bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Oral Health Problems among Children in Spain
Authors: Fernández-Arce Lucía , Martínez-Pérez José Manuel , García-Villarino Miguel , Fernández-Álvarez María del Mar , Martín-Payo Rubén , Lana Alberto
Published: September 2024

Introduction: The aim of this study was to explore the association between symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oral health in a representative sample of the Spanish population aged 6–14 years. We also examined the contribution of several sociodemographic and behavioral determinants of children/adolescents and their family environment. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 3,402 subjects aged between 6 and 14 years from the Spanish National Health Survey. The presence of ADHD symptoms was determined using the self-reported hyperactivity/inattention subscale of the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire. Oral health was assessed using five indicators: caries, extraction, restorations, gingival bleeding, and the presence of teeth in poor condition (e.g., broken or misaligned). Logistic regressions were used to examine the association between the presence of ADHD symptoms and oral health indicators. These models were adjusted for sociodemographic factors, lifestyle variables, and oral hygiene behaviors relating to both the children and their parents. Results: Compared to children without ADHD symptoms, children with ADHD symptoms had a higher risk of caries (fully adjusted odds ratio: 2.16; 95% confidence interval: 1.66–2.82), extraction (1.42; 1.09–1.85), restoration (1.47; 1.19–1.82) and gingival bleeding (1.64; 1.11–2.41). The increased risk of caries was maintained when the analyses were restricted to middle/high social class families and children with low sugar intake, good oral hygiene behaviors and regular dental visits. Conclusions: Children with ADHD symptoms in Spain had worse oral health indicators than those without ADHD symptoms. Our results suggest that the association of ADHD symptoms with caries was independent of socioeconomic level, cariogenic diet, frequency of toothbrushing, and dental visits.
Validation of the Spanish Version of the Voice-Related Quality of Life Questionnaire: Psychometric Properties and Clinical Applications
Authors: Contreras-Ruston Francisco , Fuentes Andrés Rosenbaum , Velásquez Lukas Salfate , Acevedo Karol , Gonzalez Nury , Meneses Norma León , Napolitano Carla , Guzman Marco
Published: September 2024

Introduction: The present study aimed to validate the Voice-Related Quality of Life (V-RQOL), vocal self-assessment questionnaire for Spanish. Methods: The validation and psychometric properties were developed according to the criteria of the Scientific Advisory Committee of Medical Outcomes Trust (SAC). The Spanish translation for linguistic and cultural adaptation of the V-RQOL was used. The study involved 193 participants, including 90 vocally healthy individuals and 103 patients with voice disorders, to establish validity. To evaluate reliability, the protocol was applied to 40 participants with dysphonia, who answered it twice before the treatment. Then to determine response changes, the responses of 13 dysphonic participants to the V-RQOL for Spanish were analyzed after intervention and then compared to the initial ones. Clinicians contrasted subjects’ V-RQOL results with a perceptual analysis of voice quality using the GRBAS scale. In order to determine sensitivity and specificity cut-off values, tools results were subjected to the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. The sensitivity was obtained from the experimental group (dysphonic group) and the specificity from the control group (non-dysphonic group). Results: This version of the V-RQOL questionnaire may be used as part of the standard assessment process of people with voice complaints and as an outcome of treatment efficacy in clinical trials. Conclusion: A validation of the V-RQOL for Spanish in Chilean population was achieved.
Strength of Association between Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Neurological Disorders in Children: A Case-Control Study
Authors: Intusoma Utcharee , Srisintorn Wisarut , Thamcharoenvipas Titaporn , Chumchuen Kemmapon
Published: September 2024

Introduction: Evidence suggests potential neurological complications of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), particularly in adults. While case series have hinted at associations between COVID-19 and neurological disorders (NDs) in children, the extent of this link remains unclear. This study investigates temporal trends in NDs during the pandemic and assesses their potential association with COVID-19 infection in children. Methods: We analyzed national Thai hospitalization data (2017–2022) for children under 18 with specific NDs (acute transverse myelitis, central nervous system demyelination, neuromyelitis optica, optic neuritis, polyneuropathy, stroke). An interrupted time series analysis was employed to identify changes in the incidence trends of NDs following the declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic. A matched case-control analysis was conducted using data specific to the Thai COVID-19 outbreak period. This analysis aimed to estimate the association between recent/concurrent COVID-19 infection and NDs in children. A propensity score matching on age group, sex, and month of admission was performed before conducting logistic regression. Results: From 2017–2022, 1,721 children were admitted with NDs (2,474 admissions), with a male predominance (55%) and average age of 10.6 years. Significant slope change was observed in optical neuritis trends coinciding with the third COVID-19 wave. The case-control analysis included 468 cases and 2,340 controls. Children with NDs had a significantly higher prevalence of recent/concurrent COVID-19 (matched odds ratio: 1.95, 95% confidence interval: 1.21–3.16). Subgroup analysis revealed an association between stroke and recent/concurrent COVID-19 (matched odds ratio: 3.05, 95% confidence interval: 1.3–7.16). Thus, this study suggests an association between recent/concurrent COVID-19 and NDs, especially pediatric stroke.
Prevalence and Association of Caries and Enamel Hypomineralisation/Molar-Incisor Hypomineralisation in 8- to 10-Year-Old Children from Bavaria, Germany
Authors: Fresen Karl-Ferdinand , Gaballah Ramy , Schill Helen Irini , Amend Stefanie , Sarpari Kousha , Pitchika Vinay , Krämer Norbert , Kühnisch Jan
Published: September 2024

Introduction: The aim of this cross-sectional epidemiological study was to record caries and enamel hypomineralisation (EH), including molar-incisor hypomineralisation (MIH), and assess associations between both entities in 8- to 10-year-olds from Bavaria, Germany. Methods: A total of 5,418 children (mean age 9.8 years; 2,726 females, 2,692 males) were examined using the dmft/DMFT index with additional inclusion of initial or non-cavitated carious lesions (it/IT). EHs were recorded in the primary (eh) and permanent dentition (EH), and individuals with different EH phenotypes were determined as follows: at least one EH, at least one hypomineralised second primary molar (HSPM), at least one hypomineralised first permanent molar (MIH), and at least one hypomineralised first permanent molar and incisor (M+IH). Multiple logistic regression models were constructed to assess association between caries and EH. Results: The percentage of children without caries in the permanent dentition (DMF = 0) was 88.9%. When data regarding initial carious lesions were included (IDMF = 0), the prevalence decreased to 75.7%. The caries experience was idmf/t = 1.6 and the IDMF/T = 0.6. The mean number of carious teeth in subjects with no eh/EH was higher than that in subjects with HSPM, MIH, or M+IH. The presence of HSPM, MIH, and M+IH was associated with a significantly lower probability of caries in the permanent dentition; the corresponding adjusted odds ratios were 0.55 (95% CI: 0.41−0.75), 0.67 (95% CI: 0.56−0.81), and 0.54 (95% CI: 0.41−0.72), respectively. Conclusions: Caries and EH are prevalent conditions in 8- to 10-year-old Bavarian schoolchildren; both dental diseases were negatively associated with each other.
Brain Evolution in the Times of the Pandemic and Multimedia
Authors: Castelon Konkiewitz Elisabete , Ziff Edward B.
Published: September 2024

Background: In this paper, we argue that recent unprecedented social changes arising from social media and the internet represent powerful behavioral and environmental forces that are driving human evolutionary adaptive responses in a way that might reshape our brain and the way it perceives reality and interacts with it. These forces include decreases in physical activity, decreases in exposure to light, and face-to-face social interactions, as well as diminished predictability in biological rhythms (i.e., the sleep cycle is no longer dictated by natural light exposure and season). Summary: We discuss the roles of stress and of creativity and adaptability in Homo sapiens evolution and propose mechanisms for human adaptation to the new forces including epigenetic mechanisms, gene-culture coevolution, and novel mechanisms of evolution of the nervous system. Key Messages: We present the provocative idea that evolution under the strong selective pressures of today’s society could ultimately enable H. sapiens to thrive despite social, physical, circadian, and cultural deprivation and possible neurological disease, and thus withstand the loss of factors that contribute to H. sapiens survival of today. The new H. sapiens would flourish under a lifestyle in which the current form would feel undervalued and replaceable.
The Usefulness of Serum Interleukin-6 as a Predictor of Response to Atezolizumab plus Bevacizumab Combination Treatment in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Mukozu Takanori , Nagai Hidenari , Nagumo Hideki , Mohri Kunihide , Yoshimine Naoyuki , Kobayashi Kojiro , Ogino Yu , Matsui Teppei , Daido Yasuko , Wakui Noritaka , Momiyama Koichi , Higai Koji , Matsuda Takahisa , Igarashi Yoshinori
Published: September 2024

Introduction: In atezolizumab plus bevacizumab (Atezo/Bev) combination treatment, both drugs act on the immune system. Previously, we reported that immunological changes after Atezo/Bev administration for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (uHCC) revealed significant alterations in interleukin (IL)-6, soluble IL-2 receptor, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and programmed cell death-1 levels. Among these variable factors, serum levels of IL-6 can be easily measured on a commercial basis. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the utility of serum IL-6 as a predictor of tumor response to Atezo/Bev treatment for uHCC. Method: The study included 44 patients with HCC treated with Atezo/Bev. Blood samples were collected before and 3 weeks after treatment, and tumor response was assessed using contrast-enhanced computed tomography 6 weeks after treatment. Results: Significant changes in serum IL-6 levels were observed in patients treated with Atezo/Bev as first-line therapy but not in those treated with it as second-line or later-line therapy. In patients treated with Atezo/Bev as first-line therapy, serum IL-6 levels increased significantly after treatment in patients with a complete or partial response but not in patients with stable or progressive disease. Furthermore, compared to other tumor markers such as alpha-fetoprotein, Lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive fraction of alpha-fetoprotein, and des-gamma-carboxyprothrombin, serum IL-6 levels exhibited the highest sensitivity in predicting tumor response during the treatment period. Conclusion: In patients with uHCC treated with Atezo/Bev, serum IL-6 levels could serve as a potential predictor of tumor response. Elevated levels after treatment may indicate a favorable tumor response and prognosis.
Fine-Needle Aspiration versus the CytoCore® Motorized Rotating Needle Device for Thyroid Nodule Biopsies: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Verma Adarsh , McDowell Rhonda , Porreca Anthony
Published: September 2024

Introduction: Recently, an FDA cleared motorized fine-needle aspiration device (CytoCore®, Praxis Medical) has become available which is designed to reduce sample variability by enabling more consistent sampling due to the rotational drilling action of the device in combination with the standard in and out motion used to access the thyroid nodule with a needle. The rotation of the needle permits the ability to collect a higher quantity of intact cellular material, which is optimal for determining adequacy and, ultimately, for making a diagnosis. The present study compares the diagnostic performance of a motorized fine needle aspiration (FNA) device to a historical cohort of patients biopsied using ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (US-FNA). Methods: Data from 120 patients with thyroid nodules biopsied using a motorized FNA device was retrospectively analyzed. Patient demographics, lesion characteristics, number of passes, Bethesda category, and cellularity scores were compared to a historical control cohort of 100 patients who underwent US-FNA. Nondiagnostic and indeterminate samples rates for motorized FNA were separately compared to literature controls. Results: A significantly reduced median number of passes were required with motorized FNA compared to US-FNA (1.48 ± 0.62 vs. 2.64 ± 1.63, p < 0.001). Adequate samples were obtained after the first pass for 58% of biopsies with motorized FNA compared to 11% with US-FNA. The cumulative percentage of adequate samples increased to 98% after two passes for motorized FNA versus 58% for the US-FNA group. The mean cellularity score was also significantly greater for motorized FNA (3.42 ± 0.63 vs. 1.9 ± 0.59; p < 0.001). A determinant diagnosis was possible for a greater number of samples in the motorized FNA group compared to the control group (91.6% vs. 78%; p = 0.05). The motorized FNA also had a lower nondiagnostic rate compared to US-FNA (2.0% vs. 10%) and a lower indeterminate rate compared to published rates associated with the use of FNA (8.3% vs. 20.0%; p = 0.05). Conclusion: The motorized FNA device required less passes to obtain an adequate biopsy than US-FNA. Its use is also associated with obtaining samples with a higher cellularity and lower nondiagnostic and indeterminate sample rates.
A Brief Review of Vehicles for Topical Therapies
Authors: Ahuja Kripa , An Miranda , Lio Peter
Published: September 2024

Background: Topical therapy has been a fundamental part of dermatology, evolving from early ointments to advanced transdermal treatments. These formulations allow for effective management of skin conditions by maximizing local drug delivery and minimizing systemic effects. Modern topical therapies continue to benefit from innovations that improve both efficacy and patient outcomes. Summary: Topical formulations consist of a vehicle and active ingredients, with the vehicle enhancing drug absorption and patient experience. Historically categorized by physical properties, vehicles are vital in drug delivery. Recent innovations, such as nanoemulsions and derma-membrane structures, offer improved skin penetration and therapeutic results, representing significant advancements in topical treatment options. Key Messages: Topical therapies provide targeted, effective treatment in dermatology with minimal systemic side effects. Vehicle choice is essential to therapy success, and innovations such as nanoemulsions are improving drug delivery and patient care. Ongoing research into novel delivery systems continues to enhance the future of dermatological treatments.
Association of Hypophosphatemia during Continuous Kidney Replacement Therapy and Clinical Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Jin Lu , Li Peiyun , Xu Qing , Xie Linshen , Zhang Ling
Published: September 2024

Introduction: Hypophosphatemia is a common and potentially severe complication of continuous kidney replacement therapy (CKRT), but the evidence on the correlation between hypophosphatemia occurring during CKRT and clinical outcomes remains limited. Methods: Electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane database) were searched from inception to March 1, 2024. All possible studies that examined the following outcomes were included: all-cause mortality, mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit (ICU) stay, and CKRT duration. Results: A total of 8,631 patients from eight cohort studies were included. There was no statistical association between hypophosphatemia during CKRT and all-cause mortality in critically ill patients (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.57–1.18, p = 0.28, I2 = 83%). However, hypophosphatemia was associated with longer duration of mechanical ventilation (WMD 80.30 h, 95% CI 31.37–129.22, p = 0.001, I2 = 60%). Furthermore, a longer length of ICU stay (WMD 2.76 d, 95% CI 2.50–3.02, p < 0.00001, I2 = 36%) and CKRT duration (WMD 51.51 h, 95% CI 2.69–100.34, p = 0.04, I2 = 96%) were observed in patients with hypophosphatemia. Conclusions: The association between hypophosphatemia and mortality in patients receiving CKRT was insufficient. However, hypophosphatemia during CKRT might be associated with adverse clinical outcomes for critically ill patients.
Myeloid-Specific JAK2 Contributes to Inflammation and Salt Sensitivity of Blood Pressure
Authors: Saleem Mohammad , Aden Luul A. , Mutchler Ashley L. , Basu Chitra , Ertuglu Lale A. , Sheng Quanhu , Penner Niki , Hemnes Anna R. , Park Jennifer H. , Ishimwe Jeanne A. , Laffer Cheryl L. , Elijovich Fernando , Wanjalla Celestine N. , de la Visitacion Nestor , Kastner Paul D. , Albritton Claude F. , Ahmad Taseer , Haynes Alexandria P. , Yu Justin , Graber Meghan K. , Yasmin Sharia , Wagner Kay-Uwe , Sayeski Peter P. , Hatzopoulos Antonis K. , Gamazon Eric R. , Bick Alexander G. , Kleyman Thomas R. , Kirabo Annet
Published: September 2024

BACKGROUND:

Salt sensitivity of blood pressure (SSBP), characterized by acute changes in blood pressure with changes in dietary sodium intake, is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality in people with and without hypertension. We previously found that elevated sodium concentration activates antigen-presenting cells (APCs), resulting in high blood pressure, but the mechanisms are unknown. Here, we hypothesized that APC-specific JAK2 (Janus kinase 2) through STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) and SMAD3 (small mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3) contributes to SSBP.

METHODS:

We performed bulk or single-cell transcriptomic analyses following in vitro monocytes exposed to high salt and in vivo high sodium treatment in humans using a rigorous salt-loading/depletion protocol to phenotype SSBP. We also used a myeloid cell-specific CD11c
+
JAK2 knockout mouse model and measured blood pressure with radiotelemetry after N-omega-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester and a high salt diet treatment. We used flow cytometry for immunophenotyping and measuring cytokine levels. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry were performed to spatially visualize the kidney’s immune cells and cytokine levels. Echocardiography was performed to assess cardiac function.

RESULTS:

We found that high salt treatment upregulates gene expression of the JAK/STAT/SMAD pathway while downregulating inhibitors of this pathway, such as suppression of cytokine signaling and cytokine-inducible SH2, in human monocytes. Expression of the JAK2 pathway genes mirrored changes in blood pressure after salt loading and depletion in salt-sensitive but not salt-resistant humans. Ablation of JAK2, specifically in CD11c
+
APCs, attenuated salt-induced hypertension in mice with SSBP. Mechanistically, we found that SMAD3 acted downstream of JAK2 and STAT3, leading to increased production of highly reactive isolevuglandins and proinflammatory cytokine IL (interleukin)-6 in renal APCs, which activate T cells and increase production of IL-17A, IL-6, and TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-alpha).

CONCLUSIONS:

Our findings reveal the APC JAK2 signaling pathway as a potential target for the diagnosis and treatment of SSBP in humans.
Resilience and Consilience in the Science of Religion(s)
Authors: Accorinti Domenico
Published: September 2024

In the preface to the recent Festschrift in honor of Armin W. Geertz, the editors state that “in recent years consilience has become a catchword for designating the attempt to increasingly bring the natural and behavioural sciences into closer dialogue with the humanities,” adding that historians of religions and cognitivists need to “engage in conversation with each other, as well as dialogue with colleagues in all neighbouring disciplines.” Should consilience dictate the agenda for future scholarship in the science of religion(s), or should hermeneutics and history still provide resilience against the “scientification of religion?” This review essay aims to contribute to this current debate.
Dying for Palestine: Metonymy, Metaphor, and/or Solidarity
Authors: Alessandrini Anthony
Published: September 2024

Through a close reading of several poems by Maḥmūd Darwīsh, this article argues for the critical distinction between the concepts of metaphor and metonymy in Darwīsh’s work, expanding on the claim that in Darwīsh’s poetry, “Palestine endured and became metaphor.” It argues that metonymy, which might be understood as a form of direct replacement, forecloses imaginative possibilities (both poetic and political) in a way that is related to the work of colonial violence. Metaphor, by contrast, represents a form of imaginative work that opens out onto possibilities that are concealed by the literal and is thus structurally similar to the work of solidarity. Metaphor, as deployed by Darwīsh in his poetics, can become a mode of recapturing possibilities from a past that the present has attempted to obliterate. It can thus be read as pointing towards a different sort of future, one that aligns with the struggle for decolonization (more specifically, the decolonization of Palestine). The essay concludes by outlining the critical work that would be receptive to such a poetics as a form of solidarity.
Periconia shannanensis sp. nov. (Periconiaceae, Pleosporales) from Xizang, China
Authors: CAI TONG , HE SHU-CHENG , YU FENG-MING , LI CUI-JIN-YI , WANG ZHI-YANG , MA CHAO , ZHANG YING , ZHAO QI
Published: September 2024

A new species of Periconia found in the southern region of Xizang, China, was described and illustrated based on morphological features and DNA sequence data. Periconia shannanensis was isolated from dead wood, and is characterized by hairy, brown to dark brown colonies, apical branched, septate and long conidiophores. Additionally, it displays subglobose, smooth to verruculose conidiogenous cells and verruculose, guttulate, catenate conidia. Phylogenetic analysis of concatenated LSU, SSU, ITS and tef1 sequences showed that P. shannanensis was closely related to P. artemisiae. Morphologically, the former differs in its longer and wider conidiophores and larger conidia. The combination of morphological observations and molecular data supports the establishment of this new species.
Morphological and molecular analysis reveal a new species in the genus Leptobacillium (Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales) isolated from Camellia oleifera rhizosphere
Authors: CHANG XIAO-YUN , HU JIANG-XIN , SHEN DAN-QI , HAN YI-REN , LIU YU-JUN , HUANG BO , CHEN MING-JUN
Published: September 2024

The investigation of fungal diversity in the rhizosphere of Camellia oleifera led to the isolation of two saprophytic fungal strains from the Xianyu Mountains, Anhui Province, China. Morphologically, these strains exhibited an irregular colony surface with divergent cracks, along with predominantly solitary slender phialides that produced narrow cylindrical conidia in chains. To further elucidate their taxonomic position, phylogenetic analyses were conducted using ITS and LSU rDNA region sequences, employing maximum-likelihood and Bayesian inference. The results unequivocally supported that these isolated strains belong to the genus Leptobacillium and represent a previously undescribed species. Consequently, based on their discernible morphological and phylogenetic characteristics in comparison to other Leptobacillium species, we propose a new fungal taxon, L. xianyushanense sp. nov.
Holarrhena parishadii (Apocynaceae), a new species from Palakkad gap of Western Ghats, South India
Authors: AMBIKA VISWANATHAN PILLAI , JOSE SOJAN , SURESH VEERANKUTTY
Published: September 2024

A new species of Holarrhena from the Palakkad gap of Western Ghats, S. India is described and compared with Holarrhena pubescens. Detailed description, distribution, phenology, illustration, key and photographs are provided.
Can We Predict the Predictability of High-Impact Weather Events?
Authors: Coleman Austin , Ancell Brian , Schwartz Craig
Published: September 2024

Ensemble sensitivity analysis (ESA) offers a computationally inexpensive way to diagnose sources of high-impact forecast feature uncertainty by relating a localized forecast phenomenon of interest (response function) back to early or initial forecast conditions (sensitivity variables). These information-rich diagnostic fields allow us to quantify the predictability characteristics of a specific forecast event. This work harnesses insights from a month-long dataset of ESA applied to convection-allowing model precipitation forecasts in the Central Plains of the United States. Temporally averaged and spatially averaged sensitivity statistics are correlated with a variety of other metrics, such as skill, spread, and mean forecast precipitation accumulation. A high, but imperfect, correlation (0.81) between forecast precipitation and sensitivity is discovered. This quantity confirms the qualitatively known notion that while there is a connection between predictability and event magnitude, a high-end event does not necessarily entail a low-predictability (high-sensitivity) forecast. Flow regimes within this dataset are analyzed to see which patterns lend themselves to high- and low-predictability forecast scenarios. Finally, a novel metric known as the error growth realization (EGR) ratio is introduced. Derived by dividing the two mathematical formulations of ESA, this metric shows preliminary promise as a predictor of forecast skill prior to the onset of a high-impact convective event. In essence, this research exemplifies the potential of ESA beyond its traditional use in case studies. By applying ESA to a broader dataset, we can glean valuable insight into the predictability of high-impact weather events and, in turn, work toward a collective baseline on what constitutes a high- or low-predictability event in the first place.

Significance Statement

Toward a climatological understanding of ensemble sensitivity analysis, we quantified the predictability of convection-allowing ensemble precipitation forecasts over a month-long dataset through ensemble sensitivity metrics. The analysis of flow regimes associated with high- and low-predictability scenarios revealed key forecast characteristics influencing predictability. The two formulations of sensitivity are spatially averaged and divided to create a novel metric known as the error growth realization ratio. This ratio shows potential as a predictor of forecast skill prior to the onset of a forecast precipitation event. These findings highlight the promise provided by advanced applications of ensemble sensitivity analysis beyond traditional case studies and work toward establishing a baseline of what delineates a high- or low-predictability event.
Navigating the challenge of patient selection and scales to measure outcomes in ketamine trials for treatment-resistant depression
Authors: Gomes Sarah Pereira , Lima Sofia Rodrigues , Souza Fabio Gomes de Matos , Bisol Luísa Weber
Published: September 2024

The letter about the article “Ketamine for treatment-resistant major depressive disorder: Double-blind active-controlled crossover study” that discusses some points about methodology, outcome measures, and results.
Unmet Needs and Factors Impacting Home- and Community-Based Service Use Among Rural Appalachian Caregivers of People With Alzheimer’s and Dementia
Authors: Russell David , Miyawaki Christina E. , Reckrey Jennifer M. , Bouldin Erin D.
Published: September 2024

Family caregivers of persons with Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD) living in rural areas face significant health and healthcare challenges. Limited research, however, has explored factors shaping their use of home- and community-based services (HCBS). This study identifies unmet needs among caregivers of people with ADRD in rural Western North Carolina and highlights contextual factors that facilitate HCBS use. Nineteen qualitative interviews were conducted with 21 family caregivers and 1 person with ADRD between 2021 and 2022. Thematic analyses revealed unmet needs among caregivers for information, service navigation, and caregiving support. HCBS use was shaped by multiple factors including illness needs, cultural beliefs, preferences for home-based care, and place-based resources. These findings suggest that culturally tailored HCBS are needed to support people with ADRD and their caregivers in rural Appalachian communities, especially those which facilitate access to paid caregiving, clearly communicate program eligibility requirements, and emphasize service availability.
Is the SlaveVoyages database useful for scholars of slave trading in the wider Indian Ocean World?
Authors: Eltis David
Published: September 2024

Assessing the differences between scholarly collaboration on slave trading in the Atlantic World, on the one hand, and similar activities in the wider Indian Ocean, on the other, needs to begin with an assessment of the relative importance of slave trading in the two oceans. Both oceans saw a maritime slave trade that drew heavily on sub–Saharan Africa. But while almost all captives arriving in the Americas came from Africa, in the Indian Ocean World there was a significant, probably majority, traffic in non-Africans, especially if one includes the South China Sea, as indeed most assessments of the Indian Ocean World slave trade do. Focusing on Africa alone initially, scholars who have made their name in the Atlantic World have tended to support the idea that the combined numbers of the Sahara Desert and Indian Ocean slave trade over two millennia were about the same as the volume of the transatlantic slave trade in its 360 years of existence.
An investigation on the effect of alumina nano powder mixed dielectric oil on EDM-assisted precision micro-drilling operation
Authors: Agarwal Deepak , Yadav Sharad , Singh Rabesh Kumar , Sharma Anuj Kumar
Published: September 2024

Micro-holes and drilled workpiece dimensions must be more exact in the modern industrial age. Manufacturing micro-scale electronic devices used in automobiles and aerospace components with thermal sinking properties and bio-medical with germicidal properties requires micro-drilling on copper-like materials. Micro-EDM has emerged as a promising technique for micro-drilling. The primary challenge faced in µ-EDM drilling is the effective elimination of debris (mass of workpiece and tool). Therefore, this study aims to investigate the feasible parametric combination (Discharge Energy, Tool Feed Rate, Tool Rotation, and Nano-Powder) to achieve dimensionally correct with better surface characteristic µ-through holes in copper using tungsten carbide micro electrode in micro-EDM. Furthermore, this study examines the effect of Al2O3 nano-powder mixed dielectric on the process performance aspects. ANOVA and PCA-GRA multi-optimization techniques addressed performance aspects (MRR, TWR, and Machining Time) and dimensional aspects (Overcut, Taper Angle, and Aspect Ratio) with visualization of the surface (Texture and Recast Layer). The experimentation found that nano-powder mixed dielectric highly impacted dimensional aspects (Overcut increased by 55.13%, Taper Angle reduced by 37.9%) by diminishing TWR by 12.2% and aspect Ratio by 3.31%. Furthermore, discharge energy affects MRR by increasing 27.9%, and machining time is reduced by 3.48%. The FESEM micrograph illustrated that surface defects (cracks, voids, discharge bubbles, debris accumulations, etc.) were most eliminated, and recast layer thickness was reduced by 34.4% (at 2.81 µj DE) and 56.6% (at 7.81 µj DE) using nano-powder mixed dielectric application.
The generic uniqueness of AI imagery: A critical approach to Dall-E as semiotic technology
Authors: Westberg Gustav , Kvåle Gunhild
Published: September 2024

This article addresses a major change emerging in visual communication worldwide: The advent of generative AI imagery. Rooted in Multimodal Critical Discourse Studies and Semiotic Technology Studies, the article scrutinizes how AI-generated images exert power with regards to the meaning-making choices that are afforded by Open AI’s software for generating visuals: Dall-E3. Using prompts to generate images of teenagers as a case in point, the results revealed that the “the canonical repertoire” of generative AI imagery constitutes four main semiotic principles, which are critically explored and discussed: Authenticating Contextualization, Conformist Diversity, Innovative Surrealization, and Promotional Positivity.
The Live Well intervention: Promoting healthy lifestyles during routine older people’s mental healthcare
Authors: Aquilina Carmelo , Best Lachlan J , Mohsin Mohammed , O’Callaghan Cathy
Published: September 2024

Objective

Lifestyle is an important determinant of health. The Live Well intervention allows mental health clinicians to address lifestyle during routine mental health encounters.

Method

Clinicians were taught how to encourage consumers to learn more about lifestyle and health; consider their own lifestyle and health using a self-rated health and wellness questionnaire (HAWQ) and helped them decide which out of six health domains (physical, mental and social activity, healthy eating, mental wellbeing and positive thinking) should be improved in small, sustainable steps using a SMART (specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and timed) goal-setting template.

Results

Out of 65 enrolled consumers, 52 completed pre-intervention, 6-week and 12-week post-assessment assessments. There were improvements in all self-rated health domains except for heathy eating. At 12-week, consumers also recorded significant satisfaction with the Live Well program, goal achievement and wellbeing. Clinicians’ feedback was positive about using this intervention with their consumers.

Conclusions

Live Well is a feasible and effective way to engage consumers on positive lifestyle changes in routine mental health care encounters.
On the Use and Misuses of Preregistration: A Reply to Klonsky (2024)
Authors: Vize Colin E. , Phillips Nathaniel L. , Miller Joshua D. , Lynam Donald R.
Published: September 2024

In his commentary, Klonsky outlines several arguments for why preregistration mandates (PRMs) will have a negative impact on the field. Klonsky’s overarching concern is that when preregistration ceases to be a tool for research and becomes an indicator of quality itself (a primary example being preregistration badges), it loses its intended benefits. Separate from his concerns surrounding policies such as preregistration badges, Klonsky also critiques the practice of preregistration itself, arguing that it can impede our use of other valuable research tools (e.g., multiverse analyses and exploratory analyses). We provide a response to Klonsky’s concerns about preregistration and related policies. First, we provide conceptual clarification on the purpose of preregistration, which was missing in Klonsky’s commentary. Second, with a clearer conceptual framework, we not only highlight where some of Klonsky’s concerns are warranted but also highlight where Klonsky’s concerns, critiques, and proposed alternatives to the use of preregistration fall short. Third, with this conceptual understanding of preregistration, we briefly outline some challenges related to the effective implementation of preregistration in psychological science.
Passive structural control for wind turbine towers using a novel dual-track nonlinear energy sink
Authors: Li Dong , Fang Shijing , Sun Chuang , Zhang Zhengyu , Lai Zhichao
Published: September 2024

With larger rotors and taller towers developed to capture more wind energy, the tower structures become slenderer and more sensitive to wind loads, resulting in vortex-induced vibration (VIV) in both downwind and crosswind directions. The vibration control is faced with the challenges of broadband and multi-directional dynamic responses. Thus, this paper proposed a new type of dual-track nonlinear energy sink (NES) aimed to achieve the multi-mode and multi-direction vibration control of wind turbine towers. The two-degree-freedom coupled governing equations of the wind turbine tower with the dual-track NES are established and solved numerically, with full considerations of aerodynamics and fluid–solid interactions. Then, an optimized design of the dual-track NES is performed theoretically. To evaluate the vibration mitigation performance of the dual-track NES, a series of wind tunnel tests are carried out and analyzed further, in terms of the acceleration time-history response, statistical characteristics, frequency and damping ratio. It is demonstrated that the proposed NES functioning as an energy-dissipating device is efficient and robust in mitigating the dynamic response of wind turbine towers, even enabled to address the vortex resonance. It is remarkable that the dual-track NES can synchronously realize the vibration control in multi-mode and multi-direction by increasing the damping ratio of primary structure.
Overlooked Ventricular Septal Defect Post-Myocardial Infarction and Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Authors: Rexha Nderim , Krasniqi Xhevdet , Dervishaj Rexha Agnesa , Bakalli Aurora
Published: September 2024

Ventricular septal defect (VSD) represents a severe complication that may manifest after a myocardial infarction (MI), typically occurring between 2 and 7 days later. Due to advancements in reperfusion management, the incidence of VSDs after MI has become very rare, occurring in approximately 0.2% of MIs. The current guidelines recommend urgent post-infarction VSD (PI-VSD) closure. We report a case of a patient with a VSD, which was diagnosed 2.5 years after MI. At the time of acute inferior MI, the patient was managed with primary percutaneous intervention in the culprit artery, and 1 month later coronary artery by-pass grafting (CABG) was completed. Twenty and thirty months after AMI patient presented with ventricular tachycardia (VT). Following the second VT episode patient was hospitalized for further examination. Echocardiography revealed the presence of VSD at the site of inferioseptal wall aneurysm. An ICD was implanted owing to recurrent malignant rhythm disorders. In conclusion, although the PI-VSD might have been overlooked and the patient missed the chance of concomitant CABG and VSD repair, this case has reached a 3-year survival, which appears to be the longest survival recorded in a medically treated patient with PI-VSD.
Towards theoretically understanding how long-term memory semantics can support working memory performance
Authors: Hart Rebecca , Logie Robert H. , Brown Nicholls Louise A.
Published: September 2024

Working memory is the system that supports the temporary storage and processing of information. It is generally agreed that working memory is a mental workspace, with a combination of resources operating together to maintain information in mind for potential use in thought and action. Theories typically acknowledge the contributions of long-term memory to this system. One particular aspect of long-term memory, namely semantic long-term memory, can effectively supplement or “boost” working memory performance. This may be a relatively automatic process via the semantic properties of the stimuli or more active via strategy development and implementation. However, the precise mechanisms require greater theoretical understanding. In this review of the literature, we critically discuss theoretical models of working memory and their proposed links with long-term memory. We also explore empirical research that contributes to our understanding of the ways in which semantics can support performance of both verbal and visuospatial working memory tasks, with a view to potential intervention development. This includes the possibility of training people with lower performance (e.g., older adults) to use semantics during working memory tasks. We conclude that semantics may offer an opportunity to maximise working memory performance. However, to realise this potential, more research is needed, particularly in the visuospatial domain.
Emergency Department Environmental Responses to COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Quan Xiaobo , Gentges Joshua Adam , Koenigsknecht Brandon James , Schaefer Shawn Michael , Burns Boyd D. , Malla Soujanya Venkata , Duncan Tyler Ray
Published: September 2024

Objective: This study aimed to document and empirically evaluate the physical environment strategies used by emergency departments (EDs) to address the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic; and to develop recommendations for managing future crises. Background: Emergency departments made significant environmental modifications in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic but these modifications and the decision-making processes were seldomly studied. Methods: In this in-depth qualitative case study, a multidisciplinary research team conducted semistructured interviews with 11 professionals of various roles in environmental responses to the pandemic at a large urban ED in the U.S. Qualitative content analysis generated codes and code categories from the data as well as a conceptual framework. Design documents and photographic documentation were used to cross-check the interview data. Results: The ED faced challenges in making rapid changes with limited information and resources. Physical barriers separating patients, air filtration, airflow control, and alternative care spaces were key physical environmental strategies implemented. Among them, the physical separation of patients was perceived to be most effective, followed by air quality control measures. Interviewees recommended flexibility in building design (self-contained zones, negative pressure and air filtration in all patient rooms, pandemic mode of air ventilation system), and an all-inclusive bottom-up decision-making process. Concerns included ventilation, security, communication strategies, and workplace ergonomics. Conclusion: The physical environment constitutes an important part of ED pandemic response and the proactive preparation for future crises. Hospitals should consider the ED environment's role in pandemic response, including ventilation capability, security visibility, and functionality for staff.
Interfacial compatibilization of fully biodegradable polylactic acid/polybutylene adipate terephthalate blends for improved mechanical and physical performance
Authors: Bian Xueyan , Xia Gang , Xin John H , Jiang Shouxiang
Published: September 2024

Environmental problems, such as plastic pollution and global warming, are motivating researchers worldwide to seek sustainable biodegradable polymers that would replace the nonbiodegradable ones. Polylactic acid (PLA) has emerged as one of the most promising alternatives due to its superior mechanical and thermal qualities compared to other types of biopolymers. However, PLA has some inherent deficiencies such as its brittleness and rigidity, which limit its further use. This study investigates the toughening effect of different amounts of polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) on PLA, and the compatibilization effect of ADR, a chain extender, on the PLA/PBAT blends. The results indicate that PBAT can significantly enhance the flexibility and toughness of PLA. PLA and PBAT can react with ADR to form PLA-g-PBAT copolymers thereby increasing the compatibility of these two polymers. The tensile strength, elongation at break and impact strength of the PLA/PBAT/ADR blends are all increased due to the increased compatibility. The chain extension reaction can promote the formation of a better crystalline structure in the PLA/PBAT blends, which leads to the increase of the Tm of PLA. Besides, the hydrophilicity of PLA can be adjusted by blending with PBAT, and the hydrophilicity of the blends with blend ratios of 75:25, 50:50 and 25:75 can also be enhanced after the addition of ADR.
Branched-chain amino acids supplementation induces insulin resistance and pro-inflammatory macrophage polarization via INFGR1/JAK1/STAT1 signal pathway
Authors: Huang Huaying , Chen Heye , Yao Yu , Lou Xueyong
Published: September 2024

Background

Obesity is a global epidemic, and the low-grade chronic inflammation of adipose tissue in obese individuals can lead to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) are the main source of pro-inflammatory cytokines in adipose tissue, making them an important target for therapy. While branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) have been strongly linked to obesity and type 2 diabetes in humans, the relationship between BCAA catabolism and adipose tissue inflammation is unclear. This study aims to investigate whether disrupted BCAA catabolism influences the function of adipose tissue macrophages and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in adipose tissue, and to determine the underlying mechanism. This research will help us better understand the role of BCAA catabolism in adipose tissue inflammation, obesity, and type 2 diabetes.

Methods

In vivo, we examined whether the BCAA catabolism in ATMs was altered in high-fat diet-induced obesity mice, and if BCAA supplementation would influence obesity, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, adipose tissue inflammation and ATMs polarization in mice. In vitro, we isolated ATMs from standard chow and high BCAA-fed group mice, using RNA-sequencing to investigate the potential molecular pathway regulated by BCAA accumulation. Finally, we performed targeted gene silence experiment and used immunoblotting assays to verify our findings.

Results

We found that BCAA catabolic enzymes in ATMs were influenced by high-fat diet induced obesity mice, which caused the accumulation of both BCAA and its downstream BCKA. BCAA supplementation will cause obesity and insulin resistance compared to standard chow (STC) group. And high BCAA diet will induce pro-inflammatory cytokines including Interlukin-1beta (IL-1β), Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) secretion in adipose tissue as well as promoting ATMs M1 polarization (pro-inflammatory phenotype). Transcriptomic analysis revealed that a high BCAA diet would activate IFNGR1/JAK1/STAT1 pathway, and IFNGR1 specific silence can abolish the effect of BCAA supplementation-induced inflammation and ATMs M1 polarization.

Conclusions

The obesity mice model reveals the catabolism of BCAA was disrupted which will cause the accumulation of BCAA, and high-level BCAA will promote ATMs M1 polarization and increase the pro-inflammatory cytokines in adipose tissue which will cause the insulin resistance in further. Therefore, reducing the circulating level of BCAA can be a therapeutic strategy in obesity and insulin resistance patients.