bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bacterial exonuclease III expands its enzymatic activities on single-stranded DNA
Authors: Wang Hao , Ye Chen , Lu Qi , Jiang Zhijie , Jiang Chao , Zhou Chun , Li Na , Zhang Caiqiao , Zhao Guoping , Yue Min , Li Yan
Published: March 2024

Bacterial exonuclease III (ExoIII), widely acknowledged for specifically targeting double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), has been documented as a DNA repair-associated nuclease with apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP)-endonuclease and 3′→5′ exonuclease activities. Due to these enzymatic properties, ExoIII has been broadly applied in molecular biosensors. Here, we demonstrate that ExoIII (
Escherichia coli
) possesses highly active enzymatic activities on ssDNA. By using a range of ssDNA fluorescence-quenching reporters and fluorophore-labeled probes coupled with mass spectrometry analysis, we found ExoIII cleaved the ssDNA at 5′-bond of phosphodiester from 3′ to 5′ end by both exonuclease and endonuclease activities. Additional point mutation analysis identified the critical residues for the ssDNase action of ExoIII and suggested the activity shared the same active center with the dsDNA-targeted activities of ExoIII. Notably, ExoIII could also digest the dsDNA structures containing 3′-end ssDNA. Considering most ExoIII-assisted molecular biosensors require the involvement of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or nucleic acid aptamer containing ssDNA, the activity will lead to low efficiency or false positive outcome. Our study revealed the multi-enzymatic activity and the underlying molecular mechanism of ExoIII on ssDNA, illuminating novel insights for understanding its biological roles in DNA repair and the rational design of ExoIII-ssDNA involved diagnostics.
Gliogenesis from the subventricular zone modulates the extracellular matrix at the glial scar after brain ischemia
Authors: Ardaya Maria , Tiveron Marie-Catherine , Cremer Harold , Dehay Benjamin , Pérez-Cerdá Fernando , Matute Carlos , Soria Federico N , Cavaliere Fabio
Published: March 2024

Activation of the subventricular zone (SVZ) following cerebral ischemia is one of the brain’s early responses to counteract neuron loss and minimize tissue damage. Impaired brain regions communicate with the SVZ through various chemotactic signals that promote cell migration and differentiation, primarily involving neural stem cells (NSC), neuroblasts, or glioblasts. However, the activation of gliogenesis and the role of newly formed astrocytes in the post-ischemic scenario remain subjects of debate. We have previously demonstrated that adenosine release after brain ischemia prompts the SVZ to generate new astrocytes. Here, we used transient brain ischemia in mice to identify the cellular origin of these astrocytes within the SVZ neurogenic niche and to investigate their role in the pathological process. By combining immunofluorescence, BrdU-tracing, and genetic cell labeling, we tracked the migration of newborn astrocytes, positive for the proteoglycan marker Thbs4, from the dorsal and medial SVZ to the perilesional barrier surrounding the ischemic core, known as the “glial scar”. We found that these Thbs4-positive astrocytes modulate the dense extracellular matrix at the lesion border by both synthesizing and degrading hyaluronan. We also show that while the accumulation of hyaluronan at the lesion site is sufficient to recruit newborn astrocytes, its degradation at the SVZ correlates with gliogenesis. These findings suggest that newborn astrocytes could be a promising pharmacological target for modulating the glial scar after brain ischemia and facilitate tissue regeneration.
Gut microbiota and its metabolites in Alzheimer’s disease: from pathogenesis to treatment
Authors: Zou Xinfu , Zou Guoqiang , Zou Xinyan , Wang Kangfeng , Chen Zetao
Published: March 2024

Introduction

An increasing number of studies have demonstrated that altered microbial diversity and function (such as metabolites), or ecological disorders, regulate bowel–brain axis involvement in the pathophysiologic processes in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The dysregulation of microbes and their metabolites can be a double-edged sword in AD, presenting the possibility of microbiome-based treatment options. This review describes the link between ecological imbalances and AD, the interactions between AD treatment modalities and the microbiota, and the potential of interventions such as prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and dietary interventions as complementary therapeutic strategies targeting AD pathogenesis and progression.

Survey methodology

Articles from PubMed and china.com on intestinal flora and AD were summarized to analyze the data and conclusions carefully to ensure the comprehensiveness, completeness, and accuracy of this review.

Conclusions

Regulating the gut flora ecological balance upregulates neurotrophic factor expression, regulates the microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis, and suppresses the inflammatory responses. Based on emerging research, this review explored novel directions for future AD research and clinical interventions, injecting new vitality into microbiota research development.
Optimising Classical Arabic metra
Authors: Al-Mohanna Faisal
Published: March 2024

This paper aims to identify the markedness constraints and constraint rankings responsible for limiting the Classical Arabic metra to a unique group of eight. To that end, the proposed account assumes the same basic principles and devices cross-linguistically utilised for the analysis of word-stress in natural languages. Mainly, constraints interpreting boundedness, headedness, quantity-sensitivity, exhaustivity, and extrametricality are formalised and ranked to assess constituency and metrical parsing. In particular, requirements on binarity applying on different levels of the metrical structure will demarcate the maximality and minimality boundaries for constituent moraicity and eventually define the domain for the metron. Other requirements on constituent headedness will distinguish the first seven of the eight metra as most harmonious. Like Sanskrit or Ancient Greek, Classical Arabic metre is basically considered to be quantitative, where weight mostly regulates the mapping to strong positions. Crucially, such mapping is established through a set of constraints unravelling the intrinsic prominence associated with the form of the uneven iamb, which features in the first seven metra, ruling out any implausible candidates that are possibly configured within that binarity domain. On another dimension, head verse foot non-finality, or more generally non-peripherality, coupled with final light syllable extrametricality create the environment for optimising the eighth metron, the final syllable of which is light.
Entre la familia y el vasallaje: un fenómeno de traducción intertemporal en Decameron X, 10
Authors: Rodríguez Mesa Francisco José
Published: March 2024

Toda labor de traducción implica, por sí misma, un sinfín de dificultades provocadas por la distancia entre la audiencia del TO y la del TM. Sin embargo, esta problemática es mayor cuando operamos con textos literarios e infinitamente más notable cuando se trata de obras cuya fecha de composición se remonta siglos atrás, es decir, cuando nos hallamos ante un proceso de traducción intertemporal. Es cierto que este tipo de textos suele presentar escollos particulares, pero sus traductores cuentan también con una serie de disciplinas, que han de considerarse afines a la traducción, que se erigen como herramientas extremadamente valiosas. El presente artículo, tras presentar brevemente estos instrumentos, los aplica a un pasaje del Decameron de Giovanni Boccaccio, concretamente al fragmento X, 10, 30-33, en cuya traducción a distintas lenguas se han observado algunas peculiaridades.
Aspectos lingüísticos de términos parentales chinos como vocativos: con 姐(姐)/jie(jie)/en Sueño de las mansiones rojas como ejemplo
Authors: Lu Xiaowei
Published: March 2024

En el parentesco chino y español, por pertenecer a tipo sudanés y esquimal respectivamente, existe una enorme asimetría e inequivalencia en los términos parentales. Aunque los nombres chinos, igual que los españoles, desempeñan función vocativa tanto en el ámbito familiar como no familiar, por la diferencia lingü.stica y cultural tienen una aplicación aún más amplia y complicada. Con la comparación de 姐(姐)/jie(jie)/ y su traducción al español en Sueño de las mansiones rojas, se ha comprobado esa peculiaridad de comportamiento en la semántica y la pragmática.
Impact of 1 Year of Large-Scale Antiretroviral Drug Treatment on the Anthropometric Profiles and Treatment Outcomes of HIV-Adult Patients in the Rural District Hospital of Eastern Nigeria
Authors: Onuigbo H. N.
Published: March 2024

The study aimed at assessing the evolution of body mass index of (BMI) and treatment outcome of Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) adult-patients who were on antiretroviral therapy (ART) over a period of one year in a community district hospital with high prevalence of HIV attendance. One year retrospective follow-up study of the recruited patients was carried out using data collected from their treatment cards. One hundred and fifty-one patients were recruited for the study but eleven patients dropped as a result of clinical emergencies and breach of study protocol. Ninety-two (66%) were females and the rest adult males. Study patients were on four different World Health Organization (WHO) clinical stages at various numerical strengths. There were significant (p>0.05) synchronized linear increment of BMI and positive treatment outcomes following treatment with antiretroviral therapy (ART).
Studies on Insect Pest Succession and their Natural Enemies in Brinjal
Authors: Prashanth G. , Sunitha N D  , Kumar V. Shiva , Mamatha M
Published: March 2024

The Present investigation was carried out at College of Agriculture, Vijayapura, Karnataka to study insect - pests succession and their natural enemies on brinjal during 2021-22. Studies revealed that, four species of insect pests and one coccinellid predatorwere observed at different crop growth stages. The first attack on the crop appeared at one week after transplantation and continued up to till crop reached fruiting and maturity stage. Pests that found attacking on the crop were leaf hopper (Amrasca biguttulabiguttula Ishida), aphids (Aphis gossypii Glover), whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius), shoot and fruit borer (Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee) and coccinellid predator, Cheliomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius). Brinjal shoot and fruit borer (L. orbonalis) was identified as amajor pest among them.From the seedling stage to fruiting and maturity stage, the populations of Jassids, aphids, coccinellids were observed, white flies were observed from vegetative stage to fruiting and maturity stage, while the population of shoot and fruit borer were observed and recorded during the vegetative stage to fruiting and maturity stage of the crop. Leaf hoppers, aphids and whitefly were found to damage the crop moderatelyand extent of damage caused by L. orbonalis was created much economic loss.
Identifying Physiological Traits Associated with High Temperature Tolerance in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Genotypes
Authors: Aparna V.  , Prayaga. Lakshmi , HP. Meena, , Guhe Arti
Published: March 2024

The objective of the study is to identify the physiological traits associated with seed yield in sunflower. An experiment was conducted at ICAR-Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Narkhoda Farm, Rajendranagar, Telangana during rabi (Jan-May) 2019 and 2020 to find out the response of Sunflower genotypes to high temperature (HT) stress. Here, 47 genotypes were screened in the first year and 14 genotypes were identified which are evaluated in the second year under timely (control, S1) and delayed (HT stress, S2) sowings. These traits in the two years are correlated with seed yields (SY) which were differed under S1 and S2. The per se performance indicated that the expression of most traits was reduced under S2 except canopy temperature in 2019. The genotype AKSF 6-3B with the highest SY were characterized by chlorophyll content, maximum quantum efficiency, relative water content, pollen viability, leaf area index, photosynthetic rate and transpiration at vegetative stage under high temperature. The diverse genotypes identified with promising traits can be used in breeding programs to develop new varieties.
The Impact of War on Mental Health in Cameroon's North-west and South-west Regions: A Psycho-traumatology Perspective
Authors: Yongsi H. Blaise Nguendo
Published: March 2024

Background: The war is a major poly-traumatic event, which leads to massive population displacements. The question of the evaluation and psychological care of psychotraumatised people is an urgent matter.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the impact of the ongoing war in North-west & South-West (NOSO) on the mental health of soldiers and civilians, focusing on war-induced trauma.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in different settings in the NOSO.  Data was collected from 203 participants, two years after the war began, using a structured questionnaire that included sections on sociodemographic information, trauma-related issues, and mental health.

Results: The study found that levels of depression and anxiety were relatively average. However, those who were directly exposed to military actions, physical violence, or severe human suffering had higher levels of anxiety, depression, stress, and trauma-related symptoms. The war experience varied by gender, age, involved actors (soldiers vs civilians), and living conditions.

Conclusion: The results imply that the degree of exposure to violence and living circumstances had distinct effects on the mental health of those afflicted by the war. The study also found a number of stresses, including physical and sexual assault, kidnapping, and abuses committed by military personnel. Subsequent investigations ought to devise efficacious measures to bolster the welfare of residents amidst this arduous period.
Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma with Primary Site in Tonsil: Case Report
Authors: Pacífico Fernando Augusto , Galvão Ismael Felipe Gonçalves , Freitas Marcio Handerson Benevides de , Valente Thiago José Monteiro Borges da Silva , Vicente Kaio Felipe da Silva , Dantas João Marcos da Silva , Borges Luciana Maria Queiroz de Oliveira , Silva Pompéia Freire da
Published: March 2024

Aims: This study aims to report a case of small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma with a primary site in the tonsil in a 76-year-old male patient and review the main aspects.
Presentation of Case: In this study, the patient had a palpable cervical mass on the right (predominantly affecting level V) and a large primary tumor in the tonsillar site on the right, making it necessary to perform a biopsy for histopathological and immunohistochemical studies.
Discussion: Primary small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (SNEC) are poorly differentiated neoplasms with poor prognosis and low incidence in the head and neck regions. SNEC originating in the head and neck, which have the tonsils as their primary sites, are even rarer, with only 14 cases being reported in the English literature over the last 40 years.
Conclusion: Due to the scarcity of data in the literature on this pathology due to its rarity, therapeutic strategies have not yet been formulated. The clinical and imaging data in this study were essential for staging and primary site definition. Despite the favorable initial response to treatment with radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the patient progressed with the disease, conferring the poor prognosis expected for this type of neoplasm.
Trends of Antibacterial Interactions in Multidrug – Resistant Isolates: Exploring Resistance Phenotypes in the Ndé Division, West-Cameroon
Authors: Tangueu Vanessa Ornella Alactio , Youté O’Neal Dorsel , Kweyang Blandine Pulchérie Tamatcho , Nana Vanessa Flora Yomi , Kwetche Pierre René Fotsing
Published: March 2024

Background: Reliable pieces of information concerning bacterial-antibiotic interactions are key assets for therapeutic management of bacterial diseases.

Objective: The present study aimed at detecting phenotypic characteristics of bacterial resistance in multidrug-resistant isolates recovered from clinical specimens at the “Université des Montagnes” Teaching Hospital.

Methods: The total of 226 isolates (142 Gram-negative rods and 84 Gram-positive cocci) were subjected to phenotypic screening of resistance mechanisms. All procedural steps were conducted according to standard protocols on bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics.

Results: Primary pieces of information revealed high rates of resistant isolates, especially with beta-lactams and Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole while Nitrofurantoin and Imipenem were most effective. Amongst Gram-negative rods, 56% expressed one enzymatic resistance mechanism and 12% expressed two against beta-lactams. Also, with extended spectrum beta-lactamases, high level cephalosporinases and inducible cephalosporinases most commonly observed. About 62% and 14% of Gram-positive cocci expressed constitutive and Clindamycin-inducible resistance, respectively. Decreased susceptibility to Ceftriaxone and Penicillin G was also recorded in suspect mutant isolates selected by these antibiotics. Potential synergetic and other antagonistic interactions were evenly detected.

Conclusion: Overall, the data could represent reliable clue for advocacy about personalized combination therapy, then capacity building for routine affordable susceptibility tests in caretaking.
The Sero-prevalence and Risk Factors of Chlamydiosis among Women of Reproductive Age in Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Authors: Ikpeama, R. A.  , Nyenke, C. U.  , Onosakponome, E. O.  , Uzor, B. C.  , Nwankwo, L.
Published: March 2024

Aim: This study is aimed to determine the association between chlamydiosis and some selected risk factors among women of reproductive age in Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

Study Design: The study was a cross-sectional study conducted at Rivers State University teaching hospital.

Place and Duration of the Study: The study was conducted at Rivers State University teaching hospital, Rivers State, Nigeria between March, 2022 and August, 2022.

Methodology: This cross-sectional study included 450 women who ranged in age from 15 to 55 years and met the inclusion criteria after obtaining ethical approval from Rivers state teaching hospital ethics committee. The women were divided into four subgroups: outpatients, immunocompromised patients (HIV clinic patients), pregnant women, and healthy volunteers. Well-structured questionnaires were used to obtain data on risk factors of chlamydiosis on consultancy basis. Healthy volunteers were those who showed no symptoms otherwise regarded as apparently healthy volunteers. The data obtained were analyzed using Chlamydia trachomatis IgG Enzyme Immunoassay test kit.

Results: Out of the 450 samples examined, 45 (10%) tested positive to chlamydia antibodies with the highest prevalence among the immunodeficiency virus subjects (4.2%) and this was followed by the outpatient (2.4%) and healthy volunteers (2.2%). Pregnant women had the lowest seroprevalence rate of 1.1%. The study further revealed that about 78% of the study population heard about chlamydiosis while 22% had no knowledge of it. Statistically, there was no association (p=.06) between awareness parameters and sero-prevalence of chlamydiosis. Similarly, there was no association (p=.08) between person hygiene parameters and sero-prevalence of chlamydiosis. The study equally revealed that there was an association between self-screening for sexually transmitted infection and ever screened for Chlamydia trachomatis as life styles for chlamydiosis (p=.05).

Conclusion: The results of this study indicate a strong correlation between self-screening for Sextually transmitted infections and chlamydia infection and those who have ever had a Chlamydia trachomatis screening. In order to lessen the harmful effects chlamydiosis has on society, particularly among those who are of reproductive age, awareness of the risk factor associated with the disease should also be increased.
ATUAÇÃO DO CIRURGIÃO-DENTISTA NO RECONHECIMENTO DO ABUSO SEXUAL INFANTIL
Authors: Batista Vitória Marina Abrantes , Ribeiro Pedro José Targino , Gusmão Júlia Quintela Brandão de , Pontes de Lima Wliana
Published: March 2024

Objetivo: Este estudo objetivou realizar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a atuação do cirurgião-dentista no reconhecimento do abuso sexual infantil. Materiais e Métodos Foi realizada uma revisão integrativa da literatura a partir de estudos publicados e indexados nas bases de dados eletrônicas PubMed/Medline (U.S. National Library of Medicine), SciELO (Brasil Scientific Electronic Library Online) e BVS (Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde), utilizando as palavras-chaves: “Abuso sexual na infância”/ “Child Abuse”, “Sexual”, “Boca”/“Mouth” e “Cirurgião-Dentista”/“Dentist”, pelo recurso de busca avançada, entre 2018 e 2022. Resultados: Foram identificados 4.361 estudos, mas após a aplicação dos critérios de elegibilidade, permaneceram 9 estudos para compor a presente revisão. Após a análise das publicações, verificou-se que o cirurgião-dentista é um dos primeiros profissionais da área da saúde a estar diante desses casos, no entanto, encontra-se entre os que menos notificam.  Considerações finais: O abuso sexual infantil pode deixar diversos vestígios, especialmente na região orofacial, e, cabe ao odontólogo diagnosticar corretamente, além disso, quando confirmada as suspeitas, denunciar aos órgãos competentes. Dessa forma, o cirurgião-dentista poderá contribuir significativamente no manejo dos casos de abuso sexual infantil.
Attacking performance bottlenecks
Authors: van der Pas Ruud
Published: December 2006

Multicore processors are becoming mainstream at a rapid pace. Thanks to this trend, even desktop and laptop computers are being turned into relatively small parallel computers.

Although the aggregate computing capacity is increasing, the individual cores are less powerful than a single monolithic processor.

This affects the application developer in two ways. First and foremost, waiting for a faster processor as a way to dramatically improve performance is not a good strategy. This is simply because the future speed increase of the individual cores is relatively modest. In addition to this, to exploit all the computational power of the processor, the application has to be parallelized (or “multithreaded”) to take advantage of the multiple cores.

Before parallelizing an application, however, it is strongly recommended that the performance of a single thread be first tuned. Getting good performance out of a single thread not only gives an immediate performance benefit, but it is a prerequisite for scalable parallel performance.

Four sequential tuning phases can be distinguished. Three of these steps typically require a modest effort. The fourth step involves changes in source code. The amount of time spent on this depends on various constraints, such as time to market for the application, but the reward could be substantial.

Several programming models are available for implementing the parallelism. They all have their own specific pros and cons.

High‐quality tools are indispensable when tuning and parallelizing an application. An advanced optimizing compiler is a must. A tool to identify the most time consuming parts in an application greatly reduces the tuning cycle. Preferably, such a tool should also give easy access to the low‐level hardware event counters most modern processors support. To increase the parallel efficiency, it is very useful to be able to analyze the application behavior at the thread level.
Identifying and Quantifying Sites of Protein Methylation by Heavy Methyl SILAC
Authors: Ong Shao‐En , Mann Matthias
Published: December 2006

A new appreciation of protein methylation comes with the recent discovery of demethylases, now placing methylation in the realm of a transient, reversible modification. Classical approaches to study methylation are laborious and involve radioactive, in vitro, enzyme‐substrate labeling experiments with purified proteins. Mass spectrometry–based proteomics allows the unbiased analysis of complex protein mixtures and is increasingly applied to the study of post‐translational modifications. However, it is particularly challenging to study methylation by proteomics because of the number of residues affected and the degree of methylation that can occur. Heavy methyl SILAC is a metabolic labeling strategy that harnesses the cell's machinery to convert a nonradioactive, stable isotope labeled version of methionine into the ‘heavy’ biological methyl donor S‐adenosylmethionine. Cells incorporate this ‘heavy’ methyl group throughout their methylated substrates. This technique increases confidence in identifying and quantifying of sites of protein methylation.
Preparation of Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Extracts from Mammalian Cells
Authors: Abmayr Susan M. , Yao Tingting , Parmely Tari , Workman Jerry L.
Published: December 2006

Extracts prepared from the isolated nuclei of cultured cells have been instrumental in dissecting the mechanisms by which transcription and mRNA processing occur. These extracts are able to recapitulate accurate transcription initiation and splicing in vitro, which has been useful in direct functional studies. They also serve as the starting material for purification of proteins that can then be reassembled in functional studies or examined in more detail biochemically. This unit describes the preparation of nuclear extracts from cultured cells and optimized production of transcriptionally active extracts from HeLa cells. Additional protocols describe optimization of the method to increase the yield of specific proteins, adaptation of the method for downstream applications such as affinity purification, and preparation of the cytoplasmic (S‐100) fraction.
Differentiation of Multipotent Adult Progenitor Cells into Functional Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Luttun Aernout , Ross Jeffrey J. , Verfaillie Catherine , Aranguren Xabier L. , Prósper Felipe
Published: December 2006

Stem cells are not only a promising in vivo tool for the treatment of diseases characterized by irreversible tissue damage, but can also be exploited as in vitro systems to study the conditions required to generate molecularly and functionally defined cell types. Constructing functional arteries with luminal arterial endothelial cells stabilized by a medial layer of smooth muscle cells is one of the challenges of regenerative medicine. This unit describes the conditions for generating endothelial and smooth muscle cells from multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPCs). It elaborates on the importance of certain parameters, e.g., quality control of the stem cell population used, serum lot variations, seeding density, use of appropriate cytokines, critical to obtaining high differentiation efficiencies. It further focuses on the molecular and functional characterization of the obtained cell types.
Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds
Authors: Schulte‐Schrepping Karl‐Heinz , Piscator Magnus
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Cadmium Metal

2.1.

Physical Properties

2.2.

Chemical Properties

2.3.

Occurrence, Raw Materials

2.4.

Refining

2.4.1.

The Starting Materials

2.4.2.

Leaching of the Starting Materials and Cementation

2.4.3.

Electrolytic Recovery

2.4.4.

Distillation

2.4.5.

Other Processes

2.4.6.

Recycling

2.5.

Quality Specifications and Analysis

2.6.

Uses

3.

Alloys

4.

Cadmium Compounds and Complexes

4.1.

Properties

4.2.

Individual Compounds

4.3.

Storage and Transportation

5.

Environmental Protection

5.1.

Emission

5.2.

Waste Water

5.3.

Air

5.4.

Soil

6.

Economic Aspects

7.

Toxicology and Occupational Health
Calcium Carbide
Authors: Langhammer Bernhard
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Physical Properties

3.

Chemical Properties

4.

Production

4.1.

Raw Materials and Their Preparation

4.2.

Electrothermic Reduction

4.3.

Furnaces

4.3.1.

Single‐Phase Furnaces

4.3.2.

Three‐Phase Furnaces

4.3.3.

Half‐Covered Furnaces

4.3.4.

Closed Furnaces

4.4.

Operation

4.5.

Furnace Gas

4.6.

Mass and Energy Balance

5.

Further Treatment

5.1.

Cooling

5.2.

Size Reduction

5.3.

Quality Specifications

5.4.

Transport and Storage

6.

Environmental Protection

7.

Uses

8.

Economic Aspects

9.

Toxicology

10.

Acknowledgement
Calcium Sulfate
Authors: Wirsching Franz
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.The CaSO4‐ H2O System2.1.Phases2.2.Laboratory Synthesis2.3.Industrial Dehydration of Gypsum2.4.Energy Aspects2.5.Structure, Mixed Compounds, Solubility3.Occurrence, Raw Materials3.1.Gypsum and Anhydrite Rock3.2.Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) Gypsum3.3.Phosphogypsum3.4.Fluoroanhydrite3.5.Other Byproduct Gypsums4.Production4.1.Natural Gypsum to Calcined Products4.2.FGD Gypsum to Calcined Products4.2.1.β‐Hemihydrate and Multiphase Plasters from FGD Gypsum4.2.2.α‐Hemihydrate Plaster from FGD Gypsum4.3.Phosphogypsum to Calcined Products4.4.Anhydrite Plaster5.Use and Properties of Gypsum Plasters and Products and Anhydrite Plasters5.1.Hydration, Setting, Hardening5.2.Prefabricated Gypsum Building Components5.3.Gypsum Plaster5.4.Other Uses5.5.Properties of Gypsum Building Products Installed in Situ6.Material Testing and Chemical Analysis6.1.Standards6.2.Testing6.3.Chemical Analysis6.4.Phase analysis7.Economic Aspects8.Recycling and Disposal
Chlorosulfuric Acid
Authors: Maas Joachim , Baunack Fritz
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Physical Properties

3.

Chemical Properties

4.

Production

5.

Safety Precautions, Transportation

6.

Uses and Economic Aspects

7.

Toxicology and Occupational Hygiene
Choline
Authors: Atwater Charles
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Properties3.Production4.Analysis5.Economic Aspects6.Salts7.Uses8.Toxicology
Composite Materials
Authors: Ilschner Bernhard , Lees Joseph K. , Dhingra Ashok K. , McCullough R. L.
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.Definition2.Classification2.1.Geometric Classification2.2.Material Classification3.Principles of Fiber Reinforcement3.1.High‐Strength Fiber Composites3.2.Behavior in Compliant Matrices3.3.Behavior in Brittle Matrices4.Materials Used in Advanced Composites4.1.Reinforcing Fibers4.1.1.Carbon Fibers4.1.2.Organic Fibers4.1.3.Inorganic Fibers4.1.4.Reinforcement Geometry4.2.Matrix Materials5.Processing and Fabrication Technology5.1.Thermoset Resin Matrix Composites5.1.1.Classic Low‐Volume Production Methods5.1.2.Automation of Traditional Production Methods5.1.3.Alternate Production Methods5.2.Thermoplastic Resin Matrix Composites5.3.Design Integration6.Properties of Advanced Composite Materials6.1.Properties of Composite Structures6.2.Laminate Analysis6.3.Micromechanical Models7.Applications
Confectionery
Authors: Richardson Terry , Andersen Geert
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.

History

2.

Raw Materials

2.1.

Physical and Chemical Properties

2.2.

Sweetening Ingredients

2.3.

Other Raw Materials

3.

Properties and Microbiology of Confectionery

4.

Types of Confectionery

5.

Processes and Machinery for Confectionery Production

5.1.

Modern Developments

5.2.

Production of Typical Confectionery Products

5.2.1.

Fondant

5.2.2.

Production of Fondant

5.2.3.

Casting Fondant Articles

5.2.4.

Soft‐Boiled Sweets, Fudge, and Toffee

5.2.5.

Forming of Bars and Small Units from Soft‐Boiled Masses

5.2.6.

Boiled Sweets, Hard Candy, Brittle, Croquante, and Butterscotch

5.2.7.

Light Foams, Marshmallows, and White Nougat

5.2.8.

Jellies and Gums

5.2.9.

Panning

5.2.10.

Other Products

6.

Packaging, Storage, and Economic Aspects
Copper
Authors: Lossin Adalbert
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties4.Occurrence4.1.Copper Minerals4.2.Origin of Copper Ores4.3.Copper Ore Deposits4.4.Copper Resources4.5.Mining5.Production5.1.Beneficiation5.2.Roasting5.3.Pyrometallurgical Principles5.3.1.Behavior of the Components5.3.2.Matte5.3.3.Slags5.3.4.Oxidizing Smelting Processes5.3.5.Proposals5.4.Traditional Bath Smelting5.4.1.Blast Furnace Smelting5.4.2.Reverberatory Furnace Smelting5.4.3.Electric Furnace Smelting5.4.4.Isasmelt Furnace5.4.5.Noranda Process5.4.6.CMT/Teniente Process5.4.7.Vanyukov Process5.4.8.Baiyin Process5.5.Autogenous Smelting5.5.1.Outokumpu Flash Smelting5.5.2.Inco Flash Smelting5.5.3.KIVCET Cyclone Smelting5.5.4.Contop Matte Smelting5.5.5.Flame Cyclone Smelting5.6.Discontinuous Matte Conversion5.7.Continuous Matte Conversion5.7.1.Noranda Process5.7.2.Mitsubishi Process5.7.3.Kennecott/Outokumpu Flash Converting Process5.8.Direct Blister Smelting5.8.1.Blister Flash Smelting5.8.2.QS Process5.9.Copper Recycling5.10.Hydrometallurgical Extraction6.Refining6.1.Pyrometallurgical Refining6.1.1.Discontinuous Fire Refining6.1.2.Continuous Fire Refining6.1.3.Casting of Anodes6.2.Electrolytic Refining6.2.1.Principles6.2.2.Practice of Electrorefining6.3.Melting and Casting6.3.1.Remelting of Cathodes6.3.2.Discontinuous Casting6.3.3.Continuous Casting6.3.4.Continuous Rod Casting and Rolling6.4.Copper Powder6.5.Copper Grades and Standardization6.6.Quality Control and Analysis7.Processing and Uses7.1.Working Processes7.2.Other Fabricating Methods7.3.Uses8.Economic Aspects9.Environmental Protection10.Toxicology
Cough Remedies
Authors: Bub Oskar , Friedrich Ludwig
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Antitussives2.1.Antitussives Acting on the Central Nervous System2.1.1.Alkaloids and Derivatives2.1.2.Morphinans2.1.3.Arylalkylamines2.1.4.Basic Esters2.1.5.Basic Ethers2.1.6.Piperazine Derivatives2.1.7.Other Compounds2.2.Antitussives Acting Mainly Peripherally3.Expectorants3.1.Secretolytics and Secretomotorics3.2.Mucolytics3.2.1.Cysteine Derivatives3.2.2.Benzylamines
Cresols and Xylenols
Authors: Fiege Helmut
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:1.Cresols1.1.Physical Properties1.2.Chemical Properties1.3.Formation and Isolation1.3.1.Isolation from Coal Tars1.3.2.Recovery from Spent Refinery Caustics1.4.Production1.4.1.Alkali Fusion of Toluenesulfonates1.4.2.Alkaline Chlorotoluene Hydrolysis1.4.3.Cymene Hydroperoxide Cleavage1.4.4.Methylation of Phenol1.4.5.Other Routes1.5.Separation ofm‐ andp‐Cresol1.5.1.Physicochemical Processes1.5.2.Separation via Addition Compounds1.5.3.Separation via Ester or Salt Formation1.5.4.Separation by Nuclear Substitution1.6.Quality Specifications and Analysis1.7.Handling, Storage, and Transportation1.8.Uses1.9.Economic Aspects2.Xylenols2.1.Properties2.2.Isolation2.3.Separation2.4.Production2.5.Quality Specifications and Analysis2.6.Handling, Storage, and Transportation2.7.Uses2.8.Economic Aspects3.Environmental Protection4.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Rubber, 2. Natural
Authors: Greve Heinz‐Hermann
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Rubber Extraction3.Composition of Natural Rubber Latex4.Biosynthesis of Natural Rubber5.Commercial Extraction of Natural Latex6.Production of Natural Rubber6.1.Extraction by Evaporation of Water (Evaporation, Spray Drying)6.2.Coagulation7.Classification7.1.Technically Classified (TC) Rubber7.2.Standard Malaysian Rubber (SMR)7.3.Standardized Indonesian Rubber (SIR)8.Physical and Technological Properties of Solid Rubber9.Uses10.Modification10.1.Hydrogenated Natural Rubber10.2.Chlorinated Natural Rubber10.3.Hydrohalogenated Natural Rubber10.4.Cyclized Natural Rubber10.5.Resin‐Modified Natural Rubber10.6.Poly(Methyl Methacrylate)‐Grafted Natural Rubber10.7.Superior‐Processing Natural Rubber10.8.N‐Phenylcarbamoylazoformate‐Modified Natural Rubber10.9.Polystyrene‐Grafted Natural Rubber10.10.Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR)10.11.Degraded Natural Rubber10.12.Thermoplastic Natural Rubber11.Compounding12.Summary
Salicylic Acid
Authors: Boullard Olivier , Leblanc Henri , Besson Bernard
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical and Chemical Properties3.Production4.Quality Specifications, Storage and Transportation, and Environmental Protection5.Uses and Economic Aspects6.Salicylic Acid Derivatives7.Toxicology8.Acknowledgement
Silicon Compounds, Inorganic
Authors: Simmler Walter
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Silicon Hydrides2.1.Monosilane2.2.Disilane2.3.Purification2.4.Uses2.5.Safety Measures2.6.Photochemistry3.Silicon Halides3.1.Trichlorosilane3.1.1.Preparation from Elemental Silicon3.1.2.Preparation from Tetrachlorosilane3.1.3.Purification3.1.4.Waste Disposal3.1.5.Uses3.2.Tetrachlorosilane3.2.1.Production3.2.2.Purification3.2.3.Uses3.3.Hexachlorodisilane3.3.1.Production3.3.2.Uses3.4.Other Silicon Chlorides3.5.Silicon Fluorides3.6.Silicon Bromides3.7.Silicon Iodides4.Silicon Oxides4.1.Silicon Monoxide4.1.1.Production4.1.2.Properties4.1.3.Uses4.2.Silicon Sesquioxides4.3.Other Silicon ‐ Oxygen Compounds5.Silicon Sulfides6.Silicon Nitrogen Compounds7.Silicon Borides
Thorium and Thorium Compounds
Authors: Stoll Wolfgang
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Properties

2.1.

Physical Properties

2.2.

Chemical Properties

3.

Occurrence and Raw Materials

4.

Production

4.1.

Concentration

4.1.1.

Ore Preparation

4.1.2.

Ore Digestion and Thorium Recovery

4.1.2.1.

Acid Digestion

4.1.2.2.

Alkaline Digestion

4.2.

Fine Purification by Solvent Extraction

5.

Important Compounds

5.1.

Thorium Oxides

5.2.

Thorium Halides

5.2.1.

Thorium Tetrafluoride

5.2.2.

Thorium Tetrachloride

5.2.3.

Thorium Tetraiodide

5.3.

Other Compounds

6.

Production of Pure Thorium Metal

7.

Metalworking

8.

Intermetallic Compounds and Alloys

8.1.

Thorium as the Main Component

8.1.1.

Thorium and Carbon

8.1.2.

Thorium and Nitrogen

8.1.3.

Thorium and Aluminum

8.1.4.

Corrosion‐Resistant Thorium Alloys

8.1.5.

Thorium Alloys Used in Thorium Production and Nuclear Applications

8.2.

Alloys Containing Low Concentrations of Thorium

9.

Uses

9.1.

Nuclear Technology

9.2.

Conventional Applications

9.2.1.

Illuminants

9.2.2.

Electron Emitters

9.2.3.

Ceramics and Glass

9.2.4.

Catalysts

9.2.5.

Medicine

9.2.6.

The Demand for Thorium

10.

Product Quality and Analytical Methods

11.

Toxicology

12.

Industrial Safety

13.

Environmental Protection

14.

Legal Aspects
Thyrotherapeutic Agents
Authors: Dahlmanns Simone M. , Müller‐Gärtner Hans‐Wilhelm
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Thyroid Hormones as Therapeutic Agents

2.1.

Pharmacology of the Thyroid Hormones

2.2.

Chemical and Physical Properties of Thyroid Hormones

3.

Thyroid Depressants as Therapeutic Agents

3.1.

Iodination Inhibitors

3.2.

Iodization Inhibitors

3.3.

Inhibitors of Hormone Incretion

3.4.

Inhibitors of the Conversion of T
4
to T
3

3.5.

Radioiodine

3.6.

Chemical and Physical Properties of Thyroid Depressants
Tobacco
Authors: Tso T. C.
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.

History

2.

Botany

2.1.

Taxonomy

2.2.

Nicotiana Species

2.3.

Tobacco Plant Characteristics

3.

Genetics and Propagation

3.1.

Origin of Tobacco

3.2.

Monosomics and Their Characteristics

3.3.

Intraspecific and Interspecific Hybridization

3.4.

Parasexual Hybridization

3.5.

Techniques for Plant Propagation

4.

Production

4.1.

General Classification and Environmental Requirements

4.2.

Seed and Seedlings

4.3.

Soil and Fertilizer

4.4.

Pests and Pest Control

4.4.1.

Diseases

4.4.2.

Insects

4.5.

Harvesting

4.6.

Curing

4.6.1.

Flue Curing

4.6.2.

Air Curing

4.7.

Fermentation and Aging

5.

Tobacco Products

5.1.

Cigarettes

5.2.

Cigars

5.3.

Pipe Tobacco

5.4.

Snuff

5.5.

Chewing Tobacco

6.

Plant Physiology

6.1.

Growth and Development

6.2.

Primary Nutrition

6.3.

Trace Elements and Heavy Metals

6.4.

Nutritional Disorders

6.5.

Physiological Disorder

7.

Biochemistry

7.1.

Alkaloids

7.2.

Proteins

7.3.

Carbohydrates and Organic Acids

7.4.

Pigments and Polyphenols

7.5.

Other Major Compounds

8.

Chemical Characteristics

9.

Toxicity

10.

Economics

11.

Utilization of Tobacco Other than Smoking

11.1.

In Basic Research

11.2.

Use of Nicotine

11.3.

As a Source of Chemicals

11.4.

Food and Feed

11.5.

Dust, Midribs, Stems, and Stalks

11.6.

Biomass

12.

Outlook

12.1.

Tobacco in Plant Science

12.2.

Tobacco in Biotechnology

12.3.

Stress Research
Wool
Authors: Zahn Helmut , Wortmann Franz‐Josef , Wortmann Gabriele , Schäfer Karola , Hoffmann Rainer , Finch Robert
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction1.1.Definition1.2.Historical Aspects1.3.Biology1.4.Chemical Composition2.Structure2.1.Morphology2.2.α‐ and β‐Keratin2.3.Two‐Phase Model3.Properties3.1.Physical and Mechanical Properties3.2.Chemical Reactivity4.Resources and Raw Materials4.1.Sheep Rearing and Breeding4.2.Places of Origin and Types of Raw Wool5.Production Processes5.1.Methods of Obtaining Wool5.2.Raw Wool Scouring5.3.Mechanical Processing5.4.Chemical Processing: Pretreatment5.5.Dyeing and Finishing6.Environmental Protection7.Quality Specifications8.Testing and Analysis9.Storage and Transportation10.Uses11.Trademarks12.Economic Aspects13.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Xanthates
Authors: Roy Kathrin‐Maria
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties4.Production4.1.General4.2.Production Processes5.Quality Specifications6.Storage and Transportation7.Analysis8.Uses9.Economic Aspects10.Toxicology and Occupational Health11.Acknowledgement
Ziegler Processes
Authors: Behr Arno
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Ziegler Direct Process3.Ziegler Olefin Synthesis4.Ziegler Alcohol Synthesis5.Ziegler Catalysts
Zinc Alloys
Authors: Johnen Heinrich J.
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Casting Alloys3.Ductile Alloys4.Zinc Alloys for Special Applications5.Economic Aspects6.Acknowledgement
Construction Materials in Chemical Industry
Authors: Gräfen Hubert
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Material Requirements2.1.Processability and Joining2.2.Mechanical Stability and its Dependence on Temperature2.3.Corrosion Resistance2.4.Resistance to Wear3.Choice of Materials4.Quality Assurance through Material Tests and Checking of Fabrication and Functioning5.Properties and Applications of Materials5.1.Steels5.1.1.Unalloyed and Low‐Alloy Steels for Vessels and Pipelines5.1.2.Steels with High‐Temperature Strength5.1.3.Heat‐Resistant Steels5.1.4.Steels for Low Temperatures5.1.5.Steels Resistant to Pressurized Hydrogen5.1.6.Stainless Steels5.1.6.1.Technical Properties5.1.6.2.Chemical Properties5.1.6.3.Development State of Stainless Cr ‐ Ni Steels5.2.Cast Iron5.3.Nickel and Nickel Alloys5.3.1.Nickel ‐ Copper Alloys5.3.2.Nickel ‐ Chromium Alloys5.3.3.Nickel ‐ Molybdenum and Nickel ‐ Molybdenum ‐ Chromium Alloys5.4.Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys5.5.Copper and Copper Alloys5.6.Lead and Lead Alloys5.7.Zinc and Zinc Alloys5.8.Tin and Tin Alloys5.9.Titanium, Zirconium, Niobium, and Tantalum5.10.Organic Materials5.10.1.Selection Criteria5.10.2.Properties and Application Criteria5.10.3.Thermosetting Plastics5.11.Inorganic Nonmetallic Materials5.11.1.Glass5.11.2.Graphite5.11.3.Refractory and Acid‐Resistant Bricks5.11.4.Engineering Ceramics
Gravity Concentration
Authors: Burt Richard O.
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Principles3.Choice of Equipment4.Stratification Devices5.Flowing‐Film Devices6.Shaking Separators7.Slime Separators8.Dry Gravity Concentration9.Flow Sheet Example
Dense‐Medium Separation
Authors: Burt Richard O.
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

The Process

3.

The Separatory Vessel

4.

The Medium

5.

Testing for Dense‐Medium Separation
Mixing, Introduction
Authors: Zlokarnik Marko
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Mixing of Homogeneous Miscible Substances

3.

Mixing in Heterogeneous Systems

4.

Mixing of Pastes and Granular Materials
Mixing of Highly Viscous Media
Authors: Todd David B.
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Batch Mixers

3.

Continuous Mixers

3.1.

Motionless Mixers

3.2.

Single Screw Mixers

3.3.

Twin Screw Mixers
Radiation Heating
Authors: Perkin Robert M.
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Principles

3.

Applications
Cooling Tower Technology
Authors: Burger Robert
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Design

3.

Cooling Tower Fundamentals

4.

Component Parts

5.

Other Evaporative Cooling Devices
Refrigeration Technology
Authors: Haaf Siegfried , Henrici Helmut
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.Refrigeration1.1.Compressor Refrigerating Systems1.1.1.Refrigerants for Compressor Refrigerating Systems1.1.2.Compressors1.1.2.1.Displacement Compressors1.1.2.2.Dynamic Compressors1.1.3.Condensers1.1.4.Evaporators1.1.5.Other Equipment1.2.Absorption Refrigerating Systems1.2.1.Ammonia ‐ Water Absorption Refrigerating Systems1.2.2.Equipment for Ammonia ‐ Water Refrigerating Systems1.2.3.Water ‐ Lithium Bromide Absorption Refrigerating Systems1.3.Steam‐Jet Systems1.4.Thermoelectric Refrigeration2.Industrial Applications of Refrigeration2.1.Chilling of Liquids2.2.Separation of Liquids by Crystallization2.3.Cooling and Liquefaction of Gases2.4.Remote Cooling2.5.Air Conditioning2.6.Refrigeration Plants for Cold Rooms and Freezers2.7.Use of Cold in Construction2.8.Air Refrigeration in Mining2.9.Artificially Cooled Skating Rinks3.Heat Pumps
Cryogenic Technology
Authors: Barron Randall F.
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Uses

3.

Liquefaction Systems

3.1.

Joule ‐ Thomson Effect

3.2.

Basic Linde ‐ Hampson System

3.3.

Precooled Linde ‐ Hampson System

3.4.

Linde Dual‐Pressure System

3.5.

Claude Liquefier

3.6.

Liquefaction Systems for Natural Gas

3.7.

Collins Helium‐Liquefaction System

3.8.

Miniature Liquefaction Systems

3.9.

Comparison of Liquefaction Systems

4.

Cryogenic Refrigeration Systems

4.1.

Thermodynamically Ideal Refrigerator

4.2.

Joule ‐ Thomson Refrigerators

4.3.

CVI Cold‐Gas Refrigerator

4.4.

Stirling Refrigerator

4.5.

Vuilleumier Refrigerator

4.6.

Solvay Refrigerator

4.7.

Gifford ‐ McMahon Refrigerator

4.8.

Magnetic Refrigerators

4.9.

Dilution Refrigerator

5.

Components of Liquefiers and Cryocoolers

5.1.

Cryogenic Heat Exchangers

5.1.1.

Types of Cryogenic Heat Exchangers

5.1.2.

Heat Exchangers for Dilution Refrigerators

5.1.3.

Heat Exchanger Design Problems

5.1.4.

Regenerators

5.2.

Compressors

5.3.

Expanders

6.

Low‐Temperature Separation Systems

6.1.

Minimum Work of Separation

6.2.

Properties of Mixtures

6.3.

Flash Calculation

6.4.

Principles of Cryogenic Rectification

6.5.

Linde Single‐Column System

6.6.

Linde Double‐Column System

6.7.

Heylandt System

6.8.

Argon Separation

6.9.

Neon Separation

6.10.

Physical Adsorption
Analytical Chemistry: Purpose and Procedures
Authors: Tölg Günther , Günzler Helmut , Williams Alex
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.The Evolution of Analytical Chemistry2.The Functional Organization of Analytical Chemistry3.Analysis Today4.Computers5.Analytical Tasks and Structures5.1.Formulating the Analytical Problem5.2.Research and Application5.3.An Organogram5.4.Physical Organization of the Analytical Laboratory5.5.The Target of Analysis6.Definitions and Important Concepts6.1.Sensitivity, Limit of Detection, and Detection Power6.2.Reliability ‐ Measurement Uncertainty6.3.Elemental Analysis6.4.Elementary Analysis6.5.Microanalysis and Micro Procedures6.6.Stereochemical and Topochemical Analysis6.7.Microdistribution Analysis6.8.Surface Analysis6.9.Trace Analysis6.10.Trace Elements6.11.Multistep Procedures6.12.Hyphenated Methods6.13.Radioanalytical Methods and Activation Analysis6.14.Species Analysis (Speciation)6.15.Chemometrics6.16.DNA Analysis