bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lessons learned from the psychosis high-risk state: towards a general staging model of prodromal intervention
Authors: Fusar-Poli P. , Yung A. R. , McGorry P. , van Os J.
Published: February 2013

Background

The past two decades have seen exponential clinical and research interest in help-seeking individuals presenting with potentially prodromal symptoms for psychosis. However, the epidemiological validity of this paradigm has been neglected, limiting future advancements in the field.

Method

We undertook a critical review of core epidemiological issues underlying the clinical high-risk (HR) state for psychosis and which model of prodromal intervention is best suited for mental health.

Results

The HR state for psychosis model needs refining, to bring together population-based findings of high levels of psychotic experiences (PEs) and clinical expression of risk. Traditionally, outcome has been attributed to ‘HR criteria’ alone rather than taking into account sampling strategies. Furthermore, the exclusive focus on variably defined ‘transition’ obscures true variation in the slow and non-linear progression across stages of psychopathology. Finally, the outcome from HR states is variable, indicating that the underlying paradigm of ‘schizophrenia light progressing to schizophrenia’ is inadequate.

Conclusions

In the general population, mixed and non-specific expression of psychosis, depression, anxiety and subthreshold mania is common and mostly transitory. When combined with distress, it may be considered as the first, diagnostically neutral stage of potentially more severe psychopathology, which only later may acquire a degree of diagnostic specificity and possible relative resistance to treatment. Therefore, rather than creating silos of per-disorder ultra-HR syndromes, an early intervention focus on the broad syndrome of early mental distress, requiring phase-specific interventions, may be more profitable.
Cigarette smoking and cannabis use are equally strongly associated with psychotic-like experiences: a cross-sectional study in 1929 young adults
Authors: van Gastel W. A. , MacCabe J. H. , Schubart C. D. , Vreeker A. , Tempelaar W. , Kahn R. S. , Boks M. P. M.
Published: February 2013

Background

Cannabis use is associated with increased risk for psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) and psychotic disorders. It remains unclear whether this relationship is causal or due to confounding.

Method

A total of 1929 young adults aged 18–30 years participated in a nationwide internet-based survey in The Netherlands and gave information on demographics, substance use and parental psychiatric illness and completed the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE).

Results

Cigarette smoking and cannabis use were equally strongly associated with the frequency of PLEs in a fully adjusted model (β = 0.098 and 0.079 respectively,p < 0.05). Cannabis use was associated with distress from PLEs in a model adjusted for an elaborate set of confounders excluding smoking (β = 0.082,p < 0.05). However, when cigarette smoking was included in the model, cannabis use was not a significant predictor of distress from PLEs. Cigarette smoking remained associated with distress from PLEs in a fully adjusted model (β = 0.107,p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Smoking is an equally strong independent predictor of frequency of PLEs as monthly cannabis use. Our results suggest that the association between moderate cannabis use and PLEs is confounded by cigarette smoking.
Trends in annual incidence of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) infection in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected patients
Authors: DELORENZE G. N. , HORBERG M. A. , SILVERBERG M. J. , TSAI A. , QUESENBERRY C. P. , BAXTER R.
Published: February 2013

We describe trends in incidence rates of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected patients enrolled in a large northern California Health Plan, and the ratio of MRSA to methicillin-susceptibleS. aureus(MSSA) case counts. Between 1995 and 2010, 1549 MRSA infections were diagnosed in 14060 HIV-infected patients (11·0%) compared to 89546 MRSA infections in 6597396 HIV-uninfected patients (1·4%) (P = 0·00). A steady rise in MRSA infection rates began in 1995 in HIV-uninfected patients, peaking at 396·5 infections/100000 person-years in 2007. A more rapid rise in MRSA infection rates occurred in the HIV-infected group after 2000, peaking at 3592·8 infections/100000 in 2005. A declining trend in MRSA rates may have begun in 2008–2009. Comparing the ratio of MRSA to MSSA case counts, we observed that HIV-infected patients shouldered a greater burden of MRSA infection during most years of study follow-up compared to HIV-uninfected patients.
Tuberculosis in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: ONG B. L. , NGEOW Y. F. , RAZAK M. F. A. ABDUL , YAKUBU Y. , ZAKARIA Z. , MUTALIB A. R. , HASSAN L. , NG H. F. , VERASAHIB K.
Published: February 2013

A cross-sectional study was conducted from 10 January to 9 April 2012, to determine the seroprevalence of tuberculosis (TB) of all captive Asian elephants and their handlers in six locations in Peninsular Malaysia. In addition, trunk-wash samples were examined for tubercle bacillus by culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). For 63 elephants and 149 elephant handlers, TB seroprevalence was estimated at 20·4% and 24·8%, respectively. From 151 trunk-wash samples, 24 acid-fast isolates were obtained, 23 of which were identified byhsp65-based sequencing as non-tuberculous mycobacteria. TheMycobacterium tuberculosis-specific PCR was positive in the trunk-wash samples from three elephants which were also seropositive. Conversely, the trunk wash from seven seropositive elephants were PCR negative. Hence, there was evidence of active and latent TB in the elephants and the high seroprevalence in the elephants and their handlers suggests frequent, close contact, two-way transmission between animals and humans within confined workplaces.
Hidden substance: mental disorder as a challenge to normatively neutral accounts of autonomy
Authors: Freyenhagen Fabian , O'Shea Tom
Published: February 2013

Mental capacity and autonomy are often understood to be normatively neutral – the only values or other norms they may presuppose are those the assessed person does or would accept. We show how mental disorder threatens normatively neutral accounts of autonomy. These accounts produce false positives, particularly in the case of disorders (such as depression, anorexia nervosa and schizophrenia) that affect evaluative abilities. Two normatively neutral strategies for handling autonomy-undermining disorder are explored and rejected: a blanket exclusion of mental disorder, and functional tests requiring consistency, expression of identity, reflective non-alienation or lack of compulsion. Finally, we suggest ways in which substantivist alternatives to neutrality can be made more promising through increased transparency, democratic contestability of conditions for capacity and autonomy, and a historically sensitive caution concerning restrictions of liberty.
Mental capacity in the shadow of suicide: What can the law do?
Authors: Richardson Genevra
Published: February 2013

In a society where suicide is lawful how should we respond to a life-threatening treatment refusal by someone whose decision-making might be affected by a mental disorder? In considering this question this article examines the three established concepts currently employed by the law to analyse such cases: mental capacity, best interests and mental disorder. It then considers whether a supported decision-making model based on a notion of universal capacity, such as that espoused by the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, might alleviate some of the dilemmas arising from the application of the traditional legal concepts.
A multi-harmonic model taking into account coupling effects of long- and short-term memory in SSPAs
Authors: Maziere Christophe , Gatard Emmanuel , Enguehard Cedric , Gustavsen Bjorn
Published: February 2013

This paper presents a new macro modeling methodology for solid-state power amplifiers (SSPAs) and packaged transistors used in communication systems. The model topology is based on the principle of harmonic superposition recently introduced by Agilent Technologies' X-parametersTMcombined with dynamic Volterra theory. The resulting multi-harmonic bilateral model takes into account the coupling effects of both short- and long-term memory in SSPAs. In this work, the behavioral model was developed from time-domain load pull and used to simulate the amplifier's response to a 16-QAM signal with specific regards to ACPR and IM3.
Sampling requirements for nonlinear basis waveforms used in digital predistortion and amplifier modeling
Authors: Braithwaite R. Neil
Published: February 2013

Power amplifier (PA) nonlinearities and the digital predistortion (DPD) required for linearization are modeled at baseband using the memoryless polynomial, memory polynomial, and pruned Volterra series. The sampling requirements for the nonlinear basis waveforms created from a band-limited signal are determined as a function of the polynomial order. A Gaussian approximation of the channel filtering is used to make the mathematical analysis tractable. For the memory polynomial and pruned Volterra series cases, the spacing between memory taps, referred to as the delay offset, is selected to trade off model accuracy and the condition number of the coefficient estimation. Examples are provided showing how to select the appropriate delay offset for a memory-based amplifier model and its effect on the DPD performance. A pruned Volterra series is proposed, which demonstrates improved DPD performance compared with the memory polynomial.
Positive Themes in LGBT Self-Identities in Spanish-Speaking Countries
Authors: Almario Maria , Riggle Ellen D. B. , Rostosky Sharon S. , Alcalde Maria Cristina
Published: February 2013

Positive self-identity is an important component of well-being. For lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender/transsexual (LGBT)-identified individuals in Spanish-speaking countries, forming and maintaining a positive identity is important to countering the negative impact of minority stress. An online survey collected self-reported data from participants in 15 Spanish-speaking countries ( n = 121). Qualitative thematic analysis revealed eight positive identity themes: personal insight and strong sense of self; strong connections with family and friends; belonging to a community and being a role model for others; authenticity and honesty; involvement in social justice activism; freedom from gender-prescribed roles and to explore sexual expression and different types of relationships; empathy and compassion for others, including an awareness of prejudice toward others; and irrelevance or neutrality of sexual or gender identities. These findings suggest that people across nationalities may have similar experiences of positive identity and well-being related to their sexual and gender identities. Community leader- and counselor-facilitated interventions that empower LGBT individuals and groups are discussed as opportunities for enhancement of well-being through engagement and activism.
Structure–function analysis of full-length midkine reveals novel residues important for heparin binding and zebrafish embryogenesis
Authors: Lim Jackwee , Yao Sheng , Graf Martin , Winkler Christoph , Yang Daiwen
Published: February 2013

Midkine is a heparin-binding di-domain growth factor, implicated in many biological processes as diverse as angiogenesis, neurogenesis and tumorigenesis. Elevated midkine levels reflect poor prognosis for many carcinomas, yet the molecular and cellular mechanisms orchestrating its activity remain unclear. At the present time, the individual structures of isolated half domains of human midkine are known and its functionally active C-terminal half domain remains a popular therapeutic target. In the present study, we determined the structure of full-length zebrafish midkine and show that it interacts with fondaparinux (a synthetic highly sulfated pentasaccharide) and natural heparin through a previously uncharacterized, but highly conserved, hinge region. Mutating six consecutive residues in the conserved hinge to glycine strongly abates heparin binding and midkine embryogenic activity. In contrast with previous in vitro studies, we found that the isolated C-terminal half domain is not active in vivo in embryos. Instead, we have demonstrated that the N-terminal half domain is needed to enhance heparin binding and mediate midkine embryogenic activity surprisingly in both heparin-dependent and -independent manners. Our findings provide new insights into the structural features of full-length midkine relevant for embryogenesis, and unravel additional therapeutic routes targeting the N-terminal half domain and conserved hinge.
Adsorption of hydrogen on neutral and charged fullerene: Experiment and theory
Authors: Kaiser A. , Leidlmair C. , Bartl P. , Zöttl S. , Denifl S. , Mauracher A. , Probst M. , Scheier P. , Echt O.
Published: February 2013

Helium droplets are doped with fullerenes (either C60 or C70) and hydrogen (H2 or D2) and investigated by high-resolution mass spectrometry. In addition to pure helium and hydrogen cluster ions, hydrogen-fullerene complexes are observed upon electron ionization. The composition of the main ion series is (H2)nHCm+ where m = 60 or 70. Another series of even-numbered ions, (H2)nCm+, is slightly weaker in stark contrast to pure hydrogen cluster ions for which the even-numbered series (H2)n+ is barely detectable. The ion series (H2)nHCm+ and (H2)nCm+ exhibit abrupt drops in ion abundance at n = 32 for C60 and 37 for C70, indicating formation of an energetically favorable commensurate phase, with each face of the fullerene ion being covered by one adsorbate molecule. However, the first solvation layer is not complete until a total of 49 H2 are adsorbed on C60+; the corresponding value for C70+ is 51. Surprisingly, these values do not exhibit a hydrogen-deuterium isotope effect even though the isotope effect for H2/D2 adsorbates on graphite exceeds 6%. We also observe doubly charged fullerene-deuterium clusters; they, too, exhibit abrupt drops in ion abundance at n = 32 and 37 for C60 and C70, respectively. The findings imply that the charge is localized on the fullerene, stabilizing the system against charge separation. Density functional calculations for C60-hydrogen complexes with up to five hydrogen atoms provide insight into the experimental findings and the structure of the ions. The binding energy of physisorbed H2 is 57 meV for H2C60+ and (H2)2C60+, and slightly above 70 meV for H2HC60+ and (H2)2HC60+. The lone hydrogen in the odd-numbered complexes is covalently bound atop a carbon atom but a large barrier of 1.69 eV impedes chemisorption of the H2 molecules. Calculations for neutral and doubly charged complexes are presented as well.
Spatially periodic domain wall pinning potentials: Asymmetric pinning and dipolar biasing
Authors: Metaxas P. J. , Zermatten P.-J. , Novak R. L. , Rohart S. , Jamet J.-P. , Weil R. , Ferré J. , Mougin A. , Stamps R. L. , Gaudin G. , Baltz V. , Rodmacq B.
Published: February 2013

Domain wall propagation has been measured in continuous, weakly disordered, quasi-two-dimensional, Ising-like magnetic layers that are subject to spatially periodic domain wall pinning potentials. The potentials are generated non-destructively using the stray magnetic field of ordered arrays of magnetically hard [Co/Pt]m nanoplatelets, which are patterned above and are physically separated from the continuous magnetic layer. The effect of the periodic pinning potentials on thermally activated domain wall creep dynamics is shown to be equivalent, at first approximation, to that of a uniform, effective retardation field, Hret, which acts against the applied field, H. We show that Hret depends not only on the array geometry but also on the relative orientation of H and the magnetization of the nanoplatelets. A result of the latter dependence is that wall-mediated hysteresis loops obtained for a set nanoplatelet magnetization exhibit many properties that are normally associated with ferromagnet/antiferromagnet exchange bias systems. These include a switchable bias, coercivity enhancement, and domain wall roughness that is dependent on the applied field polarity.
An active power control strategy for wind farm based on predictions of wind turbine's maximum generation capacity
Authors: Liu Dewei , Guo Jianbo , Huang Yuehui , Wang Weisheng
Published: February 2013

China's wind power capacity is increasing so rapidly that some areas are not able to consume all the produced wind power. Therefore, it has already become the inevitable trend in wind power integration to achieve the controlled operation of wind turbine. This paper first offers a method to predict the maximum generation capacity of every type of wind turbine, including both under-controlled wind turbine and uncontrolled wind turbine. And then a strategy for active power control of wind farm based on the predicting results is proposed. Considering thoroughly the active power fluctuation of wind turbine and the error of the prediction, the strategy adopts both long and short controlling periods to carry out coordinated optimization control. The simulation results show that the strategy can keep the active power output of wind farm in step with the control order, and consequently the generating efficiency is improved. In addition, the strategy is also applicable to the wind farm with some uncontrollable wind turbines, and the controlling precision can be satisfied.
The Intraurban Geography of Generalised Trust in Sydney
Authors: Hermes Kerstin , Poulsen Michael
Published: February 2013

Generalised trust has been associated with a range of positive effects. However, the problem is that little is known about the spatial distribution of trust at a small area level due to the lack of geographically detailed data. Censuses do not provide data on social capital, attitudes, and values, and other social surveys commonly lack spatial detail. This paper examines the intraurban geography of generalised trust based on small area estimates derived from synthetic spatial microdata created for Sydney, Australia. The synthetic data were generated using combinatorial optimisation and data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey and the 2006 Census. Based on these data, a clear spatial pattern of generalised trust in Sydney can be identified independent of administrative data such as local government areas. The socioeconomic status and ethnic composition in neighbourhoods relate in large parts—though not fully—to the geographical pattern of trust. Variations from the pattern tend to be associated with specific local characteristics. The analysis further suggests that associations between generalised trust and other variables such as population density, residential mobility, and housing situation are not consistent across the city. In addition, mapping the small area estimates shows that small pockets of neighbourhoods with low and high levels of trust exist within larger areas characterised by opposing levels of trust, and often have neighbouring transition areas with medium levels of trust.
Bottles, Bores, and Boats: Agency of Water Assemblages in Post/Colonial Inland Australia
Authors: Gibbs Leah M
Published: February 2013

Australian water politics is marked by conceptual and bureaucratic separation of water as discrete matter. The source of this politics of separation is colonial relations with water and the Australian continent. Yet, analysis of the materiality of water illuminates the agency of water as part of an assemblage. This paper seeks to unsettle the treatment of water as separate, discrete matter. It asks how political responses to the public problem of water would change were we to take seriously the vitality of nonhuman bodies. In order to investigate this question, the paper presents an analysis of six objects from the inland deserts of eastern central Australia—two bottles, two bores, and two boats—derived from field and archival research. The analysis draws on recent material approaches and a broadly postcolonial literature to argue that ‘taking seriously’ the matter of water might provide a productive means of reframing the politics of water, by using the concept of the ‘agency of assemblages’ to replace the notion of water as separate. Furthermore, paying greater attention to local Indigenous knowledge provides an alternate epistemology upon which to base decision-making, which both unsettles the separation of water and contributes to an ongoing process of decolonisation.
Age Norms on Leaving Home: Multilevel Evidence from the European Social Survey
Authors: Aassve Arnstein , Arpino Bruno , Billari Francesco C
Published: February 2013

Young people leave the parental home at different ages, and differences exist both between and within societies. International comparisons have emphasised the importance of institutions, in particular the welfare regime, the educational system, and the labour market, as well as of long-standing cultural differences. Here we focus on subjective age norms (‘age deadlines’) for leaving home—a key determinant of actual behaviour. We analyse the data of a unique multicountry dataset, the third round of the European Social Survey, through a series of multilevel regression models where simultaneously country, regional, and individual-level factors come into play. We find strong normative differences between countries, and significant, though lower, regional-level variation. Norms are significantly influenced by country-level ‘institutional’ factors, as well as by regional-level ‘cultural’ factors.
Voluntary Simplicity, Involuntary Complexities, and the Pull of Remove: The Radical Ruralities of off-Grid Lifestyles
Authors: Vannini Phillip , Taggart Jonathan
Published: February 2013

Why do residents of Western world live off-the-grid? This paper provides answers to this question. The expression ‘off-the-grid’, refers to the living condition of a household or a community lying outside the electricity infrastructure, but often also denotes disconnection from other infrastructures such as municipal water conduits, natural gas pipelines, road networks, garbage and waste collection, food supply chains, and telecommunications. Drawing from and contributing to the literatures on rural geographies and voluntary simplicity we argue that while off-gridders embrace values typical of the voluntary simplicity philosophy, their biographical and geographical trajectories reveal that living off-grids is not a clear and free choice. The performance of the mundane complexities typical of the lifestyle renders off-grid living a uniquely radical, but also contradictory and even paradoxical, constellation of practices through which new marginal spatialities are constituted. Drawing from ethnographic fragments culled from a multisited ethnographic project unfolding across Canada we present a thickly descriptive look into the motives and lifestyles of off-gridders living in the Yukon.
Ni/MWCNT-Supported Palladium Nanoparticles as Magnetic Catalysts for Selective Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol
Authors: Zhang Mingmei , Sun Qian , Yan Zaoxue , Jing Junjie , Wei Wei , Jiang Deli , Xie Jimin , Chen Min
Published: February 2013

Well dispersed Pd@Ni bimetallic nanoparticles on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Pd@Ni/MWCNT) are prepared and used as catalysts for the oxidation of benzyl alcohol. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis, and X-ray diffraction were performed to characterise the synthesised catalyst. The results show a uniform dispersion of Pd@Ni nanoparticles on MWCNT with an average particle size of 4.0 nm. The as synthesised catalyst was applied to the oxidation of benzyl alcohol. A 99 % conversion of benzyl alcohol and a 98 % selectivity of benzaldehyde were achieved by using the Pd@Ni/MWCNT (Pd: 0.2 mmol) catalyst with water as a solvent and H2O2 as oxidant at 80°C. The catalytic activity of Pd@Ni/MWCNT towards benzyl alcohol is higher than that of a Pd/MWCNT catalyst at the same Pd loadings. The catalyst can be easily separated due to its magnetic properties.
Organic carbon stocks in cropping soils of Queensland, Australia, as affected by tillage management, climate, and soil characteristics
Authors: Page K. L. , Dalal R. C. , Pringle M. J. , Bell M. , Dang Y. P. , Radford B. , Bailey K.
Published: February 2013

Research both nationally and internationally has indicated that no-till (NT) management used in combination with stubble retention has the potential to increase soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in cropping soils relative to conventional tillage (CT). However, rates of SOC increase can vary depending on cropping system, climate, and soil type, making the quantification of carbon change difficult on a regional level. Various long-term trials and commercial sites throughout Queensland were used to compare rates of SOC change under CT and NT management in cropping soils, and to determine how climate and soil type interact to influence rates of change. It was observed that NT management was not capable of increasing SOC stocks under the crop–fallow rotation systems practised throughout Queensland, and was unlikely even to hold SOC stocks steady under current management practices. However, SOC losses under NT systems did appear to be slower than under CT, indicating that NT may slow SOC loss following a period of organic carbon input, for example, from a pasture ley. On a regional scale, biomass production (estimated through remote sensing), climate (specifically the vapour pressure deficit), and soil sand content could be used to adequately predict SOC stocks on commercial sites, indicating the importance of considering these factors when assessing SOC stocks following management change across the region.
Innate lymphoid type 2 cells sustain visceral adipose tissue eosinophils and alternatively activated macrophages
Authors: Molofsky Ari B. , Nussbaum Jesse C. , Liang Hong-Erh , Van Dyken Steven J. , Cheng Laurence E. , Mohapatra Alexander , Chawla Ajay , Locksley Richard M.
Published: February 2013

Eosinophils in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) have been implicated in metabolic homeostasis and the maintenance of alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs). The absence of eosinophils can lead to adiposity and systemic insulin resistance in experimental animals, but what maintains eosinophils in adipose tissue is unknown. We show that interleukin-5 (IL-5) deficiency profoundly impairs VAT eosinophil accumulation and results in increased adiposity and insulin resistance when animals are placed on a high-fat diet. Innate lymphoid type 2 cells (ILC2s) are resident in VAT and are the major source of IL-5 and IL-13, which promote the accumulation of eosinophils and AAM. Deletion of ILC2s causes significant reductions in VAT eosinophils and AAMs, and also impairs the expansion of VAT eosinophils after infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, an intestinal parasite associated with increased adipose ILC2 cytokine production and enhanced insulin sensitivity. Further, IL-33, a cytokine previously shown to promote cytokine production by ILC2s, leads to rapid ILC2-dependent increases in VAT eosinophils and AAMs. Thus, ILC2s are resident in VAT and promote eosinophils and AAM implicated in metabolic homeostasis, and this axis is enhanced during Th2-associated immune stimulation.
PleioGRiP: genetic risk prediction with pleiotropy
Authors: Hartley Stephen W. , Sebastiani Paola
Published: February 2013

Motivation: Although several studies have used Bayesian classifiers for risk prediction using genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) datasets, no software can efficiently perform these analyses on massive genetic datasets and can accommodate multiple traits.

Results: We describe the program PleioGRiP that performs a genome-wide Bayesian model search to identify SNPs associated with a discrete phenotype and uses SNPs ranked by Bayes factor to produce nested Bayesian classifiers. These classifiers can be used for genetic risk prediction, either selecting the classifier with optimal number of features or using an ensemble of classifiers. In addition, PleioGRiP implements an extension to the Bayesian search and classification and can search for pleiotropic relationships in which SNPs are simultaneosly associated with two or more distinct phenotypes. These relationships can be used to generate connected Bayesian classifiers to predict the phenotype of interest either using genetic data alone or in combination with the secondary phenotype(s).

Availability: PleioGRiP is implemented in Java, and it is available from http://hdl.handle.net/2144/4367.

Contact:  stephen.hartley@nih.gov

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Daytime depth and thermal habitat of two sympatric krill species in response to surface salinity variability in the Gulf of St Lawrence, eastern Canada
Authors: Plourde Stéphane , McQuinn Ian H. , Maps Frédéric , St-Pierre Jean-François , Lavoie Diane , Joly Pierre
Published: February 2013

Plourde, S., McQuinn, I. H., Maps, F., St-Pierre, J-F., Lavoie, D., and Joly, P. 2014. Daytime depth and thermal habitat of two sympatric krill species in response to surface salinity variability in the Gulf of St Lawrence, eastern Canada. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 71: 272–281. We describe the response of acoustically determined weighted mean depth (WMD) of two sympatric species of krill, Thysanoessa raschii and Meganyctiphanes norvegica, to variations in surface salinity during summer in the Gulf of St Lawrence. In this coastal system, non-living particulates and CDOM carried by the freshwater run-off of the St Lawrence River and several large rivers have a strong impact on turbidity and light attenuance in the surface layer. The WMD of T. raschii and M. norvegica were significantly and positively related to surface salinity. However, M. norvegica was found deeper and in warmer water than T. raschii, and the latter had a steeper response to surface salinity. The species-specific relationships between daytime WMD and surface salinity enabled us to estimate both species regional and interannual variations in summertime temperature habitat during a 21-year period (1991–2011). The variability in daytime WMD resulted in significant inter- and intraspecific differences in the temperature experienced by adult krill that may impact development, growth, and reproduction. Our study illustrated the importance of considering species-specific responses to environmental forcing in coupled biophysical models that aim to explore the impacts of environmental variations on krill dynamics.
A z = 3.045 Lyα emitting halo hosting a QSO and a possible candidate for AGN-triggered star formation
Authors: Rauch Michael , Becker George D. , Haehnelt Martin G. , Carswell Robert F. , Gauthier Jean-Rene
Published: February 2013

In this third paper in a series on the nature of extended, asymmetric Lyα emitters at z ∼ 3 we report the discovery, in an ultra-deep, blind, spectroscopic long-slit survey, of a Lyα emitting halo around a QSO at redshift 3.045. The QSO is a previously known, obscured active galactic nucleus (AGN). The Lyα emitting halo appears extended along the direction of the slit and exhibits two faint patches separated by 17 proper kpc in projection from the QSO. Comparison of the two-dimensional spectrum with archival Hubble Space Telescope ACS images shows that these patches coincide spatially with emission from a peculiar, dumbbell-shaped, faint galaxy. The assumptions that the Lyα emission patches are originating in the galaxy and that the galaxy is physically related to the QSO are at variance with photometric estimates of the galaxy redshift. We show, however, that a population of very young stars at the redshift of the QSO may fit the existing rest-frame broad-band UV photometry of the galaxy. If this scenario is correct, then the symmetry of the galaxy in continuum and Lyα emission, the extension of the QSO’s Lyα emission in its direction, and the likely presence of a young stellar population in close proximity to a (short-lived) AGN suggest that this may be an example of AGN feedback triggering external star formation in high-redshift galaxies.
Analysis of large-scale social and information networks
Authors: Kleinberg Jon
Published: February 2013

The growth of the Web has required us to think about the design of information systems in which large-scale computational and social feedback effects are simultaneously at work. At the same time, the data generated by Web-scale systems—recording the ways in which millions of participants create content, link information, form groups and communicate with one another—have made it possible to evaluate long-standing theories of social interaction, and to formulate new theories based on what we observe. These developments have created a new level of interaction between computing and the social sciences, enriching the perspectives of both of these disciplines. We discuss some of the observations, theories and conclusions that have grown from the study of Web-scale social interaction, focusing on issues including the mechanisms by which people join groups, the ways in which different groups are linked together in social networks and the interplay of positive and negative interactions in these networks.
A one-dimensional coordination polymer with a three-dimensional supramolecular framework:catena-poly[[[(3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline)cadmium(II)]-μ3-4,4′-sulfonyldibenzoato] trihydrate]
Authors: Wang Jun , Tao Jian-Qing , Xu Xiao-Juan , Tan Chun-Yun
Published: February 2013

In the title mixed-ligand metal–organic polymeric compound, {[Cd(C14H8O6S)(C16H16N2)]·3H2O}n, the asymmetric unit contains a crystallographically unique CdIIatom, one doubly deprotonated 4,4′-sulfonyldibenzoic acid (H2SDBA) ligand, one 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (TMPHEN) molecule and three solvent water molecules. Each CdIIcentre is six-coordinated by two O atoms from a chelating carboxylate group of a SDBA2−ligand, two O atoms from monodentate carboxylate groups of two different SDBA2−ligands and two N atoms from a chelating TMPHEN ligand. There are two coordination patterns for the carboxylate groups of the SDBA2−ligand, with one in a μ1-η1:η1chelating mode and the other in a μ2-η1:η1bis-monodentate mode. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the title compound is a one-dimensional double-chain polymer containing 28-membered rings based on the [Cd2(CO2)2] rhomboid subunit. More interestingly, a chair-shaped water hexamer cluster is observed in the compound.
Relative configuration, absolute configuration and absolute structure of three isomeric 8-benzyl-2-[(4-bromophenyl)(hydroxy)methyl]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-ones
Authors: Brzezinski Krzysztof , Lazny Ryszard , Nodzewska Aneta , Sidorowicz Katarzyna
Published: February 2013

The title compounds, C21H22BrNO2, are isomeric 8-benzyl-2-[(4-bromophenyl)(hydroxy)methyl]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-ones. Compound (I), the (±)-exo,syn-(1RS,2SR,5SR,9SR) isomer, crystallizes in the hexagonal space groupR\overline{3}, while compounds (II) [the (+)-exo,anti-(1R,2S,5S,9R) isomer] and (III) [the (±)-exo,anti-(1RS,2SR,5SR,9RS) isomer] crystallize in the orthorhombic space groupsP212121andPna21, respectively. The absolute configuration was determined for enantiomerically pure (II). For the noncentrosymmetric crystal of (III), its absolute structure was established. In the crystal structures of (I) and (II), an intramolecular hydrogen bond is formed between the hydroxy group and the heterocyclic N atom. In the crystal structure of racemic (III), hydrogen-bonded chains of molecules are formedviaintermolecular O—H...O interactions. Additionally, face-to-edge π–π interactions are present in the crystal structures of (I) and (II). In all three structures, the piperidinone rings adopt chair conformations and theN-benzyl substituents occupy the equatorial positions.
Plant feeding by insect vectors can affect life cycle, population genetics and evolution of plant viruses
Authors: Gutiérrez Serafín , Michalakis Yannis , Van Munster Manuella , Blanc Stéphane
Published: February 2013

Transmission from host to host is a crucial step in the life cycle of pathogens, particularly of viruses, ensuring spread and maintenance in host populations. The immobile nature of plants and the strong pectin and cellulose barrier surrounding cells have constrained most plant virus species to use vectors (mainly insects) for exit, transfer and entry from one host to another.

A growing body of evidence is showing that plant viruses can influence vector physiology and behaviour to increase their chances of transmission, either directly or through modification of the host plant. In contrast, little is known on the possible reciprocal interaction, where the vector way of life would significantly impact on the viral behaviour and/or phenotype within the infected plants, on its population genetics and its evolution.

The complex possible reaches of these three‐way interactions on the ecology of each partner have not been exhaustively explored.

After briefly summarizing the current knowledge on how viruses can induce changes in insect vector behaviour, physiology and population dynamics, this review focuses on presenting unforeseen aspects related to (i) the impacts that the feeding habits of different insect vectors can have on the evolution of plant viruses and (ii) the possibility that vector‐related stresses induce major switches in the ‘behaviour’ of viruses in planta, affecting primarily the efficiency of transmission by insect vectors.
Predatory beetles facilitate plant growth by driving earthworms to lower soil layers
Authors: Zhao Chuan , Griffin John N. , Wu Xinwei , Sun Shucun
Published: February 2013

Theory suggests that predators of soil‐improving, plant‐facilitating detritivores (e.g. earthworms) should suppress plant growth via a negative tri‐trophic cascade, but the empirical evidence is still largely lacking.

We tested this prediction in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau by manipulating predatory beetles (presence/absence) and quantifying (i) direct effects on the density and behaviour of earthworms; and (ii) indirect effects on soil properties and above‐ground plant biomass.

In the absence of predators, earthworms improved soil properties, but did not significantly affect plant biomass. Surprisingly, the presence of predators strengthened the positive effect of earthworms on soil properties leading to the emergence of a positive indirect effect of predators on plant biomass.

We attribute this counterintuitive result to: (i) the inability of predators to suppress overall earthworm density; and (ii) the predator‐induced earthworm habitat shift from the upper to lower soil layer that enhanced their soil‐modifying, plant‐facilitating, effects.

Our results reveal that plant‐level consequences of predators as transmitted through detritivores can hinge on behaviour‐mediated indirect interactions that have the potential to overturn predictions based solely on trophic interactions.

This work calls for a closer examination of the effects of predators in detritus food webs and the development of spatially explicit theory capable of predicting the occurrence and consequences of predator‐induced detritivore behavioural shifts.
A Pseudo Dichotomy: Hobbism and Kantianism in Political Philosophy
Authors: Chou Chiayu
Published: February 2013

This article examines the nature of a common tendency in studies of the political philosophies of Hobbes and Kant to presume that a dichotomy exists between them. In order to investigate this tendency, the two prevailing approaches in current scholarship on Kant and Hobbes are explored, and the content of two ideologies on which these studies heavily rely, Hobbism and Kantianism, are revealed. In the final section, a discussion of Hobbes' and Kant's theories of international politics will be used to point to how this tendency functions and what consequences it has for the study of political philosophy. The article closes by drawing attention to the wider implications of this tendency when it is applied to studies of Western political thought.
How do Competing Interest Groups Influence Environmental Policy? The Case of Renewable Electricity in Industrialized Democracies, 1989–2007
Authors: Cheon Andrew , Urpelainen Johannes
Published: February 2013

In this article, we examine the effect of competing interest groups on environmental policy. We argue that the supporters of environmental policy should be the most influential in the absence of opposition, while the opposition's importance is maximized when the supporter coalition is strong. This highlights an important asymmetry between competing interest groups: supporters are decisive in the absence of opposition, while the opposition is only relevant if the supporters are already strong. We test the argument against data on renewable electricity generation in nineteen OECD countries, 1989–2007. Heavy industries have particularly strong incentives to oppose policies that support renewables, because heavy industries’ profitability depends on inexpensive electricity. We find that the supporter coalition has a positive effect on the growth of renewable electricity generation, but the positive effect diminishes with the strength of manufacturing. Moreover, heavy industry has a negative effect on the growth of renewable electricity generation and this effect increases with the strength of the supporter coalition.
Quidemas a Marker of Emphatic Polarity
Authors: Danckaert Lieven
Published: February 2013

The present paper deals with the (morpho)syntax and the interpretation of the Latin particlequidem. At the morphosyntactic level, it is argued thatquidemcan be characterized as a weak adverb, and that it is the middle member of a tripartite paradigm with strongequidemand clitic ‐quidemas the two other members. As to the syntax ofquidem, it is contended that the particle always takes scope over an entire proposition, and that it never induces constituent focus. It is shown that the element to the left ofquidemcan be a focus, a topic or a discourse‐neutral constituent, and that the pragmatic status of this element is never affected by the presence ofquidem. Finally, two claims are made about the interpretation ofquidem. First, it is proposed thatquidemis a marker of affirmative polarity, rather than a modal adverb. Second, in accordance with many previous accounts that considerquidemto be a focus particle,quidemis characterized as a marker of emphatic affirmative polarity, which emphasizes that the state of affairs expressed by a given proposition does indeed hold. Under this view,quidemcan be considered a marker ofverumfocus.
‘Felson Signs’ revisited
Authors: George Phiji Philip , Irodi Aparna , Nidugala Keshava Shyamkumar , Lamont Anthony C
Published: February 2013

In this article we revisit, with the help of images, those classic signs in chest radiography described by Dr Benjamin Felson himself, or other illustrious radiologists of his time, cited and discussed in ‘Chest Roentgenology’. We briefly describe the causes of the signs, their utility and the differential diagnosis to be considered when each sign is seen. Wherever possible, we use CT images to illustrate the basis of some of these classic radiographic signs.
Using phylogenetic information and the comparative method to evaluate hypotheses in macroecology
Authors: Hernández Cristián E. , Rodríguez‐Serrano Enrique , Avaria‐Llautureo Jorge , Inostroza‐Michael Oscar , Morales‐Pallero Bryan , Boric‐Bargetto Dusan , Canales‐Aguirre Cristian B. , Marquet Pablo A. , Meade Andrew
Published: February 2013

It is widely recognized that macroecological patterns are not independent of the evolution of the lineages involved in generating these patterns. While many researchers have begun to evaluate the effect of ancestor–descendant relationships on observed patterns using the phylogenetic comparative method, most macroecological studies only utilize the cross‐sectional comparative method to ‘remove the phylogenetic history’, without considering the option of evaluating its effect without removing it.

Currently, most researchers use this method without explicitly evaluating three fundamental evolutionary assumptions of the comparative method: (i) that the phylogeny is constructed without error (which implies evaluating phylogenetic uncertainty); (ii) that more closely related species tend to show more similar characters than expected by chance (which implies evaluating the phylogenetic signal) and; (iii) that the model of the characters' evolution effectively recapitulates their history (which implies comparing the fit of several evolutionary models and evaluating the uncertainty of the estimating model parameters).

Macroecological studies will benefit from the use of the comparative method to assess the effect of phylogenetic history without removing its effect. The comparative method will also allow for the simultaneous analysis of trait evolution and its impact on diversification rates; it is important to evaluate these processes together because they are not independent. In addition, explicit evaluations of the assumptions of comparative methods using Bayesian inferences will allow researchers to quantify the uncertainty of specific evolutionary hypotheses accounting for observed macroecological patterns.

We illustrate the usefulness of the method using the phylogeny of the genusSebastes(Pisces: Scorpaeniformes), together with data on the body size–latitudinal range relationship to estimate the effect of phylogenetic history on the observed macroecological pattern.
The CLERP 9 Audit Reforms: Benefits and Costs Through the Eyes of Regulators, Standard Setters and Audit Service Suppliers
Authors: Houghton Keith A. , Kend Michael , Jubb Christine
Published: February 2013

Over the past decade or more Australia amongst other jurisdictions has experienced substantial reforms to auditing regulation in an effort to boost public confidence in the auditing profession. This paper aims to examine whether these changes in the Australian regulatory environment for audits have (a) provided enhanced confidence in reported financial data, (b) impacted audit costs and (c) not limited competition in the market for audit services. Using qualitative interview data, this study reports on the perceptions of auditors, auditing standard setters and regulators in relation to the CLERP 9 reforms to the Australian auditing regime in the later part of the 2000s. A theoretical framework is developed to evaluate whether these reforms are substantive enough in nature to effect public confidence in reported financial data and market competition in audits.
Resting‐State Synchrony in Short‐Term Versus Long‐Term Abstinent Alcoholics
Authors: Camchong Jazmin , Stenger Victor Andrew , Fein George
Published: February 2013

Background

We previously reported that when compared with controls, long‐term abstinent alcoholics (LTAA) have increased resting‐state synchrony (RSS) of the inhibitory control network and reduced synchrony of the appetitive drive network, and hypothesized that these levels of synchrony are adaptive and support the behavioral changes required to maintain abstinence. In this study, we investigate whether these RSS patterns can be identified in short‐term abstinent alcoholics (STAA).

Methods

Resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected from 27 STAA, 23 LTAA, and 23 nonsubstance abusing controls (NSAC). We examined baseline RSS using seed‐based measures.

Results

We found ordered RSS effects from NSAC to STAA and then to LTAA within both the appetitive drive and executive control networks: increasing RSS of the executive control network and decreasing RSS of the reward processing network. Finally, we found significant correlations between strength of RSS in these networks and (i) cognitive flexibility, and (ii) current antisocial behavior.

Conclusions

Findings are consistent with an adaptive progression of RSS from short‐ to long‐term abstinence, so that, compared with normal controls, the synchrony (i) within the reward network progressively decreases, and (ii) within the executive control network progressively increases.