bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EVALUATION OF INVESTMENT PROJECTS WITHIN THE TERRITORY OF DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Griškevičiūtė-Gečienė Aušrinė
Published: July 2010

Sustainable development is the most researchable sphere of many experts in urbanistics, architecture, transport, environment and economics in Lithuania. Every period of time has specific problems and solutions to solve them. The present days have increased the level of automobilization and growing traffic in cities has become the main task for sustainable development. State‐wide improvement and development of transport infrastructure relate to the level of assigned investments that depend on State transport policy and existing opportunities. Comparing to several EU member states, the procedures of evaluating data on transport infrastructure projects evolved in parallel with the EU‐financed projects. Therefore, it could be stated that this area is not falling behind. The analysis of evaluation methods in Lithuania and foreign countries showed that there were no standardized and united methods for evaluating projects on urban system infrastructure. During the last decade, investment projects in cooperation with the State were evaluated using complex analysis in Lithuania. Cost‐benefit analysis was and is still being used for evaluating the EU‐financed projects. Multicriteria analysis is often carried out in the EU and other countries to evaluate the financial feasibility of transport infrastructure and takes its first steps in Lithuania.
THE METHODOLOGY FOR DESIGNING ACCESSIBLE PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION: THE CZECH EXPERIENCE
Authors: Matuška Jaroslav
Published: July 2010

This is an attempt to ensure an effective process for creating a barrier‐free environment. It is necessary, within the scope of the methodological procedure, to analyse the whole system, search for critical areas and eliminate or prevent them when applying basic and specific properties of the previously defined elementary items. An essential pre‐condition for creating an accessible built environment for everyone is knowledge of effective legislation and technical standards and successful application by all responsible persons.
Simple method of dynamic Young’s modulus determination in lime and cement mortars
Authors: Rosell J. R. , Cantalapiedra I. R.
Published: July 2010

The present work explains a simple method to determine the dynamic Young module (MOE) by inducing a set of small mechanical perturbation to samples of lime and cement mortars and correlating the results obtained with results determined using other techniques and methods. The procedure described herein follows the instructions stated in the UNE-EN ISO 12680-1 standard for refractory products although in this study the instructions are applied to standardized RILEM 4x4x16 cm test samples made of lime and cement mortars. In addition, MOE determinations are obtained by using ultrasonic impulse velocity while static Young's modulus determinations are obtained by performing conventional bending tests.
The ability of this procedure to correlate with results from other techniques, along with its simplicity, suggests that it can be widely adapted to determine the deformability of mortars under load using standardized samples.
Tank modelling of azimuthal resistivity surveys over anisotropic bedrock with dipping overburden
Authors: Watson Kathryn A. , Barker Ron D.
Published: July 2010

Rotational or azimuthal resistivity sounding is frequently employed for determining the electrical anisotropy of the subsurface, from which the orientation of fracturing, which might give rise to the anisotropy, is interpreted. However, symmetrical 4‐electrode arrays, such as the Wenner, Schlumberger and square, are ambiguous and will also produce an anisotropy‐style signature over dipping strata or a gradational lateral change in rock resistivity. This problem may be overcome by use of a 5‐electrode offset‐Wenner array. Simple tank modelling of an anisotropic bedrock overlain by an isotropic overburden demonstrates that rotational offset‐Wenner sounding will clearly indicate whether observed anisotropy is real or whether it is merely due to the similar and ambiguous effects of a varying overburden thickness.
Confounding Factors Influencing Amyloid Beta Concentration in Cerebrospinal Fluid
Authors: Bjerke Maria , Portelius Erik , Minthon Lennart , Wallin Anders , Anckarsäter Henrik , Anckarsäter Rolf , Andreasen Niels , Zetterberg Henrik , Andreasson Ulf , Blennow Kaj
Published: July 2010

Background. Patients afflicted with Alzheimer's disease (AD) exhibit a decrease in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentration of the 42 amino acid form ofβ-amyloid (Aβ42). However, a high discrepancy between different centers in measuredAβ42levels reduces the utility of this biomarker as a diagnostic tool and in monitoring the effect of disease modifying drugs. Preanalytical and analytical confounding factors were examined with respect to their effect on the measuredAβ42level.Methods. Aliquots of CSF samples were either treated differently prior toAβ42measurement or analyzed using different commercially available xMAP or ELISA assays.Results. Confounding factors affecting CSFAβ42levels were storage in different types of test tubes, dilution with detergent-containing buffer, plasma contamination, heat treatment, and the origin of the immunoassays used for quantification.Conclusion. In order to conduct multicenter studies, a standardized protocol to minimize preanalytical and analytical confounding factors is warranted.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: Maher John
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Methodological Issues When Using Simple Models To Investigate Employment Discrimination
Authors: Hawley Clifford B.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Methodological Issues When Using Simple Models To Investigate Employment Discrimination: Reply
Authors: Piette Michael J.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Comment: On the Relative Stability and Predictability of the Interest Rate and Earnings Growth Rate
Authors: Benich Joseph
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
The Effect of Recent Income Tax Reforms on the Calculation of Lost Earnings: Comment
Authors: Harris William G.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
The Effect of Recent Income Tax Reforms on the Calculation of Lost Earnings: A Reply
Authors: Franz Wolfgang W.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Evaluating Lost Vacation Benefits: Should They Be Valued at Their Pre-Injury or Post-Injury Cost?
Authors: Kenkel James L.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Using the Marginal Interest Rate Principle in Valuing the Spousal Contribution to the Human Capital of a Marital Partner
Authors: Lewis W. Cris
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Estimating A Decedent's Consumption in Wrongful Death Cases
Authors: Trout Robert R. , Foster Carroll B.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
The Correct Value of Social Security Contributions in Personal Injury and Wrongful Death Settlements: A Comment
Authors: Durham Stephen E.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Using Multiple Discriminant Analysis in Business Litigation
Authors: O'Haver Robert R.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Which Estimates of Household Production are Best?: A Comment
Authors: Raymond Richard
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Note: The Impact of Disability on Earnings (Results From the Health and Activity Limitation Survey)
Authors: Ross Peter
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
The Misapplication of the Hedonic Damages Concept to Wrongful Death and Personal Injury Litigation
Authors: Havrilesky Thomas
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Key Issues in Measuring Lost Profits
Authors: Plummer James , McGowin Gerald
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
A Suggested Method for Calculating Damages for a Large Number of Employees in a Title VII Case
Authors: Galchus Kenneth E. , Whiteside Leanne
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Competition for Forensic Economists and Their Ethical Behavior
Authors: Tinari Frank D.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
The Misapplication of the Hedonic Damages Concept to Wrongful Death and Personal Injury Litigation: A Comment
Authors: Ireland Thomas R.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Life Insurance as an Offset to Economic Loss in Wrongful Death Cases: A Note
Authors: Cahill Gerard A. , Goldberg Gerald F.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Median Worklife, Mean Age at Final Separation, or Transition Probabilities to Calculate Expected Lost Earnings?
Authors: Schieren George A.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
The Forensic Economist in the International Setting: Applying Purchasing Power Parities to Nicaraguan Damage Claims
Authors: Weisskoff Richard
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Expected Long-Term Real Interest Rates: A Reprise
Authors: Peláez Rolando F.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
The Use of the Berla Scale in Quantifying Hedonic Damages: A Case Management Perspective
Authors: Caragonne Penelope
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Establishing Liability and Calculating Damages Under Robinson-Patman Act and Predation Claims
Authors: Kamerschen David R.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
The Application Of The Hedonic Damages Concept To Wrongful Death And Personal Injury Litigation
Authors: Albrecht Gary R.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Ethics In Forensic Economics: Evidence And Remedy Issues
Authors: Depperschmidt Thomas O.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
The Theory And Practical Determination Of Going Concern Value
Authors: Dimbath Merle F.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Valuing The Life Of A Child: Broadening The Investment Approach
Authors: Ireland Thomas R. , Ward John O.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Hedonic Damages And The Index Number Problem
Authors: Jones David D.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Life Insurance As An Offset In Wrongful Death Cases: A Note
Authors: Schwartz Eli
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Value of Life Estimates – Too Imprecise for Courtroom Use: A Note
Authors: Staller Jerome M. , Sullivan Brian P. , Friedman Edward A.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Estimating A Decedent's Consumption In Wrongful Death Cases: A Reply
Authors: Trout Robert R. , Foster Carroll B.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
The Measurement Of Economic Damages: Do Taxes Really Matter?
Authors: Brush Brian C. , Breeden Charles H.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Modeling Taxes In Personal Injury And Wrongful Death Award Calculations
Authors: Albrecht Gary R.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Ordinary And Reverse Tax Effect In Personal Injury And Wrongful Death Cases
Authors: Aalberts Robert J. , Clauretie Terrence M. , Jameson Mel
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Taxes And Present Value Awards For Wrongful Death
Authors: Schieren George A.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
The Effects Of Intra-Period Payments On Award Calculations
Authors: Battaglia Samuel T. , Cron William R.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
A Note On The Feasibility Of Using Expected Long-Term Real Interest Rates In Present Value Calculations
Authors: Altmann James L.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Attorney Perspectives On The Use Of Economic Experts: Survey Results
Authors: Colella Francis J. , Johnson Walter D. , Tinari Frank D.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
The Below-Market Discount Rate Method: Junk Science in the Courtroom?
Authors: Peláez Rolando F.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Cohort Analysis And The Determination Of Economic Damages Resulting From Employment Discrimination
Authors: Piette Michael J. , Thornton Janet R.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Life Insurance as an Offset to Economic Loss in Wrongful Death Cases: A Reply
Authors: Cahill Gerard A. , Goldberg Gerald F.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Measuring Economic Loss to a Regional Economy
Authors: Hefner Frank L.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Household Labor In Hours By Family Type
Authors: Ciscel David H. , Sharp David C.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
A Review Of The Monte Carlo Evidence Concerning Hedonic Value Of Life Estimates
Authors: Gilbert Roy F.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Economic And Statistical Considerations In Analyzing Allegations Of Age Discrimination
Authors: Piette Michael J.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
The Cost Of Substitute Consumption Activities: A Better Alternative Than Hedonic Damages
Authors: Plummer James L.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Economic Damages As A Result Of Minimal Personality Changes In Head Injury Cases
Authors: Berlá Edward , Gluck Andrew , David-Harris Robyn
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Retirement Benefits As A Marital Asset In Divorce
Authors: Throckmorton H. Bruce
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Letter To The Editor
Authors: Schwartz Eli
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
The Valuation Of Lost Household Services In Partial Disability Cases
Authors: Burns Malcolm R. , Faurot David J.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Valuation Of Minority Stockholder's Interest In A Closely-Held Private Corporation
Authors: Webb Samuel C. , Haydon Randall B.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Life Insurance As An Offset To Economic Losses In Wrongful Death Cases: A Reply
Authors: Cahill Gerard A. , Goldberg Gerald F.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
The Alleged Persistent Misapplication Of Economics Vs. The Economic Value Of Life: A Comment
Authors: Gilbert Roy F.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Ethics In Forensic Economics: A Reply To Depperschmidt
Authors: Johnson Walter D.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
A Reply To Professor Gilbert
Authors: Staller Jerome M. , Sullivan Brian P. , Friedman Edward
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Bayesian trend analysis for daily rainfall series of Barcelona
Authors: Ortego M. I. , Gibergans-Báguena J. , Tolosana-Delgado R. , Egozcue J. J. , Llasat M. C.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. A Point-Over-Threshold approach using a reparameterization of the Generalized Pareto Distribution (GPD) has been used to assess changes in the daily rainfall Barcelona series (1854–2006). A Bayesian approach, considering the suitable scale and physical features of the phenomenon, has been used to look for these alterations. Two different models have been assessed: existence of abrupt changes in the new GPD parameters due to modifications of the observatory locations and trends in these GPD parameters, pointing to a climate change scenario.
Towards a 3-D tomographic retrieval for the Air-borne Limb-imager GLORIA
Authors: Ungermann J. , Kaufmann M. , Hoffmann L. , Preusse P. , Oelhaf H. , Friedl-Vallon F. , Riese M.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. GLORIA (Gimballed Limb Observer for Radiance Imaging of the Atmosphere) is a new remote sensing instrument essentially combining a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer with two two-dimensional (2-D) detector arrays in combination with a highly flexible gimbal mount. It will be housed in the belly pod of the German research aircraft HALO (High Altitude and Long Range Research Aircraft). It is unique in its high spatial and spectral resolution. Furthermore, the horizontal view angle with respect to the aircraft can be varied from 45° to 135°. This allows for tomographic measurements of mesoscale events for a wide variety of atmospheric constituents. In this paper, a fast tomographic retrieval scheme is presented, which is able to fully exploit the high-resolution radiance observations of the GLORIA limb sounder. The algorithm is optimized for massive 3-D retrievals of several hundred thousands of measurements and atmospheric constituents on common hardware. The new scheme is used to explore the capabilities of GLORIA to sound the atmosphere in full 3-D with respect to the choice of the flightpath and to different measurement modes of the instrument using ozone as a test species. It is demonstrated that the achievable resolution should approach 200 m vertically and 20 km–30 km horizontally. Finally, a comparison of the 3-D inversion with conventional 1-D inversions using the assumption of a horizontally homogeneous atmosphere is performed.
Evaluating multi-scale precipitation forecasts using high resolution analysis
Authors: Wittmann C. , Haiden T. , Kann A.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. The SAL (Structure, Amplitude, Location) method is used for verification of precipitation forecasts at horizontal grid spacings ranging from 2.5 km to 25 km, using a high-resolution 1 km precipitation analysis as a reference. The verification focuses on a summertime period with predominantly convective precipitation. The verification domain contains lowland as well as alpine areas. Evaluation of the individual SAL components shows that with regard to area mean values (A) the benefit of high resolutions models becomes apparent only in high impact weather situations. For the summertime period studied, the subjective impression of better structured precipitation fields (S) in higher resolution models can generally be confirmed. The most significant improvement appears to be associated with explicit simulation of deep convection.
Paleo-environmental imprint on microbiology and biogeochemistry of coastal quaternary sediments
Authors: Beck M. , Riedel T. , Graue J. , Köster J. , Kowalski N. , Wu C. S. , Wegener G. , Lipsewers Y. , Freund H. , Böttcher M. E. , Brumsack H.-J. , Cypionka H. , Rullkötter J. , Engelen B.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. To date, North Sea tidal flat sediments have been intensively studied down to a depth of 5 m below sea floor (mbsf). However, little is known about the biogeochemistry, microbial abundance, and activity of sulfate reducers as well of methanogens in deeper layers. For this study, we hypothesized that the imprint of the paleo-environment is reflected in current microbiogeochemical processes. Therefore, 20 m-long cores were retrieved from the tidal-flat area of Spiekeroog Island, NW Germany. Two drill sites were selected with a close distance of only 900 meters, but where sedimentation occurred under different environmental conditions: first, a paleo-channel filled with Holocene sediments and second, a mainly Pleistocene sedimentary succession. In general, the numbers of bacterial 16S rRNA genes are one to two orders of magnitude higher than those of Archaea. The abundances of key genes for sulfate reduction and methanogenesis (dsrA and mcrA) correspond to the sulfate and methane profiles. A co-variance of these key genes at sulfate-methane interfaces and enhanced potential AOM rates suggest that anaerobic oxidation of methane may occur in these layers. Microbial and biogeochemical profiles are vertically stretched relative to 5 m-deep cores from shallower sediments in the same study area. Compared to the deep marine environment, the profiles are transitional between the shallow subsurface and the marine deep biosphere. Our interdisciplinary analysis shows that the microbial abundances and metabolic rates are elevated in the Holocene compared to Pleistocene sediments. However, this is mainly due to present environmental conditions such as pore water flow and organic matter availability. The paleo-environmental imprint is still visible but superimposed by these processes.
Confirmation of ACRU model results for applications in land use and climate change studies
Authors: Warburton M. L. , Schulze R. E. , Jewitt G. P. W.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. The hydrological responses of a catchment are sensitive to, and strongly coupled to, land use and climate, and changes thereof. The hydrological responses to the impacts of changing land use and climate will be the result of complex interactions, where the change in one may moderate or exacerbate the effects of the other. A further difficulty in assessing these interactions will be that dominant drivers of the hydrological system may vary at different spatial and temporal scales. To assess these interactions, a process-based hydrological model, sensitive to land use and climate, and changes thereof needs to be used. For this purpose the daily time step ACRU model was selected. However, to be able to use a hydrological model such as ACRU with confidence its representation of reality must be confirmed by comparing simulated output against observations across a range of climatic conditions. Comparison of simulated against observed streamflow was undertaken in three climatically diverse South African catchments, ranging from the semi-arid sub-tropical Luvuvhu catchment, to the winter rainfall Upper Breede catchment and the sub-humid Mgeni catchment. Not only do the climates of the catchments differ, but their primary land uses also vary. In the upper areas of the Mgeni catchment commercial plantation forestry is dominant, while in the middle reaches there are significant areas of commercial plantation sugarcane and urban areas, while the lower reaches are dominated by urban areas. The Luvuvhu catchment has a large proportion of subsistence agriculture and informal residential areas. In the Upper Breede catchment in the Western Cape, commercial orchards and vineyards are the primary land uses. Overall the ACRU model was able to represent the high, low and total flows, with satisfactory Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency indexes obtained for the selected catchments. The study concluded that the ACRU model could be used with confidence to simulate the streamflows of the three selected catchments and was able to represent the hydrological responses from the range of climates and diversity of land uses present within the catchments.
Physical vulnerability of reinforced concrete buildings impacted by snow avalanches
Authors: Bertrand D. , Naaim M. , Brun M.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. This paper deals with the assessment of physical vulnerability of civil engineering structures to snow avalanche loadings. In this case, the vulnerability of the element at risk is defined by its damage level expressed on a scale from 0 (no damage) to 1 (total destruction). The vulnerability of a building depends on its structure and flow features (geometry, mechanical properties, type of avalanche, topography, etc.). This makes it difficult to obtain vulnerability relations. Most existing vulnerability relations have been built from field observations. This approach suffers from the scarcity of well documented events. Moreover, the back analysis is based on both rough descriptions of the avalanche and the structure. To overcome this problem, numerical simulations of reinforced concrete structures loaded by snow avalanches are carried out. Numerical simulations allow to study, in controlled conditions, the structure behavior under snow avalanche loading. The structure is modeled in 3-D by the finite element method (FEM). The elasto-plasticity framework is used to represent the mechanical behavior of both materials (concrete and steel bars) and the transient feature of the avalanche loading is taken into account in the simulation. Considering a reference structure, several simulation campaigns are conducted in order to assess its snow avalanches vulnerability. Thus, a damage index is defined and is based on global and local parameters of the structure. The influence of the geometrical features of the structure, the compressive strength of the concrete, the density of steel inside the composite material and the maximum impact pressure on the damage index are studied and analyzed. These simulations allow establishing the vulnerability as a function of the impact pressure and the structure features. The derived vulnerability functions could be used for risk analysis in a snow avalanche context.
How fast does the brain recover after an epileptic seizure?
Authors: Bratu Ionuț‐Flavius , Medina Villalon Samuel , Garnier Elodie , Bénar Christian‐G. , Bartolomei Fabrice
Published: May 2024

The postictal state, an abnormal cerebral condition following a seizure until the return to the interictal baseline, is frequently overlooked, despite often exceeding ictal duration and significantly impacting patients' lives. This study analyzes stereo‐EEG (SEEG) signal dynamics using permutation entropy to quantify recovery time (postictal alteration time – PAT) in focal epilepsy and its clinical correlations. The average PAT was 4.5 min, extending up to an hour and was highest in temporal epilepsy and hippocampal sclerosis. Correlating with age at seizure onset and at SEEG, PAT provides a solution for operationally defining the postictal state and guiding interventions.
Acrylamide‐Based Aramid‐Reinforced Soft Contact Lenses
Authors: Lee Jineun , Yeo Heung‐Gi , Noh Jin‐Hee , Kim Heesang , Kim Hyojin , Kwak Giseop
Published: May 2024

In this study, manufacturing of acrylamide‐based soft contact lenses is attempted with high elastic modulus, tensile strength, water content, and oxygen transmissibility. For this purpose, colorless and transparent aramids are prepared using diamine monomers with strong electron‐withdrawing groups such as CF3 and sulfone groups. These aramids are used as reinforcing agents. These compounds are not only thermally and thermodynamically stable but also colorless, transparent, and mechanically very robust. They are very soluble in N,N‐dimethylacrylamide. Subsequently, reactive liquid resins are prepared simply by dissolving aramids in N,N‐dimethylacrylamide, and lenses are manufactured by the bulk polymerization of the liquid resins to which an appropriate amount of a crosslinking agent is added. Mechanically enhanced soft contact lenses are thus easily produced by the conventional manufacturing method. Some of the synthesized lenses maintain their original shape without phase separation even after hydration. These lenses have remarkably higher elastic modulus (up to 8.13 MPa) and tensile strength (up to 1.62 MPa) than the conventional lenses made of 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). The synthesized lenses also have a high water content (up to 83.0%) and oxygen transmissibility (up to 26.8 Dk t−1).
Morphologies of Reactive Nanolayer Stacks Sputtered on Ceramic Low‐Temperature Cofired Ceramic Substrates Having a Micrometer‐Scale Surface Roughness
Authors: Wiss Erik , Schulz Alexander , Ruh Andreas , Jaekel Konrad , Müller Jens , Wiese Steffen
Published: May 2024

The deposition of reactive multilayer systems (RMSs) is investigated on low‐temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) substrates having different surface morphologies. In this study, the morphologies of RMS layers that are deposited on glass‐ceramic LTCC substrates are analyzed. Different surface morphologies are prepared through pretreatments of the LTCC surface. The considered surfaces encompass an untreated natural LTCC surface, a modified sintered LTCC surface by laser ablation, a surface with a deposited metallization layer, and finally, a surface with an additional solder layer put on the deposited metallization layer. The different pretreatments lead to significant differences in the roughness of the LTCC substrates, resulting in different reaction velocities and peak temperatures on the various surface morphologies after the RMS's reaction. As a result, different grades of structural integrity (liftoff, crack formation) between the reacted RMS layer and the LTCC are observed.
Low‐Temperature Annealing of Asymmetrically Cold‐Rolled Electrolytic Tough‐Pitch Copper: Anneal Hardening and Bimodal Microstructure
Authors: Solouki Hanieh , Jamaati Roohollah , Jamshidi Aval Hamed
Published: May 2024

In this research, 90% asymmetric unidirectional rolling and post‐annealing are applied to electrolytic tough‐pitch (ETP) copper. The effect of low‐temperature (200 °C) annealing on the microstructure and texture evolution, mechanical, and electrical properties are investigated. Static recovery (SRV) is the main softening mechanism at the annealing time range of 1–5 min. In contrast, complete static recrystallization (SRX) is observed after annealing for 10 min. Bimodal microstructure, consisting of coarse and fine grains, is evolved for annealing times more than 10 min. With increasing the post‐annealing duration, the intensity of deformation and shear textures is continuously decreased; however, the recrystallization (Cube) orientation becomes stronger up to 11.2 × R. After 1, 2, and 5 min of post‐annealing, the hardness, yield strength, tensile strength, ductility, and toughness of copper are higher than those of the 90% rolled sample due to annealing hardening. After 10 min of annealing, the hardness, yield strength, and tensile strength suddenly decrease and the ductility and toughness significantly enhance owing to the complete recrystallization. With increasing the post‐annealing time, the fraction of flat surfaces is decreased and the fraction of ductile dimples is increased. With the post‐annealing time increasing from 1 to 120 min, the electrical conductivity gradually increases from 84.9%IACS to 96.7%IACS.
The Toughness of Interlocking Metasurfaces
Authors: Young Benjamin , Smith Ryan , Grutzik Scott , Boyce Brad , Noell Philip
Published: May 2024

Interlocking metasurfaces (ILMs) are arrays of autogenous latching unit cells patterned across a surface. These create structural joints similar to bioinspired suture joints but patterned over a 2D surface rather than a 1D seam. This enables ILMs to be an alternative to conventional joining technologies such as bolts, welds, and adhesives. However, compared to conventional joining methods, relatively little is known of the engineering considerations for designing structural ILMs. Herein, the interfacial toughness of an archetypal ILM is examined for the first time. Under the conditions studied here, the ILM is substantially tougher than the material from which it is made, in this case, exhibiting up to a 50% increase in interfacial crack initiation energy over the solid base material, a photocured 3D‐printed polymer. Through experimental tests using in‐situ digital image correlation along with complementary computational analyses, the mechanism of toughening in the ILM structure and the origins of toughness anisotropy are revealed. The increase in toughness is associated with cross‐cell interactions, that is, load‐sharing across unit cells, which give rise to a finite process zone length with different effective material properties. In this way, ILM toughening is analogous to crack blunting in ductile materials or fiber bridging in composites; yet here, the ILM is composed of a single‐phase base material and so the architected toughening is geometric in nature and hence amenable to future topological optimization.
A Facile Scalable Strategy for Constructing Novel Robust Self‐Healing Glove Utilizing Nanoreinforced Thermoreversible Carboxylated Nitrile Butadiene Rubber
Authors: Low Darren Yi Sern , Supramaniam Janarthanan , Goh Bey Hing , Manickam Sivakumar , Tang Siah Ying
Published: May 2024

Recent decades have seen an increase in using self‐healing technology in fabricating multifunctional rubber materials, which incorporate intrinsic mechanisms. However, achieving commendable self‐healing efficiency while maintaining strength in thin rubber films remains challenging. Herewith, the preparation of self‐healing carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber thin films is presented with 0.40 ± 0.05 mm thickness, reinforced with sustainable TEMPO‐oxidized cellulose nanofibers. The thin films are fabricated using wet mixing and casting methods and translated to prototype fabrication via dipping. The study involves the effect of varying zinc stearate and filler concentrations on healing efficiency via ionic mechanisms alongside other characterization techniques, such as chemical composition, surface morphology, cross‐link density, and thermal stability. The fabricated thin films exhibited a tensile strength of 5.38 MPa and an elongation‐at‐break of 518%. After undergoing a temperature‐induced healing process at 100 °C for 1 h, the healing efficiency for both properties reached 72% and 90%, respectively. Moreover, these films demonstrates the ability to heal repeatedly at the same fracture site over multiple cycles, maintaining a healing efficiency of over 45% after the third cycle. A glove prototype is fabricated and tested using water and air leakage tests to prove the self‐healing technology's successful transfer.
A Journey from Structured Emulsion Templates to Multifunctional Aerogels
Authors: Isari Ali Akbar , Ghaffarkhah Ahmadreza , Hashemi Seyyed Alireza , Yousefian Hatef , Rojas Orlando J. , Arjmand Mohammad
Published: May 2024

Interfacial jamming and assembly, facilitated by nanoparticle surfactant (NPS) complexation, demonstrate a remarkable efficacy in stabilizing multiphase systems, evident in structured liquid streams and structured Pickering emulsions. However, the utilization of structured liquid templates to tune multiple porosity levels of ultra‐flyweight aerogels is barely discussed. In this study, a structured Pickering emulsion is prepared through mixing an aqueous dispersion of graphene oxide (GO) with an organic (hexane) solution containing an active ligand. The emulsion is jetted into the same organic phase, resulting in “dual jamming”. This process produced worm‐like aerogels with porosity that can be precisely tailored at four different levels: i) voids between filaments, ii) cavities produced by evaporation of trapped hexane droplets, iii) pores generated from sublimation of water in the bulk of GO emulsion, and iv) microscopic regions trapped between GO flakes or fractures/holes within GO nanosheets. These aerogels exhibit ultra‐low density (1.67–2.3 mg cm−3), high compressibility, and shape recovery. The multi‐scale porosity, created by structural design, endows aerogels with a record‐level fluid sorption capacity (e.g., 615 g g−1 for chloroform). Additionally, the aerogels demonstrate an absorption‐dominant electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding mechanism, achieving a remarkable specific EMI shielding (SSE/t) of 67 178 dB cm2 g−1.
Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) and Its Copolymers: A Review on Recent Advances in the Areas of Sensing and Biosensing
Authors: Das Anubhab , Babu Anashwara , Chakraborty Sourav , Van Guyse Joachim F. R. , Hoogenboom Richard , Maji Samarendra
Published: May 2024

Stimuli‐responsive polymers have received increasing attention for various applications due to their ability to adapt physical and chemical properties in response to external environmental stimuli. In this regard, poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) is the most extensively studied stimuli‐responsive polymer and, consequently has been prominently featured in (bio)‐sensor development, adaptive coating technology, drug delivery, wound healing, tissue regeneration, artificial actuator design, sensor technology, responsive coatings, and soft robotics. This success can be mainly attributed to the accessible and versatile nature of the PNIPAM platform, thus allowing the synthesis of a wide variety of copolymer architectures, topologies and compositions. Within this review, the structural and compositional features of PNIPAM‐based materials in sensor and biosensor applications are discussed with a focus on the literature from 2016 until now. The reader is provided with the current state of the art regarding PNIPAM‐based sensor development and their molecular design. Finally, the challenges ahead in the successful implementation of PNIPAM‐based sensors are highlighted, as well as the opportunities in the rational design of improved PNIPAM‐based sensors. Altogether, this review provides comprehensive insights into the exciting and rapidly expanding field of PNIPAM‐based sensing systems, which will benefit the chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, and biotech industries is believed.
Decoupling Nucleation and Growth in Fast Crystallization of Phase Change Materials
Authors: Müller Maximilian J. , Morell Carmen , Kerres Peter , Raghuwanshi Mohit , Pfeiffer Ramon , Meyer Sebastian , Stenz Christian , Wang Jiangjing , Chigrin Dmitry N. , Lucas Pierre , Wuttig Matthias
Published: May 2024

Disentangling nucleation and growth in materials that crystallize on the nanosecond time scale is experimentally quite challenging since the relevant processes also take place on very small, i.e., sub‐micrometer length scales. Phase change materials are bad glass formers, which often crystallize rapidly. Here systematic changes in crystallization kinetics are shown in pseudo‐binary compounds of GeTe and Sb2Te3 and related solids subjected to short laser pulses. Upon systematic changes in stoichiometry, the speed of crystallization changes by three orders of magnitude concomitantly with pronounced changes in stochasticity. Resolving individual grains with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) permits to disentangle of the process of nucleation and growth. From these experiments, supported by multiphysics simulations of crystallization, it can be concluded that high crystallization speeds with small stochasticity characterize phase change materials with fast nucleation, while compounds that nucleate slowly crystallize much more stochastically.
Self‐Degrading Molecular Organogels: Self‐Assembled Gels Programmed to Spontaneously Liquefy after a Set Time
Authors: Burni Faraz A. , Xu Wenhao , Spencer Reuben G. , Bergstrom Evan , Chappell David , Wee Joseph K. , Raghavan Srinivasa R.
Published: May 2024

Gels are used in the oilfield. For example, during oil recovery, organogels are pumped underground into fractures within oil‐bearing rock, so as to block fluid flow. However, after several days, the gels must be degraded (liquefied) to enable oil extraction through the fractures. To degrade gels, ‘degrading agents’ as well as external stimuli have been examined. Here, a concept is demonstrated that avoids external agents and stimuli: self‐degrading organogels based on the self‐assembly of molecular gelators. The gels are a) extremely robust (free standing solids) at time t = 0 and (b) degrade spontaneously into a sol after a set time t = tdegr that can be minutes, hours, or days. These properties are achieved by combining two readily available molecules — the organogelator (1,3:2,4)‐dibenzylidene sorbitol (DBS) and an acid (e.g., hydrochloric acid, HCl) — in an organic solvent. DBS self‐assembles into nanoscale fibrils, which connect into a 3‐D network, thereby gelling the solvent. The acid type and concentration set the value of tdegr at a given temperature. Degradation occurs because the acid slowly hydrolyzes the acetals on DBS, thereby converting DBS into small molecules that cannot form fibrils. DBS gels with a pre‐programmed “degradation clock” can be made with both polar and non‐polar organic solvents. The concept can be a game‐changer for oil recovery as it promises to make it safer, more efficient, and sustainable.
Magnetic Assembly of Magnetite/Perovskite Hybrid Nanorods for Circularly Polarized Luminescence
Authors: Su Yucong , Zhang Yuchen , Ye Zuyang , Cao Jolene , Fan Qingsong , Wang Xinchao , Chen Chen , Liu Yun , Wang Zhongxiang , Lu Zhenda , Yin Yadong
Published: May 2024

Magnetic fields are uniquely valuable for creating colloidal nanostructured materials, not only providing a means for controlled synthesis but also guiding their self‐assembly into distinct superstructures. In this study, a magnetothermal process for synthesizing hybrid nanostructures comprising ferrimagnetic magnetite nanorods coated with fluorescent perovskite nanocrystals is reported and their magnetic assembly into superstructures capable of emitting linear and circularly polarized light are demonstrated. Under UV excitation, the superstructures assembled in a liner magnetic field produce linear polarized luminescence, and those assembled in a chiral magnetic field exhibit strong circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) with a glum value up to 0.44 (±0.004). The CPL is believed to originate from the dipolar interaction between neighboring perovskite nanocrystals attached to the chiral assemblies and the chiral‐selective absorption of the perovskite emission by the magnetite phase. The magnetic synthesis and assembly approaches and the resulting distinctive chiral superstructures are anticipated to open up new avenues for designing diverse functional chiroptical devices.
Greatly Enhanced Radiative Transfer Enabled by Hyperbolic Phonon Polaritons in α‐MoO3
Authors: Chen Yikang , Pacheco Mauricio A. Segovia , Salihoglu Hakan , Xu Xianfan
Published: May 2024

Orthorhombic molybdenum trioxide (α‐MoO3) is a highly anisotropic hyperbolic material in nature. Within its wide Reststrahlen bands, α‐MoO3 has hyperboloidal dispersion that supports bulk propagation of high‐k phonon polariton modes. These modes can serve as energy transport channels to greatly enhance radiative heat transfer inside the material. In this work, large radiative transfer enabled by phonon polaritons in α‐MoO3 is demonstrated. The study first determines the temperature‐dependent permittivity of α‐MoO3 from polarized Fourier‐Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy measurements and then uses a many‐body radiative heat transfer model to predict the equivalent radiative thermal conductivity of hyperbolic phonon polariton. Contribution of radiative transfer to the total thermal transport is experimentally determined from the Time‐Domain Thermoreflectance (TDTR) measurements in a temperature range from −100 to 300 °C. It is found that radiative transfer can account for ≈60% of the total thermal transport at a temperature of 300 °C. That is, conductive thermal transport is enhanced by >100% by radiative transfer, or radiation inside α‐MoO3 is greater than that of conduction. These additional energy pathways will have important implications in thermal management in new materials and devices.
Fully Exploiting Clusterization‐Triggered Room Temperature Phosphorescence of Cellulose by Stepwise Rigidification for Long‐Lived and Excitation Wavelength‐Dependent Afterglows
Authors: Gao Qian , Shi Meichao , Rao Jun , Su Zhenhua , Chen Gegu , Lü Baozhong , Bian Jing , Peng Feng
Published: May 2024

Achieving long‐lived room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) in nonconventional luminophores devoid of any conjugated units is fascinating but remains formidably challenging due to their low intersystem crossing efficiency and strong nonradiative decay. Herein, a stepwise rigidification strategy is developed to suppress the nonradiative decay and fully exploit the clusterization‐triggered RTP performance of cellulose. Specifically, the crystallinity is enhanced, and hydrogen bonding is reconstructed by a directed oxidation‐reduction reaction to afford a more rigid environment of cellulose; then, the reconstructed cellulose is further cross‐linked by boric acid to activate double confinement architecture. In return, the phosphorescence lifetime of the target cellulose increases almost one order of magnitude, and the phosphorescence quantum yield increases more than 27 folds. Moreover, the afterglow of the RTP cellulose can be regulated from blue to green by changing excitation wavelength, which is useful for advanced information encryption and anti‐counterfeiting. The stepwise rigidification strategy is also applicable for preparing other nature polysaccharides‐based long‐lived RTP materials, such as chitosan and sodium alginate. Nature polysaccharides are completely biodegradable; thus, this work paves the way for the development of eco‐friendly and practical color‐variable RTP materials.
UV‐A/B High‐Sensitivity Organic Photodetectors Containing Butterfly‐Shaped Furan‐Fused BN‐Dihydropyrene with Push‐Pull Electron “Wings” toward Image Sensor
Authors: Liu Jie , Wu Xiaoming , Liu Xuguang , Li Erlong , Jiao Zhiqiang , Yin Shougen
Published: May 2024

Replacement of C─C unit with its isoelectronic B─N unit in aromatics provides a new class of molecules with appealing properties. Herein, Five novel butterfly‐shaped furan‐fused bis‐BN dihydropyrenes (FBN) derivatives are synthesized with different push‐pull electron “wings”. These compounds exhibit prominent UV‐A/B absorption, high energy levels, and p‐type characteristics. Thanks to the side‐chain engineering and BN dipole manipulation, their intramolecular dipole moments and intermolecular stacking mode are effectively regulated to improve intra‐ and inter‐molecular charge transfer, thus achieving high hole mobilities. Five FBN‐X compounds are doped with PC71BM as heterojunction photosensitive layers to fabricate solution‐processed high performance organic photodetectors (OPDs), which exhibit self‐powered effect and high sensitivity to UV‐A/B. Especially, the FBN‐CN‐based device presents a high detectivity up to 1.72 × 1012 Jones, a peak external quantum efficiency of 19.1%, and an extremely low dark current density of 8.90 × 10−10 A cm−2 under 320 nm at 0 V. To the best of authors knowledge, it is the first report of photodiode‐type UV‐OPDs containing BN‐doped polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as active layer to date. And the optimal device shows a significant advantage over the reported 300–380 nm UV‐OPDs. In addition, a 10 × 10 array of organic image sensor is successfully demonstrated, which showcases excellent low‐light imaging capability.
Highly Conjugated Nanozyme with Non Coordination Saturation for Cascaded Enhanced POD Reaction Driving Antibacterial Therapy
Authors: Yang Mutian , Liu Youxing , Zhang Ludan , Qian Yuping , Li Ningyu , Zhang Guanmeng , Hu Yuxiang , Li Xin , Ge Yanjun , Peng Yang , Ren Jinna , Jiang Yong , Guo Shaojun , Wang Yuguang
Published: May 2024

The misuse of antibiotics leads to emergence of drug‐resistant bacteria. Developing artificial nanozymes with high stability and excellent catalytic performance is desirable to substitute for antibiotics, but still remains huge challenge. Herein, the study reports a new strategy for cascaded enhanced peroxidase (POD) reaction driving antibacterial therapy via constructing 2D conjugated metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) with non coordination saturation as nanozyme. It is demonstrated that the non coordination saturation Cu atom promotes the adsorption of H2O2, followed by the Cu‐HHTP MOFs with high conjugated structure can enhance the photogenerated electron transfer for ·OH generation in POD reaction. The sequential enhancement of substrate adsorption and decomposition endows the as‐made Cu‐HHTP MOFs with outstanding antibacterial property of >99.9999% elimination with a concentration only 1/133 that of traditional nanozyme. In addition, the study also certifies its excellent in vivo antimicrobial activity and biocompatibility, indicating the therapeutic potential for infections by drug‐resistant bacteria.
Organosulfur Cathodes in Lithium Metal Batteries: Bridging the Gap between Fundamentals and Practical Applications
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyin , Yu Tong , Yang Shuaiyi , Qu Zhuoyan , Xiao Ru , Wang Guoxiu , Sun Zhenhua , Li Feng
Published: May 2024

High‐specific energy sulfur‐based cathodes have attracted considerable interest in lithium batteries. Organosulfur cathodes offer inherent advantages of high element abundance and an extended cycling life, aligning with the evolving requirements of future energy storage devices. Over the past decade, research efforts have been devoted to optimizing electrochemical performance through the rich and tunable molecular structures of organosulfur compounds. To further advance the fundamental research and practical application of lithium‐organosulfur batteries, a systematical analysis of the correlation between the molecular structures and electrochemical mechanisms of organosulfur cathodes is imperative. This involves deriving the key parameters at the cell level and investigating the feasibility. In this review, the thermodynamics, reaction processes, and electrochemical kinetics of organosulfur cathodes, grounded in fundamental theories of electrochemistry and materials science are discussed. Expanding the insights, comparisons among elemental sulfur, organosulfur, and n‐type organic cathodes (e.g., carbonyl cathodes) are drawn. The gap between fundamentals and practical applications targeting 500 Wh kg−1 lithium organosulfur batteries is highlighted through energy density calculations and identification of key factors affecting pouch cells. Finally, potential strategies and prospects for the overall design of advanced lithium‐organosulfur batteries are proposed, considering both theoretical foundations and practical implementations.