bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Senior Leaders Are Extreme Cases, Not Special Cases
Authors: Gillespie Michael A. , Marquet L. David
Published: December 2018

Recent discussions have focused on the special circumstances surrounding assessment and development for senior leadership (Reynolds, McCauley, Tsacoumis, and the Jeanneret Symposium Participants, 2018). The fundamental assertion is that different challenges are inherent in working with senior leadership, as compared to lower levels of leadership. We suggest that, although the focal article presents a useful synthesis of research and practice, many of the points made are applicable to leaders at all levels. In other words, by looking at senior leaders, we gain an increased appreciation for issues that are in fact relevant to all leaders.
Measurements of buoyancy flux in a stratified turbulent flow
Authors: Petrolo Diana , Woods Andrew W.
Published: December 2018

We present new experimental data on the controls on the buoyancy flux in a stratified turbulent flow. The inner cylinder of an annulus of fluid with vertical axis is rotated to produce a turbulent flow field with Reynolds numbers of up to $10^{5}$, while a flux of saline fluid is supplied to the base of the tank, and an equal flux of fresh fluid is supplied to the top of the tank. In addition, fluid is vented from the base and the top of the tank with the same volume fluxes as the supply. The steady-state vertical flux of salt is explored. When the salt flux supplied to the base of the tank is very small, the tank becomes nearly well-mixed, and the vertical salt flux is approximately equal to one-half the source flux. As the source salt flux increases, a weak stable salinity gradient develops across the tank, and the vertical salt flux increases. As the source flux continues to increase, eventually the vertical salt flux reaches a maximum, and further increases in the source salt flux can lead to an increase in the vertical salinity gradient but not the vertical flux. We interpret the transition in the vertical buoyancy flux as representing a change from a source-limited regime, where the buoyancy flux and buoyancy frequency, $N$, are related, to a mixing-limited regime, in which the buoyancy flux is independent of $N$. In the mixing-limited regime, the effective eddy diffusivity is proportional to $u_{rms}^{3}/LN^{2}$ while in the source-limited regime, the eddy diffusivity is approximately proportional to $u_{rms}^{2}/N$, where $u_{rms}$ and $L$ are the characteristic turbulence speed and length scale. This transition may have implications for the balance between upwelling and diapycnal mixing in the ocean, if the intensity of the turbulence varies in space or the flux of deep water varies in time.
The influence of strain rate and presence of dispersed second phases on the deformation behaviour of polycrystalline D2O ice
Authors: WILSON CHRISTOPHER J.L. , HUNTER NICHOLAS J. R. , LUZIN VLADIMIR , PETERNELL MARK , PIAZOLO SANDRA
Published: December 2018

This contribution discusses results obtained from 3-D neutron diffraction and 2-D fabric analyser in situ deformation experiments on laboratory-prepared polycrystalline deuterated ice and ice containing a second phase. The two-phase samples used in the experiments are composed of an ice matrix with (1) air bubbles, (2) rigid, rhombohedral-shaped calcite and (3) rheologically soft, platy graphite. Samples were tested at 10°C below the melting point of deuterated ice at ambient pressures, and two strain rates of 1 × 10−5 s−1 (fast) and 2.5 × 10−6 s−1 (medium). Nature and distribution of the second phase controlled the rheological behaviour of the ice by pinning grain boundary migration. Peak stresses increased with the presence of second-phase particles and during fast strain rate cycles. Ice-only samples exhibit well-developed crystallographic preferred orientations (CPOs) and dynamically recrystallized microstructures, typifying deformation via dislocation creep, where the CPO intensity is influenced in part by the strain rate. CPOs are accompanied by a concentration of [c]-axes in cones about the compression axis, coinciding with increasing activity of prismatic- slip activity. Ice with second phases, deformed in a relatively slower strain rate regime, exhibit greater grain boundary migration and stronger CPO intensities than samples deformed at higher strain rates or strain rate cycles.
Glacial geology of Saalian relief around Midwolda, eastern Groningen, the Netherlands
Authors: Kluiving Sjoerd J. , Aalbersberg Gerard , van Balen Ronald T. , Kasse Cornelis
Published: December 2018

Due to canal-digging activities in 2011 and 2014, two small and one large temporary exposure, all ranging from 4 to 5 m in depth, were studied with respect to the sedimentology and structural geology, in the glacial ridge of Midwolda, Groningen, the Netherlands. The lowermost unit consists of clay of Elsterian age and is composed of glaciolacustrine and turbiditic deposits (Peelo Formation). These show synsedimentary deformations due to loading, as well as post-sedimentary Saalian glaciotectonic deformations, consisting of folding, and faulting structures. The overlying Saalian till sequence consists of two main units. The lower unit, with clear features of a subglacial deformation zone (e.g. lateral heterogeneity), has a local origin and strongly resembles the underlying Elsterian clay. Glacial tectonic and morphological observations indicate a primary NE–SW ice-flow direction. The second till layer has a sandy texture and high crystalline gravel content, while glacial-tectonic indicators point to a NW–SE ice-flow direction. The deformation of the till layers has caused a repetition and mixing of till layers, due to the last ice movement. The NW–SE ice movement is supported by the morphology as well as data from erratic gravel counts. Correlation with geological cross-sections strongly suggests regional subsurface control on ice-sheet behaviour.
Quantifying successional change and ecological similarity among Cretaceous and modern cold-seep faunas
Authors: Laird Joshua D. , Belanger Christina L.
Published: December 2018

Accurately recognizing analogues between fossil and modern ecosystems allows paleoecologists to more fully interpret fossil assemblages and modern ecologists to leverage the fossil record to address long-term ecological and environmental changes. However, this becomes increasingly difficult as taxonomic turnover increases the dissimilarity between ecosystems. Here we use a guild-based approach to compare the ecological similarity of Cretaceous cold-seep assemblages preserved in the Pierre Shale surrounding the Black Hills and modern cold-seep assemblages from five previously recognized biofacies. We modify modern assemblage data to include only those taxa with fossilizable hard parts greater than 5 mm in length to make these modern data sets more comparable to potential fossil analogues. We find that while the Black Hills assemblages are more similar in ecological guild composition to the modern thyasirid biofacies, subsets share similarities in ecological structure to the lucinid and mussel-bed biofacies. The fossil seep assemblages are also more similar to one another than are modern assemblages belonging to the same biofacies, despite greater geographic and temporal dissimilarity among the fossil samples. Furthermore, guild-level ordination analyses show a secondary faunal gradient that reflects community succession in the hard substrate–dominated modern assemblages and reveals a parallel faunal gradient in the soft sediment–dominated Cretaceous assemblages, consistent with a gradient in the influence of seep fluids on the faunas. Thus, while the Black Hills assemblages are quite homogeneous in their composition, they capture ecological variation similar to successional patterns in modern seep systems.
Residually many BV homeomorphisms map a null set onto a set of full measure
Authors: Marchese Andrea
Published: December 2018

LetQbe the open unit square in ℝ2. We prove that in a natural complete metric space ofBVhomeomorphismsf:Q→Qwithf|∂Q=Id, residually many homeomorphisms (in the sense of Baire categories) map a null set onto a set of full measure, and vice versa. Moreover, we observe that for 1 ⩽p< 2, the family ofW1,phomemomorphisms satisfying the above property is of the first category.
Existence results for Kirchhoff–type superlinear problems involving the fractional Laplacian
Authors: Binlin Zhang , Rădulescu Vicenţiu D. , Wang Li
Published: December 2018

In this paper, we study the existence and multiplicity of solutions for Kirchhoff-type superlinear problems involving non-local integro-differential operators. As a particular case, we consider the following Kirchhoff-type fractional Laplace equation:$$\matrix{ {\left\{ {\matrix{ {M\left( {\int\!\!\!\int\limits_{{\open R}^{2N}} {\displaystyle{{ \vert u(x)-u(y) \vert ^2} \over { \vert x-y \vert ^{N + 2s}}}} {\rm d}x{\rm d}y} \right){(-\Delta )}^su = f(x,u)\quad } \hfill & {{\rm in }\Omega ,} \hfill \cr {u = 0\quad } \hfill & {{\rm in }{\open R}^N{\rm \setminus }\Omega {\mkern 1mu} ,} \hfill \cr } } \right.} \hfill \cr } $$where ( − Δ)sis the fractional Laplace operator,s∈ (0, 1),N> 2s, Ω is an open bounded subset of ℝNwith smooth boundary ∂Ω,$M:{\open R}_0^ + \to {\open R}^ + $is a continuous function satisfying certain assumptions, andf(x,u) is superlinear at infinity. By computing the critical groups at zero and at infinity, we obtain the existence of non-trivial solutions for the above problem via Morse theory. To the best of our knowledge, our results are new in the study of Kirchhoff–type Laplacian problems.
Real hypersurfaces in the complex quadric with Killing normal Jacobi operator
Authors: Suh Young Jin
Published: December 2018

We introduce the notion of Killing normal Jacobi operator for real hypersurfaces in the complex quadricQm=SOm+2/SOmSO2. The Killing normal Jacobi operator implies that the unit normal vector fieldNbecomes 𝔄-principal or 𝔄-isotropic. Then according to each case, we give a complete classification of real hypersurfaces inQm=SOm+2/SOmSO2with Killing normal Jacobi operator.
Convergence results for primal and dual history-dependent quasivariational inequalities
Authors: Sofonea Mircea , Benraouda Ahlem
Published: December 2018

We consider a class of history-dependent quasivariational inequalities for which we prove the continuous dependence of the solution with respect to the set of constraints. Then, under additional assumptions, we associate with each inequality in the class a new inequality, the so-called dual variational inequality, for which we state and prove existence, uniqueness, equivalence and convergence results. The proofs are based on various estimates, monotonicity and fixed-point arguments for history-dependent operators. Our abstract results are useful in the study of various mathematical models of contact. To provide an example, we consider a boundary value problem which describes the equilibrium of a viscoelastic body in contact with an elastic-rigid foundation. We list the assumptions on the data and derive both the primal and the dual variational formulation of the problem. Then, we state and prove existence, uniqueness and convergence results. We also provide the link between the two formulations, together with their mechanical interpretation.
Prescribed mean curvature equation on the unit ball in the presence of reflection or rotation symmetry
Authors: Ho Pak Tung
Published: December 2018

Using the flow method, we prove some existence results for the problem of prescribing the mean curvature on the unit ball. More precisely, we prove that there exists a conformal metric on the unit ball such that its mean curvature is f, when f possesses certain reflection or rotation symmetry.
Minimizing movements for oscillating energies: the critical regime
Authors: Ansini Nadia , Braides Andrea , Zimmer Johannes
Published: December 2018

Minimizing movements are investigated for an energy which is the superposition of a convex functional and fast small oscillations. Thus a minimizing movement scheme involves a temporal parameter τ and a spatial parameter ε, with τ describing the time step and the frequency of the oscillations being proportional to 1/ε. The extreme cases of fast time scales τ ≪ ε and slow time scales ε ≪ τ have been investigated in [4]. In this paper, the intermediate (critical) case of finite ratio ε/τ > 0 is studied. It is shown that a pinning threshold exists, with initial data below the threshold being a fixed point of the dynamics. A characterization of the pinning threshold is given. For initial data above the pinning threshold, the equation and velocity describing the homogenized motion are determined.
ON FINDING SOLUTIONS TO EXPONENTIAL CONGRUENCES
Authors: SHPARLINSKI IGOR E.
Published: December 2018

We improve some previously known deterministic algorithms for finding integer solutions
$x,y$
to the exponential equation of the form
$af^{x}+bg^{y}=c$
over finite fields.
Translation and transmutation: theOrigin of Speciesin China
Authors: JIN XIAOXING
Published: December 2018

Darwinian ideas were developed and radically transformed when they were transmitted to the alien intellectual background of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century China. The earliest references to Darwin in China appeared in the 1870s through the writings of Western missionaries who provided the Chinese with the earliest information on evolutionary doctrines. Meanwhile, Chinese ambassadors, literati and overseas students contributed to the dissemination of evolutionary ideas, with modest effect. The ‘evolutionary sensation’ in China was generated by the Chinese Spencerian Yan Fu's paraphrased translation and reformulation of Thomas Huxley's 1893 Romanes Lecture ‘Evolution and ethics’ and his ‘Prolegomena’. It was from this source that ‘Darwin’ became well known in China – although it was Darwin's name, rather than his theories, that reached Chinese literati's households. TheOrigin of Speciesitself began to receive attention only at the turn of the twentieth century. The translator, Ma Junwu (1881–1940), incorporated non-Darwinian doctrines, particularly Lamarckian and Spencerian principles, into his edition of the ChineseOrigin. This partially reflected the importance of the pre-existing Chinese intellectual background as well as Yan Fu's progressive ‘evolutionary paradigm’. In this paper, I will elucidate Ma Junwu's culturally conditioned reinterpretation of theOriginbefore 1906 by investigating his transformation of Darwin's principal concepts.
A FAMILIAL STATE: ELITE FAMILIES, MINISTERIAL OFFICES, AND THE FORMATION OF QAJAR IRAN
Authors: Ashraf Assef
Published: December 2018

This article examines the social makeup of the early Qajar administration or chancery (dīvān). Using a wide range of Persian sources, the article focuses on those individuals who held offices in thedīvānand traces their family, social, and geographic backgrounds, highlights their marital ties, and reveals their sources of economic and social prestige. In doing so, the article draws attention to patterns of continuity and change between Safavid, Afsharid, Zand, and Qajar rule, and to the familial and informal nature of political power during the early Qajar period (1785–1834). Ultimately the article suggests that an analysis of the social makeup of thedīvān, and of what political office-holders actually do, offers a more fruitful pathway for understanding the formation of Qajar Iran than a focus on institutions and political structures.
What affects utilization of malaria control services? A qualitative approach to understanding community perception in highly malarious Gadchiroli district, Maharashtra, India
Authors: Saha Kalyan B. , Behera Priyamadhaba , Munshi Hrishikesh , Tiwari Bal K. , Singh Shiv K. , Saha Uma C. , Singh Mrigendra P.
Published: December 2018

National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) data have shown that nearly half of all malaria deaths in India occur in tribal-dominated areas. The present study took a qualitative approach to understanding community perceptions and practices related to malarial infection and anti-malarial programmes. Twelve focus group discussions and 26 in-depth interviews of Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) were conducted in nine villages in the district of Gadchiroli, Maharashtra state in India in June 2016. A total of 161 village residents (94 males and 67 females) participated in the focus group discussions and 26 health workers participated in the in-depth interviews. Data were analysed using the content analysis approach. The findings revealed widespread misconceptions about malaria among village residents, and low use of preventive measures and anti-malarial services. Ignorance and treatment by unqualified traditional healers delay effective treatment seeking. Furthermore, failure to maintain drug compliance adds to the gravity of the problem. The study identified the social and behavioural factors affecting treatment uptake and use of treatment facilities in the study area. These should help the development of the behavioural change communication arm of any control strategy for malaria through improving community participation, so improving preventive practices and optimizing utilization of anti-malarial services.
Pilot Study of a Transitional Intervention for Family Caregivers of Older Adults
Authors: McCusker Jane , Lambert Sylvie D. , Yaffe Mark J. , Cole Martin G. , Hidalgo Marcela , Amir Ella , de Raad Manon , Belzile Eric
Published: December 2018

Objectif: Évaluation (faisabilité, acceptabilité, pertinence et bienfaits potentiels) d’une intervention de transition pour proches aidants.Méthode:L’intervention visait à fournir du soutien émotionnel, de l’information sur les ressources communautaires et du soutien au développement des capacités d’adaptation pour les proches aidants de patients de 65 ans et plus qui avaient reçu leur congé suite à une hospitalisation de courte durée. L’approche méthodologique a impliqué un seul groupe, qui a été évalué lors d’un pré-test et d’un post-test effectué trois mois après le début de l’intervention.Résultats:Quatre-vingt-onze dyades patients-proches ont été recrutées. Soixante-trois (69 %) proches aidants ont reçu les cinq séances d’intervention (tel que prévu) et 60 (66 %) proches aidants ont complété le test final. Une diminution significative de l’anxiété et de la dépression des proches aidants et un taux de satisfaction élevé ont été notés après l’intervention.Discussion:Cette intervention de transition pour les patients plus âgés et leurs proches aidants devrait faire l’objet d’une évaluation plus poussée, de préférence avec un groupe de contrôle, en tant qu’intervention autonome ou comme une composante d’une intervention de transition complète.
Clinical course of a fetus with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and premature ductal constriction
Authors: Krishnan Anita , Tague Lauren , Rudra Harish , Pradhan Subechhya , Vezina Gilbert , Limperopoulos Catherine
Published: December 2018

Premature ductal constriction was diagnosed in a 30-week gestation fetus with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. The fetus developed right ventricular hypertrophy and mild tricuspid regurgitation. Foetal neuroimaging showed slowed growth of the brain and increased lactate. We describe the imaging and clinical findings. Fetuses with critical CHD and in utero ductal constriction are at increased risk of morbidity and mortality, and require appropriate counselling.
The Challenges of a Vertical Evacuation Drill
Authors: Salway Richard J. (RJ) , Adler Zachary , Williams Trenika , Nwoke Francisca , Roblin Patricia , Arquilla Bonnie
Published: December 2018

Introduction

Recent natural and infrastructural disasters, such as Hurricanes Sandy (2012) and Katrina (2005) and the Northeastern power outage of 2003, have emphasized the need for hospital staff to be trained in disaster management and response. Even an internal hospital disaster may require the safe and efficient evacuation and transfer of patients with varying medical conditions and complications. A notably susceptible population is renal transplant patients, including those with post-transplant complications.

Hypothesis

This descriptive study evaluated staff performance of a vertical evacuation drill of renal transplant patients at State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Medical Center – University Hospital Brooklyn (UHB; Brooklyn, New York USA).

Methods

Thirteen standardized patients, 12 of whom received a renal transplant, with varying medical histories, ambulatory ability, and mental status were vertically evacuated by the transplant staff from the eighth floor to the ambulance entrance on the ground floor. Non-ambulatory patients were transported on portable evacuation sleds.

Results

All patients were evacuated successfully within 3.5 hours. On a post-drill evaluation form, drill participants self-reported largely positive results concerning their own role in the drill and the evacuation drill itself. Drill evaluators observed very different results, including staff reticence, poor training retention, and lack of leadership.

Conclusion

Despite encouraging post-drill evaluation results from the participants, the evacuation drill highlighted several immediate deficiencies. It also demonstrated a significant discrepancy in performance perception between the drill participants and the drill evaluators.

SalwayRJ, AdlerZ, WilliamsT, NwokeF, RoblinP, ArquillaB. The challenges of a vertical evacuation drill. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2019;34(1):25–29.
Psychiatric commentary addressing the article titled “Guidance for switching from off-label antipsychotics to pimavanserin for Parkinson’s disease psychosis: an expert consensus”
Authors: Citrome Leslie
Published: December 2018

Pimavanserin is not curative, but can improve the quality of life remaining for the person with Parkinson’s disease who typically has been suffering from this relentless neurodegenerative disease for years. Using pimavanserin effectively requires knowledge not only about the product itself, but also about the treatments pimavanserin is replacing.
Trends in types of protein in US adults: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2010
Authors: Kim Hyunju , Rebholz Casey M , Caulfield Laura E , Ramsing Rebecca , Nachman Keeve E
Published: December 2018

Objective

To delineate trends in types of protein in US adults from 1999 to 2010, we examined the mean intake of beef, pork, lamb or goat, chicken, turkey, fish, dairy, eggs, legumes, and nuts and seeds (grams per kilogram of body weight) among adults and according to subgroups, including chronic disease status.

Design

Six cycles of the repeated cross-sectional surveys.

Setting

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999 to 2010.

Participants

US adults aged ≥20 years (n 29 145, range: 4252–5762 per cycle).

Results

Overall, mean chicken (0·47 to 0·52 g/kg), turkey (0·09 to 0·13 g/kg), fish (0·21 to 0·27 g/kg) and legume (0·21 to 0·26 g/kg) intake increased, whereas dairy decreased (3·56 to 3·22 g/kg) in US adults (P <0·03). Beef, lamb or goat intake did not change in adults or among those with a chronic disease. Over time, beef intake declined less, and lamb or goat intake increased more, for those of lower socio-economic status compared with those of higher socio-economic status.

Conclusions

Despite recommendations to reduce red meat, beef, lamb or goat intake did not change in adults, among those with a chronic disease or with lower socio-economic status.
Validation of a child version of the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire in a Canadian sample: a psychometric tool for the evaluation of eating behaviour
Authors: Yabsley Jaime-lee , Gunnell Katie E , Bryant Eleanor J , Drapeau Vicky , Thivel David , Adamo Kristi B , Chaput Jean-Philippe
Published: December 2018

Objective

To examine score validity and reliability of a child version of the twenty-one-item Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (CTFEQ-R21) in a sample of Canadian children and adolescents and its relationship with BMIZ-score and food/taste preferences.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

School-based.

Participants

Children (n158), sixty-three boys (mean age 11·5 (sd1·6) years) and ninety-five girls (11·9 (sd1·9) years).

Results

Exploratory factor analysis revealed that the CTFEQ-R21 was best represented by four factors with item 17 removed (CFFEQ-R20), representing Cognitive Restraint (CR), Cognitive Uncontrolled Eating (UE 1), External Uncontrolled Eating (UE 2) and Emotional Eating (EE), accounting for 41·2 % of the total common variance with good scale reliability. ANOVA revealed that younger children reported higher UE 1 and CR scores than older children, and boys who reported high UE 1 scores had significantly higher BMIZ-scores. Children with high UE 1 scores reported a greater preference for high-protein and -fat foods, and high-fat savoury (HFSA) and high-fat sweet (HFSW) foods. Higher preference for high-protein, -fat and -carbohydrate foods, and HFSA, HFSW and low-fat savoury foods was found in children with high UE 2 scores.

Conclusions

The study suggests that the CFFEQ-R20 can be used to measure eating behaviour traits and associations with BMIZ-score and food/taste preferences in Canadian children and adolescents. Future research is needed to examine the validity of the questionnaire in larger samples and other geographical locations, as well as the inclusion of extraneous variables such as parental eating or socio-economic status.
Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Erythrocytes Using the Novel Method For Corrective Realignment of the Transmission Electron Microscopy Cross-Section Images
Authors: Fan Yuzhou , Antonijević Djordje , Zhong Xing , Komlev Vladimir S. , Li Zhiyu , Đurić Marija , Fan Yifang
Published: December 2018

The detailed kinetics study of erythrocyte deformability is useful for the early diagnosis of blood diseases and for monitoring the blood rheology. Present solutions for a three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of erythrocytes has a limited potential. This study aimed to use erythrocyte transmission electron images (ETIs) to evaluate the morphological relationship between adjacent ETIs and generate erythrocytes 3D model. First, ultrathin serial sections of skeletal muscle tissue were obtained using an ultramicrotome. Further, the set of ETIs in a capillary were captured by transmission electron microscopy. The images were aligned by translations and rotations using custom software to optimize the morphological relationship between adjacent ETIs. These coordinate transformations exploit the unique principal axis of inertia of each image to define the body coordinate system and hence provide the means to accurately reconnect the adjacent ETIs. The sum of the distances between the corresponding points on the boundary of adjacent ETIs was minimized and, further, was optimized by using physiological relationship between the adjacent ETIs. The analysis allowed to define precise virtual relationship between the adjacent erythrocytes. Finally, extracted erythrocytes’ cross-section images allowed to generate 3D model of the erythrocytes.
HYPERGEOMETRIC MODULAR EQUATIONS
Authors: COOPER SHAUN , ZUDILIN WADIM
Published: December 2018

We record $\binom{42}{2}+\binom{23}{2}+\binom{13}{2}=1192$ functional identities that, apart from being amazingly amusing in themselves, find application in the derivation of Ramanujan-type formulas for $1/\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}$ and in the computation of mathematical constants.
The fiscal and welfare consequences of the price indexation of Spanish pensions
Authors: Díaz-Saavedra Julián
Published: December 2018

We study the fiscal and welfare consequences of three options for increasing pension generosity in Spain: (i) disability and minimum pensions are fully indexed with the Consumer Price Index (CPI); (ii) minimum and lower value pensions are fully indexed with the CPI; and (iii) returning to full price indexation of all Spanish pensions. While these reforms increase pension adequacy, the tax increases needed to finance the higher pension expenditure differ significantly. Moreover, most current cohorts prefer returning to the full price indexation of all Spanish pensions, but future cohorts prefer that only disability and minimum pensions be indexed with the CPI.
Fetal Origins of Mental Disorders? An Answer Based on Mendelian Randomization
Authors: Arafat Subhi , Minică Camelia C.
Published: December 2018

The Barker hypothesis states that low birth weight (BW) is associated with higher risk of adult onset diseases, including mental disorders like schizophrenia, major depressive disorder (MDD), and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The main criticism of this hypothesis is that evidence for it comes from observational studies. Specifically, observational evidence does not suffice for inferring causality, because the associations might reflect the effects of confounders. Mendelian randomization (MR) — a novel method that tests causality on the basis of genetic data — creates the unprecedented opportunity to probe the causality in the association between BW and mental disorders in observation studies. We used MR and summary statistics from recent large genome-wide association studies to test whether the association between BW and MDD, schizophrenia and ADHD is causal. We employed the inverse variance weighted (IVW) method in conjunction with several other approaches that are robust to possible assumption violations. MR-Egger was used to rule out horizontal pleiotropy. IVW showed that the association between BW and MDD, schizophrenia and ADHD is not causal (all p > .05). The results of all the other MR methods were similar and highly consistent. MR-Egger provided no evidence for pleiotropic effects biasing the estimates of the effects of BW on MDD (intercept = -0.004, SE = 0.005, p = .372), schizophrenia (intercept = 0.003, SE = 0.01, p = .769), or ADHD (intercept = 0.009, SE = 0.01, p = .357). Based on the current evidence, we refute the Barker hypothesis concerning the fetal origins of adult mental disorders. The discrepancy between our results and the results from observational studies may be explained by the effects of confounders in the observational studies, or by the existence of a small causal effect not detected in our study due to weak instruments. Our power analyses suggested that the upper bound for a potential causal effect of BW on mental disorders would likely not exceed an odds ratio of 1.2.
Reshaping the Sustainable Geographical Pattern: A Major Function Zoning Model and Its Applications in China
Authors: Fan Jie , Wang Yafei , Wang Chuansheng , Chen Tian , Jin Fengjun , Zhang Wenzhong , Li Lijuan , Xu Yong , Dai Erfu , Tao Anjun , Zhou Kan , Li Jiuyi , Tang Qing , Chen Dong , Guo Rui
Published: December 2018

The imbalance between human activities and Earth's natural surface adversely affects the sustainability of the Earth system. From an understanding of the suitability of surface functions and potential ramifications of policy decisions, this study proposes a sustainable geographical pattern. It introduces a national‐to‐provincial downscaling approach to optimizing a national‐scale zoning scheme that covers 60%–80% of land development and protection functions in China and to creating a major function zoning model. Taking China as the case study area, the following function zones are identified: urbanization zones, food security zones, ecological security zones, and heritage protection zones. This study then proposes a three‐dimensional index system and algorithm, develops individual and integrated assessments for the major functions of the land grid, and produces national‐scale and provincial‐scale major function zoning schemes consisting of county‐level administrative cells, the first schemes to create a blueprint for a sustainable national land pattern in China through optimized convergence. In total, 5% of China's land area is covered by urbanized zones, 28% by food security zones, 55% by ecological security zones, and 12% by heritage protection zones. In the future, there will be 805 urbanization administrative units, 790 food security counties, 780 ecological security counties, and 8,151 heritage protection zones. The scheme created using the model developed in this study is 95% consistent with the final scheme implemented by China's central government, and it has a high degree of robustness and precision. It can serve as a reference for scientific research and decision‐making concerning sustainable development in developing countries.
Boundary of Nighttime Ozone Chemical Equilibrium in the Mesopause Region From SABER Data: Implications for Derivation of Atomic Oxygen and Atomic Hydrogen
Authors: Kulikov M. Yu. , Nechaev A. A. , Belikovich M. V. , Vorobeva E. V. , Grygalashvyly M. , Sonnemann G. R. , Feigin A. M.
Published: December 2018

In this study, the criterion for validity of the nighttime ozone chemical equilibrium assumption in the mesopause region is applied to Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry data for the year 2004 to define the boundary of this equilibrium. We demonstrate that the boundary varies within the range of 77–86 km depending on season and latitude and the retrieval of atomic oxygen from the equilibrium assumption below this boundary leads to significant (up to 5–8 times) underestimation of this component's concentration in the range of 80–85 km. However, this fact does not influence the subsequent atomic hydrogen retrieval.
Extreme‐Value Geoelectric Amplitude and Polarization Across the Northeast United States
Authors: Love Jeffrey J. , Lucas Greg M. , Bedrosian Paul A. , Kelbert Anna
Published: December 2018

Maps are presented of extreme‐value geoelectric field amplitude and horizontal polarization for the Northeast United States. These maps are derived from geoelectric time series calculated for sites across the Northeast by frequency‐domain multiplication (time‐domain convolution) of 172 magnetotelluric impedance tensors, acquired during a survey, with decades‐long, 1‐min resolution time series of geomagnetic variation, acquired at three magnetic observatories. The maps show that, during intense magnetic storms, high geoelectric amplitude hazards are realized across electrically resistive, igneous and metamorphic rock of the Appalachian Mountains and the New England Highlands, while low geoelectric hazards are realized across electrically conductive, sedimentary rock of the Appalachian Plateau and the Mid‐Atlantic Coastal Plain. From statistical extrapolation, once‐per‐century (100‐year) geoelectric amplitudes are highest at a site in Virginia at 25.44 V/km (followed by a site in Maine at 21.75 V/km and a site in Connecticut at 19.39 V/km); 100‐year geoelectric amplitude exceeds 10 V/km at 12 sites across the northeast; geoelectric amplitude is lowest at a site in Virginia at 0.05 V/km. Average errors for these values are estimated to be about 38%, or much less than the more than 2 orders of magnitude range seen in geoelectric amplitudes from one survey site to another across the northeast. It is noteworthy that geoelectric fields tend to be most (least) polarized at locations with high (low) geoelectric hazard. Furthermore, geoelectric fields over the Appalachians tend to be polarized southeast‐to‐northwest, or generally in a direction orthogonal to the southwest‐to‐northeast geological strike. Results reported here inform utility companies in projects for evaluating and managing the response of power grid systems to the deleterious effects of geomagnetic disturbance.
Mass Transfer Between Recirculation and Main Flow Zones: Is Physically Based Parameterization Possible?
Authors: Zhou Jia‐Qing , Wang Lichun , Chen Yi‐Feng , Cardenas M. Bayani
Published: December 2018

Recirculation zones (RZs) are common in many geophysical flows. These zones form near irregular solid boundaries and are separate from the main flow. Since mass can be trapped and later released locally from RZs, bulk transport can exhibit long tails—an anomalous behavior that is challenging to predict. The underlying RZ mass transfer and retention in this situation is poorly understood despite common parameterization by effective exchange coefficients in mobile‐immobile (MIM) domain models. We analyzed the mass transfer process using computationally resolved flow and transport fields inside two‐dimensional rough fractures. RZs were delineated by a novel technique followed by quantification of mass transfer across the interface with the main flow zone. The results showed that the first‐order mass transfer coefficient is a function of Reynolds number and velocity difference between the RZ and bulk flow. A distributed mobile‐immobile model with the directly estimated parameters accurately reproduced bulk anomalous transport. While the distributed mobile‐immobile model is not yet predictive, its development showed that mass transfer coefficients for flows involving RZs are physically meaningful, potentially predictable, and useful for elucidating local mass transfer processes within the general framework of mobile‐immobile transport modeling.
Downscaling Vertical GPS Observations to Derive Watershed‐Scale Hydrologic Loading in the Northern Rockies
Authors: Knappe E. , Bendick R. , Martens H. R. , Argus D. F. , Gardner W. P.
Published: December 2018

GPS time series of vertical displacement include the elastic response of the Earth to a combination of regional and local loading signals arising from hydrologic mass transfer. The regional loading, controlled by seasonal, synoptic precipitation patterns, dominates the displacement of individual stations and is highly correlated among stations with separation distances from 10 to 300 km. The local loading, controlled by small‐scale precipitation and storage variability, has much shorter correlation lengths of <30 km. We develop a new method to separate the regional and local contributions using common mode analysis and show that GPS is capable of measuring the local hydrologic load changes at watershed scales of tens of kilometers. Using this methodology, GPS‐measured displacement provides an integrated measurement of hydrologic load at a spatial scale between the existing long‐wavelength resolution of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment and point measurement resolution of a precipitation station. Thus, GPS time series record critical observations for monitoring integrated hydrologic budgets at scales useful for water management and assessment of the hydro‐ecological response to climate change.
Mitochondrial protein E2F3d, a distinctive E2F3 product, mediates hypoxia-induced mitophagy in cancer cells
Authors: Araki Keigo , Kawauchi Keiko , Sugimoto Wataru , Tsuda Daisuke , Oda Hiroya , Yoshida Ryosuke , Ohtani Kiyoshi
Published: December 2018

Mitochondrial damage is caused by changes in the micro-environmental conditions during tumor progression. Cancer cells require mechanisms for mitochondrial quality control during this process; however, how mitochondrial integrity is maintained is unclear. Here we show that E2F3d, a previously unidentified E2F3 isoform, mediates hypoxia-induced mitophagy in cancer cells. Aberrant activity and expression of the E2F3 transcription factor is frequently observed in many cancer cells. Loss of retinoblastoma (Rb) protein family function increases the expression of E2F3d and E2F3a. E2F3d localizes to the outer mitochondrial membrane and its cytosolic domain contains an LC3-interacting region motif. Overexpression of E2F3d induces mitochondrial fragmentation and mitophagy, suggesting that E2F3d plays an important role in mitophagy. Furthermore, depletion of E2F3s attenuates hypoxia-induced mitophagy and increases intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species, which is reversed by the reintroduction of E2F3d. This study presents another key player that regulates mitochondrial quality control in cancer cells.
Life history shapes variation in egg composition in the blue tit Cyanistes caeruleus
Authors: Valcu Cristina-Maria , Scheltema Richard A. , Schweiggert Ralf M. , Valcu Mihai , Teltscher Kim , Walther Dirk M. , Carle Reinhold , Kempenaers Bart
Published: December 2018

Maternal investment directly shapes early developmental conditions and therefore has long-term fitness consequences for the offspring. In oviparous species prenatal maternal investment is fixed at the time of laying. To ensure the best survival chances for most of their offspring, females must equip their eggs with the resources required to perform well under various circumstances, yet the actual mechanisms remain unknown. Here we describe the blue tit egg albumen and yolk proteomes and evaluate their potential to mediate maternal effects. We show that variation in egg composition (proteins, lipids, carotenoids) primarily depends on laying order and female age. Egg proteomic profiles are mainly driven by laying order, and investment in the egg proteome is functionally biased among eggs. Our results suggest that maternal effects on egg composition result from both passive and active (partly compensatory) mechanisms, and that variation in egg composition creates diverse biochemical environments for embryonic development.
Low dimensional and frustrated antiferromagnetic interactions in transition metal chloride complexes with simple amine ligands
Authors: Chalmers James E. , Srivastava Anant Kumar , Dixey Richard J. C. , Sivakumaran Krrishna , Saines Paul J.
Published: December 2018

New transition metal chloride complexes with hydrazinium and methylhydroxylamine ligands are reported featuring low dimensional and frustrated magnetic interactions.
Non covalent interactions stabilizing the chiral dimer of CH2ClF: a rotational study
Authors: Favero Laura B. , Maris Assimo , Melandri Sonia , Ottaviani Paolo , Caminati Walther
Published: December 2018

Two C–H⋯Cl–C and one C–H⋯F–C bonds stabilize (by 5.9 kJ mol−1) the dimer of chlorofluoromethane observed by rotational spectroscopy in the gas phase. The spectral analysis is complicated by the quadrupolar effects of the two nonequivalent Cl nuclei.
A new 3D luminescent Zn(ii)–organic framework containing a quinoline-2,6-dicarboxylate linker for the highly selective sensing of Fe(iii) ions
Authors: Gogoi Chiranjib , Yousufuddin Muhammed , Biswas Shyam
Published: December 2018

A new 3D quinoline based Zn(ii)–organic framework was synthesized, which exhibited quick response and selectivity towards Fe3+ ions with a detection limit of 9.2 ppb.
Consecutive oxidative additions of iodine on undulating 2D coordination polymers: formation of I–Pt–I chains and inhomogeneous layers
Authors: Ohtani Ryo , Yamamoto Riho , Ohtsu Hiroyoshi , Kawano Masaki , Pirillo Jenny , Hijikata Yuh , Sadakiyo Masaaki , Lindoy Leonard F. , Hayami Shinya
Published: December 2018

Consecutive oxidative additions of iodine on the undulating 2D coordination polymer produced unprecedented anisotropic structures.
Facile construction of a DNA tetrahedron in unconventional ladder-like arrangements at room temperature
Authors: Dai Ziwen , Leung Hoi Man , Gao Qi , Wang Fei , Wong Sze Wing , Liu Ling Sum , Au Yu Ju , Lai King Wai Chiu , Lo Pik Kwan
Published: December 2018

An isothermal assembly of DNA tetrahedron at room temperature in a quantitative yield.
Investigation of the selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3 over the WO3/Ce0.68Zr0.32O2 catalyst: the role of H2O in SO2 inhibition
Authors: Liu Shuang , Feng Xi , Liu Jingying , Lin Qingjin , Xiong Lei , Wang Yun , Xu Haidi , Wang Jianli , Chen Yaoqiang
Published: December 2018

The effect of H2O and SO2 on the selective catalytic reduction of NOx by NH3 (NH3-SCR) over WO3/Ce0.68Zr0.32O2 at 250 °C was systematically investigated using various characterization techniques.
Morphology-controlled synthesis and excellent microwave absorption performance of ZnCo2O4 nanostructures via a self-assembly process of flake units
Authors: Li Xiao , Wang Lei , You Wenbin , Xing Linshen , Yu Xuefeng , Li Yuesheng , Che Renchao
Published: December 2018

Cabbage-like ZnCo2O4 with abundant flakes possess a maximum RL value of −36.33 dB and the effective bandwidth of 5.11 GHz.
Silver or cerium-promoted free radical cascade difunctionalization of o-vinylanilides with sodium aryl- or alkylsulfinates
Authors: Wu Jilai , Zong Yuanyuan , Zhao Chunxia , Yan Qinqin , Sun Lixian , Li Yiming , Zhao Jincan , Ge Yaxin , Li Zejiang
Published: December 2018

An efficient cascade oxysulfonylation of o-vinylanilides with sodium aryl- or alkylsulfinates was developed for the synthesis of sulfonated benzoxazines.
Solvent-tuned chemoselective carboazidation and diazidation of alkenes via iron catalysis
Authors: Xu Lei , Chen Jian , Chu Lingling
Published: December 2018

A solvent-tuned chemoselective carboazidation and diazidation of alkenes with CH2Cl2 and TMSN3 through iron catalysis has been described.
Synthesis of submicrometre Cu particles via a reduction in triethanolamine solvent
Authors: Kim Myeong In , Lee Jong‐Hyun
Published: December 2018

With the aim of preparing a low‐cost filler material to enhance the bondability of a sinter‐bonding paste, submicrometre Cu particles with little agglomeration were successfully synthesised by a simple solvothermal recipe using CuO as a precursor and triethanolamine as a solvent. The required synthesis time and the average size (216–821 nm) of the synthesised Cu particles decreased proportionally with the increasing synthesis temperature. The required synthesis times were found to be 30 and 60 min and the particle sizes of 410 and 821 nm were achieved at synthesis temperatures of 200 and 180°C, respectively. The CuO particles were transformed into Cu2 O nanoparticles by accepting the hydrogen ions and electrons released during the conversion of the triethanolamine to the aldehyde by the oxidation of its three hydroxyl groups. Submicrometre pure Cu particles could be subsequently formed from aggregates of the Cu2 O nanoparticles by removing O ions from Cu2 O during the continuous conversion of the aldehyde to nitrilotriacetic acid.
Temperature effects on anharmonic infrared spectra of large compact polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Authors: Chen Tao
Published: December 2018

Aims. Large compact polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon molecules (PAHs) present special interest in the astrochemical community. A key issue in analyses of large PAHs is understanding the effect that temperature and anharmonicity have on different vibrational bands, and thus interpreting the infrared (IR) spectra for molecules under various conditions.

Methods. Because of the huge amount of interactions/resonances in large PAHs, no anharmonic IR spectrum can be produced with static/time-independent ab initio method, especially for the molecules with D6h symmetry, e.g., coronene and circumcoronene. In this work, we performed molecular dynamics simulations to generate anharmonic IR spectra of coronene and circumcoronene.

Results. The method is validated for small PAHs, i.e., naphthalene and pyrene. We find that the semiempirical method PM3 produces accurate band positions with an error <5 cm−1. Furthermore, we calculate the spectra at multiple temperatures and find a clear trend toward band shifting and broadening.