bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quality of soybeans in export
Authors: Mounts T. L. , Snyder J. M. , Hinsch R. T. , Bongers A. J. , Class A. R.
Published: January 2007

Soybean quality is of concern to processors throughout the world, as deterioration during storage, handling and shipment can result in crude oil which is difficult to process and has high refining losses. Little information is available comparing the relative quality of soybeans in export shipment based on crop year and origin. Shipments of soybeans originating from the United States, Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina were sampled in Europe and Asia during a four‐year period. Soybean samples were graded, protein and oil contents determined, and oil quality characteristics assessed by laboratory procedures. Results of these analyses present, for the first time, direct comparisons of the quality of soybeans exported from the principal producing countries. The data suggests that United States (U.S.) farmers and exporters must continue their efforts to improve the physical characteristics of soybeans in export shipment; the emphasis of breeding and genetic engineering research should be to increase the protein content of soybeans grown in the U.S.; and that the high quality of crude oil recovered from U.S. soybeans should prove an advantage to the processor using soybeans imported from the United States.
Synthesis of phosphatidylcholine with (n−3) fatty acids by phospholipase A 2 in microemulsion
Authors: Na An , Eriksson Caj , Eriksson Sven‐Göran , Österberg Eva , Holmberg Krister
Published: January 2007

Phosphatidylcholine containing a long chain polyunsaturated acyl group at the 2‐position has been prepared by phospholipase A 2 catalyzed esterification of lysophosphatidylcholine with polyunsaturated fatty acids EPA (C20∶5) or DHA (C22∶6). Preliminary studies showed that the other fatty acids, such as lauric acid (C12), palmitic acid (C16), stearic acid (C18) and linoleic acid (C18∶2), were also incorporated. To our knowledge, phospholipase A 2 catalyzed condensation reactions have not been reported in the literature before. The reactions were performed in sodiumbis(2‐ethylhexyl)‐sulfosuccinate‐based microemulsions containing small amounts of water. Synthesis of the same phospholipid by transesterification of phosphatidylcholine with the polyunsaturated acids in microemulsion failed; however, enzymatic hydrolysis to lysophosphatidylcholine was facile, quantitative conversion from phosphatidylcholine being attained after 16 hr reaction time.

An additional observation was that, unlike enzymatic hydrolysis of phospholipids, the condensation reaction catalyzed by phospholipase A 2 was totally independent of the presence of calcium.
Solid phase enzymatic glycerolysis of beef tallow resulting in a high yield of monoglyceride
Authors: McNeill Gerald P. , Shimizu Shoichi , Yamane Tsuneo
Published: January 2007

A mixture of mono‐, di‐ and triglycerides was obtained when beef tallow was reacted with glycerol using lipase enzyme as a catalyst. The reaction was carried out batchwise in a small vessel with agitation by magnetic stirring. The yield of monoglyceride (MG) was greatly influenced by the reaction temperature—at higher temperatures (48–50°C) a yield of approximately 30% MG was obtained, while at lower temperatures (38–46°C) a yield of approximately 70% MG was obtained. A sharp transition was observed between the high and low yield equilibrium states. The temperature at which this transition occurred is called the critical temperature (Tc) and was found to be 46°C in the case of tallow. During the course of the reaction, when approximately 40% MG had been synthesized, the reaction mixture became solid but the reaction continued until approximately 70% MG had been synthesized.

A yield of 70% MG also was obtained with tallow at 42°C when a glycerol/tallow mole ratio ranging from 1.5 to 2.5 was used. The free fatty acid content at equilibrium depended on the water concentration in the glycerol phase and varied from 0.5% to 11.0% when the water content ranged from 0.6% to 12.5%. Above 8% water content, the yield of MG was reduced. Of the commercially available lipases that were investigated, lipase fromPseudomonas fluorescens orChromobacterium viscosum resulted in the highest yield of MG.
Determination ofcis andtrans‐Octadecenoic acids in margarines by gas liquid chromatography‐infrared spectrophotometry
Authors: Ratnayake W. M. N. , Hollywood R. , O'Grady E. , Beare‐Rogers J. L.
Published: January 2007

A combined capillary gas liquid chromatography (GLC) and infrared spectrophotometry (IR) method is described for the determination ofcis andtrans‐octadecenoic acids in margarines made from partially hydrogenated vegetable oils. The totaltrans‐unsaturation of margarine fatty acid methyl esters determined by IR, with methyl elaidate as the external standard, was correlated to the capillary GLC weight percentages of the componenttrans fatty acid methyl esters by the mathematical formula: IRtrans=%18∶1t+0.84×%18.2t+1.74×%18∶2tt+ 0.84×%18∶3t where 0.84, 1.74 and 0.84 are the correction factors which relate the GLC weight percentages to the IRtrans‐equivalents for mono‐trans‐octadecadienoic (18∶2t),trans, trans‐octadecadienoic (18∶2tt) and mono‐trans‐octadecatrienoic (18∶3t) acids, respectively. This formula forms the basis for the determination of totaltrans‐andcis‐octadecenoic acids in partially hydrogenated vegetable oils. From the weight percentages of 18∶2t, 18∶2tt and 18∶3t determined by capillary GLC on a cyanosilicone liquid phase and the totaltrans‐unsaturation by IR, the percentage of the totaltrans‐octadecenoic acids (18∶1t) is calculated using the formula. The difference between the total octadecenoic acids (18∶1), determined by capillary GLC, and the 18∶1t gives the totalcis‐octadecenoic acids.
A study of the kinetics of nucleation in a palm oil melt
Authors: Ng W. L.
Published: January 2007

Nucleation from a supercooled melt of palm oil was studied by optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Despite being a multicomponent system, palm oil exhibits a rather simple cooling thermogram with its high‐ and low‐T exotherms exclusively related to the “hard” and “soft” components of the oil. As the “hard” components are being removed, the position of the high‐T peak shifts down toward the low‐T peak with diminishing peak intensity, while the position of the latter remains virtually unchanged.

At 288°K, nucleation in a palm oil melt is instantaneous. Its induction time‐temperature curve shows an abrupt discontinuity at 297°K, which demarcates the occurrence of one polymorph from another. Nucleation data fit very well into the Fisher‐Turnbull equation. Its larger activation free energy of nucleation is accompanied by lowering of the melting point and an increase in the crystal/melt interfacial free energy as compared to palm stearin. The slow rate of nucleation in palm oil is attributed to intermolecular interaction between its “hard” and “soft” components.
Identification and classification of olive oils by high‐resolution13C nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Zamora Rosario , Navarro José L. , Hidalgo Francisco J.
Published: January 2007

Unsaponifiable matter from 19 olive and olive pomace oils were studied by high‐resolution13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Their spectra showed characteristic peaks that corresponded to molecular substructures rather than the individual constituents present in the unsaponifiable matter. The presence of squalene and other hydrocarbons, sterols and triterpenic alcohols, in addition to other groups of minor compounds, were observed. Based on the analysis of these spectra, it was possible to distinguish among different grades of olive oils by using stepwise discriminant analysis. This direct method of analysis is suggested to be used in artificial neural networks to define oil identity and quality.
Characterization of edible oils, butters and margarines by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance
Authors: Safar M. , Bertrand D. , Robert P. , Devaux M. F. , Genot C.
Published: January 2007

The combination of attenuated total reflectance (ATR) and mid‐infrared spectroscopy (MIRS) with statistical multidimensional techniques made it possible to extract relevant information from MIR spectra of lipid‐rich food products. Wavenumber assignments for typical functional groups in fatty acids were made for standard fatty acids: Absorption bands around 1745 cm−1, 2853 cm−1, 2954 cm−1, 3005 cm−1, 966 cm−1, 3450 cm−1 and 1640 cm−1 are due to absorption of the carbonyl group, C−H stretch, =CH double bonds of lipids and O−H of lipids, respectively. In lipid‐rich food products, some bands are modified. Water strongly absorbs in the region of 3600–3000 cm−1 and at 1650 cm−1 in butters and margarines, allowing one to rapidly differentiate the foods as function of their water content. Principal component analysis was used to emphasize the differences between spectra and to rapidly classify 27 commercial samples of oils, butters and margarines. As the MIR spectra contain information about carbonyl groups and double bonds, the foods were classified with ATR‐MIR, in agreement with their degree of esterification and their degree of unsaturation as determined from gas‐liquid chromatography analysis. However, it was difficult to differentiate the studied food products in terms of their average chainlength.
Oxidative stability of sunflower oil extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Calvo L. , Cocero M. J. , Díez J. M.
Published: January 2007

Extraction of oilseeds with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC−CO2) is a promising technique to obtain vegetable oils. However, instability of such oils has been associated in the past with SC−CO2 extraction. The reasons underlying such instability were unclear. Results presented here suggest that oil instability may be related to the oxygen content of CO2. In fact, oil stability decreases sharply when refined oil (additive‐free) is re‐extracted with SC−CO2 and can be related to the oxygen content in the CO2. Never‐theless, oil stability could be improved to the level of conventionally extracted oil by adding trace amounts of ascorbic acid.
Crystallization behavior of hydrogenated sunflowerseed oil: Kinetics and polymorphism
Authors: Herrera M. L.
Published: January 2007

Kinetics of crystallization of hydrogenated sunflowerseed oil was studied by means of an optical method. Two different aspects were examined: the effects of preheating of the molten liquid on induction time of isothermal crystallization and the effects of cooling rate on the crystallization behavior. Induction time for crystallization was markedly dependent on the crystallization temperature and the cooling rate selected. Morphology, polymorphism and chemical composition of the crystals were examined. At all crystallization temperatures, β′‐form was found for the first occurring crystals. Long spacings were also similar in all cases and corresponded to a double chainlength arrangement. The chemical composition of the crystals showed no differences at either cooling rate. However, the melting behavior was different. At a slow cooling rate, fractionation occurred, and differential scanning calorimetry diagrams had a broad second endotherm with three peaks, none of which were completely resolved. The polymorphic transformation rate from β′ to β was slower when induction times were longer.
Functional properties of soy protein isolates as affected by heat treatment during isoelectric precipitation
Authors: López de Ogara M. C. , Delgado de Layño M. , Pilosof A. M. , Macchi R. A.
Published: January 2007

Research was carried out on the influence of heat treatment during isoelectric precipitation on the functionality of the resulting isolates prepared from “low‐heated”, undenatured, defatted soy flour. The isoelectric dispersions were heated at 50°C, 60°C, 65°C or 70°C for 30 min and characterized for solubility, water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, viscosity and gel properties. The effect of heat treatment during isoelectric precipitation was reflected by all the functional properties. The soy isolated heated at 60°C showed remarkably different flow characteristics. It yielded the most viscous dispersions and the strongest gels and also the highest water absorption capacity value. Simple and multiple lineal regression models were used to provide a description of the relationship between the different properties studied. Significant correlations were found between gel viscosity and water absorption capacity. Gel characteristics also correlated significantly with viscosity of 20% dispersions. Viscosity of dispersions correlated to solubility or to water absorption capacity, depending on protein concentration. That dependence was quantified and a highly significant multiple correlation was found between viscosity and the independent variables of log solubility and water absorption capacity.
Cryptolepis buchnani seed oil: A rich source of keto fatty acid
Authors: Daulatabad C. D. , Mulla G. M. , Mirajkar A. M. , Hosamani K. M.
Published: January 2007

A keto fatty acid (9‐oxo‐cis‐12‐octadecenoic acid) has been isolated in appreciable amounts (45.9%) fromCryptolepis buchnani seed oil. The identification was based on chemical and spectroscopic methods.
A comparison of oil stability based on the metrohm rancimat with storage at 20°C
Authors: Gordon Michael H. , Mursi Eltigani
Published: January 2007

The induction time for oxidative stability by the Rancimat method has been compared with peroxide development during storage at 20°C for six edible oils and rapeseed oil samples with added metal ions, antioxidants or phosphatidylethanolamine. The Rancimat method correlated highly (r=0.966;P=0.000) with oil stability measured by peroxide development for all samples except the oils containing added phosphatidylethanolamine or added butylated hydroxytoluene.
Acid fraction evolution in wood extractives ofPinus pinaster ait
Authors: Arrabal Carlos , Cortijo Manuel
Published: January 2007

The changes in the acid fraction of wood extracts fromPinus pinaster Ait. have been studied. Qualitative and quantitative compositions have been determined in samples that were just extracted and then seven and twelve months after extraction. Samples were prepared according to Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Industry Standards, extracted with petroleum ether (b.p. 40–60°C) in a Soxhlet apparatus and saponified with ethanolic 0.4N potassium hydroxide. The acid fraction was methylated with diazomethane, and its qualitative composition was determined by combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The quantitative composition was determined by gas chromatography with a DEGS packed column. An increase was observed in the percentage of palmitic, oleic, pimaric and dehydroabietic acids, and there was a decrease in the percentage of linoleic and abietic acids. No variation was observed in extract composition after seven and twelve months.
Effect of surfactants on the rheology of hematite slurries
Authors: Jennings Harley Y.
Published: January 2007

The rheological behavior of aqueous hematite slurries has been studied by laboratory viscosity and flow measurements. Data are presented for slurries with volume concentrations of hematite up to 40%. Solids concentration and particle size distribution were found to be important variables in the rheological behavior of hematite slurries as contrasted to temperature which was found to have only a small effect. Chemical dispersant additives and viscosity control additives used in relatively small concentrations improved the flow characteristics of the hematite slurries. Specifically, a lignosulfonate dispersant markedly increased the flow of slurries containing finely divided hematite, −325 mesh, and a viscosity control additive increased the carrying capacity of other slurries for coarse particles.
Compositional analysis of laboratory‐prepared and commercial samples of linseed meal and of hull isolated from flax
Authors: Bhatty R. S. , Cherdkiatgumchai P.
Published: January 2007

Six laboratory‐prepared (LM) and four commercially‐obtained (CM) samples of linseed meal were analyzed for eleven proximate components, ten mineral elements, monosaccharides, amino acids, and seven vitamins (two samples only). Analysis of variance of LM data showed location had a greater influence on meal composition than did cultivar. LM and CM had similar composition, except for protein, total carbohydrates, acid‐detergent fiber and lignin. Hull separated by a liquid cyclone process formed 37.5% of the seed and contained less than 1% oil, 20% protein and 32.9% total monosaccharides. Xylose and arabinose were the major sugars. Meal absorbed 8‐fold, and the hull 13‐fold their weights of water (water‐hydration capacity), compared to less than 2‐fold by similar fractions of canola (rapeseed) and soybean. Viscosities of aqueous extrats of hull were stable for 30 min at 25°C, and were concentration‐dependent.
HPLC Determination of ethoxylated alcohol surfactants in wastewater
Authors: Schmitt T. M. , Allen M. C. , Brain D. K. , Guin K. F. , Lemmel D. E. , Osburn Q. W.
Published: January 2007

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) may be used for analysis of municipal wasterwater containing ethoxylated alcohol surfactants. After cleanup of the sample by XAD‐2 resin, liquid‐liquid extraction, ion exchange and cobalt thiocyanate extraction, the surfactant is derivatized with phenyl isocyanate to permit UV detection and analyzed by both normal phase and reversedphase HPLC. The alkyl chain length distribution is determined using reversed‐phase HPLC, while the ethoxy chain length is determined by normal phase HPLC. The limit of quantification is 0.1 ppm.
Properties of the glycerol acylating enzymes in microsomal preparations from the developing seeds of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) and turnip rape (Brassica campestris) and their ability to assemble cocoa‐butter type fats
Authors: Bafor Maureen , Stobart Allan Keith , Stymne Sten
Published: January 2007

Microsomal membrane preparations from the developing seeds of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius, var. Gila) and turnip‐rape (Brassica campestris, var. Bele) catalyzed the assembly of triacylglycerols (triglycerides) from sn‐glycerol 3‐phosphate and acyl‐CoA. The membrane preparations were used to assess the acyl specificity properties of the initial acylating enzymes—glycerol 3‐phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) and 1‐acylglycerol 3‐phosphate acyltransferase (lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase, LPAAT)—that are responsible for the fatty acids at positions sn‐1 and sn‐2 of the sn‐triacylglycerol, respectively. In spectrophotometric assays it was possible to evaluate, to some extent, how these enzymes will utilize unusual and foreign fatty acids that are not normally found in these particular plant species. The acylating enzymes from both plants used, to varying extents, a comprehensive range of acyl‐CoA donor species and some kinetic properties of the substrates involved are presented. The enzymes from safflower, however, were generally the more selective, whereas the turnip‐rape was less particular and could utilize a range of acyl substrates. The enzymes from both plants hardly utilized erucate (C22∶1), and the significance of this is discussed in terms of mechanisms which have evolved in order to exclude certain, perhaps detrimental, fatty acids from structural membrane lipids and dedicate them to storage lipid assembly.

The ability of the microsomal preparations, from the developing seeds of both plants, to synthesize cocoabutter type fats was investigated. Microsomal membranes were incubated with glycerol 3‐phosphate and equimolar amounts of palmitate, oleate and stearate. Safflower preparations catalyzed the construction of sn‐triacylglycerol with largely palmitate, oleate and stearate in positions sn‐1, 2 and 3, respectively. The selectivity for acyl species in rape was less pronounced, however, substantial saturated‐unsaturated‐saturated oils were still produced. The results are discussed in terms of the acyl selectivity properties of the glycerol acylating enzymes. It is evident that given the correct composition of fatty acids, the plant can produce cocoabutter or other exotic fats.
Activity of antioxidants in solution and in irradiated heterogeneous system
Authors: Katusin‐Razem Branka , Razem Dusan
Published: January 2007

The efficiency of some common antioxidants, α‐tocopherol, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), was studied relative to β‐carotene in a homogeneous solution and in a model system of an irradiated solid food. Relative reactivities in homogeneous solution covered a range of three orders of magnitude, α‐tocopherol being the best and BHT the poorest antioxidant of the three. In irradiated systems consisting of oleic acid coated on a solid support (egg white), the range of reactivities was much narrower within one order of magnitude. In solution, there was a parallelism of the relative reactivities with oxidizing alkoxyl radicals derived from oleic acid hydroperoxides andtert‐butyl hydroperoxide. On the solid support the relative reactivities of α‐tocopherol and BHA with oleic acid radiation‐induced oxidizing radicals were reversed, BHA appearing the best. Efficient antioxidants do not retain their great antioxidant activity in comparison with the moderate ones on transition from a homogeneous solution to a heterogeneous system. Relative efficiencies of antioxidants do not critically depend on the nature of oxidizing radicals in heterogeneous media.
Lipids in chinese medicine. Characterization of allcis 5,11,14,17‐eicosatetraenoic acid inBiota orientalis seed oil and a study of oxo/furanoid esters derived fromBiota oil
Authors: Lie Ken Jie M. S. F. , Lao H. B. , Zheng Y. F.
Published: January 2007

The fatty acid composition ofBiota orientalis seed oil consists of palmitic (5.1%), stearic (3.4%), oleic (15.3%), linoleic (25.6%), linolenic (34.7%), C20:3(11c,14c,17c) 4.9%, and C20:4(5c,11c,14c,17c) 10.5%. The unsaturated fatty esters derived fromBiota oil were epoxidized and subsequently treated with NaI‐PrI‐DMSO. Chromatographic separation of the complex product mixture revealed the presence of C18‐oxo, C18‐furanoid, and C18‐and C20‐oxo‐furanoid esters. Epoxidation of a pure sample of C20:4(5c,11c,14c,17c) followed by NaI‐PrI‐DMSO treatment gave a mixture of C20‐dioxo‐furanoid esters. The positions of the oxo and furanoid groups in the various derivatives were determined by GC/MS analysis.
Double bond oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Zaldman B. , Kisilev A. , Sasson Y. , Garti N.
Published: January 2007

Different oxidizing agents for performing the cleavage oxidation of the double bond of the unsaturated fatty acids are presented, and their economic performance is analyzed. Ozone and sodium hypochlorite are the most commercially efficient oxidants.

Laboratory work for the oxidation of oleic acid to azelaic and pelargonic acids using hypochlorite as oxidant is described. The advantages of working in an emulsion system and using RuCl3 as a catalyst are discussed, and a possible mechanism of the reaction is presented. A flow sheet for an industrial process based on this concept is proposed. A simulation of a plant using this technology is made by a computerized model, and the economic parameters obtained permit us to conclude that the sodium hypochlorite can be an interesting reagent for industrial oxidations of double bonds in fatty acids.
Preparative chromatographic isolation of hydroxy acids fromLesquerella fendleri andL. gordonii seed oils
Authors: Carlson K. D. , Chaudhry A. , Peterson R. E. , Bagby M. O.
Published: January 2007

To conduct product development research onLesquerella seed oils, we explored methods to obtain >100 g quantities of lesquerolic (14‐hydroxy‐cis‐11‐eicosenoic) acid. Preliminary experiments with open‐column silica gel chromatography showed thatL. fendleri oil could be separated into 3 triglyceride (TG) fractions. The first (10%) contained nonhydroxy 16‐(13%) and 18‐carbon acids (65% 18∶1,2,3). The second fraction (15%) contained monolesquerolins (39% lesquerolic acid). The major TG fraction (73%) was mainly dilesquerolins (66% lesquerolic acid) showing that a hydroxy acid‐enriched TG oil was obtainable by this procedure. Silica gel chromatography easily separatedL. fendleri fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) into a hydroxy‐free ester fraction (40–44%) consisting largely of 18∶1 (39%), 18∶2 (19%) and 18∶3 (31%), and a hydroxy ester fraction (56–60%) that was largely methyl lesquerolate (94%) with small amounts of auricolate (5%) (14‐hydroxy‐cis‐11,cis‐17‐eicosadienoate) and traces of 18‐carbon hydroxy esters. This process for isolating the hydroxy FAME ofLesquerella oil was scaled up 15‐to 100‐fold with a preparative high performance liquid chromatograph. Thirty‐gram samples ofL. gordonii FAME were dissolved in eluting solvent, pumped onto the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) silica column and eluted with 97∶3 hexane/ethyl acetate. In an 8‐hr period, up to 200 g of methyl lesquerolate could be obtained with a purity >98%, the only contaminants being methyl auricolate and methyl ricinoleate.
Selective removal of free fatty acids in oils using a microorganism
Authors: Cho Soo Yeon , Kwon Tai Wan , Yoon Suk Hoo
Published: January 2007

A microorganism assimilating long chain fatty acids without secreting extracellular lipases was screened from soil and was identified as aPseudomonas. Growth factors, nitrogen sources and trace elements required for growth of the microorganism namedPseudomonas strain BG1 were determined. Optimum pH and growth temperature were 6 and 30°C, respectively. BG1 was found to utilize lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic and oleic acids as carbon sources. BG1 was shown to utilize 0.1% oleic acid almost completely in an emulsion medium within 48 hr. When BG1 was grown in a mixture of triolein and oleic acid, it selectively removed the free fatty acid without loss of triolein and did not produce mono‐ and diglycerides.
The potential commercial aspects of gossypol
Authors: Hron R. J. , Koltun S. P. , Pominski J. , Abraham G.
Published: January 2007

Gossypol, a yellow polyphenolic pigment contained in all plant parts of the predominant cotton cultivars, has been the source of practical as well as scientific interest for over a century. Recent changes in both cotton fiber and cottonseed products markets have focused renewed interest on potential alternate uses for fiber and seed and other products of cotton and for the gossypol contained in the seed. A review of the literature dealing with the potential commercial use of gossypol from 1886, when it was first isolated, until the present, is presented.
Variability for oil and fatty acid composition in castorbean varieties
Authors: da Silva Ramos Luis Carlos , Tango Joao Shogiro , Savi Angelo , Leal Nilson Roberto
Published: January 2007

Thirty‐six castorbean varieties were surveyed for oil and fatty acid composition, in order to determine variability of these seed compounds. A large variability of seed oil percentage was observed, ranging from 39.6 to 59.5%. Concerning the fatty acids, little variability was observed for ricinoleic acid, which was the most abundant in the oil, ranging from 83.65 to 90.00%. The other fatty acids appeared in small concentrations and showed a small range: 0.87 to 2.35, 0.68 to 1.84, 2.96 to 5.64, 3.19 to 5.98, and 0.34 to 0.91%, for palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acid, respectively. Non‐significant correlations were observed between fatty acids and seed oil percentage. However, significant correlations were observed among fatty acid concentrations: positive and negative ones. These significant correlations could be associated with the biosynthetic pathways of the fatty acids, which are not fully elucidated. They suggest, however, that selection for a particular fatty acid will tend to increase those positively correlated, and decrease those negative ones. Selection and plant breeding techniques could then be applied to modify the oil content of the castorbean seeds, considering the variability observed. For the fatty acid composition, however, the variability was not large enough to make substantial changes in their concentrations by selection procedures. More varieties should be surveyed to find out if such variability is available.
Flavoglaucin, a metabolite ofEurotium chevalieri, its antioxidation and synergism with tocopherol
Authors: Ishikawa Yukihiro , Morimoto Kyozo , Hamasaki Takashi
Published: January 2007

Screening tests of fungal metabolites were performed for developing new types of antioxidants and synergists for tocopherol (Toc). Flavoglaucin has been found to be an excellent antioxidant and synergist. It is a phenolic compound isolated from mycelial mats ofEurotium chevalieri. Under autoxidation conditions, flavoglaucin remarkably synergized with Toc and stabilized many edible oils and fats. After the addition of flavoglaucin (0.05 %) the vegetable oils retained their original stabilities even after thermal treatment at 180 C for 25 hr. During the oxidation of lard containing Toc (0.04%) under the simulated deep‐fat frying conditions, the addition of flavoglaucin didn't retard the oxidative decomposition of Toc. However, the stability of lard always was higher in the presence of flavoglaucin than in its absence. Flavoglaucin is not mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium TA 100 and TA 98.
The biochemistry of selenoproteins
Authors: Sunde Roger A.
Published: January 2007

There currently are 7 known bacterial selenoenzymes. All but thiolase contain selenocysteine (Se‐Cys), presumably at the active site, and all but thiolase catalyze oxidation‐reduction reactions. Selenide appears to be a central intermediate in selenium (Se) metabolism in animals, and it may be the precursor used for formation of the Se‐Cys moiety in glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px). The incorporation of Se into GSH‐Px appears to occur via a post‐translational mechanism, but the nature and extent of Se‐Cys formation in higher animals has not been established. GSH‐Px deficiency remains a logical explanation for a number of Se‐deficiency signs, but other known selenoproteins and other functions may match up with defects apparently not prevented by GSH‐Px.
Sources and consumption of antioxidants in the diet
Authors: Bieri John G.
Published: January 2007

Vitamin E is the most important tissue antioxidant in preventing or controlling non‐specific reactions from various oxidizing species produced in normal metabolism. Through this action, the vitamin protects polyunsaturated fatty acid loss from phospholipids and consequent membrane damage. The U.S. diet has an abundance of vitamin E and normal individuals accumulate effective amounts in their tissues, which is consistent with the latest recommended dietary allowances for vitamin E as indicated by the National Research Council.
Melting‐point determination of fat products
Authors: Deman J. M. , Deman L. , Blackman B.
Published: January 2007

A variety of methods exist for the determination of the melting point (mp) of fats. These include the Wiley mp (AOCS Method Cc 2–38), open capillary slip point, softening point and Mettler dropping point. The conditions under which the tests are performed influence the values obtained. Several of these methods were compared using a variety of fats, including margarine and soft margarine oils, lard, butter and hydrogenated Canola oils. The Mettler dropping‐point values were found to coincide with the extrapolated solid fat curves obtained using wide‐line NMR for all fats except butterfat. The reproducibilities of the Mettler dropping point and softening point were excellent; that of the slip point was poor.
Modelling of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of canola oilseed in fixed beds
Authors: Lee A. K. K. , Bulley N. R. , Fattori M. , Meisen A.
Published: January 2007

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of oil from fixed beds (4.8 mm, 24.5 and 12.7 mm I.D.) of crushed canola seeds is described. Experiments were performed to obtain equilibrium data and extraction rates at 55 C, 36 MPa using solvent velocities ranging from 0.04 to 2.8 mm/s. A one‐dimensional, unsteady state mathematical model was used to obtain the oil concentration profiles in both the solvent and solid phases, and to determine the overall volumetric mass transfer coefficients. The calculated concentrations and extraction rates are in good agreement with experimental results. The overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient for the initial, constant rate extraction was correlated with interstitial velocity.
Surface tension as a controlled variable in mechanical dishwashing
Authors: Rosenthal A. J. , Thorne S. N.
Published: January 2007

Using a continuous, in‐line, nondestructive technique based on the maximum bubble pressure method, the surface tension of the wash water in a mechanical dishwashing machine has been monitored. This technique has enabled surface tension to be used as a controlled variable, providing feedback to regulate the amount of surfactant added. Assuming the mechanical force of the water spray is adequate to remove bound soil from the dish surface, the food soil may be titrated against surfactant, providing an indirect indication as to when the dishes are clean. This technique also could be applied to a recirculated wash solution for in‐place cleaning.
The free radical oxidation of polyunsaturated lecithins
Authors: Porter Ned A. , Wolf Richard A. , Weenen Hugo
Published: January 2007

Two unsymmetric polyunsaturated lecithins were allowed to air oxidize and the primary products of autoxidation were isolated and characterized. 1‐Palmitic‐2‐linoleic‐phosphatidylcholine undergoes significant oxidation after 16 hr at room temperature under air. A new phospholipid product may be isolated by reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and this HPLC fraction is shown to be made up of lipid hydroperoxides formed by free radical oxidation of the homoconjugated diene of the linoleate component of the lecithin. 1‐Stearic‐2‐arachidonic‐phosphatidylcholine undergoes a similar oxidation with the arachidonate polyunsaturated functionality being oxidized. The structure of the oxidation products was established by reduction of hydroperoxide with triphenylphosphine, snake venom hydrolysis of the C‐2 ester, and HPLC analysis of the resulting hydroxy fatty acids or their methyl esters.
Stereospecific analysis of monounsaturated triacylglycerols in cocoa butter
Authors: Takagi Toru , Ando Yasuhiro
Published: January 2007

The enantiomeric composition of the monounsaturated triacylglycerols (TG) from cocoa butter was estimated. The monounsaturated TG were separated into three fractions by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and each fraction was subjected to the stereospecific analysis with chiral‐phase HPLC. The results indicated that the major TG consisted of equal amounts of 1‐stearoyl‐2‐oleoyl‐3‐palmitoyl‐sn‐glycerol (SOP‐sn‐TG) and POS‐sn‐TG (47 mol%), 1,3‐distearoyl‐2‐oleoyl‐glycerol (SOS‐TG) (33 mol%), and POP‐TG (19 mol%). The contents of SOP‐sn‐TG and POS‐sn‐TG are 1.30 times that of the POP‐TG content, and the SOS‐TG content is 1.302 times that of the POP‐TG content. The term “priority factor” is proposed for the ratio of the stearoyl group/palmitoyl group, 1:30 at thesn‐1 andsn‐3 or 1(3)‐position. It shows a distinct specificity for particular fatty acids or their Coenzyme A esters in random esterification at each position of the glycerol moiety in the biosynthesis of cocoa butter TG.
Determination of free fatty acids in marine phytoplankton causing red tides by fluorometric high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Suzuki Toshiyuki , Matsuyama Yukihiko
Published: January 2007

The proportion and content of free fatty acids (FFA) in four species of causative phytoplankton of red tides, cultured in axenic conditions, were obtained by fluorometric high‐performance liquid chromatography. Twelve FFA in phytoplankton were identified. Raphidophyte flagellates,Chattonella antiquaandHeterosigma akashiwo, contained highly unsaturated fatty acids and 16:0 acid as the predominant FFA. Major FFA in diatoms,Skeletonema costatumandChaetoceros didymum, were 14:0, 16:0, 16:1, and 20:5 acids.
Determination of ethylene oxide oligomer distributions in alcohol ethoxylates by HPLC using a rotating disc‐flame ionization detector
Authors: McClure J. D.
Published: January 2007

A high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed for the quantitative determination of ethylene oxide (EO) oligomer distributions (% wt) in acetylated alcohol ethoxylates, R(OCH2CH2)nOH, from n=0, 1 to n=30 using a rotating disc‐flame ionization detector. Both single carbon number and mixed carbon number alcohol‐based (NEODOL® ethoxylates) samples have been analyzed by gradient elution with 2 different solvent systems on a Waters μ‐Porasil column. With both solvent systems, 95% hexane is the initial solvent but with one system, 100% acetone is the final solvent and with the other, 10% methanol/90% acetone is used. The latter solvent elutes the higher ethoxylates from n=21 to n=30 quantitatively from the μ‐Porasil column which the 100% acetone solvent fails to do. The 100% acetone solvent separates n=2 and n=3 from n=0,1 which the methanol‐containing solvent does not do. Response factors for n=3 and n=8 have been experimentally determined and the response factors for the other EO units have been calculated from these 2 results. The corrected EO oligomer distributions for both NEODOL® 25‐9 and NEODOL® 23‐6.5 determined by HPLC are in good agreement with those determined earlier by circular thin layer chromatography (up to n=16 can be determined by this method). The average EO numbers determined by the HPLC method and by a wet chemical (phthalic anhydride) method are in excellent agreement for the above 2 samples and a sample of NEODOL® 23‐7.5. The results are discussed in terms of Snyder's theory for gradient elution in HPLC using the gradient steepness parameter.
Surface‐active properties and thermal behavior of S‐alkylthio‐carboxylic acids and their potassium salts
Authors: Kamio Katsuhisa , Kamata Kohro , Mima Seiji , Kuroda Toshiharu , Ookawara Hiroshi , Moriya Masafumi , Hidaka Hisao
Published: January 2007

S‐Alkylthiocarboxylic acids and their potassium salts were prepared by photoaddition of α‐olefins (C10, C12, and C14) with mercapto carboxylic acids such as thiomalic acid, thiopropionic acid, and thioglycolic acid. The physicochemical solution properties and thermal stabilities for three series of thiosurfactants were evaluated. S‐Alkylthiocarboxylic acids that contain bridged S‐bonds provide excellent thermally stable surfactants, and their alkaline salts exhibit good surface activity.
On the formation of granular crystals in fat blends containing palm oil
Authors: Watanabe A. , Tashima I. , Matsuzaki N. , Kurashige J. , Sato K.
Published: January 2007

The use of palm oil for plastic fats has encountered serious difficulty due to its crystallization properties, one of which is the formation of granular crystals. The granular crystals cause sandy teste and inhomogeneity of fat crystal morphology of end products. In the present study, we analyzed the formation process of these granular crystals. Chemical and physical analyses for triacylglycerol (TAG) compositions, polymorphism and melting points of the granular crystals led to the conclusion that the granular crystals are of the most stable polymorph, β1, of POP (1,3‐dipalmitoyl 2‐oleoyl glycerol) with triple chainlength fat blend consisting of POP and reapeseed oil. The following characteristics of β1 polymorph of POP contribute to the formation of granular crystals in fat blends containing palm oil: (i) β1 reveals well‐defined plate‐like crystal morphology, which grows easily into the bulky granular from; (ii) the triple chainlength structure of POP has a tendency to segregate and does not from a solid solution together with other TAGs.
Chemiluminescence as a method for oxidative rancidity assessment in autoxidized marine oils
Authors: Burkow Ivan C. , Moen Per , Øverbø Kersti
Published: January 2007

Chemiluminescence based on light emission from excited oxygen species,e.g. singlet oxygen and triplet carbonyls, has been used to measure the oxidative rencidity of fish oils. The luminescence was recorded after sodium hypochlorite addition to the oils dissolved intert‐butanol. In addition to high sensitivity and ability to detect small changes in rancidity, the method is fast and may be used as a supplement to the standard chemical methods for quality assessment and antioxidant evaluation. However, care has to be taken in interpretation of the chemiluminescence data of different fish oils, as the light emission depends on both the composition and the rancidity level of the oil. The autoxidized oils were also characterized by peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid value, anisidine value, Kreis rancidity index, iodine value, ultraviolet measurements, capillary gas chromatography, size‐exclusion chromatography and sensoric evaluation.
Validation of a method for gas chromatographic analysis of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid as active ingredients in medicinal products
Authors: Tande Terje , Breivik Harald , Aasoldsen Terje
Published: January 2007

A gas chromatographic method for the determination of all‐cis‐5,8,11,14,17‐eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and all‐cis‐4,7,10,13,16,19‐docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) as active ingredients in medicinal products was developed and validated. In accordance with the rules governing medicinal products in the European Community, the method establishes relations between label claims of active ingredients and known reference standards. A routine for examining instrument status is proposed. The relative standard deviation was 1% (n=26) for determination of the empirical response factors of EPA ethyl ester and DHA ethyl ester relative to the internal standard, C23:0 methyl ester. This experiment included two columns and EPA and DHA standards from two different suppliers and was carried out over a five‐month period. Repeatability (n=6) for low and medium concentrates of glycerides and high concentrates of ethyl esters, expressed as coefficient of variation, was 4, 0.7 and 0.7%, respectively. Accuracy (n=6) determined as percent recovery was better than 98% for all sample types. Analytical results from a twelve‐month stability study of the high concentrate are shown.
Enzymatic esterification of glycerol I. Lipase‐catalyzed synthesis of regioisomerically pure 1,3‐sn‐diacylglycerols
Authors: Berger Matthias , Laumen Kurt , Schneider Manfred P.
Published: January 2007

Regioisomerically pure 1,3‐sn‐diacylglycerols are conveniently prepared in high yields (>80%) and in large quantities by enzymatic esterification of glycerol in the presence of various 1,3‐selective lipases(Chromobacterium viscosum, Rhizopus delemar, Rhizomucor miehei) and a variety of different acyl donors like free fatty acids, fatty acid alkyl esters and vinyl esters. All reactions are carried out in aprotic organic solvents of low water content, namelyn‐hexane, diethyl ether or tBuOMe. The creation of an artificial interphase between the solvent‐immiscible hydrophilic glycerol and the hydrophobic reaction media by the adsorption of glycerol onto a solid support prior to use was essential for the success of these transformations. The effects of reaction conditions and the regioselectivities of the lipases on the product yields are described in detail.
Positional distribution of ω3 Fatty acids in marine lipid triacylglycerols by high‐resolution13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Aursand M. , Jørgensen L. , Grasdalen H.
Published: January 2007

The positional distribution [α(1,3)‐acyl and ß(2)‐acyl] of ω3 fatty acids [18:4(n‐3), 20:4(n‐3), 20:5(n‐3), 22:5(n‐3) and 22:6(n‐3)] in depot fat of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), harp seal oil and cod liver oil triacylglycerols has been examined by13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The positional distribution data can be defined from the spectrum of the carbonyl (C1 carbon) and the methylene (C2 and glyceryl carbon) regions. In depot fat of Atlantic salmon and cod liver oil, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was concentrated in the ß‐position of the triacylglycerides with 72.6 and 74.4%, respectively. Only 3.2% of DHA and 4.6% of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were esterified to the ß‐position of the triacylglycerides in harp seal oil. EPA is nearly randomly distributed in cod liver oil and muscle lipids of Atlantic salmon, with 37.8 and 39.7%, respectively, in the ß‐position. In general, the13C NMR‐derived data were in accordance with corresponding data reported in the literature obtained by conventional techniques.
Preparation and properties of zeroTrans soybean oil margarines
Authors: List G. R. , Pelloso T. , Orthoefer F. , Chrysam M. , Mounts T. L.
Published: January 2007

Experimental margarines were prepared in the pilot plant from interesterified soybean oil‐soybean trisaturate blends and compared to a product made from hydrogenated soybean oil. Penetration, yield values, and water/oil off‐data were determined. Margarine prepared from an interesterified soy‐soy trisaturate blend (80:20) tended to crystallize slowly after votation and resulted in a somewhat harder than desirable product. However, addition of 20% liquid soybean oil to the interesterified oil yielded a softer product. The experimental products showed excellent oil and water loss properties under accelerated storage conditions.
Determination of hydroxy‐acid triglycerides and lactones in butter
Authors: Jurriens G. , Oele J. M.
Published: January 2007

The free and esterified (舠bound舡) hydroxy acids from butterfat were isolated by column‐ and thin‐layer chromatography on silica. The 4‐ and 5‐hydroxy acids forming the े‐ and ै‐lactones were separated from the other hydroxy acids by TLC on silica. The concentrations of a number of free and bound lactones in butterfat were determined by means of a radio‐gas chromatograph using the isotope dilution method. In addition the total concentration of the free and bound hydroxy acids which cannot be lactonized, was determined.
Secondary and tertiary amines derived from pelargonaldehyde and methyl azelaaldehydate
Authors: Pryde E. H. , Anders D. E. , Cowan J. C.
Published: January 2007

Reductive alkylation of ammonia with pelargonaldehyde or with methyl azelaaldehydate over Raney nickel catalyst produced dinonylamine or bis(8‐carbomethoxyoctyl)amine in good yields. Tertiary amine formation was minimized by the use of two immiscible solvents. When 10% palladium on charcoal was used in place of the nickel catalyst, trinonylamine and tris(8‐carbomethoxyoctyl)amine were formed in good yield in the absence of solvents.
Enzymic activity of proteases in detergent systems: Comparison of assay methods and the role of interfering substances
Authors: Friedman Stuart D. , Barkin Stanley M.
Published: January 2007

Two modifications of a method are presented for assaying proteolytic enzymes. They differ primarily in the mechanism used for terminating the enzymic reaction, one technique employing trichloroacetic acid (TCA), the other, heat inactivation. Comparative studies reveal that there are two distinct disadvantages in using TCA which are not evident with the heat inactivation procedure. In the first place, TCA does not selectively precipitate residual substrate. Secondly, in the presence of acid, linear alkyl benzene sulfonate and other long chain anionic surfactants interfere with the quantitative determination of enzymic activity. This interference can be falsely interpreted as inhibition of proteolysis. An explanation of the above phenomena is given in the text along with assay results in the presence of metal chelating agents.