bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONIST “I” AS IRONIST: TOWARD ALTERNATIVE WORLDS*
Authors: Tam William L.
Published: January 2008

Symbolic Interactionist Irony (SII) has as its aspiration, possibility, and achievement the creation of alternative worlds of seeing and doing. The constituent features of irony as detached from and skeptical of all available perspectives elevate its status to that as transcendental of extant reality. The internal logic‐of‐discovery and reflexive mood of SII conclude that all knowledge have an inseparable personal and autonomous basis. Hence, there are alternative ways but no final way of knowing. Knowledge without final truth value is–and can only be–an alternative world of seeing and doing. Nonetheless, an ironic alternative world is seen as an emergent that has its own integrity from the interaction of facts against analytic perspectives. The works of Erving Goffman and Joseph R. Gusfield, and their roots in the writings of Kenneth Burke, are read as having conceptual resonance for SII as an intellectual style. An ironic reading is thus offered of how SII practice is possible and how this practice refocuses the worlds of seeing and doing.
Theory in Ethno‐Logic*
Authors: Hamill James F.
Published: January 2008

Because thought processes underlie all human action and can distinguish one culture from another, the social sciences must face the problem of determining how people think. Reasoning can be viewed as abstract and not connected to any particular human activity, as it is in philosophical logic, or it can be seen as a process in a particular linguistic, social and cultural setting, as it is in ethno‐logic. Recently anthropologists, developmental psychologists and other scholars working under the general rubric of cognitive science have studied issues in ethno‐logic but these studies are flawed because the researchers accepted philosophical logic as the norm under which they judged the actions of their subjects. Good theory in ethno‐logic can only come from study which describes thought processes from the natives point of view. One such theory states that conclusions are logically established on the semantic structure of the argument. This theory accounts for both universal and culture specific aspects of reasoning, is testable, opens new areas of research and provides researchers with a firmly grounded method for using meaning to account for behavior.
PAUSES: EXPLORATIONS IN SOCIAL RHYTHM
Authors: Snow Robert P. , Brissett Dennis
Published: January 2008

Despite the ubiquity of pauses in the personal and social fabric of everyday life, sociological analysis of this phenomenon has been limited in both scope and concern. In this article it is argued that pausing should not be relegated to the status of a residual category nor should pauses merely be conceptualized as breaks in action or periods of inactivity. Rather, it is suggested that pauses are an essential element of the social rhythm that demonstrates degrees of personal and community well‐being and vitality. As well, pausing may be an important, perhaps even necessary, part of the process of commitment and self‐esteem. A typology of pauses is offered and the implications of pausing in establishing the rhythm of human behavior are discussed.
ON SEMIOTICS AND SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
Authors: Denzin Norman K.
Published: January 2008

The place of semiotics within symbolic interactionist thought is discussed. The works of Barthes and Baudrillard are examined in terms of their implications for (1) an interactionist theory of the cultural object and (2) an interpretation of consumer relations in the postmodern period. The narrative texts of advertisements for Jack Daniel's Whiskey** and Dewar's White Label Scotch*** are analyzed in terms of the political economy of the sign suggested by Baudrillard and Barthes. The implications of this analysis for the symbolic interactionist theory of the object and language are discussed.

The subject matter that now confronts us supersedes symbolic interaction; rather it is the process surrounding the autonomization of signs; signs that stand for—and refer to—nothing but themselves.
SIMMEL'S FORMS OF EXPERIENCING: THE ADVENTURE AS SYMBOLIC WORK
Authors: Wanderer Jules J.
Published: January 2008

Simmel says the content of experience does not make the adventure, the form does! To help clarify this remark, the Simmelian adventurer here is recast, following leads from Mead, Burke, and the pragmatists, as an ephemeral role incumbent engaged in symbolic work. The adventure is presented in terms of symbolic conversions of the content of life's experiences—physical things, social things, events, and persons—into objects of adventure. The form of experiencing engages the adventurer in symbolic work in which she or he symbolically synthesizes, antagonizes, and compromises Simmel's fundamental categories of life: certainty‐uncertainty, chance‐necessity, and passivity‐activity.
THE DEGRADATION OF THE SACRED: APPROACHES OF COOLEY AND GOFFMAN
Authors: Creelan Paul
Published: January 2008

Charles Horton Cooley and Erving Goffman both have provided similar, although usually overlooked, contributions to a sociology of religion and culture, namely, their analysis of the process whereby sacred representations of the self‐transcending aspect of human nature frequently devolve into fragmented or distorted cultural symbols that increasingly provide legitimation for self‐interest alone. Cooley's writings revolve around the dynamic whereby the cultural symbols of Christian mysticism degenerate into the liberal models of economic man. Goffman's work centers around the manner in which sacred rituals, originally emblematic of the social, are degraded and distorted by the onset of self‐interested motivations.
THE PROBLEM OF CHANGE IN EMOTIONS RESEARCH: NEW STANDARDS FOR ANGER IN TWENTIETH‐CENTURY AMERICAN CHILDREARING
Authors: Stearns Peter N.
Published: January 2008

A considerable body of historical work has recently been devoted to the study of emotion. Particular attention has been drawn to major changes during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in Western emotional standards, and probably in emotional experience as well, as West European and American society moved toward more commercial, secular bases and as intense community ties diminished. This article summarizes and evaluates this literature, assessing the importance of dealing with change, and the causation and impact of change, in emotions research. Although change is not uniform in the history of the study of emotion, such that the early modern transformation of love, anger, grief, and other emotions stands out, important shifts have developed in more recent decades as well. The second half of the article offers a case study of one such shift, as childrearing standards toward anger moved from an emphasis on channeling the emotion toward useful ends to an effort to repress or defuse anger through talking‐out. This change, with interesting echoes in American adult perceptions, can be explained by new behavioral science emphases (on aggression) but particularly by the shift toward a service, and thus customer‐pleasing, economy.
HERBERT BLUMER'S CONCEPTUAL IMPACT
Authors: Becker Howard S.
Published: January 2008

Blumer's conceptual development was particularly crucial to the development of sociology. Despite his many talents, Blumer's importance as a sociologist stems from his profound theoretical contributions. He affected the discipline through his insistence on precision of thought in a field that let fuzzy ideas and meaningless numbers take its place. In addition, he offered a serious axiomatic‐deductive theory to sociology. Although we do not always recognize his impact, few sociologists are untouched by his work. Ultimately Blumer's impact is what we make it by our own practice.
THE POLITICS OF HERBERT BLUMER'S SOCIOLOGICAL METHOD
Authors: Wellman David
Published: January 2008

Prevailing wisdom among sociologists is that Herbert Blumer's sociology is not useful in modern contexts because he did not provide a method for researching his ideas. This article contends that Blumer's appreciative view of the actor's perspective is a methodological contribution; and that his methodological perspective is political in two respects: it is anti‐elitist and democratic.
Play Theory of Delinquency: Toward a General Theory of “Action”
Authors: Sato Ikuya
Published: January 2008

This article presents an exploratory conceptual framework for the understanding and analysis of the “play” quality of delinquency by reviewing urban ethnographies treating the relationship between group delinquency and play. An examination of interpretations of the causal mechanism of “action” shows that situation‐specific definitions of the situation or “frames” rather than self‐sustaining and autonomous (sub)cultural imperatives regulate the active pursuits of youths. This article argues that playlike deviance arises when there is a precarious balance between the playlike definitions of the situation and the definitions of the situation associated with the primary reality. Collective encouragement, intense involvement, and a challenge to reach the limit are mentioned as three elements of action that lead to fatal and irrevocable consequences.
Symbols of Collective Memory: The Social Process of Memorializing May 4, 1970, at Kent State University
Authors: Gregory Stanford W. , Lewis Jerry M.
Published: January 2008

Monument and memorial building is one of the more dramatic forms of symbolic expression. This form of symbolic expression represents aspects of a community's collective history; and its existence thereby serves to crystallize consensus and solidarity. The building of the memorial is a dialectic of symbolic interaction explicated through use of a social process model. This article will first describe the theoretical issues involved with collective representation and memory. The theoretical base when applied to the activity of memorial building generates a social process model. The model is described by application to the building of various memorials, but particular interest will be focused upon the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D. C. The model suggests how creation of this type of symbolic work involves a complicated organization of social norms or conventions. Part of this organization involves merging norms from a specialized genre of the art world with norms of collective representation residing in the non‐professional community. Administrative bureaucracies and political institutions play important roles as well. After the authors explicate the social process model, they apply it to the experience of memorializing students killed and wounded at Kent State University on May 4, 1970. Erection of this memorial involves a process of constructing collective memory in such a way as to create moral unity within the community.
Fighting Words: What We Can Learn from Hitler's Hyperbole
Authors: Blain Michael
Published: January 2008

The question of why human beings fight wars continues to stalk modern thought. This article treats Hitler's national socialist discourse as an extreme example of the social construction of a social problem, a cultural paradigm of how to talk people into fighting revolutions and wars. Drawing upon recent work in rhetorical studies by Gusfield and others, I show how political agents concoct a rhetoric of motives which they use to incite their followers to fight their enemies. The formal and poetic features of this system of discourse are identified and explicated. We can learn many things from Hitler. By identifying his technique, we can recognize when political agents are using the same technique and counter its seductive effects. We learn that the main effect of war rhetoric is social integration through the constitution of common enemies. And finally, we realize that wars are made to happen through the calculated use of symbolic practices. War is not, as many have argued, a fall into a latent animality, but an expression of our symbol‐mindedness–our capacity to make and use hyperboles.
Morally Controversial Leisure: The Social World of Gun Collectors
Authors: Olmsted A. D.
Published: January 2008

In this article I examine the world of gun collectors. When dealing, collecting and showing this group sees guns as fascinating collectibles. Yet, collecting and other leisure pursuits are often controversial. Academics, politicians and media persons perceive gun collectors and their collections as symbols of deviance and their guns as threats to society. The moral controversy created by the anti‐gun position, and the gun collectors' accounts of their activities, shows how other hobbies may become social problems.
Letters From Pamela: Reading Howard S. Becker's Writing(s) for Social Scientists
Authors: Clough Patricia Ticineto
Published: January 2008

A deconstructive reading of a text is only in part an argument that can be abstracted. More than that, a reading deconstructs a text to make explicit how that text implicates a certain kind of reader. The reading can celebrate, resist, or essentialize the very construction of the reader by that text My reading of Becker's Writing for Social Scientists is a resisting reading which focuses: 1) on the formal aspects of the writing style that Becker endorses for social scientists, and 2) on the figure of the woman which Becker uses as a vehicle of “the structure of feeling” that promotes the message of his text.
About Steaks Liking to be Eaten: The Conflicting Views of Symbolic Interactions and Talcott Parsons Concerning the Nature of Relations Between Persons and Nonhuman Objects
Authors: Cohen Joseph
Published: January 2008

Reasoning on the basis of the nature of a series of characteristics of social systems, Talcott Parsons asserted that relations of persons with others are interactional, but that their relations with what he called nonsocial objects‐physical and cultural objects‐are other than interactional. Logical as well as common sense considerations show that persons do interact both with categories of objects. Symbolic interactionists hold that interaction of persons with nonhuman objects‐their designation of what Parsons called nonsocial objects‐occurs during the course of the persons taking the roles of such objects internally with presumed mutuality, that is thinking about them, and interpreting them as one or another of three different kinds of signs. In the symbolic interactionist perspective, the overarching background of all interaction is the active self mediating reflexively between the persons and whatever kinds of objects with which they are involved.
Six Rules of Qualitative Research: A Post‐Romantic Argument
Authors: Silverman David
Published: January 2008

Qualitative sociology too easily succumbs to a ‘Romantic’ impulse. In a sociological context, the Romantic seeks to understand raw ‘experience’, usually by the use of unstructured interviews. Such work can lack analytic rigour, failing to distinguish the sociologist from the journalist. Following Wittgenstein and Garfinkel, the approach adopted here emphasizes the forms of representation and contexts which inform practical reasoning. It recommends a non‐Romantic sociology–an aspiration curiously shared by Durkheim–and suggests some ways to pursue it.
Distance and Conversation
Authors: Gurevitch Z. D.
Published: January 2008

Whenever faces are engaged in a face‐to‐face conversation distance is evoked between them as a “common dialogic space” that both connects and separates. This space must be dealt with in conversation. The habitual tendency is to cover it up by formulating a topic that is external to the immediate relation. Keeping the topic going “holds” the separate parties together in an ongoing engagement. When the topic for some reason fails to hold, the gap between the participants is exposed and they fall embarrassedly into silence. There are, however, ways to give presence to distance and still contain it within the bounds of the conversation. What this calls for is a recognition of the other as Other and of the speaking voice as an emergent self rather than an utterance subordinate to the external topic. A discussion of the phenomenon of distance from the perspectives of speaker and hearer is followed by an examination of its effects on the seriousness of the conversation.
Patriarchal Women: A Case Study of Newly Orthodox Jewish Women
Authors: Kaufman Debra Renee
Published: January 2008

Although it seems obvious why men might turn to a community steeped in patriarchal tradition, it is much more difficult to explain women's attraction. To explain their attraction the author conducted in‐depth interviews with 75 newly orthodox Jewish women. Although many of these women began their journeys toward Jewish Orthodoxy partly as a backlash against feminism or any liberation movement they perceived as placing individual freedom above social responsibility, the data also suggest that almost all of them selectively incorporate and adapt some protofeminist values about the family and about men. This article explores the ways in which these women seem to make “feminist” sense out of patriarchal religion and social strucuture.
THE SOCIAL REALITY OF PERSPECTIVES: ON G.H. MEAD'S POTENTIAL RELEVANCE FOR THE ANALYSIS OF CONTEMPORARY SOCIETIES
Authors: Lüscher Kurt
Published: January 2008

Mead's rarely explored notion of an “objective reality of perspectives” serves as a point of departure for a discussion of the implications of his work for general sociological theory and the analysis of contemporary societies. The epistemological background is explored to the point where sociology can be viewed as pragmatist mode of response to the inevitable relativity of knowledge. Mead's well known theory of identity formation plays an essential role in this context. The concept of perspective may serve as bridge for a generalization of the notion of identity in order to demonstrate the genuine sociological character of Mead's work. Illustrations are provided of the potential inherent in Mead's thought for research and to the study of contemporary societies. Finally sociology itself is conceived as a special kind of perspective, concerned with the inevitable perspectivity of human behavior.
RETHINKING VICTIMIZATION: AN INTERACTIONAL APPROACH TO VICTIMOLOGY
Authors: Holstein James A. , Miller Gale
Published: January 2008

This article suggests an interactional approach for analyzing victimization–that is, the social processes through which person come to be known and understood as victims. The authors conceptualize victimization in terms of interactional and descriptive practices through which victim status is assigned to persons and/or groups. Using data from the public media and fieldwork in everyday settings, the authors illustrate some techniques, objectives, and outcomes of victimization. The authors conclude by recommending several issues and directions for study that would be appropriate for victimological research that construes victims as interactionally constituted.
Sociological Introspection and Emotional Experience
Authors: Ellis Carolyn
Published: January 2008

Although social constructionists now study emotions, they neglect what emotion feels like and how it is experienced. This paper argues that social constructionists can and should study how private and social experience are fused in felt emotions. Resurrecting introspection (conscious awareness of awareness or self‐examination) as a systematic sociological technique will allow social constructionists to examine emotion as a product of the individual processing of meaning as well as socially shared cognitions. Examining introspection as a sociological process, this paper argues that introspection can generate interpretive materials from self and others useful for understanding the lived experience of emotions. Findings from four studies–one, self‐introspective, and the other three, interactive introspective examinations with co‐investigators–provide information about the subjective part of emotion. They demonstrate the advantages of introspection in dealing with the complex, ambiguous, and processual nature of emotional experience.
Court Communities as Social Worlds
Authors: Ulmer Jeffery T.
Published: January 2008

The Contours of Justice: Communities and Their Courts, by James Eisenstein
The Sea Monster: An Ethnographic Drama
Authors: Richardson Laurel , Lockridge Ernest
Published: January 2008

The characters are Laurel, a sociologist, and Ernest, a novelist. They live together, and they have been writing, and talking about writing for years. There is also a discussant who lives in Laurel's study.

The drama begins in a neo‐colonial home in the heartland of America, where Laurel—who has been invited to be a “Discussant” of “Ethnographic Novels” at the Society for the Study of Symbolic Interactionism‐Stone Symposium at St. Petersburg Beach—is waking up.
Sex, Sacredness, and Structure: Contributions to the Sociology of Collective Dreams
Authors: Vester Heinz‐Günter
Published: January 2008

The article starts with a metaphoric and rhetorical use of the dream concept and then deals with collective dreams. Borrowing ideas from Freud, Durkheim, and Levi‐Strauss, concepts are developed to describe collective dreams, for example, the American Dream. I demonstrate that binary oppositions, such as Durkheim's “sacred versus profane” distinction, structure collective dreams. Different forms of symbolic operation are described.
The Effect of Social Class on the Adjudication of Criminal Cases: Class‐linked Behavior Tendencies, Common Sense, and the Interpretive Procedures of Court‐appointed Defense Attorneys
Authors: Emmelman Debra S.
Published: January 2008

This article addresses some important issues concerning the effect of social class on criminal case outcomes. Although the findings reported here support Donald Black's (1989) argument that a defendant's relative social class effects the quantity of law applied to a criminal case, they also indicate that this influence occurs through actors' interpretive procedures. Specifically, one group of court‐appointed defense attorneys link behavior tendencies to court actors characterized as different social class types. These behavior tendencies are expressed through the grammar and rhetoric of “common sense”—a knowledge system which is evoked throughout all types of judicial proceedings. The attorneys' expectations of court actors shape their behavior such that lower‐class defendants are likely to endure a greater quantity of law. The article concludes with some suggestions on how researchers might reconsider studying the effect of social class on criminal case outcomes.
Laughter, the Best Mediation: Humor as Emotion Management in Interaction
Authors: Francis Linda E.
Published: January 2008

Recent work in emotions and emotion management suggests that humor is a social phenomenon and serves an important purpose in interaction. That is, humor can be viewed as interpersonal emotion management, whose purpose is to manage the emotions of others as well as of the self. This article offers the following definition as an analytical tool: humor as emotion management is an expert cultural performance; which strengthens or restores the feeling norms of the situation and creates amusement in the self and others; generating positive sentiments among members of an interacting group by bonding them and/or reducing an external threat; often at the expense of some excluded person(s), event(s), or object(s).
Selves and a Changing Social Form: Notes on Three Types of Hospitality
Authors: Olesen Virginia
Published: January 2008

Taking hospitality as a social form, analysis of three altering types (domestic, airline, the hospice) shows reflections of social and economic forces that change the form and interactions within it and, hence, the selves of the interactants. It is suggested that symbolic interactionists pay particular attention to the dynamics of social forms as a way to link situated activity and larger social and economic forces.
Laughter in the Clinic: Humor as Social Organization
Authors: Yoels William C. , Clair Jeffrey Michael
Published: January 2008

While humor has been studied empirically in a wide variety of organizational settings, other than Coser's (1959) study of a private psychiatric hospital, its actual usage in medical locales has barely been addressed. This article extends Coser's analysis by examining humor as a central dimension of social organization in a university‐based outpatient clinic. Using observational data gathered during a two‐year period, we examine interactions between key participants in clinic life: attending physicians and residents; the residents themselves; residents and nurses; residents/attending physicians and patients; and finally, the researchers and clinic personnel. We demonstrate how humor may bond members through laughter about common concerns and problems, while also marking them off from others with differing concerns. As such, it ideally illustrates the micro/macro interplay of face‐to‐face relations and structural contexts.
Couch theBricoleur: Using Ethnographic and Laboratory Traditions to Establish Data Careers
Authors: Katovich Michael A.
Published: January 2008

Carl Couch reinvigorated the Iowa School of Symbolic Interaction by combining the theoretical and methodological tenets of ethnography and laboratory science. He thus resembled abricoleur, or researcher who masters several seemingly diverse practices in order to create a seamless whole. Couch's new Iowa School also produced abricolage, or a sum total of research findings, that I call a data career. This article pays tribute to Couch thebricoleurand hisbricolageby elaborating on his data career and discussing how he created ethnographies in the laboratory. I further link the notions ofbricoleur, data careers, and ethnographies in the laboratory with Couch's democratic vision. I contextualize this vision in light of a particular representative‐constituent study (RCS) which served as a metaphor for Couch's pragmatic outlook.
Fieldwork and Subjectivity: On the Ritualization of Seeing a Burned Child
Authors: Slobin Kathleen
Published: January 2008

Field research, an exercise undertaken to generate descriptive and analytic studies of human activity in varying social and cultural contexts, is a complex process of framing and unframing undifferentiated experiences. As such, field studies are conditioned by the immediate play of subjectively arrayed cognitive, emotional, perceptual, and linguistic processes even as they are designed for future objective accounts. This article offers a redescription of an emotionally laden encounter with a burned child. The article presents a phenomenological account of the encounter which, as a highly charged event, focuses attention on reflexive processes related to introspection, intersubjectivity, and sensory perception as ritualized aspects of fieldwork. Finally, the concept of ritual is examined in terms of its rhetorical function as a frame for writing lived experience in the field.
Redefining Sex and Intimacy: The Sexual Self‐Images, Outlooks, and Relationships of Gay Men Living with HIV/AIDS
Authors: Sandstrom Kent L.
Published: January 2008

This paper examines how gay men living with HIV disease come to terms with the profound sexual implications of their illness. Based on interviews with 25 gay men diagnosed with HIV/AIDS, this paper highlights (a) the disruptions that these men experience in their sexual feelings and self‐images as a result of their illness; (b) the challenges they encounter in negotiating and sustaining sexual relationships; (c) the declines they experience in their sexual attractiveness, desire, and capacities as their illness advances; and (d) the changed meanings they give to sex and self as they come to terms with the erotic implications of their illness and try to preserve valued, intimate identities. In focusing on these themes, this paper offers an “insider's view” into key dimensions of the moral experience of gay men with HIV/AIDS. It also illustrates how the moral experience of these men shifts over the course of their illness, especially in response to the changes and challenges that arise in their intimate relationships and subcultural networks.

On a broader, analytic level, this paper addresses a research question that has been neglected in previous studies of the experience of illness—that is, how does serious illness affect the sexuality of diagnosed individuals, particularly their construction of sexual and intimate identities? Through examining this question, this paper contributes to and extends the growing interactionist literature on the consequences of illness for self.
Social Construction of Pain and Aging: Individual Artfulness Within Interpretive Structures
Authors: Encandela John A.
Published: January 2008

Collective representations of growing older and experiencing chronic pain have posed limits on ways that individuals can derive meaning for and successfully manage these experiences. Taking the perspective of social constructionism, this article demonstrates (a) that some subcultures provide more positive and useful alternatives to these collective representations, and (b) that individuals themselves have been creative in constituting positive self‐images in the midst of growing older and managing chronic pain. Using data from the author's fieldwork in two continuing‐care retirement communities, the article goes on to address the intersection of subcultural interpretive structures and individual artfulness in the social construction of pain and aging. The data suggest that individual artfulness can be only as creative and liberating as interpretive structures permit. This finding adds to the growing literature (stemming from phenomenology and ethnomethodology) that concentrates on individuals as agents of the social construction of reality as well as social contexts of opportunity, constraints, and resources.
Account Sequences
Authors: Young Robert L.
Published: January 2008

As common features of everyday interaction, social accounts have been studied by scholars from a variety of disciplines. Despite an impressive quantity of research on this topic, however, relatively little of it has focused on the interactional dynamics of the accounting process. This research analyzes account sequences from literary fiction in order to (a) reveal the basic dimensions of account sequences, (b) identify those linguistic moves that mark the beginning and ending of account sequences, and (c) discover the types of linguistic moves that are commonly employed in account sequences. Analysis of these sequences shows that, although traditional models of account sequences are often adequate for the description of dyadic interaction, making sense of account sequences generated by triads and larger units requires a more complex model of the process.
Interactional Past and Potential: The Social Construction of Place Attachment
Authors: Milligan Melinda J.
Published: January 2008

This article presents an interactionist‐based theory of place attachment, the emotional bond formed by an individual to a physical site due to the meaning given to the site through interactional processes, and suggests that such attachment is comprised of two interwoven components: (1) interactional past, or the memories of interactions associated with a site, and (2) interactional potential, or the future experiences perceived as likely or possible to occur in a site. To discuss these components, I use the case of an organization that moved to a new location, thereby disrupting its employees’ place attachment to the original site. Data collection involved questionnaires, participant observation, and interviews.
Illness and the Interactionist Vocation
Authors: Frank Arthur W.
Published: January 2008

The disenchantment of our times is described as a contest between what are called the ride and the story. The ride represents an array of desires to treat the body as a project for perpetual enhancement and medicine as a venue of commodity capitalism. The story imagines illness as a moral project. The interactionist vocation is thus placed in the context of what Weber called our fate: how do we confront the moral dilemma of our present moment?
Who Do I Look Like? Gaining a Sense of Self‐Authenticity Through the Physical Reflections of Others
Authors: March Karen
Published: January 2008

The question Who do I look like? rarely arises for individuals raised in a biological family context. In contrast, searching adoptees report an incomplete sense of physical self from not seeing their bodily traits reflected in biological relatives. Meeting birth relatives and matching physical characteristics creates a stronger sense of self‐authenticity. An analysis of these social processes provides a unique opportunity to contribute to the symbolic interactionist understanding of the relationships existing among the physical body, self, and the reflected appraisals of others. An integration of phenomenological theoretical concepts with symbolic interactionist concepts furthers that understanding.
Exhibiting War, Reconciling Pasts: Photographic Representation and Transnational Commemoration in Contemporary Vietnam
Authors: Schwenkel Christina
Published: January 2008

In April 2000, an exhibit displaying the works of photojournalists killed in action in the Indochinese Wars between 1945 and 1975 opened in Hòò Chíí Minh City. Based on the exhibit and interviews with Vietnamese photographers, this article examines photojournalism on the revolutionary side of the war and its relationship to transnational practices of memory that have transpired in recent years since the normalization of US––Vietnam relations. While scholarly research has focused primarily on US cultural productions of the war, this article incorporates Vietnamese representations into the analysis to compare the distinct and often conflicting visual records of war that the exhibit photographs produced.
Steelhead Growth in a Small Central California Watershed: Upstream and Estuarine Rearing Patterns
Authors: Hayes Sean A. , Bond Morgan H. , Hanson Chad V. , Freund Ellen V. , Smith Jerry J. , Anderson Eric C. , Ammann Arnold J. , MacFarlane R. Bruce
Published: January 2008

We monitored growth and life history pathways of juvenile steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss and compared growth rates between the upper watershed and estuary in Scott Creek, a typical California coastal stream. Growth in the upper watershed was approximately linear from May to December for age‐0 fish. For passive integrated transponder (PIT) tagged, age‐1+ fish, growth transitioned to a cyclic pattern, peaking at 0.2% per day during February‐April, when maximum flows and temperatures of 7‐12°C occurred. Growth of PIT‐tagged fish then slowed during August‐September (0.01% per day), when temperatures were 14‐18°C and flows were low. During each spring, smolts (mean fork length [FL] ± SE = 98.0 ± 1.2 mm) and fry migrated to the estuary; some fish remained there during summer‐fall as low flows and waves resulted in seasonal sandbar formation, which created a warm lagoon and restricted access to the ocean. Growth in the estuary‐lagoon was much higher (0.2‐0.8% per day at 15‐24°C). Our data suggest the existence of three juvenile life history pathways: Upper‐watershed rearing, estuary‐lagoon rearing, and combined upper‐watershed and estuary‐lagoon rearing. We present a model based upon the above data that reports size at age for each juvenile life history type. The majority of fish reaching typical steelhead ocean entry sizes (∼150‐250 mm FL; age 0.8‐3.0) were estuary‐lagoon reared, which indicates a disproportionate contribution of this habitat type to survival of Scott Creek steelhead. In contrast, steelhead from higher latitudes rear in tributaries during summer, taking several years to attain ocean entry size.
Subnotificação de nascidos vivos: procedimentos de mensuração a partir do Sistema de Informação Hospitalar
Authors: Drumond Eliane de Freitas , Machado Carla Jorge , França Elisabeth
Published: January 2008

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a subnotificação de registros de nascidos vivos em sistemas de informação em saúde. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados dados secundários do Sistema de Informação Hospitalar (SIH) e Sistema de Informação sobre Nascidos Vivos (Sinasc) em municípios de Minas Gerais, 2001. A análise foi feita por meio de dois procedimentos: a comparação do número de nascidos vivos por município de residência e a técnica de relacionamento probabilístico de dados individuais. Em ambos os casos, consideraram-se como indicadores de subnotificação as proporções de nascidos vivos informadas ao SIH e não obtidas no Sinasc. Os municípios foram posteriormente agregados em quatro faixas de tamanho populacional. RESULTADOS: O relacionamento probabilístico identificou maior proporção de nascidos vivos subnotificados no Sinasc, relativamente à comparação do número de nascidos vivos nos municípios. As variações das diferenças entre os percentuais de subnotificação por procedimentos foram: 9,4% nos municípios com população menor que 5.000 habitantes; 9,1% nos municípios com população entre 5.000 e 9.999 e 8,0% nos municípios com população entre 10.000 e 49.999 e com mais de 50.000 habitantes. CONCLUSÕES: A magnitude de acréscimos revelou-se sensível ao procedimento adotado. O relacionamento probabilístico incrementou certeza no pareamento e possibilitou identificação de maior proporção de casos não registrados no Sinasc, inclusive em grandes municípios. O SIH apresentou-se como importante indicador de subnotificação de nascidos vivos.
Análise custo-efetividade e índice de qualidade da refeição aplicados à Estratégia Global da OMS
Authors: Machado Flávia Mori Sarti , Simões Arlete Naresse
Published: January 2008

OBJETIVO: Testar o uso da metodologia de análise custo-efetividade como instrumento de decisão na produção de refeições para inclusão das recomendações proferidas na Estratégia Global da Organização Mundial da Saúde. MÉTODOS: Cinco opções alternativas de cardápio de café da manhã foram analisadas previamente à implementação da refeição em unidade de alimentação e nutrição de uma universidade do estado de São Paulo, no ano de 2006. O custo de cada opção baseou-se em preços de mercado dos componentes de custo direto. Os benefícios em saúde foram calculados com base em adaptação do Índice de Qualidade da Refeição (IQR). Foram calculadas a razão custo-efetividade dos cardápios pela divisão dos benefícios pelos custos e a razão custo-efetividade incremental pelo diferencial de custo por unidade de benefício adicional. A escolha considerou unidades de benefício à saúde em relação ao custo direto de produção, assim como a efetividade incremental por unidade de custo diferencial. RESULTADOS: A análise resultou na opção mais simples com adição de uma fruta (IQR=64 e custo=R$1,58) como melhor alternativa. Observou-se maior efetividade das alternativas com uma porção de fruta (IQR1=64 / IQR3=58 / IQR5=72) sobre as demais (IQR2=48 / IQR4=58). CONCLUSÕES: O cálculo da razão custo-efetividade permitiu identificar a melhor opção de café da manhã com base na análise custo-efetividade e Índice de Qualidade da Refeição. Tais instrumentos agregam características de facilidade de aplicação e objetividade de avaliação, base fundamental ao processo de inclusão de instituições públicas ou privadas sob as diretrizes da Estratégia Global.
Influência da renda na associação entre disfunção cognitiva e polifarmácia: Projeto Bambuí
Authors: Loyola Filho Antônio I de , Uchoa Elizabeth , Firmo Josélia O A , Lima-Costa Maria Fernanda
Published: January 2008

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência da polifarmácia e a influência da renda na associação entre uso de medicamentos e disfunção cognitiva, entre idosos. MÉTODOS: Dos 1.606 integrantes da linha base da coorte de idosos de Bambuí (Minas Gerais), iniciada em 1997, 1.554 participaram do estudo. Todos os participantes foram submetidos ao questionário mini-exame do estado mental. A associação entre disfunção cognitiva e polifarmácia foi testada por meio de regressões ordinais multivariadas, realizadas para a população total e para cada um dos estratos de renda. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de polifarmácia (consumo de dois ou mais medicamentos) foi de 70,4%, e o número de medicamentos consumidos mostrou-se negativa e independentemente associado à disfunção cognitiva (OR=0,72; IC 95%: 0,55;0,95). Quando estratificada pela renda pessoal (<2 salários mínimos versus > 2), observou-se associação negativa entre uso de medicamentos e disfunção cognitiva entre idosos com renda mais baixa (OR=0,64; IC95%: 0,48;0,86), mas não entre aqueles de renda mais elevada (OR=1,74; IC 95%: 0,81;3,74). CONCLUSÕES: Com referência à associação entre disfunção cognitiva e número de medicamentos consumidos, os resultados indicam desigualdade social no uso de medicamentos. É possível que esses idosos não estejam consumindo os medicamentos necessários ao adequado tratamento de seus problemas de saúde.
Fatores associados à vacinação contra gripe em idosos na região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte
Authors: Lima-Costa Maria Fernanda
Published: January 2008

OBJETIVO: Estimar a cobertura e determinar os fatores associados à vacinação contra a gripe em idosos residentes na comunidade. MÉTODOS: O estudo foi conduzido na região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte em amostra probabilística de 1.786 residentes com>60 anos de idade. A variável dependente foi o relato de vacinação contra a gripe nos 12 meses precedentes. As variáveis independentes incluíram características sociodemográficas, estilos de vida relacionados à saúde; condições de saúde auto-referidas e uso de serviços de saúde. RESULTADOS: A cobertura da vacinação foi de 66,3%. As variáveis que apresentaram associações positivas e independentes com a vacinação foram faixa etária (70-79 e>80 anos; razões de prevalência ajustadas [RP] =1,20 e 1,18, respectivamente), exercícios físicos 6-7 dias por semana nos últimos 90 dias (RP=1,16); ter tido a pressão arterial aferida nos últimos dois anos (RP=2,37) e ter consultado um médico no último ano (1 e >2 consultas; RP=1,28 e 1,32, respectivamente). Associação negativa foi encontrada para ser solteiro (RP=0,82). CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados mostraram que a cobertura da vacinação na população estudada estava próxima à meta de 70% estabelecida pelo Ministério da Saúde. Os fatores associados à vacinação apresentaram estrutura multidimensional, que incluiu características demográficas, hábitos saudáveis e uso de serviços de saúde.
Prevalência do HPV em mulheres rastreadas para o câncer cervical
Authors: Rama Cristina Helena , Roteli-Martins Cecilia Maria , Derchain Sophie Françoise Mauricette , Longatto-Filho Adhemar , Gontijo Renata Clementino , Sarian Luís Otávio Zanatta , Syrjänen Kari , Aldrighi José Mendes
Published: January 2008

OBJETIVO: Analisar a prevalência da infecção genital por papilomavírus humano (HPV) de alto risco por faixa etária e fatores associados. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com amostra de 2.300 mulheres (15-65 anos) que buscaram rastreamento para o câncer cervical entre fevereiro de 2002 e março de 2003 em São Paulo e Campinas, estado de São Paulo. Aplicou-se questionário epidemiológico e realizou-se coleta cervical para citologia oncológica e teste de captura híbrida II. As análises estatísticas empregadas foram teste de qui-quadrado de Pearson e análise multivariada pelo método forward likelihood ratio. RESULTADOS: A prevalência total da infecção genital por HPV de alto risco foi de 17,8%, distribuída nas faixas etárias: 27,1% (<25 anos), 21,3% (25-34 anos), 12,1% (35-44 anos), 12,0% (45-54 anos) e de 13,9% (55-65 anos). Participantes com maior número de parceiros sexuais durante a vida apresentaram maior freqüência da infecção. Relacionamento estável, idade de 35 a 44 anos e ex-fumantes foram associados à proteção da infecção. A infecção genital por HPV de alto risco ocorreu em 14,3% das citologias normais, em 77,8% das lesões escamosas de alto grau e nos dois (100%) casos de carcinoma. CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência da infecção genital por HPV de alto risco na amostra estudada foi alta. Houve predomínio de casos abaixo dos 25 anos e tendência a um novo aumento após os 55 anos, com maior freqüência naqueles com maior número de parceiros sexuais durante a vida.
Helmet use among motorcyclists: observational study in the city of Mar del Plata, Argentina
Authors: Ledesma Rubén Daniel , Peltzer Raquel Inés
Published: January 2008

The objective of the study was to assess the use of helmets in a community where helmet use is mandatory but low as there is no police enforcement. A sample comprising 451 motorcyclists in the city of Mar del Plata, Argentina, was studied in 2006. The following variables were studied: gender, type of motorcycle, weather conditions, time of the day, city area and type of road where motorcyclists traveled. Data were analyzed through a multiple logistic regression model. An overall 40% prevalence (95% CI: 35.5;44.5) of helmet use was found. Higher rates of helmet use were seen among women, and under unfavorable weather conditions, lower rates were found in the city outskirts, and variable use was seen according to the type of motorcycle. There is a need to improve law enforcement and to promote education of motorcyclists.
Formation of Uniform Field Distributions in a Quasi-Optical Waveguide Resonator Containing a Spherical Convex Reflector
Authors: Volodenko A. V. , Gurin O. V. , Degtyarev А. V. , Maslov V. A. , Svich V. A. , Topkov A. N.
Published: January 2008

A technique is suggested for obtaining uniform intensity distributions of the non-Gaussian light beams in quasi-optical resonant cavities formed of waveguide sections. The technique is based on coherent summation of transverse guided modes through variation of the radius of curvature in one of the reflectors. The eigen function expansion is used to develop a theoretical model and calculation algorithm for characteristics of the fundamental mode with a uniformly distributed intensity at the output mirror of the resonator. The existence conditions of the mode under discussion and the stability of its characteristics are analyzed in dependence on parameters of the spherical reflector.
Parental Involvement When Conducting Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Children With Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Suveg Cynthia , Roblek Tami L. , Krain Amy , Aschenbrand Sasha , Ginsburg Golda S.
Published: January 2008

Discusses the potential roles of parents in cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) with anxious youth and how parents can both facilitate and/or impede treatment progress. Parents facilitate the attainment of treatment goals by providing invaluable information regarding the child’s level of functioning and assisting the therapist with the development and implementation of treatment components such as exposure tasks. Parental involvement in treatment also gives the therapist an opportunity to more fully assess and address family factors that may be maintaining the child’s anxiety. Common challenges encountered with parents that may impede treatment progress include rescuing the child from anxious situations, under- or over-involvement in the treatment process, difficulty setting limits, and the presence of parental psychopathology. Finally, the relevance of developmental level, child gender, diagnosis, and the presence of parental psychopathology to the decision of how and when to include parents in treatment is discussed.