bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mydriasis during Orbital Floor Fracture Reconstruction: A Novel Diagnostic and Treatment Algorithm
Authors: Yeo Matthew S. , Al-Mousa Radwan , Sundar Gangadhara , Lim Thiam Chye
Published: November 2010

Orbital floor fractures are the most commonly encountered traumatic fractures in the facial skeleton. Mydriasis that is detected during orbital floor fracture reconstruction may cause significant distress to surgeons, as it may be associated with sinister events such as visual loss. It is not an uncommon problem; previous studies have shown the incidence of mydriasis to be 2.1%. The combination of careful preoperative evaluation and planning, as well as specific intraoperative investigations when mydriasis is encountered, can be immensely valuable in allaying surgeons’ anxiety during orbital floor fracture reconstruction. In this review article, the authors discuss the common causes of mydriasis and present a novel systematic approach to its diagnostic evaluation devised by our unit that has been successfully implemented since 2008.
Subcranial Approach in Pediatric Craniofacial Surgery
Authors: Ciechomski Jorge , Aufgang Ruben , Villanueva Lucrecia , Demarchi Victoria
Published: November 2010

We report our experience with the subcranial approach, developed at the Plastic Surgery Unit of Hospital “Ricardo Gutiérrez,” for the treatment of injuries in the frontoethmoidal orbital region in pediatric patients. The subcranial approach was described by Raveh et al for the treatment of fractures in the frontoethmoidal area. The subcranial approach was used later for surgery of tumors and deformities of the frontoethmoidal region. We have used this approach in nine cases of nontraumatic injuries (one meningioma, one orbital bone fibrous dysplasia, one vascular malformation, five nasal dermoid cysts, and one fronto-orbital mucocele). One patient with vascular malformation died of a stroke 10 days after surgery. The patient with the meningioma had a recurrence. Another patient developed an infection that needed surgical resolution and hardware removal. A third patient suffered a mild infection that receded with medication. No other complications were registered. The surgical exposure obtained through this approach was always excellent and left no cosmetic defects. There was no evidence of facial growth disturbance in this group of patients, except in one patient who received radiotherapy after surgery. Operative time and hospitalization were lower in this group than in patients with conventional frontal craniotomy.
Accommodating IPv6 Addresses in Security Visualization Tools
Authors: Barrera David , van Oorschot Paul C
Published: November 2010

Visualization is used by security analysts to help detect patterns and trends in large volumes of network traffic data. With IPv6 slowly being deployed around the world, network intruders are beginning to adapt their tools and techniques to work over IPv6 (versus IPv4). Many tools for visualizing network activity, while useful for detecting large-scale attacks and network behavior anomalies, still only support IPv4. In this article, we explore the current state of IPv6 support in some popular security visualization tools and identify the roadblocks preventing those tools from supporting the new protocol. We propose a filtering technique that helps reduce the occlusion of IPv6 sources on graphs and enables IPv4 visualization tools to display both IPv4 and IPv6 sources on a single graph. We also suggest using treemaps for visually representing the vast space of remote addresses in IPv6.
Theoretical characterization of the SiC3H− anion
Authors: Inostroza N. , Senent M. L.
Published: November 2010

Highly correlated ab initio methods are used to predict the equilibrium structures and spectroscopic parameters of the SiC3H− anion. The total energies and physical properties are reported using CASSCF/MRCI, RCCSD(T), and RCCSD(T)-F12 approaches and extended basis sets. The search of stable geometries leads to a total of 12 isomers (4 linear and 8 cyclic), for which electronic ground states have close-shell configurations. The stability of the linear form, l-SiC3H−, is prominent. For the most stable linear isomer, the Be equilibrium rotational constant has been calculated with RCCSD(T) and a complete basis set. Core-correlation and vibrational effects have been taken into account to predict a B0 of 2621.68 MHz for l-SiC3H− and 2460.48 MHz for l-SiC3D−. The dipole moment of l-SiC3H− was found to be 2.9707 D with CASSCF/aug-cc-pV5Z and the electron affinity to be 2.7 eV with RCCSD(T)-F12A/aug-cc-pVTZ. Anharmonic spectroscopic parameters are derived from a quadratic, cubic, and quartic RCCSD(T)-F12A force field and second order perturbation theory. CASSCF/MRCI vertical excitations supply three metastable electronic states, Σ1+ Σ3+ and Δ3. Electron affinities calculated for a series of chains type SiCnH and SiCn (n=1–5) allow us to discuss the anion formation probabilities.
One-dimensional photonic crystal with a complex defect containing an ultrathin superconducting sublayer
Authors: Dadoenkova N. N. , Zabolotin A. E. , Lyubchanskii I. L. , Lee Y. P. , Rasing Th.
Published: November 2010

The influence of the variation in the incidence angle on the photonic band gap spectra of a one-dimensional dielectric photonic crystal with a complex defect layer, consisting of ultrathin superconducting and dielectric sublayers, was theoretically investigated. The behavior of the defect modes with different polarizations as a function of the incidence angle variation is studied numerically for different thicknesses of the superconducting sublayer. The pronounced contrast in behavior of TE- and TM-polarized modes was demonstrated. The intensity of the TE-polarized defect mode decreases with increasing incidence angle, whereas the intensity of the TM-polarized defect mode increases. The increase in the superconducting defect sublayer thickness leads to a shift in the defect mode of TM-polarization to higher frequencies.
Molecular dynamics simulations of supramolecular polymer rheology
Authors: Li Zhenlong , Djohari Hadrian , Dormidontova Elena E.
Published: November 2010

Using equilibrium and nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations, we studied the equilibrium and rheological properties of dilute and semidilute solutions of head-to-tail associating polymers. In our simulation model, a spontaneous complementary reversible association between the donor and the acceptor groups at the ends of oligomers was achieved by introducing a combination of truncated pseudo-Coulombic attractive potential and Lennard Jones repulsive potential between donor, acceptor, and neighboring groups. We have calculated the equilibrium properties of supramolecular polymers, such as the ring/chain equilibrium, average molecular weight, and molecular weight distribution of self-assembled chains and rings, which all agree well with previous analytical and computer modeling results. We have investigated shear thinning of solutions of 8- and 20-bead associating oligomers with different association energies at different temperatures and oligomer volume fractions. All reduced viscosity data for a given oligomer length can be collapsed into one master curve, exhibiting two power-law regions of shear-thinning behavior with an exponent of −0.55 at intermediate ranges of the reduced shear rate β and −0.8 (or −0.9) at larger shear rates. The equilibrium viscosity of supramolecular solutions with different oligomer lengths and associating energies is found to obey a power-law scaling dependence on oligomer volume fraction with an exponent of 1.5, in agreement with the experimental observations for several dilute or semidilute solutions of supramolecular polymers. This implies that dilute and semidilute supramolecular polymer solutions exhibit high polydispersity but may not be sufficiently entangled to follow the reptation mechanism of relaxation.
Flow and jamming of a two-dimensional granular bed: Toward a nonlocal rheology?
Authors: Staron Lydie , Lagrée Pierre-Yves , Josserand Christophe , Lhuillier Daniel
Published: November 2010

In order to test the rheology of granular flows, we performed series of numerical simulations of nearly monodisperse stationary chute flows from rapid to slow and very slow flow regime, namely, close to the jamming transition. We check how existing rheological models (i.e., Bagnold’s model and the I-model) capture the behavior of the numerical flows, and perform an acute characterization of the structure of the flow in terms of grains velocity fluctuations close to the jamming transition. The simulations show that both Bagnold’s and the I-model fail to describe the data points in the slow regime, namely, when I≤2×10−2. Turning to the analysis of grains velocity fluctuations, we compute the associated correlation length λ and show its dependence on the inertial number: λ/d∝I−0.32. The amplitude of the grains velocity fluctuations, namely, the granular temperature, exhibits a power-law dependence on the shear rate and allows for an efficient prediction of the shape of the velocity profiles. The main result consists of a scaling merging all data points for all flow regimes onto the same master curve, and relating granular temperature, shear rate, and the variation of stress between the considered depth and the bottom wall. This scaling can be written as a relation between local stress, local shear rate, and local temperature, provided the introduction of a characteristic length scale ξ=d(H−z)/z where both the distance to the surface and the distance to the bottom wall are involved. This scaling strongly suggests a nonlocal behavior, valid in the flow regime and extending close to the jamming transition, and hints at granular temperature as the variable at the origin of the nonlocality.
Residual parallel Reynolds stress due to turbulence intensity gradient in tokamak plasmas
Authors: Gürcan Ö. D. , Diamond P. H. , Hennequin P. , McDevitt C. J. , Garbet X. , Bourdelle C.
Published: November 2010

A novel mechanism for driving residual stress in tokamak plasmas based on k∥ symmetry breaking by the turbulence intensity gradient is proposed. The physics of this mechanism is explained and its connection to the wave kinetic equation and the wave-momentum flux is described. Applications to the H-mode pedestal in particular to internal transport barriers, are discussed. Also, the effect of heat transport on the momentum flux is discussed.
Hybrid X-pinch with conical electrodes
Authors: Shelkovenko T. A. , Pikuz S. A. , Cahill A. D. , Knapp P. F. , Hammer D. A. , Sinars D. B. , Tilikin I. N. , Mishin S. N.
Published: November 2010

A hybrid X-pinch configuration consisting of solid conical electrodes connected by a wire has been tested on a 45 ns risetime, 500 kA peak current pulsed power generator. Wires of different materials were loaded through holes in the cones; wire lengths were varied from 0.6 to 2 mm. Most of these hybrid X-pinches generated an intense single burst of soft x-rays and developed a single hot spot that was of micron-scale size. Hybrid X-pinches generate less hard x-ray intensity than standard X-pinches.
Influence of operational parameters on plasma polymerization process at atmospheric pressure
Authors: Asandulesa Mihai , Topala Ionut , Pohoata Valentin , Dumitrascu Nicoleta
Published: November 2010

In this paper, a dielectric barrier discharge working at atmospheric pressure has been used in order to investigate the plasma polymerization reactions using styrene vapors. The macroscopic parameters were carefully chosen in order to obtain polymer thin films with high deposition rate and high concentration of activated species consequently. Thus, the plasma polymerization processes can be described considering the dependence of polymer deposition rate by monomer flow rate and discharge power. The domains of plasma polymerization reactions were identified and the optimum operating conditions were obtained at a maximum deposition rate of 3.8 nm/s (discharge power: 7.5 W). Different techniques of analysis were used to identify the chemical composition of plasma polystyrene films and the domains of polymerization reaction. The film thickness was measured by optical interferometry and the chemical composition was analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, UV spectroscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
Magnetization reversal dynamics, nucleation, pinning, and domain wall propagation in perpendicularly magnetized ultrathin cobalt films: Influence of the Co deposition rate
Authors: Belhi R. , Adjanoh A. Adanlété , Vogel J. , Ayadi M. , Abdelmoula K.
Published: November 2010

We report on the experimental results of magnetization reversal in ultrathin perpendicularly magnetized cobalt films in Au/Co/Au(111) trilayers. We have first studied the static magnetic properties of the samples. Interestingly, the results show the possibility of controlling the coercivity and magnetic anisotropy by changing the Co deposition rate. Second, the magnetization reversal dynamics have been investigated by relaxation measurements and Kerr microscopy. Two magnetization reversal processes are distinguished according to the deposition rate; the dominant magnetization reversal process changes from domain wall motion for cobalt deposited at a rate of 0.2 nm/min to domain nucleation for cobalt deposited at a rate of 0.4 nm/min. The pinning domain wall plays an important role in the observed reversal processes. Analysis shows that in both cases the reversal dynamics is not suitably described by the Fatuzzo–Labrune model.
Particle-in-cell simulation of collisionless driven reconnection with open boundaries
Authors: Klimas Alex , Hesse Michael , Zenitani Seiji , Kuznetsova Maria
Published: November 2010

First results are discussed from an ongoing study of driven collisionless reconnection using a 212-dimensional electromagnetic particle-in-cell simulation model with open inflow and outflow boundaries. An extended electron diffusion region (EEDR) is defined as that region surrounding a reconnecting neutral line in which the out-of-plane nonideal electric field is positive. It is shown that the boundaries of this region in the directions of the outflow jets are at the positions where the electrons make the transition from unfrozen meandering motion in the current sheet to outward drifting with the magnetic field in the outflow jets; a turning length scale is defined to mark these positions. The initial width of the EEDR in the inflow directions is comparable to the electron bounce width. Later, as shoulders develop to form a two-scale structure, the EEDR width expands to the ion bounce width scale. The inner portion of the EEDR or the electron diffusion region proper remains at the electron bounce width. Two methods are introduced for predicting the reconnection electric field using the dimensions of the EEDR. These results are interpreted as further evidence that the EEDR is the region that is relevant to understanding the electron role in the neutral line vicinity.
Piezoelectric anisotropy of a KNbO3 single crystal
Authors: Liang Linyun , Li Y. L. , Hu S. Y. , Chen Long-Qing , Lu Guang-Hong
Published: November 2010

Orientation dependence of the longitudinal piezoelectric coefficients (d33∗) of a KNbO3 single crystal has been investigated as a function of temperature by using the Landau–Ginzburg–Devonshire phenomenological theory. It is shown that the maximum of d33∗ is not always along the polarization direction of the ferroelectric phase. The enhancement of d33∗ along a nonpolar direction is attributed to a ferroelectric phase transition at which a polarization changes its direction. In the tetragonal phase, the maximum of d33t∗ at high temperatures is along the tetragonal polar direction and then changes its direction toward the polar direction of the orthorhombic phase when the temperature is close to the tetragonal-orthorhombic phase transition. The maximum of d33o∗ of the orthorhombic phase depends on both the high-temperature and low temperature ferroelectric phase transitions. In the rhombohedral phase, the maximum of d33r∗ is relatively insensitive to temperature due to the absence of any further phase transitions in the low temperature regime. These results can be generalized to the phase transitions induced by external electric field, pressure, and composition variations.
Effect of pressure anisotropy and flow velocity on Kelvin–Helmholtz instability of anisotropic magnetized plasma using generalized polytrope laws
Authors: Prajapati R. P. , Chhajlani R. K.
Published: November 2010

The effect of pressure anisotropy and flow velocity on the Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) instability of two magnetized anisotropic pressure plasmas flowing relative to each other is investigated using generalized polytrope laws. The anisotropic pressure with the generalized polytrope laws is considered with three-dimensional perturbations in the description of plasma using relevant magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) set of equations. The magnetic field is assumed in the x-direction and parallel to the direction of the flow of plasma streams. A complete polytrope model is given for the considered system in terms of pressure components, magnetic field, and density of the fluids to discuss the condition of KH instability, stability, and overstability. The problem is solved using the normal mode analysis and the general dispersion relation is obtained by applying the appropriate boundary conditions. The case of nonvanishing wavenumber transverse to the direction of the stream is obtained, which represents the stationery configuration without excitation of KH instability. The longitudinal mode of propagation is discussed with conditions of KH instability, stability, and overstability for collisionless (anisotropic) double-adiabatic Chew-Goldberger-Low (CGL) and collisional (isotropic) MHD media, depending on various values of polytrope indices. The effects of pressure anisotropy, different flow velocities, and magnetic field are also discussed on the growth rate of KH instability. We observe that the presence of flow velocity and pressure anisotropy of the plasmas has a destabilizing influence on the growth rate of the system. The growth rate is found larger for MHD set of equations in comparison to the CGL set of equations. The presence of magnetic field has a stabilizing role on the growth rate of the considered system.
Droop in III-nitrides: Comparison of bulk and injection contributions
Authors: David Aurélien , Gardner Nathan F.
Published: November 2010

We study mechanisms which are thought to contribute to efficiency droop in III-nitrides. We first observe droop in a photoluminescence (PL) experiment on bulk GaN, which confirms the existence of a bulk contribution to droop, unrelated to piezoelectric fields or alloy fluctuations. We then perform biased-PL on a series of InGaN light-emitting diodes to estimate the potential impact of carrier leakage on PL experiments. We conclude that carrier leakage is only significant at very low pump densities and does not contribute to droop, thus validating the use of PL to characterize droop.
On the high curvature coefficient rectifying behavior of nanocrystalline diamond heterojunctions to 4H-SiC
Authors: Tadjer Marko J. , Feygelson Tatyana I. , Hobart Karl D. , Caldwell Joshua D. , Anderson Travis J. , Butler James E. , Eddy Charles R. , Gaskill D. Kurt , Lew K. K. , VanMil Brenda L. , Myers-Ward Rachael L. , Kub Fritz J. , Sollenberger Gregory , Brillson Leonard
Published: November 2010

Heterojunctions of p+ B-doped nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) to n− 4H-SiC were studied by electrical and cathodoluminescence (CL) methods. Current rectification at 30 °C had a curvature coefficient γ0 of 42.1 V−1 at zero bias, γmax of 105.35 V−1 at 0.2 V, and a reverse current of <10 nA/cm2. The NCD sheet resistance decreased from 4.1×1011 to 403.56 Ω/sq. as the carrier density Ns was increased from 3.5×105 to 1.5×1016 cm−2 by B2H6 doping. The 348 cm2/V-s mobility of the B-free NCD films was comparable to that of single crystal diamond. CL data revealed traps 0.6–0.8 eV from the NCD EV edge.
Cathodoluminescence and photoluminescence study on AlGaN layers grown with SiNx interlayers
Authors: Neuschl B. , Fujan K. J. , Feneberg M. , Tischer I. , Thonke K. , Forghani K. , Klein M. , Scholz F.
Published: November 2010

In this study the optical properties of high quality c-plane AlGaN layers grown on c-plane sapphire by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy have been investigated. Submonolayers of SiNx have been deposited in situ to reduce the dislocation density. After subsequent AlGaN growth atomic force microscopy shows hexagonal hillocks. They consist of differently oriented facets, which contain different amounts of Al as we find in low temperature scanning electron microscope cathodoluminescence measurements. In macroscopic photoluminescence measurements, this leads to doublet emission bands. Further AlGaN overgrowth planarizes the surface, both emission bands coalesce, and the defect density is reduced.
Ultralow contact resistance in electrolyte-gated organic thin film transistors
Authors: Braga Daniele , Ha Mingjing , Xie Wei , Frisbie C. Daniel
Published: November 2010

We show that the parasitic contact resistance in staggered organic thin film transistors employing a solid electrolyte as the gate dielectric is around RC=10 Ω cm, two orders of magnitude lower than in conventional devices. Moreover, this parameter is only weakly dependent on the thickness of the semiconductor and on the nature of the metal/semiconductor pair. This unique feature of an electrolyte-gated transistor results from the electrochemical doping of the active layer occurring under the influence of the applied gate bias.
Novel Achiral Aryl-Substituted Vanadocenes: Synthesisand Preliminary Cytotoxicity Studies
Authors: Gleeson Brendan , Deally Anthony , Müller-Bunz Helge , Patil Siddappa , Tacke Matthias
Published: November 2010

From the reaction of 6‐(4‐methoxymethyl‐phenyl) fulvene (1a), 6‐(N‐methyl‐pyrrole) fulvene (1b), and 6‐(4‐dimethylamino‐phenyl) fulvene (1c) with LiBEt3H, the corresponding lithium cyclopentadienide intermediates (2a–c) were synthesized. These intermediates were then transmetallated to vanadium with VCl4 to yield the substituted vanadocene dichlorides bis‐[(4‐methoxymethyl‐benzyl)cyclopentadienyl] vanadium(iv) dichloride (3a), bis‐[(N‐methylpyrrole)2‐methylcyclopentadienyl] vanadium(iv) dichloride (3b), and bis‐[(p‐dimethylaminobenzyl)cyclopentadienyl] vanadium(iv) dichloride (3c). The vanadocene dichloride 3a was characterized by single crystal X‐ray diffraction. All three vanadocenes had their cytotoxicity investigated through MTT based preliminary in vitro testing on the human renal cell line Caki‐1 in order to determine their IC50 values. Vanadocenes 3a–b were found to have IC50 values of 6.5 and 5.2 µM, respectively, while 3c displayed a superior value of 1.7 µM.
Hydrophobic nanoparticles improve permeability of cell-encapsulating poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels while maintaining patternability
Authors: Lee Wonjae , Cho Nam-Joon , Xiong Anming , Glenn Jeffrey S. , Frank Curtis W.
Published: November 2010

Cell encapsulating poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels represent a promising approach for constructing 3D cultures designed to more closely approximate in vivo tissue environment. Improved strategies are needed, however, to optimally balance hydrogel permeability to support metabolic activities of encapsulated cells, while maintaining patternability to restore key aspects of tissue architecture. Herein, we have developed one such strategy incorporating hydrophobic nanoparticles to partially induce looser cross-linking density at the particle-hydrogel interface. Strikingly, our network design significantly increased hydrogel permeability, while only minimally affecting the matrix mechanical strength or prepolymer viscosity. This structural advantage improved viability and functions of encapsulated cells and permitted micron-scale structures to control over spatial distribution of incorporated cells. We expect that this design strategy holds promise for the development of more advanced artificial tissues that can promote high levels of cell metabolic activity and recapitulate key architectural features.
HIV-1 viral infectivity factor interacts with TP53 to induce G2 cell cycle arrest and positively regulate viral replication
Authors: Izumi Taisuke , Io Katsuhiro , Matsui Masashi , Shirakawa Kotaro , Shinohara Masanobu , Nagai Yuya , Kawahara Masahiro , Kobayashi Masayuki , Kondoh Hiroshi , Misawa Naoko , Koyanagi Yoshio , Uchiyama Takashi , Takaori-Kondo Akifumi
Published: November 2010

Viral infectivity factor, an accessory protein encoded in the HIV-1 genome, induces G2 cell cycle arrest; however, the biological significance and mechanism(s) remain totally unclear. Here we demonstrate that the TP53 pathway is involved in Vif-mediated G2 cell cycle arrest. Vif enhances the stability and transcriptional activity of TP53 by blocking the MDM2-mediated ubiquitination and nuclear export of TP53. Furthermore, Vif causes G2 cell cycle arrest in a TP53-dependent manner. HXB2 Vif lacks these activities toward TP53 and cannot induce G2 cell cycle arrest. Using mutagenesis, we demonstrate that the critical residues for this function are located in the N-terminal region of Vif. Finally, we construct a mutant NL4-3 virus with an NL4-3/HXB2 chimeric Vif defective for the ability to induce cell cycle arrest and show that the mutant virus replicates less effectively than the wild-type NL4-3 virus in T cells expressing TP53. These data imply that Vif induces G2 cell cycle arrest through functional interaction with the TP53/MDM2 axis and that the G2 cell cycle arrest induced by Vif has a positive effect on HIV-1 replication. This report demonstrates the molecular mechanisms and the biological significance of Vif-mediated G2 cell cycle arrest for HIV-1 infection.
Suppression of Rev3, the catalytic subunit of Polζ, sensitizes drug-resistant lung tumors to chemotherapy
Authors: Doles Jason , Oliver Trudy G. , Cameron Eleanor R. , Hsu Gerald , Jacks Tyler , Walker Graham C. , Hemann Michael T.
Published: November 2010

Platinum-based chemotherapeutic drugs are front-line therapies for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. However, intrinsic drug resistance limits the clinical efficacy of these agents. Recent evidence suggests that loss of the translesion polymerase, Polζ, can sensitize tumor cell lines to cisplatin, although the relevance of these findings to the treatment of chemoresistant tumors in vivo has remained unclear. Here, we describe a tumor transplantation approach that enables the rapid introduction of defined genetic lesions into a preclinical model of lung adenocarcinoma. Using this approach, we examined the effect of impaired translesion DNA synthesis on cisplatin response in aggressive late-stage lung cancers. In the presence of reduced levels of Rev3, an essential component of Polζ, tumors exhibited pronounced sensitivity to cisplatin, leading to a significant extension in overall survival of treated recipient mice. Additionally, treated Rev3-deficient cells exhibited reduced cisplatin-induced mutation, a process that has been implicated in the induction of secondary malignancies following chemotherapy. Taken together, our data illustrate the potential of Rev3 inhibition as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of chemoresistant malignancies, and highlight the utility of rapid transplantation methodologies for evaluating mechanisms of chemotherapeutic resistance in preclinical settings.
Invited papers from the 7th International Conference on Fine Particle Magnetism 2010
Authors: Nordblad Per
Published: November 2010

This cluster issue of Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics contains a collection of papers based on invited and contributed talks given at the 7th International Conference on Fine Particle Magnetism (ICFPM) held from 21–24 June, 2010 at the Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University in Sweden.

The ICFPM conferences have previously been held in Rome, Italy (1991), Bangor, UK (1996), Barcelona, Spain (1999), Pittsburgh, USA (2002), London, UK (2004) and Rome, Italy (2007); the 8th ICFPM is to be organized in Perpignan, France (2013). The aim of this series of conferences is to bring together experts in the field of fine particle magnetism to discuss recent fundamental experimental and theoretical findings as well as new technological developments and applications. Thus, the conference programme included sessions ranging from basic studies of nanomagnetism to biomedical applications of fine magnetic particles.

The local organizers of ICFPM-2010 want to thank the Swedish Research Council (VR), the Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE) and
LOT-Oriel Group Europe for financial support. We also acknowledge Akademikonferens for effective administration of the conference and Uppsala University for support and for providing the venue. Last but not least, we thank all participants for making the conference scientifically interesting and socially enjoyable.
Single-particle blocking and collective magnetic states in discontinuous CoFe/Al2O3 multilayers
Authors: Bedanta S , Petracic O , Chen X , Rhensius J , Bedanta S , Kentzinger E , Rücker U , Brückel T , Doran A , Scholl A , Cardoso S , Freitas P P , Kleemann W
Published: November 2010

Discontinuous metal–insulator multilayers (DMIMs) of [CoFe(t
n)/Al2O3]
m
containing soft ferromagnetic (FM) Co80Fe20 nanoparticles embedded discontinuously in a diamagnetic insulating Al2O3 matrix are ideal systems to study interparticle interaction effects. Here the CoFe nanoparticles are treated as superspins with random size, position and anisotropy. At low particle density, namely nominal layer thickness t
n = 0.5 nm, single-particle blocking phenomena are observed due to the absence of large enough interparticle interactions. However at 0.5 nm < t
n < 1.1 nm, the particles encounter strong interactions which give rise to a superspin glass (SSG) phase. The SSG phase has been characterized by memory effect, ageing, dynamic scaling, etc. With further increase in particle concentration (1.1 nm < t
n < 1.4 nm) and, hence, smaller interparticle distances, strong interactions lead to a FM-like state which is called superferromagnetic (SFM). The SFM state has been characterized by several techniques, e.g. dynamic hysteresis, Cole–Cole plots extracted from ac susceptibility, polarized neutron reflectometry, etc. Moreover, the SFM domains could be imaged by x-ray photoemission electron microscopy and magneto-optic Kerr effect microscopy. At t
n > 1.4 nm physical percolation occurs between the particles and the samples are no longer discontinuous and then termed as metal insulating multilayers. Competition between long- and short-ranged dipolar interactions leads to an oscillating magnetization depth profile from CoFe layer to CoFe layer with an incommensurate periodicity.
Magnetic nanoparticle detection using nano-SQUID sensors
Authors: Hao L , Cox D , See P , Gallop J , Kazakova O
Published: November 2010

We demonstrate detection of a single core-shell magnetite–silica nanoparticle (outer diameter ∼120 nm, moment ∼104μB) using an Nb dc superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) with the loop size of 350 nm operational at T < 10 K. The system noise was minimized down to 0.2 µΦ0 Hz−1/2 using a cryogenic SQUID series array pre-amplifier. Initial measurements of an individual magnetic nanoparticle were performed and a clear change of the noise spectra of the nano-SQUID was detected at low frequencies in the presence of the nanoparticle. Similar behaviour was confirmed with an FePt nanoparticle with a larger magnetic moment (diameter ∼150 nm, moment ∼106μB). Thus, we demonstrate a magnetic sensor based on a dc nano-SQUID and enabling detection of small moments (potentially down to a few electron spins). Such a sensor is of considerable significance for nanomagnetic metrology and quantum information processing based on spin systems.
Simulation of magnetic circular dichroism in the electron microscope
Authors: Rubino Stefano , Schattschneider Peter , Rusz Jan , Verbeeck Johan , Leifer Klaus
Published: November 2010

As electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) and x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) probe the same transitions from core–shell states to unoccupied states above the Fermi energy, it should always be possible to apply the two techniques to the same physical phenomena, such as magnetic dichroism, and obtain the same information. Indeed, the similarity in the expression of the electron and x-ray cross-sections had been already exploited to prove the equivalence of x-ray magnetic linear dichroism and anisotropy in EELS, by noting that the polarization vector of a photon plays the same role as the momentum transfer in electron scattering. Recently, the same was proven true for x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) by establishing a new TEM technique called EMCD (electron energy-loss magnetic chiral dichroism) (Schattschneider P et al 2006 Nature
441 486–8), which makes use of special electron scattering conditions to force the absorption of a circularly polarized virtual photon.

The intrinsic advantage of EMCD over XMCD is the high spatial resolution of electron microscopes, which are readily available. Among the particular obstacles in EMCD that do not exist for synchrotron radiation, is the notoriously low signal and the very particular scattering conditions necessary to observe a chiral dichroic signal. In spite of that, impressive progress has been made in recent years. The signal strength could be considerably increased, and some innovations such as using a convergent beam have been introduced. EMCD has evolved into several techniques, which make full use of the versatility of the TEM and energy filtering, spectroscopy or STEM conditions (Rubino S 2007 Magnetic circular dichroism in the transmission electron microscope PhD Thesis Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria).
Effects of Early Neuronal and Delayed Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Blockade on Cardiovascular, Renal, and Hepatic Function in Ovine Sepsis
Authors: Lange Matthias , Hamahata Atsumori , Traber Daniel L. , Nakano Yoshimitsu , Esechie Aimalohi , Jonkam Collette , Whorton Elbert B. , von Borzyskowski Sanna , Traber Lillian D. , Enkhbaatar Perenlei
Published: November 2010

Background

Recent evidence suggests that nitric oxide produced via the neuronal nitric oxide synthase is involved mainly in the early response to sepsis, whereas nitric oxide derived from the inducible nitric oxide synthase is responsible during the later phase. We hypothesized that early neuronal and delayed inducible nitric oxide synthase blockade attenuates multiple organ dysfunctions during sepsis.

Methods

Sheep were randomly allocated to sham-injured, nontreated animals (n = 6); injured (48 breaths of cotton smoke and instillation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa into the lungs), nontreated animals (n = 7); and injured animals treated with a neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor from 1 to 12 h and an inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor from 12 to 24 h postinjury (n = 6).

Results

The injury induced arterial hypotension, vascular leakage, myocardial depression, and signs of renal and hepatic dysfunctions. The treatment significantly attenuated, but did not fully prevent, the decreases in mean arterial pressure and left ventricular stroke work index. Although the elevation of creatinine levels was partially prevented, the decreases in urine output and creatinine clearance were not affected. The injury-related increases in bilirubin levels, international normalized ratio, and lipid peroxidation in liver tissue were significantly attenuated. Although plasma nitrite/nitrate levels were significantly increased versus baseline from 12-24 h in controls, plasma nitrite/nitrate levels were not increased in treated animals.

Conclusions

The combination treatment shows potential benefit on sepsis-related arterial hypotension and surrogate parameters of organ dysfunctions in sheep. It may be crucial to identify the time course of expression and activation of different nitric oxide synthase isoforms in future investigations.
Hypoxia Induces Late Preconditioning in the Rat Heart In Vivo
Authors: Berger Marc M. , Huhn Ragnar , Oei Gezina T. , Heinen André , Winzer Andreas , Bauer Inge , Preckel Benedikt , Weber Nina C. , Schlack Wolfgang , Hollmann Markus W.
Published: November 2010

Background

Although hypoxic late preconditioning (LPC) limits ischemia-reperfusion injury in vitro, its cardioprotective effect is not established in vivo.

Methods

In part 1, rats were exposed to 4 h of hypoxia (16%, 12%, 8% oxygen) before 24 h of reoxygenation. In part 2, normoxic rats received early preconditioning with sevoflurane (1 minimum alveolar concentration [MAC] for 3 × 5 min), continuous administration of 1 MAC sevoflurane, or 11 mg · kg · h propofol. Thereafter, all rats underwent 25 min of regional myocardial ischemia and 120 min of reperfusion. After reperfusion, hearts were excised for infarct staining. The expression of protein kinase C (PKC)α and PKCε was assessed by Western blot analysis and the expression of heme oxygenase-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.

Results

In normoxic control rats, infarct size was 62 ± 6% of the area at risk. Hypoxic LPC reduced infarct size (LPC16: 36 ± 11%, LPC12: 38 ± 10%, LPC8: 39 ± 11%; each P < 0.001) to approximately the same magnitude as sevoflurane-preconditioning (40 ± 8%; P < 0.001). Combined LPC16 and sevoflurane preconditioning was not superior to either substance alone. Continuous sevoflurane or propofol was not protective. The PKC inhibitor calphostin C abolished the cardioprotective effects of LPC16. PKCε, but not PKCα, expression was increased 6 and 28 h after hypoxic LPC. Heme oxygenase-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor were transiently up-regulated after 6 h.

Conclusion

Hypoxic LPC at 8%, 12%, and 16% oxygen reduces infarct size in the rat heart in vivo. This effect is as powerful as sevoflurane-preconditioning. PKCε is a key player in mediating hypoxic LPC.
Larger testes are associated with a higher level of polyandry, but a smaller ejaculate volume, across bushcricket species (Tettigoniidae)
Authors: Vahed Karim , Parker Darren J. , Gilbert James D. J.
Published: November 2010

While early models of ejaculate allocation predicted that both relative testes and ejaculate size should increase with sperm competition intensity across species, recent models predict that ejaculate size may actually
decrease
as testes size and sperm competition intensity increase, owing to the confounding effect of potential male mating rate. A recent study demonstrated that ejaculate volume decreased in relation to increased polyandry across bushcricket species, but testes mass was not measured. Here, we recorded testis mass for 21 bushcricket species, while ejaculate (ampulla) mass, nuptial gift mass, sperm number and polyandry data were largely obtained from the literature. Using phylogenetic-comparative analyses, we found that testis mass increased with the degree of polyandry, but decreased with increasing ejaculate mass. We found no significant relationship between testis mass and either sperm number or nuptial gift mass. While these results are consistent with recent models of ejaculate allocation, they could alternatively be driven by substances in the ejaculate that affect the degree of polyandry and/or by a trade-off between resources spent on testes mass versus non-sperm components of the ejaculate.
Manipulating Broad-Spectrum Disease Resistance by Suppressing Pathogen-Induced Auxin Accumulation in Rice
Authors: Fu Jing , Liu Hongbo , Li Yu , Yu Huihui , Li Xianghua , Xiao Jinghua , Wang Shiping
Published: November 2010

Breeding crops with the quality of broad-spectrum disease resistance using genetic resources is one of the principal goals of crop improvement. However, the molecular mechanism of broad-spectrum resistance remains largely unknown. Here, we show that GH3-2, encoding an indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-amido synthetase, mediates a broad-spectrum resistance to bacterial Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae and Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzicola and fungal Magnaporthe grisea in rice (Oryza sativa). IAA, the major form of auxin in rice, results in rice more vulnerable to the invasion of different types of pathogens, which is at least partly due to IAA-induced loosening of the cell wall, the natural protective barrier of plant cells to invaders. X. oryzae pv oryzae, X. oryzae pv oryzicola, and M. grisea secrete IAA, which, in turn, may induce rice to synthesize its own IAA at the infection site. IAA induces the production of expansins, the cell wall-loosening proteins, and makes rice vulnerable to pathogens. GH3-2 is likely contributing to a minor quantitative trait locus for broad-spectrum resistance. Activation of GH3-2 inactivates IAA by catalyzing the formation of an IAA-amino acid conjugate, which results in the suppression of expansin genes. Thus, GH3-2 mediates basal resistance by suppressing pathogen-induced IAA accumulation. It is expected that, regulated by a pathogen-induced strong promoter, GH3-2 alone may be used for breeding rice with a broad-spectrum disease resistance.
The epidermal structure of Carassius gibelio: a link with ploidy status in spawning and postspawning periods
Authors: Halačka K. , Vetešník L. , Papoušek I. , Mendel J. , ŠImková A.
Published: November 2010

A reduction of epidermal club cells and an increase of goblet cells were found in Carassius gibelio during spawning when compared to postspawning. A significantly lower proportion of club cells at spawning was found in diploid males and triploid females than in diploid females. It could be linked to male efforts to avoid a fright reaction and the potential adoption of this strategy by gynogenetic females, or alternatively to a higher parasite infection or immunosuppression during spawning.
The analysis of variance in anaesthetic research: statistics, biography and history
Authors: Pandit J. J.
Published: November 2010

Multiple t‐tests (or their non‐parametric equivalents) are often used erroneously to compare the means of three or more groups in anaesthetic research. Methods for correcting the p value regarded as significant can be applied to take account of multiple testing, but these are somewhat arbitrary and do not avoid several unwieldy calculations. The appropriate method for most such comparisons is the ‘analysis of variance’ that not only economises on the number of statistical procedures, but also indicates if underlying factors or sub‐groups have contributed to any significant results. This article outlines the history, rationale and method of this analysis.
A linkage map of Sheep Chromosome X (OARX) aligned to Human Chromosome X (HSAX)
Authors: French M. C. , Dodds K. G. , Davis G. H. , Galloway S. M. , Edwards S. J.
Published: November 2010

We have constructed a genetic linkage map of the sheep X chromosome (OARX) containing 22 new gene loci from across the human X chromosome (HSAX). The female OARX linkage map has a total length of 152.6 cM with average gene spacing of 5.5 cM. Comparison with HSAX confirms one previously reported major breakpoint and inversion, and other minor rearrangements between OARX and HSAX. Comparison of the linkage map with sheep sequence data OAR 1.0 reveals a different arrangement of markers on the q arm, which may more accurately reflect the genuine arrangement of this region.
The effect of silage energy concentration and price on finishing decisions for young dairy bulls
Authors: Bonesmo H. , Randby Å. T.
Published: November 2010

This study focuses on the effect of grass silage energy concentration and price on the decisions about concentrate level, slaughter age and carcass weight in the finishing of young dairy bulls.

The three main steps were as follows: (i) the adaption of a daily liveweight (LW) gain simulation model to young dairy bulls of the breed Norwegian Red; (ii) the comparison of the model key output to experimental data; and (iii) model‐based maximization with respect to the profitability of the finishing period, and stochastic simulations with respect to prediction error and variation as derived from the experimental data. In general, the model adequately simulated the LW gain of the bulls, but tended to overestimate the LWs of the bulls that received very high energy rations and underestimated the LWs of the bulls fed with the lowest energy diets. Model‐based maximization of profit was conducted for three silage energy concentrations, expressed as feed unit beef (FUb), combined with three silage prices. Taking into account the risk associated with model prediction error and the empirical variation and correlation among key variables, we concluded that under the prevailing Norwegian economical conditions, finishing of young dairy bulls with an early harvested silage having an energy concentration of slightly above 0·90 FUb kg−1 dry matter, 10% FUb concentrate of the total FUb ration and an average daily LW gain of 1·2–1·3 kg LW d−1 will offer the highest profit.
Conserving a moving target: planning protection for a migratory species as its distribution changes
Authors: Singh Navinder J. , Milner‐Gulland Eleanor J.
Published: November 2010

1. Conservation of declining migratory species is a challenging task, as the factors that may have determined their past distribution may not determine their current and future distribution. Saiga antelope Saiga tatarica populations have massively declined due to poaching. The species is now beginning to recover in Kazakhstan and protected areas are being implemented. Using 25 years of aerial monitoring data, we identified changes in the spring distribution and predicted densities of saiga to prioritize areas for protection under scenarios of climate change together with changes in disturbance and population size. Conserving the spring distribution is critical as spring calving aggregations are of particular importance to population viability.

2. The current distribution is strongly influenced by disturbance, whereas climate had a stronger influence in the past. The area of highly suitable habitat has halved and become fragmented in the last decade. The existing and proposed protected areas are relatively complementary and perform well under most scenarios of future change. However there is a need to widen the geographical scope of protected area planning if potential future high suitability areas are to be effectively protected.

3. Climate change interacts with other factors to determine the distribution of suitable habitat within and outside protected areas. Scenarios in which conservation has increased saiga population size and density tend to show limited impacts of climate change, while scenarios in which the saiga population fails to recover and disturbance continues show, worsening patchiness and reduced suitable habitat.

4. Synthesis and applications. We provide evidence for changing distribution and density of a migratory species over a large spatio‐temporal scale, and suggest that future distribution may be more constrained and spatially heterogeneous. These results have important implications for designing future conservation measures for migratory species, such that areas that robustly show high suitability under a range of potential scenarios of change can be included in protected area expansion plans. Protected area placement based only on current, rather than projected distribution risks wasting opportunities for proactive conservation, particularly for a highly disturbed, recovering species likely to be affected by climate change.