bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Non‐isothermal crystallization kinetics of poly(ε‐caprolactone) in hydrogen‐bond‐coupled polymeric‐inorganic hybrid materials
Authors: Nie Kangming , Pang Wenmin , Zheng Sixun , Wang Yusong , Lu Fei , Zhu Qingren
Published: December 2004

Some hydrogen‐bonding‐interactions‐mediated poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL)/silica (SiO2) polymeric‐inorganic hybrids were prepared by the sol–gel process. The non‐isothermal crystallization kinetics of PCL in the hybrids was investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry. The results show that the Jeziorny method, together with the combination of the Avrami and Ozawa equations, is applicable to describe the non‐isothermal crystallization kinetics of the PCL in the hybrid system, while the Ozawa theoretical method can be used just for the pure PCL and the 70/30 TEOS/PCL hybrids. Depending on the composition of the PCL/silica, the hybrids displayed microphase separation at various scales, which in turn affect the crystallization behavior and mechanism of PCL in the hybrids. On the one hand, the inorganic component (viz SiO2) could act as the nucleating agent to facilitate the crystallization of PCL in the hybrids. On the other hand, the SiO2 networks also confine the crystallization of PCL. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Study of polypropylene/montmorillonite nanocomposites prepared by solid‐state shear compounding (S3C) using pan‐mill equipment: the morphology of montmorillonite and thermal properties of the nanocomposites
Authors: Shao Weiguo , Wang Qi , Ma Hong
Published: December 2004

In this paper, polypropylene (PP)/organophilic montmorillonite (OMMT) nanocomposites were successfully prepared without any compatibilizers by solid‐state shear compounding (S3C) using pan‐mill equipment. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) patterns show that the OMMT characteristic (001) peak at 2θ equal to 4.59 degrees disappeared for the milled OMMT and corresponding composites. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) photographs show that the thickness of pan‐milled OMMT decreased from ca 100–200 nm to ca 30–50 nm, and OMMT was partly exfoliated in the PP matrix because the pan‐type mill can exert fairly strong squeezing force in the normal direction and shearing force in both radial and tangential directions on milled materials. PP/OMMT nanocomposites at low OMMT loading have higher melting point, crystallization temperature, thermal degradation temperature and heat distortion temperature than those of neat PP. Moreover, addition of OMMT accelerates crystallization of PP significantly. S3C is a novel approach to prepare polymer/layered silicate nanocomposites with high performances at low filler loading. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Grafting studies onto cellulose by atom‐transfer radical polymerization
Authors: Coskun Mehmet , Temüz Mehmet Mürşit
Published: December 2004

Styrene (Sty), methyl methacrylate (MMA), methacrylamide (MAm) and acrylomorpholine (AcM) were grafted onto powder cellulose by atom‐transfer radical polymerization. Cellulose chloroacetate (Cell‐ClAc), as a macro‐initiator, was first prepared by the reaction of chloroacetyl chloride with primary alcoholic OH groups on powder cellulose. CuBr and 1,2‐dipiperidinoethane were used as a transition‐metal compound and as a ligand, respectively. These reactions were monitored by FT‐IR and weight increase in Cell‐ClAc. In case of styrene, although some weight increase occurred, no evidence of grafting could be observed in the FT‐IR spectrum, while there were strong evidence of grafting with MMA, MAm and AcM. Cell‐graft‐MAm, Cell‐graft‐AcM and Cell‐graft‐MMA showed new carbonyl bands at 1665, 1640 and 1735 cm−1, respectively. Dye‐uptake and dye‐absorption properties of cellulose, for alizarin yellow (basic dye) and bromocresol green (acidic dye), and its moisture‐ and water‐uptake capacities improved with the grafting, but some decrease was observed in thermal stability. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
More on the poly(L‐lactide) prepared using ferrous acetate as catalyst
Authors: Stolt Mikael , Krasowska Katarzyna , Rutkowska Maria , Janik Helena , Rosling Ari , Södergård Anders
Published: December 2004

Polylactides were prepared by ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) in bulk using as catalyst either stannous 2‐ethylhexanoate at a monomer to catalyst ratio of 2000, or ferrous acetate (Fe(OAc)2) at monomer to catalyst ratios of 500, 1000, 2000 and 3000. The crystallization behaviour was studied for the prepared polymers as well as the degradation behaviour both in laboratory and natural compost environments by using differential scanning calorimetry, size exclusion chromatography, X‐ray diffractiometry and microscopy. No differences were apparent due to the choice or amount of catalyst used, except for those which could be related to the increased racemization when the Fe(OAc)2 was used. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Facile modifications of polyimide via chloromethylation: II. Synthesis and characterization of thermocurable transparent polyimide having methylene acrylate side groups
Authors: Li Xiang‐Dan , Zhong Zhen‐Xin , Han Sang‐Hoon , Lee Seung Hee , Lee Myong‐Hoon
Published: December 2004

From chloromethylated polyimide, a useful starting material for modification of aromatic polyimides, a thermocurable transparent polyimide having acrylate side groups was prepared. In the presence of 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5,4,0]undec‐7‐ene, chloromethylated polyimide was esterified with acrylic acid to synthesize poly(imide methylene acrylate). The polymer was soluble in organic solvent, which makes it possible to prepare a planar film by spin coating. The polymer film became insoluble after thermal treatment at 230 °C for 30 min. Optical transparency of the film at 400 nm (for 1 µm thickness) was higher than 98 % and not affected by further heating at 230 °C for 250 min. Adhesion properties measured by the ASTM D3359‐B method ranged from 4B to 5B. Preliminary results of planarization testing showed a high degree of planarization (DOP) value (>0.53). These properties demonstrate that poly(imide methylene acrylate) could be utilized as a thermocurable transparent material in fabricating display devices such as TFT‐LCD. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Spectroscopic analysis of Nd3+(4f3) absorption intensities in a plastic host (HEMA)
Authors: Sardar Dhiraj K , Yow Raylon M , Coeckelenbergh Cody H , Sayka Anthony , Gruber John B
Published: December 2004

Spectroscopic and laser properties of Nd3+ embedded in a 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) solid plastic host are characterized. The Judd–Ofelt model has been applied to the room temperature absorption intensities of Nd3+(4f3) transitions in HEMA to determine the three phenomenological intensity parameters: Ω2, Ω4 and Ω6. The intensity parameters are then utilized to determine the radiative decay rates (emission probabilities of transitions) and branching ratios of the Nd3+(4f3) transitions from the upper manifold state 4F3/2 to the lower‐lying multiplet manifolds 4IJ′. The predicted decay rates and branching ratios of the Nd3+(4f3) inter‐manifold transitions in HEMA are compared with those in other laser host media. From the radiative decay rates, the radiative lifetime of the Nd3+4F3/2 excited state is determined. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis of acrylamide end‐functionalised poly(1‐hexene) using an α‐diimine nickel catalyst
Authors: Fernandes Susete , Ascenso José R , Gomes Pedro T , Costa Sandra I , Silva Leonel C , Chien James CW , Marques Maria M
Published: December 2004

The nickel precursor [bis(N,N′‐dimesitylimino)acenaphthene]dibromonickel and methylaluminoxane were used to catalyse the functionalisation of 1‐hexene with acrylamide by passivation of acrylamide with tri‐isobutylaluminium. The polymer obtained was characterised by GPC/SEC and NMR. The NMR experiments performed, COSY, DEPT, long‐range selective INEPT, HSQC and TOCSY 1D, showed that a 2,1 insertion of a single molecule of acrylamide per macromolecule had occurred at the end of the polyhexene chain. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Space charge distribution and crystalline structure in low density polyethylene (LDPE) blended with high density polyethylene (HDPE)
Authors: Lin Yijian , Du Weichuan , Tu Demin , Zhong Wei , Du Qiangguo
Published: December 2004

The space charge distribution in polyethylene blends under direct current electrical field was measured by a pulsed electro‐acoustic method. It was found that blending LDPE with 0.5 wt% HDPE decreased the amount of accumulated space charges and improved their distribution. Small‐angle light scattering and differential scanning calorimetry showed that crystallization of LDPE/HDPE started at higher temperature than virgin LDPE, and the sizes of LDPE/HDPE spherulites were smaller than that of LDPE. HDPE plays a role on nucleation during the crystallization process. Crystalline form was investigated by wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction and the results indicate that the crystal form did not change after blending. The reduction of space charges in the blended sample can be explained as the result of the dissipation of charges through boundary regions of smaller spherulites. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Direct synthesis of poly(4′‐oxy‐4‐biphenylcarbonyl) and poly(2‐oxy‐6‐naphthoyl) under nonstoichiometric conditions
Authors: Kohama Shin‐ichiro , Kimura Kunio , Uchida Tetsuya , Umehara Shin‐ichi , Ikemoto Yume , Yamashita Yuhiko
Published: December 2004

Direct synthesis of poly(4′‐oxy‐4‐biphenylcarbonyl) (POBP) and poly(2‐oxy‐6‐naphthoyl) (PON) was examined by polycondensation of 4′‐hydroxy‐4‐biphenylcarboxylic acid (HBPA) and 2‐hydroxy‐6‐naphthoic acid (HNA) in the presence of 4‐ethoxybenzoic anhydride or 2‐naphthoic anhydride as condensation reagents. Polymerizations were carried out at 320 °C in aromatic solvents and liquid paraffin. POBP, having a number‐average degree of polymerization (DPn) of 38, was obtained as plate‐like crystals at the molar ratio of HBPA and anhydride of 50 mol%. PON was also obtained as plate‐like crystals but the DPn was only 13. HBPA and HNA were first converted to reactive acyloxyaromatic acid intermediates. Then the DPn was increased by means of reaction‐induced crystallization of oligomers and subsequent solid‐state polymerization via an acid–ester exchange under nonstoichiometric conditions caused by the monocarboxylic acid by‐product. Even though the DPn of PON was not as high, direct polycondensation of HBPA and HNA proceeded successfully with aromatic anhydrides. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis and characterization of new thermally stable aromatic copoly(ester–amide)s from diester‐dicarboxylic acids
Authors: Banihashemi Ahmad , Toiserkani Hojjat
Published: December 2004

Two new aromatic diester‐dicarboxylic acids containing furan rings, namely, benzofuro[2,3‐b]benzofuran‐2,9‐dicarboxyl‐bis‐pyridyl ester‐4,4′‐dicarboxylic acid and benzofuro[2,3‐b]benzofuran‐2,9‐dicarboxyl‐bis‐phenyl ester‐4,4′‐dicarboxylic acid were synthesized by the reaction of benzofuro[2,3‐b]benzofuran‐2,9‐dicarbonyl chloride with 6‐hydroxynicotinic acid and 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid, respectively. These monomers were converted to aromatic copoly(ester–amide)s by reaction with various aromatic diamines via direct polycondensation. Polymers were characterized by FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, viscosity and solubility tests. The inherent viscosity of the polymers was in the range 0.23–0.46 dl g−1 in dimethyl sulfoxide at 30 °C. They dissolved readily in polar solvents at room temperature. They possess a glass‐transition temperature in the range 210–260 °C and exhibit excellent thermal stability. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Normal and shear forces between a polyelectrolyte brush and a solid surface
Authors: Kampf Nir , Gohy Jean‐François , Jérôme Robert , Klein Jacob
Published: December 2004

The diblock copolymer poly(methyl methacrylate)‐b‐poly(sodium sulfonated glycidyl methacrylate) (PMMA‐b‐PSGMA) was end‐attached by its hydrophobic block (PMMA) onto mica hydrophobized by a stearic trimethylammonium iodide (STAI) layer, to form a polyelectrolyte brush immersed in water. With a surface force balance (SFB), we extended earlier measurements between two such brush layers for the case of normal and shear forces at different shear rates, surface separation, and compressions between one mica surface coated with STAI or a STAI‐diblock layer against a bare mica surface. After coating one of the surfaces with STAI, a long range attraction that results in a jump into an adhesive flat contact between the hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces was observed. A very different behavior was seen after forming the polyelectrolyte brush on the STAI‐coated surface. The long range attraction was replaced by repulsion, accompanied by very low friction during shear (ca. three orders of magnitude lower than with adsorbed polyelectrolytes). On further compression, a weak attraction to the adhesive contact was observed. From the final surface–surface contact separation, we deduce that most of the polyelectrolyte diblock brush layer was squeezed out from the gap, leaving the STAI layer and a small amount of the polymer attached to the surface. Stick‐sliding behavior was seen while applying shear, suggesting a dissipation mechanism caused by the trapped polyelectrolyte. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 193–204, 2005
CuInS2 films using repeated chemical spray pyrolysis
Authors: John Teny Theresa , Wilson K. C. , Ratheesh Kumar P. M. , Sudha Kartha C. , Vijayakumar K. P. , Kashiwaba Y. , Abe T. , Yasuhiro Y.
Published: December 2004

CuInS2 films of thickness 1.17 µm were deposited onto glass substrates using repeated spraying technique without any pinholes on the samples. It has been shown that the structure, optical and electrical properties depend on the [Cu]/[In] ratio taken in the solution. Studies using X‐ray Diffraction, X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Energy Dispersive X‐ray Analysis (EDX), optical absorption, photosensitivity and conductivity measurements proved this. Moreover, XPS depth‐profiling revealed that there is no oxygen present in the bulk of the film; even though it was prepared using repeated spraying. Oxygen was present only in few atomic layers at the surface of the film and near the substrate–film interface. Use of Cu‐rich initial solution resulted in better crystallinity as well as conductivity. EDX measurements showed that [Cu]/[In] ratio in the film is slightly less than that taken in the solution. Photosensitivity of the samples decreased with increase in [Cu]/[In] ratio. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Iterative solution of algebraic matrix Riccati equations in open loop Nash games
Authors: Azevedo‐Perdicoúlis Teresa Paula , Jank Gerhard
Published: December 2004

In this note we study a fixed point iteration approach to solve algebraic Riccati equations as they appear in general two player Nash differential games on an infinite time horizon, where the information structure is of open loop type. We obtain conditions for existence and uniqueness of non‐negative solutions. The performance of the numerical algorithm is shown in an example. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robust output regulation of minimum phase nonlinear systems using conditional servocompensators
Authors: Seshagiri Sridhar , Khalil Hassan K.
Published: December 2004

We consider the design of a robust continuous sliding mode controller for the output regulation of a class of minimum‐phase nonlinear systems. Previous work has shown how to do this by incorporating a linear servocompensator in the sliding mode design, but the transient performance is degraded when compared to ideal sliding mode control. Extending previous ideas from the design of ‘conditional integrators’ for the case of asymptotically constant references and disturbances, we design the servocompensator as a conditional one that provides servocompensation only inside the boundary layer; achieving asymptotic output regulation, but with improved transient performance. We give both regional as well as semi‐global results for error convergence, and show that the controller can be tuned to recover the performance of an ideal sliding mode control. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sequential tests for gene–environment interactions in matched case–control studies
Authors: Tweel Ingeborg van der , Schipper Maria
Published: December 2004

The sample size necessary to detect a significant gene × environment interaction in an observational study can be large. For reasons of cost‐effectiveness and efficient use of available biological samples we investigated the properties of sequential designs in matched case–control studies to test for both non‐hierarchical and hierarchical interactions. We derived the test statistics Z and V and their characteristics when applied in a two‐sided triangular test. Results of simulations show good agreement with theoretical values for V and the type I error. Power values were larger than their theoretical values for very large sample sizes. Median gain in efficiency was about 27 per cent. For a ‘rare’ phenotype gain in efficiency was larger when the alternative hypothesis was true than under the null hypothesis. Sequential designs lead to substantial efficiency gains in tests for interaction in matched case–control studies. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficiency of the cross‐over design: an empirical estimation
Authors: Garcia Raquel , Benet Marta , Arnau Catalina , Cobo Erik
Published: December 2004

The aim of the present study is to estimate the relative efficiency of cross‐over clinical trials as compared to the corresponding parallel designs. A MEDLINE ‘full text’ search covering years 2000–2003 over the word ‘cross‐over’ identified 40 true cross‐over studies with the parametric approach published in leading medical journals.

A parallel design is expected to need, in order to achieve the same power, between 4 and 10 times more subjects than the corresponding cross‐over design, meaning that cost of a parallel design can be between 2 and 5 times higher.

There is a high proportion of cross‐over studies recently published in leading medical journals that, disregarding the CONSORT recommendations, does not provide estimates for the effect size and its standard error, hence, not allowing for the posterior use of the data in a meta‐analysis. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perceived changes in food intake in response to stress: the role of conscientiousness
Authors: O'Connor Daryl B. , O'Connor Rory C.
Published: December 2004

The role of conscientiousness in understanding the effects of stress on eating behavior remains unknown. In this study, the interactive effects of conscientiousness and established individual differences variables (e.g. restraint, perfectionism) on perceived changes in food intake during a 2‐week stressful and non‐stressful period were examined. One hundred and fifty‐five female participants completed measures of conscientiousness, self‐oriented perfectionism, socially prescribed perfectionism and eating style (i.e. external eating, emotional eating and dietary restraint) at the beginning of the study. Perceived changes in food intake (i.e. between‐meal snacking), stress and emotional distress were also assessed. The results found that low conscientious individuals who were currently trying to lose weight or were high on self‐oriented perfectionism reported eating more between‐meal snacks than usual during the stressful period compared to the non‐stressful period. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that conscientiousness in conjunction with established individual differences variables is associated with perceived increases in food intake. These results suggest that when faced with a stressful encounter, low conscientious individuals (who are dieters or self‐oriented perfectionists) may be less well equipped to cope and as a result shift their preference to more palatable and high energy dense snacks foods. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sliding wigner solid on liquid4He
Authors: Shirahama Keiya , Kono Kimitoshi
Published: December 2004

We report a systematic experimental study of the anomalous nonlinear magnetotransport in the Wigner solid (WS) trapped on a liquid4He surface. The ac Corbino conductivity σxx exhibits an abrupt jump at a certain driving voltage. The threshold input voltage Vth for the σxx jump varies as Vth ∝ B−0.8 ω−1 n1.5sE⊥, where B, ω, ns, and E⊥ are magnetic field, frequency, electron density and pressing electric field, respectively. We interpret the σxx jump as the transition between the WS accompanied with the periodic 4He surface deformation and the WS which decouples from the surface, due to the large driving force. A simple model is presented: The rigid-potential sliding model qualitatively explains the above mentioned behaviors of Vth. We have found that the dependences of σxx on B and E⊥ are different from those of the liquid phase. The anomalous behaviors of σxx play a crucial role on the sliding model.
Penicillium frequentans isolated from Picea glehnii seedling roots as a possible biological control agent against damping‐off
Authors: Yamaji Keiko , Fukushi Yukiharu , Hashidoko Yasuyuki , Tahara Satoshi
Published: December 2004

Picea glehnii seedlings are affected by damping‐off fungi in nurseries. The aims of this study were (1) to isolate fungi grown in the seedling rhizosphere in forest soil of P. glehnii, (2) to select fungi that produce antifungal compounds against Pythium vexans, and (3) to examine whether or not selected fungi can protect seedlings from P. vexans. Penicillium frequentans from Picea glehnii seedling roots produced antibiotic penicillic acid. Penicillic acid did not cause significant phytotoxicity to the seedlings. Penicillium frequentans increased the average percentage of surviving seedlings when inoculated together with Pythium vexans, but the increase was not significant. Vigorous mycelial growth of P. frequentans around seedling roots seems to be one of the mechanisms for protection, but the amount of penicillic acid was too low to show antifungal activity in the seedling rhizosphere.
Abundance of salmon carcasses at the upper reach of a fish trap
Authors: Ito Tomiko , Nakajima Miyuki , Shimoda Kazutaka
Published: December 2004

Abundance, biomass and retention of salmon carcasses (Oncorhynchus keta and O. masou masou) were studied in a spring‐fed tributary, the Naibetsu River, Chitose River system, Hokkaido, northern Japan, in 1998–2003, where almost all adult salmon were caught for a salmon enhancement program by a fish trap at the lower reach every fall. The abundance and biomass fluctuated seasonally, with two peaks in fall and winter, and annually. The total number of carcasses in fall was significantly correlated with the highest water level at lower reach in fall, indicating that the adult salmon swam over the trap at flood. Carcass abundance in winter may depend on the population size spawned in the wild at the upper reach, since the trap was removed in this season. Since the large wood debris and gravel were absent or scarce, many carcasses were lost from the study site within 20 days and a few carcasses remained over 31 days. Carcass removal by some terrestrial animals from the study site was detected.
Limit values for decomposition and convergence process of lignocellulose fraction in decomposing leaf litter of 14 tree species in a cool temperate forest
Authors: Osono Takashi , Takeda Hiroshi
Published: December 2004

We examined limit values for decomposition and lignocellulose index (LCI, the ratio of acid‐soluble holocellulose to acid‐soluble holocellulose plus acid‐insoluble lignin and lignin‐like substances) in leaf litter decomposition of 14 tree species over 3 years. The study was carried out on upper (moder) and lower parts (mull) of a forest slope that showed different humus accumulation forms in a cool temperate forest in Japan. Limit values for accumulated mass loss of litter ranged from 46.8% to 94.1% and were not different between the sites. Limit values were positively correlated to initial LCI and lignin content. Final values of LCI of 14 litter types at the end of the study period showed a convergent trend among litter types at 0.25–0.26 as compared to their initial values (0.41 mean). The final LCI was not different between the sites. A review of limit values and initial and final values of LCI in leaf litter of temperate and boreal forests indicated that the limit values and final LCI in litter types in Japan were lower than those in Europe and North America, which can be primarily ascribed to lower initial LCI in Japan.
An aphid‐ant interaction: effects on different trophic levels
Authors: Renault C. K. , Buffa L. M. , Delfino M. A.
Published: December 2004

The interaction between the aphid Aphis coreopsidis (Thomas) (Hemiptera, Aphididae) and the ant Camponotus sp.1 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) on the plant Bidens pilosa L. (Asteraceae) was studied. We manipulated the presence of ants and other insects to understand the effects of this aphid‐ant interaction on: (a) the growth of A. coreopsidis population, (b) the seed production of B. pilosa, (c) the density of predator spiders. The growth of the A. coreopsidis population was positively affected by attending ants, showing greater increase on ant‐present control plants than on ant‐excluded plants. The density of aphids on control plants was positively correlated with the density of attending ants, while the density of aphids on ant‐excluded plants was positively correlated with the density of spiders. Plants with ants had a significantly lower quantity of viable seeds than those without ants. These results show that: (a) the presence of Camponotus ants reduces the number of predator spiders on B. pilosa, (b) the population of A. coreopsidis increases when attended by the ants, (c) this increase in aphid density as a result of ant attendance reduces the number of viable seeds of B. pilosa, and thus (d) an interspecific interaction between two species can have an indirect negative fitness effect on other partners.
Food habits of sika deer in the Shiranuka Hills, eastern Hokkaido: a northern example from the north–south variations in food habits in sika deer
Authors: Campos‐Arceiz Ahimsa , Takatsuki Seiki
Published: December 2004

Seasonal changes in the composition of the diet of the sika deer population in the Shiranuka Hills, eastern Hokkaido, in 1998 were determined by fecal analyses. The deer were dependent on Sasa nipponica, a dwarf bamboo, throughout the year, particularly in winter when it accounted for as much as 77.7% of the diet. It accounted for 33.1% and 45.6% in spring and summer, respectively, and this decreased to 12.2% in autumn. Besides S. nipponica, all the graminoid categories accounted for large amounts (66–96.7%), while dicotyledonous plants accounted for little (3–8%) except in autumn when they accounted for 31%. The strong dependence of the Shiranuka population on graminoids was different from other Hokkaido deer populations, for example the population from Ashoro/Onbetsu and the extremely high density population on Nakanoshima Island. In spite of these differences, food for all Hokkaido sika deer was poor in winter. Along the north–south geographical cline in the food composition of sika deer along the Japanese archipelago, the Shiranuka population was positioned as a grazer type, in contrast to the southern populations. However, it is important to note that variations are great among local populations in Hokkaido.
Middle Pleistocene Mollusks from St. Lawrence Island and their Significance for the Paleo-Oceanography of the Bering Sea
Authors: Hopkins David M. , Rowland Robert W. , Patton William W.
Published: December 2004

Drift, evidently of Illinoian age, was deposited on St. Lawrence Island at the margin of an ice cap that covered the highlands of the Chukotka Peninsula of Siberia and spread far eastward on the continental shelf of northern Bering Sea. Underlying the drift on the northwestward part of the island are mollusk-bearing beds deposited during the Kotzebuan Transgression.

A comparison of mollusk faunas from St. Lawrence Island, Chukotka Peninsula, and Kotzebue Sound suggests that the present northward flow through Bering and Anadyr Straits was reversed during the Kotzebuan Transgression. Cold arctic water penetrated southward and southwestward bringing an arctic fauna to the Gulf of Anadyr. Warmer Pacific water probably entered eastern Bering Sea, passed eastward and northeastward around eastern and northern St. Lawrence Island, and then became entrained in the southward currents that passed through Anadyr Strait.
Late Cenozoic Evolution of the Cape Coast Between Knysna and Cape St. Francis, South Africa
Authors: Butzer Karl W. , Helgren David M.
Published: December 2004

The southeastern coast of South Africa's Cape Province underwent complex geomorphic evolution during the late Cenozoic, leaving a variety of erosional forms and a detailed, complementary record of distinctive sediments. The latter include several new lithostratigraphic units and paleosol horizons. An almost ubiquitous planation surface, the 200-m Coastal Platform, is associated with the fanglomeratic and deltaic Keurbooms Formation (late Tertiary?). A major sea level at +120 m truncated a laterite paleosol and was followed by accumulation of land rubble and littoral deposits to 101 m, constituting the Formosa Formation. Then follow sea level stages at +60, +30, and +15–20 m, as well as several generations of weathered eolianite, including the Brakkloof Formation with the deep superposed Brakkloof Soil. Beaches at +5–12 m, with thermophile mollusca and C14 dates of >40,000 yr mark the Swartkops horizon, probably of Eem interglacial age. Next are cryoclastic screes and cave deposits, and ultimately the podsolic Brenton Soil of the Würm Interpleniglacial. Transgressive eolianites and coastal dunes after 16,000 BP were interrupted by pedogenesis ca. 7500 BP and stabilized after 4200 BP when sea level reached +2.5 m. Geomorphic instability in stream valleys after 1000 BP was followed by man-induced activation of the coastal dunes, since the late 18th century. Environmental patterns accompanying this succession at various times included (1) semiarid pediplanation, (2) interior dune formation, and (3) intensive, cold-climate denudation, all under open vegetation in what is now closed, humid forest; by contrast, some of the more aberrant paleosols indicate warmer, perhumid conditions.
Quaternary Hypsithermals
Authors: Emiliani Cesare
Published: December 2004

Oxygen isotopic analysis and absolute dating of deep-sea cores show that temperatures as high as those of today occurred for only about 10% of the time during the past half million years. The shortness of the high temperature intervals (“hypsithermals”) suggests a precarious environmental balance, a condition which makes man's interference with the environment during the present hypsithermal extremely critical. This precarious balance must be stabilized if a new glaciation or total deglaciation is to be avoided.
Interglacial and Postglacial Climates: The Pollen Record
Authors: Wright Herbert E.
Published: December 2004

Pollen studies of the four European interglacial intervals indicate a strong similarity in vegetational sequence: a pretemperate phase (I) marks the late glacial, early temperate (II) and late temperate (III) phases mark the interglacial proper, and a posttemperate phase (IV) represents the beginning of the next cold period. A grossly similar record is now known for the last interglacial (Sangamon) of central and southeastern United States. The Holocene sequence in both Europe and America are completely typical of the interglacial sequence, although much more is known of the geographic variations.

Estimates for the duration of the interglacials range from 10,000 to more than 30,000 yr, according to counts of the annually laminated sediments (organic varves).

The Holocene has already run a course of at least 10,000 yr. If it is like earlier interglacials, it will end soon, giving way to gradually developing cold conditions, which may not lead to glacial maxima for tens of thousands of years.
Holocene Interglacial in Central Europe and its Land Snails
Authors: Ložek Vojen
Published: December 2004

The primeval forests of Central Europe are still inhabited by relatively ecologically demanding, thermo- and hydrophilous snail fauna of interglacial character, which differs from the assemblages of Holocene climatic optimum and of the last interglacial optimum by the absence of some southern (exotic) elements.

In the deforested areas inhabited by man, the less demanding mesic to steppe fauna predominates. It differs from analogous early glacial communities only in comprising modern, climatically demanding species, which are unknown from the Pleistocene. They found a suitable habitat in Central Europe thanks to human interference. The dwindling formation of tufa spring deposits and their partial destruction both in occupied and unoccupied areas indicate that the Holocene warm interval is in the late phase.

The recent slope deposits are reminiscent of early glacial sections both by their lithology and fauna reflecting existence of large open spaces. Whereas in early glacials the deforestation resulted from the change of climate, the recent one is almost entirely a product of man.

In assessing the present-day position within the interglacial cycle, we should take into consideration all these conclusions and always keep in mind the share of man's influence in the development observed.
Freshwater Ostracods in Holocene Cycle
Authors: Absolon Adolf
Published: December 2004

The present assemblages of Ostracods in Central Europe resemble the assemblages known from the earliest phases of Holocene. This observation supports the view that the termination of the present warm interval is to be expected in the near future.
Holocene Interglacial Migrations of Mammals and Other Vettebrates
Authors: Schultz C.Bertrand
Published: December 2004

The nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) have been moving northward in the Great Plains region from the late 1800s to the 1950s but now seem to be retreating from their lately acquired northern range. The armadillos have a nontypical homoiothermic blood system which makes them fairly vulnerable to cold climates. Many other adjustments of animal ranges have taken place in the Holocene, even during the past few centuries and evidence indicates that in many cases climate changes played an important role.
Northeast Atlantic Post-Eemian Paleooceanography: a Predictive Analog of the Future
Authors: McIntyre Andrew , Ruddiman William F.
Published: December 2004

Samples representing the post-Eemian cool interval (approx 110,000 yr BP) were taken from 15 cores on the eastern flank of the mid-Atlantic Ridge from 42°N to 61°N lat. The floral-faunal assemblages in these samples characterize the surface paleooceanography which we consider a possible analog to the cooling expected to follow the present warm interval. The derived paleooceanographic map indicates at least a 16° lat southward displacement of cooled water masses from today. The present position of the Transitional water mass which gives N. Europe its equitable climate was then occupied by Subpolar water while the Polar Front extended south of Iceland. The result was a drop in annual temperature of the NE Atlantic surface water by at least 5°C.
The Significance of Calcium Carbonate Oscillations in Eastern Equatorial Atlantic deep-Sea Sediments for the End of the Holocene Warm Interval
Authors: Hays James D. , Perruzza Albert
Published: December 2004

Distinct correlative calcium carbonate oscillations are evident in two deep-sea cores taken in the Saharan windblown dust zone of the eastern equatorial Atlantic. Using the presence and absence of Globorotalia menardii for stratigraphic control and correlating these cores with radiometrically dated cores from the Caribbean the carbonate oscillations have two distinct periods. Two major oscillations about 117,000 yr and 100,000 yr long, and shorter oscillations averaging about 14,000 yr, occur. The carbonate curves are interpreted to indicate a pronounced increase in wind stress and probable climatic deterioration after the beginning of the last interglacial (post-Eemian). This is also reflected in the carbonate curves for the previous major climatic cycle. If the Holocene warm period is analogous to the Eemian (Barbados Terrace III) then we may expect a pronounced climatic deterioration in the next few thousand years.
End of the Last Interglacial in the Loess Record
Authors: Kukla George J. , Kočí Alois
Published: December 2004

In the loess series of Central Europe the last interglacial is recorded by the parabrownearth soil accompanied by land snails and pollen of thermophilous deciduous forests. The termination of forest environment is marked by restricted eolian sedimentation and development of chernozemic steppe soil, followed in turn by rapid deposition of calcareous air-borne silt in the so called “Marker” horizon. Hillwash loams and loess interrupted by the weak rendzina-type soil B1f were then formed. The sequence is overlain by the interstadial soil complex which is correlated with the Barbados II Terrace because of its stratigraphic position and warmth-loving snail fauna. Through most of the section bracketed by the interglacial and interstadial soils, the sediments display the reversed declination but positive inclination. The top of the reversed interval is here informally called the Brno magnetostratigraphic horizon. It correlates reasonably well with the upper boundary of the Blake event estimated to be 108,000 yr old.

The vertebrate and the snail faunas of chernozemic soil and of the loess together with the pedogenetic character of strata point to the harsh continental climate with the large temperature variation, dry seasons and partly, with torrential summer rains.

If the remarkably periodic deposition of loess series has to continue, following the pattern observed through the last 350,000 yr or so, then the shift to expressed continental climate in this part of Europe is to be expected soon.
Speculations about the Next Glaciation
Authors: Dansgaard W. , Johnsen S.J. , Clausen H.B. , Langway C.C.
Published: December 2004

A spectacular 10‰ drop in the 18O16O ratio (δ) in precipitation indicative of rapid cooling occurred at Camp Century, Greenland, 89,500 y.a. The timing is based upon an assumption of δ periodicity being constant in time. Onset of the Wisconsin pleniglacial is reflected by 6‰ δ drop at 73,000 BP. Similar event might have occurred 109,000 y.a., but the core at corresponding depth is missing. Could it also happen today?
Interglacial Climates and Antarctic Ice Surges
Authors: Hollin John T.
Published: December 2004

Wilson's theory of ice ages implies that the present interglacial will end with, or at least be interrupted by, an Antarctic ice sheet “surge”. Such surges in the past would have caused distinctive rises of sea level: by 10–30 m, in 100 yr or much less, and precisely at the break of climate at the end of each interglacial. Lithostratigraphic, pollen-analytic and radiometric evidence hinting at such a rise (to 17 m?) late in the last interglacial (at about 95,000 BP?) is found in the Spencer's Point formation in Bermuda, the Ladson and Canepatch formations in S. Carolina, the Norfolk formation in Virginia, and above the Walker interglacial swamp in Washington, DC. The strongest evidence that could be found against this rise would be pollen diagrams up toward 17 m which showed continuously freshwater conditions late in the interglacial. Features that might be explained by a surge occur in the Camp Century ice core, in Atlantic, Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico marine cores, and in the Orgnac stalagmite.
The Natural Breakdown of the Present Interglacial and its Possible Intervention by Human Activities
Authors: Mitchell J.Murray
Published: December 2004

On the premise that climate responds in a stable and well-behaved manner to changes of terrestrial or extraterrestrial conditions of environment, the question of anticipating when the present interglacial will break down is explored from two different viewpoints. The concept, that the timing of the breakdown can be inferred through a comparison of the duration of the present interglacial (to date) with the duration of previous interglacials of similar warmth in the upper Quaternary, is examined from the viewpoint of the chronology of changes of solar radiation received at the top of the atmosphere, generally recognized as a likely causative agent in the development of interglacials. It is found that the radiation changes around the time of the present interglacial are somewhat different in character from those that accompanied the last interglacial, but that the radiation changes around the time of the last interglacial were more nearly similar to those which may have accompanied earlier interglacials. From this viewpoint, comparisons drawn between the present and previous interglacials are judged to be of uncertain value as a predictive tool for the future. The principal effects of man's activities on present-day climate are then reviewed. and the thermal effects of anticipated future increases of atmospheric carbon dioxide and particle loading are compared. It is concluded that the net impact of human activities on the climate of future decades and centuries is quite likely to be one of warming, and therefore favorable to the perpetuation of the present interglacial.
Wildfire in the Taiga of Alaska
Authors: Viereck Leslie A.
Published: December 2004

The taiga of Alaska consists of a vegetation mosaic resulting primarily from past wildfires. Today, both lightning- and man-caused wildfires burn an average of 400,000 hectares annually, creating vast areas of successional ecosystems. However, although the number of reported fires is increasing, fire control is becoming more effective in limiting the average size of fires and the total area burned. One of the important influences of fire in the taiga ecosystem is its effect on permafrost and the soil nutrient cycle. Construction of firelines in permafrost areas has a greater effect on soil erosion and siltation than does the fire itself. Some wildlife species, such as moose and snowshoe hare, depend upon fire and its resultant successional plant communities, whereas fire may have deleterious effects on caribou winter range. Fire has both positive and negative effects on esthetic and recreational values. Fire has always been a part of the Alaskan taiga ecosystem; if it is totally excluded from the environment, some major ecological changes will result. Fire-suppression alternatives are discussed and additional research on fire effects suggested.
The Ecological Role of Fire in Sierran Conifer Forests: Its Application to National Park Management
Authors: Kilgore Bruce M.
Published: December 2004

The impact of fire on the environment of the various Sierran conifer forests varies with intensity and frequency. Generally, however, fire (1) prepares a seedbed; (2) cycles nutrients within the system; (3) adjusts the successional pattern; (4) modifies conditions affecting wildlife; (5) influences the mosaic of age classes and vegetation types; (6) alters the numbers of trees susceptible to disease and insects; and (7) both reduces and creates fire hazards. Natural fire frequency apparently coincides with levels of fuel accumulation that result in burns of relatively low intensity at frequent intervals. This may average 8 yr in mixed conifer forests, although frequencies from 4 to 20 yr or more are found in particular sites.

In all probability, giant sequoia and various pines of the Sierra survive today because of the role fire plays in the various forest types. National Park Service management policies are aimed at restoring fire, as nearly as possible, to its natural role in Sierran conifer forests. This is being accomplished by prescribed burning at lower and middle elevation types and by allowing lightning fires to burn in higher elevation forests.
Late Pleistocene History of the North Pacific: Evidence from a Quantitative Study of Radiolaria in Core V21-173
Authors: Sachs Harvey Maurice
Published: December 2004

Objective quantitative estimates of paleo-oceanographic conditions in the North Pacific can be made by analyses of radiolarian assemblages. With appropriate computation, transfer functions developed in a study of surface sediments can be used to estimate oceanographic conditions in cores containing late Pleistocene radiolarian faunas. Analysis of core V21-173 indicates that conditions as warm as the Holocene were rare during the past 800,000 yr, and that the region experienced marked near-surface temperature drops correlative with Caribbean and continental records for the past 250,000 yr. A major world-wide warm event at about 400,000 yr is also indicated.
On the Analysis of Pollen-Climate Canonical Transfer Functions
Authors: Bryson Reid A. , Kutzbach John E.
Published: December 2004

Canonical correlation analysis, as described by Webb and Bryson, Quaternary Research 1972, provides a means of reconstructing past climates quantitatively from fossil pollen using a pollen-climate transfer function. This paper presents a method for analysis of variance of the transfer function model. This method is used to identify ecological relationships among the pollen and climate variables, to select climatically sensitive taxa, and to investigate the importance of site factors. Several criteria are presented, in addition to those used by Webb and Bryson, for choosing canonical variate pairs to include in the transfer function model, namely: the variate pair relationships should be ecologically meaningful; the transfer function model should yield stable paleoclimatic estimates; and, the variate pair relationships should be statistically meaningful. The application of these criteria to the set of variate pairs used in the transfer function model of Webb and Bryson is described and modifications are suggested.
Postglacial Diatom Stratigraphy in Relation to the Recession of Glacial Lake Agassiz
Authors: Ritchie J.C. , Koivo L.K.
Published: December 2004

The sediment and diatom stratigraphy of a small pond on The Pas moraine, near Grand Rapids, Manitoba, reveals a change in sedimentary environment related directly to the last stages of Glacial Lake Agassiz. Beach sands were replaced by clay 7300 14C y. a., then by organic silt and, at 4000 14C y. a. by coarse organic detritus; the corresponding diatom assemblages were (I) a predominantly planktonic spectrum in beach sands, (II) a rich assemblage of nonplanktonic forms, and (III) a distinctly nonplanktonic acidophilous spectrum. These results confirm Elson's (1967) reconstruction of the extent and chronology of the final (Pipun) stage of Glacial Lake Agassiz. The sedimentary environments change from a sandy beach of a large lake at 7300 BP to a small, shallow eutrophic pond with clay and silt deposition from 7000 to 4000 BP. From 4000 BP to the present, organic detritus was deposited in a shallow pond that tended toward dystrophy.