bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Feeling positive towards time: How time attitude profiles are related to mental health in adolescents
Authors: Tejada‐Gallardo Claudia , Blasco‐Belled Ana , Alsinet Carles
Published: April 2021

Introduction

Time attitudes refer to the way individuals feel about their past, present, and future and have been associated with adolescent‐specific developmental, social, and emotional changes. The dual‐factor model of mental health proposes that optimal functioning entails high levels of emotional, social, and psychological well‐being, as well as low levels of psychopathology. Since previous research has suggested that time attitudes can assist in understanding the development of adolescents, the primary objective of this study was to examine the relationship between time attitudes and mental health according to the dual‐factor model. Methods: A total of 317 Spanish high school students aged between 14 and 16 years (45.1% females) participated in the study. Time attitudes were assessed with the Adolescent and Adult Time Inventory‐Time Attitudes Scale, and profiles were identified through person‐centered analysis. Data were also gathered on well‐being and psychological distress measures, which were analyzed as distal outcomes. Results: Four time attitude profiles were identified – negatives, positives, past negatives, and present/future negatives. Adolescents belonging to the positive profile reported higher scores on well‐being and lower scores on psychological distress. The psychological well‐being and depression constructs had higher (positive and negative, respectively) scores across all profiles. These results suggested an association between time attitude profiles and mental health according to the dual‐factor model. Conclusions: We suggest that positive psychology interventions may nudge adolescents towards a more positive appraisal of the past, present, and future and promote their mental health and positive development. Further practical implications are discussed.
What is DOM XSS and why should you care?
Authors: Hickling Josh
Published: April 2021

For more than 10 years, cross-site scripting (XSS) has been included in OWASP's ‘Top 10 Web Application Security Risks’. 1 Although the issue is very well documented, it is sometimes overlooked by application owners. As a result, penetration testers frequently encounter this vulnerability, which takes several forms.

For more than 10 years, cross-site scripting (XSS) has been included in OWASP's top web application security risks. Yet it's an issue that is often overlooked.

The problem has also evolved and many people still do not understand the risks surrounding Document Object Model (DOM) or client-side XSS. Through understanding the vector itself, threat surfaces of applications will become ever-more restricted and safer for the end user. A thorough understanding of DOM-based XSS will help balance the scales of application security and usability, says Josh Hickling of Pentest People.
Governance: the key driver for data-driven innovation
Authors: Gillan Ana
Published: April 2021

Data management might not be the obvious poster child for business in 2020, but it's been critically important during the scramble to pivot and adapt in response to the pandemic. Overnight, organisations have had to deal with a massive influx of data, as digital engagement replaced in-person interaction.

Data management has become critically important during the scramble to pivot and adapt in response to the pandemic.

The enterprises that ‘win’ when it comes to data governance are those that take it in their stride and embed it in all that they do from the start. Ana Gillan of Cloudera explains the benefits that governance brings to businesses, such as making data consistent, of a higher quality and more accurate while supporting employees to focus on what really matters – innovation.
Prioritising risk for better efficiency and collaboration
Authors: Goettl Chris
Published: April 2021

While 2020 was a year like no other, it seems that remote working and the associated IT challenges are set to continue well into 2021. According to the PwC UK Threat Intelligence Unit, cyber security incidents increased massively across virtually all sectors in the wake of Covid-19, with retail, manufacturing and financial services being the hardest hit. 1

Cyber security incidents increased massively across virtually all sectors in the wake of Covid-19, with retail, manufacturing and financial services being the hardest hit.

Organisations need to create a risk-based prioritisation approach, which involves striking a balance between strategic technologies and the collaboration of IT and security teams in order to adapt to the increased risk of attack. The pandemic has increased the appetite of threat actors looking to easily exploit vulnerable organisations, but there is still time to remediate the danger, says Chris Goettl of Ivanti.
What Sort of Imagining Might Remembering Be?
Authors: LANGLAND-HASSAN PETER
Published: April 2021

This essay unites current philosophical thinking on imagination with a burgeoning debate in the philosophy of memory over whether episodic remembering is simply a kind of imagining. So far, this debate has been hampered by a lack of clarity in the notion of imagining at issue. Several options are considered and constructive imagining is identified as the relevant kind. Next, a functionalist account of episodic remembering is defended as a means to establishing two key points: first, one need not defend a factive (or causalist) view of remembering in order to hold that causal connections to past experiences are essential to how rememberings are typed; and, second, current theories that equate remembering with imagining are in fact consistent with a functionalist theory that includes causal connections in its account of what it is to remember. This suggests that remembering is not a kind of imagining and clarifies what it would take to establish the contrary.
Not by Imaginings Alone: On How Imaginary Worlds Are Established
Authors: CHASID ALON
Published: April 2021

This article explores the relation between belief-like imaginings and the establishment of imaginary worlds (often calledfictional worlds). After outlining the various assumptions my argument is premised on, I argue that belief-like imaginings, in themselves, do not render their content true in the imaginary world to which they pertain. I show that this claim applies not only to imaginative projects in which we are instructed or intend to imagine certain propositions, but also to spontaneous imaginative projects. After arguing that, like guided imaginative projects, spontaneous projects involve specific imaginary truths, I conclude that imaginative projects, whether spontaneous or deliberate, comprise not only imaginings, but also mental acts of determining such truths.
Early Science from POSSUM: Shocks, turbulence, and a massive new reservoir of ionised gas in the Fornax cluster
Authors: Anderson C. S. , Heald G. H. , Eilek J. A. , Lenc E. , Gaensler B. M. , Rudnick Lawrence , Van Eck C. L. , O’Sullivan S. P. , Stil J. M. , Chippendale A. , Riseley C. J. , Carretti E. , West J. , Farnes J. , Harvey-Smith L. , McClure-Griffiths N. M. , Bock Douglas C. J. , Bunton J. D. , Koribalski B. , Tremblay C. D. , Voronkov M. A. , Warhurst K.
Published: April 2021

We present the first Faraday rotation measure (RM) grid study of an individual low-mass cluster—the Fornax cluster—which is presently undergoing a series of mergers. Exploiting commissioning data for the POlarisation Sky Survey of the Universe’s Magnetism (POSSUM) covering a${\sim}34$square degree sky area using the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP), we achieve an RM grid density of${\sim}25$RMs per square degree from a 280-MHz band centred at 887 MHz, which is similar to expectations for forthcoming GHz-frequency${\sim}3\pi$-steradian sky surveys. These data allow us to probe the extended magnetoionic structure of the cluster and its surroundings in unprecedented detail. We find that the scatter in the Faraday RM of confirmed background sources is increased by$16.8\pm2.4$rad m−2within 1$^\circ$(360 kpc) projected distance to the cluster centre, which is 2–4 times larger than the spatial extent of the presently detectable X-ray-emitting intracluster medium (ICM). The mass of the Faraday-active plasma is larger than that of the X-ray-emitting ICM and exists in a density regime that broadly matches expectations for moderately dense components of the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium. We argue that forthcoming RM grids from both targeted and survey observations may be a singular probe of cosmic plasma in this regime. The morphology of the global Faraday depth enhancement is not uniform and isotropic but rather exhibits the classic morphology of an astrophysical bow shock on the southwest side of the main Fornax cluster, and an extended, swept-back wake on the northeastern side. Our favoured explanation for these phenomena is an ongoing merger between the main cluster and a subcluster to the southwest. The shock’s Mach angle and stand-off distance lead to a self-consistent transonic merger speed with Mach 1.06. The region hosting the Faraday depth enhancement also appears to show a decrement in both total and polarised radio emission compared to the broader field. We evaluate cosmic variance and free-free absorption by a pervasive cold dense gas surrounding NGC 1399 as possible causes but find both explanations unsatisfactory, warranting further observations. Generally, our study illustrates the scientific returns that can be expected from all-sky grids of discrete sources generated by forthcoming all-sky radio surveys.
Stanlake Samkange’s Insufferable Zimbabwe: Distanciating Trauma from the Novel to Philosophy
Authors: Jackson Jeanne-Marie
Published: April 2021

This article theorizes the Zimbabwean writer Stanlake Samkange’s turn from the novel to philosophy as an effort to circumvent the representational pressure exerted by African cultural traumatization. In breaking with the novel form to coauthor a philosophical treatise called Hunhuism or Ubuntuism in the same year as Zimbabwe achieves independence (1980), Samkange advances a comportment-based, deontological alternative to the psychic or subjective model of personhood that anchors trauma theory. Revisiting the progression from his most achieved novel, The Mourned One, to Hunhuism or Ubuntuism thus offers fresh insight into the range of options available to independence-era writers for representing the relationship between African individuality and collectivity. At the same time, it suggests a complementary and overlooked relationship between novelistic and philosophical forms in an African context.
Spatial Attractions: The Literary Aesthetics of Female Erotic Experience in the Colony
Authors: Stanton Anna Ziajka
Published: April 2021

This article examines the aesthetics of representing female sexuality within colonial narratives of the West–East encounter. I consider two literary works whose female characters challenge the gendered metaphors of empire that predominated in a tradition of colonial literature and its postcolonial rewriting: the short story “La femme adultère” by the French-Algerian writer Albert Camus, and the novelWāḥat al-ghurūbby Egyptian writer Bahāʾ Ṭāhir. In each text, the standard heterosexual troping of imperial conquest as a male activity directed at or against a feminized other is inverted to place a European woman’s sexually aroused body at the center of the drama of colonial contact. Reading these two texts against the grain of the aesthetic formulas that they employ to contemplate the political stakes of cross-cultural intimacies in a colonial setting, I argue that the phenomenological immediacy of how the female protagonist in each is shown to experience the eroticism of colonial space introduces a break in these formulas. The loss of narrative plausibility in each text that follows from these erotic interludes, I propose, ultimately testifies to the irreducibility of the body to either enforcing or disputing the epistemologies of the colonial project.
U–Pb and Hf isotope study of detrital zircon and Cr-spinel in the Banavara quartzite and implications for the evolution of the Dharwar Craton, south India
Authors: Maibam Bidyananda , Lenaz Davide , Foley Stephen , Berndt Jasper , Belousova Elena , Wangjam Monica , Goswami Jitendra N. , Kapsiotis Argyrios
Published: April 2021

The Sargur Group has been considered to be the oldest group (>3.0 Ga) in the Archaean sequence of the Dharwar Craton in south India, whereas the rocks of the Dharwar Supergroup are younger (between 3.0 and 2.55 Ga). The supracrustal units of the Sargur Group were deposited during the Archaean period. The Banavara quartzite forms part of the supracrustal Sargur Group and contains significant amounts of chromian spinel (Cr-spinel). Here, U–Pb and Hf isotopes of detrital zircons are integrated with compositional data and X-ray refinement parameters for Cr-spinels to decipher the provenance of the metasediments. Zircons show an age spectrum from 3.15 to 2.50 Ga, and juvenile Hf isotopic compositions (ϵHf = +0.8 to +6.4) with model ages between 3.3 and 3.0 Ga. Major- and trace-element contents of the Cr-spinels do not resemble those in the Sargur ultramafic rocks, but resemble well-characterized Archaean anorthosite-hosted chromites. Cr-spinel trace-element signatures indicate that they have undergone secondary alteration or metamorphism. X-ray refinement parameters for the Cr-spinels also resemble the anorthosite-hosted chromites. We conclude that the detrital minerals were probably derived from gneissic and anorthositic rocks of the Western Dharwar Craton, and that the Sargur Group sequences have experienced a younger (2.5 Ga) metamorphic overprint.
COVID-19 in Brazil: spatial risk, social vulnerability, human development, clinical manifestations and predictors of mortality – a retrospective study with data from 59 695 individuals
Authors: Baggio Jussara Almeida Oliveira , Machado Michael Ferreira , Carmo Rodrigo Feliciano do , Armstrong Anderson da Costa , Santos Alan Dantas dos , Souza Carlos Dornels Freire de
Published: April 2021

Brazil ranks second in the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 worldwide. In spite of this, coping measures differ throughout the national territory, as does the disease's impact on the population. This cross-sectional observational study, with 59 695 cases of COVID-19 registered in the state of Alagoas between March and August 2020, analysed clinical-epidemiological variables, incidence rate, mortality rate, case fatality rate (CFR) and the social indicators municipal human development index (MHDI) and social vulnerability index (SVI). Moran statistics and regression models were applied. Logistic regression analysis was applied to determine the predictors of death. The incidence rate was 1788.7/100 000 inhabitants; mortality rate was 48.0/100 000 and CFR was 2.7%. The highest incidence rates were observed in municipalities with better human development (overall MHDI (I = 0.1668; p = 0.002), education MHDI (I = 0.1649; p = 0.002) and income MHDI (I = 0.1880; p = 0.005)) and higher social vulnerability (overall SVI (I = 0.0599; p = 0.033)). CFR was associated with higher social vulnerability (SVI human capital (I = 0.0858; p = 0.004) and SVI urban infrastructure (I = 0.0985; p = 0.040)). Of the analysed cases, 55.4% were female; 2/3 were Black or Brown and the median age was 41 years. Among deaths, most were male (919; 57.4%) and elderly (1171; 73.1%). The predictors of death were male sex, advanced age and the presence of comorbidities. In Alagoas, Brazil, the disease has undergone a process of interiorisation and caused more deaths in poorer municipalities. The presence of comorbidities and advanced age were predictors of death.
A Roman altar on Mount Gerizim: Rediscovering a civic icon on tetradrachms of Neapolis (Samaria)
Authors: Kropp Andreas J. M.
Published: April 2021

This article examines the iconography of a type of Caracalla tetradrachm that has been newly attributed to Neapolis in Roman Palestine and whose reverse depicts a monumental altar decorated with statues of Tyche, Ephesian Artemis, and Kore Persephone. The study contextualizes these deities in the religious life of Neapolis and identifies the monument as an altar often depicted as a miniscule element in panoramic views of Mount Gerizim on the bronze coins of Neapolis. The tetradrachms provide, for the first time, a close-up view of this long-lost civic monument.
Active Maintenance: A Proposal for the Long-Term Computational Reproducibility of Scientific Results
Authors: Peer Limor , Orr Lilla V. , Coppock Alexander
Published: April 2021

Computational reproducibility, or the ability to reproduce analytic results of a scientific study on the basis of publicly available code and data, is a shared goal of many researchers, journals, and scientific communities. Researchers in many disciplines including political science have made strides toward realizing that goal. A new challenge, however, has arisen. Code too often becomes obsolete within only a few years. We document this problem with a random sample of studies posted to the Institution for Social and Policy Studies (ISPS) Data Archive; we encountered nontrivial errors in seven of 20 studies. In line with similar proposals for the long-term maintenance of data and commercial software, we propose that researchers dedicated to computational reproducibility should have a plan in place for “active maintenance” of their analysis code. We offer concrete suggestions for how data archives, journals, and research communities could encourage and reward the active maintenance of scientific code and data.
TrafficProblems:Authority, Mobility, and Technology in Mexico's Federal District, 1867–1912
Authors: Bess Michael K.
Published: April 2021

This article examines how people in Mexico's Federal District (Distrito Federal) contested transit policies and responded to the introduction of new technical infrastructures, like the electrified tram network. District officials published transit guidelines that reflected elite preoccupation with order, but their heavy-handed policies faced resistance from poor, working-class, and middle-class residents. This defiance took different forms: noncompliance, rule-breaking, public protests, and written complaints to officials and the press. Municipal governments wielded considerable power to shape policy and clashed over jurisdiction and authority over taxation and police mobility. National leaders serving the strongman president, Porfirio Díaz, undermined this influence and consolidated decision-making authority in the office of the district governor and the city council of Mexico City. They justified limiting municipal authority and democratic participation in the district as necessary to improve urban transportation infrastructure, improve tax collection, and streamline transit policy. Nevertheless, this attempt at centralization failed amid public complaints about continuing service problems and allegations of official incompetence in theDirección de Obras Públicas(directorate of public works). After 1910, when the Mexican Revolution brought a new generation of political leadership to power, the policy was reversed, serving as an important symbolic and administrative break with the past.
Impacts of Land Use/Land Cover Distributions and Vegetation Amount on Land Surface Temperature Simulation in East China
Authors: Pan Yongjie , Gao Yanhong , Li Suosuo
Published: April 2021

Land surface temperature (LST) plays a crucial role in the earth system because its heterogeneous spatial distributions can trigger local circulations through land surface‐atmosphere interactions. An accurate simulation of the LST spatial distribution heavily rely on the accuracy of the land surface characteristics, such as LULC (land use/land cover). To investigate the impact of uncertainty in LULC maps on LST simulation, the Community Land Model, version 4.5 (CLM4.5), was used in this study with four LULC products as overlying vegetation characteristics. East China, with its complex land surface characteristics, was employed as the study area. The simulation results were compared to the observations at nine China Meteorological Administration (CMA) stations and to Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer data (MOIDIS_LST) over the whole study region. Based on the comparison at CMA stations, CLM4.5 can properly simulate ground temperature. However, large differences are found between MODIS_LST and the simulated LST, particularly over crop areas. Comparison of simulated results using different LULC products showed a large dissimilarity over forest areas, mainly due to the different identification methods for forest types. Large biases in the prescribed leaf area index (LAI) of the model are also found compared with MODIS_LAI. Then, the LAI in the model default data was replaced by the MODIS_LAI product, which greatly reduces the LST simulation biases. These findings provide insights into improving the simulation of LST and land‐atmosphere interactions in regional weather models or global climate models.
Establishing the Suitability of the Model for Prediction Across Scales for Global Retrospective Air Quality Modeling
Authors: Gilliam Robert C. , Herwehe Jerold A. , Bullock O. Russell , Pleim Jonathan E. , Ran Limei , Campbell Patrick C. , Foroutan Hosein
Published: April 2021

The U.S. EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) is leveraging recent advances in meteorological modeling to construct an air quality modeling system to allow consistency from global to local scales. The Model for Prediction Across Scales‐Atmosphere (MPAS‐A or MPAS) has been developed by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) as a global complement to the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF). Patterned after a regional coupled system with WRF, the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system has been coupled within MPAS to explore global‐to‐local chemical transport modeling. Several options were implemented into MPAS for retrospective applications. Nudging‐based data assimilation was added to support continuous simulations of past weather to minimize error growth that exists with a weather forecast configuration. The Pleim‐Xiu land‐surface model, the Asymmetric Convective Model 2 boundary layer scheme, and the Pleim surface layer scheme were added as the preferred options for retrospective air quality applications with WRF. Annual simulations were conducted using this EPA‐enhanced MPAS configuration on two different mesh structures and compared against WRF. MPAS generally compares well with WRF over the conterminous United States. Errors in MPAS surface meteorology are comparable to WRF throughout the year. Precipitation statistics indicate MPAS performs slightly better than WRF. Solar radiation in MPAS is higher than WRF and measurements, suggesting fewer clouds in MPAS than WRF. Upper‐air meteorology is well‐simulated by MPAS, but errors are slightly higher than WRF. These comparisons lend confidence to use MPAS for retrospective air quality modeling and suggest ways it can be further improved in the future.
A Decade of Lessons Learned from the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki Earthquake
Authors: Uchida N. , Bürgmann R.
Published: April 2021

The 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku‐oki earthquake is one of the world's best‐recorded ruptures. In the aftermath of this devastating event, it is important to learn from the complete record. We describe the state of knowledge of the megathrust earthquake generation process before the earthquake, and what has been learned in the decade since the historic event. Prior to 2011, there were a number of studies suggesting the potential of a great megathrust earthquake in NE Japan from geodesy, geology, seismology, geomorphology, and paleoseismology, but results from each field were not enough to enable a consensus assessment of the hazard. A transient unfastening of interplate coupling and increased seismicity were recognized before the earthquake, but did not lead to alerts. Since the mainshock, follow‐up studies have (1) documented that the rupture occurred in an area with a large interplate slip deficit, (2) established large near‐trench coseismic slip, (3) examined structural anomalies and fault‐zone materials correlated with the coseismic slip, (4) clarified the historical and paleoseismic recurrence of M∼9 earthquakes, and (5) identified various kinds of possible precursors. The studies have also illuminated the heterogeneous distribution of coseismic rupture, aftershocks, slow earthquakes and aseismic afterslip, and the enduring viscoelastic response, which together make up the complex megathrust earthquake cycle. Given these scientific advances, the enhanced seismic hazard of an impending great earthquake can now be more accurately established, although we do not believe such an event could be predicted with confidence.
Probabilistic Reconstruction of Hydrofacies With Support Vector Machines
Authors: Dendumrongsup Nutchapol , Tartakovsky Daniel M.
Published: April 2021

Delineation of geological features from limited hard and/or soft data is crucial to predicting subsurface phenomena. Ubiquitous sparsity of available data implies that the reliability of any delineation effort is inherently uncertain. We present probabilistic support vector machines (pSVM) as a viable method for both hydrofacies delineation from sparse data and quantification of the corresponding predictive uncertainty. Our numerical experiments with synthetic data demonstrate an agreement between the probability of a pixel classifier predicted with pSVM and indicator Kriging. While the latter requires manual inference of a variogram (two‐point correlation function) from spatial observations, pSVM are highly automated and less data intensive. We also investigate the robustness of pSVM with respect to its hyper‐parameters and the number of measurements. Having investigated these features of pSVM, we deploy them to delineate, from lithological data collected in a number of wells, the spatial extent of an aquitard separating two aquifers in Southern California.
Ultra-broadband reflectionless Brewster absorber protected by reciprocity
Authors: Luo Jie , Chu Hongchen , Peng Ruwen , Wang Mu , Li Jensen , Lai Yun
Published: April 2021

The Brewster’s law predicts zero reflection of p-polarization on a dielectric surface at a particular angle. However, when loss is introduced into the permittivity of the dielectric, the Brewster condition breaks down and reflection unavoidably appears. In this work, we found an exception to this long-standing dilemma by creating a class of nonmagnetic anisotropic metamaterials, where anomalous Brewster effects with independently tunable absorption and refraction emerge. This loss-independent Brewster effect is bestowed by the extra degrees of freedoms introduced by anisotropy and strictly protected by the reciprocity principle. The bandwidth can cover an extremely wide spectrum from dc to optical frequencies. Two examples of reflectionless Brewster absorbers with different Brewster angles are both demonstrated to achieve large absorbance in a wide spectrum via microwave experiments. Our work extends the scope of Brewster effect to the horizon of nonmagnetic absorptive materials, which promises an unprecedented wide bandwidth for reflectionless absorption with high efficiency.
Correction to: ATG4D is the main ATG8 delipidating enzyme in mammalian cells and protects against cerebellar neurodegeneration
Authors: Tamargo-Gómez Isaac , Martínez-García Gemma G. , Suárez María F. , Rey Verónica , Fueyo Antonio , Codina-Martínez Helena , Bretones Gabriel , Caravia Xurde M. , Morel Etienne , Dupont Nicolas , Cabo Roberto , Tomás-Zapico Cristina , Souquere Sylvie , Pierron Gerard , Codogno Patrice , López-Otín Carlos , Fernández Álvaro F. , Mariño Guillermo
Published: April 2021

A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41418-021-00783-2
How does antenatal lifestyle affect the risk for gestational diabetes mellitus? A secondary cohort analysis from the GeliS trial
Authors: Günther Julia , Hoffmann Julia , Stecher Lynne , Spies Monika , Geyer Kristina , Raab Roxana , Meyer Dorothy , Rauh Kathrin , Hauner Hans
Published: April 2021

Objectives

We aimed to investigate the predictive potential of early pregnancy factors such as lifestyle, gestational weight gain (GWG) and mental well-being on gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) beyond established risk factors.

Methods

GDM risk was investigated in the cohort of the German ‘Gesund leben in der Schwangerschaft’/healthy living in pregnancy study. Women were recruited up to the 12th week of gestation. GDM was diagnosed with a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test between the 24th and 28th weeks of gestation. Pre-pregnancy age and weight, mental health and lifestyle were assessed via questionnaires. Maternal weight was measured throughout pregnancy. Early excessive GWG was defined based on the guidelines of the Institute of Medicine. The association between several factors and the odds of developing GDM was assessed using multiple logistic regression analyses.

Results

Of 1694 included women, 10.8% developed GDM. The odds increased with pre-pregnancy BMI and age (women with obesity: 4.91, CI 3.35–7.19, p < 0.001; women aged 36–43 years: 2.84, CI 1.45–5.56, p = 0.002). Early excessive GWG, mental health and general lifestyle ratings were no significant risk factors. A 31% reduction in the odds of GDM was observed when <30% of energy was consumed from fat (OR 0.69, CI 0.49–0.96, p = 0.026). Vigorous physical activity tended to lower the odds without evidence of statistical significance (OR 0.59 per 10 MET-h/week, p = 0.076).

Conclusions

Maternal age and BMI stand out as the most important drivers of GDM. Early pregnancy factors like dietary fat content seem to be associated with GDM risk. Further evaluation is warranted before providing reliable recommendations.
Roughness and dynamics of proliferating cell fronts as a probe of cell–cell interactions
Authors: Rapin Guillaume , Caballero Nirvana , Gaponenko Iaroslav , Ziegler Benedikt , Rawleigh Audrey , Moriggi Ermanno , Giamarchi Thierry , Brown Steven A. , Paruch Patrycja
Published: April 2021

Juxtacellular interactions play an essential but still not fully understood role in both normal tissue development and tumour invasion. Using proliferating cell fronts as a model system, we explore the effects of cell–cell interactions on the geometry and dynamics of these one-dimensional biological interfaces. We observe two distinct scaling regimes of the steady state roughness of in-vitro propagating Rat1 fibroblast cell fronts, suggesting different hierarchies of interactions at sub-cell lengthscales and at a lengthscale of 2–10 cells. Pharmacological modulation significantly affects the proliferation speed of the cell fronts, and those modulators that promote cell mobility or division also lead to the most rapid evolution of cell front roughness. By comparing our experimental observations to numerical simulations of elastic cell fronts with purely short-range interactions, we demonstrate that the interactions at few-cell lengthscales play a key role. Our methodology provides a simple framework to measure and characterise the biological effects of such interactions, and could be useful in tumour phenotyping.
3D ultrasound guided navigation system with hybrid image fusion
Authors: Iommi David , Valladares Alejandra , Figl Michael , Grahovac Marko , Fichtinger Gabor , Hummel Johann
Published: April 2021

A prototype of a navigation system to fuse two image modalities is presented. The standard inter-modality registration is replaced with a tracker-based image registration of calibrated imaging devices. Intra-procedure transrectal US (TRUS) images were merged with pre-procedure magnetic resonance (MR) images for prostate biopsy. The registration between MR and TRUS images was performed by an additional abdominal 3D-US (ab-3D-US), which enables replacing the inter-modal MR/TRUS registration by an intra-modal ab-3D-US/3D-TRUS registration. Calibration procedures were carried out using an optical tracking system (OTS) for the pre-procedure image fusion of the ab-3D-US with the MR. Inter-modal ab-3D-US/MR image fusion was evaluated using a multi-cone phantom for the target registration error (TRE) and a prostate phantom for the Dice score and the Hausdorff distance of lesions . Finally, the pre-procedure ab- 3D-US was registered with the TRUS images and the errors for the transformation from the MR to the TRUS were determined. The TRE of the ab-3D-US/MR image registration was 1.81 mm. The Dice-score and the Hausdorff distance for ab-3D-US and MR were found to be 0.67 and 3.19 mm. The Dice score and the Hausdorff distance for TRUS and MR were 0.67 and 3.18 mm. The hybrid navigation system showed sufficient accuracy for fusion guided biopsy procedures with prostate phantoms. The system might provide intra-procedure fusion for most US-guided biopsy and ablation interventions.
Transition state analogue of MTAP extends lifespan of APCMin/+ mice
Authors: Firestone Ross S. , Feng Mu , Basu Indranil , Peregrina Karina , Augenlicht Leonard H. , Schramm Vern L.
Published: April 2021

A mouse model of human Familial Adenomatous Polyposis responds favorably to pharmacological inhibition of 5′-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP). Methylthio-DADMe-Immucillin-A (MTDIA) is an orally available, transition state analogue inhibitor of MTAP. 5′-Methylthioadenosine (MTA), the substrate for MTAP, is formed in polyamine synthesis and is recycled by MTAP to S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) via salvage pathways. MTDIA treatment causes accumulation of MTA, which inhibits growth of human head and neck (FaDu) and lung (H359, A549) cancers in immunocompromised mouse models. We investigated the efficacy of oral MTDIA as an anti-cancer therapeutic for intestinal adenomas in immunocompetent APCMin/+ mice, a murine model of human Familial Adenomatous Polyposis. Tumors in APCMin/+ mice were decreased in size by MTDIA treatment, resulting in markedly improved anemia and doubling of mouse lifespan. Metabolomic analysis of treated mice showed no changes in polyamine, methionine, SAM or ATP levels when compared with control mice but indicated an increase in MTA, the MTAP substrate. Generation of an MTDIA-resistant cell line in culture showed a four-fold amplification of the methionine adenosyl transferase (MAT2A) locus and expression of this enzyme. MAT2A is downstream of MTAP action and catalyzes synthesis of the SAM necessary for methylation reactions. Immunohistochemical analysis of treated mouse intestinal tissue demonstrated a decrease in symmetric dimethylarginine, a PRMT5-catalyzed modification. The anti-cancer effects of MTDIA indicate that increased cellular MTA inhibits PRMT5-mediated methylations resulting in attenuated tumor growth. Oral dosing of MTDIA as monotherapy has potential for delaying the onset and progression of colorectal cancers in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) as well as residual duodenal tumors in FAP patients following colectomy. MTDIA causes a physiologic inactivation of MTAP and may also have efficacy in combination with inhibitors of MAT2A or PRMT5, known synthetic-lethal interactions in MTAP−/− cancer cell lines.
Investigating the relationship between diffusion kurtosis tensor imaging (DKTI) and histology within the normal human brain
Authors: Maiter Ahmed , Riemer Frank , Allinson Kieren , Zaccagna Fulvio , Crispin-Ortuzar Mireia , Gehrung Marcel , McLean Mary A. , Priest Andrew N. , Grist James , Matys Tomasz , Graves Martin J. , Gallagher Ferdia A.
Published: April 2021

Measurements of water diffusion with MRI have been used as a biomarker of tissue microstructure and heterogeneity. In this study, diffusion kurtosis tensor imaging (DKTI) of the brain was undertaken in 10 healthy volunteers at a clinical field strength of 3 T. Diffusion and kurtosis metrics were measured in regions-of-interest on the resulting maps and compared with quantitative analysis of normal post-mortem tissue histology from separate age-matched donors. White matter regions showed low diffusion (0.60 ± 0.04 × 10–3 mm2/s) and high kurtosis (1.17 ± 0.06), consistent with a structured heterogeneous environment comprising parallel neuronal fibres. Grey matter showed intermediate diffusion (0.80 ± 0.02 × 10–3 mm2/s) and kurtosis (0.82 ± 0.05) values. An important finding is that the subcortical regions investigated (thalamus, caudate and putamen) showed similar diffusion and kurtosis properties to white matter. Histological staining of the subcortical nuclei demonstrated that the predominant grey matter was permeated by small white matter bundles, which could account for the similar kurtosis to white matter. Quantitative histological analysis demonstrated higher mean tissue kurtosis and vector standard deviation values for white matter (1.08 and 0.81) compared to the subcortical regions (0.34 and 0.59). Mean diffusion on DKTI was positively correlated with tissue kurtosis (r = 0.82, p < 0.05) and negatively correlated with vector standard deviation (r = -0.69, p < 0.05). This study demonstrates how DKTI can be used to study regional structural variations in the cerebral tissue microenvironment and could be used to probe microstructural changes within diseased tissue in the future.
The correlation between maternal age, parity, cardiac diastolic function and occurrence rate of pre-eclampsia
Authors: Zhu Dan , Chen Weiyu , Pan Yuchen , Li Tingcui , Cui Ming , Chen Baoxia
Published: April 2021

To evaluate the effect of age and parity on maternal cardiac diastolic function in second trimester among pregnant women with normal left ventricular ejection fraction. To analyze the correlation between impaired diastolic function and pre-eclampsia. It had been suggested that maternal cardiac adaptations during pregnancy differed between nulliparous and primiparous women and also varied according to age. Impaired cardiac function may precede pre-eclampsia. Therefore, we examined the effects of parity and age on cardiac diastolic function during pregnancy and whether impaired diastolic function during the second trimester correlates with pre-eclampsia. Women with singleton pregnancies at 13 + 0 to 27 + 6 weeks’ gestation and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≥ 50% were retrospectively identified. Diastolic function parameters were assessed using transthoracic echocardiography. Pre-eclampsia was identified from medical records. The effect of age and parity on maternal cardiac diastolic function as well as the correlation between impaired diastolic function and occurrence rate of pre-eclampsia were examined. 376 pregnant women were included (median age: 30 years; median gestational age: 14 weeks; 171 primiparous women). LVEF was 66%. Impaired cardiac diastolic function was seen in 7.8% of pregnant women < 35 years compared with 28.6% of those ≥ 35 years (p = 0.000). ROC curve showed women with maternal age over 32 began to have a higher rate of impaired cardiac diastolic function (AUC = 0.704, p = 0.000, sensitivity = 54.5%, specificity = 75.3%). There was no difference in diastolic function indices between maternal women grouped by parity. Higher maternal age was an independent risk factor of declining Em (p < 0.05). Em < 13 cm/s was significantly associated with pre-eclampsia occurrence (HR 8.56; 95% CI 3.40–21.57) after being adjusted for confounders. Maternal age is an independent risk factor for diastolic function decline. There is no difference in cardiac diastolic function between nulliparous women and primiparous women. Pre-eclampsia occurrence is significantly higher in patients with impaired diastolic function at mid-gestation. The application of risk grading using diastolic function at mid-gestation may improve the survival outcomes of pregnant women.
In-depth phenolic characterization of iron gall inks by deconstructing representative Iberian recipes
Authors: Teixeira Natércia , Nabais Paula , de Freitas Victor , Lopes João A. , Melo Maria J.
Published: April 2021

Iron-gall ink is one of the most important inks in the history of western civilization. The deep black colour results from Fe3+ complexes with phenolic compounds available in gall extracts. Unfortunately, it induces the degradation of both ink and support over time. Furthermore, our knowledge of these complex molecular structures is limited. This work aims to overcome this gap, revealing essential information about the complex structures of these pigments and dyes that will create a breakthrough in the next generation of conservation treatments. It presents the first in-depth phenolic identification and quantification of extracts and inks, prepared with and without gum arabic (an essential additive in medieval recipes). Five representative Iberian recipes were selected and prepared. Their phenolic profile was analysed by HPLC–DAD and HPLC–ESI–MS, which revealed that the phenolic compounds present in higher concentration, in the gall extracts, are pentagalloylglucose and hexagalloylglucose (0.15 ± 0.01–32 ± 3 mg/mL), except for one recipe, in which gallic acid is the main phenolic. The influence of the ingredients is also discussed by deconstructing the recipes: extracts of additives as pomegranate peel and solvents used in the extraction of the galls (vinegar and white wine) were characterized.
Non-invasive cell classification using the Paint Raman Express Spectroscopy System (PRESS)
Authors: Akagi Yuka , Mori Nobuhito , Kawamura Teruhisa , Takayama Yuzo , Kida Yasuyuki S.
Published: April 2021

Raman scattering represents the distribution and abundance of intracellular molecules, including proteins and lipids, facilitating distinction between cellular states non-invasively and without staining. However, the scattered light obtained from cells is faint and cells have complex structures, making it difficult to obtain a Raman spectrum covering the entire cell in a short time using conventional methods. This also prevents efficient label-free cell classification. In the present study, we developed the Paint Raman Express Spectroscopy System, which uses two fast-rotating galvano mirrors to obtain spectra from a wide area of a cell. By using this system and applying machine learning, we were able to acquire broad spectra of a variety of human and mouse cell types, including pluripotent stem cells and confirmed that each cell type can be classified with high accuracy. Moreover, we classified different activation states of human T cells, despite their similar morphology. This system could be used for rapid and low-cost drug evaluation and quality management for drug screening in cell-based assays.
Fundus autofluorescence in premature infants
Authors: Salcedo-Villanueva Guillermo , Lopez-Contreras Yurico , Gonzalez-H. Leon Ana , Romo-Aguas Juan C. , Garcia-Aguirre Gerardo , Cernichiaro-Espinosa Linda A. , Martinez-Castellanos Maria A. , Quiroz-Mercado Hugo
Published: April 2021

To describe fundus autofluorescence (FAF) patterns in premature infants and to determine whether FAF increases gradually with increasing post-gestational age. This was a cross-sectional, observational and descriptive case series. FAF images were obtained from patients screened for Retinopathy of Prematurity. The presence of the following hypo-autofluorescence areas/structures was graded and ranked: macular pigment (foveal centre), optic nerve head, peripapillary vessels/vascular arcade (PP/VA), and equatorial vessels (EqV). Ranks were attributed to the number of structures visualized from the posterior pole towards the periphery. The rank of FAF could then be analysed by Spearman’s correlation against age. Additionally, patients were divided by age into group 1 (< 40 weeks of corrected gestational age (WCGA)) and group 2 (> 40 WCGA). Differences between groups were tested with the Mann–Whitney U test. Thirteen patients were analysed. The mean WCGA at examination was 47.85 weeks. Spearman’s correlation showed a strong positive correlation (r = 0.714) (P = 0.006) of FAF and WCGA. The Mann–Whitney U test revealed that the PP/VA and EqV were significantly more visible at > 40 WCGA than at < 40 WCGA (8.0 [P = 0.016] and 7.5 [P = 0.03], respectively). Patterns of FAF are described for the first time in premature infants. FAF increases gradually with age and centrifugally from the posterior pole towards the equator in premature infants.
Transcriptomes in peripheral blood of young females with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis
Authors: Kang Jeong-Hyun
Published: April 2021

This study aimed to investigate immune-related pathophysiology of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) osteoarthritis (OA) in young females by analyzing transcriptional profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) was conducted on 24 young females with TMJ OA (mean age 19.3 ± 3.1 years) (RNAOA) and 11 age and sex matched healthy controls (mean age 20.5 ± 3.7 years) (CON). RNA-seq datasets were analyzed to identify genes, pathways, and regulatory networks of those which were involved in the development of TMJ OA. RNA-seq data analysis revealed 41 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between RNAOA and CON. A total of 16 gene ontology (GO) terms including three molecular and 13 biological terms were annotated via the GO function of molecular function and biological process. Through ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA), 21 annotated categories of diseases and functions were identified. There were six hub genes which showed significant results in both GO enrichment analysis and IPA, namely HLA-C, HLA-F, CXCL8, IL11RA, IL13RA1, and FCGR3B. The young females with TMJ OA showed alterations of the genes related to immune function in the blood and some of changes may reflect inflammation, autoimmunity, and abnormal T cell functions.
A comprehensive structural, lectin and immunohistochemical characterization of the zebrafish olfactory system
Authors: Villamayor Paula R. , Arana Álvaro. J. , Coppel Carlos , Ortiz-Leal Irene , Torres Mateo V. , Sanchez-Quinteiro Pablo , Sánchez Laura
Published: April 2021

Fish chemosensory olfactory receptors allow them to detect a wide range of water-soluble chemicals, that mediate fundamental behaviours. Zebrafish possess a well-developed sense of smell which governs reproduction, appetite, and fear responses. The spatial organization of functional properties within the olfactory epithelium and bulb are comparable to those of mammals, making this species suitable for studies of olfactory differentiation and regeneration and neuronal representation of olfactory information. The advent of genomic techniques has been decisive for the discovery of specific olfactory cell types and the identification of cell populations expressing vomeronasal receptors. These advances have marched ahead of morphological and neurochemical studies. This study aims to fill the existing gap in specific histological, lectin-histochemical and immunohistochemical studies on the olfactory rosette and the olfactory bulb of the zebrafish. Tissue dissection and microdissection techniques were employed, followed by histological staining techniques, lectin-histochemical labelling (UEA, LEA, BSI-B4) and immunohistochemistry using antibodies against G proteins subunits αo and αi2, growth-associated protein-43, calbindin, calretinin, glial-fibrillary-acidic-protein and luteinizing-hormone-releasing-hormone. The results obtained enrich the available information on the neurochemical patterns of the zebrafish olfactory system, pointing to a greater complexity than the one currently considered, especially when taking into account the peculiarities of the nonsensory epithelium.