bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selecting Cities for Usability Research
Authors: Loring Beth A.
Published: January 2012

Human factors practitioners are often asked to conduct usability research in multiple cities to obtain a larger, geographically dispersed sample. Instead of selecting cities first and participants second (as is often done in market research), we suggest an approach whereby usability professionals can select cities based on the type of research and attributes that influence product usage. Starting with these factors, we can develop a table of users and subgroups and then identify the regions in which these groups are prominent. The number of users in each subgroup and the final city selection involves other factors such as time constraints, budget limitations, and organizational credibility. By following this approach, we can make user-centered recommendations to the product team when planning usability research.
Application of Conceptual Graph Structures in the Design of an Adaptive System: An Initial Concept and Exploration
Authors: Evans Debra C. , Delugach Harry , Skipper David
Published: January 2012

This paper presents initial work on an adaptive trainer for basic helicopter flight skills. The work was performed by Bevilacqua Research Corporation, Inc., the University of Alabama in Huntsville, and Cognitive and Behavioral Systems. The project was performed for the U. S. Army Research Institute of the Behavioral and Social Sciences, Ft. Rucker Field Unit. In this initial phase of the project, the project team: 1) created initial student conceptual models, 2) created initial instructor conceptual models, 3) identified methods to dynamically update and evaluate student models, 4) identified methods to modify instructional models in response to student behavior, and 5) developed a top-level adaptive trainer design. The conceptual models were designed using conceptual graph structures as described by Sowa (1984) and were applied as an adaptive trainer would to an example instructional sequence to prove the utility of the employed methodology.
Comparing the Utility and Sequencing of Different Types of Feedback
Authors: Van Duyne Lori Rhodenizer , Jentsch Kim , Bowers Clint , Burroughs Wayne , Cannon-Bowers Jan , Salas Eduardo
Published: January 2012

Despite the existence of an overabundance of research articles, reviews, and meta-analyses, there still appears to be disagreement regarding the feedback techniques that produce the most optimal learning conditions. The purpose of this research was to investigate two specific types of feedback, process and outcome, as well as the sequence in which these types of feedback should be presented as trainees learn to perform a simulated radar task. It was hypothesized that individuals receiving process feedback followed by outcome feedback would perform better on the simulated radar task than those receiving feedback in any other sequence. The results of this study indicate that individuals receiving feedback, regardless of the type and sequence, performed better at the end of training than those who did not receive feedback. No support was found for recommending a process-outcome feedback sequence.
Dynamic Viewpoint Tethering for Navigation in Large-scale Virtual Environments
Authors: Wang Wenbi , Milgram Paul
Published: January 2012

Dynamic viewpoint tethering is an innovative display technique which has been proposed to support effective navigation in large-scale virtual environments, by integrating information from different frames of reference. The present study examines the effect of dynamic viewpoint tethering on performance, with respect to both local guidance and global awareness measures, in comparison with three conventional display formats: egocentric, exocentric and rigidly tethered displays. Participants were instructed to control an aircraft-shaped cursor navigating in a virtual tunnel and to answer questions about the environment. The results confirmed that global awareness performance decreased with increased egocentricity in the display frame of reference. The two tethered displays (dynamic and rigid) supported the best local guidance performance. No significant performance differences were found between the two tethered displays.
Effects on Balance Disturbance of Manipulating Depth of an Independent Visual Background in a Stereographic Display
Authors: Duh Henry Been-Lirn , Abi-Rached Habib , Parker Donald E. , Furness Thomas A.
Published: January 2012

Simulator sickness (SS) is a major impediment to use of virtual environments (VEs). Procedures to alleviate SS have been of limited value. The ‘independent visual background’ (IVB) may reduce SS when people use a VE. Optimum characteristics of IVBs remain to be determined. In this study, balance was disturbed by roll oscillation of a black and white radial pattern. Disturbance was reduced by simultaneous presentation of an IVB. Effects of locating the IVB in the foreground or background relative to the moving radial pattern using a stereographic display were determined. Nine subjects were tested at two IVB luminance levels and three different IVB conditions using a within-subjects design. An expected statistically significant difference between the IVB and no-IVB conditions was observed. No effect of IVB location was obtained. Effects of foreground / background manipulations on spatial orientation are addressed.
Information Presentation on 3-D Perspective Displays
Authors: Bemis Suzanne V. , Schiller Elaine , Ko Hiekun
Published: January 2012

Two experiments were performed to investigate the effect of providing computer graphics enhancements to a colored perspective display on the observer's ability to estimate the altitude, and relative range and altitude of aircraft. The goal of this research was to determine if drop lines (altitude), horizontal-range lines and slant-range lines, with coded tic marks, aide operator's perception and memory when using 3-D perspective colored Naval tactical displays. One experiment evaluated search performance and the other tested the retention of displayed information. Three on-screen tasks were presented with each display (altitude of aircraft, relative altitude of two aircraft, and relative range between aircraft). Participants performed the task by using the coded tic marks on the lines. Both high complexity and low complexity displays were presented. Twenty participants were tested using a 2 × 3 × 2 × 3 within-subject experimental design with the perspective independent variables of coded tic marks, various lines, display complexity, and task. Accuracy and response times were the dependent variables. Results showed that black tic marks on drop lines (vertical lines) and horizontal-range lines aided both search and memory tasks. Color-coded tic marks on the drop lines with either connecting line (slant-range or horizontal-range line) confused participants.
Asynchronous Communications to Support Distributed Work in the National Airspace System
Authors: Chapman Roger J. , Smith Philip J.
Published: January 2012

This research involved the evaluation of a multimodal asynchronous communications tool to support collaborative analysis of post-operations in the National Airspace System (NAS). Collaborating authors have been shown to provide different feedback with asynchronous speech based communications compared to text. Voice synchronized with pointing in asynchronous annotation systems has been found to be more efficient in scheduling tasks, than voice-only, or text only communication. This research investigated how synchronized voice and pointing annotation over asynchronously shared slide shows composed of post operations graphical and tabular data differs in its effect compared to text based annotation, as collections of flights ranked low by standard performance metrics are discussed by FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) and airline representatives. The results showed the combined problem solving and message creation time was shorter when working in the voice and pointing mode than the text based mode, without having an effect on the number and type of ideas generated for improving performance. In both modes the system was also considered useful and usable to both dispatchers and traffic managers.
Incorporating Procedural Information in a Paired Approach Task
Authors: Landry Steven J. , Pritchett Amy R.
Published: January 2012

This study focused on pilot performance at simultaneously flying simulated instrument approaches and self-separating from an aircraft on approach to a closely spaced parallel runway. The participant pilots flew approaches on Georgia Tech's Reconfigurable Flight Simulator and were instructed to remain within the “safe zone” - an area in which the subject aircraft was safe from collision danger and wake vortices from the other aircraft as depicted on their navigation display. Two underlying bases for calculating the safe zone were used: a “predicted” safe zone utilizing procedural information, and an “actual” safe zone utilizing real-time information. No display effects were found for pilot performance or behavior, despite the very different implications of the two safe zone depictions. Also, pilots monitored the other aircraft closely for compliance, but could not recognize the implications of noncompliance for their own approach. This suggests that pilots have a particular, persistent, and perhaps poor, strategy for this task.
Human Factors in Aircraft Accidents: A Holistic Approach to Intervention Strategies
Authors: Taneja Narinder
Published: January 2012

Human error has been implicated in almost 70–80% of civil and military aviation accidents. It appears that attempts to understand human factors in aircraft accidents and apply remedial strategies have been made in isolation in addressing a particular link in the whole process of aircraft accident prevention. The suggested holistic approach to minimize aircraft accidents, aims to provide a composite and macroscopic view of the activities within the aviation environment that can be targeted to produce the desired results. It also provides a microscopic look at possible domains within each link. Targeting one particular aspect or link in the entire process may or may not influence the other components in the loop. Such an approach would address the experience and certainty of safety investigators with regards to contribution of human factors in aircraft accidents and the understanding of temporal relation between various human factors at one end to issues of intervention strategies based on sound human factors principles and a follow up evaluation of the impact of these intervention strategies on the other end. The influence of safety culture in integrating the diverse components of the accident prevention program is highlighted.
Comparing Older and Younger Adults' Traversal Time in Expandable and Non-Expandable Hierarchical Structures
Authors: Kurniawan Hastuti , Ellis R. Darin , Zaphiris Panayiotis
Published: January 2012

The present study investigates time and click error differences when older and younger computer users traversed expandable and non-expandable online hierarchical information structures to reach a target. The results show that older users were slower but did not make more errors than their younger counterparts, suggesting more cautious decision making. The study did not show superiority of either hierarchy in terms of traversal time but the expandable hierarchy resulted in fewer errors to get to the target. Although older users significantly rated their computer and Internet experience lower than younger participants, experience did not alter the significance of age and hierarchy differences.
An Age-Related Comparison of a Touchscreen and a Novel Input Device
Authors: Pak Richard , McLaughlin Anne C. , Lin Chao-Chung , Rogers Wendy A. , Fisk Arthur D.
Published: January 2012

Interaction with almost any technical system requires the user to use an input device. Typically, the most common input device for a computer has been the mouse. However, the mouse presents challenges to a large segment of a potential user population: older adults. The current study examines potential performance differences in two types of input devices. The first, a touchscreen, is a direct input device that requires almost no training to use. The second, a rotary encoder, is a novel input device that is being used more frequently in consumer devices but has received little to no research attention. The current results suggest that choice of input device is highly related to the type of interface (what elements make up the interface) and age. Both age-dependent and age-independent guidelines are provided to address interface and input device interactions to positively affect usability.
Barriers to Adaptability in a Multinational Team
Authors: Pierce Linda G.
Published: January 2012

The majority of current military missions require collaboration among multiple nations. For example, the military presence established in Bosnia-Herzegovina (B-H) following the end of their civil war included participants from over 38 nations. U.S. Army forces were assigned to the headquarters element and to Multinational Division North (MND(N)). We reviewed processes of the U.S. Army force commanding MND(N) to assess the degree to which army forces were being prepared to adapt their warfighting skills to conduct multinational peacekeeping missions. Barriers to adaptability were identified in their approach to deployment training and the organization of the military headquarters. U.S. forces were not trained to work with multinational partners and multinational staff members were not integrated into staff planning processes. Methods to improve team adaptability and a framework for considering the relationship among cultural, social cognitive processes and multinational teamwork are proposed.
What Do Cultural Dimensions Reveal about Flight Deck Operations?
Authors: Mumaw Randall J. , Holder Barbara E.
Published: January 2012

Boeing supplies airplanes and provides service and training to customers throughout the world. We want to understand “culture” because of the perception that cultural differences affect the safety of airplane operations. The predominant approach to cultural differences has been characterized by Hutchins, Holder, and Perez (2002) as essentialism. Essentialism is the view that culture is an essential part of every person. It asserts that culture is written indelibly into the identity of a person early in life and makes itself visible in his or her behavior. This view stems from Hofstede's (1980) work and is seen in more recent work on cultural differences that seek out national traits. As an alternative framework, Hutchins et al. propose a contextualist view, which directs attention to how people draw on the resources around them to construct meaningful courses of action. We discuss the differences between these two frameworks in understanding cultural differences.
Mental Workload and the Display of Abstraction Hierarchy Information
Authors: Burns Catherine M. , Thompson Laura K. , Rodriguez Antonio
Published: January 2012

In designing large ecological displays, designers are faced with the question of how to display multiple levels of abstract information. Previous research has shown that people may perform better, in terms of diagnosis speed and accuracy, if multiple levels of information are presented in an integrated format (Burns, 2000). We repeated the study of Burns (2000) which looks at providing abstract information in three formats - one level at a time, windowed and integrated. We collected eye tracking data at intervals throughout the experiment. Our eye-tracker was able to collect pupil diameter measures and changes. Results showed no notable difference in pupil diameter measures between the integrated condition and the one level at a time condition, but notably higher increases in pupil diameter when abstract information was in separate windows. Furthermore, pupil diameters increased over time in the windowed condition, suggesting that workload with this display may have been increasing. These preliminary data suggest that separating levels of abstract information may increase the mental workload of operators.
The Role of Attention in Vestibular Processing
Authors: Talkowski Michael E. , Redfern Mark S. , Jennings J. Richard , Furman Joseph M.
Published: January 2012

This study investigated the hypothesis that vestibular processing is facilitated by attention, and that suppression of the vestibule-ocular reflex will lead to dual-task interference in a secondary information processing task. Twelve patients with surgically confirmed absent unilateral vestibular function and twelve healthy age-matched controls participated in this study. All subjects underwent vestibular stimulation through two different types of rotational conditions, one a semicircular canal stimulus and the other an otolith stimulus, two different visual conditions (darkness and fixation of a laser point) and pursuit tracking of a moving laser point. Subjects also performed one of three different secondary information processing tasks (IPT) while undergoing the vestibular condition. The results of this study showed that dual-task interference occurs during vestibular stimulation in both patients and healthy controls, and this interference was more pronounced in patients during more complex IPTs. The results also found no overall difference in performance of a secondary cognitive task when subjects suppressed the vestibule-ocular reflex by fixating during rotation. These results may suggest that cognitive processing is a necessary component for integration of vestibular information, and this requirement may be greater in patients with unilateral vestibular loss.
Work Centered Support System Design: Using Frames to Reduce Work Complexity
Authors: Eggleston Robert G. , Whitaker Randall D.
Published: January 2012

We have been developing user interface clients as fully integrated support systems. A Work Centered Support System aids work by using direct and indirect, passive and active methods. An important property of WCSS systems is the use of form representations as passive devices to help reduce work complexity while simultaneously aid users in adaptive problem solving. Based on our experience implementing the design of three WCSSs we have distilled a set of three form-based design principles that help insure a work-centered perspective is expressed in the interface and that aid problem solving. These principles connect problem-solving objects with work domain objects at different levels of abstraction, utilize a first-person work ontology, and organize information selection and layout based on problem relationships. This paper describes the principles and uses illustrations from our designs to indicate how they reduce work complexity.
Once More with Feeling: Augmenting Recognition Primed Decision Making with Affective Factors
Authors: Hudlicka Eva , Pfautz Jonathan
Published: January 2012

Although quintessentially human, emotions have, until recently, been largely ignored in the human factors cognitive engineering / decision-making area. This is surprising, as extensive empirical evidence indicates that emotions, and personality traits, influence human perception and decision-making. This is particularly the case in crisis situations, when extreme affective states may arise (e.g., anxiety). The development of more complete and realistic theories of human perception and decision-making, and associated computational models, will require the inclusion of personality and affective considerations. In this paper, we propose an augmented version of the recognition-primed decision-making theory, which takes into consideration trait and state effects on decision-making. We describe a cognitive architecture that implements this theory, and a generic methodology for modeling trait and state effects within this architecture. Following an initial prototype demonstration, the full architecture is currently being implemented in the context of a military peacekeeping scenario.
A Field Study of Emergency Ambulance Dispatching: Implications for Decision Support
Authors: Chow Renée , Vicente Kim J
Published: January 2012

To inform the design of computer-based support for decision making, a field study was conducted in a communication centre for emergency medical services (EMS). 142 hours of direct observations, spanning 13 different shifts were conducted. EMS is an intentional work domain that emphasizes human-human interaction over human-machine interaction. This study focused on the information requirements for EMS dispatching, the collaboration between EMS personnel within and beyond the communication centre, and the information that is currently available to the dispatchers. An abstraction-decomposition space (Rasmussen, 1985; Vicente, 1999) was used to model the information requirements in this work domain, and to identify opportunities for enhancing and/or redesigning the decision support.
Distributed Teams and Distributed Memory
Authors: Fiore Stephen M. , Cuevas Haydee M. , Salas Eduardo , Schooler Jonathan W.
Published: January 2012

The nature of teams is changing in that the implementation of distributed teams as a definable organizational unit has substantially increased. In this paper we discuss a portion of the cognitive processes potentially impacting distributed team performance. We elaborate on how team opacity arising from distributed interaction can impact team cognition, with an emphasis on the critical memory components that are foundational to the development and implementation of shared mental models.
Measurement of Human Trust in a Hybrid Inspection for Varying Error Patterns
Authors: Madhani Kartik , Khasawneh Mohammad T , Kaewkuekool Sittichai , Gramopadhye Anand K , Melloy Brian J.
Published: January 2012

The emphasis of this research was on the effect of human trust in a hybrid inspection system with varying error patterns. Experiments were conducted using a hybrid inspection task involving four common types of error patterns, and subjects were requested to rate their trust in the system at different stages. Results showed that subjects' ratings of trust were based on how they perceived the behavior of the computer. However, this rating was not sensitive to the type of error pattern. A significant change in trust was found in all the systems considered for the study. In addition, the results reflect that there was a significant decrease in trust when subjects inspected the assigned experimental system after inspecting the perfect one. Finally, the components of trust that fit into the trust model at each stage of a particular system were determined using the stepwise regression model.
Judgment and Trust in Conjunction with Automated Decision Aids: A Theoretical Model and Empirical Investigation
Authors: Seong Younho , Bisantz Ann M. , Bisantz Ann M.
Published: January 2012

The importance of understanding and supporting human operators' judgment and decision-making has been recognized in a variety of contexts. Of interest in these systems is the extent to which operators utilize and trust such systems, particularly where operators do not have any means to access the environment directly. Operators' trust in automated decision aids is the critical component affecting their performance in estimating the environmental states. A model of human operators' judgment with automated decision aids was developed using the Lens Model framework. This model shows not only different characteristics of automated decision aids, but also the representation of operators' judgment policy. An empirical investigation on operators' judgment performance and trust in conjunction with automated decision aids is described in this research. Among the potential characteristics of such systems that may affect operators' judgment performance and trust, three aspects were controlled. Results provide strong support for factors in the theoretical framework and for identification of the types of information to increase the level of operators' understanding.
Effects of Information Automation and Decision-Aiding Cueing on Action Implementation in a Visual Search Task
Authors: Galster Scott M. , Bolia Robert S. , Parasuraman Raja
Published: January 2012

A visual search paradigm was used to examine the effects of status information as well as decision-aiding automation in a target detection and processing task. Manual, information automation, and decision-aiding automation conditions were manipulated with the size of the distractor set. Participants were required to respond to the presence or absence of a target in a time-limited trial. In the information automation condition, status information regarding target presence was presented to the participant. The participants were informed that the information automation was not perfectly reliable. A significant detection performance improvement was observed in the information automation condition. This improvement was more marked in the conditions with the higher number of distractors. Additionally, response times were improved when the information automation cue was present. Effects of cue validity and incorrect responses are presented. Implications of the results and future studies are discussed.
Improving Tactical Decision Making through Critical Thinking
Authors: van den Bosch Karel , Helsdingen Anne S.
Published: January 2012

Expert military commanders construct an initial but comprehensive interpretation of complex or unfamiliar tactical situations (story). They subsequently adjust and refine this story by evaluating available information, by searching for consistency, and by critically testing underlying assumptions. This approach is used to develop critical thinking training. Two effect studies were conducted. Individual commanders (study 1) and commanding teams (study 2) played scenario-based exercises in both simplified and high-fidelity task environments. Half the group received instruction, guidance, and feedback in critical thinking. The other half received the same scenarios, but without any support. After training, test scenarios were administered to both groups. Results showed positive effects on the process of tactical command (i.e. better argumentation for situation assessment) as well as on the outcomes (i.e. more and better contingency plans). The method supports not only individual commanders, it also helps teams to develop a common understanding of the situation and to co-ordinate team actions.
Experimental Design Interrogation of Network Simulation Models of U.S. Army Command and Control Centers
Authors: Middlebrooks Sam E. , Williges Robert C.
Published: January 2012

Using a task network computer simulation previously developed by the U.S. Army to investigate workload conditions in a command and control center, this project developed new methodologies to use computer simulations to predict conditions for optimal human performance. By using an experimental design to interrogate the model to see what the decision makers in the work team deemed to be important, predictions were made about how the work domain could be optimized for the most efficient human performance. An augmented fractional-factorial design was developed that allowed an analysis of the main effect for each independent variable along with predictions of higher order components that might exist in each main effect. A major study finding was the extent to which battalion commanders focused their attention on establishing and maintaining situational awareness during combat operations and the need to present information to the commander in a way that supported rather than detracted from situation understanding.
GUTs or no GUTs (Grand Unified Theories): Does/Can/Should Cognitive Engineering have G.U.T.s?
Authors: Woods David D.
Published: January 2012

What are the GUTs of Cognitive Systems Engineering (CSE)? G.U.T. is an abbreviation for Grand Unified Theory. As Cognitive Science matured, Allen Newell proposed a unifying model of cognition expressed as a software architecture SOAR. Similarly, John Anderson developed ACTR also claiming it represented a unified theory of cognition in the form of a computer simulation. Both of these cognitive architectures are computer programs that claim to simulate or be the basis for creating simulations of how people perform and learn cognitive tasks. Taking the development of Cognitive Science as a possible analogy for the potential development of Cognitive Systems Engineering, this panel discussion provides a platform to stimulate a vigorous exchange of ideas about the foundation of and potential futures of CSE.
Examining Decision-Making Strategies Based on Information Acquisition and Information Search Time
Authors: Marble Julie L. , Medema Heather D. , Hill Susan G.
Published: January 2012

Eight participants reviewed a multimedia presentation regarding the hypoxic zone phenomenon in a role-play as a legislator's aide. They rated the phenomenon's importance to the United States and indicated what portion of the legislator's budget to devote to research of it. After viewing a segment of the presentation, participants indicated their distance to a decision and confidence that would be their final decision. Interviews after each segment revealed two decision strategies: slow movement toward a decision, or abrupt decision-making after approximately half the presentation. Decision style was correlated with decision confidence. These two groups differed in their trade-offs of willingness to spend time in information search and need for more information. Slow decision makers were less confident about their final decision; acquisition of information was more critical than time spent on the information search. Abrupt decision-makers were more confident of their final decision; minimizing time spent in information search was more critical than information acquisition.
Crisis Management Teams (CMT): Leveraging the Science of Team Performance under Stress
Authors: Burke C. Shawn , Wilson Katherine A.
Published: January 2012

Crisis management teams play a vital role in our nation's ability to effectively respond to disaster situations. However, the tasks that these teams perform happen infrequently and are often ambiguous and dynamic in nature. Furthermore, they involve interdependent action from many different organizations that may not work together on a regular basis. While it is common to train members in task-work skills, less common is the explicit training of teamwork skills. Research and real-world examples show that teamwork is not an automatic consequence of being in a team. As CMTs are often interdisciplinary and operate in environments characterized by stressors effective teamwork becomes even more of a challenge. Several communities have invested heavily into understanding the impact of stress on teamwork and decision-making within complex environments. The focus of this paper will be extracting lessons from these communities in an effort to provide guidance to CMTs.
Distributed Cognition in Shared Information Spaces
Authors: McNeese Michael D. , Theodorou Elena , Ferzandi Lori , Jefferson Tyrone , Ge Xun
Published: January 2012

This study examined higher order perception, cognition, and individual-cultural differences as a basis for the rapid use of knowledge in complex problems requiring distributed team members. Previous research suggests that when complex problem-solving teams acquire perceptually anchored knowledge and engage in perceptual contrasts and comparisons, team members may spontaneously access knowledge given similarly situated problems. Our premise is that perceptual anchors may provide the basis for formulating shared mental models, which can be used to assess situations and resolve differences in individual, unique knowledge. However, distributed cognition settings may diminish the development of these models despite the advantages of perceptual anchors. Because distributed cognition often incurs through shared information spaces, this study utilized chatrooms to enact a distributed environment. Initial analyses partially support previous research (McNeese, 2000) that has examined the role of cognitive processes in facilitating knowledge acquisition and transfer. Individual problem solvers show positive transfer but distributed team members do not. Gender and ethnicity may also impact acquisition and transfer results. Results suggest the need for intelligent interfaces/collaborative technologies to improve effectiveness and efficiency in appropriating perceptual differentiation in distributed cognition.
The Utility of Mental Model Assessment in Diagnosing Cognitive and Metacognitive Processes for Complex Training
Authors: Scielzo Sandro , Fiore Stephen M. , Cuevas Haydee M. , Salas Eduardo
Published: January 2012

This paper illustrates the utility of mental model assessment in discriminating between high and low performers in terms of cognitive and metacognitive processes. Distinct computer-based knowledge elicitation methods were utilized to assess the acquisition of different knowledge types as well as the development of participants' mental models when training for a complex task. Additionally, participants' metacognitive accuracy was also measured. Results suggest that mental model assessment is diagnostic of knowledge acquisition for a complex task and mental model accuracy is related to accuracy in metacognitive processes.
Adaptation of Team Structure of Trauma Resuscitation Teams
Authors: Xiao Yan , Seagull F. Jacob , Mackenzie Colin F. , Klein Katherine , Ziegert Jonathon
Published: January 2012

We analyzed the debriefing sessions of real-life trauma resuscitation teams during the most intensive period of resuscitation: the first 30 minutes of patient admission to a trauma center. The debriefing sessions were from participants reviewing their performance in videotaped trauma resuscitation. Nineteen videotaped cases were reviewed in 37 debriefing sessions. Adaptation of team structure was noticed in response to task urgency and criticality, even though there was a preference for teams to maintain a hierarchical structure. We propose a set of archetypes of team structures based on the debriefing session and discuss how the archetypes could be used as a way to capture how teams adapt their structures.
Cursor Capturing Functions as an Aid for Target Selection in Mouse Operation
Authors: Park Jungchul , Han Sung H. , Yang Huichul , Cho Minhaeng , Han Jooyung
Published: January 2012

This study proposed two cursor capturing functions in mouse operation. One is to move the cursor over a target instantaneously (jumping function) when the cursor reaches around the target, and the other is to move the cursor over the target gradually (gravity function). The effects of cursor capturing functions were examined and compared with the normal condition (i.e., without the functions). Task completion times, number of errors, and subjective preferences were evaluated. The results showed that the gravity function had faster movement times and fewer errors than the normal condition. The gravity function was more preferred than the jumping and the normal condition.
Some Historical Roots of the Field of Human-Computer Interaction
Authors: Pew Richard W. , Scientist Principal
Published: January 2012

The paper will discuss two major themes. A new field, is often initially championed by a small set of visionaries. There are many individuals who qualify as HCI visionaries. I will mention the impact of only three, Vannevar Bush, J.C.R. Licklider, and Douglas Englebart. Second, while considerable progress has been made in understanding what makes computers hard to use and in developing methodologies that support making them easier to use, the pace of technological change has been so rapid that just when we think we have a handle on it, the technology changes and we have a new set of problems. I will touch on several eras: the batch processing era, the time-sharing era, the personal computer era, the internet era, and the handheld-wireless era that is merging into the ubiquitous computing era.
An Integrated Methodology for User Interface Design: Human Factors in Use Case Driven Development Process
Authors: Li Qian
Published: January 2012

Human factors has provided many applicable theories and techniques to analyze user requirements, design user interfaces, and conduct evaluation of usability in software development. However, it is common that contributions made by human factors practitioners are not incorporated in this development process, which impairs the ability of human factors practitioners to have significant impact in cross-functional teams.

This paper reviews the possible reasons that human factors efforts are frequently ignored in software design and development and proposes a conceptual framework for the integration of the methods and tools from both the user-centered design approach and the use case driven process to take advantages of the merit and recent progress in both human factors and object-oriented technology.
A Study of Electronic Annotation on Web Documents
Authors: Rau Pei-Luen Patrick , Chen Sho-Hsen
Published: January 2012

This study develops an electronic annotation system, allowing users to annotate on hypertexts, to build up knowledge structure, and to browse instructions provided by the system administrator or the instructor electronically. The electronic annotation system is a distributed World Wide Web application based on HTTP access and allows annotations on HTML documents. The major functions of the electronic annotation system include highlighting texts, inserting and editing annotations, and organizing and presenting annotations hierarchically. The five interactive components of the electronic annotation system are Main Tool Bar, Hypertext, Annotation Editor, Hierarchy Viewer, and Instruction Viewer. A user test was conducted to investigate the effect of the location of electronic annotating (Annotation Editor) on reading performance in terms of recall and degree of satisfaction.
Human Factors Considerations for High Chair and Stroller Child Restraints
Authors: Lemer Neil D. , Huey Richard W. , Meiers Carolyn
Published: January 2012

Falls from high chairs and strollers represent a major childhood hazard. While such products normally include some form of restraint system, their effectiveness may be limited. This research analyzed human factors causes of restraint system failures and recommended design and voluntary standards improvements. Product profiles were developed describing the range of product types, features, users, modes of use, child behaviors, adult caregiver behaviors, and characteristics of restraint failure incidents. Causal analyses then identified eleven primary incident scenarios involving restraint failure. These scenarios in turn were related to six fundamental movements. To the extent a product affords the opportunity for these movements, the effectiveness of the restraint system is reduced. Analyzing the problem in terms of movement affordances, a cross-cutting set of fundamental design issues emerged. These issues suggested a variety of design recommendations for specific product features including belts, seat compartments, crotch restraints, feeding trays, leg restraints, footholds, and barrier devices.
The Effects of a Web-Based System on Subjects with Contrasting Study Orientations
Authors: Caldeira Pedro Z.
Published: January 2012

The main goal of this study is to compare the impact of Web-based information on surface, deep and total learning, on satisfaction and on navigation information of subjects with different study orientations. Three subject groups were selected and each group included only subjects with a specific study orientation: A meaning study orientation, a reproduction study orientation and a disorganized study orientation. After studying a Web-based presentation on ‘Global Warming’, subject's performance was evaluated regarding surface, deep and total learning, satisfaction and navigation style. Results show that, first, subjects with a disorganized study orientation score lower on deep learning and on total learning than subjects with a reproduction study orientation and, second, subjects with a disorganized study orientation felt easier to navigate in the Web-system than subjects with a meaning study orientation (although they visit more pages and spend less time in each one than subjects with a meaning study orientation).
Safer Home Stairways Application of Public Health Policies and Research Findings to the Development of Design Codes in the Usa
Authors: Pauls Jake
Published: January 2012

In an admittedly personal professional perspective, roughly twelve months of events, beginning July 2001, are discussed in terms of the events' historic impact on environmental design of home stairways. Considerations of public health and ergonomics permeated these events, many of which could profoundly affect stairway usability and safety, especially at a time of increased concern about the personal, social and economic benefits of aging in place facilitated through Universal Design.
Punitive Damages Awards in Civil Litigation; Effects of Profit Information and Amount of Pain and Suffering Award
Authors: Laughery Kenneth R. , Paige Danielle L. , Wogalter Michael S. , Bean Richard N.
Published: January 2012

A study addressing jury decisions regarding punitive damages awards in civil litigation was carried out. Two issues explored were the feet that jurors typically do not have a good metric for assigning a value to such damages and the concept of “leakage.” The latter concept refers to decisions regarding compensatory damages and punitive damages influencing each other; in the law they are supposed to be independent. Forty-two participants were given three scenarios describing accidents, injuries, liability outcomes, and the amounts of economic and non-economic (pain and suffering) awards. Their task was to decide on punitive damages awards. Two variables manipulated in the scenarios were the presence or absence of defendant profit information and the amount (high or low) of the pain and suffering award. Results indicated the main effects of the two variables were not statistically significant. A significant interaction between the profit-information and pain-and-suffering-amount variables indicated that when profit infonnation was available, low pain and suffering awards led to higher punitive damage awards. When profit information was not available, high pain and suffering awards led to higher punitive damage awards. The results indicate that decisions regarding compensatory and punitive damages are not independent as the law intends; an outcome that may be due, at least in part, to the uncertainty associated with these types of decisions. These findings have implications for judicial procedures, particularly jury instructions.
Computer-Generated Interactive Displays as an Aid in Explaining Complex Accidents to the Trier of Fact
Authors: Sloan Gary D. , Talbott John A.
Published: January 2012

Streimer (1973) proposed that information serves three functions: description, prediction, and persuasion. All three functions are important in forensic human factors. The purpose of this paper is to describe the use of an interactive computer graphic display (ICGD) in explaining the probable causes of an accident to attorneys, and, potentially, to the trier of fact. ICGDs appear well suited to demonstrating the functional relationship between components in complex systems. An example of ICGD used to explain what went wrong in the operation of a power press where a worker was electrocuted shall be presented.
Does the Jerome H. Ely Human Factors Article Award Predict Scientific Impact?
Authors: Lee John D. , Shearer Anna , Cassano Andrea , Vicente Kim J.
Published: January 2012

Does the “Jerome H. Ely Human Factors Article Award” predict scientific impact? We answered this question by investigating whether the 13 award winning papers published in Human Factors between 1987 and 2000 were cited much more frequently than the 730 non-award winning papers published during the same period. The results showed the award significantly increases the citation rate of articles, but accounts for only 0.2% to 1.3% of the variance in the citation rate. Author productivity accounts for far more variance in the authors' total citation rate (65.0%) and in the citation rate of the authors' most cited article (12.0%) than does award receipt. These results have practical implications for the objective recognition of scientific impact by professional societies and for the choice of research topics, particularly by graduate students.
Assessing Individual Differences in Decision Making Styles: Analytical vs. Intuitive
Authors: Nygren Thomas E. , White Rebecca J.
Published: January 2012

Decision strategies are often characterized as being intuition-based or analytically-based. The use of these strategies is proposed to be associated with individual differences in propensity toward using different decision making styles. A reliable self-report measure, the Decision Making Styles Inventory (DMI), consisting of 15 items on each of three scales was constructed. The items were found to differentiate among an “analytical”, an “intuitive”, and a “regret-based” emotional decision making style. The analytical and intuitive scales were found to predict differences in performance in a complex dynamic decision making task. on a decision making subtask, a greater general reliance on an analytical decision making style was found to lead to poorer performance. Greater reliance on a more intuitive approach had no effect on this subtask, but was found to predict better performance as workload levels increased. These findings suggest that human performance may be significantly influenced when either a more intuitive or analytical decision style is used. Implications for training the adaptive decision maker are discussed.
A Methodology for Incorporating Ergonomics into Manufacturing Systems Design
Authors: Paquet Victor , Lin Li
Published: January 2012

Approaches to manufacturing systems design often utilize a sequential procedure that focuses on the use of new and available technologies to improve production capacity, with the roles of employees in production processes considered much later. This study developed a methodology that integrates both manual and computer simulations to evaluate system performance and identify ergonomic problems early in the system design process. Information about operator performance and potential ergonomic risk factors is obtained through manual simulations, and estimates of operator utilization and system throughput are obtained through computer simulations. An iterative design process is used, with the results of manual and computer simulations informing each other during subsequent simulations. The results of an industrial case study in which the methods were applied to the design of a manufacturing cell demonstrate that the methodology can be used to design manufacturing systems with significant savings in labor cost and improved manufacturing system flexibility.
Methodological Approaches to Research on Musculoskeletal Complaints and Injuries
Authors: Gielo-Perczak Krystyna , Karwowski Waldemar , Kumar Shrawan , Marras William
Published: January 2012

An important aspect of workplace design is the creation of possible ways to bring innovations to the prevention of excessive joint loading. The solutions for finding these different options are new theoretical concepts with applications of biomechanics and fuzzy logic, innovative insights into the human body using simulation tools, critical examinations of the relationship between workplace analysis and causality in the control of musculoskeletal disorders, and inventive studies of their validity through epidemiology. These methodological approaches can be useful tools for minimizing incompatibilities between the capabilities of workers and the demands of their jobs and prevention of likely musculoskeletal injuries during work. The results of these approaches can assess the suitability of the designed human-machine system and determine possible improvements in the workplace.