bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Squander Sequence: Understanding Food Waste at Each Stage of the Consumer Decision-Making Process
Authors: Block Lauren G. , Keller Punam A. , Vallen Beth , Williamson Sara , Birau Mia M. , Grinstein Amir , Haws Kelly L. , LaBarge Monica C. , Lamberton Cait , Moore Elizabeth S. , Moscato Emily M. , Reczek Rebecca Walker , Tangari Andrea Heintz
Published: July 2016

Food waste presents a complex global problem that involves multiple actors and institutions within the aggregate food marketing system. Food waste occurs across food production and distribution, as well as at the hands of the consumer. In this research, the authors focus on waste that occurs across what is termed the “squander sequence,” which describes waste that occurs from consumer behaviors at the preacquisition, acquisition, consumption, and disposition stages. The authors set forth a behavioral theory–based agenda to explain food waste in the squander sequence with the ultimate goals of encouraging future research to uncover the psychological underpinnings of consumer-level food waste and of deriving transformative consumer solutions to this substantive issue.
ACTN3 R577X Gene Variant Is Associated With Muscle-Related Phenotypes in Elite Chinese Sprint/Power Athletes
Authors: Yang Ruoyu , Shen Xunzhang , Wang Yubin , Voisin Sarah , Cai Guang , Fu Yongnan , Xu Wangyu , Eynon Nir , Bishop David J. , Yan Xu
Published: July 2016

Yang, R, Shen, X, Wang, Y, Voisin, S, Cai, G, Fu, Y, Xu, W, Eynon, N, Bishop, DJ, and Yan, X. ACTN3 R577X gene variant is associated with muscle-related phenotypes in elite Chinese sprint/power athletes. J Strength Cond Res 31(4): 1107–1115, 2017—The ACTN3 R577X polymorphism (rs1815739) has been shown to influence athletic performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of this polymorphism in elite Chinese track and field athletes, and to explore its effects on athletes' level of competition and lower-extremity power. We compared the ACTN3 R577X genotypes and allele frequencies in 59 elite sprint/power athletes, 44 elite endurance athletes, and 50 healthy controls from Chinese Han origin. We then subcategorized the athletes into international level and national level and investigated the effects of ACTN3 genotype on lower-extremity power. Genotype distribution of the sprint/power athletes was significantly different from endurance athletes (p = 0.001) and controls (p < 0.001). The frequency of the RR genotype was significantly higher in international-level than that in the national-level sprint/power athletes (p = 0.004), with no international-level sprint/power athletes with XX genotype. The best standing long jump and standing vertical jump results of sprint/power athletes were better in the RR than those in the RX + XX genotypes (p = 0.004 and p = 0.001, respectively). In conclusion, the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism influences the level of competition and lower-extremity power of elite Chinese sprint/power athletes. Including relevant phenotypes such as muscle performance in future studies is important to further understand the effects of gene variants on elite athletic performance.
The Suspension Inverted Row
Authors: Ronai Peter , Scibek Eric
Published: July 2016

THE SUSPENSION-INVERTED ROW IS A MULTIJOINT UPPER-BODY EXERCISE THAT CAN INCREASE SHOULDER GIRDLE AND LUMBAR SPINE STABILITY, UPPER-BODY STRENGTH, AND PERFORMANCE OF ACTIVITES REQUIRING HIGH LEVELS OF STRENGTH. IT IS A VARIATION OF THE INVERTED ROW WITH A BAR AND IT CAN BE PROGRESSED, REGRESSED, AND PERFORMED THROUGHOUT A TRAINING YEAR. THIS ARTICLE PROVIDES A DETAILED DESCRIPTION AND FIGURES OF THE PROPER EXERCISE TECHNIQUE FOR A SUSPENSION-INVERTED ROW. FOR A VIDEO ABSTRACT OF THIS ARTICLE, SEE SUPPLEMENTAL DIGITAL CONTENT 1 (SEE VIDEO, http://links.lww.com/SCJ/A191).
Progressions of Isometric Core Training
Authors: Mendrin Natasha , Lynn Scott K. , Griffith-Merritt Halecia K. , Noffal Guillermo J.
Published: July 2016

WITH THE GROWTH IN POPULARITY OF CORE TRAINING, IT IS IMPORTANT THAT THERE IS A CLEAR UNDERSTANDING OF HOW TO BEST TAILOR THESE EXERCISES TO SAFELY MEET THE NEEDS OF DIFFERENT INDIVIDUALS. EXTENSIVE RESEARCH HAS SHOWN THAT TRAINING THE CORE MUSCLES ISOMETRICALLY, THAT IS WITHOUT BENDING THE SPINE, IS SAFE AND MAY HELP REDUCE THE INCIDENCE OF BACK INJURY. EXERCISE PROFESSIONALS MUST HAVE THE ABILITY TO MODIFY ISOMETRIC CORE EXERCISES AND ALTER THEIR DIFFICULTY TO ENSURE THAT THEY PROVIDE A SAFE AND APPROPRIATE CHALLENGE FOR INDIVIDUALS OF VARYING FITNESS LEVELS AND TRAINING GOALS. THEREFORE, THIS ARTICLE SUMMARIZES THE CURRENT RESEARCH THAT OUTLINES THE POTENTIAL NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES OF CONSTANTLY BENDING OR MOVING THROUGH THE SPINE. THIS PROVIDES THE RATIONALE FOR TRAINING THE CORE ISOMETRICALLY TO AVOID REPLICATING THESE KNOWN MECHANISMS OF INJURY DURING EXERCISE. EXAMPLES OF ISOMETRIC CORE EXERCISES OF VARYING DIFFICULTY ARE ALSO PROVIDED, AS WELL AS A MODEL OUTLINING HOW TO IMPLEMENT THESE PROGRESSIONS TO SAFELY MEET THE NEEDS OF ANY INDIVIDUAL IN A GENERAL FITNESS POPULATION.
China’s New Counterterrorism Legal Framework in the Post-2001 Era
Authors: Li Enshen
Published: July 2016

Since 2001, terrorism has become a frightening phenomenon, posing major threats to the stability, peace, and security of China. Although much research has been undertaken to understand China’s social and public policies of terrorism, little attention has been drawn toward the state’s legal response to this emerging threat. This article aims to explore a new legal framework against terrorism the Chinese government has adopted over the last decade or so. It examines the development, formation, and functionality of this mechanism within the context of the state’s new political agenda of maintaining social harmony and stability. By assessing the rhetorical and practical changes in China’s recent counterterrorism strategies, it concludes that China has begun to implement more punitive laws and punishments to combat terrorism in the post-2001 era than in the reform era (1980s–1990s). This increased level of punitiveness is pursued by countless legislative amendments to criminalize a new suite of terrorist offenses, the expansion of police powers to investigate terrorism and the intensification of punishment and sentencing on terrorist offenders.
Studi Perbedaan Keefektifan Pembelajaran LC-5E dan CIRC Terhadap Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah Matematika
Authors: Sulastri E. , Mariani Scolastika , Mashuri Mashuri
Published: July 2016

membandingkan keefektifan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe LC-5E (Learning Cycle 5E) dan tipe CIRC(Cooperative Integrated Reading and Composition) terhadap kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematika peserta didik. Populasi penelitian adalah peserta didik kelas X SMA Negeri 2 Ungaran. Sampel diambil secara cluster random sampling. Data akhir mengenai kemampuan pemecahan masalah diambil menggunakan metode tes. Teknik analisis data menggunakan uji proporsi, uji Anava dan uji lanjut LSD. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kelas yang dikenai perlakuan pembelajaran LC-5Edan CIRCmencapai ketuntasan belajar. Dari uji Anava diketahui bahwa ada perbedaan rata-rata yang signifikan. Selanjutnya dilakukan uji lanjut LSDmenunjukkan Kelompok Eksperimen 1 paling baik. Simpulan dari penelitian ini adalah model pembelajaran LC-5Elebih efektif dibandingkan tipe CIRC terhadap kemampuan pemecahan masalah peserta didik. Saran yang dapat direkomendasikan adalah pembelajaran LC-5E dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif dalam mengembangkan kemampuan pemecahan masalah peserta didik.

 

The purpose of this research was tocomparethe effectiveness of cooperative learning models type LC-5E (Learning Cycle 5E) and type CIRC (Cooperative Integrated Reading and Composition) toward students’ mathematic problem solving ability. The population of this research was students grade X of SMA Negeri 2 Ungaran.The samples were taken by cluster random sampling. The final data about students’ problem solving ability were taken used test method. Data were analysed used propotion test, ANOVA test, and LSD test. The result shown that classes that given LC-5E and CIRC learning models achieved mastery learning. From ANOVA test known that the averages are different significantly.From LSD test is known that the experiment group was the best. The conclusions from this research are LC-5E is more effective than CIRC learning model toward students’ problem solving ability. The suggestion is LC-5E model can be used as an alternative to develope stundents’ problem solving ability.
Meningkatkan Komunikasi Matematis Peserta Didik Melalui “Disco LeMPer” berbantuan Software GeoGebra
Authors: Jurotun Jurotun
Published: July 2016

Peserta didik belum menguasai kemampuan komunikasi matematika, baik kemampuan matematika lisan maupun kemampuan matematika secara tertulis. Peserta didik sulit membedakan penggunaan simbol dan lambang matematika, mengubah masalah nyata ke dalam bahasa matematika, serta mentransfer bentuk matematika ke dalam masalah nyata, peserta didik jarang mengajukan pertanyaan ataupun memberikan pendapatnya dalam proses pembelajaran matematika. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan komunikasi matematis melalui “Disco LeMPer” berbantuan Software GeoGebra. Penelitian ini adalah jenis penelitian tindakan kelas dengan Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan kelas yang terdiri dari silkus 1 dan siklus 2. Penelitian Tindakan Kelas ini dilaksanakan di kelas XI MIA3 SMA Negeri 1 Dempet. Alat pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah lembar observasi dan tes tertulis. Hasil penelitian diperoleh  bahwa terjadi peningkatan komunikasi matematis lisan sebesar 45% pada siklus 1 dan 22% pada siklus 2. Sedangkan untuk komunikasi tertulis terjadi peningkatan sebesar 30% untuk siklus 1 dan 42% untuk siklus 2. Dengan demikian pembelajaran Disco LeMPer berbantuan software GeoGebra dapat meningkatkan komunikasi matematis peserta didik SMA untuk materi irisan kerucut. 

Learners have not mastered the mathematical communication skills, both verbal and math skills math skills in writing. Learners are difficult to distinguish the use of symbols and mathematical symbol, changing the real problems into mathematical language, as well as the transfer form to the real problems of mathematics, students rarely ask questions or give opinions in the process of learning mathematics. This study aims to improve mathematical communication through "Disco Lemper" aided software GeoGebra.This research is a classroom action research with the type of research is a class action consisting of cycle 1 and cycle 2. Class Action Research was conducted in class XI MIA3 SMA Negeri 1 Dempet. Data collection tools used were observation sheet and a written tes. The results showed that an increase in oral mathematical communication by 45 % in cycle 1 and 22 % in cycle 2. As for written communication an increase of 30 % for the first cycle and 42 % for cycle 2. Thus Disco Lemper aided learning software GeoGebra can improve communication mathematical high school students to the material conic sections.  
Desain Didaktis Penalaran Matematis untuk Mengatasi Kesulitan Belajar Siswa SMP pada Luas dan Volume Limas
Authors: Sulistiawati Sulistiawati , Suryadi Didi , Fatimah Siti
Published: July 2016

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh rendahnya kemampuan penalaran matematis siswa SMP pada materi geometri. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian desain didaktis (didactial design research).  Penelitian diawali dengan studi pendahuluan untuk mendapatkan data kesulitan belajar (learning obstacle) yang dilaksanakan di SMP Negeri 29 Bandung kelas IXE sebanyak 35 orang, SMA Negeri 1 Lembang kelas XI IPA2 sebanyak 41 orang, dan STKIP Siliwangi Bandung mahasiswa semester VI sebanyak 49 orang pada tahun pelajaran 2011/2012 semester genap. Selanjutnya, dikembangkan desain didaktis yang diujicobakan terbatas kepada 30 siswa kelas VIII B SMP Assalam Bandung. Dari uji coba terbatas dilakukan analisis untuk menyusun desain didaktis revisi. Hasil dari penelitian ini diantaranya perangkat pembelajaran yang digunakan pada pembelajaran sebelum menggunakan desain didaktis belum dapat menggali kemampuan penalaran matematis, desain didaktis penalaran matematis yang dikembangkan dapat memperkecil gap yang dihadapi siswa, dan siswa memberikan tanggapan positif terhadap desain didaktis yang dikembangkan.

The background of this research was the lack of junior high school students’ mathematical reasoning in geometry. This research used Didactical Design Research (DDR) method which started by a preliminary study to 35 students of grade IX E Public Junior High School 29 Bandung, 41 students of grade XI Science Program of Senior High School 1 Lembang, and 49 students of Siliwangi College of Education Bandung in semester VI for academic year 2011/2012. The preliminary study was aimed to explore students’ learning obstacles to develep didactical design. The developed didactical design was implemented to 30 students of grade VII B of Assalam Junior High School Bandung. After this implementation the developed didactical design was revised. The results of this research were the learning tools used by previous teacher have not explored mathematical reasoning yet, the developed didactical design had minimized students’ gaps, and students had positive response about the learning.
Empirical Bayes Estimation of Coalescence Times from Nucleotide Sequence Data
Authors: King Leandra , Wakeley John
Published: July 2016

We demonstrate the advantages of using information at many unlinked loci to better calibrate estimates of the time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) at a given locus. To this end, we apply a simple empirical Bayes method to estimate the TMRCA. This method is both asymptotically optimal, in the sense that the estimator converges to the true value when the number of unlinked loci for which we have information is large, and has the advantage of not making any assumptions about demographic history. The algorithm works as follows: we first split the sample at each locus into inferred left and right clades to obtain many estimates of the TMRCA, which we can average to obtain an initial estimate of the TMRCA. We then use nucleotide sequence data from other unlinked loci to form an empirical distribution that we can use to improve this initial estimate.
Parent-of-Origin-Effect rough endosperm Mutants in Maize
Authors: Bai Fang , Daliberti Mary , Bagadion Alyssa , Xu Miaoyun , Li Yubing , Baier John , Tseung Chi-Wah , Evans Matthew M S , Settles A Mark
Published: July 2016

Parent-of-origin-effect loci have non-Mendelian inheritance in which phenotypes are determined by either the maternal or paternal allele alone. In angiosperms, parent-of-origin effects can be caused by loci required for gametophyte development or by imprinted genes needed for seed development. Few parent-of-origin-effect loci have been identified in maize (Zea mays) even though there are a large number of imprinted genes known from transcriptomics. We screened rough endosperm (rgh) mutants for parent-of-origin effects using reciprocal crosses with inbred parents. Six maternal rough endosperm (mre) and three paternal rough endosperm (pre) mutants were identified with three mre loci mapped. When inherited from the female parent, mre/+ seeds reduce grain fill with a rough, etched, or pitted endosperm surface. Pollen transmission of pre mutants results in rgh endosperm as well as embryo lethality. Eight of the mutants had significant distortion from the expected one-to-one ratio for parent-of-origin effects. Linked markers for mre1, mre2, and mre3 indicated that the mutant alleles have no bias in transmission. Histological analysis of mre1, mre2, mre3, and pre*-949 showed altered timing of starch grain accumulation and basal endosperm transfer cell layer (BETL) development. The mre1 locus delays BETL and starchy endosperm development, while mre2 and pre*-949 cause ectopic starchy endosperm differentiation. We conclude that many parent-of-origin effects in maize have incomplete penetrance of kernel phenotypes and that there is a large diversity of endosperm developmental roles for parent-of-origin-effect loci.
Morphometric Toolbox: A New Technique in Basin Morphometric Analysis Using ArcGIS
Authors: Ayad Ali Faris Beg
Published: July 2016

Morphometric analysis of rivers basins is recognized prominently in hydrologic and geomorphic studies. Morphometric parameters give clear evidences for evolution of the basins, including the denudation, surface runoff and subsurface infiltration, as well as the impact of geological formations and structures on the basin evolution. Several causes control the accuracy of morphometric analysis, including the way of data collection, source of data, resolution of digital elevation model (DEM) and measurement technique. In spite of all the efforts in carrying out different morphometric measurement techniques, the morphometric analyses are still suffering from flaw in accuracy and time consumption to get the needed results. The main objectives of current study are the automation of morphometric analysis, increasing the space of ArcGIS in field of morphometric analysis, modifying and adopting some new morphometric parameters to improve the evaluating of basin development stage. To achieve these aims, a morphometric toolbox for ArcGIS v. 10.x has been developed using Python programming language, and it's efficiently is confirmed with many typical and field samples of basins before setting up the toolbox for end users. In current study the toolbox has evaluated by conducting morphometric analysis on several large basins including Dyala river basin; extended on area of 26627 square kilometres. The results show the importance of the new technique in calculation of morphometric parameters for large basins, as well as time saving, reducing the needed inputs and efforts, besides the flexibility of using different types of DEM data in the analysis.
Preliminary Assessment of the Transmutation Potentialities for an ITER-like FW Sector Loaded with MA
Authors: Domenico Scarfò  , Barbara Caiffi  , Davide Chersola  , Guglielmo Lomonaco
Published: July 2016

The fusion-fission hybrid reactor is a promising technology that is likely to assume an increasingly important role in the global energy scene in the coming years. This kind of reactor can use both the nuclear fusion and fission processes to produce energy: neutrons from fusion reactions are used to sustain the fission of a sub-critical system. This method allows to have an intrinsically safe facility, with higher efficiency than a fusion reactor itself and with a harder neutron energy spectrum than a fission reactor, which could be suitable for nuclear waste transmutation. This paper, in particular, analyzes a type of hybrid reactor for the transmutation of Minor Actinides (MA). Nuclear waste, in the oxide form, is inserted as an element of the First Wall (FW) of an ITER-like fusion reactor. The aim is to demonstrate the feasibility of the transmutation of the MA characterized by higher long term radiotoxicity into shorter lived nuclides. The neutron transport in a detailed 3D geometrical model of the ITER reactor (B-lite) was performed by MCNP6 code, while the transmutation of the MA loaded in a single element of the FW was performed by SERPENT2 code. A pulsed ITER-like irradiation scenario was used. The analysis, which must be considered as a preliminary feasibility study, lead to very promising results, which could be further improved with a longer DEMO-like irradiation scenario and a larger number of MA loaded (“fission waste”) elements loaded in the FW.
Transient Analysis of Coupled Natural Convection and Surface Thermal Radiation in a Tilted Open Cavity
Authors: J. F. Hinojosa  , M. E. Trujillo-Camacho
Published: July 2016

Numeric results of the transient heat transfer by natural convection and surface thermal radiation in a tilted open cavity are presented. The conservation equations in primitive variables are solved using the finite volume method and the SIMPLEC algorithm. The transient results are obtained for a Rayleigh number of 106 and five inclination angles (0°, 45°, 90°, 120° and 180°. The numerical model predicts flow instabilities for inclination angle of 0°, which avoids reaching the steady state. The steady state is reached after a long time for ϕ=180°.
Thermal Convexity of Tubular Heat Exchangers in Steady State
Authors: Abdelghani-Idrissi M.A. , Seguin D. , Vernières L. , Mouhab N.
Published: July 2016

This paper deals with the thermal convexity of heat exchangers in steady state: (Th,c(x)=γh,c(x)Tc,in+(1- γh,c(x))Th,in with 0 ≤ γh,c(x) ≤ 1). This method assesses the spatial distribution of the thermal convexity factors of both fluids along a tubular heat exchanger in counter-current flow and co-current flow arrangement. Analytical expressions of the thermal convexity coefficients are in exponential form. According to the flow configuration two linear functions are proposed for the hot and the cold fluid. The slope of these two functions corresponds to the exponential factor. The estimations of the exponential factor thanks to the steady state convexity coefficient profile provide results that are in good agreement with those obtained from correlations.
Photoinduced Phenomena in Thermally Evaporated a-Gex Se90-x Sb10 Thin Films
Authors: MA Osman  , AM Abosehly  , AA Othman  , KA Aly
Published: July 2016

Amorphous Gex Se90-x Sb10 thin films were prepared by thermal evaporation under vacuum onto glass substrates. Reflectance and transmittance were measured in the wavelength range 190-900nm. The optical properties of the as deposited and UV-irradiated films at different exposure times were reported. The compositional dependence of the optical constants (absorption coefficient, the non-direct optical gap Eg, refractive index (n), and the extinction coefficient (k) were evaluated and discussed in terms of the Ge content and the chemical bond network model.
Physical-Chemical Properties of Water-in-Diesel Fuel Emulsions
Authors: Mohamed Y. E. Selim  , Mamdouh T. Ghannam  , Adel M. M. Hussein
Published: July 2016

The addition of water dispersed phase into the diesel continuous phase will lead to the formation of water-in-diesel (W/D) emulsion, which significantly reduces the pollution level of NOx and particulate matters in the diesel engines. Small amount, 0.2% by volume, of surfactant material was necessary in the preparation of a stable W/D emulsion. The study of the physical and chemical properties of stable W/D emulsions is important to understand the flow behavior characteristics of these emulsions. Pure diesel fuel and three samples of W/D emulsions (10%, 20% and 30% by volume water) were examined in this study. The following properties are measured according to the corresponding ASTM standards for the pure diesel and its emulsions with 10%, 20% and 30% water: heating value, pour point, flash point, distillation data, density, viscosity, calculated cetane index, total acid number, and sulfur content. The addition of water in the emulsion caused a drop in the calorific value, final boiling point, cetane index, total acid number, and sulfur content. Increasing the water also increased the pour point, flash point, and density.
Prediction of Hydrostatic Pressure and Downhole Mud Temperatures While Drilling
Authors: I. M. Kutasov  , L. V. Eppelbaum
Published: July 2016

In deep and hot wells, the densities of water/oil muds and brines (geofluids) can be significantly different from those measured at surface conditions. As a result, bottom-hole pressures predicted with constant mud densities can be in error by hundreds of psig. Determining accurate the density of drilling mud (the density of the formation fluids) under downhole conditions needs for calculating the actual hydrostatic pressure in a well and predicting differential pressure at the bottom-hole. This will help to reduce the fluid losses resulting from miscalculated pressure differentials. In areas with high geothermal gradients, the thermal expansion of drilling muds can lead to unintentional underbalance, and a kick may occur. In this paper we demonstrate the use of an empirical equation for the downhole circulating mud temperature as well as the early derived analytical equation for the drilling mud hydrostatic pressure. A field example is presented.
Introduction of SOFC Technology into Cuban Energy Sector: Technical and Sustainability Analysis
Authors: Yannay Casas Ledón  , Luis E. Arteaga Pérez  , Karel Dieguez Santana  , Elena Rosa Domínguez  , Mayra C. Morales Pérez
Published: July 2016

The feasibility of integrating a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology into the Cuban energy sector is analyzed. In this context, two scenarios for power generation are assessed: the first (existing) combines a bagasse cogeneration unit and diesel combustion engines and for the second (future), diesel engines are replaced by a SOFC feed with ethanol and integrated into the sugar factory. The environmental impact (greenhouse gases), exergy efficiency, and a renewability parameter are considered as indicators for the assessment of the studied scenarios through a multifunctional unit (9.86t/h sugar, 2.195t/h of hydrated ethanol (96% w/w) and 847kWh of electricity) approach. The SOFC scenario shows significant advantages from an environmental point of view, obtaining a reduction of 55% greenhouse emissions and 60% fossil fuel consumption. At the same time, the overall process efficiency (38%) and renewability index (0.93) are higher than for the existing scenario. Furthermore, health impacts and their corresponding external cost related to airborne emissions (primary and secondary pollutant) are estimated applying the Uniform World Model (UWM). In this sense, the results show that the use of a SOFC technology involves a reduction of health impacts in 25.76 YOLL yr-1 (12%) and external costs of 52175 US$ yr-1 (12%). The potentiality of SOFC technology implementation into Cuban energy sector is assessed using a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) approach. Nowadays, the main threat of implementation of this technology is associated to competitive energy market.
Design and Development of a Simple Stirred Tank Photobioreactor for Algal Production
Authors: R. N. Singh  , Shaishav Sharma  , Anand Krishna Singh  , Nilay Srivastava 
Published: July 2016

A simple and efficient stirred tank photobioreactor was designed and developed for micro algal culture. The culture system was made of glass and consists of four major parts: culture system container, stirrer, aerator rod and aerator pump. The reactor had proved to be well suited for the cultivation of micro alga Chlorella sp. Two different trials were run for microalgal culture. The lux intensity at the photobioreactor was maintained at 200lux. The algal biomass volumetric output rate was 5.85g l-1 d-1.
Cost Analysis of Water Purification Methods in India
Authors: Anand M. Sharan  , Sarita Sharan
Published: July 2016

In this work, cost analysis of commonly used RO method, Ultra-Violet method and the new Pressure Cooker method is performed. These methods studied here relate to the production of potable water which meets the World Health Organization (WHO) standards. The advantages of the use of the Pressure Cooker method over the two other methods for undeveloped countries are explained.The results show that not only the Pressure Cooker method is most economical but also is very versatile as far as its use in rural India or other under-developed countries are concerned.
Investigating the Relationship between Porosity and Compressive Strength for Porous Concrete as a Sustainable Pavement
Authors: Hassan Tajik Ghashghaei  , Abolfazl Hassani  , Morteza Ahmadi
Published: July 2016

In this study, the relationship between porosity and compressive strength for porous concrete (PC) was investigated. The effect of mixture design parameters particularly, water-to-cement ratio (W/C) and size of aggregate on the porosity and compressive strength of PC was evaluated. To investigate the role of W/C and aggregate size on this testing procedure, the experiments were performed on specimens of two aggregates size and four range of W/C. The PC mixtures were made with W/C in the range of 0.28-0.34, 350kg/m3 cement content and 19.5mm and 9.5 maximum size of aggregate. PC mixes were made from each aggregate and were tested. The results showed that the W/C and aggregate size are key parameters which significantly affect the porosity of PC. Investigation of compressive strength and porosity for the various mix designs showed a clear dependence on these parameters. The measured values fall within the expected range obtained from a review of the literature. Compressive strength of coarse porous concrete (CPC) is smaller than compressive strength of fine porous concrete (FPC) and the porosity of CPC are bigger than porosity of FPC. In general, increased W/C yields a smaller porosity and higher compressive strength. This approach can reduce the number of trial batches needs for target performance of PC samples.
Assessment on the Stability and Speciation of Phosphorus in River Sediments
Authors: Asmare Atalay  , Carol Bronick  , Kathleen Baker  , Brodie Whitehead
Published: July 2016

Sediments are heterogeneous mixtures of assorted soil separates and organic matter that serve as repositories of many pollutants. This study investigated phosphorus (P) stability in river sediments as controlled by P speciation and environmental conditions, such as temperature (T), dissolved oxygen (DO), redox conditions (Eh), and pH. It attempted to evaluate the experimental conditions under which P could potentially be tied-up in river sediments. Sediment cores samples were collected from James River, in Virginia, U.S.A. near a former dairy farm and analyzed for T, pH, Eh, carbon (C) and pertinent metal ions. Results indicated that high P concentration correlated well with Fe and had non-uniform correlations with clay, Al and Ca, which changed with depth of cores. At low pH, P concentration was higher in anaerobic than aerobic sediments and aluminum (Al) precipitation was highest at low pH, which indicated Al phosphate stability in reduced (anaerobic) conditions. Above pH 7, in aerobic environments, the Minteqa2 speciation model predicted a high stability for Al-OH species. The minerals variscite, vivianite, strengite hydroxyapatite, and two forms of magnesium hydroxide species were predicted to exist in the pH ranges used in this study. Elemental P distribution assessment using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) inferred that P could be bound either to C and Al, Fe or Mn depending on their relative abundances.
Synthesis of the SUS 316L Powders with a Nano-Meso Bi-Modal Structure
Authors: Young Rang Uhm  , Chang Kyu Rhee 
Published: July 2016

Pure stainless steel (SUS 316L) powders with both a nano-grain and micro-structure were prepared using a mechanical milling process. The bimodal microstructure consists of a nano-grain with a size of 50 nm in the surface region and microstructure in the core of the particle. The nano-grain with a bcc structure at the surface and the microstructure of fcc in the core of the particles were prepared by milling at 150rpm for 9h, and those compositions were 14.39% for the nano structure and 85.61% for the micro structure, respectively. Spark plasma sintering (SPS) was carried out for the compaction of the powders. The compacts forming powders with a bi-modal structure have a mesoscopic structure.
Three-Dimensional Analysis of Nasal Symmetry following Primary Correction of Unilateral Cleft Lip Nasal Deformity
Authors: Linden Olivia E. , Taylor Helena O. , Vasudavan Sivabalan , Byrne Margaret E. , Deutsch Curtis K. , Mulliken John B. , Sullivan Stephen R.
Published: July 2016

Objective

To evaluate nasal symmetry using three-dimensional photogrammetry following primary tip rhinoplasty with or without an internal splint in patients with unilateral complete cleft lip/palate.

Design

We captured three-dimensional images of patients with unilateral complete cleft lip/palate who underwent nasolabial repair by rotation-advancement of the lip and primary tip rhinoplasty, either with or without an internal resorbable splint, and normal control subjects. We assessed nasal symmetry by identifying the plane of maximum symmetry and the root-mean-square deviation between native and reflected surfaces.

Patients/Participants

We imaged 38 controls and 38 subjects with repaired unilateral complete cleft lip/palate (20 with, 18 without an internal splint).

Results

Nasal asymmetry root-mean-square deviation clustered between 0.19 and 0.50 mm (median = 0.24 ± 0.08 mm) for controls; whereas, those with repaired unilateral complete cleft lip/palate ranged from 0.4 to 1.5 mm (median = 0.75 ± 0.40 mm). Although root-mean-square deviation ranges overlapped, patients with repaired unilateral complete cleft lip/palate had significantly greater asymmetry than controls ( P < .001). We found no difference in asymmetry between patients with or without an internal splint ( P = .5).

Conclusions

Three-dimensional photogrammetry was used to successfully compare symmetry among different patient and control groups. Although “normal” nasal symmetry was attained in some patients following cleft lip/nasal repair, most had persistent asymmetry compared with normal controls. Placement of a resorbable internal splint did not improve symmetry in patients with unilateral complete cleft lip/palate.
Pre- and Postemergence Herbicides for Row Middle Weed Control in Vegetable Plasticulture Production Systems
Authors: Boyd Nathan S.
Published: July 2016

In plasticulture vegetable production systems, broadleaf weeds and grasses emerge in the crop planting holes and between the raised beds. Weeds emerging on the bare ground between the raised beds can be the most difficult to control. Experiments were conducted in the spring and fall of 2014 at the Gulf Coast Research and Education Center in Balm, FL, to evaluate a range of herbicides for use in row middles in vegetable crops. Weed counts and control ratings did not differ over time and as a result are averaged across 2, 4, and 8 wk after treatment. In the absence of PRE herbicides, carfentrazone did not differ from the nontreated control, whereas paraquat reduced total weed density by 67 and 61% in the spring and fall, respectively. In the fall, carfentrazone tank-mixed with flumioxazin,S-metolachlor + flumioxazin, or paraquat tank-mixed with flumioxazin,S-metolachlor, metribuzin, orS-metolachlor + flumioxazin had 81 to 90% fewer broadleaf weeds than the nontreated control. Total weed density was 70 to 90% lower than the nontreated control when carfentrazone was tank-mixed with flumioxazin orS-metolachlor + flumioxazin or paraquat was tank-mixed with flumioxazin,S-metolachlor, oxyfluorfen, metribuzin orS-metolachlor + flumioxazin. Similar trends occurred in the spring. A tank mix of a soil residual herbicide and POST burn-down herbicides tended to have a greater reduction in weed numbers compared to the POST treatment alone. The most consistent row middle tank-mixes were paraquat tank-mixed with flumioxazin,S-metolachlor + flumioxazin, orS-metolachlor + oxyfluorfen.
The Width of the Surgical Margin Does Not Influence Outcomes in Extremity and Truncal Soft Tissue Sarcoma Treated With Radiotherapy
Authors: Ahmad Rima , Jacobson Alex , Hornicek Francis , Haynes Alex B. , Choy Edwin , Cote Gregory , Nielsen G. Petur , Chen Yen-Lin , DeLaney Thomas F. , Mullen John T.
Published: July 2016

Background and Objectives.

It is unclear whether the quantitative width of the surgical margin influences outcomes in patients with extremity and truncal soft tissue sarcoma (STS) treated with radiotherapy (RT).

Methods.

We performed a retrospective review of 382 patients with localized extremity or truncal STS who underwent limb-sparing surgery and RT from 1983 to 2010, and we analyzed the significance of resection margin status and quantitative margin width on outcomes.

Results.

Surgical margins were positive in 68 (18%) patients and negative in 314 (82%) patients. For those patients with a reported quantitative margin width (n = 235), the width of the negative margin was ≤1 mm (n = 128), >1 mm and ≤5 mm (n = 79), and >5 mm (n = 28). At a median follow-up of 82 months, the local recurrence rates were 5.4% and 11.8% for margin-negative and margin-positive patients, respectively. There were no differences in the rates of local or distant recurrence nor of any survival outcome based on the quantitative width of the surgical margin, provided that it was negative.

Conclusions.

In patients undergoing RT and limb-sparing surgery for STS, achieving a negative margin is essential for optimizing both local control and survival. However, the absolute quantitative width of the negative margin does not significantly influence outcome, and so attempts at wide margins of resection appear to be unnecessary. Importantly, the conclusions drawn from this study must not be applied to those patients undergoing surgery alone as the local treatment of their STS, in which case wider margins of resection may be necessary.
Integrating Palliative Care Into Comprehensive Cancer Centers: Consensus-Based Development of Best Practice Recommendations
Authors: Berendt Julia , Stiel Stephanie , Simon Steffen T. , Schmitz Andrea , van Oorschot Birgitt , Stachura Peter , Ostgathe Christoph
Published: July 2016

Background.

International associations admit that specialized palliative care (SPC) is an obvious component of excellent cancer care. Nevertheless, gaps in integration at the international level have been identified. Recommendations for integrating SPC in clinical care, research, and education are needed, which are subject of the present study.

Materials and Methods.

A Delphi study, with three written Delphi rounds, including a face-to-face-meeting with a multiprofessional expert panel (n = 52) working in SPC in 15 German Comprehensive Cancer Centers (CCCs) funded by the German Cancer Aid was initiated. Initial recommendations are built on evidence-based literature. Consensus was defined in advance with ≥80% agreement based on the question of whether each recommendation was unambiguously formulated, relevant, and realizable for a CCC.

Results.

A total of 38 experts (73.1%) from 15 CCCs performed all three Delphi rounds. Consensus was achieved for 29 of 30 recommendations. High agreement related to having an organizationally and spatially independent palliative care unit (≥6 beds), a mobile multiprofessional SPC team, and cooperation with community-based SPC. Until round 3, an ongoing discussion was registered on hospice volunteers, a chair of palliative care, education in SPC among staff in emergency departments, and integration of SPC in decision-making processes such as tumor boards or consultation hours. Integration of SPC in decision-making processes was not consented by a low-rated feasibility (76.3%) due to staff shortage.

Conclusion.

Recommendations should be considered when developing standards for cancer center of excellence in Germany. Definition and implementation of indicators of integration of SPC in CCCs and evaluation of its effectiveness are current and future challenges.
Code-switching in English Language Education: Voices from Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen Nhan Trong , Grainger Peter , Carey Michael
Published: July 2016

Why do bilingual language teachers and students switch between the two languages in their language classrooms? On the evidence of current research findings in relation to English-Vietnamese code-switching in the educational contexts of Vietnam, this article identifies that classroom code-switching between the second language and the first language has its own pedagogic functions and it can be a valuable language classroom resource to both teachers and learners. In Vietnam, the implementation of the monolingual approach of teaching English-through-English-only faces many challenges such as inadequate classroom resources, students’ low levels of English competence, motivation and autonomy, teachers’ limited English abilities, and inappropriate teaching methods. Many Vietnamese teachers of English support code-switching in the classroom and they teach English through the bilingual approach. English-Vietnamese code-switching is reported not to be a restriction on the acquisition of English; rather, it can facilitate the teaching and learning of general English in Vietnam. This practice of code-switching is not just due to a lack of sufficient proficiency to maintain a conversation in English; rather, it serves a number of pedagogic functions such as explaining new words and grammatical rules, giving feedback, checking comprehension, making comparison between English and Vietnamese, establishing good rapport between teachers and students, creating a friendly classroom atmosphere and supporting group dynamics.
The Interrelationship among L1 Writing Skills, L2 Writing Skills, and L2 Proficiency of Iranian EFL Learners at Different Proficiency Levels
Authors: Marzban Amir , Jalali Faezeh Esmaeelnia
Published: July 2016

This research aimed to investigate the interrelationship among L1 writing skills, L2 writing skills, and L2 proficiency of Iranian English language learners at different proficiency levels. To this aim, two groups of advanced and lower-intermediate participants consisting of twenty learners were asked to write on the same topic in Persian and English in one week interval. Subsequently, the compositions were evaluated based on Jacob Composition Profile (1981). Then, the Pearson product-moment correlation was calculated to examine the correlation between the compositions' overall scores in Persian and English in both groups. To determine which variables, L1 writing skills or L2 proficiency, is a more significant predictor of L2 writing at these different proficiency levels, and investigate the difference between them, multiple regression analysis was calculated. The results displayed large correlation between compositions' overall scores in advanced group, but not in lower-intermediate group. Also, L1 writing was a more significant predictor at advanced level; however, at lower-intermediate level, L2 proficiency was a more significant predictor of L2 writing. These findings entail some pedagogical implications for effective language teaching in L2 writing classes.
A Survey Study of Chinese College Engineering Students’ Use of Metacognitive Strategies in English Writing
Authors: Chen Xin , Xiao Gengsheng
Published: July 2016

Metacognitive strategy has been recognised as a crucial factor in language learning, and its role in English writing for Chinese learners still remains unknown. The present study investigates 215 Chinese college engineering students’ use of metacognitive strategies through employing research methods of questionnaire survey and writing proficiency test. According to the results, it is found that selective attention and self-monitoring are used in writing quite often, while planning and self-evaluation are seldom used. Besides, the differences in the use of metacognitive strategies between freshmen and sophomores are not statistically significant. It is also found that engineering students of higher writing proficiency tend to employ metacognitive strategies in academic writing more frequently and effectively than those with poor writing skills. It is eventually suggested that metacognitive strategies should be imparted to the students, and that the training of metacognitive strategies should be integrated into classroom activities of English writing teaching.
The Effect of Dyadic and Triadic Interaction on Iranian EFL Learners’ Oral Proficiency
Authors: Moradan Abbas , Ahmadian Nayereh
Published: July 2016

Knowing about interaction and applying it among EFL learners, is one of the crucial and important factors which needs to be taken seriously in English education. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Dyadic and Triadic Interaction between young Iranian English learners and to find out how the different forms of interaction between the learners in classroom practice can enhance their oral proficiency by drawing on some theories such as Social Learning, Social Development Theory and Interaction Hypothesis. 61 Iranian young learners participated in the study, taking part in two interviews that were based on Young Learners English Test YLE Cambridge University (Starter). The subjects’ interactional behaviors were determined by the researcher with a checklist which named Learner’s Interaction. Multivariate and discriminate analyses of both experimental groups and control groups’ scores indicated that dyadic interaction between young learners could enhance their oral proficiency more effectively in comparison with that of control group in which all activities were conducted individually, but it didn’t improve learners’ oral proficiency  significantly in comparison with Triadic interaction. The results can be used to pave the way for adopting effective educational planning and consequently enhancing teaching education system and improving teachers' practice and learning in EFL contexts.
FATORES EPIDEMIOLÓGICOS CORRELACIONADOS AO RISCO PARA MORTE FETAL: REVISÃO INTEGRATIVA DA LITERATURA
Authors: Silva Rosane Meire Munhak , Mazotti Bruna Ribeiro , Zilly Adriana , Ferreira Helder , Caldeira Sebastião
Published: July 2016

Introdução: Apesar dos avanços registrados na área da saúde, verifica-se que a morte fetal permanece como preocupação para os serviços públicos de saúde, pois por muito tempo, foi negligenciada e poucos investimentos foram feitos para sua redução. Objetivo: Buscar evidências científicas que demonstrem os fatores de risco fetais, maternos e sociais relacionados à morte fetal. Material e Métodos: Revisão integrativa da literatura com 16 publicações provenientes da base de dados Scielo, Bireme e Pubmed, entre 2005 e 2014, apenas na língua inglesa e portuguesa e selecionadas a partir da questão: Quais os fatores de risco fetais, maternos e sociais para a morte fetal? Numa primeira análise, títulos e resumos foram lidos para selecionar os que seriam analisados na íntegra, e para tanto, dois pesquisadores leram as publicações com o objetivo de acenar se as inclusões eram condizentes. A coleta dos dados referentes a estes artigos ocorreu no período de setembro a dezembro de 2014. O sistema de classificação hierárquica conhecida por nível de evidência foi utilizado. Resultados: As publicações citam que os fatores de risco para a morte fetal não são eventos isolados. Os fatores de risco fetal, descritos em 43,75% dos estudos, destacaram o baixo peso e a malformação congê-nita. Os fatores maternos foram citados por 81,25% dos artigos, em especial os relacionados às morbidades maternas, tais como, as síndromes hipertensivas e hemorrágicas, sífilis e diabetes gestacional. Em 43,75% das publicações verificou-se a influência da baixa escolaridade, pele preta ou parda; baixas condições socioeconômicas e consultas pré-natais insuficientes. Conclusão: Construir estudos sobre a saúde fetal torna-se relevante, uma vez que, estes têm sido pouco explorados apesar de sua incontestável importância para saúde pública, podendo-se considerá-lo como indicador de qualidade da assistência pré-natal.