bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A New Moving Frame for Trajectories with Non-Vanishing Angular Momentum
Authors: ÖZEN Kahraman Esen , TOSUN Murat
Published: April 2021

The theory of curves has a very long history. Moving frames defined on curves are important parts of this theory. They have never lost their importance. A point particle of constant mass moving along a trajectory in space may be seen as a point of the trajectory. Therefore, there is a very close relationship between the differential geometry of the trajectory and the kinematics of the particle moving on it. One of the most important elements of the particle kinematics is the jerk vector of the moving particle. Recently, a new resolution of the jerk vector, along the tangential direction and two special radial directions, has been presented by \"Ozen et al. (JTAM 57(2)(2019)). By means of these two special radial directions, we introduce a new moving frame for the trajectory of a moving particle with non vanishing angular momentum in this study. Then, according to this frame, some characterizations for the trajectory to be a rectifying curve, an osculating curve, a normal curve, a planar curve and a general helix are given. Also, slant helical trajectories are defined with respect to this frame. Afterwards, the necessary and sufficient conditions for the trajectory to be a slant helical trajectory (according to this frame) are obtained and some special cases of these trajectories are investigated. Moreover, we provide an illustrative numerical example to explain how this frame is constructed. This frame is a new contribution to the field and it may be useful in some specific applications of differential geometry, kinematics and robotics in the future.
Застосування моделі Патерсона для оцінювання впливу зміни клімату на потенційну продуктивність лісів України
Authors: Buksha I. F , Pyvovar T. S. , Pasternak V. P. , Buksha M. I. , Lialin O. I. , Buksha T. I.
Published: April 2021

В умовах зміни клімату важливо отримати достовірний прогноз стану та продуктивності лісів на середньострокову та довгострокову перспективу. Наведено результати моделювання потенційної продуктивності лісів (PP) із використанням моделі (індексу) Патерсона (CVP) у базовому, сучасному кліматі та майбутніх кліматичних умовах за сценаріями RCP 4.5 та RCP 8.5 у ХХІ сторіччі в Україні з урахуванням лісогосподарського районування за С. А. Генсіруком. Результати моделювання проаналізовано за допомогою кореляційного аналізу отриманих значень та шляхом зіставлення з фактичною продуктивністю головних лісоутворювальних порід (дуба звичайного, сосни звичайної, ялини європейської, бука лісового, вільхи чорної та берези повислої) за середнім бонітетом і середньою зміною запасу. Виявлено значущу лінійну кореляцію обох показників для більшості порід (крім вільхи чорної та ялини європейської) з показником потенційної продуктивності за Патерсоном. Використання моделі Патерсона в умовах зміни кліматичних показників дає змогу прогнозувати динаміку потенційної продуктивності лісів в Україні у разі зміни клімату на рівні природних зон і лісогосподарських областей, проте для отримання точніших прогнозів необхідно враховувати типологічні, едафічні та морфометричні особливості лісових ділянок і вплив на лісостани біотичних чинників, зокрема шкідників та хвороб лісу.

Ключові слова: проєкт EURO-CORDEX, сценарій RCP 4.5, сценарій RCP 8.5, модель CVP, середня зміна запасу, бонітет, головні лісоутворювальні породи.
Scientific and technical results of agro-engineering scientific institutions for the production of main groups of agricultural products
Authors:   RAS, Lachuga Yu.F. , Izmailov A.Yu. ,   VIM, Lobachevsky Ya.P. ,   VIM, Shogenov Yu.Kh. ,   RAS
Published: April 2021

The main results of 2020 research work performed by scientific agroengineering institutions of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, which are under the scientific and methodological guidance of the Department of Agricultural Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the section of mechanization, electrification and automation in the development of modern machine technologies, energy-rich technology, robotic technical means and digital technologies for the production of the main types of competitive crop and livestock products, as well as on the creation of efficient energy supply systems and renewable energy in the agricultural sector of production, mobile energy sources, and management systems for mobile energy facilities in the agricultural sector based on artificial intelligence, are presented.
Moving to Advanced Intelligent Manufacturing Technologies: Automation and Electronization in Livestock
Authors:   Institute of Livestock Mechanization, a branch of VIM, Petrov E.B.
Published: April 2021

The assessment of the world market of intelligent agriculture is provided. The areas of development of digital solutions in animal husbandry, in particular, the industry of beef cattle breeding, the transition to advanced digital, intelligent production technologies, and the creation of systems for processing large amounts of data are discussed.
Technology Transfer and Commercialization: Functional Delineation of Definitions
Authors:   Rosinformagrotekh, Marinchenko T.E.
Published: April 2021

A terminological analysis of the concepts of technology transfer and commercialization is presented. Functional differentiation of definitions is shown and proposals for their concretization are developed.
Leading genetic types of base metal deposits of Rudny Altai
Authors: Mizernaya M.A , Dyachkov B.A , Pyatkova A.P , Miroshnikova A.P , Chernenko Z.I
Published: April 2021

Purpose. Study on the processes contributing to the formation of pyrite-polymetallic mineralization in the Rudny Altai, development of recommendations for directions for further research. Methodology. Analysis of literature and fund materials, field studies within known ore fields and deposits, sampling and laboratory studies: spectral analysis, studies on the chemical composition of host rocks (ISP-MS Agilent 7500cx), study on the mineral composition of the main types of mineralization (JSM 6390LV)). Findings. A model of pyrite-polymetallic mineralization genetically related to the Devonian basalt-andesite-rhyolite Early Hercynian riftogenic volcanism (D1e-D3fr) was developed. Originality. The spatial confinement of a number of industrial deposits, areas of sulfide mineralization and near-ore-hydrothermally altered rocks to the areas of pinching out of inter- and sub-stratal subvolcanic porphyries of the Middle Upper Devonian and overlying porphyrites, creating a kind of ore-magmatic systems (OMS), has been established. Practical value. A new stage of deep geological study on the territory of the Rudny Altai and promising ore-bearing structures with the introduction of modern methods of deep geological and mineragenic mapping is recommended.
Determining the parameters of a natural arch while forming support load of a horizontal roadways
Authors: Shapova V.H , Solodyankin O.V , Hryhoriev O.Ye , Dubovyk O.I
Published: April 2021

Purpose. Development of a semiempirical method to identify rock pressure on the support of underground mine roadways as well as substantiation of its efficient use area taking into consideration the depth of the mine roadway, its geometry, and hardness of enclosing rocks. Methodology. Theoretical studies on geomechanical processes taking place in the neighbourhood of roadways using analytical mathematical methods as well as numerical ones. Analysis of the research results and their generalization are involved. Findings. Methods to identify load (i.e. rock pressure) on the supporting structures have been developed. The methods are based upon the proposed calculation technique for the rock stability coefficient at the boundary of contact between a collapsing arch of the rock (i.e. fall arch) and undisturbed rock mass, i.e. at the boundary of elastic share of peripheral rock mass, and non-elastic one. A stability coefficient has been proposed in the form of projection on vertical axis of forces holding the rock mass, limited by a fall arch, to projection of shear forces. Originality. For the first time, an analytical and empirical method to identify natural arch over horizontal and vertical mine roadways has been proposed involving their depth, geometry, parameters of rock strength, and its gravity. The abovementioned is the key distinction of the proposed method from the known semiempirical technique by M.M. Protodyakonov to determine natural arch as well as support load. Practical value. The findings make it possible to predict stability of horizontal mine roadways using mathematical methods. In this context, the depth, geometry, and hardness of enclosing rocks are taken into consideration.
Feasibility study of exploiting gearbox oil temperature of wind turbine for improving a heat pump water heater in cold areas
Authors: Eshaq Refat Mohammed Abdullah , Hu Eryi , Alshaba Ameen A , Alsenwi Aiman A.M
Published: April 2021

Purpose. Feasibility of completely dispensing with solar collectors (SCs) that are used in heat pump (HP) systems for hot water in cold areas. Methodology. Since the temperature of gearbox oil is relatively high, lots of heat can be exploited. Therefore, the recovery of this unutilized heat from gearbox oil temperature of a wind turbine shows a promising solution in improving heat pump (HP) efficiency for hot water especially in cold environment or the district that is located in the north of our planet where the solar energy is very low. This investigation focuses on the feasibility of direct conversion of mechanical energy harvested from the wind speed into thermal energy by exploiting only the friction phenomenon inside the gearbox of the wind turbine by completely dispensing with solar collectors (SCs) that are used in combined solar assisted heat pump (SAHP) because the SCs have various problems, such as large heat loss, low efficiency, freezing and tube-burst, which may limit their applications. Findings. Results show that the wind turbine can provide the power required for HP during the winter season due to high wind speed in Xuzhou city, Jiangsu, China particularly in January. At best, coefficient of performance (COP) may reach 4.08 without SCs, thus the suggested system ensures high COP in addition to decrease in the fuel consumption by 23.25%. Originality. Wind power driven HPs have been suggested in many pervious papers as a sustainable measure to provide heat to a house; however, to improve COP of HP system, we suggest using a wind turbine to directly drive the HP and exploit gearbox oil temperature in an assistant heat exchanger installed after the HP evaporator for providing additional thermal energy to refrigerant R12 and cooling the gearbox oil. Practical value. The coefficient of performance (COP) of HP has reached 4.08 without SCs, so the suggested system demonstrates high COP in addition to the reduced fuel consumption. Approximately 23.25% of energy could be saved using this novel system compared to a fuel water heater for DHW.
Assessment of noise impact on coal mine workers including way to/from workplace
Authors: Nikulin A.N , Dolzhikov I.S , Stepanova L.V , Golod V.A
Published: April 2021

Purpose. Determination of the noise induced permanent threshold shift for a coal miners in five main working professions, taking into account the noise impact on the way to the workplace and back based on data obtained from personal sound level meters. Methodology. A strategy is selected for measuring the level of noise exposure at workplaces No. 3 per workday (GOST ISO 9612-2016) in a coal mine. Personal sound level meters were attached to the miners shoulders; they measured the noise level on the way to the workplace, during the work shift (8 hours) and on the way back. The processing of the measurement results was carried out on the basis of a quantitative assessment of the noise impact on workers according to the noise induced permanent threshold shift (NIPTS). The NIPTS values were calculated for a period from 3 to 30 years for 5 main professions, taking into account the noise impact when moving to the workplace and back. Findings. The values of the equivalent noise level at miners workplaces of are determined, which are 15 to 20 dBA above the maximum permissible equivalent level (80 dBA). Based on the results obtained, a constant shift in the hearing threshold was forecast for workers of five occupations with seniority of 3 to 30 years. A reduction in the hearing threshold of a sinker will amount to 25 dB in 30 years, which corresponds to the occupational disease Stage 3. Originality. Constant displacement of the hearing threshold for workers in coal mines, caused by the effect of an increased noise level during the journey to the place of work and back, was revealed. Practical value. It was found that in order to prevent the development of an occupational disease (sensorineural hearing loss) in underground miners, it is necessary to measure the noise level by using personal sound level meters for an 8-hour working day, taking into account the way time to the workplace and back. Noise exposure assessment should be based on a continuous decrease in the hearing threshold.
Application of biological products in strawberry cultivars to control Botrytis cinerea
Authors: Caproni Csaignon Mariano , Rodrigues Filipe Almendagna , Rezende Renata Alves Lara Silva , Pomella Alan William Vilela , Pasqual Moacir
Published: April 2021

The objective of this work was to evaluate three strawberry cultivars in an organic production system combined with the application of biological products via leaf for the control of Botrytis cinerea aiming at increasing fruit productivity and quality. The experimental design was randomized block, in a 5x3 factorial scheme, consisting of four products and three cultivars. The treatments consisted of the biological products Onix (Bacillus methylotrophicus), Quartz (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens), Botector (Aureobasidium pullulans), Prestop (Gliocladium catenatum) and control (water application in the plot) in combination with three strawberry cultivars (Cristal, Monterey and Pircinque). Through the results it was possible to observe the superiority of the cultivar Cristal in the total fruit production when compared to the cultivars Monterey and Pircinque. The biological products Onix, Quartz and Botector provided higher total strawberry production. The recommended cultivar for planting in the southern region of Minas Gerais is Pircinque due to the high levels of soluble solids and total sugars observed. The application of biological products was effective in controlling Botrytis cinerea.
Tratamento de mulheres usuárias de crack: Uma análise a partir da literatura
Authors: Vernaglia Tais Veronica Cardoso , Cruz Marcelo Santos , Peres Simone , Magalhães Luciana de Souza Pereira de , Rocha Cristiane Rodrigues da
Published: April 2021

Objetivo: Identificar e analisar as formas de tratamento direcionadas as mulheres usuárias de crack apresentadas na literatura. Método: Revisão bibliográfica, do tipo revisão integrativa da literatura, com base em produções científicas disponíveis em: BVSpsi, Pepsic, Socindex e Pubmed. Selecionados 36 estudos qualitativos e de campo, com mulheres usuárias de crack como sujeitos do estudo. Resultados: O estigma foi a principal barreira para o tratamento. Indica-se que seja adotada a perspectiva de gênero no tratamento das usuárias de crack e a inclusão da família pode amenizar conflitos e favorecer ações de cuidado. Ressalta-se a menção das salas de uso como um fator de proteção contra as diversas situações de violência presentes no território. Conclusão: É fundamental incluir questões relativas ao feminino na definição das formas de tratamento destinadas as mulheres usuárias de crack. Este artigo pode indicar lacunas nas pesquisas de campo que precisam ser aprofundadas e ampliadas para outras realidades.
Associations between timing and magnitude of spring blooms and zooplankton dynamics in the southwestern Barents Sea
Authors: Dong K , Kvile KØ , Stenseth NC , Stige LC
Published: April 2021

During the past decades, many high-latitude marine systems have experienced a strong warming trend with poorly understood consequences for trophic coupling and ecosystem functioning. A key knowledge gap is how timing and magnitude of phytoplankton blooms influence higher trophic levels. We investigated associations between timing and magnitude of phytoplankton blooms and dynamics of 3 size fractions of mesozooplankton from 1998 to 2019. The study focused on the southwestern Barents Sea, an Arctic shelf sea area that is dominated by relatively warm Atlantic waters and which remains ice-free year-round. Results showed that an early spring bloom (late April to early May) was associated with high biomass of medium-sized (1-2 mm) zooplankton in areas ‘downstream’ of the phytoplankton bloom, along the prevailing currents. Conversely, a late spring bloom was associated with high biomass of small-sized (0.180-1 mm) zooplankton, with no spatial shift. High peak magnitude of the bloom (>5 mg chl a m-3) was associated with low zooplankton biomass, suggesting either top-down control or that the zooplankton utilized intense and presumably short blooms inefficiently. For small- and large-sized (>2 mm) zooplankton, the relationship was nonlinear, as zooplankton biomass was also low when bloom peak magnitude was very low (<4 mg chl a m-3). Our findings imply that if phytoplankton blooms in the region occur earlier, this will increase the biomass of medium-sized zooplankton that are important prey for planktivorous fishes. Moreover, our study highlights that increased biomass of phytoplankton does not necessarily translate into increased zooplankton biomass.
Desain sistem pengisian daya pada solar e-bike menggunakan metode PI
Authors: Sari Dyah Intan , Subiyantoro Subiyantoro , Fauziyah Mila
Published: April 2021

Energi surya dapat digunakan sebagai energi alternatif yang akan dikonversi menjadi listrik untuk mengurangi penggunaan energi fosil menggunakan sel surya. Oleh karena itu sistem pengisian baterai 24V 7.5 AH menggunakan sel surya 30 WP. Keluaran sel surya dipengaruhi oleh intensitas sinar matahari, menyebabkan tegangan dan keluaran sel surya tidak stabil. Maka dilakukan kontrol sehingga tegangan output dari sel surya yang tidak stabil akan diubah menjadi tegangan yang stabil sesuai set point menggunakan kontrol Proportional Integral (PI). Tegangan yang berubah dari sel surya setelah memasuki boost converter stabil pada tegangan 28,8 V. Tuning parameter Proportional Integral (PI) menggunakan metode Ziegler-Nichols 2. Proses penentuan parameter PI Ziegler-Nichols 2 dihitung menggunakan respon yang diatur menggunakan slider gain sehingga respon berosilasi. Didapat nilai konstanta PI terbaik yang diperoleh dari hasil percobaan adalah Kp = 0,128, Ki = 0,12, Parameter dari metode PI ini meliputi rise time 8s, settling time 20s, overshoot 7%, peak time 7,5s dan error steady state 0,6%.

 

Solar energy can be used as an alternative energy which will be converted into electricity to reduce the use of fossil energy using solar cells. Therefore, the 24V 7.5 AH battery charging system uses 30 WP solar cells. The output of solar cells is influenced by the intensity of sunlight, causing the voltage and output of solar cells to be unstable. Then control is carried out so that the output voltage of an unstable solar cell will be converted into a stable voltage according to the set point using Proportional Integral (PI) control. The voltage that changes from the solar cell after entering the boost converter is stable at a voltage of 28.8 V. Tuning the Proportional Integral (PI) parameter using the Ziegler-Nichols 2 method. oscillate. The best PI constant values ​​obtained from the experimental results are Kp = 0.128, Ki = 0.12, The parameters of this PI method include rise time 8s, settling time 20s, overshoot 7%, peak time 7.5s and steady state error 0, 6%.
Skema network coding dan teknik pemilihan relay pada modul WARP di lingkungan indoor
Authors: Hidayati Nurul , Wijayanti Rieke Adriati , Yulianto Ahmad Wilda , Marya Dianthy , Suja'i Muhammad Syirajuddin
Published: April 2021

Abstrak

Banyak cara untuk mengetahui keberadaan para dosen dan mahasiswa pada saat aktifitas perkuliahan, mulai dari cara lama menggunakan kertas lembar presensi, menggunakan barcode hingga cara yang sudah terkomputerisasi. Dan permasalahan yang sering timbul dalam Politeknik Negeri Malang adalah perhitungan absensi yang memakan waktu lama dan membutuhkan usaha ekstra untuk merekap data dari lembar absensi mahasiswa pada setiap kelas. Pada penelitian ini, sistem absensi akan menggunakan teknologi RFID (Radio Frequency Identification). Dimana setiap dosen dan mahasiswa akan memliki tag RFID dengan nomor identitas masing-masing yang akan digunakan untuk melakukan absensi. Tag RFID tersebut akan dipindai dan data yang didapat akan disimpan pada database berupa nama, tanggal, hari, jam hadir dan jam keluar. Dari data tersebut akan diolah shingga dapat diketahui jumlah kehadiran dosen, absensi, dan jumlah kompensasi dari mahasiswa. Pada penelitian ini kinerja, kecepatan, jarak jangkau dan ketahanan dari noise diteliti menggunakan aplikasi Wireshark. Dan didapatkan bahwa sistem dapat berjalan dengan waktu yang sangat singkat, waktu rata-rata yang digunakan untuk mengirimkan data adalah 447ms dan masih dapat bekerja meskipun terhalang oleh kertas dengan ketebalan dibawah 2.8cm. Sehingga dengan menggunakan aplikasi ini, proses absensi dan proses perhitungan kompensasi yang semula cukup lama dan membutuhkan usaha ekstra dapat dilakukan dengan cepat dan efisien.

 

Abstract

There are many ways to find out the whereabouts of lecturers and students during lecture activities, like using old method by writing in presence sheet paper, using barcodes or using computerized methods. And the problem that often arises in the State Polytechnic of Malang is the calculation of attendance which takes a long time and requires extra effort to recap the data from student attendance sheets in each class. In this study, the attendance system will use RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology. Where each lecturer and student will have an RFID tag with their respective identity numbers which will be used for attendance. The RFID tag will be scanned and the data obtained will be stored in the database in the form of name, date, day, time of attendance and time out. From this data, it will be processed so that it can be seen the number of lecturers' attendance, attendance, and the amount of compensation for each students. In this study, the performance, speed, range and resistance of noise were examined using the Wireshark application. And it was found that the system can run in a very short time, the average time used to transmit data is 447ms and can still work even though it is hindered by paper with a thickness below 2.8cm. so that by using this application, the attendance process and the process of calculating compensation, which were quite long and required extra effort, can be done quickly and efficiently.
Desain sensor massa menggunakan metode macrobending fiber optic
Authors: Junus Mochammad , Prasetyo Yoyok Heru
Published: April 2021

Kecepatan dalam hal pengiriman data dan komunikasi merupakan hal terus menerus harus diperbaiki dalam era ini. Beberapa permasalahan dapat timbul karena adanya keterlambatan pengiriman data baik itu bertujuan untuk komunikasi atau pengiriman data pengukuran untuk keperluan tertentu. Salah satu solusi yang dapat di lakukan adalah dengan menggunakan fiber optik. Fiber optik kerap digunakan karena keunggulannya dalam kecepatannya dalam hal komunikasi dan pengiriman data. Saat ini, selain untuk berkomunikasi, fiber optik juga banyak dikembangkan di berbagai keperluan. Salah satunya adalah dalam pengiriman data sensor. Penelitian ini mengangkat topik permasalahan yaitu bagaimana mendesain sebuah sensor massa, dengan menggunakan fiber optik sebagai sensor massa dengan memanfaatkan metode macrobending. Kabel yang digunakan pada penelitian ini menggunakan tipe patch core singlemode FC to FC yang dililit dengan variasi 1,3,5,7, dan 9 kali lilitan pada selang elastis berdiamter ¼ inchi, ½ inchi, 5/8 inchi, ¾ inchi dan 1 inchi dengan massa 0,1 Kg- 10 Kg dengan range 200gram. Untuk input menggunkan OLS (Optical light Source) dengan nilai -7 dBm dan nilai output di terima dan dibaca oleh OPM (Optical Power Meter). Dari hasil pengukuran diperoleh nilai daya output, loss, losses macrobending, dan rugi-rugi tekanan. Dari penelitian ini, hasil yang didapatkan adalah sebuah rumus matematis hubungan antara beban atau massa dengan rugi-rugi tekanan pada kabel fiber optik.

Speed ​​in terms of data transmission and communication is something that must continuously be improved in this era. Several problems can arise due to delays in sending data, either for communication purposes or for sending measurement data for certain purposes. One solution that can be done is to use optical fiber. Optical fiber is often used because of its superiority in speed in terms of communication and data transmission. Currently, in addition to communicating, optical fiber is also being developed for various purposes. One of them is in sending sensor data. This research raises the topic of the problem, namely how to design a mass sensor, using optical fiber as a mass sensor by utilizing the macrobending method. The cables used in this study used a single patch core type FC to FC wrapped with variations of 1,3,5,7, and 9 turns on elastic hoses with diameters of ¼ inch, ½ inch, 5/8 inch, ¾ inch and 1 inch. with a mass of 0.1 kg - 10 kg with a range of 200 grams. For input using an OLS (Optical light Source) with a value of -7 dBm and the output value is received and read by the OPM (Optical Power Meter). From the measurement results obtained the value of output power, loss, macrobending losses, and pressure losses. From this research, the results obtained are a mathematical formula for the relationship between load or mass and pressure losses on fiber optic cables.
Rancangbangun Catu Daya Linier 5V, 12V dengan ZCD dan PWM
Authors: Sarwiji Fathoni , Pracoyo Agus , Sumarno Agus Sukoco Heru
Published: April 2021

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mendapatkan sebuah prototype rangkaian catu daya linier yang dilengkapi dengan rangkaian zero crossing detector dan pembangkit PWM yang dapat digunakan sebagai pelengkap modul praktikum elektronika daya, terutama pada percobaan pengendaliaaan beban ac dengan TRIAC secara digital. Pemicuan dapat dilakukan berdasar sudut fasa, yang memerlukan pulsa ZCD dan pemicuan on-off yang memerlukan PWM. Catu daya linier dipilih dalam rancangbangun ini dengan alasan kemudahan perhitungan rancangan dan mempunyai gangguaninterferensi frekuensi radio yang rendah. Tegangan output catu daya linier adalah 5V dan 12V dengan arus output hingga 1.000 mA. Komponen utama rangkaian catu daya linier adalah regulator IC type LM78XX dengan penguat arus transistor type pnp. Pembangkitan PWM dilakukan dengan kendali ATmega328. Frekuensi output dapat dipilih dari 1dan 2 Hz serta variasi duty cycle, 0,2, 05, 07 dan 1. Pemilihan nilai frekuensi dan duty cycle dilakukan dengan rotary encoder switch. Pulsa output rangkaian ZCD dan PWM dirancang untuk standar TTL. Berdasar peruntukannya maka perangkat catu daya linier ini dilengkapi dengan pengaman hubung singkat pada jalur keluarannya.

This research was conducted to obtain a linear power supply circuit prototype equipped with a zero crossing detector circuit and a PWM generator that can be used as a complement to the power electronics practicum module, especially in the experiment of digitally control loads with a TRIAC. Triggering can be done based on phase angle, which requires ZCD pulses and on-off triggering which requires PWM. The linear power supply was chosen in this design for the reason that it is easy to calculate the design and has low radio frequency interferency. The output voltage of the linear power supply is 5V and 12V with an output current of up to 1,000 mA. The main component of the linear power supply circuit is the LM78XX type regulator IC with a PNP type transistor current amplifier. PWM generation is carried out by controlling the ATmega328.The output frequency can be selected from 1 and 2 Hz as well as variations of the duty cycle, 0.2, 05, 07 and 1. The selection of the frequency and duty cycle values ​​is done by a rotary encoder switch. The output pulses of the ZCD and PWM circuits are designed for the TTL standard. Based on its designation, this linear power supply device is equipped with a safety short circuit on its output line.
Valuation Constellations
Authors: Waibel Désirée , Peetz Thorsten , Meier Frank
Published: April 2021

The focus on situated practices in current valuation studies becomes an obstacle when situations are too narrowly defined, when moments of valuation are treated as isolated events and especially when the interconnectedness of moments across situations and social fields is neglected. In order to overcome these limitations, we propose the concept of valuation constellations (Meier et al. 2016). Based on the literature on valuation the concept distinguishes positions and their relations, rules, and infrastructures. We present these three components of constellations and demonstrate the potential of the concept regarding three analytical puzzles of valuation analysis: historical change of valuation processes, the definition and solution of valuation problems, and the legitimacy of valuations. Each of the puzzles is illustrated with an empirical case, i.e. dating platforms and apps, higher education, and amateur reviewing. Going beyond situationalism, the valuation constellations perspective is key to understanding interconnected valuation processes.
Emotions and Valuations: Notre-Dame de Paris on Fire as a Case Study for Axiological Sociology
Authors: Heinich Nathalie
Published: April 2021

The emotional reactions aroused by the fire that partly destroyed Notre-Dame de Paris in April 2019 can be analyzed as “valuations” in the light of the pragmatic sociology of values, since they provide empirically grounded material allowing for the description and modeling of the actual implementations and effects of valuations. After a quick summary of the recent history of the pragmatic turn in sociology as related to the sociology of valuation, and a short reflection on the relationship between emotions and values, the fire of Notre-Dame de Paris is used as a case study in the light of “axiological sociology”, a model built on value judgments observed in various contexts, including the display of emotions. This article intends to demonstrate both empirically and theoretically how important it is for the social sciences to consider values as an autonomous issue, deserving to be treated as “axiological facts”, as any other kind of social fact.
Gene Families With Stochastic Exclusive Gene Choice Underlie Cell Adhesion in Mammalian Cells
Authors: Iakovlev Mikhail , Faravelli Simone , Becskei Attila
Published: April 2021

Exclusive stochastic gene choice combines precision with diversity. This regulation enables most T-cells to express exactly one T-cell receptor isoform chosen from a large repertoire, and to react precisely against diverse antigens. Some cells express two receptor isoforms, revealing the stochastic nature of this process. A similar regulation of odorant receptors and protocadherins enable cells to recognize odors and confer individuality to cells in neuronal interaction networks, respectively. We explored whether genes in other families are expressed exclusively by analyzing single-cell RNA-seq data with a simple metric. This metric can detect exclusivity independently of the mean value and the monoallelic nature of gene expression. Chromosomal segments and gene families are more likely to express genes concurrently than exclusively, possibly due to the evolutionary and biophysical aspects of shared regulation. Nonetheless, gene families with exclusive gene choice were detected in multiple cell types, most of them are membrane proteins involved in ion transport and cell adhesion, suggesting the coordination of these two functions. Thus, stochastic exclusive expression extends beyond the prototypical families, permitting precision in gene choice to be combined with the diversity of intercellular interactions.
Global Research Trends of Ferroptosis: A Rapidly Evolving Field With Enormous Potential
Authors: Wu Haiyang , Wang Yulin , Tong Linjian , Yan Hua , Sun Zhiming
Published: April 2021

Background: Ferroptosis is a newly proposed form of programmed cell death, and accumulating evidence suggests that it plays an essential role in the development of multiple diseases, especially cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. Since officially named in 2012, research on ferroptosis has grown rapidly. There are previous reviews focused on the research progress of ferroptosis from a certain aspect, but no bibliometric studies summarizing this field as a whole. This study aimed to assess the scientific output and activity regarding ferroptosis research from a global perspective.

Methods: Publications related to ferroptosis from 2012 to 2020 were identified and selected from the Web of Science Core Collection. Excel 2019 and GraphPad Prism 8.0 was used to analyze quantitative variables including number of publications and citations, H-index, and journal citation reports. VOS viewer and CiteSpace were used to perform co-authorship, co-citation, and co-occurrence analysis of countries/institutes/authors/keywords.

Results: A total of 1,285 publications on ferroptosis research were identified. The literature on ferroptosis had been continuously growing since 2012, and the expansion might continue at a rapid pace in the following years. China contributed the greatest proportion (43.74%) of ferroptosis publications, and the United States ranked first in the number of citation frequency (20,980 times) and H-index (70). B. R. Stockwell, D. L. Tang, and R. Kang were key researchers. The journal Cell Death Disease published the highest number of articles, with 42 articles. All the keywords could be divided into two clusters: cluster 1 (pathway and mechanism) and cluster 2 (treatment and effect). In terms of potential hotspots, keywords with the strong bursts and still ongoing recently were “neurodegeneration” (2017–2020), “chemotherapy” (2017–2020), “NF-kappa B” (2017–2020), and “photodynamic therapy” (2018–2020).

Conclusion: There will be a dramatically increasing number of publications on ferroptosis research based on the current global trends. China has made significant progress in ferroptosis research, but the United States is actually dominated in this field. More focus will be placed on neurodegeneration, chemotherapy, nuclear factor κB, and photodynamic therapy, which may be the next popular topics in ferroptosis research.
Novel Trifluoromethyl Pyrimidinone Compounds With Activity Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Hembre Erik , Early Julie V. , Odingo Joshua , Shelton Catherine , Anoshchenko Olena , Guzman Junitta , Flint Lindsay , Dennison Devon , McNeil Matthew B. , Korkegian Aaron , Ovechkina Yulia , Ornstein Paul , Masquelin Thierry , Hipskind Philip A. , Parish Tanya
Published: April 2021

The identification and development of new anti-tubercular agents are a priority research area. We identified the trifluoromethyl pyrimidinone series of compounds in a whole-cell screen against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Fifteen primary hits had minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) with good potency IC90 is the concentration at which M. tuberculosis growth is inhibited by 90% (IC90 < 5 μM). We conducted a structure–activity relationship investigation for this series. We designed and synthesized an additional 44 molecules and tested all analogs for activity against M. tuberculosis and cytotoxicity against the HepG2 cell line. Substitution at the 5-position of the pyrimidinone with a wide range of groups, including branched and straight chain alkyl and benzyl groups, resulted in active molecules. Trifluoromethyl was the preferred group at the 6-position, but phenyl and benzyl groups were tolerated. The 2-pyridyl group was required for activity; substitution on the 5-position of the pyridyl ring was tolerated but not on the 6-position. Active molecules from the series demonstrated low selectivity, with cytotoxicity against eukaryotic cells being an issue. However, there were active and non-cytotoxic molecules; the most promising molecule had an MIC (IC90) of 4.9 μM with no cytotoxicity (IC50 > 100 μM). The series was inactive against Gram-negative bacteria but showed good activity against Gram-positive bacteria and yeast. A representative molecule from this series showed rapid concentration-dependent bactericidal activity against replicating M. tuberculosis bacilli with ~4 log kill in <7 days. Overall the biological properties were promising, if cytotoxicity could be reduced. There is scope for further medicinal chemistry optimization to improve the properties without major change in structural features.
ApoE and ApoE Nascent-Like HDL Particles at Model Cellular Membranes: Effect of Protein Isoform and Membrane Composition
Authors: Waldie Sarah , Sebastiani Federica , Moulin Martine , Del Giudice Rita , Paracini Nicolò , Roosen-Runge Felix , Gerelli Yuri , Prevost Sylvain , Voss John C. , Darwish Tamim A. , Yepuri Nageshwar , Pichler Harald , Maric Selma , Forsyth V. Trevor , Haertlein Michael , Cárdenas Marité
Published: April 2021

Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), an important mediator of lipid transportation in plasma and the nervous system, plays a large role in diseases such as atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's. The major allele variants ApoE3 and ApoE4 differ only by one amino acid. However, this difference has major consequences for the physiological behaviour of each variant. In this paper, we follow (i) the initial interaction of lipid-free ApoE variants with model membranes as a function of lipid saturation, (ii) the formation of reconstituted High-Density Lipoprotein-like particles (rHDL) and their structural characterisation, and (iii) the rHDL ability to exchange lipids with model membranes made of saturated lipids in the presence and absence of cholesterol [1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) or 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) with and without 20 mol% cholesterol]. Our neutron reflection results demonstrate that the protein variants interact differently with the model membranes, adopting different protein conformations. Moreover, the ApoE3 structure at the model membrane is sensitive to the level of lipid unsaturation. Small-angle neutron scattering shows that the ApoE containing lipid particles form elliptical disc-like structures, similar in shape but larger than nascent or discoidal HDL based on Apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1). Neutron reflection shows that ApoE-rHDL do not remove cholesterol but rather exchange saturated lipids, as occurs in the brain. In contrast, ApoA1-containing particles remove and exchange lipids to a greater extent as occurs elsewhere in the body.
Estimating Contact Rates Between Metarhizium anisopliae–Exposed Males With Female Aedes aegypti
Authors: Reyes-Villanueva Filiberto , Russell Tanya L. , Rodríguez-Pérez Mario A.
Published: April 2021

Introduction

Effective control of Aedes aegypti will reduce the frequency and severity of outbreaks of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika; however, control programs are increasingly threatened by the rapid development of insecticide resistance. Thus, there is an urgent need for novel vector control tools, such as auto-dissemination of the entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana. The aim of this study was to estimate contact rates of M. anisopliae-exposed males with wild female Ae. aegypti. As a control the contact rates of untreated males with wild females was contrasted.

Methods

The study was conducted in Reynosa, Mexico. The treatment and control households (n = 15 per group) were geographically separated by an arid and hot area that naturally prevented the flight of males between arms. In each control household, 40 M. anisopliae-exposed male Ae. aegypti were released per week for 8 weeks (specimens were exposed to a concentration of 5.96 × 107 conidia/cm2 for 24 h; n = 4,800 males). In each control household, 40 untreated males were released per week for 8 weeks (n = 4,800 males). All specimens were dust-marked prior to release. Mosquito abundance was monitored with human landing collections, and captured Ae. aegypti were examined for any dust-marking.

Results

In the treatment households, the contact rate of Ae. aegypti females with marked, fungus-treated males was 14% (n = 29 females marked from 197). Where in the control households, the contact rate of females with marked, untreated males was only 6% (n = 22 marked from 365). In the treatment households the recapture rate of released males was at 5% and higher than that for the control households (which was 2%). Auto-dissemination of M. anisopliae from infected males to female Ae. aegypti was demonstrated through the recovery of an infected female from the floor of a household.

Conclusions

Overall, the contact rate between M. anisopliae-infected males with the natural female population was 60% higher than for the control group of healthy males. The results provide further support to the release of fungus-exposed males as a potentially useful strategy against Ae. aegypti, though further research is required.
Disinfectants in a Hemodialysis Setting: Antifungal Activity Against Aspergillus and Fusarium Planktonic and Biofilm Cells and the Effect of Commercial Peracetic Acid Residual in Mice
Authors: Lopes Leonardo G. , Csonka Larissa A. , Castellane Jessica A. Souza , Oliveira Alef Winter , Almeida-Júnior Sílvio de , Furtado Ricardo Andrade , Tararam Cibele , Levy Larissa Ortolan , Crivellenti Leandro Zuccolotto , Moretti Maria Luiza , Giannini Maria José S. Mendes , Pires Regina H.
Published: April 2021

Aspergillus and Fusarium cause a broad spectrum of infections in humans, mainly in immunocompromised patients. Among these, patients undergoing hemodialysis are highly susceptible to infections, requiring a constant and adequate environmental disinfection program. Nevertheless, monitoring the residual disinfectants can contribute to the morbidity and mortality reduction in these patients. Here, we evaluated the susceptibility of Aspergillus spp. (n=19) and Fusarium spp. (n=13) environmental isolates against disinfectants (acetic acid, citric acid, peracetic acid, sodium hypochlorite, and sodium metabisulphite) at different concentrations and time exposures. Also, we investigated the in vivo toxicity of the peracetic acid residual concentration in mice. Fusarium isolates were identified by F. equiseti, F. oxysporum and F. solani while Aspergillus presented clinically relevant species (A. fumigatus, A. niger and A. terreus) and environmental ones. Against planktonic cells, only two disinfectants (acetic acid and sodium hypochlorite) showed a fungicidal effect on Fusarium spp., while only one (sodium hypochlorite) was effective against Aspergillus spp. Both fungi formed robust in vitro biofilms with large amounts of the extracellular matrix, as evidenced by electron micrographs. Exposure of fungal biofilms to disinfectants showed sensitivity to three (acetic, citric, and peracetic acids), although the concentrations and times of exposure varied according to the fungal genus. Mice exposure to the residual dose of peracetic acid during 60 weeks showed anatomopathological, hematological, and biochemical changes. The implementation of news control measures and those that already exist can help reduce infections, the second cause of death and morbidity in these patients, besides providing safety and well-being to them, a priority of any quality health program.
Development and Characterization of High-Throughput Caenorhabditis elegans – Enterococcus faecium Infection Model
Authors: Revtovich Alexey V. , Tjahjono Elissa , Singh Kavindra V. , Hanson Blake M. , Murray Barbara E. , Kirienko Natalia V.
Published: April 2021

The genus Enterococcus includes two Gram-positive pathogens of particular clinical relevance: E. faecalis and E. faecium. Infections with each of these pathogens are becoming more frequent, particularly in the case of hospital-acquired infections. Like most other bacterial species of clinical importance, antimicrobial resistance (and, specifically, multi-drug resistance) is an increasing threat, with both species considered to be of particular importance by the World Health Organization and the US Centers for Disease Control. The threat of antimicrobial resistance is exacerbated by the staggering difference in the speeds of development for the discovery and development of the antimicrobials versus resistance mechanisms. In the search for alternative strategies, modulation of host-pathogen interactions in general, and virulence inhibition in particular, have drawn substantial attention. Unfortunately, these approaches require a fairly comprehensive understanding of virulence determinants. This requirement is complicated by the fact that enterococcal infection models generally require vertebrates, making them slow, expensive, and ethically problematic, particularly when considering the thousands of animals that would be needed for the early stages of experimentation. To address this problem, we developed the first high-throughput C. elegans–E. faecium infection model involving host death. Importantly, this model recapitulates many key aspects of murine peritonitis models, including utilizing similar virulence determinants. Additionally, host death is independent of peroxide production, unlike other E. faecium–C. elegans virulence models, which allows the assessment of other virulence factors. Using this system, we analyzed a panel of lab strains with deletions of targeted virulence factors. Although removal of certain virulence factors (e.g., Δfms15) was sufficient to affect virulence, multiple deletions were generally required to affect pathogenesis, suggesting that host-pathogen interactions are multifactorial. These data were corroborated by genomic analysis of selected isolates with high and low levels of virulence. We anticipate that this platform will be useful for identifying new treatments for E. faecium infection.