bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Potential wound healing activity of Quercus infectoria formulation in diabetic rats
Authors: Chokpaisarn Julalak , Chusri Sasitorn , Amnuaikit Thanaporn , Udomuksorn Wandee , Voravuthikunchai Supayang Piyawan
Published: July 2017

Background

Quercus infectoria G. Olivier (Fagaceae) nutgalls have been widely employed in traditional Asian medicine for several treatments, especially wounds and skin disorders. However, the effects of this plant on wound healing have not yet been clearly elucidated. This present work was focused on utilization of Quercus infectoria (Qi) as a topical agent for chronic wound treatment.

Methods

Twenty Qi formulations (QiFs) were pharmaceutically formulated and antibacterial activity of all formulations was performed. The best formulation based on an antibacterial activity was selected for evaluation of wound healing property. Total phenolics, total flavonoids, and an anti-oxidant activity of the selected formulation were also investigated. Wound healing activity was assessed in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and control rats. Streptozotocin injection (50 mg/kg) was found to induce marked hyperglycaemia, compared with citrate-injected controls. Two wounds were created on the upper back of each animal. QiF was topically applied three days after wounding to one of the duplicate wounds on each animal and physiological saline (control) was applied to the other. All wounds were cleaned once a day until wound closure.

Results

QiF10, which exhibited antibacterial and anti-oxidant activities, had the ability to enhance the wound healing process in diabetic rats with abundant cellular infiltration, collagen deposition, and re-epithelialization when compared with the control.

Discussion

This study suggested that QiF10 could be a novel alternative treatment for diabetic wounds.
Temporal variability in the importance of hydrologic, biotic, and climatic descriptors of dissolved oxygen dynamics in a shallow tidal‐marsh creek
Authors: Nelson Natalie G. , Muñoz‐Carpena Rafael , Neale Patrick J. , Tzortziou Maria , Megonigal J. Patrick
Published: July 2017

Due to strong abiotic forcing, dissolved oxygen (DO) in shallow tidal creeks often disobeys the conventional explanation of general aquatic DO cycling as biologically regulated. In the present work, we seek to quantify the relative importance of abiotic (hydrologic and climatic), and biotic (primary productivity as represented by chlorophyll‐a) descriptors of tidal creek DO. By fitting multiple linear regression models of DO to hourly chlorophyll‐a, water quality, hydrology, and weather data collected in a tidal creek of a Chesapeake Bay marsh (Maryland, USA), temporal shifts (summer‐early winter) in the relative importance of tidal creek DO descriptors were uncovered. Moreover, this analysis identified an alternative approach to evaluating tidal stage as a driver of DO by dividing stage into two DO‐relevant variables: stage above and below bankfull depth. Within the hydrologic variable class, stage below bankfull depth dominated as an important descriptor, thus highlighting the role of pore water drainage and mixing as influential processes forcing tidal creek DO. Study findings suggest that tidal creek DO dynamics are explained by a balance of hydrologic, climatic, and biotic descriptors during warmer seasons due to many of these variables (i.e., chlorophyll‐a, water temperature) acting as tracers of estuarine‐marsh water mixing; conversely, in early winter months when estuarine and marsh waters differ less distinctly, hydrologic variables increase in relative importance as descriptors of tidal creek DO. These findings underline important distinctions in the underlying mechanisms dictating DO variability in shallow tidal marsh‐creek environments relative to open water estuarine systems.
Oceanic nitrogen cycling and N2O flux perturbations in the Anthropocene
Authors: Landolfi A. , Somes C. J. , Koeve W. , Zamora L. M. , Oschlies A.
Published: July 2017

There is currently no consensus on how humans are affecting the marine nitrogen (N) cycle, which limits marine biological production and CO2 uptake. Anthropogenic changes in ocean warming, deoxygenation, and atmospheric N deposition can all individually affect the marine N cycle and the oceanic production of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O). However, the combined effect of these perturbations on marine N cycling, ocean productivity, and marine N2O production is poorly understood. Here we use an Earth system model of intermediate complexity to investigate the combined effects of estimated 21st century CO2 atmospheric forcing and atmospheric N deposition. Our simulations suggest that anthropogenic perturbations cause only a small imbalance to the N cycle relative to preindustrial conditions (∼+5 Tg N y−1 in 2100). More N loss from water column denitrification in expanded oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) is counteracted by less benthic denitrification, due to the stratification‐induced reduction in organic matter export. The larger atmospheric N load is offset by reduced N inputs by marine N2 fixation. Our model predicts a decline in oceanic N2O emissions by 2100. This is induced by the decrease in organic matter export and associated N2O production and by the anthropogenically driven changes in ocean circulation and atmospheric N2O concentrations. After comprehensively accounting for a series of complex physical‐biogeochemical interactions, this study suggests that N flux imbalances are limited by biogeochemical feedbacks that help stabilize the marine N inventory against anthropogenic changes. These findings support the hypothesis that strong negative feedbacks regulate the marine N inventory on centennial time scales.
On the origins of magnetic flux ropes in near‐Mars magnetotail current sheets
Authors: Hara Takuya , Harada Yuki , Mitchell David L. , DiBraccio Gina A. , Espley Jared R. , Brain David A. , Halekas Jasper S. , Seki Kanako , Luhmann Janet G. , McFadden James P. , Mazelle Christian , Jakosky Bruce M.
Published: July 2017

We analyze Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) observations of magnetic flux ropes embedded in Martian magnetotail current sheets, in order to evaluate the role of magnetotail reconnection in their generations. We conduct a minimum variance analysis to infer the generation processes of magnetotail flux ropes from the geometrical configuration of the individual flux rope axial orientation with respect to the overall current sheet. Of 23 flux ropes detected in current sheets in the near‐Mars (∼1–3 Martian radii downstream) magnetotail, only 3 (possibly 4) can be explained by the magnetotail reconnection scenario, while the vast majority of the events (19 events) are more consistent with flux ropes that are originally generated in the dayside ionosphere and subsequently transported into the nightside magnetotail. The mixed origins of the detected flux ropes imply complex nature of generation and transport of Martian magnetotail flux ropes.
Characterizing the influence of atmospheric river orientation and intensity on precipitation distributions over North Coastal California
Authors: Hecht Chad W. , Cordeira Jason M.
Published: July 2017

Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are long (>2000 km) and narrow (500–1000 km) corridors of enhanced vertically integrated water vapor and enhanced integrated water vapor transport (IVT) that are responsible for a majority of global poleward moisture transport and can result in extreme orographic precipitation. Observational evidence suggests that ARs within different synoptic‐scale flow regimes may contain different water vapor source regions, orientations, and intensities and may result in different precipitation distributions. This study uses k‐means clustering to objectively identify different orientations and intensities of ARs that make landfall over the California Russian River watershed. The ARs with different orientations and intensities occur within different synoptic‐scale flow patterns in association with variability in IVT direction and quasi‐geostrophic forcing for ascent and lead to different precipitation distributions over the Russian River watershed. These differences suggest that both mesoscale upslope moisture flux and synoptic‐scale forcing for ascent are important factors in modulating precipitation distributions during landfalling ARs.
Generation of complex karstic conduit networks with a hydrochemical model
Authors: de Rooij Rob , Graham Wendy
Published: July 2017

In this paper, we present a hydrochemical model that can be used to generate plausible karstic conduit networks that honor what is known about geology, hydrology, and topography of a karst system. To make the model applicable to a range of natural karst systems, we introduce a flexible and physically realistic flow boundary condition along the land surface. Moreover, whereas comparable existing speleogenesis models use an explicit reactive‐transport scheme, we propose an implicit reactive‐transport scheme to permit a coarser spatial discretization of the conduit cells. An application to a real karst system illustrates that the model can generate a realistic karstic network that reproduces observed hydrologic behavior in terms of current spring flow rates, regional hydraulic head field as well as average groundwater residence times. Our model provides a useful tool to generate ensembles of possible karstic conduit networks that may be used within a stochastic framework to analyze flow and transport prediction uncertainty associated with a lack of knowledge about network geometry.
Resistive Random Access Memory Cells with a Bilayer TiO2/SiOX Insulating Stack for Simultaneous Filamentary and Distributed Resistive Switching
Authors: Xiao Na , Villena Marco A. , Yuan Bin , Chen Shaochuan , Wang Bingru , Eliáš Marek , Shi Yuanyuan , Hui Fei , Jing Xu , Scheuermann Andrew , Tang Kechao , McIntyre Paul C. , Lanza Mario
Published: July 2017

In order to fulfill the information storage needs of modern societies, the performance of electronic nonvolatile memories (NVMs) should be continuously improved. In the past few years, resistive random access memories (RRAM) have raised as one of the most promising technologies for future information storage due to their excellent performance and easy fabrication. In this work, a novel strategy is presented to further extend the performance of RRAMs. By using only cheap and industry friendly materials (Ti, TiO2, SiOX, and n++Si), memory cells are developed that show both filamentary and distributed resistive switching simultaneously (i.e., in the same I–V curve). The devices exhibit unprecedented hysteretic I–V characteristics, high current on/off ratios up to ≈5 orders of magnitude, ultra low currents in high resistive state and low resistive state (100 pA and 125 nA at –0.1 V, respectively), sharp switching transitions, good cycle‐to‐cycle endurance (>1000 cycles), and low device‐to‐device variability. We are not aware of any other resistive switching memory exhibiting such characteristics, which may open the door for the development of advanced NVMs combining the advantages of filamentary and distributed resistive switching mechanisms.
Metal–Organic Framework Material Inhibits Biofilm Formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Neufeld Bella H. , Neufeld Megan J. , Lutzke Alec , Schweickart Sarah M. , Reynolds Melissa M.
Published: July 2017

An 85% reduction in the bacterial attachment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is achieved using a water‐stable metal–organic framework (MOF) blended with chitosan. These materials demonstrate this reduction in bacterial adhesion in the first 6 h and maintain it over the full 24 h exposure period, a remarkable impediment of biofilm formation to achieve, given the strength of this bacteria strain. The films elicit the same inhibitory effect after a second round of experiments, suggesting reusability of the materials. Characterization of the films by powder X‐ray diffraction, attenuated total reflectance‐IR, and scanning electron microscopy supports retention of the MOF structure within the chitosan matrix. The extensive control experiments employed in this study isolate the observed biological effects to the synthesized films, and not to possible leachates from the films. This presents the first account of using a water‐stable MOF within a polymer as a means to achieve an antibacterial surface by demonstrating an 85% reduction in bacterial attachment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Nitrogen‐Superdoped 3D Graphene Networks for High‐Performance Supercapacitors
Authors: Zhang Weili , Xu Chuan , Ma Chaoqun , Li Guoxian , Wang Yuzuo , Zhang Kaiyu , Li Feng , Liu Chang , Cheng Hui‐Ming , Du Youwei , Tang Nujiang , Ren Wencai
Published: July 2017

An N‐superdoped 3D graphene network structure with an N‐doping level up to 15.8 at% for high‐performance supercapacitor is designed and synthesized, in which the graphene foam with high conductivity acts as skeleton and nested with N‐superdoped reduced graphene oxide arogels. This material shows a highly conductive interconnected 3D porous structure (3.33 S cm−1), large surface area (583 m2 g−1), low internal resistance (0.4 Ω), good wettability, and a great number of active sites. Because of the multiple synergistic effects of these features, the supercapacitors based on this material show a remarkably excellent electrochemical behavior with a high specific capacitance (of up to 380, 332, and 245 F g−1 in alkaline, acidic, and neutral electrolytes measured in three‐electrode configuration, respectively, 297 F g−1 in alkaline electrolytes measured in two‐electrode configuration), good rate capability, excellent cycling stability (93.5% retention after 4600 cycles), and low internal resistance (0.4 Ω), resulting in high power density with proper high energy density.
Direct Observation of Inherent Atomic‐Scale Defect Disorders responsible for High‐Performance Ti1−xHfxNiSn1−ySby Half‐Heusler Thermoelectric Alloys
Authors: Kim Ki Sung , Kim Young‐Min , Mun Hyeona , Kim Jisoo , Park Jucheol , Borisevich Albina Y. , Lee Kyu Hyoung , Kim Sung Wng
Published: July 2017

Structural defects often dominate the electronic‐ and thermal‐transport properties of thermoelectric (TE) materials and are thus a central ingredient for improving their performance. However, understanding the relationship between TE performance and the disordered atomic defects that are generally inherent in nanostructured alloys remains a challenge. Herein, the use of scanning transmission electron microscopy to visualize atomic defects directly is described and disordered atomic‐scale defects are demonstrated to be responsible for the enhancement of TE performance in nanostructured Ti1−xHfxNiSn1−ySby half‐Heusler alloys. The disordered defects at all atomic sites induce a local composition fluctuation, effectively scattering phonons and improving the power factor. It is observed that the Ni interstitial and Ti,Hf/Sn antisite defects are collectively formed, leading to significant atomic disorder that causes the additional reduction of lattice thermal conductivity. The Ti1−xHfxNiSn1−ySby alloys containing inherent atomic‐scale defect disorders are produced in one hour by a newly developed process of temperature‐regulated rapid solidification followed by sintering. The collective atomic‐scale defect disorder improves the zT to 1.09 ± 0.12 at 800 K for the Ti0.5Hf0.5NiSn0.98Sb0.02 alloy. These results provide a promising avenue for improving the TE performance of state‐of‐the‐art materials.
Isoindigo‐Based Polymers with Small Effective Masses for High‐Mobility Ambipolar Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Yang Jie , Zhao Zhiyuan , Geng Hua , Cheng Changli , Chen Jinyang , Sun Yunlong , Shi Longxian , Yi Yuanping , Shuai Zhigang , Guo Yunlong , Wang Shuai , Liu Yunqi
Published: July 2017

So far, most of the reported high‐mobility conjugated polymers are p‐type semiconductors. By contrast, the advances in high‐mobility ambipolar polymers fall greatly behind those of p‐type counterparts. Instead of unipolar p‐type and n‐type materials, ambipolar polymers, especially balanced ambipolar polymers, are potentially serviceable for easy‐fabrication and low‐cost complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor circuits. Therefore, it is a critical issue to develop high‐mobility ambipolar polymers. Here, three isoindigo‐based polymers, PIID‐2FBT, P1FIID‐2FBT, and P2FIID‐2FBT are developed for high‐performance ambipolar organic field‐effect transistors. After the incorporation of fluorine atoms, the polymers exhibit enhanced coplanarity, lower energy levels, higher crystallinity, and thus increased µe. P2FIID‐2FBT exhibits n‐type dominant performance with a µe of 9.70 cm2 V−1 s−1. Moreover, P1FIID‐2FBT exhibits a highly balanced µh and µe of 6.41 and 6.76 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively, which are among the highest values for balanced ambipolar polymers. Moreover, a concept “effective mass” is introduced to further study the reasons for the high performance of the polymers. All the polymers have small effective masses, indicating good intramolecular charge transport. The results demonstrate that high‐mobility ambipolar semiconductors can be obtained by designing polymers with fine‐tuned energy levels, small effective masses, and high crystallinity.
High Efficiency Nonfullerene Polymer Solar Cells with Thick Active Layer and Large Area
Authors: Guo Bing , Li Wanbin , Guo Xia , Meng Xiangyi , Ma Wei , Zhang Maojie , Li Yongfang
Published: July 2017

In this work, high‐efficiency nonfullerene polymer solar cells (PSCs) are developed based on a thiazolothiazole‐containing wide bandgap polymer PTZ1 as donor and a planar IDT‐based narrow bandgap small molecule with four side chains (IDIC) as acceptor. Through thermal annealing treatment, a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of up to 11.5% with an open circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.92 V, a short‐circuit current density (Jsc) of 16.4 mA cm−2, and a fill factor of 76.2% is achieved. Furthermore, the PSCs based on PTZ1:IDIC still exhibit a relatively high PCE of 9.6% with the active layer thickness of 210 nm and a superior PCE of 10.5% with the device area of up to 0.81 cm2. These results indicate that PTZ1 is a promising polymer donor material for highly efficient fullerene‐free PSCs and large‐scale devices fabrication.
Promising Thermoelectric Bulk Materials with 2D Structures
Authors: Zhou Yiming , Zhao Li‐Dong
Published: July 2017

Given that more than two thirds of all energy is lost, mostly as waste heat, in utilization processes worldwide, thermoelectric materials, which can directly convert waste heat to electricity, provide an alternative option for optimizing energy utilization processes. After the prediction that superlattices may show high thermoelectric performance, various methods based on quantum effects and superlattice theory have been adopted to analyze bulk materials, leading to the rapid development of thermoelectric materials. Bulk materials with two‐dimensional (2D) structures show outstanding properties, and their high performance originates from both their low thermal conductivity and high Seebeck coefficient due to their strong anisotropic features. Here, the advantages of superlattices for enhancing the thermoelectric performance, the transport mechanism in bulk materials with 2D structures, and optimization methods are discussed. The phenomenological transport mechanism in these materials indicates that thermal conductivities are reduced in 2D materials with intrinsically short mean free paths. Recent progress in the transport mechanisms of Bi2Te3‐, SnSe‐, and BiCuSeO‐based systems is summarized. Finally, possible research directions to enhance the thermoelectric performance of bulk materials with 2D structures are briefly considered.
Superomniphilic Poly(glycerol sebacate)–Poly(l‐lactic acid) Electrospun Membranes for Oil Spill Remediation
Authors: Yan Yi , Sencadas Vitor , Zhang Jiangshan , Wei Dongbin , Jiang Zhengyi
Published: July 2017

Superomniphilic materials are defined as materials that can uptake both water and oil‐like liquids. In this study, a facile method to prepare a superomniphilic and biodegradable core–shell structure of poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) and poly(l‐lactic acid) (PLLA) is reported. The developed method immobilizes the PGS polymer onto the surface of the PLLA electrospun fibers, increasing the presence of hydroxyl groups on the surface of the membranes. The sample with 25 wt% PGS can uptake polar and apolar solvents, and presents a superhydrophilic behavior. The PGS‐PLLA composite is reusable up to 10 cycles of solvent (water of organic solvents) absorption with a separation efficiency of 99.5%, and its general appearance resembles the first absorption/compression cycle. Finally, this work presents a novel biodegradable polymeric blend membrane with superomniphilic properties, produced by a scalable process, which could be easily implemented to fight against environmental disasters such as large area oil spills.
Design Parameters for Phase‐Change Materials for Nanostructure Resonance Tuning
Authors: Michel Ann‐Katrin U. , Wuttig Matthias , Taubner Thomas
Published: July 2017

Phase‐change materials (PCMs) are a promising platform for programmable metamaterials in the infrared (IR) spectral range. This is based on the large refractive index change between the amorphous and crystalline phases of PCMs accompanied by their low dielectric losses in the IR. These PCMs can exist in various stoichiometries, leading to distinct changes in dielectric properties which can be exploited for resonance tuning. To investigate these differences, nanoantennas with thin films of three (GeTe)x–(Sb2Te3)1−x compounds such as Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST‐225), Ge3Sb2Te6 (GST‐326), and Ge8Sb2Te11 (GST‐8211) are combined. Different PCM stoichiometries regarding their suitability for resonance tuning are systematically compared for the first time and the PCM GST‐8211 is introduced into the field of photonics. An increase of the antenna resonance frequency shift based on an increasing GeTe content in the compound is experimentally demonstrated. This leads to the largest figure of merit for antenna resonance tuning in the IR using PCMs reported so far. Based on the insights obtained, the changes in the real part of the permittivity Δε1, the band gap EG, and the charge carrier concentration N are identified as design parameters for resonance tuning with PCMs.
3D Printed Functionally Graded Plasmonic Constructs
Authors: Haring Alexander P. , Khan Assad U. , Liu Guoliang , Johnson Blake N.
Published: July 2017

A new class of 3D functionally graded plasmonic materials and devices manufactured through 3D printing is presented. Up to eight different plasmonic inks are interwoven into a single functionally graded construct. Both continuous and discrete 3D gradients in plasmonic properties are realized. The approach is applied toward engineering of next‐generation plasmonic devices. Specifically, the manufacturing of a novel functionally graded plasmonic night‐vision contact lens is demonstrated.
Room‐Temperature Fabricated Amorphous Ga2O3 High‐Response‐Speed Solar‐Blind Photodetector on Rigid and Flexible Substrates
Authors: Cui Shujuan , Mei Zengxia , Zhang Yonghui , Liang Huili , Du Xiaolong
Published: July 2017

A solution to the fabrication of amorphous Ga2O3 solar‐blind photodetectors on rigid and flexible substrates at room temperature is reported. A robust improvement in the response speed is achieved by delicately controlling the oxygen flux in the reactive radio frequency magnetron sputtering process. Temporal response measurements show that the detector on quartz has a fast decay time of 19.1 µs and a responsivity of 0.19 A W−1 as well, which are even better than those single crystal Ga2O3 counterparts prepared at high temperatures. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and current–voltage tests suggest that the reduced oxygen vacancy concentration and the increased Schottky barrier height jointly contribute to the faster response speed. Amorphous Ga2O3 solar‐blind photodetector is further constructed on polyethylene naphthalate substrate. The flexible devices demonstrate similar photoresponse behavior as the rigid ones, and no significant degradation of the device performance is observed in bending states and fatigue tests. The results reveal the importance of finely tuned oxygen processing gas in promoting the device performance and the applicability of room‐temperature synthesized amorphous Ga2O3 in fabrication of flexible solar‐blind photodetectors.
In situ preparation of chitosan/gold nanocomposite: Structural and catalytic properties
Authors: Eisa Wael H. , Abdelnaby Tarob , Mostafa Shahenda , Elzayat Mohamed Y.
Published: July 2017

Chitosan‐stabilized gold nanoparticles (Cs/Au) film was prepared by casting strategy without a need for reducing and/or stabilizing agents. The shape, size, and crystalline phase were studied using UV‐visible (UV‐vis) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The nature of the interaction between the Cs and Au nanoparticles was studied using the Fourier transformer infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The as‐prepared Cs/Au nanocomposite film showed high activity in the catalytic reduction of 4‐nitrophenol (4‐NP) to 4‐aminophenol (4‐AP) in the presence of an excess amount of NaBH4. Furthermore, the Cs/Au film is easily separable, as well as remains active after reused for 3 times. The Cs/Au nanocomposite film could be a promising candidate for various catalytic reactions.
MXene–Silicon Van Der Waals Heterostructures for High‐Speed Self‐Driven Photodetectors
Authors: Kang Zhe , Ma Yanan , Tan Xinyu , Zhu Miao , Zheng Zhi , Liu Nishuang , Li Luying , Zou Zhengguang , Jiang Xueliang , Zhai Tianyou , Gao Yihua
Published: July 2017

MXenes, or transition metal carbides or nitrides, as an advanced 2D materials have already attracted extensive attention due to their high conductivity and large specific surface area for applications in the field of energy storage. MXenes also have many other advanced properties such as good transmittance and adjustable work function over a large range. However, few works study the properties of MXenes in the field of optoelectronics. Here, the optoelectronic properties of Ti3C2TX (with a work function of 4.37 eV) on n‐type silicon (n‐Si) of vertical van der Waals heterostructures are studied. The Ti3C2TX not only functions as the transparent electrode but also contributes to the separation and transport of photo‐induced carriers. After investigations on the influence of annealing, temperature, illumination, and applied voltage on the performance of Ti3C2TX/n‐Si Schottky junction heterostructures, this study fabricates a self‐driven vertical junction photodetectors with high response and recovery speeds. It is believed that the excellent photoelectric properties of MXenes will attract many researchers' attention to the application of MXenes in the photoelectrical field.
Distinct histopathologic features of radiation‐induced chronic sinusitis
Authors: Kuhar Hannah N. , Tajudeen Bobby A. , Heilingoetter Ashley , Mahdavinia Mahboobeh , Gattuso Paolo , Ghai Ritu , Gunawan Ferry , Diaz Aidnag Z. , Tolekidis George , Batra Pete S.
Published: July 2017

Background

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a commonly observed sequela after radiation therapy to the paranasal sinuses. The histopathologic features of radiation‐induced CRS have yet to be determined and may have major implications in disease management.

Methods

A structured histopathology report was utilized to analyze sinus tissue removed during functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). Histopathology variables, Lund‐Mackay score (LMS), and 22‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐22) scores were compared among patients with radiation‐induced CRS (CRSr), CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP), and CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP).

Results

Fifteen CRSr, 43 CRSsNP, and 56 CRSwNP patients who underwent FESS were analyzed. Compared with CRSsNP, CRSr cases had increased squamous metaplasia (40.0% vs 9.3%, p < 0.013) and subepithelial edema (53.3% vs. 2.3%, p < 0.001). Compared with CRSwNP, CRSr cases had fewer eosinophils per high‐power field (20.0% vs 50.0%, p < 0.034), less basement membrane thickening (33.3% vs 76.8%, p < 0.002), and fewer eosinophil aggregates (0.0% vs 30.4%, p < 0.009). CRSr had significantly greater mean LMS (13.47 ± 5.13 vs 7.07 ± 4.79, p < 0.001) compared with CRSsNP.

Conclusion

Radiation‐induced CRS patients exhibited greater squamous metaplasia and subepithelial edema when compared with a cohort of patients with CRSsNP, and decreased eosinophilia and basement membrane thickening compared with a cohort of CRSwNP patients. CRSr cases demonstrated no difference in eosinophilia or neutrophilia compared with CRSsNP, and decreased eosinophilia compared with CRSwNP, lending further credence to the unique nature of radiation in the development of CRS in this patient group. These findings may have major implications with regard to extent of surgical intervention and medical management.
Biomimetic Synthesis of Complex Flavonoids Isolated from Daemonorops “Dragon's Blood”
Authors: Schmid Matthias , Trauner Dirk
Published: July 2017

The dragonbloodins are a pair of complex flavonoid trimers that have been isolated from the palm tree Daemonorops draco, one of the sources of the ancient resin known as “dragon's blood”. We present a short synthesis that clarifies their relative configurations and sheds light on their origin in Nature. This synthesis features biomimetic cascade reactions that involve both ionic and radical intermediates. The biogenetic relationships between dracorhodin, the dracoflavans C, and the dragonbloodins A1 and A2 are discussed.
Emulsion‐electrospinning n‐octadecane/silk composite fiber as environmental‐friendly form‐stable phase change materials
Authors: Zhao Liang , Luo Jie , Li Yu , Wang Hao , Song Guolin , Tang Guoyi
Published: July 2017

The ultrafine n‐octadecane/silk composite fibers as form‐stable phase change materials were successfully developed by the emulsion‐electrospinning method. The effect of n‐octadecane content in the emulsion on the morphology and thermal energy storage capacity of the composite fibers were scientifically investigated. Scanning electron microscopy images show that the composite fibers display cylindrical shape with smooth surface and uniform diameter. Differential scanning calorimetry results demonstrate that the composite fibers exhibit reversible phase transition behavior, high thermal energy storage capacity, and good thermal reliability. Meanwhile, the composite fibers exhibit the capability to regulate their interior temperature as the ambient temperature alters according to the thermo‐infrared images. In addition, the composite fibers are friendly to the environment due to the biodegradability of silk. Therefore, the n‐octadecane /silk composite fibers have the great potential application of serving as form‐stable phase change materials for thermal energy storage and thermal regulation. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45538.
Modulation of Pacific Decadal Oscillation on the relationship of El Niño with southern China rainfall during early boreal winter
Authors: Li Gang , Chen Jiepeng , Wang Xin , Tan Yanke , Jiang Xiaohua
Published: July 2017

The modulation of Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) on the relationship of El Niño with southern China rainfall during early boreal winter (November–December) is investigated in this study. When El Niño occurs in positive phase of PDO, significantly positive rainfall anomalies only appears over the southwestern part of southern China. When El Niño occurs in negative phase of PDO, pronounced positive rainfall anomalies are observed over almost the whole southern China. Further analyses revealed that the anomalous Philippine Sea anticyclone (PSAC) and local meridional circulation play an important role in modulating the relationship of El Niño with southern China rainfall by PDO. During the negative PDO phase, under the combined influence of tropical Pacific and Indian Ocean dipole sea surface temperature anomalies pattern, the anomalous PSAC over the western North Pacific and rising motion associated with local meridional circulation over southern China provide sufficient water vapor and dynamical conditions for the formation of rainfall. During positive PDO phase, however, PSAC and local meridional circulation are only influenced by tropical Pacific and they become weak, not favoring the formation of southern China rainfall.
Effect of Topology on the Singlet–Triplet Energy Difference and their Natures: A Density Functional Theory Study of Carbazolyl‐Phthalonitrile Derivatives
Authors: Kim Dongwook
Published: July 2017

The molecular topology effect of carbazolyl‐phthalonitrile (CzPN) derivatives on their electronic structures were theoretically explored at the density functional theory level using a gap‐tuned range‐separated functional, ωB97X, with 6‐31G(d) basis sets. In the case of single carbazolyl (Cz) group onto the phthalonitrile (PN), the substitution at chemically inequivalent positions apparently does not significantly impact on the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO); however, it results in a significant difference in the natures and energies of the highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMO). As a result, it gives rise to a marked difference in their singlet excited‐state energies, although the variation in the T1‐state energies appears to be relatively limited. Additional introductions of Cz group, however, are found to suppress such variations, because the inductive electron‐withdrawing character of Cz group becomes more important than its mesomeric effect. Nevertheless, the difference in natures of the excited states, which is important to enhance the spin‐orbit coupling between them, can be induced by tweaking the molecular structures.
Bioinformatics analysis in menopause transition promotes distinct modulation in calvaria and bone marrow osteoblastic cells
Authors: Li Chenyu , Wang Yanfei , Luan Hong , Zhang Hui , Xu Yan
Published: July 2017

We read with great interest the recent report by Semeghini et al. (2017), Cell Biol Int, “Menopause transition promotes distinct modulation of mRNAs and miRNAs expression in calvaria and bone marrow osteoblastic cells,” which appeared on 24 May 2017 in Cell Biology International. The results of the report are very helpful for us; however, from our perspective, the author's method in bioinformatics analysis is inappropriate: Student's t‐test is an inappropriate statistical method for detecting differentially expressed mRNA or miRNA in osteoblastic cells from calvaria of ovariectomized rats compared to control or in osteoblastic cells from bone marrow of ovariectomized rats compared to control.
Design and Synthesis of 4‐Alkylidene‐β‐lactams: Benzyl‐ and Phenethyl‐carbamates as Key Fragments to Switch on Antibacterial Activity
Authors: Giacomini Daria , Martelli Giulia , Piccichè Miriam , Calaresu Enrico , Cocuzza Clementina Elvezia , Musumeci Rosario
Published: July 2017

The emergence of multidrug‐resistant bacterial strains is particularly important in chronic pathologies such as cystic fibrosis (CF), in which persistent colonization and selection of resistant strains is favored by the frequent and repeated use of antibacterial agents. Staphylococcus aureus is a common pathogen in CF patients that has an associated increased multidrug resistance. In previous studies we demonstrated that the presence of a 4‐alkylidene side chain directly linked to a β‐lactam appeared to strengthen the potency against S. aureus, especially against methicillin‐resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains. In the present study, 21 new 4‐alkylidene‐β‐lactams were synthesized and evaluated for antibacterial activity. We designed the new compounds to have aryl, benzyl, or phenethyl‐carbamate groups on the C3 hydroxyethyl side chain. We found a correlation between biological activity and the nitrogen substituent of the carbamate group, and two phenethyl‐carbamate β‐lactams were shown to be valuable antibacterial agents against selected linezolid‐resistant strains, with a minimum inhibitory concentrations of 2–4 mg L−1.
Implications of Crystal Structure on Organotin Carboxylate Photoresists†
Authors: Sharps Meredith C. , Marsh David A. , Zakharov Lev N. , Hutchison James E. , Johnson Darren W.
Published: July 2017

A series of five organotin carboxylates of the type [RSn(O)O2CR’]6 containing n‐butyl ligands and carboxylates ranging in size from formate to diphenylacetate were synthesized and examined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction. The crystal and packing structures of each compound were compared with regards to the steric and intermolecular forces of the varying carboxylate groups in order to aid the understanding of how these same factors relate to irradiation trends in EUV lithography of thin films. The trends found are compared to other factors that may also dictate resist formation in order to elucidate a fuller picture of the chemical transformations that occur when patterning inorganic materials.
A secure authentication and key agreement scheme for roaming service with user anonymity
Authors: Arshad Hamed , Rasoolzadegan Abbas
Published: July 2017

Nowadays, with the advancement of wireless technologies, global mobility networks offer roaming services for mobile users. Since in global mobility networks the communication channel is public, adversaries can launch different security attacks to breach the security and privacy of data and mobile users. Hence, an authentication and key agreement scheme can be used to provide secure roaming services. It is well known that the conventional authentication schemes are not suitable for global mobility networks, because the authentication server of each network has the credentials of its registered users and thus cannot verify the authenticity of the other mobile users. Hence, for providing secure roaming services, another type of authentication called roaming authentication is required. Hitherto, a large number of authentication protocols have been proposed for global mobility networks. However, most of them have been proved to be insecure against various attacks. This paper proposes a secure and efficient authentication and key agreement scheme for global mobility networks. The proposed scheme is based on the elliptic curve cryptosystem. The correctness of the proposed scheme is verified using Burrows‐Abadi‐Needham logic. In addition, the security of the proposed scheme is proved using ProVerif. Detailed analyses demonstrate that the proposed scheme not only withstands various security attacks but also improves the efficiency by reducing the computational costs.
Next‐generation restoration for sage‐grouse: a framework for visualizing local conifer cuts within a landscape context
Authors: Reinhardt Jason R. , Naugle David E. , Maestas Jeremy D. , Allred Brady , Evans Jeffrey , Falkowski Michael
Published: July 2017

The expansion of coniferous trees into sagebrush ecosystems is a major driver of habitat loss and fragmentation, resulting in negative impacts to wildlife. Greater sage‐grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) respond directly to conifer expansion through decreased breeding activity, nesting, and overall survival; thus, small amounts of conifer expansion can have significant impacts on sage‐grouse habitat and populations. To this end, conservation partners have collaborated across private and public lands to reduce the threat of conifer expansion through targeted removal of conifer trees. Here, we demonstrate the use of the Marxan framework to incorporate important ecosystem attributes in the prioritization of conifer removal within the Oregon range of sage‐grouse. We prioritized conifer removal relative to three separate goals: (1) enhancement of existing sage‐grouse breeding, nesting, and early brood‐rearing habitats; (2) facilitation of sage‐grouse movement between breeding and brood‐rearing habitats; and (3) improvement of connectivity among sage‐grouse priority areas for conservation (PACs). Optimization models successfully identified areas with low conifer canopy cover, high resilience and resistance to wildfire and annual grass invasion, and high bird abundance to enhance sage‐grouse habitat. The inclusion of mesic resources resulted in further prioritization of areas that were closer to such resources, but also identified potential pathways that connected breeding habitats to the late brood‐rearing habitats associated with mesic areas. Examining areas outside ofPACs resulted in the selection of potential corridors to facilitate connectivity; although areas with low conifer cover were selected similarly to the other optimization models, areas with high cover were also chosen to be able to enhance connectivity. Areas identified by optimization models were largely consistent with and overlapped ongoing conifer removal efforts in the Warner Mountains of south‐central Oregon. Land ownership of preferential areas selected by models varied with priority goals and followed general ownership patterns of the region, with public lands managed by the Bureau of Land Management and private lands being selected the most. The increased availability of landscape‐level datasets and assessment tools in sagebrush ecosystems can reduce the time and cost of both planning and implementation of habitat projects involving conifer removal. Most importantly, incorporating these new datasets and tools can supplement expert‐based knowledge to maximize benefits to sagebrush and sage‐grouse conservation.
Recovery free of heart failure after acute coronary syndrome and coronary revascularization
Authors: Falkenham Alec , Saraswat Manoj K. , Wong Chloe , Gawdat Kareem , Myers Tanya , Begum Jahanara , Buth Karen J. , Haidl Ian , Marshall Jean , Légaré Jean‐Francois ,   for the REACH Investigators
Published: July 2017

Aims

Previous studies have examined risk factors for the development of heart failure (HF) subsequent to acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Our study seeks to clarify the clinical variables that best characterize patients who remain free from HF after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery for ACS to determine novel biological factors favouring freedom from HF in prospective translational studies.

Methods and results

Nova Scotia residents (1995–2012) undergoing CABG within 3 weeks of ACS were included. The primary outcome was freedom from readmission to hospital due to HF. Descriptive statistics were generated, and a Cox proportional hazards model assessed outcome with adjustment for clinical characteristics. Of 11 936 Nova Scotians who underwent isolated CABG, 3264 (27%) had a recent ACS and were included. Deaths occurred in 210 (6%) of subjects prior to discharge. A total of 3054 patients were included in the long‐term analysis. During follow‐up, HF necessitating readmission occurred in 688 (21%) subjects with a hazard ratio of 12% at 2 years. The adjusted Cox model demonstrated significantly better freedom from HF for younger, male subjects without metabolic syndrome and no history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, renal insufficiency, atrial fibrillation, or HF.

Conclusions

Our findings have outlined important clinical variables that predict freedom from HF. Furthermore, we have shown that 12% of patients undergoing CABG after ACS develop HF (2 years). Our findings support our next phase in which we plan to prospectively collect blood and tissue specimens from ACS patients undergoing CABG in order to determine novel biological mechanism(s) that favour resolution of post‐ACS inflammation.
Implication of pulmonary hypertension in patients undergoing MitraClip therapy: results from the German transcatheter mitral valve interventions (TRAMI) registry
Authors: Tigges Eike , Blankenberg Stefan , von Bardeleben R. Stephan , Zürn Christine , Bekeredjian Raffi , Ouarrak Taoufik , Sievert Horst , Nickenig Georg , Boekstegers Peter , Senges Jochen , Schillinger Wolfgang , Lubos Edith
Published: July 2017

Aims

We sought to evaluate the impact of pulmonary hypertension on outcomes following MitraClip therapy.

Methods and results

The 643 patients in the TRAnscatheter Mitral valve Interventions (TRAMI) registry were divided into three groups according to echocardiographically graded systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP) (Group 1: patients with sPAP of ≤36 mmHg; Group 2: patients with sPAP of 37–50 mmHg; Group 3: patients with sPAP of >50 mmHg) and followed for 1 year. Recent cardiac decompensation, aortic valve disease and tricuspid valve insufficiency were observed more frequently in patients with higher sPAP. Furthermore, logEuroSCORE, Society of Thoracic Surgeons score and age were higher with rising sPAP values. No differences were observed in mitral regurgitation (MR) severity, co‐morbidities or clinical findings (New York Heart Association class, 6‐min walking distance). Reduction to MR of grade 1 or lower was achieved more often in patients with lower sPAP levels (P = 0.01). In Groups 2 and 3, sPAP was reduced significantly. Major adverse cardiac or cardiovascular events (MACCEs) occurring in hospital (death, myocardial infarction, stroke; <4% in each group), as well as 30‐day rates of MACCEs (6.1% in Group 1, 11.9% in Group 2, 12.4% in Group 3) and rehospitalization (18.9% in Group 1, 24.8% in Group 2, 24.8% in Group 3) did not differ significantly. At 1 year, differences in rates of mortality and MACCEs (20.3% in Group 1, 33.1% in Group 2, 34.7% in Group 3; P < 0.01) were significant. Both Groups 2 [hazard ratio (HR) 1.81, P = 0.0122] and 3 (HR 1.85, P = 0.0092) were independently predictive of death. Rehospitalization rates did not differ during follow‐up.

Conclusions

Despite higher mortality in patients with elevated sPAP, these data suggest the safety, feasibility and benefit of MitraClip therapy even in advanced stages of disease. An early approach might prevent the progress of pulmonary hypertension and improve outcomes.
Novel bandlike signal abnormality suggestive of heterotopia in patient with a KCNQ1 frameshift mutation
Authors: Sabharwal Priyanka , Devinsky Orrin , M. Shepherd Timothy
Published: July 2017

Malformations of cortical development are associated with epilepsy and cognitive dysfunction, and can occur in patients with SCN1A ion channel mutations. We report a novel and subtle bandlike subcortical heterotopia on integrated positron emission tomography–magnetic resonance imaging ( PET‐MRI) in a patient with treatment‐resistant epilepsy due to a de novo KCNQ1 frameshift mutation. Our case highlights the potential for other channel mutations to cause both epilepsy and cortical malformations. Further scrutiny of high contrast resolution MRI studies is warranted for patients with KCNQ1 and other epilepsy genes to further define their extended phenotype.