bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSEUDODIFFUSIONS AND QUADRATIC TERM STRUCTURE MODELS
Authors: Levendorskiǐ Sergei
Published: June 2005

The non‐Gaussianity of processes observed in financial markets and the relatively good performance of Gaussian models can be reconciled by replacing the Brownian motion with Lévy processes whose Lévy densities decay as exp(−λ|x|) or faster, where λ > 0 is large. This leads to asymptotic pricing models. The leading term, P0, is the price in the Gaussian model with the same instantaneous drift and variance. The first correction term depends on the instantaneous moments of order up to 3, that is, the skewness is taken into account, the next term depends on moments of order 4 (kurtosis) as well, etc. In empirical studies, the asymptotic formula can be applied without explicit specification of the underlying process: it suffices to assume that the instantaneous moments of order greater than 2 are small w.r.t. moments of order 1 and 2, and use empirical data on moments of order up to 3 or 4. As an application, the bond‐pricing problem in the non‐Gaussian quadratic term structure model is solved. For pricing of options near expiry, a different set of asymptotic formulas is developed; they require more detailed specification of the process, especially of its jump part. The leading terms of these formulas depend on the jump part of the process only, so that they can be used in empirical studies to identify the jump characteristics of the process.
CRITICAL PRICE NEAR MATURITY FOR AN AMERICAN OPTION ON A DIVIDEND‐PAYING STOCK IN A LOCAL VOLATILITY MODEL
Authors: Chevalier Etienne
Published: June 2005

We consider an American put option on a dividend‐paying stock whose volatility is a function of the stock value. Near the maturity of this option, an expansion of the critical stock price is given. If the stock dividend rate is greater than the market interest rate, the payoff function is smooth near the limit of the critical price. We deduce an expansion of the critical price near maturity from an expansion of the value function of an optimal stopping problem. It turns out that the behavior of the critical price is parabolic. In the other case, we are in a less regular situation and an extra logarithmic factor appears. To prove this result, we show that the American and European critical prices have the same first‐order behavior near maturity. Finally, in order to get an expansion of the European critical price, we use a parity formula for exchanging the strike price and the spot price in the value functions of European puts.
LAGUERRE SERIES IN CONTINGENT CLAIM VALUATION, WITH APPLICATIONS TO ASIAN OPTIONS
Authors: Schröder Michael
Published: June 2005

This paper pursues the role of Laguerre series in the explicit valuation of contingent claims in general and Asian options in particular. Motivated by Dufresne (2000), we study how they permit one to reduce these questions to computing moments. Two alternative such Laguerre reduction approaches are proposed and analyzed. Sufficient conditions for their validity are developed as a further novel feature; these are in terms of local growth measures for the payoff functions and the densities that the paper introduces for this purpose. Our methods are exemplified by considering the benchmark valuation of Asian options. Our explicit formulas for the negative moments of the integral of geometric Brownian motion in terms of theta functions are instrumental here. They have been derived in Schröder (2003c) building on work of Dufresne (2000), and this paper now finally develops their pertinent computational aspects.
Age and gender differences in emotional and behavioural problems during the transition to residential treatment: the Odyssey Project
Authors: Baker Amy J.L. , Archer Marc , Curtis Patrick A.
Published: June 2005

Utilising a national sample of 1,167 young people in residential treatment, this study explored whether the behav‐ioural problems exhibited during the transition to residential treatment varied depending upon the age and gender of the youngsters. Specifically, we asked whether those who were admitted to residential treatment centres (RTCs) aged under 12 had a different set of behavioural problems from those who were 12 years and older when admitted, and whether boys had different characteristics than girls. The 11 scales of the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist were examined. The results revealed statistically significant patterns of associations by age and gender. As populations shift within agencies and across time, knowledge of the behavioural problems associated with age and gender groups can be used to facilitate agency planning and staff training.
The impact of residential placement on child development: research and policy implications
Authors: Little Michael , Kohm Amelia , Thompson Ronald
Published: June 2005

The accumulated knowledge on the development of children in residential settings covers a lot of ground but leaves a great deal unturned. The article summarises what is known about child development in the context of residential settings and concludes that there is little evidence to draw on to make clear recommendations about what types of children are likely to benefit from what types of residential settings. It maintains that, in the absence of evidence, policy and practice regarding residential care often has been guided by ideology. Residence has become a place of last resort for young people who cannot receive the support and/or safety they need from their own families or from foster families, or who pose a danger to others. The article calls for more rigorous evaluations of the impact of residence on child outcomes as well as concerted efforts to apply research evidence to policy and practice.
Global standards: promise and pitfalls for re‐inscribing social work into civil society1
Authors: Sewpaul Vishanthie
Published: June 2005

This article critiques the modernist logical‐positivist ideology that has underscored social work, and interrogates the promise of the development of global standards to re‐inscribe social work into civil society at the global level. The potential pitfalls and dangers of such an initiative are also examined. The development of global standards was born out of an assumption that there is a common core to social work on a global level and on an essential affirmation of humanity and human dignity of all peoples across the world. Global standards might be construed to constitute a hegemonic Western discourse and a denial of context‐specific realities. However, a judicious, sensitive, post‐modernist and critical approach may enhance sensitivity towards difference and a greater appreciation of locally specific realities, within the global sphere.
Dilemmas of international social work: paradoxical processes in indigenisation, universalism and imperialism
Authors: Gray Mel
Published: June 2005

This article explores current paradoxical processes in inter‐national social work concerning the global diffusion of the social work profession's principles, values and practice methods or approaches. Some criticise these activities on the grounds that they are imperialistic. Others advocate strongly for the indigenisation of social work. Still others believe in social work's universality. This article attempts to stimulate debate on, and promote greater understanding of, and mutual respect for, divergent views on these critical questions. It puts forward the notion that culture is an important consideration that enables indigenisation, retains universals yet avoids imperialism.
Carboplatin and piroxicam therapy in 31 dogs with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder
Authors: Boria P. A. , Glickman N. W. , Schmidt B. R. , Widmer W. R. , Mutsaers A. J. , Adams L. G. , Snyder P. W. , DiBernardi L. , De Gortari A. E. , Bonney P. L. , Knapp D. W.
Published: June 2005

Invasive transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder responds poorly to medical therapy. Combining platinum chemotherapy with a cyclooxygenase (cox) inhibitor has shown promise against canine TCC, where the disease closely mimics the human condition. A phase II clinical trial of carboplatin combined with the cox inhibitor, piroxicam, was performed in 31 dogs with naturally occurring, histopathologically confirmed, measurable TCC. Complete tumour staging was performed before and at 6‐week intervals during therapy. Tumour responses in 29 dogs included 11 partial remissions, 13 stable disease and five progressive disease. Two of the 31 dogs were withdrawn prior to the re‐staging of the tumour. Gastrointestinal toxicity was observed in 23 dogs. Hematologic toxicity was noted in 11 dogs. The median survival was 161 days from first carboplatin treatment to death. In conclusion, carboplatin/piroxicam induced remission in 40% of dogs providing evidence that a cox inhibitor enhances the antitumour activity of carboplatin. The frequent toxicity and limited survival, however, do not support the use of this specific protocol against TCC.
Survival analysis of one versus two treatments of local delivery cisplatin in a biodegradable polymer for canine osteosarcoma
Authors: Mehl M. L. , Seguin B. , Dernell W. S. , Lafferty M. , Kass P. H. , Withrow S. J.
Published: June 2005

The purpose of this study was to evaluate one versus two doses of local delivery cisplatin in a biodegradable polymer (OPLA‐Pt) for the treatment of osteosarcoma (OSA) after amputation in dogs. Medical records were reviewed retrospectively, and 105 dogs were included in the study; 39% of dogs received one treatment (surgical implantation) of OPLA‐Pt and 61% of dogs received two treatments of OPLA‐Pt after amputation. Administration of two doses of OPLA‐Pt did not have a significant effect on disease‐free interval or survival time compared to one dose. The anatomic site of the tumour was identified as a prognostic factor, and dogs with proximal humeral OSA had the shortest disease‐free interval and survival times. There was no advantage to giving a second dose of local delivery cisplatin following amputation for the treatment of OSA in dogs.
Intraocular lens power prediction for triple procedures in Fuchs' dystrophy using multiple regression analysis
Authors: Viestenz Anja , Seitz Berthold , Langenbucher Achim
Published: June 2005

Purpose:  To develop a correcting term for intraocular power (IOLP) prediction for penetrating keratoplasty combined with simultaneous extracapsular cataract extraction and posterior chamber lens implantation (triple procedure).

Methods:  As part of a prospective clinical study, triple procedures were performed in 42 eyes with Fuchs' dystrophy. Only eyes with readable preoperative K‐values were included in this study. Differences (DEV) between achieved and target refraction (TR) depending on the values of the theoretical‐optical formula according to HAIGIS were investigated using multiple regression analysis in a linear anova model: DEV = a + b CP + c AL + d IOLP + e TR. CP represents central corneal power, AL represents axial length.

Results:  Spherical equivalent after suture removal was − 1.39 ± 2.86 D (TR: − 1.64 ± 1.72 D). A multiple regression formula was developed for correction of conventionally calculated IOL power. CP (b = − 1.391, p = 0.028), AL (c = − 4.733, p = 0.007), IOLP (d = − 1.301, p = 0.009) and TR (e = − 1.804, p = 0.005) correlated significantly with DEV (a = 198.684).

Conclusion:  Proposed correcting multiple regression formula for IOL power prediction may help to improve the postoperative refractive outcome in patients undergoing triple procedures.
Clinical evaluation of the arched blade for cataract surgery
Authors: Kojima Takashi , Kaga Tatsushi , Watanabe Mitsunori , Uda Keiko , Naito Naohisa , Saito Yutaka , Ichikawa Kazuo
Published: June 2005

Purpose:  To evaluate the efficacy of the arched blade for making clear corneal incisions in cataract surgery.

Methods:  This prospective study comprised 112 eyes of 74 patients scheduled for cataract surgery. Temporal clear corneal incisions were made with either a 3.2‐mm conventional flat blade or the arched blade. The choice of knife was randomly assigned. Two surgeons, one with substantial cataract surgery experience and the other with less experience, performed the surgery. Corneal topography and aberration were examined pre‐ and postoperatively. The degree of surgically induced astigmatism (SIA) and high order aberration was analysed. The self‐sealing ability of the wound was also compared between both blades.

Results:  For the less experienced surgeon, the degree of SIA was significantly higher with the 3.2‐mm flat blade than with the 3.2‐mm arched blade as measured at any time during postoperative follow‐up. For the more experienced surgeon, the degree of high order aberration increased significantly with the 3.2‐mm flat blade. The incision's self‐sealing ability was significantly better when the wound was made with the arched blade rather than with the flat blade.

Conclusion:  The arched blade proved to be effective in reducing surgically induced astigmatism and high order aberration in cataract surgery, particularly when used by the less experienced surgeon. Using the arched blade should lead to better wound self‐sealing and, therefore, safer surgical results.
Increased CD40 ligand in patients with acute anterior uveitis
Authors: Øgard Carsten , Sørensen Torben L. , Krogh Erik
Published: June 2005

Purpose:  The inflammatory response in acute anterior uveitis (AU) is believed to be primarily mediated by autoreactive T‐cells. We wanted to evaluate whether the T‐cell activation marker CD40 ligand is involved in the AU immunopathogenesis.

Methods:  We evaluated the expression of the CD40 ligand on CD4+ T‐cells, CD8+ T‐cells and CD19+ B‐cells on peripheral blood mononuclear cells using flow cytometry in six patients with unilateral AU, six patients with monosymptomatic optic neuritis (ON) as inflammatory controls, and in six healthy controls. The ex vivo induction of the CD40 ligand on T‐cells in patients and controls was also studied.

Results:  A significantly higher expression of the CD40 ligand on both CD4+ (p < 0.05) and CD8+ (p < 0.05) T‐cells in patients with AU compared to ON patients and healthy controls was found. There was a significantly higher induction of the CD40 ligand on CD8+ T‐cells in AU patients compared to ON patients and healthy controls (p < 0.01). No differences in the B‐cell population were observed between the three groups.

Conclusion:  Patients with AU had increased expression of the CD40 ligand on T‐cells in the blood and expressed higher levels of the CD40 ligand when stimulated, compared to ophthalmological inflammatory controls and healthy controls. The data suggest that the CD40 ligand is involved in the development of AU.
The effects of sildenafil on ocular blood flow
Authors: Koksal Murat , Ozdemir Huseyin , Kargi Sebnem , Yesilli Cetin , Tomaç Sühan , Mahmutyazicioglu Kamran , Mungan Aydin
Published: June 2005

Purpose:  To investigate the effects of sildenafil, a popular new drug in the treatment of erectile dysfunction, on ocular blood flow.

Methods:  This study was designed as a prospective, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study. Twenty participants with erectile dysfunction were given a single oral dose of 100 mg sildenafil, while 10 participants with erectile dysfunction were given placebo. All the participants underwent routine systemic and ophthalmological examinations. Intraocular pressure, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and ocular blood flow (ophthalmic, central retinal, short posterior ciliary arteries) were measured in both eyes before and 1 hour after the dose of sildenafil or placebo. Ocular blood flow measurements were performed using colour Doppler ultrasonography.

Results:  None of the parameters were significantly different between the groups before study drug intake. Although central retinal artery velocities were not changed, ophthalmic artery and short posterior ciliary artery peak systolic velocity, end‐diastolic velocity, and mean velocity values were significantly increased 1 hour after drug intake in the sildenafil group compared to the placebo group (p < 0.05).

Conclusion:  Sildenafil causes a significant increase in blood flow in these arteries. A possible role of inhibition of phosphodiesterase‐5 in vascular smooth muscles by sildenafil is implicated. Further studies are needed to investigate the effects of sildenafil on ocular blood flow in patients with senile macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma.
Echographic examination with new generation contrast agent of choroidal malignant melanomas
Authors: Forte R. , Cennamo G. , Staibano S. , De Rosa G.
Published: June 2005

Purpose:  To determine the efficacy of echography with new generation contrast agents in visualizing vascularization of choroidal malignant melanomas.

Methods:  An echographic contrast medium consisting of phospholipidic microbubbles filled with sulphur hexafluoride (Sonovue®) was used to visualize microcirculation in 25 cases of choroidal lesions already diagnosed with standardized echography (21 choroidal malignant melanomas, four disciform lesions).

Results:  In untreated malignant melanomas contrast agent echography revealed the presence of a dense microcirculation inside the mass. In one case vitreal seeding of the contrast agent was detectable before enucleation and histological examination revealed the presence of tumoral cells. In 12 cases treated with transpupillary thermotherapy, contrast agent echographic evaluation showed heavy regression of microcirculation after 1 week, confirmed in one case by histology, and a reduction of 70–80% in dimensions after 6 months (which appeared to have stabilized at subsequent examinations). In four cases treated with proton beam brachytherapy 2 years prior to our examination, contrast agent echography showed the absence of a microvascular network and the presence of large vessels and blood lakes. In four cases of disciform lesion, deep and superficial retina‐associated vascularization was observed, with a weak spread of contrast agent inside the lesion.

Conclusion:  Live representation with good resolution of choroidal malignant melanoma microcirculation was obtained.
The presence of Propionibacterium spp. in the vitreous fluid of uveitis patients with sarcoidosis
Authors: Yasuhara Toru , Tada Rei , Nakano Yukiko , Tei Mamoru , Mochida Chikako , Kamei Motohiro , Kinoshita Shigeru
Published: June 2005

Purpose:  An immunological reaction to a bacterial antigen, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Propionibacterium spp., is suspected to be an initial mechanism in the disorder known as sarcoidosis. We investigated whether or not P. acnes, P. granulosum or M. tuberculosis are present in the vitreous fluid of eyes suffering from uveitis with sarcoidosis.

Methods:  Using polymerase chain reaction, we analysed the presence of P. acnes, P. granulosum and/or M. tuberculosis DNA in vitreous samples taken from six eyes with sarcoidosis and six control eyes.

Results:  Among the six uveitis eyes with sarcoidosis, we detected P. acnes DNA in two eyes, P. granulosum DNA in four eyes, and both P. acnes and P. granulosum DNA in one eye, but no Propionibacterium spp. in the control eyes. M. tuberculosis DNA was not present in any of the patient or control eyes.

Conclusions:  This is the first report indicating the presence of Propionibacterium spp. and/or its DNA in the vitreous fluid of sarcoidic eyes with uveitis. This, therefore, supports the idea that Propionibacterium spp. are involved in the aetiology of uveitis in sarcoidosis.
The time pattern of bilateral exudative age‐related macular degeneration
Authors: Gudnadottir G S. , Magnusson K P. , Stefansson E. , Jonasson F. , Helgadottir G. , Sigurdsson H.
Published: June 2005

Purpose:  To study time patterns in bilateral exudative age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) and the pattern of drusen before and after the onset of exudative AMD.

Material and Methods:  Out of 2220 individuals in the Icelandic genetic study of AMD, 151 had bilateral exudative AMD. We searched for previous records in the Icelandic University Retina Unit. For the 65 patients with a fluorescein angiography record of both eyes, we established the time between the onset of disease in each eye. For the 53 patients with colour fundus photographs of the latter eye taken prior to the occurrence of exudative disease, we graded the drusen before and after the onset of exudative AMD in the second eye.

Results:  The time interval between the onset of exudative AMD in the first and second eyes was 2.5 years (95% CI: 1.8–3.2; n = 65) and the median was 1.8 years. In 82% of cases the second eye was affected within 4 years. Soft drusen in the macula were found in 95% of eyes that later developed exudative disease (n = 53). Soft and hard drusen decreased in number in the central macula following the development of exudative disease.

Conclusions:  Bilateral exudative AMD develops within a few years in both eyes. Drusen are less visible following the onset of exudative AMD in the second eye.
Photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy: determinants of patient satisfaction and the patient−provider relationship
Authors: Mozaffarieh Maneli , Benesch Thomas , Sacu Stefan , Krepler Katharina , Biowski Robert , Wedrich Andreas
Published: June 2005

Purpose:  To assess satisfaction with photocoagulation treatment in diabetes patients and to investigate how it relates to patient‐related characteristics and patients' visual ability. Further, to observe the interaction between physician and patient and suggest ways to improve the patient−provider relationship and, thereby, treatment satisfaction.

Methods:  This open longitudinal study included 123 diabetes patients undergoing first photocoagulation treatment for diabetic maculopathy or proliferative retinopathy. The Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire (DTSQ) was completed by all patients. Communication, scheduling and adherence scores were defined for each physician−patient pair. Outcome measures were: the patient's overall satisfaction with laser treatment; the patient's degree of satisfaction in relation to visual results; communication, scheduling and adherence scores, and visual acuity results.

Results:  The level of satisfaction after initial photocoagulation treatment was high; 46.4% of patients with proliferative retinopathy and 53.1% with maculopathy scored 31 or higher. Although 69.5% of all patients reported that their expectations of treatment corresponded to their final 9‐month visual results, only 8.7% of these patients reported an improvement in visual acuity after 9 months. The number of unwanted actions performed by the patients during treatment were significantly related to the number of unclear instructions given by the physician (Fisher's exact test P < 0.01).

Conclusions:  A high level of satisfaction was observed, despite the minimal improvements in visual acuity. Attempts to further improve patient satisfaction might focus on improved education of patients on the possible benefits of laser treatment, greater care in communicating information during treatment, additional nursing support, and additional clerical time to communicate with patients before each appointment.
Functional and anatomic outcome of scleral buckling versus primary vitrectomy in pseudophakic retinal detachment
Authors: Sharma Yog Raj , Karunanithi Sathiyan , Azad Raj Vardhan , Vohra Rajpal , Pal Nikhil , Singh Deependra Vikram , Chandra Parijat
Published: June 2005

Purpose:  To conduct a randomized prospective clinical trial to compare primary vitrectomy without scleral buckling versus conventional scleral buckling surgery in pseudophakic primary retinal detachment (PPRD) in terms of anatomic attachment rate, functional outcome and complications.

Methods:  Fifty consecutive eyes of 50 patients with PPRD were randomized into two groups, with 25 patients in each of group 1 (scleral buckling group) and group 2 (pars plana vitrectomy without buckling group) in a hospital setting and followed up at 1 week, 2 weeks, 6 weeks and 6 months.

Results:  A primary reattachment rate of 76% (19 retinas) was obtained in group 1, while a reattachment rate of 84% (21 retinas) was achieved in group 2. The final anatomic reattachment rate was 100% in both groups. The causes of failure in group 1 were proliferative vitreoretinopathy in five eyes and open break/missed break in one eye. The causes of failure in group 2 were missed break/open break in three eyes and proliferative vitreoretinopathy in one eye. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at 2 weeks was better in group 1, while the final BCVA at end of 6 months was two lines better in group 2. The mean change in refractive error was −   1.38 D in group 1 and −   0.85 D in group 2.

Conclusions:  Pars plana vitrectomy without buckling provides an effective treatment for PPRD and results in better longterm visual and anatomic outcomes than conventional scleral buckling.
Correlation between optic disc topography and retinal nerve fibre layer measurements in glaucoma
Authors: Magacho Leopoldo , Marcondes Ana M. , Costa Vital P.
Published: June 2005

Purpose:  To test the correlation between optic disc topography (as measured by confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy [CSLO]) and retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) measurements (as measured by scanning laser polarimetry [SLP]) in glaucoma.

Material and Methods:  A total of 112 patients with primary open‐angle glaucoma and 88 normal individuals were enrolled in the study. All individuals underwent a thorough ophthalmic evaluation, a 24–2 full threshold Humphrey visual field, SLP with the GDx (Version 1.0.12) and CSLO with the TOPSS. Receiver operator characteristic curves were created for each individual CSLO and SLP parameter. Linear correlations between the four best parameters from each device were calculated. Finally, linear correlations between the same variables, controlled for the severity of visual field damage, were calculated.

Results:  The best individual parameters in the diagnosis of glaucoma for each device were cup area, vertical cup : disc ratio, cup : disc area ratio and average cup depth for CSLO, and the Number, maximum modulation, ellipse modulation and superior nasal for SLP. Moderate to strong correlations were observed in 62% of the pairs. However, only 6% and 12% of the correlations remained moderate when we controlled for the visual field mean deviation and correct pattern standard deviation, respectively.

Conclusions:  The correlation between optic disc topography and RNFL measurements in glaucoma patients is moderate and highly dependent on the level of visual field loss.
Random measurement error in visual acuity measurement in clinical settings
Authors: Leinonen Jaakko , Laakkonen Eero , Laatikainen Leila
Published: June 2005

Purpose:  To estimate the random measurement error in visual acuity (VA) determination in the clinical environment in cataractous, pseudophakic and healthy eyes.

Methods:  The VAs of patients referred for cataract surgery or consultation by ophthalmic professionals were re‐examined and the VA results for distance using projector acuity charts were compared. Refractive errors were also remeasured. A total of 99 eyes (41 cataractous, 36 pseudophakic and 22 healthy eyes) were examined. The healthy comparison group consisted of hospital staff. Only one eye of each person and eyes with Snellen VAs of 0.3–1.3 (logMAR 0.52 to − 0.11) were included. The mean time interval between the first and second examinations was 45 days.

Results:  The estimated standard deviation of measurement error (SDME) of repeated VA measurements of all eyes was logMAR 0.06. Eyes with the lowest VA (0.3–0.45) had the largest variability (SDME logMAR 0.09), and eyes with VA ≥ 0.7 had the smallest (SDME logMAR 0.04). The variability may be partly explained by the line size progression in lower VAs, partly by the difference in the remeasurement of the refractive error. The difference in the average VA between examinations 1 and 2 (logMAR 0.15 versus 0.12) was considered to be of some interest because it indicates that some learning effect is possible.

Conclusion:  Visual acuity results in clinical settings have a certain degree of inherent variability. In this series variability ranged from SDME logMAR 0.04 (eyes with good vision) to logMAR 0.09 (in the lower vision group) in the Snellen VA range of 0.3–1.3. Changes should be judged with caution, especially in cases of decreased VA.
Patterns of premorbid functioning in first episode psychosis: relationship to 2‐year outcome
Authors: Addington J. , Addington D.
Published: June 2005

Objective:  To determine how different patterns of premorbid functioning relate to outcome longitudinally.

Method:  Premorbid adjustment was assessed in 194 first‐episode of psychosis subjects. Positive and negative symptoms, depression, substance misuse and social and cognitive functioning were assessed over 2 years.

Results:  Four patterns of premorbid adjustment: stable‐good, stable‐intermediate, poor‐deteriorating and deteriorating were identified. Relative to the stable‐good group, the deteriorating and poor‐deteriorating groups had significantly more positive symptoms at 1‐year follow‐up but not at 2‐year follow‐up and significantly more negative symptoms and significantly poorer social functioning at both 1 and 2‐years. Only verbal fluency and memory differentiated between the groups with the stable‐good group having a superior performance.

Conclusion:  Those who demonstrated poor or deteriorating functioning prior to the onset of acute psychosis have a poorer outcome up to at least 2 years in terms of negative symptoms and social functioning.
Cost of care of schizophrenia: a study of Indian out‐patient attenders
Authors: Grover S. , Avasthi A. , Chakrabarti S. , Bhansali A. , Kulhara P.
Published: June 2005

Objective:  To assess the cost of care of Indian out‐patients with schizophrenia.

Method:  Cost of illness in 50 out‐patients with schizophrenia was assessed over a 6‐month period together with structured assessments of psychopathology and disability, and compared with 50 out‐patients with diabetes mellitus.

Results:  Total annual costs of care of schizophrenia were US$274; these were not significantly different from diabetes mellitus. Indirect costs (63%) were higher than direct costs. Drug costs were high. The main brunt of financial burden was borne by the family. Total treatment costs in schizophrenia were significantly higher in those who were unemployed, those who visited the hospital more often, and were more severely ill and disabled.

Conclusion:  Schizophrenia is an expensive illness to treat even in developing countries. Costs of care are similar to those of chronic physical illness, such as diabetes mellitus. Costs are higher in severely ill and disabled patients.
Metacognition amidst narratives of self and illness in schizophrenia: associations with neurocognition, symptoms, insight and quality of life
Authors: Lysaker P. H. , Carcione A. , Dimaggio G. , Johannesen J. K. , Nicolò G. , Procacci M. , Semerari A.
Published: June 2005

Objective:  Impairments in laboratory tasks of metacognition appear to be associated with symptoms, functioning, and neurocognition in schizophrenia. We sought to replicate these results in a study of metacognition within personal narratives of self and illness.

Method:  Narratives of 61 men with schizophrenia were rated using the Metacognition Assessment Scale and correlated with concurrent assessment of symptoms, quality of life, neurocognition and insight.

Results:  Controlling for age and education, understanding of one's own mind was linked with better neurocognition across multiple domains, and lesser emotional withdrawal. Greater understanding of other's mind was linked with better verbal memory and less emotional withdrawal. Greater metacognition in the context of purposeful problem solving was associated with better verbal memory, insight and social function, and less emotional withdrawal and paranoia.

Conclusion:  Deficits in metacognition within the narratives of persons with schizophrenia are linked with symptoms, quality of life, neurocognition and poorer awareness of illness.
Are sociodemographic factors and year of delivery associated with hospital admission for postpartum psychosis? A study of 500 000 first‐time mothers
Authors: Nager A. , Johansson L.‐M. , Sundquist K.
Published: June 2005

Objective:  To examine the association between first hospital admissions due to postpartum psychosis and the explanatory variables age, educational level, marital status and year of delivery.

Method:  All Swedish first‐time mothers (n = 502 767) were included during a 12‐year period and followed for first hospital admissions due to postpartum psychosis. Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios, adjusted for the explanatory variables.

Results:  Older age and being a single mother implied an increased risk of first hospital admissions due to postpartum psychosis among first‐time mothers. Educational level was not associated with first hospital admissions due to postpartum psychosis. During the 1990s, when a reduction in psychiatric beds occurred, first hospital admissions due to postpartum psychosis decreased significantly.

Conclusion:  Certain sociodemographic factors are associated with first hospital admissions due to postpartum psychosis. Untreated postpartum psychosis due to fewer psychiatric beds could have hazardous effects on mothers and their children.
Guideline adherence in medication management of psychotic disorders: an observational multisite hospital study
Authors: Weinmann S. , Janssen B. , Gaebel W.
Published: June 2005

Objective:  To evaluate guideline adherence in in‐patient medication care of psychotic disorders.

Method:  A total of 508 persons with psychotic disorders were included in a naturalistic multisite hospital study. Subjects were assessed weekly on mental state, social functioning, socioeconomic factors and medication prescriptions.

Results:  In total, 17% of individuals were prescribed antipsychotic dosages above the recommended value. Among those with persistent psychotic symptoms, 73% received insufficient antipsychotic drug management. About 58% of patients with depressive symptoms were not treated according to guidelines, and 53% of patients did not receive adequate management of side‐effects from antipsychotic medications. Subjects with more than six previous psychiatric hospitalizations (OR 1.80, CI: 1.05–3.08) and those with a prominent thought disorder (OR 2.28, CI: 1.23–4.23) had a higher likelihood of not being treated according to guidelines.

Conclusion:  Individuals with chronic and thought‐disordered psychosis may be at a higher risk of receiving medication care not supported by guidelines.
Body weight gain induced by a newer antipsychotic agent reversed as negative symptoms improved
Authors: Koga M. , Nakayama K.
Published: June 2005

Objective:  We describe a patient in whom improvement in negative symptoms contributed to early weight loss and subsequent long‐term improvement in weight management.

Method:  Case report.

Results:  A 26‐year‐old woman with schizophrenia gained 7 kg over the course of 1 year after starting treatment with olanzapine. However, as negative symptoms gradually improved with treatment, she became motivated to diet and exercise regularly. She quickly lost 9 kg and subsequently maintained optimal weight (55 kg; body mass index, 24.1 kg/m2 ).

Conclusion:  Important strategies for minimizing weight gain in patients taking antipsychotic agents include improving negative symptoms of avolition and apathy, regular monitoring of body weight and potential medical consequences of overweight and obesity, and educating the patient about the importance of diet and regular exercise.
Preoperative transfusion in sickle cell disease: a survey of practice in England
Authors: Buck Jackie , Casbard Angela , Llewelyn Charlotte , Johnson Tony , Davies Sally , Williamson Lorna
Published: June 2005

Abstract:  Objectives: To gather data on current preoperative transfusion practice and postoperative complications in sickle cell disease (SCD) as a prelude to a randomised trial. Methods: A prospective one year survey of 114 SCD patients undergoing elective surgery in 31 English hospitals was undertaken. Results: 43%, 39% and 23% of patients, respectively, received no transfusion, top‐up and exchange transfusion preoperatively. Overall postoperative complication rates were 18%, 26% and 17%, with HbSC/HbSß+thalassaemia and 71% of obstetric and gynaecology patients were not transfused preoperatively, whereas 59% patients undergoing ENT procedures and 83% of hip replacements had top‐up and exchange transfusions respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that having moderate/high risk procedures was a predictor of postoperative complications (OR 4.9 (95% Cl: 1.3 to 18), P = 0.017) while preoperative transfusion was not (OR 1.7, (95% Cl: 0.5 to 6), P = 0.41). Conclusion: The lack of clear benefit of transfusion confirms the need for a randomised controlled trial of transfusion vs. no transfusion in patients with HbSS and HbSß0thalassaemia.
Pericardial graft vs. host disease in a patient with myelodysplastic syndrome following peripheral blood stem cell transplantation
Authors: Saito Yasuyuki , Matsushima Takafumi , Doki Noriko , Tsumita Yuki , Takizawa Makiko , Yokohama Akihiko , Handa Hiroshi , Tsukamoto Norifumi , Karasawa Masamitsu , Murakami Hirokazu , Nojima Yoshihisa
Published: June 2005

Abstract:  A patient with myelodysplastic syndrome developed pericardial effusion 20 month after allogenic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Sclerotic and erythematous skin lesions were observed over the face and extremities, and a diagnosis of chronic graft vs. host disease (GVHD) was made based on skin biopsy findings. Pericardial fluid contained numerous CD8+/HLA‐DR+ lymphocytes, but no leukaemic cells. Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and soluble Fas (sFas) levels were highly elevated in both the effusion and serum. The patient was treated with methylprednisolone and tacrolimus. Skin GVHD improved rapidly associated with resolution of pericardial effusion and reductions in cytokine levels. We concluded that pericardial effusion was due to pericarditis and was a manifestation of chronic GVHD in this patient, and that cytotoxic lymphocytes and specific cytokines played significant roles.
Efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil in adult refractory auto‐immune cytopenias: a single center preliminary study
Authors: Kotb Rami , Pinganaud Caroline , Trichet Catherine , Lambotte Olivier , Dreyfus Marie , Delfraissy Jean‐François , Tchernia Gil , Goujard Cécile
Published: June 2005

Abstract:  Treatment of auto‐immune cytopenia refractory to front line therapy with intravenous immunoglobulins and steroids is a matter of concern. We assessed the efficacy and safety of mycophenolate mofetil in a prospective open preliminary study. Study design: Adult patients with steroid refractory auto‐immune cytopenias were included. Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) was added to treatment given at the time of inclusion, and efficacy was evaluated in term of improvement of platelet/haemoglobin levels and in term of reduction of previously given drugs, if any. All auto‐immune thrombocytopenic purpura (AITP) patients had serologic assessment for associated auto‐antibodies at the time of inclusion. Cytopenias associated with other auto‐immune diseases, lymphoproliferative diseases or HIV infection were excluded. Results: From November 1999 through November 2003, 13 patients were included (nine AITP, three auto‐immune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA), one Evans’ syndrome; four males, nine females; age: 35–72 yr). For AITP patients, an overall response of 78% was observed. Retrospective analysis showed no significant difference between patients having a short disease duration (<1 yr) and longer disease duration; between patients who previously received more or less than three treatments; and between patients for whom MMF was started as monotherapy or in association with prednisone, However, all AITP patients presenting associated auto‐antibodies responded to MMF, while only 50% of patients without associated antibodies were responders. All patients presenting AIHA and Evans’ syndrome were responders. The drug was well tolerated, with no significant side effects reported. The cumulative data suggest a potential place for MMF in the treatment arsenal of refractory cytopenias.
Inflammatory pseudotumor of the lung following invasive aspergillosis in a patient with chronic graft‐vs.‐host disease
Authors: Priebe‐Richter Constanze , Ivanyi Philipp , Buer Jan , Länger Florian , Lotz Joachim , Hertenstein Bernd , Ganser Arnold , Franzke Anke
Published: June 2005

Abstract:  Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is an uncommon cause of solitary or multifocal lung nodules and can also be rarely found in various other extrapulmonary sites. Although this pseudotumor is benign, it can be locally very aggressive. The pathogenesis of IMT remains unclear; autoimmune or infectious origins have been hypothesized, so far. Here, we report a case of inflammatory pseudotumor of the lung secondary to invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in a patient with chronic graft‐vs.‐host disease. The 42‐year‐old patient presented with coughing and hemoptysis as major clinical signs 1 yr after successful HLA‐identical stem cell transplantation. Aspergillus fumigatus was cultured from the bronchoscopoic lavage, but intensive antifungal treatment could only initially improve the clinical situation. Diagnostic re‐evaluation by open‐chest biopsy surprisingly revealed an inflammatory pseudotumor responsible for clinical and radiographical deterioration. Both clinical and radiographical signs resolved under long‐term steroids and secondary antifungal prophylaxis.
Physicochemical evaluation of silica‐glass fiber reinforced polymers for prosthodontic applications
Authors: Meriç Gökçe , Dahl Jon E. , Ruyter I. Eystein
Published: June 2005

This investigation was designed to formulate silica‐glass fiber reinforced polymeric materials. Fused silica‐glass fibers were chosen for the study. They were heat‐treated at various temperatures (500°C, 800°C and 1100°C), silanized, sized and incorporated in two modified resin mixtures (A and B). The flexural properties in dry and wet conditions were tested and statistically analyzed, and the content of residual methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer, dimensional changes with temperature, water sorption and solubility were determined. Woven fibers [36.9% (wt/wt)], heat‐treated at 500°C, gave the highest strength values for the polymeric composites (an ultimate transverse strength of 200 Mpa and a flexural modulus of 10 GPa) compared with the fibers heat‐treated at other temperatures. There was no statistically significant difference in the measured flexural properties between resins A and B regarding fiber treatment and water storage time. These fiber composites had a small quantity of residual MMA content [0.37 ± 0.007% (wt/wt)] and very low water solubility, indicating good biocompatibility. It was suggested that silica‐glass fibers could be used for reinforcement as a result of their anticipated good qualities in aqueous environments, such as the oral environment.
Relationship between enamel erosion and liquid flow rate
Authors: Shellis R. P. , Finke M. , Eisenburger M. , Parker D. M. , Addy M.
Published: June 2005

The association of severe erosion with certain habits of consuming soft drinks prompted a study of erosion in relation to fluid flow. In the main experiments, citric acid solution (pH 3.2) was directed at polished enamel surfaces at flow rates of 26, 67 or 126 ml min−1 through outlets of diameters 1.0, 2.6 or 5.0 mm for up to 20 min. Erosion depth increased with time of exposure and total volume of solution, with increasing flow rate and with decreasing outlet diameter. Scanning electron microscopy of acid‐treated surfaces and of the subsurface enamel indicated that the clearance of dissolution products, rather than the mechanical dislodgement of partly dissolved crystal bundles, was the main process involved. For an exposure time of 20 min, erosion increased with (liquid velocity)1/4. In a secondary experiment, it was found that the erosive potential of a low‐erosive drink did not increase with increasing liquid velocity. The rapid increase in the rate of erosion caused by citric acid at low liquid velocities shows that reproducible stirring is essential for precision and intercomparison of in vitro studies. It also accounts for the rapid erosion seen when erosive drinks are consumed from a straw placed labial to the anterior teeth, or are ‘swished’ between the teeth.
Color stability of resin‐based filling materials after aging when cured with plasma or halogen light
Authors: Janda Ralf , Roulet Jean‐François , Latta Mark , Steffin Glenn , Rüttermann Stefan
Published: June 2005

The influence of curing devices and curing times on the color stability of filling resins was investigated by measuring the CIE‐Laboratory‐values after performing dry storage, water storage, and a Suntest (EN ISO 7491). Eight samples each of Charisma (CH), Durafill (DU), Definite (DE), and Dyract AP (DY) were light cured by using Translux Energy (TE) for 20, 40 or 60 s, or by using Apollo 95E (AP) for 3, 10 or 20 s. Minor color changes occurred for all dry stored materials, devices and curing times. The TE‐cured, water‐stored samples behaved similarly to the dry‐stored ones, but the samples cured with AP revealed very strong color changes, mainly because of a drastic bleaching process. The bleaching of DU was significantly less than that of the other materials, but a strong white shift occurred. CH, DE, and DU showed very little (and even acceptable) discolorations after the Suntest when TE‐cured. DY showed a drastically discoloration. All samples cured using AP drastically bleached and shifted to white for DU and DY but to dark for DE. In conclusion, the extent of discoloration depends on (i) the material, (ii) the test method, (iii) curing time, and (iv) the curing device. The halogen light‐cured samples performed best.
THE FORMATION OF HISTAMINE IN HERBY CHEESE DURING RIPENING
Authors: SAGUN EMRULLAH , EKICI KAMIL , DURMAZ HUSAMETTIN
Published: June 2005

The purpose of this study is to observe the formation of histamine throughout the period of ripening in herby cheese. Herby cheese samples were made from raw milk and buried in soil where they mature in 3 months. Samples were taken on the first, seventh, 15th, 30th, 60th and 90th days of ripening. The moistness, content pH, salt and (total aerobic mesophile bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, coliform bacteria and yeasts and mold) changes were observed. The concentration of histamine are 2.19 mg/100 g on the first day of ripening. It gradually increased and reached 4.62 mg/100 g on the 90th day. Consequently, the histamine that was observed in herby cheese during the ripening appears to be not important for public health.
FLAVOR CHARACTERIZATION OF THREE MANDARIN CULTIVARS (SATSUMA, BODRUM, CLEMANTINE) BY USING GC/MS AND FLAVOR PROFILE ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
Authors: ELMACI YESIM , ALTUG TOMRIS
Published: June 2005

The flavor characteristics of three mandarin cultivars: Satsuma (Citrus unshi), Bodrum (Citrus deliciosa) and Clemantine (Citrus reticulata) from the Aegean region of Turkey and changes throughout storage were investigated by using GC/MS and descriptive flavor profile analysis techniques. The key aroma impact compounds were detected as limonene,γ‐terpinene, p‐cymene, myrcene, α‐pinene, β‐pinene and α‐terpinolene in all samples. Limonene andγ‐terpinene accounted for approximately 88% in all three cultivars. An off‐flavor character was developed during storage by increase of limonene and decrease of γ‐terpinene percentages. Flavor of mandarins consisted of sweet, sour, floral, lemon, orange and cellulose characters. Dimethyl anthranilate, which was found to be specific to Clemantine mandarins, contributed to the floral orange blossom character.