bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
R-nj ALEURONE COLOR SELECTION AND NITROGEN RESPONSE IN OPAQUE-2 MAIZE
Authors: CROSS H. Z. , DOSSO H.
Published: March 2010

Field experiments were conducted to determine if mass selection for degree of aleurone anthocyanin pigmentation controlled by R-nj could improve agronomic deficiencies associated with the o2 (opaque) phenotype of a maize (Zea mays L.) synthetic (NDSE). Divergent mass selection was used to develop high color (HC), low color (LC), and randomly sampled (RC) check substrains which were tested in 1982 at two low-fertility, pollen isolated sites (a clay loam, Vertic Haplaquoll with 7.2 pH and a silt loam, Aerie Calciaquoll with a 7.6 pH at Fargo and Casselton, N.D., respectively). Grain yield and agronomic traits were estimated for each of four N application rates at each site. N fertilizer increased grain yields and kernel weights. High color strains yielded highest at 136 kg ha−1 of N, outproducing RC strains. At 204 kg ha−1 of N, yield of HC strains declined and LC strains out-yielded HC strains. Low color selection significantly increased test weight, kernel weight, cob diameter, seedling emergence, and shelling ratio compared to RC strains in NDSE while HC selection increased kernel weight, cob diameter, and reduced ear moisture and protein contents compared to RC selection. Selection for LC improved several traits which were deficient in opaque-2 maize, and use of the R-nj gene may be useful in improving opaque-2 maize.Key words: Aleurone, anthocyanin, correlated response, ear moisture, mass selection, maize.
CHANGES IN MOISTURE, TEMPERATURE, AND QUALITY OF CORN SEED DURING HIGH-TEMPERATURE DRYING
Authors: HERTER ULRICH , BURRIS JOSEPH S.
Published: March 2010

Mechanical drying has frequently caused injury in corn seed. Changes in seed moisture, temperature, and quality were determined for inbred lines A632, B73 and Mo17 to define the relationship between these variables. Ears harvested at ca. 48 and 38% seed moisture could be dried at 50 °C for 4–15 h and 18–24 h, respectively, before germination started to decline linearly with prolonged 50 °C drying. Drying time at 50 °C, seed moisture, or embryo moisture after 50 °C drying could be used equally well for prediction of seed quality. Seedling dry weights often declined even when seed was dried for only a few hours at 50 °C. Temperature measurements within seeds indicated that evaporation cooled the seed no more than 5 °C. Drying susceptibility of seed parents varied greatly between years.Key words: Moisture, temperature changes, seed corn, drying
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 91. Malva pusilla Sm. (= M. rotundifolia L.)
Authors: MAKOWSKI ROBERTE M. D. , MORRISON IAN N.
Published: March 2010

This account provides information on the biology of round-leaved mallow, Malva pusilla Sm. (= M. rotundifolia L.). Primarily a weed of gardens and waste places, it has recently become troublesome in field crops causing yield losses of up to 90% in flax and lentil and up to 30% in wheat. Introduced from Eurasia, it is common mainly in the prairie provinces. Although often confused with two other weedy mallows, M. neglecta Wallr. and M. parviflora L., it has a different geographical distribution and can easily be distinguished by its short petals with bearded claws. Malva pusilla propagates by seed which are impermeable to water, exhibiting low germination unless scarified, and therefore capable of remaining dormant for long periods. Plant growth form varies greatly with competition. Round-leaved mallow is difficult to control chemically, but it can be effectively controlled with a fungus which is being developed as a commercial bioherbicide.Key words: Malva neglecta, Malva parviflora, Round-leaved mallow, weed biology
THE EFFECT OF 2,4-D ON GROWTH AND GERMINATION OF LAMB’S-QUARTERS (Chenopodium album L.) PLANTS HAVING DIFFERENT DEGREES OF TOLERANCE
Authors: HUME LARRY , SHIRRIFF SCOTT
Published: March 2010

Three sources of lamb’s-quarters (Chenopodium album L.) plants were sprayed at the four- to six-leaf stage using rates of 2,4-D ranging from 0 to 0.6 a.i. kg ha−1. The three sources had different levels of 2,4-D tolerance, the most and least tolerant sources being those with no history of 2,4-D application. At sublethal doses, lamb’s-quarters plants were slower to flower and produce seeds. Sprayed plants had fewer branches and were smaller. They produced fewer but larger seeds than the unsprayed control plants. Seeds produced from sprayed plants germinated faster and to a greater total percent than did seeds from those that were not sprayed.Key words: 2,4-D tolerance, Chenopodium album L., germination, growth, lamb’s-quarters, sublethal 2,4-D rates
ANDRO FLAX
Authors: ROWLAND G. G. , McHUGHEN A. , BHATTY R. S.
Published: March 2010

Andro is an early-maturing oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum) of moderate yield potential released by the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan. It has a medium seed size with acceptable oil quality, is immune to all North American races of rust caused by Melampsora lini and is moderately susceptible to wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini. It is expected that Andro will replace the rust susceptible cultivar Noralta.Key words: Linum usitatissimum, flax (oilseed), cultivar description
INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION AND MECHANICAL STUBBLE REMOVAL ON SEED PRODUCTION OF KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS IN MANITOBA
Authors: THOMPSON D. J. , CLARK K. W.
Published: March 2010

Three field experiments were performed to determine the effects of fall nitrogen fertilization and post-harvest mechanical stubble removal (to 2.5 cm) on seed yield in Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L. ’Nugget’). In all experiments, N fertilization and stubble removal increased seed yield. Increases were greater in a 3-yr-old than in a 5-yr-old stand. Nitrogen fertilization increased panicle density, panicle weight, shoot height and straw yield. Stubble removal increased panicle density, reduced panicle weight, shoot height, and straw yield and increased harvest index.Key words: Nitrogen, stubble removal, seed, Kentucky bluegrass
EFFECT OF NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM ON WEED EMERGENCE AND SUBSEQUENT WEED COMMUNITIES IN SOUTH COASTAL BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: FREYMAN S. , KOWALENKO C. G. , HALL J. W.
Published: March 2010

The effect of fertilizer on weed emergence and subsequent weed communities was studied in a greenhouse and in the field. In greenhouse experiments, N at 100 kg ha−1 stimulated grass emergence but had no effect on broadleaf weeds. Emergence of broadleaf weeds was suppressed by 200 kg ha−1 and that of grasses by 300 kg ha−1. Emergence of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.), carrot (Daucus carota L.) was suppressed by 100 kg N ha−1 while suppression of emergence of corn (Zea mays L.), wheat (Triticum sativum L.) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) was less pronounced. In field experiments, N applied in early April increased the number of corn spurry (Spergula arvensis L.) seedlings. After several weeks, lady’s-thumb (Polygonum persicara L.) assumed biomass dominance in 1986 while lamb’s-quarters (Chenopodium album L.) was dominant in 1987 and 1988 on plots that received N. Corn spurry was the dominant weed in number and biomass on plots with no N. When fertilizer was applied in late May, a number of weed species emerged evenly across the various treatments; however, towards maturity, lamb’s-quarters dominated in amount of biomass where N was applied, while corn spurry and shepherd’s-purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris L.) dominated the plots with no N. Phosphorus had a small effect and K had no effect on weed communities and there were no significant interactions. When different rates of fertilizer were tested, emergence of corn spurry was stimulated by 100 kg N ha−1 but was suppressed by higher rates. Results from these experiments have demonstrated that weed emergence and subsequent weed communities in south coastal British Columbia can be greatly altered by fertilizer.Key words: Fertilizer, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, weed emergence, weed communities
SELECTION FOR YIELD AT TWO FERTILIZER LEVELS IN SMALL-SEEDED COMMON BEAN
Authors: SINGH SHREE P. , URREA CARLOS A. , GUTIERREZ J. ARIEL , GARCIA JAMES
Published: March 2010

Selection for seed yield (visual in the F2, visual and plot yield from the F3 to F5, and yield tests in F6) was carried out in two crosses of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in high and low soil fertility environments at CIAT-Quilichao, Colombia. Parents were small-seeded and tolerant to low soil phosphorus, possessed indeterminate bush growth habit, and belonged to lowland tropical gene pools of Middle America. The mean yield of selected lines from low (LFS) and high (HFS) soil fertility environments was significantly higher than the mean of the parents in both crosses when tested in high fertility (HF) but not in low fertility (LF). The highest yielding LFS and HFS lines from A 286 × (G 5059 × A 80) and the LFS line from A 286 × ICA Pijao outyielded the best check cultivar, Carioca, in HF. No line yielded significantly more than A 286, the best parent used in both crosses. The mean effect of fertilizer levels on selection for seed yield was nonsignificant. Lines selected under two environments showed similar but average response and high stability of performance under variable environments. Low soil fertility accelerated maturity and reduced 100-seed weight and seed yield.Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris, bean (small-seeded common), selection for yield, soil fertility, Middle American gene pools, regression coefficient
THE EFFECT OF SEEDPIECE POPULATION AND HARVEST DATE ON YIELD AND ECONOMIC VALUE OF CARLTON POTATOES IN MANITOBA
Authors: REX B. L. , RUSSELL W. A. , WOLFE H. R.
Published: March 2010

The effect of seedpiece population on Carlton potatoes for the early tablestock market was evaluated under rainfed conditions in southern Manitoba over the 1982, 1983 and 1985 growing seasons. Populations of 21.7, 26.3, 33.3, and 45.5 thousand seedpieces per hectare were harvested 75, 85 and 95 d after planting each year. Total and marketable tuber yields increased with population. Tuber specific gravity increased with population in 1982 and in the first two harvests in 1983, but no trends were observed in 1985 and in the final harvest in 1983. The incidence of hollow heart in marketable tubers was very low in all 3 yr, and was not related to seedpiece population or date of harvest. Net crop value (NCV) usually increased with successive harvests within each year, and generally showed a positive relationship with seedpiece population.Key words: Potato, Solanum tuberosum L., Carlton, seedpiece population, hollow heart, specific gravity
EFFECT OF NITROGEN SOURCES AND RATES ON YIELD AND HOLLOW STEM DEVELOPMENT IN BROCCOLI
Authors: TREMBLAY NICOLAS
Published: March 2010

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of N sources and rates on growth, yield and hollow stem development of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. spp. Italica Plenck ’Green Valiant’). Four N fertilizers [NH4NO3, Ca(NO3)2, (NH4)2SO4 or CO(NH2)2] were side-dressed in a factorial arrangement with rates of 75, 150 or 225 kg N ha−1. Increasing N rate resulted in greater vegetative growth but also in more hollow stem development, as estimated for the first time by a measure of hole volume. In a dry and warm year, however, with a near optimal soil pH, hollow stem development increased more with N rate than did marketable yield. In these conditions, it may therefore be advisable to reduce N applications. Nitrate-containing sources increased yield by 4% but induced 13% more hollow stem so that no N source could be identified that would produce high broccoli yield with minimum hollow stem. The effect of N source was neither function of year nor of N rate; it would therefore be irrelevant to modify N rate according to the source used.Key words: Brassica oleracea L. spp. Italica Plenck, broccoli, calcium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, urea, ammonium sulphate
GROWTH AND NPK UPTAKE BY SOYBEAN CULTIVARS IN NORTHERN U.S.A. UNDER REDUCED TILLAGE SYSTEMS
Authors: DEIBERT E. J. , UTTER R. A.
Published: March 2010

A field study was conducted during 1985–1987 on a Fargo clay soil to evaluate growth, and NPK content at beginning flowering, pod fill, and mature seed at harvest of an early- (McCall) and a late-maturity (Dawson) soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivar as influenced by conventional (plow) or reduced (sweep, intertill, no-till) tillage systems and weed control methods. Excellent seed emergence was obtained on all tillage systems. Fall application of granular herbicide provided excellent weed control but herbicide plus cultivation caused reduced plant growth. Tillage system did not significantly affect plant and seed dry matter production. Yearly differences in dry matter production between early- and late-maturity cultivars depended on precipitation distribution. N and P uptake at pod fill was equal to seed uptake while K in the seed was one-half that measured at pod fill. Stratification of P and K in the surface soil profile of the reduced tillage systems was not detrimental and possibly enhanced early growth when root development was not extensive. Plants exhibited chlorosis on only the plow system under wet soil conditions indicating improved internal drainage under the reduced tillage systems. Interactions of climate with tillage system and cultivar maturity were more pronounced in this soybean study than previously reported which may be related to the cool, dry northern area.Key words: Soybean, no-till, zero-till, weed control, plant nutrients, cultivars, soil nutrient stratification
THE INHERITANCE OF LEAF RUST RESISTANCE IN WHEAT CULTIVARS KENYON AND BUCK MANANTIAL
Authors: DYCK P. L.
Published: March 2010

The genetics of resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici) was studied in the two common wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars Kenyon and Buck Manantial. Kenyon was shown to have genes Lr13 and Lr16, the same gene combination that is present in the cultivar Columbus. Buck Manantial, the leaf-rust resistant donor parent of Kenyon, has seedling genes Lr13 (or an allele), Lr16 and Lr17, and two for adult-plant resistance, Lr13 and an unidentified gene.Key words: Leaf rust resistance, Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici, wheat (hard red spring)
EFFECTS OF ROW SPACING AND SEEDING RATE ON THE AGRONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF ANNUAL CANARYGRASS
Authors: HOLT N. W.
Published: March 2010

The effects of seeding rate and row spacing on agronomic characteristics of annual canarygrass (Phalaris canariensis L.) were recorded in field trials at Indian Head, Saskatchewan for the years 1978–1982. As seeding rates were increased from 1.5 to 12 g row−1 (7.5–80 kg ha−1), a linear decrease in height and a linear increase in plant density was observed but days to emergence and days to heading were not affected. Plant density was negatively correlated with heads plant−1 and seeds head−1. Therefore, seed yield was reduced only at the lowest seeding rate. Seed yields at row spacings of 23 or 30 cm were not different, as greater plant density at the lower row spacing was balanced by fewer heads plant−1 and seeds head−1.Key words: Phalaris canariensis, yield components, plant density
RECENT ADVANCES IN MATURITY AND YIELD OF GRAIN CORN HYBRIDS TESTED IN THE MARITIMES
Authors: WHITE R. P. , McRAE K. B.
Published: March 2010

Hybrids evaluated in six regional grain corn (Zea mays L.) trials in the Maritime Provinces of Canada showed considerable improvement in at-harvest grain maturity and some yield improvement between 1981 and 1987. After adjusting for changes in at-harvest maturity between 1981 and 1987, the average yield potential had increased by 4.4% (SE = 1.96). The improvement in at-harvest maturity was on average 3.7% (SE = 0.82), after adjusting for changes in yield, but was greater for hybrids with less than average yield.Key words: Zea mays L., hybrid corn, maturity, yield, hybrid evaluation
INJURY TO ACTIVE METABOLISM IN WOODY PLANT TISSUE ASSESSED BY 86Rb (K ANALOGUE) UPTAKE AND ELECTRICAL CAPACITANCE TECHNIQUES
Authors: ANDREWS DWAYNE , FENSOM DAVID
Published: March 2010

Using 86Rb as an analogue for K+, the uptake of K-ions in 15 mg during one hour in labelled KCl (1 mmolar) solution has been found to be very significantly different in tissue from living twigs of woody plants compared with that from dead twigs. This uptake test has been successfully applied to twigs and discriminates among living, damaged and killed tissue. A modification can assess damage to buds. Ion uptake results supplement the results of electrical cambial capacitance, measured at temperatures 10–25 °C.Key words: Tissue, viability, ion uptake
EFFECT OF CROP LOAD ON SEASONAL VARIATION IN CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND SPRING FROST HARDINESS OF APPLE FLOWER BUDS
Authors: KHANIZADEHI S. , BUSZARD D. , FANOUS M. A. , ZARKADAS C. G.
Published: March 2010

Spring frost hardiness and fluctuations in nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), potassium (K), glucose, fructose, sorbital, and starch were compared in spur buds of bearing and noncropped mature McIntosh/M7 trees (Malus pumila Mill.). Deblossoming caused more flowers to be initiated for the next season and flower buds were larger and heavier. Sorbitol was the predominant soluble carbohydrate in both years and was higher in the buds of noncropped trees during most of the year. Buds of deblossomed trees also had higher contents of glucose and starch. In both noncropped and cropped trees total starch increased during cold acclimation and decreased during late winter and early spring. Fructose content was not affected by crop load. Bud content of N, P, and K was lower on cropped trees throughout the sampling period. On cropped trees buds were more susceptible to low temperature injury during spring.Key words: Malus pumila, sugar, conductivity, freezing tolerance, spring frost
THE EFFECT OF ETHEPHON ON ANNUAL BLUEGRASS AND CREEPING BENTGRASS GROWTH
Authors: EGGENS J. L. , WRIGHT C. P. M. , MURR D. P. , CAREY K.
Published: March 2010

Under pot culture and field conditions, ethephon at rates up to 8 kg ha−1 was more injurious to annual bluegrass than to Penncross creeping bentgrass. Ethephon significantly decreased the quality, spreading ability and shoot weight of annual bluegrass, whereas sward quality of the creeping bentgrass grown in pot culture was increased, spreading ability was unaffected and shoot dry weight decreased. Increasing the number of applications at all concentrations increased injury to annual bluegrass and a single application at 1 kg ha−1 reduced annual bluegrass seedhead production.Key words: Poa annua, Agrostis palustris, ethephon, sward quality
EFFECTS OF ADDED NITROGEN AND POTASSIUM ON YIELD AND STORABILITY OF RUTABAGAS
Authors: CUTCLIFFF J. A. , SANDERSON J. B.
Published: March 2010

Field experiments were carried out at two different locations in Prince Edward Island each year for 3 consecutive years to determine the effects of added nitrogen and potassium on yields of rutabagas (Brassica napobrassica Mill.) and subsequent losses during a 6-mo period in two storage regimes. Preseeding applications of nitrogen at 120 kg ha−1 compared to 40 kg ha−1 increased marketable yields by 7–18%. Applications of potassium at 180 kg ha−1 compared to 60 kg ha−1 had no effect on marketable yields. Mean weight losses from dehydration of rutabagas held for 6 mo at about 2 °C and 95% RH and at about 5 °C and 90% RH were 5.2% and 10.8%, respectively, and were not affected by the nitrogen and potassium treatments. Also, the nitrogen and potassium treatments had no effect on the proportion of the rutabagas that remained in marketable condition during the storage period. Analysis of leaf tissue collected when the rutabaga roots began to enlarge indicated that nitrogen and potassium concentrations of approximately 5.0–6.0% and 2.1–5.9%, respectively, are within the sufficiency range.Key words: Rutabaga, Brassica napobrassica, yield, storability, nitrogen, potassium
YIELDS AND PROTEIN TRENDS OF SPRING WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.) ON THE CANADIAN PRAIRIES, 1961–1982
Authors: STEWART D. W. , DWYER L. M.
Published: March 2010

Mathematical models of hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were used to account for effects of weather on annual variations in yield and protein content on the Canadian prairies. When weather effects were calculated, other relatively slow-changing trends became much clearer. Results indicate that yields in the three major soil zones have increased an average of 806 kg ha−1, while protein contents have decreased (1.0% from 1961 to 1982). Both trends show the largest change at the beginning of the period (1961) with a levelling off at the end (1982). There seems to be an inverse relationship between yield and protein, with technology contributing to yield increases and at the same time decreasing protein content by dilution although this was not conclusively proved. Decreases in soil organic matter or other soil factors may be contributing to the protein decline but these factors were not required to explain the observed patterns in yield and percent protein. The results indicated that the potential to produce high protein wheats has decreased during the period 1961–1982.Key words: Nonlinear fitting, physical model, technology effects, protein dilution
EFFECTS OF INCREMENTAL N FERTILIZATION ON GRAIN YIELD AND DRY MATTER ACCUMULATION OF SIX SPRING WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.) CULTIVARS IN SOUTHERN MANITOBA
Authors: GEHL D. T. , BAILEY L. D. , GRANT C. A. , SADLER J. M.
Published: March 2010

A 3-yr study was conducted on three Orthic Black Chernozemic soils to determine the effects of incremental N fertilization on grain yield and dry matter accumulation and distribution of six spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. Urea (46–0–0) was sidebanded at seeding in 40 kg N ha−1 increments from 0 to 240 kg ha−1 in the first year and from 0 to 200 kg ha−1 in the 2 subsequent years. Nitrogen fertilization increased the grain and straw yields of all cultivars in each experiment. The predominant factor affecting the N response and harvest index of each cultivar was available moisture. At two of the three sites, 91% of the interexperiment variability in mean maximum grain yield was explained by variation in root zone moisture at seeding. Mean maximum total dry matter varied by less than 12% among cultivars, but mean maximum grain yield varied by more than 30%. Three semidwarf cultivars, HY 320, Marshall and Solar, had consistently higher grain yield and grain yield response to N than Glenlea and Katepwa, two standard height cultivars, and Len, a semidwarf. The mean maximum grain yield of HY 320 was the highest of the cultivars on test and those of Katepwa and Len the lowest. Len produced the least straw and total dry matter. The level of N fertilization at maximum grain yield varied among cultivars, sites and years. Marshall and Solar required the highest and Len the lowest N rates to achieve maximum grain yield. The year-to-year variation in rates of N fertilization needed to produce maximum grain yield on a specific soil type revealed the limitations of N fertility recommendations based on "average" amounts and temporal distribution of available moisture.Key words: Wheat (spring), N response, standard height, semidwarf, grain yield
REGENERATION FROM UNFERTILIZED OVULE CALLUS OF SUGARBEET (Beta vulgaris L.)
Authors: GALATOWITSCH M. W. , SMITH G. A.
Published: March 2010

Haploid, diploid, and tetraploid plants were regenerated from unfertilized ovule callus of the diploid (2n = 2x = 18) sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) breeding line FC 607. Callus was induced by culturing the ovules on a modified Murashige and Skoog medium containing 1 mg L−1 6(γ,γ-dimethylallylamino)-purine in the dark at 27 °C. Transferring callus to the light induced shoot formation. The incidence of shoot vitrification was reduced when Gamborg’s B5 salts were substituted for Murashige and Skoog salts in the regeneration medium. Shoots rooted readily when cultured on Gamborg’s B5 salts medium containing 5 mg L−1 naphthaleneacetic acid.Key words: Haploid sugarbeet, doubled-haploids
RENDEMENT DE DIFFÉRENTS MÉLANGES D’ORGE (Hordeum vulgare L.) ET D’AVOINE (Avenau sativa L.) ET PRODUCTIVITÉ DE CHACUNE DES ESPÈCES
Authors: PAGEAU D.
Published: March 2010

A two-year study was conducted at Normandin, Quebec to evaluate the behavior of mixtures of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and oats (Avena sativa L.) and productivity of their components. Eleven proportions of barley:oats (0:100, 10:90, 20:80, 30:70, 40:60, 50:50, 60:40, 70:30, 80:20, 90:10, 100:0) were evaluated at a seeding rate of 330 viable seeds m−2. Sophie barley and Laurent oats were used for their almost identical maturity. Yields of pure stands of barley were higher than those obtained from pure stands of oats. Mixtures comprising 50% or more of barley produced yields greater than those with less than 50% barley but yields were not higher than those from pure stands of barley. The proportions of barley and oat found in the grain mixture at harvest did not vary substantially from those used at sowing. The specific weight of the grain mixture at harvest increased concurrently with the increment of the proportion of barley at sowing.Key words: Barley, oats, mixture, yield, yield components
USE OF SPIKE MOISTURE CONTENT AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO KERNEL MOISTURE CONTENT AND DAYS TO RIPE IN THE MEASUREMENT OF RELATIVE MATURITY IN SPRING WHEAT
Authors: THOMAS J. B. , CLARKE P. J. , SCHAALJE G. B.
Published: March 2010

This study was undertaken to determine if the spike moisture content of ripening spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) could provide an accurate measure of kernel moisture content and whether spike moisture content could also substitute for days to ripe in evaluating the relative maturity of spring wheat cultivars. Starting with a large, unreplicated observation nursery, 65 plots were selected to represent a wide range in relative maturity and all parts of the nursery. Spike moisture content and kernel moisture content were determined for each plot as the earliest plots approached a kernel moisture content of about 20% while the latest were at about 50%. Joint analysis of these two variables (regression analysis and other procedures) showed that across this wide range of relative maturity, moisture contents of entire spikes gave virtually the same result as did a measurement of the moisture content of the kernels. This was true for wheats both with and without awns. In replicated cultivar trials, spike moisture content as the earliest cultivars approached maturity had similar normalized errors and was as closely correlated with yield as was days to ripe. Spike moisture content therefore appears suitable for use in the evaluation of relative maturity of different wheat cultivars.Key words: Kernel moisture, maturity, earliness, yield
CHARACTERIZATION OF LIGNIN-CARBOHYDRATE COMPLEXES OF ITALIAN RYEGRASS AND ALFALFA
Authors: KONDO TSUNEO , MIZUNO KAZUHIKO , KATO TADASHI , HIROI TADAKAZU
Published: March 2010

Lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCC) were isolated from Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) stems and their chemical and physical properties, and enzymatic degradation examined. The LCCs, soluble in water, were composed of guaiacyl-syringyl lignin and hemicellulosic carbohydrate mostly consisting of xylose, glucose and arabinose. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the LCCs produced water-insoluble materials which were markedly rich in lignin. In both plant species, the carbohydrate of the insoluble material had a high proportion of arabinose. The insoluble material of Italian ryegrass contained two to three times more xylose and arabinose than that of alfalfa. The Italian ryegrass LCC released significant amounts of p-coumaric and ferulic acids by alkaline and acid hydrolysis, but the alfalfa LCC did not, indicating a more complex structure of the cell wall matrix of Italian ryegrass. The ferulic acid in ryegrass lignin may be responsible for restricting enzymatic degradation of hemicellulose in ryegrass more than occurs in legumes.Key words: Lignin-carbohydrate complex, enzymatic hydrolysis, hemicellulose, ferulic acid, Italian ryegrass, alfalfa
MODE OF POLLINATION OF PERENNIAL SPECIES OF THE TRITICEAE IN RELATION TO GENOMICALLY DEFINED GENERA
Authors: JENSEN K. B. , DEWEY D. R. , ZHANG Y. F.
Published: March 2010

The perennial grasses of the tribe Triticeae are among the world’s most valuable forages and provide an important gene source for wheat, barley, and rye breeders. Knowledge of mode of pollination (self-pollination versus cross-pollination) is essential to plant breeders, geneticists, and systematists involved in gene manipulation, germplasm preservation, and understanding the biological characteristics of taxa and their relatives. This paper reports for the first time on the mode of pollination of many perennial Triticeae grasses and evaluates the mode of pollination as it relates to the genomically defined genera of Dewey (1984). Self fertility was estimated by counting seed set on spikes that were enclosed in an isolation paper bag prior to anthesis to exclude foreign pollen. The latter genera can be grouped as follows: (1) those that are highly self-sterile, which include Agropyron, Psathyrostachys, Pseudoroegneria, and Elytrigia, averaging 1.2 selfed seeds per spike; (2) those variable in their degree of self-fertility, Thinopyrum, Leymus, and Pascopyrum, ranging from 0.0 to 46.1, 0.0 to 254.0, and 0.0 to 67.8 selfed seeds per spike, respectively; and (3) those genera highly self-fertile which include Elymus and Critesion, that average more than 30 self-seeds per spike. Taxa in group two show considerable variation within species as well as between species. In group three, the E. lanceolatus, C. brevisubulatum, and C. bulbosum complex are exceptions; their component taxa were highly self-sterile.Key words: Pollination, reproduction, Triticeae, genomes
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 93. Epilobium angustifolium L. (Onagraceae).
Authors: BRODERICK D. H.
Published: March 2010

Fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium L.), a native herbaceous perennial, occurs across most of Canada. It is particularly abundant on recently disturbed ground in coniferous or mixed forest ecosystems and is a common weed of roadsides and waste areas, especially in areas with acidic soils. In some successionally advanced vegetation, however, widely spaced colonies with low stem densities may persist for long periods. Where growth of the species is prolific, seedling establishment of commercially important coniferous trees can be suppressed and the species can be a problem in perennial crops.Key words: Epilobium angustifolium, fireweed, fire, forest succession, forest weeds
EFFECT OF TILLAGE IMPLEMENT AND DATE OF SWEETCLOVER INCORPORATION ON AVAILABLE SOIL N AND SUCCEEDING SPRING WHEAT YIELDS
Authors: FOSTER R. K.
Published: March 2010

A 3-yr field study was conducted on a Dark Brown Chernozemic soil to assess the impact of the date of sweetclover (Melilotus officinalis Lam.) incorporation and tillage implement used for incorporation on succeeding spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yields. During year 1 wheat was underseeded to sweetclover. In year 2 the clover was incorporated on either 15 June, 1 July or 15 July. Five tillage implements were evaluated (a) mouldboard plough (b) rotavator (c) tandem disc (d) offset disc and (e) deep tillage cultivator. In the spring of year 3, each treatment was seeded to wheat. Over the duration of the study only small and usually insignificant differences (P ≥ 0.05) in year 3 wheat yields occurred related to incorporation implement. Date of sweetclover incorporation during year 2 was a significant factor when the 15 June incorporation resulted in 6 and 17% greater wheat yields than 1 July or 15 July, respectively. Sweetclover dry matter production, measured at the early date of incorporation was 32% less than the two later incorporation dates. Mineral nitrogen, determined to a depth of 60 cm in year 3 immediately following wheat seeding, was 82, 75 and 62 kg ha−1 for the 15 June, 1 July and 15 July incorporation dates, respectively. It was concluded that the implement selected for sweetclover incorporation is not critical, however the timing of plough down is important and should be relatively early in the growing season in order to maximize succeeding grain production.Key words: Sweetclover, incorporation, green manure
GENETIC ORIGIN OF A UNIQUE GLIADIN DOUBLET OF THATCHER-TYPE BREAD WHEATS
Authors: NG P. K. W. , BUSHUK W.
Published: March 2010

Electrophoretic analysis (PAGE and SDS-PAGE) of Thatcher and its parents (Marquis, Kanred and Iumillo) has shown that a unique doublet in the gliadin electrophoregram of Thatcher, which was subsequently inherited by many Canadian bread wheat cultivars, was inherited from a specific accession of Kanred. The combination of PAGE and SDS-PAGE was particularly suitable for identifying the accession of Kanred used in the original cross to produce Thatcher and for analyzing the homogeneity and identity of accessions in wheat germplasm collections.Key words: Bread wheats, gliadin doublet, PAGE, SDS-PAGE, varietal homogeneity
DEVELOPMENT OF A TEST FOR FREEZING TOLERANCE IN YOUNG ALFALFA SEEDLINGS
Authors: CLOUTIER Y. , PELLETIER L. , MICHAUD R.
Published: March 2010

An experiment was conducted to study the effects of seedling age on their ability to harden, and to determine whether cultivar × seedling age interaction could be identified for frost resistance. In the present study, 6- to 24-d-old alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seedlings were significantly more freezing-tolerant after cold-hardening than unhardened controls. Cold-hardened seedlings of age varying from 8 to 24 d were hardier than 6-d-old seedlings. No cultivar × seedling age interaction was found. The best separation of the cultivars occurred between 18 and 24 d. These findings provide additional information towards the development of a rapid and reliable test for estimating freezing tolerance in alfalfa.Key words: Freezing test, alfalfa, cold hardiness, seedlings
TETRACAN, RUSSIAN WILD RYEGRASS
Authors: LAWRENCE T. , RATZLAFF C. D. , HOLT N. W. , JEFFERSON P. G. , SLINKARD A. E.
Published: March 2010

Tetracan is the first tetraploid cultivar of Russian wild ryegrass registered for sale in Canada. The large seed, large heads and wide leaves are visual characters that distinguish Tetracan from diploid cultivars of Russian wild ryegrass. Tetracan is superior to the diploid cultivar Swift in establishment vigor as evidenced by excellent ability to emerge from deep seedings. It is equal to Swift in dry matter and seed yield.Key words: Psathyrostachys juncea, cultivar description, wild ryegrass (Russian, tetraploid)
FIELD STUDIES OF MOISTURE AVAILABILITY EFFECTS ON GLUCOSINOLATE AND OIL CONCENTRATION IN THE SEED OF RAPE, (Brassica napus L.) AND TURNIP RAPE (Brassica rapa L. var. silvestris (Lam.) Briggs).
Authors: MAILER R. J. , PRATLEY J. E.
Published: March 2010

Field studies of water availability during development and glucosinolate concentration in mature seed showed that glucosinolate concentration was closely correlated (R2 = 34 – 82%) with evapotranspiration between anthesis and maturity. Glucosinolate concentration increased with increasing moisture to a maximum and then declined again at high water levels. Oil concentration also increased with increasing moisture availability.Key words: Rapeseed, Brassica napus L., Cruciferae, glucosinolate, water availability
INTERACTIVE EFFECT OF BORON AND PHOSPHORUS ON GROWTH AND METABOLISM OF MAIZE GROWN IN REFINED SAND
Authors: CHATTERJEE C. , SINHA P. , AGARWALA S. C.
Published: March 2010

Boron-phosphorus interaction was observed in maize (Zea mays L. ’Ganga 2’) when grown in refined sand at three levels of boron, deficient (0.0033 mg L−1), normal (0.33 mg L−1) and excess (3.3 mg L−1), each at three levels of phosphorus, deficient (0.17 m mol L−1), normal (1.5 mmol L−1) and excess (4 m mol L−1). The effects of phosphorus deficiency (i.e., reduction in dry matter, soluble protein, DNA, activity of ribonuclease and increase in the activities of peroxidase, acid phosphatase and polyphenol oxidase) were intensified by a combined deficiency of boron and phosphorus. The effects of boron deficiency (i.e., reduction in dry weight, leaf boron and DNA and increase in starch content and in the activities of starch phosphorylase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase) become more intense in the treatment-deficient B-excess P. The decreases caused by excess phosphorus (i.e., dry weight, starch and sugar content, DNA, RNA and activity of ribonuclease) were aggravated by combined excess of boron and phosphorus.Key words: Zea mays, maize, boron and phosphorus nutrition
HERITABILITY AND GENETIC ADVANCE OF HULL PEELING IN TWO-ROW BARLEY
Authors: AIDUN V. L. , HARVEY B. L. , ROSSNAGEL B. G.
Published: March 2010

Two populations, developed from three two-rowed malting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) lines, were used to estimate the heritability, variability, and genetic advance of hull peeling in 1985 and 1986 at Saskatoon, Canada. The populations were Harrington/Ellice and Harrington/WM797-83. In both populations, estimates of heritability were relatively low to moderate. Coupled with the high variability found within the parental lines, it was concluded that hull peeling is largely an environmentally influenced trait. Estimates of genetic advance indicated that moderate gains could be achieved with stringent selection pressure (5%) against hull peeling. A great deal of variability was found within the F3 and F4 generations indicating potential for improvement through selection. Based on results obtained, selection for hull adherence would best be incorporated into the later generations of an already established breeding program.Key words: Barley, heritability, genetic advance, hull peeling, Harrington, Hordeum vulgare
USING A CELLULOLYTIC COMPLEX TO ESTIMATE IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY OF BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL
Authors: DAVIS D. K. , McGRAW R. L. , SLEPER D. A. , BEUSELINCK P. R.
Published: March 2010

Digesting forages with a prepared cellulase solution (PCS) has been shown to be a rapid method of obtaining dry matter digestibility (DMD) estimates in many species. This procedure has not been previously used to obtain DMD estimates of broadleaf birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.). A broad based population consisting of 19 accessions, representing 11 countries of origin, three germplasm pools, and two domesticated cultivars of birdsfoot trefoil was evaluated. The PCS was produced from culturing Trichoderma reesei Simmons culture number QM9414. Fiber and PCS determinations were compared to an in vitro rumen fermentation (IVDMD) procedure. The fiber components measured were; neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and hemicellulose (HEMI). The PCS procedures involved digestion using a PCS without any pre- or post-treatment (CS), acid-pepsin digestion followed by a single-stage digestion in PCS (APCS), acid detergent solution (ADS) followed by a two-stage digestion in PCS (ADSCS), and neutral detergent solution (NDS) followed by a two-stage digestion in PCS (NDSCS). All of the fiber and PCS procedures were significantly (P ≤ 0.001) correlated with IVDMD except HEMI. The CS procedure underestimated IVDMD by 199 g kg−1; however, it had the best regression coefficient (b = 0.99), had the second best correlation coefficient (r = 0.86), and required less time than the other PCS procedures. The APCS procedure provided the best estimate of IVDMD. It overestimated the IVDMD mean of birdsfoot trefoil by only 30 g kg−1 and was the most accurate (residual standard deviation (RSD) = 22 g kg−1) approach. The CS procedure is recommended when a ranking of samples is desired and actual values of DMD are not of primary interest.Key words: Fiber digestion, germplasm, in vitro dry matter digestibility, Lotus corniculatus L., Trichodenna reesei Simmons
CELL WALL-BOUND p-COUMARIC AND FERULIC ACIDS IN ITALIAN RYEGRASS
Authors: KONDO TSUNEO , MIZUNO KAZUHIKO , KATO TADASHI
Published: March 2010

Cell wall-bound p-coumaric and ferulic acids were determined for stems of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) sampled at different stages of growth. The greater part of the detected p-coumaric acid was linked to cell wall polymers through ester linkages. No definite relationship was found between the accumulation of p-coumaric acid esters and plant maturation. Some part of the detected ferulic acid was simultaneously esterified and etherified to cell wall polymers. Such ester- and ether-linked ferulic acid augmented with increasing maturity, suggesting that the number of ferulic acid cross-links in the cell wall matrices of ryegrass increases with plant maturation.Key words: p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, Italian ryegrass, cell wall, phenolic acids
KG 62 SOYBEAN
Authors: BRADNER N. R. , SIMPSON R. D. , HADLOCK A. A.
Published: March 2010

KG 62 is a Maturity Group 0 soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivar which is 1 d earlier and higher yielding than the cultivar Marathon. Its main advantages are its yield performance, lodging resistance and phytophthora rot tolerance.Key words: Glycine max, KG 62 cultivar
PS 83 SOYBEAN
Authors: BRADNER N. R. , SIMPSON R. D. , HADLOCK A. A.
Published: March 2010

PS 83 is a Maturity Group II soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivar which is 3 d earlier and higher yielding than the cultivar Corsoy 79. Its main advantages are its yield performance, lodging resistance and phytophthora rot tolerance.Key words: Glycine max, PS 83 cultivar, soybean
FLANDERS FLAX
Authors: ROWLAND G. G. , BHATTY R. S. , KENASCHUK E. O.
Published: March 2010

Flanders is a late-maturing and high-yielding oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum) released by Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan. Flanders is 2 d earlier maturing and higher yielding than the two late-maturing cultivars, McGregor and Dufferin. Flanders is resistant to all North American races of rust caused by Melampsora lini and is moderately resistant to wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini.Key words: Linum usitatissimum, flax (oilseed), cultivar description
SOMME FLAX
Authors: ROWLAND G. G. , BHATTY R. S. , KENASCHUK E. O.
Published: March 2010

Somme, a medium early-maturing oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum) with increased yield potential over other medium early cultivars, has been released by the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan. It is of medium seed size, average oil and protein content and higher oil quality. Somme is resistant to all North American races of rust caused by Melampsora lini and is moderately resistant to wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini.Key words: Linum usitatissimum, flax (oilseed), cultivar description
PLANT SPACING EFFECTS ON YIELD OF THE GREENHOUSE TOMATO
Authors: PAPADOPOULOS ATHANASIOS P. , ORMROD DOUGLAS P.
Published: March 2010

The effect of six equidistant spacings (23, 30, 38, 45, 53 and 60 cm, corresponding to 113 000, 74 000, 53 000, 40 000, 31 000 and 25 000 plants ha−1, respectively) on fruit yield of four-row plantings of greenhouse tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ’Jumbo’ and ’Ohio CR-6’) was studied over two spring and two fall seasons. Fruit was harvested and recorded separately from inside (shaded) and outside (exposed) plants of the four-row plantings. The total and marketable yield (g plant−1) of both inside and outside plants of both cultivars and in both seasons declined linearly with successive decreases in plant spacing. The rate of yield reduction of both cultivars was steeper in the spring, compared to the fall season. Also, the rate of yield reduction in the spring was steeper on inside compared to outside plants; but, in the fall, yield was similar for inside and outside plants. The response of the total and marketable yield (g m−2) of both inside and outside plants of both cultivars and in both seasons to decreasing plant spacing was described by a first or second degree polynomial. In the fall, the total and marketable yield of all plants increased (mostly) linearly with decreasing plant spacing; but, in the spring, yields were highest at intermediate spacings and declined with closer and wider spacings. We conclude that there is a greater potential for marketable yield increases, with any increase in plant density from a normal of 25 000 plants ha−1 to a maximum of 74 000 or 113 000 plants ha−1 for the cvs. Ohio CR-6 and Jumbo, respectively, in a fall greenhouse tomato crop than in a spring crop. However, with closer planting, a reduction in fruit size must be anticipated in both seasons.Key words: Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., plant spacing, greenhouse tomato
EFFECTS OF MEFLUIDIDE ON PERIDERM DEVELOPMENT AND STORAGE OF RUSSET BURBANK AND NORCHIP POTATOES
Authors: PRITCHARD M. K. , SIEMENS A. J.
Published: March 2010

The effects of preharvest, foliar applications of mefluidide (N-(2,4-dimethyl-5-(((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)amino)phenyl)-acetamide) to potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plants on subsequent periderm development and on storage quality of Russet Burbank and Norchip tubers were investigated. Mefluidide application caused adnormal periderm development in tubers of both cultivars and resulted in increased tuber weight loss during storage due to enhanced water loss rather than to elevated respiration. Treatment with mefluidide 5 wk before harvest resulted in greater tuber weight loss in storage than treatment 7 wk before harvest. After ca. 26 wk storage, sucrose content generally increased in tubers from treated Russet Burbank plants but not in corresponding Norchip tubers. Despite a perceived periderm enhancement, the abnormal periderm development which increased water loss in stored tubers would suggest that mefluidide has little potential as a preharvest treatment to reduce tuber damage and improve storage of Russet Burbank and Norchip potatoes.Key words: Potato, mefluidide, storage, Russet Burbank, Norchip, periderm
SEED PRODUCTION OF HYBRID SUMMER RAPE IN THE FIELD USING THE POL CYTOPLASMIC MALE STERILITY SYSTEM: A FIRST ATTEMPT
Authors: PINNISCH R. , McVETTY P. B. E.
Published: March 2010

Hybrid summer rape (Brassica napus L.) seed production blocks were established at two locations in Manitoba in 1986 and 1987 to examine the effect of distance from the pollen source on seed yield, (both total and hybrid) and percent hybridity of seed produced on rows of a male sterile line of the open pollinated population B. napus cultivar, Marnoo, possessing the pol cytoplasmic male sterility inducing cytoplasm. A 10:1 ratio of male sterile line (A-line) to pollen parent was employed. Leaf cutter bees (Megachile rotundata F.) were used as the pollen vector between the two parents. In 1986, no significant differences in total seed yield were found among A-line rows, while in 1987, significant differences in total seed yields of A-line rows were found. Differences in hybrid seed yields among A-line rows were significant for all locations and years. Leaf cutter bees were found to be effective pollinators of the A-line plants. Less than half and less than a third of the seed produced on the A-line rows in 1986 and 1987, respectively, was hybrid seed. The high percentage of non-hybrid seed present in the seed lot may have been due to incomplete male sterility of the Marnoo A-line population. Total seed yields, hybrid seed yields and percent hybridity all declined linearly as distance from the pollen source increased. Improvement in the degree of male sterility of the Marnoo A-line population and/or a reduction in the 10:1 ratio of parents, and subsequent maximum A-line row to R-line row distance, will be necessary if hybrid summer rape seed production using this pol CMS A-line is to be commercially viable.Key words: Brassica napus L., CMS, hybrid, hybridity