bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of a Green Space Layout on the Outdoor Thermal Environment at the Neighborhood Level
Authors: Bo-ot Luis Ma. , Wang Yao-Hong , Chiang Che-Ming , Lai Chi-Ming
Published: September 2012

This study attempted to address the existing urban design needs and computer-aided thermal engineering and explore the optimal green space layout to obtain an acceptable thermal environment at the neighborhood scale through a series of building energy and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The building-energy analysis software eQUEST and weather database TMY2 were adopted to analyze the electric energy consumed by air conditioners and the analysis results were incorporated to derive the heat dissipated from air conditioners. Then, the PHOENICS CFD software was used to analyze how the green space layout influences outdoor thermal environment based on the heat dissipated from air conditioners and the solar heat reemitted from the built surfaces. The results show that a green space located in the center of this investigated area and at the far side of the downstream of a summer monsoon is the recommended layout. The layouts, with green space in the center, can decrease the highest temperature by 0.36 °C.
Benzopyranones from the Endophytic Fungus Hyalodendriella sp. Ponipodef12 and Their Bioactivities
Authors: Meng Xiangjie , Mao Ziling , Lou Jingfeng , Xu Liang , Zhong Lingyun , Peng Youliang , Zhou Ligang , Wang Mingan
Published: September 2012

The endophytic fungus Hyalodendriella sp. Ponipodef12 was isolated from the hybrid ‘Neva’ of Populus deltoides Marsh × P. nigra L. In this study, four benzopyranones were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of Hyalodendriella sp. Ponipodef12, and identified as palmariol B (1), 4-hydroxymellein (2), alternariol 9-methyl ether (3), and botrallin (4) by means of physicochemical and spectroscopic analysis. All the compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial, antifungal, antinematodal and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities. 4-Hydroxymellein (2) exhibited stronger antibacterial activity than the other compounds. Palmariol B (1) showed stronger antimicrobial, antinematodal and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities than alternariol 9-methyl ether (3) which indicated that the chlorine substitution at position 2 may contribute to its bioactivity. The results indicate the potential of this endophytic fungus as a source of bioactive benzopyranones.
Operation Reliability Assessment for Cutting Tools by Applying a Proportional Covariate Model to Condition Monitoring Information
Authors: Cai Gaigai , Chen Xuefeng , Li Bing , Chen Baojia , He Zhengjia
Published: September 2012

The reliability of cutting tools is critical to machining precision and production efficiency. The conventional statistic-based reliability assessment method aims at providing a general and overall estimation of reliability for a large population of identical units under given and fixed conditions. However, it has limited effectiveness in depicting the operational characteristics of a cutting tool. To overcome this limitation, this paper proposes an approach to assess the operation reliability of cutting tools. A proportional covariate model is introduced to construct the relationship between operation reliability and condition monitoring information. The wavelet packet transform and an improved distance evaluation technique are used to extract sensitive features from vibration signals, and a covariate function is constructed based on the proportional covariate model. Ultimately, the failure rate function of the cutting tool being assessed is calculated using the baseline covariate function obtained from a small sample of historical data. Experimental results and a comparative study show that the proposed method is effective for assessing the operation reliability of cutting tools.
Mussel Spat Ropes Assist Redfin Bully Gobiomorphus huttoni Passage through Experimental Culverts with Velocity Barriers
Authors: Tonkin Jonathan D. , Wright Liam A.H. , David Bruno O.
Published: September 2012

The application of mussel spat rope for enabling the passage of redfin bully Gobiomorphus huttoni through culverts, which create velocity barriers, was trialled in the laboratory. No fish were able to access the un-roped control pipes whereas 52% successfully negotiated the pipes in the rope treatments. The success of fish ascending treatment pipes suggests mussel spat rope may be effective for enabling the passage of this and other similar fish species through otherwise impassable culverts with velocity barriers.
Zeolites as nanoporous, gas-sensitive materials for in situ monitoring of DeNOx-SCR
Authors: Simons Thomas , Simon Ulrich
Published: September 2012

In a proof-of-concept study we demonstrate in situ reaction monitoring of DeNOx-SCR on proton-conducting zeolites serving as catalyst and gas sensor at the same time. By means of temperature-dependent impedance spectroscopy we found that the thermally induced NH3 desorption in H-form and in Fe-loaded zeolite H-ZSM-5 follow the same process, while a remarkable difference under DeNOx-SCR reaction conditions was found. The Fe-loaded catalyst shows a significantly lower onset temperature, and time-dependent measurements suggest different SCR reaction mechanisms for the two catalysts tested. These results may help in the development of catalysts for the reduction of NOx emissions and ammonia consumption, and provide insight into the elementary catalytic process promoting a full description of the NH3-SCR reaction system.
Silymarin for HCV infection
Authors: Polyak Stephen J , Oberlies Nicholas H , Pécheur Eve-Isabelle , Dahari Harel , Ferenci Peter , Pawlotsky Jean-Michel
Published: September 2012

Silymarin, an extract of milk thistle seeds, and silymarin-derived compounds have been considered hepatoprotective since the plant was first described in ancient times. Hepatoprotection is defined as several non-mutually exclusive biological activities including antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory functions. Despite clear evidence for silymarin-induced hepatoprotection in cell culture and animal models, evidence for benefcial effects in humans has been equivocal. This review will summarize the current state of knowledge on silymarin in the context of HCV infection. The information was collated from a recent workshop on silibinin in Germany.
The Clinical Benefits of Antiretroviral Therapy in Severely Immunocompromised HIV-1-Infected Patients with and without Complete Viral Suppression
Authors: Mocroft Amanda , Bannister Wendy P , Kirk Ole , Kowalska Justyna D , Reiss Peter , D'Arminio-Monforte Antonella , Gatell Jose , Fisher Martin , Trocha Hanna , Rakhmanova Aza , Lundgren Jens D ,   the EuroSIDA Study in EuroCOORD
Published: September 2012

Background

The aim of this study was to determine whether there is a protective effect of combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART) on the development of clinical events in patients with ongoing severe immunosuppression.

Methods

A total of 3,780 patients from the EuroSIDA study under follow-up after 2001 with a current CD4+ T-cell count ≤200 cells/mm3 were stratified into five groups: group 1, viral load (VL)<50 copies/ml on cART; group 2, VL 50-99,999 copies/ml on cART; group 3, VL 50-99,999 copies/ml off cART; group 4, VL≥100,000 copies/ml on cART; and group 5, VL≥100,000 copies/ml off cART. Poisson regression was used to identify the risk of (non-fatal or fatal) AIDS- and non-AIDS-related events considered together (AIDS/non-AIDS) or separately as AIDS or non-AIDS events within each group.

Results

There were 428 AIDS/non-AIDS events during 3,780 person-years of follow-up. Compared with group 1, those in group 2 had a similar incidence of AIDS/ non-AIDS events (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 1.04; 95% CI 0.79–1.36). Groups 3, 4 and 5 had significantly higher incidence rates of AIDS/non-AIDS events compared with group 1; incidence rates increased from group 3 (IRR 1.78; 95% CI 1.25–2.55) to group 5 (IRR 2.36; 95% CI 1.66–3.40), demonstrating the increased incidence of AIDS/non-AIDS events associated with increasing viraemia. After adjustment, the use of cART was associated with a 40% reduction in the incidence of AIDS/non-AIDS events in patients with VL 50–99,999 copies/ml (IRR 0.59; 95% CI 0.41–0.85) and in those with a VL>100,000 copies/ml (IRR 0.66; 95% CI 0.44–1.00). Similar relationships were seen for non-AIDS events and AIDS events when considered separately.

Conclusions

In patients with ongoing severe immuno-suppression, cART was associated with significant clinical benefits in patients with suboptimal virological control or virological failure.
Recherche improbable d'une homogène diversité : le débat sur l'identité nationale
Authors: Ratinaud Pierre , Marchand Pascal
Published: September 2012

Dans cet article, nous comparons les effets de deux méthodes de correction morphologique d’un corpus issu du web sur des classifications de type ALCESTE avec le logiciel IRAMUTEQ . À partir des 18 240 contributions au débat sur l’identité nationale, nous comparons le corpus initial avec un corpus corrigé manuellement et un corpus corrigé par une méthode semi-automatique reposant sur une utilisation particulière du correcteur Hunspell . Les trois corpus obtenus (initial, automatique et manuel) sont soumis à deux classifications hiérarchiques descendantes : l’une conserve les 1 500 formes pleines les plus fréquentes, l’autre les 3 000 formes pleines les plus fréquentes. La comparaison deux à deux des résultats obtenus sur chacun des corpus montre que la correction automatique que nous proposons permet de se rapprocher significativement d’une correction manuelle.
Using a Human Patient Simulator to Study the Relationship Between Communication and Nursing Students’ Team Performance
Authors: Hirokawa Randy Y. , Daub Katharyn , Lovell Eileen , Smith Sarah , Davis Alice , Beck Christine
Published: September 2012

This study examined the relationship between communication and nursing students’ team performance by determining whether variations in team performance are related to differences in communication regarding five task-relevant functions: assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation. The study results indicate a positive relationship between nursing students’ team performance and comments focused on the implementation of treatment(s) and the evaluation of treatment options. A negative relationship between nursing students’ team performance and miscellaneous comments made by team members was also observed.
L’étude des microclimats urbains : champ de recherche à l’interface entre climatologie, urbanisme et génie-civil
Authors: Musy Marjorie
Published: September 2012

Dans cette contribution, nous positionnons le champ de recherche qui concerne l’étude des microclimats urbains par rapport aux problématiques actuelles du développement urbain durable et par rapport aux champs de recherche voisins. En effet, pour proposer des solutions en réponse au changement climatique, ce champ de recherche doit aborder ses objets de recherche (forme urbaine, occupation des sols, trame verte, activités humaines, etc.) différemment. Par ailleurs, dans un contexte de développement durable, ces objets sont maintenant étudiés comme étant au croisement de multiples enjeux environnementaux, sociaux et économiques. Nous explorons ces échanges entre disciplines en nous intéressant plus particulièrement au cas de l’objet de recherche que constituent les trames vertes. Dans un premier temps, nous expliquons en quoi les trames vertes intéressent les sciences du microclimat urbain. Nous faisons à cette occasion un point sur les connaissances actuelles du rôle climatique des trames vertes et les perspectives de recherche. Ces perspectives mettent en évidence la nécessité qui s’impose aux chercheurs de disposer de connaissances, méthodes et techniques venant d’autres champs disciplinaires. Nous explicitons certains des points d’articulation avec la géomatique, la biologie végétale, l’hydrologie, etc., occasionnés par cet objet d’étude. Nous montrons également en quoi les connaissances issues de la micro-climatologie urbaine peuvent être utiles dans d’autres domaines.
Odor Analysis Method
Authors: Hayashi Kenshi , Ide Junichi , Delaunay Jean-Jacques , Omatu Sigeru
Published: September 2012

Quantitative and qualitative measurements of odor are indispensable for the development of odor display systems that can reproduce odor at any place in any time. This chapter covers odor evaluation techniques based on human senses, instrumental analyses, odor sensors, and data analysis methods dedicated to odor measuring techniques. The chapter consists of the four following sections: sensory evaluation, gas analysis instruments, odor sensing system, and pattern analysis for odor sensing system. The first section describes odor evaluation methods with human senses. The second section gives an overview of instrumental laboratory techniques for olfaction research. The third section surveys sensor devices for odor detection. Finally, the last section gives the basic statistical methods and advanced pattern analysis for odor sensing systems.
Development of Highly Sensitive Compact Chemical Sensor System Employing a Microcantilever Array and a Thermal Preconcentrator
Authors: Mihara Takashi , Ikehara Tsuyoshi , Konno Mitsuo , Murakami Sunao , Maeda Ryutaro , Fukawa Tadashi , Kimura Mutsumi
Published: September 2012

The authors developed a highly sensitive compact chemical sensor system employing a polymer-coated microcantilever sensor array and a thermal preconcentrator with an airpump. The theory, design, structure, fabrication, and experiment results are reported here. This sensor system had 1) sub-ppb detection limit enhanced by a carbon-fiber filled preconcentrator with an air pump and 2) analysis function by thermal desorption of the adsorbed VOCs in the preconcentrator and multiple cantilevers (acting as mass sensors) with different polymers. Eight silicon microcantilevers in one silicon chip fabricated by Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) technology were driven by a PZT actuator plate mounted in the package, and four of them were wire bonded. Using the 4th vibration mode (resonant frequency: 764 kHz) of a polybutadiene (2.52 µm thick)-coated cantilever, the sensitivity was 514 Hz/ppm for toluene and 850 Hz/ppm for p-xylene with a 5 min preconcentration time. The estimated detection limit of the sensor system was 0.6ppb for toluene and 0.4ppb for p-xylene with a 5 min preconcentration time, which was good enough for application to environmental monitoring. Separate detection of the mixed toluene and p-xylene was achieved as different time peaks. The authors also estimate the concentration of mixed acetone and 1-propanol by the method of the fitting of two Gaussian curves model.
Bio-Inspired Background Suppression Technique and its Implementation into Digital Circuit
Authors: Yamanaka Takao , Munakata Yuta
Published: September 2012

Gas sensors have been widely used for various applications, such as gas leak detection, fire alarm systems, and odor-sensing systems. A problem of the gas sensors has been the selectivity to a target gas: background gases interfere with the measurement of the target gas. In the human olfaction, sensitivity to background odors is decreased by adaptation to the odors. Recently, several bio-inspired signal-processing methods mimicking the adaptation mechanism have been proposed for improving the selectivity of the gas sensors. In this chapter, the studies on the bio-inspired background suppression methods are reviewed. Furthermore, a case study of the bio-inspired background suppression is introduced. In the case study, a perceptron neural network with anti-Hebbian learning was used for realizing the adaptation to the background gas, and was implemented into a digital circuit for real-time gas sensing.
Measurement of Neocortical Responses to Odors using Optical Imaging
Authors: Nakamura Akio
Published: September 2012

Using multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy, the authors sought to monitor cortical activity during the sensory evaluation period to evaluate the effect of flavorings on taste caused by central integration of olfactory and gustatory modalities. They noted that the neocortical response to a test solution showed adaptation by the conditional sugar solution, which was administered 60 seconds before the test solution. Sugar-sugar self adaptation was greater than sugar-artificial sweetener cross adaptation recorded at specific regions of the frontal and temporal cortex. The magnitude of sugar-flavored artificial sweetener cross adaptation tended to approach that of sugar-sugar self adaptation. Therefore, the similarity of the adaptation of cortical responses might be an important indicator in the screening of effective flavorings in order to improve taste.
Display Technology of Images with Scents and Its Psychological Evaluation
Authors: Tomono Akira
Published: September 2012

Scent is an important component of every individual’s real life; it has many psychological and physical effects. Therefore, if a visual image is presented along with a matching scent, we expect it will possibly carry more detailed information and be perceived as a more realistic sensation than it would have on its own. In order to do so, it is necessary to solve some problems. First, the qualities for a device to be able to integrate a scent with an image are discussed. Second, a new method in which scents are emitted through a display screen in the direction of a viewer in order to enhance the reality of visual images is described. Third, the psychological effects on a viewer when scents are integrating with images are described. The authors investigated the viewing experiences and eye catching effects when applied to movies, a digital-signage, and virtual reality.
Harnessing Supply Chain Efficiency Through Information Linkages
Authors: Khare Arpita , Khare Anshuman
Published: September 2012

The Indian retail industry majorly constitutes of small retailers, comprising of approximately 12 million small shopkeepers and increased competition has made companies understand the significance of this unorganized small retail sector. Most companies feel that coordinating their downstream supply chains is critical for long term growth and sustainability. The paper examines the supply chain coordination amongst retailers, distributors, logistics providers, customers, and major Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) multi-national companies in India. The findings confirm that supply chain integration, information sharing, and supply chain design are being given proper attention by FMCG companies. They appreciate the strategic value of information sharing for establishing collaborations with the small retailers for effective performance of supply chains. Even in the fragmented, ill-defined, unorganized, and disjointed small retail sector in India, information sharing between supply chain partners is given precedence. Lack of technological infrastructure does not deter MNCs from establishing information linkages with small retailers and harnessing it for supply chain efficiency.
Value, Variety and Viability
Authors: Ng Irene , Briscoe Gerard
Published: September 2012

The authors propose that designing a manufacturer’s equipment-based service value proposition in outcome-based contracts is the design of a new business model capable of managing threats to the firm’s viability that can arise from the contextual variety of use that customers may subject the firm’s value propositions. Furthermore, manufacturers need to understand these emerging business models as the capability of managing both asset and service provision to achieve use outcomes with customers, including emotional outcomes such as customer experience. Service-Dominant logic proposes that all “goods are a distribution mechanism for service provision,” upon which they propose a value-centric approach to understanding the interactions between the asset and service provision, and suggest a viable systems approach towards reorganising the firm to achieve such a business model. Three case studies of B2B equipment-based service systems were analysed to understand customers’ co-creation activities in achieving outcomes, in which the authors found that the co-creation of complex multi-dimensional value could be delivered through the different value propositions of the firm catering to different aspects (dimensions) of the value to be co-created. The study provides a way for managers to understand the effectiveness (rather than efficiency) of firms in adopting emerging business models that design for value co-creation in what are ultimately complex socio-technical systems.
Open Service Field-Point of Service
Authors: Yamamoto Yoshinobu
Published: September 2012

For service quality improvements in sightseeing areas, it is important to establish an Optimum Design Loop based upon the observation data rather than experience and intuition. Sightseeing areas provide services in terms of living taste and experiences for tourists. Therefore, basic data must be collected in the form of surveys to monitor tourists’ behaviors. However, a method to obtain such data quantitatively and continuously at a reasonable cost has not yet been established. In this paper, the author introduces Point of Service system for sightseeing areas for the given purpose. As an operative example, they report a field trial conducted at Kinosaki Hot Spring and demonstrate empirically that this method works effectively.
Waugh’s Syndrome in an Adult: Report of a Very Rare Disease
Authors: Chaudhary Poras , Rao Meenakshi , Arora Moninder P.
Published: September 2012

The authors report a case of Waugh’s syndrome in an adult. Waugh’s syndrome is rare in adults as most of the cases present in paediatric age group. We have discussed treatment options and it is suggested that the possibility of Waugh’s syndrome should always be kept in mind when a case of intussusception is being treated by either operative or non-operative method.
A Case of Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome Distinguished from Celiac Disease
Authors: Hagiwara Shin-ichiro , Watanabe Arata
Published: September 2012

Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS) is a rare, inherited, autosomal recessive disease characterized by exocrine pancreatic dysfunction, skeletal problems and varying degrees of cytopenias resulting in bone marrow dysfunction. We report the first case of SDS that was difficult to distinguish from celiac disease because this is a valuable example of the variety in SDS presentation.
Right Ventricular Plasticity and Functional Imaging
Authors: Brittain Evan L. , Hemnes Anna R. , Keebler Mary , Lawson Mark , Byrd Benjamin F. , DiSalvo Tom
Published: September 2012

Right ventricular (RV) function is a strong independent predictor of outcome in a number of distinct cardiopulmonary diseases. The RV has a remarkable ability to sustain damage and recover function which may be related to unique anatomic, physiologic, and genetic factors that differentiate it from the left ventricle. This capacity has been described in patients with RV myocardial infarction, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and chronic thromboembolic disease as well as post‐lung transplant and post‐left ventricular assist device implantation. Various echocardiographic and magnetic resonance imaging parameters of RV function contribute to the clinical assessment and predict outcomes in these patients; however, limitations remain with these techniques. Early diagnosis of RV function and better insight into the mechanisms of RV recovery could improve patient outcomes. Further refinement of established and emerging imaging techniques is necessary to aid subclinical diagnosis and inform treatment decisions.
Altered Expression of Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Histone H1 in Pulmonary Artery and Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells in Patients with IPAH
Authors: Talati Megha , Seeley Erin , Ihida‐Stansbury Kaori , Delisser Horace , McDonald Hayes , Ye Fei , Zhang Xueqiong , Shyr Yu , Caprioli Richard , Meyrick Barbara
Published: September 2012

The pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary hypertension is poorly understood. This paper utilized histology‐based Matrix‐Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MALDI MS) to identify as‐yet unknown proteins that may be associated with the structural changes in the pulmonary arterial walls of patients with IPAH. The technology identified significant increases in two fragments of histone H1 in the IPAH cases compared to controls. This finding was further examined using immunofluorescence techniques applied to sections from IPAH and control pulmonary arteries. In addition, cultured pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) were utilized for Western analysis of histone H1 and importin β and importin 7, immunoprecipitation and assessment of nucleosomal repeat length (NRL). Immunofluorescence techniques revealed that nuclear expression of histone H1 was decreased and the chromatin was less compact in the IPAH cases than in the controls; furthermore, some cases showed a marked increase in cytoplasmic histone H1 expression. Using nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions of cultured PASMCs, we confirmed the reduction in histone H1 in the nucleus and an increase in the cytoplasm in IPAH cells compared to controls. Immunoprecipitation demonstrated a decreased association of histone H1 with importin β while importin 7 was unchanged in the IPAH cells compared to controls. The assessment of NRL revealed that the distance between nucleosomes was increased by ∼20 bp in IPAH compared to controls. We conclude that at least two factors contribute to the reduction in nuclear histone H1—fragmentation of the protein and decreased import of histone H1 into the nucleus by importins. We further suggest that the decreased nuclear H1 contributes the less compact nucleosomal pattern in IPAH and this, in turn, contributes to the increase in NRL.
Testosterone Negatively Regulates Right Ventricular Load Stress Responses in Mice
Authors: Hemnes Anna R. , Maynard Karen B. , Champion Hunter C. , Gleaves Linda , Penner Niki , West James , Newman John H.
Published: September 2012

Right ventricular (RV) function is the major determinant of mortality in pulmonary arterial hypertension and male sex is a strong predictor of mortality in this disease. The effects of testosterone on RV structure and function in load stress are presently unknown. We tested whether testosterone levels affect RV hypertrophic responses, fibrosis, and function. Male C57BL/6 mice underwent castration or sham followed by pulmonary artery banding (PAB) or sham. After recovery, testosterone pellets were placed in a subset of the castrated mice and mice were maintained for at least two weeks, when they underwent hemodynamic measurements and tissues were harvested. Plasma levels of testosterone were reduced by castration and repleted by testosterone administration. In PAB, castration resulted in lower right ventricle/left ventricle + septum (RV/LV+S), and myocyte diameter (P < 0.05). Replacement of testosterone normalized these parameters and increased RV fibrosis (P < 0.05). Two weeks of PAB resulted in increased RV systolic pressure in all groups with decreased markers of RV systolic and diastolic function, specifically reduced ejection fraction and increased time constant, and dPdt minimum (P < 0.05), though there was minimal effect of testosterone on hemodynamic parameters. Survival was improved in mice that underwent castration with PAB compared with PAB alone (P < 0.05). Testosterone affects RV hypertrophic response to load stress through increased myocyte size and increased fibrosis in mice. Castration and testosterone replacement are not accompanied by significant alterations in RV in vivo hemodynamics, but testosterone deprivation appears to improve survival in PAB. Further study of the role of testosterone in RV dysfunction is warranted to better understand these findings in the context of human disease.
Treatment of localized gingival recessions with free gingival graft
Authors: Sağlam Mehmet , Köseoğlu Serhat
Published: September 2012

Mucogingival therapy is a general term describing nonsurgical and surgical treatment procedures for the correction of defects in morphology, position, and/or amount of soft tissue and underlying bony support around teeth and dental implants. The free gingival graft is a reliable mucogingival surgical procedure for increasing the zone of attached gingiva at the buccal or lingual aspect of a single tooth, or groups of teeth, or for covering areas of gingival recession. In this review; using free gingival grafts for treating localized gingival recessions have been outlined in the light of current knowledge.
The frequency and characteristics of talon cusps in a Turkish population
Authors: Arfat Berna , Çolak Hakan , Çelebi Ahmet Arif , Uzgur Recep , Turkal Mustafa , Hamidi Mehmet Mustafa
Published: September 2012

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of talon cusps in a Turkish dental patient population with respect to sexes, jaws, and dental localization to determine the relation between sex and this anomaly. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out. Patients attending outpatient department of Restorative Dentistry Dental School, Kirikkale between October 2009 to January 2012 were screened specifically for the presence of talon cusp during routine outpatient screening. Each patient was examined clinically and radiographically for the presence of talon cusps. Results: A total 2597 sample was evaluated. Talon cusps were observed in 31 patients. Thus, the person prevalence of talon cusp was 1.2% in this study. Gender-wise prevalence was 1.25% and 1.13% in females and males, respectively. Talon cusps were detected in 44 teeth out of a total of 35424 teeth to give a tooth prevalence of 0.12%. Maxillary lateral incisors were most commonly affected teeth in the mouth, and most commonly seen type of talon cusp was type I (23 teeth, 52.3%). Conclusion: The prevalence of talon cusps was found to be 1.2% for the Turkish dental patient population. Clinicians should be aware of potential complications that may occur with talon cusps.
Management of dental - orthopedic problems in down syndrome
Authors: Aksakalli Sertac , Ileri Zehra
Published: September 2012

Down Syndrome (DS) is one the most prevalent genetic disorder. This genetic disorder has physical and mental features including musculoskeletal (e.g. incorrect swallowing pattern), nervous (e.g. anxiety), and dental problems. Maintaining oral health is very important for these kinds of patients. Oral health or dental problems related to DS are localized or generalized periodontitis, mandibular prognatisma, underdeveloped maxilla, caries lesions, delayed eruptions, and oligodontia. Because of dental-oral part is the first part of the digestive system, there is need for orthodontic treatment maintaining better occlusion and mastication. In this case report, orthopedic, orthodontic, periodontal, prosthetic, and conservative dental treatments of a DS patient were presented. These kinds of patients should not be excluded from the dentistry patient population.
The Nursing Dimension of Providing Palliative Care to Children and Adolescents with Cancer
Authors: Docherty Sharron L. , Thaxton Cheryl , Allison Courtney , Barfield Raymond C. , Tamburro Robert F.
Published: September 2012

Palliative care for children and adolescents with cancer includes interventions that focus on the relief of suffering, optimization of function, and improvement of quality of life at any and all stages of disease. This care is most effectively provided by a multidisciplinary team. Nurses perform an integral role on that team by identifying symptoms, providing care coordination, and assuring clear communication. Several basic tenets appear essential to the provision of optimal palliative care. First, palliative care should be administered concurrently with curative therapy beginning at diagnosis and assuming a more significant role at end of life. This treatment approach, recommended by many medical societies, has been associated with numerous benefits including longer survival. Second, realistic, objective goals of care must be developed. A clear understanding of the prognosis by the patient, family, and all members of the medical team is essential to the development of these goals. The pediatric oncology nurse is pivotal in developing these goals and assuring that they are adhered to across all specialties. Third, effective therapies to prevent and relieve the symptoms of suffering must be provided. This can only be accomplished with accurate and repeated assessments. The pediatric oncology nurse is vital in providing these assessments and must possess a working knowledge of the most common symptoms associated with suffering. With a basic understanding of these palliative care principles and competency in the core skills required for this care, the pediatric oncology nurse will optimize quality of life for children and adolescents with cancer.
Translation Efficiency in Upstream Region of microRNA Targets in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Gu Wanjun , Zhai Chuanying , Wang Xiaofei , Xie Xueying , Parinandi Gurunadh , Zhou Tong
Published: September 2012

With respect to upstream regions of microRNA (miRNA) target sites located in protein coding sequences, experimental studies have suggested rare codons, rather than frequent codons, are important for miRNA function, because they slow down the local translational process. But, whether there is a trend of reduced translation efficiency near miRNA targets is still unknown. Using Arabidopsis thaliana, we perform genome-wide analysis of synonymous codon usage in upstream regions of miRNA target sites. At the whole genome level, we find no significant selection signals for decreased translational efficiency. However, the same genome analyses do show substantial variations of translation efficiency reduction among miRNA targets. We find that miRNA conservation level, gene codon usage bias, and the mechanism of miRNA action can account for the differences in translation efficiency. But gene's GC content, gene expression level, and miRNA target's conservation level have no effect on local translation efficiency of miRNA targets. Although local translation efficiency in the upstream region of miRNA targets is related to miRNA function in A. thaliana, the selection signal of rare codon usage in that region is weak. We propose some other biological factors are more important than local translation efficiency in miRNA action when miRNA targets are located in protein coding sequences.
Host model uncertainties in aerosol radiative forcing estimates: results from the AeroCom prescribed intercomparison study
Authors: Stier P. , Schutgens N. A. J. , Bian H. , Boucher O. , Chin M. , Ghan S. , Huneeus N. , Kinne S. , Lin G. , Myhre G. , Penner J. E. , Randles C. , Samset B. , Schulz M. , Yu H. , Zhou C.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Simulated multi-model "diversity" in aerosol direct radiative forcing estimates is often perceived as measure of aerosol uncertainty. However, current models used for aerosol radiative forcing calculations vary considerably in model components relevant for forcing calculations and the associated "host-model uncertainties" are generally convoluted with the actual aerosol uncertainty. In this AeroCom Prescribed intercomparison study we systematically isolate and quantify host model uncertainties on aerosol forcing experiments through prescription of identical aerosol radiative properties in nine participating models. Even with prescribed aerosol radiative properties, simulated clear-sky and all-sky aerosol radiative forcings show significant diversity. For a purely scattering case with globally constant optical depth of 0.2, the global-mean all-sky top-of-atmosphere radiative forcing is −4.51 W m−2 and the inter-model standard deviation is 0.70 W m−2, corresponding to a relative standard deviation of 15%. For a case with partially absorbing aerosol with an aerosol optical depth of 0.2 and single scattering albedo of 0.8, the forcing changes to 1.26 W m−2, and the standard deviation increases to 1.21 W m−2, corresponding to a significant relative standard deviation of 96%. However, the top-of-atmosphere forcing variability owing to absorption is low, with relative standard deviations of 9% clear-sky and 12% all-sky. Scaling the forcing standard deviation for a purely scattering case to match the sulfate radiative forcing in the AeroCom Direct Effect experiment, demonstrates that host model uncertainties could explain about half of the overall sulfate forcing diversity of 0.13 W m−2 in the AeroCom Direct Radiative Effect experiment. Host model errors in aerosol radiative forcing are largest in regions of uncertain host model components, such as stratocumulus cloud decks or areas with poorly constrained surface albedos, such as sea ice. Our results demonstrate that host model uncertainties are an important component of aerosol forcing uncertainty that require further attention.
Monitoring volcanic ash cloud top height through simultaneous retrieval of optical data from polar orbiting and geostationary satellites
Authors: Zakšek K. , Hort M. , Zaletelj J. , Langmann B.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Volcanic ash cloud top height (ACTH) can be monitored on the global level using satellite remote sensing. Here we propose a photogrammetric method based on the parallax between data retrieved from geostationary and polar orbiting satellites to overcome some limitations of the existing methods of ACTH retrieval. SEVIRI HRV band and MODIS band 1 are a good choice because of their high resolution. The procedure works well if the data from both satellites are retrieved nearly simultaneously. MODIS does not retrieve the data at exactly the same time as SEVIRI. To compensate for advection we use two sequential SEVIRI images (one before and one after the MODIS retrieval) and interpolate the cloud position from SEVIRI data to the time of MODIS retrieval. The proposed method was tested for the case of the Eyjafjallajökull eruption in April 2010. The parallax between MODIS and SEVIRI data can reach over 30 km which implies ACTH of more than 12 km in the beginning of the eruption. In the end of April eruption ACTH of 3–4 km is observed. The accuracy of ACTH was estimated to be 0.6 km.
Ice hydrometeor profile retrieval algorithm for high-frequency microwave radiometers: application to the CoSSIR instrument during TC4
Authors: Evans K. F. , Wang J. R. , O'C Starr D. , Heymsfield G. , Li L. , Tian L. , Lawson R. P. , Heymsfield A. J. , Bansemer A.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. A Bayesian algorithm to retrieve profiles of cloud ice water content (IWC), ice particle size (Dme), and relative humidity from millimeter-wave/submillimeter-wave radiometers is presented. The first part of the algorithm prepares an a priori file with cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) and empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) of profiles of temperature, relative humidity, three ice particle parameters (IWC, Dme, distribution width), and two liquid cloud parameters. The a priori CDFs and EOFs are derived from CloudSat radar reflectivity profiles and associated ECMWF temperature and relative humidity profiles combined with three cloud microphysical probability distributions obtained from in situ cloud probes. The second part of the algorithm uses the CDF/EOF file to perform a Bayesian retrieval with a hybrid technique that uses Monte Carlo integration (MCI) or, when too few MCI cases match the observations, uses optimization to maximize the posterior probability function. The very computationally intensive Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method also may be chosen as a solution method. The radiative transfer model assumes mixtures of several shapes of randomly oriented ice particles, and here random aggregates of spheres, dendrites, and hexagonal plates are used for tropical convection. A new physical model of stochastic dendritic snowflake aggregation is developed. The retrieval algorithm is applied to data from the Compact Scanning Submillimeter-wave Imaging Radiometer (CoSSIR) flown on the ER-2 aircraft during the Tropical Composition, Cloud and Climate Coupling (TC4) experiment in 2007. Example retrievals with error bars are shown for nadir profiles of IWC, Dme, and relative humidity, and nadir and conical scan swath retrievals of ice water path and average Dme. The ice cloud retrievals are evaluated by retrieving integrated 94 GHz backscattering from CoSSIR for comparison with the Cloud Radar System (CRS) flown on the same aircraft. The rms difference in integrated backscattering is around 3 dB over a 30 dB range. A comparison of CoSSIR retrieved and CRS measured reflectivity shows that CoSSIR has the ability to retrieve low-resolution ice cloud profiles in the upper troposphere.
An isotopic (Δ14C, δ13C, and δ15N) investigation of the composition of particulate organic matter and zooplankton food sources in Lake Superior and across a size-gradient of aquatic systems
Authors: Zigah P. K. , Minor E. C. , Werne J. P. , Leigh McCallister S.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Food webs in aquatic systems can be supported both by carbon from recent local primary productivity and by carbon subsidies, such as material from terrestrial ecosystems, or past in situ primary productivity. The importance of these subsidies to respiration and biomass production remains a topic of debate. While some studies have reported that terrigenous organic carbon supports disproportionately high zooplankton production, others have suggested that phytoplankton preferentially support zooplankton production in aquatic ecosystems. Here we apply natural abundance radiocarbon (Δ14C) and stable isotope (δ13C, δ15N) analyses to show that zooplankton in Lake Superior selectively incorporate recently fixed, locally produced (autochthonous) organic carbon even though other carbon sources are readily available. Estimates from Bayesian isotopic modeling based on Δ14C and δ13C values show that the average lake-wide median contributions of recent in-lake primary production and terrestrial, sedimentary, and bacterial organic carbon to the bulk POM in Lake Superior were 58%, 5%, 33%, and 3%, respectively. However, isotopic modeling estimates also show that recent in situ production contributed a disproportionately large amount (median, 91%) of the carbon in mesozooplankton biomass in Lake Superior. Although terrigenous organic carbon and old organic carbon from resuspended sediments were significant portions (median, 38%) of the available basal food resources, these contributed only a small amount to mesozooplankton biomass. Comparison of zooplankton food sources based on their radiocarbon composition showed that terrigenous organic carbon was relatively more important in rivers and small lakes, and the proportion of terrestrially derived material used by zooplankton correlated with the hydrologic residence time and the ratio of basin area to water surface area.
Temporal variation of nitrate and phosphate transport in headwater catchments: the hydrological controls and landuse alteration
Authors: Lee T.-Y. , Huang J.-C. , Kao S.-J. , Tung C.-P.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Oceania Rivers are hotspots of high DIN (dissolved inorganic nitrogen) and DIP (dissolved inorganic phosphorus) transport. However, the effects of hydrologic controls and land use alternation on the temporal variations of DIN and DIP are rarely documented. In this study, we monitored the nitrate and phosphate concentrations from three headwater catchments with different cultivation gradients at a 3-day interval. This sampling scheme was supplemented with a 3-h interval monitoring during typhoon periods. The results showed that the DIN and DIP yields in the pristine, moderately cultivated, and intensively cultivated watersheds were 7.52/0.31, 31.17/0.30, and 40.96/0.52 kg ha−1 yr−1, respectively. The high DIN yields are comparable to the intensively and extensively disturbed large rivers around the world. These N yields may be due to a high level of nitrogen deposition, rainfall-runoff, and fertilizer application. The importance of event sampling was indicated by the contribution of the three typhoons to the annual DIN and DIP fluxes, which were 30% and 60%, respectively. Both DIN and DIP fluxes significantly increased as the cultivation gradient increased. The DIN and DIP ratio varied from 54 to 230 depending on the decrease of the cultivation gradient. This value is higher than the global mean of ~18. Thus, we speculate that nitrogen saturation occurs in the headwater catchments of Oceania Rivers. The results obtained provide fundamental clues of DIN and DIP yield of Oceania Rivers, which are helpful in understanding the impact of human disturbance on headwater watersheds.
Impact of an 8.2-kyr-like event on methane emissions in northern peatlands
Authors: Zürcher S. , Spahni R. , Joos F. , Steinacher M. , Fischer H.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Rapid changes in atmospheric methane (CH4), temperature and precipitation are documented by Greenland ice core data both for glacial times (the so called Dangaard-Oeschger (DO) events) as well as for a cooling event in the early Holocene (the 8.2 kyr event). The onsets of DO warm events are paralleled by abrupt increases in CH4 by up to 250 ppbv in a few decades. Vice versa, the 8.2 kyr event is accompanied by an intermittent decrease in CH4 of about 80 ppbv over 150 yr. The abrupt CH4 changes are thought to mainly originate from source emission variations in tropical and boreal wet ecosystems, but complex process oriented bottom-up model estimates of the changes in these ecosystems during rapid climate changes are still missing. Here we present simulations of CH4 emissions from northern peatlands with the LPJ-Bern dynamic global vegetation model. The model represents CH4 production and oxidation in soils and transport by ebullition, through plant aerenchyma, and by diffusion. Parameters are tuned to represent site emission data as well as inversion-based estimates of northern wetland emissions. The model is forced with climate input data from freshwater hosing experiments using the NCAR CSM1.4 climate model to simulate an abrupt cooling similar to the widespread 8.2 kyr event. As a main result we get a concentration reduction of ~10 ppbv per degree K change of mean northern hemispheric surface temperature in peatlands. This sensitivity comprises effects on peatland emissions of similar size by the temperature itself as well as by the accompanying change in precipitation rate, hence water table. Comparison with the ice core record reveals that a change in boreal peatland emissions alone could not completely account for the 80 ppbv methane decline during the 8.2 kyr event, pointing to a significant contribution from tropical wetlands to this event.