bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MANUSCRIPT UNDER REVISION: Where and For Whom Can a Brief, Scalable Mindset Intervention Improve Adolescents’ Educational Trajectories?
Authors: Yeager David Scott , Hanselman Paul , Paunesku David , Hulleman Christopher , Dweck Carol , Muller Chandra , Crosnoe Robert , Walton Gregory M , Tipton Elizabeth , Duckworth Angela Lee
Published: July 2018

This paper was taken down to undergo further revision. It was posted on March 1, 2018 to receive feedback from the scholarly community during the 2018 SPSP and SREE conferences. We have received feedback and are now making improvements. All previous drafts are now outdated as of 3/6/2018. More feedback is welcome: please direct it to David S. Yeager, dyeager@utexas.edu, or Paul Hanselman, paul.hanselman@uci.edu.Currently these results are under media embargo. The authors cannot answer questions about the study or the findings for the broader audience.
Deliberation erodes cooperative behavior – even towards competitive out-groups, even when using a control condition, and even when eliminating selection bias
Authors: Everett Jim Albert Charlton , Ingbretsen Zachary , Cushman Fiery Andrews , Cikara Mina
Published: July 2018

By many accounts cooperation appears to be a default strategy in social interaction. There are, however, several documented instances in which reflexive responding favors aggressive behaviors: for example, interactions with out-group members. We conduct a rigorous test of potential boundary conditions of intuitive prosociality by looking at whether intuition favors cooperation even towards competitive out-group members, and even in losses frames. Moreover, we address three major methodological limitations of previous research in this area: a lack of an unconstrained control condition; non-compliance with time manipulations leading to high rates of exclusions and thus a selection bias; and non-comprehension of the structure of the game. Even after eliminating participant selection bias and non-comprehension, we find that deliberation decreases cooperation: even in competitive contexts towards out-groups and even in a losses frame, though the differences in cooperation between groups was consistent across conditions. People may be intuitive cooperators, but they are not intuitively impartial.
Processing Tenses for the Living and the Dead: A Psycholinguistic Investigation of Lifetime Effects in Tensed and “Tenseless” Languages
Authors: Chen Sherry Yong
Published: July 2018

Lifetime effects refer to the inferences about the life/death of the individual in sentences like ‘Mary is/was blue-eyed’. In English, contradictory lifetime inferences arise when the subject denotes one living and one dead individual, as neither tense is appropriate for the English copular, whereas no such intuition arises in Mandarin Chinese, a language that has been considered “tenseless” due to the lack of grammaticalised tense morphemes. In this thesis, I argue, with psycholinguistic evidence from online processing of contradictory lifetime inferences as well as empirical observations about "forward lifetime effects", that both covert past tense and tenseless accounts of Chinese are inadequate for capturing the temporal interpretations in this language: (1) Chinese speakers encountered reading time disruption for sentences with contradictory lifetime inferences, even though such sentences are judged as acceptable in an offline task; (2) Chinese bare predicates cannot be used when the subject involves one living and one yet-to-be-born individual. Taken together, these pieces of evidence suggest that the Chinese bare predicates are likely to possess a tense node with a Future/Non-Future distinction. I further suggest that Tense is a universal functional category that possesses a binary feature distinction, with a split between either Past/Non-Past or Future/Non-Future: all languages have a Tense Phrase in their hierarchical structure, although some languages lack overt marking of tense on nominals or verbs (or both). A new theory of tense is needed to account for the cross-linguistic variation on the surface form and the underlying homogeneity of temporal reference in language. (This is a revised version of my thesis.)
Spatial estimation: a non-Bayesian alternative
Authors: Barth Hilary , Lesser Ellen , Taggart Jessica , Slusser Emily
Published: July 2018

A large collection of estimation phenomena (e.g., biases arising when adults or children estimate remembered locations of objects in bounded spaces; Huttenlocher, Newcombe, & Sandberg, 1994) are commonly explained in terms of complex Bayesian models. We provide evidence that some of these phenomena may be modeled instead by a simpler non-Bayesian alternative. Undergraduates and 9 to-10-year-olds completed a speeded linear position estimation task. Bias in both groups’ estimates could be explained in terms of a simple psychophysical model of proportion estimation. Moreover, some individual data were not compatible with the requirements of the more complex Bayesian model.
Why Do We Need to Employ Bayesian Statistics and How Can We Employ it in Studies of Moral Education?: With Practical Guidelines to Use JASP for Educators and Researchers
Authors: Han Hyemin , Park Joonsuk , Thoma Stephen J.
Published: July 2018

In this paper, we discuss the benefits of and how to utilize Bayesian statistics in studies of moral education. To demonstrate concrete examples of the applications of Bayesian statistics to studies of moral education, we reanalyzed two datasets previously collected: one small dataset collected from a moral educational intervention experiment, and one big dataset from a large-scale Defining Issues Test-2 survey. Results suggest that Bayesian analysis of datasets collected from moral educational studies can provide additional useful statistical information, particularly that associated with the strength of evidence supporting alternative hypotheses, which has not been provided by the classical frequentist approach focusing on P-values. Finally, we introduce several practical guidelines pertaining to how to utilize Bayesian statistics, including the utilization of newly developed free statistical software, JASP, and thresholding based on Bayes Factors, to scholars in the field of moral education.
tryout of preprint
Authors: Chen Zhansheng
Published: July 2018

a tryout of preprint at PSYARXIV.com
A Bayesian decision-making framework for replication
Authors: Hardwicke Tom Elis , Tessler Michael Henry , Peloquin Ben , Frank Michael C.
Published: July 2018

Replication is the cornerstone of science – but when and why? Not all studies need replication, especially when resources are limited. We propose that a decision-making framework based on Bayesian philosophy of science provides a basis for choosing which studies to replicate.
Self-Control as Value-Based Choice
Authors: Berkman Elliot , Hutcherson Cendri , Livingston Jordan , Kahn Lauren Emily , Inzlicht Michael
Published: July 2018

Self-control is often conceived as a battle between “hot” impulsive processes and “cold” deliberative ones. Heeding the angel on one shoulder leads to success; following the demon on the other leads to failure. Self-control feels like a duality. What if that sensation is misleading, and, despite how they feel, self-control decisions are just like any other choice? We argue that self-control is a form of value-based choice wherein options are assigned a subjective value and a decision is made through a dynamic integration process. We articulate how a value-based choice model of self-control can capture its phenomenology and account for relevant behavioral and neuroscientific data. This conceptualization of self-control links divergent scientific approaches, allows for more robust and precise hypothesis testing, and suggests novel pathways to improve self-control.
An Integrated Model of Condom Use in Sub-Saharan African Youth: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Protogerou Cleo , Johnson Blair T. , Hagger Martin S
Published: July 2018

Objective: We tested an integrated social cognitive model derived from multiple theories of the determinants of young peoples’ condom use in Sub-Saharan Africa. The model comprised seven social cognitive antecedents of condom use: Attitudes, norms, control, risk perceptions, barriers, intentions, and previous condom use. Methods: We conducted a systematic search of studies including effects between at least one model construct and intended or actual condom use in young people from sub-Saharan African countries. Fifty-five studies comprising 72 independent data sets were included and subjected to random-effects meta-analysis. Demographic and methodological variables were coded as moderators. Hypotheses of the integrated model were tested using meta-analytic structural equation modeling. Results: The meta-analysis revealed significant non-trivial sample-weighted correlations among most model constructs. Moderator analyses revealed differences in six correlations for studies that included a formative research component relative to studies that did not. There was little evidence of systematic moderation of relations among model constructs by other candidate moderators. Meta-analytic structural equation models revealed significant direct effects of attitudes, norms, and control on condom use intentions, and of intention, control, and barriers on condom use. Including past condom use increased explained variance in condom use intentions and behavior but did not attenuate model effects. There were also significant indirect effects of attitudes, norms, and control on condom use through intentions. Conclusions: Findings provide preliminary evidence to support the integrated condom use model in sub-Saharan African youth. The model provides guidance on potential targets for improving the effectiveness of condom promotion interventions.
Approach motivation in human cerebral cortex
Authors: Brookshire Geoffrey , Casasanto Daniel
Published: July 2018

Different regions of the human cerebral cortex are specialized for different emotions, but theprinciples underlying this specialization have remained unknown. According to the sword and shield hypothesis, hemispheric specialization for affective motivation, a basic dimension of human emotion, varies across individuals according to the way they use their hands to perform approach- and avoidance-related actions. In a test of this hypothesis, here we measured approach motivation before and after 5 sessions of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to increase excitation in the left or right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), in healthy adults whose handedness ranged from strongly left-handed to strongly right-handed. The strength and direction of participants’ handedness predicted whether electrical stimulation to frontal cortex caused an increase or decrease in their experience of approach-related emotions. The organization of approach motivation in the human cerebral cortex varies across individuals as predicted by the organization of the individuals’ motor systems. These results show that the large-scale cortical organization of abstract concepts corresponds with the way people use their hands to interact with the world. Affective motivation may reuse neural circuits that evolved for performing approach- and avoidance-related motor actions.
Lindeløv et al. (2017) Improving working memory performance in brain-injured patients using hypnotic suggestion: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Lindeløv Jonas Kristoffer , Overgaard Rikke , Overgaard Morten
Published: July 2018

Working memory impairment is prevalent in brain injured patients across lesion aetiologies and severities. Unfortunately, rehabilitation efforts for this impairment have hitherto yielded small- or no effects. Here we show in a randomized actively controlled trial that working memory performance can be effectively restored by suggesting to hypnotized patients that they have regained their pre-injury level of working memory functioning. Following four 1-hour sessions, 27 patients had a medium-sized improvement relative to 22 active controls (Bayes Factors of 342 and 37.5 on the two aggregate outcome measures) and a very large improvement relative to 19 passive controls (Bayes Factor = 1.7 × 1013). This was a long-term effect as revealed by no deterioration following a 6.7 week no-contact period (Bayes Factors = 7.1 and 1.3 in favor of no change). To control for participant-specific effects, the active control group was crossed over to the working memory suggestion and showed superior improvement. By the end of the study, both groups reached a performance level at- or above- the healthy population mean with standardized mean differences between 1.55 and 2.03 relative to the passive control group. We conclude that, if framed correctly, hypnotic suggestion can effectively improve working memory following acquired brain injury. The speed and consistency with which this improvement occurred, indicate that there may be a residual capacity for normal information processing in the injured brain.
Theoretical considerations and development of a questionnaire to measure trust in automation
Authors: Körber Moritz
Published: July 2018

The increasing number of interactions with automated systems has sparked the interest of researchers in trust in automation because it predicts not only whether but also how an operator interacts with an automation. In this work, a theoretical model of trust in automation is established and the development and evaluation of a corresponding questionnaire (Trust in Automation, TiA) are described. Building on the model of organizational trust by Mayer, Davis, and Schoorman (1995) and the theoretical account by Lee and See (2004), a model for trust in automation containing six underlying dimensions was established. Following a deductive approach, an initial set of 57 items was generated. In a first online study, these items were analyzed and based on the criteria item difficulty, standard deviation, item-total correlation, internal consistency, overlap with other items in content, and response quote, 40 items were eliminated and two scales were merged, leaving six scales (Reliability/Competence, Understandability/Predictability, Propensity to Trust, Intention of Developers, Familiarity, and Trust in Automation) containing a total of 19 items. The internal structure of the resulting questionnaire was analyzed in a subsequent second online study by means of an exploratory factor analysis. The results show sufficient preliminary evidence for the proposed factor structure and demonstrate that further pursuit of the model is reasonable but certain revisions may be necessary. The calculated omega coefficients indicated good to excellent reliability for all scales. The results also provide evidence for the questionnaire’s criterion validity: Consistent with the expectations, an unreliable automated driving system received lower trust ratings as a reliably functioning system. In a subsequent empirical driving simulator study, trust ratings could predict reliance on an automated driving system and monitoring in form of gaze behavior. Possible steps for revisions are discussed and recommendations for the application of the questionnaire are given.
Detecting Genuine and Deliberate Displays of Surprise in Static and Dynamic Faces
Authors: Zloteanu Mircea , Krumhuber Eva , Richardson Daniel C.
Published: July 2018

People are good at recognizing emotions from facial expressions, but less accurate at determining the authenticity of such expressions. We investigated whether this depends upon the technique that senders use to produce deliberate expressions, and on decoders seeing these in a dynamic or static format. Senders were filmed as they experienced genuine surprise in response to a jack-in-the-box (Genuine). Other senders faked surprise with no preparation (Improvised) or after having first experienced genuine surprise themselves (Rehearsed). Decoders rated the genuineness and intensity of these expressions, and the confidence of their judgment. It was found that both expression type and presentation format impacted decoder perception and accurate discrimination. Genuine surprise achieved the highest ratings of genuineness, intensity, and judgmental confidence, and was fairly accurately discriminated from deliberate surprise expressions. However, such difference in genuineness and confidence only occurred in the dynamic condition. In line with our predictions, Rehearsed expressions were perceived as more genuine (in dynamic presentation), whereas Improvised were seen as more intense (in static presentation). However, both were poorly discriminated as not being genuine. In general, dynamic stimuli improved authenticity discrimination accuracy and perceptual differences between expressions. While decoders could perceive subtle differences between different expressions (especially from dynamic displays), they were not adept at detecting if these were genuine or deliberate. We argue that senders are capable of producing genuine-looking expressions of surprise, enough to fool others as to their veracity.
Investigating the respective contribution of sensory modalities and spatial disposition for arithmetic teaching.
Authors: Crollen Virginie , Noël Marie-Pascale , Honoré Nastasya , Degroote Véronique , Collignon Olivier
Published: July 2018

Recent studies suggested that multisensory training schemes could boost the development of abstract concepts. In the present study, we wanted to evaluate whether training arithmetic with a multisensory intervention could induce larger learning improvements than a visual intervention alone. Moreover, as a left-to-right oriented mental number line was for a long time considered as a core feature of numerical representation, we also wanted to compare left-to-right and non-linear arithmetic training. In order to do so, kindergarten children were trained to solve simple addition and subtraction operations. Four training-conditions were created according to two factors: the perceptual modalities (multisensory vs. visual) and the spatial disposition of the materials used (linear vs. non-linear). While the effect of spatial disposition was not highlighted in the arithmetic task, the multisensory training method induced a larger improvement of arithmetic performance as compared to the visual training alone. These results support the idea that haptic manipulation provides a bridge between concrete referents and abstract concepts.
Fertile women evaluate male bodies as more attractive, regardless of masculinity
Authors: Stern Julia , Kordsmeyer Tobias L. , Gerlach Tanja M. , Penke Lars
Published: July 2018

Ovulatory cycle shifts in women’s mate preferences have been documented for several physical and behavioral traits. Research suggests that, at peak fertility, women tend to prefer men with characteristics that reflect good genes for short-term sexual relationships. However, existing findings have been criticized for methodological flexibility and failing attempts to replicate core results. In a large (N=157), pre-registered, within-subject study spanning two ovulatory cycles, we investigated cycle shifts in women’s mate preferences for masculine bodies. Using a large set of natural stimuli, we found that when fertile, women’s ratings of male bodies increased for sexual as well as for long-term attractiveness. Both effects were partially mediated by the estradiol-to-progesterone-ratio. Furthermore, moderation analyses revealed that both shifts were only evident in women in relationships, but not in singles. Contrary to previous findings, male masculine traits did not interact with cycle phase to predict attraction, indicating that women’s preferential priorities do not shift. Taken together, our results do not support women’s mate preference shifts, as assumed by the good genes ovulatory shift hypothesis, but are consistent with shifting motivational priorities throughout the cycle. Implications of these results for female estrus theories and methodological recommendations for future research are discussed.
Low-level image statistics in natural scenes influence perceptual decision-making
Authors: Seijdel Noor , Jahfari Sara , Groen Iris I.A. , Scholte H. Steven
Published: July 2018

A fundamental component of interacting with our environment is gathering and interpretation of sensory information. When investigating how perceptual information shapes the mechanisms of decision-making, most researchers have relied on the use of manipulated or unnatural information as perceptual input, resulting in findings that may not generalize to real-world scenes. Unlike simplified, artificial stimuli, real-world scenes contain low-level regularities (natural scene statistics) that are informative about the structural complexity of a scene, which the brain could exploit during perceptual decision-making. In this study, participants performed an animal detection task on low, medium or high complexity scenes as determined by two biologically plausible natural scene statistics, contrast energy (CE) or spatial coherence (SC). In experiment 1, stimuli were sampled such that CE and SC both influenced scene complexity. Diffusion modeling showed that both the speed of information processing and the required evidence were affected by the low-level scene complexity. Experiment 2a/b refined these observations by showing how the isolated manipulation of SC alone resulted in weaker but comparable effects on decision-making, whereas the manipulation of only CE had no effect. Overall, performance was best for scenes with intermediate complexity. Our systematic definition of natural scene statistics quantifies how complexity of natural scenes interacts with decision-making in an animal detection task. We speculate that the computation of CE and SC could serve as an indication to adjust perceptual decision-making based on the complexity of the input.
Monitoring Sources of Event Memories: A Cross-Linguistic Investigation
Authors: Ünal Ercenur , Pinto Adrienne , Bunger Ann , Papafragou Anna
Published: July 2018

When monitoring the origins of their memories, people tend to mistakenly attribute memories generated from internal processes (e.g., imagination, visualization) to perception. Here, we ask whether speaking a language that obligatorily encodes the source of information might help prevent such errors. We compare speakers of English to speakers of Turkish, a language that obligatorily encodes information source (direct/perceptual vs. indirect/hearsay or inference) for past events. In our experiments, participants reported having seen events that they had only inferred from post-event visual evidence. In general, error rates were higher when visual evidence that gave rise to inferences was relatively close to direct visual evidence. Furthermore, errors persisted even when participants were asked to report the specific sources of their memories. Crucially, these error patterns were equivalent across language groups, suggesting that speaking a language that obligatorily encodes source of information does not increase sensitivity to the distinction between perception and inference in event memory.
Semantic Diversity, Frequency and the Development of Lexical Quality in Children’s Word Reading
Authors: Hsiao Yaling , Nation Kate
Published: July 2018

Frequency exerts a powerful influence on lexical processing but it is possible that at least part of its effect is caused by high frequency words being experienced in more diverse contexts over an individual’s language experience. To capture this variability, we applied Latent Semantic Analysis on a 35-million-word corpus of texts written for children, deriving a measure of semantic diversity that quantifies the similarity of all the contexts a word appears in. Across three experiments with 6-13-year-old children involving reading aloud and lexical decision, we found a main effect of semantic diversity: high diversity words were responded to faster and read more accurately than low diversity words. Frequency, document count and age of acquisition were also significant predictors of reading behavior. These findings demonstrate that contextual variability contributes to word learning and the development of lexical quality, beyond the effect of frequency.
Representing composed meanings through temporal binding
Authors: Rabagliati Hugh , Doumas Leonidas A. A. , Bemis Douglas K.
Published: July 2018

A key feature of human thought and language is compositionality, the ability to bind pre-existing concepts and word meanings together in order to express new ideas. Here we ask how newly composed complex concepts are mentally represented and matched to the outside world, by testing whether it is harder to verify if a picture matches the meaning of a phrase, like big pink tree, than the meaning of a single word, like tree. Five sentence-picture verification experiments provide evidence that, in fact, the meaning of a phrase can often be checked just as fast as the meaning of one single word (and sometimes faster), indicating that the phrase’s constituent concepts can be represented and checked in parallel. However, verification times were increased when matched phrases had more complex modification structures, indicating that it is costly to represent structural relations between constituent concepts. This pattern of data can be well-explained if concepts are composed together using two different mechanisms, binding by synchrony and binding by asynchrony, which have been suggested as solutions to the “binding problem” faced in both vision science and higher-level cognition. Our results suggest that they can also explain aspects of compositional language processing.
Flexible voices: identity perception from variable vocal signals
Authors: Lavan Nadine , Burton Mike , Scott Sophie K , McGettigan Carolyn
Published: July 2018

Human voices are extremely variable: The same person can sound very different depending on whether they are speaking, laughing, shouting or whispering. In order to successfully recognise someone from their voice, a listener needs to be able to generalise across these different vocal signals ('telling people together'). However, in most studies of voice identity processing to date, the substantial within-person variability has been eliminated through the use of highly controlled stimuli, thus focussing on how we tell people apart. We argue that this obscures our understanding of voice identity processing by controlling away an essential feature of vocal stimuli that may include diagnostic information. In this paper, we propose that we need to extend the focus of voice identity research to account for both 'telling people together' as well as 'telling people apart'. That is, we must account for whether, and to what extent, listeners can overcome within-person variability to obtain a stable percept of person identity from vocal cues. To do this, our theoretical and methodological frameworks need to be adjusted to explicitly include the study of within-person variability.
Exploratory Choice Reflects the Future Value of Information
Authors: Rich Alexander , Gureckis Todd Matthew
Published: July 2018

The tension between exploration and exploitation is a primary challenge in decision making under uncertainty. Optimal models of choice prescribe that individuals resolve this tension by evaluating how information gained from their choices will improve future choices. However, research in behavioral economics and psychology has yielded conflicting evidence about whether people consider the future during exploratory choice, particularly in complex, uncertain environments. Adding to the empirical evidence on this issue, we examine exploratory decision making in a novel approach-avoid paradigm. In the first set of experiments we find that people parametrically increase their exploration when the expected number of future encounters with a prospect is larger. In the second we demonstrate that when the number of future encounters is unknown, as is often the case in everyday life, people are sensitive to the relative frequency of future encounters with a prospect. Our experiments show that people adaptively utilize information about the future when deciding to explore, a tendency that may shape decisions across several real-world domains.
Project Implicit Demo Website Datasets
Authors: Xu Kaiyuan , Nosek Brian A. , Greenwald Anthony G. , Ratliff Kate A. , Bar-Anan Yoav , Umansky Emily , Banaji Mahzarin R. , Lofaro Nicole , Smith Colin
Published: July 2018

14 PI Demo site IAT study data from 2002 to current
Temporal hierarchy of intonation and tone processing in Mandarin Chinese
Authors: Li Jiaqi
Published: July 2018

Intonation and lexical tone both rely on F0 in tonal languages. While the former one can indicate the speaker’s intention (e.g., raise a question or state a fact), the latter helps determine the meaning of a word. These two interact with each other in sentence, but the access order of them by the brain is unknown. The current study aimed at investigating the access order of intonation and lexical tones in Mandarin Chinese. Participants were required to listen to Mandarin sentences containing both intonation and lexical tone in the same syllable and judge the intonation (in the intonation task) and tone (in the tone task). Their behavioral reactions and mean amplitudes in ERP were recorded and analyzed. Results showed that in the intonation task, the participants responded to intonation first and then the lexical tone. In the tone task, participants were sensitive to both intonation and tone in an early interaction beginning from 100ms. Participants were alert to intonation and would process it no matter in which task, indicating the important role of intonation in human communication.
Longitudinal development of attention and inhibitory control during the first year of life
Authors: Holmboe Karla , Bonneville-Roussy Arielle , Csibra Gergely , Johnson Mark Henry
Published: July 2018

Executive functions (EFs) are key abilities that allow us to control our thoughts and actions. Research suggests that two EFs, inhibitory control (IC) and working memory (WM), emerge around 9 months. Little is known about IC earlier in infancy and whether basic attentional processes form the ‘building blocks’ of emerging IC. These questions were investigated longitudinally in 104 infants tested behaviorally on two screen-based attention tasks at 4 months, and on IC tasks at 6 and 9 months. Results provided no evidence that basic attention formed precursors for IC. However, there was full support for coherence in IC at 9 months and partial support for stability in IC from 6 months. This suggests that IC emerges earlier than previously assumed.
Contextual Variations in Implicit Evaluation
Authors: Mitchell Jason , Nosek Brian A. , Banaji Mahzarin R.
Published: July 2018

The present research examined contextual variations in automatic attitudes. Using two measures of automatic attitudes, five experiments demonstrated that evaluative responses differ qualitatively as perceivers focus on different aspects of a target’s social group membership (e.g., race or gender). Contextual variations in automatic attitudes were obtained when the manipulation involved overt categorization (Experiments 1-3) as well as more subtle contextual cues, such as category distinctiveness (Experiments 4 & 5). Furthermore, participants were shown to be unable to predict such contextual influences on automatic attitudes (Experiment 3). Taken together, these experiments support the idea of automatic attitudes as continuous, online constructions that are inherently flexible and contextually appropriate, despite being outside conscious control.
Top-Down Contributions to Attention Shifting and Disengagement: A Template Model of Visual Attention
Authors: Yamaguchi Motonori
Published: July 2018

Two separate systems are involved in the control of spatial attention; one that is driven by a goal, and the other that is driven by stimuli. While the goal- and stimulus-driven systems follow different general principles, they also interplay with each other. However, the mechanism by which the goal-driven system influences the stimulus-driven system is still debated. The present study examined top-down contributions to two components of attention orienting, shifting and disengagement, with an experimental paradigm in which participants held a visual item in short-term memory and performed a prosaccade task with a manipulation of the gap between fixation offset and target onset. Four experiments showed that the short-term memory content accelerated shifting and impaired disengagement, but the influence on disengagement depended on the utility of short-term memory in guiding attention toward the target. Thus, the use of short-term memory was strategic. Computational models of visual attention were fitted to the experimental data, which suggested that the top-down contributions to shifting was more prominent than those to disengagement. The present study shows that the current modeling framework was particularly useful when examining the contributions of theoretical constructs for the control of visual attention, but it also suggests limitations.
Linguistic description moderates the evaluations of counterstereotypical people.
Authors: Rubin Mark
Published: July 2018

The present research investigated linguistic description as a moderator of biased evaluations of counterstereotypical individuals. Members of an online participant pool (N = 237) indicated their liking for stereotypical and counterstereotypical individuals who were described using adjectives or behaviors. There was a significant interaction between target typicality and linguistic description: People liked counterstereotypical individuals more than stereotypical individuals when target individuals were described using adjectives. In contrast, they showed no bias or a negative bias against counterstereotypical individuals who were described using behaviors. This interaction effect generalized across gender targets (men/women) and sexuality targets (gay/straight), and it was partially mediated by subjective processing fluency. Implications for the backlash effect and prejudice reduction are discussed.
Many Labs 3: Evaluating participant pool quality across the academic semester via replication
Authors: Ebersole Charles R. , Atherton Olivia E. , Belanger Aimee Lynn , Skulborstad Hayley M , Allen Jill , Banks Jonathan Britten , Baranski Erica , Bernstein Michael Jason , Bonfiglio Diane B. V. , Boucher Leanne , Brown Elizabeth R. , Budiman Nancy I. , Cairo Athena , Capaldi Colin Andrew , Chartier Christopher R. , Cicero David C , Coleman Jennifer A. , Conway Morgan Anna , Davis William E. , Devos Thierry , Dopko Raelyne L. , Grahe Jon E. , German Komi , Hicks Joshua A. , Hermann Anthony , Humphrey Brandon , Johnson David Jeffrey , Joy-Gaba Jennifer Alana , Juzeler Hannah , Klein Richard Anthony , Lucas Richard E. , Lustgraaf Christopher J. N. , Menon Madhavi , Metzger Mitchell , Moloney Jaclyn M. , Morse Patrick J. , Nelson Anthony J. , Prislin Radmila , Razza Timothy , Re Daniel E. , Rule Nicholas , Sacco Donald F. , Sauerberger Kyle Steven , Shultz Megan Rose , Smith Jessi Lyn , Sobocko Karin , Steiner Troy G. , Sternglanz R. Weylin , Tskhay Konstantin , Vaughn Leigh Ann , van Allen Zack , Walker Ryan J. , Wilson John Paul , Wirth James H. , Wortman Jessica , Zelenski John M. , Nosek Brian A.
Published: July 2018

Many Labs 3 is a crowdsourced project that systematically evaluated time-of-semester effects across many participant pools. See the Wiki for a table of contents of files and to download the manuscript.
The relationship between gluten free diet adherence and depressive symptoms in adults with coeliac disease: A systematic review with meta-analysis
Authors: Sainsbury Kirby , Marques Marta M
Published: July 2018

Purpose: Depressive symptoms are common in patients with coeliac disease (CD) and may represent a barrier to gluten free diet (GFD) adherence. The aims of this meta-analysis were: (1) to synthesise the evidence on the relationship between depression or depressive symptoms and degree of adherence to a GFD in patients with CD who are already attempting a GFD (i.e., post-diagnosis and onset of GFD), and (2) to summarise the direction of causation of any observed relationship. Methods: A random effects meta-analysis of 8 cross-sectional studies (N=1644) was conducted. Included studies measured self-reported depressive symptoms and GFD adherence using either a dietitian interview or validated self-report questionnaire that considered unintentional gluten consumption.Results: There was a moderate association between poorer GFD adherence and greater depressive symptoms (r=0.398, 95% CI=0.321-0.469), with marked heterogeneity in the effects (I2=66.8%). A sensitivity analysis excluding studies with a moderate/high (k=1) or unclear risk of bias (k=1) did not change the results. Conclusion: The low number of studies meeting inclusion criteria limits the strength of the conclusions. Available evidence suggests there is an association between poorer GFD adherence and self-reported depressive symptoms; however, studies using longitudinal and prospective designs, and reliable measures, particularly for adherence, are needed to confirm this association. The direction of causation between depression and adherence remains unclear.
Linguistic overfitting in empirical psychology
Authors: Riddle Travis
Published: July 2018

Recent controversies in psychology have highlighted disagreements about how science works and how science proceeds. Despite the existence of tools and data that can help to address some of these disagreements, psychologists have been slow to provide empirical evidence that speaks to these issues. Indeed, there is essentially no work on how scientists communicate their findings. In this paper, I use language from scientific literature to answer questions about scientific behavior. Specifically, I find that features of data analysis practices to be associated with two narrative features of these manuscripts -- hedging (diminishing claims) and boosting (amplifying claims). The use of hedging and boosting were found to be associated with statistical errors. Hedging and boosting were also found to be associated with and statistical overfitting, though this relationship is more uncertain. Additionally male first-authors are less likely to hedge. No other characteristics of the author were found to be associated with these linguistics features. Though the work is exploratory, the results are largely consistent with a linguistic overfitting hypothesis, in which the authors of a paper use language to amplify and diminish findings in a paper in order to create a more compelling narrative around theory. The flexibility of language is a powerful tool used to communicate research, but there is a fine line between effective interpretation of data and convenient overinterpretation, and it is worthwhile to be cognizant of when that line may be crossed.
Cross-dimensional magnitude interactions arise from memory interference (in press, Cognitive Psychology)
Authors: Cai Zhenguang Garry , Wang Ruiming , Shen Manqiong , Speekenbrink Maarten
Published: July 2018

Magnitude information from different dimensions (e.g., space and time) interact with each other in perception, but how they occur remains unclear. In five experiments, the present study investigated whether these interactions arise from cross-dimensional encoding or memory interference. In Experiment 1, participants perceived a duration and two concurrent distances, were cued which distance to later reproduce, and reproduced the duration and then the cued distance. Reproduced duration increased as a function of the cued distance(replicated in Experiment 3), suggesting the duration memory can be biased by the memoryof the cued distance. Experiment 2 showed the memory interference disappeared when the to-be-reproduced distance was cued when the duration memory had been retrieved (i.e. cued at reproduction). Experiment 4 demonstrated a similar memory interference for the time-on-space effect (replicated in Experiment 5). Experiments 3 and 5 additionally showed that cross-dimensional memory interference was modulated by memory noise: noisier unfilled distance, compared to less noisy filled distance, biased duration to a greater extent but was itself biased to a lesser extent. These findings suggest that the direction and extent of cross-dimensional memory interference depend on the relative memory noise of the target interfering dimensions. We proposed a Bayesian account whereby the inference (e.g.,reproduction) of a magnitude is determined by integrating our prior experience thatmagnitudes co-vary across dimensions (e.g., space and time) and the encoded memory of the magnitude dimensions, each with a certain level of noise. We discussed the implications for cross-dimensional magnitude interactions in general.
GFT Facial Expression Database
Authors: Girard Jeffrey M. , Chu Wen-Sheng , Jeni László A , Cohn Jeffrey F , De la Torre Fernando , Sayette Michael
Published: July 2018

Despite the important role that facial expressions play in interpersonal communication and our knowledge that interpersonal behavior is influenced by social context, no currently available facial expression database includes multiple interacting participants. The Sayette Group Formation Task (GFT) database addresses the need for well-annotated video of multiple participants during unscripted interactions. The database includes 172,800 video frames from 96 participants in 32 three-person groups. To aid in the development of automated facial expression analysis systems, GFT includes expert annotations of FACS occurrence and intensity, facial landmark tracking, and baseline results for linear SVM, deep learning, active patch learning, and personalized classification. Baseline performance is quantified and compared using identical partitioning and a variety of metrics (including means and confidence intervals). The highest performance scores were found for the deep learning and active patch learning methods. Learn more at http://osf.io/7wcyz.
Improving Inferences about Null Effects with Bayes Factors and Equivalence Tests
Authors: Lakens Daniel , McLatchie Neil , Isager Peder Mortvedt , Scheel Anne M. , Dienes Zoltan
Published: July 2018

Researchers often conclude an effect is absent when a null-hypothesis significance test yields a non-significant p-value. However, it is not logically nor statistically correct to conclude an effect is absent when a hypothesis test is not significant. We present two methods to evaluate the presence or absence of effects: Equivalence testing (based on frequentist statistics) and Bayes factors (based on Bayesian statistics). In four examples from the gerontology literature we illustrate different ways to specify alternative models that can be used to reject the presence of a meaningful or predicted effect in hypothesis tests. We provide detailed explanations of how to calculate, report, and interpret Bayes factors and equivalence tests. We also discuss how to design informative studies that can provide support for a null model or for the absence of a meaningful effect. The conceptual differences between Bayes factors and equivalence tests are discussed, and we also note when and why they might lead to similar or different inferences in practice. It is important that researchers are able to falsify predictions or can provide support for predicted null-effects. Bayes factors and equivalence tests provide useful statistical tools to improve inferences about null effects.
Theoretical and Methodological Contributions of Narrative Psychology to Ethnic Identity Research
Authors: Syed Moin
Published: July 2018

The purpose of this chapter is to showcase how narrative, or the stories that people tell about their experiences, is a useful theoretical and methodological tool for understanding ethnic identity development. Over the past two decades, research on ethnic identity development has primarily relied on quantitative, rating-scale instruments (Phinney, 1992; Sellers et al., 1998). While this methodology has contributed to a strong knowledge base regarding the correlates and developmental course of ethnic identity (Quintana, 2007), what has been lacking is an analysis of the lived experiences that constitute one’s ethnic identity and contribute to its development. To this end, the chapter includes a synthesis of published and ongoing studies to illustrate how a narrative approach can contribute to theoretical issues of major importance to the study of ethnic identity: how ethnic identity develops, the role of context in development, and the dimensionality of ethnic identity. These examples highlight the close connection between method and theory, as well as how narrative research can inform subsequent survey-based work.
Moral Punishment in Everyday Life
Authors: Hofmann Wilhelm , Brandt Mark John , Wisneski Daniel C , Skitka Linda
Published: July 2018

The present research investigated event-related, contextual, demographic, and dispositional predictors of the desire to punish perpetrators of immoral deeds in daily life, as well as connections among the desire to punish, moral emotions, and momentary well-being. The desire to punish was reliably predicted by linear gradients of social closeness to both the perpetrator (negative relationship) and the victim (positive relationship). Older rather than younger adults, conservatives rather than people with other political orientations, and individuals high rather than low in moral identity desired to punish perpetrators more harshly. The desire to punish was related to state anger, disgust, and embarrassment, and these were linked to lower momentary well-being. However, the negative effect of these emotions on well-being was partially compensated by a positive indirect pathway via heightened feelings of moral self-worth. Implications of the present field data for moral punishment research and the connection between morality and well-being are discussed.
Easy as (Happiness) Pie? A Critical Evaluation of a Popular Model of the Determinants of Well-Being
Authors: Brown Nicholas John Laird , Rohrer Julia M.
Published: July 2018

An underlying principle behind much of the research in positive psychology is that individuals have considerable leeway to increase their levels of happiness. In an influential article that is frequently cited in support of such claims, Lyubomirsky, Sheldon, and Schkade (2005) put forward a model (subsequently popularized under the name of the “happiness pie”) in which approximately 50% of individual differences in happiness are due to genetic factors and 10% to life circumstances, leaving 40% available to be changed via volitional activities. We re-examined Lyubomirsky et al.’s claims and found several apparent deficiencies in their chain of arguments on both the empirical and the conceptual level. We conclude that there is little empirical evidence for the variance decomposition suggested by the “happiness pie,” and that even if it were valid, it is not necessarily informative with respect to the question of whether individuals can truly exert substantial influence over their own chronic happiness level. We believe that our critical re-examination of Lyubomirsky et al.’s seminal article offers insights into some common misconceptions and pitfalls of scientific inference, and we hope that it might contribute to the construction of a more rigorous and solid empirical basis for the field of positive psychology.
Signs of Social Class: The Experience of Economic Inequality in Everyday Life
Authors: Kraus Michael W.
Published: July 2018

This paper is now currently in press at Perspectives on Psychological Science