bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A regional real-time forecast of marine boundary layers during VOCALS-Rex
Authors: Wang S. , O'Neill L. W. , Jiang Q. , de Szoeke S. P. , Hong X. , Jin H. , Thompson W. T. , Zheng X.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. This paper presents an evaluation and validation of the Naval Research Laboratory's COAMPS real-time forecasts during the VOCALS-Rex over the area off the west coast of Chile/Peru in the Southeast Pacific during October and November 2008. The analyses focus on the marine boundary layer (MBL) structure. These forecasts are compared with lower troposphere soundings, surface measurements, and satellite observations. The predicted mean MBL cloud and surface wind spatial distributions are in good agreement with the satellite observations. The large-scale longitudinal variation of the MBL structure along 20° S is captured by the forecasts. That is, the MBL heights increase toward the open ocean, the moisture just above the inversion decreases, and the MBL structure becomes more decoupled offshore. The observed strong wind shear across the cloud-top inversion in coastal area at 20° S was correctly predicted by the model. Our results show that the sporadic cloud spatial and temporal distribution in the 15 km grid mesh is caused by grid-scale convection likely due to a lack of a shallow cumulus convection parameterization in the model. Both observations and model forecasts show wind speed maxima near the top of MBL along 20° S, which is consistent with the west-ward upslope of the MBL heights based on the thermal wind relationship. The forecasts produced well-defined diurnal variations in the spatially averaged MBL structure, although the overall signal is weaker than those derived from the in situ measurements and satellite data. The MBL heights are generally underpredicted in the nearshore area. The analysis of the sensitivity simulations with regard to grid resolution suggests that the under-prediction is likely associated with over-prediction of the mesoscale downward motion and cold advection along the coast.
Simulation of low clouds in the Southeast Pacific by the NCEP GFS: sensitivity to vertical mixing
Authors: Sun R. , Moorthi S. , Xiao H. , Mechoso C.-R.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. The NCEP Global Forecast System (GFS) model has an important systematic error shared by many other models: stratocumuli are missed over the subtropical eastern oceans. It is shown that this error can be alleviated in the GFS by introducing a consideration of the low-level inversion and making two modifications in the model's representation of vertical mixing. The modifications consist of (a) the elimination of background vertical diffusion above the inversion and (b) the incorporation of a stability parameter based on the cloud-top entrainment instability (CTEI) criterion, which limits the strength of shallow convective mixing across the inversion. A control simulation and three experiments are performed in order to examine both the individual and combined effects of modifications on the generation of the stratocumulus clouds. Individually, both modifications result in enhanced cloudiness in the Southeast Pacific (SEP) region, although the cloudiness is still low compared to the ISCCP climatology. If the modifications are applied together, however, the total cloudiness produced in the southeast Pacific has realistic values. This nonlinearity arises as the effects of both modifications reinforce each other in reducing the leakage of moisture across the inversion. Increased moisture trapped below the inversion than in the control run without modifications leads to an increase in cloud amount and cloud-top radiative cooling. Then a positive feedback due to enhanced turbulent mixing in the planetary boundary layer by cloud-top radiative cooling leads to and maintains the stratocumulus cover. Although the amount of total cloudiness obtained with both modifications has realistic values, the relative contributions of low, middle, and high layers tend to differ from the observations. These results demonstrate that it is possible to simulate realistic marine boundary clouds in large-scale models by implementing direct and physically based improvements in the model parameterizations.
Land surface temperature representativeness in an heterogeneous area through a distributed energy-water balance model and remote sensing data
Authors: Corbari C. , Sobrino J. A. , Mancini M. , Hidalgo V.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Land surface temperature is the link between soil-vegetation-atmosphere fluxes and soil water content through the energy water balance. This paper analyses the representativeness of land surface temperature (LST) for a distributed hydrological water balance model (FEST-EWB) using LST from AHS (airborne hyperspectral scanner), with a spatial resolution between 2–4 m, LST from MODIS, with a spatial resolution of 1000 m, and thermal infrared radiometric ground measurements that are compared with the representative equilibrium temperature that closes the energy balance equation in the distributed hydrological model. Diurnal and nocturnal images are analyzed due to the non stable behaviour of the thermodynamic temperature and to the non linear effects induced by spatial heterogeneity. Spatial autocorrelation and scale of fluctuation of land surface temperature from FEST-EWB and AHS are analysed at different aggregation areas to better understand the scale of representativeness of land surface temperature in an hydrological process. The study site is the agricultural area of Barrax (Spain) that is a heterogeneous area with an alternation of irrigated and non irrigated vegetated field and bare soil. The used data set was collected during a field campaign from 10 to 15 July 2005 in the framework of the SEN2FLEX project.
ChemInform Abstract: Non‐Phosphorus Stabilized Carbanions in Alkene Synthesis
Authors: ARMSTRONG A.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Die Pflanzengesellschaften der stehenden Gewässer in Mecklenburg‐Vorpommern Teil I. 4. Littorelletea BR.–BL. et TX. 43‐Strandlings‐Gesellschaften
Authors: Doll R.
Published: August 2010

In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden folgende Assoziationen und Gesellschaften der Littorelletea für das Land Mecklenburg‐Vorpommern vorgestellt und in den meisten Fällen ausführlich diskutiert:

Isoëto‐Lobelietum, Myriophyllo‐Littorelletum, Myriophylletum alterniflori,Littorella‐Juncus+flutians‐Gesellschaft, Eleocharitetum acicularis, Pilularietum globuliferae, Littorello‐Baldellietum, Apio‐Littorelletum, Eleocharitetum multicaulis,Juncus bulbosusf.fluitans‐Rumpfgesellschaft,Juncus bulbosus‐Gesellschaft.
Endoscopic management of laparoscopic cholecystectomy‐associated bile duct injuries
Authors: Ichiya Tamaki , Maguchi Hiroyuki , Takahashi Kuniyuki , Katanuma Akio , Osanai Manabu , Kin Toshifumi
Published: July 2010

Background/purpose

The efficacy of the endoscopic management of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC)‐associated bile duct injuries is unclear because few studies on the issue report methods matched to injury type or long‐term follow‐up data.

Methods

Records from our institution's 11‐year experience with the endoscopic management of LC‐associated bile duct injuries were reviewed. Leakage was managed with a 5‐ to 7F endoscopic nasobiliary drainage (ENBD) tube for 1 week without endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST). Stricture was managed with the placement of a single 7F plastic stent for 1–2 months without EST.

Results

Fifteen cases were experienced. Of the 11 cases (77.8%) of leakage, 7 improved clinically and on imaging after ENBD, 2 did not resolve until after the placement of a single plastic 7F stent for several more days, and 2 others with leakage and high risk for accidental ENBD removal improved after the placement of a single 7F stent. All 4 cases of stricture resolved completely after the placement of a single 7F stent. There were no severe complications of the endoscopic procedure. At long‐term follow‐up, no patient had recurrence of symptoms or complications on imaging.

Conclusions

ENBD for leakage and biliary stenting for strictures are safe and effective treatments for these LC‐associated injuries.
Production of Low‐trans Fatty Acids Edible Oil by Electrochemical Hydrogenation in a Diaphragm Reactor Under Controlled Conditions
Authors: Fu Hong , Xiao Feiyan , Wang Shaoyun , Yang Lin , Lo Y. Martin
Published: July 2010

Electrochemical hydrogenation is a novel, alternative process for selective hydrogenation of vegetable oils, because of its high extent of hydrogenation and low trans‐isomer formation. Electrochemical hydrogenation of soybean oil in a diaphragm reactor with a formate ion concentration of 0.4 mol/l at pH 5.0 under moderate temperature conditions using a current density of 10 mA/cm2 was investigated to identify the critical conditions affecting the selective hydrogenation reaction and the resulting fatty acid profile. The optimum composition was an oil‐to‐formate solution ratio of 0.3 (w/w), 2–3 g EDDAB in 100 g soybean oil, and 0.8% Pd–C catalyst loading. The electrochemical hydrogenation reaction of soybean oil was described by first‐order kinetics, and the kinetic rate constants and reaction selectivity were determined accordingly. Re‐use of the Pd–C catalyst up to five times was found to be acceptable. A comprehensive evaluation revealed that the most significant conditions affecting the extent of hydrogenation and the trans fatty acids content of final products were operating temperature, pH of the formate solution, and catalyst loading.
Simon-Emmanuel Duplay (1836–1924) : un grand pionnier de la chirurgie de l’hypospadias
Authors: Androutsos G. , Karamanou M.
Published: July 2010

Simon-Emmanuel Duplay est un exemple distingué de l’école clinicopathologique française. Sa plus grande contribution en urologie est l’innovation d’une méthode chirurgicale pour le traitement de l’hypospadias.
Large-time behaviour of solutions to non-Newtonian filtration equations with nonlinear boundary sources
Authors: Wang Zejia , Yin Jingxue , Wang Chunpeng
Published: August 2010

This paper deals with the large-time behaviour of solutions to the exterior problem of the non-Newtonian filtration equation with first-order term and nonlinear boundary source. In particular, the critical global exponent and the critical Fujita exponent are determined or estimated. An interesting phenomenon is shown: there exists a threshold value for the coefficient of the first-order term such that the critical global exponent is strictly less than the critical Fujita exponent when the coefficient is under this threshold, while these two exponents are identically equal when the coefficient is over this value.
Rauchstopp-Weiterbildung für Ärzte und nicht-ärztliche Fachpersonen in der Schweiz
Authors: Schuurmans Macé M. , Bussinger Claudia , Müller Vera , Burkhalter Anne Katharina , Bolliger Chris T.
Published: August 2010

Knapp ein Drittel der Schweizer Bevölkerung raucht. Von diesen Personen möchte jedes Jahr ein großer Anteil mit dem Rauchen aufhören. Bekanntlich werden die Erfolgschancen für einen Rauchstopp durch professionelle Beratung und medikamentöse Unterstützung erheblich verbessert. Um die zahlreichen Rauchstopp-willigen Personen adäquat beraten zu können sind genügend ausgebildete Fachpersonen notwendig. Für die Weiterbildung in Rauchstopp-Beratung gibt es für Ärzte die Möglichkeit eines Kurz- oder Langkurses in Raucherentwöhnung (Frei von Tabak Projekt), für nicht-ärztliche Fachpersonen einen Nachdiplomkurs in Tabakprävention und Raucherentwöhnung und für beide Berufsgruppen gibt es den Hospital QuitSupport workshop, welcher die Beratungsstellen an Spitälern fördert. Ärztliche Rauchstopp-Beratung kann in der Schweiz mittels ambulantem Beratungstarif abgerechnet werden. Ein entsprechender Tarifpunkt existiert noch nicht für die nicht-ärztliche Rauchstopp-Beratung. Dieser Umstand ist ein großes Hindernis für die Etablierung eines flächendeckenden Beratungsnetzwerks in der Schweiz.
Medikamentöse Therapie bei Nikotinentzug
Authors: Zeller Andreas
Published: August 2010

Tabakkonsum ist unbestritten eine der bedeutendsten vermeidbaren Ursachen für Morbidität und vorzeitige Mortalität. Die Beratung des rauchenden Patienten inklusive Einleitung einer medikamentösen Unterstützung bei entsprechender Motivation zum Rauchstopp ist essentiell. Da Rauchen ein hohes Suchtpotential beinhaltet, kann eine Langzeitabstinenz häufig nur mit Hilfe einer Pharmakotherapie erreicht werden. Die günstige Wirkung einer Nikotinersatztherapie hinsichtlich Abstinenz ist gut belegt und verdoppelt die Wahrscheinlichkeit, nach 6 – 12 Monaten abstinent zu bleiben. Die Wirksamkeit des atypischen Antidepressivum Bupropion ist ebenfalls klar belegt. Varenicline, ein partieller Agonist und Antagonist am nikotinergen Azetylcholinrezeptor, wird seit 2007 erfolgreich zur Behandlung der Nikotinabhängigkeit eingesetzt. Neben der körperlichen Nikotin-Abhängigkeit besteht immer auch eine psychologische Abhängigkeit, welche bei der Beratung und Therapie der Nikotinabhängigkeit ebenfalls berücksichtigt werden muss. Dieser Artikel fasst die aktuelle Datenlage hinsichtlich medikamentöser Therapie bei Rauchstopp zusammen und vermittelt praktische Ratschläge für die tägliche Praxis.
Mentales Training als Simulation
Authors: Erlacher Daniel
Published: July 2010

Zusammenfassung. Das Mentale Training im Sinne der planmäßig wiederholten Vorstellung einer motorischen Fertigkeit ist ein zentraler Gegenstand der sportwissenschaftlichen Forschung und eine wichtige Trainingsergänzung in der Sportpraxis. Für das bessere Verständnis der Trainingswirkung wird in diesem Beitrag vorgeschlagen, Mentales Training als Simulation zu verstehen. Der Begriff der Simulation bezieht sich, erstens, auf die neuronale Ebene, also der Aktivierung von motorischen Arealen während der Bewegungsvorstellung. Zweitens, auf die motorische Kontrollebene und der Umsetzung durch interne Modelle, wobei das Vorwärtsmodell als Emulator gesehen wird. Drittens, auf die Wirkungsweise des Mentalen Trainings mit einer Fokussierung auf die Korrektur der zentralen Prozesse anhand der simulierten Rückmeldungen des Emulators. Der Ansatz der Simulation lässt sich auf andere mentale Zustände, die motorische Handlungen abbilden, übertragen und bietet somit einen generellen Erklärungsansatz für motorische Leistungsveränderungen, die durch kognitive Prozesse verursacht werden. Zudem deckt der Simulationsbegriff die flexible und phänomenale Sicht des mental Trainierenden ab. Der Ansatz der Simulation bietet auf verschiedenen Ebenen Vorhersagen, die zukünftige Untersuchungen in diesem Bereich fruchtbar anregen sollten.
Kurz angewendete Interventionen zur Angstbewältigung bei Kletteranfängern wirken nicht
Authors: Künzell Stefan , Mann Vanessa
Published: July 2010

Zusammenfassung. Hilft eine kurz applizierte kognitive Technik oder ein schnell durchgeführtes Entspannungsverfahren Kletteranfängern bei der Angstbewältigung? Um dies zu untersuchen, wendeten wir bei Kletteranfängern vor dem Erklettern der ersten Route das Selbstinstruktionstraining nach Meichenbaum ( 1977a , 1977b ) oder die Deep Breathing Technik nach Lichstein, (1988) an. Die Zustandsangst wurde über ein Angst-Thermometer gemessen ( Houtman & Bakker, 1989 ), als zusätzliche Hinweise auf Angst dienten Herzfrequenz und Klettergeschwindigkeit (vgl. Pijpers, Oudejans, Holsheimer & Bakker, 2003 ). Die Herzfrequenz sank unmittelbar nach der Instruktion, was auf die Wirksamkeit der Manipulation hinweist. Beide Techniken zeigten jedoch gegenüber der Kontrollgruppe während des Kletterns keine Wirkung. Zwar stiegen die Werte auf dem Angstthermometer mit zunehmender Höhe an, die beiden Treatmentgruppen unterschieden sich aber nicht von der Kontrollgruppe. Nur kurzfristig eingesetzte Verfahren zur Angstreduktion haben also keine Wirkung. Eine langfristige Vorbereitung sowie ein Training der Intervention scheinen für die Angstreduktion nötig zu sein.
Zielkonflikte im Amateurfußball
Authors: Wegner Manfred , Mohr Jens-Oliver
Published: July 2010

Zusammenfassung. In der Studie wird geprüft, inwieweit bei Mannschaften unterschiedlicher Spielstärke im Amateurfußball Zusammenhänge zwischen Kohäsion, Kooperation und Wettkampforientierung (Kompetition) hergestellt und in Beziehung zur Leistung gesetzt werden können. Insgesamt werden 22 Teams (235 Spieler) entsprechend ihrer Tabellenleistung in drei Leistungsgruppen unterteilt und zu mannschaftsinternen, sozialen Prozessen während der Saison 2007/08 befragt. Als abhängige Variablen werden die Kohäsion mittels des deutschen Group Environment Questionnaire ( Wilhelm & Milz, 1997 ) und die Wahrnehmung von Kooperation, Kompetition und Individualisierungstendenzen ( Wegner & Ratzkowski, 2008 in Anlehnung an Deutsch, 1973 ) erfasst. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich erfolgreiche Mannschaften sowohl durch ein hohes kohäsives als auch ein hohes kooperatives und kompetitives Verhalten auszeichnen. Wie erwartet, zeigen sich positive Zusammenhänge zwischen Wettbewerb und der Aufgabenorientierung, sowie zwischen kooperativen Handlungsweisen und dem sozial-emotionalen Zusammenhalt. Ähnliche Korrelationen ergeben sich zwischen der Wettkampforientierung und der Sozialkohäsion. Diese Befunde weisen darauf hin, dass bei einer wechselseitigen Beziehung zwischen Kohäsion und Leistung auch kompetitive und individualistische Verhaltensweisen eine zentrale Rolle spielen können.
Cardiac conduction is required to preserve cardiac chamber morphology
Authors: Chi Neil C. , Bussen Markus , Brand-Arzamendi Koroboshka , Ding Chunhua , Olgin Jeffrey E. , Shaw Robin M. , Martin Gail R. , Stainier Didier Y. R.
Published: July 2010

Electrical cardiac forces have been previously hypothesized to play a significant role in cardiac morphogenesis and remodeling. In response to electrical forces, cultured cardiomyocytes rearrange their cytoskeletal structure and modify their gene expression profile. To translate such in vitro data to the intact heart, we used a collection of zebrafish cardiac mutants and transgenics to investigate whether cardiac conduction could influence in vivo cardiac morphogenesis independent of contractile forces. We show that the cardiac mutant

dco
s226

develops heart failure and interrupted cardiac morphogenesis following uncoordinated ventricular contraction. Using in vivo optical mapping/calcium imaging, we determined that the
dco
cardiac phenotype was primarily due to aberrant ventricular conduction. Because cardiac contraction and intracardiac hemodynamic forces can also influence cardiac development, we further analyzed the
dco
phenotype in noncontractile hearts and observed that disorganized ventricular conduction could affect cardiomyocyte morphology and subsequent heart morphogenesis in the absence of contraction or flow. By positional cloning, we found that
dco
encodes Gja3/Cx46, a gap junction protein not previously implicated in heart formation or function. Detailed analysis of the mouse
Cx46
mutant revealed the presence of cardiac conduction defects frequently associated with human heart failure. Overall, these in vivo studies indicate that cardiac electrical forces are required to preserve cardiac chamber morphology and may act as a key epigenetic factor in cardiac remodeling.
Arc
expression and neuroplasticity in primary auditory cortex during initial learning are inversely related to neural activity
Authors: Carpenter-Hyland Ezekiel P. , Plummer Thane K. , Vazdarjanova Almira , Blake David T.
Published: July 2010

Models of learning-dependent sensory cortex plasticity require local activity and reinforcement. An alternative proposes that neural activity involved in anticipation of a sensory stimulus, or the preparatory set, can direct plasticity so that changes could occur in regions of sensory cortex lacking activity. To test the necessity of target-induced activity for initial sensory learning, we trained rats to detect a low-frequency sound. After learning,
Arc
expression and physiologically measured neuroplasticity were strong in a high-frequency auditory cortex region with very weak target-induced activity in control animals. After 14 sessions,
Arc
and neuroplasticity were aligned with target-induced activity. The temporal and topographic correspondence between
Arc
and neuroplasticity suggests
Arc
may be intrinsic to the neuroplasticity underlying perceptual learning. Furthermore, not all neuroplasticity could be explained by activity-dependent models but can be explained if the neural activity involved in the preparatory set directs plasticity.
Efficient reprogramming of adult neural stem cells to monocytes by ectopic expression of a single gene
Authors: Forsberg Magda , Carlén Marie , Meletis Konstantinos , Yeung Maggie S. Y. , Barnabé-Heider Fanie , Persson Mats A. A. , Aarum Johan , Frisén Jonas
Published: July 2010

Neural stem cells have a broad differentiation repertoire during embryonic development and can be reprogrammed to pluripotency comparatively easily. We report that adult neural stem cells can be reprogrammed at very high efficiency to monocytes, a differentiated fate of an unrelated somatic lineage, by ectopic expression of the Ets transcription factor PU.1. The reprogrammed cells display a marker profile and functional characteristics of monocytes and integrate into tissues after transplantation. The failure to reprogram lineage-committed neural cells to monocytes with PU.1 suggests that neural stem cells are uniquely amenable to reprogramming.
Unlocking the potential? – Australia's digital strategy and major public libraries
Authors: McShane Ian , Thomas Julian
Published: August 2010

This paper examines some implications for public libraries of the Australian government's 2009 strategy for the digital economy. Many countries have produced national digital strategies in recent years, but these key pieces of policy architecture have received little critical attention. The rhetorical framing of the Australian document indicates the shift of communication and information to the centre of economic policy. This has particular significance for public libraries, as the major public information portals and cultural storehouses of liberal democracies. The strategy's emphasis on productivity and economic competitiveness, boosted by a proposed high‐speed national broadband network, presents major opportunities for Australian libraries. However, libraries and other collecting institutions have voiced concern over assumptions that they can simply ‘unlock’ their collections and supply content for new broadband applications. In contrast to some other countries, the Australian strategy pays no attention to the profound implications for information integrity and cultural memory presented by the expansion of cultural and economic activity in the digital sphere. The challenge for public libraries, the paper argues, is to explore ways that orthodox library responsibilities and new roles can be articulated in this evolving policy framework.
Calculation of a wave field from ray tracing
Authors: Cairns R.A. , Fuchs V.
Published: July 2010

Radio frequency heating and current drive are important features of many tokamaks. In order to predict the efficiency of the current drive and where it takes place in the tokamak profile, computational techniques which couple calculations of the wave field to Fokker–Planck solutions of the electron distribution function have been developed. In the electron cyclotron and lower hybrid (LH) frequency ranges the wave field is often calculated using ray tracing techniques, though more recently some full wave calculations have been done. Ray tracing provides a simpler way of proceeding, but the problem arises of dealing with the situation in which there is not a single well defined beam and diffraction and beam divergence are important. Since an LH antenna produces a complicated spectrum, launching waves in a range of directions, the problem is particularly acute there. In this paper we suggest a way of calculating the wave field from tracing of multiple rays using a technique based on the stationary phase approximation. We demonstrate how it can be used and its effectiveness through a number of simple examples.
Characterization of escaping electrons from simulations of hot electron transport for intense femtosecond laser–target scenarios
Authors: Cottrill L.A. , Kemp A. , Tabak M. , Town R.P.J.
Published: July 2010

Early experimental and analytical results for short-pulse, high intensity laser–target scenarios have claimed the existence of significant surface currents along the target edge due to hot electron confinement by electromagnetic surface fields. However, more recent fully integrated-explicit and hybrid-implicit particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations have revealed that surface confinement is only a minor effect. This discrepancy can be attributed to an observational effect; only a small fraction of electrons escape and they may not represent the bulk distribution. PIC simulations reveal that enhanced surface emission is largely dependent on target geometry and has only a minor dependence on laser incidence angle and/or the angular distribution of the hot electron birth distribution. Furthermore, the escape distribution appears to differ from the initial birth distribution primarily at low energies and is higher in temperature, which is significant for the interpretation of experimental measurements.
Experimental study of disruption mitigation using massive injection of noble gases on Tore Supra
Authors: Reux C. , Bucalossi J. , Saint-Laurent F. , Gil C. , Moreau P. , Maget P.
Published: July 2010

Disruptions are a major threat for future tokamaks, including ITER. Disruption-generated heat loads, electromagnetic forces and runaway electrons will not be tolerable for next-generation devices. Massive noble gas injection is foreseen as a standard mitigation system for these tokamaks. Disruption mitigation experiments have been carried out on Tore Supra to study various injection scenarios and to investigate gas jet penetration and mixing. Comparisons of different gases (He, Ne, Ar, He/Ar mixture) and amounts (from 5 to 500 Pa m3) were made, showing that light gases are more efficient regarding runaway electron suppression than heavier gases. Eddy currents in the limiter are moderately reduced by all the gases, and may be more dependent on the time constants of the structures than on the gas species. The density rise induced by the massive injection before the thermal quench is higher and faster with light gases. Gas jet penetration in the cooling phase is observed to be shallow and independent of the gas nature and amount. The gas cold front is stopped along the q = 2 surface where it triggers MHD instabilities, expelling thermal energy from the plasma core.
Investigation of electron cyclotron wave absorption and current drive in JET
Authors: Farina Daniela , Figini Lorenzo
Published: July 2010

Investigation of electron cyclotron (EC) wave propagation, power absorption and current drive has been performed for a set of JET scenarios, aiming to assess the optimal wave frequency, launching position and injection angles to achieve the various physics goals of an EC system in JET. EC power absorption and current drive have been computed for three values of the EC frequency, namely 113, 150 and 170 GHz. In addition, the 136 GHz frequency has been considered as an option for a two-frequency gyrotron at 170 GHz. On the basis of extensive beam-tracing calculations performed in a wide range of magnetic fields (2.5–3.4 T), the frequency of 170 GHz has been chosen, since it covers the wider magnetic field range of operation in JET and corresponds to that foreseen in ITER. The performance at 170 GHz is presented in detail.
The preparation of SnO
2 and SnO
2 : Sb nanopowders by a hydrothermal method
Authors: Binh Nguyen Thanh , Binh Le Thi Thanh , Long Nguyen Ngoc
Published: August 2010

Nanopowders of antimony-doped tin oxide have been prepared by a hydrothermal method with Sb dopant concentration changed from 0 to 3 at.%. The hydrothermal treatment was carried out from 180 to 220 °C in 24 h. The structure and morphology of the product were characterized by x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM images of samples show that the size of SnO
2 : Sb nanoparticles is in the range 4–5 nm. The absorption and luminescence properties of samples were investigated at room temperature. The band gap of SnO
2 : Sb varied from 3.9 to 4.2 eV with variation of the Sb dopant concentration. The nature of the photoluminescence peaks of the SnO
2 : Sb nanoparticles will be discussed.
Fabrication of a silicon nanostructure-based light emitting device
Authors: Vu Van Thu , Nguyen Duc Chien , Pham Hong Duong , Chu Anh Tuan , Pham Thanh Huy
Published: August 2010

Silicon nanostructure-based light emitting devices (nc_SiLED) have been fabricated using conventional microelectronic technologies. The emissive layer composed of silicon and silicon dioxide was deposited by magnetron co-sputtering. Under forward bias, a broad electroluminescence (PL) spectrum in the range 450–900 nm was observed, peaking at around 705 nm. The effect of Si content in the active layer on the electrical and optical properties of these devices was measured and discussed.
The preparation of nano-gold catalyst supported on iron doped titanium oxide
Authors: Dung Dang Thi My , Hanh Nguyen Thi Minh , Phuoc Nguyen Hong
Published: August 2010

We have prepared iron doped TiO
2 samples by the impregnation of TiO
2 (Degussa—P25) with Fe(III) nitrate as an iron precursor. Obtained materials were then characterized by structural x-ray diffraction (XRD) and optical (Uv-vis, Raman) techniques. Later, we deposited very small gold nanoparticles (AuNPs; <5 nm) onto as-prepared supports by a colloidal deposition method, in which lysine was used as a capping agent and a short sonication time was applied to facilitate the dispersion and deposition of AuNPs. The presence of Fe
+3 in the TiO
2 structure was confirmed by an increase in the number of oxygen defect sites that react with O
2 to form reactive oxygen species. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to determine the size of the gold particles before and after deposition. The AuNPs deposited on the FeTiO2 exhibited good thermal stability against sintering, even at 500 °C for 4 h.
Formation of nanoparticles in aqueous solution from poly(ε-caprolactone)–poly(ethylene glycol)–poly(ε-caprolactone)
Authors: Anh Nguyen Thi Hong , Nguyen Van Cuong
Published: August 2010

The amphiphilic triblock copolymer of poly(ε-caprolactone)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b- poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL–PEG–PCL) was prepared by ring opening polymerization of PEG and ε-caprolactone in the presence of stannous 2-ethyl hexanoate (Sn(Oct)2) as catalyst. The structure of triblock copolymer was characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1
H NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The polymeric nanoparticles were prepared in aqueous solution by a co-solvent precipitation technique at room temperature. Nanoparticles were formed from the amphiphilic triblock copolymer, and the effect of organic solvent water-miscibility on the size of nanoparticles was also investigated. Polymeric nanoparticles were measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS), with sizes in the range of 70–90 nm and narrow polydispersity. Additionally, the toxicities of polymeric micelles were evaluated by MTT assay. These results confirmed low toxic polymeric micelles and suggest that the polymeric micelles hold a potential for anticancer drug delivery.
Clinical trials update from the European Society of Cardiology Heart Failure Meeting 2010: TRIDENT 1, BENEFICIAL, CUPID, RFA‐HF, MUSIC, DUEL, handheld BNP, phrenic nerve stimulation, CHAMPION and CABG with CRT study
Authors: Cleland John G.F. , Coletta Alison P. , Clark Andrew L.
Published: July 2010

This article provides information and a commentary on key trials relevant to the pathophysiology, prevention and treatment of heart failure (HF) presented at the annual meeting of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology held in Berlin. Unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary, since analyses may change in the final publication. Tonapofylline failed to show efficacy and was associated with an approximately 1% increased risk of seizures in patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) and renal dysfunction in TRIDENT. Results from BENEFICIAL do not support the use of alagebrium, an advanced glycation end‐product breaker, in clinically stable patients with relatively mild HF symptoms. CUPID showed encouraging preliminary results for augmentation of SERCA2a enzyme activity by gene transfection in patients with severe HF. The RFA‐HF study did not provide convincing evidence for the use of radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation but was underpowered. A wearable, multi‐sensor patch showed potential for detecting impending HF decompensation in MUSIC. A comparison of low‐intensity oral diuretic therapy in patients hospitalized with ADHF suggested that torasemide was superior to furosemide in DUEL. The use of point‐of‐care B‐type natriuretic peptide and echocardiography failed to improve the rate of correct HF diagnosis in primary care. Phrenic nerve stimulation improved symptoms of sleep apnoea in a small study of patients with HF and central sleep apnoea. The use of a novel implantable pulmonary artery pressure monitoring system to guide patient management improved outcomes in the CHAMPION study. A study to evaluate a combined coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and epicardial cardiac resynchronization therapy implantation procedure reduced mortality compared with CABG alone.
Recruitment failure of coastal predatory fish in the Baltic Sea coincident with an offshore ecosystem regime shift
Authors: Ljunggren Lars , Sandström Alfred , Bergström Ulf , Mattila Johanna , Lappalainen Antti , Johansson Gustav , Sundblad Göran , Casini Michele , Kaljuste Olavi , Eriksson Britas Klemens
Published: July 2010

Ljunggren, L., Sandström, A., Bergström, U., Mattila, J., Lappalainen, A., Johansson, G., Sundblad, G., Casini, M., Kaljuste, O., and Eriksson, B. K. 2010. Recruitment failure of coastal predatory fish in the Baltic Sea coincident with an offshore ecosystem regime shift. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1587–1595. The dominant coastal predatory fish in the southwestern Baltic Sea, perch and pike, have decreased markedly in abundance during the past decade. An investigation into their recruitment at 135 coastal sites showed that both species suffered from recruitment failures, mainly in open coastal areas. A detailed study of 15 sites showed that areas with recruitment problems were also notable for mortality of early-stage larvae at the onset of exogenous food-intake. At those sites, zooplankton abundance predicted 83 and 34% of the variation in young of the year perch and pike, respectively, suggesting that the declines were caused by recruitment failure attributable to zooplankton food limitation. Incidences of recruitment failure match in time an offshore trophic cascade that generated massive increases in planktivorous sprat and decreases in zooplankton biomass in the early 1990s. Therefore, sprat biomass explained 53% of the variation in perch recruitment from 1994 to 2007 at an open coastal site, where three-spined stickleback also increased exponentially after 2002. The results indicate that the dramatic change in the offshore ecosystem may have propagated to the coast causing declines of the dominating coastal predators perch and pike followed by an increase in the abundance of small-bodied fish.
Lactococcus fujiensis sp. nov., a lactic acid bacterium isolated from vegetable matter
Authors: Cai Yimin , Yang Jinsong , Pang Huili , Kitahara Maki
Published: July 2010

Three strains of lactic acid bacteria, designated NJ 317T, NJ 414 and NJ 415, were isolated from the outer leaves of Chinese cabbages (Brassica rapa L. var. glabra Regel) and characterized taxonomically. The strains were Gram-reaction-positive, catalase-negative, facultatively anaerobic cocci that did not produce gas from glucose and formed l-lactic acid. The major fatty acids were C18 : 1ω9c, C16 : 0, C14 : 0 and summed feature 10. Morphological, physiological and phylogenetic data indicated that the strains belonged to the genus Lactococcus. These strains shared similar phenotypic characteristics and exhibited DNA relatedness values >96.6 % to each other, indicating that they represent a single species. The DNA G+C contents of the three strains were 42.1–42.5 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequences of the novel strains were determined and aligned with those of other species of the genus Lactococcus. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis the three strains grouped with other members of the genus Lactococcus. Lactococcus lactis and Lactococcus garvieae were the most closely related species, sharing a sequence similarity value of 94.4 % with the three strains. Ribotyping patterns, however, revealed that these strains were well-separated from reference strains of species of the genus Lactococcus and DNA–DNA hybridization studies indicated that the novel strains had low levels (<20.2 %) of DNA relatedness with reference strains of L. lactis, L. garvieae and other type strains of previously described species, showing that they represent a different species. Based on this evidence, strains NJ 317T, NJ 414 and NJ 415 represent a novel species of the genus Lactococcus, for which the name Lactococcus fujiensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NJ 317T ( = JCM16395T  = CGMCC 1.10453T).
Photobacterium aphoticum sp. nov., isolated from coastal water
Authors: Lucena Teresa , Ruvira María A. , Pascual Javier , Garay Esperanza , Macián M. Carmen , Arahal David R. , Pujalte María J.
Published: July 2010

A facultatively anaerobic marine gammaproteobacterium, designated strain M46T, was isolated from Mediterranean seawater at Malvarrosa beach, Valencia, Spain. The strain was characterized by using a polyphasic approach and was found to be situated within the genus Photobacterium in the family Vibrionaceae. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain M46T was closely related to P. rosenbergii CECT 7644T, P. halotolerans CECT 5860T and P. ganghwense CECT 7641T, showing sequence similarities of 96.8, 96.4 and 96.2 %, respectively. According to the results of phylogenetic analyses based on recA and gyrB gene sequences, the most closely related taxon was P. ganghwense CECT 7641T with 87.4 and 85.0 % sequence similarity, respectively. Regardless of the gene used in phylogenetic analysis, strain M46T always formed a separate and stable clade containing these three species of the genus Photobacterium. Strain M46T was not luminescent and produced a diffusible brown pigment. It required NaCl to grow, reduced nitrate to nitrite and oxidized a small number of substrates in Biolog GN plates. Strain M46T was positive for arginine dihydrolase (ADH), β-galactosidase, aesculin hydrolysis and DNase activity. In API ZYM tests, the novel strain was positive for alkaline phosphatase, leucine arylamidase and acidic phosphatase activities. The major cellular fatty acids were unsaturated C18 and C16, as in other members of the genus Photobacterium, but their relative amounts and the presence or absence of other fatty acids differentiated strain M46T from its closest relatives. Based on the results of this polyphasic taxonomic study, strain M46T represents a novel species of the genus Photobacterium, for which the name Photobacterium aphoticum is proposed. The type strain is M46T ( = CECT 7614T  = KCTC 23057T).
Combinatorial, site-specific requirement for heterochromatic silencing factors in the elimination of nucleosome-free regions
Authors: Garcia Jennifer F. , Dumesic Phillip A. , Hartley Paul D. , El-Samad Hana , Madhani Hiten D.
Published: July 2010

High-resolution nucleosome occupancy maps of heterochromatic regions of wild-type and silencing-defective mutants of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe revealed that heterochromatin induces the elimination of nucleosome-free regions (NFRs). NFRs associated with transcription initiation sites as well as those not associated with promoters are affected. We dissected the roles of the histone H3K9 methyltransferase Clr4 and the HP1 proteins Swi6 and Chp2, as well as the two catalytic activities of the SHREC histone deacetylase (HDAC)/ATPase effector complex. Strikingly, different DNA sites have distinct combinatorial requirements for these factors: Five classes of NFRs were identified that are eliminated by silencing factors through a mechanistic hierarchy governed by Clr4. The SHREC HDAC activity plays a major role in the elimination of class I–IV NFRs by antagonizing the action of RSC, a remodeling complex implicated in NFR formation. We propose that heterochromatin formation involves the deployment in several sequence-specific mechanisms to eliminate gaps between nucleosomes, thereby blocking access to the DNA.
NENA, a Lotus japonicus Homolog of Sec13, Is Required for Rhizodermal Infection by Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi and Rhizobia but Dispensable for Cortical Endosymbiotic Development
Authors: Groth Martin , Takeda Naoya , Perry Jillian , Uchida Hisaki , Dräxl Stephan , Brachmann Andreas , Sato Shusei , Tabata Satoshi , Kawaguchi Masayoshi , Wang Trevor L. , Parniske Martin
Published: July 2010

Legumes form symbioses with arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi and nitrogen fixing root nodule bacteria. Intracellular root infection by either endosymbiont is controlled by the activation of the calcium and calmodulin-dependent kinase (CCaMK), a central regulatory component of the plant's common symbiosis signaling network. We performed a microscopy screen for Lotus japonicus mutants defective in AM development and isolated a mutant, nena, that aborted fungal infection in the rhizodermis. NENA encodes a WD40 repeat protein related to the nucleoporins Sec13 and Seh1. Localization of NENA to the nuclear rim and yeast two-hybrid experiments indicated a role for NENA in a conserved subcomplex of the nuclear pore scaffold. Although nena mutants were able to form pink nodules in symbiosis with Mesorhizobium loti, root hair infection was not observed. Moreover, Nod factor induction of the symbiotic genes NIN, SbtM4, and SbtS, as well as perinuclear calcium spiking, were impaired. Detailed phenotypic analyses of nena mutants revealed a rhizobial infection mode that overcame the lack of rhizodermal responsiveness and carried the hallmarks of crack entry, including a requirement for ethylene. CCaMK-dependent processes were only abolished in the rhizodermis but not in the cortex of nena mutants. These data support the concept of tissue-specific components for the activation of CCaMK.
The Tig1 Histone Deacetylase Complex Regulates Infectious Growth in the Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae
Authors: Ding Sheng-Li , Liu Wende , Iliuk Anton , Ribot Cecile , Vallet Julie , Tao Andy , Wang Yang , Lebrun Marc-Henri , Xu Jin-Rong
Published: July 2010

Magnaporthe oryzae is the most damaging fungal pathogen of rice (Oryza sativa). In this study, we characterized the TIG1 transducin β-like gene required for infectious growth and its interacting genes that are required for plant infection in this model phytopathogenic fungus. Tig1 homologs in yeast and mammalian cells are part of a conserved histone deacetylase (HDAC) transcriptional corepressor complex. The tig1 deletion mutant was nonpathogenic and defective in conidiogenesis. It had an increased sensitivity to oxidative stress and failed to develop invasive hyphae in plant cells. Using affinity purification and coimmunoprecipitation assays, we identified several Tig1-associated proteins, including two HDACs that are homologous to components of the yeast Set3 complex. Functional analyses revealed that TIG1, SET3, SNT1, and HOS2 were core components of the Tig1 complex in M. oryzae. The set3, snt1, and hos2 deletion mutants displayed similar defects as those observed in the tig1 mutant, but deletion of HST1 or HOS4 had no detectable phenotypes. Deletion of any of these core components of the Tig1 complex resulted in a significant reduction in HDAC activities. Our results showed that TIG1, like its putative yeast and mammalian orthologs, is one component of a conserved HDAC complex that is required for infectious growth and conidiogenesis in M. oryzae and highlighted that chromatin modification is an essential regulatory mechanism during plant infection.
Regulation of Cell Proliferation in the Stomatal Lineage by theArabidopsisMYB FOUR LIPS via Direct Targeting of Core Cell Cycle Genes
Authors: Xie Zidian , Lee EunKyoung , Lucas Jessica R. , Morohashi Kengo , Li Dongmei , Murray James A.H. , Sack Fred D. , Grotewold Erich
Published: July 2010

Stomata, which are epidermal pores surrounded by two guard cells, develop from a specialized stem cell lineage and function in shoot gas exchange. The Arabidopsis thaliana FOUR LIPS (FLP) and MYB88 genes encode closely related and atypical two-MYB-repeat proteins, which when mutated result in excess divisions and abnormal groups of stomata in contact. Consistent with a role in transcription, we show here that FLP and MYB88 are nuclear proteins with DNA binding preferences distinct from other known MYBs. To identify possible FLP/MYB88 transcriptional targets, we used chromatin immunoprecitation (ChIP) followed by hybridization to Arabidopsis whole genome tiling arrays. These ChIP-chip data indicate that FLP/MYB88 target the upstream regions especially of cell cycle genes, including cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), and components of the prereplication complex. In particular, we show that FLP represses the expression of the mitosis-inducing factor CDKB1;1, which, along with CDKB1;2, is specifically required both for the last division in the stomatal pathway and for cell overproliferation in flp mutants. We propose that FLP and MYB88 together integrate patterning with the control of cell cycle progression and terminal differentiation through multiple and direct cell cycle targets. FLP recognizes a distinct cis-regulatory element that overlaps with that of the cell cycle activator E2F-DP in the CDKB1;1 promoter, suggesting that these MYBs may also modulate E2F-DP pathways.
Environmental Regulation of Lateral Root Emergence inMedicago truncatulaRequires the HD-Zip I Transcription Factor HB1
Authors: Ariel Federico , Diet Anouck , Verdenaud Marion , Gruber Véronique , Frugier Florian , Chan Raquel , Crespi Martin
Published: July 2010

The adaptation of root architecture to environmental constraints is a major agricultural trait, notably in legumes, the third main crop worldwide. This root developmental plasticity depends on the formation of lateral roots (LRs) emerging from primary roots. In the model legume Medicago truncatula, the HD-Zip I transcription factor HB1 is expressed in primary and lateral root meristems and induced by salt stress. Constitutive expression of HB1 in M. truncatula roots alters their architecture, whereas hb1 TILLING mutants showed increased lateral root emergence. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay, promoter mutagenesis, and chromatin immunoprecipitation–PCR assays revealed that HB1 directly recognizes a CAATAATTG cis-element present in the promoter of a LOB-like (for Lateral Organ Boundaries) gene, LBD1, transcriptionally regulated by auxin. Expression of these genes in response to abscisic acid and auxin and their behavior in hb1 mutants revealed an HB1-mediated repression of LBD1 acting during LR emergence. M. truncatula HB1 regulates an adaptive developmental response to minimize the root surface exposed to adverse environmental stresses.