bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Magnetic field in the extreme low frequency band protects neuronal and microglia cells from oxygen-glucose deprivation
Authors: Mata Paloma , Calovi Stefano , Benli Kami Pars , Iglesias Leyre , Hernández María Isabel , Martín Abraham , Pérez-Samartín Alberto , Ramos-Murguialday Ander , Domercq María , Ortego-Isasa Iñaki
Published: November 2024

Ischemic stroke consists of rapid neural death as a consequence of brain vessel obstruction, followed by damage to the neighboring tissue known as ischemic penumbra. The cerebral tissue in the core of the lesions becomes irreversibly damaged, however, the ischemic penumbra is potentially recoverable during the initial phases after the stroke. Therefore, there is real need for emerging therapeutic strategies to reduce ischemic damage and its spread to the penumbral region. For this reason, we tested the effect of Extreme Low Frequency Electromagnetic Stimulation (ELF-EMS) on in vitro primary neuronal and microglial cultures under oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) conditions. ELF-EMS under basal non-OGD conditions did not induce any effect in cell survival. However, ELF-EMS significantly reduced neuronal cell death in OGD conditions and reduced ischemic induced Ca2+ overload. Likewise, ELF-EMS modulated microglia activation and OGD-induced microglia cell death. Hence, this study suggests potential benefits in the application of ELF-EMS to limit ischemic irreversible damages under in vitro stroke conditions, encouraging in vivo preclinical validations of ELF-EMS as a potential therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke.
Alpha-2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors regulate spectral integration in auditory cortex
Authors: Intskirveli Irakli , Gil Susan , Lazar Ronit , Metherate Raju
Published: November 2024

Introduction

In primary auditory cortex (A1), nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) containing α2 subunits are expressed in layer 5 Martinotti cells (MCs)—inhibitory interneurons that send a main axon to superficial layers to inhibit distal apical dendrites of pyramidal cells (PCs). MCs also contact interneurons in supragranular layers that, in turn, inhibit PCs. Thus, MCs may regulate PCs via inhibition and disinhibition, respectively, of distal and proximal apical dendrites. Auditory inputs to PCs include thalamocortical inputs to middle layers relaying information about characteristic frequency (CF) and near-CF stimuli, and intracortical long-distance (“horizontal”) projections to multiple layers carrying information about spectrally distant (“nonCF”) stimuli. CF and nonCF inputs integrate to create broad frequency receptive fields (RFs). Systemic administration of nicotine activates nAChRs to “sharpen” RFs—to increase gain within a narrowed RF—resulting in enhanced responses to CF stimuli and reduced responses to nonCF stimuli. While nicotinic mechanisms to increase gain have been identified, the mechanism underlying RF narrowing is unknown.

Methods

Here, we examine the role of α2 nAChRs in mice with α2 nAChR-expressing neurons labeled fluorescently, and in mice with α2 nAChRs genetically deleted.

Results

The distribution of fluorescent neurons in auditory cortex was consistent with previous studies demonstrating α2 nAChRs in layer 5 MCs, including nonpyramidal somata in layer 5 and dense processes in layer 1. We also observed label in subcortical auditory regions, including processes, but no somata, in the medial geniculate body, and both fibers and somata in the inferior colliculus. Using electrophysiological (current-source density) recordings in α2 nAChR knock-out mice, we found that systemic nicotine failed to enhance CF-evoked inputs to layer 4, suggesting a role for subcortical α2 nAChRs, and failed to reduce nonCF-evoked responses, suggesting that α2 nAChRs regulate horizontal projections to produce RF narrowing.

Discussion

The results support the hypothesis that α2 nAChRs function to simultaneously enhance RF gain and narrow RF breadth in A1. Notably, a similar neural circuit may recur throughout cortex and hippocampus, suggesting widespread conserved functions regulated by α2 nAChRs.
Cognitive assessment in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS): a cognitive substudy of the multi-site clinical assessment of ME/CFS (MCAM)
Authors: Lange Gudrun , Lin Jin-Mann S. , Chen Yang , Fall Elizabeth A. , Peterson Daniel L. , Bateman Lucinda , Lapp Charles , Podell Richard N. , Natelson Benjamin H. , Kogelnik Andreas M. , Klimas Nancy G. , Unger Elizabeth R.
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Patients with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) experience cognitive problems with attention, information processing speed, working memory, learning efficiency, and executive function. Commonly, patients report worsening of cognitive symptoms over time after physical and/or cognitive challenges. To determine, monitor, and manage longitudinal decrements in cognitive function after such exposures, it is important to be able to screen for cognitive dysfunction and changes over time in clinic and also remotely at home. The primary objectives of this paper were: (1) to determine whether a brief computerized cognitive screening battery will detect differences in cognitive function between ME/CFS and Healthy Controls (HC), (2) to monitor the impact of a full-day study visit on cognitive function over time, and (3) to evaluate the impact of exercise testing on cognitive dysfunction.

Methods

This cognitive sub-study was conducted between 2013 and 2019 across seven U.S. ME/CFS clinics as part of the Multi-Site Clinical Assessment of ME/CFS (MCAM) study. The analysis included 426 participants (261 ME/CFS and 165 HC), who completed cognitive assessments including a computerized CogState Brief Screening Battery (CBSB) administered across five timepoints (T0-T4) at the start of and following a full day in-clinic visit that included exercise testing for a subset of participants (182 ME/CFS and 160 HC). Exercise testing consisted of ramped cycle ergometry to volitional exhaustion. The primary outcomes are performance accuracy and latency (performance speed) on the computerized CBSB administered online in clinic (T0 and T1) and at home (T2-T4).

Results

No difference was found in performance accuracy between ME/CFS and HCs whereas information processing speed was significantly slower for ME/CFS at most timepoints with Cohen’s d effect sizes ranging from 0.3–0.5 (p < 0.01). The cognitive decline over time on all CBSB tasks was similar for patients with ME/CFS independent of whether exercise testing was included in the clinic visit.

Conclusion

The challenges of a clinic visit (including cognitive testing) can lead to further cognitive deficits. A single short session of intense exercise does not further reduce speed of performance on any CBSB tasks.
The role of composite dietary antioxidants in elderly cognitive function: insights from NHANES
Authors: Chen Fangsen , Chen Junhan , Liu Peitian , Huang Yanling
Published: November 2024

Objective

This study investigates the relationship between the Composite Dietary Antioxidant Index (CDAI) and cognitive function among elderly individuals, aiming to understand how increased antioxidant intake affects cognitive abilities in an aging population.

Methods

Utilizing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2011 to 2014, we analyzed a sample of 2,516 participants aged 60 and above. Cognitive performance was assessed using the CERAD Word Learning and Recall Test, the Animal Fluency Test, and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test. Multivariable regression models were adjusted for demographic, dietary, and health-related factors to explore the association between CDAI scores and cognitive outcomes.

Results

The regression analyses showed a statistically significant positive association between higher CDAI scores and cognitive performance across several tests. Specifically, increments in CDAI were associated with increased scores in the CERAD Word Learning Test: Score 1 (β = 0.04, 95% CI [0.03, 0.06]), Score 2 (β = 0.04, 95% CI [0.02, 0.05]), Score 3 (β = 0.04, 95% CI [0.02, 0.06]), and the Delayed Recall Test (β = 0.04, 95% CI [0.01, 0.06]). Additionally, significant improvements were observed in the Animal Fluency Test (β = 0.19, 95% CI [0.14, 0.24]) and the Digit Symbol Test (β = 0.55, 95% CI [0.39, 0.71]). Subgroup analyses further highlighted that higher CDAI scores conferred more pronounced cognitive benefits in women, individuals aged 80 and above, Non-Hispanic Black people, and those with lower educational levels, suggesting that dietary antioxidants might be particularly beneficial in these groups.

Conclusion

An antioxidant-rich diet may represent a viable intervention to mitigate age-related cognitive decline, supporting cognitive health in the elderly. These results underscore the potential public health implications of dietary recommendations aimed at increasing antioxidant consumption among older adults. Further studies are necessary to confirm these findings and to investigate the underlying mechanisms in detail.
Communication dynamics and media interactions of young adults who have attempted suicide: a qualitative thematic analysis
Authors: Arık Emel , İnce Mustafa , Koçak Mevlüt Can , Bilişli Yasemin , Karataş Emrah Onur , Akgün Hakkı , Aşlakçı Faruk
Published: November 2024

Objective

The study examines the potential effects of communication processes and media consumption habits on suicide ideation among male and female young adults aged 18–29 who have attempted suicide at least once.

Methods

In-depth interviews were analyzed using MAXQDA Analytics Pro 2024, and thematic analysis was applied according to Braun and Clarke’s model.

Results

Four themes emerged: (1) Family-related factors, (2) sociopsychological factors, (3) sociocultural factors, and (4) media-related factors. Regarding family-related factors, most participants come from broken family structures and commonly report issues with family communication and experiences of violence. Regarding sociopsychological factors, anger issues, despair, and addictions among participants were observed to increase suicide tendencies. Regarding sociocultural factors, most participants expressed difficulties in conforming to society and feeling pressures from cultural or religious expectations. Regarding media-related factors, it was noted that a vast majority of participants spend long hours consuming media daily and frequently interact with content that leads them into adverse emotional states, primarily for time passing on social media platforms.

Discussion

This research not only reinforces information in the literature but also presents unique findings compared to similar studies, particularly in cultural and geographical contexts. The results uniquely highlight the diversity in perceptions of the relationship between religion and suicide. While literature generally notes religion as a deterrent to suicide, this study reveals that intense religious pressure could increase suicidal tendencies through effects like rejection and hatred of religious values. Media also plays a reinforcing role in this context.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this study elucidates the complex interactions underlying suicide attempts among young adults and provides a solid foundation for policies and interventions aimed at better managing media interactions, which play a critical role in suicide prevention efforts.
Spurious prospective effect of physical activity on problematic smartphone use: a simulated reanalysis and comment on Zhao et al. (2024)
Authors: Sorjonen Kimmo , Melin Bo
Published: November 2024

Based on findings from analyses with cross-lagged panel models, Zhao et al. concluded that physical activity can reduce problematic smartphone use (PSU) among adolescents. Here, we simulated data to resemble the data used by Zhao et al. We used triangulation and fitted complementary models to the simulated data and found contradicting decreasing, increasing, and null effects of initial physical activity on subsequent change in PSU. These divergent findings suggest that it is premature to assume a decreasing effect of physical activity on PSU and the conclusion by Zhao et al. in this regard can be challenged. It is important for researchers to be aware that correlations, including adjusted cross-lagged effects, do not prove causality in order not to overinterpret findings, something that appears to have happened to Zhao et al. We recommend researchers to triangulate by fitting complementary models to their data in order to evaluate if observed effects may be due to true causal effect or if they appear to be spurious.
Factors associated with hygiene practices among primary school children in southern Ethiopia
Authors: Bamlaku Golla Eyasu , Leta Dawit Denano , Abate Alegntaw , Geremew Habtamu , Abdisa Kuse Samuel
Published: November 2024

Background

Eight years into the Sustainable Development Goal period, Ethiopia is not on track to achieve good hygiene practices among school children. Ensuring good hygiene practices among primary school children to prevent the spread of communicable diseases remains a challenge in most primary schools in Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify factors associated with hygiene practices among primary school children in southern Ethiopia.

Methods

A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted from June 3 to July 28, 2022, in five primary schools. The simple random sampling technique was used to select the school. Subsequently, 640 students were selected from the proportionally allocated sample size. Pretested semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaires and observational checklists were utilized to collect data. The data was then entered into EpiData version 4.6 and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Variables with a p ≤ 0.25 at bivariate analysis were used to develop a multivariable logistic model to identify factors associated with hygiene practices. P < 0.05 with a 95% confidence interval was considered statistically significant.

Results

The magnitude of overall good hygiene practices was 29.2% (95% CI: 25.81–32.59). Urban residence (AOR = 3.4, 95% CI 2.1–5.55), knowledge of handwashing (AOR = 4.5, 95% CI 2.8–7.36), being a member of a hygiene and sanitation club (AOR = 3.7, 95% CI 2.4–6.86), and experience of visiting a model school (AOR = 3.1, 95% CI 2.1–5.55) were found to be significantly associated with hygiene practices.

Conclusion

The overall level of good hygiene practices in Kedida district was low. Therefore, it is essential to enhance health education on handwashing, establish sanitation and hygiene clubs, and conduct visits to district model elementary schools.
Perceptions of improvements and mental health outcomes of micro-renewal in old Danwei community: a survey of residents in Hengyang, China
Authors: Chen Mengjia , Shi Lei , Wang Bo , Sun Hao , Lin Dahu , Chang Yating , Yan Shuting , Peng You , Feng Tao
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Danwei communities are a testament to China’s socialist urban development, characterized by the self-sufficiency, strong social networks, and institutional management. In the historical context of urban development in China, many old communities have evolved from former housing areas of Danwei. After more than 40 years of use, the buildings, and environments in the old Danwei communities remain in disrepair, dirty, disorderly and poor condition. Many functions have failed that negatively affect the quality of life and health of residents. After Covid-19, improving the mental health of residents has become a major goal of public policies in various countries.

Methods

To explore the residents’ mental health in the micro-renewal, this study carried out a survey regarding residents’ evaluation on the micro-renewal and their mental health in two renewed Danwei communities in Hengyang, China. More than 800 respondents joined the interview, among them, 634 samples are effective for analysis. Entropy-TOPSIS is applied to analyze the weights of various indicators of micro-renewal. And multinominal logit model is used to examine the relationship between the personal factors, satisfaction on various items of micro-renewal and mental health.

Results and Discussion

The findings indicates that the mental health level of residents living in Danwei community is affected by micro-renewal. The socio-demographic characteristics and behavior factors can influence on the possibility of being in different levels of mental health. The satisfaction on the components of micro-renewal and improvements after micro-renewal is also determiner of residents’ mental health level. In addition, the heterogeneity is address in mental health.
Implementation outcomes of peer education programme comparing state-led and NGO-facilitated models in two Indian states: qualitative findings
Authors: Arora Monika , Bassi Shalini , Bahl Deepika , Thapliyal Nishibha , Kumar Deepak , Pemde Harish K. , Rizvi Zoya Ali
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Each Indian state can select one of the two implementation models under India’s National Adolescent Health Strategy, i.e., Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram, either direct implementation through the existing State Health Department and systems, or the Non-Governmental Organisation (NGOs) implementation model, which involves partnering with one or more field-level NGOs to provide the services and personnel.

Methods

To compare and comprehend the implementation strategies of the Peer Education programme under the Direct and NGO implementation models within India’s National Adolescent Health Strategy, and to document factors facilitating and hindering the adoption and implementation of the programme across two Indian states, using a qualitative approach.

Results

Variations and similarities were seen across the two models. Employing a multi-level selection process, Madhya Pradesh selected two peer educators (PEs), while Maharashtra had four. Criteria included adolescents aged 15 and above in Madhya Pradesh and younger (10–14 years) and older (15–19 years) in Maharashtra. Madhya Pradesh selected Shadow Peers (10–14 years) to address attrition. Training in Madhya Pradesh spanned over 6 days, structured, led by NGO Mentors, utilising standardised, interactive resources with participatory methods. Maharashtra’s training, facilitated by Auxiliary Nurse Midwife or Medical Officer, followed traditional approaches and relied on the trainer’s expertise. PE session frequency and duration varied from monthly to quarterly. PEs were comfortable in handling issues like nutrition and non-communicable diseases but faced hesitancy in handling sexual and reproductive health issues. Regular Adolescent Friendly Clubs supported peer educators (PEs). In Madhya Pradesh, Adolescent Health and Wellness Days were suspended due to the pandemic, which led to decreased awareness of adolescent health services. Maharashtra resumed Adolescent Health and Wellness Days albeit on a limited scale.

Conclusion

The study identified various similarities and deviations from operational guidelines for the implementation of the peer education programme, offering valuable guidance for policymakers, practitioners, and stakeholders involved in RKSK’s planning and implementation. It presents actionable strategies to strengthen peer education interventions within national adolescent health programmes, regionally and globally.
Exposure to household air pollution and childhood multimorbidity risk in Jimma, Ethiopia
Authors: Mulat Elias , Tamiru Dessalegn , Abate Kalkidan Hassen
Published: November 2024

Background

Childhood multimorbidity, characterized by the simultaneous occurrence of multiple medical conditions in children, is a global concern. Notably, exposure to household air pollution has been linked to various health issues, particularly affecting vulnerable segments of the population residing in poorly ventilated homes. However, evidence regarding the impact of household air pollution on the risk of multimorbidity in low-income settings remains scarce. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the association between household air pollution and childhood multimorbidity in Jimma, Ethiopia.

Methods

A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted to collect data from 280 children under the age of five who lived in households using solid fuel (n = 140) and clean fuel (n = 140). The Demographic Health Survey morbidity questionnaire was used to collect information from mothers about common childhood illnesses. Multiple logistic regression analysis was employed to explore the relationship between the use of solid fuel for cooking in households and the likelihood of childhood multimorbidity. In addition, Poisson regression estimation was used to determine if exposure to solid fuel could increase the number of morbidities.

Results

The overall prevalence of childhood multimorbidity was 34.3% [95% CI: 0.29–0.40]. Among these cases, 23.9% were among children from solid fuel user households, whereas about 10.4% were from clean fuel user households. Adjusted for all possible socioeconomic, demographic, water, sanitation, hygiene, and health care covariates, children living in solid fuel user households had more than three times the odds of childhood multimorbidity compared to children living in clean fuel user households (AOR = 3.14, 95% CI [1.42–6.95], p < 0.001). Moreover, household air pollution from solid fuel use was positively associated with an increased number of individual morbidity conditions, with an adjusted β coefficient of 0.46 (IRR = 1.58, 95% CI [1.17–2.13], p = 0.003).

Conclusion

Solid fuel use was an independent predictor of childhood morbidity risk. Efficient policies and strategies, such as the integration of environmental regulation policies into the healthcare system aimed at the reduction of harmful air pollutants and their adverse health effects on children, need to be implemented.
“There is more that unites us than divides us”. Optimizing talent transfer processes by clustering 34 sports by their task, individual and environmental similarities
Authors: Teunissen Jan Willem , De Bock Jelle , Schasfoort Dominique , Slembrouck Maarten , Verstockt Steven , Lenoir Matthieu , Pion Johan
Published: November 2024

Sports are characterized by unique rules, environments, and tasks, but also share fundamental similarities with each other sport. Such between-sports parallels can be vital for optimizing talent transfer processes. This study aimed to explore similarities between sports to provide an objective basis for clustering sports into families by means of machine learning. An online survey was conducted, garnering responses from 1,247 coaches across 36 countries and 34 sports. The survey gauged the importance (0 = not important 10 = important) of 18 characteristics related to the sport and the athlete performing in that sport. These traits formed the basis for the categorization of a sport by means of machine learning, particularly unsupervised clustering, and the LIME feature explainer. Analysis grouped 34 sports into five clusters based on shared features. A similarity matrix illustrated the degree of overlap among sports. The application of unsupervised clustering emphasized the lack of a single overarching attribute across sports, marking a shift away from traditional clustering approaches that rely on a limited set of characteristics for talent transfer. The results highlight the importance of identifying common sports for talent transfer, which could prove advantageous in guiding athletes towards new sporting directions.
A Disturbance Observer-Based Fractional-Order Fixed-Time Sliding Mode Control Approach for Elevators
Authors: Sun Zhe , Liu Huaqing , Li Ke , Su Wanbin , Jiang Yefeng , Chen Bo
Published: November 2024

For elevators, appropriate speed control is pivotal for ensuring the safety and comfort of passengers and optimizing energy efficiency, system stability, and service life. Therefore, the design and implementation of effective speed control strategies are crucial for the operation and management of modern elevator systems. In response to this issue, this paper establishes a dynamic model of an elevator through mechanism analysis. Then, a novel fractional-order sliding mode control strategy with the assistance of a fixed-time adaptive sliding mode observer is proposed. The designed observer can effectively monitor and counteract external perturbations, thereby enhancing the stability and precision of the control system. The fractional-order sliding mode controller can realize a fixed-time convergence property, which is rigorously proven in the sense of Lyapunov. Finally, the effectiveness and superiority of the control scheme are validated by simulations compared with benchmark controllers.
Development of a Lightweight Powered Wheelchair for Persons with Physical Disabilities Using a Participatory Action Design
Authors: Kim Dong-Wan , Kim Hyun-Seok , Kwon Yeong-hun , Kim Jongbae
Published: November 2024

We developed a basic lightweight powered wheelchair model using a participatory action design (PAD). We conducted two types of research to identify users’ desires and satisfaction with wheelchairs: one focused on identifying the problems and needs of manual or powered wheelchair users through focus group interviews (FGIs), and the other focused on capturing users’ post-experience feedback with the developed prototypes through usability testing (UT). We structured scenario-based usability tests and questionnaires to capture the participants’ experiences and needs, with the results indicating that both manual and powered wheelchair users emphasized the product’s lightness, design, cost, and battery and motor performance. This user-focused development resulted in higher satisfaction and usability. The significance of this study lies in the active involvement of wheelchair users throughout the research process, incorporating the obstacles and terrains they encounter in real community environments into the development. Future research should assess the usability of the final lightweight powered wheelchair, aiming to improve its affordability to wheelchair users through public benefits.
Effects of the Uncertainty of Wall Distance on the Simulation of Turbulence/Transition Phenomena
Authors: Tan Weiwei , Zhang Heran , Wang Lan , Nie Shengyang , Jiao Jin , Zuo Yingtao
Published: November 2024

The uncertainty of the turbulence/transition model is a problem with relatively high attention in the CFD area. Wall distance is an important physical parameter in turbulence/transition modeling, and its accuracy has a large effect on numerical simulation results. As most CFD solvers use the solving strategy to calculate the nearest distance to the wall based on mesh topology, this makes wall distance one important source of the uncertainty of the simulation results. To investigate the role of wall distance in turbulence/transition simulations, we have conducted simulations for various aerodynamic shapes, such as the plate with zero pressure gradient (ZPG), RAE2822 supercritical airfoil and ONERA M6 transonic wing. Further, the prediction abilities on turbulence/transition and shock wave phenomena of several physical models, including SA, SST and Wilcox-k-ω turbulence models as well as the γ-Reθt-SST transition model, are analyzed with different degrees of mesh orthogonality. The results imply that the numerical solution of wall distance in the boundary layer has a relatively large error when the mesh orthogonality is bad, having a large effect on the accuracy of the turbulence/transition model. In detail, the Wilcox-k-ω turbulence model is unaffected by mesh orthogonality; under the condition of mesh non-orthogonality, the SA model leads to a substantially larger friction drag and change in the location of shock wave; the SST model also leads to a larger friction drag under the condition of mesh non-orthogonality, whose effect is much less than that for SA model; and the γ-Reθt-SST model leads to a substantial upstream shift of transition location.
Using Marker-Assisted Selection to Develop a Drought-Tolerant Rice Line with Enhanced Resistance to Blast and Brown Planthopper
Authors: Li Ao , Zhu Peiwen , Kong Deyan , Wang Lei , Zhang Anning , Liu Yi , Yu Xinqiao , Luo Lijun , Wang Feiming
Published: November 2024

Rice is a major global staple crop, but rising temperatures and freshwater shortages have made drought one of the most severe abiotic stresses affecting agriculture. Additionally, rice blast disease and brown planthopper infestations significantly impact yields. Therefore, developing water-saving, drought-resistant, high-yielding, and disease-resistant rice varieties is critical for sustainable rice production. The new water-saving and drought-resistant (WDR) rice ‘Huhan 1516’, bred using marker-assisted selection (MAS) and marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC) techniques, addresses these challenges. This variety is highly adaptable to drought-prone and water-scarce regions such as the Yangtze and Huai River basins. With its high yield, drought tolerance, and broad-spectrum resistance to rice blast (conferred by the Pi2 gene) and brown planthopper (BPH), ‘Huhan 1516’ is suitable for various farming systems and environments. Field trials show that this variety outperforms control varieties by 2.2% in yield and exhibits moderate resistance to both rice blast and brown planthopper. ‘Huhan 1516’ has been recognized as a new water-saving and drought-resistant rice variety by the state, and as a released cultivar, it has great potential for market promotion and application.
Efficiency of Stratification on Yield and Popping Expansion of Popcorn in the Context of Mass Selection
Authors: Zermeño-Campos Luis Fernando , Santacruz-Varela Amalio , López-Sánchez Higinio , Calderón-Sánchez Francisco , García-Perea Hugo , Pizeno-García Jorge Luis
Published: November 2024

The current popcorn production in Mexico is insufficient to meet the demand for this grain, since there are no genotypes suitable for production within the country. The native popcorn varieties do not meet market standards; therefore, it is necessary to carry out genetic improvement on yield and popping expansion. The objective of this study was to estimate the response to selection on yield and popping expansion of popcorn under two modalities of mass selection. We used a population of popcorn from the first selection cycle (C1) of the cross between a commercial popcorn of the North American Yellow Pearl race and a native population of the Mexican race Palomero Toluqueño. An additional cycle of mass selection (C2) was carried out with stratification (MSS) and without stratification (MNSS) followed by a field trial that included the different cycles of selection. The parents of the initial cross and two controls, under a complete randomized block experimental design with 10 replications in two localities, and the genetic gain per cycle was calculated. Genotypes C2MSS, C2MNSS, C1MSS and the control Palomero Ixtenco showed the highest average grain yield with values of 4.9 t ha−1. For popping expansion, the Jack Superior control showed the best flake volume with 34.7 cm3 g−1, in contrast to the native popcorn Criollo Plaza with a value as low as 7.2 cm3 g−1. Chapingo was the locality with the highest grain yield, averaging 5.08 t ha−1, while in San Salvador Atenco, the yield was 2.78 t ha−1. Genetic gains were found with a popping expansion of 12.50% with stratification and 11.42% without stratification. For grain yield, a gain of 6.82% was obtained using stratification and 0.74% without stratification. Stratified visual mass selection is an efficient method for genetic advancement in popcorn yield, while popping mass selection is efficient regardless of stratification.
Effect of In Vitro Pretreatment with Ag-Containing Amino Acid Nanofibers on Biometrics and Antioxidant Activity in Drought-Stressed Ex Vitro-Adapted Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni
Authors: Miladinova-Georgieva Kamelia , Sichanova Mariana , Petrova Maria , Kirova Elisaveta , Nedev Trendafil , Tsekova Daniela , Geneva Maria
Published: November 2024

Biotechnological methods prevent the destruction of natural populations of medicinal plants due to climate change and developing agriculture. This study evaluates the effects of in vitro pretreatment with two types of silver-containing amino acid nanofibers (NF-1%Ag and NF1-Ag salt) on the drought tolerance of ex vitro soil-adapted Steviia rebaudiana Bertoni. The duration of the drought was five days. The data suggested that the pretreatment with the studied nanofibers during plant propagation enhanced the plant tolerance to drought stress manifested in a smaller decrease in plant biomass accumulation and a smaller increase in sugar content. The pretreatment with the two tested nanoparticles of well-watered plants increased the leaf fresh biomass accumulation of the ex vitro-adapted S. rebaudiana compared to the untreated WW control plants. The highest values were reported at 10 mg L−1 NF1-Ag salt. Five days of drought led to a decrease in the leaf fresh biomass compared to the WW plants, with the recorded lowest reduction again at 10 mg L−1 NF1-Ag salt. These observations correlate with antioxidant activity improvement. The results show that adding 10 mg L−1 NF1-Ag salt to the MS medium led to higher ex vitro-adapted S. rebaudiana resistance to water deficit than 100 mg L−1. This paper discusses the impact of the selected nanofibers on parameters characterizing plant growth and antioxidant activity of drought-stressed ex vitro-adapted Stevia rebaudiana plants.
Phytotoxicity Assessment of Agro-Industrial Waste and Its Biochar: Germination Bioassay in Four Horticultural Species
Authors: Zabaleta Romina , Sánchez Eliana , Navas Ana Laura , Fernández Viviana , Fernandez Anabel , Zalazar-García Daniela , Fabani María Paula , Mazza Germán , Rodriguez Rosa
Published: November 2024

This study investigated the phytotoxicity of agro-industrial wastes (almond, walnut, pistachio and peanut shells, asparagus spears, and brewer’s spent grain) and their biochar through germination bioassays in several horticultural species: green pea, lettuce, radish, and arugula. Biowaste was pyrolyzed under controlled conditions to produce biochar, and both biowaste and biochar were characterized. Germination bioassay was conducted using seeds exposed to different dilutions of aqueous extract of biowaste and their biochar (0, 50, and 100%). Germination percentage, seed vigor, germination index, and root and aerial lengths were evaluated. The results showed that the phytotoxicity of the biowaste was significantly different to that of its biochar. The biochar obtained demonstrated changing effects on germination and seedling growth. In particular, biochar extracts from spent brewers grains, walnut shells, and pistachio shells showed 5–14% increases in seed vigor and root and aerial length. Furthermore, the response of different species to both agro-industrial waste and biochar revealed species-specific sensitivity. Seeds of lettuce and arugula species were more sensitive to aqueous extracts than radish and green peas. This knowledge not only elucidates the behavior of agro-industrial waste-based biochar in the early stage of plant development but also provides valuable insights regarding phytotoxicity, seed sensitivity, and the variables involved in germination.
The Effect of Rhizobium Inoculation on the Nutritional Value of Crops in the Legume–Cereal Intercropping System in Northern Kazakhstan
Authors: Baidalin Marden , Akhet Akhama , Baidalina Saltanat , Ualiyeva Gulmira , Vasiljević Sanja
Published: November 2024

In this study, the changes in yield, nutrient content, and amino acid levels in legume–cereal grass mixtures were qualitatively evaluated depending on the legume–cereal combination and inoculation with preparations based on Rhizobium. This study, taking into account the biological characteristics of legume forage crops, used inoculations with strains of nodule bacteria and associative nitrogen fixers to enhance the process of the nitrogen fixation of mixed crops of legumes and cereal. The aim of this study was to compare the yields and nutritional values of monocultures and mixed crops, as well as to determine the effects of preparations based on strains of nodule bacteria and the associated nitrogen fixer on the photosynthetic activity and yield of combined annual legume–grain crops. A comparative study of forage crop biomass was conducted to analyze crude protein, fiber, carotene, and amino acid content in monocultures and legume–cereal mixtures, with and without the use of nodule-bacteria-based preparations (Rhizotorphin, Mizorine, Flavobactrin, and Azolene). The combined effect of crop mixtures and biological products led to increased green mass yield, protein content, and feed productivity. Notably, two-component mixtures with Rhizotorphin inoculation increased green mass yield by 8.79%, while three-component mixtures saw a 16.49% increase. The oat–pea mixture showed the most significant amino acid improvements, with lysine increasing by 6.26% and tyrosine by 3.24%. The general conclusion reached by the two-year experiment of 2022–2023 in the hill–plain zone of northern Kazakhstan is that double grass mixtures treated with nodule bacteria are more productive than monoculture crops in this area. These results suggest that inoculation with bacterial strains can effectively enhance the productivity of forage crops in northern Kazakhstan, providing a basis for future recommendations on optimizing herbaceous crop combinations. It is recommended to grow annual forage crops in mixtures with legumes to produce highly nutritious feeds with high metabolic energy in terms of biochemical composition.
Response of Soil Moisture to Precipitation at Different Smash-Ridging Tillage Depths in Typical Sugarcane Fields in Guangxi, China
Authors: Zhang Yu , Wang Song , Gan Lei , Wei Benhui , Zhang Jinlian
Published: November 2024

The purpose of this study was to identify the optimal smash-ridging tillage depth in sugarcane fields in Guangxi, China, in order to improve soil moisture conditions. Three treatments were implemented in sugarcane cultivation areas, with smash-ridging tillage depths of 20 cm, 40 cm, and 60 cm. The dynamics of soil moisture were monitored at depths of 5 cm, 20 cm, and 40 cm to investigate their response to precipitation. The results indicated that the F40 treatment had the highest mean soil moisture content. The F40 treatment exhibited a 29.85% increase in percent area of significant coherence (PASC) compared to the F20 treatment and an 8.23% increase in PASC compared to the F60 treatment. These results indicated that the F40 treatment exhibited the most significant vertical exchange. Under the same precipitation conditions, the F20 and F40 treatments exhibited a quicker soil moisture response to precipitation than the F60 treatment. The mean soil moisture replenishment (SMR) of the F40 treatment was 0.94% and 11.02% higher than that of the F20 and F60 treatments, respectively. Following the torrential rainfall event, the F40 treatment exhibited the slowest recession rate of soil moisture, indicating a greater capacity for water retention. Therefore, the smash-ridging tillage depth of 40 cm resulting in the best responsiveness to precipitation was recommended for sugarcane cultivation in Guangxi, China, which effectively improved soil moisture exchanges.
Controlled-Release Iodine Fertilizer Improved Iodine Accumulation, Antioxidant Capacity, and Quality of Lettuce
Authors: Chen Haining , Jiang Faxiang , Zhou Huafei , Zhang Zhantian , Zhang Zhihan , Liu Baoyou
Published: November 2024

To clarify the effects of newly developed controlled-release iodine fertilizer (CRIF) on enhancing lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) iodine accumulation, improving the physiological traits, and reducing iodine leaching from soil, a greenhouse pot experiment was conducted. Polymer-coated iodate (PCIO), polymer-coated iodide (PCI), and two conventional iodine fertilizers—iodate (CIO) and iodide (CI)—were applied at a rate of 15 mg iodine per kg soil. The study found that the coating of iodine fertilizers had no significant effects on the biomass of lettuce. The iodine concentration in lettuce leaves subjected to PCIO treatment was elevated by 50.1% and 45.5%, respectively, in comparison to leaves treated with CIO and PCI. The soil-to-leaf transfer factor (TFleaf, dry weight basis) for plants treated with PCIO was significantly higher than that of PCI-treated plants. PCIO also significantly reduced iodine leaching by 46.3% compared to CIO. In lettuce leaves with PCIO treatment, the enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) significantly increased by 50.8% and 27.6%, respectively. Likewise, malo-naldehyde (MDA) levels decreased by 23.2% compared to the control samples. PCIO also demonstrated advantages in enhancing the quality of the lettuce. In conclusion, the application of controlled-release iodine fertilizer could be a highly effective and eco-friendly approach to cultivating iodine-rich vegetables.
Bactrocera oleae Control and Smart Farming Technologies for Olive Orchards in the Context of Optimal Olive Oil Quality: A Review
Authors: Arvaniti Olga S. , Rodias Efthymios , Terpou Antonia , Afratis Nikolaos , Athanasiou Gina , Zahariadis Theodore
Published: November 2024

Olive oil production is among the most significant pillars of crop production, especially in the Mediterranean region. The management risks undertaken throughout the olive oil production chain can be minimized using smart tools and applications. This review addressed the influence of the fruit fly of Bactrocera oleae (B. oleae) or Dacus oleae on the quality and antioxidant activity of the olives and their products based on the most recent literature data. Furthermore, in this review, we focused on the latest research achievements in remote sensor systems, features, and monitoring algorithms applied to remotely monitor plant diseases and pests, which are summarized here. Thus, this paper illustrates how precision agriculture technologies can be used to help agricultural decision-makers and to monitor problems associated with integrated pest management for crops and livestock, achieving agricultural sustainability. Moreover, challenges and potential future perspectives for the widespread adoption of these innovative technologies are discussed.
Biosensors for Monitoring, Detecting, and Tracking Dissemination of Poultry-Borne Bacterial Pathogens Along the Poultry Value Chain: A Review
Authors: Boodhoo Nitish , Shoja Doost Janan , Sharif Shayan
Published: November 2024

The poultry industry plays a crucial role in global food production, with chickens being the most widely consumed as a rich protein source. However, infectious diseases pose significant threats to poultry health, underscoring the need for rapid and accurate detection to enable timely intervention. In recent years, biosensors have emerged as essential tools to facilitate routine surveillance on poultry farms and rapid screening at slaughterhouses. These devices provide producers and veterinarians with timely information, thereby promoting proactive disease management. Biosensors have been miniaturized, and portable platforms allow for on-site testing, thereby enhancing biosecurity measures and bolstering disease surveillance networks throughout the poultry supply chain. Consequently, biosensors represent a transformative advancement in poultry disease management, offering rapid and precise detection capabilities that are vital for safeguarding poultry health and ensuring sustainable production systems. This section offers an overview of biosensors and their applications in detecting poultry diseases, with a particular emphasis on enteric pathogens.
An RGD-Conjugated Prodrug Nanoparticle with Blood–Brain–Barrier Penetrability for Neuroprotection Against Cerebral Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury
Authors: Taledaohan Ayijiang , Tuohan Maer Maer , Jia Renbo , Wang Kai , Chan Liujia , Jia Yijiang , Wang Feng , Wang Yuji
Published: November 2024

Cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury significantly contributes to global morbidity and mortality. Loganin is a natural product with various neuroprotective effects; however, it lacks targeted specificity for particular cells or receptors, which may result in reduced therapeutic efficacy and an increased risk of side effects. To address the limitations of loganin, we developed LA-1, a novel compound incorporating an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptide to target integrin receptor αvβ3, enhancing brain-targeting efficacy. LA-1 exhibited optimal nanoscale properties, significantly improved cell viability, reduced ROS production, and enhanced survival rates in vitro. In vivo, LA-1 decreased infarct sizes, improved neurological function, and reduced oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Proteomic analysis showed LA-1 modulates PI3K/Akt and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways, providing targeted neuroprotection. These findings suggest LA-1’s potential for clinical applications in treating cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury.
Vitamin C Alleviates Heat-Stress-Induced Damages in Pig Thoracic Vertebral Chondrocytes via the Ubiquitin-Mediated Proteolysis Pathway
Authors: Yang Xiaoyang , Luo Yabiao , Xue Mingming , Chan Shuheng , Wang Yubei , Yang Lixian , Zhang Longmiao , Xie Yuxuan , Fang Meiying
Published: November 2024

Heat stress can impair organismal growth by inducing ubiquitination, proteasome-mediated degradation, and subsequent cellular damage. Vitamin C (VC) has been shown to potentially mitigate the detrimental effects of abiotic stresses on cells. Nevertheless, the impact of heat stress on growth plate chondrocytes remains unclear, and the underlying protective mechanisms of VC in these cells warrant further investigation. In this study, we focused on pig thoracic vertebral chondrocytes (PTVCs) that are crucial for promoting the body’s longitudinal elongation and treated them with 41 °C heat stress for 24 h, under varying concentrations of VC. Our findings reveal that, while oxidative stress induced by heat triggers apoptosis and inhibits the ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis pathway, the addition of VC alleviates heat-stress-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis, mitigates cell cycle arrest, and promotes cellular viability. Furthermore, we demonstrate that VC enhances the ubiquitin-proteasome proteolysis pathway by promoting the expression of ubiquitin protein ligase E3A, which thereby stabilizes the ubiquitin-mediated degradation machinery, alleviates the apoptosis, and enhances cell proliferation. Our results suggest the involvement of the ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis pathway in the effects of VC on PTVCs under heat stress, and offer a potential strategy to make use of VC to ensure the skeletal growth of animals under high temperature pressures in summer or in tropical regions.