bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Computational Assessment of a Modular Composite Wind Turbine Blade Joint
Authors: Nanami Norimichi , Ochoa Ozden O.
Published: November 2016

Wind energy is one of the most promising and mature alternatives to satisfy the global demand for energy as the world population and the economic activity surge. The wind energy market has grown rapidly in the last couple of decades, boosting up the size of wind turbines to generate higher power output. Typically, the larger/longer blade designs rely on hybrid material systems such as carbon and/or glass fiber (CF/GF) reinforced polymers to improve specific stiffness/strength and damage tolerance.
Herein, we propose a computational design concept for a modular hybrid composite wind turbine blade that maintains its structural integrity and serviceability requirements. The modular configuration will simplify manufacturing-assembly processes and reduce expenses both in transportation and facilities requirements. The 80 m blade in this study is composed of two sections that are joined together with an innovative compression joint. Our results when compared to a single continuous blade, showed no significant alterations to its structural response. It is concluded that the proposed computational design concept that allow two modular blades to create full-length blade with robust joints is achievable. This modular concept can be easily extended for further multi-section modular blade configurations.
Standardising the assessment of environmental enrichment and tail-docking legal requirements for finishing pigs in Europe
Authors: Hothersall B , Whistance L , Zedlacher H , Algers B , Andersson E , Bracke M , Courboulay V , Ferrari P , Leeb C , Mullan S , Nowicki J , Meunier-Salaün M-C , Schwarz T , Stadig L , Main D
Published: November 2016

An online training package providing a concise synthesis of the scientific data underpinning EU legislation on enrichment and tail-docking of pigs was produced in seven languages, with the aim of improving consistency of professional judgements regarding legislation compliance on farms. In total, 158 participants who were official inspectors, certification scheme assessors and advisors from 16 EU countries completed an initial test and an online training package. Control group participants completed a second identical test before, and Training group participants after, viewing the training. In Section 1 of the test participants rated the importance of modifying environmental enrichment defined in nine scenarios from 1 (not important) to 10 (very important). Training significantly increased participants’ overall perception of the need for change. Participants then rated nine risk factors for tail-biting from 1 (no risk) to 10 (high risk). After training scores were better correlated with risk rankings already described by scientists. Scenarios relating to tail-docking and management were then described. Training significantly increased the proportion of respondents correctly identifying that a farm without tail lesions should stop tail-docking. Finally, participants rated the importance of modifying enrichment in three further scenarios. Training increased ratings in all three. The pattern of results indicated that participants’ roles influenced scores but overall the training improved: i) recognition of enrichments that, by virtue of their type or use by pigs, may be insufficient to achieve legislation compliance; ii) knowledge on risk factors for tail-biting; and iii) recognition of when routine tail-docking was occurring.
Le rôle de l’expert social dans la mise en oeuvre de la politique publique de lutte contre les violences conjugales au Chili
Authors: Miranda-Pérez Fabiola
Published: November 2016

Partant des travaux existants sur les dispositifs de gouvernement (Foucault, 2001; Ihl et al., 2003) et sur la sociologie de l’expertise (Delmas, 2011), cet article cherche à analyser la mise en oeuvre des deux dispositifs gérés par le Service national de la femme (Servicio Nacional de la Mujer (SERNAM)) à partir d’une étude des pratiques menées par les professionnels du secteur social auprès des femmes vivant des situations de violences au sein de leur couple. Les dispositifs étudiés sont les « Maisons d’accueil pour les femmes victimes de violences graves » et les « Centres de la femme ». S’adressant principalement à un public marginalisé à cause de son appartenance à une classe défavorisée, il s’y met en place des pratiques visant à contribuer à la ‘normalisation’ des femmes, par le biais de processus à but émancipateur. Ainsi, dans cet article nous nous demanderons si les professionnels du social intégrés à ces dispositifs participent à la construction de nouvelles altérités ou bien si leurs interventions continuent à reproduire un système d’inégalités sociales présent au sein de cette société.
Réinsérer les personnes ex-détenues ou maintenir l’apparence du système judiciaire
Authors: Tougas Kim
Published: November 2016

Parce qu’elles enjoignent l’individu à agir « comme s’il » était autonome, et ce, souvent en dépit de ses ancrages statutaires inégaux, l’effet des normes contemporaines peut s’avérer, aujourd’hui, beaucoup plus grand, même nuisible pour les individus qui tentent de « s’en sortir », voire de « sortir » d’une trajectoire dite de déviance et de marginalité. Dans cet ordre d’idées, nous allons proposer, dans cet article, une analyse de la prégnance de la nouvelle grammaire normative sur l’élaboration et le discours des politiques de réinsertion sociale des personnes incarcérées au Canada. L’analyse des plans et programmes d’action gouvernementale en matière de réinsertion sociale des ex-détenus montre en quoi le processus de retour dans la communauté, suite à une période d’incarcération, est représenté comme un moment idéal pour assujettir les individus à la nouvelle discipline « post-carcérale » visant, avant tout, l’autoredressement et l’adaptation aux règles contemporaines de conduites promues par la société, notamment l’autonomie, la prise d’initiatives et la responsabilisation de soi. À cet égard, nous avancerons l’idée que les priorités d’intervention telles qu’élaborées par les politiques sociales sont davantage la gestion du risque de récidive et la protection de la sécurité de la collectivité, que le bien-être et l’émancipation de la personne elle-même. Ainsi, il semble qu’on assiste davantage à une volonté de maintenir une apparence plus démocratique du système judiciaire que son application réelle.
Prendre place
Authors: Maurin Marine
Published: November 2016

Pour assurer leur survie : se nourrir, se soigner, se laver, se vêtir et trouver un toit, les femmes sans abri font appel aux différents dispositifs d’aide présents dans la ville. Elles circulent parfois depuis des années entre les différents centres d’accueil (de jour), d’hébergement, faisant de leur parcours quotidien un territoire principalement ancré dans le monde de l’assistance. Basé sur une ethnographie multisituée, menée en France et au Québec, cet article propose d’analyser les formes que prend ce phénomène d’institutionnalisation des femmes sans abri et les enjeux qui en émanent.
Actions associatives auprès des travailleuses du sexe (Portugal)
Authors: Maia Marta , Rodrigues Camila
Published: November 2016

L'article se concentre sur l'activité des organisations de la société civile oeuvrant dans le domaine de la prévention des IST au Portugal afin d'analyser la façon dont elles perçoivent les travailleuses du sexe et conçoivent les programmes d'aide sociale et de prévention des IST qui leur sont adressés. L'étude est basée sur une analyse qualitative de la production discursive de personnes qui travaillent dans ce domaine d'intervention. Les données recueillies ont permis d'identifier certains obstacles s'opposant à l'accès au système de soins de santé et à la prévention du VIH/sida et autres IST, ainsi que des discours et pratiques discriminatoires à l'égard de ces travailleuses du sexe. La dichotomie vulnérabilité / risque marque la figure de la travailleuse du sexe et le débat public autour du travail du sexe.
Mechanism of light emission and manufacturing process of vertical-type light-emitting diode grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy
Authors: Lee Gang Seok , Jeon Hunsoo , Ahn Hyung Soo , Yang Min , Yi Sam Nyung , Yu Young Moon , Lee Sang Chil , Honda Yoshio , Sawaki Nobuhiko , Kim Suck-Whan
Published: November 2016

We developed a vertical-type light-emitting diode (LED) in which the substrate is removed using a hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) apparatus consisting of a multi-graphite boat filled with a mixed source and a high-temperature (T ≈ 900 °C) RF heating coil outside the source zone. The new chip-growth process with a significant reduction in the number of production steps is completed in only four steps, namely, photolithography, epitaxial layer growth, sorting, and metallization. We analyze the emission mechanism of these lights from measurement results to validate the characteristics of the light emitted from these vertical-type blue LEDs and white LEDs (WLEDs) without substrates, and propose that this mixed-source HVPE method may be a promising production technique for LEDs.
The Confluence Mediational Model of Sexual Aggression
Authors: Malamuth Neil M. , Hald Gert Martin
Published: November 2016

The Confluence Model was the first empirical multifactorial integration of the risk factors that contribute to sexual aggression, particularly among non‐criminal males, with a corresponding attempt at theoretical understanding of these factors. This chapter elaborates on the latest version of this model, which incorporates both factors contributing to antisocial behaviour generally (i.e., home background of abuse, antisocial tendencies in adolescence, impersonal sexuality, narcissistic personality, and low empathy) and those specific to sexual aggression (i.e., hostility towards women, attitudes supporting violence against women, and sexual arousal to rape). The various risk factors function as in a ‘cocktail mixture’ in a synergistic manner. High levels of the general antisocial component seem more relevant to criminal populations whereas non‐criminal samples have lower scores on this component. A large amount of cross‐sectional and some longitudinal data support this model in various ethnic groups from the general population and some criminal samples. Additional data demonstrate how the characterological risk factors interact with situational variables, such as pornography and alcohol use, to increase the risk for sexual aggression.
A Theoretical Integration of Aetiological and Typological Models of Rape
Authors: Knight Raymond A. , Sims‐Knight Judith E.
Published: November 2016

The Massachusetts Treatment Center typology research programme combined rational and empirical research strategies in an iterative process to generate, test, and revise typological models of rape. The most recent rapist typology generated by this programme is the Massachusetts Treatment Center Rapist Typology, Version 4 (MTC:R4). In parallel with this programme, we have also generated and validated an aetiological model of rape. Although these research programmes focused on different populations (specific to sex offenders versus applicable to normal and criminal populations as well as to sex offenders), used different data sources (archival criminal records versus self‐report measures), and applied different analytic methods (cluster analyses and rational typology testing versus structural equation modelling), they nonetheless converged on the same three core traits (sexualization, callousness–unemotionality, and antisocial–impulsive). This chapter summarizes the development of each model and discusses the theoretical integration of the two models.
Multimodal Self‐Regulation Theory of Sexual Offending
Authors: Stinson Jill D. , Becker Judith V. , McVay Lee Ann
Published: November 2016

The Multimodal Self‐Regulation Theory of sexual offending posits that persons engage in sexual offending and other patterns of problematic behaviour in response to critical deficits in their ability to regulate emotions, thoughts, and relationships with other people. Such behaviours develop in the form of maladaptive regulatory skills that become reinforced over time. This chapter discusses the applicability of this model to diverse groups of offenders, emerging empirical evidence, strengths and limitations of the model, and future directions for research and treatment.
Incentive Theory of Sexual Motivation
Authors: Smid Wineke J. , Wever Edwin C.
Published: November 2016

Previous research regarding sexual offending has been focused on the empirical identification of reliable predictors of sexual recidivism. Currently, the field is in need of theoretical frameworks that describe the aetiology of sexual offending behaviour and clarify the nature of sexual deviance and its role in the mechanisms of sexual offending. Contrary to popular belief, sexual offending behaviour does not automatically imply sexual deviance, nor does sexual deviance imply the inevitability of sexual offending behaviour. This chapter applies an Incentive Theory of Sexual Motivation, which describes sexual desire as an emotional response to a competent stimulus, to sexual offending behaviour. The theory was originally developed to describe normal sexual behaviour; however, it also provides a promising starting point for uncovering the mechanisms of sexual offending behaviour and the role of sexual deviance therein.
Theories of Deviant Sexual Fantasy
Authors: Bartels Ross M. , Beech Anthony R.
Published: November 2016

First, three of the main theoretical accounts addressing the conceptualization and development of deviant sexual fantasies are evaluated in terms of their strengths and weaknesses. We then outline relevant research and theory from other areas of cognitive psychology that are deemed useful in understanding the cognitive aspects associated with deviant sexual fantasizing (e.g., mental imagery, working memory). Finally, we integrate the existing research and theory with these relevant cognitive concepts and findings to construct a new theoretical model. According to this model, associative processes are involved in the generation of intrusive sexual thoughts, whereas controlled processes are responsible for the deliberate act of sexual fantasizing. This model has the potential to account for aspects of deviant sexual thoughts and fantasies that have until now been unaddressed. It also has the ability to inspire novel research hypotheses and treatment strategies.
The Cognitive Distortions of Child Sexual Abusers
Authors: Ciardha Caoilte Ó , Gannon Theresa A. , Ward Tony
Published: November 2016

The concept of cognitive distortions in relation to sexual offending has been extremely influential in shaping sexual offender theory, research, and treatment. However, evidence for coherently distorted cognitive structures is scant when researchers delve beyond offender responses on questionnaires or post‐offence statements. This chapter critically examines the current state of the art in theory and research on cognitive distortions, and also examines criticisms levelled at the cognitive distortion literature. In doing so, we attempt to synthesize and reconcile these strands of enquiry. We comment on the treatment implications that have arisen out of this discourse and suggest a research agenda to strengthen the discipline's grasp on the slippery construct of distorted cognition in sexual offending.
The Sociology of Sex Offending
Authors: Cossins Annie
Published: November 2016

Evidence for the characteristics and experiences said to explain sex offending behaviour is considered to be weak while all such characteristics are as true for women as they are for men – girls are just as likely as boys to grow up in abusive family environments and experience lack of nurturance, social rejection, loneliness, and negative peer relationships. This information together with fact that most sex offenders are male invites an interrogation of the ‘man question’. This question ought to be central to theories of sex offending since explanations of sex offending are likely to be found in an analysis of men's relationship to crime rather than being attributed to concepts of ‘deviant’ sexuality which are loaded cultural terms.
Therapeutic Processes in Sex Offender Treatment
Authors: Craissati Jackie
Published: November 2016

This chapter considers the role that therapeutic processes may play in the delivery of sex offender treatment. Therapeutic processes matter because of the role they play in increasing engagement, in maximizing the likelihood of treatment completion, and in improving the treatment effect of programmes. The impact of motivational interviewing and therapist features in the psychological therapies generally, and in sex offender treatment specifically, is examined and the impact of group cohesion on outcomes is explored. Drawing on the personality disorder literature, treatment models that focus on the therapist–client–group relationship are described. The importance of supervision to help therapists deal with both therapy‐interfering and therapy‐mediating behaviours is emphasized.
Theories of Desistance from Sexual Offending
Authors: Harris Danielle Arlanda
Published: November 2016

The dynamic nature of a sexual offender's criminal career over the life span is not understood fully and we know comparatively little about how sexual offending careers end or de‐escalate. This neglect is due to an enduring but largely inaccurate assumption of recidivism that has permeated many current crime control policies that exclusively target known sex offenders. In reality, most sex offenders (like most general criminals) eventually stop engaging in criminal behaviour. This chapter examines the extant criminological theories that explain desistance from general, non‐sexual offending and discusses the extent to which these theories can explain desistance from sexual offending. The three main theoretical models that are examined include natural desistance (or ‘ageing out’), the attainment of informal social controls (such as marriage and a job), and cognitive transformation.
Exploring the Theories Explaining Male Adolescent Perpetration of Sexual Crimes
Authors: Burton David , Miner Michael
Published: November 2016

Interest in understanding juvenile sexual offending has been guided by a perceived need to develop interventions. As such, there has been little conceptual or theoretical consideration of the causes and aetiology of sexual offending behaviour in adolescent males. The research aimed at explaining this behaviour has drawn either from the literature on adult sexual offending or, more recently, from literature explaining the causes of general juvenile delinquency. This chapter explores the available literature, including its shortcomings, and a transtheoretical perspective is proposed that acknowledges the heterogeneity in the population of adolescent males who commit sexual crimes, considers multiple developmental pathways, draws on the research and theories of juvenile delinquency, and provides an interpersonal context for understanding the perpetration of sexual abuse and sexual aggression in adolescent males.
Overview and Structure of the Book
Authors: Craig Leam A. , Rettenberger Martin
Published: November 2016

The contents of each of the 29 chapters in this volume, divided into seven sections, are summarized. The accurate assessment of treatment need and recidivism risk is the cornerstone of effective practice in treating and managing sexual offenders. Over the last 30 years, sexual offender assessment and treatment protocols have developed beyond recognition. Thanks to advanced meta‐analytical research techniques and theories of offending behaviour, more is known of offender characteristics, criminogenic factors, assessment and understanding of the aetiology of sexual deviance, treatment needs, and the assessment of risk of future sexual offence recidivism.
Case Formulation
Authors: Thakker Jo
Published: November 2016

The chapter begins with a general discussion about case formulation that includes sections on the meaning of the term and the methods that may be used in developing a formulation. There is then a brief section on case formulation in the field of forensic psychology, which examines the idea that a formulation is essentially a theory. The remainder of the chapter looks at case formulation in the sexual offending field, including theories of sexual offending, the formulation of risk, the formulation of protective factors, and the issue of formulation‐based versus manual‐based treatment. The approach taken is inclusive; each topic is discussed briefly, usually with a concise overview and one or two examples. The chapter concludes with a brief summary and suggestions for further research.
Neurobiological Implications in Assessing Treatment Need in Sexual Offenders
Authors: Mokros Andreas , Habermeyer Benedikt , Habermeyer Elmar
Published: November 2016

Several alterations of brain functioning may increase the risk for committing sexual offences. Similarly, physiological abnormality may limit the amenability of sexual offenders to treatment interventions aimed at reducing the risk of reoffending. Based on an overview of research on cerebral responses associated with sexual interest and arousal, this chapter pulls together findings from case studies, electrophysiology, and brain imaging. Both structural and functional brain‐imaging studies are reviewed, with a focus on paedophilia and sexual offences against children, as most studies available to date concerned this area. In a more applied sense, findings on general cognitive ability and neuropsychological functioning are highlighted that may prove helpful to structure the psychological assessment of sexual offenders. Finally, genetic, connatal, and hormonal peculiarities are described that can be associated with a greater risk of sexual offending. In conclusion, a thorough examination of possible somatic risk factors is recommended. This assessment should comprise both neurological/psychiatric and psychological assessment. Such an assessment should be dependent on the indication in a given case, however, and not be applied indiscriminately.
Assessing Treatment Change in Sexual Offenders
Authors: Olver Mark E. , Wong Stephen C. P.
Published: November 2016

This chapter provides a discussion and review of the assessment of change in sexual offenders, in research and practice. We begin by situating the assessment of change within the context of the risk–need–responsivity framework. We then provide an overview of some important conceptual, methodological, and statistical considerations in the evaluation of treatment change, including assessing psychologically meaningful risk factors, utilizing credible change agents, applying sensitive statistical procedures, and employing clinically coherent operationalizations of change. We proceed to review international sex offender treatment change research employing (i) psychometric batteries and (ii) structured clinical evaluations of change, with a commentary provided on each approach. We conclude with a discussion regarding the applications of sex offender treatment change information and, more specifically, how this may be incorporated into risk appraisals.
The Use of Phallometric Testing in the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Risk Management of Male Adults Who Have Sexually Offended
Authors: Wilson Robin J.
Published: November 2016

Phallometric evaluation of persons who have sexually offended has a complicated history. Also known as the penile plethysmograph (or PPG), the technology was refined and adapted to forensic use by Kurt Freund in the 1950s and has been employed in sexual psychodiagnostics and forensic sexological research for more than 50 years. At present, it is perhaps the only objective measure of differential sexual arousal available to researchers and practitioners concerned with paraphilic interests and preferences. However, although the method has been the subject of many peer‐reviewed investigations, questions remain regarding its reliability and validity as a component of comprehensive risk appraisal and risk management with this client population. Some practitioners regard the PPG as a crucial part of the evaluative process with sexual offenders, whereas others have expressed concerns in a variety of domains, including psychometric defensibility, relative utility in different contexts (assessment versus treatment outcome), and, interestingly, morality.
The Assessment of Paraphilic and Non‐Paraphilic Rapists
Authors: Kingston Drew A.
Published: November 2016

The assessment of individuals who rape is a fundamental component of risk management and effective rehabilitation. Rapists are an extremely heterogeneous offender group and important differences between rapists and other sexual offenders have been noted. Such diversity underscores the importance of assessment but also poses a significant challenge to evaluators who work with this type of sexual offender. There are a number of different areas that are relevant when assessing rapists in addition to several different methodologies for gathering relevant information. This chapter reviews the methodological issues associated with common assessment methods used with rapists, including nosological diagnoses, risk to reoffend, and the identification of treatment need.
The Assessment of Female Sexual Offenders
Authors: Cortoni Franca , Gannon Theresa A.
Published: November 2016

As female sexual offenders increasingly come to the attention of the criminal justice system, a better understanding of the issues related to their assessment and management is required. To that aim, this chapter provides a review of the latest theoretical and empirical knowledge required to conduct the assessment of risk of recidivism and treatment needs of female sexual offenders. The recidivism rates of female sexual offenders and the associated risk factors are examined, the assessment of factors related to sexually offending behaviour among women is discussed, a contrast with those of male sexual offenders is presented, and the implications for their assessment are considered. Throughout the chapter, the importance of understanding the gender‐specific nature of female sexual offending is highlighted. Within this context, suggestions are made for gender‐informed assessment practices.
Offence‐Related Issues, Quality of Life, and Risk in Sex Offenders with Intellectual Disability
Authors: Lindsay William R.
Published: November 2016

Assessment for sex offenders with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) has progressed significantly over the last 15 years. Developments have included assessment of cognitions that support offending, assessment of victim awareness, emotion including anger, anxiety, and depression, behaviour, quality of life, and relationships. There have been major developments in risk assessment with research on both static measures of risk and structured clinical judgements. Perhaps the most important progress has been made in the understanding of dynamic or immediate risk with factors emerging that have strong relationships with offending. These factors are more amenable to treatment and management. There has also been significant progress in the understanding of pathways to offending, developmental factors in offending, and self‐regulation. Developmental factors and quality of life emerge as significant factors in the establishment of offending careers. All of these developments are reviewed and evaluated in this chapter.
Assessment of Sexual Homicide Offenders
Authors: Kerr Kevin J. , Beech Anthony R.
Published: November 2016

Relative to other areas of forensic psychological research, sexual homicide remains a poorly understood phenomenon. There is currently no universally recognized definition of the offence and formulations of motive are often very complex and require multiple sources of evidence. This chapter explores key areas relevant to the assessment of sexual homicide offenders. These include: psychosocial development, psychopathology, anger, cognition, neurology, and genetics. It also explores the literature on classification, which can be useful in terms of providing a framework to assessment. Throughout, the authors offer advice and guidance from their own clinical experience of working with such offenders in secure psychiatric services.
Rights and Risk Assessment in Sex Offenders
Authors: Ward Tony , Birgden Astrid
Published: November 2016

In this chapter we explore a number of ethical problems and dilemmas that frequently arise in the context of sex offender risk assessment and risk management. First, we discuss the concepts of moral and human rights and their relevance for sex offender risk assessment outlined. Second, we address ethical issues that
directly
arise from the concept of dynamic risk factors and risk assessment and management. Third, we examine ethical problems that are
indirectly
linked to risk assessment and management. Finally, we conclude by considering a number of research and practice implications of our examination of ethical problems posed by risk assessment of sex offenders.
The Treatment of Adult Male Sex Offenders
Authors: Marshall William L. , Marshall Liam E.
Published: November 2016

We begin by briefly describing the history of cognitive–behavioural treatment (CBT) for sex offenders up to the late 1990s. This is followed by an account of recent developments, which begins with an outline of Andrews and Bonta'sPrinciples of Effective Offender Treatment. These Risk–Needs–Responsivity principles are described in terms of their relevance to sex offender treatment. The utility of Ward's Good Lives Model (GLM) is noted for a strength‐based approach. We then consider the current status of treatment, noting that effective interventions need to address known criminogenic factors by employing soundly based procedures and by delivering treatment according to established therapeutic principles. We note that despite the widespread popularity of CBT, the evidence indicates that not all CBT programmes are effective, although clearly some are. We point to the evidence on effectiveness and the features of effective approaches. Finally we encourage treatment providers to adopt an approach that integrates the RNR, the GLM, and Motivational Interviewing. With the present state of knowledge, this appears most likely to result in reduced reoffending.
Treatment of Female Sex Offenders
Authors: Cortoni Franca
Published: November 2016

Female sexual offenders are a diverse group of individuals with differing motivational and offending patterns. As such, they require treatment services that are appropriate to their needs. While the factors related to sexually offending behaviour in women appear similar to those of male sexual offenders, research indicates that they manifest themselves in gender‐specific ways. This chapter reviews issues related to the treatment of female sexual offenders. It includes a review of the principles of effective interventions with female offenders and the treatment approaches generally recommended for them. It also reviews the specific treatment needs of female sexual offenders. Where relevant, a contrast and comparison with male‐based information are provided to help situate gender‐neutral and gender‐specific treatment issues among female sexual offenders.
The Rise and Fall of Relapse Prevention
Authors: Laws D. Richard
Published: November 2016

The original relapse prevention model was a natural outgrowth of the behaviourist movement and the introduction of the cognitive–behavioural model of treatment for sex offenders. The application to sex offenders was an extremely promising development, so well accepted that the fact that it was not suited to many offenders was ignored. It was not until the 1990s that an alternative based on varied styles of offending emerged. This alternative has since morphed into an outline for a more comprehensive rehabilitation approach. This rehabilitation model today actively competes with another approach that is focused primarily on risk reduction and community protection. In either case, we again run the risk of overacceptance and the reader is cautioned to take notice of and incorporate other models and ways of thinking in order to broaden the overall treatment approach and improve clinical service provision.
Sexual Functioning in the Treatment of Sex Offenders
Authors: Marshall William L. , Hall Kathryn S. K. , Woo Chin‐pang
Published: November 2016

This chapter addresses a range of factors that interfere with normative sexual functioning and that have been shown to characterize sex offenders. First, descriptions of features that are involved in healthy sexuality are described. These features are discussed as normative and include effective communication, mutual focus during sex, mutual self‐disclosure regarding sexual needs, mutual and solitary masturbation, and, most importantly, information about activities during sex that facilitate mutual sexual pleasure. A description is provided of the normative male and female sexual arousal patterns and desire for sex, and also behaviours that facilitate mental satisfaction. Homosexual relations are presented as normative and as involving issues similar to heterosexual activities (e.g., expressions of love and affection, mutual respect and concern, communication). Sexual preoccupation is outlined and strategies for managing these excessive desires are noted. Finally deviant sexual interests are noted and strategies for changing these interests are described.
Treating Cognitive Components of Sexual Offending
Authors: Mann Ruth E. , Barnett Georgia D.
Published: November 2016

In this chapter, we examine the evidence for the harmful cognitive components of sequences that lead to sexual offending. We assess the evidence to see which of the potential cognitive components have robust research support and which may have been falsely associated with sexual recidivism risk. The chapter sets out what we consider to be the most evidence‐based treatment targets for the cognitive component of cognitive–behavioural treatment. We then consider evidence‐based ways of changing or modifying offence‐relevant cognitions. It is our conclusion that certain cognitive phenomena, such as attitudes supportive of sexual offending and hostile world beliefs, should be addressed in sex offender treatment programmes, but that many programmes may spend too much time on unnecessary cognitive targets such as ‘taking responsibility for offending’ and developing victim empathy. Research on the effectiveness of different methodologies is limited and some approaches, such as schema therapy, can only be considered promising rather than proven. Other approaches, such as cognitive restructuring, have a stronger evidence base but there are also indications that the method may be misused in some programmes.
The Ties That Bind
Authors: Rich Phil
Published: November 2016

The role played by the formation of attachments and social relationships, and psychosocial functioning in general, has been an increasing source of interest in the general literature of mental health and psychology for the past decade, and seems to be of not only persistent, but also increasing, interest. This chapter reviews and discusses the relevance of attachment theory to our understanding of links between early developmental pathways and sexual offending behaviour among adults and juveniles, and discusses the nature, approach, and scope of an attachment‐informed model of treatment for sexually abusive behaviour. Although there is no direct link between early and persistent attachment experiences and the development of sexually abusive behaviour, the chapter highlights the value of an attachment‐informed approach to both understanding and treating the behaviour, including the nature of the treatment relationship and environment.
Ethical Sex Offender Treatment
Authors: Birgden Astrid , Ward Tony
Published: November 2016

Sexual offenders are subjected to treatment that is intrusive and coerced, delivered by a range of disciplines and agencies, within criminal justice and civil settings. Principles of sentencing in Western systems simultaneously deliver punishment, deterrence, retribution, community protection, incapacitation, and rehabilitation. As one of a number of competing sentencing principles, the role and scope of sexual offender treatment are somewhat restricted. Treatment is often delivered as treatment‐as‐management, an approach that brings with it particular ethical concerns. This chapter provides a normative framework for ethical sex offender treatment. We believe that this framework is best achieved by providing treatment‐as‐support, which simultaneously balances sexual offender and community interests.
Preparing Sex Offenders for Treatment
Authors: O'Brien Matt D.
Published: November 2016

This chapter summarizes the literature on approaches taken to enhance motivation for change at the pretreatment stage, before explaining how this information was used to develop a preparatory intervention for Canadian federally incarcerated sex offenders. The primary purpose was to increase motivation and enhance gains from subsequent full treatment programmes. This was done with reference to the need to reduce refusal and attrition, and to build an approach whose theoretical underpinnings include positive psychology and motivational interviewing. The programme is described in detail, including: a general overview, evidence base, and specific goals (and the methods used to achieve them). Lastly, outcome data, in terms of both reduction in recidivism and greater treatment readiness, are summarized.
Therapist‐Based Assessment of Need and Change
Authors: Beggs Christofferson Sarah M.
Published: November 2016

This chapter outlines the processes and measures employed in therapist‐based assessments of treatment need and change among sex offenders. Across both areas, emphasis is given to the importance of ensuring both validity and clinical utility of methods utilized, particularly given the high‐stakes nature of the decisions that such assessments typically inform. Needs assessments typically occur alongside the assessment of risk. One approach is the use of a psychometric battery; however, drawbacks are discussed, with an efficient alternative being the use of a comprehensive dynamic risk instrument. To assess changes across treatment, three approaches are identified, namely psychometric change, dynamic risk tools incorporating change assessment protocols, and post‐treatment clinical rating systems. Each of these has received empirical support in terms of validity; however, the advantages of the latter two in terms of clinical utility are discussed.
Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted Furans by Using Photoredox‐Catalyzed Coupling of 2‐Bromo‐1,3‐dicarbonyl Compounds with Silyl Enol Ethers
Authors: Han Yue‐Yue , Jiao Yan‐Yan , Ren Daan , Hu Zhentao , Shen Sheng , Yu Shouyun
Published: November 2016

A practical and efficient method has been developed for the preparation of polysubstituted furans by using a visible‐light‐promoted photoredox approach. The one‐pot synthesis involves a radical cyclization/deprotection/aromatization reaction sequence that proceeds smoothly under mild conditions, which makes this transformation a powerful tool for the synthesis of a variety of highly substituted furans.
The efficiency of CUSUM schemes for monitoring the coefficient of variation
Authors: Tran Phuong Hanh , Tran Kim Phuc
Published: November 2016

Continuous surveillance of the coefficient of variation is a quality control issue worthy of consideration in several manufacturing and service‐oriented companies. In this paper, we present a new method to monitor the squared coefficient of variation by means of two one‐sided cumulative sum‐type control charts. We study the run length properties of the proposed charts using a Markov chain approach. Several tables are given in order to show the sensitivity of the proposed charts for different deterministic shift sizes and their performance for the random shift size condition. The results show that the proposed control charts have attractive performance compared with some competing charts and are better in many cases. An illustrative example is discussed on a real dataset. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Impact of “Display‐Set” Options on Decision‐Making
Authors: Karmarkar Uma R.
Published: November 2016

The way a choice set is constructed can have a significant influence on how individuals perceive and evaluate their options, and make decisions between them. Here, I examine whether a “display set” of visible but unavailable options can exert these same types of influences on whether or not to choose a single (target) item. Across a series of experiments, purchase intent is increased when the display set and target are drawn from the same category, but decreased when the display and target items are mismatched. This effect is shown to depend on perceived similarity, such that increasing display‐target similarity increases purchase intent towards the target. Furthermore, contrary to the predictions made by previous neural and behavioral research on choice sets, the relative value and/or number of display‐only items have no significant impact on these decisions. These findings reveal a novel choice behavior in commonly encountered settings such as online marketplaces. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Random forests for functional covariates
Authors: Möller Annette , Tutz Gerhard , Gertheiss Jan
Published: November 2016

We propose a form of random forests that is especially suited for functional covariates. The method is based on partitioning the functions' domain in intervals and using the functions' mean values across those intervals as predictors in regression or classification trees. This approach appears to be more intuitive to applied researchers than usual methods for functional data, while also performing very well in terms of prediction accuracy. The intervals are obtained from randomly drawn, exponentially distributed waiting times. We apply our method to data from Raman spectra on boar meat as well as near‐infrared absorption spectra. The predictive performance of the proposed functional random forests is compared with commonly used parametric and nonparametric functional methods and with a nonfunctional random forest using the single measurements of the curve as covariates. Further, we present a functional variable importance measure, yielding information about the relevance of the different parts of the predictor curves. Our variable importance curve is much smoother and hence easier to interpret than the one obtained from nonfunctional random forests.
The structure of communities in scale‐free networks
Authors: Jiang Jiaojiao , Wen Sheng , Yu Shui , Xiang Yang , Zhou Wanlei , Hassan Houcine
Published: November 2016

Scale‐free networks are often used to model a wide range of real‐world networks, such as social, technological, and biological networks. Understanding the structure of scale‐free networks evolves into a big data problem for business, management, and protein function prediction. In the past decade, there has been a surge of interest in exploring the properties of scale‐free networks. Two interesting properties have attracted much attention: the assortative mixing and community structure. However, these two properties have been studied separately in either theoretical models or real‐world networks. In this paper, we show that the structural features of communities are highly related with the assortative mixing in scale‐free networks. According to the value of assortativity coefficient, scale‐free networks can be categorized into assortative, disassortative, and neutral networks, respectively. We systematically analyze the community structure in these three types of scale‐free networks through six metrics: node embeddedness, link density, hub dominance, community compactness, the distribution of community sizes, and the presence of hierarchical communities. We find that the three types of scale‐free networks exhibit significant differences in these six metrics of community structures. First, assortative networks present high embeddedness, meaning that many links lying within communities but few links lying between communities. This leads to the high link density of communities. Second, disassortative networks exhibit great hubs in communities, which results in the high compactness of communities that nodes can reach each other via short paths. Third, in neutral networks, a big portion of links act as community bridges, so they display sparse and less compact communities. In addition, we find that (dis)assortative networks show hierarchical community structure with power‐law‐distributed community sizes, while neutral networks present no hierarchy. Understanding the structure of communities from the angle of assortative mixing patterns of nodes can provide insights into the network structure and guide us in modeling information propagation in different categories of scale‐free networks. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrogen Peroxide: A Key Chemical for Today's Sustainable Development
Authors: Ciriminna Rosaria , Albanese Lorenzo , Meneguzzo Francesco , Pagliaro Mario
Published: November 2016

The global utilization of hydrogen peroxide, a green oxidant that decomposes in water and oxygen, has gone from 0.5 million tonnes per year three decades ago to 4.5 million tonnes per year in 2014, and is still climbing. With the aim of expanding the utilization of this eminent green chemical across different industrial and civil sectors, the production and use of hydrogen peroxide as a green industrial oxidant is reviewed herein to provide an overview of the explosive growth of its industrial use over the last three decades and of the state of the art in its industrial manufacture, with important details of what determines the viability of the direct production from oxygen and hydrogen compared with the traditional auto‐oxidation process.
Efficient Decarbonylation of Furfural to Furan Catalyzed by Zirconia‐Supported Palladium Clusters with Low Atomicity
Authors: Ishida Tamao , Kume Kurumi , Kinjo Kota , Honma Tetsuo , Nakada Kengo , Ohashi Hironori , Yokoyama Takushi , Hamasaki Akiyuki , Murayama Haruno , Izawa Yusuke , Utsunomiya Masaru , Tokunaga Makoto
Published: November 2016

Decarbonylation of furfural to furan was efficiently catalyzed by ZrO2‐supported Pd clusters in the liquid phase under a N2 atmosphere without additives. Although Pd/C and Pd/Al2O3 have frequently been used for decarbonylation, Pd/ZrO2 exhibited superior catalytic performance compared with these conventional catalysts. Transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray absorption fine structure measurements revealed that the size of the Pd particles decreased with an increase in the specific surface area of ZrO2. ZrO2 with a high surface area immobilized Pd as clusters consisting of several (three to five) Pd atoms, whereas Pd aggregated to form nanoparticles on other supports such as carbon and Al2O3 despite their high surface areas. The catalytic activity of Pd/ZrO2 was enhanced with a decrease in particle size, and the smallest Pd/ZrO2 was the most active catalyst for decarbonylation. When CeO2 was used as the support, a decrease in Pd particle size with an increase in surface area was also observed. Single Pd atoms were deposited on CeO2 with a high surface area, with a strong interaction through the formation of a Pd−O−Ce bond, which led to a lower catalytic activity than that of Pd/ZrO2. This result suggests that zero‐valent small Pd clusters consisting of more than one Pd atom are the active species for the decarbonylation reaction. Recycling tests proved that Pd/ZrO2 maintained its catalytic activity until its sixth use.