bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research highlights: speciation and transformations of silver released from Ag NPs in three species
Authors: Hudson-Smith Natalie V. , Clement Peter L. , Brown Richard P. , Krause Miriam O. P. , Pedersen Joel A. , Haynes Christy L.
Published: November 2016

We highlight three articles which use high sensitivity analytical techniques to define, and in some cases map, silver speciation in situ after exposure to organisms of varying size and complexity.
Solanesol induces the expression of heme oxygenase-1 via p38 and Akt and suppresses the production of proinflammatory cytokines in RAW264.7 cells
Authors: Yao Xiangyang , Lu Binyu , Lü Chaotian , Bai Qin , Yan Dazhong , Wu Yanli , Hong Zibing , Xu Hui
Published: November 2016

A proposed pathway for solanesol-induced HO-1viaupregulation of p38 and Akt explains the anti-inflammatory effects.
Thermoresponsive structured emulsions based on the fibrillar self-assembly of natural saponin glycyrrhizic acid
Authors: Wan Zhili , Sun Yingen , Ma Lulu , Guo Jian , Wang Jinmei , Yin Shouwei , Yang Xiaoquan
Published: November 2016

We report the novel use of the naturally occurring saponin, glycyrrhizic acid (GA) as a structuring material to transform liquid oil into a soft-solid structured emulsion system.
The effects of contact time and coking on the catalytic fast pyrolysis of cellulose
Authors: Yang Haiping , Coolman Robert , Karanjkar Pranav , Wang Haoyi , Dornath Paul , Chen Hanping , Fan Wei , Conner William Curtis , Mountziaris T. J. , Huber George
Published: November 2016

This paper discusses the impact of catalyst contact time on the catalytic fast pyrolysis yield.
Bridging chemical- and bio-catalysis: high-value liquid transportation fuel production from renewable agricultural residues
Authors: Xue Chuang , Liu Min , Guo Xinwen , Hudson Elton P. , Chen Lijie , Bai Fengwu , Liu Fangfang , Yang Shang-Tian
Published: November 2016

Catalytic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to high-value transportation petrol, jet and diesel fuels is of great importance to develop versatile renewable energy and boost the rural economy, thus it is receiving worldwide attention.
Putting chemistry back in biology
Authors: Lowe Derek
Published: November 2016

The chemical nature of biomolecular interactions can no longer be ignored.
Iron carbide nanoparticles: an innovative nanoplatform for biomedical applications
Authors: Yu Jing , Chen Fan , Gao Weiliang , Ju Yanmin , Chu Xin , Che Shenglei , Sheng Fugeng , Hou Yanglong
Published: November 2016

This review summarize the biomedical applications of iron carbide nanoparticles.
Reversible piezofluorochromism of a triphenylamine-based benzothiazole derivative with a strong fluorescence response to volatile acid vapors
Authors: Zhan Yong , Yang Peng , Li Gang , Zhang Yuanyuan , Bao Ying
Published: November 2016

The ground film of a triphenylamine modified benzothiazole derivative can detect volatile acid vapors with high performance.
A double B←N bridged bipyridine (BNBP)-based polymer electron acceptor: all-polymer solar cells with a high donor : acceptor blend ratio
Authors: Long Xiaojing , Ding Zicheng , Dou Chuandong , Liu Jun , Wang Lixiang
Published: November 2016

All-polymer solar cells with P3HT as an electron donor exhibit good device performance with high donor : acceptor blend ratios (w : w, from 0.5 : 1 to 9 : 1).
Comparative study of layer by layer assembled multilayer films based on graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide on flexible polyurethane foam: flame retardant and smoke suppression properties
Authors: Pan Haifeng , Yu Bihao , Wang Wei , Pan Ying , Song Lei , Hu Yuan
Published: November 2016

Flame retardant multilayer films based on graphene materials were deposited on the surface of flexible polyurethane (FPU) foam by an advanced layer by layer assembly method (hybrid bilayer approach) in an effort to reduce its flammability.
Halogenations of substituted 2-alkylquinoline with iodine and halide exchange with AgF2
Authors: Pang Xiaobo , Xiang Likui , Ma Jianxin , Yang Xiaodong , Yan Rulong
Published: November 2016

Halogenations of substituted 2-alkylquinoline with iodine and halide exchange with AgF2have been developed.
Calibration set selection method based on the “M + N” theory: application to non-invasive measurement by dynamic spectrum
Authors: Lin Ling , Zhang Qirui , Zhou Mei , Xu Sijia , Li Gang
Published: November 2016

An appropriate method for calibration set selection is very important for a robust quantitative model, especially for the non-invasive measurement of blood components.
Structural, magnetic and electronic properties of iron doped barium strontium titanate
Authors: Kaur Anumeet , Singh Anupinder , Singh Lakhwant , Mishra S. K. , Babu P. D. , Asokan K. , Kumar Sanjeev , Chen C. L. , Yang K. S. , Wei D. H. , Dong C. L. , Wang C. H. , Wu M. K.
Published: November 2016

Very less known magnetic and the electronic properties of iron doped barium strontium titanate are reported.
Sepiolite supported stearic acid composites for thermal energy storage
Authors: Shen Qiang , Liu Songyang , Ouyang Jing , Yang Huaming
Published: November 2016

In this paper, novel composite phase change materials (PCMs) were prepared by absorbing stearic acid (SA) into sepiolite (α-sepiolite, β-sepiolite) via a vacuum impregnation method.
Is the bioconformation of 5-deoxy-5-fluoro-d-xylulose affected by intramolecular hydrogen bonds?
Authors: Guimarães Maria C. , Silla Josué M. , da Cunha Elaine F. F. , Ramalho Teodorico C. , Freitas Matheus P.
Published: November 2016

5-Deoxy-5-fluoro-d-xylulose (DFX) binds to the xylulokinase enzyme and, as a free ligand, it has preferential conformations governed by intramolecular interactions, such as hydrogen bonds and hyperconjugative interactions.
Tuning the conformation of floppy molecules by charge transfer
Authors: Bâldea Ioan
Published: November 2016

Recent advances in electrochemistry and nano- and molecular electronics made it possible to prepare and study molecular species having fractional charges (q ≠ 0, ±1, …) that can be continuously tuned by biases.
DNA assembled metal nanoclusters: synthesis to novel applications
Authors: Pandya Alok , Lad Amitkumar N. , Singh Surinder Pal , Shanker Rishi
Published: November 2016

In this review, we have discussed the emergence of promising environmental-benign DNA assembled fluorescent metal nanoclusters and their unique electronic structures, unusual physical and chemical properties.
Autonomous movement in mixed metal based soft-oxometalates induced by CO2evolution and topological effects on their propulsion
Authors: Mallick Apabrita , Roy Soumyajit
Published: November 2016

Exploiting the intrinsic acidic nature of mixed-metal soft-oxometalates (SOMs) motility is induced using bicarbonate as fuel.
Controlling luminescent silicon nanoparticle emission produced by nanosecond pulsed laser ablation: role of interface defect states and crystallinity phase
Authors: Ulusoy Ghobadi T. G. , Ghobadi A. , Okyay T. , Topalli K. , Okyay A. K.
Published: November 2016

In this study, we provide a systematic study on the origin of green and blue emission from luminescent silicon nanoparticles (Si-NPs) synthesized in water using a nanosecond pulsed laser ablation methodology.
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering based lateral flow immunochromatographic assay for sensitive influenza detection
Authors: Maneeprakorn W. , Bamrungsap S. , Apiwat C. , Wiriyachaiporn N.
Published: November 2016

A novel sensitive SERS-lateral flow immunochromatographic integration system using Raman active molecule-coated gold nanostar as reporters for influenza virus detection is reported. Qualitative and quantitative SERS signal detection can be achieved.
Improved-performance lithium–sulfur batteries modified by magnetron sputtering
Authors: Zhang Jing , Li HeQin , Tang Qiong , Bai PeiWen , Pan YuanYuan , Lin ZhiWei
Published: November 2016

Al and Ti were respectively deposited onto the surface of S/AC electrodes by the method of radio-frequency magnetron sputtering to modify the electrodes and improve the battery performance.
Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of cationic porphyrin–terpyridine derivatives
Authors: Moura Nuno M. M. , Ramos Catarina I. V. , Linhares Inês , Santos Sérgio M. , Faustino M. Amparo F. , Almeida Adelaide , Cavaleiro José A. S. , Amado Francisco M. L. , Lodeiro Carlos , Neves M. Graça P. M. S.
Published: November 2016

A new series of cationic porphyrin–terpyridine derivatives was prepared. These new compounds are able to generate 1O2 and show high efficiency in the photoinactivation of bioluminescent Gram-negative E. coli.
NMR spectroscopy study on N,N′-bismaleimide-4,4′-diphenylmethane and barbituric acid synthesis reaction mechanism in N,N′-dimethylformamide solvent
Authors: Wen Yuan-Chun , Sue Yuan-Chun , Yang Shan-Yuan , Pan Jing-Pin , Wang Tsung-Hsiung , Jia Hsi-Wei
Published: November 2016

1H signal assignments of C1N0E, C1N0K, C2N0A, C2N0S model products of Michael addition reaction in STOBA-like synthesis.
How molecular motors work – insights from the molecular machinist's toolbox: the Nobel prize in Chemistry 2016
Authors: Astumian R. D.
Published: November 2016

The Nobel prize in Chemistry for 2016 was awarded to Jean Pierre Sauvage, Sir James Fraser Stoddart, and Bernard (Ben) Feringa for their contributions to the design and synthesis of molecular machines.
A novel method to decorate Au clusters onto graphene via a mild co-reduction process for ultrahigh catalytic activity
Authors: Song Zhongqian , Li Weiyan , Niu Fushuang , Xu Yuanhong , Niu Li , Yang Wenrong , Wang Yao , Liu Jingquan
Published: November 2016

A mild co-reduction strategy is exploited to fabricate Au clusters on reduced graphene oxide with low Au loadings for high catalytic activity.
A review on triphenylamine (TPA) based organic hole transport materials (HTMs) for dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and perovskite solar cells (PSCs): evolution and molecular engineering
Authors: Agarwala Pooja , Kabra Dinesh
Published: November 2016

Development of triphenylamine (TPA) based hole-transporting-materials (HTMs) leading to highTg, higher morphological stability and longevity of dye-sensitized and perovskite solar cells.
A pressure-induced bending sensitive capacitor based on an elastomer-free, extremely thin transparent conductor
Authors: Jun Sungwoo , Han Chul Jong , Kim Youngmin , Ju Byeong-Kwon , Kim Jong-Woong
Published: November 2016

An elastomer-free, extremely thin, and transparent pressure-induced bending sensitive capacitor is achieved by using a combination of silver nanowires and polyvinyl butyral.
Investigating the rotational evolution of very low-mass stars and brown dwarfs in young clusters using Monte Carlo simulations
Authors: Vasconcelos M. J. , Bouvier J.
Published: November 2016

Context. Very low-mass (VLM) stars and brown dwarfs (BDs) present a different rotational behaviour from their solar mass counterparts.

Aims. We investigate the rotational evolution of young VLM stars and BDs using Monte Carlo simulations under the hypothesis of disk locking and stellar angular momentum conservation.

Methods. We built a set of objects with masses ranging from 0.01 M⊙ to 0.4 M⊙ and considered models with single- and double-peaked initial period distributions with and without disk locking. An object is considered to be diskless when its mass accretion rate is below a given threshold.

Results. Models with initial single-peaked period distributions reproduce the observations well given that BDs rotate faster than VLM stars. We observe a correlation between rotational period and mass when we relax the disk locking hypothesis, but with a shallower slope compared to some observational results. The angular momentum evolution of diskless stars is flatter than it is for stars with a disk which occurs because the moment of inertia of objects less massive than 0.2 M⊙ remains pratically constant for a time scale that increases with decreasing stellar mass.

Conclusions. Comparing our results with the available observational data we see that disk locking is not as important in the low-mass regime and that the rotational behaviour of VLM stars and BDs is different from what is seen in their solar mass counterparts.
A study of the effect of rotational mixing on massive stars evolution: surface abundances of Galactic O7-8 giant stars
Authors: Martins F. , Simón-Díaz S. , Barbá R. H. , Gamen R. C. , Ekström S.
Published: November 2016

Context. Massive star evolution remains only partly constrained. In particular, the exact role of rotation has been questioned by puzzling properties of OB stars in the Magellanic Clouds.

Aims. Our goal is to study the relation between surface chemical composition and rotational velocity, and to test predictions of evolutionary models including rotation.

Methods. We have performed a spectroscopic analysis of a sample of fifteen Galactic O7-8 giant stars. This sample is homogeneous in terms of mass, metallicity and evolutionary state. It is made of stars with a wide range of projected rotational velocities.

Results. We show that the sample stars are located on the second half of the main sequence, in a relatively narrow mass range (25–40 M⊙). Almost all stars with projected rotational velocities above 100 km s-1 have N/C ratios about ten times the initial value. Below 100 km s-1 a wide range of N/C values is observed. The relation between N/C and surface gravity is well reproduced by various sets of models. Some evolutionary models including rotation are also able to consistently explain slowly rotating, highly enriched stars. This is due to differential rotation which efficiently transports nucleosynthesis products and allows the surface to rotate slower than the core. In addition, angular momentum removal by winds amplifies surface braking on the main sequence. Comparison of the surface composition of O7-8 giant stars with a sample of B stars with initial masses about four times smaller reveal that chemical enrichment scales with initial mass, as expected from theory.

Conclusions. Although evolutionary models that include rotation face difficulties in explaining the chemical properties of O- and B-type stars at low metallicity, some of them can consistently account for the properties of main-sequence Galactic O stars in the mass range 25–40 M⊙.
Kinematics of the Local Universe
Authors: Theureau G. , Coudreau N. , Hallet N. , Hanski M. O. , Poulain M.
Published: November 2016

Aims.This paper presents 828 new 21 cm neutral hydrogen line measurements carried out with the FORT receiver of the meridian transit Nançay radio telescope (NRT) in the years 2000–2007.

Methods.This observational program was part of a larger project aimed at collecting an exhaustive and magnitude-complete HI extragalactic catalog for Tully-Fisher applications. Through five massive data releases, the KLUN series has collected a homogeneous sample of 4876 HI-spectra of spiral galaxies, complete down to a flux of 5 Jy km s-1and with declinationδ> −40°.

Results.We publish here the last release of the KLUN HI observational program, corresponding to the faint end of the survey, with HI masses ranging from 5 × 108to 5 × 1010solar masses. The size of this final sample is comparable to the catalogs based on the Arecibo and Parkes radio telescope campaigns, and it allows general HI mass distribution studies from a set of homogeneous radio measurements.
Orientation diagnostique d’un cas de « Rigid spine » familial par IRM musculaire corps entier
Authors: Cavassa Eliana , Tordjman Mickael , Ferreiro Ana , Carlier Robert , Quijano-Roy Susana
Published: November 2016

La maladie de Pompe est une maladie lysosomale avec atteinte musculaire prédominante. On distingue la forme sévère du nourrisson avec troubles cardiaques des formes tardives de l’enfant, de l’adolescent et de l’adulte qui n’ont en général pas de manifestations cardiaques. L’association d’une maladie de Pompe et d’un « rigid spine » a été occasionnellement rapportée. Plusieurs profils ont été décrits. La présentation la plus fréquente est un déficit des muscles des ceintures et du diaphragme. Une scoliose est rapportée dans un tiers des patients, mais seulement 15 % associent une raideur spinale. L’atteinte extra-musculaire, en particulier des symptômes cardio-cérébrovasculaires sont observés dans un tiers des patients. L’observation rapportée ici présente un tableau de myopathie avec un phénotype typique de raideur spinale sélective, associé à une augmentation modérée des enzymes musculaires, des signes myopathiques à la biopsie, et une atteinte cardiaque.
Thérapies cellulaires des cardiopathies
Authors: Vilquin Jean-Thomas , Etienne Jessy
Published: November 2016

L’insuffisance cardiaque est un problème majeur de santé publique et différentes approches de thérapie cellulaire sont expérimentées pour améliorer la fonction de myocardes défaillants. De nombreux types cellulaires ont été utilisés (myoblastes squelettiques, cellules hématopoïétiques, endothéliales ou mésenchymateuses, cellules d’origine cardiaque…), plus souvent dans des indications d’insuffisance post-ischémique que de cardiomyopathie dilatée génétique. Il est en effet plus aisé de cibler une zone de réparation localisée que l’ensemble du tissu myocardique. De nombreux essais cliniques ont fait état de résultats fonctionnels de faibles ampleurs mais encourageants, dont l’interprétation est souvent limitée par la taille des cohortes et les variabilités biologiques liées aux patients et aux candidats cellulaires. Ces essais ont aussi mis en lumière des mécanismes d’action inattendus, qui changent les concepts et méthodologies de traitement. En effet, les bénéfices proviendraient de sécrétions de facteurs trophiques, plutôt que d’une intégration structurale des cellules au sein du myocarde. Par conséquent, les nouvelles générations d’essais visent à accroître la taille et l’homogénéité des cohortes de patients afin d’améliorer la puissance statistique. Par ailleurs, des études misent sur l’accompagnement et/ou le conditionnement des cellules à l’aide de biomatériaux et/ou de cocktails de cytokines, en vue d’améliorer leur survie et leur fonctionnement. En parallèle, de nombreuses recherches en bio-ingénierie s’intéressent au soutien des cellules, au maintien de la structure du myocarde, à la fabrication ex vivo de tissu cardiaque de substitution, et finalement à la possibilité de remplacer les cellules par leurs produits actifs de sécrétion. Plusieurs dispositifs devraient émerger de ces recherches, dont le choix sera guidé par l’indication médicale.
Morphology of symmetric ABCD tetrablock quaterpolymers studied by Monte Carlo simulation
Authors: Suzuki Jiro , Takano Atsushi , Matsushita Yushu
Published: November 2016

Morphology of symmetric ABCD tetrablock quaterpolymers in melt was studied by the Monte Carlo (MC) simulation, where the volume fractions of the block chains, f, kept the relationships of fA=fD and fB=fC, and the volume fraction of the two mid-blocks φ was defined as φ=fB+fC. Previous self-consistent field theory for ABCD reported morphological change including several structures; however, the scope was limited within a two-dimensional system. To the contrary, in this paper, MC simulations were carried out in three dimensions with changing the φ value finely, which resulted in finding a tetracontinuous structure in the range of 0.625≤φ≤0.75. Moreover the tetracontinuous structure has been found to be the gyroid structure, and the mean curvature of the B/C interface is nearly zero. We concluded that the B/C interface must be the Schoen gyroid surface, one of three-dimensional periodic minimal surfaces. The geometrical nature of the A/B interface should be equivalent to that of the C/D interface, and they stand as level surfaces to the Schoen gyroid surface.
Understanding electrical-thermal transport characteristics of organic semiconductors: Violation of Wiedemann-Franz law
Authors: Lu Nianduan , Li Ling , Gao Nan , Liu Ming
Published: November 2016

Organic semiconductors exhibit plenty of attractive properties for use as thermoelectric elements. A comprehensive understanding for the electrical-thermal transport characteristics is crucial to design and fabricate the thermoelectric device. We proposed a theoretical model to investigate the electrical conductivity and the electronic thermal conductivity of organic semiconductors based on the hopping transport mechanism. The electrical-thermal transport characteristics of organic semiconductors have been analyzed in detail and compared with the experimental results and Monte Carlo simulation. The Wiedemann-Franz law, connecting the electronic thermal conductivity to the electrical conductivity of organic semiconductors, is generally found to be strongly violated under the effect of temperature, carrier concentration, energetic disorder and electric field.
Understanding the basic concepts of CO2 angiography
Authors: Zannoli Romano , Bianchini David , Rossi Pier Luca , Caridi James G. , Corazza Ivan
Published: November 2016

The diagnostic quality of carbon dioxide angiography depends both on optimal setting of radiological aspects (X-ray emission and image post-processing) and on the mechanical behavior of the injected gas bubbles. The gas behavior differs in large cavities (d > 12 mm), medium sized vessels (d > 6 mm), and small diameter vessels (d < 6 mm): to optimize the result the operator has to adapt his action to the physical rules governing the phenomenon in the particular situation. In most cases, it is impossible to fill a vessel completely with gas, and to obtain an adequate angiogram, the gas volume and injection pressure must be properly selected, patient's position must be adjusted and radiological image optimization algorithms, like Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) and stacking, must be applied. In this optimization process, the cultural and practical intervention of a medical physicist is fundamental. Obtaining a good quality CO2 angiogram is not only a matter of medical operator experience or radiological system performance, but involves matching a wide knowledge of medical physics to particular pathophysiological conditions and to unusual measurement tests. Most medical physicists are used to dealing mainly with radiological problems, and other physical aspects are considered beyond their interest. In CO2 angiography, non-radiological aspects strongly interfere with radiological issues and an optimal result can only be obtained by tackling the two simultaneously.
On the linear dependence of a carbon nanofiber thermal conductivity on wall thickness
Authors: Askounis Alexandros , Yamada Yutaka , Ikuta Tatsuya , Takahashi Koji , Takata Yasuyuki , Sefiane Khellil
Published: November 2016

Thermal transport in carbon nanofibers (CNFs) was thoroughly investigated. In particular, individual CNFs were suspended on T-type heat nanosensors and their thermal conductivity was measured over a range of temperatures. Unexpectedly, thermal conductivity was found to be dependent on CNF wall thickness and ranging between ca. 28 and 43 W/(m⋅K). Further investigation of the CNF walls with high resolution electron microscopy allowed us to propose a tentative description of how wall structure affects phonon heat transport inside CNFs. The lower thermal conductivities, compared to other CNTs, was attributed to unique CNF wall structure. Additionally, wall thickness is related to the conducting lattice length of each constituent graphene cone and comparable to the Umklapp length. Hence, as the wall thickness and thus lattice length increases there is a higher probability for phonon scattering to the next layer.
Differences in wine tasting notes in English and Spanish
Authors: López Arroyo Belén , Roberts Roda P.
Published: November 2016

Since the early 2000s, a number of researchers have devoted themselves to the study of wine language and discourse, and especially the genre of wine tasting notes. They have analyzed various aspects of tasting notes: their rhetorical structure, their terminology, their use of metaphors, among others. What the vast majority of these studies have attempted to show is what features most tasting notes share; in other words, they have tried to identify what atypicaltasting note is like. However, analysis of tasting notes corpora reveals a number of subtle differences not only from one language to another, but also within a given language. Therefore, in this paper we have attempted to identify and categorize these differences, using an English and Spanish comparable corpus, with each language corpus subdivided into three subcorpora, on the basis of the origin of the tasting notes. Differences in content categories, format and style, both in the subcorpora of each language and between the two languages, are analyzed and discussed. Overall, the English subcorpora reveal greater variation than the Spanish ones, with some features figuring prominently in a given subcorpus and being almost invisible in another.
A syntactico-semantic approach to the translation of conditionals in two English versions of Sahih Muslim
Authors: El-Zawawy Amr M.
Published: November 2016

Conditionals in English can traditionally be viewed according to two different perspectives. One is a simplistic approach based on certain ‘cases’; the other is centered on the truth value of the protasis and apodosis. This argument is based on the semantics of the conditional structures, regardless of the syntax involved. In a similar vein, the complexity of conditionals in Arabic stems from the fact that the syntax of the conditional structure does not necessarily point to the semantics involved. This affinity between the two language systems in terms of conditionality is examined within the context of two English translations of the Arabic religious text Sahih Muslim. The present study adopts an approach that focuses on both syntax and semantics to underline the interplay and/or dissociation of the two in practice. The study reveals that Siddiqui’s versions of translating ‘law’ (and its variant ‘law-la’) and ‘inn’ structures into English are mostly inaccurate, where the syntax-semantics interplay and/or dissociation is not duly observed in practice. Khattab’s versions, however, point to a tendency to start from the entrenched premise of literalism, which is stimulated by adopting the simplistic approach to English conditional structures, being akin to documentary translation where awkwardness is common practice.
Definiteness and the meaning reconstruction in English – Chinese translation
Authors: Zhang Daozhen
Published: November 2016

Discourse analysis has drawn people’s attention to micro levels in the discourse. This means that some subtle issues that were ignored in the past may carry with them some implicit meanings when looked at in the context. In this regard, topicality in Chinese usually indicates definiteness, whereas this definiteness is signaled by articles, pronouns in English texts. The difference between the two systems can result in problems in translation if not handled properly. Therefore it should be stressed that the management of theme-rheme structures should be dealt with much care from micro text levels, along with an interpretation of the macro intention of the text, so that the translation process should be highlighted. By incorporating the model of discourse analysis, the interaction between the original and translation can be realized.
Prediction of Outcome From Adult Bacterial Meningitis in a High-HIV-Seroprevalence, Resource-Poor Setting Using the Malawi Adult Meningitis Score (MAMS)
Authors: Wall Emma C. , Mukaka Mavuto , Scarborough Matthew , Ajdukiewicz Katherine M. A. , Cartwright Katharine E. , Nyirenda Mulinda , Denis Brigitte , Allain Theresa J. , Faragher Brian , Lalloo David G. , Heyderman Robert S.
Published: November 2016

Background.

Acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) in adults residing in resource-poor countries is associated with mortality rates >50%. To improve outcome, interventional trials and standardized clinical algorithms are urgently required. To optimize these processes, we developed and validated an outcome prediction tool to identify ABM patients at greatest risk of death.

Methods.

We derived a nomogram using mortality predictors derived from a logistic regression model of a discovery database of adult Malawian patients with ABM (n = 523 [65%] cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] culture positive). We validated the nomogram internally using a bootstrap procedure and subsequently used the nomogram scores to further interpret the effects of adjunctive dexamethasone and glycerol using clinical trial data from Malawi.

Results.

ABM mortality at 6-week follow-up was 54%. Five of 15 variables tested were strongly associated with poor outcome (CSF culture positivity, CSF white blood cell count, hemoglobin, Glasgow Coma Scale, and pulse rate), and were used in the derivation of the Malawi Adult Meningitis Score (MAMS) nomogram. The C-index (area under the curve) was 0.76 (95% confidence interval, .71–.80) and calibration was good (Hosmer-Lemeshow C-statistic = 5.48, df = 8, P = .705). Harmful effects of adjunctive glycerol were observed in groups with relatively low predicted risk of poor outcome (25%–50% risk): Case Fatality Rate of 21% in the placebo group and 52% in the glycerol group (P < .001). This effect was not seen with adjunctive dexamethasone.

Conclusions.

MAMS provides a novel tool for predicting prognosis and improving interpretation of ABM clinical trials by risk stratification in resource-poor settings. Whether MAMS can be applied to non-HIV-endemic countries requires further evaluation.
Standard-based comprehensive detection of adverse drug reaction signals from nursing statements and laboratory results in electronic health records
Authors: Lee Suehyun , Choi Jiyeob , Kim Hun-Sung , Kim Grace Juyun , Lee Kye Hwa , Park Chan Hee , Han Jongsoo , Yoon Dukyong , Park Man Young , Park Rae Woong , Kang Hye-Ryun , Kim Ju Han
Published: November 2016

Objective. We propose 2 Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities–enabled pharmacovigilance algorithms, MetaLAB and MetaNurse, powered by a per-year meta-analysis technique and improved subject sampling strategy.

Matrials and methods. This study developed 2 novel algorithms, MetaLAB for laboratory abnormalities and MetaNurse for standard nursing statements, as significantly improved versions of our previous electronic health record (EHR)–based pharmacovigilance method, called CLEAR. Adverse drug reaction (ADR) signals from 117 laboratory abnormalities and 1357 standard nursing statements for all precautionary drugs (n  = 101) were comprehensively detected and validated against SIDER (Side Effect Resource) by MetaLAB and MetaNurse against 11 817 and 76 457 drug-ADR pairs, respectively.

Results. We demonstrate that MetaLAB (area under the curve, AUC = 0.61 ± 0.18) outperformed CLEAR (AUC = 0.55 ± 0.06) when we applied the same 470 drug-event pairs as the gold standard, as in our previous research. Receiver operating characteristic curves for 101 precautionary terms in the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities Preferred Terms were obtained for MetaLAB and MetaNurse (0.69 ± 0.11; 0.62 ± 0.07), which complemented each other in terms of ADR signal coverage. Novel ADR signals discovered by MetaLAB and MetaNurse were successfully validated against spontaneous reports in the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System database.

Discussion. The present study demonstrates the symbiosis of laboratory test results and nursing statements for ADR signal detection in terms of their system organ class coverage and performance profiles.

Conclusion. Systematic discovery and evaluation of the wide spectrum of ADR signals using standard-based observational electronic health record data across many institutions will affect drug development and use, as well as postmarketing surveillance and regulation.
Characterization of Molecular Identity and Pathogenicity of Rice Blast Fungus in Hunan Province of China
Authors: Xing Junjie , Jia Yulin , Peng Zhirong , Shi Yinfeng , He Qiang , Shu Fu , Zhang Wuhan , Zhang Zhen , Deng Huafeng
Published: November 2016

The blast (Magnaporthe oryzae) resistance (R) gene is the most economical and environmental method to control rice blast disease. Characterization of molecular identity and pathogenicity of M. oryzae benefits the deployment of effective blast R genes. In order to identify blast R genes that would be effective in Hunan Province,182 M. oryzae strains were analyzed with a Chinese differential system (CDS), repetitive element-based polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR), and the presence and absence of avirulence (AVR) genes by PCR amplification with gene-specific primers. Identified blast R genes were validated with 24 monogenic lines (ML) carrying 24 major R genes. In total, 28 races (isolates) of M. oryzae was identified with CDS, and classified into 20 distinct groups with rep-PCR. Interestingly, AVR-Pia, AVR-Pik, AVR-Pizt, AVR-Pib, and AVR-Pi9 were detected in more than 86.8% of the isolates; AVR-Pita1 was in 51.3% and AVR-Pii was in only 2.5%. In contrast, pathogenicity assays on 24 ML demonstrated that Pi9, Piz5, Pikh, and Pikm were more effective, with resistant frequencies of 91.6, 91, 87.9, and 87.3%, respectively; Pia, Piks, Pit, Pi12, and Pib were less than 15%. These findings revealed the complexity of a genetic basis of rice blast resistance, and shed light on useful blast R genes in Hunan Province.
Improvement in the Excised Citrus Leaf Assay to Investigate Inoculation of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ by the Asian Citrus Psyllid Diaphorina citri
Authors: Raiol-Junior Laudecir L. , Baia Ana D. B. , Luiz Fernanda Q. B. F. , Fassini Camila G. , Marques Viviani V. , Lopes Silvio A.
Published: November 2016

Huanglongbing (HLB) is a difficult-to-control and highly destructive citrus disease that, in Brazil, is associated mainly with the bacterium ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ transmitted by the psyllid Diaphorina citri. The aim of this study was to improve our understanding of the ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ infection process by exposing excised, fully expanded, immature citrus leaves in 50-ml Falcon tubes to one, four, or eight adults from a ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’-exposed colony for 1-, 3-, 7-, or 15-day periods for access to inoculation (IAP). The leaves were incubated at 26°C for 1, 3, 7, 15, and 21 days (incubation period [IP]). Infection frequencies and ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ titers were assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ infection was a function of leaf age, number of insects, IAP, and IP. In general, higher infection rates were observed on younger leaves inoculated with higher numbers of insects and after longer IAP and IP. The immature excised leaf method allowed determination of 3 to 7 days as the range of time required by ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ to reach qPCR detectable levels. Even though leaf survival could be prolonged by the maintenance of a branch segment at the base of the leaf petiole, leaf degradation, visible after about 15 days IP, did not allow observation of the entire infection process which, in the intact plant, culminates with the appearance of the blotch mottling symptom on leaf blades.
Mapping Resistance toAlternaria cucumerinainCucumis melo
Authors: Daley James , Branham Sandra , Levi Amnon , Hassell Richard , Wechter Patrick
Published: November 2016

Infection with Alternaria cucumerina causes Alternaria leaf blight (ALB), a disease characterized by lesion formation on leaves, leading to substantial yield and quality losses in Cucumis melo (melon). Although fungicides are effective against ALB, reduction in the frequency of application would be economically and environmentally beneficial. Resistant melon lines have been identified but the genetic basis of this resistance has not been determined. A saturated melon genetic map was constructed with markers developed through genotyping by sequencing of a recombinant inbred line population (F6to F10; n = 82) derived from single-seed descent of a F2population from a cross between the ALB-resistant parent MR-1 and the ALB-susceptible parent Ananas Yokneum. The population was evaluated for A. cucumerina resistance with an augmented block greenhouse study using inoculation with the wounded-leaf method. Multiple quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping identified two QTL that explained 33.9% of variation in lesion area. Several candidate genes within range of these QTL were identified using the C. melo v3.5 genome. Markers linked to these QTL will be used to accelerate efforts to breed melon cultivars resistant to ALB.
Genetic Diversity and Gene Flow of Four South African Venturia inaequalis (Apple Scab) Populations
Authors: Koopman T. A. , Meitz-Hopkins J. C. , Bester-van der Merwe A. E. , Tobutt K. R. , Bester C. , Lennox C. L.
Published: November 2016

Venturia inaequalis isolates were collected during the 2012/13 and 2013/14 seasons from the four principal apple growing regions of South Africa, Elgin (n = 114), Koue Bokkeveld (n = 126), Lower Langkloof (n = 92), and Upper Langkloof (n = 103). Sequence analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene regions and genotyping with six (2012/13) and seven (2013/14) microsatellite (SSR) markers was conducted. A subset of 12 isolates from the individual ITS haplotype groups were sequenced for the translation elongation factor-1 alpha (TEF1) and the large subunit of the RNA polymerases II (RPB1) gene regions. Four haplotypes were found for ITS, whereas all isolates were identical for the TEF1 and RPB1 gene regions. The SSR markers revealed considerable variation with an average gene diversity (H) of 0.675. Multivariate analysis (discriminant analysis of principal components [DAPC]) revealed that the two Langkloof populations clustered together with the Koue Bokkeveld population. The population from the warmer winter region, Elgin, clustered separately from the rest of the populations (ΦPT = 0.076 to 0.116; P ≤ 0.05). Estimates of gene flow showed the highest migration rate from the Koue Bokkeveld, toward the Lower Langkloof (M = 151.1), and the least migration to and from the Elgin region (average M = 42.75). Occasionally, identical genotypes (clones) were detected across seasons in the Koue Bokkeveld and Elgin area, which might contribute to overwintering conidia. From this study, it is evident that South Africa most likely has V. inaequalis subpopulations linked to diverse climatic conditions of the coastal Elgin region compared with the mountainous inland regions of the Koue Bokkeveld and the Langkloof.
E-scape: Interactive visualization of single cell phylogenetics and spatio-temporal evolution in cancer
Authors: Smith Maia A. , Nielsen Cydney , Chun Chan Fong , McPherson Andrew , Roth Andrew , Farahani Hossein , Machev Daniel , Steif Adi , Shah Sohrab P.
Published: November 2016

Inference of clonal dynamics and tumour evolution has fundamental importance in understanding the major clinical endpoints in cancer: development of treatment resistance, relapse and metastasis. DNA sequencing technology has made measuring clonal dynamics through mutation analysis accessible at scale, facilitating computational inference of informative patterns of interest. However, currently no tools allow for biomedical experts to meaningfully interact with the often complex and voluminous dataset to inject domain knowledge into the inference process. We developed an interactive, web-based visual analytics software suite called E-scape which supports dynamically linked, multi-faceted views of cancer evolution data. Developed using R and javascript d3.js libraries, the suite includes three tools: TimeScape and MapScape for visualizing population dynamics over time and space, respectively, and CellScape for visualizing evolution at single cell resolution. The tool suite integrates phylogenetic, clonal prevalence, mutation and imaging data to generate intuitive, dynamically linked views of data which update in real time as a function of user actions. The system supports visualization of both point mutation and copy number alterations, rendering how mutations distribute in clones in both bulk and single cell experiment data in multiple representations including phylogenies, heatmaps, growth trajectories, spatial distributions and mutation tables. E-scape is open source and is freely available to the community at large.
A multi-agent systems-based contractor pre-qualification model
Authors: Kog Faikcan , Yaman Hakan
Published: November 2016

Purpose

The selection of the contractor, as a main participant of a construction project, is the most important and challenging decision process for a client. The purpose of this paper is to propose a multi-agent systems (MAS)-based contractor pre-qualification (CP) model for the construction sector in the frame of the tender management system.

Design/methodology/approach

The meta-classification and analysis study of the existing literature on CP, contractor selection and criteria weighting issues, which examines the current and important CP criteria, other than price, is introduced structurally. A quantitative survey, which is carried out to estimate initial weightings of the identified criteria, is overviewed. MAS are used to model the pre-qualification process and workflows are shown in Petri nets formalism. A user-friendly prototype program is created in order to simulate the tendering process. In addition, a real case regarding the construction work in Turkey is analyzed.

Findings

There is a lack of non-human-driven solutions and automation in CP and in the selection problem. The proposed model simulates the pre-qualification process and provides consistent results.

Research limitations/implications

The meta-classification study consists of only peer-reviewed papers between 1992 and 2013 and the quantitative survey initiates the perspectives of the actors of Turkish construction sector. Only the traditional project delivery method is selected for the proposed model, that is other delivery methods such as design/build, project management, etc., are not considered. Open, selective limited and negotiated tendering processes are examined in the study and the direct supply is not considered in the scope.

Practical implications

The implications will help to provide an objective CP and selection process and to prevent the delays, costs and other troubles, which are caused by the false selection of a contractor.

Originality/value

Automation and simulation in the pre-qualification and the selection of the contractor with a non-human-driven intelligent solution ease the decision processes of clients in terms of cost, time and quality.
Using augmented reality video in enhancing masonry and roof component comprehension for construction management students
Authors: Shanbari Hamzah , Blinn Nathan , Issa Raja R.A.
Published: November 2016

Purpose

New methods to introduce topics in classrooms are needed to enhance the construction management educational experience. One of these new methods is showing real time videos that highlight the various elements of concern in the classroom lecture. The purpose of this paper is to use augmented reality technology (ART) and a layer of artificial visualizations to simulate the environmental context and spatio-temporal constraints of various construction processes. The superimposition of images serves as an instructional mechanism to virtually incorporate jobsite experiences into classrooms. This enhancement of spatio-temporal constraints enables learners to visualize context and hidden processes otherwise unattainable through traditional classroom lectures.

Design/methodology/approach

A significantly improved perception of reality is created through the combination of the learners’ ability to understand the complexity of construction products (e.g. assemblies) and associated jobsite processes by viewing the real environment augmented with computer-generated information layers.

Findings

Testing the ART video in a classroom with undergraduate construction management students showed that students who were exposed to the ART video were able to remember and identify the highlighted elements in the corresponding assembly more effectively than those who were not.

Originality/value

ART is a valuable tool in enhancing classroom learning and gives educators a teaching advantage when they combine traditional classroom lectures with ART enabled media.
Free vs hate speech on social media: the Indian perspective
Authors: Alam Iftikhar , Raina Roshan Lal , Siddiqui Faizia
Published: November 2016

Purpose

The Hon’ble Supreme Court of India, in a landmark judgment, scrapped a draconian law [Section 66 (A)] that gave the police absolute power to put behind bars anybody who was found posting offensive or annoying comments online. This paper aims to examine the take of people on the “Free Speech via Social Media” issue and their attitude towards the way sensitive messages/information are posted, shared and forwarded on social media, especially, Facebook.

Design/methodology/approach

The research was carried out on a sample of 200 social media users, all picked up randomly, from five Indian states/Union Territories. Data were collected through a questionnaire, and users were contacted through e-mail. Data collected were analyzed through the Kolmogorov–Smirnov (K-S)Ztest.

Findings

The findings indicate that hate posts/messages are on the rise, and more and more users are joining in. Besides, prosecution happens only when the aggrieved party is influential or powerful.

Practical implications

The findings of this research give a strong insight into the social media behaviour of users in relation to hate contents/posts. The study establishes the fact that Indian people are in favour of free speech, but with a sense of restraint and responsibility. The work could form the basis for future research on various aspects of hate speech on social media. Researchers could study the trials and prosecutions that have happened over the past few years and whether punishment has acted as a deterrent.

Originality/value

The research is likely to be important for those involved in work on freedom of speech or hate speech through social media. Social networking sites such as Facebook would also get some insights into users’ perception towards free and hate speech mechanism on social media.
Impact of privacy, trust and user activity on intentions to share Facebook photos
Authors: Malik Aqdas , Hiekkanen Kari , Dhir Amandeep , Nieminen Marko
Published: November 2016

Purpose

The popularity of Facebook photo sharing has not only seen a surge in the number of photos shared but also has raised various issues concerning user privacy and self-disclosure. Recent literature has documented the increasing interest of the research community in understanding various privacy issues concerning self-disclosures on Facebook. However, little is known about how different privacy issues, trust and activity influence users’ intentions to share photos on Facebook. To bridge this gap, a research model was developed and tested to better understand the impact of privacy concerns, privacy awareness and privacy-seeking on trust and actual photo sharing activity and subsequently on photo sharing intentions. This study aims to examine the consequences of various facets of privacy associated with photo sharing activity on Facebook.

Design/methodology/approach

A cross-sectional data from 378 respondents were collected and analysed using partial least squares modelling.

Findings

The results revealed a significant relationship between various aspects of privacy, including awareness and protective behaviour, with trust and activity. Furthermore, trust and users’ photo sharing activity significantly impact photo sharing intentions on Facebook.

Originality/value

This study contributes new knowledge concerning various privacy issues and their impact on photo sharing activity and trust. The study also proposes implications that are highly relevant for social networking sites, media agencies and organisations involved in safeguarding the privacy of online users.