Discoveries at High Redshifts: Strong Evidence for Consecutive Expansion Epochs of the Universe that Preceded the Current Epoch of Cosmic Expansion
Authors: Takkhi Karan R. 
Published: June 2022

The comparison of redshift-distance relationship for high and low-redshift supernovae revealed the surprising transition of the Universe’s expansion from deceleration to acceleration. As compared to local supernovae, remote supernovae appear 10% to 25% dimmer as they are further away than expected. The expansion rate obtained for local supernovae is higher with low redshifts as compared to the expansion rate obtained for remote supernovae with high redshifts. Since observed redshifts (z) in an expanding Universe provide an estimate of recession velocities (the more shifted a spectral line is towards the red end of the spectrum (redshift), the faster that object is receding from us), therefore, it is very disturbing to find that low recession velocities (z = 0.01) indicate a faster rate of expansion (acceleration or speeding up), whereas high recession velocities (z > 1) indicate a slower rate of expansion (deceleration or slowing down). In this paper, I unravel an undiscovered aspect that perfectly mimics cosmic acceleration. Rather than “cosmic deceleration that preceded the current epoch of cosmic acceleration”, I show in this paper, that “consecutive expansion epochs of the Universe that preceded the current epoch of cosmic expansion” were responsible for placing remote supernovae further away than expected. As a consequence of consecutive expansion, expansion began for remote structures in preceding expansion epochs before it did for local structures in the current (or more recent) expansion epoch; remote supernovae, quasars, and gamma-ray bursts are therefore not only further away than expected, but they also happen to yield a slower rate of expansion, thereby suggesting their deceleration even with “superluminal expansion”. As a result of consecutive expansion, preceding expansion epochs “appear to be decelerating or slowing down” as compared to the expansion epoch that succeeds them. The analysis is based on the redshift-distance relationship plotted for 580 type Ia supernovae from the Supernova Cosmology Project, 7 additional high-redshift type Ia supernovae discovered through the Advanced Camera for Surveys on the Hubble Space Telescope from the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey Treasury program, and 1 additional very high-redshift type Ia supernova discovered with Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 on the Hubble Space Telescope. The results obtained by the High-Z Supernova Search Team through observations of type Ia supernovae have also been analysed. Studies incorporating quasars and gamma-ray bursts to determine how the expansion of the Universe has changed over time have been taken into consideration as well. The results obtained in this paper have been confirmed by plotting velocity-distance relationship, expansion rate vs. time relationship, expansion factor vs. time relationship, scale factor vs. time relationship, scale factor vs. distance relationship, distance-redshift relationship, distance modulus vs. redshift relationship, and Hubble residuals, moreover, the deceleration parameter (q0) is also found to be negative (q0 < 0). An additional aspect unravelled in this paper based on “expansion epochs of the Universe “succeeding” the current (or more recent) epoch of cosmic expansion” helps alleviate the Hubble tension and an additional perplexing problem that makes the Universe appear to us as if it is not only expanding faster than before, but is also younger than before.