bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regarding the Mortality Investigation, instituted by the Actuarial Society of America and now in progress
Authors: Fackler David Parks
Published: June 2019

In October 1900, on the morning of the first day of the autumnal meeting of the Actuarial Society of America, Mr. Emory McClintock, Actuary of the Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York, read a paper entitled “The Objects to be attained in Future Investigations of Mortality and Death Loss”, in which he stated that probably four-fifths of the publications of companies' general experience possessed only a “casual interest”, and that the same amount of effort might much better have been devoted to investigating special classes of business, adding that “it is “more important to the future interests of life insurance to learn “how fishermen compare with farmers, how physicians compare “with clergymen, and the like, than it is to gather all these “heterogeneous materials into one grand average in the form of “a new life table.”
Some Notes on the Net Premium Method of Valuation, as affected by recent tendencies and developments
Authors: Warner Samuel George
Published: June 2019

It may well seem an act of no small temerity to attempt a fresh paper on a subject so often and so ably treated in essays read before this Institute as that of the net premium method of valuation. I am fully conscious of this, and the more so that I cannot profess to be able to add anything appreciable to what has already been said, either expressly or by implication, upon the matter. It will be admitted, however, that the practical importance of the subject, its vital bearing upon the conduct of the business of life assurance, can scarcely be exaggerated. Mr. J. Hill Williams, commenting upon Mr. A. H. Bailey's paper on “The Pure Premium Method of Valuation”, in March 1878 (J.I.A., xxi,, 126), said “The subject of this paper is one upon “which we can never have too much writing or too much “discussion, for it is the very life of our science, and upon the “views which we take of this most important question depends “the safety of many of the greatest financial institutions in the “country”; and with the spirit of such remarks we shall probably all agree. That being so, I think I am right in saying further that we have had no express discussion of this topic at our Institute for several years past. It has, doubtless, on many occasions been referred to—as a thing so intimately intertwined with our daily practice could hardly help being—in connection with other matters primarily before us; but it has not been the actual and avowed theme for consideration.
The British Offices Life Tables, 1893; an Investigation of the Rates of Mortality in different Classes of the Assurance Experience, and of the resulting Net Premiums and Policy-Reserves
Authors: Ackland Thomas G.
Published: June 2019

I have been invited by the Council of the Institute of Actuaries to read a paper dealing with the general bearings of the New Experience Tables. The Unadjusted Data of the Assurance Experience are set forth in the three volumes published by the Joint Committee of the Institute of Actuaries and the Faculty of Actuaries in Scotland, comprising (1) Whole-Life Assurances—Participating and Non-Participating—Male Lives; (2) Whole-Life Assurances—Participating and Non-Participating—Female Lives; (3) Endowment Assurances and Minor Classes of Assurances—Male and Female Lives. The Joint Committee have also kindly placed at my disposal, in the preparation of this paper, the graduated results, so far as available; and the Monetary Tables which have been computed, and which are in course of being printed for publication.
On the Comparative Reserves of Life Assurance Companies, according to various Tables of Mortality, at various rates of interest
Authors: King George
Published: June 2019

It is not proposed in the present paper to take up any original investigation, the main object being to bring up to date the papers submitted to the Institute in 1876 and 1877, and which appeared in J.I.A., xix, p. 381, and xx, p. 233. These papers were written not very long after the publication of the Twenty Offices' Experience, with the Monetary Tables based thereon, and to it they were almost entirely devoted. The peculiar rates of mortality prevailing amongst assured lives were investigated, by means of ten mortality tables calculated for central ages at entry, tables which were called by name “Analyzed.” That name has since been superseded by the name “Select”, and the tables themselves, together with the annuity tables based upon them, have become obsolete, their place having been taken by Dr. Sprague's much more complete, and much better, “Select” Tables. The Analyzed Mortality Tables, however, served their purpose, as the main object in taking the matter up was, to estimate the reserves of life offices when the mortality of lives assured is kept separate according to age at entry.
Further Remarks on the Valuation of Endowment Assurances in Groups
Authors: Lidstone George J.
Published: June 2019

In a Paper entitled “Some Remarks on the Valuation of Endowment Assurances in Groups”, read before the Institute in January 1898 (vide J.I.A., xxxiv, 61 et seq.), the writer described a new method of valuation by which it was claimed the labour of dealing with Endowment Assurances might be reduced to a minimum, and at the same time results might be obtained differing by only an insignificant amount from the exact results. In preparing that Paper it was felt that to encumber it with a mass of technical detail would have been to court the neglect which is the common fate of a lengthy essay, and that the method would be more likely to receive consideration and a fair trial if, in the first instance, no more than an outline of its main principles were given. Since then the author has applied the method, with very satisfactory results, to a volume of Endowment Assurance business much larger than that which was dealt with in the original Paper (vide J.I.A., xxxiv, 510-14), and very gratifying testimony has been received from a number of leading Actuaries who have adopted the plan, and have found it to work smoothly and efficiently in practice. It is thought, therefore, that the time has arrived when it will be useful to consider the subject in greater detail, and with special reference to some of the points that arise in the application of the method.
A Comparison of the Various Methods of Grouping Whole-Life Assurances for Valuation
Authors: Fraser Duncan C.
Published: June 2019

In making a valuation of the ordinary whole-life assurance contracts of a company according to the methods in general use at the present day, there are two separate sets of questions to be considered.

In the first place, the basis of valuation has to be chosen; that is to say, we have to select the table of mortality and the rate of interest which are to be employed. The questions that arise in this connection are of great importance, and for their settlement we have the assistance of the powerful instrument devised by Mr. King—the Model Office and its Valuations by various Tables of Mortality and at various Rates of Interest.
The British Offices Life Tables, 1893. Memorandum on the Graduation of the Whole-Life Without-Profit Mortality Table—Male Lives
Authors: Hardy George Francis
Published: June 2019

1. At the request of the Committee, I undertook to consider the graduation of the Whole-Life Without-Profit Experience, and I now have the pleasure to submit the result of my investigation.

2. In the graduation of this experience, it has been borne in mind that the main practical purpose to which the table will be put will be the calculation of premiums, rather than the determination of reserves. It is most important, therefore, that the graduation should not under-estimate the mortality, and, consequently, the premiums.
On Mortgages of Expectancies under Wills
Authors: Hart James Robert
Published: June 2019

Insurance Companies are sometimes asked to lend on a prospective interest under the will of a living person. In most cases, such an expectancy would of course be quite out of the question as a security; for besides other circumstances that may arise to defeat it, there is the possibility that the person who has executed the will may change his mind, or get rid of all his property in his lifetime. But in certain circumstances the chance of realizing such an expectancy may be materially increased. For example, the person who has made the will may become lunatic and incapable of dealing with his property or making a testamentary disposition of it. The property would then be placed in the custody of a trustee or the Court, and, subject to a proper allowance for his maintenance, would be kept intact till his death or recovery. And, if there is strong evidence that there is practically no chance of the lunatic recovering his reason, the prospective interest can almost be regarded as an ordinary contingent reversion to fall in on the death of the lunatic, if the beneficiary survive him. In such circumstances, the prospective beneficiary may desire to raise a loan on his interest; and life offices are sometimes approached in this connection. Though, as the writer shows in the following remarks, such an expectancy cannot form a mortgage security, even when the chances of its realization are as favourable as those mentioned above, it may be useful to examine the chief points that come up for consideration in a proposal of this sort, and the reasons for which it should be declined.
Note on the Methods followed in the Registration of Deeds affecting Land in Scotland
Authors: Donald A. Graham
Published: June 2019

Under the Act of 1617, cap. 16 (of the Scots Parliament) and subsequent Acts, all deeds relating to land require to be registered, such deeds ranking according to the date on which they are registered and not according to the date of signature. There are other kinds of Registration in Scotland, notably for Preservation and Execution. Under this the principal writs are retained in the permanent custody of the Registrar, an extract (official copy) being furnished which has the same validity as the original. In the case of Registration for Publication, with which this note deals, the deed, bearing a Certificate of Registration by the Keeper of the Register, is in due course returned to the persons registering.
On the Importance and Practicability of a Standard Classification of Impaired Lives
Authors: Carruthers S. W.
Published: June 2019

I have heard that a former distinguished President of this Institute once publicly stated that “Doctors rush in where Actuaries fear to tread.” It is also said that “at forty a man is either a physician or a fool”: but the presidential saying seems to suggest that a man may be both. With such a warning ringing in my ears, I yet venture to read before this learned Institute a paper on a thorny subject. I am doing so, first because that subject can be dealt with only by the united labour of actuaries and doctors; and second, because I am sure of the consideration and forbearance of the Fellows in any matters wherein I travel with halting gait.
On the Valuation in Groups of Whole-Life Policies by Select Mortality Tables
Authors: King George
Published: June 2019

On 29 December 1902 I had the honour of reading a paper before the Institute on the “Comparative Reserves of Life Assurance Companies according to various Tables of Mortality at various Rates of Interest.” That paper was intended to complete up to date the investigations which had been made in 1876 and 1877 on the same subject, by bringing in the New British Offices Experience Tables, OM and OM(5). When that paper was read, the Select Tables, based on the British Offices data, were not available, and in the comparisons then instituted they could not be included. The case is now different, and a valuation has been made of the Model Office, on the basis of the O[M] Select Tables, at 3 per-cent interest, and in Table I of the Appendix the results are given, and compared with the results of the valuation by the OM Aggregate Table, at the same rate of interest. The valuations by the OM and OM(5) Tables in their various combinations are also repeated, so that reference to the previous paper may not be necessary.
Some Aspects of Registration of Title to Land
Authors: Hart James Robert
Published: June 2019

Our English system of registration of title to land has been actively discussed and severely criticized among certain professions, but certainly cannot be said to have attracted general interest. The subject is too often regarded as a purely legal one. Yet, looking to the fact that London properties of enormous value in the aggregate have already been affected by the drastic changes introduced by the Land Transfer Act, 1897, and that the whole country may sooner or later be brought within their influence, it is difficult, I think, to overrate the public importance of the question. Just at present, particularly, there is call for a more widespread acquaintance with the principles and working of the system. In the first place, the general public is left responsible for its extension, inasmuch as the popular veto on its application to any particular area is to be exercised through the County Councils. Secondly, the system in respect of many of its details is on trial. From time to time modifications of the original scheme are introduced, as practical experience of its working shows them to be really necessary; and where the system causes inconvenience, adjustments are being made to remove it. The opportunity therefore should not be lost of influencing these changes in the direction of meeting the requirements of any special section of business.
On the Rationale of Formulæ for Graduation by Summation
Authors: Lidstone George J.
Published: June 2019

So much has been written on the algebra of formulæ for graduating an irregular series by means of successive summations, and on the theoretical errors introduced by this process, that there is possibly some danger of the underlying principles, on which all such formulæ are founded, being overlooked or insufficiently understood. In the present note an attempt is made to deal with this matter from first principles, with the object of rendering clear how such formulæ Work and why it is that they produce, with greater or less success according to the nature of the particular formula, a smooth succession of values from rough and irregular data.
On the method of Dr. Johannes Karup of valuing in groups endowment assurances, and Policies for the Whole of Life by Premiums limited in number
Authors: King George
Published: June 2019

Tht method, according to Mr. Altenburger (J.I.A., xxxv, 332), was devised by Dr. Karup in 1878, and communicated by him to the Austrian Government in 1882, and to the Swiss Government in 1884; but, unless perhaps in Germany, of which I have no knowledge, it does not seem to have been published until comparatively recently, and no doubt it has been discovered independently by other actuaries. So far as I am aware, the first account of it in the English language is that given by the late Wm. D. Whiting, in 1894, in the Transactions of the Actuarial Society of America, vol. iii, p. 427. Mr. Whiting wrote at the suggestion of an unnamed member of the Council of the American Society, and he does not say to whom the authorship of the formula should be attributed. The first
reference in the Institute Journal is to be found in a letter of Mr. Julius Altenburger, in J.I.A., xxxiv, 152, and therefore the formula sometimes goes by his name, but he himself says that the name of Dr. Karup should be attached to it.

In the present note, attention is directed mainly to Endowment Assurances, and Policies for the Whole of Life by Limited Payments; but the method is available for many other classes, and its very general applicability is elaborately worked out by Mr. Frederick Bell in his paper (J.I.A., xxxix, 17) read before the Institute, 19 December 1904. The principles of the method are therefore well known, but, in so far as they have yet been developed, there remains a certain amount of rigidity which it is the object of this note to remove. Elasticity may be introduced, which will render the formula more convenient under the presentday varying conditions of British companies.
The Select and Ultimate Method of Valuation
Authors: Dawson Miles Menander
Published: June 2019

“Before proceeding to examine the different methods pursued “in the valuation of the liabilities of an office under its policies, “I will briefly state what appears to me to be the true principle “upon which the valuation should be based. On the establish-“ment of an office it is assumed, or ought to be, that a certain “table will exactly correspond with the mortality likely to prevail “among the persons whom they will insure; and that a certain “rate of interest (generally 3 per-cent) is what they may with “certainty depend upon realizing. Under these circumstances, “premiums calculated upon such data, increased by a small “addition sufficient to cover all expenses likely to be incurred, “are charged. We will leave out of consideration the addition “ made for bonus, as it is only charged to be returned again. “Suppose now that all these conditions are realized, and that “after a few years it is found that the mortality experienced “corresponds exactly with the table adopted; that the rate of “interest realized is exactly 3 per-cent; and that the additional “charge, technically called the loading, has exactly covered all “the expenses. How much ought the office to have in hand? “The answer naturally will be,—the total net premiums received “in each year, less the claims paid in that year, accumulated at “3 per-cent compound interest.
On an Approximate Method of Valuation of Whole-Life Assurances, grouped according to attained ages with allowance for Selection on the basis of O[M] Mortality
Authors: Brown E. H.
Published: June 2019

The presentation in November 1905, of three papers on “methods of valuation with allowance for selection” (J.I.A., vol. xl, pp. 1, 15, 42) might well be considered to have left room for no further word on the subject. Any attempt to produce a new method merely to achieve an equal degree of accuracy would undoubtedly be presumptuous, for Mr. King's method affords absolute accuracy, Mr. Diver follows with a microscopic error of £9 on a reserve of more than £3,000,000, and Mr. Ackland closes the series with a larger but still relatively insignificant error of £1,183 on a total reserve of upwards of £13,500,000. It is also shown that in both Messrs. Ackland's and Diver's methods, the error may be expected to be always less than ·01 per-cent.

The practical application of all three methods involves, however, a departure from the familiar system of classifying whole-life assurances according to attained ages, with the loss of all the advantages attaching to that system. This will be viewed by many with regret, and was especially referred to by Mr. Lidstone and Mr. R. P. Hardy in the subsequent discussion. Their remarks, together with Mr. Ackland's cordial expression of goodwill to “other workers in this field” led me to consider the subject from the standpoint of a grouping according to attained ages without any sub-grouping according to duration.
American Railway Securities as Investments for Insurance Companies
Authors: Ansell Hubert
Published: June 2019

In writing upon the subject of this paper, I met at the outset with a difficulty which, I am afraid, will tend to make the paper less interesting to some of you than I would like it to be. The difficulty I refer to is this—that a considerable proportion of such information as I have upon the subject, and that which occurs most readily to me, is what I may perhaps call “particular” information, that is information relating to particular investments; whereas the information which appears to me to be most suitable to give here is that of a more general character, relating, primarily, to the principles which should guide us in selecting investments.

The first point to consider in connection with any railway the securities of which are under consideration for investment, is the value of the undertaking itself in relation to the amount of the issue of bonds or other security charged upon it. There are various ways of considering the value, the principal of which are:

1. The cost of the undertaking.

2. The probable cost of building another similar railway.

3. The actual present value as evidenced by the revenue derived from it.

As regards the first of these, it may be noted that this criterion of value is the least reliable of the three, but it is interesting not to overlook it, as it is in this respect that we find the greatest contrast between English and American railways. Whilst English, railways were built at very great expense, large sums being paid for land both in the country and in towns, and the actual work of construction being done upon the most expensive scale, American railways were, in early days, built very cheaply, the land being obtained without payment, and the railway construction being on an economical scale.
State Insurance Against Invalidity and Old Age—The Actuarial Basis of the Austrian Method
Authors: Richmond George William
Published: June 2019

During the past twenty years or so, State Insurance in one form or other has been steadily extending, and now appears likely to be established on a broad basis in Great Britain. The problems presented by it are very complex and comparatively little understood either as regards nature or consequences, while socio-political pressure compels the use of approximations where complete solutions are unattainable. In particular the statistical bases and actuarial treatment of these great schemes, which affect the well-being of millions, afford great scope for the utilization of the training provided by the Institute of Actuaries and other scientific bodies of like aims.
A new Method of Approximating to the Values of Last Survivor Annuities on Two or More Lives, and to the Values of Joint-Life Annuities when the Advantages of Makeham's Law are not Available
Authors: Lidstone George J.
Published: June 2019

The complete calculation and tabulation of annuity values depending on two or more lives present considerable practical difficulties, owing to the multiplicity of age combinations to be dealt with. When the mortality table follows Makeham’s Law the difficulty is completely avoided so far as joint life annuities are concerned by the method of equal ages and uniform seniority, but this in no way meets the case of last survivor annuities, which necessitate a special calculation increasing in complexity with the number of lives involved. When the mortality table does not follow Makeham’s Law, the difficulty extends to joint life annuities as well as last survivor annuities. In the case of a great standard table, like the OM, the labour of calculation and expense of printing a complete set of two-life annuities may be justified, but this will rarely be so with a table of less general importance, while in any case the complete tabulation of three-life and four-life annuities will be quite impracticable; so that at the present time even for OM Mortality there are no tables that enable such annuity values to be readily calculated.
On the Principal Provisions of the Law of Bankruptcy in England, with References to Some Decisions of Interest to Life Insurance Companies
Authors: Carter N. J.
Published: June 2019

It is with considerable diffidence that I submit this paper to the Institute seeing that there are many members who are far better qualified to deal with the subject.

However, it was suggested that a paper of this character would be acceptable, and I have endeavoured to make it as complete as possible without transgressing reasonable limits of space.

In the first place I have given a general account of the law of bankruptcy, following, in the main, the general arrangement of the subject adopted by Ringwood in “The Principles of Bankruptcy”, and I hope sufficiently full to make the paper useful to Students for Part IV of the examination syllabus. This has inevitably made it somewhat long and formal.
An investigation Into the Effects of Family and Personal History Upon the Rates of Mortality Experienced in Various Classes of Life Assurance Risks, with Special Reference to Tuberculosis
Authors: Rusher Edward A. , Kenchington Charles William
Published: June 2019

An investigation into the effects of family and personal history upon assurance risks has long been desired by Actuaries, but hitherto in this country the material at their disposal has not been sufficient in volume to admit of analytical treatment. The only attempt the Institute as a body has made to deal with this subject is in the old Institute experience, which contains the records of 11,146 rated-up lives, in which all kinds of risks are combined without any attempt at classification.

In the hope that this long-felt want might, to some extent, be met, an investigation was projected into the experience of a large number of lives assured in the Ordinary Branch of the Prudential Assurance Company whose family or personal history showed some marked peculiarity, by means of which they could be separated into more or less well-defined classes. The actual work of compiling the necessary data was commenced in 1903, and by the courteous permission and public-spirited action of the Directors we have now the pleasure of placing the main results of that investigation before the Institute. No claim is made in this Paper either to exhaustive analysis or to complete solution of the numerous and important problems that arise in practice, but it is thought that, at least, the results may form a useful aid to the Actuary in arriving at those conclusions which necessarily have to be formed—mainly from a priori reasoning—when risks come before him for adjudication.
Preliminary Experiments on the Rearing of Sea-Fish Larvæ
Authors: Garstang Walter
Published: June 2019

The present paper contains an account of experiments made at the Plymouth Laboratory in the summer of 1899 with the object of determining the conditions necessary for the artificial rearing of seafish larvæ through the critical stages of their development. As is well known, the majority of the attempts which have hitherto been made in this direction have proved abortive, and such success as has been obtained has been limited to the survival of a very small proportion of the original stock of fry. There was therefore ample scope for new work upon the subject, especially for experiments based on comparative methods which should aim more particularly to elucidate the habits of fish larvæ under clearly contrasted conditions. In this way only did it appear possible to make further progress in our knowledge of the physiological peculiarities of the delicate fry and of the conditions which are essential to their healthy development in confinement. The successful issue of the present experiments is entirely attributable, I think, to the fact that they were not undertaken until practically undivided attention could be given to them, which enabled me to watch long and closely the habits of individual larvæ under different conditions, and under the guidance of these observations to modify and perfect the simple apparatus employed until the mortality became reduced to reasonable proportions.
A Cause of Appendicitis and other Intestinal Lesions in Man and Other Vertebrates
Authors: Shipley A. E.
Published: June 2019

Our observations on a large number of recently dead or dying grouse impels us to believe that in many cases death is primarily caused by the presence of parasitic worms, either Cestodes or Nematodes in various parts of the alimentary canal.
Note on Leeches sent by Dr E. W. G. Masterman from Palestine
Authors: Harding W. A.
Published: June 2019

These specimens were preserved in alcohol and contained in three bottles a, b and c.

(a) contained 1 large and 47 small leeches “out of infested springs at Safed, Palestine.”

(b) contained a leech “extracted from pharynx of an Arab of Jerusalem.”

(c) contained a leech which had been removed, by means of laryngeal forceps, from the vocal cords of a young peasant in Jerusalem.
Some Notes on the Haemogregarines Parasitic in Snakes
Authors: Dobell C. Clifford
Published: June 2019

The object of this paper is to describe the protozoan parasites which I have encountered in the red blood corpuscles of three different snakes —Boa constrictor, Python spilotesandColuber quatuorlineatus. All the Protozoa are members of the genusHaemogregarina.
A Contribution to the Life History of Echinostomum secundum, Nicoll
Authors: Lebour Marie V.
Published: June 2019

In some notes on the Trematodes of Northumbria published in 1905 a few remarks were made on a larval Trematode inhabiting the liver of the common periwinkle Littorina littorea. The liver in two per cent. of the periwinkles from Budle Bay was full of rediæ containing cercariæ more or less developed, the latter agreeing in every way with an encysted Echinostomum larva which inhabits mussels, cockles and other bivalve mollusks in the same locality. So close was the resemblance that I had no hesitation in declaring them to be the same worm in different stages, but hoped for an opportunity of demonstrating this by experiment. In October 1908 through the courtesy of Professor Meek I had the opportunity of conducting some feeding experiments in the Dove Marine Laboratory, Cullercoats, which have given satisfactory results, and although it is not possible to state absolutely that the forms are identical yet the evidence is so strong that I think I am justified in regarding the young worm in the periwinkle as an earlier larval form of the encysted worm in the foot of the mussel and cockle.
V. A Coin of Huvishka
Authors: Fleet J. F.
Published: June 2019

The illustration A. at page 58 below shews a coin of Huvishka, the reverse of which has been presented by Thomas in this Journal, 1877. 212, plate, fig. 7; by Gardner in his Catalogue of the Coins of the Greek and Scythic Kings of Bactria and India, plate 28, fig. 7; and by Cunningham in his Coins of the Kushāns, plate 22, fig. 17. For the casts from which I illustrate this coin and two others which have to be noticed along with it, I am indebted to Mr. Allan, of the British Museum.
IX. The Hebrew version of the “Secretum Secretorum”, a mediæval treatise ascribed to Aristotle. II. Translation
Authors: Gaster M.
Published: June 2019

O ye men of knowledge and who understand riddles, who search by means thereof for precious object; lift up your eyes on high and read the book that is called the “Privy of Privies”, wherein there is contained the direction in the governance of the kingdom which Aristotle wrote for the great king Alexander.
VII.—On Some Points in the Early Development of Motor Nerve Trunks and Myotomes in Lepidosiren paradoxa (Fitz.)
Authors: Kerr J. Graham
Published: June 2019

My main purpose in the following short paper is to publish figures illustrating some of the more important facts of the early development of myotomes and motor nerves in Lepidosiren. The bearing of some of the observations of nerve development upon current theories renders it particularly desirable that they should be illustrated by untouched photographs of the sections. A few photographs illustrating the more important stages in the development of the motor nerve trunks are given on Plate I. For the preparation of the photographs here published, as well as several others, I am indebted to the skill of my friend Dr T. H. Bryce, and of Mr Fingland, our University photographer.
Questionnaire Sémantique de Québec (QueSQ). Développement, validation et normalisation
Authors: Monetta Laura , Légaré Annie , Macoir Joël , Wilson Maximiliano A.
Published: June 2019

The main objective of this study was to present the development, validation and normalization of the Quebec Semantic Questionnaire (QueSQ). The QueSQ is a 12-item questionnaire designed for the rapid screening of semantic disorders. Psycholinguistic parameters that can influence performance, such as the nature of semantic features and superordinate semantic categories, were taken into account during its development. Psychometric qualities of QueSQ were demonstrated during the validation process. QueSQ normative data were established on the basis of age and level of education, from a sample of 100 Franco-Quebecers aged 50 years and over.
Saint-Saëns's First String Quartet, Cyclic Form and the Aesthetics of Charm
Authors: Deruchie Andrew
Published: June 2019

From the 1850s, Saint-Saëns regularly employed cyclic form: the practice of establishing large-scale relationships (especially in symphonies, chamber works, etc.) by reintroducing materials from earlier movements in later ones. Nonetheless, he became weary of such procedures following the Third Symphony (1886) for cultural-political reasons: Franck's most important cyclic works date from the 1880s, d'Indy declaredla forme cycliquea historically determined canon, and period writers considered cyclic form afranckistehallmark – all while Saint-Saëns's relationship with Franck's followers deteriorated.

In this essay, I argue that Saint-Saëns's First String Quartet (1899) ‘misreads’ his rivals’ approaches to cyclic form as exemplified by d'Indy's Second Quartet of 1897 (in which a four-note cell suffuses most themes) and Franck's Quartet (in which themes from previous movements climactically accumulate in the final coda). Saint-Saëns's themes abound with miniscule motivic connections, which catch listeners’ ears but seem too fleeting and insubstantial to register as binding elements comparable to d'Indy's pellucid cell. Such relationships straddle the threshold of apprehensibility, and they produce a distinctive affective quality: where d'Indy fosters perceptions of genetic relationships, Saint-Saëns elicits a sensation of déjà entendu. The final coda similarly teases by reintroducing fragments from the slow introduction, encouraging anticipation of a Franck-like apotheosis. What follows is a mirage of one: timbres and textures of previous movements return, but incipient citations of themes dissolve. Where Franck delivers a full-blooded synthesis, Saint-Saëns follows through withtrompe l'oreille.

Saint-Saëns's misreadings offranckistetechnique point to broader aesthetic conflicts. D'Indy enlisted cyclic form as a means to monumentality, which served the enseignement he esteemed as art's purpose. Déjà entendu andtrompe l'oreille, on the other hand, register as classicising attributes which diverge from d'Indy's didactic objectives and which Saint-Saëns grouped under the rubric of ‘charm’, a conduit to what he considered an ideologically neutral ‘aesthetic sense’.
ANOTHER LOOK AT THE SECOND INCOMPLETENESS THEOREM
Authors: VISSER ALBERT
Published: June 2019

In this article we study proofs of some general forms of the Second Incompleteness Theorem. These forms conform to the Feferman format, where the proof predicate is fixed and the representation of the set of axioms varies. We extend the Feferman framework in one important point: we allow the interpretation of number theory to vary.
Aperture coupled stacked patch thin film antenna for automotive radar at 77 GHz
Authors: Khan Osama , Meyer Johannes , Baur Klaus , Arafat Saeed , Waldschmidt Christian
Published: June 2019

A hybrid thin film multilayer antenna for automotive radar is presented in this work. A 2 × 8 aperture coupled stacked patch antenna array is realized on a single layer printed circuit board (PCB) using a novel thin film-based approach. Using a compact 180° phase difference power divider, inter-element spacing in a 2×2 sub-array is reduced. Measurement results show a 19% (67.9–82.5 GHz) impedance bandwidth and a wideband broadside radiation pattern, with a maximum gain of 15.4 dBi realized gain at 72 GHz. The presented antenna compares favorably with other multilayer PCB antennas in terms of performance, with the advantage of simpler manufacturing and robust design. The antenna can be employed in mid-range automotive radar applications.
Airscrews
Authors: Low Archibald K.
Published: June 2019

The general name "airscrew" will be used throughout for the organ of propulsion of aircraft.

When the airscrew is in front of the main lifting surfaces it is called a tractor, when behind them a propeller.

When it turns clockwise, as seen by an observer standing in the blast (i.e., behind the aircraft) it is called right-handed and, when anti-clockwise, left-handed. Airscrews are thus classified as :— Propellers or Tractors. Right-handed or Left-handed.
Vertical Motion in Atmospheric Waves
Authors: Ley C.H.
Published: June 2019

That vertical currents or components of air-motion having a velocity of several meters per second occasionally occur in the lowest tow kilometers of the atmosphere is an observed fact, but we are far as yet from compleate knowledge as to the conditions which produces such motion

I suggest, however, that wave-motion proper, that is low-velocity, periodic oscillations of pressure or temperaturem whether transmitted from a distant source of disturbance, or occurring under the continuous interaction of two horizontal currents of air can be ruled from any list of hypothetical causes of important vertical motion.
Tensile Tests on Flexible Steel Cable and Cable Ends
Authors: Stewart James C. , Reeves L.
Published: June 2019

The following table is the result of a series of tests carried out at East London College (University of London) on various methods of mounting flexible steel cables, in cable ends.

The specimens were kindly supplied by Messrs. T. W. K. Clarke and Co.

Cables Nos. 1 and 3 were fixed in the following manner. The ends were knotted and tinned, then inserted in sockets or cable ends, and solder run in.
The Longitudinal Stability of Aëroplane Gliders
Authors: Bryan G. H. , Williams W. E.
Published: June 2019

During recent years, a considerable amour of work has been done in attempting to solv the problem of artificial flight, and in the mai this work has been very successful. One by on the difficulties which beset the problem have been overcome, and now apparently there : only one difficulty which stands between us an the solution of the problem—namely, the diffculty of balancing the machine. In the follow ing paper an attempt is made to further tb solution of this difficulty, by showing that it : capable of mathematical treatment.

We have not attempted to deal exhaustivel with the question ; we have confined ourselve to the consideration of simple forms of glider and the chief object of the paper is to draw the attention of all interested in the problem artificial flight to the capabilities of this method.
The Mechanical Imitation of Bird Flight
Authors: Cochrane Williams
Published: June 2019

In commencing the paper which I am about to read I would like, first of all, to make a few remarks as to what has been done towards solving the difficult, yet extremely fascinating problem of aerial flight.

In recent years much has been attempted, but, when all is weighed in the balance, I venture to think that comparatively nothing of any value has yet been accomplished, and the successful flying machine has yet to come. A debt of gratitude is due to M. Santos Dumont. M. Lebaudy, and other pioneers, for breaking down, as they have, prejudice against the subject; but, after all, do his or their machines embody any new principle ? Only by careful attention to certain mechanical details and a combination of mechanism already in existence have they accomplished what they have.

It is unnecessary for me to go into details of the defects of navigable air-ships. Most students of aeronautics are, I think, agreed that the flying machine of the future will be one which is heavier than the atmosphere and presents the least surface of resistance when travelling horizontally.
The Laws of Similitude
Authors: Bairstow Leonard
Published: June 2019

The title of this paper does not immediately suggest aeronautics, but the connection is very intimate, as the laws of similitude constitute the theory of the use of models. Aeronautics, or rather, aerodynamics, is almost entirely an experimental science at present, and a glance backwards thiough time will show how much of the fundamental data of the subject is derived from experiments on models. We have, in the first place, Langley's researches, which showed that sufficient lift could be obtained to make models fly with such light engines as he was able to construct. The development of the petrol motor removed the greater part of the engine difficulty, and with that out of the way, Langley's figures for model planes, modified by Lilienthal's experiments on cambered models, provided the initial information from which the earliest flying machines were constructed.
Some Meteorological Conditions Which Increase the Danger of Flying
Authors: Cave C. J. P.
Published: June 2019

It may seem rather presumptuous for one who does not himself fly to discuss, the dangers that may be met with in the air as though a landsman who had crossed the Channel a few times were to write on the navigation of a ship across the ocean. At the same time, it may be of some use to point out certain conditions of the atmosphere which seem to me to constitute dangers, although I may be mistaken in my estimate of some of these, and would welcome any information from pilots bearing on the subject. In fact, my paper is meant to elicit information rather than to give it.
The Training of Aeronautical Engineers
Authors: Mullineux Walmsley R. , Larard C. E.
Published: June 2019

In winding up with the paper of this evening a highly-successful session of the Aëronautical Society of Great Britain, the authors desire to express their appreciation of the honour of being invited to conclude the series of lectures and papers delivered during the last six months. They hope they will not be misunderstood wThen they venture to affirm that, both in the planning of the course to cover practically every section and in the high level of excellence of the individual papers, the present necessities and the future of the science ard practice of aeronautics have been admirably served.
Flying Ships of the Future
Authors: Wilson Edgar E.
Published: June 2019

Within the limits of the present article it would be impracticable to deal adequately with exhaustive constructional details, or, in fact, many points bearing particularly upon the gist of this subject. Suffice it, then, to briefly refer to those facts by which the fundamental laws upon which is evolved the future complex and impressive airship of the near future is based, the lessons of Nature containing those laws, and which, in these modern days, are certainly insufficiently studied, and how man can reproduce these selfsame teachings by his methods culminating in the long-cherished, but by no means apocryphal and abortive, subjugation of the wide realms of the air.

The flying and soaring of all natural volant creatures is simply explained on well-known mechanical principles, and the majestic air-craft of the future will, in short, embody those principles intealia by the ingenuity of man.
Regional Impacts of Urban Irrigation on Surface Heat Fluxes and Rainfall in Central Arizona
Authors: Yang Yan , Smith James , Yang Long , Baeck Mary Lynn , Ni Guangheng
Published: June 2019

Rapid urbanization over Phoenix has resulted in increased water consumption for maintenance of green spaces and heat stress mitigation. The hydrometeorological impact of urban irrigation is not well understood and is the principal objective of this study. Our results are based on high‐resolution numerical experiments using the Weather Research and Forecasting model. A simple irrigation scheme is implemented into the Weather Research and Forecasting model to represent changes in soil moisture due to irrigation. A monthlong simulation using the Weather Research and Forecasting model with irrigation shows improved model performance in representing the regional water and energy cycle. Comparisons of model simulations with and without irrigation highlight the regional impacts of urban irrigation on surface heat fluxes and rainfall variability over Phoenix. There is a strong modulation of irrigation on surface energy partitioning over both irrigated and nonirrigated areas. Irrigation increases (decreases) surface latent (sensible) heat fluxes by enhanced evapotranspiration over irrigated areas, with opposing changes presented over nonirrigated areas. Irrigation contributes little to the domain‐average rainfall accumulation, but can noticeably modify its spatial distribution, with increased rainfall over the downwind mountainous regions and decreased rainfall over the irrigated areas. Irrigation‐induced rainfall anomalies can be tied to strengthened thermal gradients and induced changes in surface pressure fields, which lead to perturbations on large‐scale flow and its interactions with complex terrain. Our results shed light on the hydrometeorological impacts of increasing anthropogenic water use driven by urbanization and highlight the importance of accurate representations of land surface processes in better characterizing land‐atmosphere interactions in arid/semiarid regions.
Climate Change Drives Widespread and Rapid Thermokarst Development in Very Cold Permafrost in the Canadian High Arctic
Authors: Farquharson Louise M. , Romanovsky Vladimir E. , Cable William L. , Walker Donald A. , Kokelj Steven V. , Nicolsky Dmitry
Published: June 2019

Climate warming in regions of ice‐rich permafrost can result in widespread thermokarst development, which reconfigures the landscape and damages infrastructure. We present multisite time series observations which couple ground temperature measurements with thermokarst development in a region of very cold permafrost. In the Canadian High Arctic between 2003 and 2016, a series of anomalously warm summers caused mean thawing indices to be 150–240% above the 1979–2000 normal resulting in up to 90 cm of subsidence over the 12‐year observation period. Our data illustrate that despite low mean annual ground temperatures, very cold permafrost (<−10 °C) with massive ground ice close to the surface is highly vulnerable to rapid permafrost degradation and thermokarst development. We suggest that this is due to little thermal buffering from soil organic layers and near‐surface vegetation, and the presence of near‐surface ground ice. Observed maximum thaw depths at our sites are already exceeding those projected to occur by 2090 under representative concentration pathway version 4.5.
Spatiotemporal Patterns of Chaos in the Atlantic Overturning Circulation
Authors: Jamet Q. , Dewar W. K. , Wienders N. , Deremble B.
Published: June 2019

Examining an ensemble of high‐resolution ((1/12)°) North Atlantic ocean simulations, we provide new insights into the partitioning of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) variability between forced and intrinsic at low‐frequency (2–30 years). We highlight the existence of a basin‐scale intrinsic mode that shares similarities with the atmospherically forced signal. The RAPID‐MOCHA‐WBTS array is found to be part of this mode, such that we ascribe about 0.9 Sv (50% in our configuration) of its interannual variability as intrinsic. At decadal time scales, intrinsic variability is rather small (∼0.2 Sv) compared to the recently observed 2‐ to 3‐Sv AMOC downturn. This downturn is thus unlikely to be induced by locally generated intrinsic ocean dynamics. We interpret this intrinsic variability as “chaotic,” that is, somewhat unpredictable, providing an estimation of the quantitative accuracy of AMOC variability within eddy‐resolving numerical models.