bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Age aspects of the incidence of chronic hepatitis C in children
Authors: Galova E. A.
Published: October 2019

Purpose of the study: to reveal characteristics of chronic viral hepatitis C (HCV) incidence in babies and preschoolers, schoolchildren, teenagers on the example of the Nizhny Novgorod region. Materials and methods. The article presents official epidemiological information on the incidence of HCV in children in the Nizhny Novgorod region in 1995–2015. Data statistical processing was performed with Statistica 7.0. soft ware package. Zero hypotheses were rejected at significance level of the corresponding statistical criterion p < 0,05. Results. The study revealed differences of HCV-epidemic process in infants and preschoolers, schoolchildren and teenagers. The incidence of HCV in children 0–6 years old and 15–17 years old is characterized by a lack of reduction and an uncertain prognosis (p < 0,05); the positive prognosis is possible in schoolchildren aged 7–14 years (p < 0,05). There was an increase of patients of younger age groups in the proportion, and decrease of cases frequency in children 7–14-year-olds. The authors identified that the viral hepatitis C incidence is correlate with the public health indicators and with the health care institutions activities; the correlations strength and correlations pattern is depend on age. The article presents a quantitative assessment of the relationship between the children HCV incidence in different age periods and the public health indicators and activities health institutions. Conclusions. In HCV-epidemic process in children at the present there is a redistribution of older and younger age groups role in its maintenance with the leading significance of the latter. Obtained results prove the significant contribution of HCV positive women of fertile age in the HCV- epidemic process in children at the present stage.
Optimization of Plug-and-Perforate Completions for Balanced Treatment Distribution and Improved Reservoir Contact
Authors: Yi Sophie , Wu Chu-Hsiang , Sharma Mukul M.
Published: October 2019

Heel-dominated treatment distribution among multiple perforation clusters is frequently observed in plug-and-perforate (plug-and-perf) stages, causing small propped surface areas, suboptimal production, and unexpected fracture hits.

A multifracture simulator with a novel wellbore-fluid and proppant-transport model is applied to quantify treatment distribution among multiple perforation clusters in a plug-and-perf operation. A simulation base case is set up on the basis of a field treatment design with four clusters. Simulation results show that the two toe-side clusters screened out early in the treatment and the two heel-side clusters were dominant. The simulated proppant placement is consistent with distributed-acoustic-sensing observations.

The impact of different perforating strategies and pumping schedules on final treatment distribution is investigated. Two criteria are defined that quantify the proppant distribution and fracture area: the weighted average (WA) and standard deviation (SD) of the final fluid and proppant distribution, as well as the hydraulic surface area (HSA) and propped surface area (PSA) of the created fractures. An optimal plug-and-perf design is defined as one that minimizes the SD of the treatment distribution among perforation clusters, and maximizes the PSA.

Both perforating strategy and pumping schedule are found to affect the final treatment distribution significantly, and uniform treatment distribution is shown to create more PSA. Having fewer perforations per cluster was found to promote uniform fluid and proppant placement. Other helpful strategies include reducing the number of perforations near the heel and using small, lightweight proppant. The stress shadow effect is accounted for using the displacement discontinuity method (DDM) and was found to play a smaller role than perforation friction and proppant inertia in most cases.

An automated process is developed to optimize plug-and-perf completion design with multiple decision variables using a genetic algorithm (GA). Thirteen parameters are optimized simultaneously. The optimal design solution creates an almost even treatment distribution and more than doubles the PSA compared with the base case.

The multifracture model presented in this paper provides a way to quantify fluid and proppant distribution for any perforating strategy and pumping schedule, and provides more insight into the physics relevant to plug-and-perf treatment distribution. The perforation and pumping schedule recommendations presented in this paper provide directional guidance for the design of fracturing jobs with balanced treatment distribution and large PSA.
Effects of insulin on the reversal of myocardial contractility after bupivacaine-induced cardiac asystole in vitro
Authors: Kim Hyun Joo , Jung Ja Rang , III Carl Lynch , Park Wyun Kon
Published: October 2019

Background: Insulin-glucose treatment effectively reverses severe bupivacaine (BPV)-induced myocardial depression or cardiovascular collapse in in vivo. However, the mechanisms for the recovery are poorly defined. Methods: Using the guinea pig myocardium, cumulative concentration-responses on contractile forces for insulin or insulin combined with 33 mM glucose (insulin/glucose) were measured. After achieving asystole by 500 µM BPV, different concentrations of insulin or insulin/glucose were applied to determine the recovery of stimulated contractile responses and contractions in either recirculating or non-recirculating (washout) condition. Because we did not observe any recovery from asystole with insulin treatment in the recirculating condition, further experiments were performed whether intermittent contractile responses (conduction block) could be reversed by insulin. In the washout condition, after achieving asystole, the muscles were washed with the Tyrode solution containing insulin or insulin/glucose for 60 minutes. After achieving asystole, BPV concentrations in the Tyrode solution in the presence or absence of insulin for 60 minutes were measured. Results: There were similar concentration-dependent decreases in contractility in both the insulin and insulin/glucose groups. Neither insulin nor insulin/glucose restored the stimulated contractile responses from conduction disturbance or asystole induced by BPV in the continued presence of BPV. In the BPV-washout condition, while superfusion with a control (plain Tyrode) solution for 60 minutes after achieving asystole by BPV restored contractility to approximately 60% of the baseline, time-dependent complete recovery was observed in the insulin- and insulin/glucose-treated groups. At each time period from asystole to 60 minutes, the BPV concentrations in the insulin-treated group were slightly lower than those in the control group. Conclusions: Neither insulin nor insulin/glucose treatment does not rescue Na+ channel function to reverse BPV-induced cardiac conduction block or asystole regardless of improved cardiac performance, possibly due to improved myocardial energetics in isolated in vitro animal myocardium model. These findings suggest that treatment with insulin or insulin/glucose is desirable for metabolic energy supply to the myocardium in cases of BPV-induced cardiac collapse. However, considering the importance of decreased BPV concentrations in cardiac tissues, insulin or insulin/glucose may not achieve satisfactory outcomes.
Willingness to Join and Pay for Social Health Insurance Scheme Among employees in Debere Berhan Town, Ethiopia
Authors: Mekonnen Wassie Negash , Wondaferew Mesfin , Mekonen Adugnaw Birhane
Published: October 2019

Back ground: Social Health Insurance improves access to health services among civil servants by removing catastrophic health expenditure. In Ethiopia, only 7.3% of the population covered by health insurance. Due to this fact the government of Ethiopia initiated Social Health Insurance scheme to be applied in the formal employers and employees with compulsory membership of the scheme. This study therefore aimed to assess willingness to join and pay for social health insurance scheme among government and private employees in Debere Berhan Town, Ethiopia .Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted .At mean time Stratified sampling technique was used to select 619 employees. A modified dichotomous contingent valuation method (CVM) was applied to elicit employees’ willingness to pay. Bi-variant and multivariable logistic regression analysis was done . Then the result at 95% CI and P value <0.05 was declared as variables have statistically significant association. Results: A total of 619 employees with response rate of 97.8% were participated in the study. About 406 (65%) of the respondents were willing to join to Social Health Insurance scheme. Of which 113 (27.8%) of employees were willing to pay the government proposed 3% premium. The employee’s average willingness to pay for social health insurance scheme was 1.88% of their monthly salary. In this study the odds of respondents who had degree and above (AOR=3.608, 95%CI 1.177-11.061), employees good perception on quality health service (AOR=3.150, 95% CI 1.140-8.699) and employees who perceive benefit packages of social health insurance as enough (AOR=5.229, 95%CI: 2.230-12 .594) were higher than the counter parts. Conclusion: Employees willingness to join of the Social Health Insurance scheme(SHIS) is low and very low number of employees agree to pay the government proposed premium for SHIS. So decision-makers should emphasize to revise the benefit packages and the premiums to be contributed. likewise insurance agency and all responsible bodies should aware the society about the importance of social health insurance for the employees.
Association of Cognitive Impairment and Elderly Mortality: Differences of two cohorts ascertained 6-years apart in China
Authors: Duan Jun , Lv Yue-Bin , Gao Xiang , Zhou Jin-Hui , Kraus Virginia Byers , Zeng Yi , Su Hong , Shi Xiaoming
Published: October 2019

Background: Cognitive impairment is a major contributor to mortality among the elderly. However, the trend between cognitive impairment and mortality with time is understudied. We aim to evaluate the differences in associations of cognitive impairment with all-cause mortality and explore the relationship of cognitive impairment with mortality in different age and sex groups in two cohorts ascertained 6 years apart in China. Methods: A total of 13906 and 13873 Chinese elderly aged 65 years and older were included in the 2002-2008 and 2008-2014 cohorts from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). Mortality data was ascertained from interviews with family members or relatives of participants. Cognitive function, evaluated by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), were defined by different cut-offs taking educational background into account. Cox models were used to explore the relationship of cognitive impairment with mortality. Results: For the 2002-2008 and 2008-2014 cohorts, the total follow-up times were 55,277 and 53,267 person-years, and the mean (SD) age were 86.5 (11.6) and 87.2 (11.3) years, respectively. Compared to normal cognition, severe cognitive impairment was independently associated with higher mortality risk after controlling for potential confounders, with hazard ratios (HRs) of 1.48 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.39-1.57) in 2002-2008 cohort and 1.32 (95% CI, 1.25-1.41) in 2008-2014 cohort. The trend of cognitive impairment with risk of all-cause mortality decreased from 2002-2008 to 2008-2014 cohort. The association of cognitive impairment and mortality was decreased with age in the two cohorts. Conclusions : Cognitive impairment evaluated by MMSE was associated with increased risk of mortality and the association decreased with the passage of time during the two 6-year cohorts; this advocates that periodic screening for cognitive impairment among the elderly is warranted.
The association between neutrophil-to-albumin ratio and mortality in patients with cardiogenic shock: a cohort study
Authors: Peng Yangpei , Xue Yangjing , Wang Jinsheng , Xiang Huaqiang , Ji Kangting , Wang Jie , Lin Cong
Published: October 2019

Background Cardiogenic shock (CS) is a lethal complication. Given the poor outcome of CS, we performed a retrospective cohort study to identify whether the neutrophil-to-albumin ratio (NAR) was significantly associated with mortality from CS.
Methods All patient data were extracted from the MIMIC III version 1.3. Comparisons between groups was made using the chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests for categorical variables and the variance analysis or the Kruskal-Wallis test was used for continuous variables. The primary outcome was 30-day mortality and the secondary ones were 90-day and 365-day mortality. We used Cox proportional hazards models to evaluate the association between the various categories of NAR and survival. To further identify the association, subgroup analyses were performed.
Results A total of 475 patients with CS were enrolled. A significant positive correlation between NAR levels and 30-day, 90-day or 365-day mortality was observed. For the primary outcome of 30-day mortality, the HR (95% CI) values given NAR levels 23.54–27.86 and > 27.86 were 1.72 (1.17, 2.53) and 1.96 (1.34, 2.87) compared with the reference (NAR < 23.47) in tertile analysis. In multivariate analyses, the HR (95% CI) values were still of statistical significance[1.98 (1.25, 3.15) and 2.03 (1.26, 3.26)]. When quintiles were applied to grouping patients according to NAR level, similar associations were also observed. For the secondary outcomes, the upward trend remained statistically significant.
Conclusions NAR level was associated with survival from CS. NAR appeared to be an independent and readily-available prognostic biomarker of mortality in patients with CS.
Dietary diversity practice and associated factors among late adolescent girls in Tegede district high Schools, northwest Ethiopia
Authors: Derbew Berhanu , Atnafu Azeb , Dessie Awrajaw , Tamirat Koku Sisay
Published: October 2019

Introduction: Estimating the dietary and nutrient intake is one of the indirect methods of assessing nutritional status. Diets of adolescent girls in developing countries including Ethiopia are low in diversity, mostly consuming cereals with limited animal source foods and essential nutrients that led to malnutrition. The problem is highly exacerbated at adolescent stage, which exhibited rapid physiological changes. Hence, this study aimed to assess dietary diversity and associated factors among high school late adolescent girls in Tegede district.Methods: A school based cross-sectional study was conducted on 400 systematically selected adolescent girls from January to February 2018 in Tegede district high schools. Dietary diversity score was measured using a validated 24-hour dietary recall questionnaire based on 10 food groups. Binary logistic regression was used and Bi-variable and multivariable analysis were used to identify factors associated with dietary diversity and 95% confidence interval and Odds Ratio (OR) was computed to assess the strength of association. Variables with 0.05 p-value in the multivariable analysis were taken as significantly associated with the dietary diversity score.Result: The proportion of adolescent girls who had adequate dietary diversity was 47.3% [95% CI: (42- 52%)]. Urban residences [AOR=6.60(3.90 11.16)], Living with family [AOR=5.53(3.26 9.37], common decision on food preparation at household level [AOR=1.97(1.14 3.39], school nutrition club member [AOR=2.33(1.34 4.05)] and access to home gardening (AOR=2.69[(1.57 4.62)] were significant determinants of adequate dietary diversity.Conclusion: This study indicated the proportion of adolescent girls who had diversified diet was low. Family residences, Students living status, decision in home food preparation, school nutrition club member and access to home gardening were significant associated factors. These finding underscored that strengthening of school nutritional club and home gardening is mandatory to curb nutritional related problems.
WITHDRAWN: “After the transition is before the transition” – Experiences of medically induced treatment discontinuation of disease-modifying therapies in people with multiple sclerosis: A qualitative descriptive study.
Authors: Ammann Robert , Fringer André
Published: October 2019

Background: Treatment discontinuation and non-adherence are widely discussed topics in the context of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, little is known about the experience of medically induced discontinuation of disease-modifying therapies in people with MS. Serious side effects or treatment failure are possible reasons for discontinuation. Prevalence of treatment switches is high in people with MS. Doctors initiate almost 50% of treatment switches. Methods: The aim of this study was to explore how people with MS experience medically induced treatment discontinuation. Using a qualitative-descriptive approach, ten semi-structured interviews were conducted with adult persons suffering from MS. Data analysis followed the procedure suggested by Saldaña. Open and axial coding were applied. The analysis was continued until it was possible to draw conclusions about participantsˊ experiences and to answer the research question. At the end, the experiences could be synthesised into categories, resulting in a conceptual model. Results: „ After the transition is before the transition “ was identified as central phenomenon. People with MS experience medically induced discontinuation as part of a cycle of repeated treatment switches. They get to know treatment options, develop criteria for treatment and decide about treatment, taking into account professional advice and personal preferences. Once treatment starts, health care professionals and people with MS assess whether it is well-tolerated and effective. If not, a decision about treatment discontinuation is necessary. Discontinued treatment implies that the cycle begins again. Health personnel initiates the cycle and supports patients with professional advice. Family and friends ensure that the perspective of people with MS is considered in the decision process. Conclusions: Experiencing medically induced treatment discontinuation is a silent phenomenon requiring health care professionals′ attention. Uncertainty associated with treatment adds to uncertainty of the disease trajectory. Knowledge can contribute to a feeling of control. Finding normality in the context of a treatment switch is essential. People with MS need continuing support from health care professionals beyond the moment of treatment decision.
Frequency of the Causes of Postmenopausal Bleeding, Results of a Tertiary Referral Center in Turkey
Authors: Sert Umit Yasemin , Guler Ismail , Nas Tuncay
Published: October 2019

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to determine the frequency of etiologic factors that causes postmenopausal bleeding.STUDY DESIGN: For the purpose, a total number of 200 women with postmenopausal bleeding were included in the study. Medical records regarding history, physical examination, and endometrium biopsy of these cases were retrospectively analyzed. The frequency of etiologic factors and relevancy of pathological results with demographic factors were determined.RESULTS: Most frequent histopathologic diagnosis of the women with postmenopausal bleeding were established as endometrial atrophy, endometrial polyp, inadequate material, cancer, proliferative endometrium, endometrial hyperplasia, and other disorders respectively. Contrarily the previous studies, our study showed that estrogen replacement therapy was not a reason for postmenopausal bleeding.CONCLUSION: Although endometrial atrophy is the most frequent cause, postmenopausal bleeding should promptly be evaluated since endometrial hyperplasia and cancer are frequently the underlying cause. We found that premalignant and malignant lesions were related to the patients’ BMI (body mass index), duration of postmenopause, the presence of diabetes, determination of thick endometrium by ultrasonography.
Joint Application of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Biochemical Biomarkers in Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Momeni Fatemeh , Ghaemmaghami Amir B. , Nejati Majid , Pourhanifeh Mohammad Hossein , Sichani Laleh Shiri , Tamtaji Omid Reza , Momeni Mohammad , Khosravi Alireza , Etemadifar Masoud , Mirzaei Hamed
Published: October 2019

Multiple Sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune disorder associated with spinal cord and brain,
chiefly affects the white matter. Regarding the complexity as well as heterogenic etiology of this
disease, the treatment of MS has been a challenging issue up to now. Researchers are working to
develop new therapeutic strategies and drugs as complementary therapies. MS diagnosis significantly
depends on the findings of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) examination. In this imaging technique,
gadolinium is used as a contrast agent to reveal active plaques intending to destroy the bloodbrain
barrier. It also detects plaques that are not correlated with the neurological symptoms. It has
been attempted to determine biomarkers related to different dimensions of MS in various organizational
hierarchy levels of the human anatomy (i.e., cells, proteins, RNA, and DNA). These biomarkers
are appropriate diagnostic tools for MS diagnosis. In this review, we summarized the application
of MRI and biochemical biomarkers to monitor MS patients. Moreover, we highlighted the joint application
of MRI and biomarkers for the diagnosis of MS subjects.
Plant- and Nutraceutical-based Approach for the Management of Diabetes and its Neurological Complications: A Narrative Review
Authors: Öztürk Yusuf , Öztürk Nilgün
Published: October 2019

:

Diabetes is an important metabolic disease affecting many organs and systems in the body. The nervous system is one of the body systems affected by diabetes and neuropathic complications are troublesome in diabetic patients with many consequences. As diabetes has deleterious influences almost on bodily systems, an integrative approach seems to be necessary accepting the body as a whole and integrating body systems with lifestyle and living environment. Like some traditional health systems such as Ayurveda, integrative approach includes additional modalities to overcome both diabetes and diabetic complications. In general, these modalities consist of nutraceuticals and plant products. Prebiotics and probiotics are two types of nutraceuticals having active ingredients, such as antioxidants, nutrient factors, microorganisms, etc. Many plants are indicated for the cure of diabetes. All of these may be employed in the prevention and in the non-pharmacological management of mildto- moderate diabetes. Severe diabetes should require appropriate drug selection. Being complementary, prebiotics, probiotics, plants and exercise may be additive for the drug therapy of diabetes. Similarly, there are complementary approaches to prevent and cure neurological and/or behavioral manifestations of diabetes, which may be included in therapy and prevention plans. A scheme is given for the prevention and therapy of comorbid depression, which is one of the most common behavioral complications of diabetes. Within this scheme, the main criterion for the selection of modalities is the severity of diseases, so that personalized management may be developed for diabetic patients using prebiotics and probiotics in their diets, plants and drugs avoiding possible interactions.
Sera/Organ Lysates of Selected Animals Living in Polluted Environments Exhibit Cytotoxicity against Cancer Cell Lines
Authors: Jeyamogan Shareni , Khan Naveed A. , Sagathevan Kuppusamy , Siddiqui Ruqaiyyah
Published: October 2019

Background:

Species of crocodiles and cockroaches can withstand high radiation, reside in unsanitary
conditions, thrive on germ-infested feed, and are exposed to heavy metals, yet they are not reported to
develop cancer. It has been postulated that such species have mechanisms to defend themselves against developing
cancer. Here, selected species have been tested for potential cytotoxicity against selected cancer cell lines.

Methods:

In this study, various species of vertebrates and invertebrates were procured including Columba livia,
Gallus gallus domesticus, Varanus salvator, Cuora kamamora amboinensis, Reticulatus malayanus, Oreochromis
mossambicus, Rattus rattus, American bullfrog, Donax sp., Polymesoda coaxans, Tenebrio molitor,
Lumbricus terrestris, Blatta lateralis, Grammostola rosea, and Penaeus monodon. Species were dissected and
their organ lysates/sera/haemolymph were prepared. Cytotoxicity assays were performed using Prostate Cancer
cells (PC3), Henrietta Lacks cervical adenocarcinoma cells (HeLa) and human breast adenocarcinoma cells
(MCF7) as well as human keratinized skin cells (Hacat), by measuring lactate dehydrogenase release as an indicator
for cell death. Growth inhibition assays were performed to determine the effects on cancer cell proliferation.
Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was performed for molecular identification.

Results:

The results revealed that body lysates of Polymesoda coaxans demonstrated more than 99% growth
inhibition of all cancer cell lines tested but not on normal Hacat cells. More importantly, the serum of M. reticulatus
abolished growth and produced cytotoxicity. Hence these samples were subjected to Liquid Chromatography-
Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), which detected 81 small molecules and putatively identified 20 molecules
when matched against the METLIN database. Out of 1094 peptides, 21 peptides were identified, while
1074 peptides were categorized as novel peptides. Based on properties such as peptide amino acid composition,
binary profile, dipeptide composition and pseudo-amino acid composition, 306 potential peptides were
identified.

Conclusion:

To our knowledge, here for the first time, we report a comprehensive analysis of sera exhibiting
cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines tested and identified several molecules using LC-MS/MS.
CRISPR/Cas9 System and its Research Progress in Gene Therapy
Authors: Liu Wenlou , Yang Chunsheng , Liu Yanqun , Jiang Guan
Published: October 2019

Genome editing refers to changing the genome sequence of an organism by knockout, insertion, and
site mutation, resulting in changes in the genetic information of the organism. The clustered regularly interspaced
short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/ CRISPR-associated protein-9 nuclease (Cas9) system is a genome
editing technique developed by the acquired immune system in the microbes, such as bacteria and archaebacteria,
which targets and edits genome sequences according to the principle of complementary base pairing. This
technique can be used to edit endogenous genomic DNA sequences in organisms accurately and has been widely
used in fields, such as biotechnology, cancer gene therapy, and dermatology. In this review, we summarize the
history, structure, mechanism, and application of CRISPR/Cas9 in gene therapy and dermatological diseases.
Synthesis, Anticancer, and Antibacterial Activity of Betulinic and Betulonic Acid C-28-Triphenylphosphonium Conjugates with Variable Alkyl Linker Length
Authors: Tsepaeva Olga V. , Nemtarev Andrey V. , Salikhova Taliya I. , Abdullin Timur I. , Grigor`eva Leysan R. , Khozyainova Svetlana A. , Mironov Vladimir F.
Published: October 2019

Background:

Conjugation of triterpenoids such as betulinic acid 1 with the Triphenylphosphonium
(TPP) group is a powerful approach to generating medicinal compounds. Their development proposes structure
optimization in respect of availability and activity towards target cells and organelles. Selection of 1 or its precursor
betulonic acid 2 and the optimal linker is of particular importance for drug candidate identification among
the TPP-triterpenoid conjugates.

Objective:

In this study, new C-28-TPP conjugated derivatives of 1 and 2 with the alkyl/alkoxyalkyl linkers of
variable length were synthesized and compared regarding their anticancer, antibacterial, and mitochondriatargeted
effects.

Methods:

The TPP conjugates of 1 and 2 [6a-f, 7a-f] were synthesized by the reaction of halogenalkyl esters
[3a-f, 4a-f, 5] with triphenylphosphine in acetonitrile upon heating. Cytotoxicity (MTT assay), antibacterial
activity (microdilution assay), and mitochondrial effects (flow cytofluorometry) were studied.

Results:

Conjugation with the TPP group greatly increased the cytotoxicity of the triterpenoids up to 30 times.
The conjugates were up to 10-17 times more active against MCF-7 (IC50 = 0.17μM, 72h, 6c) and PC-3 (IC50 =
0.14μM, 72h, 6a) cancer cells than for human skin fibroblasts. The enhanced antibacterial (bactericidal) activity
of the TPP-triterpenoid conjugates with MIC for Gram-positive bacteria as low as 2μM (6a, 7a) was for the first
time revealed. The conjugates were found to effectively inhibit fluorescence of 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin probe in the
cytosol upon oxidation, decrease transmembrane potential, and increase superoxide radical level in mitochondria.

Conclusion:

Relationships between the effects and structure of the TPP-triterpenoid conjugates were evaluated
and are discussed. Based on the results, 6a can be selected for further preclinical investigation as a potential
anticancer compound.
Pengembangan Tool Holder untuk Meningkatkan Kompetensi Mahasiswa pada Pembelajaran Praktik Pemesinan
Authors: Surono Surono , Ristadi Febrianto Amri , Nurdjito Nurdjito , Asnawi Asnawi
Published: October 2019

This research aims to: (1) design a tool holder specified for existing machine tools in Machining Workshop at Mechanical Engineering Education of Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta; (2) Assess the feasibility of the developed design. The research used Research and development (R&D) design incorporating ADDIE Model. Data collection were performed using observation, questionnaire, and documentation. Data were analyzed using descriptive quantitative technique. The results are: (1) tool holder design was suited to the needs of the tools in the workshop, which are mill bits, internal turning tool holder, and tap holder; (2) the overall interpretation are “Agree” that the tool holder is feasible to use in machining practice.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk: (1) menciptakan desain tool holder yang disesuaikan dengan mesin perkakas yang ada di bengkel pemesinan Jurusan Pendidikan Teknik Mesin, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta; (2) mengetahui kelayakan tool holder yang telah dikembangkan. Desain penelitian  yang  digunakan  adalah Penelitian dan Pengembangan/Reseach and Development (R&D) dengan menggunakan ADDIE Model. Pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik observasi, angket, dan dokumentasi. Analisis data menggunakan teknik deskriptif kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian ini adalah: (1) desain tool holder yang dikembangkan disesuaikan dengan tingkat kebutuhan pemakaian peralatan tersebut di bengkel mesin, yaitu mill bits, holder pahat bubut dalam, dan holder tap; (2) berdasarkan intepretasi data penilaian terhadap tool holder yang telah dikembangkan, secara keseluruhan diperoleh intepretasi “Setuju” bahwa alat (tool holder) tersebut layak digunakan sebagai alat bantu pemegang pahat pada proses pemesinan.
Design of HHO Generator to Reduce Exhaust Gas Emissions and Fuel Consumption of Non-Injection Gasoline Engine
Authors: Harman Harman , Ahyar Ahyar
Published: October 2019

The continuous increase of fuel consumption has caused fossil fuel shortages, rising its price tremendously. Transportation activities have the largest contribution to air pollution in the form of exhaust gas compared to other industrial activities. Various methods have been used to reduce the air pollution level as well as reducing fuel consumptions, one of which is the use of environmentally friendly fuel gas. The fuel gas is obtained from the electrolysis of water into oxy-hydrogen gas (HHO) as an additive in the fuel combustion process. The research methodology is experimental research which consists of designing and manufacturing of HHO, and field testing. In the planning and manufacturing stages, an HHO generator is produced, equipped with an input voltage regulator in order to produce the gas as needed, with shape and size adapted to the available space on the engine room. The testing stage was conducted on a 1781 cc engine, 2015 Toyota pick up truck which included laboratory test and on the road test. The results show that by activating the HHO generator, there is a reduction of CO and HC emissions, and also a reduction in fuel consumption when compared to the operation of the vehicle at the same load but without HHO generator.Meningkatnya konsumsi bahan bakar minyak secara terus menerus menyebabkan kelangkaan ketersediaan bahan fosil di alam, sehingga harganya menjadi mahal. Kegiatan transportasi menyumbangkan polusi udara dari hasil emisi gas buang kendaraan terbesar dibanding kegiatan industri lainnya. Oleh karena itu dilakukan berbagai cara untuk menurunkan tingkat polusi udara sekaligus menurunkan konsumsi bahan bakar minyak. Salah satunya adalah penggunaan gas bakar ramah lingkungan yang diperoleh dari elektrolisis air gas oksihidrogen (HHO) sebagai bahan tambah dalam proses pembakaran bahan bakar. Metodologi penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimental yang terdiri atas perancangan dan pembuatan generator HHO serta pengujian lapangan.  Pada tahap perancangan dan pembuatan dibuat generator gas HHO yang dilengkapi dengan pengatur tegangan input agar menghasilkan gas sesuai kebutuhan, dengan bentuk dan ukuran yang disesuaikan dengan tempat yang tersedia pada ruang mesin. Sedangkan pengujian dilakukan pada Mobil Toyota Kijang Pick Up 1781cc pembuatan tahun 2005 yang meliputi uji laboratorium dan uji jalan di jalan raya.  Hasil yang diperoleh bahwa dengan mengaktifkan generator HHO, terjadi penurunan emisi CO dan HC serta penurunan konsumsi bahan bakar pada beban yang sama, dibandingkan jika kendaraan dioperasikan tanpa generator HHO
How Online Reviews and Services Affect Physician Outpatient Visits: Content Analysis of Evidence From Two Online Health Care Communities
Authors: Lu Wei , Wu Hong
Published: October 2019

Background

Online healthcare communities are changing the ways of physician-patient communication and how patients choose outpatient care physicians. Although a majority of empirical work has examined the role of online reviews in consumer decisions, less research has been done in health care, and endogeneity of online reviews has not been fully considered. Moreover, the important factor of physician online services has been neglected in patient decisions.

Objective

In this paper, we addressed the endogeneity of online reviews and examined the impact of online reviews and services on outpatient visits based on theories of reviews and channel effects.

Methods

We used a difference-in-difference approach to account for physician- and website-specific effects by collecting information from 474 physician homepages on two online health care communities.

Results

We found that the number of reviews was more effective in influencing patient decisions compared with the overall review rating. An improvement in reviews leads to a relative increase in physician outpatient visits on that website. There are channel effects in health care: online services complement offline services (outpatient care appointments). Results further indicate that online services moderate the relationship between online reviews and physician outpatient visits.

Conclusions

This study investigated the effect of reviews and channel effects in health care by conducting a difference-in-difference analysis on two online health care communities. Our findings provide basic research on online health care communities.
AKURASI ARAH KIBLAT KOMPLEK PEMAKAMAN DITINJAU MENURUT KAIDAH TRIGONOMETRI (Studi Kasus di Kecamatan Syiah Kuala Kota Banda Aceh)
Authors: Daud Mohd. Kalam , Kamalussafir Muhammad
Published: October 2019

Penentuan arah kiblat untuk pemakaman dilakukan secara sederhana oleh imum gampong atau tokoh agama dengan menghadap kepada perkiraan arah kibat di sebelah barat. Akibatnya arah kiblat di komplek pemakaman berbeda antara satu makam dengan makam yang lain. Padahal menghadap kiblat makam orang Islam adalah suatu keharusan walaupun terdapat perbedaan istimbath hukumnya. Sebagian Syafiiyyah mewajibkan untuk dihadapkan ke arah kiblat, sebahagian lagi sunnah sebagaimna pendapat Imam Malik. Merujuk kepada pendapat tersebut peneliti menelaah akurasi arah kiblat komplek pemakaman di Kecamatan Syiah Kuala Kota Banda Aceh ditinjau dengan mengunakan kaidah-kaidah trigonometri sebagai pedoman analisa. Kemudian juga meneliti kesesuaian pengukuran arah kiblat komplek pemakaman dengan kaidah trigonometri dan. proses pengukuran arah kiblat yang dilakukan masyarakat untuk komplek pemakaman di Kecamatan Syiah Kuala Kota Banda Aceh. Untuk mendapatkan jawaban terhadap pertanyaan tersebut, peneliti melaksanakan penelitian lapangan di ssepuluh komplek pemakaman yang terdapat di Syiah Kuala Kota Banda Aceh dengan menggunakan kaidah trigonometeri sebagai dasar analisa dan batuan kompas standar ukur kiblat yang disarankan oleh Kementerian Agama. Dari hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa Arah kiblat komplek pemakanan di Kecamatan Syiah Kuala Kota Banda Aceh hanya 7,46% arah kiblat makam yang sesuai dengan kaidah trigonometri, sedangkan 92,54% tidak menghadap ke arah kiblat yang sesuai dengan kaidah trigonometri atau tidak sesuai arah kiblatnya. Kaidah trigonometri sebagai penentuan arah kiblat tidak dipergunakan oleh tokoh agama untuk mengukur arah kiblat di Kecamatan Syiah Kuala. Penentuan arah kiblat makam yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat di Kecamatan Syiah Kuala dapat dibagi dua macam, yaitu penentuan arah kiblat dengan mengikuti arah kuburan yang telah ada sebelumnya dan penentuan arah kiblat dengan mengikuti arah masjid yang ada di sekitar pemakaman. Dengan demikian diharapkan Kementerian Agama sebagai pihak yang berwenang untuk memberi pelayanan di bidang hisab dan rukyat, hendaknya mensosialisasikan pentingnya arah kiblat untuk pemakaman selain itu, pihak terkait meliputi Kementerian Agama, Majelis Permusyawaratan Ulama, serta lembaga penelitian terutama di kampus seperti UIN Ar-Raniry, agar menciptakan alat sederhana untuk pengukuran arah kiblat sesuai dengan kaidah trigonometri yang tepat tetapi berharga murah, dan mudah digunakan oleh masyarakat umum, sehingga kesalahan pengukuran arah kiblat termasuk arah kiblat pemakaman tidak lagi terjadi dan dapat diminimaisir.
Klasifikasi Tindak Pidana Hudud dan Sanksinya dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam
Authors: Surya Reni
Published: October 2019

Tindak pidana dalam hukum pidana Islam disebut jarimah, yaitu segala perbuatan yang dilarang oleh Allah swt. dan diancam dengan hukuman had dan ta’zir. Had adalah tindak pidana dan sanksi pidananya sudah diatur sedemikian rupa dalam nash Al-Qur’an dan Al-Hadis, sedangkan ta’zir adalah tindak pidana yang sanksi pidananya ditetapkan oleh pemimpin. Tindak pidana atau jarimah hudud adalah: Had zina, dihukum bagi yang ghairu muhsan 100 kali cambuk dan muhsan dihukum rajam, had qadhaf  (menuduh orang berbuat Zina) dihukum 80 kali cambuk, had sariqah (pencurian), apabila sudah mencapai nisab dihukum potong tangan, had minum khamar dihukum 40 kali cambuk, had hirabah (perampokan) dihukum sesuai dengan kiteria perbuatan yang dilakukan, had al-baghyu (pemberontakan) dihukum mati, dan had riddah (murtad) dihukum mati apabila tidak mau diajak untuk bertaubat. Ketujuh bentuk had tersebut merupakan hak Allah swt. yang apabila sudah terbukti, maka hakim tinggal memutuskan sesuai dengan yang ditetapkan menurut Al-Qur’an dan Al-Hadis.
Penerapan Asas Peradilan Sederhana, Cepat dan Biaya Ringan dalam Kumulasi Cerai Gugat dan Harta Bersama di Mahkamah Syar’iyah Banda Aceh
Authors: Iskandar Mizaj , Agustina Liza
Published: October 2019

Pengadilan Agama tidak dapat dipisahkan dengan asas sederhana, cepat dan biaya ringan yang tercantum dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1989 dalam penyelesaian suatu perkara. Asas sederhana, cepat, dan biaya ringan ini diatur dalam pasal 57 ayat (3) Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1989, dan pada dasarnya berasal dari ketentuan pasal 4 ayat (2) Undang-Undang Nomor 14 Tahun 1970. Penggabungan gugatan terhadap beberapa masalah hukum dalam surat gugatan tidak dilarang oleh hukum acara perdata. Boleh saja digabungkan dalam satu gugatan asalkan ada hubungan erat atau koneksitas satu sama lain. Namun penyelesaian terhadap kumulasi cerai gugat dan harta bersama yang terjadi di Mahkamah Syar’iyah dalam praktiknya bertolak belakang dengan tujuan pembentukan kumulasi dan menjadi terhambatnya asas peradilan sederhana, cepat, dan biaya ringan tersebut. Salah satunya terletak pada pihak yang menyulitkan dalam pemeriksaan dikarenakan salah satu pihak yang tidak hadir. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penerapan asas sederhana, cepat dan biaya ringan dalam cerai gugat dan harta bersama dan untuk mengetahui prespektif Hakim Mahkamah Syar’iyah Banda Aceh terhadap kumulasi tuntutan. Metode pengumpulan data yang penulis gunakan adalah metode penelitian kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa secara umum penerapan asas sederhana cepat dan biaya ringan sudah diterapkan di Mahkamah Syar’iyah Banda Aceh. Namun belum dapat berjalan dengan sempurna. Terlebih dalam perkara kumulasi cerai gugat dan harta bersama. Perspektif hakim tentang perkara ini mengatakan bahwa kumulasi tuntutan dalam perkaracerai gugat dan harta bersama mereka menganjurkan untuk memisahkan perkara tersebut dengan tujuan untuk memudahkan jalannya persidangan serta tidak merugikan para pihak.
Efektivitas Penerapan SIMKAH di KUA Syiah Kuala Kota Banda Aceh
Authors: Abubakar Al Yasa’ , Ilham Purnama Muhammad
Published: October 2019

Sistem Informasi Manajemen Nikah atau SIMKAH adalah kebijakan pemerintah yang diterapkan pada Kantor Urusan Agama (KUA) Kecamatan. Aplikasi SIMKAH dapat membantu dalam proses pelayanan masyara-kat. Salah satu dari sekian banyak KUA yang telah menerapkan SIMKAH adalah KUA Kecamatan Syaih Kuala. Adapun rumusan masalah yaitu bagaimana penerapan SIMKAH sebagai sarana penerapan hukum keluarga di Kantor Urusan Agama Syiah Kuala Kota Banda Aceh, bagaimana efektivitas SIMKAH sebagai sarana penerapan hukum keluarga di Kantor Urusan Agama Syiah Kuala Kota Banda Aceh, serta bagaimana hambatan dan tantangan dalam penerapan SIMKAH. Metode yang digunakan dalam artikel ini yaitu deskriptif-analisis, yaitu sebuah metode atau cara menganalisa data-data dari objek alami. Adapun temuan penelitian ini ada tiga. Pertama, penerapan SIMKAH di Kantor Urusan Agama Syiah Kuala Kota Banda Aceh berkenaan dengan sarana penerapan hukum keluarga. Penerapan hukum keluarga yang dimaksud meliputi memberi kemudahan bagi sebuah keluarga dalam mengakses data dan mengurus pernikahan, mengindari pemalsuan buku nikah, serta mengihindari terjadinya praktik poligami yang tidak sejalan dengan ketentuan undang-undang. Kedua, penerapan SIMKAH di Kantor Urusan Agama Syiah Kuala Kota Banda Aceh cenderung telah efektif dilaksanakan. Ketiga, hambatan dan tantangan dalam penerapan SIMKAH yaitu berkenaan dengan pola birokrasi yang terus berganti pimpinan sehingga kebijakan SIMKAH dimungkinkan terjadi stagnan atau tidak dikembangkan. Selain itu, server pusat juga terkadang tidak siap menampung data yang banyak dari bawah sehingga pengiriman data tidak bisa dilakukan.
Upaya Meminimalisir Kasus KDRT di Aceh: Studi Kasus P2TP2A Provinsi Aceh
Authors: Jamhuri Jamhuri , Rafiah Rafiah
Published: October 2019

Pusat Pelayanan Terpadu Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Anak mempunyai tugas dan fungsi untuk mencegah dan menangani kekerasan dalam rumah tangga yang dialami para korban. Kinerja lembaga P2TP2A mengalami peningkatan dalam meminimalisir kasus KDRT yang terjadi di Provinsi Aceh. Pertanyaan penelitian artikel ini adalah apa saja bentuk-bentuk kekerasan dalam rumah tangga sebagai salah satu penyebab terjadinya perceraian di Provinsi Aceh dan bagaimana upaya P2TP2A dalam meminimalisir kasus kekerasan dalam rumah tangga terhadap perempuan di Provinsi Aceh. Metoede penelitian yang digunakan adalah jenis penelitian yuridis normatif yaitu library research (perpustakaan) dan field research (lapangan) dan menggunakan metode kualitatif yaitu data yang berasal dari wawancara, catatan laporan, dokumen dan lain-lain.  Berdasarkan dari penelitian tersebut diatas dapat diperoleh hasil sebagai berikut: bentuk-bentuk kekerasan dalam rumah tangga yang menjadi penyebab ialah faktor ekonomi dalam keluarga, faktor perselingkuhan, faktor narkoba, faktor bawaan prilaku pelakunya sendiri, dan hubungan antara pasangan suami isteri yang tidak seimbang. Sedangkan upaya P2TP2A dalam meminimalisir kekerasan dalam rumah tangga ialah dengan melakukaan sosialisasi ke gampong-gampong kepada masyarakat tentang adanya Undang-Undang PKDRT agar masyarakat mengetahui tentang ranah hukum yang terjadi atas kekerasan yang terjadi pada kaum perempuan. Dari paparan diatas disimpulkan bahwa kekerasan dalam rumah tangga terjadinya penurunan dengan adanya sosialisasi dan kinerja lain dari lembaga P2TP2A. Saran penulis ialah agar membuat rumah aman untuk dapat melindungi korban kekerasan yang terjadi para perempuan dan anak yang mengalami kekerasan.
Penetapan Nasab Anak Mulā’anah melalui Tes DNA (Studi atas Metode Istinbāṭ Yūsuf al-Qaraḍāwī)
Authors: Fahmi Mutiara , Fahmi Fitiya
Published: October 2019

Perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi dewasa ini mampu menelusuri jejak nasab yang disebut dengan DNA. DNA merupakan jenis asam nukleat dalam tubuh manusia yang diduga kuat dapat digunakan sebagai alat ukur keterhubungan tali darah antara anak dengan orang tua, baik dalam kasus anak zina maupun anak mulā’anah. Penelitian ini mengkaji pendapat Yūsuf Al-Qaraḍāwī tentang penetapan nasab anak mulā’anah melalui tes DNA. Masalah yang didalami adalah bagaimana pandangan Yūsuf al-Qaraḍāwī tentang hukum penetapan nasab anak mulā’anah melalui tes DNA, dan bagaimana metode istinbāṭ yang digunakan Yūsuf al-Qaraḍāwī dalam hal tersebut. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis studi pustaka (library research). Data dikumpulkan dari bahan kepustakaan dan dianalisa dengan cara deskriptif-analisis. Hasil analisa penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pandangan Yūsuf al-Qaraḍāwī tentang hukum penetapan nasab anak mulā’anah melalui tes DNA tidak dapat dilakukan oleh suami. Penetapan nasab anak mulā’anah melalui tes DNA dapat dilakukan oleh isteri. Isteri dapat meminta hakim untuk tes DNA terhadap anak yang disanksikan. Metode istinbāṭ Yūsuf al-Qaraḍāwī terhadap penetapan nasab anak mulā’anah melalui tes DNA cenderung menggunakan metode penalaran istiṣlāḥiyyah, satu bentuk penalaran yang bertumpu pada pertimbangan kemaslahatan atau tujuan dari pensyariatan. Penggunaan tes DNA menurutnya tidak hanya bermanfaat dan memberi maslahat bagi isteri, tetapi juga suami, dan anak mulā’anah. Terhadap masalah penelitian ini, terdapat beberapa saran bahwa hendaknya, Yūsuf al-Qaraḍāwī mengurai lebih jauh tentang implikasi terkait bukti tes DNA terkait kejelasan status anak bagi suaminya dalam hal hak-ahak anak.