bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abstract B130: Fruit, vegetables, and colorectal cancer risk: The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition
Authors: van Duijnhoven Franzel , Bueno-de-Mesquita H. , Ferrari Pietro , Jenab Mazda , Boshuizen Hendriek , Ros Martine , Casagrande Corinne , the EPIC study group for
Published: May 2012

B130

Background

Higher consumption of fruit and vegetables is possibly associated with a decreased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the findings to date are inconsistent. We examined the relation between self-reported, usual consumption of fruit and vegetables and the incidence of CRC.

Methods

In the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), 452,755 subjects (131,985 men and 320,770 women) in 9 European countries, participated, completed a dietary questionnaire in 1993-2000, and were followed up for cancer incidence and mortality until 2006. A multivariate Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) for EPIC-wide quintiles of intake.

Results

After an average follow-up of 8.8 years 2,819 incident CRC cases were reported. Consumption of fruit and vegetables was inversely associated with CRC (highest versus lowest quintile of intake, HR (95%CI) = 0.86 (0.75-1.00); ptrend=0.04) and in particular with colon cancer risk (HR (95%CI) = 0.76 (0.63-0.91); ptrend<0.01). Only after exclusion of the first 2 years of follow-up, this was corroborated by calibrated continuous analyses (HR for 100 g increase in intake (95%CI) = 0.95 (0.91-1.00); p=0.04 and 0.94 (0.89-0.99); p=0.02, respectively).

The association between fruit and vegetable consumption and CRC risk was inverse in never and former smokers, but positive in current smokers. This modifying effect was present for fruit and vegetables combined as well as for vegetables alone (both pinteraction<0.01).

Conclusions

These findings suggest that regular consumption of fruit and vegetables is associated with a reduced CRC and especially colon cancer risk. This effect may depend on smoking status.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B130.
Abstract B131: A prospective study of phytanic acid intake from red meat and dairy products and prostate cancer risk
Authors: Wright Margaret , Bowen Phyllis , Ananthanarayanan Vijayalakshmi , Mannisto Satu , Virtamo Jarmo , Albanes Demetrius , Gann Peter
Published: May 2012

B131

Phytanic acid - a 3-methyl branched-chain fatty acid - is found almost exclusively in red meat and dairy products, and may contribute to the increases in prostate cancer risk that are consistently observed with higher intakes of these animal foods. The potential importance of phytanic acid in prostate carcinogenesis is further underscored by evidence that the branched-chain fatty acid oxidation pathway is selectively upregulated in prostate tumors. We constructed a novel summary measure of phytanic acid intake and prospectively examined its association with prostate cancer risk in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study cohort. At baseline, 27,111 Finnish male smokers 50 to 69 years old provided information on demographic, smoking, medical, and other risk factors, and completed a 276-item diet history questionnaire that ascertained frequency of consumption and portion size. Since phytanic acid is not currently included in food composition tables, we used the published phytanic acid content of 151 major food items, including butter, cheese, cream, ice cream, milk, yogurt, and beef products, to estimate total daily intake. Between 1985 and 2006, a total of 1,929 incident prostate cancer cases, including 438 cases of advanced disease (defined as TNM stage 3 or 4 and / or Gleason grade of 8 or higher), were identified. In Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for age, smoking dose and duration, body mass index, education, family history of prostate cancer, energy intake, and trial intervention assignment, higher estimated phytanic acid intake was associated with increased risks of advanced prostate cancer in a non-linear manner. The relative risks and 95% confidence intervals for advanced prostate cancer according to increasing quartiles of phytanic acid intake were 1.00 (referent), 1.29 (0.90-1.86), 1.56 (1.11-2.21), and 1.34 (0.94-1.92); p trend = 0.23. Phytanic acid intake was unrelated to the risk of localized disease. Our study provides evidence for the first time that increased consumption of phytanic acid may be associated with higher risks of advanced prostate cancer, and provides a putative mechanistic explanation for previously observed associations between red meat and dairy product consumption and prostate cancer risk.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B131.
Abstract B132: Cruciferous vegetable intake is inversely associated with lung cancer risk among smokers
Authors: Tang Li , Zirpoli Gary , Reid Mary , McCann Susan , Nwogu Chukwumere , Zhang Yuesheng , Ambrosone Christine , Moysich Kirsten
Published: May 2012

B132

Inverse associations between cruciferous vegetable intake and lung cancer risk have been consistently reported. However, associations within smoking strata are not consistent. Inadequate control of the confounding effect of cigarette smoking could contribute at least in part to the observed inconsistencies. We conducted a hospital-based case-control study with lung cancer cases and controls matched on smoking status, and then further adjusted smoking status, duration, and intensity in the multivariate models. After controlling for smoking habits and other lung cancer risk factors, we observed strong linear inverse associations between intakes of fruit, total vegetables, and cruciferous vegetables and risk of lung cancer (ORs ranged from 0.53-0.70, with P for trend < 0.05). Interestingly, intake of fruits and total vegetables showed relatively stronger association among never smokers, whereas the significant inverse associations with cruciferous vegetable intake were only observed among smokers, in particular former smokers, although we did not detect significant interactions between smoking and either food group intake. Of four histological subtypes of lung cancer, the significant inverse association was only noticed among patients with squamous or small cell carcinoma, which are the two subtypes more strongly associated with heavy smoking. These findings are consistent with the smoking-related carcinogen-modulating effect of isothiocyanates, a group of phytochemicals uniquely present in cruciferous vegetables. Our data strongly suggest that a diet with high consumption of cruciferous vegetables may reduce the risk of lung cancer among smokers.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B132.
Abstract B133: Choline intake and the risk of colorectal cancer in men: The Health Professionals Follow-up Study
Authors: Lee Jung Eun , Giovannucci Edward , Fuchs Charles , Willett Walter , Zeisel Steven , Cho Eunyoung
Published: May 2012

B133

Background

Choline has been hypothesized to decrease the risk of cancer because of its role as a methyl-donor in one-carbon pathway. However, it is unknown whether dietary choline intake is associated with colorectal cancer risk.

Methods

We prospectively examined the associations between dietary choline intake and risk of colorectal cancer in men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. We followed 47,281 men and identified a total of 987 incident colorectal cancer cases from 1986 to 2004. We assessed dietary intake every four years using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate multivariate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). All statistical tests were two-sided.

Results

We found no statistically significant associations between total dietary choline intake and risk of colorectal cancer. Compared the highest with the lowest quintiles, multivariate RRs (95% CI) were 0.98 (0.79-1.22; P for trend = 0.92) for total dietary choline intake. Similarly, we observed no associations for choline intake from individual choline-containing sources, including free choline, glycerophosphocholine, phosphocholine, phosphatidylcholine, and sphingomyelin. Also, no association for total dietary choline was observed among either participants who consumed alcohol (≥15 g/d) or low folate (<250 mcg/d).

Conclusions

Our data do not support the hypothesis that choline intake is inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B133.
Abstract B134: Meat, meat cooking methods, meat mutagens and heme iron as risk factors for lung cancer in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study
Authors: Tasevska Natasa , Sinha Rashmi , Kipnis Victor , Midthune Doug , Subar Amy , Caporaso Neal , Schatzkin Arthur , Cross Amanda
Published: May 2012

B134

Background

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Red and processed meat consumption may have a role in lung cancer pathogenesis due to their fat content and the carcinogens produced during high temperature cooking and preservation, as well as endogenous formation of mutagens from heme. However, no prospective study has examined meat intake by cooking method or doneness level. We investigated whether meat type, cooking method, doneness level, and intake of specific meat mutagens and heme iron, were associated with lung carcinoma.

Methods

In 278,192 men and 189,560 women, aged 50-71 yrs, from the NIH-AARP Diet and Health study, meat intake was assessed using a 124-item food frequency questionnaire and an additional meat-cooking module. Dietary data were used in conjunction with the CHARRED-database to estimate intake of individual heterocyclic amines (HCAs), benzo[a]pyrene and heme iron. We carefully controlled for lifelong smoking history using a 9-level smoking variable.

Results

During up to 8 years of follow-up, 4,089 men and 2,272 women were diagnosed with incident lung carcinoma. Men in the highest compared to the lowest quintile of red and processed meat intake had statistically significant higher risk of lung carcinoma (red meat: HRQ5vs.Q1=1.22, 95%CI=1.09-1.38); processed meat: HRQ5vs.Q1=1.24, 95%CI=1.11-1.38) in a multivariable model. In women, there was a borderline statistically significant increase in risk for red (HRQ5vs.Q1=1.13, 95%CI=0.97-1.31), but not for processed meat (HRQ5vs.Q1=1.00, 95%CI=0.87-1.16). In men only, the risk of lung carcinoma was associated with well/very-well done meat (HRT3vs.T1=1.20, 95%CI=1.07-1.35) and the heterocyclic amine MeIQx (HRQ5vs.Q1=1.20, 95%CI=1.05-1.39). Heme iron from meat increased the risk of lung carcinoma in both men (HRQ5vs.Q1=1.25, 95%CI=1.07-1.45) and women (HRQ5vs.Q1=1.18; 95%CI=0.99-1.42).

Conclusion

Consumption of a diet high in red meat was associated with lung carcinoma risk in both men and women, and a high intake of processed meat was associated with risk in men only. High temperature cooking and associated mutagens, and heme iron in meat may explain the role of meat in lung carcinogenesis.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B134.
Abstract B137: Assessment of nutrition status in children with leukemia: A study from a developing country
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Ashis , Dutta Tusi , Dey Sonali , Dutta Somnath , Mukhopadhyay Soma
Published: May 2012

B137

Background

In developing countries 40 % children suffer from mal-nutrition. It has been shown that a good nutritional status can reduce complications of treatment, strengthen the immune system and contribute to the patient’s general well being throughout treatment. A good nutritional status is therefore essential for optimal treatment of a leukemic child. The aim of our study was to see the nutritional status of leukemic children on diagnosis and effect of nutrition on outcome of therapy.

Material & Methods

During period from January 2004 to December 2007 we prospectively analyzed the nutritional status of 400 paediatric patients in Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Cancer Research Institute, a tertiary cancer center of Eastern India. The age of the patients were 1 to 18 years (median age 12.5 years). The parameter analyzed were weight for age, height for age, total protein, serum albumin and skin fold thickness. The weight for age, height for age and skin fold thickness were taken as normal if they were between 3rd and 97th percentile curve of the growth chart recommended by the Indian Council of Medical Research. The albumin level and the total protein was considered normal if the value is equal to or more than 3gm% and 5.8gm% respectively.

Result

It was seen that total 56 patients (14% children) were low weight for age, 40 patients (10% children) were low height, and 67 patients (16.75% children) had low mid arm circumference. Total 44 patients (11% children) had low serum albumin while 80 patients (20% children) had low serum protein. It was found that low weight for age, low serum albumin and low mid arm circumference were significance factors in remission induction, disease free survival and toxicity of chemotherapy (p < 0.005).

Conclusion

We conclude that mal-nutrition is a major finding in cancer patients with leukemia in developing country like ours. The patient with mal-nutrition had less remission in induction, disease free survival and more toxicities during therapy as compared to well-nourished children.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B137.
Abstract B138: Disappearance of “M” component connected with cow’s milk protein-free diet
Authors: Juranic Zorica , Besu Irina , Dajak Marijana , Dajak Marijana , Konic-Ristic Aleksandra
Published: May 2012

B138

The presence of “M” component, as monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) in many patients with psoriatic arthritis and in 5% healthy people older than 70 years is well known. Besides, it was stressed out that patients with psoriatic arthritis and MGUS can sometimes develop multiple myeloma.

Serum from patient 83 years old, with psoriatic arthritis diagnosed at 2000 was analyzed. Determination of the total IgG, IgA and IgM immunoglobulins was done by nephelometry using commercial (Binding Site) tests. Serum protein electrophoresis was done on gel electrophoresis in barbital buffer, pH=8.6; this was followed by immunofixation using sheep antihuman antibodies (Binding Site) to light and heavy chains of immunoglobulins. Determination of serum IgA and IgG immunoreactivity to gliadin in (IU/ml) was done using commercial Binding Site ELISA test, while serum immunoreactivity to cow’s milk protein (CMP) in (AU/ml) was done by home made ELISA test, using cows milk pasteurized powder (ICN Biomedicals, Inc.) as the antigen and sheep antihuman IgA and IgG, HRP labeled antibodies (Binding Site) as secondary antibodies. Blocker was 1% bovine serum albumin.

Results obtained showed the enhanced IgA and IgG immunoreactivity to CMP. The analysis of serum by electrophoresis and immunofixation reveals the presence of monoclonal IgG (λ) immunoglobulin. Upon the knowledge that the enhanced immunoreactivity especially to CMP exists the patient decided to consume the food without cow’s milk proteins. About month and half after the start of CMP free diet he has done his blood for the analysis of serum proteins again. In that time of period the patient has not taken any immunosuppressive drugs.

Electrophoresis of patient sera reveals that after the CMP free diet the “M“component disappeared. These data are supported by the findings that serum anti-CMP IgG dropped from 892 AU/ml to 0 AU/ml (anti-CMP IgA also dropped from 240 AU/ml to 0 AU/ml) Besides, concentrations of total serum proteins were diminished after the CMP free diet from 73 g/l to 69 g/l, while concentration of IgG was decreased from 17.8 g/l to 11.2 g/l. Our report shows that there could be a connection between diet restricted for immunogenic protein(s) and disappearance of MGUS. Our results are along with the data from only one report dealing with a possible link between disappearance of MGUS and gluten free diet. They open the question whether the special, appropriate diet restriction regime could help in the prevention of multiple myeloma.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B138.
Abstract B139: Effect of wheat grass juice in supportive care of terminally ill solid organ cancer patients: Experience from eastern India
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Soma , Dey Sonali , Gupta Pinaki , Mukhopadhyay Ashis
Published: May 2012

B139

Background

The solid content of juice made from wheat grass is 70% chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is often referred to as “The blood of plant life” and has almost the same chemical structure as hemoglobin. Chlorophyll cleanses the blood by improving the supply of oxygen to the circulatory system. Wheat grass is also a complete protein with about 30 enzymes, vitamins and minerals. Wheat grass juice has been proven over many years to benefit people in numerous ways, building the blood, restoring balance in the body, removing toxic metals from the cells, nourishing the liver and kidneys and restoring vitality. The aim of our study was to see the effect of wheat grass juice in terminally ill cancer patients to improve the quality of life.

Methods

During period from January 2003 to December 2007 we selected 600 solid organ cancer patients in our palliative care unit of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Cancer Research Institute to see the effect of wheat grass on improvement of hemoglobin level, serum protein and performance status on terminally ill cancer patients. The age range of the patients was 22 year to 87 year (median age 42 years). The different types of cancers were lung (25%), breast (20%), esophagus (11%), colon (9%), ovary (8%), hepatocellular carcinoma (6%), stomach (6%) and others (15%) respectively. We cultivated wheat grass on our campus. When the grasses were 5 days old we took the fresh leaves including roots and made fresh juice out of that and gave 30 ml of juice to all our 400 cancer patients for 6 continuous months.

Result

The mean levels of hemoglobin, serum total protein, albumin and performance status were 8 gm%, 5.4 gm%, 2.2 gm% and 50%. Fifty patients required transfusion support and those patients were excluded from the study. Other 348 patients are evaluated 6 months after receiving wheat grass juice. The mean values for hemoglobin, total protein and albumin were improved significantly (p value < .005) and means of 9.6 gm%, 7.4 gm% and 3.1 gm% were observed. White blood cell and platelet count were the same in both the cases. The performance status was improved from 50% to 70% (Karnofsky) after wheat grass treatment.

Conclusion

We concluded that wheat grass juice is an effective alternative of blood transfusion. It’s use in terminally ill cancer patients should be encouraged.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B139.
Abstract B142: Physical activity and risk of breast cancer among postmenopausal women
Authors: Eliassen Heather , Hankinson Susan , Willett Walter
Published: May 2012

B142

Physical activity is beneficial for many reasons, including weight loss and maintenance, improved insulin sensitivity, and improved lipid profile. Studies of the effect of physical activity on the risk of breast cancer have had conflicting results. We assessed the associations of specific activities and total activity within the prospective Nurses’ Health Study cohort. Amount and type of physical activity was queried every two to four years starting in 1986. The specific activities included walking, jogging, running, swimming, bicycling, tennis, aerobics, lawn mowing, yoga, and arm or leg weights. Total activity was calculated as the sum of time spent doing each individual activity. Cumulative averages were calculated for each 2-year follow-up period. Cox proportional hazards models, adjusting for age, follow-up period, and several breast cancer risk factors, were used to calculate relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). A total of 95,485 postmenopausal women were followed for up to 20 years (1986-2006). Overall 4,810 cases of invasive breast cancer were documented during follow-up. Compared with those whose total activity summed to less than 10 minutes per day, women who engaged in higher amounts of total physical activity were at lower risk of breast cancer (RR (95%CI) were 1.00 (0.92-1.08) for 10-<20 mins/day, 0.91 (0.84-1.00) for 20-<30 mins/day, 0.92 (0.85-1.00) for 30-<60 mins/day, and 0.87 (0.79-0.97) for ≥60 mins/day, p-trend=0.004). When easy walking (<3 m.p.h.), brisk walking (≥3 m.p.h.), jogging or running, and all other activities were assessed in the same statistical model, only brisk walking was associated with a significant decreased risk of breast cancer (RR (95%CI) were 0.95 (0.87-1.05) for 10-<20 mins/day, 0.95 (0.85-1.07) for 20-<30 mins/day, 0.89 (0.79-1.01) for 30-<60 mins/day, and 0.81 (0.63-1.05) for ≥60 mins/day, p-trend=0.014). The associations with total activity and with brisk walking were apparent for breast tumors that were positive for estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER+/PR+) (N=2,434) but not for ER-/PR- tumors (N=646). These data suggest that total activity, and particularly brisk walking, may be associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer, and may act along a hormonal pathway.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B142.
Abstract B16: The association between skin characteristics and sun-protection behaviors
Authors: Wheless Lee , Alani Rhoda , Clipp Sandra , Hoffman-Bolton Judith , Jorgensen Timothy , Liegeois Nanette , Strickland Paul , Alberg Anthony
Published: May 2012

B16

Background

Behaviors such as sunscreen use and use of skin-protective clothing can help prevent skin cancer, but little is known about how these sun protection behaviors vary by phenotypic risk factors for skin cancer.

Objective

We carried out a cross-sectional study (n = 6898) nested within a community-based prospective cohort in Washington County, MD. We measured the associations between skin cancer risk characteristics (skin type, complexion, freckling, and eye color) and personal sun protection behaviors (sunscreen and sun-protective clothing use).

Results

The prevalence of regular use of sunscreen was 23%, and the prevalence of regular use of sun-protective clothing was 21%. There were consistent trends indicating those at highest risk of skin cancer were most likely to engage in sun protection behaviors. For example, compared to those who tan without burning, those who develop blistering sunburns were more likely to use sunscreen (OR 6.55, 95% CI 3.08 -13.92 men, OR 4.87, 95% CI 3.34 - 7.09 women) and sun-protective clothing (OR 2.90, 95% CI 1.73 - 4.85 men, OR 4.29, 95% CI 2.81 - 6.55 women). Those with fair skin were more likely than those with medium or dark brown complexion to use sunscreen or sun-protective clothing. Other factors significantly associated with sun protection behaviors were lifestyle-related factors such as lower body mass index and never smoking.

Conclusion

The overall prevalence of sun protection behaviors was low. Our results indicate individuals with the highest skin cancer susceptibility are most likely to use sunscreen and sun-protective clothing, and may also be most receptive to skin cancer prevention educational interventions.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B16.
Abstract B2: Maternal consumption of canola oil reduces mammary gland cancer risk in C3(1) Tag offspring
Authors: Akinsete Juliana , Ion Gabriela , Hardman W
Published: May 2012

B2

Maternal diet may influence development of the offspring and may influence future cancer risk. Maternal consumption of diet high in n-6 (omega 6) polyunsaturated fats has been shown to increase risk for mammary gland cancer (Hilakivi-Clarke et al, 1997). We wanted to know if the substitution of corn oil with canola oil in the maternal diet might reduce the risk for breast cancer. Such a change would decrease dietary n-6 fat and increase n-3 fat. A study was devised to determine whether exposure to a diet that has less omega 6 and more omega 3 FAs during gestation and lactation would reduce the risk for mammary cancer in female offspring. Female SV 129 mice were divided into two groups and placed on diets either containing 10% w/w corn oil (corn oil is 50% omega 6 and < 0.5% omega 3) or 10% w/w canola oil (canola oil is 20% omega 6 and 10% omega 3). After two weeks the females were bred with homozygous C31 Tag transgenic male mice. The transgenic mice bear a transgene for the SV40 large T antigen with a prostatic steroid binding protein promoter. The female progeny, hemizygous for the transgene, are the experimental mice for this study. On a standard diet, females would be expected to develop mammary gland cancer by 6 months of age. At weaning, female progeny from each litter were all maintained on the basal corn oil containing diet. The female hemizygous mice were euthanized at 3weeks, 110, 130, 150 and 170 days. Results showed that the total tumor weight, number of glands with tumor and fraction of mice with tumors were higher in progeny of mother fed a corn oil diet than in progeny of mother fed a canola oil diet. No significant difference in the body weight of progeny from corn oil and canola fed mothers. At weaning the lipid composition of the inguinal fat pad, mammary gland and liver shows a higher level of omega 3 fatty acids in the offspring of mice fed the high n-3 diet. Mammary gland gene expression assay performed on three weeks and 130 days old mice reveals up as well as down regulation in several genes in canola versus corn group. The up regulated genes include CCAAT-enhancer binding protein beta (CEBPβ), a transcription factor that is involved in mammary gland differentiation (550-fold at 130days) and Early growth response 1 (Egr1), a tumor suppressor gene (13-fold at 130days). Genes down regulated include Bcl2-like 1(Bcl2l1), an antiapoptotic gene (-2.03-fold at 3weeks) and Fatty acid synthase (Fas), an enzyme involved in fatty acid synthesis and active in cancer cells (-7.09 at 130days). Western blot analysis confirmed the differential gene expression of CEBPβ and Fas.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B2.
Abstract B20: Cognitive decline in breast cancer survivors associated with chemotherapy or aromatase inhibitor therapy
Authors: Wood Bethany , Gallicchio Lisa , Kalesan Bindu , Appling Susan , Rushovich Errol , Helzlsouer Kathy
Published: May 2012

B20

Background

Women undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer treatment complain of cognitive difficulties especially with memory, word recall, and concentration. Commonly referred to as “chemo brain”, some studies suggest that up to 40 to 80% of women may experience some decline in cognitive function, while others have found no cognitive decline associated with treatment. We examined symptoms associated with chemo brain among women treated with chemotherapy and/or aromatase inhibitors (AIs) compared to age-matched healthy controls.

Methods

Women diagnosed with breast cancer (n = 180) and age-matched healthy controls (n = 149) were recruited to participate in an observational study on the side effects of AI treatment. Cases were stratified according to treatment at the time of enrollment: adjuvant chemotherapy only, AI therapy only, or both. Participants were asked the extent to which they were bothered by forgetfulness and difficulty concentrating over the past 4 weeks. The severity of each symptom was classified as none, slightly, and moderately/quite a bit/extremely.

Results

The ages of cases and controls were similar (mean: 61.6 versus 60.8 years; p-value= 0.5). Of the cases, 19% were treated with chemotherapy only and 47.7% were treated with AIs only; 33.3% were treated with both. Among the cases, women only treated with AIs were older than women treated with chemotherapy (mean: 65.4 versus 57.9 years; p-value < 0.0001). Women who received chemotherapy were more likely to report difficulty concentrating and forgetfulness than controls (34.8% versus 17.9%; p-value <0.0001 and 30.4% versus 9.7%; p-value <0.015, respectively). These differences remained statistically significant after adjustment for age. Associations were similar for those treated with chemotherapy compared to those with chemotherapy and AIs. Treatment with AIs only was not associated with symptoms of forgetfulness or difficulty concentrating compared to controls (p-values= 0.1 and 0.8 respectively).

Conclusion

Chemotherapy, but not AI therapy, was associated with difficulty concentrating and increased forgetfulness. The association was present despite patients treated with chemotherapy being significantly younger than controls. Hormone deprivation did not appear to exacerbate the symptoms, although the sample size was limited to explore this interaction.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B20.
Abstract B21: Cancer-related quality of life following physical activity interventions for cancer survivors
Authors: Carter Cindy , Cartmell Kathleen , Onicescu Georgiana , Tomsic Jim , Dunmeyer Erica , Taylor Chrissy , Fox Todd , Alberg Anthony
Published: May 2012

B21

Objectives

We carried out a nonrandomized trial to determine how participation in physical activity interventions (dragon boat paddling team versus a group walking program) impacted on physical and psychological outcomes. We report preliminary findings comparing the pre-post intervention differences on cancer-related quality-of-life (QoL).

Participants and Methods

83/92 (90%) of participants who enrolled in the study completed an eight-week paddling (n=46) or walking (n=37) intervention. The 27-item FACT-G Scale was administered both pre- and post-intervention. We examined pre-post test differences in mean scores for the total FACT-G scale and four subscales.

Results

In the total study population, participation in a physical activity intervention was associated with significant post-intervention improvements in overall FACT-G QoL scores (post-test mean 84.5 vs. pretest mean 82.5; p=0.03). This included significant gains on the physical (p=0.02) and functional (p=0.01) QoL FACT-G subscales. These overall findings were consistent within both the paddling and walking interventions; no significant between-group differences were observed. However, the increase in the functional subscale mean score was statistically significant for the paddling (p=0.02) but not the walking (p=0.19) intervention.

Conclusions

Participation in a physical activity program, regardless of the type of program, increased overall cancer-related QoL in cancer survivors. This impact was most notable for QoL related to the physical and functional domains. These preliminary findings indicate that participating in a short-term physical activity program can lead to significant improvements in cancer-related QoL.

Supported by NCI R03CA128482.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B21.
Abstract B24: Attitudes of pancreatic cancer family members toward cancer risk and screening
Authors: Sinicrope Pamela , Rabe Kari , Brockman Tabetha , Patten Christi , DeAndrade Mariza , Petersen Gloria
Published: May 2012

B24

Purpose

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the United States for which no recommended screening guidelines are available. An estimated 34,290 deaths related to PC is expected to occur in 2008 and the 5-year relative survival rate for this cancer is 5% for all stages combined. A person's chance of developing this cancer increases three-fold if a first-degree relative has pancreatic cancer. The purpose of this study was to assess attitudes of unaffected family members in the Mayo Clinic Pancreas Cancer Family study toward PC cancer risk and future screening options. This is the first study to report such attitudes of PC family members.

Subjects and Methods

At-risk family members with two or more relatives affected with pancreas cancer in the kindred and primary care controls completed a survey asking about: perceived PC risk, degree of PC worry/concern, attitude toward cancer screening in general, and intentions regarding PC screening if it were a blood test or endoscopic ultrasound.

Results

386 family members in 109 PC kindreds and 1058 controls completed surveys. Forty-six percent of PC family members reported that it was likely they would develop PC during their lifetime compared to 6% of controls. Forty-one percent of family members reported having thoughts regarding the possibility of getting pancreatic cancer during the past month versus 4.6% of controls. Similarly, 74% of family members reported concern about getting PC as compared to 40.6% of controls. 94% of family members reported they would be likely to undergo a blood-based PC screening test compared to 89.7% of controls. For endoscopic ultrasound, 71% of family members would be likely to undergo screening as compared to 55% of controls. All comparisons were statistically significant.

Conclusion

Compared to controls, PC family members perceive their personal PC risk to be high and report a higher rate of PC-related cancer worry/concern. A high percentage of family members and controls indicate receptivity to PC screening, especially if it were a blood test. If the screening is more invasive (i.e. EUS), interest declines, particularly among controls. This information can help investigators to understand and address potential motivators and barriers to recruitment for future PC studies and indicates that there is a need to develop educational interventions among these families to reduce their actual and perceived pancreatic cancer risk.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B24.
Abstract B27: Beliefs about the causes of breast and colorectal cancer among women in the general population
Authors: Wang Catharine , Miller Suzanne , Egleston Brian , Weinberg David
Published: May 2012

B27

Background

Women’s beliefs about the causes of cancer may influence the preventive actions they undertake to reduce their risk. Little is known about the beliefs women have about the causes breast and colorectal cancer. The purpose of this study is to describe and compare causal beliefs about breast and colorectal cancer among unaffected women in the general population.

Methods

A total of 439 unaffected women in the general population were recruited to complete a web-based survey assessing causal beliefs for either breast (N = 211) or colorectal cancer (N = 228).

Results

Heredity was ranked as the most important causal factor, followed by diet or eating habits for both cancer sites. Women endorsed the following causes of breast or colorectal cancer respectively: heredity (84.4%, 78.5%), diet or eating habits (46.4%, 69.7%), pollution in the environment (57.6%, 40.3%), aging (48.8%, 57.5%), alcohol (29.9%, 40.8%), smoking (58.3%, 50.8%), stress (27.5%, 29.4%), and lack of exercise (35.7%, 44.3%). Other factors such as prior surgery on the breast (23.7%) and colon (32.9%), or changes in one’s immune system (60.6% - breast; 59.2% - colon) were also endorsed by some women. Significant differences between cancer sites were noted, in particular, for heredity, diet, pollution, aging, alcohol, and lack of exercise.

Conclusions

Both genetic and non-genetic risk factors are endorsed by unaffected women as causes of breast and colorectal cancer. Notably, causal beliefs differ for breast and colorectal cancer. Misconceptions about the causes of these cancers may be important targets for risk communication efforts.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B27.
Abstract B31: Collaborative breast health education addressing an alarming public health concern in the District of Columbia
Authors: Higginbotham Kimberly , Regis Deon , Adams-Campbell Lucile , WIlliams Carla , Frederick Wayne , Peterson Karen , Greenamyer Jasmine , Childs Erica , Aldige Carolyn
Published: May 2012

B31

Background

Washington D.C. has the highest breast cancer mortality rate in the country(30.3 per 100,000 )*. Project Early Awareness is a breast health education program of Howard University Cancer Center supported by the Prevent Cancer Foundation that serves to address this disparity. The program is designed for 10th-12th grade students in Washington, D.C..

Methods

PEA sessions follow a standardized format. The class begins with a young breast cancer survivor’s story, followed by information on breast health topics including risk factors, breast growth and development, clinical breast exams, and mammography. The students are shown an age and culturally appropriate video on how to perform a breast self-exam. Students are then given breast models to practice breast self-exam techniques. The session ends with a question and answer period and a discussion on myths about breast cancer. At the completion of the program, they are handed an information packet to take home and share with their female relatives.

Results

Since 2001, 2,880 public high school students and their relatives have received breast health information through PEA. Pre and post-test evaluations have been enormously positive, showing a measurable impact in knowledge for the girls attending. Overall, the program generated improvements in specific knowledge elements. A 69% improvement was shown when asked if the age of menarche was a risk factor. The overall increase in self-efficacy for BSE was 39%.

Conclusion

The high breast cancer mortality rates of African American women living in the District of Columbia mandates the implementation of programs such as this, which focus on long term solutions towards reducing health disparities. PEA is able to reach these young women in a culturally sensitive manner and increase awareness, as well as the understanding of the key screening tools available to women as they age.

*American Cancer Society, Surveillance Research , 2007

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B31.
Abstract B32: Colonoscopy utilization in the Black Women's Health Study
Authors: Adams-Campbell Lucile , Makambi Kepher , Mouton Charles , Palmer Julie , Rosenberg Lynn
Published: May 2012

B32

Objectives

The primary objective of the present study is to determine colorectal screening patterns via colonoscopy utilization in a national prospective cohort, the Black Women’s Health Study.

Methods

In 1995, 59,000 Black women aged 21 to 69 years were initially enrolled in the Black Women’s Health Study through questionnaires consisting of 54 self-report items that included demographics, medical history, health behaviors, and use of medical care. Follow-up questionnaires were sent every 2 years to update risk factors of interest and ascertain newly diagnosed diseases and screening practices. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios and the corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI).

Results

The study sample comprised 10,992 black women whose ages ranged from 50 to 72 years in 1997 when detailed questions were first asked about cancer screening. Women who utilized mammography were more likely to have a colonoscopy than women who never screened for breast cancer (odds ratio = 2.64, 95% CI 2.27, 3.08). This was the strongest predictor of colonoscopy screening.

Conclusion

The importance of promoting multiple concurrent cancer screenings may be the best approach to increasing colonoscopy utilization among women.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B32.
Abstract B37: Mapping the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services tobacco control leadership: A structural network analysis
Authors: Leischow Scott , Luke Doug , Harris Jenine , Mueller Nancy
Published: May 2012

B37

Eleven Department of Health and Human Services agencies (eg NIH, FDA, CDC, etc) were included in a social network analysis to determine the extent to which they were communicating and coordinating to address tobacco use - which is the leading cause of preventable death in the US.

Result

Individuals within the DHHS tobacco network showed a high level of awareness of the tobacco work being carried out by other network members across DHHS (density = 0.30), but much less actual contact between agencies (0.17). Some agencies, such as the FDA, had no or almost no contact with other agencies, and there was considerable between-agency contact variability. CDC was the most central agency.

Conclusion

Considerable trans-DHHS awareness of tobacco control efforts exists, but does not

always translate into agencies working together in a coordinated fashion to address tobacco use.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B37.
Abstract B49: Multiplex serology for Helicobacter pylori and severity of precancerous gastric lesions in a high risk population
Authors: Baron Anna , Plummer Martyn , Mikel Angelika , Colin Didier , Pawlita Michael , Franceschi Silvia
Published: May 2012

B49

Objective

Helicobacter (H.) pylori infection has been shown to be associated with markedly increased risks for chronic atrophic gastritis and noncardia gastric cancer (GC). DNA evidence of H. pylori infection and its associated cagA and vacA bacterial virulence genotypes decreases with disease progression, and risk appears greatest 10 years prior to diagnosis. Bead-based multiplex ELISA assays are now available to detect past infection through quantification of serum antibodies against several H. pylori proteins. If established as a marker of gastric histology, multiplex serology would be useful as a noninvasive screen for chemoprevention studies in high risk populations. In combination with cagA DNA status, serology might also improve currently available GC risk estimates.

Methods

This investigation was designed to estimate the association of multiplex serology for 12 H. pylori antigens with levels of severity of pre-cancerous gastric lesions in a high risk population. Baseline sera from 900 subjects enrolled in a chemoprevention trial for gastric pre-cancerous lesions in Tachira State, Venezuela were analyzed. Logistic regression was used to estimate the association between seropositivity and H. pylori or cagA DNA status, and alone or combined with cagA DNA status, between seropositivity and levels of gastric histology.

Results

Multiplex serology showed weak associations with H. pylori DNA status, with AUC values ranging from 0.53 to 0.66. A significant, positive gradient in risk was seen with CagA seropositivity and histologic grade (p<0.001 for linear trend). Among those who were cagA DNA negative, a significantly increased risk was seen for those with chronic atrophic gastritis/IM type I and IM types II-III/dysplasia compared with those who had chronic gastritis (OR = 3.00, 95% CI: 2.05-4.37; OR=2.72, 95% CI: 1.43-5.16, respectively). With regard to risk associations of H. pylori seropositivity and histologic severity, a significant positive gradient was also observed (p<0.001 for linear trend). For those with the most severe histologic grades, CagA seropositivity and cagA DNA status combined led to higher estimates of risk compared to cagA DNA status alone.

Conclusion

CagA seropositivity or a combination of other H. pylori antigens was positively associated with severity of pre-cancerous gastric lesions. This trend appeared stronger in those without evidence of current H. pylori infection. Further consideration should be given to the use of serologic markers of H. pylori infection in epidemiologic and chemoprevention studies.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B49.
Abstract B5: Cultural factors in obesity in African American women at increased risk for hereditary breast cancer
Authors: Corneille LaShanda Jones , Kessler Lisa , Schmitz Katherine , Domchek Susan , Halbert Chanita Hughes
Published: May 2012

B5

Obesity is an important risk factor for breast cancer, which disproportionately affects African American women. For women who have a personal or family history of disease that is suggestive of hereditary cancer, obesity may be particularly problematic. However, empirical data are not available on rates and correlates of obesity in this population. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify factors having significant independent associations with obesity in African American women at increased risk for hereditary breast cancer. Subjects were 126 African American women who had a personal and/or family history of breast cancer that was suggestive of BRCA1/2 mutations. Obesity was determined by self-report during a structured telephone interview. Reproductive factors (e.g., age at menarche), cultural beliefs (e.g., temporal orientation), and cancer-specific distress were also evaluated during the telephone interview. Overall, 43% of women were obese. Women who had a younger age at menarche were about four times more likely to be obese compared to women who had their first menstrual period at an older age (OR=3.88, 95% CI=1.65, 9.15, p=0.002). Obesity was also associated with greater levels of present temporal orientation (OR=0.67, 95% CI=0.46, 0.99, p=0.05). Intrusive thoughts about cancer was marginally related to obesity (OR=1.46, 95% CI=0.99, 2.15, p=0.06). The results of this study suggest that attention to cultural factors should be given in programs designed to address obesity among African American women at increased risk for hereditary breast cancer.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B5.
Abstract B50: Large scale DNA methylation profiling and high-resolution comparative genomic hybridization of preneoplastic and invasive esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: Discovery of early detection markers
Authors: Killian Jonathan , Roth Mark , Singh Parvati , Walker Robert , Chen Yidong , Wang Guo-Qing , Hu Nan , Taylor Philip , Qiao You-Lin , Dawsey Sanford , Meltzer Paul
Published: May 2012

B50

Background

Esophageal cancer causes > 350,000 deaths/year in the world. Clinically useful early detection methods must identify these cancers and their precursor lesions at more curable stages. We conducted genome-wide methylation profiling and comparative genomic hybridization analyses of preneoplastic and invasive esophageal squamous cell carcinoma to look for methylation or gene copy number patterns that might be useful as early detection markers.

Methods

DNA was extracted from esophageal biopsies and surgical resections from 94 esophageal tissues spanning a spectrum from normal to invasive tumor. Bisulfite genotyping for 800 genes (Illumina GoldenGate methylation BeadArray), was used to measure CpG methylation of 1505 targets. High-resolution microarray based comparative genomic hybridization (Agilent) was used to measure regions of chromosomal gain or loss.

Results

Analysis of methylation beadarray data identified targets that are differentially methylated between normal and high-grade squamous dysplasia. Chromosome number aberrations were identified that involve several chromosomes, occur early in the neoplastic process, and progress with disease severity.

Conclusions

Genome-wide methylation profiling and comparative genomic hybridization identify patterns of gene methylation and chromosome number aberrations, respectively, that may distinguish patients with and without high-grade squamous dysplasia or cancer.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B50.