bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gradus ad Parnassum: Selected early songs of gabriel Fauré in the socio-cultural context of his time
Authors: Roman Zoltan
Published: March 2007

Faué's mélodies have received too little attention. Here four early songs are subjected to musico-poetic and stylistic-technical analysis. To understand fully the young musician's achievement, the songs are viewed in their socio-cultural milieu. His earliest works date from the end of the Second Empire and the Franco-Prussian War; his first maturity coincided with the beginnings of la Belle Époque. Of modest origins, Fauré succeeded in earning the patronage of leading social and artistic figures of the time, including the venerable Franz Liszt, and the celebrated singer, composer and mistress of her own salon, Pauline Viardot. One mélodie each by these established composers is analyzed in comparison with the two musico-poetically similar pieces by the young Frenchman. These juxtapositions show clearly that Fauré followed his own path from the outset, in a direction that was altogether forward-oriented, even where it was built of stones borrowed from the past.
Fragmente nach Dante, Lamenti nach Tasso: Beiträge zur Genese des italienischen Jahrganges der Années de pèlerinage
Authors: Bozó Péter
Published: March 2007

Die Studie ist ein Versuch auf dem Gebiet der musikalischen Quellenforschung; zwei Facetten der Genese von Liszts Klavierzyklus Années de pèlerinage werden darin behandelt. Zuerst werden vier handschriftliche Quellen der Dante-Sonate dargestellt, die bisher in die Untersuchungen zur Entstehungsgeschichte des Stückes nicht einbezogen bzw. falsch interpretiert wurden. Anhand dieser Quellen werden einige wichtige Unterschiede zwischen der Frühfassung bzw. der Fassung letzter Hand von Après un lecture du Dante nachgewiesen. Dann wird eine neue Lesart des Planes für den Italien-Band vom sogenannten Ce qu'on entend-Skizzenbuch geboten. Aufgrund dieses Planes wird die bisher unbekannte Beziehung der Genese der symphonischen Dichtung Tasso und des Klavierzyklus Années de pèlerinage dargestellt.
“Pure music”? Dohnányi's Passacaglia for Solo Flute
Authors: Kusz Veronika
Published: March 2007

After his emigration from Hungary and a longer stay in Austria and Argentina, Dohnányi settled down in Tallahassee (USA) in 1949 and lived there until his death in 1960. Besides his professorship at the Florida State University (FSU) and his continuous concert-tours in the whole country, he was also very active as a composer in this decade. The ultimate composition of this period and his life is the Passacaglia for Solo Flute (op. 48. no. 2) which is a quite unusual piece of the composer, not only because of the choice of instrument, unprecedented in the œuvre, and its theme, partly dodecaphonic, but because of its significant source-material to be found in the Kilényi-Dohnányi Collection of the FSU. This paper attempts to study this last, odd piece of Dohnányi exhaustively through the investigation of its musical and non-musical sources in parallel with its analysis.
Form created by performance: Bartók's recording of his Improvisations op. 20
Authors: Atar Ron
Published: March 2007

Bartók's “Continental” 1942 recording of Improvisations op. 20 provides us with invaluable insights into his aesthetics and nature. This is a special case study in which Bartók redesign the composition through his performance. In this rendition the simple structure of most of the eight pieces that construct the composition (alternations between arrangements of the Hungarian peasant songs and transitions section in between them), turn into temperamental micro-drama of associations, flowing without any hesitations from Bartók's mind to his fingers. The folk song arrangements are played in various performing styles, related directly to the written texture, while the transition sections played in more personal style. Here, in these transitional sections, Bartók the romantic, emotional pianist is revealed. These transitions are used by him as improvisatory pauses, used mainly for musical reflections dealing with his performance style of the preceded folk song arrangement or the one that follows. The current article introduces and examines some of the insights evoked by Bartók's recording of this composition.
Béla Bartók et Maurice Ravel: Question d'une influence Bartók a-t-il été inspiré par Daphnis et Chloé de Ravel dans son ballet le Prince de bois?
Authors: De Surmont Noël
Published: March 2007

Maurice Ravel uses a lot of musical elements in his ballet Daphnis et Chloé that appear in Bartók's Ballet The Wooden Prince. So are the instrumentation and especially the orchestration (particularly at the beginning of these two works: the wake-up of the nature that is almost the same, and the “grotesque” moments). The themes of the different episodes that build the ballet seem to be the same in their conception, and we can add that the main themes (love in Daphnis and the prince in The Wooden Prince) are twin. Their roots are the same, so the idea that Ravel influenced Bartók looks likely. Even if there is no real proof, like e.g. a letter by Bartók about Daphnis et Chloé. A comparison of the two works seems to suggest that Ravel's work really had an influence on Bartók's Wooden Prince.
A Comparison of Two Different IMPSAT Models in Compositional Simulation
Authors: Haukas Jarle , Aavatsmark Ivar , Espedal Magne , Reiso Edel
Published: March 2007

A new IMPSAT model, with explicit solution of variables that are isochoric (i.e., complementary to volumes), is compared to the conventional IMPSAT model, which determines phase mole fractions explicitly. The compared properties are performance of the nonlinear iteration and numerical stability.

The use of complementary variables in the new IMPSAT model makes the nonlinear system better conditioned. Consequently, fewer nonlinear iteration steps are required. The resulting speedup more than compensates for the added costs of introducing and using the isochoric variables.

The stability criterion associated with the new IMPSAT model is in many cases significantly less conservative than the conventional criterion. However, for cases in which there is little or no saturation change between the hydrocarbon phases (e.g., for retrograde gas condensate cases or single hydrocarbon phase cases), the difference between the criteria is insignificant.

The timestep sizes for which instabilities occur are practically the same for the two models, and no oscillations have been observed unless both the new and the conventional criterion are violated. Consequently, the stability properties are similar, and the new criterion seems to apply to both models.

Our conclusions are supported by numerical results.

Introduction

An isothermal compositional model of Nc components involves the solution of Nc flow equations per gridblock (e.g., the mass balance equations):

(Eq. 1)

where ?ni is the change in the amount of component i during timestep ?t, while fi and qi are the component interblock flow and source rates. In addition, phase equilibrium between the oil and gas phases (e.g., equalities of fugacities),

(Eq. 2)

must be taken into account.

Because of the large number of equations and the complex thermodynamics, it is too demanding to determine all variables implicitly (i.e., simultaneously in all gridblocks). Instead, we use a partially explicit approach, where some variables are determined implicitly, while others are determined explicitly, gridblock by gridblock. The explicit solution relies on explicit treatment of variables (i.e., evaluating parts of the interblock flow with variables from the previous time level).
Approximate Analytical Solutions for the Pressure Response at a Water-Injection Well
Authors: Boughrara Amina A. , Peres Alvaro M. M. , Chen Shi , Machado Augusto A. V. , Reynolds Albert C.
Published: March 2007

In this paper, we construct approximate analytical solutions for the injection wellbore pressure at vertical and horizontal water injection wells using the Thompson-Reynolds steady-state theory. The solutions are based on adding to the single-phase solution, a two-phase term which represents the existence of the two-phase zone and the movement of the water front. We first present the solutions for an isotropic reservoir and then show that we can obtain the solution to an anisotropic problem by introducing a coordinate transformation to convert an anisotropic system to an equivalent isotropic system.

The analytical solutions provide insight into the behavior of injectivity tests at horizontal and vertical wells. For example, for a restricted-entry case, it is shown that the pressure derivative may be negative throughout an injection test even when the duration of the test exceeds ten or more days. We also show that for a well near a fault, the ratio of slopes reflected by derivative data will not in general be equal to two.
Bottomhole Pressure Control During Drilling Operations in Gas-Dominant Wells
Authors: Nygaard Gerhard H. , Vefring Erlend H. , Fjelde Kjell Kåre , Nævdal Geir , Lorentzen Rolf Johan , Mylvaganam Saba
Published: March 2007

To obtain an underbalanced pressure condition, nitrogen gas can be injected into the drillstring. Simultaneous injection of liquids and gases leads to a highly dynamic flow system. During pipe connections, pressure transients can cause the bottomhole pressure to rise above the pore pressure of the reservoir or fall below the reservoir collapse pressure. Migration of gas during pipe connection and inflow from the reservoir will also cause bottomhole pressure changes.

This paper presents a methodology for controlling the bottomhole pressure during drilling operations in gas-dominant wells. The methodology incorporates a dynamic model of the well fluid flow and the well-reservoir interaction. Available control actions during the drilling process are the gas injection rate prior to the pipe connection and choke valve settings during the pipe connection. Measurement of the pump rates, pump pressures, choke pressure and the bottomhole pressure are also available to support the control actions. However, during pipe connections and in the event of transient signal failures, the bottomhole pressure measurements will be suppressed.

The control methodology used is based on a nonlinear model predictive control system, which predicts the near-future behavior of the well, and uses these predictions to obtain the optimal choke settings. The model parameters are calibrated using measurements from the well to ensure that the model is suitable for the predictions.

A field-based case with gas injection has been examined using this control methodology. The results indicate that model based control can be utilized in developing an automated and integrated pump rate and choke-control system for underbalanced drilling operations.
Multirate-Transfer Dual-Porosity Modeling of Gravity Drainage and Imbibition
Authors: Di Donato Ginevra , Lu Huiyun , Tavassoli Zohreh , Blunt Martin J.
Published: March 2007

We develop a physically motivated approach to modeling displacement processes in fractured reservoirs. To find matrix/ fracture transfer functions in a dual-porosity model, we use analytical expressions for the average recovery as a function of time for gas gravity drainage and countercurrent imbibition. For capillary-controlled displacement, the recovery tends to its ultimate value with an approximately exponential decay (Barenblatt et al. 1990). When gravity dominates, the approach to ultimate recovery is slower and varies as a power law with time (Hagoort 1980). We apply transfer functions based on these expressions for core-scale recovery in field-scale simulation.

To account for heterogeneity in wettability, matrix permeability, and fracture geometry within a single gridblock, we propose a multirate model (Ponting 2004). We allow the matrix to be composed of a series of separate domains in communication with different fracture sets with different rate constants in the transfer function.

We use this methodology to simulate recovery in a Chinese oil field to assess the efficiency of different injection processes. We use a streamline-based formulation that elegantly allows the transfer between fracture and matrix to be accommodated as source terms in the 1D transport equations along streamlines that capture the flow in the fractures (Di Donato et al. 2003; Di Donato and Blunt 2004; Huang et al. 2004).

This approach contrasts with the current Darcy-like formulation for fracture/matrix transfer based on a shape factor (Gilman and Kazemi 1983) that may not give the correct average behavior (Di Donato et al. 2003; Di Donato and Blunt 2004; Huang et al. 2004). Furthermore, we show that recovery is exceptionally sensitive to parameters that describe the physics of the displacement process, highlighting the need to make careful core-scale measurements of recovery.
Gas-Condensate Flow in Perforated Regions
Authors: Jamiolahmady Mahmoud , Danesh Ali , Sohrabi Mehran , Ataei Rahim
Published: March 2007

The most crucial region with regard to affecting well productivity is the perforated region. Considerable effort has been directed to study this subject mathematically by many investigators, but they have been mainly focused on single-phase flow, while two-phase flow has received less attention.

It has been demonstrated, first by Danesh et al. (1994) and subsequently by other researchers (Henderson et al. 1995; Blom et al. 1997; Ali et al. 1997), that the gas and condensate relative permeability (kr) can increase significantly by increasing the flow rate, contrary to the common understanding. This effect, known as positive coupling, complicates the flow of gas and condensate near the wellbore even further when it competes with the inertial forces at higher velocities typical of those around perforation tips.

The flow of gas and condensate in the perforated region was studied in this work using a finite-element modeling approach. The model allows for changes in fluid properties and accounts for the positive coupling and negative inertial effects using a fractional-flow-based relative-permeability correlation. A sensitivity analysis on the impact of perforation characteristics such as density, phasing, length, and radius as well as that of fluid properties, rock characteristics, wellbore radius, fractional flow, and rate on well productivity was conducted, resulting in some valuable practical guidelines for optimum perforation design.

Introduction

The effect of perforation characteristics on the well flow efficiency has been studied by many investigators. Muskat presented the first analytical treatment of the problem (1943). In his analysis, perforations were represented by mathematical sinks distributed spirally around the wellbore but did not extend into the formation. Other early investigators used the finite-difference modeling technique to examine the productivity aspects of perforated completions (Harris 1966; Hong 1975). However, because of the limitations of the finite-difference method, these studies considered mostly unrealistic perforation geometries to avoid mathematical complexities. Later investigators applied the finite-element method, which models the geometry of the perforation with greater precision (Locke 1981; Tariq 1987).

Tariq (1987) presented results of finite-element modeling of single-phase steady-state flow in perforated completions with and without the non-Darcy (inertial) effect for a linear core and a full 3D system. Although his results for single-phase flow are widely used, there are reports on lack of required accuracy at large perforation lengths and in the non-Darcy cases (Behie and Settari 1993; Jamiolahmady et al. 2006a).
Dynamic Reservoir Data Assimilation With an Efficient, Dimension-Reduced Kalman Filter
Authors: Zhang Dongxiao , Lu Zhiming , Chen Yan
Published: March 2007

Kalman filter-based methods have been widely applied for assimilating new measurements to continuously update the estimate of state variables, such as reservoir properties and responses. The standard Kalman filtering scheme requires computing and storing the covariance matrix of state variables, which is computationally expensive for large-scale problems with millions of gridblocks. In the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF), this problem is alleviated with sampling from a limited number of realizations and computing the required subset of the covariance matrix at each update. However, the goodness of the (ensemble) covariance approximated from the limited ensemble depends on the number of realizations used and the representativity of a given ensemble. In this study, we propose an efficient, dimension-reduced Kalman filtering scheme based on Karhunen-Loeve (KL) and other orthogonal polynomial decompositions of the state variables. We consider flow in heterogeneous reservoirs with spatially variable permeability. The reservoir responses such as pressure are measured at some locations at various time intervals. The aim is to dynamically characterize the reservoir properties and to predict the reservoir performance and its uncertainty at future times. In our scheme, the covariance of the reservoir properties is approximated by a small set of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions using the KL decomposition and the reconstruction of the covariance from the KL decomposition can be done whenever needed. In each update, the forecast step is solved using the KL-based moment method, giving a set of functions from which the mean and covariance of the state variables can be constructed, when needed. The statistics of both the reservoir properties and the reservoir responses are then updated with the available measurements at this time using the auto-and cross-covariances obtained from the forecast step. The new approach is illustrated on a heterogeneous reservoir with dynamic measurements and the results are compared with those from the EnKF method, in terms of accuracy and efficiency.
Modeling Thermally Induced Compaction in Diatomite
Authors: Dietrich J. K. , Scott J. D.
Published: March 2007

Diatoms and radiolarians are microorganisms that precipitate Opal-A to form siliceous tests that accumulate on the seafloor to form siliceous oozes. Progressive diagenesis of these deposits during burial results in thick, highly compressible reservoirs of exceptionally high porosity and low permeability, not unlike the chalk reservoirs of the North Sea. During burial and over time, the amorphous silica phase (Opal-A) becomes unstable and gradually changes in its structure to more stable, ordered Opal-A′ and crystalline forms or phases of silica, namely Opal-CT and quartz. The Opal-A→Opal-A′→Opal-CT→quartz transformation results in a naturally occurring densification and compaction process that is accelerated by an application of heat. Reservoir compaction and surface subsidence can usually be controlled by injecting fluid to control the effective stress. However, in heavy-oil diatomite reservoirs undergoing steam injection, the injected fluid causes competing effects: it controls effective stress to some degree, yet at the same time it accelerates compaction and subsidence.

This paper describes selected results of a diatomite laboratory testing program and features of a unique thermal reservoir simulator formulated to handle the effects on compaction caused by stress, temperature, and time-dependent strain (creep). Elevated temperature in amorphous Opal-A diatomite is shown to be capable of causing a sample compression of 25% or more and a severe reduction in permeability. The effects of thermally induced compaction are expected to accelerate surface subsidence as diatomite steam projects mature.
A comparison of DNA repair and survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 following exposure to both low- and medium-pressure UV irradiation
Authors: Zimmer-Thomas J. L. , Slawson R. M. , Huck P. M.
Published: March 2007

DNA repair and survival of pathogenic E. coli O157:H7 was investigated following exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from both low-pressure (LP) and medium-pressure (MP) lamps. This study included irradiation at UV doses used in drinking water treatment and lower doses indicative of potential treatment problems. Immediately following UV exposure, an average log inactivation of 4.5 or greater was observed following all tested doses of LP (5, 8, 20 and 40 mJ/cm2) or MP UV (5 and 8 mJ/cm2) indicating the sensitivity of E. coli O157:H7 to UV irradiation. Following conditions conducive to repair, maximum photo repair occurred rapidly within 30 minutes after low doses (5 and 8 mJ/cm2) of LP UV. The rate of repair was much higher than reported previously in non-pathogenic E. coli (which occurred within 2 hours). In contrast to LP UV, limited photo repair of E. coli O157:H7 was observed following MP UV exposure at reduced doses (5 and 8 mJ/cm2). At these lower doses, low levels of light independant repair were observed following LP UV, but not following exposure of MP UV irradiation. This study indicates that MP UV may enhance UV disinfection of E. coli O157:H7 by reducing the ability to repair following non-ideal treatment conditions. Following doses used in drinking water treatment (20 and 40 mJ/cm2), low levels of photo repair following LP UV were evident.
The efficiency of ozonated water from a water treatment plant to inactivate Cryptosporidium oocysts during two seasonal temperatures
Authors: Wohlsen T. , Stewart S. , Aldridge P. , Bates J. , Gray B. , Katouli M.
Published: March 2007

We investigated the efficiency of residual ozone from an advanced water treatment plant with an applied dose of 2.5 mg l−1 to inactivate viable Cryptosporidium oocysts during summer (i.e. 24°C) and winter (i.e. 18.9°C) in Queensland, Australia. Containers for sample collection were inoculated with 1,000 oocysts l−1 and filled with ozonated water. Ozone residual concentrations were measured at 0, 5 and 10 min intervals. Viability was determined by excystation. Non-ozonated water from the plant, trip and laboratory controls were also analysed. The applied ozone dose of 2.5 mg l−1 produced an immediate residual concentration of 1.25 mg 1−1 at 24°C and 1.34 mg 1−1 at 18.9°C in unseeded samples. The initial ozone residual in seeded containers was 1.22±0.03 mg 1−1 at 24°C and 1.37±0.04 mg 1−1 at 18.9°C. There was a gradual increase in inactivation of oocysts, with 49% of oocysts inactivated at 0 min to 92% after 10 min at 24°C and 57% at 0 min to 92.8% at 10 min at 18.9°C.
River rivalry: water disputes, resource insecurity and diplomatic deadlock in South Asia
Authors: Wirsing Robert G. , Jasparro Christopher
Published: March 2007

This article examines the reasons for the stalled river resource diplomacy that exists among the South Asian region's four main co-riparian states (India–Pakistan in the west; India–Bangladesh–Nepal in the east). It maintains that the stalemate emerges from three stubborn realities characterizing these states—first, the existence among them of fundamental differences in natural river resource endowments; second, the pressure on all of their governments to give highest priority to their own country's river resource requirements; and third, their resolute adherence to diplomatic strategies that are in large part irreconcilable. It maintains, further, that the stalemate is unlikely to be overcome, barring a dramatic change in the way the region's river resources are conceptualized and managed. This means, concretely, that these states would have to abandon their current almost exclusively unilateralist inclinations in favor of bilateral or even multilateral approaches that were significantly more trans-boundary, integrated or “river basin” in focus. It warns that the continued festering of un-addressed river resource disputes between these states—between India and Pakistan, India and Nepal, and India and Bangladesh—is bound to retard rational river resource development in the region, stiffen the antagonism already apparent in their bilateral relationships and, inevitably, weigh heavily against hopes for expanded regional cooperation.
Geosmin and MIB events in a new reservoir in southern California
Authors: Izaguirre G. , Taylor W.D.
Published: March 2007

Diamond Valley Lake is a large drinking water reservoir in western Riverside County, California near the city of Hemet. In almost 6 years since filling began in 1999, this reservoir has experienced five episodes involving either geosmin or 2-methylisoborneol (MIB). The first one was a short-lived but intense geosmin event in May 2000, associated with a planktonic cyanobacterium, Anabaena circinalis. Geosmin levels reached 750 ng/L at the surface. All the other episodes involved benthic proliferations in the littoral zone. In September 2002, an MIB-producing growth developed in a shallow area near the outlet tower, dominated by Oscillatoria cf. curviceps and O. limosa. A similar event occurred in October 2003. In March 2004, an extensive growth of cyanobacteria that included two geosmin producers developed at the east dam, but had minimal effect on geosmin levels in the water. Finally, there was a major MIB episode in October 2004, in which the primary causative organism was again Oscillatoria cf. curviceps. A band of benthic cyanobacteria developed all around the shoreline from 3–9 m deep, and surface MIB levels reached 63 ng/L. These events showed that a new reservoir in a mild climate can be colonised by benthic cyanobacteria that produce MIB and geosmin, within a relatively short time.
Daphnia behavioural responses to taste and odour compounds: ecological significance and application as an inline treatment plant monitoring tool
Authors: Watson S.B. , Jüttner F. , Köster O.
Published: March 2007

Continuous monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in raw water is highly desirable for taste and odour management, but in most treatment plants this capacity is lacking. We used a bbe©Daphnia toximeter installed in the Zurich water treatment plant to determine if Daphnia magna could be used to monitor odour compounds in source-water. Trace levels of two widely distributed biogenic VOCs in freshwater: β-cyclocitral and 2(E),4(E),7(Z)-decatrienal were added to the raw water inflow to chambers containing test animals and their behaviour was recorded using a high resolution camera. We observed that each compound elicited a marked short-term increase in Daphnia swimming velocity, but the effect was brief and an acclimation to the compounds was observed after a time period or with repeated additions. The results demonstrate that the toximeter has considerable potential as a tool to monitor certain VOCs in water, and that Daphnia perceive and react to 2(E),4(E),7(Z)-decatrienal and β-cyclocitral at concentrations between 2.5 and 25 μM
Annual dynamics and origins of the odorous compounds in the pilot experimental area of Lake Dianchi, China
Authors: Li L. , Wan N. , Gan N.Q. , Xia B.D. , Song L.R.
Published: March 2007

Lake Dianchi is the sixth largest freshwater lake in China. The pilot experimental area (6 km2) in Lake Dianchi is one of the most severely polluted areas in the lake with heavy cyanobacteria blooms. During June 2002 to May 2003, the algal composition and number, and odorous compounds were identified monthly and monitored in the area. Meanwhile, physicochemical parameters such as total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (CODMn), dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, transparency, temperature and chlorophyll a (chla) were determined. Four odorous compounds: 2-methylisoborneol (MIB), geosmin, β-cyclocitral and β-ionone were found in the lake water. Both the concentration of particulate β-cyclocitral and that of β-ionone correlated significantly with the annual variation of Chla, biomass of total phytoplankton, cyanobacteria and Microcystis. The concentration of particulate MIB correlated significantly with the biomass of Oscillatoria, while the concentration of particulate geosmin correlated significantly with the biomass of Anabaena. Off-flavour in the pilot area was found to be caused by a combination of β-cyclocitral- and β-ionone-producing Microcystis, MIB-producing Oscillatoria and geosmin-producing Anabaena. β-ionone, MIB and geosmin contributed collectively to the odour intensity in the lake water.
Understanding medicinal taste and odour formation in drinking waters
Authors: Piriou P. , Soulet C. , Acero J.L. , Bruchet A. , Von Gunten U. , Suffet I.H.
Published: March 2007

The formation of bromophenols during chlorination of phenol- and bromide-containing waters can be critical for taste and odour problems in drinking waters. The work performed has confirmed that flavour threshold concentrations of some bromophenols are in the ng/L range. In addition, under typical drinking water conditions, kinetic experiments and model simulations performed have shown that (1) bromination is the predominant reaction pathway, (2) bromophenol reaction kinetics are rapid leading to taste-and-odour episodes that last for short periods of 10–20 min, (3) increasing phenol concentration and pH tends to increase taste and odour intensity, (4) increasing chlorine or bromide concentrations tends to shorten the duration of the taste-and-odour episode.
Efficient taste and odour removal by water treatment plants around the Han River water supply system
Authors: Ahn H. , Chae S. , Kim S. , Wang C. , Summers R.S.
Published: March 2007

Seven major water treatment plants in Seoul Metropolitan Area, which are under Korea Water Resources Corporation (KOWACO)'s management, take water from the Paldang Reservoir in the Han River System for drinking water supply. There are taste and odour (T&O) problems in the finished water because the conventional treatment processes do not efficiently remove the T&O compounds. This study evaluated T&O removal by ozonation, granular activated carbon (GAC) treatment, powder activated carbon (PAC) and an advanced oxidation process in a pilot-scale treatment plant and bench-scale laboratory experiments. During T&O episodes, PAC alone was not adequate, but as a pretreatment together with GAC it could be a useful option. The optimal range of ozone dose was 1 to 2 mg/L at a contact time of 10 min. However, with ozone alone it was difficult to meet the T&O target of 3 TON and 15 ng/L of MIB or geosmin. The GAC adsorption capacity for DOC in the three GAC systems (F/A, GAC and O3 + GAC) at an EBCT of 14 min is mostly exhausted after 9 months. However, substantial TON removal continued for more than 2 years (>90,000 bed volumes). GAC was found to be effective for T&O control and the main removal mechanisms were adsorption capacity and biodegradation.
Advanced treatment for taste and odour control in drinking water: case study of a pilot scale plant in Seoul, Korea
Authors: Joe W.H. , Choi I.C. , Baek Y.A. , Choi Y.J. , Park G.S. , Yu M.J.
Published: March 2007

Taste and odour problems of tap water in Seoul are attributed to 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) and trans-1,10-dimethyl-trans-9-decalol (geosmin), which are the result of metabolism of algae and chlorine for disinfection. This study was carried out to measure 2-MIB and geosmin in the raw water from the Han River, to investigate removal efficiency of GAC and BAC integrated with post-ozonation, and to minimise and quantify the required chlorine concentration as a final disinfectant through the candidate process.
Comparison between ozone and ferrate in oxidising geosmin and 2-MIB in water
Authors: Park G. , Yu M. , Go J. , Kim E. , Kim H.
Published: March 2007

Among the chemicals causing taste and odour (T&O) in drinking water, the most commonly identified and problematic ones are geosmin and 2-MIB (2-methylisoborneol). Since the reported odour thresholds of geosmin and 2-MIB are as low as 4 and 8.5 ng/L, respectively, they are not readily removed by conventional water treatment processes. In this study, ozone (O3) and ferrate (Fe(VI)) were applied to oxidise geosmin and 2-MIB. Their performances were compared in terms of removal efficiency of geosmin and 2-MIB. In the case of O3, removal efficiency of geosmin and 2-MIB ozonation at different initial O3 doses, H2O2/O3 ratios and water temperatures were evaluated. The oxidation rates of geosmin and 2-MIB by Fe(VI) were measured within pH 6–8. The effect of H2O2 addition was also evaluated. In summary, O3, especially with H2O2, could almost completely oxidise geosmin and 2-MIB, while Fe(VI) could not oxidise them more than 25% at any pH that was considered in this study. This was attributed to the structure of the organics and high reaction selectivity of Fe(VI). Further study should be conducted to find the reason of inhibition of oxidation by Fe(VI).
Contribution of the FPA tasting panel to decision making about drinking water treatment facilities
Authors: Devesa R. , Cardeñoso R. , Matía L.
Published: March 2007

The flavour profile analysis (FPA) panel of Aigües de Barcelona has participated in three engineering projects initiated to improve both the quality of the water supplied and the use of the scarce resources available. The information provided by the panel enables a solid evaluation of the organoleptic quality of the water produced in the facilities, which is very useful in making decisions concerning the development of the projects. The first project refers to the Besòs full scale nanofiltration pilot plant. The study includes characterisation of the organoleptic quality of the water obtained and the behaviour of blends in different proportions with water from the Ter river. Secondly, this article presents the results obtained in El Papiol pilot plant for the reduction of trihalomethanes in water from the Abrera WTP, situated by the Llobregat river. The tasting results indicate that the stripping treatment slightly improves the quality of water, whereas the improvement is more remarkable with carbon filtration. The third project was the reverse osmosis pilot plant installed in the Sant Joan Despí WTP, which also collects water from the Llobregat river. A gradual improvement of the water treated was clearly observed when increasing amounts of reverse osmosis treated water were added. Some trends were also observed according to the characteristics of the feed water to the reverse osmosis facilities.
Tacoma controls tastes and odours with ozone
Authors: Carlson M. , Chen T. , McMeen C. , Suffet I.H. , Zhang M.
Published: March 2007

The study is focussed on the conditions that would provide the best ozone oxidation to decrease the taste and odour of the water from Eagle Gorge Reservoir. This study incorporated advanced analytical methods, such as solid phase microextraction (SPME) and flavour profile analyses (FPA), to evaluate the best method for improving taste and odour. The study developed first-order relationships between ozone dose and the oxidation of several taste and odour compounds. The results focussed on the importance and interactions between ozone dose, pH, hydrogen peroxide and contact time.
Modification of granular activated carbon surface by chitosan coating for geosmin removal: sorption performances
Authors: Vinitnantharat S. , Rattanasirisophon W. , Ishibashi Y.
Published: March 2007

This study presents the results of the sorption performances for geosmin removal by sorption onto granular activated carbons (GAC) manufactured from different raw materials of coconut shell and bituminous coal. The surface of GAC was modified by chitosan coating. The 90% deacetylated chitosan flakes were used for coating on GAC with the GAC: chitosan ratio of 5:1. The surface of GAC was characterised by scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and measurement of the pH solution of GAC samples. The sorption of geosmin onto the chitosan for both uncoated and coated GACs could be described by the Freundlich adsorption model. Data revealed that the sequence of Freundlich constant (KF) was chitosan coated bitominous coal (CB) > uncoated bituminous coal (UB) > chitosan coated coconut shell (CC) ≅ uncoated coconut shell (UC). The bituminous coal based GAC with chitosan coating had a maximum capacity of 23.57 μg/g which was approximately two-fold of uncoated bituminous coal based GAC. Two simplified kinetic models, pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order, were tested to investigate the sorption mechanisms. It was found that the intraparticle diffusion was a rate controlling step for the sorption and followed the pseudo-second order equation.
Sensory aspects of drinking water in contact with epoxy lined copper pipe
Authors: Heim T.H. , Dietrich A.M.
Published: March 2007

Pipe relining via in situ epoxy lining is used to remediate corroded plumbing or distribution systems. This investigation examined the effects on odour, TOC, THM formation and disinfectant demand in water exposed to epoxy-lined copper pipes used for home plumbing. The study was conducted in accordance with the Utility Quick Test, a migration/leaching method for utilities to conduct sensory analysis of materials in contact with drinking water. The test was performed using water with no disinfectant and levels of chlorine and monochloramines representative of those found in the distribution system. Panelists repeatedly and consistently described a “plastic/adhesive/putty” odour in the water from the pipes. The odour intensity remained relatively constant for each of two subsequent flushes. Water samples stored in the epoxy-lined pipes showed a significant increase in the leaching of organic compounds (as TOC), and this TOC was demonstrated to react with free chlorine to form trichloromethane. Water stored in the pipes also showed a marked increase in disinfectant demand relative to the water stored in glass control flasks. A study conducted at a full scale installation at an apartment demonstrated that after installation and regular use, the epoxy lining did not yield detectable differences in water quality.
Identification of new odorous compounds in Swedish water: mixed haloanisoles and phenolic precursors
Authors: Corbi E. , Benanou D. , Cantet J. , Tabet J.C.
Published: March 2007

Mixed chlorobromoanisoles have recently been recognized as new potential odorous compounds in tap water. The odour threshold concentrations (OTCs) of these compounds are close to the sub ng/L (ppt) and associated descriptors are “earthy, musty, rubber”. During a “swampy, musty” episode in water of the Norrtälje district (Sweden), 2,4,6-mixed chlorobromoanisoles and their phenolic precursors were identified. These compounds were synthesised in order to quantify them in different types of waters. Samplings were performed during two different seasons. Results show that whatever the season, mixed haloanisoles and their precursors were present. Chlorination, biofilm activity and residence time in the distribution system seem to be critical factors for the appearance of such compounds.
Taste and odour issues in South Korea's drinking water industry
Authors: Bae B.U. , Shin H.S. , Choi J.J.
Published: March 2007

This paper reviews taste and odour (T&O) issues of South Korea's water industry. For this purpose, an overview of the water supply systems and drinking water standards is presented and some results from citizen surveys for customer satisfaction are included. A case study is presented in which the water intake was shifted from inside a main reservoir to a downstream location due to T&O problems. It is true that the South Korean water industry has long relied on the tolerance of consumers for periodic T&O events. Recently the South Korean water industry has become aware that the T&O problems are at the centre of consumers' concerns and has taken several positive approaches. These include monitoring T&O events using sensory and instrumental methods, installation of a baffled-channel PAC contactor and application of advanced water treatment processes.
Managing an odour episode in Barcelona's water supply: strategies adopted, the causative agent (diacetyl) and determination of its organoleptic properties
Authors: Martín-Alonso J. , Devesa R. , Bernal A. , Matia L.
Published: March 2007

The Llobregat River is a basic drinking water resource for the city of Barcelona, meeting 40% of the demand. The river runs through a densely populated industrial area, so that it has in its history experienced various episodes due to industrial spills. The present work deals with a recent episode involving diacetyl. To the best of our knowledge this episode is the first time that this compound has been identified as an odour-causing compound in water. In a previous work the analytical method used for the identification of the compound causing the episode was described. The present work focuses its attention on how the episode was handled: action taken at the Sant Joan Despí water treatment plant and the sampling strategy on the river that led to the identification of the company responsible for the spill, a paper mill. It also deals with the role played by the FPA panel in the resolution of the episode: organoleptic description of samples of the problem in the initial phase of the episode (from the treatment plant, distribution network and customer complaints) and, once the compound responsible was identified, the determination of its organoleptic characteristics (odour threshold, odour descriptors, Weber-Fechner curve).
A review of taste and odour events in Barcelona's drinking water area (1990–2004)
Authors: Boleda M.R. , Díaz A. , Martí I. , Martín-Alonso J. , Matia L. , Romero J. , Ventura F.
Published: March 2007

The main, relevant, solved problems associated with taste and odour incidents in Barcelona's drinking water area in the last 14 years are reviewed. Events produced by creosote, dioxanes and dioxolanes, dicylopentadiene, and diacetyl, among the anthropogenic compounds; geosmin, MIB and iodinated trihalomethanes and chlorobromoanisoles as examples of compounds of natural origin are exemplified. The determination of the odour threshold concentrations of selected odorous compounds is also shown as a tool to gain a better knowledge of future taste and odour events.
Use of flavour profile and consumer panels to determine differences between local water supplies and desalinated seawater
Authors: McGuire M.J. , Loveland J. , Means E.G. , Garvey J.
Published: March 2007

The San Diego County Water Authority of California has initiated planning for coastal desalination facilities to augment their water supplies. Integration of the different water qualities from these facilities into existing pipelines must be achieved. This investigation determined whether, and to what degree, consumers can discriminate between desalinated seawater and imported water supplies and how these investigations can contribute to decision making regarding the need for construction of facilities to blend such supplies prior to delivery. Based upon the results of the flavour profile analysis panel and the consumer evaluation sessions, it was concluded that free chlorine versus chloramine disinfection or different concentrations of disinfectants did not significantly affect consumer perception of the taste and odour of desalinated seawater or blends with Colorado River water and State project water. Consumers were able to discern between desalinated seawater and imported water, preferring imported water when forced to make a choice. However, the investigators did not believe that the difference in consumer perception was significant enough to warrant special blending facilities to mitigate the relatively minor aesthetic quality differences between imported water supplies and desalinated seawater.
Natural origins of off-flavours in fish related to feeding habits
Authors: Papp Zs.Gy. , Kerepeczki É. , Pekár F. , Gál D.
Published: March 2007

The objective of our study was to survey the accumulated 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) and geosmin (GSM) in fillets of five important farmed fish species in Hungarian aquaculture in relation to MIB and GSM concentrations in water and sediment in the aquatic systems where they were raised: (the planktivorous silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), the herbivorous grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), the bottom-feeding omnivorous common carp (Cyprinus carpio), the omnivorous tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and the carnivorous African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)). Water, sediment and fish samples were collected from different experimental aquatic systems which included a combined aquaculture–algae (CAA) system, effluent-fed fishponds, a pond recycling system and a traditional fishpond. MIB and GSM contents were extracted with distillation-headspace solid-phase – microextraction (SPME) and extracts analysed by GC-MS. Results showed that off-flavour contents in fish fillets were related to the feeding habits of the studied fish species. Higher GSM concentrations were found in the fillet of bottom-feeding common carp than in the silver carp or African catfish in all studied aquatic systems. Usually, low GSM concentrations were detected in the water of fishponds but sometimes the levels of this odour compound in carp fillet were well above the limits of human detection. This suggests that the off-flavour tainting of common carp may originate from the sediment or benthic algal/actinomycete sources. Negligible MIB levels were found in all samples in all of the studied aquatic systems.
Needs and perspectives of odour research in the aquatic sciences
Authors: Jüttner F.
Published: March 2007

Over more than four decades odour research in the aquatic sciences has increasingly focused on cyanobacteria and the common odour-causing compounds, geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol. Success in future research requires a long-term perspective. Key areas for investigation are secondary metabolites and cyanobacteria, regulatory mechanisms for geosmin and other compounds' synthesis; understanding their spatial and temporal distribution (particularly relating to the food web in a habitat); and molecular mechanisms for liberation of geosmin by microorganisms.
Use of Outpatient Physical Therapy Services by People With Musculoskeletal Conditions
Authors: Carter Stephanie K , Rizzo John A
Published: March 2007

Background and Purpose

Because musculoskeletal conditions contribute to functional decline and activity limitation, physical therapy intervention may be an appropriate health care resource. The purpose of this research was to identify determinants of outpatient physical therapy use by people with musculoskeletal conditions.

Subjects

The subjects were adult noninstitutionalized civilians who participated in the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey from 1996 to 2000 and who had at least one musculoskeletal condition (N=18,546).

Methods

Logistic regression was used to identify predisposing, need, and enabling variables associated with receiving outpatient physical therapy services.

Results

Factors that were positively associated with receiving physical therapy services were having more than one musculoskeletal condition, having some limitation in function, having 7 or more ICD-9 (International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision) codes, having a college or advanced degree, and residing in an urban area. Factors that were negatively associated with receiving physical therapy services were being older than 65 years of age, having no high school degree, Hispanic ethnicity, African-American race, having public insurance or no insurance, and living in any US census region besides the Northeast.

Discussion and Conclusion

The results of this study indicate that health- and non–health-related factors influence outpatient physical therapy use.