bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functional crosstalk between non‐canonical caspase‐11 and canonical NLRP3 inflammasomes during infection‐mediated inflammation
Authors: Yi Young‐Su
Published: October 2019

Inflammation is a part of the body's immune response for protection against pathogenic infections and other cellular damages; however, chronic inflammation is a major cause of various diseases. One key step in the inflammatory response is the activation of inflammasomes, intracellular protein complexes comprising pattern recognition receptors and other inflammatory molecules. The role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in inflammatory responses has been extensively investigated; however, the caspase‐11 inflammasome has been recently identified and has been classified as a ‘non‐canonical’ inflammasome, and emerging studies have highlighted its role in inflammatory responses. Because the ligands and the mechanisms for the activation of these two inflammasomes are different, studies to date have separately described their roles, although recent studies have reported the functional cooperation between these two inflammasomes during an inflammatory response. This review discusses the studies investigating the functional crosstalk between non‐canonical caspase‐11 and canonical NLRP3 inflammasomes in the context of inflammatory responses; moreover, it provides insight for the development of novel anti‐inflammatory therapeutics to prevent and treat infectious and inflammatory diseases.
Endosomal toll‐like receptors play a key role in activation of primary human monocytes by cowpea mosaic virus
Authors: Albakri Marwah M. , Veliz Frank A. , Fiering Steven N. , Steinmetz Nicole F. , Sieg Scott F.
Published: October 2019

The plant virus, cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), has demonstrated a remarkable capacity to induce anti‐tumour immune responses following direct administration into solid tumours. The molecular pathways that account for these effects and the capacity of CPMV to activate human cells are not well defined. Here, we examine the ability of CPMV particles to activate human monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. Monocytes in peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures and purified CD14+ monocytes were readily activated by CPMV in vitro, leading to induction of HLA‐DR, CD86, PD‐L1, IL‐15R and CXCL10 expression. Monocytes released chemokines, CXCL10, MIP‐1α and MIP‐1β into cell culture supernatants after incubation with CPMV. DC subsets (pDC and mDC) and monocyte‐derived macrophages also demonstrated evidence of activation after incubation with CPMV. Inhibitors of spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK), endocytosis or endocytic acidification impaired the capacity of CPMV to activate monocytes. Furthermore, CPMV activation of monocytes was partially blocked by a TLR7/8 antagonist. These data demonstrate that CPMV activates human monocytes in a manner dependent on SYK signalling, endosomal acidification and with an important contribution from TLR7/8 recognition.
Sleep bruxism and oral health‐related quality of life in children: A systematic review
Authors: Rodrigues Jonas Almeida , Azevedo Claudia Britto , Chami Vitória Oliveira , Solano Marjana Patricia , Lenzi Tathiane Larissa
Published: October 2019

Sleep bruxism (SB) is a masticatory muscle activity during sleep that can cause several consequences to the stomatognathic system. This systematic review investigated the impact of SB on oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) of 0‐ to 6‐year‐old children. Literature search was undertaken through PubMed/MEDLINE, LILACS, Scopus, TRIP, Livivo databases, and grey literature. The search was conducted with no publication year or language limits. Two reviewers independently selected the studies, extracted the data and assessed the risk of bias. The quality of evidence was assessed using GRADE. From 185 potentially eligible studies, three were included in the review. All studies were conducted in Brazil, published between 2015 and 2017, and used the B‐ECOHIS instrument to evaluate OHRQoL. Two studies found no association between SB and OHRQoL, whereas one showed a significant negative impact of SB on the OHRQoL of children. SB was associated with respiratory problems, presence of tooth wear, dental caries, malocclusion as well as income and pacifier use. Risk of bias ranged from moderate to high, and the quality of evidence was judged as very low. The evidence is currently insufficient for definitive conclusions about the impact of SB on OHRQoL of children.
Phase transition behavior of Pb(Hf, Sn, Ti, Nb)O3 ceramics at morphotropic phase boundary
Authors: Chao Wenna , Wei Jing , Yang Tongqing , Li Yongxiang
Published: October 2019

The phase transition and dielectric properties of Pb0.988(Hf0.945SnxTi0.03‐xNb0.025)O3 ceramics (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.03, correspondingly abbreviated as H1, H2, H3, and H4) at the morphotropic phase boundary were systematically investigated. X‐ray diffraction results and P‐E hysteresis loops show that the dominate orthorhombic antiferroelectric phase and a small amount of the tetragonal FE phase coexist in Pb0.988(Hf0.945SnxTi0.03‐xNb0.025)O3 ceramics. As the Sn content increases, the antiferroelectricity is significantly enhanced, accompanied with an increased Curie temperature and sharply reduced peak dielectric constant. H1 and H2 experience an irreversible field‐induced AFE‐FE phase transition at the ambient temperature, and the transition from a metastable FE phase to the original AFE phase is observed in H2 when heated to 60°C. H3 and H4 experience an invertible AFE‐FE phase transition, along with an enhanced forward phase switching field EF. Moreover a decreased backward phase switching field EA for H4 is detected as the electric field increases due to the AFE/FE coexistence. These results reveal the unique phase transition characteristics of AFE materials near the phase boundary, which is helpful for better understanding of AFE/FE materials.
Substrate damage and incorporation of sapphire into barium hexaferrite films deposited by aerosol deposition
Authors: Ranjit Smriti , Law Ka Ming , Budhathoki Sujan , Allred Jared M. , Rosenberg Richard A. , Park Dong‐Soo , Johnson Scooter , Hauser Adam J.
Published: October 2019

Barium Hexaferrite (BaM) grown on sapphire substrate by aerosol deposition is investigated in a subtractive wedge series to determine the extent of energetic substrate damage and indentation. Energy dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) mapping reveals Al2O3 particulates ejected from the substrate surface during growth. The concentration of particles is higher at the substrate‐film interface but persists throughout the 6 µm thick film. An estimate of the indentation depth (~600 nm) was agreed upon using two EDS techniques (line scan analysis and substrate surface reconstruction by areal integration). X‐ray diffraction patterns show peak polycrystalline Al2O3 intensity in 1.5 µm thick wedges and a decrease at higher thicknesses, confirming that Al2O3 particulate density decreases further from the substrate. Magnetic characterization showed decreased magnetic moment compared to bulk and thickness dependence consistent with the fractional increase of Al2O3 content in the films. X‐ray absorption at the Fe L3 edge suggests a reduction of material close to the surface, but this reduction appears secondary in magnitude to the effect of damage from deposition.
Clinical severity measures and quality‐of‐life burden in patients with mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome: comparison of generic and dermatology‐specific instruments
Authors: Herbosa C.M. , Semenov Y.R. , Rosenberg A.R. , Mehta‐Shah N. , Musiek A.C.
Published: October 2019

Background

Given the severe symptom burden and chronic nature of mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sézary syndrome (SS), effective assessment of quality of life (QoL) is essential to guiding patient‐centred care in this population. In this study, we aim to provide a comprehensive assessment of QoL in early‐ and advanced‐stage MF/SS and to assess the correlation of traditional measures of clinical severity with QoL measures.

Methods

Between July 2017 and April 2019, outpatients at an academic medical centre with either MF/SS (n = 115) or general dermatology concerns (n = 115) completed generic and dermatology‐specific QoL instruments [Health Utilities Index Mark 3 (HUI3), RAND 36‐Item Short‐Form Health Survey (SF‐36), Skindex‐29, visual analogue scale for itch (VAS itch) and 5‐D pruritus scale]. The mean scores of MF/SS patients were compared to that of controls using multivariable regression models adjusted for demographics and medical comorbidities. Cluster analysis of the QoL instruments and clinical severity measures (e.g. stage and body‐surface‐area involvement) was performed.

Results

Patients with MF/SS scored significantly worse than controls on all QoL instruments used, with advanced‐stage (IIB–IVB) disease having the worst QoL impairment. Early‐stage (IA–IIA) and advanced‐stage MF/SS patients had significantly reduced overall health status (HUI3; P < 0.05), with largest decrements in social functioning and usual role functioning due to physical and emotional health (SF‐36; all P < 0.05). MF/SS had significantly worse skin‐specific impairment than controls, with advanced‐stage disease reporting the most severe skin‐specific burden (Skindex‐29, P < 0.05). Clinical severity measures had a weak correlation with generic (|rs| = 0.02–0.27) and moderate correlation with dermatology‐specific instruments (|rs| = 0.41–0.53).

Conclusions

MF/SS have a significant impact on multiple domains of patients’ QoL, including social, emotional and physical functioning. Current clinical measures do not adequately address QoL outcomes, underscoring the need for integrating formal disease‐specific QoL assessment into the routine evaluation of MF/SS patients.
First record of the invasive woodwasp, Urocerus albicornis (Hymenoptera: Siricidae), from a local forest in Japan
Authors: Kuramitsu Kazumu , Yamamoto Takayuki , Yokoi Tomoyuki
Published: October 2019

The woodwasp Urocerus albicornis (Fabricius, 1781) (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) is a forest pest native to North America and occasionally introduced into European countries. One of these invasive woodwasps was collected in a local forest in Nagano Prefecture, Central Japan. The collected individual was an adult female ovipositing on a log from a Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carrière). Although several of these woodwasps have been found on imported logs in Japan, this is the first record of the alien woodwasp in a local forest within Japan and Asia. This finding indicates that a population of this invasive woodwasp may be established in Japanese forests.
Construction and reconstruction of brain circuits: normal and pathological axon guidance
Authors: Roig-Puiggros Sergi , Vigouroux Robin J. , Beckman Danielle , Bocai Nadia I. , Chiou Brian , Davimes Joshua , Gomez Gimena , Grassi Sara , Hoque Ashfaqul , Karikari Thomas K. , Kiffer Frederico , Lopez Mary , Lunghi Giulia , Mazengenya Pedzisai , Meier Sonja , Olguín‐Albuerne Mauricio , Oliveira Mauricio M. , Paraíso‐Luna Juan , Pradhan Jonu , Radiske Andressa , Ramos‐Hryb Ana Belén , Ribeiro Mayara C. , Schellino Roberta , Selles Maria Clara , Singh Shripriya , Theotokis Paschalis , Chédotal Alain
Published: October 2019

Perception of our environment entirely depends on the close interaction between the central and peripheral nervous system. In order to communicate each other, both systems must develop in parallel and in coordination. During development, axonal projections from the CNS as well as the PNS must extend over large distances to reach their appropriate target cells. To do so, they read and follow a series of axon guidance molecules. Interestingly, while these molecules play critical roles in guiding developing axons, they have also been shown to be critical in other major neurodevelopmental processes, such as the migration of cortical progenitors. Currently, a major hurdle for brain repair after injury or neurodegeneration is the absence of axonal regeneration in the mammalian CNS. By contrasts, PNS axons can regenerate. Many hypotheses have been put forward to explain this paradox but recent studies suggest that hacking neurodevelopmental mechanisms may be the key to promote CNS regeneration. Here we provide a seminar report written by trainees attending the second Flagship school held in Alpbach, Austria in September 2018 organized by the International Society for Neurochemistry (ISN) together with the Journal of Neurochemistry (JCN). This advanced school has brought together leaders in the fields of neurodevelopment and regeneration in order to discuss major keystones and future challenges in these respective fields.

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Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism, delayed puberty and risk for neurodevelopmental disorders
Authors: Ohlsson Gotby Vide , Söder Olle , Frisén Louise , Serlachius Eva , Bölte Sven , Almqvist Catarina , Larsson Henrik , Lichtenstein Paul , Tammimies Kristiina
Published: October 2019

Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (HH) is a rare disorder that manifests absent puberty and infertility. Genetic syndromes with hypogonadism, such as Klinefelter syndrome, are associated with an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). However, it is not clear whether patients with HH or transient delayed puberty in general, have an increased risk of NDDs. We performed a register‐based study on a national cohort of 264 patients with HH and 7447 patients diagnosed with delayed puberty that was matched with 2640 and 74 470 controls, respectively. The outcome was defined as having any of the following NDD diagnoses: (i) autism spectrum disorder (ASD); (ii) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); or (iii) intellectual disability (ID). Additional sensitivity analyses were performed to control for different parental and birth variables, as well as diagnosed malformation syndromes and chromosomal anomalies (ie, Down’s and Turner syndromes). Patients with HH had increased risk for being diagnosed with ASD (odds ratio [OR] = 5.7; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.6‐12.6), ADHD (OR = 3.0; 95% CI = 1.8‐5.1) and ID (OR = 18.0; 95% CI = 8.9‐36.3) compared to controls. Patients with delayed puberty also had a significantly increased risk of being diagnosed with an NDD. These associations remained significant after adjustments. This is the first study to demonstrate a significant association between HH, delayed puberty and NDDs in a population‐based cohort. Clinicians should be aware of the overlap between these disorders. Further studies should explore the mechanisms behind these associations.
Growth hormone regulates opsin expression in the retina of a salmonid fish
Authors: Novales Flamarique Inigo , Sayed Ahmed Ahmed , Cheng Christiana L. , Molday Robert S. , Devlin Robert H.
Published: October 2019

Colour vision relies on retinal photoreceptors that express a different predominant visual pigment protein (opsin). In several vertebrates, the primary opsin expressed by a photoreceptor can change throughout ontogeny, although the molecular factors that influence such regulation are poorly understood. One of these factors is thyroid hormone which, together with its receptors, modulates opsin expression in the retinas of multiple vertebrates including rodents and salmonid fishes. In the latter, thyroid hormone induces a switch in opsin expression from SWS1 (ultraviolet light sensitive) to SWS2 (short wavelength or blue light sensitive) in the single cone photoreceptors of the retina. The actions of other hormones on opsin expression have not been investigated. In the present study, we used a transgenic strain of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kitsutch) with enhanced levels of circulating growth hormone compared to that of wild siblings to assess the effects of this hormone on the SWS1 to SWS2 opsin switch. Transgenic fish showed a developmentally accelerated opsin switch compared to size‐matched controls as assessed by immunohistological and in situ hybridisation labelling of photoreceptors and by quantification of transcripts using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. This accelerated switch led to a different spectral sensitivity maximum, under a middle to long wavelength adapting background, from ultraviolet (λmax ~ 380 nm) in controls to short wavelengths (λmax ~ 430 nm) in transgenics, demonstrating altered colour vision. The effects of growth hormone over‐expression were independent of circulating levels of thyroid hormone (triiodothyronine), the hormone typically associated with opsin switches in vertebrates.
Implant‐Supported Immediately Loaded Complete Arch Rehabilitations with a Mean Follow‐up of 10 Years: A Prospective Clinical Study
Authors: Tartaglia Gianluca Martino , Farronato Marco , Sforza Chiarella , Bidra Avinash S.
Published: October 2019

Purpose

To evaluate the complication‐free and failure‐free survival rates of porcelain fused to zirconia (PFZ) and all‐resin complete arch fixed implant‐supported prostheses over a mean follow‐up of 10 years.

Material and Methods

Subjects with either all‐resin or PFZ complete arch fixed implant‐supported prostheses on 4 or 6 implants were followed prospectively for 10 years. Cumulative survival rates of prostheses without any catastrophic mechanical complications (resolved without replacing the prosthesis) and free of prosthesis failure (requiring the replacement or removal of the prosthesis) were calculated using life table analysis for up to 10‐year period. Additional descriptive variables for various prosthesis events were recorded, such as sex, smoking and drinking status of subjects.

Results

A total of 36 subjects with a total of 68 prostheses (53 all‐resin and 15 PFZ) were available for evaluation with a mean follow‐up of 10 years (SD 1.47; range: 8‐13 years). The study registered an overall 90% prostheses survival rate—78% for males and 94% for females; 91% for PFZ and 87% for all‐resin; and a 31% complication‐free prosthesis survival rate—13% for males and 38% for females; 29% for PFZ and 31% for all‐resin at 10 years. A slight decrease in survival rate was identified in the first 3 years since the initial treatment (from 100% to 93%). The number of complications increased with time, especially after the 6th year after the initial treatment.

Conclusion

Despite the number of reparable mechanical complications, the results confirmed the long‐lasting features of both PFZ and all‐resin complete arch fixed implant‐supported prostheses over a 10‐year period. There was however an increased number of mechanical complications after 6 years which may entail additional treatment cost for patients.
Effect of ILK on small‐molecule metabolism of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts with mechanical stretching
Authors: Wan Wanting , He Chuan , Du Chanyuan , Wang Yijie , Wu Shiyang , Wang Tairan , Zou Rui
Published: October 2019

Background

Mechanical stimuli can cause periodontal tissue reconstruction. Studies have found that changes in metabolites can be the terminal effect of integrin‐mediated mechanical signaling. As a key kinase in integrin regulation, integrin‐linked kinase (ILK) mediates mechanical signal transduction, which may contribute to metabolite changes. Defining the components of small‐molecule metabolites can optimize mechanical stimuli and periodontal tissue reconstruction. Our purpose is to detect the effect of ILK‐mediated mechanical signaling on intracellular small‐molecule metabolites (amino acids and organic acids) in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPDLFs).

Methods

Primary HPDLFs were isolated by enzyme digestion method. Tensile stresses were applied on HPDLFs in vitro using a Flexcell system. ILK gene in HPDLFs was knocked down by RNA interference (RNAi). Twenty common amino acids and seven organic acids in HPDLFs were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry technique.

Results

Five amino acids (ie, alanine, glutamine, glutamate, glycine, and threonine) and three organic acids (ie, pyruvate, lactate, and citric acid) were found to be changed remarkably after mechanical stretching. In addition, baseline levels of four amino acids (ie, glutamate, glutamine, threonine, and glycine) and two organic acids (ie, lactate and citric acid) were significantly different in ILK knockdown compared with wild‐type HPDLFs.

Conclusion

This study suggests that five amino acids (ie, alanine, glutamine, glutamate, glycine, and threonine) and three organic acids (ie, pyruvate, lactate, and citric acid) may act as cellular mediators for mechanical signals in HPDLFs. Among them, four amino acids (ie, glutamate, glutamine, threonine, and glycine) and two organic acids (ie, lactate and citric acid) may be closely linked to ILK.
Re‐evaluation of the pharmacokinetics of xylazine administered to Thoroughbred horses
Authors: Habershon‐Butcher Jocelyn , Cutler Charlotte , Viljanto Marjaana , Hincks Pamela R. , Biddle Simon , Paine Stuart W.
Published: October 2019

Xylazine is widely used worldwide as a short‐acting sedative in general equine and racing practice. In the UK, although it has a legitimate use during training, equine anti‐doping rules state it is a prohibited substance on race day. The aim of the study was to produce a detection time (DT) to better inform European veterinary surgeons so that xylazine can be used appropriately under regulatory rules. Previous publications have various limitations pertaining to analysis method, particularly for plasma and limited length of time of sample collection. In this study, pharmacokinetic data were produced for xylazine and 4‐OH‐xylazine in equine urine and plasma following a single intravenous xylazine dose of 0.4 mg/kg to six Thoroughbred horses. Pharmacokinetic parameters were generated from a 3‐compartmental model with clearance = 15.8 ± 4.88 ml min‐1 kg‐1, Vss = 1.44 ± 0.38 L/kg, terminal half‐life = 29.8 ± 12.7 hr and a DT determined at 71 hr for the administration of xylazine (Chanazine®) in plasma and urine. Urine screening should aim to detect the 4‐OH‐xylazine metabolite, which can act as an indicator for the xylazine plasma concentration. A DT of 72 hr has been agreed by the European Horserace Scientific Liaison Committee, to be implemented in June 2019.
Time to and differential time to blood culture positivity for assessing catheter‐related yeast fungaemia: A longitudinal, 7‐year study in a single university hospital
Authors: Gits‐Muselli Maud , Villiers Stéphane , Hamane Samia , Berçot Béatrice , Donay Jean‐Luc , Denis Blandine , Guigue Nicolas , Alanio Alexandre , Bretagne Stéphane
Published: October 2019

Background

Time to positivity (TTP) and differential time to positivity (DTTP) between central and peripheral blood cultures are commonly used for bacteraemia to evaluate the likelihood of central venous catheter (CVC)‐related bloodstream infection. Few studies have addressed these approaches to yeast fungaemia.

Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate TTP and DTTP to assess CVC‐related yeast fungaemia (CVC‐RYF).

Patients/Methods

We retrospectively analysed the results from 105 adult patients with incident fungaemia, with CVC removed and cultured, collected from 2010 to 2017. The bottles were incubated in a BioMérieux BacT/ALERT 3D and kept for at least 5 days.

Results

Of the 105 patients included, most were oncology patients (85.7%) and had of long‐term CVC (79.6%); 32 (30.5%) had a culture‐positive CVC (defined as CVC‐RYF) with the same species as in blood culture, and 69.5% had culture‐negative CVC (defined as non‐CVC‐RYF, NCVC‐RYF). Candida albicans represented 46% of the episodes. The median TTP was statistically different between CVC‐RYF and NCVC‐RYF (16.8 hours interquartile range (IQR) [9.7‐28.6] vs 29.4 hours [IQR 20.7‐41.3]; P = .001). A TTP <10 hours had the best positive likelihood ratio (21.5) for CVC‐RYF, although the sensitivity was only 28%. DTTP was available for 52 patients. A DTTP >5 hours had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 71% for CVC‐RYF.

Conclusions

Since the median TTP was 17 hours and the most performing DTTP >5 hours, these delays are too long to take a decision in the same operational day. More rapid methods for detecting infected catheters should be tested to avoid unnecessary CVC withdrawal.
Mechanisms of ischaemic neural progenitor proliferation: a regulatory role of the HIF‐1α‐CBX7 pathway
Authors: Chiu H.‐Y. , Lee H.‐T. , Lee K.‐H. , Zhao Y. , Hsu C. Y. , Shyu W.C.
Published: October 2019

Aims

Investigations of the molecular mechanisms of hypoxia‐ and ischaemia‐induced endogenous neural progenitor cell (NPC) proliferation have mainly focused on factors secreted in response to environmental cues. However, little is known about the intrinsic regulatory machinery underlying the self‐renewing division of NPCs in the brain after stroke.

Methods and results

Polycomb repressor complex 1‐chromobox7 (CBX7) has emerged as a key regulator in several cellular processes including stem cell self‐renewal and cancer cell proliferation. The hypoxic environment triggering NPC self‐renewal after CBX7 activation remains unknown. In this study, we found that the upregulation of CBX7 during hypoxia and ischaemia appeared to be from hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α) activation. During hypoxia, the HIF‐1α–CBX7 cascade modulated NPC proliferation in vitro. NPC numbers significantly decreased in CBX7 knockout mice generated using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing.

Conclusions

We provided the novel insight that CBX7 expression is regulated through HIF‐1α activation, which plays an intrinsically modulating role in NPC proliferation.
Oaks: an evolutionary success story
Authors: Kremer Antoine , Hipp Andrew L.
Published: October 2019

The genus Quercus is among the most widespread and species‐rich tree genera in the northern hemisphere. The extraordinary species diversity in America and Asia together with the continuous continental distribution of a limited number of European species raise questions about how macro‐ and microevolutionary processes made the genus Quercus an evolutionary success. Synthesizing conclusions reached during the past three decades by complementary approaches in phylogenetics, phylogeography, genomics, ecology, paleobotany, population biology and quantitative genetics, this review aims to illuminate evolutionary processes leading to the radiation and expansion of oaks. From opposing scales of time and geography, we converge on four overarching explanations of evolutionary success in oaks: accumulation of large reservoirs of diversity within populations and species; ability for rapid migration contributing to ecological priority effects on lineage diversification; high rates of evolutionary divergence within clades combined with convergent solutions to ecological problems across clades; and propensity for hybridization, contributing to adaptive introgression and facilitating migration. Finally, we explore potential future research avenues, emphasizing the integration of microevolutionary and macroevolutionary perspectives.
Allometric scaling laws linking biomass and rooting depth vary across ontogeny and functional groups in tropical dry forest lianas and trees
Authors: Smith‐Martin Chris M. , Xu Xiangtao , Medvigy David , Schnitzer Stefan A. , Powers Jennifer S.
Published: October 2019

There are two theories about how allocation of metabolic products occurs. The allometric biomass partitioning theory (APT) suggests that all plants follow common allometric scaling rules. The optimal partitioning theory (OPT) predicts that plants allocate more biomass to the organ capturing the most limiting resource.

Whole‐plant harvests of mature and juvenile tropical deciduous trees, evergreen trees, and lianas and model simulations were used to address the following knowledge gaps: (1) Do mature lianas comply with the APT scaling laws or do they invest less biomass in stems compared to trees? (2) Do juveniles follow the same allocation patterns as mature individuals? (3) Is either leaf phenology or life form a predictor of rooting depth?

It was found that: (1) mature lianas followed the same allometric scaling laws as trees; (2) juveniles and mature individuals do not follow the same allocation patterns; and (3) mature lianas had shallowest coarse roots and evergreen trees had the deepest.

It was demonstrated that: (1) mature lianas invested proportionally similar biomass to stems as trees and not less, as expected; (2) lianas were not deeper‐rooted than trees as had been previously proposed; and (3) evergreen trees had the deepest roots, which is necessary to maintain canopy during simulated dry seasons.
Analysis of salivary exosomal proteins in young adults with severe periodontitis
Authors: Huang Xiaoyi , Hu Xinnong , Zhao Minzhi , Zhang Qian
Published: October 2019

Objectives

Salivary exosomes harbour numerous constituents associated with oral and systemic diseases. However, no reports addressed components of salivary exosomes in patients with periodontitis. Our study aims to explore salivary exosomal proteins in young adults with severe periodontitis (SP) and to analyse the relationships between different proteins.

Materials and Methods

We collected saliva from 11 young adults with SP and 11 periodontally healthy subjects. After isolation of salivary exosomes, liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) was used to analyse proteins. Gene ontology analysis was performed based on GeneCodis, and interaction network analysis for unique salivary exosomal proteins was performed by STRING.

Results

Twenty‐six proteins were identified only in the SP group, and 58 proteins were identified only in the healthy group. Gene ontology analysis revealed that innate immune response, cytolysis and complement activation were highly enriched in the SP group. Interaction network analysis showed that the correlations among immune‐related proteins (e.g. complement components and chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand 28) were significant in the SP group. C6 proteins expressed only in the SP group were evaluated by Western blotting.

Conclusions

Salivary exosomes from periodontitis patients are enriched immune‐related proteins that might participate in the immune response during the development of periodontitis.
Ultrasound‐guided erector spinae plane block for postoperative analgesia in pediatric patients undergoing splenectomy: A prospective randomized controlled trial
Authors: Mostafa Shaimaa F. , Abdelghany Mohamed S. , Abdelraheem Taysser M. , Abu Elyazed Mohamed M.
Published: October 2019

Background

Many analgesic modalities have been investigated in pediatrics. We studied the analgesic efficacy of bilateral ultrasound‐guided erector spinae plane block in pediatric patients undergoing open midline splenectomy.

Methods

Sixty patients aged 3‐10 years were randomly assigned into two groups: Control group received general anesthesia with bilateral sham erector spinae plane block using 0.3 mL/kg normal saline on each side. Erector spinae plane block group received bilateral ultrasound‐guided erector spinae plane block using 0.3 mL/kg bupivacaine 0.25% (on each side) with a maximum dose of 2 mg/kg. Children's Hospital Eastern Ontario Pain Scale (CHEOPS), total consumption of intraoperative fentanyl (1 µg/kg IV in case of inadequate analgesia), time to first rescue analgesic administration, and postoperative paracetamol consumption were recorded over the first 24 hours postoperatively.

Results

The median (IQR) postoperative CHEOPS score at 1 hour was lower in erector spinae plane block group (5.0 (4.75 −5.25)) than the control group (7.0 (6.0‐10.0)) (P < .001, 95% CI: 1.0; 5.0). The CHEOPS scores for the first eight postoperative hours were lower in the erector spinae plane block group (5.0 (5.0‐6.0)) than the control group (6.0 (6.0 −10.0)) (P ˂ .001, 95% CI: 1.0; 2.0). Intraoperative fentanyl administration was higher in the control group 40.0 (21.5‐50.0) μg compared to erector spinae plane block group 0.0 (0.0‐0.0) μg (P ˂ .001, 95% CI: 23.0; 48.0). The total postoperative paracetamol consumption was higher in the control group (37.5 ± 17.1 mg/kg) compared to erector spinae plane block group (8.5 ± 10.9 mg/kg) (P ˂ .001, 95% CI: 21.57; 36.43). The time to the first postoperative rescue analgesic requirement was longer in the erector spinae plane block group.

Conclusion

Ultrasound‐guided erector spinae plane block reduced CHEOPS score for the first eight hours postoperatively with the reduction of intraoperative fentanyl and postoperative paracetamol consumptions.
Onychodystrophy as the only sign of congenital candidiasis
Authors: Joy Way Bueno Susy M. , Santos Muñoz Andrea , Maldonado Ivana , Larralde Margarita
Published: October 2019

Congenital candidiasis infection often presents as a skin rash with variable involvement of nails and mucous membranes. Isolated nail involvement is rare, may present late, and can often be managed with topical antifungal medication. We report a case of congenital candidiasis limited to the fingernails that resolved completely within 3 months with topical treatment.
Mycosis fungoides in pediatric patients: Clinical features, diagnostic challenges, and advances in therapeutic management
Authors: Wu Julie H. , Cohen Bernard A. , Sweren Ronald J.
Published: October 2019

Mycosis fungoides (MF) is the most common primary cutaneous lymphoma in pediatric patients. Given the indolent nature of MF, symptoms often present in childhood but may not be diagnosed as MF until adulthood. Delayed diagnosis is associated with poor long‐term prognosis. Thus, increased clinician recognition and accurate diagnosis of early‐stage MF in pediatric patients is critically important. In this review, we summarize the clinical features of the most common pediatric MF subtypes and highlight important differences between pediatric and adult MF. Moreover, we reviewed all pediatric MF case series published between 2008 and 2018 to analyze treatment modalities and identify emerging therapies. As treatment of pediatric MF is complex, selection of therapy varies significantly depending upon the specific clinical characteristics, disease severity, and patients' preferences.
Neutrophils rapidly produce Th2 cytokines in response to larval but not adult helminth antigen
Authors: Middleton Denzel , Garza Javier J. , Greiner Scott P. , Bowdridge Scott A.
Published: October 2019

Host protective immunity to Haemonchus contortus (Hc) infection in parasite‐resistant St. Croix (STC) sheep is initiated early and characterized by an influx of innate cells and robust interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) production, resulting in T‐helper type 2 immune (Th2) responses. The purpose of these studies was to elucidate the source of early IL‐4 production. Neutrophils were isolated from whole blood, and populations >98% purity were cultured with larval or adult antigen to access cytokine production. Interleukin‐4 and IL‐13 were measured in sample supernatant using an ovine‐specific enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Neutrophils exposed to HcLA peaked in IL‐4 production at 30 minutes (STC, 3153.65 pg/mL and SUF, 4665.22 pg/mL). A similar trend was observed in IL‐13 production by 6 hours (STC, 391.02 pg/mL and SUF, 419.6 pg/mL). Adult antigen stimulation resulted in low cytokine production when compared to HcLA stimulation (STC IL‐4, 6.04 pg/mL and SUF, 8.05 pg/mL, respectively; STC IL‐13, 10 pg/mL and 12.5 pg/mL; P < .001), and no breed differences were observed. Mixed immune cell assays revealed an ability of neutrophils to induce IL‐4 production in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC). Taken together, these data implicate neutrophils as a potential effector cell responsible for Th2 initiation.
Multiperiod Inventory Management with Budget Cycles: Rational and Behavioral Decision‐Making
Authors: Becker‐Peth Michael , Hoberg Kai , Protopappa‐Sieke Margarita
Published: October 2019

We examine inventory decisions in a multiperiod newsvendor model. In particular, we analyze the impact of budget cycles in a behavioral setting. We derive optimal rational decisions and characterize the behavioral decision‐making process using a short‐sightedness factor. We test the aforementioned effect in a laboratory environment. We find that subjects reduce order‐up‐to levels significantly at the end of the current budget cycle, which results in a cyclic pattern during the budget cycle. This indicates that the subjects are short‐sighted with respect to future budget cycles. To control for inventory that is carried over from one period to the next, we introduce a starting‐inventory factor and find that order‐up‐to levels increase in the starting inventory.
Morphological changes, alteration of photosynthetic parameters and chlorophyll production induced by infection with alfalfa dwarf virus in Medicago sativa plants
Authors: Jaime C. , Muchut S. E. , Reutemann A. G. , Gieco J. O. , Dunger G.
Published: October 2019

In Argentina, infections by alfalfa dwarf virus (ADV) affect the cultivation of alfalfa, which is globally one of the most important forage plants. The main objective of this study was to improve current understanding of the underlying mechanisms related to the dwarfism phenotype developed during viral infection. Hydrogen peroxide production, callose deposition and PR5 gene expression levels were evaluated to determine if ADV induces plant defence responses. At the morphological level, higher epicuticular wax production and an increase in proliferation of cells from the fundamental parenchyma were observed when plants were infected by ADV. Infected plants had reduced photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration/evaporation rate, but interestingly the production of chlorophylls was induced. Finally, using transcriptional analysis, ADV was observed to negatively affect the expression of genes related to synthesis of auxins, cytokinins and brassinosteroids. These results suggest that ADV infection induces a hormonal imbalance leading to an increase in chlorophyll pigment synthesis, stomatal closure and generation of tissue deformation. Overall, the results show a morphological, physiological and photosynthetic characterization of dwarf plants affected by ADV.
Constitutionalized Prerogative and the Pardon Power
Authors: Abshire Roger P.
Published: October 2019

Scholars continue to debate whether Lockean prerogative is better understood as operating within the constitutional framework, as constitutionalists would argue, or outside of it, as the extraconstitutionalists would argue. However, this debate has largely taken place in the abstract, with few concrete examples of prerogative brought to bear in the analysis. In this article, I utilize the presidential pardon power as a means to scrutinize the ongoing debate; in particular, I review the development and utilization of the pardon power since the founding of the United States and the more recent allegations of abuse and limitations on restraint. I argue that the pardon power is an explicit example of the constitutionalist understanding of prerogative and that, as such, the extraconstitutionalist view of prerogative is preferable.
Is it worthy to take full‐course immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis? About efficacy biomarker of allergen immunotherapy
Authors: Wang Wenping , Yin Jinshu
Published: October 2019

Nowadays, people pay more attention to biomarkers that can predict clinical efficacy of immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis. As the only recognized aetiological treatment, the efficacy of allergen immunotherapy (AIT) has been proved by many studies. However, treatment success depends on compliance and persistence greatly, which can be impaired by the lengthy duration of AIT and socioeconomic status of patients. Besides, ineffectiveness is another factor that accounts for non‐adherence. If the clinical efficacy can be predicted in the early stage of immunotherapy, it can help patients choose appropriate treatment plans, increase patient compliance and optimize the allocation of medical resources. This paper mainly focuses on five candidate biomarkers, the sIgE/tIgE ratio before treatment, serum inhibitory activity for IgE, decreased basophil activation, upregulation of Tregs and tolerogenic DCs, reviews the time when potential biomarkers can predict or monitor the efficacy of AIT, discusses the reason why these indicators could serve as efficacy biomarkers and interactions among potential biomarkers.
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of a clinically effective anti‐CD2 monoclonal antibody
Authors: Sellberg Felix , Berglund David , Binder Christian , Hope James , Fontenot Jane , Griesemer Adam , Sykes Megan , Sachs David H. , Berglund Erik
Published: October 2019

The humanized IgG1κ monoclonal antibody siplizumab and its rat parent monoclonal IgG2b antibody BTI‐322 are directed against the CD2 antigen. Siplizumab is species‐specific, reacting with human and chimpanzee cells but not with cells from any other species, including other non‐human primates. Because siplizumab treatment has recently shown great potential in clinical transplantation, we now present the results of our previous pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and safety studies of both antibodies. Fourteen chimpanzees received 1‐3 doses of 0.143 to 5.0 mg/kg iv The effects were followed with flow cytometry on peripheral lymphocytes and staining of lymph nodes. Side effects were recorded. Serum antibody concentrations were followed. Across the doses, a rapid, transient depletion of CD2, CD3, CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes and NK cells was observed for both antibodies. Immune reconstitution was more rapid for BTI‐322 compared to siplizumab. Paracortical lymph node T cell depletion was moderate, estimated at 45% with doses of >0.6 mg/kg. Restoration of lymph node architecture was seen after two weeks to two months for all animals. All four subjects receiving BTI‐322 experienced AEs on the first dosing day, while the eight subjects dosed with siplizumab experienced few mild, transient AEs. Infusion with siplizumab and BTI‐322 resulted in rapid depletion of CD2+ cells in circulation and tissue. Siplizumab had a longer t1/2 and fewer AEs compared to BTI‐322.
Going Through Hell: Increased Work Effort in the Aftermath of Terrorism in Norway*
Authors: Hernæs Øystein
Published: October 2019

I analyze how sickness‐absence behavior in Norwegian municipalities was affected by exposure to the terrorist attack in Norway in 2011. The main finding is that in municipalities from which a resident was killed in the attack, sickness absence declined by 4 percent compared with municipalities without victims. The effect is precise, stable, and persistent. The results do not seem to be driven by changing labor market composition. The effect is found also in neighboring municipalities and is larger for people close to the age of the victims.
Empathy to action: Child and adolescent out‐group attitudes and prosocial behaviors in a setting of intergroup conflict
Authors: Taylor Laura K. , O'Driscoll Dean , Dautel Jocelyn B. , McKeown Shelley
Published: October 2019

The paper explored how to promote constructive intergroup relations among children and young people in a context of protracted conflict. Across two studies, the Empathy–Attitudes–Action model was examined in middle childhood and adolescence. More specifically, we tested the relations among dispositional empathy, out‐group attitudes, and prosocial behaviors for youth born after the peace agreement in Northern Ireland. In one correlational (Study 1: N = 132; 6–11 years old: M = 8.42 years, SD = 1.23) and one longitudinal design (Study 2: N = 466; 14–15 years old), bootstrapped mediation analyses revealed that empathy was associated with more positive attitudes toward the conflict‐related out‐group, which in turn, was related to higher out‐group prosocial behaviors, both self‐report and concrete actions. Given that out‐group prosocial acts in a setting of intergroup conflict may serve as the antecedents for peacebuilding among children and adolescents, this study has intervention implications.
Balancing clinical capacity with learner numbers
Authors: Melvin J Kyle , Story Byerley Julie , Steiner Michael J , Steiner Beat , Dallaghan Gary L Beck
Published: October 2019

Background

The number of learners in clinical settings is increasing as health professions schools increase enrollment in order to develop the future workforce. Too many learners in clinics and hospital wards could create overcrowded conditions and diminish patient and learner experiences. Based on data gathered from a literature review, we identified challenges and solutions to address the increasing numbers of learners in clinical settings.

Results

Health care provider workload, physical environment and clinical culture were challenges identified from the literature review. These identified constraints were corroborated by learner and expert reflections on their experiences.

Conclusion

As the need for more health care providers increases, the number of learners in clinical settings poses a challenge. Innovative models to deliver care, an increasing role for learners, strategic patient scheduling and redesigning workspaces may mitigate problems. The recommendations suggested from this review may offer solutions that individual preceptors and organisations can implement.
Outcomes of solid organ transplant recipients with invasive aspergillosis and other mold infections
Authors: Farges Cédric , Cointault Olivier , Murris Marlène , Lavayssiere Laurence , Lakhdar‐Ghazal Shérazade , Del Bello Arnaud , Hebral Anne‐Laure , Esposito Laure , Nogier Marie‐Béatrice , Sallusto Federico , Iriart Xavier , Charpentier Elena , Guitard Joelle , Muscari Fabrice , Dambrin Camille , Porte Lydie , Kamar Nassim , Cassaing Sophie , Faguer Stanislas
Published: October 2019

Objectives

To characterize the clinical presentation and outcomes of invasive mold infections (IMI) in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients.

Methods

Inclusion of all SOT recipients with IMI diagnosed between 2008 and 2016 at a referral center for SOT. Univariable analyses identified factors associated with death at one year, and logistic regression models retained independent predictors.

Results

Of the 1739 patients that received a SOT during this period, 68 developed IMI (invasive aspergillosis [IA] in 58). Cumulative incidence of IMI at 1 year ranged from 1.2% to 18.8% (kidney and heart transplantation, respectively). At baseline, compared with other IMI, the need for vasoactive drugs was more frequent in patients with IA. During follow‐up, 35 patients (51%) were admitted to the ICU and required mechanical ventilation (n = 27), vasoactive drugs (n = 31), or renal replacement therapy (n = 31). The need for vasoactive drugs (OR 7.34; P = .003) and a positive direct examination (OR 10.1; P = .004) were independently associated with the risk of death at 1 year in patients with IA (n = 33; 57%)

Conclusions

Characteristics of IMI at presentation varied according to the underlying transplanted organ and the mold species. Following IA, one‐year mortality may be predicted by the need for hemodynamic support and initial fungal load.