bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
(Max Bredig Award in Molten Salt and Ionic Liquid Chemistry) Exploring Novel Uses of Molten Salts
Authors: Fray Derek
Published: March 2013

Molten salts have been used successfully in processes for the extraction of metals, high temperature batteries and fuel cells for decades which give confidence to the fact that other processes can be explored which can be sufficiently exciting to be of practical importance. In this paper, the following relatively new processes will be discussed: electro-deoxidation where metal oxides are electrochemically reduced to metals, alloys, intermetallic compounds, combined reduction and electrorefining which can be applied to the reduction and purification of oxycarbides of many metals, cathodic protection of Group IV elements in order to prevent oxygen pickup during high temperature processing, the use of lithium intercalation into graphite to create carbon nanoparticles and nanotubes which can be used in lithium ion batteries, and, finally, ion exchange reactions.
Behaviour of Cr Species in the Molten System NaF - AlF3 - (Al2O3)
Authors: Danielik Vladimir , Fellner Pavel , Šuleková Dasa , Thonstad Jomar
Published: March 2013

Oxidation and reduction of Cr(III) species originating from dissolution of Cr2O3 in cryolite-based melts at 900 {degree sign}C was studied. The molar ratio n(NaF)/n(AlF3) was 1.4, which allowed us to perform measurements at the temperature of 900 {degree sign}C. It was found that Cr(III) can be oxidized to Cr(VI) both chemically by oxygen present in the air and electrochemically when using an inert anode. When a carbon anode was used, the formation of Cr(VI) species was not observed. The solubility of Cr(VI) species in the above-mentioned melt was found to be (1570 {plus minus} 16) ppm. Cr(II) species were prepared in situ by the reduction of Cr2O3 with chromium powder. It was found that saturation was achieved after several hours, the concentration of Cr(II) being (239 {plus minus} 14) ppm.
Effect of the Second Coordination Sphere on the Standard Rate Constants of Charge Transfer for the Cr(III)/Cr(II) Redox Couple in Chloride Melts
Authors: Stulov Yuriy V. , Kremenetsky Vyacheslav G. , Kuznetsov Sergey A.
Published: March 2013

The cyclic voltammetry method was used to determine the standard rate constants of charge transfer (ks) on a glassy carbon electrode for the Cr(III)/Cr(II) redox couple in the NaCl-KCl-CrCl3, KCl-CrCl3, and CsCl-CrCl3 melts in the temperature range of 973-1173 K. It was shown that ks grow at an increase of the temperature and decrease as sodium cations are replaced by potassium and cesium cations in the second coordination sphere of chromium complexes. Optimized geometrical structures and energies of such model particles as (M+)n[Cr(III)Cl6]3- and (M+)n[Cr(II)Cl6]4- (M - Na, K, Cs; n=1 - 6) were obtained by quantum-chemical calculations. The most stable compositions of these particles are determined. Based on the calculated reorganization energies the activation energies of charge transfer have been computed. These values change monotonously in the Na-K-Cs series in accordance with the ratio of reorganization energies: Eact (Na) < Eact (K) < Eact (Cs). In its turn, this leads to monotonous variation of the charge transfer rate constants, which is observed in experiments.
Electrochemical Behavior and Electrorefining of Vanadium in Melts Containing Titanium Salts
Authors: Kazakova Olga S. , Kuznetsov Sergey A.
Published: March 2013

Electrorefining of vanadium in the NaCl-KCl-K2TiF6 (20 wt. %) melt was studied. Vanadium ions appeared in the melt due to reaction 2Ti(IV) + V → 2Ti(III) + V(II) and equilibrium constant of reaction are strongly shifted to the right side. On the base of linear sweep voltammetry diagnostic criteria was shown that the discharge of V(II) to metal is controlled by diffusion. The electrorefining of vanadium was carried out in hermetic electrolyzer stainless steel. A sluice device made it possible to replace the molybdenum cathode without disturbing the inert atmosphere over the melt. Initial cathodic current density was changed from 0.2 A cm-2 up to 0.8 A cm-2. Behavior of impurities during electrorefining of vanadium was discussed.
Electrodeposition on Tantalum in Alkali Halide Melts
Authors: von Barner Jens Henrik , Jensen Annemette H. , Christensen Erik
Published: March 2013

Surface layers of tantalum metal were electrodeposited on steel from K2TaF7-LiF-NaF-KF melts. With careful control of the oxide contents dense and adherent deposits could be obtained by pulse plating. In NaCl-KCl-NaF-Na2CO3 and NaCl-KCl-Na2CO3 melts carbonate ions seems to be reduced to carbon in a single 4 electron step. By electrolyses at a constant potential of -1.4V vs. Pt in a NaCl-KCl-NaF-Na2CO3 melt at 800 C coherent carbon containing surface layers could be obtained on tantalum substrates, when a CO2 atmosphere was applied.
Complex Formation and Micropassivation at Electrodeposition of Niobium Coatings in Alkali Chloride-Fluoride Melts with Different Cationic Composition
Authors: Marenkova Ekaterina A. , Kuznetsov Sergey A.
Published: March 2013

The influence of the second coordination sphere complexes on the roughness of niobium coatings was studied. It was determined that due to micropassivation by oxygen impurities as niobium suboxides and oxygen - niobium solid solution the coating roughness in the NaCl - KCl - K2NbF7 (8 wt.%) - NaF (10 wt.%) melt diminishes in comparison with CsCl - K2NbF7 (8 wt.%) - NaF (10 wt.%) melt. Thus the micropassivation affects on the number of nuclei and the roughness of niobium coatings stronger than complex formation. It was found that pulsed current electrolysis has significant advantages in comparison with direct current electrolysis.
Influence of the Second Coordination Sphere on the Diffusion Coefficients of Niobium Fluoride Complexes in Chloride and Fluoride Melts
Authors: Popova Anna V. , Kremenetsky Vyacheslav G. , Kuznetsov Sergey A.
Published: March 2013

The diffusion coefficients of Nb(V) and Nb(IV) fluoride complexes in chloride and fluoride melts were obtained by linear sweep voltammetry, chronopotentiometry and chronoamperometry methods. The values found by these methods are in a good agreement with each other. The decreasing of diffusion coefficients was obtained when the cation in the second coordination sphere changes from Na to Cs. It was determined that the diffusion coefficients decrease when going from chloride melts to fluoride melts. Optimized geometrical structures and energies of such model particles as (M+)n[Nb(V)F7]2- and (M+)n[Nb(IV)F7]3- (M - Na, K, Cs; n=1 - 6) were obtained by quantum-chemical calculations. The most stable compositions of these particles were determined; energies of the [NbF7] complexes for all outersphere compositions, energy of the [NbF7] complex bonds with its outersphere shell, and the (Nb-F) and (Nb-M) bond lengths were calculated. Variations of the specified quantities in the Na-K-Cs and Nb(IV)-Nb(V) series are compared with a changes of diffusion coefficients. It has allowed making some guesses related mechanism of the [NbF7] complex diffusion in melts.
Towards Li-Air and Li-S Batteries: Understanding the Morphological Changes of Lithium Surfaces during Cycling at a Range of Current Densities in an Ionic Liquid Electrolyte
Authors: Bhatt Anand Indravadan , Kao Pon , Best Adam Samuel , Hollenkamp Anthony Frank
Published: March 2013

The repetitive cycling of lithium metal electrodes in Li metal | ionic liquid electrolytes | Li metal coin cells was investigated. Lithium metal electrodes achieved 800 charge-discharge cycles at current densities of 0.1, 10 and 100 mA cm-2. Voltage-time plots show evidence for instabilities manifesting themselves as voltage spikes. SEM imaging of cycled electrodes crucially shows no evidence for dendrite formation capable of leading to short circuit conditions, under all cycling regimes. SEM study shows evidence for surface corrosion. Based on the SEM study and cycling behavior a corrosion based equivalent circuit is presented and fitted to impedance data. SEM and impedance data are used to describe the changes in the voltage-time plots and ascribe the voltage spikes observed to changes in the lithium metal surface and subsequent corrosion. FTIR spectroscopy was used to analyze lithium electrodes after cycling. Evidence for IL surface coordination and LiOH formation was found.
EMIHSO4-Based Polymer Electrolytes and Their Applications in Solid Electrochemical Capacitors
Authors: Ketabi Sanaz , Liu Xianglong , Le Zaiyuan , Lian Keryn
Published: March 2013

Structural and electrochemical characterizations were performed to evaluate the effect of nano sized SiO2 filler on poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-1 ethyl 3 methylimidazolium hydrogensulfate (EMIHSO4) electrolytes. The increase in ionic conductivity in the -10 to +80 ºC temperature range is attributed to an enhanced ionic dissociation as well as a more stable amorphous phase in the polymer electrolyte with SiO2 filler. Electrochemical capacitors using this polymer electrolyte demonstrated a high rate response up to 1 V/s with a time constant of 1 s.
Processing Al-Sc Alloys at Liquid Aluminum Cathode in KF-AlF3 Molten Salt
Authors: Liu Qiaochu , Xue Jilai , Zhu Jun , Qian Yi , Feng Luxing
Published: March 2013

Al-Sc Alloys have showed many advanced properties for a wide range of engineering applications, which is usually produced using thermal reduction process. This work presents a study on electrochemical preparation of Al-Sc alloys at liquid aluminum cathode in KF-AlF3 (CR=1.3) molten salt at 750℃. Cyclic voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry were employed to investigate the electrode reaction. The electro-reduction of Sc(III) takes place on the surface of the aluminum liquid cathode at more positive potential values (0.6V) than at the inert Mo cathode. SEM and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) analysis of the product indicated that Al-Sc alloys were made of α-Al and Al3Sc phases; when the anode current density was 0.5~2.0A/cm2, Sc content was 0.44~0.73%. The obtained results show a promising method to make Al-Sc alloy electrochemically.
Uranium Activity and Solubility in Liquid Ga-In Eutectic Alloy: An Electrochemistry Study
Authors: Volkovich Vladimir A. , Maltsev Dmitry S. , Yamshchikov Leonid F. , Osipenko Alexander G. , Raspopin Sergey P. , Kormilitsyn Mikhail V.
Published: March 2013

Uranium activity, activity coefficients and solubility were determined for the first time in Ga-In eutectic alloy (21.8 wt.% In) between 573 and 1073 K employing the e.m.f. method. In addition uranium activity was also determined in alloys with gallium and indium in the same temperature range.
Cyclic Voltammetry and XAS Studies of Transition Metal Chlorides in the Ionic Liquid 1-Ethyl-3-Methyl Imidazolium Chloride/ Aluminum Chloride
Authors: Roeper Donald F , Cheek Graham Terry , Pandya Kaumudi I. , O'Grady William E.
Published: March 2013

Anhydrous nickel, niobium and tantalum chlorides were studied with cyclic voltammetry and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) in acidic and basic aluminum chloride/1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride (EMIC) ionic liquids. Nickel chloride in an acidic melt displays metal stripping peaks which are not observed in the basic melt. XAS analysis shows that the nickel is tetrahedrally coordinated in the basic melt while in the acidic melt, it is coordinated by 6 chloride ions that are also associated with aluminum ions. For Nb2Cl10, the XAS data shows that the Nb has a coordination shell of 5 in both the acidic and basic melts, indicating that the Nb2Cl10 breaks up into two NbCl5 entities in both melts. For Ta2Cl10 in the acidic melt, the tantalum has five chlorides in its coordination shell. In the basic solution, the tantalum is coordinated by 7 chlorides. This indicates that the Lewis acidity of the tantalum chloride causes the Ta to coordinate differently in the acidic and the basic ionic liquids.
Dispersion of Organically Modified Layered Silicates in Melt Blended Poly(Lactic Acid) Composites: Effects of Cation Head Groups and Oxygenated Alkyl Chains
Authors: Fox Douglas M , Zammarano Mauro , Novy Melissa , Haverhals Luke M. , De Long Hugh , Trulove Paul C.
Published: March 2013

Extruded organically modified layered silicate (OMLS) - poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites exhibit a mixed intercalated/exfoliated morphology. To explore effects of surfactant hydrophobicity and polarity on the quality of dispersion, a series of OMLS were prepared from quaternary ammonium, phosphonium, and imidazolium salts, including some synthesized hexadecanoic acid containing ionic liquids. The alkyl chains were modified to include aromatic and oxygen moieties while keeping the same long alkyl chain length. Nile Blue was co-exchanged to add a fluorescent tag to the layered silicates. The effectiveness of this technique for PLA and different Nile Blue salts were assessed. Degree of exfoliation was monitored using x-ray diffraction and fluorescence spectroscopy. Thermal characteristics of the new OMLS were measured.
Corrosion of Ferritic and Ferritic-Martensitic Steels in NaCl-KCl-VCl2 Melts
Authors: Polovov Ilya B. , Vinogradov Denis A. , Abramov Alexander V. , Shak Andrey V. , Volkovich Vladimir A. , Rebrin Oleg I. , Griffiths Trevor R.
Published: March 2013

The corrosion resistance of ferritic (08Kh17T) and ferritic-martensitic (12Kh13) type steels was investigated at 750 0C in NaCl-KCl-VCl2 melts. The mechanism of corrosion of 12Kh13 ferritic-martensitic steel in NaCl-KCl-VCl2 melts includes two parallel processes: formation of new excessive phases inducing Fe3C (σ-phase)|melt|steel microgalvanic pairs, and reaction of most electronegative steel components (Mn and Cr) with V3+ ions formed due to disproportion of V2+. Contacting samples of 08Kh17T with NaCl-KCl-VCl2 melts resulted in no structural changes in the steel samples. In this case the mechanism of corrosion involves only one stage: disproportion reaction of V(II) with the formation V-Fe alloy and V3+ ions and further oxidation of chromium in the steel by V(III). It was shown, that the presence of a suitable reducing agent in the contact with the melt (for example, metallic vanadium) can prevent the steel destruction.
Breast Developmental Anomalies in Dormaa Municipality of Ghana: Prevalence and Impact on the Life of the Individual
Authors: Agbenorku P. , Otupiri E. , Fugar S.
Published: March 2013

Background. Breast developmental anomalies (BDAs) are abnormalities of breast tissue that arise during breast development. Some of the anomalies can have negative impact on the person's life. This study seeks to assess the prevalence of BDA in the Dormaa Municipality in Ghana and its impact on the life of the individual.Materials and Methods. A descriptive study involving 500 female respondents aged between 11 and 25 years from selected schools in the Dormaa Municipality using self-administered questionnaires and interviews.Results. From the study, it was found that the prevalence of BDA in the municipality was 12.8%. The commonest BDA was bilateral hypoplasia which accounted for 31.3% of the BDAs found in the study. Nine (14.1%) complained of the BDA affecting their lives with most being teased in school. Twenty-two (34.4%) girls out of the 64 with BDAs had a family member with a BDA.Conclusion. BDA is a worry; therefore, comprehensive educational programs for health workers and the general public are needed to increase awareness. Also, work should be done to include education on BDA when awareness is being raised about breast cancer and on the importance of breast self-Examination (BSE).
Sufficient Conditions for -Spirallike and -Robertson Functions of Complex Order
Authors: Frasin B. A.
Published: March 2013

We obtain several sufficient conditions for -spirallike and -Robertson functions of complex order by making use of the well-known Jack Lemma.
Filtering for Discrete-Time Stochastic Systems with Nonlinear Sensor and Time-Varying Delay
Authors: Hua Mingang , Cheng Pei , Fei Juntao , Zhang Jianyong , Chen Junfeng
Published: March 2013

The filtering problem for a class of discrete-time stochastic systems with nonlinear sensor and time-varying delay is investigated. By using the Lyapunov stability theory, sufficient conditions are proposed to guarantee the asymptotical stablity with an prescribe performance level of the filtering error systems. These conditions are dependent on the lower and upper bounds of the discrete time-varying delays and are obtained in terms of a linear matrix inequality (LMI). Finally, two numerical examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Anisotropic Bianchi Type-III Bulk Viscous Fluid Universe in Lyra Geometry
Authors: Kumari Priyanka , Singh M. K. , Ram Shri
Published: March 2013

An anisotropic Bianchi type-III cosmological model is investigated in the presence of a bulk viscous fluid within the framework of Lyra geometry with time-dependent displacement vector. It is shown that the field equations are solvable for any arbitrary function of a scale factor. To get the deterministic model of the universe, we have assumed that (i) a simple power-law form of a scale factor and (ii) the bulk viscosity coefficient are proportional to the energy density of the matter. The exact solutions of the Einstein’s field equations are obtained which represent an expanding, shearing, and decelerating model of the universe. Some physical and kinematical behaviors of the cosmological model are briefly discussed.
A Correlative Defect Analyzer Combining Glide Test with Atomic Force Microscope
Authors: He Jizhong
Published: March 2013

We have developed a novel instrument combining a glide tester with an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) for hard disk drive (HDD) media defect test and analysis. The sample stays on the same test spindle during both glide test and AFM imaging without losing the relevant coordinates. This enables an in situ evaluation with the high-resolution AFM of the defects detected by the glide test. The ability for the immediate follow-on AFM analysis solves the problem of relocating the defects quickly and accurately in the current workflow. The tool is furnished with other functions such as scribing, optical imaging, and head burnishing. Typical data generated from the tool are shown at the end of the paper. It is further demonstrated that novel experiments can be carried out on the platform by taking advantage of the correlative capabilities of the tool.
Dysfunction of Collagen Synthesis and Secretion in Chondrocytes Induced byWisp3Mutation
Authors: Wang Min , Man Xiao-Fei , Liu Ya-Qing , Liao Er-Yuan , Shen Zhi-Feng , Luo Xiang-Hang , Guo Li-Juan , Wu Xian-Ping , Zhou Hou-De
Published: March 2013

Wisp3gene mutation was shown to cause spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda with progressive arthropathy (SRDT-PA), but the underlying mechanism is not clear. To clarify this mechanism, we constructed the wild and mutatedWisp3expression vectors and transfected into human chondrocytes lines C-20/A4;Wisp3proteins subcellular localization, cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, andWisp3-mediated gene expression were determined, and dynamic secretion of collagen in transfected chondrocytes was analyzed by14C-proline incorporation experiment. MutatedWisp3protein increased proliferation activity, decreased apoptosis of C-20/A4 cells, and aggregated abnormally in cytoplasm. Expression of collagen II was also downregulated in C-20/A4 cells transfected with mutatedWisp3. Wild typeWisp3transfection increased intracellular collagen content and extracellular collagen secretion, but the mutatedWisp3lost this function, and the peak phase of collagen secretion was delayed in mutatedWisp3transfected cells. Thus abnormal protein distribution, cell proliferation, collagen synthesis, and secretion inWisp3mutated chondrocytes might contribute to the pathogenesis of SEDT-PA.
Prediction of Color Properties of Cellulase-Treated 100% Cotton Denim Fabric
Authors: Kan C. W. , Wong W. Y. , Song L. J. , Law M. C.
Published: March 2013

Artificial neural network (ANN) model was used for predicting colour properties of 100% cotton denim fabrics, including colour yield (in terms of K/S value) and CIE L*, a*, b*, C*, and h° values, under the influence of cellulase treatment with various combinations of cellulase processing parameters. Variables examined in the ANN model included treatment temperature, treatment time, pH, mechanical agitation, and fabric yarn twist level. The ANN model was compared with a linear regression model where the ANN model produced superior results in the prediction of colour properties of cellulase-treated 100% cotton denim fabrics. The relative importance of the examined factors influencing colour properties was also investigated. The analysis revealed that cellulase treatment processing parameters played an important role in affecting the colour properties of the treated 100% denim cotton fabrics.
Tracing the Spread of Hepatitis C Virus in Turkey: A Phylogenetic Analysis
Authors: Sunbul Mustafa , Khan Anis , Kurbanov Fuat , Leblebicioglu Hakan , Sugiyama Masaya , Tanaka Yasuhito , Mizokami Masashi
Published: March 2013

Background/Aims: Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis C virus (HCV) shows that HCV genotypes are unique with respect to their nucleotide sequence, geographical distribution and clinical relationship. Methods: In this study we enrolled 67 HCV-infected individuals with various stages of liver disease from four geographical regions of Turkey. A partial NS5B region of the HCV genome was sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analysis to determine the circulating HCV genotypes and subtypes. Results: The results showed that HCV genotype 1 (subtype1b) is the main genetic variant of HCV in Turkey but did not reveal any Turkish indigenous phylogenetic cluster. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Turkish strains have their closest matches from both Asia (Japan) and Europe/USA. Conclusions: In view of Turkey's geographic position, HCV-1b transmission from Europe is not exceptional. This study could not establish a clear role of other HCV genotypes prevalent in neighboring Asian countries in Turkey's HCV transmission, which would need to be confirmed by further regional epidemiological studies.
Potential Role of BNIP3 in Cardiac Remodeling, Myocardial Stiffness, and Endoplasmic Reticulum
Authors: Chaanine Antoine H. , Gordon Ronald E. , Kohlbrenner Erik , Benard Ludovic , Jeong Dongtak , Hajjar Roger J.
Published: March 2013

Background—

We have shown that BNIP3 expression is significantly increased in heart failure (HF). In this study, we tested the effects of BNIP3 manipulation in HF.

Methods and Results—

In a rat model of pressure overload HF, BNIP3 knockdown significantly decreased left ventricular (LV) volumes with significant improvement in LV diastolic and systolic function. There were significant decreases in myocardial apoptosis and LV interstitial fibrosis. Ultrastructurally, BNIP3 knockdown attenuated mitochondrial fragmentation and restored mitochondrial morphology and integrity. On the molecular level, there were significant decreases in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitochondrial apoptotic markers. One of the mechanisms by which BNIP3 mediates mitochondrial dysfunction is via the oligomerization of the voltage-dependent anion channels causing a shift of calcium from the ER to mitochondrial compartments, leading to the decrease in ER calcium content, mitochondrial damage, apoptosis, and LV interstitial fibrosis, and hence contributes to both systolic and diastolic myocardial dysfunction, respectively. In systolic HF, the downregulation of SERCA2a (sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase), along with an increased BNIP3 expression, further worsen myocardial diastolic and systolic function and contribute to the major remodeling seen in systolic HF as compared with diastolic HF with normal SERCA2a expression.

Conclusions—

The increase in BNIP3 expression contributes mainly to myocardial diastolic dysfunction through mitochondrial apoptosis, LV interstitial fibrosis, and to some extent to myocardial systolic dysfunction attributable to the shift of calcium from the ER to the mitochondria and to the decrease in ER calcium content. However, SERCA2a downregulation remains a prerequisite for the major LV remodeling seen in systolic HF.
Perturbed Length-Dependent Activation in Human Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy With Missense Sarcomeric Gene Mutations
Authors: Sequeira Vasco , Wijnker Paul J.M. , Nijenkamp Louise L.A.M. , Kuster Diederik W.D. , Najafi Aref , Witjas-Paalberends E. Rosalie , Regan Jessica A. , Boontje Nicky , ten Cate Folkert J. , Germans Tjeerd , Carrier Lucie , Sadayappan Sakthivel , van Slegtenhorst Marjon A. , Zaremba Ruud , Foster D. Brian , Murphy Anne M. , Poggesi Corrado , dos Remedios Cris , Stienen Ger J.M. , Ho Carolyn Y. , Michels Michelle , van der Velden Jolanda
Published: March 2013

Rationale:

High-myofilament Ca
2+
sensitivity has been proposed as a trigger of disease pathogenesis in familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) on the basis of in vitro and transgenic mice studies. However, myofilament Ca
2+
sensitivity depends on protein phosphorylation and muscle length, and at present, data in humans are scarce.

Objective:

To investigate whether high myofilament Ca
2+
sensitivity and perturbed length-dependent activation are characteristics for human HCM with mutations in thick and thin filament proteins.

Methods and Results:

Cardiac samples from patients with HCM harboring mutations in genes encoding thick (
MYH7
,
MYBPC3
) and thin (
TNNT2
,
TNNI3
,
TPM1
) filament proteins were compared with sarcomere mutation-negative HCM and nonfailing donors. Cardiomyocyte force measurements showed higher myofilament Ca
2+
sensitivity in all HCM samples and low phosphorylation of protein kinase A (PKA) targets compared with donors. After exogenous PKA treatment, myofilament Ca
2+
sensitivity was similar (
MYBPC3
mut
,
TPM1
mut
, sarcomere mutation-negative HCM), higher (
MYH7
mut
,
TNNT2
mut
), or even significantly lower (
TNNI3
mut
) compared with donors. Length-dependent activation was significantly smaller in all HCM than in donor samples. PKA treatment increased phosphorylation of PKA-targets in HCM myocardium and normalized length-dependent activation to donor values in sarcomere mutation-negative HCM and HCM with truncating
MYBPC3
mutations but not in HCM with missense mutations. Replacement of mutant by wild-type troponin in
TNNT2
mut
and
TNNI3
mut
corrected length-dependent activation to donor values.

Conclusions:

High-myofilament Ca
2+
sensitivity is a common characteristic of human HCM and partly reflects hypophosphorylation of PKA targets compared with donors. Length-dependent sarcomere activation is perturbed by missense mutations, possibly via posttranslational modifications other than PKA hypophosphorylation or altered protein–protein interactions, and represents a common pathomechanism in HCM.
Duration of Ventilations During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation by Lay Rescuers and First Responders
Authors: Beesems Stefanie G. , Wijmans Lizzy , Tijssen Jan G.P. , Koster Rudolph W.
Published: March 2013

Background—

The 2010 guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation allow 5 seconds to give 2 breaths to deliver sufficient chest compressions and to keep perfusion pressure high. This study aims to determine whether the recommended short interruption for ventilations by trained lay rescuers and first responders can be achieved and to evaluate its consequence for chest compressions and survival.

Methods and Results—

From a prospective data collection of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, we used automatic external defibrillator recordings of cardiopulmonary resuscitation by rescuers who had received a standard European Resuscitation Council basic life support and automatic external defibrillator course. Ventilation periods and total compressions delivered per minute during each 2 minutes of cardiopulmonary resuscitation cycle were measured, and the chest compression fraction was calculated. Neurological intact survival to discharge was studied in relation to these factors and covariates. We included 199 automatic external defibrillator recordings. The median interruption time for 2 ventilations was 7 seconds (25th–75th percentile, 6–9 seconds). Of all rescuers, 21% took <5 seconds and 83% took <10 seconds for a ventilation period; 97%, 88%, and 63% of rescuers were able to deliver >60, >70, and >80 chest compressions per minute, respectively. The median chest compression fraction was 65% (25th–75th percentile, 59%–71%). Survival was 25% (49 of 199), not associated with long or short ventilation pauses when controlled for covariates.

Conclusions—

The great majority of rescuers can give 2 rescue breaths in <10 seconds and deliver at least 70 compressions in a minute. Longer pauses for ventilations are not associated with worse outcome. Guidelines may allow longer pauses for ventilations with no detriment to survival.
Between the Image and Anthropology: Theatrical Lessons from Aby Warburg's “Nympha”
Authors: Gough Kathleen M.
Published: March 2013

In the 1890s Aby Warburg began to articulate a theory of performance that he called the “Pathos Formula.” He conceptualized this formula around the figure-of-woman-in-movement—“Nympha.” The “Nympha” occupies the same place in Warburg's theory as “strips of film/strips of behavior” does in Richard Schechner's “Restoration of Behavior.” Warburg's Nympha illuminates how the invocation of film strips as culturally neutral inflected performance studies from the outset with a gendering that has been reflected and contested ever since.
Grotowski in a Maze of Haitian Narration
Authors: Kolankiewicz Leszek
Published: March 2013

Jerzy Grotowski was not a Hasid; he was not even a Jew. And yet he became a Hasid on Polish soil when he helped his non-Jewish collaborators in the Theatre of Sources Project to seek the Shekhinah (the presence of the divine) just as the Hasidim did. They were accompanied in this task by Amon Frémon, a Voodoo priest brought to Poland as part of a group of 13 Haitians by un gran blan, a Pole who had come to Haiti looking for descendants of his ancestors.
Your Hero Is a Ghost, 2010
Authors: Lovett/Codagnone  , Zook Tom
Published: March 2013

Stainless steel, wood, conduit, black paint, speakers, sound. Photo by Jason Mandella, courtesy Sculpture Center, New York, and the artists

Lovett/Codagnone, an artist team based in New York, have worked together since 1995 using photography, performance, video, sound, and installation. Their ongoing exploration of relations of power, as manifested in explicit cultural signifiers as well as clandestine or unconscious practices, investigates the way power comes to play within social structures (relationships, family) to focus on intimacy and the construction of desire. Recent solo exhibitions: Museo Marino Marini, Florence, 2012; LA><ART, Los Angeles, 2012; September Galerie, Berlin, 2011; Sculpture Center, New York, 2010; Sara Meltzer Gallery, New York, 2009; MoMA PS1, New York, 2007–2008. Their performances have been presented at the ICA Philadelphia (2010); Judson Memorial Church, New York (2010); and the ICA Boston (2007). Their work has been shown in galleries and museums in France, Germany, Italy, and The Netherlands. Supplemental media related to this piece can be found at www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/suppl/10.1162/DRAM_a_00205
Handle with Care
Authors: Casid Jill H.
Published: March 2013

At a moment when public support for care cannot be assumed to have social value, close attention should be paid to the particulars of affective labor that are the (im)material support of care. Tracing a deliberately false etymology of the term “precarity,” a reading of six “scenes” of care considers how it might be possible to reframe the question of deathcare through an ethical practice of “intimate distance,” and to enable the vital “as if” labor of imagining support for a good death.
On Thieves, Spiritless Bodies, and Creole Soul: Dancing through the Streets of New Orleans
Authors: Carrico Rachel
Published: March 2013

Five days before her death in 2009, Antoinette K-Doe paraded as Queen of the Camel Toe Lady Steppers, an all-female marching group. Danced articulations of race, class, and locality, performed by old and new New Orleanians, reveal why negotiations of the city's “local” culture are central to concerns of resource inequity before and after Hurricane Katrina.
The Image of the Martyr in Syrian Performance and Web Activism
Authors: Ziter Edward
Published: March 2013

The Syrian opposition has used web and performance activism to bolster and spread an ethos of creative resistance, subverting state ceremonies and rhetoric. These activists have transformed the martyr into the one who died defying rather than supporting the state.
The Informative Public of Performance: A Study of Viennese Actionism, 1965–1970
Authors: Widrich Mechtild
Published: March 2013

The reputedly “direct art” of Viennese Actionism, including Günter Brus's Vienna Walk and the Picture Compendium of Viennese Actionism compiled by Peter Weibel and VALIE EXPORT, constitutes an “informative” audience for later readers, with documents setting the stage for an imaginative engagement with still-unknown spectators.
Peer Gynt at Bergen's Den Nationale Scene: Conventional or Controversial?
Authors: Olive Sarah
Published: March 2013

The text and original productions of Peer Gynt were saturated with late 19th-century Norwegian romanticism, upholding the nation's independence from other European countries and its unique identity. But a production by Den National Scene arguably becomes pan-European in its quest to achieve impact and originality.
A new tardigrade Doryphoribius maasaimarensis sp. nov. (Eutardigrada: Hypsibiidae) from Kenya
Authors: FONTOURA PAULO , LISI OSCAR , PILATO GIOVANNI
Published: March 2013

A new tardigrade, Doryphoribius maasaimarensis sp. nov., is described from a moss sample collected in Masai Mara Game Reserve, Kenya. The new species is characterized by having a reticulate dorsal cuticle with small tubercles; nine transverse rows of dorsal gibbosities (configuration IX:4-6-4-6-4-6-4-4-2); pharyngeal bulb with two macroplacoids and no microplacoid; claws with short and thin accessory points; small, smooth lunules under the claws. The new species is most similar to Doryphoribius zyxiglobus (Horning, Schuster & Grigarick, 1978). Both exhibit two macroplacoids, similar cuticular pattern and the same configuration of gibbosities. However, in Doryphoribius maasaimarensis sp. nov. the cu-ticular tubercles are less close, buccal tube slightly longer with respect to the body length, more gradual curvature of the buccal tube, different claws shape and thinner accessory points.
Description of Quercorhabditis rajouriensis gen. n., sp. n. (Nematoda: Rhabditidae)
Authors: SHAH ALI ASGHAR , HUSSAIN ABID , VAID SHAVISH
Published: March 2013

Quercorhabditis rajouriensis gen. n., sp. n. is described and illustrated. Distinctive characters include a labial region set off by a constriction and wider than adjoining body, heavily sclerotized cheilostom with arched rhabdions, barely differentiable stegostom, amphidelphic gonads, spicules with a free dorsal arm, and a leptoderan bursa with ten pairs of bursal papillae. The new genus resembles Diploscapteriodes Rahm, 1928 in the shape of cheilostom, presence of amphidelphic gonads, leptoderan bursa and long conoid tail. However, it can be differentiated from the latter genus in the shape of labial region, cheilostomal sclerotization, absence of ridge-like tooth in gymnostom, having spicules with a free dorsal arm, somewhat boat-shaped gubernaculum and in having ten pairs of bursal papillae. The new genus also resembles Curviditis (Dougherty, 1953) Andrássy, 1983, Rhabditella (Cobb, 1929) Chitwood, 1933 and Metarhabditis Tahseen et. al., 2004 in having spicules with free dorsal arm. However, it can be differentiated from these related genera by its heavily cuticularised cheilostom with arched rhabdions and barely differentiable stegostom. The new genus can further be differentiated from Curviditis and Rhabditella in having a well developed bursa and from Metarhabditis by its leptoderan bursa with ten pairs of bursal papillae arranged in 3+4+3 arrangement.
Leaf litter copepods from a cloud forest mountain top in Honduras (Copepoda: Cyclopidae, Canthocamptidae)
Authors: FIERS FRANK , JOCQUE MERLIJN
Published: March 2013

Five different species of Copepoda were extracted from a leaf litter sample collected on the top (at 2000 m a.s.l.) of a cloud forested mountain in El Cusuco National Park, Honduras. Three of them, one Cyclopidae and two Canthocamptidae are new to science, and are described herein. Olmeccyclops hondo sp. nov. is the second representative thus far known of this New World genus. Moraria catracha sp. nov. and Moraria cusuca sp. nov. are the first formally described members of the genus occurring in Central America. The concept of a “Moraria-group” is considered to be an artificial grouping and is limited here to the genera Moraria and Morariopsis only. The distributional range of this group is essentially Holarctic, with the mountainous regions inHonduras, and probably in westNicaragua, as the southernmost limits in theNew World.
How External Institutions Penetrate Schools Through Formal and Informal Leaders
Authors: Sun Min , Frank Kenneth A. , Penuel William R. , Kim Chong Min
Published: March 2013

Purposes: This study investigates the role of formal and informal leaders in the diffusion of external reforms into schools and to teachers’ practices. Formal leaders are designated by their roles in the formal organization of the school (e.g., principals, department chairs, and instructional coaches) and informal leaders refer to those who do not have any formal leadership roles but are nominated by other colleagues as influences on their instructional practices. In the context of implementing reading policies associated with No Child Left Behind (NCLB) 2001 legislation, this study aims to examine (a) how formal and informal leaders promote instructional changes through professional interactions with teachers and (b) which types of instructional practices are most responsive to which types of leaders. Research Methods: The authors analyze longitudinal data concerning both professional interactions about teaching reading and instructional practices of teachers and leaders in nine K-8 schools in a single state. Findings and Implications: Formal leaders convey influence on general teaching practices such as setting standards, selecting materials, and assessing students while informal leaders convey influence on specific pedagogical practices (e.g., the use of particular strategies for teaching basic reading skills). Findings contribute to the theoretical and methodological development of both distributed leadership and policy implementation within schools. Moreover, this study suggests the importance of and several strategies for developing a strong instructional leadership team that recognizes and supports the complementary influences of formal and informal leaders.
Ernest Becker at Simon Fraser University (1969-1974)
Authors: Martin Jack
Published: March 2013

The cultural anthropologist and humanist Ernest Becker spent the final four and a half years of his life at Simon Fraser University (SFU) in British Columbia, Canada. During these years, Becker’s thought and work underwent a profound transformation that resulted in the publication of the Pulitzer Prize–winning book, The Denial of Death, and a highly praised companion book, published posthumously, Escape From Evil. However, surprisingly little has been known about Becker’s final years at SFU. In this biographical essay, based on Becker’s papers and letters, university records and documents, and interviews with several of those who knew him best during this period of his life, Becker’s years at SFU are revealed as a professional, existential struggle, one that was both heroic and tragic—a struggle in which his work merged with his life as both drew to an end.
Medical benefits in young Norwegians and their parents, and the contribution of family health and socioeconomic status. The HUNT Study, Norway
Authors: Pape Kristine , Bjørngaard Johan Håkon , De Ridder Karin A.A. , Westin Steinar , Holmen Turid Lingaas , Krokstad Steinar
Published: March 2013

Aims: Family and intergenerational perspectives might contribute to a better understanding of why young people in many European countries experience work impairment and end up being dependent on public benefits for life sustenance. The aim of this cohort study was to explore the relationship between the receipt of medical benefits in parents and their young adult offspring and the contributions of family health and family socioeconomic status. Methods: Baseline information on the health of 7597 adolescents and their parents who participated in the HUNT Study 1995–1997 was linked to national registers to identify long-term receipt of medical benefits for parents (1992–1997) and adolescents as they entered adulthood (1998–2008). We used logistic regression to explore the association between parent and offspring receipt of medical benefits, adjusting for family health and socioeconomic status. Results: Among adolescents, 13% received medical benefits from age 20–29. Adolescents whose parents had received medical benefits (26%) were more likely to receive such benefits themselves from age 20–29 compared with adolescents without benefit-receiving parents (age- and sex-adjusted odds ratio (OR) 2.16, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.86–2.49). Adjustment for family health reduced this estimate considerably (to OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.38–1.99), whereas adjustment for family socioeconomic status had less impact. Conclusions: Adolescents whose parents receive medical benefits enter adult working life with an elevated risk of health-related work exclusion. Family health vulnerability appears to be a key to understanding this association, suggesting that more attention to intergenerational continuities of health could be a way to prevent welfare dependence in future generations.
New Approach to Epileptic Diagnosis Using Visibility Graph of High-Frequency Signal
Authors: Tang Xiaoying , Xia Li , Liao Yezi , Liu Weifeng , Peng Yuhua , Gao Tianxin , Zeng Yanjun
Published: March 2013

A new nonlinear approach is presented for high-frequency electrocorticography (ECoG)-based diagnosis of epilepsy. The ECoG data from 3 patients with epilepsy are analyzed in this study. A recently developed algorithm in graph theory, visibility graph (VG), is applied in this research. The approach is based on the key discovery that high-frequency oscillation takes place during epileptic seizure, making it a marker of epilepsy. Therefore, the nonlinear property of the high-frequency signal may be more noticeable. Hence, a complexity measure, called graph index complexity (GIC), is computed using the VG of the patients’ high-frequency ECoG subband. After comparison and statistical analysis, the nonlinear feature is proved to be effective in detection and location of the epilepsy. Two different traditional complexities, sample entropy and Lempel-Ziv, were also calculated to make a comparison and prove that GIC provides better identification.
Improving well-being through community health improvement: a service evaluation
Authors: Eden Angela , Lowndes Janice
Published: March 2013

This paper describes the establishment of a health improvement service delivered in a socio-economically deprived region of the UK. Recent service reorganisation has provided the opportunity to consider new outcome measures. Results from a service evaluation conducted during integration into local council services are presented.

Individuals living in socially excluded communities may require support to feel involved in their local community and to develop supportive networks. In turn, this support could be protective to their health and well-being. This paper will explore how community development activities delivered by Salford Health Improvement Service (SHIS) can support measurable improvements in well-being.

Data are drawn from a validated structured questionnaire that measured well-being before and after involvement in a range of community-based interventions based upon established community development principles. The questionnaire was completed by 404 individuals. The paper is UK focused and as such is situated within the context of predominantly UK-based community development literature.

The findings indicate that the community development interventions delivered by SHIS do produce positive outcomes in terms of increasing participants’ level of well-being. Self-reported well-being improved in 75% of participants. Community development approaches may be an effective approach in supporting people to become engaged in activities that facilitate healthy lifestyles.
The illusion of continuity: Nikephoros Phokas, John Tzimiskes and the eastern border
Authors: Garrood William
Published: March 2013

Throughout the ninth and tenth centuries, the Byzantine Empire successfully expanded in the east. This culminated in the late tenth century with the great soldier emperors Nikephoros Phokas (963–969) and John Tzimiskes (969–976), who both achieved spectacular victories in the east at the expense of the empire’s Arab enemies. Modern scholarship always links these emperors together as following a consistent strategy. This article argues that, despite similarities, Nikephoros and John actually had different approaches to the eastern wars, in geography, level of focus, operational style and ultimate objective, underpinned by different strategic visions of the Empire’s position. This continuity is therefore illusory.
The original source for Tzimiskes’ Balkan campaign (971 AD) and the emperor’s classicizing propaganda
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony
Published: March 2013

For their account of Ioannes Tzimiskes’ Balkan campaign of 971 AD against the Rus, Leon the Deacon and Ioannes Skylitzes independently used a common source that was written soon after the emperor’s triumph in Constantinople. This source classicized the emperor and his actions, drawing upon figures from the Roman Republic and including speeches and geographical digressions. This source accounts for the bulk of what we know of Tzimiskes’ reign.
The fair of Agios Demetrios of 26 October 1449: Byzantine-Venetian relations and land issues in mid-century
Authors: Wright Diana Gilliland
Published: March 2013

A unique document of 1451 written in political verse gives an account by an anonymous-Greek of his encounters with Byzantine and Venetian justice as the result of a small incident at the Nauplion fair of Agios Demetrios of 1449. Petitions from Argos and Nauplion to Venice in 1451 recount a similar incident at his same fair, and give a broader perspective of both events. Together the three documents produce a remarkable view of Nauplion and Argos intra-city hostilities and competition, social classes, and economics, and with the relationship of both with the Despotate of the Morea.
‘Peasantist nationalism’ in inter-war Greece (1927–41)
Authors: Ploumidis Spyridon
Published: March 2013

‘Peasantist nationalism’ was a new radical nationalist discourse in the twentieth century. The crisis in agriculture in the 1920s, urbanism and the perceived overpopulation of the cities were important social factors that instigated the intellectual construction of the ‘peasantist nation’. Peasantist nationalism was by and large constructed by agronomists, a new stratum of technocrats who used nationalism as a vehicle for social mobility and their entry into the strata of the organic intellectuals of the bourgeoisie. Peasantist nationalist ideas, set forth earlier by the agronomists, were adopted by Metaxas’ quasi-fascist regime and upgraded to the level of the state’s hegemonic ideology.