bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adsorption of lithium, sodium, gallium, and sulfur atoms onto a GaS monolayer
Authors: Meléndez-Martínez Raúl F , Ortega-Lopez César , Espitia-Rico Miguel J
Published: January 2025

Hexagonal gallium sulfide (GaS) monolayer is a very promising monochalcogenide for applications such as electronics, optoelectronics, and catalysts. The adsorption and the diffusion of lithium (Li), sodium (Na), gallium (Ga), and sulfur (S) atoms onto the 2 × 2-GaS hexagonal monolayer are investigated using density functional theory (DFT), along with atomic pseudopotentials. The values of the calculations for the adsorption energy show that the energetically most favorable site for the Li, Na, and Ga adsorbates is the H site, while the most energetically favorable site for the S adsorbate is the TS site. The values calculated for the adsorption energy at the energetically most favorable sites for the Li, Na, Ga, and S atomic adsorbates are −1.853 eV, −1.378 eV, −1.028 eV, and −1.525 eV, respectively. Analysis of the structural properties revealed that after the adsorption process, the GaS+ads system maintains its structure and geometry, since the lattice constants and the lGa-Ga, lGa-S, and lS-S bond lengths do not change significantly with respect to the pristine monolayer. The diffusion of Li, Na, Ga, and S atoms on the 2 × 2-GaS monolayer’s surface shows energy barriers of 28 meV, 40 meV, 72 meV, and 161 meV, respectively. From the total density of states (DOS), it is established that in all cases the GaS+ads monolayer system acquires metallic behavior. Finally, analysis of the Bader charge of the GaS+ads system just at the energetically most favorable sites shows that the Li and Na atoms transfer charge to the monolayer (cations), becoming ionized, while the Ga and S atoms transfer and gain charge from the monolayer, respectively, becoming partially ionized. This electronic behavior makes the GaS monolayer a promising material for use as an anode in batteries.
Thermal inspection on MHD Prandtl fluid flow past a stretching sheet in the presence of heat generation/absorption and suction/injection
Authors: Meenakumari R , Rani P Yamuna , Sucharitha G , Vajravelu Kuppalapalle , Lakshminarayana P
Published: January 2025

For the past several years, researchers have been investigating the thermal boundary layer behavior under various assumptions due to contemporary requirements. From the existing literature, it has been noticed that no investigation has been conducted to examine the thermal and mass transport of a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of a Prandtl fluid past a stretching sheet with heat generation/absorption and suction/injection. To address this gap, this study looks at how the changed thermal flux, heat generation/absorption, and suction/injection affect the convective flow of MHD Prandtl fluid over a stretching surface. The governing system of nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) has been reduced to a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) through appropriate transformations. The desired numerical solutions of the resulting ODEs have been obtained using the bvp5c MATLAB package. We have analyzed and presented the effects of the physical parameters on the velocity, temperature, and concentration fields using graphs and tables. Also, the drag coefficient, heat, and mass transport rates were examined. Additionally, an entropy analysis has been conducted to explore the reusability of heat production. It has been observed that intensifying the magnetic and porosity parameters reduces the flow velocity while increasing the Eckert number, heat generation parameter, and the Biot number significantly increases the temperature. The concentration drops with an increase in the Schmidt number and the chemical reaction parameter. This study holds significant implications for industries that rely on drug delivery, heat exchanger technology, polymerization, and refining processes.
Collective transitions of two accelerated entangled atoms coupled to electromagnetic fields in presence of a boundary
Authors: Cheng Shijing , Cheng Xuerong
Published: January 2025

We study the average rate of change of energy of two accelerated entangled atoms coupled to electromagnetic fields at presence of a reflecting boundary, which according to the DDC formalism is only attributed to the contribution of radiative reaction of atoms. When the boundary is present, this result can be expressed as the sum of the free-space result and the boundary-induced modifications, and it generally depends on the two-atom initial state, the orientations of atomic dipole moments, as well as the relative scales among atom-boundary distance, interatomic separation, and the inverse of atomic acceleration. When the two atoms are vertically aligned and one atom is very close to the boundary, we find that the terms only related to the closer atom are zero for the symmetric state but are double the free-space counterpart for the antisymmetric state, if the atom is polarizable parallel to the boundary; however, for the atom polarizable vertically to the boundary, such terms vanish for the antisymmetric state but are twice the free-space counterpart for the symmetric state. Moreover, the terms related to the farther atom exhibit obviously oscillatory behaviors, and the terms related to both atoms are vanishing unless the dipole moments of two atoms both have the components vertical to the boundary. When the two atoms are aligned parallel to and very close to the boundary, the terms related to one atom are interatomic-separation-independent and only influenced by the atomic dipole moments; the terms related to both atoms are actually consistent with the counterpart in the vertical-alignment case. In addition, when the two atoms are polarizable along the direction parallel to the boundary, the average rate of change of energy of two parallel-aligned and symmetric entangled atoms vanishes as if the two atoms were a closed system.
Fast electrons produced by lower hybrid wave and effects on plasma–wall interactions
Authors: Lu Hailong , Xiang Nong , Qian Zehua , Yang Hua , Li Miaohui , Jia Manni , Li Gen , Wang Zechen , Deng Changhao , Lu Jinjin , Long Jiamin
Published: January 2025

Lower hybrid wave (LHW) current drive plays a crucial role in sustaining steady-state (SS) discharges on the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST). Hotspots frequently form on the wave antenna and guard limiters during SS operations. Although both experimental and theoretical studies suggest that fast electrons could be responsible for these hotspots, the underlying mechanisms of fast electron generation under typical EAST operational parameters and their impact on the hotspots remain unresolved. In this work, particle-in-cell simulations are used to investigate the interactions between LHWs and electrons in front of the antenna, taking into account the realistic incident power spectra and localized field effects. The results show that, due to resonance overlap, fast electrons are produced through resonant interactions between electrons and LHW components with a high parallel refractive index (N
∥). The velocity distribution function in velocity space is found to significantly depend on plasma parameters near the antenna, such as q
95, electron temperature, and input power. These fast electrons notably enhance the sheath potential on the guard limiters and increase the heat flux to the wall.
Water security in North Carolina’s most economically insecure county: a case study
Authors: Long Hana C , Collins-Hall Beverly , Moore Kaelan , Cutts Bethany , Gibson Jacqueline MacDonald
Published: January 2025

Negative health impacts of water insecurity are often felt most in poor and rural communities and communities of color, who are more likely to be underserved by water infrastructure and disproportionately subject to socioeconomic stressors. Despite mandated efforts to allocate significant federal resources to infrastructure funding in ‘disadvantaged communities,’ communities with the most need risk systematic exclusion from access to resources, decision-making structures, and even benefits of research intended to address inequitable infrastructure services and health outcomes in their own communities. This project aims to describe groundwork and preliminary findings from community-engaged environmental research conducted within an ongoing community-based participatory research partnership in Robeson County, NC, a majority–minority county with the lowest median household income of NC’s 100 counties. Semi-structured interviews conducted with community members were analyzed to identify concerns about drinking water security (including safety, affordability, and reliability), perceptions of water quality, averting behaviors taken due to water insecurity, and ideas for improving water security. Findings suggest that there is a high level of mistrust in community water supplies, with perceptions of poor water quality driving a reliance on bottled water. Those relying on private wells expressed greater trust in their water and lower reliance on bottled water. Concerns about affordability were less prominent than those about water quality. Insufficient water reliability (low flow) was mentioned by many respondents, including those with community water service and those relying on private wells. Most supported increasing taxes to improve water security and also recommended increasing communications between water service providers and the public to improve trust. Overall, this work suggests the need for a comprehensive assessment of the quality and reliability of community water services in Robeson County, interventions to address problems identified, and much more engagement with the community about identifying and allocating funding to solve water security problems.
The Dirac operator
Authors: Hitchin Nigel
Published: January 2025

This is a tour through the various interactions I had with Professor Singer, with an eye on the Dirac operator, and illustrated with some minor mathematical results.
Ray–Singer torsion, topological strings, and black holes
Authors: Vafa Cumrun
Published: January 2025

Genus one amplitude for topological strings on Calabi–Yau 3-folds can be computed using mirror symmetry: The partition function at genus one gets mapped to a holomorphic version of Ray–Singer torsion on the mirror Calabi–Yau. On the other hand it can be shown by a physical argument that this gives a curvature squared correction term to the gravitational action. This in paticular leads to an effective quantum gravity cutoff known as the species scale, which varies over moduli space of Calabi–Yau manifolds. This resolves some of the puzzles associated to the entropy of small black holes when there are a large number of light species of particles. Thus Ray–Singer torsion, via its connection to topological strings at genus one, provides a measure of light degrees of freedom of four dimensional

N

=
2

\mathcal {N}=2

supergravity theories.
Index theory on Pin manifolds
Authors: Freed Daniel
Published: January 2025

We give a systematic treatment of index theory on Pin manifolds, emphasizing the Clifford linear Dirac operator and differential

K
O

KO

-theory. This expository article is based on joint work with Mike Hopkins.
Thought experiments
Authors: Ashe Laura
Published: January 2025

This chapter begins with Aristotle’s and Aquinas’ definitions of injustice, and of the nature of an unjust act, and a consideration of whether the will of one who suffers an unjust act affects its ethical status. In light of this it moves to a close analysis of the Physician’s Tale, arguing that it can best be understood as a philosophical thought experiment at the limits of ethical and moral action: an exposition of the question, in what circumstances of injustice, and by what understandings of the nature of shame and subjectivity, is it morally rational to choose death? This is inflected by medieval Christian understandings of suicide as a sin, against what appears as Chaucer’s experiment with agency and subjectivity under conditions of injustice. Arguing for the overall coherence of the Canterbury Tales’ Fragment VI (Physician’s and Pardoner’s Tales), discussion then compares the Pardoner, and in particular the figure of the Old Man in the Pardoner’s Tale, with the philosophical speculations offered by the Physician’s Tale. A new reading is given of the Old Man as a mirrored image of the Physician’s Tale’s Virginia, and it is argued that the fragment as a whole provides a disturbing exploration of Christian despair, as described by Kierkegaard.
All the King’s Men
Authors: Keo Bernard Z
Published: January 2025

As a community that straddled the economic, social, and cultural worlds of the Malay, Chinese, and British of Malaya, the Peranakan were in many ways the first Malayans. Piecing together Colonial Office records, memoirs, newspaper articles, and Peranakan writing in the Straits Chinese Magazine, this chapter explores the development of a distinctly cosmopolitan consciousness within the community over the course of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and how this contributed to their development of an inclusive and multi-ethnic imagination of the nation. It follows the Peranakan community’s interactions with the ideas and institutions of the British Empire from the very beginnings of the British presence in Malaya with the founding of the English East India Company (EIC) settlement on Penang Island in 1786 to the temporary withdrawal of the British from Malaya until the end of World War II in 1945. By unpacking Peranakan ideas of identity and belonging, this chapter lays the foundation for new understandings of the motivations behind Peranakan political activity from the end of the war to Malaya’s eventual independence in 1957. It furthermore radically rewrites the conventional characterization of Peranakan as ‘outsiders’ and recentres the making of Malaya towards a heretofore unacknowledged historical trajectory.
A Call to (Joint) Action
Authors: Keo Bernard Z
Published: January 2025

Following widespread Malay opposition to the Malayan Union, the British colonial government negotiated with the Malay Rulers and the United Malays National Organisation—the pre-eminent political party for ethnic Malays—to replace the Union. The result was the Federation of Malaya, which restored special Malay privileges and introduced strict requirements for citizenship that disenfranchised a majority of the non-Malay population. The Federation proposals galvanized a range of opposition groups across the political spectrum from the major ethnic communities. This chapter sheds light on the Peranakan individuals and organizations that resisted the fledgling ethnonationalist state from 1946 to 1948. More specifically, it recontextualizes the anti-Federation movement as presenting serious opposition to the ethno-centric vision of the nation-state put forward by Anglo-Malay compromise. Focussing on various groups of Peranakan and their competing visions of Malaya’s future, it ultimately hones in on how the failure to stop the Federation brought one faction of Peranakan from Penang towards a drastic course of action—secession.
Prospective pooled analyses of ambient ultraviolet radiation levels and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and multiple myeloma
Authors: Wang Sophia S , Bertrand Kimberly A , Deubler Emily L , Chao Chun R , Birmann Brenda M , Rosner Bernard A , McCullough Marjorie , Shu Yu-Hsiang , Wang Ke , Zhong Charlie , Cauble Emily L , Patel Alpa V , Lacey Jr James V , Cockburn Myles
Published: January 2025

Case-control studies of sun exposure and ultraviolet radiation (UVR) have consistently reported inverse associations with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) risk, but prospective studies have yielded mixed results. Few studies have explored these exposures in relation to multiple myeloma (MM) risk. To further evaluate these associations with NHL and MM risk and identify etiologically relevant exposure timing, we pooled data on 566,693 individuals from 6 United States (U.S.) prospective cohort studies (11,636 incident NHL; 2,749 incident MM; median follow-up: 20 years) and used geographic information systems models to estimate residential ambient UVR levels at time points from birth to adulthood. Using Cox proportional hazards models, we calculated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations of residential ambient UVR levels with NHL overall, NHL subtypes, and MM, adjusted for study, age and other putative risk factors. No UVR measures were significantly associated with NHL or NHL subtypes. Higher residential UVR levels during cohort follow-up were inversely associated with MM overall and among females (longitudinally-updated HR per interquartile range increase: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.63, 0.86) but not males (1.08; 0.90, 1.29). Our results do not confirm an inverse association of adult ambient UVR levels with NHL risk. The MM findings require further investigation.
Development of a physical performance summary score in middle age: Findings from the CARDIA Function study
Authors: Burrows Brett T , Sloane Richard , Faldowski Richard , Pieper Carl , Lewis Cora E , Gabriel Kelley Pettee , Jacobs David R , Bowling C Barrett
Published: January 2025

Few physical performance batteries exist that appropriately evaluate physical limitations in middle-aged adults. We aimed to develop a physical performance summary score that is appropriate for use in epidemiology studies of middle-aged adults using data from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Function study, which assessed self-reported function (PROMIS-SF20a) and physical performance measures (gait speed, balance, lower-body strength, grip strength, and cardiovascular endurance). The CARDIA Physical Performance (CAPP) score was developed using sex-specific quartiles, assigning points based on these quartiles (0 for not attempted, 1-4 for each quartile), and summing points across all performance measures (0-20, higher scores reflect greater performance). We also examined the relationship between CAPP score and other function-related measures (physical activity, quality of life, sedentary behavior, body mass index, and waist circumference). Among 2,021 CARDIA Function participants [mean age: 60.0±3.6 years; 58% female; 44% Black] a 1-point higher CAPP score (μ= 12.3±4.1) was associated with a 0.85 higher PROMIS-SF20a score (β= 0.85, p< 0.001). CAPP score had a canonical correlation coefficient of 0.63 (p< 0.0001) suggesting a strong correlation with other function-related measures. CAPP score captured a wide range of physical performance and was correlated with self-reported function and other function-related measures.
Advancing Health Equity Metrics: Estimating the Burden of Lung Cancer Attributed to Known Carcinogens by Socio-economic Position
Authors: Counil Emilie , Ismail Walaa , Roblin Arthur , Luce Danièle , Paris Christophe
Published: January 2025

Attributable burden of disease estimates reported population-wide do not reflect social disparities in exposures and outcomes. This makes one of the influential scientific tools in public health decision-making insensitive to the distribution of health impacts between socioeconomic groups. Our aim was to use the often-overlooked distributive property of the population attributable fraction (PAF) to quantitatively partition the population burden attributed to know risk factors into subgroups defined by their socioeconomic position (SEP). To illustrate our approach, we focus on lung cancer risk in relation to smoking and exposure to three occupational carcinogens: asbestos, silica dust and diesel motor exhaust. We directly estimate PAFs from a large population-based case-control study using multiple unconditional logistic regression, mutually adjusting for available known risk factors. We partition the PAFs of occupational exposures and smoking according to different SEP indicators: occupational class, prestige and trajectory, and education. Our results show that workplace exposures, smoking and their population health impacts concentrate among lower-SEP groups, a long-known reality that had never been measured through a PAF approach. While attempting to quantify the avoidable burden of diseases, it is useful to partition population-wide into SEP-specific metrics, as the modifiable exposures (behavioural, work-related, environmental) are socially stratified.
Assessing the 10/66 Dementia Classification Algorithm for International Comparative Analyses with the U.S.
Authors: Llibre Guerra Jorge J , Weiss Jordan , Li Jing , Soria Chris , Rodriguez-Salgado Ana , de Jesús Llibre Rodriguez Juan , Jiménez Velázquez Ivonne Z , Acosta Daisy , Liu Mao-Mei , Dow William H
Published: January 2025

Cross-national comparisons of dementia prevalence are essential for identifying unique determinants and cultural-specific risk factors, but methodological differences in dementia classification across countries hinder global comparisons. This study maps the 10/66 algorithm for dementia classification, widely used and validated in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), to the U.S. Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study (ADAMS), the dementia sub-study of the Health and Retirement Study, and assesses its performance in ADAMS. We identified the subset of 10/66 algorithm items comparably measured in ADAMS, then used these items to re-train the 10/66 algorithm against the ADAMS clinical dementia diagnosis, employing k-fold cross-validation to assess performance. We compared the modified 10/66 algorithm to four other dementia classification algorithms previously validated in ADAMS, both for overall dementia estimation as well as for estimating education gradients. The modified 10/66 algorithm had higher sensitivity (87%) and specificity (93%) than the comparison algorithms. All of the algorithms over-estimated the education gradient in dementia, although the modest ADAMS sample size precludes precise comparisons of education gradient accuracy. Overall, we found that the modified 10/66 algorithm performs well in classifying dementia status in the U.S. Our results support the validity of risk factor comparisons between U.S. and 10/66 LMIC dementia datasets.
Ambient temperature and deaths from homicide in Brazil during 2010-2019: A nationwide space-time-stratified case-crossover study
Authors: Mahendran Rahini , Xu Rongbin , Yu Pei , Coelho Micheline S Z S , Saldiva Paulo H N , Li Shanshan , Guo Yuming
Published: January 2025

Research question: Previous evidence suggests a positive association between temperature and homicide, but the association was less clear in Brazil where homicide is one of the leading causes of death. This study aimed to quantify the association between ambient daily temperature and homicides in Brazil with potential lag effects and to quantify the temperature attributed fractions of homicides in Brazil.

Methods: A space-time-stratified case-crossover design with distributed lag models was used to evaluate the temperature-homicide association from 1·1·2010 to 31·12·2019 in Brazil. The odds ratios (OR), attributable fractions and their confidence intervals (CI) were calculated.

Results: Overall every 5°C increase in daily mean temperature was associated with a 10·6% (OR=1·106, 95% CI: 1·085–1·127) increase in homicidal deaths at lag 0-8 days. The temperature-homicide association is stronger for females and elderly, homicides by fights, sharp objects or firearm, and in North region. During the study period, 1·8% (95% CI: 1·1%–2·7%) of homicides could be attributed to temperature above immediate-region-specific median temperature corresponding to 10,921 additional deaths (95% CI: 6,350–15,372).

Conclusion: Our nationwide study suggests that the homicides in Brazil may increase with temperature and recommends targeted preventions for certain risk groups to high temperature, considering future climate change circumstances.
The Effect of Intensive Treatment of Hypertension on Cardiovascular Events, Generalized to Middle-Aged to Older Americans Living with Hypertension
Authors: Shen Nicola M , Wanigatunga Amal A , Michos Erin D , Ambrosius Walter T , Lesko Catherine R
Published: January 2025

The Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT) estimated the effect of intensive SBP treatment (target <120 mmHg) compared to standard (<140 mmHg) on the risk of cardiovascular events in adults aged 50+ years. Clinical trial participants may differ from an intervention’s target population. We generalized the SPRINT results to U.S. adults who would qualify for treatment under SPRINT eligibility criteria. We applied these eligibility criteria to participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in 2011 – 2018 to describe the target population. We estimated Cox proportional hazards models and Kaplan-Meier risk curves, weighted with the inverse odds of sampling, to estimate hazards ratios (HR) and 5-year risk differences for the effect of intensive treatment on cardiovascular and adverse events in the target population. The HR for CVD events was 0.76 (0.53, 1.08) comparing intensive to standard treatment, which is consistent with the estimates from the original SPRINT trial. The 5-year risk difference for a cardiovascular event was -2.2% (-5.3%, 1.6%). The HR for serious adverse events was 0.97 (0.83, 1.13). Despite differences between the SPRINT and target populations, we estimated a similar benefit of intensive treatment and similar rates of SAEs, in the target population.
Pharmacy technician education and training: Highlighting the partnership among a state pharmacy association, local community college, and healthcare system
Authors: Yik Richard , Salvo Marissa C
Published: January 2025

Purpose

Well-educated and well-trained pharmacy technicians play an integral part in the operation of pharmacies. However, recently, the pharmacy technician workforce has been declining due to many factors, including low salary, limited career advancement, and increasing responsibilities. Here a pharmacy technician student education and training partnership among a state pharmacy association, a community college, and a healthcare system is described.

Through this novel partnership, the state association provides the curriculum and instructors for the community college to offer the course and the health system provides real-world experiences. The dedicated course with didactic and simulation opportunities, coupled with the experiential learning opportunity, following successful course completion, can prepare pharmacy technician students to enter the workforce and potentially address recent workforce shortages.

Conclusion

Collaboration among a state pharmacy association, a community college, and a healthcare system or pharmacy may be a viable model in providing pharmacy technician education and training programs. Partnered health systems or pharmacies may benefit from having a consistent pool of well-trained, diverse, and dedicated pharmacy technicians to add to the workforce.
Prediction of human gut microbiota-drug associations based on multiple graph convolutional networks
Authors: Wang Shuaiqi , Li Xingxiu , Zhou Kaicheng , Li Jianxi , Hou Dongyue , Xu Caili , Yang Yuan , Ju Dianwen , Zeng Xian
Published: January 2025

Motivation

Many associations among gut microbiota, diseases, and therapeutic drugs have been reported in various clinical settings, providing a new layer of clues for understanding the variations of therapeutic features among patients. However, experimental strategies heavily suffered from the technic challenges of the isolation and in vitro culture of individual microbiota species.

Results

In this study, we developed a multiple graph convolutional networks model (GutMDA) for predicting gut micro-biota-drug associations to complement experimental strategies and existing prediction methods. We constructed gut microbiota species-species based on phylogenetical-based similarity, drug-drug network based on chemical structural similarity, and disease-disease association networks based on MESH-derived semantic similarity. These networks were subsequently integrated into a microbiota-disease-drug triple network and trained on graph convolutional network models to predict microbiota-drug associations. The results showed that GutMDA demonstrates superior performance with the average AUC and AUPR over 0.99 on MASI dataset in five-fold cross validations. The case studies showed that the most of top-20 predicted associations have been validated experimentally in recent publications, which further demonstrated the effectiveness of GutMDA. In summary, GutMDA provided an effective option for predicting gut microbiota-drug associations.

Availability and implementation

Original data and codes are available at https://github.com/Wang-Shuaiqi/GutMDA.
Population genetic structure of an androdioecious freshwater clam (Corbicula fluminea) and its clonal reproduction analysed through GRAS-Di sequencing technology
Authors: Sano Natsumi , Yamagishi Amane , Houki Shouji , Kawamura Kouichi , Inoue Nariaki , Komaru Akira
Published: January 2025

The freshwater clam Corbicula fluminea is a simultaneous hermaphrodite that reproduces through androgenesis. However, we found the coexistence of males and hermaphrodites (androdioecy) of C. fluminea in the Yasu River in Shiga Prefecture and in the Shirakawa River in Kyoto, Japan. In this study, we investigated the genetic structure of the androdioecious populations and the genetic relationship between brooding clams and brooded juveniles in their egg pouches, using genotyping by random amplicon sequencing–direct (GRAS-Di) to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms in gill tissue samples. Principal component analysis and assignment tests showed that males collected from the Yasu River were genetically distinct from males collected from the Shirakawa River and from hermaphrodites collected from both rivers. The results reveal maintenance of a male lineage in the Yasu River from 2009 to 2018, whereas in the Shirakawa River males were not distinct from hermaphrodites. In the study locations, this species exhibited two shell colour phenotypes (‘yellow’ and ‘green’), but correspondence between shell colour and genotype was not detected. A perfect match of all 6968 single nucleotide polymorphisms was found between the brooding clams and brooded juveniles, which confirmed the clonal reproduction with androgenesis reported previously from cytological observations.
The Lasting Effects of Incarcerating Juveniles in US Adult Facilities: Examining the Impact on Employment and Income During Early Adulthood
Authors: Silver Ian A , Semenza Daniel C , Wooldredge John
Published: January 2025

Using the NLSY-1997, the current study examined if juvenile incarceration in US adult correctional facilities influenced the average number of weeks worked and income earned during adulthood and the number of years until an individual worked a full week and earned federal minimum wage. These effects were also specified by a juvenile’s race. Results demonstrated that juvenile incarceration in an adult facility was associated with negative employment and income outcomes during early adulthood. Also, Black juveniles are more susceptible to these economic consequences. Theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
Hospitalization for cardiovascular disease in the year after delivery of twin pregnancies
Authors: Lin Ruby , Fields Jessica C , Lee Rachel , Rosenfeld Emily B , Daggett Emily E , Sharma Ruchira , Ananth Cande V
Published: January 2025

Background and Aims

Increased cardiovascular demand in twin pregnancies, even those without hypertensive disease of pregnancy (HDP), may pose a greater risk for cardiovascular complications compared with singletons. In this study, the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD)–related hospitalizations and mortality within the year following delivery in relation to HDP was compared between twin and singleton pregnancies.

Methods

Using the Nationwide Readmissions Database of US hospitals from 2010 to 2020, the rates of CVD readmission in four exposure groups (twin deliveries with and without HDP and singleton deliveries with and without HDP) were estimated. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to determine associations with singletons without HDP as the reference.

Results

Of 36 million delivery hospitalizations, the rates of CVD readmission in twin and singleton pregnancies were 1105.4 and 734.1 per 100 000 delivery admissions, respectively. Compared with singletons without HDP, the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of CVD readmission was highest for twins with HDP [HR 8.21, 95% confidence interval (CI) 7.48–9.01], followed by singletons with HDP (HR 5.89, 95% CI 5.70–6.08) and then twins without HDP (HR 1.95, 95% CI 1.75, 2.17).

Conclusions

Compared with singletons without HDP, twin pregnancies, even in the absence of HDP, are associated with increased risks for CVD complications in the first year post-partum. These findings highlight the increased strain twin pregnancies place on the maternal cardiovascular system. These findings advocate the need for appropriate pre-conception counselling for those with cardiovascular risk factors undergoing infertility treatment, which increase the risks of multi-foetal gestation, and increased post-partum surveillance in twin pregnancies.
Self-care: a well-known but yet elusive concept. A discussion of theories, concepts, interventions, and measurement
Authors: Jaarsma Tiny , Riegel Barbara , Strömberg Anna
Published: January 2025

Good self-care can improve survival, decrease health care costs, and improve quality of life of persons with cardiovascular illness. Health care professionals from different disciplines have a role in self-care support. Many definitions, theories, and measurement instruments exist addressing self-care and this plethora might be confusing to clinicians and researchers. In this discussion article, we will guide the reader to find the right terminology and discuss theoretical foundations and instruments available to frame patient care and research addressing the self-care of persons with cardiovascular illness.
Effects of exergaming and yoga on exercise capacity and physical and mental health in heart failure patients: a randomized sub-study
Authors: Klompstra Leonie , Hägglund Eva , Jaarsma Tiny , Kato Naoko P , Strömberg Anna
Published: January 2025

Aims

This study aimed to explore effects of exergaming and medical yoga on exercise capacity, fatigue, shortness of breath, health-related quality of life, depression, and anxiety in patients with heart failure.

Methods and results

A randomized sub-study with a 3-month intervention and outcomes measures at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months. Participants were recruited from heart failure clinics in Sweden. Treatment effects in change of outcomes were tested in an analysis of mixed-effects models with repeated measures. Change in outcomes was the dependent variable. The independent fixed-effect parameters were treatment group, time, and the interaction between treatment group and time.

In total, 104 patients (37% women, mean age 71 ± 12, 48% in New York Heart Association Class II and 42% in III) were randomized to exergaming (n = 35), medical yoga (n = 33), or an active control group (n = 36). No statistically significant differences were found between these three groups on any of the outcome measures. Exergaming significantly improved exercise capacity, fatigue, shortness of breath, and physical health-related quality of life and medical yoga improved symptoms of fatigue and emotional health-related quality of life. The control group did not change on the exercise capacity, symptoms, health-related quality of life, or depressive or anxiety symptoms. The well-being score in patients in the control group significantly decreased at 3 months.

Conclusion

Both exergaming and medical yoga demonstrated positive impacts on outcomes when compared with a control group. Exergaming, characterized by its elevated physical intensity, exerted effects primarily on physical health, while medical yoga, as a mind–body intervention, exhibited influences on emotional well-being.

Registration

ClinicalTrial.gov: NCT01785121
Inequalities in health and resources between siblings of individuals with and without mental health disorder: an observational study using the French national health data system
Authors: Heyer Thibaut , Tuppin Philippe
Published: January 2025

The aim of the present study was to describe the effect of an individual’s mental health disorder on the resources of his or her adult siblings. A subject rarely analyzed on a large scale. The French National Health Data System (SNDS) collects data on individuals, including their characteristics and the types of healthcare used. A national observational sectional case–control study included individuals covered as of 1 January 2019 and receiving yearly at least one healthcare reimbursement in 2019 including their SNDS data collected from 2013 to 2018. The main variables of interest were a Complementary Universal Health Coverage (CUHC) granted to people who had limited resources. There is also a long-term disease (LTD) status qualifying also for 100% for a specific disease and an ecological index of social deprivation of the place of residence. Conditions were also collected using a specific tool including LTD and hospital diagnosis. Analyzed siblings included 280 709 cases with at least one member suffering from a mental health disorder and 561 418 randomly selected control individuals were addressed using a multilevel model. Siblings of people with mental health problems were more likely to benefit from CUHC or to live in the most deprived area. In addition, the study also highlighted the importance of parental background, which appears to be poorer than in the control population. Social inequalities are particularly marked among the siblings of a person suffering from mental health disorder. Further studies are needed to better understand and enlarge these observational results.
Getting school-provided meals to the table: an international multiple-case study of school food service
Authors: Manson Alexandra C , Johnson Brittany J , Middleton Georgia , Evans Charlotte , Dunbabin Julie , Rossiter Jo , Nicklaus Sophie , Sundin Anders , Sundin Niina , Golley Rebecca K
Published: January 2025

A school food service, which is the way children access food during the school day, is one of the many aspects in creating a health-promoting school environment. School-provided meal services differ greatly, depending on the country, region and school contexts, however, there is limited understanding of the diverse meal delivery within these settings. Therefore, the aim of this study was to understand different school-provided meal systems across different countries and contexts. This study used a qualitative, naturalistic observation, using an interpretative epistemology and a multiple-case design to explore food service across seven schools, mapped against a school meal food service framework. This included three schools with an established school-provided meal system (England, France and Sweden) and four schools with emerging school-provided meal systems (Australia). Mapping captured findings across the domains of Menu offering, Food service system, Administration, Eating environment, Mealtime experience and Post-meal. Results demonstrate the need for tailored school food programmes, designed appropriate to the country, region and school context, including considering cultural underpinnings and available resources. Furthermore, a positive eating environment and elements of student choice and responsibility were all noted as principles important in a school food service. This knowledge can be used to inform planning of future systems, particularly for regions transitioning into a school-provided meal model, and those looking to implement improvements to existing systems.
Upadacitinib in Autoimmune Enteropathy—A Case Report
Authors: Chin Simone , Lokan Julie , Wong Darren , De Cruz Peter , Choy Matthew
Published: January 2025

Lay Summary

Autoimmune enteropathy (AIE) is a rare condition, which can be debilitating. We report a steroid-refractory case of AIE which responded to upadacitinib.
Memorial Justice? Lessons from Colombia on How Memorialization Can Serve Justice in Transitional Contexts
Authors: Gutiérrez-Rodríguez Carlos
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACT∞

The first Restorative Sanctions (Sanciones Propias) proposed by the Colombian Special Jurisdiction for Peace – globally acknowledged for its innovative sanctioning model – include memorial initiatives that should serve to punish the perpetrators of massive human rights violations and contribute to restoring the damages caused during the armed conflict. While in previous transitional processes, memory had a role as a complement, an alternative or a means to achieve justice in the future, through the Special Jurisdiction for Peace, memory could play a role as judicial punishment for those most responsible for massive atrocities. This article explores the gap opened up by this new dimension for memory through a transdisciplinary qualitative case study. It examines how and whether memorialization can serve the interests of justice.
Prevalence and factors associated with TB among presumptive TB patients in war-affected areas of North Wollo, Ethiopia
Authors: Asmare Zelalem , Assefa Abebe , Belay Amanuel , Mulie Ayehu , Aschil Dawit , Gashaw Yalewayker
Published: January 2025

Background

TB is a leading infectious disease globally, with war and displacement significantly increasing its burden. In Ethiopia, ongoing conflict and displacement have worsened health conditions, yet data on TB prevalence and resistance remain scarce. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of TB, rifampicin-resistant TB (RR-TB), and associated factors among presumptive TB patients in hospitals during the ongoing crisis.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted with 273 presumptive TB participants, recruited via convenience sampling. Data on socio-demographic and behavioural factors were collected through interviews using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. Sputum samples were examined using the Xpert MTB/RIF molecular assay. Binary logistic regression was used to analyse the association between independent variables and TB. Variables with a P value  ≤0.25 in the univariate analysis were included in the multivariable regression to identify independent predictors, with a P value ≤0.05 considered statistically significant.

Results

Among the 273 study participants, 47 were confirmed to have Mycobacterium tuberculosis, resulting in a prevalence of 17.2%. Of the 47 patients diagnosed with M. tuberculosis, 17 (36.2%) were found to have rifampicin-resistant strains. Previous contact with displaced persons [adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 4.237; 95% CI: 1.67–10.762; P value: 0.002), contact with TB-infected individuals (AOR: 5.644; 95% CI: 2.46–12.96; P value: <0.01) and being HIV positive (AOR: 3.074; 95% CI: 1.26–7.50; P value: 0.014) were the significant predictors for TB.

Conclusions

Our study revealed a troubling prevalence of RR-TB, underscoring the adverse effects of war and displacement on healthcare services. Significant associations with predictors like HIV infection and close contact with TB-infected individuals necessitate targeted interventions.
How do judges use large language models? Evidence from Shenzhen
Authors: Liu John Zhuang , Li Xueyao
Published: January 2025

This article reports on the systematic use of a large language model by a court in China to generate judicial opinions—arguably the first instance of this in the world. Based on this case study, we outline the interaction pattern between judges and generative artificial intelligence (AI) in real-world scenarios, namely: 1) judges make initial decisions; 2) the large language model generates reasoning based on the judges’ decisions; and 3) judges revise the reasoning generated by AI to make the final judgment. We contend that this pattern is typical and will remain stable irrespective of advances in AI technologies, given that judicial accountability ultimately rests with judges rather than machines. Drawing on extensive research in behavioral sciences, we propose that this interaction process between judges and AI may amplify errors and biases in judicial decision-making by reinforcing judges’ prior beliefs. An experiment with real judges provides mixed evidence.
Object and Effects Tests in Resale Price Maintenance Cases in China
Authors: Ju Heng , Li Meitong
Published: January 2025

The legal rules toward RPM in China are undergoing a major change. Reflecting the classical disputes over the issues in major competition jurisdictions, the change highlights the importance of an effect-based approach. We summarize how RPM had been regulated in China under the jurisdiction of Anti-Monopoly Law. We also discuss the potential switch to an “effect-based” approach and the likely reliance on economic analysis in the future, through a systematic study of all the 45 RPM cases in China between 2008 and 2022.
Integrated metabolomics and network pharmacology analysis to reveal the mechanisms of naringin against atherosclerosis
Authors: Zhang Gaoning , Yin Xiaoyi , Tang Xiao , Wang Kexin , Liu Yifan , Gong Lili , Tian Zhenhua
Published: January 2025

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to explore the mechanism of naringin in atherosclerotic mice from the perspective of network pharmacology and non-targeted metabolomics.

Methods

ApoE−/− mice were induced to establish an atherosclerotic model to explore the pharmacodynamics and potential mechanism of naringin in atherosclerosis (AS). Pathological section and blood lipid levels were used to evaluate the intervention effects. The core targets, metabolites, and related pathways of naringin alleviating atherosclerotic were predicted through network pharmacology and metabolomics analysis. Furthermore, the inflammatory factors and pathway-related protein expression were detected using ELISA and Western blot methods.

Key findings

It turned out that compared with the model group, the naringin could reduce the development degree in atherosclerotic mice. The network pharmacology suggested that PI3K-AKT pathway was an important mechanism for naringin to interfere with AS. Serum metabolic data were collected and analyzed, and a total of 27 potential biomarkers were identified, involving vitamin B6 metabolism, arginine metabolism, and retinol metabolism. The experiment verified that naringin inhibited inflammation in AS through the PI3K-AKT/TLR4/NF-κB pathway.

Conclusions

This study provides a strategy combining metabolomics and network pharmacology to explore the alleviation of AS by naringin and offers a new idea for its application.
Debating #OwnVoices: Racial/Ethnic Authenticity, Controlling Images, and Gang Life in Erika T. Wurth’s You Who Enter Here
Authors: García Frank
Published: January 2025

This essay analyzes Erika T. Wurth’s Native American gang novel You Who Enter Here (2019) to rethink the #OwnVoices debates. Popularized by the controversy surrounding the 2020 publication of Jennine Cummins’s American Dirt, the digital activist movement #OwnVoices critiqued stereotypical representations of historically marginalized groups in literature. Arguing that “some stories are not yours to tell,” the movement called for writers to share the identities of the characters they author as a strategy for eliminating harmful literary representations of marginalized populations. This study, however, thinks through Wurth’s own-voice representation of Native American gangs as a way of pushing back against #OwnVoices’s romanticization of racial/ethnic authenticity as a solution to damaging literary representations of historically marginalized people. Showing that racial/ethnic authenticity is insufficient for addressing the concerns the #OwnVoices movement raises, this essay supplies a new direction and language that this movement and those sharing its concern might turn toward. It develops an alternative language that centers the responsibility writers and publishers have when producing texts about historically marginalized people and places, the literary publishing industry’s cultivation of own- and outside-voice stories rife with “controlling images,” and the reader’s capacity to navigate inimical representations through what this essay theorizes as “oppositional readership.”