bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Approaches to behaviour change within health promotion
Authors: McKenna Jim
Published: July 2011

Behaviour change continues to be a central concern for health promoters, irrespective of where they do their work. This presentation will address how recent developments in understanding of human decision-making have revised understanding about behaviour change. These developments have been made by economists, social scientists and psychologists, meaning that their relevance to health promotion has yet to be optimised. Importantly, these new insights highlight the importance of health promoters not only continuing to address rationale decision-making, but also acting to optimise the value of contextual changes that hinge on instinctive, automated cognitive functions. This presentation will offer (A) a number of challenges and (B) suggestions about how to respond to these new discoveries across a range of behaviour change scenarios.
Promoting physical activity at the workplace: a global view
Authors: Kirsten Wolf
Published: July 2011

Chronic disease has become a global phenomenon affecting developing and developed countries alike. According to the WHO (2008), non-communicable diseases cause 38 million deaths annually (70% of all global deaths when adding injuries), which is estimated to increase. In India, chronic diseases account for 53% of all deaths (2005) which will further increase by 18% by 2015. Deaths from diabetes will increase by 35%. The economic impact is massive: India is projected to lose $237 billion in national income due to chronic disease. The WHO has identified four related risk factors to address: tobacco use, unhealthy diets, physical inactivity and the harmful use of alcohol. This paper will highlight the current global efforts to promote physical activity with a focus on the workplace. The workplace has been identified as a key setting to tackle the chronic disease challenge and accordingly workplace health promotion is experiencing significant growth. While approaches differ from country to country business drivers and targeted health issues are quite similar across the globe according to the most recent Global Survey on Health Promotion and Workplace Wellness Strategies. For example, employers worldwide use physical activity as a means to improve productivity and reduce healthcare costs. Several global initiatives in workplace health promotion have been launched, for example, the World Economic Forum Working Towards Wellness Initiative and the International Association for Worksite Health Promotion. Physical activity plays a key role in these initiatives due to the enormous potential to make lifestyle challenges and reduce chronic disease. The chronic disease challenge remains daunting and will intensify in emerging countries, like China and India. Therefore, additional resources need to be invested and initiatives strengthened on a local, regional and global scale.
Active Lifestyle Concept (ALC): a health and fitness enhancing concept at the workplace
Authors: Lagerstrøm D
Published: July 2011

The ongoing changes in society and in the workplace setting have lead to a new major challenge: health problems caused by sedentary lifestyle. With our background and experience of more than 30 years in the field of workplace health promotion, and with a focus on health related physical activity and well-being, we were able to achieve excellent results in the area of physical health, not only in small companies, but in large international companies such as Dynamit Nobel, Ruhrkohle and Siemens. Some of the noteworthy results are a reduction of 50% in spinal depression during an 8-h work shift as a result of a change in the daily routine such as standing up when using the phone – which does not conflict with breaks or work-time (Eckeyet al, 1987), and an improvement of aerobic capacity of 15–20% within 12 weeks by individuals with sedentary lifestyles as a result of walking 20 floors a day (Lagerstrøm/Froboese 1997). At the same time we also identified a growing challenge, caused by the general lack of physical activity in our society. This has led us to develop new strategies and concepts, with a strong focus on the laws of nature, such as the stimulus and economising principles, and a focus on people whose primary motive of staying physically active is not necessarily sports or fitness-training (Lagerstrøm 2010). This ‘Active Lifestyle Concept’ therefore concentrates on establishing a concept where the company's responsibility is to establish activities and programmes that lead to an individual self-concept and long-term effects concerning a healthy and active lifestyle. The quality management includes structure, process and result management. In order to base the recommendations and programmes on individuality, we use questionnaires, screening and test protocols, which are easy, safe and reproducible. To avoid negative experiences, which is very important to people with sedentary lifestyles, we focus on basic activities, movement and skills, try to avoid overstress in the programme as well as at the workplace, and build up a process and stabilise a good psychosomatic balance in the long term. To achieve this, we also apply the principles of the Norwegian ‘Friluftsliv’ (not sports-related, nature based, outdoor activities and behaviour). Besides the special workplace activities, we also have a great focus on activities of daily living and leisure time activities, which can lead to an active lifestyle without sports and fitness-training (Lagerstrøm 2010).
Promoting health related sport by using living lab
Authors: Harmokivi-Saloranta Paula M J , Parjanen Satu
Published: July 2011

The purpose of this presentation is to introduce the Living Lab project. Increasing physical activity is one of the main objectives in the prevention and treatment of lifestyle-related diseases. The aim of this project is to develop new innovative services of physical activity for sedentary populations. The services of physical activity will be developed by using a Living Lab. Living Lab is a system for building a future in which real-life user-driven development and innovation will be a normal co-creation technique for new products, services and societal infrastructure. In the Living Lab development projects, the users take active part in development and innovation. The user not only supplies information to the developers but also is part of the development team, for example, generating ideas. In this project, there are 12 different user groups, for example, children, young people, adults, businessmen and unemployed. These user groups are trying to find answers to questions: ‘Why doesn't citizen go in for physical activity and what it should do that he/she would be physically active?’ Finding a solution to an everyday problem can improve the quality of life for a whole user group and at the same time act as the start of a new and successful business venture. For example, stories, essays and interviews will be used as methods. Materials will be analysed and different stories can be obtained on how to activate people to health-related sports. In addition, models will be developed that encourage people to participate in physical activities that promote health.
Sports sociology in different communities
Authors: Yadav Sarita
Published: July 2011

The sports sociology community has a real opportunity to break out of the academic ghetto, eschew excessively coded and obscure language, and fight to become part of the general discourse of sports conversation, both on campuses and in the broader sports world. Sport sociology can be valued as a discipline within sport sciences, within sociology and within the world of sport which it analyses and serves. Among others, point to the high status which society accords to the natural sciences, and note that this is also mirrored in physical education and sport sciences. The central purpose of sport sciences is to study that conglomerate of mind, body and spirit which is the embodiment of sport and a wide range of physical activities. That embodiment is, inevitably, a social being – a member of society. Sport sociology can best be described as a late adolescent/early adult. Arguably, where sport sociology has been less successful is in its attempts to gain greater acceptance among sports practitioners, and it is that issue which underpins the discussion. The primary purpose of action knowledge is to inform policy and planning and, to this end, action research is identified as a way of ensuring that policy and implementation are compatible. professionals in sport: ‘teachers, coaches, administrators, journalists and executives...certainly need it to better understand their own position and action in modern sport’. We would wish to add sports participants/performers themselves to the list. Sport sociologists to work more closely with the sports community, which ‘requires applied sport sociology to be the enterprise of a disputatious, many-valued community of scholars who work in collaboration with the persons, groups and communities. Sport sociology, more generally, has tended to include a wide range of sport sociologists are beginning to be asked for information by public and professional groups. He envisages a future role for sport sociology ‘interpreting the reciprocal influences of sport in society and society in sport’ methodological and theoretical paradigms. An applied sociology of sport based on the roles and skills required to undertake applied research.
An eclectic approach towards physical education and schools of philosophy
Authors: Mishra Arvind
Published: July 2011

Be it education, system or profession each has its own philosophy that gives direction to the policy determination, teaches how to use the acquired skills, knowledge, clarifies the values and beliefs. Physical education also has its own philosophy. In ancient period, the general form of the philosophy of physical education is visible in the social, political and spiritual life of that time and it's special form is visible in the branch of education in which efforts were made to educate both men as well as society.

In modern age the philosophy of physical education has broad perspective, from the philosophical point of view the study of sports, education, life, religion and science are united in the physical education. To express the philosophy of physical education all these are used as per requirement. In accordance with the time, condition and place, physical education also has been influenced by different philosophical schools. Consequently, the form of physical education has also been undergoing change. These schools have influenced differently all aspects of physical education, such as: aims, objectives, methods, curricula, teaching, discipline, administration, nature of the schools and organisations, etc.

The chief goal of the present study is to highlight the influence of various philosophical schools such as idealism, pragmatism, naturalism and realism, etc their origin, principles, leading thinkers and their influence on physical education as well as their role in the determination of the form, objectives, curriculum, techniques of teaching, administration and discipline, etc. So that more effective schools become known and are utilised for making necessary policies and programmes leading to the development and bright future of physical education. Findings of this study, in short, are that no educational philosophy is complete in itself. Tendency of accumulation of the best of the various philosophies and principles is a specialty of physical education. The eminent educationist Ross has said ‘If the goals of education are taken from the idealism and teaching methods and experimentation from naturalism and pragmatism. It would lead to the creation of the best educational philosophy’. From pre-primary and primary to the highest level we ought to adopt eclectic tendency to determine the educational objectives, curricula and methods, etc then only we can set-up an ideal and effective educational system and to train the citizens having good character and conduct, according to the democratic ideals we can establish a healthy, progressive, secular-society and a prestigious democratic country.
Building the supply of inclusive sport
Authors: Downs Peter
Published: July 2011

Australia is a large continent divided into eight states and territories with a population of 20 million. Australia also has a strong sport culture and a proud record of international success across a range of sports. The culture and philosophy of ‘give it a go’ lends itself to the notion of inclusion.

In 1995 the Australian Sports Commission embarked on establishing a national programme to improve the supply of inclusive sport to the community. A national education programme was established, delivered through a network of partners. Resources were developed, including training courses, manuals, procedures and multi-media tools. By 2005 over 50 000 people had undergone training in inclusive practices within the sport industry.

Establishing a national network and delivery system in a country the size of Australia was not without its challenges. This presentation will chart the progress Australia has made in this area and outline its plans to connect the demand for inclusive sport with the supply to increase participation in the long term.
Disability Sport Wales Programme: making the connections
Authors: Morgan Jon , Reid Fiona
Published: July 2011

Wales is a principality of 2.9 million people which is divided into 22 local authorities. Disability Sport Wales (DSW) has been part of the sporting landscape of Wales since 1995, and now combines provision and development of community, academy and performance level sport, underpinned by appropriate education and training support. In 2002, Wales offered 1200 community participation opportunities a year, rising to 600 000 by 2009; talented athletes are fed into the DSW Academy which launched in 2006 and has so far provided services to 80 emerging athletes; at the Beijing 2008 Paralympic Games Wales contributed 31 of the 212 athletes to Team GB. Wales is proud of its successes, and reflects on areas where it can improve provision. This session will provide a overview of the DSW corporate plan (2009–2013), focusing on the developing participant/performer pathway and the pivotal role that education is playing through the process of up-skilling and training key mainstream partners, as the nation drives towards a more inclusive delivery system. The presenters will draw upon their experiences of building their disability sport development model, the critical decisions that have been taken and the tools that have been developed to support the process during the last 10 years.
Prospects and strategies for sports marketing in India: an overview
Authors: Kumutha N , Kirubakar S Glady , Margaret Glory D
Published: July 2011

Sport like cricket is a religion in India and others like tennis, football and hockey are also fast catching up. The Indian Marketing Scenario (IMS) is one of the biggest consumer markets which is precisely the reason why India has attracted several MNCs. These large MNCs have realised that to succeed in the Indian market-place they need to hire Indian representative who are much more aware of the Indian economic, political, legal and social realities. The two major reasons for these changes in the IMS are changes in globalisation and technology. Essential skills required for a Sports Marketing Director are the skills of organisational, written/oral communication, computer, creative thinking, resistance to stress, and highly motivated leadership. This paper also discusses about some of the specific duties of sports marketing executives working in any of the above areas such as negotiating, preparing contracts for athletes, planning and coordinating sports events, etc. The Commonwealth Games (CWG) are only a few months away, but clients of sports marketing agencies do not appear to be queuing to get a slice of the advertising pie. There are multiple opportunities in terms of sponsorship sales, sponsorship activation, ticketing, corporate hospitality, ceremonies, athlete management, advertising and communications, and new media. The CWG have been surrounded by many controversies, including political interference and being over-budget. This has kept companies sitting on the fence. Though CWG faces lots of hurdles with a great zeal at heart Indians believe that India will host a colourful CWG 2010 at New Delhi!!!!
Preventive cardiology and cardiac rehabilitation
Authors: Contractor Aashish
Published: July 2011

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in India. It has reached epidemic proportions, and needs to be addressed through primary and secondary prevention measures. The field of preventive cardiology and cardiac rehabilitation is in its nascent stages in India and these services need to expand widely for the country to effectively manage this epidemic. This talk will focus on the various aspects of cardiac rehabilitation, including cardiovascular disease risk factor reduction, role of exercise in reducing cardiac morbidity and mortality, and the appropriate exercise prescription for those with heart disease.
Human trafficking and smuggling in sports: challenges and the way forward
Authors: Adeyanju Florence B
Published: July 2011

Human trafficking and smuggling have become a big business worldwide. In the illegal trade, men and women are being defrauded, manipulated, kidnapped and lured into the situation, often regarded as modern day slavery, through various means, including sports events. The incidence of human trafficking and smuggling in sports events has raised serous concerns in Africa as criminal gangs now use sports events as cover up to carry out their activities, luring boys and girls to various countries with promises of better life for the victims. Unfortunately, in actual fact, these victims are subjected to conditions of hopelessness and situations that debase their humanity. In this paper, some case studies were presented. It also discussed the relationship and distinction between human trafficking and smuggling, the causes and mode of operation. The challenges to combating the menace, among which are paucity of reliable data and research document, strong organised criminal gang networks, lack of genuine political will, the paradox of action and conspiracy of silence among government officials, etc. Recommendations towards tackling the menace of human trafficking and smuggling in sports were put forward.
Relationship between student: athlete satisfaction and leadership profiles of sport administrators in Nigerian Universities
Authors: Yakasat Musa Garba , Kankanala Venkateshwarlu
Published: July 2011

Sports in the Nigerian Universities are essentially for students and by students. This means that the student is not only the prime beneficiary but also a prime producer of sports as entertainment in the university. Therefore the success of the university athletic programme depends on the satisfaction that students derive from sports. This study was conducted to find out the relationship between students-athletes' satisfaction and leadership profile of sports administrators in Nigerian Universities. To achieve the purpose a self-developed and validated questionnaire on students-athletes' satisfaction on leadership profiles of sports administrators was administered on the 700 randomly selected student-athletes from 14 Nigerian Universities. The part of the questionnaire on leadership profile was based on multifactor leadership questionnaire and the part of the questionnaire on student-athletes' satisfaction was based on the facets of athlete satisfaction questionnaire. Positive results were obtained on and team outcomes as well as individual processes of student-athlete satisfaction. The study also showed significant correlations among individual and team processes, as well as individual and team outcomes. The results showed that sports administrators of Nigerian Universities has transformational leadership profile more that translational and non-leadership profiles. The results further revealed significant correlations of transformational leadership, transactional leadership and non-leadership profiles with individual outcomes, team outcomes, individual processes of student-athletes; which were more than 44, explaining more than 42% of the variance in athletes' satisfaction.
Effect of therapeutic horseback riding on motor proficiency of mentally retarded children
Authors: Nair Usha Sujit , menon Shalini
Published: July 2011

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of therapeutic horseback riding on motor proficiency of moderate mentally retarded children. Forty mentally retarded children between the age group of 13 and 18 years were randomly assigned to an experimental and control group of 20 each. Both the groups were tested before and after 12 weeks of training period in the short form of Bruininks Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, which has eight factors: running speed and agility, balance, bilateral coordination, strength, upper limb coordination, response speed, visual motor control, upper limb speed and dexterity. Significant differences were seen in most of the selected variables of motor proficiency in MR children following 12 weeks of horseback riding programme (p<0.05). Therapeutic horseback riding is an effective means for improving motor proficiency in mentally retarded children.
Immediate effects of McConnell taping versus diamond wrap taping in symptomatic osteoarthritis knee
Authors: Himanshu  , Agnihotri Hitanshu
Published: July 2011

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a group of mechanical abnormalities involving degradation of joints, including articular cartilage and subchondral bone. Patellar taping is one method, which has been studied earlier by various authors. However, the comparative effectiveness of different taping techniques still needs to be investigated. Henceforth, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the immediate effect of McConnell taping and Diamond wrap taping on symptomatic generalised OA knee. Thirty patients were selected from outpatient department of MM Institute of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, MM University, Mullana. They satisfied the American College of Rheumatology criteria for OA knee and were examined for pain and disability under three groups, that is, McConnell taping, Diamond wrap taping and neutral tape. The immediate benefits in pain scales in activities (walking speed and timed up and go test) using a visual analogue scale and disability scales for three activities (walking speed in metres per second, timed up and go test in second) were assessed.
The comparative effectiveness of isotonic and isokinetic strength trainings on quadriceps peak torque
Authors: Agnihotri Hitanshu
Published: July 2011

The present study compares the effectiveness of isotonic and isokinetic exercises on peak torque of quadriceps in 45 healthy young males. The subjects were randomly assigned into three groups (n=15): group A – isotonic group, group B – isokinetic group, group C – control group. Peak torque of quadriceps at velocities of 220 and 100°/s was tested twice with a gap of 4 weeks using isokinetic dynamometer. Isotonic protocol included three sets of 10 repetitions at 50% 10 RM, 75% 10 RM and 100% 10 RM. The isokinetic protocol consisted of one set of 10 repetitions at velocities of 220, 160, 100 and 40°/s each. Each exercise protocol was performed thrice a week for 4 weeks with 1-min rest interval. The subjects in the control group were not prescribed any kind of exercise training. Paired t test showed significant changes at 220°/s (t=4.62, p<0.001) and 100°/s (t=2.49, p<0.05) in group A, at 220°/s (t=3.42, p<0.05) in group B and non-significant changes at 220°/s (t=2.02, p>0.05) and 100°/s (t=0.82, p>0.05) in group C. Post-test one-way analysis of variance revealed significant changes at 220°/s (F= 4.47, p<0.05). Isotonic exercises were found to be more effective than isokinetic exercises in increasing the peak torque at high velocity.
The effects of 8 weeks plyometric training on knee proprioception
Authors: Zamani Jaber , Rahnama Nader , Khayambashi Khali , Lenjannezhad Sharam
Published: July 2011

The incidence of sports injuries is particularly great in athletes, with sprains and strains of the knee being the most frequent injurers. Proprioceptive system plays a critical role in maintenance of joint stability, including sensation of both position and movements of joint, under dynamic conditions. Muscle and joint receptors are main source for proprioception. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of plyometric training on knee proprioception. Thirty male college students without injury history in lower extremities and head participated in this study. They were randomly divided into two groups (N= 15 experimental group, N= 15 control group). All subjects' knee proprioception was assessed at the baseline and then the experimental group took part in 8 weeks plyometric training programme but control group did not receive any exercise. Knee proprioception measurements were done for both groups after 8 weeks. In this test, first subject is asked to repeat the first angle position actively or passively. Biodex System 3 Pro Isokinetic Dynamometer was used for the calculation of knee proprioception sense. Subjects were asked to reproduce the fixed knee angle (30°, 45°, 60°) that was actively positioned. Absolute angular error values were obtained for every angle. A significant difference (p<0.05) was found between active absolute angle error values between before and after 8 weeks training for experimental group at 30° (4.02±1.58 vs 3.33±1.12), 45° (4.68±2.21 vs 4.06±1.56) and 60° (4.16±1.18 vs 3.47±0.84) angles. For the control group, no significant differences (p>0.05) were observed at 30° (4.2±1.36 vs 3.99±1.44), 45° (4.77±1.59 vs 4.72±1.70) and 60° (3.96±1.24 vs 3.71±1.31) angles. In conclusion, significant improvement was detected in knee proprioception following plyometric training. Since proprioception is very important for preventing undesired joints, it plays a protective role in injuries.
Assessment of the prevalence of kyphosis disorders in students
Authors: Ghorbani L , Daneshjoo A H , Nazarian A B , Domieh A M Mohammadi
Published: July 2011

The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of kyphosis disorders in students. Total of 502 students in three levels including primary (99 girls, 99 boys), guidance (47 girls, 57 boys) and high schools (100 girls, 100 boys) participated in this study. Frontal Cobb angle was measured by flexi curve ruler. Data were analysed by χ2test. After collecting, subjects were classified in four categories including flat back, normal, kyphosis and hyperkyphosis. Of 256 boys, 2% had flat back, 76.6% were normal and 21.4% had kyphosis and of 256 girls 4.5% showed flat back, 80% showed flat back normal and 15% showed kyphosis, but there were significant differences between their disorders (p > 0.05). There was significant difference between boys and girls in elementary school (p < 0.05). In guidance and high school boy and girls, there were significant differences between their spinal deformities (flat back, normal and kyphosis). We concluded that reducing improper habits and familiarising the children with the proper way of carrying their bags and performing proper activities such as sitting and sleeping and also participating in regular training can reduce the risk of spinal deformities.
Common sporting injuries of lower limbs and its management
Authors: Hussain Farasat
Published: July 2011

Lower limb injuries are by far the most common injuries occurring in sports more so in all outdoor games. It is important to have a thorough knowledge of these injuries as also the anatomical structures involved in different types of injuries. Football, hockey, baseball, lawn tennis, badminton, volleyball, kabaddi, kho-kho and all sprinting events including long and high jumps as also all throwing events like discuss and javelin cause a number of lower limb injuries, which need to be attended urgently and dealt in the most advanced scientific manner, so that recovery of the sports person is quick and complete. The availability of advance investigating tools like MRI, CT-SCAN, ultrasonography, nerve conduction mapping and arthroscopy has brought about a complete change in our understanding of the problem of lower limb trauma and has also dramatically changed the treatment protocol. The management of these injuries can be divided into on-field assessment, primary, secondary and tertiary level. This article will primarily deal with the different type of common lower limb injuries and its management protocol.
Relationship between different swimming styles and somatotype in national level swimmers
Authors: Sonia  , Nigam Shishir
Published: July 2011

This study had been done to categorise the swimmers in India according to there somatotype in different swimming styles at an early age. This study aims to find out the somatotype of swimmers in different swimming styles and analyse the relationship between somatometric variables and swimming performance in competitive national swimmers under 19 years of age. Total of 96 swimmers (50 males and 46 females) aged younger than 19 years were picked up on their age-group championships and classification of the swimmers was done according to their primary swimming specialty, as self-reported. Method of selecting the subject was randomised. Ten anthropometric dimensions were needed to calculate the anthropometric somatotype:: height, weight, chest circumference, arm span, arm length, skinfolds (biceps, triceps, subscapular, supraspinale and calf), two biepicondylar bone breadth (humerus, femur) and two limb girths (arm flexed and tensed calf). By means of equations, anthropometric somatotype was obtained into which data were entered. Results showed that (1) sprint freestyle and backstroke swimmers were taller and heavier, compared with others, for both sexes. (2) Butterfly group swimmer had a distinct physical structure with lowest values for height and weight. (3) Significant correlations were obtained between swimming performance and somatometric variables such as height, weight, chest circumference, arm span, arm length, endomorphy, mesomorphy, ectomorphy and fat percentage. This study also concluded that swimmers in different swimming styles or events have variations in their body size and form at an early age. Early determination of somatotype of swimmers or athletes participating in different sports helps to improve their performance and development of body according to their requirement in particular sports or event.
Effects of obesity on quadriceps dynamic strengthening and isometrics exercise for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis patients
Authors: Sarkar Aparna , Bansal Nitesh , Singh Shweta
Published: July 2011

Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a major cause of pain and functional impairment among elders. Currently, there are neither feasible preventive intervention strategies nor effective medical remedies for the management of KOA. Of course, KOA is only one of many adverse consequences of obesity. Physical rehabilitation usually quadriceps exercises for the maintenance of joint range of motion and muscle strength is effective for the treatment of KOA. The aim of the study was to find out whether obesity has an adverse effect on the treatment of knee osteoarthritic patients when quadriceps dynamic strengthening and isometrics exercise were implemented. Sixty osteoarthritic knee patients with 30 patients each in two groups were randomly selected from Kailash Hospital and Obesity Clinics in Delhi. Patients were randomly divided into two groups (A and B) according to their BMI. In group A, non-obese KOA patients were assigned, and in group B, obese KOA patients were included. The quadriceps dynamic strengthening and isometrics exercise treatment protocol were introduced in both the groups and were given for 15 days. Pre- and post-treatment knee pain, range of motion of knee joint and quadriceps muscle strength were measured. Student t test was applied to find out the statistical level of significance. Pain was decreased with the intervention exercise, which was highly significant (p < 0.05) in both the groups. The ranges of motion for knee joint were increased, which was found highly significant in both the cases of flexion and extension (p< 0.001, < 0.05, respectively) in group A but in group B, it was found significant for flexion (p<0.001) but in case of extension ROM, it was insignificant (p>0.05). The mean difference of pre-test and post-test muscle strength for flexor and extensors was significant (p<0.01, <0.001) in group A but in group B, for flexors, it was insignificant, and for the extensor group, it was significant (p<0.01). It was found that the exercises given to group A (non-obese) were more effective than those given to group B (obese). Pain, ROM and MMT were improved significantly in group A but in group B, pain had reduced but MMT and ROM had no significant improvements. We concluded that because of more BMI in group B (obese group), effects of exercise for treatment of OA knee was not as significant as in case of group A subjects (non-obese group).
Biker's scapula: an ergonomic implication of biking
Authors: Sharma Shantanu , Prabhu Ram , Aggarwal Mrigank
Published: July 2011

Introduction

There are emerging trends of designing motor bikes with sporty looks. These bikes are especially popular among youth due to the speed that it can gain. There are bikers who complain of pain after biking for long distances. This is generally a case with heavy, non-cruiser bikes. The purpose of this poster is to depict the biomechanical and ergonomical basis of this pain felt at the superior angle of the scapula along with the diagnosis and treatment. Description: (1) Pain: the pain (dull and aching type) occurs at the superior angle of the scapula. After driving a bike, the pain stops but the soreness remains for 4–5 days. Any activity involving shrugging brought on the pain. (2) Biomechanics and Ergonomics: to streamline the body according to the speed of the bike, the biker pokes his chin, shrugs his shoulder and flexes his elbow. In this position, levator scapulae muscle is been used to shrug the shoulder as well as to maintain the position of the scapula. As this position is dynamic, the position keeps the levator scapulae in a contracted phase for prolonged period which may lead to repetitive stresses and microtrauma at the insertion of levator scapulae and start causing pain. (3) Diagnosis: eight patients were identified and this type of pathology is suspected wherein superior angle of scapula is tender and resisted shoulder shrugging is painful at the same area. However, scapular mobility and arm movements are normal. (4) Treatment: ultrasound therapy is definitely effective in relieving symptoms in two to three sittings after which resisted shrugging is given with mild resistance. However, it was seen that the pain recurs after a week or so if the long distance biking continues. (5) Prevention: To avoid this, bikers must take care of their posture while riding as well as proper selection of bike. It is also advised to use cruiser bikes for long distances.

Conclusion

In future, the cases with the similar history must be properly assessed and documented so that the further research can be carried out on the causes, permanent treatment and the other ways to prevent it.
Comparison of functional balance training and wobble board training on subjects with functional ankle instability
Authors: Azeem Zafar , Dhawan Vikas , Zutshi Kalpna
Published: July 2011

Ankle instability is the most common cause of lower extremity dysfunction in physically active individuals. In spite of various treatment options available to therapists and trainers like ankle braces, taping, prophylactic ankle disc training programmes, recurrence rate of ankle sprains has been very high. Efficacy and comparison of functional balance training programme and wobble board training programme on static and dynamic measures of postural control are still confounding. The study (pretest and post-test experimental design) was aimed to determine the efficacy and comparison of functional balance training programme and wobble board training programme on subjects with functional ankle instability where measures of static and dynamic postural control (using single leg stance test and star excursion balance test) were measured following 4 weeks of balance training programme. Both the training displayed statistically non-significant changes at the end of 4 weeks of balance training following functional ankle instability. Clinical improvements in static and dynamic measures of postural control as observed provided an insight into the introduction of an alternative form of functional balance training programme for athletes with a history of recurrent ankle sprains. The presentation will be aimed to spread awareness about the significance of balance training programme in the prevention of ankle injuries in sports and importance of inculcating functional patterns of balance training in the athletic training regimens.
Physiological profiles of elite badminton players: aspects of age and gender
Authors: Heller Jan
Published: July 2011

In order to evaluate the physiological profile of elite badminton players, 54 males and 26 females, members of Czech senior and junior national teams had been examined by an incremental maximum treadmill exercise test (with constant 5% inclination, increment 1 km/h per min) at the end of the preparatory period. VO2max in junior male players (n=29, mean age 17.2± (SD 1.2) years) and in senior male players (n=25, 21.3±2.2 years) attained 64.6±4.3 and 63.2±3.7 ml/kg/min, respectively. In female players, there were also no differences in VO2max in junior (n=16, 17.6±0.8 years) and senior (n=10, 24.5±2.5 years) players: 54.9±2.5 and 55.2±2.6 ml/kg/min, respectively. The players were subdivided into internationally (IP) and nationally (NP) ranked subgroups. A comparison had shown that both male and female IP had lower body fat (p<0.05) than NP. Male IP also exhibited higher forced vital capacity, maximum pulmonary ventilation and a higher maximum tidal volume (p<0.05) than in NP. Both male and female IP and NP were not different in VO2max maximum running speed or Tvent. The study indicates that elite badminton is associated with relatively low body fat and lean body build, both in males and females. Maximum treadmill exercise test in badminton players may provide basic physical condition data necessary to elite performance (eg, VO2max above 60 and 52 ml/kg/min, in male and female player, respectively). However, the results of laboratory treadmill testing seem to be a poor predictor with regard to the ability relative to internationally and/or nationally badminton game-play performance.
Respiratory response to different parts of a climbing route
Authors: Balasekaran G , Fuss F K , Niegl G
Published: July 2011

This study investigates the fluctuations of oxygen uptake in synchrony with repetitive climbing a circular boulder on an instrumented climbing wall. Oxygen consumption (VO2, l/min) was measured with a portable battery-powered Cosmed K4b2metabolic systems via open circuit indirect calorimetry and the movement sequence with time was identified from the force signals at different holds. The results show that the fluctuations of VO2(l/min) are synchronised with climbing and depend on the route conditions, which, in turn, require different climbing techniques. The cyclic behaviour of respiration provoked by a circular boulder route suggests that the oxygen uptake is influenced by the climbing route even after the steady state is reached.
Effect of running and swimming activities on selected cardiac risk factors among middle aged men
Authors: Koorma Ajay Kumar , Raja S Chidambara
Published: July 2011

The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of running and swimming activities on coronary heart disease risk factors. Thirty male teachers aged between 35 and 40 years who knew swimming were selected for the study. They were divided into three equal groups, each group consisted of 10 subjects in which group I underwent running activity and group II underwent swimming activity, 3 days per week for 12 weeks, and group III acted as control, who did not participate in any training. The subjects were tested on selected criterion variables such as total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, systolic and diastolic blood pressure prior to and immediately after the training period. The analysis of covariance was used to find out the significant difference if any, between the experimental groups and control group on selected criterion variables separately. The selected criterion variables such as high-density lipoprotein were improved significantly for both the training groups when compared with the control group and the systolic blood pressure was reduced significantly only for running activity group and swimming activity group. The diastolic blood pressure and total cholesterol were not changed significantly for both the training groups.
Effect of low impact water exercise on stress recovery of college football players
Authors: Nair Usha S , Mondal Supriyo , Tiwari Sandhya
Published: July 2011

The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of 16 weeks low impact water exercise on stress recovery of football players. Thirty male football players between the age group of 18 and 23 years were randomly assigned to an experimental and control group of 15 each. In addition to the regular football practice session, the experimental group underwent low impact water exercise training for 16 weeks. Both the groups were tested in the stress recovery before and after 16 weeks of training period. Paired t test revealed significant changes in most of the variables of stress recovery; general stress, emotional stress, emotional exhaustion, social stress, fatigue, somatic/physical complaints, energy, sleep quality, personal accomplishment and reduction in conflict pressure (p<0.05). Underwater exercise can be used as an effective technique for stress recovery.
Spinal injury in sports
Authors: Mishra R C
Published: July 2011

Nowadays, the scene of sports has changed as it involves not only money but prestige for self and country. Hence, sports has become aggressive. Any sport which involves movement and momentum can cause spinal injury, like football, water sports, wrestling, rugby, transpoling and ice hockey.

Spinal injury can be simple to serious leading to paralysis or death.

The team physician should:

Identify the injury

Stabilise the athlete

Transport the athlete to a proper centre.

Above all, the team physician should be able to explain the prevention of spinal injury.
Effect of aerobic exercise programme on health related physical fitness components of middle aged women
Authors: Shahana A , Nair Usha S , Hasrani S S
Published: July 2011

Fitness for living in the house or on the farm or at office or factory or in work places or in any service implies freedom from disease, enough strength, endurance and other abilities to meet the demands of daily living. Doing physical activity everyday contributes to optimum health and quality of life. Life styles can be changed to improve health and fitness through daily exercises. Aerobic exercise stimulates heart, lungs and all working group of muscles and produces beneficial changes in body and mind. Many physiological changes are determined by daily aerobic exercises. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of a 12-week aerobic exercise programme on health-related physical fitness components, which are cardiorespiratory endurance, flexibility, abdominal strength endurance and body fat in middle-aged women. A total of 60 middle-aged women from Karyavattom panchayath of Trivandrum district in Kerala state between the age group of 35 and 45 years were selected as subjects for the study. They were tested to collect the data on selected variables. The cardiorespiratory endurance, flexibility, abdominal strength endurance and body fat percentage were selected variables. Further, 30 subjects were randomly assigned as experimental group and 30 as control group. The experimental group underwent aerobic exercise training thrice a week for 12 weeks. The control group did not attend any training programme. The post-tests were conducted on both groups to collect the data on the variables of the study. The data pertaining to health-related physical fitness components were analysed by paired ‘t’ test to determine the difference between initial and final mean for experimental and control groups. Significant difference seen at the 0.05 level with 29 degree of freedom is 2.045 and at 0.01 level with 29 degree of freedom is 2.756 in experimental group following 12 weeks of aerobic training programme for cardiorespiratory endurance, flexibility, muscular strength endurance and skin fold thickness (body fat %). In the case of control group no significant changes were seen in any of the selected variables. The conclusions of this study are improved cardiorespiratory endurance, flexibility, muscular strength endurance and decreased skin fold thickness (body fat %) among the experimental group of middle-aged women after 12 weeks of aerobic training.
Effect of variations in training load on mechanical efficiency in athletes
Authors: Kumari M V L Surya , Ramana Y Venkata
Published: July 2011

This study was carried out to describe the changes in mechanical efficiency with incremental training load in long distance runners. To achieve this, 10 healthy male national level long distance runners aged 18–22 years were covered during their transition (TP), pre-competitive (PP) and competitive (CP) phases of training. They were subjected to anthropometry and body composition (skin fold method) using standard methods. The basal metabolic rate (BMR) and at different loads of graded exercise test were measured by open circuit indirect calorimetry. Bruce protocol was adopted to assess VO2max mechanical efficiency and maximal work performance (WRmax) of the athletes. The quantification of training was done by time allocation pattern combined with heart rate monitoring method and oxygen consumption levels. The results of the study show that an increase in training intensity by 1.5-fold and duration by 2-fold manifested the changes in lean body mass (4.6%), BMR (15.5%), VO2max. (18%), maximal work performance (37%) and mechanical efficiency (4%) from TP to CP. Thus, this study suggests that mechanical efficiency reflecting the efficiency in muscular activity can be achieved by metabolic and physiologic adaptations resulting from enhanced training load. In athletes this would help them achieve better endurance performances. Such data would help the coaches to understand the training adaptability of the athletes and current muscular efficiency level that enables to modify the training schedule to achieve optimal sports performance.