bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Safety of aerosolized liposomal versus deoxycholate amphotericin B formulations for prevention of invasive fungal infections following lung transplantation: a retrospective study
Authors: Lowry C.M. , Marty F.M. , Vargas S.O. , Lee J.T. , Fiumara K. , Deykin A. , Baden L.R.
Published: May 2007

Abstract: Background. Nebulized amphotericin B deoxycholate (AmBd) has been used to prevent invasive pulmonary aspergillosis after lung transplantation.

Methods. In this retrospective study we compared the safety and tolerability of nebulized AmBd and nebulized liposomal amphotericin B (L‐AmB) in 38 consecutive lung transplant recipients. Progress notes, medication administration records, microbiology, and pulmonary function reports were reviewed. Histologic sections from lung tissue were examined. Plasma amphotericin B levels were measured.

Results. A total of 1206 doses of AmBd and 1149 doses of L‐AmB were administered. Eighteen patients received AmBd only, 11 received L‐AmB only, and 9 received the medications sequentially. The total number of complaints vs. the number of doses administered was 1.0% for AmBd‐treated patients and 1.2% for L‐AmB‐treated patients. No differences were observed between the treatment groups on lung biopsy specimens. Plasma amphotericin B levels were <0.2–0.9 μg/mL in AmBd‐treated patients and <0.2 μg/mL in L‐AmB‐treated patients.

Conclusions. In lung transplant recipients, both inhaled AmBd and L‐AmB were safe and well tolerated over a large number of medication exposures.
Propofol versus alfentanil to prevent movement responses during uterine curettage
Authors: Seitsonen E. R. J. , Cohen‐Laroque E.‐S. , Van Gils M. J. , Korttila K. T. , Neuvonen P. J. , Yli‐Hankala A. M.
Published: May 2007

Background:  Propofol anaesthesia is frequently associated with movement responses in non‐paralysed patients. Opioids decrease the probability of movement during noxious stimulation. Heart rate variability and frontal electromyography (EMG), which are related to subcortical functions, may be more closely related than surface electroencephalography (EEG) to movement responses to noxious stimulation.

Methods:  Eighty‐two patients scheduled for uterine dilatation and curettage were randomized to receive at the first intra‐operative movement either a supplemental alfentanil bolus, 0.5 mg intravenously, or a supplemental propofol bolus, 0.7 mg/kg intravenously. The incidences of recurring movement during the procedure were compared between the two groups. The associations of a measure of heart rate variability (Anemon index), heart rate, EMG and two EEG variables with movement responses were evaluated.

Results:  The incidences of recurring movement were 73% and 38% in the alfentanil and propofol groups, respectively [difference, 35%; 95% confidence interval, 9–56%; P= 0.014 between the groups). The Anemon index, heart rate, EMG and surface EEG variables displayed mainly reactive associations with movement responses.

Conclusion:  During uterine curettage under propofol–alfentanil–nitrous oxide anaesthesia, a propofol bolus of 0.7 mg/kg was more effective in preventing the recurrence of movement responses than an alfentanil bolus of 0.5 mg. Several physiological variables may be used to track significant arousal reactions, but not to predict them.
Interpopulation variation in predator foraging behaviour promotes the evolutionary divergence of prey
Authors: TOJU H.
Published: May 2007

Despite intensive investigation of the role of predation on evolutionary processes, few studies have questioned the possibility of the evolutionary divergence of prey populations in response to interpopulation variation in predator foraging behaviour. In an interaction between a seed‐predatory insect, the camellia weevil (Curculio camelliae), and its host plant, the Japanese camellia (Camellia japonica), I tested whether the evolutionary differentiation of the plant's defensive trait, pericarp thickness, was related to the interpopulation variation in the foraging behaviour of female weevils. I found that the preference of weevils for the plant fruit based on pericarp thickness varied across 13 populations in Japan. Importantly, variation in weevil behaviour explained interpopulation variation in pericarp thickness and the direction/strength of natural selection on the trait. Overall, I show that adaptive foraging of predators can result in the evolutionary divergence of predator–prey interactions.
The degree of adaptive phenotypic plasticity is correlated with the spatial environmental heterogeneity experienced by island populations of Rana temporaria
Authors: LIND M. I. , JOHANSSON F.
Published: May 2007

Although theoretical models have identified environmental heterogeneity as a prerequisite for the evolution of adaptive plasticity, this relationship has not yet been demonstrated experimentally. Because of pool desiccation risk, adaptation of development rate is important for many amphibians. In a simulated pool‐drying experiment, we compared the development time and phenotypic plasticity in development time of populations of the common frog Rana temporaria, originating from 14 neighbouring islands off the coast of northern Sweden. Drying regime of pools used by frogs for breeding differed within and among the islands. We found that the degree of phenotypic plasticity in development time was positively correlated with the spatial variation in the pool‐drying regimes present on each island. In addition, local adaptation in development time to the mean drying rate of the pools on each island was found. Hence, our study demonstrates the connection between environmental heterogeneity and developmental plasticity at the island population level, and also highlights the importance of the interplay between local specialization and phenotypic plasticity depending on the local selection pressures.
Context‐dependent development of sexual ornamentation: implications for a trade‐off between current and future breeding efforts
Authors: BADYAEV A. V. , VLECK C. M.
Published: May 2007

Allocation of resources into the development of sexual displays is determined by a trade‐off between the competing demands of current reproduction and self‐maintenance. When reproduction overlaps with acquisition of sexual ornamentation, such as in birds with a yearly post‐breeding moult, such a trade‐off can be expressed in elaboration of sexual traits used in subsequent matings. In turn, selection for elaboration of sexual ornaments should favour resolution of this trade‐off through a modification of the ornaments’ development, resulting in variable and life history‐dependent development of sexual displays. Here we examined a novel hypothesis that the trade‐off between current reproduction and development of sexual ornamentation in the house finch (Carpodacus mexicanus) can be mediated by the shared effects of prolactin – a pituitary hormone that regulates both parental care and moult in this species. We compared developmental variation in sexual ornamentation between breeding, nonbreeding, and juvenile males and examined the relative contribution of residual levels of prolactin and individual condition during moult to the acquisition of sexual ornamentation. Males that invested heavily in parental care entered post‐breeding moult in lower condition and later in the season, but their higher plasma prolactin was associated with shorter and more intense moult ultimately resulting in equal or greater elaboration of sexual ornamentation compared with nonparental males. Elaboration of sexual ornamentation of nonparental males that entered moult in greater condition, but with lower prolactin, was produced by longer and earlier moult and by lesser overlap in moult between sexual ornaments. Ornamentation of juvenile males that acquire sexual ornamentation for the first time was closely associated with physiological condition during moult. We discuss the implications of such context‐dependent ontogenies of sexual ornamentation and resulting differences in condition‐dependence of sexual traits across life history stages on the evolution of female preference for elaborated sexual displays.
QTL for popping characteristics in popcorn
Authors: Li Y. L. , Dong Y. B. , Niu S. Z. , Cui D. Q.
Published: May 2007

Popping volume (PV), flake size (FS) and popping rate (PR) are three important popping characteristics in popcorn (Zea mays L.). We developed 259 F2:3 lines from a cross between a dent corn inbred ‘Dan232’ and a popcorn inbred ‘N04’ that were grown during spring and summer to evaluate the three popping characteristics. Fifteen quantitative trait loci (QTL) were detected on chromosomes 1, 2, 5, 6, 7 and 8 using composite interval mapping. The numbers of QTL were 6, 4 and 5 for PV, FS and PR, respectively, with phenotypic variance explained ranging from 4.9% to 15.6% for a single QTL, accounting for a total of 54.0%, 34.5% and 39.1% of the total phenotypic variance respectively. Partially dominance and overdominance effects played an important role in popping characteristics. Only 13 pairs of digenic interactions were detected. The QTL on chromosome bin 1.05–1.06 for PV and PR, and 5.07 for FS were in accordance with previous reports and could be good candidate QTL for marker‐assisted selection. There was a significant correlation amongst QTL on chromosomes 1, 6 and 8 for PV and PR.
Interspecific hybridization in the genusTrifolium
Authors: Abberton M. T.
Published: May 2007

The genusTrifolium(Leguminosae) or clovers includes a number of agriculturally important forage species. In particularTrifolium repens(white clover) andTrifolium pratense(red clover) are widely used in temperate livestock agriculture. Interspecific crossing programmes within this genus have been carried out for more than 50 years, in many cases involving embryo rescue or ovule culture techniques. In general, the aims of these have been twofold: to aid understanding of evolutionary relationships within the genus and to introgress useful traits, predominantly into white or red clover. In the case of white clover, the greatest efforts have been made with respect to crossing withTrifolium nigrescensandTrifolium ambiguum. Novel germplasm has been developed and useful traits transferred, although no material has yet been commercialized. The main emphasis with respect to red clover has been increasing longevity through crosses with more persistent species, particularlyTrifolium medium. Again, this work has not yet resulted in new varieties. Wider crossing programmes, allied in recent years to comparisons at the DNA level, have shed considerable light on the systematics and evolution of the genus. The future of interspecific hybridization for improvement of the agriculturally important clovers and the role of molecular approaches in this are discussed.
Effect of strain waveform on creep‐fatigue life for Sn–8Zn–3Bi solder
Authors: YAMAMOTO T. , IWATA M. , SAKANE M. , TSUKADA Y. , NISHIMURA H.
Published: May 2007

This paper describes the creep‐fatigue life of Sn–8Zn–3Bi under push–pull loading. Creep‐fatigue tests were carried out using Sn–8Zn–3Bi specimens in fast–fast, fast–slow, slow–fast, slow–slow and hold–time strain waveforms. Creep‐fatigue lives in the slow–slow and hold‐time waveforms showed a small reduction from the fast–fast lives but those in the slow–fast and fast–slow waveforms showed a significant reduction from the fast–fast lives. Conventional creep‐fatigue life prediction methods were applied to the experimental data and the applicability of the methods was discussed. Creep‐fatigue characteristics of Sn–8Zn–3Bi were compared with those of Sn–3.5Ag and Sn–37Pb.
Retracted Geographical variation in cloacal microflora and bacterial antibiotic resistance in a threatened avian scavenger in relation to diet and livestock farming practices
Authors: Blanco Guillermo , Lemus Jesús A. , Grande Javier , Gangoso Laura , Grande Juan M. , Donázar José A. , Arroyo Bernardo , Frías Oscar , Hiraldo Fernando
Published: May 2007

The impact on wildlife health of the increase in the use of antimicrobial agents with the intensification of livestock production remains unknown. The composition, richness and prevalence of cloacal microflora as well as bacterial resistance to antibiotics in nestlings and full‐grown Egyptian vultures Neophron percnopterus were assessed in four areas of Spain in which the degree of farming intensification differs. Differences in diet composition, especially the role of stabled livestock carrion, appear to govern the similarities of bacterial flora composition among continental populations, while the insular vulture population (Fuerteventura, Canary Islands) showed differences attributed to isolation. Evidence of a positive relationship between the consumption of stabled livestock carrion and bacterial resistance to multiple antibiotics was found. Bacterial resistance was high for semisynthetic penicillins and enrofloxacin, especially in the area with the most intensive stabled livestock production. The pattern of antibiotic resistance was similar for the different bacterial species within each area. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics may be determined by resistance of bacteria present in the livestock meat remains that constituted the food of this species, as indicated by the fact that resistance to each antibiotic was correlated in Escherichia coli isolated from swine carrion and Egyptian vulture nestlings. In addition, resistance in normal faecal bacteria (present in the microflora of both livestock and vultures) was higher than in Staphylococcus epidermidis, a species indicator of the transient flora acquired presumably through the consumption of wild rabbits. Potential negative effects of the use of antimicrobials in livestock farming included the direct ingestion of these drug residues and the effects of bacterial antibiotic resistance on the health of scavengers.
A −243A→G polymorphism upstream of the gene encoding GAD65 associates with lower levels of body mass index and glycaemia in a population‐based sample of 5857 middle‐aged White subjects
Authors: Boesgaard T. W. , Castella S. I. , Andersen G. , Albrechtsen A. , Sparsø T. , Borch‐Johnsen K. , Jørgensen T. , Hansen T. , Pedersen O.
Published: May 2007

Aims  The glutamate decarboxylase gene (GAD2) encodes GAD65, an enzyme catalysing the production of the γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) which interacts with neuropeptide Y to stimulate food intake. It has been suggested that in pancreatic islets, GABA serves as a functional regulator of pancreatic hormone release. Conflicting results have been reported concerning the potential impact of GAD2 variation on estimates of energy metabolism. The aim of this study was to elucidate potential associations between the GAD2−243A→G polymorphism and levels of body mass index (BMI) and estimates of glycaemia.

Methods  Using high‐throughput chip‐based matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry, the GAD2−243A→G (rs2236418) polymorphism was genotyped in a population‐based sample (Inter99) of 5857 middle‐aged, unrelated Danish White subjects.

Results  The G‐allele was associated with modestly lower BMI (P = 0.01). In a case–control study of obesity, the G‐allele frequency in 2582 participants with BMI < 25 kg/m2 was 19.5% (18.4–20.6) compared with 17.1% (15.5–18.8) in 968 participants having BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 (P = 0.03), odds ratio 0.9 (0.7–1.0). Of the 5857 subjects, GG carriers had lower fasting plasma glucose levels (mmol/l) [AA (n = 3859) 5.6 ± 0.8; AG (n = 1792) 5.5 ± 0.8; GG (n = 206) 5.5 ± 0.8, P = 0.008] and lower 30‐min oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)‐related plasma glucose levels (AA 8.7 ± 1.9; AG 8.6 ± 1.9; GG 8.6 ± 2.0, P = 0.04), adjusted for sex, age and BMI. Analysing subjects who were both normoglycaemic and glucose tolerant (n = 4431) GG carriers still had lower fasting plasma glucose concentrations: AA (n = 2895) 5.3 ± 0.4; AG (n = 1383) 5.3 ± 0.4; GG (n = 153) 5.2 ± 0.4 (P = 9.10−5).

Conclusion  The present study suggests that the GAD2−243A→G polymorphism in a population of middle‐aged White people associates with a modest reduction in BMI and fasting and OGTT‐related plasma glucose levels.
Interpersonal Orientation in Context: Correlates and Effects of Interpersonal Complementarity on Subjective and Cardiovascular Experiences
Authors: Smith Jessi L. , Ruiz John M.
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT
Interpersonal orientation (IO) generally refers to individual differences in preference for social interaction. The influence of IO, however, likely depends on the nature of complementarity within the interpersonal context. Using the interpersonal circumplex and Five‐Factor Model, we first selected a measure of IO characterized by affiliation and neuroticism. Second, we examined the influence of IO on subjective, physiological, and nonverbal experiences as a function of experimentally manipulated complementarity or noncomplementarity. We hypothesized that women in noncomplementarity conditions (i.e., women low in IO working with a friendly confederate, women high in IO working with an unfriendly confederate) would experience the interpersonal situation more negatively compared to women in complementarity conditions. Study results confirmed this prediction, with noncomplementarity in IO resulting in greater physiological reactivity, greater likelihood to attempt nonverbally to restore complementarity, more partner‐related thoughts, and a reduced desire to seek out attention compared to women working in complementarity conditions. Implications for research on IO as a person variable are discussed.
Religion as Culture: Religious Individualism and Collectivism Among American Catholics, Jews, and Protestants
Authors: Cohen Adam B. , Hill Peter C.
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT
We propose the theory that religious cultures vary in individualistic and collectivistic aspects of religiousness and spirituality. Study 1 showed that religion for Jews is about community and biological descent but about personal beliefs for Protestants. Intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity were intercorrelated and endorsed differently by Jews, Catholics, and Protestants in a pattern that supports the theory that intrinsic religiosity relates to personal religion, whereas extrinsic religiosity stresses community and ritual (Studies 2 and 3). Important life experiences were likely to be social for Jews but focused on God for Protestants, with Catholics in between (Study 4). We conclude with three perspectives in understanding the complex relationships between religion and culture.
Grading, Minimum Quality Standards, and the Labeling of Genetically Modified Products
Authors: Lapan Harvey , Moschini GianCarlo
Published: May 2007

We relate the labeling of genetically modified (GM) products to the theory of grading and minimum quality standards. The model represents three stages in the supply chain, assumes a vertical product differentiation framework, allows for the accidental commingling of non‐GM products, and treats regulation as a purity threshold for non‐GM products. We find that a non‐GM purity level that is too strict leads to the disappearance of the non‐GM product, and that some quality standard benefits farmers. Indeed, the standard that is optimal from the perspective of producers is stricter than what is optimal for consumers and for societal welfare.
Style and Performance of Agricultural Market Advisory Services
Authors: Cabrini Silvina M. , Irwin Scott H. , Good Darrel L.
Published: May 2007

This article develops measures of marketing style for advisory programs in corn and soybeans and estimates the relationship between style characteristics and pricing performance. Style is measured by the intensity of futures and options use, degree of activeness in marketing, and seasonality of sales. The data set consists of advisory programs tracked by the AgMAS project at the University of Illinois between 1995 and 2004. Results indicate that active programs making large bets on price movements obtain a higher average price than more conservative programs. This is consistent with active advisors possessing superior information and/or analytical skills rather than being overconfident. However, estimates of the relationship between pricing performance and activeness are sensitive to the inclusion of a single high‐performing program.
International Comparisons of Levels of Capital Input and Multi-Factor Productivity
Authors: Schreyer Paul
Published: May 2007

The paper uses a method by Christensen et al. to construct crosscountry comparisons of the levels of capital input, capital and labour productivity and multi-factor productivity. These results are used to decompose international differences in gross domestic product per capita into differences in labour utilization, information and communication technology (ICT) and non-ICT capital intensity and multi-factor productivity for seven Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries. We provide Monte Carlo estimates to examine the effects of measurement errors in the base data, and these simulations showed that boundaries for the resulting indicators can be important.
Mind the Gap! International Comparisons of Productivity in Services and Goods Production
Authors: Inklaar Robert , Timmer Marcel P. , Ark Bart van
Published: May 2007

In this paper, we make a comparison of industry output, inputs and productivity growth and levels between seven advanced economies (Australia, Canada, France, Germany, the Netherlands, United Kingdom and United States). Our industry-level growth accounts make use of input data on labour quantity (hours) and composition (schooling levels), and distinguish between six different types of capital assets (including three information and communication technology (ICT) assets). The comparisons of levels rely on industry-specific purchasing power parities (PPPs) for output and inputs, within a consistent input-output framework for the year 1997. Our results show that differences in productivity growth and levels can be mainly traced to market services, not to goods-producing industries. Part of the strong productivity growth in market services in Anglo-Saxon countries, such as in Australia and Canada, may be related to relatively low productivity levels compared with the United States. In contrast, services productivity levels in continental European countries were on par with the United States in 1997, but growth in Europe was much weaker since then. In terms of factor input use, the United States is very different from all other countries, mostly because of the more intensive use of ICT capital in the United States.
Burden of Cluster Headache
Authors: Jensen RM , Lyngberg A , Jensen RH
Published: May 2007

The aim was to analyse the socioeconomic burden of cluster headache in patients from a tertiary headache centre. One hundred consecutive patients from the Danish Headache Centre were invited to an interview about the socioeconomic impact of cluster headache. Work absence and use of medical services were compared with a Danish population-based survey. Eighty-five patients participated; 78% reported restrictions in daily living and 13% also outside of cluster periods; 25% reported a major decrease in their ability to participate in social activities, family life and housework. The disease caused lifestyle changes for 96%, most frequently in sleeping habits and avoidance of alcohol. The absence rate among patients was 30%, which was significantly higher than 12% among the general population ( P < 0.001). Use of health services due to headache was also higher among the patients ( P < 0.001). Cluster headache, although periodic in most cases, has considerable impact on social functions, quality of life and use of healthcare.
Factors Associated With The Prophylactic Effect of Placebo Injections in Subjects Enrolled in a Study of Botulinum Toxin For Migraine
Authors: Schwedt TJ , Hentz JG , Dodick DW
Published: May 2007

We set out to identify predictors for the prophylactic effect of placebo injections in subjects with migraine by post hoc analysis of 81 subjects with episodic migraine receiving single-blind placebo injections in a prospective trial of botulinum toxin. Possible predictors of placebo prophylaxis were compared among placebo responders (PRs) and placebo non-responders (PNRs). There were 34 PRs (42%) and 47 PNRs (58%). Male gender [odds ratio (OR) 5.83, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12, 30.14, P = 0.022], a history of opioid use (OR 4.44, 95% CI 1.47, 13.41, P = 0.005) and injections in the neck/shoulders (OR 2.44, 95% CI 0.93, 3.19, P = 0.033) were associated with placebo response. Of subjects with two or more of these signs, 88% were PRs compared with 31% of subjects with one or less. Male gender, opioid use and injections in the neck/shoulders are associated with placebo prophylaxis. These findings may have important implications for the design of future clinical trials and for the clinical management of migraineurs.
Cloning and functional expression of a new epithelial sodium channel δ subunit isoform differentially expressed in neurons of the human and monkey telencephalon
Authors: Giraldez Teresa , Afonso‐Oramas Domingo , Cruz‐Muros Ignacio , Garcia‐Marin Victor , Pagel Philipp , González‐Hernández Tomás , De La Rosa Diego Alvarez
Published: May 2007

Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is a member of the ENaC/degenerin family of amiloride‐sensitive, non‐voltage gated sodium ion channels. ENaC α, β and γ subunits are abundantly expressed in epithelial tissues, where they have been well characterized. An ENaC δ subunit has also been described in the human nervous system, although its histological distribution pattern remains unexplored. We have now isolated a novel ENaC δ isoform (δ2) from human brain and studied the expression pattern of both the known (δ1) and the new (δ2) isoforms in the human and monkey telencephalon. ENaC δ2 is produced by a combination of alternative transcription start sites, a frame shift in exon 3 and alternative splicing of exon 4. It forms functional amiloride‐sensitive sodium channels when co‐expressed with ENaC β and γ accessory subunits. Comparison with the classical ENaC channel (αβγ) indicates that the interaction between δ2, β and γ is functionally inefficient. Both ENaC δ isoforms are widely expressed in pyramidal cells of the human and monkey cerebral cortex and in different neuronal populations of telencephalic subcortical nuclei, but double‐labelling experiments demonstrated a low level of co‐localization between isoforms (5–8%), suggesting specific functional roles for each of them.
Implementation and evaluation of an interprofessional education initiative for students in the health professions
Authors: Salvatori Penny S. , Berry Sue C. , Eva Kevin W.
Published: May 2007

This paper reports the results of a 2‐year pilot study that involved 136 students from various health professions in 13 interprofessional education projects in north‐western Ontario, Canada. The educational model was based on principles of problem‐based, self‐directed, small group learning and combined a clinical placement with a series of interprofessional tutorials and other shared learning experiences. Project evaluation entailed the use of both quantitative and qualitative outcome measures. Student ratings revealed a high level of learner satisfaction. There was no change in student perceptions of interprofessional collaboration between pre‐test and post‐test. A difference was observed between professions, with rehabilitation students having more positive perceptions than medical students. Qualitative analysis of student journals revealed four major themes: (i) new insights into interprofessional roles and the potential for collaboration; (ii) increased understanding of aboriginal culture, spirituality and health beliefs; (iii) new insights into healthcare system issues in rural and remote regions; and (iv) reflections on the benefits and challenges to interprofessional learning. Although barriers to implementing interprofessional education exist, the need to overcome them is critical in order to better prepare health professional students for collaborative practice within a changing healthcare system. Lessons learned and strategies for success are discussed.
Modelling the winter distribution of a rare and endangered migrant, the Aquatic Warbler Acrocephalus paludicola
Authors: WALTHER BRUNO A. , SCHÄFFER NORBERT , VAN NIEKERK ADRIAAN , THUILLER WILFRIED , RAHBEK CARSTEN , CHOWN STEVEN L.
Published: May 2007

The Aquatic Warbler Acrocephalus paludicola is one of the most threatened Western Palearctic passerine species, classified as globally Vulnerable. With its breeding grounds relatively secure, a clear need remains for the monitoring and protection of the migration and wintering grounds of this rare and endangered migrant. Recent research has shown that the Aquatic Warbler migrates through northwest Africa in autumn and spring. The wintering grounds are apparently limited to wetlands of sub‐Saharan West Africa, with records from only about 20 localities in Mauritania, Mali, Senegal and Ghana. Given the lack of knowledge of its whereabouts, we decided to use the available data to predict the wintering distribution of the Aquatic Warbler with the help of Geographic Information Systems (GIS). We used a novel approach to model the distribution of rarely recorded species, which is based on a combination of presence‐only and presence–absence modelling techniques. Using the program BIOMOD, we thus generated four progressively more conservative predictions of where the Aquatic Warbler overwinters in Africa. Whereas the most permissive model predicts the Aquatic Warbler to be found in a latitudinal band stretching from the Senegal river delta all the way to the Red Sea coast, the most restrictive model suggests a much smaller area concentrated within the regions around the Senegal river delta in northern Senegal and southern Mauritania and around the Niger inundation zone in southern Mali and eastern Burkina Faso. Such model predictions may be useful guidelines to focus further field research on the Aquatic Warbler. Given the excellent model predictions in this study, this novel technique may prove useful to model the distribution of other rare and endangered species, thus providing a means to guide future survey efforts.
Fluid Force Predictions and Experimental Measurements for a Magnetically Levitated Pediatric Ventricular Assist Device
Authors: Throckmorton Amy L. , Untaroiu Alexandrina , Lim D. Scott , Wood Houston G. , Allaire Paul E.
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  The latest generation of artificial blood pumps incorporates the use of magnetic bearings to levitate the rotating component of the pump, the impeller. A magnetic suspension prevents the rotating impeller from contacting the internal surfaces of the pump and reduces regions of stagnant and high shear flow that surround fluid or mechanical bearings. Applying this third‐generation technology, the Virginia Artificial Heart Institute has developed a ventricular assist device (VAD) to support infants and children. In consideration of the suspension design, the axial and radial fluid forces exerted on the rotor of the pediatric VAD were estimated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) such that fluid perturbations would be counterbalanced. In addition, a prototype was built for experimental measurements of the axial fluid forces and estimations of the radial fluid forces during operation using a blood analog mixture. The axial fluid forces for a centered impeller position were found to range from 0.5 ± 0.01 to 1 ± 0.02 N in magnitude for 0.5 ± 0.095 to 3.5 ± 0.164 Lpm over rotational speeds of 6110 ± 0.39 to 8030 ±  0.57% rpm. The CFD predictions for the axial forces deviated from the experimental data by approximately 8.5% with a maximum difference of 18% at higher flow rates. Similarly for the off‐centered impeller conditions, the maximum radial fluid force along the y‐axis was found to be −0.57 ± 0.17 N. The maximum cross‐coupling force in the x direction was found to be larger with a maximum value of 0.74 ± 0.22 N. This resulted in a 25–35% overestimate of the radial fluid force as compared to the CFD predictions; this overestimation will lead to a far more robust magnetic suspension design. The axial and radial forces estimated from the computational results are well within a range over which a compact magnetic suspension can compensate for flow perturbations. This study also serves as an effective and novel design methodology for blood pump developers employing magnetic suspensions. Following a final design evaluation, a magnetically suspended pediatric VAD will be constructed for extensive hydraulic and animal testing as well as additional validation of this design methodology.
Numerical and In Vitro Investigations of Pressure Rise in a New Hydrodynamic Blood Bearing
Authors: Chan Weng‐Kong , Ooi Kim‐Tiow , Loh Yan‐Chuan
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  The reliability and simplicity of rotor bearing are vital to the success of long‐term implantation of rotary blood pumps. This article describes both numerical and in vitro studies of the pressure rise in a 5‐cm‐diameter spiral groove bearing. Results show that the simplified analytical model overpredicts the pressure rise across the bearing while the results from a more comprehensive three‐dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model agree well with the measurements. The discrepancy between the analytical model and the measurements is attributed to the exclusion of the fluid inertia effects in the analytical model. In addition, the assumption of linear pressure variations at the entrance of the groove and the ridge may have oversimplified the analysis. CFD results show that the pressure variation at the entrance of the groove and ridge is nonlinear. A correction factor taking into consideration the fluid inertia effect has been incorporated, and the modified analytical results agreed well with the measurement as well as that of the more comprehensive CFD model. The pressure generated is sufficient to lift the rotor, and this design provides the designer an alternative design for passive bearing.
Induction of Metallothionein in Mesothelial Cells by Zinc
Authors: Alscher Dominik M. , Biegger Dagmar , Kuhlmann Ulrich , Fritz Peter
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  Patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) are exposed to peritoneal dialysis fluids with unphysiological properties. Local defense systems are of importance. In this respect, metallothionein (MT) might play an important role. Because nothing is known about the achievability of MT induction in peritoneum by zinc, we performed the following study. We investigated human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMC) from omentum and a mesothelioma cell (MTC) line after addition of zinc in concentrations from 35 to 350 µM. Measurements of MT‐mRNA and protein (by immuncytochemistry [IHC], Western blots, and dot blots) were performed. Zinc caused a clear and highly significant fourfold increase of RNA in MTC and to a lower extent in HPMC (1.6‐fold, P < 0.001). IHC demonstrated a clear induction in HPMC and MTC. Western and dot blots confirmed this and showed an increase of MT from 112‐mg/g total protein (TP) to 410‐mg/g TP. Zinc was able to upregulate MT significantly in HPMC and MTC on the RNA and protein level. Fourfold increases of MT were achievable.
Surgical Outcome in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex: A Multicenter Survey
Authors: Madhavan Deepak , Schaffer Sarah , Yankovsky Alexei , Arzimanoglou Alexis , Renaldo Florence , Zaroff Charles M. , LaJoie Josiane , Weiner Howard L. , Andermann Eva , Franz David N. , Leonard Jennifer , Connolly Mary , Cascino Greg D. , Devinsky Orrin
Published: May 2007

Summary:  Multicenter, retrospective analysis of 70 subjects with TSC following surgery for relief of epilepsy revealed significant associations between younger age at seizure onset, present/prior history of infantile spasms, interictal focality (bilateral versus unilateral), and absence of residual postoperative predominant tuber, and poorer postoperative outcome (p < 0.01). Ictal multifocality, mental retardation, and discordant EEG and MRI data showed a negative trend toward outcome, but were not significant.
Epilepsy Surgery in Tuberous Sclerosis: A Systematic Review
Authors: Jansen Floor E. , Van Huffelen Alexander. C. , Algra †§Ale , Van Nieuwenhuizen Onno
Published: May 2007

Summary: Purpose:Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is often associated with intractable epilepsy. Although epilepsy surgery has gained interest in recent years uncertainties exist about which patients are good surgical candidates. A systematic review of the available literature has been undertaken to assess the overall outcome of epilepsy surgery and identify risk factors of seizure recurrence.

Methods:We searched MEDLINE, Embase, and bibliographies of reviews and book chapters to identify articles published in English since 1960. Twenty‐five articles, describing postoperative seizure outcome and type of surgery in 177 TSC patients, were included in this study. Seizure outcome was analyzed both as seizure freedom and good outcome, including patients with >90% seizure reduction.

Results:Seizure freedom was achieved in 101 patients (57%). Seizure frequency was improved by > 90% in 32 patients (18%). Moderate or severe intellectual disability (IQ < 70) (RR 1.8; 95% CI 1.2–2.8) and the presence of tonic seizures (RR 1.7; 95 % CI 1.2–2.4) were related to seizure recurrence.

Conclusions:A relation between multiple seizures types with early onset, multiple cortical tubers and multifocal epileptogenicity, and poor outcome is not supported by this systematic analysis. Although there is considerable variation among studies reviewed here, the literature suggests that resective surgery may offer benefit in a selected population of TSC patients with drug‐resistant epilepsy.
Beating Heart Mitral Valve Replacement with a Bovine Pericardial Bioprosthesis for Treatment of Mitral Valve Dysplasia in a Bull Terrier
Authors: BEHR LUC , CHETBOUL VALÉRIE , SAMPEDRANO CAROLINA CARLOS , VASSILIKI GOUNI , POUCHELON JEAN‐LOUIS , LABORDE FRANÇOIS , BORENSTEIN NICOLAS
Published: May 2007

Objectives—To describe an open, beating heart surgical technique and use of a bovine pericardial prosthetic valve for mitral valve replacement (MVR) in the dog.

Study Design—Clinical case report.

Animals—Male Bull Terrier (17‐month‐old, 26 kg) with mitral valve dysplasia and severe regurgitation.

Methods—A bovine pericardial bioprosthesis was used to replace the mitral valve using an open beating heart surgical technique and cardiopulmonary bypass.

Results—Successful MVR was achieved using a beating heart technique. Mitral regurgitation resolved and cardiac performances improved (left ventricular end‐diastolic diameter decreased from 57.6 to 48.7 mm, and left atrium/aorta ratio returned to almost normal, from 1.62 to 1.19). Cardiopulmonary by‐pass time and total surgical duration were decreased compared with standard cardioplegic techniques. Surgical recovery was uneventful and on echocardiography 6 months later valve function was excellent.

Conclusion—Considering the technique advantages (no cardiac arrest, ischemic reperfusion injury, and hypothermia, or the need for aortic dissection and cannulation for administration of cardioplegic solution), short‐term mortality and morbidity may be reduced compared with standard cardioplegic techniques.

Clinical Relevance—Based on experience in this dog, beating heart mitral valvular replacement is a seemingly safe and viable option for the dog and bovine pericardial prosthesis may provide better long‐term survival than mechanical prostheses.
Surgical and Interventional Radiographic Treatment of Dogs with Hepatic Arteriovenous Fistulae
Authors: CHANOIT GUILLAUME , KYLES ANDREW E. , WEISSE CHICK , HARDIE ELIZABETH M.
Published: May 2007

Objective—To report outcome after surgical and interventional radiographic treatment of hepatic arteriovenous fistulae (HAVF) in dogs.

Study Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—Dogs (n=20) with HAVF.

Methods—Medical records of dogs with HAVF were reviewed. Referring veterinarians and owners were contacted by telephone. History, clinical signs, biochemical and hematologic variables, ultrasonographic and angiographic findings, surgical findings, techniques used to correct the HAVF, survival time, and clinical follow‐up were recorded.

Results—Canine HAVF often appeared to be an arteriovenous malformation rather than a single fistula. Multiple extrahepatic portosystemic shunts were identified in 19 dogs. Surgery (lobectomy or ligation of the nutrient artery) and/or interventional radiology (glue embolization of the abnormal arterial vessels) was performed in 17 dogs. Thirteen dogs were treated by surgery alone, 4 dogs by glue embolization alone, and 1 dog by glue embolization and surgery. Three dogs treated by surgery alone died <1 month later, and 3 dogs were subsequently euthanatized or died because of persistent clinical signs. None of the dogs treated by glue embolization died <1month after the procedure and all were alive, without clinical signs, at follow‐up (9–17 months). Overall, 9 of 12 (75%) dogs with long‐term follow‐up required dietary or medical management of clinical signs.

Conclusion—HAVF‐related death occurred less frequently after glue embolization than after surgery.

Clinical Relevance—Glue embolization may be a good alternative to surgery for treatment of certain canine HAVF.
Structural basis for red cell phenotypic changes in newly identified, naturally occurring subgroup mutants of the human blood group B glycosyltransferase
Authors: Hosseini‐Maaf Bahram , Letts James A. , Persson Mattias , Smart Elizabeth , LePennec Pierre‐Yves , Hustinx Hein , Zhao Zhihon , Palcic Monica M. , Evans Stephen V. , Chester M. Alan , Olsson Martin L.
Published: May 2007

BACKGROUND: Four amino‐acid‐changing polymorphisms differentiate the blood group A and B alleles. Multiple missense mutations are associated with weak expression of A and B antigens but the structural changes causing subgroups have not been studied.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Individuals or families having serologically weak B antigen on their red cells were studied. Alleles were characterized by sequencing of exons 1 through 7 in the ABO gene. Single crystal X‐ray diffraction, three‐dimensional‐structure molecular modeling, and enzyme kinetics showed the effects of the B allele mutations on the glycosyltransferases.

RESULTS: Seven unrelated individuals with weak B phenotypes possessed seven different B alleles, five of which are new and result in substitution of highly conserved amino acids: M189V, I192T, F216I, D262N, and A268T. One of these (F216I) was due to a hybrid allele resulting from recombination between B and O1v alleles. The two other alleles were recently described in other ethnic groups and result in V175M and L232P. The first crystal‐structure determination (A268T) of a subgroup glycosyltransferase and molecular modeling (F216I, D262N, L232P) indicated conformational changes in the enzyme that could explain the diminished enzyme activity. The effect of three mutations could not be visualized since they occur in a disordered loop.

CONCLUSION: The genetic background for Bw phenotypes is very heterogeneous but usually arises through seemingly random missense mutations throughout the last ABO exon. The targeted amino acid residues, however, are well conserved during evolution. Based on analysis of the resulting structural changes in the glycosyltransferase, the mutations are likely to disrupt molecular bonds of importance for enzymatic function.
Management and outcome of 200 cases of fetomaternal alloimmune thrombocytopenia
Authors: Ghevaert Cedric , Campbell Kate , Walton Jill , Smith Graham A. , Allen Dave , Williamson Lorna M. , Ouwehand Willem H. , Ranasinghe Edmund
Published: May 2007

BACKGROUND: Fetomaternal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FMAIT) is the commonest cause of severe thrombocytopenia in term neonates but its management remains controversial.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A 7‐year prospective observational study of 200 cases of FMAIT evaluated the relationship between human platelet antigen (HPA) antibody specificity, clinical presentation, morbidity, mortality, and therapeutic interventions in the antenatal and postnatal period, with long‐term follow‐up of neonates with intracranial hemorrhage (ICH).

RESULTS: In 1148 referrals for FMAIT, HPA antibodies were confirmed in 200 (17%). The commonest specificities were anti‐HPA‐1a, 150 (75%); anti‐HPA‐5b, 31 (15.5%); and anti‐HPA‐15b, 8 (4%). Of 123 (62%) cases (two sets of twins) with no previous history of FMAIT, intrauterine deaths occurred in 5: anti‐HPA‐1a alone, 3; in combination with anti‐HPA‐5b, 1; and anti‐HPA‐15b, 1. Of the 120 live neonates, 103 had severe thrombocytopenia and 17 (14%) developed ICH (anti‐HPA‐1a, 13; anti‐HPA‐5b, 3; anti‐HPA‐15b, 1). Postnatal care varied widely with 37 percent of neonates receiving random rather than HPA‐1a and ‐5b–negative platelets. Of the remaining 77 cases with a history of FMAIT, 40 received intrauterine transfusions. Six (15%) of these fetuses died in utero and an additional 2 developed ICH postnatally. Of the 19 children with ICH, 1 (anti‐HPA‐15b) died on Day +1, and neurologic sequelae persist in 13 (mean follow‐up, 2.5 years).

CONCLUSION: HPA‐1a antibodies are most commonly implicated in severe thrombocytopenia but HPA‐5b and HPA‐15b antibodies can also result in poor outcome. Postnatal transfusion management is extremely variable, and fetal transfusions are associated with significant morbidity and mortality.
Gender, Entrepreneurship, and Bank Lending: The Criteria and Processes Used by Bank Loan Officers in Assessing Applications
Authors: Carter Sara , Shaw Eleanor , Lam Wing , Wilson Fiona
Published: May 2007

Previous research provides unequivocal evidence that women–owned businesses start with both lower levels of overall capitalization and lower ratios of debt finance. Structural dissimilarities between male–owned and female–owned businesses explain most, but by no means all, of these contrasting funding profiles. Explanations of residual differences, viewed in terms of supply–side discrimination or demand–side debt and risk aversion, remain controversial. Using experimental and qualitative methodologies, this study explores the role of gender in bank lending decisions, focusing on the criteria and processes used by male and female loan officers. Results reveal similarities in the criteria used to assess male and female applicants but show modest differences in the emphasis given to certain criteria by male and female lending officers. The processes used by male and female lending officers to negotiate loan applications revealed the greatest differences.