bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring Canine Mammary Cancer through Liquid Biopsy: Proteomic Profiling of Small Extracellular Vesicles
Authors: Novais Adriana Alonso , Tamarindo Guilherme Henrique , Melo Luryan Mikaelly Minotti , Balieiro Beatriz Castilho , Nóbrega Daniela , dos Santos Gislaine , Saldanha Schaienni Fontoura , de Souza Fabiana Ferreira , Chuffa Luiz Gustavo de Almeida , Bracha Shay , Zuccari Debora Aparecida Pires de Campos
Published: July 2024

(Background). Canine mammary tumors (CMTs) have emerged as an important model for understanding pathophysiological aspects of human disease. Liquid biopsy (LB), which relies on blood-borne biomarkers and offers minimal invasiveness, holds promise for reflecting the disease status of patients. Small extracellular vesicles (SEVs) and their protein cargo have recently gained attention as potential tools for disease screening and monitoring. (Objectives). This study aimed to isolate SEVs from canine patients and analyze their proteomic profile to assess their diagnostic and prognostic potential. (Methods). Plasma samples were collected from female dogs grouped into CMT (malignant and benign), healthy controls, relapse, and remission groups. SEVs were isolated and characterized using ultracentrifugation (UC), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Proteomic analysis of circulating SEVs was conducted using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS). (Results). While no significant differences were observed in the concentration and size of exosomes among the studied groups, proteomic profiling revealed important variations. Mass spectrometry identified exclusive proteins that could serve as potential biomarkers for mammary cancer. These included Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain (ITIH2 and ITI4), phosphopyruvate hydratase or alpha enolase (ENO1), eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2 (eEF2), actin (ACTB), transthyretin (TTR), beta-2-glycoprotein 1 (APOH) and gelsolin (GSN) found in female dogs with malignant tumors. Additionally, vitamin D-binding protein (VDBP), also known as group-specific component (GC), was identified as a protein present during remission. (Conclusions). The results underscore the potential of proteins found in SEVs as valuable biomarkers in CMTs. Despite the lack of differences in vesicle concentration and size between the groups, the analysis of protein content revealed promising markers with potential applications in CMT diagnosis and monitoring. These findings suggest a novel approach in the development of more precise and effective diagnostic tools for this challenging clinical condition.
Revolutionizing Skin Cancer Triage: The Role of Patient-Initiated Teledermoscopy in Remote Diagnosis
Authors: Foltz Emilie A. , Ludzik Joanna , Leachman Sancy , Stoos Elizabeth , Greiling Teri , Teske Noelle , Clayton Lara , Becker Alyssa L. , Witkowski Alexander
Published: July 2024

Introduction: Teledermatology, defined as the use of remote imaging technologies to provide dermatologic healthcare services to individuals in a distant setting, has grown considerably in popularity since its widespread implementation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Teledermoscopy employs a smartphone dermatoscope attachment paired with a smartphone camera to visualize colors and microstructures within the epidermis and superficial dermis that cannot be seen with the naked eye ABCD criteria alone. Methods: Our retrospective observational cohort and case–control study evaluated the utility of loaning a smartphone dermatoscope attachment to patients for remote triage of self-selected lesions of concern for skin cancer. The primary outcome was the number (percentage) of in-person follow-up visits required for patients who submitted lesion images, either with or without accompanying dermoscopic images. A medical record review was conducted on all Oregon Health & Science University Department of Dermatology spot check image submissions utilizing the smartphone dermatoscopes between August 2020 and August 2022. De-identified dermoscopic images of lesions that included corresponding non-dermoscopic clinical images in their submission (n = 70) were independently reviewed by a blinded expert dermoscopist. The expert used standard clinical algorithms (ABCD criteria for clinical images; dermoscopy three-point checklist for dermoscopic images) to determine whether the imaged lesion should be converted to an in-person visit for further evaluation and consideration for biopsy. Results: Of the 70 lesions submitted with corresponding clinical and dermoscopy images, 60 met the criteria for in-person evaluation from clinical (non-dermoscopic) image review compared to 28 meeting the criteria for in-person evaluation from dermoscopic images of the same lesion. Thus, a 53% reduction in conversion to an in-person consultation with the addition of smartphone dermatoscope images in virtual lesion triage was observed (p < 0.001, McNemar’s Test). Conclusion: Implementing patient-led teledermoscopy may reduce the frequency of in-person visits for benign lesions and consequently improve access to in-person dermatology consultations for patients with concerning and possibly malignant lesions.
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Particle Beam Therapy versus Photon Radiotherapy for Skull Base Chordoma: TRP-Chordoma 2024
Authors: Saito Takashi , Mizumoto Masashi , Oshiro Yoshiko , Shimizu Shosei , Li Yinuo , Nakamura Masatoshi , Hosaka Sho , Nakai Kei , Iizumi Takashi , Inaba Masako , Fukushima Hiroko , Suzuki Ryoko , Maruo Kazushi , Sakurai Hideyuki
Published: July 2024

[Objective] The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of particle beam therapy (PT) with photon radiotherapy (RT) for treatment of skull base chordoma. [Methods] A systematic review was conducted for skull base chordoma treated with PT or photon RT reported from 1990 to 2022. Data were extracted for overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS), late adverse events, age, gender, gross total resection (GTR) rates, tumor volume, total irradiation dose, and treatment modality. Random-effects meta-regression analysis with the treatment modality as an explanatory variable was performed for each outcome to compare the modalities. [Results] A meta-analysis of 30 selected articles found 3- and 5-year OS rates for PT vs. photon RT or combined photon RT/proton beam therapy (PBT) of 90.8% (95% CI: 87.4–93.3%) vs. 89.5% (95% CI: 83.0–93.6%), p = 0.6543; 80.0% (95% CI: 75.7–83.6%) vs. 89.5% (95% CI: 83.0–93.6%), p = 0.6787. The 5-year PFS rates for PT vs. photon RT or photon RT/PBT were 67.8% (95% CI: 56.5–76.7%) vs. 40.2% (95% CI: 31.6–48.7%), p = 0.0004. A random-effects model revealed that the treatment modality (PT vs. photon RT or photon RT/PBT) was not a significant factor for 3-year OS (p = 0.42) and 5-year OS (p = 0.11), but was a significant factor for 5-year PFS (p < 0.0001). The rates of brain necrosis were 8–50% after PT and 0–4% after photon RT or photon RT/PBT. [Conclusion] This study shows that PT results in higher PFS compared to photon RT for skull base chordoma, but that there is a tendency for a higher incidence of brain necrosis with PT. Publication and analysis of further studies is needed to validate these findings.
Design and Analysis of K-Band Single-Pole Double-Throw Switches Based on GaAs Technology
Authors: Tang Sida , Liu Xiaoqing , Cai Mengye , Guan Jiahui , Wang Kaili , Li Peng , Han Jitai
Published: July 2024

Two K-band switch circuits, each consisting of a single-pole double-throw (SPDT) switch, have been built using a 0.15 μm GaAs process. One circuit utilizes diode techniques while the other utilizes field effect transistor (FET) techniques. The diode single-pole double-throw switches that have been devised exhibit exceptional linearity and are capable of withstanding high power levels. The switches exhibit a return loss of 10 dB or higher, an insertion loss of 3 dB or lower, and operate within a frequency range of 19 GHz to 25 GHz. They have a compact design with a core size of only 1.05 mm2 and consume a total power of 136.8 mW. The FET SPDT switch circuits are created utilizing a parallel–parallel quarter-wavelength transmission line architecture. This design allows for a higher power output compared to using a diode. The transistorized single-pole double-throw switch circuit is designed using a parallel–parallel quarter-wavelength transmission line architecture. This design ensures a low insertion loss. By adjusting the length of the transmission line, the circuit can operate in both frequency bands; the K-band and Ka-band.
Novel Domain Knowledge-Encoding Algorithm Enables Label-Efficient Deep Learning for Cardiac CT Segmentation to Guide Atrial Fibrillation Treatment in a Pilot Dataset
Authors: Ganesan Prasanth , Feng Ruibin , Deb Brototo , Tjong Fleur V. Y. , Rogers Albert J. , Ruipérez-Campillo Samuel , Somani Sulaiman , Clopton Paul , Baykaner Tina , Rodrigo Miguel , Zou James , Haddad Francois , Zaharia Matei , Narayan Sanjiv M.
Published: July 2024

Background: Segmenting computed tomography (CT) is crucial in various clinical applications, such as tailoring personalized cardiac ablation for managing cardiac arrhythmias. Automating segmentation through machine learning (ML) is hindered by the necessity for large, labeled training data, which can be challenging to obtain. This article proposes a novel approach for automated, robust labeling using domain knowledge to achieve high-performance segmentation by ML from a small training set. The approach, the domain knowledge-encoding (DOKEN) algorithm, reduces the reliance on large training datasets by encoding cardiac geometry while automatically labeling the training set. The method was validated in a hold-out dataset of CT results from an atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation study. Methods: The DOKEN algorithm parses left atrial (LA) structures, extracts “anatomical knowledge” by leveraging digital LA models (available publicly), and then applies this knowledge to achieve high ML segmentation performance with a small number of training samples. The DOKEN-labeled training set was used to train a nnU-Net deep neural network (DNN) model for segmenting cardiac CT in N = 20 patients. Subsequently, the method was tested in a hold-out set with N = 100 patients (five times larger than training set) who underwent AF ablation. Results: The DOKEN algorithm integrated with the nn-Unet model achieved high segmentation performance with few training samples, with a training to test ratio of 1:5. The Dice score of the DOKEN-enhanced model was 96.7% (IQR: 95.3% to 97.7%), with a median error in surface distance of boundaries of 1.51 mm (IQR: 0.72 to 3.12) and a mean centroid–boundary distance of 1.16 mm (95% CI: −4.57 to 6.89), similar to expert results (r = 0.99; p < 0.001). In digital hearts, the novel DOKEN approach segmented the LA structures with a mean difference for the centroid–boundary distances of −0.27 mm (95% CI: −3.87 to 3.33; r = 0.99; p < 0.0001). Conclusions: The proposed novel domain knowledge-encoding algorithm was able to perform the segmentation of six substructures of the LA, reducing the need for large training data sets. The combination of domain knowledge encoding and a machine learning approach could reduce the dependence of ML on large training datasets and could potentially be applied to AF ablation procedures and extended in the future to other imaging, 3D printing, and data science applications.
Optimizing GPT-4 Turbo Diagnostic Accuracy in Neuroradiology through Prompt Engineering and Confidence Thresholds
Authors: Wada Akihiko , Akashi Toshiaki , Shih George , Hagiwara Akifumi , Nishizawa Mitsuo , Hayakawa Yayoi , Kikuta Junko , Shimoji Keigo , Sano Katsuhiro , Kamagata Koji , Nakanishi Atsushi , Aoki Shigeki
Published: July 2024

Background and Objectives: Integrating large language models (LLMs) such as GPT-4 Turbo into diagnostic imaging faces a significant challenge, with current misdiagnosis rates ranging from 30–50%. This study evaluates how prompt engineering and confidence thresholds can improve diagnostic accuracy in neuroradiology. Methods: We analyze 751 neuroradiology cases from the American Journal of Neuroradiology using GPT-4 Turbo with customized prompts to improve diagnostic precision. Results: Initially, GPT-4 Turbo achieved a baseline diagnostic accuracy of 55.1%. By reformatting responses to list five diagnostic candidates and applying a 90% confidence threshold, the highest precision of the diagnosis increased to 72.9%, with the candidate list providing the correct diagnosis at 85.9%, reducing the misdiagnosis rate to 14.1%. However, this threshold reduced the number of cases that responded. Conclusions: Strategic prompt engineering and high confidence thresholds significantly reduce misdiagnoses and improve the precision of the LLM diagnostic in neuroradiology. More research is needed to optimize these approaches for broader clinical implementation, balancing accuracy and utility.
Insights into the Cytotoxicity and Irritant Potential of Chlorhexidine Digluconate: An In Vitro and In Ovo Safety Screening
Authors: Dinu Stefania , Matichescu Anamaria , Buzatu Roxana , Marcovici Iasmina , Geamantan-Sirbu Andreea , Semenescu Alexandra Denisa , Bratu Remus Christian , Bratu Dana-Cristina
Published: July 2024

Chlorhexidine (CHX) represents one of the most commonly used antiseptics in dentistry and other medical–pharmaceutical fields due to its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. However, the potential toxic events arising from its common use in practice has become a subject of increasing concern. Thus, the present study was designed to investigate the potential toxicity of CHX digluconate at concentrations covering its antibacterial properties (0.0002–0.2%) in HGF primary gingival fibroblasts, HaCaT immortalized human keratinocytes, and JB6 Cl 41-5a epidermal cells, as well as its irritant action in ovo. Our results indicate that CHX exerted a concentration- and time-dependent cytotoxicity in all cell lines, which was evidenced by the reduction in cell viability, number, and confluence, damaged cell membrane integrity, impaired cell morphology, and specific apoptotic nuclear shape. The highest cytotoxicity was caused by CHX digluconate 0.02% and 0.2%, concentrations, at which an irritant effect on the chorioallantoic membrane was also observed. The novel findings revealed in this research contribute to the overall safety profile of CHX and stand as a basis for further investigations in this regard.
Research on an Active Adjustment Mechanism Based on Non-Singular Terminal Sliding Mode and Finite-Time Disturbance Observer
Authors: Bai Yang , Gong Xuepeng , Li Shengchi , Lu Qipeng , Song Yuan
Published: July 2024

With the continuous development of synchrotron radiation light sources, higher requirements have been put forward for the stability of double-crystal monochromators in synchrotron radiation facilities. This paper designs an active adjustment mechanism for a double-crystal monochromator to improve its stability. Firstly, three spatial degrees of freedom are designed based on the active adjustment mechanism of flexible leaf spring parallel coupling, and the prototype of the mechanism is fabricated. Secondly, system identification experiments are carried out and the system transfer function curve is fitted by the nonlinear least squares method. Thirdly, the controller based on non-singular terminal sliding modes and a finite-time disturbance observer was designed for stability control and disturbance compensation. Finally, the effectiveness of the controller is verified by a model-in-the-loop approach based on the performance of the real-time target machine. The results show that the non-singular terminal sliding mode + finite-time disturbance observer control strategy can reduce the RMS value of the vibration displacement of Axis-1/Axis-2/Axis-3 by 81.25%, 78.53%, and 71.82%.
Seasonal and Interannual Variability of the Trophic State in the Marano and Grado Lagoon (Adriatic Sea, Italy) during the 2011–2021 Period
Authors: Acquavita Alessandro , Bettoso Nicola , Blasutto Oriana , Pittaluga Federico , Orlandi Claudia
Published: July 2024

The Marano and Grado Lagoon (Adriatic Sea, Italy) is an important transitional environment that furnishes numerous ecosystem services and is under protection as Site of Community Importance. It suffers from an excess of nutrients, especially nitrate (NO3−), and has been designated as a nitrate vulnerable zone. In this work, sixteen water bodies were seasonally monitored for physicochemical parameters and nutrients, to elucidate the trophic state of the lagoon and to check the occurrence of significant temporal trends in a time series from 2011 to 2021. Steep gradients of spatial and seasonal distribution were observed for all parameters with elevated concentration of N-NO3− (up to 360 µM) in the western sector. The whole lagoon was in phosphorous limitation (P-PO43− mean ± s.d. = 0.15 ± 0.22 µM) with a mean Redfield ratio of 1130. The concentration of nutrients was significantly correlated with the degree of both freshwater inputs and precipitation. The calculation of trophic indices shows that the lagoon is in an oligotrophic to hypertrophic condition (i.e., TRIX 1.9–6.8). The analysis of the temporal series showed that despite some significant trends, the time span considered is too short to detect significant changes in the trophic state of this dynamic environment.
Physical and Mechanical Properties of Juvenile Wood of Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg. from Thinning
Authors: Silva Emilly Soares Gomes , Gonçalves Fabricio Gomes , Segundinho Pedro Gutemberg Alcântara , Filho Cleyton Machado Prata , Lopez Yonny Martinez , Chaves Izabella Luzia Silva , Gustave Donatian , Fassarella Michelângelo Vargas , Esteves Bruno Miguel Morais Lemos
Published: July 2024

Reducing the rotation period through thinning and changing planting spacing can influence the technological properties of wood, with little attention paid to the effects of these variables on the raw material, which limits its processing in the wood sector. This work aimed to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of wood from Anadenanthera peregrina juveniles thinned in three planting spacings (3 m × 3 m, 4 m × 4 m, and 5 m × 5 m). The physical properties in the base-top and pith–shell directions and the mechanical properties of the samples were evaluated. The results indicate better technological properties for wood with larger spacings. The physical properties showed decreasing trends in the base-top direction and increasing trends in the pith-bark direction, with a distinct trend in the degree of collapse. The average basic density of the different planting spacings varied between 0.47 g cm−3 and 0.63 g cm−3. The mechanical properties obtained for the 4 m × 4 m spacing were superior to those of the other spacings. Wood from young A. peregrina is an alternative for industrial processing, as wood from higher planting densities is more suitable for purposes that require resistance and rigidity.
Analysis of Spatiotemporal Evolution and Driving Forces of Vegetation from 2001 to 2020: A Case Study of Shandong Province, China
Authors: Dong Dejin , Zhao Ziliang , Gao Hongdi , Zhou Yufeng , Gong Daohong , Du Huaqiang , Fujioka Yuichiro
Published: July 2024

As global climate change intensifies and human activities escalate, changes in vegetation cover, an important ecological indicator, hold significant implications for ecosystem protection and management. Shandong Province, a critical agricultural and economic zone in China, experiences vegetation changes that crucially affect regional climate regulation and biodiversity conservation. This study employed normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data, combined with climatic, topographic, and anthropogenic activity data, utilizing trend analysis methods, partial correlation analysis, and Geodetector to comprehensively analyze the spatiotemporal variations and primary driving factors of vegetation cover in Shandong Province from 2001 to 2020. The findings indicate an overall upward trend in vegetation cover, particularly in areas with concentrated human activities. Climatic factors, such as precipitation and temperature, exhibit a positive correlation with vegetation growth, while land use changes emerge as one of the key drivers influencing vegetation dynamics. Additionally, topography also impacts the spatial distribution of vegetation to a certain extent. This research provides a scientific basis for ecological protection and land management in Shandong Province and similar regions, supporting the formulation of effective vegetation restoration and ecological conservation strategies.
A Comparative Study of Phase I and II Hepatic Microsomal Biotransformation of Phenol in Three Species of Salmonidae: Hydroquinone, Catechol, and Phenylglucuronide Formation
Authors: Kolanczyk Richard C. , Solem Laura E. , Schmieder Patricia K. , McKim James M.
Published: July 2024

The in vitro biotransformation of phenol at 11 °C was studied using pre-spawn adult rainbow (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (RBT), brook (Salvelinus fontinalis) (BKT), and lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) (LKT) hepatic microsomal preparations. The incubations were optimized for time, cofactor concentration, pH, and microsomal protein concentration. Formation of Phase I ring-hydroxylation and Phase II glucuronidation metabolites was quantified using HPLC with dual-channel electrochemical and UV detection. The biotransformation of phenol over a range of substrate concentrations (1 to 180 mM) was quantified, and the Michaelis–Menten kinetics constants, Km and Vmax, for the formation of hydroquinone (HQ), catechol (CAT), and phenylglucuronide (PG) were calculated. Species differences were noted in the Km values for Phase I enzyme production of HQ and CAT, with the following rank order of apparent enzyme affinity for substrate: RBT > BKT = LKT. However, no apparent differences in the Km for Phase II metabolism of phenol to PG were detected. Conversely, while there were no apparent differences in Vmax between species for HQ or CAT formation, the apparent maximum capacity for PG formation was significantly less in LKT than that observed for RBT and BKT. These experiments provide a means to quantify metabolic activation and deactivation of xenobiotics in fish, to compare activation and deactivation reactions across species, and to act as a guide for future predictions of new chemical biotransformation pathways and rates in fish. These experiments provided the necessary rate and capacity (Km and Vmax) inputs that are required to parameterize a fish physiologically based toxicokinetic (PB-TK) model for a reactive chemical that is readily biotransformed, such as phenol. In the future, an extensive database of these rate and capacity parameters on important fish species for selected chemical structures will be needed to allow the effective use of predictive models for reactive, biotransformation chemicals in aquatic toxicology and environmental risk assessment.
Livelihood and Food Security in the Context of Sustainable Agriculture: Evidence from Tea Agricultural Heritage Systems in China
Authors: Liu Jilong , Qian Chen , Li Xiande
Published: July 2024

The conservation of agricultural heritage systems (AHSs) has played a pivotal role in fostering the sustainable development of agriculture and safeguarding farmers’ livelihoods and food security worldwide. This significance is particularly evident in the case of tea AHSs, due to the economic and nutritional value of tea products. Taking the Anxi Tieguanyin Tea Culture System (ATTCS) and Fuding White Tea Culture System (FWTCS) in Fujian Province as examples, this study uses statistical analyses and a multinomial logistic regression model to assess and compare farmer livelihood and food security at the tea AHS sites. The main findings are as follows. First, as the tea industries are at different stages of development, compared with agricultural and non-agricultural part-time households, the welfare level of pure agricultural households is lowest in the ATTCS, while welfare is the highest in the FWTCS. Second, factors such as the area of tea gardens and the number of laborers significantly affect farmers’ livelihood strategies transformation from pure agricultural households to agricultural part-time households in the ATTCS and FWTCS. Third, the high commodity rate of tea products, combined with compound cultivation in tea gardens, provides local people with essential sources of income, food, and nutrients, so as to improve food security in the ATTCS and FWTCS. These findings are essential for designing policies to ensure farmers’ livelihoods and food security through AHSs and other sustainable agriculture.
Molecular Traceability Approach to Assess the Geographical Origin of Commercial Extra Virgin Olive Oil
Authors: Savoia Michele Antonio , Mascio Isabella , Miazzi Monica Marilena , De Giovanni Claudio , Grillo Spina Fabio , Carpino Stefania , Fanelli Valentina , Montemurro Cinzia
Published: July 2024

Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is a precious and healthy ingredient of Mediterranean cuisine. Due to its high nutritional value, the interest of consumers in the composition of EVOO is constantly increasing, making it a product particularly exposed to fraud. Therefore, there is a need to properly valorize high-quality EVOO and protect it from fraudulent manipulations to safeguard consumer choices. In our study, we used a straightforward and easy method to assess the molecular traceability of 28 commercial EVOO samples based on the use of SSR molecular markers. A lack of correspondence between the declared origin of the samples and the actual origin of the detected varieties was observed, suggesting possible adulteration. This result was supported by the identification of private alleles based on a large collection of national and international olive varieties and the search for them in the molecular profile of the analyzed samples. We demonstrated that the proposed method is a rapid and straightforward approach for identifying the composition of an oil sample and verifying the correspondence between the origin of olives declared on the label and that of the actual detected varieties, allowing the detection of possible adulterations.
Characteristics of Umami Taste of Soy Sauce Using Electronic Tongue, Amino Acid Analyzer, and MALDI−TOF MS
Authors: Cai Ting , Hai Nan , Guo Peng , Feng Zhi , Zhang Yu , Wang Jing , Yu Zhipeng , Liu Huan , Ding Long
Published: July 2024

The objective of this study was to investigate the umami characteristics of soy sauce using electronic tongue evaluation and amino acid composition and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI−TOF MS) analysis. The soy sauce peptides were isolated from soy sauce using XAD−16 macroporous resin combined with ethanol solution. The results showed that the soy sauce peptide fraction eluted by 60% ethanol (SS−60%) exhibited a prominent umami taste, and the umami scores were highly positively correlated with the amino acid nitrogen contents of soy sauces. The umami scores of SS−60% were significantly positively correlated with the contents of free amino acids. Especially, Phe showed the highest positive correlation with the umami scores. In addition, five characteristic ion peaks with m/z at 499, 561, 643, 649, and 855 were identified in the peptide mass fingerprinting. Therefore, this study provides new insights into the umami characteristics for the taste evaluation and reality identification of soy sauce.
Biotechnological Innovations Unleashing the Potential of Olive Mill Wastewater in Added-Value Bioproducts
Authors: Sayın Bilge , Kaban Güzin
Published: July 2024

Byproducts and wastes from the food processing industry represent an important group of wastes generated annually in large quantities. It is important to note that the amount of this waste will increase with industrialization, and effective solutions must be found urgently. Many wastes that cause environmental pollution are evaluated by their low-tech conversion into products with little economic value, such as animal feed and fertilizer. Therefore, the evaluation of food processing waste using effective recycling techniques has become an interesting subject with increasing population, ongoing biotechnological studies, and advances in technology. The conversion of food waste into biotechnological products via fermentation is a sustainable, environmentally friendly, and economical method in line with the principles of green chemistry. This approach promotes the reuse of food waste by supporting the principles of a circular economy and offers sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels and synthetic chemicals. This contributes to reducing the carbon footprint, preserving soil and water quality, and providing economic sustainability through the production of high-value products. In this study, the properties of olive mill wastewater, an important and valuable waste in the olive oil industry, its environmental aspects, and its use in biotechnological applications that integrate green chemistry are evaluated.
Dietary Pectin from Premna microphylla Turcz Leaves Prevents Obesity by Regulating Gut Microbiota and Lipid Metabolism in Mice Fed High-Fat Diet
Authors: Gao Jiaobei , Zhang Mengxue , Zhang Li , Wang Nan , Zhao Yan , Ren Daoyuan , Yang Xingbin
Published: July 2024

The present study was designed to investigate the protective effects of pectin extracted from Premna microphylla Turcz leaves (PTP) against high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced lipid metabolism disorders and gut microbiota dysbiosis in obese mice. PTP was made using the acid extraction method, and it was found to be an acidic pectin that had relative mole percentages of 32.1%, 29.2%, and 26.2% for galacturonic acid, arabinose, and galactose, respectively. The administration of PTP in C57BL/6J mice inhibited the HFD-induced abnormal weight gain, visceral obesity, and dyslipidemia, and also improved insulin sensitivity, as revealed by the improved insulin tolerance and the decreased glucose levels during an insulin sensitivity test. These effects were linked to increased energy expenditure, as demonstrated by the upregulation of thermogenesis-related protein UCP1 expression in the brown adipose tissue (BAT) of PTP-treated mice. 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that PTP dramatically improved the HFD-induced gut dysbiosis by lowering the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes and the quantity of potentially harmful bacteria. These findings may provide a theoretical basis for us to understand the functions and usages of PTP in alleviating obesity.
The Sustainability Journey of Chinese Ready-Meal Companies Going Global: Configurational Analysis Using the Technology-Organization-Environment Framework
Authors: Zhang Dengjiecai , Wang Gaofeng
Published: July 2024

In the new wave of globalization, China’s pre-cooked meal industry has rapidly emerged as a significant player in the food supply chain domain, owing to its convenience and diverse choices. Amidst intensifying market competition, crafting a sustainable supply chain for overseas expansion has become an indispensable core element for driving corporate internationalization. This study focuses on the sustainability generation mechanism of the overseas supply chain of Chinese pre-cooked meal A-share listed companies, employing the technology-organization-environment (TOE) framework and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) method. Herein, an in-depth analysis of 388 data points from 17 listed companies has been conducted. The study systematically reveals the key factors affecting the sustainability of overseas supply chains and identifies three critical sustainability generation paths: the technology-driven and norm compliance model (path 1), the market sensitivity and product innovation model (path 2), and the robust operation and risk control model (path 3). The present study not only introduces a novel perspective on the application of a TOE framework within the realms of sustainable supply chain management and environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria but also offers clear directions for companies to enhance sustainability in their overseas expansion process. This includes strengthening technological research and development, compliance construction, market adaptability, product diversity, infrastructure construction, and risk management. Moreover, the research findings provide valuable insights for policymakers in promoting the internationalization of the pre-cooked meal industry and enhancing industry competitiveness.
Planetary Nebulae Research: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Kwok Sun
Published: July 2024

We review the evolution of our understanding of the planetary nebulae phenomenon and their place in the scheme of stellar evolution. The historical steps leading to our current understanding of central star evolution and nebular formation are discussed. Recent optical imaging, X-ray, ultraviolet, infrared, millimeter wave, and radio observations have led to a much more complex picture of the structure of planetary nebulae. The optically bright regions have multiple shell structures (rims, shells, crowns, and haloes), which can be understood within the interacting winds framework. However, the physical mechanism responsible for bipolar and multipolar structures that emerged during the proto-planetary nebulae phase is yet to be identified. Our morphological classifications of planetary nebulae are hampered by the effects of sensitivity, orientation, and field-of-view coverage, and the fraction of bipolar or multipolar nebulae may be much higher than commonly assumed. The optically bright bipolar lobes may represent low-density, ionization-bounded cavities carved out of a neutral envelope by collimated fast winds. Planetary nebulae are sites of active synthesis of complex organic compounds, suggesting that planetary nebulae play a major role in the chemical enrichment of the Galaxy. Possible avenues of future advancement are discussed.
Microfluidic Rheology: An Innovative Method for Viscosity Measurement of Gels and Various Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Vilimi Zsófia , Pápay Zsófia Edit , Basa Bálint , Orekhova Xeniya , Kállai-Szabó Nikolett , Antal István
Published: July 2024

Measuring the viscosity of pharmaceutical dosage forms is a crucial process. Viscosity provides information about the stability of the composition, the release rate of the drug, bioavailability, and, in the case of injectable drug formulations, even the force required for injection. However, measuring viscosity is a complex task with numerous challenges, especially for non-Newtonian materials, which include most pharmaceutical formulations, such as gels. Selecting the appropriate shear rate is critical. Since viscosity in many systems is highly temperature-dependent, stable temperature control is necessary during the measurement. Using microfluidics technology, it is now possible to perform rheological characterization and conduct fast and accurate measurements. Small sample volumes (even below 500 µL) are required, and viscosity determination can be carried out over a wide range of shear rates. Nevertheless, the pharmaceutical application of viscometers operating on the principle of microfluidics is not yet widespread. In our work, we compare the results of measurements taken with a microfluidic chip-based viscometer on different pharmaceutical forms (gels, solution) with those obtained using a traditional rotational viscometer, evaluating the relative advantages and disadvantages of the different methods. The microfluidics-based method enables time- and sample-efficient viscosity analysis of the examined pharmaceutical forms.
Enhancing Flame-Retardant Properties of Polyurethane Aerogels Doped with Silica-Based Particles
Authors: Pinilla-Peñalver Esther , del Fresno Óscar , Cantero Darío , Moreira Adriana , Gomes Filipa , Miranda Francisca , Oliveira Marcelo , Ornelas Mariana , Sánchez-Silva Luz , Romero Amaya
Published: July 2024

In this work, polyurethane (PUR) aerogels doped with different SiO2 particles, derived from a renewable source, were successfully synthesized, and the effects of SiO2 content on the properties of PUR aerogels were investigated. Specifically, three types of SiO2-based particles obtained from rice husk through different procedures were evaluated to enhance the thermal stability of the composites with special attention given to flame-retardant properties. With the optimal SiO2 particles, obtained through acid digestion, the influence of their content between 0.5 and 3 wt.% on the physicochemical characteristics of the synthesized aerogels was thoroughly examined. The results showed that increasing the doping agent content improved the lightness, thermal stability, and flame-retardant properties of the resulting PUR aerogels, with the best performance observed at a 2 wt.% doping level. The doped aerogel samples with non-modified SiO2 particles significantly enhanced the fire safety performance of the material, exhibiting up to an eightfold increase in flame retardancy. However, modification of the SiO2 particles with phytic acid did not slow down the combustion velocity when filling the aerogels. This research highlights the promising potential of doped PUR/SiO2 aerogels in advancing materials science and engineering applications for withstanding high temperatures and improving fire safety.
Influence of Thermal Treatment on the Chemical and Structural Properties of Geopolymer Gels Doped with Nd2O3 and Sm2O3
Authors: Nenadović Miloš , Knežević Sanja , Ivanović Marija , Nenadović Snežana , Kisić Danilo , Popović Maja , Potočnik Jelena
Published: July 2024

In this research, the influence of the thermal treatment of geopolymer gels at 300 °C, 600 °C and 900 °C when incorporated with 5% rare earth elements (REEs) in the form of (GP-Sm) Sm2O3 and (GP-Nd) Nd2O3 was investigated. Changes in the chemical and structural properties of the geopolymer gels during thermal treatment for 1 h were monitored. Physico-chemical characterization was performed using the following methods: diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Besides the characterization of the fundamental properties, some practical macroscopic properties were analyzed as well: sorptivity, open porosity, and Archimedean density. The stretching vibrations of Nd–O–Si and Sm–O–Si were confirmed at a value of around 680 cm−1and an Nd–O–Si absorption band at a higher value, together with the most dominant band of Si–O stretching vibration similar for all the samples. No significant chemical changes occurred. Structural analysis showed that for GP-Nd, the largest pore diameter was obtained at 900 °C, while for GP-Sm, the largest pore diameter was obtained at 600 °C. EDS confirmed the amount of dopant to be about 5%. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that for GP-Nd, the ratio of Si and Al changed the most, while for GP-Sm, the ratio of Si and Al decreased with increasing temperature. The contributions of both dopants in the GP-gel structure remained almost unchanged and stable at high temperatures. The atomic percentages obtained by XPS analysis were in accordance with the expected trend; the amount of Si increased with the temperature, while the amount of Al decreased with increasing temperature. The sorptivity and open porosity showed the highest values at 600 °C, while the density of both geopolymers decreased linearly with increasing temperature.
Micelle-Containing Hydrogels and Their Applications in Biomedical Research
Authors: Wu Jinghua , Li Huapeng , Zhang Nan , Zheng Qingfei
Published: July 2024

Hydrogels are one of the most commonly used materials in our daily lives, which possess crosslinked three-dimensional network structures and are capable of absorbing large amounts of fluid. Due to their outstanding properties, such as flexibility, tunability, and biocompatibility, hydrogels have been widely employed in biomedical research and clinics, especially in on-demand drug release. However, traditional hydrogels face various limitations, e.g., the delivery of hydrophobic drugs due to their highly hydrophilic interior environment. Therefore, micelle-containing hydrogels have been designed and developed, which possess both hydrophilic and hydrophobic microenvironments and enable the storage of diverse cargos. Based on the functionalities of micelles, these hydrogels can be classified into micelle-doped and chemically/physically crosslinked types, which were reported to be responsive to varied stimuli, including temperature, pH, irradiation, electrical signal, magnetic field, etc. Here, we summarize the research advances of micelle-containing hydrogels and provide perspectives on their applications in the biomedical field based on the recent studies from our own lab and others.
Swelling, Protein Adsorption, and Biocompatibility of Pectin–Chitosan Hydrogels
Authors: Popov Sergey , Paderin Nikita , Chistiakova Elizaveta , Sokolova Alisa , Konyshev Ilya V. , Belozerov Vladislav S. , Byvalov Andrey A.
Published: July 2024

The study aims to determine how chitosan impacts pectin hydrogel’s ability to attach peritoneal leukocytes, activate complement, induce hemolysis, and adsorb blood proteins. The hydrogels PEC-Chi0, PEC-Chi25, PEC-Chi50, and PEC-Chi75 were prepared by placing a mixture solution of 4% pectin and 4% chitosan in a ratio of 4:0, 3:1, 2:2, and 1:3 in a solution of 1.0 M CaCl2. Chitosan was found to modify the mechanical properties of pectin–calcium hydrogels, such as hardness and cohesiveness-to-adhesiveness ratio. Chitosan in the pectin–calcium hydrogel caused pH-sensitive swelling in Hanks’ solution. The PEC-Chi75 hydrogel was shown to adsorb serum proteins at pH 7.4 to a greater extent than other hydrogels. PEC-Chi75’s strong adsorption capacity was related to lower peritoneal leukocyte adherence to its surface when compared to other hydrogels, showing improved biocompatibility. Using the optical tweezers approach, it was shown that the force of interaction between pectin–chitosan hydrogels and plasma proteins increased from 10 to 24 pN with increasing chitosan content from 0 to 75%. Thus, the properties of pectin–calcium hydrogel, which determine interactions with body tissues after implantation, are improved by the addition of chitosan, making pectin–chitosan hydrogel a promising candidate for smart biomaterial development.
Allergic Sensitization and Psychosomatic Involvement in Outdoor and Indoor Workers: A Preliminary and Explorative Survey of Motorway Toll Collectors and Office Employees
Authors: Giorgianni Concetto Mario , Martino Gabriella , Brunetto Silvia , Buta Federica , Lund-Jacobsen Trine , Tonacci Alessandro , Gangemi Sebastiano , Ricciardi Luisa
Published: July 2024

The incidence of respiratory and cutaneous allergic disorders may be variable if we consider work activity. These disorders are reported in the current literature to have a relevant psychosomatic involvement. The aim of the study was to submit a survey on the self-reported occurrence of allergic respiratory and cutaneous diseases in outdoor and indoor workers to verify the onset or exacerbations of such pathologies, encourage surveillance, and suggest the need for further studies. Two groups of workers were compared when exposed and not exposed to air pollutants. An outdoor population of motorway toll collectors (153 workers; M: 58.03 years old, SD: 6.1; and female prevalence of 66.01%) and an indoor group of office employees (59 workers; mean age 54.44 years, SD: 8.50; and male prevalence of 61.02%) entered the study. The results of three multivariate analyses of the obtained data, investigating contributions of external factors, including age, sex, smoking habits, working type, and seniority, on allergic conditions were significant in both workers’ groups. The findings highlighted that age and smoking habits were significant contributors to allergic conditions, both independently and in combination with other factors, such as sex and working type. The data suggest the presence of phenomena related to different etiological domains, as already reported in the literature. Through the collection of these data, it was possible to highlight the need to analyze clinical signs from different perspectives.
Impact of Nonsurgical Periodontal Treatment of Periodontitis Stages 2 and 3 on Oral Health-Related Quality of Life
Authors: Al-Sharqi Ali J. B. , Abdulkareem Ali A. , Gul Sarhang , Rawlinson Andrew
Published: July 2024

This study investigates the impact of nonsurgical periodontal treatment (NSPT) on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in patients with periodontitis stages (S)2 and S3, and the factors associated with the prediction of patient-reported outcomes. Periodontitis patients (n = 68) with moderately deep periodontal pockets were recruited. Responses to the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP)-14 questionnaire and clinical parameters including plaque index, bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment loss (CAL) were recorded. All patients received supra- and subgingival professional mechanical plaque removal. All clinical parameters and questionnaire responses were recorded again 3 months after NSPT. Clinical parameters and OHIP-14 scores for both stages of periodontitis were significantly improved 3 months after treatment. However, participants with periodontitis S3 had significantly higher total OHIP-14, physical pain, and functional limitation domains scores than periodontitis S2 cases. Baseline CAL, BOP, and the presence of PPD in anterior teeth were positively associated with increased OHIP-14 scores after NSPT. NSPT improved OHRQoL in participants with periodontitis S2 and S3. This was more pronounced in participants having periodontitis S3 than S2. Poorer OHRQoL could be anticipated in people having severe CAL, high BOP, and presence of pockets in the anterior teeth.
Genome-Wide Identification and Analysis of the Nuclear Factor Y Gene Family in the Woodland Strawberry Fragaria vesca
Authors: Zhou Yang , Gao Feiyan , Zhao Wenjie , Liu Tianjia , Wang Mengzhao
Published: July 2024

Nuclear factor Ys (NF-Ys) are heterotrimeric transcription factors that specifically bind to CCAAT boxes present in numerous eukaryotic promoters. In plants, NF-Y proteins consist of the following three subunits: NF-YA, NF-YB, and NF-YC, each encoded by a gene family. Accumulating evidence underscores the crucial roles of NF-Y proteins in various plant development processes and stress responses, such as embryogenesis, flowering time control, drought tolerance, and heat tolerance. Despite this, a comprehensive genome-wide overview of the NF-Y gene family in strawberries is lacking. To bridge this gap, this study was conducted to identify and characterize the NF-Ys in Fragaria vesca. The investigation revealed the presence of six NF-YA, twelve NF-YB, and five NF-YC members in F. vesca. Furthermore, a comprehensive analysis of the FveNF-Ys was performed, including their phylogenetic relationships, gene structures, chromosomal locations, and conserved domains. MiRNA target site prediction found that there were 30 miRNA target sites in 12 (52.2%) FveNF-Y genes. Additionally, the expression profiles of different tissues and developmental stages demonstrated tissue-specific expression patterns among certain members of each NF-Y subfamily. This observation suggests that specific NF-Y subfamily members may play unique roles in different tissues or stages of development. Furthermore, the transient expression assay demonstrated that three selected FveNF-Ys were localized in the nucleus. Our study represents a pioneering effort in the systemic analyses of FveNF-Y genes and will be useful in understanding the functional characterization of NF-Y genes in Fragaria species.