bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Examining the Inter-Sectoral Relationship, Productivity and Inclusive Growth of Pakistani and Indonesian Economies
Authors: Hassan Nadia , Rehman Atiq ur
Published: November 2021

Inclusive growth is progressing the diverse patterns, backgrounds, and sectors of an economy. As an equitable economy has more potential for prosperity so reducing the inequalities and enhancing the productivity of workers in all the sectors of the economy is a core concern for emerging policies. Sectoral interlinkages and patterns of production are the basis for economic growth and essential for welfare outcomes. Therefore, the study analyzes the sectoral integration of Pakistan and Indonesian economies using the dataset from 1980 to 2019. For this purpose, the productive efficiency of workers is focused on three major sectors of economies i.e., services, manufacturing, and agriculture sector. In this study, we have used the VAR model to assess the integration and causal relationship among sectors and found that the per capita value addition of labor is relatively higher in the manufacturing sector of Pakistan and Indonesia. More than 36 percent of employed labor is in the agriculture sector of Pakistan but it has a slow growth rate of only 0.97 percent in 2019. Indonesia has the second-highest employment in the agriculture sector (i.e., 3.6 percent) but the lowest per capita value-added. This indicates slow development and high deprivations in the agriculture sector of both economies particularly in terms of opportunities. The services sector of Pakistan is categorized as a major sector in terms of employment with the highest growth rate that is approximately 3.7 percent whereas the Indonesian services sector has also employed a large share of total employment i.e., 48.9 percent in 2019. But it is found that the value-added production of Indonesia has been lower in services than in the industrial sector. We found a positive association of the services sector with agriculture is found in both economies but there is a negative relationship between agriculture and industry for Pakistan. Therefore, it is suggested to focus the skill development programs aligned with sectoral requirements and provide incentives for efficient allocation of employment across sectors to get the benefits of growth in a broad base.
Relationship between Emissions of Carbon Dioxide from the Cement Industry, Health Expenditures and Economic Growth in Pakistan
Authors: Rais Syed Imran , Mansoor Abdul , Ahmed Noman , Shah Syed Tahir Hussain , Sultana Baserat
Published: November 2021

Carbon Dioxide emissions are not suitable for human health, and it also creates hurdles in the economic growth of any economy. The current study aims to reinvestigate the impact of greenhouse gases like CO2 emissions, including other gases, in the cement industry of Pakistan and its outcome in the shape of an increase in the health expenditures of the citizens. The study employs the ARDL methodology to find the empirical results in the short and long run. For the empirical analysis, the study used time-series data from the WDI database and covered the range from 1990 to 2019. The study finds a strong relationship between CO2 emissions from the cement industry, health expenditures, and economic growth in Pakistan. There is a uni-directional causality running from CO2 emission to health expenses in both the short and long run. The present study makes a significant contribution to the literature on industrial economics and energy economics and its effects on the well-being of people in society. The study explains the changes in the health expenditures of people by considering the emission of CO2 from the cement industry, which is a new dimension in the case of Pakistan. Moreover, the study suggested that the government and policymakers should make environment-friendly and eco-friendly policies to clean the environment for better health and high economic growth. The government should encourage investors to invest in green technology to increase production capacity and improve the environment.
Dynamics of Bilateral Trade and Labor Role in Case of Pakistan: A Gravity Estimation Model
Authors: Ali Hina , Sattar Munnaza , Iqbal Sehrish , Nasir Nazia
Published: November 2021

The goal of this study paper is to look out for “Bilateral trade and labor migration in Pakistan a gravity estimation model. Trade among two states is known as bilateral trade. This paper analyzes the trade among Pakistan and 11 partners’ countries. Pakistan and 11 partners countries export and import goods for trade. Pakistan and partner countries sign different agreements for trade and the free trade agreement is one of the best agreements. For this research paper, we take the data from 2004-2019 in form of panel annual data for different countries taken from different sources these variables are used for this study Trade, gross domestics product distance, capital endowment , population scale , land endowment  and relative importance of trade . Trade is a dependent variable GDP_dis, Cap_end, Pop_scal, Land_end, and RIMT are independent variables.  Panel ARDL technique used for the estimation of results.
Institutional Quality and International Capital Flows to the Emerging Economies
Authors: Atiq-ur-Rehman Muhammad , Bashir Furrukh , Maqbool Muhammad Shahid , Ahmad Rashid , Liaqat Saima
Published: November 2021

The international capital flows and the factors influencing them are imperative in this era of globalization and financial liberalization. This paper empirically examines the role of institutional quality in enticing foreign capital flows in emerging market economies (EMEs). A panel data set for the period 1995-2018 is used for the 24 major EMEs including Argentina, Bangladesh, Brazil, Chile, China, Czech Republic, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Qatar, Romania, Russia, South Africa, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine, and Venezuela.  The system GMM estimation technique of dynamic panel data handling developed by Arellano-Bover (1995) and Blundell-Bond (1998) is employed for the estimation. The empirical results reveal that the FDI inflows are positively and significantly affected by the institutional quality, but the portfolio equity capital inflows are not influenced by any indicator of institutional performance. In other words, the Lucas paradox is explained by the institutional quality only in the case of FDI inflows.  The study accomplishes that the policy aiming at attracting FDI flows by improving institutional infrastructure is expedient for the emerging economies.
Analyzing the Role of Money Balances as a factor of Output in Context of Globalization: A Case Study of Bahrain
Authors: Elayah Wahib Ali Musleh , Hu Wen , Mohammed Othman , Haq Ihtisham ul , Awais Muhammad
Published: November 2021

The nexus between money and output is regaining attention from researchers after recent global financial crisis. Likewise, globalization-output nexus also grabs the attention of researchers. Henceforth, the study is design to analyze the effect of real money balances and globalization on output by incorporating real money balances and globalization in Cobb-Douglas production function. Time series data has been analyzed and all variables of the study are tested for order of integration through unit root test. So, it is found that that all variables are integrated of first order so one cannot apply ordinary least squares. This is the reason that Johansen cointegration technique and the cointegration regression, fully modified least squares, are applied for long run relationship and long run estimates respectively. The cointegration technique confirmed long run relationship among variables thus; it is concluded that real money balances and globalization are important determinants of output in the Kingdom of Bahrain. Furthermore, results of the study show that real money balances and globalization are found to have positive and significant effect on output along with labor and capital. Thus, this study concludes that real money balances and globalization are important factors of output in the Kingdom of Bahrain and monetary authorities should consider real money balances and globalization in policy making for sustainable economic growth.
The Role of Household Wealth in Combining Child School and Child Labor: Evidence from MICS Balochistan (Pakistan)
Authors: Nawab Tabish , Aktaş Beyza Nur , Ahmad Tusawar Iftikhar , Ibraheem Ruqayya
Published: November 2021

The issue of combining school & work has taken considerable focus in the past years from policymakers, advocates and researchers. In the literature, the role of household wealth, combining school & work is still an unresolved issue. The researchers have contradicting views about the impact of household wealth on combining child school & work. Child labor and low schooling attendance are found pervasive issues worldwide, particularly in developing countries. This study aims to explore the impact of household wealth on combining child school & work, particularly focusing on the wealth index of the household. For this purpose, microdata having 18471 observations from Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey Balochistan (2010) has been utilized. The binary logistic model has been applied for the children (5-15 years) activity whether they are combining school & work or not. The main finding of this paper is the wealth status of households which has a statistically significant and positive influence on combining child school & work. Both mother and father's education is positively associated with combining school & work. In addition, mother and father being alive played a vital role in their children’s combined activities of schooling & work rather than doing nothing because the expectations of child schooling are high in parent's lives. Furthermore, gender, age of the child, and area of residence are positive effects combining school & work. The children from urban zones are more likely to be involved in combining school & work. The policy of this paper suggests that education is the key to break child labor in society by providing education facilities for both girls and boys equally. In addition to policy recommendations, there should be crucial steps to provide a better economic environment for the well-being of the masses to enhance their economic condition especially in rural and deprived areas of Balochistan, and the applicability of child labor laws needs to be focused on.Keywords:
Into the Civic life: The Nexus of Urbanization, Education and Women’s Empowerment in Pakistan
Authors: Abdullah Muhammad , Shoukat Ayza , Chaudhary Muhammad Gulzaib
Published: November 2021

Women comprise nearly 50 percent of the population of Pakistan which is enriched with a variety of regional, cultural, and ethnic values.  These values are traditionally responsible for limiting opportunities for women and keeping them less empowered. This study examines the link between education and urbanization that is empowering women in Pakistan. Time series data for the period of 1980 to 2019 has been used for empirical analysis. The stationarity of data has been checked by using the ADF unit root test. All the variables used in the study have a unit root at the level and become stationary at first difference. Johansen's co-integration technique is utilized to check the long-run relationship between the variables used in the study. Instead of using any single variable, we have constructed the Women Empowerment Index (WEI) by using multiple women-related indicators for in-depth analysis. Empirical findings indicate that women's empowerment is positively associated with education and urbanization in Pakistan. Other controlled variables include domestic credit with a positive association and inflation with a negative association. The study shows that empowering women is sensitive to urbanization and education. There must be women-specific educational and training institutions across the country with a special focus on rural areas for equal availability of opportunities for women of all cultures. Urbanization provides greater social, economic and political opportunities for women. Same opportunities should be provided for women in rural areas to make them more empowered. Moreover, control of inflation and the provision of credit on easy terms will also help to enhance women's contribution to economic activity in Pakistan.
Exploration of Role of Economic Globalization on Human Longevity
Authors: Ijaz Bakhtawar , Arshed Noman , Abbas Zamin , Hanif Uzma , Hameed Kamran
Published: November 2021

Recent developments which were coined to the opening up of borders have attracted interest of many researchers from many disciplines. A lot of work can be observed regarding the role of globalization / internationalization on economic growth and social development, this study specifically explores the implications of globalization on the ultimate goal that is life longevity. Adapting from the Kuznets curve, this study proposed a quadratic function of economic globalization and life longevity. The results using panel the ARDL model for the SAARC region, it can be seen that expansion of trade globalization de jure and management of financial globalization de facto and de jure may help them to increase longevity in the long run.
An Empirical Investigation of the Performance of Fund Managers in Pakistan
Authors: Sanaullah Sanaullah , Noor Amna , Khan Salleh , Khan Muhammad Shahbaz
Published: November 2021

This study aims to determine the stock selection ability and market timing ability of mutual fund managers, focusing on conventional funds and Islamic funds in Pakistan.  Although there has been significant growth in the number and assets of mutual funds in recent years, few studies measure the performance of mutual funds managers. The scarcity of existing literature motivates this study. In this study, two models are used to measure the stock selection and market timing on a sample of conventional mutual funds and Islamic mutual funds over 2010 and 2019 using annual returns. Overall, the results indicate that the performance study of conventional mutual funds and Islamic mutual funds indicates that manager performance is not superior in all three portfolios, i.e., conventional funds, Islamic funds, and overall funds in over sample period. This also indicates that both Conventional and Islamic fund managers do not outperform the market (KSE 100 index). Thus, there is a lack of market timing ability. Using Tranoy and mazuy and Jansen models found a lack of stock selection and market timing ability of mutual fund managers in Pakistani mutual funds. In this study, I have applied only two models to examine both the timing and selection ability of conventional and Islamic Pakistani equity funds. For future possibilities, the study suggests adopting several methods and approaches like the TMFF3 model and HM-FF3 model, making the study more comprehensive and accurate than this research.
The Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility in Bangladesh Halal Food Industry
Authors: Hossain Mohammad Faruk , Ismail Che Thalbi bt Md. , Mahdzir Nazli
Published: November 2021

For Muslims, all worldly deeds are equal to worship if they are performed in the way given by Allah (SWT). Every aspect of human life is recorded in the Muslim’s Holy book Al-Quran. The Muslim way of eating or trading is determined and governed by Islamic law. Allah (SWT) has ordained for Muslims all the permissible and forbidden worldly matters. The main purpose of this article is to discuss the impact of corporate social responsibility with halal food and halal food business in Bangladesh. Halal food is one of the most important elements of daily life of Muslims. This article focuses on what kind of steps a halal food business needs to take to protect the religious beliefs and obligations of Muslims. So that the supply of Bangladeshi halal food in the international market and halal quality of international consumers can be ensured.
Understanding Affective, Normative & Continuance Commitment through the Lens of Training & Development
Authors: Khan Ali Junaid , Bashir Furrukh , Nasim Ismat , Ahmad Rashid
Published: November 2021

The purpose of the study was to analyze nurses' perceptions of the benefits of training and development, as well as their commitment to the organization. Training and development and three facets of organizational commitment are studied using a quantitative survey research design. Structured equation modelling using Smart PLS 3 was used to analyze 290 of 313 responses from public sector hospitals. Training and development, according to the findings, have a strong positive relationship with affective, normative, and continuance commitment. Some of these findings have ramifications for management and administrative staff of hospitals. They must first commit their nursing staff to the hospital in order to ensure the best quality services for their patients. Nurses respond with greater affective, normative, and continuance commitment when they believe a training programmed is designed to meet their professional developmental needs.
Insider Trading Laws and Corporate Governance Impact on Investment Decision
Authors: Khan Sadaf , Rehman Ubaid Ur
Published: November 2021

This research aims to analyze the impact of insider trading laws and corporate governance on investment decisions. For this purpose, the data of 400 potential and actual investors employed who provided their feedback on a structured questionnaire. When the data is collected, it was cleaned. The normality of data and reliability of items were also checked and within limits. Simple Regression was applied to test hypotheses. It was concluded that the perception of insider trading laws and corporate governance have a positive impact on investment decisions. The study has wide implications and the government and corporation both can be beneficial from its insight and findings, and exercise good corporate governance practices and follow stringent insider trading laws. The study also paves the way for future research.
Exploring the Employee’s Commitment through Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) Approach: Evidences from Private Sector Organizations of Pakistan
Authors: Hameed Kamran , Yazdani Naveed , Abbas Zamin , Arshed Noman
Published: November 2021

The purpose of this study is two-folded: first, to explore the organizational commitment specifically focusing on where is employees’ commitment; towards the organization or towards their jobs? Secondly, their experiences are analyzed under the situation when their skills are not appreciated by their boss to whom they perceive as incompetent. There are six in-depth interviews were conducted of employees working in private organizations in Lahore Pakistan. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis is used to analyze transcriptions, and data analysis is performed in Nvivo 11. The finding of this study has drawn the following themes: emotions/feelings, actions, and coping strategies that are linked with social exchange theory. The social exchange process propagates the individual's emotions are aligned with norms and values of the organization, and the nature of this association engages employees with an organization on moral grounds, and this association prolongs when in return organizations treat their employees fairly. Lastly, the themes are also connected with the survival perspective because most of the coping strategies are reflecting how employees are adapting their practices according to the stressful situation, and how they are building their capacity to transform themselves according to the situation.
The Causes of English Writing Anxiety among Pakistani ESL Students: Perceptions of Teachers and Students
Authors: Fareed Muhammad , Khan Imran , Akhtar Huma
Published: November 2021

English language writing skills play a significant role in academic and professional lives in the ESL context. Anxiety can have debilitating effects on learning English language listening, reading, speaking and writing skills. The objective of the current study was to explore the causes of writing anxiety in Pakistani undergraduate ESL students. The data for this study were collected from Pakistani ESL students and English language teachers in Karachi with asample that had both public and private-sector representation. Group interviews were held to collect the data. Interview protocols were designed for the interviews of the students and the teachers and checked for self-validity and expert validity. Three group interviews were carried out with the undergraduate ESL students and two with the ESL English language teachers. All of the interviews were audio recorded and transcribed. Respondent validation technique was used for the transcription and similarly, inter-coder reliability was carried out for respondents’ Urdu translation into English. The findings revealed multiple causes of Pakistani ESL students’ English language writing anxiety.
Moral Education at Primary Level in Selected Private Schools of Karachi: Role of Teachers and Parents
Authors: Siddiqui Rabia , Habib Zehra
Published: November 2021

Pakistani society is facing numerous problems such as intolerance, violence, lying, dishonesty and sexual harassment to mention just a few. Parents and schools have a major role to play in the moral development of children. This mixed methods study examined teachers’ involvement in developing moral values in children from three private sector schools in Karachi, Pakistan. Document analysis of primary schools’ curriculum, in-depth interviews and classroom observations of nine teachers were conducted to understand how moral values are imparted through formal education. Additionally, 240 parents participated in a quantitative survey to investigate parental involvement in the moral development of children. Findings revealed inadequate focus of the schools’ curricula towards moral education, teachers’ limited perceptions and their subsequent lack of contribution to moral development of students. The quantitative data from parents showed satisfactory involvement of parents in moral growth of their children, measuring above 60% for every variable. Data also revealed that parents focus more on instructions rather than discussions about the moral values with their children. Findings highlight the need for coordinated efforts towards moral development of children involving parents, teachers and schools.
Impact of Trade Openness on Economic Growth in Emerging Economies: A Panel Data Analysis
Authors: Rehman Muhammad Atiq ur , Shaheen Ruqia , Munir Farzana
Published: November 2021

The role of international trade in boosting economic growth is imperative in the era of globalization and trade liberalization. A trade openness policy can help stimulate economic growth mainly in two ways. Firstly, technology is transferred from developed countries to developing countries through imports. Secondly, the export promotion strategies facilitate the innovations and inventions promoting competition among the producers. In this way, research-intensive specialization culture is flourished in developing countries. This study aims at examining the effect of global trade orientation on growth in 23 emerging economies for the period 1995-2018. The panel data estimation approach including fixed effect and generalized method of moments (GMM) reveal a positive and statistically significant influence of trade openness on economic growth.  The empirical results are robust to the various specifications, supporting the trade-led growth notion in the economies under consideration. The emerging economies can achieve higher growth rates through trade openness and export promotion strategies.
The impact of theme-rheme progression method on improving textual coherence and cohesion in L2 writing: A study of L2 learners of English
Authors: Saeed Abdul , Karim Shahzad , Mughal Shahid Hussain
Published: November 2021

Coherence and cohesion are considered two main elements of essay writing. Despite their importance in writing, they are still regarded as difficult to teach and learn as compared to grammar and spelling. Theme-rheme development is suggested to be a tool to teach coherence and cohesion in writing. This experimental study was carried out to verify whether the teaching of theme-rheme approach helps the learners to improve their textual coherence. Forty graduate-level students (20 males and 20 females), aging between 19 and 23, participated in the study. The participants were equally divided into two groups. The experimental group was taught coherence and cohesion by using the thematic progression method, whereas the controlled group was taught by using the ordinary method. Pre- and post-tests were conducted to compare the effects of the thematic progression method. The findings show that the teaching of coherence and cohesion through the thematic progression method helped the learners to improve their essay writing quality. The experimental group outweighed the controlled group as it got twice higher marks in the post-test than the pre-test. In contrast, the controlled group showed a negligible improvement.
Impact of Burnout on the Mental Health of Social Workers: Moderating Role of Social Support
Authors: Khizar Umbreen , Irfan Saira , Fatima Mehwish , Sarwar Samia
Published: November 2021

Burnout is progressively seen as an issue in the field of social work however there is limited knowledge about moderating influence of social support on burnout and the mental health of social workers. The present study intended to explore the impact of burnout on mental health and the connection between burnout and the mental health of social workers. Additionally, it also investigates the moderating effects of social support in this relationship. For the study, 300 subjects (188 males, 112 females) were approached by using the purposive sampling technique. The results of the study revealed that burnout has an impact on mental health and there is a significant positive correlation between burnout and mental health. Findings showed a weak effect of social support on the relationship between burnout and mental health. Moreover, the study revealed no gender differences in burnout, social support, and mental health. The outcomes involve a wide scope of interventions pointed toward advancing mental health among social workers for policymakers.
The Effect of Economic Growth, Foreign Direct Investment, and Energy Use on Environment Degradation: Evidenced from ASEAN Nations
Authors: Sultana Baserat , Raza Syeda Nida , Rana Kinza , Qayyum Aaqib
Published: November 2021

Literature evidenced that environmental degradation creates hurdles in economic development. So, this study highlights the leading macroeconomic indicators which affect the environment and investigates the nexus among FDI, energy utilization, economic development, and environmental pollution for ASEAN nations from 1990 to 2018. Panel Autor Regressive Distributive lag (ARDL) methodology is used to examine the impact of economic growth, foreign direct investment and energy use on environment degradation. Different panel unit roots (Im, Pesaran and Shin W-stat, Levin, Lin & Chu, ADF - Fisher Chi-square, PP - Fisher Chi-square) tests are applied to confirm the intergradation order, and results confirm that there exits I (0) and I(1) order of intergradation. There exists a unidirectional relationship between energy consumption and carbon emission of CO2 and CO2 to foreign direct investment in the long run. While in the short run, there does not exist any relationship. The results confirm the existence EKC hypothesis, which confirms there exits negative and positive effects of GDP and square of GDP on carbon emission. Hence this study concludes that its essential to develop some strategies and policies to guarantee economic stability. Additionally, reliable and sustainable power resources should be used for positive environmental changes. The carbon dioxide emission should be reduced for the GDP growth by utilizing different eco-technologies and renewable energy resources, which can nullify the effect of emission of CO2 to maintain the greenhouse environment.
Mediating Role of Rumination in the Relationship of Worry and Unhealthy Eating Behaviors among University Students
Authors: Mahmood Sarah , Batool Syeda Shahida
Published: November 2021

Students’ success primarily lies in the proper functioning of health behaviors, enhancing their cognitive skills during higher-level studies. However, the links between worry and health behaviors such as dietary habits are not entirely understood, particularly during student life when overthinking increases. The present study examines the relationship between worry and unhealthy eating behaviors among university students and the mediating role of rumination. For this purpose, a sample of 200 (100 male and 100 female) university students is taken in the study. The responses were recorded on a booklet consisting of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ, 16 items), Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS; Short version, 10 items), and Dutch Eating Behaviors Scale (DEBQ, 33 items). Findings indicated that worry and unhealthy eating behaviors (viz., dietary restrained, emotional and external eating) positively correlated and rumination mediated the relationship of worry with emotional and external eating. Moreover, female students scored significantly higher on rumination than male students. The study can help design interventions and plan strategies for university students' health, growth, and development as a large proportion of the sample reported a significant impact of worry on unhealthy eating behaviors.
The Role, Professional Development, and Challenges of Principals: Key Ingredients of School Leadership
Authors: Bukhari Syed Kaleem Ullah Shah , Abiodullah Muhammad , Ali Rafaquat , Kanwal Ayesha
Published: November 2021

The success of schools in the current era demands ever-increasing efforts from their principals. Professional development is an essential ingredient that enables them to work in diverse scenarios and deal with competing, complex, and unprecedented challenges and issues. The present study intends to explore principals’ professional development and its relationship with their roles and the challenges they face. Quantitative approach was employed to conduct this study. One hundred principals were selected based on the purposive sampling technique. Data were collected on a five-point rating scale from the principals of higher secondary schools in Lahore through a physically administered survey method. The questionnaire measured the participants' perceptions on three dimensions: professional development, roles, and challenges. Data were analyzed using the IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. The impact of the professional development on the role participants’ play and the challenges they face in schools' leadership were calculated using the regression analysis technique. The study found that professional development was a significant predictor in school efficiency/improvement, and school success depends heavily upon the professional development and the role of schools’ principals. It also shows a need to reprioritize the roles that principals play in leading their schools. The challenges about students show that further professional development is required for principals to improve their efficiency in school improvement. The challenges due to financial resources also indicate the need for financial management. The study concluded that professional development should be monitored and kept updated to improve schools' leadership.
Factors Associated with students’ Intention to use E-Learning System: A Study from Public Universities of Lahore
Authors: Shaheen Shagufta , Kamran Mubasher Muhammad , Naeem Saira , Mahmood Tahir
Published: November 2021

The study's primary purpose is to explore the factors affecting the students' intention to use e-learning systems in the COVID pandemic. The model of the “Unified theory of acceptance and use of technology” (UTAUT) was used as a theoretical underpinning. The Independent variables include “performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating condition,” and the dependent variable is the intention to use e-learning systems. The quantitative data were collected from the postgraduate and undergraduate students of the public universities of Lahore. A total of n=411 students were approached, out of which the responses of only 399 were considered valid and were used for Multiple linear regression through SPSS 25. It was a cross-sectional study. It was found that almost all constructs of the model have a significant positive impact on intention to use e-learning systems.  The study's main contribution is exposing the factors that affect the acceptance and use of e-learning systems. This study has several policy implications for policy experts of higher education”.
Energy, Communication, Health, Irrigation and Security Infrastructure and its impact on Household Poverty in Pakistan: A Case Study of District Rajanpur, Punjab
Authors: Bashir Furrukh , Nasim Ismat , Ahmad Rashid , Hussain Saddam
Published: November 2021

Infrastructure plays a pivotal role in economic development and for reduction of Households Poverty. The present study aims at investigating the effect of various kinds of infrastructure like Energy, Communication, Health, Irrigation, and Security on Households Poverty in one of the most under-developed districts of Pakistan namely Rajanpur. The survey was conducted for this purpose in the rural and urban areas and the researchers were successful to collect primary data from 300 households. The outcome of logistic regression suggests that Infrastructure in its various kinds i.e. Energy, Communication, Health, Irrigation, and Security are found as sources of lower Households Poverty. Moreover, Age, Education, Income, and value of assets tend to reduce Households poverty while Households poverty is increasing due to large family size and in urban areas of District Rajanpur. It is suggested that Government should give special attention to the provision of 5G internet technologies, access to clean drinking water, and disbursal of soft loans for the solar systems for the under-developed districts of Pakistan.
Exploring Socio-cultural Perspective and Stance in Obituary Emails: A genre-based study
Authors: Tehseem Tazanfal , Afzal Summaya , Abbas Sanam
Published: November 2021

This paper aims at exploring socio-cultural stance and perspective in writing practices for condolence emails. The social purpose of condolence emails is to express deep sadness on the passing souls. Therefore, such texts note life stories and commemorate inspirations of the deceased both famous and infamous so account for the genre analysis (Christie & Martin, 1997). Since personal emails are written by the individuals concerned so necessarily outline significant cultural elements. The study builds on the topological genre analysis (James R Martin & Rose, 2008) of the condolence emails mainly looking into staging (sequential and ascriptional) and describing linguistic features (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014). The analysis shows significant socio-cultural variations in writing condolence emails. Therefore, genre features of the selected texts reveal that differences in perspectives and stance in constructing such texts are mainly attributes of the socio-cultural distinction’s peculiar to different dominant cultures. For example, texts from the European cultures highlight the deceased’s professional achievements then services to the wider community; while emails from the Asian cultures construe interpersonal relationships in the orientation stage then append personal attributes of the deceased followed by the professional services rendered to a wider SFL community. The classified data is obtained from the sys-func and sysfling mailing list archives and has been anonymized to secrete identity.
Factors Affecting Performance of Small & Medium Enterprises: The Mediating Role of Knowledge Management
Authors: Khan Ali Junaid , Tufail Sajid , Ali Asad
Published: November 2021

Entrepreneurial orientation, entrepreneurial innovation, and knowledge management all play critical roles in improving the performance of Pakistan's small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Pakistan's business index score decreased from 137th to 138th due to the country's low performance in the small and medium-sized enterprise sector. Small and medium-sized firms must overcome several obstacles in order for the country's economy to thrive. This study will address this issue. We used a cross-sectional design and a quantitative technique in our research. Data were acquired via an email questionnaire and analyzed using the structural equation modeling technique and SmartPls. The findings suggested that entrepreneur orientation and innovation are critical factors in enhancing the success of SMEs. Additionally, knowledge management acts as a buffer between entrepreneurial attitude and organizational performance, as well as between entrepreneurial innovation and organizational performance. The study's findings have a number of implications for SME management and policymakers, including the importance of innovation and knowledge management in achieving better performance standards.
Environmental Implications of Deforestation: A Time Series Study of Pakistan
Authors: Ali Shamrez , Ali Hina , Raza Kashif
Published: November 2021

Long-lasting discussion regarding global warming still keeps on moving at the national as well as international level. The environmental fabric, weather pattern, and climate conditions have witnessed a considerable change due to some known factors. Deforestation is one of these factors. Formerly, researchers have paid attention to assess the impact of deforestation on the environment and associated threats to human lives. It is worth mentioning that a reasonable amount of stock of forests is primarily required to balance the amount of CO2 and other environmental gasses.  To advance this concept, the current study focuses on the impacts of deforestation on environmental degradation and climate change in Pakistan. Since the dawn of humanity, there is a strong relationship, natural phenomena like forests and the growth of the human population. To explore this relationship, in this research study we use the data set that covers the time span of 1975-2020. In this regard, we apply discreet time-dependent variables such as the amount of stock of forest and events, which poses threats to humans, live in Pakistan.  Our results of the unit root test, the autoregressive distributed lag, ARDL, and Engel and Granger, EG, technique have verified short-term and long-term association and relationship among selected variables. The results show a positive correlation between deforestation and environmental degradation and climate change in the long run and short-run as well. These findings provide the guidelines to policymakers to enhance the forest area in the country to counter the environmental degradation and climate changes that have been occurring for the previous decade.
Explanation of Potentials and Missing Initiatives in Palestinian Vocational and Technical Education Contents, Structure and Training
Authors:   h.D Student, Philosophy and Islamic Civilization, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Malaysia, Salem Imad S.A. , A.W Najihah ,   Assoc. Prof, Research Institute for Islamic Products and Malay Civilization (INSPIRE), Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA), Malaysia
Published: November 2021

The study aims at explaining the missing initiatives in the contents, structure and training of vocational and technical education in Palestine. The impacts of vocational and technical education have not been largely perceived in Palestinian communities as it is yet to be placed on the hierarchy of productivity, growth and development. Apart from a growing number of scholarly responses about the inability of Palestinian vocational and technical education toward meeting market and global needs, it is however important to emphasize that this education is supposed to be a compulsory prerequisite to all students. Hence, with the review of scholarly literature and the application of content analysis through the qualitative method, the paper attempts to explain the potentials and missing initiatives of vocational and technical education in the Palestine context. Arguments were presented in previous literature as regards the importance of vocational and technical education, but none focused on the road to realizing its potentials and identify the missing initiatives. The study consequently discovered that signs of progress and changes could be realized in the contents, structure and training of vocational and technical education through addressing these missing initiatives.
An Attempt for Construction of Carbonate Platform Geometry from Devonian Hajigak Formation, Central Afghanistan, with the Help of Facies Analysis and Petrography
Authors:   Msc. Geology, Ghazni Technical University, Ghazni, Afghanistan, Sarwary Mohammad , AmirkhaniT Mirza ,   Msc. Geology, Ghazni Technical University, Ghazni, Afghanistan, Malistani Hassan ,   Ph.D. Geology, Bamyan University, Bamyan, Afghanistan
Published: November 2021

The subject of sedimentology fundamentally remained subdivided into two sectors viz. siliciclastic and carbonate with the understanding that these two systems are mutually dissociative in terms of their genesis. Even in the highly referred textbooks, siliciclastics and carbonates are always discussed in separate sections. Presumably, the limited occurrences of mixed siliciclastic-carbonate sediments in nature are because of constraining effects that siliciclastics have on carbonate-secreting organisms; the two sediments rarely found mutually associated in nature. Although the mixed carbonate-siliciclastic sediments are subordinate in occurrence, their presence in some instances proved that they do not represent any geological oddity. Rather, their sediment logical history may tell us a great deal about the dynamics and interactions of facies, paleoecologies of many carbonate-secreting organisms, and tectonic histories of depositional basins. Keeping this in mind, the present study attempted to recognize and draw the paleoenvironmental conditions and processes of the Devonian Hajigak Formation, Afghanistan by means of detailed facies analysis and petrographical signatures. An attempt has also been made to characterize sandstone wedges that punctuate the carbonate succession and some variable deposits of shales and marls.
Innovation and humanization in child care: professionals from Ceará who make the difference
Authors: Arruda Lucas Giannini de Oliveira Conrado , Santana Marília Freitas , Barbosa Gabriele Sousa , De Lima Amanda Medeiros , Veras Igor Moreira , De Souza Liane Carvalho de Brito , Maia Flávio Lobo , De Castro Rodrigo José Alencar , Collares Danielle Moreira , Gomes Josenília Maria Alves
Published: November 2021

Within a regional context, these experience reports cited the practice of some health professionals, they did a wonderful work in theirs pediatric centeres which are reference in pediatric care. In this context of affection and humanity, we highlight examples of people who word with love in the art of caring. And this article shares theirs improvements, indeed, we hope these achievements enlighten other people.
Influencing of Leadership Styles on Management of Teaching and Fostering Self-Directed Learning for Primary Schoolers at District 10 Ho Chi Minh City
Authors: Nguyen Dong Truong Phan
Published: November 2021

The research investigated the relationship between current management of fostering and developing self-directed learning and leadership styles of headmasters at primary schools at District 10 Ho Chi Minh City. The sample was applied with a formula by Waston (2001). According to Waston (2001), with a population varied from 700 to 800, and confident level of 95%, and a variable of 50%, the accepted sample should be varied from 255 to 267. The total population of primary teachers at District 10, Ho Chi Minh City was 769 teachers, thus, the sample within this research was 265 teachers. The result indicated that transactional leadership impacted significantly to the management of fostering and developing self-directed learning at primary schools at District 10 Ho Chi Minh City. The result also indicated that headmasters should be flexible in applying leadership styles with different staffs.
Arabic-5 Explaining the ascertainment of the philosophers and their words containing in the order of (Al-Tamyeez) by Abdulaziz (From first to thirty)
Authors: Saeed Rana Hafiz Ahmad , Khalil Abuzar
Published: November 2021

This article is an effort to discuss the ideology of ‘Abdul-‘Azīz Parhārvī  about philosophy and philosophers which contributed for the promoting and promulgating of this science. In this regard, ‘Abdul-‘Azīz Parhārvī has selected some prominent philosophers in his valuable manuscript Al-tamyīz and this article will discuss from one to thirty scholars among those. This article will highlight the significance of his work that why this work is important in the science of Philosophy and what is the importance of ‘Abdul-‘Azīz Parhārvī among philosophers. Moreover, it will highlight the cause of selection of these philosophers that why these philosophers were selected by ‘Abdul-‘Azīz Parhārvī that why these philosophers were chose among thousands of philosophers and which factors are common among those. This article will be beneficial for new researchers and become a landmark about this topic.
Arabic-7 Metonymy Examples in Al-Arbaeen Al-Navaviyah
Authors: Aazam Qasim , Ismail Muhammad , Bhutta Abu Bakr
Published: November 2021

Many books have been compiled in collection of forty traditions of the Holy Prophet (PBUH), however the forty Hadiths collected by Imam Navavi are distinguished by the qualities of those traditions as they include the requirements of the Muslim religious affairs. Scholars have describe them as they are the pillars of Islam. They have become so famous that the commentators wrote deeply in their explanations, so much so they derived from them Jurisprudence rules, so we wanted to study rhetorically specially stating examples of Metonymy. We selected the topic of our research article: “the Metonymy examples in Al-Arbaeen Al-Navaviyah”. Firstly: life of Imam Navavi; his name is Yahya bin Sahraf. He was called in his era Abu Zakriya and it is his nickname. He never married till some considered him among the bachelor scholars, so that they may not be deprived of seeking knowledge. Secondly: Introduction of his book and reasons of his compiling the book. He has mentioned in it forty Hadiths. He wanted such a book which is sufficient for a Muslim who depends on its essential teachings, acts upon them and enters the Paradise. Following the literal and idiomatic meaning of Metonymy, we have explained Metonymy with examples from the book. There are actually two main types of Metonymy found in the mentioned book, namely:

Metonymy as meaning Al-Mukanna Enhu
Kinds of Metonymy

All these types are explained with examples taken from the book Arbaeen Al Navaviyah. In the end there are the primary and secondary sources of the research