bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Retrospective Single Centre Study on Histopathological Analysis of Cholecystectomy Specimens in a Pakistani Tertiary Care Centre. Is the Spectrum Changing?
Authors:   Department of Pathology, HBS Medical & Dental College, Islamabad, Waqar Maryam
Published: September 2024

Objective: To study the histopathological spectrum of gallbladder diseases and compare the occurrence of gallbladder carcinoma in relation to age, gender and weight of the patient. Methodology: This Cross-sectional study, retrospective study was conducted at Histopathology department of HBS General Hospital and Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS). Study was conducted over a period of 6 months from October 2021 to March 2022. Cholecystectomy specimens from either gender irrespective of their age received at the Histopathology Department of HBS General Hospital and Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), over a period of 6 months were included in the study. The specimens were fixed in 10% formalin for 24 to 48 hours before sectioning. Then every specimen was macroscopically evaluated followed by cutting of the tissue into three representative sections, one each from the fundus, body and neck of the gallbladder along with the lymph nodes if provided. Hematoxylin & eosin staining was done & specimen. The clinical data from pathology reports and slides were retrieved from the archives and were microscopically examined by the histopathologists and the results were recorded. Results: Mean age of the patients was 54.58 ±18.04 years. Females were more than the male patients. There were 315 (77.4%) female patients as compared to 92 (22.6%) male patients. The mean weight of the patients was 60.18 ±5.11 kg. The most common finding was chronic cholecystitis in 303 out of 407 total cases (85%) followed by acute cholecystitis in 27 cases (9.8%). There were 16 cases (3.9%) of incidental carcinoma and three cases (0.7%) of dysplasia. Conclusion: A spectrum of histopathological diagnosis is observed in cholecystectomy specimen. The inflammatory gallbladder lesions are the most common pathology and the commonest diagnosis is chronic cholecystitis but the doctors cannot rely on the clinical or radiological diagnosis of gallbladder diseases. Histopathological analysis of all gallbladder specimens is necessary for the detection of carcinoma as the frequency of gallbladder cancer appears to be on the rise in our population which is significantly more common in females.
Survey of Cholera Outbreak and its Resistant Pattern in Baluchistan, Pakistan
Authors:   Department of Pathology, Bolan Medical College Quetta, Hussain Ashiq , Lashari Yasmeen , Mazhar Muhammad ,   Department of Pathology, Loralai Medical College Loralai
Published: September 2024

Objective: The present study was conducted to identify the isolates of V. cholerae as causative agent for the current outbreak in Baluchistan and evaluate the antibiotic sensitivity profile of the isolates Methodology; This cross-sectional study was conducted at Bolan Medical Complex Hospital Quetta from March to October 2022. Suspected stool samples were received with a history of untreated severe diarrhea within 12-hour duration from different affected districts of Baluchistan Province, Suspected colonies were subjected to gram staining, biochemical analysis and antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Results; Total 483 diarrheal samples were collected out of which 43 (8.90 %) were positive and 440 (91.09%) were negative. The all isolates 100 % were resistant to common antibiotics were whereas Ciprofloxacin100%, Levofloxacin 100% and Azithromycin 100% were sensitive to all isolates. Conclusion: Culture methods and biochemical identification of V. cholerae from suspected cholera may be helpful. There needs to be systematic surveillance of commonly used antibiotics and encourage the design and implementation of the cholera control policy advised by the WHO
MAKNA PASTORAL KONSELING DALAM ADAT PEMINANGAN SANGIHE: DALENG’U WERA
Authors: Lanongbuka Amartya Lovelin , Ralendesang Nivtrik Netson , Lalompoh Suryaningsi
Published: September 2024

Pastoral Counseling is a reciprocal process that occurs between the counselor and the client to achieve a common goal, namely what the counselee himself hopes, namely to get out of the problem. Pastoral counseling also in ministry cannot be limited by time, where and whenever it can be done. The meaning of pastoral counseling in the Sangihe community's pemingan tradition is: Daleng'u Wera is one of the pastoral services that can be carried out where there are pastoral functions that can be applied, namely: guiding, supporting, empowering and preventive or prevention functions. So that pastoral counseling and customs become one of the new things that can influence each other and also complement each other in their services. In this case, pastoral counseling can play an important role in the Dalengu Wera customs to facilitate open dialogue and communication, provide understanding, provide spiritual support and emotional so that both families and couples can get the right decision before entering the wedding procession. This research uses a descriptive qualitative research method to see the meaning of pastoral counseling in the Daleng'u Wera betrothal tradition.
Tawazun Sebagai Prinsip Wasatiyah Dalam Kehidupan Muslim Kontemporer
Authors: Ridlo Maghriza Muhammad Taufiq , Ledang Irwan , Sari Uci Purnama
Published: September 2024

Penelitian ini membahas peran penting "tawazun" (keseimbangan) sebagai prinsip "wasatiyah" (moderasi) dalam kehidupan Muslim kontemporer. Konsep-konsep ini memiliki relevansi yang signifikan dalam menghadapi tantangan dan kompleksitas dalam era modern. Dalam kajian ini, kami menguji bagaimana prinsip tawazun tidak hanya menjadi pondasi etika Islam, tetapi juga menjadi panduan praktis bagi individu Muslim dalam menghadapi berbagai aspek kehidupan sehari-hari mereka. Kami juga menganalisis implementasi praktisnya dalam berbagai aspek kehidupan, termasuk agama, sosial, ekonomi, dan budaya. Hasil penelitian ini akan memberikan pemahaman yang lebih dalam tentang konsep tawazun sebagai prinsip wasatiyah dalam Islam dan relevansinya dalam mengejar keseimbangan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari masyarakat Muslim kontemporer. Penelitian ini juga memberikan wawasan tentang bagaimana konsep-konsep ini dapat membantu individu Muslim menghadapi tantangan modern dan mencapai moderasi dalam berbagai aspek kehidupan mereka. Dengan demikian, penelitian ini memberikan kontribusi penting untuk pemahaman tentang prinsip-prinsip dasar Islam dan bagaimana mereka dapat diimplementasikan dalam konteks zaman kita.
Potret Madrasah Di Indonesia
Authors: Fauzi Ahmad Nur , Saputra Deden Mula
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Madrasah merupakan salah satu bentuk lembaga pendidikan Islam. Madrasah tidaklah sama dengan masjid ataupun lembaga pendidikan Islam lainnya. Sebagai bagian tak terpisahkan dari sejarah bangsa Indonesia, madrasah yang diprakarsai oleh para kiai dan tokoh agama ini ikut terpanggil untuk ikut berperan di semua aspek kehidupan terutama dalam bidang pendidikan. Sesuai amanat undang- undang yang disebutkan dalam pembukaan UUD 1945 alenia IV dan pasal 31 UUD 1945 yang diturunkan dalam UU Sisdiknas sampai sekarang telah banyak memberi angin segar kepada madrasah sebagai salah satu lembaga pendidikan Islam di Indonesia sehingga madrasah dapat lebih berperan dalam mencerdaskan kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara berdasarkan ciri atau karakteristik serta tujuan madrasah. Dengan demikian, dalam kajian ini akan dibahas sejauh mana peran madrasah sebagai salah satu Lembaga Pendidikan Islam dalam proses pendidikan di Indonesia, sehingga akan tampak lebih jelas tentang wajah madrasah di Indonesia sesungguhnya, yang pada kenyataanya tanpa kita sadari madrasah di Indonesia telah ikut banyak berperan serta menjadi rujukan utama dalam proses pendidikan baik dari  periode pra kemerdekaan sampai sekarang. 
Keywords: Madrasah, Lembaga Pendidikan Islam, Pendidikan Islam
"Sementes da Marielle" – Impulsos para descolonizar o conceito da "memória perigosa"
Authors: Katharina Merian
Published: September 2024

Este artigo aborda a questão de como grupos subalternizados se empoderam através da "memória perigosa". Segundo o teólogo político Johann Baptist Metz, a "memória perigosa" refere-se à memória do sofrimento e das esperanças não realizadas que perturbam o presente. De um ponto de vista teológico, a memória perigosa é a memória da cruz. Engajando criticamente com Metz, a análise da memória de Marielle Franco oferece impulsos para um sentido decolonial da "memória perigosa" que se centra mais no que já foi alcançado. A trajetória de Marielle Franco é um testemunho de como as mulheres negras das favelas se empoderam individual e coletivamente através da educação, do cuidado, da construção coletiva e da apropriação de uma autoimagem positiva. Este artigo mostra como, após o assassinato de Marielle Franco, sua memória se tornou uma "memória perigosa" que empodera e inspira mulheres subalternizadas e promove processos de tornar-se sujeito. Dessa maneira, a memória de Marielle Franco se torna um estímulo para a teologia política de reconceitualizar a “memória perigosa” como memória de ressurreição que abre caminhos para a vida.
Attosecond delay locking of large arm pump-probe system
Authors: Wang Ke-Jian , Teng Hao , Xing Xiao-Wei , Dong Shuo , Cao Kai-Qiang , Jiang Yu-Jiao , Zhao Kun , Zhu Jiang-Feng , Liu Wen-Jun , Wei Zhi-Yi ,   School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China,   Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China,   School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China,   School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China,   Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China
Published: September 2024

With the development of ultrafast science and attosecond laser technology, the pump-probe system based on isolated attosecond laser pulses is a key to attosecond science, which will be used to study electronic dynamics on an attosecond time-scale. To obtain stable and reliable signals, it is necessary to ensure ultra-stable and ultra-accurate synchronization. Any timing jitter can cause signal to disperse or get buryied in noise, making it impossible to obtain the true physical mechanism. Based on the above, the delay between pump laser pulse and probe laser pulse must be controlled with an attosecond time resolution. In this work, a dual-layer system is developed to achieve high-precision synchronization locking. To ensure that both layers have the same time jitter, we design an adapter to secure the elements placed during installation. Timing jitter is obtained by shaking interference fringes through fast Fourier transformation, and can be calculated in several ms. Then error signals are fed back to the PZT stage in order to compensate for real-time optical path drift. Through such a design, a time-delay accuracy of 7.64 as to 15.53 as is realized, which is linearly related to the interferometer arm length ranging from 1 m to 5 m, with an R2 of 0.96. Moreover, the error between the experimental result of arm length of 8 m and 10 m and the result fitted with the above data is less than 3 as. These results show that using a small interferometer can achieve the fast detection of the time-delay accuracy of long-arm attosecond pump-probe detection system in large scientific instrument, which is of great significance in guiding ther applications such as in non-collinear attosecond streaking spectroscopy, time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy, and coherent synthesis.
Detection and diagnosis of diabetic eye diseases using two phase transfer learning approach
Authors: Madduri Vamsi Krishna , Rao Battula Srinivasa
Published: September 2024

Background

Early diagnosis and treatment of diabetic eye disease (DED) improve prognosis and lessen the possibility of permanent vision loss. Screening of retinal fundus images is a significant process widely employed for diagnosing patients with DED or other eye problems. However, considerable time and effort are required to detect these images manually.

Methods

Deep learning approaches in machine learning have attained superior performance for the binary classification of healthy and pathological retinal fundus images. In contrast, multi-class retinal eye disease classification is still a difficult task. Therefore, a two-phase transfer learning approach is developed in this research for automated classification and segmentation of multi-class DED pathologies.

Results

In the first step, a Modified ResNet-50 model pre-trained on the ImageNet dataset was transferred and learned to classify normal diabetic macular edema (DME), diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and cataracts. In the second step, the defective region of multiple eye diseases is segmented using the transfer learning-based DenseUNet model. From the publicly accessible dataset, the suggested model is assessed using several retinal fundus images. Our proposed model for multi-class classification achieves a maximum specificity of 99.73%, a sensitivity of 99.54%, and an accuracy of 99.67%.
Genome-wide identification and expression analyses of SWEET gene family reveal potential roles in plant development, fruit ripening and abiotic stress responses in cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait)
Authors: Chen Li , Cai Mingyu , Liu Jiaxin , Jiang Xuxin , Liu Jiayi , Zhenxing Wang , Wang Yunpeng , Li Yadong
Published: September 2024

The sugars will eventually be exported transporter (SWEET) family is a novel class of sugar transporters that play a crucial role in plant growth, development, and responses to stress. Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) is a nutritious berry with economic importance, but little is known about SWEET gene family functions in this small fruit. In this research, 13 VmSWEET genes belonging to four clades were identified in the cranberry genome for the first time. In the conserved domains, we observed seven phosphorylation sites and four amino acid residues that might be crucial for the binding function. The majority of VmSWEET genes in each clade shared similar gene structures and conserved motifs, showing that the VmSWEET genes were highly conserved during evolution. Chromosomal localization and duplication analyses showed that VmSWEET genes were unevenly distributed in eight chromosomes and two pairs of them displayed synteny. A total of 79 cis-acting elements were predicted in the promoter regions of VmSWEETs including elements responsive to plant hormones, light, growth and development and stress responses. qRT-PCR analysis showed that VmSWEET10.1 was highly expressed in flowers, VmSWEET16 was highly expressed in upright and runner stems, and VmSWEET3 was highly expressed in the leaves of both types of stems. In fruit, the expression of VmSWEET14 and VmSWEET16 was highest of all members during the young fruit stage and were downregulated as fruit matured. The expression of VmSWEET4 was higher during later developmental stages than earlier developmental stages. Furthermore, qRT-PCR results revealed a significant up-regulation of VmSWEET10.2, under osmotic, saline, salt-alkali, and aluminum stress conditions, suggesting it has a crucial role in mediating plant responses to various environmental stresses. Overall, these results provide new insights into the characteristics and evolution of VmSWEET genes. Moreover, the candidate VmSWEET genes involved in the growth, development and abiotic stress responses can be used for molecular breeding to improve cranberry fruit quality and abiotic stress resistance.
Clinical outcomes in lupus nephritis patients treated with belimumab in real-life setting: a retrospective comparative study in China
Authors: Lin Zishan , Jiang Bingjing , Wang Wenfeng , Chen Caiming , Wang Yujia , Wan Jianxin , Xu Yanfang
Published: September 2024

Objective

The use of belimumab in treating lupus nephritis (LN) patients in China is still in its early stages. This retrospective comparative study aims to delineate the disease activity, associated therapies, clinical outcomes, and adverse events among LN patients treated with belimumab, reflecting real-world experience in southeastern China.

Methods

From May 2020 to December 2023, 54 LN patients treated with belimumab and 42 LN patients treated with conventional therapy were enrolled. All patients had a follow-up period of more than 3 months. The general information, presenting clinical and laboratory data, and outcomes were collected and compared.

Results

At 3 months of belimumab treatment, compared to baseline, there was a decrease in proteinuria from 74.1% to 64.8% (p < 0.001), a reduction in hematuria from 59.3% to 37.0% (p = 0.008), and an increase in partial or complete renal response from 53.7% to 75.9% (p < 0.001). The median SLEDAI score decreased from 10 to 5 (p < 0.001), and the proportion of patients achieving low lupus disease activity state (LLDAS) increased from 11.11% to 16.67% (p < 0.001) by the 3-month evaluation. Notably, there were significant reductions in oral corticosteroid dosages, with a median decrease from 30 to 17.5 mg/day (p < 0.001) by 3 months, and the proportion of patients requiring >5 mg/day of steroids decreased from 88.89% at baseline to 79.07% at six months (p < 0.001). Compared to the conventional therapy group, the belimumab group experienced a significant reduction in median steroid dosage and increased the proportion of patients achieving remission or LLDAS. The incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) was significantly lower in the belimumab group (29.6% vs 52.4%, p = 0.024).

Conclusion

These findings support the potential of belimumab to improve renal and serological parameters, reduce disease activity, lessen corticosteroid dependence, and decrease the risk of TEAEs, demonstrating its safety and efficacy as an adjunct therapy in LN management.
Key regulators of vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease: Hyperphosphatemia, BMP2, and RUNX2
Authors: Liang Xinhua , Li Yankun , Wang Peng , Liu Huafeng
Published: September 2024

Vascular calcification is quite common in patients with end-stage chronic kidney disease and is a major trigger for cardiovascular complications in these patients. These complications significantly impact the survival rate and long-term prognosis of individuals with chronic kidney disease. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the development of vascular calcification involves various pathophysiological mechanisms, with the osteogenic transdifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) being of utmost importance. High phosphate levels, bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), and runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) play crucial roles in the osteogenic transdifferentiation process of VSMCs. This article primarily reviews the molecular mechanisms by which high phosphate, BMP2, and RUNX2 regulate vascular calcification secondary to chronic kidney disease, and discusses the complex interactions among these factors and their impact on the progression of vascular calcification. The insights provided here aim to offer new perspectives for future research on the phenotypic switching and osteogenic transdifferentiation of VSMCs, as well as to aid in optimizing clinical treatment strategies for this condition, bearing significant clinical and scientific implications.
Association between lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio and stroke-associated pneumonia: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Li Xiaoqiang , Zhou Xiangmao , Wang Hui , Ruan Baifu , Song Zhibin , Zhang Guifeng
Published: September 2024

Background

Stroke-associated pneumonia (SAP) is a common complication of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and is associated with increased mortality and prolonged hospital stays. The lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) is a novel inflammatory marker that has been shown to be associated with various diseases. However, the relationship between the LMR and SAP in patients with AIS remains unclear.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 1,063 patients with AIS admitted to our hospital within 72 hours of symptom onset. Patients were divided into two groups: the SAP group (n = 99) and the non-SAP group (n = 964). The LMR was measured within 24 hours of admission, and the primary outcome was the incidence of SAP. We used univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses to assess the relationship between the LMR and SAP. Additionally, curve-fitting techniques and subgroup analyses were conducted.

Result

The incidence of SAP was 9.31%. We found that the LMR was significantly lower in the SAP group than in the non-SAP group (2.46 ± 1.44 vs. 3.86 ± 1.48, P < 0.001). A nonlinear relationship was observed between the LMR and the incidence of SAP. Subgroup analysis revealed that an elevated LMR was associated with a reduced incidence of SAP in individuals with an LMR below 4. Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that LMR was an independent predictor of SAP (OR = 0.37, 95% CI [0.27–0.53]).

Conclusion

Our study suggests that the LMR is an independent predictor of SAP in patients with AIS, particularly when the LMR is less than 4. The LMR may serve as a promising biomarker for the early identification of patients with AIS at a high risk of SAP.
Evaluation of Bisphenol-A Release from Vacuum formed Retainers after Immersion in Distilled Water using High Performance Liquid Chromatography: A Randomised Clinical Trial
Authors: Nanjannawar Lalita Girish , Patil Piyush Sanjay , Budhraja Simran Neeraj , Fulari Sangamesh Gurunath , Shirkande Amol Sarjerao , Mohite Ankita Manik
Published: September 2024

Introduction: With the increasing demand for aesthetics, the popularity of Vacuum-formed Retainers (VFRs) has been on the rise. Bisphenol-A (BPA) is added to the polymers to make them clear and tough. BPA is identified as an endocrine disruptor linked to developmental defects, infertility, cardiovascular disease and cancer. The release of BPA from various orthodontic materials, including VFRs, has been reported infrequently and with variable results. Aim: To assess the effect of immersing VFRs in distilled water on BPA release in the saliva of patients wearing VFRs. Materials and Methods: This was a single-centre prospective randomised clinical trial. A total of 28 patients aged between 15 and 25 years, who had completed their fixed orthodontic treatment in 2021 at Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University (BVDU), Dental College and Hospital, Sangli, Maharashtra, India, were selected for this in-vivo study. Patients were randomly divided into two groups. Group I patients received VFRs without immersion in water before delivery, while Group II patients received VFRs that were immersed in distilled water at 37˚C for 24 hours before delivery. Four samples of unstimulated whole saliva were collected across four different time intervals: T0 (before VFR delivery), T1 (after one hour of wearing retainers), T2 (after one week of wearing retainers) and T3 (after three weeks of wearing retainers). These samples were tested for BPA release using HPLC analysis. For numerical continuous data following a normal distribution, intergroup comparison was conducted using a one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test and intragroup comparisons were performed using a paired t-test. An alpha error of 5% and a power of 80% were maintained, with p<0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of patients selected for the study was 20±5 years. Statistical analysis revealed that the mean release of BPA (0.33 ppm) in saliva was highest in patients from Group I at T1, decreasing to 0.177 ppm at T2 and further reducing to 0.013 ppm at T3. In comparison, the mean values of BPA release in the saliva of patients in Group II were significantly lower at all time intervals: T1 (0.07 ppm), T2 (0.009 ppm) and T3 (0.001 ppm). Intergroup comparison using a one-way ANOVA test showed that the difference in BPA release between the two groups was statistically significant (p-value=0.05). Tukey’s posthoc test revealed statistically significant differences in BPA release between T1-T2, T2-T3 and T1-T3. Conclusion: Prior immersion of VFRs in distilled water for 24 hours at 37°C before delivery to patients can be a simple solution to reduce BPA release in saliva.
Comparative Evaluation of Penetration of Two Irrigating Solutions into Dentinal Tubules Using Diode Laser and Ultrasonic Activation: A Confocal Laser Microscopy Study Protocol
Authors: Hirani Palak , Chandak Manoj
Published: September 2024

Introduction: Endodontic therapy aims to eradicate pulpal and periapical diseases by removing bacteria from root canals. Despite thorough cleaning, the smear layer obstructs canal disinfection. Root canal preparation and irrigation, particularly with sodium hypochlorite, are essential for debridement. However, conventional techniques may leave areas untreated, necessitating innovative solutions like superoxidised water and Laser-activated Irrigation (LAI) for effective treatment. Need for the Study: The effectiveness of root canal treatment is contingent upon the success of the irrigating solution and the mode used for its activation, which is directly reflected in its ability to penetrate dentinal tubules. Thus, the focus of this experimental in-vitro study is to identify the most suitable irrigating solution and an effective activation technique for better penetration into dentinal tubules. Aim: The study will evaluate and compare the penetration of Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) and oxidised water irrigants into dentinal tubules using diode laser and ultrasonic activation. Materials and Methods: An experimental in-vitro study will be conducted in the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics at Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Wardha, Maharashtra, India, from August 2024 to May 2025. The approach involves categorising 60 recently extracted single-rooted teeth with fully formed apical foramina and intact occlusal morphology into six primary groups according to distinct irrigation techniques and the application of two different irrigants, resulting in 10 teeth per group. Decoronated specimens will be injected with a specific irrigant and activated using different techniques. The penetration of oxidised water into dentinal tubules by low-level laser therapy and ultrasonic activation will be evaluated and compared using confocal laser microscopy. The normality of the data will be analysed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. If the data are normal, then the T-Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test will be applied; if not, the Kruskal-Wallis test will be used at a 5% level of significance (p≤0.05).
Proton Magnetic Spectroscopy in Diabetic Brain: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Naik Harshad Prakash , Betkar Dakshata , Bhandari Adiel , Gaonkar Omkar Uttam
Published: September 2024

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is on the rise making it a major concern for global health. DM can be classified into type 1 or type 2, and both can lead to changes in brain metabolites. These can result in serious complications like cognitive decline, particularly if not managed properly by diabetic patients. Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive technique that allows us to study the brain metabolite levels. The present review utilises available Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) data to understand how brain metabolites are affected in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Research shows that in individuals with diabetes, there are changes in important brain chemicals such as creatine (Cr), N-Acetyl Aspartate (NAA), Myo-Inositol (MI), choline (Cho), glutamate, and glutamine. A consistent finding across multiple studies showed a reduction in NAA levels, which is a key indicator of brain neuron health. This suggests that diabetes negatively impacts the function of neurons in the brain. Changes were seen in other metabolites indicating potential disruptions in energy regulation and membrane function. This review concludes that alterations in brain metabolites as measured using MRS, could serve as a non-invasive biomarker for tracking the progression of DM and its related complications
Evaluating the Sustainability of Incentive-based Conservation: A Case Study of the Taungya System in the Mount Elgon Conservation Area, Uganda
Authors: Isaac Mukosha , Muhammad Lubowa , Joweria Nakizito
Published: September 2024

This study evaluates the sustainability of the Taungya system, an incentive-based conservation approach implemented in the Mount Elgon Conservation Area, Uganda. The system integrates reforestation with agricultural practices, aiming to balance biodiversity conservation and local community livelihoods. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, quantitative data from structured surveys of 240 program participants were analyzed using SPSS, while thematic analysis was applied to qualitative insights from key informant interviews. The findings show a 68% increase in vegetation cover, demonstrating the system’s positive environmental impact. However, socio-economic benefits were uneven, with 86% of participants both consuming and selling crops, yet 93% reported that the benefits were insufficient to sustain them year-round. Key challenges included insecure land tenure, limited land size, and restrictions on agricultural practices like pruning and spraying. Despite these obstacles, the Taungya system fostered reforestation and community livelihoods, though unresolved land disputes and wildlife interactions contributed to negative perceptions of conservation efforts. These findings highlight important considerations for improving incentive-based conservation models, including the need for policy reforms that secure land tenure, expand land allocations, and support sustainable agricultural practices. The broader implications suggest that similar models in tropical regions can benefit from incorporating local needs into conservation goals to ensure long-term success.
Probiotic Properties of Lactobacilluscasei and L. plantarum Isolated From Overripe Avocado Pear
Authors: Umunna Victoria Chinaza , Umeh Sophina Ogonna , Udemezue Onyekachukwu Izuchukwu , Onyekachi Chibuenyim Ruth , Okafor Chibuike Emmanuel
Published: September 2024

Probiotics have been researched for their benefit to gut health. Research for sources of probiotic bacteria has moved from milk to plants, as they have been found to be an inexhaustible source of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria isolated from Over ripe Avocado pear on selected bacterial species were assessed. Fifty Unripe Avocado pears were purchased from different markets and allowed to ferment. Enumeration of the microorganisms and pure culture isolation were done on MRS agar supplemented with1.0% CaCO3 at 37 oC for 48 hours; using the pour plate and streak plate methods respectively.  The isolates were identified based on their microscopic, macroscopic, biochemical and molecular characteristics. They include Lactobacillus casei and L. plantarum. LAB isolates were tested for their phenol tolerance, bile salt tolerance, acid tolerance and antimicrobial activity.  All the isolates were tolerant to simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Growth of the isolates was observed at different temperature between 15 oC to 60 oC. They exhibited tolerance to phenol ranging from 0.085±0.01% to 2.40±0.02%. Tolerance to bile salt ranged from 1.06x101± 0.96x101 to 3.04x103±1.15x102.  The acid tolerance level of the LAB obtained ranged from 2.98x102±1.30x102 to 8.78x102±2.22x102. Agar-well diffusion method was used to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of the bacterial species. The test showed that the isolates were susceptible to the LAB isolates as zones of inhibition were observed. The inhibition zones diameter obtained ranged from 8.35±1.34mm to 13.77±2.21mm. Avocado pear, asides from their high nutritional content, also have the potential to serve as source of probiotic bacteria.
A Review on Molecular Mechanism of Plant Immunity against Fungal Pathogens
Authors: Choudhary Sushila , Prasanna Narsing Laxmi , S Ashwini , Nigam Rashmi , Kumar Sanjay , Rathor Sachin Kumar , D Gireesha , M Arvind
Published: September 2024

The molecular mechanisms of plant immunity, with a particular focus on how plants defend themselves against fungal pathogens. Plant immunity is a complex, multi-layered system involving pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI), which together form a robust defense against a wide array of pathogens. Advances in genomics and transcriptomics have significantly enhanced our understanding of these immune mechanisms by identifying key resistance (R) genes and uncovering the transcriptional networks that regulate immune responses. Proteomics and metabolomics further elucidate the functional aspects of immunity, revealing how proteins and metabolites are mobilized during pathogen attack. The advent of gene editing technologies, particularly CRISPR-Cas9, has opened new avenues for enhancing plant immunity by enabling precise modifications of genes associated with disease resistance. The ever-evolving nature of fungal pathogens, driven by genetic diversity and environmental changes, poses              ongoing challenges. Emerging pathogens and the breakdown of existing resistance in crops underscore the need for durable resistance strategies, which can be achieved through the pyramiding of multiple R genes, susceptibility gene knockouts, and the harnessing of beneficial plant microbiomes. As climate change exacerbates the spread and virulence of fungal pathogens, developing climate-resilient crops that can withstand both abiotic stresses and pathogen pressures is becoming increasingly important. Future research should prioritize understanding the molecular dynamics of plant-pathogen interactions, leveraging new technologies for crop improvement, and fostering interdisciplinary collaboration to address these challenges. Ultimately, translating these scientific advances into practical applications will be crucial for ensuring global food security and sustainable agricultural systems in the face of mounting environmental and biological threats.
Pedological Study under Cocoa Trees and its Implication on Production in Soubré, Southwest Region of Ivory Coast
Authors: Félix Bouadou oi Bouadou , Hippolyte Kouadio Konan-Kan , Joel Kouakou N’guessan , Germaine Tano Adjoua , Baptiste Ettien Djétchi Jean
Published: September 2024

Maintaining the fertility of cultivated soils in tropical countries such as Ivory Coast remains a major concern for producers because of crop failures. The aim of this study is to determine the soil characteristics of a cocoa plantation in the Soubré region (southwest of Ivory Coast: 6° - 7° N latitude and 5° - 7° W longitude), in order to improve production. In the centre of the plantation, a section of land (50 m × 50 m) was identified. Five soil pits were opened on this section of land, one at each corner and one in the centre. Soil samples were taken from each of the pits, in the 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm layers. Composite samples were then taken at these two depths for the analytical data. The pH, sum of exchangeable bases (S), cation exchange capacity (CEC), saturation rate of exchangeable bases (V), particle size fraction and organic matter content were measured and compared with threshold values known from the literature. The results show that pH (5.6 - 6.8) and assimilable phosphorus [P ass (130 - 350 ppm)] increase with depth and are in good proportion. Concentrations of potassium (K+ : 2.9 - 2.3 cmol/kg), calcium (Ca2+ : 29.1 - 47.2 cmol/kg) and magnesium (Mg2+ : 2.7 - 22 cmol/kg), as well as chemical properties (S : 35 - 73 cmol/kg, CEC : 48 - 80 cmol/kg and V : 73 - 90 %) are relatively good for cocoa production. However, organic matter (1.38%) and total nitrogen (N = 0.1 - 0.05%) are low. And high levels of clay (48%) and silt (23%) were noted from the first 20 cm depth. Spreading organic matter in the form of compost could therefore be recommended in order to correct the defective characteristics of the soils caused by the abundance of these two mineral particles: clay and silt, on the one hand, and deficiencies in nitrogen and organic matter, on the other.
The CREB‐binding protein affects the circadian regulation of behaviour
Authors: Maurer Christian , Winter Tobias , Chen Siwei , Hung Hsiu‐Cheng , Weber Frank
Published: August 2016

Rhythmic changes in light and temperature conditions form the primary environmental cues that synchronize the molecular circadian clock of most species with the external cycles of day and night. Previous studies established a role for the CREB‐binding protein (CBP) in molecular clock function by coactivation of circadian transcription. Here, we report that moderately increased levels of CBP strongly dampen circadian behavioural rhythms without affecting molecular oscillations of circadian transcription. Interestingly, light–dark cycles as well as high temperature facilitated a circadian control of behavioural activity. Based on these observations we propose that in addition to its coactivator function for circadian transcription, CBP is involved in the regulation of circadian behaviour down‐stream of the circadian clock.
Estimating the magnetization distribution within rectangular rock samples
Authors: Reis A. L. A. , Oliveira V. C. , Yokoyama E. , Bruno A. C. , Pereira J. M. B.
Published: August 2016

Over the last decades, scanning magnetic microscopy techniques have been increasingly used in paleomagnetism and rock magnetism. Different from standard paleomagnetic magnetometers, scanning magnetic microscopes produce high‐resolution maps of the vertical component of the magnetic induction field (flux density) on a plane located over the sample. These high‐resolution magnetic maps can be used for estimating the magnetization distribution within a rock sample by inversion. Previous studies have estimated the magnetization distribution within rock samples by inverting the magnetic data measured on a single plane above the sample. Here we present a new spatial domain method for inverting the magnetic induction measured on four planes around the sample in order to retrieve its internal magnetization distribution. We have presumed that the internal magnetization distribution of the sample varies along one of its axes. Our method approximates the sample geometry by an interpretation model composed of a one‐dimensional array of juxtaposed rectangular prisms with uniform magnetization. The Cartesian components of the magnetization vector within each rectangular prism are the parameters to be estimated by solving a linear inverse problem. Our method automatically deals with the averaging of the measured magnetic data due to the finite size of the magnetic sensor, preventing the application of a deconvolution before the inversion. Tests with synthetic data show the performance of our method in retrieving complex magnetization distributions even in the presence of magnetization heterogeneities. Moreover, they show the advantage of inverting the magnetic data on four planes around the sample and how this new acquisition scheme improves the estimated magnetization distribution within the rock sample. We have also applied our method to invert experimentally measured magnetic data produced by a highly magnetized synthetic sample that was manufactured in the laboratory. The results show that even in the presence of apparent position noise, our method was able to retrieve the magnetization distribution consistent with the isothermal remanent magnetization induced in the sample.
Storm time impulsive enhancements of energetic oxygen due to adiabatic acceleration of preexisting warm oxygen in the inner magnetosphere
Authors: Keika Kunihiro , Seki Kanako , Nosé Masahito , Machida Shinobu , Miyoshi Yoshizumi , Lanzerotti Louis J. , Mitchell Donald G. , Gkioulidou Matina , Turner Drew , Spence Harlan , Larsen Brian A.
Published: August 2016

We examine enhancements of energetic (>50 keV) oxygen ions observed by the Radiation Belt Storm Probes Ion Composition Experiment (RBSPICE) instrument on board the Van Allen Probes spacecraft in the inner magnetosphere (L ~ 6) at 22–23 h magnetic local time (MLT) during an injection event of the 6 June 2013 storm. Simultaneous observations by two Van Allen Probes spacecraft located close together (~0.5 RE) indicate that particle injections occurred in the premidnight sector (< ~24 h MLT). We also examine the evolution of the proton and oxygen energy spectra at L ~ 6 during the injection event. The spectral slope did not significantly change during the storm. The oxygen phase space density (PSD) was shifted toward higher PSD in a wide range of the first adiabatic invariant. The spectral evolution manifests the characteristics of adiabatic acceleration and density increase of oxygen ions. Warm (0.1–10 keV) oxygen measured by the Helium, Oxygen, Proton, and Electron (HOPE) instrument was enhanced prior to the storm mostly in magnetic field‐aligned directions. The most reasonable scenario of this event is that warm oxygen ions that preexisted in the inner magnetosphere were picked up and adiabatically transported and accelerated by spatially localized, temporarily impulsive electric fields.
Application of Imine Reductases (IREDs) in Micro‐Aqueous Reaction Systems
Authors: Maugeri Zaira , Rother Dörte
Published: August 2016

Here we present the applicability of different imine reductases (IREDs) in micro‐aqueous reaction systems. Subjects of the study were the IREDs from Streptomyces aurantiacus (SaIR), Streptomyces sp. GF3587 (RGF3587IR), Streptomyces kanamyceticus (SkIR), Streptomyces ipomoeae 91‐03 (SiIR), Streptomyces sp. GF3546 (SGF3546IR), and Paenibacillus elgii B69 (PeIR). The IREDs were overexpressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli) cells and used directly after lyophilization. Several organic solvents and buffer amounts were screened for the reduction of the two substrates β‐carboline harmane and 1‐methyl‐3,4‐dihydroisoquinoline to the corresponding amines. Cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME) proved to be the best solvent choice for the envisaged reduction. In addition, CPME is currently referred to as an environmentally benign solvent. Optimized reaction conditions were applied to 20 mM of the hardly water soluble substrates, leading to good conversions (up to 96%) and excellent enantiomeric excesses (>99%) in the best cases. The use of micro‐aqueous reaction systems opens the way to further applications of IREDs with hardly water soluble substrates.

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Concise Asymmetric Total Synthesis of ent‐Ancistrocladinium A
Authors: Kim Kyung‐Hee , Cheon Cheol‐Hong
Published: August 2016

An asymmetric total synthesis of ent‐ancistrocladinium A was developed via chiral phosphoric acid‐catalyzed asymmetric reductive amination of 1‐aryl‐2‐propanone and naphthylamine followed by a Bischler–Napieralski reaction. Direct use of the naphthyl moiety in the amine as a key building block in the natural product allowed us to achieve the total synthesis of ancistrocladinium A in only three steps from the known starting materials.

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Decarboxylative (4+1) Oxidative Annulation of Malonate Monoesters with 2‐Vinylpyridine Derivatives
Authors: Tang Shan , Gao Xinlong , Lei Aiwen
Published: August 2016

A novel N‐iodosuccinimide‐mediated decarboxylative (4+1) oxidative annulation between 2‐vinylpyridine derivatives and malonate monoesters was developed. It offers a new way to construct indolizine derivatives by utilizing malonate monoesters as a C1 unit. The alkyl 2,2‐diiodoacetate was found to be the active reaction intermediate during the transformation.

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Cross‐Linked Sodium Alginate‐g‐poly(Acrylic Acid) Structure: A Potential Hydrogel Network for Controlled Delivery of Loxoprofen Sodium
Authors: Khalid Ikrima , Ahmad Mahmood , Usman Minhas Muhammad , Barkat Kashif , Sohail Muhammad
Published: August 2016

A series of sodium alginate‐graft‐poly(acrylic acid) hydrogels (SA‐g‐pAA hydrogels) were synthesized with sodium alginate (SA) and acrylic acid (AA) in aqueous solution, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as a cross‐linker and ammonium peroxodisulfate (APS) as an initiator. Hydrogels were evaluated for thermal stability (TGA & DSC), revealing their higher strength toward thermal variation as compared to individual components. SEM micrographs show smooth and solid outer surface with a lack of porosity on it. FTIR results revealed the grafting reaction of AA on SA. Hydrogels were then evaluated for pH responsive behavior by equilibrium swelling ratio and swelling dynamics at low and high pH. Furthermore, these cross‐linked networks were also tested for the release of Loxoprofen sodium hydrate (LSH). Drug was loaded by diffusion method and showed pH‐dependent drug release characteristics. Korsmeyer–Peppas model is the best fit model to explain drug release from the cross‐linked network. Maximum swelling, drug loading, and release has been observed at pH 7.4. It is concluded that highly stable SA and AA based polymeric matrixes are developed. These polymeric matrixes have potential to be used as a carrier for controlled delivery of LSH.
Structural Changes Underlying Field‐Cycling Phenomena in Ferroelectric HfO2 Thin Films
Authors: Grimley Everett D. , Schenk Tony , Sang Xiahan , Pešić Milan , Schroeder Uwe , Mikolajick Thomas , LeBeau James M.
Published: August 2016

Since 2011, ferroelectric HfO2 has attracted growing interest in both fundamental and application oriented groups. In this material, noteworthy wake‐up and fatigue effects alter the shape of the polarization hysteresis loop during field cycling. Such changes are problematic for application of HfO2 to ferroelectric memories, which require stable polarization hystereses. Herein, electrical and structural techniques are implemented to unveil how cyclic switching changes nanoscale film structure, which modifies the polarization hysteresis. Impedance spectroscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy identify regions with different dielectric and conductive properties in films at different cycling stages, enabling development of a structural model to explain the wake‐up and fatigue phenomena. The wake‐up regime arises due to changes in bulk and interfacial structuring: the bulk undergoes a phase transformation from monoclinic to orthorhombic grains, and the interfaces show changes in and diminishment of a nonuniform, defect rich, tetragonal HfO2 layer near the electrodes. The evolution of these aspects of structuring contributes to the increase in Pr and the opening of the constricted P–V hysteresis that are known to occur with wake‐up. The onset of the fatigue regime is correlated to an increasing concentration of bulk defects, which are proposed to pin domain walls.
Novel operability‐based approach for process design and intensification: Application to a membrane reactor for direct methane aromatization
Authors: Carrasco Juan C. , Lima Fernando V.
Published: August 2016

This article introduces a novel operability‐based approach for process design and intensification of energy systems described by nonlinear models. This approach is applied to a membrane reactor (MR) for the direct methane aromatization (DMA) conversion to benzene and hydrogen. The proposed method broadens the scope of the traditional path of the operability approaches for design and control, mainly oriented to obtain the achievable output set (AOS) from the available input set, and compare the computed AOS to a desired output set. In particular, an optimization algorithm based on nonlinear programming tools is formulated for the calculation of the desired input set that is feasible considering process constraints and intensification targets. Results on the application of the operability method as a tool for process intensification show reduction of the DMA‐MR footprint (≈77% reactor volume and 80% membrane area reduction) for an equivalent level of performance, when compared to the base case. This case study indicates that the novel approach can be a powerful tool for process intensification of membrane reactors and other complex chemical processes. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 975–983, 2017