bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE RESPONSE OF TWO STRAINS OF HYLEMYA ANTIQUA (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE) TO A CONSTANT AND AN ALTERNATING TEMPERATURE REGIME
Authors: Robinson Alan S. , Zurlini G.
Published: December 2009

The effect of an alternating and a constant temperature regime on some aspects of the biology of two strains of Hylemya antiqua were studied. One strain was a laboratory strain, the other a newly colonized wild strain. Several population statistics were assessed and life tables constructed. Significant differences between the strains were recorded.

The laboratory strain mated significantly better under both environments than the wild strain, it also oviposited earlier and lived longer. No difference between the strains was recorded for either total egg production or oviposition rate. The wild strain larvae survived significantly better than the laboratory strain larvae and produced larger pupae. As the weighted mean temperature of the alternating regime was 16.6°C compared with the constant regime of 23°C many temperature dependent processes were retarded. Nevertheless as the alternating temperature increased larval survival and increased pupal size, this temperature regime has now been adopted for the routine laboratory rearing of H. antiqua larvae. The net reproductive rate, R0, and the intrinsic rate of increase, r, were calculated for both strains in both environments. The wild flies had the highest R0 at the alternating temperature and the lowest at the constant temperature. This trend was completely reversed when r was calculated as this statistic takes into account generation time, which was much shorter in the constant temperature.

The results were discussed in the framework of the quality of the laboratory stock in relation to its use in a genetic control programme.
DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSE OF DOUGLAS-FIR TUSSOCK MOTH, ORGYIA PSEUDOTSUGATA (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE), POPULATIONS AND SIBLING GROUPS TO ACEPHATE AND CARBARYL: TOXICOLOGICAL AND GENETIC ANALYSES
Authors: Stock M. W. , Robertson J. L.
Published: December 2009

Unequal responses to acephate and carbaryl were found among four populations of Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough). Within a single population, response of almost half of sibling groups tested with either toxicant differed significantly from one another. Using electrophoresis, we related variation in sibling group responses to quantitative differences in esterase isozymes. Potential use of genetic assays in pre-spray population surveys is discussed.
SYNOPSIS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN PHILAENINI (RHYNCHOTA: HOMOPTERA: CERCOPIDAE) WITH A NEW GENUS AND FOUR NEW SPECIES
Authors: Hamilton K.G.A.
Published: December 2009

Keys are provided to the five genera and 12 species of Philaenini in North America. Philaenus (Stål) is redefined to include only two species, one of which, spumarius L., 1758 (= rubra Capanni, 1894, = aurata Capanni, 1894, new synonymies) is represented in North America by three introduced subspecies: quadrimaculatus (Sch.) in eastern and western continental America, spumarius s.s. in Newfoundland, and tesselatus (Mel.) from one locality in southern Ontario. Philaenus parallels Stearns is removed to Paraphilaenus Vilb. as its sole Nearctic representative (new combination) and Philaenus lineatus (L.) belongs to the distinctive genus Neophilaenus Hpt. Philaronia Ball is represented in North America by five species: abjecta (Uhl.), canadensis (Wal.), fuscovaria (Stål) new combination, pauca n. sp. and superba n. sp. Philaenarcys new genus includes three species: bilineata (Say), 1831, new combination (= Ptyelus basivitta Wlk., 1851, new synonymy), killa n. sp., and spartina n. sp.
GENETICS OF GLOSSINA MORSITANS MORSITANS (DIPTERA: GLOSSINIDAE): IV. ELECTROPHORETIC BANDING PATTERNS OF OCTANOL DEHYDROGENASE AND ARGININE PHOSPHOKINASE
Authors: Gooding R.H. , Rolseth B.M.
Published: December 2009

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the thoraces of adult Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood revealed five octanol dehydrogenase (ODH, E.C. 1.1.1.73) phenotypes (and a sixth was predicted) in males and females, two arginine phosphokinase (APK, E.C. 2.7.3.3) phenotypes in males and three APK phenotypes in females. Each enzyme was postulated to be under the control of a single locus; Odh with three alleles on an autosome and Apk with two alleles on the X-chromosome. Allele frequencies were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in our colony, and breeding experiments provided direct evidence for single locus control of each enzyme. The polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis technique described permits determination of banding patterns for xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, ODH, and APK from a single individual.
COMPONENTS OF THE SEX PHEROMONE GLAND OF THE EASTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Wiesner C.J. , Silk P.J. , Tan S.-H. , Palaniswamy P. , Schmidt J.O.
Published: December 2009

The major component of the sex pheromone of the eastern spruce budwonn was established by Weatherston et al. (1971) to be trans-11-tetradecenal. Subsequently it was found (Sanders and Weatherston 1976) that a small proportion of cis-11-tetradecenal was essential to attraction and indeed was a component of the natural pheromone. In addition Weatherston and Maclean (1974) have shown that the female sex pheromone gland contains trans-11-tetradecenol, a presumed biosynthetic precursor to the aldehyde.
FIELD EVALUATION OF INSECTICIDES FOR THE CONTROL OF THE EUROPEAN SKIPPER, THYMELICUS LINEOLA (LEPIDOPTERA: HESPERIIDAE), IN QUEBEC
Authors: Letendre Michel , McNeil Jeremy N.
Published: December 2009

The efficacy of seven chemical insecticides, five commercial preparations of Bacillus thuringiensis, and two preparations containing diatom dust were tested against the European skipper, Thymelicus lineola (Ochs.), under field conditions. Satisfactory control was obtained with carbaryl, carbofuran, methomyl, permethrin, trichlorfon, Dipel 45B(=Dipel SC), Dipel WP, Thuricide 26B, Thuricide HPC, and Novabac 3 while dimethoate, chlorpyrifos, and the diatom dusts afforded little or no foliage protection. While larval mortality occurred less rapidly when B. thuringiensis preparations were applied, their use is strongly recommended as they afford the same degree of foliage protection as chemical insecticides and diminish possible undesirable off-target effects.
EFFECTS OF INSECT GROWTH REGULATORS ON THE WESTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM (CHORISTONEURA OCCIDENTALIS) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE): I. LETHAL EFFECTS OF LAST INSTAR TREATMENTS
Authors: Robertson Jacqueline L. , Kimball Richard A.
Published: December 2009

Dosage–response relationships of seven insect growth regulators (IGRs) to last instar western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, were determined by topical application, spray application, and diet incorporation bioassays. Mortality was defined as failure to emerge as a viable adult. In spray application experiments, four IGRs—ZR-512, ZR-619, ZR-1662, and Ro 10-3108—had LD50s of less than 70 g/ha (1 oz/acre). Relative lethal effectiveness, based on a simple model combining data from the three bioassays, was ZR-1662 > ZR-619 > ZR-512 > Ro 10-3108 > ZR-777 > ZR-587 > ZR-515. We concluded that several IGRs, applied to a population consisting primarily of last instars, would induce lethal effects at dosages comparable to dosages of several conventional insecticides.
BIOLOGY OF THE CRUCIFER FLEA BEETLE, PHYLLOTRETA CRUCIFERAE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE), IN SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO
Authors: Kinoshita G. B. , Svec H. J. , Harris C. R. , McEwen F. L.
Published: December 2009

The biology of the crucifer flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze), was studied in the laboratory, and under field conditions in southwestern Ontario. Field-collected adults, held in a state of induced hibernation were used for some laboratory studies. A rearing procedure was developed and a culture maintained for eight generations provided additional adults for laboratory work. Development and behaviour of the various crucifer flea beetle stages at different temperatures were studied. The mean preoviposition period ranged from 3.8 (32°C) to 22 (20°C) days. Time required for development from egg to adult varied from 24 (30°C) to 54 (20°C) days. For oviposition capability and egg to adult development, developmental thresholds were ca. 17° and 11°C, respectively, and 61 and 456 degree days were required. Crucifer flea beetle adults overwintered in leaf litter and the top 2.5 cm of soil, in windbreaks, fencerows, and cultivated areas. Adults appeared in early spring. Peak adult movement occurred at this time, primarily within 2 m of the ground, and oriented toward crucifer plots. Using heat unit summations calculated from soil temperatures, adult emergence in the field from eggs set out at various times was predicted with an accuracy of ± 3.7 days. Population studies and heat unit accumulations indicated that there was a single generation of crucifer flea beetle in 1974, and two generations in 1975. Adults were restricted primarily to cruciferous crops, with rutabaga and Chinese cabbage being the preferred hosts, among those varieties tested.
HOST DERIVED CHEMICALS: THE BASIS FOR PREFERENTIAL FEEDING BEHAVIOR OF THE LARCH SAWFLY, PRISTIPHORA ERICHSONII (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE), ON TAMARACK, LARIX LARICINA
Authors: Wagner M. R. , Ikeda T. , Benjamin D. M. , Matsumura F.
Published: December 2009

Larch sawfly larvae, Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig), naturally reject single needles of newly elongated shoots and consume only tufted foliage from 1 year or older short shoots of tamarack, Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch. Forest entomologists have recognized this unusual feeding behavior for over a century, but not until now has the mechanism been understood. In the bioassasy of unpurified single needle methanol extracts (concn. 1 g needle/ml), 88.5% of the larvae were feeding on the control end of the bioassay twig (solvent only) after 4 h. This was significantly different from a similar bioassay of tufted foliage extract (t-value significant at 0.02 level) and a non-treated control bioassay (distilled water on both ends of bioassay twig) (t-value significant at 0.01 level). In the bioassay of a purified extract of single tamarack needles (TLC fraction 7), 81% of larvae were feeding on the untreated end (t-value significant 0.02). Thin-layer chromatography fraction 7, of eight fractions delineated, alone induced significant feeding inhibition.
ESTIMATING EPIDEMIC POPULATIONS OF THE LESSER MAPLE SPANWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)
Authors: Volney W. J. A.
Published: December 2009

The distribution of lesser maple spanworm, Itame pustularia (Gn.) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) larvae in red maple, Acer rubrum L., crowns and of pupae under these trees, and the relationship between the number of shoots on these trees and several easily-measured tree dimensions are used to design sampling techniques for estimating the mean number of larvae per shoot and the mean number of pupae per unit area in epidemic populations. An estimate of the total number of larvae per unit area is obtained from the product of larval density and the number of shoots per unit area. Some indication of how this latter estimate might be obtained is discussed. Because of the strong relationship between stem diameter and the number of shoots on a tree, a double sample procedure can be designed based on shoot counts from a relatively small number of trees. Auxiliary measurements on a large number of trees can improve the precision of the estimate.
A NEW SPECIES OF MEGASTIGMUS FROM MEXICO (CHALCIDOIDEA: TORYMIDAE, MEGASTIGMINAE)
Authors: Yoshimoto Carl M.
Published: December 2009

Megastigmus grandiosus n. sp., reared from pine cones from Mexico, is described and illustrated.The genus Megastigmus Dahlbom contains many species occurring throughout the world. They are generally phytophagous on seeds of pine cones and entomophagous on insects associated with plant galls.A new species, Megastigmus grandiosus, was reared from the cones of Pinus montezumae Lamb., P. rudis Endl., P. ayacahuite Ehremb., and P. hartwegii Lindl. (Pinaceae: Gymnospermae). The specimens were taken at Calpulalpam, Tlaxcala, Mexico, and sent to me by Dr A. Hedlin, Pacific Forest Research Centre, Canadian Forestry Service, Victoria, B.C. I am describing this new species here so that it may be included in the publication by the North American Forestry Commission, FAO, on conè and seed insects of North America.
DECOMPOSITION OF RABBIT FECES: ROLE OF THE SCIARID FLYLYCORIELLA MALI(DIPTERA: SCIARIDAE) IN ENERGY TRANSFORMATIONS
Authors: Helsel Ethel D. , Wicklow D. T.
Published: December 2009

Gross decomposition (wt./cal) losses of rabbit feces colonized by larvae of the sciarid flyLycoriella maliFitch as contrasted with feces incubated without fly larvae were studied in the laboratory. Under conditions of high larval density and intense grazing pressure, fecal weight and calorie losses (30 days) were double those from fecal samples incubated without flies. Decomposition losses among the samples in a given treatment showed limited variation although the number of emergent adults varied greatly. Although published caloric values obtained for microflora and flies are significantly higher than those recorded for the rabbit feces used in this study (4837 cal/g), feces colonized by flies and feces incubated without flies had caloric values equivalent to that of the unincubated control. Larvae consumed both the mycelium and sporocarps of coprophilous fungi.
TESTS OF MOTOR STIMULANTS FOR EASTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM MOTHS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Volney W. Jan A. , McDougall George A.
Published: December 2009

The insecticide phosphamidon, both alone and mixed with other chemicals, was tested in the laboratory as a motor stimulant to female spruce budworm moths. For phosphamidon alone, the time to reaction of virgin female budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) moths was about 40 min. However, small supplements of pyrethrum or synthetic pyrethroids reduced the reaction time to about 3–8 min. The slow reaction to phosphamidon alone could account for the failure of that insecticide to kill gravid females. It is postulated that moths quickly stimulated to flight activity within the canopy would be more likely to acquire a lethal dose of insecticide before the spray cloud dissipated.
WORKER-MALE CONFLICT AND INBREEDING IN BUMBLE BEES (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE)
Authors: Plowright R.C. , Pallett M.J.
Published: December 2009

Worker-male conflict in different bumble bee species is strongly associated with tendency, toward inbreeding. It is hypothesized that the major cost imposed by inbreeding arises from the production of diploid males in place of workers, during the early phases of colony development. The consequent dilution of the labour force slows down colony growth and leads to ultimate reduction in reproductive success. An experiment to test this hypothesis is described, using consanguineously mated queens of B. atratus Fkln. Colonies yielding a 1:1 mixture of males and workers grew significantly more slowly than normal all-worker producing colonies, providing support for the hypothesis.
LIFE HISTORY, DEVELOPMENT, AND INSECT–HOST RELATIONSHIPS OF XYLEBORUS CELSUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN MISSOURI
Authors: Gagne J. A. , Kearby W. H.
Published: December 2009

The biological and ecological relationships of the hickory timber beetle, Xyleborus celsus Eichoff (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), and black hickory, Carya texana (Buckley), were studied for 2 years in south-central Missouri. X. celsus was bivoltine and overwintered as an adult. Development from egg to adult required ca. 35 days. There were three larval instars. Brood adults either extended the galleries in which they completed immature development or emerged to seek new hosts. Most attacks occurred within 1.5 m above ground level The most heavily attacked height interval in the basal 1 m of 10–17 cm D.B.H. trees varied. This variability is correlated to the temporal relation of girdling of the tree and beetle attack. Aspect of beetle attack varied at random. Conditions for X. celsus development were not uniform in the basal 1 m of infested trees.
A SEX ATTRACTANT FOR MALES OF THE EARLY CUTWORM, EUXOA TRISTICULA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Steck W. F. , Struble D. L. , Lilly C. E. , Chisholm M. D. , Underhill E. W. , Swailes G. E.
Published: December 2009

Adult Euxoa tristicula (Morrison) males were specifically attracted to traps baited with Z-9-dodecenyl acetate (Z9-12:Ac) + n-dodecyl acetate (12:Ac). Best attractancy was obtained with 1:3 ratios of these components. Z-5- and Z-7-dodecenyl acetates and Z-9-tetradecenyl acetate inhibited lure attractancy. In electroantennogram measurements strong antennal responses were obtained only with 12:Ac, Z9-12:AC, and E9-12:Ac.
ADDITIONAL ISOZYME CHARACTERS THAT DIFFERENTIATE TWO CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES OFHYBOMITRA(DIPTERA: TABANIDAE)
Authors: Hudson Anne
Published: December 2009

The isozyme phenotypes of five enzymes have been found to provide additional characters that distinguish two forms ofHybomitra typhusuntil recently considered as conspecific. Hexokinase and malate dehydrogenase phenotypes were completely diagnostic for the new speciesH.pechumaniand forH.typhus. Alcohol dehydrogenase, triosephosphate isomerase, and phosphoglucomutase differentiated the two species in terms of their phenotype frequencies but were not completely diagnostic. The genotypic frequencies of triosephosphate isomerase were found to be diagnostic with a probability of 99.8%.
A 6-YEAR STUDY OF SPIDERS (ARANEAE) IN A QUEBEC APPLE ORCHARD
Authors: Dondale Charles D. , Parent Benoit , Pitre Donat
Published: December 2009

Forty-one species of spiders were found in a Quebec apple orchard. The most abundant species were Theridion murarium, Araniella displicata, and Philodromus rufus. Spiders in general were rather low in population density throughout the study, and they declined by two-thirds in the final year, owing probably to several factors including the use of broad spectrum insecticides for the control of particular orchard pests.
EFFECTS OF LEAF AGE AND POSITION ON LARVAL PREFERENCES OF THE FALL WEBWORM, HYPHANTRIA CUNEA (LEPIDOPTERA: ARCTIIDAE)
Authors: Barbosa Pedro , Greenblatt Jane
Published: December 2009

The fall webworm Hyphantria cunea Drury is a polyphagous lepidopteran which has been recorded on over 200 host species. In New England, although it occurs on a large number of species, the most frequently exploited host is black cherry, Prunus serotina Ehrh.
PREMIÈRE MENTION D’AEDES TRIVITTATUSET DECULISETA INORNATA(DIPTERA : CULICIDAE) AU QUÉBEC
Authors: Loiselle R. , Harrison R. J. , Leprince D. J.
Published: December 2009

Douze individus femelles d’Aedes trivittatusont été capturés, du 5 juillet au 8 septembre 1976, à Knowlton et à St-Pie, Québec. Une autre femelle de cette espèce et un individu mâle deCuliseta inornataont été pris le 28 septembre 1977, à Henry ville. Ces deux espèces s’incrivent comme premières mentions au Québec.
THE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY OF THE COTTONWOOD LEAF BEETLE, CHRYSOMELA SCRIPTA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE), ON TISSUE CULTURED HYBRID AIGEIROS (POPULUS × EURAMERICANA) SUBCLONES IN WISCONSIN
Authors: Burkot T.R. , Benjamin D.M.
Published: December 2009

Adults and larvae of the cottonwood leaf beetle, Chrysomela scripta Fab., defoliated tissue cultured Aigeiros (Populus × euramericana (Dode) Guinier) subclones and destroyed apical tips. Fecundity was 510 ± 153 eggs . Four generations occurred between May and September in southern Wisconsin. Maximal insect numbers and damage occurred in the third generation. The minimal developmental threshold was 10.8 °C with a mean 257 ± 26 day-degree (°C) required per generation. Important biological control agents included Coleomegilla maculata, which consumed up to 25% of the eggs, and Shizonatus latus, a pteromalid parasite, which destroyed up to 26% of the pupae.
HARMINIUSFAIRMAIRE, A EUCNEMID OR AN ELATERID? (COLEOPTERA)
Authors: Becker Edward C.
Published: December 2009

Harminius castaneusFairmaire was described as a Eucnemidae, but all subsequent authors placed it among the Elateridae, usually as a valid genus and species nearAthous. Neither the original description nor the illustration bear any resemblance to the species currently calledcastaneus. No original material could be found, therefore it is questionable as to what species Fairmaire described. To conserve nomenclatorial stability, application is being made to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to set aside any previous type-species designation and to designatespinigerCandèze as the type-species ofHarminiusandPseudocorymbites. Consequently,castaneusis considered as a speciesincertae dubia. An attempt is made to straighten out the usage of the namescastaneusauct.,spinigerCandèze, andflorentinusDesbrochers. Previouslycastaneusauct has referred either tospinigerorflorentinus(mostly tospiniger), whereas both are now recognized as valid species in the subgenusHarminius;gigasReitter also belongs in the same subgenus.PseudocorymbitesFiori is isogenotypic withHarminiusand the subgeneraDiacanthousReitter andMegathousReitter remain valid underHarminius, as in most catalogues.
REVIEW OF THE WESTERN NEARCTIC SPECIES OF ATHOUS (COLEOPTERA: ELATERIDAE), WITH A KEY TO THE SPECIES NORTH OF PANAMA
Authors: Becker Edward C.
Published: December 2009

The western Canadian species of Athous are described and illustrated in detail. Notes are given for the other western nearctic species including the description of a new subspecies, A. rufiventris brighti, from Arizona. A key to the species and subspecies north of Panama is presented.

A lectotype is designated for Athous varius Lane. Several new synonymies are proposed: Athous excavatus carmeli Van Dyke is a synonym of excavatus (Motschulsky) and excavatus angelicus Van Dyke is a synonym of axillaris Horn; orophilus Harold (= montanus LeConte) and nugalis Fall are synonyms of nigropilis Motschulsky.

Two names have been overlooked by North American cataloguers: Athous fallianus Reitter, an unnecessary replacement name for Athous aterrimus Fall and which now becomes a new synonym of aterrimus; and Athous debilitatus Candèze, a necessary replacement name for Athous debilis LeConte and which is now recognized as a valid species, Conoderus debilitatus (see section on species previously described in Athous).
APPLE MAGGOT (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) MONITORING IN AN APPLE PEST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
Authors: Reissig W. H. , Tette J. P.
Published: December 2009

Traps were used to monitor the emergence and seasonal activity of apple maggot flies, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), in unsprayed habitats, and in selected commercial blocks and farms in the New York apple pest management program to determine the need and timing of control sprays. An average of 69, 43, and 43% fewer sprays and 71, 47, and 57% less insecticides were applied for apple maggot control, respectively, in single blocks monitored in 1976, 1977, and farms monitored in 1977, than in representative orchards in the same areas using regular commercial control schedules.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF MESOPOLOBUS WESTWOOD (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE) FROM WESTERN CANADA
Authors: Doganlar Miktat
Published: December 2009

Mesopolobus finlaysoni sp. n. and M. longicaudae sp. n. (Peteromalinae) are described from the Vancouver district, British Columbia. Relationships with allied species and some biological data are given.
THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OFCINYGMA(EPHEMEROPTERA: HEPTAGENIIDAE)
Authors: Lehmkuhl D.M.
Published: December 2009

A key to species for adults and figures of the three North AmericanCinygmaare presented. New distribution records are given; the range ofC.lyriformisMcDunnough is extended to Alaska and the genus in the Palearctic is discussed. Nymphs are undescribed except forC.integrum(Eaton). The life history of the latter is given for Oregon. Nymphs of all size classes are present throughout the year but adult emergence is restricted to mid May to mid July. Nymphs apparently are restricted to a submerged wood habitat.
AGGREGATION PHEROMONE IN THE RUSTY GRAIN BEETLE, CRYPTOLESTES FERRUGINEUS (COLEOPTERA: CUCUJIDAE)
Authors: Borden J.H. , Dolinski M.G. , Chong L. , Verigin V. , Pierce H.D. , Oehlschlager A.C.
Published: December 2009

An open arena, airflow olfactometer was developed and used to test the response of adult Cyrptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) to various volatile stimuli. Beetles of mixed age and sex oriented positively upwind to the odor of beetles, frass, pentane extracts of frass, and pentane extracts of Porapak Q-captured volatiles from beetles or frass. Both sexes responded to the odor of beetle populations of mixed sex as well as to the odor of males, indicating that males produce a true population aggregation pheromone Only females responded to the odor of females. C. ferrugineus may utilize the aggregation pheromone in conjunction with fungal odors to locate suitable habitats.
THE FUNCTIONAL RESPONSE OF PHYTOSEIULUS PERSIMILIS (ACARINA: PHYTOSEIIDAE) TO VARIOUS DENSITIES OF TETRANYCHUS URTICAE (ACARINA: TETRANYCHIDAE)
Authors: Everson P.
Published: December 2009

The functional response of the predacious mite Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot to increases in the prey density of adult female Tetranychus urticae Koch was examined. Previous studies on artificial substrates have described the functional response curve of P. persimilis to adult female prey as dome-shaped, because as prey density increased the predator was disturbed by prey activity.

An experiment to determine the effect of artificial and natural substrates on the activity level of T. urticae was conducted. T. urticae showed a significant increase in activity on artificial substrates of plastic and waterproof paper compared with a substrate of excised bean leaf (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Since prey activity was significantly influenced by substrate, the functional response of P. persimilis to adult female T. urticae was re-examined. P. persimilis exposed to various densities of T. urticae on excised bean leaf disks (5 cm2) showed a functional response curve having a curvilinear rise to a plateau as prey densities increased from 0.2 to 10.0 prey/cm2.

The functional response curve predicted by Holling’s disk equation did not differ significantly from the observed functional response curve.

The rate of successful search and the handling time predicted by the disk equation were 0.194 and 10.34 h respectively.
TISSUE DEVELOPMENT IN RHODNIUS PROLIXUS (HEMIPTERA: REDUVIIDAE): DRY-WEIGHT CHANGES IN FED AND UNFED POST-ECDYSIAL MALES
Authors: Gringorten J.L. , Friend W.G.
Published: December 2009

Dry-weight changes in the midgut, abdominal fat body, flight muscles, pterothoracic cuticle, and reproductive tract were measured in unfed male Rhodnius prolixus Stål following eclosion and in males fed a single blood meal on day 5 post-ecdysis. Males, which had fed to repletion as fifth instar nymphs, emerged from the nymphal–adult moult with approximately the same quantity of blood solids in the midgut as observed in fully engorged males. Carry-over of the blood-meal from the fifth instar was sufficient to allow the fat body, flight muscles, and pterothoracic cuticle in unfed males to attain over 85% of the weight accretion observed in fed males. The reproductive tract dry weight in unfed adults increased only 60–65% of that in fed adults. Flight-muscle and reproductive-tract development in fed insects reached growth plateaux in 2 and 3 weeks after the final nymphal moult, while cuticle development continued for up to 10 days. It is concluded that R. prolixus males which emerge from fully engorged fifth instars do not require a blood meal in the adult stage to trigger growth processes and tissue development, but if the adult takes at least one blood meal, significant increases in the reproductive-tract dry weight and slight increases in the dry weights of other tissues will occur.
HOSTS OF BANCHUS FLAVESCENS (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE) AND ATHRYCIA CINEREA (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE) IN MANITOBA
Authors: Wylie H.G. , Ayre G.L.
Published: December 2009

Banchus flavescens Cress. and Athrycia cinerea (Coq.) were reared each year (1972–1975) from larvae of bertha army worm, Mamestra configurata Walk. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), collected during an outbreak of this species on rapeseed in Manitoba. Neither parasite was reared from other Lepidoptera collected at that time from rapeseed; two separate attempts to propagate the parasites on native Lepidoptera other than M. configurata were unsuccessful (Wylie and Bucher 1977; Ewen and Arthur 1976). Since 1975 M. configurata has been rare in Manitoba. In 1976 both B. flavescens and A. cinerea were reared from bertha armyworm larvae from temporary artificial populations on rapeseed at Glenlea, south of Winnipeg. The presence of the two parasites in this locality, where M. configurata was not found during the outbreak, suggested that both B. flavescens and A. cinerea parasitize other lepidopterous species in Manitoba, especially when bertha armyworms are not present.
SEMI-STERILE MUTANTS IN THE ONION MAGGOT, HYLEMYA ANTIQUA (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE), POPULATION EFFECTS IN FIELD CAGES
Authors: Reid J. A. Keith , McEwen F. L.
Published: December 2009

A sterile insect release may reduce the rate of reproduction in the pest population exposed but has no carry-over potential to succeeding generations. Serebrovskii (1940) suggested the use, in release programs, of semi-sterile insects of such genetic make-up that their reproductive potential is low. The advantage claimed is that this trait would be inherited and would lower the reproductive rate in succeeding generations (Curtis 1968; Rai et al. 1973; Knipling and Klassen 1976). The genetic factor most widely suggested for producing this type of continuing semisterility is the chromosomal rearrangement called a translocation (Fitz-Earle 1976; Robinson 1976). In laboratory and field cage tests, it has been demonstrated that chromosomal translocations reduced the reproductive rate in several insect species in the generation in which the translocation is introduced (Robinson 1976). However, in such experiments, the effect of a single release of individuals on population levels in subsequent generations has not, to date, been demonstrated.
LABOPIDEA UHLER IN NORTH AMERICA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF A NEW SPECIES AND A NEW GENUS (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A.
Published: December 2009

Labopidea chloriza Uhler (1877) is synonymized with Tinicephalus simplex Uhler (1872). Labopidea brooksi n. sp. is described from Alberta and Saskatchewan. Orthotylus discolor Sahlberg, a European species now known to occur in North America, is transferred to Labopidea. Nine species currently placed in Labopidea are here removed from that genus. The new combinations are as follows: Labopidea atriseta Van Duzee is transferred to Hesperocapsus Knight, Orthotylus insignis Van Duzee is transferred to Ilnacorella Knight, Labopidea viridula Knight is transferred to Melanotrichus Reuter, and Labopidea utahensis Knight is synonymized with Diaphnidia heidemanni Knight (= Brachynotocoris heidemanni). Labopidicola n. gen. is described and Labopidea idahoensis Knight, L. planifrons Knight, L. ainsliei Knight, L. allii Knight, and L. geminata Johnston are transferred to it. Key to species of Labopidea is given.
A NEW ROGAS (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) PARASITE OF TENT CATERPILLARS (MALACOSOMA SPP. LEPIDOPTERA: LASIOCAMPIDAE) IN CANADA
Authors: Mason W.R.M.
Published: December 2009

Rogas malacosomatos n. sp. is described and differentiated from the closely related R. stigmator Say.
NUTRIENT CONSTITUENTS OF A GRAIN APHID,METOPOLOPHIUM DIRHODUM(HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE), AND ITS HOST, OATS
Authors: Kaldy M. S. , Harper A. M.
Published: December 2009

Metopolophium dirhodum(Walker), a grain aphid, contained 25.58% dry matter, of which 31.65% was fat, 2.58% sugar, and 39.44% protein. Foliage of the host forM.dirhodum, oats (Avena sativaL.), contained one-third the amount of dry matter, less than one-third as much fat, slightly less sugar, and about three-fifths the amount of protein asM.dirhodum. Phosphorus content was the same inM.dirhodumand its host, whereas oat foliage contained five times as much potassium, and twice as much calcium and magnesium asM.dirhodum. The limiting amino acid in both grain aphid and oat foliage was methionine. Protein scores, which are estimates of protein quality, were slightly lower for oat foliage than forM.dirhodumbut both are valuable sources of food for predatory insects and other animals.
THE VARIICORNIS-GROUP OF GRYON HALIDAY (HYMENOPTERA: SCELIONIDAE)
Authors: Masner Lubomir
Published: December 2009

The variicornis-group of Gryon is proposed for 15 Neotropical species of which 12 are new to science: atrocoxalis (Ashmead) / Grenada & Trinidad, W.I., Brazil, Colombia/; cultratus n. sp. /Brazil/; david n. sp. /Panama/; goliath n. sp. /Panama/; helavai n. sp. /Panama/; hercules n. sp. /Brazil/; masoni n. sp. /Trinidad, W.I./; neotropicus n. sp. /Colombia, Ecuador/; peckorum n. sp. /Ecuador/; rothi n. sp. /USA/; scutellatus n. sp. /Brazil/; sinop n. sp. /Brazil/; titan n. sp. /Brazil/; tridentatus n. sp. /Ecuador/; and variicornis (Fouts) /Guyana, Panama, Nicaragua, Brazil, Colombia/. The systematic position of the group within Gryon is discussed.
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF MALE SAN JOSE SCALE (HOMOPTERA: DIASPIDIDAE) IN APPLES, PEARS, AND PEACHES
Authors: Rice R. E. , Hoyt S. C. , Westigard P. H.
Published: December 2009

Chemical treatments to kill male San Jose scale, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), were applied to apples, pears, and peaches in Washington, Oregon, and California respectively. Dilute sprays of diazinon applied just prior to or at first emergence of overwintered males and 7 or 14 days thereafter were compared with normal sprays directed against scale crawlers. In all instances, treatments for male scale gave control equal to that provided by a single spray timed to control first generation crawlers.

Although the male sprays were effective, they do not fit well into current pest management programs. Complications with the male sprays included timing that coincided with petal fall on earlier varieties or full bloom on later varieties with potential for kill of pollinators; possible disruption of adult predators stressed by overwintering, and russeting of Golden Delicious apples from immediate post-bloom sprays. In all three crops, post-bloom male sprays would also be an added seasonal treatment. Current practices utilize pre-bloom sprays, or combine scale crawler control with sprays for codling moth, Laspeyresia pomonella (L.), peach twig borer, Anarsia lineateila Zeller, and/or mites in June.
EFFECT OF A NEW MOULT INHIBITOR (EL-494) ON THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Retnakaran Arthur
Published: December 2009

In laboratory tests on the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), EL-494®, a new moult-inhibiting insect growth regulator, was found to be more active than Dimilin. The EC50 determined by diet tests was 0.205 ppm for the 3rd, 0.249 for the 4th, 0.287 for the 5th, and 0.486 for the 6th instars. Stadial sensitivity was not detected.

In greenhouse tests this compound was found to be resistant to leaching and UV-degradation; the compound remained active on spruce foliage for at least 15 days. In preliminary field tests EL-494 showed good potential as a control agent.
A VEHICLE-MOUNTED INSECT TRAP
Authors: Barnard D. R.
Published: December 2009

A vehicle-mounted trap for collecting airborne insects is described. Air enters at 1.9 m wide × 0.7 m high funnel and escapes through 12.5 mesh/cm nylon netting; insects are concentrated and directed into a removable receiving bag. The trap is durable, inexpensive, simple to construct and install, and can be transported in a station wagon or pickup truck.
A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF HEPTAGENIIDAE (EPHEMEROPTERA) FROM WESTERN CANADA
Authors: Lehmkuhl D.M.
Published: December 2009

A new genus and species of Heptageniidae (Ephemeroptera) is based on a series of nymphs and reared female adults from the Saskatchewan River, Saskatchewan. Descriptions of female and nymphal Macdunnoa nipawinia n. gen., n. sp., of the subfamily Heptageniinae, are given along with notes on the biology. The genus has no close North American relatives, but is allied to heptageniid genera from southeast Asia.
THE EFFECT OF COMPANIONATE PLANTING ON LEPIDOPTERAN PESTS OF CABBAGE
Authors: Latheef M.A. , Irwin R.D.
Published: December 2009

Companionate planting is one of many insect control strategies propounded by organic growers. A variety of herbs are purported to possess repellent properties to many insect pests of vegetables (Rodale 1975; Yepsen 1976; Hill 1976; Anonymous 1977a). According to Atsatt and O'Dowd (1976), repellent plants are members of plant defense guilds which prevent herbivores from locating their hosts. Perrin and Phillips (1978) reviewed the elements of natural pest control characteristic of mixed cropping systems and outlined suggestions for transferring these elements to “agronomically acceptable” monocultures. However, very little work has been done to substantiate these claims and field evidence of the protective properties of companionate plants is, therefore, warranted. This becomes all the more important because of the dramatic increase in home gardening recently in North America. It is estimated that 33 million home and community gardens were grown in the United States during 1976 and 1977 (Anonymous 1977b). Here we describe the results of field experiments in which we sought to quantify the effect of companionate plants against major lepidopteran pests of cabbage in southside Virginia.
PEST DAMAGE AND INSECT FAUNA OF NOVA SCOTIA APPLE ORCHARDS: 1953–1977
Authors: MacLellan C. R.
Published: December 2009

Annual assessments from 1953 to 1977 of insect damage to the preharvest crop in apple orchards in Nova Scotia show a general decline in injury, except for 1966–68. Laspeyresia pomonella (L.) and fruit chewing insects (chiefly Operophtera brumata (L.), Alsophila pometaria (L.), Orthosia hibisci Guenee, Lithophane spp., and Xylena spp.) caused the greatest amount of fruit damage. Dysaphis plantaginea (Pass.), Campylomma verbasci (Meyer), and Atractotomus mali (Meyer) were serious in some years. In integrated control program orchards the proportion of fruit damaged was twice that in preventative pesticide orchards. Fruit destined for processing had more injury than fruit destined for the fresh fruit market.

Population levels of the major insect pests and their natural enemies were monitored regularly and gave early warning of threatening levels of pests. Generally predator population levels were high during periods of selective insecticide use but were low when widely toxic insecticides were introduced into the integrated control program.
LES SENTIERS DE CARIBOUS DANS L’HEMIARCTIQUE, UN TYPE SECULAIRE DE BIOTOPE A LARVES DE MOUSTIQUES (CULICIDAE)
Authors: Goyette Daniel , Maire Alain
Published: December 2009

La région du lac Delorme, dans l’Hémiarctique québécois (55°00′N; 69°55′0), est parcourue par l’un des trois principaux troupeaux de caribous (Rangifer caribou) du centre de l’Ungava. Lors de leurs migrations, ces animaux tracent de nombreux sentiers qui, en périphérie des tourbières, constituent des gîtes à larves de moustiques. Une analyse qualitative et quantitative des populations larvaires présentes dans les portions de sentiers traversant les groupements sur tourbe à Carex oligosperma et à Chamaedaphne calyculata, indique que quatre espèces d’Aedes printaniers s’y développent de façon caractéristique. En comparant ces résultats à ceux provenant des mares naturelles réparties à travers ces deux groupements de tourbière, on peut conclure qu’il n’y a pas de différence notable dans la composition spécifique, l’abondance relative et la densité des populations culicidiennes de ces deux types de biotopes.
INTER- AND INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION IN SELECTED CHORISTONEURA SPECIES (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE): A TOXICOLOGICAL AND GENETIC SURVEY
Authors: Stock M. W. , Robertson J. L.
Published: December 2009

An assessment of toxicological responses among the Choristoneura species occidentalis, viridis, and fumiferana indicated that within-species variation in response to acephate may be as large as between-species variation. Studies of C. occidentalis sibling groups suggest that allozyme variation at the second esterase locus may be related to differential sensitivity to acephate. Use of genetic markers to forecast population response in control programs is discussed.
TOXICITY OF SOME INSECTICIDES TO INSECTICIDE-SUSCEPTIBLE STRAINS OF THE ONION, CABBAGE, AND SEEDCORN MAGGOTS (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE) AND THE DARKSIDED CUTWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Harris C. R. , Turnbull S. A.
Published: December 2009

Direct contact toxicity data were obtained with selected insecticides on 24–48 h old adults of insecticide-susceptible onion maggot, Hylemya antiqua (Meigen), cabbage maggot, H. brassicae (Bouché), and seedcorn maggot, H. platura (Meigen); and on third-stage darksided cutworm, Euxoa messoria (Harris). All insecticides were highly toxic to onion maggot flies, with the order of toxicity being: cypermethrin > chlorpyrifos > fenvalerate > permethrin > parathion > isofenphos > terbufos. Chlorfenvinphos was 1.4 × more toxic to cabbage maggot adults than parathion; the pyrethroids were less toxic, with fenvalerate being 1/13 as toxic as parathion. The order of toxicity of insecticides tested on seedcorn maggot flies was: diazinon > cypermethrin > chlorpyrifos > fenvalerate > permethrin. With the darksided cutworm, DDT and leptophos were 1/10 and 3/4 as toxic as chlorpyrifos, while cypermethrin, fenvalerate, permethrin, and decamethrin were ca. 10, 11, 12, and 120 × more toxic, respectively.
SYNOPSIS OF CHRYSONOTOMYIA ASHMEAD S. STR. OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO (HYMENOPTERA: CHALCIDOIDEA, EULOPHIDAE)
Authors: Yoshimoto Carl M.
Published: December 2009

The subgenus Chrysonotomyia Ashmead s. str. is reviewed. Eight species are recognized and three new species are described: C. baliosa n. sp., C. solidaginis n. sp., and C. cunicularia n. sp. Keys to species, list of hosts, list of misidentified species, and distribution records are included.
FIELD TESTS OF ISOMERS OF LINEATIN, THE AGGREGATION PHEROMONE OF TRYPODENDRON LINEATUM (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Borden J. H. , Oehlschlager A. C. , Slessor K. N. , Chong L. , Pierce H. D.
Published: December 2009

The aggregation pheromone of the ambrosia beetle, Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier), was isolated by MacConnell et al. (1977), identified as one of two isomeric, tricyclic acetals, and given the trivial name, lineatin. One of the isomers, 3,3,7-trimethyl-2,9-dioxatricyclo [3.3.1.0 4,7] nonane (4,6,6-lineatin), was synthesized in µg quantities by three different syntheses, assessed to be structurally identical to the isolated pheromone, and demonstrated to be highly attractive in field tests (Borden et al. 1979; Vité and Bakke 1979). The other structural isomer, 3,3,7- trimethyl-2,9-dioxatricyclo [4.2.1.0 4,7] nonane (4,5,6-lineatin), was not tested for biological activity. The enantiomeric composition of natural lineatin was not determined by MacConnell et al. (1977).
A NEW SPECIES OF CLEPSIS GUENÉE FROM THE NORTHERN YUKON TERRITORY (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Mutuura Akira
Published: December 2009

A new species Clepsis (Siclobola) firthana is described from the northern Yukon Territory, Canada. Morphologically this species is closely related to the European C. strigana (Hübner) and the North American C. clemensiana (Fernald). Genitalic characters are given to distinguish C. firthana from the North American C. kearfotti Obraztsov and C. moeschleriana (Wocke) (which have similar markings), and C. clemensiana (Fernald).
FIRST RECORD OF A EUROPEAN BUG, LORICULA PSELAPHIFORMIS, IN THE NEARCTIC REGION (HETEROPTERA: MICROPHYSIDAE)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A.
Published: December 2009

In the course of my search for Miridae and Anthocoridae in Nova Scotia in 1976, I collected a series of 33 bugs which proved to be the females of Loricula pselaphiforrnis Curtis, family Microphysidae. The species was collected on the trunks of European beech, Fagus sylvatica var. purpurea Ait., at Point Pleasant Park, Halifax, 22 July 1976. The bugs were first observed as tiny bumps on the trunks, blending perfectly with the bark and small patches of lichens. At first sighting the bumps were thought to be tiny spiders or their egg cases. When disturbed they moved a short distance and again remained motionless. All were brachypterous females, no males were collected, and no specimens were collected by beating the branches. Although other species of tree trunks were examined, no bugs were found. The bugs may have been introduced into this country with nursery stock importations of beech or some other horticultural plants.
BIOSYSTEMATICS OF THE GENUS EUXOA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE): XIV. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON FEMALE CALLING BEHAVIOR AND TEMPORAL PARTITIONING IN THREE SIBLING SPECIES OF THE DECLARATA GROUP
Authors: Teal P. E. A. , Byers J. R.
Published: December 2009

The calling behavior of females of three interfertile sibling species of Euxoa was studied in the laboratory at 20°, 15°, 10°, and 5 °C. At 20 °C the calling posture of E. campestris and E. rockburnei differs from that of E. declarata. However, with decreasing temperatures the calling posture of both campestris and rockburnei becomes indistinguishable from that of declarata. The pattern and duration of calling bouts was similar in all three species and at all four temperatures. Calling occurred progressively earlier in scotophase as temperature decreased but temporal separation between the calling periods of the three species is maintained at all temperatures above the threshold for mating activity. This confirms that temporal separation of mating persists over the range of temperature normally encountered in nature and strengthens the evidence that species-specific rhythms of mating activity are largely responsible for maintaining reproductive isolation between sympatric populations of these species.
DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS OF COLEOPTERA IN EASTERN CANADA
Authors: Campbell J. M.
Published: December 2009

The distribution patterns of species of Coleoptera occurring in eastern Canada are examined. The following patterns are discussed: eastern ranges, northeastern ranges, amphiatlantic ranges, boreal ranges, subarctic ranges, arctic ranges, and introductions. The historical development of each of these ranges is discussed relative to their expansion from refugial areas.
MAN AND INSECTS: THE INFLUENCE OF HUMAN SETTLEMENT ON THE INSECT FAUNA OF CANADA
Authors: Turnbull A. L.
Published: December 2009

Because little is known of the pre-settlement insect fauna of Canada it is now almost impossible to assess all of the changes that have been caused by settlement. For most of the time that has elapsed since colonization began, settlements have been small and scattered, and land use has been non-intensive. Many refuges for native insects persisted until very recently, and many still persist but are diminishing. Thus probably few aboriginal species have been driven to extinction. Many ruderal and cultivated plants accompanied settlers from Europe and Asia. Some of these provide an expanded food supply for a few native insects and these have expanded their numbers and ranges. Other native insects have been displaced and diminished by depletion of forests and planting of crops. Exotic plants are inevitably accompanied by exotic insects and Canada has provided a hospitable home for a multitude of exotic insects. Over 300 species have been deliberately introduced for biological control.

Once established in a colonial environment, the exotic origins of immigrant species are difficult to detect. Seven criteria for detecting exotic insect populations are suggested.

The impacts of settlement on the principal geographic regions of Canada and their probable influence on insect faunas are briefly discussed.

It is concluded that the insect fauna of Canada has been greatly enhanced by settlement.