bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Authorial dialogue in Iris Murdoch’s “The Sea, the Sea”
Authors: Байко В.А. , Галанова Е.М.
Published: November 2021

В статье рассматривается роль авторского диалога в философско-психологическом романе Айрис Мёрдок «Море, море» (Iris Murdoch “The Sea, the Sea”, 1978) в раскрытии авторского замысла в целом и выявлении аспектов диалогичности художественного текста. На сегодняшний день отсутствуют лингвистические исследования данного популярного романа, который представляет прекрасный образец философско-психологического произведения литературы ХХ века и отражает актуальные тенденции работы с художественным словом, что обусловливает актуальность и научную новизну работы. Авторы статьи на материале романа А. Мёрдок анализируют диалогические маркеры речевого взаимодействия, опираясь на теорию, разработанную в исследовании Т. Ф. Плехановой, посвященную анализу художественного текста как дискурса в его диалогическом измерении, предлагают классификацию диалогических маркеров авторско-читательского взаимодействия, выявляют языковые средства, оформляющие непосредственный диалогический контакт, проводят подробный лингвостилистический анализ наиболее интересных фрагментов речевого взаимодействия, делают выводы об их роли в реализации авторского замысла.

The article discusses the role of the authorial dialogue in the philosophical and psychological novel by Iris Murdoch “The Sea, the Sea” in revealing the authorial intent, namely aspects of the dialogic character of a literary text. The popular novel by Iris Murdoch is a perfect specimen of philosophical and psychological fiction of the twentieth century reflecting up-to-date literary trends; however, it has not undergone any thorough linguistic analysis so far. This fact determines the topicality and novelty of the research conducted. The authors investigate dialogical markers of speech interaction based on the theory devoted to the analysis of a literary text as a discourse in its dialogical dimension developed by T. F. Plekhanova. Based on the results of the Plekhanova research, the authors of the article offer a classification of dialogical markers of author-reader interaction; identify linguistic means that form direct dialogical contact, conduct a detailed linguistic and stylistic analysis of the most interesting fragments of speech interaction, make conclusions about their role in the implementation of the authorial intent.
The Global and the National in the Linguistics of Fashion Blogs
Authors: Ахренова Н.А. , Орлова А.А.
Published: November 2021

Исследуются лингвопрагматические и лингвокультурные особенности текстов англоязычной, испаноязычной и франкоязычной блогосферы моды. Основой написания статьи явилась следующая гипотеза: в процессе глобализации происходит унификация письменных традиций в различных лингвокультурах с сохранением ключевых особенностей менталитета и национального характера. Цель исследования состоит в изучении влияния процесса глобализации на национальное своеобразие культур, их лингвистические особенности и традиции создания письменного текста, что находит отражение в текстах блогов, посвященных модной индустрии. В результате проведенного изучения обнаружено определенное сходство блогов о моде в трех лингвокультурах: англоязычной, франкоязычной и испаноязычной. Обоснованность выводов,
к которым пришли авторы в ходе сравнительного анализа сходств и различий в употреблении лингвистических средств и средств художественной выразительности в блогах на упомянутых ранее языках, подтверждается обширным проанализированным материалом — 30 модных блогов на трех языках, входящих в десятку самых популярных.

The article focuses on linguo-pragmatic and linguocultural features of the texts of the English-speaking, Spanish-speaking and French-speaking fashion blogosphere. Hypothetically, in the process of globalization, written traditions are unified in various linguistic cultures, but at the same time they retain the key features of mentality and national character. The purpose of the paper is to study the impact of globalization on the national identity of cultures, their linguistic characteristics and traditions of creating a written text, which is reflected in the rapidly developing blogosphere, exemplified by fashion blogs. The study found some similarities between fashion blogs across three linguistic cultures: English, French, and Spanish. The validity of the conclusions made by the authors in the course of a comparative analysis of the similarities and differences in the use of linguistic means and means of artistic expression in blogs in the previously mentioned languages is confirmed by extensive material for analysis — 30 fashion blogs in three languages, which are among the ten most popular.
Topical issues on the use of terms in conclusions of the expert (based on materials of expertise of video, sound recording)
Authors: KOVALCHUK N. , LEONOV B.
Published: November 2021

The article provides an interpretation of the most commonly used terms and terminological components, provides practical recommendations for standartization of variance of terms, which will be useful to experts when analyzing the results and preparing  expert conclusions.
Numerical Analysis on A Non-Critical Stenosis in Renal Artery
Authors: Pranav Hegde  , Gowrava Shenoy B.  , A B V Barboza  , S. M. Abdul Khader  , Raghuvir Pai  , Masaaki Tamagawa  , Ravindra Prabhu  , D. Srikanth Rao
Published: November 2021

The increase in cardiovascular diseases worldwide has resulted in higher death rate of people globally; the primary reason being atherosclerosis. A better understanding of this condition can be achieved through the application of numerical methods to understand the haemodynamics. The present study aims to investigate the effects of renal artery angulation on the flow characteristics in a non-critically stenosed artery compared to that of a normal artery in order to understand better, the reasons for causes and progression of renal artery stenosis. Abdominal aorta-renal artery models ranging from 30° to 90° angulations were generated from computerized tomography-angiogram slices, post which they were subjected to cleanup and defeaturing. Haemodynamic parameters such as velocity, pressure and time-averaged wall shear stress were evaluated at early systole, peak systole and peak diastole for the different artery models. Extensive amounts of flow recirculation were observed in normal renal arteries with higher bifurcating angles, whereas it was not the case in stenosed arteries where flow acceleration was seen for the duration of the cardiac cycle. Evaluation of static pressure encountered a similar trend where an increase in angulation saw a decrease in pressure for normal arteries which contradicted with stenosed artery results. Analysis of shear stress saw very similar trends in normal and stenosed arteries, with lower angulation profiles experiencing higher values of shear stress at the Ostia. In the cases of arteries of higher angulation with a non-critical stenosis, the possibility of worsening of stenosis into an opprobrious stage remains a concern.
Results of the Preformed Physical Factors Application in the Rehabilitation Treatment of Corneal Ulcerative Defects
Authors: Yurova Olga V. , Soloviev Yaroslav A. , Konchugova Tatiana V.
Published: November 2021

Currently, an infectious corneal ulcer, a defect in the corneal epithelium, remains one of the main causes of monocular blindness,which necessitates the development of new effective methods of treatment.
Aim. To develop and evaluate the effectiveness of the technique for the complex application of preformed physical factors of local andsegmental action in patients with corneal ulcers.
Material and methods. The study involved 85 patients with corneal ulcers aged 18 to 60 years divided into three groups. Patients ofthe control group (29 people) received the standard drug therapy, the comparison group (29 people) underwent a course of magnetophoresiswith solcoseryl on closed eyelids against the background of standard drug therapy, patients of the main group (27 people)received standard drug therapy, magnetophoresis and low-frequency electrostatic fields on the collar area. All patients were evaluatedfor visual acuity, the size of the ulcer and the area of stromal infiltration. The subjective severity of pain syndrome (VAS scale),psychoemotional state (SAN test) were assessed. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using SPSS Statistics v.25.
Results. Immediately after treatment, the use of preformed physical factors made it possible to shorten the period of the ulcer epithelializationand suppression of the inflammatory reaction in the cornea, which significantly improved the clinical and functionalparameters of the eye, as well as considerably reduced the severity of pain syndrome in comparison with standard drug treatment.
Conclusion. In the long-term period, the use of preformed physical factors contributed to a significant decrease in the size of thecorneal infiltration area (residual opacities) and an improvement in the quality of life of patients according to the General MentalWellbeing scale, which exceeded the effectiveness of standard drug therapy, while the combined use of a low-frequency electrostaticfield and magnetophoresis allowed to noticeably improve the indicators of visual acuity in comparison with standard drug therapyand isolated use of magnetophoresis.
Application of Non-drug Methods in the Complex Rehabilitation of Children with Congenital Epidermolysis Bullosa
Authors: Konova Olga M. , Sviridova Tatiana V. , Lazurenko Svetlana B. , Brazhnikova Irina P. , Isaenkova Svetlana V. , Murashkin Nikolay N.
Published: November 2021

Congenital epidermolysis bullosa is known to be on the list of rare diseases for which there is no specific treatment. Determining thecontent and means of the rehabilitation program for patients with epidermolysis bullosa is not an easy task and involves a carefulselection of methods for each patient.
Aim. The article analyzes the results of the use of non-drug methods in the complex rehabilitation of 90 children (from 6,5 to 18 years)with congenital epidermolysis bullosa.
Material and methods. To assess the effectiveness of rehabilitation in the study before and after treatment we used methods ofclinical examination with skin state evaluation and standard psychological and pedagogical examination to determine the degree ofsocial adaptation of patients (analysis of medical and psychological and pedagogical documentation, structured conversation aboutsocial conditions of the child’s life, “Color diagnostic test of nervous and mental states and relations” (V.I. Timofeev and Y.I. Filimonenko),the method “Drawing of an unknown animal” (M.Z. Dukarevich, adaptation by A.L. Venger), “The T.V. Dembo-S.Y. Rubinstein Self-AssessmentResearch Method, the Self-Concept Scale” (E. Pierce, L. Harris, adapted by A. M. Prikhozhan), questionnaire “Assessment ofparental compliance” (D.E. Morisky, L.V. Green), questionnaire “Feeling, activity, mood” (V.A. Doskin, N.A. Lavrentieva, V.B. Sharay andM.P. Miroshnikov). The way in which diagnostics was organized varied taking into account the individual psychophysical capabilitiesof the child.
Results. The effectiveness evaluation of the complex rehabilitation of children with epidermolysis bullosa showed an improvementin the clinical condition of the children (significant reduction/elimination of dryness and itching of the skin) and the indicators of wellbeing(mean value: before 30 points after 45, p ≤0.05), activity (mean value: before 25 after 34, p ≤0.05), mood (mean value: before 44,after 51, p ≤0.05) of patients (WAM questionnaire), an increase in the degree of parental commitment to treating children (Moriski-Green questionnaire) from medium to medium and high values.
Conclusion. The inclusion of physical therapy and psychological and pedagogical methods of assistance in the process of rehabilitationtreatment increases its effectiveness, activates the compensatory potential of the child’s body, promotes harmonization of intrafamilyrelationships, and thus improves the quality of life of the child and his or her relatives.
Vegetative Indices in Assessing Effectiveness of the Photobioacoustic Complex in Children with the Vegetative Nervous System Somatoform Dysfunction, often Suffering from Acute Recurrent Infections
Authors: Kulikova Natalya G. , Konchugova Tatyana V. , Volkova Inna V. , Tkachenko Albina S.
Published: November 2021

Photobioacoustic methods of complex exposure allow correcting vegetative, vascular-cardiac disorders in children with autonomicnervous system somatoform dysfunction syndrome (ANSSDS) without pharmacological load.
Aim. To optimize the treatment of children with somatoform vegetative dysfunction (ANSSDS), often suffering from recurrent infections,using physiotherapy methods.The aim of the study was to optimize the treatment of children with somatoform vegetativedysfunction, often suffering from recurrentinfections, using physiotherapy methods.
Material and methods. The study included 140 children with autonomic nervous system somatoform dysfunction syndrome (ANSSDS),often suffering from recurrent infection. For the first time, clinical complaints, functional (ECG and cardiointerval recording KIR)and vegetative indicators (Kerdo, Hildebrandt index, Biend, Baoev-Parin) before/after application of the innovative photobioacousticcomplex, including: BАС-BFB-bioacoustic effects on the head and LLLR on the projection of the cubital region and thymus were analyzed.The duration of the procedure was 30 minutes and the course of treatment was 10 procedures. Before and after the procedures,vegetative indices and indicators of myocardial bioelectrogenesis were examined, comparing them with the norm in healthy children.
Results. 35% of children were diagnosed with parasympathicotonia (sympathetic imbalance -SI); 54.1% – sympathetic (SA) and10.9% – mixed (etonia – E) type of vegetative dystonia. There were reveled gender-age differences in subjective complaints of childrenwith ANSSDS, whose index vegetative indicators were correlated with the type of vegetative support. Children with SA were 2.5 timesmore likely to be diagnosed with cardiac syndrome and elevated blood pressure; in children with SI – 3.5 times more often detected:gastric, astheenoeurotic syndrome and allergic diseases; in children with E: asthenonevrotic, neurosis-like disorders and sleep disturbancesthat were differentiated after the use of photobioacoustic complex. Complaints and vegetative indices in children with SI andE were corrected more significantly than in SA.
Conclusion. Evaluation of vegetative indicators in children 7-12 years with ANSSDS, often suffering from recurrent infection, allows topersonify treatment programs and reduce the level of acute recurrent morbidity by 2.5 times.
The Struggle of Hybrid Entepreneur in The New Normal Era
Authors: Yogandhi Ni Putu Sintha Devi , Darma Gede Sri
Published: November 2021

This study aims to know and analyze about Hybrid Entrepreneur and the strategy of Hybrid Entrepreneur in the New Normal Era. The research setting is the physical environment with a qualitative approach. Key Informan is a Hybrid Entrepreneur determined by Purposive Sampling technique. Data collection was done by interviews, observations and documentation. The data source is from sources that can be used as a Hybrid Entrepreneur model and process by using Strategy Management approach with technical analysis of strategy formulation is based on a three-stage framework of strategy formulation with analysis tools Internal Factor Evaluation Matrix, External Factor Evaluation Matrix, Strengths-Weakness-Opportunities-Threats Matrix and the Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix. The conclusion are to become a Hybrid Entrepreneur should be based on expertise, while also having the ability to take opportunities and the courage in making business decisions. Market Penetration Strategy is the most appropriate strategy in facing competition in this New Normal era with the best long-term strategy is Integration Strategy, which is to increase the sales network directly to consumers, then increase control over suppliers for product innovation development, and increase competitiveness among others by acquiring competitors.
Menelisik Stres Kerja Tenaga Kesehatan Dimasa Pandemi Covid-19 di Rumah Sakit
Authors: Purwaningsih Cokorda Istri Inten , Darma Gede Sri
Published: November 2021

This study aims to determine the factors that cause stress levels, resilience factors, and barriers for health workers in dealing with Covid-19 patients at the Denpasar City Hospital. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach. Data was collected by using interviews, observation, and documentation techniques. Data analysis techniques include data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. Checking the validity of the data was carried out by displaying the participation of researchers, triangulation techniques using various sources, anchovies and methods, and persistence of observation. Research informants are doctors and nurses. The results showed that: The factors that influence the stress of health workers in dealing with Covid-19 in Denpasar City hospitals are the heavy workload during the pandemic, the lack of quality of work support facilities for health workers and the stigma of society towards health workers. The factors possessed by medical personnel for resistance to stress are the presence of self-motivation in the form of mindfulness and moral and professional responsibility as health workers, motivation from the patient's family as well as motivation and support from the organization. The obstacles encountered by health workers are the lack of quality and quantity of work support facilities and various patient behaviors that hinder the healing process of Covid-19 patients.
A review of tangle-veined flies (Nemestrinidae, Diptera) in Egypt
Authors: El-Hashash Arafa Elsayed , Badrawy Haitham Badrawy Mousa , Ibrahim Ayman Mohyie-Eldin
Published: November 2021

The Egyptian fauna of the genus Nemestrinus Latreille, 1802 is revised. In 1967, Steyskal and El-Bialy listed 12 species from the region, but only six species are now recognized. The primary type specimens of the species N. aegyptiacus (Wiedemann, 1828), N. rufipes (Olivier, 1810), and N. lateralis Wiedemann, 1828 (N. lateralis being a synonym of N. rufipes) deposited in the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany were examined. Two species (N. abdominalis Olivier, 1811 and N. fascifrons (Bigot, 1888) are placed as new synonyms of N. ater (Olivier, 1811), and N. ruficornis Macquart, 1840 is synonymized with N. rufipes (Olivier, 1811). Nemestrinus jullieni (Efflatoun, 1925) is confirmed as a synonym of N. aegyptiacus. Furthermore, three species (N. caucasicus Fischer, 1806, N. pallipes (Olivier, 1811), and N. persicus Lichtwardt, 1909) have been removed and are doubtful records from Egypt. A key to the species, lists of specimens examined, and Illustrations and distributions for each species are provided. The status of species of doubtful occurrence in Egypt is discussed.
Dimension reduction in recurrent networks by canonicalization
Authors: Grigoryeva Lyudmila , Ortega Juan-Pablo
Published: November 2021

Many recurrent neural network machine learning paradigms can be formulated using state-space representations. The classical notion of canonical state-space realization is adapted in this paper to accommodate semi-infinite inputs so that it can be used as a dimension reduction tool in the recurrent networks setup. The so-called input forgetting property is identified as the key hypothesis that guarantees the existence and uniqueness (up to system isomorphisms) of canonical realizations for causal and time-invariant input/output systems with semi-infinite inputs. Additionally, the notion of optimal reduction coming from the theory of symmetric Hamiltonian systems is implemented in our setup to construct canonical realizations out of input forgetting but not necessarily canonical ones. These two procedures are studied in detail in the framework of linear fading memory input/output systems. {Finally, the notion of implicit reduction using reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces (RKHS) is introduced which allows, for systems with linear readouts, to achieve dimension reduction without the need to actually compute the reduced spaces introduced in the first part of the paper.
Cognitive Antecedents of the Agricultural Entrepreneurship Intentions of Indian University Students
Authors: Hussain Syed Abid , Ahmad Gayas , Khan Adil , Hassan Aamir , Shamim Mohd
Published: November 2021

The purpose of this chapter is to extend the research on determinants of entrepreneurial intentions in the agricultural industry by using the theoretical framework of determinants of entrepreneurial intentions and entrepreneurial event model. By employing the DEI and EEM, the researchers evaluate how perceived desirability, perceived feasibility, individual background, and triggering events can influence the attitude of an individual and in turn how entrepreneurial attitude can control entrepreneurial intentions. To achieve the objective, a questionnaire survey was held using the sample of 335 PhD, master, and bachelor students in commerce, business, and economics from an Indian central university. The data was analysed using a linear regression model. The findings advocate that perceived desirability, perceived feasibility, individual background, and triggering events are positively related to entrepreneurial attitude, and the entrepreneurial attitude positively and significantly influences entrepreneurial intentions in the agricultural sector.
A Comprehensive Review of Agricultural Policies in India
Authors: Ullah Amaan , Idrisi Abukasim , Khan Mohd Mohsin , Islam K. M. Bahrul
Published: November 2021

India has been an agrarian economy since ancient times; despite the diminishing value added of agricultural activities to total domestic production or GDP, the agriculture sector has remained the largest employer and thus proved to be the driver of growth and poverty reduction. Moreover, in the recent period of a pandemic where every economic activity came to a halt and showed a negative growth rate, agricultural activities, on the other hand, grew positively, employing job losers in these challenging times. However, agriculture in India faces lots of obstacles due to its limitations in policy formulation and implementation. Therefore, this chapter aims to provide an outline of Indian agriculture growth – reviewing its agricultural policy reforms and observing the fundamental concerns that have shaped the expansion of the agriculture sector.
Social Capital and Entrepreneurship
Authors: Bino Ermal , Epoc Ferdinand , Bystrov Ilya
Published: November 2021

This chapter presents a social capital point of view of entrepreneurship and how the assets and value embedded in entrepreneur social relations could support the success of the enterprise, especially small ones. Social connections are unique in nature, are personal and stable in the long run. These features make them very unique and difficult to imitate. Therefore, if used properly, based on the position of the entrepreneur in the social hierarchy, it can generate or at least behave as a very unique and inimitable source of competitive advantage. Capitalizing on such resources could be of help to entrepreneurs especially in times of high competitive rivalry.
Inclusion
Authors: Friedman Morgan
Published: November 2021

This chapter discusses the origin of inclusion, which is based in schooling children with special needs. It reviews the history, research, frameworks, and models, and what is needed to for inclusion to work. The chapter then reviews what is necessary to move inclusion beyond the classroom and into the workforce. Finally, the chapter looks at inclusion with the lens of diversity and equity, and not just for people with disabilities. One cannot discuss inclusion for all individuals without first considering how inclusion got started for people with disabilities and what makes it successful. This chapter provides an overview on inclusion of people with special needs in education in order to understand how to best include all individuals throughout their lives.
Challenges and Dilemmas in the Education of Children With Special Needs in Romania
Authors: Oprisan Emilia
Published: November 2021

Educating children with special needs is a difficult challenge for both families and society. The newest trends in education for these children in Romania are represented by their inclusion in inclusive classes or inclusive schools. It is a beginning of the road both from a legislative point of view and from the point of view of analyzing the efficiency of the system. The issue of the resources dedicated to special education is concerned, this aspect being related both to the level of material resources and to the human resources, their availability, and the level of their training. The analysis of the progresses and the challenges that the Romanian-integrated education is encountering is an important step in identifying possible solutions for increasing the quality of special education in Romania.
Towards an Ideal Framework of Education Support Services for Learners With Special Education Needs at Basic Education Level in Lesotho
Authors: Mosia Paseka Andrew
Published: November 2021

This chapter explores a suitable model within which an efficient education support can be developed to promote inclusive education in Lesotho. It highlights the gaps and challenges in the policy framework of the Ministry of Education and Training which have bearing on education support. In 2009 the Ministry developed the Curriculum and Assessment Policy. In order to realize the ideals of the curriculum which include the need for learners to work efficiently, independently, use technology, and communicate efficiently, the Ministry develops work plans that operationalize the ideals. In this regard, the current policy and practice contexts must be evaluated for the extent to which they enhance or impede education support of learners facing barriers to learning and development.
Exceptional Children
Authors: Karabulut Ridvan
Published: November 2021

In addition to the children who show typical development, there are also children who show atypical development. Individuals whose development varies compared to their peers and whose differences are identified by experts are called individuals with special needs. Individuals with special needs can be children with intellectual disabilities, sight, hearing impairment, language and speech disorders, physical disability and chronic illness, specific learning difficulties, children with autism spectrum disorder and gifted children. The causes of special needs are generally prenatal causes, which can often be hereditary and can be classified as natal and postnatal. The identification of individuals with special needs from early ages and the use of appropriate intervention methods are vital for these children. Children who are happy and a future producing part of society due to early recognition and accurate education methods are directly related to the quality of the intervention performed.
Overidentification of English Language Learners for Special Education
Authors: Keough Penelope Debs
Published: November 2021

An examination of suggested causes for over qualification of second language students for special education is explored. The chapter's focus also includes strategies/remedies to prevent qualification of students whose language is other than English from entering special education. Various legislation, such as the UNZ initiative is discussed as well as a case study reviewed which led to case law which currently examines precautionary measures to thoroughly assess English Language Learners (ELLs) to determine possible special needs before qualification for special education is determined.
The Preassessment Process for English Learners With Potential Language Impairment
Authors: Roseberry-McKibbin Celeste
Published: November 2021

This chapter presents the case of Tanveer, a first-grade boy from an Urdu-speaking immigrant family from Pakistan. He is in the public schools and has been struggling academically since kindergarten. This chapter discusses the preassessment process and interventions that took place before Tanveer underwent a full special education evaluation, including testing by a speech-language pathologist for the possible presence of an underlying language impairment. (Note: this author personally worked with this child, and this is a true story with some details changed for confidentiality.) This chapter shows how even before formal special education testing commenced, conducting an extensive preassessment process helped to greatly increase the accuracy of the formal evaluation, eventual diagnosis, and intervention provided for Tanveer.
Educational Activity Suggestion System of Children With Pervasive Developmental Disorder for Guiding Education and Training Staff Activities
Authors: Ertuğrul Duygu Çelik , Elçi Atilla
Published: November 2021

Individuals with pervasive developmental disorders should be supported with special education programs that are planned according to the type and degree of the disorder, age, characteristics, and needs of the individual. Search over internet resources may provide suitable educational material and methods (and associated activity/game). However, syntactic search in today's static-based internet is insufficient to offer desired relevant results. An intelligent system able to identify the needed educational methods and material with the help of semantic web-based agents will not only contribute to the development of individuals with disorders, and support education specialists in this process, but also be extremely useful for the families of these individuals in assisting and monitoring their child's developmental progress. In this chapter, an agent-based educational activity suggestion system of children with pervasive developmental disorder for guiding education and training staff activities is proposed.
Gifted School Activities With DropTalk, Parent-Teacher Notebook, and SmileNote for Students With Disabilities
Authors: Aoki Takamitsu , Nakagawa Noriko , Ishitobi Ryoichi , Nakamura Susumu , Inoue Shoko , Kinoshita Makoto , Yamashita Masayuki , Ikuta Shigeru
Published: November 2021

Three programs, DropTalk, Parent-Teacher Notebook, and SmileNote, were developed by teachers at schools for special needs education to help students with various disabilities, in collaboration with businesses supportive of students with disabilities. DropTalk was developed to help students with nonverbal communication by using Pictogram and text overlaid with voice/sound. A digital-based Parent-Teacher Notebook was developed to share the valuable data on each student between their home and school. The shared data are effectively used to build up individual support plans. SmileNote was developed to help students with nonverbal communication disabilities present their wills, hopes, and desires to the classmates and others. In this chapter, the aims and valuable functions in three software applications are described in detail, and self-made contents created with the software and gifted school activities conducted at several schools for special needs education are depicted.
Best Practices in Teacher Preparation for Inclusive Education
Authors: Pinter Holly H. , Bloom Lisa A. , Rush Charmion B. , Sastre Cameron
Published: November 2021

Research regarding best practice for preparing both special education and general education teachers for inclusion has been sparse in the US. The purpose of this chapter is to systematically review and summarize research regarding teacher preparation for inclusion. A thorough search uncovered 35 relevant studies. Themes that emerged from analysis of this research of best practices for teacher preparation for inclusive education included content for inclusion infused in teacher education courses, attention early and often to attitudes and dispositions toward inclusion, opportunities for collaboration and co-teaching, strong university-school partnerships, and collaboration to teacher education faculty.
Increasing Knowledge of Autism Spectrum Disorders Among Urban Special Educators in Tanzania
Authors: Naqvi Nilofer C. , Wong-Goodrich Sarah J. E. , Martinage Amanda , Gordon Sarah L. , DeCuffa Jacqueline A. , Collins Martha
Published: November 2021

Autism spectrum disorder or autism is seen world-wide, however in Tanzania there is emerging awareness and understanding about the disorder among teachers. This study examines the knowledge outcomes of teachers after a multi-day training on autism at three sites across the country. A total of 99 teachers completed the training. At the end of the training, there was a significant increase in the knowledge scores on an autism knowledge measure across all sites. There was a significant difference in knowledge scores across sites, with teachers at one site scoring higher than teachers in both other sites. Reasons why are further discussed. This study provides a detailed description of how to increase the awareness of autism in the teaching community in Tanzania with positive outcomes.
Designing a Dual Licensure Path for Middle Childhood and Special Education Teacher Candidates
Authors: McCormack Virginia F. , Stauffer Marlissa , Fishley Kate , Hohenbrink JoAnn , Mascazine John R. , Zigler Ted
Published: November 2021

This chapter focused on identifying ways to merge education courses and field hours to create a new dual licensure pathway for Middle Childhood Education and Special Education. The purpose was to adapt two programs to unify the competencies, dispositions, and collaborative practices of each program into one program producing highly effective teacher candidates with a dual license in Middle Childhood Education and Special Education. Attention was given to the importance of educating more teacher candidates with the capacity to meet the needs of all learners with an emphasis on those with exceptionalities and disabilities. The key implications and advantages of the effectiveness of combining a Middle Childhood and Special Education teaching license were apparent in the response from district office personnel, teachers, teacher candidates, and university faculty.
Mentoring Dispositions for Pre-Service and Early Career Special Educators Through Service Learning
Authors: Chamblin Michelle , Cerruto Audra , Moroney Rickey , Mason Patricia
Published: November 2021

Service learning projects were created and implemented by faculty in the special education unit at Molloy College for pre-service and early career special education teachers. The service learning projects provided an opportunity for faculty to mentor participants in the area of dispositions for teaching through a shared experience outside of the higher education classroom. The projects were conducted in/or with community schools serving the K-12 population and students with disabilities in inclusive settings. It was hypothesized that service learning opportunities would serve as a platform for participants to reflect and to evaluate their dispositions as they act and interact in environments which were multidimensional. The results indicated that this was the case and that participants gained insights into their dispositions when the statements of dispositions were related to an experience. Faculty concluded that a variety of service learning projects provided varied opportunities for participants to exercise beliefs and bring clarity to the term “dispositions for teaching.”
Expressive Multilingual Writing
Authors: Hancı-Azizoglu Eda Başak , Alawdat Maha
Published: November 2021

The purpose of this chapter reveals the healing power of writing at times of stress, turmoil, and crisis from multilingual perspectives. Writing relieves emotional chaos, stress, and even physical pain as evidenced by research. Multilingual writing is a process-based, complicated act that requires a series of intellectual stages to be developed as a skill. In parallel to this rationale, multilingual learners can generate creative spaces for their well-being and growth by using writing as a skill to express their emotions for easing feelings related to stress, turmoil, and crisis. This chapter encourages and models emotional or expressive writing as an innovative method to use in educational and health settings to allow creating novel experiences into language learning phases.
An Overview of Multilingual Learners' Literacy Needs for the 21st Century
Authors: Christison MaryAnn , Murray Denise E.
Published: November 2021

The most common definition of literacy is the ability to read and write. However, for teachers working with multilingual learners, the development of literacy skills is much more complex than this simple definition would suggest. Notions of literacy in the 21st century have evolved in response to a number of societal changes, such as globalization, large-scale human migration, and advances in digital technologies. This chapter considers how these societal changes have influenced conceptions and practices of literacy. It provides a brief overview of some important theoretical considerations that inform understandings of literacy development for multilingual learners, including critical literacy, multiliteracies, multimodal literacy, and translanguaging, and explores current conceptions of literacy to help second and foreign language (SFL) teachers better understand how to meet the literacy needs of multilingual learners in the 21st century, offering practical suggestions for teaching from a multiliteracies perspective.
Bridging Family-Teacher Relationships in a Predominately Latinx Title I School With a Spanish-English Dual Immersion Strand Program
Authors: Thomas Amy E. Kirkley , Byrd David R. , Mower DeeDee
Published: November 2021

Spanish-English dual immersion (DI) programs can help bridge the academic achievement gap between Spanish-speaking English language learners (ELLs) and native English speakers. However, for DI programs to help ELLs, both teachers and parents/guardians need to be aware of their existence and long-term benefits. This case study examined under-enrollment in a Spanish-English DI strand program at a predominately Latinx neighborhood school with a sizable Spanish-speaking ELL population. The case study school faced challenges of transience, limited human and financial resources, and misinformation. Both parents and teachers reported a lack of information to make educational choices and recommendations. School employees built bridges between the school and parents by standardizing the introduction of DI at kindergarten parent-teacher conferences, improving the DI open house, and engaging the efforts of the school's bilingual secretary. Recommendations are provided for increasing parents' and teachers' access to accurate information regarding DI in accessible formats.
Recontextualizing Immersion in the Chinese Context
Authors: Xiong Tao
Published: November 2021

Immersion and bilingual education have been key concepts in English language education policies and practices. Though discussions have been made on the theoretical and practical issues of bilingual education in China, there has been much disagreement between which model of bilingual education is suitable for the Chinese context, as well as which terminology to use. Drawing on interview, observation, and documentary data gathered during a three-year study of a public-funded foreign language school in Shenzhen, one of the most economically developed cities in China, this chapter is focused on the impact of a Sino-Canadian collaborative educational program on the teachers, students, and school leadership, and reports some preliminary findings and thoughts on related issues. The conclusion is that immersion and bilingual education in the Chinese educational context needs to be reconceptualized and reinterpreted.
Does Bilingualism Expand the Cognitive Experience of the Students?
Authors: Bobadilla-Pérez María , Pereira-Balado Suellen
Published: November 2021

This chapter shows the results of a study carried out in an immersion early education classroom in Galicia (Spain). The study focuses on how children in a bilingual context develop their perception of the world according to the concepts they are able to build around things in their environment, using the language as a reference. A brief theoretical framework precedes the presentation of the study. On the one hand, attention is paid to the pedagogical implications of second language acquisition in early childhood. Secondly, and most importantly, the nature of the bilingual brain is discussed through the consideration of the works of relevant authors in the field. Later, the case study is explained. For the purpose of the qualitative research, participants were presented with different images to be described in English and Spanish, and an observation table was designed in order to classify the utterances produced by the students. As will be discussed, results showed that students in immersion educational contexts increase their sense of the world when using both languages.
Factors Influencing Aphasia Assessment for Bilingual Adults
Authors: Johnson Leslie W.
Published: November 2021

This chapter provides a brief overview of stroke, aphasia, and aphasia assessment. Additionally, it considers various issues associated with the standardized assessment of aphasia, including problems related to cultural and linguistic biases. The chapter also includes information on working with people who are bilingual, as well as working with interpreters. A hypothetical case study is presented as a teaching avenue to discuss these topics in greater length. This section contains details regarding how both cultural and linguistic barriers associated with the assessment of the patient's aphasia may have influenced the intervention provided by the speech-language pathologist (SLP). Medical terminology and procedures related to stroke intervention are also discussed as it relates to the SLP's plan of care.
Intercultural Challenges of Teaching in Multilingual/Multicultural Classrooms
Authors: Csillik Éva
Published: November 2021

Language and culture are inseparable entities forming an interdependent relationship within the multilingual classroom, which is both a melting pot of languages as well as a myriad of cultural backgrounds. In learning a common language, known as “lingua franca,” in the multilingual classroom, culture plays a critical role since the lingua franca makes communication possible between language teachers and multilingual students. Cultural connections and effective communication enables these students to engage in social and interactive activities and allows them to become active participants of the multilingual classroom. This chapter addresses some of the major intercultural challenges that both teachers and students of multilingual classrooms currently face within the “cultural jungle” of New York City. These multilingual students are simultaneously learning English as the lingua franca and participating in an intercultural educational experience in order to become linguistically and interculturally competent global citizens.
Online Language Learning
Authors: Tzirides Anastasia Olga
Published: November 2021

This chapter addresses two forces in contemporary societies. The first is that societies today are characterized by cultural and linguistic diversity and increasing human mobility. In this complex setting, language learning has acquired more significance, with the need to communicate worldwide. Secondly, our society is experiencing dramatic technological advancements, one of which pertains to online learning. In this era of ubiquitous learning, where the use of learning management systems, mobile applications, social networks, and other digital technologies can underpin learning, it is necessary to re-address language learning. This overview will categorize the types of online language learning tools and practices that are emerging and prevalent and it will analyze their instructional approaches in the use of the technology. Ιt will also focus on the digital learners that access them having as an ultimate goal to understand the characteristics and needs of the contemporary global, multilingual, and digital learners and how these can be addressed in the learning process.
Towards a Multilingual Preschool Policy
Authors: Jacobs Marie
Published: November 2021

The effects of immersive strategies and the benefits of a multilingual language policy have been extensively explored in the literature; however, it is valuable to look at the actual application of a multilingual policy. Putting linguistic-educational research into practice by implementing a transformative pedagogical approach is characterized by a process of trial and error, which has remained understudied. This chapter aims to fill this gap by adopting a case study approach that focuses on the implementation of a multilingual/cultural policy at a preschool in the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium. More than half of the children attending the preschool come from a multilingual background. Based on ethnographic fieldwork, consisting of observations, participations, interviews, and focus group discussions with different stakeholders, this chapter analyzes the mechanisms behind the preschool's switch from negatively undergoing multilingualism to positively engaging with it.
Multilingualism as International Marketing Strategy
Authors: Endong Floribert Patrick C. , Essoh Grace Eugenie Ndobo
Published: November 2021

Market globalization has made multilingual marketing communications a sine qua none for most transnational businesses. Exploring new foreign markets has thus meant translating and localizing marketing communications, so as to enable foreign consumers to have the kind of experience that may spur them into being favorable to the products or services on promotion. Conscious of this imperative, many Nigerian companies have embarked on multilingual packaging as a key component of their international marketing strategies. Although such a language-based tactic has enormous potential, Nigerian companies' use of multilingual packaging is confronted to a multitude of problems. This chapter explores four of such problems, including mis-translations (of packages), partial translation, typographic and design errors, and companies' adherence to the myth stating that English is the language of business. To address these challenges, the chapter recommends non or reduced reliance on automatic translation and resorting to the services of a professional translator, “transcreators,” and experienced marketers.
LoG and Structural Based Arbitrary Oriented Multilingual Text Detection in Images/Video
Authors: Basavaraju H. T. , Aradhya V.N. Manjunath , Guru D. S. , Harish H. B. S.
Published: November 2021

Text in an image or a video affords more precise meaning and text is a prominent source with a clear explanation of the content than any other high-level or low-level features. The text detection process is a still challenging research work in the field of computer vision. However, complex background and orientation of the text leads to extremely stimulating text detection tasks. Multilingual text consists of different geometrical shapes than a single language. In this article, a simple and yet effective approach is presented to detect the text from an arbitrary oriented multilingual image and video. The proposed method employs the Laplacian of Gaussian to identify the potential text information. The double line structure analysis is applied to extract the true text candidates. The proposed method is evaluated on five datasets: Hua's, arbitrarily oriented, multi-script robust reading competition (MRRC), MSRA and video datasets with performance measures precision, recall and f-measure. The proposed method is also tested on real-time video, and the result is promising and encouraging.