bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Method for Presuming Total Output Fluctuation of Highly Penetrated Photovoltaic Generation Considering Mutual Smoothing Effect
Authors: Nagoya Hiroyuki , Komami Shintaro , Ogimoto Kazuhiko
Published: November 2013

Mutual smoothing effect of renewable energy (RE) is quite important because the amount and cost of countermeasures for maintaining soundness of power systems highly depend on evaluation of the effect. In spite of its importance, there is as yet no established method to evaluate the effect. The authors present a method for presuming the total output fluctuations of highly penetrated RE from a few measured data considering the effect. By analyzing the measured data, existing photovoltaic (PV) output fluctuations are revealed to be coherent at slower swing periods and random at faster swing periods. To represent the PV’s output fluctuation tendencies, a “Transfer Hypothesis” is introduced. A “Constant Transfer Swing Period Hypothesis” and “–20 dB/dec Slope Hypothesis” are also introduced. These hypotheses are verified by direct and indirect methods using the measured data. Only 3 sites’ data are able to presume total fluctuation of 15 sites successfully. The relationship between distance and the transfer swing period for every 2 sites out of the 15 sites agrees with these hypotheses. Finally, the authors show the total fluctuation presumption of highly penetrated PV deployment in the Hokuriku region using the proposed methods. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 186(3): 31–42, 2014; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22327
Oxidative Addition of Diorgano Disulfides to Distannyne [{2,6‐(Me2NCH2)2C6H3}Sn]2
Authors: Bouška Marek , Novák Miroslav , Dostál Libor , Růžička Aleš , Mikysek Tomáš , Metelka Radovan , Jambor Roman
Published: November 2013

Reactivity of [{2,6‐(Me2NCH2)2C6H3}Sn]2 (1) towards functionalized diorganodisulfides R2S2 as oxidizing agents was studied. The reactions provided organotin(II) thio derivatives {2,6‐(Me2NCH2)2C6H3}Sn(S2CNMe2) (2), {2,6‐(Me2NCH2)2C6H3}Sn (SC6H4‐2‐NH2) (3) and {2,6‐(Me2NCH2)2C6H3}Sn(SC5H4N) (4). The 119Sn NMR spectroscopic data of 2–4 suggest different electronic saturation of the tin(II) atoms in 2–4, which caused redox stability of 2 and easy oxidation of 3 and 4. The treatment of the latter compounds with diorgano disulfides R2S2 yielded organotin(IV) thio derivatives {2,6‐(Me2NCH2)2C6H3}Sn(SC6H4‐2‐NH2)3 (5) and {2,6‐(Me2NCH2)2C6H3}Sn(SC5H4N)3 (6). In addition, oxidation of 3 and 4 with the radical TEMPO (2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidin‐1‐oxyl) provided organotin(IV) hydroxide [{2,6‐(Me2NCH2)2C6H3}Sn(SC6H4‐2‐NH)(μ‐OH)]2 (7) and organotin(IV) oxide [{2,6‐(Me2NCH2)2C6H3}Sn(SC5H4N)(μ‐O)]3 (8). All prepared compounds 2–8 were characterized by using multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, and the molecular structures of 2, 4, 7 and 8 were determined by using X‐ray diffraction. Compounds 2–4 were also characterized by cyclic voltammetry.
Resveratrol metabolic fingerprinting after acute and chronic intakes of a functional beverage in humans
Authors: Rotches‐Ribalta Maria , Urpi‐Sarda Mireia , Martí Mercè Mercader , Reglero Guillermo , Andres‐Lacueva Cristina
Published: November 2013

The study of the bioavailability of active compounds in functional foods, such as polyphenol‐rich beverages, is required before making nutritional claims. In this work, we aimed to study the urinary excretion of resveratrol (RV), taking into consideration its gut and microbial metabolites after consumption of a functional beverage (FB), applying a ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)‐MS/MS methodology. A randomized, crossover, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind intervention study was performed with 26 volunteers, who consumed 187 mL of a control placebo or a FB in an acute study, and twice a day during 15 days for a chronic consumption study. The whole profile of 21 RV metabolites increased after acute and chronic consumption of the FB with respect to the control‐placebo beverage and to the baseline. Urinary excretion of RV and piceid phase II metabolites was similar after both consumption periods, but a later formation of microbial metabolites required urine sampling of up to 24 h after the consumption of the FB. In addition, the intervariability has been evaluated. This study allows the knowledge of the RV metabolites that reach target tissues where biological activity would be achieved in order to elucidate the beneficial effects of this grape extract FB.
Capillary electrophoresis of urinary prostate glycoproteins assists in the diagnosis of prostate cancer
Authors: Vermassen Tijl , Van Praet Charles , Vanderschaeghe Dieter , Maenhout Thomas , Lumen Nicolaas , Callewaert Nico , Hoebeke Piet , Van Belle Simon , Rottey Sylvie , Delanghe Joris
Published: November 2013

Prostate marker assays are widely used for detection of prostate cancer (PCa) but are associated with considerable sensitivity and specificity problems. Therefore, we investigated prostatic protein glycosylation profiles as a potential biomarker. We determined the urinary asparagine‐linked glycan (N‐glycan) profile of prostatic proteins of healthy volunteers (n = 25), patients with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH; n = 62) and newly diagnosed PCa patients (n = 42) using DNA‐sequencer‐assisted fluorophore‐assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis. Through squeezing of the prostate, a sufficient amount of prostatic proteins was obtained for direct structural analyses of N‐glycan structures. N‐glycans of PCa compared to BPH were characterized by a significant decrease in triantennary structures (p = 0.047) and overall fucosylation (p = 0.026). Prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) and the urinary glycoprofile marker showed comparable overall receiver operating characteristic curve analysis as well as in the diagnostic gray zone with serum PSA values between 4 and 10 μg/L. However, when combining PSA and the urinary glycoprofile marker, the latter gave an additive diagnostic value to serum PSA (p ≤ 0.001). In conclusion, N‐glycosylation profiling demonstrated differences between BPH and PCa. These changes could lead to the discovery of a new biomarker for PCa.
Derivatization strategies for CE‐LIF analysis of biomarkers: Toward a clinical diagnostic of familial transthyretin amyloidosis
Authors: Korchane Sonia , Pallandre Antoine , Przybylski Cédric , Poüs Christian , Gonnet Florence , Taverna Myriam , Daniel Régis , Le Potier Isabelle
Published: November 2013

We report three derivatization strategies for CE analysis with LIF detection (CE‐LIF) of two synthetic peptides mimicking the wild and mutated fragments of interest for the diagnosis of familial transthyretin amyloidosis. The precapillary derivatization of the peptides with three optical tags, 5‐carboxytetramethylrhodamin succinimidyl ester (TAMRA‐SE), naphtalene‐2,3‐dicarboxyaldehyde (NDA), and 3‐(2‐furoyl)quinoline‐2‐carboxyaldehyde (FQ) has been investigated by CE‐LIF detection and MS. Results provide evidence that high reaction yields have been reached whereas the multitagging phenomenon has occurred for both NDA and TAMRA‐SE labeling procedures. The derivatization and electrokinetic separation of a mixture of the two peptides of interest for the pathology diagnosis (22‐aa peptides that differ only from one amino acid) were achieved using both approaches. The highest resolution with a value of 2.5 was obtained with TAMRA‐SE labeled derivatives whereas NDA gave the best detection sensitivity (LOD of 2.5 μM). The validation of the developed methods showed a good linearity (R ≥ 0.997) between the peak area of the labeled derivatives and the peptide concentration for both NDA and FQ labeling procedures. The intraday RSDs of A and the migration times were less than 3.8 and 2.2%, respectively.
Lovastatin biosynthesis depends on the carbon–nitrogen proportion: Model development and controller design
Authors: Gomes James , Pahwa Juhi , Kumar Sanjay , Gupta Bhaskar Sen
Published: November 2013

Lovastatin biosynthesis depends on the relative concentrations of dissolved oxygen and the carbon and nitrogen resources. An elucidation of the underlying relationship would facilitate the derivation of a controller for the improvement of lovastatin yield in bioprocesses. To achieve this goal, batch submerged cultivation experiments of lovastatin production by Aspergillus flavipus BICC 5174, using both lactose and glucose as carbon sources, were performed in a 7‐L bioreactor and the data used to determine how the relative concentrations of lactose, glucose, glutamine, and oxygen affected lovastatin yield. A model was developed based on these results and its prediction was validated using an independent set of batch data obtained from a 15‐L bioreactor using five statistical measures, including the Willmott index of agreement. A non‐linear controller was designed considering that dissolved oxygen and lactose concentrations could be measured online, and using the lactose feed rate and airflow rate as process inputs. Simulation experiments were performed to demonstrate that a practical implementation of the non‐linear controller would result in satisfactory outcomes. This is the first model that correlates lovastatin biosynthesis to carbon–nitrogen proportion and possesses a structure suitable for implementing a strategy for controlling lovastatin production.
The ages of anxiety—differences across the lifespan in the default mode network functional connectivity in generalized anxiety disorder
Authors: Andreescu Carmen , Sheu Lei K. , Tudorascu Dana , Walker Sarah , Aizenstein Howard
Published: November 2013

Objectives

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is one of the most prevalent anxiety disorders, but its neural basis is relatively understudied. This study aims to characterize the functional connectivity in the default mode network (DMN) in GAD across the lifespan.

Design and settings

Functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging data were collected with subjects at rest. We analyzed the resting state functional connectivity patterns in the DMN for 27 GAD participants and 39 non‐anxious comparison participants. Using a two‐way analysis of variance, we explored the interaction between age and GAD status on functional connectivity. In GAD participants, we analyzed the correlation of functional connectivity indices with the duration of illness and worry severity.

Results

The age‐by‐anxiety interaction showed a greater anxiety effect on the functional connectivity between the posterior cingulate seed and the medial prefrontal cortex for the older group relative to the younger participants. Longer duration of illness was positively correlated with greater functional connectivity between the posterior cingulate cortex and the insula. Worry severity was inversely correlated with the functional connectivity between the posterior cingulate cortex seed and the medial prefrontal cortex.

Conclusion

The presence of GAD, longer duration of illness, and more severe worry exacerbate the effects of age on the functional connectivity in the DMN. These results support the need for tailored research and interventions in late‐life anxiety. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The portal inflammatory infiltrate and ductular reaction in human nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Gadd Victoria L. , Skoien Richard , Powell Elizabeth E. , Fagan Kevin J. , Winterford Clay , Horsfall Leigh , Irvine Katharine , Clouston Andrew D.
Published: November 2013

Although nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is conventionally assessed histologically for lobular features of inflammation, development of portal fibrosis appears to be associated with disease progression. We investigated the composition of the portal inflammatory infiltrate and its relationship to the ductular reaction (DR), a second portal phenomenon implicated in fibrogenesis. The portal inflammatory infiltrate may contribute directly to fibrogenesis as well as influence the fate of the DR hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs), regulating the balance between liver repair and fibrosis. The presence of portal inflammation in NAFLD was strongly correlated with disease severity (fibrosis stage) and the DR. The portal infiltrate was characterized by immunostaining NAFLD liver biopsy sections (n = 33) for broad leukocyte subset markers (CD68, CD3, CD8, CD4, CD20, and neutrophil elastase) and selected inflammatory markers (matrix metalloproteinase 9 and interleukin [IL]-17). Cells expressing all markers examined were identified throughout the liver lobules and in portal tracts, although portal tracts were more densely populated (P < 0.01), and dominated by CD68+ macrophages and CD8+ lymphocytes, at all stages of disease. An increase in portal macrophages in NAFLD patients with steatosis alone (P < 0.01) was the earliest change detected, even before elevated expression of the proinflammatory cytokines, IL1B and TNF, in patients with early NASH (P < 0.05). Portal and periductal accumulation of all other cell types examined occurred in progressed NASH (all P < 0.05). Conclusion: Knowledge of the complex cellular composition of the portal inflammatory infiltrate and HPC/DR niche in NAFLD will shape future functional studies to elucidate the contribution of portal inflammation to HPC differentiation and NAFLD pathogenesis. (HEPATOLOGY 2014;59:1393-1405)
Comparison of two real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction strategies for minimal residual disease evaluation in lymphoproliferative disorders: correlation between immunoglobulin gene mutation load and real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction performance
Authors: Della Starza Irene , Cavalli Marzia , Del Giudice Ilaria , Barbero Daniela , Mantoan Barbara , Genuardi Elisa , Urbano Marina , Mannu Claudia , Gazzola Anna , Ciabatti Elena , Guarini Anna , Foà Robin , Galimberti Sara , Piccaluga Pierpaolo , Gaidano Gianluca , Ladetto Marco , Monitillo Luigia
Published: November 2013

We compared two strategies for minimal residual disease evaluation of B‐cell lymphoproliferative disorders characterized by a variable immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) genes mutation load. Twenty‐five samples from chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (n = 18) or mantle cell lymphoma (n = 7) patients were analyzed. Based on IGH variable region genes, 22/25 samples carried >2% mutations, 20/25 > 5%. In the IGH joining region genes, 23/25 samples carried >2% mutations, 18/25 > 5%. Real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed on IGH genes using two strategies: method A utilizes two patient‐specific primers, whereas method B employs one patient‐specific and one germline primer, with different positions on the variable, diversity and joining regions. Twenty‐three samples (92%) resulted evaluable using method A, only six (24%) by method B. Method B poor performance was specifically evident among mutated IGH variable/joining region cases, although no specific mutation load above, which the real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction failed was found. The molecular strategies for minimal residual disease evaluation should be adapted to the B‐cell receptor features of the disease investigated. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aberrant immunoarchitecture distinguishes hyperplastic germinal centres in pattern 1 angioimmunoblastic T‐cell lymphoma from reactive follicles
Authors: Tan Leonard Hwan‐Cheong , Tan Soo‐Yong
Published: November 2013

We compare 30 biopsies each of Pattern 1 angioimmunoblastic T‐cell lymphoma (AITL1) and reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (RLH) by immunohistology, in‐situ hybridization for Epstein‐Barr virus‐encoded RNA and T‐cell receptor‐γ (TRG)‐clonality. AITL1 cases, more often than RLH controls, were older [median ages 61 (range 23–79) vs 46 (range 11–59) years, p < 10‐4], non‐Chinese [16/30 (53%) vs 8/28 (29%), p = 0.035], presented nodally [29/30 (97%) vs 23/30 (77%), p = 0.024], showed: pan‐T cell antigen attenuation [25/29 (86%) vs 5/21 (24%), p = 1.0 × 10‐5], CD4 predominance [25/28 (89%) vs 12/23 (52%), p = 3.4 × 10‐3], interfollicular lymphoid CD10‐positivity [16/30 (53%) vs 1/29 (3%), p = 1.5 × 10‐5], TRG clonality [16/28 (57%) vs 1/20 (5%), p = 1.4 × 10‐4], higher maximum number of Epstein‐Barr virus‐encoded RNA + nuclei per 0.5‐mm high‐power field [median 6 (range 0–70) vs 1 (range 0–40), p = 0.012] and interfollicular Ki‐67 proliferation fraction [median 40% (range 10–80%) vs 20% (range 5–40), p < 10‐4], whereas their germinal centres (GCs) more often showed attenuation of CD10 [30/30 (100%) vs 11/29 (38%), p = 5.3 × 10‐8] and CD57 [18/25 (72%) vs 4/22 (18%), p = 2.4 × 10‐4] (respectively). GC‐predominant PD‐1 and ICOS immunoreactivity were more often seen in RLH [20/22 and 9/19 controls (91% and 47%)] than AITL1 [9/25 and 3/19 cases (36% and 16%), p = 1.0 × 10‐4 and 0.033, respectively]. Significant independent predictors against AITL1 were: solid GC CD10 immunoreactivity {p = 0.023, odds ratio (OR) for AITL1 0.01 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.0002–0.529]}; lower interfollicular proliferation fraction [p = 0.047, OR for AITL1 1.1 (95% CI: 1.001–1.209) per % rise in Ki‐67]; younger presenting age [p = 0.028, OR for AITL1 1.136 (95% CI: 1.014–1.272) per year older]. Hence, GCs and perifollicular zones in AITL1 are distinct from those in RLH. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid Determination of Iron (III) in the Presence of Copper
Authors: Ader Dorota
Published: November 2013

Methyl isobutyl ketone was found to be a suitable extracting and concentrating medium for the quantitative separation of microgram amounts of ferric iron from large quantities of copper. The iron is stripped into an aqueous phase containing hydroxylamine hydrochloride and after adjusting the pH the ferrous iron is directly determined colorimetrically with o‐phenanthroline.
Effect of Gamma‐Radiation on Optically Active Organic Compounds
Authors: Radell J. , Dec S. M.
Published: November 2013

This paper reports on the gamma‐radiolysis of aqueous or absolute ethanolic solutions of fourteen different organic optically active compounds.
Michael Reactions of Nitroparaffins with Cinnamylideneacetophenone
Authors: Strumza J. , Altschuler Shaloma
Published: November 2013

The 1–4 additions of mono nitroparaffins to cinnamylidenteacetophenone are described and discussed according to spectroscopical data.
Organic Fluorine Compounds: Part XXX: Experiments in the Fluoroglutaric Acid Series
Authors: Bergmann E. D. , Cohen S. , Shani A.
Published: November 2013

The products (e.g. I, II) obtained by Michael reaction between acrylonitrile or methyl acrylate and diethyl fluoromalonate or — preferably — fluoromalondiamide, gave upon hydrolysis and partial decarboxylation, 2‐fluoroglutaric acid (III). The reactions of this acid as well as some other attempts at new routes leading to γ‐fluoroglutamic acid (XV) are described.
Chemical Aspects of the Fight Against Insects
Authors: Bergmann E. D.
Published: November 2013

A survey is given of the existing knowledge on the mode of action of DDT and analogous compounds, especially the 1,1‐diaryl‐2,2,2‐trifluoroethane derivatives, as well as DDT synergists. The relative importance of DDT dehydrochlorinase for the detoxification of DDT is discussed.

The nutritive requirements of the insects and their differences from those of higher animals are surveyed. Of particular interest are the sterol requirements of the insects, which are incapable of synthesizing these compounds, and the biological availability of “unnatural” analogs of the sterols.
Some Fluorine Containing D.D.T. Analogues
Authors: Bergmann E.D. , Pelchowicz Z. , Shani A.
Published: November 2013

A series of ortho‐substituted 1,1,1‐trifluoro‐2,2‐diphenylethanes (I) has been prepared from the appropriate ω,ω,ω‐trifluoroacetophenones via the corresponding secondary alcohols.

2,2,2‐Trifluoro‐1,1‐diphenylethanols are converted by thionyl chloride into the corresponding 1‐chloro‐derivatives and the latter dehalogenated to (I) by means of sodium hydride.
The Composition of Cigarette Smoke VIIISome Aromatic Hydrocarbon Constituents
Authors: Cook J. W. , Johnstone R. A. W. , Quan P. M.
Published: November 2013

The isolation of a number of benzenoid and naphthalenic hydrocarbons from cigarette smoke condensate is described. The origins of these substances during combustion of tobacco are discussed.
MIGRATION D'UNE DOUBLE LIAISON SOUS L'EFFET D'UN GROUPEMENT CARBOXYLE
Authors: Klein J.
Published: November 2013

Cyclohexene‐1‐acetonitrile (II) yields on prolonged treatment with hydrobromic acid a brominated acid, which gives on dehydro‐bromination cyclohexene‐3‐acetic acid (VI) characterized by its iodolactone. The acid VI was synthesised by an Arndt‐Eustert homologation of cyclohexene‐3‐carboxylic acid (VII), and by reduction of (VII) to the carbinol (IX) which was transformed into the bromide (X). Reaction of (X) with magnesium and then with carbon dioxide gave (VI). The tosylate of (IX) was also converted into the nitrile (XI), which was hydrolyzed to (VI).
Spectral Effects of Hydrogen‐Bonding in Substituted Anilines
Authors: Kamlet M. J.
Published: November 2013

The spectra of p‐nitroaniline, N‐methyl‐p‐nitro aniline and N, N‐dimethyl‐p‐nitroaniline are compared in various solvents. The results are interpreted in terms of H‐bonding by and to solvent.
The Reaction Between Bis‐Trialkylammonium Phthalate and Alkyl Chloroformate
Authors: Hoffmann E. , Schiff‐Shenhav Hanna
Published: November 2013

The reaction between the title compounds was investigated. A mixed carboxylic‐carbonic anhydride is first formed. This decomposes rapidly and leads to a sequence of secondary reactions which have been elucidated. The relevance of these reaction sequences to the decomposition and side reactions suffered by alkyl carbonic anhydrides of monobasic carboxylic or acylamine acids is discussed.
Steroids and Triterpenoids of Hula Peat as Compared to Other Humoliths
Authors: Ikan R. , Kashman J.
Published: November 2013

Nonsaponifiable fraction of Hula peat revealed the presence of friedelin, friedelan‐3β‐ol and a mixture of β‐sitosterol and β‐sitostanol.

Peats, lignites and coals of other countries yield in addition to the above mentioned compounds the following triterpenoids: α‐amyrin, allobetulin, allobetulone, betulin, friedelan‐3α‐ol, oxyallobetulin, oxyallobetulone, taraxerol and taraxerone.

The appearance of these compounds, the age of which is estimated to be millions of years, reflects the composition of the ancient plants and gives an idea on the coalification process. It might also be useful for the classification of different types of coal.
Solvent Extraction from Molten Salts I. Mercury (II) Chloride, Bromide and Iodide
Authors: Zangen M. , Marcus Y.
Published: November 2013

The distribution ratio D of HgCl2, HgBr2 and HgI2 between a polyphenyl phase (37 mole % biphenyl, 48% o‐terphenyl and 15% m‐terphenyl) and a mixture of molten LiNO3 and KNO3 was determined radiometrically. Log D was found to increase linearly with 1/T in the range 150–200° and values of ΔH° in this range were derived. Variation of the mole ratio K/Li in the melt between 1.00 and 1.86 (eutectic ratio = 1.33) was shown to cause considerable variations in D. The decrease of D on addition of potassium halide to the melt was found consistent with the formation of inextractable anionic complexes (HgX3− and HgX4) formation constants for these complexes are given.
Structural Evidence for Bent Orbitals
Authors: Hirshfeld F. L.
Published: November 2013

In a non‐linear molecule RXR′ steric repulsion between R and R′ frequently causes the bond angle at X to be larger than the angle between the orbitals of this atom that participate in the XR and XR′ bonds. These bonds are then bent. Thus the atomic orbital on R does not point directly towards atom X but is inclined at some angle to the bond axis. If R is a polyatomic group having an axis of symmetry, this axis will be similarly inclined to the R‐X bond. This effect accounts for structural anomalies that have been observed in compounds such as dimethyl ether (X = O, R = R′ = CH3) formaldoxime (X = N, R = CH2, R′ = OH) and many others.
The Reactivity of Atomic Hydrogen with Cysteine, Cystine, Tryptophan and Tyrosine in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Navon G. , Stein G.
Published: November 2013

The reactions of cystine, cysteine, tryptophane and tyrosine in aqueous solution with atomic hydrogen, produced in an electrodeless high frequency discharge, were studied. The specific rate constants for the velocity of the reaction of the substrates with H atoms were found to be ks = 1.5 × 109; 1.0 × 109; 2 × 109 and ∼4 × 1081·mole−1·sec−1 for cystine, cysteine, tryptophan and tyrosine respectively.
The Autoxidation of 1,1‐Dibromo‐2,2‐Difluoroethylene and Tribromoethylene. Preparation of Dibromofluoro‐ and Fluorodibromo‐Acetic Acid
Authors: Cohn H. , Bergmann Ernst D.
Published: November 2013

The autoxidation of 1,1‐dibromo‐2,2‐difluoroethylene gives a mixture of dibromofluoroacetyl fluoride and bromodifluoroacetylbromide, which could be separated in the form of their ethyl esters. Several reactions of the two acids have been investigated. The mechanism of the autoxidation process is discussed briefly. The preparation of dibromoacetyl bromide by autoxidation of tribromoethylene has been improved.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Ultramicro Quantities of Calcium in KCl
Authors: Glasner A. , Skurnik Sarah
Published: November 2013

The calcium content of various KCl products was determined, using glyoxal‐bis(2‐hydroxyanil) as a specific colouring reagent. Some preliminary results of purification by crystallization are also reported.
The Microheterometric Determination of Lead with Thionalide
Authors: Bobtelsky M. , Gancz M.
Published: November 2013

A heterometric study was made of the reaction between lead and thionalide. A method is presented for the determination of 1 mg Pb in 20 ml aqueous solution in which Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cr, Mg, Zn, Al, Cu, Cd, Ag and Hg may be present. The determination takes 10–14 minutes.

In the presence of large excesses of Ca, Al, Mg, and Fe, a preliminary rapid separation is necessary. The error is about 1.5%.
The Synthesis of 1‐.2‐,3‐ and 4‐Chloroanthrone
Authors: Bergmann E. D. , Blum J. , Kariv Esther
Published: November 2013

The reduction of 1‐ and 2‐chloroanthraquinone by various agents has been studied. For the identification of the expected halogenated anthrones, 1‐, 2‐, 3‐ and 4‐chloroanthrone have been prepared by unambiguous routes, mostly based on the reaction between a phthalic anhydride and an arylmagnesium halide.
Studies on the Purification of Kcl.: II. Spectrophotometric Determination of Magnesium and Aluminium in A. R. Alkali Halides
Authors: Glasner A. , Skurnik Sarah
Published: November 2013

Methods for the determination of magnesium and aluminium, present as impurities, in A.R. alkali halides have been developed. Both ions were separated by co‐precipitation in the form of their hydroxides, and improved spectrophotometric methods were used for their quantitative analysis.

These and other methods have been used to follow the purification of KCl by re‐crystallization from aqueous solutions, and some illustrative observations are reported.
Syntheses of Graft Polymers of Polypeptides on Polyhydroxy Polymers
Authors: Avny Y. , Zilkha A.
Published: November 2013

Graft polymers of definite structure of poly α‐ and β‐ amino acids on natural and synthetic polyhydroxy polymers were prepared by reaction of their polymeric alkoxide derivative with N‐carboxy anhydrides (NCA) of amino acids. Five different types of graft polymers were prepared having different structures and compositions of the polypeptide side chains. Graft polymers of polypeptides on cellulose were synthesised by reaction of NCAs with cellulose xanthate in solution. The reaction of alkali metal naphthalenes with a polyhydroxy polymer, including cellulose acetate and nitro cellulose, in a suitable solvent was used for the preparation of alkoxide derivatives which served for subsequent graft polymerization. The graft polymers were obtained in high yields. In most cases no homopolypeptide was formed, and the polyhydroxy polymer backbone reacted in 70–100% yield. The formation of graft polymers was in accordance with a direct addition of the polymeric alkoxide initiator to the NCA.
Some Experiments Towards the Synthesis of Neoclovene
Authors: Loewenthal H. J. E.
Published: November 2013

The synthesis of compounds based on the 2,2,4, 7a‐tetramethylhydrindan system is described. Their stereochemistrry and the structures of intermediate compounds are elucidated on the basis of NMR and other spectroscopic data.
Structural Factors in Respiratory Stimulation by Na+‐ions in Escherichia Coli
Authors: Kahana Luna , Avi‐Dor Y.
Published: November 2013

While K+ has a general stimulatory effect on respiration in Escherichia coli, Na+ specifically enhances the rate of glutamate oxidation. Na+ reduces the apparent Km of the glutamate‐oxidase system with respect to the substrate 90 times, but has no influence on Vm. It is only effective when the cell structure remains intact, glutamate concentration is relatively low and hypotonic conditions prevail. In a cell‐free system the kinetic constants are not affected by Na+. Some implications of the above findings are discussed.
Electronmicroscopy of Permselective Membranes
Authors: de Körösy F. , Zeigerson E.
Published: November 2013

Aqueous regions within cationic permselective membranes were filled by cathodically deposited silver and sections made of this material were observed in the electron microscope. The silver itself deformed the matrix and crystallized in large globules, but the background of the micrographs, the Ag form of the membrane, showed characteristic structural elements. Anionic membranes repeatedly impregnated with telluride ions and oxydized by air also contained granular tellurium metal, which evaporated during exposure to fast electrons in the electron microscope. Using only the sulphonium groups of the membranes or heavy counter ions as electron absorbing material, we examined the structure of some membranes. Those made of polyethylene reveal a series of black and white lines, often arranged in black‐white‐black triplets, which probably are cross sections of crystalline platelets of polyethylene, reacted on their surface. Those made of PVC reveal large areas which underwent substitution to a lesser extent, surrounded by more strongly reacted coherent material. Other membranes also show characteristic elements in their microstructure.
Ion Exchange Membranes Saturated with Hydrophobic Solvents
Authors: Ilani A.
Published: November 2013

Filters made of cellulose acetate and nitrate were saturated with toluene or bromobenzene and interposed between aqueous solutions. The membranes thus formed behaved like cation exchange membranes with the same capacity for both solvents. K ‐ Na bi‐ionic potential, its dependence on temperature, K ‐ Na selectivity and mobility ratio were similar in membranes saturated with the above solvents. However the absolute magnitude of the diffusibility was some 30 times lower in toluene saturated membranes. Activation energy of membrane conductance was higher by about 3800 cal/mole in the toluene saturated membrane. Electroosmotic phenomena in the membranes were negligible or nil. It is suggested that these membranes represent a prototype of ion exchange membranes, where the fixed charges with their counterions and hydration shell are embedded in hydrophobic medium.
Anodic Stripping Voltammetry with Superimposed A.C. Potential
Authors: Eisner U. , Yarnitzky C. , Nemirowsky Y. , Ariel M.
Published: November 2013

The combination of a. c. polarography with linear scan anodic stripping voltammetry has been investigated, employing a self‐constructed, phase discriminating a. c. attachment. The resolution and sensitivity of the method was compared with those obtainable, under similar experimental conditions, by plain anodic stripping voltammetry. Changes in the concentration of the supporting electrolyte and the presence of dissolved oxygen frequently affect the sensitivity and must be carefully controlled. The practical application of the method is illustrated by applying it to the determination of zinc in solutions and in a standard silicate sample.
Reactivators of Inhibited Acetylcholinesterase. II. The Preparation and Properties of Some New 4‐Hydroximinomethyl‐1‐(N‐Aminoalkyl)‐Pyridinium Salts
Authors: Ashani Y. , Cohen Sasson
Published: November 2013

A new series of heterocyclic oximes, prepared by the quarternization of 4‐hydroximino‐methylpyridine with various aminoalkyl halides, have been tested as reactivators of phosphorylated cholinesterase. With the most active member, 4‐hydroximinomethyl‐l‐[3(N, N‐dimethylamino)‐n‐propyl]‐pyridinium chloride, the rate of reactivation is comparable to that obtained with the known diquarternary compound, TMB‐4. These findings shed new light on the mechanistic concept of the reactivation process.
Hydrogen Isotope Effects in the Radiolysis of Water
Authors: Vukmirovié Zorka B.
Published: November 2013

The tritium fractionation between water and radicals formed in the radiolysis of dilute solutions of monomerous methyl methacrylate in H2O‐HTO and D2O‐DTO mixutres was studied. A parallel determination of the tritium content in molecular hydrogen was performed. Also, the isotopic composition of the initial molecular hydrogen was measured in the concentration range 10 to 90 Mol% D2O of H2O‐HDO‐D2O mixtures.

Hydrogen atoms, hydroxyl radicals and molecular hydrogen produced in the radiolysis of these solvents were found to be depleted in heavier hydrogen isotopes. The isotope effects on the composition of hydrogen atoms are discussed in terms of the rate isotope effects in proton transfer. The isotope effects on the composition of hydroxyl radicals are close to those on molecular hydrogen and their extent suggests ionic dissociation of water as a rate‐determining step in the process of formation of both products.
1‐Phenylcycloakylamine Derivatives I
Authors: Kalir A. , Pelah Z.
Published: November 2013

1‐Phenyl substituted cyclobutyl‐, cyclopentyl‐, and cyclohexylamines were obtained in the Hofmann reaction of 1‐phenylcycloalkanecarboxamides. 1‐Phenylcyclohexylamine was also prepared by the Ritter reaction of 1‐phenylcyclohexanol.
Radiolysis of Fremy's Salt in the Presence of Some Hydrated Electron Scavengers in Alkaline Aqueous Solution
Authors: Mantaka Anastasia , Rakintzis N.
Published: November 2013

Fremy's salt, ON(SO3)22−, was irradiated with γ‐rays in deaerated alkaline aqueous solutions in the presence of NO3−, N2O. In the presence of N2O an increase of the G(‐ON(SO3)22− = G from 6.1 to about 6.7 was observed within a limited range of concentration, while with NO3− the change is gradual. This is consistent with NO2 and OH produced, respectively, in the reaction of eaq− with Fremy's salt, taking place in one‐electron‐equivalent processes, and with the assumption that pairs of radicals may originate from water molecules.
The Preparation and Properties of Some Covalently Bonded Purine‐Pyrimidine Base Pairs
Authors: Lachman Ch. , Cohen S.
Published: November 2013

Covalently bonded purine‐pyrimidine base pairs have been prepared by the reaction of 6‐trichloromethylpurine with various 5‐aminopyrimidines. The most probable structure of the new compounds is discussed in the light of their physical constants.
Movement of Salt in Saturated Soil Columns
Authors: Mokady R. S. , Ravina Israela , Zaslavsky D.
Published: November 2013

Calcium chloride solutions were passed through a saturated non‐expanding calcium clay soil. The breakthrough curves were found to depend on the CaCl2 concentrations and on the rate of flow. The results are explained by ion exclusion and hydrodynamic dispersion mechanisms.
Hydrogen Consumption and Silica Release During Initial Stages of Phosphate Adsorption on Kaolinite at a Constant pH
Authors: Kafkafi U.
Published: November 2013

The release of silica from kaolinite is enhanced immediately after application of phosphate. The rate of the silica release was inferred from the rate of hydrogen additions needed to keep the system at a constant pH. Potassium increases silica hydrolysis from kaolinite surfaces in 1N solution more than calcium or sodium.
Non‐Uniform Distribution of Phosphorus Fertilizer its Significance in Dry Matter Yield Production and Phosphorus Uptake
Authors: Giskin M. , Hagin J.
Published: November 2013

A greenhouse study was initiated to test whether plant yield and phosphorus uptake are governed by localized phosphate concentrations or by an average value of the phosphate present in the total volume of the container. The experimental design gave three fertilizer concentrations per unit fertilized soil, when disregarding concentrations; five levels of phosphate were applied to the whole pot. For all forms of phosphates used the results showed a clear dependence of yield and percentage P in dry matter on the total supply of phosphates in the root zone and not on local concentrations obtained when assembling the fertilizer in a relatively narrow zone of the container.
An Apparatus for Simultaneous DTA and TGA
Authors: Patai S. , Halpern Y. , Esterman L. , Weinstein M.
Published: November 2013

An apparatus based on a Cahn Electrobalance was built in order to study simultaneously, and on the same sample, decomposition reactions by differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetric analysis. The apparatus is comparatively inexpensive and enables reactions to be studied in vacuo, or in any chosen atmosphere. Samples of 20 – 25 mg, both inorganic (for example copper sulfate pentahydrate and calcium oxalate monohydrate) and organic (for example cellulose), give satisfactory results.
Cytokinins: Synthesis and Biological Activity of Related Derivatives of 2iP, 3iP, and their Ribosides
Authors: Leonard N. J. , Hecht S. M. , Skoog F. , Schmitz Ruth Y.
Published: November 2013

Chemical conversions of 6‐(3‐methyl‐2‐butenylamino)purine, 2iP, and 6‐(3‐methyl‐3‐butenylamino)purine, 3iP, to common products have been effected. A number of compounds related to these isomers and their ribosides have been synthesized, including 6‐(3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylbutylamino)‐9‐β‐D‐ribofuranosylpurine, 6‐(3‐chloro‐3‐methylbutylamino)purine, 6‐(3, 4‐dihydroxy‐3‐methylbutylamino) purine, and 6‐(3,4‐dihydroxy‐3‐methylbutylamino)‐9‐β‐D‐ribofuranosylpurine, and the cytokinin activities have been compared in the tobacco bioassay. The effect of 4‐hydroxyl substitution on the side chain has been noted. Diagnostic fragmentations of the side chains have been observed in the mass spectra.
The Chemistry of Cyclic Hydrazides. IX. The Synthesis and Alkylation of 1,2‐Disubstituted‐Perhydropyridazine‐3,6‐Diones
Authors: Feuer H. , Rosenquist E. P. , Brown F.
Published: November 2013

The synthesis of 1,2‐disubstituted perhydropyridazine‐3,6‐diones in high yield is described. The reaction of succinic anhydride and 1,2‐dialkylhydrazines leads to N,N′‐dialkyl‐3‐carboxypropionhydrazides which are converted to 1,2‐dialkylperhydropyridazine‐3,6‐diones in refluxing xylene or polyphosphoric acid. The reaction of 1,2‐diarylhydrazines with 3‐carbomethoxypropionyl chloride and hydrolysis of the resulting N,N′‐diaryl‐3‐carbomethoxypropionhydrazides yields N,N′‐diaryl‐3‐carboxypropionhydrazides. Cyclization of these acid‐hydrazides in thionyl chloride at low temperature affords the corresponding 1, 2‐diarylperhydropyridazine‐3,6‐diones. The alkylation of 1,2‐dipropyl‐perhydropyridazine‐3,6‐dione in various base‐solvent systems with methyl and isopropyl iodide is reported.
The Decarboxylation of α‐Arylcinnamic Acids
Authors: Klein J. , Shekhori E.
Published: November 2013

α‐Phenylcinnamic and 2,5‐diphenylbutadienoic acids undergo decarboxylation in quinoline in the presence of copper catalysts with retention of configuration. However, both isomers of α‐(p‐nitrophenyl)‐cinnamic acids on decarboxylation in quinoline without a catalyst give a product containing mostly the cis isomer of p‐nitrostilbene. A similar course of decarboxylation was observed in dimethylformamide in the presence of a base. A mechanism based on the formation of a carbanion intermediate is assumed for the α‐nitrophenylcinnamic acids.
Effect of Medium on Transients and on Observed Quantum Yields in Photoreduction of Benzophenone by 2‐Propanol
Authors: Cohen S.G. , Cohen J.I.
Published: November 2013

The quantum yield for photoreduction of 0.1 M benzophenone by 2‐propanol, at 313 mμ, light intensity 1 × 1016 quanta/sec cm2 is −1.16. The quantum yield increases on dilution with benzene to 1.70 at 3.13 M 2‐propanol. A Stern‐Volmer plot of data below 3 M 2‐propanol leads to an extrapolated limiting quantum yield of ˜1.9. The quantum yield in 2‐propanol decreases with extent of conversion from 1.1 at 17% to 0.74 at 37% photoreduction. Quantum yields for photoreduction of 0.1 M benzophenone by 1 M 2‐propanol and by 1 M benzhydrol in benzene remain constant with conversion. A light absorbing transient builds up strongly and progressively during photoreduction in 2‐propanol, and to a much lesser extent in 1 M 2‐propanol and 1 M benzhydrol in benzene. Photoreduction in 1 M 2‐propanol in t‐butyl alcohol appears to behave like that in 2‐propanol; 1 M 2‐propanol in acetonitrile shows behavior intermediate between that in alcoholic and in hydrocarbon solutions. Efficiency of quenching by naphthalene in alcoholic and in hydrocarbon media indicates that kr is about twice as great in the hydrocarbon as in the alcohol solvents. The effect of the hydrocarbon in diminishing build up of the light absorbing intermediate, which may mask and possibly quench, is largely responsible for the increase in quantum yield on dilution with hydrocarbon.
Photosensitized Dimerization of Thymine and Cytosine in DNA
Authors: Ben‐Ishai R. , Ben‐Hur E. , Hornfeld Y.
Published: November 2013

Thymine and cytosine homo‐ and heterodimers ate produced when E. coli DNA is irradiated at wavelength > 300 mμ in the presence of acetone as photosensitizer. Employing acetophenone as sensitizer only thymine containing dimers are obtained. In heat denatured DNA photosensitized dimerization of thymine occurs in a higher proportion of the TT dinucleotide sequences than in native DNA and the trans‐syn thymine dimer isomer is formed as a minor photoproduct.
Ionization Efficiency Curves by the Retarding Potential Difference (RPD) Method
Authors: Grajower R. , Lifshitz Chava
Published: November 2013

Ionization efficiency curves obtained by the RPD (retarding potential difference) method are presented for Cycl. C4F8−, Hg+, C2 H2+ and C2 F4+. The C4 F8− resonance capture curve is given for a variety of experimental conditions. The curves for the positive ions are compared with similar curves obtained previously by the technique of photoionization combined with mass analysis. The results are discussed in terms of possible relaxation effects and other artefacts in the RPD method and in terms of threshold laws of ionization by electron and photon impact. Special emphasis is placed on autoionization processes. Experimental conditions, under which the RPD ion source may be reliably used, are specified.
N‐ Vs. C‐ Tricyanovinylation of Ring‐Substituted Dimethylanilines. The Spectral Properties of the Products.
Authors: Rappoport Z. , Shohamy Esther
Published: November 2013

Methods for changing the selectivity in the N‐ vs. C‐ tricyanovinylation are discussed. In acetonitrile, 2,3‐, 2,4‐, 3,4‐ and 3, 5‐dimethylanilines are N‐tricyanovinylated, 2,6‐dimethyl‐ and 2, 6‐diethylanilines are p‐tricyanovinylated, and 2,5‐dimethyl‐ and 2‐ethylaniline give mixtures of N‐ and p‐tricyanovinyl derivatives. The UV, IR, NMR and mass spectra of the products are discussed in relation to the position of the tricyanovinyl group and to electronic and steric effects.
Reactions of Cyclopropane Derivatives with Nitrogen Compounds, I. The Synthesis of Pyrrolidines by the Leuckart Reaction of Cyclopropyl Ketones
Authors: Breuer E. , Stein Yona
Published: November 2013

Reactions of aryl cyclopropyl ketones with formamide, in the presence of magnesium chloride, give predominantly the corresponding 1‐formyl‐2‐arylpyrrolidines (II).
The Stretching Frequencies of Isotopic Arsenate and Permanganate Ions in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Pinchas S.
Published: November 2013

The infrared absorption of crystalline powders and D2O solutions of normal and 84.5 atom % 18O‐labelled sodium arsenate as well as normal and 83.3 atom % 18O‐labelled sodium permanganate was measured in the 780–980 cm−1 region. The ν1 and ν3 fundamentals of the aqueous As18O43− ion appear at 834(sh) and 866(s) cm−1 while the respective As18O43− values are 808 and 822 cm−1 These as well as other data are shown to indicate that the water molecules which hydrate this ion are attached to its As atom. The ν3 frequency of the aqueous Mn18O4− ion is observed at 917 cm−1 and that of hydrated Mn18O4− at 878 cm−1.
Synthesis of New 6‐Selenopurines by Selenohydrolysis of 3‐Alkyl‐6‐Methylthiopurines
Authors: Bergmann F. , Rashi M.
Published: November 2013

3‐Alkyl‐6‐methylthiopurines undergo facile selenohydrolysis to the corresponding 3‐alkyl‐6‐selenopurines. The behavior of the latter to both nucleophilic and electrophilic substitution closely parallels that of the thio analogs. The 6‐methylseleno ethers are 4–6 times more toxic to albino mice than the corresponding 6‐selenopurines.
Organometallic Studies. Part XXVII [1]. Mass Spectra of Some Monosubstituted Ferrocenes [2]
Authors: Cais M. , Lupin M. S. , Sharvit J.
Published: November 2013

The spectra of twelve monosubstituted ferrocenes are reported and discussed. The presence of the metal atom in many of the fragment ions observed, appears to play a role in determining the subsequent fragmentation paths of these ions. The suggested fragmentation schemes include some interesting intramolecular rearrangements, involving the metal atom.
Critique of the Mathematical Theory of Diffusion of Electroactive Species to Electrodes
Authors: Fried Ilana
Published: November 2013

Rigorous mathematical treatment of the classical theory of diffusion of an electroactive species to an electrode exposes an error in the theory. According to the corrected theory, the initial concentration (at t = 0) of the electroactive species is uniform throughout the solution except at the electrode surface. Fortunately, diffusion theory results remain unaltered. Two important conclusions result from the corrected theory: a. the plane of the “electrode surface” is inside the diffuse double layer, and b. the exact function of the concentration of the electroactive species in the double layer has no effect on the solution of the diffusion equation. These results, although intuitively accepted, are rigorously proved.
Radiationless Transitions in Polyatomic Molecules
Authors: Jortner J. , Bixon M.
Published: November 2013

Radiationless transitions in isolated molecules are examined from the point of view of the breakdown of the Born‐Oppenheimer approximation. The intramolecular non‐radiative decay is considered in various limits and the radiative decay of coherently excited molecular levels is analyzed.
Estimation of Matrix Elements in Radiationless Transitions
Authors: Englman R.
Published: November 2013

The average coupling matrix element v of Jortner's theory for Intramolecular radiationless transitions is calculated by the methods of crystal physics (the Mössbauer effect and impurity optical absorption).
Numerical Calculations of the Rotational Excitation of a Diatomic Molecule Upon Collision with a Structureless Atom
Authors: Shapiro M. , Levine R. D. , Johnson B. R.
Published: November 2013

Exact Numerical values for the transition probabilities between rotational states of a rigid diatomic molecule colliding with a structureless atom were obtained using “The Amplitude Density Function” Technique. Particular attention was given to the influence of a closed channel on the transition probabilities between open channels. Resonances corresponding to bound states in the closed channel were demonstrated, and the results were shown to agree with general resonance theory.