bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exertional Rhabdomyolysis in a Collegiate American Football Player After Preventive Cold-Water Immersion: A Case Report
Authors: Kahanov Leamor , Eberman Lindsey E. , Wasik Mitchell , Alvey Thurman
Published: March 2017

Objective:

To describe a case of exertional rhabdomyolysis in a collegiate American football player after preventive cold-water immersion.

Background:

A healthy man (19 years old) participated in full-contact football practice followed by conditioning (2.5 hours). After practice, he entered a coach-mandated post-practice cold-water immersion and had no signs of heat illness before developing leg cramps, for which he presented to the athletic training staff. After 10 minutes of repeated stretching, massage, and replacement of electrolyte-filled fluids, he was transported to the emergency room. Laboratory tests indicated a creatine kinase (CK) level of 2545 IU/L (normal range, 45–260 IU/L), CK-myoglobin fraction of 8.5 ng/mL (normal < 6.7 ng/mL), and CK-myoglobin relative index of 30% (normal range, 25%– 30%). Myoglobin was measured at 499 ng/mL (normal = 80 ng/mL). The attending physician treated the athlete with intravenous fluids.

Differential Diagnosis:

Exercise-associated muscle cramps, dehydration, exertional rhabdomyolysis.

Treatment:

The patient was treated with rest and rehydration. One week after the incident, he began biking and swimming. Eighteen days later, the patient continued to demonstrate elevated CK levels (527 IU/L) but described no other symptoms and was allowed to return to football practice as tolerated. Two months after the incident, his CK level remained high (1900 IU/L).

Uniqueness:

The athlete demonstrated no signs of heat illness upon entering the cold-water immersion but experienced severe leg cramping after immersion, resulting in a diagnosis of exertional rhabdomyolysis. Previously described cases have not linked cold-water immersion with the pathogenesis of rhabdomyolysis.

Conclusions:

In this football player, CK levels appeared to be a poor indicator of rhabdomyolysis. Our patient demonstrated no other signs of the illness weeks after the incident, yet his elevated CK levels persisted. Cold-water immersion immediately after exercise should be monitored by the athletic training staff and may not be appropriate to prevent muscle damage, given the lack of supporting evidence.
Using the Star Excursion Balance Test to Assess Dynamic Postural-Control Deficits and Outcomes in Lower Extremity Injury: A Literature and Systematic Review
Authors: Gribble Phillip A. , Hertel Jay , Plisky Phil
Published: March 2017

Context:

A dynamic postural-control task that has gained notoriety in the clinical and research settings is the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT). Researchers have suggested that, with appropriate instruction and practice by the individual and normalization of the reaching distances, the SEBT can be used to provide objective measures to differentiate deficits and improvements in dynamic postural-control related to lower extremity injury and induced fatigue, and it has the potential to predict lower extremity injury. However, no one has reviewed this body of literature to determine the usefulness of the SEBT in clinical applications.

Objective:

To provide a narrative review of the SEBT and its implementation and the known contributions to task performance and to systematically review the associated literature to address the SEBT's usefulness as a clinical tool for the quantification of dynamic postural-control deficits from lower extremity impairment.

Data Sources:

Databases used to locate peer-reviewed articles published from 1980 and 2010 included Derwent Innovations Index, BIOSIS Previews, Journal Citation Reports, and MEDLINE.

Study Selection:

The criteria for article selection were (1) The study was original research. (2) The study was written in English. (3) The SEBT was used as a measurement tool.

Data Extraction:

Specific data extracted from the articles included the ability of the SEBT to differentiate pathologic conditions of the lower extremity, the effects of external influences and interventions, and outcomes from exercise intervention and to predict lower extremity injury.

Data Synthesis:

More than a decade of research findings has established a comprehensive portfolio of validity for the SEBT, and it should be considered a highly representative, noninstrumented dynamic balance test for physically active individuals. The SEBT has been shown to be a reliable measure and has validity as a dynamic test to predict risk of lower extremity injury, to identify dynamic balance deficits in patients with a variety of lower extremity conditions, and to be responsive to training programs in both healthy people and people with injuries to the lower extremity. Clinicians and researchers should be confident in employing the SEBT as a lower extremity functional test.
Age-Related Differences and Reliability on Computerized and Paper-and-Pencil Neurocognitive Assessment Batteries
Authors: Register-Mihalik Johna K. , Kontos Daniel L. , Guskiewicz Kevin M. , Mihalik Jason P. , Conder Robert , Shields Edgar W.
Published: March 2017

Context:

Neurocognitive testing is a recommended component in a concussion assessment. Clinicians should be aware of age and practice effects on these measures to ensure appropriate understanding of results.

Objective:

To assess age and practice effects on computerized and paper-and-pencil neurocognitive testing batteries in collegiate and high school athletes.

Design:

Cohort study.

Setting:

Classroom and laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Participants consisted of 20 collegiate student-athletes (age  =  20.00 ± 0.79 years) and 20 high school student-athletes (age  =  16.00 ± 0.86 years).

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Hopkins Verbal Learning Test scores, Brief Visual-Spatial Memory Test scores, Trail Making Test B total time, Symbol Digit Modalities Test score, Stroop Test total score, and 5 composite scores from the Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) served as outcome measures. Mixed-model analyses of variance were used to examine each measure.

Results:

Collegiate student-athletes performed better than high school student-athletes on ImPACT processing speed composite score (F1,38  =  5.03, P  =  .031) at all time points. No other age effects were observed. The Trail Making Test B total time (F2,66  =  73.432, P < .001), Stroop Test total score (F2,76  =  96.85, P  =  < .001) and ImPACT processing speed composite score (F2,76  =  5.81, P  =  .005) improved in test sessions 2 and 3 compared with test session 1. Intraclass correlation coefficient calculations demonstrated values ranging from 0.12 to 0.72.

Conclusions:

An athlete's neurocognitive performance may vary across sessions. It is important for clinicians to know the reliability and precision of these tests in order to properly interpret test scores.
Psychosocial Variables and Time to Injury Onset: A Hurdle Regression Analysis Model
Authors: Sibold Jeremy , Zizzi Samuel
Published: March 2017

Context:

Psychological variables have been shown to be related to athletic injury and time missed from participation in sport. We are unaware of any empirical examination of the influence of psychological variables on time to onset of injury.

Objective:

To examine the influence of orthopaedic and psychosocial variables on time to injury in college athletes.

Patients or Other Participants:

One hundred seventy-seven (men  =  116, women  =  61; age  =  19.45 ± 1.39 years) National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II athletes.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Hurdle regression analysis (HRA) was used to determine the influence of predictor variables on days to first injury.

Results:

Worry (z  =  2.98, P  =  .003), concentration disruption (z  =  −3.95, P < .001), and negative life-event stress (z  =  5.02, P < .001) were robust predictors of days to injury. Orthopaedic risk score was not a predictor (z  =  1.28, P  =  .20).

Conclusions:

These findings support previous research on the stress-injury relationship, and our group is the first to use HRA in athletic injury data. These data support the addition of psychological screening as part of preseason health examinations for collegiate athletes.
Quadriceps and Hamstrings Coactivation During Common Therapeutic Exercises
Authors: Begalle Rebecca L. , DiStefano Lindsay J. , Blackburn Troy , Padua Darin A.
Published: March 2017

Context:

Anterior tibial shear force and knee valgus moment increase anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) loading. Muscle coactivation of the quadriceps and hamstrings influences anterior tibial shear force and knee valgus moment, thus potentially influencing ACL loading and injury risk. Therefore, identifying exercises that facilitate balanced activation of the quadriceps and hamstrings might be beneficial in ACL injury rehabilitation and prevention.

Objective:

To quantify and compare quadriceps with hamstrings coactivation electromyographic (EMG) ratios during commonly used closed kinetic chain exercises.

Design:

Cross-sectional study.

Setting:

Research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Twenty-seven healthy, physically active volunteers (12 men, 15 women; age = 22.1 ± 3.1 years, height = 171.4 ± 10 cm, mass = 72.4 ± 16.7 kg).

Intervention(s):

Participants completed 9 separate closed chain therapeutic exercises in a randomized order.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Surface electromyography quantified the activity level of the vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), medial hamstrings (MH), and biceps femoris (BF) muscles. The quadriceps-to-hamstrings (Q:H) coactivation ratio was computed as the sum of average quadriceps (VM, VL) EMG amplitude divided by the sum of average hamstrings (MH, BF) EMG amplitude for each trial. We used repeated-measures analyses of variance to compare Q:H ratios and individual muscle contributions across exercises (α = .05), then used post hoc Tukey analyses.

Results:

We observed a main effect for exercise (F3,79 = 22.6, P < .001). The post hoc Tukey analyses revealed smaller Q:H ratios during the single-limb dead lift (2.87 ± 1.77) than the single-limb squat (5.52 ± 2.89) exercise. The largest Q:H ratios were observed during the transverse-lunge (7.78 ± 5.51, P < .001), lateral-lunge (9.30 ± 5.53, P < .001), and forward-lunge (9.70 ± 5.90, P < .001) exercises.

Conclusions:

The most balanced (smallest) coactivation ratios were observed during the single-limb dead-lift, lateral-hop, transverse-hop, and lateral band-walk exercises. These exercises potentially could facilitate balanced activation in ACL rehabilitation and injury-prevention programs. They also could be used in postinjury rehabilitation programs in a safe and progressive manner.
Influence of Hip-Flexion Angle on Hamstrings Isokinetic Activity in Sprinters
Authors: Guex Kenny , Gojanovic Boris , Millet Grégoire P.
Published: March 2017

Context:

Hamstrings strains are common and debilitating injuries in many sports. Most hamstrings exercises are performed at an inadequately low hip-flexion angle because this angle surpasses 70° at the end of the sprinting leg's swing phase, when most injuries occur.

Objective:

To evaluate the influence of various hip-flexion angles on peak torques of knee flexors in isometric, concentric, and eccentric contractions and on the hamstrings-to-quadriceps ratio.

Design:

Descriptive laboratory study.

Setting:

Research laboratory.

Patients and Other Participants

Ten national-level sprinters (5 men, 5 women; age = 21.2 ± 3.6 years, height = 175 ± 6 cm, mass = 63.8 ± 9.9 kg).

Intervention(s):

For each hip position (0°, 30°, 60°, and 90° of flexion), participants used the right leg to perform (1) 5 seconds of maximal isometric hamstrings contraction at 45° of knee flexion, (2) 5 maximal concentric knee flexion-extensions at 60° per second, (3) 5 maximal eccentric knee flexion-extensions at 60° per second, and (4) 5 maximal eccentric knee flexion-extensions at 150° per second.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Hamstrings and quadriceps peak torque, hamstrings-to-quadriceps ratio, lateral and medial hamstrings root mean square.

Results:

We found no difference in quadriceps peak torque for any condition across all hip-flexion angles, whereas hamstrings peak torque was lower at 0° of hip flexion than at any other angle (P < .001) and greater at 90° of hip flexion than at 30° and 60° (P < .05), especially in eccentric conditions. As hip flexion increased, the hamstrings-to-quadriceps ratio increased. No difference in lateral or medial hamstrings root mean square was found for any condition across all hip-flexion angles (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Hip-flexion angle influenced hamstrings peak torque in all muscular contraction types; as hip flexion increased, hamstrings peak torque increased. Researchers should investigate further whether an eccentric resistance training program at sprint-specific hip-flexion angles (70° to 80°) could help prevent hamstrings injuries in sprinters. Moreover, hamstrings-to-quadriceps ratio assessment should be standardized at 80° of hip flexion.
Biomechanics of Sports-Induced Axial-Compression Injuries of the Neck
Authors: Ivancic Paul C.
Published: March 2017

Context

Head-first sports-induced impacts cause cervical fractures and dislocations and spinal cord lesions. In previous biomechanical studies, researchers have vertically dropped human cadavers, head-neck specimens, or surrogate models in inverted postures.

Objective

To develop a cadaveric neck model to simulate horizontally aligned, head-first impacts with a straightened neck and to use the model to investigate biomechanical responses and failure mechanisms.

Design

Descriptive laboratory study.

Setting

Biomechanics research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants

Five human cadaveric cervical spine specimens.

Intervention(s)

The model consisted of the neck specimen mounted horizontally to a torso-equivalent mass on a sled and carrying a surrogate head. Head-first impacts were simulated at 4.1 m/s into a padded, deformable barrier.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Time-history responses were determined for head and neck loads, accelerations, and motions. Average occurrence times of the compression force peaks at the impact barrier, occipital condyles, and neck were compared.

Results

The first local compression force peaks at the impact barrier (3070.0 ± 168.0 N at 18.8 milliseconds), occipital condyles (2868.1 ± 732.4 N at 19.6 milliseconds), and neck (2884.6 ± 910.7 N at 25.0 milliseconds) occurred earlier than all global compression peaks, which reached 7531.6 N in the neck at 46.6 milliseconds (P < .001). Average peak head motions relative to the torso were 6.0 cm in compression, 2.4 cm in posterior shear, and 6.4° in flexion. Neck compression fractures included occipital condyle, atlas, odontoid, and subaxial comminuted burst and facet fractures.

Conclusions

Neck injuries due to excessive axial compression occurred within 20 milliseconds of impact and were caused by abrupt deceleration of the head and continued forward torso momentum before simultaneous rebound of the head and torso. Improved understanding of neck injury mechanisms during sports-induced impacts will increase clinical awareness and immediate care and ultimately lead to improved protective equipment, reducing the frequency and severity of neck injuries and their associated societal costs.
Successful Removal of Football Helmet Face-Mask Clips After 1 Season of Use
Authors: Scibek Jason S. , Gatti Joseph M. , McKenzie Jennifer I.
Published: March 2017

Context

Whereas many researchers have assessed the ability to remove loop straps in traditional face-mask attachment systems after at least 1 season of use, research in which the effectiveness of the Riddell Quick Release (QR) Face Guard Attachment System clip after 1 season has been assessed is limited.

Objective

To examine the success rate of removing the QR clips after 1 season of use at the Football Championship Subdivision level. We hypothesized that 1 season of use would negatively affect the removal rate of the QR clip but repeated clip-removal trials would improve the removal rate.

Design

Retrospective, quasi-experimental design.

Setting

Controlled laboratory study.

Patients or Other Participants

Sixty-three football helmets from a National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I university located in western Pennsylvania used during the 2008 season were tested.

Intervention(s)

Three certified athletic trainers (2 men, 1 woman; age = 31.3 ± 3.06 years, time certified = 9.42 ± 2.65 years) attempted to remove the QR clips from each helmet with the tool provided by the manufacturer. Helmets then were reassembled to allow each athletic trainer to attempt clip removal.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

The dependent variables were total left clips removed (TCR-L), total right clips removed (TCR-R), and total clips removed (TCR). Success rate of clip removal (SRCR) also was assessed.

Results

Percentages for TCR-L, TCR-R, and TCR were 100% (189 of 189), 96.30% (182 of 189), and 98.15% (371 of 378), respectively. A paired-samples t test revealed a difference between TCR-R and TCR-L (t188 = −2.689, P = .008, μd = 0.037, 95% confidence interval [CI] = −0.064, −0.010). The percentage for SRCR was 96.30% (n = 182), whereas SRCR percentages for trials 1, 2, and 3 were 95.24% (n = 60), 98.41% (n = 62), and 95.24% (n = 60), respectively, and did not represent a difference (F2,186 = 0.588, P = .56, 95% CI = 0.94, 0.99).

Conclusions

Our results indicated favorable and consistent success rates for QR clip removal after 1 season of use. Whereas the QR clip is an advancement in face-mask technology, continued examination of this system is required to ensure the highest level of function, allowing for effective management of the helmeted athlete.
Cocontraction of Ankle Dorsiflexors and Transversus Abdominis Function in Patients With Low Back Pain
Authors: Chon Seung-Chul , You Joshua H. , Saliba Susan A.
Published: March 2017

Context:

The abdominal draw-in maneuver (ADIM) with cocontraction has been shown to be a more effective method of activating the transversus abdominis (TrA) in healthy adults than the ADIM alone. Whether such an augmented core stabilization exercise is effective in managing low back pain (LBP) remains uncertain.

Objective:

To determine the effect of 2 weeks of ADIM and cocontraction training on abdominal muscle thickness and activation timing and to monitor pain and function in patients with LBP.

Design:

Case-control study.

Setting:

Local orthopaedic clinic and research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Twenty patients with mechanical LBP (age = 27.20 ± 6.46 years, height = 166.25 ± 8.70 cm, mass = 58.10 ± 11.81 kg) and 20 healthy, age-matched people (age = 24.25 ± 1.59 years, height = 168.00 ± 8.89 cm, mass = 60.65 ± 11.99 kg) volunteered for the study.

Intervention(s):

Both the LBP and control groups received ten 30-minute sessions of ADIM and cocontraction training of the tibialis anterior (TA) and rectus femoris (RF) muscles over a 2-week period.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

A separate, mixed-model analysis of variance was computed for the thicknesses of the TrA, internal oblique (IO), and external oblique muscles. The differences in mean and peak electromyographic (EMG) amplitudes, onset time, and latency were compared between the groups. The visual analog pain scale, Pain Disability Index, and LBP rating scale were used to assess pain in the LBP group before and after the intervention.

Results:

We found an interaction between the LBP and control groups and a main effect from pretest to posttest for only TrA muscle thickness change (F1,38 = 6.57, P = .01). Reductions in all pain measures were observed after training (P < .05). Group differences in peak and mean EMG amplitudes and onset time values for TrA/IO and TA were achieved (P < .05). The RF peak (t38 = −3.12, P = .003) and mean (t38 = −4.12, P = .001) EMG amplitudes were different, but no group difference was observed in RF onset time (t38 = 1.63, P = .11) or the cocontracted TrA/IO peak (t38 = −1.90, P = .07) and mean (t38 = −1.81, P = .08). The test-retest reliability for the muscle thickness measure revealed excellent correlations (intraclass correlation coefficient range, 0.95–0.99).

Conclusions:

We are the first to demonstrate that a cocontraction of the ankle dorsiflexors with ADIM training might result in a thickness change in the TrA muscle and associated pain management in patients with chronic LBP.
Evaluation of Joint Position Recognition Measurement Variables Associated With Chronic Ankle Instability: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: McKeon Jennifer M. Medina , McKeon Patrick O.
Published: March 2017

Objective

To identify the most precise and consistent variables using joint repositioning for identifying joint position recognition (JPR) deficits in individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI).

Data Sources

We conducted a computerized search of the relevant scientific literature from January 1, 1965, to July 31, 2010, using PubMed Central, CINAHL, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science. We also conducted hand searches of all retrieved studies to identify relevant citations. Included studies were written in English, involved human participants, and were published in peer-reviewed journals.

Study Selection

Studies were included in the analysis if the authors (1) had examined JPR deficits in patients with CAI using active or passive repositioning techniques, (2) had made comparisons with a group or contralateral limb without CAI, and (3) had provided means and standard deviations for the calculation of effect sizes.

Data Extraction

Studies were selected and coded independently and assessed for quality by the investigators. We evaluated 6 JPR variables: (1) study comparisons, (2) starting foot position, (3) repositioning method, (4) testing range of motion, (5) testing velocity, and (6) data-reduction method. The independent variable was group (CAI, control group or side without CAI). The dependent variable was errors committed during joint repositioning. Means and standard deviations for errors committed were extracted from each included study.

Data Synthesis

Effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals were calculated to make comparisons across studies. Separate meta-analyses were calculated to determine the most precise and consistent method within each variable. Between-groups comparisons that involved active repositioning starting from a neutral position and moving into plantar flexion or inversion at a rate of less than 5°/s as measured by the mean absolute error committed appeared to be the most sensitive and precise variables for detecting JPR deficits in people with CAI.
Infectious Disease Outbreaks in Competitive Sports, 2005–2010
Authors: Collins Cathal James , O'Connell Brian
Published: March 2017

Context

Old, evolving, and new infectious agents continually threaten the participation of competitors in sports.

Objective

To provide an update of the medical literature on infectious disease outbreaks in sport for the last 5 years (May 2005–November 2010).

Main Outcome Measure(s)

A total of 21 outbreaks or clusters were identified.

Results

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (n = 7, 33%; mainly community acquired) and tinea (trichophytosis: n = 6, 29%) were the most common pathogens responsible for outbreaks. Skin and soft tissue was the most common site of infection (n = 15, 71%).

Conclusions

The majority of outbreaks reported occurred in close-contact sports, mainly combat sports (ie, wrestling, judo) and American football. Twelve outbreaks (57%) involved high school or collegiate competitors. Common community outbreak pathogens, such as influenza virus and norovirus, have received little attention.
Frustrations Among Graduates of Athletic Training Education Programs
Authors: Bowman Thomas G. , Dodge Thomas M.
Published: March 2017

Context

Although previous researchers have begun to identify sources of athletic training student stress, the specific reasons for student frustrations are not yet fully understood. It is important for athletic training administrators to understand sources of student frustration to provide a supportive learning environment.

Objective

To determine the factors that lead to feelings of frustration while completing a professional athletic training education program (ATEP).

Design

Qualitative study.

Setting

National Athletic Trainers' Association (NATA) accredited postprofessional education program.

Patients or Other Participants

Fourteen successful graduates (12 women, 2 men) of accredited professional undergraduate ATEPs enrolled in an NATA-accredited postprofessional education program.

Data Collection and Analysis

We conducted semistructured interviews and analyzed data with a grounded theory approach using open, axial, and selective coding procedures. We negotiated over the coding scheme and performed peer debriefings and member checks to ensure trustworthiness of the results.

Results

Four themes emerged from the data: (1) Athletic training student frustrations appear to stem from the amount of stress involved in completing an ATEP, leading to anxiety and feelings of being overwhelmed. (2) The interactions students have with classmates, faculty, and preceptors can also be a source of frustration for athletic training students. (3) Monotonous clinical experiences often left students feeling disengaged. (4) Students questioned entering the athletic training profession because of the fear of work-life balance problems and low compensation.

Conclusions

In order to reduce frustration, athletic training education programs should validate students' decisions to pursue athletic training and validate their contributions to the ATEP; provide clinical education experiences with graded autonomy; encourage positive personal interactions between students, faculty, and preceptors; and successfully model the benefits of a career in athletic training.
Lacrosse Helmet Facemask Removal
Authors: Bradney Debbie A. , Bowman Thomas G.
Published: March 2017

Context

Facemask removal (FMR) is required to access the airway of a catastrophically injured football or ice hockey athlete. However, the best method of caring for the helmeted lacrosse athlete with suspected catastrophic injury remains unclear.

Objective

To evaluate the effects of sex and grip strength on the speed and ease of use of various FMR methods across different lacrosse helmet types.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

Athletic training laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants

Fourteen athletic trainers (7 men, 7 women).

Intervention(s)

Removal method (cordless screwdriver [CSD], Face Mask Extractor 2 [FMX], pruner, Trainer's Angel [TA]), helmet type (Cascade CPX, Cascade Pro7, Riddell Revolution, Brine Triumph, Warrior Venom), and sex.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Facemask removal time and participant-reported ease of use of the removal method (6-point Likert scale).

Results

We found a 2-way interaction for removal method and sex only for the ease-of-use scores (F3,246 = 4.67, P = .01). A main effect for removal method for time (F3,200 = 19.41, P < .001) and ease of use (F3,200 = 53.78, P < .001) was seen. The fastest times (32.32 ± 11.70 seconds) and highest ease-of-use scores (4.94 ± 0.30) were recorded for the CSD. We noted a main effect for helmet type only for time (F4,200 = 5.34, P < .001), with the fastest removal times (72.75 ± 74.67 seconds) recorded for the CPX. We discovered a main effect for sex only for time (F1,200 = 17.57, P < .001), with slower times recorded for women (115.51 ± 110.80 seconds) than men (75.71 ± 83.87 seconds). We found correlations between FMR time and grip strength only when using the FMX (r = −0.40, P = .001), pruner (r = −0.26, P = .04), and TA (r = −0.26, P = .047).

Conclusions

Based on our results, FMR of lacrosse helmets should be attempted with a CSD. We recommend carrying a pruner as a backup cutting tool in case the CSD fails, practicing FMR regularly, and inspecting helmets for faulty hardware to reduce the chance of CSD failure.
Injured Athletes' Rehabilitation Beliefs and Subjective Well-Being: The Contribution of Hope and Social Support
Authors: Lu Frank J. H. , Hsu Yawen
Published: March 2017

Context

Injuries are a significant problem in the world of sports. Hope and social support are very important features in providing psychological help as people face life challenges such as sport injuries.

Objective

To examine how hope and social support uniquely and jointly predict postinjury rehabilitation beliefs, rehabilitation behavior, and subjective well-being.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

Four sports-injury rehabilitation centers of local universities in Taiwan.

Participants

A total of 224 injured Taiwanese collegiate student-athletes.

Main Outcomes Measure(s)

The Trait Hope Scale, the Sports Injury Rehabilitation Beliefs Survey, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, the Positive Affective and Negative Affective Scale, and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support were completed by participants after they received their regular rehabilitation treatment.

Results

We conducted hierarchical regressions and found that social support and 2 types of hope in injured athletes predicted their rehabilitation beliefs and subjective well-being. However, only hope agency predicted their rehabilitation behavior. Also, hope and social support had an interactive effect on the prediction of subjective well-being; for participants with low hope pathways, the perception of more social support was associated with higher levels of subjective well-being, whereas social support had only a relatively low association with subjective well-being among participants with high hope pathways.

Conclusions

Enhancing hope perceptions and strengthening injured athletes' social support during rehabilitation are beneficial to rehabilitation behavior and subjective well-being.
Does Phototherapy Enhance Skeletal Muscle Contractile Function and Postexercise Recovery? A Systematic Review
Authors: Borsa Paul A. , Larkin Kelly A. , True Jerry M.
Published: March 2017

Context

Recently, researchers have shown that phototherapy administered to skeletal muscle immediately before resistance exercise can enhance contractile function, prevent exercise-induced cell damage, and improve postexercise recovery of strength and function.

Objective

To critically evaluate original research addressing the ability of phototherapeutic devices, such as lasers and light-emitting diodes (LEDs), to enhance skeletal muscle contractile function, reduce exercise-induced muscle fatigue, and facilitate postexercise recovery.

Data Sources

We searched the electronic databases PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, Scopus, and Rehabilitation & Physical Medicine without date limitations for the following key words: laser therapy, phototherapy, fatigue, exercise, circulation, microcirculation, and photobiomodulation.

Study Selection

Eligible studies had to be original research published in English as full papers, involve human participants, and receive a minimum score of 7 out of 10 on the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale.

Data Extraction

Data of interest included elapsed time to fatigue, total number of repetitions to fatigue, total work performed, maximal voluntary isometric contraction (strength), electromyographic activity, and postexercise biomarker levels. We recorded the PEDro scores, beam characteristics, and treatment variables and calculated the therapeutic outcomes and effect sizes for the data sets.

Data Synthesis

In total, 12 randomized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria. However, we excluded data from 2 studies, leaving 32 data sets from 10 studies. Twenty-four of the 32 data sets contained differences between active phototherapy and sham (placebo-control) treatment conditions for the various outcome measures. Exposing skeletal muscle to single-diode and multidiode laser or multidiode LED therapy was shown to positively affect physical performance by delaying the onset of fatigue, reducing the fatigue response, improving postexercise recovery, and protecting cells from exercise-induced damage.

Conclusions

Phototherapy administered before resistance exercise consistently has been found to provide ergogenic and prophylactic benefits to skeletal muscle.
The Roles We Have as Hospital Pharmacists
Authors: Simpson Scot H
Published: March 2017

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Use of the 2008 Basel Consensus Statements to Assess, Realign, and Monitor Pharmacy Practice at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Northern Uganda: Illustrative Case Study, Part 2
Authors: Stacey Danielle , Vaillancourt Régis , Brander Lisa , Chenel Nathalie , McMahon Elizabeth , Wiebe Jennifer , Kirkwood Allison , Shaka Ghada , Cheng Doret
Published: March 2017

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2017 CSHP National Awards Program Winners / Programme national des prix 2017 de la SCPH : lauréats et lauréates
Authors: Authors Various
Published: March 2017

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The Year of the Cat
Authors: Roy Myrella
Published: March 2017

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Tribute to the Reviewers of the Canadian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy
Authors: Of Hospital Pharmacy The Canadian Journal
Published: March 2017

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Human Mechanical Impact Response Characteristics--Dynamic Response of the Human Abdomen
Authors:   Human Biomechanics and Simulations Standards Committee
Published: March 2017

This series of reports provides response characteristics of the head, face, neck, shoulder, thorax, lumbar spine, abdomen, pelvis, and lower extremities. In each report, the descriptions of human impact response are based on data judged by the subcommittee to provide the most appropriate information for the development of human surrogates.
Measurement of Interior Sound Levels of Light Vehicles
Authors:   Light Vehicle Exterior Sound Level Standards Committee
Published: March 2017

This SAE Recommended Practice establishes the test procedure, environment, instrumentation, and data analyses for comparing interior sound level of passenger cars, multipurpose vehicles, and light trucks having gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of 4540 kg (10 000 lb) or less.

The test procedure is characterized by having fixed initial conditions (specified initial vehicle speed and gear selection at the starting point on the test site) to obtain vehicle interior sound measurement during road load operation over various road surfaces at specified constant speeds.

The measurement data so derived is useful for vehicle engineering development and analysis.
Measurement of Vehicle and Suspension Parameters for Directional Control Studies
Authors:   Vehicle Dynamics Standards Committee
Published: March 2017

The parameters measured according to this SAE Recommended Practice will generally be used in simulating directional control performance in the linear range. (The "linear range" is the steady-state lateral acceleration below which steering wheel angle can generally be considered to be linearly related to lateral acceleration.) But they may be used for certain other simulations (such as primary ride motions), vehicle and suspension characterization and comparison, suspension development and optimization, and processing of road test data.

This document is intended to apply to passenger cars, light trucks, and on-highway recreational and commercial vehicles, both non-articulated and articulated. Measurement techniques are intended to apply to these vehicles, with alterations primarily in the scale of facilities required. But some differences do exist between passenger cars and trucks, especially heavy trucks, such as differences in body/frame flexibility, suspension stiffness, and suspension friction. These will be addressed in this document or SAE J1574-2, where appropriate.
Laboratory Speed Test Procedure for Light Truck Tires
Authors:   Highway Tire Committee
Published: March 2017

This SAE Recommended Practice provides a method for testing the speed performance of light truck tires under controlled conditions in the laboratory on a test wheel.
Recommended Practice for Control and Communications Network for On-Highway Equipment
Authors:   Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Published: March 2017

This series of recommended practices are intended for heavy duty
vehicles used on roads (on-highway). It is recognized that these
recommended practices or portions may be utilized for other
applications such as stationary applications which use vehicle
derived components (e.g., generator sets). Such alternative
applications are allowed even though they are not the primary
intent of this SAE recommended practice.

The purpose of these recommended practices is to provide an open
interconnect system for electronic systems. It is the intention of
these recommended practices to allow electronic devices to
communicate with each other by providing a standard
architecture.

Vehicles covered include all on-highway straight trucks and road
trains. A road train consists of one towing vehicle (tractor), and
one or more towed vehicle(s) (trailers and dollies). Dolly axles
within the road train are considered to be towed vehicles.
Ship Systems and Equipment--Disposable Hydraulic Filter Element--190 L/Min Flow, 21 Mpa Collapse Pressure, Filtration Ratio = 75 At 7 Gmm
Authors:   Ship Systems - System Cleanliness and Filters Committee
Published: March 2017

This specification sheet establishes requirements for a high collapse pressure configuration filter element of a specific configuration with a minimum filtration ratio of 75 for particles larger than 7 μm when designed and tested in accordance with SAE J2321 and this specification sheet.
Ship Systems and Equipment--Disposable Hydraulic Filter Elements--21 Mpa Collapse Pressure, Filtration Ratio = 75 At 10 Gmm, 75 to 175 L/Min
Authors:   Ship Systems - System Cleanliness and Filters Committee
Published: March 2017

This specification sheet establishes requirements for high collapse pressure configuration filter elements of several configurations with a minimum filtration ratio of 75 for particles larger than 10 μm when designed and tested in accordance with SAE J 2321 and this specification sheet.
Stakeholder's Workshop Information Report
Authors:   ITS Council
Published: March 2017

This SAE Information Report describes requirements gathering workshops for Public Sector use of ITS Referencing Datums.
Unrepresented model errors – effect on estimated soil hydraulic
material properties
Authors: Jaumann Stefan , Roth Kurt
Published: March 2017

Abstract. We investigate the quantitative effect of unrepresented (i) sensor position uncertainty, (ii) small scale-heterogeneity, and (iii) 2D flow phenomena on estimated effective soil hydraulic material properties. Therefore, a complicated 2D subsurface architecture (ASSESS) was forced with a fluctuating groundwater table. Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR), Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), and hydraulic potential measurement devices monitored the hydraulic state during the experiment. Since the measurement data are analyzed with an inversion method, starting close to the measurement data is key. Therefore, we developed a method which estimates the initial water content distribution by approximating the soil water characteristic on the basis of TDR measurement data and the position of the groundwater table. In order to reduce parameter bias due to unrepresented model errors, we implemented a structural error analysis to identify uncertain model components which have to be included in the parameter estimation. Hence, focussing on TDR and hydraulic potential data, we realized a 1D and a 2D study with increasingly complex setups: Starting with estimating effective hydraulic material properties, we added the estimation of sensor positions, the estimation of small-scale heterogeneity, or both. The analysis of these studies with a modified Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm demonstrates three main points: (i) The approximated soil water characteristic for the initial water content distribution is reasonably close to inversion results. (ii) Although the material properties resulting from 1D and 2D studies are similar, the 1D studies are likely to yield biased parameters due to unrepresented lateral flow. (iii) Representing and estimating sensor positions as well as small-scale heterogeneity improves the mean absolute error by more than a factor of 2.
Feasibility analysis of using inverse modeling for estimating field-scale evapotranspiration in maize and soybean fields from soil water content monitoring networks
Authors: Foolad Foad , Franz Trenton E. , Wang Tiejun , Gibson Justin , Kilic Ayse , Allen Richard G. , Suyker Andrew
Published: March 2017

Abstract. In this study, the feasibility of using inverse vadose zone modeling for estimating field-scale actual evapotranspiration (ETa) was explored at a long-term agricultural monitoring site in eastern Nebraska. Data from both point-scale soil water content (SWC) sensors and the area-average technique of cosmic-ray neutron probes were evaluated against independent ETa estimates from a co-located eddy covariance tower. While this methodology has been successfully used for estimates of groundwater recharge, it was essential to assess the performance of other components of the water balance such as ETa. In light of recent evaluations of land surface models (LSMs), independent estimates of hydrologic state variables and fluxes are critically needed benchmarks. The results here indicate reasonable estimates of daily and annual ETa from the point sensors, but with highly varied soil hydraulic function parameterizations due to local soil texture variability. The results of multiple soil hydraulic parameterizations leading to equally good ETa estimates is consistent with the hydrological principle of equifinality. While this study focused on one particular site, the framework can be easily applied to other SWC monitoring networks across the globe. The value-added products of groundwater recharge and ETa flux from the SWC monitoring networks will provide additional and more robust benchmarks for the validation of LSM that continues to improve their forecast skill. In addition, the value-added products of groundwater recharge and ETa often have more direct impacts on societal decision-making than SWC alone. Water flux impacts human decision-making from policies on the long-term management of groundwater resources (recharge), to yield forecasts (ETa), and to optimal irrigation scheduling (ETa). Illustrating the societal benefits of SWC monitoring is critical to insure the continued operation and expansion of these public datasets.
Liquid water content in ice estimated through a full-depth ground radar profile and borehole measurements in western Greenland
Authors: Brown Joel , Harper Joel , Humphrey Neil
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Liquid water content (wetness) within glacier ice is known to strongly control ice viscosity and ice deformation processes. Little is known about wetness of ice on the outer flanks of the Greenland Ice Sheet, where a temperate layer of basal ice exists. This study integrates borehole and radar surveys collected in June 2012 to provide direct estimates of englacial ice wetness in the ablation zone of western Greenland. We estimate electromagnetic propagation velocity of the ice body by inverting reflection travel times from radar data. Our inversion is constrained by ice thickness measured in boreholes and by positioning of a temperate–cold ice boundary identified in boreholes. Electromagnetic propagation velocities are consistent with a depth-averaged wetness of ∼  0.5–1.1 %. The inversion indicates that wetness within the ice varies from  <  0.1 % in an upper cold layer to  ∼  2.9–4.6 % in a 130–150 m thick temperate layer located above the glacier bed. Such high wetness should yield high rates of shear strain, which need to be accounted for in glacial flow models that focus on the ablation zone of Greenland. This high wetness also needs to be accounted for when determining ice thickness from radar measurements.
Nacelle power curve measurement with spinner anemometer and uncertainty evaluation
Authors: Demurtas Giorgio , Friis Pedersen Troels , Wagner Rozenn
Published: March 2017

Abstract. The objective of this investigation was to verify the feasibility of using the spinner anemometer calibration and nacelle transfer function determined on one reference wind turbine, in order to assess the power performance of a second identical turbine. An experiment was set up with a met mast in a position suitable to measure the power curve of the two wind turbines, both equipped with a spinner anemometer. An IEC 61400-12-1-compliant power curve was then measured for both wind turbines using the met mast. The NTF (nacelle transfer function) was measured on the reference wind turbine and then applied to both turbines to calculate the free wind speed. For each of the two wind turbines, the power curve (PC) was measured with the met mast and the nacelle power curve (NPC) with the spinner anemometer. Four power curves (two PCs and two NPCs) were compared in terms of AEP (annual energy production) for a Rayleigh wind speed probability distribution. For each wind turbine, the NPC agreed with the corresponding PC within 0.10 % of AEP for the reference wind turbine and within 0.38 % for the second wind turbine, for a mean wind speed of 8 m s−1.
“Think Like a Lawyer” Using a Legal Reasoning Grid and Criterion-Referenced Assessment Rubric on IRAC (Issue, Rule, Application, Conclusion)
Authors: Burton Kelley
Published: March 2017

The Australian Learning and Teaching Council’s Bachelor of Laws Learning and Teaching Academic Standards Statement identified “thinking skills” as one of the six threshold learning outcomes for a Bachelor of Laws Program, which reinforced the significance of learning, teaching and assessing “thinking skills” in law schools (Kift, Israel & Field, 2010). The fundamental conceptions underpinning “thinking skills” in a legal education context are “legal reasoning,” “critical analysis” and “creative thinking.”  These conceptions shed light on what it means to “think like a lawyer” and help shape a professional legal identity. This paper identifies a number of acronyms used to teach traditional “legal reasoning,” drawing particular attention to IRAC, which is commonly understood within the legal academy as Issue, Rule, Application and Conclusion. An incremental development approach to learning, teaching and assessing IRAC is recommended whereby first year law students use a legal reasoning grid to a simple problem-based question before applying IRAC to a more complicated problem-based question in the form of barrister’s advice. An example of a criterion-referenced assessment rubric that breaks IRAC down into five performance standards is shared with the community of practice. 
La trayectoria poética de Rubén Darío a la luz del parnasianismo. I: de Nicaragua a París
Authors: Feria Miguel Ángel
Published: March 2017

La trayectoria poética de Rubén Darío corre paralela al desarrollo intrínseco del modernismo, desde sus primeras tentativas románticas y parnasianas hasta la posterior asimilación de las novedades del decadentismo y el simbolismo. La lírica francesa del siglo XIX, y en concreto la escuela del Parnasse contemporain, jugó un papel fundamental en la génesis de la modernidad literaria en nuestras letras, en cuyo epicentro Darío encarnó todo el devenir del espíritu del Fin de Siglo. Partiendo de sus primeros balbuceos en Centroamérica hasta su crucial estancia en el París de 1893, donde se produjo su primer contacto cabal con el simbolismo, fue sin duda el parnasianismo la estética que, casi exclusivamente, configuró la voz poética del mayor de nuestros modernistas.