bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association of metabolic syndrome with female pattern hair loss in women: A case–control study
Authors: El Sayed Mahira H. , Abdallah Mahmoud A. , Aly Dalia G. , Khater Nohha H.
Published: April 2016

Background

Several studies have addressed the association of metabolic syndrome (MetS) with androgenetic alopecia (AGA) in men with few reports focusing on this association in females. The aim of this work was to investigate the association of MetS among Egyptian women with different stages of female pattern hair loss (FPHL) and to compare the results with age‐ and sex‐matched controls.

Methods

This study included 90 female participants, 45 cases with different stages of FPHL classified according to the Ludwig scale and 45 healthy control participants that were age‐ and sex‐matched with the cases. Assessment of MetS components was done according to the Adult Treatment Panel III criteria.

Results

Compared to the control group, a statistically significant association was found between FPHL and the presence of MetS with a tendency to increase with the severity of FPHL being greater in stage III > stage II > stage I. Among metabolic syndrome components, waist circumference (WC) (OR 5.6, 95% CI 2.2 –13.9, P = 0.0002) and hypertension (HTN) (OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.3–8.9, P = 0.008) were revealed as the most important factors associated with FPHL. WC also tended to increase with the severity of FPHL.

Conclusions

We demonstrated a significant association between MetS and FPHL. Women with FPHL, particularly if associated with an increased WC or hypertension, should be screened for MetS criteria for early identification and management.
Comparison of antioxidant capacity of commonly consumed youth beverages in the United States
Authors: Hong Mee Young , Mansour Leslie , Klarich DawnKylee S. , Copp Linda , Bloem Kyrié
Published: April 2016

Epidemiological evidence supports that polyphenol‐rich foods with high antioxidant potency promote health and may influence various metabolic diseases' development. Often beverage products claim to have antioxidant potency based on the perceived polyphenol content; however, few studies have examined the antioxidant potency of beverages with none reporting on commonly consumed youth beverages. This study's purpose was to measure total antioxidant capacity (TAC), expressed in Trolox equivalents (μmol mL−1), in a variety of youth beverages, including juices, vitamin enhanced waters, sport drinks, energy drinks and various milk products. Significantly higher TAC (3.8–6.7 μmol mL−1) was measured in 100% juices, while vitamin enhanced waters varied by brand (0.2–3.1 μmol mL−1). Soda, energy and sports drinks measured the least activity (0.0–0.3 μmol mL−1), whereas other milk types (strawberry, organic, regular and soya) measured no activity, except chocolate milk (3.0 μmol mL−1). These results may improve beverage selection practices for youth, parents and dietitians to increase TAC of the paediatric diet.
Effects of different osmo‐dehydrofreezing treatments on the volatile compounds, phenolic compounds and physicochemical properties in mango (Mangifera indica L.)
Authors: Zhao Jin‐Hong , Liu Fang , Pang Xue‐Li , Xiao Hong‐Wei , Wen Xin , Ni Yuan‐Ying
Published: April 2016

The influences of different osmotic solution pretreatments (sucrose, glucose and maltose with concentration of 45%) on the volatile compounds, phenolic compounds and other physicochemical parameters in frozen mangoes were studied. Volatile and phenolic compounds were measured using SPME/GC‐MS and HPLC method, respectively. The results revealed that compared with untreated frozen mango, some volatile compounds (e.g. alcohols, aldehydes and some terpenes and esters) increased significantly and there were more compounds identified in osmo‐dehydrofrozen samples. These changes positively affected mango aroma and resulted in higher sensory scores for osmo‐dehydrofrozen samples. In addition, data on phenolic compounds showed that dehydrofrozen samples pretreated in glucose and sucrose had higher ρ‐hydroxybenzoic acid and quercetin contents, respectively, while samples pretreated in maltose showed higher ρ‐coumaric acid and sinapic acid contents compared with untreated frozen samples. The current work indicates that osmo‐dehydrofreezing can improve the retention of phenolic and aromatic compounds in frozen mango.
Current status of primary pharmacotherapy and future perspectives toward upfront therapy for metastatic hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer
Authors: Shiota Masaki , Eto Masatoshi
Published: April 2016

Since 1941, androgen deprivation therapy has been the primary treatment for metastatic hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer. Androgen deprivation therapy consists of several regimens that vary according to therapeutic modality, as well as treatment schedule. Androgen deprivation therapy initially shows excellent antitumor effects, such as relief of cancer‐related symptoms, tumor marker decline and tumor shrinking. However, most metastatic hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer cases eventually develop castration resistance and become lethal. Taxanes, such as docetaxel and cabazitaxel, as well as novel androgen receptor‐targeting agents, such as abiraterone acetate and enzalutamide, have emerged for metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer. The concept and principle of primary therapy for metastatic hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer has remained unchanged for decades. Recently, upfront docetaxel chemotherapy has been shown to prolong overall survival in men with metastatic hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer, and would lead to a paradigm shift in primary pharmacotherapy for metastatic hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer. This raises the possibility of upfront use of taxanes, as well as novel androgen receptor‐targeting agents combined with androgen deprivation therapy. The present review summarizes the current status of primary pharmacotherapy for metastatic hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer, and discusses future perspectives in this field.
Effect of autologous muscle‐derived cells in the treatment of urinary incontinence in female patients with intrinsic sphincter deficiency and epispadias: A prospective study
Authors: Sharifiaghdas Farzaneh , Tajalli Farzam , Taheri Maryam , Naji Mohammad , Moghadasali Reza , Aghdami Nasser , Baharvand Hossein , Azimian Vajihe , Jaroughi Neda
Published: April 2016

Objectives

To evaluate the effect of autologous muscle‐derived cells injection in the treatment of complicated stress urinary incontinence in female patients.

Methods

Female patients presenting with severe and complicated stress urinary incontinence secondary to the bladder neck and/or urethral trauma or congenital epispadias (with or without exstrophy) were enrolled in this prospective study. They underwent transurethral injection of autologous muscle‐derived cells. In selected cases, another injection was given after 6 months, as per the surgeon's assessment. All patients were monitored for 1 year, and the effect of autologous muscle‐derived cells was evaluated by cough stress test, 1‐h pad test and Incontinence Impact Questionnaire‐short form score. A multichannel urodynamic study and maximum urethral closure pressure were carried out before and 12 months after the last treatment session. Cough stress test, 1‐h pad test and uroflowmetry were repeated 36 months after the last injection. Severity and occurrence of complications were recorded at each visit.

Results

All 10 patients who completed the study were monitored for 36 months. Three patients were cured, four had improved and three did not respond to the treatment. There was no major adverse effect related to the treatment.

Conclusions

Muscle‐derived cell therapy might represent a minimally‐invasive and a safe procedure in the treatment of patients with severe and complicated stress urinary incontinence.
Feasibility check for the distance geometry problem: an application to molecular conformations
Authors: Agra Agostinho , Figueiredo Rosa , Lavor Carlile , Maculan Nelson , Pereira António , Requejo Cristina
Published: April 2016

The distance geometry problem (DGP) consists in finding an embedding in a metric space of a given weighted undirected graph such that for each edge in the graph, the corresponding distance in the embedding belongs to a given distance interval. We discuss the relationship between the existence of a graph embedding in a Euclidean space and the existence of a graph embedding in a lattice. Different approaches, including two integer programming (IP) models and a constraint programming (CP) approach, are presented to test the feasibility of the DGP. The two IP models are improved with the inclusion of valid inequalities, and the CP approach is improved using an algorithm to perform a domain reduction. The main motivation for this work is to derive new pruning devices within branch‐and‐prune algorithms for instances occurring in real applications related to determination of molecular conformations, which is a particular case of the DGP. A computational study based on a set of small‐sized instances from molecular conformations is reported. This study compares the running times of the different approaches to check feasibility.
Maize supply response to price and nonprice determinants in Nigeria: bounds testing approach
Authors: Ogundari Kolawole
Published: April 2016

This paper estimates the responses of maize supply to own price, price of yam, price of cassava, rainfall, and fertilizer use in Nigeria using a fully modified ordinary least squares and ordinary least squares estimators. I find that in the long run, maize supply responds significantly and positively to own price and yam price, rainfall, and fertilizer use, but negatively to the price of cassava. I observe that the short‐run supply responds only to the fertilizer use and rainfall, which are positive and negative, respectively.
An Efficient Dual‐Mode Solar Spectral Modification for c‐Si Solar Cells in Tm3+/Yb3+ Codoped Tellurite Glasses
Authors: Zhou Xianju , Shen Jun , Wang Yongjie , Feng Zhongshan , Wang Rongxue , Li Li , Jiang Sha , Luo Xiaobing
Published: April 2016

A series of Tm3+/Yb3+ codoped tellurite glasses, which demonstrate an interesting dual‐mode solar spectral converting for c‐Si solar cells, have been successfully prepared by conventional high‐temperature melt‐quenching technique. The photoluminescence (PL), photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectra along with the decay curves have been studied systematically. The results indicate that the transparent glasses show two distinguishable near infrared (NIR) spectral converting behaviors, that is, quantum cutting (QC) and downshifting (DS) processes, sensitized by narrow f–f transition absorption of Tm3+:3H6 → 1G4 at 465 nm and broad absorption band due to charge‐transfer state (CTS) of Yb3+‐O2− at 320 nm, respectively. The Tm3+/Yb3+ codoped tellurite glasses convert ultraviolet (240–400 nm) and blue (450–490 nm) photons into NIR (920–1100 nm) ones, which well match the optimal spectral response of silicon (Si) solar cells. The prepared tellurite glass can be potentially utilized as spectral converter to improve the photovoltaic conversion of c‐Si solar cells. The dual‐mode solar spectrum converting material might explore a novel approach to realize UV‐Vis to NIR downconversion for Si solar cells application.
Long Persistent Phosphor CdSiO3:Gd3+,Bi3+ and Potential Photocatalytic Application of CdSiO3:Gd3+,Bi3+@TiO2 in Dark
Authors: Feng Pengfei , Wei Yudong , Wang Yanan , Zhang Jiachi , Li Huihui , Ci Zhipeng
Published: April 2016

To support photocatalytic decomposition of TiO2 in low‐transparent wastewaters or in the dark, we develop a novel ultraviolet emitting long persistent phosphor CdSiO3:Gd3+,Bi3+, which the persistent luminescence can last for more than 6 h (0.32 mcd/m2). Approximately 68.7% of the spectral areas of the optimal sample can well match the absorption band of TiO2. The long persistent luminescent mechanism is discussed in details. The investigations of decomposition of methylene blue by CdSiO3:Gd3+,Bi3+@TiO2 composite reveals that the long persistent luminescence of CdSiO3:Gd3+,Bi3+ can not only support the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 in the dark but also significantly increases the photocatalytic efficiency under ultraviolet irradiation. Thus, the CdSiO3:Gd3+,Bi3+@TiO2 composite is potentially used as functional photocatalyst to treat the organic pollutants in low‐transparent wastewater or in the dark.
Molecular‐Like Ag Clusters and Eu3+ Co‐Sensitized Efficient Broadband Spectral Modification with Enhanced Yb3+ Emission
Authors: Wang Huiyun , Ye Song , Liu Tianhua , Li Song , Wang Deping
Published: April 2016

AgNO3/EuF3/YbF3 tri‐doped oxyfluoride glass was prepared by a melt‐quenching method, in which a high‐efficient broadband spectral modification can be realized due to the simultaneous energy‐transfer processes of Eu3+→Yb3+, molecular‐like Ag (ML‐Ag) clusters→Yb3+, and ML‐Ag clusters→Eu3+→Yb3+. The spectral measurements indicated that besides the F‐center brought by the fluorides, the formation of the ML‐Ag clusters and the evolution of silver species within the glass matrix were also closely related to the introduction of Eu3+ and Yb3+ ions and which in return greatly affected the luminescence properties of these rare‐earth ions. As the UV‐visible irradiation in the wavelength region of 250–600 nm can be efficiently converted into near‐infrared emission around 1000 nm in the AgNO3/EuF3/YbF3 tri‐doped glass, which thus has promising application in enhancing the photovoltaic conversion efficiency of the silicon solar cell.
Microstructural and Microwave Dielectric Properties of Bi12GeO20 and Bi2O3‐Deficient Bi12GeO20 Ceramics
Authors: Ma Xing‐Hua , Kweon Sang‐Hyo , Nahm Sahn , Kang Chong‐Yun , Yoon Seok‐Jin , Kim Young‐Sik , Yoon Won‐Sang
Published: April 2016

Bi12GeO20 ceramics sintered at 800°C had dense microstructures, with an average grain size of 1.5 μm, a relative permittivity (εr) of 36.97, temperature coefficient of resonance frequency (τf) of −32.803 ppm/°C, and quality factor (Q × f) of 3137 GHz. The Bi12‐xGeO20‐1.5x ceramics were well sintered at both 800°C and 825°C, with average grain sizes exceeding 100 μm for x ≤ 1.0. However, the grain size decreased for x > 1.0 because of the Bi4Ge3O12 secondary phase that formed at the grain boundaries. Bi12‐xGeO20‐1.5x (x ≤ 1.0) ceramics showed increased Q × f values of >10 000 GHz, although the εr and τf values were similar to those of Bi12GeO20 ceramics. The increased Q × f value resulted from the increased grain size. In particular, the Bi11.6GeO19.4 ceramic sintered at 825°C for 3 h showed good microwave dielectric properties of εr = 37.81, τf = −33.839 ppm/°C, and Q × f = 14 455 GHz.
Synthesis and Characterization of Silicon Carbide Powders Converted from Metakaolin‐Based Geopolymer
Authors: Bagci Cengiz , Kutyla Gregory P. , Seymour Kevin C. , Kriven Waltraud M.
Published: April 2016

Silicon carbide (SiC) ceramic powders were synthesized by carbothermal reduction in specific geopolymers containing carbon nanopowders. Geopolymers containing carbon and having a composition M2O·Al2O3·4.5SiO2·12H2O+18C, where M is an alkali metal cation (Na+, K+, and Cs+) were carbothermally reacted at 1400°C, 1500°C, and 1600°C, respectively, for 2 h under flowing argon. X‐ray diffraction and microstructural investigations by SEM/EDS and TEM were made. The geopolymers were gradually crystallized into SiC on heating above 1400°C and underwent significant weight loss. SiC was seen as the major phase resulting from Na‐based geopolymer heated to ≥1400°C, even though a minor amount of Al2O3 was also formed. However, phase pure SiC resulted with increasing temperature. While a slight increment of the Al2O3 amount was seen in potassium geopolymer, Al2O3 essentially replaced cesium geopolymer on heating to 1600°C. SEM revealed that SiC formation and a compositionally variable Al2O3 content depended on the alkaline composition. Sodium geopolymer produced high SiC conversion into fibrous and globular shapes ranging from ~5 μm to nanosize, as seen by X‐ray diffraction as well as SEM and TEM, respectively.
Conceptualizing nurses' night work: an inductive content analysis
Authors: West Sandra , Rudge Trudy , Mapedzahama Virginia
Published: April 2016

Aim

To develop a conceptual model of nurse‐identified effects of night work.

Background

Studies designed to predict shift work tolerance are frequently unsuccessful in incorporating the intersections between physiological, psychological and social issues involved in such work. Where nurses have been the participants of such studies they have rarely been involved in ways that would allow their points of view to be heard directly. Consequently, the issues of personal importance to nurses as shift and night workers in 24/7 organizations are rarely identified in discussions about that work.

Design

Inductive qualitative content analysis.

Methods

Survey responses were provided by 1355 night working RNs employed in a state/public health system in 2012. Data derived from open‐ended questions about nurses’ own perceptions of the advantages and disadvantages of night work are analysed here.

Results

Four main categories providing a descriptive summary of the major elements of nurses’ night work were identified: ‘Lives’ and ‘Bodies’ of night working nurses, the ‘Work’ of nurses at night and the nurses’ ‘Workplace’ at night.

Conclusion

The work nurses undertake at night, and the demanding organizational and clinical environments where they do this are uniquely related to the time of day that this work occurs. The Nurses’ Night Work model deconstructs the established binary considerations of the lives and bodies of workers to permit a 24/7‐based consideration of nurses’ night work and its frequently unacknowledged relationship with the day work required of the same nurses when working a rapidly but randomly rotating shift work schedule.
Use of Munsell color charts to measure skin tone objectively in nursing home residents at risk for pressure ulcer development
Authors: McCreath Heather E. , Bates‐Jensen Barbara M. , Nakagami Gojiro , Patlan Anabel , Booth Howard , Connolly Dana , Truong Cyndi , Woldai Agazi
Published: April 2016

Aims

To assess the feasibility of classifying skin tone using Munsell color chart values and to compare Munsell‐based skin tone categories to ethnicity/race to predict pressure ulcer risk.

Background

Pressure ulcer classification uses level of visible tissue damage, including skin discoloration over bony prominences. Prevention begins with early detection of damage. Skin discoloration in those with dark skin tones can be difficult to observe, hindering early detection.

Design

Observational cohort of 417 nursing home residents from 19 nursing homes collected between 2009–2014, with weekly skin assessments for up to 16 weeks.

Methods

Assessment included forearm and buttocks skin tone based on Munsell values (Dark, Medium, Light) at three time points, ethnicity/race medical record documentation, and weekly skin assessment on trunk and heels.

Results

Inter‐rater reliability was high for forearm and buttock values and skin tone. Mean Munsell buttocks values differed significantly by ethnicity/race. Across ethnicity/race, Munsell value ranges overlapped, with the greatest range among African Americans. Trunk pressure ulcer incidence varied by skin tone, regardless of ethnicity/race. In multinomial regression, skin tone was more predictive of skin damage than ethnicity/race for trunk locations but ethnicity/race was more predictive for heels.

Conclusions

Given the overlap of Munsell values across ethnicity/race, color charts provide more objective measurement of skin tone than demographic categories. An objective measure of skin tone can improve pressure ulcer risk assessment among patients for whom current clinical guidelines are less effective.
From the Namib around the world: biogeography of the Inuleae–Plucheinae (Asteraceae)
Authors: Nylinder Stephan , Razafimandimbison Sylvain G. , Anderberg Arne A.
Published: April 2016

Aim

We investigated the historical biogeography of the Inuleae–Plucheinae (Asteraceae), a group of arid‐adapted plants with partly unresolved generic circumscriptions, in order to understand its origin and spatiotemporal evolutionary history in relation to the Cenozoic climate shifts.

Location

Global, with highest species diversity in the Southern Hemisphere.

Methods

The spatiotemporal biogeography of the Plucheinae was estimated by both a discrete method using a set of general distribution areas, and a relaxed random walk based on extant species distributions. The topology was time calibrated using a combination of secondary node ages and secondary derived rates for included loci.

Results

Our results indicate the median age of the Plucheinae to be approximately 15.4 Ma. The biogeographical analyses infer an ancestral origin in southern Africa, with the relaxed random walk analysis narrowing the uncertainty down to an area reaching from coastal Namibia to the western Kalahari. Africa was colonized in a (south)western–(north)eastern direction following the spread of arid habitats. Ancestral representatives of the Plucheinae colonized South America on at least three separate occasions (13.0–4.0, 4.3–3.1 and 4.1–3.7 Ma), with one subsequent spread to North America. Australia was colonized three times between 3.6 and 0.4 Ma. Madagascar and the Mascarenes were colonized at least seven times.

Main conclusions

The origin of the Plucheinae is estimated to the Namib region, with early speciations and radiations concurring with the timing of aridification of southern Africa, following the increase in strength of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and subsequent formation of the Benguela Upwelling at c. 11.8 Ma. The current biogeographical distribution of the Plucheinae is best explained by several Neogene long‐distance dispersal events from tropical Africa.
Cytochrome P450 1A1 gene polymorphisms and digestive tract cancer susceptibility: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Ren Anjing , Qin Tingting , Wang Qianqian , Du Haina , Zhong Donghua , Hua Yibing , Zhu Lingjun
Published: April 2016

Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) is a phase I enzyme that regulates the metabolism of environmental carcinogens and alter the susceptibility to various cancers. Many studies have investigated the association between the CYP1A1 MspI and Ile462Val polymorphisms and digestive tract cancer (DTC) risk in different groups of populations, but their results were inconsistent. The PubMed and Embase Database were searched for case–control studies published up to 30th September, 2015. Data were extracted and pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess the relationship. Totally, 39 case–control studies (9094 cases and 12,487 controls) were included. The G allele in Ile/Val polymorphism was significantly associated with elevated DTC risk with per‐allele OR of 1.24 (95% CI = 1.09–1.41, P = 0.001). Similar results were also detected under the other genetic models. Evidence was only found to support an association between MspI polymorphism and DTC in the subgroups of caucasian and mixed individuals, but not in the whole population (the dominant model: OR = 1.19, 95% CI = 0.94–1.91, P = 0.146). In conclusion, our results suggest that the CYP1A1 polymorphisms are potential risk factors for DTC. And large sample size and well‐designed studies with detailed clinical information are needed to more precisely evaluate our founding.
Bone‐marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells inhibit gastric aspiration lung injury and inflammation in rats
Authors: Zhou Jing , Jiang Liyan , Long Xuan , Fu Cuiping , Wang Xiangdong , Wu Xiaodan , Liu Zilong , Zhu Fen , Shi Jindong , Li Shanqun
Published: April 2016

Gastric aspiration lung injury is one of the most common clinical events. This study investigated the effects of bone‐marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) on combined acid plus small non‐acidified particle (CASP)‐induced aspiration lung injury. Enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP+) or EGFP− BMSCs or 15d‐PGJ2 were injected via the tail vein into rats immediately after CASP‐induced aspiration lung injury. Pathological changes in lung tissues, blood gas analysis, the wet/dry weight ratio (W/D) of the lung, levels of total proteins and number of total cells and neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were determined. The cytokine levels were measured using ELISA. Protein expression was determined by Western blot. Bone‐marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells treatment significantly reduced alveolar oedema, exudation and lung inflammation; increased the arterial partial pressure of oxygen; and decreased the W/D of the lung, the levels of total proteins and the number of total cells and neutrophils in BALF in the rats with CASP‐induced lung injury. Bone‐marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells treatment decreased the levels of tumour necrosis factor‐α and Cytokine‐induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC)‐1 and the expression of p‐p65 and increased the levels of interleukin‐10 and 15d‐PGJ2 and the expression of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR)‐γ in the lung tissue in CASP‐induced rats. Tumour necrosis factor‐α stimulated BMSCs to secrete 15d‐PGJ2. A tracking experiment showed that EGFP+ BMSCs were able to migrate to local lung tissues. Treatment with 15d‐PGJ2 also significantly inhibited CASP‐induced lung inflammation and the production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Our results show that BMSCs can protect lung tissues from gastric aspiration injury and inhibit lung inflammation in rats. A beneficial effect might be achieved through BMSC‐derived 15d‐PGJ2 activation of the PPAR‐γ receptor, reducing the production of proinflammatory cytokines.
Periodontal health in breast cancer patients on aromatase inhibitors versus postmenopausal controls: a longitudinal analysis
Authors: Eagle Iwonka , Benavides Erika , Eber Robert , Kolenic Giselle , Jung Younghun , Van Poznak Catherine , Taichman L. Susan
Published: April 2016

Aim

This study was conducted to determine periodontal changes in postmenopausal breast cancer (BCa) survivors using aromatase inhibitors (AI) as compared to postmenopausal women without BCa.

Methods

An 18‐month prospective examination of periodontal health in postmenopausal women (29 receiving AI therapy; 29 women without BCa) was conducted at University of Michigan. Comprehensive periodontal examinations including alveolar bone height (ABH) were conducted at baseline, 6, 12, and 18 months. Bisphosphonate, vitamin D, and calcium supplementation were collected via chart review. Linear mixed models were utilized to investigate the relationship between AI and periodontal measures.

Results

Aromatase inhibitor users had significantly deeper probing depths, more dental plaque and clinical attachment loss as compared to controls at the 6, 12, and 18 month study visits (p < 0.05). ABH loss was seen over time within the AI group. The linear mixed model showed a significant effect of time as well as an interaction between aromatase inhibitor use and calcium supplement status. AI users taking calcium experienced less ABH loss over the study than AI users not taking calcium (p = 0.005).

Conclusion

Aromatase inhibitor therapy has a negative impact on the periodontal health of postmenopausal BCa patients. Calcium supplementation appears to mitigate ABH loss in women on AI.
Stabilizing survival selection on presenescent expression of a sexual ornament followed by a terminal decline
Authors: Simons M. J. P. , Briga M. , Verhulst S.
Published: April 2016

Senescence is a decrease in functional capacity, increasing mortality rate with age. Sexual signals indicate functional capacity, because costs of ornamentation ensure signal honesty, and are therefore expected to senesce, tracking physiological deterioration and mortality. For sexual traits, mixed associations with age and positive associations with life expectancy have been reported. However, whether these associations are caused by selective disappearance and/or within‐individual senescence of sexual signals, respectively, is not known. We previously reported that zebra finches with redder bills had greater life expectancy, based on a single bill colour measurement per individual. We here extend this analysis using longitudinal data and show that this finding is attributable to terminal declines in bill redness in the year before death, with no detectable change in presenescent redness. Additionally, there was a quadratic relationship between presenescent bill colouration and survival: individuals with intermediate bill redness have maximum survival prospects. This may reflect that redder individuals overinvest in colouration and/or associated physiological changes, while below‐average bill redness probably reflects poorer phenotypic quality. Together, this pattern suggests that bill colouration is defended against physiological deterioration, because of mate attraction benefits, or that physiological deterioration is not a gradual process, but accelerates sharply prior to death. We discuss these possibilities in the context of the reliability theory of ageing and sexual selection.
Clinical consequences of polymerase chain reaction‐based diagnosis of intestinal parasitic infections
Authors: Rijsman Lucas H , Monkelbaan Jan F , Kusters Johannes G
Published: April 2016

The implementation of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based diagnostics of intestinal protozoa has led to higher sensitivity and (subtype) specificity, more convenient sampling, and the possibility for high‐throughput screening. PCR for routine detection of human intestinal protozoa in fecal samples is used by an increasing number of clinical laboratories. This paper discusses the recent developments in the diagnosis of intestinal protozoa, with an emphasis on PCR‐based diagnostics. Although many reviews have described the technical aspects of PCR‐based diagnostics, this review focuses on the clinical consequences that result from the shift from microscopic toward PCR‐based diagnostics. Despite its undisputed superiority, the use of PCR comes with challenges that clinicians should be aware of.
Effect of Potentially Inappropriate Use of Antimuscarinic Medications on Healthcare Use and Cost in Individuals with Overactive Bladder
Authors: Suehs Brandon T. , Davis Cralen , Franks Billy , Yuran Thomas E. , Ng Daniel , Bradt Jason , Knispel John , Vassilakis Maria , Berner Todd
Published: April 2016

Objectives

To examine potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) use in older adults initiating an antimuscarinic medication for the treatment of overactive bladder (OAB).

Design

Retrospective database analysis.

Setting

Medical and pharmacy claims data.

Participants

Medicare Advantage Prescription Drug Plan members aged 65 and older newly initiated on an antimuscarinic OAB treatment were identified and assigned to PIM and non‐PIM comparison groups based on 2012 American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria and/or the presence of an anticholinergic medication interaction at the time of initiation of treatment (N = 66,275).

Measurements

Healthcare costs and OAB medication use.

Results

Of members initiated on an antimuscarinic OAB medication, 31.1% had a drug–drug or drug–disease or syndrome interaction. Dementia was the most common disease or syndrome interaction (11.3%), followed by constipation (8.6%) and delirium (2.9%). Paroxetine (2.6%), amitriptyline (2.2%), cyclobenzaprine (1.7%), and meclizine (1.6%) were the most common interacting medications. Subjects in the PIM group had greater healthcare costs over 12 months of follow‐up ($12,001) than those in the non‐PIM group ($9,373) after controlling for baseline characteristics (P < .001). There was no difference between the PIM and the non‐PIM groups in odds of discontinuing OAB treatment at 12 months after controlling for baseline characteristics (odds ratio = 0.98, 95% confidence interval = 0.89–1.07, P = .63).

Conclusion

Potentially inappropriate medication use was highly prevalent and was associated with greater total healthcare costs. Providers should carefully consider medical history and concurrent medication use when initiating antimuscarinic medication for the treatment of OAB. Development of interventions to reduce potentially inappropriate use of antimuscarinics in individuals with OAB is warranted.
Mitigation of sensory and motor deficits by acrolein scavenger phenelzine in a rat model of spinal cord contusive injury
Authors: Chen Zhe , Park Jonghyuck , Butler Breanne , Acosta Glen , Vega‐Alvarez Sasha , Zheng Lingxing , Tang Jonathan , McCain Robyn , Zhang Wenpeng , Ouyang Zheng , Cao Peng , Shi Riyi
Published: April 2016

Currently there are no effective therapies available for the excruciating neuropathic pain that develops after spinal cord injuries (SCI). As such, a great deal of effort is being put into the investigation of novel therapeutic targets that can alleviate this pain. One such target is acrolein, a highly reactive aldehyde produced as a byproduct of oxidative stress and inflammation that is capable of activating the transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) cation channel, known to be involved in the transmission and propagation of chronic neuropathic pain. One anti‐acrolein agent, hydralazine, has already been shown to reduce neuropathic pain behaviors and offer neuroprotection after SCI. This study investigates another acrolein scavenger, phenelzine, for its possible role of alleviating sensory hypersensitivity through acrolein suppression. The results show that phenelzine is indeed capable of attenuating neuropathic pain behaviors in acute, delayed, and chronic administration schedules after injury in a rat model of SCI. In addition, upon the comparison of hydralazine to phenelzine, both acrolein scavengers displayed a dose‐dependent response in the reduction of acrolein in vivo. Finally, phenelzine proved capable of providing locomotor function recovery and neuroprotection of spinal cord tissue when administered immediately after injury for 2 weeks. These results indicate that phenelzine may be an effective treatment for neuropathic pain after SCI and likely a viable alternative to hydralazine.

image

We have shown that phenelzine can attenuate neuropathic pain behavior in acute, delayed, and chronic administration in post‐SCI rats. This was accompanied by a dose‐dependent reduction in an acrolein metabolite in urine and an acrolein adduct in spinal cord tissue, and the suppression of TRPA1 over‐expression in central and peripheral locations post‐trauma. Acrolein scavenging might be a novel therapeutic strategy to reduce post‐SCI neuropathic pain.
Surge‐Like Luteinising Hormone Secretion Induced by Retrochiasmatic Area NK3R Activation is Mediated Primarily by Arcuate Kisspeptin Neurones in the Ewe
Authors: Grachev P. , Porter K. L. , Coolen L. M. , McCosh R. B. , Connors J. M. , Hileman S. M. , Lehman M. N. , Goodman R. L.
Published: April 2016

The neuropeptides neurokinin B (NKB) and kisspeptin are potent stimulators of gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone (GnRH)/luteinsing hormone (LH) secretion and are essential for human fertility. We have recently demonstrated that selective activation of NKB receptors (NK3R) within the retrochiasmatic area (RCh) and the preoptic area (POA) triggers surge‐like LH secretion in ovary‐intact ewes, whereas blockade of RCh NK3R suppresses oestradiol‐induced LH surges in ovariectomised ewes. Although these data suggest that NKB signalling within these regions of the hypothalamus mediates the positive‐feedback effects of oestradiol on LH secretion, the pathway through which it stimulates GnRH/LH secretion remains unclear. We proposed that the action of NKB on RCh neurones drives the LH surge by stimulating kisspeptin‐induced GnRH secretion. To test this hypothesis, we quantified the activation of the preoptic/hypothalamic populations of kisspeptin neurones in response to POA or RCh administration of senktide by dual‐label immunohistochemical detection of kisspeptin and c‐Fos (i.e. marker of neuronal activation). We then administered the NK3R agonist, senktide, into the RCh of ewes in the follicular phase of the oestrous cycle and conducted frequent blood sampling during intracerebroventricular infusion of the kisspeptin receptor antagonist Kp‐271 or saline. Our results show that the surge‐like secretion of LH induced by RCh senktide administration coincided with a dramatic increase in c‐Fos expression within arcuate nucleus (ARC) kisspeptin neurones, and was completely blocked by Kp‐271 infusion. We substantiate these data with evidence of direct projections of RCh neurones to ARC kisspeptin neurones. Thus, NKB‐responsive neurones in the RCh act to stimulate GnRH secretion by inducing kisspeptin release from KNDy neurones.
Enucleation of facial sebaceous cyst by creating a minimal elliptical incision through a keratin‐filled orifice
Authors: Chen Wei‐liang
Published: April 2016

Background

A facial sebaceous cyst is a common benign epithelial tumor and surgical excision is frequently performed but may cause obvious scarring and may be esthetically troubling.

Aims

This study evaluated the clinical outcomes of the patients with facial sebaceous cyst enucleated by creating minimal elliptical incisions through a keratin‐filled orifice.

Materials and methods

Eleven patients with facial sebaceous cyst enucleated by creating minimal elliptical incisions through a keratin‐filled orifice. We treated nine male and two female patients aged 25–52 years. The mean cyst size was 1.85 × 1.56 cm.

Results

All cysts were successfully enucleated. The mean wound length was 0.93 cm. The mean operative time was 15.2 min. The mean follow‐up duration was 41.5 months. No recurrence was noted, and all patients were very satisfied with their esthetic outcomes. All cysts were successfully enucleated. The mean elliptical wound length was 0.93 cm (range, 0.8–1.1 cm). The mean operative time was 15.2 min. We found no evidence of wound infection, or nerve or vascular injury.

Conclusions

Enucleation of facial sebaceous cyst via a minimal elliptical incision through the keratin‐filled orifice was associated with high‐level patient satisfaction, and the method is safe and useful for treating facial epidermoid cysts.
Wilms' tumor 1 protein expression in endometrial adenocarcinoma and endometrial intra‐epithelial neoplasia
Authors: Atik Yeliz , Cetinkaya Demir Bilge , Ozan Hakan , Baykara Sema , Usubutun Alp , Yılmaz Erturk Fatma
Published: April 2016

Aim

To investigate the expression of Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) protein in endometrial adenocarcinoma (EC) and endometrial intra‐epithelial neoplasia (EIN).

Methods

WT1 protein expression was determined on immunohistochemistry in 30 EC patients and in 20 EIN patients. WT1 protein expression in proliferative (n = 7), secretory (n = 9) and atrophic endometrium (n = 9) and benign endometrial polyps (n = 28) was used as the control group. Cellular and vascular WT1 staining was scored semiquantitatively.

Results

Cellular WT1 staining was 67% and vascular positivity was 73% in the EC group. In the EIN group the cellular staining was 100% and vascular staining was 85%. Although all EIN samples were positive for cellular WT1 staining, median cellular staining score was similar to that of EC (median, 2; range, 1–3; IQR, 1.75 vs 2, 0–3, 0.75, respectively). Increasing EC grade and stage were not associated with cellular or vascular WT1 staining score.

Conclusion

WT1 is expressed in EIN.
Expression of P21‐activated kinase 1 and cell division control protein 42 homolog correlates with clinicopathological features and prognosis in cervical carcinoma
Authors: Feng Yimin , Fang Shuqian , Li Ming
Published: April 2016

Aim

This study investigated P21‐activated kinase 1 (PAK1) and cell division control protein 42 homolog (CDC42) expression and their correlation with clinicopathological features and prognosis in cervical carcinoma.

Methods

Cervical carcinoma (n = 55), cervical intraepithelial neoplasias (CIN, n = 93), and normal cervix (n = 26) tissues were sampled. PAK1 and CDC42 expressions were determined using real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Correlation analysis of PAK1 and CDC42 expression was performed using a Pearson correlation test. Survival rate was calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Independent prognostic factors were analyzed by Cox proportional hazard model.

Results

PAK1 and CDC42 expression were positively correlated in all tissues. PAK1 and CDC42 expression in cervical carcinoma tissues were higher than those in normal tissues. PAK1 and CDC42 protein expression in normal cervix, CINI, CINII, CINIII and cervical carcinoma tissues showed a gradually increasing trend. PAK1 and CDC42 expression were correlated with lymph node metastasis, the depth of tumor invasion, the degree of tumor differentiation, histological type and lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI; all P < 0.05). Cox regression analysis showed that the degree of tumor differentiation, PAK1 protein expression, histological type and LVSI are independent risk factors for prognosis of cervical carcinoma.

Conclusion

High PAK1 and CDC42 expressions are closely related to the clinicopathological features and poor prognosis of cervical carcinoma, serving as unfavorable prognostic factors.
Acute Isolated Central Facial Palsy as Manifestation of Middle Cerebral Artery Ischemia
Authors: Sands Kara A. , Shahripour Reza Bavarsad , Kumar Gyanendra , Barlinn Kristian , Lyerly Michael J. , Haršány Michal , Cure Joel , Yakov Yuri L. , Alexandrov Anne W. , Alexandrov Andrei V.
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUND

Isolated central facial palsy (I‐CFP) is attributed to a lacunar syndrome affecting the corona radiata region or pons. We examined our acute stroke registry for patients presenting with I‐CFP and localized their symptoms to a vascular lesion.

SUBJECT & METHODS

Our database of consecutive patients with symptoms of acute cerebral ischemia admitted from January 2008 to December 2012 was reviewed for NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores and subcomponents. All patients with I‐CFP ± dysarthria (total NIHSS ≤ 3) had contrast‐enhanced MR‐angiography and transcranial Doppler as standard of care. All ischemic lesions were localized by MRI within 72 hours from symptom onset.

RESULTS

Of 2,202 patients with acute cerebral ischemia, 879 patients (35%) had NIHSS score ≤ 3 points (mean age 63 + 15 years, 46 % women). Nine patients (.4%) presented with I‐CFP ± dysarthria. Of these, only 1 had a lesion in the corona radiata and patent MCA, 1 had a pontine lesion without proximal vessel occlusion (2/9, or 22%). Remaining 7 patients (78%) had flow‐limiting thromboembolic mid‐to‐distal M1/proximal M2 MCA disease. Of these, 6 (86%) patients had a prominent early anterior temporal artery on MRA and nonlacunar ischemic lesions on MRI.

CONCLUSIONS

Contrary to current teaching of lesion localization for an I‐CFP, our study revealed the majority of acute patients presenting with this symptom had evidence of flow‐limiting thromboembolic MCA disease rather than a lacunar lesion. Our findings underscore the essential role of comprehensive vascular imaging in patients presenting with I‐CFP, which is commonly associated with acute flow‐limiting thromboembolic MCA disease.
The influence of oral processing, food perception and social aspects on food consumption: a review
Authors: Pereira L. J. , van der Bilt A.
Published: April 2016

Eating is an essential activity to get energy and necessary nutrients for living. While chewing, the food is broken down by the teeth and dissolved by saliva. Taste, flavour and texture are perceived during chewing and will contribute to the appreciation of the food. The senses of taste and smell play an important role in selecting nutritive food instead of toxic substances. Also visual information of a food product is essential in the choice and the acceptance of food products, whereas auditory information obtained during the chewing of crispy products will provide information on whether a product is fresh or stale. Food perception does not just depend on one individual sense, but appears to be the result from multisensory integration of unimodal signals. Large differences in oral physiology parameters exist among individuals, which may lead to differences in food perception. Knowledge of the interplay between mastication and sensory experience for groups of individuals is important for the food industry to control quality and acceptability of their products. Environment factors during eating, like TV watching or electronic media use, may also play a role in food perception and the amount of food ingested. Distraction during eating a meal may lead to disregard about satiety and fullness feelings and thus to an increased risk of obesity. Genetic and social/cultural aspects seem to play an important role in taste sensitivity and food preference. Males generally show larger bite size, larger chewing power and a faster chewing rhythm than females. The size of swallowed particles seems to be larger for obese individuals, although there is no evidence until now of an ‘obese chewing style’. Elderly people tend to have fewer teeth and consequently a less good masticatory performance, which may lead to lower intakes of raw food and dietary fibre. The influence of impaired mastication on food selection is still controversial, but it is likely that it may at least cause adaptation in food choice. Systemic conditions, such as high blood pressure, diabetes and cancer, with or without medicine use, tend to be associated with taste and chewing alterations. However, definite conclusions seem hard to reach, as research protocols vary largely.
Evidence Regarding the Treatment of Denture Stomatitis
Authors: Yarborough Alexandra , Cooper Lyndon , Duqum Ibrahim , Mendonça Gustavo , McGraw Kathleen , Stoner Lisa
Published: April 2016

Denture stomatitis is a common inflammatory condition affecting the mucosa underlying complete dentures. It is associated with denture microbial biofilm, poor denture hygiene, poor denture quality, and nocturnal denture use. Numerous treatment methodologies have been used to treat stomatitis; however, a gold standard treatment has not been identified. The aim of this systematic review is to report on the current knowledge available in studies representing a range of evidence on the treatment of denture stomatitis.
Characterising the ambient sound environment for infants in intensive care wards
Authors: Shoemark Helen , Harcourt Edward , Arnup Sarah J , Hunt Rod W
Published: April 2016

Aim

The purpose of this study is to characterise ambient sound levels of paediatric and neonatal intensive care units in an old and new hospital according to current standards.

Methods

The sound environment was surveyed for 24‐h data collection periods (n = 80) in the Neonatal and Paediatric Intensive Care Units (NICUs and PICUs) and Special Care Nursery of the old and new Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne.

The ambient sound environment was characterised as the proportion of time the ongoing ambient sound met standard benchmarks, the mean 5‐s sound levels and the number and duration of noise events.

Results

In the old hospital, none of the data collection periods in the NICU and PICU met the standard benchmark for ongoing ambient sound, while only 5 of the 22 data collection periods in the new hospital met the recommended level. There was no change in proportion of time at recommended Leq between the old and the new Special Care Nursery. There was strong evidence for a difference in the mean number of events >65 dBA (Lmax) in the old and new hospital (rate ratio = 0.82, 95% confidence interval: 0.73 to 0.92, P = 0.001). The NICU and PICU were above 50 dBA in 75% of all data collection periods, with ventilatory equipment associated with higher ongoing ambient sound levels.

Conclusions

The ongoing ambient sound suggests that the background sound environment of the new hospital is not different to the old hospital. However, there may be a reduction in the number of noise events.