bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Total anticholinergic burden and survival within a cohort of elderly Mexican Americans
Authors: Sarbacker G Blair , Espino David V , Wood Robert C , Oakes Sandra L , Anand Dheeraj , Markides Kyriakos A
Published: October 2016

Aim

Studies examining the association between mortality and anticholinergic burden in the geriatric population are conflicting and are absent in the Mexican American population. The present study aimed to determine whether higher anticholinergic burden increases mortality in a cohort representative of community‐based older Mexican Americans in the USA.

Methods

This retrospective cohort database study used the Hispanic Established Populations for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly cohort. The primary outcome, mortality, was assessed beginning at the second interview in 1995 until the fifth interview in 2005. Medications were classified for anticholinergic burden according to the modified‐Anticholinergic Drug Scale and were summed across all reported medications creating a measure of total anticholinergic burden. Anticholinergic burden was tested for association with mortality using survival analysis.

Results

The 1497 older adults reporting medication usage were included. Survival analysis showed a statistically significant (P < 0.05) relationship between anticholinergic burden and increased mortality.

Conclusions

Anticholinergic burden is associated with increased mortality in Southwestern Mexican American older adults who report taking prescription or non prescription medications. These findings suggest that anticholinergic burden might be a risk factor for mortality in this selected population, with additional studies required to further define the risk. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 1515–1521.
Association between the older adults’ social relationships and functional status in Japan
Authors: Watanabe Kumi , Tanaka Emiko , Watanabe Taeko , Chen Wencan , Wu Bailiang , Ito Sumio , Okumura Rika , Anme Tokie
Published: October 2016

Aim

Previous studies have shown that social relationships positively contribute to the functioning of older adults. However, the particular aspects of social relationships that are most predictive remain unknown. Consequently, the current study aimed to clarify what elements of social relationships impacted the maintenance of functioning among older adults.

Methods

The present study used baseline data collected in 2011, and follow‐up surveys were carried out 3 years later. Participants included individuals aged 65 years or older who lived in a suburban community in Japan. A total of 434 participants met inclusion criteria for the study and were included in analysis. The Index of Social Interaction measure consists of five subscales (independence, social curiosity, interaction, participation and feeling of safety), and was used to assess the multiple elements of social relationships.

Results

After controlling for age, sex, disease status and mobility in 2011, the results showed that the social curiosity subscale was significantly associated with functional status after 3 years (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.02–1.63). Other Index of Social Interaction subscales were non‐significant.

Conclusions

The current study suggests that interaction with environment and multifaceted social relationships have the strongest impact on functional ability for older adults in Japan. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 1522–1526.
Evapotranspiration and quality characteristics of some bermudagrass turf cultivars under deficit irrigation
Authors: Aydinsakir Koksal , Buyuktas Dursun , Bastug Ruhi , Yilmaz Serpil
Published: October 2016

This study was carried out to determine the effects of deficit irrigation on evapotranspiration and quality of bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) turfgrass cultivars under Mediterranean conditions. Eight bermudagrass turf cultivars ‘Blackjack’, ‘Mohawk’, ‘Princess’, ‘Riviera’, ‘Sahara’, ‘Sultan’, ‘Swi–1044’ and ‘Swi–1045’ were used. Irrigation experiments were conducted from June to October 2008. Experimental plots were irrigated at 7 days intervals, at three levels of irrigation based on the potential evaporation as measured by a Class A pan (Epan) as follows I1 = 0.50 Epan, I2 = 0.75 Epan and I3 = 1.00 Epan. Volumetric soil water content was measured using soil moisture meter before and after irrigation. It was found that the irrigation levels affect sward color, visual quality and leaf firing. Among the cultivars, ‘Swi–1045’ and ‘Princess’ showed the best color and quality while ‘Mohawk’ and ‘Sultan’ gave the poorest color and quality in all irrigation levels. No statistically significant differences between I1 and I2 irrigation treatments were obtained in terms of color, quality and leaf firing for bermudagrass cultivars. It is concluded that when the amount of water is limited in arid and semiarid regions such as the Mediterranean, the bermudagrass can be irrigated at a level of 50% of pan evaporation to get an acceptable visual quality with improved water conservation.
Small Maf deficiency recapitulates the liver phenotypes of Nrf1‐ and Nrf2‐deficient mice
Authors: Katsuoka Fumiki , Yamazaki Hiromi , Yamamoto Masayuki
Published: October 2016

Nrf1 and Nrf2 (NF‐E2‐related factors 1 and 2, respectively) are transcription factors that belong to the Cap'n'collar (CNC) family and play critical roles in various tissues, including the liver. Liver‐specific Nrf1 knockout mice show hepatic steatosis, accompanied by dysregulation of various metabolic genes. Nrf2 knockout mice show impairment in the induction of antioxidant and xenobiotic‐metabolizing enzyme genes. Although it has been shown that small Maf (sMaf) proteins act as obligatory partners of CNC proteins, their precise contributions to the function of CNC proteins remain unclear especially in the context of adult liver functions. To address this issue, we generated mice that conditionally lack expression of all sMaf proteins in the liver. The liver‐specific sMaf‐deficient mice develop hepatic steatosis and dysregulation of genes involved in lipid and amino acid metabolism and proteasomal subunit expression. Importantly, the gene expression profiles in the sMaf‐deficient livers share a strong similarity with those in Nrf1‐deficient livers. In addition, the basal expression levels of a number of Nrf2 target genes were diminished in the sMaf‐deficient livers. These results provide the first genetic evidence that sMaf proteins are indispensable for liver functions as heterodimeric partners for Nrf1 and Nrf2.
The Partners in Health scale for older adults: design and examination of its psychometric properties in a Dutch population of older adults
Authors: Veldman Karin , Reijneveld Sijmen A. , Lahr Maarten M. H. , Uittenbroek Ronald J. , Wynia Klaske
Published: October 2016

Background

Self‐management is an important asset in helping older adults remain independent and in control for as long as possible. There is no reliable and valid measurement instrument to evaluate self‐management behaviour of older adults.

Objective

This study aims to design a measurement instrument, that is the Partners in Health scale for older adults (PIH‐OA), to assess self‐management knowledge and behaviour of community‐living older adults and to examine its psychometric properties in a Dutch context.

Methods/design

The original PIH scale was translated into Dutch and adapted to the context of community‐living older adults, resulting in the PIH‐OA. Data for 1127 participants (mean age 81.7, SD=4.5) from the Embrace study were used to assess the psychometric properties.

Results

Data fitted a three‐factor model, covering the constructs Knowledge, Management and Coping, with good internal consistencies (Cronbach's alphas ranging from .77 to .84). Known groups validity was confirmed: no differences were found between gender, age and marital status groups, and differences were found between the education level and health status groups. Discriminant validity was confirmed by weak correlations between PIH‐OA scales and scales evaluating “Perceived integrated care” and “Activities of daily living (ADL)” (r<.30), and a moderate correlation between the PIH‐OA subscale “Coping” and the scale evaluating “ADL” (r=.41).

Conclusion

The PIH‐OA appears to be a reliable and valid measurement instrument for assessing the self‐management knowledge and behaviour of older adults. This could help professionals provide tailored support to improve the well‐being and independence of older adults.
Loving from Below: Of (De)colonial Love and Other Demons
Authors: Ureña Carolyn
Published: October 2016

This article explores the implications of adopting decolonial love as a theoretical and practical model for healing the wounds of coloniality by contrasting its revolutionary potential to the damaging effects of its opposite, colonial love. The latter, based in an imperialist, dualist logic, dangerously fetishizes the beloved object and participates in the oppression and subjugation of difference. Decolonial feminist theorist Chela Sandoval's concept of decolonial love, by contrast, originates “from below” and operates between those rendered other by hegemonic forces. In its acceptance of fluid identities and a redefined but shared humanity, decolonial love promotes loving as an active, intersubjective process, and in so doing articulates an anti‐hegemonic, anti‐imperialist affect and attitude that can guide the actions that work to dismantle oppressive regimes. Literature that makes central the lived experiences of female subaltern figures works to theorize new ways of being and offers feminist philosophy a different way to understand intersubjective relation that challenges hegemonic thinking. To this end I offer a close reading of Gabriel García Márquez's underexplored Of Love and Other Demons, a novel in which the subversive power of decolonial love challenges Christian, imperialist love to foreground black lived experience and knowledge over and against the Eurocentric.
Community assembly in time and space: the case of Lepidoptera in a Quercus ilex L. savannah‐like landscape
Authors: Ruiz‐Carbayo Helena , Bonal Raúl , Espelta Josep Maria , Hernández Marisa , Pino Joan
Published: October 2016

The factors governing community assemblages in fragmented habitats remain a challenging topic in ecology, especially in the present context of global change. We studied the colonisation of holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) woodland by specialist Lepidoptera in an afforested savannah‐like landscape that has emerged as a result of the abandonment of croplands. We sampled herbivorous caterpillars for 5 years to assess the interplay between tree age and structure (canopy size and connectivity) on Lepidoptera species abundance, richness, diversity and composition.

1336 individuals belonging to 24 species of Lepidoptera were collected. Species abundance, richness and diversity increased in the best connected large trees and in the best connected young ones, probably because of the greater likelihood of colonisation and the existence of colonisation credits, respectively. Although species abundance, richness and diversity varied significantly between years in all trees, there were no effects for tree age, canopy size, or connectivity.

Although tree age and structure had little effect on species composition (alpha and beta diversity), thereby revealing a predominant random effect, the relative abundance of Noctuids and Pyralids was significantly affected by tree age, suggesting that differences in dispersal abilities exist between these families.

These findings suggest that habitat age and structural interactions play a significant role in the accumulation of Lepidoptera species but have little importance in determining their identities. From a conservation point of view, the results highlight the need to preserve old, large and well‐connected holm oak trees in agricultural landscapes as refuges for specialist insects.
Elastin structure and its involvement in skin photoageing
Authors: Weihermann A. C. , Lorencini M. , Brohem C. A. , de Carvalho C. M.
Published: October 2016

Skin aging is a complex process that may be caused by factors that are intrinsic and extrinsic to the body. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation represents one of the main sources of skin damage over the years and characterizes a process known as photoaging. Among the changes that affect cutaneous tissue with age, the loss of elastic properties caused by changes in elastin production, increased degradation and/or processing produces a substantial impact on tissue esthetics and health. The occurrence of solar elastosis is one of the main markers of cutaneous photoaging and is characterized by disorganized and non‐functional deposition of elastic fibers. The occurrence ofUVradiation‐induced alternative splicing of the elastin gene, which leads to inadequate synthesis of the proteins required for the correct assembly of elastic fibers, is a potential explanation for this phenomenon. Innovative studies have been fundamental for the elucidation of rarely explored photoaging mechanisms and have enabled the identification of effective therapeutic alternatives such as cosmetic products. This review addresses cutaneous photoaging and the changes that affect elastin in this process.
The transcription factor cyclic adenosine 3′,5′‐monophosphate response element‐binding protein enhances the odonto/osteogenic differentiation of stem cells from the apical papilla
Authors: Su S. , Zhu Y. , Li S. , Liang Y. , Zhang J.
Published: October 2016

Aim

To investigate the role of cAMP response element‐binding protein (CREB) in the regulation of odonto/osteogenic differentiation of stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAPs).

Methodology

Stem cells from the apical papilla were obtained from human impacted third molars (n = 15). Isolated SCAPs were transfected with CREB overexpressing/silenced lentivirus. Transfected cells were stained with alizarin red to investigate mineralized nodule formation. The expression of the mineralization‐related genes, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), collagen type I (Col I), runt‐related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), osterix (OSX) and osteocalcin (OCN), was determined by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR). Protein expression of the odontogenic‐related marker dentine sialoprotein (DSP) and the osteogenic‐related marker RUNX2 was measured by Western blotting analysis. One‐way analysis of variance (anova) and Student's t‐test were used for statistical analysis (a = 0.05).

Results

The overexpression of CREB enhanced mineralized nodule formation and up‐regulated (P < 0.05) the mRNA levels of odonto/osteogenic‐related markers, including ALP, Col I, RUNX2, OSX and OCN, and also increased (P < 0.05) the protein expression of DSP and RUNX2. In contrast, the silencing of CREB inhibited (P < 0.05) the mineralization capacity of the SCAPs and decreased (P < 0.05) the expression of odonto/osteogenic‐related markers.

Conclusion

Up‐regulation of CREB expression promoted odonto/osteogenic differentiation of SCAPs and provided a potential method for the regeneration of the dentine–pulp complex.
Physicochemical and sensory evaluation of wine brandies aged using oak and chestnut wood simultaneously in wooden barrels and in stainless steel tanks with staves
Authors: Canas Sara , Caldeira Ilda , Anjos Ofélia , Lino João , Soares Amélia , Pedro Belchior António
Published: October 2016

This study provides innovative information on the simultaneous use of Limousin oak and chestnut wood in the ageing of wine brandy. Ageing was performed in 650‐L wooden barrels and in 3000‐L stainless steel tanks with staves over a 2‐year period. Effect of both kinds of wood in the brandy features depended on the ageing technology. Stainless steel tanks with staves originated lower enrichment of the brandy in dry extract (0.89 vs. 1.25 g L−1), total phenolics (22.33 vs. 29.40) and low molecular weight extractable compounds (119.83 vs. 231.65 mg L−1), but promoted a faster evolution of the analytical colour (lower L*, higher C*, a* and b*) and sensory colour (topaz and greenish vs. golden). The aroma and flavour profiles of the brandy were not significantly influenced by the ageing technology. Therefore, it is a promising option for both ageing technologies because it ensures the quality of brandy, together with a lower cost of the wood and exemption of the blending operation.
The association between higher maternal pre‐pregnancy body mass index and increased birth weight, adiposity and inflammation in the newborn
Authors: McCloskey K. , Ponsonby A.‐L. , Collier F. , Allen K. , Tang M. L.K. , Carlin J. B. , Saffery R. , Skilton M. R. , Cheung M. , Ranganathan S. , Dwyer T. , Burgner D. , Vuillermin P.
Published: October 2016

Background

Excess adiposity and adiposity‐related inflammation are known risk factors for cardiovascular disease in adults; however, little is known regarding the determinants of adiposity‐related inflammation at birth.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between maternal pre‐pregnancy BMI and newborn adiposity and inflammation.

Methods

Paired maternal (28‐week gestation) and infant (umbilical cord) blood samples were collected from a population‐derived birth cohort (Barwon Infant Study, n = 1074). Data on maternal comorbidities and infant birth anthropomorphic measures were compiled, and infant aortic intima‐media thickness was measured by trans‐abdominal ultrasound. In a selected subgroup of term infants (n = 161), matched maternal and cord lipids, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hsCRP) and maternal soluble CD14 were measured. Analysis was completed by using pairwise correlation and linear regression. Because of their non‐normal distribution, pathology blood measures were log transformed prior to analysis.

Results

Maternal pre‐pregnancy BMI was positively associated with increased birth weight (mean difference 17.8 g per kg m−2, 95% CI 6.6 to 28.9; p = 0.002), newborn mean skin‐fold thickness (mean difference 0.1 mm per kg m−2, 95% CI 0.0 to 0.1; p < 0.001) and cord blood hsCRP (mean difference of 4.2% increase in hsCRP per kg m−2 increase in pre‐pregnancy BMI, 95% CI 0.6 to 7.7%, p = 0.02), but not cord blood soluble CD14. Inclusion of maternal hsCRP as a covariate attenuated the associations between pre‐pregnancy BMI and both newborn skin‐fold thickness and cord blood hsCRP.

Conclusion

Higher maternal pre‐pregnancy BMI is associated with increased newborn adiposity and inflammation. These associations may be partially mediated by maternal inflammation during pregnancy.
Family resilience in low income communities: A case study of an informal settlement in KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa
Authors: Raniga Tanusha , Mthembu Maud
Published: October 2016

Many of the people who are most vulnerable to the effects of poverty and deprivation reside in informal settlements in Africa. While there is growing evidence of the importance of family resilience, there is little documented evidence of how collective actions undertaken by families in African communities can contribute to this. In‐depth interviews and focus‐group sessions were conducted with single mothers residing in an informal settlement in KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa to delineate the factors that contributed to their resilience. We examined the influence of social ties, self‐efficacy and networks they had established beyond their immediate community on enhancing family resilience. Three key themes are discussed: determination to survive, rising above harsh economic conditions and establishing networks within and outside the community. We conclude that the foundation for building strong female‐headed families lies in positive social ties, self‐empowerment initiatives and tapping on established networks within and outside low income communities.
Enhancing Football League Tables
Authors: Lau F. Din-Houn , Gandy Axel
Published: October 2016

League tables are commonly used to represent the current state of a competition, in football and other sports. But they do not tell the full story. F. Din-Houn Lau and Axel Gandy suggest a few improvements
Election Watch
Authors: Barfar Arash , Padmanabhan Balaji
Published: October 2016

Polls in recent elections have shown themselves to be unreliable. Instead of asking people how they will vote, what if we looked at other aspects of their behaviour which might be predictive of their voting preferences? Arash Barfar and Balaji Padmanabhan discuss their experiments with TV viewing data
Safer Travels
Authors: Wallbank Caroline
Published: October 2016

How many lives have been saved by improved safety technologies in automobiles? Caroline Wallbank investigates
Synthesis of Yb:YAG Ceramics Without Sintering Additives and their Performance
Authors: Ikesue Akio , Aung Yan Lin
Published: October 2016

High‐quality 10%Yb:YAG ceramics was successfully synthesized without sintering additives such as SiO2 for the first time. Optical scattering loss of the Yb:YAG ceramics was 0.1%/cm and its transmitted wavefront distortion was λ/19.5 (t = 4.7 mm), which was very comparable to single crystal laser materials. Laser performance of thin disk made of this material (φ11 × t0.15 mm) was 74.1% of slope efficiency (optical‐to‐optical conversion efficiency: 68.1%) and the maximum output power reached 1.8 kW. Synthesis of high‐purity and high‐quality YAG ceramics without using sintering additives was demonstrated for the first time to our knowledge and we can discuss the technological meaning of high‐purity materials for the future.
Instruments to assess the patient comfort during hospitalization: a psychometric review protocol
Authors: Lorente Sonia , Vives Jaume , Losilla Josep Maria
Published: October 2016

Aim

The aim of this study was to analyse the psychometric properties, outcomes and utility of instruments measuring the patient comfort during hospitalization.

Background

While there are numerous systematic reviews assessing the psychometric properties of healthcare instruments, none of them is devoted to evaluate the psychometric properties of instruments measuring comfort, which is considered an indicator of quality in health care and is associated to quicker discharges, increased patient satisfaction and stronger cost‐benefit ratios for the institution.

Design

Psychometric Systematic review.

Methods

Searches will be performed on MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Knowledge, ProQuest Thesis&Dissertations and grey literature and will be focused on questionnaires measuring patient comfort as a holistic experience in any healthcare setting. The assessment will take into account the theoretical model on which the instruments are built, evaluate the psychometric properties of each study according to the COnsensus‐based Standards for the selection of health status Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) and will include the assessment of the quality of instruments outcomes and their cost‐efficiency, acceptability and educational impact. The review protocol was registered in PROSPERO, CRD42016036290 and was supported by the Grant PSI2014‐52962‐P, Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (July, 2015).

Discussion

The results of our psychometric review will categorise the instruments measuring the patient comfort according to their psychometric properties, methodological quality, outcomes and utility, to improve the quality of health care provided and the institution′s benefits.
Does obesity influence the subgingival microbiota composition in periodontal health and disease?
Authors: Maciel Suellen Silva , Feres Magda , Gonçalves Tiago Eduardo Dias , Zimmermann Glaucia Santos , da Silva Hélio Doyle Pereira , Figueiredo Luciene Cristina , Duarte Poliana Mendes
Published: October 2016

Aim

To evaluate whether obesity affects the subgingival microbial composition of patients with periodontal health or chronic periodontitis (CP).

Materials and Methods

Based on periodontal parameters, body mass index and waist‐hip ratio, 166 patients were allocated into one of the following groups: Normal weight (NW) patients with periodontal health (n = 44), NW patients with CP (n = 40), obese patients with periodontal health (n = 40) and obese patients with CP (n = 42). Six subgingival biofilm samples per patient were analysed for their content of 40 bacterial species using checkerboard DNA‐DNA hybridization.

Results

Obese patients with CP harboured higher levels and/or higher proportions of several periodontal pathogens than those with NW and CP, including Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Eubacterium nodatum, Fusobacterium nucleatum ss vincentii, Parvimonas micra, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythia, Prevotella melaninogenica and Treponema socranskii. The proportions of most of these pathogens, as well Campylobacter rectus and Eikenella corrodens, were more increased in the diseased sites of the obese patients than in those with NW. Furthermore, the healthy sites of the obese patients, presenting or not CP, also exhibited higher proportions of some of the pathogens than patients with NW.

Conclusions

Obesity is associated with increased levels and proportions of periodontal pathogens, especially in patients with CP.
Contribution of biomechanical forces to inflammation‐induced bone resorption
Authors: Nogueira Andressa Vilas Boas , de Molon Rafael Scaf , Nokhbehsaim Marjan , Deschner James , Cirelli Joni Augusto
Published: October 2016

Aim

This study aimed to evaluate the contribution of biomechanical loading to inflammation‐induced tissue destruction.

Materials and Methods

A total of 144 adult Holtzman rats were randomly assigned into four experimental groups: control (C), ligature‐induced periodontal disease (P), orthodontic movement (OM), and combination group (OMP). On days 1, 3, 7, and 15, following baseline, nine animals from each experimental group were killed. Bone volume fraction (BVF) and bone mineral density (BMD) were measured using micro‐computed tomography. Expression and synthesis profile of cytokines and receptors of inflammation in gingival tissues were evaluated by PCR array assay and multiplex immunoassay.

Results

At 15 days, the OMP group presented a significantly (p < 0.05) lower BVF and BMD levels when compared to all the other groups. The OMP group presented the highest number of upregulated protein targets in comparison to the other groups. Furthermore, the gene expression and protein levels of CCL2, CCL3, IL‐1β, IL1‐α, IL‐18, TNF‐α, and VEGF were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the OMP group when compared to the P group.

Conclusions

In summary, mechanical loading modulates the inflammatory response of periodontal tissues to periodontal disease by increasing the expression of several pro‐inflammatory mediators and receptors, which leads to increased bone resorption.
Effectiveness of non‐surgical periodontal therapy in a large Chinese population with chronic periodontitis
Authors: Jiao Jian , Shi Dong , Cao Zhan‐qiang , Meng Huan‐xin , Lu Rui‐fang , Zhang Li , Song Yi , Zhao Jing‐ren
Published: October 2016

Aim

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of non‐surgical periodontal treatment (NSPT) and its influential factors in a large Chinese population with chronic periodontitis.

Methods

Periodontal examination data of 10,789 patients with at least one periodontal re‐evaluation record were extracted from a hospital‐based electronic periodontal charting record system. Probing depth (PD) and bleeding index (BI) reductions after NSPT and their influential factors were analysed by multilevel analysis.

Results

Mean PD reductions at patient level and site level were 0.62 and 0.65 mm respectively. Mean reductions of percentage of tooth with BI > 1 and BI > 2 were 14.9% and 25.21%. Multilevel analysis demonstrated that PD and BI reductions were mainly influenced by baseline PD, baseline attachment loss (AL), baseline mobility, tooth type and frequency of periodontal maintenance (FPM). Besides, PD reduction was associated with baseline BI for all sites and was associated with gender and smoking status for sites with baseline PD ≥ 5 mm.

Conclusion

The effectiveness of NSPT on patients with chronic periodontitis was proved in a large Chinese population. Outcomes of NSPT were mainly influenced by baseline PD, baseline AL, baseline mobility, tooth type and FPM.
Optimal maintenance treatment with calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate gel in Korean patients with psoriasis vulgaris: a multicentre randomized, controlled clinical trial
Authors: Lee J.‐H. , Park C.‐J. , Kim T.‐Y. , Choe Y.‐B. , Kim N.‐I. , Song H.‐J. , Youn J.‐I. , Youn S.‐W. , Choi J.‐H. , Kim K.‐J.
Published: October 2016

Background

There is a lack of response data for topical treatments for psoriasis vulgaris in Asian patients.

Objectives

To determine the optimal maintenance regimen for topical treatment with calcipotriol monohydrate/betamethasone dipropionate gel in Korean patients with psoriasis vulgaris, by comparing the efficacy of three 8‐week maintenance regimens.

Methods

This was a multicentre, prospective, randomized, controlled, parallel‐group, open‐label, phase 4 clinical trial, conducted in South Korea. Patients with psoriasis vulgaris on the limbs/trunk received once‐daily treatment with calcipotriol monohydrate (50 μg/g)/betamethasone dipropionate (500 μg/g) gel for 8 weeks (induction phase). Responders (defined as an Investigator's Global Assessment of Disease Severity (IGA) grade of ‘clear’ or ‘almost clear’) were then randomized to receive 8 weeks’ maintenance treatment with Xamiol® gel once daily as needed [pro re nata (PRN Group)], once daily every day (Continuous group), or twice weekly – on Saturday and Sunday (Weekend group). The primary endpoint was the percentage of IGA responders at week 16.

Results

At the end of the induction phase, 62.18% of patients were IGA responders. At the end of the maintenance phase (week 16), the responder rate was 63.89% for the PRN group, 67.5% for the Continuous group and 31.43% for the Weekend group. The PRN and Continuous groups were statistically superior to the Weekend group (P = 0.0109 and P = 0.0015), but the PRN and Continuous groups did not differ statistically. The incidence of adverse events did not differ significantly between the groups.

Conclusion

Among Korean patients with psoriasis vulgaris, maintenance treatment with calcipotriol monohydrate/betamethasone dipropionate using a continuous daily regimen or an ‘as needed’ daily regimen provided similar efficacy, whereas a twice‐weekly regimen was significantly less efficacious than either of these regimens.
Lipid profile in patients with androgenetic alopecia: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Kim M.W. , Shin I.S. , Yoon H.S. , Cho S. , Park H.S.
Published: October 2016

Background

Many studies have reported that androgenetic alopecia (AGA) might be a risk factor for cardiovascular disorders, and the association of AGA with dyslipidaemia has been studied. However, the results were controversial and previous meta‐analyses had several critical limitations.

Objective

We performed a meta‐analysis to clarify whether AGA patients have abnormal lipid profiles.

Methods

A literature search was performed using the MEDLINE, EMBASE, The Cochrane Library and KOREA MED databases.

Results

We pooled 19 observational studies and performed a meta‐analysis to compare serum total cholesterol, serum triglyceride (TG), low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) and the cholesterol levels between AGA and control groups. The serum total cholesterol, TG and LDL cholesterol levels were significantly higher in the AGA group than in the control group, and the standardized mean differences were 0.377 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.182–0.572, P < 0.001), 0.426 (95% CI: 0.164–0.688, P = 0.001) and 0.450 (95% CI: 0.171–0.728, P = 0.002) respectively. In addition, HDL cholesterol level was significantly lower in the AGA group than in the control group, and the standardized mean difference was −0.248 (95% CI: −0.472 to −0.023, P = 0.030).

Conclusions

AGA patients showed statistically significant abnormal lipid profiles, and this might partly explain the association between AGA and cardiovascular diseases.
Clear or almost clear skin improves the quality of life in patients with moderate‐to‐severe psoriasis: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Puig L. , Thom H. , Mollon P. , Tian H. , Ramakrishna G.S.
Published: October 2016

Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) 75 response is currently considered the gold standard for assessing treatment efficacy in moderate‐to‐severe psoriatic patients. PASI 90 response denotes better clinical improvement compared to PASI 75. Very few studies have assessed if a greater PASI clinical response is associated with greater improvements in Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI). A systematic review and meta‐analysis was performed to assess the association between PASI response and DLQI. The study was conducted to assess whether greater improvement in PASI scores from PASI 75–89 to PASI 90 is associated with greater Quality of life (QoL) improvements, specifically DLQI scores. Systematic searches were conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Library to identify studies evaluating biologic interventions in adult moderate‐to‐severe psoriasis patients reporting PASI response and their corresponding DLQI change from baseline score. The quality of evidence was assessed through Jadad score for randomized controlled trials and Downs and Black's checklist for observational studies. Meta‐analysis estimated change from baseline in DLQI for PASI 75–89 responders to be 78% (95% credible intervals [CrI]: 75–82%) and for PASI 90 responders to be 90% (95% CrI: 88–93%). This implies 12% greater improvement in DLQI score for PASI 90 responders compared with PASI 75–89 responders. In addition, the meta‐analysis also showed a statistically significant difference in DLQI score of 0/1 between PASI 75‐89 and PASI 90 responders (45% [95% Crl]; 41.0–50.0% and 73% [95% Crl]; 70.0–76.0%), respectively, Bayesian P < 0.0001). In conclusion, substantial improvement in clinical efficacy is associated with improved QoL in patients with moderate‐to‐severe psoriasis suggesting that PASI 90 responders (clear or almost clear skin) could achieve a superior QoL compared to PASI 75–89 responders.
Hot spots become cold spots: coevolution in variable temperature environments
Authors: Duncan A. B. , Dusi E. , Jacob F. , Ramsayer J. , Hochberg M. E. , Kaltz O.
Published: October 2016

Antagonistic coevolution between hosts and parasites is a key process in the genesis and maintenance of biological diversity. Whereas coevolutionary dynamics show distinct patterns under favourable environmental conditions, the effects of more realistic, variable conditions are largely unknown. We investigated the impact of a fluctuating environment on antagonistic coevolution in experimental microcosms of Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 and lytic phage SBWΦ2. High‐frequency temperature fluctuations caused no deviations from typical coevolutionary arms race dynamics. However, coevolution was stalled during periods of high temperature under intermediate‐ and low‐frequency fluctuations, generating temporary coevolutionary cold spots. Temperature variation affected population density, providing evidence that eco‐evolutionary feedbacks act through variable bacteria–phage encounter rates. Our study shows that environmental fluctuations can drive antagonistic species interactions into and out of coevolutionary cold and hot spots. Whether coevolution persists or stalls depends on the frequency of change and the environmental optima of both interacting players.
Cultural isolation is greater than genetic isolation across an avian hybrid zone
Authors: Kenyon H. L. , Alcaide M. , Toews D. P. L. , Irwin D. E.
Published: October 2016

Elucidating the relationship between genetic and cultural evolution is important in understanding speciation, as learned premating barriers might be involved in maintaining species differences. Here, we test this relationship by examining a widely recognized premating barrier, bird song, in a hybrid zone between black‐throated green (Setophaga virens) and Townsend's warblers (S. townsendi). We use song analysis, genomic techniques and playback experiments to characterize the cultural and genetic backgrounds of individuals in this region, expecting that if song is an important reproductive barrier between these species, there should be a strong relationship between song and genotype. We show that songs in the hybrid zone correspond to the distinctly different songs found in allopatry but that song and genotype are not tightly coupled in sympatry. Allopatric individuals responded only to local songs, indicating that individuals may have learned to respond to songs they commonly hear. We observed discordance between song and genotype clines; a narrower cline suggests that cultural selection on song is stronger than natural selection on genotype. These findings indicate that song is unlikely to play a role in reproductive isolation between these species, and we suggest that spatial variation in song may nonetheless be maintained by frequency‐dependent cultural selection. This decoupling of genes and culture may contribute to hybridization in this region.
Self and identity over time: dementia
Authors: Brown Juliette
Published: October 2016

Here, the author revisits the discussion on the impact of dementia on experiences of self and identity over time that formed part of the workshop session on Mental Disorder and Selfhood at Kings College London, September 1, 2015. Dementia is described as being synonymous with loss, but this, in the author's view, is due to conscious and unconscious focus on the later stages of the illness that undermine all our abilities to think about and use the intervening years. Those years can deliver remarkable insights into the capacity to navigate fragmented identities. They can also remind us vividly of the importance of a relational, interactive quality to identity and the degree to which aspects of our selves and identities reside and thrive in the minds of others.
Subtle genetic population structure in Pacific halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis
Authors: Drinan D. P. , Galindo H. M. , Loher T. , Hauser L.
Published: October 2016

Pacific halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis from 10 sampling locations throughout their range were investigated for signs of population structure. Two genetic data sets were created: (1) all individuals (n = 828) at few anonymous microsatellite markers (number of loci = 16); (2) fewer individuals (n = 435) genotyped at anonymous as well as expressed sequence‐tag linked microsatellites (number of loci = 61). A combination of multidimensional scaling plots, discriminant analysis of principal components and pairwise differentiation estimates suggested that samples from the Aleutian Islands, particularly the western Aleutian Islands, were genetically distinct from samples collected in other regions. In addition, outlier analyses found that two markers linked to expressed sequence tags may be under directional selection and could explain the differentiation among samples. These results confirm findings from previous research and suggest that population structure may exist within a current management unit (i.e. International Pacific Halibut Commission Regulatory Area 4B).
Timecourse of oocyte development in saithe Pollachius virens
Authors: Skjæraasen J. E. , Devine J. A. , Godiksen J. A. , Fonn M. , OtterÅ H. , Kjesbu O. S. , Norberg B. , Langangen Ø. , Karlsen Ø.
Published: October 2016

Wild caught North Sea saithe Pollachius virens were monitored for growth, sex steroid profiles and oocyte development pre‐spawning and measured for egg size and group fecundity during the spawning season in the laboratory. Vitellogenesis commenced in late October–early November, at a leading cohort size (CL) of c. 250 µm, after which oocytes grew rapidly in size until spawning started in February. Notably, a distinct cortical alveoli stage was virtually absent with yolk granules observed in developing oocytes at the very beginning of vitellogenesis. Little atresia was observed pre‐spawning, but atretic re‐absorption of remnant oocytes containing yolk granules was found in all females immediately post‐spawning. As expected, concentrations of sex steroids, oestradiol‐17β (females), testosterone (both sexes) and 11‐ketotestosterone (both sexes), increased pre‐spawning before dropping post‐spawning. The present experiment provides the first validation of sex steroid levels in P. virens. Post‐ovulatory follicles were visible in histological sections from female gonads 9–11 months post‐spawning, but then disappeared. Spawning commenced around a CL of c. 750 µm (700–800 µm). Hydrated oocytes (eggs) measured between 1·04 and 1·31 mm (mean = 1·18 mm) with decreasing sizes towards the end of spawning. The average estimated realized fecundity was c. 0·84 million eggs (median female total length, LT = 60 cm). Spawning lasted from 13 February to 29 March.
Effects of ethanol storage and lipid and urea extraction on δ15N and δ13C isotope ratios in a benthic elasmobranch, the bluespotted maskray Neotrygon kuhlii
Authors: Burgess K. B. , Bennett M. B.
Published: October 2016

Ethanol storage and lipid and urea extraction had no effect on bluespotted maskray Neotrygon kuhlii muscle δ13C values whereas urea‐removal and ethanol storage increased δ15N values. Results presented here show a significant δ15N increase post‐urea removal and provide additional support for this approach in future elasmobranch stable‐isotope analysis (SIA) studies. Further experimental work on other elasmobranch species is needed to assess extraction and preservation effects on stable‐isotope (SI) values.
Interactions between Plagiotremus spp., Labroides dimidiatus and their clients: evidence for behavioural niche partitioning
Authors: Hansen M. J. , O'Leary P. M. , Ward A. J. W.
Published: October 2016

This study employed community analysis and behavioural field observations to explore the inter‐specific interactions between fangblenny species (Plagiotremus spp.), the cleaner wrasse Labroides dimidiatus and their target species and found that the presence of Plagiotremus spp. did not affect the total amount that L. dimidiatus cleaned but it did reduce the amount L. dimidiatus cleaned key prey species of the Plagiotremus spp. The behavioural interactions between adult L. dimidiatus and their clients changed in response to the presence of Plagiotremus spp., but the results suggested the potential cost of Plagiotremus spp. on L. dimidiatus may be offset by behavioural niche partitioning.
Identification and characterization of a phospholipase A1 activity type three secreted protein, PP_ExoU from Pseudomonas plecoglossicida NB2011, the causative agent of visceral granulomas disease in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea)
Authors: Zhang J , Wang Y , Guo H , Mao Z , Ge C
Published: October 2016

Pseudomonas plecoglossicida NB2011, the causative agent of visceral granulomas disease in farmed Larimichthys crocea in China, encodes a predicted type three effector PP_ExoU, a homolog of the cytotoxin ExoU of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In this study, secretion of PP_ExoU was tested in various broth, the protein was expressed with the pET30a prokaryotic system, the phospholipase A (PLA) activity of the recombinant protein was determined with fluorogenic phospholipid substrates, fusion expression with green fluorescent protein in transfected HeLa cells was investigated, and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level was measured. The results showed the protein was type three secreted in several media; the recombinant protein displayed significant PLA1 activity with ubiquitin. Fluorescence was observed on the cell membrane and scattered in the cytoplasm of HeLa cells expressing catalytic wild‐type PP_ExoU, blebbing and stretching developed in the cell membranes indicating of membrane damage. Fluorescence scattered in the cytoplasm of cells expressing the catalytic inactive protein. A significant LDH level was detected in HeLa cells expressing wild‐type PP_exoU, but not in the Ser/Asp‐mutated protein, suggestion mutation of predicted catalytic residues abolished the PLA activity. This is the first report on the function of a secreted type three protein from P. plecoglossicida.
Use of pineapple waste for single cell protein (SCP) production and the effect of substrate concentration on the yield
Authors: Mensah Jim K. M. , Twumasi Peter
Published: October 2016

Single cell protein (SCP) is used as a protein supplement in animal feed and protein rich foods for humans. In this study, extracts of pineapple waste were used as substrate for SCP production using Saccharomyces cerevisiae sp. (Baker or brewing yeast). The study also focused on the effect of the pineapple substrate concentration on the yield of SCP. Pineapple waste were collected from food processing companies in Kumasi and processed into pineapple juice extracts. The residual soluble sugars in the extract were measured and the concentration adjusted (40–100% v/v) for various submerged yeast fermentations to produce the SCPs. Initially, the yeast cells were cultured on Yeast Potato Dextrose Agar (YPDA) and then transferred into a Nutrient Broth to generate the activated yeast inoculum for the final fermentation. Pineapple extracts in 2.50 × 10−4 m3 conical flasks at various concentrations were each inoculated with 1 mL inoculum. The set‐ups were incubated at 298 K and the yeast cells or colonies counted at 24 hr interval for 5 days. Biochemical analysis of the substrate revealed the following composition: pH of 5.5 and 4.7% (m/v) total soluble sugars. Maximum yield and doubling time/hr of SCPs (3.01 kg/m3, 1,108 hr) was observed for the 60% (v/v) pineapple substrate concentration. The 100% (v/v) substrate concentration produced the least SCP yield of 2.5 × 10−2 kg/m3. It is concluded from this study that pineapple waste generated in the food processing industry serves as good substrates for SCP production with high‐potential economic value.

Practical applications

Single cell proteins are utilized mainly as food supplement for human beings and animals. Several other applications of single cell proteins are available. It is used as a health food to control obesity, and provide instant energy to especially sports men. It is also used in therapeutic and natural medicines to: reduce body weight, cholesterol, stress, lower blood sugar in diabetic patients, promote healthy eyes and skin, and increase lactation. It is further used in the technical field for paper and leather processing, and as foam stabilizer.
Effect of lactic acid bacteria on microbial safety of angelica keiskei juice
Authors: Xie Fan , Wang Yuqiang , Zhou Yiming , Wu Jinhong , Wang Zhengwu
Published: October 2016

This study investigated the inhibitory activities of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) against Bacillus cereus in the Angelica keiskei juice. After pasteurization, yeasts, molds, Pseudomonas, and coliform bacteria can be inactivated effectively, but population of Bacillus cereus did not show significantly decreased. To inhibit the growth of B. cereus, Lactobacillus plantarum, casei, and acidophilus were applied to ferment the pasteurized Angelica keiskei juice. Through 48 hr fermentation, the populations of LABs increased 4.12, 3.64, and 3.59 log10 CFU/ml, respectively. The population of B. cereus increased 1.30, 1.92, and 2.04 log10 CFU/ml, respectively, but in the control group, it increased 3.23 log10 CFU/ml. Cereulide (a B. cereus emetic toxin) was identified in the control group, 36 as well as 48 hr of L. casei, and 48 hr of L. acidophilus fermented juice, but not in L. plantarum. The amount of the cereulide biosynthesis genes expression of B. cereus in Lactobacillus fermented juice was significant lower than that in the control group. These findings indicate that Lactobacillus can inhibit the growth of B. cereus in Angelica keiskei juice, and L. plantarum shows the best effect.

Practical applications

Fresh Angelica keiskei juice is considered to be a healthy beverage, attributing to its numerous beneficial effects recently. However, microbial risk is always existent due to fresh Angelica keiskei juice is easy to be contaminated by some soil and heat resistant microorganisms, including B. cereus, which is unable to be inactivated by pasteurization. LAB are used in Angelica keiskei juice to inhibit the growth of B. cereus since they can generate a large amount of organic acids and bacteriocins. Hence, Angelica keiskei juice can be developed as a healthily fermented juice.