bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diffusion-Weighted MRI of the Breast in Women with a History of Mantle Radiation: Does Radiation Alter Apparent Diffusion Coefficient?
Authors: Bajaj Punam , Iacconi Chiara , Dershaw David D , Morris Elizabeth A
Published: September 2019

Objective

Fibrosis from chest irradiation could lower the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of breast tissue. ADC values of normal breast tissue in high-risk women who underwent mantle radiation before age 30 years were compared with a screening control group matched for breast fibroglandular tissue (FGT).

Methods

In this retrospective study, we reviewed 21 women with a history of mantle radiation who underwent breast MRI examinations between 2008 and 2013, and 20 nonirradiated patients (control group) imaged during the same period with matching FGT and similar age. The women were dichotomized into low FGT (10/20, 50%) and high-FGT (10/20, 50%) groups, based on BI-RADS descriptors. All MRI examinations included diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) (b = 0, 1000); ADC maps were generated and evaluated on PACS workstations by two radiologists in agreement. Region of interest markers were placed on ADC maps in visualized breast tissue in the retroareolar region of each breast. The ADC value was averaged for the right and left breast in each patient included in the study. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the ADC values in the irradiated patients and the matched control patients.

Results

The median breast ADC was lower in the irradiated group (1.32 × 10-3mm2/sec) than in the control group (1.62 × 10-3mm2/sec; P = 0.0089). Low FGT in the irradiated group had a lower median ADC (1.25 × 10-3mm2/sec) than it did in the control group (1.53 × 10-3mm2/sec). Irradiated high-FGT breasts had a median ADC (1.52 × 10-3mm2/sec), as compared with nonirradiated control patients with high FGT (1.82 × 10-3mm2/sec).

Conclusion

Previously irradiated breasts have lower ADC values than do nonirradiated breasts.
Properties of electrostatic correcting systems with annular apertures
Authors: Kodama Tetsuji , Kawasaki Tadahiro , Ikuta Takashi
Published: September 2019

Image formation in electron microscopes with circular hole and annular apertures is studied theoretically. The apertures—the circular hole aperture being negative with respect to the annular aperture—produce an additional electrostatic field that exerts a force on the electrons directed toward the optical axis. The resulting deflection angle decreases with increasing distance from the optical axis. This electrostatic field results in a correcting effect of the unavoidable spherical aberration of round electron lenses; the deflection toward the optical axis increases stronger than linearly with increasing distance from the optical axis. Analytical formulae are given for the correcting effect of circular hole and annular apertures. The expressions are based on the Davisson–Calbick formula, which is used to calculate focal length of a simple electrostatic lens.
Counter-rhetoric and sources of enduring conflict in contested organizational fields: A case study of mental health professionals
Authors: Fincham Robin , Forbes Tom
Published: September 2019

As a means by which actors justify beliefs and practices, rhetoric has a key institutional role. In contested settings, where multiple groups and the logics associated with them interact, research has highlighted rhetorical strategies that exploit rival systems. The account we develop expands on these ideas and suggests they embrace forms of counter-rhetoric, or arguments that delegitimize a rival’s logic and refine and reframe others’ values. We use these categories to explore the case of a local mental health service, an area of health policy known for problematic diagnosis and treatment. Here groups of medical and social-care providers were required to work together in a system of intensive inter-professional relations and clashing logics. Our analysis focuses on this interaction, exploring the language-based nature of logics and sources of conflict between logics that are asserted in counter-rhetorical forms.
The Milky Way’s halo and subhaloes in self-interacting dark matter
Authors: Robles Victor H , Kelley Tyler , Bullock James S , Kaplinghat Manoj
Published: September 2019

We perform high-resolution simulations of an MW-like galaxy in a self-interacting cold dark matter model with elastic cross-section over mass of $1~\rm cm^2\, g^{-1}$ (SIDM) and compare to a model without self-interactions (CDM). We run our simulations with and without a time-dependent embedded potential to capture effects of the baryonic disc and bulge contributions. The CDM and SIDM simulations with the embedded baryonic potential exhibit remarkably similar host halo profiles, subhalo abundances, and radial distributions within the virial radius. The SIDM host halo is denser in the centre than the CDM host and has no discernible core, in sharp contrast to the case without the baryonic potential (core size ${\sim}7 \, \rm kpc$). The most massive subhaloes (with $V_{\mathrm{peak}}\gt 20 \, \rm km\, s^{-1}$) in our SIDM simulations, expected to host the classical satellite galaxies, have density profiles that are less dense than their CDM analogues at radii less than 500 pc but the deviation diminishes for less massive subhaloes. With the baryonic potential included in the CDM and SIDM simulations, the most massive subhaloes do not display the too-big-to-fail problem. However, the least dense among the massive subhaloes in both these simulations tend to have the smallest pericenter values, a trend that is not apparent among the bright MW satellite galaxies.
Multi-wavelength observations of protoplanetary discs as a proxy for the gas disc mass
Authors: Veronesi B , Lodato G , Dipierro G , Ragusa E , Hall C , Price D J
Published: September 2019

Recent observations of protoplanetary discs reveal disc substructures potentially caused by embedded planets. We investigate how the gas surface density in discs changes the observed morphology in scattered light and dust continuum emission. Assuming that disc substructures are due to embedded protoplanets, we combine hydrodynamical modelling with radiative transfer simulations of dusty protoplanetary discs hosting planets. The response of different dust species to the gravitational perturbation induced by a planet depends on the drag stopping time — a function of the generally unknown local gas density. Small dust grains, being stuck to the gas, show spirals. Larger grains decouple, showing progressively more axisymmetric (ring-like) substructure as decoupling increases with grain size or with the inverse of the gas disc mass. We show that simultaneous modelling of scattered light and dust continuum emission is able to constrain the Stokes number, St. Hence, if the dust properties are known, this constrains the local gas surface density, Σgas, at the location of the structure, and hence the total gas mass. In particular, we found that observing ring-like structures in mm-emitting grains requires St ≳ 0.4 and therefore Σgas ≲ 0.4 g/cm2. We apply this idea to observed protoplanetary discs showing substructures both in scattered light and in the dust continuum.
The evolution of Earth’s magnetosphere during the solar main sequence
Authors: Carolan S , Vidotto A A , Loesch C , Coogan P
Published: September 2019

As a star spins-down during the main sequence, its wind properties are affected. In this work, we investigate how Earth’s magnetosphere has responded to the change in the solar wind. Earth’s magnetosphere is simulated using 3D magnetohydrodynamic models that incorporate the evolving local properties of the solar wind. The solar wind, on the other hand, is modelled in 1.5D for a range of rotation rates Ω from 50 to 0.8 times the present-day solar rotation (Ω⊙). Our solar wind model uses empirical values for magnetic field strengths, base temperature, and density, which are derived from observations of solar-like stars. We find that for rotation rates ≃10 Ω⊙, Earth’s magnetosphere was substantially smaller than it is today, exhibiting a strong bow shock. As the Sun spins-down, the magnetopause standoff distance varies with Ω−0.27 for higher rotation rates (early ages, ≥1.4 Ω⊙) and with Ω−2.04 for lower rotation rates (older ages, <1.4 Ω⊙). This break is a result of the empirical properties adopted for the solar wind evolution. We also see a linear relationship between the magnetopause distance and the thickness of the shock on the subsolar line for the majority of the evolution (≤10 Ω⊙). It is possible that a young fast rotating Sun would have had rotation rates as high as 30–50 Ω⊙. In these speculative scenarios, at 30 Ω⊙, a weak shock would have been formed, but for 50 Ω⊙, we find that no bow shock could be present around Earth’s magnetosphere. This implies that with the Sun continuing to spin-down, a strong shock would have developed around our planet and remained for most of the duration of the solar main sequence.
Screening maps of the local Universe I – Methodology
Authors: Shao Shi , Li Baojiu , Cautun Marius , Wang Huiyuan , Wang Jie
Published: September 2019

We introduce the LOCal Universe Screening Test Suite (locusts) project, an effort to create ‘screening maps’ in the nearby Universe to identify regions in our neighbourhood which are screened, i.e. regions where deviations from General Relativity (GR) are suppressed, in various modified gravity (MG) models. In these models, deviations from the GR force law are often stronger for smaller astrophysical objects, making them ideal test beds of gravity in the local Universe. However, the actual behaviour of the modified gravity force also depends on the environment of the objects, and to make accurate predictions one has to take the latter into account. This can be done approximately using luminous objects in the local Universe as tracers of the underlying dark matter field. Here, we propose a new approach that takes advantage of state-of-the-art Bayesian reconstruction of the mass distribution in the Universe, which allows us to solve the modified gravity equations and predict the screening effect more accurately. This is the first of a series of works, in which we present our methodology and some qualitative results of screening for a specific MG model, f(R) gravity. Applications to test models using observations and extensions to other classes of models will be studied in future works.
Hypervelocity stars from star clusters hosting intermediate-mass black holes
Authors: Fragione Giacomo , Gualandris Alessia
Published: September 2019

Hypervelocity stars (HVSs) represent a unique population of stars in the Galaxy reflecting properties of the whole Galactic potential. Determining their origin is of fundamental importance to constrain the shape and mass of the dark halo. The leading scenario for the ejection of HVSs is an encounter with the supermassive black hole in the Galactic centre. However, new proper motions from the Gaia mission indicate that only the fastest HVSs can be traced back to the Galactic centre and the remaining stars originate in the disc or halo. In this paper, we study HVSs generated by encounters of stellar binaries with an intermediate-mass black hole (IMBH) in the core of a star cluster. For the first time, we model the effect of the cluster orbit in the Galactic potential on the observable properties of the ejected population. HVSs generated by this mechanism do not travel on radial orbits consistent with a Galactic centre origin, but rather point back to their parent cluster, thus providing observational evidence for the presence of an IMBH. We also model the ejection of high-velocity stars from the Galactic population of globular clusters, assuming that they all contain an IMBH, including the effects of the cluster’s orbit and propagation of the star in the Galactic potential up to detection. We find that high-velocity stars ejected by IMBHs have distinctive distributions in velocity, Galactocentric distance and Galactic latitude, which can be used to distinguish them from runaway stars and stars ejected from the Galactic Centre.
An ASKAP survey for H i absorption towards dust-obscured quasars
Authors: Glowacki M , Allison J R , Moss V A , Mahony E K , Sadler E M , Callingham J R , Ellison S L , Whiting M T , Bunton J D , Chippendale A P , Heywood I , McConnell D , Raja W , Voronkov M A
Published: September 2019

Obscuration of quasars by accreted gas and dust, or dusty intervening galaxies, can cause active galactic nuclei (AGN) to be missed in optically selected surveys. Radio observations can overcome this dust bias. In particular, radio surveys searching for H i absorption inform us on how the AGN can impact on the cold neutral gas medium within the host galaxy, or the population of intervening galaxies through the observed line of sight gas kinematics. We present the results of an H i absorption line survey at 0.4 < z < 1 towards 34 obscured quasars with the Australian SKA Pathfinder (ASKAP) commissioning array. We detect three H i absorption lines, with one of these systems previously unknown. Through optical follow-up for two sources, we find that in all detections the H i gas is associated with the AGN, and hence that these AGN are obscured by material within their host galaxies. Most of our sample are compact, and in addition, are either gigahertz peaked spectrum (GPS), or steep spectrum (CSS) sources, both thought to represent young or recently re-triggered radio AGN. The radio spectral energy distribution classifications for our sample agree with galaxy evolution models in which the obscured AGN has only recently become active. Our associated H i detection rate for GPS and compact SS sources matches those of other surveys towards such sources. We also find shallow and asymmetric H i absorption features, which agrees with previous findings that the cold neutral medium in compact radio galaxies is typically kinematically disturbed by the AGN.
A panchromatic spatially resolved study of the inner 500 pc of NGC 1052 – II. Gas excitation and kinematics
Authors: Dahmer-Hahn L G , Riffel R , Ricci T V , Steiner J E , Storchi-Bergmann T , Riffel R A , Menezes R B , Dametto N Z , Diniz M R , Motter J C , Ruschel-Dutra D
Published: September 2019

We map the optical and near-infrared (NIR) emission-line flux distributions and kinematics of the inner 320 × 535 pc2 of the elliptical galaxy NGC 1052. The integral field spectra were obtained with the Gemini Telescope using the GMOS-IFU and NIFS instruments, with angular resolutions of 0.88 and 0.1 arcsec in the optical and NIR, respectively. We detect five kinematic components: (1) and (2) two spatially unresolved components: a broad-line region visible in H α, with a full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of ∼3200 km s−1, and an intermediate broad component seen in the [O iii] λλ4959,5007 doublet; (3) an extended intermediate-width component with 280 km s−1 < FWHM < 450 km s−1 and centroid velocities up to 400 km s−1, which dominates the flux in our data, attributed either to a bipolar outflow related to the jets, rotation in an eccentric disc or to a combination of a disc and large-scale gas bubbles; (4) and (5) two narrow (FWHM < 150 km s−1) components, one visible in [O iii], and another visible in the other emission lines, extending beyond the field of view of our data, which is attributed to large-scale shocks. Our results suggest that the ionization within the observed field of view cannot be explained by a single mechanism, with photoionization being the dominant mechanism in the nucleus with a combination of shocks and photoionization responsible for the extended ionization.
Dark and luminous satellites of LMC-mass galaxies in the FIRE simulations
Authors: Jahn Ethan D , Sales Laura V , Wetzel Andrew , Boylan-Kolchin Michael , Chan T K , El-Badry Kareem , Lazar Alexandres , Bullock James S
Published: September 2019

Within lambda cold dark matter ($\Lambda$CDM), dwarf galaxies like the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) are expected to host numerous dark matter subhaloes, several of which should host faint dwarf companions. Recent Gaia proper motions confirm new members of the LMC system in addition to the previously known SMC, including two classical dwarf galaxies ($M_\ast$$\gt 10^5$ M$_{\odot }$; Carina and Fornax) as well as several ultrafaint dwarfs (Car2, Car3, Hor1, and Hyd1). We use the Feedback In Realistic Environments (FIRE) simulations to study the dark and luminous (down to ultrafaint masses, $M_\ast$$\sim$6$\times 10^ {3}$ M$_{\odot }$) substructure population of isolated LMC-mass hosts ($M_{\text{200m}}$ = 1–3$\times 10^ {11}$ M$_{\odot }$) and place the Gaia  + DES results in a cosmological context. By comparing number counts of subhaloes in simulations with and without baryons, we find that, within 0.2 $r_{\text{200m}}$, LMC-mass hosts deplete $\sim$30 per cent of their substructure, significantly lower than the $\sim$70 per cent of substructure depleted by Milky Way (MW) mass hosts. For our highest resolution runs ($m_\text{bary}$  = 880 M$_{\odot }$), $\sim 5\!-\!10$ subhaloes form galaxies with $M_\ast$$\ge 10^{4}$ M$_{\odot }$ , in agreement with the seven observationally inferred pre-infall LMC companions. However, we find steeper simulated luminosity functions than observed, hinting at observation incompleteness at the faint end. The predicted DM content for classical satellites in FIRE agrees with observed estimates for Carina and Fornax, supporting the case for an LMC association. We predict that tidal stripping within the LMC potential lowers the inner dark matter density of ultrafaint companions of the LMC. Thus, in addition to their orbital consistency, the low densities of dwarfs Car2, Hyd1, and Hyd2 reinforce their likelihood of Magellanic association.
An extreme amplitude, massive heartbeat system in the LMC characterized using ASAS-SN and TESS
Authors: Jayasinghe T , Stanek K Z , Kochanek C S , Thompson Todd A , Shappee B J , Fausnaugh M
Published: September 2019

Using ASAS-SN data, we find that the bright ($V\sim 13.5$ mag) variable star MACHO 80.7443.1718 (ASASSN-V J052624.38–684705.6) is the most extreme heartbeat star yet discovered. This massive binary, consisting of at least one early B-type star, has an orbital period of $P_{\rm ASAS-SN}=32.83627\pm 0.00846\, {\rm d},$ and is located towards the LH58 OB complex in the LMC. Both the ASAS-SN and TESS light curves show extreme brightness variations of ${\sim }40{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ at periastron and variations of $ \sim 10{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ due to tidally excited oscillations outside periastron. We fit an analytical model of the variability caused by the tidal distortions at pericentre to find orbital parameters of $\omega =-61.4^\circ$, $i=44.8^\circ$, and $e=0.566$. We also present a frequency analysis to identify the pulsation frequencies corresponding to the tidally excited oscillations.
A comparison between the two lobes of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko based on D/H ratios in H2O measured with the Rosetta/ROSINA DFMS
Authors: Schroeder Isaac R H G , Altwegg Kathrin , Balsiger Hans , Berthelier Jean-Jacques , Combi Michael R , De Keyser Johan , Fiethe Björn , Fuselier Stephen A , Gombosi Tamas I , Hansen Kenneth C , Rubin Martin , Shou Yinsi , Tenishev Valeriy M , Sémon Thierry , Wampfler Susanne F , Wurz Peter
Published: September 2019

The nucleus of the Jupiter-family comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko was discovered to be bi-lobate in shape when the European Space Agency spacecraft Rosetta first approached it in 2014 July. The bi-lobate structure of the cometary nucleus has led to much discussion regarding the possible manner of its formation and on how the composition of each lobe might compare with that of the other. During its two-year-long mission from 2014 to 2016, Rosetta remained in close proximity to 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, studying its coma and nucleus in situ. Based on lobe-specific measurements of HDO and H2O performed with the ROSINA Double Focusing Mass Spectrometer (DFMS) on board Rosetta, the deuterium-to-hydrogen (D/H) ratios in water from the two lobes can be compared. No appreciable difference was observed, suggesting that both lobes formed in the same region and are homogeneous in their D/H ratios.
TYC 8606-2025-1: a mild barium star surrounded by the ejecta of a very late thermal pulse
Authors: Gvaramadze V V , Pakhomov Yu V , Kniazev A Y , Ryabchikova T A , Langer N , Fossati L , Grebel E K
Published: September 2019

We report the discovery of a spiral-like nebula with the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer and the results of optical spectroscopy of its associated star TYC 8606-2025-1 with the Southern African Large Telescope. We find that TYC 8606-2025-1 is a G8 III star of $\approx 3 \, \rm \, M_{\odot }$, showing a carbon depletion by a factor of 2 and a nitrogen enhancement by a factor of 3. We also derived an excess of s-process elements, most strongly for barium, which is a factor of 3 overabundant, indicating that TYC 8606-2025-1 is a mild barium star. We thereby add a new member to the small group of barium stars with circumstellar nebulae. Our radial velocity measurements indicate that TYC 8606-2025-1 has an unseen binary companion. The advanced evolutionary stage of TYC 8606-2025-1, together with the presence of a circumstellar nebula, implies an initial mass of the companion of also about $3 \, \rm \, M_{\odot }$. We conclude that the infrared nebula, due to its spiral shape, and because it has no optical counterpart, was ejected by the companion as a consequence of a very late thermal pulse, during about one orbital rotation.
horizon-AGN virtual observatory – 2. Template-free estimates of galaxy properties from colours
Authors: Davidzon I , Laigle C , Capak P L , Ilbert O , Masters D C , Hemmati S , Apostolakos N , Coupon J , de la Torre S , Devriendt J , Dubois Y , Kashino D , Paltani S , Pichon C
Published: September 2019

Using the horizon-AGN hydrodynamical simulation and self-organizing maps (SOMs), we show how to compress the complex, high-dimensional data structure of a simulation into a 2D grid, which greatly facilitates the analysis of how galaxy observables are connected to intrinsic properties. We first verify the tight correlation between the observed 0.3–5 μm broad-band colours of horizon-AGN galaxies and their high-resolution spectra. The correlation is found to extend to physical properties such as redshift, stellar mass, and star formation rate (SFR). This direct mapping from colour to physical parameter space still works after including photometric uncertainties that mimic the COSMOS survey. We then label the SOM grid with a simulated calibration sample to estimate redshift and SFR for COSMOS-like galaxies up to z ∼ 3. In comparison to state-of-the-art techniques based on synthetic templates, our method is comparable in performance but less biased at estimating redshifts, and significantly better at predicting SFRs. In particular, our ‘data-driven’ approach, in contrast to model libraries, intrinsically allows for the complexity of galaxy formation and can handle sample biases. We advocate that observations to calibrate this method should be one of the goals of next-generation galaxy surveys.
Catalogues of active galactic nuclei from Gaia and unWISE data
Authors: Shu Yiping , Koposov Sergey E , Evans N Wyn , Belokurov Vasily , McMahon Richard G , Auger Matthew W , Lemon Cameron A
Published: September 2019

We present two catalogues of active galactic nucleus (AGN) candidates selected from the latest data of two all-sky surveys – Data Release 2 of the Gaia mission and the unWISE catalogue of the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). We train a random forest classifier to predict the probability of each source in the Gaia–unWISE joint sample being an AGN, PRF, based on Gaia astrometric and photometric measurements and unWISE photometry. The two catalogues, which we designate C75 and R85, are constructed by applying different PRF threshold cuts to achieve an overall completeness of 75 per cent (≈90 per cent at GaiaG ≤ 20 mag) and reliability of 85 per cent, respectively. The C75 (R85) catalogue contains 2734 464 (2182 193) AGN candidates across the effective 36 000 deg2 sky, of which ≈0.91 (0.52) million are new discoveries. Photometric redshifts of the AGN candidates are derived by a random forest regressor using Gaia and WISE magnitudes and colours. The estimated overall photometric redshift accuracy is 0.11. Cross-matching the AGN candidates with a sample of known bright cluster galaxies, we identify a high-probability strongly lensed AGN candidate system, SDSS J1326+4806, with a large image separation of 21${^{\prime\prime}_{.}}$06. All the AGN candidates in our catalogues will have ∼5-yr long light curves from Gaia by the end of the mission, and thus will be a great resource for AGN variability studies. Our AGN catalogues will also be helpful in AGN target selections for future spectroscopic surveys, especially those in the Southern hemisphere. The C75 catalogue can be downloaded at https://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/~ypshu/AGN_Catalogues.html.
Evolutionary History of GLIS Genes Illuminates Their Roles in Cell Reprograming and Ciliogenesis
Authors: Yasuoka Yuuri , Matsumoto Masahito , Yagi Ken , Okazaki Yasushi
Published: September 2019

The GLIS family transcription factors, GLIS1 and GLIS3, potentiate generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). In contrast, another GLIS family member, GLIS2, suppresses cell reprograming. To understand how these disparate roles arose, we examined evolutionary origins and genomic organization of GLIS genes. Comprehensive phylogenetic analysis shows that GLIS1 and GLIS3 originated during vertebrate whole genome duplication, whereas GLIS2 is a sister group to the GLIS1/3 and GLI families. This result is consistent with their opposing functions in cell reprograming. Glis1 evolved faster than Glis3, losing many protein-interacting motifs. This suggests that Glis1 acquired new functions under weakened evolutionary constraints. In fact, GLIS1 induces induced pluripotent stem cells more strongly. Transcriptomic data from various animal embryos demonstrate that glis1 is maternally expressed in some tetrapods, whereas vertebrate glis3 and invertebrate glis1/3 genes are rarely expressed in oocytes, suggesting that vertebrate (or tetrapod) Glis1 acquired a new expression domain and function as a maternal factor. Furthermore, comparative genomic analysis reveals that glis1/3 is part of a bilaterian-specific gene cluster, together with rfx3, ndc1, hspb11, and lrrc42. Because known functions of these genes are related to cilia formation and function, the last common ancestor of bilaterians may have acquired this cluster by shuffling gene order to establish more sophisticated epithelial tissues involving cilia. This evolutionary study highlights the significance of GLIS1/3 for cell reprograming, development, and diseases in ciliated organs such as lung, kidney, and pancreas.
CSB interacts with BRCA1 in late S/G2 to promote MRN- and CtIP-mediated DNA end resection
Authors: Batenburg Nicole L , Walker John R , Coulombe Yan , Sherker Alana , Masson Jean-Yves , Zhu Xu-Dong
Published: September 2019

CSB, a member of the SWI2/SNF2 superfamily, has been implicated in evicting histones to promote the DSB pathway choice towards homologous recombination (HR) repair. However, how CSB promotes HR repair remains poorly characterized. Here we demonstrate that CSB interacts with both MRE11/RAD50/NBS1 (MRN) and BRCA1 in a cell cycle regulated manner, with the former requiring its WHD and occurring predominantly in early S phase. CSB interacts with the BRCT domain of BRCA1 and this interaction is regulated by CDK-dependent phosphorylation of CSB on S1276. The CSB–BRCA1 interaction, which peaks in late S/G2 phase, is responsible for mediating the interaction of CSB with the BRCA1-C complex consisting of BRCA1, MRN and CtIP. While dispensable for histone eviction at DSBs, CSB phosphorylation on S1276 is necessary to promote efficient MRN- and CtIP-mediated DNA end resection, thereby restricting NHEJ and enforcing the DSB repair pathway choice to HR. CSB phosphorylation on S1276 is also necessary to support cell survival in response to DNA damage-inducing agents. These results altogether suggest that CSB interacts with BRCA1 to promote DNA end resection for HR repair and that although prerequisite, CSB-mediated histone eviction alone is insufficient to promote the pathway choice towards HR.
Phosphate and bone fracture risk in chronic kidney disease patients
Authors: Fusaro Maria , Holden Rachel , Lok Charmaine , Iervasi Giorgio , Plebani Mario , Aghi Andrea , Gallieni Maurizio , Cozzolino Mario
Published: September 2019

In chronic kidney disease (CKD), phosphate homoeostasis plays a central role in the development of mineral and bone disorder (MBD) together with decreased serum calcium and elevated serum parathyroid hormone, fibroblast growth factor 23 and sclerostin levels. Today there are only a few data exploring the direct role of abnormal phosphate homoeostasis and hyperphosphataemia in the development of CKD-MBD. On the other hand, several studies have looked at the link between hyperphosphataemia and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in CKD, but there is a lack of evidence to indicate that lowering phosphate levels improves cardiovascular outcomes in this population. Furthermore, the impact of liberalizing phosphate targets on CKD-MBD progression and bone fracture is currently not known. In this review we discuss the central role of phosphate in the pathogenesis of CKD-MBD and how it may be associated with fracture risk, both in hyper- and hypophosphataemia.
Association of Tobacco Use and Exposure to Secondhand Smoke With Suicide Attempts Among Adolescents: Findings From 33 Countries
Authors: Lange Shannon , Koyanagi Ai , Rehm Jürgen , Roerecke Michael , Carvalho André F
Published: September 2019

Introduction

There is evidence to suggest that tobacco use is associated with suicide attempts. However, it is unclear whether such an association can be extended to include secondhand smoke exposure. Using nationally representative data of school-attending adolescents from 33 countries, we examined the association of tobacco use and exposure to secondhand smoke with suicide attempts.

Methods

We used data from the Global School–based Student Health Survey, a cross-sectional survey conducted among adolescents 12–15 years of age. We used logistic regression to estimate the country-specific associations. We then conducted random effect meta-analyses to obtain overall and country-income level pooled estimates. Lastly, we used logistic regression analyses to investigate a dose–response association of cigarette smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke with suicide attempts.

Results

A positive association between tobacco use and suicide attempts among adolescents was present regardless of country-income level (low income: odds ratio 4.98, 95% CI: 3.11–7.96; lower middle income: 3.47, 2.91–4.15; upper middle income: 3.09, 2.75–3.47; and high income: 3.18, 2.63–3.84) and gender (boys: 3.28, 2.86–3.76; girls: 3.86, 3.30–4.51). Exposure to secondhand smoke was associated with suicide attempts, albeit weakly, among girls only (1.26, 1.14–1.39; boys: 1.00, 0.87–1.15). There was some evidence that a dose–response association of cigarette smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke with suicide attempts may only exist among girls.

Conclusions

Adolescents who use tobacco, and adolescent girls exposed to secondhand smoke were found to be more likely to attempt suicide; however, future longitudinal studies are warranted to assess causality.

Implications

Our findings indicate that routine screening of adolescents for tobacco use should be implemented globally, especially when assessing suicidal behaviors and risk. Future longitudinal and intervention studies are warranted to assess causality and whether prevention efforts such as tobacco control interventions and programmes targeting tobacco use and exposure to secondhand smoke among adolescents could ultimately lead to a reduction in the occurrence of suicide attempts.
Visual Art Campaigns
Authors: Foster Raisa
Published: September 2019

This chapter looks at visual art campaigns, especially in the context of arts-based research with an interest in public engagement. Art campaigns happen at the crossroads of art and activism. Sometimes artists can purposely work from an activist point of view; sometimes a political aspect emerges unintentionally. This chapter will first give an overview of different campaigns using visual methods. It then presents a brief description of the development of art from modernism to the contemporary forms of artistic expressions; this leads to the examples of different art campaigns. The chapter then discusses the potential of contemporary art in challenging the assumptions of modernism through the examples of author’s own artistic and EcoJustice practice. The chapter also describes the possibilities of promoting a cause in various fields of art, academia, and the general public, and it ends with a discussion of the benefits and challenges of being an independent artist/scholar with an interest in public engagement.
Writing Collaboratively
Authors: Wilder JeffriAnne
Published: September 2019

Collaborative writing is defined as scholarship (intensive research and study on a particular topic that produces written work) that is conceptualized, designed, and/or written by more than one author. In the 20th century, rates of collaborative scholarship in academic journals grew at a steady pace in higher education, and currently, joint authorship is more normative than single authorship in a wide variety of academic disciplines, including the natural sciences, computing, psychology, social work, and library science. In the most practical terms, collaborative scholarship can provide opportunities for professional socialization, personal advancement, and career development. Partnering with others provides a team of authors with an avenue to generate new ideas, solve problems, and increase scholarly productivity. This chapter provides an overview of the collaborative writing process, exploring the features, benefits, and challenges of collaborative scholarship. Also included are strategies for pursuing and developing co-authored projects, and tips for successful collaboration.
Introduction to The Oxford Handbook of Methods for Public Scholarship
Authors: Leavy Patricia
Published: September 2019

This chapter serves as an introduction to The Oxford Handbook of Methods for Public Scholarship. The first part of the chapter reviews what public scholarship is, how it has emerged, and what methods are available for doing public scholarship. The remainder of the chapter reviews the contents of the handbook, providing a chapter-by-chapter summary. The book is divided into six parts: The Changing Academic and Social Landscape; Research Design with Vulnerable Populations and Nonacademic Stakeholders; Taking Traditional Methods Public; The Arts; The Internet, Social Media, and Technology; Writing and Dissemination; and Considerations. The handbook ends with a brief statement on the future of public scholarship and the research methods landscape, written by the editor.
A Brief Statement on the Future of Public Scholarship and the Research Methods Landscape
Authors: Leavy Patricia
Published: September 2019

The book editor offers some final comments about the state of the field and promise for the future. Leavy suggests researchers consider using the language of “shapes” to talk about the forms their research takes and to highlight the ongoing role of the research community in shaping knowledge-building practices. She reviews the challenges and rewards of taking your work public. Leavy concludes by noting that institutional structures need to evolve their rewards criteria in order to meet the demands of practicing contemporary research and suggests that professors update their teaching practices to bring the audiences of research into the forefront of discussions of methodology.
The Impossible Task of Community Art Practice
Authors: Lucero Jorge , Estrada William
Published: September 2019

Through a formal examination of some of the most important long-term community art practices in Chicago, Mexican American artists and educators Jorge Lucero and William Estrada recount their own community art work in the Chicago area. The chapter is divided into three parts: Precedent, Contemporary Stories, and Tips. The first section is an overview of relevant markers and important precedent in community art practice. The second part comprises two stories of contemporary community art practice in which the authors have been involved. Finally, the authors propose 13 tips for enacting the “impossible” act of community arts practice. Lucero and Estrada recommend that community art practitioners pay close attention to the longevity of their work, incorporating difference, listening, “deskilling,” playfulness, love, failure, the complicated relationship with institutions, collecting data, co-creation, inquiry, and situationality.
Public Ethnography
Authors: Adams Tony E. , Boylorn Robin M.
Published: September 2019

In the past few decades, some ethnographers have approached going public with their ethnographic research. In particular, they began to investigate problems of significant interest, conduct fieldwork in everyday settings, and use both form and dissemination to engage nonacademic audiences. In this chapter, the authors discern characteristics of public ethnography and doing ethnography in public settings. They begin by defining “public ethnography” and illustrating the need to record happenings of contexts that cannot be easily captured with other research methods. They then discuss practices of always being in the field, observing others, taking notes, attending to everyday conversations, monitoring social media, synthesizing ideas, identifying injustices, and engaging extant research. They conclude by identifying considerations for crafting and disseminating representations of fieldwork for public, nonacademic audiences.
Public Scholarship, Public Intellectuals, and the Role of Higher Education in a Time of Crisis
Authors: Giroux Henry Armand
Published: September 2019

Despite its importance to developing the formative culture necessary to a working democracy, higher education in North America is under attack by the apostles of neoliberalism. No longer viewed as a source of enlightenment or a democratic public sphere, neoliberals see higher education as a threat because it can produce inspired and critical citizens. They are intent upon turning higher education into an adjunct of business culture. Giroux argues that neoliberalism is the enemy of social justice, and if it is to be challenged, educators must create alliances to challenge the politics of neoliberalism on a global level. In part, for academics, this means reinvigorating and rethinking their role as public intellectuals and what it means to create the spaces of resistance within higher education that make public scholarship possible. By rethinking the role of academics as public intellectuals, Giroux argues that it is also crucial to reclaim the part that education has played historically in educating students to develop critical literacies and civic capacities that deepen their abilities to function as engaged and critical citizens. Giroux extends the reach of education beyond formal schooling to the larger cultural spheres and analyzes the role of what he calls public pedagogy, a term that engages the pedagogical functions of a wide variety of cultural sites and digital platforms. As public intellectuals, Giroux argues that academics can work both inside and outside of higher education addressing both students within academia and a much broader audience outside of traditional schooling.
Audience and Voice (and Sometimes Reflexivity)
Authors: Lincoln Yvonna S. , Grichko Vassa , Phillips Glenn Allen
Published: September 2019

As qualitative researchers reach out to expand the reception of their research, they must consider both the kinds of audiences they wish to reach and the discourse—or “voice”—that will have the maximum impact for that audience. A careful consideration of this interaction can often be found by using deep reflexivity, or the reflection on the self-in-interaction with an audience and its preferred discourse(s) and media. Researchers will need to “shift registers,” or transfer from one kind of discourse to another, which is not always easily accomplished. This chapter considers the potential audiences, the types of languages and discourses familiar to those audiences, and the forms of communication most likely to reach a given group or audience.
The 21st-Century Academic Landscape
Authors: Leavy Patricia
Published: September 2019

This chapter details the confluence of changes in the academic and social landscapes that have culminated in the move toward transdisciplinarity. The author distinguishes between disciplinary, multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary, and transdisciplinary approaches to knowledge building, explaining the premise of each approach. The author suggests each approach is useful and then reviews the particular strengths of transdisciplinarity for addressing contemporary problems and meeting our moral mandate to do work that is of use in the world. There is ample discussion of the changes that have led to transdisciplinarity, including the emergence of critical areas studies, mixed-methods research and pragmatism, globalization, technological shifts, public engagement in issues of import, and the complex and diffuse nature of contemporary problems. Specific tools, such as citizens’ juries, are noted.
The Invention of Dryden as Satirist
Authors: Augustine Matthew C.
Published: September 2019

John Dryden has long been central to accounts of eighteenth-century satire. This chapter asks how such accounts have come to be written, and whether there may be new ways of mapping this aspect of the poet, critic, translator, and controversialist. Indeed, one of the chapter’s aims is to question the inevitability of Dryden’s acquiring a reputation as a satirist, both in his own time and in the centuries following. Though we associate the Stuart laureate most closely with the imperial coolness of Absalom and Achitophel, such mastery and control was gained through countless literary skirmishes over the previous two decades. Before we can understand Dryden as satire’s master, this chapter proposes, we must understand him first as its victim.
The Satire of Dissent
Authors: Southcombe George
Published: September 2019

This chapter discusses the nonconformist contribution to satire from the Restoration of the monarchy to the early eighteenth century. The poetry of the Presbyterian Robert Wild, and particularly the work he produced on the imprisonment of Edmund Calamy in 1663, is analysed to show the perhaps surprising role played by bodily humour, scatology, and personal abuse in dissenting work. The continuation of this tradition is then traced through Andrew Marvell’s Advice-to-a-Painter poems, and a specific analysis is offered of the influence of Wild’s poetry on the Duchess of Albemarle’s speech in The Third Advice to a Painter. Finally, the ways in which Daniel Defoe participated in and shaped this tradition in his works on dissent are examined. The chapter ends by suggesting the reasons why the extent of the nonconformist engagement with satire has been forgotten, and more generally why dissent is not often now associated with laughter.
Swift, Gulliver, and Travel Satire
Authors: Carey Daniel
Published: September 2019

Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels (1726) stands in a long tradition of travel satire that emerged in the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries. Travel and the travel book represent essential, constitutive elements of the story, serving as vehicle as well as subject matter for satirical treatment. Swift draws on established attacks on the traveller’s identity and how it becomes dislocated in travel, and the accusation of lying often levelled against travellers. Swift’s genius lies in taking this critique to a new extreme, and by structuring the story in a way that makes the form of travel writing collapse in on itself. His forebears include Thomas More, Rabelais, Ben Jonson, Richard Brome, George Etherege, and a host of critics writing on the art of travel (ars apodemica), like Joseph Hall and James Howell.
Pamela and the Satirists
Authors: Batchelor Jennie
Published: September 2019

Reading the Pamela controversy through Eliza Haywood’s still frequently overlooked Anti-Pamela (1741), this chapter demonstrates the failure and undesirability of Samuel Richardson’s efforts to supplant the satirical mode with the sentimental in his first novel. Much of the critical conversation about satire and sentiment in the mid-to-late eighteenth century has, with notable exceptions, positioned these as antagonistic modes. Moreover, the (exaggerated) demise of satire in the face of the tidal wave of sentiment has been often heralded as opening up new possibilities for the articulation of female subjectivity. Anti-Pamela, this chapter argues, undermines such claims. In a satirical novel that would mark a turning point in her career as a sceptical writer of sentimental fiction, Haywood revealed that ‘true’ satire, as opposed to the ‘scurrilous’ satire of which she accused her fellow interlocutor Henry Fielding, was the best antidote to the cultural fictions of gender promoted by the novel.
Quarrelling
Authors: Tadié Alexis
Published: September 2019

This chapters looks at satire in the context of quarrelling. While a number of satires originate in quarrels, they can also become interventions in ongoing disputes, to the point of ending them. This chapter does not attempt to provide a historical overview of the numerous quarrels in which satires were involved, nor does it examine the infinite variety of satirical texts involved in quarrels: lampoons, libels, etc. Rather, this chapter attempts to delineate the intersections between satires and quarrels, looking in particular at the ways in which quarrels develop in satirical contexts. It further examines, through the consideration of two case studies, the quarrel between the Ancients and the Moderns and Pope’s Dunciad, the intricate links between both, showing how satires, in particular of the Menippean tradition, sometimes rely on the structure of quarrels to develop sophisticated instances of ironical discourses.
Satire as Event
Authors: McTague John
Published: September 2019

This chapter focuses on three ‘practical satires’: the impersonation of the mountebank Alexander Bendo by John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester (1676); the prediction of the death of the astrologer John Partridge by Jonathan Swift, writing under the soubriquet Isaac Bickerstaff (1708); and Alexander Pope’s administration of an emetic draught to the bookseller Edmund Curll (1716). These satires are ‘practical’ in that they involve real or imagined events, performances, or encounters between real people. Being species of practical joke that require a denouement or punch line, one might expect such satires to be relatively short-lived. However, this chapter argues that the key element in all three cases is an interest in continuation, drawing out victims’ punishments and keeping them suspended before an enthusiastically participatory readership, imagined and otherwise.
The Practice of Parody
Authors: Taylor David Francis
Published: September 2019

This chapter takes the trials of William Hone in 1817 as a useful late-period vantage point from which to look back across a century and more of parodic practice and play, and also as a prism through which to address and properly historicize some of the key theoretical questions that pertain to eighteenth-century parody. Its first section considers how the period understood the imperatives of parody and so, perforce, parody’s relationship to satire. Its second section then broaches the matter of the class politics of parodic practice and suggests the extent to which parody was—and is still—inextricably tied to questions of cultural capital and proprietorship.