bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synergistic role of c-Myc and ERK1/2 in the mitogenic response to TGFβ-1 in cultured rat nucleus pulposus cells
Authors: Nakai Tomoko , Mochida Joji , Sakai Daisuke
Published: December 2008

Introduction

Although transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) is known to be a potent inhibitor of proliferation in most cell types, it accelerates proliferation in certain mesenchymal cells, such as articular chondrocytes and nucleus pulposus cells. The low ability for self-renewal of nucleus pulposus cells is one obstacle in developing new therapeutic options for intervertebral disc diseases, and utilizing cytokines is one of the strategies to regulate nucleus pulposus cell proliferation. However, the precise cell cycle progression and molecular mechanisms by which TGFβ1 stimulates cell growth remain unclear. The aim of this study was to elucidate a mechanism that enables cell proliferation with TGFβ1 stimulation.

Methods

We tested cultured rat nucleus pulposus cells for proliferation and cell cycle distribution under exogenous TGFβ1 stimulation with and without putative pharmaceutical inhibitors. To understand the molecular mechanism, we evaluated the expression levels of key regulatory G1 phase proteins, c-Myc and the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors.

Results

We found that TGFβ1 promoted proliferation and cell cycle progression while reducing expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p27, which are downregulators of the cell cycle. Robust c-Myc expression for 2 h and immediate phosphorylation of extra cellular signal regulated kinase (ERK1/2) were detected in cultures when TGFβ1 was added. However, pretreatment with 10058-F4 (an inhibitor of c-Myc transcriptional activity) or PD98059 (an inhibitor of ERK1/2) suppressed c-Myc expression and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and inhibited cell cycle promotion by TGFβ1.

Conclusions

Our experimental results indicate that TGFβ1 promotes cell proliferation and cell cycle progression in rat nucleus pulposus cells and that c-Myc and phosphorylated ERK1/2 play important roles in this mechanism. While the difference between rat and human disc tissues requires future studies using different species, investigation of distinct response in the rat model provides fundamental information to elucidate a specific regulatory pathway of TGFβ1.
IFN-β improves BCG immunogenicity by acting on DC maturation
Authors: Giacomini Elena , Remoli Maria Elena , Gafa Valérie , Pardini Manuela , Fattorini Lanfranco , Coccia Eliana M
Published: December 2008

Given the variable protective efficacy provided by Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), there is an urgent need to develop new vaccines against tuberculosis. As dendritic cells (DC) play a critical role in initiating and regulating a protective T cell response against the pathogens, the comprehension of mycobacterium-induced modulation of DC functions is critical to pinpoint new, immunological strategies. To this end, a comparative analysis of the effect induced by BCG and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection on the DC immunophenotype indicated that BCG is less efficient in inducing DC maturation than Mtb. In addition, BCG-infected DC poorly expressed IFN-β and displayed a reduced production of IL-12 as compared with Mtb-stimulated cells. The impaired expression of IL-12p35 and IFN-β is likely a result of the inability of BCG to induce the activation of the IFN regulatory factor-3. Taking into account these data, we sought to investigate whether the exogenous addition of IFN-β, a cytokine that exerts important effects on the immune system, could enhance the Th1-polarizing capacity of BCG-infected DC. Interestingly, when DC infected by BCG were pretreated in vitro with IFN-β, they displayed a fully mature phenotype and released a significant amount of bioactive IL-12p70, which resulted in an enhanced Th1 response. This study demonstrates that IFN-β potentiates DC immunological functions following BCG infection, thus suggesting IFN-β as a possible candidate as vaccine adjuvant.
Hindbrain Leptin Stimulation Induces Anorexia and Hyperthermia Mediated by Hindbrain Melanocortin Receptors
Authors: Skibicka Karolina P. , Grill Harvey J.
Published: December 2008

Of the central nervous system receptors that could mediate the energy balance effects of leptin, those of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus receive the greatest attention. Melanocortin receptors (MC-Rs) contribute to the feeding and energetic effects of hypothalamically delivered leptin. Energy balance effects of leptin are also mediated by extrahypothalamic neurons including the hindbrain nucleus tractus solitarius. Hindbrain leptin receptors play a role in leptin’s anorectic effects, but their contribution to its energetic effects and their functional interaction with melanocortin systems within the hindbrain remains unexplored. Here rats implanted with telemetric devices for recording energetic/cardiovascular responses were examined to determine whether: 1) hindbrain (fourth ventricular) leptin receptor stimulation triggers energetic and cardiovascular effects, 2) these effects are altered by a 6-wk high-fat diet maintenance, and 3) hindbrain MC-Rs mediate the thermogenic, cardiovascular, and anorexic effects of hindbrain leptin delivery. Results show that hindbrain leptin receptor stimulation produced long-lasting (>6 h) increases in core temperature and heart rate and also decreased food intake and body weight. These responses were not altered by high-fat maintenance, in contrast to what has been reported for forebrain leptin delivery. Fourth ventricular pretreatment with MC-R antagonist SHU 9119 completely abolished the hyperthermia, anorexia, and body weight loss seen with hindbrain-directed leptin but had no effects of its own. These data highlight a role for hindbrain leptin receptors in the initiation of energetic and anorexic responses and show that MCRs are part of the downstream mediation of hindbrain leptin-induced energy balance effects, paralleling effects observed for hypothalamic leptin receptors.
Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide Induces an Endocrine Switch from Prostaglandin F2α to Prostaglandin E2 in Bovine Endometrium
Authors: Herath Shan , Lilly Sonia T. , Fischer Deborah P. , Williams Erin J. , Dobson Hilary , Bryant Clare E. , Sheldon I. Martin
Published: December 2008

Escherichia coli infection of the endometrium causes uterine disease after parturition and is associated with prolonged luteal phases of the ovarian cycle in cattle. Termination of the luteal phase is initiated by prostaglandin F2α (PGF) from oxytocin-stimulated endometrial epithelial cells. Compared with normal animals, the peripheral plasma of animals with E. coli infection of the endometrium had higher concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE) but not PGF. Endometrial explants accumulated predominantly PGE in the culture medium in response to LPS, and this effect was not reversed by oxytocin. Endometrial cells expressed the Toll-like receptor 4/CD14/MD-2 receptor complex necessary to detect LPS. Epithelial and stromal cells treated with LPS had higher steady-state media concentrations of PGE rather than PGF. Arachadonic acid is liberated from cell membranes by phospholipase 2 (PLA2) enzymes and converted to prostaglandins by synthase enzymes. Treatment of epithelial and stromal cells with LPS did not change the levels of PGE or PGF synthase enzymes. However, LPS stimulated increased levels of PLA2 group VI but not PLA2 group IV C immunoreactive protein in epithelial cells. Endometrial cells expressed the E prostanoid 2 and E prostanoid 4 receptors necessary to respond to PGE, which regulates inflammation as well as being luteotropic. In conclusion, LPS detection by endometrial cells stimulated the accumulation of PGE rather than PGF, providing a mechanism to explain prolonged luteal phases in animals with uterine disease, and this PGE may also be important for regulating inflammatory responses in the endometrium.
The CAP Superfamily: Cysteine-Rich Secretory Proteins, Antigen 5, and Pathogenesis-Related 1 Proteins—Roles in Reproduction, Cancer, and Immune Defense
Authors: Gibbs Gerard M. , Roelants Kim , O'Bryan Moira K.
Published: December 2008

The cysteine-rich secretory proteins, antigen 5, and pathogenesis-related 1 proteins (CAP) superfamily members are found in a remarkable range of organisms spanning each of the animal kingdoms. Within humans and mice, there are 31 and 33 individual family members, respectively, and although many are poorly characterized, the majority show a notable expression bias to the reproductive tract and immune tissues or are deregulated in cancers. CAP superfamily proteins are most often secreted and have an extracellular endocrine or paracrine function and are involved in processes including the regulation of extracellular matrix and branching morphogenesis, potentially as either proteases or protease inhibitors; in ion channel regulation in fertility; as tumor suppressor or prooncogenic genes in tissues including the prostate; and in cell-cell adhesion during fertilization. This review describes mammalian CAP superfamily gene expression profiles, phylogenetic relationships, protein structural properties, and biological functions, and it draws into focus their potential role in health and disease. The nine subfamilies of the mammalian CAP superfamily include: the human glioma pathogenesis-related 1 (GLIPR1), Golgi associated pathogenesis related-1 (GAPR1) proteins, peptidase inhibitor 15 (PI15), peptidase inhibitor 16 (PI16), cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISPs), CRISP LCCL domain containing 1 (CRISPLD1), CRISP LCCL domain containing 2 (CRISPLD2), mannose receptor like and the R3H domain containing like proteins. We conclude that overall protein structural conservation within the CAP superfamily results in fundamentally similar functions for the CAP domain in all members, yet the diversity outside of this core region dramatically alters target specificity and, therefore, the biological consequences.
Src Family Kinases Accelerate Prolactin Receptor Internalization, Modulating Trafficking and Signaling in Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Piazza Timothy M. , Lu Juu-Chin , Carver Kristopher C. , Schuler Linda A.
Published: December 2008

Despite the growing body of evidence supporting prolactin (PRL) actions in human breast cancer, little is known regarding PRL regulation of its own receptor in these cells. Ligand-initiated endocytosis is a key process in the regulation of receptor availability and signaling cascades that may lead to oncogenic actions. Although exposure to exogenous PRL accelerates degradation of the long isoform of the PRL receptor (lPRLR), neither the signals initiated by PRL that lead to lPRLR internalization and subsequent down-regulation, nor the relationship to downstream pathways are understood in breast cancer cells. In this study, we showed that PRL-induced down-regulation of the lPRLR was reduced by inhibition of src family kinases (SFKs), but not Janus kinase 2, in MCF-7 cells. Inhibition of SFKs also resulted in accumulation of a PRL-induced PRLR fragment containing the extracellular domain, which appeared to be generated from newly synthesized PRLR. lPRLR was constitutively associated with SFKs in lipid rafts. PRL-induced SFK activation led to recruitment of the guanosine triphosphatase, dynamin-2, to an internalization complex, resulting in endocytosis. Inhibition of endocytosis by small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of dynamin-2 blocked PRL-induced down-regulation of lPRLR, confirming that internalization is essential for this process. Endocytosis also was required for optimal phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Akt, but not for Janus kinase 2 or signal transducer and activator of transcription 5, indicating that internalization selectively modulates signaling cascades. Together, these data indicate that SFKs are key mediators of ligand-initiated lPRLR internalization, down-regulation, and signal transduction in breast cancer cells, and underscore the importance of target cell context in receptor trafficking and signal transduction.
β-Selective Glycosidation of a 5-Thioglucosamine Derivative
Authors: Yuasa Hideya , Tsuruta Osamu , Izumi Takuhiro , Takahara Terunao , Izumi Masayuki , Hashimoto Hironobu
Published: December 2008

The first β-selective chemical 5-thioglycosylation of a secondary alcohol was attained with the 2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-5-thioglucose derivative. Requirements of the carbonyl functional groups at C2 to exert anchimeric assistance are discussed on the basis of the results with various functional groups.
Preparation, Structure, and Diels–Alder Reaction of Phenyl(trifluoromethanesulfonate)(3,3,3-trifluoropropynyl)-λ3-iodane
Authors: Shimizu Masaki , Takeda Youhei , Hiyama Tamejiro
Published: December 2008

Phenyl(trifluoromethanesulfonate)(3,3,3-trifluoropropynyl)-λ3-iodane was prepared from tributyl(3,3,3-trifluoropropynyl)stannane and PhI(CN)OTf. The molecular structure was disclosed by X-ray diffraction analysis to form T-shape geometry with the hypervalent iodine atom as the central point. The iodonium salt underwent smoothly the Diels–Alder reaction with 1,3-dienes, furans, and pyrrole to give trifluoromethyl-substituted cyclohexadienes in good to high yields, respectively, in contrast to the corresponding nonfluorinated counterpart.
The Consistent Vehicle Routing Problem
Authors: Groër Chris , Golden Bruce , Wasil Edward
Published: December 2008

In the small package shipping industry (as in other industries), companies try to differentiate themselves by providing high levels of customer service. This can be accomplished in several ways, including online tracking of packages, ensuring on-time delivery, and offering residential pickups. Some companies want their drivers to develop relationships with customers on a route and have the same drivers visit the same customers at roughly the same time on each day that the customers need service. These service requirements, together with traditional constraints on vehicle capacity and route length, define a variant of the classical capacitated vehicle routing problem, which we call the consistent VRP (ConVRP). In this paper, we formulate the problem as a mixed-integer program and develop an algorithm to solve the ConVRP that is based on the record-to-record travel algorithm. We compare the performance of our algorithm to the optimal mixed-integer program solutions for a set of small problems and then apply our algorithm to five simulated data sets with 1,000 customers and a real-world data set with more than 3,700 customers. We provide a technique for generating ConVRP benchmark problems from vehicle routing problem instances given in the literature and provide our solutions to these instances. The solutions produced by our algorithm on all problems do a very good job of meeting customer service objectives with routes that have a low total travel time.

In the paper “The Consistent Vehicle Routing Problem,” published in Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, ePub ahead of print December 4, 2008, http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/msom.1080.0243, the authors have amended the original text published online to correct an oversight in conveying the real-world problem studied in this article.
The End of History Museums: What's Plan B?
Authors: Carson Cary
Published: December 2008

Are historic sites and house museums destined to go the way of Oldsmobiles and floppy disks? Visitation has trended downwards for thirty years. Theories abound, but no one really knows why. To launch a discussion of the problem in the pages of The Public Historian, Cary Carson cautions against the pessimistic view that the past is simply passé. Instead he offers a “Plan B” that takes account of the new way that learners today organize information to make history meaningful.
Biphasic Induction of Pdx1 in Mouse and Human Embryonic Stem Cells Can Mimic Development of Pancreatic β-Cells
Authors: Bernardo Andreia S. , Cho Candy H.-H. , Mason Sharon , Docherty Hilary M. , Pedersen Roger A. , Vallier Ludovic , Docherty Kevin
Published: December 2008

Embryonic stem (ES) cells represent a possible source of islet tissue for the treatment of diabetes. Achieving this goal will require a detailed understanding of how the transcription factor cascade initiated by the homeodomain transcription factor Pdx1 culminates in pancreatic β-cell development. Here we describe a genetic approach that enables fine control of Pdx1 transcriptional activity during endoderm differentiation of mouse and human ES cell. By activating an exogenous Pdx1VP16 protein in populations of cells enriched in definitive endoderm we show a distinct lineage-dependent requirement for this transcription factor's activity. Mimicking the natural biphasic pattern of Pdx1 expression was necessary to induce an endocrine pancreas-like cell phenotype, in which 30% of the cells were β-cell-like. Cell markers consistent with the different β-cell differentiation stages appeared in a sequential order following the natural pattern of pancreatic development. Furthermore, in mouse ES-derived cultures the differentiated β-like cells secreted C-peptide (insulin) in response to KCl and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, suggesting that following a natural path of development in vitro represents the best approach to generate functional pancreatic cells. Together these results reveal for the first time a significant effect of the timed expression of Pdx1 on the non-β-cells in the developing endocrine pancreas. Collectively, we show that this method of in vitro differentiation provides a template for inducing and studying ES cell differentiation into insulin-secreting cells.
Environmental risk assessment for the galenical formulation of solid medicinal products at roche basle, switzerland
Authors: Hoerger Corinne C , Dörr Benno , Schlienger Claude , Straub Jürg O
Published: December 2008

An environmental risk assessment for losses to wastewater from galenical manufacturing of solid medicinal products at F. Hoffmann-La Roche in Basle, Switzerland, was performed based on an annual total materials balance. This balance resulted in a loss factor of 0.2% relative to the sum of all starting materials, which was later confirmed as valid by analysis for 1 specific active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). The initial risk assessment for all 25 different APIs formulated resulted in no evident risk for the wastewater treatment plant, based on biodegradation no-effect data. However, based on acute ecotoxicity data, potential risk to the local receiving water, the River Rhine, was identified from 1 single API, the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (SMX). A refinement of the risk assessment for SMX, based on chronic ecotoxicity data, or the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC), and documented sewage works degradability, or the predicted environmental concentration (PEC), led to a significant decrease of the initial PEC/PNEC ratio to well below 1. In view of this refinement, the final conclusion is that the galenical production investigated poses no significant risk to the environment.
Determining What We Stand for Will Guide What We Do: Community Priorities, Ethical Research Paradigms, and Research With Vulnerable Populations
Authors: Perez Leda M. , Treadwell Henrie M.
Published: December 2008

Prisoners, ex-offenders, and the communities they belong to constitute a distinct and highly vulnerable population, and research must be sensitive to their priorities. In light of recent suggestions that scientific experimentation involving prisoners be reconsidered, community-based participatory research can be a valuable tool for determining the immediate concerns of prisoners, such as the receipt of high-quality and dignified health care inside and outside prisons. In building research agendas, more must be done to ensure the participation of communities affected by the resulting policies.
School-Based Screening to Identify At-Risk Students Not Already Known to School Professionals: The Columbia Suicide Screen
Authors: Scott Michelle A. , Wilcox Holly C. , Schonfeld Irvin Sam , Davies Mark , Hicks Roger C. , Turner J. Blake , Shaffer David
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We sought to determine the degree of overlap between students identified through school-based suicide screening and those thought to be at risk by school administrative and clinical professionals.

Methods. Students from 7 high schools in the New York metropolitan area completed the Columbia Suicide Screen; 489 of the 1729 students screened had positive results. The clinical status of 641 students (73% of those who had screened positive and 23% of those who had screened negative) was assessed with modules from the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children. School professionals nominated by their principal and unaware of students' screening and diagnostic status were asked to indicate whether they were concerned about the emotional well-being of each participating student.

Results. Approximately 34% of students with significant mental health problems were identified only through screening, 13.0% were identified only by school professionals, 34.9% were identified both through screening and by school professionals, and 18.3% were identified neither through screening nor by school professionals. The corresponding percentages among students without mental health problems were 9.1%, 24.0%, 5.5%, and 61.3%.

Conclusions. School-based screening can identify suicidal and emotionally troubled students not recognized by school professionals.
Influences of Physical and Social Neighborhood Environments on Children's Physical Activity and Obesity
Authors: Franzini Luisa , Elliott Marc N. , Cuccaro Paula , Schuster Mark , Gilliland M. Janice , Grunbaum Jo Anne , Franklin Frank , Tortolero Susan R.
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We investigated the association between physical and social neighborhood environments and fifth-grade students’ physical activity and obesity.

Methods. We collected data on 650 children and their primary caregivers during phase 1 of Healthy Passages, a multisite, community-based, cross-sectional study of health risk behaviors and health outcomes in children. We conducted independent systematic neighborhood observations to measure neighborhood physical characteristics, and we analyzed survey data on social processes. We modeled children's physical activity and obesity status with structural equation models that included latent variables for the physical and social environments.

Results. After we controlled for children's sociodemographic factors, we found that a favorable social environment was positively associated with several measures of physical activity and that physical activity was negatively associated with obesity in these children. Physical environment was not significantly associated with physical activity.

Conclusions. Our findings suggest that neighborhood social factors as well as the physical environment should be considered in the development of health policy and interventions to reduce childhood obesity.
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy and Increased Use of Contraceptives Among HIV-Positive Women During Expanding Access to Antiretroviral Therapy in Mbarara, Uganda
Authors: Andia Irene , Kaida Angela , Maier Marissa , Guzman David , Emenyonu Nneka , Pepper Larry , Bangsberg David R. , Hogg Robert S.
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We investigated whether the prevalence of contraceptive use among women who are HIV positive varied according to use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in Mbarara, Uganda.

Methods. We used data from a cross-sectional survey of 484 women who were HIV positive (18–50 years) and were attending Mbarara University's HIV clinic, 45% of whom were receiving HAART. Multivariate logistic regression was used to investigate the association between HAART use and contraceptive use. Data were collected between November 2005 and June 2006.

Results. Overall, 45% of the women were sexually active in the previous 3 months. Of these, 85% reported using contraceptive methods, with 84% reporting use of barrier contraceptive methods. Women receiving HAART were more than twice as likely to use contraceptive methods (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.64; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.07, 6.49) and more than 3 times as likely to use barrier contraceptive methods (AOR = 3.62; 95% CI = 1.54, 8.55) than were women not receiving HAART.

Conclusions. Our findings support the need for increased attention to better integration of reproductive health and HIV and AIDS services for women who are HIV positive.
The Effectiveness of Child Restraint Systems for Children Aged 3 Years or Younger During Motor Vehicle Collisions: 1996 to 2005
Authors: Rice Thomas M. , Anderson Craig L.
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We estimated the effectiveness of child restraints in preventing death during motor vehicle collisions among children 3 years or younger.

Methods. We conducted a matched cohort study using Fatality Analysis Reporting System data from 1996 to 2005. We estimated death risk ratios using conditional Poisson regression, bootstrapping, multiple imputation, and a sensitivity analysis of misclassification bias. We examined possible effect modification by selected factors.

Results. The estimated death risk ratios comparing child safety seats with no restraint were 0.27 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.21, 0.34) for infants, 0.24 (95% CI = 0.19, 0.30) for children aged 1 year, 0.40 (95% CI = 0.32, 0.51) for those aged 2 years, and 0.41 (95% CI = 0.33, 0.52) for those aged 3 years. Estimated safety seat effectiveness was greater during rollover collisions, in rural environments, and in light trucks. We estimated seat belts to be as effective as safety seats in preventing death for children aged 2 and 3 years.

Conclusions. Child safety seats are highly effective in reducing the risk of death during severe traffic collisions and generally outperform seat belts. Parents should be encouraged to use child safety seats in favor of seat belts.
Changes in Knowledge, Beliefs, and Behaviors Related to Fruit and Vegetable Consumption Among Western Australian Adults from 1995 to 2004
Authors: Pollard Christina , Miller Margaret , Woodman Richard John , Meng Rosie , Binns Colin
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We monitored changes in self-reported knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding fruit and vegetable consumption in Western Australia prior to and after a healthful-eating campaign.

Methods. We obtained telephone survey data from 2854 adults in Perth from Nutrition Monitoring Surveys conducted in 1995, 1998, 2001, and 2004. The “Go for 2&5” fruit and vegetable campaign was implemented from 2002 to 2005.

Results. We observed changes in knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding fruit and vegetable intake. In 2004, respondents were more likely than in 1995 to report 2 servings of fruit (odds ratio [OR] = 3.66; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.85, 4.70) and 5 servings of vegetables (OR = 4.50; 95% CI = 3.49, 5.80) per day as optimal. Despite this, vegetable consumption in 2004 was less than in 1995 (rate ratio = 0.88; 95% CI = 0.82, 0.96; P = .003). Perceived adequacy of vegetable (59.3%) or fruit (34.5%) intake and insufficient time for vegetable preparation (14.3%) were the main barriers.

Conclusions. Knowledge of the recommended fruit and vegetable intake increased following the Go for 2&5 campaign. Perceptions of the adequacy of current intake and time scarcity should be considered when designing nutrition interventions.
Best-Practice Physical Activity Programs for Older Adults: Findings From the National Impact Study
Authors: Hughes Susan L. , Seymour Rachel B. , Campbell Richard T. , Whitelaw Nancy , Bazzarre Terry
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We assessed the impact of existing best-practice physical activity programs for older adults on physical activity participation and health-related outcomes.

Methods. We used a multisite, randomized trial with 544 older adults (mean age 66 years) and measures at baseline, 5, and 10 months to test the impact of a multiple-component physical activity program compared with results for a control group that did not participate in such a program.

Results. For adults who participated in a multiple-component physical activity program, we found statistically significant benefits at 5 and 10 months with regard to self-efficacy for exercise adherence over time (P < .001), adherence in the face of barriers (P = .01), increased upper- and lower-body strength (P = .02, P = .01), and exercise participation (P = .01).

Conclusions. Best-practice community-based physical activity programs can measurably improve aspects of functioning that are risk factors for disability among older adults. US public policy should encourage these inexpensive health promotion programs.
Black–White Differences in Hysterectomy Prevalence: The CARDIA Study
Authors: Bower Julie K. , Schreiner Pamela J. , Sternfeld Barbara , Lewis Cora E.
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We evaluated the cross-sectional association between race and hysterectomy prevalence in a population-based cohort of US women and investigated participant characteristics associated with racial differences.

Methods. The cohort consisted of 1863 Black and White women in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study from 2000 to 2002 (years 15 and 16 after baseline). We used logistic regression to examine unadjusted and multivariable adjusted odds ratios.

Results. Black women demonstrated greater odds of hysterectomy compared with White women (odds ratio [OR] = 3.52; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.52, 4.90). Adjustment for age, educational attainment, perceived barriers to accessing medical care, body mass index, polycystic ovarian syndrome, tubal ligation, depressive symptoms, age at menarche, and geographic location minimally altered the association (OR = 3.70; 95% CI = 2.44, 5.61). In a subset of the study population, those with directly imaged fibroids, the association was minimally attenuated (OR = 3.47; 95% CI = 2.23, 5.40).

Conclusions. In both unadjusted and multivariable adjusted models, Black women, compared with White women, had increased odds of hysterectomy that persisted despite adjustment for participant characteristics. The increased odds are possibly related to decisions to undergo hysterectomy.
Use of Density-Equalizing Cartograms to Visualize Trends and Disparities in State-Specific Prevalence of Obesity: 1996–2006
Authors: Houle Brian , Holt James , Gillespie Cathleen , Freedman David S. , Reyes Michele
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We used cartograms to visually communicate the state-specific prevalence of obesity and its association with socioeconomic variables over time to benefit and inform decisions by national health policymakers who address geographic and social inequities in health.

Methods. We generated density-equalizing maps, known as cartograms (in which geographic regions are sized in proportion to some variable), that illustrate indicators of population and educational attainment. We also provide an innovative presentation of the obesity choropleth map (which presents values for areas by shading).

Results. The maps depict the absolute burden of obesity, the inverse association between obesity and education, and geographic patterns in the prevalence of obesity over time.

Conclusions. The prevalence of obesity in the United States continues to increase. These cartograms can help stakeholders interpret surveillance data and their relation to demographic and socioeconomic characteristics to inform decisions.
Adverse Childhood Events and Lifetime Alcohol Dependence
Authors: Pilowsky Daniel J. , Keyes Katherine M. , Hasin Deborah S.
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We sought to study the association between adverse events occurring in childhood and adolescence and lifetime alcohol dependence in a representative sample of American adults.

Methods. With data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, we conducted logistic regression multivariate analyses to examine the impact of adverse events occurring in childhood (aged < 18 years) on the lifetime prevalence of alcohol dependence. We controlled for age at drinking onset, binge drinking, alcoholism in parents and grandparents of respondents, and demographic characteristics.

Results. Adverse childhood events were associated with familial alcoholism and with early and binge drinking, and therefore, we controlled for these potential confounders. Experiencing 2 or more adverse childhood events, compared with none, significantly increased the risk for alcohol dependence, even after we controlled for sociodemographic variables and disorder-specific potential confounders not considered in the extant literature (adjusted odds ratio = 1.37; 95% confidence interval = 1.06, 1.77).

Conclusions. Individuals who experienced 2 or more adverse childhood events are at increased risk for lifetime alcohol dependence. A better understanding of the factors underlying the risk for alcohol dependence is important for developing better prevention and early intervention measures.
Justice System Involvement Into Young Adulthood: Comparison of Adolescent Girls in the Public Mental Health System and in the General Population
Authors: Davis Maryann , Fisher William H. , Gershenson Bernice , Grudzinskas Albert J. , Banks Steven M.
Published: December 2008

We compared arrest onset and frequency and types of charges between a statewide cohort of adolescent girls in the public mental health system and girls of the same age in the general population to investigate important differences that could have policy or intervention implications. Girls in the public mental health system were arrested at earlier ages more frequently and were charged with more serious offenses than were girls in the general population. Our results strongly argue for cooperation between the public mental health and justice systems to provide mental health and offender rehabilitation in their shared population.
Stepping Responses of Infants With Myelomeningocele When Supported on a Motorized Treadmill
Authors: Teulier Caroline , Smith Beth A , Kubo Masayoshi , Chang Chia-Lin , Moerchen Victoria , Murazko Karin , Ulrich Beverly D
Published: December 2008

Background and Purpose

Infants with myelomeningocele (MMC) have difficulty with, and show delays in, acquiring functional skills, such as walking. This study examined whether infants with MMC will respond to treadmill practice by producing stepping patterns or at least motor activity during the first year after birth. This study also compared the stepping trajectories of infants with MMC across age with those of infants with typical development (TD) to analyze the characteristics of the development of stepping patterns in infants with MMC early in life.

Participants

Twelve infants with MMC (lumbar and sacral lesions) and 12 infants with TD were the participants in this study.

Methods

The infants were tested on a treadmill at ages 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months, with no treadmill practice between test sessions. Infants were supported on the treadmill for twelve 20-second trials. A digital camera and behavior coding were used to determine step rate, interlimb stepping patterns, step parameters, and motor activity level.

Results

Treadmill practice elicited steps in infants with MMC (14.4 steps/minute during the year) but less so than in infants with TD (40.8 steps/minute). Responsiveness was affected by lesion level but varied markedly among infants. Interlimb stepping was less readily alternating, but step parameters were similar to those produced by their peers with TD. Finally, holding infants with MMC on a moving treadmill resulted in greater motor activity (17% during the year) than holding infants on a nonmoving treadmill.

Discussion and Conclusion

Infants with MMC responded to the treadmill by stepping (but less so than infants with TD) and showing increased motor activity, but they demonstrated a different developmental trajectory. Future studies are needed to explore the impact of enhancing sensory input during treadmill practice to optimize responses in infants with MMC.
Purposes, Practices, and Sites: A Comparative Case of Two Pathways Into Middle School Teaching
Authors: Conklin Hilary G.
Published: December 2008

Drawing on sociological and cognitive psychological perspectives on teacher learning, this comparative case study investigates the myriad influences that shape teachers’ learning in two divergent teacher education pathways. Specifically, this article explores a case of the two most common pathways into middle school teaching—the elementary and secondary pathways—and their contribution to the preparation of middle school social studies teachers. The findings of this study provide important insights into the instructional practices in which teacher education programs engage prospective teachers, the explicit and implicit purposes toward which these practices are directed, and the program opportunities that support those purposes. The author discusses how these findings inform the preparation of middle school teachers specifically and teacher education practice and policy generally.
Possible methods of preventing groundwater contamination at landfill sites; case studies from Nepal
Authors: Panthee Suman
Published: December 2008

Significant increase in municipal solid waste in Nepal has led to build up of few landfill sites in urban areas. Among several problems existing in the landfill sites, groundwater and soil contamination are the major problems. The major causes of contamination are generation of leachate, improper design and selection of materials in the landfill sites. Therefore, understanding on physical and chemical behavior of the leachate with the fill material, and the landfill site design parameters is required to solve the problem. Three landfill sites (Gokarna, Sisdol and Pokhara) were studied as case studied to identify leakage problems in view of controlling leachate migration. Hydraulic conductivity, particle size distribution and shape of basement material were studied. Gokarna Landfill Site did not have proper clay lining or other technology that prevents groundwater contamination. The Sisdol and the Pokhara landfill sites were improved sites but were devoid of clay lining. To control leachate migration, proper basement and other design is required. The slope of the basement clay liner should be adjusted properly according to the hydraulic conductivity of the clay to prevent leachate movement downward. Similarly, selection of shape and size of drainage material is important for aeration, and to prevent from leachate clogging and puncturing the basal clay or geo-membrane. The case studies suggested need of some improvements for basal design of landfill sites for future. Besides the basement design, design of leachate suction well and vegetative technology for leachate treatment are necessary. A basement design is proposed that will be economic and suitable for developing countries. This paper discusses about some drawbacks in technical practices in some landfill sites in Nepal and suggests possible methods that can be applied in constructing landfill sites for reducing contamination.   doi: 10.3126/bdg.v11i0.1542 Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal, Vol. 11, 2008, pp. 51-60
Zeolite-based Impedimetric Gas Sensor Device in Low-cost Technology for Hydrocarbon Gas Detection
Authors: Reiß Sebastian , Hagen Gunter , Moos Ralf
Published: December 2008

Due to increasing environmental concerns the need for inexpensive selective gas sensors is increasing. This work deals with transferring a novel zeolite-based impedimetric hydrocarbon gas sensor principle, which has been originally manufactured in a costly combination of photolithography, thin-film processes, and thick-film processes to a lowcost technology comprising only thick-film processes and one electroplating step. The sensing effect is based on a thin chromium oxide layer between the interdigital electrodes and a Pt-loaded ZSM-5 zeolite film. When hydrocarbons are present in the sensor ambient, the electrical sensor impedance increases strongly and selectively. In the present work, the chromium oxide film is electroplated on Au screen-printed interdigital electrodes and then oxidized to Cr2O3. The electrode area is covered with the screen-printed zeolite. The sensor device is self-heated utilizing a planar platinum heater on the backside. The best sensor performance is obtained at a frequency of 3 Hz at around 350 °C. The good selectivity of the original sensor setup could be confirmed, but a strong cross-sensitivity to ammonia occurs, which might prohibit its original intention for use in automotive exhausts.
Optoelectronic Plethysmography has Improved our Knowledge of Respiratory Physiology and Pathophysiology
Authors: Romagnoli Isabella , Lanini Barbara , Binazzi Barbara , Bianchi Roberto , Coli Claudia , Stendardi Loredana , Gigliotti Francesco , Scano Giorgio
Published: December 2008

It is well known that the methods actually used to track thoraco-abdominal volume displacement have several limitations. This review evaluates the clinical usefulness of measuring chest wall kinematics by optoelectronic plethysmography [OEP]. OEP provides direct measurements (both absolute and its variations) of the volume of the chest wall and its compartments, according to the model of Ward and Macklem, without requiring calibration or subject cooperation. The system is non invasive and does not require a mouthpiece or nose-clip which may modify the pattern of breathing, making the subject aware of his breathing. Also, the precise assessment of compartmental changes in chest wall volumes, combined with pressure measurements, provides a detailed description of the action and control of the different respiratory muscle groups and assessment of chest wall dynamics in a number of physiological and clinical experimental conditions.
MODELLING THE IMPACT OF WIND FARMS ON HOUSE PRICES IN THE UK
Authors: Sims Sally , Dent Peter , Oskrochi G. Reza
Published: December 2008

This paper discusses the findings from a UK study to determine the likely impact of a wind farm on house prices using a hedonic pricing model. The Government's commitment to wind power has resulted in a massive increase in the number of wind farms sited in the UK. This has led to concerns that their visual and aural presence could have a negative impact on proximate house prices. This paper presents an analysis of 201sales transactions from houses situated within half a mile of a 16 turbine wind farm in Cornwall, UK. Whilst no causal link was established between the presence of the wind farm and house price, there was some evidence to suggest that both noise and flicker from the turbine blades could blight certain property and that the view of countryside enjoyed by the occupier had some value which may be affected by a wind farm. Santrauka Šiame darbe aptariami JK atlikto tyrimo rezultatai, kuriuo, taikant hedonistinį kainų modelį, siekta nustatyti galimą vėjo jėgainių poveikį namų kainoms. Vyriausybės parama vėjo energijai paskatino naujo elemento, vėjo jėgainės, atsiradimą aplinkoje; susirūpinta, ar vėjo jėgainių vaizdas ir garsas galėtų neigiamai paveikti namų kainas. Šiame darbe nagrinėjamas 201 prekybinis sandoris, susijęs su namais, pusę mylios nutolusiais nuo Bears Down, Kornvalyje (JK), esančio 16 vėjo jėgainių ūkio. Nors priežastinis ryšys tarp vėjo jėgainių ir namų kainos nepastebėtas, yra įrodymų, kad jėgainės keliamas triukšmas ir menčių mirgėjimas kai kuriems nekilnojamojo turto objektams galėtų pakenkti ir kad gyventojui patikęs kaimo vaizdas gali tapti nebepatrauklus.
Epidemiologic Considerations in Unexplained Pediatric Arthralgia: The Role of Season, School, and Stress
Authors: McNALLY J. DAYRE , MATHESON LOREN A. , ROSENBERG ALAN M.
Published: December 2008

Objective.

To determine demographic and epidemiologic characteristics in children with unexplained joint pain.

Methods.

The study population included 730 children (< 18 yrs of age) referred between 1981 and 2007 to the Saskatchewan Pediatric Rheumatology Program, University of Saskatchewan, because of arthralgia. Parents and patients completed a questionnaire at the time of initial presentation, and a diagnosis of unexplained arthralgia was assigned based on clinical assessment. Serum vitamin D levels were measured in 73 patients diagnosed with arthralgia.

Results.

Subjects with arthralgia were more likely to report psychosocial stresses including family discord and illness in the family, and to be cared for by a single parent as a consequence of parental separation or death. Significantly more patients reported fall and winter (30%) as the season of symptom onset compared to spring or summer (20%; p = 0.01). Significantly more survey respondents in the arthralgia group reported missing school compared to the control group (62% vs 31%; p = 0.001). Referrals from northern Saskatchewan were significantly more numerous than from southern Saskatchewan (107 vs 45 per 100,000; p < 0.001). Serum vitamin D concentrations measured in a subgroup of patients (n = 73) showed that 62 (82%) were abnormally low, 42% between 50 and 75 nmol/l (insufficient), and 40% < 50 nmol/l (deficient).

Conclusion.

Our results suggest an association between psychosocial stress, school absenteeism, vitamin D insufficiency, and unexplained arthralgia in children.
Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging with Pharmacological Stress Perfusion and Delayed Enhancement in Asymptomatic Patients with Systemic Sclerosis
Authors: KOBAYASHI HITOMI , YOKOE ISAMU , HIRANO MASAHARU , NAKAMURA TETSUYA , NAKAJIMA YASUO , FONTAINE KEVIN R. , GILES JON T. , KOBAYASHI YASUYUKI
Published: December 2008

Objective.

To assess cardiac involvement in asymptomatic patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Methods.

Ten asymptomatic patients with SSc (all female; mean age 59.5 ± 9.4 yrs) underwent contrast enhanced cardiac MRI on a 1.5 T MRI device. Adenosine triphosphate was used for stress and rest perfusion to assess perfusion defects due to microvascular impairment or ischemia, and delayed enhanced (DE) imaging was obtained for the assessment of myocardial necrosis and fibrosis. We evaluated the pathophysiological associations of stress perfusion combined with DE imaging with SSc disease severity measures.

Results.

Stress perfusion defects were seen in 5 out of 9 patients (56%): 4 had nonsegmental subendocardial perfusion defects and one had a segmental subendocardial perfusion defect. Three patients were found to have DE. DE was not observed in any patient without perfusion defect; and among the 5 patients with perfusion defects, 3 (60%) had DE. Two of the 3 had DE in segments not matching the region of nonsegmental perfusion defects. The remaining one had a segmental subendocardial DE matching the region of a segmental perfusion defect. Perfusion defects were seen in 75% of patients with a history of digital ulceration compared to only 20% of those without history of ulceration.

Conclusion.

Subclinical myocardial involvement, as detected by cardiac MRI, was frequent in asymptomatic patients with SSc. Cardiac MRI may aid in understanding the pathophysiological mechanism of SSc.