bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
موقف الولايات المتحدة الامريكية من القضية الارمنية حتى عام 1939
Authors: أ.د. كريم طلال مسير  , م.د. نجلاء عدنان حسين
Published: January 2020

تعد القضية الارمنية من اكثر القضايا  تعقيداً وغموضاً  خلال القرنين التاسع عشر والعشرين  في الدولة العثمانية ،لما تضمنته من احداث داخلية ودموية  تعرض لها  الارمن من قتل وتهجير قسري داخل البلاد ، وخارجية بوصفها احد الاسباب الرئيسة التي استغلتها الدول الاوربية لاسيما روسيا للتدخل في شؤون الدولة العثمانية الامر الذي زاد من تعقيد الامور مابين الارمن والدولة العثمانية خاصة خلال مرحلة حكم السلطان عبد الحميد الثاني(1876-1909 ) الذي لقب بالسلطان الاحمر بسبب  ما تعرض له الارمن من مذابح خلال مرحلة حكمة .واستمرار هذه المذابح خلال فترة حكم الاتحاديين  للبلاد لاسيما اثناء اندلاع الحرب العالمية الاولى وما بعدها .في هذا البحث سوف نتطرق الى موقف الولايات المتحدة الامريكية من القضية الارمنية حتى عام 1939 ،وفيها سوف نتطرق الى بداية العلاقات مابين الدولة العثمانية وحكومة الولايات المتحدة الامريكية التي كان للمصالح التجارية الامريكية السبب الرئيسي للوصول الامريكي الى اراضي الدولة العثمانية ،وجاءت المعرفة الامريكية بالارمن من خلال عمل البعثات التبشيرية الامريكية في اراضي الدولة العثمانية ، وكذلك فتح العديد من القنصليات الامريكية في الولايات العثمانية والتي اقتصرت مهمتها على تقديم الحماية للمواطنين الامريكيين ومنهم الارمن المتجنسين بالجنسية الامريكية وكذلك حماية مصالحهم التجارية مع الاخذ بالنظر عدم التدخل في السياسة الداخلية للدولة العثمانية .
Joint Use of Scattered and Received Wave Polarization Information for Target Characterization and Scattering Power Decomposition
Authors: Frery Alejandro C. , Ratha Debanshu , Bhattacharya Avik , Mandal Dipankar , Dey Subhadip
Published: January 2020

This manuscript was submitted on 31 December 2019 to IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

Abstract: Incoherent target decomposition techniques provide unique scattering information from polarimetric SAR data either by fitting appropriate scattering models or by optimizing the ``received" wave intensity through the diagonalization of the coherency (or covariance) matrix. Hence, the information provided by the ``scattered" wave might be neglected. This scattered wave information can be well utilized to gain complete polarimetric information for numerous applications. In this study, a new roll-invariant scattering-type parameter is introduced, which jointly uses the degree of polarization as the ``scattered" wave information and the elements of the covariance matrix as the ``received" wave information from both full-polarimetric (FP) and compact-polarimetric (CP) SAR data. This scattering-type parameter, which is comparable to that of the Cloude $\alpha$ for FP SAR data and the ellipticity parameter $\chi$ for CP SAR data, can be well utilized to characterize various targets. Furthermore, this new scattering-type parameter is adequately utilized to obtain a non-model based three-component scattering power decomposition technique. The double-bounce and the odd-bounce scattering powers are obtained by modulating the total polarized power by a proper geometrical factor easily derived using the new scattering-type parameter for both FP and CP SAR data. Moreover, due to its natural and direct formulation, the decomposition scattering powers are non-negative and roll-invariant while the total power is conserved. The proposed method is qualitatively and quantitatively assessed utilizing the L-band ALOS-2 and C-band Radarsat-2 FP and the associated simulated CP SAR data.
Effect of POU1F1 Gene Haplotypes on Eights and Milk Production of Awassi Sheep
Authors: Jaffar Azhar A. , Hassan Amad F. , Kassim Waleed Y.
Published: January 2020

The aim of the study was to detect polymorphism in the POU1F1 gene in Iraqi Awassi sheep breed, as well as to establish if haplotype of POU1F1 gene could be associated with productive traits. This study was carried out at Al-Kafeel station, Karbala city during the period of 01/10/2017 until 01/08/2018. The study included 46 Awassi ewes with their 52 lambs. The laboratory analyses were conducted at the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah. Results showed the successfulness of the PCR amplification process for all six examined fragments of the POU1F1 gene. Gel electrophoresis was conducted using agarose 2%, the product sizes were 637bp, 789bp, 999bp, 868bp, 1190 bp, and 469bp for the fragments P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, and P6 respectively. The analysis of the nitrogen bases sequences of the POU1F1 gene for the studied fragments showed a change in 12 different sites of the gene. These changes resulted in 7 haplotypes of H1-H7. The results showed significant influence (P<0.05) in haplotypes of the POU1F1 gene on birth weight . However, haplotypes showed no significant effect on lambs’ weights at weaning, six months and daily weight gains during all periods. Statistical analysis showed that different haplotypes of the POU1F1 gene did not influence on milk productive traits. The examined fragments of the POU1F1 Awassi gene have been submitted to Gene Bank under the accession numbers (LC469323 to LC469349).
MODELLING TECHNOLOGICAL BIAS AND PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH: A CASE STUDY OF CHINA’S THREE URBAN AGGLOMERATIONS
Authors: Li Ke , Qu Jianying , Wei Pan , Ai Hongshan , Jia Pinrong
Published: January 2020

The technological progress in favor of energy conservation and emission reduction will
help increase green total factor productivity and thus mitigate China’s environmental problems. This
study adopts the data envelopment analysis (DEA) to measure the total factor productivity (TFP)
index of the Chinese three urban agglomerations from 2005 to 2014, and the reasons for its changes
are also analyzed. Furthermore, the biases of technological progress from two perspectives of inputs
and outputs (including the undersirable output, measured by CO2 emissions) are estimated. Main
results are: (i) During the sample period, the TFP of the three urban agglomerations continues to
increase, and the main driving force is technological change. (ii) From the perspective of inputs, the
Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei prefers to use electricity, whereas the Pearl River Delta and the Yangtze River
Delta urban agglomerations tend to use capital and save labor. (iii) From the perspective of outputs,
the technological progress of the three major urban agglomerations is significantly biased toward
GDP with a slight difference among the three urban agglomerations, which means its technological
progress is conducive to reduce CO2 intensity, symbolizing low carbon development. From this
point of view, their economic growth shows a low-carbon trend.
Detection of Ionized Calcium in the Atmosphere of the Ultra-hot Jupiter KELT-9b
Authors: Turner Jake D. , de Mooij Ernst J. W. , Jayawardhana Ray , Young Mitchell E. , Fossati Luca , Koskinen Tommi , Lothringer Joshua D. , Karjalainen Raine , Karjalainen Marie
Published: January 2020

With a dayside temperature in excess of 4500 K, comparable to a mid-K-type star, KELT-9b is the hottest planet known. Its extreme temperature makes KELT-9b a particularly interesting test bed for investigating the nature and diversity of gas giant planets. We observed the transit of KELT-9b at high spectral resolution (R ∼ 94,600) with the CARMENES instrument on the Calar Alto 3.5 m telescope. Using these data, we detect for the first time ionized calcium (Ca ii triplet) absorption in the atmosphere of KELT-9b; this is the second time that Ca ii has been observed in a hot Jupiter. Our observations also reveal prominent Hα absorption, confirming the presence of an extended hydrogen envelope around KELT-9b. We compare our detections with an atmospheric model and find that all four lines form between atmospheric temperatures of 6100 and 8000 K and that the Ca ii lines form at pressures between 50 and 100 nbar while the Hα line forms at a lower pressure (∼10 nbar), higher up in the atmosphere. The altitude that the core of Hα line forms is found to be ∼1.4 R

p
, well within the planetary Roche lobe (∼1.9 R

p
). Therefore, rather than probing the escaping upper atmosphere directly, the Hα line and the other observed Balmer and metal lines serve as atmospheric thermometers enabling us to probe the planet’s temperature profile, thus the energy budget.
L’équilibre du développement du territoire à l’épreuve des métropoles
Authors: Fauré Bertrand
Published: January 2020

La question d’un aménagement équilibré du territoire ne suppose pas le développement des métropoles françaises. Mais s’il n’est pas souhaitable, ce processus ne doit pas être redouté. Trois types de considérations autorisent une telle affirmation. En premier lieu, à l’intérêt de la métropole. Son statut est essentiellement une réponse à l’éparpillement général des collectivités, des compétences et des ressources. En deuxième lieu, en tant qu’elle est conçue comme un pôle de prospérité autonome où ont vocation à se concentrer les populations, les informations, les richesses et les compétences stratégiques, les fondements stratégiques de la métropole suggèrent une forme d’aggravation du déséquilibre du territoire. En troisième lieu, on doit douter de ce que l’introduction de la métropole dans le paysage administratif puisse porter un coup redoutable à notre équilibre territorial. Son histoire actuelle est, en effet, celle de sa banalisation, et la situation actuelle créée par l’apparition des métropoles en France n’autorise ni pessimisme radical, ni optimisme rassurant au regard de la question posée. C’est certainement dans le cadre éprouvé de l’intercommunalité qu’il faut envisager de l’étudier car elle n’a pas connu la consécration supérieure pour laquelle son institution avait été imaginée.
La souveraineté à l’ère du numérique
Authors: Portnoff André-Yves
Published: January 2020

L’économie mondiale est aujourd’hui largement tirée par les entreprises du numérique, dont les plus grandes (Apple, Facebook, Amazon, Baidu, Tencent…) sont américaines ou chinoises. Ces entreprises ont pour beaucoup commencé « petit » et ont pu grossir jusqu’à devenir des leaders, très souvent grâce au soutien de l’État dont elles dépendaient. Car même si l’économie est très mondialisée, la souveraineté économique conserve un rôle majeur et le secteur du numérique n’y échappe pas. Pourtant, l’Europe et en particulier la France semblent peiner à prendre la mesure du rôle de la puissance publique dans le soutien aux jeunes entreprises du secteur — les start-ups, les licornes… Ce manque de soutien constitue une erreur stratégique majeure selon André-Yves Portnoff, qui rappelle ici l’importance des petites et moyennes entreprises innovantes dans l’économie d’un pays, et plaide pour un soutien actif des pouvoirs publics pour les aider à croître et changer d’échelle. Récemment, des signes encourageants semblent aller en ce sens ; il faut les confirmer, voire aller plus loin encore comme l’encourage ici André-Yves Portnoff. S.D.
Projet Amazonie 4.0
Authors: Nobre Ismael , Nobre Carlos
Published: January 2020

Les violents incendies qui ont dévasté de larges zones de la forêt amazonienne cet été 2019 ont rappel é à l’opinion publique la vulnérabilité de cette région à la fois aux aléas climatiques (sécheresse et risques d’incendie subséquents) et aux intentions parfois peu louables de certains acteurs économiques brésiliens (dont les activités et intérêts à court terme nécessitent la poursuite de la déforestation). Au-delà des réactions internationales qu’ils ont suscitées, Futuribles propose ici de relayer l’initiative d’acteurs brésiliens proposant une « troisième voie » pour l’Amazonie, alliant les atouts de la biodiversité de la région aux évolutions technologiques de l’« industrie 4.0 ». Ismael Nobre et Carlos Nobre, qui défendent ce projet « Amazonie 4.0 » présentent le potentiel qu’offre la région amazonienne au Brésil, et diverses voies de développement et mise en valeur possibles pour l’économie brésilienne à partir de ces atouts. Leur projet repose sur une alliance des richesses naturelles du milieu amazonien, des connaissances traditionnelles et des technologies de pointe (biotechnologies, numérique, intelligence artificielle…). Sera-t-il entendu par le gouvernement en place ? S.D.
Extended Posterior Flap for Transtibial Amputation
Authors: Assal Mathieu , Blanck Ryan , Smith Douglas G
Published: January 2020

This article presents a modified posterior flap technique for transtibial amputation, which includes a thick posterior fascio-myocutaneous flap at least 5 cm longer than the traditional flap, two separate layers of fascia! closure, and proximal translation of the suture line.
Minimally Invasive Techniques in Orthopedic Oncology: Radiofrequency and Laser Thermal Ablation
Authors: Papagelopoulos Panayiotis J , Mavrogenis Andreas F , Galanis Evanthia C , Kelekis Nikolaos L , Wenger Doris E , Sim Franklin H , Soucacos Panayotis N
Published: January 2020

Image-guided percutaneous thermal ablation using microwaves, radiofrequency, and high-intensity ultrasound or laser photocoagulation reduces pain, restores function, and improves quality of life in patients with painful bone tumors.
Ligamentous Laxity and Non-contact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears: A Gender-Based Comparison
Authors: Scerpella Tamara A , Stayer Timothy J , Makhuli Brian Z
Published: January 2020

Generalized ligamentous laxity and AP laxity at the knee are associated with ACL tears and may explain part of the gender disparity in injury occurrence.
The Safety and Efficacy of High Energy Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy in Active, Moderately Active, and Sedentary Patients with Chronic Plantar Fasciitis
Authors: Furia John P
Published: January 2020

abstract

Extracorporeal shock wave therapy was investigated in patients with chronic plantar fasciitis. Fifty-three patients (60 heels) were treated with a single session of shock wave therapy. Sixteen patients (19 heels) were active, 21 (22 heels) were moderately active, and 16 (19 heels) were sedentary. Twelve weeks post-treatment, mean visual analog scores improved from 9.2 to 2.4 (P<.05), RAND-Physical Functioning score improved from 40.4 to 91.5 (P<.05), and RAND-Pain score improved from 33.3 to 90 (P<,05). Fifty heels (83.3%) were assigned an excellent or good result. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy is an effective treatment for chronic plantar fasciitis.
Expression and Significance of TGF-β Isoform and VEGF in Osteosarcoma
Authors: Jung Sung-Taek , Moon Eun-Sun , Seo Hyoung-Yeon , Kim Jong-Seok , Kim Gye-Jin , Kim Yang-Kyung
Published: January 2020

This article demonstrates that the degree of VEGF expression could be used as a clinically significant prognostic factor in osteosarcoma.
Socialization into Nursing: Nursing Students as Learners
Authors: Reutter Linda , Field Peggy Anne , Campbell Iris E , Day Rene
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT

In this article, we describe how the functionalist and interactionist approaches to socialization are exemplified in the learning experiences of nursing students in a 4year baccalaureate program. A qualitative longitudinal exploratory research design was used to study the socialization of baccalaureate nursing students in a large western Canadian university. The findings suggest that student learning reflects a combination of functionalist and interactionist approaches, with the relative emphasis of each approach varying over the 4 years. In the first year, functionalist learning predominates as students learn the "ideal." In second and third year, students are confronting and adapting to reality, which requires a more interactionist approach. Fourth year students look beyond their practice situation as they anticipate and prepare for a reality beyond the student world. This article concludes with implications for nursing education.
Dynamics of Dispersed-Nesting Black Brant on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta
Authors: Sedinger James S. , Riecke Thomas V. , Street Phillip A. , Fischer Julian B.
Published: January 2020

The number of black brant Branta bernicla nigricans nests within major breeding colonies on the Yukon-Kuskowkim Delta has declined since 1992. It has been hypothesized that these declines are partially explained by increased numbers of black brant breeding outside of these colonies. To assess this hypothesis, we analyzed spatiotemporal patterns in numbers of black brant nests occurring outside major colonies. Nesting densities of black brant vary among three strata: 1) peripheral to major colonies, 2) other coastal habitats, and 3) inland habitats. We sampled some substrata within each stratum type only between 1986 and 1999 (historical strata), whereas we sampled others over the period 1986–2016 (long-term strata). We fit regression models with number of nests on a plot as a response variable, a log link, and year as the explanatory variable. We allowed each stratum (e.g., historical peripheral) to have its own intercept to account for variation in mean nest density but constrained linear and quadratic regression coefficients to be the same for strata in similar habitats (e.g., historical and long-term peripheral). We used a negative binomial distribution for nests to allow for substantial variation in nests per plot. We fit models using Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods in JAGS. Ninety-five percent credible intervals for both linear and quadratic coefficients for the peripheral and coastal strata, where most nests occurred, broadly overlapped zero, indicating modest trends in numbers of nests in these strata. We estimated there were 6,584 (95% credible interval: 4,221−11,269) dispersed nests in 1986, increasing to 11,051 (95% credible interval: 7,450−17,460) in 2016. Our results indicated that increases in dispersed nests were unable to replace declines in colony nests. Furthermore, quadratic trends indicated that potential earlier annual increases in dispersed nests have declined to zero. We conclude that total numbers of black brant nests on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta are likely declining, consistent with the trend in fall age ratios over the same period. Uncertainty about trends in areas not sampled since 1994 adds to the uncertainty about the precise magnitude of the decline. We recommend that the area sampled by the random plot program be expanded to include strata sampled only before 1995.
Nexus Between Social Network, Social Media Use, and Loneliness
Authors: Islam Md. Aminul , Kumar Bezon
Published: January 2020

This paper mainly explores how real-life social network and social media use are related to loneliness among university students in Bangladesh. To carry out this paper, primary data and several methods are used. This paper uses Lubben Social Network Scale and UCLA loneliness scale to measure the level of real life social network and loneliness, respectively. Besides Pearson's partial correlation matrix is used to find out the correlation between social network, social media use, and loneliness. The study finds that students are averagely engaged in real-life social network and moderately lonely. The study also finds a significantly positive relationship between social media (Facebook) use and loneliness, and a significantly negative relationship between real life social network and loneliness. This paper calls for the students to be careful in using social media and be engaged more in real life social network to avoid loneliness.
Chest radiography in adult critical care unit: A pictorial review
Authors: Jain Sanjay N , Modi Tanvi , Aswani Yashant , Varma Ravi U
Published: January 2020

Patients in the intensive care units suffer from a myriad of cardiopulmonary processes for which portable chest radiography is the most utilized imaging modality. A pragmatic approach toward evaluating the nearly similar radiographic findings seen in most of the pathologies with comparative review and strong clinical acumen can help the radiologists and clinicians achieve a rapid and precise diagnosis.
Hyperglycemia-induced seizures - Understanding the clinico- radiological association
Authors: Hiremath Shivaprakash B , Gautam Amol A , George Prince J , Thomas Agnes , Thomas Reji , Benjamin Geena
Published: January 2020

Objectives: To highlight the typical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in hyperglycemia-induced seizures and compare the results with similar previous studies with a brief mention of pathophysiological mechanisms. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included medical and imaging records of six consecutive patients with hyperglycemia-induced seizures. The data analysis included a clinical presentation and biochemical parameters at admission. The MRI sequences were evaluated for region involved, presence of subcortical T2 hypo-intensity, cortical hyper-intensity, and restricted diffusion. Similar previous studies from the National Library of Medicine (NLM) were analyzed and compared with our study. Results: Twenty-four patients were included from four studies in previous literature for comparison. In our study, on imaging, posterior cerebral region was predominantly involved, with parietal involvement in 83.3%, followed by occipital, frontal, and temporal involvement in 33.3% patients compared with occipital in 58.3%, parietal in 45.8%, and frontal and temporal in 16.6% of patients in previous literature. The subcortical T2 hypo-intensity was present in 83.3% of the patients, cortical hyper-intensity in all patients, and restricted diffusion in 66.6% of the patients in our study compared with subcortical T2 hypo-intensity in 95.8% of the patients, cortical hyper-intensity in 62.5%, and restricted diffusion in 58.3% of the patients in previous literature. Conclusion: Although many etiologies present with subcortical T2 hypointensity, cortical hyperintensity, restricted diffusion, and postcontrast enhancement on MRI, the clinical setting of seizures in a patient with uncontrolled hyperglycemia, hyperosmolar state, and absence of ketones should suggest hyperglycemia-induced seizures to avoid misdiagnosis, unnecessary invasive investigations, and initiate timely management. Advances in Knowledge: Our study highlights the presence of posterior predominant subcortical T2, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), and susceptibility-weighted angiography (SWAN) hypointensity; cortical hyperintensity; and restricted diffusion in hyperglycemia-induced seizures. The presence of T2 and SWAN hypointensity could support the hypothesis of possible deposition of free radicals and iron in the subcortical white matter.
Imaging in a rare case of intramuscular angioleiomyoma around the knee joint
Authors: Maurya Vinay , Ravikumar R , Sarkar Krishnendu , Ranjan Richa
Published: January 2020

Angioleiomyoma are rare benign tumors originating from smooth muscles of veins. They are found more commonly in extremities and are seen in subcutaneous tissue. Intramuscular angioleiomyoma is rare and can be confused with hemangioma. Though they do not have any characteristic imaging features but they should be considered in the differential diagnosis due to certain specific imaging findings on MRI which are discussed in this article.
Hypertrophic olivary degeneration: A case report
Authors: Özdemir Meltem , Turan Aynur , Kavak Rasime Pelin , Dilli Alper
Published: January 2020

Hypertrophic olivary degeneration is a rare occurrence in which different pathological processes including enlargement and vacuolation of the neurons, demyelination of the white matter, and fibrillary gliosis of the inferior olivary nucleus take place. It mostly develops secondary to a destructive lesion involving the Guillain–Mollaret pathway. The mostly reported destructive lesions causing hypertrophic olivary degeneration are stroke, trauma, tumors, neurosurgical interventions, and gamma knife treatment of brainstem cavernoma. It presents with symptomatic palatal tremor, and typically appears as an expansive nonenhancing nodular lesion that shows increased signal intensity on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The identification of hypertrophic olivary degeneration on MRI is of great importance as its MRI appearance is very similar to those of more severe pathologies, including tumors, infarction, demyelinating lesions, and infections. We present a case of hypertrophic olivary degeneration in a patient with a history of ischemic stroke two years before the development of palatal tremor.
Single-port laparoscopic appendectomy for acute appendicitis during pregnancy
Authors: Cho In Soo , Bae Sung Uk , Jeong Woon Kyung , Baek Seong Kyu
Published: January 2020

Aim of Study:

Acute appendicitis is the most common non-obstetric surgical problem in pregnant patients. As minimally invasive surgery has developed, minimising surgical trauma and improving cosmetic outcomes have led to the development of single-port laparoscopic surgery (SPLS). The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility and safety of SPLS for acute appendicitis during pregnancy.

Patients and Methods:

Between September 2014 and May 2016, 12 pregnant patients diagnosed with acute appendicitis and having single-port laparoscopic appendectomy were included in the study.

Results:

The median gestational age at surgery was 16 weeks (6–30 weeks). All operations were completed safely and without vascular or visceral injury. Four patients (33.3%) required conversion to a reduced-port laparoscopic surgery with 3 patients (25%) having a 5 mm port inserted because of perforated appendicitis with drain placement, and 1 patient (8.3%) having a 2-mm needle instrument insertion. Median operation time was 60 min (32–100 min), and a drainage tube was placed in 5 patients (41.7%). Median total length of incision was 2 cm (1.2–2.5 cm). The median time to soft diet initiation and length of stay in the hospital were 1 day (0–9 days) and 5 days (2–11 days), respectively. Two patients (8.0%) developed post-operative complications: One wound site bleeding and two surgical site infections. One case of abortion (8.3%) was noted on the post-operative day 1 and one case of imperforate hymen was noted after delivery.

Conclusions:

SPLS appendectomy is feasible and safe for treating patients with acute appendicitis during pregnancy.
On the cohomology class of fiber-bunched cocycles on semi simple Lie groups
Authors: Varandas Paulo
Published: January 2020

We study the cohomological equation associated to linear cocycles on semi simple Lie groups

\mathcal G

over hyperbolic dynamics. We give sufficient conditions for the solution of the cohomological equation of fiber-bunched cocycles to be unique and for the Hölder conjugacy class of the cocycle to coincide with

C^\nu(M,\mathcal G)

. In particular, we prove that there exists an open and dense subset of the set

C_b^\nu(M,\mathcal G)

of fiber-bunched cocycles with trivial centralizer. As a consequence we deduce that the solutions of the {cohomological} equation of fiber-bunched cocycles form a finite abelian subgroup of

C_b^\nu(M,\mathcal G)

for an open and dense subset of fiber-bunched cocycles in

C_b^\nu(M,\mathcal G)

. Some results on the centralizer of skew-products are also given.
Rapid formation of intense haze episodes via aerosol–boundary layer feedback in Beijing
Authors: Wang Yonghong , Yu Miao , Wang Yuesi , Tang Guiqian , Song Tao , Zhou Putian , Liu Zirui , Hu Bo , Ji Dongsheng , Wang Lili , Zhu Xiaowan , Yan Chao , Ehn Mikael , Gao Wenkang , Pan Yuepeng , Xin Jinyuan , Sun Yang , Kerminen Veli-Matti , Kulmala Markku , Petäjä Tuukka
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Although much effort has been put into studying air pollution, our knowledge
of the mechanisms of frequently occurring intense haze episodes in China is
still limited. In this study, using 3 years of measurements of air
pollutants at three different height levels on a 325 m Beijing
meteorology tower, we found that a positive aerosol–boundary layer feedback
mechanism existed at three vertical observation heights during intense haze
polluted periods within the mixing layer. This feedback was characterized by
a higher loading of PM2.5 with a shallower mixing layer. Modelling
results indicated that the presence of PM2.5 within the boundary layer led
to reduced surface temperature, relative humidity and mixing layer height
during an intensive haze episode. Measurements showed that the
aerosol–boundary layer feedback was related to the decrease in solar
radiation, turbulent kinetic energy and thereby suppression of the mixing
layer. The feedback mechanism can explain the rapid formation of intense
haze episodes to some extent, and we suggest that the detailed feedback
mechanism warrants further investigation from both model simulations and
field observations.
Regional variability in black carbon and carbon monoxide ratio from long-term observations over East Asia: assessment of representativeness for black carbon (BC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emission inventories
Authors: Choi Yongjoo , Kanaya Yugo , Park Seung-Myung , Matsuki Atsushi , Sadanaga Yasuhiro , Kim Sang-Woo , Uno Itsushi , Pan Xiaole , Lee Meehye , Kim Hyunjae , Jung Dong Hee
Published: January 2020

Abstract. The black carbon (BC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emission ratios were
estimated and compiled from long-term, harmonized observations of the
ΔBC∕ΔCO ratios under conditions unaffected by wet deposition
at four sites in East Asia, including two sites in South Korea (Baengnyeong and
Gosan) and two sites in Japan (Noto and Fukuoka). Extended spatio-temporal
coverage enabled estimation of the full seasonality and elucidation of the
emission ratio in North Korea for the first time. The estimated ratios were
used to validate the Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 2.1
based on six study domains (“East China”, “North China”, “Northeast China”, South
Korea, North Korea, and Japan). We found that the ΔBC∕ΔCO
ratios from four sites converged into a narrow range (6.2–7.9 ng m−3 ppb−1), suggesting consistency in the results from independent
observations and similarity in source profiles over the regions. The BC∕CO ratios from the REAS emission inventory (7.7 ng m−3 ppb−1 for East
China – 23.2 ng m−3 ppb−1 for South Korea) were overestimated by
factors of 1.1 for East China to 3.0 for South Korea, whereas the ratio for
North Korea (3.7 ng m−3 ppb−1 from REAS) was underestimated by a
factor of 2.0, most likely due to inaccurate emissions from the road
transportation sector. Seasonal variation in the BC∕CO ratio from REAS was
found to be the highest in winter (China and North Korea) or summer (South
Korea and Japan), whereas the measured ΔBC∕ΔCO ratio was the
highest in spring in all source regions, indicating the need for further
characterization of the seasonality when creating a bottom-up emission
inventory. At levels of administrative districts, overestimation in Seoul,
the southwestern regions of South Korea, and Northeast China was noticeable,
and underestimation was mainly observed in the western regions in North
Korea, including Pyongyang. These diagnoses are useful for identifying
regions where revisions in the inventory are necessary, providing guidance
for the refinement of BC and CO emission rate estimates over East Asia.
Radiative forcing of anthropogenic aerosols on cirrus clouds using a hybrid ice nucleation scheme
Authors: Zhu Jialei , Penner Joyce E.
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Anthropogenic aerosols impact cirrus clouds through ice nucleation, thereby changing the Earth’s radiation budget. However, the magnitude and sign of anthropogenic forcing on cirrus clouds are still very uncertain depending on the treatments for ice nucleating particles (INPs) and the ice nucleation scheme. In this study, a new ice nucleation scheme (hereafter the HYBRID scheme) is developed to combine the best features of two previous ice nucleation schemes, so that the global model is able to calculate the ice number concentration in both the updrafts and downdrafts associated with gravity waves and have a robust sensitivity to the change of aerosol number. The ice number concentrations calculated using the HYBRID scheme are overestimated somewhat but are in reasonable agreement with an adiabatic parcel model and observations. The forcing and cloud changes associated with changes in aircraft soot, sulfur emission and all anthropogenic emissions between the preindustrial period (PI) and the present day (PD) are examined using a global model with the HYBRID scheme. Aircraft soot emissions decrease the global average ice number concentration (Ni) by −1.0 ± 2.4 × 107 m−2 due to the inhibition of homogeneous nucleation and lead to a radiative forcing of −0.14 ± 0.07 W m−2, while the increase in the sulfur emissions increases the global average Ni by 7.3 ± 2.9 × 107 m−2 due to the increase in homogeneous nucleation and leads to a radiative forcing of −0.02 ± 0.06 W m−2. The possible effects of aerosol and cloud feedbacks to the meteorological state in remote regions partly contribute to reduce the forcing and the change in Ni due to anthropogenic emissions. The radiative forcing due to all increased anthropogenic emissions from PI to PD is estimated to be −0.20 ± 0.05 W m−2. If newly formed secondary organic aerosols (SOA) acts an INP and inhibit homogeneous nucleation, the Ni formed from heterogeneous nucleation is increased. As a result, the inclusion of INPs from SOA increases the change in Ni to 12.0 ± 2.3 × 107 m−2 and increases (makes less negative) the anthropogenic forcing on cirrus clouds to −0.04 ± 0.08 W m−2 from PI to PD.
Overshoot dependence on the cross-shock potential
Authors: Gedalin Michael , Zhou Xiaoyan , Russell Christopher T. , Angelopoulos Vassilis
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Coherent downstream oscillations of the magnetic field in shocks are produced due to the coherent ion gyration and quasiperiodic variations of the ion pressure. The amplitude and the positions of the pressure maxima and minima depend on the cross-shock potential and upstream ion temperature. Two critical cross-shock potentials are defined: the critical gyration potential (CGP), which separates the cases of increase or decrease in the component of the velocity of the distribution center along the shock normal, and the critical reflection potential (CRP), above which ion reflection becomes significant. In a weak, very low upstream kinetic-to-magnetic pressure ratio, β, the shocks' CRP exceeds the CGP. For potentials below the CGP, the first downstream maximum of the magnetic field is shifted farther downstream and is larger than the second maximum. For higher potentials, the first maximum occurs just behind the ramp and is lower than the second maximum. With the increase in the upstream temperature, the CGP exceeds the CRP. For potentials below the CRP, the effects of ion reflection are negligible and the shock profile is similar to that of very low-β shocks. If the potential exceeds the CRP, ion reflection is significant, the magnetic field increase toward the overshoot becomes steeper, and the largest peak occurs at the downstream edge of the ramp.
An effective parameter optimization with radiation balance constraint in CAM5 (version 5.3)
Authors: Wu Li , Zhang Tao , Qin Yi , Xue Wei
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Uncertain parameters in physical parameterizations of
general circulation models (GCMs) greatly impact model performance. In
recent years, automatic parameter optimization has been introduced for
tuning model performance of GCMs, but most of the optimization methods are
unconstrained optimization methods under a given performance indicator.
Therefore, the calibrated model may break through essential constraints that
models have to keep, such as the radiation balance at the top of the model. The
radiation balance is known for its importance in the conservation of model
energy. In this study, an automated and efficient parameter optimization
with the radiation balance constraint is presented and applied in the
Community Atmospheric Model (CAM5) in terms of a synthesized performance
metric using normalized mean square error of radiation, precipitation,
relative humidity, and temperature. The tuned parameters are from the
parameterization schemes of convection and cloud. The radiation constraint
is defined as the absolute difference of the net longwave flux at the top of the model (FLNT) and the net solar flux at the top of the model (FSNT) of less than 1 W m−2. Results show that the synthesized performance under the optimal
parameters is 6.3 % better than the control run (CNTL) and the
radiation imbalance is as low as 0.1 W m−2. The proposed method
provides an insight for physics-guided optimization, and it can be easily
applied to optimization problems with other prerequisite constraints in
GCMs.
Significant spatial patterns from the GCM seasonal forecasts of global precipitation
Authors: Zhao Tongtiegang , Zhang Wei , Zhang Yongyong , Liu Zhiyong , Chen Xiaohong
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Fully coupled global climate models (GCMs) generate a vast amount of high-dimensional forecast data of the global climate; therefore, interpreting and understanding the predictive performance is a critical issue in applying GCM forecasts. Spatial plotting is a powerful tool to identify where forecasts perform well and where forecasts are not satisfactory. Here we build upon the spatial plotting of anomaly correlation between forecast ensemble mean and observations to derive significant spatial patterns to illustrate the predictive performance. For the anomaly correlation derived from the 10 sets of forecasts archived in the North America Multi-Model Ensemble (NMME) experiment, the global and local Moran's I are calculated to associate anomaly correlations at neighbouring grid cells with one another. The global Moran's I associates anomaly correlation at the global scale and indicates that anomaly correlation at one grid cell relates significantly and positively to anomaly correlation at surrounding grid cells. The local Moran's I links anomaly correlation at one grid cell with its spatial lag and reveals clusters of grid cells with high, neutral, and low anomaly correlation. Overall, the forecasts produced by GCMs of similar settings and at the same climate centre exhibit similar clustering of anomaly correlation. In the meantime, the forecasts in NMME show complementary performances. About 80 % of grid cells across the globe fall into the cluster of high anomaly correlation under at least 1 of the 10 sets of forecasts. While anomaly correlation exhibits substantial spatial variability, the clustering approach serves as a filter of noise to identify spatial patterns and yields insights into the predictive performance of GCM seasonal forecasts of global precipitation.
Cluster wakes impact on a far-distant offshore wind farm's power
Authors: Schneemann Jörge , Rott Andreas , Dörenkämper Martin , Steinfeld Gerald , Kühn Martin
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Our aim with this paper was the analysis of the influence of offshore cluster wakes on the power of a far-distant wind farm. We measured cluster wakes with long-range Doppler light detection and ranging (lidar) and satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) in different atmospheric stabilities and analysed their impact on the 400 MW offshore wind farm Global Tech I in the German North Sea using supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) power data. Our results showed clear wind speed deficits that can be related to the wakes of wind farm clusters up to 55 km upstream in stable and weakly unstable stratified boundary layers resulting in a clear reduction in power production. We discussed the influence of cluster wakes on the power production of a far-distant wind farm, cluster wake characteristics and methods for cluster wake monitoring. In conclusion, we proved the existence of wake shadowing effects with resulting power losses up to 55 km downstream and encouraged further investigations on far-reaching wake shadowing effects for optimized areal planning and reduced uncertainties in offshore wind power resource assessment.
The Problem of Identification of Rural Areas: The Case of Lithuanian Elderships
Authors: Baranauskienė Viktorija
Published: January 2020

This article presents an attempt to classify Lithuanian LAU-2 regions (elderships) according to the level of their urbanization. The research was based on inductive methodology. Data on changes of the number of population in 2001 – 2018 was the primary source of the analysis. The typology of LAU-2 regions was based on 3 main criteria: formal status of the area (urban or rural), the location of the area in relation to urban centre and trends of change of the number of population in formally nonurban areas in 2001-2018. The final goal was the distinction of regions, which weren’t influenced by urbanisation (suburbanisation) processes and therefore potentially should be facing most severe processes of peripherisation and socio-spatial exclusion. The results suggest that actual share of rural areas and rural population is much smaller that statistical data show. Furthermore, territorial differentiation into urbanized and non-urbanized areas perfectly reflects "centre-periphery" model, though Lithuania withhold polycentric character of development. Three central urban regions - Vilnius, Kaunas, and Klaipėda act as major growth poles, while remaining country is shrinking fast. On the other hand, even smaller and decreasing urban centres are spatially expanding and changing rural areas around them. As a consequence number of population is growing in suburban regions. According to the research, 244 elderships, which occupy some 36% of the Lithuanian territory, are classified as urbanized or semi urbanised areas (it inhabits 83% of the population); the rest 312 elderships are classified as 'purely' rural peripheral areas. They cover 64% of the country’s territory and inhabit around 17% of its population.
Onafhankelijk onderzoek in het publiek belang
Authors: van Asselt Marjolein , Slob Marjan , Baart Marjolein , Ipenburg Dirk , van het Loo Mirjam
Published: January 2020

Independent research in the public interest

The Dutch Safety Board is authorised to conduct safety investigations in nearly every area and sector. The Board is independent and aims to contribute to learning from incidents, accidents and disasters. In the essay, the authors reflect on what it means to conduct independent investigation in the public interest. They define independent investigation as a relational enterprise that requires reflexive investigators but also elementary and advanced safeguards in position, judgement and presentation.
Leren van de WODC-casus
Authors: Bokhorst Meike
Published: January 2020

Learn from the WODC case. Formal and professional guarantees for independent research require maintenance

In the relationship between the Ministry of Justice and Security and the Scientific Research and Documentation Center, safeguards to prevent improper influence of research were lacking. In the opinion of the WODC II investigation committee, civil servants were too close to the substantive execution of the investigation, as a result of which the WODC was given too little room for critical investigation. For other ministries and knowledge institutions the question is relevant as to what safeguards are needed for conducting independent research. Rules and procedures are not sufficient for creating and maintaining responsible research practices. It is also important that employees learn to recognize difficult situations, can discuss these with their colleagues, and know how to deal with dilemmas. Other organizations can learn from the WODC issue that they must maintain and recalibrate the formal and professional safeguards for the independence of scientific research. Trust in science stands or falls with independence and soundness in word and deed.
WODC: hoe het gemakkelijke frame overwon
Authors: Derksen Wim
Published: January 2020

How the easy frame won

This article critically assesses and discusses the reports written by the three commissions of inquiry dealing with the so-called WODC affair.
Drugssmokkelaars en de deur in de haven
Authors: van Gestel Barbra
Published: January 2020

Book review: Drug smugglers and the door in the port

In this article, a recently published Dutch book on corruption in the port of Rotterdam is reviewed. De Schiedamse cocaïnemaffia. Een corrupte douanier, doorgewinterde criminelen en duizenden kilo’s coke was written by journalist Jan Meeus from NRC Handelsblad. The book can be seen as a case study of a customs officer – Gerrit – who fell for the big money. It gives a good insight into the connection between the legal and the illegal world and how this is experienced by those involved. The information in the book is based on seven large criminal files and dozens of conversations with people mentioned in those files. Meeus also attended the criminal proceedings intensively. It is now known that the film rights of the book have been sold and that Meeus will be writing the screenplay for the feature film together with director Jean van der Velde.
Länderbericht Frankreich
Authors: Crocq B.
Published: January 2020

Länderbericht Frankreich

Das Erbrecht ist im 3. Buch des französischen Zivilgesetzbuch – Code civil – geregelt (Art. 720 ff.). Seit des Inkrafttretens des Code civil im Jahre 1804 wurde das Erbrecht in seinen Grundsätzen wenig geändert. Zu erwähnen sind jedoch zwei Gesetze vom 3. Dezember 2001 und vom 23. Juni 2006. Der überlebende Ehegatte ist sowohl kraft des Güterstandes als auch kraft des Erbrechts am Vermögen des Erblassers beteiligt. Seine Stellung kann auch durch einen Ehevertrag, ein Testament oder eine vertragliche Erbeinsetzung verbessert werden. Die Möglichkeit den Ehegatten zu bevorzugen wird aber vom Pflichtteil der Abkömmlinge beschränkt.
Is het mogelijk om alle woningeigenaren verplicht van het aardgas af te schakelen?
Authors: Jager R.A. (Rieneke)
Published: January 2020

Is het mogelijk om alle woningeigenaren verplicht van het aardgas af te schakelen?

Alle circa 7 miljoen woningen in Nederland moeten in 2050 aardgasvrij zijn. De verantwoordelijkheid hiervoor ligt bij de gemeente. Onduidelijk is echter of, en zo ja hoe, de gemeente woningeigenaren met het (toekomstig) publiekrechtelijk instrumentarium tot afschakeling van het aardgas kan verplichten. In deze bijdrage wordt deze vraag beantwoord. Waar de gemeente nu nog geen verplichting tot het afschakelen kan opleggen, is dit na de inwerkingtreding van de Omgevingswet naar verwachting wel het geval. Het opleggen van de verplichting moet voldoen aan de algemene beginselen van behoorlijk bestuur en blijft binnen de grenzen van het eigendomsrecht.
An Innovative Feedback Tool Leading to Improved Faculty Feedback and Positive Reception by Residents
Authors: Harrison Raquel , Tsyrulnik Alina , Wood David , Coughlin Ryan , Della-Giustina David , Goldflam Katja
Published: January 2020

Introduction: In 2012 the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education implemented trainee milestones as tools for clinical competency committees to use for evaluation, feedback, remediation, and promotion purposes. Prior to this innovation, there has not been an adequate method to capture, organize, and graphically illustrate the evaluations by attendings in a simple, fast and organized fashion.

Methods: We created a novel, web-based, mobile-friendly evaluation tool to help fill this identified gap. The survey-based program creates a milestone-based evaluation, takes only a few minutes to complete, and easily collates the results in a graphic format creating an individualized “dashboard.” The dashboard is then used by both trainees and their evaluators as a feedback platform.

Results: With the implementation of the dashboard, educational leadership has noted an increase in the number of submitted evaluations of residents and the amount of face-to-face feedback given by attendings to residents. A post-implementation survey of the residents revealed that they found the dashboard-provided feedback more helpful than prior modes of feedback, although the number of evaluations was still too few.

Conclusion: The use of our feedback dashboard is useful to multiple targeted end-users, including general faculty evaluators, program leadership, and the residents themselves for gathering formative feedback that is specific and timely. This tool is adaptable and likely generalizable to other residency programs and specialties.