bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
الحكم القضائي الباطل في التشريع الفلسطيني، دراسة نقدية تحليلية
Authors: البزار أ. زهور
Published: October 2024

إن الحكم القضائي الباطل هو الحكم غير المتفق وشروط الحكم القضائي الصحيح والذي شابه عيب، وهذا العيب قد يكون جوهرياً لا يمكن تعديله ويبطل آثار الحكم كافة كأن لم يكن، أو عيب غير جوهري يمكن تصحيحه وتعديله، ويتميز الحكم القضائي الباطل عن غيره من الأحكام القضائية الأخرى مثل الحكم القضائي الصحيح، حيث إن الحكم الصحيح استوفى أركان وشروط الحكم كافة، وإذا ما طعن بهذا الحكم يصبح ذو حجية واجب التنفيذ من جهات الاختصاص، وبخصوص الحكم المنعدم فلا سند تشريعي ولا نص قانوني بخصوصه.
وبمجرد صدور الحكم القضائي في أي نوع من أنواع الدعاوى ترفع المحكمة التي أصدرت الحكم الباطل يدها عن الدعوى عند صدورها للحكم ولا ولاية لها على ملف الدعوى من لحظتها، أما محكمة الاستئناف فلا تنتهي ولايتها وإنما يبدأ كونها هي محكمة الاختصاص للتأكيد عما إذا كان الحكم القضائي باطلًا أم لا، وكذلك عندما ينقض الحكم الصادر عنها من قبل محكمة النقض وتعاد الدعوى إليها من جديد، فهنا تصبح صاحبة الصلاحية في نظر الدعوى. وللحكم الباطل آثار عامة تتمثل في حجية الأحكام عندما لا يطعن فيه وأن هذه الحجية مقصورة على أطرافه فقط، ولا يجوز للغير أن يتمسكوا بها، أما إذا كان البطلان من النظام العام ونص عليه القانون بشكل مباشر فيتوجب على المحكمة إثارة البطلان من تلقاء نفسها.
 اعتنق المشرع الفلسطيني نظرية البطلان إذ نص عليها في العديد من نصوص المواد في قانون أصول المحاكمات المدنية والتجارية رقم 2 لسنة 2001، حيث تناولها الباحث بشكل تحليلي، إلا أن المشرع لم يقم بتعريف الحكم القضائي الباطل، وترك الأمر لشراح القانون. تناولت هذه الدراسة تعريف الحكم القضائي الباطل وتمييزه عن غيره من الأحكام والأسباب المؤدية إلى بطلانه والآثار المترتبة على ذلك والطعن بتلك الأحكام حسب الأصول والقانون، وكانت الدراسة تنصب فقط على قانون أصول المحاكمات المدنية والتجارية رقم 2 لسنة 2001، وإسنادها بقرارات من محكمة النقض الفلسطينية.
الحوكمة وأثرها على التجارة الدولية
Authors: قشطي نبيلة عبد الفتاح
Published: October 2024

أصبحت الحوكمة من أبرز الموضوعات المهمة على مستوى الإدارات والمؤسسات والمنظمات المحلية والإقليمية والدولية العامة والخاصة، وقد برزت هذه الأهمية في الآونة الأخيرة عندما أطاحت الأزمة المالية العالمية باقتصاديات عدد كبير من الدول المتقدمة والنامية، وعلى الرغم من ذلك فإن مفهوم الحوكمة لا يزال مبهمًا بعض الشيء لدى الكثير من الفئات في المجتمع، لهذا السبب تم اختياري لهذا الموضوع، والهدف من هذه الورقة عرض مفاهيم أساسية متعلقة بالحوكمة تتنوع بين تعريف الحوكمة وأهدافها وأهميتها، وضوابطها، كما توضح المعايير والمبادئ والمحددات التي تحكمها، بالإضافة إلى أثرها على التجارة الدولية.
Elastic–plastic solutions of reserved deformation for soft rock circular tunnel under high stress
Authors: luo longyu
Published: October 2024

The determination of reserved deformation is typically based on referring to relevant codes or the engineering analogy method, lacking a certain theoretical approach. The purpose of this study is to provide a theoretical basis for determining reserved deformation and to analyze the variation law of the surrounding rock affected by reserved deformation. Considering the reserved deformation under the condition of asymmetric load, the expression of optimal reserved deformation, the expression of support resistance reflecting the strength of surrounding rock, the strength of support material and the magnitude of in situ stress, the displacement expression of surrounding rock are derived by approximate solution based on the classical elastic–plastic theory. Numerical simulation software is used to simulate the displacement expression of the surrounding rock considering the reserved deformation and the expression of the optimum reserved deformation under the condition of asymmetric load. The results of the numerical simulation were compared with those of the analytical solutions, and the analytical results show that the errors between the two are within 12% and that the consistency is good.
السؤال التعليمي في السنة النبوية مفهومه وأهميته في الدعوة إلى الله
Authors: الصجري ابراهيم شذر حمد
Published: October 2024

يتناول هذا البحث "السؤال التعليمي" كأداة تعليمية ودعوية استخدمها النبي محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم في الدعوة إلى الله. يتم تعريف السؤال التعليمي في هذا السياق على أنه السؤال الذي يطرحه العالم أو المعلم ليس بغرض الاستفهام، بل لتنبيه المتعلم إلى موضع إشكال أو اختبار عقله أو توجيهه نحو معلومات جديدة. يبرز البحث أهمية هذه الأداة في تعزيز الفهم وإثارة التفكير لدى المتعلم، مشيرًا إلى نماذج من الأسئلة التعليمية في السنة النبوية وكيفية استخدامها لتحقيق أهداف دعوية. كما يناقش البحث فوائد متعددة لاستعمال السؤال التعليمي في الدعوة، خاصة في استثارة عقول المدعوين وتوجيههم نحو الحقائق الإسلامية
Why Knowledge Infrastructure Capability Matters for Faculty Knowledge Management Engagement in Higher Education of Pakistan?
Authors: Ali Nisbat , Gulzar Rehana
Published: October 2024

The study's purpose is to establish the impact of Knowledge Infrastructure Capability on Individual Knowledge Management Engagement in Pakistani institutions via Degree of Knowledge Base with Incentive System, with an emphasis on the university sector which is one of the world's most booming businesses. The study's major objectives are to look into faculty knowledge engagement in universities and the practices used by Pakistani businesses to increase staff knowledge engagement. It is undeniable that the Pakistani education industry is under pressure to engage its instructors to stay competitive. Approximately 210 university faculty members provided the study's main data. After data analysis our hypotheses are get accepted. The overall conclusion of the poll suggested that Pakistani institutions might grow by involving their employees and being more aware of global educational trends. Engagement in knowledge management is certainly crucial in the workplace of a university. This research has been shown to represent all of Pakistan's universities as well as other sectors, regardless of field. In a nutshell, knowledge infrastructure's capability is determined by three factors: technology, structure, and culture. All of these factors are centered on employee knowledge management participation at work and at home, which is derived from an employee's work ethic and environment.
Methods and Resources of Teaching and Learning English Language at Secondary schools in Mogadishu from the View of the Teachers.
Authors: Mohamud Ahmed Abdullahi
Published: October 2024

The study aims at gaining insights into Methods and Resources of Teaching and Learning the English Language at the Secondary schools in Mogadishu from the view of the Teachers This paper was focused on the methods of English Language Teaching (ELT) in Mogadishu secondary schools. It also examined the importance of the professional development of English teachers in Mogadishu Secondary Schools and attempted to identify how professional development can contribute to ELT. Quantitative research approach was used and questionnaire was distributed to collect the data. Data was analysed using descriptive technique. This study was carried out 40 secondary schools in Mogadishu Somalia. The shape of the questionnaire in the demographic section is looked upon in terms of gender, marital status, academic qualifications and the year of experience which the respondent has served as a teacher. Analysis of data in this study was done concurrently with data collection using statistical package for Social Sciences (SPSS).Finally the researcher concludes the study, and makes recommendations relevant with the topic.
A Content Analysis of the Math Textbook, Grade Twelve at Secondary Schools in Somalia
Authors: Salad Shuaib Abdullahi
Published: October 2024

This study conducted a content analysis of the math textbook used in grade twelve at secondary schools in Somalia. The study aimed to evaluate the adequacy of the chapter objectives, assess the suitability of the exercises, analyze the figures and diagrams index, analyze the text narratives index, evaluate the appropriateness of the chapter summaries, and assess the suitability of the questions in the math textbook. The study found that while the chapter objectives are adequate, the textbook lacks in providing challenging exercises, figures, and diagrams. The text narratives also need improvement in terms of student involvement, and there are no chapter summaries at the end of the chapters. However, the exercises at the end of the chapters are effective in promoting student involvement. The study concludes with suggestions for enhancing and revising the textbook to improve student engagement and learning.
Perencanaan Temporary Modular Shelter sebagai Solusi Hunian Sementara: Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Sari Sely Novita , Nugraheni Fitri
Published: October 2024

Perubahan iklim dan meningkatnya frekuensi bencana alam menekankan pentingnya solusi perumahan sementara yang cepat dan efisien, seperti Temporary Modular Shelter. Perencanaan Temporary Modular Shelter adalah proses kompleks yang memerlukan pertimbangan berbagai aspek, termasuk fungsi, lokasi, material, kesehatan, keselamatan, transportasi, regulasi, kelestarian lingkungan, dan aspek sosial-budaya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metodologi Systematic Literature Review (SLR) untuk mengevaluasi penelitian terdahulu tentang perencanaan Temporary Modular Shelter, dengan sumber data utama dari Scopus, Sinta, dan Garuda. Data primer diperoleh dari survei, observasi, serta tinjauan literatur, sementara data sekunder digunakan sebagai pelengkap. Proses seleksi data memiliki fokus pada studi yang relevan dalam rentang 2018-2024. Analisis dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi faktor utama, metodologi umum, dan prinsip keberlanjutan dalam perencanaan modular shelter. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keberlanjutan, efisiensi sumber daya, dan penggunaan material ramah lingkungan sangat penting. Keterlibatan masyarakat dan penggunaan teknologi juga berperan penting dalam meningkatkan efektivitas dan keberlanjutan shelter.
Aplikasi Minyak Serai Wangi Sebagai Bioaditif Bahan Bakar Pertalite
Authors: Rasyfillah Muhammad Rafi , Alfarizi M. Vurqon , Triana Nurul Widji
Published: October 2024

Bioaditif merupakan bahan tambahan untuk meningkatkan kualitas bahan bakar yang berasal dari tumbuhan. Salah satu yang memiliki potensi untuk dijadikan bioaditif adalah minyak dari serai wangi. Minyak serai wangi dapat diperoleh dengan beberapa metode, salah satunya menggunakan metode distilasi air dan uap. Proses distilasi ini dijalankan dengan 1 kg serai wangi, air 3 liter, suhu operasi 100 °C, dan waktu penyulingan 2 jam. Berdasarkan uji GC-MS, minyak serai wangi mengandung 19,35% geraniol, 1,24 % sitronelal, dan 1,72% sitronelol. Rasio pencampuran minyak serai wangi dengan bahan bakar pertalite yaitu 2:1000; 4:1000; 6:1000; 8:1000; dan 10:1000 ml, serta waktu pengadukan selama 1; 2; 3; 4; dan 5 menit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menaikkan angka oktan, nilai kalor, densitas, dan viskositas bahan bakar pertalite. Hasil pengujian terbaik diperoleh pada pencampuran 10:1000 ml dan waktu pengadukan selama 5 menit, dengan hasil kenaikan nilai kalor sebesar 7,35% dan kenaikan angka oktan sebesar 2,97%.
Transparency Practices and Sustainability of Water Projects in Turkana County, Kenya
Authors: Njaya Teddy Keyari , Muna (PhD) Dr. Wilson
Published: October 2024

The existing evidence in the literature reveals a lack of a compelling vision of governance practices in the sustainability of water projects. It is against this background that this research is founded. Turkana County rates among the poorest and the largest in Kenya despite a considerable infusion of capital to enhance water accessibility. This study sought to explore the effects of transparency practices on the sustainability of water projects in the Turkana South sub-county. The study adopted a descriptive design and the sample size comprised 279 individuals from various departments of Turkana County Government and 13 key informants. The study found that transparency practices are not fully utilized in water projects. Findings further indicated that transparency practices had a moderate positive and significant relationship with the sustainability of water projects. The study concludes that the authorities and management have suitable policies and frameworks that cover audit, oversight, participation, and information sharing. But these transparency practices are not fully utilized in the water projects which therefore affects the sustainability of water projects. The ministry/department of the government needs to use the findings from the study to formulate suitable frameworks, strategies, and policies that ensure transparency practices are enforced in the projects. These frameworks should ensure oversight, audit, feedback, and monitoring of the projects take place effectively.
Effect of Implementation of Quality Management System through Customer Training on Customer Satisfaction in Higher Learning Institutions: A Case of Zetech University, Kenya
Authors: Gachina Minnie , Mbataru Dr. Patrick
Published: October 2024

World over, higher learning institutions have had difficulties in developing and implementing best practices that are based on their customers' requirements. Quality Management System (QMS) has emerged as an alternative way to fill this gap. However, the overall impact of implementing it in relation to customer satisfaction and the role plays needs to be ascertained. This study aimed to establish the effect of implementation of quality management systems through customer training on customer satisfaction in higher learning institutions. The study is guided by systems theory. A descriptive research design was adopted. The target population was approximately 7000 people with a sample size of 378 persons. The study established that training greatly influenced customer satisfaction. The study concluded that indeed implementing QMS has a direct influence on the satisfaction of customers. The study recommends that Zetech university should inculcate a culture of customer satisfaction in all its employees. Any newer employees should be inducted accordingly in key areas that directly or indirectly influence customer satisfaction.
Effects of Covid-19 Pandemic on Table Banking: A Survey of Selected Table Banking in Uasin Gishu County
Authors: William Nick Chemosit
Published: October 2024

The Covid-19 pandemic has had an important impact on social processes of table banking which has been an important part of Kenya's economic and social life. It would be important to study how Covid 19 affected their profiles, especially economic viability. Covid-19 affected millions of lives and was not just a health concern but also threatened the world economy and livelihood of low-income earners. Operations of table banking in Kenya were affected by collapse of businesses, social distancing, restrictions on movements, and curfews. The objective of this study will be to evaluate economic effects of Covid 19 on the performance of table banking in Kenya. The chosen method of analyzing data for the research was thematic analysis. Without it, data cannot be analyzed thoroughly and accurately. Thematic analysis was carried out deductively through preconceived themes gained from the frameworks and inductively through themes derived from the interviewees’ responses. The themes under study were: savings patterns and credit risk management. A descriptive research design was employed in the study. Primary data collection methods entailed telephone interview schedules and observation. Secondary data was collected from both electronic and non-electronic repositories.
Determinants of Competence-Based Curriculum Implementation in Selected Public Primary Schools in Nairobi County, Kenya
Authors: Mogere Venicah Bochere , Mbataru Dr. Patrick
Published: October 2024

The new Competence Based Curriculum in the Kenyan education system received support and criticism in equal measures. Being a new system, all aspects of CBC implementation must be interrogated. This study intended to evaluate the determinants of CBC adoption in public primary schools in Starehe District, Nairobi County, Kenya. The specific objectives were to determine the effect of teacher education, learning materials, parental involvement, and school leadership on the implementation of CBC. This research is based on constructivism theory. A descriptive research design was used and the target group included 35 public primary schools in Starehe District. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to assess quantitative data. Major themes were generated and presented in narratives as a result of the thematic analysis of qualitative data. The study found that the implementation of CBC in public primary schools in Nairobi County was positively impacted by teachers' training in CBC, learning materials, parental involvement, and school leadership style. The positive impact was reflected in increased participation of learners in extra co-curricular activities such as sports, better communication, and collaboration among learners, improvement in learners’ ability to read with comprehension, and learners’ participation in community service activities such as street cleaning. The findings suggested that teachers should receive CBC training more frequently. The teachers would have ample time to comprehend the idea of CBC pedagogy thanks to this. The report also suggests that the government, through the Ministry of Education, set aside sufficient funds to buy all the necessary instructional materials for the students in all public elementary schools.
Stakeholders’ Involvement and Implementation of Community Policing in Taita Taveta County, Kenya
Authors: Kaito Nicholas , Njoroge Jane
Published: October 2024

Many challenges must be conquered for community-based projects to succeed while adapting to new contexts. The proactive method of crime control known as "community policing" is gaining traction in countries all over the world. After the plan's official debut, it was put into action in numerous areas around the country with different degrees of success. Since crime has risen steadily over time however much the administration tries, there has been little success in community policing as a deterrent technique has been questioned. This study sought to determine stakeholders’ involvement and implementation of community policing in Taita Taveta County, Kenya. A descriptive survey research strategy was also employed and targeted the national police service (200), national government administrative officers (60), Nyumba Kumi forums (300), non-governmental organizations (20), and religious leaders (50). A total of 245 respondents were sampled. Data was collected using questionnaires. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis. The research result showed that stakeholders’ involvement had a positive and significant relationship with implementation of community policing. However, majority of the residents have not taken part in community policing projects in the County. It is thus recommended that; the government should encourage the involvement of citizens in community policing projects in the County.
Charcoal Value Chain as a Determinant of Implementation of Environmental Policies: A Case of Charcoal Management Act 2014 of Kitui County, Kenya
Authors: Muli Joseph Saa , Mbataru Patrick
Published: October 2024

As economies grew and their energy needs increased, the global demand for charcoal as a source of fuel experienced a steady rise in the last quarter of the 21st century. Charcoal has been a popular and reliable source of energy to meet the recurring energy deficit in many developing countries as a non-renewable energy source.  However, it requires intensive production, and harvesting of trees and other wood sources, a practice that when unregulated, can cause rapid deterioration of tree cover alongside the generation of greenhouse gases.   This research sought to find out how the charcoal value chain in charcoal production imparted on implementation of environmental policy in the case of charcoal management law in Kitui County. The research used a descriptive survey methodology to obtain quantitative data through questionnaires. The survey sample size of 205 charcoal producers calculated from a target population of 400 Charcoal Producers with a 5% margin error at a 95% confidence level was targeted. Quantitative data obtained was processed and analyzed using descriptive statistics. The findings indicated that 87% of charcoal producers were not conversant with environmental policies thus impacting negatively on implementation of environmental policies. In addition, 78% of respondents strongly agreed that long value chains between producers and consumers impact negatively adherence to set environmental laws and policies. Consequently, from the study findings, it’s concluded that shortening the link between producer and consumer can help increase charcoal sales and enhance the quality of produce. The study recommended the need to increase government support in product value additions to the locals of Kitui County who are heavily on a producer-consumer approach with less bearing on enhancing the products. This would impoverish the financial gains with sound controls against environmental degradation.
Determinants of Urban Refugee Youths Self-Reliance, in Nairobi City County, Kenya
Authors: Wangui Wambugu Iddah , Kipchumba Dr. Heather Eddah
Published: October 2024

In urban centers, humanitarian assistance to refugees can be sparse, and insufficient to foster self-reliance, which is shaped by social and economic factors. Thus, urban refugee youths exercise a higher degree of self-reliance than those in camps. The study sought to establish the determinants of urban refugee youths self-reliance in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study targeted 2972 refugee youths but sampled 297. It draws on data from questionnaires and analyzed questions using content analysis and descriptive and inferential statistics. Most refugee youths, 80%, said they received support from their social networks, with 74.2% valuing and 5.8% not valuing self-reliance. Self-reliance increased where they depended on these networks for housing, work, and emotional support, but was absent where social capital was unavailable. The correlation (r = 0.30, p = 0.00) and regression (β = 0.726, p = 0.00) results revealed that social networks significantly influenced self-reliance. On financial training, 63.3% of the refugee youth indicated having participated in financial training, with 43.5% valuing and 19.8% not valuing self-reliance. Financial training increased self-reliance by helping them to save, pay back loans, or borrow to invest, but hindered it by increasing over-dependence on credit. The correlation (r = 0.738, p = 0.00) and regression (β = 1.871, p = 0.00) results also indicated that financial training significantly influenced self-reliance. On education training, 77.6% of the refugee youths stated having participated in education training, with 54.5 % valuing and 23.1% not valuing self-reliance. Education and Training enhanced their self- through increased employability and pathways to decent work through wage or self-employment.  At the same time, some refugee youths lamented they were still unemployed after completing TVET. The correlation (r = 0.151, p = 0.020) and regression (β = 0.1512, p = 0.00) results also indicated that education significantly influenced self-reliance. Regarding legal support, 64.3% of the refugee youths reported having sought legal representation, with 51.6 % valuing and 12.7% not valuing self-reliance. Legal support enhanced the refugee youth self-reliance by facilitating their access to business permits, and pro-bono lawyers’ services. Legal support failed to foster self-reliance where the refugees lacked awareness of their economic, social, and education rights. The correlation (r = 0.260, p = 0.020) and regression (β = 1.497, p = 0.002) results also revealed that legal support significantly influenced self-reliance. The study proposes that humanitarian actors offer selected skilled refugee youths financial start-up capital for micro-enterprises as well as conduct business incubation and follow-ups after financial training. The study also recommends that TVET designers and funders develop curricula that are responsive to market demands to be relevant and deliver skills that are useful in the local labor markets.
Two 17th-century Eskimos at Rosenborg Palace
Authors: Bencard M.
Published: October 2024

Two seventeenth-century drinking vessels or cups, made of narwhal tusk and mounted in precious metals, have as part of their fittings miniature sculptures of Eskimos. The two figures are rendered in extremely naturalistic detail, making it possible to study their costume. This makes them 'missing links' in the evolution of Eskimo costume between the fifteenth-century mummies and modern dress.
This paper presents the cups, and places them in their historical context, but leaves the evaluation of the costume-historical evidence to the ethnographers
Collagen and glycosaminoglycans in mummified skin
Authors: Ammitzbøll T. , Møller R. , Møller G. , Kobayasi T. , Hino H. , Asboe-Hansen G. , Hart Hansen J. P.
Published: October 2024

Two tombs among the rocks at Qilakitsoq, Greenland, contained the 500-year-old bodies of eight Eskimos mummified by a natural drying process.
Samples of the human skin and sealskin were analysed for the content of collagen and glycosaminoglycans which are characteristic macromolecules of skin. The skin of the Eskimo mummies was well-preserved. In some respects, the macromolecules of the skin were identical to those of fresh human skin.
Well-preserved ancient sealskin had the same biochemical composition as modern skin treated by scraping, washing, stretching and drying in Greenland. The state of preservation could be determined by cellulose acetate electrophoresis of the glycosaminoglycans, because badly preserved skin contained degradation products of glycosaminoglycans. Collagen was better preserved than other components of the skin. The composition of the glycosaminoglycans was different in the skin from the two seal species, ringed seal and harp seal. Such differences may facilitate the general identification of untanned, unhaired skin. Alum tanning removes the glycosaminoglycans from the skin and makes identification impossible.
Final preservation of mummies by gamma irradiation.
Authors: Johansson Arne
Published: October 2024

Final preservation of four mummies was achieved by means of gamma irradiation in a Cobalt 60 plant designed for radiation sterilization of medical products. The radiation dose was between 1.71 and 2.31 megarads.
Significance of mineral grains in clothing and skins from the mummy graves
Authors: Ghisler Martin
Published: October 2024

A description of the geology and topography around the burial site is given. Mineral grains washed out from the mummies' clothing and other skins were studied under the microscope and compared with the mineralogical composition of the local rocks and the beach sands below the graves.
The significance of 'foreign' minerals lodged in the skins as indicators of the ancient people's wanderings in the Uummannaq area is discussed.
Botanical investigations of the mummies
Authors: Fredskild Bent
Published: October 2024

Pollen analysis of a faecal lump shows that the food was contaminated by soil and soot. Oxyria digyna had presumably been eaten, as indicated by unripe pollen of this plant. The major part of the grassy soles of the stockings and kamiks was made up of Elymus arenarius ssp. mollis and Alopecurus alpinus. The bodies were laid down on a layer of Cassiope tetragona. Two independent indices point to, but do not prove, a burial during July-August.
Eskimo snow goggles in Danish and Greenlandic museums, their protective and optical properties
Authors: Norn Mogens
Published: October 2024

Object: To assess the optical and protective properties of ancient Inuit snow goggles on the basis of a large number of specimens.
Methods: Measurements, drawings, photos, and calculation of visual field.
Results: Classification into eleven types of apertures, illustrated and described.
Types A-C have rectangular slits of three sizes. D has slits on separate blocks for each eye. E has a single long slit for both eyes. The other types do not have a rectangular slit: Type F has a single long figure-of-eight-shaped slit for both eyes; G has a drop-shaped slit for each eye; H has a triangular slit, I several slits, J binocular-like openings and K a round opening, in some cases covered with glass.
The visual field of the user is limited upwards and downwards, so there is a compromise between purely visual requirements and protection.
Visibility is improved and dazzle is prevented (model experiments).
The snow goggles reduced harmful light to 2-8%. These snow goggles do not mist over. Other aspects examined are material, dimensions, blackening, fixation to the head. ornamentation. repairs, unilateral slit occlusion and dating.
Geographical differences: The Greenlandic goggles are often somewhat larger than the Canadian ones, and the slit is frequently figure-of-eight-shaped or dropshaped, whereas triangular slits or a separate goggle for each eye are more common in Canada.
A survey of human exposure to mercury, cadmium and lead in Greenland
Authors: Hansen Jens C.
Published: October 2024

Analyses of lead, mercury and cadmium in tissues from seal and fish have shown high concentrations of mercury and cadmium. A toxicological evaluation of the actual concentrations has revealed that in some districts of Greenland, the population may exceed the provisionally tolerable weekly intake (WHO, 1977) of cadmium with from 2 to 20 times and of mercury with from 2 to 40 times. Lead intake was below the provisionally tolerable weekly intake. As these high dietary intakes might have adverse health effects in the consumers, an investigation was undertaken in order to evaluate the human exposure as reflected in blood and hair concentrations. Five districts in Greenland and a control group of Greenlanders living in Denmark have been examined.A total of 144 persons (including the control group) have participated.Samples were taken in September and October 1979.Mercury. Strong evidence was found for a connection between mercury exposure and seal-eating. The mercury levels found indicate that the exposure calculated from food analyses is overestimated, but still the most highly exposed groups are on an exposure level where subclinical effects may be anticipated.Cadmium. In general the blood cadmium concentrations are higher in Greenland than in Denmark, but the groups in Greenland were found to be very similar. In hair concentrations no differences between the groups were observed. Separation of data on blood cadmium between smokers and non-smokers showed the differences between the mean values to be highly significant. In spite of the presumably higher dietary intake, no influence on blood concentrations could be observed. Contrary to blood, hair reflected dietary intake but not smoking. The results indicate that neither blood nor hair as only parameter reflects total cadmium exposure.A positively significant correlation was demonstrated between lead and cadmium concentrations in hair, but not in blood.Lead. Blood concentrations were found to be at the same level as found in Western European countries, but all to be below the limit of 35 μg/ 100 ml which is the upper individual limit in the EEC-countries.The highest blood-values were found in the two northern districts, where the level is significantly higher than the level in the two southern districts. The difference was found to be related to varying eating habits, also smoking habits were found to be reflected in blood and hair. Blood was found to be a better index medium than hair for evaluating lead exposure.Selenium. A potentially toxicity-modifying micronutrient selenium was determined in a limited number of hairsamples. No evidence of a high selenium intake could be provided.Further research is needed especially concerning mercury exposure. Concerning lead and cadmium, the levels found are well below what is regarded a critical level. As, however, the concentrations are on the same level as those found in industrialized countries, follow-up studies seem to be needed in order to observe trends of exposure.
Aasivissuit - the great summer camp. Archaeological, ethnographical and zoo-archaeological studies of a caribou-hunting site in West Greenland
Authors: Grønnow Bjarne , Meldgaard Morten , Nielsen Jørn Berglund
Published: October 2024

An interdisciplinary analysis of an archaeological source material from the caribouhunting site Aasivissuit in central inland West Greenland is presented. Subsistence changes over the years are the subject of ethnographical, archaeological and zoo-archaeological investigations.
The following main points are treated:

Resource dynamics: The inland game - the caribou population - undergoes drastic changes in the course of time.
The ethnography of caribou-hunting: Ethnographical description of the caribou hunt and of life in the inland area based on hitherto largely unpublished ethnographical material.
Hunting structures: Cairn systems, shooting-hides, meat caches, etc., document the extent of the Aasivissuit site catchment area and the hunting activities carried out there - i.a. large-scale battues.
Occupation phases: Excavations in the stratified ossiferous midden deposits reveal 6 occupation phases of varying duration and intensity at Aasivissuit. The phases represent different segments of the period from about 200 B.C. to the present, the neo-Eskimo layers from the 18th-19th centuries in particular holding much information.
The game: Osteological analyses of the comprehensive bone material show total dominance of caribou (selective late summer and autumn hunting of bucks and young animals) and that the excavation covers an area where coarse butchering took place.

Subsistence changes (changes in hunting forms and exploitation of game) and the discontinuity of inland occupation can be documented ethnographically, archaeologically and zoo-archaeologically. The changes are seen as a function of resource fluctuations and socio-historical changes.
Vaccin vidéoludique : les jeux comme remède à l’isolement, à l’anxiété et à la
désinformation en temps de pandémie
Authors: Noël Christopher
Published: October 2024

Cet article examine les manières par lesquelles le jeu vidéo peut avoir une
fonction thérapeutique, en particulier à l’égard des maux psychologiques ressentis en
contexte de pandémie et de confinement. Nous nous intéressons d’abord aux recherches en
psychologie et en études vidéoludiques sur les bénéfices du jouer (play), des jeux
sérieux et des jeux de divertissement sur la santé mentale. Nous expliquons ensuite les
impacts néfastes sur la santé mentale que provoque la situation pandémique. En nous basant
sur des théories en études du jeu et sur des exemples emblématiques, nous élaborons enfin
quelques pistes de réflexion sur le potentiel thérapeutique de différents jeux vidéo en
temps de pandémie.
Narrow Bandwidth and Tunable Mid-Infrared Thermal Emitter Design Based on Double Asymmetric Dielectric Metasurfaces
Authors: Çifçi Osman Safa
Published: October 2024

Thermal emitters working in the mid-infrared (MIR) region are indispensable in many applications, such as sensing, thermophotovoltaics, and imaging. Resonance wavelength tunability, high efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and high quality (Q) factor are desirable properties of thermal emitters. Selective thermal emitters have been realized using metallic metasurfaces, which, due to ohmic losses, do not exhibit very sharp emission peaks. Recently, metasurfaces possessing very high Q factors made of dielectric materials with asymmetric features that exploit quasi-bound states in the continuum are introduced. The dielectric metasurface-based thermal emitters shown in the literature have a single type of asymmetry, such as a difference in the length of resonators or angular separation of resonators. However, resonance wavelength and thermal emissivity could be tuned by having multiple types of asymmetries. This study proposes a structure consisting of a zigzag array of silicon rectangular bars with different lengths as resonators. Gold is the choice of the substrate with a dielectric layer made of Al2O3 sandwiched between gold substrate and silicon bars. Based on the conducted simulations, an emissivity value exceeding 0.99 with a Q factor of 116 at the resonance wavelength of 5.818 µm was obtained when the silicon bars were separated by π/25 from the origin in opposite directions with a length asymmetry factor of 0.3. Additionally, independent tuning of emissivity intensity and resonance wavelength is displayed. Such findings can lead to bespoke thermal emitter designs.
Tax and customs monitoring: common trends in legal regulation
Authors: Agamagomedova Saniyat , Kobzar'-Frolova Margarita Nikolaevna
Published: October 2024

In the context of the reform of state control and supervision in the financial sector, new instruments of control and supervision are being generated, which include monitoring. Using the example of tax and customs monitoring, the article highlights and substantiates current trends in the legal regulation of control and supervisory activities in the modern period. The author identifies the general and distinctive features of tax and customs monitoring, substantiates the current directions of their legal regulation. As common features of the institutions under consideration, the following are highlighted: the conditionality of their generation by the digital transformation of state control and supervision, elements of dispositivity, increased transparency of interaction, the role of self-control, limited use, and the development of individual legal regulation. Various formats of regulatory consolidation and criteria for limiting the use of monitoring are indicated as differences between tax and customs monitoring. To achieve the stated goal, methods of system analysis, synthesis, classification, comparative legal and formal legal methods were used. The novelty of the conducted research lies in the proposed options for the theoretical and legal positioning of monitoring as a tool of control, a type of public service, a tool to achieve a balance of private and public interests. The analysis made it possible to identify the features of monitoring used in the tax and customs spheres, which form new approaches to modern tools of state control and supervision in the financial sector. It is concluded that monitoring is positioned as an instrument of the appropriate type of control. At the same time, tax monitoring is clearly defined by the legislator as a new form of tax control, in the centralized sphere of control and supervisory influence, monitoring is understood as a special regime of remote state control (supervision), and the legal status of customs monitoring at the regulatory level in the customs control system is currently not defined. The conclusion is made about the proximity of monitoring to public services, which is reflected in the sign of voluntary participation in the mechanisms of tax and customs monitoring.
Administrative liability for violation of legislation in the field of consumer protection: on the issue of determining the object of the offense
Authors: Chagina Elizaveta Mihailovna , Chamina Anna Andreevna
Published: October 2024

The issue of separating administrative offenses in the field of consumer protection into a separate category, as well as the inclusion of certain types of administrative offenses specified in the current Code of Administrative Offenses, is actively discussed in the scientific literature. At the same time, determining whether a particular administrative offense encroaches on the rights of consumers has not only theoretical, but also practical significance, especially when it is necessary to determine the statute of limitations for bringing to administrative responsibility. The article analyzes various types of administrative offenses committed both in the field of entrepreneurial activity and in other areas of public relations, in order to determine exactly how these violations affect legal relations with the participation of consumer citizens. The purpose of the study is to identify specific types of administrative offenses that harm civil law relations with consumers that are actually protected by law, as well as their differentiation from violations that, although they do not have a direct impact, nevertheless entail negative consequences for the state of protection and protection of consumer rights. The authors use both general scientific methods, such as logical, analytical methods, and special methods of cognition, in particular, the method of analysis and interpretation of normative legal acts. According to the results of the study, the authors substantiate the conclusion that it is necessary to differentiate administrative offenses in the field of consumer protection in a narrow and broad sense, which is currently not done in the doctrine. Administrative offenses in the field of protection and protection of consumer rights in a narrow sense should be understood only those that directly infringe on consumer rights. In a broad sense, this group should include both administrative offenses that have civil law relations with the participation of consumers as an object, and violations that encroach on other groups of public relations, but have or may have as a consequence a negative impact on relations with the participation of consumers.
Types and classification of administrative control and supervisory procedures in Russia
Authors: Morozov Sergei Andreevich
Published: October 2024

The implementation of the administrative reform of the control and supervisory sphere in the Russian Federation has caused serious transformations in the activities of authorities implementing the functions of state control (supervision). The adoption of Federal Law No. 248-FZ dated 07/31/2020 "On State Control (Supervision) and Municipal Control in the Russian Federation" strongly influenced both external and internal aspects of administrative procedures implemented by executive authorities in the course of their exercise of state control (supervision) functions, which requires serious scientific analysis. One of the main applied scientific methods of cognition and description of legal reality is the classification of the studied objects. Within the framework of this article, the author studies the system of administrative control and supervisory procedures, identifies their various types and classifies them.To conduct the research, the classification method was used primarily as one of the main methods of scientific knowledge of law, as well as legal methods proper, including the formal legal method. As a result of the study, the main major characteristics of administrative control and supervisory procedures were analyzed (reconfiguration of types of state control and supervision, scaling of the control and supervisory sphere, establishment of new forms of control (supervisory) measures), the main scientific views on the classification of administrative control and supervisory procedures were considered. As a result, the grounds for classifying the procedures under consideration were formulated, including the form of the control (supervisory) event, the supervisory authority involved in the procedure and the area of state control (supervision). There are several types of administrative control and supervisory procedures, including standard and special procedures, monosubject and polysubject procedures, as well as a variety of procedures depending on the sphere of public relations, in which mandatory requirements are established, the verification of compliance with which is carried out within the framework of state control (control procedures in the field of communications, transport, etc.).
Relations of the departments of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia with the mass media and the means of increasing the effectiveness of information and propaganda work
Authors: Molotkov Mihail  Borisovich
Published: October 2024

The object of the study is public relations that develop in the process of interaction between the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia and the mass media. The subject of the article is the rights and responsibilities of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in the media sphere, practical aspects of their implementation in the process of administrative activities of the police. The rights granted by the legislator allow the Ministry for the proactive formation of the information agenda. The novelty of the research is expressed in the results and conclusions obtained. For the first time in domestic jurisprudence, a classification of the rights and duties of the police implemented in the media sphere has been developed, and a criterion has been identified that served as the basis for the classification. The current legal instruments and their importance in media communications have been analyzed. Information and business letters, previously overlooked by researchers, have been considered as an institution for forming partnership relations with the media. Evidence has been presented of the need to follow professional ethical standards and the editorial board's interest in observing them. Practical recommendations aimed at forming truly partnership relations with the media have been proposed. A promising topic for further study has been identified, namely, the development of a methodology for responding to negative, untrue aspects of police activity demonstrated in films. The results obtained are intended for use in practical activities by specialists of media relations departments and heads of territorial internal affairs bodies. The implementation of rights and responsibilities allows the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia to act as a full-fledged subject of the media sphere, manage media processes, and solve a wide range of operational and service tasks.
Legal aspects of ensuring environmental safety in agriculture
Authors: Ivleva YUliya  Ivanovna
Published: October 2024

Ensuring food security is impossible in the absence of proper functioning and development of agriculture. In turn, a set of measures implemented within the framework of the activity under consideration often has an adverse effect on the quality and condition of objects in the surrounding world, on the environmental situation. The purpose of the research is to study the specifics of regulatory and legal support for such areas of national security as environmental safety. An urgent direction for scientific, legislative, and practical activities is the consideration of the features of regulatory and legal provision of environmental safety in agricultural production. In the context of studying agriculture, it is worth noting the need to develop the level of knowledge and awareness of subjects not only at the stage of obtaining vocational education, but also within the framework of agricultural congresses, symposiums, etc. Theoretical and empirical methods of scientific research, such as formal legal, systemic, historical, as well as analysis, generalization, are used in the work. The combination of the indicated methods of cognition of reality made it possible to trace some dynamics of the formation and development of the population's attitude to environmental challenges arising in the implementation of agricultural activities. The article attempts to determine the current system of sectoral legislation and identify promising areas for further transformations. The course of scientific reflections, as well as the results obtained, can serve as a basis for further study of institutions within the framework of constitutional, environmental and agrarian law, as well as for the formation of an ecological culture among the reader. The conclusion is formulated about the need to create a single and at the same time comprehensive regulatory legal act capable of creating an order for ensuring environmental safety both in the direction under consideration and in general. Also, the main aspect that can ensure the achievement of the most positive effect from the adoption of appropriate norms and rules is the proper organization of environmental education and upbringing of the population. It is the high level of environmental awareness that serves as the main factor in achieving a safe and developed society.