bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nietzsche and Freud: Disaffinities
Authors: Berthold Daniel
Published: January 2019

Much has been written on the similarities between Nietzsche and Freud, and Freud himself spoke of his ‘return to Nietzsche’. I argue, however, that at least with respect to their conceptions of the nature of science – Freud’s psychoanalysis and Nietzsche’s ‘gay’ science – Freud never ‘returned’ to Nietzsche at all, but on the contrary, must be situated in the position of a significant departure or break. I focus on how these contrasting visions of science rest on fundamentally different perspectives on the nature of truth and reality and on the relation between science and art. Ultimately both see a primary task of their science to be the understanding of illness, and I will close by showing how their contrasting scientific temperaments led to equally divergent views of the meaning of health and illness. However deep Freud’s attraction to Nietzsche, he finally remained profoundly distant from him. Indeed, the affinities so often invoked between Nietzsche and Freud often tend to obscure far-reaching dis-affinities.
Carnival exhausted: Roguishness and resistance in W. G. Sebald
Authors: Stacy Ivan
Published: January 2019

This article examines the under-acknowledged presence of carnivalesque elements in W. G. Sebald’s prose fiction. While the carnivalesque holds a less prominent position than melancholy in Sebald’s work, it is nevertheless a persistent aspect, although its presence decreases in his later texts and is almost entirely absent from Austerlitz. The article argues that these elements form part of Sebald’s resistant stance towards the dominant discourses of modernity. On this basis, the article discusses the carnivalesque in Vertigo, The Emigrants and The Rings of Saturn from two perspectives. First, it examines the presence of carnivalesque figures and locations, arguing that these are evidence of carnival’s exhaustion, and of the way that modernity has closed down the possibility of licensed transgression. Second, it argues that the narrators themselves are duplicitous, ‘masked’ figures whose inconsistencies and ethical transgressions are central to Sebald’s project of unbinding modern subjectivity.
The impact of control strategies on space heating system efficiency in low-energy buildings
Authors: Brembilla Christian , Renman Ronny , Soleimani-Mohseni Mohsen , Östin Ronny , Olofsson Thomas
Published: January 2019

In this study efficiency factors measure the thermal energy performance for space heating. This study deals with the influence of control strategies on the efficiency factors of space heating and its distribution system. An adaptive control is developed and applied to two types of heating curves (linear and non-linear) for a low-energy building equipped with renewable energy sources. The building is modelled with a hybrid approach (law-driven + data-driven model). The model of the floor heating is calibrated and validated by assessing the uncertainty bands for flow temperatures and mass flow rate. Benefits and drawbacks of linear and non-linear heating curves are highlighted to illustrate their impact on space heating thermodynamic behaviour and on the efficiency factors of the space heating system.

Practical application: The study reveals that applying commercial building energy simulation software is worthwhile to determine reliable energy performance predictions. Massless building models are not capable of simulating the thermodynamic response of a building subjected to different control strategies. In particular, the application of different heating curves (linear and non-linear) to massless building models leaves the amount of mass flow rate delivered to the space heating unchanged when the building is subjected to sharp variations of the outdoor temperature.
p16 Influence on Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Relapse and Survival
Authors: Sánchez Barrueco Alvaro , González Galán Fernando , Villacampa Aubá José Miguel , Díaz Tapia Gonzalo , Fernández Hernández Sofía , Martín‐Arriscado Arroba Cristina , Cenjor Español Carlos , Almodóvar Álvarez Carlos
Published: January 2019

Objective

(1) To identify p16 protein in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) specimens and to correlate it with the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) found in these specimens from a previous study. (2) To analyze p16 impact on 10‐year overall and disease‐free survival.

Study Design

Retrospective case series with oncologic database chart review.

Setting

Academic tertiary care hospital.

Subjects

A total of 123 samples of LSCC (taken from the glottis only) from patients treated with primary surgical resection between 1977 and 2005.

Methods

p16 protein expression was analyzed through immunohistochemistry and compared with the presence of HPV established in our previous studies. Results were compared with histologic, clinicopathologic, and survival parameters, with a 10‐year follow‐up.

Results

Of the samples, 39.02% were positive for p16, but only 11.38% were positive for both p16 and HPV. The p16+ cohort showed a significant improvement in disease‐free survival (P =. 0022); statistical significance was not achieved for overall survival. p16+ cases had fewer relapses over time, with no relapses after a 2‐year follow‐up. Age at the time of diagnosis and tobacco consumption were the only epidemiologic factors that influenced overall survival.

Conclusion

The expression of p16 protein was a beneficial prognostic factor for disease‐free survival among patients with LSCC of the glottis, with no relapses after a 2‐year follow‐up.
Occupational Burnout among Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Trainees in Australia
Authors: Raftopulos Marco , Wong Eugene H. , Stewart Thomas E. , Boustred R. Niell , Harvey Richard J. , Sacks Raymond
Published: January 2019

Objectives

Surgical trainee burnout has gained attention recently as a significant factor leading to poorer quality of patient care, decreased productivity, and personal dysfunction. As a result, we aimed to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors for burnout among otolaryngology–head and neck surgery (OHNS) trainees in Australia.

Study Design

Cross‐sectional survey.

Setting

National cohort of accredited OHNS trainees in Australia.

Subjects and Methods

Participants completed the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). Trainee burnout was defined if any threshold of the 3 MBI domains—emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, or personal accomplishment—reached an established high threshold. Demographic data on potential predictors of burnout, such as stressors, workload, satisfaction, and support systems, were collected from survey responses. Predictors were compared with the burnout status.

Results

Of 67 OHNS trainees, 60 responded (66.7% men). Burnout was common among respondents, with 73.3% suffering from burnout in at least 1 of the 3 MBI domains (70.0%, emotional exhaustion; 46.7%, depersonalization; 18.3%, personal accomplishment). Trainee burnout was significantly influenced by training location (chi‐square, P =. 05), living geographically apart from social supports (odds ratio [OR], 3.49; chi‐square, P =. 007), number of years trained rurally or away from social supports (Kendall's tau‐B, P =. 03), difficulty balancing work and nonwork commitments (OR, 10.0; chi‐square, P =. 03), training negatively affecting their partner or family (OR, 14.30; chi‐square, P =. 05), and feeling uncomfortable approaching a supervisor (OR, 2.50; chi‐square, P <. 0001).

Conclusion

Burnout was found to be very common among OHNS trainees in Australia. The statistically significant predictors identified should be addressed to minimize trainee burnout.
Unsolicited Patient Complaints among Otolaryngologists
Authors: Nassiri Ashley M. , Pichert James W. , Domenico Henry J. , Galloway Mitchell B. , Cooper William O. , Bennett Marc L.
Published: January 2019

Objectives

To analyze unsolicited patient complaints (UPCs) among otolaryngologists, identify risk factors for UPCs, and determine the impact of physician feedback on subsequent UPCs.

Methods

This retrospective study reviewed UPCs associated with US otolaryngologists from 140 medical practices from 2014 to 2017. A subset of otolaryngologists with high UPCs received peer‐comparative feedback and was monitored for changes.

Results

The study included 29,778 physicians, of whom 548 were otolaryngologists. UPCs described concerns with treatment (45%), communication (19%), accessibility (18%), concern for patients and families (10%), and billing (8%). Twenty‐nine (5.3%) otolaryngologists were associated with 848 of 3659 (23.2%) total UPCs. Male sex and graduation from a US medical school were statistically significantly associated with an increased number of UPCs (P =. 0070 and P =. 0036, respectively). Twenty‐nine otolaryngologists with UPCs at or above the 95th percentile received peer‐comparative feedback. The intervention led to an overall decrease in the number of UPCs following intervention (P =. 049). Twenty otolaryngologists (69%) categorized as “responders” reduced the number of complaints an average of 45% in the first 2 years following intervention.

Discussion

Physician demographic data can be used to identify otolaryngologists with a greater number of UPCs. Most commonly, UPCs expressed concern regarding treatment. Peer‐delivered, comparative feedback can be effective in reducing UPCs in high‐risk otolaryngologists.

Implications for Practice

Systematic monitoring and respectful sharing of peer‐comparative patient complaint data offers an intervention associated with UPCs and concomitant malpractice risk reduction. Collegial feedback over time increases the response rate, but a small proportion of physicians will require directive interventions.
Predischarge home visits after hip fracture: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Lockwood Kylee J , Harding Katherine E , Boyd Jude N , Taylor Nicholas F
Published: January 2019

Objective:

The objective of this study is to investigate whether home assessment visits prior to hospital discharge for patients recovering from hip fracture reduce falls and prevent hospital readmissions, within the first 30 days and six months after discharge home.

Design:

A randomized controlled trial was conducted.

Setting:

The study setting included hospital wards and the community.

Participants:

The study included adults 50 years and over recovering from hip fracture ( n = 77).

Intervention:

Both groups received inpatient rehabilitation and hospital-based discharge planning. In addition, the intervention group received a home assessment visit by an occupational therapist prior to discharge from hospital.

Main measures:

Primary outcomes were falls and hospital readmissions. Secondary outcome measures included Functional Independence Measure, Functional Autonomy Measurement Scale, Nottingham Extended Activities of Daily Living Scale, EuroQol five dimension scale questionnaire and Falls Efficacy Scale-International.

Results:

The intervention group had fewer hospital readmissions in the first 30 days compared to the control group (intervention n = 1, control n = 10; odds ratio (OR) 12.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5 to 99.2). The intervention group was observed to have fewer falls than controls in the 30 days after discharge (intervention n = 6, control n = 14; incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 0.41, 95% CI 0.15 to 1.11). Between-group differences favoured the intervention group for functional independence at six months (11.2 units, 95% CI 4.2 to 18.2). There were no other between-group differences.

Conclusion:

Home assessment visits by occupational therapists prior to hospital discharge for patients recovering from hip fracture reduced the number of readmissions to hospital, increased functional independence at six months and may have reduced the risk of falls in the first 30 days after discharge.
Dopamine manipulations drive changes in information sampling in healthy volunteers
Authors: Vicario-Feliciano Raquel , Wigton Rebekah L , White Thomas P , Shergill Sukhi S , Averbeck Bruno B
Published: January 2019

Background:

Information sampling is the cognitive process of accumulating information before committing to a decision. Patients across numerous disorders show decreased information sampling relative to controls.

Aims:

Here, we used the Beads and the Best Choice Tasks to study the role of dopamine signaling in information sampling.

Methods:

Participants were given placebo, amisulpride, or ropinirole in each session, in a double-blind cross-over design.

Results:

We found that ropinirole (agonist) increased the number of beads drawn in the Beads Task specifically when participants faced a loss, and decreased the rank of the chosen option in the Best Choice Task.

Conclusions:

These effects are likely driven by a combination of effects at presynaptic D2 receptors, which affect dopamine release, and post-synaptic D2 receptors. Increased D2 relative to D1 receptor activation in the striatum leads to increased sampling in the loss condition in the Beads Task. It also leads to choice of a poorer ranked option in the Best Choice Task. Decreased D2 relative to D1 receptor activation leads to decreased sampling in the Beads Task in the loss condition.
“They Were Built to Last”: Anticonsumption and the Materiality of Waste in Obsolete Buildings
Authors: Anderson Stephanie , Hamilton Kathy , Tonner Andrea
Published: January 2019

Previous consumer research on waste has prioritized disposable and low-involvement possessions. The authors extend scholarship into the context of obsolete buildings to better engage with the complex materiality of waste and to explore the role anticonsumption plays in consumers’ valuations of end-stage consumption. This study focuses on the phenomenon of urban exploration, a subculture that seeks to discover and explore derelict buildings. Drawing on an ethnographic study including in-depth interviews, the authors reveal how anticonsumption manifests in the urban environment in terms of alternative understandings of value. In contrast to the economic valuations that often dominate public policy decision making, this study highlights the need for policy makers to consider diverse, and perhaps conflicting, value regimes. The authors propose an Obsolescence Impact Evaluation that enables a systematic assessment of the stakeholders potentially affected by redevelopment and/or demolition, differing regimes of valuation relevant to these outcomes, and potential uses of the buildings. The authors suggest various ways that public policy makers can take advantage of this tool.
The Ecological Impact of Anticonsumption Lifestyles and Environmental Concern
Authors: Kropfeld Maren Ingrid , Nepomuceno Marcelo Vinhal , Dantas Danilo C.
Published: January 2019

Unsustainable consumption is an important cause of the continued deterioration of the global environment. The authors compare the ecological impact of anticonsumption lifestyles and environmental concern. Findings indicate that high scores on anticonsumption lifestyles (voluntary simplicity, frugality, and tightwadism) and environmental concern are associated with lower ecological impact. More precisely, the findings show that these lifestyles are not associated with a reduction in consumption, as their stereotypes would imply. Voluntary simplicity (β = −.286) and tightwadism (β = −.216) show a stronger association with lower ecological impact (i.e., are less harmful to the environment) than environmental concern (β = −.190), whereas frugality (β = −.089) is not associated with reduced impact after demographic variables were controlled for. The findings pertaining to voluntary simplicity and tightwadism suggest that resisting consumption is an alternative path toward more sustainable consumption. Public policy makers and marketers can build on these findings and include reduced consumption and sufficiency in their sustainability strategies.
The Intersection of Sustainable Consumption and Anticonsumption: Repurposing to Extend Product Life Spans
Authors: Scott Kristin A. , Weaver S. Todd
Published: January 2019

One of the primary causes of environmental problems is the overconsumption of natural resources, such as those invested in the production of consumer goods. To combat overconsumption, some researchers and policy makers have suggested that consumers should extend product life spans through sustainable and anticonsumption practices. In keeping with this proposition, the authors use the consumer context of repurposing to explore the extension of product life spans through processes of reusing and reclaiming. The results identify the antecedents, processes, and outcomes of repurposing. Antecedents of repurposing include social influences, repurposing motivations, and object agency. The process of repurposing takes three forms: aesthetic, functional, and amalgamative. Repurposing outcomes include value creation, behavioral and perception effects, and identity effects. Overall, the results offer marketers and policy makers insights into repurposing as an important avenue for lengthening product life spans and promoting sustainable consumption.
Living the African Dream: How Subsistence Entrepreneurs Move to Middle-Class Consumer Markets in Developing and Emerging Countries
Authors: Babah Daouda Falylath , Ingenbleek Paul T.M. , van Trijp Hans C.M.
Published: January 2019

The subsistence marketplaces literature has generated many insights on how the marketplaces of the poor function. One important issue that has remained understudied is how microentrepreneurs who start their career in poverty manage to break the status quo of subsistence marketplaces and obtain a stable position in the middle classes of developing and emerging countries. This article therefore investigates the business trajectories of entrepreneurs who have entered middle-class markets. The study shows that business development from lower-income to middle-class consumer markets is a stepwise process. Microentrepreneurs begin by serving relatives and acquaintances from their homes, then serve customers that they meet out on the street, and then upgrade their value propositions to target middle-class customers. Some of them further increase their businesses by entering business markets. From a strategic marketing perspective, the authors analyze the changes in resources and stakeholders that underlie the upgrades of the value propositions. The results provide implications for policy makers to create new jobs, generate tax revenues by formalizing businesses, and foster social mobility in emerging markets.
A Test of Policy Makers’ Formal and Lay Theories Regarding Health Care Prices
Authors: Fitzgerald M. Paula , Yencha Christopher
Published: January 2019

Politicians, think tanks, and advocacy groups have proposed paths to reduce prices and improve outcomes in the U.S. health care market. These paths tend to follow a combination of formal neoclassical economic theory and lay theory that posits solutions focused on increasing competition, reducing regulations, and normative beliefs about price→quality and price→cost relationships. The authors identify these formal and informal theories and test five tenets of health care reform. The results, based on over seven million consumer–hospital interactions across the United States, when combined with other empirical work, suggest that increased competition among hospitals is associated with lower hospital procedure prices; however, increased competition among insurers is associated with higher prices. Policy makers should not, in the current environment, rely on the tenet that reducing regulations will reduce hospital prices, nor should they assume that health care quality and price are positively correlated. The authors discuss the complexity of the health care market and identify possible reasons why the market does not always operate as predicted. Finally, the authors offer policy implications and research directions.
Using Information-Processing Principles in Public Policymaking
Authors: Mazis Michael B. , Staelin Richard
Published: January 2019

Effective consumer disclosure programs require an understanding of information-processing principles. Examples of successful and unsuccessful approaches are described to illustrate “bottlenecks” which may prevent information from reaching the consumer.
Market Segmentation and Product Liability
Authors: Trombetta William L. , Morgan Fred W.
Published: January 2019

This article deals with the overall relationship between product liability and market segmentation. The legal concepts of foreseeability and notice are related to market segmentation in the context of disadvantaged consumer segments. In addition, the role of marketing research in supporting or defending a liability allegation is discussed.
Prime-Time Television, Sleeping Habits, and Energy Conservation
Authors: Hendon Donald W.
Published: January 2019

Surveys were taken to determine if there is any correlation between the ending of network prime-time TV programs and choice of time to go to sleep at night, and to determine what effect an earlier prime time would have on the choice of time to go to sleep and on energy consumed during sleeping hours. Television viewing was found to be an important determinant of when people go to sleep. As a result, it is recommended that a uniform prime time of 7 to 10 P.M. be implemented in all time zones, which would save approximately 2 percent of all residential energy consumed in the U.S.
Day-after Recall of Listerine Corrective Commercials
Authors: Mazis Michael B. , Mcneill Dennis L. , Bernhardt Kenneth L.
Published: January 2019

The communication effectiveness of Listerine corrective advertising was assessed through unaided and aided recall measures. The four day-after recall tests revealed that insertion of a corrective message does not have an adverse effect on consumer recall of Listerine's primary sales message. However, there was low unaided and aided recall of the remedial statement, “Listerine will not help prevent colds or sore throats or lessen their severity.” As a result, questions are raised about effectiveness of the FTC's corrective advertising order.
The Marketing Practitioner as Political Actor
Authors: Pearce Michael R.
Published: January 2019

In recent years, managers have been confronted with an increasing number of public attacks on their marketing practices. This paper describes a managerial approach for anticipating and coping with such attacks. Further, some observations are offered about general trends affecting the public arena of marketing and the implications of these trends for marketing research, education, and practice.
The Effect of Nutritional Information Disclosure in Advertising: An Information Processing Approach
Authors: Brucks Merrie , Mitchell Andrew A. , Staelin Richard
Published: January 2019

The effect of providing nutritional information in food advertisements is examined experimentally in this study. The results indicated that this information only affected the early stages of processing. An econometric model indicated that nutritional knowledge and product class characteristics affected different stages of the information acquisition process.
An Empirical Study of Consumers’ Sensitivity to the Wording of Affirmative Disclosure Messages
Authors: Funkhouser G. Ray
Published: January 2019

The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a field experimental study which tested consumer comprehension of three versions of an affirmative disclosure message. The versions differed in relatively slight and subtle ways, yet produced significant differences in consumer comprehension and understanding of the message. The results of the study suggest that the majority of consumers are quite able to comprehend and understand simple product information messages but are highly sensitive to differences and even subtle nuances in messages, underscoring the need for empirical testing of any such message that is intended to affect consumer beliefs or behavior.
Characteristics of Consumer Complainants: Implications for Marketing and Public Policy
Authors: Moyer Mel S.
Published: January 2019

Compared to more passive consumers, active complainers are upscale demographically and are more active information seekers. They are not more critical of the marketplace. They are more negative toward government assistance to consumers and more pessimistic about the effectiveness of consumer organizations. These findings mean that if they are to be fully effective, especially when operated by governments and consumer organizations, complaint-handling systems must be augmented by other intelligence-gathering instruments, must be more consumer-oriented, and must be positioned around target clienteles.
Energy Issues and the Retail Industry: Public Policy/Marketing Implications
Authors: Mills Michael K.
Published: January 2019

This paper describes the results of a recent study designed to measure retailers’ attitudes and policy-responses toward energy issues as they affect their stores. Specifically examined were retailers’ views toward conservation, energy management, and governmental actions in the energy area, the effects of energy shortages on retail operations, sources of energy management information, and energy responsive behaviors performed by retail firms. Particular attention is paid to the public policy and future energy management implications of these findings.
NASA's Space Shuttle: Policy Decisions in the Wake of Kondratieff Wave Interactions
Authors: Greene C. Scott , Miesing Paul
Published: January 2019

Industrial opportunities and contributions to life's quality made possible through the U.S. fleet of space shuttles could be immense. Public policy decisions pertaining to that technological innovation will profoundly influence the timing and extent of its effects on domestic and international competition, and on our society. Through a far-sighted marketing orientation, public policy makers can cooperate with industry to achieve a timely synergistic result.
Ancient Marketing Practices: The View from Talmudic Times
Authors: Friedman Hershey H.
Published: January 2019

The Talmud, completed approximately 1,500 years ago, is the compilation of Jewish oral law. In it, we find reflected many of the marketing practices of ancient Babylonia and Israel. This paper demonstrates that many of our current business laws and practices had their counterparts in ancient times and that, in some areas, Talmudic standards were stricter than ours are today.
The Impact of a Nutrition Information Program on Food Purchases
Authors: Levy Alan S. , Mathews Odonna , Stephenson Marilyn , Tenney Janet E. , Schucker Raymond E.
Published: January 2019

A quasi-experimental repeated measures design using a matched set of 20 test and comparison supermarkets in the Washington, D. C. and Baltimore, Md., metropolitan areas was used to evaluate a nutrition information program called “Special Diet Alert” (SDA) introduced by Giant Food, Inc. into Washington, D. C. stores in March 1981. The objective of the SDA program was to help supermarket shoppers find products for special diet needs by providing brand-specific (i.e., individual product level) shelf markers that identified products considered low or reduced in sodium, calories, cholesterol, and fat, supplemented by take-away information booklets available from a rack in the store which listed SDA brand names and specific nutrient values. Market shares of these products were tracked over the two-year evaluation period in Washington, D. C. and Baltimore stores. The pattern of differential sales trends across 16 individual food categories was complicated, but sales of shelf-marked products increased on the average 4 to 8 percent more over the two-year evaluation period in Washington, D. C. than in Baltimore, Md. stores. The average magnitude of effect attributable to SDA was modest in comparison with other factors influencing consumer purchases, highlighting the need for powerful evaluation designs to assess the effectiveness of information programs that operate in the context of many other more powerful influences. Further research is needed to determine which aspects of the SDA program were critical to its success, but one obvious difference between SDA and other in-store nutrition information programs that have been reported in the literature was the use of individual brand-specific shelf markers to deliver nutrition information to shoppers rather than prominently displayed sectional posters and detailed educational pamphlets.
Designing and Marketing Consumer Energy Conservation Policies and Programs: Implications from a Decade of Research
Authors: Ritchie J. R. Brent , McDougall Gordon H. G.
Published: January 2019

Between 1973 and 1983 there was a marked increase in reported research concerning consumer behavior and energy use. The present study evaluates this research, identifies those findings judged most significant, and discusses their theoretical and practical implications for the design and marketing of consumer energy conservation policies and programs.
Residential Energy Conservation: An Investigation of the Post Tax Credit Era in the U.S.
Authors: McDevitt Paul , Peterson Robin
Published: January 2019

This study examines a number of determinants of household energy conservation behavior. Personal interview data collected from a large national sample are analyzed in an effort to identify correlates of energy conservation investment. Based on the findings, a number of policy prescriptions are set forth.
The Demand for Alcoholic Beverages: An Aggregate Time-Series Analysis
Authors: Levy David , Sheflin Neil
Published: January 2019

We estimate the total demand for alcoholic beverages with annual U. S. time-series data from 1940–80 using two alternative measures of alcohol consumption. By concentrating on the total demand for alcoholic beverages we subsume the cross-price effects. Our results indicate a price elasticity of (minus)0.5 and an income elasticity of 0.4 and weak evidence of a somewhat higher propensity to consume alcoholic beverages by those under 21. After correcting for heteroskedasticity, the estimates are found to be statistically stable over the sample period.
Product Liability in the ‘80s
Authors: Dworkin Terry Morehead , Sheffet Mary Jane
Published: January 2019

In the last decade recent court decisions have greatly increased the manufacturer's liability. Expansion of strict liability, increases in awards of punitive damages, and development of new theories such as market share liability to deal with the so-called “delayed manifestation” cases are examples of this judicial expansion. This paper discusses these decisions, the recent legislative proposals made to counter them, and delineates some steps manufacturers should take for protection.
An Empirical Study of Alternate Formats for Nutritional Information Disclosure in Advertising
Authors: Venkatesan M. , Lancaster Wade , Kendall Kenneth W.
Published: January 2019

The effects of three alternative formats for providing nutritional information in food advertisements in television and print media were examined experimentally in this study. The results indicated that the choice of format was affected by the type of medium.
Post-Marketing Surveillance in Pharmaceuticals: Reactions
Authors: Murray J. Alex
Published: January 2019

Numerous recent deaths have been linked to government-approved prescription medicines which revealed no toxic effects during pre-market tests. Governments want to mandate a legal post-marketing surveillance program which would monitor and scrutinize individual drugs over their life cycle. The industry is divided in its response. Some executives refer to the proposed action as “overkill” while others simply anticipate more government regulations. A third group endorses the efforts of government as a positive step in mitigating public fears before they become epidemic.

This paper focuses on this struggle within the industry and between the industry and government. Research was undertaken to examine industry reaction to government surveillance systems and to analyze the results within a framework of coping behavior. In addition, relationships are drawn between market structure and corporate response, and between government-mandated responsibility to consumer concerns and industry's numerous stakeholders.
Legislative Responses to the Plight of New Car Purchasers: A Missed Marketing Opportunity
Authors: Samuels Linda B. , Coffinberger Richard L. , McCrohan Kevin F.
Published: January 2019

The purpose of this paper is to review the trend in federal and state legislation to solve the warranty-related problems of purchasers of new automobiles with serious mechanical problems which cannot be eliminated by a reasonable number of repair attempts. These cars are commonly called “lemons.” The managerial implications of these trends with respect to the consumer-complaining literature are discussed.
Intra-Industry Joint Liability: Implications for Marketing
Authors: Boedecker Karl A. , Morgan Fred W.
Published: January 2019

Market share liability is the most recent product liability development in the area of intra-industry joint liability, in which all members of an industry are sued. The various intra-industry approaches by which a consumer can recover for injuries are reviewed in this article, and their implications for marketing are examined.
Children and Shopping: Some Public Policy Questions
Authors: Reece Bonnie B.
Published: January 2019

Children begin to shop independently in the early school years. This paper describes some of the shopping tasks they need to perform and the cognitive skills which underlie those tasks. Parental controls and education are recommended to assist young shoppers who are still learning how to shop.
Big Brother 1994: Marketing Data and the IRS
Authors: Baker R.C. , Dickinson Roger , Hollander Stanley
Published: January 2019

Marketers need to be alert to the threat to important facets of their information gathering and processing activities that will arise from the increasing perception of the need to exercise enhanced vigilance to protect privacy in the face of the computer revolution. Marketing practitioners and marketing scholars are data hungry, and the advances in electronic data collection and management techniques enable them to satisfy this hunger as never before. At the same time, the intrusive potential of these same techniques can make those who supply information increasingly wary about possible undesirable uses of any information they may provide. A dramatic illustration of the problem is the recent decision by the Internal Revenue Service to purchase from a private market research firm the mailing lists developed by that firm for commercial purposes.
The Measurement of the Seriousness of Product Violations
Authors: Bourgeois Jacques C. , Laroche Michel
Published: January 2019

This paper reports the main findings of a national survey designed to empirically establish a set of weighting factors on product violation that could be used as input in the allocation of resources by the Consumer Product Branch of Consumers and Corporate Affairs Canada. A conceptual framework is presented describing the method used to derive these weights. It was found that violations were perceived to occur more frequently for clothing and accessories, fresh fruits and vegetables, and cleaning and paper products. These ratings were shown to be related to purchasing behavior and quality violations were perceived much more serious than quantity violations and labelling violations, in that order.
Affirmative Disclosure at the FTC: Communication Decisions
Authors: Wilkie William L.
Published: January 2019

This paper builds on previous work by the author on a framework for understanding affirmative action orders by the FTC. Specifically, this paper looks at the more detailed elements of the disclosure orders, as they relate to the communication of the disclosure message to the consumer.
The Need for a New Class of Information to Aid Public Policy Decision-Makers
Authors: Robin Donald P.
Published: January 2019

The purpose of this article is to suggest the need for a new class of marketing-type information in public policy decision-making. Justification for this need comes from analyzing the adequacy of current information and noting several important flaws. Marketing-type information is suggested as a partial solution to the problems created by these flaws, and an extended example of its potential usefulness is provided as an illustration.
Advertising: Looking Glass or Molder of the Masses?
Authors: Lantos Geoffrey P.
Published: January 2019

This paper reviews the literature in an attempt to discover what we know about the extent to which consumer advertising affects American society and culture. The historical and available research evidence suggests that advertising imperfectly reflects our lives, although it can reinforce and hasten the pace of social change.
Product Liability Developments and the Nonmanufacturing Franchisor or Trademark Licensor
Authors: Morgan Fred W.
Published: January 2019

Franchisors, like other members of the distribution channel, are now increasingly exposed to product liability litigation. With the advent of strict liability for faulty products and the extension of negligence to include franchisees’ employees, franchisors must become aware of methods that will enable them to lessen their product liability exposure while also minimizing consumers’ injuries. Cases involving potential franchisor liability are analyzed to create a set of guidelines for franchisors to follow to achieve this reduced legal vulnerability.
Attitudes toward Product Differentiation: A Social Utility Perspective
Authors: Murphy Patrick E. , Enis Ben M. , Leigh James H.
Published: January 2019

Product differentiation is examined from the perspectives of economics, marketing, and public policy. A proposed product differentiation hierarchy, using a social welfare method to determine importance of criteria, was tested by surveying FTC staff members, consumerists, and marketing practitioners. Results indicate that product differentiation is not a single concept that can be measured on a continuum, but rather is two separate areas that generally correspond to Chamberlin's original notion.
Is it Safe to Call Something Safe? The Law of Puffing in Advertising
Authors: Honigwachs Joshua
Published: January 2019

American law has for a long time condoned the use of exaggerated claims in advertising. Though the rules of law governing these types of claims have not been explicitly reversed, according to some legal thinkers, the attitude of the law applying these rules has over the years dramatically changed. Because the stakes are usually high in cases involving products liability, the changing attitude of the law has some of the most important effects in such litigation. This article examines one of the basic rules whose aim is to allow the making of exaggerated claims—the puffing defense. It describes the current status of the law regarding this rule and shows how the rule has been applied in products liability litigation. Through an examination of these cases, it argues that the making of an exaggerated claim is not good business practice and may easily serve as the grounds for recovery by a plaintiff injured by a defect in a product about which such an exaggerated claim of safety was made.
Resale Price Maintenance: A Legal Review
Authors: Maurer Virginia G. , Ursic Michael
Published: January 2019

This article reviews the current state of law regarding resale price maintenance and analyzes how several recent legal decisions, including the United States Supreme Court's decision in the Monsanto case, have affected the development of law in this area. Guidelines are then developed to help firms formulate vertical price control programs that conform with the law.
The FTC in 1988: Phoenix or Finis?
Authors: Strenio Andrew J.
Published: January 2019

The Federal Trade Commission (“Commission,” “FTC,” or “agency”) next year will celebrate the 75th anniversary of its founding. This diamond jubilee undoubtedly will serve as the catalyst for some carousing, but also calls for sober reflection about the status of the FTC. For, viewed from the perspective of 1988, the agency must make fundamental adjustments if it is to adapt successfully to the challenges of the rest of this century.
Improving NAD/NARB Self-Regulation of Advertising
Authors: Miracle Gordon E. , Nevett Terence R.
Published: January 2019

This article builds on the background, growth and development of the National Advertising Division/National Advertising Review Board (NAD/NARB) system, the relationship between government and self-regulation, the standards the NAD/NARB applies to evaluate advertising, and the general performance of the system. A discussion of the case for and against self-regulation assists in supporting recommendations for: (1) consideration of a means to establish a formal NAD/NARB code of advertising practice, (2) improved monitoring of advertisements, (3) increased publicity for the system, and (4) improved enforcement of NAD/NARB decisions.
The Marketing of Potentially Toxic Pesticides Worldwide: The Issues and a Proposed Control System
Authors: Harvey Michael G.
Published: January 2019

It is estimated by 1990 United States based multinational corporations (MNCs) will export over one billion dollars or pesticides and chemicals that have been banned by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for sale in the domestic market. The potential environmental hazards and dangerous side effects to inhabitants of foreign countries could be devastating. This article examines the growth of sales of pesticides which have been banned domestically, why they create such a hazard in foreign countries as well as a “boomerang effect” in the United States, and explores a means to more adequately monitor and control the sale of these pesticides worldwide.
The AIDS Consumer Movement and the FDA: A Potential Paradigm Shift in Health Care Policy
Authors: Gould Stephen J.
Published: January 2019

AIDS is having a dramatic effect on our society. As a result, a consumer movement has been formed which is seeking to change the way drugs are tested and used. In response, the FDA has slowly begun to make some changes in its drug policies. This paper documents the policy battle that is underway and suggests that it may lead to a shift in health care policy extending beyond AIDS to all diseases. Implications and recommendations are also considered.
Risk Disclosures in Televised Prescription Drug Advertising to Consumers
Authors: Morris Louis A. , Mazis Michael B. , Brinberg David
Published: January 2019

Advertising prescription drugs directly to the public is a marketing strategy currently being considered by several manufacturers. However, direct-to-consumer advertising is discouraged because federal regulations mandate extensive disclosure of product risks within television commercials. An experimental study of 676 subjects was performed to examine the impact of risk disclosure variations in television commercials on awareness and knowledge of both the warnings and the promotional messages. The amount, specificity, and format of risk information contained in the ads was varied while the promotional message remained constant. Results indicated a “trade-off” in risk/benefit communications. Risk disclosures that produced greater risk awareness and knowledge also reduced promotional message awareness and knowledge.
Communication Effectiveness and Format Effects on In-Ad Disclosure of Health Warnings
Authors: Popper Edward T. , Murray Keith B.
Published: January 2019

This article presents the results of an experimental portfolio test of alternative formats for an in-ad health warning/disclosure for smokeless tobacco. The study manipulated two format components (the size of type used for the health warning and the warning's background color) and found that neither significantly increased disclosure communication. The data also indicated that the disclosure (which used a health warning federally specified for smokeless tobacco products) failed to communicate the health warning to nearly half of all subjects in spite of forced exposure conditions that were particularly favorable to communication. The implications of these findings on the effectiveness of in-ad health warnings are discussed.
A Decision Model for Prioritizing and Addressing Consumer Information Problems
Authors: Bloom Paul N.
Published: January 2019

An approach for diagnosing and prescribing remedies to consumer information problems is proposed. It is contended that the appropriate policy stance to take for dealing with the consumer information situation in a market will depend on several factors, including (1) the amount of harm suffered by consumers, (2) the extent to which consumers rely on extrinsic information cues versus intrinsic cues, (3) the accuracy of available information, (4) the number of “expert” consumers active in the market, and (5) the cost to consumers of acquiring information.
The Continuing Debate on Political Advertising: Toward a Jeopardy Theory of Political Advertising as Regulated Speech
Authors: Caywood Clarke L. , Preston Ivan L.
Published: January 2019

The authors propose that political candidate advertising as a unique form of political speech is in jeopardy of losing its constitutional protection under the First Amendment. Despite the growth of political advertising as a political marketing technique and new legal freedoms for commercial advertising, the paper develops a “jeopardy theory” from seven socio-political variables which independently and cumulatively threaten political advertising's protected status.
Advertising, the Consumer Researcher and Products Liability
Authors: Dugan Candace Croucher
Published: January 2019

When a product's advertising is introduced in a products liability suit, marketers and consumer researchers can assist both the attorneys and the judge in interpreting its significance. Did the consumer rely on misleading advertising? Did this reliance cause the injury? Appropriate market research can help answer such questions.
Information Technology, Privacy, and the Public Good
Authors: McCrohan Kevin F.
Published: January 2019

Marketers need to be concerned about the growing public uneasiness over the effect of information technology on privacy and in turn society's willingness to respond to survey requests. They also need to be aware of the various uses to which data supplied by consumers may be used in the design, evaluation, and enforcement of public policies. This paper attempts to weigh the potential benefits and risks society faces as a result of government use of marketing research data and computer matches. The author concludes that while there is more to be gained than lost due to computer matching programs, advances in information technology and matching theory call for more rigorous safeguards on respondent anonymity.
Believability and Attitudes toward Alcohol Warning Label Information: The Role of Persuasive Communications Theory
Authors: Andrews J. Craig , Netemeyer Richard G. , Durvasula Srinivas
Published: January 2019

Based on tenets of persuasive communications theory, five recently proposed alcohol warning labels are examined for their differential impact on label believability and attitudes. While all warnings are rated as believable, the ones regarding birth defects and driving impairment are perceived to be significantly more believable than the others. In addition, persons with more favorable attitudes toward alcohol consumption tend to disbelieve specific instance hazards (e.g., birth defects, driving impairment and drug combination warnings), while disliking long-term risks of alcohol consumption and abuse (e.g., hypertension, liver disease, cancer and addiction warnings). Implications for public policy and researchers are discussed.
A “New and Improved” View of Puffery
Authors: Richards Jef I.
Published: January 2019

Many researchers believe “puffery” is a form of selling claim that frequently deceives consumers but which officials refuse to regulate. This article argues there is an underlying fallacy in this viewpoint and that puffery does not deceive. An alternative explanation is offered for the apparent deceptiveness of some “puffs.”