bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of Annual White Grubs in Bentgrass, 1989
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Paustian J. W. , Wit L.A.
Published: March 2022

Nine insecticides were applied on 19 Jul to 5 × 10 ft bentgrass plots located at the University of Nebraska Agricultural Research and Development Center near Mead, NB. The predominant grass species was bentgrass (99%) which was maintained at a fairway mowing height of 7/8 inch. There was no perceptible thatch accumulation. Field conditions at the time of application were as follows: air temperature, 72°F; soil temperature (4-inch depth), 70°F; soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.2-6.6; water pH, 6.7; soil moisture was below field capacity. Granular formulations were applied with a precalibrated Gandy 30H12 spreader. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 sprayer using a LF-4 nozzle at 24 psi and a 3 gal/1000 ft2 spray rate. The experiment was replicated 4 times using a randomized complete block design. Immediately following insecticide applications, the test area was irrigated with approximately 0.5 inch of water. An additional 1.0 inch of irrigated water was applied and 0.32 inch of rain fell during the post-treatment period. Product efficacy was evaluated 21 DAT (9 Aug) by removing two 1 ft2 sections of sod, ca. 2 inches deep, from each plot and counting the number of surviving white grubs.
Fall Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs with Registered and Experimental Products, and Beneficial Nematodes on a Golf Course Fairway in Snyder CO., PA, 1989
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (20%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (40%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid, W, and SP formulations were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with four 8004VS Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi at a spray rate of 5 gal/1000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (6 Sep) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 91°F.; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 72°F.; RH, 55%; amount of thatch, 0.125 inches; soil type, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 35.6% sand, 56.8% silt, 7.6% sand; soil moisture, 24.2%; organic matter, 3.5%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.2; 4.3 inches of rainfall was recorded over the posttreatment period. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 26 d later (2 Oct.). Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs ft2 was recorded.
Fall Control of Northern Masked Chafer Grurs with Registered and Experimental Products on a Golf Course Rough in Snyder CO., PA, 1989
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

The rough consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (20%), Kentucky bluegrass (20%), perennial ryegrass (20%) and 40% weeds. Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid and SP formulations were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with four 8004VS Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi at a spray rate of 5 gal/1000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (7 Sep) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 78°F.; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 72°F.; RH, 60%; amount of thatch, 0.125 inches; soil type, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 40.0% sand, 50.4% silt, 9.6% sand; soil moisture, 13.1%; organic matter, 2.7%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 5.8; 4.3 inches of rainfall was recorded over the posttreatment period. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 25 d later (2 Oct). Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Northern masked chafer grubs ft2 was recorded.
Efficacy of Reduced Rates of Isazophos (Triumph®) on Japanese Beetle Grubs, 1989
Authors: Vittum P. J. , Mimms R. A. S.
Published: March 2022

Isazophos was applied at 3 or 4 rates (2.0, 1.5, 1.0, and 0.5 lb Al/acre) using 2 formulations (1 G and 4 E) to a golf course rough in Bolton, Mass., on 5 Sep. The test site consisted of annual bluegrass (25%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (35%). Treatment plots were 8 × 8 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 5 times. Liquid applications were made with watering cans using 3 qt water/plot (ca. 4 gal/1,000 ft2). Granular applications were made using glass jars with perforated lids. At treatment time the following environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 77°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 68°F; amount of thatch, 0.8-1.2 inch; water pH, 6.8; soil pH, 6.6; plots received 0.5 inch irrigation 4 hr after application. Posttreatment counts were made 23 and 51 DAT. Two sod samples of 1-ft2 and ca. 4 inch deep were taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs/ft2 was recorded.
Control of Two Spotted Spider Mite on Delphinium Under Glasshouse Conditions
Authors: Bethke James A. , Garcia Jacinto , Parrella Michael P.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to 10 plants/row assigned randomly in a 0.5 acre field at a commercial nursery in San Diego Co., CA. A 15 liter back pack sprayer was used to apply the treatments at 45-50 psi. Every other row was treated to create a buffer row eliminating spray drift. Five leaves/plant, 10 plants/treatment were sampled. Total numbers of eggs and motiles were estimated with the use of a mite brushing machine and a grid. A pre-treatment count was taken and followed by 2 post-treatment counts on days 7, and 14.
Control of Crapemyrtle Aphid, 1989
Authors: Booth D. C. , Connor G. M. , Smiley E. T. , Fraedrich B. R.
Published: March 2022

Mixed varieties of crapemyrtle growing in a commercial nursery near Fort Mill, SC were sprayed on 14 Sep. Application conditions were sunny skies, 29°C, and 72% relative humidity. Treatments were applied with an Echo backpack hydraulic sprayer; 1.25 gal of mixed material was applied/plant. A complete randomized design was used with 4 replicate plants/treatment. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated at 4 DAT by randomly clipping 2 leaves from the upper grown region and 2 leaves from the mid-crown region. Hurricane Hugo (22 Sep) decimated the aphids and prevented further sampling. Adult and immature aphids were counted using a binocular microscope.
Taxus, Black Vine Weevil Larvicide Dip Test, Lake CO., OH, 1986
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Balled and burlaped Taxus media 'Wardi' (30-38 cm) were used to evaluate efficacy of selected insecticides as dips against black vine weevil larvae (1.68 mm mean head capsule width). Insecticidal solutions were mixed in half-sections of 208 liter drums to accommodate submersion of root balls of each of 5 plants/treatment. Plants remained in solution for 30 or 60 sec on 28 Apr. Root balls were removed from solution and placed on the rim of the drum for 10 sec to allow drainage back into the drum. Mean number of larvae/plant prior to treatment was 5.3. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 10 DAT by removing burlap and visually sorting through soil and assessing viability of larvae.
Spruce Spider Mite Control on Christmas Trees in the Mountains of North Carolina, 1987
Authors: Hobbs W. R. , Hain F. P.
Published: March 2022

Danitol, developed by the Chevron Chemical Co., was evaluated for efficacy in controlling SSM in Aug on a plantation of 8 yr old fraser firs in Ashe County. Using a hand pump sprayer to the point of run-off, 3 application rates were applied and Orthene was used as a standard. A randomized block design was used with 5 blocks of 25 trees selected for each treatment and the controls. Prespray and 10 d postspray counts were made of all living eggs and motile SSM on 3 randomly selected 10 cm twigs taken from different trees within each block.
Protection of Pines From Wood Borers, 1981
Authors: Robert Chenier J. V.
Published: March 2022

The test was done in a red pine plantation at the Petawawa National Forestry Institute, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada. Twenty two red pine were felled on 17 and 18 Jun and cut into 1.5 m bolts. Eleven treatment piles were set up, each consisting of 15 randomly allocated bolts piled as a pyramid with 5 logs as a base, with at least 10 m between piles. Treatments were applied on 18 Jun using a Holder Supra knapsack mist blower, spraying until all exposed bark and cut end surfaces were wet. All piles were left undisturbed until mid Nov, by which time sawyer larvae in attacked logs had left the cambium and bored into the wood. Bark was removed from all 165 bolts, and the no. of Monochamus entrance holes into the wood of each bolt was counted. The diam at both ends of the each bolt were measured to determine the total surface area of each bolt and the density of beetle attack on each bolt. Since few eggs are laid on bolts within log piles, results were analyzed for the 9 outer bolts on each pile. Mean and standard deviation (n = 9) of Monochamus entrance hole density were calculated for each treatment.
Eastern Spruce Gall Adelgid Control, 1989
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Parr Northam
Published: March 2022

The experiment took place in a heavily infested spruce Christmas tree plantation in Plymouth, NH. Treatments were applied 16 May to the nymphal stage at budbreak. Plot size consisted of a sample tree, 4-6 ft in height randomly selected. Treatments were replicated 9 times. Treatments were applied with backpack hydraulic sprayer at 40 psi to the point of run off. Conditions at the time of spraying were: air temperature, 60°F; no wind; no precipitation for several days post treatment. Treatments were rated on 10 Oct by counting the number of new galls/tree.
Efficacy of Saber Ear Tags Against Pyrethroid Resistant Horn Flies, West Central Research Center, North Platte, Nebraska, 1989
Authors: Campbell John B. , Boxler David J.
Published: March 2022

Saber (10% Lamdacyhalothrin) ear tags were applied to 180 crossbred replacement heifers which grazed a native range pasture. A similar group of 15 heifers were without fly control and considered the control. Horn fly counts were made weekly by counting the total number of horn flies/animal with a minimum of 15 animals included during each counting session.
Evaluation of Ear Force Ranger, Optimizer, and Saber Ear Tags on Pyrethroid-Resistant Horn Flies, Gud-Mundsen Sandhills Laboratory, Whitman, Nebraska, 1989
Authors: Campbell John B. , Boxler David J.
Published: March 2022

On 16 May, Ear Force Ranger (10% permethrin, 6.8% chlorpyrifos and 4.2% PBO) ear tags were applied to 90 yearling steers (one/steer). On 31 May, Optimizer (20% Diazinon) ear tags were applied to 50 cow/calf pairs (one/cow). On 1 Jun, Saber (10% Lambdacyhalothrin) ear tags were applied to 75 yearling steers (one per steer). Fifty cow/calf pairs were used as a comparison. Fly counts were initiated 8 Jun and continued on a weekly basis. Fly counts were recorded by counting the total number of horn flies on an animal, with a minimum of 15 animals included in each fly counting session.
Effects of Sugar on Efficacy of Three Residual Fly Control Insecticides, 1988
Authors: Meyer Jeffery A. , Cry Tracy , McKeen William D.
Published: March 2022

Plywood panels (61 cm × 91 cm) were treated with Alfacron 50 WP (1.25%), Ectiban WP (1.25%), and Fly Killer D (0.25%), with and without sugar (120 g/1 of finished spray) added to the spray mixture. Untreated panels (no treatment and sugar plus water) were also included in the group of treatments. A section of rain gutter was placed along the bottom of each panel to collect the dead flies. Four replicates of each treatment were arranged in a randomized complete block design, with panels situated along the edge of a poultry house. The test was initiated on 15 Apr with flies being collected weekly for 8 wk.
Evaluation of Cynoff and Talstar on Surfaces, 1989
Authors: Appel A. G.
Published: March 2022

Laboratory tests evaluated the residual toxicity of 0.1% finished sprays of Cynoff 40 WP and Talstar 10 WP on wood and cement surfaces. Both insecticides were applied with an insecticide-saturated natural bristle brush to unpainted plywood panels and cement at 1 gal per 400 ft2 and 1 gal per 200 ft2. Deposits of both insecticides were aged 1, 7, 14, and 28 d under laboratory conditions at 70°F, 40-60% RH. Young adult crickets (7-10 d-old) were confined on the treated surfaces with 9 cm-diam by 10 cm-high clear plastic rings. The rings were covered with glass petri dish covers. There were 6 crickets/ring and 5 replicate rings/treatment variable: insecticide, deposit age, and surface. Mortality was recorded every 15 min for the first h and at 1 h intervals thereafter until all crickets died. Water was provided by a small cotton wick. Mortality data were analyzed by probit analysis. Mean LTso values in h were calculated for each variable.
Evaluation of the Residual Activity of Demon Ec, Dursban Lo and Tralomethrin Ec on Various Surfaces Against German Cockroaches and Brown Dog Ticks, 1988
Authors: Cilek J. E. , Knapp F. W.
Published: March 2022

Unpainted and varnished birch wood panels, vinyl floor tiles and glazed ceramic tiles, measuring 232 cm2, were treated with either 0.015, 0.03 or 0.06% tralomethrin EC (3.75% AI); 0.1% Demon EC (25.3% AI); or 0.5% Dursban LO (41.5% AI). Each insecticide was applied at the rate of 3.8 liters/92.9 m2 using a pressurized 3.8 liter stainless steel hand sprayer calibrated to deliver 7 ml/ s at 20 psi with a 12 × teejet brass cone nozzle. After treatment, each panel was allowed to dry for ca. 30 min. At which time 10 adult brown dog ticks (sex ratio 1:1) were placed onto the treated surface and covered with a screened Fonda° paper can lid (8.9 cm diam). In a second test 15 adult German cockroaches (sex ratio 1:1) were similarly confined onto a separate series of glazed ceramic and plain birch wood panels which had been treated in a similar fashion with the same insecticides as above. While the same insecticides were used, only the 0.015 and 0.03% concentrations of tralomethrin EC were tested. In both tests, panels of each surface treated with water only served as controls. Treatments and controls were replicated 4 times/test interval. All insecticides were evaluated on the d of treatment (wk 0) and at 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12 wk post-treatment. The percentage of knocked-down and dead individuals was separately recorded 24 h after exposure. Those individuals which were unable to remain upright but were still able to move an appendage when probed with a teasing needle were recorded as knocked-down. No knockdown or mortality occurred on control panels for both species. All data were subjected to ANOVA, following arcsine transformation of the data. Original means are presented.
Evaluation of Drench Treatments for Control of Red Imported Fire Ants in Nursery Media, 1989
Authors: McAnally Lee R.
Published: March 2022

The residual activity of several insecticidal drenches against imported fire ant (IFA) alates was evaluated in 2 trials at the Imported Fire Ant Laboratory in Gulfport, Mississippi. Drenches containing insecticide at the levels shown in the table were applied on 7 Apr, (Trial I) and 29 Jun, (Trial II) to 18 3.8-liter pots for each treatment group. Each pot, filled with Strong-Lite potting media (Strong-Lite Products, Pine Bluff, AR) received 0.768 liters of drench solution. All pots were weathered outdoors and received a minimum of 5 cm of water/wk, either by rainfall or irrigation. At monthly intervals, the media in 3 pots from each group was composited and a 80-100 cc sub-sample was bioassayed with alate queens using a slight modification of the procedure of Banks et al. 1964 [J. Econ. Entomol. 57:298-299].
Black Cutworm Control on Golf Course Greens, 1991
Authors: Weaver Joseph E.
Published: March 2022

Three insecticides were evaluated for control of black cutworm. Experimental plots were arranged in a completely random design and replicated 4 times on a single green. Plot size was 10 × 10 ft. Granules were applied with a hand held glass jar shaker and liquids were applied in 2 liters of water per plot with a sprinkler can. Treatments were irrigated with about 1/4 inch of water about 4 h after application. Environmental conditions at treatment time (13 Aug) were: air temperature, 32.5°C; RH, 47%; partly cloudy and calm; soil temperature, 32°C (1 inch), 31°C (surface). Treatments were evaluated at 7 DAT by treating the entire green with Baythroid 2 E at 0.04 lb (AI)/acre and the number of larvae in each plot flushed to the surface was recorded. Larvae were mostly small ranging in size from 6 to 15 mm in length with 75% less than 14 mm long.
Chinch Bug Control, Ingham Co., Michigan, 1991
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. , Kearns K. A. , Papp C. M.
Published: March 2022

A grid of 3 ft × 3ft plots separated by 2 ft wide buffer strips was set up in a home lawn with an infestation of chinch bugs in Okemos. Chinch bugs were counted in each plot on 10 Jul before insecticides were applied. Counts were made by observing each plot for a timed one min period. The treatments were blocked out based on these counts. Afterwards, six replications of each treatment were applied on 10 Jul between 10:00 am and 3:30 pm. The temperature when treatments were made was 85o-90°F with a 0 -5 mph wind. Granular products were evenly applied over the plot with hand-held shakers. Liquid products were applied with a single nozzle, hand-held C02 sprayer from R&D Sprayers. The application was made at 50 psi through an 8003 flat fan nozzle. Liquid insecticides were mixed with water and applied at a rate of 136.8 ml/9 ft2 (4 gal/ 1000 ft2). Chinch bugs were counted again in all plots on 17 Jul except for NTN 33893 plots which were counted on 2 Aug. Each plot was observed for 3 min to determine the number of chinch bugs present. The lawn was mostly Kentucky bluegrass with a Vi inch thatch layer and a sandy loam soil. The area was irrigated every other day before the test but no irrigation was applied after 10 Jul.
Ant Control in Turfgrass, Michigan, 1991
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. , Kearns K. A. , Papp C. M.
Published: March 2022

12 × 12 ft plots (144 ft2) separated by 3 ft buffer strips in a fairway infested with ants at the Ionia Golf Club in Ionia, MI, were used for this test. Treatments were applied 25 Jul. Each treatment was replicated six times. Plots were sprayed with a R&D hand-held boom sprayer with four 8006 nozzles at 50 psi for 24 s (to give 4 gal/1000 ft2). Granular products, which had been pre-weighed, were applied evenly throughout the plots with custom-made hand shakers. The fairway was irrigated 3-5 times per wk depending on rainfall. Active ant mounds were counted just prior to insecticide treatment and once per wk for 5 wks afterwards. Ant mounds were counted from a standing position.
Evaluation of Conventional and Experimental Formulations for Preventive Control of Northern Masked Chafer Grubs on a Golf Course Rough in Snyder Co., Pennsylvania, 1990
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: March 2022

The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (20%), Kentucky bluegrass (20%), perennial ryegrass (20%), and weeds (40%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with four 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with blank granules to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (25 Jul), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 84°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 77°F; amount of thatch, 0.125-0.25 inch; soil type, silt-loam; soil particle size analysis: 28.8% sand, 58.0% silt, 13.2% clay; soil moisture, 20.5%; organic matter, 3.6%; and water pH, 6.0; clear skies, and soil pH, 6.2. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inch of water. Posttreatment counts were made 64 DAT. Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of chafer grubs/ft2 was recorded.
Residual Acnvmr of Two Insecticides for Control of Annual White Grubs, 1991
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Weinhold A. P.
Published: March 2022

This study was conducted in Lincoln, NE, on a Kentucky bluegrass golf course rough. The predominant grass species was Kentucky bluegrass (95%) with a thatch accumulation (finger compressed) of 0.25 to 0.5 inch. Field conditions at the study site were: soil type: silty clay loam; soil organic matter: 3-5%; soil pH: 6.7; water pH: 7.0. Soil moisture was maintained near field capacity throughout the study. There was no prior history of Oftanol or Triumph use in the treatment area. Plots were 5 × 5 ft, and the experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Insecticide treatments were applied 28 May and 29 Jul. Liquids were applied with a COj sprayer using a LF-4 nozzle at 24 psi and 5 gal/1000 ft2 spray volume. Granulars were applied with a pre-calibrated Gandy 30H12 spreader. Immediately following applications the test area was irrigated with approximately 0.5 inch of water. A total of 8.74 inches of rain fell during the study period (28 May to 19 Aug). Product efficacy was evaluated 19 Aug by removing from each plot six, 8-inch diameter turf-soil cores (2.1 ft2 total area) to a depth of 3 inches and counting the number of surviving grubs.
Influence of Application Timing of Triumph 4 E and Oftanol 2 L on White Grub Control, 1991
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Weinhold A. P. , Horst G. L.
Published: March 2022

This study was conducted in Lincoln, NE, on a Kentucky bluegrass golf course rough. The predominant grass species was Kentucky bluegrass (95%) with a thatch accumulation (finger compressed) of 0.25 to 0.5 inch. Field conditions at the study site were: soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.7; water pH, 7.0; soil moisture was maintained near field capacity throughout the study. Plots were 5 X 5 ft, and the experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Liquid formulations were applied 17 Jun, 1, 15, 29 Jul, and 12 Aug, corresponding to 30 and 15 d before, at, and 15 and 30 d after the anticipated date of 99% completion of the SMC beetle flight period (15 Jul, based on light trapping records from the last four years). Subsequent light trap collections indicated that 99% beetle flight at the study site actually occurred on 11 Jul. Insecticides were applied with a C02 sprayer using an LF-4 nozzle at 24 psi and 5 gal/1000 ft2 spray volume. Immediately following applications the test area was irrigated with approximately 0.5 inch of water. A total of 6.75 inches of rain fell during the study period (6 Jun to 6 Sep). Product efficacy was evaluated 6 Sep by removing from each plot three, 8-inch diam turfsoil cores (1.0 ft2 total area) to a depth of 3 inches and counting the number of surviving grubs.
Black Turfgrass Ataenius Control, 1991
Authors: Power K. T. , Niemczyk H. D. , Klein M. G. , Belcher M. G. , Shetlar D. J.
Published: March 2022

The study was located on a golf course fairway at Jeromesville, OH. Insecticides and entomopathogenic nematodes were applied 13 Jun to plots 3.5 X 3.5 m arranged in a complete randomized block replicated 4 times. Granular insecticides were applied using a drop spreader and liquids using a C02 sprayer with Teejet 8003 lp nozzles at 1.05 kg/cm2 pressure that delivered a vol of 466 liter/ha. Nematodes were applied with a C02 sprayer using Teejet 8015 nozzles at 2.92 kg/cm2 pressure that delivered a spray vol of 1600 liter/ha. The experimental area was irrigated approximately 1.25 cm after all treatments were applied but before sprays had dried on the grass blades. Environmental conditions at time of treatment were: BTA: ca. 80/0.093 m2, 5% 1st, 10% 2nd, 80% 3rd instars, and 5% pupae. Turf: level, dry, 3.2 cm height, 50% Kentucky bluegrass, 40% perennial ryegrass, 10% annual bluegrass. Thatch: moist, 1.2 cm. Soil: moist, 64°F at 2.54 cm and 68°F at 7.62 cm. Weather: sunny, 70°F, 0-8 km/h. Water: pH 7.22. Efficacy data taken 24 Jun (11 DAT) were based on the number of live BTA larvae and pupae in 8, 10.8 cm in diam samples from each plot. At the time of treatment evaluation, soil samples were collected from the check and nematode treated plots and tested for’ presence of entomopathogenic nematodes. Five Galleria larvae were placed in each of two subsamples of soil from each plot.
Evaluation of Granular Formulations of Insecticides for Control of Japanese Beetle and Northern Masked Chafer Grubs on a Golf Course Rough in Franklin County, Ohio, 1991
Authors: Shetlar D. J. , Niemczyk H. D. , Power K.
Published: March 2022

Experimental plots consisting of approximately 80% Kentucky bluegrass and 20% perennial ryegrass were established and treated on 29 Jul. Treatment plots were 3.05 m squares, separated by 0.9 m alleys, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times. Liquid treatments were applied using a C02 sprayer (40 psi with four 8015 Teejet nozzles) calibrated to deliver 0.16 liter/m2, and granular products were applied using a 0.61 m Gandy Turf Tender drop spreader. The entire experimental area was irrigated with 6.35 mm water (7.96 pH) immediately after treatments were applied. At treatment time, conditions were: sky cloudy, air temperature 24.4°C, wind 0-19 km/h, soil temperature at 2.5 cm = 26.7°C and at 7.6 cm = 25.0°C, and the turf had a dense thatch 6.35-12.7 mm thick, with mowing height 4.4 cm. Posttreatment counts were made 58 d later (25 Sep) by taking six 17.8 × 17.8 cm (= 0.03 m2) samples randomly from each treatment plot and recording the number and species of grubs.
Control of Cicada Killer with Area Sprays on a Golf Course, 1990
Authors: Weaver Joseph E.
Published: March 2022

Four insecticides were evaluated as spray treatments over areas ranging in size from 46 to 130 m2. Treatments were not replicated. Sampling consisted of counting active burrows within the confines of a 1/3 m2 wire hoop randomly tossed into the treated area; counts were made in 3 areas/treatment each date. Sprays were applied 26 Jul with a 1.5 gal compressor sprayer at the rate of 2 liters/9.3 m2. Treated areas were not irrigated but about 0.4 inches of rain fell on the plot site about 1/2 h after treatment. Treated areas were only sparcely covered with grass and there was no thatch layer. Soil type is sand consisting of 90.0% sand, 6.4% silt, and 3.6% clay. Cumulative precipitation during the trial at 6, 8, 13, and 20 DAT was 0.40, 0.40, 0.65, and 0.75 inches, respectively.
Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Nematodes for Control of Chinch Bugs in Buffalograss, 1991
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Wright R. J.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted on a buffalograss lawn in Lincoln, NE. Insecticides were applied on 5 Sep to 4 × 4 ft plots arranged in a completely randomized design with 4 replications. Buffalograss was maintained at a mowing height of 4.0 inches and mowed to 2.0 inches prior to insecticide applications. Thatch accumulation ranged from 0 to 0.25 inch. Conditions at the time of application were as follows: air temperature 88°F; soil temperature (4-inch depth), 86°F; soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.0-7.0; water pH, 7.0; soil moisture 12%. Liquid insecticides were applied with a COj sprayer using an LF- 4 nozzle at 24 psi and delivering 5 gal spray/1000 ft2. Immediately following application, plots were irrigated with 0.125 inch water and 0.83 inch of rain fell during the post-treatment period. Product efficacy was evaluated 5 and 14 DAT by removing from each plot three turf-soil cores to a depth of 2 inches with a 4.25-inch diam cup cutter (0.3 ft2 total area per plot). Cores were returned to the laboratory and placed in Berlese funnels. Extracted chinch bugs were counted after 48 h.
Control of Apple Aphid on Crabapple
Authors: Miller Fredric
Published: March 2022

Aphid control was evaluated by selecting 32 infested crabapple trees, 1.8 m tall, with similar infestation levels growing in 5 gal pots under standard nursery production conditions. Treatments were randomly applied with four single plant replicates per treatment. Tempo 2 E served as the standard. Plants were sprayed until drip using a one qt capacity hand-held Polysprayer. Temperature at time of application was 21°C and wind velocity was less than 5 mph. Prior to spraying (0 DAT) and at 2, 4, and 8 DAT, one, 5 cm long growing tip was randomly selected from each plant and the total no. of live aphids recorded. Aphids that were shriveled, distorted, and lacked movement were considered dead.
Flowering Crab, Control of Fall Webworm, Wooster, Ohio, 1990
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Flowering crabapple trees, 2-4 m tall, growing in a research plot at the OSU/OARDC campus, were used to evaluate efficacy of selected insecticides against fall webworm larvae. Twigs having small tents were removed, 4 Sep, from Mortis in Allen Co., OH, placed in plastic bags and transported to Wooster in coolers. Tents were attached to Malus trees with a Twistee at the OARDC research plot. A KWH backpack mistblower, operating at half-throttle on aperature setting # 3 for 30 sec, was used to deliver about 600 ml of finished spray to each tree. Sprays were directed toward the web and surrounding foliage on each of 3, single-tree replicates per treatment. Sprays were applied 8 Sep when conditions were cloudy, 21°C, with 0-8 km/h winds. There were 2.5 cm of rainfall in the experimental area during the test period. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 5 DAT by dismantling each web and assessing larval condition.
Control of Orchid Weevils on Dendrobium, Hawaii, 1991
Authors: Hata T. Y. , Hara A. H.
Published: March 2022

Bioassay tests were conducted from 3 May through 9 May at the University of Hawaii Waiakea experiment station. Established plants growing in 1.27 cm crushed basalt rock were used in this study. Insecticides were applied to runoff using a compressed CO2 sprayer with an 8004 Teejet nozzle at 40 psi. Three DAT, 16 leaves per treatment, 4 leaves per rep, were excised and placed into 12.0 x 10.5 cm unwaxed paper containers. Ten orchid weevils collected on bamboo orchids Arundina graminifolia (D. Don) Hochr. were added to each container and covered with organdy. Mortality and the no. of feeding marks were assessed 1, 2, and 3 d after exposure (DAE) to treated leaves.
Control of Insect Pests on Red Ginger, Hawaii, 1990
Authors: Hata T. Y. , Hara A. H.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy trials were conducted from 7 Jul to 27 Aug in field plantings of red ginger. Plots measured 6 x 6 ft arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replications per treatment. Sprays were applied to runoff using a compressed air sprayer with an 8004 Teejet nozzle at 40 psi. Triton B-1956 was added to the three foliar applications and the control at a rate of 3.0 fl oz/100 gal. Empire 20 MEC was applied as a barrier treatment within the ginger stalks and a 2 ft radius around the planting using the same equipment as foliar applications. Granular materials were applied with a shaker type dispenser and immediately worked into the media with a hoe and watered thoroughly. Insecticides were applied at two wk intervals for a total of 3 applications except for Di-Syston which was applied once. Water was sprayed in control plots. Fifteen flowers were randomly sampled from each treatment at °i maturity and observed for all insect pests under a dissecting microscope. Three species of mealybugs were grouped together for analysis.
Subsurface Placement of Granular Insecticides for White Grub Control, 1990
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Weinhold A. P. , Von Bargen K. , Grisso R. D. , Vittum P. J.
Published: March 2022

This study was conducted in Lincoln, NE, on a golf course fairway. The predominant grass species was perennial ryegrass maintained at a mowing height of Ys inches. Thatch accumulation (finger compressed) in the plot area was 0.25 to 0.5 inch. Field conditions at the study site were: soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.7; water pH, 7.0. Soil moisture was maintained near field capacity throughout the study. Plots were 5 x 10 ft and the experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Insecticide treatments were applied on 6 Aug using either a Ryan Mataway Overseeder modified to place insecticide granules at an avg depth of 0.24 inches, or a Gandy 30H12 drop spreader. Immediately following applications, some plots were irrigated with 0.5 inch of water. No additional water was applied for 72 h after treatment. An additional 1.4 inches of irrigated water was applied and 3.18 inches of rain fell during the post-treatment period. Treatments were evaluated 21 DAT on 27 Aug by removing from each plot six, 8-inch diam turf-soil cores (2.1 ft2 total area) to a depth of 3 inches and counting the no. of surviving grubs.
Control of Aphids on Spiraea
Authors: Miller Fredric
Published: March 2022

Spirea aphid control was evaluated by selecting 32 spiraea, ‘Snowmound’ plants growing in 2 gal pots with similar infestation levels. The plants were grown in a shade-house under standard nursery production conditions. Treatments were randomly applied with four single plant replicates per treatment. Plants were sprayed until drip using a one qt capacity hand-held Polysprayer. Temperature at the time of application was 21°C and the relative humidity was 57%. Prior to spraying (0 DAT) and at 2, 4, and 8 DAT, one, 5 cm long terminal was randomly selected from each plant and the total no. of live aphids was recorded. Aphids that were shriveled, distorted, and lacked movement were considered dead.
Elm, Control of Elm Leaf Beetle Larvae, Wooster, Ohio, 1990
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Elm, 2-2.5 m tall, growing in a research plot at the OSU/OARDC campus in Wooster, OH, were used to evaluate insecticides against late instar elm leaf beetle larvae. Elm twigs, 15-25 cm long, infested with 3-10 larvae each, were removed from trees in Columbus, OH, 7 Aug, placed in plastic bags, and immediately transported to Wooster in coolers. Three of the infested twigs were attached by using ‘Twistems’ to each experimental elm tree at the research plot. A CO2 compression sprayer operating at 15 psi with a single Teejet SS8004 flat-fan nozzle was used to apply treatments 10 Aug under sunny skies, 27°C, and 8-16 km/h winds with no rainfall during test period. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 3 DAT by counting the total no. of live larvae per tree.
Dormant Control of Striped Pine Scale with Sunspray Ultra Fine Horticultural Oil in Indiana, Pennsylvania, 1991
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: March 2022

Sunspray oil was applied to evaluate control of overwintering striped pine scale nymphs on heavily infested 6-8 ft Scotch pine Christmas trees. Oil was applied on 16 Apr, and replicated four times in a complete randomized block design. Foliar treatments were applied with a Solo Master 412 back pack mist blower operating at full throttle on setting two. Treatments were applied at the rate of 150 gal/acre (454 ml/tree). The following conditions existed on 16 Apr: air temperature, 53°F; water pH, 7.0; RH, 86%; and skies were overcast. Four twigs were randomly selected from each tree, and the viability of the first 50 nymphs was recorded for a total of 200 nymphs per replicate.
Field Trials of Insecticidal Sprays, 1990
Authors: Bohnert T. J. , Reid B. L. , Bennett G. W.
Published: March 2022

Field tests determined the relative efficacy and residual life of five spray treatments: 0.20% cypermethrin-40 WP (CWP); 0.06% tralomethrin-40 WP (TWP); 0.06% tralomethrin-CS microencapsulated (TCS); PT 270 WB-0.5% chlorpyrifos (PT 270); and PT 270 WB + ETOC + MGK-264-0.5% chlorpyrifos, 0.03% ETOC, and 0.24% MGK-264 (PT 270 +). The Dorie Miller Homes, Dorie Miller Homes East, Ivanhoe Gardens, and Concord Village, multi-family public housing complexes located in Gary, Indiana, served as the test sites; individual apartments served as the replicated experimental unit. PT 270 and PT 270 + treatments were made with self-pressurized aerosol cans containing formulated active ingredients. The other treatments were applied using 3.8 liter compressed air sprayers equipped with Multee-jet nozzles. Due to the high cockroach populations and poor sanitation, a general “clean-out” procedure was followed. All accessible harborages throughout the apartment were treated. Population levels were estimated by visual counts throughout the kitchen and bathroom areas, and a minimum pretreatment count of 20 cockroaches was required for any apartment to be considered as a test. Each treatment was replicated in 12-17 apartments, but posttreatment counts varied due to apartment vacancy or lack of resident cooperation. To determine insecticidal efficacy, posttreatment visual counts were reduced to percentage of reductions of the pretreatment counts. Ranks transformation of the actual data were analyzed with ANOVA models, followed by the Fisher’s protected LSD (P = 0.05) to determine significance among the treatments.
Flushing Activity of Insecticides, 1991
Authors: Bohnert T. J. , Reid B. L. , Bennett G. W.
Published: March 2022

Laboratory tests were conducted to determine comparative flushing activity against adult German cockroaches among 19 treatments. Cockroach harborages were constructed by pairing two tempered masonite panels (4 inch x 2.5 inch) using 0.375-inch pine strips to create a crack between the two panels. This harborage was mounted (vertically) on a 0.25-inch pine base (4 inch X 4 inch). This completed harborage assembly was placed inside of a plastic box (7.5 inch x 5.5 inch X 4 inch) so only the open end of the harborage faced up. The upper, inside edge of the plastic box was lightly coated with a petrolatum-mineral oil mixture to prevent escape of test insects. Ten adults (s 2 wks old; 5 male and 5 nongravid female) were introduced to the box (equipped with a harborage unit and water-wick) 18 to 24 h before testing. Testing was conducted 4-6 h into the photophase of a 12:12 (L:D) photoperiod. The test insecticides were applied using a spray tower apparatus with a mechanized nozzle assembly which travels along a linear track within the spray chamber. A stainless steel nozzle tip, Spraying Systems Tee-Jet 8001E (flat, fan spray pattern), was used for all applications. The tower was calibrated to deliver 1 gal of finished spray per 1000 ft2 (0.95 ml per 232 cm2) of horizontal surface at 25 psi. The harborage containing the test insects was removed from the plastic box and placed beneath the spray arm of the spray tower, with the open end of the harborage positioned so that it was parallel with the fan spray pattern. As the spray arm passed over the harborage, the sprayer was activated to deliver the treatment to the test insects within the harborage. Immediately following the spray treatment, the harborage was returned to the plastic box for observations. The number of test insects that were flushed from the harborage at various time intervals (min;s) was recorded, as was the number of insects that were subsequently knocked down. Regression analysis of the resulting probit percentage of flushing vs. log10 of time was utilized to estimate the FT^ values. Mortality at 48 h after exposure was analyzed by ANOVA.
Oral Toxicity of Cockroach Bait Toxins, 1989
Authors: Reid B. L. , Bennett G. W.
Published: March 2022

Single feeding assays evaluated the oral toxicity of historic (chlordecone-Kepone and dechlorane-Mirex) and current (abamectin, chlorpyrifos, hydramethylnon, and sulfluramid) bait toxicants against German cockroach nymphs. Toxicants were formulated as diets by finely grinding Wayne Rodent Blox™, and reconstituting 5-g portions with 6 ml of water and 3 ml of acetone solution of the technical material. This media was mixed thoroughly, pressed into plexiglass molds, and allowed to dry for 48 h within an evacuation hood, yielding pelletized diets of a known concentration. Several diet concentrations were provided to groups of 10 unsexed, 2-d old, 5th instars which had been denied food for 72 h. Test insects were housed in 100 × 25 mm vented plastic petri dishes supplied with a water vial and a cardboard harborage. 10 mg of each diet concentration was introduced and after 2 h, when this small portion (i.e., single feeding) was completely consumed, untreated diet was then provided through daily observation of mortality until all insects had died or reached adulthood. Each diet concentration was replicated six times and regression of cumulative probit mortality vs. the Log10 of dosage (extrapolated from diet concentration) estimated lethal doses. These analyses were conducted on data from 2 DAT for those toxicants with an acute action, and on data from approximately 14 DAT, when all survivors had become adults, for toxicants with delayed action.
Evaluation of Ivermectin for in Vivo Screworm Control in Sheep, 1984
Authors: Rubink William L.
Published: March 2022

Experiments were performed at the USDA Screwworm Research Laboratory in Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas, MX, from Mar to Jun 1984. The two ivermectin products used were IVOMEC injectable, 1.0% (w/v), (Merck, Sharp & Dohme de Mexico, S.A. de C.V.), and IVOMEC drench, 0.08% (w/v) (Merck, Sharp, and Dohme, Ltd., Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire, England). The products were administered to adult Merino sheep in 3 different tests. Test 1 compared the efficacies of ivermectin at recommended dosages. Eight sheep, divided into 2 equal groups, were infested on d 1 with 200 lst-instar larvae reared from egg masses (A-82 production strain) obtained from the Tuxtla Gtz. mass rearing facility. Four sheep were given subcutaneous injections of 0.2 mg/kg body wt 2 h before infestation. Sheep were stanchioned on d 3-6 to allow larval collections. On d 11 postinfestation, reinfestations were made in fresh wounds to assess latent effects of the insecticide. Test 2 was conducted similarly except that 2 previously treated animals (from Test 1) were included (for long term effects). Two animals were subcutaneously administered 1.2 mg/ kg, 4 animals were given 0.4 mg/kg, and 4 were untreated. Test 3 compared the efficacies of the oral and injectable forms of ivermectin. Five sheep/treatment were used, and dosage was 1.2 mg/kg body wt. Larvae were collected and weighed twice daily over the entire crawl-off period (2-3 d). Emerging flies from all tests were sexed and intertreatment crosses were made to assess fertility/fecundity effects of the insecticides. Male and female flies emerging from treated sheep were crossed with female and male flies obtained from control animals. At 8-d postemergence, oviposition was offered individually to 10 flies per treatment group where not prohibited by excessive mortality. Eggs were incubated and fertility estimated with total egg counts (fertile/non-fertile). All females were dissected to determine mating status, and remaining eggs in the ovaries were counted to complete fecundity measurements.
Repellency of Dried Bay Leaves (Lavrvs Nob1Us), Wrigley'S Spearmint Chewing Gum, Raw Osage Orange Fruit (Maclura Pomifera), and Extracts of Osage Orange Fruit to the German Cockroach, 1989
Authors: Karr L. L. , Coats J. R.
Published: March 2022

A trial was conducted to assess the repellent properties of three materials and of crude hexane and methanol extracts of the fruit of the osage orange (extracts were tested individually and in combination). Pyrethrins were used as a standard for comparison. Topical toxicity of the osage orange extracts was also examined by applying 0.1, 1.0, 10, or 100 μg of the extracts, dissolved in acetone, to the abdominal venters of adult male cockroaches. The extracts were prepared by shaking 200 g masticated osage orange fruit with 200 ml hexane or methanol for 30 min. The extract and solvent were then filtered through Na2S04. Shaking and filtering were repeated three times. The solvent was evaporated from the resultant extracts via rotary evaporation. To evaluate repellency, a choice-box method was used. The choice box consisted of two clear, plastic chambers (9 × 8.5 × 2 cm), connected via 20 cm of 1-cm-diameter Tygon® tubing. Five adult male cockroaches (2 wk post-molt, wild strain maintained in the laboratory for 5 yr) were placed in each of the two chambers of each choice box for 24 h prior to the start of the experiment. Filter paper (5 cm, Whatman no. 5) bearing small fragments (< 0.5 cm2) of the materials, or treated with the extracts or pyrethrins, was then placed in one randomly chosen chamber of the choice box and untreated filter paper was placed in the other. Treatment concentrations were expressed as parts per million (ppm) based on μg of material added per unit (cm3) of the treated chamber. Treatments were replicated six (for bay leaves, chewing gum, osage orange fruit, and pyrethrins) or seven (for the hexane and methanol extracts) times. Locations of the cockroaches with respect to the treated chambers were then noted at 1, 4, 24, and 48 h following exposure. No food or water was supplied during the experiment and choice boxes were held under 12:12 L:D. Data were expressed as mean % repelled from treated chamber; these data were transformed prior to analysis to arcsin %. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's multiple range test were used to detect and delineate treatment differences.
Control of Aphids in Cotton Using Insecticide Combinations, 1990
Authors: Johnson Donald R. , Studebaker Glenn
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied on 27 Jul on ‘DPL 50’ cotton in Lonoke County, AR using a CO2 powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 10.5 gal/acre on 50 psi through TX-4 hollowcone nozzles on a 19-inch spacing. Plots were 2, 38-inch rows, 50 ft long arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Evaluations were made 4 DAT using a hand-lens to count the number of aphids on a total of 3.6-inches2 of leaf area on the upper portion of the cotton plants in the center 2 rows in each plot.
Control of Bollworm/Budworm Complex in Mississippi Cotton, Trial I, 1992
Authors: Layton Blake , Howell Mike , Head Bob
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied on 20 Jul using a CO2 powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 9.9 gal of finished spray per acre through 8001 nozzle tips at 40 psi. The plots, which were located in Warren County, were 8 rows wide (38 inch on center) by 50 ft long, arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Counts were made 3 and 7 DAT by searching the terminal area of 25 plants per plot for larvae; 4 randomly chosen squares from each plant were examined for damage determination. A total of 0.2 inches of rain fell on the plots approximately 60 hr posttreatment. Pretreatment infestation level within the test area was 18% eggs and 26% small larvae. Of 25 larvae collected from check plots and adjacent untreated areas at 3 DAT, 92% were tobacco budworms.
Control of Boll Weevil in Cotton with Selected Insecticides, 1991
Authors: Leonard B. R. , Graves J. B. , Long D. W.
Published: March 2022

Two tests were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides against boll weevil in irrigated cotton planted 26 Apr. For both tests, plots consisted of 5 rows (102 cm centers) x 15 m. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied on 9, 13, 16, 19 Jul and on 10, 13, 16, 19 Jul in Test 1 and Test 2, respectively. Applications were made with a high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 56.2 liters total spray/ha through TX-8 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 3.02 kg/ cm2. Treatments were evaluated by examining 50 squares/plot for evidence of damage. No additional foliar insecticides were applied to the plots during this test. The test area received 2.2 cm rainfall on 16 Jul, 0.9 cm rainfall on 17 Jul, 0.94 cm rainfall on 18 Jul and 1.8 cm rainfall on 19 Jul.