bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A PERSPECTIVA SOBRE O ERRO DOS ALUNOS DE PROFESSORES DE MATEMÁTICA DA RECUPERAÇÃO INTENSIVA: ALGUMAS CONSIDERAÇÕES
Authors: C da Silva Ambrosio Ana
Published: January 2016

The aim of this paper is to present and analyze the vision that mathematics teachers of Intensive Recovery classes have about the mistakes of their students. Data were collected in semi-structured interviews with such teachers, held in December 2012 and February 2013. In theory, we assume that the error is inherent in the process of learning, an indicator of what the student knows and how he understands certain content and is an important tool for the teacher analyze it and thus rethink their teachingpractice, hence the importance of vision that teachers have about the error. The results showed that, with one exception, the teachers do not understand the error as part of the process of learning and consider it a sign that the student has learned.
EDUCAÇÃO INTEGRAL: IMPASSES E PERSPECTIVAS DOS PROGRAMAS MAIS EDUCAÇÃO E CIDADESCOLA- PRESIDENTE PRUDENTE
Authors: B. S. Oliveira Klebis Augusta , Gomes Paiola Osmarina , Correia Lima Samara
Published: January 2016

In the current context, government and civil society have been discussing commitments related to children ́s and youths ́right to education, expressed in the increasing ofthe daily length of permanencein public schools, beyond the six hoursa day. Thus, the main objective of this research is to bring to the debate the implications and challenges of the implementation of the IntegralEducation by municipalities. More specifically, it seeks: a) to discuss the concept of integral education through the view of several authors; b) to provide different experiences with integraleducation on the historical trajectory of Brazilian education; c) to reflect on the importance of integraleducation tothe development of subjectsin its various dimensions; d) to analyze the projectsfor integraleducation in the programs “Mais Educação”(linked to the Brazilian Ministry of Education) and “Cidadescola”(of the municipality of Presidente Prudente). To develop this study,the methodology chosen was the bibliographical research,with aqualitative approachto thetheoretical support of several authors, in addition to miningofficial documents on the programs analysed. We conclude that, although advances have been observed, it is still necessary to overcome many challenges to achieve the desired quality for an education that provides the human and social emancipation of public school students.
Early Hunter-Gatherer Tool Use and Animal Exploitation: Protein and Microwear Evidence from the Central Savannah River Valley
Authors: Moore Christopher R. , Brooks Mark J. , Kimball Larry R. , Newman Margaret E. , Kooyman Brian P.
Published: January 2016

Results of protein residue and lithic microwear analyses are reported for Paleoindian and Early Archaic stone tools from a Carolina bay sand rim on the Aiken Plateau of South Carolina, USA. Protein residue analysis is performed using crossover Immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP), and indicates positive results for Bovidae, Cervidae, Galliformes, and Meleagris gallopavo. These results are complemented by a larger immunological study of 135 diagnostic hafted bifaces from South Carolina and Georgia. Among other species identified, bovid residue was found on multiple Paleoindian hafted bifaces, an Early Archaic hafted biface, and a Middle Archaic hafted biface. Results suggest continuity of species selection and availability across the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary and provide no support for the exploitation of extinct fauna. The data do provide compelling evidence for a demographic shift and/or regional extirpation of Bovidae possibly as late as the early mid-Holocene in the Southeast. In addition, microwear analysis of artifacts from Flamingo Bay indicate intensive hide scraping, antler boring, bone graving/planing/pointing, wood whittling, and hafting traces. Microwear data suggest intentional snap-fracture or bipolarization of exhausted or broken Clovis points for reuse as hide scrapers, and use of large bifacial knives and unifacial scrapers in intensive defleshing activities consistent with large animal butchery.
The Social Consequences of Climate Change in the Central Mesa Verde Region
Authors: Schwindt Dylan M. , Bocinsky R. Kyle , Ortman Scott G. , Glowacki Donna M. , Varien Mark D. , Kohler Timothy A.
Published: January 2016

The consequences of climate change vary over space and time. Effective studies of human responses to climatically induced environmental change must therefore sample the environmental diversity experienced by specific societies. We reconstruct population histories from A.D. 600 to 1280 in six environmentally distinct portions of the central Mesa Verde region in southwestern Colorado, relating these to climate-driven changes in agricultural potential. In all but one subregion, increases in maize-niche size led to increases in population size. Maize-niche size is also positively correlated with regional estimates of birth rates. High birth rates continued to accompany high population levels even as productive conditions declined in the A.D. 1200s. We reconstruct prominent imbalances between the maize-niche size and population densities in two subregions from A.D. 1140 to 1180 and from A.D. 1225 to 1260. We propose that human responses in those subregions, beginning by the mid-A.D. 1200s, contributed to violence and social collapse across the entire society. Our findings are relevant to discussions of how climate change will affect contemporary societies.
Cultural and Genetic Contexts for Early Turkey Domestication in the Northern Southwest
Authors: Lipe William D. , Bocinsky R. Kyle , Chisholm Brian S. , Lyle Robin , Dove David M. , Matson R.G. , Jarvis Elizabeth , Judd Kathleen , Kemp Brian M.
Published: January 2016

The turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) was independently domesticated in Mesoamerica and the Southwest, the latter as the only case of Native American animal domestication north of Mexico. In the upland (non-desert) portion of the American Southwest, distinctive closely related mtDNA lineages belonging to haplogroup H1 (thought to indicate domestication) occur from ca. 1 A.D. (Basketmaker II period) through early historic times. At many sites, low frequencies of lineages belonging to haplogroup H2 also occur, apparently derived from the local Merriam’s subspecies. We report genetic, stable isotope, and coprolite data from turkey remains recovered at three early sites in SE Utah and SW Colorado dating to the Basketmaker II, III, and early Pueblo II periods. Evidence from these and other early sites indicates that both the H1 and H2 turkeys had a predominantly maize-based diet similar to that of humans; prior to late Pueblo II times, the birds were kept primarily to provide feathers for blankets and ritual uses; and ritualized burials indicate turkeys’ symbolic value. We argue that viewing individuals from the H1 and H2 haplogroups as “domestic” versus “wild” is an oversimplification.
Large lateral photovoltaic effect in µc-SiOx:H/a-Si:H/c-Si p–i–n structure
Authors: Qiao Shuang , Chen Jianhui , Liu Jihong , Zhang Xinhui , Wang Shufang , Fu Guangsheng
Published: January 2016

In this paper, we report on a large lateral photovoltaic effect (LPE) in a hydrogenated microcrystal silicon-oxygen (µc-SiO
x
:H)-based p–i–n structure. Compared with LPE in a hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H)-based p–i–n structure, this structure showed an abnormal current–voltage (I–V) curve with a lower photoelectric conversion efficiency, but exhibited a much higher LPE with the highest position sensitivity of 64.3 mV/mm. We ascribe this to the enhancement of the lateral gradient of excess transmitted carriers induced by increasing both Schottky barrier and p-type layer body conductivity. Our results suggest that this µc-SiO
x
:H-based p–i–n structure may be a promising candidate for position-sensitive detectors (PSDs). Moreover, our results may also imply that solar cell devices with abnormal I–V curves (or low efficiency) could find their new applications in other aspects.
Protective effects of the extracts ofBarringtonia racemosashoots against oxidative damage in HepG2 cells
Authors: Kong Kin Weng , Mat-Junit Sarni , Aminudin Norhaniza , Hassan Fouad Abdulrahman , Ismail Amin , Abdul Aziz Azlina
Published: January 2016

Barringtonia racemosais a tropical plant with medicinal values. In this study, the ability of the water extracts of the leaf (BLE) and stem (BSE) from the shoots to protect HepG2 cells against oxidative damage was studied. Five major polyphenolic compounds consisting of gallic acid, ellagic acid, protocatechuic acid, quercetin and kaempferol were identified using HPLC-DAD and ESI-MS. Cell viability assay revealed that BLE and BSE were non-cytotoxic (cell viabilities >80%) at concentration less than 250 µg/ml and 500 µg/ml, respectively. BLE and BSE improved cellular antioxidant status measured by FRAP assay and protected HepG2 cells against H2O2-induced cytotoxicity. The extracts also inhibited lipid peroxidation in HepG2 cells as well as the production of reactive oxygen species. BLE and BSE could also suppress the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase during oxidative stress. The shoots ofB. racemosacan be an alternative bioactive ingredient in the prevention of oxidative damage.
AMAS: a fast tool for alignment manipulation and computing of summary statistics
Authors: Borowiec Marek L.
Published: January 2016

The amount of data used in phylogenetics has grown explosively in the recent years and many phylogenies are inferred with hundreds or even thousands of loci and many taxa. These modern phylogenomic studies often entail separate analyses of each of the loci in addition to multiple analyses of subsets of genes or concatenated sequences. Computationally efficient tools for handling and computing properties of thousands of single-locus or large concatenated alignments are needed. Here I present AMAS (Alignment Manipulation And Summary), a tool that can be used either as a stand-alone command-line utility or as a Python package. AMAS works on amino acid and nucleotide alignments and combines capabilities of sequence manipulation with a function that calculates basic statistics. The manipulation functions include conversions among popular formats, concatenation, extracting sites and splitting according to a pre-defined partitioning scheme, creation of replicate data sets, and removal of taxa. The statistics calculated include the number of taxa, alignment length, total count of matrix cells, overall number of undetermined characters, percent of missing data, AT and GC contents (for DNA alignments), count and proportion of variable sites, count and proportion of parsimony informative sites, and counts of all characters relevant for a nucleotide or amino acid alphabet. AMAS is particularly suitable for very large alignments with hundreds of taxa and thousands of loci. It is computationally efficient, utilizes parallel processing, and performs better at concatenation than other popular tools. AMAS is a Python 3 program that relies solely on Python’s core modules and needs no additional dependencies. AMAS source code and manual can be downloaded fromhttp://github.com/marekborowiec/AMAS/under GNU General Public License.
Structure of OxyAtei: completing our picture of the glycopeptide antibiotic producing Cytochrome P450 cascade
Authors: Haslinger Kristina , Cryle Max J.
Published: January 2016

Cyclization of glycopeptide antibiotic precursors occurs in either three or four steps catalyzed by Cytochrome P450 enzymes. Three of these enzymes have been structurally characterized to date with the second enzyme along the pathway, OxyA, escaping structural analysis. We are now able to present the structure of OxyAtei involved in teicoplanin biosynthesis – the same enzyme recently shown to be the first active OxyA homolog. In spite of the hydrophobic character of the teicoplanin precursor, the polar active site of OxyAtei and its affinity for certain azole inhibitors hint at its preference for substrates with polar decorations.
Rapid Last Glacial Maximum deglaciation in the Indian Himalaya coeval with midlatitude glaciers: New insights from 10Be‐dating of ice‐polished bedrock surfaces in the Chandra Valley, NW Himalaya
Authors: Eugster Patricia , Scherler Dirk , Thiede Rasmus C. , Codilean Alexandru T. , Strecker Manfred R.
Published: January 2016

Despite a large number of dated glacial landforms in the Himalaya, the ice extent during the global Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) from 19 to 23 ka is only known to first order. New cosmogenic 10Be exposure ages from well‐preserved glacially polished surfaces, combined with published data, and an improved production rate scaling model allow reconstruction of the LGM ice extent and subsequent deglaciation in the Chandra Valley of NW India. We show that a >1000 m thick valley glacier retreated >150 km within a few thousand years after the onset of LGM deglaciation. By comparing the recession of the Chandra Valley Glacier and other Himalayan glaciers with those of Northern and Southern Hemisphere glaciers, we demonstrate that post‐LGM deglaciation was similar and nearly finished prior to the Bølling/Allerød interstadial. Our study supports the view that many Himalayan glaciers advanced during the LGM, likely in response to global variations in temperature.
Three‐dimensional structure and origin of a 1.8 km thick ice dome within Korolev Crater, Mars
Authors: Brothers T. Charles , Holt John W.
Published: January 2016

Korolev is an 80 km diameter impact crater located at 72.7°N, 164.5°E containing a large domed deposit. Perennial water ice is thought to be currently unstable there; however, using a 3‐D analysis of the dome's internal radar stratigraphy, we estimate that Korolev's central mound contains between 1400 and 3500 km3 of water ice that is up to 1.8 km thick. Furthermore, the stratigraphic structure of this ice dome is strikingly similar to the north polar layered deposits (NPLD) on Planum Boreum, approximately 600 km to the north. Additionally, our stratigraphic analysis suggests that Korolev ice was not previously part of a once larger polar ice sheet but rather it was deposited locally. We conclude that Korolev Crater's ice likely deposited during the same climate regime as Planum Boreum's NPLD, but independently. This implies that the incorporation of circumpolar ice deposits such as Korolev may prove useful in reconstructing a unique Mars polar climate history.
The propagation and seismicity of dyke injection, new experimental evidence
Authors: Bakker Richard R. , Fazio Marco , Benson Philip M. , Hess Kai‐Uwe , Dingwell Donald B.
Published: January 2016

To reach the surface, dykes must overcome the inherent tensile strength of the country rock. As they do, they generate swarms of seismic signals, frequently used for forecasting. In this study we pressurize and inject molten acrylic into an encapsulating host rocks of (1) Etna basalt and (2) Comiso limestone, at 30 MPa of confining pressure. Fracture was achieved at 12 MPa for Etna basalt and 7.2 MPa for Comiso limestone. The generation of radial fractures was accompanied by acoustic emissions (AE) at a dominant frequency of 600 kHz. During “magma” movement in the dykes, AE events of approximately 150 kHz dominant frequency were recorded. We interpret our data using AE location and dominant frequency analysis, concluding that the seismicity associated with magma transport in dykes peaks during initial dyke creation but remains significant as long as magma movement continues. These results have important implications for seismic monitoring of active volcanoes.
How will SOA change in the future?
Authors: Lin Guangxing , Penner Joyce E. , Zhou Cheng
Published: January 2016

Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) plays a significant role in the Earth system by altering its radiative balance. Here we use an Earth system model coupled with an explicit SOA formation module to estimate the response of SOA concentrations to changes in climate, anthropogenic emissions, and human land use in the future. We find that climate change is the major driver for SOA change under the representative concentration pathways for the 8.5 future scenario. Climate change increases isoprene emission rate by 18% with the effect of temperature increases outweighing that of the CO2 inhibition effect. Annual mean global SOA mass is increased by 25% as a result of climate change. However, anthropogenic emissions and land use change decrease SOA. The net effect is that future global SOA burden in 2100 is nearly the same as that of the present day. The SOA concentrations over the Northern Hemisphere are predicted to decline in the future due to the control of sulfur emissions.
Observational evidence for a negative shortwave cloud feedback in middle to high latitudes
Authors: Ceppi Paulo , McCoy Daniel T. , Hartmann Dennis L.
Published: January 2016

Exploiting the observed robust relationships between temperature and optical depth in extratropical clouds, we calculate the shortwave cloud feedback from historical data, by regressing observed and modeled cloud property histograms onto local temperature in middle to high southern latitudes. In this region, all CMIP5 models and observational data sets predict a negative cloud feedback, mainly driven by optical thickening. Between 45° and 60°S, the mean observed shortwave feedback (−0.91 ± 0.82 W m−2 K−1, relative to local rather than global mean warming) is very close to the multimodel mean feedback in RCP8.5 (−0.98 W m−2 K−1), despite differences in the meridional structure. In models, historical temperature‐cloud property relationships reliably predict the forced RCP8.5 response. Because simple theory predicts this optical thickening with warming, and cloud amount changes are relatively small, we conclude that the shortwave cloud feedback is very likely negative in the real world at middle to high latitudes.
Extreme energetic electron fluxes in low Earth orbit: Analysis of POES E > 30, E > 100, and E > 300 keV electrons
Authors: Meredith Nigel P. , Horne Richard B. , Isles John D. , Green Janet C.
Published: January 2016

Energetic electrons are an important space weather hazard. Electrons with energies less than about 100 keV cause surface charging, while higher‐energy electrons can penetrate materials and cause internal charging. In this study we conduct an extreme value analysis of the maximum 3‐hourly flux of E > 30 keV, E > 100 keV, and E > 300 keV electrons in low Earth orbit as a function of L∗, for geomagnetic field lines that map to the outer radiation belt, using data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Polar Operational Environmental Satellites (POES) from July 1998 to June 2014. The 1 in 10 year flux of E > 30 keV electrons shows a general increasing trend with distance ranging from 1.8 × 107 cm−2 s−1 sr−1 at L∗=3.0 to 6.6 × 107 cm−2 s−1 sr−1 at L∗=8.0. The 1 in 10 year flux of E > 100 keV electrons peaks at L∗=4.5–5.0 at 1.9 × 107 cm−2 s−1 sr−1 decreasing to minima of 7.1 × 106 and 8.7 × 106 cm−2 s−1 sr−1 at L∗=3.0 and 8.0, respectively. In contrast to the E > 30 keV electrons, the 1 in 10 year flux of E > 300 keV electrons shows a general decreasing trend with distance, ranging from 2.4 × 106 cm−2 s−1 sr−1 at L∗=3.0 to 1.2 × 105 cm−2 s−1 sr−1 at L∗=8.0. Our analysis suggests that there is a limit to the E > 30 keV electrons with an upper bound in the range 5.1 × 107 to 8.8 × 107 cm−2 s−1 sr−1. However, the results suggest that there is no upper bound for the E > 100 keV and E > 300 keV electrons.
Evaluating geothermal and hydrogeologic controls on regional groundwater temperature distribution
Authors: Burns Erick R. , Ingebritsen Steven E. , Manga Michael , Williams Colin F.
Published: January 2016

A one‐dimensional (1‐D) analytic solution is developed for heat transport through an aquifer system where the vertical temperature profile in the aquifer is nearly uniform. The general anisotropic form of the viscous heat generation term is developed for use in groundwater flow simulations. The 1‐D solution is extended to more complex geometries by solving the equation for piece‐wise linear or uniform properties and boundary conditions. A moderately complex example, the Eastern Snake River Plain (ESRP), is analyzed to demonstrate the use of the analytic solution for identifying important physical processes. For example, it is shown that viscous heating is variably important and that heat conduction to the land surface is a primary control on the distribution of aquifer and spring temperatures. Use of published values for all aquifer and thermal properties results in a reasonable match between simulated and measured groundwater temperatures over most of the 300 km length of the ESRP, except for geothermal heat flow into the base of the aquifer within 20 km of the Yellowstone hotspot. Previous basal heat flow measurements (∼110 mW/m2) made beneath the ESRP aquifer were collected at distances of >50 km from the Yellowstone Plateau, but a higher basal heat flow of 150 mW/m2 is required to match groundwater temperatures near the Plateau. The ESRP example demonstrates how the new tool can be used during preliminary analysis of a groundwater system, allowing efficient identification of the important physical processes that must be represented during more‐complex 2‐D and 3‐D simulations of combined groundwater and heat flow.
Error modeling of DEMs from topographic surveys of rivers using fuzzy inference systems
Authors: Bangen Sara , Hensleigh James , McHugh Peter , Wheaton Joseph
Published: January 2016

Digital elevation models (DEMs) have become common place in the earth sciences as a tool to characterize surface topography and set modeling boundary conditions. All DEMs have a degree of inherent error that is propagated to subsequent models and analyses. While previous research has shown that DEM error is spatially variable it is often represented as spatially uniform for analytical simplicity. Fuzzy inference systems (FIS) offer a tractable approach for modeling spatially variable DEM error, including flexibility in the number of inputs and calibration of outputs based on survey technique and modeling environment. We compare three FIS error models for DEMs derived from TS surveys of wadeable streams and test them at 34 sites in the Columbia River basin. The models differ in complexity regarding the number/type of inputs and degree of site‐specific parameterization. A 2‐input FIS uses inputs derived from the topographic point cloud (slope, point density). A 4‐input FIS adds interpolation error and 3‐D point quality. The 5‐input FIS adds bed‐surface roughness estimates. Both the 4 and 5‐input FIS model output were parameterized to site‐specific values. In the wetted channel we found (i) the 5‐input FIS resulted in lower mean δz due to including roughness, and (ii) the 4 and 5‐input FIS resulted in a higher standard deviation and maximum δz due to the inclusion of site‐specific bank heights. All three FIS gave plausible estimates of DEM error, with the two more complicated models offering an improvement in the ability to detect spatially localized areas of DEM uncertainty.
Different controls of tropical cyclone activity in the Eastern Pacific for two types of El Niño
Authors: Boucharel Julien , Jin Fei‐Fei , Lin I. I. , Huang Hsiao‐Ching , England Matthew H.
Published: January 2016

The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is known to have different modes of expression, characterized by different dynamics and spatial anomalies patterns: the Eastern Pacific (EP) and Central Pacific (CP) El Niño. The main region of influence of the former is located in the Eastern Pacific, while CP events have a stronger signature of ocean/climate anomalies in the Central West Pacific. This leads to distinctive oceanic and atmospheric signatures that likely have different influences on tropical cyclone (TC) activity in the Eastern Pacific, the second most active region in the world. In this study we investigate the respective role of oceanic and atmospheric conditions on TC formation and intensification in the Eastern Pacific associated with these two flavors of ENSO. We find that the oceanic control, through meridional redistribution of subsurface heat, is the main driver of TC activity during the hurricane season following EP events. In contrast, atmospheric conditions tend to be destructive to TC intensification after those events. The altered atmospheric circulation, in particular the reduction of vertical wind shear and the increase in relative humidity, tends to be more influential in controlling TC activity post CP events. However, unlike for subsurface heat, these changes in atmospheric conditions are not statistically distinct between these two ENSO flavors—although they are consistent across all atmospheric data sets tested. Overall, unlike after EP El Niño events, the hurricane season activity following a CP event is not significantly different from neutral or even La Niña years.
Ocean temperature thresholds for Last Interglacial West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapse
Authors: Sutter Johannes , Gierz Paul , Grosfeld Klaus , Thoma Malte , Lohmann Gerrit
Published: January 2016

The West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) is considered the major contributor to global sea level rise in the Last Interglacial (LIG) and potentially in the future. Exposed fossil reef terraces suggest sea levels in excess of 7 m in the last warm era, of which probably not much more than 2 m are considered to originate from melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet. We simulate the evolution of the Antarctic Ice Sheet during the LIG with a 3‐D thermomechanical ice sheet model forced by an atmosphere‐ocean general circulation model (AOGCM). Our results show that high LIG sea levels cannot be reproduced with the atmosphere‐ocean forcing delivered by current AOGCMs. However, when taking reconstructed Southern Ocean temperature anomalies of several degrees, sensitivity studies indicate a Southern Ocean temperature anomaly threshold for total WAIS collapse of 2–3°C, accounting for a sea level rise of 3–4 m during the LIG. Potential future Antarctic Ice Sheet dynamics range from a moderate retreat to a complete collapse, depending on rate and amplitude of warming.
Passivity‐based adaptive 3D visual servoing without depth and image velocity measurements for uncertain robot manipulators
Authors: Leite Antonio C. , Lizarralde Fernando
Published: January 2016

In this work, we consider the 3D visual tracking problem for a robot manipulator with uncertainties in the kinematic and dynamic models. The visual feedback is provided by a fixed and uncalibrated camera located above the robot workspace. The Cartesian motion of the robot end effector can be separated into a 1D motion parallel to the optical axis of the camera and a 2D motion constrained on a plane orthogonal to this axis. Thus, the control design can be simplified, and the overall visual servoing system can be partitioned in two almost‐independent subsystems. Adaptive visual servoing schemes, based on a kinematic approach, are developed for image‐based look‐and‐move systems allowing for both depth and planar tracking of a reference trajectory, without using image velocity and depth measurements. In order to include the uncertain robot kinematics and dynamics in the presented solution, we develop a cascade control strategy based on an indirect/direct adaptive method. The stability and convergence properties are analyzed in terms of Lyapunov‐like functions and the passivity‐based formalism. Numerical simulations including hardware‐in‐the‐loop results, obtained with a robot manipulator and a web camera, are presented to illustrate the performance and feasibility of the proposed control scheme. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Side Chain Optimization of Naphthalenediimide–Bithiophene‐Based Polymers to Enhance the Electron Mobility and the Performance in All‐Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Lee Wonho , Lee Changyeon , Yu Hojeong , Kim Dong‐Jun , Wang Cheng , Woo Han Young , Oh Joon Hak , Kim Bumjoon J.
Published: January 2016

Tuning the side chains of conjugated polymers is a simple, yet effective strategy for modulating their structural and electrical properties, but their impact on n‐type conjugated polymers has not been studied extensively, particularly in the area of all‐polymer solar cells (all‐PSCs). Herein, the effects of side chain engineering of P(NDI2OD‐T2) polymer (also known as Polyera Activink N2200) are investigated, which is the most widely used n‐type polymer in all‐PSCs and organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs), on their structural and electronic properties. A series of naphthalenediimide‐bithiophene‐based copolymers (P(NDIR‐T2)) is synthesized, with different side chains (R) of 2‐hexyldecyl (2‐HD), 2‐octyldodecyl (2‐OD), and 2‐decyltetradecyl (2‐DT). The P(NDI2HD‐T2) exhibits more noticeable crystalline behaviors than P(NDI2OD‐T2) and P(NDI2DT‐T2), thereby facilitating superior 3D charge transport. For example, the P(NDI2HD‐T2) shows the highest OFET electron mobility (1.90 cm2 V−1 s−1). Also, a series of all‐PSCs is produced using different electron donors of PTB7‐Th, PTB7, and PPDT2FBT. The P(NDI2HD‐T2) based all‐PSCs produce much higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) irrespective of the electron donors. In particular, the PTB7‐Th:P(NDI2HD‐T2) forms highly ordered, strong face‐on interchain stackings, and has better intermixed bulk‐heterojunction morphology, producing the highest PCE of 6.11% that has been obtained by P(NDIR‐T2) based all‐PSCs to date.
A Bottom‐Up Approach toward All‐Solution‐Processed High‐Efficiency Cu(In,Ga)S2 Photocathodes for Solar Water Splitting
Authors: Guijarro Néstor , Prévot Mathieu S. , Yu Xiaoyun , Jeanbourquin Xavier A. , Bornoz Pauline , Bourée Wiktor , Johnson Melissa , Le Formal Florian , Sivula Kevin
Published: January 2016

The development of solution‐processable routes to prepare efficient photoelectrodes for water splitting is highly desirable to reduce manufacturing costs. Recently, sulfide chalcopyrites (Cu(In,Ga)S2) have attracted attention as photocathodes for hydrogen evolution owing to their outstanding optoelectronic properties and their band gap—wider than their selenide counterparts—which can potentially increase the attainable photovoltage. A straightforward and all‐solution‐processable approach for the fabrication of highly efficient photocathodes based on Cu(In,Ga)S2 is reported for the first time. It is demonstrated that semiconductor nanocrystals can be successfully employed as building blocks to prepare phase‐pure microcrystalline thin films by incorporating different additives (Sb, Bi, Mg) that promote the coalescence of the nanocrystals during annealing. Importantly, the grain size is directly correlated to improved charge transport for Sb and Bi additives, but it is shown that secondary effects can be detrimental to performance even with large grains (for Mg). For optimized electrodes, the sequential deposition of thin layers of n‐type CdS and TiO2 by solution‐based methods, and platinum as an electrocatalyst, leads to stable photocurrents saturating at 8.0 mA cm–2 and onsetting at ≈0.6 V versus RHE under AM 1.5G illumination for CuInS2 films. Electrodes prepared by our method rival the state‐of‐the‐art performance for these materials.
Assessment of cardiovascular disease risk factors in a genetically homogenous population of Parsi Zoroastrians in the United States: A pilot study
Authors: Vazquez‐Vidal Itzel , Chittoor Geetha , Laston Sandra , Puppala Sobha , Kayani Zeeba , Mody Kaizeen , Comuzzie Anthony G. , Cole Shelley A. , Voruganti V. Saroja
Published: January 2016

Objective

Genetically isolated and homogenous populations are ideal for detecting genes underlying common complex diseases. The use of isolated populations with reduced disease heterogeneity has led to significant gene discoveries in the past. The aim of this pilot study was to assess the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk phenotypes in a genetically homogenous population of Parsi Zoroastrians in the United States.

Methods

Anthropometrics, blood pressure, and medical history were collected from 152 men and 186 women participating in a pilot study as part of the Parsi Family Study. The relative pairs used in the study included 60 parent–off springs, 28 siblings, 6 grandparent–grandchild, 7 avuncular, 18 half‐siblings, 7 half‐avuncular, and one half‐first cousin. Estimates of genetic and environmental influence were calculated using a maximum likelihood‐based variance components method implemented in SOLAR.

Results

The prevalence of overweight/obesity in adults (62%) was on par with current US prevalence. Hypertension and prehypertension were prevalent in 16% and 46% of the participants, respectively. The quantitative genetic analysis revealed significant heritabilities for all anthropometric phenotypes (P < 0.05). Significant phenotypic correlations were found between blood pressure and anthropometric phenotypes (P < 0.001), whereas significant genetic correlation was found for only diastolic blood pressure and fat free mass (rhoG = −0.88, P < 0.05).

Conclusion

These preliminary data show significant additive genetic effects on CVD‐related phenotypes in this population. Our findings represent the first epidemiological data in Parsi Zoroastrians in the United States and offer excellent promise for future genetic studies in this population. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:440–443, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An m‐phenylenediamine‐based benzoxazine with favorable processability and its high‐performance thermoset
Authors: Ren Shitong , Yang Xin , Zhao Xiaojuan , Zhang Ying , Huang Wei
Published: January 2016

A novel aromatic diamine‐based benzoxazine (P‐mPDA) is successfully synthesized from m‐phenylenediamine (m‐PDA), 2‐hydroxybenzaldehyde, and formaldehyde. The polymerization behavior of P‐mPDA and the properties of its thermoset are studied. The results indicate that P‐mPDA owns favorable processability including low polymerization temperature, low liquefying temperature, and wide processing window. Even lower polymerization temperature (polymerization onset temperature as low as 80 °C) can be achieved by the promotion of catalysts. The ring‐opening polymerization of P‐mPDA first generates polybenzoxazine with N, O‐acetal‐type structure and arylamine Mannich‐type structure, following which rearrangement from N, O‐acetal‐type structure to phenolic Mannich‐type structure proceeds at elevated temperature. Furthermore, the polymerized P‐mPDA shows outstanding performance such as extremely high glass transition temperature (Tg) of 280 °C, high char yield above 53% at 800 °C under nitrogen and excellent mechanical property. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43368.
Stability Robustness of Closed‐Loop Systems in Angular Metrics
Authors: Liu Bin , Li Wei , Zhang Lingchuan
Published: January 2016

H∞‐norm is widely used in the analysis and synthesis of robust control, a field which continues to flourish and develop. However, H∞‐norm can only be used to measure the distance between two stable systems, not unstable systems. Sometimes, it is not appropriate to measure the gap between two systems. In this paper, a new metric, angular metric, defined in linear spaces of real rational matrices, is used to measure the distance of two systems with different dimensions. It is also used to measure the uncertainties and describe the performance specifications of the robust control system. In the framework of this metric, the robust stability margin is proposed to characterize the stability robustness of the closed‐loop system. When both the plant and the controller have uncertainties simultaneously, we introduce structural robust stability and prove the necessary and sufficient conditions of the robust stability of the feedback control system.
Quantitative assessment of the association between Fas/FasL gene polymorphism and susceptibility to esophageal carcinoma in a north Chinese population
Authors: Zhang Meijuan , Wu Cuiping , Li Baohuan , Du Wenjun , Zhang Chuanzhen , Chen Ziping
Published: January 2016

The case–control study aims to investigate the association of Fas and FasL genetic polymorphisms (Fas‐670A/G (rs1800682), Fas‐1377G/A (rs2234767) and FasL‐844T/C (rs763110)) with esophageal carcinoma susceptibility in a north Chinese population. A total of 204 patients with esophageal carcinoma and 248 healthy controls were enrolled from Henan, China and genotyped by the polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism method. There were no significant differences in distributions of their genotypes frequencies between patients and controls in Fas‐670A/G, Fas‐1377G/A and FasL‐844T/C polymorphisms (P > 0.05). Stratified analysis showed that no significant association was found between esophageal carcinoma and gene polymorphisms of Fas‐670 A/G, Fas‐1377G/A, and FasL‐844T/C (P > 0.05). Genetic polymorphisms in the death pathway genes Fas and FasL were not associated with risk of developing esophageal carcinoma in a north Chinese population.
Late diagnosis of odontogenic sinusitis with near‐fatal outcome – a case report
Authors: Stevens Elizabeth M. , Frendø Martin , von Buchwald Christian
Published: January 2016

Key Clinical Message

Subdural empyema is a rare but potentially life‐threatening complication to sinusitis. Awareness of infection and early diagnosis is of the essence when dealing with a putatively immunosuppressed patient. Furthermore, patients at increased risk of infections due to immunosuppression need to be fully informed of risks associated with their treatment.
Sparse and robust PLS for binary classification
Authors: Hoffmann Irene , Filzmoser Peter , Serneels Sven , Varmuza Kurt
Published: January 2016

Partial robust M regression (PRM), as well as its sparse counterpart sparse PRM, have been reported to be regression methods that foster a partial least squares‐alike interpretation while having good robustness and efficiency properties, as well as a low computational cost. In this paper, the partial robust M discriminant analysis classifier is introduced, which consists of dimension reduction through an algorithm closely related to PRM and a consecutive robust discriminant analysis in the latent variable space. The method is further generalized to sparse partial robust M discriminant analysis by introducing a sparsity penalty on the estimated direction vectors. Thereby, an intrinsic variable selection is achieved, which yields a better graphical interpretation of the results, as well as more precise coefficient estimates, in case the data contain uninformative variables. Both methods are robust against leverage points within each class, as well as against adherence outliers (points that have been assigned a wrong class label). A simulation study investigates the effect of outliers, wrong class labels, and uninformative variables on the proposed methods and its classical PLS counterparts and corroborates the robustness and sparsity claims. The utility of the methods is demonstrated on data from mass spectrometry analysis (time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry) of meteorite samples. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
α‐Amino Acid‐Isosteric α‐Amino Tetrazoles
Authors: Zhao Ting , Kurpiewska Katarzyna , Kalinowska‐Tłuścik Justyna , Herdtweck Eberhardt , Dömling Alexander
Published: January 2016

The synthesis of all 20 common natural proteinogenic and 4 otherα‐amino acid‐isosteric α‐amino tetrazoles has been accomplished, whereby the carboxyl group is replaced by the isosteric 5‐tetrazolyl group. The short process involves the use of the key Ugi tetrazole reaction followed by deprotection chemistries. The tetrazole group is bioisosteric to the carboxylic acid and is widely used in medicinal chemistry and drug design. Surprisingly, several of the common α‐amino acid‐isosteric α‐amino tetrazoles are unknown up to now. Therefore a rapid synthetic access to this compound class and non‐natural derivatives is of high interest to advance the field.
ChemInform Abstract: Investigation of Praseodymium Fluorides: A Combined Matrix‐Isolation and Quantum‐Chemical Study.
Authors: Vent‐Schmidt Thomas , Riedel Sebastian
Published: January 2016

Reaction products of laser‐ablated praseodymium atoms with fluorine in excess neon, argon, krypton, or neat fluorine at 4—10 K are investigated by IR spectroscopy and quantum chemical DFT and coupled‐cluster calculations.
ChemInform Abstract: Investigation on the Upconversion Luminescence of Sr3AlO4F:Yb3+, Er3+, Ho3+ Phosphors.
Authors: Zhang Jia , Zhai Zhangyin
Published: January 2016

Sr3AlO4F:5%Yb3+,xEr3+,yHo 3+ (x = 0—1%, y = 0—1%) powder samples are prepared by calcination of stoichiometric amounts of SrCO3, SrF2, Al2O3, and lanthanoide oxides (1.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Ammonio/Hydroxo Undecachloro‐closo‐Dodecaborates [B12Cl11NH3]‐/ [B12Cl11OH]2‐ and Their Derivatives.
Authors: Zhang Yuanbin , Liu Jiyong , Duttwyler Simon
Published: January 2016

The [B12Cl11NH3]‐ anion in (IV) and [B12Cl11OH]2‐ in (VIII) are prepared by chlorination of the corresponding hydride precursors with SO2Cl2 instead of SbCl5 or gaseous Cl2.
ChemInform Abstract: Jahn—Teller Effect in the B12F12 Radical Anion and Energetic Preference of an Octahedral B6(BF2)6 Cluster Structure over an Icosahedral Structure for the Elusive Neutral B12F12.
Authors: Malischewski Moritz , Bukovsky Eric V. , Strauss Steven H. , Seppelt Konrad
Published: January 2016

The crystal structures of compounds (V) and (VI) are determined by single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Dimerization of Silylallenes via Activation of the Allenic C(sp2)—H Bond Catalyzed by Copper(I) Chloride and N‐Hydroxyphthalimide.
Authors: Sabbasani Venkata R. , Lee Daesung
Published: January 2016

An efficient procedure is elaborated for the oxidative dimerization of silylallenes (I), (III), and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Fluorous Bispidine: A Bifunctional Reagent for Copper‐Catalyzed Oxidation and Knoevenagel Condensation Reactions in Water.
Authors: Ang Wei Jie , Chng Yong Sheng , Lam Yulin
Published: January 2016

Fluorous bispidines are prepared and used as ligands and proton sponges in aerobic oxidation, Knoevenagel condensation, and tandem oxidation/Knoevenagel condensation.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Baeyer—Villiger Oxidation of Cyclic Ketones: Conventional versus Microwave‐Assisted Approach.
Authors: Randino Rosario , Cini Elena , D'Ursi Anna Maria , Novellino Ettore , Rodriquez Manuela
Published: January 2016

This microwave‐assisted oxidation procedure significantly reduces the reaction time compared to conventional conditions (room temperature, 5 days) and provides the target lactones in excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: A Half Sandwich Ruthenium(II) Complex with N‐4,6‐Dimethyl‐2‐pyrimidinylimidazole: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Application in N‐Alkylation of Amines with Alcohols.
Authors: Li Hong‐Mei , Xu Chen , Wang Zhi‐Qiang , Fu Wei‐Jun
Published: January 2016

A new half sandwich Ru(II) complex (RUC) is synthesized and shown to be an efficient catalyst for the N‐Alkylation of amines with alcohols.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Step Synthesis of Nitriles from Acids, Esters and Amides Using DIBAL‐H and Ammonium Chloride.
Authors: Wojtkielewicz Agnieszka , Lotowski Zenon , Morzycki Jacek W.
Published: January 2016

The new aminoalane reagent, in situ prepared from DIBAL‐H and NH4Cl, reacts cleanly with aliphatic carboxylic acids, esters and amides as well as lactones to the corresponding nitriles while benzoic acids and esters give a significant amount of corresponding amides.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemoselective Alkylations with N‐ and C‐Metalated Nitriles.
Authors: Yang Xun , Nath Dinesh , Fleming Fraser F.
Published: January 2016

The reaction of N‐lithiated cyclohexanecarbonitrile with bifunctional electrophiles or a 1:1 mixture of methyl cyanoformate and benzyl bromide proceeds chemoselectively to afford 1‐alkylated cyclohexanecarbonitriles (III), (VI), and (XI), whilst the reaction of C‐magnesiated nitriles gives rise to 1‐acylated products such as (IV), (VIII), and (XII).
ChemInform Abstract: Unexpected Mild Protection of Alcohols as 2‐O‐THF and 2‐O‐THP Ethers Catalyzed by Cp2TiCl Reveal an Intriguing Role of the Solvent in the Single‐Electron Transfer Reaction.
Authors: Duran‐Pena Maria Jesus , Botubol‐Ares Jose Manuel , Hanson James R. , Hernandez‐Galan Rosario , Collado Isidro G.
Published: January 2016

A radical mechanism is proposed for these transformations catalyzed by a low valent Ti(III) system.
ChemInform Abstract: Coupling Reactions of Zinc Amide Enolates with Nitriles: Preparation of β‐Keto and β‐Amino Amides.
Authors: Shin Ueon Sang , Joo Seong‐Ryu , Kim Seung‐Hoi
Published: January 2016

Coupling of zinc amide enolates, generated in situ by direct addition of highly active zinc to N,N‐disubstituted chloroacetamides (I) or (V), with diverse aryl nitriles provides access to β‐enamino amides [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Heck‐Type Difluoroalkylation of Alkenes with Functionalized Difluoromethyl Bromides.
Authors: Zhang Feng , Min Qiao‐Qiao , Zhang Xingang
Published: January 2016

The reaction has a broad substrate scope and tolerates various functional groups.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Synthesis of 2,3‐Dihydro‐1,3‐methano‐1H‐indene {(Bicyclo[2.1.1]hexeno)benzene} and Analysis of Its NMR Spectra.
Authors: Christl Manfred , Cohrs Carsten
Published: January 2016

A new route to title compound (VI) is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Photocatalytic One‐Pot Synthesis of Homoallyl Ketones via a Norrish Type I Reaction of Cyclopentanones.
Authors: Okada Megumi , Yamada Keiichi , Fukuyama Takahide , Ravelli Davide , Fagnoni Maurizio , Ryu Ilhyong
Published: January 2016

The photocatalytic synthesis of homoallyl ketones is achieved via a one‐pot procedure starting from a Norrish Type I reaction of cyclopentanones, followed by a decatungstate‐catalyzed hydroacylation of electron‐deficient olefins by intermediate 4‐pentenals.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Functionalization of Inactive sp3 C—H Bonds Remote to Functional Group by Metal/Organo Cooperative Catalysis.
Authors: Zhou Xiao‐Le , Wang Pu‐Sheng , Zhang Da‐Wei , Liu Peng , Wang Cheng‐Ming , Gong Liu‐Zhu
Published: January 2016

The method serves for the [4 + 2]‐cyclization of aliphatic enolizable aldehydes with quinone derivatives in the presence of molecular oxygen as oxidant and a prolinol‐derived chiral catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Direct Coupling of Benzothioamides with Alkenes and Alkynes Through Directed C—H Bond Cleavage.
Authors: Yokoyama Yuki , Unoh Yuto , Bohmann Rebekka Anna , Satoh Tetsuya , Hirano Koji , Bolm Carsten , Miura Masahiro
Published: January 2016

Rhodium‐catalyzed direct coupling of benzothioamides with alkenes and alkynes proceeds with ortho‐C—H bond cleavage.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Direct Arylation Using Free‐Amine‐Substituted Polyfluoroanilines with Inhibition of Amination‐Type Reaction.
Authors: Takfaoui Abdelilah , Touzani Rachid , Soule Jean‐Francois , Dixneuf Pierre H. , Doucet Henri
Published: January 2016

Fluoro‐substituted biphenyls bearing a free amine substituent are prepared without a protection/deprotection sequence.
ChemInform Abstract: Simple Method for sp2—sp3 and sp3—sp3 Carbon—Carbon Bond Activation in 2‐Substituted 1,3‐Diketones.
Authors: Aoyama Tadashi , et al.
Published: January 2016

The deacetylation (and debenzoylation) of 2‐substituted 1,3‐diketones is described by means of silica supported sulfuric acid and applied in one‐pot tandem bromination/deacylation reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Route to N‐Monosubstituted Guanidino‐Lactams.
Authors: Tommasi Sara , Zanato Chiara , Carabeo Rey , Mangoni Arduino A. , Dall'Angelo Sergio , Zanda Matteo
Published: January 2016

The preparation of a range of N‐alkyl substituted N,N′‐bis‐Boc‐pyrazole‐1H‐carboxamidines as guanylating agents from the corresponding alkyl alcohols is described which may contain various functional groups.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd(II)‐Catalyzed Formal [4 + 1] Cycloaddition Reactions of Diazoacetates and Aryl Propargyl Alcohols to Form 2,5‐Dihydrofurans.
Authors: Shi Taoda , Guo Xin , Teng Shenghan , Hu Wenhao
Published: January 2016

The presented cycloaddition is an auto‐tandem catalytic process which proceeds via an intermolecularly formed oxonium ylide which is trapped by the activated alkyne.