bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Al-doped ZnO inverse opal networks as efficient electron collectors in BiVO4 photoanodes for solar water oxidation
Authors: Zhang Liwu , Reisner Erwin , Baumberg Jeremy J.
Published: February 2014

A conductive Al-doped ZnO inverse opal network has been introduced into BiVO4 photoanode to improve photogenerated electron transport and collection.
Improved immobilization of DNA to graphite surfaces, using amino acid modified clays
Authors: Ensafi Ali A. , Heydari-Bafrooei Esmaeil , Dinari Mohammad , Mallakpour S.
Published: February 2014

A nano-sized biosensor containing valine amino acid organo-modified Cloisite as a bionanohybrid film for immobilization of DNA was developed.
Improved electrochromic performance and lithium diffusion coefficient in three-dimensionally ordered macroporous V2O5 films
Authors: Tong Zhongqiu , Hao Jian , Zhang Kun , Zhao Jiupeng , Su Bao-Lian , Li Yao
Published: February 2014

An electrodeposited 3D ordered macroporous V2O5 film contains nanocrystallites and amorphous parts, and exhibits improved electrochromic performance and lithium diffusion coefficient.
Alkyl substituted dithienothieno[2,3-d;2′,3′-d′]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophenes as solution-processable hexathiaheptacenes
Authors: Chen Lie , Baumgarten Martin , Guo Xin , Li Mengmeng , Marszalek Tomasz , Alsewailem Fares D. , Pisula Wojciech , Müllen Klaus
Published: February 2014

Solution processable hexathiaheptacenes have been synthesized and characterized.
Tungstate nanosheet ink as a photonless and electroless chromic device
Authors: Miyauchi Masahiro , Kondo Akihiko , Atarashi Daiki , Sakai Etsuo
Published: February 2014

Cesium tungstate (Cs4W11O362−) nanosheets exhibit an efficient reversible color change without light irradiation or an electric power supply.
Microwave-assisted synthesis of Bi2Se3ultrathin nanosheets and its electrical conductivities
Authors: Xu Haiming , Chen Gang , Jin Rencheng , Chen Dahong , Wang Yu , Pei Jian , Zhang Yongqiang , Yan Chunshuang , Qiu Zhuangzhuang
Published: February 2014

Ultrathin Bi2Se3nanosheets (30 nm) have been successfully fabricated with 1 kW microwave power for 1 minute. The maximum power factor of the sample can reach up to 157 μW m−1K−2at 523 K, which is larger than the samples with thicknesses ranging from 50 nm to 100 nm.
Enhancing the crystallization of poly(l-lactide) using a montmorillonitic substrate favoring nucleation
Authors: Zhao Hongwei , Bian Yijie , Xu Mingzhi , Han Changyu , Li Yi , Dong Qinglin , Dong Lisong
Published: February 2014

Crystallization of poly(l-lactide) could be greatly enhanced by a montmorillonitic substrate favoring nucleation.
Fullerene assemblies toward photo-energy conversions
Authors: Shen Yanfei , Nakanishi Takashi
Published: February 2014

Manipulating the molecular interaction and assembly of fullerene derivatives leads to their enhanced photoconductivity and applications in photo-energy (electric and thermal) conversion systems.
Equiatomic intermetallic compounds YTX (T = Ni, Ir; X = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb): a systematic study by89Y solid state NMR and119Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy
Authors: Höting Christoph , Eckert Hellmut , Haarmann Frank , Winter Florian , Pöttgen Rainer
Published: February 2014

The equiatomic TiNiSi type tetrelides YTX (space groupPnma) with T = Ni, Ir and X = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb were synthesized from the elements by arc-melting orviahigh-frequency-melting of the elements in sealed niobium ampoules.
Efficient visible and near-infrared photoluminescent attapulgite-based lanthanide one-dimensional nanomaterials assembled by ion-pairing interactions
Authors: Xu Jun , Zhang Ye , Chen Hao , Liu Weisheng , Tang Yu
Published: February 2014

Efficient photoluminescent attapulgite-based one-dimensional lanthanide hybrid nanomaterials are first fabricated by ion-pairing interactions.
Organic semiconductor core–shell nanoparticles designed through successive solvent displacements
Authors: Chambon Sylvain , Schatz Christophe , Sébire Vivien , Pavageau Bertrand , Wantz Guillaume , Hirsch Lionel
Published: February 2014

The concept of sequential nanoprecipitation is developed to generate organic semiconductor core–shell nanoparticles with P3HT core and PCBM shell. Steady-state photoluminescence experiments on such nanoparticles enable the estimation of the exciton diffusion length at ∼14 nm.
Controlled growth of Ag nanoparticles decorated onto the surface of SiO2 spheres: a nanohybrid system with combined SERS and catalytic properties
Authors: Tzounis Lazaros , Contreras-Caceres Rafael , Schellkopf Leonard , Jehnichen Dieter , Fischer Dieter , Cai Chengzhi , Uhlmann Petra , Stamm Manfred
Published: February 2014

A versatile water-method for the controlled growth of Ag nanoparticles deposited onto the surface of SiO2 spheres is developed. The nanohybrid systems exhibited exceptional SERS and catalytic properties.
Method for the synthesis of N-alkyl-O-alkyl carbamates
Authors: Vaillard Victoria A. , González Marianela , Perotti Jesica P. , Grau Ricardo J. A. , Vaillard Santiago E.
Published: February 2014

Simple three step method for the synthesis of N-alkyl, O-alkyl carbamates.
CuO nanoleaves enhance the c-Si solar cell efficiency
Authors: Xia Yusheng , Pu Xuxin , Liu Jie , Liang Jie , Liu Pujun , Li Xiaoqing , Yu Xibin
Published: February 2014

The CuO NL/c-Si structure both reduces the optical loss and recombination and distinctly enhances the c-Si solar cell efficiency.
Selective, sensitive, and reversible detection of H2S using Mo-doped ZnO nanowire network sensors
Authors: Woo Hyung-Sik , Kwak Chang-Hoon , Kim Il-Doo , Lee Jong-Heun
Published: February 2014

Selective, sensitive and reversible detection of H2S was achieved using Mo-doped ZnO nanowire networks prepared by using CVD and SILAR methods.
Enhanced electrochemical performance of novel K-doped Co3O4 as the anode material for secondary lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Anh Ly Tuan , Rai Alok Kumar , Thi Trang Vu , Gim Jihyeon , Kim Sungjin , Mathew Vinod , Kim Jaekook
Published: February 2014

The K+ ion doping significantly improved the electronic conductivity, diffusion efficiency and kinetic properties of Co3O4 during the lithiation and delithiation process, which eventually improves the electrochemical properties.
Synthesis of ZnO quantum dot/graphene nanocomposites by atomic layer deposition with high lithium storage capacity
Authors: Sun Xiang , Zhou Changgong , Xie Ming , Sun Hongtao , Hu Tao , Lu Fengyuan , Scott Spencer M. , George Steven M. , Lian Jie
Published: February 2014

Uniform ZnO QDs with controllable sizes from 2 to 7 nm on graphene were synthesized. The ZnO QD/graphene nanocomposites show enhanced electrochemical properties as lithium ion battery anodes.
Nanoscale control of silks for nanofibrous scaffold formation with an improved porous structure
Authors: Lin Shasha , Lu Guozhong , Liu Shanshan , Bai Shumeng , Liu Xi , Lu Qiang , Zuo Baoqi , Kaplan David L. , Zhu Hesun
Published: February 2014

Silk nanofibers were self-assembled in aqueous solution to improve microporous structures of freeze-dried scaffolds and their biocompatibility.
Curvature‐corrected low‐noise sub‐bandgap reference in 28 nm CMOS technology
Authors: Bowers D.F. , Modica E.J.
Published: February 2014

A sub‐bandgap circuit architecture employed to achieve a precision reference in 28 nm CMOS technology is described. The 500 mV voltage reference exhibits < 10 ppm/°C drift from −40 to 125°C and 5.5 μV of root‐mean‐square (RMS) noise in a 0.1–10 Hz bandwidth, dissipates 500 μW of power on a 1.2 V supply and occupies 0.09 mm².
Performance analysis of high‐speed railway communication systems subjected to co‐channel interference and channel estimation errors
Authors: Zhang Jiayi , Jin Fan , Tan Zhenhui , Wang Haibo , Huang Qing , Hanzo Lajos
Published: February 2014

The performance of high‐speed railway wireless communication systems is studied in the presence of co‐channel interference and imperfect channel estimation in the uplink. The authors derive exact closed‐form expressions for the outage probability and investigate the impact of fading severity. New explicit expressions are derived for both the level crossing rate and average outage duration for illustrating the impact of mobile speed and channel estimation errors on the achievable system performance. Our results are generalised and hence they subsume a range of previously reported results.
Influence of electrodeposited crystallite size on interfacial adhesion strength of electroformed layers
Authors: Zhao Zhong , Du Liqun , Tan Zhicheng
Published: February 2014

Microelectroforming is an important method for fabricating metal devices in microelectromechanical systems. However, the metal devices are limited by poor interfacial adhesion strength between the electroformed coating and the substrate. To improve the adhesion strength, the authors' research group presented a small current density deposition method. The purpose of this Letter is to investigate the mechanism of this method regarding the effect of the electrodeposited crystallite size. The mechanism is that a small current density can cause a big crystallite size which reduces the compressive stress. Therefore the adhesion strength is large under a small current density. To investigate this mechanism, different current densities were applied during the microelectroforming experiments. The crystallite size of the electroformed coating was measured by the X‐ray diffraction method, and the adhesion strength was calculated by a scratch test. The experimental results indicate that within the range of the current density from 0.2 to 2 A/dm2, the crystallite size decreases from 30.1 to 23.7 nm and the adhesion strength decreases from 14.89 to 8.12 J/m2, respectively. The adhesion strength maintains a decreasing trend along with the decreasing crystallite size. Considering the effect of the crystallite size, a new mechanism of the small current density deposition method is presented in this Letter. This Letter may contribute to improving the adhesion strength of the electrodeposited layer.
In vitro manipulation techniques of porcine embryos: a meta-analysis related to transfers, pregnancies and piglets
Authors: Liu Ying , Li Juan , Løvendahl Peter , Schmidt Mette , Larsen Knud , Callesen Henrik
Published: February 2014

During the last 17 years, considerable advancements have been achieved in the production of pigs, transgenic and non-transgenic, by methods of somatic cell nuclear transfer, in vitro fertilisation, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, microinjection and sperm-mediated gene transfer by artificial insemination. Therefore, a review of the overall efficiency for the developmental competence of embryos produced by these in vitro methods would be useful in order to obtain a more thorough overview of this growing area with respect to its development and present status. In this review a meta-analysis was used to analyse data collected from all published articles with a focus on zygotes and embryos for transfer, pregnancy, full-term development and piglets born. It was generally concluded that an increasing level of in vitro manipulation of porcine embryos decreased the overall efficiency for production of piglets. The techniques of nuclear transfer have been developed markedly through the increasing number of studies performed, and the results have become more stable. Prolonged in vitro culture period did not lead to any negative effect on nuclear transfer embryos after their transfer and it resulted in a similar or even higher litter size. More complete information is needed in future scientific articles about these in vitro manipulation techniques to establish a more solid basis for the evaluation of their status and to reveal and further investigate any eventual problems.
Roots, concepts, and word structure
Authors: Acquaviva Paolo
Published: February 2014

This chapter examines the relation between the structure of words as linguistic objects and their conceptual content. It addresses two questions: what are the primitives of lexical semantic interpretation, and how they are expressed in the grammatical and morphological representation of a lexical item. The answer involves a characterization of roots as theoretical objects, followed by an argument to the effect that it is not roots, but larger structures of variable size which relate to lexical concepts. An in-depth discussion of nouns leads to the claim that the conceptual content of a lexical item does not reflect its grammatical structure, because a concept is not the meaning of a linguistically defined unit, but a language-external cognitive content, globally associated with the lexical word as a whole.
Between word formation and meaning change
Authors: Koch Peter
Published: February 2014

In diachronic lexicology, word formation (henceforth: WF) is generally treated as one of three strictly distinct types of processes of lexical innovation, the two others being meaning change (MCh) and borrowing. A unitary theoretical framework based on Construction Grammer and integrating different types of lexical innovation will show that, from an onomasiological point of view, WF and MCh in particular are only two ways of switching from a construction 1 expressing a concept C1 to a formally and semantically related construction 2 expressing a concept C2. From this perspective it is not surprising to find multiple combination, intertwining and interaction between MCh and WF: WF and MCh as subsequent steps in chains of diachronic change; WF and MCh as designative alternatives in lexical innovation; WF and MCh as components of the phenomena of lexical ellipsis and folk-etymology; MCh governing the diachronic evolution of already existing WF devices; MCh creating new WF devices.
Indirect coding
Authors: Lehmann Christian
Published: February 2014

Morphologically and syntactically conditioned alternations indirectly code their conditioner. The distinction between semantic information that is coded by a property of an expression and semantic information that conditions and constrains a property of an expression brings rigor into linguistic description and makes us understand an important mechanism of interpretation and reanalysis of linguistic structure. The paper provides a theoretical basis for describing indirect coding both on the paradigmatic and on the syntagmatic axis, but then focuses on syntagmatically mediated coding.
Possessive compounds in Slavic and the Principle of Integrated Meronymy
Authors: Chovanová Iveta , Štichauer Pavel
Published: February 2014

The paper investigates the semantics of non-suffixed adjectival adjective-noun (AN) compounds in Slavic languages (especially in Slovak and Czech) within a lexeme-based approach in morphology (Aronoff 1976, 1994; Fradin 2003). Two types of AN compounds exist in Slavic languages: a suffixed one, where the suffix has scope over the whole complex base (such as vysok-o-škol-ský), and a “suffixless” one, where the lexical category is marked by means of an inflectional ending (such as modr-o-ok-ý corresponding to the well-known type of compounds like blue-eyed). The article shows, on the basis of the data drawn from large corpora, that there is a basic semantic difference between the two types and it attempts at formulating the principal constraint involved in the formation of the suffixless compounds. The paper puts forward a Principle of Integrated Meronymy as the basic semantic criterion that regulates the possibility of formation of this type of adjectival compounds.
Relation diversity and ease of processing for opaque and transparent English compounds
Authors: Gagné Christina L. , Spalding Thomas L.
Published: February 2014

Emerging evidence suggests that integrating the constituents of compound words involves semantic composition and that this meaning construction process draws on relation information linking the constituents. Research with novel compounds (for which semantic composition is obligatory) has found that relation structures compete for selection during semantic composition and that increased competition results in increased processing difficulty. The current project investigates whether relation competition occurs in the processing of established transparent and opaque English compounds. The results indicate that more relation competition is associated with more difficult processing of compound words, even those that are semantically opaque. This indicates that a relation-based semantic composition process is initiated during the processing of established compounds, even for semantically opaque compounds where the final interpretation cannot be relational. Understanding the semantic composition process is critically important in creating a complete theory of compound processing.
Tuning morphosemantic transparency  by shortening
Authors: Ronneberger-Sibold Elke
Published: February 2014

The central claim of this paper is that, besides phonological optimization, a major function of shortening words by different techniques such as clipping or acronymy is a controlled reduction of morphosemantic transparency in lexical domains, where partly or entirely opaque words are preferred to completely transparent ones. E.g., the functions of uniquely identifying and individualizing a referent by a proper name are better fulfilled by opaque labeling than by a transparent descriptive nomination. In fact, a study of shortening techniques used for official and commercial proper names contrasted with non-onymic words from the general lexicon and certain jargons in German, Farsi and Standard Chinese, three languages extremely different with respect to linguistic type and writing system, reveals a clear contrast between highly transparent shortenings preferred in the non-onymic lexicon versus less transparent or even opaque ones in the proper names, although the preferred shortening techniques themselves vary from language to language.
‘I’ll tell you what the truth is’
Authors: Fetzer Anita , Johansson Marjut
Published: February 2014

The goal of this article is to examine the context-dependent nature of acts of confiding in political interviews and to identify its genre-specific constraints and requirements. It looks at their distribution in British and French political interviews with regard to form, function and possible perlocutionary effects. The communicative act of confiding is compared and contrasted with disclosure, self-disclosure and revelation, and the necessary and sufficient conditions required for confiding in a felicitous manner are examined. Particular attention is given to the genre’s status as mediated and public discourse with public and political information. The most prominent strategies for realizing acts of confiding are analyzed by comparing and contrasting implicit and explicit realizations as well as their communicative functions in the British and French data.
The ‘spectre of anti-Americanism’ in the British public debate over the 2003 invasion of Iraq
Authors: Burridge Joseph
Published: February 2014

This paper draws upon insights from rhetorical and discursive psychology in order to attend to a particular dimension of the public debate in Britain surrounding the invasion of Iraq in March 2003. It is concerned with discourse regarding the relevance of ‘anti-Americanism’, and the difficulty that circulation of such an accusation fostered for critics of the war.

It uses examples drawn from British national press coverage, and the content of parliamentary debates, to describe some of the main responses made by critics of the war to the possibility that their arguments could be undermined if described as anti-American. The three techniques identified are the display of ‘pro-American credentials’, the discursive separation of the American government and its people, and the differentiation of the self from more extreme elements who are nevertheless on the same side.

By focusing upon such responses, the paper attends to a gap in existing literature concerned with the alleged inhibiting effect that accusations of ‘anti-Americanism’ can have upon dissent, and argues that things are more complex than is often understood by accounts which stress how dissent is decided or regulated.
One message, many tongues
Authors: Opeibi Tunde Olusola
Published: February 2014

The essay sets off by arguing that since the 1950s, there has been a growing enthusiasm in political advertising discourse. This was because political advertising became prominent as an effective communicative and publicity tool in the 1952 U.S. presidential election campaign when Dwight D. Eisenhower deployed its instruments to win the most prestigious and highest political post in the U.S. (Reece 2003). Since that time, several rhetorical strategies have been adopted by politicians all over the world to cast and communicate political messages to their various audiences. Most previous research efforts appear to be in the monolingual or L1 settings (e.g. Chilton and Schäffner 1997; Obeng 1997).

In this study, we examine how Nigerian politicians demonstrate their bilingual creativity in an innovative manner, employing linguistic facilities to publicise and sell their political programmes, especially in the use of media multilingualism, a novel persuasive strategy that has come to characterise political campaign texts. Specifically, we consider this recent phenomenon in Nigerian political discourse in which political candidates ‘marry’ and exploit the resources of both the exogenous (English) and indigenous languages (and sometimes along with pidgin) in the same campaign texts in order to woo voters. So the term ‘media multilingualism’ here is taken to be the variety of code-mixing and codeswitching in written political texts. The paper thus examines inter/intrasententially code-mixed facts found in the written campaign texts and discusses their functional implications especially as part of the discourse strategies deployed by the politicians to elicit support and woo voters to support their candidatures.

Relevant literature on codeswitching and theories (e.g. Speech Accommodation Theory) that provide theoretical underpinning for the study are reviewed. An attempt is also made to demonstrate that codeswitching in political discourse is an interpersonal strategy that can be used to create, strengthen or destroy interpersonal boundaries, and thus it functions as a discourse strategy for pragmatic and strategic purposes (Wei 2003). The framework for analysis follows the insights provided in Rational Choice Models (RC) as seen in the works of Myers-Scotton (1993), Myers-Scotton and Agnes Bolonyai (2001) and Wei (2003). The essay concludes by presenting a summary of some important analytical observations that arose from the study. It also suggests that a similar pattern is bound to occur in political discourse found in other L2 contexts.

The data set for this work came from selected political texts produced during the 2003 governorship and presidential elections campaigns in Nigeria and sourced from selected Nigerian national newspapers.
Language ideology, citizenship, and identity
Authors: Hansen-Thomas Holly
Published: February 2014

Ideology plays a very important role in the development of policies related to language and naturalization. Drawing on notions proposed by Piller (2001) of identity and ideology and their influence in the development of citizenship legislation, this paper takes a close look at the case of Germany. By tracing the roots of prevailing language ideologies in Germany, such as the as ‘one nation-one language’ belief, and the related belief of language as intrinsic to Germanness, this paper will illustrate how ideologies affect both policies, such as the 2000 Immigration Reform Act and its imposition of new language tests, and certain issues of identity related to nationhood and citizenship.
Bringing Discourse Theory into Media Studies
Authors: Carpentier Nico , De Cleen Benjamin
Published: February 2014

When Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe published an elaborate version of their discourse theory inHegemony and Socialist Strategy(1985), they were met with fierce resistance by a unified front of traditional Marxists and anti-poststructuralists. The debates on post-Marxism dominated much of the book’s reception. This focus, combined with discourse theory’s rather abstract nature, its lack of clear methodological guidelines, and its more natural habitat of Political Studies, caused discourse theory to remain confined to this realm of Political Studies, despite the broad ideological definition of the political preferred by the authors. This article aims to revisit discourse theory and bring it into the realm of Media Studies. A necessary condition to enhance discourse theory’s applicability in Media Studies is the re-articulation of discourse theory into discourse theoretical analysis (DTA). DTA’s claim for legitimacy is supported in this article by two lines of argument. Firstly, a comparison with Critical Discourse Analyses (CDA) at the textual and contextual level allow us to flesh out the similarities — and more importantly — the differences between CDA and DTA. Secondly, DTA’s applicability is demonstrated by putting it to work in a case study, which focuses on the articulation of audience participation through televisional practices. Both lines of argument aim to illustrate the potential, the adaptability and the legitimacy of DTA’s move into media studies.
On an Abbreviation Phenomenon in Korean
Authors: Song Seok Choong
Published: February 2014

In this paper, I will discuss a common syntactic phenomenon, which I propose to call an abbreviation rather than a deletion, and try to provide a straightforward description of the process involved. This phenomenon may have been noted by others, but as far as I know, no attempt has ever been made to explore various cases that exemplify the process in question and bring them together under a single rubric to show explicitly a uniform and systematic principle in operation in what appears to be totally unrelated aspects of grammar. Once we grasp. the true nature of this phenomenon, it is a relatively simple matter to characterize the mechanism involved and thus capture a significant generalization encompassing a wide variety of cases. The real advantage of my proposal is that it can entirely dispense with abstract and abstruse semantic arguments to account for an ambiguity resulting from an abbreviation. Since the homonimity of two different structures is due, in my analysis, to an abbreviation, there will be, before the application of an abbreviation rule, separate and distinct structures that relate directly to distinct semantic interpretations (or representations, whichever may suit the taste of readers) and allow us to account automatically for the alleged ambiguity. No longer is it necessary to postulate, solely on semantic grounds, distinct abstract structures which are mapped later on to a homopho-nous string often by transformational rules of a dubious nature. Now let us turn to some concrete examples.
A Contrastive Study of the Altaic Cases
Authors: Sohn John Young
Published: February 2014

In this paper, a small contrastive study will be made of the grammatical cases of the major Altaic languages, Korean (Ko), Japanese (Ja), Classical Manchu (Ma), Classical Mongolian (Mo), and Osmanli Turkish (Tk). Only the most syntactically marked elements will be treated due to lack of space.
Enriched Argument Structure and Argument Licensing of Some Complex Verbal Constructions in Korean
Authors: You Seok-Hoon
Published: February 2014

Several linguistically intriguing issues have been raised in the literature with regard to complex verbal constructions (CVC's hereafter) which are ubiquitous in Korean language. In particular, various proposals are available in regard to various interrelated aspects such as (a) the underlying structure of CVC's, (b) the argument structure (AS hereafter) of CVC's, (c) the constraints on surface realization of arguments, (d) the constraints on the admission of component predicates, (e) the grammaticalization of the components within CVC's, and so forth. The main focus of the present paper is to observe and explicate the AS of CVC's and its licensing.
Pragmalinguistic Features of KFL Learners in the Speech Act of Request
Authors: Byon Andrew Sangpil
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The purpose of this investigation is to identify and describe the interlanguage features of American KFL (Korean as a Foreign Language) learners with regard to the communicative act of request. For this study, 50 female KFL learners wereasked to write in Korean what they normally say when they carry out the speech act of request, in twelve different situations. Their Korean responses were compared to those of 50 female native speakers in order to identify deviations and problems, which the American KFL learners wereconfronted with when they try to acquire this particular communicative feature. The study identifies and discusses the pragmalinguistic shortcomings of the KFL learners, comparing the type and frequency of downgraders and the honorifics used by the KFL learners and by the Korean native speakers. The pragmalinguistic differences of the respective groups support the findings by Sohn ( 1986) that Koreans are more hierarchical and collectivistic than Americans, whereas Americans tend to be more egalitarian and individualisticthan Koreans.
Quantified Optimality and the Phonological Parsing of Korean Sov Sentences
Authors: Silva David J.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. In an attempt to understand the variable nature of phonological phrasing in Korean, this study analyzes intuitional judgments of 53 native speakers of Korean who evaluated possible phonological phrasings of simple Subject-Object-Verb sentences: [S]-[OV], [SO]-[V], [SOV], and [S]-[O]-[V]. Analysis of the quantified rating data reveals a strong preference for a subject-predicate phrasing ([S]-[OV]) and a distinct dispreference for the phrasing in which the subject and object were grouped into a single phonological constituent ([SO]-[V]). These preferences are then analyzed in the context of a constraint-based theoretical framework; by extending the Optimality Theory (OT) notion of "ranking" to include not only constraints but also candidates, we corroborate the existence of preference patterns in native-speaker intuitions regarding the phrasing of [SOV]. These patterns are explained by referencing three putatively universal constraints that govern the phonological phrase formation: one that aligns phonological phrases with syntactic phrases, a second that requires phonological phrases to be binary branching, and a third that limits the weight of phonological phrases to five syllables. Although the quantitative data and the proposed OT account are not in complete agreement, the account put forward should encourage further research into a more comprehensive integration of variation studies and OT.
Perception of Contrast in Korean Loanword Adaptation
Authors: Iverson Gregory , Lee Ahrong
Published: February 2014

Abstract. A number of modifications affect the sound structure of foreign words as they are bor-rowed into Korean. We consider specifically the adaptation of word-final stops, liquids, and voiceless as well as voiced coronal sibilants. The particular manifestation of these is shown to corre-late with the place they hold in the syllable structure of the recipient language rather than, as might seem to be the case, with either contrastive categories of the source language or allophonic qualities of the recipient. This discussion thus contributes to the continuing debate over the awareness that listeners may have of phonetic properties that are contrastive in the source language but redundant in the recipient (and hence presumably below the threshold of categorical perception), as well as vice versa, and it offers a unified view of the factors which appear to be at play in the phonological pro-cessing of both native words and loanwords. At base is a simple yet comprehensive principle of phonological perception: Phonetic representations are interpreted according to the salient perceptual categories of the listener's native language.
The Syntactic and Semantic Ambiguity of Caki 'Self' in Korean
Authors: Cho Sook Whan
Published: February 2014

Abstract. The Korean reflexive caki 'self is ambiguous semantically and syntactically. This reflex-ive does not always behave as an anaphor or a pronominal. It is often not bound, nor is it consistent in its distribution as would be expected from the alternative view, which regards it as a long-distance anaphor or a pronominal. It is noted in this study, on the other hand, that the behavior of the reflex-ive is ambivalent in two ways. For one, the interpretation of the reflexive is sensitive to its co-occurring predicate and allows the reading of the abstract concept of personhood and individuality along the lines with Safir (1996). For another, the reflexive seems to behave like a Near-reflexive in the sense of Lidz (2001). Given these observations, this study has largely focused its discussion on how inherent reflexivity of predicates and the abstract concept of personhood and individuality of the reflexive may interact in determining the antecedent. It is concluded that the reflexive is a refer-entially independent and lexically idiosyncratic noun when it is conceived of as a "reified" soul, and behaves like a discourse-sensitive reflexive pronoun in other contexts.
Development of Stop Consonants in Korean
Authors: Lee Soyoung , Iverson Gregory
Published: February 2014

Abstract. The purpose of this study was to examine acoustically the developmental characteristics of Korean stops. Stop productions were obtained from 30 Korean male and female children in two age ranges (5 and 10 years). Voice-Onset-Time (VOT) delay and fundamental frequency (f
0) at the onset of vowel were measured for sequences of word-initial stop followed by the vowel /a/. These were analysed as a function of age, sex, place of articulation and stop manner category. Measure-ments of f
0 were also made at the middle of the vowel /i/ in order to compare with vowel-onset f
0. Results revealed that VOT values were not significantly different in terms of age, but did differ by sex in that boys produced significantly longer VOT lag than girls in the aspirated stop series. In addition, VOT varied by stop category and place of articulation. Vowel-onset f
0 differed between sexes as well as by stop manner category, but vowel-middle f
0 was not significantly different be-tween sexes. As expected, both vowel-onset and vowel-middle f
0 were higher in 5 year-old children than in 10 year-old children. The results of this study indicate that, overall, differences which corre-late with sex and age are more prominent for laryngeal tension distinctions than for temporal coordi-nation gestures in Korean children, suggesting that sex and age differences in stop consonants during the pre-adolescent period should be examined across languages.
The Diachronic Development of the Korean Existential Verb ISS-
Authors: Kim Minju
Published: February 2014

Abstract. In the 15th C, the Korean existential verb had three allomorphs, is-, isi-, and si-, while Present Day Korean has one form, iss-. Using diachronic corpus data, the present article examines the historical development of the existential verb stem leading to the current form iss-. Reexamination of three previous explanations of the structural transformations of is(i)- demonstrates that, as Huh (1987) suggested, the pattern of structural change was is-/ isi- > is-/ is.si- > is-/ is.s- > iss-. With respect to the insertion of s in isi-, this article shows that the case of the existential verb should be distinguished from cases of regular "double writing (cwungchel phyoki)" based on differences in the directionality and the location of the insertion. Instead, it argues that in the 17th and 18th C., when double writing was commonly practiced, of the two allomorphs is- and isi-, is-had long been the frequent stem form and as such, assimilation of the less frequent form isi- to is-could have motivated the insertion of s into isi-.
Types of Clauses and Sentence end Particles in Korean
Authors: Pak Miok D.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. It is well known that Korean marks clauses through the particles that occur at the end of sentences and also that there are many clause types. One can find as many as eleven clause types proposed in the literature. In this paper I examine all proposed sentence types and sentence end particles through Sadock and Zwicky's (1985) criteria on clause types and decomposition of the particles. The study lends the conclusion that there are at most 5 clause types; declarative, interrogative, imperative, exhortative, and promissive (the last three can even be grouped into one clause type, jussives). It also reveals that not all sentence end particles mark clause type and that they can be categorized into three categories: special mood particles, speech style particles, and clause typing particles. The paper concludes with the issue of the role of clause typing particles. While they are labeled clause typing particles in the sense that they are unique to the clause types they appear in, I argue that they are not markers of sentential force.
A Corpus-Based Discourse Analysis of ICEY in Korean
Authors: Sohn Sung-Ock S. , Kim Jieun
Published: February 2014

Abstract. This paper investigates the semantic development of icey 'now,' originating as a temporal adverb and evolving into a discourse marker, by analyzing a large corpus drawn from diachronic and synchronic data. Further, through a corpus-based frequency analysis this study explores the mecha-nism of the semantic change. It demonstrates that icey was used as a transition device in historical texts which focuses on a temporal contrast or shift between one event and another. By analyzing the distribution of icey in both written and spoken corpus, it shows that the discourse meaning of icey emerges in the contexts where the speaker/writer expresses his/her subjective stance and attempts to elicit attention from the addressee/reader. It argues that (inter)subjectivity is the primary factor for the semantic extension of icey.
A Usage-Based Account on the Korean Suffix -TA in Spoken Discourse
Authors: Noh Jini
Published: February 2014

Abstract. This paper investigates the usage of the Korean plain speech level suffix -ta in spoken discourse and discusses the relationship among its interactional functions, the local contexts of its use, and its basic meaning. This paper employs a usage-based approach, whereby naturally occurring spoken discourse is analyzed in detail by examining how the functions of -ta are distributed and to what extent the suffix is adapted to its context through the development of local patterns. The suffix -ta functions differently in terms of sentence types: on the one hand, it serves as a reactive token, an attention-getter, a self-repair, or a stance marker by indexing the speaker's cognitive process in spon-taneous sentences. On the other hand, it can function as a way to claim speakership by indexing the on-going interactional process in non-spontaneous sentences. On the whole, compared with the intimate speech level suffix -e/a, the various functions of -ta are grounded in the representation of cognitive and interactional processing among conversation participants as the primitive form of their internalized knowledge. -Ta's frequent collocations with -keyss-, mac-, and ani- explain the highly adaptive feature of -ta to its local contexts. This paper reveals that the grammatical, lexical, and interactional contexts in using -ta contribute to the emergence of its interactional functions and its basic meaning.
kes kath-ta construction and subjectlessness in Korean
Authors: Bak Sung-Yun
Published: February 2014

The purpose of this paper is to examine mainly the syntactic, but also some semantic, properties of kes kathta construction in Korean and other similar constructions such as moyang-ita, kes-ita, and pa-ita. I will argue that sentences containing such constructions are to be analyzed as being 'subjectless' and at the same time that subjectlessness in these sentences constitutes one of the features of the Korean language that distinguishes it from such Indo-European languages as English, French and German.
The origin of Sino-Korean
Authors: Lee Haewoo
Published: February 2014

The purpose of the present study is to examine the origin of Sino-Korean. Karlgren and Park reach more or less the same conclusion that Sino-Korean originates from the language of the Qieyun. In this study, I propose that Sino-Korean is derived from the northern Late Middle Chinese in about 7-8 centuries, particularly from the new standard language of Changan in the period of Late Middle Chinese. The decisive pieces of evidence are: (1) the Middle Sino-Korean [z-] or zero initial corresponding to the Middle Chinese ri initial reflects the denasalized [r-] in Late Middle Chinese rather than the palatal nasal in Early Middle Chinese, (2) Sino-Korean reflects a palatalized [-y-] after the velars in Division II which emerged from Late Middle Chinese, and (3) Sino-Korean reflects the merged finals of Late Middle Chinese rather than the complicated finals of Early Middle Chinese.
A-Bar Dependency, Wh-Scrambling in Korean, and Referential Hierarchy
Authors: Lee Gunsoo
Published: February 2014

My purpose in this paper is to find the precise correlation between A-bar dependency and the notion of referentiality. Since the crucial question in the issue is how to properly define referentiality, the content of the paper will be organized as follows. In section 1, as an initial attempt, I define referentiality by the lexical content (phi-features: person, number, gender) that only noun phrases inherently carry. The specification of phi-features will render argument wh-phrases referential (long-distance A' dependencies) and adjunct wh-phrases non-referential (local A' dependencies). In section 2, the initial definition of referentiality will be refined as a set theoretic notion of referentiality in order to capture the varying degrees of strength in A dependencies across wh-islands (weak islands) that different wh-phrases show. I will show that the relative strength of A' dependencies across wh-islands can be predicted by the referential hierarchy: adjunct wh-phrases < bare wh-phrases < which N < partitive wh-phrases. In section 3, I will consider the strong islands and introduce a new notion: Barrier Defiability.
Acquisition of Negation in Korean
Authors: Park Heeheon
Published: February 2014

Korean has two types of negation, Pre-verbal negation and Post-verbal negation. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the stages of acquisition corresponding to these two types of negation. One type of negation is acquired before the other; I attempt to explain why.
A Feature-Based Account of Long-Distance Anaphora
Authors: Lee Hyeran
Published: February 2014

In this paper, I aim to give a unified account of long-distance and localbinding phenomena and provide a single constrained theory of anaphors in the framework of the Minimalist Program (Chomsky 1992, 1994, 1995a&b). In section 1, I criticize the LF movement theory which has been argued by Lebeaux (1983), Chomsky (1986), Pica (1987, 1991), Battistella (1989), Katada (1991) and others. In section 2, I provide a feature-based account of long-distance and local binding anaphors. In section 3, I discuss how feature-raising analysis can account for apparent long-distance binding phenomena in Picture-DP(or Picture-NP) constructions which have been treated exceptionally so far. Extending Section 3, I argue in section 4 that apparent long-distance binding phenomena in constructions containing expletives and non-person NPs result from morphological properties of the anaphor. In section 5, I argue that orientation of the antecedent (i.e. subject orientation or no particular orientation) naturally results from interaction between the proposed LF structure and feature raising. Finally, in section 6, I conclude that binding reduces to morphological properties, and hence Condition A of the binding theory can be dispensed with.
Passive and Middle Constructions in Korean
Authors: Cho Sungdai
Published: February 2014

In this paper, I have shown evidence that the potential Korean middle construction (K2) is a passive, adducing five pieces of evidence: (1) spontaneity, (2) the existence of an agent, (3) non-stative, (4) non-generic, and (5) no requirement of adverb modification. It will also be classified under a morphological passive, since it carries the same morpheme as the suffixal passive and has properties of the canonical passive.
Multiple Determiners and the Structure of DPs
Authors: Alexiadou Artemis
Published: February 2014

This book is a research monograph that investigates the crosslinguistic distribution of multiple determiners. In some languages, noun phrases permit or even seem to require a double or multiple realization of definite/indefinite markers in certain modification environments. The book develops tools that can be used to keep the different instantiations of the phenomenon apart and argues that a uniform account thereof is not desirable. On the basis of these tools, it advances the proposal that there are different types of multiple occurrences of determiners (and sub-types thereof), some are syntactic, while others are purely morphological. It then puts forth a theoretical proposal that regulates the presence of the different types of multiple determiners across languages. The book will be of interst to researchers and students working on the structure of DP, the syntax of modification and the typology of noun phrases. Languages discussed include Greek, Romanian, Scandinavian, English, dialects of German, Hebrew, Albanian, Chinese, French, and Slovenian.
The adjective in Germanic and Romance
Authors: Van de Velde Freek , Sleeman Petra , Perridon Harry
Published: February 2014

In this introductory chapter the similarities and differences in the development and the current behavior of the adjective in Germanic and Romance, both within and between the language families, are discussed. A deeper analysis suggests that what seem to be differences may in fact be similarities and vice versa. Topics that are discussed are the emergence of the adjective as a category, the distinction between attributive and predicative adjectives, the position of adjectives within the noun phrase, and adjectival inflection. This introduction forms the basis for the chapters that follow and in which current visions on variation and change with respect to the adjective in Germanic and Romance are presented in more detail.
On the properties of attributive phrases in Germanic (and beyond)
Authors: Struckmeier Volker , Kremers Joost
Published: February 2014

The syntactic structure of attributive constructions and their (corresponding) semantic integration into nominal projections is the subject of a long-standing debate. In this article, we focus on complex attributes in German, Dutch and Standard Arabic. We argue that adjectival, participial and relative clauses attributes are all essentially predicative structures embedded under a special kind of phase head. Morphophonologically, this head is realized as the (alleged) case, number and gender endings on the adjective/participle and on the relative clause marker. Crucially, we argue that these endings are not agreement suffixes, contrary to common assumptions: rather, they are probing heads whose features identify an argument in the attributive structure. The properties attributed to the head noun are derived from the properties predicated of this argument. This analysis also defines a number of properties along which attributive phase heads can vary, yielding a number of typologically attested types of attributive structures.