bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
UJI EFEKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI KOMBINASI EKSTRAK DAUN PALIASA (Kleinhovia hospita L) VARIETAS BUNGA PUTIH DAN BUNGA UNGU TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli
Authors: Rusli Rusli , Hafid Muliana , Badjadji Novi Nugrayati
Published: October 2018

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui kemampuan daya hambat Daun Paliasa (Kleinhovia hospita L) Varietas Bunga Putih Dan Bunga Ungu Terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus Dan Escherichia coli. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah eksperimental laboratorium yang dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Fakultas Matematika Dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Universitas Hasanuddin Makassar. Penelitian ini menggunakan sampel daun paliasa bunga ungu, bunga putih, serta kombinasi daun paliasa bunga ungu : bunga putih dengan perbandingan 1:1, 1:2, dan 2:1. Hasil penelitian menunjukan terdapat adanya daya hambatan terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus Dan Escherichia coli. Setelah dilanjutkan dengan Uji Analisis Variasi dan Uji Beda Nyata Terkecil yang lebih efektif pada kombinasi 2:1 (bunga ungu : bunga putih).
OMMISSION AND ERROR
Authors: Editor Managing
Published: October 2018

We make corrections in abstract (page 35) of September 2016 issue for the article "Healthcare waste management in Pakistan: A situation analysis and way forward" by adding the missing conclusion in printing as below: "Healthcare waste management in Pakistan is not following the rules and guidelines. It is imperative that a comprehensive national action plan based on this study's results should be implemented across the country".
CLINICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL FINDINGS OF HEPATITIS-A OUTBREAK IN DHOKE KANETY, ISLAMBAD
Authors: A Khan Mumtaz , A. R. Muazam , JA Ansari , R.Rathore Tayyab , M Baig Amir , Muzafar Shehla , M Safdar Rana , A Rana Jawad
Published: October 2018

Background: Hepatitis-A has an estimated global disease burden of 1.4 million/ year. Poor sanitation leads to children getting infected before the age of 10. A cluster of 10 Hepatitis-A patients was reported from Dhok-Kanety, Islamabad (approx. population 225) and an outbreak investigation was conducted from February 09 â€“15, 2014.Methods: A case control study was conducted during 9-10 February 2014 in Dhoke Kanety, District Islamabad, Pakistan. A total of 24 cases and 72 Age and gender matched controls were selected from the study area. A case definition for Hepatitis A developed by World Health Organization was used to identify the suspected and confirmed cases. The cases and controls were interviewed and information was collected using a questionnaire including basic epidemiologic information, symptoms, time of onset, medical care, previous history of Jaundice, drinking water sources, consumption of raw vegetables and salad, and sanitation facilities. Samples of blood and water collected for laboratory analysis. Blood samples were tested through 3rd generation ELISA technique and water samples were analyzed through Physiochemical and Microbiological techniques at National Institute of Health Islamabad. Descriptive and inferential methods were used including person chi square test of independence and odd ratios for association. Data was analyzed through Epi-info soft ware and SPSS.Results: The average age of the respondents remained 8 years (range of 3-13 years). Half of the respondents were female. Overall attack rate was 27%. Among cases, 19 consumed well water (OR 14.4; 95% CI 7.5-18.7; p <0.05); 17 had open-drain toilets (OR 4.5.; 95% CI 2.2-6.2; p <0.05) and 17 had a contact with a case (OR 19; 95% CI 7-27; p <0.05). Moreover, boiling water (6/24; OR 0.1; 95% CI 0.04-0.3; p <0.05) and chlorination (5/24; OR 0.14; 95% CI 0.04-0.4; p <0.05) showed a protective effect. Results from water samples showed presence of fecal coliforms. Municipal water supply was disrupted due to civil works and a well was used as the source of water.Conclusion: Contaminated well water was identified as the source of infection. Health education was imparted onhygiene/sanitation.
ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICES REGARDING VITAMIN D AMONG STUDENTS OF SAIDU MEDICAL COLLEGE, SWAT
Authors: Haq Fazale , Khan Rukhsana , Mustehsan Zille Huma
Published: October 2018

Background: Vitamin D is also known as the â€œVitamin of Sunâ€. More than one billion people are suffering from Vitamin D deficiency globally; it is an epidemic and a very serious global public health problem. In South Asia, Vitamin D deficiency is quite prevalent. Many recent studies have shown that vitamin D helps in preventing cancer, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes.Objectives: To assess the knowledge, attitude, dietary and sunshine practices regarding Vitamin D among students of Saidu Medical College, Swat.Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out among 106 students of Saidu Medical College, Swat. Self-administered questionnaire was distributed to all students and data was analyzed on SPSS 20.Results: Majority of the students 72% had good knowledge of Vitamin D and its synthesis in the body. 91% of the students were aware of the source of Vitamin D and 87.5% knew about sources of vitamin D. However, the  attitude of students towards sunlight exposure was poor as 65.2% students disliked being in the sun, 62.5%  thought that sunlight exposure was harmful for skin, and 65.4% of the students thought that their Vitamin D  levels were sufficient without getting their laboratory tests done.59.6% students used sunscreen in summer.Conclusion: The student's knowledge about Vitamin D was good but their attitude towards sun exposure and dietary practices did not match their knowledge. Medical students, being the future physicians and health care providers, must possess current knowledge about Vitamin D and should also look after their own health and dietary practices.
CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES TO ACCESS HEALTH CARE IN URBAN SLUMS OF LAGOS-STATE IN NIGERIA
Authors: Aregbeshola Bolaji Samson , Onigbogi Olanrewaju Olusola , Khan Samina Mohsin
Published: October 2018

Background: Access to healthcare is a major public health challenge, especially in developing countries. Many Nigerians cannot avail the healthcare services they need with those in the urban slums being the worst hit. The aim of the study is to determine the issues regarding accessibility of healthcare services in three urban slums of Lagos State in Nigeria. All the aspects of accessibility including the geographical, financial and socio-cultural factors affecting the healthcare access were assessed. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among slum dwellers of three urban slums in Lagos-State. A sample size of 427 individuals was used. The subjects were recruited using multi-stage sampling technique. Data was collected using a structured self-administered and close-ended questionnaire that was adapted from World Health Organization. Variables on geographical accessibility, financial accessibility and social-cultural factors affecting accessibility were analysed. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 15 software. Results: A total of 80.3% of the respondents had an estimated travel distance ranging from 6 to 10 km to reach a healthcare facility. About 10-20% of the monthly household income was spent on healthcare by 46.8% of respondents. A total of 97.9% of respondents had no health insurance coverage. Self-medication was reported by 77.8% of the respondents who were unable to pay for healthcare services. Only 43.1% of respondents utilized government hospitals as the first point of contact. Conclusion: Our study concludes that there is limited geographical and financial access to healthcare services for slum dwellers in Lagos-State especially due to their financial constraints that affect their accessibility to healthcare services. Access to healthcare services still remains a major issue in slums of Nigeria. Increasing the coverage of the National Health Insurance Scheme and strengthening the primary healthcare infrastructure would help in addressing the issues of accessibility to healthcare in urban slums.
AWARENESS OF PROBLEMS DUE TO MENSTRUATION IN SCHOOL GOING GIRLS - HYDERABAD SINDH
Authors: Nawaz Shama , Khalid Rozina , Serani Nandlal
Published: October 2018

Background: Menstruation is a major stage of puberty in girls, one of the many physical signs that a girl is turning into a woman. Women having better knowledge about menstrual hygiene and safe practices are less vulnerable to RTI and its consequences. Therefore, increased knowledge about menstruation right from childhood may escalate practices and may help in mitigating the suffering of millions of women. This study carried out to gather information regarding menstruation, hygiene related practices and its related problems among adolescent girls along with to review perceptions, belief and expectations regarding menstruation among adolescent girls. Methods: A Cross-sectional study was conducted, 314 girls of 12 to 15 years were identified as sample from 5 girls high schools. Pre tested pre designed questionnaire was used. Data were analyzed by using SPSS (Version 22). Descriptive statistics used to determine mean age of the subjects, age at menarche, frequency of menstrual disorders and activities affected by this condition. Results: Mean age of the sample was 14.25 years, with mean age of menarche 12.6 years. 52.6% of the girls belong to the mothers who are illiterate. 50.7% girls were aware of menstruation before menarche with major source of the information is mother (71.2%). 97.8% perceived menstruation as a normal process. 55.1% participants said they missed their school during menstruation. 96.4% experiencing pain and cloth was most common source of absorbent used by 60.2%. Conclusion: Mothers are the main source of information for young girls. Major reason for absenteeism from school was fear of stain, it has been suggested through cleanliness available for changing absorbent (pad/cloth) the ratio of absenteeism can be reduce.
CHALLENGES OF HOSPITAL PREPAREDNESS IN DISASTERS IN BALOCHISTAN
Authors: Ullah Saleem , Latif Noureen , Nasre Alam Ali , Zaman Tabinda
Published: October 2018

Background: Unique geo-climatic conditions, natural calamities, political conflicts and skeptic social wellbeing with frequent acts of terrorism has made Balochistan more prone to disasters. The hospitals need to be prepared to save lives of large number of patients in a limited time. Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify the challenges faced by Public hospitals of Balochistan while preparing to deal with mass casualty incidents. Methods: A cross sectional descriptive, exploratory methodology was applied to study. Ten hospitals were selected on the basis of capability and locations so as to cover all regions of the province. An opinion survey and few semi structured informal interviews were also conducted with key hospital personnel. Questionnaire was based on standards specified by WHO on the subject .The study was completed in one and half year period. Results: Health sector in Balochistan is generally mismanaged and poorly developed where majority of population is deprived of healthcare facilities. People mostly rely on the trauma management facilities of military hospitals in emergency situations. Study revealed that 80 percent of the hospitals were without any formal written plan. Major weaknesses observed were regarding training of staff, mental health services, hospital networking, security of facility, and lack of an organized system of pre-hospital management of casualties. Conclusion: There is dire need of establishment of central command and crisis control system especially for Quetta city in case of disaster. Starting a prehospital care rescue service such as 1122 is needed. The Security issues of health care facilities should be dealt with in view of the threat perception and possible tactics adopted by terrorists nowadays. Thus a workable plan is required which needs review and refinement after each drill or crisis situation to meet the challenges of timely and efficient medical response.
FREQUENCY OF BETA-THALLASSEMIA TRAIT AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN IN THEIR LAST TRIMESTER WITH HYPOCHROMIC MICROCYTIC ANEMIA
Authors: Khan Hamzulla , Shah Fareedullah , Khan Khalid
Published: October 2018

Background: Beta-Thalassaemia is a public health issue. Generally, very few people know about it in detail. Due to ignorance, government bear tremendous financial cost to care for it. Methods: This was a cross sectional observational study conducted in an outdoor patient department (OPD) of Gynecology and obstetrics of a Postgraduate Medical Institute at Peshawar, from August 2012 to Jan 2013. A Total of 56 women in their last trimester of pregnancy were included. Required information's were recorded on predesigned proforrma as per objectives of the study. Results: Most of the participants were of age 20 to 49 years with mean+ SD of 34+3.4years. Majority (87.5%) of the Red Blood Cell (RBC) count was equal or less than 4600000/cmm3. A few (12.5%) of the participants had their RBC count more than 4600000/cmm3. More than two-thirds (76.79%) had RDW (Red Cell Width Distribution SD) below 45%, while less (20.21%) had RDW more than 45%. The seven cases that had high RBC count underwent Hb- Electrophoresis where in two cases (3.2%) were reported to be ? -thalssaemia trait. Conclusion: Majority of the patient were having low RBC count that needed further investigations i.e Serum Ferritin to confirm the iron deficiency. Similarly those who have had high RBC count when subjected to Hb-electrophoresis, showed B.thallassemia trait. We suggest all those cases having RBC count more than 4600000/cmm3 and RDW-SD less than 45% may further be screened for thalssaemia trait, that may help to counselling families for future.
BEHAVIOURAL CHANGES WITH AGE IN A SAMPLE OF PAKISTANI ADOLESCENTS
Authors: Jibril Huzefa , Saleem Hafiz Noman , Naseem Syed Danish , Khan Karam , Khan Aqal
Published: October 2018

Introduction: As adolescents move from being children to young adults, behavioural modifications occur during this transition period. Studies from other countries have shown decreasing physical activity and increasing use of alcohol and tobacco. Such studies have allowed interventions to be developed that have led to better outcomes. This study aims to identify areas of concern to allow target interventions to be developed. Objectives: Identify behavioural changes that occur in adolescents as they progress through school. Methods: A self-administered questionnaire was developed consisting of 28 questions on various categories. 2 schools of Karachi were chosen and permission was obtained from the principal of the respective schools. The questionnaire was administered to students of grade 6, 8 and 10 in the classroom after obtaining informed consent. Results: A total of 603 students participated in the study. 191 students were from grade 6, 197 were from grade 8 and 215 were from grade 10. Physical activity and healthy eating habits decreased moving from grade 6 to grade 10. Increasing trends were seen in internet use, cigarette smoking and sheesha use. Parental involvement in their children's studying was less amongst students of grade 10 then students of grade 6 and grade 8. Conclusion: As indicated by previous studies adolescent behaviour seems to be becoming more unproductive as adolescents progress through school. Unhealthy eating habits, decreased physical activity and increased risky behaviour were seen in adolescents in higher grades. Some of this behaviour appear to get progressively worse as the student progresses through school while others occur at specific times.
REASONS FOR CHOOSING SPECIALTY AFTER GRADUATION AMONG STUDENTS OF A PRIVATE MEDICAL COLLEGE IN PAKISTAN
Authors: Shaikh Imran , Noreen Khola , Khalid Nadia , Nehra Riasat Ali , Khan Kauser Aftab , Qureshi Farhan Muhammad
Published: October 2018

Background: Diverse factors influence the career choice of undergraduate medical students. This study was carried out to identify career preferences and factors influencing their selection among undergraduate medical students Methods: The descriptive cross sectional study was conducted among under graduate students. Final MBBS medical students (84) were interviewed. They were interviewed for career preference after finishing medical school and then for reasons of choosing a specific specialty. All information gathered was on voluntary basis. Anonymity and confidentiality was maintained. The study was approved by the college ethical review committee Results: Out of total 84 students 61 (72.6%, males & females) decided about the specialty in final year while 23 (27.4%, males & females) were undecided in choosing their specialty. Among those who have decided in males (n=13) Internal Medicine was the first choice with 68.4% (n=13), general surgery 63% (n=12) followed by Pediatrics 31.6% (n=7). Among females n=31, internal medicine was the first choice with 59% (n=31), Pediatrics 38% (n=16) followed by Family Medicine 38% (n=16) and General Surgery 35% (n=15). Regarding factors influencing choice of specialty personal interest is the top factor in males & females with 72%(n=44), content of specialty 16% (n=10), role model and close interaction with patients15% (n=9), financial reward ranks fourth13% (n=8) and intellectual challenge & desire practice setting 11.5% (n=7). Among undecided for specialty (males & females) n=23, most of the students are of the opinion that insufficient information is the top most reason (56%) n=13, followed by lack of guidance (43%) n =10, lack of role model (39%) n=9 is the third leading factor for being undecided. Conclusion: The trend of preferring Clinical over Basic Sciences is evident in the study. Interestingly Family medicine was also a preferred specialty among females. In improving the health outcomes Pakistan needs Family physicians trained to provide low cost services at community level.
MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES AND RELEVANT LEGISLATION IN A DEVELOPING COUNTRY
Authors: Inayat Shafquat
Published: October 2018

Mental health legislation compiles and integrates fundamental doctrine, principles, goals, objectives and mental health policy. This legislation is required to assure that the self-respect and the dignity of patients is conserved and that their fundamental rights are protected. This article considers legislation in the Indo-Pak subcontinent, especially the Mental Health Act in Pakistan, and asserts that the act has limitation that serve as a barrier to mental health services currently provided in Pakistan. The purpose of this article is to identify the mental health legislation in a developing country like Pakistan. It also emphasizes the need of a modern mental health law that provides priority to protect the rights of patient with mental disorder to promote development of community based care and improves its access.
TRAVEL ASSOCIATED CASES OF CHIKUNGUNYA FEVER (CHIKF) IN ISLAMABAD DECEMBER, 2016
Authors: Mehmood Amjad , Khan Mumtaz Ali , Khan Fawad Khalid , Hussain Zakir
Published: October 2018

Due to significant climate changes in Pakistan and other Asian countries, the rising temperature has supported outbreak of many Arboviral illnesses. Cases of Chikungunya, an arboviral disease, started to surface in the second week of November, 2016. Karachi being the largest city of Pakistan, a large number of people travel from Karachi to other areas of Pakistan every day. Two cases travelled from Karachi to Islamabad and developed flu like illness with high grade fever and body aches. Both cases were hospitalized and investigated for conclusive diagnosis. Investigations revealed that both cases were positive for Chikungunya fever. These were first travel associated cases in Islamabad, originated from Karachi. After identification of these cases, necessary preventive & control measures were taken by local health authorities to contain the spread of disease. Dengue and Chikungunya transmitted through the bites of infected Aedes mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus) and there is an urgent need to take appropriate measures in all dengue endemic areas because there is a potential risk of massive Chikungunya outbreaks in areas where the vector is populated.
MAPPING THE BARRIERS OF RECEIVES AFFORDABLE MENSTRUAL HYGIENE PRODUCTS AND HEALTHCARE SERVICES AT THE RURAL SETTING OF BANGLADESH
Authors: Islam Mohammad Shamsal , Quddus Abul Hasnat Golam , Foroushani Abbas Rahimi
Published: October 2018

Background: Menstrual hygiene health has paramount importance for the adolescents and women. The evidence based studies on menstrual hygiene management are very few and far less in rural setting of Bangladesh possibly for lack of interest in research and non-availability of the fund. Relatively menstrual hygiene do not lessen its importance as a subject as it one of the major cause of reproductive tract infections of adolescents and women. Methods: The study had two sets of data: one set of data was collected from the community through in-depth interview and another was from Informal Group Discussions (IGD). Fisher (1993) formula was followed to determine the sample size. The data has been analyzed using SPSS. Descriptive and Qualitative statistical tools were performed to analyze the collected data. A total 500 adolescents and women were interviewed from four Upazilas. Results: Mothers (78%) were the reliable place for the sharing respondent's first menstrual experiences. About 95% respondents believed myths of the society about menstrual hygiene. About 78% respondents were used to old cloth. The collection of menstrual hygiene materials and dispose of used products were vexing problems in the rural setting. The major portion (63%) has dreamed of having of menstrual hygiene product with good quality. The low cost of a product (p<.001), expected healthcare services (p<.040), awareness programs (p<.001), social media (p<.002) are useful tools to increase the user's having menstrual hygiene products and receiving services in the rural setting. Conclusions: The government should have scheme for adolescents and women at rural setting address to culture and beliefs, resources and practice. To improve the capacity of adolescents and women to practice quality and affordable sanitary napkin, it is recommended that to start sensitizing activities at community setting immediately.
KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE OF LADY HEALTH VISITORS REGARDING CERVICAL CANCER IN PUBLIC SECTOR MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH CENTERS IN LAHORE, PAKISTAN
Authors: Zafar Noreen , Zahira Anam , Ud din Moeen , Naz Iffat , Choudhary Anwar , Rana Saleem M
Published: October 2018

Background: Globally cancer has grown as public health issue in developing and developed countries, especially swiftly spreading in low income areas because there are inadequate means for prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Methods: A hospital based cross-sectional research study was conducted from 11th December to 31st, 2016. There are total 52 centers in Lahore are working to provide the basic MCH health services in the community headed by Lady Heath Visitors. Hence; all Lady Heath Visitors were selected to participate in the study and were interviewed at their center by a trained research associate. Results: All respondents had basic knowledge about cervical cancer. 96.1% respondents were aware about speculums used in gynecology examination, and rests were not aware. 94.2% were familiar with indication of cervical cancer, 92.3% were aware about indication for doing a speculum examination and 82.7% told that they were able to diagnose cervical cancer in routine gynecological examination and same percentage reported that they had been taught how to do speculum examination. Conclusion: Majority of staff had insufficient knowledge regarding cervical cancer prevalence, treatment and prevention. Practices of the health providers were not up to minimum standard of any basic health services.
FUTURE OF HEALTH POLICY & SYSTEMS RESEARCH: TRANSITIONING FROM MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENTAL GOALS TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTAL GOALS FOR IMPROVING HEALTH
Authors: Feroz Anam , Abbasi Imran Naeem , Aftab Wafa , Rabbani Fauziah
Published: October 2018

The importance of health policy and systems research (HPSR) for strengthening health systems is widely recognized. However, availability and uptake of research evidence for health systems to formulate evidence informed policies is challenging. The transition from Millennium Development Goals to Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) represents a new global promise to health by encompassing a broader range of economic, environmental, and social pillars of sustainable development. The adoption of the 2030 agenda offers an exciting opportunity for strengthening health system governance. The integration of HPSR is essential for the fulfillment of SDGs through the collaboration of multiple sectors and policy coherence. Various innovative strategies have been recognized to build strong partnerships between researchers, policy-makers, and academicians to highlight the role of HPSR in realizing and achieving SDGs. Multilateral and bilateral organizations working in the field of HPSR can play a facilitatory role to inform the development of healthcare reforms through strategic engagement among a variety of stakeholders.
PREVALENCE OF DEPRESSION IN MEDICAL STUDENTS AT RAWAL INSTITUTE OF HEALTH SCIENCES, ISLAMABAD
Authors: Hassan Uzma , Azam Naila , Farooq Ayesha , Khan Najm US Saqib
Published: October 2018

Background: Depression is a common mental disorder, a reason of disability and can lead to suicidal tendency. It is a major contributor to the global burden of disease, causing more than 350 million, all age people suffering from depression. Medical Institute is a stressful and competitive atmosphere so the medical students have to make a lot of personal and social sacrifice to retain respectable educational grades. This pressure may result in an extensive range of psychological ailments like depression, tension and anxiety. Objective: To determine the prevalence of depression in medical students at Rawal Institute of Health Sciences, Islamabad. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted over six months using the non-probability convenience method of sampling. Total 100 students from different classes of 1st to 5th year MBBS were included. A close ended questionnaire was used by interview method and response was noted against thirteen study variables related to symptoms of depression. The prevalence of depression in students was calculated based on the ICD-10 criteria; according to which they were categorized as "no depression" having less than four symptoms, "mild depression" having four symptoms, "moderate depression" having four to six symptoms and "severe depression" having seven or more symptoms. Results: Out of 100 students 55% students were suffering from depression: among which 15 % were having mild depression, 23 % had moderate depression and 17 % had severe depression. It was more common among female students, residing in hostels. Conclusion: The results depicted that there is high prevalence of depression in medical students, more among female students. This study sets an important groundwork for more elaborate and extensive future studies. It is recommended that the Institutes should have comprehensive educational programs, regarding preventive measures about mental health syndromes, and implementation of rehabilitative approaches in this regard.
KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE OF MEDICAL STUDENTS TOWARDS RESEARCH AT RAWAL INSTITUTE OF HEALTH SCIENCES
Authors: Abdul Qadeer Asma , Ul Haque Mirza Inam , Hassan Uzma , Rahim Sheikh kashif , Bangash Shakila
Published: October 2018

Background: Research plays a prominent role in day to day life. Very little amount of literature is available on students interest and involvement in research in Pakistan, Most of the studies are quite old and new studies are required to identify the changing trends. It is therefore important to understand and highlight the attitudes and barriers of undergraduate medical students come across in conducting quality research. Objective: Our study intended to assess the knowledge and attitude of medical students at RIHS towards research. Methods: A cross sectional study of five months duration was carried out at RIHS. Sample size of 224 MBBS students was taken, with 5% margin of error and 95% confidence level. Response rate was 67%. Data was collected through close ended questionnaire and was analyzed using SPSS version 17/MS excel. Results: Most (65%) of the students only knew about research and its uses. The rest of 35% had no idea what research is about and what is the process. Out of those 65% who had knowledge, 39% students have conducted research in their life time, out of those 39 %, 16% have previous exposure of conducting research at school, and 23% have done it as a part of mandatory training at medical college (RIHS). The rest of students have done it with their teachers as a part of the team. Conclusion: The most important finding in this research was suggestion of enforcement of research project in the curriculum and as a part of their assessment and the preponderance of participating students considered it difficult to conduct research , with the most common barrier being lack of time, research training , schooling background, and the lack of motivation.
DETERMINANTS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN CHOOSING NURSING PROFESSION AS CAREER, A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF NURSING STUDENTS AT DISTRICT KHAIRPUR SINDH, PAKISTAN.
Authors: Mallah Faheem Ahmed , Khan Shahzad Ali , Buriro Nazeer Ali , Baloch Muhammad Baqar , Parveen Mrs. Surriya
Published: October 2018

Background: Nursing is an important tier for the health care delivery system. Nurses are holding essential and largest part of health delivery system from direct care to management, performing many functions for the smooth operations of the health care delivery system. Nursing education ignored in Pakistan nowadays many nurses are being enrolled in nursing schools every year. Changes people to join nursing profession may vary from one another. Objectives: Our study's objectives were to explore motivating factors for the nursing profession, and to assess the motivational factors among student nurses. Methods: We conducted Focus Group Discussions with nursing students. Thematic content analysis was done after assigning codes, making sub categories and categories and then driving sub themes and themes. Results: Factors such as wish to become nurse, mostly an alternate as failure to get admission in medicine, to fulfill parents wish, financial support job either public or private and get a chance to settle abroad, and seeking stipend during training. Easy public, private or clinic set up and jobs abroad. According to our study findings most students chose nursing profession as alternate but not their first choice, many personal, professional and financial factors attract students to enroll into the nursing. Conclusion: We conclude that most of the nursing student's perceive nursing being more suitable for females supporting their financial health.
KNOWLEDGE OF ANTIBIOTIC PRESCRIPTION FOR ENDODONTIC TREATMENT IN FINAL YEAR STUDENTS AND HOUSE OFFICERS.
Authors: Jawa Zehra Azhar , Jawa Laila Azhar , BDS Jamil , Sajid Mustafa , Javaid Muhammad Mohsin
Published: October 2018

Background: Antibiotics have been used extensively for the management of odontogenic infections since their discovery. Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the knowledge of the antibiotic prescription during endodontic therapy and common errors made by fourth-year students and house officers at Multan Medical and Dental College. This study conducted in August 2017. Methods: Questionnaire was designed, regarding pattern of prescription of antibiotics by the dentists and the conditions for which they were prescribed. The self investigated questionnaire investigated dental students and house officer's knowledge of the indications for prescribing antibiotics for a number of systemic clinical signs that may be associated with a dental infection. Results: For chronic periapical lesions and chronic periapical abscess plus sinus tracts, 58.1% and 55.8% of respondents prescribed antibiotics, respectively. The drug of choice for these cases was Amoxicillin+calvulanic acid (52.6%) and Amoxicillin alone (47.3%). In this study the maximum antibiotics prescribed were prophylactic for congenital heart diseases 69.7% and uncontrolled diabetes mellitus 62.8%. Conclusion: This study supports the conclusion that there is a lack of knowledge about the correct indication, type, and dosage of antibiotics in dental practice.
AWARENESS ABOUT INDOOR AIR POLLUTION IN GENERAL POPULATION OF RAWALPINDI AND ISLAMABAD
Authors: Tariq Nadia , Jaffry Tamkeen , Fiaz Rahma , Rajput Abdul Majid , Khalid Sadaf
Published: October 2018

Background: Indoor air pollutants are increasingly being associated with respiratory illnesses leading to high degree of morbidity and mortality. There are not sufficient epidemiological studies from Pakistan which assess level of awareness of indoor air pollution resulting in respiratory diseases in population. Methods: This cross sectional survey was carried out on general population of Rawalpindi/Islamabad. Sample size was 223 study subjects selected by non-probability convenient sampling. Knowledge of the study subjects was determined with regard to indoor air pollution, its effects on health and different sources of indoor air pollution with the help of a questionnaire. The influence of age, gender, educational status and socio economic status on the level of awareness was also analyzed. Results: Out of total 223 participants, 115 were males and108 females. Participants aware of indoor air pollution were 91.5% and adequate awareness about its sources was 80.7%. Those who knew indoor air pollution is detrimental to health were 95.1%. Awareness about building construction dust as source of indoor air pollution was maximum (84.8%). There was significant difference in awareness among participants with different monthly incomes and educational status and also between males and females. Conclusion: This study concludes that general population of Rawalpindi/Islamabad has fairly good awareness about sources of indoor air pollution. Use of harmful material causing indoor air pollution should be limited or substituted with better ones where possible.
HEPATITIS B VIRUS AND UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS: A STUDY ON LEVELS OF AWARENESS IN UNIVERSITIES ACROSS KARACHI
Authors: Ali Mukkaram , Imtiaz Fauzia , Khan Muhammad Ahsan Rehman , Khan Zaeem-ur-Rehman , Ahmad Bilal , Umer Muhammed , Akhtar Soubia , Malhi Tayyaba Naeem
Published: October 2018

Background: To assess awareness levels of Hepatitis B virus infection, transmission, treatment and prevention in medical and nonmedical students of Karachi. Methods: Undergraduate students in 6 medical and non-medical universities were randomly approached to fill out a questionnaire. A sample size of 530 students was collected and data was analyzed using SPSS 20 software and chi square tests for significance. Results: Of the 530 students interviewed, 361(68.1%) and 169(31.9%) were identified as medical and non-medical students respectively. Significantly greater knowledge on modes of transmission were noted in medical students as well as overall levels of awareness of Hepatitis B virus, (p=0.001) and (p=0.003) respectively. Conclusion: Both medical and non-medical students showed a moderate level of awareness of Hepatitis B virus, its modes of transmission, treatment and preventive measures. Medical students showed an overall greater level of awareness.
SELF-CARE MANAGEMENT AMONG ELDERLY PATIENTS WITH HYPERTENSION AND POOR ADHERENCE TO TREATMENT, LIVING IN RURAL THAILAND: A QUALITATIVE STUDY
Authors: Woodham Nanthakan Sungsuman , Taneepanichskul Surasak , Somrongthong Ratana , Auamkul Nanta
Published: October 2018

Background: Hypertension is a common health problem among the elderly. Approximately 50% have poor adherence to their prescribed medication, which leads to uncontrolled blood pressure. This study was aimed to understand causes of poor adherence and gain knowledge of patient's self-management in their home. Methods: In-depth interviews were conducted. Elderly hypertension patients with poor adherence to antihypertension medication and uncontrol blood pressure, between the ages of 60-79 were purposively selected to participate in this study. Home visits, including observation of patient's behavior in their home, were conducted. Content analysis was performed. Results: A total of thirty respondents were interviewed of which 17 were female and 13 were male. All understood that hypertension is a chronic health problem but most of them were unaware that nonadherence to their hypertension medication treatment would lead to negative consequence to their health. Most respondents had negative beliefs toward hypertension treatment. The reasons for poor adherence are: 1) personal beliefs or habits, which include forgetfulness and negative belief that the medication will not control blood pressure; 2) side effects of medication and 3) negative perceptions influenced by the community. Research results showed that most participants were not taking their prescribed dosage. Additionally, expired medication was commonly found in their medication inventory. High sodium diets and no regular exercise was commonly reported. Conclusion: Patients understood that hypertension is a lifelong condition but unaware of consequence of poor adherence. Personal reason and negative belief as well as wrong belief influenced by community. Forgetfulness and manage dosage of medication should be addressed when designing a strategy to improve medical adherence. Education on controlling hypertension and treatments should be addressed and incorporated into a holistic strategy to improve adherence to the patient's drug regimen.
ANALISIS RASIO KEUANGAN APBD PROVINSI DKI JAKARTA
Authors: Krisnaldy Krisnaldy , Deliana Mira
Published: October 2018

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini mempunyai tujuan untuk menganalisis rasio keuangan pada APBD Provinsi DKI Jakarta dalam mengelola keuangan daerah.Penelitian ini menggunakan teknik analisis deskriptif komparatif dengan metode pengumpulan data yaitu studi pustaka, wawancara, dokumentasi, dan observasi. Jenis data yang digunakan adalah berupa laporan pertanggungjawaban keuangan daerah (APBD) tahun anggaran 2014-2015. Sedangkan analisis rasio keuangan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah berupa rasio kemandirian, rasio efektifitas dan efisiensi Pendapatan Asli Daerah, rasio aktifitas, DSCR( Debt Service Coverage Ratio ) dan rasio pertumbuhan.Hasil perhitungan rasio kemandirian Provinsi DKI Jakarta Tahun Anggaran 2014-2015 menunjukkan bahwa kemandirian keuangan daerah Provinsi DKI Jakarta sepenuhnya dapat dikatakan mandiri dalam mencukupi kebutuhan akan daerah.Untuk rasio pertumbuhan APBD pemerintah daerah Provinsi DKI Jakarta rata-rata sudah menunjukkan pertumbuhan yang positif walaupun kadang terjadi penurunan pada pendapatan. Dengan begitu kinerja Pemerintah Daerah Provinsi DKI Jakarta dapat dikatakan berhasil karena mampu mempertahankan dan meningkatkan keberhasilan yang dicapai dalam periode tahun 2006-2007.  Penulis menyarankan agar Provinsi DKI Jakarta menjalankan Undang-undang dan Peraturan-peraturan yang berlaku yang pada akhirnya dapat mempengaruhi pekembangan sarana dan prasarana ekonomi masyarakat luas dimasa yang akan datang.Kata Kunci : Rasio Keuangan, Efektivitas dan Pertumbuhan
ANALISA METODE DISCUSSION DAN ROLE PLAYING UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PRESTASI BELAJAR MAHASISWA PADA MATA KULIAH MANAJEMEN KINERJA
Authors: Abdin M. Zainal Muttaqin
Published: October 2018

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh penerapan metode discussion dan role playing di dalam kelas manajemen kinerja, apakah lebih lebih efektif dibandingkan dengan metode ceramah yang sebelumnya digunakan oleh kebanyakan pelajar. Hal ini disebabkan karena metode yang lama dinilai kurang efektif dan tidak mendapatkan hasil yang optimal.  Secara visual mahasiswa cenderung kurang bersemangan  dalam  belajar,  kurang ekspresif dan kurang terganli kemampuan inidividunya.Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan warna baru bagi mahasiswa dan pengajarnya,  sehingga  akan  membuat  mahasiswa  menjadi  lebih  kreatif  dan  bersemangat dalam belajar sehingga prestasi belajar akan menjadi semakin baik. Penelitian ini juga akan membantu meningkatkan kemandirian, kepercayaan diri dan jiwa kompetitif dari mahasiswa karena  metode   yang   diterapkan   lebih   interaktif,   melibatkan  keduabelah  pihak   yaitu mahasiswa dan dosennya serta kemampuan bekerja sama dalam kelompok sehingga jauh dari kesan monoton.Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian tindakan kelas, yang dirancang secara khusus dalam penerapannya dan disesuaikan dengan silabus dan satuan acara perkuliahan yang telah disepakati oleh pihak institusi. Hasil dari penelitian sudah seperti yang diharapkan walau belum maksimal, peningkatan prestasi mahasiswa sudah terlihat dengan hasil test yang dilakukan oleh peneliti. Prilaku mahasiswa juga terlihat ada perubahan, lebih percaya diri, kreatif, toleransi lebih baik, kooperatif dan lebih mandiri.Kata Kunci : Discussion, role playing dan prestasi
IMPEACHMENT
Authors: Prayitno Suko
Published: October 2018

AbstrakSistem ketatanegaraan Indonesia mensyaratkan dilakukannya pemilihan umum dalam hal mengisi jabatan Presiden.Mekanisme tersebut merupakan sebuah mekanisme hukum. Dalam sistem ketatanegaraan ketika pengisian jabatan Presiden melalui sebuah proses hukum, harusnya pemberhentian Presiden juga harus melalui proses hukum. Namun yang terjadi pada sejarah pemberhentian Presiden di Indonesia proses yang dilakukan merupakan sebuah proses politik dengan menjatuhkan Presiden dengan alasan politik semata. Penelitian ini mengkaji mekanisme pemberhentian Presiden di Indonesia Pasca Amandemen UUD 1945. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, hasil yang didapatkan dari buah pemikiran amandemen UUD 1945 dalam kaitannya dengan pemakzulan Presiden adalah, perubahan mekanisme pemakzulan dari proses politik ke proses hukum. Kemudian dengan adanya MK sebagai Forum Previlegiatum, maka pendapat DPR yang merupakan pendapat politik menjadi sebuah pendapat hokum. Kata kunci: Impeachment, Tata Negara, Indonesia
PENGELOLAAN KOMPLAIN (KELUHAN) MASYARAKAT DALAM MEWUJUDKAN PEMERINTAHAN YANG BAIK DI KOTA SEMARANG
Authors: Wiyanto Wiyanto
Published: October 2018

The purpose of this study is to find out the problems that cause complaints, complaints management of society and business undertook Semarang city government to overcome obstacles in the management of community complaints in an attempt to realize good government in the city of Semarang. This research is a qualitative research. The research location is centered on Public Service Complaint Handling Center (P5) Semarang City. The source of data comes from the in-depth interviews conducted with employees P5, documents and questionnaires. Data were collected through interviews, documentation, and observation. To ensure the validity of the data the researchers used triangulation techniques and then performed the analysis. The results of this study indicate that the problem that raises the complaints in the community is the service both services and non-services from service providers (government of Semarang City) not in accordance with community expectations. In addition, complaints arise due to service providers and service users who violate the rights of other service users. Model of community resolving as an outcome of this research. Suggestion for government officials needs to pay attention and support the community to improve the services provided. For the next researchers who conduct an integrated academic study of various disciplines.
PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA PEMBATALAN PERNIKAHAN KARENA ADANYA PENIPUAN STATUS ISTRI
Authors: Haryanti Amelia
Published: October 2018

Artikel ini membahas mengenai proses penyelesaian sengketa pembatalan perkawinan karena adanya penipuan mengenai status istri. Metode yang di gunakan adalah metode Yuridis Normatif yang bertujuan untuk mendiskripsikan proses penyelesaian sengketa pembatalan perkawinan karena adanya penipuan mengenai status istri. Data primer penelitian ini adalah putusan Pengadilan Agama Makasar Nomor 1098/Pdt.G/2011/PA.Mks. Data sekunder adalah bahan yang memberikan penjelasan mengenai bahan hukum primer, pendapat pakar hukum, dan jurnal-jurnal ilmiah yang ada hubungannya dengan perkara permohonan pembatalan perkawinan karena adanya penipuan mengenai status istri. Hasil pengamatan  putusan Pengadilan Agama Makasar Nomor 1098/Pdt.G/2011/PA.Mks. adalah dalam menentukan pembuktian hakim mempertimbangkan alat bukti yang Pemohon ajukan di persidangan. Sedangkan dalam menentukan putusan hakim menjatuhkan putusan verstek dengan mengabulkan permohonan Pemohon. Dan sebagai akibat hukum karena pembatalan perkawinan adalah perkawinan antara Pemohon dan Termohon dianggap tidak pernah ada, dan putusan pembatalan perkawinan tersebut berlaku surut terhadap anak luar kawin.
PENINGKATAN KEMAMPUAN MENULIS PARAGRAF MELALUI PENERAPAN MODEL LOGIKA PROPOSISIONAL DAN LOGIKA PREDIKAT
Authors: Hayati Eti
Published: October 2018

Penelitian ini dilakukan karena mahasiswa dalam setiap aktivitas perkuliahan selalu melakukan kegiatan menulis untuk menyelesaikan tugas-tugas perkuliahannya. Namun, berdasarkan observasi diketahui bahwa mahasiswa secara umum belum memperhatikan secara detail mengenai kohesi, koherensi dan pemanfaatkan jenis-jenis logika atau penalaran sebagai sarana berfikir ilmiah secara tepat dalam setiap kegiatan menulis. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan kemampuan menulis paragraf melalui model logika proposisional dan logika predikat. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian campuran dengan metode penelitian tindakan di Universitas Negeri Jakarta. Data penelitian ini diambil pada mahasiswa jurusan Biologi yang berjumlah 35 mahasiswa dan dianalisis secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Data dikumpulkan melalui pengamatan dan hasil tes mahasiswa. Hasil analisis dan interprestasi data, ditemukan adanya peningkatan terhadap kemampuan menulis paragraf mahasiswa. Secara kuantitatif, ditemukan bahwa kemampuan mahasiswa paragraf meningkat dari kegiatan siklus I hingga siklus III. Maka, dapat disimpulkan bahwa kemampuan menulis paragraf mahasiswa dapat ditingkatkan menggunakan model logika proposisional dan logika predikat. Bagi dosen sangat disarankan menggunakan model logika proposisional dan logika predikat sebagai salah satu model dalam meningkatkan kemampuan menulis paragraf. Selain itu, juga direkomendasikan kepada peneliti lain agar menggunakan penelitian ini sebagai bahan bagi penelitian selanjutnya.
PENGARUH PERSEPSI PESERTA DIDIK MENGENAI MEDIA SOSIAL TERHADAP SIKAP TOLERANSI
Authors: Surati Surati , Utami Ichwani Siti
Published: October 2018

Belakangan ini, media sosial berkembang semakin masif dan digunakan oleh semua kalangan mulai dari anak-anak, remaja, hingga orang dewasa. Kehadirannya, telah mempengaruhi aktivitas, sikap, dan perilaku manusia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji secara empiris pengaruh persepsi peserta didik mengenai media sosial terhadap sikap toleransi dengan studi korelasi di SMA Bakti Idhata Cilandak Jakarta Selatan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode survei melalui analisis korelasi yakni melihat variabel-variabel yang akan diteliti. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa tidak ada pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan antara persepsi peserta didik mengenai media sosial terhadap sikap toleransi. Maka, dapat diinterpretasikan bahwa perubahan pada sikap toleransi tidak terpengaruh dari persepsi peserta didik mengenai media sosial.