bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contribution of sox9b to pigment cell formation in medaka fish
Authors: Tsunogai Yuri , Miyadai Motohiro , Nagao Yusuke , Sugiwaka Keisuke , Kelsh Robert N. , Hibi Masahiko , Hashimoto Hisashi
Published: November 2021

SoxE‐type transcription factors, Sox10 and Sox9, are key regulators of the development of neural crest cells. Sox10 specifies pigment cell, glial, and neuronal lineages, whereas Sox9 is reportedly closely associated with skeletogenic lineages in the head, but its involvement in pigment cell formation has not been investigated genetically. Thus, it is not fully understood whether or how distinctly these genes as well as their paralogs in teleosts are subfunctionalized. We have previously shown using the medaka fish Oryzias latipes that pigment cell formation is severely affected by the loss of sox10a, yet unaffected by the loss of sox10b. Here we aimed to determine whether Sox9 is involved in the specification of pigment cell lineage. The sox9b homozygous mutation did not affect pigment cell formation, despite lethality at the early larval stages. By using sox10a, sox10b, and sox9b mutations, compound mutants were established for the sox9b and sox10 genes and pigment cell phenotypes were analyzed. Simultaneous loss of sox9b and sox10a resulted in the complete absence of melanophores and xanthophores from hatchlings and severely defective iridophore formation, as has been previously shown for sox10a−/−; sox10b−/− double mutants, indicating that Sox9b as well as Sox10b functions redundantly with Sox10a in pigment cell development. Notably, leucophores were present in sox9b−/−; sox10a−/− and sox10a−/−; sox10b−/− double mutants, but their numbers were significantly reduced in the sox9b−/−; sox10a−/− mutants. These findings highlight that Sox9b is involved in pigment cell formation, and plays a more critical role in leucophore development than Sox10b.
Isolated metastasis of mediastinal carcinoid to the left ventricle: A case report
Authors: Wu Hui‐hui , Wang Li‐hong , Li Hong‐yan
Published: November 2021

Carcinoid tumors are uncommon neuroendocrine tumors that produce high levels of serotonin and are mainly located in the gastrointestinal tract and bronchopulmonary system but very rarely in the mediastinum. These are slow‐growing tumors that most commonly present metastatic lesions in the liver, followed by the bones, lungs, and peritoneum. Solid cardiac metastases from carcinoid tumors have seldom been reported. In this case report, we present a patient with a rare localized metastasis in the left ventricle with an antecedent history of resected carcinoid tumor of the anterior mediastinum.
Effects of phenotypic variation on consumer coexistence and prey community structure
Authors: Hogle Shane L. , Hepolehto Iina , Ruokolainen Lasse , Cairns Johannes , Hiltunen Teppo
Published: November 2021

A popular idea in ecology is that trait variation among individuals from the same species may promote the coexistence of competing species. However, theoretical and empirical tests of this idea have yielded inconsistent findings. We manipulated intraspecific trait diversity in a ciliate competing with a nematode for bacterial prey in experimental microcosms. We found that intraspecific trait variation inverted the original competitive hierarchy to favour the consumer with variable traits, ultimately resulting in competitive exclusion. This competitive outcome was driven by foraging traits (size, speed and directionality) that increased the ciliate's fitness ratio and niche overlap with the nematode. The interplay between consumer trait variation and competition resulted in non‐additive cascading effects—mediated through prey defence traits—on prey community assembly. Our results suggest that predicting consumer competitive population dynamics and the assembly of prey communities will require understanding the complexities of trait variation within consumer species.
Handling multiple objectives using k‐means clustering guided multiobjective evolutionary algorithm
Authors: Singh Tribhuvan
Published: November 2021

Multiobjective optimization problems (MOPs) are very popular these days and have gained continuous research attention. These problems involve a minimum of two conflicting objectives that need to be optimized simultaneously. Multiobjective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs) optimize these objectives by targeting solutions on the Pareto front. To judge the performance of different MOEAs, the convergence rate and population diversity are used. In order to create a good algorithm with a high convergence rate and diversity, the k‐means clustering algorithm is combined with a real parameter version of the improved environmental adaptation method (IEAM‐RP) in this paper. This is done as IEAM‐RP converges very fast and the k‐means clustering algorithm is used to provide diversity in decision search space. To check the performance of the proposed algorithm, it has been compared with nine state‐of‐the‐art multiobjective algorithms (MOPSOtridist, MOEA/D‐STM, MOEA/D, MOPSO, NSGA‐II, MOPSOses, MOGOA, MODA, MOALO) using standard multiobjective benchmark functions. Further, the performance of the proposed algorithm is compared against IBEA and SMS‐EMOA using walking fish group (WFG) test suit. The experimental results prove the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Border as assemblages: Rethinking the border politics of the global food trade
Authors: Wang Kuan‐Chi
Published: November 2021

Understanding the complexities of global food trade requires an overarching framework with which to address its network and territorial topologies, while avoiding the duality. In this paper, I propose the framework of “border assemblages” to supplement and rework existing approaches to food regimes and global networks, focusing on the extraterritorial reach of the global food trade. Specifically, this paper highlights the (de‐/re‐) territorialization processes of the border assemblages involved in the formation of food geopolitics and geoeconomics in the global food trade amidst biosecurity and food safety crises.
Accurate white blood cell differential by Alinity hq: A comparison with flow cytometry and manual differential
Authors: Gambell Peter , Rowley Grant , Pham Tracy Anh Thu , Dang Theresa Loan , Mulumba Huguette , Smith Larry , Lakos Gabriella
Published: November 2021

Introduction

White blood cell (WBC) differential by flow cytometry can report a six‐part WBC differential and enumerate blasts. Some modern hematology analyzers are also able to provide a six‐part WBC differential (including immature granulocytes). Our goal was to compare the WBC differential obtained by the Abbott Alinity hq hematology analyzer to an 8‐color single‐tube flow cytometry method and to manual WBC differential.

Methods

Samples from 144 patients were tested with Alinity hq, flow cytometry, and microscopic WBC differential. The WBC count ranged from 1.22 to 359 × 109/L, and 34 samples were flagged by the analyzer for abnormal WBC morphology.

Results

Strong concordance was demonstrated between Alinity hq and flow cytometry for all six components of the differential, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.86 (basophils) to 1.00 (lymphocytes). Small, clinically insignificant positive difference was observed between Alinity hq and flow cytometry for mature and total neutrophils (2.51% and 1.85%) and eosinophils (0.14%), and small negative difference for immature granulocytes (−0.65%), lymphocytes (−0.61%), and basophils (−0.21%). No bias was detected between the Alinity hq and flow cytometry monocyte counts.

Alinity hq and flow cytometry results agreed with the manual differential, apart from small, clinically insignificant differences. Alinity hq nucleated red blood cell concentrations were equivalent with the manual results (r = 0.95, slope = 1.16). The percentage of blasts by flow cytometry demonstrated good correlation and agreement with the manual count (r = 0.99, slope = 1.35).

Conclusion

Alinity hq has produced accurate six‐part WBC differential in this three‐way comparison, equivalent to flow cytometry and morphological classification.
Misreading Michael Jensen: The Case of Nicholas Lemann's Transaction Man: The Rise of the Deal and the Decline of the American Dream
Authors: Chew Don
Published: November 2021

In yet another shameless exercise of editorial prerogative—the second within the past 12 months—the editor of this journal suggests that Lemann's much‐acclaimed account of 20th (and early 21st) century U.S. political economy, for all its scope and seriousness, resorts to the time‐honored practice of finding in financial markets a scapegoat for social ills that run much deeper. When examined more carefully, the U.S. market for corporate control chronicled and celebrated by Mike Jensen looks much less like the cause of economic insecurity deplored by Lemann than the only viable solution to the challenge of providing opportunities for an expanding—and increasingly global—workforce.
Interactions between healthcare personnel and family caregivers of people with dementia from minority ethnic backgrounds in home‐based care—An explorative qualitative study
Authors: Gulestø Ragnhild , Lillekroken Daniela , Bjørge Heidi , Halvorsrud Liv
Published: November 2021

Aims

To explore how healthcare personnel in home‐based care perceive interactions with family caregivers of people with dementia from minority ethnic backgrounds.

Background

Research shows that the organization of home‐based care rarely allows opportunities to provide support to family caregivers in practice. However, how these organizational structures influence the way in which healthcare personnel perceive their interactions with family caregivers of people with dementia from minority ethnic backgrounds remains an unexplored area.

Design

An explorative qualitative study inspired by a critical realist approach using Pierre Bourdieu's theoretical concepts of field, habitus and capital.

Methods

Data were collected through individual semi‐structured interviews with six nurses and four auxiliary nurses employed in home‐based care in Norway. The data were analysed using a thematic analysis approach. The participants were recruited in September and October 2020.

Findings

‘Family caregivers perceived as facilitators of or barriers to collaborative care’ was identified as an overarching theme, supported by two main themes: ‘Preconditions for successful collaboration’ and ‘Challenges for collaborative relationships’. The findings revealed that the participants mainly focused their attention on the dementia patients from minority ethnic backgrounds, while they felt that the family caregivers influenced the way in which they provided healthcare.

Conclusions

The findings demonstrate that timesaving strategies have a major influence on healthcare personnel's perceptions of family caregivers from minority ethnic backgrounds. Attention towards the needs of the family caregivers was often replaced by evaluations of their usefulness in the provision of healthcare to the dementia patients.

Impact

This study raises concerns about home‐based care as a rigid and inflexible system. It therefore provides opportunities to raise questions on status quo, stimulate debate and encourage fresh thinking with regards to the support and inclusion of family caregivers in the home‐based care system for people with dementia from minority ethnic backgrounds.
Effect of chronic kidney disease on the association between hyperuricemia and new‐onset hypertension in the general Japanese population: ISSA‐CKD study
Authors: Kawazoe Miki , Funakoshi Shunsuke , Ishida Shintaro , Yoshimura Chikara , Satoh Atsushi , Maeda Toshiki , Tsuji Masayoshi , Yokota Soichiro , Tada Kazuhiro , Takahashi Koji , Ito Kenji , Yasuno Tetsuhiko , Fujii Hideyuki , Okutsu Shota , Mukobara Shigeaki , Kawanami Daiji , Nabeshima Shigeki , Kondo Seiji , Masutani Kosuke , Arima Hisatomi
Published: November 2021

We aimed to investigate the association between serum uric acid (SUA) level and development of hypertension as well as the interaction effect of chronic kidney disease (CKD) on this relationship in the general Japanese population. We included 7895 participants aged ≥30 years from the ISSA‐CKD study, a population‐based retrospective cohort study that used annual health check‐up data of residents from Iki Island, Japan. After the exclusion of 1881 with l < 1‐year follow‐up, 2812 with hypertension at baseline, and 165 with missing information on SUA, a total of 3037 participants were enrolled in this analysis. Participants were divided into four groups according to the quartiles of SUA level at baseline, and multivariable‐adjusted hazard ratios for new‐onset hypertension were calculated. Stratified analyses were performed for each subgroup (defined by sex, age, alcohol intake, and CKD) to assess the interaction effects. During a mean follow‐up period of 4.4 years, 943 participants developed hypertension. The first quartile group was set as the reference group, and the multivariable‐adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for new‐onset hypertension were 1.11 (0.90–1.36) in the second quartile, 1.25 (1.02–1.54) in the third quartile, and 1.35 (1.07–1.70) in the fourth quartile compared with those in the reference group (p = .007 for trend). The stratified analyses showed that the association between SUA and hypertension was significantly stronger in participants with CKD than in those without CKD (p = .035 for interaction). SUA level is an independent risk factor for new‐onset hypertension. This tendency was significantly stronger in participants with CKD.
The effects of somatostatin analogues on glycaemia in the treatment of neuroendocrine tumours
Authors: Patel Kishen Rajan , Nahar Ananda , Elhassan Yasir S. , Shetty Shishir , Smith Stacey , Vickrage Suzanne , Kemp‐Blake Joanne , Palani Raghavendar , Geh Ian , Venkataraman Hema , Shah Tahir , Ayuk John
Published: November 2021

Long‐acting somatostatin analogues (SSAs) are the most commonly used drugs in the management of neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) because of their ability to control symptoms and prolong survival. SSA use is associated with changes in glucose metabolism. However, the impacts on glycaemic control and body mass index (BMI) caused by SSAs in NETs are largely unknown. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of SSA treatment on BMI and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in our cohort of patients with NETs. We also assessed changes in glycaemic control and BMI before and after SSA treatment. In addition, we assessed the incidence of new diabetes or whether there was worsening of glycaemic control for patients with pre‐existing diabetes. The study comprised a retrospective study of 279 patients with NETs who were treated with SSAs between January 2014 and January 2019. Glycaemic control was assessed by measuring changes in Hba1c. A number needed to harm analysis was used to look at new cases of diabetes within the study population. Treatment with SSAs was associated with a mean increase in HbA1c of 3.35 ± 6.30 mmol mol–1 despite a mean decrease in BMI of −1.04 ± 2.79 kg m–2. There were 19 new cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the population of 209 with a number needed to harm of 12.5. Of the 34 patients with pre‐existing T2DM, five had worsening of their mean HbA1c. Treatment with SSAs for NETs is associated with an increase in HbA1c, despite a reduction in BMI and, importantly, a risk of developing T2DM with a number needed to harm of 12.5.

This project was registered with the National Health Service Clinical Audit and Registries. It has a CARMS number ‐ 17666.
Concussion Recovery in Children and Adolescents: A Qualitative Study of Parents' Experiences
Authors: Sullivan Lindsay , Wysong Matthew , Yang Jingzhen
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND

Although parents play an instrumental role in youth concussion management, few studies have qualitatively explored youth concussion recovery from the parents' perspective. This study explored parents' experiences with and perceptions of their child's recovery from concussion, particularly with regards to the return‐to‐school process.

METHODS

We conducted 11 face‐to‐face semi‐structured interviews with the parents of concussed youth aged 11 to 17 years between October 2018 and April 2019. We used the methods of open coding, axial coding, and selective coding to analyze the data.

RESULTS

We identified 7 themes during data analysis, which we divided into 2 categories: at home (prior to school re‐entry) and at school (during the school reintegration process). The at‐home category included 4 themes: (1) physical and cognitive rest; (2) child‐led decision‐making; (3) the role of parent‐child communication in recovery; and (4) feelings about returning to school following concussion. The at‐school category included 3 themes: (1) availability and utilization of academic accommodations; (2) return‐to‐school policies and procedures; and (3) support from school officials and teachers.

CONCLUSIONS

Parents' experiences of their child's return‐to‐school post‐concussion underscore the need for evidence‐based guidelines for cognitive rest post‐concussion and a collaborative, team‐based approach to concussion management.
A Qualitative Investigation of Parent and Child Perceptions of School Food Allergy Policies in the United States
Authors: Vollmer Rachel L. , Girsch Virginia , Foster Jaime S.
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND

Many schools implement well‐intentioned food allergy policies; however, may not ease parents'/children's worry and concern. The purpose of this study was to (1) explore children's and parents' perceptions their school's food allergy policy and (2) compare these perceptions to the documented school policy.

METHODS

Children ages 8 to 18 with a food allergy and their parents (N = 18 pairs) across the US completed one‐on‐one semi‐structured, audio‐recorded phone interviews. School food allergy policies were collected from school websites. Content analysis was applied to the transcriptions by two investigators to identify themes among parents and children.

RESULTS

Parents and children described policies may impact the child's social and/or emotional well‐being. Many opportunities for improvement were provided by parents and children. There is a wide variation in food allergy policies across the schools in this study, and overall, parents and children thought that policy enforcement needs to be improved.

CONCLUSIONS

With so much variation in food allergy policies in schools coupled with inconsistent enforcement, parents and children may feel unsafe or unsupported by the school. Schools should adopt a team‐ or whole‐school approach to develop and enforce policies that help protect children with food allergies.
Shock‐metamorphic microstructures in quartz grains from Albian sandstones from the Tin Bider impact structure, Algeria
Authors: Kassab Fazia , Ferrière Ludovic , Belhai Djelloul
Published: November 2021

Tin Bider is a 6‐km‐diameter complex impact structure, the largest one recognized in Algeria. The crater was excavated in Cretaceous sedimentary rocks composed of, from the base to the top, Albian sandstones, Cenomanian clays, Cenomanian‐Turonian limestones, undifferentiated Coniacian to Maastrichtian clays and limestones. The age of the impact event is poorly constrained to <66 Ma by stratigraphy, the youngest geological unit affected by the event being the ~66 Myr old Maastrichtian limestones. Albian sandstones outcrop in the central sector of the structure and represent the only occurrence at outcrop of this geological unit in the structure. Here we report on a detailed petrographic analysis of eight Albian sandstone samples that were searched for shock‐metamorphic features. We confirm the presence of rare shocked quartz grains with planar deformation features (PDFs) and report on their crystallographic orientations as determined using the universal stage microscope. PDFs oriented parallel to the π{} and ω{} orientations are the most abundant ones. For the first time in impactites from Tin Bider, PDFs with basal (0001) orientation, corresponding to amorphized mechanical Brazil twins, are reported. Our results indicate that locally the peak shock pressure was of at least 20 GPa, but much lower in average for the investigated samples.
Emotion as reflexive practice: A new discourse for feedback practice and research
Authors: Ajjawi Rola , Olson Rebecca E. , McNaughton Nancy
Published: November 2021

Introduction

Like medicine and health care, feedback is a practice imbued with emotions: saturated with feelings relevant to one's identity and status within a given context. Often this emotional dimension of feedback is cast as an impediment to be ignored or managed. Such a perspective can be detrimental to feedback practices as emotions are fundamentally entwined with learning. In this critical review, we ask: What are the discourses of emotion in the feedback literature and what ‘work’ do they do?

Methods

We conducted a critical literature review of emotion and feedback in the three top journals of the field: Academic Medicine, Medical Education and Advances in Health Sciences Education. Analysis was informed by a Foucauldian critical discourse approach and involved identifying discourses of emotion and interpreting how they shape feedback practices.

Findings

Of 32 papers, four overlapping discourses of emotion were identified. Emotion as physiological casts emotion as internal, biological, ever‐present, immutable and often problematic. Emotion as skill positions emotion as internal, mainly cognitive and amenable to regulation. A discourse of emotion as reflexive practice infers a social and interpersonal understanding of emotions, whereas emotion as socio‐cultural discourse extends the reflexive practice discourse seeing emotion as circulating within learning environments as a political force.

Discussion

Drawing on scholarship within the sociology of emotions, we suggest the merits of studying emotion as inevitable (not pathological), as potentially paralysing and motivating and as situated within (and often reinforcing) a hierarchical social health care landscape. For future feedback research, we suggest shifting towards recognising the discourse‐theory‐practice connection with emotion in health professional education drawing from reflexive and socio‐cultural discourses of emotion.
Fit and fatty freshwater fish: contrasting polyunsaturated fatty acid phenotypes between hybridizing stickleback lineages
Authors: Hudson Cameron M. , Ladd S. Nemiah , Leal Miguel C. , Schubert Carsten J. , Seehausen Ole , Matthews Blake
Published: November 2021

Long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are biologically important lipids that are unevenly distributed between and throughout environments. This heterogeneity can affect the evolution of metabolic processes, as populations adapt to the resource landscape that they encounter. Here, we compare fatty acid phenotypes of stickleback over two time scales of evolutionary divergence: between two lineages with different metabolic capacities for fatty acid synthesis (i.e. different copy number of the fatty acid desaturase gene; FADS2) that independently colonized European freshwaters during the Pleistocene and Holocene; and between two ecotypes within each lineage that have diverged more recently (~150 years) in different habitats (i.e. lake and stream). We measured fatty acid profiles of wild‐caught and lab‐reared fish for each lineage and ecotype combination after rearing lab fish on a diet deficient in omega‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Since these lineages hybridize in nature, we also measured profiles of lab‐reared hybrids and backcrosses raised on the same deficient diet. Wild fish showed strong compositional differences in fatty acids between habitats, lineages and sexes. Common garden fish had generally lower polyunsaturated fatty acid levels than wild fish, and females had lower omega‐6:omega‐3 than males. Fish from the lineage with fewer FADS2 copies also had lower levels of docosahexaenoic acid. Overall, we document divergence in fatty acid phenotypes between stickleback lineages with different histories of freshwater colonization, and between ecotypes in the early stages of adaptive population divergence.
Immunologic benefits of maternal living donor allografts in pediatric liver transplantation: fewer rejection episodes and no evidence of de novo allosensitization
Authors: Barbetta Arianna , Meeberg Glenda , Rocque Brittany , Barhouma Sarah , Weaver Carly , Gilmour Susan , Faytrouni Farah , Guttman Orlee , Zielsdorf Shannon , Etesami Kambiz , Kwon Yong , Yanni George , Campbell Patricia , Shapiro James , Emamaullee Juliet
Published: November 2021

Background

Pediatric liver transplant (LT) recipients of maternal living liver donor (LLD) grafts have been reported to experience fewer rejection episodes. However, it is unclear whether this benefit translates to reduction in developing donor‐specific antibody (DSA) among maternal‐LLD recipients. The aim of this study was to compare immunologic outcomes among maternal‐LLD, non‐maternal‐LLD, and deceased donor liver transplant (DDLT) recipients.

Methods

Children (≤18 years) who underwent LT between 1/1998 and 12/2019 at two high‐volume LT centers in North America were evaluated. Patients were divided into three groups by type of graft received (maternal‐LLD, non‐maternal LLD, and DDLT). Clinical variables and outcomes were compared according to each graft type.

Results

A total of 450 pediatric primary LT were analyzed: 275 (61.1%) DDLT, 73 (16.2%) maternal‐LLD, and 102 (22.6%) non‐maternal‐LLD. Children receiving LLD grafts were less likely to develop rejection when compared to the DDLT group (DDLT 46.9% vs. maternal‐LLD 31.5% vs. non‐maternal‐LLD 28.4%, p = 0.001). There was no difference in rejection rates between maternal and non‐maternal‐LLD recipients. A higher percentage of maternal‐LLD recipients were on immunosuppression monotherapy compared to non‐maternal‐LLD and DDLT recipients (6.7% vs. 1.2 vs. 2.4%, respectively). A subgroup of 68 patients were tested for DSA post‐LT. Maternal‐LLD recipients were less likely to develop de novo DSA (maternal‐LLD 11.8% vs. non‐maternal‐LLD 19.3% vs. DDLT 43%, p = 0.018). None of the maternal‐LLD recipients developed antibody‐mediated rejection.

Conclusions

These data support the concept of immunologic benefit of maternal‐LLD in pediatric LT, with lower rates of rejection and allosensitization post‐LT when compared to DDLT recipients.
The Protective Effect of Edible Bird's Nest against the Immune‐senescence Process of UVB‐irradiated Hairless Mice
Authors: Park SulWoong , Kim InSook Sarah , Park Sang‐Yong , Seo Seul A. , Yang Jung‐Eun , Hwang Eunson
Published: November 2021

Edible bird's nest (EBN) is a nutritious food with many beneficial effects, including protecting cells against oxidation and infection due to wounds, bacteria or viruses. EBN has shown antiaging, anti‐inflammatory and wound‐healing properties in skin cells. Here, we investigated whether EBN has protective effects against photoaging, inflammation and immune‐senescence in hairless mice treated with UVB irradiation. The skin thickness was lower in mice on an EBN diet than in mice treated with UVB alone. The level of hydration was significantly increased, while the index of transepidermal water loss decreased, in groups on the EBN diet. EBN also reduced erythema index in UVB‐irradiated mice. At the molecular level, skin elasticity and antiaging are associated with high expression of elastin, collagen and filaggrin and low expression of the membrane metalloproteinases, MMP‐1 and MMP‐2. Inflammatory markers such as interleukins, IL‐1β and IL‐6, and TNF‐α decreased significantly in the EBN groups. Caspase‐3, an important factor in the apoptotic pathway and in congenital and adaptive immune responses, decreased in the EBN groups. Moreover, EBN diminished the overexpression of immunoglobulin E and elevated mast cell counts in UVB‐irradiated mice. Overall, these findings suggest that EBN protects skin against aging and alleviates inflammation in UVB‐irradiated hairless mice.
Environmental accidents and environmental legislation in China: Evidence from provincial panel data (1997–2014)
Authors: Zang Xiaowei
Published: November 2021

Knowledge on environmental disasters and legislation is limited. I narrow this knowledge gap by examining the relationship between environmental accidents and climate legislation in the People's Republic of China. I offer an account of local environmental accidents and local environmental legislation and focus on political centralization to understand bill submission and bill enactment in local climate legislation in China. I built a unique provincial panel dataset for the period of 1997–2014 (N = 527) for the data analysis and found that environmental accidents are correlated with local climate legislation. I also discuss how local government leaders make rational choices under the incentive system in the Chinese bureaucracy in the wake of environmental accidents.

Related Articles

Brogan, Michael James. 2017. “Evaluating Risk and Natural Gas Pipeline Safety.” Politics & Policy 45(4): 657–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12211

Liu, Zezhao, and Zhengwei Zhu. 2021. “China's Pathway to Domestic Emergency Management: Unpacking the Characteristics in System Evolution.” Politics & Policy 49(3): 619–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12407

Neill, Katharine A., and John C. Morris. 2012. “A Tangled Web of Principals and Agents: Examining the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill through a Principal–Agent Lens.” Politics & Policy 40(4): 629–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00371.x
European lobster Homarus gammarus aquaculture: Technical developments, opportunities and requirements
Authors: Hinchcliffe James , Agnalt Ann‐Lisbeth , Daniels Carly L. , Drengstig Asbj∅rn , Lund Ivar , McMinn Jane , Powell Adam
Published: November 2021

The European lobster (Homarus gammarus) has been the subject of aquaculture and related research efforts for the last 150 years, due to both the wild fishery and cultural value of the species. Since the middle of the 20th century, increasing anthropogenic pressure has led to a severe decline in wild fish and shellfish stocks, including H. gammarus, with some fisheries yet to recover. H. gammarus is amongst the most exclusive and valuable European shellfish products, and whilst management measures have been implemented to safeguard stocks, H. gammarus aquaculture is an increasingly credible approach to help to secure a sustainable lobster supply. Historically, this has been achieved by relatively small‐scale release of hatchery‐reared juveniles during stock enhancement programmes. Until recently, commercial attempts at farming have not been viable, mainly due to cost‐prohibitive technical challenges. At present, there are several promising approaches to overcome bottlenecks hampering commercialisation of lobster aquaculture. This review summarises new technical and husbandry innovations in H. gammarus culture since the start of the 21st century, including technological innovations, husbandry and expansion of the stock enhancement (release) and farming (production) sectors. Additionally, likely directions for both sectors in the coming decades are summarised, knowledge gaps identified and the societal support required to achieve further potential are discussed.
Norwegian oil market concentration and its effects on the oil service companies 1993–2013
Authors: Bruno Lars Christian , Steen Riana
Published: November 2021

This paper explores the effect of market concentration of the Norwegian oil production sector (NPS) on Norway's second‐largest industry, the oilfield services companies (OFS). To capture this effect, we use the system generalized method of moments approach (GMM) to estimate an empirical model, spanning the period 1993–2013. The findings indicate that increased market concentration is consistent with lower profitability of the oilfield services companies, as the bargaining power of oil companies relative to service companies increases. Increased knowledge about this effect could contribute to improving strategies for the further development of these industries by stakeholders.
Addiction curriculum design for medical students
Authors: Hostetter Kara , Thakkar Bhushan , Edwards Cherie , Martin Caitlin Eileen
Published: November 2021

Background

As mortality and morbidity due to substance use disorder (SUD) are increasing for women, especially during pregnancy and postpartum, it is imperative to equip medical providers with skills to identify SUD and initiate treatments. We designed a curriculum to provide third‐year medical students with clinical exposure to SUD during pregnancy.

Approach

This novel, experience‐based SUD curriculum was focused on providing adequate knowledge, skills and confidence to provide compassionate, patient‐centred care to women with SUD. Obstetrics and Gynecology clerkship third‐year medical students rotated 1 day through a clinic that provides Obstetrics and Gynecology and addiction medicine services. Congruent with COVID‐19 limitations, students completed pre‐clinic assignments and in‐clinic tasks (e.g., screening, brief intervention, referral to treatment [SBIRT]) under supervision.

Evaluation

After implementation of this pilot curriculum, 20 students and 10 teachers completed surveys (100% response rate) with open‐ended response items. Quantitative data and open‐ended responses using electronic surveys were sequentially analysed to evaluate the curriculum's feasibility and acceptability.

Implications

We designed a novel curriculum that focused on SUD learning objectives and providing exposure to third‐year medical students, and our findings indicate that it is feasible and acceptable to both students and teachers. In the future, we plan to provide this curriculum to both our third‐ and fourth‐year medical students, and we encourage teachers and providers at other institutions to utilise it during their clinical training.
Two independently evolved natural mutations additively deregulate TyrA enzymes and boost tyrosine production in planta
Authors: Lopez‐Nieves Samuel , El‐Azaz Jorge , Men Yusen , Holland Cynthia K. , Feng Tao , Brockington Samuel F. , Jez Joseph M. , Maeda Hiroshi A.
Published: November 2021

l‐Tyrosine is an essential amino acid for protein synthesis and is also used in plants to synthesize diverse natural products. Plants primarily synthesize tyrosine via TyrA arogenate dehydrogenase (TyrAa or ADH), which are typically strongly feedback inhibited by tyrosine. However, two plant lineages, Fabaceae (legumes) and Caryophyllales, have TyrA enzymes that exhibit relaxed sensitivity to tyrosine inhibition and are associated with elevated production of tyrosine‐derived compounds, such as betalain pigments uniquely produced in core Caryophyllales. Although we previously showed that a single D222N substitution is primarily responsible for the deregulation of legume TyrAs, it is unknown when and how the deregulated Caryophyllales TyrA emerged. Here, through phylogeny‐guided TyrA structure–function analysis, we found that functionally deregulated TyrAs evolved early in the core Caryophyllales before the origin of betalains, where the E208D amino acid substitution in the active site, which is at a different and opposite location from D222N found in legume TyrAs, played a key role in the TyrA functionalization. Unlike legumes, however, additional substitutions on non‐active site residues further contributed to the deregulation of TyrAs in Caryophyllales. The introduction of a mutation analogous to E208D partially deregulated tyrosine‐sensitive TyrAs, such as Arabidopsis TyrA2 (AtTyrA2). Moreover, the combined introduction of D222N and E208D additively deregulated AtTyrA2, for which the expression in Nicotiana benthamiana led to highly elevated accumulation of tyrosine in planta. The present study demonstrates that phylogeny‐guided characterization of key residues underlying primary metabolic innovations can provide powerful tools to boost the production of essential plant natural products.
Retinal structural and microvascular abnormalities in retinal dysplasia imaged by OCT and OCT angiography
Authors: Ripolles‐Garcia Ana , Holle Dolores M. , Cohen Julie A. , Beltran William A. , Aguirre Gustavo D.
Published: November 2021

Objective

To describe the in vivo structural characteristics of multifocal and geographic retinal dysplasia visualized with advanced retinal imaging including confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (cSLO), optical coherence tomography (OCT), en face OCT, and the novel vascular imaging technique OCT angiography (OCTA).

Dogs studied and procedures

Two dogs were diagnosed with unilateral multifocal or geographic retinal dysplasia and underwent advanced retinal imaging under general anesthesia at the Retinal Disease Studies Facility of the University of Pennsylvania.

Results

In both cases, the morphological pattern of the lesions was similar including outer retinal folds that invaginated and formed tubular retinal rosettes, surrounding a central inner retinal thickening (multifocal) or plaque (geographic). The two dogs had multiple vascular anomalies in the lesions such as increased tortuosity, abnormal change of vessel diameter including aneurysms and capillary network disruption. We also identified increased autofluorescence by AF cSLO with short wavelength light source (488 nm and barrier filter at 500 nm), and several areas of photoreceptor loss associated with the lesions.

Conclusion

The use of OCTA allowed the identification of microvascular abnormalities associated with multifocal and geographic retinal dysplasia in two dogs. To our knowledge, this is the first report where the dye‐free OCTA technique is used to study vascular lesions in canine retinas.
Analysis of Structure, Process and Result Indicators in the Family Health Strategy in Mato Grosso: A Comparative Study
Authors: Andrade da Fonseca Juliane Ferreira , De Liberal Márcia Mello Costa , Varela Patrícia Siqueira , Zucchi Paola
Published: November 2021

This research aimed to correlate the indicators of Primary Health Care in their structural components with those of the process and with the results in the municipalities of Mato Grosso, Brazil, from 2008 to 2015. This is an evaluative, quantitative, retrospective research with the use of secondary data from information systems. A matrix is composed of components of the structure (potential population coverage) the process (medical consultation, home visit of doctor and nurse, referral to the specialist, and request of clinical pathology exams), and the result (hospitalization rate due to sensitive causes). It was constructed when primary care, the proportion of live births of mothers with seven or more prenatal consultations, and the infant mortality coefficient) and the descriptive analysis and Spearman correlation coefficient (rho) were performed. The study found that population coverage remained high above 83% and the process indicators suggest an improvement in family health strategy, with a reduction of 63.13% in the average referral to a specialist and 49.71% in the request for clinical pathology exams. However, there was a 7.13% reduction in the average home visit during the study period. There is a correlation between the structure and process component and between structure and result. It has been found that with the evolution of the Family Health Strategy, there were changes in some indicators of primary care, but it is not possible to state that there was a change in the care model.
Reviewer Acknowledgements
Authors: Young James
Published: November 2021

International Journal of Social Science Studies (IJSSS) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether IJSSS publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 9, Number 6António Calha, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, PortugalAurora Pestaño, University of San Jose Recoletos (USJR), PhilippinesDaniel Tia, University of Félix Houphouët-Boigny Abidjan, GRATHEL, Cote d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast)Emilio Greco, Sapienza University of Rome, ItalyEnzo Loner, University of Trento, ItalyGülsüm Depeli, Hacettepe University, TurkeyIoannis Makris, High School of Pedagogical and Technical Education, GreeceIvan Lenard, Elementary school Ladimirevci, CroatiaJehu Onyekwere Nnaji, University of Naples II,Italy and Globe Visions Network Italy, ItalyJesster Pasule Eduardo, Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology, PhilippinesJulia M. Mack, Gannon University, USAK.O. Aramide, The Polytechnic Ibadan, NigeriaKatja Eman, Univerza v Mariboru, SloveniaMd. Nasir Uddin, Prime Minister’s Office, BangladeshMei-Ling Lin, National Open University, TaiwanNAZIAH ABD. KADIR, Universiti Selangor, MalaysiaPeriyasami Anbarasan, Indian Institute of technology Delhi, IndiaQingzhi Huan, Peking University, ChinaRachita Shrivastava Roy, Department of Higher Education,Chhatisgarh-India, IndiaSusheelabai Srinivasa, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, United StatesWahyu Nugroho, Sahid University of Jakarta, IndonesiaXian-Liang Tian, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, ChinaYanzhe Zhang, Jilin University, China, China/Australia   James YoungEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of International Journal of Social Science StudiesRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAURL: http://ijsss.redfame.com
Multiple criteria optimization of electrostatic electron lenses using multiobjective genetic algorithms
Authors: Hesam Mahmoudi Nezhad Neda , Ghaffarian Niasar Mohamad , Mohammadi Gheidari Ali , Kruit Pieter , Hagen Cornelis Wouter
Published: November 2021

The design of an electrostatic electron optical system with five electrodes and two objective functions is optimized using multiobjective genetic algorithms (MOGAs) optimization. The two objective functions considered are minimum probe size of the primary electron beam in a fixed image plane and maximum secondary electron detection efficiency at an in-lens detector plane. The time-consuming step is the calculation of the system potential. There are two methods to do this. The first is using COMSOL (finite element method) and the second is using the second-order electrode method (SOEM). The former makes the optimization process very slow but accurate, and the latter makes it fast but less accurate. A fully automated optimization strategy is presented, where a SOEM-based MOGA provides input systems for a COMSOL-based MOGA. This boosts the optimization process and reduces the optimization times by at least ∼10 times, from several days to a few hours. A typical optimized system has a probe size of 11.9 nm and a secondary electron detection efficiency of 80%. This new method can be implemented in electrostatic lens design with one or more objective functions and multiple free variables as a very efficient, fully automated optimization technique.
Maintaining atomically smooth GaAs surfaces after high-temperature processing for precise interdiffusion analysis and materials engineering
Authors: Miroshnik Leonid , Rummel Brian D. , Li Andrew B. , Balakrishnan Ganesh , Sinno Talid , Han Sang M.
Published: November 2021

Arsenic's high vapor pressure leads to thermal instability during high-temperature processing (>370 °C) of GaAs, contributing to the performance degradation of subsequently fabricated devices. The resulting surface damage also obfuscates the exact quantitative characterization of the diffusion process, a critical step in device manufacturing. In this experiment, an encapsulant-and-sacrificial-layer procedure is employed to reduce arsenic sublimation and preserve a smooth surface. A capped GaAs/InGaAs/GaAs quantum well structure is subjected to rapid thermal annealing, and AFM, SEM, and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy are used to compare the surface qualities of the postannealed encapsulated GaAs against the reference GaAs. For the encapsulated substrate, a smooth surface with an average root-mean-squared value of 6.5 Å is achieved after high-temperature processing. SIMS analysis is used to obtain the diffused indium atomic concentration profiles for a smooth and roughened GaAs surface and their corresponding diffusion parameters. The interdiffusion characterization process demonstrates in a GaAs/InGaAs system how precise diffusion parameter extraction requires preserving an atomically smooth surface when using surface-sensitive techniques.
Understanding Relationships Between Social Identity, Sport Enjoyment, and Dropout in Adolescent Girl Athletes
Authors: Murray Ross M. , Sabiston Catherine M.
Published: November 2021

The sport team social environment plays an important role in athletes’ experiences, including their enjoyment of sport, and these experiences may influence athletes’ decision to continue or dropout of sport. In the current study, enjoyment was examined as a mediator of the relationship between social identity and sport dropout. Adolescent girls (N = 150) who participated on a community sports team completed a questionnaire assessing social identity with their team and enjoyment of sport, and their sport participation status was measured 1 year later. Controlling for age and socioeconomic position, a path model showed that enjoyment mediated the relationship between social identity and sport dropout, bootstrapped unstandardized indirect effect = −0.04, 95% confidence interval [−0.08, −0.01]; p < .01. Fostering social identity with one’s sport team may contribute to greater enjoyment of sport and reductions in sport dropout in adolescent girls.
Assessment of Activity and Resistance Mechanisms to Cefepime in Combination with the Novel β-Lactamase Inhibitors Zidebactam, Taniborbactam, and Enmetazobactam against a Multicenter Collection of Carbapenemase-Producing
Enterobacterales
Authors: Vázquez-Ucha Juan Carlos , Lasarte-Monterrubio Cristina , Guijarro-Sánchez Paula , Oviaño Marina , Álvarez-Fraga Laura , Alonso-García Isaac , Arca-Suárez Jorge , Bou German , Beceiro Alejandro
Published: November 2021

The global distribution of carbapenemases such as KPC, MBLs, and OXA-48 gives cause for concern, as these enzymes are not inhibited by classical β-lactamase inhibitors (BLIs). The current development of new inhibitors is one of the most promising highlights for the treatment of multidrug-resistant bacteria.
Geographic Patterns of Carbapenem-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the Asia-Pacific Region: Results from the Antimicrobial Testing Leadership and Surveillance (ATLAS) Program, 2015–2019
Authors: Lee Yu-Lin , Ko Wen-Chien , Hsueh Po-Ren
Published: November 2021

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
is a common pathogen that is associated with multidrug-resistant (MDR) and carbapenem-resistant (CR) phenotypes; therefore, we investigated its resistance patterns and mechanisms by using data from the Antimicrobial Testing Leadership and Surveillance (ATLAS) program in the Asia-Pacific region from 2015 to 2019. MICs were determined using the broth microdilution method. Genes encoding major extended-spectrum β-lactamases and carbapenemases were investigated by multiplex PCR assays.