bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fire emission heights in the climate system – Part 1: Global plume height patterns simulated by ECHAM6-HAM2
Authors: Veira A. , Kloster S. , Wilkenskjeld S. , Remy S.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. We use the global circulation model ECHAM6 extended by the aerosol module HAM2 to simulate global patterns in wildfire emission heights. Prescribed plume heights in ECHAM6 are replaced by an implementation of a simple, semi-empirical plume height parametrization. In a first step, the global performance of the plume height parametrization is evaluated for plumes reported in the Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) Plume Height Project (MPHP) data set. Our results show that the parametrization simulates a largely reasonable global distribution of plume heights. While the modeled global mean plume height (1411 ± 646 m) is in good agreement with the observed mean (1382 ± 702 m), the upper and lower tails of the plume height distribution tend to be slightly underrepresented. Furthermore, we compare plume heights simulated by the simple parametrization to a more complex, analytical plume model. Major differences in global plume height distributions are found for the lowest 1.5 km, but reasonable agreement is observed for higher plumes. In a second step, fire radiative power (FRP) as reported in the global fire assimilation system (GFAS) is used to simulate plume heights for observed fires globally for the period 2005–2011. The global fraction of simulated daytime plumes injecting emissions into the free troposphere (FT) ranges from 3.7 ± 0.7 to 5.2 ± 1.0 %. This range is comparable to results from observational studies, but it is much lower than results for prescribed plume heights in the ECHAM6-HAM2 standard setup. Nevertheless, occasionally deep emission injections exceeding 5–7 km in height are simulated for intense fires and favorable meteorological conditions. The application of a prescribed diurnal cycle in FRP turns out to be of minor importance. For a hypothetical doubling in FRP, moderate changes in plume heights of 100–400 m are simulated. These small changes indicate that a potential future increase in fire intensity will only slightly impact the emission heights on a global scale.
Fire emission heights in the climate system – Part 2: Impact on transport, black carbon concentrations and radiation
Authors: Veira A. , Kloster S. , Schutgens N. A. J. , Kaiser J. W.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Wildfires represent a major source for aerosols impacting atmospheric radiation, atmospheric chemistry and cloud micro-physical properties. Previous case studies indicated that the height of the aerosol–radiation interaction may crucially affect atmospheric radiation, but the sensitivity to emission heights has been examined with only a few models and is still uncertain. In this study we use the general circulation model ECHAM6 extended by the aerosol module HAM2 to investigate the impact of wildfire emission heights on atmospheric long-range transport, black carbon (BC) concentrations and atmospheric radiation. We simulate the wildfire aerosol release using either various versions of a semi-empirical plume height parametrization or prescribed standard emission heights in ECHAM6-HAM2. Extreme scenarios of near-surface or free-tropospheric-only injections provide lower and upper constraints on the emission height climate impact. We find relative changes in mean global atmospheric BC burden of up to 7.9±4.4 % caused by average changes in emission heights of 1.5–3.5 km. Regionally, changes in BC burden exceed 30–40 % in the major biomass burning regions. The model evaluation of aerosol optical thickness (AOT) against Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) and Cloud–Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) observations indicates that the implementation of a plume height parametrization slightly reduces the ECHAM6-HAM2 biases regionally, but on the global scale these improvements in model performance are small. For prescribed emission release at the surface, wildfire emissions entail a total sky top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiative forcing (RF) of −0.16±0.06 W m−2. The application of a plume height parametrization which agrees reasonably well with observations introduces a slightly stronger negative TOA RF of −0.20±0.07 W m−2. The standard ECHAM6-HAM2 model in which 25 % of the wildfire emissions are injected into the free troposphere (FT) and 75 % into the planetary boundary layer (PBL), leads to a TOA RF of −0.24±0.06 W m−2. Overall, we conclude that simple plume height parametrizations provide sufficient representations of emission heights for global climate modeling. Significant improvements in aerosol wildfire modeling likely depend on better emission inventories and aerosol process modeling rather than on improved emission height parametrizations.
A simple formulation of the CH2O photolysis quantum yields
Authors: Röth E.-P. , Ehhalt D. H.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. New expressions for the wavelength-dependent photolysis quantum yields of CH2O, Φj, are presented. They are based on combinations of functions of the type Ai/(1+exp[−(1/λ − 1/λ0i)/bi]). The parameters Ai, bi, and λ0i which have a physical meaning, are obtained by fits to the measured Φj data available from literature. The altitude dependence of the photolysis frequencies resulting from the new quantum yield expressions are compared to those derived from the Φj recommended by JPL and IUPAC.
Future fisheries yield in shelf waters: a model study into effects of a warmer and more acidic marine environment
Authors: van Leeuwen S. M. , le Quesne W. , Parker R. E.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. We applied a coupled, marine water column model to three sites in the North Sea. The three sites represent different hydrodynamic regimes and are thus representative of a wider area. The model consists of a hydro-biogeochemical model (GOTM-ERSEM-BFM) coupled one way upwards to a size-structured model representing pelagic predators and detritivores (Blanchard et al., 2009). Thus, bottom-up pressures like changing abiotic environment (climate change, chemical cycling) impact on fish biomass across the size spectrum. Here, we studied three different impacts of future conditions on fish yield: climatic impacts (medium emission scenario), abiotic ocean acidification impacts (reduced pelagic nitrification) and biotic ocean acidification impacts (reduced detritivore growth rate). The three impacts were studied separately and combined, and showed that sites within different hydrodynamic regimes responded very differently. The seasonally stratified site showed an increase in fish yields (occuring in winter and spring), with acidification effects of the same order of magnitude as climatic effects. The permanently mixed site also showed an increase in fish yield (increase in summer, decrease in winter), due to climatic effects moderated by acidification impacts. The third site, which is characterised by large interannual variability in thermal stratification duration, showed a decline in fish yields (occuring in winter) due to decline of the benthic system which forms an important carbon pathway at this site. All sites displayed a shift towards a more pelagic oriented system.
Water quality, isoscapes and stoichioscapes of seagrasses indicate general P limitation and unique N cycling in shallow water benthos of Bermuda
Authors: Fourqurean J. W. , Manuel S. A. , Coates K. A. , Kenworthy W. J. , Boyer J. N.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Striking spatial patterns in stable isotope ratios (isoscapes) and elemental ratios (stoichioscapes) of seagrass leaves and the water column nutrients indicate general P-limitation of both water column and benthic primary productivity on the Bermuda Platform, and they highlight the role of the Bermuda Islands as a source of N and P. We found consistent differences among the four seagrass species (Syringodium filiforme, Thalassia testudinum, Halodule sp. and Halophila decipiens) in the N, P, δ13C and δ15N of leaf tissues. The δ15N of seagrass leaves was especially variable, with values from −10.1 to 8.8‰, greatly expanding the reported range of values for all seagrass species globally. Spatial patterns from both the water column and the seagrass leaves indicated that P availability was higher near shore, and δ15N values suggest this was likely a result of human waste disposal. Spatially-contiguous areas of extremely depleted seagrass δ15N suggest unique N sources and cycling compared to other seagrass-dominated environments. Seagrass N : P values were not as far from the stoichiometric balance between N and P availability as in the water column, and there were no strong relationships between the water column N : P and the seagrass N : P. Such isoscapes and stoichioscapes provide valuable ecogeochemical tools to infer ecosystem processes as well as provide information that can inform food web and animal movement studies.
AROME-WMED, a real-time mesoscale model designed for the HyMeX special observation periods
Authors: Fourrié N. , Bresson É. , Nuret M. , Jany C. , Brousseau P. , Doerenbecher A. , Kreitz M. , Nuissier O. , Sevault E. , Bénichou H. , Amodei M. , Pouponneau F.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. During autumn 2012 and winter 2013, two special observation periods (SOPs) of the HYdrological cycle in the Mediterranean EXperiment (HyMeX) took place. For the preparatory studies and to support the instrument deployment during the field campaign, a dedicated version of the operational convective-scale Application of Research to Operations at Mesoscale (AROME)-France model was developed: the AROME-WMED (West Mediterranean Sea) model. It covers the western Mediterranean basin with a 48 h forecast range. It provided real-time analyses and forecasts which were sent daily to the HyMeX operational centre to forecast high-precipitation events and to help decision makers on the deployment of meteorological instruments. This paper presents the main features of this numerical weather prediction system in terms of data assimilation and forecast. Some specific data of the HyMeX SOP were assimilated in real time. The forecast skill of AROME-WMED is then assessed with objective scores and compared to the operational AROME-France model, for both autumn 2012 (05 September to 06 November 2012) and winter 2013 (01 February to 15 March 2013) SOPs. The overall performance of AROME-WMED is good for the first HyMeX special observation period (SOP1) (i.e. mean 2 m temperature root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.7 °C and mean 2 m relative humidity RMSE of 10 % for the 0–30 h forecast ranges) and similar to those of AROME-France for the 0–30 h common forecast range (maximal absolute difference of 2 m temperature RMSE of 0.2 °C and 0.21 % for the 2 m relative humidity); conversely, for the 24–48 h forecast range it is less accurate (relative loss between 10 and 12 % in 2 m temperature and relative humidity RMSE, and equitable threat score (ETS) for 24 h accumulated rainfall), but it remains useful for scheduling observation deployment. The characteristics of parameters, such as precipitation, temperature or humidity, are illustrated by one heavy precipitation case study that occurred over the south of Spain.
Propagation of hydro-meteorological uncertainty in a model cascade framework to inundation prediction
Authors: Rodríguez-Rincón J. P. , Pedrozo-Acuña A. , Breña-Naranjo J. A.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. This investigation aims to study the propagation of meteorological uncertainty within a cascade modelling approach to flood prediction. The methodology was comprised of a numerical weather prediction (NWP) model, a distributed rainfall–runoff model and a 2-D hydrodynamic model. The uncertainty evaluation was carried out at the meteorological and hydrological levels of the model chain, which enabled the investigation of how errors that originated in the rainfall prediction interact at a catchment level and propagate to an estimated inundation area and depth. For this, a hindcast scenario is utilised removing non-behavioural ensemble members at each stage, based on the fit with observed data. At the hydrodynamic level, an uncertainty assessment was not incorporated; instead, the model was setup following guidelines for the best possible representation of the case study. The selected extreme event corresponds to a flood that took place in the southeast of Mexico during November 2009, for which field data (e.g. rain gauges; discharge) and satellite imagery were available. Uncertainty in the meteorological model was estimated by means of a multi-physics ensemble technique, which is designed to represent errors from our limited knowledge of the processes generating precipitation. In the hydrological model, a multi-response validation was implemented through the definition of six sets of plausible parameters from past flood events. Precipitation fields from the meteorological model were employed as input in a distributed hydrological model, and resulting flood hydrographs were used as forcing conditions in the 2-D hydrodynamic model. The evolution of skill within the model cascade shows a complex aggregation of errors between models, suggesting that in valley-filling events hydro-meteorological uncertainty has a larger effect on inundation depths than that observed in estimated flood inundation extents.
Social media as an information source for rapid flood inundation mapping
Authors: Fohringer J. , Dransch D. , Kreibich H. , Schröter K.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. During and shortly after a disaster data about the hazard and its consequences are scarce and not readily available. Information provided by eye-witnesses via social media are a valuable information source, which should be explored in a more effective way. This research proposes a methodology that leverages social media content to support rapid inundation mapping, including inundation extent and water depth in case of floods. The novelty of this approach is the utilization of quantitative data that are derived from photos from eye-witnesses extracted from social media posts and its integration with established data. Due to the rapid availability of these posts compared to traditional data sources such as remote sensing data, for example areas affected by a flood can be determined quickly. The challenge is to filter the large number of posts to a manageable amount of potentially useful inundation-related information as well as their timely interpretation and integration in mapping procedures. To support rapid inundation mapping we propose a methodology and develop a tool to filter geo-located posts from social media services which include links to photos. This spatial distributed contextualized in-situ information is further explored manually. In an application case study during the June 2013 flood in central Europe we evaluate the utilization of this approach to infer spatial flood patterns and inundation depths in the city of Dresden.
Measuring and crust-correcting finite-frequency travel time residuals – application to southwestern Scandinavia
Authors: Kolstrup M. L. , Maupin V.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. We present a data processing routine to compute relative finite-frequency travel time residuals using a combination of the Iterative Cross-Correlation and Stack (ICCS) algorithm and the MultiChannel Cross-Correlation method (MCCC). The routine has been tailored for robust measurement of P and S wave travel times in several frequency bands and for avoiding cycle-skipping problems at the shortest periods. We also investigate the adequacy of ray theory to calculate crustal corrections for finite-frequency regional tomography in normal continental settings with non-thinned crust. We find that ray theory is valid for both P and S waves at all relevant frequencies as long as the crust does not contain low-velocity layers associated with sediments at the surface. Reverberations in the sediments perturb the arrival times of the S waves and the long-period P waves significantly, and need to be accounted for in crustal corrections. The data processing routine and crustal corrections are illustated using data from a network in southwestern Scandinavia.
The Missing "Why" of General Jurisdiction
Authors: Cox Stanley E.
Published: July 2015

None
Chevron and the Limits of Administrative Antitrust
Authors: Hurwitz Justin (Gus)
Published: July 2015

None
For the Convenience of Parties and Witnesses, In the Interest of Justice: Forum-Selection Provisions after Atlantic Marine Construction
Authors: Minegar Ben
Published: July 2015

None
Pregnant Laborers Should Expect Better: The Broken Pregnancy Discrimination Standard and How the Pregnant Workers Fairness Act Can Repair It
Authors: Czypinski Sarah
Published: July 2015

None
Technology-facilitated Organized Abuse: An Examination of Law Enforcement Arrest Cases
Authors: Wolak Janis
Published: July 2015

This paper looks at cases of organized abuse (that is, two or more offenders working in concert and having two or more victims, not solely familial) reported by law enforcement respondents during the three waves of the National Juvenile Online Victimization (NJOV) Study (n=29). The NJOV Study collected data from a national US sample of law enforcement agencies about technology-facilitated crimes ending in arrest at three time points: mid-2000 to mid-2001, 2005 and 2009. The paper reports on the prevalence of technology-facilitated organized abuse ending in arrest, contexts of cases and characteristics of offenders and victims.
The Effects of 10-hr Construction Outreach Training: Knowledge Retention and Practical Application
Authors: Koshy Koshy , Rosen Mitchel A. , Presutti Michael , Patel Mehul A.
Published: July 2015

Many states and municipalities today require the completion of 10-hr Construction Outreach Training as a prerequisite for entrance into jobsites. Over 500,000 workers received the OSHA Construction Outreach Training in FY 2013. Rutgers OSHA Training Institute Education Center (OTIEC) recruited a cohort of Construction Outreach Trainers to administer a survey to their students to identify their motivations for attending the trainings, the knowledge gained in certain subject areas and how the students expected to practically apply the knowledge gained in the training to actual worksites. A majority of the over 600 students participating in the study demonstrated a significant depth in subject matter knowledge and practical ability to connect hazard controls to effectively mitigate risks. Students were able to identify deficiencies at their workplaces regarding the lack of hazard-specific training and various administrative controls. This study also identified several issues concerning the length of time trainers currently allocate for the safety and health topics and some strategies to realign these durations to maximize the effectiveness and efficiency of various trainings.
La Universidad y su producción científica
Authors: Picado Apolinar
Published: July 2015

El objetivo básico de la actividad de investigación es la creación de nuevo conocimiento y denuevos productos y servicios. Tradicionalmente, y en todo el mundo, esta creación de nuevoconocimiento se mide a través de los productos (outputs) y de los efectos (outcomes).DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/nexo.v27i2.1939
REDES SOCIAIS QUE APOIAM A MULHER DURANTE A AMAMENTAÇÃO
Authors: Primo Candida Caniçali , Dutra Pamela Rodrigues , Lima Eliane de Fátima Almeida , Alvarenga Sandra Cristina de , Leite Franciele Marabotti Costa
Published: July 2015

Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura com objetivo de descrever as redes sociais que apoiam a mulher durante a amamentação. A busca ocorreu no mês de Janeiro de 2014 com os critérios de inclusão: artigos em português, inglês e espanhol, publicadas de 2004 a 2013, disponíveis nas bases Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde e Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval Sistem on-line, a partir dos descritores “condição social, apoio social, aleitamento materno e família”. Encontraram-se 23 artigos em Português e três em Inglês. Após a análise definiu-se três categorias: apoio familiar; apoio dos profissionais de saúde e apoio social. Concluiu-se que o companheiro, as avós e as figuras femininas (irmãs, tias), foram os agentes sociais mais citados pelas mulheres. Os profissionais de saúde formam uma rede de apoio importante na continuidade da amamentação.
NEONATOS DE ALTO RISCO EM USO DE CATETER INTRAVENOSO PERIFÉRICO
Authors: Danski Mitzy Tannia Reichembach , Mingorance Priscila , Johann Derdried Athanasio , Schwanke Alessandra Amaral , Souza Késia Angelina
Published: July 2015

Estudo observacional, prospectivo com o objetivo de descrever o perfil de neonatos que utilizamcateter intravenoso periférico e apresentam os fatores de risco para desenvolvimento de complicações. Aamostra compôs-se de neonatos que estavam internados em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal, de 01/02a 30/06/2013. Dentre os 145 neonatos que utilizaram 677 cateter intravenoso periférico 95 apresentaramcomplicações. Houve significância estatística para complicações em neonatos: prematuros em uso de catetervenoso central e intubação orotraqueal, uso médio de mais cateteres, peso médio ao nascer menor e tempo médiode internamento maior. Utilizar cateter intravenoso periférico expõe os neonatos a riscos decorrentes de seu uso,porém conhecer complicações e fatores de risco desencadeantes embasados em evidências qualifica o cuidado.
PERCEPÇÕES DA EQUIPE DE SAÚDE E DE FAMILIARES SOBRE A CONSULTA DE PUERICULTURA
Authors: Malaquias Tatiana Da Silva Melo , Baldissera Vanessa Antoniassi Denardi , Higarashi Ieda Harumi
Published: July 2015

Estudo qualitativo descritivo com o objetivo de conhecer a dinâmica da consulta de puericultura de equipes da Estratégia Saúde da Família de um Núcleo Integrado de Saúde e seus reflexos nas concepções da equipe de saúde e de familiares de crianças inscritas no Programa de Puericultura. A coleta de dados ocorreu entre junho de 2012 e fevereiro de 2013, mediante entrevista semiestruturada e observação não participante e submetidos à análise de conteúdo. Foram sujeitos, 19 profissionais de saúde e 13 familiares de crianças. Os resultados apontaram fragilidades na operacionalização das consultas e que o saber incipiente dos profissionais acerca do tema, contribui para uma prática fragmentada, pautada no curativismo, acarretando manutenção de concepções errôneas entre os usuários do sistema. Sinaliza-se a necessidade de conscientização dos profissionais, com vistas à construção de um novo paradigma nesta realidade, que valorize a consulta de puericultura, enquanto ferramenta imprescindível à promoção da saúde infantil.
SUBSTRATOS RENOVÁVEIS PARA PRODUÇÃO DE MUDAS DE Mimosa scabrella
Authors: Kratz Dagma , Nogueira Antonio Carlos , Wendling Ivar , De Souza Paulo Vitor Dutra
Published: July 2015

Objetivou-se neste estudo avaliar a viabilidade técnica de substratos renováveis à base de fibra de coco, casca de arroz carbonizada em diferentes granulometrias, biossólido e casca de pínus semidecomposta para a produção de mudas de Mimosa scabrella. Para tanto, foram formulados 41 tratamentos, contendo como testemunha substrato comercial à base de casca de pínus, os quais tiveram suas propriedades físicas e químicas avaliadas. Realizou-se semeadura direta em tubetes de 55 cm³, permanecendo por 120 dias em estufa de vidro e 30 dias na área de pleno sol. Observou-se que o substrato comercial à base de casca de pínus e substratos com diferentes combinações de casca de arroz carbonizada e fibra de coco apresentaram-se viáveis para produção de mudas de M. scabrella, enquanto que o componente biossólido mostrou-se inviável. O peneiramento da casca de arroz não se justifica, quando comparado com a casca de arroz carbonizada na sua forma íntegra. Quanto menor a agregação do substrato às raízes, maior a facilidade de retirada das mudas dos tubetes. A densidade, matéria orgânica, pH, condutividade elétrica, salinidade e concentração de magnésio e fósforo influenciaram no crescimento das mudas.Palavras-chave:  Bracatinga; biossólido; casca de arroz carbonizada; fibra de coco; propriedades físicas. AbstractRenewable substrates in the seedling production of Mimosa scabrella. The objective of this study was to evaluate the technical feasibility of renewable-based substrates coconut fiber, rice hulls at different grain sizes, sludge and pine bark semi-decomposed for the production of seedlings of M. scabrella. To this end, 41 treatments were formulated, containing commercial substrate as a control the base of pine bark, where they were which were analyzed in relation to their physical and chemical properties. Held tillage in plastic tubes of 55 cm³ for 120 days in a greenhouse of glass and 30 days in the full sun. It was observed that the commercial substrate based on pine bark and the substrates based on different combinations of rice hulls and coconut fiber showed to be viable for production of seedlings of M. scabrella, while the component biosolid had to be unfeasible. Screening of rice husk is not justified when compared with the rice hulls in its entirety. The lower the aggregation in substrate, the easier removal of the seedlings of the tubes. The density, organic matter, pH, electrical conductivity, salinity, magnesium and phosphorus influenced the growth of seedlings.Keywords: Bracatinga; biosolid; rice hulls; coconut fiber; physical properties.
AVALIAÇÃO DO RENDIMENTO EM MADEIRA SERRADA DE Eucalyptus benthamii E DE Eucalyptus grandis POR MEIO DO DESDOBRO TANGENCIAL E RADIAL
Authors: Bayestorff da Cunha Alexsandro , França Morgana Cristina , Faedo de Almeida Caio Cesar , Gorski Luciane , Coelho da Cruz Rodrigo , Dos Santos Dalton
Published: July 2015

O objetivo foi determinar o aproveitamento do Eucalyptus benthamii e do Eucalyptus grandis no processo de desdobro. A metodologia envolveu duas classes diamétricas (20-25 cm e 25,01-30 cm) e dois sistemas de desdobro (tangencial e radial). O rendimento do desdobro foi obtido pela relação entre o volume de toras e o de madeira serrada, sendo separado em bruto, sem rachaduras, sem destopo e líquido. Na análise do rendimento, adotou-se a Análise da Variância e o Teste de Tukey. Os resultados encontrados demonstraram que o sistema de desdobro tangencial apresentou melhor aproveitamento da matéria-prima. Os tratamentos compostos pelo E. benthamii e sistema tangencial foram os que apresentaram maior redução no rendimento em função da retirada das partes rachadas das peças, enquanto que, para a perda devida ao destopo, as porcentagens encontradas foram equivalentes para ambas as espécies. No rendimento final do processo, houve uma redução do rendimento em madeira serrada, com o aumento do diâmetro das toras para as duas espécies.Palavras-chave: Eucalipto; rachaduras de topo; aproveitamento da matéria-prima; serraria. AbstractEvaluation of the yield in sawnwood of Eucalyptus benthamii Maiden et Cambage and Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden by tangential and radial sawing. The aim was to determine the yield of Eucalyptus benthamii and Eucalyptus grandis in the process of the sawing. The methodology involved two diameter classes (20-25 cm and 25.1-30 cm) and two systems sawing (tangential and radial). The yield of sawing was obtained through the relationship between the volume of logs and lumber, being separated into gross yield, no splits, no trimming and liquid. The analysis yield was adopted the Analysis of Variance and Tukey test. The results demonstrated that the system of tangential sawing showed better utilization of raw-material. The treatments consisted of the E. benthamii and tangential system presented the greatest yield reduction due to the removal of parts of the split pieces, while for the loss due to destopo, the percentages found were similar for both species. In the final yield of the process, there was no reduction of yield in lumber with the increase of the diameter of the logs for both species.Keywords: Eucalypt; log end splits; utilization of raw material; sawmill.
Are We Getting Good Decisions by Top - Level Domain Name Dispute Resolution Providers?
Authors: Loutocký Pavel
Published: July 2015

Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) has offered unique solution to deal with disputes regarding the registration of internet domain names (so called trademark dilemma) in 1999. Uniform domain name Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP) delimits procedural rules to solve such disputes and to create non – binding decision (binding between involved parties) which approves / rejects the transfer of the domain name to new (trademark) owner.This paper has to focus on the question whether we are getting good decisions or the decisions in similar cases are decided more or less randomly. It is necessary to focus on such question also because of the fact that ICANN is planned to be transferred to the global multi - stakeholder community this year. Is the decision making process ready for such a big change or is it easily suggestible? To try to answer this question it will be necessary to go through the history and activities of ICANN and to focus mainly on UDRP process. Comparison of the convenient trademark dilemma cases or statistics will try to show defects of the rules, which are pointing at problems not only recently but already for quite a long time.The conclusion then is to articulate possible future development and to offer some recommendations of what is necessary to pay attention to.
Common Data Elements for Muscle Biopsy Reporting
Authors: Dastgir Jahannaz , Rutkowski Anne , Alvarez Rachel , Cossette Stacy A. , Yan Ke , Hoffmann Raymond G. , Sewry Caroline , Hayashi Yukiko K. , Goebel Hans-Hilmar , Bonnemann Carsten , Lawlor Michael W.
Published: July 2015

Context

There is no current standard among myopathologists for reporting muscle biopsy findings. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke has recently launched a common data element (CDE) project to standardize neuromuscular data collected in clinical reports and to facilitate their use in research.

Objective

To develop a more-uniform, prospective reporting tool for muscle biopsies, incorporating the elements identified by the CDE project, in an effort to improve reporting and educational resources.

Design

The variation in current biopsy reporting practice was evaluated through a study of 51 muscle biopsy reports from self-reported diagnoses of genetically confirmed or undiagnosed muscle disease from the Congenital Muscle Disease International Registry. Two reviewers independently extracted data from deidentified reports and entered them into the revised CDE format to identify what was missing and whether or not information provided on the revised CDE report (complete/incomplete) could be successfully interpreted by a neuropathologist.

Results

Analysis of the data highlighted showed (1) inconsistent reporting of key clinical features from referring physicians, and (2) considerable variability in the reporting of pertinent positive and negative histologic findings by pathologists.

Conclusions

We propose a format for muscle-biopsy reporting that includes the elements in the CDE checklist and a brief narrative comment that interprets the data in support of a final interpretation. Such a format standardizes cataloging of pathologic findings across the spectrum of muscle diseases and serves emerging clinical care and research needs with the expansion of genetic-testing therapeutic trials.
Microstructure Effects on Electrochemical Characteristics for Plasma Spray Deposited LiFePO4 Films
Authors: Satishkumar B. C. , Zhou Xuan , Moroz Nick , Mohanty Pravansu , Bi Fu , Wang Yaping
Published: July 2015

The electrochemical behavior of composite electrodes used in Li ion batteries is influenced by factors such as microstructural characteristics (e.g. particle size, crystallinity, porosity etc.) and composition. For optimal performance of electrodes these factors are of utmost concern and serve as motivation for research in this field. In this report, we investigated LiFePO4 films synthesized by a novel plasma spray deposition method, which has capability for direct deposition of LiFePO4 films with carbon. This enables electrode characterizations to be carried out at the film level, without recourse to steps involving powder material handling. In this report microstructure and electrochemical properties of LiFePO4 films were investigated to elucidate their unique characteristics. Our studies show that factors such as porosity and microstructure of the films affect the electrochemical properties. The mechanical compression and thermal annealing experiments are shown to affect the electrochemical characteristics of LiFePO4 films. We show that annealing treatment leads to a drastic improvement in impedance and charge-discharge capacities for the LiFePO4 films. These treatments could serve to improve the electrode properties of porous film based materials for Li ion batteries and help us develop new film based materials for energy storage applications.
DLC Coatings in Oil and Gas Production
Authors: Liskiewicz Tomasz , Al-Borno Amal
Published: July 2015

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings are recognized in many sectors as a promising way of controlling wear and the corrosion performance of components. DLC coatings are well established in the automotive industry where they are applied to the moving parts of direct injection fuel systems operating under frictional conditions at high pressures and in the aggressive environment of the combustion chamber. Over the last few years, there has also been an increasing number of reports of DLC coating applications in oil and gas production contexts, including in pipes, shut-off gates and various types of valves.
This paper reviews current efforts to use DLC coatings in the oil and gas sectors and analyses typical coating degradation mechanisms including wear and wear-accelerated corrosion regimes. DLC coating deposition techniques, including Physical (PVD) and Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) techniques, are elaborated, and the unique coating properties obtained from those two methods are assessed. Surface functionalization is discussed, including dopants (W and Si) and gradient interlayers. Finally, the outlook for future use of DLC coatings in oil and gas production is discussed.
¿Qué papel juegan los bibliotecarios en las altmetrics?
Authors: González-Fernández-Villavicencio Nieves , Domínguez-Aroca María-Isabel , Calderón-Rehecho Antonio , García- Hernández Pablo
Published: July 2015

El objetivo que plantea este articulo ha sido identificar los pasos que deben dar los bibliotecarios en la difusión, formación y asesoramiento de las métricas complementarias Altmetrics en el marco de los servicios que ofrecen a sus investigadores, a modo de hoja de ruta. Así mismo se enumeran una serie de razones por las que los bibliotecarios deben tener un papel activo en relación a estas métricas alternativas. Se ha realizado una revisión de la bibliografía y se ha llevado a cabo una encuesta online a bibliotecarios de universidades españolas para conocer su grado de conocimiento y actividad en este tema. Nuestro trabajo contribuye a la visión de las altmétricas desde la perspectiva de los bibliotecarios, ya que consideramos representan un elemento estratégico de difusión y formación en altmetrics.
Are medical articles highlighting detailed statistics more cited?
Authors: Thelwall Mike
Published: July 2015

When conducting a literature review, it is natural to search for articles and read their abstracts in order to select papers to read fully. Hence, informative abstracts are important to ensure that research is read. The description of a paper's methods may help to give confidence that a study is of high quality. This article assesses whether medical articles that mention three statistical methods, each of which is arguably indicative of a more detailed statistical analysis than average, are more highly cited. The results show that medical articles mentioning Bonferroni corrections, bootstrapping and effect size tend to be 7%, 8% and 15% more highly ranked for citations than average, respectively. Although this is consistent with the hypothesis that mentioning more detailed statistical techniques generate more highly cited research, these techniques may also tend to be used in more highly cited areas of Medicine.
Low-threshold-current operation of membrane distributed-feedback laser with surface grating bonded on Si substrate
Authors: Atsuji Yuki , Doi Kyohei , Hiratani Takuo , Inoue Daisuke , Lee Jieun , Atsumi Yuki , Amemiya Tomohiro , Nishiyama Nobuhiko , Arai Shigehisa
Published: July 2015

A lateral-current-injection (LCI) membrane distributed-feedback (DFB) laser with a surface grating structure (incorporating a slight step) emitting in the 1550 nm wavelength range was fabricated on a Si substrate by the adhesive bonding of benzocyclobutene. For a semiconductor membrane thickness of 158 nm and a surface grating depth of 30 nm, a threshold current of as low as 390 µA, with a corresponding threshold current density of 540 A/cm2, was obtained for a cavity length of 360 µm and a stripe width of 0.2 µm under a room-temperature continuous-wave (RT-CW) condition.
Ultimate efficiency limit of single-junction perovskite and dual-junction perovskite/silicon two-terminal devices
Authors: Almansouri Ibraheem , Ho-Baillie Anita , Green Martin A.
Published: July 2015

Theoretical calculation based on detailed balance and incorporating different realistic optical and electrical losses predicts conversion efficiency beyond 22% for single-junction perovskite devices. In dual-junction perovskite/silicon devices, theoretical conversion efficiency around 40% is been determined. However, dramatic drop in the conversion efficiency is shown to be due to the glass reflection and FTO parasitic absorption losses. Additionally, practical conversion efficiency limits of dual-junction two-terminal perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell of 30% are achievable as reported in this work using state-of-the-art demonstrated devices. Additionally, various crystalline silicon (industry and laboratory demonstrated) technologies are used as the bottom cell for the current matched tandem cell stacks with higher relative improvements when using commercial c-Si solar cells. Moreover, the effect of eliminating the parasitic resistances and enhancing the external radiative efficiency (ERE) in the perovskite junction on tandem performance are also investigated enhancing the stack efficiencies.
The Use of Herpes Simplex Virus in Ex Vivo Slice Culture
Authors: Friedman Allyson K. , Han Ming‐Hu
Published: July 2015

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) can be used for a wide range of genetic manipulations in ex vivo slices of central nervous system tissue from both young and adult rodents. The fast expression of the HSV viral‐mediated gene transfer, which can be engineered to produce cell‐type specificity, can be utilized in slice cultures for a variety of purposes over a 1‐ to 4‐day period with spatial and temporal specificity. This protocol exploits the rapid expression of HSV viral vectors by utilizing slice culture for electrophysiological recordings, avoiding the need to do intracranial viral injections. Brain slice cultures maintain many aspects of in vivo biology, including functional local synaptic circuitry with preserved brain architecture, while allowing good experimental access and precise control of the extracellular environment, making them ideal platforms for quick access to evaluate expression effects of HSV viral‐mediated gene transfer on the molecular and cellular properties of specific neurons. This protocol provides an easy way to study neuronal function following viral expression of a gene of interest. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Isolation of Nascent Transcripts with Click Chemistry
Authors: Yildirim Ozlem
Published: July 2015

Steady‐state levels of cellular RNA are determined by both transcriptional rate and RNA half‐life. Commonly used methods for transcriptional analysis are only capable of profiling total RNA and do not distinguish changes in synthesis and decay rates. Hence, a better understanding of the temporal dynamics of cellular response for a given condition at the transcriptional level requires techniques for the analysis of nascent transcripts. Here we describe a protocol that allows isolation of nascent transcripts with a copper‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) also known as a click chemistry reaction. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Parallel WGA and WTA for Comparative Genome and Transcriptome NGS Analysis Using Tiny Cell Numbers
Authors: Korfhage Christian , Fricke Evelyn , Meier Andreas
Published: July 2015

Genomic DNA determines how and when the transcriptome is changed by a trigger or environmental change and how cellular metabolism is influenced. Comparative genome and transcriptome analysis of the same cell sample links a defined genome with all changes in the bases, structure, or numbers of the transcriptome. However, comparative genome and transcriptome analysis using next‐generation sequencing (NGS) or real‐time PCR is often limited by the small amount of sample available. In mammals, the amount of DNA and RNA in a single cell is ∼10 picograms, but deep analysis of the genome and transcriptome currently requires several hundred nanograms of nucleic acids for library preparation for NGS sequencing. Consequently, accurate whole‐genome amplification (WGA) and whole‐transcriptome amplification (WTA) is required for such quantitative analysis. This unit describes how the genome and the transcriptome of a tiny number of cells can be amplified in a highly parallel and comparable process. Protocols for quality control of amplified DNA and application of amplified DNA for NGS are included. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Gene Silencing by RNAi in Mammalian Cells
Authors: Ponthan Frida , Yusoff Narazah Mohd , Soria Natalia Martinez , Heidenreich Olaf , Coffey Kelly
Published: July 2015

This unit provides information how to use short interfering RNA (siRNA) for sequence‐specific gene silencing in mammalian cells. Several methods for siRNA generation and optimization, as well as recommendations for cell transfection and transduction, are presented. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
CRISPR‐Cas9 Genome Editing in Drosophila
Authors: Gratz Scott J. , Rubinstein C. Dustin , Harrison Melissa M. , Wildonger Jill , O'Connor‐Giles Kate M.
Published: July 2015

The CRISPR‐Cas9 system has transformed genome engineering of model organisms from possible to practical. CRISPR‐Cas9 can be readily programmed to generate sequence‐specific double‐strand breaks that disrupt targeted loci when repaired by error‐prone non‐homologous end joining (NHEJ) or to catalyze precise genome modification through homology‐directed repair (HDR). Here we describe a streamlined approach for rapid and highly efficient engineering of the Drosophila genome via CRISPR‐Cas9‐mediated HDR. In this approach, transgenic flies expressing Cas9 are injected with plasmids to express guide RNAs (gRNAs) and positively marked donor templates. We detail target‐site selection; gRNA plasmid generation; donor template design and construction; and the generation, identification, and molecular confirmation of engineered lines. We also present alternative approaches and highlight key considerations for experimental design. The approach outlined here can be used to rapidly and reliably generate a variety of engineered modifications, including genomic deletions and replacements, precise sequence edits, and incorporation of protein tags. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Using the PhenX Toolkit to Add Standard Measures to a Study
Authors: Hendershot Tabitha , Pan Huaqin , Haines Jonathan , Harlan William R. , Marazita Mary L. , McCarty Catherine A. , Ramos Erin M. , Hamilton Carol M.
Published: July 2015

The PhenX (consensus measures for Phenotypes and eXposures) Toolkit (https://www.phenxtoolkit.org/) offers high‐quality, well‐established measures of phenotypes and exposures for use by the scientific community. The goal is to promote the use of standard measures, enhance data interoperability, and help investigators identify opportunities for collaborative and translational research. The Toolkit contains 395 measures drawn from 22 research domains (fields of research), along with additional collections of measures for Substance Abuse and Addiction (SAA) research, Mental Health Research (MHR), and Tobacco Regulatory Research (TRR). Additional measures for TRR that are expected to be released in 2015 include Obesity, Eating Disorders, and Sickle Cell Disease. Measures are selected by working groups of domain experts using a consensus process that includes input from the scientific community. The Toolkit provides a description of each PhenX measure, the rationale for including it in the Toolkit, protocol(s) for collecting the measure, and supporting documentation. Users can browse measures in the Toolkit or can search the Toolkit using the Smart Query Tool or a full text search. PhenX Toolkit users select measures of interest to add to their Toolkit. Registered Toolkit users can save their Toolkit and return to it later to revise or complete. They then have options to download a customized Data Collection Worksheet that specifies the data to be collected, and a Data Dictionary that describes each variable included in the Data Collection Worksheet. The Toolkit also has a Register Your Study feature that facilitates cross‐study collaboration by allowing users to find other investigators using the same PhenX measures. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Visualization of Telomere Integrity and Function In Vitro and In Vivo Using Immunofluorescence Techniques
Authors: Cesare Anthony J. , Heaphy Christopher M. , O'Sullivan Roderick J.
Published: July 2015

In cancer cells, telomere length maintenance occurs largely via the direct synthesis of TTAGGG repeats at chromosome ends by telomerase, or less frequently by the recombination‐dependent alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway. The latter is characterized by the atypical clustering of telomeres within promyelocytic leukemia (PML) nuclear bodies, which harbor proteins that are linked with DNA repair and recombination activity. For this reason, it is speculated that these associated PML bodies represent the sites of the recombination that maintains telomere length. The protocols described here can be employed for the routine investigation of the structural integrity of telomeres and the association of proteins at telomeres in normal cells, challenged cells, and archived formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded clinical tissue specimens that may have activated the ALT pathway. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.