bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Vapor Transport Method for Estimating Free Formaldehyde in Solutions of Textile Chemicals
Authors: Reinhardt Robert M. , Andrews B. A. Kottes
Published: January 2017

A method to determine the free formaldehyde contents of solutions of textile chemicals was investigated. The amount of free formaldehyde in various solutions could be estimated quantitatively by a vapor transport method. Previous studies on vapor transport of formaldehyde to and from cotton fabrics had suggested the promise of this technique for quantification. With proper control of conditions, a direct relationship exists between free formaldehyde in a solution and that transported to cotton. The new vapor transport method eliminates much of the interference that complicates or prohibits the use of current analytical methods with solutions containing complex mixtures of textile chemicals. The study gives a description of the method, representative data obtained and their statistical correlation, and an indication of further development needed for standardization of the method.
Deceptive nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma
Authors: Thakur Jagdeep S , Mahajan Aditi , Saluja Manika , Mohindroo Narinder K
Published: January 2017

Nasal NK/T cell lymphoma is rare and it easily masquerades as chronic rhinosinusitis. It has a very poor prognosis and hence early diagnosis, although difficult, is necessary for better outcome. We present a case of a 30-year-old man who presented with nasal obstruction, facial oedema and crusts. High-resolution computed tomography found soft tissue in all sinuses and the nasal cavity. Endoscopic biopsy revealed necrotic and inflammatory tissue with fungi on culture. A diagnosis of fungal rhinosinusitis was made but the patient did not respond to antifungal drugs. A histopathology review with immunohistochemistry suggested nasal NK/T cell lymphoma. The patient was started on chemotherapy but died within 1 week.
Emil Fischer and the “art of chemical experimentation”
Authors: Jackson Catherine M
Published: January 2017

What did nineteenth-century chemists know? This essay uses Emil Fischer’s classic study of the sugars in 1880s and 90s Germany to argue that chemists’ knowledge was not primarily vested in the theories of valence, structure, and stereochemistry that have been the subject of so much historical and philosophical analysis of chemistry in this period. Nor can chemistry be reduced to a merely manipulative exercise requiring little or no intellectual input. Examining what chemists themselves termed the “art of chemical experimentation” reveals chemical practice as inseparable from its cognitive component, and it explains how chemists integrated theory with experiment through reason.
Australian Energy Policy and Conservation
Authors: Marks Robert E.
Published: January 2017

The Publication in April 1988 of the document, Energy 2000: A National Energy Policy, was a landmark, since this was the first clear statement of the Australian Government's energy policy. Previously, Federal Governments had been content to tax domestic crude oil production to the level of the world oil price – so-called import parity pricing – at some benefit to the Revenue, with few other initiatives. After outlining the importance to Australia of the energy sector, this paper examines critically the elements of energy policy as stated in the document, with particular emphasis on policies for energy conservation, in some aspects of which Australia lags behind other industrialised countries. The paper concludes with some suggestions for changes to the stated policies.
An Assessment of Quantitative Basin Analysis
Authors: Lerche I.
Published: January 2017

A brief review is presented of the three dominant, intertwined, threads: burial, thermal and hydrocarbon histories. The rationale for requiring an integrated picture of basinal evolution is examined as is the use of control information at particular well sites to constrain quantitative model behaviors.
Major Trends in Restructuring the Energy Industry in the USSR
Authors: Makarov A.A.
Published: January 2017

A new concept for USSR energy development is considered that calls for highly efficient growth of the energy complex of the country to secure accelerated socio-economic development. As a result, not only will the needs of the country as to energy resources be guaranteed, but, moreover, the required growth in labour productivity will be secured due to an increase in the power availability per man.
Atomic Power in the CMEA Countries
Authors: Voloshin Vladimir
Published: January 2017

The role of atomic power in the power supply to individual countries and regions, including the CMEA countries, will increase. Water-moderated power reactors having improved reliability and safety will spread in the CMEA countries, and nuclear power will be used for the purposes of centralized heat supply. At present the share of atomic power plants (APP) in the total volume of the energy production in Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia exceeds 25 per cent, and in Hungary it approaches 40 per cent. Atomic power in the CMEA countries develops on the basis of mutual cooperation. In 1986 they adopted a new joint programme of building atomic power plants and atomic heat plants for the period up to the year 2000. One of the important ways of implementing that programme is to expand cooperation in the acceleration of scientific and technological progress. Nevertheless, so far no effective mechanism for mutual cooperation, making it possible to combine efforts for a fruitful solution of the problems of scientific and technological progress, has been created in the CMEA countries.
The Pacific Basin LNG Trade: A Return to Fundamentals
Authors: Baharuddin H.
Published: January 2017

The LNG business in the Pacific Region is unique because there is no other source of energy in which seller and buyer sign contracts for 20-year periods.

This long-term relationship is based on mutual buyer/seller cooperation, and mutual buyer/seller recognition of the financial and commercial challenges faced by all links in the LNG Supply Chain. However, there are now concerns that those involved in the LNG business were ignoring the fundamentals of the trade. The buyer expected the seller to absorb higher transportation costs, easing take or pay terms, more flexibility, evergreen options on uncommitted capacity, etc. On the other side, sellers expected larger baseload quantities, equitable sharing of LNG chain risks with consumers, etc. Both parties seemed to lose sight of the fundamentals of the LNG business. Both Buyer and Seller should preserve their best traditions and stubbornly hold on to the old fundamentals of the LNG business. If not, future trade will not come to reality.
Common Baltic Energy Systems – A Precondition for Sustainable Development
Authors: Veiderma Mihkel
Published: January 2017

The Baltic Sea is turning to be an inland sea of the European Union. Interlinking the energy systems of the Baltic Sea countries and the relevant EU networks should concur with the process of unification of the states. The primary strategic goal is to create a common free energy market based on regional energy systems around the Baltic Sea – the Baltic Ring. This common energy system must cover both electricity transmission lines and natural gas pipelines. The Baltic Ring project is of major importance for the economic interaction and growth, sustainable development and security of the energy supply of Baltic Sea states.
Model Dependencies of Risk Aversion and Working Interest Estimates
Authors: Lerche I. , MacKay J.A.
Published: January 2017

Working interest, W, and risk adjusted value, RA V, are evaluated using both Cozzolino's formula for exponential dependence of risk aversion and also for a hyperbolic tangent dependence. In addition, the general method is given of constructing an RA V formula for any functional choice of risk aversion dependence. Two examples are given to illustrate how the model dependencies influence choices of working interest and risk adjusted value depending on whether the expected value of the project is positive or negative.

In general the Cozzolino formula provides a more conservative position for risk than does the hyperbolic tangent formula, reflecting the difference in corporate attitudes to risk aversion.

The commonly used Cozzolino formula is shown to have simple exact arithmetic expressions for maximum working interest and maximum RAV; the hyperbolic tangent formula has approximate analytic expressions. Both formulae also yield approximate analytical expressions for the working interest yielding a risk neutral RAV of zero. These arithmetic results are useful for making quick estimates of working interest ranges and risk adjusted values.
Diabetes Self-Care Knowledge, Behaviors, and Metabolic Control of Older Adults — The Effect of a Posteducational Follow-up Program
Authors: Tu Kuei-Shen , McDaniel Gretchen , Templeton Gay Janice
Published: January 2017

Older adults with diabetes experience greater barriers to practicing self-care activities necessary for disease control than their younger counterparts. It was hypothesized that posteducational follow-up intervention would increase self-care knowledge scores, improve metabolic control, and reduce self-care behavioral deficits. Twenty-seven hospitalized elderly patients with diabetes who had completed an inpatient education program were recruited and randomized into experimental (n=15) and control (n=12) groups. A posttest on HbA1c and diabetes self-care knowledge (DKN) was administered to all subjects, and self-care behavioral deficits were measured. A four-week follow-up intervention via telephone contact also was administered to the experimental subjects. No significant difference was observed in DKN and HbA1c values. A significant difference was achieved in reduction of self-care behavioral deficits (P<0.05-0.01). It was concluded that posteducational follow-up is necessary for enhancing self-care adherence and ensuring safe practice of home care for elderly patients with diabetes.
Factors Influencing Diabetic Clients' Ability to Read and Comprehend Printed Diabetic Diet Material
Authors: Kicklighter Jana R. , Stein Melissa A.
Published: January 2017

Factors related to diabetic clients' abilities to read and comprehend printed diabetic diet material were explored by collecting data on social and demographic variables, prior knowledge, reading ability (using the Nelson-Denny Test), and comprehension of the diet (using the cloze technique)from 58 outpatient diabetic clients. A mean estimated reading grade level of 8.9 was obtained for the printed material, based on the use of three readability formulas.

Analysis of cloze scores revealed that 62% of the clients scored less than 40%, indicating that the material was too difficult for them to comprehend; 21% scored between 40% and 59%, suggesting the need for supplemental instruction; and 17% scored 60% or above, indicating ability to fully comprehend. Clients scoring less than 40% tended to be older and obtained lower scores on the Nelson-Denny, as compared with those in the highest cloze category. Results of a stepwise regression analysis indicated that the Nelson-Denny vocabulary score, client age, and duration of diabetes were the strongest predictor variables for comprehension of the diet material.
Diabetes Educators International: Third Time Lucky?
Authors: Dunning Patricia L. , Meyer Julie , Redmond Suzanne , McLeod Brucie , Jones Helen , Felton Anne
Published: January 2017

Three attempts have been made to establish an international diabetes educators network (1984, 1988, 1991). This paper outlines the early meetings, and reports on the most recent 1991 initiative and the recommendations of three education workshops held during the International Diabetes Federation Congress (IDF) in Washington, DC, 1991. As a result of the workshops, a Steering Committee was formed to determine a structure and funding for an international diabetes educators network, to foster international networking, to establish communication with the IDF, and to plan another workshop during the 15th IDF Congress in Kobe, Japan.
Initiation and Management of Insulin Pump Therapy
Authors: Strowig Suzanne M.
Published: January 2017

Insulin infusion pump therapy is a treatmertt option that facilitates achieving improved blood glucose control and lifestyle flexibility. These advantages are derived from the physiologic mode of insulin delivery and the pharmacologic advantages of using rapid-acting insulin. Patients who are sufficiently motivated and capable can learn to use the pump so that insulin adjustments can be made to compensate for changing circumstances. Although there are potential risks and side effects of using an insulin pump, these can be avoided through proper education and surveillance. The health care provider should be knowledgeable about the management of infusion pump therapy, including assessment of patient capabilities and practices, education, insulin adjustment, and techniques of use. The knowledge assists the health care provider in counseling patients to consider pump therapy and to manage patients already employing this mode of insulin delivery.
The Biblical Commission, the Jews, and Scriptures
Authors: Murphy Roland E.
Published: January 2017

This article contains a summary and critique of the most recent document from the Pontifical Biblical Commission (2001) that was made available in an official English translation in 2002. The book-length study embraces both Testaments. The approach to the Old Testament explores “fundamental themes”—covenant, law, and so forth—well known from past studies in biblical theology, and interpreted here in the light of Christian faith. Attitudes toward the Jews are briefly examined in each book of the New Testament; general and pastoral conclusions are drawn.
International Spillover of Risk and Return among Major Banking Institutions: A Bivariate GARCH Model
Authors: Elyasiani Elyas , Mansur Iqbal
Published: January 2017

Using the bivariate GARCH methodology, this study examines bank stock sensitivities to market, interest rate, and exchange rate, and investigates the spillover effects of interest rate volatility and unsystematic risk among the banking sectors of the United States and Japan, and the United States and Germany. Empirical results show that return-generating processes of the banking sectors considered can be properly described by GARCH models. Within this framework, banks are found to be highly sensitive to macroeconomic shocks such as the exchange rate and interest rate, with the latter exerting its impact at the volatility level. Moreover, stock volatilities in the banking sectors of the three countries are found to be highly interdependent. The direction and magnitude of the effects from interest rate volatility and unsystematic shocks in one country on other countries are sensitive to the origin of the shock, with the United States playing a leadership role. The findings have serious implications on international financial stability, international portfolio diversification, and policy formulation by central banks and fiscal authorities.
Changes in Institutional Ownership and Subsequent Earnings Announcement Abnormal Returns
Authors: Ali Ashiq , Durtschi Cindy , Lev Baruch , Trombley Mark
Published: January 2017

This study documents an association between changes in institutional ownership during a calendar quarter and abnormal returns at the time of subsequent announcements of quarterly earnings. The result is driven by the portfolio returns of the extreme deciles of changes in institutional ownership, suggesting that institutions trade based on information about future earnings, but that such trading is not widespread. We also find that the difference between earnings announcement returns of the extreme deciles of change in institutional ownership is much greater when change in institutional ownership of a stock is driven by relatively few institutions, measured using the skewness of the distribution of change in institutional ownership of the stock. This result suggests that when fewer differentially informed investors make disproportionately large purchases or sales of stocks, a greater amount of the information on which they base their trades is not impounded in prices until the subsequent earnings announcement. Finally, we show that our results obtain for institutional investors with short-term focus, such as independent advisors, investment companies and insurance companies, but not for institutional investors with long- term focus, such as internally managed pension funds, educational institutions, and private foundations. This result further supports our conclusions regarding informed trading by institutions based on information about forthcoming earnings.
The Impact of Accounting Conservatism on the Magnitude of the Differential Information Content of Cash Flows and Accruals
Authors: Mason Lori
Published: January 2017

This study documents the relation between accounting conservatism and the differential response to operating accruals. Feltham and Ohlson's (1995) valuation framework predicts a positive association between the valuation multiple on operating assets and accounting conservatism. The relation between operating assets and operating accruals provides the basis for Feltham and Ohlson's (1995) further prediction of a positive association between the response coefficient to operating accruals and accounting conservatism. Stober (1996) and Ahmed, Morton, and Schaefer (2000) present evidence that the valuation multiple on operating assets is increasing in conservatism. Hence, by investigating the relation between conservatism and the differential response to operating accruals, this study extends the findings of Stober (1996) and Ahmed, Morton, and Schaefer (2000) and provides additional evidence on the agreement of the Feltham and Ohlson (1995) framework with the data.

Results are presented for both cross-sectional and firm-specific designs as well as alternative measures of conservatism. When firms are partitioned on conservatism, evidence is generally consistent with Feltham and Ohlson's (1995) prediction that as conservatism increases so does the magnitude of the response coefficient on operating accruals.
A New Methodological Approach for Detecting Income Smoothing in Small Samples: An Application to the Case of Spanish Savings Banks
Authors: Blasco Natividad , Pelegrin Begona
Published: January 2017

This paper proposes a new methodological approach arising from an idea first presented in Burgsthaler and Dichev (1997) for detecting income smoothing. The proposed test does not rely on specific distributional assumptions, as is the case in previous studies, and may be applied to small databases. The procedure could be particularly useful in analyzing economic activities where significant economic power is concentrated in a small number of firms. The proposed methodology is applied to the case of Spanish Savings Banks during the period 1993-2001. It is revealed that these institutions would appear to be interested in reporting a consistently stable and detectable growth rate. Income smoothing is essentially applied to avoid both small earnings decreases and very small earnings increases. Income smoothing is revealed in changes in scaled pretax earnings and in scaled surplus (net earnings) for the year.
Governance and the Split of Options between Executive and Nonexecutive Employees
Authors: Landsman Wayne , Lang Mark , Yeh Shu
Published: January 2017

We examine the determinants and consequences of the split of options between executive and nonexecutive employees. We find that the lower the proportion of options granted to executives is, the stronger firm governance is. For the sample as a whole, the relation between options and both operating income and valuation is weaker for executive options than for options to lower-level employees. Splitting the sample between weak and strong governance firms, for the weak (strong) governance firms, the relation between executive options and firm performance and valuation is weaker (stronger) relative to nonexecutive options. Results are robust to controls for the endogeneity of option-granting choice. Taken as a whole, our results suggest that firms with relatively weak governance tend to give a larger proportion of options to executives and appear to receive relatively less benefit from those options.
An Empirical Analysis of CEO Risk Aversion and the Propensity to Smooth Earnings Volatility
Authors: Abdel-Khalik A. R.
Published: January 2017

Volatility of firm performance is one measure of firm-specific risk that is priced in the marketplace. Because CEOs are typically undiversified investors in their companies' stocks, the negative valuation effects of this risk are asserted to provide them the incentive to reduce earnings volatility. Furthermore, such an incentive is expected to increase in risk aversion. Two alternative measures of risk aversion are generated: one derives from wealth, and the other derives from CEOs' choice of compensation structure as to the risky and safe components. The results consistently show a negative relationship between risk aversion and the volatility of each performance measure: earnings and operating cash flows. The results survived several tests of robustness. However, industry analysis shows that these results do not hold for certain industries such as public utilities.
Earnings Momentum and Earnings Management
Authors: Myers James N. , Myers Linda A. , Skinner Douglas J.
Published: January 2017

This paper provides evidence on firms that report long “strings” of consecutive increases in earnings per share (EPS). First, we find 746 firms that report earnings strings of at least twenty quarters since 1962, and show that this frequency is much larger than would be expected by chance. We interpret this as prima facie evidence of earnings management. Next, we document that these firms enjoy abnormal returns that average more than 20 percent per year during the first five years of these strings, and these returns are larger than those of firms reporting at least five years of consecutive increases in annual (but not quarterly) EPS. We argue that these market premia, and the rapidity with which they disappear once the strings end, provide managers with incentives to maintain and extend the strings. Finally, we present several tests that document how managers of these firms use various earnings management tools to help their firms sustain and extend these strings.
Organizational Structure and Earnings Management
Authors: Lee Kin Wai , Lev Baruch , Yeo Gillian
Published: January 2017

In this study, we identify a fundamental attribute of the organizational structure of the firm—the intensity of interdivisional transaction relatedness and complementarity—which contributes to earnings management. We draw from the theoretical economics literature that demonstrates that intrafirm collusion is more likely in hierarchical and complex organizational structure. We posit that intrafirm collusion toward a common organizational goal is more prevalent in highly related organizational structure because the economic welfare of economic agents is highly interdependent. Consistent with our hypothesis, we find that earnings management is positively associated with organizational relatedness. We also find that, for firms with high organizational relatedness, those with a high proportion of outside directors and high institutional equity ownership have less pronounced earnings management. Collectively, our result suggests an interaction between corporate governance structure and organizational relatedness in affecting earnings quality.
What Did Inflation Accounting Tell Us?
Authors: Thies Clifford F. , Sturrock Thomas
Published: January 2017

Financial statements for the period 1977–1983 are reconstructed for a sample of 50 large manufacturing firms using replacement cost (or current cost) data provided by ASR 190 and FASB 33, and market (or fair) values of long-term debt and preferred stock. As expected, these data confirm that historical cost accounting overstates profitability during a period of rising prices. These data also indicate that historical cost–based financial ratios often grossly misrepresent the relative financial strengths of firms. Financial analysis conducted on the assumption that the biases induced by historical cost accounting are similar across firms is likely to lead to false conclusions regarding financial strengths and weaknesses.
Do Inventory Disclosures Predict Sales and Earnings?
Authors: Bernard Victor , Noel James
Published: January 2017

This study investigates what can be learned from inventory disclosures about future sales and earnings, that cannot be learned from current and past values of those same series. The findings indicate that inventory disclosures are incrementally useful in predicting sales and earnings, but that the implications of unexpected inventory vary according to the context.

For manufacturers, especially those whose production is less variable relative to sales, unexpected changes in raw materials and work-in-process inventory (after controlling for current sales) are positive leading indicators of future sales, consistent with a “lead time” or “production smoothing” model of inventory. However, such changes are essentially neutral so far as earnings are concerned. In contrast, unexpected changes in manufacturers' finished goods inventory have little or no relation with future sales, and are negative leading indicators of future earnings, even after controlling for the impact of current sales on inventory levels; this is consistent with a “stockout model” of inventory.

The behavior of inventory for retailers is also consistent with a stockout model. For retailers, unexpected changes in inventory are negative leading indicators of future earnings; although a positive relation with future sales exists, that effect is short-lived.
Firm Size and Dividend Announcement Effect
Authors: Haw In-Mu , Kim Wi-Saeng
Published: January 2017

This paper examines the impact of firm size on market reaction to unexpected dividend changes. The empirical results indicate, after controlling for the magnitude of dividend changes, a negative relationship exists between firm size and the extent of abnormal returns around the dividend announcement date. The results are consistent with Miller and Rock's [14] position that the dividend announcement effect varies across firms with different degrees of information asymmetry.
An Empirical Analysis of Factors Associated with Changes in Pension-Plan Interest-Rate Assumptions
Authors: Godwin Joseph H. , Goldberg Stephen R. , Duchac Jon E.
Published: January 2017

This study examines factors motivating managers to adjust pension-expense and pension-plan contributions by altering actuarial-interest-rate assumptions. These changes have implications for firm cash flows, tax costs, and reported accounting numbers. The empirical analysis focuses on identifying the impact these factors have on decisions to change interest-rate assumptions. In addition, the role basic contracting factors play in this decision are examined. The results indicate that managers are likely to increase interest-rate assumptions in response to declines in earnings, increasingly restrictive dividend constraints, and tightening debt covenants. These findings suggest that the motivations for changing rate assumptions differ from managers' motivations for making other discretionary pension adjustments such as terminations, settlements, or other changes in either actuarial assumptions or benefit allocation methods.
A Reexamination of the Tax Motivation for Closed-End Discounts
Authors: Morris Michael H. , Scanlon Kevin
Published: January 2017

Prior literature addressing the tax explanation for closed-end fund discounts can account for only a small portion of existing discounts even with relatively extreme assumptions. This paper reexamines the tax motivation for discounts via a nontraditional interpretation of the tax costs. In particular, this study estimates the cost to investors of lost tax options when fund management realizes and distributes gains that accumulate after the investor enters the fund. The study also compliments the earlier study by Malkiel (1977) who estimated the tax cost of unrealized appreciation that exists at the time of the investment in a closed-end fund. The findings suggest that the total discounts justifiable by tax costs are of a magnitude comparable to the average discounts of recent history.
An Examination of Factors Affecting the Decision to Waive Audit Adjustments
Authors: Wright Arnold , Wright Sally
Published: January 2017

The value of audit services is determined by an auditor's ability to both (1) discover misstatements in the client's accounting system and (2) report those misstatements (DeAngelo [1981a, 1981b]). Audit adjustments reflect the auditor's discovery of a potential breach in the client's accounting system. The decision to waive an audit adjustment is important, since it can potentially lead to misleading financial statements. Waiving an adjustments) may also result in litigation and loss of auditor reputation. Despite its importance, we have very little empirical evidence on the decision to waive an adjustment. The purpose of this study is to initiate an understanding of the importance placed by auditors on a number of factors noted in the literature in determining whether a proposed audit adjustment is waived.

The study reported here utilizes archival data gathered from actual audit engagements to examine variables that may explain the decision to waive an audit adjustment. The findings reveal that in addition to materiality, a number of factors appear to be considered, including directional impact on income, the nature of the adjustment (objective versus subjective), and size of the client. Finally, a number of adjustments exceeding materiality were waived, highlighting the need for future research to more fully understand factors affecting this important decision and to ensure that business decisions (e.g., client pressures) do not overly influence the auditor.
Changes in Body Weight and Body Protein with Intravenous Nutrition
Authors: Hill G.L. , Bradley J.A. , Smith R.C. , Smith A.H. , Mc Carthy I.D. , Oxby C.B. , Burkinshaw L. , Morgan D.B.
Published: January 2017

Body weight, protein, fat and water were measured before and after intravenous nutrition in 20 surgical patients. The group included both young and old patients who were suffering from a wide variety of catabolic illnesses and the period of intravenous feeding ranged from 11 to 40 days. Eight of the patients were able to take small amounts of food orally. During the period of intravenous nutrition ten patients gained significant weight although only two of these gained significant protein. Most of the weight gain was due to an increase of water. There was also a gain of water in the patients who lost weight; this water gain occurred in small daily increments over the course of treatment. It is concluded that weight gain can occur without protein gain in patients who are being fed intravenously and that body weight is not a reliable guide to changes in body protein or fat in critically ill patients receiving intravenous nutrition.
Body Composition Changes in the Critically III Patient: Emphasis on Water Balance
Authors: Murray Rebecca L. , Schaffel Neal A. , Geiger John W. , Long Calvin L. , Blakemore William S.
Published: January 2017

The moisture contents of foods, fluids, and parenteral solutions taken in and of all samples excreted, the water of oxidation of fuel mixtures burned, and the evaporative water loss must be determined in order to obtain a quantitative picture of water balance. Because there is a tendency to retain water after trauma, surgery, or an acute illness, changes in the water compartment of the body may lead to changes in body weight that may be considered erroneously as changes in energy or protein stores. Measurement of water balance, in addition to calorie and nitrogen balance is one of the most accurate means of accounting for these changes in body composition. Fluid and electrolyte therapy and nutritional supplementation can be tailored to meet the patient's specific needs by utilizing this information. Application of these principles to the care of hospitalized patients outside of the research setting will be discussed.
Clenbuterol Decreases Catabolism and Increases Hypermetabolism in Burned Rats W.T. CHANCE, D. VAN ALLMEN, D. BENSON, F.S. ZHANG, J.E. FISCHER Journal of Trauma 31:365–370, 1991
Authors: Goldstein Richard E.
Published: January 2017

Injury, particularly burn injury, is associated with hypermetabolism, weight loss, and catabolism. Recent studies have suggested that selective β‐2 adrenergic agonists may have anabolic properties. In this study, 38 Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided into five groups: Cont‐SAL (n = 8) served as the saline‐control group; Cont‐CLE (n = 8) received twice‐daily injections of clenbuterol (1 mg/kg subcutaneously), a selective β‐2 agonist for 22 days and served as a second control group; Burn‐SAL (n = 8) was subjected to a 30% body surface area full‐thickness open‐flame burn; Burn‐CLE (n = 8) was similarly burned, but also received clenbuterol starting on postburn day 1; Burn‐NAD (n = 6) was also similarly burned but received the beta antagonist, nadolol (5 mg/ kg subcutaneously), once daily for 22 days starting on postburn day 1. Daily weights, food, and water consumption were measured. Resting energy expenditure (REE) was determined for all rats on postburn days 7 to 9 and again 20 to 22. On postburn day 22, rats were killed and plasma‐free amino acid levels, gastrocnemius muscle wet and dry weights, and muscle protein contents were determined. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance with Tukey and Newman‐Keuls multiple range tests.

All three groups of burned rats had higher food and water consumption than the control groups, but there was no significant difference in consumption among the three burned groups. Body weight gain was higher in Burn‐CLE than in Burn‐SAL or Burn‐NAD rats and was equal to body weight gain on Cont‐SAL and Cont‐CLE rats. REE 1 and 3 weeks after the burn, was significantly higher in all burn groups, when compared to the control groups; among the burn groups, the REE of Burn‐CLE was significantly elevated at 1 week when compared to Burn‐SAL and Burn‐NAD. The mean dry weight of the gastrocnemius muscle was significantly decreased in Burn‐SAL and Burn‐NAD vs the control groups. However, Burn‐CLE demonstrated normal muscle dry weight and muscle protein content. Analysis of plasma amino acid concentrations demonstrated that clenbuterol reversed few of the changes induced by the burn injury, but did elevate the concentrations of several amino acids in nonburned rats. These results suggest that clenbuterol, a selective β‐2 agonist, may be useful in helping to preserve muscle mass after injury.
Revisiting Interorganizational Trust: Is More Always Better or Could More Be Worse?
Authors: Villena Verónica H. , Choi Thomas Y. , Revilla Elena
Published: January 2017

This study conducts an investigation of interorganizational trust and its positive and negative effects. We consider how positive and negative effects operate differently under two types of uncertainties—buyer dependence and market instability. Trust is studied in the buyer–supplier relationship (BSR) context from the buyer’s perspective. The analysis is conducted based on survey data and secondary archival data from a sample of 133 BSRs. Results show that trust follows an inverted- U shape with performance. There is a point at which the negative effects of trust offset its benefits, and beyond that point, performance declines. The results also suggest that the positive and negative effects of trust become more pronounced when buyers are highly dependent on suppliers or when environmental uncertainty surrounding buyers is low. Trust’s negative effects are more severe for those buyers that are highly dependent and operate in stable markets.
Leadership Process Models: A Review and Synthesis
Authors: Fischer Thomas , Dietz Joerg , Antonakis John
Published: January 2017

In organizational research, studying “processes” is important for uncovering and understanding the underlying causal mechanisms in a predictor-mediator-outcome logic. Processes answer “how” and “why” questions and provide more complete explanations about phenomena. Our focus in this review is on studies of leadership processes, which we systematically analyze to report on the state of the science. In doing so, we present a two-dimensional target-centric taxonomy to integrate previous research: The taxonomy distinguishes the target’s level (i.e., individual follower, team, organizational, and extraorganizational) as well as the type of leadership processes that affect either the target’s development or leverage of resources. Our review indicates that the predominantly studied leadership “meta” process model looks at the effect of leader traits or behaviors on performance-related outcomes through cognitive, affective, or behavioral leveraging factors. This “meta” model points to several important and understudied processes, including a leader’s influence on the target’s development or work context. We also identify two largely overlooked yet critical issues for leadership process research: modeling the role of time and that of multiple processes through which leadership effects manifest themselves in organizations. Using our taxonomy, we provide several reflection points that can guide the development of genuine and thoughtful leadership process theories. We conclude by urging future leadership process research to embrace multiprocess, multilevel, and time-sensitive models.
Rotation Elastogram Estimation Using Synthetic Transmit-aperture Technique: A Feasibility Study
Authors: B Lokesh , Chintada Bhaskara Rao , Thittai Arun Kumar
Published: January 2017

It is well-documented in literature that benign breast lesions, such as fibroadenomas, are loosely bonded to their surrounding tissue and tend to slip under a small quasi-static compression, whereas malignant lesions being firmly bonded to their surrounding tissue do not slip. Recent developments in quasi-static ultrasound elastography have shown that an image of the axial-shear strain distribution can provide information about the bonding condition at the lesion-surrounding tissue boundary. Further studies analyzing the axial-shear strain elastograms revealed that nonzero axial-shear strain values appear inside the lesion, referred to as fill-in, only when a lesion is loosely bonded and asymmetrically oriented to the axis of compression. It was argued that the fill-in observed in axial-shear strain elastogram is a surrogate of the actual rigid-body rotation undergone by such a benign lesion due to slip boundary condition. However, it may be useful and perhaps easy to interpret, if the actual rigid-body rotation of the lesion can itself be visualized directly. To estimate this rotation tensor and its spatial distribution map (called a Rotation Elastogram [RE]), it would be necessary to improve the quality of lateral displacement estimates. Recently, it has been shown in the context of Non-Invasive Vascular Elastography (NIVE) that the Synthetic Transmit Aperture (STA) technique can be adapted for elastography to improve the lateral displacement estimates. Therefore, the focus of this work was to investigate the feasibility of employing the STA technique to improve the lateral displacement estimation and assess the resulting improvement in the RE quality. This investigation was done using both simulation and experimental studies. The image quality metric of contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) was used to evaluate the quality of rotation elastograms. The results demonstrate that the contrast appeared in RE only in the case of loosely bonded inclusion, and the quality of RE improved considerably by employing the STA technique.
Preparing School Counselors to Address Concerns Related to Giftedness: A Study of Accredited Counselor Preparation Programs
Authors: Peterson Jean Sunde , Morris Carrie Wachter
Published: January 2017

Professional school counselors are responsible for serving students across a wide range of cognitive ability, yet counselor educators may not attend to issues related to giftedness, such as how and when developmental phenomena may be experienced by highly able students, and the need to differentiate counseling approaches for this population. This study examined the extent to which CACREP-accredited school counseling programs addressed giftedness, as well as perceived barriers and supports that influenced whether programs included topics related to extreme ability in their preparatory curricula. Findings included that minimal attention was given to the implications of high ability for counseling practice, and that a lack of room in the curriculum, lack of funding, and absence of pertinent, mandated standards were some of the largest barriers to inclusion. Supports in the form of openness to including information, faculty expertise and experience, and perceived need were generally perceived to be low to moderate.
Factors That Influence In-Service and Preservice Teachers' Nominations of Students for Gifted and Talented Programs
Authors: Siegle Del , Moore Michelle , Mann Rebecca L. , Wilson Hope E.
Published: January 2017

A classroom teacher's unique perspective is valuable when considering students for gifted and talented programs. We developed a series of 11 student profiles to measure 290 preservice and 95 in-service teachers' attitudes and asked them to indicate how strongly they believed the students in the profiles should or should not be recommended for their district's gifted program. We found students' interests, SES, and areas of academic strength influenced teachers' perceptions of students as gifted. In-service teachers were more likely than preservice teachers to view the students in the profiles as gifted. In-service teachers also were influenced by whether previous children in the family had been identified as gifted and talented.
Addressing the Career Development Needs of High-Achieving African American High School Students: Implications for Counselors
Authors: Parris George P. , Owens Delila , Johnson Tyrone , Grbevski Sonja , Holbert-Quince Joanne
Published: January 2017

African Americans face numerous obstacles in achieving their fullest developmental and career potentials in the current political, social, and economic environment. These barriers have produced, for the most part, workers who have been wage earners as opposed to being self-employed, and blue-collar workers rather than managers or proprietors (Daniel, 2001). This paper proposes solutions that would ensure that African American students who exhibit exceptional talent receive the kind of education to which they are entitled, in preparation for the careers of their choice. In addition to exploring the conditions that led to this underrepresentation, methods to desegregate gifted education programs and redress educational inequalities are analyzed. Specifically, the implications for counselors and teachers, those best situated to bring about positive change, will be discussed.
An Outline for Administrators: Orienting New Teachers for Maximum Effectiveness
Authors: Freshour Donald J. , Hollmann Robert W.
Published: January 2017

To be most effective, new teachers must be familiar with the school and district policies and procedures. A planned, detailed orientation—and reorientation—program benefits not only the new teachers, but the whole school
Touching the Future: Looking Toward the 1990s—A Decade of Change
Authors: Hunter Eagan
Published: January 2017

More than 20 years ago, Marshall McLuhan and George Leonard predicted what education would be like in 1989. Their vision—and their calls for education reform—are taking shape.
A Question of Power: How does Management Retain It?
Authors: Akella Devi
Published: January 2017

This paper examines whether the concept of learning organizations is a myth and if it is possible to intertwine workplace democracy with profitability. Theoretically, learning organizations have the capacity to achieve the goals of socialists, i.e., worker participa- tion, employee empowerment, and full profit sharing amongst members at all levels of the organization. This paper draws upon various power discourses present in manage- ment and social sciences literature and empirical data gathered from two case studies of professional accounting firms to examine whether the notion of democratic knowledge generating environments is realistic.

According to Lukes' and Gramsci (1971), it is possible to shape the cognitions, perceptions, and preferences of individuals to shape and control the interests of one group over the others. Foucault (1977) discusses the various mechanisms through which such form of power can be implemented. He also develops Bentham's panopticon, the examination process, and the system of time-tables followed in schools as modern surveillance techniques like meetings, training programmes, induction schemes, culture programmes, and performance appraisal systems. This paper uses a critical methodology with its elements of “critical perspective” and “deconstruction” to analyse the interview data gathered from two professional accounting firms.

The analysis reveals the following: The learning organizations adopt the concepts of learning environments and workplace democracies and egalitarian and cooperatively minded firms to seek the cooperation and support of their employees so that the firms are able to innovate and create learning continuously to survive and meet the demands of today's business environments. The organizations believe that by linking the fulfilment of the self-actualized needs of the organizational employees with the objectives of the management, a common unified direction could be achieved. The management in these contemporary knowledge companies focus on creating such conditions which enable organizations to achieve their own objectives. The control is exercised through various surveillance techniques like meetings, training schemes, hierarchical structure, etc., under the external pretence of employee democracy and empowerment. However, the manage- ment fails to successfully mould the subjectivity of its employees. Even though the employees are aware of the management's corporate regime and its unfairness, they do not overtly resist or attack the management because they realize that their long-term career growth is linked to the survival of the management's regime. Therefore, they overtly support the management's policies, goals, and objectives and consciously uphold the banner of “socialistic models” and “employees' paradises.” In other words, it is a sort of compromise between management and its workers relegating knowledge creating companies as pseudo democracies.