bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Natural-cultural landscape heritage at Ritidian, Guam
Authors: T. Carson Mike
Published: May 2014

Purpose

– Landscapes bear potential as heritage resources, unifying natural and cultural history that can be experienced today in special preserved areas. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

– Geoarchaeological investigation 2006-2011 explored this potential at the Ritidian Unit of Guam National Wildlife Refuge.

Findings

– As experienced today, the Ritidian landscape heritage embodies the complex outcomes of a 3,500-year record of ecology and evolution.

Research limitations/implications

– A long-term perspective of unified natural-cultural history will increase scientific accuracy and enhance visitor experience of landscapes of heritage resources.

Practical implications

– Sustainable development of landscape heritage can occur most successfully in cases of thorough research in areas of protected and managed ecosystems with reasonable public access.

Originality/value

– The detailed results in this case may serve as a model example for other studies and programmes developing landscapes as heritage resources.
Wedding cultural heritage and sustainable development: three years after
Authors: Pereira Roders Ana , Van Oers Ron
Published: May 2014

Purpose

– This paper is an editorial to JCHMSD's Volume 4, Issue 1 and its selection of papers. The purpose of this paper is to reflect upon the first three years of editorship, reporting a critical self-assessment on the progress achieved today in relation to JCHMSD's initial aims and objectives, embedded in the state-of-the-art.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper builds upon editorship observations exchanged among the editorial team over the last three years and a literature review on the 42 papers published in JCHMSD. The literature review focuses primarily on: purposes and design/methodology/approaches. The ways forward sets a research agenda, challenging those contributing to the unexplored questions with their research and/or practices, to join the JCHMSD community and enable a broader audience to, at least, learn from them.

Findings

– JCHMSD's three aims have been achieved. The journal is publishing innovative research and practices, relating cultural heritage management and sustainable development, developing both skills and knowledge, with contributions from authors worldwide. A global aim being targeted by a rich variety of disciplines and approaches, from factual economy to critical anthropology. Approaches so far have been primarily qualitative, exploring pilot projects or case studies. Unfortunately, some conclusions of the papers lacked self-reflection, contextualizing findings to the explored case study, methods and sources.

Originality/value

– More than providing answers or secret recipes, this paper aims to raise questions and draft a research agenda of relevance for JCHMSD's readership, reflecting on the state-of-the-art and selected papers in relation to their purposes and design/methodology/approaches. It also positions 2011 UNESCO Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape in this challenging discussion.
Sustainability of Lithuanian villages with churches and landscape
Authors: Karvelyte-Balbieriene Vilma , Grazuleviciute-Vileniske Indre
Published: May 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to analyze the historical, cultural, and social significance and the role in landscapes of Lithuanian villages with churches and to formulate the hypothetical framework for their revitalization and consequent sustainable development of country's rural landscape.

Design/methodology/approach

– The methodology of the research encompassed the desktop study (analysis of literature, archival data, maps, and statistical data) and the analyses on site (observation, measurements, and recording in photographs of buildings and urban structures).

Findings

– The findings of the research include the analysis of the historical development of country's rural settlements with the religious function, formulation of the notion of the contemporary village with church, identification of the contemporary network of country's villages with churches and analysis of their current socioeconomic and sociocultural situation and the role in rural landscape. The results of the analyses were used formulating the hypothetical framework for the revitalization of the villages with churches and the sustainable development of the rural landscape.

Originality/value

– The analysis of literature demonstrated that Lithuanian villages with churches and their significance for the sustainable development of country's rural landscape are paradoxically neglected subjects. Meanwhile, the foreign experience has demonstrated that historic rural settlements, including the settlements with the religious function, are important not only as separate cultural assets but also can play an important role in the identity, viability, and the sustainable development of rural landscapes. Thus the findings of the research demonstrating the peculiarities and potential of Lithuanian villages with churches can be used in the fields of heritage preservation, landscape management, and rural development.
Managing historic resources in active farming landscapes
Authors: Swensen Grete , Sætren Anne
Published: May 2014

Purpose

– To counteract processes of landscape deterioration, marginalisation and loss of cultural heritage due to rural restructuring of farming in late-modern Norwegian society, an agricultural landscape scheme started up in 2009. The purpose of this paper is to examine the way this recently introduced strategy of directing particular resources to a group of selected agricultural landscapes contributes in instigating integrated landscape management and to gain insight in the role cultural heritage play.

Design/methodology/approach

– The authors ask how potential conflicts between local interpretations of cultural heritage and the assessments made by authoritative heritage managers are expressed in the initial planning documents.

Findings

– While the reasoning and selection of the two areas are strongly influenced by the authoritative heritage discourse, the agricultural landscape scheme is nonetheless open to local adaptations and adjustments, and the two plans vary both in form and contents due to the major stress put on active involvement of farmers to render long-term management feasible.

Research limitations/implications

– Examination of the role cultural heritage plays is part of a larger research project where problems related to biodiversity, legal implication and public participation are dealt with separately.

Originality/value

– The study will provide important results for future adjustments and potential enlargement and has transfer value to conservation schemes in other European countries.
Investigations for statistically controlled investment casting solution of FDM-based ABS replicas
Authors: Singh Rupinder , Singh Gurwinder
Published: May 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of the present study is to investigate statistically controlled investment casting (IC) solution of fused deposition modeling (FDM)-based ABS replicas.

Design/methodology/approach

– The work started with the identification of the benchmark/component. Prototypes (to be used as pattern) were built on FDM with ABS plastic material, followed by IC. The measurements on final casting prepared were made on the co-ordinate measuring machine (CMM) from which international tolerance (IT) grades were calculated to establish the dimensional accuracy of the components.

Findings

– This study further highlighted the cast component properties (like hardness and surface finish) for suitability of this process. Final castings produced are acceptable as per international standard organization (ISO) standard UNI EN 20286-I (1995).

Originality/value

– This process ensures development of statistically controlled IC solution as technological prototypes and proof of concept at less production cost and time.
Basics and applications of rapid prototyping medical models
Authors: Negi Sushant , Dhiman Suresh , Kumar Sharma Rajesh
Published: May 2014

Purpose

– This study aims to provide an overview of rapid prototyping (RP) and shows the potential of this technology in the field of medicine as reported in various journals and proceedings. This review article also reports three case studies from open literature where RP and associated technology have been successfully implemented in the medical field.

Design/methodology/approach

– Key publications from the past two decades have been reviewed.

Findings

– This study concludes that use of RP-built medical model facilitates the three-dimensional visualization of anatomical part, improves the quality of preoperative planning and assists in the selection of optimal surgical approach and prosthetic implants. Additionally, this technology makes the previously manual operations much faster, accurate and cheaper. The outcome based on literature review and three case studies strongly suggests that RP technology might become part of a standard protocol in the medical sector in the near future.

Originality/value

– The article is beneficial to study the influence of RP and associated technology in the field of medicine.
The influence of phylogenetic relatedness on species interactions among freshwater green algae in a mesocosm experiment
Authors: Venail Patrick A. , Narwani Anita , Fritschie Keith , Alexandrou Markos A. , Oakley Todd H. , Cardinale Bradley J.
Published: May 2014

A long‐standing hypothesis in ecology and evolutionary biology is that closely related species are more ecologically similar to each other and therefore compete more strongly than distant relatives do. A recent hypothesis posits that evolutionary relatedness may also explain the prevalence of mutualisms, with facilitative interactions being more common among distantly related species. Despite the importance of these hypotheses for understanding the structure and function of ecological communities, experimental tests to determine how evolutionary relatedness influences competition and facilitation are still somewhat rare.

Here, we report results of a laboratory experiment in which we assessed how competitive and facilitative interactions among eight species of freshwater green algae are influenced by their relatedness. We measured the prevalence of competition and facilitation among 28 pairs of freshwater green algal species that were chosen to span a large gradient of phylogenetic distances. For each species, we first measured its invasion success when introduced into a steady‐state population of another resident species. Then, we compared its growth rate when grown alone in monoculture to its growth rate when introduced as an invader. The change in the species' population growth rate as an invader (sensitivity) is used as a measure of the strength of its interaction with the resident species. A reduced growth rate in the presence of another species indicates competition, whereas an increased growth rate indicates facilitation.

Although competition between species was more frequent (75% of interactions), facilitation was common (the other 25% of interactions). We found no significant relationship between the phylogenetic distance separating two interacting species and the success of invasion, nor the prevalence or strength of either competition or facilitation. Interspecific interactions depended more on the identity of the species, with certain taxa consistently acting as good or bad competitors/facilitators. These species were not predictable a priori from their positions on a phylogeny.

Synthesis. The phylogenetic relatedness of the green algae species used here did not predict the prevalence of competitive and facilitative interactions, rejecting the hypothesis that close relatives compete strongly and contesting recent evidence that facilitation is likely to occur between distant relatives.
Modified Lysozymes as Novel Broad Spectrum Natural Antimicrobial Agents in Foods
Authors: Aminlari Ladan , Mohammadi Hashemi Marjan , Aminlari Mahmoud
Published: May 2014

In recent years much attention and interest have been directed toward application of natural antimicrobial agents in foods. Some naturally occurring proteins such as lactoperoxidase, lactoferrin, and lysozyme have received considerable attention and are being considered as potential antimicrobial agents in foods. Lysozyme kills bacteria by hydrolyzing the peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall of certain bacterial species, hence its application as a natural antimicrobial agent has been suggested. However, limitations in the action of lysozyme against only Gram‐positive bacteria have prompted scientists to extend the antimicrobial effects of lysozyme by several types of chemical modifications. During the last 2 decades extensive research has been directed toward modification of lysozyme in order to improve its antimicrobial properties. This review will report on the latest information available on lysozyme modifications and examine the applicability of the modified lysozymes in controlling growth of Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria in foods. The results of modifications of lysozyme using its conjugation with different small molecule, polysaccharides, as well as modifications using proteolytic enzymes will be reviewed. These types of modifications have not only increased the functional properties of lysozyme (such as solubility and heat stability) but also extended the antimicrobial activity of lysozyme. Many examples will be given to show that modification can decrease the count of Gram‐negative bacteria in bacterial culture and in foods by as much as 5 log CFU/mL and in some cases essentially eliminated Escherichia coli. In conclusion this review demonstrates that modified lysozymes are excellent natural food preservatives, which can be used in food industry.
Consumer Sensory Analysis of High Flavonoid Transgenic Tomatoes
Authors: Lim Wansang , Miller Rebecca , Park Jungeun , Park Sunghun
Published: May 2014

Tomatoes have ameliorative effects on cardiovascular disease and cancer. In this study, metabolic engineering of flavonoids was utilized to improve the nutritional value of tomatoes by increasing flavonol and anthocyanin content. Total flavonol content was significantly increased in both the peel and flesh using the onion chalcone isomerase (CHI) gene. The Delila (Del) and Rosea1 (Ros1) genes from the snapdragon Antirrhinum majus were concomitantly expressed to produce an anthocyanin‐rich tomato which was purple in color. Sensory evaluation by a panel of 81 untrained consumers revealed no significant difference in liking of color or texture between CHI, Del/Ros1, and wild‐type tomatoes. Consumers reported marginal but significantly higher preference for the flavor and overall liking of CHI tomatoes over Del/Ros1 and wild‐type tomatoes. This study is the first to report the results of sensory tests of transgenic tomatoes by a consumer panel representing the general consuming public.
DNA barcoding of Murinae (Rodentia: Muridae) and Arvicolinae (Rodentia: Cricetidae) distributed in China
Authors: Li Jing , Zheng Xin , Cai Yansen , Zhang Xiuyue , Yang Min , Yue Bisong , Li Jing
Published: May 2014

Identification of rodents is very difficult mainly due to high similarities in morphology and controversial taxonomy. In this study, mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) was used as DNA barcode to identify the Murinae and Arvicolinae species distributed in China and to facilitate the systematics studies of Rodentia. In total, 242 sequences (31 species, 11 genera) from Murinae and 130 sequences (23 species, 6 genera) from Arvicolinae were investigated, of which 90 individuals were novel. Genetic distance, threshold method, tree‐based method, online BLAST and BLOG were employed to analyse the data sets. There was no obvious barcode gap. The average K2P distance within species and genera was 2.10% and 12.61% in Murinae, and 2.86% and 11.80% in Arvicolinae, respectively. The optimal threshold was 5.62% for Murinae and 3.34% for Arvicolinae. All phylogenetic trees exhibited similar topology and could distinguish 90.32% of surveyed species in Murinae and 82.60% in Arvicolinae with high support values. BLAST analyses yielded similar results with identification success rates of 92.15% and 93.85% for Murinae and Arvicolinae, respectively. BLOG successfully authenticated 100% of detected species except Leopoldamys edwardsi based on the latest taxonomic revision. Our results support the species status of recently recognized Micromys erythrotis, Eothenomys tarquinius and E. hintoni and confirm the important roles of comprehensive taxonomy and accurate morphological identification in DNA barcoding studies. We believe that, when proper analytic methods are applied or combined, DNA barcoding could serve as an accurate and effective species identification approach for Murinae and Arvicolinae based on a proper taxonomic framework.
How ready are we to move species threatened from climate change? Insights into the assisted colonization debate from Australia
Authors: Hancock Nola , Gallagher Rachael
Published: May 2014

Assisted colonization, the intentional movement of species beyond their native range, has been proposed as a climate change adaptation tool for biodiversity conservation. The risks and benefits of its implementation are still being debated but already the climate is changing, species are moving and the pressure on at‐risk species must therefore be increasing. However, instances where moving species beyond their natural range purely for conservation purposes due to climate change are few, and the opportunity for science to inform practice is limited. Here we survey active participants in flora translocations and/or flora conservation in Australia in order to investigate the gap between theoretical and conceptual ideas about assisted colonization and to gauge preparedness for its implementation. We found that actions that mitigate proximal threats are preferred over those that move species beyond their current range. A lack of knowledge of species biology and ecology is an impediment to the acceptance of assisted colonization. In addition, prohibitive costs and the potential increased risk of the spread of diseases, pests and/or pathogens are viewed as more important obstacles of successful assisted colonization than potential for invasion at the recipient site. Full approval from all stakeholders at the source and recipient sites was found to be the most important factor for the successful assisted colonization of flora.
Broad‐scale patterns in plant diversity vary between land uses in a variegated temperate Australian agricultural landscape
Authors: Schultz Nick L. , Reid Nick , Lodge Greg , Hunter John T.
Published: May 2014

Plant diversity is threatened in many agricultural landscapes. Our understanding of patterns of plant diversity in these landscapes is mainly based on small‐scale (<1000 m2) observations of species richness. However, such observations are insufficient for detecting the spatial heterogeneity of vegetation composition. In a case‐study farm on the North‐West Slopes of New South Wales, Australia, we observed species richness at four scales (quadrat, patch, land use and landscape) across five land uses (grazed and ungrazed woodlands, native pastures, roadsides and crops). We applied two landscape ecological models to assess the contribution of these land uses to landscape species richness: (i) additive partitioning of diversity at multiple spatial scales, and (ii) a measure of habitat specificity – the effective number of species that a patch contributes to landscape species richness. Native pastures had less variation between patches than grazed and ungrazed woodlands, and hence were less species‐rich at the landscape scale, despite having similar richness to woodlands at the quadrat and patch scale. Habitat specificity was significantly higher for ungrazed woodland patches than all other land uses. Our results showed that in this landscape, ungrazed woodland patches had a higher contribution than the grazed land uses to landscape species richness. These results have implications for the conservation management of this landscape, and highlighted the need for greater consensus on the influence of different land uses on landscape patterns of plant diversity.
Impact of gestational weight gain on fetal growth in obese normoglycemic mothers: a comparative study
Authors: Elhddad Agzail S. , Fairlie Fiona , Lashen Hany
Published: May 2014

Objective

To assess the pattern of gestational weight gain (GWG) and its effect on fetal growth among normogylycemic obese and lean mothers.

Design

Prospective longitudinal study.

Setting

Teaching hospitals, Sheffield, UK.

Population

Forty‐six euglycemic obese and 30 lean mothers and their offspring.

Method

The contrast slope of GWG was calculated and its impact on fetal growth trajectory and birth anthropometry examined in both groups.

Results

The GWG contrast slope trended significantly upward in both groups but it was steeper among lean mothers (p = 0.003), particularly in second trimester. Lean mothers had a biphasic GWG pattern with a higher early weight gain (p = 0.02), whereas obese mothers had a monophasic GWG. Both groups had similar third trimester GWG. The GWG contrast slope was influenced by early pregnancy maternal anthropometry in the obese group only. Nonetheless, the obese mothers' glucose and insulin indices had no significant relationship to GWG. GWG had a significant positive relationship with intrauterine femur length (r = 0.32, p = 0.04) and abdominal circumference (r = 0.42, p = 0.006) growth trajectories, as well as birthweight standard deviation scores (r = 0.32, p = 0.036) and the ponderal index (r = 0.45, p = 0.003) in the obese mothers.

Conclusions

Gestational weight gain among lean mothers is biphasic and significantly higher than their obese counterparts, but without effect on fetal growth. The obese mothers' monophasic weight gain was influenced by their anthropometry, but not by their insulin or glucose indices, and impacted on the growth of their babies.
Postpartum weight retention and breastfeeding among obese women from the randomized controlled Lifestyle in Pregnancy (LiP) trial
Authors: Vinter Christina Anne , Jensen Dorte Møller , Ovesen Per , Beck‐Nielsen Henning , Tanvig Mette , Lamont Ronald F. , Jørgensen Jan Stener
Published: May 2014

Objectives

To study the effects of lifestyle intervention in pregnancy on weight retention 6 months postpartum among obese women from the “Lifestyle in Pregnancy” (LiP) study, and to determine associations between breastfeeding with postpartum maternal weight.

Design

Six months postpartum follow up after a randomized controlled intervention trial.

Setting

Two university hospitals in Denmark.

Population

A total of 360 women with pregestational body mass index ≥30 kg/m2.

Methods

The intervention involved lifestyle changes (diet and exercise) during pregnancy. The control group received routine pregnancy care. Both groups received standard postnatal care.

Main outcome measures

Gestational weight gain, postpartum weight retention and breastfeeding.

Results

Follow up was completed in 238 women of whom 46% in the intervention group and 57% in the control group had retained weight 6 months postpartum (p = 0.088). Women with gestational weight gain ≤9 kg, (recommended by the Institute of Medicine), retained less postpartum weight compared with those who exceeded 9 kg (median −0.7 vs. 1.5, p < 0.001). Ninety‐two percent in both weight gain groups initiated breastfeeding. The number of breastfeeding mothers was higher among women with postpartum weight retention ≤5 kg compared with those with weight retention > 5 kg (94% vs. 85%, p = 0.034).

Conclusions

We could not detect sustained weight control at 6 months postpartum despite a lower gestational weight gain for obese women during pregnancy who received a lifestyle intervention rather than standard care. Women who adhered to gestational weight gain recommendations had significantly lower postpartum weight retention. Breastfeeding for 6 months was negatively associated with postpartum weight retention.
A retrospective analysis of systemic propranolol for the treatment of complicated infantile haemangiomas
Authors: Schneider M , Cremer HJ , Ruef P
Published: May 2014

Aim

A small percentage of complicated infantile haemangiomas need early, safe and effective treatment, and the option of off‐label systemic propranolol treatment has been in existence since 2008. The aim of this study was to provide greater insight into the drug's efficacy and side effects.

Methods

We report our retrospective experiences of 207 paediatric patients treated with systemic propranolol for complicated infantile haemangiomas, which were photographed and analysed with a specific haemangioma score.

Results

Systemic treatment was successful in 99.5% of the patients. The haemangioma score before treatment was 8.3 ± 3.3 and the score at the end of the treatment was 1.5 ± 1.4. The reduction in the haemangiomas was significant and did not show any differences when distributed according to different localisations or to the patients' ages. Relevant side effects that may have made it necessary to discontinue the treatment were not observed. However, there was a statistically significant reduction in heart rate during the first six in‐hospital drug applications.

Conclusion

Our study demonstrates that systemic propranolol treatment is a highly effective treatment that is nearly always safe. These findings are a milestone for particularly complicated haemangiomas and provide highly valuable information on this drug treatment.
The success of rectus and gracilis muscle flaps in the treatment of chronic pelvic sepsis and persistent perineal sinus: a systematic review
Authors: Wilson T. R. , Welbourn H. , Stanley P. , Hartley J. E.
Published: May 2014

Aim

Chronic pelvic sepsis is a challenging problem, which may require muscle flaps to fill the pelvic cavity. The aim of this systematic review was to determine the relative success of rectus and gracilis flaps used for this purpose.

Method

A systematic review was conducted to identify papers that reported the outcome of rectus or gracilis myocutaneous flaps in the treatment of persistent perineal sinuses or chronic pelvic sepsis. Reports of muscle flaps used for reconstruction or treatment of fistula in the absence of chronic sepsis were excluded. A successful outcome was defined as complete perineal healing within 12 months of surgery.

Results

The review identified 19 studies reporting the outcome of 73 rectus and 87 gracilis flaps. Their respective success was 84% and 64%. Heterogeneity of the underlying cases did not allow for direct comparison of the flaps. Full healing of the flaps was generally achieved within 3 months. Donor site morbidity was minimal.

Conclusion

The surgical treatment of chronic pelvic sepsis should be tailored to the individual, but the rectus flap has a reasonable success rate with little morbidity.
Characterization of neonatal seizures in an animal model of hypoxic‐ischemic encephalopathy
Authors: Sampath Dayalan , White Andrew M. , Raol Yogendra H.
Published: May 2014

Objective

In this study, we use time‐locked video and electroencephalography (EEG) recordings to characterize acute seizures and EEG abnormalities in an animal model that replicates many salient features of human neonatal hypoxic‐ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) including the brain injury pattern and long‐term neurologic outcome.

Methods

Hypoxia‐ischemia (HI) was induced in 7‐day‐old rats by ligating the right carotid artery and exposing the pups to hypoxia for 2 h (Rice‐Vannucci method). To identify seizures and abnormal EEG activity, pups were monitored by video‐EEG during hypoxia and at various time points after HI. Occurrence of electroclinical seizures, purely electrographic seizures and other abnormal discharges on EEG, was quantified manually. A power spectrum analysis was done to evaluate the effects of HI on EEG spectra in the 1–50 Hz frequency band.

Results

During hypoxia, all pups exhibit short duration, but frequent electroclinical seizures. Almost all pups continue to have seizures in the immediate period following termination of hypoxia. In more than half of the HI rats, seizures persisted for 24 h; for some of them, the seizures continued for >48 h. Seizures were not observed in any rats at 72 h after HI induction. A significant reduction in background EEG voltage in the cortex ipsilateral to the ligated carotid artery occurred in rats subjected to HI. In addition, purely electrographic seizures, spikes, sharp waves, and brief runs of epileptiform discharges (BREDs) were also observed in these rats.

Significance

HI induction in P7 rats using the Rice‐Vannucci method resulted in the development of seizures and EEG abnormalities similar to that seen in human neonates with HIE. Therefore, we conclude that this is a valid model to test the efficacy of novel interventions to treat neonatal seizures.

A PowerPoint slide summarizing this article is available for download in the Supporting Information section here.
Dravet syndrome—From epileptic encephalopathy to channelopathy
Authors: Brunklaus Andreas , Zuberi Sameer M.
Published: May 2014

Mutations in the gene encoding the α1 subunit of the voltage gated sodium channel (SCN1A) are associated with several epilepsy syndromes, ranging from relatively mild phenotypes found in families with genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+) to the severe infant‐onset epilepsy Dravet syndrome. Evidence has emerged of the consequences of SCN1α dysfunction in different neuronal networks across the brain pointing toward a channelopathy model causing the neurologic features of Dravet syndrome that is beyond purely seizure related damage. A genetic change will present according to its severity, the genetic background of the individual, and environmental factors, and will affect a variety of neuronal networks according to channel distribution. This already‐vulnerable system may be susceptible to secondary aggravating events such as status epilepticus. The channelopathy model implies that pharmacologic treatment and the restoration of impaired γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurotransmission might not only help prevent seizures but might affect the comorbidities of the syndrome. This critical review explores recent evidence relating to the pathogenicity of SCN1A mutations in Dravet syndrome and the effect these have on the wider disease phenotype and discusses whether knowledge of specific genotypes can influence clinical practice. Genetic technology is currently advancing at unprecedented speed and will increase our knowledge of new genes and interacting genetic networks. Clinicians and geneticists will have to work in close collaboration to guarantee good delivery and counseling of genetic testing results.

A PowerPoint slide summarizing this article is available for download in the Supporting Information section here
Nutrigenomics: Hope for Personalized Nutrition
Authors: Wang C. Y.
Published: May 2014

Nutrigenomics is a science frontier between nutrition and genomics. The study of nutrigenomics has been made possible by advances in human nutrition, genomics, and computation science. Screening of health‐related genes can be carried out for less than $100 because a person does not need the whole genome to assess his or her risks. There are many examples that personalized nutrition is a reality where people with different genotypes respond differently to nutrients or dietary habits. However, it is a different story for nutrition issues that are controlled by multiple genes. Human nutritionists need to further their collaboration with genomic researchers and computer scientists to solve the problems of the complicated interactions between nutrients and genes. Education and outreach are also needed to build the professional capacity of this new field.
Fashion Influences between Mothers and Daughters: Exploring Relationships of Involvement, Leadership, and Information Seeking
Authors: Kestler Jessica L. , Paulins V. Ann
Published: May 2014

Mother‐daughter pairs were surveyed to explore their fashion influences on one another and to investigate the interrelated roles of their Fashion Involvement, Fashion Leadership, Opinion Leadership, and Information Seeking behaviors. Mothers and daughters agreed on the level of fashion influence that mothers have on daughters, but daughters perceived that they had more fashion influence on mothers than mothers reported. Additionally, levels of Fashion Involvement, Fashion Leadership, and Opinion Leadership differed statistically between mothers and daughters, with daughters possessing higher levels of each. Mothers and daughters possessed similar levels of Information Seeking, although qualitative analysis revealed that the type of information sought was different. Insight regarding the nature of intergenerational fashion influences between mothers and daughters was revealed.
Will chemical defenses become more effective against specialist herbivores under elevatedCO2?
Authors: Landosky John M. , Karowe David N.
Published: May 2014

Elevated atmosphericCO2is known to affect plant–insect herbivore interactions. ElevatedCO2causes leaf nitrogen to decrease, the ostensible cause of herbivore compensatory feeding.CO2may also affect herbivore consumption by altering chemical defenses via changes in plant hormones. We considered the effects of elevatedCO2, in conjunction with soil fertility and damage (simulated herbivory), on glucosinolate concentrations of mustard (Brassica nigra) and collard (B. oleraceavar.acephala) and the effects of leaf nitrogen and glucosinolate groups on specialistPieris rapaeconsumption. ElevatedCO2affectedB. oleraceabut notB. nigraglucosinolates; responses to soil fertility and damage were also species‐specific. Soil fertility and damage also affectedB. oleraceaglucosinolates differently under elevatedCO2. Glucosinolates did not affectP. rapaeconsumption at eitherCO2concentration inB. nigra, but hadCO2‐specific effects on consumption inB. oleracea. At ambientCO2, leaf nitrogen had strong effects on glucosinolate concentrations andP. rapaeconsumption but only gluconasturtiin was a feeding stimulant. At elevatedCO2, direct effects of leaf nitrogen were weaker, but glucosinolates had stronger effects on consumption. Gluconasturtiin and aliphatic glucosinolates were feeding stimulants and indole glucosinolates were feeding deterrents. These results do not support the compensatory feeding hypothesis as the sole driver of changes inP. rapaeconsumption under elevatedCO2. Support for hormone‐mediatedCO2response (HMCR) was mixed; it explained few treatment effects on constitutive or induced glucosinolates, but did explain patterns inSEMs. Further, the novel feeding deterrent effect of indole glucosinolates under elevatedCO2inB. oleracaeunderscores the importance of defensive chemistry inCO2response. We speculate thatP. rapaeindole glucosinolate detoxification mechanisms may have been overwhelmed under elevatedCO2forcing slowed consumption. Specialists may have to contend with hosts with poorer nutritional quality and more effective chemical defenses under elevatedCO2.
Recurrence of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Bolivian Children and Adults After a Population‐Based “Screen and Treat” Strategy
Authors: Sivapalasingam Sumathi , Rajasingham Anu , Macy Jonathan T. , Friedman Cindy R. , Hoekstra Robert M. , Ayers Tracy , Gold Benjamin , Quick Robert E.
Published: May 2014

Background

Strategies to prevent gastric cancer by decreasing Helicobacter pylori infections in high‐prevalence, low‐income countries could include a population‐based “screen and treat” eradication program.

Methods

We tested residents of two rural villages for H. pylori infection using urea breath test (UBT), treated infected persons using directly observed therapy (DOT), retested for cure, and retested after 1 year later for H. pylori infection.

Findings

We tested 1,065 (92%) of 1153 residents from two villages in rural Bolivia. Baseline H. pylori prevalence was 80% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 78–84). Age‐specific cure rates were similar (≥92%) after DOT. Among those cured, 12% (95% CI: 8–15) had recurrent infection. Age‐specific annual H. pylori recurrence rates for combined villages were 20% (95% CI: 10–29) in persons <5 years, 20% (95% CI: 10–29) in 5–9 years, 8% (95% CI: 1–15) in 10–14 years, and 8% (95% CI: 4–12) in persons ≥15 years. Compared with the referent population, those ≥15 years, recurrent infections were significantly more likely in children <5 years (odds ratios [OR] 2.7, 95% CI: 1.2–5.8) and 5–9 years (OR 2.7, 95% CI: 1.4–5.1).

Interpretation

Children <10 years had high H. pylori recurrence rates following a population‐based screen and treat program; this H. pylori eradication strategy may not be feasible in high‐prevalence, low‐income settings.
Expression of gut‐homing β7 receptor on T cells: surrogate marker for microbial translocation in suppressed HIV‐1‐infected patients?
Authors: Abad‐Fernández M , Gutiérrez C , Madrid N , Hernández‐Novoa B , Díaz L , Muñoz‐Fernández MA , Moreno S , Vallejo A
Published: May 2014

Objectives

In view of the fact that mucosal damage associated with HIV‐1 infection leads to microbial translocation despite successful antiretroviral treatment, we analysed microbial translocation and expression of the gut‐homing β7 receptor on peripheral T cells in HIV‐1‐infected individuals.

Methods

Fifteen long‐term suppressed HIV‐1‐infected patients, of whom seven had their treatment intensified with maraviroc and eight with raltegravir, were included in the study. Samples at baseline, at week 48 of intensification, and at weeks 12 and 24 after deintensification were analysed for soluble CD14, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS‐binding protein, gut‐homing β7 receptor and T‐cell subsets.

Results

The increases in both microbial translocation and expression of the gut‐homing β7 receptor on activated CD8 T cells found during maraviroc intensification were reduced after deintensification. Moreover, the correlations between activated β7+ T cells and LPS levels found during intensification with maraviroc (P = 0.036 and P = 0.010, respectively) were lost during deintensification. In contrast, microbial translocation was stable during raltegravir intensification, with the exception of decreased LPS levels and activated CD4 β7+ T cells, which reverted to baseline values after deintensification.

Conclusions

Microbial translocation is an important factor in gut immune activation and mucosa inflammation, as evidenced by the association between the dynamics of microbial translocation and activated T cells expressing the gut‐homing β7 receptor. The recruitment of activated β7+ T cells to the gut tract when alteration of microbial translocation is maximum may be the major mechanism for recovery of mucosal integrity.
Slicing increases antioxidant capacity of fresh‐cut lotus root (Nelumbo nucifera G.) slices by accumulating total phenols
Authors: Hu Jinqiang , Yang Lianzhi , Wu Wenjiang , Li Ying , Zhan Lijuan
Published: May 2014

Slicing is an abiotic stress during fresh‐cut lotus root slices (FLS) preparation. To evaluate the potential ability of slicing to induce antioxidant capacity (AC) in FLS, fresh lotus roots were sliced into 0.4 cm thick slices and stored at 7 °C for 7 days using intact root segments as control. Results showed slicing induced 68.3% higher phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL) activity and parallel 130.5% more total phenol (TP) accumulation after 7 days storage compared to control. AC values in FLS assayed by FRAP and ABTS●+ were 41.5% and 93.8% more than those in control samples at the end of storage, respectively. Such increases in AC values were mainly attributed to TP accumulation as a positive correlation existed between AC and TP. However, slicing significantly accelerated FLS browning by increasing the polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity during storage. Nevertheless, FLS was still marketable with the maximum browning index of 1.9 after 7 days storage.
Attracting High‐Skilled Immigrants: Policies in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Cerna Lucie
Published: May 2014

Labour market shortages, structural problems and unfavourable demographics have all prompted governments to act, often by focusing on high‐skilled immigration. However, policy responses have been very different. Some countries were able to adopt quite open high‐skilled immigration policies, while others did not. This article provides a political economy explanation for this. It argues that, despite similar pressures, high‐skilled immigration policy outputs vary due to shifting coalitions between disaggregated sectors of native high‐skilled, low‐skilled labour and capital. To probe this argument, the article examines coalitions in four countries (France, Germany, Sweden and the United Kingdom) from the late 1990s to present, and draws on original interviews with policy‐makers, unions and employers' associations; official documents and the literature on immigration, political economy and public policy. The varying labour market organization of actors informs differences in coalitions which in turn has resulted in different high‐skilled immigration policy outputs, cross‐nationally and over time.
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium immunotherapy for B‐cell lymphoma induces broad anti‐tumour immunity with therapeutic effect
Authors: Grille Sofía , Moreno María , Bascuas Thais , Marqués Juan M. , Muñoz Natalia , Lens Daniela , Chabalgoity Jose A.
Published: May 2014

Despite the efficacy of current immune‐chemotherapy for treatment of B‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma, a substantial proportion of patients relapse, highlighting the need for new therapeutic modalities. The use of live microorganisms to develop anti‐tumoural therapies has evolved since Coley's toxin and is now receiving renewed attention. Salmonella Typhimurium has been shown to be highly effective as an anti‐tumour agent in many solid cancer models, but it has not been used in haemato‐oncology. Here, we report that intra‐tumoural administration of LVR01 (attenuated S. Typhimurium strain with safety profile) elicits local and systemic anti‐tumour immunity, resulting in extended survival in a lymphoma model. LVR01 induces intra‐tumoural recruitment of neutrophils and activated CD8+ T cells, as well as increasing the natural killer cell activation status. Furthermore, a systemic specific anti‐tumour response with a clear T helper type 1 profile was observed. This approach is an alternative therapeutic strategy for lymphoma patients that could be easily moved into clinical trials.
Preliminary Investigation of the Treatment of Equine Medial Femoral Condylar Subchondral Cystic Lesions With a Transcondylar Screw
Authors: Santschi Elizabeth M. , Williams Jarred M. , Morgan Joseph W. , Johnson Christopher R. , Bertone Alicia L. , Juzwiak James S.
Published: May 2014

Objective

To determine if medial femoral condylar (MFC) subchondral cystic lesions (SCL) causing lameness will demonstrate radiographic evidence of healing and lameness reduction after placement of a transcondylar screw in lag fashion.

Study Design

Retrospective case series.

Animals

Horses (n = 20) with lameness attributed to a MFC SCL.

Methods

A 4.5 mm screw was inserted in lag fashion across MFC SCL in horses with hindlimb lameness. Post‐operative radiography and lameness examinations were performed at 30–60 day intervals after surgery for 120 days, and SCL radiographic area and lameness were graded. Treatment was considered successful if lameness was eliminated and the radiographic area of the SCL on a caudocranial projection decreased ≥50% by 120 days.

Results

Twenty‐six limbs were treated. Nine horses (11 limbs) had autologous adjunctive biologics placed into the SCL. Lameness was reduced by 1–2 grades by 60 days after surgery in 18 horses and was eliminated in 15 horses by 120 days, at which time the SCL area had decreased ≥50% and work had resumed without lameness (mean follow‐up, 12 months). Biologic therapies had no impact on treatment success. Treatment was less successful in horses >3 years of age.

Conclusions

A MFC transcondylar screw decreases the area of a MFC SCL on craniocaudal radiographs and eliminates lameness in ∼75% of horses by 120 days. The simplicity and lack of specialized equipment required make this technique a useful option for the treatment of equine SCL causing lameness.
An Efficient Liposome‐Based Immunochromatographic Strip Assay for the Sensitive Detection of Salmonella Typhimurium in Pure Culture
Authors: Leem Hyerim , Shukla Shruti , Song Xinjie , Heu Seunggi , Kim Myunghee
Published: May 2014

This study was aimed to develop specific antibody against Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) and to confirm the originality and sensitivity of a liposome‐based immunochromatographic strip assay. Liposomes were prepared through a reverse‐phase evaporation method and conjugated with goat anti‐Salmonella immunoglobulin G (IgG) in order to produce immunoliposomes. For the developed assay, a plastic‐backed nitrocellulose strip (HiFlow Plus HFB09004, Millipore Corporation, Bedford, MA) was coated with two antibody zones. The lower zone (test line) of the strip was coated with 11.2 μg/μL of laboratory‐produced rabbit anti‐S. Typhimurium IgG, while the upper zone (control line) was coated with 1.2 μg/μL of rabbit anti‐goat IgG. The prepared strips were allowed for capillary migration with wicking solution (mixture of diluted liposome and bacterial culture). S. Typhimurium was captured with surface bound immunoliposomes at lower zone, while the unbound liposomes migrated and bounded to the upper zone. The detection limit of the developed immunochromatographic strip assay was found to be 106–107 cfu/mL with a total analysis time of 10 min. When the cross‐reactivity of the developed laboratory‐produced rabbit anti‐S. Typhimurium IgG coated immunochromatographic strips were compared with commercial immunochromatographic detection kit and commercial antibody‐coated immunochromatographic strips, the developed test strips showed similar detection limit to commercial ones; however, they were specific to S. Typhimurium only.

Practical Application

Salmonella pathogens have become major cause of food‐borne diseases worldwide, raising a great safety concern to consumers and public health. A number of Salmonella serotypes responsible for severe foodborne outbreaks are found in various foods including fresh vegetables, dairy and meat products, as well as in human host. Such implications caused by these Salmonella pathogens have sustained the demand for their on‐site detection using some advance techniques. In this context, we have developed an efficient liposome‐based immunochromatographic strip assay for the sensitive detection of Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) in pure cultures. This immunochromatographic strip prepared by using laboratory‐produced rabbit anti‐S. Typhimurium IgG antibody was found specific to S. Typhimurium and showed better detection limit as compared with commercial immunochromatographic detection kit. Possible applications may be applied in food industry for the rapid and sensitive detection of S. Typhimurium in various food samples contaminated with this pathogenic bacterium.