bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
I Can Achieve Intrauterine Growth Rete if You Give Me Enough Nutrition: Preterm Infant Born at ≤29 Weeks Gestation
Authors: Hoyos Angela
Published: August 2021

Introduction: In general, everyone believes that the smallest preterm infants should achieve normal intrauterine growth rates, but many thinks that this is not possible with current nutrition guidelines. There is resistance to giving enough nutrition for fear of "toxicity". The difference in weight Z-score between birth and a corrected gestational age (CGA) at discharge is assess in postnatal growth in our unit. Material and methods: An observational study was done between January 2018 and December 2020 where all cases that had ≤ 29 weeks of GA at birth and survived to 36 weeks corrected GA or that were discharged home. An aggressive nutrition protocol including parenteral as well as enteral nutrition was followed. Patients and their weight trajectory was plotted on the Fenton 2013 growth curve. The patients who had had a smaller WZP difference were also plotted. Results: A total of 32 cases were found. The median change in Z-score between birth and discharge of the whole group was -0.52 (IQR 0.53). Six of 32 (19%) had a more than one WZP, all of whom had severe pathologies. The median decline in Z score for this group with poor growth was 1.24 (IQR 0.22). There were 26 cases with a < 1 WZP (81%) and a median Z score fall of 0.39 (IQR 0.55). No important complications secondary to the ingested volumes or parenteral nutrition were reported. Conclusion: The group of cases with a > 1 WZP drop had severe pathologies. All the other cases had adequate growth parallel to normal weight growth charts and a few cases had some catch-up growth. The study showed that it is possible for many preterm infants to achieve normal intrauterine growth rates if they are given enough nutrition, but bigger multicenter studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Higher Education Instructors' Use, Perceptions, and Practices of Mobile Learning in Morocco
Authors: Zidoun Youness , Zary Nabil
Published: August 2021

Background: In an age where information is generally accessible, most of the interest these days has focused on how accessible and convenient technology can be. So small and personal, mobile devices can transform our perception of learning by combining both mobility and convenience. Mobile learning is part of the digital learning landscape alongside e-learning and serious games. However, knowledge about effective design of mobile learning experiences remains of interest with a focus on appropriate design models and the embodiments that can be implemented to achieve the intended educational outcomes. Exploring the instructor's perspective on mobile learning is essential. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the Moroccan instructors' perception and practice of mobile learning to inform the development of an ecologically valid mobile learning integration model. Methods: Higher education Instructors (n=41) were recruited to the study. The Moroccan instructors' perception and their experiences regarding their adoption of mobile learning were collected using an online survey. The analysis focused on their mobile use, perceived IT competency, and opinions on mobile learning. Results: We described most of the instructors' considerations regarding integrating mobile technologies into their teaching activities. We found that most of the mobile learning activities defined by the respondents corresponded to relatively advanced use of mobile devices. More promising, instructors have found innovative ways to use the educational potential of mobile devices. However, the prospect of mobile devices was still to challenge. No or poor Wi-Fi connection, number of devices or limited access, sometimes fees or applications incompatibility were identified as reasons and obstacles to mobile learning usage. Conclusion: Mobile learning is mostly perceived positively among Moroccan instructors allowing many applications and usage to enhance teaching and learning. In this study, a better understanding of aspects and factors influencing the integration of mobile learning in the Moroccan educational context is exposed, helping further the development of an ecologically valid mobile learning integration model. Future work on mobile learning should consider the highly paced evolution of mobile technologies, emphasizing the flexibility of integration frameworks to support instructors and learners.
Contextualizing Theology: A Look at the Sociopolitical Crisis in Nicaragua and the Evangelical Response
Authors: Hernandez Blandón Norlan Josué
Published: August 2021

Drawing on contextualization literature, this paper seeks to evaluate the impact of contextual theology from a Latin American perspective. Bevans' (2002) Praxis Model of contextual theology sets the conceptual framework used to evaluate the evangelical response to the sociopolitical crisis in Nicaragua. The case study provides an example of how Bevans’ Praxis Model can be applied by looking at the manner with which the evangelical and the catholic church have responded to the sociopolitical upheaval in Nicaragua. The literature on contextualization highlights how theologizing is inextricably tied to culture, that contextual theology is necessary to effectively communicate the truth of the Gospel in varying cultural contexts, and that the issues of syncretism and the plurality of theologies can be effectively addressed.
الاجتهاد ودوره في فهم الواقع عند محمد إقبال الاجتهاد ودوره في فهم الواقع عند محمد إقبال (Al-Ijtihad wa Dauruhu fi Fahmi al- Waqi ‘Inda Muhammad Iqbal)
Authors: Bin Mujib Lalu Supriadi
Published: August 2021

يتناول المقال الفكرة التي يدعو إليها علم من أعلام الإسلام الدكتور محمد إقبال عن دور الاجتهاد في فهم الواقع. يهدف المقال إلى تحليل وتوضيح حياة وشخصية محمد إقبال وآرائه الفكرية عن دور الاجتهاد في فهم الواقع. يعتمد المقال على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي المعتمد على الأسلوب المكتبي في جمع البيانات مستفيدا في ذلك من نتائج البحوث والكتابات والدراسات السابقة التي تم نشرها في حقل هذه الدراسة،  وفي سبيل التوصل إلى ذلك يهتم هذا المقال بالرجوع إلى المصادر والمراجع الأصلية في مجال نظرية الاجتهاد والكتب التي تهتم بدراسة شخصية محمد إقبال. استكشف المقال أن محمد إقبال علم من أعلام الإسلام البارز الذي أسهم مساهمة ملموسة في مجال الاجتهاد حيث أنه تمتع بفكرة رائعة ورؤية مستقبلية، هذا الدافع هو الذي كون تجاربه وخبراته العلمية والعملية للمساهمة في حل القضايا والمشاكل التي تعانيها الأمة الإسلامية. إن الاجتهاد الذي يدعو إليه محمد إقبال هو الاجتهاد الجماعي الذي لا يتحدد بحدود فكرية أو مذهبية معينة من الفقه لكنه يجمع كل القدرات والمهارات والمعارف دينيا وفكريا للوصول إلى ما يحقق مصلحة الأمة الإسلامية. تجسدت فكرة محمد إقبال عن الاجتهاد الجماعي في صورة ظهور المجامع الفقهية التي تهتم بإصدار الفتوى سواء كانت في البلدان التي يكون المسلمون فيها ٱكثرية ٱو ٱقلية.
Gas-Lift Design: Importance of Well/Reservoir Full Life Cycle Consideration and Analysis
Authors: Onwuemene Onyeka
Published: August 2021

This paper discusses how production rates can be sustained and further increased from an indepth gas-lift design that considers the holistic properties associated oil and gas Well production lifecycles.

An example is shown of a Well 58 in a field onshore Nigeria which was shut-in for 2-days as part of scheduled Field shut-down. After several failed attempts to restart the Well post shut-down period, lessons learnt analysis indicated that while the affected Well had all the required gas-lift system installed, it's inability to flow may have been due to inadequate gas-lift design that did not account for the full life cycle of the reservoir, Well and surface facilities.

A major re-analysis is carried out on the gas-lift design technique, this time capturing key requirements and the resultant proposal is discussed in detail. The proposed gaslift design optimizes the depth of gas injection with consideration given to the latter production phase of the the Well.

Through the example of Well 58, this paper outlines and proposes a checklist of recommendations for gas lift design for new Wells and re-working or workover of existing gas-lift installations from which Well performance can be sustained and optimized.

Even if quality gaslift-production results can be achieved through a wide range of other activities such as; special training for production operators, optimizing gas injection rates, modifying surface piping systems, identifying and replacing defective wireline-retrievable gas-lift valves, the most important variable that will ensure the full benefit of the above listed range of activities is the improved gas-lift design technique.

Although Well 58 was revived via unconventional methods, the recorded 3-week downtime and the associated financial losses could have been avoided if an adequate gas lift design as proposed in this paper was explored during the Well planning and completion.
The Value Additions of Oil and Gas Industry Service Permit in the Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Edem Michael , Alfa Abdullahi , Nwankwo Okechukwu
Published: August 2021

The Department of Petroleum Resources, Nigeria's oil and gas industry regulator, is an opportunity provider and business enabler. Using regulatory instruments such as Licenses, Approvals and Permits, the Department has enabled investors to unlock opportunities in the Upstream, Midstream and Downstream sectors of the industry. The Oil and Gas Industry Service Permit (OGISP) is a mandatory requirement for all service providers rendering or engaged to render technical service to the industry, in accordance with section 60A of the amended Petroleum (Drilling & Production) Regulations, 1988. Since its establishment, the Department has issued over a million permits to service providers in various areas of specialization. This paper examines the OGISP system framework; OGISP application process and requirements for permit issuance; benefits of OGISP to the industry and the Nigerian economy; and recommendations to improve the OGISP system.
Exploring the Suitability of Polymer Injection in the Niger Delta Sands Using 3-D Simulation and Experimental Analysis - A Case Study-Paper ID 28
Authors: Dennar Linda , Amro Mohammed , Kummer Nicolai-Alexeji , Arochukwu Elias , Suleiman Ahmed , Ekpeyong Okpo
Published: August 2021

Enhanced oil recovery has been gaining relevance over the years following success stories from already executed projects from various parts of the globe. The recoveries from such successful projects have tremendously increased the terminal life cycle recoveries from the subject reservoirs and subsequently the project Net Present Value and Value to Investment Ratio.

More than 90% of Field Development Plans in the Niger Delta have not considered Enhanced Recovery Mechanism as part of the field development options and as such Top Quartile Recovery Factors are never achieved.

In this study, the effectiveness of Enhanced Oil Recovery within the Niger-Delta reservoir sands via 3-Dimentional Dynamic Simulation, Economic models and Experimental investigations (temperature and pressure effects on polymer effectiveness) was done. The GN7000 reservoir was used as a case study for this work. This reservoir is the largest gas cap reservoir in the N-Onshore field within the Niger Delta area and it is at the mid-life stage.

This study tested the effectiveness of three Recovery mechanisms (Water Flood, Polymer Flood and Polymer Alternating Gas). Simulated and Experimental result suggests that Polymer flooding and Polymer Alternating Gas (PAG) yields greater Technical Ultimate Recovery, better economic indices but greater complexity in polymer selection due to inherent high reservoir temperature and low salinity that make the use of synthetic polymers inadequate. Experimental investigation showed that biopolymers are most suitable for this sand. The suitability of some biopolymers (Xanthan and copolymers containing high level of 2-acrylamido2-methyl propane sulfonate (AMPS) showed good results. Study results shows that with the deployment of biopolymers with high viscosifying power and high resistance to thermal degradation an incremental recovery of 8% from the natural flow could be achieved. Research findings indicate that biopolymers could yield good results for Niger Delta sands within the pressure and temperature ranges of 93°C and 290 Bar.
Management of Nigerian Marginal Oil Fields for Economic Sustainability in Niger Delta Region
Authors: Oruwari Humphrey Otombosoba
Published: August 2021

The objective of the study was to examine the assertion that marginal oil field development remains one of the economic fortunes of Niger Delta region in Nigeria. This is evident with its shares in the region power output as well as its contribution to the industrialization. Multiple case studies of marginal oil field operations corroborate the relationship between marginal field development and economic fortunes of Niger Delta region. Marginal field firms provide electricity to the host communities where they operate. Also, industries are fed with natural gas from marginal field operating in the region. The marginal field operators ensures that host communities are getting electricity. Also cement factory is fed from natural gas operating in the area. However, the management of marginal field resources has been far from being optimally beneficial. The real issue is how to manage the marginal field for the welfare of the people. Against this background, the study findings suggested that the country marginal field wealth be used to implement people-oriented programmes for better welfare spread.
Examining the Carbon Trading Potential in Nigerian Oil Fields
Authors: Egbeyemi Abdurrafii , Eke Amobichukwu Jude , Yahaya Aminu Abba
Published: August 2021

Nigeria holds reserves circa 200 TCF of gas, the largest gas reserve in Africa. With this comes the challenge of managing the environmental impacts of flaring associated with oil production. The Federal Government of Nigeria in recognition of the urgency to address the growing environmental concerns attending gas flaring in Nigeria and response to its commitment made further to the endorsement of UNFCC's Paris Agreement and the Zero Routine Flaring by 2030 initiative by the World Bank declared a national flare out target of 2020. In 2016, the Federal Executive Council approved the implementation of the Nigerian Gas Flare Commercialization Programme (NGFCP) which was the flagship programme for the implementation of the Government's flare-out policy. The programme seeks to, via a competitive and transparent bid process, grant the right to access the gas at the flare-stack. The issues of relevance to this study include – The development and subsequent enactment of new regulations guiding the treatment of flare gas in Nigerian oilfields – The regulations implemented a new flare payment regime adopting the polluter pays principle which internalized to a significant extent the environmental cost of flaring thereby motivating a behavioral change by operators. Also, the recognition of the carbon benefits that will follow the implementation of projects under the NGFCP and the stance of the government that any such benefits will be vested in the state.

This study examines the carbon trading potentials of flare gas in Nigeria. This is key because players in the sector now seek all revenue opportunities that accrue to the implementation of flare down/ out project. In doing so, Carbon benefits now feature among potential revenue streams. This study models several composition scenarios to quantify the extent (if any) of any such benefits. The study also examines gas use cases and their carbon sequestration potentials to create a realistic band estimating the carbon benefits that will emanate from all use scenarios.
Prospects, Challenges and Way Forward in the Use of Hydraulic Fracturing For Oil and Gas Production From Igneous Rocks
Authors: Anuka Agnes , Udie Celestine , Aquah Grace
Published: August 2021

Commercial accumulation of hydrocarbons occurs mostly in sedimentary rocks due to their high porosity and permeability. Increased global energy demand has necessitated the need for unconventional methods of oil production. The world is gradually moving away from reliability on conventional oils. The need to ensure global energy sustainability has necessitated an urgent diversion to unconventional oils. In recent times, hydrocarbon accumulations have been found in igneous rocks. Their low porosity and permeability however prevents commercial production as oil and gas found in these rocks will not flow. Hydraulic fracturing is useful in increasing rock porosity as it involves the breaking of rocks to allow oil and gas trapped inside to flow to producing wells. This method is useful in developing unconventional resources such as oil and gas found in igneous rocks. This research explores the prospects, challenges and way forward in the use of hydraulic fracturing to increase the porosity of igneous rock for commercial production of oil and gas.
Oil Polluted Soil Remediation Techniques Using a Complete Molecules Destruction Formulated Reagent
Authors: Udie Celestine , Faithpraise Fina , Anuka Agnes , Ana Ekpenyong
Published: August 2021

Crude oil pollution is a serious threat to both humans and agricultural trends in all ramifications. The effects include suffocation of humans, plants and other useful organisms in the polluted area. The resultant effect is that it is cost effective and provides an aerated soil environment for enough nutrient distribution. This research designed an effective reagent that has ability to destroy the crude oil molecules in the soil and reviewed highlights for crude oil molecule conversion into soil nutrient. The formulation is based on the principle of complete destruction or combustion of hydrocarbons (crude oil) molecules. The Reagent is called hydrocarbons polluted area sludge solution. The advantage is that the polluted soil is remediated and it is restored after the application of the reagent, with increase in its original fertility. The reagent was applied on a soil polluted by crude oil around Warri Refinery and the result showed a complete destruction of the sludge molecules. It converted the sludge molecules into organic salt, hydride and water molecules. It was equally used on samples sludge from Ogoni polluted area and the result was successful. The sludge was completely destroyed and converted into organic salts and acids. Soil and water samples around the polluted area analysis result revealed that contaminated soil and water were restored. It has been confirmed that the reagent has the ability to destroy sludge molecules in soil, effectively clean and restore the soil with added fertility.
Project 80KOPD: A Geologist's Perspective to a Successful Production Ramp-Up Effort.
Authors: Ihebuzor Valentine
Published: August 2021

Production ramp-up can be a tricky exercise, with a repertoire of challenges and surprises, which can threaten the proposed percentage of success. These challenges largely stem from paucity of data, change in reservoir dynamics, impact of unauthorized third-party activities and the compliment of skill sets/experience in the team. In addition, reservoir models are in some cases, ineffective tools for reservoir management and prediction. This is especially true in assets that are heavily bunkered by crude oil thieves and in geologically complex reservoirs with very few wells. Therefore, models must be updated with recent data and new understanding, to remain useful and accurate. Of great importance to a successful production ramp-up effort is assembling an integrated team of experienced sub-surface professionals and field executors. Unfortunately, in some teams and companies, the position and opinions of Geologists are often overlooked, resulting in mixed outcomes. Geologists do not only think in "millions of years" but can add value and contribute significantly to the overall project objective. This paper explores and explains the role of a geologist, as part of an integrated asset management team, in the successful ramp-up of production from 45KOPD to about 80KOPD, without drilling a single well or executing any rig activity. It also showcases some work methodologies adopted in the evaluation of candidate wells and the power inherent in adopting an integrated subsurface approach.
The Role of Digitalization in Decarbonizing the Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Bello Peace
Published: August 2021

As the Oil & Gas industry journeys towards net zero carbon emissions, a lot needs to be done, one of which is the adoption of digital transformation across companies. Decarbonization requires a transformational shift in the way companies operate, how they source, use, consume and think about energy and feedstocks. If the Oil & Gas sector will continue to exist, it must carry out its activities in the safest possible way and digitalizing it will help in achieving this.

A survey by Newsweek shows that areas where transformative technologies are having the biggest impact are production-related, operations and maintenance, enhanced recovery, fracking/tight reservoirs, and exploitation at greater depths. Luis Abril of Minsait opined that digital technology enables companies to extract more value from data, using new platforms to share data with the entire organization, suppliers, contractors, and partners. The real-time visualization of data helps optimize decision making.

Big data can be analyzed to find answers to questions such as: What piece of equipment is showing signs of wear and should be replaced? What sort of predictive maintenance can be leveraged? What is the most effective fracking approach for this well? AI helps to reduce routine flaring, employ methane capture, optimize production and reservoir management using digital tools such as IoT sensors, digital twins, and virtual reality to model scenarios, monitor operations, track emissions, energy usage and proactively maintain equipment, produce lower-emission products by moving from one hydrocarbon to another (e.g., from coal to natural gas) or creating another product (such as biofuels or syngas).

Transformative technologies, particularly IoT, mobility and cloud applications are going to have a profound effect on the future of the oil and gas sector. Investment in these technologies cost a lot which might be difficult for private companies, but it is worth the money in the long run.
Development of a Real–Time Petroleum Products Aduteration Detector
Authors: Olotu Olabisi , Isehunwa Sunday , Asiru Bola , Elakhame Zeberu
Published: August 2021

Adulteration of petroleum products with the resultant safety, health, environmental and economic impact is a challenge in Nigeria and many developing countries. While the commonly used techniques by regulatory agencies and some end-users for quality assurance of petroleum products are time-consuming and expensive. This study was therefore designed to develop a device for real-time detection of petroleum products adulteration.

Samples of petrol, diesel and kerosene were collected; samples of water, naphtha, alcohol, pure and used lubricating oil, and High Pour Fuel Oil (HPFO) were collected and used as liquid contaminants while saw dust, ash and fine sand were used as solid particulates. At temperatures between 23-28°C (1°C interval), binary mixtures were prepared using the pure products with liquid contaminants (95:5, ..,5: 95 V/V) and with particulates (0, 2, 4, 6, 8,10 g). New mixing rules were developed for the SG and IFT of the binary liquid mixtures and compared with Kay mixing rule. Developed mathematical models of the physical-chemical properties were used to simulate a meter designed and constructed around a microcontroller with multiple input/output pins and a load cell sensor.

The SG and IFT of the pure liquid and solid binary mixtures ranged from 0.810 to 1.020, 25.5 to 47.2 dynes/cm and 0.820 to 1.080 and 26.3 and 50.2 dynes/cm respectively. For products contaminated with solid particulates, SG varied between 0.860 and 0.990. The new mixing rule gave coefficient of 0.84 and 27.8 for SG and IFT compared with 0.83 and 25.6 of Kay's model. Adulteration of products was detected at 20-30% by volume and 10-20% by mass of contamination, and displayed RED for adulterated samples, GREEN for pure samples and numerical values of SG in digital form which were within ±0.01 % of actual measurements.

A device for real-time detection of adulteration in petroleum products was developed which can be adapted to real-time evaluation of similar binary mixtures.
An Experimental Research on Enhanced Oil Recovery Using Local Polymers
Authors: Oyatobo Abiola , Muoghalu Amalachukwu , Ikeokwu Chinaza , Ekpotu Wilson
Published: August 2021

Ineffective methods of increasing oil recovery have been one of the challenges, whose solutions are constantly sought after in the oil and gas industry as the number of under-produced reservoirs increases daily. Water injection is the most extended technology to increase oil recovery, although excessive water production can pose huge damage ranging from the loss of the well to an increase in cost and capital investment requirement of surface facilities to handle the produced water. To mitigate these challenges and encourage the utilization of local contents, locally produced polymers were used in polymer flooding as an Enhanced Oil Recovery approach to increase the viscosity of the injected fluids for better profile control and reduce cost when compared with foreign polymers as floppan. Hence this experimental research was geared towards increasing the efficiency of oil displacement in sandstone reservoirs using locally sourced polymers in Nigeria and also compared the various polymers for optimum efficiency. Starch, Ewedu, and Gum Arabic were used in flooding an already obtained core samples and comparative analysis of this shows that starch yielded the highest recovery due to higher viscosity value as compared to Ewedu with the lowest mobility ratio to Gum Arabic. Finally, the concentration of Starch or Gum Arabic should be increased for optimum recovery.
Characteritization of Bio-Oil from Tectona Grandis as a Potential Scale Inhibitor
Authors: Adegoke Samuel Oluwafikayo , Falode Olugbenga Adebanjo , Nwankwo Princess Christiana
Published: August 2021

Calcium carbonate scales cause costly flow assurance problems in flowlines during petroleum production. Previous efforts to mitigate this problem using different chemical inhibitors though successful have resulted in environmental pollution during disposal. This study was designed to investigate the potential of bio-oil synthesized from Tectona grandis as an inhibitor to replace the conventional ones. Tectona grandis was obtained from Ibadan sawmill, Oyo state, Nigeria and characterized using Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) analytical technique. Data generated by EDX analysis showed elemental composition of 78% carbon and 22% of other elements including nitrogen and oxygen. Tectona grandis was pyrolyzed at 5500C, a heating rate of 0.50C/sec, and a running time of 4 hours. 45.1% of the mixture of water and oil were collected and separated into phases in a centrifuge while the gasses were vented. The bio-oil was distilled at 120°C and analyzed using FTIR spectrometry. Spectra analyses showed the presence of -COOH and -CONH2 which are essential in the inhibition of calcium carbonate scale. With the help of a newly fabricated testing-rig system, calcium carbonate scales were formed by mixing equal mole of calcium chloride and sodium carbonate at the temperature range of 25-58°C and flow rates range of 8-15 ml/min, with/without inhibitor from 0, 5 g/l of maleic acid and 5 g/l of newly synthesized inhibitor. The mass of the calcium carbonate and the induction time was measured by the weighing balance and the conductivity meter respectively. For all of the experiments, the presence of maleic acid and newly synthesized inhibitor delayed the induction time by at least 10 mins and reduced the weight of calcium carbonates formed by at least 20%. Also, the mass of calcium carbonate scale formed at all the experiments showed less weight when newly synthesized inhibitor was used compared to when maleic acid inhibitor was used showing the effectiveness of the newly synthesized inhibitor over maleic acid. Therefore, this study shows high promise wood-based distilled oil as a potential calcium carbonate scale inhibitor and provides future direction for further studies.
Understanding the Impacts of Backpressure & Risk Analysis of Different Gas Hydrate Blockage Scenarios on the Integrity of Subsea Flowlines
Authors: Umeh Ebuka , Ephraim Maurice , Samson Nitonye
Published: August 2021

Offshore oil and gas pipelines are subjected to high pressure and high temperature (HP/HT) from the inner hydrocarbon content during operation. Both the rise in temperature and internal pressure may cause longitudinal expansion of the pipeline. This expansion is restrained or semi-restrained by the pipe end devices and the soil which results in build-up of compression stresses in the pipe wall. These pipelines are also exposed to so many familiar and unfamiliar forces related to static, dynamic and environmental forces.

This study presents a thorough review of various sources from literature on the integrity challenges of subsea flowlines and pipelines amid challenging operating conditions especially with regards to flow assurance. This paper evaluates the impact of hydrate deposition and agitation on the overall integrity of the subsea flowlines, riser-base and fitting e.g. elbows, valves e.t.c. A bow tie model was developed to determine the threats, causes, consequences, the top event and the impending hydrates that are to be designed and cause blockage and failure. Stress analysis were done with finite element tools which are ANSYS and Autodesk INVENTOR with only the hoop, Von Mises stress and the corresponding back pressure that occurred with the scenario of 0, 10,30,50,70,90 and 100% blockage of flowlines being analyzed and taking the 0% or null blockage as the pilot case with no hydrate formation. The result gotten from both results were validated with hand calculation with excel and the initial design values for the stress values before the initial operation of the wells after the first commissioning. In addition, HAZOP was done to understand the inherent risk involved in all the cases under study and results gotten would serve as a tool of precautions to operators and stakeholders in period of adversity when facing similar scenario.
Efficient Crude Oil Pricing Using a Machine Learning Approach
Authors: Falode Olugbenga , Udomboso Christopher
Published: August 2021

Crude oil, a base for more than 6000 products that we use on a daily basis, accounts for 33% of global energy consumption. However, the outbreak and transmission of COVID-19 had significant implications for the entire value chain in the oil industry. The price crash and the fluctuations in price is known to have far reaching effect on global economies, with Nigeria hard. It has therefore become imperative to develop a tool for forecasting the price of crude oil in order to minimise the risks associated with volatility in oil prices and also be able to do proper planning. Hence, this article proposed a hybrid forecasting model involving a classical and machine learning techniques – autoregressive neural network, in determining the prices of crude oil. The monthly data used were obtained from the Central Bank of Nigeria website, spanning January 2006 to October 2020. Statistical efficiency was computed for the hybrid, and the models from which the proposed hybrid was built, using the percent relative efficiency. Analyses showed that the efficiency of the hybrid model, at 20 and 100 hidden neurons, was higher than that of the individual models, the latter being the best performing. The study recommends urgent diversification of the economy in order not for the nation to be plunged into a seemingly unending recession.
Analyzing the Influence of Salinity on Produced Water Re-Injection
Authors: Adeniyi Adekunle Tirimisiyu , Ejim Chimgozirim Prince
Published: August 2021

Produced water reinjection (PWRI) is one of the methods employed by oilfield operators to optimize production while conforming to increasingly stringent produced water disposal policies. Different produced water species from different facilities also have different salinities as a result of entrainment of treatment fluids, precipitation of salts at surface conditions, etc. During re-injection operations, the salinity of the injection fluid has to be accounted for as it affects the production. Previous studies have focused on laboratory analysis by core flooding. While this approach is indeed reasonable and offers a first-hand impression of the reservoir conditions, it presents a problem of cost and the age-old opinion that the core sample may not be representative of the entire reservoir. Therefore, I have employed a computer modeling approach using a commercial simulator to analyze the influence of salinity on production during produced water re-injection. It was found that the salinity truly affects production. Re-injection of produced water with salinity equal to the reservoir salinity of 1000 ppm was compared to three cases of re-injection of produced water from extraneous sources having salinities of 100 ppm, 500 ppm and 10000 ppm. It was found that salinity of 10000 ppm gave the best oil production performance for the reservoir model; a daily rate of 40 STB/DAY and an oil cumulative production of 40,000 STB. Incremental salinity of injected produced water led to incremental oil recovery. The mechanism resulting in incremental recovery was attributed to the increase in viscosity and decrease in mobility as the salinity increases.
Numerical Method of Estimating Distance Between Wells
Authors: Ezekiel Ayobami , Oduh Prince , Okoh Emmanuel , Onah Collins , Ojah Michael , Adewole Steve
Published: August 2021

In this study, a simpler numerical model for calculating inter-well distance was developed. This model was developed as an alternative to the Ei-function used for computing pressure drops. The mainobjective of developing this model is tomake resolution of pilfering issues easyto resolve. With the developed model, calculations relating to pressure drops and more specifically, inter-well distance, can be done with greater ease and accuracy. In developing this model, the integral equation of the Eifunction in the pressure drop equation was solved numerically. The numerical solution reduced thepressure drop equation to a polynomial equation which is much easier to solve. The developed model was used to solve real problems. Results generated from it were compared with those obtained using previous approaches. Important informationsuch as well configuration, region of the reservoir, and transient history wherethe work is valid are stated. The development of the correlations and tables forthe range of validity and values of the Ei-function is a major quantum leap in well testing and analysis. It will be quite cumbersome to resolve integrals with unknowns, hence, methods of trials and errors have been resorted to over the years. However, this new approach resolved the pressure drop equation into a systemof polynomials which is much easier to solve. Consequently, the distance betweenpossibly interfering wells (which is an important variable during interference test) can now be gotten with ease. The developed model is valid within the range of validity of the Ei-function. Without doubt, this work will help redefine the pressure drop equation into a polynomial equation which can easily be resolved using any of the known approaches to solving problems involving polynomials. More so, getting the correct distance betweenthe two wells in question is pivotal to the test. With the model developed in this work, getting inter-well distance is now easier and more accurate.
Development and Evaluation of Locally Made Polymer for Improved Oil Recovery
Authors: Adeniyi Adekunle Tirimisiyu , Emmanuel Peter Peibuluemi
Published: August 2021

Hydrocarbons recoveries from matured fileds require enhancement. This is because matured oil fields have undergone pressure depletions. Polymer injection is a proven means of hydrocarbon recovery enhancement. Therefore, search for polymer materials and preparations of polymer, in the vicinity of matured field is the focus of this study. A lead was found in a starch and investigated to cassava tubers. Cassava starch are brine - water soluble, and are used for favorable mobility control. Laboratory tests were conducted for starch solubility and stability at predetermined saline environment and selected ‘reservoir’ temperature and pressure. Physico - chemical properties and other characteristics of the locally sourced polymer were guided by branded commercial polymers. In all, ten batches of laboratory core flooding excercises were conducted on oil-soaked cores, with five different brine concentrations, followed by another five-cassava starch polymer of concentration 0.00 g/l, 4.35 g/L, 5.13 g/L, 7.02 g/L, and 8.81 g/L. The respective polymer viscosities were 0 cp, 1.28 cp, 2.25 cp, 3.30 cp, and 4.15 cp. While the oil sample of 24.27°API at a temparture of 33°C, was used throughout. Respectively, a displacement efficiency of 51.86 %, 51.86 %, 51.85 %, 51.85 %, and 51.86 % were obtained as results.
Application of Machine Learniing For Reservoir Facies Classification in Port Field, Offshore Niger Delta
Authors: Asedegbega Jerome , Ayinde Oladayo , Nwakanma Alexander
Published: August 2021

Several computer-aided techniques have been developed in recent past to improve interpretational accuracy of subsurface geology. This paradigm shift has provided tremendous success in variety of Machine Learning Application domains and help for better feasibility study in reservoir evaluation using multiple classification techniques. Facies classification is an essential subsurface exploration task as sedimentary facies reflect associated physical, chemical, and biological conditions that formation unit experienced during sedimentation activity.

This study however, employed formation samples for facies classification using Machine Learning (ML) techniques and classified different facies from well logs in seven (7) wells of the PORT Field, Offshore Niger Delta. Six wells were concatenated during data preparation and trained using supervised ML algorithms before validating the models by blind testing on one well log to predict discrete facies groups. The analysis started with data preparation and examination where various features of the available well data were conditioned.

For the model building and performance, support vector machine, random forest, decision tree, extra tree, neural network (multilayer preceptor), k-nearest neighbor and logistic regression model were built after dividing the data sets into training, test, and blind test well data. Results of metric score for the blind test well estimated for the various models using Jaccard index and F1-score indicated 0.73 and 0.82 for support vector machine, 0.38 and 0.54 for random forest, 0.78 and 0.83 for extra tree, 0.91 and 0.95 for k-nearest neighbor, 0.41 and 0.56 for decision tree, 0.63 and 0.74 for logistic regression, 0.55 and 0.68 for neural network, respectively.

The efficiency of ML techniques for enhancing the prediction accuracy and decreasing the procedure time and their approach toward the data, makes it importantly desirable to recommend them in subsurface facies classification analysis.
Realizing Value from Adherence to Crude Oil Custody Transfer Automatic Sampling Standards
Authors: Potten Gary
Published: August 2021

The successful implementation of a crude oil custody transfer sampling system is a key component to achieving a desired measurement uncertainty for a crude oil metering station or loading/unloading point. Our analysis of thousands of installations worldwide provides practical examples of how operators can be confident that when they install a sampling system, it will deliver the uncertainty that they need to meet the overall custody transfer requirements. Crude oil sampling for custody transfer becomes more challenging as production flow rates decline, oil fields mature, and water cut content increases. It is therefore important that the performance of a sampling system is evaluated on a regular basis and that any limitations are identified. Any risk of change in performance or measurement uncertainty can then be prioritized or minimized. International standards and contracts determine the allowable uncertainty for net oil (oil minus water) for custody transfer/allocation. For accurate allocation of the sources of crude oil or the application of tax tariffs, fluids must be measured prior to being comingled. Automatic crude oil sampling can be challenging because it can require high-energy mixing with low power consumption and negligible pressure loss to overcome stratification and allow representative sampling. The certification, or "proving", of the sampling system provides a basis for establishing and verifying the system's true uncertainty at worst case conditions. There is an abundance of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and studies on crude oil (and water) mixing. However, these are abstract because of the uncertainty in where the water is located and how it may be dispersed at the boundary conditions of any simulation. To provide more robust simulations, we expanded on the established methods by combining simulation data with known theoretical calculations and engineering laboratory test data as well as hundreds of certifications (proving) results from around the world. Automatic sampling systems using dynamic mixing technology delivers a unique solution that enables operators to minimize the quality measurement uncertainty, improve overall balance, and reduce financial loss (and unaccounted for) in custody transfer quality measurements.
Geochemical Characteristics of the Campano-Maastrictian Sediments of the Anambra Basin, Southeastern Nigeria - Implication For Provenance, Paleodepositional Environment, Maturity and Tectonic Setting
Authors: Okiotor Michael Edirin , Ogueh EDeh Desiree
Published: August 2021

The present study investigates the Anambra Basin shales to determine the provenance and maturity of the sediments using standard geochemical techniques. Twelve (12) representative samples recovered from shale sequences of The Mamu Formation and Nkporo Group of The Anambra Basin were studied to determine the sediment provenance, paleoenvironment, diagenetic conditions, maturity as well as the tectonic setting.

To consider in detail and establish the inherent constituents of the Major minerals, Trace and Rare Earth elements, Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) analyses techniques was employed. The detrital minerals determined are Al2O3 (18.27% and 21.16%), TiO2 (1.73% and 1.63%) and Fe2O3 (2.78% \ and 2.85%), for Nkporo Group and Mamu Formation respectively. The enrichment of SiO2, Al2O3 and TiO2 (1.14, 1.94, 3.67 respectively) supported by Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) of 93.54 & 39.55 and Rb/Sr ratio of 0.57 & 0.40, indicate that the Anambra Basin sediments are matured. TiO2/AL2O3 binary plots, Th/Co Vs La/Sc crossplots, Th-Sc-Zr triplots and Cr, Ni concentration suggest mixed provenance of felsic to mafic source rocks for these sediments. From the log (K2O/Na2O) Vs SiO2 crossplots, a passive margin tectonic setting was determined for these sediments.
Assessing Investment in Ghana's Upstream Oil and Gas Industry: the Risk and Returns
Authors: Oppong Riverson , Kwame Amoni Edward
Published: August 2021

The study sought to assess Investment in Ghana Upstream Sector, looking at the risk involved in the loss of Investment and the returns from the investment. The specific objectives were: to establish the level of investment in the oil and gas projects that are producing in commercial volumes in the Upstream sector of Ghana, to assess the revenues realized by Ghana and the IOCs from the sale of oil and gas since the start of commercial production in the year 2010.

The researchers noticed that investors in the upstream sector face risk such as: price volatility risk, political risk, investment risk, and many other risks that affect the upstream operations. For the purposes of this study, risk is limited to investment risk. Thus, the researchers are looking at the level of investment in the upstream sector and whether the investment has any relation with the returns or revenues.

A purposeful sampling technique was used to select the three commercial producing fields in Ghana for the Study. These are the Jubilee field, the TEN field, and the SGN field. Secondary data including oil and gas production volumes was taken from the annual reports of PIAC. Other secondary data was taken from Petroleum Commission, and Ministry of Finance.

The results of the study showed that a total of about 8.8 billion US dollars was invested in the Jubilee field. About 4.998 billion US dollars and 5.2 billion US dollars was invested in TEN and SGN fields respectively. This means a total of about 19 billion US dollars was invested in the exploration and development of the three producing fields in Ghana.

The results also indicated that despite all the risk in the upstream sector, about 22.69 billion US dollars revenues has been realized by the IOCs from the sale of oil and gas since the commencement of production in the year 2010. The results also showed that Ghana group realized about 4.98 billion US dollars from the revenues of oil and gas over the same period.
Innovative Use of Injectivity Tests as Interference Tests during Field Development: The EGINA Experience
Authors: Mogbo Obuekwe , Atewologun Adetayo
Published: August 2021

This paper presents the innovative use of interference tests in the assessment of reservoir connectivity and the field oil production rate during the development phase and prior to the first oil of the EGINA field, which is located in a water depth of 1600 m, deep offshore Niger Delta. The interference test campaign involved 26 pre-first oil wells (13 oil producers and 13 water injectors) to assess and subsequently mitigate reservoir connectivity uncertainties arising from the numerous faults and between the different channels within the complexes. The results proved valuable in confirming or otherwise reservoir connectivity, field oil production rate and the number of wells required at first oil to achieve the production plateau.

The tests were designed using the analytical method (PIE software) and the reservoir simulation models enabling to establish the cumulative water injection required, the injection duration and the time a response is expected at the observers. These all had impacts on the planning, OIMR vessel requirements and selection of permanent downhole gauges for the wells.

In addition, the tests were performed with the water injectors as pulsers and the oil producers as observers allowing to avoid and the associated environmental impact. Ten interference tests were realized compared to four planned in the FDP partly due to the use of the more cost effective OIMR vessel in addition to the rig.