bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The boostless bootstrap and BCFW momentum shifts
Authors: Stefanyszyn David , Supeł Jakub
Published: March 2021

Abstract

In a recent paper [1], three-particle interactions without invariance under Lorentz boosts were constrained by demanding that they yield tree-level four-particle scattering amplitudes with singularities as dictated by unitarity and locality. In this brief note, we show how to obtain an independent verification and consistency check of these boostless bootstrap results using BCFW momentum shifts. We point out that the constructibility criterion, related to the behaviour of the deformed amplitude at infinite BCFW parameter z, is not strictly necessary to obtain non-trivial constraints for the three-particle interactions.
From soft to hard radiation: the role of multiple scatterings in medium-induced gluon emissions
Authors: Andres Carlota , Dominguez Fabio , Martinez Marcos Gonzalez
Published: March 2021

Abstract

A proper understanding of the physics of medium-induced gluon emissions is known to be of critical importance to describe the properties of strongly interacting matter under extreme conditions. In this regard, many theoretical efforts have been directed towards obtaining analytical calculations which might help us discerning the underlying physical picture and the dominant dynamics for different regimes. These analytical approaches rely on approximations whose validity is analyzed here by comparing their results with a recently developed numerical evaluation which includes all-order resummation of multiple scatterings. More specifically, by quantitatively comparing the energy spectrum and rates, we observe that three different regimes — each with its corresponding physical picture — emerge naturally from the equations: the high-energy regime where the emission process is dominated by a single hard scattering, the intermediate-energy regime where coherence effects among multiple scatterings become fundamental, and the low-energy regime where the dynamics is again dominated by a single scattering but where one must include the suppression factor due to the probability of not having any further scatterings (which is obtained through the resummation of virtual terms).
Eigenfunction Expansions of Ultradifferentiable Functions and Ultradistributions. III. Hilbert Spaces and Universality
Authors: Dasgupta Aparajita , Ruzhansky Michael
Published: March 2021

In this paper we analyse the structure of the spaces of smooth type functions, generated by elements of arbitrary Hilbert spaces, as a continuation of the research in our papers (Dasgupta and Ruzhansky in Trans Am Math Soc 368(12):8481–8498, 2016) and (Dasgupta and Ruzhansky in Trans Am Math Soc Ser B 5:81–101, 2018). We prove that these spaces are perfect sequence spaces. As a consequence we describe the tensor structure of sequential mappings on the spaces of smooth type functions and characterise their adjoint mappings. As an application we prove the universality of the spaces of smooth type functions on compact manifolds without boundary.
QTL mapping for grain yield and three yield components in a population derived from two high-yielding spring wheat cultivars
Authors: Isham Kyle , Wang Rui , Zhao Weidong , Wheeler Justin , Klassen Natalie , Akhunov Eduard , Chen Jianli
Published: March 2021

Key message

Four genomic regions on chromosomes 4A, 6A, 7B, and 7D were discovered, each with multiple tightly linked QTL (QTL clusters) associated with two to three yield components. The 7D QTL cluster was associated with grain yield, fertile spikelet number per spike, thousand kernel weight, and heading date. It was located in the flanking region of FT-D1, a homolog gene of Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS T, a major gene that regulates wheat flowering.

Genetic manipulation of yield components is an important approach to increase grain yield in wheat (Triticum aestivum). The present study used a mapping population comprised of 181 doubled haploid lines derived from two high-yielding spring wheat cultivars, UI Platinum and LCS Star. The two cultivars and the derived population were assessed for six traits in eight field trials primarily in Idaho in the USA. The six traits were grain yield, fertile spikelet number per spike, productive tiller number per unit area, thousand kernel weight, heading date, and plant height. Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) analysis of the six traits was conducted using 14,236 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers generated from the wheat 90 K SNP and the exome and promoter capture arrays. Of the 19 QTL detected, 14 were clustered in four chromosomal regions on 4A, 6A, 7B and 7D. Each of the four QTL clusters was associated with multiple yield component traits, and these traits were often negatively correlated with one another. As a result, additional QTL dissection studies are needed to optimize trade-offs among yield component traits for specific production environments. Kompetitive allele-specific PCR markers for the four QTL clusters were developed and assessed in an elite spring wheat panel of 170 lines, and eight of the 14 QTL were validated. The two parents contain complementary alleles for the four QTL clusters, suggesting the possibility of improving grain yield via genetic recombination of yield component loci.
Total and cause-specific mortality in patients with personality disorders: the association between comorbid severe mental illness and substance use disorders
Authors: Høye Anne , Jacobsen Bjarne K. , Bramness Jørgen G. , Nesvåg Ragnar , Reichborn-Kjennerud Ted , Heiberg Ina
Published: March 2021

Purpose

To investigate the mortality in both in- and outpatients with personality disorders (PD), and to explore the association between mortality and comorbid substance use disorder (SUD) or severe mental illness (SMI).

Methods

All residents admitted to Norwegian in- and outpatient specialist health care services during 2009–2015 with a PD diagnosis were included. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated in patients with PD only and in patients with PD and comorbid SMI or SUD. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs in patients with PD and comorbid SMI or SUD compared to patients with PD only.

Results

Mortality was increased in both in- and outpatients with PD. The overall SMR was 3.8 (95% CI 3.6–4.0). The highest SMR was estimated for unnatural causes of death (11.0, 95% CI 10.0–12.0), but increased also for natural causes of death (2.2, 95% CI 2.0–2.5). Comorbidity was associated with higher SMRs, particularly due to poisoning and suicide. Patients with comorbid PD & SUD had almost four times higher all-cause mortality HR than patients with PD only; young women had the highest HR.

Conclusion

The SMR was high in both in- and outpatients with PD, and particularly high in patients with comorbid PD & SUD. Young female patients with PD & SUD were at highest risk. The higher mortality in patients with PD cannot, however, fully be accounted for by comorbidity.
Protheseninfektionen und die zunehmende Bedeutung psychologischer Komorbiditäten
Authors: Walter Nike , Rupp Markus , Hinterberger Thilo , Alt Volker
Published: March 2021

Hintergrund

Die periprothetische Gelenkinfektion (PJI) ist eine gefürchtete Komplikation in der Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie. Ein potenzieller Anstieg an PJI-Diagnosen, insbesondere in Verbindung mit psychologischen Komorbiditäten, kann zu einer besonderen Herausforderung für Akteure im Gesundheitswesen werden. Bisher ist die Prävalenz für Deutschland unbekannt. Dies erschwert es, den zukünftigen Behandlungsbedarf abzuschätzen und Entwicklungen vorherzusehen, die durch eine Anpassung von Präventions- und Therapiemaßnahmen beeinflusst werden können.

Ziel der Arbeit

Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt eine detaillierte Übersicht über die Epidemiologie periprothetischer Gelenkinfektionen und psychologischer Komorbiditäten.

Material und Methoden

Ein Datensatz vom Statistischen Bundesamt (Destatis) aus jährlichen, deutschlandweiten ICD-10-Diagnosekodes von 2009 bis 2019 wurde analysiert. Prävalenzraten des Kodes „T84.5 – Infektion und entzündliche Reaktion durch eine Gelenkendoprothese“ wurden nach Altersgruppe, Geschlecht und in Verbindung mit einer Nebendiagnose des Kapitels F quantifiziert und aufgeschlüsselt.

Ergebnisse

Seit 2009 steigen die PJI-Diagnosen kontinuierlich an, die Häufigkeit war im Jahr 2018 rückläufig. Im Jahr 2019 wurden 16.174 Fälle entsprechend einer Prävalenz von 23,8/100.000 Einwohner verzeichnet. Eine Entwicklung hinsichtlich mehr Diagnosen bei älteren Patienten wurde evident. Ein Viertel aller Patienten wiesen eine Nebendiagnosen im Bereich psychischer Störungen und Verhaltensstörungen auf, wobei sich die Anzahl an Patienten mit psychologischen Komorbiditäten im letzten Jahrzehnt verdoppelte.

Schlussfolgerung

Richtlinien zu Präventionsstrategien und psychologische Unterstützungsangebote sollten in der Unfallchirurgie implementiert werden.
Bloom Filter Encryption and Applications to Efficient Forward-Secret 0-RTT Key Exchange
Authors: Derler David , Gellert Kai , Jager Tibor , Slamanig Daniel , Striecks Christoph
Published: March 2021

Forward secrecy is considered an essential design goal of modern key establishment (KE) protocols, such as TLS 1.3, for example. Furthermore, efficiency considerations such as zero round-trip time (0-RTT), where a client is able to send cryptographically protected payload data along with the very first KE message, are motivated by the practical demand for secure low-latency communication. For a long time, it was unclear whether protocols that simultaneously achieve 0-RTT and full forward secrecy exist. Only recently, the first forward-secret 0-RTT protocol was described by Günther et al. (Eurocrypt, 2017). It is based on puncturable encryption. Forward secrecy is achieved by “puncturing” the secret key after each decryption operation, such that a given ciphertext can only be decrypted once (cf. also Green and Miers, S&P 2015). Unfortunately, their scheme is completely impractical, since one puncturing operation takes between 30 s and several minutes for reasonable security and deployment parameters, such that this solution is only a first feasibility result, but not efficient enough to be deployed in practice. In this paper, we introduce a new primitive that we term Bloom filter encryption (BFE), which is derived from the probabilistic Bloom filter data structure. We describe different constructions of BFE schemes and show how these yield new puncturable encryption mechanisms with extremely efficient puncturing. Most importantly, a puncturing operation only involves a small number of very efficient computations, plus the deletion of certain parts of the secret key, which outperforms previous constructions by orders of magnitude. This gives rise to the first forward-secret 0-RTT protocols that are efficient enough to be deployed in practice. We believe that BFE will find applications beyond forward-secret 0-RTT protocols.
A numerical survey of nonlinear dynamical responses of discrete pantographic beams
Authors: Turco Emilio
Published: March 2021

Materials and structures based on pantographic cells exhibit interesting mechanical peculiarities. They have been studied prevalently in the static case, both in linear and nonlinear regime. When the dynamical behavior is considered, available literature is scarce probably for the intrinsic difficulties in the solution of this kind of problems. The aim of this work is to contribute to filling of this gap by addressing the dynamical response of pantographic beams. Starting from a simple spring mechanical model for pantographic beams, the nonlinear equilibrium problem is formulated directly for such a discrete system also considering inertia forces. Successively, the solution of the system of equilibrium equations is sought by means of a stepwise strategy based on a non-standard integration scheme. Here, only harmonic excitations are considered and, for large displacements, frequency-response curves are thoroughly discussed for some significant cases.
Fibres non réduites d’un schéma arithmétique
Authors: Liu Chunhui
Published: March 2021

Pour un schéma réduit projectif sur l’anneau des entiers d’un corps de nombres, l’ensemble des places au dessus desquelles les fibres du schéma ne sont pas réduite est un ensemble fini. On donne une majoration explicite du produit des normes de ces places. Pour cela, on introduit une généralisation de la notion de hauteur sur l’anneau adélique. En utilisant la théorie des variétés de Chow, on ramène le cas général d’un schéma de dimension pure à celui d’une hypersurface et on traite ce dernier à l’aide du résultant de l’équation de l’hypersurface et des dérivées partielles de cette équation.
The physiological strain index does not reliably identify individuals at risk of reaching a thermal tolerance limit
Authors: Davey Sarah L. , Downie Victoria , Griggs Katy , Havenith George
Published: March 2021

Purpose

The physiological strain index (PSI) was developed to assess individuals’ heat strain, yet evidence supporting its use to identify individuals at potential risk of reaching a thermal tolerance limit (TTL) is limited. The aim of this study was to assess whether PSI can identify individuals at risk of reaching a TTL.

Methods

Fifteen females and 21 males undertook a total of 136 trials, each consisting of two 40–60 minute periods of treadmill walking separated by ~ 15 minutes rest, wearing permeable or impermeable clothing, in a range of climatic conditions. Heart rate (HR), skin temperature (Tsk), rectal temperature (Tre), temperature sensation (TS) and thermal comfort (TC) were measured throughout. Various forms of the PSI-index were assessed including the original PSI, PSIfixed, adaptive-PSI (aPSI) and a version comprised of a measure of heat storage (PSIHS). Final physiological and PSI values and their rate of change (ROC) over a trial and in the last 10 minutes of a trial were compared between trials completed (C, 101 trials) and those terminated prematurely (TTL, 35 trials).

Results

Final PSIoriginal, PSIfixed, aPSI, PSIHS did not differ between TTL and C (p > 0.05). However, differences between TTL and C occurred in final Tsk, Tre–Tsk, TS, TC and ROC in PSIfixed, Tre, Tsk and HR (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

These results suggest the PSI, in the various forms, does not reliably identify individuals at imminent risk of reaching their TTL and its validity as a physiological safety index is therefore questionable. However, a physiological-perceptual strain index may provide a more valid measure.
Clinical forms of peritoneal larval cestodiasis by Mesocestoides spp. in dogs: diagnosis, treatment and long term follow-up
Authors: Carta Silvia , Corda Andrea , Tamponi Claudia , Dessì Giorgia , Nonnis Francesca , Tilocca Laura , Cotza Agostina , Knoll Stephane , Varcasia Antonio , Scala Antonio
Published: March 2021

Canine peritoneal larval cestodiasis (CPLC) is a little-known parasitological infestation of the peritoneal cavity of wild and domestic carnivores withMesocestoidesspp. larvae. While adultMesocestoidestapeworms reside within the small intestine, the larvae occasionally penetrate the host’s intestinal wall, causing a potentially life-threatening peritonitis. Severity of infection as well as the host response influences the prognosis significantly, and early diagnosis and treatment are essential. However, due to the lack of specific symptoms, this condition is underdiagnosed and, furthermore, no clear effective treatment has yet been described. The aim of this study is therefore to report two clinical cases of CPLC in dogs and to illustrate their clinical presentation and follow-up to serve as a reference for clinicians and researchers alike. Both animals were presented with abdominal distention as their main complaint. They underwent clinical examination, abdominal ultrasonography, abdominocentesis, and laparotomy followed by biochemical, cytological, parasitological, and molecular examination of the collected samples. After surgical lavage, the dogs received anthelmintic treatment with either fenbendazole (FBZ) or praziquantel (PZQ). Overall, timely and prolonged administration of high doses of FBZ seems to be the most effective treatment method. Irrespective, to date, no treatment capable of complete eradication of the infection and prevention of recurrence of disease has been found. In conclusion, further investigation into appropriate treatment plans as well as diagnostic development is needed.
Secure FaaS orchestration in the fog: how far are we?
Authors: Bocci Alessandro , Forti Stefano , Ferrari Gian-Luigi , Brogi Antonio
Published: March 2021

Function-as-a-Service (FaaS) allows developers to define, orchestrate and run modular event-based pieces of code on virtualised resources, without the burden of managing the underlying infrastructure nor the life-cycle of such pieces of code. Indeed, FaaS providers offer resource auto-provisioning, auto-scaling and pay-per-use billing at no costs for idle time. This makes it easy to scale running code and it represents an effective and increasingly adopted way to deliver software. This article aims at offering an overview of the existing literature in the field of next-gen FaaS from three different perspectives: (i) the definition of FaaS orchestrations, (ii) the execution of FaaS orchestrations in Fog computing environments, and (iii) the security of FaaS orchestrations. Our analysis identify trends and gaps in the literature, paving the way to further research on securing FaaS orchestrations in Fog computing landscapes.
On the application of Wishart process to the pricing of equity derivatives: the multi-asset case
Authors: La Bua Gaetano , Marazzina Daniele
Published: March 2021

Given the inherent complexity of financial markets, a wide area of research in the field of mathematical finance is devoted to develop accurate models for the pricing of contingent claims. Focusing on the stochastic volatility approach (i.e. we assume to describe asset volatility as an additional stochastic process), it appears desirable to introduce reliable dynamics in order to take into account the presence of several assets involved in the definition of multi-asset payoffs. In this article we deal with the multi asset Wishart Affine Stochastic Correlation model, that makes use of Wishart process to describe the stochastic variance covariance matrix of assets return. The resulting parametrization turns out to be a genuine multi-asset extension of the Heston model: each asset is exactly described by a single instance of the Heston dynamics while the joint behaviour is enriched by cross-assets and cross-variances stochastic correlation, all wrapped in an affine modeling. In this framework, we propose a fast and accurate calibration procedure, and two Monte Carlo simulation schemes.
Information related service trade within firms: evidence from firm-level data in Germany
Authors: Hafner Kurt A. , Kleinert Jörn
Published: March 2021

Multi-unit firms have productivity advantages over competitors because of their use of a non-rival asset—firm-specific knowledge—in several units. Using knowledge-intensive services leads to economies of scope in production by multi-unit firms. Such headquarter are usually supplied by parent companies and serve to link different firm units. Headquarter services are difficult to quantify in statistics or surveys, except when they cross-borders and the exchange of services between MNEs and their offshore subsidiaries becomes apparent. This study therefore focuses on IT service imports to explain productivity differences among foreign affiliates of multinational firms in Germany. The authors base the analysis on the population of foreign multinational firms active in Germany and analyze what effect the import of IT services has on their productivity. They find that IT headquarter service flows have significant impacts on foreign affiliates’ productivity in general and US affiliates in particular. As the average IT-service flows (per firm and partner) from parent countries are significantly higher for US affiliates than non-US affiliates, they conclude that the import of IT services from the parent-company is a source of the productivity advantages of US affiliates in Germany.
A new method to estimate GPS satellite and receiver differential code biases using a network of LEO satellites
Authors: Yuan Liangliang , Hoque Mainul , Jin Shuanggen
Published: March 2021

The differential code biases (DCBs) of the global positioning system (GPS) receiver onboard low-Earth orbit (LEO) satellites are commonly estimated by a local spherical symmetry assumption together with the known GPS satellite DCBs from ground-based observations. Nowadays, more and more LEO satellites are equipped with GPS receivers for precise orbit determination, which provides a unique chance to estimate both satellite and receiver DCBs without any ground data. A new method to estimate the GPS satellite and receiver DCBs using a network of LEO receivers is proposed. A multi-layer mapping function (MF) is used to combine multi-LEO satellite data at varying orbit heights. First, model simulations are conducted to compare the vertical total electron content (VTEC) derived from the multi-layer MF and the reference VTEC obtained from the empirical ionosphere model International Reference Ionosphere and Global Core Plasmasphere Model. Second, GPS data are collected from five LEO missions, including ten receivers used to estimate both the satellite and receiver DCBs simultaneously with the multi-layer MF. The results show that the GPS satellite DCB solutions obtained from space-based data are consistent with ground-based solutions provided by the Centre for Orbit Determination in Europe. The proposed normalization procedure combining topside observations from different LEO missions has the potential to improve the accuracies of satellite DCBs of Global Navigation Satellite Systems as well as the receiver DCBs onboard LEO satellites, although the number of LEO missions and spatial–temporal coverage of topside observations are limited.
Schlaganfall und epileptische Anfälle
Authors: Stefan Hermann
Published: March 2021

Durch Verbesserung der Schlaganfallbehandlung werden Neurologen vermehrt mit der speziellen Behandlung von Post-Schlaganfall-Anfällen(PSA)- und Epilepsie(PSE)-Patienten in Berührung kommen. Epileptische Anfälle können sowohl Diagnostik als auch Therapie von Patienten mit Schlaganfällen komplizieren. Wann und mit welchem antiiktalen Medikament soll behandelt werden? Wie interferieren Schlaganfall- und Epilepsiebehandlung? Im folgenden Manuskript wird einerseits auf die zurzeit durchgeführte Behandlung von epileptischen Anfällen und andererseits auf neue Therapieansätze eingegangen. Anfälle nach Schlaganfall erfordern eine individuelle Indikationsstellung und Nutzen-Risiko-Betrachtung der Effektivität und Nebenwirkungen der antiiktalen Therapie. Das Vorliegen eines epileptischen Anfalls stellt heute nach individueller Abwägung der Indikation keine Kontraindikation zur Thrombolyse oder Thrombektomie dar.
Measuring farmers’ preferences for weather index insurance in the Ayeyarwady Delta, Myanmar: a discrete choice experiment approach
Authors: Aizaki Hideo , Furuya Jun , Sakurai Takeshi , Mar Swe Swe
Published: March 2021

This study examines farmers’ preferences for weather index insurance (WII) in the Ayeyarwady Delta, Myanmar, using discrete choice experiments. It employs data taken from a survey of 317 rice farmers in the district of Labutta in the Ayeyarwady Region, which was conducted in March 2019. After being informed about WII and the trigger conditions, farmers were asked to answer discrete choice questions on WII packages. The hypothetical WII packages consisted of three attributes: the types of disaster that the insurance covers, the insurance coverage rate, and the annual insurance premium rate. A random parameter logit model analysis of the responses reveals that farmers prefer the WII packages covering cyclones, floods, and droughts to that for salt damage. The probabilities of selecting 64 hypothetical WII packages calculated from the estimates indicate that more than 50% of farmers can be expected to purchase seven WII packages for cyclones, floods, and droughts.
Estimating red deer (Cervus elaphus) population size based on non-invasive genetic sampling
Authors: Ebert Cornelia , Sandrini Julian , Welter Bettina , Thiele Bernhard , Hohmann Ulf
Published: March 2021

Some deer species are of conservation concern; others are officially managed as a food source or for their trophies, whereas in many regions, deer are regarded as overabundant or even as a nuisance causing damages. Regardless of local management issues, in most cases, reliable data on deer population sizes and sex ratios are lacking. Non-invasive genetic approaches are promising tools for the estimation of population size and structure. We developed and tested a non-invasive genetic approach for red deer (Cervus elaphus) population size and density estimation based on faeces collected from three free-ranging red deer populations in south-western Germany. Altogether, we genotyped 2762 faecal samples, representing 1431 different individuals. We estimated population density for both sexes separately using two different approaches: spatially explicit capture-recapture (SECR) approach and a single-session urn model (CAPWIRE). The estimated densities of both approaches were similar for all three study areas, ranging between total densities of 3.3 (2.5–4.4) and 8.5 (6.4–11.3) red deer/km2. The estimated sex ratios differed significantly between the studied populations (ranging between 1:1.1 and 1:1.7), resulting in considerable consequences for management. In further research, the issues of population closure and approximation of the effectively sampled area for density estimation should be addressed. The presented approach can serve as a valuable tool for the management of deer populations, and to our knowledge, it represents the only sex-specific approach for estimation of red deer population size and density.
Childhood adversity and healthy ageing: a study of the Chinese older population
Authors: Hu Bo
Published: March 2021

This study examines the relationship between childhood adversities and healthy ageing in the Chinese older population. The data come from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey (CHARLS), a national survey that collected life history and ageing-related information on 9248 older people aged over 60 in 2014 and 2015. The analysis of healthy ageing focuses on seven indicators: IADL limitations, ADL limitations, cognitive functioning, depressive symptoms, life satisfaction, self-reported health, and chronic illness. Using k-means clustering, an unsupervised learning technique, we identified four qualitatively different groups according to their achievement in healthy ageing. We studied 17 types of childhood adversities and found that experiencing multiple childhood adversities is associated with a lower probability of achieving healthy ageing. This relationship is moderated by age and gender. Women are more vulnerable than men to the negative impacts of childhood adversities. The threat of childhood adversities to healthy ageing is greatly attenuated among people aged over 80. We argue that the policy response to healthy ageing should not be confined to those services and programmes that directly target older people. Instead, healthy ageing can be better addressed by concerted efforts in different areas of social policy.
The heuristic vulnerability model: fragility curves for masonry buildings
Authors: Lagomarsino Sergio , Cattari Serena , Ottonelli Daria
Published: March 2021

In the framework of seismic risk analyses at large scale, among the available methods for the vulnerability assessment the empirical and expert elicitation based ones still represent one of most widely used options. In fact, despite some drawbacks, they benefit of a direct correlation to the actual seismic behaviour of buildings and they are easy to handle also on huge stocks of buildings. Within this context, the paper illustrates a macroseismic vulnerability model for unreinforced masonry existing buildings that starts from the original proposal of Lagomarsino and Giovinazzi (Bull Earthquake Eng 4(4):445–463, 2006) and has further developed in recent years. The method may be classified as heuristic, in the sense that: (a) it is based on the expertise that is implicit in the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS98), with fuzzy assumptions on the binomial damage distribution; (b) it is calibrated on the observed damage in Italy, available in the database Da.D.O. developed by the Italian Department of Civil Protection (DPC). This approach guarantees a fairly well fitting with actual damage but, at the same time, ensures physically consistent results for both low and high values of the seismic intensity (for which observed data are incomplete or lacking). Moreover, the method provides a coherent distribution between the different damage levels. The valuable data in Da.D.O. allowed significant improvements of the method than its original version. The model has been recently applied in the context of ReLUIS project, funded by the DPC to support the development of Italian Risk Maps. To this aim, the vulnerability model has been applied for deriving fragility curves. This step requires to introduce a correlation law between the Macroseismic Intensity (adopted for the calibration of the model from a wide set of real damage data) and the Peak Ground Acceleration (at present, one of most used instrumental intensity measures); this conversion further increases the potential of the macroseismic method. As presented in the paper, the first applications of the model have produced plausible and consistent results at national scale, both in terms of damage scenarios and total risk (economic loss, consequences to people).
Is Coping with Stigma by Association Role-Specific for Different Family Members? A Qualitative Study with Bipolar Disorder Patients’ Relatives
Authors: Richard-Lepouriel Hélène , Aubry Jean-Michel , Favre Sophie
Published: March 2021

Trying to cope with stigma by association (SBA) often results in behaviors leading to social isolation and withdrawal. This study aimed at exploring the stigma-related experiences of family members of persons living with bipolar disorder (PW-BD). A semi-structured interview was conducted with relatives of PW-BD. Open-ended questions addressed three issues: awareness of public stigma of bipolar disorder, experiences of associative stigma, and ways of coping with experiences of SBA. Data were collected from a purposive sample of 21 family members. Experiences of SBA were specifically related to the different family roles. Parents had to deal with responsibility, partners with the choice of staying or not, and siblings with “a sort of duty.” These specific prejudices enhanced specific coping strategies. This is the first study to highlight specific issues and coping from the perspective of family members. Based on these findings, specific targeted interventions could be developed.
Design Procedure for a Broadband TE11/HE11 Mode Converter for High-Power Radar Applications
Authors: Haas Daniel , Thumm Manfred
Published: March 2021

The HE11hybrid mode, propagating in an overmoded corrugated circular waveguide, is widely used for low loss transmission of high-power microwaves. Due to the inherent broadband frequency behaviour, this will be also essential for future broadband high-power radar applications, like space debris observation in low earth orbit (LEO). A promising amplifier concept for such radar sensors is a helical gyro-TWT. However, since the HE11hybrid mode is not suitable for electron-beam-wave interaction in this kind of vacuum electron device, an additional mode converter is required. The present paper addresses the design procedure of a broadband high-power mode converter, designed for a helical gyro-TWT intended for future broadband high-power radar applications in the W-band. The interaction mode of the helical gyro-TWT under consideration can be easily transferred to the circular waveguide TE11mode. Therefore, a TE11 ↦ HE11mode converter is addressed here. The design procedure is based on a scattering matrix formalism and leads to a high HE11mode content of ≥98.6% within the considered frequency range from 92 GHz to 100 GHz. Inside this frequency band, the mode content is even better and reaches ≈ 99.7% at ≈95 GHz. This allows broadband frequency operation of a helical gyro-TWT and is suitable for broadband high-power radar applications.
Embedding the Picard group inside the class group: the case of $$\mathbb {Q}$$-factorial complete toric varieties
Authors: Rossi Michele , Terracini Lea
Published: March 2021

Let X be a $$\mathbb {Q}$$
Q
-factorial complete toric variety over an algebraic closed field of characteristic 0. There is a canonical injection of the Picard group $$\mathrm{Pic}(X)$$

Pic
(
X
)

in the group $$\mathrm{Cl}(X)$$

Cl
(
X
)

of classes of Weil divisors. These two groups are finitely generated abelian groups; while the first one is a free group, the second one may have torsion. We investigate algebraic and geometrical conditions under which the image of $$\mathrm{Pic}(X)$$

Pic
(
X
)

in $$\mathrm{Cl}(X)$$

Cl
(
X
)

is contained in a free part of the latter group.
Pathology as a phenomenological tool
Authors: Carel Havi
Published: March 2021

The phenomenological method (or rather, methods) has been fruitfully used to study the experience of illness in recent years. However, the role of illness is not merely that of a passive object for phenomenological scrutiny. I propose that illness, and pathology more generally, can be developed into a phenomenological method in their own right. I claim that studying cases of pathology, breakdown, and illness offer illumination not only of these experiences, but also of normal function and the tacit background that underpins it. In particular, I claim that the study of embodiment can be greatly enhanced, and indeed would be incomplete, without attending to bodily breakdown and what I term bodily doubt. I offer an analogy between illness and Husserl’s epoché, suggesting that both are a source of distancing, and therefore motivate a reflective stance.
On the robust Newton’s method with the Mann iteration and the artistic patterns from its dynamics
Authors: Gdawiec Krzysztof , Kotarski Wiesław , Lisowska Agnieszka
Published: March 2021

There are two main aims of this paper. The first one is to show some improvement of the robust Newton’s method (RNM) introduced recently by Kalantari. The RNM is a generalisation of the well-known Newton’s root finding method. Since the base method is undefined at critical points, the RNM allows working also at such points. In this paper, we improve the RNM method by applying the Mann iteration instead of the standard Picard iteration. This leads to an essential decrease in the number of root finding steps without visible destroying the sharp boundaries among the basins of attractions presented in polynomiographs. Furthermore, we investigate visually the dynamics of the RNM with the Mann iteration together with the basins of attraction for varying Mann’s iteration parameter with the help of polynomiographs for several polynomials. The second aim of this paper is to present the intriguing polynomiographs obtained from the dynamics of the RNM with the Mann iteration under various sequences used in this iteration. The obtained polynomiographs differ considerably from the ones obtained with the RNM and are interesting from the artistic perspective. Moreover, they can easily find applications in wallpaper or fabric design.
Non-random sampling and association tests on realized returns and risk proxies
Authors: Ecker Frank , Francis Jennifer , Olsson Per , Schipper Katherine
Published: March 2021

This paper investigates how data requirements often encountered in archival accounting research can produce a data-restricted sample that is a non-random selection of observations from the reference sample to which the researcher wishes to generalize results. We illustrate the effects of non-random sampling on results of association tests in a setting with data on one variable of interest for all observations and frequently-missing data on another variable of interest. We develop and validate a resampling approach that uses only observations from the data-restricted sample to construct distribution-matched samples that approximate randomly-drawn samples from the reference sample. Our simulation tests provide evidence that distribution-matched samples yield generalizable results. We demonstrate the effects of non-random sampling in tests of the association between realized returns and five implied cost of equity metrics. In this setting, the reference sample has full information on realized returns, while on average only 16% of reference sample observations have data on cost of equity metrics. Consistent with prior research (e.g., Easton and Monahan The Accounting Review 80, 501–538, 2005), analysis using the unadjusted (non-random) cost of equity sample reveals weak or negative associations between realized returns and cost of equity metrics. In contrast, using distribution-matched samples, we find reliable evidence of the theoretically-predicted positive association. We also conceptually and empirically compare distribution-matching with multiple imputation and selection models, two other approaches to dealing with non-random samples.
Accurate Short-Characteristics Radiative Transfer in A Numerical Tool for Astrophysical RESearch (ANTARES)
Authors: Kostogryz Nadiia M. , Kupka Friedrich , Piskunov Nikolai , Fabbian Damian , Krüger Daniel , Gizon Laurent
Published: March 2021

We aim to improve the accuracy of radiative energy transport in three-dimensional radiation hydrodynamical simulations in ANTARES (A Numerical Tool for Astrophysical RESearch). We implement in the ANTARES short-characteristics numerical schemes a modification of the Bézier interpolant solver. This method yields a smoother surface structure in simulations of solar convection and reduces the artifacts appearing due to the limited number of rays along which the integration is done. Reducing such artifacts leads to increased stability of the code. We show that our new implementation achieves a better agreement of the temperature structure and its gradient with a semi-empirical model derived from observations, as well as of synthetic spectral-line profiles with the observed solar spectrum.
Sequential Bayesian optimal experimental design for structural reliability analysis
Authors: Agrell Christian , Dahl Kristina Rognlien
Published: March 2021

Structural reliability analysis is concerned with estimation of the probability of a critical event taking place, described by $$P(g(\mathbf{X} ) \le 0)$$

P
(
g
(
X
)
≤
0
)

for some n-dimensional random variable $$\mathbf{X} $$
X
and some real-valued function g. In many applications the function g is practically unknown, as function evaluation involves time consuming numerical simulation or some other form of experiment that is expensive to perform. The problem we address in this paper is how to optimally design experiments, in a Bayesian decision theoretic fashion, when the goal is to estimate the probability $$P(g(\mathbf{X} ) \le 0)$$

P
(
g
(
X
)
≤
0
)

using a minimal amount of resources. As opposed to existing methods that have been proposed for this purpose, we consider a general structural reliability model given in hierarchical form. We therefore introduce a general formulation of the experimental design problem, where we distinguish between the uncertainty related to the random variable $$\mathbf{X} $$
X
and any additional epistemic uncertainty that we want to reduce through experimentation. The effectiveness of a design strategy is evaluated through a measure of residual uncertainty, and efficient approximation of this quantity is crucial if we want to apply algorithms that search for an optimal strategy. The method we propose is based on importance sampling combined with the unscented transform for epistemic uncertainty propagation. We implement this for the myopic (one-step look ahead) alternative, and demonstrate the effectiveness through a series of numerical experiments.
Frege on intuition and objecthood in projective geometry
Authors: Eder Günther
Published: March 2021

In recent years, several scholars have been investigating Frege’s mathematical background, especially in geometry, in order to put his general views on mathematics and logic into proper perspective. In this article I want to continue this line of research and study Frege’s views on geometry in their own right by focussing on his views on a field which occupied center stage in nineteenth century geometry, namely, projective geometry.
Relations Between Photosynthetic Parameters and Drought-Induced Tuber Yield Decrease in Katahdin-Derived Potato Cultivars
Authors: Plich Jarosław , Boguszewska-Mańkowska Dominika , Marczewski Waldemar
Published: March 2021

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is considered a drought-sensitive crop species, although cultivar-dependent differences in tolerance have been described. The extent of drought-induced tuber yield decreases is considered the main criterion for potato tolerance to drought. In this study, eighteen closely related potato cultivars were subjected to drought stress, and among them, two groups with contrasting drought tolerance phenotypes were distinguished (tolerant: Sebago, Katahdin and Cayuga; susceptible: Sequoia and Carpatin). Photosynthesis is the most important primary metabolic process that determines the yield of potato crops and is also strongly affected by drought. The photosynthetic parameters of these two groups of potato cultivars were assessed by measuring chlorophyll a fluorescence. Drought-induced changes in the examined parameters were observed in both groups of cultivars, but the changes in the drought-sensitive group were relatively much more pronounced. The tolerant and sensitive groups significantly differed in terms of most photosynthetic parameters. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed differences in the responses of the examined potato cultivars and separated tolerant cultivars from sensitive ones, similar to the criterion of the relative decrease in tuber yields. These results suggest that chlorophyll a fluorescence may serve as a useful tool for estimating the level of tolerance to drought stress in potato.
Mating Type and Aggressiveness of Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary in Potato-Growing Areas of Punjab, Pakistan, 2017–2018 and Identification of Genotype 13_A2 in 2019–2020
Authors: Raza Waqas , Ghazanfar Muhammad Usman , Sullivan Louise , Cooke David E. L. , Cooke Louise R.
Published: March 2021

Samples of blighted potato leaves were collected from fields in six potato-growing districts of the Punjab Province of Pakistan in 2017–2018. A total of 149 isolates of Phytophthora infestans were obtained from six potato cultivars (Asterix, Barsenna, Burana, Caroda, Mazika, Sante). Of these isolates, 73% were A1 mating type, 23% were A2 mating type and 4% were self-fertile. Both mating types of P. infestans occurred in all six districts sampled, but in every case, the A1 mating type predominated. The foliar aggressiveness of 104 of these isolates (weakly pathogenic isolates were excluded) was tested on detached leaflets of potato cv. Caroda, and a composite aggressiveness index (CAI) calculated from lesion area (measured after 10 days), latent period and infection frequency was used to compare isolates. There was no difference in CAI between isolates obtained from different districts or cultivars. The A2 mating type isolates had significantly greater CAIs than A1 isolates but this does not imply a genetic linkage nor a general association between mating type and aggressiveness. It may be that the A2 isolates belonged to an aggressive clonal lineage such as 13_A2 that has been reported in other countries in the region. While it was not possible to test the isolates collected in 2017–2018, genotyping of samples collected in 2019–2020 showed the widespread occurrence of the EU_13_A2 clonal lineage in the same districts of Pakistan and supported this hypothesis. This is the first report of EU_13_A2 from Pakistan. The implications for potato late blight management in the Punjab are discussed.
Hilling of Transplanted Seedlings from Novel Hybrid True Potato Seeds Does Not Enhance Tuber Yield but Can Affect Tuber Size Distribution
Authors: van Dijk Luuk C. M. , Lommen Willemien J. M. , de Vries Michiel E. , Kacheyo Olivia C. , Struik Paul C.
Published: March 2021

A novel cropping system for potato was tested for two consecutive years under normal Dutch agronomic conditions. Seedlings from two experimental genotypes of hybrid true potato seeds were produced in a greenhouse nursery and transplanted into the field 5 weeks after sowing to assess tuber yield levels and to study effects of hilling on tuber yield and number, tuber size distribution and tuber greening. Field experiments had a split-plot design with hilling treatments as the main plots and genotypes as the sub-plots. Final harvest was at 122 and 132 days after transplanting in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Hybrid seedlings were transplanted into small initial ridges and irrigated straight after planting. Three hilling treatments were applied between transplanting and 100% canopy cover. Treatment ‘zero hilling’ did not receive any additional hilling after transplanting. Treatments ‘double hilling’ and ‘triple hilling’ received two and three additional hilling treatments, respectively. Total tuber yields at final harvest in both years were not affected by the hilling treatments. Yields for the respective genotypes were 26 and 30 Mg/ha in 2017 and 25 and 32 Mg/ha in 2018. Total tuber numbers were only affected by hilling treatments in 2017, where under hilled conditions, plants produced more tubers compared with plants under zero hilling. Plants under zero hilling yielded more tubers in size class > 40 mm compared with triple hilling in 2017. In 2018, no significant effects of hilling on tuber numbers were found, but the trend was similar to that in 2017.
Diploid Potato Germplasm with Resistance to Dickeya solani
Authors: Lebecka Renata , Wasilewicz-Flis Iwona , Mańkowski Dariusz
Published: March 2021

Potato growers suffer losses due to potato soft rot and blackleg caused by pectinolytic bacteria of different species. These bacteria cause yield loss during cultivation and storage, and can be transmitted to the next generations through seed tubers. The prevalence of Pectobacterium atrosepticum has decreased over the last 20 years in Europe in favour of Dickeya solani and P. carotovorum subsp. brasiliense. Twenty-six diploid interspecific Solanum hybrids, previously selected for tuber resistance to P. atrosepticum, were screened for resistance to a highly aggressive D. solani strain in terms of tuber and blackleg reaction. The bacterial strain used for inoculation was characterised by a relatively high optimal growth temperature in vitro, ranging from 33 to 35 °C. Twenty-four diploid clones did not differ in terms of tuber reaction to inoculation with this strain of bacteria in comparison with the clone USA 249, which is the somatic hybrid of S. brevidens (+) S. tuberosum with proven resistance to Pectobacterium. Seventeen clones performed significantly better in terms of blackleg resistance than the resistant potato cultivar Glada. Eleven of the selected diploids produced unreduced gametes, which allows their use in improving the resistance of tetraploid potatoes to diseases caused by bacteria of both Pectobacterium and Dickeya.