bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A well‐characterised peak identification list of MALDI MS profile peaks for human blood serum
Authors: Tiss Ali , Smith Celia , Menon Usha , Jacobs Ian , Timms John F. , Cramer Rainer
Published: July 2010

MALDI MS profiling, using easily available body fluids such as blood serum, has attracted considerable interest for its potential in clinical applications. Despite the numerous reports on MALDI MS profiling of human serum, there is only scarce information on the identity of the species making up these profiles, particularly in the mass range of larger peptides. Here, we provide a list of more than 90 entries of MALDI MS profile peak identities up to 10 kDa obtained from human blood serum. Various modifications such as phosphorylation were detected among the peptide identifications. The overlap with the few other MALDI MS peak lists published so far was found to be limited and hence our list significantly extends the number of identified peaks commonly found in MALDI MS profiling of human blood serum.
Differential effect of YidC depletion on the membrane proteome of Escherichia coli under aerobic and anaerobic growth conditions
Authors: Price Claire E. , Otto Andreas , Fusetti Fabrizia , Becher Dörte , Hecker Michael , Driessen Arnold J. M.
Published: July 2010

YidC of Escherichia coli belongs to the evolutionarily conserved Oxa1/Alb3/YidC family. Members of the family have all been implicated in membrane protein biogenesis of respiratory and energy transducing proteins. The number of proteins identified thus far to require YidC for their membrane biogenesis remains limited and the identification of new substrates may allow the elucidation of properties that define the YidC specificity. To this end we investigated changes in the membrane proteome of E. coli upon YidC depletion using metabolic labeling of proteins with 15N/14N combined with a MS‐centered proteomics approach and compared the effects of YidC depletion under aerobic and anaerobic growth conditions. We found that YidC depletion resulted in protein aggregation/misfolding in the cytoplasm as well as in the inner membrane of E. coli. A dramatic increase was observed in the chaperone‐mediated stress response upon YidC depletion and this response was limited to aerobically grown cells. A number of transporter proteins were identified as possible candidates for the YidC‐dependent insertion and/or folding pathway. These included the small metal ion transporter CorA, numerous ABC transporters, as well as the MFS transporters KgtP and ProP, providing a new subset of proteins potentially requiring YidC for membrane biogenesis.
Conformational analysis of 3‐methyl‐3‐silathiane and 3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐3‐silathiane
Authors: Kirpichenko Svetlana V. , Kleinpeter Erich , Ushakov Igor A. , Shainyan Bagrat A.
Published: July 2010

The conformational equilibria of 3‐methyl‐3‐silathiane 5, 3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐3‐silathiane 6 and 1‐fluoro‐1‐methyl‐1‐silacyclohexane 7 have been studied using low temperature 13C NMR spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. The conformer ratio at 103 K was measured to be about 5ax:5eq = 15:85, 6ax:6eq = 50:50 and 7ax:7eq = 25:75. The equatorial preference of the methyl group in 5 (0.35 kcal mol−1) is much less than in 3‐methylthiane 9 (1.40 kcal mol−1) but somewhat greater than in 1‐methyl‐1‐silacyclohexane 1 (0.23 kcal mol−1). Compounds 5–7 have low barriers to ring inversion: 5.65 (ax → eq) and 6.0 (eq → ax) kcal mol−1 (5), 4.6 (6), 5.1 (Meax → Meeq) and 5.4 (Meeq → Meax) kcal mol−1 (7). Steric effects cannot explain the observed conformational preferences, like equal population of the two conformers of 6, or different conformer ratio for 5 and 7. Actually, by employing the NBO analysis, in particular, considering the second order perturbation energies, vicinal stereoelectronic interactions between the Si–X and adjacent C–H, C–S, and C–C bonds proved responsible. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of titanocene dichloride derivatives on prostate cancer cells, specifically DNA damage‐induced apoptosis
Authors: Cuffe Sandra , Dowling Catherine M. , Claffey James , Pampillón Clara , Hogan Megan , Fitzpatrick John M. , Carty Michael P. , Tacke Matthias , Watson R. William G.
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND

While locally advanced prostate cancer is initially treatable with androgen ablation, eventually cells develop a castrate‐resistant phenotype. Currently, there are no effective treatments for this form of the disease with Docetaxel only providing a small survival advantage. In this study, the effects of novel derivatives of titanocene dichloride on prostate cancer cell lines has been investigated.

METHODS

Cellular effects were assessed using the crystal violet assay and the clonogenic survival assay. Cell cycle and apoptosis were assessed by propidium iodide staining. DNA damage was analyzed by comet assay and Western analysis. DNA damage response inhibition was achieved by pre‐incubation with an ATM/ATR inhibitor; CGK733 and DNA‐PK inhibitor; DMNB.

RESULTS

These analogs caused a reduction in cell number. In particular titanocene Y and C had significant effects in all cell lines. A reduction in clonogenic survival was found in response to titanocene Y in three cell lines while the PC‐3 cells exhibited increased resistance.Further analysis showed no effect on cell cycle however, the analogs were found to induce apoptosis in a dose‐dependent manner in all cell lines. These analogs associate with DNA, induce DNA damage and a differential damage response. Inhibition of key regulators of this DNA damage response sensitized the PC‐3 cell line to titanocene‐induced apoptosis and significantly reduced the clonogenic capacity of the cells.

CONCLUSION

These results demonstrate the mechanism of action of these novel titanocene dichloride analogs and their potential use in castrate‐independent advanced prostate cancer. Prostate 71: 111–124, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Candidacidal mechanism of a Leu/Lys‐rich α‐helical amphipathic model antimicrobial peptide and its diastereomer composed of D,L‐amino acids
Authors: Wang Peng , Nan Yong Hai , Shin Song Yub
Published: July 2010

We investigated the mechanism of candidacidal action of a Lys/Leu‐rich α‐helical model antimicrobial peptide (K9L8W) and its diastereomeric peptide (D9‐K9L8W) composed of D,L‐amino acids. K9L8W killed completely Candida albicans within 30 min, but D9‐K9L8W killed only 72% of C. albicans even after 100 min. Tryptophan fluorescence spectroscopy indicated that the fungal cell selectivity of D9‐K9L8W is closely correlated with a selective interaction with the negatively charged PC/PE/PI/ergosterol (5:2.5:2.5:1, w/w/w/w) phospholipids, which mimic the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane of C. albicans. K9L8W was able to induce almost 100% calcein leakage from PC/PE/PI/ergosterol (5:2.5:2.5:1, w/w/w/w) liposomes at a peptide:lipid molar ratio of 1:16, whereas D9‐K9L8W caused only 25% dye leakage even at a peptide:lipid molar ratio of 1:2. Confocal laser‐scanning microscopy revealed that FITC‐labeled D9‐K9L8W penetrated the cell wall and cell membrane and accumulated inside the cells, whereas FITC‐labeled K9L8W did not penetrate but associated with the membranes. Collectively, our results demonstrated that the candidacidal activity of K9L8 W and D9‐K9L8W may be due to the transmembrane pore/channel formation or perturbation of the fungal cytoplasmic membranes and the inhibition of intracellular functions, respectively. Finally, D9‐K9L8W with potent anti‐Candida activity but no hemolytic activity may be potentially a useful lead compound for the development of novel antifungal agents. Copyright © 2010 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resistive switching characteristics of TiN/MnO2/Pt memory devices
Authors: Yang Min Kyu , Park Jae‐Wan , Ko Tae Kuk , Lee Jeon‐kook
Published: July 2010

Bipolar resistive switching memory devices with a TiN/MnO2/Pt structure were investigated in a low power operation (250 μA/±0.6 V). The devices showed good endurance of 105 cycles at a 1 μs pulse and reliable data retention at both RT and 125 °C. Moreover, the benefits of a high device yield and potential multilevel storage make them promising devices in next generation nonvolatile memory applications. The cell area dependency suggests that the conducting mechanism in the low resistance states is due to the formation of locally conducting filaments. The results demonstrate the feasibility of high performance resistive switching memory devices based on transition metal oxides by using TiN as the top electrode. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Anxiolytic activity of a supercritical carbon dioxide extract of Souroubea sympetala (Marcgraviaceae)
Authors: Mullally Martha , Kramp Kari , Cayer Chris , Saleem Ammar , Ahmed Fida , McRae Calum , Baker John , Goulah Andrew , Otorola Marco , Sanchez Pablo , Garcia Mario , Poveda Luis , Merali Zul , Durst Tony , Trudeau Vance L. , Arnason John Thor
Published: July 2010

The purpose of this work was to develop an extraction technique to yield a betulinic acid‐(BA) enriched extract of the traditional anti‐anxiety plant Souroubea sympetala Gilg (Marcgraviaceae). Five extraction techniques were compared: supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SCE), conventional solvent extraction with ethyl acetate (EtOAc), accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) and soxhlet extraction (Sox). The EtOAc and SCE extraction methods resulted in BA‐enriched extracts, with BA concentrations of 6.78 ± 0.2 and 5.54 ± 0.2 mg/g extract, respectively, as determined by HPLC‐APCI‐MS. The bioactivity of the BA‐enriched extracts was compared in the elevated plus maze (EPM), a validated rodent anxiety behaviour assay. Rats orally administered a 75 mg/kg dose of SCE extract exhibited anxiolysis as compared with vehicle controls, with a 50% increase in the percent time spent in the open arms, a 73% increase in unprotected head dips and a 42% decrease in percent time spent in the closed arms. No significant differences were observed between the SCE and EtOAc extracts for these measures, but the animals dosed with SCE extract had significantly more unprotected head dips than those dosed with the EtOAc extract. The SCE extract demonstrated a dose‐response in the EPM, with a trend toward decreased anxiety at 25 mg/kg, and significant anxiolysis was only observed at 75 mg/kg dose. This study demonstrates that SCE can be used to generate a betulinic acid‐enriched extract with significant anxiolysis in vivo. Further, the study provides a scientific basis for the ethnobotanical use of this traditional medicine and a promising lead for a natural health product to treat anxiety. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface modification and characterization of phenanthroline nanofilms on carbon substrate
Authors: Oztekin Yasemin , Yazicigil Zafer , Solak Ali Osman , Ustundag Zafer , Kilic Zeynel , Bilge Selen
Published: July 2010

Modification of glassy carbon (GC) surfaces with phenanthroline derivatives (PDs) such as 5‐amino‐1,10‐phenanthroline (5AP) and 5,6‐diamino‐1,10‐phenanthroline (56DAP) is described in this study. Surface modification experiments were performed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) scanning from + 1.2 to + 2.7 V at scan rate of 100 mV/s applying 30 potential scans in acetonitrile (CH3CN) containing 1 mM PDs and 100 mM tetrabutylammoniumtetrafluoroborate (TBATFB). The presence of PDs on GC electrode was confirmed using CV, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), contact angle measurements and ellipsometry and comparing with the results of bare GC electrode. A mechanism was proposed for the electrochemical modification of the GC electrode surface with PDs. The structure of the 5AP and 56DAP films was also discussed in the light of electrochemical and spectroscopic data. The complex‐forming ability of the modified surfaces against metal cations was investigated by square‐wave voltammetry (SWV). It was shown that surfaces having 1,10‐phenanthroline ligands with different functional groups were quite useful for the determination of transition metal ions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cesium retention during sputtering with low energy Cs+ and oxygen flooding
Authors: Berghmans B. , Rip J. , Vandervorst W.
Published: July 2010

Accurate knowledge of the stationary Cs retention during Ultra Low Energy (ULE; < 150 eV) Cs+ sputtering (of semiconductor substrates) is the first step towards understanding the basics of SIMS. We have investigated the effect of oxygen on the retention capacity for cesium on silicon and germanium targets. The amount of cesium that is retained was directly measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP‐MS). Even a very small partial pressure of oxygen (in the 10−9 to 10−8 mbar range) will tremendously increase the dose of cesium that is retained at the sample surface. Concurrent with this increased retention (due to Cs‐oxide formation) strong variations in the target sputtering yield and the ionization degree of silicon can be observed.

These data combined support the model that the observed target sputtering yield is directly linked to the Cs‐surface coverage and that a cap layer containing a very high amount of Cs can be formed by the ion beam. The sensitivity to oxygen becomes stronger as the primary ion energy decreases, and implies that SIMS measurements with Cs aimed at a very high depth resolution will suffer from drastically reduced erosion rates due to the deposition process.1 Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Targeted, Needle‐Free Vaccinations in Skin using Multilayered, Densely‐Packed Dissolving Microprojection Arrays
Authors: Raphael Anthony P. , Prow Tarl W. , Crichton Michael L. , Chen Xianfeng , Fernando Germain J. P. , Kendall Mark A. F.
Published: July 2010

Targeting of vaccines to abundant immune cell populations within our outer thin skin layers using miniaturized devices—much thinner than a needle and syringe, could improve the efficacy of vaccines (and other immunotherapies). To meet this goal, a densely packed dissolving microprojection array (dissolving Nanopatch) is designed, achieving functional miniaturization by 1) formulating small microneedles (two orders of magnitude smaller than a standard needle and syringe) and 2) multiple layering of the payload within microprojections with tight tolerances (of the order of a micrometer). The formulation method is suitable to many vaccines because it is without harsh or complex chemical processes, and it is performed at low temperatures and at a neutral pH. When the formulated dNPs are applied to skin, consistent and robust penetration is achieved, rapidly targeting the skin strata of interest (<5 min; significantly faster than larger dissolving microneedles that have been previously reported). Resultant diffusion is significantly enhanced within the dermis compared with the epidermis. Using two different antigens (ovalbumin and a commercial trivalent influenza vaccine [Fluvax2008]), the administration of these dissolving patches generate robust systemic immune responses in a mouse model. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of successful vaccination with any form of dissolving microneedles. The patches made by this method therefore have the potential for pain‐free, needle‐free, and effective vaccination in humans.
Gold Microplates with Well‐Defined Shapes
Authors: Kan Caixia , Wang Changshun , Li Hongchen , Qi Jingshan , Zhu Jiejun , Li Zhaosheng , Shi Daning
Published: July 2010

The synthesis and growth mechanism of well‐defined nanostructures are still challenging. In this study, gold microplates with starlike, shieldlike, and other polygonal shapes are successfully achieved in high yields on the basis of the polyol process. Structural studies demonstrate that these newly shaped Au plates are single‐crystalline, several micrometers in lateral size, and tens of nanometers in thickness. It is believed that the introduction of temperature variation in the early stage of crystal growth is important for these products. The newly discovered Au microplates result from the growth of the {111} plane along the 〈211〉 and other high‐index directions, in addition to the {111}‐close‐packed 〈110〉 directions. Simulations on the multiple‐twin‐induced crystal growth and surface energy are also carried out to explain the experimental observations. This work is valuable for anisotropic growth of newly shaped noble‐metal nanostructures.
A compiler framework for the reduction of worst-case execution times
Authors: Falk Heiko , Lokuciejewski Paul
Published: July 2010

The current practice to design software for real-time systems is tedious. There is almost no tool support that assists the designer in automatically deriving safe bounds of the worst-case execution time (WCET) of a system during code generation and in systematically optimizing code to reduce WCET.

This article presents concepts and infrastructures for WCET-aware code generation and optimization techniques for WCET reduction. All together, they help to obtain code explicitly optimized for its worst-case timing, to automate large parts of the real-time software design flow, and to reduce costs of a real-time system by allowing to use tailored hardware.
The plastid hexokinase pHXK: A node of convergence for sugar and plastid signals in Arabidopsis
Authors: Zhang Zhong-Wei , Yuan Shu , Xu Fei , Yang Hui , Zhang Nian-Hui , Cheng Jian , Lin Hong-Hui
Published: July 2010

The inhibitors to plastid gene expression (PGE) were effective in preventing nuclear photosynthetic gene expression only if applied within the first 2–3 days of Arabidopsis seedling development. However, the signal transduction processes are still unknown. In this investigation, we found 3% glucose with 1 mM chloramphenicol co‐treatment repressed LHCB transcript significantly in mature Arabidopsis seedlings, while effective solo glucose treatment needed a concentration of 7%. The repressive effects of glucose and chloramphenicol on LHCB expression were inhibited in phxk (plastid hexokinase) mutant. pHXK enzyme activities, location, function in signal transduction, and cross talk to plastid GUN1 protein (a key signaling factor) were also investigated. The data suggest that pHXK may be a node of convergence for sugar‐mediated and PGE‐derived signals in Arabidopsis.
β‐Arrestin 2‐mediated heterologous desensitization of IGF‐IR by prolonged exposure of SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cells to a mu opioid agonist
Authors: Spartà Antonino , Baiula Monica , Campbell Gayle , Spampinato Santi
Published: July 2010

Prolonged (12 h) exposure of SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cells to the mu‐opioid receptor (MOPr) agonist [D‐Ala2,N‐Me‐Phe4,Gly5‐ol]‐enkephalin (DAMGO) causes homologous desensitization as well as heterologous desensitization of the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2) phosphorylation induced by insulin‐like growth factor (IGF)‐I. Brief (15 min) but not prolonged exposure to DAMGO transregulates the insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) receptor, as evidenced by its phosphorylation in the absence of IGF‐I. Silencing of β‐arrestin 2 uncouples the crosstalk between the two receptors, thus maintaining IGF‐I‐mediated receptor phosphorylation and ERK 1/2 activation even after prolonged DAMGO exposure. Furthermore, MOPr‐induced activation of IGF‐I receptor requires the tyrosine kinase c‐Src.
Zigzag instability of vortex pairs in stratified and rotating fluids. Part 2. Analytical and numerical analyses.
Authors: BILLANT P. , DELONCLE A. , CHOMAZ J.-M. , OTHEGUY P.
Published: July 2010

The three-dimensional stability of vertical vortex pairs in stratified and rotating fluids is investigated using the analytical approach established in Part 1 and the predictions are compared to the results of previous direct numerical stability analyses for pairs of co-rotating equal-strength Lamb–Oseen vortices and to new numerical analyses for equal-strength counter-rotating vortex pairs. A very good agreement between theoretical and numerical results is generally found, thereby providing a comprehensive description of the zigzag instability. Co-rotating and counter-rotating vortex pairs are most unstable to the zigzag instability when the Froude number Fh = Γ/(2πR2N) (where Γ is the vortex circulation, R the vortex radius and N the Brunt–Väisälä frequency) is lower than unity independently of the Rossby number Ro = Γ/(4πR2Ωb) (Ωb is the planetary rotation rate). In this range, the maximum growth rate is proportional to the strain Γ/(2πb2) (b is the separation distance between the vortices) and is almost independent of Fh and Ro. The most amplified wavelength scales like Fhb when the Rossby number is large and like Fhb/|Ro| when |Ro| ≪ 1, in agreement with previous results. While the zigzag instability always bends equal-strength co-rotating vortex pairs in a symmetric way, the instability is only quasi-antisymmetric for finite Ro for equal-strength counter-rotating vortex pairs because the cyclonic vortex is less bent than the anticyclonic vortex. The theory is less accurate for co-rotating vortex pairs around Ro ≈ −2 because the bending waves rotate very slowly for long wavelength. The discrepancy can be fully resolved by taking into account higher-order three-dimensional effects.

When Fh is increased above unity, the growth rate of the zigzag instability is strongly reduced because the bending waves of each vortex are damped by a critical layer at the radius where the angular velocity of the vortex is equal to the Brunt–Väisälä frequency. The zigzag instability, however, continues to exist and is dominant up to a critical Froude number, which mostly depends on the Rossby number. Above this threshold, equal-strength co-rotating vortex pairs are stable with respect to long-wavelength bending disturbances whereas equal-strength counter-rotating vortex pairs become unstable to a quasi-symmetric instability resembling the Crow instability in homogeneous fluids. However, its growth rate is lower than in homogeneous fluids because of the damping by the critical layer. The structure of the critical layer obtained in the computations is in excellent agreement with the theoretical solution.

Physically, the different stability properties of vortex pairs in stratified and rotating fluids compared to homogeneous fluids are shown to come from the reversal of the direction of the self-induced motion of bent vortices.
Novel trypanosomeTrypanosoma gillettisp. (Euglenozoa: Trypanosomatidae) and the extension of the host range ofTrypanosoma copemanito include the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus)
Authors: McINNES L. M. , HANGER J. , SIMMONS G. , REID S. A. , RYAN U. M.
Published: July 2010

Trypanosoma irwiniwas previously described from koalas and we now report the finding of a second novel species,T. gilletti, as well as the extension of the host range ofTrypanosoma copemanito include koalas. Phylogenetic analysis at the 18S rDNA and gGAPDH loci demonstrated thatT. gillettiwas genetically distinct with a genetic distance (±s.e.) at the 18S rDNA locus of 2·7±0·5% fromT. copemani(wombat). At the gGAPDH locus, the genetic distance (±s.e.) ofT. gillettiwas 8·7±1·1% fromT. copemani(wombat).Trypanosoma gillettiwas detected using a nested trypanosome 18S rDNA PCR in 3/139 (∼2%) blood samples and in 2/29 (∼7%) spleen tissue samples from koalas whilstT. irwiniwas detected in 72/139 (∼52%) blood samples andT. copemaniin 4/139 (∼3%) blood samples from koalas. In addition, naturally occurring mixed infections were noted in 2/139 (∼1·5%) of the koalas tested.
Genetic and environmental determinants of host use in the trematodeMaritrema novaezealandensis(Microphallidae)
Authors: KOEHLER ANSON V. , GONCHAR ANNA G. , POULIN ROBERT
Published: July 2010

Factors constraining host specificity are poorly understood. Intraspecific variation in host preferences in generalist parasites may reveal which factors affect patterns of host use, and thus the evolution of specialization. Here, laboratory experiments examined genetic variation in host preferences and the effect of a refugium against infection on host use. Firstly, 6 cercarial clones of the trematodeMaritrema novaezealandensis(ranging widely in heterozygosities) were exposed simultaneously to 2 alternative hosts, the amphipodsHeterophoxus stephenseniandParacalliope novizealandiae,to assess host preferences and fitness correlations with parasite heterozygosity. All clones showed a distinct preference forH. stephenseni, though the extent of this preference varied among clones. No clear association was found between heterozygosity and either parasite infection success or preference for a particular host. Secondly, cercariae were exposed to the same 2 amphipods in both the presence and absence of sand (refugium forH. stephenseni). Without sand, infection levels were significantly higher inH. stephensenithan inP. novizealandiae. With sand,H. stephenseniwas able to hide, offsetting the parasite's intrinsic preferences for this host. These results demonstrate the existence of genetic variation in host preferences, as well as the effect of environmental variables on observed patterns of host use.
The role of mental disorders in the risk and speed of transition to alcohol use disorders among community youth
Authors: Behrendt S. , Beesdo-Baum K. , Zimmermann P. , Höfler M. , Perkonigg A. , Bühringer G. , Lieb R. , Wittchen H.-U.
Published: July 2010

Background

Among adolescents and young adults with DSM-IV alcohol use disorders (AUDs), there are inter-individual differences in the speed of transition from initial alcohol use (AU) to AUD. AUDs are highly co-morbid with other mental disorders. The factors associated with rapid transition from first AU to AUD remain unknown and the role of mental disorders in rapid transitions is unclear. Given this background we examined (1) whether prior anxiety, mood, externalizing and non-alcohol substance use disorders are related to the risk and speed of transition from first AU to DSM-IV alcohol abuse (AA) and alcohol dependence (AD) and (2) whether early age of onset of prior mental disorders (PMDs) is a promoter of rapid transition.

Method

A total of 3021 community subjects (97.7% lifetime AU) aged 14–24 years at baseline were followed up prospectively for up to 10 years. AU and mental disorders were assessed with the DSM-IV/M-CIDI.

Results

Among subjects with lifetime AU, several PMDs, such as specific phobia, bipolar disorder and nicotine dependence, were associated with an increased risk of AUD independent of externalizing disorders. Associations of PMDs with the speed of transition to AUDs were mostly weak and inconsistent. Only social phobia and externalizing disorders were associated with faster transitions to AD even after adjustment for other PMDs. Earlier age of onset of PMD was not associated with rapid transition.

Conclusions

Mental disorders are associated with the risk of AUD. With the possible exception of social phobia and externalizing disorders, they do not promote rapid transition, even if they occur particularly early. Future research needs to identify factors relevant to rapid transition to AUD.
Response 1: Scientific Method in Social Policy Research Is Not a Lost Cause
Authors: McKAY STEPHEN
Published: July 2010

In ‘Generalisation and phronesis’, Paul Spicker argues that the methodology of empirical research in social policy would be improved by drawing on Aristotle's concept ofphronesis(φρόνησις) – which is generally translated as practical wisdom or prudence. He argues against versions of generalisation that rely on cause-and-effect, whether through deductive or inductive means. He maintains, however, that social policy research must still aim at making generalisations, for which he recommends the application of phronesis.
PLAGUE, PERFORMANCE AND THE ELUSIVE HISTORY OF THE STELLA CELI EXTIRPAVIT
Authors: Macklin Christopher
Published: July 2010

One of the greatest scourges of the later medieval period was plague. While there is a considerable scholarly literature tracing the impact of the dread disease on literature and art, the impermanence of performance has rendered the extension of such studies to the field of music problematic. These problems are to some extent surmountable in studying the fifteenth-century hymn Stella celi extirpavit, a Marian invocation unequivocally phrased as a plea for deliverance from illness. In this essay, it is proposed that the Stella celi is representative of the beliefs and skills shared by a broad spectrum of late medieval society in the shadow of the plague. Analysis of musical and textual features, and the contexts of performance, further suggest links with the artistic and intellectual concerns of the Franciscan Order, which may have thus enabled otherwise ephemeral music to be preserved as an enduring response to epidemic calamity.
SACRED POLYPHONY ‘NOT UNDERSTANDID’: MEDIEVAL EXEGESIS, RITUAL TRADITION AND HENRY VIII'S REFORMATION
Authors: Marsh Dana T.
Published: July 2010

This study focuses on the ritual ‘conservatism’ of Henry VIII's Reformation through a new look at biblical exegeses of the period dealing with sacred music. Accordingly, it reconsiders the one extant passage of rhetoric to come from the Henrician regime in support of traditional church polyphony, as found in A Book of Ceremonies to be Used in the Church of England, c.1540. Examining the document's genesis, editorial history and ultimate suppression by Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, it is shown that Bishop Richard Sampson, Dean of the Chapel Royal (1522–40), was responsible for the original drafting of the musical paragraph. Beginning with Sampson's printed commentaries on the Psalms and on the Epistles of St Paul, the literary precedents and historical continuities upon which Sampson's topos in Ceremonies was founded are traced in detail. Identified through recurring patterns of scriptural and patristic citation, and understood via transhistorical shifts in the meaning of certain key words (e.g. iubilare), this new perspective clarifies important origins of the English church's musical ‘traditionalism’ on the eve of the Reformation. Moreover, it reveals a precise species of exegetical method – anagogy – as the literary vehicle through which influential clergy were able to justify expansions and elaborations of musical practice in the Western Church from the high Middle Ages to the Reformation.
REDEMPTION AND RETROSPECTION IN JACQUES DE LIÈGE'S CONCEPT OF CADENTIA
Authors: Maw David
Published: July 2010

Jacques de Liège was the first theorist to use the word cadentia in relation to harmonic theory, preceding later such uses, as far as survivals attest, by a century and a half. The concept he developed under this term (set out in Speculum musicae, IV. l) has been connected in recent times to ideas in fourteenth- and fifteenth-century discant theory now related to the notion of directed progression. While there are linguistic similarities in Jacques's exposition to that of this (mostly later) theory, there are also important discrepancies in the concept's content; and there is an ideological anomaly in viewing Jacques as the exponent of an important idea of Ars nova harmonic theory. This article proposes a different reading of the concept, one congruent with Jacques's conservative intellectual stance. It identifies two contrasting, though complementary, aspects within it, and examines the role of an expression of approximation (ea, quae prope sunt, sunt quasi idem) whose ultimate significance remains uncertain. What emerges clearly, however, is that Jacques regarded cadentia as a process whereby imperfect concords were redeemed for perfection, so that their presence in polyphonic music might be tolerable in an aesthetics of retrospection. His account of polyphony draws upon an established idea in mensural theory dating back at least to John of Garland; and it contrasts significantly with the contemporaneous but more modern account of Marchetto of Padua's Lucidarium.
The emergence of phonological adaptation from phonetic adaptation: English loanwords in Korean
Authors: Kang Yoonjung
Published: July 2010

This paper provides a detailed diachronic account of the adaptation of the English posterior coronal obstruents /ʃ ʧ ʤ/ in Contemporary Korean. These consonants are variably adapted with a glide (/j/ or /w/), and the distribution of the glides is conditioned by phonetic and phonological characteristics of the English input, as well as native phonotactic restrictions. The diachronic change in the occurrence of /w/ serves as an example of a variable phonetic detail in the input that is faithfully represented in loans in earlier stages, but which is subsequently eliminated in the emerging norm. Given this data, I propose how what, on the surface, may appear to be a ‘phonological’ adaptation can arise through regularisation of what is essentially a ‘phonetic’ adaptation. This study highlights the complexity of loanword adaptation and the importance of examining all of the different factors shaping this process.
A Bijective Proof of a Theorem of Knuth
Authors: BIDKHORI HODA , KISHORE SHAUNAK
Published: July 2010

The line graph G of a directed graph G has a vertex for every edge of G and an edge for every path of length 2 in G. In 1967, Knuth used the Matrix Tree Theorem to prove a formula for the number of spanning trees of G, and he asked for a bijective proof [6]. In this paper, we give a bijective proof of Knuth's formula. As a result of this proof, we find a bijection between binary de Bruijn sequences of degree n and binary sequences of length 2n−1. Finally, we determine the critical groups of all the Kautz graphs and de Bruijn graphs, generalizing a result of Levine [7].
Social Interaction Anxiety and the Discounting of Positive Interpersonal Events
Authors: Vassilopoulos Stephanos P. , Banerjee Robin
Published: July 2010

Background: Recent research has indicated that individuals with social interaction anxiety make biased interpretations of positive social interactions, with greater general apprehension in response to such events and more negative predictions about the future. There has also been some preliminary evidence for a second facet of interpretation bias, namely a failure to accept others’ positive reactions at face value, but this has so far not been adequately studied. Method: The present study developed a new measure of this “discounting” dimension and utilized a nonclinical sample of undergraduate students to provide an initial analysis of the scale. Results: Results provide early support for the psychometric properties of our scale, and indicate that discounting mediates the relationship between social interaction anxiety and low positive affect, over and above the previously studied aspect of positive event interpretation bias. Conclusions: The implications for treatment interventions and further research are discussed.
Elevated pulse pressure is associated with age-related decline in language ability
Authors: NATION D.A. , WIERENGA C.E. , DELANO-WOOD L. , JAK A.J. , DELIS D.C. , SALMON D.P. , BONDI M.W.
Published: July 2010

Recent research suggests that pulse pressure (PP), a putative marker of vascular integrity, may be associated with brain microvascular damage and age-related cognitive decline. Thus, the present study examined the relationship between PP and cognition in a sample of healthy nondemented older adults. One hundred nine participants were administered neurological and neuropsychological evaluations and determined to be nondemented. Regression analyses were used to examine the relationships among pulse pressure (PP) [systolic blood pressure (SBP) – diastolic blood pressure (DBP)], age, and cognition. PP and related measures were inversely correlated with global cognitive functioning and scores on a composite measure of language function, even after adjusting for age, education, and relevant vascular risk factors. Results indicate that increases in the pulsatile component of blood pressure may convey added risk of global cognitive decline and specific impairment in language abilities. (JINS, 2010, 16, 933–938.)
Moisture cycles of the forest floor organic layer (F and H layers) during drying
Authors: Keith D. M. , Johnson E. A. , Valeo C.
Published: July 2010

The forest floor in many ecosystems consists of a partially decomposed organic layer (duff), which together with the litter layer comprises the boundary between the atmosphere and the mineral soil. Processes controlling the duff water budget during dry periods (which occur during most of the summer) were investigated using field monitoring, field flow exclusion manipulations, and coupled, multiphasic water and heat budget modeling. The objective of this paper is to model the significant processes that govern the dynamics of the duff water budget during drying. During dry periods the moisture content of the duff's F layer cycles diurnally with minimal moisture movement between the duff and mineral soil. Field exclusion of dew, lateral flow, and mineral soil flow suggests that diurnal drying cycles during the dry period are driven by diurnal atmospheric energy fluxes leading to coupled heat and mass fluxes within the duff. The fine root system and lateral flow do not typically influence drying. TOUGH2 was used to develop a one‐dimensional, multiphasic (both liquid and vapor) coupled water and heat budget model which confirmed that the vertical moisture fluxes lead to diurnal cycles. The model reproduced duff drying patterns with Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiencies and R2 values greater than 0.910 and 0.970, respectively. Wavelet analysis indicates that the model and observed diurnal cycles in the upper layer's moisture contents are correlated at the 24 h scale. A model flux analysis reveals that lateral fluxes smaller than approximately 360 mm3 h−1 would have little influence on the pattern of drying in the duff layer. Fluxes larger than approximately 5% of the total evaporative flux would slow duff drying and lead to behavior not observed in the field.
History and Volcanology: Dialogue Overdue? The Case of a False Eruption in Medieval Italy
Authors: Guidoboni Emanuela
Published: July 2010

Solfatara, a shallow volcanic crater on the Phlegrean Fields near Naples, Italy, is generally thought to have last erupted in 1198. However, the entire belief in this eruption is very likely based on a misinterpretation of historical records: Though mentioned in several fifteenth‐ and sixteenth‐century texts, the eruption in 1198 C.E. is not referred to in written sources such as chronicles and documents contemporary to or soon after the supposed event.
Challenges for a New Generation of Regional Forecast Models: Workshop on Concepts for Convective Parameterizations in Large‐Scale Models III: Increasing Resolution and Parameterization; Warsaw, Poland, 17–19 March 2010
Authors: Yano Jun‐Ichi , Geleyn Jean‐Francois , Malinowski Szymon
Published: July 2010

Major European weather forecast centers are moving aggressively toward the horizontal mesh size of 1–5 kilometers with their regional models. Such a high horizontal resolution (convection‐permitting limit) marginally resolves moist deep convection. To discuss new challenges for convection parameterization under such a limit, the European Cooperation in the Field of Scientific and Technical Research (COST) Action ES0905 organized a workshop in which 33 scientists from 14 European countries met at the Polish Academy of Sciences.

The participants found that in the convection‐permitting limit, only one convective tower (a basic element of deep moist cumulus convection) would exist within a given grid box. A traditional notion of equilibrium within a standard framework no longer works. Evolution of a parameterized convective tower can be described only if it is directly coupled with the resolved flows.
Correction [to “Coastal impact underestimated from rapid sea level rise”]
Authors: Anonymous
Published: July 2010

In the feature article “Coastal impact underestimated from rapid sea level rise,” by J. Anderson et al. (Eos, 91(23), 205–206, 2010), the top right plot in Figure 1 has incorrect y axis values. The sea level change values should have been in decimeters but were instead given in meters.
Slab‐plume interaction beneath the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Obrebski Mathias , Allen Richard M. , Xue Mei , Hung Shu‐Huei
Published: July 2010

The Pacific Northwest has undergone complex plate reorganization and intense tectono‐volcanic activity to the east during the Cenozoic (last 65 Ma). Here we show new high‐resolution tomographic images obtained using shear and compressional data from the ongoing USArray deployment that demonstrate first that there is a continuous, whole‐mantle plume beneath the Yellowstone Snake River Plain (YSRP) and second, that the subducting Juan de Fuca (JdF) slab is fragmented and even absent beneath Oregon. The analysis of the geometry of our tomographic models suggests that the arrival and emplacement of the large Yellowstone plume had a substantial impact on the nearby Cascadia subduction zone, promoting the tearing and weakening of the JdF slab. This interpretation also explains several intriguing geophysical properties of the Cascadia trench that contrast with most other subduction zones, such as the absence of deep seismicity and the trench‐normal fast direction of mantle anisotropy. The DNA velocity models are available for download and slicing at http://dna.berkeley.edu.
Correlations between the proton temperature anisotropy and transverse high‐frequency waves in the solar wind
Authors: Bourouaine Sofiane , Marsch Eckart , Neubauer Fritz M.
Published: July 2010

Correlations are studied between the power density of transverse waves having frequencies between 0.01 and 1 normalized to the proton gyrofrequency in the plasma frame and the ratio of the perpendicular and parallel temperature of the protons. The wave power spectrum is evaluated from high‐resolution 3D magnetic field vector components, and the ion temperatures are derived from the velocity distribution functions as measured in fast solar wind during the Helios‐2 primary mission at radial distances from the Sun between 0.3 AU and 0.9 AU. From our statistical analysis, we obtain a striking correlation between the increases in the proton temperature ratio and enhancements in the wave power spectrum. Near the Sun the transverse part of the wave power is often found to be by more than an order of magnitude higher than its longitudinal counterpart. Also the measured ion temperature anisotropy appears to be limited by the theoretical threshold value for the ion‐cyclotron instability. This suggests that high‐frequency Alfvén‐cyclotron waves regulate the proton temperature anisotropy.
Cerebral Blood Flow Modeling in Primate Cortex
Authors: Guibert Romain , Fonta Caroline , Plouraboué Franck
Published: July 2010

We report new results on blood flow modeling over large volumes of cortical gray matter of primate brain. We propose a network method for computing the blood flow, which handles realistic boundary conditions, complex vessel shapes, and complex nonlinear blood rheology. From a detailed comparison of the available models for the blood flow rheology and the phase separation effect, we are able to derive important new results on the impact of network structure on blood pressure, hematocrit, and flow distributions. Our findings show that the network geometry (vessel shapes and diameters), the boundary conditions associated with the arterial inputs and venous outputs, and the effective viscosity of the blood are essential components in the flow distribution. In contrast, we show that the phase separation effect has a minor function in the global microvascular hemodynamic behavior. The behavior of the pressure, hematocrit, and blood flow distributions within the network are described through the depth of the primate cerebral cortex and are discussed.
Ambivalent Optimism: Women's and Gender Studies in Australian Universities
Authors: Baird Barbara
Published: July 2010

This article describes the place of Women's and Gender Studies programmes in Australian universities as a way of thinking about the place of feminism in the academy. It begins with a story of one such small programme at a time of stress and locates this story in an account of change in Australian universities over the last 20-plus years. The narrative traces a contradictory domain in which women, feminist scholarship and Women's and Gender Studies are enmeshed. The article draws on feminist literature about Australian universities to argue that while neo-liberal university environments are clearly places where masculinist values prevail, the flows of power around individual Women's and Gender Studies programmes cannot be simply predicted. Women's and Gender Studies programmes are thriving in some universities (on a small scale). As well as institutional imperatives Women's and Gender Studies programmes are engaged by specific intellectual challenges and some of these are sketched with reference to the Australian context. Asserting the need for dedicated research and teaching that focuses on gender, the article concludes that Women's and Gender Studies programmes in Australian universities are energetic places for this to occur. It proposes an ambivalent optimism to describe its assessment of these programmes and their viability as future places of work for feminist scholars.
Yang–Mills equations of motion for the Higgs sector of SU(3)-equivariant quiver gauge theories
Authors: Rahn Thorsten
Published: July 2010

We consider SU(3)-equivariant dimensional reduction of Yang–Mills theory on spaces of the form R×SU(3)/H, with H equals either SU(2)×U(1) or U(1)×U(1). For the corresponding quiver gauge theory, we derive the equations of motion and construct some specific solutions for the Higgs fields using different gauge groups. Specifically, we choose the gauge groups U(6) and U(8) for the space R×CP2, as well as the gauge group U(3) for the space R×SU(3)/U(1)×U(1), and derive Yang–Mills equations for the latter one using a spin connection endowed with a nonvanishing torsion. We find that a specific value for the torsion is necessary in order to obtain nontrivial solutions of Yang–Mills equations. Finally, we take the space R×CP1×CP2 and derive the equations of motion for the Higgs sector for the U(3m+3) gauge theory.
Amorphous InSb: Longer bonds yet higher density
Authors: Krbal M. , Kolobov A. V. , Hyot B. , André B. , Fons P. , Simpson R. E. , Uruga T. , Tanida H. , Tominaga J.
Published: July 2010

Results of x-ray absorption studies of the structure of amorphous InSb are reported. We demonstrate that approximately 1% bond elongation in the amorphous phase (as compared to the crystalline phase) is accompanied by a counterintuitive increase (approximately 5%) in density. We argue that this controversy is due to the formation of wrong bonds in the amorphous phase with both Sb and In atoms effectively preserving their tetrahedral coordination. Our results additionally offer an alternative interpretation of the semiconductor-metal transition observed upon melting of InSb.
Multiferroic behavior of BiFeO3–RTiO3 (Mg, Sr, Ca, Ba, and Pb) thin films
Authors: Wu Jiagang , Wang John
Published: July 2010

To investigate the effects of RTiO3 (R=Mg, Sr, Ca, Ba, and Pb) on the multiferroic behavior of BiFeO3 thin film, 0.95BiFeO3–0.05RTiO3 thin films were grown on SrRuO3-buffered SrTiO3(111) substrates by off-axis radio frequency sputtering. Highly (111) orientated film texture was developed in these films. The 0.95BiFeO3–0.05MgTiO3 thin film possesses a high remanent polarization of 2Pr∼140.2 μC/cm2, a low coercive field of 2Ec∼404.5 kV/cm, and enhanced fatigue endurance, together with improved magnetic behavior (2Ms∼64.2 emu/cm3).