bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hope, Meaning, and Growth Following the September 11, 2001, Terrorist Attacks
Authors: Ai Amy L. , Cascio Toni , Santangelo Linda K. , Evans-Campbell Teresa
Published: March 2005

Positive psychologists found the increase of seven character strengths that encompass the so-called theological virtues, including hope and spirituality, in Americans after the September 11, 2001, attacks. Little is known about how they may affect post-September 11, 2001, mental health. Using multivariate analysis, this study investigated the relationship of hope and spiritual meaning with depression and anxiety in a sample of 457 students 3 months after September 11, 2001. Both characters contributed to lower levels of symptoms. In qualitative analysis, of 313 answers to an open-ended question regarding personal change, four categories emerged. The first three were consonant with other studies on posttraumatic growth (PTG), including changes in the self or behavior, relationships, and worldviews. The fourth category unique to September 11, 2001, was changes in political views. These findings offer further credence to the study of positive aspects resulting from violence-related trauma and highlight the needs for addressing the nature of traumatic events and PTG.
Constructing Social Reality in Organizational Decision Making
Authors: Castor Theresa R.
Published: March 2005

Communication during organizational decision making has often been treated as information exchange, and when social constructionist orientations have been assumed, these have focused on communication related to decision making rather than on talk during decision-making interactions. Shotter’s rhetorical-responsive social constructionist approach is applied to analyzing a faculty senate’s discussion on whether or not to implement a culture and ethnic diversity requirement. This study examines decision-making talk and how, during decision making, participants socially construct a diversity requirement. The vocabularies of diversity and requirement function to define the resolution and allow faculty to demonstrate accountability in different ways. The meanings of these vocabularies are discursively negotiated during decision making; this process reveals competing vocabularies and ambiguity. The conflict over the diversity requirement was resolved through a substitute resolution that reaffirmed the nature of the university as an institutional organization through the vocabulary of good faith. This study shows how decision-making talk constitutes organizations.
Diary of a disaster
Authors: Pollard Nick
Published: March 2005

I was 13 when President Kennedy was killed and only dimly aware of its significance. But like that day in 1963, I can recall every detail of how these stunning events of modern times unfolded. Three of them happened while I was in the office? Paddington, Concorde and 9/11. I learned about the others through a phone call from work ? Omagh as I walked in the park on a Saturday afternoon, Diana's car crash while I was fast asleep at about 0030 on a Sunday morning, and the Indian Ocean tsunami early on Boxing Day while enjoying an otherwise untroubled Christmas break... The head of Sky News describes the journalistic challenge and pitfalls of the tsunami tragedy.
Dumb and dumber: does TV count?
Authors: Gaber Ivor
Published: March 2005

Even if television has played a decisive role in determining the outcome of past elections, is that still the case today? Fifty years ago it was clear that campaigns were fought on the streets, at public meetings and in the pages of the national press. From 1959 onwards it was clear that the television studio had muscled its way into the act and had become the major focus of the campaign. But where is that focus today? In an era of channel fragmentation, with more and more people "avoiding" news programmes or buying newspapers, where is that national political conversation taking place? If not on TV, is it on the political websites and web logs, via email or SMS messages? If so, it means that no matter the intensity of the conversation, only the participants know it is taking place. The result is individualised politics, which will fail to give people a sense of taking part in a collective activity for the common good.
Why Dacre’s worth his million
Authors: MacKenzie Kelvin
Published: March 2005

The former editor of The Sun and current chairman of The Wireless Group writes: I was particularly pleased to learn recently that Paul Dacre, the finest and most successful newspaper editor in this country, earns in excess of a million pounds a year. What was not so pleasing was to discover that his chief executive earns more. This doesn't properly reflect the vital role of the editor. Plenty of businessmen and women can do what the chief executive does. I am not saying that you could take a clerk from the pay-roll department and expect him to run the company. There are plenty of CEOs about. But there is only one person with the skill, the guile and the understanding of his customers that can turn out the Daily Mail each day.
Crack Initiation at Electrode Edges in PZN-4.5%PT Single Crystals
Authors: Liu Teiqi , Oates William S. , Wan Shan , Lynch Christopher S.
Published: March 2005

Fringing electric fields emanating from an electrode edge in electromechanically coupled materials can potentially lead to cracking from a strain incompatibility of the active and inactive regions. Partial electrodes and specimen geometry are studied in single crystal PZN-4.5%PT to characterize the fracture behavior near an electrode edge. Crack growth was characterized by varying the specimen thickness (t 1/4 0.7 and 2 mm) and electrode coverage (50-95%). An applied electric field of 3 MV/m was required to initiate cracks in the 0.7-mm specimens, while an electric field of 2 MV/m was required to initiate cracks in the 2 mm thick specimens. Linear elastic finite element modeling was used to determine the field quantities near the electrode edge and evaluate the internal energy density.
An Effective Method of Synthesizing Compliant Adaptive Structures using Load Path Representation
Authors: Lu Kerr-Jia , Kota Sridhar
Published: March 2005

The synthesis of shape morphing compliant mechanism is inherently different from the typical single output design problems, due to the multiple output points along the morphing boundary. We have previously developed a genetic algorithm (GA)-based synthesis approach, incorporating a binary ground structure parameterization, to systematically design shape morphing compliant mechanisms. However, the approach is ineffective due to issues such as the generation of disconnected structures and the need to choose an initial mesh. In this paper, we present the ‘load path representation,’ which is developed to overcome the issues encountered using the binary ground structure parameterization. The performance of the load path approach over the binary ground structure approach is demonstrated through several design examples. The results have shown that the load path approach offers several advantages, such as (a) eliminating the need of an initial ground structure, (b) ensuring structural connectivity, and (c) yielding solutions that generate desired shape change efficiently.
Students' Evidence-Based Practice Intervention for Children With Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Authors: Ronen Tammie
Published: March 2005

Objective: This project integrates clinical intervention as an integral part of social work studies for third-year students. Students applied a new manual-based intervention aiming to develop self-control skills among children exhibiting oppositional defiant disorder. Throughout, students were involved in assessment, intervention, and evaluation. Method: Students participated in evidence-based intervention activities of a university-based clinical research center. The project for social work students combined theoretical study, training, research, and intervention under one umbrella, with the aims of helping students assimilate classroom learning with the realities of practice and of mobilizing field instructors’motivation. Conclusions: The 12-session intervention was found effective in reducing children's disruptive behavior. Analysis of feedback fromstudents, field instructors, and head teachers pinpointed the program's important role in facilitating student training.
A Preliminary Study on Damage Wave in Elastic-brittle Materials
Authors: Lu Jin , Zhang Xi , Mai Yiu-Wing
Published: March 2005

A conceptual study on damage wave propagation in elastic-brittle materials is carried out within the framework of Continuum Damage Mechanics (CDM). The extent of damage at a material point is a direct result of the evolution of microstructures and interaction with their neighbors. To account for the spatial fluctuation of damage, its gradient is proposed as an additional internal variable. The microstructural interaction can induce irreversible energy in the construction of the thermodynamic functions, through a range of dissipative mechanisms associated with microstructural changes such as nucleation, growth, and coalescence of microcracks, internal friction, irreversible phase transformation, and chemical reactions in elastic-brittle materials. Based on the theory of internal variables, a new material constitutive model involving damage evolution is presented. The governing equations for the corresponding coupled mechanism are derived and a traveling-wave solution is obtained for some limiting cases. It is shown that the evolution equation of damage is a nonlinear wave equation that has a solitary wave solution of the kink type in one-dimensional case if there is no energy dissipation with damage evolution. The speed of damage waves is determined in terms of the damping effect, the elastic energy of un-deformed material, and the dissipative energy. It is lower than the speed of elastic waves, and has a speed limit only associated with damage evolution at microscales. It is demonstrated that the theory presented here shows promise in describing damage wave propagation based upon comparisons with the available experimental results and numerical simulations.
Microplane-damage-based Effective Stress and Invariants
Authors: Yang Qiang , Chen Xin , Zhou Wei-Yuan
Published: March 2005

This paper addresses some issues of the application of the effective stress tensor to coupled damage-plasticity from the point of view of a microplane. In this paper, damage and effective stress are defined on microplanes. The effective stress tensor of Murakami (1988) can be recovered as the second-order fabric tensor of the effective stress vector. The effective second invariant J2 is defined as the integration of the square of the effective shear stress over the unit sphere. It is revealed that the J2 possesses the form of the Hill (1950) anisotropic yield function based on the definition. Therefore, one can also use the Hill (1950) model to describe coupled anisotropic-damage-plasticity except for the conventional approach of effective stress.
Frame Indifference and Relative Frame Indifference
Authors: Rivlin R. S.
Published: March 2005

The concepts of frame indifference and relative frame indifference are discussed critically in the context of materials with memory. It is shown that frame indifference implies relative frame indifference and relative frame indifference implies frame indifference if and only if the material is isotropic.
Stoneley Waves and Interface Stability of Bell Materials in Compression; Comparison with Rubber
Authors: Destrade M.
Published: March 2005

Two semi-infinite bodies made of prestressed, homogeneous, Bell-constrained, hyperelastic materials are perfectly bonded along a plane interface. The half-space have been subjected to finite pure homogeneous predeformations, with distinct stretch ratios but common principal axes, and such that the interface is a common principal plane of strain. Constant loads are applied at infinity to maintain the deformations and the influence of these loads on the propagation of small-amplitude interface (Stoneley) waves is examined. In particular, the secular equation is found and necessary and sufficient conditions to be satisfied by the stretch ratios to ensure the existence of such waves are given. As the loads vary, the Stoneley wave speed varies accordingly: the upper bound is the “limiting speed” (given explicitly), beyond which the wave amplitude cannot decay away from the interface; the lower bound is zero, where the interface might become unstable. The treatment parallels the one followed for the incompressible case and the differences due to the Bell constraint are highlighted. Finally, the analysis is specialized to specific strain energy densities and to the case where the bimaterial is uniformly deforemd (that is when the stretch ratios for the upper half-space are equal to those for the lower half-space.) Numerical results are given for “simple hyperelastic Bell” materials and for “Bells” empirical model” materials, and compared to the results for neo-Hookean incompressible materials.
Prediction of Service Life for Vacuum Insulation Panels with Fumed Silica Kernel and Foil Cover
Authors: Schwab Hubert , Heinemann Ulrich , Beck Andreas , Ebert Hans-Peter , Fricke Jochen
Published: March 2005

For vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) with fumed silica kernels and foils as cover, a calculation model is developed to predict the service life. It is defined as the period during which the thermal conductivity of the VIP has risen 50% due to infusion of air and moisture. Two panel sizes, 50 ×50 × 1 cm3 and 100 × 100 × 2 cm3 are considered. For VIPs with laminated aluminum foils, calculated service lives of many decades are determined. For VIPs with aluminum-coated multilayer foils, shorter service lives still above 20 are calculated. This is due to the higher water vapor transmission through the Al-coated multilayer foils (compared to laminated Al foil) and the humidity-related increase in thermal conductivity. Overall, our model predicts service lives, which are large enough for applications of VIPs in buildings. An open question that remains is the long-term stability of the foil cover.
Leukocyte-Platelet Aggregates in Rat Peripheral Blood After Ischemic Stroke and Reperfusion
Authors: Ritter Leslie S. , Stempel Karl M. , Coull Bruce M. , McDonagh Paul F.
Published: March 2005

Ischemic stroke and reperfusion (ISR) is associated with an inflammatory response characterized, in part, by the formation of leukocyte-platelet aggregates (LPA). Aggregate formation may amplify the immunologic and hemostatic functions of both cell types and thus exacerbate reperfusion injury after ischemic stroke. LPA formation in peripheral blood may also serve as a biomarker of the severity of injury. However, it is not fully known whether ISR causes LPA formation that can be detected in the peripheral blood. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to measure LPA in the peripheral blood after ISR using a rat model. The filament method was used to perform ISR. Blood was collected from the jugular vein before ischemia, after 4 hours of ischemia, and after 1 hour of reperfusion. Flow cytometry was used to quantify LPA in peripheral blood. Separate ISR groups were treated with tirofiban, a platelet GPIIb/IIIa inhibitor, and fucoidan, a selectin adhesion molecule inhibitor, and analyzed for LPA. Leukocyte CD11b expression and reactive oxygen species production were also analyzed to note the role of polymorphonuclear neutrophilic (PMN) activation on LPA formation. After ISR, LPA levels in peripheral blood were twice as large as preischemic levels. Both GPIIb/IIIa and selectin adhesion molecule inhibition (p < .05) decreased LPA to preischemic values. PMN CD11b expression was increased above baseline but did not differ between groups. Reactive oxygen species production did not differ between groups during reperfusion. These data suggest that ischemic stroke and reperfusion results in an increase in LPA that can be consistently measured in peripheral blood. LPA formation may be a useful biomarker and potential therapeutic target after ischemic stroke and reperfusion.
Parsons revisited: from the sick role to...?
Authors: Williams Simon J.
Published: March 2005

This article revisits Parsons’ insights on medicine, health and illness in the light of contemporary debates in medical sociology and beyond. A preliminary balance sheet of the Parsonian legacy is first provided, taking on board standard accounts and criticisms of Parsons’ work within medical sociology to date. The remainder of the article, in contrast, involves a close re-reading of Parsons in the light of contemporary sociological debates on the body, emotion, trust, uncertainty and health, including late modern and postmodern interpretations of his work. Parsons, it is concluded, despite his (many) critics and detractors, has much to contribute here, not simply in terms of past insights, but also with regard to the present and future
Reconstituting populations through evidence-based medicine: an ethnographic account of recommending procedures for diagnosing type 2 diabetes in clinical practice guidelines
Authors: Rock Melanie
Published: March 2005

This ethnographic investigation responds to calls for more social science research on - versus for or against - evidence-based medicine (EBM). It centers on the recommendations endorsed, in a set of clinical practice guidelines, by Canadian specialists in the late 1990s for diagnosing diabetes. Empirically, the article mainly relies on public presentations and discussion at the Canadian Diabetes Association Professional Conferences (1997-2001), supplemented by findings from documentary sources, direct observation, participant-observation and interviews. It confirms the importance of clinical reason and clinical epidemiology as preconditions for EBM, the textually mediated character of EBM and patients’ bodies as sites for producing knowledge crucial to EBM. Most significantly, it also demonstrates the importance of non-patients’ bodies as sites for producing knowledge that is crucial to EBM and its politics. EBM politics encompass the discursive, socio-technical and visceral reconstitution of populations.
Assessing the Indoor Environment of Primary Schools in the Southwest of Turkey
Authors: Kisioglu Ahmet N. , Demirel Reha , Ozturk Mustafa
Published: March 2005

In developing countries, the effects of natural disasters and accidents are often more serious in those buildings with a high number of occupants as a consequence of deficiencies in the built design and insufficiency of inspections. We have surveyed a number of state primary schools to examine their interior physical environment with respect to school safety and security. We studied all the 37 state primary schools located in the Isparta region of Turkey during the period between March and May of 2002. The results showed that all the schools of the region had a number of inadequacies because they had not been adequately adapted to comply with existing standards. Most of the schools had over-large class sizes, had one or more classrooms in an underground floor (proscribed in areas where there is a high risk of earthquakes), inadequate security and safety precautions to ensure pupil safety and had no proper air ventilation within the classrooms. The survey showed that local and central official bodies must reinforce the need for standards and ensure the implementation of high standards in the schools to ensure the pupil health, safety and security, and that they should work together with parents and other local associations.
Human Exposure Chamber for Known Formaldehyde Levels: Generation and Validation
Authors: Casset A. , Marchand C. , Le Calvé S. , Mirabel Ph. , de Blay F.
Published: March 2005

Formaldehyde is a common air pollutant of the indoor environment. It has a potential effect on the respiratory function of people and so studies have been performed to assess this using exposure methods with high concentrations of formaldehyde. However, epidemiology studies have shown its impact on allergic diseases at lower domestic levels. The aim of this study was to develop an exposure chamber to study effects of low controlled concentrations of formaldehyde. Concentrations in the chamber were quantified by a simple DNHP-derivatisation method followed by liquid chromatography coupled to UV detection. Experiments to assess formaldehyde generation yield and reproducibility of formaldehyde levels in the chamber were performed in an empty chamber. The temporal decay of formaldehyde concentration in the exposure chamber was also investigated for more than 2h under different experimental conditions, for example in darkness or with somebody inside the chamber. Actual measured levels of formaldehyde were found to be 78-91% of the calculated value expected. The study of the temporal decay showed that subject’s breathing accounted for the fate of approximately 50% of the formaldehyde lost. Leaks, wall deposition, photolysis and adsorption on clothes were processes identified to explain the remaining 50%. However, this study has shown that both homogeneity and stability of formaldehyde concentration in the gas phase can be maintained acceptably to carry out future human exposure experiments.
Do we need a Unique Scientist ID for publications in biomedicine?
Authors: Bohne-Lang Andreas , Lang Elke
Published: March 2005

Background

The PubMed database contains nearly 15 million references from more than 4,800 biomedical journals. In general, authors of scientific articles are addressed by their last name and forename initial.

Discussion

In general, names can be too common and not unique enough to be search criteria. Today, Ph.D. students, other researchers and women publish scientific work. A person may not only have one name but several names and publish under each name. A Unique Scientist ID could help to address people in peer-to-peer (P2P) networks. As a starting point, perhaps PubMed could generate and manage such a scientist ID.

A Unique Scientist ID would improve knowledge management in science. Unfortunately in some of the publications, and then within the online databases, only one letter abbreviates the author's forename. A common name with only one initial could retrieve pertinent citations, but include many false drops (retrieval matching searched criteria but indisputably irrelevant).
Contribution of CaMKIV to Injury and Fear- Induced Ultrasonic Vocalizations in Adult Mice
Authors: Ko Shanelle W , Chatila Talal , Zhuo Min
Published: March 2005

Calcium-calmodulin dependent protein kinase IV (CaMKIV) is a protein kinase that activates the transcription factor CREB. Our previous work demonstrated that mice lacking CaMKIV had a defect in fear memory while behavioral responses to noxious stimuli were unchanged. Here, we measured ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) before and after fear conditioning and in response to a noxious injection of capsaicin to measure behavioral responses to emotional stimuli. Consistent with previous findings, behavioral nociceptive responses to capsaicin were undistinguishable between wild-type and CaMKIV−/− mice. Wild-type animals showed a selective increase in 50 kHz USVs in response to capsaicin while such an increase was absent in CaMKIV−/− mice. The foot shock given during fear conditioning caused an increase in 30 kHz USVs in both wild-type and CaMKIV−/−mice. When returned to the context one hour later, USVs from the wild-type were significantly decreased. Additionally, the onset of a tone, which had previously been paired with the foot shock, caused a significant decrease in USVs during auditory conditioning. CaMKIV−/− mice showed significantly less reduction in USVs when placed in the same context three days after receiving the shock, consistent with the decrease in freezing reported previously. Our results provide a new approach for investigating the molecular mechanism for emotional vocalization in mice and suggest that CaMKIV dependent signaling pathways play an important role in the emotional response to pain and fear.
A Transcription Factor for Cold Sensation!
Authors: Kim Susan J , Qu Zhican , Milbrandt Jeffrey , Zhuo Min
Published: March 2005

The ability to feel hot and cold is critical for animals and human beings to survive in the natural environment. Unlike other sensations, the physiology of cold sensation is mostly unknown. In the present study, we use genetically modified mice that do not express nerve growth factor-inducible B (NGFIB) to investigate the possible role of NGFIB in cold sensation. We found that genetic deletion of NGFIB selectively affected behavioral responses to cold stimuli while behavioral responses to noxious heat or mechanical stimuli were normal. Furthermore, behavioral responses remained reduced or blocked in NGFIB knockout mice even after repetitive application of cold stimuli. Our results provide strong evidence that the first transcription factor NGFIB determines the ability of animals to respond to cold stimulation.
Involvement of CC chemokine ligand 18 (CCL18) in normal and pathological processes
Authors: Schutyser Evemie , Richmond Ann , Van Damme Jo
Published: March 2005

CC chemokine ligand 18 (CCL18) was originally discovered as pulmonary and activation-regulated chemokine (PARC), dendritic cell (DC)-chemokine 1 (DC-CK1), alternative macrophage activation-associated CC chemokine-1 (AMAC-1), and macrophage inflammatory protein-4 (MIP-4). CCL18 primarily targets lymphocytes and immature DC, although its agonistic receptor remains unknown so far. CCL18 is mainly expressed by a broad range of monocytes/macrophages and DC. A more profound understanding of the various activation programs and functional phenotypes of these producer cells might give a better insight in the proinflammatory versus anti-inflammatory role of this CC chemokine. It is interesting that CCL18 is constitutively present at high levels in human plasma and likely contributes to the physiological homing of lymphocytes and DC and to the generation of primary immune responses. Furthermore, enhanced CCL18 production has been demonstrated in several diseases, including various malignancies and inflammatory joint, lung, and skin diseases. The lack of a rodent counterpart for human CCL18 sets all hope on primate animal models to further elucidate the importance of CCL18 in vivo. This review will address these different aspects in more detail.
STAT-1 facilitates the ATM activated checkpoint pathway following DNA damage
Authors: Townsend Paul A. , Cragg Mark S. , Davidson Sean M. , McCormick James , Barry Sean , Lawrence Kevin M. , Knight Richard A. , Hubank Michael , Chen Phang-Lang , Latchman David S. , Stephanou Anastasis
Published: March 2005

STAT-1 plays a role in mediating stress responses to various stimuli and has also been implied to be a tumour suppressor. Here, we report that STAT-1-deficient cells have defects both in intra-S-phase and G2-M checkpoints in response to DNA damage. Interestingly, STAT-1-deficient cells showed reduced Chk2 phosphorylation on threonine 68 (Chk2-T68) following DNA damage, suggesting that STAT-1 might function in the ATM-Chk2 pathway. Moreover, the defects in Chk2-T68 phosphorylation in STAT-1-deficient cells also correlated with reduced degradation of Cdc25A compared with STAT-1-expressing cells after DNA damage. We also show that STAT-1 is required for ATM-dependent phosphorylation of NBS1 and p53 but not for BRCA1 or H2AX phosphorylation following DNA damage. Expression levels of BRCT mediator/adaptor proteins MDC1 and 53BP1, which are required for ATM-mediated pathways, are reduced in cells lacking STAT-1. Enforced expression of MDC1 into STAT-1-deficient cells restored ATM-mediated phosphorylation of downstream substrates. These results imply that STAT-1 plays a crucial role in the DNA-damage-response by regulating the expression of 53BP1 and MDC1, factors known to be important for mediating ATM-dependent checkpoint pathways.
In VivoActivation of a Mutant μ-Opioid Receptor by Naltrexone Produces a Potent Analgesic Effect But No Tolerance: Role of μ-Receptor Activation and δ-Receptor Blockade in Morphine Tolerance
Authors: Roy Sabita , Guo Xiaohong , Kelschenbach Jennifer , Liu Yuxiu , Loh Horace H.
Published: March 2005

Opioid analgesics are the standard therapeutic agents for the treatment of pain, but their prolonged use is limited because of the development of tolerance and dependence. Recently, we reported the development of a μ-opioid receptor knock-in (KI) mouse in which the μ-opioid receptor was replaced by a mutant receptor (S196A) using a homologous recombination gene-targeting strategy. In these animals, the opioid antagonist naltrexone elicited antinociceptive effects similar to those of partial agonists acting in wild-type (WT) mice; however, development of tolerance and physical dependence were greatly reduced. In this study, we test the hypothesis that the failure of naltrexone to produce tolerance in these KI mice is attributable to its simultaneous inhibition of δ-opioid receptors and activation of μ-opioid receptors. Simultaneous implantation of a morphine pellet and continuous infusion of the δ-opioid receptor antagonist naltrindole prevented tolerance development to morphine in both WT and KI animals. Moreover, administration of SNC-80 [(+)-4-[(αR)-α-((2S,5R)-4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl]-N,N-diethylbenzamide], a δ agonist, in the naltrexone-pelleted KI animals resulted in a dose-dependent induction in tolerance development to both morphine- and naltrexone-induced analgesia. We conclude that although simultaneous activation of both μ- and δ-opioid receptors results in tolerance development, μ-opioid receptor activation in conjunction with δ-opioid receptor blockade significantly attenuates the development of tolerance.
Four Different Subunits Are Essential for Expressing the Synaptic Glutamate Receptor at Neuromuscular Junctions ofDrosophila
Authors: Qin Gang , Schwarz Tobias , Kittel Robert J. , Schmid Andreas , Rasse Tobias M. , Kappei Dennis , Ponimaskin Evgeni , Heckmann Manfred , Sigrist Stephan J.
Published: March 2005

Three ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits, designated GluRIIA, GluRIIB, and GluRIII, have been identified at neuromuscular junctions ofDrosophila. Whereas GluRIIA and GluRIIB are redundant for viability, it was shown recently that GluRIII is essential for both the synaptic localization of GluRIIA and GluRIIB and the viability ofDrosophila. Here we identify a fourth and a fifth subunit expressed in the neuromuscular system, which we name GluRIID and GluRIIE. Both new subunits we show to be necessary for survival. Moreover, both GluRIID and GluRIIE are required for the synaptic expression of all other glutamate receptor subunits. All five subunits are interdependent for receptor function, synaptic receptor expression, and viability. This indicates that synaptic glutamate receptors incorporate the GluRIII, GluRIID, and GluRIIE subunit together with either GluRIIA or GluRIIB at theDrosophilaneuromuscular junction. At this widely used model synapse, the assembly of four different subunits to form an individual glutamate receptor channel may thus be obligatory. This study opens the way for a further characterization ofin vivoglutamate receptor assembly and trafficking using the efficient genetics ofDrosophila.
Anatomy of Spatial Attention: Insights from Perfusion Imaging and Hemispatial Neglect in Acute Stroke
Authors: Hillis Argye E. , Newhart Melissa , Heidler Jennifer , Barker Peter B. , Herskovits Edward H. , Degaonkar Mahaveer
Published: March 2005

The site of lesion responsible for left hemispatial neglect after stroke has been intensely debated recently. Some studies provide evidence that right angular lesions are most likely to cause left neglect, whereas others indicate that right superior temporal lesions are most likely to cause neglect. We examine two potential accounts of the conflicting results: (1) neglect could result from cortical dysfunction beyond the structural lesion in some studies; and (2) different forms of neglect with separate neural correlates have been included in different proportions in separate studies. To evaluate these proposals, we studied 50 patients with acute right subcortical infarcts using tests of hemispatial neglect and magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted and perfusion-weighted imaging performed within 48 h of onset of symptoms. Left “allocentric” neglect (errors on the left sides of individual stimuli, regardless of location with respect to the viewer) was most strongly associated with hypoperfusion of right superior temporal gyrus (Fisher's exact test;p< 0.0001), whereas left “egocentric” neglect (errors on the left of the viewer) was most strongly associated with hypoperfusion of the right angular gyrus (p< 0.0001). Patients without cortical hypoperfusion showed no hemispatial neglect. Because the patients did not have cortical infarcts, our data show that neglect can be caused by hypoperfused dysfunctional tissue not detectable by structural magnetic resonance imaging. Moreover, different forms of neglect were associated with different sites of cortical hypoperfusion. Results help explain conflicting results in the literature and contribute to the understanding of spatial attention and representation in the human brain.
Differential Regulation of AMPA Receptor and GABA Receptor Trafficking by Tumor Necrosis Factor-α
Authors: Stellwagen David , Beattie Eric C. , Seo Jae Y. , Malenka Robert C.
Published: March 2005

The proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) causes a rapid exocytosis of AMPA receptors in hippocampal pyramidal cells and is constitutively required for the maintenance of normal surface expression of AMPA receptors. Here we demonstrate that TNFα acts on neuronal TNFR1 receptors to preferentially exocytose glutamate receptor 2-lacking AMPA receptors through a phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase-dependent process. This increases excitatory synaptic strength while changing the molecular stoichiometry of synaptic AMPA receptors. Conversely, TNFα causes an endocytosis of GABAAreceptors, resulting in fewer surface GABAAreceptors and a decrease in inhibitory synaptic strength. These results suggest that TNFα can regulate neuronal circuit homeostasis in a manner that may exacerbate excitotoxic damage resulting from neuronal insults.
Mechanisms of Transport and Exocytosis of Dense-Core Granules Containing Tissue Plasminogen Activator in Developing Hippocampal Neurons
Authors: Silverman Michael A. , Johnson Scooter , Gurkins Dmitri , Farmer Meredith , Lochner Janis E. , Rosa Patrizia , Scalettar Bethe A.
Published: March 2005

Dense-core granules (DCGs) are organelles found in specialized secretory cells, including neuroendocrine cells and neurons. Neuronal DCGs facilitate many critical processes, including the transport and secretion of proteins involved in learning, and yet their transport and exocytosis are poorly understood. We have used wide-field and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, in conjunction with transport theory, to visualize the transport and exocytosis of DCGs containing a tissue plasminogen activator-green fluorescent protein hybrid in cell bodies, neurites, and growth cones of developing hippocampal neurons and to quantify the roles that diffusion, directed motion, and immobility play in these processes. Our results demonstrate that shorter-ranged transport of DCGs near sites of exocytosis in hippocampal neurons and neuroendocrine cells differs markedly. Specifically, the immobile fraction of DCGs within growth cones and near the plasma membrane of hippocampal neurons is small and relatively unaltered by actin disruption, unlike in neuroendocrine cells. Moreover, transport of DCGs in these domains of hippocampal neurons is unusually heterogeneous, being significantly rapid and directed as well as slow and diffusive. Our results also demonstrate that exocytosis is preceded by substantial movement and heterogeneous transport; this movement may facilitate delivery of DCG cargo in hippocampal neurons, given the relatively low abundance of neuronal DCGs. In addition, the extensive mobility of DCGs in hippocampal neurons argues strongly against the hypothesis that cortical actin is a major barrier to membrane-proximal DCGs in these cells. Instead, our results suggest that extended release of DCG cargo from hippocampal neurons arises from heterogeneity in DCG mobility.
Calcium Sensitivity of Neurotransmitter Release Differs at Phasic and Tonic Synapses
Authors: Millar Andrew G. , Zucker Robert S. , Ellis-Davies Graham C. R. , Charlton Milton P. , Atwood Harold L.
Published: March 2005

The efficacy of synaptic transmission varies greatly among synaptic contacts. We have explored the origins of differences between phasic and tonic crustacean neuromuscular junctions. Synaptic boutons of a phasic motor neuron release three orders of magnitude more quanta to a single action potential and show strong depression to a train, whereas tonic synapses are nearly unresponsive to single action potentials and display an immense facilitation. Phasic and tonic synapses display a similar nonlinear dependence on extracellular [Ca2+].We imposed similar spatially uniform intracellular [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i) steps in phasic and tonic synapses by photolysis of presynaptic caged calcium. [Ca2+]iwas measured fluorometrically while transmitter release was monitored electrophysiologically from single boutons in which the [Ca2+]iwas elevated. Phasic synapses released the readily releasable pool (RRP) of vesicles at a much higher rate and with a shorter delay than did tonic synapses. Comparison of several kinetic models of molecular events showed that a difference in Ca2+-sensitive priming of vesicles in the RRP combined with a revision of the kinetic Ca2+-binding sequence to the secretory trigger produced the best fit to the markedly different responses to Ca2+steps and action potentials and of the characteristic features of synaptic plasticity in phasic and tonic synapses. The results reveal processes underlying one aspect of synaptic diversity that may also regulate changes in synaptic strength during development and learning and memory formation.
Emotional Autobiographical Memories in Amnesic Patients with Medial Temporal Lobe Damage
Authors: Buchanan Tony W. , Tranel Daniel , Adolphs Ralph
Published: March 2005

The recollection of emotional autobiographical memories has received little attention in patients with memory disorders. Here, we addressed this topic in amnesic patients with damage to the hippocampus (HC group;n= 8) or the hippocampus, amygdala, and surrounding cortices (HC+ group;n= 2). These patients were asked to recollect emotional events from their lives. HC patients produced recollections that were strikingly similar to those of brain-damaged (n= 10) and healthy (n= 25) comparison participants, in terms of both quantity and quality. In contrast, HC+ patients produced a lower proportion of unpleasant memories compared with the other participants. Specifically, the ratings and words used to describe recollections in the HC+ patients were more affectively positive. All groups produced more memories from between 10 and 30 years of age (the so-called autobiographical memory “bump”) compared with other time periods in their lives. These results suggest that structures surrounding the hippocampus, but not the hippocampus itself, may be necessary for the recollection of highly emotional, unpleasant autobiographical memories. The amygdala and surrounding cortices of the medial temporal lobe may be a necessary component in the neural circuitry necessary for vivid recollection of unpleasant emotional events.
Development policies and identity politics: class and collectivity in Belize
Authors: Medina Laurie Kroshus
Published: March 2005

Recent work on the construction of collective identities has produced rich analyses of ethnic and national collectivities, but the construction of collective class identities has received less attention. In this article I focus on the interplay of economic, political, and symbolic forces in the construction of collective class identities in the citrus industry of Belize, examining the intersection of these forces with racial‐ethnic and national collectivities and their mobilization to contest the direction of economic development in the industry.
Interpretation in Middle East ethnography
Authors: Anderson Jon W.
Published: March 2005

Lords of the Lebanese Marches: Violence and Narrative In an Arab Society. MICHAEL GILSENAN. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996. xvi + 377 pp., plates, maps, figures, notes, bibliography, index.
Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications
Authors: Wolfe Alvin W.
Published: March 2005

Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications. STANLEY WASSERMAN and KATHERINE FAUST. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994. xxxi + 825 pp., illustrations, tables, appendixes, references, indexes.
Conceiving the New World Order. The Global Politics of Reproduction
Authors: Ragoné Helena
Published: March 2005

Conceiving the New World Order. The Global Politics of Reproduction. FAYE GINSBURG and RAYNA RAPP, eds. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995. xi + 450 pp.
Yanomami Warfare: A Political History
Authors: Chernela Janet M.
Published: March 2005

Yanomami Warfare: A Political History. R. BRIAN FERGUSON. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press, 1995. xiv + 449 pp., maps, notes, references, index.
Black and Catholic In Savannah, Georgia
Authors: Neville Gwen Kennedy
Published: March 2005

Black and Catholic In Savannah, Georgia. GARY WRAY McDONOGH. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1994. xiv + 386 pp., figures, maps, notes, bibliography, index.
Onions Are My Husband: Survival and Accumulation by West African Market Women
Authors: Bastian Misty L.
Published: March 2005

Onions Are My Husband: Survival and Accumulation by West African Market Women. GRACIA CLARK. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1995. xxiv + 464 pp., maps, photographs, tables, references, Index.
Purity and Exile: Violence, Memory and National Cosmology Among Hutu Refugees in Tanzania
Authors: Ghosh Gautam
Published: March 2005

Purity and Exile: Violence, Memory and National Cosmology Among Hutu Refugees in Tanzania. LIISA MALKKI. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995. xiv + 352 pp., maps, notes, references, index.
Dialogics of material culture: male and female in Murik outrigger canoes
Authors: Barlow Kathleen , Lipset David
Published: March 2005

We interpret material culture using a Bakhtinian model of dialogicality. Metaphoric differences in male and female perspectives of the building rites and iconography of premodern Murik outrigger canoes are adduced. Men view the vehicle in terms of initiation and their war cult while women view it in physiological images of pregnancy, birth, and nurture, as well as in terms of the seductive powers conferred upon female‐cult initiates. We take these two points of view to constitute a contrapuntal dialogue about gender and agency in the reproduction of Murik society.
Racialized bodies, naturalized classes: Moving through the city of Salvador da Bahia
Authors: McCallum Cecilia
Published: March 2005

In this article, I describe racialization processes in Brazil's third‐largest urban center, Salvador da Bahia, focusing on a broadly defined field of social practice. In a cross‐class ethnographic portrait of the city, I examine the situated, embodied production of meanings about the body, as subjects move through urban space and time. I trace the emergence of racialization from residents' microhistorical passages through the metropolis as these sediment into a shared, if partial, knowledge about difference and identity. I argue that it is such knowledge, borne by subjects as they ceaselessly reconstruct themselves, that grounds the mutual constitution of whiteness and of blackness in the city. Further, these processes generate knowledge of the naturalization of class. Thus, if a uniting factor underlies the diversity of discourses circulating in the city, it is the embodied by‐product of subjective experience.
Tourism–terrorism: The landscaping of consumption and the darker side of place
Authors: Ness Sally Ann
Published: March 2005

Tourism destinations are increasingly subject to locational forms of violence that enable certain conceptualizations of terrorism. This enabling is undermined to some extent when touristic landscaping is understood from a phenomenological perspective and the darker side of its placelike character is illuminated. Touristic landscapes are capable of producing injurious, traumatic forms of disemplacement via their consumption‐oriented spatializing of preexisting cultural places. One Philippine luxury destination, Pearl Farm Beach Resort, a target of locational violence in 2001, illustrates how the landscaping of tourist destinations can serve to embed and to signify potential sources of locational violence.
Buying a better witch doctor: Witch‐finding, neoliberalism, and the development imagination in the Taita Hills, Kenya
Authors: Smith James H.
Published: March 2005

In this article, I examine the efforts of a Kenyan community to make sense of, and to act on, structural transformations associated with economic and political liberalization and globalization. To locate the sources of its conjoined moral and economic decline, the community employed the witch finder Maji Marefu to expose the real circuits of power and abuse underlying the false appearances of everyday life and to make the institutions and practices long associated with “development” real again through the ritualized public exposure of new forms of witchcraft. Maji Marefu's “movement” sought to revitalize institutions that were iconic of an earlier model of development, coming to life in the vacuum that a retreating, downsized state left behind. Yet Maji Marefu ultimately came to epitomize the foreign vices he was hired to rid the community of, and the state and church were revitalized to intervene on the citizenry's behalf so as to control this “criminal” menace.
Moonshine, money, and the politics of liquidity in rural Russia
Authors: Rogers Douglas
Published: March 2005

In many areas of rural Russia after socialism, moonshine serves as a local currency. In this article, I trace the intersecting circuits of moonshine, rubles, labor, and U.S. dollars in a Russian town to outline an approach to exchange that concentrates on the politics of liquidity—conflicts and inequalities rooted in the relative degrees of exchangeability associated with different transactables. I explore emerging axes of stratification after socialism at several junctures: between husbands and wives; among units of extended families; between moonlighters and their employers; and, through an analysis of ruble–dollar exchanges and Russia's “August crisis” of 1998, between rural households and international currency speculators.
Choral Lyric as “Ritualization”: Poetic Sacrifice and PoeticEgoin Pindar's Sixth Paian
Authors: Kurke Leslie
Published: March 2005

Abstract The ego or speaking subject of Pindar's Sixth Paian is anomalous, as has been acknowledged by many scholars. In a genre whoseego is predominantly choral, the speaking subject at the beginning of Paian 6 differentiates himself from the chorus and confidently analogizes his poetic authority to the prophetic power of Delphi by his self-description as αοίδιμον Πιερίδων προfάταν. I would like to correlate Pindar's exceptional ego in this poem with what has recently emerged as the poem's exceptional performance context. Following Ian Rutherford's 1997 discovery of a second marginal title for the third triad (“For the Aiginetans, a prosodion to Aiakos”), we might postulate performance by two choruses: the first two triads sung by a Delphian chorus stationary at the altar, the last triad sung by an Aiginetan chorus as they process to the altar. The need to reconcile within the poem and the space of performance two choruses, two communities, and two local mythic traditions generates the strikingly prominent speaking subject of Paian 6 as a mediating figure.