bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Curvature-Based Interpretation of the Steinberg Criterion for Fatigue Life of Electronic Components
Authors: Béda Michael G.
Published: November 2015

The “Steinberg Criterion” is a well-known method for determining the fatigue life of Printed Circuit Board (PCB) components based on the deflection of the PCB. It has been adopted as a de facto industry standard for the fatigue analysis of electronic components, and has been successfully used on many programs. However it has some limitations. Steinberg derived this equation to describe the behavior of rectangular PCBs simply supported on all sides. In this configuration the deformed shape of the first mode of a PCB under vibratory loads is assumed by Steinberg to be described by two perpendicular half sine waves. Unfortunately many PCBs have distorted mode shapes as a result of clamped or asymmetric edge constraints, stiffeners, or irregular PCB outline. Finite Element Models (FEMs) can be used to predict mode shapes for these PCBs, but there has been no clear way to use Steinberg's equation to determine the fatigue margin for components on such boards. The traditional method (when the discrepancy is addressed) is to use a value for PCB length in the equation based on an approximation of the length of an equivalent half sine wave superimposed on the predicted mode shape. This approach, while better than ignoring the problem, can lead to inconsistency in results or the overlooking of localized effects, and in the case of extremely odd mode shapes can be nearly impossible.

This paper presents a method of using FEM data for curvature as well as deflection at a single location to eliminate the shape and location variables from the Steinberg criterion, allowing it to be applied confidently to PCBs and Printed Wiring Assemblies (PWAs) with any shape and boundary conditions. Test cases are described that show equivalence between this method and the existing Steinberg criterion. Lastly the methodology used to extract phase-consistent curvature and deflection results from FEM analysis is briefly discussed.
Heterogeneous integration of a miniaturized W-band radar module
Authors: Becker K.-F. , Georgi L. , Kahle R. , Voges S. , Brandenburger F. , Höfer J. , Ehrhardt C. , Zech C. , Baumann B. , Huelsmann A. , Grasenack A. , Reinold S. , Kleiner B. , Braun T. , Schneider-Ramelow M. , Lang K.-D.
Published: November 2015

For radar applications, the W-band frequency range (75 – 110 GHz) is a good candidate for high-resolution distance measurement and remote detection of small or hidden objects in distances of 10 cm to ≫ 20 m. As electromagnetic waves in this frequency range can easily penetrate rough atmosphere like fog, smoke or dust, W-band radars are perfectly suited for automotive, aviation, industrial and security applications. Additional benefit is that atmosphere has an absorption minimum at 94 GHz, so relative small output power is sufficient to achieve long range coverage. By combining and enhancing knowledge from the disciplines of heterogeneous integration technology and compound semiconductor-technology, the Fraunhofer Institutes IAF, IPA and IZM developed a miniaturized and low cost 94 GHz radar module. Result of this approach is a highly miniaturized radar module built using a modular approach. The radar components are mounted on a dedicated RF-NF-hybrid PCB while the signal processing is done on a separate board stacked below. This hybrid RF-module is combined with highly integrated digital processing PCB via micro connectors in a way that the radar system and an adapted conical HDPE-lens fit into an aluminum housing of 42×80×27 mm3 with a weight of only 160 grams for the whole module. The paper will describe the technological basis for such a frequency modulated continuous wave [FMCW] W-band radar module and describe in detail the technological features that enabled the assembly of such a miniaturized but high-performance system. The module yields an evaluated distance measurement accuracy of 5 ppm (5 μm deviation per meter target distance) while its low weight and small dimensions pave the way for a variety of new applications, including mobile operation.
Broadband 1-to-N Circuit Combiner for mm-wave Applications
Authors: Darwish Ali M. , Hung H. Alfred , Qiu Joe , Ibraheem Amr , Viveiros Edward
Published: November 2015

Packaging mm-wave and THz circuits, poses many challenges due to the sensitivity of the circuits to any mismatch at the input or output. Traditional interfaces for combining circuits produce significant losses, and standing waves. This paper presents a unique approach to combing circuits at high frequency that results in reflection cancellation, and significant isolation between the circuits. The novel ‘iπ-wave’ approach relies on introducing a set of resistors and 180/N delay lines; where N is the number of circuits to be combined. The approach enables combing 1-to-N circuits with low loss due to its use of low impedance transmission lines, and provides a relative bandwidth of 50 – 200%. The concept is studied theoretically using simulations, and demonstrated experimentally with a 1-to-4 divider. The concept is demonstrated with a 5 – 45 GHz combiner circuit on low loss Alumina substrate featuring high isolation, low loss, and excellent reflection cancellation. The concept can be implemented in hybrid circuits, or MMICs.
Types of Solder Preforms and Difficult Geometries
Authors: Ludowieg Herbert , Murling Adam
Published: November 2015

Solder preforms, which are manufactured shapes of solder metals designed to fit a specific joint configuration, come in a variety of shapes and sizes. This study will explain the primary-shaped preforms such as discs, washers, squares, rectangles, and frames. Not so common shapes such as tubes, cut wire, integrated preforms, and special or irregular shapes, which are used in a variety of applications, will also be discussed. In this study, the difficulty of high ratios between the thickness of the preform and the relative key parameters like wall thickness, narrow “joints/spaces”, and the different alloy groups will also be discussed.
A Low-Impedance Projection Welding Device for Large Package Hermetic Sealing
Authors: Salzer Thomas E.
Published: November 2015

Electronic packages for medical, communications, defense, and other applications are often hermetically sealed into metal containers using projection welding. However, current projection welding machines may not reliably seal packages with weld perimeters exceeding 7.6 cm (3.0 in), and also may expel metallic particles into the package.

This paper describes a novel low-impedance projection welding device that can reliably weld large packages with up to 25.4 cm (10.0 in) weld perimeters with zero weld expulsion and zero weld defects, using half the energy required by traditional machines.

The device does not rely on conventional power supplies and transformers, and delivers ≫120kA of weld current while operating from standard electrical outlet (110V, 15A circuits), and requires no external bus bars or cooling system. The system architecture can be easily scaled upward to significantly increase the delivered weld current and hermetically seal packages with weld perimeters greater than 25.4 cm (10.0 in).

A commercial version of this device has welded more than 1 million medical, communications, and military electronic packages with zero customer returns. Data is presented showing the weld parameters for a variety of commercial and military hermetic electronic packages.
The Benefits of Flux-Coated Solder Preforms in a QFN Assembly Process
Authors: Judd Brandon , Durham Maria
Published: November 2015

The use of bottom terminated components (BTCs) such as quad-flat no-leads (QFNs) has become commonplace in the circuit board assembly world. This package offers several benefits including its small form factor, its excellent thermal and electrical performance, easy PCB trace routing, and reduced lead inductance. These components are generally attached to PWBs PCBs via solder paste. The design of these components with the large thermal pad, along with the tendency of solder paste to outgas during reflow from the volatiles in the flux, creates a difficult challenge in terms of voiding control within the solder joint. Voiding can have a serious effect on the performance of these components, including the mechanical properties of the joint as well as spot overheating. Solder preforms with a flux coating can be added to the solder paste to help reduce voiding. This study will focus on the benefits of utilizing solder preforms with modern flux coatings in conjunction with solder paste to help reduce voiding under QFNs, as well as the design and process parameters which provide optimal results.
Random walks on nilpotent groups driven by measures supported on powers of generators
Authors: Saloff-Coste Laurent , Zheng Tianyi
Published: November 2015

We study the decay of convolution powers of a large family

\mu_{S,a}

of measures on finitely generated nilpotent groups. Here,

S=(s_1,\dots,s_k)

is a generating

k

-tuple of group elements and

a=(\alpha_1,\dots,\alpha_k)

is a

k

-tuple of reals in the interval

(0,2)

. The symmetric measure

\mu_{S,a}

is supported by

S^*=\{s_i^{m}, 1\le i\le k,\,m\in \mathbb Z\}

and gives probability proportional to

(1+m)^{-\alpha_i-1}

to

s_i^{\pm m}

,

i=1,\dots,k,

m\in \mathbb N

. We determine the behavior of the probability of return

\mu_{S,a}^{(n)}(e)

as

n

tends to infinity. This behavior depends in somewhat subtle ways on interactions between the

k

-tuple

a

and the positions of the generators

s_i

within the lower central series

G_{j}=[G_{j-1},G]

,

G_1=G

.
The irreducible components of the moduli space of dihedral covers of algebraic curves
Authors: Catanese Fabrizio , Lönne Michael , Perroni Fabio
Published: November 2015

The main purpose of this paper is to introduce a new invariant for the action of a finite group

G

on a compact complex curve of genus

g

. With the aid of this invariant we achieve the classication of the components of the locus (in the moduli space) of curves admitting an effective action by the dihedral group

D_n

. This invariant has later been used in [11] where the results of Livingston [29] and of Dunfield and Thurston [17] have been extended to the ramified case.
Estudios de Públicos en una Entidad Cultural de Artes Escénicas: Teatro Agrícola de Alboraya.
Authors: León Pereira Franchesco
Published: November 2015

A pesar de que encaminarse en un estudio de públicos puede ser muy atractivo e interesante, en ocasiones también puede resultar complicado y decepcionante. Aunque en España no se tiene costumbre de realizar este tipo de estudios en instituciones culturales, sí lo hacen otros países europeos y americanos. Se piensa que realizar un estudio de públicos es demasiado costoso y que sólo lo pueden llevar a cabo grandes instituciones, sin embargo, si se planifica bien el estudio utilizando las herramientas que se tienen a mano, puede salir a un coste muy bajo. En cambio, el llevarlo a cabo sí ayuda mucho a posicionar la institución en el mercado cultural, fidelizar y crear nuevos públicos. A continuación se presenta una propuesta para realizar un estudio de públicos en una institución cultural.
Estimation of continuous anthropogenic CO2: model-based evaluation of CO2, CO, δ13C(CO2) and Δ14C(CO2) tracer methods
Authors: Vardag S. N. , Gerbig C. , Janssens-Maenhout G. , Levin I.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. We investigate different methods for estimating anthropogenic CO2 using modeled continuous atmospheric concentrations of CO2 alone, as well as CO2 in combination with the surrogate tracers CO, δ13C(CO2) and Δ14C(CO2). These methods are applied at three hypothetical stations representing rural, urban and polluted conditions. We find that, independent of the tracer used, an observation-based estimate of continuous anthropogenic CO2 is not yet feasible at rural measurement sites due to the low signal-to-noise ratio of anthropogenic CO2 estimates at such settings. The tracers δ13C(CO2) and CO provide an accurate possibility to determine anthropogenic CO2 continuously, only if all CO2 sources in the catchment area are well characterized or calibrated with respect to their isotopic signature and CO to anthropogenic CO2 ratio. We test different calibration strategies for the mean isotopic signature and CO to CO2 ratio using precise Δ14C(CO2) measurements on monthly integrated as well as on grab samples. For δ13C(CO2), a calibration with annually averaged 14C(CO2) grab samples is most promising, since integrated sampling introduces large biases into anthropogenic CO2 estimates. For CO, these biases are smaller. The precision of continuous anthropogenic CO2 determination using δ13C(CO2) depends on measurement precision of δ13C(CO2) and CO2, while the CO method is mainly limited by the variation in natural CO sources and sinks. At present, continuous anthropogenic CO2 could be determined using the tracers δ13C(CO2) and/or CO with a precision of about 30 %, a mean bias of about 10 % and without significant diurnal discrepancies. Hypothetical future measurements of continuous Δ14C(CO2) with a precision of 5 ‰ are promising for anthropogenic CO2 determination (precision ca. 10–20 %) but are not yet available. The investigated tracer-based approaches open the door to improving, validating and reducing biases of highly resolved emission inventories using atmospheric observation and regional modeling.
On the long term impact of emissions from central European cities on regional air-quality
Authors: Huszar P. , Belda M. , Halenka T.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. For the purpose of qualifying and quantifying the impact of urban emission from Central European cities on the present-day regional air-quality, the regional climate model RegCM4.2 was coupled with the chemistry transport model CAMx, including two-way interactions. A series of simulations was carried out for the 2001–2010 period either with all urban emissions included (base case) or without considering urban emissions. Further, the sensitivity of ozone production to urban emissions was examined by performing reduction experiments with −20 % emission perturbation of NOx and/or NMVOC. The validation of the modeling system's air-quality related outputs using AirBase and EMEP surface measurements showed satisfactory reproduction of the monthly variation for ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2). In terms of hourly correlations, reasonable values are achieved for ozone (r around 0.5–0.8) and for NO2 (0.4–0.6), but SO2 is poorly or not correlated at all with measurements (r around 0.2–0.5). The modeled fine particulates (PM2.5) are usually underestimated, especially in winter, mainly due to underestimation of nitrates and carbonaceous aerosols. EC air-quality measures were chosen as metrics describing the cities emission impact on regional air pollution. Due to urban emissions, significant ozone titration occurs over cities while over rural areas remote from cities, ozone production is modeled, mainly in terms of number of exceedances and accumulated exceedances over the threshold of 40 ppbv. Urban NOx, SO2 and PM2.5 emissions also significantly contribute to concentrations in the cities themselves (up to 50–70 % for NOx and SO2, and up to 60 % for PM2.5), but the contribution is large over rural areas as well (10–20 %). Although air pollution over cities is largely determined by the local urban emissions, considerable (often a few tens of %) fraction of the concentration is attributable to other sources from rural areas and minor cities. Further, for the case of Prague (Czech Republic capital) it is shown that the inter-urban interference between large cities does not play an important role which means that the impact on a chosen city of emissions from all other large cities is very small. The emissions perturbation experiments showed that to achieve significant ozone reduction over cities in central Europe, the emission control strategies have to focus on the reduction of NMVOC, as reducing NOx, due to suppressed titration, leads often to increased O3. The influence over rural areas remote from cities is however always in favor of improved air-quality, i.e. both NOx and/or NMVOC reduction ends up in decreased ozone pollution, mainly in terms of exceedances.
A new plant chamber facility PLUS coupled to the atmospheric simulation chamber SAPHIR
Authors: Hohaus T. , Kuhn U. , Andres S. , Kaminski M. , Rohrer F. , Tillmann R. , Wahner A. , Wegener R. , Yu Z. , Kiendler-Scharr A.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. A new PLant chamber Unit for Simulation (PLUS) for use with the atmosphere simulation chamber SAPHIR (Simulation of Atmospheric PHotochemistry In a large Reaction Chamber) has been build and characterized at the Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Germany. The PLUS chamber is an environmentally controlled flow through plant chamber. Inside PLUS the natural blend of biogenic emissions of trees are mixed with synthetic air and are transferred to the SAPHIR chamber where the atmospheric chemistry and the impact of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) can be studied in detail. In PLUS all important enviromental parameters (e.g. temperature, PAR, soil RH etc.) are well-controlled. The gas exchange volume of 9.32 m3 which encloses the stem and the leafes of the plants is constructed such that gases are exposed to FEP Teflon film and other Teflon surfaces only to minimize any potential losses of BVOCs in the chamber. Solar radiation is simulated using 15 LED panels which have an emission strength up to 800 μmol m−2 s−1. Results of the initial characterization experiments are presented in detail. Background concentrations, mixing inside the gas exchange volume, and transfer rate of volatile organic compounds (VOC) through PLUS under different humidity conditions are explored. Typical plant characteristics such as light and temperature dependent BVOC emissions are studied using six Quercus Ilex trees and compared to previous studies. Results of an initial ozonolysis experiment of BVOC emissions from Quercus Ilex at typical atmospheric concentrations inside SAPHIR are presented to demonstrate a typical experimental set up and the utility of the newly added plant chamber.
MODIS Collection 6 shortwave-derived cloud phase classification algorithm and comparisons with CALIOP
Authors: Marchant B. , Platnick S. , Meyer K. , Arnold G. T. , Riedi J.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Cloud thermodynamic phase (ice, liquid, undetermined) classification is an important first step for cloud retrievals from passive sensors such as MODIS (Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer). Because ice and liquid phase clouds have very different scattering and absorbing properties, an incorrect cloud phase decision can lead to substantial errors in the cloud optical and microphysical property products such as cloud optical thickness or effective particle radius. Furthermore, it is well established that ice and liquid clouds have different impacts on the Earth's energy budget and hydrological cycle, thus accurately monitoring the spatial and temporal distribution of these clouds is of continued importance. For MODIS Collection 6 (C6), the shortwave-derived cloud thermodynamic phase algorithm used by the optical and microphysical property retrievals has been completely rewritten to improve the phase discrimination skill for a variety of cloudy scenes (e.g., thin/thick clouds, over ocean/land/desert/snow/ice surface, etc). To evaluate the performance of the C6 cloud phase algorithm, extensive granule-level and global comparisons have been conducted against the heritage C5 algorithm and CALIOP. A wholesale improvement is seen for C6 compared to C5.
Impact of climate extremes on wildlife plant flowering over Germany
Authors: Siegmund J. F. , Wiedermann M. , Donges J. F. , Donner R. V.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Ongoing climate change is known to cause an increase in the frequency and amplitude of local temperature and precipitation extremes in many regions of the Earth. While gradual changes in the climatological conditions are known to strongly influence plant flowering dates, the question arises if and how extremes specifically impact the timing of this important phenological phase. In this study, we systematically quantify simultaneities between meteorological extremes and the timing of flowering of four shrub species across Germany by means of event coincidence analysis, a novel statistical tool that allows assessing whether or not two types of events exhibit similar sequences of occurrences. Our systematic investigation supports previous findings of experimental studies by highlighting the impact of early spring temperatures on the flowering of wildlife plants. In addition, we find statistically significant indications for some long-term relations reaching back to the previous year.
Simulating oxygen isotope ratios in tree ring cellulose using a dynamic global vegetation model
Authors: Keel S. G. , Joos F. , Spahni R. , Saurer M.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Records of stable oxygen isotope ratios in tree rings are valuable tools to reconstruct past climatic conditions and the response of trees to those conditions. So far they have not been made use of in global dynamic vegetation models, which integrate many hydrological and physiological processes and could improve proxy-model comparisons. Here we present an approach to simulate stem cellulose δ18O of trees using the LPX-Bern Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (LPX-Bern). Our results compare well with measured tree ring δ18O of thirty-one different forest stands mainly located in Europe. Temporal means over the last five decades as well as inter-annual variations for a subset of sites in Switzerland are captured well. A sensitivity analysis reveals that relative humidity, temperature, and the water isotope boundary conditions have the largest influence on simulated stem cellulose δ18O, followed by all climatic factors combined, whereas increasing atmospheric CO2 and nitrogen deposition exert no impact. We conclude that simulations with LPX-Bern are useful to investigate large-scale oxygen isotope patterns of tree-ring cellulose, to elucidate the importance of different environmental factors on isotope variations and therefore help to reduce uncertainties in the interpretation of δ18O of tree-rings.
Background error covariance with balance constraints for aerosol species and applications in data assimilation
Authors: Zang Z. , Hao Z. , Li Y. , Pan X. , You W. , Li Z. , Chen D.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Balance constraints are important for a background error covariance (BEC) in data assimilation to spread information between different variables and produce balance analysis fields. Using statistical regression, we develop the balance constraint for the BEC of aerosol variables and apply it to a data assimilation and forecasting system for the WRF/Chem model. One-month products from the WRF/Chem model are employed for BEC statistics with the NMC method. The cross-correlations among the original variables are generally high. The highest correlation between elemental carbon and organic carbon without balance constraints is approximately 0.9. However, the correlations for the unbalanced variables are less than 0.2 with the balance constraints. Data assimilation and forecasting experiments for evaluating the impact of balance constraints are performed with the observations of the surface PM2.5 concentrations and speciated concentrations along an aircraft flight track. The speciated increments of the experiment with balance constraints are more coincident than the speciated increments of the experiment without balance constraints, for the observation information can spread across variables by balance constraints in the former experiment. The forecast results of the experiment with balance constraints show significant and durable improvements from the 3rd hour to the 18th hour compared with the forecast results of the experiment without the balance constraints. However, the forecasts of these two experiments are similar during the first 3 h. The results suggest that the balance constraint is significantly positive for the aerosol assimilation and forecasting.
Mapping evapotranspiration with high resolution aircraft imagery over vineyards using one and two source modeling schemes
Authors: Xia T. , Kustas W. P. , Anderson M. C. , Alfieri J. G. , Gao F. , McKee L. , Prueger J. H. , Geli H. M. E. , Neale C. M. U. , Sanchez L. , Mar Alsina M. , Wang Z.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Thermal and multispectral remote sensing data from low-altitude aircraft can provide high spatial resolution necessary for sub-field (≤ 10 m) and plant canopy (≤ 1m) scale evapotranspiration (ET) monitoring. In this study, high resolution aircraft sub-meter scale thermal infrared and multispectral shortwave data are used to map ET over vineyards in central California with the Two Source Energy Balance (TSEB) model and with a simple model called DATTUTDUT (Deriving Atmosphere Turbulent Transport Useful To Dummies Using Temperature) which uses contextual information within the image to scale between radiometric land surface temperature (TR) values representing hydrologic limits of potential ET and a non-evaporative surface. Imagery from five days throughout the growing season is used for mapping ET at the sub-field scale. The performance of the two models is evaluated using tower-based energy flux measurements of sensible (H) and latent heat (LE) or ET. The comparison indicates that TSEB was able to derive reasonable ET estimates under varying conditions, likely due to the physically based treatment of the energy and the surface temperature partitioning between the soil/cover crop inter-row and vine canopy elements. On the other hand, DATTUTDUT performance was somewhat degraded presumably because the simple scaling scheme does not consider differences in the two sources (vine and inter-row) of heat and temperature contributions or the effect of surface roughness on the efficiency of heat exchange. Maps of the evaporative fraction (EF = LE/(H + LE)) from the two models had similar spatial patterns but different magnitudes in some areas within the fields on certain days. Large EF discrepancies between the models were found on two of the five days (DOY 162 and 219) when there were significant differences with the tower-based ET measurements, particularly using the DATTUTDUT model. These differences in EF between the models translate to significant variations in daily water use estimates for these two days for the vineyards. Model sensitivity analysis demonstrated the high degree of sensitivity of the TSEB model to the accuracy of the TR data while the DATTUTDUT model was insensitive as is the case with contextual-based models. However, study domain and spatial resolution will significantly influence the ET estimation from the DATTUTDUT model. Future work is planned for developing a hybrid approach that leverages the strengths of both modeling schemes and is simple enough to be used operationally with high resolution imagery.
Microwave scattering coefficient of snow in MEMLS and DMRT-ML revisited: the relevance of sticky hard spheres and tomography-based estimates of stickiness
Authors: Löwe H. , Picard G.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. The description of snow microstructure in microwave models is often simplified to facilitate electromagnetic calculations. Within dense media radiative transfer (DMRT), the microstructure is commonly described by sticky hard spheres (SHS). An objective mapping of real snow onto SHS is however missing which prevents measured input parameters from being used for DMRT. In contrast, the microwave emission model of layered snowpacks (MEMLS) employs a conceptually different approach, based on the two-point correlation function which is accessible by tomography. Here we show the equivalence of both electromagnetic approaches by reformulating their microstructural models in a common framework. Using analytical results for the two-point correlation function of hard spheres, we show that the scattering coefficient in both models only differs by a factor which is close to unity, weakly dependent on ice volume fraction and independent of other microstructural details. Additionally, our analysis provides an objective retrieval method for the SHS parameters (diameter and stickiness) from tomography images. For a comprehensive data set we demonstrate the variability of stickiness and compare the SHS diameter to the optical equivalent diameter. Our results confirm the necessity of a large grain-size scaling when relating both diameters in the non-sticky case, as previously suggested by several authors.
Dificultad y necesidad de la antropología del derecho
Authors: Assier-Andrieu Louis
Published: November 2015

Y ¿si fuera el derecho una historia romana proyectada por analogía e imperialismo hasta en el seno de las sociedades “primitivas” estudiadas por los antropólogos? El objetivo de este artículo consiste en tomar en consideración la propiedad del derecho de ser él-mismo la ciencia de sus razonamientos y de sus prácticas, lo cual introduce desviaciones recurrentes en las tentativas de estudio antropológico de lo jurídico ya que, para el derecho, lo descriptivo es inseparable de lo prescriptivo. Una dificultad epistemológica importante surge con respecto a la confesión indígena, es decir, con respecto al fenómeno mediante el cual unas concepciones culturales locales están formuladas en los términos alienantes sacados del cuerpo jurídico. Más allá de una antropología jurídica dependiente de los montajes jurídicos, la antropología del derecho es necesaria para desvelar dichos montajes y las series de ficciones con las que operan. Ciertamente es así como se puede acceder al derecho como conjunto de conceptos, de lógicas, de instituciones y de prácticas occidentales y occidentalizadas, que caracterizan esta normatividad específica que se presenta como una norma universal.
En torno a la antropología jurídica romana
Authors: Ramis Barceló Rafael
Published: November 2015

El área de intersección más problemática entre la antropología y el derecho, en un sentido histórico, es el estudio de la civilización romana. En este trabajo se indican algunos de los problemas existentes hasta el momento para un diálogo transversal entre juristas y antropólogos, así como se discuten los métodos y niveles de análisis y se proponen algunas ideas básicas para la consolidación de una antropología jurídica de Roma: debe ser transversal, histórica, crítica y no-dogmática. Asimismo se indican algunas de las tendencias actuales dentro de la antropología jurídica en las cuales pueden aplicarse estas ideas básicas.
¿Religiones sin Dios? Hans Kelsen antropólogo de la modernidad
Authors: Di Lucia Paolo , Passerini Glazel Lorenzo
Published: November 2015

En 2012 se publicó Secular Religion, una obra inédita del autor austríaco Hans Kelsen, filósofo del derecho, escrita entre 1952 y 1964 en los Estados Unidos. En esta obra, Kelsen realiza una serie de críticas a aquellas teorías de la política y la cultura que, principalmente a la luz del concepto de “Religión secular”, interpretan erróneamente la filosofía social, la ciencia y la política modernas como nuevas religiones. En la primera parte de este ensayo, realizaremos un recorrido por aquellos hechos que han influido en la versión final del libro de Kelsen, subrayando los motivos que le indujeron a escribir esta polémica obra en defensa del espíritu de la modernidad, y por último en retirarla. En la segunda parte, daremos cuenta de algunas de las principales contribuciones metodológicas y teóricas que esta obra, aún en su implementación crítica, es capaz de ofrecernos a una antropología de la modernidad.
Terrores guajiros. Lecturas transversales entre las políticas de la identidad, la violencia masiva y la economía transnacional
Authors: Salamanca Carlos Arturo
Published: November 2015

A partir de las experiencias recientes de los indígenas wayúu de La Guajira colombiana, analizo las formas en que las prácticas de la memoria en situaciones de violencia masiva se entrecruzan con las políticas del multiculturalismo y la expansión de la minería transnacional. Describo, en primer lugar, el contexto actual de La Guajira y la expansión de la economía transnacional. A continuación hago uso del concepto de mediaciones para analizar algunas de las formas en que los pueblos indígenas vienen tramitando sus experiencias de violencia masiva. En la tercera parte analizo los acontecimientos de violencia masiva deteniéndome en sus diversas formas de articulación con otros campos. En la última parte, propongo una lectura transversal de dichos campos evidenciando las razones por las que la noción de mediaciones de memoria permite abordar los acontecimientos de violencia sin que esto signifique quedar atrapado en la fenomenología del acontecimiento o circunscripto a las gramáticas de la cultura.
Integración social y nueva ruralidad: ser ¿“hippie”? en el campo
Authors: Trimano Luciana
Published: November 2015

Desde hace casi una década, las localidades rurales del Valle de Traslasierra, al oeste de la provincia de Córdoba (Argentina) se han convertido en escenario de recepción de una migración de jóvenes neorrurales cuya razón para trasladarse se debe a un determinante psicosocial: una “disposición al cambio” en busca de alternativas de vida frente al modelo de la ciudad. Estos son etiquetados por la sociedad receptora con el nombre de “hippies”. En el marco de una investigación de base etnográfica que tiene por objeto las relaciones sociales en comunidades rurales impactadas por la migración urbana, y de acuerdo con un enfoque cultural y social, proponemos reflexionar acerca de las lógicas que llevan a inmigrantes urbanos y “lugareños” que conviven en un mismo territorio a identificarse, etiquetarse y clasificarse, así como las consecuencias de estas lógicas en la organización comunitaria.
Los cuidados de larga duración y el cuarto pilar del sistema de bienestar
Authors: Comas D'Argemir Dolors
Published: November 2015

Este artículo analiza las políticas públicas de atención a los cuidados de larga duración que se han desarrollado en España a partir de su concreción en Cataluña. Estas políticas suponen un cambio en la distribución del cuidado entre familia, Estado y mercado. Se llega a tres conclusiones básicas. La primera es que las políticas públicas son un complemento y no una sustitución de lo que hace la familia, que sigue manteniendo funciones asistenciales de primera magnitud. La segunda es que la implicación del Estado no va en detrimento del mercado, sino todo lo contrario: la expansión del mercado se refuerza. En tercer lugar, las políticas públicas no alteran la estructura de género, pues las mujeres siguen siendo las principales responsables del cuidado de personas adultas dependientes y los hombres apenas se implican en él. Estas políticas se han visto truncadas por la profunda crisis económica que se está viviendo actualmente. La naturalización de los cuidados como actividades propias de las mujeres se ha reinstaurado en la práctica por medio de los recortes presupuestarios y en derechos sociales.
Antibody opsonization of tumor cell membranes using hapten-PEG-lipid conjugates
Authors: Sugiura Tosihiko , Kato Koichi , Nagamune Teruyuki
Published: November 2015

Dendritic cell (DC) immunotherapy is a newly developed type of tumor immunotherapy. As a method for generating antigen-presenting DCs, the phagocytosis of whole tumor cells (WTCs) opsonized with antibodies by DCs (antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis, ADCP) is especially efficient. To opsonize tumor cells, tumor-specific antibodies are usually required. Therefore conventional ADCP was limited to tumor types for which antigens have been identified and antigen-specific antibodies are available. Herein, we developed a general method to promote ADCP by DCs using an arbitrary antibody and evaluated its antitumor effects. To opsonize tumor cells with a tumor-nonspecific antibody, we modified tumor cell surfaces with PEG-lipid-hapten conjugates and a conjugated anti-hapten antibody. By co-culturing DCs with the antibody-opsonized tumor cells, the phagocytosis and DC maturation rates were enhanced by ~20% and ~10%, respectively, compared with co-cultured non-opsonized tumor cells. The administration of tumor antigen-loaded matured DCs to mice resulted in enhanced tumor rejection and long-term survival. The advantages of this method are that tumor-specific antibodies are not required and DCs can present uncharacterized antigens by phagocytosing WTCs and associated antigens. Therefore, this method might be applicable to various types of tumors for which specific antigens have not yet been identified.
Evaluation of the Consonant Vowel Consonant (CVC) Test as an Assessment and Screening Instrument for Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Vierck Esther , Porter Richard J. , Spittlehouse Janet K. , Joyce Peter R.
Published: November 2015

Objective: Traditional word learning tasks have been criticised for being affected by ceiling effects. The Consonant Vowel Consonant (CVC) test is a non-word verbal learning task designed to be more difficult and therefore have a lower risk of ceiling effects.

Method: The current study examines the psychometric properties of the CVC in 404 middle-aged persons and evaluates it as a screening instrument for mild cognitive impairment by comparing it to the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Differences between currently depressed and non-depressed participants were also examined.

Results: CVC characteristics are similar to traditional verbal memory tasks but with reduced likelihood of a ceiling effect. Using the standard cut-off on the MoCA as an indication of mild cognitive impairment, the CVC performed only moderately well in predicting this. Depressed participants scored significantly lower on the CVC compared with non-depressed individuals.

Conclusions: The CVC may be similar in psychometric properties to the traditional word learning tests but with a higher ceiling. Scores are lower in depression.
Jungtinės Karalystės, Prancūzijos ir Vokietijos nacionaliniai parkai: palyginamoji analizė
Authors: Kavaliauskas Paulius , Nurijeva Giunai
Published: November 2015

Straipsnyje nagrinėjama trijų svarbiausių Vakarų Europos šalių nacionalinių parkų tinklai, ypatingas dėmesys skiriamas jų organizaciniams skirtumams. Atlikta nacionalinių parkų sampratos, steigimo istorijos ir pasiskirstymo atskiruose pasirinktų šalių kraštovaizdžio regionuose analizė. Pristatyti nacionalinių parkų steigimo tikslų ir valdymo organizacijos ypatumai atskirose šalyse, atliktas jose taikomų valdymo modelių palyginimas, išaiškinti Jungtinėje Karalystėje, Prancūzijoje ir Vokietijoje naudojamų modelių privalumai ir trūkumai. Ypatingas dėmesys skirtas tinkamai panaudoti vadinamąją gerąją patirtį tvarkant Lietuvos nacionalinius parkus, išaiškinti ir atskleisti jos pritaikymo galimybes.
Šešėlinės cigarečių rinkos analizė Marijampolės regione
Authors: Bražukienė Izolda , Dainauskas Simonas
Published: November 2015

Straipsnyje analizuojama Lietuvos geografų dar netyrinėta tema. Siekiama įvertinti šešėlinę cigarečių rinką Marijampolės regione. Tikslui įgyvendinti šiame regione buvo atlikti šešėlinės cigarečių rinkos tyrimai; nustatyta šešėlinės cigarečių rinkos teritorinė raiška; įvertintos pagrindinės priežastys, lemiančios šešėlinės cigarečių rinkos susiformavimą tiriamojoje teritorijoje. Straipsnyje pateikiamos pagrindinės cigarečių kontrabandos kryptys Lietuvos–Rusijos–Lenkijos pasienio ruože. Pasirinktas „tuščių cigarečių pakelių“ metodas leido įvertinti Marijampolės regione surūkomų cigarečių rūšinę sudėtį pagal jų kilmės vietą ir nustatyti pagrindines kontrabandinių cigarečių rūšis. Tyrimo rezultatai atskleidė teritorinį šešėlinės cigarečių rinkos netolygumą tarp regiono periferijos ir centro. Periferijoje esančių vietovių gyventojai dėl pragyvenimo lygio, gyventojų užimtumo, ekonominės galios netolygumų, socialinės atskirties turi atrasti alternatyvių būdų savo gyvenimo kokybei gerinti, nors pasirinktos priemonės ir yra nepateisinamos. Tai patvirtina prielaidą, jog pagrindiniai veiksniai, lemiantys šešėlinės cigarečių rinkos formavimąsi Marijampolės regione, yra ekonominiai motyvai. Išanalizuotos pagrindinės priežastys, lėmusios šešėlinės cigarečių rinkos teritorinius skirtumus Marijampolės regione.
Discriminación y exclusión de las mujeres en los textos escolares chilenos y cubanos de Historia
Authors: Minte Münzenmayer Andrea Renate , González Euridice
Published: November 2015

Se presentan los resultados de una investigación cualitativa acerca de las mujeres en los textos escolares de Historia de Chile y de Cuba. El problema de investigación se centró en establecer la representación de las mujeres en los textos escolares de Historia. El objetivo fue caracterizar la presencia de las mujeres en el discurso escolar de los textos oficiales. Como hipótesis se sostuvo que las mujeres son invisibilizadas y relegadas a segundo plano. Se aplicó el diseño hermenéutico a un corpus de 15 textos de Historia (10 chilenos y 5 cubanos) publicados entre 1996 y 2009 por diferentes editoriales. Se realizó el análisis de textos e imágenes, considerando algunas categorías propuestas por Van Leuween (1996) tales como: actor social; rol asignado; representación; nominación. Éstas permitieron caracterizar a las mujeres en un papel secundario, postergado al ámbito privado, representación que socializa en la exclusión y discriminación de las mujeres en la historia oficial de ambos países.

 

 
Factores que dificultan la integración de las TIC en las aulas
Authors: González Pérez Alicia , De Pablos Pons Juan
Published: November 2015

Este artículo incorpora parte de los resultados de una investigación sobre algunos factores que dificultan el efectivo desarrollo de la innovación con TIC en centros de enseñanza obligatoria de las comunidades de Andalucía, Canarias, Extremadura y País Vasco, además de ver si existen diferencias entre ellas. Los datos presentados forman parte de un proyecto de investigación titulado ‘Políticas educativas autonómicas y sus efectos sobre la innovación pedagógica en el uso de las TIC en los centros escolares’, financiado por el Plan Nacional de I+D. La información se ha obtenido a partir de una escala tipo Likert basada en factores que dificultan y obstaculizan el éxito de la implantación de las políticas educativas TIC, y que a su vez está basada en resultados de otras investigaciones nacionales e internacionales acerca del objeto de estudio. La muestra se compone de 49 centros de educación obligatoria de las comunidades de Andalucía, Canarias, Extremadura y País Vasco. Según los resultados obtenidos se corrobora que la escala utilizada es válida y fiable. Además del análisis global de medias se extrae que la ‘falta de tiempo y dedicación para la incorporación de las TIC en la enseñanza’ y que ‘los profesores no tienen conocimientos ni habilidades básicas en TIC’ son variables que dificultan la implantación de las políticas educativas TIC en los centros escolares. Por ello, este estudio puede ser muy interesante a considerar a la hora de planificar nuevas políticas educativas TIC.
Los valores en el título de administración y dirección de empresas: un análisis de su importancia para estudiantes y egresados
Authors: De los Ríos Berjillos Araceli , Millán Lara Salud , Ruiz Lozano Mercedes , Tirado Valencia Pilar
Published: November 2015

El contexto socioeconómico y el Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior han reforzado el papel de las instituciones educativas en la transmisión de valores. Esta investigación pone de manifiesto que la formación en valores en la universidad es un asunto que preocupa a académicos y a importantes organizaciones internacionales, por su repercusión en la transformación de la sociedad y en el desarrollo sostenible.

Mediante la realización de una encuesta se ha obtenido la opinión de alumnos y egresados sobre la importancia de los valores en el desarrollo curricular. Tanto la revisión bibliográfica como el análisis empírico realizado han dado lugar a una serie de conclusiones que permiten emprender acciones de mejora en la acción educativa. El trabajo ha permitido identificar valores consolidados y otros en los que hay que incidir poniendo en marcha nuevas acciones formativas, en las que tienen que implicarse empresas, profesorado y alumnado.
Expectativas ante la formación inicial entre el alumnado del Máster de Profesorado de Enseñanza Secundaria
Authors: Serrano Rodríguez Rocío , Pontes Pedrajas Alfonso
Published: November 2015

En este trabajo pretendemos contribuir a la mejora del proceso de formación inicial docente, investigando las expectativas formativas de los futuros profesores sobre las competencias profesionales de carácter general que trabajan en el Máster de Formación del Profesorado de Enseñanza Secundaria (FPES). En el estudio han participado 353 estudiantes de la Universidad de Córdoba, durante los cursos académicos 2009-2010 y 2010-2011. Mediante un cuestionario de escala Likert se han identificado varios núcleos de opiniones, que podrían considerarse como subdimensiones diferenciadas, dentro del pensamiento inicial sobre las competencias docentes. Los primeros resultados muestran la existencia de unas expectativas elevadas en la mayoría de los fines formativos y competencias deseables, aunque existen diferencias apreciables entre los diversos núcleos. También observamos la existencia de un factor principal, que agrupa a la mayoría de variables del conjunto (competencias básicas de carácter general) y dos factores secundarios que incluyen al resto (competencias secundarias).
Trastornos fonológicos en niños: resultados de la aplicación de un programa
Authors: Gallego Ortega José Luis , Gómez Pérez Isabel Angustias , Ayllón Blanco María Fernanda
Published: November 2015

El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la eficacia de un programa de entrenamiento fonológico en niños del último curso de Educación Infantil y primero de Educación Primaria. Participaron en el estudio 100 escolares; que estaban escolarizados en dos Centros públicos muy alejados entre sí (uno urbano y otro rural). Los niños fueron distribuidos en dos grupos (experimental y control); según participaban o no en el programa de entrenamiento. La aplicación del programa se realizó en los Centros a los que acudían los niños; combinándose una fase en el aula habitual con otras en la sala de logopedia. Se ha seguido un diseño cuasi experimental pre-post con grupo control no equivalente. Concluida la implementación del programa; se evaluó su eficacia contrastando los resultados de la evaluación inicial y final. Los resultados obtenidos reflejan avances significativos en todas las variables analizadas.
Conocimiento del profesorado sobre las dificultades específicas de aprendizaje en lectura y escritura
Authors: Guzmán Rosquete Remedios , Correa Piñero Ana Delia , Arvelo Rosales Carmen Nuria , Abreu Pérez Bárbara
Published: November 2015

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los conocimientos, concepciones erróneas y lagunas de conocimiento de los tutores de las primeras etapas de escolaridad sobre las Dificultades Específicas de Aprendizaje en lectura y escritura. Una muestra de 149 profesores de 15 centros de la isla de Tenerife respondió una escala de 38 ítems agrupados en tres dimensiones: Síntomas/diagnósticos, Información General e Intervención, con 3 alternativas de respuesta (verdadero, falso y no sé). Se obtuvo un porcentaje medio de respuestas correctas superior al 50% en las tres áreas. Los contrastes mostraron que los tutores tienen un porcentaje significativamente mayor de conocimientos en el área de Intervención, más concepciones erróneas en la de Síntomas/diagnósticos y más lagunas de conocimientos en la de Información General.