bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RECIKLIRANJE OTPADNIH GUMA PROCESOM AMBIJENTALNOG USITNJAVANJA
Authors: Savić Nikolina , Batinić Bojan
Published: October 2022

U okviru rada proučavane su osnovne karakteristike gume kao materijala, način njenog dobijanja, kao i različiti načini njenog tretiranja u momentu kada postane deo sistema upravljanja otpadom. Proučavanje ove teme sprovedeno je na osnovu analize naučnih radova drugih autora i istraživača i na osnovu konkretnog primera jednog postrojenja. Kao glavna metoda tretmana otpadnih guma izabrana je ambijentalna metoda usitnjavanja. Proučavanjem ove teme analiziran je celokupan postupak primene mehaničkog usitnjavanja otpadnih guma i izveden je samostalan zaključak o značaju proučavane metode recikliranja otpadnih guma.
Uticaj kombinovanog sagorevanja mazuta i prirodnog gasa na emisiju azotnih oksida u TE-TO Zrenjanin i predlog mera za njihovo smanjenje
Authors: Ćorilić Dijana , Čepić Zoran
Published: October 2022

U okviru rada proučavan je uticaj kombinovanog sagorevanja mazuta i prirodnog gasa na emisiju azotnih oksida u TE-TO Zrenjanin. Detaljno je analizirano eksperimentalno merenje, sa ciljem isptivanja mogućnosti smanjenja koncentracija azotnih oksida, a zatim su predložene primarne i skeundarne mere koje se mogu preduzeti u TE-TO Zrenjanin.
Sistem za prepoznavanje štampanog teksta korišćenjem Tesseract biblioteke
Authors: Popović Mikloš
Published: October 2022

U radu je predstavljeno jedno rešenje sistema koji omogućava prepoznavanje štampanog teksta na slici upotrebom digitalne obrade slike, tj. mašinske vizije. Cilj je bio napraviti aplikaciju pisanjem programskog koda u Python-u uz upotrebu Tesseract biblioteke koja omogućava prepoznavanje štampanog teksta, nakon čega se formira fajl u kome se nalazi prepoznati tekst. Analizirana je osetljivost predloženog rešenja na način akvizicije pomoću kamere, tj. veličinu slova, kao i koje tehnike obrade najbolje utiču na željeni rezultat.
ПОУЗДАНОСТ ОПТИЧКИХ ДЕТЕКТОРА ПОЖАРА У ЈАВНИМ ОБЈЕКТИМА
Authors: Savić Dejan
Published: October 2022

У оквиру мастер рада извршена је анализа поузданости оптичких детектора пожара у јавним објектима, као дела система за аутоматску детекцију и алармирање у случају пожара. Ови системи су једна од кључних мера за смањење ризика и последица пожара. Идентификовани су и анализирани елементи који утичу на поузданост система, а све у циљу заштите  и спасавања живота и здравља људи, материјалних добара и животне средине. На основу резултата истраживања предложене су мере за унапређење стања.
VEB APLIKACIJA ZA ONLAJN ZAKAZIVANJE KOD VETERINARA
Authors: Martinović Sandra
Published: October 2022

Danas se sve više korisnika odlučuje za zakazivanje ili kupovinu preko interneta, kako bi uštedeli na svom vremenu. Kada je reč o zakazivanju pregleda kod doktora, ovakav način nije toliko uobičajen. Rešenje koje je predstavljeno u ovom radu, trebalo bi da prikaže primer kako bi mogao da izgleda jedan jednostavan sistem koji pruža onlajn zakazivanje za ljubimce. Veb aplikacija koja omogućava onlajn zakazivanje termina kod veterinara je implementirana koristeći tehnologije kao što su MySQL Workbench, Spring i Angular.
MOBILNA APLIKACIJA ZA PRONALAŽENJE MAJSTORA
Authors: Josić Nataša
Published: October 2022

Kroz ovaj rad biće opisan način na koji se može kreirati Android mobilna aplikacija koja služi za pretragu majstora kao i njihovo prijavljivanje na oglase. Prikazani su postupci razvijanja aplikacije. Detaljno će biti opisane korišćene tehnologije, kao i sama arhitektura aplikacije.
Nasal septal verrucous carcinoma presenting as a cutaneous horn
Authors: Wee Jia Jia , Kiong Kimberley LiQin
Published: October 2022

Background:

Cutaneous horn arising from the nasal vestibule is an extremely rare entity with only four published case reports to date. Although cutaneous horns are commonly benign, the risk of it harboring a malignant or pre-malignant process is about one in three. Verrucous carcinoma is a variant of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) that typically presents in the oral cavity, and very rarely in the nasal cavity.

Case Presentation:

We report a 78-year-old female who presented with a rapidly enlarging right naris cutaneous horn of 5 months duration. Computed tomography scan showed a heterogeneously enhancing mass at the right anterior nasal cavity with no overt bone or cartilage destruction. Differential diagnoses included seborrheic keratosis, actinic keratosis, viral wart, and malignant tumors such as SCC. She underwent an excision biopsy and histology confirmed the diagnosis of a pT1 verrucous SCC.

Conclusion:

Due to the rarity of the site of the disease, management of sinonasal verrucous carcinoma is generally derived from management options of other subsites in the head and neck region. The preferred treatment modality is surgical excision, while primary radiotherapy is an emerging treatment alternative in poor surgical candidates.
ISO 23603:2005(E)/CIE S 012/E:2004 Standard method of assessing the spectral quality of daylight simulators for visual appraisal and measurement of colour
Authors:   CIE TC 1-53
Published: October 2022

This standard specifies a method of assessing the spectral quality of the irradiance provided by a daylight simulator to be used for visual appraisal of colours or for colour measurements and a method of assigning a quality grade to the simulator. It specifies the maximum permissible deviation of the chromaticity of the simulator from the chromaticity of the CIE Standard Daylight Illuminant or CIE Daylight Illuminant being simulated, for a simulator to be graded by this method.-\n--\n-The basis for the assessment is the special metamerism index for change in illuminant, using pairs of virtual (rather than real) specimens specified by their reflecting and fluorescing properties. The pairs of specimens are metameric matches under the CIE daylight illuminant, when evaluated with the CIE 1964 Standard Colorimetric Observer. The method described in this standard quantifies the mismatch when the pairs of virtual specimens are illuminated by the simulator under test and evaluated by the same standard observer.-\n--\n-The Standard is accompanied by a disk containing the spectral data of Tables 3-6 of the standard in MS Excel format.-\n--\n-This Standard has been approved by CIE National Committees and by ISO as Joint ISO/CIE Standard. It may be obtained from the CIE National Committees or at the CIE Webshop. A French version (CIE S 012/F:2004) is also available.
ISO/CIE 11664-4:2019(E) Colorimetry ? Part 4: CIE 1976 L*a*b* colour space
Authors:   CIE
Published: October 2022

This document was prepared by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) in cooperation with Technical Committee ISO/TC 274, Light and lighting. This first edition of ISO/CIE 11664-4 cancels and replaces ISO 11664-4:2008 | CIE S 014-4:2007, of which it constitutes a minor revision. The document has been editorially revised as per current ISO and CIE rules and the references have been updated.-\n--\n--\n-The document specifies a method of calculating the coordinates of the CIE 1976 L*a*b* colour space, including correlates of lightness, chroma and hue. It includes two methods for calculating Euclidean distances in this space to represent the perceived magnitude of colour differences.-\n-The document is applicable to tristimulus values calculated using colour-matching functions of the CIE 1931 standard colorimetric system or the CIE 1964 standard colorimetric system. This document can be used for the specification of colour stimuli perceived as belonging to a reflecting or transmitting object, where a three-dimensional space more uniform than tristimulus space is required. The document does not apply to colour stimuli perceived as belonging to an area that appears to be emitting light as a primary light source, or that appears to be specularly reflecting such light. The document is applicable to self-luminous displays, such as cathode ray tubes, if they are being used to simulate reflecting or transmitting objects and if the stimuli are appropriately normalized. Calculating the reverse transformation is shown in Annex A.
ISO/CIE 11664-5:2016(E) Colorimetry ? Part 5: CIE 1976 L*u*v* Colour Space and u', v' Uniform Chromaticity Scale Diagram
Authors:   CIE
Published: October 2022

This joint ISO/CIE International Standard is replacing the joint ISO/CIE International Standard ISO 11664-5:2009/CIE S 014-5:2009 without modification of its technical content.-\n-This ISO/CIE International Standard specifies the method of calculating the coordinates of the CIE 1976 L*u*v* colour space including correlates of lightness, chroma, saturation and hue. It includes two methods for calculating Euclidean distances in this space to represent the relative perceived magnitude of colour differences. It also specifies the method of calculating the coordinates of the u',v' uniform chromaticity scale diagram.-\n-The standard is applicable to tristimulus values calculated using the colour-matching functions of the CIE 1931 standard colorimetric system or the CIE 1964 standard colorimetric system. The standard may be used for the specification of colour stimuli perceived as belonging to a reflecting or transmitting object, where a three-dimensional space more uniform than tristimulus space is required. This includes self-luminous displays, like cathode ray tubes, if they are being used to simulate reflecting or transmitting objects and if the stimuli are appropriately normalized. The standard, as a whole, does not apply to colour stimuli perceived as belonging to an area that appears to be emitting light as a primary light source, or that appears to be specularly reflecting such light. Only the u',v' chromaticity diagram defined in Clause 4.1 and the correlates of hue and saturation defined in Clause 4.3 apply to such colour stimuli.-\n-This ISO/CIE International Standard has been approved by the CIE National Committees and by ISO.
ISO/CIE 19476:2014(E) Characterization of the Performance of Illuminance Meters and Luminance Meters
Authors:   CIE
Published: October 2022

This joint ISO/CIE International Standard is replacing CIE International Standard CIE S 023/E:2013 without modification of its technical content.-\n-The standard defines quality indices characterizing the performance of illuminance and luminance meters in a general lighting measurement situation, as well as measurement procedures for the individual indices and standard calibration conditions.-\n-Measurements of illuminance or luminance and their accuracy are influenced by various parameters, such as operational conditions, properties of light sources, as well as characteristics of the applied photometers. The characteristics of these photometers alone do not allow the determination of the measurement uncertainty for a specific measurement task. Nevertheless, it is generally true that instruments with ?better? characteristics in most cases produce smaller uncertainties than instruments with ?worse? properties. This standard has been written to:-\n-? give clear and unambiguous definitions for the individual quality indices;-\n-? define measurement procedures and methods for numerical evaluation of these quality indices;-\n-? define calibration conditions for illuminance meters and luminance meters.-\n-Where different, the definitions of the quality indices and the associated measurement procedures and methods for numerical evaluation given in this standard supersede those given in CIE Publication 53-1982. CIE publication 69-1987 has been superseded by this standard.-\n-This ISO/CIE International Standard has been approved by the CIE National Committees and by ISO.
ISO/CIE 20086:2019(E) Light and Lighting ? Energy Performance of Lighting in Buildings
Authors:   CIE
Published: October 2022

This document specifies the methodology for evaluating the energy performance of lighting systems for providing general illumination inside non-residential buildings and for calculating or measuring the amount of energy required or used for lighting inside buildings. This document does not cover lighting requirements, the design of lighting systems, the planning of lighting installations, the characteristics of lighting equipment (lamps, control gear and luminaires) and systems used for display lighting, desk lighting or luminaires built into furniture. This document does not provide any procedure for the dynamic simulation of lighting scene setting.-\n--\n-This joint ISO/CIE International Standard has been approved by the CIE National Committees and by ISO.
CIE S 004/D-2001 Farben von Signallichtern
Authors:   CIE
Published: October 2022

Diese Norm legt die erlaubten Farben f�r st�ndig leuchtende und blinkende Signallichter, deren Hell-Periode mindestens eine Sekunde dauert, fest.-\n--\n-Die Norm ist anwendbar f�r Farben von Signallichtern, die in See-, Stra�en-, Luft- und Eisenbahn-Transportsystemen benutzt werden, eingeschlossen Signallichter auf Schiffen, Motorfahrzeugen, Flugzeugen und Z�gen, bei denen die Erkennung der Farben wesentlich ist.-\n--\n-Sie kann auch als Leitfaden f�r die Auswahl von Farben-\n-- f�r Signallichter und Warnlichter in Armaturentafeln von Fahrzeugen-\n-- f�r Signallichter und Warnlichter auf Tafeln zur Anzeige und Kontrolle industrieller Prozesse-\n-- die in visuellen Anzeigeger�ten benutzt werden, bei denen die Erkennung des Farbkodes f�r die Deutung der angezeigten Information wichtig ist.-\n--\n-Diese Norm sagt nichts �ber die Verwendung von Signallichtern in den verschiedenen Transportarten, noch �ber die mit den verschiedenen Farben verbundene Bedeutung. Es mu� auch auf internationale, regionale und nationale �bereinkommen und Vorschriften f�r die einzelnen Anwendungen verwiesen werden.-\n--\n-Diese Norm ist nicht anwendbar auf Farbkodes von Aufsichtfarben. Ein Leitfaden �ber die erlaubten Aufsichtfarben von Farbkodes ist in CIE-Publikation 39.2- Recommendations for Surface Colours for Visual Signalling gegeben.-\n--\n-Diese Norm wurde von den Nationalkomitees der CIE gebilligt und ersetzt die Empfehlungen der CIE-Publikation 2.2-1975 Colours of Light Signals. Hintergrundinformation zu dieser Norm ist im Technischen Bericht CIE 107-1994 A Review of the Official Recommendations of the CIE for the Colours of Signal Lights zu finden.-\n--\n-Die offizielle Version ist die englische Fassung, eine franz�sische (CIE S 004/F-2001) und eine deutsche (CIE S 004/D-2001) �bersetzung wurde ebenfalls ver�ffentlicht.FALSCH
ISO 17166:1999(F)/CIE S 007/F-1998 Spectre d'action �ryth�male de r�f�rence et dose �ryth�male normalis�e
Authors:   CIE
Published: October 2022

The CIE undertook a major review of its official recommendations on photobiological effects, their dose relationships and measurement. Based on these investigations the present standard describes present day knowledge of the erythemal effect.-\n--\n-The problem of dosimetry in skin photobiology lies in the fact that the ability of ultraviolet (UV) radiation to elicit erythema in human skin depends strongly on wavelength, encompassing a range of four orders of magnitude between 250 nm and 400 nm. Thus a statement that a subject received an exposure dose of 1 J cm-2 (104 J m-2) of UV radiation conveys nothing about the consequences of that exposure in terms of erythema. If the radiation source was a UVA fluorescent lamp, no erythemal response would be seen apart from in people exhibiting severe, abnormal pathological photosensitivity. The same dose delivered from an unfiltered mercury arc lamp or fluorescent sun-lamp would result in marked violaceous erythema in most white skinned individuals. Consequently, photobiologists have long recognised the need to express the exposure as an erythemally-weighted quantity.-\n--\n-Recently the term minimal erythema dose (MED) has been used widely as a 'measure' of erythemal radiation. This is unreasonable because the MED is not a standard measure of anything but, on the contrary, encompasses the variable nature of individual sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation. Variables which affect the MED include optical and radiometric characteristics of the source; determinants of the exposure such as dose increment and field size; nature of the skin such as pigmentation, previous light exposure, and anatomical site; and observational factors such as definition of the end point, time of reading after exposure, and ambient illumination.-\n--\n-To avoid further confusing misuse of the term MED, we propose that this term be reserved solely for observational studies in humans and other animals, and that a new term, the standard erythema dose (SED) be used as a standardized measure of erythemogenic UV radiation.-\n--\n-This Standard specifies the erythema reference action spectrum ser(?), and the Standard Erythema Dose.-\n--\n-This Standard has been approved by the CIE and supersedes the recommendations made in publication CIE 106/4-1993 (reprint from CIE-Journal 6/1, 17-22, 1987) A reference action spectrum for ultraviolet induced erythema in human skin. It has been approved by ISO as a joint ISO/CIE standard.-\n--\n-This Standard may be obtained from the CIE National Committees or the Central Bureau of the CIE. A French (ISO 17166:1999/CIE S 007/F-1998) and a German (CIE S 007/D-1998) version is also available.
IEC 62471:2006/CIE S 009:2002(E) Photobiological safety of lamps and lamp systems / S�curit� photobiologique des lampes et des appareils utilisant des lampes (bilingual edition)
Authors:   CIE
Published: October 2022

Photobiological safety of lamps and lamp systems-\n--\n-Lamps were developed and produced in large quantities and became commonplace in an era when industry-wide safety standards were not the norm. The evaluation and control of optical radiation hazards from lamps and lamp systems is a far more complicated subject than similar tasks for a single-wavelength laser system. The required radiometric measurements are quite involved, for they do not deal with the simple optics of a point source, but rather with an extended source that may or may not be altered by diffusers or projection optics. Also the wavelength distribution of the lamp may be altered by ancillary optical elements, diffusers, lenses, and the like, as well as variations in operating conditions.-\n--\n-To evaluate a broad-band optical source, such as an arc lamp, an incandescent lamp, a fluorescent lamp, an array of lamps or a lamp system, it is first necessary to determine the spectral distribution of optical radiation emitted from the source at the point or points of nearest human access. This accessible emission spectral distribution of interest for a lighting system may differ from that actually being emitted by the lamp alone due to the filtration by any optical elements (e.g., projection optics) in the light path. Secondly, the size, or projected size, of the source must be characterized in the retinal hazard spectral region. Thirdly, it may be necessary to determine the variation of irradiance and effective radiance with distance. The performance of the necessary measurements is normally not an easy task without sophisticated instruments. Thus it was decided to include reference measurement techniques for lamps and lamp systems in this standard. The measurement techniques along with the described risk group classification scheme will provide common ground for both lamp manufacturers and users to define the specific photobiological hazards of any given lamp and/or lamp system.-\n--\n-Finally, there are well known optical radiation hazards associated with some lamps and lamp systems. The purpose of this standard is to provide a standardized technique for evaluation of potential radiation hazards that may be associated with various lamps and lamp systems.-\n--\n-This Standard has been approved by CIE and IEC as a Dual IEC/CIE Logo Standard.
CIE S 014-3:2011 Colorimetry - Part 3: CIE Tristimulus Values
Authors:   CIE
Published: October 2022

Superseded by Colorimetry - Part 3: CIE Tristimulus Values, 2nd Edition-\n--\n-Joint ISO/CIE Standard-\n--\n-ISO 11664-3:2012(E)/CIE S 014-3/E:2011-\n--\n-Colour stimuli with different spectral distributions can look alike. An important function of colorimetry is to determine which stimuli look alike to a given observer with a given set of colour-matching functions. This is done by calculating a set of three tristimulus values for each stimulus. Equality of tristimulus values indicates equality of colour appearance under equal irradiation and viewing conditions. This Standard is based on long-standing CIE recommendations (CIE 15:2004 Colorimetry, 3rd edition) for the calculation of tristimulus values. It specifies methods of calculating the tristimulus values of colour stimuli for which the spectral distributions are provided. These colour stimuli may be produced by self-luminous light sources or by reflecting or transmitting objects.-\n-The standard method is defined as summation at 1 nm intervals over the wavelength range from 360 nm to 830 nm. Alternative abridged methods are defined for larger intervals (up to 5 nm) and shorter ranges (down to 380 nm to 780 nm). The alternative methods are to be used only when appropriate and when the user has reviewed the impact on the final results.-\n-The Standard may be used in conjunction with the CIE 1931 standard colorimetric observer or the CIE 1964 standard colorimetric observer.FALSCH
CIE S 014-5:2009 Colorimetry - Part 5: CIE 1976 L*u*v* Colour Space and u', v', Uniform Chromaticity Scale Diagram
Authors:   CIE
Published: October 2022

Superseded by Colorimetry - Part 5: CIE 1976 L*u*v* Colour Space and u', v' Uniform Chromaticity Scale Diagram, 2nd Edition-\n--\n-Joint ISO/CIE Standard-\n--\n-ISO 11664-5:2009(E) / CIE S 014-5/E:2009-\n--\n-This joint ISO/CIE Standard (replacing CIE S 014-5/E:2009) specifies the method of calculating the coordinates of the CIE 1976 L*u*v* colour space including correlates of lightness, chroma, saturation and hue. It includes two methods for calculating Euclidean distances in this space to represent the relative perceived magnitude of colour differences. It also specifies the method of calculating the coordinates of the u',v' uniform chromaticity scale diagram.-\n--\n-The Standard is applicable to tristimulus values calculated using the colourmatching functions of the CIE 1931 standard colorimetric system or the CIE 1964 standard colorimetric system. The Standard may be used for the specification ofcolour stimuli perceived as belonging to a reflecting or transmitting object, where a three-dimensional space more uniform than tristimulus space is required. This includes self-luminous displays, like cathode ray tubes, if they are being used to simulate reflecting or transmitting objects and if the stimuli are appropriately normalized. The Standard, as a whole, does not apply to colour stimuli perceived as belonging to an area that appears to be emitting light as a primary light source, or that appears to be specularly reflecting such light. Only the u',v' chromaticity diagram defined in Section 4.1 and the correlates of hue and saturation defined in Section 4.3 apply to such colour stimuli.FALSCH
CIE S 021/E:2011 Vehicle Headlighting Systems Photometric Performance - Method of Assessment
Authors:   CIE
Published: October 2022

This Standard specifies a method to consistently assess the photometric performance of vehicle headlighting systems to enable the performance of different systems to be compared. The requirements are given in relation to road scene illumination and the limitation of glare, and the performance is assessed using parameters relevant to lane guidance and the detection of pedestrians and objects.-\n-The Standard includes a measurement and calculation procedure. It does not specify the format of an assessment report. Keywords: driving beam, headlight performance, passing beam, photometry, vehicle headlighting
CIE TN 001:2014 Chromaticity Difference Specification for Light Sources
Authors:   CIE DR 2-66
Published: October 2022

Chromaticity difference of light sources needs to be specified in many cases, for example for angular colour uniformity, shift of colour during lifetime (colour maintenance) and individual colour variation of products.-\n-This Technical Note gives background information on the subject, presents models for the description of chromaticity differences and gives recommendations for the specification of chromaticity tolerances for light sources. Keywords: chromaticity, colour uniformity, light sources
CIE TN 002:2014 Relating Photochemical and Photobiological Quantities to Photometric Quantities
Authors:   CIE DR 2-67
Published: October 2022

Optical radiation has different effects on biological systems. To quantify these effects usually the spectral distribution of a radiant quantity is weighted with the action spectrum of that effect. By this a relation between the photobiological and radiometric quantities is made.-\n-In very recent publications, mainly in the field of photobiological safety, a link between an actinic quantity and the corresponding photometric quantity is made mainly to give a simplified risk assessment procedure by means of absolute photometric measurements in combination with relative spectroradiometric measurements instead of absolute spectroradiometric measurements. Unfortunately, different terms or even units are used, e.g. ?transformation factor?, ?specific effective radiant ultraviolet power?, ?proportionality factor?, ?WB/lm factor?, or new units are defined, e.g. ?Blue Watt?, ?WB?.-\n-This Technical Note proposes the definition of new terms relating photobiological or photochemical quantities to photometric quantities. It adheres to the correct use of units within the present International System of Units SI. Keywords: photobiology, actinic radiation effects, biologic effect of radiation, action spectrum
CIE 018.2-1983 The basis of physical photometry, 2nd edition
Authors:   CIE TC 1.2
Published: October 2022

Superseded by CIE 018:2019 The Basis of Physical Photometry, 3rd Edition-\n--\n-This publication describes the basic conventions and principles of modern physical photometry and explains how physical photometry relates to radiometry on the one hand, and to vision on the other. It outlines the fundamentals of the broad-band spectroradiometric and the visual methods of photometry. The principal physical standards for measuring photometric quantities are described, relevant radiometric quantities are defined, and the results of major international intercomparisons of photometric measurements are summarized. Keywords: luminance, luminous flux, luminous intensity, photometry, standard observer
CIE 027-1973 Photometry of Luminaires for Street Lighting
Authors:   CIE TC 2
Published: October 2022

Superseded by The Photometry and Goniophotometry of Luminaires-\n--\n-CIE 121-1996-\n--\n-This technical report provides general requirements for the photometry of lamps and luminaires of most types and includes the following information:-\n- -\n--\n- standard test conditions under which the tests should be carried out, with acceptable practical tolerances;-\n- selection procedures for lamps and luminaires;-\n- procedures for measurement of the photometric characteristics of lamps and luminaires and assessment of the possible sources of error;-\n- correction factors and service conversion factors;-\n- presentation of test results.-\n--\n--\n-The report is considered to be sufficiently comprehensive to form a practical guide for industrial laboratories and contains sufficient information to replace publication CIE 24-1973 Photometry of indoor type luminaires and CIE 27-1973 Photometry of luminaires for street lighting.-\n--\n-CIE will publish supplementary reports covering these types of luminaires more specifically.FALSCH
CIE 030.2-1982 Calculation and Measurement of Luminance and Illuminance in Road Lighting
Authors:   CIE TC 4
Published: October 2022

Superseded by Road Lighting Calculations-\n--\n-CIE 140-2000-\n--\n-The purpose of this report is to update and to replace CIE 30.2-1982 Calculation and measurement of illuminance and luminance in road lighting. It gives the methods which CIE 115-1995 and CIE 136-2000 require for their recommendations.-\n--\n-It includes the calculation of luminance, illuminance, and their associated measures of uniformity, as well as disability glare. The conventions adopted for luminance and illuminance grids are also included.FALSCH
CIE 034-1977 Road lighting lantern and installation data: photometrics, classification and performance
Authors:   CIE TC 4.6
Published: October 2022

This technical report is one of a series of supporting documents to CIE 12.2-1977 Recommendations for the Lighting of Roads for Motorized Traffic. It is concerned with the data involved in predicting the performance of an installation, as described in CIE 30.2-1982 Calculation and Measurement of Luminance and Illuminance in Road Lighting.-\n--\n-Part 1 of the report describes the preferred form of basic photometric data for road lighting lanterns: intensity tables; isocandela diagrams; polar diagrams; flashed areas.-\n--\n--\n-Part 2 outlines additional derived data for an individual lantern which could be of value: description of a lantern in terms of throw, speed and control; utilization factor diagrams; luminance yield diagrams, isoluminance diagrams.-\n--\n--\n-Part 3 gives three useful methods of presenting data on the performance of lantern installations: performance tables; performance graphs; layout tables for achieving a specific performance.-\n--\n--\n-An Appendix gives information about differences in performance which have been found between installations using lanterns that satisfy the same specification or classification. Keywords: lanterns, luminaire classification, luminaries, photometric data, road lighting
CIE 051.2-1999 A method for assessing the quality of daylight simulators for colorimetry
Authors:   CIE TC 1-45
Published: October 2022

A method is provided for evaluating the suitability of a test source as a simulator of CIE Standard Illuminants D55, D65, or D75. The Supplement, prepared in 1999, adds the CIE Illuminant D50 to the line of illuminants where the method can be applied to. For each of these standard illuminants, spectral radiance factor data are supplied for five pairs of nonfluorescent samples that are metameric matches. The colorimetric differences of the five pairs are computed for the test illuminant; the average of these differences is taken as the visible range metamerism index and is used as a measure of the quality of the test illuminant as a simulator for nonfluorescent smaples. For fluorescent samples, the quality is further assessed in terms of an ultraviolet range metamerism index, defined as the average of the colorimetric differences computed with the test illuminant for three further pairs of samples, each pair consisting of a fluorescent and a nonfluorescent sample which are metameric under the standard illuminant.-\n--\n-This report should be used in conjunction with CIE 15.2-1986 Colorimetry. Keywords: colorimetry, daylight, solar simulators, standard source
CIE 061-1984 Tunnel entrance lighting: A survey of fundamentals for determining the luminance in the threshold zone
Authors:   CIE TC 4.6
Published: October 2022

The purpose of this report is to provide information on the lighting requirements for drivers approaching the entrance of a tunnel in daytime. The report is restricted to the first stretch of tunnels, called the threshold zone.-\n--\n-The report begins with a review of the fundamental experiments that were the basis of the 1973 CIE recommendations for tunnel lighting, as far as the threshold zone is concerned (see CIE 23-1973 International Recommendations for Motorway Lighting). New investigations are described with which the original fundamental experiments may be applied more realistically. Results of driving experiments in a real tunnel under various lighting conditions are summarized. To complete the description of methods based on visibility, two recently published methods that dispense with the original fundamental experiments are discussed. Finally, mention is made of an approach not directly based on visibility but on traffic flow. The report does not give a straightforward answer to all problems related to the lighting of threshold zones of tunnels. It summarizes the state of the art and, as such, will form the background for future tunnel lighting recommendations. Keywords: adaptation, equivalent veiling luminance, motorized traffic, road lighting, tunnel lighting
CIE 064-1984 Determination of the Spectral Responsitivity of Optical Radiation Detectors
Authors:   CIE TC 2.2
Published: October 2022

Superseded by: -\n-CIE 202:2011 Spectral Responsivity Measurement of Detectors, Radiometers and Photometers-\n--\n- -\n--\n-This Technical Report outlines procedures for determining the spectral responsivity function of photodetectors.-\n--\n-The report is divided into two parts:-\n--\n-1. The determination of the relative spectral responsivity function.-\n--\n-Various methods are presented and instrumental details are discussed. Sources of errors are listed together with diagnostic tests and proposals for remedial action.-\n--\n-2. The absolute calibration.-\n--\n-Three different methods are presented for transforming the relative spectral data into absolute values.-\n--\n-This report is intended to serve as a guide for anyone wishing to assemble, test or modify new or existing instruments. Its purpose is to stimulate critical judgement of various options in every phase of the development of such instrumentation rather than to present a single solution. Keywords: detectors, spectral responsivity
CIE 072-1987 Guide to the properties and uses of retroreflectors at night
Authors:   CIE TC 1.6
Published: October 2022

This guide describes the properties, characteristics and uses of retroreflectors at night. It was written in simple language for those who, in one way or another, have to deal with retroreflectors in their professional activity and have a limited knowledge of optics and lighting technology. Sections 2, 3, and 4 introduce the fundamentals of the subject. Section 5 explains the construction and functioning of different optical systems and (prismatic or spherical-lens) retroreflectors. Section 6 and 7 describe the effect of dew, frost, and the deterioration of retroreflectors. Section 8 deals with tests of photometric and colorimetric performance, as well as commonly performed quality tests of the resistance and durability of materials. Section 9 enumerates typical uses of retroreflectors and retroreflecting sheeting for road, railroad, airport, waterway, sea navigation, search and rescue, vehicle, cyclist, pedestrian, and safety signs. Section 10 gives a selected bibliography on retroreflectors.-\n--\n-The publication includes eight annexes, containing drawings, charts, tables, diagrams, and calculation methods. Keywords: motorized traffic, retroreflectors, signals & signs
CIE 077-1988 Electric light sources: State of the art - 1987
Authors:   CIE TC 7-02
Published: October 2022

This technical report reviews the progress in light and radiation source development for the period 1982 to 1986.-\n--\n-In the field of incandescent light sources both general service and tungsten halogen incandescent lamps are covered.-\n--\n-Main subjects in fluorescent lamp section are new developments in lamp phosphors, new lamp design, experiments with compact fluorescent lamps and behavior of fluorescent lamps on specific electronic circuits.-\n--\n-Further sections deal with the trends in the development of low and high pressure sodium lamps, mercury and metal halide discharge lamps.-\n--\n-The question of electronic circuits to ignite and operate different types of discharge lamps is dealt in detail together with problems of dimming devices and control systems.-\n--\n-A list of IEC-Standards for lamps, ballasts and related components as well as an annotated bibliography of standards under preparation presents an excellent overview of the activity in this field. This report shows that light source development continues to be a strong commitment in the lighting industry. A significant resurgence in the fluorescent industry has resulted in the development of a new family of lamps - compact fluorescent lamps. The metal halide lamp is continuing to experience development particularly to lower wattage. High pressure sodium appears to be growing toward maturity. High pressure mercury has been some mature source. Finally, the incandescent source continues to show vitality experiencing new developments in the area of tungsten halogen.-\n--\n-A special feature of the report are the tables summarizing the present photometric data and application information for the sources covered by the report.-\n--\n-For an update, see CIE 096-1992 Electric Light sources: State of the Art 1991. Keywords: discharge lamps, fluorescent lamps, incandescent lamps, light source, mercury lamps, metal halide lamps, radiation sources, sodium lamps
CIE 084-1989 Measurement of luminous flux
Authors:   CIE TC 2-02
Published: October 2022

This technical report defines the terminology required for luminous flux measurements. It then deals with the principles of luminous flux measurements and describes methods for the evaluation of the illuminance distribution, the measurement of luminous flux by means of an integrating sphere photometer and the determination of luminous flux via luminance, luminous intensity and luminance measurements.-\n--\n-The report is based on and replaces CIE 025-1973, Procedures for the measurement of luminous flux of discharge lamps and for their calibration as working standards, and on the conclusions of the CIE Symposium on Light and Radiation Measurement 1981. The terminology follows that in the International Lighting Vocabulary. Keywords: fluorescent lamps, luminous flux, photometry
CIE 087-1990 Colorimetry of self-luminous displays - A bibliography
Authors:   CIE TC 1-10
Published: October 2022

Committee TC 1-10 Colorimetry of Self-Luminous Displays, was formed in response to the growing need to establish standardization in the measurement, design and perception of colour on visual display units (VDU's) - sometimes called self-luminous displays (SLD's).-\n--\n-The major concern in TC 1-10 was to establish the state-of-knowledge which would encompass the general performance of colour VDU's, the measurement of their colorimetric characteristics, the use of colour in display design under various viewing conditions and the perceptual aspects of colour on VDU's.-\n--\n-This technical report compiles a list of technical books and papers dealing with the Colorimetry of Self-Luminous Displays. Annotated references and abstracts are included where available. The report is divided into four general groups:-\n--\n- Classical colorimetry as used in colour visual display units-\n- Colorimetric measurement, technical standards, uncertainties involved with assessing the colour on VDU's-\n- Colour design and use on visual display units-\n- Colour perception. Keywords: colorimetry, displays, visual display unit
CIE 092-1992 Guide to the Lighting of Urban Areas
Authors:   CIE
Published: October 2022

Superseded by Guide to the Lighting of Urban Areas, 2nd Edition-\n--\n-CIE 136-2000-\n--\n-The purpose of this guide is to supplement the lighting recommendations and standards for roads and areas of public use as detailed in the Publication CIE 115-1995. It replaces CIE 92-1992 Guide to the Lighting of Urban Areas.-\n--\n-The recommendations cover the effect of light on night time crime and suggests lighting requirements for residential roads and community areas, industrial roads, central business districts and malls, pedestrian paths and access facilities and cycle tracks.-\n--\n-In addition to proposing levels of luminance and illuminance the recommendations consider aspects such as modelling of people and structures within the environment, the effects of glare and sparkle, suitability of light sources as far as colour appearance and colour rendering are concerned, the effect of the lighting on the environment and the general aesthetics of the lighting equipment used.FALSCH
CIE 094-1993 Guide for floodlighting
Authors:   CIE TC 5-06
Published: October 2022

The purpose of this Guide from CIE Technical Committee TC 5-06 is to provide information on how to use exterior lighting for the decoration of the night-time urban landscape. Of the many applications of lighting in an urban environment, this Guide deals with those having a purely aesthetic and decorative purpose. Such lighting can be used every night, as is often the case in the lighting of monuments, public art, commercial buildings, or used only periodically on the occasion of a festival or public gathering. The lighting of natural sites, parks, and gardens is also dealt with in this Guide. Permanent lighting for traffic or public safety, although affecting the quality of a city's night time ambience, is not dealt with in the Guide. This Guide provides tools for the exterior lighting designer and ideas for the town architect. For those who have to make the decisions on expenditure, this Guide explains the possibilities of combining outdoor beautification with economical and energy friendly decorative lighting.-\n--\n-This Guide is written for the non-expert reader who is interested only in the broad technicalities of the subject and who wishes to be able to understand what an expert may tell him. Keywords: aesthetic lighting, architectural lighting, decorative lighting, floodlighting, lighting design & specifications
CIE 095-1992 Contrast and visibility
Authors:   CIE TC 1-17
Published: October 2022

The purpose of the present report is a study of literature related to analytical visual performance models and a discussion of various approaches with respect to a further development of a CIE contrast metric of visibility. It has been shown that many developments have taken place during the last 10 or 15 years which permit a much improved understanding of the multiparametric interactions in visual performance thresholds and in capability of predicting them.-\n--\n-The publication presents the concept of visibility lobes per glimpse which reveals a basis for evaluation of visual tasks and lighting conditions. An analytical function is discussed which includes foveal and extrafoveal vision, target-background interference, and information load.-\n--\n-A critical point is the appropriate definition of contrast. It should be distinguished, for example, between inner and outer contrast. Furthermore, different filtering channels have to be taken into account if contrast sensitivity is measured. Contrast sensitivity as a function of spatial frequency must be determined for the prediction of detection and discrimination capabilities of observers. Priority of further work should be given to the investigation of visibility lobes as a function of target and background structures.-\n--\n-The report is divided into three parts. The first part is an introduction where the CIE contrast metric of visibility is discussed and some recent approaches are listed that can be used to characterize visual performance for near threshold and suprathreshold stimuli.-\n--\n-The second part starts with an attempt to survey some important properties of the modular transfer function of the human visual system. After that, some models of early visual processing are considered which are based on results from psychophysics and neurophysiology and which might have consequences for further developments of a contrast metric of visibility.-\n--\n-The third part is essentially a discussion where the achievements and limitations of the various approaches are listed. Keywords: contrast, visibility
CIE 098-1992 Personal dosimetry of UV radiation
Authors:   CIE TC 6-19
Published: October 2022

Natural and artificial ultraviolet radiation (UVR) can induce both beneficial and detrimental effects in man. Humans are exposed not only to natural UVR, but also may be exposed either intentionally or unintentionally to artificial UVR sources (tanning equipments, workplaces, etc.).-\n--\n-Normally people do not maintain a fixed position with respect to the UVR source, and so measurements using a stationary detector can be of limited value.-\n--\n-Consequently the exposure dose of radiation can best be determined by means of personal monitoring.-\n--\n-A practicable personal dosimeter for UVR is a polysulphone film, which after exposure to ultraviolet radiation in the spectral range 250 to 330 nm, shows an increase in absorbance at 330 nm. In evaluating actinic radiant exposure, the action spectrum of the photobiological effect under consideration, the spectral power distribution of the UVR source and the spectral response of the personal dosimeter have to be known.-\n--\n-Detailed information on the practical use of polysulphone film is given, together with a description of other UV-sensitive materials that may be suitable for personal UVR dosimetry. Keywords: actinic radiation effects, erythemal effect, photobiology
CIE 115-1995 Recommendations for the Lighting of Roads for Motor and Pedestrian Traffic
Authors:   CIE
Published: October 2022

Superseded by Lighting of Roads for Motor and Pedestrian Traffic-\n--\n-CIE 115:2010-\n--\n-This report is a revision and update of CIE 115-1995 ?Recommendations for the Lighting of Roads for Motor and Pedestrian Traffic?. Since it was issued in 1995 power consumption and environmental aspects have become more important and at the same time, the improved performance of luminaires and lamps, and especially the introduction of electronic control gear, has made it possible to introduce adaptive lighting for roads for motorised traffic, conflict areas and areas for pedestrians. A structured model has been developed for the selection of the appropriate lighting classes (M, C, or P), based on the luminance or illuminance concept, taking into account the different parameters relevant for the given visual tasks. Applying for example time dependent variables like traffic volume or weather conditions, the model offers the possibility to use adaptive lighting systems.-\n--\n-The publication replaces CIE 115-1995 Recommendations for the Lighting of Roads for Motor and Pedestrian Traffic .
CIE 130-1998 Practical Methods for the Measurement of Reflectance and Transmittance
Authors:   CIE TC 2-14
Published: October 2022

The characteristics of materials related to their reflection and transmission properties are defined in accordance with the International Lighting Vocabulary and other relevant CIE publications.-\n--\n-The parameters affecting these characteristics and the principles of measurement involved, which are the same whether the measurement is made in terms of spectral or weighted (e.g. luminous) characteristics, are specified.-\n--\n-Methods, using an integrating sphere, are recommended for the measurement of:-\n--\n- reflectance for directional and hemispherical incidence of radiation,-\n- diffuse reflectance,-\n- transmittance for directional and hemispherical incidence of radiation,-\n- diffuse transmittance.-\n--\n-Specific methods are also recommended for the measurement of-\n--\n- regular reflectance,-\n- regular transmittance,-\n- radiance/luminance factor (radiance/luminance coefficient q ).-\n--\n--\n-The absorptance can either be measured directly or calculated from the measured values of reflectance and transmittance. Both procedures are described.-\n--\n-The principal measurement errors are examined and, where possible, methods for their elimination indicated. Keywords: materials, radiometry, reflectance, transmittance