bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intercomparison of Empirical Formulations of Maximum Wind Radius in Parametric Tropical Storm Modeling over Zhoushan Archipelago
Authors: Zhao Shuaikang , Liu Ziwei , Wei Xiaoran , Li Bo , Bai Yefei
Published: October 2021

The Holland (2010) parametric wind model has been extensively utilized in tropical cyclone and storm surge-related coastal hazard mitigation and management studies. The only remaining input parameter, the radius of maximum wind speed (Rm), is usually generated by previously proposed empirical relations which are, however, sensitivity to study areas in producing better performed numerical results. In order to acquire optimal Rm formulations over the region of Zhoushan Archipelago, East China Sea, 16 empirical relations were compiled into the Holland (2010) model to produce time series of the pressure, wind speed, and wind direction in comparison to observational records taken at three stations during the tropical cyclone events of Ampil and Rumbai. Their respective agreements were evaluated by error metrices including the root mean square error, correlation coefficient, mean bias error, and scatter index, whilst the overall performances of the 16 formulations were ranked according to a proposed comprehensive error. In the following order, the Rm formulations of Lu (2012), Zhou (2005), Kato (2018), and Jiang (2008) ranked the best for both events in terms of their minimum comprehensive errors; however, recommendations on the application of specific empirical formulations for the region of Zhoushan Archipelago are also provided herein from the perspective of conservation and accuracy.
Correlating Genetically Modified Crops, Glyphosate Use and Increased Carbon Sequestration
Authors: Sutherland Chelsea , Gleim Savannah , Smyth Stuart J.
Published: October 2021

In the early 1990s, tillage was the leading form of weed control, with minimum/zero-tillage management practices incapable of long-term continuation. Presently, weed control through tillage has virtually disappeared as cropland management systems have transitioned largely to continuous cropping, with zero to minimal soil disturbance. Research was undertaken to examine what was driving this land management transition. A carbon accounting framework incorporating coefficients derived from the Century Model was used to estimate carbon sequestration in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. The results quantify the transition from farmland being a net carbon emitter to being a net carbon sequesterer over the past 30 years. This evidence confirms the correlation between genetically modified, herbicide-tolerant crops and glyphosate use is a driver of the increased soil carbon sequestration. The removal of tillage and adoption of minimal soil disturbances has reduced the amount of carbon released from tillage and increased the sequestration of carbon through continuous crop production. Countries that ban genetically modified crops and are enacting legislation restricting glyphosate use are implementing policies that Canadian farm evidence indicates will not contribute to increasing agricultural sustainability.
Path of Smart Servitization and Transformation in the Textile Industry: A Case Study of Various Regions in China
Authors: Shen Lei , Sun Cong , Ali Muhammad
Published: October 2021

This study uses 31 provinces and municipalities from China’s textile industry as a research sample and divides the region into four geographical areas: eastern, central, western, and northeastern. It quantified smart servitization in the textile industry using input–output data and applied the fuzzy set qualitative comparison analysis to identify potential pathways for promoting smart servitization in the textile industry. The study’s findings indicate that there are significant geographical differences in the level of smart servitization in the textile industry across China. Moreover, the transformation and development of the textile industry require the co-operation of numerous factors, and the Chinese textile industry’s transformation paths can be summarized as “high-input” path, “technology—aggregation” path, “open” path, and “economic-agglomeration” path.
The Dutch Green Deals Policy and Its Applicability to Circular Economy Policies
Authors: van Langen Sven Kevin , Passaro Renato
Published: October 2021

This study investigates the applicability of the Dutch Green Deals policy instrument for use in projects that help the transition towards a Circular Economy in the Netherlands. Green Deals provide an opportunity for firms, NGOs, universities, and provincial, municipal, or waterboard governments to sign an agreement with the national government to take away barriers for a Circular Economy related innovation. Quantitative and qualitative content analysis has been performed, categorizing all green deals as being related to Circular Economy and those are further categorized thematically and analytically. A total of 50 relevant Green Deal agreements are selected for quantitative and qualitative content analyses that cover 9 themes, 20 industry classifications, and 10 types of action undertaken, being particularly popular in the biobased economy and construction industry. The policy instrument is believed to be successful in addressing a variety of barriers and as useful in strengthening national innovation systems, thus, it can be recommended for application in other countries. The instrument does lack clear policy indicators and would benefit from explanatory reviews with each agreement. Future research could compare this policy instrument to similar instruments employed in other EU countries and developing countries, the potential role of green financing for such green deal agreements should also be considered.
Influence of Plant Leaf Moisture Content on Retention of Electrostatic-Induced Droplets
Authors: Ma Jing , Liu Kuan , Chen Chenggong , Ahmad Fiaz , Qiu Baijing
Published: October 2021

Agricultural electrostatic spraying can help to reduce the threat of pesticides to human health and the environment. However, the influence of the law of leaf water content on electrostatic spraying has not been studied. In this study, we used leaf water content as an evaluation index of electrostatic spraying technology and verified the correlation between leaf water content and leaf capacitance value by statistical methods in order to achieve in vivo measurements of leaf water content in relation to tomato, pepper, and wheat crop leaves. Using these in vivo measurements of leaf water content and retention, we demonstrate that the retention of electrostatic droplets on the leaves of all three crops increases with increasing water content; the retention per unit area of leaves increased by 6.1 mg/cm2, an increase of 7.29%. Increasing the electrostatic spray voltage (10~30 kV) enhances the retention of droplets on the leaves of the crops, with a maximum increase of 6.1. The retention of non-electrostatic droplets decreases with increasing water content; retention at the lowest water content was 1.103~1.131 times greater than at the highest water content. This study has implications for research related to improving the retention of electrostatic droplets in leaves.
Diversity of the Board of Directors and Financial Performance of the Firms
Authors: Arenas-Torres Felipe , Bustamante-Ubilla Miguel , Campos-Troncoso Roberto
Published: October 2021

The diversity of the board of directors continues to be a matter of concern for investors, regulators, and the general public. In this sense, the purpose of the research presented was to identify whether there is a positive and significant impact between the diverse variables of the board of directors and the financial performance of the firms. In this context, the study’s objective was to determine if the diversity in the composition of the boards of directors has a positive and significant impact on the financial performance of the companies listed in the Chilean stock market. The study considered a sample of 1106 reports on social responsibility and sustainable development between the 2015–2020 period and their respective returns. The research was descriptive-correlational, which determined the incidence of gender, nationality, and age diversity in the financial performance of the firms. The results show, in general, a low degree of gender and nationality diversity in Chilean boards. However, a positive and significant impact is observed in the commercial sector, nationality diversity, and the construction and gender diversity axis. In this regard, the study allows confirming the heterogeneity of results by linking the variables of diversity and financial performance and the importance of conducting sufficiently disaggregated studies to understand the relationship between both types of variables. Finally, this study updates the diversity levels of the board of directors for the Chilean stock market and establishes challenges for the regulator in terms of gender quotas and good corporate governance practices.
Evaluation of China’s Targeted Poverty Alleviation Policies: A Decomposition Analysis Based on the Poverty Reduction Effects
Authors: Li Xiaoning , Li Lingling
Published: October 2021

To achieve comprehensive poverty alleviation and the establishment of a “moderately prosperous society” in China, it is crucial to evaluate the targeted poverty alleviation (TPA) policies. In this study, China’s poverty alleviation statistics and the Foster-Greene-Thorbecke (FGT) indices are used to measure the poverty reduction effects of the TPA policies. A panel regression model is applied to analyze the poverty reduction mechanism while the Shapley index decomposition method is used to analyze poverty reduction effects in terms of income growth and the income gap adjustment. The paper concludes that the poverty breadth index (H index), poverty depth index (PG index), and poverty intensity index (SPG index) from 2013 to 2019 show a significant decline overall. This indicates that the poverty reduction effect of the TPA policies is significant. In addition, the regression analysis shows that the implementation of TPA policies can significantly increase the income level of residents and narrow the income gap among residents in rural areas. Results of the Shapley index decomposition analysis revealed that the income growth effect and income gap adjustment effect accounted for 92.78% and 7.22% of the poverty reduction effects, respectively. So the focus of future poverty alleviation work is to combine the rural revitalization strategy and to continue increasing the income level and the income growth rate of poor groups, which will enhance the ability of impoverished residents to increase their income, further contributing to the alleviation of poverty.
Mechanism Analysis of Applying Blockchain Technology to Forestry Carbon Sink Projects Based on the Differential Game Model
Authors: Sun Rui , He Dayi , Yan Jingjing , Tao Li
Published: October 2021

As an important way to reduce emission, forestry carbon sink (FCS) has not been implemented effectively. Therefore, this paper aims to analyze the effectiveness and mechanism of applying blockchain technology in FCS projects by utilizing the differential game model. A Stackelberg differential game model between forest farmers and emission-controlled enterprises (ECEs) is developed to analyze the optimal emission reduction efforts and the optimal trajectory of forest farmers and ECEs before and after introducing blockchain technology. It is found that: (1) At the initial stage of the utilization of blockchain technology, if blockchain technology takes a leading role in stabilizing carbon prices, the ECEs prefer to purchase FCS instead of reducing emissions by their own technology. On the contrary, if blockchain technology takes a leading role in stimulating the vitality of the carbon trading market, ECEs tend to use emission abatement technology to meet the carbon quote requirements. (2) In the later stage, the incentive and stabilizing effects of blockchain technology on carbon prices tend to be balanced, and the emission reduction efforts of ECEs are lower than the efforts before applying blockchain technology. (3) The application of blockchain technology increases forest farmers’ willingness to reduce emissions because of its effection of cost reduction and efficiency improvement. Meanwhile, blockchain technology reduces abatement costs by influencing carbon prices. Therefore, blockchain technology improves forest farmers’ emission reduction efforts on the whole.
The Green-Innovation-Inducing Effect of a Unit Progressive Carbon Tax
Authors: Yu Xiao , Xu Yingdong , Sun Meng , Zhang Yanzhe
Published: October 2021

The major global economies are facing increasing pressure to reduce their carbon emissions. Introducing environmental policy instruments to stimulate green innovation is key to mitigating global warming. We propose a carbon tax design with a typical green innovation orientation that links carbon taxes with the low-carbon technology (LCT) of enterprises and imposes a progressive tax on heterogeneous enterprises with LCT stock to encourage green innovation. This study used a dynamic evolution game model based on the Stackelberg model of heterogeneous enterprises with LCT stock to analyze the green-innovation-inducing effect of unit progressive carbon taxes. A unit progressive carbon tax could encourage enterprises to participate in green innovation, regardless of their initial green innovation willingness. The progressive tax rate was more effective than a fixed rate for stimulating green innovation by all enterprises. There was a marginal diminishing effect of increases in the tax rate. An increase in the innovation cost coefficient of enterprises reduced the green-innovation-inducing effect of the unit progressive carbon tax. Increasing the tax rate was effective only under normal circumstances. A decline in the carbon reduction in enterprises also reduced the green-innovation-inducing effect of the unit progressive carbon tax. Furthermore, increasing the tax rate when the carbon reduction amount was extremely low caused enterprises to abandon green innovation.
Corporate Governance Structure and Performance in the Tourism Industry in the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Empirical Study of Chinese Listed Companies in China
Authors: Jin Shanyue , Gao Yuying , Xiao Shufeng (Simon)
Published: October 2021

All industries around the world have been greatly impacted by the 2019 COVID-19 outbreak. China’s tourism market was almost suspended. Tourism enterprises generally face difficulties in the form of low capital turnover and increased operating pressure, and the overall tourism industry is showing a downturn in its development. In this study, we construct a quasi-natural experiment with the COVID-19 pandemic in public health emergencies using a propensity score matching difference in differences model (PSM-DID) to match the treatment group of tourism enterprises and the control group of non-tourism enterprises. We empirically test that the COVID-19 pandemic has produced a more severe impact on the performance of tourism enterprises than other industries. Further analysis shows that given different enterprise equity natures, the characteristics of the board, supervision, and executive salary incentive levels, the COVID-19 pandemic has a heterogeneous impact on the operating performance of tourism enterprises.
Autonomous Photovoltaic LED Urban Street Lighting: Technical, Economic, and Social Viability Analysis Based on a Case Study
Authors: Orejon-Sanchez Rami David , Andres-Diaz Jose Ramon , Gago-Calderon Alfonso
Published: October 2021

This paper analyzes the technical and economic viability and sustainability of urban street lighting installation projects using equipment powered by photovoltaic (PV) energy. First, a description of the state-of-the-art of the technology is performed, studying the components involved in solar LED luminaires for street lighting application and examples of autonomous PV systems installed in different countries. Later, a case study a based on a renovation project of the street lighting installation at a 5000-inhabitant municipality in Lanzarote (Spain) is presented. Two alternatives are analyzed: underground channeling of the previous aerial electrical grid and the installation of LED luminaires, and, on the other hand, the installation of autonomous LED solar luminaires. Simulations concluded that a PV lighting installation proposal guarantees the existing M3 lighting requirements (EN 13201-2:2015) and represents a saving in the material execution budget of 43.78% with respect to the channeled power grid option. Finally, a statistical study has been carried out to assess the social acceptance of Spanish citizens of this autonomous PV technology in urban environments. This considers strengths and weakness of the technology: sustainability, robustness, visual impact, or risk of vandalism. In general, most subjects of all age segments are aware of the problem that means having aerial wiring running at facades (95%) and considers the use of PV in urban lighting sustainable (88%). However, 47% of those surveyed consider that shutdowns due to lack of energy harvesting is problematic and 17% consider this very problematic. This major drawback (visual impact of PV equipment is mostly evaluated as neutral) gives rise to social reluctance, especially in people younger than 50 who remarked this as more problematic than senior segments. Thus, guaranteed operational service is fundamental to have social agreement for PV technology implementation.
Performance Analysis of the Developed Air Source Heat Pump System at Low-to-Medium and High Supply Temperatures for Irish Housing Stock Heat Load Applications
Authors: Abid Muhammad , Hewitt Neil , Huang Ming-Jun , Wilson Christopher , Cotter Donal
Published: October 2021

Decarbonization of the UK residential heating sector is crucial to cut the carbon emissions and meet the legal binding of the Climate Change Act, 2008. The current progress with residential building sector carbon neutrality is slow and, hence, acceleration in action is required. The heat pump (HP) technology was found to be a potential candidate for sustainable development instead of fossil fuel-based oil/gas boilers, but improvement in its coefficient of performance (COP) is essential to compete with the lower gas/oil unit energy cost. The number of studies found in the literature were very limited, with the customized prototype development in the context of Northern Ireland, but without considering the simultaneous impact of heat supply temperature and operating mode of control for performance improvement in different property types. It is evidenced in the literature that the variable speed capacity control approach could improve the annual performance, but the literature has not looked into the compressor efficiencies challenges. In this study, steady state testing with a range of fixed constant heat loads (3–18 KW), done by varying compressor speed and its impact on COP, compressor efficiencies, and inverter losses, was established. The HP performance was measured and evaluated at low (35 °C)-to-medium (45 °C) and high (55 °C) heat supply temperature levels under the controlled laboratory conditions over the experienced ambient temperature. According to the result the COP values varies according to heat supply temperature, ambient temperature conditions, and heating capacity. The HP annual performances with Irish housing stock were evaluated in two modes of control and three case studies (C1, C2, C3) based on the experimentally validated model. The heat load demand in five property types with four age periods were considered in the analysis. The system could meet the required heat load demand for all property types in VSM with different percentage improvements in performance in comparison to FSM depending on the considered case level of the heat supply temperature (C1, C2, C3).
The Use of ICT by Local General Administrative Authorities during COVID-19 for a Sustainable Future: Comparing Five European Countries
Authors: Aristovnik Aleksander , Kovač Polonca , Murko Eva , Ravšelj Dejan , Umek Lan , Bohatá Marie , Hirsch Bernhard , Schäfer Fabienne-Sophie , Tomaževič Nina
Published: October 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly reshaped administrative relations and put emphasis on the digital transformation of public administration that is urgently needed to support a sustainable recovery from the pandemic crisis and future sustainable development in the post-pandemic era. This paper presents a comparative study on the ways the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic impacted general administrative authorities on the local level with respect to various aspects of their functioning and digitalization in five European countries. With a sample of 926 respondents from the Czech Republic, Germany, Poland, Romania, and Slovenia, the study shows that the pandemic-imposed changes are very similar in these countries. The results reveal that, except for Germany, the biggest problems of pandemic-related regulations are their obscurity. For all countries under study, parties to the procedures are shown to be the main driver of digitalization and not the public administration itself, generally lagging behind in this sense. Nevertheless, the pandemic has also created several potential opportunities, whereby public managers, especially in Germany, have acknowledged the importance of digitalization right after the protection of health, as confirmed by the wider use of ICT equipment, particularly in Germany and the Czech Republic. Moreover, Germany and Romania exhibit the greatest potential to accelerate digitalization. Finally, the critical factors influencing accelerated digitalization after the pandemic are also identified. The paper’s evidence-based findings could prove useful while formulating recommendations for the sustainable practices of public administrations during this and any future pandemic crisis.
Lockdowns Save People from Air Pollution: Evidence from Daily Global Tropospheric NO2 Satellite Data
Authors: Yoo Sunbin , Managi Shunsuke
Published: October 2021

Motivated by the global fear of the Coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) pandemic, we investigated whether lockdowns save people from air pollution, notably from Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2). Using daily satellite data from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), we first found that the global NO2 tropospheric vertical column density (TVCD) decreased by 16.5% after the Coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) outbreak. Then, we calculated the global health benefits, as the monetized value of life, using the value of a statistical life (VSL). The total global health benefits were approximately 8.73 trillion USD, accounting for 10% of the global GDP; such benefits would be the largest in China, followed by the United States, Japan and Germany. Our results suggest that lockdowns may bring benefits to countries that policy interventions cannot easily bring, thus highlighting the importance of social distancing.
Inspiring the Next Generation of HPC Engineers with Reconfigurable, Multi-Tenant Resources for Teaching and Research
Authors: Al-Jody Taha , Aagela Hamza , Holmes Violeta
Published: October 2021

There is a tradition at our university for teaching and research in High Performance Computing (HPC) systems engineering. With exascale computing on the horizon and a shortage of HPC talent, there is a need for new specialists to secure the future of research computing. Whilst many institutions provide research computing training for users within their particular domain, few offer HPC engineering and infrastructure-related courses, making it difficult for students to acquire these skills. This paper outlines how and why we are training students in HPC systems engineering, including the technologies used in delivering this goal. We demonstrate the potential for a multi-tenant HPC system for education and research, using novel container and cloud-based architecture. This work is supported by our previously published work that uses the latest open-source technologies to create sustainable, fast and flexible turn-key HPC environments with secure access via an HPC portal. The proposed multi-tenant HPC resources can be deployed on a “bare metal” infrastructure or in the cloud. An evaluation of our activities over the last five years is given in terms of recruitment metrics, skills audit feedback from students, and research outputs enabled by the multi-tenant usage of the resource.
Behavioural Biases Distorting the Demand for Environmentally Friendly Freight Transport Modes: An Overview and Potential Measures
Authors: Stockhammer Verena Maria , Pfoser Sarah , Markvica Karin , Zajicek Jürgen , Prandtstetter Matthias
Published: October 2021

A basic assumption of many scientific theories on the topic of decision making is rational behaviour. However, previous authors assume the existence of behavioural biases in freight transport which impede rational decision making. Hardly any research exists on behavioural biases in freight transport. To address this gap, we carry out a systematic literature review on the influencing factors of freight mode choice and provide empirical evidence for the occurrence of behavioural biases in the logistics sector. Fifteen logistics service providers and six shippers are involved in interviews and a focus group to understand their mode choice process and derive information on the existence of behavioural biases. Several biases showed to exist in the practical decision-making process. For example, decision makers tend to avoid complex options (principle of least effort), they stick to already tried and tested options (status quo bias, zero-risk bias) and they tend to make decisions based on immediate and easily accessible information (availability bias). These biases distort the demand for sustainable freight transport. We therefore conclude with several motivational, cognitive and technological debiasing strategies to reduce the negative impact of behavioural biases in freight transport.
Outdoor Thermal Comfort Optimization through Vegetation Parameterization: Species and Tree Layout
Authors: Sayad Bouthaina , Alkama Djamel , Rebhi Redha , Menni Younes , Ahmad Hijaz , Inc Mustafa , Sharifpur Mohsen , Lorenzini Giulio , Azab Ehab , Elnaggar Ashraf Y.
Published: October 2021

The optimization of outdoor thermal comfort has become the keystone to guarantee the healthy and comfortable use of outdoor spaces. This study aims to optimize the outdoor thermal comfort through vegetation parameterization in a boulevard located in Guelma city, Algeria during summertime. However, two main parameters were investigated, species and tree layout, through a numerical simulation. We first collected microclimate data of a sunny summer day. Second, we used real microclimate data in different simulations using the Envi-met atmospheric model. The findings reveal that Ficus Nitida is the most significant species to intercept solar radiation and provide shade over the day in Souidani Boudjemaa Boulevard, with a maximum reduction of Ta = 0.3 °C and UTCI = 2.6 °C at 13:00 p.m. Tree layout is a determining parameter in the creation of shaded paths, based on the quality of the shadows cast by the trees, namely, their size. Thereby, planting the washingtonia palm trees along the center of the boulevard is the best option to maximize the shaded area within the boulevard, with maximum reduction of Ta = 1.8 °C and UTCI = 3.5 °C at 16:00 p.m.
B Discrepancies Hold Their Ground
Authors: Guadagnoli Diego
Published: October 2021

This write-up aims at a comprehensive discussion of the status of the so-called B-anomalies, as well as their interpretation from an effective-theory point of view. The focus is on presenting facts and physics arguments using the bare minimum of equations and pointing instead to the relevant literature in each specific case.
On the Dynamic Cumulative Past Quantile Entropy Ordering
Authors: Wang Haiyan , Kang Diantong , Yan Lei
Published: October 2021

In many society and natural science fields, some stochastic orders have been established in the literature to compare the variability of two random variables. For a stochastic order, if an individual (or a unit) has some property, sometimes we need to infer that the population (or a system) also has the same property. Then, we say this order has closed property. Reversely, we say this order has reversed closure. This kind of symmetry or anti-symmetry is constructive to uncertainty management. In this paper, we obtain a quantile version of DCPE, termed as the dynamic cumulative past quantile entropy (DCPQE). On the basis of the DCPQE function, we introduce two new nonparametric classes of life distributions and a new stochastic order, the dynamic cumulative past quantile entropy (DCPQE) order. Some characterization results of the new order are investigated, some closure and reversed closure properties of the DCPQE order are obtained. As applications of one of the main results, we also deal with the preservation of the DCPQE order in several stochastic models.
C*-Algebra Valued Modular G-Metric Spaces with Applications in Fixed Point Theory
Authors: Das Dipankar , Mishra Lakshmi Narayan , Mishra Vishnu Narayan , Rosales Hamurabi Gamboa , Dhaka Arvind , Monteagudo Francisco Eneldo López , Fernández Edgar González , Ramirez-delReal Tania A.
Published: October 2021

This article introduces a new type of C*-algebra valued modular G-metric spaces that is more general than both C*-algebra valued modular metric spaces and modular G-metric spaces. Some properties are also discussed with examples. A few common fixed point results in C*-algebra valued modular G-metric spaces are discussed using the “C*-class function”, along with some suitable examples to validate the results. Ulam–Hyers stability is used to check the stability of some fixed point results. As applications, the existence and uniqueness of solutions for a particular problem in dynamical programming and a system of nonlinear integral equations are provided.
New Solitary and Periodic Wave Solutions of (n + 1)-Dimensional Fractional Order Equations Modeling Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Bulut Sadullah , Karabacak Mesut , Ahmad Hijaz , Askar Sameh
Published: October 2021

In this study, first, fractional derivative definitions in the literature are examined and their disadvantages are explained in detail. Then, it seems appropriate to apply the (G′G)-expansion method under Atangana’s definition of β-conformable fractional derivative to obtain the exact solutions of the space–time fractional differential equations, which have attracted the attention of many researchers recently. The method is applied to different versions of (n+1)-dimensional Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equations and new exact solutions of these equations depending on the β parameter are acquired. If the parameter values in the new solutions obtained are selected appropriately, 2D and 3D graphs are plotted. Thus, the decay and symmetry properties of solitary wave solutions in a nonlocal shallow water wave model are investigated. It is also shown that all such solitary wave solutions are symmetrical on both sides of the apex. In addition, a close relationship is established between symmetric and propagated wave solutions.
An Open-Source, Low-Cost Measurement System for Collecting Hydrometeorological Data in the Open Field
Authors: Tatsumi Kenichi , Yamazaki Tomoya , Ishikawa Hirohiko
Published: October 2021

To realize precision agriculture at multiple locations in the field, a low-cost measurement system should be developed for easy collection of hydrometeorological data, such as temperature, moisture, and light. In this study, a compact and low-cost hydrometeorological measurement system with a simplified wire code, which is customizable according to the purpose of observation, was built using a circuit board that connects Arduino to the sensors, which was then implemented and analyzed. The developed system measures air and soil temperatures, soil water content, and photosynthetic photon flux density using a sensor connected to Arduino Uno and saves the continuous, high-temporal-resolution output to an SD card. The results obtained from continuous measurement showed that the data collected using this system was significantly better than those collected using commercially available equipment. Anyone can easily measure the weather environments by using this fully open, highly versatile, portable, and user-friendly system. This system can contribute to the growth and expansion of precision agriculture, field management, development of crop models, and laborsaving. It can also provide a global solution to ongoing agricultural issues and improve the efficiency of farming operations, particularly in developing and low-income countries.
State-of-the-Art Techniques in RF Energy Harvesting Circuits
Authors: Bougas Ioannis D. , Papadopoulou Maria S. , Boursianis Achilles D. , Kokkinidis Konstantinos , Goudos Sotirios K.
Published: October 2021

The exigency for continuous use of electrical devices has created greater demands for electricity along with more efficient transmission techniques. Energy from natural resources can be solar, thermal, vibration, friction, or Radio Frequencies (RF) signals. This state-of-the-art work provides a summary of RF energy harvesting techniques and can be used as a guide for the manufacture of RF energy scavenging modules. The use of Radio Frequency (RF) Energy Harvesting (EH) technique contributes to the development of autonomous energy devices and sensors. A rectenna system includes three main units: the receiving antenna, the impedance matching network, and the rectifier. We thoroughly analyze how to design a rectenna system with special emphasis given on the design of the rectifier. At the same time many works of the last 10 years are presented. This review article categorizes the used topologies depending on the type of antennas, IMNs, and rectifiers and comparatively presents their advantages and disadvantages.
Efficient Degradation of Aflatoxin B1 and Zearalenone by Laccase-like Multicopper Oxidase from Streptomyces thermocarboxydus in the Presence of Mediators
Authors: Qin Xing , Xin Yanzhe , Zou Jiahuan , Su Xiaoyun , Wang Xiaolu , Wang Yaru , Zhang Jie , Tu Tao , Yao Bin , Luo Huiying , Huang Huoqing
Published: October 2021

Multicopper oxidases (MCOs) are a diverse group of enzymes that could catalyze the oxidation of different xenobiotic compounds, with simultaneous reduction in oxygen to water. Aside from laccase, one member of the MCO superfamily has shown great potential in the biodegradation of mycotoxins; however, the mycotoxin degradation ability of other MCOs is uncertain. In this study, a novel MCO-encoding gene, StMCO, from Streptomyces thermocarboxydus, was identified, cloned, and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified recombinant StMCO exhibited the characteristic blue color and bivalent copper ion-dependent enzyme activity. It was capable of oxidizing the model substrate ABTS, phenolic compound DMP, and azo dye RB5. Notably, StMCO could directly degrade aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and zearalenone (ZEN) in the absence of mediators. Meanwhile, the presence of various lignin unit-derived natural mediators or ABTS could significantly accelerate the degradation of AFB1 and ZEN by StMCO. Furthermore, the biological toxicities of their corresponding degradation products, AFQ1 and 13-OH-ZEN-quinone, were remarkably decreased. Our findings suggested that efficient degradation of mycotoxins with mediators might be a common feature of the MCOs superfamily. In summary, the unique properties of MCOs make them good candidates for degrading multiple major mycotoxins in contaminated feed and food.
Beta Equilibrium under Neutron Star Merger Conditions
Authors: Alford Mark G. , Haber Alexander , Harris Steven P. , Zhang Ziyuan
Published: October 2021

We calculate the nonzero-temperature correction to the beta equilibrium condition in nuclear matter under neutron star merger conditions, in the temperature range 1mEv < T ≲ 5 mEv. We improve on previous work using a consistent description of nuclear matter based on the IUF and SFHo relativistic mean field models. This includes using relativistic dispersion relations for the nucleons, which we show is essential in these models. We find that the nonzero-temperature correction can be of order 10 to 20 MeV, and plays an important role in the correct calculation of Urca rates, which can be wrong by factors of 10 or more if it is neglected.
Astroparticle Physics with Compact Objects
Authors: Tinyakov Peter , Pshirkov Maxim , Popov Sergei
Published: October 2021

Probing the existence of hypothetical particles beyond the Standard model often deals with extreme parameters: large energies, tiny cross-sections, large time scales, etc. Sometimes, laboratory experiments can test required regions of parameter space, but more often natural limitations lead to poorly restrictive upper limits. In such cases, astrophysical studies can help to expand the range of values significantly. Among astronomical sources, used in interests of fundamental physics, compact objects—neutron stars and white dwarfs—play a leading role. We review several aspects of astroparticle physics studies related to observations and properties of these celestial bodies. Dark matter particles can be collected inside compact objects resulting in additional heating or collapse. We summarize regimes and rates of particle capturing as well as possible astrophysical consequences. Then, we focus on a particular type of hypothetical particles—axions. Their existence can be uncovered due to observations of emission originated due to the Primakoff process in magnetospheres of neutron stars or white dwarfs. Alternatively, they can contribute to the cooling of these compact objects. We present results in these areas, including upper limits based on recent observations.
Current Understanding of the Innate Control of Toll-like Receptors in Response to SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Authors: Jung Hi Eun , Lee Heung Kyu
Published: October 2021

The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, threatens the entire world. It has affected every aspect of life and increased the burden on both healthcare and socioeconomic systems. Current studies have revealed that excessive inflammatory immune responses are responsible for the severity of COVID-19, which suggests that anti-inflammatory drugs may be promising therapeutic treatments. However, there are currently a limited number of approved therapeutics for COVID-19. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize microbial components derived from invading pathogens, are involved in both the initiation of innate responses against SARS-CoV-2 infection and the hyperinflammatory phenotype of COVID-19. In this review, we provide current knowledge on the pivotal role of TLRs in immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 infection and demonstrate the potential effectiveness of TLR-targeting drugs on the control of hyperinflammation in patients with COVID-19.
Dynamics of Viral Shedding and Symptoms in Patients with Asymptomatic or Mild COVID-19
Authors: Bae Seongman , Kim Ji Yeun , Lim So Yun , Park Heedo , Cha Hye Hee , Kwon Ji-Soo , Suh Mi Hyun , Lee Hyun Jung , Lim Joon Seo , Jung Jiwon , Kim Min Jae , Chong Yong Pil , Lee Sang-Oh , Choi Sang-Ho , Kim Yang Soo , Lee Ho Young , Lee Sohyun , Park Man-Seong , Kim Sung-Han
Published: October 2021

We conducted a prospective cohort study at a community facility designated for the isolation of individuals with asymptomatic or mild COVID-19 between 10 January and 22 February 2021 to investigate the relationship of viral shedding with symptom changes of COVID-19. In total, 89 COVID-19 adult patients (12 asymptomatic, 16 presymptomatic, 61 symptomatic) were enrolled. Symptom scores, the genomic RNA and subgenomic RNA of SARS-CoV-2 from saliva samples with a cell culture were measured. Asymptomatic COVID-19 patients had a similar viral load to symptomatic patients during the early course of the disease, but exhibited a rapid decrease in viral load with the loss of infectivity. Subgenomic RNA and viable virus by cell culture in asymptomatic patients were detected only until 3 days after diagnosis, and the positivity of the subgenomic RNA and cell culture in symptomatic patients gradually decreased in both from 40% in the early disease course to 13% at 10 days and 4% at 8 days after the symptom onset, respectively. In conclusion, symptomatic patients have a high infectivity with high symptom scores during the early disease course and gradually lose infectivity depending on the symptom. Conversely, asymptomatic patients exhibit a rapid decrease in viral load with the loss of infectivity, despite a similar viral load during the early disease course.
Species-Specific Inhibition of Necroptosis by HCMV UL36
Authors: Muscolino Elena , Castiglioni Claudia , Brixel Renke , Frascaroli Giada , Brune Wolfram
Published: October 2021

Viral infection activates cellular antiviral defenses including programmed cell death (PCD). Many viruses, particularly those of the Herpesviridae family, encode cell death inhibitors that antagonize different forms of PCD. While some viral inhibitors are broadly active in cells of different species, others have species-specific functions, probably reflecting the co-evolution of the herpesviruses with their respective hosts. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) protein UL36 is a dual cell death pathway inhibitor. It blocks death receptor-dependent apoptosis by inhibiting caspase-8 activation, and necroptosis by binding to the mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) protein and inducing its degradation. While UL36 has been shown to inhibit apoptosis in human and murine cells, the specificity of its necroptosis-inhibiting function has not been investigated. Here we show that UL36 interacts with both human and murine MLKL, but has a higher affinity for human MLKL. When expressed by a recombinant mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV), UL36 caused a modest reduction of murine MLKL levels but did not inhibit necroptosis in murine cells. These data suggest that UL36 inhibits necroptosis, but not apoptosis, in a species-specific manner, similar to ICP6 of herpes simplex virus type 1 and MC159 of molluscum contagiosum virus. Species-specific necroptosis inhibition might contribute to the narrow host range of these viruses.
A Sex-Stratified Analysis of Monocyte Phenotypes Associated with HIV Infection in Uganda
Authors: Huaman Moises A. , Feria Manuel G. , Kityo Cissy , Nalukwago Sophie , Nazzinda Rashidah , Zidar David A. , Zanni Markella V. , Siedner Mark J. , Grinspoon Steven K. , Longenecker Chris T.
Published: October 2021

Women with HIV may experience higher rates of non-AIDS comorbidities compared to men with HIV, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. We investigated sex-related differences in the effects of HIV on monocyte phenotypes within the Ugandan Study of HIV effects on the Myocardium and Atherosclerosis (mUTIMA). Of 133 participants who provided blood for flow cytometry assays, 86 (65%) were women and 91 (68%) were persons living with HIV (PLWH) on antiretroviral therapy. The median age was 57 (interquartile range, 52–63) years. PLWH exhibited a lower proportion of circulating CD14+CD16- classical monocytes (66.3% vs. 75.1%; p < 0.001), and higher proportion of CD14+CD16+ inflammatory monocytes (17% vs. 11.7%; p = 0.005) compared to HIV-uninfected participants. PLWH had an increased expression of the chemokine receptor CX3CR1 in total monocytes (CX3CR1+ monocytes, 24.5% vs. 4.7%; p < 0.001) and monocyte subsets. These findings were generally similar when analyzed by sex, with no significant interactions between sex and HIV status in adjusted models. Our data show that the inflammatory monocyte subset is expanded and monocyte CX3CR1 chemokine receptor expression is enhanced among PLWH, regardless of sex. Whether these parameters differentially affect risk for non-AIDS comorbidities and clinical outcomes in women with HIV requires additional investigation.
Ongoing Assessment of the Molecular Evolution of Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus Continues to Question Viral Origins
Authors: Mahapatra Mana , Pachauri Richa , Subramaniam Saravanan , Banyard Ashley C. , ChandraSekar Shanmugam , Ramakrishnan Muthannan Andavar , Njeumi Felix , Muthuchelvan Dhanavelu , Parida Satya
Published: October 2021

Understanding the evolution of viral pathogens is critical to being able to define how viruses emerge within different landscapes. Host susceptibility, which is spread between different species and is a contributing factor to the subsequent epidemiology of a disease, is defined by virus detection and subsequent characterization. Peste des petits ruminants virus is a plague of small ruminant species that is a considerable burden to the development of sustainable agriculture across Africa and much of Asia. The virus has also had a significant impact on populations of endangered species in recent years, highlighting its significance as a pathogen of high concern across different regions of the globe. Here, we have re-evaluated the molecular evolution of this virus using novel genetic data to try and further resolve the molecular epidemiology of this disease. Viral isolates are genetically characterized into four lineages (I−IV), and the historic origin of these lineages is of considerable interest to the molecular evolution of the virus. Our re-evaluation of viral emergence using novel genome sequences has demonstrated that lineages I, II and IV likely originated in West Africa, in Senegal (I) and Nigeria (II and IV). Lineage III sequences predicted emergence in either East Africa (Ethiopia) or in the Arabian Peninsula (Oman and/or the United Arab Emirates), with a paucity of data precluding a more refined interpretation. Continual refinements of evolutionary emergence, following the generation of new data, is key to both understanding viral evolution from a historic perspective and informing on the ongoing genetic emergence of this virus.
Assessment of Water Quality Regulation Functions in Southwestern Europe Watersheds
Authors: Cakir Roxelane , Raimonet Mélanie , Sauvage Sabine , Walcker Romain , Gerino Magali , Sánchez-Pérez José
Published: October 2021

Estimation at large scale of the water quality regulation services is still lacking. It is essential to develop methodological approaches to quantify nutrient-related functions’ distribution. The present study aims to quantify nitrate-related ecological functions through nitrate net balance (NNB), nitrate removal (NR), and nitrate production (NP). This study explores the spatiotemporal dynamics of these indicators in South-Western Europe (SUDOE, 216 subsystems over 81 basins) at a monthly scale from 2000 to 2010. We use the Soil and Water Assessment Tool model to simulate nutrient transfer at the subsystem scale (~3000 km2) and calculate ecological functions. The modeled NNB is validated at the subsystem scale by comparing with NNB predicted at the water body scale (~60 km2) over the Garonne watershed (France). Hot spots of NR are located in the south of SUDOE, characterized by a warmer and dryer climate, whereas NP hot spots are located in the most anthropized streams. The mean NNB (the balance between NP and NR) at the subsystem scale for the SUDOE territory reaches −3.5 and −2.8 gN m−2 day−1 during the most active seasons. The results highlight drivers influencing NR such as streamflow, river slope, and hydrological alteration. Getting an overview of where and when these nitrate regulation functions (NP and NR) occur is essential for socio-ecosystem sustainability and this study highlights its sensitivity to anthropogenic stressors.