bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Visible Rhythms
Authors: Crawford-Shepherd Sally
Published: November 2018

The competitive nature of televised dance shows such as So You Think You Can Dance and Got to Dance enables tap dancers to compete against dancers from a range of styles and genres. These shows require set choreography with the focus on a final performance, rather than improvised tap steps devised from tap challenges, which evolved from American tap practitioners competing against each other to demonstrate proficiency in rhythmic interpretation of the music. This chapter discusses the results of movement analysis of the English tap company the Pulse Collective and auditions in Sky 1’s Got to Dance. The analysis is supported by a historical comparison of tap dance in the United States, where the form first evolved, and its emergence in England to examine how tap dancers measure success across multiple contexts, such as informal challenges, theatrical performances, and formal examinations.
Commitment Accounts of Assertion
Authors: Shapiro Lionel
Published: November 2018

According to commitment accounts of assertion, asserting is committing oneself to something’s being the case, where such commitment is understood in terms of norms governing a social practice. Sections 1 and 2 of this chapter elaborate and compare two types of commitment account, liability accounts (associated with C. S. Peirce) and dialectical norm accounts (associated with Robert Brandom), concluding that the latter are more defensible. Section 3 argues that both types possess an advantage over rival normative accounts of assertion in that they needn’t presuppose any notion of an assertion’s correctness. Section 4 shows how dialectical norm accounts can explain relations between assertion and truth. Section 5 sets forth objections that have been raised against commitment accounts, and argues that responses are available on behalf of dialectical norm accounts. Section 6 proposes that a liberalized dialectical norm account can illuminate phenomena sometimes seen as supporting truth relativism.
Assertion and Mindreading
Authors: Horton William S.
Published: November 2018

Pragmatic accounts of assertion commonly assume that language users engage in some form of mindreading. For example, Stalnaker proposed that the critical context for any assertion is the set of pragmatic presuppositions that can be taken as shared between speaker and addressee—that is, their common ground. From a cognitive psychological perspective, though, the processing and representational requirements of considering common ground are substantial. This chapter considers several cognitively oriented descriptions of mindreading in communication, contrasting the metarepresentational requirements of speaker meaning with the more general psychological construct of false belief in theory of mind. Ultimately, the cognitive demands of real-time conversation may circumscribe the ability of language users to engage in sophisticated forms of mindreading during the communication of assertion.
What Emotion Dysregulation Looks Like
Authors: Ramsook K. Ashana , Cole Pamela M. , Fields-Olivieri Margaret A.
Published: November 2018

Recent conceptualizations of emotion dysregulation define it as a process that unfolds over multiple time scales and that leads to short- or long-term impairments. This chapter discusses the advantages of observational methods for measuring emotion dysregulation as a process, focusing on three patterns and associated evidence of them from observational studies. First, the chapter discusses context-inappropriate emotion, the absence of an expected emotional reaction or an atypical reaction for the situational context. Second, it discusses atypical emotion dynamics, specifically emotional expressions that change abruptly, including but not limited to emotional lability. Third, it discusses ways in which emotions endure and are difficult to modify, pointing to ineffective strategy use as a mechanism. It concludes by discussing new directions for observational research, including creative study design and analytic methods that can capture emotion dysregulation.
Bridges to Cuba and Latina/Latino Studies
Authors: Behar Ruth
Published: November 2018

This essay focuses on the complex relationship between Cuban studies and Latina/Latino studies. A full engagement between the two scholarly endeavors is often difficult because of the ongoing efforts at reconciliation among the Cuban people. While more fluidity now exists, there are continuing divisions between Cubans of the island and the diaspora. So long as Cuba continues to be a site of obsessive fascination both to Cuban Americans and to non-Cuban promoters of Cuban identity and culture in the United States, it is challenging for scholars in Cuban studies to address connections with the intersectional approaches at the heart of Latina/Latino studies. Drawing on a personal approach and the author’s own experiences as a scholar, writer, and activist for cultural exchanges with Cuba, this entry explores the generational changes that have taken place in the search for bridges to and from Cuba and how this search for identity and belonging contributes idiosyncratic but important nuances to the field of Latina/Latino studies.
Procreation and Parenting
Authors: Baker Katharine K.
Published: November 2018

This chapter explores the contemporary relevance of genetic connection to legal parental status. After briefly explaining the legal origins of the link between genetic and legal parenthood—mostly through paternity law—the chapter analyzes the U.S. Supreme Court’s dance with the constitutional relevance of genetic connection to legal parenthood. Although the Supreme Court was eager to dispense with marriage as the sole arbiter of legal parenthood, it was unwilling to embrace genetics as a complete substitute. Instead the Court suggested that genetics must sometimes be relevant to legal parenthood, without giving any clear guidelines on when or why. The absence of any guidelines is particularly relevant in the United States today because 40 percent of children are born to unmarried mothers and, thus, usually have a father identified through a regulatory mechanism rooted mostly in genetics. The men identified as legal fathers in this way, while often desirous of being good fathers, are often—through no fault of their own—unable to provide either financially or emotionally for their children. Attempts to bolster the legal rights and parenting opportunities of these men often expect the law to do what it cannot: force two people (in this case, the genetic parents) to trust and cooperate with each other. This chapter thus raises the question of whether the link between genetic and legal parenthood still serves any useful purpose. The best solution for children may be for the law to grow more comfortable with the legitimacy of single parenthood.
Race, Class, and Revolution in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Katz-Fishman Walda , Scott Jerome
Published: November 2018

We analyze class, race, and revolution in the United States through Marxist theory and philosophy, and the experience and lessons from the League of Revolutionary Black Workers (League) in the auto and related plants and community in Detroit in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The League brought the black liberation movement to the point of production. They grasped the dialectics and interpenetration of class exploitation and racial oppression within capitalism, and the strategic centrality of white supremacy for ruling-class profit and control. Their struggle embodied the unity and interrelation of theory and practice and the necessity of becoming proletarian intellectuals. The League came to Marxism-Leninism as the theory most closely related to their practice as workers at the point of production. Armed with the weapon of Marxism, former League members stayed the course through the stages of capitalist development—from Detroit as the epicenter of global capitalism in the 1950s and 1960s, through the technological shift from labor-enhancing to labor-replacing automation and robotization in the plants, to the deepening capitalist crisis, economic, ecological, and social destruction, and intensifying militarism and fascism in the twenty-first century. For over fifty years, they were part of the leadership of the multiracial, multinational, and multigendered working class in the 1960s, and they remain active within the twenty-first century’s rising movement. Former League members consistently lift up the strategic direction and class unity necessary for revolutionary transformation in the interests of the working class, and for the survival of humanity and the planet.
Sociopoiesis
Authors: Prew Paul
Published: November 2018

The beginning of the twenty-first century is characterized by instability in the world-system—ecological, economic, and political. Immanuel Wallerstein, based on Ilya Prigogine’s concepts, argues the capitalist world-system is its crisis phase and now faces its inevitable transition to a new state. This chapter introduces a new concept, sociopoiesis, to integrate the complexity sciences with Wallerstein’s approach to crisis and Karl Marx’s understanding of metabolism and metabolic rift. Based on these ideas, this article demonstrates that capitalism cannot be ecologically sustainable due to how it organizes its relationship with nature: its sociopoiesis. The ecological rifts created by the capitalist sociopoiesis will eventually put pressure on the crisis phase Wallerstein describes in the capitalist world-system.
Capital
Authors: Murray Patrick
Published: November 2018

Capital is the fundamental concept of modern social theory because capital is the foundation of bourgeois society. Unlike produced means of production, capital is a specific social form of production. A vast gulf separates Marx from the mainstream notion that capital is produced means of production. Inattention to production’s social form, a feature of the “bourgeois horizon,” shackles social theory: it puts capital out of sight. Capital is value whose value is increased. Value is enigmatic; a strange, “supersensible” social form of wealth, it results from commodity-producing labor. The topic of labor’s social form falls outside economics. Capital shapes and subsumes society in various ways. Marx identifies several forms of subsumption: formal, real, and ideal, as well as “hybrid forms.” Commerce makes capitalist society appear classless; however, capital presupposes a class division of the means of production and subsistence. Crises are seeded in the dichotomous character of commodities.
Happiness in Nations
Authors: Veenhoven Ruut
Published: November 2018

Today1 there is increasing support for the idea that governments should aim at greater happiness for a greater number of citizens. Is this a mission impossible? The following questions arise in this context: (1) Is greater happiness in a nation feasible? (2) If so, can governments do much about it? (3) If so, what can governments do to raise happiness in their country? (4) How does the pursuit of happiness fit with other political aims? In this paper, I take stock of the available research findings on happiness that bear answers to these questions. To do this, I use a large collection of research findings gathered in the World Database of Happiness. These data show that greater happiness is possible, and indicate some ways to achieve this goal. The pursuit of public happiness fits well with several other policy aims.
Role of Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy in Early Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer in the Era of Lung Cancer Screening
Authors: Rathod Shrinivas , Koul Rashmi , Bashir Bashir , Chowdhury Amitava , Dubey Arbind
Published: November 2018

With the obvious benefit from low dose computed tomography to reduce the lung cancer-specific mortality, lung cancer screening is on the rise. With the implementation of the screening programs, diagnosis of early stage lung cancer is expected to increase, and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) would account for 10% of screen-detected lung cancer. Apart from Concurrent chemoradiation (CRT), the present guidelines virtually do not support other options for radiation (RT). There is a paucity of data addressing the role of Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) in SCLC and we conducted the current systematic review on this topic. We systematically searched literature using the electronic databases PubMed and Embase with no language, year or publication status restrictions. After removal of duplicate records, 3469 screened, 3446 excluded with reasons, 23 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility, and 7 studies (8 reports) were included. Unsuitability for surgery or refusal for surgery was the most common reason for the use of SBRT in early stage SCLC in the included studies. Variable patterns of SBRT—chemotherapy (CT) sequencing including concurrent, pre-CT and post-CT and radiation doses were noted. Within the reported studies overall survival (OS) at 1 year, 2 year and 3 year varied from 63% to 87%, 37% to 72%, and 35% to 72%, respectively. Distant metastasis was the most common pattern of failure ranging from 38% to 53%. There was no increase in the reported grade III toxicity. SBRT could be a potential option in stage I SCLC with comparable outcomes with no added toxicity. Acknowledging the limitations and absence of high-quality data, presently cautious interpretation is warranted and further studies are needed to establish the role of SBRT in SCLC.
The Association Between Race/Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Factors and the Diagnosis and Treatment of Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Bax Ami C. , Bard David E. , Cuffe Steven P. , McKeown Robert E. , Wolraich Mark L.
Published: November 2018

Objective:

Assessing race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES) relationships with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) diagnosis, treatment, and access to care has yielded inconsistent results often based only on parent-report. In contrast, this study used broader ADHD diagnostic determination including case-definition to examine these relationships in a multisite elementary-school-based sample.

Method:

Secondary analysis of children with and without ADHD per parent and teacher-reported Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) criteria evaluated SES, race/ethnicity, and other variables through simple bivariate/multivariable models within and across: parent-reported diagnosis, medication treatment, and meeting ADHD study case-definition.

Results:

The total sample included 51.9% male, 51.3% White, and 53.1% with private insurance; 10% had parent-reported ADHD diagnoses while 8.3% met ADHD study case-definition. In multivariable models, White children had higher odds of parent-reported diagnoses than Black, Hispanic, and Other Race/Ethnicity children (p < 0.05), but only Hispanic children had lower odds of being case-positive (<0.05); males and children in single-parent households had higher odds of parent-reported diagnoses and being case-positive (p < 0.05); and children who were White, male, and had health insurance had higher odds of taking medication (p < 0.05). Among children who were case-positive, those with Medicaid, White, and 2-parent statuses had higher odds of parent-reported diagnoses (p < 0.05).

Conclusion:

Children with underlying ADHD appear more likely to have assessment/medication treatment access if they are White, male, have health insurance (particularly Medicaid), and live in 2-parent households. While boys and children raised by single parents may have higher rates of ADHD diagnoses, false-positive diagnostic risk also appeared higher, inviting further investigation.
Commonly Held Beliefs About Myopia That Lack a Robust Evidence Base
Authors: Brennan Noel A. , Cheng Xu
Published: November 2018

Purpose:

To subject a number of commonly held beliefs or areas of confusion in the myopia field to scientific scrutiny.

Method:

A collection of statements about myopia are provided with references to demonstrate that a section of the research or clinical community supports the statement. The topics under discussion are reviewed critically with reference to the literature.

Results:

The following statements are considered to lack sufficient supporting data to be considered as evidence-based: low-dose (0.01%) atropine slows myopia progression; relative peripheral hyperopia leads to myopia development and progression in children; undercorrection slows myopia progression; percentage treatment effect remains constant with continuing treatment; percentage treatment effect applies across the progression range; hand-held digital devices contribute to the myopia epidemic; more time outdoors slows myopia progression; the impact of outdoor activity on myopia incidence is due to daylight; subclassifications for myopia are effective; and myopia is a condition with a negative dioptric number.

Conclusion:

There are many hypotheses proposed to explain phenomena in the myopia field. Caution should be exercised in adopting conjecture until a robust evidence base is provided in support.
Preoperative Intravenous Ketorolac Safely Reduces Postoperative Pain in Levator Advancement Surgery
Authors: Wladis Edward J. , Dennett Kate V. , Chen Valerie H. , De Arup
Published: November 2018

Purpose:

To assess the impact of intravenous ketorolac (IVK) on self-reported pain scores, requirements for opioid analgesic and anti-emetic medications, and bleeding complications in the setting of levator advancement surgery

Methods:

A prospective randomized controlled trial was performed among adult patients undergoing levator advancement surgery. Pain scores were measured immediately after surgery, prior to discharge from the surgical facility, and on the first postoperative day. The requirements for postoperative analgesic and anti-emetic medications were recorded. Statistical comparisons were performed via a dedicated computerized software package.

Results:

Fifty patients (20 males, 30 females, mean age = 65.7 years, standard deviation = 11.9 years) underwent levator advancement without IVK and acted as controls. An additional 50 patients received IVK (19 males, 31 females, mean age = 64.6 years, standard deviation = 12.0 years). As compared with control patients, IVK resulted in statistically significant reductions in pain score immediately after surgery (4.62 vs. 1.44, p = 0.0001) and on postoperative day 1 (3.22 vs. 1.24, p = 0.0001). Fourteen patients (28%) in the control and 4 patients (8%) in the group that received IVK required opioid analgesics (p = 0.017). Seven patients (14%) in the control group and 1 patient in the group that received IVK required anti-emetic medications (p = 0.059). No patient experienced a hemorrhagic complication.

Conclusions:

In the setting of levator advancement surgery, IVK results in a dramatic reduction in self-reported pain score immediately after surgery and on postoperative day 1 and the requirement for opioid analgesics. This medication may be safely utilized for ptosis repair.
Systemic Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Presenting as Bilateral Orbital Vasculopathy
Authors: Diniz Stefania B. , Abalo-Lojo Jose Manuel , Chahud Fernando , Ugradar Shoaib , Cruz Antonio A. V.
Published: November 2018

The authors report a case of a 58-year-old man with bilateral proptosis and signs of orbital inflammation without any associated systemic findings. MRI showed diffuse orbital infiltration. An intraconal orbital biopsy revealed polyclonal lymphoplasmacytic infiltration and non-necrotizing lymphoid small-vessel vasculopathy. The orbital symptoms resolved following a 2-week course of oral prednisone. Three months later, the patient experienced abdominal pain and weight loss. Ultrasonographic investigation showed hepatosplenomegaly, a retroperitoneal mass, and inguinal lymphadenopathy. A lymph node biopsy revealed a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. The patient underwent chemotherapy but died 6 months later with metastatic disease. This case suggests that diffuse orbital inflammation with nonspecific vasculitis may be an early paraneoplastic finding associated with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
A Pilot Primary Stroke Prevention Program for Elderly Korean Americans
Authors: An Minjeong , Nahm Eun-Shim , Shaughnessy Marianne , Storr Carla L. , Han Hae-Ra , Lee JuHee
Published: November 2018

Background: Stroke is a significant health issue with devastating consequences among older adults in the United States. However, it can be prevented by improving stroke knowledge and managing risk factors. Many stroke education programs have been shown to be effective. Unfortunately, a minority of older adults, such as older Korean Americans, have not benefited from the programs because of language barriers. Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility and preliminary impact of a primary stroke prevention program on stroke knowledge, healthy eating, and physical activity behaviors among Korean Americans. Methods: A randomized controlled pilot trial was conducted. A total of 73 persons were randomly assigned to either an intervention group (n = 37) or a control group (n = 36). The intervention program included in-person lectures and discussions. Sociodemographic data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Analyses of covariance and logistic regression analysis were used to evaluate the effects of the intervention program. Results: The mean age of participants was 71.49 ± 6.25 years, and most participants were female (74.0%) and married (65.8%). Upon intervention completion, the intervention group showed greater improvements than the control group in stroke knowledge and intake of sodium and total fats (F = 11.89, P = .001, ηp
2 = 0.151; F = 4.04, P = .048, ηp
2 = 0.057; and F = 4.51, P = .037,= ηp
2 = 0.062, respectively). Step counts showed marginal effects (F = 3.27, P = .075, ηp
2 = 0.049). Conclusion: This study demonstrated feasibility and effectiveness of the program to improve stroke knowledge and healthy behaviors in elderly Korean Americans.
Symptom Monitoring in Glioma Patients: Development of the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System Glioma Module
Authors: IJzerman-Korevaar Margriet , Snijders Tom J. , Teunissen Saskia C. C. M. , de Graeff Alexander , De Vos Filip Y. F.
Published: November 2018

Background and Purpose: Symptoms in glioma patients are distinctly different from symptoms in patients with other types of cancer and have a high impact on quality of life. In this study, a stepwise approach of developing a glioma module for assessment of symptoms, based on a Dutch adapted and validated version of the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System, is described. Methods: Three phases of instrument development were conducted: a systematic literature review and a focus group interview with experts were performed (phase I) to generate relevant symptoms and construct a preliminary module (phase II). In phase III, the preliminary module was evaluated (n = 25) and pretested (n = 45) in glioma patients representing all phases of the disease. Results: Our glioma module contains 11 generic and 6 neurologic symptoms. Patients completed the glioma module in a median of 5 minutes, and 56% of the patients required some assistance to complete the instrument. Conclusion: The glioma module has initial validity and will benefit from prospective validation in a larger cohort of patients with glioma.
Text Messaging After HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infection Screening: Do Patients' Profiles Matter?
Authors: Troude Pénélope , Segouin Christophe , Duteil Christelle , Shelly Marc , de La Rochebrochard Elise
Published: November 2018

Background

Text messaging after sexually transmitted infection (STI)/HIV screening may be a cost-effective means of improving patient care, but it may not be appropriate for all patients. This study aimed to explore the profiles of patients who did not participate in a short message service (SMS) program after STI/HIV testing.

Methods

In October 2016, 396 patients in Paris were screened for STI/HIV and were invited to complete an anonymous self-administered questionnaire. Patients were offered the possibility of being notified by SMS after testing, 68% accepted (SMS group) and 32% did not (no-SMS group). Each of the 100 patients from the no-SMS group who had completed the questionnaire was matched with the next patient from the SMS group. Factors associated with nonparticipation in the SMS program were studied using conditional logistic regression models.

Results

Participation in the SMS program was not related to STI screening characteristics (screening results and seriousness of the diseases screened) but seemed to be related to patient characteristics. In multivariate analysis, compared with patients in the SMS group, those in the no-SMS group were more often older, socially less favored (born in Africa or Asia, no university diploma, living outside Paris). They also more often declined to answer sexual questions, which could reflect a need for privacy and discretion.

Conclusions

Although SMS after STI/HIV screening is well accepted, it does not suit all patients. Several contact options should be proposed to comply with patients' preferences and to reduce the risk of nondelivery of STI screening results.
Up-regulation of CD64 Expression on Monocytes in Patients With Active Adult-Onset Still Disease
Authors: Shimizu Takashi , Kikuchi-Taura Akie , Tsuji Soichiro , Matsushita Masato , Ohshima Shiro , Saeki Yukihiko
Published: November 2018

Objectives

In this study, we investigated whether monocyte CD64 (mCD64) expression is correlated with disease activity in patients with adult-onset Still disease (AOSD) and whether it could be used to distinguish between active and inactive disease states.

Methods

We reviewed a series of 10 patients with a definite diagnosis of AOSD, recruited from January 2013 to December 2016. We used flow cytometry to quantitatively measure mCD64 expression levels in patients presenting with active and inactive disease states and statistically analyzed the corresponding changes.

Results

The mean ± SD values of mCD64 expression levels in patients with active and inactive disease states were 77,148.3 ± 39,066.3 and 19,225.8 ± 7006.2 molecules/cell, respectively, indicating significantly higher mCD64 expression in the active state than in the inactive state (p = 0.005). Receiver operating characteristic analysis with a cutoff value of 31,796.0 molecules/cell was applied to distinguish active from inactive disease states; the sensitivity and specificity were both 100%. In these patients, only the mCD64 expression levels changed in parallel with disease activity under tocilizumab treatment; other conventional biomarkers measured showed no changes.

Conclusions

Monocyte CD64 expression could be used to clearly distinguish between active and inactive AOSD. Thus, mCD64 could be a promising biomarker for evaluating the disease activity of AOSD, even in patients receiving tocilizumab treatment.
Association of High-Sensitivity Troponin T With Left Ventricular Dysfunction in Ankylosing Spondylitis
Authors: Turkmen Serdar , Askin Lutfu , Uzel Kader Eliz , Nacar Huseyin , Kavalci Veysi , Akturk Erdal , Selçuk Mustafa Yavuz
Published: November 2018

Background

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a systemic inflammatory disease, and cardiac dysfunction has not been clearly described clinically. High-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) is a noninvasive marker for subclinical myocardial injury.

Objective

In this study, we aimed to investigate any relationship between hs-cTnT and left ventricular (LV) function evaluated via tissue Doppler imaging in AS patients with no known cardiac risk factor.

Methods

Our study used a cross-sectional case protocol design and was conducted between January 2016 and June 2016. In total, 40 AS patients (17 females and 23 males) were age and sex matched with healthy volunteers (20 females and 20 males) and enlisted for this study. Detailed transthoracic echocardiography was performed, and tissue Doppler imaging was used to assess systolic and diastolic functions. High-sensitivity cardiac troponin T levels were measured and compared between 2 groups.

Results

Compared with control subjects, AS patients had lower early (Em)/late (Am) diastolic myocardial velocities, mitral annular plane systolic excursion, and end-diastolic distance from the mitral annulus to the LV apex. Conversely, they had greater systolic myocardial velocity (Sm), isovolumetric relaxation time, and displacement index (p < 0.001, for all). Higher hs-cTnT levels were measured in AS patients (0.45 ± 0.22 vs. 1.11 ± 0.27, p < 0.001), and multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that hs-cTnT was an independent predictor of LV diastolic dysfunction in AS patients.

Conclusions

These data show that AS patients had impaired LV functions and increased hs-cTnT levels. Tissue Doppler imaging may be a useful tool for detection of early functional LV abnormalities, and hs-cTnT may be valuable biomarker of diastolic LV dysfunction in AS patients.
Heterogeneous and efficient transesterification of
Jatropha curcas
L. seed oil to produce biodiesel catalysed by nano-sized SO
4
2−
/TiO
2
Authors: Chen Chao , Cai Lei , Shangguan Xinchen , Li Liang , Hong Yanping , Wu Guoqiang
Published: November 2018

Developing high-efficiency hetero-catalysts for transesterification reaction is of great importance in the production of biodiesel from
Jatropha curcas
L. seed oil (JO). Here, we synthesized a series of sulfated TiO
2
by treating with varying H
2
SO
4
concentration (SO
4
2−
/TiO
2
) and TiO
2
catalysts and applied to the transesterification of JO. Furthermore, these heterostructures were characterized by many characterization methods including XRD, FT-IR, N
2
-adsorption, SEM, TEM, TG, py-IR and NH
3
-TPD, and their catalytic performance was investigated under various operating conditions. The results reveal that both the Brønsted and Lewis acid sites are presented in the SO
4
2−
/TiO
2
catalysts, while only Lewis-type sites are observed in the TiO
2
catalyst. And the acid intensity, surface area and mesoporous volume of catalysts are improved obviously after treating TiO
2
with sulfuric acid. Then the SO
4
2−
/TiO
2
catalysts exhibit much higher catalytic activity than TiO
2
catalyst, which is attributed to the larger surface area and mesoporous volume and stronger acidity. Furthermore, the reusability behaviour of 1.5 SO
4
2−
/TiO
2
catalyst in the transesterification of JO was also studied.
The unreliability of egocentric bias across self–other and memory–belief distinctions in the Sandbox Task
Authors: Samuel Steven , Legg Edward W. , Lurz Robert , Clayton Nicola S.
Published: November 2018

Humans are often considered egocentric creatures, particularly (and ironically) when we are supposed to take another person's perspective over our own (i.e. when we use our theory of mind). We investigated the underlying causes of this phenomenon. We gave young adult participants a false belief task (Sandbox Task) in which objects were first hidden at one location by a protagonist and then moved to a second location within the same space but in the protagonist's absence. Participants were asked to indicate either where the protagonist remembered the item to be (reasoning about another's memory), believed it to be (reasoning about another's false belief), or where the protagonist would look for it (action prediction of another based on false belief). The distance away from Location A (the original one) towards Location B (the new location) was our measure of egocentric bias. We found no evidence that egocentric bias varied according to reasoning type, and no evidence that participants actually
were
more biased when reasoning about another person than when simply recalling the first location from memory. We conclude that the Sandbox Task paradigm may not be sensitive enough to draw out consistent effects related to mental state reasoning in young adults.
Impacts of natural and human drivers on the multi-decadal morphological evolution of tidally-influenced deltas
Authors: Angamuthu B. , Darby S. E. , Nicholls R. J.
Published: November 2018

The world's deltas are at risk of being drowned due to rising relative sea levels as a result of climate change, decreasing supplies of fluvial sediment, and human responses to these changes. This paper analyses how delta morphology evolves over multi-decadal timescales under environmental change using a process-based model. Model simulations over 10
2
years are used to explore the influence of three key classes of environmental change, both individually and in combination: (i) varying combinations of fluvial water and sediment discharges; (ii) varying rates of relative sea-level rise; and (iii) selected human interventions within the delta, comprising polder-dykes and cross-dams. The results indicate that tidal asymmetry and rate of sediment supply together affect residual flows and delta morphodynamics (indicated by sub-aerial delta area, rates of progradation and aggradation). When individual drivers of change act in combination, delta building processes such as the distribution of sediment flux, aggradation, and progradation are disrupted by the presence of isolated polder-dykes or cross-dams. This suggests that such interventions, unless undertaken at a very large scale, can lead to unsustainable delta building processes. Our findings can inform management choices in real-world tidally-influenced deltas, while the methodology can provide insights into other dynamic morphological systems.
Local meteorological conditions reroute a migration
Authors: Eisaguirre Joseph M. , Booms Travis L. , Barger Christopher P. , McIntyre Carol L. , Lewis Stephen B. , Breed Greg A.
Published: November 2018

For migrating animals, realized migration routes and timing emerge from hundreds or thousands of movement decisions made along migration routes. Local weather conditions along migration routes continually influence these decisions, and even relatively small changes inen routeweather may cumulatively result in major shifts in migration patterns. Here, we analysed satellite tracking data to score a discrete navigation decision by a large migratory bird as it navigated a high-latitude, 5000 m elevation mountain range to understand how those navigational decisions changed under different weather conditions. We showed that wind conditions in particular areas along the migration pathway drove a navigational decision to reroute a migration; conditions encountered predictably resulted in migrants routing either north or south of the mountain range. With abiotic conditions continuing to change globally, simple decisions, such as the one described here, might additively emerge into new, very different migration routes.
Predicting the Spatial Dynamics ofWolbachiaInfections inAedes AegyptiArbovirus Vector Populations in Heterogeneous Landscapes
Authors: Hancock Penelope A. , Ritchie Scott A. , Koenraadt Constantianus J. M. , Scott Thomas W. , Hoffmann Ary A. , J. Godfray H. Charles
Published: November 2018

A promising strategy for reducing the transmission of dengue and other arboviral human diseases byAedes aegyptimosquito vector populations involves field introductions of the endosymbiotic bacteriaWolbachia.Wolbachiainfections inhibit viral transmission by the mosquito, and can spread between mosquito hosts to reach high frequencies in the vector population.Wolbachiaspreads by maternal transmission, and spread dynamics can be variable and highly dependent on natural mosquito population dynamics, population structure and fitness components.

We develop a mathematical model of anAe. aegyptimetapopulation that incorporates empirically validated relationships describing density-dependent mosquito fitness components. We assume that density dependence relationships differ across subpopulations, and construct heterogeneous landscapes for which model-predicted patterns of variation in mosquito abundance and demography approximate those observed in field populations. We then simulateWolbachiarelease strategies similar to that used in field trials.

We show that our model can produce rates of spatial spread ofWolbachiasimilar to those observed following field releases.

We then investigate how different types of spatio-temporal variation in mosquito habitat, as well as different fitness costs incurred byWolbachiaon the mosquito host, influence predicted spread rates. We find that fitness costs reduce spread rates more strongly when the habitat landscape varies temporally due to stochastic and seasonal processes.

Our empirically based modelling approach represents effects of environmental heterogeneity on the spatial spread ofWolbachia.The models can assist in interpreting observed spread patterns following field releases and in designing suitable release strategies for targeting spatially heterogeneous vector populations.
Aggression Subtypes Relate to Distinct Resting State Functional Connectivity in Disruptive Children and Adolescents
Authors: Werhahn Julia E , Mohl Susanna , Willinger David , Smigielski Lukasz , Roth Alexander , Hofstetter Christoph , Stämpfli Philipp , Häberling Isabelle , Naaijen Jilly , Mulder Leandra M , Glennon Jeffrey C , Hoekstra Pieter J , Dietrich Andrea , Deters Renee Kleine , Aggensteiner Pascal M , Holz Nathalie E , Baumeister Sarah , Banaschewski Tobias , Saam Melanie C , Schulze Ulrike M E , Lythgoe David J , Sethi Arjun , Craig Michael , Mastroianni Mathilde , Sagar-Ouriaghli Ilyas , Santosh Paramala J , Rosa Mireia , Bargallo Nuria , Castro-Fornieles Josefina , Aragno Celso , Penzol Maria J , Franke Barbara , Zwiers Marcel P , Buitelaar Jan K , Walitza Susanne , Brandeis Daniel
Published: November 2018

Objective

There is increasing evidence for altered resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) in adolescents with disruptive behavior. Despite considerable ongoing behavioral research suggesting also important differences relating to reactive and proactive aggression, the corresponding rsFC correlates have not been studied to date. We therefore examined associations between these aggression subtypes along with subdimensions of callous-unemotional (CU) traits and rsFC using predefined seeds in aggression-related salience network (SN) and default mode network (DMN).

Method

Aggression subtype-specific whole-brain rsFC of SN and DMN seeds was investigated in a resting state sequence (mean acquisition time = 8 min 25 sec) acquired from 207 children and adolescents of both sexes aged 8 - 18 years (mean age (SD) = 13.30 (2.60) years; range = 8.02 – 18.35) in a multi-center study. One hundred eighteen individuals exhibited disruptive behavior (conduct disorder/oppositional defiant disorder) with different levels of comorbid ADHD symptoms, 89 were healthy.

Results

Compared to healthy controls, cases demonstrated reduced DMN and – after controlling for ADHD scores – SN seed-based rsFC with left hemispheric frontal clusters. We found increased and distinct aggression-subtype specific rsFC patterns. Specifically, reactive and proactive aggression correlated with distinct SN and DMN seed-based rsFC patterns. CU dimensions led to different DMN and SN rsFC with clusters including frontal, parietal, and cingulate areas.

Conclusions

This first study investigating reactive and proactive aggression along with CU dimensions reveals new subtype-specific whole-brain rsFC patterns in brain regions linked to processes like emotion, empathy, moral, and cognitive control.
Functional anomaly mapping reveals local and distant dysfunction caused by brain lesions
Authors: DeMarco Andrew T. , Turkeltaub Peter E.
Published: November 2018

The lesion method has been a cornerstone in the endeavor to understand brain-behavior relationships in humans, but has relied on the flawed assumption that anatomically abnormal tissue functions abnormally and anatomically normal tissue functions normally. To address this longstanding problem, we introduce an approach to directly map the degree of functional anomaly throughout the brain in individual patients. These functional anomaly maps identify anatomical lesions and are stable across measurements. Moreover, the maps identify functionally anomalous regions in anatomically normal tissue, providing a direct measure of remote effects of lesions such as diaschisis. Lesion-behavior mapping using these maps replicates classic behavioral localization and identifies relationships between tissue function and behavior distant from the anatomical lesions. This method provides brain-wide maps of the functional effects of focal lesions, which could have wide implications for one of the most important methods in neuroscience.
Antibiotic killing of diversely generated populations of non-replicating bacteria
Authors: McCall Ingrid C , Shah Nilang , Govindan Adithi , Baquero Fernando , Levin Bruce R.
Published: November 2018

Non-replicating bacteria are known to be (or at least commonly thought to be) refractory to antibiotics to which they are genetically susceptible. Here, we explore the sensitivity to killing by bactericidal antibiotics of three classes of non-replicating populations of planktonic bacteria; (1) stationary phase, when the concentration of resources and/or nutrients are too low to allow for population growth; (2) persisters, minority subpopulations of susceptible bacteria surviving exposure to bactericidal antibiotics; (3) antibiotic-static cells, bacteria exposed to antibiotics that prevent their replication but kill them slowly if at all, the so-called bacteriostatic drugs. Using experimental populations of Staphylococcus aureus Newman and Escherichia coli K12 (MG1655) and respectively 9 and 7 different bactericidal antibiotics, we estimate the rates at which these drugs kill these different types of non-replicating bacteria. Contrary to the common belief that bacteria that are non-replicating are refractory to antibiotic-mediated killing, all three types of non-replicating populations of these Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria are consistently killed by aminoglycosides and the peptide antibiotics, daptomycin and colistin, respectively. This result indicates that non-replicating cells, irrespectively of why they do not replicate, have an almost identical response to bactericidal antibiotics. We discuss the implications of these results to our understanding of the mechanisms of action of antibiotics and the possibility of adding a short-course of aminoglycosides or peptide antibiotics to conventional therapy of bacterial infections.
Detection of rare disease-related genetic variants using the birthday model
Authors: Berstein Yael , McCarthy Shane E. , Kramer Melissa , McCombie W. Richard
Published: November 2018

Motivation

Exome sequencing is a powerful technique for the identification of disease-causing genes. A number of Mendelian inherited disease genes have been identified through this method. However, it remains a challenge to leverage exome sequencing for the study of complex disorders, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, due to the genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of these disorders. Although not feasible for many studies, sequencing large sample sizes (>10,000) may improve statistical power to associate more variants, while the aggregation of distinct rare variants associated with a given disease can make the identification of causal genes statistically challenging. Therefore, new methods for rare variant association are imperative to identify causative genes of complex disorders.

Results

Here we propose a method to predict causative rare variants using a popular probabilistic problem: The Birthday Model, which estimates the probability that multiple individuals in a group share the same birthday. We consider the probability and coincidence of samples sharing a variant akin to the chance of individuals sharing the same birthday. We investigated the parameter effects of our model, providing guidelines for its use and interpretation of the results. Using published data on autism spectrum disorder, hypertriglyceridemia in addition to a current case-control study on bipolar disorder, we evaluated this probabilistic method to identify potential causative variants. Several genes in the top results of the case-control study were associated with autism spectrum and bipolar disorder. Given that the core probability based on the birthday model is very sensitive to low recurrence, the method successfully tests the association of rare variants, which generally do not provide enough signal in commonly used statistical tests. Importantly, the simplicity of the model allows quick interpretation of genomic data, enabling users to select gene candidates for further biological validation of specific mutations and downstream functional or other studies.

Availability

https://github.com/yberstein/Birthday-Alqorithmhttp://labshare.cshl.edu/shares/mccombielab/www-data/Birthday-Algorithm/Birthday-Alqorithm.html

Contact

yberstei@cshl.edu (or yaelberstein@gmail.com)

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available online.
Mitochondrial Uncoupling Protein 2 Knockout Promotes Mitophagy to Decrease Retinal Ganglion Cell Death in a Mouse Model of Glaucoma
Authors: Hass Daniel T , Barnstable Colin J
Published: November 2018

Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction and an increase in oxidative damage, leading to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death. The oxidative status of RGCs is regulated intrinsically and also extrinsically by retinal glia. The mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) relieves oxidative and neuronal damage in a variety of neurodegenerative disease models. We hypothesized that deletion of Ucp2 in either RGCs or retinal glia would increase retinal damage and retinal ganglion cell death in a mouse model of glaucoma. Paradoxically, we found the reverse, and deletion of mitochondrial UCP2 decreased oxidative protein modification and reduced retinal ganglion cell death in male and female mice. This paradox was resolved after finding that Ucp2 deletion also increased levels of mitophagy in cell culture and retinal tissue. Our data suggest that Ucp2 deletion facilitates increased mitochondrial function by improving quality control. An increase in mitochondrial function explains the resistance of Ucp2-deleted retinas to glaucoma and may provide a therapeutic avenue for other chronic neurodegenerative conditions.

Significance Statement

Many unsolved neurodegenerative conditions result from defects in mitochondrial function. Molecular tools that can manipulate mitochondria will therefore be central to developing neuroprotective therapies. Among the most potent regulators of mitochondrial function are the uncoupling proteins, particularly UCP2. In this manuscript we show that while loss of UCP2 does increase mitochondrial membrane potential and the production of reactive oxygen species, it also initiates an increase in mitophagy that is ultimately neuroprotective. This novel protective consequence of uncoupling protein inhibition may lead to new therapeutic approaches to combat neurodegenerative disease, particularly because pharmacological compounds do exist that can selectively inhibit UCP2.