bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Image correlation microscopy for uniform illumination
Authors: GABORSKI T.R. , SEALANDER M.N. , EHRENBERG M. , WAUGH R.E. , MCGRATH J.L.
Published: October 2009

Image cross‐correlation microscopy is a technique that quantifies the motion of fluorescent features in an image by measuring the temporal autocorrelation function decay in a time‐lapse image sequence. Image cross‐correlation microscopy has traditionally employed laser‐scanning microscopes because the technique emerged as an extension of laser‐based fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. In this work, we show that image correlation can also be used to measure fluorescence dynamics in uniform illumination or wide‐field imaging systems and we call our new approach uniform illumination image correlation microscopy. Wide‐field microscopy is not only a simpler, less expensive imaging modality, but it offers the capability of greater temporal resolution over laser‐scanning systems. In traditional laser‐scanning image cross‐correlation microscopy, lateral mobility is calculated from the temporal de‐correlation of an image, where the characteristic length is the illuminating laser beam width. In wide‐field microscopy, the diffusion length is defined by the feature size using the spatial autocorrelation function. Correlation function decay in time occurs as an object diffuses from its original position. We show that theoretical and simulated comparisons between Gaussian and uniform features indicate the temporal autocorrelation function depends strongly on particle size and not particle shape. In this report, we establish the relationships between the spatial autocorrelation function feature size, temporal autocorrelation function characteristic time and the diffusion coefficient for uniform illumination image correlation microscopy using analytical, Monte Carlo and experimental validation with particle tracking algorithms. Additionally, we demonstrate uniform illumination image correlation microscopy analysis of adhesion molecule domain aggregation and diffusion on the surface of human neutrophils.
A comparison study of detecting gold nanorods in living cells with confocal reflectance microscopy and two‐photon fluorescence microscopy
Authors: ZHOU Y. , WU X. , WANG T. , MING T. , WANG P.N. , ZHOU L.W. , CHEN J.Y.
Published: October 2009

Two‐photon fluorescence microscopy and confocal reflectance microscopy were compared to detect intracellular gold nanorods in rat basophilic leukaemia cells. The two‐photon photoluminescence images of gold nanorods were acquired by an 800 nm fs laser with the power of milliwatts. The advantages of the obtained two‐photon photoluminescence images are high spatial resolution and reduced background. However, a remarkable photothermal effect on cells was seen after 30 times continuous scanning of the femto‐second laser, potentially affecting the subcellular localization pattern of the nanorods. In the case of confocal reflectance microscopy the images of gold nanorods can be obtained with the power of light source as low as microwatts, thus avoiding the photothermal effect, but the resolution of such images is reduced. We have noted that confocal reflectance images of cellular gold nanorods achieved with 50 μW 800 nm fs have a relatively poor resolution, whereas the 50 μW 488 nm CW laser can acquire reasonably satisfactory 3D reflectance images with improved resolution because of its shorter wavelength. Therefore, confocal reflectance microscopy may also be a suitable means to image intracellular gold nanorods with the advantage of reduced photothermal effect.
Dynamic viscoelastic properties of vinyl polysiloxane denture soft lining materials
Authors: ABE Y. , TAJI T. , HIASA K. , TSUGA K. , AKAGAWA Y.
Published: October 2009

Summary  The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamic viscoelastic properties of seven commercially available vinyl polysiloxane denture soft lining materials. Five rectangular specimens (2 × 10 × 30 mm) were prepared from each material. The complex modulus E* (MPa) and loss tangent (tan δ) of each specimen were determined with a non‐resonance forced vibration method using an automatic dynamic viscoelastometer at 1 Hz after 1 day of dry storage, and after 1, 30, 60, 90 and 180 days of wet storage at 37 °C. All data were analysed using one‐way anova and Bonferroni/Dunn’s test for multiple comparisons with a significance level of P < 0·01. All materials varied widely in terms of viscoelasticities and showed both an increase in E* and a decrease in tan δ at 1 Hz after the 1‐day wet storage. After 60 days of wet storage, both E* and tan δ did not change significantly. The stiffer materials (>30% filler content) with high E* values (>2·00 MPa) showed elastic behaviour with tan δ values of around 0·03. The softer materials (6% filler content) with high tan δ values (initial value > 0·10) showed viscous behaviour and were easily affected by water absorption after the 1‐day wet storage. It can be concluded that for the proper selection of vinyl polysiloxane denture soft lining materials, it is very important to evaluate the viscoelastic properties after 60 days of wet storage.
Genetic epidemiology of the Sudden Oak Death pathogenPhytophthora ramorumin California
Authors: MASCHERETTI S. , CROUCHER P. J. P. , KOZANITAS M. , BAKER L. , GARBELOTTO M.
Published: October 2009

A total of 669 isolates ofPhytophthora ramorum,the pathogen responsible for Sudden Oak Death, were collected from 34 Californian forests and from the ornamental plant‐trade. Seven microsatellite markers revealed 82 multilocus genotypes (MGs) of which only three were abundant (>10%). Iteratively collapsing based upon minimum ΦST, yielded five meta‐samples and five singleton populations. Populations in the same meta‐sample were geographically contiguous, with one exception, possibly explained by the trade of infected plants from the same source into different locations. Multidimensional scaling corroborated this clustering and identified nursery populations as genetically most distant from the most recent outbreaks. A minimum‐spanning network illustrated the evolutionary relationships among MGs, with common genotypes at the centre and singletons at the extremities; consistent with colonization by a few common genotypes followed by local evolution. Coalescent migration analyses used the original data set and a data set in which local genotypes were collapsed into common ancestral genotypes. Both analyses suggested that meta‐samples 1 (Santa Cruz County) and 3 (Sonoma and Marin Counties), act as sources for most of the other forests. The untransformed data set best explains the first phases of the invasion, when the role of novel genotypes may have been minimal, whereas the second analysis best explains migration patterns in later phases of the invasion, when prevalence of novel genotypes was likely to have become more significant. Using this combined approach, we discuss possible migration routes based on our analyses, and compare them to historical and field observations from several case studies.
An AFLP clock for absolute dating of shallow‐time evolutionary history – too good to be true?
Authors: EHRICH D. , EIDESEN P. B. , ALSOS I. G. , BROCHMANN C.
Published: October 2009

A major drawback of Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLP) as genetic makers for phylogeographic studies is their lack of a temporal dimension. In a recent publication in Molecular Ecology, Kropf et al. (2009) proposed a molecular clock for AFLP. In this comment we evaluate the proposed approach both theoretically and empirically. A linear increase with time is a prerequisite to use a genetic distance as molecular clock. Testing the relationship between genetic distance and time in the data of Kropf et al. (2009) for linearity revealed that the relationship was in fact not linear for their pooled data, as well as for one of the three species analyzed. Also, the relationship was not linear in two new species, where divergence times could be inferred from macrofossils. When applying the proposed molecular clock to data from eight species, dates obtained were plausible in some cases, but very improbable in others. The suggested genetic distance was also influenced by intrapopulation genetic diversity, leading to a potential bias. In the future, investigations of AFLP mutation rates combined with phylogeographic modelling may contribute to adding a time scale to the understanding of AFLP data.
Sediments from Lake Cheko (Siberia), a possible impact crater for the 1908 Tunguska Event
Authors: Gasperini Luca , Bonatti Enrico , Albertazzi Sonia , Forlani Luisa , Accorsi Carla A. , Longo Giuseppe , Ravaioli Mariangela , Alvisi Francesca , Polonia Alina , Sacchetti Fabio
Published: October 2009

Cheko, a small lake located in Siberia close to the epicentre of the 1908 Tunguska explosion, might fill a crater left by the impact of a fragment of a Cosmic Body. Sediment cores from the lake’s bottom were studied to support or reject this hypothesis. A 175‐cm long core, collected near the center of the lake, consists of an upper ∼1 m thick sequence of lacustrine deposits overlaying coarser chaotic material. 210Pb and 137Cs indicate that the transition from lower to upper sequence occurred close to the time of the Tunguska Event. Pollen analysis reveals that remains of aquatic plants are abundant in the top post‐1908 sequence, but are absent in the lower pre‐1908 portion of the core. These results, including organic C, N and δ13C data, suggest that Lake Cheko formed at the time of the Tunguska Event.
Persistent sensory dysfunction in pain‐free herniotomy
Authors: AASVANG E. K. , KEHLET H.
Published: October 2009

Background: Persistent post‐herniotomy pain may be a neuropathic pain state based on the finding of a persistent sensory dysfunction. However, detailed information on the normal distribution of sensory function in pain‐free post‐herniotomy patients hinders identification of exact pathogenic mechanisms. Therefore, we aimed to establish normative data on sensory function in pain‐free patients >1 year after a groin herniotomy.

Methods: Sensory thresholds were assessed in 40 pain‐free patients by a standardized quantitative sensory testing (QST). Secondary endpoints included comparison of sensory function between the operated and the naïve side, and correlation between sensory function modalities.

Results: QST showed that on the operated side, thermal data were normally distributed, but mechanical pressure and pinch thresholds were normalized only after log‐transformation, and cold pain and pressure tolerance could not be normalized. Comparison of QST results revealed significant (P<0.01) cutaneous hypoesthesia/hyperalgesia, but also significant pressure hyperalgesia (P<0.01) and decreased pressure tolerance (P=0.02) on the operated vs. the naïve side. Wind‐up was seen in 6 (15%) but with a low pain intensity.

Conclusion: Persistent sensory dysfunction is common in pain‐free post‐herniotomy patients. Future studies of sensory function in persistent post‐herniotomy pain should compare the findings to the present data in order to characterize individual patients and potentially identify subgroups, which may aid in allocation of patients to pharmacological or surgical treatment.
Evidence that nitric oxide inhibits vascular inflammation and superoxide production via a p47phox‐dependent mechanism in mice
Authors: Harrison Craig B , Drummond Grant R , Sobey Christopher G , Selemidis Stavros
Published: October 2009

1. Regulation of vascular Nox2‐containing NADPH oxidase by p47phoxplays a pivotal role in the development of atherosclerotic lesions through the generation of superoxide. Reduced vascular nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability is a major contributing factor in the initiation of atherosclerosis because it leads to an increase in adhesion molecule expression for inflammatory cell recruitment into the vessel wall.

2. The aim of the present study was to examine whether the anti‐oxidant and anti‐inflammatory effects of endogenous NO involve inhibition of NADPH oxidase‐dependent superoxide production.

3. To inhibit endogenous NO production, male C57Bl/6 wild‐type (WT) mice or age‐matched p47phox−/−mice were treated withNG‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester (l‐NAME; 100 mg/kg per day for 4 weeks). Blood pressure was measured weekly via the tail‐cuff method. Basal and phorbol dibutyrate (PDB)‐stimulated aortic superoxide production was detected using lucigenin‐ and L‐012‐enhanced chemiluminescence, respectively. Aortic Nox2, p47phoxand vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)‐1 expression were measured with western blotting. Plasma angiotensin (Ang) II levels were determined by radioimmunoassay.

4. Compared with vehicle (tap water)‐treated WT mice (n = 4),l‐NAME‐treated WT mice had significantly higher systolic blood pressure (SBP;n = 6;P < 0.05) and basal and stimulated aortic extracellular superoxide production (n = 6–8;P < 0.05), but lower plasma AngII levels (P < 0.05). There was no change in Nox2 expression followingl‐NAME treatment of WT mice (n = 6); however, significant increases in both aortic p47phox(n = 6;P < 0.05) and VCAM‐1 expression (n = 6;P < 0.05) were observed. In p47phox−/−mice,l‐NAME treatment significantly increased SBP (n = 3–4;P < 0.05), but failed to increase aortic superoxide production and VCAM‐1 expression.

5. In conclusion, endogenous NO suppresses vascular inflammation, via inhibition of p47phoxexpression, leading to attenuation of NADPH oxidase‐dependent superoxide production.
Inhibitors of slit protein interactions with the heparan sulphate proteoglycan glypican‐1: Potential agents for the treatment of spinal cord injury
Authors: Lau Elizabeth , Margolis Richard U
Published: October 2009

1. The heparan sulphate proteoglycan glypican‐1 is a major high‐affinity ligand of the Slit proteins.

2. Messenger RNA for both Slit‐2 and glypican‐1 is strongly upregulated and coexpressed in the reactive astrocytes of injured adult brain, suggesting a possible function of Slit proteins and glypican‐1 in the adult central nervous system as significant components of the inhibitory environment that prevents axonal regeneration after injury.

3. Based on the hypothesis that adverse effects on axonal regeneration may be due to a glypican–Slit complex or the retention of glypican‐binding C‐terminal proteolytic processing fragments of Slit at the injury site, we used ELISA to examine a number of small molecules and low molecular weight heparin analogues for their ability to inhibit glypican–Slit interactions.

4. Our studies have led to the identification of several potent inhibitors with a favourable therapeutic profile that can now be tested in a spinal cord injury model. Among the most promising of these are a low molecular weight heparin produced by periodate oxidation and having no significant anticoagulant activity, the chemically sulphonated yeast‐derived phosphomannan PI‐88 and a number of randomly derivatized water‐soluble sulphated dextrans.
The development and implementation of the Pathway for Improving the Care of the Dying in general medical wards
Authors: Jackson K. , Mooney C. , Campbell D.
Published: October 2009

The majority of deaths in Australia occur in general hospital wards and most are neither sudden nor unexpected. The Pathway for Improving the Care of the Dying (PICD) is an adaptation of the Liverpool Care Pathway to the Australian healthcare setting (or ‘to Australian conditions’) and is designed to help ensure a ‘good death’ for patients dying outside the palliative care system. PICD consists of a series of prompts, guidelines, revised medical and nursing care plans and a number of medication algorithms.
Rock weathering creates oases of life in a High Arctic desert
Authors: Borin Sara , Ventura Stefano , Tambone Fulvia , Mapelli Francesca , Schubotz Florence , Brusetti Lorenzo , Scaglia Barbara , D'Acqui Luigi P. , Solheim Bjørn , Turicchia Silvia , Marasco Ramona , Hinrichs Kai‐Uwe , Baldi Franco , Adani Fabrizio , Daffonchio Daniele
Published: October 2009

During primary colonization of rock substrates by plants, mineral weathering is strongly accelerated under plant roots, but little is known on how it affects soil ecosystem development before plant establishment. Here we show that rock mineral weathering mediated by chemolithoautotrophic bacteria is associated to plant community formation in sites recently released by permanent glacier ice cover in the Midtre Lovénbreen glacier moraine (78°53′N), Svalbard. Increased soil fertility fosters growth of prokaryotes and plants at the boundary between sites of intense bacterial mediated chemolithotrophic iron‐sulfur oxidation and pH decrease, and the common moraine substrate where carbon and nitrogen are fixed by cyanobacteria. Microbial iron oxidizing activity determines acidity and corresponding fertility gradients, where water retention, cation exchange capacity and nutrient availability are increased. This fertilization is enabled by abundant mineral nutrients and reduced forms of iron and sulfur in pyrite minerals within a conglomerate type of moraine rock. Such an interaction between microorganisms and moraine minerals determines a peculiar, not yet described model for soil genesis and plant ecosystem formation with potential past and present analogues in other harsh environments with similar geochemical settings.
Diel rhythm of nitrogen and carbon metabolism in the unicellular, diazotrophic cyanobacterium Crocosphaera watsonii WH8501
Authors: Mohr Wiebke , Intermaggio Maria Paola , LaRoche Julie
Published: October 2009

We examined the diel variation in nitrogen and carbon metabolism in Crocosphaera watsonii WH8501 at the physiological and gene expression level in order to determine the temporal constraints for N2 fixation and photosynthesis. N2 fixation and photosynthesis were restricted to the dark and light periods, respectively, during a 24 h light–dark cycle. All genes studied here except one (psbA2) showed diel variations in their expression levels. The highest variation was seen in nifH and nifX relative transcript abundance with a factor of 3–5 × 103 between light and dark periods. Photosynthesis genes showed less variation with a maximum factor of about 500 and always had high relative transcript abundances relative to other genes. At the protein level, the photosystems appeared more stable than the nitrogenase complex over a 24 h light–dark cycle, suggesting that C. watsonii retains the ability to photosynthesize during the dark period of the diel cycle. In contrast, nitrogenase is synthesized daily and exhibits peak abundance during the dark period. Our results have implications for field studies with respect to the interpretation of environmental gene expression data.
Dynamics of genome evolution in facultative symbionts of aphids
Authors: Degnan Patrick H. , Leonardo Teresa E. , Cass Bodil N. , Hurwitz Bonnie , Stern David , Gibbs Richard A. , Richards Stephen , Moran Nancy A.
Published: October 2009

Aphids are sap‐feeding insects that host a range of bacterial endosymbionts including the obligate, nutritional mutualist Buchnera plus several bacteria that are not required for host survival. Among the latter, ‘Candidatus Regiella insecticola’ and ‘Candidatus Hamiltonella defensa’ are found in pea aphids and other hosts and have been shown to protect aphids from natural enemies. We have sequenced almost the entire genome of R. insecticola (2.07 Mbp) and compared it with the recently published genome of H. defensa (2.11 Mbp). Despite being sister species the two genomes are highly rearranged and the genomes only have ∼55% of genes in common. The functions encoded by the shared genes imply that the bacteria have similar metabolic capabilities, including only two essential amino acid biosynthetic pathways and active uptake mechanisms for the remaining eight, and similar capacities for host cell toxicity and invasion (type 3 secretion systems and RTX toxins). These observations, combined with high sequence divergence of orthologues, strongly suggest an ancient divergence after establishment of a symbiotic lifestyle. The divergence in gene sets and in genome architecture implies a history of rampant recombination and gene inactivation and the ongoing integration of mobile DNA (insertion sequence elements, prophage and plasmids).
Halophilic Archaea cultured from ancient halite, Death Valley, California
Authors: Schubert Brian A. , Lowenstein Tim K. , Timofeeff Michael N. , Parker Matthew A.
Published: October 2009

Halophilic Archaea cultured from ancient fluid inclusions in a 90‐m‐long (0‐ to 100 000‐year‐old) salt core from Death Valley, California, demonstrate survival of bacterial cells in subsurface halite for up to 34 000 years. Five enrichment cultures, representing three genera of halophilic Archaea (Halorubrum, Natronomonas and Haloterrigena), were obtained from five surface‐sterilized halite crystals exclusively in one section of the core (13.0–17.8 m; 22 000–34 000 years old) containing perennial saline lake deposits. Prokaryote cells were observed microscopically in situ within fluid inclusions from every layer that produced culturable cells. Another 876 crystals analysed from depths of 8.1–86.7 m (10 000–100 000 years old) failed to yield live halophilic Archaea. Considering the number of halite crystals tested (culturing success of 0.6%), microbial survival in fluid inclusions in halite is rare and related to the paleoenvironment, which controls the distribution and abundance of trapped microorganisms. Two cultures from two crystals at 17.8 m that yielded identical 16S rRNA sequences (genus: Haloterrigena) demonstrate intra‐laboratory reproducibility. Inter‐laboratory reproducibility is shown by two halophilic Archaea (genus: Natronomonas), with 99.3% similarity of 16S rRNA sequences, cultured from the same core interval, but at separate laboratories.
Inpatient treatment of diabetic patients in Asia: evidence from India, China, Thailand and Malaysia
Authors: Goldhaber‐Fiebert J. D. , Li H. , Ratanawijitrasin S. , Vidyasagar S. , Wang X. Y. , Aljunid S. , Shah N. , Wang Z. , Hirunrassamee S. , Bairy K. L. , Wang J. , Saperi S. , Nur A. M. , Eggleston K.
Published: October 2009

Diabet. Med. 27, 101–108 (2010)

Aims  The prevalence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) has grown rapidly, but little is known about the drivers of inpatient spending in low‐ and middle‐income countries. This study aims to compare the clinical presentation and expenditure on hospital admission for inpatients with a primary diagnosis of Type 2 DM in India, China, Thailand and Malaysia.

Methods  We analysed data on adult, Type 2 DM patients admitted between 2005 and 2008 to five tertiary hospitals in the four countries, reporting expenditures relative to income per capita in 2007.

Results  Hospital admission spending for diabetic inpatients with no complications ranged from 11 to 75% of per‐capita income. Spending for patients with complications ranged from 6% to over 300% more than spending for patients without complications treated at the same hospital. Glycated haemoglobin was significantly higher for the uninsured patients, compared with insured patients, in India (8.6 vs. 8.1%), Hangzhou, China (9.0 vs. 8.1%), and Shandong, China (10.9 vs. 9.9%). When the hospital admission expenditures of the insured and uninsured patients were statistically different in India and China, the uninsured always spent less than the insured patients.

Conclusions  With the rising prevalence of DM, households and health systems in these countries will face greater economic burdens. The returns to investment in preventing diabetic complications appear substantial. Countries with large out‐of‐pocket financing burdens such as India and China are associated with the widest gaps in resource use between insured and uninsured patients. This probably reflects both overuse by the insured and underuse by the uninsured.
Six Factors Fostering Protest: Predicting Participation in Locally Unwanted Land Uses Movements
Authors: Mannarini Terri , Roccato Michele , Fedi Angela , Rovere Alberto
Published: October 2009

In two studies we analyzed the predictors of participation in an Italian Lulu mobilization, rooted in the Susa Valley, a North‐Western Italian valley where a high speed railway (HSR) should be sited. Based on the data of qualitative Study 1, performed interviewing 12 anti‐HSR militants and 12 non anti‐HSR militants, we hypothesized that Klandermans' (1997) model on participation (centered on group identification, sense of injustice, and collective efficacy) is suitable to predict the Lulu mobilization we studied, and that three contextual variables (community involvement, the perception of the existence of a vast majority in the community favoring the mobilization, and place attachment) may be added to Klandermans' to predict such a mobilization. We formally tested such hypotheses in quantitative Study 2 (representative sample of the people living in the Susa Valley, N = 250). Results supported the role of Klandermans' (1997) variables and confirmed the influence exerted by our contextual variables, thus suggesting that an integration of the two models would be fruitful in the analysis of Lulu mobilizations. Limits and future developments of this research are discussed.
Information Distortion and Voting Choices: The Origins and Effects of Factual Beliefs in Initiative Elections
Authors: Wells Chris , Reedy Justin , Gastil John , Lee Carolyn
Published: October 2009

To account for voter decision making in initiative elections, we integrate theory and research on public opinion, misinformation, and motivated reasoning. Heuristic and motivated reasoning literatures suggest that voters' preexisting values interact with political sophistication such that politically knowledgeable voters develop systematically distorted empirical beliefs relevant to the initiatives on their ballots. These beliefs, in turn, can predict voting preferences even after controlling for underlying values, regardless of one's political sophistication. These hypotheses were tested using a 2003 voter survey conducted prior to a statewide initiative election that repealed a workplace safety regulation. Results showed that only those voters knowledgeable of key endorsements had initiative‐specific beliefs that lined up with their underlying antiregulation values. Also, voters' empirical beliefs had an effect on initiative support even after controlling for prior values, and political sophistication did not moderate this effect.
The CBL–CIPK Ca2+‐decoding signaling network: function and perspectives
Authors: Weinl Stefan , Kudla Jörg
Published: October 2009

Calcium serves as a versatile messenger in many adaptation and developmental processes in plants. Cellular calcium signals are detected and transmitted by calcium‐binding proteins functioning as sensor molecules. The family of calcineurin B‐like (CBL) proteins represents a unique group of calcium sensors and contributes to the decoding of calcium transients by interacting with and regulating the family of CBL‐interacting protein kinases (CIPKs). In higher plants, CBL proteins and CIPKs form a complex signaling network that allows for flexible but specific signal–response coupling during environmental adaptation reactions. This review presents novel findings concerning the evolution of this signaling network and key insights into the physiological function of CBL–CIPK complexes. These aspects will be presented and discussed in the context of emerging functional principles governing efficient and specific information processing in this signaling system.

Contents

Summary
517

I.
Introduction
517

II.
Comparative genomics of the CBL–CIPK signaling network
518

III.
Structural features and functional principles of CBLs and CIPKs
521

IV.
Functions and targets of CBL–CIPK complexes
523

V.
Conclusions and perspectives
525

Acknowledgements
526

References
526
The textural properties of soy paneer
Authors: JAIN SANJAY KUMAR , MHATRE SUJATA S
Published: October 2009

Toned dairy milk and soy milk were mixed in different proportions and coagulated at various temperatures to produce paneer blends, and their textural properties were evaluated. As the soy milk proportion in the blend increased from 0% to 50%, hardness, cohesiveness and chewiness of the samples decreased initially, but further increase in the blend from 50% to 100% cause these values to increase slightly. The proportion of soymilk in the prepared paneer had a significant effect on hardness, cohesiveness, adhesiveness, chewiness and yield, whereas the coagulation temperature affected cohesiveness and yield. The process parameters did not show any effect on the springiness.
Instant infusion pasteurisation of bovine milk. I. Effects on bacterial inactivation and physical–chemical properties
Authors: HOUGAARD ANNI B , HAMMERSHØJ MARIANNE , VESTERGAARD JANNIE S , POULSEN OLE , IPSEN RICHARD H
Published: October 2009

Two types of milk, skim milk and non‐standardised raw milk, were heat treated using direct heating by instant infusion pasteurisation with treatment temperatures in the range from 72°C to 120°C and with holding times of less than 1 second. Indirect heating by HTST pasteurisation (72°C for 15 seconds) was used for comparison. The inactivation of microorganisms reached at least the same level when using instant infusion pasteurisation compared to HTST pasteurisation. Changes in the physical‐chemical properties were observed in the skim milk fractions of instant infusion pasteurised non‐standardised milk, whereas for instant infusion pasteurised skim milk less influence from the treatments was observed.
Estimation of sugars in milk by HPLC and its application in detection of adulteration of milk with soymilk
Authors: SHARMA RAJAN , RAJPUT YUDHISHTHIR S , POONAM  , DOGRA GAURAV , TOMAR SUDHIR K
Published: October 2009

A high‐performance liquid chromatography method is described for the detection of adulteration of milk with soymilk, based on separation of sugars on NH2 column and their detection by refractive index detector. Sugars were extracted with 20% acetonitrile in the presence of Carrez solutions and quantified. Recovery of added raffinose to soymilk was 96.3%. Owing to relative high concentration of lactose in milk or adulterated milk, lactose peak was very broad and spread to retention time corresponding to sucrose and raffinose. However, stachyose peak remained well separated. Presence of stachyose peak in milk can be used for the detection of adulteration of milk with soymilk and the method can detect upto 5% soymilk in milk.
Probiotic buttermilk‐like fermented milk product development in a semiindustrial scale: Physicochemical, microbiological and sensory acceptability
Authors: ANTUNES ADRIANE E C , SILVA ÉRICA R A , VAN DENDER ARIENE G F , MARASCA ELZA T G , MORENO IZILDINHA , FARIA ELIETE V , PADULA MARISA , LERAYER ALDA L S
Published: October 2009

Probiotic buttermilk‐like fermented milk in different flavors in versions with sucrose and sucralose were processed in a pilot plant. The Mesophilic Aromatic Culture CHN‐22 and Bifidobacterium animalis Bb12 were the cultures employed for fermentation. Physicochemical composition, apparent viscosity, diacetyl content, viability of cultures during storage, and acceptance of product via sensorial analysis were assessment factors. The high viability of the probiotic culture was observed (average 8.08 log cfu/ml) during refrigerated storage (28 days) of buttermilk and good acceptance of the product via sensory test. However, the probiotic culture might have been responsible for the loss of diacetyl, a volatile compound that is a characteristic feature of the product.
Physicochemical characteristics and renneting properties of camels’ milk: A comparison with goats’, ewes’ and cows’ milks
Authors: BORNAZ SALWA , SAHLI ALI , ATTALAH AMIRA , ATTIA HAMADI
Published: October 2009

A great variability in physicochemical and microscopic characteristics of individual milk has been observed leading to the presence of differences in kinetics of the renneting reaction and in drainage ability. Furthermore, this study shows that casein concentration, total calcium content and mean diameter of casein micelles are the principal variables explaining the major part of the variation in the renneting properties. Finally, several relationships between coagulation characteristics, drainage ability and some compositional parameters of these kinds of milk were highlighted.
Building Trust? Conditional Cash Transfer Programmes and Social Capital*
Authors: Attanasio Orazio , Pellerano Luca , Reyes Sandra Polanía
Published: October 2009

In this paper, we propose a measure of social capital based on behaviour in a public goods game. We conducted a public goods game within 28 groups in two similar neighbourhoods in Cartagena, Colombia, one of which had been targeted for over two years by a conditional cash transfer programme that has an important social component. The level of cooperation we observe in the ‘treatment’ community is considerably higher than that in the ‘control’ community. The two neighbourhoods, however, although similar in many dimensions, turn out to be significantly different in other observable variables. The result we obtain in terms of cooperation, however, is robust to controls for these observable differences. We also compare our measure of social capital with other more traditional measures that have been used in the literature.
Would a Flat‐Rate Tax Stimulate Entrepreneurship in Germany? A Behavioural Microsimulation Analysis Allowing for Risk*
Authors: Fossen Frank M.
Published: October 2009

When potential income tax reforms are debated, the suspected impact on entrepreneurship is often used as an argument in favour of or against a certain policy. Quantitative ex‐ante evaluations of the effect of certain tax reform options on entrepreneurship are very rare, however. This paper estimates the ex‐ante effects of the German tax reform 2000 and of two hypothetical flat‐rate tax scenarios on entries into and exits out of self‐employment based on a structural microsimulation model with econometrically estimated transition rates under risk. The simulation results indicate that flatter tax systems do not encourage people to choose self‐employment, but rather discourage them from doing so. This is explained by the reduction of entrepreneurs' income risk through progressive taxation.
Abolishing the Tax‐Free Threshold in Australia: Simulating Alternative Reforms*
Authors: Creedy John , Hérault Nicolas , Kalb Guyonne
Published: October 2009

This paper examines the role of the tax‐free income tax threshold in a complex tax and transfer system consisting of a range of taxes and benefits, each with its own taper rates and thresholds. Considering a tax and benefit system with benefit taper rates whereby some benefits are received by income groups other than those at the bottom of the distribution, it is suggested that a tax‐free threshold is not a necessary requirement to achieve redistribution. Four alternative policy changes, each involving the elimination of the tax‐free threshold in Australia and designed to achieve approximate revenue neutrality, were examined using the Melbourne Institute Tax and Transfer Simulator. A range of implications were examined, including labour supply responses to tax changes and the effects of policy changes on inequality and social welfare. The results demonstrate that it is possible to eliminate the tax‐free threshold under approximate overall revenue and distribution neutrality, but that it is impossible to improve labour supply incentives at the same time. In order to achieve improved incentives, either revenue or distribution neutrality has to be sacrificed.
Protease‐activated receptors and prostaglandins in inflammatory lung disease
Authors: Peters Terence , Henry Peter J
Published: October 2009

Protease‐activated receptors (PARs) are a novel family of G protein‐coupled receptors. Signalling through PARs typically involves the cleavage of an extracellular region of the receptor by endogenous or exogenous proteases, which reveals a tethered ligand sequence capable of auto‐activating the receptor. A considerable body of evidence has emerged over the past 20 years supporting a prominent role for PARs in a variety of human physiological and pathophysiological processes, and thus substantial attention has been directed towards developing drug‐like molecules that activate or block PARs via non‐proteolytic pathways. PARs are widely expressed within the respiratory tract, and their activation appears to exert significant modulatory influences on the level of bronchomotor tone, as well as on the inflammatory processes associated with a range of respiratory tract disorders. Nevertheless, there is debate as to whether the principal response to PAR activation is an augmentation or attenuation of airways inflammation. In this context, an important action of PAR activators may be to promote the generation and release of prostanoids, such as prostglandin E2, which have well‐established anti‐inflammatory effects in the lung. In this review, we primarily focus on the relationship between PARs, prostaglandins and inflammatory processes in the lung, and highlight their potential role in selected respiratory tract disorders, including pulmonary fibrosis, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

This article is part of a themed issue on Mediators and Receptors in the Resolution of Inflammation. To view this issue visit http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121548564/issueyear?year=2009
Mediators and receptors in the resolution of inflammation: drug targeting opportunities
Authors: Stewart AG
Published: October 2009

The active resolution of inflammation is recognized as offering new opportunities to generate novel anti‐inflammatory agents. The emerging appreciation of the importance of active resolution in regulation of inflammation also creates an imperative to examine developing and existing agents for their potential to influence these pathways. This themed issue of the British Journal of Pharmacology contains papers that discuss the roles of annexin‐1, lipoxins and related lipid products of fish oils as well as other mechanisms involved in active resolution and their receptor targets.

This article is part of a themed issue on Mediators and Receptors in the Resolution of Inflammation. To view this issue visit http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121548564/issueyear?year=2009
HISTORY OF THE PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SOCIETY
Authors: Lamboit P.
Published: October 2009

The Photogrammetric Society was formed in 1952. The Council of the Society considered that the twentieth anniversary was a good point at which to record the events which led to its formation and the significant occasions and decisions which have taken place since 1952. Consequently, Paul Lamboit was invited to compile this History. He has placed the birth and development of the Society within the national and international photogrammetric context and his record of the deliberations which took place between 1947 and 1952 will be of particular interest to historians of our subject.

This account was first published in a limited edition in 1971. Sufficient interest has since been expressed to prompt a wider circulation through publication in the Photogrammetric Record.

The author served the Society continuously in several official capacities from 1953 to 1969 and he was elected to Honorary Membership in 1969.

La Photogrammetric Society a été fondée en 1952. Excellente occasion pour faire le point qu'un vingtiéme anniversaire, a estimé le Conseil de la Société; pour rappeler les circonstances de sa naissance, les étapes de sa croissance et les décisions importantes prises depuis 1952. Ce qu'on invita Paul Lamboit à faire. Son exposé resitue la naissance et le développement de la Société dans le contexte national et international de la photogrammétrie; la relation qu'il fait des décisions prises entre 1947 et 1952 intéressera particulièrement ceux qui s'occupent d'histoire de la photogrammétrie.

Ce rapport d'abord publié en édition limitée en 1971, a suscité un intérêt suffisant pour que l'on se presse en le publiant dans le Photogrammetric Record de le porter à la connaissance d'un plus large public.

L'auteur a exercé différentes fonctions de 1953 à 1969 dans l'appareil de la Société. Il a étéélu membre honoraire en 1969.

Zusummenfussung

1952 wurde die Britische Gesellschaft für Photogrammetrie gegründet. Der Rat der Gesellschaft erwog, dass der zwanzigste Jahrestag eine günstige Gelegenheit sei, um die Ereignisse, die zur Gründung der Gesellschaft führten sowie die bedeutenden Veranstaltungen, die stattfanden und die Entscheidungen, die getroffen wurden, darzustellen. Aus diesem Grunde wurde Paul Lamboit eingeladen, diesen historischen Rückblick zu schreiben. Er hat dabei die Gründung und die Entwicklung der Gesellschaft in den nationalen und internationalen photogrammetrischen Zusammenhang gestellt nd sein Bericht über die zwischen 1947 und 1972 erfolgten Beratungen wird für an unserer Sache interessierte Historiker sehr aufschlussreich sein.

Diese Zusammenstellung wurde erstmals in einer begrenzten Auflage im Jahre 1971 veröffentlicht. Genügend Interesse wurde inzwischen bekundet, um eine weitergehende Verteilung mit Hilfe des Photogrammetric Record zu veranlassen.

Der Autor diente der Gesellschaft kontinuierlich in verschiedenen Ämtern von 1953 bis 1969, wo er aum Ehrenmitglied gewählt wurde.
Consistent Ecological Selectivity through Time in Pacific Island Avian Extinctions
Authors: BOYER ALISON G.
Published: October 2009

Abstract:  Understanding the ecological mechanisms that lead to extinction is a central goal of conservation. Can understanding ancient avian extinctions help to predict extinction risk in modern birds? I used classification trees trained on both paleoecological and historical data from islands across the Pacific to determine the ecological traits associated with extinction risk. Intrinsic traits, including endemism, large body size, and certain feeding guilds, were tightly linked with avian extinction over the past 3500 years. Species ecology and phylogeny were better predictors of extinction risk through time than extrinsic or abiotic factors. Although human impacts on birds and their habitats have changed over time, modern endangered birds share many of the same ecological characteristics as victims of previous extinction waves. My use of detailed predictions of extinction risk to identify species potentially in need of conservation attention demonstrates the utility of paleoecological knowledge for modern conservation biology.
Influence of a Threatened‐Species Focus on Conservation Planning
Authors: DRUMMOND SIMON P. , WILSON KERRIE A. , MEIJAARD ERIK , WATTS MATTHEW , DENNIS RONA , CHRISTY LENNY , POSSINGHAM HUGH P.
Published: October 2009

Abstract: Conservation efforts at local, regional, and global scales often focus on threatened species despite recent calls to adopt more equitable and potentially more economically rational approaches. Critics contend that conservation planning centered only on threatened species fails to deliver cost‐efficient conservation outcomes. We explored how planning to preserve threatened mammal species would influence the efficiency and effectiveness of conservation investments in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. We found that the explicit protection of threatened species delivered cost‐efficient outcomes in this situation, afforded adequate protection to over 90% of those species not yet considered endangered, and contributed to the partial protection of the remainder. We used Marxan, a conservation planning tool, to determine the frequency that planning units are selected in efficient reserve systems and assessed the relative risk of deforestation of each planning unit. Our methods allowed us to identify areas of the region that require the most urgent conservation action.
Comparative Assessment of Coagulation Changes Induced by Two Different Types of Heart–Lung Machine
Authors: Rahe‐Meyer Niels , Solomon Cristina , Tokuno Marie‐Louise , Winterhalter Michael , Shrestha Malakh , Hahn Andreas , Tanaka Kenichi
Published: October 2009

The cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) used in heart surgery has a deleterious effect on hemostasis. The aim of our study was to assess by means of standard laboratory and point‐of‐care methods changes induced by CPB in coagulation parameters, particularly in platelet function, and to determine whether these changes differ depending on the type of heart–lung machine (HLM) used: minimal extracorporeal circulation system (MECC) and standard HLM. The study enrolled 88 patients scheduled for coronary artery bypass surgery performed on pump. Forty‐four interventions were performed with MECC and 44 with standard HLM. Blood was sampled preoperatively, after 30 min on CPB, after weaning from CPB, and 24 h postoperatively. Coagulation and platelet function were assessed using multiple electrode aggregometry (MEA), rotation thromboelastometry, as well as standard laboratory tests. Rotation thromboelastometry and standard laboratory reflected significantly impaired hemostasis after weaning from CPB but no significant differences between the two groups at different time points. Aggregation decreased significantly in both groups as early as 30 min after the institution of CPB (P < 0.05, Mann–Whitney U‐test) and recovered within the first 24 h postoperatively, without reaching the preoperative level. Intraoperatively, aggregometry values reflected a significantly more severe reduction of platelet function in standard HLM group than in the MECC group (P < 0.01, ProcMixed test). Our findings suggest that MEA and thromboelastometry reflect impairment of coagulation in cardiac surgery performed on different types of HLM and that platelet function is less affected by MECC than by standard HLM.
Development of a New Tissue‐Engineered Sheet for Reconstruction of the Stomach
Authors: Araki Masato , Tao Hiroyuki , Sato Toshihiko , Nakajima Naoki , Hyon Suong‐Hyu , Nagayasu Takeshi , Nakamura Tatsuo
Published: October 2009

We have developed tissue‐engineered digestive tracts composed of collagen scaffold and an inner silicon sheet and successfully used it to repair defects in parts of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. However, some improvements were demanded for clinical usage because the silicon sheet presented technical difficulties for suturing and endoscopic removal. New tissue‐engineered sheet (New‐sheet) was composed of a single‐piece and reinforced collagen scaffold with biodegradable copolymer. One beagle dog was used to evaluate whether New‐sheet could withstand suturing in comparison with native digestive tracts using a tensile tester. Seven beagle dogs had a 5‐cm circular defect created in the stomach. New‐sheet soaked with autologous peripheral blood or bone marrow aspirate was sutured to the gastric wall. Endoscopic, histological, and immunohistochemical assessment was performed to evaluate regeneration of the stomach up to 16 weeks. Tensile strength testing showed that the mucosal side of New‐sheet had strength almost equivalent to the mucosa of the esophagus (P = 0.61). Endoscopically, regeneration of the mucosa started from the circumference after 4 weeks, but a small linear ulcer was still evident at 16 weeks. The regenerated stomach shrank by 60–80% of its original size and histologically showed villous mucosa and underlying dense connective tissue. Immunohistochemically, the regenerated area expressed α‐smooth‐muscle actin but was negative for basic calponin, irrespective of the source of soaked blood. New‐sheet shows sufficient strength for suturing, no dehiscence, and better biocompatibility for clinical use, although further examination will be necessary to create a functional digestive tract.
Forward Osmosis Process for Dialysis Fluid Regeneration
Authors: Talaat Khaled Mohamed
Published: October 2009

In a preliminary experiment, 38% of the spent dialysis fluid water was reclaimed by a forward osmosis process through a cellulose triacetate membrane. The simplicity of forward osmosis and its minimal external energy requirements may allow the construction of a small bulk device that can reclaim a considerable portion of the water used in the patient's dialysis process. For developing an acceptable ambulatory dialysis system, decreasing the bulk of the fluid and equipment carried on the patient is essential. Forward osmosis may feasibly be used for dialysis fluid regeneration in ambulatory dialysis systems.