Evidence of eddy-related deep-ocean current variability in the northeast tropical Pacific Ocean induced by remote gap winds
Authors: Purkiani Kaveh , Paul André , Vink Annemiek , Walter Maren , Schulz Michael , Haeckel Matthias 
Published: December 2020

Abstract. There has been a steady increase in interest in mining of deep-sea minerals in the Clarion–Clipperton Zone (CCZ) in the eastern Pacific Ocean during
the last decade. This region is known to be one of the most eddy-rich regions in the world ocean. Typically, mesoscale eddies are generated by
intense wind bursts channeled through gaps in the Sierra Madre mountains in Central America. Here, we use a combination of satellite and in situ
observations to evaluate the relationship between deep-sea current variability in the region of potential future mining and eddy kinetic energy
(EKE) in the vicinity of gap winds. A geometry-based eddy detection algorithm has been applied to altimetry sea surface height data for a period of 24 years, from 1993 to 2016, in order
to analyze the main characteristic parameters and the spatiotemporal variability of mesoscale eddies in the northeast tropical Pacific Ocean
(NETP). Significant differences between the characteristics of eddies with different polarity (cyclonic vs. anticyclonic) were found. For eddies with lifetimes longer than 1 d, cyclonic polarity is more common than anticyclonic rotation. However, anticyclonic eddies are larger
in size, show stronger vorticity, and survive longer in the ocean than cyclonic eddies (often 90 d or more). Besides the polarity of
eddies, the location of eddy formation should be taken into consideration when investigating the impacted deep-ocean region as we found eddies
originating from the Tehuantepec (TT) gap winds lasting longer in the ocean and traveling farther distances in a different direction compared to
eddies produced by the Papagayo (PP) gap winds. Long-lived anticyclonic eddies generated by the TT gap winds are observed to travel distances up to
4500 km offshore, i.e., as far as west of 110∘ W. EKE anomalies observed in the surface of the central ocean at distances of ca. 2500 km from the coast correlate with the seasonal
variability of EKE in the region of the TT gap winds with a time lag of 5–6 months. A significant seasonal variability of deep-ocean current
velocities at water depths of 4100 m was observed in multiple-year time series data, likely reflecting the energy transfer of the surface
EKE generated by the gap winds to the deep ocean. Furthermore, the influence of mesoscale eddies on deep-ocean currents is examined by analyzing the
deep-ocean current measurements when an anticyclonic eddy crosses the study region. Our findings suggest that despite the significant modulation of
dominant current directions driven by the bottom-reaching eddy, the current magnitude intensification was not strong enough to trigger local
sediment resuspension in this region. A better insight into the annual variability of ocean surface mesoscale activity in the CCZ and its effects on
deep-ocean current variability can be of great help to mitigate the impact of future potential deep-sea mining
activities on the benthic ecosystem. On an interannual scale, a significant relationship between cyclonic eddy characteristics and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
was found, whereas a weaker correlation was detected for anticyclonic eddies.