bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tingkat keragaman ukuran benih ikan lele Clarias sp. yang diberi Artemia dengan periode yang berbeda
Authors: Jusadi Dedi , Fitriani Farida , Ekasari Julie , Vinasyiam Apriana
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of different Artemia feeding period on the size variation of catfish Clarias sp. larvae. One thousand two days post hatched larvae with an average body length of 0.7±0.03 cm were randomly distributed into 25 L round plastic tanks. The treatment conducted for 13 days with four treatment; without Artemia, given Artemia 1, 2, or 3 days in the first culture period. The results showed that 15 days old fish has the same survival rate in all treatments; and has two size distribution i.e. the small size (S) and medium size (M). Increasingly the period of administration of Artemia, the percentage of the amount of M-size fish increases, thereby giving Artemia were able to increase growth of larvae. Feeding catfish with Artemia for two days has shown producing better growth. Keywords: catfish, Artemia, size variation, growth performance  ABSTRAK Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh perbedaan periode pemberian pakan Artemia terhadap kinerja pertumbuhan larva ikan lele Clarias sp. Seribu ekor larva lele yang berumur dua hari dengan panjang rata-rata 0,7±0,03 cm ditebar dalam wadah dengan volume air 25 L. Budidaya ikan dilakukan selama 13 hari dengan empat perlakuan, yaitu perlakuan tanpa pemberian Artemia, pemberian Artemia selama satu, dua, atau tiga hari di awal masa budidaya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ikan umur 15 hari memiliki sintasan yang sama di semua perlakuan, serta memiliki dua sebaran ukuran, yakni ukuran kecil (S) dan ukuran sedang (M). Semakin lama periode pemberian Artemia, persentase jumlah ikan ukuran M meningkat, sehingga pemberian Artemia pada larva ikan lele mampu meningkatkan pertumbuhan. Pemberian Artemia selama dua hari memberikan pertumbuhan yang lebih baik. Kata kunci: ikan lele, Artemia, keragaman ukuran, kinerja pertumbuhan
La influencia del manual en el pensamiento económico colombiano durante el siglo XX
Authors: Mayor Mora Alberto , Zambrano Escamilla Carlos Humberto
Published: February 2017

El uso de los manuales en economía ha sido masivo en su profesionalización y ha repercutido en las ideas económicas colombianas. Durante el siglo XX se presentaron cuatro etapas; la primera de ellas se dio a inicios del siglo, cuando predominó el autodidactismo en los manuales franceses, entre profesores, políticos y hombres de empresa de Bogotá y Medellín. La segunda etapa se caracterizó por el contacto de algunos protoeconomistas con el pensamiento económico originalen el exterior, lo que ocasionó el inicio de la crítica a la utilización de manuales. La tercera surgió con las primeras facultades de Economía, en los años 40, época en que se reemplazó el manual francés por el anglosajón neoclásico; y la última etapa se inicia desde 1980, cuando se hace una crítica coherente al manual y comienza la producción de textos “criollos”, que ofrecen facilidades pedagógicas con pensamiento teórico de vanguardia.
Eduardo Santos, la escena pública y la «hegemonía» conservadora
Authors: Vanegas Useche Isidro
Published: February 2017

Este artículo indaga por la vida pública de Eduardo Santos durante la república conservadora. No sólo busca mostrar detalles de su importante rol en las luchas políticas sino también reflexionar, a partir de su intervención como actor y testigo de un periodo de intensos cambios, acerca de la forma como se construyó la representación política en un periodo de la historia colombiana caracterizado por el apaciguamiento de la violencia, al cual el propietario de El Tiempo hizo contribuciones importantes. Busca desde la historia conceptual de lo político, comprender la importancia de ciertos liderazgos en la construcción del clima de distensión  política que caracterizó a Colombia durante varias décadas a comienzos del siglo XX.
An Economic-Ecological Transdisciplinary Approach on the Binomial Relationship between Energetic Sustainability and the Environment
Authors: Pop Ioan G. , Văduva Sebastian , Taloș Mihai-Florin
Published: February 2017

The paper combines two new original concepts about eco-energetic systems. The first one is related to the M.E.N. (Mega-Eco-Nega-Watt) paradigm, which is based on three different but complementary ecological economic spaces: MEGAWATT, as needed energy, ECOWATT, as ecological energy, and NEGAWATT, as preserved energy, even the renewable energies and technologies, in the context of electrical energy production. The second concept presented in this paper is the eco-energetic efficiency, introduced in order to facilitate a correlation between the energetic efficiency of the system and a necessary, new defined ecological coefficient. The proposed formula for eco-energetic efficiency enables an interesting form of reporting to the different situations in which the input energy, output energy, lost energy and externalities, involved in an energetic process interact to produce energy in a specific energetic system, in connection with the circular economy model. Finally, is presented an original diagram of the energetic chains to produce electricity in a resilience regim, with high eco-energetic efficiency from originating in different primary energetic sources as external (gravitation & solar sources), fuels (classical & radioactive), internal sources and others. Even what kind of energetic sources are used to obtain electricity, as coals, gas, wood, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power, biomass, solar systems, and others, the entire process should be sustainable in what is the transdisciplinary integration of the different representative spheres as energy, socio-economy, ecology (environment), with the main core, sustainable education, inclueding the law and administrative aspects, as necessary fields of the knowledge based society/economy.
Solvent-Free Biginelli Reactions Catalyzed by Hierarchical Zeolite Utilizing Ball Mill Technique: Green Sustainable Process
Authors: Shahid Ameen , S. Ahmed Nesreen , Saleh Tamer S. , Al-Thabaiti Shaeel A. , Basahel Sulaiman N. , Schwieger Wilhelm , Mokhtar Mohamed
Published: February 2017

A sustainable green one pot procedure for the synthesis of dihydropyrimidinones (DHPMs) derivatives by a three-component reaction of β-ketoester derivatives, aldehyde and urea or thiourea over the alkali-treated H-ZSM-5 zeolite under ball-milling has been developed. The product was isolated by simple washing of the crude reaction residue with ethyl acetate followed by evaporation of solvent. The hierachical zeolite catalyst (MFI27_6) showed high yield (86–96%) of dihydropyrimidinones (DHPMs), in very short time (10-30 min). The catalyst is recycled for subsequent reactions in four runs without appreciable loss of activity and high yields of products provide efficient protocol for Biginelli reactions.
Optimalisasi Biofermentasi Rumen Melalui Pemberian Pakan Suplemen sebagai Upaya Peningkatan Nilai Nutrisi Jerami padi dalam Ransum Ternak Ruminansia
Authors: Suprayogi Wara Pratitis Sabar , Widyawati Susi Dwi
Published: February 2017

Penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi nilai nutrisi jerami padi melalui pemberian pakan suplemen dalam upaya optimalisasi biofermentasi rumen, telah dilakukan di Laboratorium Ilmu Nutrisi dan Makanan Ternak Fakultas Pertanian UNS dan Laboratorium Biokimia Nutrisi Fakultas Peternakan UGM.      Percobaan dilakukan secara in vitro untuk mengukur fermentabilitas ransum berbahan dasar jerami padi dan percobaan in vivo dengan menggunakan 15 ekor sapi PO untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian pakan suplemen pada ransum basal  (P0) yang terdiri atas jerami padi (90%) dan rumput lapangan (10%). Pada percobaan in vutro, sumber inokulum diambil dari sapi berfistula rumen dan fermentabilitas pakan diukur dengan metode in vitro gas test (Schofield, 2000). Growth Promoting Feed Supplement (GPFS)  yang diberikan mengandung urea dan molases untuk mengoptimalkan sintesis protein mikrobia, bungkil kedelai (BK) dan daun lamtoro (DL) sebagai sumber protein bypass dan minyak ikan lemuru (MIL) dan daun ketepeng (DK) mengandung agensia reduksi metan. Ada 4 macam pakan suplemen yaitu BK-MIL (GPFS 1), BK-DK (GPFS 2), DL-MIL (GPFS 3) dan DL-DK (GPFS 4). Pemberian pakan suplemen sebanyak 25 g/kg0.75 pada masing-masing ransum perlakuan. Adapun ransum perlakuan yang dicobakan adalah P0: ransum basal (jerami padi, 90% dan rumput lapangan, 10%); P1: P0 + BK-MIL; P2: P0 + BK-DK; P3: P0 + DL-MIL; dan P4: P0 + DL-DK.

Pemberian pakan suplemen sangat nyata (P<0,01) menurunkan produksi VFA total. Produksi VFA pada masing-masing P0, P1, P2, P3 dan P4 yaitu 62,16; 58,54;  48,32; 43,84 dan 45,26 mM. Produksi C2 berturut turut 43,86; 41,75; 33,82; 30,80 dan 30,83 mM. Produksi C3 sebesar 9,78; 8,49; 8,29; 7,40 dan 8,11 mM. Produksi C4 sebesar 8,54; 7,81; 6,22; 5,65 dan 6,32 mM. Nisbah C2/C3 sebesar 4,49; 4,92; 4,10; 4,17 dan 3,81. Konsentrasi NH3 sebesar 9,25; 10,55; 10,14; 10,49 dan 10,69 mM. Konsumsi ransum nyata (P<0,05) meningkat dengan pemberian pakan suplemen sebesar 3,65; 4,93; 5,20; 4,95 dan 4,69 kg/hari. Pertambahan bobot badan per hari yang dihasilkan oleh masing-masing ransum 0,16; 0,45; 0,41; 0,20 dan 0,27 kg/hari. Angka konversi pakan tidak dipengaruhi oleh pemberian pakan suplemen yaitu 23,75; 11,09; 13,13; 27,81 dan 19,41.

Pakan suplemen dengan 4 macam formula yang berbeda mampu memperbaiki kualitas jerami padi ditinjau dari fermentabilita ransum maupun performan sapiPOyang dihasilkan. Pakan suplemen yanmg terbaik adalah pakan suplemen BK-MIL.

 

Kata kunci : GPFS, jerami padi, fermentabilitas, performan
Potensi Nutrisi Tepung Azolla microphylla dalam Memperbaiki Performan Itik Manila (Cairina moschata)
Authors: Dewanti Ratih
Published: February 2017

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan tepung Azolla microphylla dalam ransum terhadap performan itik manila dan mengetahui tingkat pemberian tepung azolla yang paling optimal. Penelitian dilaksanakan di kandang unggas ex-farm Jatikuwung Jurusan Peternakan Fakultas Pertanian UNS mulai 22 Juni 2007 sampai 25 Agustus 2007. Penelitian menggunakan 100 ekor itik manila betina yang ditempatkan dalam kandang litter secara acak. Percobaan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) pola searah dengan empat perlakuan dan lima ulangan.

            Perlakuan yang diberikan adalah: Ransum + 0% tepung azolla (P0); Ransum + 5% tepung azolla (P1); Ransum + 10% tepung azolla (P2); Ransum + 15% tepung azolla (P3). Peubah yang diamati adalah konsumsi pakan, pertambahan bobot badan, konversi pakan dan efisiensi pakan.

            Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat pemberian tepung azolla ke dalam pakan memberikan pengaruh yang sangat nyata terhadap pertambahan bobot badan, serta tidak berpengaruh terhadap konsumsi, konversi dan efisiensi pakan. Ransum dengan 10% tepung azolla (P2) menghasilkan pertambahan bobot badan terbaik (23,75 gram/ekor/hari) yang berbeda sangat nyata dari P0 (21,07 gram/ekor/hari). Hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa ransum + 10% tepung azolla (P2)  memberikan hasil yang terbaik.

 

Kata kunci: tepung Azolla microphylla, performan, itik manila
Prospek Pengembangan Usaha Peternakan Pola Integrasi
Authors: Kusumo Diwyanto , Priyanti A. , Saptati R. A.
Published: February 2017

Perkembangan usaha peternakan perlu didukung oleh berbagai sarana produksi, salah satunya adalah ketersediaan pakan. Bahan pakan sumber energi dapat berasal dari jagung, singkong, dedak padi, dedak gandum, sagu dan lain sebagainya, sedangkan bahan pakan sumber protein dapat berasal dari bungkil kedelai, tepung ikan, daun leguminosa, tepung darah dan lain-lain. Bahan pakan berserat seperti rumput, jerami padi, pucuk tebu, kulit buah kakao dan by-product pertanian tanaman pangan lainnya merupakan bahan pakan yang banyak dimanfaatkan untuk ternak ruminansia, seperti sapi, domba atau kambing. Peluang pemanfaatan by-product agribisnis sebagai bahan baku industri pakan ternak akan merupakan tantangan sekaligus peluang dalam optimalisasi sumberdaya lokal yang selama ini belum dimanfaatkan secara efisien dan optimal. Di sisi lain, usaha peternakan (sapi) mengalami kendala dalam hal pengadaan daging dan sapi bakalan. Melalui pendekatan LEISA (low external input sustainable agriculture), setiap ha lahan pertanian dapat menghasilkan pakan untuk memelihara sapi sebanyak 2-3 ekor/ha. Dalam hal ini ternak sapi berperan sebagai ’pabrik kompos’ dengan bahan baku ’limbah’ tanaman, yang pada akhirnya kompos tersebut dipergunakan sebagai bahan pupuk organik bagi tanaman. Dalam upaya meningkatkan populasi ternak sapi potong dengan biaya produksi yang layak, pendekatan pola integrasi ternak dengan tanaman pangan, perkebunan dan hutan tanaman industri layak untuk dikembangkan baik secara teknis, ekonomis maupun sosial. Salah satu kunci keberhasilan dari pola ini adalah tidak ada bahan yang terbuang, serta pemanfaatan inovasi secara benar dan efisien.  Melalui penerapan pola integrasi tanaman dan ternak melalui pendekatan low external input, menghasilkan produk peternakan berdayasaing. Oleh karenanya ke depan usaha peternakan melalui integrasi sistem usaha dengan tanaman menjadi cukup menarik dan berpeluang cukup baik untuk dilaksanakan.

 

Kata kunci : sistem integrasi, tanaman-ternak
 
Penanganan Pascapanen untuk Peningkatan Mutu dan Daya Saing Komoditas Kakao
Authors: Munarso S. Joni
Published: February 2017

Penetapan laju pertumbuhan produksi kakao sebesar 3,9% per tahun harus diimbangi dengan peningkatan daya saing agar produksi kakao mampu memberikan nilai tambah dan kesejahteraan bagi petani. Kelemahan kakao Indonesia dalam persaingan di pasar global terutama adalah mutu biji rendah karena tingginya kadar biji tidak difermentasi (> 3%) serta kadar kotoran (> 2%). Selain itu, pasar juga menerapkan persyaratan keamanan pangan yang ketat dan preferensi cita rasa konsumen yang perlu diantisipasi antara lain dengan menerapkan proses fermentasi. Inovasi teknologi fermentasi biji kakao telah tersedia, namun inovasi kebijakan masih perlu penyempurnaan. Kelembagaan fermentasi perlu dibangun, di antaranya melalui revitalisasi unit pengolahan hasil (UPH) dengan menjadikan UPH sebagai unit bisnis yang dikelola secara terorganisir untuk mendapat manfaat ekonomis, sosial, dan lingkungan secara optimal. Penerapan kaidah praktik pertanian dan penanganan yang baik juga perlu dilakukan oleh petani maupun pedagang pengumpul. Untuk itu panduan pelaksanaan dan pendampingan secara intensif perlu disiapkan. Penerapan praktik pertanian dan pengolahan yang baik perlu didukung dengan revitalisasi penyuluhan.
AVALIAÇÃO DA QUALIDADE DE LEITE CRU ARMAZENADO EM TANQUES DE REFRIGERAÇÃO NO MUNICÍPIO DE ALEGRE, ESPÍRITO SANTO
Authors: Carvalho do Nascimento Neta Francisca Carvalho , Junqueira Mateus Da Silva , Carneiro Joel Camilo Souza , Ramos Maria da Penha Piccolo , Pinto Cláudia Lúcia De Oliveira , Rosário Denes Kaic Alves
Published: February 2017

Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade microbiológica por meio da detecção de bactérias deteriorantes e patogênicas além da detecção de resíduos de antibióticos em leite cru refrigerado produzido em propriedades familiares do município de Alegre, ES. As amostras foram coletadas em quatro tanques de refrigeração coletivos.Realizou-se contagens de bactérias mesófilas e psicrotróficas mediante contagem em Ágar padrão seguido de incubação e contagem. Para a determinação de Staphylococcus spp.; de coliformes totais e E.coli utilizou- se kit rápido. Para detecção de antibióticos da classe â-lactâmicos utilizou-se o kit BetaStar®, conforme metodologia descrita pelo fabricante.Verificou-se contagens médias de 1,4x10 6 UFC.mL -1 para bactérias mesófilas (BM); 6,1x10 5 UFC.mL -1 para bactérias psicrotróficas (BP); 8,5x10 4 UFC.mL -1 para coliformes totais (CT); 2,9x10 5 UFC.mL -1 para Staphylococcus spp. (Staphy) e 4,4x10 4 UFC.mL -1 para Escherichia coli (Ec). Constatou-se baixa qualidade microbiológica do leite cru refrigerado produzido na região devido ao alto grau de contaminação no produto e não foram detectados resíduos de antibióticos nas amostras. São necessários esforços por parte de todos os envolvidos na cadeia produtiva para que possam se adequar às condições de produção de forma a garantir a inocuidade e qualidade do leite e derivados, além de contribuir para a saúde dos consumidores e a sustentabilidade do setor na região.
EFEITO DO PROGRAMA DE ALIMENTAÇÃO E DO TIPO DE PREMIX NA RAÇÃO SOBRE O DESEMPENHO, RENDIMENTO DE CARCAÇA E CORTES NOBRES DE FRANGO DE CORTE
Authors: Provenzano Ana Carolina Gomes , Reis Renata De Souza , Ferreira Vanusa Patricia de Araujo , Coelho Lucas Leonardo Câmara Lopes , Cobucci Juliana Magalhães , Ferreira Thiago Diana , Batiston Natally Resnik , Marques Kelen Cristina
Published: February 2017

Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do programa de alimentação e do tipo de premix na ração sobre o desempenho, rendimento de carcaça e cortes nobres de frangos de corte, foram utilizados 336 frangos de corte machos da linhagem cobb, com 1 dia de idade. As aves foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramentecasualizado de forma a compor 4 tratamentos em esquema fatorial 2x2 (dois programas de alimentação e duas marcas comerciais de premix) composto por 6 repetições de 14 aves cada. Foram avaliadas características de desempenho e rendimento de cortes nobres. Os parâmetros foram: consumo de ração, conversão alimentar, ganho de peso, viabilidade criatória, índice de eficiência produtiva. Não foi verificada a interação dos programas de alimentação e do premix sobre o consumo de ração, conversão alimentar, viabilidade criatória e índice deeficiência produtiva. Porém, foi verificado efeito significativo para o ganho de peso. Não foi verificado efeito significativo dos programas de alimentação e do premix tampouco a interação desses fatores sobre as variáveis, peso de fígado, peso de peito com pele, peso de peito sem pele, peso de coxa e sobre coxa e peso de asa. Porém, foi verificado efeito significativo para às variáveis, peso da moela e peso do coração. Independente do tipo de premix utilizado, em programas de alimentação com 4 rações as aves apresentaram maior ganho de peso, demonstrando ser esse tipo de programa alimentar o mais adequado tanto para suprir as exigências nutricionais das aves quanto para evitar problemas metabólicos oriundos do excesso de nutrientes da dieta.
Collaborative Governance and Emergency Management: A Case Study of Latvia
Authors: Beinaroviča Ieva Daniela
Published: February 2017

Emergencies – crises, disasters and catastrophes – cannot be managed by individuals or one organization,collaborative actions are needed In the context of this paper, a two-part research on collaborative governance and emergency management in Latvia has been carried out. This research is important because due to extreme weather conditions even “safe” countries should be able to deal with frequently recorded emergencies. It also contributes to the literature on emergency management in the context of Europe. The method of a case study was employed for this qualitative research seeking to clarify the situation and provide answers to the research question. The research showed that much attention is being given to coordinating emergency management systems in Latvia. The new Civil Defence and Disaster Management Law is the legal basis for collaborative actions but it should be amended to ensure not only formal but also practical collaboration.
Long-term desalinated water demand and investment requirements: a case study of Riyadh
Authors: Ouda O. K. M. , Khalid Y. , Ajbar A. H. , Rehan M. , Shahzad K. , Wazeer I. , Nizami A. S.
Published: February 2017

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is situated in an arid region and faces a chronic challenge to meet its increasing water demand. Riyadh is the capital of KSA and home to about six million people. The water demand is mostly met by groundwater resources (up to 48%), while the desalination plants cover the rest of the water supply requirements. There is a potential risk of a significant gap in water demand–supply due to the retirement of old desalination plants. This study, therefore, developed a probabilistic model to forecast desalinated water demand in Riyadh for domestic purposes up to the year 2040 based on three scenarios: low growth, the most likely (mean), and high growth scenario. The results showed that an investment of about US$6.24, 11.59, and 16.04 billion is required to meet the future domestic water demand of the city for the next 25 years based on low, mean, and high growth scenarios, respectively. Moreover, a strong commitment to public–private partnership is required to remove the fiscal budget burden related to the desalination along with public awareness campaigns to reduce per capita water consumption, upgrading the water tariff system and using renewable energy to run desalination plants.
An index model for evaluating water safety plans in the Philippines
Authors: Magtibay B. B.
Published: February 2017

Developing a water safety plan (WSP) is now a requirement for all service providers of drinking water in the Philippines. To assist compliance with the Philippine Department of Health (DOH), this study develops an index model that the DOH can use for evaluating WSPs and covers the WSPs of 14 water districts and 11 health care facilities. The WSP Index model was developed using a nine-step process and was tested in 25 WSPs to determine the robustness of its weights and benchmark. Approximately 21 WSPs received a passing mark when the 60% benchmark was used but only nine WSPs passed when the benchmark was raised to 74%. This Philippine model may be utilized by countries in evaluating the WSPs, and further adapted to their local context and considerations.
„RARYTNE” CZASY. O PRZEŁOMIE ROMANTYCZNYM W KSIĘGARZU ULICZNYM WŁADYSŁAWA SYROKOMLI
Authors: Zawadzka Danuta
Published: February 2017

The article is interested in looking at the dynamics of the Romantic turning point from the perspective of the changes in the book market in Vilnius in the first half of the nineteenth century. These changes are the subject of literary and historiographical texts by Adam Mickiewicz, Joachim Lelewel, and Władysław Syrokomla. The author focuses primarily on Syrokomla’s Księgarz uliczny [Street bookseller], analysing it in the context of the works of the Romanticism ‘lawgivers’ as an indirect testimony to the evolution of literary preferences and external shape of books, their circulation, types of readers, and bookselling trends.
Distributions of Particles and Energy
Authors: Gianinetti Alberto
Published: February 2017

The stability of a system is determined by the overall behaviour of the
system’s particles. In turn, this behaviour is established on the basis of the natural
distributions the particles themselves spontaneously tend to assume. They tend to
distribute across space according to a uniform spreading as the most probable outcome,
and they also tend to share their energies according to a complex, non-uniform function
that is nevertheless probabilistically equilibrated.
Entropy Increase as Tendency: Drive and Effector
Authors: Gianinetti Alberto
Published: February 2017

A useful definition of entropy is “a function of the system equilibration,
stability, and inertness”, and the tendency to an overall increase of entropy, which is set
forth by the second law of thermodynamics, should be meant as “the tendency to the
most probable state”, that is, to a state having the highest equilibration, stability, and
inertness that the system can reach. The tendency to entropy increase is driven by the
probabilistic distributions of matter and energy and it is actualized by particle motion.
Changes of Entropy: The Fundamental Equation and the Chemical Potential
Authors: Gianinetti Alberto
Published: February 2017

Any change in the physical world is consequent to a net force levelling down
available energy. Different features of a system, or process, can determine on which
properties of the system the levelling force eventually operates. Examples are the
equilibration of the pressure of a gas, of the temperature of bodies, of the concentration
of solutions, of the position of a body with respect to a fluid in the presence of a
gravitational field, and so on. All these phenomena occur because of the levelling force
and are associated with an entropy increase. The entropy increase can be calculated
through specific relationships.
An Account of Thermodynamic Entropy
Authors: Gianinetti Alberto
Published: February 2017

The second law of thermodynamics is an example of the fundamental laws that govern our universe and is relevant to every branch of science exploring the physical world. This reference summarizes knowledge and concepts about the second law of thermodynamics and entropy. A verbatim explanation of chemical thermodynamics is presented by the author, making this text easy to understand for chemistry students, researchers, non-experts, and educators.
Yield and water use efficiency of rice (Oryza sativa L.) relative to scheduling of irrigations
Authors: Basha* Shaik Jaffar , A. Sitha Rama Sarma
Published: February 2017

Irrigation scheduled at seven days’ interval during vegetative stage and four days’ interval during reproductive stage resulted in significantly higher panicle number and panicle weight, filled grains panicle-1 and grain yield. Permanent irrigation and interval irrigation methods had higher yield in comparison with saturated irrigation method in rice. Dry seeded rice significantly increased the water productivity with respect to irrigation water over wet seeded and transplanted rice. Intermittent irrigation in rice cultivation may reduce irrigation water use considerably (27-37%) compared with flooded rice cultivation. aerobic rice significantly required less water (67.91 ha-1 cm) to produce higher or on par yield as compared to transplanted puddled rice (122.59 ha-1 cm). Similarly, WUE was significantly higher in aerobic rice (81.31 kg ha-1 cm) as compared to transplanted rice (36.12 kg ha-1 cm). The irrigation schedule having three days’ drainage period after disappearance of ponded water yielded rice higher with maximum water use efficiency compared to continuous submergence or submergence at critical stages such as tillering, panicle initiation, flowering and milk, followed by saturation or field capacity between intermittent periods.
PENGARUH PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR DAN ASAP CAIR DALAM PENGENDALIAN Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae DAN Pyricularia grisea PADA PADI GOGO GALUR G136 POTENCY OF LIQUID ORGANIC FERTILIZER AND LIQUID SMOKE TO CONTROL (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and Pyricularia grisea IN UPLAND RICE G136 LINE)
Authors: Rusli Iqna Khayatina , Soesanto Loekas , Rahayuniati Ruth Feti
Published: February 2017

Increment of upland rice production in Indonesia faces many problems mainly from kresek caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and blast caused by Pyricularia grisea. The use of Liquid Organic Fertilizer (LOF) and liquid smoke provides an alternative method to control the pathogen. This research aimed at knowing the potency of the leaf fertilizer applied to the soil and the liquid smoke to control the disease in G136 line’s rice and on the crop growth. Randomized Block Design was used with six treatments and replicated four times. The treatments were control without liquid smoke, control with 2% liquid smoke, using 2 ml l-1 LOF Biosena without or with 2% liquid smoke, and using 4 ml l-1 LOF Biosena without or with 2% liquid smoke. The variables observed were incubation period, disease intensity, infection rate, crop height, number of shoots, weight of 1,000 grains and rice production per hectare. The result of the research showed that treatment using the leaf LOF applied to the soil of 4 ml l-1 or 2 ml l-1, and combining with 2% liquid smoke was not able to suppress the kresek and blast development in G136 line. All treatment influenced the number of shoots and the crop height plants, but didn’t influence the weight of 1,000 grains and the rice production per hectare.Peningkatan produksi padi gogo di Indonesia menemui banyak kendala di antaranya adalah penyakit kresek yang disebabkan oleh Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae dan penyakit blas yang disebabkan Pyricularia grisea. Penggunaan pupuk organik cair (POC) dan asap cair merupakan salah satu alternatif dalam pengendalian patogen ini. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi POC daun yang diaplikasikan pada tanah dan asap cair dalam menekan serangan penyebab penyakit pada padi gogo galur G136 serta pengaruhnya terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok terdiri atas enam perlakuan dan empat ulangan, yaitu kontrol tanpa asap cair, kontrol menggunakan asap cair 2%, 2 ml/l POC Biosena tanpa asap cair dan menggunakan asap cair 2%, 4 ml/l POC Biosena tanpa asap cair dan menggunakan asap cair 2%. Variabel yang diamati adalah masa inkubasi, intensitas penyakit, laju infeksi, tinggi tanaman, jumlah anakan, bobot 1.000 bulir, dan produksi padi per hektar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan POC daun yang diaplikasikan pada tanah dengan dosis 4ml/l dan 2 ml/l, serta asap cair 2% belum mampu menekan perkembangan penyakit kresek dan blas pada tanaman padi gogo galur G136. Perlakuan berpengaruh terhadap jumlah anakan dan tinggi tanaman tetapi tidak berpengaruh terhadap bobot 1.000 bulir dan produksi padi per hektar.
Health researcher views on comparative effectiveness research and research engagement
Authors: Forsythe Laura P , Frank Lori B , Workman Thomas A , Borsky Amanda , Hilliard Tandrea , Harwell Daniel , Fayish Lauren
Published: February 2017

Aim:To understand researcher capability for and interest in patient-centered comparative effectiveness research (PC-CER), particularly related to engaging with patients/caregivers.Materials & methods:Web-based survey of 508 health researchers recruited via professional health research organizations.Results:Most respondents (94%) were familiar with CER and many (69%) reported having previously conducting some form of CER. Most respondents were familiar with (81%) and interested in (87%) partnering with patients and/or caregivers in research. Resources to assist in training, coordination of partners, guidance in apply for funding and improved infrastructure were commonly cited factors that would help researchers conduct PC-CER.Conclusion:There is a significant opportunity for researchers to engage patients and caregivers as partners in CER. Researchers recognize the need for additional training and expertise to leverage those opportunities.
Muertes de mujeres y violencia social en tres entidades de la frontera norte de México
Authors: Mora Arellano Felipe , Reguera Torres María Elena , Calvario Parra José Eduardo
Published: February 2017

Las muertes de mujeres con presunción de homicidio en México tuvieron un fuerte ascenso a partir de 2007, cuando el gobierno federal declaró la guerra al narcotráfico. En los estados de Chihuahua, Nuevo León y Tamaulipas, donde se llevaron a cabo operativos militares, aquéllas se incrementaron sin que se tenga hasta ahora una explicación contundente, sólo aproximaciones. El propósito del presente trabajo es describir ciertos elementos del contexto socioeconómico donde ocurrieron las defunciones femeninas con presunción de homicidio, en los ámbitos estatal y municipal, y lograr ciertas caracterizaciones de las áreas geográficas donde sucedieron las muertes, teniendo como telón de fondo el marco de violencia social.
Violencia intrafamiliar y divorcio: las contradicciones entre los dichos legales y los hechos conservadores en Hermosillo, Sonora
Authors: García Figueroa Gabriela
Published: February 2017

El presente artículo es resultado de un proyecto de investigación, cuyo objetivo es mostrar de qué modo el fortalecimiento del conservadurismo moral, que tiende a desecularizar espacios supuestamente secularizados, se manifiesta también a través de políticas que buscan la permanencia de la institución familiar, por encima de los derechos humanos de quienes padecen violencia intrafamiliar, así como de la legislación vigente que los protege. Esto con el fin de reconocer las contradicciones existentes entre lo que establecen las leyes y su aplicación, así como para reflexionar sobre el contexto católico conservador en el que se toman las decisiones públicas en Sonora.
Corporate governance in post-socialist Poland
Authors: Dziembowska Maria
Published: February 2017

In this paper, I focus specifically on how changes in the legal framework shape the ownership and control structure of new and recently privatized companies in the emerging market economy of post-socialist Poland. I discuss the market for capital, which also depends on the legal system, as investors’ decision to invest is bound up with the sort of protection they are likely to receive against those who appropriate their money for the operations of the firm. I argue that governmental actions aimed at stimulating investment and economic development in post-socialist Poland and the emergent model of corporate governance is conditioned both by internal dynamics - such as previous corporate arrangements and the origins of the commercial law - and by external factors - such as EU accession, directives and policies regarding investment obligations and shareholder rights.
UNIVERSALITAS DAN PARTIKULARITAS HAK ASASI MANUSIA DALAM UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 1 TAHUN 1974 TENTANG PERKAWINAN
Authors: Wahyudi Abdullah Tri
Published: February 2017

Human rights are a fundamental right or fundamental rights of existing and human beings, often called the human rights (human rights). So human rights are basic rights or the rights of human subjects brought from birth as a gift / gift of God Almighty. This right is fundamental in nature and is a natural right that can not be separated from and in human life.Marriage is a basic human right that is rights to form families in marriage and with their particularities in the Marriage Act which regulates marriage, will result in their universality and particularity of human rights in the regulation of marriage in Indonesia.Universality and particularity of human rights in Law No. 1 Year 1974 on Marriage. So this study can answer the question about how the universality of human rights in Law No. 1 Year 1974 on Marriage and how the particularity of human rights in Law No. 1 Year 1974 on Marriage.
FIDUCIARY DALAM PRODUK-PRODUK PERBANKAN SYARIAH
Authors: Susila Jaka
Published: February 2017

Pada perkembangan perbankan Indonesia, perbankan Syariah menunjukkan eksistensinya karena dapat terbebas dari negatif spread. Di sisi lain, kenyataan bahwa transaksi muamalah sering tidak sesuai dengan konsep agama Islam. Dimana masih ada praktek di antara masyarakat yang tidak mengindahkan norma-norma dan sistem syariah. Sebagai bukti konkret dalam masalah ini adalah kebiasaan sebagian masyarakat yang meminjam uang kepada rentenir dan masih belum mau meminjam uang kepada bank syariahPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pemahaman mengenai perbankan syariah, serta produk-produknya dan mengetahui fiduciary biasa dapat dipergunakan dalam produk perbankan syariahHasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) Perbankan syariah tidak memiliki perbedaan dengan perbankan konvensional kecuali pada produk perbankan syariah dimana produk perbankan yang mengandung rasa keadilan, dan solusi yang ditawarkan adalah pembebasan segala perhitungan dengan rate-interest. (2) fiduciary merupakan fleksibilitas yang dapat dipraktekkan dalam pinjaman mudarabah, dalam bentuk kafalah ataupun doman.
A histological evaluation of bone tissue response to a sealer based on calcium hydroxide: An experimental study
Authors: Nikolic Marija , Petrovic Aleksandar , Mitic Aleksandar , Popovic Jelena , Nikolic Ivan , Dacic Stefan , Gasic Jovanka
Published: February 2017

Introduction/Objective. The success of endodontic treatment depends on the effective removal of root content, the elimination of infection, and the hermetical sealing of the root system using a compatible material. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the tissue response to the implant of endodontic material based on calcium hydroxide into the bone in the artificially prepared defect in a rat mandible. Methods. The research was carried out on 40 Wistar rats. The artificial defect was made between the midline and the mental foramen on the left side of the mandible. The prepared defect was left to heal spontaneously in animals of the control group, while among the animals of the experimental group the sealer Apexit (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Lichtenstein) was implanted into the experimental defect. The tissue samples consisting of the experimental field and the surrounding bone were microscopically analyzed with a light microscope. Results. During the initial phase, 15 days after the implantation, signs of chronic inflammation were noted and expansion of the Volkmann?s and Haversian canals. On the 30th day after the implantation, osteosynthetic activity and filling with newly-formed bone were noted. Changes were also noted in cement lines in the wider region of the experimental defect. Sixty days following the implantation, the bone was gradually remodeled. Ninety days after the implantation, a restitutio ad integrum was noted. Conclusion. Apexit does not lead to any disruptions in normal reparation processes nor in morphofunctional relations in bone tissue during the remodeling phase.
Identification of Unique Antigenic Determinants in the Amino Terminus of IA-2 (ICA512) in Childhood and Adult Autoimmune Diabetes: New Biomarker Development
Authors: Acevedo-Calado Maria , James Eddie A. , Morran Michael P. , Pietropaolo Susan L. , Ouyang Qin , Arribas-Layton David , Songini Marco , Liguori Marco , Casu Anna , Auchus Richard J. , Huang Shuai , Yu Liping , Michels Aaron , Gianani Roberto , Pietropaolo Massimo
Published: February 2017

OBJECTIVE

The characterization of diverse subtypes of diabetes is a dynamic field of clinical research and an active area of discussion. The objective of this study was to identify new antigenic determinants in the neuroendocrine autoantigen IA-2 (ICA512) and assess whether circulating autoantibodies directed to new IA-2 epitopes identify autoimmune diabetes in young and adult populations with diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Clinically diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes (n = 258; diabetes duration: 0.01–31 years) were evaluated using a new biomarker detecting autoantibodies directed to the extracellular domain of the neuroendocrine autoantigen IA-2 (IA-2ec). The proportion of IA-2ec autoantibodies was also evaluated in newly diagnosed patients with type 1 diabetes (n = 150; diabetes duration: 0.04–0.49 years). In addition, IA-2 (intracellular domain), GAD65, and zinc transporter 8 autoantibodies were assayed.

RESULTS

IA-2ec autoantibodies were detected in patients with type 1 diabetes and, surprisingly, in 5% of patients with type 2 diabetes without serologic responses to other IA-2 antigenic epitopes or other islet autoantigens. We also assessed the ability of IA-2ec–derived peptides to elicit CD4+ T-cell responses by stimulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with type 1 diabetes (n = 18) and HLA-matched healthy subjects (n = 13) with peptides and staining with the peptide/DQ8-specific tetramers, observing disease-associated responses to previously unreported epitopes within IA-2ec.

CONCLUSIONS

We developed a new antibody biomarker identifying novel antigenic determinants within the N terminus of IA-2. IA-2ec autoantibodies can be detected in patients with type 1 diabetes and in a subgroup of adult autoimmune patients with type 2 diabetes phenotype negative for conventional islet autoantibody testing. These observations suggest that islet autoimmunity may be more common in clinically diagnosed type 2 diabetes than previously observed.
Proinflammatory Cytokines Predict the Incidence and Progression of Distal Sensorimotor Polyneuropathy: KORA F4/FF4 Study
Authors: Herder Christian , Kannenberg Julia M. , Huth Cornelia , Carstensen-Kirberg Maren , Rathmann Wolfgang , Koenig Wolfgang , Heier Margit , Püttgen Sonja , Thorand Barbara , Peters Annette , Roden Michael , Meisinger Christa , Ziegler Dan
Published: February 2017

OBJECTIVE

Experimental and epidemiological studies have implicated inflammatory processes in the pathogenesis of distal sensorimotor polyneuropathy (DSPN), but prospective studies are lacking. We hypothesized that biomarkers of inflammation predict the development and progression of DSPN in a population-based cohort.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

This study was based on participants aged 62–81 years from the Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg (KORA) F4/FF4 cohort, with a mean follow-up of 6.5 years. The predictive value of systemic levels of eight biomarkers of inflammation was assessed for incident DSPN in 133 incident case subjects and 397 individuals without incident DSPN, and for DSPN progression in 57 patients with prevalent DSPN at both time points.

RESULTS

Higher hs-CRP, interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM-1) and lower adiponectin levels were associated with incident DSPN in age- and sex-adjusted analysis; IL-18 and omentin were not. IL-6 (odds ratio 1.31 [95% CI 1.00–1.71]) and TNF-α (odds ratio 1.31 [95% CI 1.03–1.67]) remained associated with incident DSPN after adjusting for known DSPN risk factors. The addition of both cytokines to a clinical risk model improved model fit and reclassification. sICAM-1 and IL-1RA were positively associated with progression of DSPN.

CONCLUSIONS

Systemic subclinical and vascular inflammation predicted both the onset and progression of DSPN over 6.5 years in an older general population. Thus modulation of inflammatory processes may be relevant to prevent and/or treat diabetic neuropathy.
Elaboración de un programa de Seguimiento de Egresados para Licenciatura
Authors: Sánchez Domínguez Juan Pablo
Published: February 2017

En el presente trabajo se analiza la implementación de un “modelo institucional” para el seguimiento de egresados llevado a cabo en la Universidad Autónoma del Carmen, se consideran las problemáticas en su estructuración, a propósito de su eficacia para la obtención de resultados significativos. A partir del análisis realizado, se propone un nuevo programa que cumpla con los requerimientos teóricos y metodológicos estipulados para este tipo de estudios.
Evaluation of Roundabout-Related Single-Vehicle Crashes
Authors: Burdett Beau , Bill Andrea R. , Noyce David A.
Published: February 2017

Roundabouts reduce fatal and injury crashes at intersections when converted from other intersection control types. In Wisconsin, roundabouts have been linked to a 38% decrease in fatal and injury crashes. Part of this reduction can be attributed to crash types that result in the mitigation of more serious injuries. However, the reduction comes at a cost because other crash types, such as single-vehicle collisions, may increase. Six years of crash data on 53 roundabouts in Wisconsin were examined for crash causes and geometric characteristics that affected single-vehicle crashes. Weather and impaired driving, particularly by younger drivers, were primary causes for more than half of all single-vehicle crashes at the study roundabouts. Younger drivers (18 to 24 years of age) were involved in a significantly higher proportion of single-vehicle crashes than the total proportion of licensed drivers in that age group. Younger drivers were involved in approximately one-third of all crashes that involved impaired driving and in two-thirds of all speed-related single-vehicle crashes. A negative binomial model was constructed to estimate run-off-road crashes at approaches. It was found that roundabouts with higher approach speeds and higher traffic volumes experienced more run-off-road crashes. Landscaped central islands experienced significantly lower frequencies of run-off-road crashes.
Pod Maturity in the Shelling Process
Authors: Carter E.T. , Rowland D.L. , Tillman B.L. , Erickson J.E. , Grey T.L. , Gillett-Kaufman J.L. , Clark M.W.
Published: February 2017

Determining an optimum harvest maturity for indeterminate crops such as peanut is critical because it directly affects yield and grade. Historically, the assumption has been that growers will harvest at optimum maturity due to the positive impact on these two characteristics. However, the increased acreage under management by a single farmer may cause growers to harvest prior to optimum maturity. The impact of peanut maturity on seed quality may not be fully understood by producers, where immature seed may have reduced emergence and vigor. Research was conducted to quantify the maturity of seed peanuts received by the Florida Foundation Seed Producers, Inc. (FFSP) at various stages of the shelling process: samples received from the field; after the in-shell samples were cleaned; after in-shell pre-sizing into two size classes; and after separation of in-shell samples at the gravity deck. Samples collected at each stage were pressure-washed to remove the exocarp and then separated into yellow and brown/black color classes based on the maturity board. Pods within each color class were counted, dried, weighed, and graded. Maturity at each sheller stage was assessed for three peanut cultivars. For the field stage, across all cultivars, 56% of pods were in the mature, or brown/black color class. This was well below the level of 70-80% in the brown/black class purported to be the maturity level that optimizes yield and grade. Cleaning had a minor impact on maturity percentages (average percent mature was 64% across all cultivars after passing through the mechanical cleaning process); however, in the pre-shelling sizing process where pods are sorted into “lead” and “small” baskets representing large and small pods, respectively, the maturity percentage was improved to 75% in the large pods and declined to 45% in the small pods. These results indicate that: 1) maturity levels of cultivars harvested in the field may not be optimal; and 2) that improvements could be made in maturity percentages by modifying the shelling process to separate the larger pods which are more likely to be mature than the smaller pods. These results also suggest that seed peanut lots are unlikely to be composed entirely of mature pods, that large numbers of immature pods could make it through the shelling process and that immature seed are planted by farmers. This could explain some cases of suboptimal plant stands in peanut.
Effects of Solvent and Side-Chain Length on the Cycloaddition of Cyclopentadiene to N-alkylmaleimides: A Dft Study
Authors: Karimi Javad
Published: February 2017

Quantum chemistry calculations have been performed to investigate the kinetics and mechanism of the cycloaddition reaction between cyclopentadiene and N-alkylmaleimides in the gas phase and different solvents. To investigate the effects of side-chain length on the cycloaddition reaction, the rate constants and kinetic parameters of the reaction between cyclopentadiene with N-methyl-, N-ethyl-, N-propyl- and N-butyl-maleimide were calculated. The results obtained indicate that the reaction in solvents is faster than in the gas phase. Moreover, the dipole moments of the transition states are larger than those of the reactants. Therefore, the reactions in the most polar solvent (water) are faster than in ethanol, n-hexane, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE) and acetonitrile. Quantum mechanics-molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculations on the reactions using the explicit solvent model for water and TFE indicate that hydrogen bond interactions of the solvents have a key role in the rate of the reaction and these are more important than the polarity of the solvent. Natural bond orbital analysis reveals that the charge transfer between the reactants in solvents is more than in the gas phase. Finally, HOMO–LUMO analysis indicates that solvents increase the reactivity of the reactants in comparison to the gas phase.
L’arc et l’olivier
Authors: Sauge André
Published: February 2017

À la fin de l’Odyssée, le concours de l’arc permettrait à Ulysse de se faire reconnaître des prétendants, puis de son épouse. L’étude montre que l’usage d’un arc aux caractéristiques singulières, dans un concours, était un mode d’élection royale, mais que Pénélope en soumettant son mari, qui s’était fait reconnaître d’elle, à cette épreuve, s’intéressait à autre chose qu’à ses aspirations à la royauté.