bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Value-oriented aspects of EU-isation: the case of the Balkans
Authors: Eriksen Monika
Published: May 2019

In the case of the Balkans, Monika Eriksen shows us that EU-isation is dependent on how far it accords with domestic narratives. Croatia and Serbia experience it differently to other Balkan states, for example. This chapter raises the question of how far EU-isation can fundamentally change values and promote an EU-defined European identity when it confronts other local identities such as Balkan identity
EU energy security policy in the eastern neighbourhood: towards Europeanisation?
Authors: Stoddard Edward
Published: May 2019

Ed Stoddard also shows that while there may be EU-isation in terms of a common approach to the structures of energy governance, EU-isation breaks down when it comes to ‘pipeline politics’. Here and elsewhere in the volume we see how values/norms can be Europeanised, but when it comes to the pursuit of interests in the areas of security, migration and energy, member states usually prefer bilateralism.
Security and democratisation: the case of the South Caucasus1
Authors: Oskanian Kevork , Averre Derek
Published: May 2019

Kevork Oskanian and Derek Averre explore the relationship between security and democracy in the promotion of the EU’s norms and interests. Their case study of the countries of the South Caucasus – Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia - provides a useful additional insight into neighbourhood countries which do manifest a European perspective but with different degrees of intensity. In the context of discussing the relevance of Democratic Peace Theory and the EU’s perception that conflict resolution and security on its borders are best resolved through democratic governance, their chapter raises the question as to whether conflict is actually more likely when democratisation is incomplete and when there are variations between neighbouring countries between authoritarian systems and near-democracies. This seems to apply to conflicts in the South Caucasus, including the Russo-Georgia war, and indicates a clear limit to EU-isation as a means of ensuring stability and security on the EU’s borders.
The misfit: illness, disability and ‘improper’ subjects
Authors: Greer Stephen
Published: May 2019

Drawing on ‘queer-crip’ theories which expose the normative conditions of social participation, this chapter examines a range of works concerning illness, impairment and disability to examine the relationship between bodily propriety and neoliberalism’s preference for self-sufficient, ‘immune’ citizens. First exploring notions of responsibility which surround the representation of illness and disability, discussion examines the tension between care and self-care, and the cultural narratives which link charity, responsibility and individual agency. By challenging narrow and prejudicial notions of atypical bodies and neurologies, solo performance suggests new ways of understanding the ethics of intersubjective exposure.
Featured practitioners: Brian Lobel, Robert Softley, Katherine Araniello, Bobby Baker, the vacuum cleaner, Martin O’Brien.
Local antiquaries and the expansive sense of the past: a case study from Counter-Reformation Spain
Authors: Olds Katrina B.
Published: May 2019

In the seventeenth century, Spanish antiquarians collected inscriptions, coins, and other evidence of their community’s illustrious Christian origins, conflictive medieval past, and glorious present. Efforts to compile a suitable local history were particularly determined and prolific in the Andalusian diocese of Jaén, where two local enthusiasts of the past – Francisco de Rus Puerta and Martín Ximena Jurado – generated a voluminous body of manuscripts and printed books under the sponsorship of Jaén’s bishop. Like their counterparts elsewhere in Europe, Jaén’s antiquaries documented the past in both text and image, as the authors sketched coins, ruins in situ, and ongoing excavations for antiquities and saints’ relics. In these efforts, Greco-Roman antiquity played the handmaiden to the early Christian era, for it was of intense concern for Andalusian Catholics to prove that the Islamic invasion had not disrupted the region’s deep and essential Christian identity. In this way, ‘antiquity’ was a rather motley-coloured creature, encompassing not only the remains of Roman Hispania, but also including pre-Roman antiquities from Spain’s early Greek, Phoenician, and Celtiberian peoples, as well as Visigothic and some Islamic artefacts.
The museum as method (revisited)1
Authors: Thomas Nicholas
Published: May 2019

This speculative comment considers the potential worth of raising questions that appear simple but may be rewardingly complex. It asks whether routine aspects of curatorial work, such as captioning objects and juxtaposing them in displays, may not have more suggestive dimensions than has been recognised previously. It asks what the implications of a conception of “the museum as method” might have for current approaches to public exhibition.
Concerning curatorial practice in ethnological museums: an epistemology of postcolonial debates
Authors: Förster Larissa , Bose Friedrich von
Published: May 2019

Based on our experience as editors of a debate on ethnographic museums in a German journal, we analyse the conditions and limits of the current debate on the ‘decolonisation’ of ethnographic museums in the German-speaking context. Strictly speaking, the German debate lags behind a bit in relation to the Anglophone debate, but in the face of the re-organisation of the Berlin ethnographic museum as ‘Humboldt-Forum’ it provides crucial insights into the epistemology of unfolding postcolonial debates. We diagnose certain pitfalls of this discussion, e.g. a tendency towards antagonisms and dichotomisation, an overemphasis on the topic of representation and on deconstructionist approaches, an underestimation of anthropology’s critical and self-reflexive potential and too narrow a focus on ethnographic collections. From our point of view, decolonisation must be a joint effort of all kinds of museum types - ethnographic museums, art museums and (natural) history museums as well as city museums, a museum genre being discussed with increased intensity these days. As a consequence, we suggest a more thorough reflection upon the positionality of speakers, but also upon the format, genre and media that facilitate or impede mutual understanding. Secondly, a multi-disciplinary effort to decolonise museum modes of collecting, ordering, interpreting and displaying is needed, i.e. an effort, which cross-cuts different museum types and genres. Thirdly, curators working towards this direction will inevitably have to deal with the problems of disciplinary boundary work and the underlying institutional and cultural-political logics. They eventually will have to work in cross-disciplinary and cross-institutional ways, in order to reassemble disparate collections and critically interrogate notions of ‘communities’ as entities with clear-cut boundaries. After all, in an environment of debate, an exhibition cannot any longer be understood as a means of conveying and popularising knowledge, but rather as a way of making an argument in 3D.
Community engagement, Indigenous heritage and the complex figure of the curator: foe, facilitator, friend or forsaken?
Authors: Onciul Bryony
Published: May 2019

Curation is increasingly recognised as a profession of high standing which requires extensive higher education. However, the proliferation of community engagement since the 1980s has placed new pressures and expectations on curators, thus complicating their role. This is particularly evident in the case of ethnographic curators working with indigenous communities. This chapter explores these issues by considering the ways that working with Blackfoot First Nations communities have affected the role and work of curators at three key museums, two in Canada and one in the UK. Historically museums, and de facto their curators, were often seen as an enemy by many indigenous communities as they appeared as a physical manifestation of colonialism. The historical practice of collecting sacred cultural material, and even the bones and bodies of indigenous people, have made museums synonymous with sites of death, both physical and cultural. Yet, nowadays they also present an exceptional resource and opportunity to revive and re-invigorate pre-colonial cultural knowledge and practice through their collections. Consequently, curators often find themselves in the dubious position of being both potential foe and ally. This is complicated further when curators work cross-culturally and try to embrace both indigenous and western ways of working, as this chapter explores. It has been argued that curators have moved from the position of ‘expert’ to that of ‘facilitator’ but this oversimplifies the complexities of voice, accountability and power in the representation of culture. There is a need for a more nuanced understandings of the pressures community engagement places on the role of curatorship, especially in this current time of increasing expectations on engagement and decreasing resources to support museological work.
Virtual museums and new directions?
Authors: Hereniko Vilsoni
Published: May 2019

Although I am a strong advocate for access to collections in museums and although I see new technologies as a necessary part of this goal, I do not think that technology and its associated impacts and benefits should be the end goal. Rather, they should exist collaboratively with physical museums that mirror the robust developments in digital technology. The physical museum needs to be transformed so that their material collections can stimulate cultural production by living artists and cultural practitioners. This juxtaposition of the past and the present, the dead and the living, ensures that museums remain vibrant and vital spaces for the multicultural communities around them.
A law unto herself: the solitary odyssey of M. E. Harkness
Authors: Elkiss Terry
Published: May 2019

This biographical chapter presents new information about Harkness’s eventful life. In spite of her active engagement with many of the leading writers, radicals, and social reformers in late nineteenth-century London, as well as her own political work and literary labour and extensive travels, relatively little is known about Margaret Elise Harkness. Four continents form part of her life narrative, which is only now beginning to reveal a more nuanced picture of her activities, associations, and accomplishments than was previously presumed. The consideration of newly uncovered materials on her is an exploration that extends beyond ‘darkest Londonʼ and suggests that there are additional relevant details that should be attached to her resume. Libraries and archives around the world possess key documents to enlighten her ideas pursuits, but there are also other unexpected settings and sources for a preliminary biographical investigation of the woman who was more than the author designated as John Law.
The vicissitudes of victory: Margaret Harkness, George Eastmont, Wanderer (1905), and the 1889 Dockworkers’ Strike
Authors: Glover David
Published: May 2019

George Eastmont: Wanderer sealed Margaret Harkness’s disengagement from the socialist politics with which she had been actively involved since the 1880s. Its broad canvas also marked another key departure: the turn from late nineteenth-century slum fiction to the reinvigorated condition of England novel that characterised the Edwardian era. Unusually for Harkness, who wrote her books extremely quickly, George Eastmont: Wanderer underwent a long period of gestation. First mooted in the months following the 1889 Dockworkers’ Strike, the novel’s pivotal and deeply traumatic event, Harkness’s major work did not appear until some fifteen years later. This chapter attempts to decipher the painful history of this delay, situating it against the background of the author’s difficult reappraisal of her own political past and the critical interventions through which she distanced herself from the labour movement and the strike’s most significant achievement, the creation of the new unionism.
Margaret Harkness, novelist: social semantics and experiments in fiction
Authors: Hapgood Lynne
Published: May 2019

This chapter is based on Harkness’s three London novels to explore how they provided a space in which she was able to experiment with a new style of literary realism designed to reflect both its historical moment and an evolving linguistic and political discourse. It argues that, in a period of social change, Harkness’s task in writing novels about contemporary social conditions required her to employ the shared language and conventions of the present but, crucially, to listen and hear the as yet unarticulated but evolving meanings of the future. It explores the ways in which Harkness’s writing participates in and contributes to emerging forms of experimental writing that seek to relay the experience of urban modernity.
Margaret Harkness, W. T. Stead, and the transatlantic social gospel network
Authors: Goodwyn Helena
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines how Harkness and her contemporary W. T. Stead navigated the position of journalists with an activist agenda in a transatlantic market for socially engaged publications. It explores the extent to which both Harkness and Stead made use of the ‘rhetoric of progressive Protestantism’ across the generic categories of their writing: realist fiction, activist journalism, and critical travel writing. In examining the ‘clash between socialist and evangelical rhetoric’ in the context of emerging ‘modern marketing methods’, the chapter exposes the problems inherent in labels of ideological inconsistency as applied on gendered terms.
Wonderful things
Authors: Prendergast Thomas A. , Trigg Stephanie
Published: May 2019

Medieval relics have the uncanny capacity to pleat time: to bring past and present into close relationship. In the sixteenth century, Protestant reformers attacked the cult of relics – objects that claimed to carry the “touch” of the past – in search of a greater truth about the medieval past. This process is analogous to many of the influential formations of medievalism, and the construction of the medieval period as the other to rational modernity. At the same time, the reformers’ discourse about relics was not absolute: this chapter argues that belief and disbelief are not binary opposites but are held in complex and enabling tension. Reformist thinkers and writers were suspicious of the medieval (that is, Catholic) capacity to be constantly re-making the past: that is, to be engaging in medievalism. But relics and reliquaries depend on the category of “wonder”, which resists conventional historical ontologies, and opens up such categories to the study of cultural affects.
Academic ambassadors, Pacific allies
Authors: Garner Alice , Kirkby Diane
Published: May 2019

This book recounts the history of the Fulbright Program in Australia, locating academic exchange in the context of US cultural diplomacy and revealing a complex relationship between governments, publicly funded research and the integrity of academic independence. The study is the first in-depth analysis of the Fulbright exchange program in a single country. Drawing on previously unexplored archives and a new oral history, the authors investigate the educational, political and diplomatic challenges experienced by Australian and American scholars who won awards and those who managed the complex bi-national program. The book begins with the scheme’s origins, moves through its Australian establishment during the early Cold War, Vietnam War dilemmas, civil rights and gender parity struggles and the impacts of mid-to-late 20th century belt-tightening. How the program’s goal of ‘mutual understanding’ was understood and enacted across six decades lies at the heart of the book, which weaves institutional and individual experiences together with broader geopolitical issues. Bringing a complex and nuanced analysis to the Australia-US relationship, the authors offer fresh insights into the global influence of the Fulbright Program. It is a compelling account of academic exchange as cultural diplomacy. It offers a critical appraisal of Fulbright achievements and limitations in avoiding political influence, integrating gender and racial diversity, absorbing conflict and dissent, and responding to economic fluctuations and social change
Introduction
Authors: Garner Alice , Kirkby Diane
Published: May 2019

Since 1946 the Fulbright Program has been a significant force in shaping a global scholarly community. A US government venture with an unprecedented reach across the world, it has been held responsible for ‘the largest migration of students and scholars in modern history’.1 Although the idea of international educational exchange did not originate with Senator Fulbright, the program has played a distinctive role in the history of international exchange to become ‘the world’s pre-eminent exchange program for scholars and students’....
‘Experience is the only teacher’: Academic ambassadors interpret ‘mutual understanding’
Authors: Garner Alice , Kirkby Diane
Published: May 2019

The Vietnam War posed significant challenges to academics on educational exchange who were expected under the Fulbright program to be ambassadors as well as researchers. The CIA surveillance of the anti-war movement and political interference in the administration of the Fulbright program from government caused academics in both Australia and America to defend the autonomy of the Program. How did scholars interpret the ambassadorial expectation when they were opposed to their government’s foreign policy? Many also found they could not speak critically of their national government without antagonising their hosts. Living up to the Fulbright program’s ideal of achieving ‘mutual understanding’ was very much a matter of learning by experience, to be interpreted by scholars for whom research was actually the priority.
Conclusion
Authors: Garner Alice , Kirkby Diane
Published: May 2019

At the end of the first decade of the twenty-first century the Fulbright Program celebrated sixty years in Australia. There had been changes, especially in the funding arrangements, but there were also several continuities.

Despite the recommendations of the 1976 Rose report that scholarships were preferably left open, they had in fact become far more targeted and there were many fewer available. The number of scholars going on exchange was significantly lower than in earlier decades. Postgraduates stayed for shorter periods to conduct specific research rather than enrol in lengthy PhDs. Indigenous scholars now had a specific award and the gender ratio of successful applicants had improved, so that between 1990 and 2009 women made up approximately 43 per cent of the total. It was even harder for humanities and social science scholars to compete against scientists and medical researchers. The AAFC board had increased in size, but was still disproportionately male, although it had increased the membership of women to three since the first woman was appointed in 1985. While two women had acted temporarily as executive directors at times of transition between appointments, Dr Tangerine Holt was the first woman to be formally appointed as executive director of the Commission, in 2011....
‘Plausible’ Jack and the Royalty adventurers
Authors: Oakley Warren
Published: May 2019

This chapter recounts the most audacious challenge to Harris’s patent authority by the actor ‘Plausible Jack’ Palmer. Abetted by ‘Viper’ Jackson, Palmer opened a new theatre — the Royalty — in the East End. Both men were radical figures, fighting the theatrical establishment headed by Harris and his legal right to prevent anyone competing with him. This conflict sheds light upon the social attitudes and legal punishments inflicted upon performers who were without Harris’s protection, in a century that saw only a slender difference between the actor and the beggar. It also explores the restrictions of the patent system suffered by Palmer and Harris as both men sought to redraw the landscape of entertainment in London. This part brings the Royalty to life and the community it served. It also uncovers Harris’s scheming behind the scenes — through his use of the law and the press — to defeat his competitors.
Selling a life
Authors: Oakley Warren
Published: May 2019

This section begins with Harris’s auctioning of his Bellemonte estate as debts threatened to collapse the theatre and the debtor’s prison beckoned. The 1819 fire-sale of Bellemonte, and everything within it, provides one record of his life. One article auctioned was his portrait of the leading playwright, Elizabeth Inchbald. Using it as a starting point, this section illuminates the dark recesses of their complex relationship which was conducted as business between playwright and manager but often reached towards something more. By reclaiming Inchbald’s life and her relationship with Harris from the imaginations of Georgian hacks, this section challenges Harris’s sexual reputation as a disturbing predator who exploited his position of authority over a community of vulnerable actresses. In the process, it confronts the biographical difficulty of piecing together the lives of people who did not want to be publicly known.
‘Have ye nat seyn somtyme a pale face?’
Authors: Downes Stephanie
Published: May 2019

The face is a vital site of embodied emotional display. By examining descriptions of facial pallor in a range of Chaucer’s works, Downes explores the poet’s representation of the face as an affective text, which launches an interpretative challenge to both the medieval and the modern reader of fiction, as well as deepening our understanding of cultural expressions of feeling in the pre-modern era.
The implausible plausibility of the Prologue to the Tale of Beryn
Authors: Prendergast Thomas A.
Published: May 2019

Thomas A. Prendergast re-examines the fifteenth-century ‘Beryn’ manuscript, one of numerous continuations of and additions to the Canterbury Tales. Prendergast’s foremost concern is to identify the logic guiding the Beryn-scribe’s addition of this text to the Tales. He argues that the scribe was compelled by an irresistible desire to complete the text of the Canterbury Tales, thus attributing agency to the text itself.
‘In remembrance of his persone’: transhistorical empathy and the Chaucerian face
Authors: D’Arcens Louise
Published: May 2019

From the earliest manuscript images through to cinematic depictions, Chaucer’s ‘persone’, that is his face and body, has been a key focus in the pursuit of transhistorical intimacy with the author. Chaucer’s physical self has been portrayed repeatedly across subsequent centuries in an array of media. Drawing upon the hermeneutic concept of Einfühlung (‘feeling into’) to examine the long ‘empathetic afterlife’ enjoyed by Chaucer’s ‘persone’, D’Arcens explores what Chaucer’s face and body have come to mean to post-medieval audiences; she traces how these differences intersect with the constantly changing nature of Chaucer’s legacy, especially as he and his work have been deemed to reflect national literary and comic traditions.
Textual face: cognition as recognition
Authors: Simpson James
Published: May 2019

James Simpson’s central hermeneutic perception for knowledge in the Humanities is that cognition is re-cognition. Before we can know, we must already have known. He examines this paradox with reference to literary examples of facial recognition from, in particular, Chaucer and his reception in the early modern period. Linking literary face to textual face – the whole text as a kind of face – he applies the lessons learnt from facial recognition to textual recognition; and answers some possible objections to the paradox of knowing being dependent on having already known.
Art and permeable moments
Authors: Pappas-Kelley Jared
Published: May 2019

Chapter two endeavours to define art amid a portmanteau—starting with Jean-Luc Nancy’s understanding of art and the image in The Ground of the Image, Bataille’s ideas concerning art as a rupture or fissure, Jean Baudrillard’s Why Hasn’t Everything Already Disappeared?, and Paul Virilio’s The Accident of Art—to understand better the accident, disappearance, and destruction that art courts. Next, it proposes that through this art houses a solvency—in a sense undoing, yet at the same time securing or making fixed—as conflicting and resistant tendencies within the object formed. This chapter also puts forward a correlation between Bataille and Virilio and their ideas regarding the negative or reverse miracle (that they suggest gives art its form), which is similarly made visible through loss or destruction.
Epilogue
Authors: Pappas-Kelley Jared
Published: May 2019

“These things hardly existed at all,” remarked Robert Irwin of his untitled columns, begun in 1969.1 In Blink and You’ll Miss It, Irwin described how his transparent cast-acrylic sculptures inhabit a gallery space austerely, how they appear to “sit on a delicate edge” between absence and presence....
Microplastics pollution in the South American Pantanal
Authors: Faria Erika de , Girard Pierre , Nardes Carolina S , Moreschi Andressa , Christo Susete W , Ferreira Junior Augusto Luiz , Costa Monica F
Published: May 2019

Microplastics represent an emerging global threat to freshwater ecosystems and studies in floodplains are still incipient. Microplastics in the Pantanal’s affluent and floodplains were sampled close to their potential urban sources and in the Pantanal lowlands. A 68 μm mesh size plankton net, with a 150 ml collection flask was used for sampling. The flask content was filtered over a 0.45μm Whatman paper, 47 mm in diameter, and examined under a stereomicroscope at 45X to identify and count microplastics (expressed as n100L-1). Microplastic sizes were determined by image microscopy. The average microplastic size was 192±142 μm and it was not significantly different in the urban tributaries (206±158 μm) than in the Pantanal (181±131 μm). The average±std microplastic concentration was 9.6±8.3, ranging from 1 to 31 n100L-1. Fibers, fragments, pellets, and XPS (closed-cell extruded polystyrene foam) particles represented respectively 50%, 19%, 22% and 9% of the total microplastics. Microplastics concentrations were higher in the urban tributaries (19.9±5.8 n100L-1) than in the Pantanal lowlands (4.5±2.5 n100L-1). Fibers were always the most important fraction, followed by fragments. In the lowlands, pellets were scarce and XPS were absent. Comparison between microplastic composition in the floodplain and the urban areas suggest that pellets are transported from the urban area to the Pantanal, while microfibers and fragments could both be transported from the urban areas and have a local origin. These results indicate that microplastics are contaminating the Pantanal and its affluents and eventually can affect the local fauna. More research is needed to understand the extent and possible implications regarding the contamination by microplastics of the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems of the Pantanal.
Decomposition of Gaussian processes, and factorization of positive definite kernels
Authors: Jorgensen Palle , Tian Feng
Published: May 2019

We establish a duality for two factorization questions, one for general positive definite (p.d.) kernels \(K\), and the other for Gaussian processes, say \(V\). The latter notion, for Gaussian processes is stated via Ito-integration. Our approach to factorization for p.d. kernels is intuitively motivated by matrix factorizations, but in infinite dimensions, subtle measure theoretic issues must be addressed. Consider a given p.d. kernel \(K\), presented as a covariance kernel for a Gaussian process \(V\). We then give an explicit duality for these two seemingly different notions of factorization, for p.d. kernel \(K\), vs for Gaussian process \(V\). Our result is in the form of an explicit correspondence. It states that the analytic data which determine the variety of factorizations for \(K\) is the exact same as that which yield factorizations for \(V\). Examples and applications are included: point-processes, sampling schemes, constructive discretization, graph-Laplacians, and boundary-value problems.
Estimating the burden of α-thalassaemia in Thailand using a comprehensive prevalence database for Southeast Asia
Authors: Hockham Carinna , Ekwattanakit Supachai , Bhatt Samir , Penman Bridget S , Gupta Sunetra , Viprakasit Vip , Piel Frédéric B
Published: May 2019

Severe forms of α-thalassaemia, haemoglobin H disease and haemoglobin Bart’s hydrops fetalis, are an important public health concern in Southeast Asia. Yet information on the prevalence, genetic diversity and health burden of α-thalassaemia in the region remains limited. We compiled a geodatabase of α-thalassaemia prevalence and genetic diversity surveys and, using geostatistical modelling methods, generated the first continuous maps of α-thalassaemia mutations in Thailand and sub-national estimates of the number of newborns with severe forms in 2020. We also summarised the current evidence-base for α-thalassaemia prevalence and diversity for the region. We estimate that 3595 (95% credible interval 1,717–6,199) newborns will be born with severe α-thalassaemia in Thailand in 2020, which is considerably higher than previous estimates. Accurate, fine-scale epidemiological data are necessary to guide sustainable national and regional health policies for α-thalassaemia management. Our maps and newborn estimates are an important first step towards this aim.

Editorial note: This article has been through an editorial process in which the authors decide how to respond to the issues raised during peer review. The Reviewing Editor's assessment is that all the issues have been addressed (see decision letter).
Preserved extrastriate visual network in a monkey with substantial, naturally occurring damage to primary visual cortex
Authors: Bridge Holly , Bell Andrew H , Ainsworth Matthew , Sallet Jerome , Premereur Elsie , Ahmed Bashir , Mitchell Anna S , Schüffelgen Urs , Buckley Mark , Tendler Benjamin C , Miller Karla L , Mars Rogier B , Parker Andrew J , Krug Kristine
Published: May 2019

Lesions of primary visual cortex (V1) lead to loss of conscious visual perception with significant impact on human patients. Understanding the neural consequences of such damage may aid the development of rehabilitation methods. In this rare case of a Rhesus macaque (monkey S), likely born without V1, the animal’s in-group behaviour was unremarkable, but visual task training was impaired. With multi-modal magnetic resonance imaging, visual structures outside of the lesion appeared normal. Visual stimulation under anaesthesia with checkerboards activated lateral geniculate nucleus of monkey S, while full-field moving dots activated pulvinar. Visual cortical activation was sparse but included face patches. Consistently across lesion and control monkeys, functional connectivity analysis revealed an intact network of bilateral dorsal visual areas temporally correlated with V5/MT activation, even without V1. Despite robust subcortical responses to visual stimulation, we found little evidence for strengthened subcortical input to V5/MT supporting residual visual function or blindsight-like phenomena.
Complementary congruent and opposite neurons achieve concurrent multisensory integration and segregation
Authors: Zhang Wen-Hao , Wang He , Chen Aihua , Gu Yong , Lee Tai Sing , Wong KY Michael , Wu Si
Published: May 2019

Our brain perceives the world by exploiting multisensory cues to extract information about various aspects of external stimuli. The sensory cues from the same stimulus should be integrated to improve perception, and otherwise segregated to distinguish different stimuli. In reality, however, the brain faces the challenge of recognizing stimuli without knowing in advance the sources of sensory cues. To address this challenge, we propose that the brain conducts integration and segregation concurrently with complementary neurons. Studying the inference of heading-direction via visual and vestibular cues, we develop a network model with two reciprocally connected modules modeling interacting visual-vestibular areas. In each module, there are two groups of neurons whose tunings under each sensory cue are either congruent or opposite. We show that congruent neurons implement integration, while opposite neurons compute cue disparity information for segregation, and the interplay between two groups of neurons achieves efficient multisensory information processing.
Investigation of the p-GaN layer thickness of InGaN-based photoelectrodes for photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation
Authors: Iida Daisuke , Shimizu Takamitsu , Ohkawa Kazuhiro
Published: May 2019

We investigated photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation using InGaN-based photoelectrodes with different p-GaN layer thicknesses. It was confirmed that the photocurrent density and hydrogen generation can be enhanced at zero bias between the photoelectrode and counterelectrode. We found that the maximum energy conversion efficiency was 2.0% when using an InGaN-based photoelectrode with a 20-nm-thick p-GaN layer; this was one order larger than for a photoelectrode without a p-GaN layer. The p-GaN layer can pull the potential of the InGaN layer upward, leading to efficient electron–hole separation in the photoabsorption layer and improving carrier transfer from the InGaN layer. By measuring incident photon to current efficiency, it was confirmed that the InGaN layer worked as a photoelectrode since the absorption edge wavelength was around 400 nm.
Impact of quantum dots on III-nitride lasers: a theoretical calculation of threshold current densities
Authors: Tao Renchun , Arakawa Yasuhiko
Published: May 2019

We present a theoretical study on the gain and threshold current density of III-nitride quantum dot (QD) and quantum well (QW) lasers with a comprehensive theory model. It is found that at transparency condition the injection current density of QD lasers is about 120 times lower than QW lasers in III-nitrides, while in III-arsenide it is about 15 times. It means that using QDs in III-nitride lasers could be 8 times more efficient than in III-arsenide. This significant improvement in III-nitrides is due to their large effective-masses and the large asymmetry of effective-masses between valence bands and conduction bands. Our results reveal the advantages of using QD for low threshold laser applications in III-nitrides.
450 nm GaInN ridge stripe laser diodes with AlInN/AlGaN multiple cladding layers
Authors: Arakawa Kei , Miyoshi Kohei , Iida Ryosuke , Kato Yuki , Takeuchi Tetsuya , Miyoshi Makoto , Kamiyama Satoshi , Iwaya Motoaki , Akasaki Isamu
Published: May 2019

We investigated and improved optical waveguides along the vertical and horizontal directions in 450 nm GaInN laser diodes. As a result, we demonstrated a low threshold current density (1.15 kA cm−2) of a GaInN ridge stripe laser diode containing a 3-pair 40 nm Al0.82In0.18N/25 nm Al0.03Ga0.97N multiple bottom cladding layer at room temperature under pulsed condition. This threshold current density is smaller than our typical value with a 1 μm Al0.03Ga0.97N bottom cladding layer. AlInN/AlGaN multiple layers are useful as n-type cladding layers in visible laser diodes to achieve higher optical confinement factors while smooth surfaces were obtained.
Composers on the March, 1941-45
Authors: Tomoff Kiril
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines the Composers' Union during the Great Patriotic War. The war was an important moment in the development of the Soviet music profession. During a chaotic and traumatic evacuation, the Composers' Union expanded contacts and implicit commitments between the central body and local chapters, clarified the institutional relationship between its professional and resource distribution functions, and drew a solid boundary on membership by permanently excluding performers. At the same time, an influx of new members, mainly songwriters, changed the face of Composers' Union membership. Most importantly, the leadership of the Composers' Union helped to stimulate and support composers' and musicologists' response to the call to professional arms. The Composers' Union as a whole and its members individually produced just the sort of music that the war effort required. For this service, the members of the Composers' Union gained lasting juridical access to a comparatively privileged strata of Soviet society.
Anticosmopolitanism and the Music Profession, 1949-53
Authors: Tomoff Kiril
Published: May 2019

This chapter focuses on the anticosmopolitanism campaigns that followed the Zhdanovshchina. Participants, victims, and historians alike have correctly understood the anticosmopolitanism campaigns as primarily anti-Semitic. However, this understanding is incomplete. A close study of the music profession during the anticosmopolitanism campaigns demonstrates that anti-Semitism was an essential component of anticosmopolitanism, but in no sphere were the two coterminous. Instead, examining some of the organizational and practical battlegrounds in which bureaucrats, party ideologues, and music professionals struggled with “cosmopolitanism” and “cosmopolitans” reveal that anticosmopolitanism had a diverse array of coexistent meanings, intended and unintended. All these understandings of anticosmopolitanism together formed the context in which the Composers' Union once and for all solidified its authority, decisively squeezing the influence of the Committee on Artistic Affairs out of the production and control of Soviet music and expanding its direct connection with the Central Committee's cultural oversight apparatus.
The Poverty Culture
Authors: Huret Romain D.
Published: May 2019

This chapter describes the hegemonic view of poverty as a cultural problem. In a context of McCarthyism, philanthropic foundations limited their financing to research projects dealing with deviant behaviour of the poor. This cultural perspective shaped the ways elites envisioned poverty in the early 1960s.
Counting Chickens in Early Modern Essex
Authors: Fudge Erica
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores why nearly 90% of the wills in the dataset do not include specific mention of animals. Looking at the language of wills, at how testators present property, the chapter reads this frequent absence of specificity in relation to pastoral arguments about the religious value of writing a last will and testament from the period which emphasise advance planning. The chapter explores how animals, decaying creatures as one testator puts it, present problems for those writing wills well in advance of their final sickness. In this analysis, it is proposed that the ambiguous language used – cattle, chattle, goods, stock – can be read as helping testators distribute their property.
Less than Kind
Authors: Fudge Erica
Published: May 2019

This chapter takes wills from London and Middlesex from the same period as a comparative dataset to explore the impact of urban living on the people and animals in the period. The significant difference in the world of human-animal relations that the London dataset offers from the Essex one signals in a way that has not previously been explored, how massive the impact of the capital was on human-animal relations, and concepts of community that included non-humans.
Two 1940 Sites as Symbols
Authors: Gordon Bertram M.
Published: May 2019

Two sites in the French defeat of 1940 that subsequently became tourism spots were the Maginot Line and the railway car where the 1918 armistice had been signed in the Compiégne forest. The Maginot Line became a site of touristic curiosity for the victorious Germans including Hitler. No longer strategically important after the war, many of the fortresses became tourist sites. The railway car, chosen by the Germans for the signing of the 1940 armistice, was placed on show in Berlin. It was destroyed during the Allied advance on Germany in 1944. The French then put a replica back in the forest where it remains a tourist site. The two sites represent shifts in war tourism paradigms over the years.
Colonial Migrants in New York
Authors: McGreevey Robert C.
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines how even after Puerto Rican migrants could claim U.S. citizenship, various groups in the U.S. persisted in constructing Puerto Ricans as “foreigners” for their own purposes. New York charity boards in the 1930s, for example, defined Puerto Ricans as foreign immigrants in order to justify “repatriations” of impoverished people to the island and thereby shrink their relief rolls. In response, Puerto Rican leaders organized politically in New York, overcoming the restrictions of state literacy laws, to elect political leaders.
Papirosy and Dependence
Authors: Starks Tricia
Published: May 2019

The introduction presents an innovative examination of the historically contingent nature of addiction as well as the context-specific reactions to smoking by describing the unique Russian cigarette (papirosy) and leaf (makhorka). The inhalation of tobacco and the high-nicotine Russian leaf created conditions for more addictive tobacco use with more profound health consequences earlier than anywhere else on the globe. By applying cultural history, gender theory, anthropology, material culture, and sensory studies to Russian smoking, the introduction sets up the construction of tobacco’s positive and negative image and the distinctions of space, class, and gender that the scent, sight, or mark of smoking created on the body, and by extension on social spaces and class structure.
Singapore
Authors: Klingler-Vidra Robyn
Published: May 2019

Chapter Six investigates the sources of Singapore’s interventionist, internationally-focused, funding-centric VC policy formula. Singaporean policymakers’ norms favor policies that offer financing and that attract international investors, which led them to adapt what they learned by seeking out further templates that fit their interventionist approach, including their adaptation of the Israeli Yozma Fund into a US$ 1 billion fund of VC fund. Hungry to implement other means of enticing blue chip VC investors to Singapore, VC policymakers improvised additional VC policy incentives beyond what they learned in their studies of Silicon Valley and Israel. They launched tax exemption schemes, a tax credit for investors’ losses in start-up investments and the Global Investor Program whereby foreign VC investors can obtain Singaporean permanent residency.
The Future of Venture Capital States
Authors: Klingler-Vidra Robyn
Published: May 2019

Chapter Eight concludes the book by applying the findings to larger political economy debates. The expectation that contextual rationality empowers unique policy choices stands in contrast to the globalization thesis’ hypothesis regarding the (East Asian developmental) state’s limited ability to choose policies. It also rebuffs the expectation that we are experience international convergence on a single (American) model. The findings demonstrate that pursuit of neoliberal market strategies are clearly not the only means by which local Silicon Valley-like VC markets can be constituted. Rather than a smaller role for the state, in which the state can only create a favorable environment for markets to operate, the manuscript reveals why and how policymakers, ranging from the United States to East Asia, exhibit a visible hand in the market as they pursue purposive action that effectively stimulates early-stage investment activity.
Faith/SHRADDHA
Authors: Falcone Jessica Marie
Published: May 2019

This chapter asks the question: how did a Buddhist organization manage to cause so much suffering and anxiety in Kushinagar, despite their solidly good intentions? Also, why did the project go largely unquestioned by devotees? This chapter explores “guru devotion” and “skillful means” in Tibetan Buddhism, especially as it extends to the manner in which the guru is deemed unassailable to devotees in matters of ethics and practice. Due to the widespread perception amongst FPMT devotees that their guru is omniscient, the MPI statue project–despite being contested and unpopular in India –could only be tentatively and furtively questioned in the hallways of FPMT.
Conclusion
Authors: Bailey Anna L.
Published: May 2019

Summarises the nature of alcohol policy in Russia and explains why such diverse perceptions of it exist. The existence of the anti-alcohol initiative under Medvedev gave a false sense of cohesiveness and intentionality to alcohol policy, concealing its fragmented and ad hoc nature. The kleptocracy inherent in Russia’s political economy has a distorting effect on state policymaking, as formal state priorities are undermined by the priorities of informal power networks. This can be seen in the way in which an official policy of reducing spirits consumption has been distorted into policies that impact harshly on vodka’s main competitor, beer.
Muslims and Social Justice
Authors: Aljunied Khairudin
Published: May 2019

This chapter elucidates Hamka ideas regarding social justice in Muslim societies. He was immersed in upholding the Islamic conception of social justice above all others and achieved this through a few argumentative steps. The first is to deconstruct materialist and partial Islamic conceptions of social justice. Secondly, Hamka propounded his own unique rendering of Islamic conceptions of social justice as one that is guided by the practical concepts of khalifatul fil‘ard (vicegerents of God on earth), amanah (sacred trust), shura (mutual consultation) and maslahah (general welfare). Hamka’s intellectual third step is to foreground the various enablers that can facilitate the actualization of social justice.
What Is History? What Is Literature?
Authors: LaCapra Dominick
Published: May 2019

This chapter takes the form of a review essay or dialogic exchange with the important book of Ivan Jablonka, L’histoire est une littérature contemporaine: Manifeste pour les sciences sociales. It also offers a defense of a certain conception of intellectual and cultural history as an extended critical analysis and attempt to understand specific texts and artifacts (as well as their larger contexts of production and reception).
A Formerly Great Britain
Authors: Shifrinson Joshua R. Itzkowitz
Published: May 2019

Chapters 2 and 3 examine the U.S. and Soviet response to the decline of the United Kingdom in the mid-to-late 1940s. Chapter 2 first reviews the course of the United Kingdom’s decline in the early post-war period, and details efforts by the United States and Soviet Union to assess Britain’s changing relative position. Subsequently, it discusses the existing literature on U.S. and Soviet policy toward Great Britain, and relates this work to the alternative arguments discussion in the Introduction. From there, it uses extensive archival research to derive predictions of U.S. and Soviet strategy in light of predation theory. These predictions are evaluated against the alternative arguments in Chapter 3.
Conclusion
Authors: Shifrinson Joshua R. Itzkowitz
Published: May 2019

The Conclusion summarizes the volume and extends its findings. The chapter first reviews the evidence in chapters 2-5, emphasizing that there is significant empirical support for the argument developed in chapter 1. In contrast, alternative explanations do not fare well in the case studies. Next, the chapter provides additional tests of the theory by discussing the British, Russian, and German responses to the declines of Austria-Hungary and France from the mid nineteenth century through World War I in light of predation theory; again, the history offers significant support for the core argument. Lastly, the Conclusion discusses implications of the volume for scholarship, policy debates – particularly surrounding the rise of China – and future research.