bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Governance Innovations for Nature-based Solutions from Translocal Networks
Authors: Shi Rui , Pan Haozhi
Published: February 2023

Environmental governance innovation, especially nature-based solutions (NbS), is gaining scholarly attention over the past years due to issues including urban expansion and climate change. Most existing studies of such innovation focus on national, provincial or single city level, while few explore the translocal interactions among urban agglomeration levels. This paper illustrates the process of emergence and adoption of environmental governance innovations in the context of NbS. Furthermore, this paper analyzes the contributing factors of the innovation processes with particular focus on the role of translocal governance networks that involves the center and local governments, urban agglomeration networks and non-governmental actors.Event history analysis is used to understand the sources and processes of environmental innovation generation and adoption. Environmental innovation event history is established via obtaining policy documents published on government portals across the country and case reports published by mainstream media from 2011 to 2021. Then, we use the pooled regression model to explain the probability of innovation being generated or adopted to analyze the contributing factors of environmental governance innovation in urban agglomeration. Vertical, horizontal, internal and external interactions are measured and used to explain the processes with other explanatory variables including political factors, economic factors, and other socioeconomic covariates. The following results are expected. First, environmental governance innovations mostly originate from external factors, such as breakthrough of environmental technology and global environmental alliances, and are generated from both central and provincial government. Second, the probability of innovation adoption is positively correlated with interactions across and within urban agglomeration, and the frequencies of vertical, internal and external interactions, and significantly negatively correlated with horizontal interaction factors. Third, economic and educational factors are expected to have the most significant influence on the probability of innovation generation; among social factors, population density could be negatively correlated with the probability of innovation generation. The findings of this study can further optimize relationship between local actors and governance structure to promote environmental governance innovation.
Compound drought slow down the greening of the Earth
Authors: Liu Xianfeng , Sun Gaopeng , Fu Zheng , Ciais Philippe , Feng Xiaoming , Li Jing , Fu Bojie
Published: February 2023

Vegetation response to soil and atmospheric drought has raised extensively controversy, however, the relative contributions of soil drought, atmospheric drought and their compound drought on global vegetation growth remain unclear. Combining the changes in soil moisture (SM), vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and vegetation growth (NDVI) during 1982-2015, here we evaluated the trends of these three drought types and quantified their impacts on global NDVI. We found that global VPD has increased 0.22±0.05 kPa·decade-1 during 1982-2015, and this trend was doubled after 1996 (0.32±0.16 kPa·decade-1) than before 1996 (0.16±0.15 kPa·decade-1). Regions with large increase in VPD trend generally accompanied with decreasing trend in SM, leading to a widespread increasing trend in compound drought across 37.62% land areas. We further found compound drought dominated the vegetation browning since late 1990s. Earth system models agree with the dominant role of compound drought on vegetation growth, but their negative magnitudes are considerably underestimated, with half of the observed results (34.48%). Our results provided the evidence of compound drought induced global vegetation browning, highlighting the importance of correctly simulating the ecosystem-scale response to the under-appreciated exposure to compound drought as it will increase with climate change.
An intermontane desert system: Sedimentology, mechanism, and provenance in Southeast China during the Late Cretaceous
Authors: Cao Shuo , Zhang Laiming , Mountney Nigel , Wang Chengshan
Published: February 2023

Along with the intensification of global warming, severe desertification has already impaired human sustainable development. In a near-future greenhouse world, the total area of the desert will increase, and new types of deserts may emerge. During the “greenhouse” Cretaceous, conventional large paleo-deserts developed in broad topographic basins, and many possible deserts developed in small-scale intermontane basins, which are unusual in near-modern times and less studied. A comprehensive study of their sedimentology, mechanisms, and provenance would refine our interpretation of desertification and improve our understanding of the potential impact of future climate in arid and semi-arid regions in a near-future “greenhouse” world. The Xinjiang Basin is a typical intermontane basin in Southeast China that formed >300 m of successive aeolian deposits during the early Late Cretaceous, making it an ideal place to investigate the Sedimentological characteristics and formation mechanisms of intermontane deserts. In this study, we applied detailed sedimentary analyses to the aeolian deposits throughout the Xinjiang Basin and reconstructed a three-dimensional sedimentary model for the intermontane deserts. We confirmed the existence of the typical intermontane paleo-desert and summarized in detail the differences between intermontane deserts and broad topographic deserts. We noticed that the “greenhouse” state during the Late Cretaceous seems to have been suitable for the development of deserts in intermontane basins due to the hot, arid climate conditions and penetrating winds with sufficient transport capacity. In addition, the provenance analysis of the intermontane desert proved the ultra-long-distance aeolian sediment transport, and it may enable by the strengthening of intermittent westerly winds during short-lived glacial episodes and the presence of a low-relief corridor that served as a transport pathway from source to sink. Therefore, we suggest the emergence and development of intermontane deserts in a near-future “greenhouse” world would contribute to the global desert expansion and massive desertification.
Model Biases in the AMOC Stability Indicator
Authors: van Westen René , Dijkstra Henk
Published: February 2023

The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is considered to be a multi-stable system with a northward overturning and a southward overturning circulation state. It has been proposed that the stability of the AMOC system can be represented through the net freshwater transport at 34°S (the Atlantic's southern boundary), the so-called Fov index. For example when AMOC transports net freshwater out of the Atlantic sector at 34°S (Fov < 0), freshwater (i.e., salinity) perturbations may grow over time through the salt-advection feedback which eventually can induce a state transition. Present-day observations indicate that Fov is negative and  hence the present-day AMOC is in its multi-stable regime.AMOC state transitions have regional and global impacts and it is therefore important to study the AMOC stability under climate change. However, most climate models have a tendency of simulating a positive Fov index, implying that the AMOC is too stable in these climate model simulations. Here we analyse Fov-related biases using a high-resolution and a low-resolution model version of the Community Earth System Model (CESM). Under constant pre-industrial conditions, the Fov index drifts from negative values to positive values over a 300-year simulation period. The Fov biases are related to biases in the E-P fluxes, freshwater runoff from Greenland, Agulhas leakage, Southern Ocean deep convection and the (meridional) location of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current front. These numerous processes contributing to Fov are responsible the difficulty in simulating realistic AMOC behaviour in climate model simulations. The implication is that climate models with an inconsistent Fov index are not fit for purpose in making AMOC projections.
Going FAIR by the book: Accelerating the adoption of PID-enabled good practices in software communities through reference publication.
Authors: Löwe Peter
Published: February 2023

This is a report from the chapter editor's perspective of a high visibility publication effort to foster the adoption of the FAIR principles (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) by encouraging the adoption of Persistent Identifiers (PID) and repository-based workflows in geospatial open source software communities as good practices. Lessons learned are detailed about how to communicate the benefits of PID adoption to software project communities focussing on professional software-development and meritocracy. Also encountered communication bottleneck patterns, the significance of cross-project  multiplicators, remaining challenges and emerging opportunities for publishers and repository infrastructures are reported. For the second Edition of the Springer Handbook of Geographic Information, a team of scientific domain experts from several software communities was tasked to rewrite a chapter about Open Source Geographic Information Systems (DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-53125-6_30). For this, a sample of representative geospatial open source projects was selected, based on the range of projects integrated in the OSGeo live umbrella project (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5884859). The chapters authors worked in close contact with the respective Open Source software project communities. Since the editing and production process for the Handbook of Geographic Information was delayed due to the pandemic, this provided the opportunity to explore, improve and implement good practices for state of the art PID-based citation of software projects and versions, but also project communities, data and related scientific video ressources. This was a learning process for all stakeholders involved in the publication project. At the completion of the project, the majority of the involved software projects had minted Digital Object Identifiers (DOI) for their codebases. While the adoption level of software versioning with automated PID-generation and metadata quality remains heterogeneous, the insights gained from this process can simplify and accelerate the adoption of PID-based best software community practices for other open geospatial projects according to the FAIR principles.
On the scale sizes of magnetic holes
Authors: Plaschke Ferdinand , Volwerk Martin , Karlsson Tomas , Götz Charlotte , Heyner Daniel , Hietala Heli , Mieth Johannes Z. D. , Schmid Daniel , Simon-Wedlund Cyril , Vörös Zoltan
Published: February 2023

Magnetic holes are significant depressions of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) that can be found embedded in the solar wind everywhere within the heliosphere. They resemble mirror mode magnetic structures that form as a response to excess perpendicular temperatures. Magnetic holes situated at IMF discontinuities (current sheets) may also be the result of reconnection. Magnetic holes occur more often under fast solar wind conditions, and their scale sizes are known to be on the order of thousands to tens of thousands of km, determined essentially from temporal width and plasma velocity observations. So far, the scale sizes have only been estimated for the directions parallel to the respective solar wind plasma flows. In this study, we attempt to calculate the first distributions of the scale sizes for the orthogonal, flow-perpendicular directions. Therefore, we use multi-point observations of magnetic holes by the ARTEMIS spacecraft in lunar orbit. The method we use has been previously applied to plasma jets present in the magnetosheath of Earth. The knowledge of the flow-perpendicular scale sizes is important to assess the holes’ impact on planetary magnetospheres and cometary environments.
Effects of microplastic aging on its detectability and physico-chemical properties in loess and sandy soil
Authors: Shafea Leila , Yoffre Rodriguez Carlos Angelo , Woche Susanne Karoline , Sauheitl Leopold , Göbel Marc-Oliver , Peth Stephan
Published: February 2023

Comparing pristine microplastic (MP) to aged MP collected from the soil environment, aged MP particles generally have a rougher surface and thus a greater specific surface area, higher crystallinity, more oxygen-containing functional groups, and lower tensile strength, as well as greater mobility and consequently a higher risk of leaching into the groundwater [1, 2]. The aged MP is produced due to the solar UV irradiation and soil abiotic and biotic processes [3]. Thus, pristine and aged MP may behave differently in the environment due to different surface properties and MP extraction from soil consequently must ensure to recover both, pristine and aged MP. Therefore, we aimed to develop a fast and efficient laboratory method to detect pristine and aged MP and to compare the recovery rate of aged and pristine MP. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted by adding pristine and UV-aged (UV irradiation period: 35 d) MP particles of two different types, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polystyrene (PS), at three sizes (S: 500 µm, M: 500-630 µm, L: 630 µm -1mm) to sand and loess soil at a concentration of 0.5% w/w. For extraction, a density separation was performed, using saturated NaCl (1.2 g cm-3) and NaI (1.8 g cm- 3) solutions, followed by H2O2 (33 %) treatment to remove soil organic matter. Recovered MP was quantified gravimetrically. The physico-chemical properties of pristine and aged MP before and after extraction were analyzed by Mid-FTIR for changes in surface functional groups and by contact angle (CA) determination for changes in wetting properties due to aging. We found that the recovery rates of pristine and UV-aged particles were the same for both PS and PET, with no significant differences between recovery from sand and loess soils. The average recovery rate of all samples was about 81 %. Pristine MP was hydrophobic (CA≥90) while aged MP was subcritically water repellent (CA>0 and <90°). In line, FTIR spectra indicated the formation of hydroxyl groups (i.e., polar sites) in aged MP. FTIR spectra before and after recovery showed no significant differences, however, CA of aged MP (size L) was increased to >90° after recovery, probably due to amphiphilic organic matter (OM) compounds sorbed during extraction. In conclusion, the tested recovery procedure did work for pristine and aged MP at all size fractions and loess and sandy soils, while the extraction procedure seems to result in an interaction between polar sites and released OM in case of aged MP.Keywords: Microplastic, Pristine, UV-aged, Recovery, Identification, Quantification.[1] doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.079. [2] doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117407.117407.[3] doi: 10.1002/jpln.202200136.
Python toolbox for fracture stratigraphy quantification and mechanical interface characterization
Authors: Namongo Soro Paul Joseph Fimbiyaha , Lamarche Juliette , Viseur Sophie , Messaadi Fateh , Richard Pascal
Published: February 2023

Modelling Discrete Fracture Networks (DFN) in naturally fractured reservoir (NFR) implies identifying and understanding the fracture spatial distribution and relationships to stratigraphic interfaces (crosscutting or abutment) in 3D. However, capturing fracture geometric parameters in the subsurface has always been a challenging task. To palliate the lack of data, and to better constrain modelling inputs, outcrop analogs are often used. While Simonson (1978) showed that mechanical contrasts at bed interfaces are essential to control fracture abutment, Cooke (2006) showed that bed/inter-bed thickness ratio is also an important parameter to account for.Our goal is to predict fracture network geometry in stratified sedimentary rocks. To this purpose, we present a new original python toolbox. We performed an integrated approach that quantifies and automatically computes the bed interface’s compliance to let fractures go through (or not). Accounting for abutment, cross-cutting relations and bed thickness data, a compliance value is calculated for each interface using 1D scanline or 2D outcrop photograph. The process comprises (1) a field survey data or a digitized image (stratigraphy and fracture pattern) and (2) the processing of the data. First, we applied the method to existing classification and quantification from other authors as case study to check the feasibility of the code. Second, we applied the method to naturally fractured and stratified carbonates located in SE France and Centre Albania.
deep learning based sferics recognition for AMT dataprocessing in the dead band
Authors: jiang enhua , chen rujun , wu xinmin , liu jianxin , zhu debin , liu weiqiang
Published: February 2023

In the audio magnetotellurics (AMT) sounding data processing, the absence of sferic signals in some time ranges typically results in a lack of energy in the AMT dead band, which may cause unreliable resistivity estimate. We propose a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) to automatically recognize sferic signals from redundantly recorded data in a long time range and use them to compensate for the resistivity estimation. We train the CNN by using field time series data with different signal-to-noise rations that were acquired from different regions in mainland China. To solve the potential overfitting problem due to the limited number of sferic labels, we propose a training strategy that randomly generates training samples (with random data augmentations) while optimizing the CNN model parameters. We stop the training process and data generation until the training loss converges. In addition, we use a weighted binary cross-entropy loss function to solve the sample imbalance problem to better optimize the network, use multiple reasonable metrics to evaluate network performance, and carry out ablation experiments to optimally choose the model hyperparameters. Extensive field data applications show that our trained CNN can robustly recognize sferic signals from noisy time series for subsequent impedance estimation. The subsequent processing results show that our method can significantly improve S/N and effectively solve the problem of lack of energy in the dead band. Compared to the traditional processing method without sferic compensation, our method can generate a smoother and more reasonable apparent resistivity-phase curves and depolarized phase tensor, correct the estimation error of sudden drop of high-frequency apparent resistivity and abnormal behavior of phase reversal, and finally better restore the real shallow subsurface resistivity structure.
Long open-path measurements of CO2 and CH4 with an 125HR FTS in an urban environment.
Authors: Schmitt Tobias , Kuhn Jonas , Pilz Lukas , Maiwald Robert , May Maximilian , Kleinschek Ralph , Edinger Paul , Schmitt Stefan , Hase Frank , Griffith David W. T. , Butz André
Published: February 2023

Quantifying sources and sinks, as well as chemical activity of trace gases in the lower troposphere, requires accurate measurements of the concentrations of the species of interest. While there exist in-situ measurement techniques, which are highly accurate, point-like measurements are only sufficiently representative in the spatial domain for a small area. This holds true in particular in high-gradient environments, e.g., urban settings. Hence, measuring those concentrations averaged on the length scale of a few kilometers is desirable. Furthermore, quantifying emissions requires combining concentration measurements with regional transport models, which cover a comparable spatial resolution.We present a long open-path setup that measures average concentrations on the kilometer-scale in the urban boundary layer. Our setup, which is operational since March 2022, is based on a Bruker IFS 125 HR Fourier transform spectrometer, a commercially available spectrometer, which offers high resolution and throughput. The instrument choice provides flexible and explorative experimental setups such as variable and high spectral resolution and the extension of spectral coverage from the shortwave-infrared to the near ultra-violet spectral range. Here, we present the results on CO2 and CH4 from our 2022 measurement campaign as well as analysis of the diurnal variability in comparison to the prediction of local and regional transport models.
A multivariate approach to study the shape modifications of feldspar exsolution lamellae during cooling: A case study from Koraput Alkaline Complex, India
Authors: Koley Manojit , Ghosh Biswajit , Dhar Archisman , Roy Sankhadeep
Published: February 2023

Like all the alkaline complexes, feldspar exsolution texture is common within different rock types of Koraput Alkaline Complex (KAC), India. Both perthite and mesoperthite exsolution texture are common in this alkaline complex. The former is present within nepheline syenite and granite whereas the latter is observed within alkali gabbro, syenite, granite and nepheline syenite. Shapes of plagioclase feldspar lamellae of perthite and mesoperthite texture vary widely. Plagioclase feldspar lamellae in mesoperthite at places bifurcate and merge with each other forming anastomosing pattern. On the other hand, plagioclase feldspar lamellae in perthite are commonly needle-like. Using two-feldspar and one-feldspar thermometry we have estimated the temperature of formation of these textures. Compositions of exsolved alkali feldspar and the adjacent plagioclase feldspar pairs are used in two-feldspar thermometry. In one-feldspar thermometry, we have used the reintegrated compositions of exsolved alkali feldspars. In two-feldspar thermometry compositions of alkali feldspars immediately after exsolution in these rocks are also estimated. Here we quantify the shape of perthite and mesoperthite grains to objectively understand how effects of different factors (temperature and composition) determines lamellae shape. To solve this problem, we use a multivariate shape analysis approach via geometric morphometrics tool supplemented by statistical methods such as ordinations and statistical analyses [Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Canonical Variates Analysis (CVA)]. Our result suggests that there is no influence of composition on the shape of plagioclase feldspar lamellae. On the other hand, a strong influence of temperature on the shape of lamellae is distinctly observed. Plagioclase feldspar lamellae showing anastomosing pattern formed at higher temperature. On the other hand, needle like plagioclase feldspar lamellae formed at the lower temperature.  Our data analytics-driven results provide a new perspective to understand the relation between the feldspar exsolution shape and formation temperature of the lamellae. The shape modification of the feldspar lamellae implies that the exsolution texture in alkali gabbro formed early followed by nepheline syenite, syenite and alkali feldspar granite. This finding is also coeval with the crystallisation history of the lithological units of this alkaline complex.
Evaluation of sediment (dis-)connectivity due structural changes in a low-order stream
Authors: Abatti Bruno Henrique , Michel Gean Paulo , Pöppl Ronald , Zanandrea Franciele , Refatti Fagundes Marina
Published: February 2023

Investigating sediment dynamics and delivery in low-order streams still a topic with numerous challenges to be overcome. The processes underlying these dynamics are complex and often not linear, especially due to river emerging feedback processes varying significantly across space and through time as being governed by the connectivity relationships in these systems. Sediment connectivity in fluvial systems is controlled by different environmental factors such as hydrology (e.g. precipitation, overland flow) and structural elements (e.g. hillslope runoff pathways, pools, sinks, or natural barriers such as log jams). Most studies use discharge derived variables to estimate transport of sediment but there is a need to understand how structural elements can control the dynamics. Therefore, the main goal of this work is to study the effects of natural barriers (especially large wood accumulations) and their removal on longitudinal water and sediment (dis-)connectivity and sediment delivery via continuous monitoring/estimating of precipitation, discharge, critical shear stress (CSS), and sediment transport. The monitoring will be carried out in different scenarios, which will be determined according to the structural changes in the river corridor, due to the removal of the currently existing barriers with evident retention of sediments. The study will be conducted in the Baio stream catchment (0.89 km²), located in the Campos Gerais plateau, northeast of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. In this catchment, there is an intense agricultural activity without any conservation practices, being the main sources of sediments coming from rill, sheet and channel stream erosion. At the same time, there are many sources of recruitment of woody debris, especially due to nearby reforestation activities. By investigating the effect of wood barriers in the stream, we look to understand the sensitivity of the sediment transport to the structural elements.
Estimating air temperature with high spatio-temporal resolution in urban areas during heatwaves using genetic programming algorithm combined with multi-source datasets
Authors: Wen Zitong , Zhuo Lu , Wang Qin , Han Dawei
Published: February 2023

The increasing frequency of heatwave events poses new threats to the health of urban residents. This effect can be exacerbated by the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon. Air temperature is widely utilised in public health to quantify and analyse nonaccidental mortality attributable to heatwaves in urban areas throughout the world. Therefore, monitoring air temperature at the city level is important for identifying high-risk areas during heatwaves. However, measuring the spatial distribution patterns of air temperature in urban areas is challenging due to the lack of weather stations. The coarse spatial resolution of existing global and regional climate models is insufficient to detect the changes in microclimates, especially in complex-topography areas. In this study, a downscaling method for acquiring the 1-km hourly daytime air temperature data is proposed. It aims to produce a regression model by adopting Genetic Programming (GP) algorithm to estimate air temperature. Using multi-source datasets is considered to combine the advantages of spatial and temporal resolution from different datasets. This research used six weather stations from UK Met Office to assess the regression model obtained from seven satellite- and model-based products. The products consist of six satellite-based datasets retrieved from Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Terra MODIS, Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) and Landsat 8, and one model-based dataset from the newly released ERA5-Land produced by the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The study demonstrates the potential of the proposed model in retrieving high-resolution urban air temperature. The regression model validation showed good results with an R-squared value of 0.992, an RMSE of 0.001 °C, an MAE of 0.322 °C and an NSE of 0.989. The novelty of the study is threefold: (a) unlike previous studies that only estimated the spatial distribution patterns of maximum daily temperatures in urban areas, this study is the first to produce estimations at a one-hour time granularity; (b) it innovatively combines multi-source datasets with GP algorithm to explore possible downscaling models; and (c) it makes the model more reflective of the temperature distribution of extremely hot days than others considering that the regression model is obtained based on data during heatwaves. This study provides a general framework for obtaining hourly air temperature data in urban areas, which could provide theoretical support for heatwave-related decisions. Simultaneously, it can help public health scholars improve the estimation process of mortality caused by heatwave events.
Towards a sustainable utilization of the global hydrological research software WaterGAP
Authors: Nyenah Emmanuel , Reinecke Robert , Döll Petra
Published: February 2023

Global hydrological models are used for understanding, monitoring, and forecasting the global freshwater system. Their outputs provide crucial water-related information for various audiences, such as scientists and policymakers. WaterGAP is such a global hydrological model, and it has been utilized extensively to assess water scarcity for humans and ecologically relevant streamflow characteristics, considering the impacts of human water use and man-made reservoirs as well as of climate change.The WaterGAP research software has been developed and modified by researchers with diverse programming backgrounds for over 30 years. During this time, there has been no clear-cut protocol for software development and no defined software architecture; hence the current state of the software is a collection of over a thousand lines of code with little  modularity and documentation. As a result, it is challenging for new model developers to understand the current software and improve or extend the model algorithm. Also, it is almost impossible to make the software available to other researchers (e.g., For the reproduction of research results).Here we present ReWaterGAP, an ongoing project to redevelop WaterGAP into a sustainable research software (SRS). We define SRS as software that (1) is maintainable, (2) is extensible, (3) is flexible (adapts to user requirements), (4) has a defined software architecture, (5) has a comprehensive in-code and external documentation, and (6) is accessible (the software is licensed as Open Source with a DOI (digital object identifier) for proper attribution). The goal is to completely rewrite the software WaterGAP from scratch with a modular structure using a modern programming language and state-of-the-art software architecture, and to provide extensive documentation so that the resulting software fulfills the requirements of a SRS while maintaining good computational performance.In our presentation, we provide insights into our ongoing reprogramming, outline milestones, and provide an overview of applied best practices from the computer science community (such as internal and external code review, test-driven development, and agile development methods). We plan to share the software development lessons we have learned along the way with the scientific community to help them improve their software.
Traffic Monitoring System Design considering Multi-Hazard Disaster Risks
Authors: Gazzea Michele , Arghandeh Reza , Miraki Amir
Published: February 2023

Roadways are critical infrastructure in our society, providing services for people through and between cities. However, they are prone to closures and disruptions, especially after extreme weather events like hurricanes.At the same time, traffic flow data are a fundamental type of information for any transportation system.We tackle the problem of traffic sensor placement on roadways to address two tasks at the same time. The first task is traffic data estimation in ordinary situations, which is vital for traffic monitoring and city planning. We design a graph-based method to estimate traffic flow on roads where sensors are not present. The second one is enhanced observability of roadways in case of extreme weather events. We propose a satellite-based multi-domain risk assessment to locate roads at high risk of closures. Vegetation and flood hazards are taken into account. We formalize the problem as a search method over the network to suggest the minimum number and location of traffic sensors to place while maximizing the traffic estimation capabilities and observability of the risky areas of a city.
Theoretical study of the adsorption of Methyl Iodide on model sea-salt surfaces
Authors: Toubin Céline , Infuso Maxime , Louis Florent , Taamalli Sonia , Duflot Denis
Published: February 2023

Oceans, through algae and phytoplankton activities, are the main source of iodine, including monohalogenated organic compounds as CH3I [1].  There is missing knowledge about interactions between iodinated compounds and aerosols in the troposphere. In this context, this work investigates the adsorption of gaseous iodomethane (CH3I) on model sea-salt aerosols at various humidities. The water coverage tends to stabilize CH3I at the salt surface. The lifetime of CH3I in the atmosphere (in gas phase or adsorbed on aerosols) may be altered by its reaction with gas phase radicals. The reaction of CH3I with OH is thus investigated both in gas phase and in presence of water by means of quantum mechanical calculations. References:[1] Saiz-Lopez et al, Chem. Rev. 2012, 112, 1773–1804. Acknowledgments: I-SITE ULNE OVERSEE project (contract ANR-16-IDEX-004)The CaPPA project (Chemical and Physical Properties of the Atmosphere) is funded by the French National Research Agency (ANR) through the PIA (Programme d’Investissement d’Avenir) under contract « ANR-11-LABX-0005-01 » and by the Regional Council « Hauts-de-France » and the « European Funds for Regional Economic Development » (FEDER)
Small lakes on Tibetan Plateau act as a climate change indicator
Authors: Li Huan
Published: February 2023

As still-water bodies, the change of lakes reflects the effect of climate change and human activities and play as sentinels of the earth. It has been witnessed that the detailed area change of lakes on Tibetan Plateau (TP) are more sensitive to global warming than the many other places of the world. Among them, small lakes are especially abundant in number, having disproportionately high hydrology and nutrient processing rates, and playing an irreplaceable role in regional and global carbon and nitrogen cycle meanwhile. It has been proved that the change small lakes and ponds, like emerging and disappearing, show strong correlation with that of precipitation, permafrost, and ecological systems in Arctic. However, as the third pole on earth with extremely complex terrain and physical surface properties, the small lakes are also a unique part while has not been investigated thoroughly. Based on the cloud computing platform Google Earth Engine (GEE), this study focused on the 11,400 small lakes on TP (lakes with max area between 0.1 and 1 km2) to answer the question that how the emergence and vanishing of small lakes responses to the climate change from 1972 to 2019. The lakes with area shrinking below 0.01 km are regarded as vanished, while area increasing above the value are regarded as emerged. Comparing with Ocean Nino Index (ONI) and and in-situ precipitation data, preliminary results show that: 1. the severe El-Nino events have been well captured by the emergence and vanishing of small lakes; 2. the emergence and vanishing of small lakes have a negative relationship in each year and the emergence peaks have about one-year time lag after those vanishing peaks; 3. the net emergence rate of small lakes has strong positive relationship with precipitation. This work could support further studies on the relationship among climate change, carbon cycle, and water cycles on Tibetan Plateau.
The impact of structural changes in the middle atmosphere on the Brewer-Dobson circulation
Authors: Zajíček Radek , Šácha Petr , Pišoft Petr , Eichinger Roland , Rieder Harald , Kuchař Aleš
Published: February 2023

Changes in atmospheric composition affect surface climate and alter atmospheric structure, dynamics, and transport, which in turn further affect the composition. In the middle atmosphere, the composition is influenced by the Brewer-Dobson circulation (BDC), a global-scale interhemispheric meridional overturning circulation. Namely, the BDC controls the distribution and trends of radiatively important gases like ozone and water vapour. Another robust aspect of the changes in greenhouse gas concentrations is the changing structure of the atmosphere across layers. The troposphere is thermally expanding, the stratosphere is cooling and contracting and this is then reflected in the mesosphere and above as a downward shift of the height of pressure levels. Particularly, the tropospheric expansion and the stratospheric contraction has been shown to interfere with diagnosed BDC trends. We developed an analytical methodology that allows us to partition between the pure acceleration of the circulation and other kinematic factors (vertical shift, widening) contributing to the net advective mass flux changes and quantify their roles precisely. We apply this methodology to different datasets (ERA5, CMIP6, CCMI-1) to analyze the variability and trends of advective transport between different layers of the middle atmosphere. Finally, we discuss how the net advective transport and the individual kinematic mechanisms contributing to it respond to external forcings.
.5 Gyr of tides: how inaccurate are deep-time tidal model simulations?
Authors: Green Mattias , Guo Bin , Perez Iael , Byrne Hannah , Hadley-Pryce David
Published: February 2023

The ocean tides are a key driver of a range of Earth system processes. Tidal energy drives vertical mixing with consequences for ocean circulation, climate, and biological production, and the tidal stream transport sediments, pollutants, and other matter through the ocean. On long time-scales tidal drag acts to slow down Earth’s spin, which means the Moon must move away from Earth to conserve angular momentum. The problem here is that the age of the moon doesn’t fit today’s recessions rate and it has been suggested that the tides must have been much weaker for prolonged periods of Earth’s history. Numerical modelling efforts over the past decade have shown that the tides today are very large and a poor representation of past tides, and that for the past 1.5 Gyr, tidal dissipation rates have been around 45% of present-day values. Here, we present a new series of high-resolution simulations of Phanerozoic tides and discuss sensitivity to topography, forcing, and ocean stratification. The results confirm previous results about dissipation rates obtained at lower resolution. Furthermore, we apply proxies for tides collated from the geological literature for three selected periods (the Devonian, Jurassic, and Cretaceous) and show that our simulations mostly conform well with the proposed tidal characteristics from the proxies. The simulations also show that the most important controller of tides on long scales is tectonics: the locations of the continents set the size of ocean basins, and basins of the right size can host very large tides due to tidal resonance. Consequently, the supercontinent cycle generates a corresponding supertidal cycle with weak tides during supercontinent stages and a series of tidal maxima during the dispersion and assembly of the supercontinent.
What controls physical vulnerability to geo-hydrological hazards? A contribution to quantitative assessment of landslide and flood risk in western Uganda
Authors: Sekajugo John , Kagoro-Rugunda Grace , Mutyebere Rodgers , Kabaseke Clovis , Mubiru David , Namara Esther , Kanyiginya Violet , Bwambale Bosco , Jacobs Liesbet Jacobs , Dewitte Olivier , Kervyn Matthieu
Published: February 2023

Geo-hydrological hazards (landslides and floods) are often associated with significant damages on physical infrastructure like buildings and roads. Understanding the factors controlling the extent of damage is a prerequisite for quantitatively estimating risk and its spatial distribution, and advising on measures to reduce vulnerability. In this study we document the impact of 64 landslide and six flood events in four selected districts in western Uganda for the period May 2019 - March 2021 through extensive fieldwork. We quantify in economic value the physical damage of landslide and flood hazards on exposed buildings, roads and bridges. We then analyse the physical vulnerability based on damage ratios and determine the factors  (building material, hazard characteristics and age of the building) that control the degree of damage using fractional logistic regression. Out of the 91 buildings affected by landslides, 54% were totally destroyed, and only 10% not or minorly damaged, for an average damage cost of 3,179 USD/building. For the 212 documented buildings affected by floods, 35% were totally destroyed, 28% had severe to moderate damage and the rest were minorly or not affected, with an average damage costs of 1,755 USD/building. The physical vulnerability of buildings to landslides depends on the size of the landslide, age of the building, type of building wall material and the steepness of the slope cut to establish an artificial foundation platform. On the other hand, the physical vulnerability of buildings to flood hazards is largely controlled by the flood depth, the distance from the river channel, slope, size of flooded area and type of floor material. The physical vulnerability functions developed in this study are being used as a new inputs into a regional quantitative model of geo-hydrological risks. Combining the hazard estimates with the most accurate information on exposure of physical infrastructure, will facilitate the identification of the types of events and the locations that require most attention for risk reduction.
Estimation of the liquefaction potential of soils of Dalaman Basin/Muğla (SW Anatolia-Turkey) using Multilayer Perceptron Feed Forward Machine Learning Technique.
Authors: Türe Orkun , Karacan Ergun
Published: February 2023

Soil liquefaction is one of the secondary effects of earthquakes and defined as the decrease in the strength and stiffness of saturated soil because of the increase in pore water pressure and resulting decrease in the effective stress under dynamic loads such as earthquakes. Soil liquefaction is controlled by earthquake magnitude, groundwater level, depth of the soil layer, acceleration, soil type, depositional environment, age of soil deposit and fine particle percentage. SW Anatolian Region is controlled by different fault mechanisms including normal, strike-slip and thrust faults including Gökova Fault Zone (GFZ), Muğla (MF) and Yatağan faults (YF) of Muğla-Yatağan Fault Zone (MYFZ), Milas–Ören Fault Zone (MOFZ), Fethiye–Burdur zone (FBZ) and Hellenic Arc which are probable to generate earthquakes with great magnitudes in a time span important for population (100years). Dalaman Basin is an extensional sedimentary basin (Delta Environment) in SW Anatolian Region which is controlled by numerous active basin margin normal faults in the close proximity to the Fethiye-Burdur Fault Zone and Hellenic Arc which makes it important in terms of soil liquefaction. Machine learning techniques have been started to be used in estimation of the liquefaction potential and this study aims to estimate liquefaction potential of sandy-silty soil layers in the Dalaman Basin using Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) feed forward machine learning technique. This method includes the generation of equation using depth, SPT blow numbers, fine particle content, groundwater level, total and effective stresses, maximum acceleration, earthquake magnitudes and CSR information with liquefaction case histories after 1999 Kocaeli and Taiwan Earthquakes and estimation of the liquefaction potentials of the soils of Dalaman Basin with this pre-generated equation. Results clearly shows that Multilayer Perceptron Machine learning technique is useful in estimation of liquefaction potential.This study has been produced from PhD thesis named as “Determination of the geo-engineering properties and liquefaction potential of the Quaternary deposits of Dalaman-Muğla/SW Anatolia”.
A regime shifts in North Pacific subtropical mode water formation
Authors: Kim Sang-Yeob , Kwon Young-Oh , Park Wonsun , Lee Ho Jin
Published: February 2023

A regime shift in the formation mechanisms of the North Pacific subtropical mode water (NPSTMW) was investigated using 50-year (1960-2009) ocean general circulation model (OGCM) and 2,000-year fully coupled atmosphere–ocean–sea ice model (Kiel Climate Model; KCM). We found that primary driving mechanism for NPSTMW formation is alternated between air–sea interaction (ASI) and ocean dynamics (OD) from two model simulations. In the OGCM simulation, we revealed that the local air-sea interaction process is a main driver of the NPSTMW formation prior to late-1980s, while ocean dynamics including the vertical entrainment become dominant since then. In the KCM simulation, the relative importance of two (ASI and OD) has periodically alternated in multidecadal timescales of approximately 50–70 years. The regime shift of the NPSTMW formation was closely related to the meridional (50 years) and zonal (70 years) movements of the Aleutian Low (AL). When AL shifted to the south or east, it induced the sea surface height anomalies propagating westward from the central North Pacific and preconditions for the NPSTMW formation, thus the ocean dynamics became relatively more important.
On tectonic modes of the early Earth
Authors: Cawood Peter , Chowdrury Priyadarshi , Mulder Jack , Hawkesworth Chris , Capitanio Fabio , Gunawardana Prasanna , Nebel Oliver
Published: February 2023

The Earth has evolved into a habitable planet through ongoing and complex cycling. Decades of field studies, geochemical analyses and computational approaches to integrate data into feasible geodynamic models reveal that Earth’s evolution was not linear but evolved in discrete phases. The timing of changes between these phases, their loci within Earth’s crust or between discrete cratonic terranes, and most importantly the drivers or tipping point for these changes, remain elusive.Integrating the record from the continental archive with knowledge of the ongoing cooling of the mantle and lithospheric rheology (parametrized for its evolving thermal state) allows us to determine that a number of different tectonic modes operated through the early history of the Earth. The temporal boundaries between these proposed different phases in tectonic mode are approximate, transitional, and correspond with the first recording of a key feature of that phase.Initial accretion and the moon forming impact resulted in a proto-Earth phase (ca. 4.57-4.45 Ga) likely characterized by a magma ocean. Its solidification produced the primitive Earth lithosphere that extended from ca. 4.45-3.80 Ga, which based on the very minor fragments preserved in younger cratons provides evidence for intra-lithospheric reworking, but which also likely involved intermittent and partial recycling of the lid through mantle overturn and meteoritic impacts. Evidence for craton formation and stabilization during the primitive (ca. 3.8 Ga to 3.2 Ga), and juvenile (ca. 3.2 Ga to 2.5 Ga) phases of Earth evolution likely reflects some degree of coupling between the convecting mantle and a lithosphere initially weak enough to favour an internally deformable, squishy-lid behaviour. These regions of deformable lithosphere likely oscillated spatially and temporally with regions of more rigid, plate like, behaviour leading to a transition to global plate tectonics by the end of the Archean (ca. 2.5 Ga). Evidence for assembly of rigid cratonic blocks in the late Archean along with their subsequent rifting and breakup followed by their reassembly along major linear orogenic belts in the Paleoproterozoic marks the clear inception of the supercontinent cycle in response to a plate tectonic framework of oceans opening and closing.Since solidification of the magma ocean early in Earth history, the available record suggests some degree of mantle-lithosphere coupling. The development and stabilization of cratons from 3.8-2.5 Ga provides evidence for the progressive development of rigid lithosphere and represents the inexorable precursor to the development of plate tectonics.