bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Output feedback transient stabilization and voltage regulation of synchronous generators
Authors: Verrelli Cristiano Maria , Damm Gilney
Published: July 2011

In this brief note, we consider the transient stabilization and voltage regulation problem for a synchronous generator connected to an infinite bus. We show how a much simpler output feedback controller, compared with previous results, can be obtained if a different stability analysis is carried out: a suitable change of coordinates is performed so that advantageous triangularity properties of the regulation error dynamics are highlighted. A novel first order estimator for the uncertain mechanical input power is designed: it is the only adaptation scheme used by the controller. The innovative crucial step in the presented control design relies on relaxing the constraint imposed by the typically (previously) adopted back‐stepping techniques and constituted by the required availability of the regulation/tracking error variables: the converging estimate of the mechanical input power directly becomes the reference value for the electrical power and allows for the straightforward computation of the uncertain power angle constant value guaranteeing voltage regulation at steady state. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Connectivity and bandwidth‐aware real‐time exploration in mobile robot networks
Authors: Pei Yuanteng , Mutka Matt W. , Xi Ning
Published: July 2011

Although there has been substantial progress for multi‐robot exploration of an unknown area, little attention has been given to communication, especially bandwidth constraints in time‐sensitive and bandwidth‐consuming tasks such as search and surveillance. In such tasks, video/audio streams of a newly explored area should be sent back to the base station in a timely manner. To address this issue, we propose connectivity and bandwidth‐aware exploration (CBAX), which is an efficient iteration based real‐time exploration. CBAX divides the problem into frontier node placement, relay node placement with routing path selection, and matching of each robot with its target position. Moreover, we model bandwidth‐constrained relay node placement into a new variant of the Steiner minimum tree problem and present our solution. While reducing the exploration time, CBAX maintains the network's connectivity and ensures the aggregated data flows are under the link capacity in transmission. Simulation shows that CBAX outperforms two recent exploration schemes qualitatively by demonstrating major improvement in terms of non‐overflow transmission time and fully connected transmission time. With enhanced communication quality, CBAX still reduces the exploration time, on average, by 40% and 15%, respectively. In moderately dense scenarios, CBAX even decreases time by 50% and 25%. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multichannel medium access control for ad hoc wireless networks
Authors: Almotairi Khaled H. , Shen Xuemin (Sherman)
Published: July 2011

In this paper, we study the multichannel exposed terminal problem in multihop wireless networks. We propose a multichannel medium access control (MAC) protocol, called multichannel MAC protocol with hopping reservation (MMAC‐HR), to resolve the multichannel exposed terminal problem. MMAC‐HR uses two radio interfaces; one interface is fixed over the control channel, and the other interface switches dynamically between data channels. The fixed interface supports broadcast information and reserves a data channel for any data transmission. The switchable interface, on other hand, is for data exchanges and follows independent slow hopping without requiring clock synchronization. In addition, the proposed protocol is a distributed one. By using the ns‐2 simulator, extensive simulations are performed to demonstrate that MMAC‐HR can enhance the network throughput and delay compared with existing multichannel MAC protocol. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of the FLP/FRT system for conditional gene deletion in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Park Yang‐Nim , Masison Daniel , Eisenberg Evan , Greene Lois E.
Published: July 2011

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has proved to be an excellent model organism to study the function of proteins. One of the many advantages of yeast is the many genetic tools available to manipulate gene expression, but there are still limitations. To complement the many methods used to control gene expression in yeast, we have established a conditional gene deletion system by using the FLP/FRT system on yeast vectors to conditionally delete specific yeast genes. Expression of Flp recombinase, which is under the control of the GAL1 promoter, was induced by galactose, which in turn excised FRT sites flanked genes. The efficacy of this system was examined using the FRT site‐flanked genes HSP104, URA3 and GFP. The pre‐excision frequency of this system, which might be caused by the basal activity of the GAL1 promoter or by spontaneous recombination between FRT sites, was detected ca. 2% under the non‐selecting condition. After inducing expression of Flp recombinase, the deletion efficiency achieved ca. 96% of cells in a population within 9 h. After conditional deletion of the specific gene, protein degradation and cell division then diluted out protein that was expressed from this gene prior to its excision. Most importantly, the specific protein to be deleted could be expressed under its own promoter, so that endogenous levels of protein expression were maintained prior to excision by the Flp recombinase. Therefore, this system provides a useful tool for the conditional deletion of genes in yeast. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical and pathological analysis of 27 patients with combined hepatocellular‐cholangiocarcinoma in an Asian center
Authors: Zhan Qian , Shen Bai‐Yong , Deng Xia‐Xing , Zhu Zhe‐Cheng , Chen Hao , Peng Chen‐Hong , Li Hong‐Wei
Published: July 2011

Background

Our purpose was to assess the clinicopathological features and surgical outcomes of combined hepatocellular‐cholangiocarcinoma (HCC‐CC) in an Asian center.

Methods

Between 1998 and 2009, 27 patients were diagnosed with combined HCC‐CC at our hospital. Their medical records were reviewed and clinicopathological data retrospectively analyzed.

Results

The 27 patients included 24 (88.9%) males and 3 (11.1%) females with a mean age of 58.26 ± 11.18 years. Cirrhosis was present in 10 patients (37.0%), and 12 patients had hepatitis C or hepatitis B virus infection. Serum alpha fetoprotein was >20 ng/ml in 7 of the 19 patients in whom it was measured (36.8%). Twenty‐five patients underwent hepatic resections and 2 received liver transplantations. Five (18.5%) patients had separate HCC and CC within the same liver (type I), 21 (77.8%) had tumors with mixed components (type II), and 1 patient had a type III tumor (3.7%). Of 22 patients with immunohistochemical data, 19 (86.4%) were cytokeratin (CK) 7‐positive, 20 (90.9%) were CK19‐positive, and 4 (18.2%) were CK20‐positive. Mean follow‐up was 25.8 months. The 1‐ and 2‐year survival rates were 72.5 and 49.4%, respectively. The 1‐ and 2‐year disease‐free survival rates were 54.2 and 41.3%, respectively. Symptoms at the time of diagnosis, and regional lymph node metastases, were associated with higher mortality and recurrence.

Conclusions

Lymph node metastasis and positive resection margins are important factors affecting HCC‐CC surgical outcomes.
Cardiac disease in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis: presentation, diagnosis and management
Authors: Braunlin Elizabeth A. , Harmatz Paul R. , Scarpa Maurizio , Furlanetto Beatriz , Kampmann Christoph , Loehr James P. , Ponder Katherine P. , Roberts William C. , Rosenfeld Howard M. , Giugliani Roberto
Published: July 2011

The mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs) are inherited lysosomal storage disorders caused by the absence of functional enzymes that contribute to the degradation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). The progressive systemic deposition of GAGs results in multi‐organ system dysfunction that varies with the particular GAG deposited and the specific enzyme mutation(s) present. Cardiac involvement has been reported in all MPS syndromes and is a common and early feature, particularly for those with MPS I, II, and VI. Cardiac valve thickening, dysfunction (more severe for left‐sided than for right‐sided valves), and hypertrophy are commonly present; conduction abnormalities, coronary artery and other vascular involvement may also occur. Cardiac disease emerges silently and contributes significantly to early mortality.

The clinical examination of individuals with MPS is often difficult due to physical and, sometimes, intellectual patient limitations. The absence of precordial murmurs does not exclude the presence of cardiac disease. Echocardiography and electrocardiography are key diagnostic techniques for evaluation of valves, ventricular dimensions and function, which are recommended on a regular basis. The optimal technique for evaluation of coronary artery involvement remains unsettled.

Standard medical and surgical techniques can be modified for MPS patients, and systemic therapies such as hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) may alter overall disease progression with regression of ventricular hypertrophy and maintenance of ventricular function. Cardiac valve disease is usually unresponsive or, at best, stabilized, although ERT within the first few months of life may prevent valve involvement, a fact that emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and treatment in MPS.
A quantitative assessment of alkaptonuria
Authors: Cox Trevor F. , Ranganath Lakshminarayan
Published: July 2011

Alkaptonuria (AKU) is due to excessive homogentisic acid accumulation in body fluids due to lack of enzyme homogentisate dioxygenase leading in turn to varied clinical manifestations mainly by a process of conversion of HGA to a polymeric melanin‐like pigment known as ochronosis. A potential treatment, a drug called nitisinone, to decrease formation of HGA is available. However, successful demonstration of its efficacy in modifying the natural history of AKU requires an effective quantitative assessment tool. We have described two potential tools that could be used to quantitate disease burden in AKU. One tool describes scoring the clinical features that includes clinical assessments, investigations and questionnaires in 15 patients with AKU. The second tool describes a scoring system that only includes items obtained from questionnaires used in 44 people with AKU. Statistical analyses were carried out on the two patient datasets to assess the AKU tools; these included the calculation of Chronbach's alpha, multidimensional scaling and simple linear regression analysis. The conclusion was that there was good evidence that the tools could be adopted as AKU assessment tools, but perhaps with further refinement before being used in the practical setting of a clinical trial.
Trans–trans Conjugated Linoleic Acid Enriched Soybean Oil Reduces Fatty Liver and Lowers Serum Cholesterol in Obese Zucker Rats
Authors: Gilbert William , Gadang Vidya , Proctor Andrew , Jain Vishal , Devareddy Latha
Published: July 2011

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a collection of octadecadienoic fatty acids that have been shown to possess numerous health benefits. The CLA used in our study was produced by the photoisomerization of soybean oil and consists of about 20% CLA; this CLA consists of 75% trans–trans (a mixture of t8,t10; t9,t11; t10,t12) isomers. This method could be readily used to increase the CLA content of all soybean oil used as a food ingredient. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of trans–trans CLA‐rich soy oil, fed as a dietary supplement, on body composition, dyslipidemia, hepatic steatosis, and markers of glucose control and liver function of obese fa/fa Zucker rats. The trans–trans CLA‐rich soy oil lowered the serum cholesterol and low density lipoprotein–cholesterol levels by 41 and 50%, respectively, when compared to obese controls. Trans–trans CLA‐rich soy oil supplementation also lowered the liver lipid content significantly (P < 0.05) with a concomitant decrease in the liver weight in the obese rats. In addition, glycated hemoglobin values were improved in the group receiving CLA‐enriched soybean oil in comparison to the obese control. PPAR‐γ expression in white adipose tissue was unchanged. In conclusion, trans–trans CLA‐rich soy oil was effective in lowering total liver lipids and serum cholesterol.
Exposure and fetal growth-associated miRNA alterations in the human placenta
Authors: Maccani Matthew A. , Marsit Carmen J.
Published: July 2011

Researchers have begun to examine epigenetic alterations in the placenta, making key advances in understanding the epigenetic regulatory mechanisms of the placenta that define underlying processes of human development and disease. Examining changes in microRNA (miRNA) expression associated with environmental exposures and fetal growth is providing critical insights into the biology of development, response to in utero exposure, and future disease risk assessment. This review aims to highlight previous studies describing changes in miRNA expression in the human placenta associated with in utero exposure and fetal growth and seeks to assess the future directions in this exciting field of research.
Epigenetic abnormalities in myeloproliferative neoplasms: a target for novel therapeutic strategies
Authors: Mascarenhas John , Roper Nitin , Chaurasia Pratima , Hoffman Ronald
Published: July 2011

The myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are a group of clonal hematological malignancies characterized by a hypercellular bone marrow and a tendency to develop thrombotic complications and to evolve to myelofibrosis and acute leukemia. Unlike chronic myelogenous leukemia, where a single disease-initiating genetic event has been identified, a more complicated series of genetic mutations appear to be responsible for the BCR-ABL1-negative MPNs which include polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and primary myelofibrosis. Recent studies have revealed a number of epigenetic alterations that also likely contribute to disease pathogenesis and determine clinical outcome. Increasing evidence indicates that alterations in DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNA expression patterns can collectively influence gene expression and potentially contribute to MPN pathogenesis. Examples include mutations in genes encoding proteins that modify chromatin structure (EZH2, ASXL1, IDH1/2, JAK2V617F, and IKZF1) as well as epigenetic modification of genes critical for cell proliferation and survival (suppressors of cytokine signaling, polycythemia rubra vera-1, CXC chemokine receptor 4, and histone deacetylase (HDAC)). These epigenetic lesions serve as novel targets for experimental therapeutic interventions. Clinical trials are currently underway evaluating HDAC inhibitors and DNA methyltransferase inhibitors for the treatment of patients with MPNs.
Occurrence of certain cuticular structures confirms functionality of dorsal abdominal scent glands in Acanthosomatidae (Heteroptera: Pentatomoidea)
Authors: Vilímová J. , Kutalová K.
Published: July 2011

Elasmucha ferrugata(Fabricius, 1787) (Heteroptera: Acanthosomatidae) provides maternal care of eggs and larvae. Adults of both sexes have functional anterior dorsal abdominal scent glands (DAGs). Study of all internal and external cuticular structures of DAGs revealed that no DAGs are fully functional in the 1st larval instar, and very probably they are only slightly functional in the 2nd instar. Median and posterior DAGs are undoubtedly not functional in adults. There exists sexual dimorphism in the number of multicellular glandular units in anterior glands in adults. The occurrence of cuticular ductules of these units proves these to be functional glands. This is best considered in combination with the findings of a well-developed evaporatorium. Developed cuticular intima of the gland reservoir and/or the nearly closed ostiole or ostiolar scar bears no information about the functionality of the gland.
A karyological study of the genus Pnigalio Schrank (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae): Assessing the taxonomic utility of chromosomes at the species level
Authors: Gebiola M. , Giorgini M. , Navone P. , Bernardo U.
Published: July 2011

We provide a karyological study of 12 species of the genus Pnigalio in an attempt to evaluate the taxonomic utility of karyotypes at the species level. For all species of Pnigalio examined the number of chromosome was 2n=12. Karyotype formulae presented mainly metacentric and submetacentric chromosomes, although a pair of acrocentrics or subtelocentrics, shorter than biarmed chromosomes, was present in some species. The analysis of karyotypes of Pnigalio showed frequent but not general interspecific variability of the chromosome traits. Although most of the studied species revealed concordance between morphological and karyological characters (centromeric index and relative length), two other categories have been identified: morphologically distinct species without reciprocal differences in karyotype structure, and morphologically similar species that strongly differ in chromosomal characters.
Significance of angular unconformities between Cretaceous and Tertiary strata in the northwestern segment of the Zagros fold–thrust belt, Kurdistan Region, NE Iraq
Authors: KARIM KAMAL H. , KOYI HEMIN , BAZIANY MUSHIR M. , HESSAMI KHALED
Published: July 2011

In this study, two angular unconformities are found and analysed for the first time in the Mesozoic–Cenozoic succession in the northwestern segment of the Zagros fold–thrust belt (ZFTB) in the Kurdistan Region. The first unconformity exists between Lower Cretaceous and Paleocene–Eocene rocks and the second between the Campanian Shiranish Formation and the Maastrichtian Tanjero Formation. Each of these unconformities is found in two different localities in the Zagros Imbricate Zone (i.e. the highly deformed zone immediately SW of the Zagros Suture) of the ZFTB of the Kurdistan Region near the border with Iran. The study uses recent geological mapping, structural and stratigraphic analyses in addition to using previous biozonation of the stratigraphic units that bound the two unconformities. The first unconformity was initiated with obduction of the ophiolite and Lower Cretaceous radiolarite onto the passive margin of the Arabian plate. This unconformity formed during an early phase of the Zagros orogeny, which is associated with the developing of a foreland basin, and resulted in the folding of the radiolarites and their uplift to form high-relief land. The erosion of this high-relief land resulted in the formation of the Paleocene–Eocene Red Bed Series and their deposition on the folded radiolarite. The timing of the deformation that caused this unconformity is hard to determine; however, its stratigraphic position may suggest that it possibly is related to post-Cenomanian movements. The second unconformity is between the tilted Campanian Shiranish Formation (hemipelagite) and Tanjero Formation (500 m of conglomerate in the more proximal area). These unconformities indicate that deformation and uplift of the sedimentary units was variable during ophiolite obduction in this part of the ZFTB. We argue that deformation, ophiolite obduction and collision are likely to have varied in space and time along thec. 2000 km long ZFTB.
‘Polar anaemia’: cardiac failure during the heroic age of Antarctic exploration.
Authors: Guly H.R.
Published: July 2011

On theBelgicaexpedition (1897–1899), Dr F.A. Cook described a disease that he called ‘polar anaemia’ and on this expedition it affected most of the expedition members and caused one death. The symptoms were shortness of breath, abnormalities of the pulse and oedema (swelling of the legs) and the disease was clearly cardiac failure. During the heroic age of Antarctic exploration a similar disease affected at least eight other expeditions causing five other deaths. This disease was very similar (and probably identical) to a disease affecting (mostly) Scandinavian seamen and called ‘ship beri-beri’. Both diseases were almost certainly what is now called wet beri-beri due to thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency though most sufferers were probably also vitamin C deficient and some may have had both beri-beri and scurvy. It may have been exacerbated by invalid diets. This paper describes the disease and how it was considered and treated at the time.
An Institutional Theory of Direct and Indirect Rule
Authors: Gerring John , Ziblatt Daniel , Van Gorp Johan , Arévalo Julián
Published: July 2011

Most governance arrangements involve spatial units with highly unequal powers, for example, a feudal monarchy and its principalities, an empire and its colonies, a formal empire and an informal empire (or sphere of influence), a national government and its subnational entities, or a regional government and its local entities. In this situation, the dominant unit (A) usually enjoys some discretion about how to institutionalize its authority over the subordinate unit (B). An important element of this decision concerns how much authority should be delegated to the weaker unit. The authors simplify this dimension of governance along a continuum of “direct” and “indirect” styles of rule. Why, in some cases, does one find a relatively direct (centralized) system of rule and in others a relatively indirect (decentralized) system of rule? While many factors impinge on this decision, the authors argue that an important and highly persistent factor is the prior level of centralization existing within the subordinate unit. Greater centralization in B is likely to lead to a more indirect form of rule between A and B, all other things being equal. The authors refer to this as an institutional theory of direct/indirect rule. Empirical analyses of this hypothesis are applied to patterns of direct and indirect rule (1) during the age of imperialism and (2) across contemporary nation-states. The article concludes by discussing applications of the theory in a variety of additional settings.
Embedded Mobilization: Nonstate Service Provision as Electoral Strategy in India
Authors: Thachil Tariq
Published: July 2011

How do elite parties win over poor voters while maintaining their core constituencies? How can religious parties expand their electoral base? This article argues that social service provision constitutes an important electoral strategy for elite-backed religious parties to succeed in developing democracies. The study demonstrates how the upper caste, Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) won unexpected support from lower-caste voters in India, due to services provided by its grassroots affiliates. Using a combination of original survey data and extensive interviews, the author tests whether services win votes and identifies the mechanisms by which they do so. Beneficiaries of services were found to be far more likely to support the party, even when accounting for piety, income, and ideological orientation. The author argues that service provision as an electoral strategy cannot be conceptualized as being predicated purely on material exchange. It should instead be understood as a socially embedded tactic especially well suited to helping elite parties with organizational resources, but without pro-poor policy agendas, win over underprivileged electorates.
Globalization, Party Positions, and the Median Voter
Authors: Ward Hugh , Ezrow Lawrence , Dorussen Han
Published: July 2011

The authors argue that the effects of economic globalization on social democratic parties in Western Europe are conditional on the position of the median voter. If the median is far enough to the right, such parties will adopt business-friendly policies because they are required to win office. Only when the median is relatively far to the left will globalization constrain social democratic parties, forcing them to adopt policies further to the right in order to retain credibility. It is on this basis the authors argue that empirical studies are misspecified unless they include an interaction between measures of globalization and the position of the median. In addition to presenting formal theoretical arguments, the article reports empirical findings from fifteen countries in the period from 1973 to 2002 that support the conclusion that the effects of globalization are indeed contingent on the median. The authors find that the effects of globalization are significant for social democratic parties only in circumstances in which the median is relatively far to the left.
International Relations Theory and the Rise of European Foreign and Security Policy
Authors: Krotz Ulrich , Maher Richard
Published: July 2011

The historical rise of European foreign, security, and defense policy marks an important development in European politics and world politics more broadly. Long thought unlikely to amount to much, European integration in the domains of traditional “high politics” has consolidated bit by bit since the mid-1990s, under the auspices of a common foreign and security policy (CFSP) and a pan-European security and defense policy (ESDP). Accordingly, European affairs in these areas have attracted increased scholarly interest. In a variety of books as well as journal articles, scholars from diverse theoretical and intellectual backgrounds have argued that European integration in these policy areas has gained considerable substance—while offering very different causal accounts for why this has occurred. These different theoretical and empirical investigations together produce a new field of study with its own research questions, vocabulary, and search for causal explanations. IR theory is now engaging fully with European integration studies and vice versa. Paradoxically, this takes place in precisely those policy areas in which European integration had long been the weakest and least developed. This article explores and evaluates this new literature that analyzes why, compared with even the very recent past, a European foreign and security policy has emerged and apparently solidified.
Call for papers: NJL Special Issue on Case Variation and Change in the Nordic Languages
Authors: Parrott Jeffrey K.
Published: July 2011

The second issue of volume 35 (2012) of the Nordic Journal of Linguistics will be a special issue devoted to Case Variation and Change in the Nordic Languages, edited by Jeffrey K. Parrott.
Transnational Co-Operation in Food, Agriculture, Environment and Health in Historical Perspective: Introduction
Authors: KNAB CORNELIA , FORCLAZ AMALIA RIBI
Published: July 2011

In September 2000, the United Nations (UN) presented the ‘Millennium Development Goals’, a universal political agenda to tackle what it perceived to be the most pressing problems of the coming century. The Millennium Development Goals featured strategies for the fight against extreme poverty, hunger and malnutrition, the improvement of public health, the protection of the environment and the build-up of global developmental structures and partnerships. The achievement of these goals was scheduled, somewhat optimistically, for 2015. The brief time span was intended to illustrate the urgency of the issues and to spur the world into action. Just over a decade after their announcement, and not unexpectedly, the realisation of these goals has proved to be fraught with problems and by now the prospect of their universal achievement has receded into the distant future. Despite huge publicity and public endorsement, the UN's expectations for progress or at least alleviation of major problems are now difficult to maintain as the situation has been exacerbated by global food, economic and financial crises. Comprehensive global success stories, such as the eradication of certain infectious diseases, are rare. As the UN's progress review shows, the close and complex entwinement of these problems within the context of globalisation remains a major challenge.
A New Target for International Social Reform: The International Labour Organization and Working and Living Conditions in Agriculture in the Inter-War Years
Authors: FORCLAZ AMALIA RIBI
Published: July 2011

The economic, political and social imperative of reforming working conditions in agriculture, improving rural living standards and promoting rural development emerged as an international issue in the inter-war years. Despite a growing interest in the history of international organisations, historical research has hitherto made little reference to co-operative efforts and standard-setting in agriculture before the Second World War. This article seeks to fill the gap by examining the process whereby the International Labour Organization (ILO) learned about the specificities of the agricultural sector. It illustrates the ILO's early interest in rural workers and agricultural issues, which it addressed through special committees. Hampered by the challenging diversity of agricultural work and the perceived lack of national organisations and legislation, it was not until the late 1930s that the ILO carried out proper surveys on social issues in agriculture. Set up in the late 1930s, the history of the ILO's Permanent Agricultural Committees illustrates the results of a learning process which eventually positioned the ILO as a focal point of technical expertise, and enabled it to embrace an ever widening and interdisciplinary vision of agricultural labour and labour relations.
‘The world after all was one’: The International Environmental Network of UNESCO and IUPN, 1945–1950
Authors: WÖBSE ANNA-KATHARINA
Published: July 2011

The pursuit of nature conservation was central to the scientific section of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) from the outset. In order to build a network of expertise and practice, UNESCO supported the establishment of a non-governmental organisation, the fledgling International Union for the Protection of Nature (IUPN). This small core of non-governmental actors found itself thrown into the arena of global politics and was forced out of its conservation niche. In August 1949, UNESCO and IUPN jointly convened a global conference on ecology and education. The genesis and progress of this conference highlighted the growing prominence of environmental issues and the increasing reciprocity between these issues and questions of nutrition, development and health in the immediate post-war era.
Response to Baldwin
Authors: EVANS RICHARD J.
Published: July 2011

My book Cosmopolitan Islanders derives from the Inaugural Lecture I delivered in 2008 as Regius Professor of Modern History in Cambridge. The brief of such a lecture is a tricky one – you have to say something about yourself, something about your field, and something about the discipline of History, and you have to appeal both to colleagues and to the wider world. In addition, in both Oxford and Cambridge, the only two universities with Regius Chairs of History, there have been many famous Inaugurals, by historians as varied as J. B. Bury, Hugh Trevor-Roper and, most famous of all, Lord Acton. In some universities, where professors are all-powerful, the Inaugural has served as a means of laying down the law about how the subject should be taught and researched. But in recent times this has been rare, and it has never really been true in Oxford or Cambridge; the one time that an Oxford Regius, the seventeenth-century specialist Sir Charles Firth, tried this, he ran into a huge amount of trouble and was more or less ostracised in the Faculty for the rest of his career.
Is Microanalysis Possible in the Helium Ion Microscope?
Authors: Joy David C. , Griffin Brendan J.
Published: July 2011

Because the ability to perform some form of chemical microanalysis has become an essential feature for any microscope, it is necessary to investigate what options are available in the new “ORION” helium ion microscope (HIM). The HIM has the ability to visualize local variations in specimen chemistry in both the ion induced secondary electron and the Rutherford backscattered imaging modes, but this provides only limited and qualitative information. Quantitative, elementally specific, microanalysis could be performed in the HIM using secondary electron spectroscopy, Rutherford backscattered ion spectroscopy, or secondary ion mass spectroscopy, but while each of these options has promise, none of them can presently guarantee either reliable element identification or quantitative analysis across the periodic table.
PRESENTATIONS OF INVERSE SEMIGROUPS, THEIR KERNELS AND EXTENSIONS
Authors: CARVALHO CATARINA , GRAY ROBERT D. , RUSKUC NIK
Published: July 2011

LetSbe an inverse semigroup and letπ:S→Tbe a surjective homomorphism with kernelK. We show how to obtain a presentation forKfrom a presentation forS, andvice versa. We then investigate the relationship between the properties ofS,KandT, focusing mainly on finiteness conditions. In particular we consider finite presentability, solubility of the word problem, residual finiteness, and the homological finiteness property FPn. Our results extend several classical results from combinatorial group theory concerning group extensions to inverse semigroups. Examples are also provided that highlight the differences with the special case of groups.
Microscope Illumination: LEDs are the Future
Authors: Beacher James
Published: July 2011

Light microscopes in laboratories and hospitals are used for examining many different types of samples—from industrial research to life-science research and clinical screening. These procedures use conventional bright-field, differential phase contrast (DIC), and fluorescence microscopy among other techniques. In all cases, the light source on the microscope has a crucial influence on the quality of images viewed and the conclusions reached.
Wrapped for Accurate Imaging
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W. , Oshel Philip
Published: July 2011

Since transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was developed about 80 years ago, numerous strategies have been attempted to visualize living cells at high resolution. The harsh environment within the TEM (mostly the vacuum and damage from a fixed beam of electrons) presents challenges. Some approaches have been to fabricate chambers within the TEM that provide a more “friendly” environment for living cells (that is, less stringent vacuum), but they have limitations. Impressive images have been generated with various cryogenic techniques, but frozen cells are not alive or in their native state in the traditional sense. Nihar Mohanty, Monica Fahrenholtz, Ashvin Nagaraja, Daniel Boyle, and Vikas Berry have developed an ingenious solution to the problem by “wrapping” cells with modified graphene.
Localization-Based Super-Resolution Light Microscopy
Authors: Gabor Kristin A. , Gunewardene Mudalige S. , Santucci David , Hess Samuel T.
Published: July 2011

Fluorescence microscopy is an essential and flexible tool for the study of biology, chemistry, and physics. It can provide information on a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. However, since the inception of light microscopy, diffraction has limited the size of the smallest details that could be imaged in any sample using light. Because much of biology occurs on molecular length scales, interest in circumventing the diffraction limit has been high for many years. Recently, several techniques have been introduced that can bend or break the diffraction limit. Localization-based methods introduced in 2006 have reached this goal and are now rapidly growing in popularity.
Piezoelectric Actuation Offers Light Microscopy New Capabilities
Authors: Jordan Scott
Published: July 2011

The intersection of nanopositioning and light microscopy is expanding and deepening rapidly. Evolving disciplines as diverse as single-molecule biophysics, super-resolution microscopy, and automated microassay scanning share several common themes: higher throughput, reduced resolution tolerances, and dynamic (on-the-fly) techniques. These combine to increase the prevalence of piezo-based positioning systems added to or integrated into microscope setups.
NetNotes
Authors: Phillips Thomas E.
Published: July 2011

Selected postings from the Microscopy Listserver from March 1, 2011 to May 1, 2011. Complete listings and subscription information can be obtained athttp://www.microscopy.com. Postings may have been edited to conserve space or for clarity.
Eliminate Optical Microscopy
Authors: Lyman Charles
Published: July 2011

This special issue of Microscopy Today is devoted to light microscopy. Light microscopy is microscopy that employs light as a medium, or so I thought. Every week I see “optical microscopy” used as a synonym for light microscopy. I cannot understand the popularity of this confusing term. For people outside our field, the term “optical microscopy” must be perplexing: does it mean electron optical or light optical? My point is that we should present the techniques we use in clear unambiguous language: light microscopy, electron microscopy, scanned probe microscopy, etc. Regardless of logic, there are still strong adherents to the term “optical microscopy.”
Authors' Response
Authors: Piper Jörg , Chmela Gunther
Published: July 2011

Unfortunately, the letter from Mr. Sterrenburg contains some passages that seem to be rather polemical and not very objective. Nevertheless, we hereby give our comments to his letter.
Affirmative Action and Leadership Attitudes in Brazilian Women Managers
Authors: Islam Gazi , Zilenovsky Sarah E. S.
Published: July 2011

This note examines the relationship between affirmative action (AA) program perceptions and women’s self-ascribed capacity and desire to become leaders. We propose that women who believe that their organization implements a program of preferential selection toward women will experience negative psychological effects leading to lowered self-expectations for leadership, but that this effect will be moderated by their justice perceptions of AA programs. We test this proposition empirically for the first time with a Latin American female sample. Among Brazilian women managers, desire but not self-ascribed capacity to lead was reduced when they believed an AA policy was in place. Both desire’s and capacity’s relationships with belief in an AA policy were moderated by justice perceptions.
Job Resources and Regulatory Focus as Moderators of Short-Term Stressor-Strain Relations
Authors: van den Tooren Marieke , de Jonge Jan
Published: July 2011

By means of an eight-day daily diary study among 64 nursing home nurses, it was investigated whether within-person stress-buffering effects of job resources on the short-term relation between job demands and job strain were more likely to occur if (1) there was a match between job demands and job resources and (2) workers were predominantly promotion focused rather than predominantly prevention focused. Multilevel regression analyses revealed that there was neither support for the Demand-Induced Strain Compensation Model’s matching hypothesis (Hypothesis 1) nor for the moderating effect of regulatory focus (Hypothesis 2) when studying within-person processes in the context of day-to-day working life.
Spring flood reconstruction from continuous and discrete tree ring series
Authors: Boucher Étienne , Ouarda Taha B. M. J. , Bégin Yves , Nicault Antoine
Published: July 2011

This study proposes a method to reconstruct past spring flood discharge from continuous and discrete tree ring chronologies, since both have their respective strengths and weaknesses in northern environments. Ring width or density series provide uninterrupted records that are indirectly linked to regional discharge through a concomitant effect of climate on tree growth and streamflow. Conversely, discrete event chronologies constitute conspicuous records of past high water levels since they are constructed from trees that are directly damaged by the flood. However, the uncertainty of discrete series increases toward the past, and their relationships with spring discharge are often nonlinear. To take advantage of these two sources of information, we introduce a new transfer model technique on the basis of generalized additive model (GAM) theory. The incorporation of discrete predictors and the evaluation of the robustness of the nonlinear relationships are assessed using a jackknife procedure. We exemplify our approach in a reconstruction of May water supplies to the Caniapiscau hydroelectric reservoir in northern Quebec, Canada. We used earlywood density measurements as continuous variables and ice‐scar dates around Lake Montausier in the James Bay area as a discrete variable. Strong calibration (0.57 < 0.61 < 0.75) and validation (0.27 < 0.44 < 0.58) R2 statistics were obtained, thus highlighting the usefulness of the model. Our reconstruction suggests that, since ∼1965, spring floods have become more intense and variable in comparison with the last 150 years. We argue that a similar procedure can be used in each case where discrete and continuous tree ring proxies are used together to reconstruct past spring floods.
Identification of the AFD neuron as the site of action of the CREB protein in Caenorhabditis elegans thermotaxis
Authors: Nishida Yukuo , Sugi Takuma , Nonomura Mayu , Mori Ikue
Published: July 2011

Behaviour is a consequence of computation in neural circuits composed of massive synaptic connections among sensory neurons and interneurons. The cyclic AMP response element‐binding protein (CREB) responsible for learning and memory is expressed in almost all neurons. Nevertheless, we find that the Caenorhabditis elegans CREB orthologue, CRH‐1, is only required in the single bilateral thermosensory neuron AFD, for a memory‐related behaviour. Restoration of CRH‐1 in AFD of CREB‐depleted crh‐1 mutants rescues its thermotactic defect, whereas restorations in other neurons do not. In calcium‐imaging analyses, the AFD neurons of CREB‐depleted crh‐1 mutants exhibit an abnormal response to temperature increase. We present a new platform for analysing the mechanism of behavioural memory at single‐cellular resolution within the neural circuit.
Multilayer checkpoints for microRNA authenticity during RISC assembly
Authors: Kawamata Tomoko , Yoda Mayuko , Tomari Yukihide
Published: July 2011

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) function through the RNA‐induced silencing complex (RISC), which contains an Argonaute (Ago) protein at the core. RISC assembly follows a two‐step pathway: miRNA/miRNA* duplex loading into Ago, and separation of the two strands within Ago. Here we show that the 5′ phosphate of the miRNA strand is essential for duplex loading into Ago, whereas the preferred 5′ nucleotide of the miRNA strand and the base‐pairing status in the seed region and the middle of the 3′ region function as additive anchors to Ago. Consequently, the miRNA authenticity is inspected at multiple steps during RISC assembly.
Protein kinase D: coupling extracellular stimuli to the regulation of cell physiology
Authors: Fu Ya , Rubin Charles S
Published: July 2011

Protein kinase D (PKD) mediates the actions of stimuli that promote diacylglycerol (DAG) biogenesis. By phosphorylating effectors that regulate transcription, fission and polarized transport of Golgi vesicles, as well as cell migration and survival after oxidative stress, PKDs substantially expand the range of physiological processes controlled by DAG. Dysregulated PKDs have been linked to pathologies including heart hypertrophy and cancer invasiveness. Our understanding of PKD regulation by trans‐ and autophosphorylation, as well as the subcellular dynamics of PKD substrate phosphorylation, have increased markedly. Selective PKD inhibitors provide new, powerful tools for elucidating the physiological roles of PKDs and potentially treating cardiac disease and cancer.
C‐Reactive Protein Modifies the Association of Plasma Leptin With Coronary Calcium in Asymptomatic Overweight Individuals
Authors: Martin Seth S. , Qasim Atif N. , Rader Dan J. , Reilly Muredach P.
Published: July 2011

Evidence suggests putative interactions of leptin and C‐reactive protein (CRP) in the pathogenesis of adiposity‐related atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). Therefore, we investigated whether CRP levels modify the relationship of leptin levels with coronary artery calcium (CAC). We examined 1,460 asymptomatic individuals from two community‐based cross‐sectional studies coordinated at a single, university‐based research center. We focused on subjects who were overweight or obese (BMI ≥25) given greater biologic plausibility in this setting. In multivariable CAC models, we analyzed the interaction of log‐transformed plasma leptin levels with higher CRP levels as defined by three cut‐points: two clinically based (2 mg/l, 3 mg/l) and one dataset specific (sex‐specific upper quartile). The association of plasma leptin with CAC was modified by higher CRP regardless of cut‐point (interaction term P values all <0.01 in fully adjusted models). Leptin levels were associated with CAC in those with high, but not low CRP levels (e.g., tobit ratio for a 1 unit increase in ln(leptin) (95% CI): 2.18 (1.29–3.66) if CRP level ≥3 mg/l; N = 461 vs. 0.94 (0.67–1.31) if CRP levels <3 mg/l; N = 999) in fully adjusted models. No interaction with CRP was present in control analyses with adiponectin, BMI and waist circumference. In conclusion, in asymptomatic overweight and obese adults, increased leptin levels were independently associated with increased CAC in the presence of high, but not low CRP levels, supporting a leptin‐CRP interface in atherosclerosis risk.
How many mature microhabitats does a slow-recolonising reptile require? Implications for restoration of bauxite minesites in south-western Australia
Authors: Craig Michael D. , Benkovic Angela M. , Grigg Andrew H. , Hardy Giles E. St J. , Fleming Patricia A. , Hobbs Richard J.
Published: July 2011

If we are to accelerate the recolonisation of restored areas by slow-recolonising species, we must provide suitable microhabitats at appropriate densities. Previous research in south-western Australia has shown that Napoleon’s skink (Egernia napoleonis) rarely recolonises restored areas. We trapped Napoleon’s skink in restoration and unmined forest to confirm the species was late successional. We also radio-tracked six skinks in unmined forest, to determine types and characteristics of used microhabitats, and estimated home ranges to determine required microhabitat densities, with the aim of accelerating skink recolonisation of restored areas. All tracked skinks used logs and hollow-bearing trees. Used logs were larger, and used trees were larger and taller than random samples, probably because large logs and trees were more likely to contain cracks and hollows that provide a refuge from predators. Extrapolations from home-range estimates indicated that a minimum of four logs ha–1 are required in restored areas to facilitate recolonisation by skinks, with skink densities likely to increase with log densities. Our study demonstrated that not all fauna will naturally recolonise restored areas and management of these areas is required to provide suitable habitat for late-successional species. Our approach could potentially be applied to other ecosystems or species.