bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Broiler Litter Application Method and Runoff Timing Effects on Nutrient and Escherichia coli Losses from Tall Fescue Pasture
Authors: Sistani K.R. , Torbert H.A. , Way T.R. , Bolster C.H. , Pote D.H. , Warren J.G.
Published: April 2009

The inability to incorporate manure into permanent pasture leads to the concentration of nutrients near the soil surface with the potential to be transported off site by runoff water. In this study, we used rainfall simulations to examine the effect of broiler chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) litter application method and the runoff timing on nutrient and E. coli losses from tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) pasture on a Hartsells sandy loam soil (fine‐loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Typic Hapludults)) in Crossville, AL. Treatments included two methods of litter application (surface broadcast and subsurface banding), commercial fertilizer, and control. Litter was applied at a rate of 8.97 Mg ha−1. Treatments were assigned to 48 plots with four blocks (12 plots each) arranged in a randomized complete block design to include three replications in each block. Simulated rainfall was applied to treatments as follows: Day 1, block 1 (runoff 1); Day 8, block 2 (runoff 2); Day 15, block 3 (runoff 3); and Day 22, block 4 (runoff 4). Total phosphorus (TP), inorganic N, and Escherichia coli concentrations in runoff from broadcast litter application were all significantly greater than from subsurface litter banding. The TP losses from broadcast litter applications averaged 6.8 times greater than those from subsurface litter applications. About 81% of the runoff TP was in the form of dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) for both litter‐application methods. The average losses of NO3–N and total suspended solids (TSS) from subsurface banding plots were 160 g ha−1 and 22 kg ha−1 compared to 445 g ha−1 and 69 kg ha−1 for the broadcast method, respectively. Increasing the time between litter application and the first runoff event helped decrease nutrient and E. coli losses from surface broadcast litter, but those losses generally remained significantly greater than controls and subsurface banded, regardless of runoff timing. This study shows that subsurface litter banding into perennial grassland can substantially reduce nutrient and pathogen losses in runoff compared to the traditional surface‐broadcast practice.
Use of Ochre from an Abandoned Metal Mine in the South East of Ireland for Phosphorus Sequestration from Dairy Dirty Water
Authors: Fenton O. , Healy M.G. , Rodgers M.
Published: April 2009

Ochre found at coal mine drainage sites in the United Kingdom shows a high phosphorus (P) retention capacity with little mobilization of metals. This indicates that ochre has the potential to adsorb P from agricultural wastewaters for possible use as a fertilizer. Little research has focused on the ability of metal mine ochre to sequester P in an environmentally sustainable way. Untreated acid mine drainage from an abandoned copper‐sulfur mine in the Avoca‐Avonmore catchment in the south east of Ireland results in extensive low‐value ochre deposition. In this study, P‐amended water (50 mL) was mixed with this ochre (2.5 g) in batch experiments, and a maximum P adsorption capacity, calculated from the Langmuir equation, of between 16 and 21 g P kg−1 was calculated. However, mobilization of heavy metals from Avoca ochre in distilled, surface, and dirty water batch experiments was observed. This mobilization may inhibit ochre's use in P removal from wastewaters.
Factors Influencing the Persistence of Fecal Bacteroides in Stream Water
Authors: Bell Alyssa , Layton Alice C. , McKay Larry , Williams Dan , Gentry Randy , Sayler Gary S.
Published: April 2009

Laboratory microcosm experiments were used to assess the effects of environmental parameters on the persistence of the Bacteroides 16S rRNA genes derived from equine fecal samples in stream water to investigate the utility of Bacteroides spp. as fecal indicator organisms. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to measure gene concentrations over time with treatments designed to compare filtered vs. unfiltered stream water, fecal aggregate size, initial fecal concentrations, and water temperatures. Comparison of Bacteroides16S rRNA genes/mL in microcosms constructed with unfiltered stream water and filtered stream water indicated that stream water filtration to remove indigenous microorganisms followed by temperature had the largest effects on gene persistence. First‐order exponential decay functions were fitted to the data from each microcosm constructed using unfiltered stream water, and the decay constants (k) ranged from 0.0071 h−1 in the microcosms incubated at 5°C to 0.0336 h−1 in a set of microcosms incubated at 25°C. Analysis of k calculated from the 10 experimental treatments indicated that k is more highly correlated to temperature than initial Bacteroides 16S rRNA gene starting concentrations. The equation resulting from graphing k (as the dependent variable) vs. temperature (as the independent variable) best fit a peak, Gaussian, 3 parameter function with a maximum decay at 30°C, a r2 of 0.83 and all parameters were significant (P < 0.0015). Thus this data suggest that factors that reduce biological activity, such as physical removal of stream microorganisms by filtration and low temperature, result in slower Bacteroides 16S rRNA gene decay.
Interactions of Tillage and Cover Crop on Water, Sediment, and Pre‐emergence Herbicide Loss in Glyphosate‐Resistant Cotton: Implications for the Control of Glyphosate‐Resistant Weed Biotypes
Authors: Krutz L. Jason , Locke Martin A. , Steinriede R. Wade
Published: April 2009

The need to control glyphosate [N‐(phosphonomethyl)glycine]‐resistant weed biotypes with tillage and preemergence herbicides in glyphosate‐resistant crops (GRCs) is causing a reduction in no‐tillage hectarage thereby threatening the advances made in water quality over the past decade. Consequently, if environmental gains afforded by GRCs are to be maintained, then an in‐field best management practice (BMP) compatible with tillage is required for hectarage infested with glyphosate‐resistant weed biotypes. Thus, 1 d after a preemergent application of fluometuron [N,N‐dimethyl‐N'‐(3‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)urea] (1.02 kg ha−1) and metolachlor [2‐chloro‐N‐(2‐ethyl‐6‐methylphenyl)‐N‐(2‐methoxy‐1‐methylethyl)acetamide] (1.18 kg ha−1) to a Dundee silt loam (fine‐silty, mixed, active, thermic Typic Endoaqualf), simulated rainfall (60 mm h−1) was applied to 0.0002‐ha microplots for approximately 1.25 h to elucidate tillage (no tillage [NT] and reduced tillage [RT])and cover crop (no cover [NC] and rye cover [RC]) effects on water, sediment, and herbicide loss in surface runoff. Regardless of tillage, RC delayed time‐to‐runoff 1.3‐fold, reduced cumulative runoff volume 1.4‐fold, and decreased cumulative sediment loss 4.7‐fold. Cumulative fluometuron loss was not affected by tillage or cover crop. Conversely, total metolachlor loss was 1.3‐fold lower in NT than RT and 1.4‐fold lower in RC than NC. These data indicate that RC can be established in hectarage requiring tillage and potentially curtail water, sediment, and preemergence herbicide losses in the spring to levels equivalent to or better than that of NT, thereby protecting environmental gains provided by GRCs.
Adsorption and Degradation of Ketoprofen in Soils
Authors: Xu Jian , Chen Weiping , Wu Laosheng , Chang Andrew C.
Published: April 2009

Ketoprofen, a nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID), was commonly found in treated wastewater due to its incomplete removal during sewage treatment plant processes. As treated wastewater is increasingly used for landscape irrigation, it is imperative to understand the leaching potential for ketoprofen in receiving soils. In this study, adsorption and degradation experiments were conducted in four U.S. soils with different physicochemical characteristics. Ketoprofen was not strongly adsorbed to the four soils with Kd values ranging from 1.26 to 8.24 L kg−1, suggesting its potential to move downward with percolating water. The adsorption was positively related to the soil organic matter (OM) content (R2 = 0.890). Degradation experiment showed that half‐lives (t1/2) of ketoprofen were 4.58 d in Arlington sandy loam (ASL, coarse‐loamy, mixed, active, thermic Haplic Durixeralfs), 8.04 d in Hanford loamy sand (HLS, coarse‐loamy, mixed, superactive, nonacid, thermic Typic Xerorthents), 15.37 d in Imperial silty clay (ISC, fine, semectitc, calcareous, hyperthermic Vertic Torrifluvents), and 27.61 d in Palouse silt loam (PSL) soil (fine‐silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Pachic Ultic Haploxerolls), respectively. Degradation of ketoprofen in soils appeared to be influenced by the soil OM content. The prolonged t1/2 by sterilization indicated that microbial degradation was the dominant pathway for ketoprofen degradation in soils, while photodegradation only contributed a small portion to the ketoprofen degradation. The t1/2 and Koc values were fitted to screening models to predict the leaching potential of ketoprofen in soils. It appeared that relatively high leaching potential of ketoprofen existed in ISC and PSL soils.
Exporting Large Volumes of Municipal Sewage Sludge through Turfgrass Sod Production
Authors: Tesfamariam Eyob H. , Annandale John G. , Steyn Joachim M. , Stirzaker Richard J.
Published: April 2009

The nutrient content of sludge produced by municipal water treatment works often far exceeds the requirements of nearby crops. Transporting sludge further afield is not always economically viable. This study reports on the potential to export large volumes of anaerobically digested municipal sewage sludge through turfgrass sod production. Hypotheses examined are that sludge loading rates far above recommendations based on crop nutrient removal (i) are possible without reducing turf growth and quality, (ii) do not cause an accumulation of N and P below the active root zone, (iii) can minimize soil loss through sod harvesting, and (iv) do not cause unacceptably high nitrate and salt leaching. An 8 Mg ha−1 sludge control (the recommended limit) was compared with sludge rates of 0, 33, 67, and 100 Mg ha−1 on a loamy, kaolinitic, mesic, Typic Eutrustox soil near Johannesburg, South Africa. Sludge application rates up to 67 Mg ha−1 significantly improved turfgrass establishment rate and color. The ability of sods to remain intact during handling and transport improved as the sludge application rate increased to 33 Mg ha−1 but deteriorated at higher rates. A sludge application rate of 100 Mg ha−1 was needed to eliminate soil loss, but this rate was associated with unacceptably high N leaching losses. All our hypotheses were accepted for application rates not exceeding 33 Mg ha−1 on the proviso that some soil loss was acceptable and that the leaching fraction was carefully managed during the first 2 mo after sludge application.
Large‐Scale Performance and Design for Construction Activity Erosion Control Best Management Practices
Authors: Faucette L. B. , Scholl B. , Beighley R. E. , Governo J.
Published: April 2009

The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Phase II requires construction activities to have erosion and sediment control best management practices (BMPs) designed and installed for site storm water management. Although BMPs are specified on storm water pollution prevention plans (SWPPPs) as part of the construction general permit (GP), there is little evidence in the research literature as to how BMPs perform or should be designed. The objectives of this study were to: (i) comparatively evaluate the performance of common construction activity erosion control BMPs under a standardized test method, (ii) evaluate the performance of compost erosion control blanket thickness, (iii) evaluate the performance of compost erosion control blankets (CECBs) on a variety of slope angles, and (iv) determine Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) cover management factors (C factors) for these BMPs to assist site designers and engineers. Twenty‐three erosion control BMPs were evaluated using American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) D‐6459, standard test method for determination of ECB performance in protecting hill slopes from rainfall induced erosion, on 4:1 (H:V), 3:1, and 2:1 slopes. Soil loss reduction for treatments exposed to 5 cm of rainfall on a 2:1 slope ranged from‐7 to 99%. For rainfall exposure of 10 cm, treatment soil loss reduction ranged from 8 to 99%. The 2.5 and 5 cm CECBs significantly reduced erosion on slopes up to 2:1, while CECBs < 2.5 cm are not recommended on slopes ≥ 4:1 when rainfall totals reach 5 cm. Based on the soil loss results, USLE C factors ranged from 0.01 to 0.9. These performance and design criteria should aid site planners and designers in decision‐making processes.
Dual Roles for Endothelin-B Receptors in Modulating Adjuvant-Induced Inflammatory Hyperalgesia in Rats
Authors: Khodorova Alla , Zou Shiping , Ren Ke , Dubner Ronald , Davar Gudarz , Strichartz Gary
Published: April 2009

Injection of endothelin-1 (ET-1) into the plantar rat hindpaw causes acute pain at high concentrations and tactile sensitization at low concentrations. The pro-nociceptive actions are driven through ETA receptors for both levels of [ET-1], but the ETB receptors are only pro-nociceptive for allodynia from low [ET-1] and anti-nociceptive for pain from high [ET-1]. The goal of the present work was to discriminate the roles of the ET receptors in the acute hyperalgesia from inflammation by complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA, 20 mg/paw) into the rat hindpaw. Selective antagonists were injected l0 min before and then together with CFA. An ETA receptor antagonist, BQ-123, reduced CFA-induced thermal hyperalgesia (by up to 50%), as did an ETB receptor antagonist, BQ-788 (by up to 66%). BQ-123 and BQ-788 also delayed the onset (by 1.5 – 2 h) but insignificantly reduced the maximum degree of CFA-induced allodynia (~10%). Surprisingly, an ETB receptor agonist, IRL-1620, also reduced maximum thermal hyperalgesia induced by CFA, suppressed peak allodynia and delayed its occurrence by ~ 3 h. The latter actions of IRL-1620 were reversed by coadministration of BQ-788, naloxone hydrochloride and the peripherally restricted opiate receptor antagonist naloxone methiodide, and by antiserum against β-endorphin. These findings demonstrate an important role for endogenous ET-1 in acute inflammatory pain and a dual action of ETB receptors, including a pro-algesic action along with the important activation of a local analgesic pathway, implying that at least two different ETB receptors contribute to modulation of inflammatory pain.
An Experiment on the Short-Term Effects of Engagement and Representation in Program Animation
Authors: Nevalainen Seppo , Sajaniemi Jorma
Published: April 2009

When visualization tools utilized in computer programming education have been evaluated empirically, the results have remained controversial. To address this problem, we have developed a model of short-term effects of program animation, and used it in a series of experiments. In the current experiment, we varied visual representation of an animation tool and the type of students' engagement. Results of the current experiment analyzed together with the results from the earlier experiments provided support for the hypothesis that what a student does plays a more central role in the usefulness of a visualization than representation used by the tool. Moreover, the levels of engagement as they are generally used in the research literature seem not to be the best possible indicators of the effectiveness of a visualization.
Antioxidant status in breast cancer patients of different ages after radiotherapy
Authors: Kasapovic Jelena , Pejic Snezana , Todorovic Ana , Stojiljkovic Vesna , Radosevic-Jelic Ljiljana , Pajovic Snezana
Published: April 2009

In this study we investigated the effects of breast cancer radiotherapy on the antioxidant (AO) enzyme activities of copper, zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR), as well as on the concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxides (LP) in blood of patients aged 45-58 years and older than 60 years. The results show that in blood of patients aged 45-58 years, radiotherapy increased the activities of CuZnSOD, CAT, and GR, as well as the concentration of GSH, without affecting the activity of GPx and concentration of LP. In patients older than 60 years, radiotherapy increased the activities of CuZnSOD and CAT, lowered the activity of GPx and concentration of GSH, and increased the concentration of LP. Our results indicate that the response to radiotherapy involves age-related impairment of AO capacity for elimination of H2O2, causing oxidative damage to blood cells. This suggests that cytotoxic effects of radiation on healthy tissues might be more pronounced during the aging of breast cancer patients, and should be considered in the further development of individualization protocols in cancer radiotherapy.
Additional karyological dataon goitered gazelle, Gazella subgutturosa, from Turkey
Authors: Tez Coşkun , Hilal Akalin , Erkekkardeş Münife
Published: April 2009

The chromosomes of goitered gazelle, Gazella subgutturosa, in Turkey were karyotyped on the basis of two female specimens. Bothspecimens have 2n = 30 with NF = 60 and NFa = 56. All chromosomes are biarmed. The two female specimens of Turkish G. subgutturosa have a smaller diploid chromosome number compared to those of two males previously reported. This chromosomal variation in Turkish G. subgutturosa may be important for its conservation biology.
Effect of gibberellic acid on total antioxidant activity during Chenopodium rubrum L. ontogenesis invitro
Authors: Mitrovic Aleksandra , Bogdanovic Jelena
Published: April 2009

Total antioxidant activity (TAA) represents the combined ability of diverse antioxidants present in a sample of plant material to scavenge free radicals. Chenopodium rubrum L. sel. 184 is a qualitatively short-day plant; as an early-flowering species, it is a suitable object for studying ontogenesis in vitro. We investigated the effect of GA3 (5 mg/l) on TAA during C. rubrum ontogenesis under two different inductive photoperiodic regimes in vitro. Total antioxidant activ?ity does not change in different phases of C. rubrum ontogenesis under the same photoperiodic treatment. Exposure to continuous irradiation caused an increase of TAA in both C. rubrum plants and collected matured seeds. Gibberellic acid stimulated stem elongation, but did not affect leaf development or the number of matured seeds per plant, regardless of photoperiodic treatment; it induced a decrease of TAA in C. rubrum plants regardless of photoperiodic treatment or the phase of development, while it had no effect on TAA of matured seeds.
Races and hosts of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato in Serbia
Authors: Milijasevic Svetlana , Todorovic Biljana , Rekanovic E. , Potocnik Ivana , Gavrilovic V.
Published: April 2009

During the past few years, frequent appearance of bacterial speck of tomatoes was recorded in several tomato-growing regions in Serbia. A three-year survey of tomato fields in Serbia (2002-2004) resulted in the isolation of numerous bacterial strains, with 30 representative strains selected for further analyses. Based on the results of pathogenicity, biochemical, and physiological tests, all strains isolated from diseased tomato plants were identified as P. syringae pv. tomato. The identity of strains was confirmed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), since PCR products of expected size (650 bp) specific for coronatine-producing strains of P. syringae pv. tomato were amplified from all tested strains. Study of the host range of P. syringae pv. tomato strains originating from Serbia confirmed tomato as the sole host. The reaction of tomato differential cultivar Ontario 7710 showed that the Serbian strains belonged to races 0 and 1 of P. syringae pv. tomato.
Is there ethological isolation among Drosophila melanogaster strains reared for more than 35 generations on different food?
Authors: Pavkovic-Lucic Sofija
Published: April 2009

Ethological isolation among three strains of D. melanogaster reared for more than 35 generations on different food (standard cornmeal-agar-yeast medium, banana, and tomato) was tested in a series of multiple choice tests. Long-term maintenance on different substrates did not contribute to sexual isolation among three 'nutritional strains', as degrees of ethological isolation (Malogolowkin-Cohen's isolation indices) were not statistically significant. Males and females reared on different nutritional resources were equally successful in matings, i.e., significant differences in the number of copulations achieved by males and females from various lines were not observed.
Differences in Duration of Eye Fixation for Conditions in a Numerical Stroop-Effect Experiment
Authors: Crespo Antonio , Cabestrero Raúl , Quirós Pilar
Published: April 2009

Durations of eye fixation were recorded for a numerical Stroop effect experiment. Participants (6 men, 19 women; M age = 22 yr.) reported the number of characters present in sequences of variable length (2 to 5 characters) while attempting to ignore the identity of the character. Three conditions were included: congruent (the number of characters and the numeral were matched, e.g., responding “two” to 22), incongruent (the number of characters and the numeral were mismatched, e.g., responding “two” to 55), and control (baseline of stimuli made up of “X”s, e.g., responding “two” to XX). Comparisons among the three conditions produced the longest response times and average durations of fixation for the incongruent condition. The shortest response times and average durations of fixation were obtained for the congruent condition.
Specification of Variables Predictive of Victories in the Sport of Boxing: II. Further Characterization of Previous Success
Authors: Warnick Jason E. , Warnick Kyla
Published: April 2009

Previous success, i.e., performance in the preceding bout and total number of wins and losses, was predictive of victory. Clarification of this effect was sought in examining whether the prior performance against a particular opponent or in a common location would be predictive of a victory in a bout against that opponent or in that locale. The career records of 739 male professional boxers who participated in contests held in the USA in November 2007 were collected from the BoxRec online database. Chi-squared tests and logistic regression analyses indicated that performance in the preceding bout, prior performance against the same opponent, and prior performance in a particular location were predictive of the outcome in a current bout.
The Simplest Chronoscope: Group and Interindividual Differences in Visual Reaction Time
Authors: Montare Alberto
Published: April 2009

The use of the simplest chronoscope (a falling meterstick) to measure visual reaction time (RT) in college students of both sexes is described. Tests of three hypotheses showed that (1) mean simple RT was significantly faster than long-standing population approximations and (2) a single-factor, repeated-measures, sequential-treatment analysis of variance design replicated Bonders' long-standing findings that simple RT was significantly faster than choice RT; simple RT was significantly faster than discriminative RT; and that discriminative RT was significantly faster than choice RT. Also, (3) eta-squared effect size (η2) computed on significant interindividual subject differences accounted for more variability than the η2 effect size computed on significant differences between treatments. It was concluded that (1) the simplest chronoscope's methodology may have contributed to the significantly faster mean simple RT; (2) interindividual differences in RT should no longer be routinely ignored or eliminated; and (3) a repeated-measures analysis of variance design which tests for both group and interindividual differences can yield reaction time results of interest to both experimental and differential psychology.
Effects of Using a Screen Filter on Call Center Workers' Visual Fatigue Measurement
Authors: Chi Chia-Fen , Lin Yen-Hui
Published: April 2009

This study evaluated the potential effectiveness of screen filters in relieving visual fatigue. Critical flicker frequency (CFF), accommodation power, visual acuity, and subjective rating of visual fatigue were evaluated at four different stages: without screen filter, screen filter use of 2.5 mo., 5 mo., and 12 mo. For each stage, all measurements were taken before and after an 8-hr. workday. Analysis of variance was performed to test whether the screen filter use or measurement time had a significant effect on any of the visual fatigue measurements. The results indicated visual acuity was significantly improved after the use of a screen filter, while after the screen filter was installed, the CFF reading showed visual fatigue was more pronounced. Significant improvement in subjective ratings of double vision on screen was found after the screen filter use of 2.5 mo., but improvements disappeared after continuous use at 5 mo. A Hawthorne effect could have contributed to the short-term relief in visual fatigue and inconsistent findings in other visual performance measurements. Sorting out frequently used questions into a few definable areas and data sets might reduce the screen viewing time and visual fatigue more effectively.
Longitudinal Development of Physical and Performance Parameters during Biological Maturation of Young Male Swimmers
Authors: Lätt Evelin , Jürimäe Jaak , Haljaste Kaja , Cicchella Antonio , Purge Prut , Jürimäe Toivo
Published: April 2009

The aim of the study was to examine the development of specific physical, physiological, and biomechanical parameters in 29 young male swimmers for whom measurements were made three times for two consecutive years. During the 400-m front-crawl swimming, the energy cost of swimming, and stroking parameters were assessed. Peak oxygen consumption (VO2 peak) was assessed by means of the backward-extrapolation technique recording VO2 during the first 20 sec. of recovery period after a maximal trial of 400-m distance. Swimming performance at different points of physical maturity was mainly related to the increases in body height and arm-span values from physical parameters, improvement in sport-specific VO2 peak value from physiological characteristics, and improvement in stroke indices on biomechanical parameters. In addition, biomechanical factors characterised best the 400-m swimming performance followed by physical and physiological factors during the 2-yr. study period for the young male swimmers.
Body-Image Perception and Dissatisfaction Throughout Phases of the Female Menstrual Cycle
Authors: Jappe Leah M. , Gardner Rick M.
Published: April 2009

This pilot study investigated the association between the menstrual cycle and participants' body-size perception, judgments of ideal body size, detection of changes in body size, and body dissatisfaction. Thirty participants ( M age = 23.3 yr., SD = 3.9), who did not have eating disorders, viewed digital images of their bodies. Judgments on all tasks were made during premenstrual, intermenstrual, and menstrual phases of the menstrual cycle. Participants expressed a desire for a smaller ideal body size for themselves in all three phases. Body dissatisfaction was significantly greater during the premenstrual and menstrual phases. The menstrual cycle was not associated with significant changes in body-size perception, ideal size judgments, or detection of changes in body size.
Relations among Physical Activity Patterns, Lifestyle Activities, and Fundamental Movement Skills for Finnish Students in Grade 7
Authors: Jaakkola Timo , Kalaja Sami , Arijutila Jarmo Liukkonen , Virtanen Petri , Watt Anthony
Published: April 2009

To investigate the relations among leisure time physical activity and in sport clubs, lifestyle activities, and the locomotor, balance manipulative skills of Grade 7 students participating in Finnish physical education at a secondary school in central Finland completed self-report questionnaires on their physical activity patterns at leisure time and during sport club participation, and time spent watching television and using the computer and other electronic media. Locomotor skills were analyzed by the leaping test, balance skills by the flamingo standing test, and manipulative skills by the accuracy throwing test. Analysis indicated physical activity in sport clubs positively explained scores on balance and locomotor tests but not on accuracy of throwing. Leisure time physical activity and lifestyle activities were not statistically significant predictors of performance on any movement skill tests. Girls scored higher on the static balance skill and boys higher on the throwing task. Overall, physical activity in sport clubs was more strongly associated with performance on the fundamental movement tasks than was physical activity during leisure.
Maroon Abolitionists
Authors: Sudbury Julia
Published: April 2009

This article examines the experiences of black, gender-oppressed women, and transgender activists in the anti-prison movement in the U.S. and Canada. By foregrounding the experiences of transgender and gender non-conforming activists, the author makes visible the reality of gender complexity and multiplicity within women's prisons and the anti-prison movement. The article explores the activists' motivations for involvement, and barriers to participation, and explores spirituality as a source of resilience and guidance. It examines the participants' political analysis and abolitionist visions and explores the possibility of “non-reformist reforms” that take up the challenge of a radical, antiracist, gender justice perspective. The article posits the existence of a unique abolitionist vision and praxis, centered on the participants' direct experience of gender oppression and racialized surveillance and punishment. This perspective works toward dismantling penal structures while simultaneously seeking the abolition of racialized gender policing and an end to violence against gender non-conforming prisoners.
Birthed and Buried
Authors: Smith Jennifer J.
Published: April 2009

Michelle Cliff's novels Abeng and No Telephone to Heaven have received significant critical attention for their attempts to establish a lineage of female resistance to oppression and to restore matrilineal histories that have been effaced by colonial and neocolonial discourses. While most critics read Cliff's reclamation of matrilineal history and resistance as unabashedly celebratory, I argue that the novels, especially No Telephone to Heaven, offer a more ambivalent perspective through the construction of the female body as a site of death. The imbrications of menstruation, miscarriages, hemorrhages, and womb images alongside death suggest that relying on a relationship among blood, land, and identity is always already limiting, even as the novel maintains that such relationships remain the best hope for resisting oppression. The lack of a future in the text indicates that the body as the sole means of connection to the past cannot survive and it cannot suffice.
Konkurrenz zwischen Stieleiche und Buche auf Lothar-Sturmflächen | Competition between pedunculate oak and European beech on Lothar windthrow areas
Authors: Otto Daniel , Wagner Sven , Brang Peter
Published: April 2009

The competitive pressure of naturally regenerated European beech (Fagus sylvatica) saplings on planted pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) was investigated on two 1.8 ha permanent plots near Habsburg and Murten (Switzerland). The plots were established with the aim to test methods of artificial oak regeneration after large-scale windthrow. On both plots, 80 oaks exposed to varying levels of competitive pressure from at most 10 neighbouring beech trees were selected. The height of each oak as well as stem and branch diameters were measured. The competitive pressure was assessed using Schütz's competition index, which is based on relative tree height, crown overlap and distance from competing neighbours.

Oak trees growing without or with only slight competition from beech were equally tall, while oaks exposed to moderate to strong competition were smaller. A threshold value for the competition index was found above which oak height decreased strongly. The stem and branch diameters of the oaks started to decrease even if the competition from beech was slight, and decreased much further with more competition. The oak stems started to become more slender even with only slight competition from beech. On the moderately acid beech sites studied here, beech grow taller faster than oak. Thus where beech is competing with oak and the aim is to maintain the oak, competitive pressure on the oak must be reduced at an early stage. The degree of the intervention should, however, take the individual competitive interaction into account, with more intervention if the competition is strong.
Morphology of the female reproductive system of the red-clawed mangrove tree crab (Goniopsis cruentata Latreille, 1803)
Authors: Peres de Souza Leonardo , Feitosa Silva José Roberto
Published: April 2009

The present study describes the morphology of the female reproductive system and the development of the germ cells of the crab Goniopsis cruentata. Specimens were collected monthly from the mangrove of the Ceará River (Brazil) for study of the reproductive system. The ovarian lobes unite near the middle of the cephalothorax and extend to the third abdominal segment. The ovaries connect to spermathecae draining into a short oviduct. Microscopically, four types of germ cells were identified. Four stages of ovary development were defined based on macroscopic and microscopic features. The association of ovary development stages with biometric measures shows that ovaries of females with triangular abdomens and a carapace width (CW) of 21.0-29.3 mm were in the previtellogenic stage, while those of females with rounded abdomens and a CW of 26.4-46.1 mm varied with regard to maturity, the majority being late-stage vitellogenic or mature. The organisation of the female reproductive system of G. cruentata is similar to that of most other brachyurans, except for the extension of the ovaries to the abdomen.
Medical practitioners’ reactions towards family medicine as a speciality in South Africa
Authors: Naidoo Cyril , Esterhuizen Tonya M. , Gathiram Prem
Published: April 2009

Background: Family physicians are trained to treat a wide range of diseases, treatment being centred on the patient, family and community irrespective of age, gender, or ethnic or racial background. To deal with inequalities in health care, the South African government introduced the concept of a district health system in 1997. It was only in August 2007, however, that family medicine was legislated as a speciality. This study was undertaken prior to the enactment of this legislation.Method: A descriptive quantitative study using a self-administered questionnaire was undertaken. A convenience sampling technique was used (N = 60) to assess the reactions of medical practitioners towards the impending legislation.Results: Overall, 60% of the sample was in favour of the legislation. There were no significant differences between those working in the private and public sectors or between generalists and specialists. With regard to those not in favour of the legislation compared to those in favour of the legislation, a signifi cantly increased number answered the following statements in the affirmative: (i) ‘I already carry out the functions of a family physician’ (p = 0.001), (ii) ‘They [specialist family physicians] will not be as qualified as specialists in other categories’ (p = 0.005), (iii) ‘It will have a negative impact on general practice’ (p < 0.001), (iv) ‘It will increase competitiveness’ (p = 0.021), (v) ‘It will not have any effect on patient care’ (p = 0.010) and (vi) ‘There is no need for such a speciality’ (p = 0.001).Conclusion: We concluded that the majority were in favour of the legislation being implemented.
Electrostatic effects on inertial particle transport in bifurcated tubes
Authors: Leong Fong Yew , Smith Kenneth A. , Wang Chi‐Hwa , Matsusaka Shuji , Hua Jinsong
Published: April 2009

Most aerosols found naturally in the ambient environment or those dispersed from artificial devices such as dry powder inhalers, are electrically charged. It is known that a strong electrostatic charge on aerosols can result in transport behavior dramatically different from that of uncharged aerosols, even in the absence of an external electric field. In the present work, we study pneumatic transport of corona‐charged particles in bifurcated tubes. This is accomplished by tracking the motion of discrete particles numerically under the influence of drag, gravitational, and electrostatic forces. The model aerosol is fly ash powder, whose size and charge distributions have been determined experimentally. The electrical mobility of the charged particle cloud is modeled through coulombic interactions between discrete point charges. For the case of polydispersed particles electrically charged across a distribution, the deposition efficiency was found to be greater than what is indicated by the mean charge and size. In particular, use of negatively charged fly ash powder of mean size of 2 μm and mean charge of −1.5 C/kg led to significant increase in deposition efficiency (∼29%) compared with uncharged fly ash powder of the same size distribution (∼8%). Analysis of particle residence times suggests significant interaction between electrical and drag forces. These findings could have implications for pneumatic powder conveying or pulmonary drug delivery applications. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Bilateral lambdoid and sagittal synostosis (BLSS): A unique craniosynostosis syndrome or predictable craniofacial phenotype?
Authors: Hing Anne V. , Click Eleanor S. , Holder Ursula , Seto Marianne L. , Vessey Kyle , Gruss Joseph , Hopper Richard , Cunningham Michael L.
Published: April 2009

Multisutural craniosynostosis that includes bilateral lambdoid and sagittal synostosis (BLSS) results in a very characteristic head shape with frontal bossing, turribrachycephaly, biparietal narrowing, occipital concavity, and inferior displacement of the ears. This entity has been reported both in the genetics literature as craniofacial dyssynostosis and in the surgical literature as “Mercedes Benz” syndrome. Craniofacial dyssynostosis was first described in 1976 by Dr. Neuhauser when he presented a series of seven patients with synostosis of the sagittal and lambdoid sutures, short stature, and developmental delay. Over the past 30 years nine additional patients with craniofacial dyssynostosis have been reported in the literature adding to the growing evidence for a distinct craniosynostosis syndrome. The term “Mercedes Benz” syndrome was coined by Moore et al. in 1998 due to the characteristic appearance of the fused sutures on three‐dimensional CT imaging. In contrast to the aforementioned reported cases of craniofacial dyssynostosis, all three patients had normal development. Recently, there have been several case reports of patients with BLSS and distinct chromosomal anomalies. These findings suggest that BLSS is a heterogeneous disorder perhaps with syndromic, chromosomal, and isolated forms. In this manuscript we will present the largest series of patients with BLSS and review clinical, CT, and molecular findings. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Possible new syndrome: Left ventricular noncompaction, partial agenesis of the corpus callosum, and developmental delay in a Brazilian child
Authors: Lamonica Dionisia A.C. , Abramides Dagma V.M. , Maximino Luciana P. , Gejão Mariana G. , da Silva Greyce K. , Ferreira Amanda T. , Furlan Renata H. , Giacheti Célia M. , Barros‐Neto Plínio A. , Richieri‐Costa A.
Published: April 2009

We report on the clinical, neuropsychological and language characteristics of a boy with left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy (LVNC), agenesis of the splenium of the corpus callosum, minor anomalies of face and limbs, mild mental retardation, and speech and language disabilities. The occurrence of pilomatricoma (calcifying epithelioma) may be part of the clinical spectrum or a fortuitous finding. Compared to other related conditions with LVNC suggests that this is a “new” unique pattern MCA/MR syndrome. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Are the oral‐facial‐digital syndromes ciliopathies?
Authors: Toriello Helga V.
Published: April 2009

The first oral‐facial‐digital syndrome was described in 1941 by Mohr, followed by a report by Papillon‐Léage and Psaume [Papillon‐Léage and Psaume (1954); Rev Stomatol (Paris) 55:209–227]. Ironically, these became known as oral‐facial‐digital syndrome (OFDS) II and I, respectively. Since then, numerous other examples of OFDS have been published, and current classification systems include up to 13 different types of OFDS. Other than for OFDS I, the causative gene defects for these conditions are unknown. Recently however the finding that primary ciliary defects can cause multiple anomaly syndromes that phenotypically overlap with the OFDS suggests that many, if not all of the OFDS could be caused by mutations in ciliary proteins. This review presents the evidence for suggesting that the search for causative genes should focus on those that are related to ciliary structure and function. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mucopolysaccharidosis type I in 21 Czech and Slovak patients: Mutation analysis suggests a functional importance of C‐terminus of the IDUA protein
Authors: Vazna Alzbeta , Beesley Clare , Berna Linda , Stolnaja Larisa , Myskova Helena , Bouckova Michaela , Vlaskova Hana , Poupetova Helena , Zeman Jiri , Magner Martin , Hlavata Anna , Winchester Bryan , Hrebicek Martin , Dvorakova Lenka
Published: April 2009

Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder that is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme α‐L‐iduronidase (IDUA). Of the 21 Czech and Slovak patients who have been diagnosed with MPS I in the last 30 years, 16 have a severe clinical presentation (Hurler syndrome), 2 less severe manifestations (Scheie syndrome), and 3 an intermediate severity (Hurler/Scheie phenotype). Mutation analysis was performed in 20 MPS I patients and 39 mutant alleles were identified. There was a high prevalence of the null mutations p.W402X (12 alleles) and p.Q70X (7 alleles) in this cohort. Four of the 13 different mutations were novel: p.V620F (3 alleles), p.W626X (1 allele), c.1727 + 2T > G (1 allele) and c.1918_1927del (2 alleles). The pathogenicity of the novel mutations was verified by transient expression studies in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Seven haplotypes were observed in the patient alleles using 13 intragenic polymorphisms. One of the two haplotypes associated with the mutation p.Q70X was not found in any of the controls. Haplotype analysis showed, that mutations p.Q70X, p.V620F, and p.D315Y probably have more than one ancestor. Missense mutations localized predominantly in the hydrophobic core of the enzyme are associated with the severe phenotype, whereas missense mutations localized to the surface of the enzyme are usually associated with the attenuated phenotypes. Mutations in the 130 C‐terminal amino acids lead to clinical manifestations, which indicates a functional importance of the C‐terminus of the IDUA protein. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Temporal rules in vocal exchanges of phees and trills in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Yamaguchi Chieko , Izumi Akihiro , Nakamura Katsuki
Published: April 2009

Marmosets exchange two types of calls: phees and trills. We played back phees and trills to investigate the temporal rules of vocal exchanges using ten captive common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). The marmosets usually emitted the same type of vocalizations just after the stimulus playbacks, and similar regularities were observed in the temporal intervals of phees and in trills. They vocalized with shorter intervals when they responded with trills rather than phees, and, after the first call, they repeatedly vocalized trills with shorter intervals than phees. These results suggest that the temporal rules between phees and trills are qualitatively similar but quantitatively different. These results might be owing to the different distances over which these contact calls are used. Am. J. Primatol. 71:617–622, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rational Design of an Organometallic Glutathione Transferase Inhibitor
Authors: Ang Wee Han , Parker Lorien J. , De Luca Anastasia , Juillerat‐Jeanneret Lucienne , Morton Craig J. , Lo Bello Mario , Parker Michael W. , Dyson Paul J.
Published: April 2009

Im Zentrum herrscht Ru: Ein hybrider organisch‐anorganischer (metallorganischer) Inhibitor für Glutathion‐Transferasen wurde entwickelt, dessen Metallzentrum die Bindung an das Protein steuert, während sein organischer Rest als Inhibitor des aktiven Zentrums wirkt (siehe Bild). Der Inhibitionsmechanismus wurde mit einer Reihe biophysikalischer und biochemischer Methoden untersucht.

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Interactive Radical Dimers in Photoconductive Organic Thin Films
Authors: Iwasaki Akito , Hu Laigui , Suizu Rie , Nomura Kenji , Yoshikawa Hirofumi , Awaga Kunio , Noda Yukiko , Kanai Kaname , Ouchi Yukio , Seki Kazuhiko , Ito Hiroshi
Published: April 2009

Fully interactive: Overlap between extended unoccupied molecular orbitals leads to the high photoconductivity of interactive radical dimers. Sandwich‐type cells (see picture; ITO=indium tin oxide) comprising highly oriented thin films of a disjoint diradical, 4,4′‐bis(1,2,3,5‐dithiadiazolyl) (BDTDA) exhibit a photocurrent with a high on/off ratio at reverse bias voltages and photovoltaic behavior at zero bias voltage.

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Direct CC Cross‐Coupling of Secondary and Primary Alcohols Catalyzed by a γ‐Alumina‐Supported Silver Subnanocluster
Authors: Shimizu Ken‐ichi , Sato Ryosuke , Satsuma Atsushi
Published: April 2009

Let's drink to that! Two alcohols (one primary and one secondary) can be coupled in an atom‐efficient process by a hydrogen‐autotransfer catalytic system in the form of silver subnanoclusters supported on γ‐Al2O3. The recyclable heterogeneous catalyst promoted the one‐pot CC cross‐coupling in the presence of a catalytic amount of the weak base Cs2CO3 (see reaction mechanism).

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Palladium(0) pre‐catalysts with heteroditopic NHC–amine ligands by transmetallation from their silver(I) complexes
Authors: Warsink Stefan , Hauwert Peter , Siegler Maxime A. , Spek Anthony L. , Elsevier Cornelis J.
Published: April 2009

The synthesis of an air‐stable series of Pd0 complexes with dissymmetric bidentate N‐heterocyclic carbene–amine ligands has been performed. The key step is an unprecedented carbene transfer from AgI to obtain electron‐rich zero‐valent palladium precatalysts. The coordination behavior of the ligands was determined with X‐ray crystallography. Surprising results were obtained in the catalysis of transfer semi‐hydrogenation, where the addition of base appeared not to be necessary to obtain the desired product stereoselectively. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.