that used big data sources within environmental criminology. The type and extent of big data sources used, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of these data sources, are synthesized. After the selection procedure, 84 studies were included for further analysis. Although the number of studies increased each year, there has been a remarkable increase in the number of studies since 2014. The findings suggest that most studies used administrative data or user-generated content as one type of research data. However, innovative data sources (automated and volunteered data) have gained in importance in recent years. Also, most studies are of a descriptive or predictive nature, predominantly conducted by computational (social) scientists. Since these approaches pay little to no attention to mechanisms that bring about social outcomes, an alternative philosophical framework is proposed. We put forward a scientific realist approach as a solution to integrate data-driven and theory-driven research. This approach responds to recent calls to move towards an ‘analytical criminology’. The results are discussed within this framework, and translated into avenues for future research.
A Neurobehavioral Approach to Addiction: Implications for the Opioid Epidemic and the Psychology of Addiction
Authors: Bechara Antoine , Berridge Kent C. , Bickel Warren K. , Morón Jose A. , Williams Sidney B. , Stein Jeffrey S.
Published: October 2019

Two major questions about addictive behaviors need to be explained by any worthwhile neurobiological theory. First, why do people seek drugs in the first place? Second, why do some people who use drugs seem to eventually become unable to resist drug temptation and so become “addicted”? We will review the theories of addiction that address negative-reinforcement views of drug use (i.e., taking opioids to alleviate distress or withdrawal), positive-reinforcement views (i.e., taking drugs for euphoria), habit views (i.e., growth of automatic drug-use routines), incentive-sensitization views (i.e., growth of excessive “wanting” to take drugs as a result of dopamine-related sensitization), and cognitive-dysfunction views (i.e., impaired prefrontal top-down control), including those involving competing neurobehavioral decision systems (CNDS), and the role of the insula in modulating addictive drug craving. In the special case of opioids, particular attention is paid to whether their analgesic effects overlap with their reinforcing effects and whether the perceived low risk of taking legal medicinal opioids, which are often prescribed by a health professional, could play a role in the decision to use. Specifically, we will address the issue of predisposition or vulnerability to becoming addicted to drugs (i.e., the question of why some people who experiment with drugs develop an addiction, while others do not). Finally, we review attempts to develop novel therapeutic strategies and policy ideas that could help prevent opioid and other substance abuse.
Life Out of Sequence: Data-Driving Life and Science Studies
Authors: Weaver John A. , Ranniery Thiago
Published: October 2019

This article focuses on Hallam Stevens’ work Life out of Sequence: A Data-Driven History of Bioinformatics and stresses the important process of data generation and how this process has now become an issue, in some fields, beyond human control. We suggest the best way to approach the proliferation of data is to adopt an onto-epistemic position. We further explore the rise of an algorithmic society and the problem “gaps” created in date generation. We finish the article by exploring the fruitful ways Mark B. N. Hansen’s latest work, Feed Forward, plays in helping researchers understand the proliferation of data generation.
Affect-driven impulsivity impairs human action control and selection, as measured through Pavlovian instrumental transfer and outcome devaluation
Authors: Hinojosa-Aguayo Irene , González Felisa
Published: October 2019

Two experiments were designed to study the role of emotional impulsiveness in action control and selection, involving healthy young women participants. In Experiment 1, the effects of both outcome devaluation and Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) were assessed on instrumental responding. In Experiment 2, we further explored the effect of outcome devaluation on outcome-specific PIT. The role of emotional impulsivity, specifically negative urgency (NU), was also evaluated in both experiments using a self-reported measure (UPPS-P scale, Spanish short version). Experiment 1 showed both outcome devaluation and outcome-specific PIT effects, which were positively inter-correlated and negatively correlated with scores in NU. Experiment 2 found an effect of outcome devaluation on outcome-specific PIT, which was negatively correlated with scores on NU. These results highlight the relevance of considering individual differences in affect-driven impulsivity, specifically NU, when addressing failures in action control and selection (proneness to habit). Moreover, these findings suggest that, at least with the procedure used in these experiments, outcome-specific PIT may be based on a goal-directed process that is under the participant’s control.
An improved method for the synthesis of phenylacetic acid derivatives via carbonylation
Authors: Li He , Zhang Yijun , Liu Dinghua , Liu Xiaoqin
Published: October 2019

2,4-Dichlorophenylacetic acid is synthesized in high yield via the carbonylation of 2,4-dichlorobenzyl chloride, and various experimental conditions are evaluated. Xylene, bistriphenylphosphine palladium dichloride, tetraethylammonium chloride and sodium hydroxide in solution are added to the reaction system and held at 80 °C under a CO atmosphere. 2,4-Dichlorophenylacetic acid is obtained in a maximum yield of 95%, and a mechanism for 2,4-dichlorobenzyl chloride carbonylation is proposed. The reaction system provides a mild, effective and novel means by which to prepare phenylacetic acid derivatives from their corresponding benzyl chloride derivatives.
Enantioselective synthesis of α-amino esters through Petasis borono-Mannich multicomponent reaction of potassium trifluoroborate salts
Authors: Tong Mengnan , Bai Xiang , Meng Xin , Wang Jianfei , Wang Tao , Zhu Xingyi , Mao Bin
Published: October 2019

Enantioselective synthesis of α-amino esters have been achieved through the Petasis borono-Mannich multicomponent reaction using ( R)-BINOL-derived catalysts with stable heteroaryl and alkenyl trifluoroborate salts under mild conditions. The reaction provides direct access to optically active α-amino esters with moderate to good yields and enantioselectivities.
What makes experts reliable? Expert reliability and the estimation of latent traits
Authors: Marquardt Kyle L. , Pemstein Daniel , Seim Brigitte , Wang Yi-ting
Published: October 2019

Experts code latent quantities for many influential political science datasets. Although scholars are aware of the importance of accounting for variation in expert reliability when aggregating such data, they have not systematically explored either the factors affecting expert reliability or the degree to which these factors influence estimates of latent concepts. Here we provide a template for examining potential correlates of expert reliability, using coder-level data for six randomly selected variables from a cross-national panel dataset. We aggregate these data with an ordinal item response theory model that parameterizes expert reliability, and regress the resulting reliability estimates on both expert demographic characteristics and measures of their coding behavior. We find little evidence of a consistent substantial relationship between most expert characteristics and reliability, and these null results extend to potentially problematic sources of bias in estimates, such as gender. The exceptions to these results are intuitive, and provide baseline guidance for expert recruitment and retention in future expert coding projects: attentive and confident experts who have contextual knowledge tend to be more reliable. Taken as a whole, these findings reinforce arguments that item response theory models are a relatively safe method for aggregating expert-coded data.
Media Exposure to Collective Trauma, Mental Health, and Functioning: Does It Matter What You See?
Authors: Holman E. Alison , Garfin Dana Rose , Lubens Pauline , Silver Roxane Cohen
Published: October 2019

Media exposure to collective trauma is associated with acute stress (AS) and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). Qualities of media exposure (e.g., amount, graphic features) contributing to this distress are poorly understood. A representative national sample (with New York and Boston oversamples; N = 4,675) completed anonymous, online surveys 2 to 4 weeks after the Boston Marathon bombings (BMB; Wave 1, or W1) and again 6 months later (Wave 2, or W2; N = 3,598). W1 assessed BMB-related AS and media exposure (i.e., hours of media consumption, graphic image content) 1 week post-BMB; W2 assessed PTSS, fear of future terrorism, and functional impairment. Greater exposure to graphic (bloody) images was associated with higher W1 AS and increased PTSS, fear of future terrorism, and functional impairment at W2. W1 AS, W2 PTSS, and fear of future terrorism mediated the association between media and functional impairment. Graphic image exposure is associated with mental-health symptoms linked to impaired functioning.
Advanced-Metastatic Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer EGFR-mutated in Italy: patient management costs and potential productivity losses
Authors: Mazzanti Nicola Amedeo , Scauri Carolina , Domini Bianca , Vassallo Chiara , Cusato Simone , De Fino Chiara , de Marinis Filippo
Published: October 2019

Epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) are established therapies for previously untreated advanced/metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) EGFR-mutated patients. Osimertinib, a third-generation TKI, has recently received the same first-line indication. This study aims at investigating management costs and potential productivity losses in Italy in this patient setting, given all the available therapeutic options. Two analyses were performed. The first evaluates first-line yearly management costs and potential productivity losses per patient, for each first-line treatment. The second, performed nationally and regionally, models all lines of treatments and costs over a five-year period, through different market-share scenarios – considering osimertinib adoption as new therapy in 60% of patients as the most probable one – and line-switch/mortality probabilities. Using this model, patients’ total months of treatment and development/progression of brain metastases were also analyzed. The first analysis shows that first-line management costs and potential productivity losses are minimized by osimertinib (first-line yearly expenditure of €25.942, 8%-12% less than TKIs). The second analysis, based on a five-year horizon and on all therapy lines, shows that total management costs and potential productivity losses decrease by increasing the adoption of osimertinib as a first-line therapy (€7.4m cumulative lower cost with osimertinib at 60% compared to 0%). Considering the average month of therapy, where results are not affected by the length of the therapy, with osimertinib at 60% on naïve patients, monthly management costs and productivity losses are 10% lower than in the non-osimertinib scenario. In advanced, metastatic EGFR-mutated NSCLC, the use of osimertinib as the first-line treatment could reduce patient management costs and potential productivity losses.
Stress in Boom Times: Understanding Teachers’ Economic Anxiety in a High-Cost Urban District
Authors: Dizon-Ross Elise , Loeb Susanna , Penner Emily , Rochmes Jane
Published: October 2019

Despite growing concern over teachers’ ability to live comfortably where they work, we know little about the systematic relationship between affordability and teachers’ well-being, particularly in high-cost urban areas. We use novel survey data from San Francisco Unified School District to identify the patterns and prevalence of economic anxiety among teachers and assess how this anxiety predicts teachers’ attitudes, behaviors, and turnover. We find that San Francisco teachers have far higher levels of economic anxiety on average than a national sample of employed adults, and that younger teachers are particularly financially anxious. Furthermore, such anxiety predicts measures of job performance and teacher retention—economically anxious teachers tend to have more negative attitudes about their jobs, have worse attendance, and are 50% more likely to depart the district within 2 years after the survey.
Assessing the Translation of Research and Innovation into Dental Practice
Authors: Heft M.W. , Fox C.H. , Duncan R.P.
Published: October 2019

Introduction:

Over the past 100 y, there have been an unprecedented number of innovations that have improved oral health and functioning. Variations in lag times between discovery and clinical adoption are related to dentist education, the clinical availability of technology, and the perceived value of an innovation.

Objectives:

The purposes of this cross-sectional study were 1) catalogue research discoveries and innovations over the past 30 y and 2) from that list identify those which practicing dentists believe have maximally affected patient care.

Methods:

Thirty International Association for Dental Research leaders identified innovations over the past 30 y that have significantly affected dental care. The 30 most cited innovations were included in a questionnaire that was sent to a random sample of US dentists who graduated dental school during or before 1995 (before the recency of identified discoveries) and devoted ≥50% of their time to patient care. Eighty-two percent of respondents identified as general dentists and 18% as specialists. Respondents were asked to identify 5 to 7 items whose loss would have the most adverse effects on patient care.

Results:

The most cited advances were adhesive dental materials (74.5%), dental implants (71.9%), direct bonding systems (71.2%), dental loupes (54.7%), universal precautions for infection control (48.6%), and digital imaging (46.0%). There were differences in the ranking of responses between generalists and specialists. For the oral surgeons and periodontists (OMSPER, n = 51), top choices were dental implants (82%), cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging (74%), regenerative dentistry and tissue engineering (68%), universal precautions (58%), digital imaging (56%), and dental loupes (48%).

Conclusions:

There was agreement among generalists and specialists about the importance of dental implants, digital imaging, use of dental loupes, and universal precautions in improving patient care. However, generalists also cited the importance of adhesive dental materials and bonding, and OMSPER cited CBCT and biological-based tissue restoration as major advances.

Knowledge Transfer Statement:

Many advances in dental patient care capitalize on innovations and technologies that have emerged after dentists graduate from dental school. Adoption of new technologies is influenced by information acquired from professional journals, continuing education, industry marketing activities, and interactions with colleagues. The results of this study suggest that innovations that are directly related to clinical procedures were rated most impactful. Future research should consider cost-effectiveness and patient perceptions on the impact of innovations and technologies.
Early Pediatric Fractures in a Universally Insured Population within the United States
Authors: Wolfe Jared A. , Wolfe Heather , Banaag Amanda , Tintle Scott , Perez Koehlmoos Tracey
Published: October 2019

Background

Musculoskeletal injury, including fracture, is one of the most common causes of morbidity in pediatric patients. The purpose of this epidemiologic study is to determine the prevalence and risk factors for fracture in a large cohort of pediatric patients under the age of 5.

Results

Of the 233,869 patients included in the study, 13,698 fractures were identified in 10,889 patients. The highest annual incidence was in the 4 year old age group with a rate of 24.2 fractures per 1000 children. The annual incidence within all age groups was 11.7 fractures per 1000 children. The two most common fractures were forearm and humerus fractures. Fracture incidence was increased in male children, patients who live outside the US, and in Caucasian patients. An increase in rate of fracture was also identified in children of officers when compared with children of enlisted service members. There were 35 abuse related fractures in our cohort, with 19 of them occurring in children less than 1 year old. Only three children in our cohort had Osteogenesis Imperfecta.

Conclusion

Fractures are common injuries in young children with an incidence over the first 5 years of life of 5.86%. Multiple risk factors were also identified including age, race, geographic location and socioeconomic status. The results of this study are an important contribution to epidemiologic and public health literature and serve to characterize the incidence of and risk factors for sustaining an early childhood fracture.
Early-life DNA methylation profiles are indicative of age-related transcriptome changes
Authors: Hadad Niran , Masser Dustin R. , Blanco-Berdugo Laura , Stanford David R. , Freeman Willard M.
Published: October 2019

Background

Alterations to cellular and molecular programs with brain aging result in cognitive impairment and susceptibility to neurodegenerative disease. Changes in DNA methylation patterns, an epigenetic modification required for various CNS functions are observed with brain aging and can be prevented by anti-aging interventions, but the relationship of altered methylation to gene expression is poorly understood.

Results

Paired analysis of the hippocampal methylome and transcriptome with aging of male and female mice demonstrates that age-related differences in methylation and gene expression are anti-correlated within gene bodies and enhancers. Altered promoter methylation with aging was found to be generally un-related to altered gene expression. A more striking relationship was found between methylation levels at young age and differential gene expression with aging. Highly methylated gene bodies and promoters in early life were associated with age-related increases in gene expression even in the absence of significant methylation changes with aging. As well, low levels of methylation in early life were correlated to decreased expression with aging. This relationship was also observed in genes altered in two mouse Alzheimer’s models.

Conclusion

DNA methylation patterns established in youth, in combination with other epigenetic marks, were able to accurately predict changes in transcript trajectories with aging. These findings are consistent with the developmental origins of disease hypothesis and indicate that epigenetic variability in early life may explain differences in aging trajectories and age-related disease.
Extensive transcriptomic study emphasizes importance of vesicular transport in C9orf72 expansion carriers
Authors: Dickson Dennis W. , Baker Matthew C. , Jackson Jazmyne L. , DeJesus-Hernandez Mariely , Finch NiCole A. , Tian Shulan , Heckman Michael G. , Pottier Cyril , Gendron Tania F. , Murray Melissa E. , Ren Yingxue , Reddy Joseph S. , Graff-Radford Neill R. , Boeve Bradley F. , Petersen Ronald C. , Knopman David S. , Josephs Keith A. , Petrucelli Leonard , Oskarsson Björn , Sheppard John W. , Asmann Yan W. , Rademakers Rosa , van Blitterswijk Marka
Published: October 2019

The majority of the clinico-pathological variability observed in patients harboring a repeat expansion in the C9orf72-SMCR8 complex subunit (C9orf72) remains unexplained. This expansion, which represents the most common genetic cause of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and motor neuron disease (MND), results in a loss ofC9orf72expression and the generation of RNA foci and dipeptide repeat (DPR) proteins. The C9orf72 protein itself plays a role in vesicular transport, serving as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that regulates GTPases. To further elucidate the mechanisms underlyingC9orf72-related diseases and to identify potential disease modifiers, we performed an extensive RNA sequencing study. We included individuals for whom frontal cortex tissue was available: FTLD and FTLD/MND patients with (n = 34) or without (n = 44) an expandedC9orf72repeat as well as control subjects (n = 24). In total, 6706 genes were differentially expressed between these groups (false discovery rate [FDR] < 0.05). The top gene wasC9orf72(FDR = 1.41E-14), which was roughly two-fold lower inC9orf72expansion carriers than in (disease) controls. Co-expression analysis revealed groups of correlated genes (modules) that were enriched for processes such as protein folding, RNA splicing, synaptic signaling, metabolism, and Golgi vesicle transport. Within our cohort ofC9orf72expansion carriers, machine learning uncovered interesting candidates associated with clinico-pathological features, including age at onset (vascular endothelial growth factor A [VEGFA]),C9orf72expansion size (cyclin dependent kinase like 1 [CDKL1]), DPR protein levels (eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase [EEF2K]), and survival after onset (small G protein signaling modulator 3 [SGSM3]). Given the fact that we detected a module involved in vesicular transport in addition to a GTPase activator (SGSM3) as a potential modifier, our findings seem to suggest that the presence of aC9orf72repeat expansion might hamper vesicular transport and that genes affecting this process may modify the phenotype ofC9orf72-linked diseases.
Management of anesthesia and complications in children with Tracheobronchial Foreign Body Aspiration
Authors: Karaaslan Erol , Yıldız Turan
Published: October 2019

Objectives: Delayed diagnosis and treatment of tracheobronchial foreign body aspiration (FBA) in children may lead to morbidity and mortality. Our objective was to evaluate the anesthetic management, peri- and post-operative complications, and predisposing factors for postoperative intensive care unit (ICU) admission in children undergoing rigid bronchoscopy due to tracheobronchial FBA.

Methods: This retrospective study included 81 children who underwent rigid bronchoscopy between January 2010 to July 2018 at Inonu University, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Turkey. Data regarding demographic characteristics, anesthetic management, length of ICU and hospital stays, and peri- and post-operative complications were retrieved from the hospital database.

Results: The patients included 54 (66.7%) boys and 27 (33.3%) girls with a mean age of 29.6±31.2 months. The most common presenting symptom was the suspicion of FBA, followed by acute-onset cough, cyanosis, wheezing and respiratory distress. Mean duration of anesthesia was 44.40±14.72 min. Of the 81 patients, 18 (22.2%) were transferred to ICU and 63 (77.8%) patients were transferred to the ward postoperatively. Of the patients transferred to the ICU, 5 of them required mechanical ventilation. Some peri and postoperative complications, desaturation (n=16; 19.7%; p=0.001), mucosal bleeding (n=6; 7.4%; p=0.02), laryngeal edema (n=11; 13.6%; p<0.001), laryngospasm (n=13; 16.3%; p<0.001), were affected the frequency of intensive care transfer.

Conclusion: Bronchoscopy with general anesthesia remains the golden standard for the management of tracheobronchial FBA. In such patients, a combination consisting of a detailed preoperative clinical evaluation of the patient, selection of short-acting anesthetic agents with minimal side effects for the induction and maintenance of anesthesia, and the administration of controlled ventilation can be recommended. Additionally, early diagnosis of peri- and post-operative complications, prediction of postoperative ICU requirement, and a close cooperation of anesthesiologists and surgeons are highly important.

doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.6.1225

How to cite this:Karaaslan E, Yildiz T. Management of anesthesia and complications in children with Tracheobronchial Foreign Body Aspiration. Pak J Med Sci. 2019;35(6):1592-1597. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.6.1225

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Predictive value of C-Reactive Protein/Albumin ratio in patients with chronic complicated diabetes mellitus
Authors: Bayrak Muharrem
Published: October 2019

Objective: To investigate the relationship between serum C-reactive protein (CRP)/albumin (ALB) ratio and complication occurrence in patients with Type-II diabetes mellitus with at least one chronic complication.

Methods: The CAR, demographic characteristics, and other parameters of 108 patients with at least one chronic diabetic complication who attended to the internal medicine outpatient clinic between January 1, 2017, and September 1, 2018, were retrospectively evaluated. Healthy control subjects who did not have any systemic or infectious diseases were also included in the study. I compared the CAR, demographics, and other blood parameters between the two groups were compared.

Results: The mean CAR levels were significantly higher in diabetic patients with at least one complication compared to the control group (0.15 [0.07 - 0.29] vs 0.07 [0.07 - 0.07], respectively, p<0.001). There was no significant correlation between CAR and diabetic complications, including neuropathy, nephropathy, coronary artery disease, and retinopathy in the patient group (p>0.05 for all). In the receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis, there was no significant cut-off point for CAR predicting diabetic complications.

Conclusions: Although serum CAR levels were significantly higher in complicated diabetic patients compared to controls, any validated CAR value for predicting diabetic complications were not observed.

doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.6.618

How to cite this:Bayrak M. Predictive value of C-Reactive Protein/Albumin ratio in patients with chronic complicated diabetes mellitus. Pak J Med Sci. 2019;35(6):1616-1621. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.6.618

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.