bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Machine learning guided postnatal gestational age assessment using new-born screening metabolomic data in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Sazawal Sunil , Ryckman Kelli K. , Das Sayan , Khanam Rasheda , Nisar Imran , Jasper Elizabeth , Dutta Arup , Rahman Sayedur , Mehmood Usma , Bedell Bruce , Deb Saikat , Chowdhury Nabidul Haque , Barkat Amina , Mittal Harshita , Ahmed Salahuddin , Khalid Farah , Raqib Rubhana , Manu Alexander , Yoshida Sachiyo , Ilyas Muhammad , Nizar Ambreen , Ali Said Mohammed , Baqui Abdullah H. , Jehan Fyezah , Dhingra Usha , Bahl Rajiv
Published: September 2021

Background

Babies born early and/or small for gestational age in Low and Middle-income countries (LMICs) contribute substantially to global neonatal and infant mortality. Tracking this metric is critical at a population level for informed policy, advocacy, resources allocation and program evaluation and at an individual level for targeted care. Early prenatal ultrasound examination is not available in these settings, gestational age (GA) is estimated using new-born assessment, last menstrual period (LMP) recalls and birth weight, which are unreliable. Algorithms in developed settings, using metabolic screen data, provided GA estimates within 1–2 weeks of ultrasonography-based GA. We sought to leverage machine learning algorithms to improve accuracy and applicability of this approach to LMICs settings.

Methods

This study uses data from AMANHI-ACT, a prospective pregnancy cohorts in Asia and Africa where early pregnancy ultrasonography estimated GA and birth weight are available and metabolite screening data in a subset of 1318 new-borns were also available. We utilized this opportunity to develop machine learning (ML) algorithms. Random Forest Regressor was used where data was randomly split into model-building and model-testing dataset. Mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) were used to evaluate performance. Bootstrap procedures were used to estimate confidence intervals (CI) for RMSE and MAE. For pre-term birth identification ROC analysis with bootstrap and exact estimation of CI for area under curve (AUC) were performed.

Results

Overall model estimated GA had MAE of 5.2 days (95% CI 4.6–6.8), which was similar to performance in SGA, MAE 5.3 days (95% CI 4.6–6.2). GA was correctly estimated to within 1 week for 85.21% (95% CI 72.31–94.65). For preterm birth classification, AUC in ROC analysis was 98.1% (95% CI 96.0–99.0; p < 0.001). This model performed better than Iowa regression, AUC Difference 14.4% (95% CI 5–23.7; p = 0.002).

Conclusions

Machine learning algorithms and models applied to metabolomic gestational age dating offer a ladder of opportunity for providing accurate population-level gestational age estimates in LMICs settings. These findings also point to an opportunity for investigation of region-specific models, more focused feasible analyte models, and broad untargeted metabolome investigation.
A Three-Dimensional-reconstruction-based study on the ocular volume of Chinese children with high myopia
Authors: Jiang Xiaodan , Deng Hongwei , Lung Chun , Wang Fanyin , Li Shuang , Jiang Yanni , Wang Mingyue
Published: September 2021

Background

Highly myopic eyes differ in morphology from emmetropic eyes, and the correct estimation of the vitreous volume is difficult. To explore an effective method to estimate ocular volume using refractive factors in children.

Methods

This is a retrospective study of children with high myopia who visited the Shenzhen Shekou People’s Hospital (July-December 2018) before undergoing posterior scleral reinforcement surgery. Data on refractive factors and ocular 3D reconstruction imaging based on high-end CT were collected for linear correlation and linear regression analyses.

Results

Ten patients (20 eyes) were included. There are nine males and one female. They were 4 to 12 years of age. The spherical equivalent ranges from + 0.25 to -20.00 D. The cylindrical equivalent ranges from − 0.50 to -6.25 D. The AL(axial length, AL) ranges from 21.78 to 33.90 mm. The corneal curvature (mean) ranges from 42.44 to 46.75. The 3D reconstruction of the CT images shows that the ocular volume ranges from 4.591 to 10.988 ml. The ocular volume of the 20 eyes decreases with the increase of diopter and total curvature, both presenting a linear trend, with the Pearson correlation coefficients being − 0.776 (P < 0.001) and − 0.633 (P = 0.003), respectively. The ocular volume of the 20 eyes increases with the increasing AL, also presenting a linear trend, with the Pearson correlation coefficient being 0.939 (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

In children, the ocular volume is negatively and linearly correlated with the diopter and curvature, and positively and linearly correlated with the AL.
Associations between pain, self-efficacy, sleep duration, and symptoms of depression in adolescents: a cross-sectional survey
Authors: Haraldstad Kristin , Stea Tonje Holte
Published: September 2021

Background

Although pain has been identified as an important public health problem among adolescents, few studies have investigated possible protective and risk factors for pain. The main aim of the present study was to investigate associations between prevalence of daily pain, self-efficacy, sleep duration, and symptoms of depression in a representative sample of Norwegian adolescents.

Methods

A comprehensive cross-sectional survey was completed by 12,867 junior high school students and high school students (response rate: 90%) aged 14–19 years. Logistic regression models were adjusted for age, gender, and parental educational level.

Results

We found a high prevalence of daily pain among adolescents, especially among girls (19%) compared with boys (7%). Short sleep duration was associated with increased odds ratios (ORs) of pain in the shoulders/neck (OR 1.3; 95% CI 1.3–2.0) and stomach (1.7; 1.2–2.4). Symptoms of depression were associated with increased ORs for all measured types of daily pain, including head (3.7; 3.0–4.6), shoulders/neck (3.9; 3.1–4.8), joints/muscles (4.3; 3.3–5.6), and stomach (5.5; 4.1–7.4). By contrast, self-efficacy was not associated with any form of daily pain.

Conclusion

Given the burden of pain, high incidence of pain problems, and strong association between pain and depression and, to some degree, short sleep duration, co-occurring symptoms may be an important area for research in the public health field. The results highlight the importance of early identification and prevention. Longitudinal studies are needed to understand better pain problems and their underlying mechanisms with the aim of developing targeted interventions.
The economic benefits of increased sugar-free chewing gum in China: a budget impact analysis
Authors: Du Shuo , Zhang Chunzi , Wang Wenhui , Liu Jian , Yuan Chao , Yu Yizhen , Chang Qing , Zhang Shanshan , Si Yan
Published: September 2021

Background

To analyze the potential cost savings in dental care associated with increased sugar-free gum (SFG) use among Chinese teenagers and adults.

Methods

The amount of SFG chewed per year and decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) was collected from a cross-sectional survey to create a dose–response curve assumption. A cost analysis of dental restoration costs was carried out. A budget impact analysis was performed to model the decrease in DMFT and the subsequent cost savings for dental care. Three different scenarios for the increase in the number of SFG were calculated.

Results

The average cost savings per person in the Chinese population due to increasing SFG use ranged from 45.95 RMB (6.94 USD) per year to 67.41 RMB (10.19 USD) per year. It was estimated that 21.51–31.55 billion RMB (3.25–4.77 billion USD) could be saved annually if all SFG chewers among Chinese teenagers and adults chewed SFG regularly.

Conclusion

This study suggests that dental care costs could be significantly reduced if SFG use increased in the Chinese population.
First year internal medicine residents’ self-report point-of-care ultrasound knowledge and skills: what (Little) difference three years make
Authors: Chahley Tanner , Lam Ada W , Halman Samantha , Watson Kathryn , Ma Irene WY
Published: September 2021

Background

With increasing availability of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) education in medical schools, it is unclear whether or not learning needs of junior medical residents have evolved over time.

Methods

We invited all postgraduate year (PGY)-1 residents at three Canadian internal medicine residency training programs in 2019 to complete a survey previously completed by 47 Canadian Internal Medicine PGY-1 s in 2016. Using a five-point Likert scale, participants rated perceived applicability of POCUS to the practice of internal medicine and self-reported skills in 15 diagnostic POCUS applications and 9 procedures.

Results

Of the 97 invited residents, 58 (60 %) completed the survey in 2019. Participants reported high applicability but low skills across all POCUS applications and procedures. The 2019 cohort reported higher skills in assessing pulmonary B lines than the 2016 cohort (2.3 ± SD 1.0 vs. 1.5 ± SD 0.7, adjusted p-value = 0.01). No other differences were noted.

Conclusions

POCUS educational needs continue to be high in Canadian internal medicine learners. The results of this needs assessment study support ongoing inclusion of basic POCUS elements in the current internal medicine residency curriculum.
Incidence and risk factors for decreased range of motion of the knee joint after surgery for closed tibial plateau fracture in adults
Authors: Li Junyong , Zhang Junzhe , Zhao Kuo , Zhu Yanbin , Meng Hongyu , Jin Zhucheng , Ye Dandan , Chen Wei , Zhang Yingze
Published: September 2021

Purpose

The aim of this study was to quantify the incidence of and identify independent risk factors for decreased range of motion (ROM) of the knee joint after surgery for closed tibial plateau fractures in adults.

Methods

This retrospective study was performed at the trauma centre in our hospital from January 2018 to December 2019. Data from adult patients with tibial plateau fractures treated by surgery were extracted from the electronic medical records. A total of 220 tibial plateau fracture patients were enrolled. We extracted the patients’ demographic characteristics, fracture characteristics, and surgery-related variables. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to investigate the potential independent risk factors.

Results

Fifty-seven patients developed decreased ROM of the knee joint at the 1-year follow-up in this study. The overall incidence was 25.9%. The independent predictors of decreased ROM after surgery, as identified in the multivariate analysis, were orthopedic polytrauma (odds ratio = 3.23; 95% CI = 1.68–6.20;p= 0.000), fracture type (Schatzker V-VI) (odds ratio = 2.52; 95% CI = 1.16–5.47;p= 0.019), and an open reduction and internal fixation approach (odds ratio = 2.10; 95% CI = 1.07–4.12;p= 0.031).

Conclusions

The study confirmed that patients with orthopaedic polytrauma, more complex fractures and those treated with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) surgery were more likely to suffer decreased ROM of the knee joint 1 year after surgery.
Oncogene Concatenated Enriched Amplicon Nanopore Sequencing for rapid, accurate, and affordable somatic mutation detection
Authors: Thirunavukarasu Deepak , Cheng Lauren Y. , Song Ping , Chen Sherry X. , Borad Mitesh J. , Kwong Lawrence , James Phillip , Turner Daniel J. , Zhang David Yu
Published: September 2021

We develop the Oncogene Concatenated Enriched Amplicon Nanopore Sequencing (OCEANS) method, in which variants with low variant allele frequency (VAFs) are amplified and subsequently concatenated for Nanopore Sequencing. OCEANS allows accurate detection of somatic mutations with VAF limits of detection between 0.05 and 1%. We construct 4 distinct multi-gene OCEANS panels targeting recurrent mutations in acute myeloid leukemia, melanoma, non-small- cell lung cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma and validate them on clinical samples. By demonstrating detection of low VAF single nucleotide variant mutations using Nanopore Sequencing, OCEANS is poised to enable same-day clinical sequencing panels.
Asphaltene biotransformation for heavy oil upgradation
Authors: Zargar Arif Nissar , Kumar Ankur , Sinha Anurag , Kumar Manoj , Skiadas Ioannis , Mishra Saroj , Srivastava Preeti
Published: September 2021

Globally, the reserves of heavy crude oil are seven times more abundant than that of light crude, and yet, they are underutilized because of their high viscosity and density, which is largely due to the presence of large amounts of asphaltenes. Biotransformation of heavy oil asphaltenes into smaller metabolites can be used for reducing their viscosity. Several microorganisms capable of asphaltene biodegradation have been reported but only few have been characterized for its biotransformation. In the present study, a 9-membered microbial consortium was isolated from an oil contaminated soil. About 72% and 75% asphaltene biotransformation was achieved by growing cells at shake flask level and in a 1.5 l bioreactor, respectively. A representative structure of asphaltene was constructed based on LC–MS, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, FT-IR, ICPMS and elemental analysis (CHNS) of n-heptane purified asphaltene from Maya crude oil. Biotransformation of asphaltene, as analyzed by performing 1H-NMR, FT-IR and elemental analysis, resulted in 80% decrease in S and N when compared to the control along with incorporation of oxygen in the structure of asphaltene. About 91% decrease in the viscosity of the Maya crude oil was observed after two weeks when oil: aqueous phase ratio was 1:9. The results suggest that the isolated microbial consortium can be used for biological upgradation of heavy crude oil. To our knowledge, this is the first report where a microbial consortium resulted in such high asphaltene biotransformation.
Estimating landscape structure effects on pollination for management of agricultural landscapes
Authors: Rahimi Ehsan , Barghjelveh Shahindokht , Dong Pinliang
Published: September 2021

Background

The growing human population around the world is creating an increased demand for food. In agricultural landscapes, forests are cleared and turned into agricultural land to produce more food. Increasing the productivity of agricultural land per unit area may prevent extreme forest degradation. Since many agricultural products are dependent on pollinators, it is possible to increase crop production by increasing the pollination rate in the agricultural landscapes. Pollinators are highly dependent on forest patches in agricultural landscapes. Therefore, by creating new forest patches around agricultural fields, we can increase the pollination rate, and thus the crop production. In this regard, estimating the effects of different scenarios of forest fragmentation helps us to find an optimized pattern of forest patches for increasing pollination in an agricultural landscape.

Methods

To investigate the effect of different forest fragmentation scenarios on pollination, we used simulated agricultural landscapes, including different forest proportions and degrees of fragmentation. Using landscape metrics, we estimated the relationship between pollination and landscape structure for each landscape.

Results

Our results showed that for increasing pollination, two significant factors should be considered: habitat amount and capacity of small patches to supply pollination. We found that when the capacity of small patches in supplying pollination was low, fragmented patterns of forest patches decreased pollination. With increasing capacity, landscapes with a high degree of forest fragmentation showed the highest levels of pollination. There was an exception for habitat amounts (the proportion of forest patches) less than 0.1 of the entire landscape where increasing edge density, aggregation, and the number of forest patches resulted in increasing pollination in all scenarios.

Conclusion

This study encourages agriculturists and landscape planners to focus on increasing crop production per unit area by pollinators because it leads to biodiversity conservation and reduces socio-economic costs of land-use changes. We also suggest that to increase pollination in agricultural landscapes by creating new forest patches, special attention should be paid to the capacity of patches in supporting pollinators.
Gut microbiota from green tea polyphenol-dosed mice improves intestinal epithelial homeostasis and ameliorates experimental colitis
Authors: Wu Zhenhua , Huang Shimeng , Li Tiantian , Li Na , Han Dandan , Zhang Bing , Xu Zhenjiang Zech , Zhang Shiyi , Pang Jiaman , Wang Shilan , Zhang Guolong , Zhao Jiangchao , Wang Junjun
Published: September 2021

Background

Alteration of the gut microbiota may contribute to the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a major bioactive constituent of green tea, is known to be beneficial in IBD alleviation. However, it is unclear whether the gut microbiota exerts an effect when EGCG attenuates IBD.

Results

We first explored the effect of oral or rectal EGCG delivery on the DSS-induced murine colitis. Our results revealed that anti-inflammatory effect and colonic barrier integrity were enhanced by oral, but not rectal, EGCG. We observed a distinct EGCG-mediated alteration in the gut microbiome by increasing Akkermansia abundance and butyrate production. Next, we demonstrated that the EGCG pre-supplementation induced similar beneficial outcomes to oral EGCG administration. Prophylactic EGCG attenuated colitis and significantly enriched short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-producing bacteria such as Akkermansia and SCFAs production in DSS-induced mice. To validate these discoveries, we performed fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and sterile fecal filtrate (SFF) to inoculate DSS-treated mice. Microbiota from EGCG-dosed mice alleviated the colitis over microbiota from control mice and SFF shown by superiorly anti-inflammatory effect and colonic barrier integrity, and also enriched bacteria such as Akkermansia and SCFAs. Collectively, the attenuation of colitis by oral EGCG suggests an intimate involvement of SCFAs-producing bacteria Akkermansia, and SCFAs, which was further demonstrated by prophylaxis and FMT.

Conclusions

This study provides the first data indicating that oral EGCG ameliorated the colonic inflammation in a gut microbiota-dependent manner. Our findings provide novel insights into EGCG-mediated remission of IBD and EGCG as a potential modulator for gut microbiota to prevent and treat IBD.
Compulsive exercise and mental health challenges in fitness instructors; presence and interactions
Authors: Gjestvang Christina , Bratland-Sanda Solfrid , Mathisen Therese Fostervold
Published: September 2021

Background

Some physically active people exercise compulsively, which can be associated with several mental health challenges. Fitness instructors are considered important role models for an active, healthy lifestyle; yet little is known about their exercise motives and mental health. The aim of this study was to examine the presence of compulsive exercise and mental health challenges, and their interaction, in fitness instructors.

Methods

A total of 270 fitness instructors from Norwegian fitness clubs were recruited for this cross-sectional study. Inclusion criteria were operating as instructors within the current year and understanding Norwegian language. Data were collected by an electronic questionnaire and included demographic information, hours of classes instructed and of personal physical activity, Compulsive Exercise Test (CET), Symptom Check List – 10 (SCL-10), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q)).

Results

Females had higher CET scores than males, and 9% of all respondents had CET score above clinical cutoff. Respondents with clinical CET score had higher SCL-10, BDI and EDE-Q global- and subscale scores compared with their counterparts. Although CET was positively and significantly associated with BDI, SCL-10, and EDE-Q, only the latter explained the CET score (ß = 1.23, 99% CI = 0.87, 1.59).

Conclusion

About one out of eleven instructors were above clinical CET cut-off, revealing symptoms of compulsive exercise. EDE-Q significantly contributed in a model explaining 43% of the variation of compulsive exercise.
Esthetic, mechanical, and biological outcomes of various implant abutments for single-tooth replacement in the anterior region: a systematic review of the literature
Authors: Totou Dimitra , Naka Olga , Mehta Shamir B. , Banerji Subir
Published: September 2021

Background

The choice of the appropriate implant abutment is a critical step for a successful outcome. Titanium abutments have demonstrated high survival rates, due to their excellent biocompatibility and high mechanical strength, although they often result in a grayish discoloration of the peri-implant mucosa. This esthetic concern culminated in the introduction of ceramic abutments. The aim of this review was to assess the esthetic, mechanical, and biological outcomes as well as the survival of the different types of abutments used for single-implant restorations in the anterior area.

Material and methods

An electronic search was conducted in Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Central databases using the appropriate Mesh terms and predetermined eligibility criteria. The quality of the studies was assessed using the ROB 2 tool. The last search was conducted on 18th of March 2020.

Results

From the 2074 records initially identified, 23 randomized controlled trials (32 publications) were included for qualitative analysis. Data were classified based on study information, specific characteristics of the intervention and comparator, and information related to the outcome measures. Seven studies exhibited an overall low risk of bias, while twelve studies raised some concerns.

Conclusions

The rate of abutment failure was low and was associated with the ceramic abutments, especially those with internal connection. Limited correlation was noted between soft tissue thickness and color difference. Titanium abutments caused significantly more discoloration to the soft tissues than ceramic abutments, while hueing (gold or pink) slightly improved their color performance. Zirconia allowed a better color match than titanium or gold abutments, still discolored slightly the soft tissues. The submucosally modified zirconia abutments exhibited encouraging results. No significant difference was reported between materials or different types of retention on recession, papillary fill, and biological outcomes.
Feasibility and acceptability of monitoring personal air pollution exposure with sensors for asthma self-management
Authors: Xie Sherrie , Meeker Jessica R. , Perez Luzmercy , Eriksen Whitney , Localio Anna , Park Hami , Jen Alicia , Goldstein Madison , Temeng Akua F. , Morales Sarai M. , Christie Colin , Greenblatt Rebecca E. , Barg Frances K. , Apter Andrea J. , Himes Blanca E.
Published: September 2021

Background

Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) increases the risk of asthma exacerbations, and thus, monitoring personal exposure to PM2.5 may aid in disease self-management. Low-cost, portable air pollution sensors offer a convenient way to measure personal pollution exposure directly and may improve personalized monitoring compared with traditional methods that rely on stationary monitoring stations. We aimed to understand whether adults with asthma would be willing to use personal sensors to monitor their exposure to air pollution and to assess the feasibility of using sensors to measure real-time PM2.5 exposure.

Methods

We conducted semi-structured interviews with 15 adults with asthma to understand their willingness to use a personal pollution sensor and their privacy preferences with regard to sensor data. Student research assistants used HabitatMap AirBeam devices to take PM2.5 measurements at 1-s intervals while walking in Philadelphia neighborhoods in May–August 2018. AirBeam PM2.5 measurements were compared to concurrent measurements taken by three nearby regulatory monitors.

Results

All interview participants stated that they would use a personal air pollution sensor, though the consensus was that devices should be small (watch- or palm-sized) and light. Patients were generally unconcerned about privacy or sharing their GPS location, with only two stating they would not share their GPS location under any circumstances. PM2.5 measurements were taken using AirBeam sensors on 34 walks that extended through five Philadelphia neighborhoods. The range of sensor PM2.5 measurements was 0.6–97.6 μg/mL (mean 6.8 μg/mL), compared to 0–22.6 μg/mL (mean 9.0 μg/mL) measured by nearby regulatory monitors. Compared to stationary measurements, which were only available as 1-h integrated averages at discrete monitoring sites, sensor measurements permitted characterization of fine-scale fluctuations in PM2.5 levels over time and space.

Conclusions

Patients were generally interested in using sensors to monitor their personal exposure to PM2.5 and willing to share personal sensor data with health care providers and researchers. Compared to traditional methods of personal exposure assessment, sensors captured personalized air quality information at higher spatiotemporal resolution. Improvements to currently available sensors, including more reliable Bluetooth connectivity, increased portability, and longer battery life would facilitate their use in a general patient population.
Protocol for a pilot trial to assess the feasibility of the Move More @ Work intervention to encourage employees to take the opportunity to move (be physically active) after every 30 min of sitting
Authors: Hargreaves Elaine A. , Haszard Jillian J. , Shaw Sally , Peddie Meredith C.
Published: September 2021

Background

Prolonged sitting increases the risk of cardio-metabolic disease. Office-based employees are particularly susceptible to high rates of this sedentary behaviour during work hours. Laboratory studies indicate that regularly interrupting periods of prolonged sitting with short bouts (2 min) of physical activity can improve markers of cardio-metabolic health. This method of interrupting sitting time is yet to be tested in an occupational setting and may provide an alternative to providing sit-to-stand desks. Drawing on the Behaviour Change Wheel and evidence on the barriers and motivators to performing regular activity breaks, the Move More @ Work intervention was developed. The objectives of this pilot study are to examine the feasibility, and preliminary outcomes, of this intervention designed to encourage participants to perform 1–2 min of activity after every 30 min of continuous sitting throughout the work day. The study will inform if progress to a full effectiveness trial is warranted.

Methods

An interrupted time series design consisting of a 4-week baseline (control period), a 12-week intervention, and a 12-week follow-up will be utilised. At least 57 university employees who self-report spending > 5 h per day sitting at work on at least 3 days per week will be recruited to participate. The intervention consists of (1) a structured consultation with a Move More @ Work coach, containing a number of behaviour change techniques to create an individualised plan of how to incorporate the activity breaks into the working day, and (2) strategies to create a supportive workplace culture for performing the activity breaks. Feasibility will be assessed by recruitment and retention rates, and acceptability of the intervention. Pilot outcomes are the number of regular activity breaks taken during the workday, cardio-metabolic risk score and self-reported health, and work-related productivity outcomes.

Discussion

If the Move More @ Work intervention is shown to be feasible, acceptable, and shows evidence of effectiveness, this will provide justification for the progression to a full scale evaluation of the intervention. In the longer-term, this intervention may provide an alternative means of improving health outcomes through interrupting sedentary time than that offered by current sedentary behaviour interventions.

Trial registration

Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12620000354987. Registered on 12 March 2020
Equivalent model of multi-type distributed generators under faults with fast-iterative calculation method based on improved PSO algorithm
Authors: Wang Puyu , Song Jinyuan , Liang Fangyu , Shi Fang , Kong Xiangping , Xie Guangen , Zhang Xiao-Ping , Gu Xinxin
Published: September 2021

There are various types of distributed generators (DGs) with different grid integration strategies. The transient characteristics of the fault currents provided by the DGs are different to those of conventional synchronous generators. In this paper, a distribution network with multi-type DGs is investigated, including consideration of DG low-voltage ride through (LVRT). The fault current characteristics of two typical DGs, i.e. an inverter-interfaced distributed generator (IIDG) and a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG), are analyzed, considering the specific operation modes. Based on analysis of the fault characteristics, an equivalent model of the multi-type DGs under symmetrical/asymmetrical fault conditions is established. A fast-iterative fault calculation method for enhancing the calculation efficiency while avoiding local convergence is then proposed using an improved particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. A simulation system of the distribution network with multi-type DGs is established in PSCAD/EMTDC. The simulation results validate the high accuracy and calculation efficiency of the proposed calculation method of the fault components. This can assist in the settings of the protection threshold.
A revision of malbranchea-like fungi from clinical specimens in the United States of America reveals unexpected novelty
Authors: Rodríguez-Andrade Ernesto , Cano-Lira José F. , Wiederhold Nathan , Pérez-Cantero Alba , Guarro Josep , Stchigel Alberto M.
Published: September 2021

The fungi of the order Onygenales can cause important human infections; however, their taxonomy and worldwide occurrence is still little known. We have studied and identified a representative number of clinical fungi belonging to that order from a reference laboratory in the USA. A total of 22 strains isolated from respiratory tract (40%) and human skin and nails (27.2%) showed a malbranchea-like morphology. Six genera were phenotypically and molecularly identified, i.e. Auxarthron/Malbranchea (68.2%), Arachnomyces (9.1%), Spiromastigoides (9.1%), and Currahmyces (4.5%), and two newly proposed genera (4.5% each). Based on the results of the phylogenetic study, we synonymized Auxarthron with Malbranchea, and erected two new genera: Pseudoarthropsis and Pseudomalbranchea. New species proposed are: Arachnomyces bostrychodes, A. graciliformis, Currahmyces sparsispora, Malbranchea gymnoascoides, M. multiseptata, M. stricta, Pseudoarthropsis crassispora, Pseudomalbranchea gemmata, and Spiromastigoides geomycoides, along with a new combination for Malbranchea gypsea. The echinocandins showed the highest in vitro antifungal activity against the studied isolates, followed by terbinafine and posaconazole; in contrast, amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole and 5-fluorocytosine were less active or lacked in vitro activity against these fungi.
Risk factors for deep vein thrombosis even using low-molecular-weight heparin after total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Lee Joon Kyu , Lee Kee Byoung , Kim Joong Il , Park Gun Tae , Cho Young Chang
Published: September 2021

Background

With an increase in deep vein thrombosis (DVT) following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in the Asian population, most surgeons today use a form of prophylactic anticoagulant agents in patients after TKA. Nevertheless, DVT occasionally develops even in these patients with prophylaxis. The purpose of this study was to identify the risk factors for DVT after TKA in cases of postoperative low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) use.

Methods

We designed a retrospective study with 103 patients who underwent primary TKA. From the second postoperative day, 60 mg of LMWH was subcutaneously injected into the patients daily. On the seventh postoperative day, patients had computed tomography angiography to check whether they had DVT. Regarding risk factors, we investigated patients’ gender, age, surgical site (unilateral/bilateral), body mass index, method of anesthesia, preoperative hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia status, and prothrombin time/international normalized ratio from electronic medical records. We analyzed the statistical significance of these risk factors.

Results

Statistically significant factors in the single-variable analysis were surgical site (unilateral/bilateral), body mass index, preoperative hypertension status, and anesthesia method. Multiple logistic regression analysis with these factors revealed that the surgical site (unilateral/bilateral,p = 0.024) and anesthesia method (p = 0.039) were significant factors for the occurrence of postoperative DVT after TKA.

Conclusions

Patients undergoing simultaneous bilateral TKAs and patients undergoing TKA with general anesthesia need more attention regarding DVT even with chemoprophylaxis using LMWH after TKA.
Seismic estimation of fluid saturation based on rock physics: A case study of the tight-gas sandstone reservoirs in the Ordos Basin
Authors: Li Chao , Hu Peng , Ba Jing , Carcione José M. , Hu Tianwen , Pang Mengqiang
Published: September 2021

Tight-gas sandstone reservoirs of the Ordos Basin in China are characterized by high rock-fragment content, dissimilar pore types, and a random distribution of fluids, leading to strong local heterogeneity. We model the seismic properties of these sandstones with the double-double porosity theory, which considers water saturation, porosity, and the frame characteristics. A generalized seismic wavelet is used to fit the real wavelet, and the peak frequency-shift method is combined with the generalized S-transform to estimate attenuation. Then, we establish rock-physics templates (RPTs) based on P-wave attenuation and impedance. We use the log data and related seismic traces to calibrate the RPTs and generate a 3D volume of rock-physics attributes for the quantitative prediction of saturation and porosity. The predicted values are in good agreement with the actual gas production reports, indicating that the method can be effectively applied to heterogeneous tight-gas sandstone reservoirs.
Characterizing Out-of-Pocket Payments and Financial Assistance for Patients Prescribed Abiraterone and Enzalutamide at an Academic Cancer Center Specialty Pharmacy
Authors: Jeong Angelina Y. , Schwartz Eric B. , Roman Andrea R. , McDevitt Rachel L. , Oerline Mary K. , Henry Elyssa , Veenstra Christine M. , Caram Megan E.V.
Published: September 2021

PURPOSE:

Abiraterone and enzalutamide are commonly used oral cancer therapies for patients with prostate cancer, both with potentially high out-of-pocket costs for patients. We investigated the prevalence of financial assistance mechanisms used to alleviate out-of-pocket costs and the association of these mechanisms with timing of treatment initiation of abiraterone or enzalutamide.

METHODS:

Using data from the medical center's specialty pharmacy, we identified first prescriptions for abiraterone or enzalutamide between January 1, 2017, and March 31, 2019. Prescriptions dispensed at an external pharmacy or that were discontinued for reasons unrelated to cost were excluded. Patient demographics, insurance coverage, out-of-pocket cost, and number of days between prescribed date and pill-to-mouth date were collected.

RESULTS:

Among 220 prescriptions in our final cohort, 185 were filled through our internal specialty pharmacy, 23 through a manufacturer-sponsored patient assistance program (PAP), and 12 were never filled because of cost. One third of the prescriptions in our final cohort (n = 66) were filled with financial assistance: PAP (10%), copay cards (9%), and grants (11%). The median amount of assistance received for the first fill was $2,860 US dollars (USD) (interquartile range $1,856-$10,717 USD). Prescriptions with an out-of-pocket cost < $100 USD were filled in the shortest time (median 5 days), whereas those filled through a PAP had the longest time to initiation (median 30.5 days).

CONCLUSION:

Among patients prescribed oral therapies for prostate cancer at a single institution, one third of patients received financial assistance. Although receiving assistance is likely to improve financial toxicity, waiting for assistance may lead to longer time to initiation of medication.
Management of Advanced Pleural Mesothelioma—At the Crossroads
Authors: Nowak Anna K. , Jackson Alannah , Sidhu Calvin
Published: September 2021

The management of pleural mesothelioma has changed with the demonstration that first-line checkpoint blockade therapy improves survival. This review covers issues of relevance to the practicing medical oncologist, with an emphasis on the palliative setting and on new information. Until recently, standard systemic therapy for mesothelioma was combination chemotherapy with platinum and pemetrexed. In 2020, combination immunotherapy with ipilimumab and nivolumab was approved as first-line systemic therapy for mesothelioma following release of the results from the CheckMate 743 trial. This trial showed improved overall survival for patients receiving ipilimumab and nivolumab over those treated with platinum and pemetrexed chemotherapy. When the survival results were examined by histologic subtype, the survival benefit was most significant in those with nonepithelioid mesothelioma, a group for which combination immunotherapy is now standard of care. The most important outstanding issue from CheckMate-743 is a better understanding, through translational studies, of which patients with epithelioid mesothelioma may benefit from combination immunotherapy. The next generation of first-line clinical trials in mesothelioma will report the results of first-line combination chemoimmunotherapy. For those patients who receive first-line dual checkpoint blockade, there is no evidence as to the efficacy of subsequent chemotherapy. However, given the known first-line efficacy of cisplatin or carboplatin and pemetrexed, combination chemotherapy is an appropriate subsequent choice for those who progress on or after dual immunotherapy. For those who previously received chemotherapy without immunotherapy, single-agent nivolumab provides benefit over best supportive care. In summary, both chemotherapy and immunotherapy should be considered for all patients during their disease course. Another topical issue is the growing appreciation that some individuals have an inherited predisposition to mesothelioma; referral to a clinical geneticist should be considered under some circumstances. The role of surgery and multimodality therapy is controversial, with results awaited from the fully recruited MARS-2 clinical trial. Patient selection, staging, and multidisciplinary review are critical to identify those who might benefit from a multimodality approach. Finally, a proactive, multidisciplinary approach to symptom management and the principles of management of pleural effusions are critical to manage the symptom burden of mesothelioma and optimize patient well-being.
Γλωσσική έκφραση της επιθετικότητας και διερεύνηση της απόδοσής της κατά τη μεταφραστική διαδικασία
Authors: Μανούκης Αλέξανδρος
Published: September 2021

Η παρούσα διατριβή πραγματεύεται, τόσο σε θεωρητικό όσο και σε εμπειρικό επίπεδο, το φαινόμενο της λεκτικής επιθετικότητας και εξετάζει το πώς «επιθετικά φορτία» λόγου μεταφέρονται από μία γλώσσα σε μία άλλη, μέσω της μεταφραστικής διαδικασίας. Δεδομένου ότι η επιθετικότητα συμβαδίζει με την ιστορική εξέλιξη του ανθρώπινου είδους, ειδικά όσον αφορά στις σχέσεις μεταξύ λαών, πρωταρχική μέριμνα της μελέτης είναι να καταδείξει τη σημασία και τις διαστάσεις, που μπορεί να λάβει η λεκτική επιθετικότητα στην αρμονική συμβίωση κοινωνικών ομάδων και κρατών στο σύγχρονο πολυπολιτισμικό περιβάλλον. Εν συνεχεία, απώτερος στόχος και δικαιολογητική βάση της διατριβής είναι να γίνει αντιληπτός ο βαρύνων ρόλος που μπορεί να διαδραματίσει η μετάφραση στις εύθραυστες διακρατικές ισορροπίες, κυρίως όταν καλείται να αναγνωρίσει και να μεταφέρει επιθετικά φορτία λόγου σε ειδικά κείμενα, που έχουν άμεση συνάφεια με την εύρυθμη λειτουργία του κράτους. Για τους εν λόγω σκοπούς, η μεθοδολογία ανάλυσης που υιοθετείται ακολουθεί τους βασικούς κανόνες προσέγγισης ενός θεωρητικού ζητήματος. Αρχικά αναλύονται διεξοδικά οι βασικές έννοιες-κλειδιά που απαρτίζουν το θέμα της διατριβής, καθώς και οι μεταξύ τους σχέσεις και συσχετίσεις. Βάσει της ανάλυσης αυτής οδηγούμαστε στην διατύπωση συμπερασμάτων και διαπιστώσεων, τα οποία εν συνεχεία μελετώνται και εμπειρικά. Το κυρίως σώμα της διατριβής διαρθρώνεται σε έξι κεφάλαια-ενότητες. Στο κεφάλαιο που έπεται της εισαγωγής, εξετάζεται η έννοια της επιθετικότητας, από ιστορική, ψυχολογική και κοινωνική άποψη, καθώς και βάσει φυσιολογίας. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο, η θεωρητική μελέτη εστιάζει στην γλωσσική επιθετικότητα και στις εκφάνσεις της. Μέσα από συγκεκριμένα παραδείγματα και θεωρητικούς προβληματισμούς καταβάλλεται προσπάθεια, ώστε να γίνει αντιληπτή η σημασία της στις σχέσεις ατόμων, κοινωνικών ομάδων και λαών. Το τέταρτο κεφάλαιο πραγματεύεται θέματα που αφορούν την μετάφραση και τη μεταφρασιμότητα. Προσεγγίζοντας τη μεταφραστική διαδικασία από υφολογική και πραγματολογική σκοπιά, καθώς και μέσω της έννοιας της «μετατόπισης», διερευνώνται οι σκοποί της μετάφρασης, οι «μέθοδοι» με τους οποίους επιτυγχάνεται ένα άρτιο μεταφραστικό αποτέλεσμα, καθώς και το ερώτημα του πότε θεωρούμε ότι η μετάφραση έχει εκπληρώσει τους σκοπούς αυτούς. Τέλος, στο έκτο κεφάλαιο, πραγματοποιείται μία ανάλυση μετάφρασης νομικού κειμένου, από τη Γερμανική προς την Ελληνική, μετάφραση, η οποία εκπονήθηκε ειδικά για τους σκοπούς αυτής της διατριβής από τον γράφοντα, όπου εξετάζονται και εμπειρικά οι προβληματισμοί και διαπιστώσεις που ανέκυψαν από τη θεωρητική μας μελέτη. Η διατριβή ολοκληρώνεται με τη διατύπωση συμπερασμάτων και προτάσεων για περαιτέρω στοχασμό, κατόπιν συγκερασμού θεωρίας και πράξης.
Επίδραση ορυκτών πρόσθετων παραπροϊόντων βιομηχανίας στη διάβρωση του οπλισμού σκυροδέματος
Authors: Χουσίδης Νικόλαος
Published: September 2021

Το αντικείμενο της παρούσας διατριβής είναι η πειραματική μελέτη και διερεύνηση της χρήσης παραπροϊόντων βιομηχανίας, σκοπό την προστασία του χάλυβα οπλισμού σκυροδέματος (ΧΟΣ) και βελτίωση των μηχανικών ιδιοτήτων του σκυροδέματος.Η εκτίμηση της προστατευτικής ικανότητας που προσφέρουν τα πρόσθετα στο οπλισμένο σκυρόδεμα, εκτιμήθηκε με τις ακόλουθες μεθόδους: Μέτρηση ηλεκτροχημικών παραμέτρων διάβρωσης (icorr, Rp) και δυναμικού Διάβρωσης (Ecorr) των οπλισμών,Υπολογισμός ολικών χλωριόντων (στο σκυρόδεμα),Μέτρηση μηχανικών αντοχών του σκυροδέματος (μονοαξονική θλιπτική αντοχή, εφελκυστική αντοχή με διάρρηξη, καμπτική αντοχή),Υπολογισμός κάθισης νωπού Σκυροδέματος και της πυκνότητας νωπού & σκληρυμένου σκυροδέματος,Μέτρηση βάθους ενανθράκωσης,Εκτίμηση της συνάφειας οπλισμού – σκυροδέματος με τη δοκιμή Pull-out,Υπολογισμός της ποσοστιαίας απώλειας μάζας των οπλισμών,Υπολογισμός πορώδους του σκυροδέματος με τη ποροσιμετρία Hg και ανοικτού πορώδους με τη μέθοδο της απαέρωσης,Μέτρηση της απορροφητικότητας του σκυροδέματος σε μεθανόλη,Μέτρηση απορροφητικότητας με διείσδυση νερού υπό σταθερή πίεση 5 bars,Μέτρηση του Στατικού Μέτρου Ε καθώς επίσης και έμμεσος υπολογισμός του Δυναμικού μέτρου Ελαστικότητας από την ταχύτητα των υπερήχων,Εύρεση κρυσταλλικών φάσεων με την τεχνική περίθλασης ακτίνων Χ (XRD),Οπτική παρατήρηση και φωτογράφιση δοκιμίων σκυροδέματος σε Ψηφιακό στερεοσκόπιο,Οπτική παρατήρηση σε Ηλεκτρονικό Μικροσκόπιο Σάρωσης (SEM)Μέτρηση διόγκωσης πρισματικού δοκιμίου με πρόσθετο Ι.Τ υψηλής συγκεντρώσεως αργιλικών ορυκτών για συνεχές χρονικό διάστημα 15 ημερώνΑπό την διατριβή αυτή προέκυψαν τα ακόλουθα συμπεράσματα:1.Η χρήση του παραπροϊόντος από την παραγωγή EMD, μείωσε το πορώδες, την απορροφητικότητα και το βάθος ενανθράκωσης του σκυροδέματος. Ακόμα, βελτιώθηκε το μέτρο Ελαστικότητας και οι μηχανικές αντοχές ιδίως στο ποσοστό προσθήκης 5%κ.β. 2.Η Ι.Τ από την Πτολεμαΐδα βελτίωσε τις μηχανικές ιδιότητες του σκυροδέματος και το μέτρο Ελαστικότητας. Η διάβρωση του οπλισμού ελαττώθηκε καθώς επίσης και η συγκέντρωση των ολικών ιόντων χλωρίου. Το ανοικτό πορώδες μετά από 130 ημέρες μερικής εμβάπτισης μειώθηκε συγκριτικά με τα δοκίμια αναφοράς,3.Η Ι.Τ από τη Γερμανία η οποία περιέχει σημαντικές ποσότητες αργιλικών ορυκτών μείωσε σημαντικά τις μηχανικές αντοχές και το μέτρο Ε. 4.Από τη χρήση της καλαμίνας στο σκυρόδεμα προέκυψε βελτίωση όλων των φυσικοχημικών και μηχανικών ιδιοτήτων του Σκυροδέματος.
Αλκμάν
Authors: Κουσουλίνη Βασιλική
Published: September 2021

Η παρούσα διατριβή εξετάζει τις διακειμενικές σχέσεις μεταξύ των σωζόμενων αποσπασμάτων του Αλκμάνος και κειμένων που ανήκουν στην αρχαία ελληνική γραμματεία με στόχο την κατάρτιση μιας ιστορίας της πρόσληψης της προσωπικότητας του Αλκμάνος και των ποιημάτων του από τη σύνθεσή τους έως και την ελληνιστική έκδοση του συνόλου του έργου του.
Μελέτη των παραγόντων κινδύνου των καρδιαγγειακών νοσημάτων στον ελληνικό πληθυσμό
Authors: Φιλιππίδης Φίλιππος
Published: September 2021

Εισαγωγή: Οι κρίσεις στην οικονομία επηρεάζουν σημαντικά τη δημόσια υγεία. Από το 2008, η Ελλάδα αντιμετωπίζει μια σοβαρή οικονομική κρίση, η οποία έχει επηρεάσει καθοριστικά την ελληνική κοινωνία και το σύστημα υγείας. Μελετήθηκαν οι τάσεις στην επιδημιολογία παραγόντων κινδύνου των καρδιαγγειακών νοσημάτων που σχετίζονται με τον τρόπο ζωής πριν, στην αρχή και κατά τη διάρκεια της κρίσης, συγκρίνοντας δεδομένα από τρεις συγχρονικές έρευνες της σειράς “Hellas Health”. Υλικό και Μέθοδος: Αναλύθηκαν δεδομένα από τρεις πανελλαδικές έρευνες. Η Hellas Health I πραγματοποιήθηκε το 2006 (n=1.005), η Hellas Health IΙ το 2008 (n=1.490) και η Hellas Health IV το 2011 (n=1.008). Το δείγμα κάθε έρευνας ήταν αντιπροσωπευτικό του ελληνικού πληθυσμού ως προς την ηλικία και τον τόπο κατοικίας. Ο Δείκτης Μάζας Σώματος (ΔΜΣ) υπολογίστηκε με βάση αυτοαναφερόμενα ύψος και βάρος. Τα στοιχεία για το κάπνισμα, καθώς και για την κατανάλωση φρούτων και λαχανικών ήταν επίσης αυτοαναφερόμενα. Η σωματική δραστηριότητα εκτιμήθηκε με το ερωτηματολόγιο International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), ενώ ο διαχωρισμός σε κοινωνικο-οικονομικά επίπεδα έγινε με την κλίμακα της ESOMAR. Για τη σύγκριση μεταξύ κατηγορικών μεταβλητών χρησιμοποιήθηκε η δοκιμασία χ2. Οι διαχρονικές τάσεις εκτιμήθηκαν με βάση γραμμικούς συντελεστές σε μοντέλα λογιστικής παλινδρόμησης.Αποτελέσματα: Ο επιπολασμός του καπνίσματος στον ενήλικο ελληνικό πληθυσμό ελαττώθηκε από 42,6% σε 38,1% κατά την περίοδο της κρίσης 2008-2011 (p=0,026), όχι όμως μεταξύ 2006 και 2008. Από το 2008 ως το 2011, ο επιπολασμός του καπνίσματος μειώθηκε στο ανώτερο (από 48,9% σε 39,7%) και στο κατώτερο (από 35,9% σε 29,5%) κοινωνικο-οικονομικό επίπεδο, όχι όμως στο μέσο. Ο επιπολασμός της επαρκούς σωματικής δραστηριότητας αυξήθηκε στον γενικό πληθυσμό (από 21,9% το 2006 σε 31,7% το 2011) σε όλες τις κοινωνικο-οικονομικές και δημογραφικές ομάδες, με εξαίρεση την ανώτερη κοινωνική τάξη. Αντίθετα, η επαρκής πρόσληψη φρούτων και λαχανικών μειώθηκε σε στατιστικά σημαντικό βαθμό μεταξύ 2006 και 2011. Μετά το 2008 όμως, η κατανάλωση συνέχισε να μειώνεται μόνο μεταξύ των ατόμων του κατώτερου κοινωνικο-οικονομικού επιπέδου (p=0,055). Ο επιπολασμός της παχυσαρκίας παρέμεινε αμετάβλητος, αλλά σε υψηλά επίπεδα, καθώς σχεδόν ένας στους πέντε ενηλίκους ήταν παχύσαρκος.Συμπεράσματα: Κατά τη διάρκεια της οικονομικής κρίσης, η κατανάλωση φρούτων και λαχανικών μειώθηκε δραματικά, ιδιαίτερα στο κατώτερο κοινωνικο-οικονομικό επίπεδο, ενώ αντίθετα οι τάσεις στον επιπολασμό του καπνίσματος και στα επίπεδα σωματικής δραστηριότητας ήταν ενθαρρυντικές, αν και όχι σε όλο το εύρος του κοινωνικο-οικονομικού φάσματος. Τα αποτελέσματα αυτά δείχνουν ότι η οικονομική κρίση είχε σημαντικό αντίκτυπο στους παράγοντες κινδύνου των καρδιαγγειακών νοσημάτων, ιδίως μεταξύ των περισσότερο ευάλωτων κοινωνικο-οικονομικών ομάδων.