bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reevaluating the Use of Sound Therapy for Tinnitus Management: Perspectives on Relevant Systematic Reviews
Authors: Henry James A. , Carlson Kathleen F. , Theodoroff Sarah , Folmer Robert L.
Published: May 2022

Purpose:

Tinnitus is a highly prevalent condition that can severely reduce health functioning. In spite of extant clinical practice guidelines (CPGs), implementation of these CPGs is relatively uncommon. As a result, patients seeking professional services for tinnitus often have no assurance of receiving evidence-based care. The purpose of this tutorial was to clarify the evidence for sound therapy so that it may be included in future CPGs for tinnitus.

Method:

“Best clinical evidence” is obtained from high-quality systematic reviews, which are generally considered the highest level of evidence. Our review of recent, comprehensive, high-quality systematic reviews of interventions for tinnitus concludes that cognitive behavioral therapy is the only effective intervention, though the strength of evidence was generally rated as low in these reviews. Although trials of sound therapy for tinnitus have been included in these reviews, they have been rated as having high risk of bias (RoB) and not included in syntheses or rated as insufficient strength of evidence.

Results:

Conclusions from these and other reviews have influenced recommendations made in CPGs for tinnitus. These conclusions, however, can make it appear that an intervention for tinnitus is not effective, even if the opposite is true. We contend that the strict inclusion criteria for these reviews are counterproductive and have the effect of obscuring decades of evidence demonstrating the clinical effectiveness of sound therapies for tinnitus. Ultimately, this process has resulted in many patients not receiving sound therapy, despite what should be sufficient evidence that this is an effective form of intervention.

Conclusion:

If we rely on systematic reviews using contemporary RoB assessment criteria for studies published prior to these reporting guidelines, then we risk excluding important conclusions regarding interventions that could help patients in need.
PAPR reduction technique for FBMC based visible light communication systems
Authors: Salama Gerges M. , Abdalla Haitham F. , Mohamed Amira A. , Hassan Emad S. , Dessouky Moawad I. , Khalaf Ashraf A. M. , El‐Emary Atef , Elsafrawey Amir S.
Published: May 2022

One of the critical challenges in multicarrier‐based systems is peak to average power ratio (PAPR). Recently, Filter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC) is proved to be a promising candidate that can replace the traditional orthogonal multiplexing division (OFDM) scheme due to its better spectral efficiency, reducing both inter‐channel interference (ICI) and PAPR. Due to their advantages in reducing the PAPR without impacting the BER, the Hadamard transform was used in the proposed FBMC based VLC system. Furthermore, here, the discreet cosine transform (DCT) precoding is also used to boost the potential for PAPR reduction and the BER efficiency. The negative signals are not clipped off as in traditional asymmetrically‐clipped optical OFDM (ACO‐OFDM) signals to reduce the impact of large‐amplitude signal reduction nor add dc biasing for cancelling negative signals as in traditional DC‐biased optical OFDM (DCO‐OFDM) signals. Furthermore, a Clipping ratio is introduced to allow a trade‐off between bit error rate (BER) and PAPR reduction, and the optimal PAPR reduction is investigated. The obtained results show that the proposed FBMC based VLC system with DCT and clipping technique can reduce the PAPR and achieve good BER efficiency compared to the OFDM based VLC system.
Dual feature fusion network: A dual feature fusion network for point cloud completion
Authors: Gao Fang , Shi Pengbo , Wang Jiabao , Li Wenbo , Wang Yaoxiong , Yu Jun , Li Yong , Shuang Feng
Published: May 2022

Point cloud data in the real world is often affected by occlusion and light reflection, leading to incompleteness of the data. Large‐region missing point clouds will cause great deviations in downstream tasks. A dual feature fusion network (DFF‐Net) is proposed to improve the accuracy of the completion of a large missing region of the point cloud. First, a dual feature encoder is designed to extract and fuse the global and local features of the input point cloud. Subsequently, a decoder is used to directly generate a point cloud of missing region that retains local details. In order to make the generated point cloud more detailed, a loss function with multiple terms is employed to emphasise the distribution density and visual quality of the generated point cloud. A large number of experiments show that the authors’ DFF‐Net is better than the previous state‐of‐the‐art methods in the aspect of point cloud completion.
A memristor‐based associative memory circuit considering synaptic crosstalk
Authors: Li Zhijun , Yi Zhaowei
Published: May 2022

Synaptic crosstalk, which characterises the interaction between synapses when the neighbouring neurons are activated at the same time, plays an important role in the transmission of neural signals. To discover the effect of synaptic crosstalk on associative memory, a memristor‐based associative memory circuit considering synaptic crosstalk is proposed in this letter. The inhibitory effect of negative crosstalk on associate memory in the initial learning stage and the consolidation influence of positive crosstalk on associate memory when the synaptic weight exceeds its critical value are revealed. Pspice simulations are conducted on the resultant circuit to verify its correctness.
Curative measures identification in congestion management exploiting temporary admissible thermal loading of overhead lines
Authors: Kollenda Katharina , Schrief Alexander , Biele Charlotte , Lindner Martin , Sundorf Niklas , Hoffrichter André , Roehder Andreas , Moser Albert , Rehtanz Christian
Published: May 2022

This paper demonstrates how to consider thermal reserves of overhead lines in optimization problems for congestion management with preventive (pre‐fault) and curative (post‐fault) actions effectively to ensure N‐1 security. Solving congestions curatively allows for higher base loadings and reduced congestion management volumes. At the same time, assets are exposed to higher risks of damage. The two proposed methods incorporate precise permanent and temporary admissible loading constraints for base and contingency situations already at the operational planning stage. The methods ensure that conductor temperatures stay below the assets’ thermal limits at all times. The benefits of exploiting thermal reserves are analyzed in a case study to the future German transmission grid of 2030.
Robust H∞$H_\infty$ dynamic output feedback control of the DC–AC converter with a neutral leg
Authors: Zhao Xiao‐Qi , Dong Zhiheng , Li Jian
Published: May 2022

This paper investigates the problem of robust dynamic output feedback control of 3‐phase 4‐wire converter with neutral bridge arm in the application of smart grid and distributed generation. Based on Lyapunov functions, a novel sufficient Linear Matrix Inequality condition analysis was performed on the dynamic output feedback stabilisation controllers. Meanwhile, some auxiliary slack variables with special structure and well‐established performance conditions are employed to reduce design conservatism. This topology along with the controller can solve the DC link balancing problem and maintain the deviation between the neutral point and the midpoint of DC supply very small. The achievable performance is analysed quantitatively and the controller design method was conducted and verified both in MATLAB simulation and the real‐time simulation platform built by StarSim and MT, respectively.
Marine predator algorithm based PD‐(1+PI) controller for frequency regulation in multi‐microgrid system
Authors: Padhy Sasmita , Sahu Preeti Ranjan , Panda Sidhartha , Padmanaban Sanjeevikumar , Guerrero Josep M. , Khan Baseem
Published: May 2022

Renewable generation uncertainty, dynamic load change, and system parameter variation play a significant role in the performance degradation of non‐linear multi‐microgrid (MMG) systems. As a result, intelligent control becomes the need of the hour for assisting superlative attribute‐ based consistent electric power. The application of marine predator algorithm (MPA)‐based cascaded PD‐(1+PI) controller for Automatic Generation Control (AGC) of MMG system is a novel work. A maiden attempt of the MPA is proposed to optimize the parameters of the cascaded PD‐(1+PI) controller using the integral time absolute error criterion. To demonstrate its superiority, the proposed algorithm is compared to the genetic algorithm, differential evolution, and grey wolf optimization. MPA then applied to conventional controller PID, cascaded PD‐PI controller and proposed PD‐(1+PI) controller for frequency control in multi‐microgrid system. The robustness of the suggested controller is verified over PID and PD‐PI controller by taking step and random load perturbation and integrating the renewable sources like solar and wind with their uncertain nature. The simulation of the investigated interconnected microgrid is carried out in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. Finally, detailed simulation and hardware in the loop experimental results are presented to confirm the practicality of the proposed approach.
Stochastic forecast error estimation of high PV penetration system considering net‐load/PV decoupling for microgrid operation
Authors: Yoo Yeuntae , Jang Gilsoo , Lee Jaehyeong , Jung Seungmin
Published: May 2022

The increase of distributed Photovoltaic (PV) generators in the power system changes the load demand pattern as some of them are located behind the meter (BtM). As known as BtM PV generators, the impact on netload demand pattern increases the uncertainty of scheduling and balancing of the power system. The distortion of load demand by BtM PV must be decoupled to make an accurate forecast model for the load. In this paper, the impact of BtM PV on stochastic forecast error (SFE) is analyzed and verified how they change the efficiency of microgrid operation. The net load pattern and solar irradiation data are collected and used to decouple BtM PV distortion by using K‐mean clustering and support vector machine regression analysis. Then, the baseload demand and solar irradiation forecast model is built using recurrent neural networks with external input parameters. Using the forecast model, the correlation between distributions of forecast and forecast error is built as a joint probability distribution. The SFE is modeled as conditional forecast error in a form of a probability density function and used for microgrid scheduling optimization. Case studies are based on data acquired from global data assimilation and prediction system (GDAPS) and local transmission system operator (TSO) at Jeju island in Korea.
A DFT‐based method for estimating interharmonics in wind power generation
Authors: Monteiro Henrique L. M. , Camponogara Ândrei , Ribeiro Moisés V. , Duque Carlos A. , Poor H. Vincent
Published: May 2022

This paper introduces a discrete Fourier transform (DFT)‐based method for estimating the amplitudes and frequencies of interharmonics, which arise from the interaction between wind power generators and electric power systems. This method exploits the synergy of choosing signal enhancement, mains frequency estimation, and re‐sampling techniques. Consequently, it accomplishes a cost‐effective estimation process. The performance results show that signal enhancement and re‐sampling techniques are necessary to establish suitable conditions for performing amplitude and frequency estimation. Furthermore, numerical results show that the proposed method, relying on low‐cost digital signal processing techniques, offers competitive performance and significant computational complexity reduction compared to a previous DFT‐based method.
Nipple-sparing Mastectomy with Immediate Implant-based Reconstruction for Patients with Pure Ductal Carcinoma in Situ
Authors: Frasson Antônio Luiz , Falcone Ana Beatriz , Miranda Isabela , Souza Alessandra Borba Anton de , Vollbrecht Betina , Barbosa Fernanda , Frasson Mônica Adriana Rodriguez Martinez , Lichtenfels Martina
Published: May 2022

Objective The presence of an extensive intraductal component is associated to an increasing risk of relapse in the nipple-areola complex. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the outcomes of patients diagnosed with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) who underwent nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) with immediate breast reconstruction using silicone implants.

Methods We retrospectively analyzed the postoperative complications and oncological safety of 67 breast cancer patients diagnosed with pure DCIS who underwent NSM with immediate breast reconstruction using silicone implants between 2004 and 2018.

Results Among the 127 NSM procedures performed, 2 hematomas (1.5%) and 1 partial nipple necrosis (0.7%) were observed. After a mean follow-up of 60 months, the local recurrence rate was of 8.9%, the disease-free survival rate was of 90%, and 1 of the patients died.

Conclusion Despite the local recurrence rate, we showed that NSM with immediate breast reconstruction using silicone implants is a feasible surgical approach, with a low rate of complications and high survival rates for patients with a diagnosis of pure DCIS when breast-conserving surgery is not an option.
Imaging Approach to Pulmonary Infections in the Immunocompromised Patient
Authors: Grover Shabnam Bhandari , Grover Hemal , Antil Neha , Patra Sayantan , Sen Manas Kamal , Nair Deepthi
Published: May 2022

Pulmonary infections are the major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients and almost one-third of intensive care unit patients with pulmonary infections belong to the immunocompromised category. Multiple organisms may simultaneously infect an immunocompromised patient and the overwhelming burden of mixed infections further predisposes critically ill patients to acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. Notwithstanding that lung ultrasound is coming into vogue, the primary imaging investigation is a chest radiograph, followed by thoracic CT scan. This review based on our experience at tertiary care teaching hospitals provides insights into the spectrum of imaging features of various pulmonary infections occurring in immunocompromised patients. This review is unique as, firstly, the imaging spectrum described by us is categorized on basis of the etiological infective agent, comprehensively and emphatically correlated with the clinical setting of the patient. Secondly, a characteristic imaging pattern is emphasized in the clinical setting-imaging-pattern conglomerate, to highlight the most likely diagnosis possible in such a combination. Thirdly, the simulating conditions for a relevant differential diagnosis are discussed in each section. Fourthly, not only are the specific diagnostic and tissue sampling techniques for confirmation of the suspected etiological agent described, but the recommended pharmaco-therapeutic agents are also enumerated, so as to provide a more robust insight to the radiologist. Last but not the least, we summarize and conclude with a diagnostic algorithm, derived by us from the characteristic illustrative cases. The proposed algorithm, illustrated as a flowchart, emphasizes a diagnostic imaging approach comprising: correlation of the imaging pattern with clinical setting and with associated abnormalities in the thorax and in other organs/systems, which is comprehensively analyzed in arriving at the most likely diagnosis. Since a rapid evaluation and emergent management of such patients is of pressing concern not only to the radiologist, but also for the general physicians, pulmonologists, critical care specialists, oncologists and transplant surgery teams, we believe our review is very informative to a wide spectrum reader audience.
Association of Combined Lifestyle and Polygenetic Risk with Incidence of Venous Thromboembolism: A Large Population-Based Cohort Study
Authors: Zhang Yu-Jie , Li Zhi-Hao , Shen Dong , Zhang Pei-Dong , Fu Shi-Hui , Yao Yao , Wang Jing-Xin , Chen Pei-Liang , Zhang Pei , Zhang Xi-Ru , Mao Chen
Published: May 2022

As one of the fatal complications, venous thromboembolism (VTE) is associated with increased mortality. However, the combined effects of adopting multiple healthy lifestyles have not been firmly demonstrated. This study was to evaluate the association of combined healthy lifestyles and genetic risk factors with VTE and to investigate their interaction. A prospective cohort study from UK Biobank with a total of 442,963 men and women aged between 38 to 73 years were recruited from 2006 to 2010 and followed up through 2017 or 2018. A polygenic risk score was constructed and a weighted healthy lifestyle score, including no current smoking, regular physical exercises, healthy diet, and healthy body mass index, was categorized. During a median follow-up 9.0 years (3,912,396 person-years), there were 6,736 (172 per 100,000 person-years) incident VTE cases recorded. Among the participants with an unfavorable lifestyle, 1.80% developed VTE, versus 1.03% of the participants with a favorable lifestyle (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.58; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.48–1.68). Of the participants with high genetic risk, 2.42% developed VTE, versus 0.97% of the participants with low genetic risk (HR: 2.60; 95% CI: 2.39–2.81). Moreover, of the participants with high genetic risk and unfavorable lifestyle, 2.90% developed VTE, versus 0.66% of the participants with low genetic risk and favorable lifestyle (HR: 4.09; 95% CI: 3.48–4.79). No significant interaction between genetic risk and lifestyle factors was observed (p for interaction = 0.727). An unfavorable lifestyle was associated with a substantially higher risk of VTE, regardless of the genetic risk strata.
Factors Associated with Receiving No Maternal or Neonatal Interventions among Periviable Deliveries
Authors: Perry Madeline F. , Hajdu Sierra , Rossi Robert M. , DeFranco Emily A.
Published: May 2022

Objective The aim of this study was to quantify the influence of maternal sociodemographic, medical, and pregnancy characteristics on not receiving maternal and neonatal interventions with deliveries occurring at 22 to 23 weeks of gestation.

Study design This was a case–control study of U.S. live births at 220/6 to 236/7 weeks of gestation using vital statistics birth records from 2012 to 2016. We analyzed births that received no interventions for periviable delivery. Births were defined as having no interventions if they did not receive maternal (cesarean delivery, maternal hospital transfer, or antenatal corticosteroid administration) or neonatal interventions (neonatal intensive care unit admission, surfactant administration, antibiotic administration, or assisted ventilation). Logistic regression estimated the influence of maternal and pregnancy factors on the receipt of no interventions when delivery occurred at 22 to 23 weeks.

Results Of 19,844,580 U.S. live births in 2012–2016, 24,379 (0.12%) occurred at 22 to 23 weeks; 54.3% of 22-week deliveries and 15.7% of 23-week deliveries received no interventions. Non-Hispanic Black maternal race was associated with no maternal interventions at 22 and 23 weeks. Private insurance, singleton pregnancy, and small for gestational age were associated with receiving no neonatal interventions at 22 and 23 weeks of gestation.

Conclusion Withholding or refusing maternal and neonatal interventions occurs frequently at the threshold of viability. Our data highlight various sociodemographic, pregnancy, and medical factors associated with decisions to not offer or receive maternal or neonatal interventions when birth occurs at the threshold of viability. The data elucidate observed practices and may assist in the development of further research.

Key Points
Unicortical Bone Necrosis of the Fibula Free Flap Associated to the Fixation with a Nonlocking 2.0-mm Reconstruction Plate and Screws
Authors: Pereira Gustavo N. , Ribeiro Diogo , Saraiva Luís , Freitas Hugo , Santos Ana R.
Published: May 2022

The authors present a unique case of osteonecrosis of a cortical half of a fibula free flap that has not been reported in the literature yet. This complication was associated with the impairment of the vascularization of periosteum in the cortical half of fibula that was fixated with a nonlocking reconstructive 2.0-mm plate and screws but other factors could have been involved. The patient was submitted to excision of a cemento-ossifying fibroma that resulted in a left hemimaxilectomy mesoinfrastructure defect classified as the Cordeiro type 2B. The 42-year-old female patient was submitted to reconstruction with an osteomusculocutaneous fibula free flap plus a segment of fibula graft. The two bone segments of the free flap used to reconstruct the anterior and left alveolar crest were fixated with a reconstructive 2.0-mm plate of matrixMANDIBLE system. The only reported complication was an oronasal fistula that healed with conservative treatment and the referred osteonecrosis of the external cortical half of the fibula free flap with plate exposure at 2.5 years postoperatively. Surgical excision of the osteonecrosed cortical half of the fibula with the plate and screws was performed, while the other cortical underwent bone union as corroborated by computed tomography scans.
Isolated Spinal Accessory Nerve Palsy from Volleyball Injury
Authors: Holan Cole A. , Egeland Brent M. , Henry Steven L.
Published: May 2022

Spinal accessory nerve (SAN) palsy is typically a result of posterior triangle surgery and can present with partial or complete paralysis of the trapezius muscle and severe shoulder dysfunction. We share an atypical case of a patient who presented with SAN palsy following an injury sustained playing competitive volleyball. A 19-year-old right hand dominant competitive volleyball player presented with right shoulder weakness, dyskinesia, and pain. She injured the right shoulder during a volleyball game 2 years prior when diving routinely for a ball. On physical examination she had weakness of shoulder shrug and a pronounced shift of the scapula when abducting or forward flexing her shoulder greater than 90 degrees. Manual stabilization of the scapula eliminated this shift, so we performed scapulopexy to stabilize the inferior angle of the scapula. At 6 months postoperative, she had full active range of motion of the shoulder. SAN palsy can occur following what would seem to be a routine volleyball maneuver. This could be due to a combination of muscle hypertrophy from intensive volleyball training and stretch sustained while diving for a ball. Despite delayed presentation and complete atrophy of the trapezius, a satisfactory outcome was achieved with scapulopexy.
Flexible porous materials improve methane storage
Authors: Thompson Avery
Published: May 2022

Metal-organic frameworks can absorb and store methane without highly pressurized and supercooled tanks.
Experiments on turbulence from colliding ice floes
Authors: Løken Trygve K. , Marchenko Aleksey , Ellevold Thea J. , Rabault Jean , Jensen Atle
Published: May 2022

Increased knowledge about energy dissipation processes around colliding ice floes is important for improved understanding of atmosphere-ice-ocean energy transfer, wave propagation through sea ice, and the polar climates. The aim of this study is to obtain such information by investigating colliding ice floe dynamics in a large-scale experiment and directly measuring and quantifying the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE). The field work was carried out at Van Mijen Fjord on Svalbard, where a 3 × 4 m ice floe was sawed out in the fast ice. Ice floe collisions and relative water–ice motion were generated by pulling the ice floe back and forth in an oscillatory manner in a 4 × 6 m pool, using two electrical winches. Ice floe motion was measured with a range meter and accelerometers, and the water turbulence was measured acoustically with Doppler velocimeters and optically with a remotely operated vehicle and bubbles as tracers. Turbulent kinetic energy spectra were found to contain an inertial subrange where energy was cascading at a rate proportional to the −5/3 power law. The TKE dissipation rate was found to decrease exponentially with depth. The total TKE dissipation rate was estimated by assuming that turbulence was induced over an area corresponding to the surface of the floe. The results suggest that approximately 37% and 8% of the input power from the winches were dissipated in turbulence and absorbed in the collisions, respectively, which experimentally confirms that energy dissipation by induced turbulent water motion is an important mechanism for colliding ice floe fields.
Modification of a turbulent boundary layer by circular cavities
Authors: Scarano Francesco , Jacob Marc C. , Gojon Romain , Carbonneau Xavier , Gowree Erwin R.
Published: May 2022

It is shown how well-chosen perforations in a wall flow can locally reduce skin friction drag by modifying the generation of bursts in the boundary layer. For this purpose, a detailed hot wire boundary layer experimental investigation of the flow past a perforated plate, complemented with large eddy simulations, is carried out and compared to the smooth case. The perforated plate is obtained with an array of flush-mounted circular cavities. These cavities are disposed in a periodic staggered arrangement. For the three tested flow velocities, the momentum thickness-based Reynolds number varies from Reθ=1830 to 3380 and the cavity diameter and spacing in wall units, respectively, from d+=130 to 250 and L+=587 to 1075, the latter being identical in both spanwise and streamwise directions. The mean velocity profiles evidence a thickening of the viscous sublayer and a decrease in the friction velocity as compared to the smooth wall case. The application of the Variable Interval Time Averaging technique highlights an upward shift of the bursts from the wall and an attenuation of the average burst intensity and duration. Spanwise measurements evidence an overall bursts attenuation despite the lack of spanwise uniformity. The three-dimensional (3D) mean flow topology arising from the large eddy simulations provides evidence for the qualitative similarities between the current setup and the spanwise wall oscillations.
Basolateral amygdala activation enhances object recognition memory by inhibiting anterior insular cortex activity
Authors: Chen Yan-Fen , Song Qi , Colucci Paola , Maltese Federica , Siller-Pérez Cristina , Prins Karina , McGaugh James L. , Hermans Erno J. , Campolongo Patrizia , Nadif Kasri Nael , Roozendaal Benno
Published: May 2022

Significance

The basolateral amygdala is known to mediate emotional arousal effects on different forms of recognition memory via functional interactions with the insular cortex. Human neuroimaging studies have revealed that emotional stimulation first rapidly increases activity of the anterior division of the insular cortex, as part of the large-scale salience network, but suppresses anterior insular cortex activity in a delayed fashion. Here, we show that the effect of noradrenergic activation of the basolateral amygdala on enhancing object recognition memory is associated with a suppression of anterior insular cortex activity during the postlearning consolidation period. Such delayed emotional arousal effects on brain network dynamics might disrupt attentional reorienting toward new external stimuli and thereby protect the ongoing consolidation process from interference.
Acute effects of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on cycling time‐trial performance: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Lopes‐Silva João Paulo , Correia‐Oliveira Carlos Rafaell
Published: May 2022

This study aimed to investigate the isolated effects of NaHCO3 on cycling time‐trial performance. Furthermore, we investigated whether the ingestion time of NaHCO3, standardized or individualized based on time to peak, could be effective in improving cycling time‐trial performance. A systematic review was carried out on randomized placebo‐controlled studies. A random‐effects meta‐analysis assessed the standardized mean difference (SMD) between NaHCO3 and placebo conditions. Eighteen studies were qualitatively (systematic review) and quantitatively (meta‐analysis) analysed concerning mean power output (Wmean) (n = 182) and time performance (n = 201). The reviewed studies showed a low risk of bias and homogenous results for Wmean (I2 = 0%) and performance time (I2 = 0%). Overall, when compared to placebo, the NaHCO3 ingestion improved the Wmean (SMD: 0.42; 95% CI: 0.21–0.63; P = 0.001) and performance time (SMD: 0.22; 95% CI: 0.02–0.43; P = 0.03). Similarly, the NaHCO3 ingestion using a time‐to‐peak strategy improved the Wmean (SMD: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.03–0.75; P = 0.04; I2 = 15%) and performance time (SMD: 0.34; 95% CI: 0.07–0.61, P = 0.01, I2 = 0%). The present findings reveal that NaHCO3 ingestion has the potential to increase the overall performance time and Wmean in cycling time trials.

Highlights

NaHCO3 is an effective strategy to increase cycling time‐trial performance.

The standardized protocol did not improve the cycling time‐trial performance parameters.

The individualized time‐to‐peak NaHCO3 ingestion has a positive effect on time and Wmean during cycling time‐trial performance
Continuation of solutions to elliptic and parabolic equations on hyperplanes and application to inverse source problems
Authors: Cheng Jin , Yamamoto Masahiro
Published: May 2022

We consider continuation of solutions u to elliptic and parabolic equations limited on hyperplane under some symmetry conditions of the coefficients: for two domains γ and Γ on a hyperplane in

R

d

satisfying γ ⊂ ⊂ Γ, we prove conditional stability estimates of u|Γ by u|
γ
for an elliptic equation and u|Γ×I
by u|
γ×(0,T) for a parabolic equation with open interval I ⊂ ⊂ (0, T). The proof is based on the even extension and conditional stability for Cauchy problems for elliptic and parabolic equations. We apply the result to prove the uniqueness for an inverse source problem for a heat equation of determining a spatial factor on Γ only by data on γ. Furthermore we provide characterizations of hyperplanes admitting such continuation. Finally we discuss such continuation for semi-linear elliptic equations.
Antibacterial effects of liquid discharge cold plasma on Enterococcus faecalis planktonic cultures and biofilms: an in vitro study of root canal treatment
Authors: Wen Yinghui , Luo Yun , Wei Xiaoling , Tan Haibo , Ai Rui , Xiong Zhujiang , Ye Liming
Published: May 2022

Although many researchers have studied the antibacterial effects of gas discharge plasma in root canal disinfection, there are few studies on the potential of liquid discharge plasma in root canal disinfection. This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial effects of liquid discharge cold plasma (LDCP) on Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) planktonic cultures and four-week-old root canal biofilms. Antibacterial efficacy was determined by the colony-forming unit method. Changes in the viability and surface morphology were studied by confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The results showed that LDCP treatment had a significant antibacterial effect on planktonic E. faecalis, and had a better antibacterial effect on biofilms than 0.2% chlorhexidine treatment. The normal spherical structure of E. faecalis dissociated, and biofilm architectures were destroyed after LDCP treatment. This work opens doors to the potential application of using liquid discharge plasma devices for root canal treatment.
Active metasurface microwave absorber with reconfigurable bandwidth and absorption intensity
Authors: Zhao Huafen , Zhao Haonan , Fang Shuguang , Tang Chao , Deng Lianwen , Qiu Leilei , Li Chen , Du Junsa , Huang Shengxiang
Published: May 2022

In this paper, an active metasurface microwave absorber with reconfigurable bandwidth and absorption intensity is proposed. The metasurface unit adopts a metallic-backed structure, and its thickness is approximately 0.08 times the free-space wavelength. As the key feature, the structure with reconfigurable bandwidth and absorption intensity is adopting hollow Jerusalem-cross-shaped pattern-loaded PIN diodes. By virtue of the synergy of the dielectric and ohmic loss, effective and stable microwave absorption is readily achieved, and the simulation results obtained from high frequency structure simulator and advanced design system are in agreement. The reconfigurable absorption bandwidth of the metasurface covers C-band, X-band, and Ka-band, with reconfigurable absorption intensity up to 13 dB range. Then, the sample prototype is fabricated for demonstration, and the measurement result is consistent well with the simulation one. In addition, the structure also has a small reflection in a wide reflection angle space (−60°–60°), which is of great significance for radar stealth.
MoS2 doping and concentration optimization for application-specific design of P3HT-viologen-based solid state electrochromic device
Authors: Kandpal Suchita , Ghosh Tanushree , Rani Chanchal , Rani Sonam , Bansal Love , Tanwar Manushree , Bhatia Ravi , Sameera I , Kumar Rajesh
Published: May 2022

Methods to improve the performance of solid state electrochromic devices (ECDs) need to be explored and the dynamic doping process must be optimized to achieve ideal device performance. Molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) doped ECD has been fabricated by using two conducting polymeric films, i.e. polythiophene (P3HT) and ethyl viologen (EV), to investigate the role of 2D material doping on the overall device performance. Hydrothermally grown MoS2 nanoflowers, characterized using x-ray diffraction, electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy were used for this purpose. Furthermore, the effect of MoS2 dopant concentration on the performance of an EV/P3HT-based ECD was studied systematically. The prepared solid-state ECD shows improved electrochromic performance in terms of switching speed, color contrast and coloration efficiency while switching its color from one state to the other (magenta and blue) under a very small external bias (±1.4 V). The transition from colored to bleached state is fastest for the highest (0.3 wt%) MoS2-doped ECD, whereas the color contrast and coloration efficiency is maximum for the lowest (0.1 wt%) MoS2-doped device. The variation in electrochromic parameters as a function of dopant (MoS2) concentration reveals that an appropriate concentration must be chosen depending on the requirement
Dimensionality reduction method based on similarity balance discriminant projection for bearing fault diagnosis
Authors: Shi Mingkuan , Ding Chuancang , Shi Juanjuan , Jiang Xingxing , Huang Weiguo , Zhu Zhongkui
Published: May 2022

For data-driven intelligent diagnosis, comprehensive mining of the information in the data is a key issue and a great challenge. Knowledge of how to discover potentially useful information in the data is particularly critical to increase the accuracy of fault pattern recognition. The structural and discriminative information in the data present a potential direction from which to solve the issue and overcome the challenge. In this study, a similarity balance discriminant projection (SBDP) algorithm is proposed, by incorporating an optimized support vector machine (SVM) and then developing a fault diagnosis model for rolling bearing fault diagnosis. To address the defects of unbalanced adjacency relations and non-strictly monotonic between-class weight functions, SBDP reconstructs new within-class and between-class adjacency graphs by fusing structural and category information, thus effectively preserving the intrinsic manifold structure information of high-dimensional feature data. The effectiveness and suitability of the proposed model is demonstrated for two kinds of bearing diagnosis applications. The application results indicate that SBDP is better able to extract features representing the intrinsic information of faults and the optimized SVM is effective in identifying the fault types with high accuracy.
SPION based magnetic PLGA nanofibers for neural differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Mohammadalizadeh Mahdieh , Dabirian Sara , Akrami Mohammad , Hesari Zahra
Published: May 2022

Recently, magnetic platforms have been widely investigated in diagnostic, therapeutic and research applications due to certain properties, such as cell and tissue tracking and imaging, thermal therapy and being dirigible. In this study, the incorporation of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in nanofibers has been proposed to combine the advantages of both nanofibers and MNPs to induce neural differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Magnetic poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanofibers (containing 0%, 5% and 10% SPION) were fabricated and utilized as the matrix for the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Morphological, magnetic and mechanical properties were analyzed using FESEM, VSM and tensile test, respectively. The expression of neural markers (TUJ-1, NSE, MAP-2) was assessed quantitative and qualitatively utilizing RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry. Results confirmed the incorporation of MNPs in nanofibrous scaffold, presenting a saturation magnetization of 9.73 emu g−1. Also, with increase in magnetic particle concentration (0%–10%), tensile strength increased from 4.08 to 5.85 MPa, whereas the percentage of elongation decreased. TUJ-1 expression was 3.8 and 1.8 fold for 10% and 5% magnetic scaffold (versus non-magnetic scaffold) respectively, and the expression of NSE was 6.3 and 1.2-fold for 10% and 5%, respectively. Consequently, it seems that incorporation of magnetic biomaterial can promote the neural differentiation of MSCs, during which the augmentation of super paramagnetic iron oxide concentration from 0% to 10% accelerates the neural differentiation process.
Magnetization reversal properties and magnetostatic interactions of disk to rod-shaped FeNi layers separated by ultra-thin Cu layers
Authors: Abbas Mohammed H , Ramazani A , Montazer A H , Almasi Kashi M
Published: May 2022

From fast magnetic memories with low-power consumption to recording media with high densities, realizing the magnetization reversal and interaction of magnetic layers would allow for manipulating the ultimate properties. Here, we use a pulsed electrochemical deposition technique in porous alumina templates (50 nm in pore diameter) to fabricate arrays of nanowires, consisting of FeNi layers (26−227 nm in thickness) with disk to rod-shaped morphologies separated by ultra-thin (3 nm) Cu layers. By acquiring hysteresis curves and first-order reversal curves (FORCs) of the multilayer nanowire arrays, we comprehensively investigate magnetization reversal properties and magnetostatic interactions of the layers at different field angles (0° ≤ θ ≤ 90°). These involve the extraction of several parameters, including hysteresis curve coercivity (H

c

Hyst
), FORC coercivity (H

c

FORC
), interaction field distribution width (ΔH

u
), and irreversible fraction of magnetization (IF

m
) as a function of θ. We find relatively constant and continuously decreasing trends of H

c

Hyst
when 0° ≤ θ ≤ 45°, and 45° < θ ≤ 90°, respectively. Meanwhile, angular dependence of H

c

FORC
and IF

m
shows continuously increasing and decreasing trends, irrespective of the FeNi layer morphology. Our FORC results indicate the magnetization reversal properties of the FeNi/Cu nanowires are accompanied with vortex domain wall and single vortex modes, especially at high field angles. The rod-shaped layers also induce maximum ΔH

u
during the reversal process, owing to enhancements in both magnetizing and demagnetizing-type magnetostatic interactions.
Estimating rate-induced tipping via asymptotic series and a Melnikov-like method*
Authors: Kuehn Christian , Longo Iacopo P
Published: May 2022

The paper deals with the study of rate-induced tipping in asymptotically autonomous scalar ordinary differential equations. We prove that, in such a tipping scenario, a solution which limits at a hyperbolic stable equilibrium of the past limit-problem loses uniform asymptotic stability and coincides with a solution which limits at a hyperbolic unstable equilibrium of the future limit-problem. We use asymptotic series to approximate such pairs of solutions and characterize the occurrence of a rate-induced tipping by using only solutions calculable on finite time intervals. Moreover, we show that a Melnikov-inspired method employing the asymptotic series allows to asymptotically approximate the tipping point.
Single-molecule nano-optoelectronics: insights from physics
Authors: Li Peihui , Zhou Li , Zhao Cong , Ju Hongyu , Gao Qinghua , Si Wei , Cheng Li , Hao Jie , Li Mengmeng , Chen Yijian , Jia Chuancheng , Guo Xuefeng
Published: May 2022

Single-molecule optoelectronic devices promise a potential solution for miniaturization and functionalization of silicon-based microelectronic circuits in the future. For decades of its fast development, this field has made significant progress in the synthesis of optoelectronic materials, the fabrication of single-molecule devices and the realization of optoelectronic functions. On the other hand, single-molecule optoelectronic devices offer a reliable platform to investigate the intrinsic physical phenomena and regulation rules of matters at the single-molecule level. To further realize and regulate the optoelectronic functions toward practical applications, it is necessary to clarify the intrinsic physical mechanisms of single-molecule optoelectronic nanodevices. Here, we provide a timely review to survey the physical phenomena and laws involved in single-molecule optoelectronic materials and devices, including charge effects, spin effects, exciton effects, vibronic effects, structural and orbital effects. In particular, we will systematically summarize the basics of molecular optoelectronic materials, and the physical effects and manipulations of single-molecule optoelectronic nanodevices. In addition, fundamentals of single-molecule electronics, which are basic of single-molecule optoelectronics, can also be found in this review. At last, we tend to focus the discussion on the opportunities and challenges arising in the field of single-molecule optoelectronics, and propose further potential breakthroughs.
Efficient electron acceleration by using Hermite-cosh-Gaussian laser beam in vacuum
Authors: Pramanik Ashok Kumar , Ghotra Harjit Singh , Kant Niti , Rajput Jyoti
Published: May 2022

The electron acceleration in vacuum has been studied theoretically using a radially polarized (RP) Hermite-cosh-Gaussian (HChG) laser beam. Even if the laser’s power is low, the RP HChG laser beam is quite effective and responsible for producing high energy electron. Due to the beauty (earlier focus) of such a laser beam, it is significantly better suited to acquiring GeV order energy over short periods of time than other laser beams. The electron acceleration process is strongly influenced by two more adjustable parameters associated with this beam: decentered parameter (b) and Hermite order (s). Throughout this investigation, better trapping phenomena have been identified. The effects of changing the intensity parameter (

a
0

), the beam waist width (

r
0
′

), the decentered parameter (b), and the order of the Hermite function on electron energy gain have been investigated.
Modelling the Alfvén eigenmode induced fast-ion flow measured by an imaging neutral particle analyzer
Authors: Gonzalez-Martin J. , Du X.D. , Heidbrink W.W. , Van Zeeland M.A. , Särkimäki K. , Snicker A. , Wang X. , Todo Y.
Published: May 2022

An imaging neutral particle analyzer (INPA) provides energy and radially resolved measurements of the confined fast-ion population ranging from the high-field side to the edge on the midplane of the DIII-D tokamak. In recent experiments, it was used to diagnose fast-ion flow in the INPA-interrogated phase-space driven by multiple, marginally unstable Alfvén eigenmodes (AEs). The key features of this measured fast-ion flow are: (I) a fast-ion flow from q
min and the injection energy (81 keV) towards lower energies and plasma periphery.(II) A flow from the same location towards higher energies and the plasma core, (III) a phase-space ‘hole’ at the injected energy and plasma core and (IV) a pile-up at the plasma core at lower energies (∼60 keV). Ad hoc energetic particle diffusivity modelling of TRANSP significantly deviates from the observation. Comparably, a reduced modelling, i.e. a combination of NOVA-K and ASCOT5 code with the measured mode structure and amplitude, generally reproduce some key features of the observed phase-space flow, but largely failed to interpret fast ion depletion near the plasma axis. At last, self-consistent, first-principle multi-phase hybrid simulations that include realistic neutral beam injection and collisions are able to reproduce most features of the time-resolved phase-space flow. During consecutive hybrid phases, an RSAE consistent with the experiment grows and saturates, redistributing the injected fast ions. The resulting synthetic INPA images are in good agreement with the measurement near the injection energy. The simulations track the fast-ion redistribution within the INPA range, confirming that the measured fast-ion flow follows streamlines defined by the intersection of phase-space surfaces of constant magnetic moment μ and constant E′ = nE + ωP

ϕ
, where n and ω are the instability toroidal mode number and frequency, and E and P

ϕ
the ion energy and toroidal canonical momentum. Nonperturbative effects are required to reproduce the depletion of fast ions near the magnetic axis at the injection energy.
The NASA Carbon Monitoring System Phase 2 synthesis: scope, findings, gaps and recommended next steps
Authors: Hurtt George C , Andrews Arlyn , Bowman Kevin , Brown Molly E , Chatterjee Abhishek , Escobar Vanessa , Fatoyinbo Lola , Griffith Peter , Guy Maddie , Healey Sean P , Jacob Daniel J , Kennedy Robert , Lohrenz Steven , McGroddy Megan E , Morales Valeria , Nehrkorn Thomas , Ott Lesley , Saatchi Sassan , Sepulveda Carlo Edil , Serbin Shawn P , Tian Hanqin
Published: May 2022

Underlying policy efforts to address global climate change is the scientific need to develop the methods to accurately measure and model carbon stocks and fluxes across the wide range of spatial and temporal scales in the Earth system. Initiated in 2010, the NASA Carbon Monitoring System is one of the most ambitious relevant science initiatives to date, exploiting the satellite remote sensing resources, computational capabilities, scientific knowledge, airborne science capabilities, and end-to-end system expertise that are major strengths of the NASA Earth Science program. Here we provide a synthesis of ‘Phase 2’ activities (2011–2019), encompassing 79 projects, 482 publications, and 136 data products. Our synthesis addresses four key questions: What has been attempted? What major results have been obtained? What major gaps and uncertainties remain? and What are the recommended next steps? Through this review, we take stock of what has been accomplished and identify future priorities toward meeting the nation’s needs for carbon monitoring reporting and verification.