bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Methods and Strategies
Authors: Hansen Bethanie L.
Published: December 2019

This chapter presents methods and strategies that can be considered when developing an online music appreciation class. When compared to a live, face-to-face course, online classes have more structure and must be fully developed prior to the first day of class. For these reasons, some methods and strategies are specific elements of the course design rather than educator skill sets used only when teaching the course. Readers will find several strategies introduced that can be considered early for course design elements, such as asynchronous discussions and group work. A variety of formative and summative learning activities are conceptually introduced to facilitate planning and development. The chapter ends with a brief summary of important points and an infographic designed to visually highlight five types of methods and strategies that can be included when designing an online music appreciation course.
Forum Discussions
Authors: Hansen Bethanie L.
Published: December 2019

In the third section, Specifics of Course Components and Samples, course components other than text are introduced. These include multimedia assets—effective tools to deliver content, engage learners, and promote creativity—as well as discussion forums, assignments, announcements, and other tools, illustrated by examples. This section is organized topically and serves as a resource for both novice and veteran online educators. For each area, tips are provided to ensure that these aspects of the online course are successfully developed and presented to students. Specific examples are provided that can be used in any online course without additional permission.
Assignments
Authors: Hansen Bethanie L.
Published: December 2019

The chapter presents alternative assessment methods that could be used as assignments in online music appreciation classes. Alternative assessments, often called applied learning activities, give students a means through which they can extend or document their learning and express what they’ve learned in their own “voice.” Guidelines for effective online assignments and essential elements for clear assignment descriptions are included. Readers will come away with plagiarism guidance and example assignments that can be immediately used. The chapter ends with a brief summary of important points and an infographic designed to visually highlight guidelines and essential elements of effective online music appreciation assignments, with four powerful questions to help instructors determine whether the assignment description is sufficiently clear and detailed.
Rubrics and Evaluation Tools
Authors: Hansen Bethanie L.
Published: December 2019

This chapter explores evaluation tools to provide feedback throughout an online music appreciation course. Students can learn better when they receive supported feedback evaluating their work, and students’ complaints in online education often stem from a lack of such feedback, minimal grading comments, or scores that seem arbitrarily derived. Readers will find example rubrics, checklists, and evaluative tools, together with examples of feedback, to guide them in evaluating students’ submitted work and further guide students’ academic growth. The chapter ends with a brief summary of important points and an infographic designed to visually highlight four common types of evaluation tools and their qualities for online music appreciation classes.
Teaching the Course
Authors: Hansen Bethanie L.
Published: December 2019

This chapter provides a framework and guides for teaching the online music appreciation class in ways that suit the online modality and a variety of learners. Because it is much more challenging to build community and connect with others in an online classroom when compared to face-to-face learning, and community is essential to learning, a framework for teaching online that includes aspects most likely to promote community among learners and between students and their instructor is needed. Readers will find helpful guidance to develop a robust community of inquiry within the online music appreciation classroom, along with communication strategies and routines typical of online teaching. The chapter ends with a brief summary of important points and an infographic designed to visually highlight essential elements for teaching online music appreciation, including teaching, social, and cognitive presence; guidelines for online communication while teaching a class; time management tips; and weekly routine suggestions.
Assisting Students
Authors: Hansen Bethanie L.
Published: December 2019

This chapter presents many of the common challenges that online students face and provides instructors with effective strategies through which to address related students’ needs. Instructors who teach online will encounter adult learners with particular learning and communication needs, students who experience time and task management challenges, students with disabilities, nonmusicians who do not understand, students with poor communication or writing skills, students with life events that interrupt their progress or cause them to disappear during a course, and challenging students who question or provoke their instructor and classmates. Readers will find within this chapter supportive strategies to guide them through such circumstances, with outreach and communication scripts that are intended to further support their teaching. The chapter ends with a brief summary of important points and an infographic designed to visually highlight means by which instructors can support and assist students with special needs or challenges in online music appreciation classes.
Disability, Stigma, and Children's Developing Selves
Authors: Kayama Misa , Haight Wendy , Ku May-Lee , Cho Minhae , Lee Hee Yun
Published: December 2019

Stigmatization is part of the everyday lives of children with disabilities, their families, and their friends. Negative social encounters, even with perfect strangers, can dampen joyful occasions, add stress to challenging situations, and lead to social isolation. This book describes a program of research spanning a decade that seeks to understand disabilities in their developmental and cultural contexts. The authors are especially interested in understanding adults’ socialization practices that promise to reduce stigmatization in the next generation. Guided by developmental cultural psychology, including the concept of “universalism without uniformity,” the authors focus on the understandings and responses to disability and associated stigmatization of elementary-school educators practicing in Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and the U.S. Educators from all four cultural groups expressed strikingly similar concerns about the impact of stigmatization on the emerging cultural self, both of children with disabilities and their typically developing peers. Educators also described culturally nuanced socialization goals and practices pertaining to inclusive education. In Japan, for instance, educators emphasized the importance of peer group belonging and strategies to support the participation of children with disabilities. In the U.S., educators placed relatively more emphasis on individual development and discussed strategies for the equitable treatment of children with disabilities. Educators in South Korea and Taiwan emphasized the cultivation of compassion in typically developing children. The understanding gained through examination of how diverse individuals address common challenges using cultural resources available in their everyday lives provides important lessons for strengthening theory, policy, and programs.
Cultural Historical Contexts
Authors: Kayama Misa , Haight Wendy L. , Ku May-Lee , Cho Minhae , Lee Hee Yun
Published: December 2019

This chapter introduces some of the cultural-historical background necessary to understanding the perspectives of educators in Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, and the U.S. While recognizing the complex, evolving nature of culture, it provides an overview of some broadly shared, culturally embedded ideas about disability, stigmatization, and the self that are prevalent in East Asia and the U.S. In East Asian contexts, these include culturally specific folk beliefs, Confucianism, Buddhism, internationalism, and Westernization; as well as important historical events shaping modern educational systems put in place after World War II. In the multicultural U.S. context, common ideas and educational practices relevant to disability are shaped by ideas pertaining to individuality, independence, achievement, and internationalism, as well as important historical events such as the civil rights movement.
Children’s Development as Context
Authors: Kayama Misa , Haight Wendy L. , Ku May-Lee , Cho Minhae , Lee Hee Yun
Published: December 2019

Chapter 4 considers how educators’ perspectives and practices may be affected by the broad developmental changes experienced by the children they educate. Over the past few years, there has been an increasing interest in the importance of understanding the experiences of children with disabilities. This chapter summarizes available literature, conducted almost exclusively in Western cultural contexts, on the experiences of children with disabilities and their typically developing siblings and peers focusing on disability, stigmatization, and the cultural self. Then it considers related socialization practices by adults in East Asian countries and the U.S.
Disability and Stigmatization as Threats to Children’s Cultural Self
Authors: Kayama Misa , Haight Wendy L. , Ku May-Lee , Cho Minhae , Lee Hee Yun
Published: December 2019

Chapter 6 describes educators’ common concern that as children with disabilities and their typically developing peers become increasingly aware of the differences between them and the negative meanings of those differences, their cultural selves are challenged. Children with disabilities may begin to feel less than and separate from their typically developing peers and fail to experience the self as a competent, socially valued, contributing member of the class. Special education services that can improve children’s academic and social functioning also may highlight their differences from peers and further contribute to labelling and stigmatization. Educators also expressed concern that typically developing children’s cultural selves may be challenged to meet expectations that they accept, respect, include, or feel empathy toward peers with disabilities. The chapter also describes educators’ culturally nuanced understanding and concerns.
Lessons Learned and Ways Forward
Authors: Kayama Misa , Haight Wendy L. , Ku May-Lee , Cho Minhae , Lee Hee Yun
Published: December 2019

Chapter 9 summarizes findings from a decade-long program of cross-cultural research on disability, stigmatization, and children’s developing cultural selves in Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and the U.S. It articulates implications for a developmental cultural model of disability, methodological approaches, practice, policy, and future research. It also discusses challenges of cross-cultural research including working within international research teams.
Neurointerventions and Penal Reductions
Authors: Ryberg Jesper
Published: December 2019

This chapter considers the possibility of offering reduced prison terms to offenders who accept undergoing some sort of neurointervention. The standard objection has been that such treatment is basically coercive. This objection is discussed. Furthermore, the chapter examines other potential objections; to wit, that treatment-conditioned penal reductions constitute either exploitation of the offender or a sort of morally inappropriate offer. The final part of the chapter deals with an aspect of the discussion which has been almost entirely absent in the controversy on ‘coercive’ treatment, namely, the way in which the ethical assessment of such treatment is contingent on penal theoretical considerations.
Compulsory Neurointerventions on Offenders
Authors: Ryberg Jesper
Published: December 2019

This chapter concerns the controversial question whether compulsory use of neurointerventions in the treatment of offenders can ever be morally justified. That there are strong reasons against such use is hard to reject. But does this imply that such treatment is wrong everything considered? And if so, why is this the case? A number of objections are discussed concerning respectively, the lack of a proper moral yardstick, the freedom of the offender, and the personal identify of the offender. Subsequently, it is considered whether—as several theorists have suggested—it is plausible to hold that compulsory use of neurointerventions violates an offender’s moral right to either physical integrity or mental self-determination.
Neurointerventions and Physician Participation
Authors: Ryberg Jesper
Published: December 2019

This chapter takes up an issue that more narrowly relates to the question who should administer the use of neurointerventions if such treatment were to be put into practice. That such treatment would usually require at least some degree of involvement by personnel with medical skills is beyond doubt. However, this raises the question whether physicians should be involved in the treatment of offenders. The purpose of this chapter is to consider whether the combination of the fact that the treatment presupposes medical involvement, and the view that physicians should not be involved in such treatment, is sufficient to block the whole discussion of the morally legitimate use of neurointerventions in crime prevention. It is examined whether any of the arguments that have been advanced in the discussion of physician involvement in the use of lethal injection in relation to capital punishment manage to establish that physicians have a moral duty to abstain from criminal justice use of treatment by neurointerventions.
Neurointerventions and Criminal Justice Practice
Authors: Ryberg Jesper
Published: December 2019

This chapter takes the step from traditional abstract ethical considerations to the more practical question as to what should be expected if one imagines that treatment in the form of neurointerventions is further developed and were to be implemented within a framework such as the one we know from current criminal justice practice. The discussion in the chapter is based on the widely accepted view among penal theorists, namely, that current penal practice in the United States, and also in many other Western countries, deviates significantly from what is ideally desirable. But if this is the case, what does it mean for the idea of applying neurointerventions within such a practice? This question is examined by reconsidering many of the conclusions that have been drawn in preceding chapters in the light of non-ideal real-life penal practice.
The Persistence of [a] Vision: The Electronically Mediated Corporation
Authors: Hughes Kit
Published: December 2019

Forgoing an examination of the media industries, Chapter 1 focuses instead on the rise of what one might call the mediated industries. A prehistory of television at work, this chapter traces an intensifying relationship between electronic media and the workplace that follows the development and industrial application of telegraphy, telephony, recorded sound, wireless, applied radio, Muzak, faxing, and nontheatrical film. Situating this discussion in the context of scholars’ treatment of communication and empire, it argues that television occupies a key transitional position for the mediated corporation in which electronic communication’s dual uses as a logistical tool and as a conduit for cultural production converge. These processes illustrate the development of an alternative media sector and the symbiotic relationship between the “knowledge industries” and corporate expansion, as well as the specificities of how media infrastructures are created at scale.
Frankly Boring and Agonizingly Slow: Television Moves to the Office
Authors: Hughes Kit
Published: December 2019

Using AT&T as a case study, Chapter 3 (keyword: immediacy) follows a series of halting experiments surrounding live and near-live television that attended the medium’s move from the factory to the office. First, it describes companies’ adoption of theater television for live, city-spanning business meetings. Often understood as a site of tension between film and commercial broadcasting interests, theater television reached its apogee as a site of business experimentation with efficient and affective management. Second, it details companies’ use of early videotape systems for self-observation. Borrowing legitimacy from psychology’s use of “encounter groups,” self-observation required workers to tape themselves in various situations for immediate playback and intensified self-regulation. Third, and following from these experiments, it traces AT&T’s installation of in-house closed-circuit television systems. In addition to distributing content, CCTV systems supported corporate imaginaries in which geographies were themselves subject to executive control and reorganization.
Conclusion
Authors: Hughes Kit
Published: December 2019

Acting as an extended “acknowledgments,” the conclusion addresses the conditions of possibility that enabled research for the book—both the individuals who shared their time and resources, and the institutions, especially archives, that shaped this work. The author also describes a series of interviews and interactions with corporate communications consultants, television directors and producers, trade organization leadership, authors, teachers, and market researchers who guided her investigations into corporate television. It argues that it is necessary to distinguish between the desires of multinational capital and the aims of the people who devoted their lives to television at work, many of whom were (and are) sincerely invested in making the workplace more humane. In following this latter ambition—the workplace as an opportunity to build community, as locus of personal connection and self-actualization—it may be possible to renew attempts to build broad-based worker solidarity by developing the conditions of possibility for just labor.
Epilogue
Authors: Parreñas Shimizu Celine
Published: December 2019

Proximity in the movies mimic what travel to the past does, which is to come close to loss, and what cannot be remembered, even with close examination. Memories can then act like movies. In recreating memory through writing them as movies, one can bring the past back to life, including who I am and understand myself to be as a writer, a thinker, a filmmaker. By focusing on works that compose our world, I make sense not only of how we relate to each other across our differences but also of what can be possible when we imagine ourselves through representation.
Media Messaging Surrounding Parents and Music
Authors: Koops Lisa Huisman
Published: December 2019

This chapter begins with a consideration of the broad media messages concerning parents and music as present in parenting books and websites. It then turns to the media messages parents identified as important to their musical parenting and parenting musically. Next it presents five themes drawn from interviews with parents when the content analysis results were shared. Finally, it documents five categories of messages that participants believed would be beneficial to see in the media. The chapter argues that class, race, privilege, and community play a pivotal role in understanding interactions of parents and the media. Participants also recognized and embraced the dialectical nature of media messages, a stance that could be useful for other families encountering these messages. Seeing the participants’ reactions to and relationships with media could be useful to parents in their own approach to media, as well as helpful to professionals working with parents.
Choosing and Refusing
Authors: Blake Michael
Published: December 2019

This chapter deals with the question of how migrants might be justly selected when no individual migrant has a right to move. It considers three possible bases for differentiation: randomness, identity (including religion and race), and skills. The chapter defends the thought that some forms of preference are unjust, even if no one has an antecedent claim to the good of migration. The chapter concludes with an examination of the difficulties that follow, in the real world, from the application of these ideas. It suggests we might face a tragic dilemma—in which we cannot both do justice now and ensure the perpetuation of justice in the future.
Introduction
Authors: Thomases Drew
Published: December 2019

The book’s introduction lays the groundwork for what the book hopes to accomplish. It does this with an introduction of Pushkar—its history, current religious landscape, and the people who call it “home.” This book explores the massive enterprise of building heaven on earth, and how the articulation of sacred space necessarily works alongside economic changes brought on by tourism and globalization. Through an analysis of pilgrimage, tourism, globalization, and the construction of sacred space, the author rehearses some of the book’s most fundamental arguments. Through a description of methodology, the author situates himself within the fieldsite. Finally, there is a summary of each chapter, laying out how the book proceeds.
Savitri’s Curse
Authors: Thomases Drew
Published: December 2019

Chapter 3 focuses on Pushkar’s new generation of tour guides. Departing from the caste-based and hereditary position of brahman priest, these young men see in guiding a “new form of the priesthood.” They are the mediators of knowledge about Brahma and Pushkar and, when guiding foreigners, about the wider world of Hinduism. In this capacity, they are cultural translators and comparative religionists of the highest order. But their jobs are not perfect. Limited opportunities and fierce competition for clients have created friction with foreign tourists. Those who do not want to do this work find it hard to get a steady job outside of Pushkar’s industries of tourism and pilgrimage. Bounded to both Brahma and Pushkar, brahmans believe themselves cursed, sometimes metaphorically and literally, to a life on the lake.
Peace But No Quiet
Authors: Thomases Drew
Published: December 2019

The fifth chapter begins with an observation: Pushkar, people say, is a place of peace, of “shanti.” But those who have been to Pushkar know that it is not a quiet place. Far from attempting to silence Pushkar’s rich soundscape, locals instead find peace by adding yet more sound to the atmosphere. They do this with songs and sacred words set on speakers and intended to spread shanti throughout the town. Importantly, the power of religious recitation derives not principally from the spiritual messages therein, but rather from the “good vibrations” created by sound itself. But what are these “vibrations”? And why do so many locals refer to them as “vibrations” or “vibes” when Hindi and Sanskrit equivalents abound? In the end, I will argue that Pushkar’s “vibrations” come as much from ancient Sanskrit material as they do from 19th-century American and European metaphysics.
Can Big Bird Fight Terrorism?
Authors: Moland Naomi A.
Published: December 2019

Sesame Street has a global reach, with more than thirty co-productions that are viewed in over 150 countries. In recent years, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) has provided funding to the New York-based Sesame Workshop to create international versions of Sesame Street. Many of these programs teach children to respect diversity and tolerate others, which some hope will ultimately help to build peace in conflict-affected societies. In fact, the U.S. government has funded local versions of the show in several countries enmeshed in conflict, including Afghanistan, Kosovo, Pakistan, Jordan, and Nigeria. Can Big Bird Fight Terrorism? takes an in-depth look at the Nigerian version, Sesame Square, which began airing in 2011. In addition to teaching preschool-level academic skills, Sesame Square seeks to promote peaceful coexistence-a daunting task in Nigeria, where escalating ethno-religious tensions and terrorism threaten to fracture the nation. After a year of interviewing Sesame creators, observing their production processes, conducting episode analysis, and talking to local educators who use the program in classrooms, Naomi Moland found that this child-focused use of soft power raised complex questions about how multicultural ideals translate into different settings. In Nigeria, where segregation, state fragility, and escalating conflict raise the stakes of peacebuilding efforts, multicultural education may be ineffective at best, and possibly even divisive. This book offers rare insights into the complexities, challenges, and dilemmas inherent in soft power attempts to teach the ideals of diversity and tolerance in countries suffering from internal conflicts.
Can Kami Promote Ethnic and Religious Tolerance?
Authors: Moland Naomi A.
Published: December 2019

Chapter 4, “Can Kami Promote Ethnic and Religious Tolerance?,” also supports the book’s first argument that multicultural education can inadvertently reproduce stereotypes. As Sesame Square’s creators celebrated ethnic diversity on the program—by showcasing ethnic clothing, languages, names, foods, and customs—they lapsed into stereotypes to represent different groups. Representing religious diversity raised further conundrums. Muslim symbols were seen as “anti-Christian,” and vice versa. Some creators feared that representing religious diversity was too contentious given the fact that religious intolerance was seen as the cause of escalating violence. For this same reason, however, other creators believed that highlighting religious integration and tolerance was more important than ever. Some creators believed that if children learned about ethnic and religious others, they would become more appreciative of diversity. Others, however, feared that highlighting differences could exacerbate divisions.
Incorporating Distributional Concerns into Practical Tools for Priority-Setting
Authors: Norheim Ole F. , Ottersen Trygve , Tolla Mieraf Taddesse , Memirie Solomon Tessema , Johansson Kjell Arne
Published: December 2019

The aim of this chapter is to provide examples of how distributional concerns can be incorporated into practical tools for priority-setting, and to discuss the underlying normative technical choices in doing so. The first section presents a Norwegian proposal for how priority to the worse-off can be integrated with cost-effectiveness thresholds for reimbursement policies. The proposed method is simple and not technically very demanding but relates directly to important discussions about the appropriate decision rules for reimbursement of new and costly technologies. The second section presents priority-weighted cost-effectiveness ranking of essential health services in Ethiopia, a low-income country that is in the process of expanding the health services that it covers. Both methods build on existing health economic tools and are motivated by a prioritarian normative framework. The third and final section discusses some underlying normative issues in methods for integrating distributional concerns that have not hitherto been adequately discussed.
Age and the Disvalue of Death
Authors: Millum Joseph , Gamlund Espen , Ngamasana Emery , Solberg Carl Tollef
Published: December 2019

Summary measures of health or well-being must assign a value to averting death and relate it to the value of preventing or curing morbidity. The authors address two key questions about how to value the prevention of death: (1) how the age at which someone dies affects how bad their death is and (2) at what age death starts to be bad for the decedent. Current practice includes, by default, views about both questions that the authors think are mistaken. Regarding (1), the authors argue in favor of gradualism: the value assigned to preventing mortality should gradually increase during early cognitive development, so that the prevention of perinatal deaths is assigned a lower value than the prevention of the deaths of older children. Regarding (2), value should be assigned to preventing deaths from the point of the onset of sentience—at around 28 weeks gestational age—so that the prevention of stillbirths is also valued. The authors tentatively suggest a function for calculating the disvalue of death at different ages and apply this and alternative functions to South African data on interventions to prevent stillbirths and neonatal deaths.
Ambiguities of Salafism in Mauritania
Authors: Wehrey Frederic , Boukhars Anouar
Published: December 2019

Modern Salafism in Mauritania surged in the late 1970s and 1980s amid an influx of Gulf funding and religious activity, combined with a wave of urbanization. Its growth has always been tempered and affected by the country’s unique religious landscape, to include strong institutions of religious learning, Sufi orders, and more recently, competing political Islamists. As a result, Salafism has inhabited a contested and ambiguous position in Mauritanian society, with prominent Salafi figures having to modulate some of Salafism’s more sectarian tenets. Salafism has also been shaped by the country’s racial and tribal divides and, especially, its wave of military-led repression, which has given certain currents of Salafism a strong basis for critique of the political order. Violent jihadism in the form of Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) attacks has been the most severe form of this critique, and the regime’s response has been a mix of ideological rehabilitation and judicial repression.
Introduction
Authors: Kantzer Komline Han-luen
Published: December 2019

This chapter introduces the most significant debates surrounding Augustine’s understanding of the will (uoluntas), the hybrid methodology employed in this work, and the thesis that Augustine articulates a theologically differentiated notion of will. Is Augustine’s notion of will original in the history of Western philosophy? Can his affirmation of free will be sustained given his approach to the problem of evil, foreknowledge, predestination, and grace? How does the concept of free will fit, or fail to fit, within the larger scope of Augustine’s thought? Traditional questions in the literature are adumbrated along the way to show the fruitfulness of a theological account.
Christ and the Will
Authors: Kantzer Komline Han-luen
Published: December 2019

Centuries before Maximus the Confessor, Augustine had already declared in explicit terms that Christ takes on a human will distinct from his divine will. According to Augustine, possessing a distinct human will allowed Christ to model how grace impacts the will. Yet, as Augustine insists over and over against Pelagius, Christ does more than take on a human will and model grace’s effects upon it. Christ transforms the human will. Augustine’s debts to Cyprian are on display as he points repeatedly to the Lord’s Prayer to show human need for Christ’s aid. Augustine’s understanding of Christ’s person and work, then, plays an indispensible role in shaping the character and operation of the redeemed human will. While for the early Augustine, the human will illustrates the workings of divine willing, here in the Pelagian controversy Augustine emphasizes the reverse: that Christ’s willing illuminates and transforms the workings of our own.
The Eschatological Will
Authors: Kantzer Komline Han-luen
Published: December 2019

This chapter presents the final dimension of Augustine’s theologically differentiated conception of will: the will in the perfection of the eschaton. First, it addresses the fully free character of the eschatological will. This full eschatological freedom is to be distinguished not only from various types of freedom the will enjoys in other periods but also from free choice. The chapter next addresses another key feature of the eschatological will: its inability to sin. Augustine defends the desirability of this “blessed necessity” theologically. Finally, this chapter turns to Augustine’s positive characterization of the eschatological will, focusing particularly on his description of its felicity at the conclusion of City of God.
Developmental Mechanisms
Authors: Oakes Lisa M. , Rakison David H.
Published: December 2019

The focus of this chapter is an understanding of mechanisms of development and how any developmental change reflects multiple mechanisms. The term mechanism is defined from various perspectives (e.g., Piagetian, Gibsonian, information-processing, evolutionary psychology). The chapter discusses how a single model of mechanism is insufficient to explain the broad range of developmental changes that occur in infancy and beyond, and instead the authors argue that theorists should consider how development is best explained by considering mechanisms at multiple levels and across multiple domains. Also discussed is how a cascade approach obviates the dichotomy between domain-general and domain-specific mechanisms. Potential mechanisms of change are also outlined.
1660–1700 Faint Meaning: Dryden and Restoration Censorship
Authors: Keymer Thomas
Published: December 2019

This chapter uses Dryden’s poetry as a case study through which to explore the practical dynamics and literary consequences of censorship across the Restoration period (1660–1700). Though normally seen as a securely established Stuart loyalist—the right place to start, though too crude a category for a poet of his agility, complexity, and irony—Dryden had to navigate political conditions of great instability throughout his career, and was in opposition at key points. Genres considered include elegy, panegyric, mock panegyric, topical application tragedy, fable, and classical translation; texts considered include Heroic Stanzas, Astraea Redux, Mac Flecknoe, The Duke of Guise, The Hind and the Panther, and Dryden’s translation of Juvenal with his discourse on satire. Contexts include the operation of Restoration censorship under Roger L’Estrange, clandestine printing and scribal publication, the significance of the 1679–85 licensing lapse, and the emergence of Jacobite satire from 1689.
Introduction
Authors: Keymer Thomas
Published: December 2019

This introduction outlines the historical, theoretical, and critical basis for the chapters to follow. It emphasizes the significance of the shift from pre-publication licensing in the seventeenth century to post-publication retribution in the eighteenth, and calls for greater attention to censorship, broadly understood, in our thinking about literature after 1695. The cases of William Prynne (1637) and Daniel Isaac Eaton (1812) are used to investigate the semiotics of the pillory as the period’s most conspicuous sanction against seditious and related forms of libel, and the shifting roles of authors, printers, and booksellers as targets of official attention are also considered. Prosecution or the threat of it was not only a constraint on expression, however. It may also be seen as a powerful stimulus to literary creativity and rhetorical complexity, and in particular to strategies of indirection designed to render seditious meaning deniable.
Theologies of the Cross
Authors: Goroncy Jason A.
Published: December 2019

Scotland has produced many fine theologians of the cross. The concern of this chapter is to introduce two of the most astute among them—the Congregationalist theologian P. T. Forsyth (1848–1921) and the Presbyterian New Testament scholar James Denney (1856–1917). Their work represents part of a significant renaissance of Nonconformist theology in the latter decades of the nineteenth century. For Forsyth, God’s voluntary self-humiliation in the cross reveals and puts into historic action God’s changeless grace, establishes the divine holiness in the creation, and constitutes a new humanity in communion with God. For Denney, the cross demonstrates divine love’s unsurpassable character, makes public Jesus’ obedience to God, and brings an end to sin’s reign by reproducing itself in the lives of those it makes free.
The Gifford Lectures
Authors: Graham Gordon
Published: December 2019

Founded by Adam, Lord Gifford, an Edinburgh lawyer, at each of the four ancient universities of Scotland, the Gifford Lectureship promotes the study of ‘natural theology ‘in the widest sense of that term’. This chapter reviews the history and reception of the Gifford Lectures from the first series in 1888 and assesses their impact in three domains—the extent to which they have led to an advance in knowledge; the educational purpose of Lord Gifford in informing a wider public of developments in the field; and the most significant work that has been generated by the series (for example, by James, Macmurray, MacIntyre, Plantinga and Taylor). Finally, the extent to which the Giffords have overcome the split between C. P. Snow’s two cultures is considered.
The Scottish Theological Diaspora
Authors: Craig Cairns
Published: December 2019

Scots were disproportionately influential in the founding of Canadian educational institutions and Scottish Common Sense philosophy was almost universal as the context for theological discussion in nineteenth-century Anglophone Canada. When Common Sense was challenged by the theory of evolution in the latter half of the nineteenth century, it was replaced by another Scottish philosophy, the idealism of Edward Caird, which presented religious belief as itself an evolutionary phenomenon. This chapter traces the influence of Scottish philosophy on prominent Scoto-Canadian philosopher-theologians, including Thomas McCulloch, J. W. Dawson, John Clark Murray, John Watson, Lily Dougall, and Walter Williamson Bryden.
The Scottish Theological Diaspora
Authors: Matheson Peter
Published: December 2019

The Scottish diaspora in Australasia exhibits many of the characteristics of colonialism and post-colonialism. Initially the Presbyterian churches reflected their largely Free Church origins, with its Calvinism, memories of the Disruption, and evangelical churchmanship. In the Victorian period it again mirrored the Scottish Church’s opening up to mission, biblical criticism, and evolution. Two World Wars both strengthened the links to Scottish theology and encouraged a transition to ecumenism, especially in the Uniting Church of Australia, and to indigenization, with growing attention to Asian and to aboriginal and Maori theology. American influences became increasingly evident in pastoral theology. However, the personal and institutional links to all four Scottish theological faculties, Aberdeen, St Andrews, Edinburgh, and Glasgow remained and remain creative and strong.
Parting Shots
Authors: Sobecki Sebastian
Published: December 2019

In the third chapter I argue that the Libelle (1436–7) was written by Richard Caudray, clerk of the council until 1435, thereafter secretary to John Holland, admiral of England, and dean of St Martin le Grand in London. The Libelle, I maintain, is not an attempt to mask his identity; on the contrary, the intended recipients were council members and, together with the approving authority, John Hungerford, all of them were familiar with the author. The textual ‘I’ of the Libelle is Caudray, and the poem is an example of an instance of indexical and self-referential writing misread as deliberately anonymous.
Lydgate’s Kneeling Retraction
Authors: Sobecki Sebastian
Published: December 2019

In this chapter I show that John Lydgate’s Testament is not a rejection of his secular career but a literary palinode that attempts to impress a sense of coherence onto a diverse body of work. As the language of conversion, the repetitive liturgical code at the end of the poem is vindicated by the earlier performance of poetic bravado. Lydgate’s textual piety, which I show to be indebted to the devotion to the Holy Name of Jesus, is paradoxically sustained by the displacement of prior secular forms. In a central gesture, the kneeling monk-poet presents his life’s work to God, who acts as his patron. Finally, I demonstrate that manuscript illuminations depicting a kneeling Lydgate confirm the reception of such a pose as pious yet secular. The Testament, then, is not about Lydgate’s ‘self-erasure’ but about reconciling his porous self with the spiritual demands of preparing for his own death.
Defiance and Submission
Authors: Gingeras Ryan
Published: December 2019

The Turkish Republic was founded upon the conceit that it represented the unanimity and loyalty of all who lived within its borders. Yet from the earliest stages of the National Struggle, Mustafa Kemal and his followers regularly betrayed a strong distrust for citizens otherwise upheld as faithful and true. Internal reports and private meetings conducted through the course of Atatürk’s rule make clear the degree officials tried, and often failed, to coerce Kurds, religious conservatives, and others into conforming as Turks. To better shape and govern the Anatolian east, republican officials employed a host of measures meant to re-engineer the region’s native inhabitants into responsive, deferential citizens. Failing that, Atatürk’s government stood prepared, and a times were eager, to impose their will through violence. By the time of Atatürk’s death, even those who were most defiant had begun to adapt to the rhetoric and the abrasiveness of the republic.
Kidnapping
Authors: Ochoa Rolando
Published: December 2019

This chapter presents a first attempt at a methodologically sound history of the crime of kidnapping—in particular, its evolution from the 1970s to today in Mexico and specifically in Mexico City, from existing only as a political tool used by radical groups to promote their struggle or raise funds for their cause, to a crime that is simply economical in nature. Kidnapping has become a crime that affects mainly the working and middle classes as opposed to its traditional wealthy victims. The chapter analyses the evolution of kidnapping gangs and also how the government responded to them via a diverse set of policies. It also describes the gangs which took part in this crime.
Dreaming, Phenomenal Character, and Acquaintance
Authors: Stoneham Tom
Published: December 2019

Dreams are often defined as sleeping experiences with phenomenal character similar to perceptions of the real world. Hence they pose a prima facie challenge to accounts of phenomenal character in terms of acquaintance relations. One response is disjunctivist: to give a different account of their phenomenal character from that of successful perceivings. I argue that, given the alleged frequency of dreaming on the standard model, this disjunctivist approach weakens the explanatory value of the acquaintance account of the phenomenal character of successful perceivings. Another response is to follow Malcolm and Dennett in denying that dreaming has phenomenal character at all. I present a cultural-social model of dreams and argue that we lack theory-neutral evidence of the phenomenal character of dreams and thus it is legitimate to choose between theories of dreaming on the basis of their fit with our best theory of the phenomenal character of successful perceivings, namely acquaintance.
Relationalism, Berkeley’s Puzzle, and Phenomenological Externalism
Authors: Knowles Jonathan
Published: December 2019

Relationalism, also called ‘the Relational View’, is a theory of perceptual experience which sees at least a central core of such experience as consisting in a non-representational relation between subjects and features of their environment—a relation that is also seen as at least analogous to Russellian acquaintance. In addition to phenomenological support, relationalism is according to one of its major proponents John Campbell needed to solve what he calls ‘Berkeley’s puzzle’: how it can be that we can gain a conception of objects as mind-independent from sensory experience. I examine Campbell’s arguments for this claim and suggest they fail to convince insofar as it is unclear that experience is necessary to acquire a conception of mind-independent objects. I close by showing how phenomenological externalism can do justice to our conflicting intuitions regarding Berkeley’s puzzle.
Objectual Knowledge
Authors: Farkas Katalin
Published: December 2019

It is commonly assumed that besides knowledge of facts or truths, there is also knowledge of things—for example, we say that we know people or know places. We could call this ‘objectual knowledge’. In this chapter, I raise doubts about the idea that there is a sui generis objectual knowledge that is distinct from knowledge of truths.
Introduction
Authors: Sloman Peter
Published: December 2019

The 2008 financial crisis and the era of austerity that followed have pushed poverty and inequality to the top of the political agenda for the first time in a generation. One of the most striking responses has been the surge of interest in a Universal Basic Income—an idea which has circulated in British politics since at least the First World War, and has intersected with proposals for more selective and conditional forms of minimum income. This introduction examines the history of guaranteed income in modern Britain from two perspectives: an ideational story about the circulation and development of basic income, Negative Income Tax, and tax credit schemes, and a public policy story about the growth of cash transfers since the 1970s. It argues that the UK has become a ‘transfer state’ in which working-age benefits play a central role in legitimating a particular form of post-industrial liberal capitalism.
Social Dividends and Social Contracts, 1918–1955
Authors: Sloman Peter
Published: December 2019

Historians of British social policy have long seen the 1940s as a critical juncture, in which the Beveridge Report marked the formation of a new social security settlement. One of the consequences of Sir William Beveridge’s success, however, has been to overshadow the rival proposals canvassed by his contemporaries. This chapter examines how Universal Basic Income emerged as a policy option in the context of mid-twentieth-century welfare debates: Dennis Milner published the first scheme for a tax-funded UBI in 1918, and Juliet Rhys-Williams revived the idea in the 1940s as an alternative to Beveridge’s proposals. Though Rhys-Williams’s campaign was unsuccessful, it has had a major impact on how basic income has been understood in Britain. By presenting UBI as a step towards tax-benefit integration, Rhys-Williams squeezed out alternative conceptions of basic income as a ‘social dividend’ which had circulated between the wars, and tethered it firmly to redistributive market liberalism.
Redistribution in a Cold Climate
Authors: Sloman Peter
Published: December 2019

Deindustrialization and stagflation transformed the context in which social policy was made during the 1970s and 1980s. One of the foundations of Margaret Thatcher’s electoral success was a public backlash against welfare spending and the tax burden. Nevertheless, the idea of a guaranteed income continued to resonate for three reasons. Firstly, the collapse of the post-war employment model opened up a wide-ranging debate about the future of work, and basic income began to attract support as a way of underpinning the transition to a more flexible labour market. Secondly, developments in economics and social research highlighted the growth of poverty under Thatcherism and focused attention on tax-benefit reform as a possible solution. Thirdly, cash transfers to working-age households grew rapidly between 1979 and 1997: partly as a by-product of deindustrialization, but also because shrewder Tories recognized that an effective social safety net could help smooth the introduction of free-market policies.