bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Internet Safety
Authors: De Kimpe Lies , Walrave Michel , Ponnet Koen , van Ouytsel Joris
Published: May 2019

This entry gives an overview of the different risks both minors and adults can encounter online. A distinction is made between aggression risks (e.g., cyberbullying, cyberstalking), sexual risks (e.g., online pornography, sexting), value‐related risks (e.g., pro‐anorexia sites), and commercial risks (e.g., phishing, gambling). For each risk, prevalence rates and potential effects on the physical and psychological well‐being of Internet users are discussed. Furthermore, this entry points out several stakeholders that may contribute to the prevention of online risk and harm.
Media Activism and Action‐Oriented Learning
Authors: Hug Theo
Published: May 2019

Neither media activism nor action‐oriented learning are precisely defined concepts nor are they considered as equally relevant in discourses on media literacy, learning, and education. This entry provides an overview of both key terms and their relationship to each other as well as an exploration of challenges for education. As media have changed across history, culture, and technologies, so have the concepts of media activism as well as action‐oriented learning and education. As to media activism, we find a broad spectrum of phenomena including graffiti, community media, visual activism, tactical media, and, more recently, media interventions questioning the workings of biopower. However, debates on action‐oriented learning have been going on for decades. This entry points out conflicting and compatible relations, and it shows that neither media activism nor action‐oriented learning are values per se. Related concepts and practices are relevant in sociocultural and discursive contexts and dependent on the characteristics of the actors, groups, and communities involved.
Media Competence
Authors: Tulodziecki Gerhard , Grafe Silke
Published: May 2019

Media competence is a key concept in the field of media literacy and media education. However, its two components—
media
and
competence
—can be interpreted differently, which has an impact on the theoretical concepts of media competence. The term can be used both in the sense of a general human capacity and a goal for media education activities. Against this background, and in the context of the critique of media competence as a key concept, conceptual clarifications are made. They can serve as a basis for the creation of liable concepts for stimulating and developing media competence. Thus, competence standard models can play an important role as guidelines for media education activities.
Media Diaries as Pedagogy
Authors: Berg Matthias
Published: May 2019

Media diaries are applied in media research and education, especially in the context of media use and appropriation. Thereby, ‘media diary’ is more of an umbrella term for a wide range of techniques of gathering information on media‐related activities than a clearly defined instrument. Diaries, however, are not very widely discussed in the methodological literature of media and communication research. This entry in a first step delivers a definition of media diaries as an empirical approach against the background of the diary's offspring as a literary form. In a second step, the relevance of the media diary as a tool in the field of media education and literacy research is discussed. In a third step, an overview of the various forms of media diaries used as a method in media and communication research is presented. Finally, suggestions for future developments and potentials of media diaries as pedagogy are offered.
Media Literacy among the Elderly
Authors: Alcalá Leopoldo Abad
Published: May 2019

Media literacy among older people is a priority in the current social environment of an aging population combined with the technological omnipresence of the media in all its diverse manifestations. The ability to access, analyze, create, and share various types of messages in different formats across these multiple media is fundamental for social participation and personal fulfilment of senior citizens. Media literacy is the key to these media empowerment processes being real and effective, allowing for an active and enjoyable old age.
Media Literacy and Smoking
Authors: Primack Brian A. , Woods Michelle S. , Kupersmidt Janis B. , Bier Melinda C. , Austin Erica W.
Published: May 2019

Tobacco use remains the leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality in the United States. Exposure to tobacco use in media such as films, television, advertising, and social media has powerful influences on actual tobacco use. Therefore media literacy education (MLE) may empower adolescents to make choices from a more informed perspective and reduce decisions based upon attractive but unrealistic or misleading media portrayals. Multiple quasi‐experimental and randomized studies demonstrate the feasibility, acceptability, and initial efficacy of MLE in reducing tobacco use among youth. Future directions for media literacy and tobacco use interventions will require conducting longer‐term follow‐up studies that examine behavior change in randomized controlled trials, continue to examine mediating variables, determine the most effective format for program delivery, and adapt to a changing landscape of tobacco use that involves alternative products such as E‐cigarette use and waterpipe tobacco smoking.
Media Literacy, Terrorism, and Fear
Authors: Comer Jonathan S.
Published: May 2019

Terrorism affects millions of individuals worldwide. Those directly exposed show considerably elevated rates of anxiety, fear, and diagnosable mental disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depression. In addition, in the aftermath of terrorism vast numbers of individuals outside proximal danger are simultaneously exposed to vivid and gruesome images and to powerful projections of threat, uncertainty, and danger through media‐based exposure. Research is increasingly identifying how extended media‐based contact with terrorism is associated with negative mental health outcomes. Internet‐based contact with terrorism may be particularly concerning, as the content that is broadcast across social media outlets is not regulated by the same standards, sensitivities, and ethics as those of traditional print and television journalism. Research finds that the promoting of media literacy and news literacy can mitigate some of the negative effects of media‐based terrorism exposure. Without trivializing any actual risks, individuals can learn to appreciate the precise probability (as opposed to possibility) of their being directly affected by terrorism, to recognize the dramatic nature of such news pieces, and to consider positive and hopeful aspects of the world that are not addressed in the news.
Media Literacy in
G
ermany
Authors: Tulodziecki Gerhard , Grafe Silke
Published: May 2019

German approaches to media literacy education are concerned with ways of using the variety of media in a meaningful way for learning and teaching and with the educational tasks that result from an extensive use of media. Considering these questions, the development and the current situation of approaches to media literacy education in Germany are described and discussed in the entry with a focus on media literacy education in schools.
Media Literacy in
P
oland
Authors: Ptaszek Grzegorz , Lysik Marta
Published: May 2019

The development of media literacy in Poland is closely related to the sociopolitical changes taking place in this country. During the communist regime, the activities related to media literacy were limited to the educational role of television and treatment of media as tools for optimizing knowledge in the teaching process. With the fall of communism in 1989 and the ensuing reforms of the state, different milieus (academics, teachers, social activists, government officials) began increasingly to perceive the need for media literacy, but the lack of appropriate legal regulations prevented the creation of a coherent policy. Only after Poland's accession to the EU and financial support, media literacy gained momentum and took the form of cross‐sectoral activity.
Media Literacy in
S
outh
K
orea
Authors: Yoon Jiwon , Jeong Hyeon‐Seon , Kim Amie
Published: May 2019

The widespread development of media literacy education in South Korea demonstrates the collaborative efforts of diverse groups that range from nonprofit organizations, government‐run agencies, school‐based educators, media producers, religious leaders, activists, and scholars to the general public. Such proliferation of media literacy projects also demonstrates the ways in which a variety of government agencies—through working with scholars in a timely manner—can support media literacy via school curricula and other resources.
Parental Mediation
Authors: Sasson Hagit , Mesch Gustavo S.
Published: May 2019

The theory of parental mediation refers to the role of variations in the types of parent–child interactions about media use and consumption. It differentiates among three broad strategies: active mediation, which refers to talking to children about the content of media; restrictive mediation, which involves rule setting and enforcing limitations on time and content; and co‐viewing or co‐using mediation, which refers to the act of watching or using the medium together with the child without discussing the content or its effects. Over the years, scholars have explored the benefits of different types of parental mediation of media regarding the outcomes for their children, and the results were mixed. Yet the evidence emerging from many studies supports the effectiveness of parental mediation activities in reducing the dangers that media consumption poses for children and adolescents.
Participatory Action Research
Authors: Machin‐Mastromatteo Juan D. , Tarango Javier
Published: May 2019

This entry provides an introduction to participatory action research as a research methodology that consists in the implementation of actions by a researcher to study the practices, habits, activities, or behaviors of participants and support them in achieving a state of improvement through their reflection and active engagement. It discusses its characteristics, epistemology and ontology, components, advantages, difficulties, and common criticisms. It also describes the relationship and basic insights that are necessary to apply such a participatory methodology to educational contexts as well as to develop media literacy initiatives.
Participatory Politics and the Civic Dimensions of Media Literacy
Authors: Hodgin Erica
Published: May 2019

While the civic dimensions of media literacy have always existed, expanded opportunities for civic media literacy education are needed for youths to successfully navigate civic and political participation in the digital age. The prevalence of youth engagement in participatory politics, the degree to which diverse groups of youths are taking advantage of these practices, and the potential of participatory politics to help youths further their civic and political goals compels the field to increase its attention toward the democratic purposes of media literacy. In particular, there are three civic dimensions of media literacy education that are of key importance in relation to the increasingly participatory era and the implications that has for civic and political life: (i) judging the credibility of civic and political information; (ii) producing and circulating civic and political media; and (iii) taking civic action that bridges voice to influence.
Press Freedom for Student Journalists
Authors: Fromm Megan
Published: May 2019

Student press rights in the United States originate from the protections of the First Amendment and subsequent case law. Student journalists must typically abide by the same laws that regulate professional media; but they are also at times subject to undue censorship from school administrators. Educational institutions must balance the educational mission of the school with students' growing democratic and civic rights.
Reflection
Authors: Bruce David L.
Published: May 2019

This entry provides an overview of reflection, which entails the affective and cognitive processes of learning and making meaning from experiences. The literature reviewed positions reflection within educational studies and briefly attends to synonymous terms, in particular metacognition. Reflection is also contextualized within the fields of composition studies and media literacy. In particular, this entry examines the role of reflection in the reading of and composing with media. The entry provides a reflective heuristic, which can be used to promote reflection with students' media compositions.
Student Press
Authors: Fromm Megan
Published: May 2019

“Student press” refers both to the multitude of platforms used to publish journalistic content in schools and to the collective of students who participate in news gathering at all levels of education. Students allowed to participate in student press engage in the same critical practices as students of media literacy and develop a keen awareness of how to evaluate news media in their everyday lives. Student press teams use established best practices of professional media and their status as digital natives to create innovative and meaningful journalistic products for their community.
Media Literacy inPortugal
Authors: Tomé Vitor , De Abreu Belinha S.
Published: May 2019

The road to media education in Portugal's public education system has been mixed with the New School movement and contemporary educational models. Embedded in these models were several initiatives proposed by the Ministry of Education in order to make young people aware of the role and value of the media. However, the lack of a national curriculum has created roadblocks to the growth of media education and its even distribution across the country. This is exacerbated by the way in which the education curriculum functions in Portugal. Various movements designed to push education in schools have bred shifts and changes, which have made the solidifying of a media literacy curriculum difficult. Despite these obstacles, media education has been able to gain some traction through the support of various government programs, higher education initiatives, and other research that is currently under development, thus providing hope that this subject will find a foothold in the curriculum.
Pediatricians could help SUD workforce by using SBIRT
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: May 2019

Most studies on the use of screening, brief intervention and referral to treatment (SBIRT), a primary care model for screening and prevention of substance use, in adolescents have looked only at outcomes related to substance use. But SBIRT can also affect use of medical services, as well as comorbidities. Researchers found that SBIRT does reduce psychiatry visits, mental health diagnoses and chronic conditions at one and three years following the intervention. Ultimately, providing SBIRT in primary care may reduce utilization in other areas of health care later on, researchers write in the May issue of Pediatrics.
Manipulation of Conductive Domain Walls in Confined Ferroelectric Nanoislands
Authors: Tian Guo , Yang Wenda , Song Xiao , Zheng Dongfeng , Zhang Luyong , Chen Chao , Li Peilian , Fan Hua , Yao Junxiang , Chen Deyang , Fan Zhen , Hou Zhipeng , Zhang Zhang , Wu Sujuan , Zeng Min , Gao Xingsen , Liu Jun‐Ming
Published: May 2019

Conductive ferroelectric domain walls—ultranarrow configurable conduction paths—have been considered as essential building blocks for future programmable domain wall electronics. For applications in high‐density devices, it is imperative to explore the conductive domain walls in small confined systems, while earlier investigations have hitherto focused on thin films or bulk single. Here, an observation and manipulation of conductive domain walls confined within small BiFeO3 nanoislands aligned in high‐density arrays are demonstrated. Using conductive atomic force microscopy, various types of conductive domain walls, including the head‐to‐head charged domain walls (CDWs), zigzag domain walls, and typical 71° head‐to‐tail neutral domain walls (NDWs), are distinctly visualized. The CDWs exhibit remarkably enhanced metallic conductivity with current of ≈nA order in magnitude and 104 times larger than that inside domains (0.01–0.1 pA), while the semiconducting NDWs allow much smaller current (≈10 pA) than the CDWs. The substantial difference in conductivity for dissimilar walls enables manipulations of various wall conduction states for individual addressable nanoislands via electrical tuning of domain structures. A controllable writing of four distinctive states in individual nanoislands can be achieved, showing application potentials for developing multilevel high‐density memories.
Deterministic Switching of Ferroelectric Bubble Nanodomains
Authors: Zhang Qi , Prokhorenko Sergei , Nahas Yousra , Xie Lin , Bellaiche Laurent , Gruverman Alexei , Valanoor Nagarajan
Published: May 2019

Here, the deterministic and reversible transformation of nanoscale ferroelectric bubbles into cylindrical domains using a scanning probe microscopy (SPM) approach is demonstrated. The bubble domains—sub‐10 nm spheroid topological structures with rotational polarization—can be erased by applying a mechanical force via the SPM tip. Application of an electrical pulse with a specific combination of amplitude and duration can recreate the bubble domain state. This combination of mechanical and electrical passes is essential for realization of reversible transformation as application of only electrical pulses results in complete erasure of the bubble domain state. Effective Hamiltonian‐based simulations reproduce phase sequences for both the mechanical and electric passes and confirm the intrinsic nature of these transitions. This simple and effective pathway for switching between various topological defect states may be exploited for emergent devices.
Photosensitive Hydrogel Creates Favorable Biologic Niches to Promote Spinal Cord Injury Repair
Authors: Cai Zhengwei , Gan Yibo , Bao Chunyan , Wu Wanjiang , Wang Xuebin , Zhang Zetong , Zhou Qiang , Lin Qiuning , Yang Yi , Zhu Linyong
Published: May 2019

Photochemistry is considered to be a promising strategy for hydrogels to mimic the complex and dynamic properties of natural extracellular matrix. However, it is seldom applied in 3D tissue engineering and regenerative medicine due to the attenuation of light. In this study, phenyl azide photchemistry and optical fiber technology are first used to localize adhesive protein on the inner surface of the nerve guidance conduit in a 3D hydrogel scaffold. In vitro coculture assay of neural stem cells (NSCs) shows that photoimmobilization of collagen significantly improves the adhesion and survival of NSCs in the conduit, and exhibits synergistic effect with the sustainable release of growth factor. After implantation in transected spinal cord, the optimized hydrogel scaffold is found to improve the locomotion recovery of rats 12 weeks after spinal cord injury (SCI). Histological analysis suggests that the designed hydrogel scaffold provides a favorable biological niche for neuronal regeneration, thus producing directional neuron tissue and promoting the repair of SCI. This study demonstrates a promising hydrogel scaffold for SCI repair and provides the first understanding of the photoimmobilization of adhesive protein in a 3D hydrogel conduit concerning its functions on spinal cord tissue restoration.
Conical Hollow Microhelices with Superior Swimming Capabilities for Targeted Cargo Delivery
Authors: Xin Chen , Yang Liang , Li Jiawen , Hu Yanlei , Qian Dongdong , Fan Shengying , Hu Kai , Cai Ze , Wu Hao , Wang Dawei , Wu Dong , Chu Jiaru
Published: May 2019

Inspired by flagellate microorganisms in nature, the microhelix is considered as an ideal model for transportation in fluid environment with low Reynolds number. However, how to promote the swimming and loading capabilities of microhelices with controllable geometries remains challenging. In this study, a novel kind of conical hollow microhelices is proposed and a method is developed to rapidly fabricate these microhelices with controllable parameters by femtosecond vortex beams generated from spatial light modulation along helical scanning. Conical hollow microhelices with designable heights (H = 45–75 µm), diameters (D = 6–18 µm), pitch numbers (Pi = 2–4), taper angles (T = 0.1–0.6 rad), and pitch periods (ΔP = 10–30 µm) are efficiently fabricated. In addition, compared with straight microhelices, the forward swimming capability of conical microhelices increases by 50% and the lateral drift of the conical hollow microhelices is reduced by 70%. Finally, the capabilities of these conical hollow microhelices for nanocargo loading and release by the inner hollow core, as well as transportation of neural stem cells by the outer surface are demonstrated. This work provides new insights into faster and simultaneous transportation of multicargoes for hybrid drug delivery, targeted therapy, and noninvasive surgery in vivo.
3D Pixel Mechanical Metamaterials
Authors: Pan Fei , Li Yilun , Li Zhaoyu , Yang Jialing , Liu Bin , Chen Yuli
Published: May 2019

Metamaterials have unprecedented properties that facilitate the development of advanced devices and machines. However, their interconnected building structures limit their applications, especially in the fields that require large deformation, rich programmability and efficient shape‐reconfigurability. To break this limit and exploit more potentialities of metamaterials, an innovative material design strategy is proposed, named mechanical pixel (MP) array design. Similar to a screen that displays images by adjusting the colors of pixels, the metamaterials can form and reconfigure 3D morphologies by tuning the heights (lengths) of the MPs in the array. The strategy is demonstrated in a multistable metamaterial by experimental tests, theoretical analysis, and numerical simulations. Using this strategy, a large macroscopic shear deformation is obtained, and remarkable enhancements in the mechanical programmability, shape‐reconfigurability and adaptability, and reusable shock‐resistance are exhibited. Moreover, mechanical design and property prediction for the metamaterials are both greatly simplified due to the pixelated design. For a piece of the 3D pixel metamaterial with m n‐unit MPs, the number of programmable displacement–force curves increases from n+1 to 2m∙n+1, and the number of stable morphologies grows from n+1 to at least (n+1)m. This strategy can be used to enhance the merits and further excavate the potential of versatile metamaterials.
Room‐Temperature NO2 Gas Sensing with Ultra‐Sensitivity Activated by Ultraviolet Light Based on SnO2 Monolayer Array Film
Authors: Liu Bo , Luo Yuanyuan , Li Ke , Wang Hong , Gao Lei , Duan Guotao
Published: May 2019

Chemiresistive‐type gas sensors, which are driven by the thermal activation, have exhibited extraordinary promise for the detection of air pollutions, such as highly toxic gas of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), but are often limited to its high operating temperature, because of the raising explosive risk in inflammable gases. This study reports the construction of a close‐packed SnO2 monolayer film, and uses it as the NO2 room‐temperature sensing layer induced by ultraviolet (UV)‐light irradiation. Such SnO2 monolayer array film shows excellent sensing performances toward NO2 gas with a striking selectivity under the UV‐light irradiation even in high humidity. Additionally, by precisely controlling the sensing film thickness, it is observed that the NO2 sensing characteristics can be optimized to provide ultra‐selectivity and high gas response. Through the systematic analysis, it reveals that the “clean effect” of UV‐light for surface‐adsorbed O2b−
ions and the competitive adsorption between NO2 and O2 gas during sensing process are responsible for the possible sensing mechanism. More importantly, this work exhibits the intrinsic relation between sensing performances and the film thickness under the UV‐light illumination, which is of vital importance to actual sensing requirements.
Tris‐Stabilized MoS2 Nanosheets with Robust Dispersibility and Facile Surface Functionalization
Authors: Guan Guijian , You Mingliang , Liu Xuan , Wu Yun‐Long , Ye Enyi , Li Zibiao
Published: May 2019

Here, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (i.e., Tris) is reported to be an effective protecting agent to stabilize 2D nanomaterials in water for various enhanced applications. As demonstrated, molybdenum sulfide (MoS2) nanosheets are first exfoliated from MoS2 bulk under a low‐energy sonication in the assistance of protein bovine serum albumin (BSA), and then BSA molecules are replaced with Tris to stabilize the exfoliated MoS2 nanosheets. The Tris‐stabilized MoS2 nanosheets have a robust dispersibility to resist long‐term storage (e.g., 2.5 years), high temperature (e.g., 220 °C), and high speed centrifugation (e.g., 12 000 rpm). Furthermore, they also exhibit high biocompatibility and promising photothermal effect, which provide a better performance in photothermal therapy for inhibiting the growth of tumor. In addition, the surface Tris molecules readily introduce the grafting of polydopamine on MoS2 nanosheets to form a universal platform for coating of other functional polymers on nanosheets. Overall, this work not only brings more opportunities to exploit the outstanding applications of 2D nanomaterials, but also suggests a new and effective route to prepare the composite of nanosheets and functional polymers for their synergistic properties.
A Theoretical Study of Broadband Nearly Perfect Metasurface Absorber Based on Nanoarray of Titanium Nitride
Authors: Piao Rui‐Qi , Xu Qing , Wong Wing‐Han , Pun Edwin Yue‐Bun , Zhang De‐Long
Published: May 2019

A metasurface perfect absorber working in whole visible regime is proposed on the basis of a sandwiched three‐layer structure formed by titanium nitride (TiN) nanoarray, antireflective MgF2 dielectric film, and TiN bottom layer. Each structural unit of the TiN array consists of a nanodisk and four symmetrically wrapped nanotriangles. The triangles play a role in increasing the absorption in the long wavelength region. The performance of the absorber was simulated as a function of its geometric parameters and the angle of incident beam as well. The results are discussed in terms of localized surface plasmonic resonance mechanism and dispersion effect of TiN, and the absorption features are qualitatively explained on the basis of electric field and power flow distributions. Optimal geometric parameters are presented. With the optimal parameters, the absorber would realize an averaged absorption of 98.3% over the entire visible region from 350 to 800 nm, with a peaking absorption 99.9% at 720 nm and a band of 482–780 nm having an absorption >99%. In addition, the absorber also shows polarization insensitivity and good angular acceptance capability of incident beam. The unique and compact structure has great potential application in fields of (thermo‐)photovoltaics, light trapping, and cloaking.
Roles of Localized Electronic Structures Caused by π Degeneracy Due to Highly Symmetric Heavy Atom‐Free Conjugated Molecular Crystals Leading to Efficient Persistent Room‐Temperature Phosphorescence
Authors: Hirata Shuzo
Published: May 2019

Conjugated molecular crystals with persistent room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP) are promising materials for sensing, security, and bioimaging applications. However, the electronic structures that lead to efficient persistent RTP are still unclear. Here, the electronic structures of tetraphenylmethane (C(C6H5)4), tetraphenylsilane (Si(C6H5)4), and tetraphenylgermane (Ge(C6H5)4) showing blue‐green persistent RTP under ambient conditions are investigated. The persistent RTP of the crystals originates from minimization of triplet exciton quenching at room temperature not suppression of molecular vibrations. Localization of the highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs) of the steric and highly symmetric conjugated crystal structures decreases the overlap of intermolecular HOMOs, minimizing triplet exciton migration, which accelerates defect quenching of triplet excitons. The localization of the HOMOs over the highly symmetric conjugated structures also induces moderate charge‐transfer characteristics between high‐order singlet excited states (Sm) and the ground state (S0). The combination of the moderate charge‐transfer characteristics of the Sm–S0 transition and local‐excited state characteristics between the lowest excited triplet state and S0 accelerates the phosphorescence rate independent of the vibration‐based nonradiative decay rate from the triplet state at room temperature. Thus, the decrease of triplet quenching and increase of phosphorescence rate caused by the HOMO localization contribute to the efficient persistent RTP of Ge(C6H5)4 crystals.
Bringing Conducting Polymers to High Order: Toward Conductivities beyond 105 S cm−1 and Thermoelectric Power Factors of 2 mW m−1 K−2
Authors: Vijayakumar Vishnu , Zhong Yuhan , Untilova Viktoriia , Bahri Mounib , Herrmann Laurent , Biniek Laure , Leclerc Nicolas , Brinkmann Martin
Published: May 2019

Here, an effective design strategy of polymer thermoelectric materials based on structural control in doped polymer semiconductors is presented. The strategy is illustrated for two archetypical polythiophenes, e.g., poly(2,5‐bis(3‐dodecyl‐2‐thienyl)thieno[3,2‐b]thiophene) (C12‐PBTTT) and regioregular poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT). FeCl3 doping of aligned films results in charge conductivities up to 2 × 105 S cm−1 and metallic‐like thermopowers similar to iodine‐doped polyacetylene. The films are almost optically transparent and show strongly polarized near‐infrared polaronic bands (dichroic ratio >10). The comparative study of structure–property correlations in P3HT and C12‐PBTTT identifies three conditions to obtain conductivities beyond 105 S cm−1: i) achieve high in‐plane orientation of conjugated polymers with high persistence length; ii) ensure uniform chain oxidation of the polymer backbones by regular intercalation of dopant molecules in the polymer structure without disrupting alignment of π‐stacked layers; and iii) maintain a percolating nanomorphology along the chain direction. The highly anisotropic conducting polymer films are ideal model systems to investigate the correlations between thermopower S and charge conductivity σ. A scaling law S ∝ σ−1/4 prevails along the chain direction, but a different S ∝ −ln(σ) relation is observed perpendicular to the chains, suggesting different charge transport mechanisms. The simultaneous increase of charge conductivity and thermopower along the chain direction results in a substantial improvement of thermoelectric power factors up to 2 mW m−1 K−2 in C12‐PBTTT.
Hierarchical NiCo2S4@NiO Core–Shell Heterostructures as Catalytic Cathode for Long‐Life Li‐O2 Batteries
Authors: Wang Peng , Li Caixia , Dong Shihua , Ge Xiaoli , Zhang Peng , Miao Xianguang , Wang Rutao , Zhang Zhiwei , Yin Longwei
Published: May 2019

The critical challenges of Li‐O2 batteries lie in sluggish oxygen redox kinetics and undesirable parasitic reactions during the oxygen reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reaction processes, inducing large overpotential and inferior cycle stability. Herein, an elaborately designed 3D hierarchical heterostructure comprising NiCo2S4@NiO core–shell arrays on conductive carbon paper is first reported as a freestanding cathode for Li‐O2 batteries. The unique hierarchical array structures can build up multidimensional channels for oxygen diffusion and electrolyte impregnation. A built‐in interfacial potential between NiCo2S4 and NiO can drastically enhance interfacial charge transfer kinetics. According to density functional theory calculations, intrinsic LiO2‐affinity characteristics of NiCo2S4 and NiO play an importantly synergistic role in promoting the formation of large peasecod‐like Li2O2, conducive to construct a low‐impedance Li2O2/cathode contact interface. As expected, Li‐O2 cells based on NiCo2S4@NiO electrode exhibit an improved overpotential of 0.88 V, a high discharge capacity of 10 050 mAh g−1 at 200 mA g−1, an excellent rate capability of 6150 mAh g−1 at 1.0 A g−1, and a long‐term cycle stability under a restricted capacity of 1000 mAh g−1 at 200 mA g−1. Notably, the reported strategy about heterostructure accouplement may pave a new avenue for the effective electrocatalyst design for Li‐O2 batteries.
A Simple Synthetic Strategy toward Defect‐Rich Porous Monolayer NiFe‐Layered Double Hydroxide Nanosheets for Efficient Electrocatalytic Water Oxidation
Authors: Zhang Xin , Zhao Yufei , Zhao Yunxuan , Shi Run , Waterhouse Geoffrey I. N. , Zhang Tierui
Published: May 2019

In this work, porous monolayer nickel‐iron layered double hydroxide (PM‐LDH) nanosheets with a lateral size of ≈30 nm and a thickness of ≈0.8 nm are successfully synthesized by a facile one‐step strategy. Briefly, an aqueous solution containing Ni2+ and Fe3+ is added dropwise to an aqueous formamide solution at 80 °C and pH 10, with the PM‐LDH product formed within only 10 min. This fast synthetic strategy introduces an abundance of pores in the monolayer NiFe‐LDH nanosheets, resulting in PM‐LDH containing high concentration of oxygen and cation vacancies, as is confirmed by extended X‐ray absorption fine structure and electron spin resonance measurements. The oxygen and cation vacancies in PM‐LDH act synergistically to increase the electropositivity of the LDH nanosheets, while also enhancing H2O adsorption and bonding strength of the OH* intermediate formed during water electrooxidation, endowing PM‐LDH with outstanding performance for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). PM‐LDH offers a very low overpotential (230 mV) for OER at a current density of 10 mA cm−2, with a Tafel slope of only 47 mV dec−1, representing one of the best OER performance yet reported for a NiFe‐LDH system. The results encourage the wider utilization of porous monolayer LDH nanosheets in electrocatalysis, catalysis, and solar cells.
Enhancing Catalytic Activity of Titanium Oxide in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries by Band Engineering
Authors: Wang Yuankun , Zhang Ruifang , Chen Jie , Wu Hu , Lu Shiyao , Wang Ke , Li Huanglong , Harris Christopher J. , Xi Kai , Kumar Ramachandran Vasant , Ding Shujiang
Published: May 2019

The altering of electronic states of metal oxides offers a promising opportunity to realize high‐efficiency surface catalysis, which play a key role in regulating polysulfides (PS) redox in lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. However, little effort has been devoted to understanding the relationship between the electronic state of metal oxides and a catalyst's properties in Li–S cells. Herein, defect‐rich heterojunction electrocatalysts composed of ultrathin TiO2‐x nanosheets and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for Li–S batteries are reported. Theoretical simulations indicate that oxygen vacancies and heterojunction can enhance electronic conductivity and chemical adsorption. Spectroscopy and electrochemical techniques further indicate that the rich surface vacancies in TiO2‐x nanosheets result in highly activated trapping sites for LiPS and lower energy barriers for fast Li ion mobility. Meanwhile, the redistribution of electrons at the heterojunction interfaces realizes accelerated surface electron exchange. Coupled with a polyacrylate terpolymer (LA132) binder, the CNT@TiO2‐x–S electrodes exhibit a long cycle life of more than 300 cycles at 1 C and a high area capacity of 5.4 mAh cm−2. This work offers a new perspective on understanding catalyst design in energy storage devices through band engineering.
Imaging and bone marrow assessments improve minimal residual disease prediction in multiple myeloma
Authors: Alonso Rafael , Cedena María Teresa , Gómez‐Grande Adolfo , Ríos Rafael , Moraleda José María , Cabañas Valentín , Moreno María José , López‐Jiménez Javier , Martín Fernando , Sanz Alejandro , Valeri Antonio , Jiménez Ana , Sánchez Ricardo , Lahuerta Juan José , Martínez‐López Joaquín
Published: May 2019

The value of minimal residual disease (MRD) status by bone marrow and imaging analysis as independent prognostic factors has been well established in multiple myeloma (MM). Nevertheless data about their potential complementarity for a more accurate assessment are limited. With this aim, we retrospectively analyzed the prediction of outcome with the combination of PET‐CT and MRD, assessed by multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC) in 103 patients with newly diagnosed MM. We confirmed the benefit in terms of progression‐free survival (PFS), linked to the achievement of negativity by MFC (hazard ratio [HR] 0.53; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.28‐0.98), and PET‐CT (HR 0.18; 95% CI: 0.09‐0.36) individually. By combining both techniques, patients who became MRD‐/PET‐, with a median of PFS 92 months, had significant prolonged median PFS (P < .001). This is compared with MRD+/PET‐ and PET+ patients (median PFS of 45 and 28 months, respectively). We observed a significant difference (P = .003) in overall survival (OS) outcomes between MRD‐/PET‐ and MRD+/PET‐ patients (4‐year OS 94.2% and 100%, respectively), vs PET+ patients (4‐year OS 73.8%). All survival results were confirmed in a conditional landmark analysis. These findings support the potential complementarity between PET‐CT and MFC, and highlight their better predictive capability when improving sensitivity.
Updating the neurodevelopmental profile of Alazami syndrome: Illustrating the role of developmental assessment in rare genetic disorders
Authors: Wojcik Monica H. , Linnea Kate , Stoler Joan M. , Rappaport Leonard
Published: May 2019

Alazami syndrome, caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in LARP7, is a recently‐described rare genetic disorder, with 17 patients currently reported in the literature. We present a case of a male infant referred for genetics evaluation at 5 months of age, found at 17 months of age to have Alazami syndrome. He was promptly referred for developmental evaluation, where he was found to be higher functioning than prior reports of individuals with this condition. This demonstrates the neurodevelopmental phenotypic variability seen in rare genetic disorders; it also demonstrates the important role of developmental programs to measure and track outcomes and provide support for infants with genetic disorders that put them at risk of developmental disabilities.
Transient N‐glycosylation abnormalities likely due to a de novo loss‐of‐function mutation in the delta subunit of coat protein I
Authors: Reunert Janine , Rust Stephan , Grüneberg Marianne , Seelhöfer Anja , Kurz Daniel , Ocker Volker , Weber Dorothea , Fingerhut Ralph , Marquardt Thorsten
Published: May 2019

Accurate glycosylation of proteins is essential for their function and their intracellular transport. Numerous diseases have been described, where either glycosylation or intracellular transport of proteins is impaired. Coat protein I (COPI) is involved in anterograde and retrograde transport of proteins between endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi, where glycosylation takes place, but no association of defective COPI proteins and glycosylation defects has been described so far. We identified a patient whose phenotype at a first glance was reminiscent of PGM1 deficiency, a disease that also affects N‐glycosylation of proteins. More detailed analyses revealed a different disease with a glycosylation deficiency that was only detectable during episodes of acute illness of the patient. Trio‐exome analysis revealed a de novo loss‐of‐function mutation in ARCN1, coding for the delta‐COP subunit of COPI. We hypothesize that the capacity of flow through Golgi is reduced by this defect and at high protein synthesis rates, this bottleneck also manifests as transient glycosylation deficiency.
Halogen Bonding Helicates Encompassing Iodonium Cations
Authors: Vanderkooy Alan , Gupta Arvind Kumar , Földes Tamás , Lindblad Sofia , Orthaber Andreas , Pápai Imre , Erdélyi Máté
Published: May 2019

The first halonium‐ion‐based helices were designed and synthesized using oligo‐aryl/pyridylene‐ethynylene backbones that fold around reactive iodonium ions. Halogen bonding interactions stabilize the iodonium ions within the helices. Remarkably, the distance between two iodonium ions within a helix is shorter than the sum of their van der Waals radii. The helical conformations were characterized by X‐ray crystallography in the solid state, by NMR spectroscopy in solution and corroborated by DFT calculations. The helical complexes possess potential synthetic utility, as demonstrated by their ability to induce iodocyclization of 4‐penten‐1‐ol.
Visible‐Light‐Enabled Ruthenium‐Catalyzed meta‐C−H Alkylation at Room Temperature
Authors: Gandeepan Parthasarathy , Koeller Julian , Korvorapun Korkit , Mohr Jens , Ackermann Lutz
Published: May 2019

Visible‐light‐induced ruthenium catalysis has enabled remote C−H alkylations with excellent levels of position control under exceedingly mild conditions at room temperature. The metallaphotocatalysis occurred under exogenous‐photosensitizer‐free conditions and features an ample substrate scope. The robust nature of the photo‐induced mild meta‐C−H functionalization is reflected by the broad functional group tolerance, and the reaction can be carried out in an operationally simple manner, setting the stage for challenging secondary and tertiary meta‐C−H alkylations by ruthenaphotoredox catalysis.
Enantioselective Synthesis of 2‐Oxindole Spirofused Lactones and Lactams by Heck/Carbonylative Cylization Sequences: Method Development and Applications
Authors: Hu Huaanzi , Teng Fan , Liu Jian , Hu Weiming , Luo Shuang , Zhu Qiang
Published: May 2019

An efficient one‐pot assembly of all‐carbon spiro‐oxindole compounds from non‐oxindole‐based materials has been developed through a palladium‐catalyzed asymmetric Heck/carbonylative lactonization and lactamization sequence. Diversified spirooxindole γ‐and δ‐lactones/lactams were accessed in high yields with good to excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99 % ee) under mild reaction conditions. The natural product coixspirolactam A was conveniently synthesized by applying the current methodology, and thus its absolute configuration was elucidated for the first time. Asymmetric synthesis of an effective CRTH2 receptor antagonist has also been demonstrated utilizing this method in the key step.
Thermally stable cellular poly(vinylidene) ferroelectrets: Optimization of CO2 driven inflation process
Authors: Jahan Nusrat , Mighri Frej , Rodrigue Denis , Ajji Abdellah
Published: May 2019

Electrically charged cellular ferroelectrets can show excellent thermally stable piezoelectric activity and are therefore progressively used in electrochemical transducers. Given that an optimized cellular structure is a key for improving charge density and the associated piezoelectric properties in this material, we investigated the influence of CO2 inflation treatment using various gas diffusion expansion or inflation procedures on the piezoelectric d33 coefficient and thermal stability of cellular poly(vinylidene) ferroelectrets and compare with the results (partially) obtained by N2 inflation as reported in our previous study (Jahan, Mighri, Rodrigue, Ajji, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47540). Samples were prepared using the conventional extrusion–stretching–inflation–corona charging method. Maximum d33 coefficient for CO2‐inflated samples is found to be around 30% higher than that of N2‐inflated samples (327 pC/N compared to 251 pC/N) by stepwise pressure application method. The key parameters addressed in the inflation procedures are the changes in sample thickness, morphology, and the void‐height distribution in both gas treatments. The ferroelectrets show excellent thermal stability for up to 4 days at 90, 110, and 120 °C in both treatments with a slightly improved performance in CO2 gas. The higher activation energy of CO2‐inflated samples (0.52 eV) than the N2‐inflated ones (0.43 eV) further confirms the stability data. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47929.
Increasing the functionalities and accuracy of fisheries electronic monitoring systems
Authors: Gilman Eric , Legorburu Gonzalo , Fedoruk Andrew , Heberer Craig , Zimring Mark , Barkai Amos
Published: May 2019

Fisheries‐dependent data underpin essential scientific and management applications. Electronic monitoring (EM) systems are increasingly being used to supplement human observer programmes and provide coverage where none previously existed.

Candidate methods were identified to expand EM functionalities to collect data fields of human observer programmes that contemporary EM systems either cannot collect or require improved accuracy. Options were also identified to enable EM systems to collect new data fields that human observers cannot collect, prioritized by scientists, managers and the catch sector.

Many EM limitations could be resolved through simple changes of repositioning existing or adding new cameras with suitable fields of view and resolution, integrating additional sensors, and making minor modifications to fishers' practices. Research, development and trials, however, are required for possible EM integration of some existing and emerging technologies.

Whether an EM improvement method should be pursued requires consideration of: the relative importance for meeting monitoring objectives; the accuracy and cost of alternative monitoring methods, such as data collection by fishers with EM auditing, and by dockside inspections; impacts on fishing operations and crew safety; and net costs.

Active support from fishers is necessary for EM collection of some data fields, where EM enables auditing fisher compliance with required procedures. Having EM systems supply data desired by the seafood industry could augment their support for EM and incentivize fisher cooperation.

EM systems have the capacity to collect most data fields collected by human observer programmes with high precision and in some cases improved accuracy, to supply information of interest to seafood companies, and to meet expanding data requirements as fisheries management frameworks continue to transition to implementing elements of ecosystem‐based fisheries management.
Synthesis and anti‐coronavirus activity of a series of 1‐thia‐4‐azaspiro[4.5]decan‐3‐one derivatives
Authors: Apaydın Çağla Begüm , Cesur Nesrin , Stevaert Annelies , Naesens Lieve , Cesur Zafer
Published: May 2019

A series of 1‐thia‐4‐azaspiro[4.5]decan‐3‐ones bearing an amide group at C‐4 and various substitutions at C‐2 and C‐8 were synthesized and evaluated against human coronavirus and influenza virus. Compounds 7m, 7n, 8k, 8l, 8m, 8n, and 8p were found to inhibit human coronavirus 229E replication. The most active compound was N‐(2‐methyl‐8‐tert‐butyl‐3‐oxo‐1‐thia‐4‐azaspiro[4.5]decan‐4‐yl)‐3‐phenylpropanamide (8n), with an EC50 value of 5.5 µM, comparable to the known coronavirus inhibitor, (Z)‐N‐[3‐[4‐(4‐bromophenyl)‐4‐hydroxypiperidin‐1‐yl]‐3‐oxo‐1‐phenylprop‐1‐en‐2‐yl]benzamide (K22). Compound 8n and structural analogs were devoid of anti‐influenza virus activity, although their scaffold is shared with a previously discovered class of H3 hemagglutinin‐specific influenza virus fusion inhibitors. These findings point to the 1‐thia‐4‐azaspiro[4.5]decan‐3‐one scaffold as a versatile chemical structure with high relevance for antiviral drug development.