bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The stenting strategy of drug-eluting stents for coronary artery disease in patients on dialysis
Authors: Fujita Hiroshi , Nasu Kenya , Terashima Mitsuyasu , Ito Tsuyoshi , Tani Tomomitsu , Suzuki Takahiko , Ohte Nobuyuki
Published: December 2014

Background:

Reports regarding the relationship between the length and diameter of implanted drug-eluting stents and clinical and angiographic outcomes in dialysis patients are limited.

Aim:

We investigated the efficiency of drug-eluting stents for coronary artery disease in patients on dialysis from the viewpoint of stent sizing.

Methods:

Sirolimus-eluting stents were implanted in 88 lesions and bare metal stents were implanted in 43 lesions. We compared stenting strategy, major adverse cardiac events, and angiographic results between sirolimus-eluting stent and bare metal stent groups.

Results:

Stent diameter was smaller and stent length was longer in the sirolimus-eluting stent group than in the bare metal stent group in our routine practices. There was no significant between-group difference in late diameter loss. Rates of angiographic restenosis and target lesion revascularization were significantly higher in the sirolimus-eluting stent group than in the bare metal stent group. Although stent length was significantly longer and stent diameter was smaller in the sirolimus-eluting stent group, sirolimus-eluting stents did not improve the subsequent clinical and angiographic results compared with bare metal stents in dialysis patients.

Conclusion:

In dialysis patients, a longer length and/or smaller diameter sirolimus-eluting stent implantation was associated with high rates of restenosis and target lesion revascularization compared with bare metal stents.
Is the Anthropocene really worthy of a formal geologic definition?
Authors: Certini Giacomo , Scalenghe Riccardo
Published: December 2014

Scientists are actively debating whether the Anthropocene, the geologic time span (GTS) we are now living in, should be considered a period, epoch, or age in the geologic timescale. The solution is not easy, because the beginning of this GTS is undefined and the end unknown. In fact, there is no agreement on when the Anthropocene began, the proposed dates ranging from the Second World War, when radioactive fallout branded soils and sediments all over the world, to little after the end of the last glacial period, i.e. 11.7 thousand years ago, therefore coinciding with the onset of the Holocene. We are in favour of a concurrence of the Anthropocene with the Holocene, although a major impact of people on the environment began diachronically in different parts of the world. This single GTS should be named Anthropocene because it is chiefly characterized by a peculiar process of change for the planet: human impact. Nevertheless, a pivotal hindrance for the Anthropocene to be worthy of a formal geologic definition remains. The Anthropocene is open ended, therefore its real duration is unknown.
On the Dark Side of Strategic Communication
Authors: Dulek Ronald E. , Campbell Kim Sydow
Published: December 2014

Although clarity holds a privileged place within the field of business/management/corporate communication, adopting a strategic perspective suggests that ambiguity, and even deception, may be appropriate choices, depending on strategic intent. This article builds a framework for analyzing the dark side of strategic communication from both a strategic perspective and a linguistic perspective and then applies it to four business scenarios involving corporate finance; three involve public pronouncements from executives about future stock offerings, while the fourth involves a private statement made by a CEO to an important client and reported to the authors in an interview. The analysis of these scenarios leads the authors to propose that the intentional use of strategic ambiguity occurs along a continuum better represented by multiple shades of gray than a single hue of black.
Organizational Disruptions and Triggers for Divergent Sensemaking
Authors: Weber Matthew S. , Thomas Gail Fann , Stephens Kimberlie J.
Published: December 2014

In recent years, scholars and practitioners alike have sought to better understand the emergent communicative processes involved in the implementation of strategic organizational initiatives. In response, this article builds on sensemaking and sensegiving theory to understand the interactions that developed between internal and external stakeholders in response to a post-9/11 change in the Maritime Transportation Security Act. A detailed, emergent account of a failed initiative was derived from public comments in the Federal Register, transcripts from public meetings, newspaper articles, and semistructured interviews with key internal informants. In-depth analysis of these data allowed us to examine a divergent sensemaking process and identify four critical triggers that led to a communication breakdown: (a) unidirectional and parsimonious communication, (b) multifaceted understandings of organizational identities, (c) misaligned cues, and (d) an emergence of interorganizational sensemaking. A first-order analysis presents data from an in-depth case analysis, and a second-order analysis uses the analysis to develop a divergent sensemaking conceptual model. From a strategic communication perspective, our findings demonstrate the importance of taking a broad perspective of the legitimate participants in a sensemaking process, as well as reconciling sensemaking trajectories to avoid contradictions between perspectives. We offer implications for theory, future research, and practice.
Dynamic foot function as a risk factor for lower limb overuse injury: a systematic review
Authors: Dowling Geoffrey J , Murley George S , Munteanu Shannon E , Smith Melinda M Franettovich , Neal Bradley S , Griffiths Ian B , Barton Christian J , Collins Natalie J
Published: December 2014

Background

Dynamic foot function is considered a risk factor for lower limb overuse injuries including Achilles tendinopathy, shin pain, patellofemoral pain and stress fractures. However, no single source has systematically appraised and summarised the literature to evaluate this proposed relationship. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate dynamic foot function as a risk factor for lower limb overuse injury.

Methods

A systematic search was performed using Medline, CINAHL, Embase and SportDiscus in April 2014 to identify prospective cohort studies that utilised dynamic methods of foot assessment. Included studies underwent methodological quality appraisal by two independent reviewers using an adapted version of the Epidemiological Appraisal Instrument (EAI). Effects were expressed as standardised mean differences (SMD) for continuous scaled data, and risk ratios (RR) for nominal scaled data.

Results

Twelve studies were included (total n = 3,773; EAI 0.44 to 1.20 out of 2.00, representing low to moderate quality). There was limited to very limited evidence for forefoot, midfoot and rearfoot plantar loading variables (SMD 0.47 to 0.85) and rearfoot kinematic variables (RR 2.67 to 3.43) as risk factors for patellofemoral pain; and plantar loading variables (forefoot, midfoot, rearfoot) as risk factors for Achilles tendinopathy (SMD 0.81 to 1.08). While there were significant findings from individual studies for plantar loading variables (SMD 0.3 to 0.84) and rearfoot kinematic variables (SMD 0.29 to 0.62) as risk factors for ‘non‐specific lower limb overuse injuries', these were often conflicting regarding different anatomical regions of the foot. Findings from three studies indicated no evidence that dynamic foot function is a risk factor for iliotibial band syndrome or lower limb stress fractures.

Conclusion

This systematic review identified very limited evidence that dynamic foot function during walking and running is a risk factor for patellofemoral pain, Achilles tendinopathy, and non‐specific lower limb overuse injuries. It is unclear whether these risk factors can be identified clinically (without sophisticated equipment), or modified to prevent or manage these injuries. Future prospective cohort studies should address methodological limitations, avoid grouping different lower limb overuse injuries, and explore clinically meaningful representations of dynamic foot function.
Propranolol, post-traumatic stress disorder, and intensive care: incorporating new advances in psychiatry into the ICU
Authors: Gardner Andrew John , Griffiths John
Published: December 2014

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common complication of an ICU admission. Rarely is there a continuation of care, which is aimed at screening for and treating this debilitating disease. Current treatment options for PTSD are held back by inconsistent efficacy, poor evidence, and a lack of understanding of its psychopathology. Without ‘gold standard’ assessment techniques to diagnose PTSD after an ICU admission, the development of care pathways is hindered. This paper advocates for two interwoven advances in psychiatric care (specifically for PTSD) after ICU: (1) incorporate the monitoring and treating of psychiatric co-morbidities during extended patient follow-up, and (2) rapidly adopting the latest research to maximize its benefit. The discovery that memories were not fixed, but malleable to change, set off a sequence of experiments that have revolutionized the approach to treating PTSD. It is hoped that the phenomenon of reconsolidation can be exploited therapeutically. In the act of remembering and re-storing traumatic memories, propranolol can act to dissociate the state of sympathetic arousal from their recollection. Often, ICU patients have multiple physical co-morbidities that may be exacerbated, or their treatment disrupted, by such a pervasive psychological condition. The rapid uptake of new techniques, aimed at reducing PTSD after ICU admission, is necessary to maximize the quality of care given to patients. Increasingly, the realization that the role of intensive care specialists may extend beyond the ICU is changing clinical practice. As this field advances, intensivists and psychiatrists alike must collaborate by using the latest psychopharmacology to treat their patients and combat the psychological consequences of experiencing the extremes of physiological existence.
A lesson on induction of hypothermia and measurement of efficacy
Authors: Harris Bridget A , Andrews Peter JD
Published: December 2014

Brain injuries caused by stroke are common and costly in human and resource terms. The result of stroke is a cascade of molecular and physiological derangement, cell death, damage and inflammation in the brain. This, together with infection, if present, commonly results in patients having an increased temperature, which is associated with worse outcome. The usual clinical goal in stroke is therefore to reduce temperature to normal, or below normal (hypothermia) to reduce swelling if brain pressure is increased. However, research evidence does not yet conclusively show whether or not cooling patients after stroke improves their longer-term outcome (reduces death and disability). It is possible that complications of cooling outweigh the benefits. Cooling therapy may reduce damage and potentially improve outcome, and head cooling targets the site of injury and may have fewer side effects than systemic cooling, but the evidence base is unclear.
The arterial blood pressure associated with terminal cardiovascular collapse in critically ill patients: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Brunauer Andreas , Koköfer Andreas , Bataar Otgon , Gradwohl-Matis Ilse , Dankl Daniel , Dünser Martin W
Published: December 2014

Introduction

Liberal and overaggressive use of vasopressors during the initial period of shock resuscitation may compromise organ perfusion and worsen outcome. When transiently applying the concept of permissive hypotension, it would be helpful to know at which arterial blood pressure terminal cardiovascular collapse occurs.

Methods

In this retrospective cohort study, we aimed to identify the arterial blood pressure associated with terminal cardiovascular collapse in 140 patients who died in the intensive care unit while being invasively monitored. Demographic data, co-morbid conditions and clinical data at admission and during the 24 hours before and at the time of terminal cardiovascular collapse were collected. The systolic, mean and diastolic arterial blood pressures immediately before terminal cardiovascular collapse were documented. Terminal cardiovascular collapse was defined as an abrupt (<5 minutes) and exponential decrease in heart rate (>50% compared to preceding values) followed by cardiac arrest.

Results

The mean ± standard deviation (SD) values of the systolic, mean and diastolic arterial blood pressures associated with terminal cardiovascular collapse were 47 ± 12 mmHg, 35 ± 11 mmHg and 29 ± 9 mmHg, respectively. Patients with congestive heart failure (39 ± 13 mmHg versus 34 ± 10 mmHg; P = 0.04), left main stem stenosis (39 ± 11 mmHg versus 34 ± 11 mmHg; P = 0.03) or acute right heart failure (39 ± 13 mmHg versus 34 ± 10 mmHg; P = 0.03) had higher arterial blood pressures than patients without these risk factors. Patients with severe valvular aortic stenosis had the highest arterial blood pressures associated with terminal cardiovascular collapse (systolic, 60 ± 20 mmHg; mean, 46 ± 12 mmHg; diastolic, 36 ± 10 mmHg), but this difference was not significant. Patients with sepsis and patients exposed to sedatives or opioids during the terminal phase exhibited lower arterial blood pressures than patients without sepsis or administration of such drugs.

Conclusions

The arterial blood pressure associated with terminal cardiovascular collapse in critically ill patients was very low and varied with individual co-morbid conditions (for example, congestive heart failure, left main stem stenosis, severe valvular aortic stenosis, acute right heart failure), drug exposure (for example, sedatives or opioids) and the type of acute illness (for example, sepsis).
Gene variations in oestrogen pathways, CYP19A1, daily 17β-estradiol and mammographic density phenotypes in premenopausal women
Authors: Flote Vidar G , Furberg Anne-Sofie , McTiernan Anne , Frydenberg Hanne , Ursin Giske , Iversen Anita , Lofteroed Trygve , Ellison Peter T , Wist Erik A , Egeland Thore , Wilsgaard Tom , Makar Karen W , Chang-Claude Jenny , Thune Inger
Published: December 2014

Introduction

High mammographic density is an established breast cancer risk factor, and circulating oestrogen influences oestrogen-regulating gene expression in breast cancer development. However, less is known about the interrelationships of common variants in the CYP19A1 gene, daily levels of oestrogens, mammographic density phenotypes and body mass index (BMI) in premenopausal women.

Methods

Based on plausible biological mechanisms related to the oestrogen pathway, we investigated the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CYP19A1, 17β-estradiol and mammographic density in 202 premenopausal women. DNA was genotyped using the Illumina Golden Gate platform. Daily salivary 17β-estradiol concentrations were measured throughout an entire menstrual cycle. Mammographic density phenotypes were assessed using a computer-assisted method (Madena). We determined associations using multivariable linear and logistic regression models.

Results

The minor alleles of rs749292 were positively (P = 0.026), and the minor alleles of rs7172156 were inversely (P = 0.002) associated with daily 17β-estradiol. We observed an 87% lower level of daily 17β-estradiol throughout a menstrual cycle in heavier women (BMI >23.6 kg/m2) of rs7172156 with minor genotype aa compared with major genotype AA. Furthermore, the rs749292 minor alleles were inversely associated with absolute mammographic density (P = 0.032). Lean women with rs749292 minor alleles had 70 to 80% lower risk for high absolute mammographic density (>32.4 cm2); Aa: odds ratio (OR) = 0.23 (95% CI 0.07 to 0.75). Lean women with rs7172156 minor homozygous genotype had OR 5.45 for high absolute mammographic density (aa: OR = 5.45 (95% CI 1.13 to 26.3)).

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that two SNPs in CYP19A1, rs749292 and rs7172156, are associated with both daily oestrogen levels and mammographic density phenotypes. BMI may modify these associations, but larger studies are needed.
Evaluation of chromosomal aberrations caused by air pollutants in some taxi drivers from two polluted districts of urban Tehran and its comparison with drivers from rural areas of Lahijan: a pilot study
Authors: Taghizadeh Sara , Najmabadi Hossein , Kamali Koorosh , Behjati Farkhondeh
Published: December 2014

Background

Chromosome instability is the most common form of genomic instability. Genomic instability can lead to tumorogenesis. High level of chromosomal aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes can be used as a biomarker for cancer. Air pollution is one of the most important factors that cause chromosomal instability (CIN). In this comparative study we used classic Cytogenetic technique to analyze the effects of air pollutants on chromosome stability. We collected peripheral blood from 30 taxi drivers of two polluted districts (districts 6 and 7) in Tehran and 30 taxi drivers from rural areas of Lahijan, north of Iran.

Results

Comparison of the level of chromosome breakage in the two groups showed an increased level of chromosome breakage in the drivers from polluted districts of Tehran, although not significant, using Fisher exact test (p-value = 0.300). However, the overall chromosome aberration rate (including both chromosome and chromatid gaps), the difference was significant using Chi-square test (p-value = 0.012).

Conclusion

An increased level of chromosome aberration was present in the drivers from polluted districts of Tehran compared to drivers from non-polluted areas in Lahijan.
Preparation and application of oyster shell supported zero valent nano scale iron for removal of natural organic matter from aqueous solutions
Authors: Alipour Vali , Nasseri Simin , Nabizadeh Nodehi Ramin , Mahvi Amir Hossein , Rashidi Alimorad
Published: December 2014

Background

In this Research, oyster shell supported zero valent iron nanoparticles were prepared and applied for the removal of natural organic matters (NOMs) from aqueous solutions under different experimental conditions.

Methods

The nanoadsorbents prepared by wet impregnation method, then characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy, X-Ray Fluorescence and BET analysis. Adsorption test was done in a batch reactor and the effects of different parameters such as initial adsorbate concentration, adsorbent dose, adsorption kinetic, pH, and temperature on removal of NOMs (humic acid as the indicator) were studied.

Results

Results showed that particle size of nanoadsorbent was in the range of 60-83 nm, and surface area and micropore volume as 16.85 m2/g and 0.021 m3/g, respectively; the main elements of adsorbent were Ca, O, Fe and Na and lime, as high as about 94.25% was the main structural component of the total weight. Produced nanoadsorbent was not soluble in water. It was also shown that by increasing the nanoadsorbent dose from 0.5 to 5 g/100 ml, the removal of humic acid increased from 62.3% to 97.4%. An inverse relationship was found between initial concentration and adsorption capacity, so that a decreasing rate of 33% for humic acid removal was observed by increasing pH from 5 to 10. Temperature increase from 25°C to 40°C, resulted in an increase in humic acid removal from 76.8% to 91.4% and its adsorption on the adsorbent could be better described by Freundlich isotherm (n = 0.016, Kf = 0.013 and R2 = 0.74). The most fitted adsorption kinetic model was pseudo-second order model.

Conclusions

The chemical structure of nanoadsorbent was proper and free from harmful substances. Despite the relative good condition of the effective surface, due to the large size of the shell, the overall micropore volume was low. Hence the qualitative characteristics the adsorbent caused the absorption capacity of humic acid to be low (0.96 mg/g).
Seismic Vulnerability of the Italian Roadway Bridge Stock
Authors: Borzi Barbara , Ceresa Paola , Franchin Paolo , Noto Fabrizio , Calvi Gian Michele , Pinto Paolo Emilio
Published: December 2014

This study focuses on the evaluation of the seismic vulnerability of the Italian roadway bridge stock, within the framework of a Civil Protection sponsored project. A comprehensive database of existing bridges (17,000 bridges with different level of knowledge) was implemented. At the core of the study stands a procedure for automatically carrying out state-of-the-art analytical evaluation of fragility curves for two performance levels—damage and collapse—on an individual bridge basis. A WebGIS was developed to handle data and results. The main outputs are maps of bridge seismic risk (from the fragilities and the hazard maps) at the national level and real-time scenario damage-probability maps (from the fragilities and the scenario shake maps). In the latter case, the WebGIS also performs network analysis to identify routes to be followed by rescue teams. Consistency of the fragility derivation over the entire bridge stock is regarded as a major advantage of the adopted approach.
Irish or English? The Rise and Rise of John Fitzmaurice Petty in the 1750s
Authors: Aston Nigel
Published: December 2014

The ascent of John Fitzmaurice is a study in the processes of Anglo-Irish integration and socialization in aristocratic circles in eighteenth-century London, a subject area that awaits systematic investigation: his is less a story of rags to riches than of a resourceful Irishman from a family of Anglo-Norman pedigree repositioning himself in London society to take maximum advantage of an extraordinary piece of good fortune. He was so successful in confirming his own family’s preeminence, that the Fitzmaurice-Pettys procured a British peerage in one generation, and in the next, attained the office of British first minister in the person of his son, William Petty, second Earl of Shelburne.
Enteric neural crest cells regulate vertebrate stomach patterning and differentiation
Authors: Faure Sandrine , McKey Jennifer , Sagnol Sébastien , de Santa Barbara Pascal
Published: December 2014

In vertebrates, the digestive tract develops from a uniform structure where reciprocal epithelial-mesenchymal interactions pattern this complex organ into regions with specific morphologies and functions. Concomitant with these early patterning events, the primitive GI tract is colonized by the vagal enteric neural crest cells (vENCCs), a population of cells that will give rise to the enteric nervous system (ENS), the intrinsic innervation of the GI tract. The influence of vENCCs on early patterning and differentiation of the GI tract has never been evaluated. In this study, we report that a crucial number of vENCCs is required for proper chick stomach development, patterning and differentiation. We show that reducing the number of vENCCs by performing vENCC ablations induces sustained activation of the BMP and Notch pathways in the stomach mesenchyme and impairs smooth muscle development. A reduction in vENCCs also leads to the transdifferentiation of the stomach into a stomach-intestinal mixed phenotype. In addition, sustained Notch signaling activity in the stomach mesenchyme phenocopies the defects observed in vENCC-ablated stomachs, indicating that inhibition of the Notch signaling pathway is essential for stomach patterning and differentiation. Finally, we report that a crucial number of vENCCs is also required for maintenance of stomach identity and differentiation through inhibition of the Notch signaling pathway. Altogether, our data reveal that, through the regulation of mesenchyme identity, vENCCs act as a new mediator in the mesenchymal-epithelial interactions that control stomach development.
The mechanics of elastic loading and recoil in anuran jumping
Authors: Astley Henry C. , Roberts Thomas J.
Published: December 2014

Many animals use catapult mechanisms to produce extremely rapid movements for escape or prey capture, resulting in power outputs far beyond the limits of muscle. In these catapults, muscle contraction loads elastic structures, which then recoil to release the stored energy extremely rapidly. Many arthropods employ anatomical ‘catch mechanisms’ to lock the joint in place during the loading period, which can then be released to allow joint motion via elastic recoil. Jumping vertebrates lack a clear anatomical catch, yet face the same requirement to load the elastic structure prior to movement. There are several potential mechanisms to allow loading of vertebrate elastic structures, including the gravitational load of the body, a variable mechanical advantage, and moments generated by the musculature of proximal joints. To test these hypothesized mechanisms, we collected simultaneous 3D kinematics via X-ray Reconstruction of Moving Morphology (XROMM) and single-foot forces during the jumps of three Rana pipiens. We calculated joint mechanical advantage, moment and power using inverse dynamics at the ankle, knee, hip and ilio-sacral joints. We found that the increasing proximal joint moments early in the jump allowed for high ankle muscle forces and elastic pre-loading, and the subsequent reduction in these moments allowed the ankle to extend using elastic recoil. Mechanical advantage also changed throughout the jump, with the muscle contracting against a poor mechanical advantage early in the jump during loading and a higher mechanical advantage late in the jump during recoil. These ‘dynamic catch mechanisms’ serve to resist joint motion during elastic loading, then allow it during elastic recoil, functioning as a catch mechanism based on the balance and orientation of forces throughout the limb rather than an anatomical catch.
Assessment of microRNA differential expression and detection in multiplexed small RNA sequencing data
Authors: Campbell Joshua D. , Liu Gang , Luo Lingqi , Xiao Ji , Gerrein Joseph , Juan-Guardela Brenda , Tedrow John , Alekseyev Yuriy O. , Yang Ivana V. , Correll Mick , Geraci Mark , Quackenbush John , Sciurba Frank , Schwartz David A. , Kaminski Naftali , Johnson W. Evan , Monti Stefano , Spira Avrum , Beane Jennifer , Lenburg Marc E.
Published: December 2014

Small RNA sequencing can be used to gain an unprecedented amount of detail into the microRNA transcriptome. The relatively high cost and low throughput of sequencing bases technologies can potentially be offset by the use of multiplexing. However, multiplexing involves a trade-off between increased number of sequenced samples and reduced number of reads per sample (i.e., lower depth of coverage). To assess the effect of different sequencing depths owing to multiplexing on microRNA differential expression and detection, we sequenced the small RNA of lung tissue samples collected in a clinical setting by multiplexing one, three, six, nine, or 12 samples per lane using the Illumina HiSeq 2000. As expected, the numbers of reads obtained per sample decreased as the number of samples in a multiplex increased. Furthermore, after normalization, replicate samples included in distinct multiplexes were highly correlated (R> 0.97). When detecting differential microRNA expression between groups of samples, microRNAs with average expression >1 reads per million (RPM) had reproducible fold change estimates (signal to noise) independent of the degree of multiplexing. The number of microRNAs detected was strongly correlated with the log2number of reads aligning to microRNA loci (R= 0.96). However, most additional microRNAs detected in samples with greater sequencing depth were in the range of expression which had lower fold change reproducibility. These findings elucidate the trade-off between increasing the number of samples in a multiplex with decreasing sequencing depth and will aid in the design of large-scale clinical studies exploring microRNA expression and its role in disease.
Developing, delivering and documenting rehabilitation in a multi-centre randomised controlled surgical trial
Authors: Handoll H. H. G. , Goodchild L. , Brealey S. D. , Hanchard N. C. A. , Jefferson L. , Keding A. , Rangan A.
Published: December 2014

Objectives

A rigorous approach to developing, delivering and documenting rehabilitation within randomised controlled trials of surgical interventions is required to underpin the generation of reliable and usable evidence. This article describes the key processes used to ensure provision of good quality and comparable rehabilitation to all participants of a multi-centre randomised controlled trial comparing surgery with conservative treatment of proximal humeral fractures in adults.

Methods

These processes included the development of a patient information leaflet on self-care during sling immobilisation, the development of a basic treatment physiotherapy protocol that received input and endorsement by specialist physiotherapists providing patient care, and establishing an expectation for the provision of home exercises. Specially designed forms were also developed to facilitate reliable reporting of the physiotherapy care that patients received.

Results

All three initiatives were successfully implemented, alongside the measures to optimise the documentation of physiotherapy. Thus, all participating sites that recruited patients provided the sling immobilisation leaflet, all adhered to the physiotherapy protocol and all provided home exercises. There was exemplary completion of the physiotherapy forms that often reflected a complex patient care pathway. These data demonstrated equal and high access to and implementation of physiotherapy between groups, including the performance of home exercises.

Conclusion

In order to increase the validity and relevance of the evidence from trials of surgical interventions and meet international reporting standards, careful attention to study design, conduct and reporting of the intrinsic rehabilitation components is required. The involvement of rehabilitation specialists is crucial to achieving this. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2014;3:335–40.
Depression: patients and dentists
Authors: Feinmann Charlotte
Published: December 2014

The death of Robin Williams has prompted your Editor to explore the issues of depression and its impact on life in general, focusing on the warning signs for those in the dental profession.
It takes big money to look at these teeth
Authors: Simmons Gerald
Published: December 2014

You have to pay to receive treatment in the US, but also to provide it.
Ebola and care in the front line
Authors: Gallagher Jennifer E , Don-Davis Patric , Challacombe Stephen J
Published: December 2014

We are witnessing the largest outbreak of Ebola in history, with the West African countries of Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea being particularly affected. With a population of six million, Sierra Leone has few resources to manage oral disease, having only two dentists working in the public sector. Routine healthcare needs do not disappear just because of the Ebola crisis. Oral surgery continues to be required and provided. How is Ebola having an impact on colleagues in Sierra Leone working in the midst of the outbreak? And how might it have an impact on us?
Is the GDC a right-touch regulator?
Authors: Sanderson Susie
Published: December 2014

At the time of writing (November 2014), dentists are arranging to pay a sum of £890 to the GDC. This annual retention fee (ARF), which provides a licence to practise in 2015, represents a 55% increase on the previous year. The British Dental Association (BDA) considers that the GDC’s unprecedented proposal for such a hike in fees is just one symptom displayed by an organisation that does not understand right-touch regulation.
Increase in the annual retention fee for dentists
Authors: Gilvarry Evlynne
Published: December 2014

In October the GDC increased its annual retention fee. Here, the Chief Executive explains the rationale for the increase and outlines GDC plans for the coming year.
Abraham Lincoln, aortic regurgitation and abscesses
Authors: Hammond Douglas , Bhatia Sunil , Brahmbhatt Manoj , Mustafa Almoi’zzlideenillah , Perry Jennifer
Published: December 2014

Abraham Lincoln was an exceptionally tall man with a long, thin face and huge hands and feet. His mother had a similar build – an observation that in 1962 led AM Gordon to first propose that President Lincoln had Marfan syndrome. 1
Policy spotlight
Authors: Wrigley Catherine
Published: December 2014

This regular feature aims to provide key political news in relation to dentistry and an update of the Faculty’s policy activities. You can find out more in the policy and public affairs section on the FDS website.
HPV vaccination and the prevention of oropharyngeal cancer: two steps forward and one to the side?
Authors: Mitchell David A
Published: December 2014

In September 2014 the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI) recommended a small extension to the provision of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination beyond girls aged 12–13 years. This applied to men who have sex with men and shows a limited receptiveness to existing evidence in relation to the concept of ‘herd protection’ as well as the increasing incidence of HPV-driven oropharyngeal cancer (in both sexes, but men more than women) and anal cancer (in both sexes but particularly in women).
Old and New from Multifrequency Astrophysics
Authors: Giovannelli Franco , Sabau-Graziati Lola
Published: December 2014

In this short review paper we comment on some the most important steps that have been made in the past decades for a better understanding of the physics governing our Universe. The results we discuss come from the many groundand-space-based experiments developed for measuring astrophysical sources in various energy bands. These experimental results are discussed within the framework of current theoretical models. Because of the limited length of this paper, we have selected only a few topics that, in our opinion, have been crucial for the progress of our understanding of the physics of cosmic sources.
Gravitational Waves and Dark Energy
Authors: Biermann Peter L. , Harms Benjamin C.
Published: December 2014

The idea that dark energy is gravitational waves may explain its strength and its time-evolution. A possible concept is that dark energy is the ensemble of coherent bursts (solitons) of gravitational waves originally produced when the first generation of super-massive black holes was formed. These solitons get their initial energy as well as keep up their energy density throughout the evolution of the universe by stimulating emission from a background, a process which we model by working out this energy transfer in a Boltzmann equation approach. New Planck data suggest that dark energy has increased in strength over cosmic time, supporting the concept here. The transit of these gravitational wave solitons may be detectable. Key tests include pulsar timing, clock jitter and the radio background.
Astrophysics Without Black Holes, and Without Extragalactic Gamma-Ray Bursts
Authors: Kundt Wolfgang
Published: December 2014

Contrary to common belief, it is argued that our Universe contains neither Black Holes, nor Extracalactic Gamma-Ray Bursts.
Fullerenes, PAHs, Amino Acids and High Energy Astrophysics
Authors: Iglesias-Groth Susana
Published: December 2014

We present theoretical, observational and laboratory work on the spectral properties of fullerenes and hydrogenated fullerenes. Fullerenes in its various forms (individual, endohedral, hydrogenated, etc.) can contribute to the UV bump in the extinction curves measured in many lines of sight of the Galaxy. They can also produce a large number of absorption features in the optical and near infrared which could be associated with diffuse interstellar bands. We summarise recent laboratory work on the spectral characterisation of fullerenes and hydrogenated fullerenes (for a range of temperatures). The recent detection of mid-IR bands of fullerenes in various astrophysical environments (planetary nebulae, reflection nebulae) provide additional evidence for a link between fullerene families and diffuse interstellar bands. We describe recent observational work on near IR bands of C60+ in a protoplanetary nebula which support fullerene formation during the post-AGB phase. We also report on the survival of fullerenes to irradiation by high energy particles and gamma photons and laboratory work to explore the chemical  reactions that take place when fullerenes are exposed to this radiations in the presence of water, ammonia and other molecules as a potential path to form amino acids.
LHC, Astrophysics and Cosmology
Authors: Auriemma Giulio
Published: December 2014

In this paper we discuss the impact on cosmology of recent results obtained by the LHC (Large Hadron Collider) experiments in the 2011-2012 runs, respectively at √s = 7 and 8 TeV. The capital achievement of LHC in this period has been the discovery of a spin-0 particle with mass 126 GeV/c2, very similar to the Higgs boson of the Standard Model of Particle Physics. Less exciting, but not less important, negative results of searches for Supersymmetric particles or other exotica in direct production or rare decays are discussed in connection with particles and V.H.E. astronomy searches for Dark Matter.
Planck 2013 Cosmology Results: a Review
Authors: Rubino-Martín José Alberto
Published: December 2014

This talk presents an overview of the cosmological results derived from the first 15.5 months of observations of the ESA’s Planck mission. These cosmological results are mainly based on the Planck measurements of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature and lensing-potential power spectra, although we also briefly discuss other aspects of the Planck data, as the statistical characterization of the reconstructed CMB maps, or the constraints on cosmological parameters using the number counts of galaxy clusters detected by means of the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect in the Planck maps. All these results are described in detail in a series of papers released by ESA and the Planck collaboration in March 2013.
Clustering Measurements of broad-line AGNs: Review and Future
Authors: Krumpe Mirko , Miyaji Takamitsu , Coil Alison L.
Published: December 2014

Despite substantial effort, the precise physical processes that lead to the growth of super-massive black holes in the centers of galaxies are still not well understood. These phases of black hole growth are thought to be of key importance in understanding galaxy evolution. Forthcoming missions such as eROSITA, HETDEX, eBOSS, BigBOSS, LSST, and Pan-STARRS will compile by far the largest ever Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) catalogs which will allow us to measure the spatial distribution of AGNs in the universe with unprecedented accuracy. For the first time, AGN clustering measurements will reach a level of precision that will not only allow for an alternative approach to answering open questions in AGN and galaxy co-evolution but will open a new frontier, allowing us to precisely determine cosmological parameters. This paper reviews large-scale clustering measurements of broad line AGNs. We summarize how clustering is measured and which constraints can be derived from AGN clustering measurements, we discuss recent developments, and we briefly describe future projects that will deliver extremely large AGN samples which will enable AGN clustering measurements of unprecedented accuracy. In order to maximize the scientific return on the research fields of AGN and galaxy evolution and cosmology, we advise that the community develops a full understanding of the systematic uncertainties which will, in contrast to today’s measurement, be the dominant source of uncertainty.
AGN/Starburst Connection
Authors: Sani Eleonora
Published: December 2014

Two main physical processes characterize the activity in the nuclear region of active galaxies: an intense star formation (starburst, SB) and an Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN). While the existence of a starburst-AGN connection is undisputed, still it is not clear which process dominates the energetic output in both local and high redshift Universe. Moreover there is no consensus on whether AGN fueling is synchronous with star formation or follows it during a post-starburst phase. Here I first review how to disentangle the relative SB-AGN contribution, then I focus on the physical and geometrical properties of the circumnuclear environment.
Cosmological Evolution of the Central Engine in High-Luminosity, High-Accretion Rate AGN
Authors: Guainazzi Matteo
Published: December 2014

In this paper I discuss the status of observational studies aiming at probing the cosmological evolution of the central engine in high-luminosity, high-accretion rate Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN). X-ray spectroscopic surveys, supported by extensive multi-wavelength coverage, indicate a remarkable invariance of the accretion disk plus corona system, and of their coupling up to redshifts z≈6. Furthermore, hard X-ray (E >10 keV) surveys show that nearby Seyfert Galaxies share the same central engine notwithstanding their optical classication. These results suggest that the high-luminosity, high accretion rate quasar phase of AGN evolution is homogeneous over cosmological times.
Star Formation in Tadpole Galaxies
Authors: Muñoz-Tuñon Casiana , Almeida Jorge Sanchez , Elmegreen Debra M. , Elmegreen Bruce G.
Published: December 2014

Tadpole Galaxies look like a star forming head with a tail structure to the side. They are also named cometaries. In a series of recent works we have discovered a number of issues that lead us to consider them extremely interesting targets. First, from images, they are disks with a lopsided starburst. This result is rmly  established with long slit spectroscopy in a nearby representative sample. They rotate with the head following the rotation pattern but displaced from the rotation center. Moreover, in a search for extremely metal poor (XMP) galaxies, we identied tadpoles as the dominant shapes in the sample - nearly 80% of the local XMP galaxies have a tadpole morphology. In addition, the spatially resolved analysis of the metallicity shows the remarkable result that there is a metallicity drop right at the position of the head. This is contrary to what intuition would say and dicult to explain if star formation has happened from gas processed in the disk. The result could however be understood if the star formation is driven by pristine gas falling into the galaxy disk. If conrmed, we could be unveiling, for the rst time, cool  ows in action in our nearby world. The tadpole class is relatively frequent at high redshift - 10% of resolvable galaxies in the Hubble UDF but less than 1% in the local Universe. They are systems that could track cool ows and test models of galaxy formation.
Star Formation as Seen by Low Mass Stars
Authors: Panagia Nino , De Marchi Guido
Published: December 2014

Using the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) we have characterised and compared the physical properties of a large sample of pre-main sequence (PMS) stars spanning a wide range of masses (0:5 - 4Mʘ), metallicities (0:1 - 1 Zʘ) and ages (0:5 - 30 Myr). This is presently the largest and most homogeneous sample of PMS objects with known physical properties. The main results of this ongoing study are briefly summarised here.
Origin of X-ray Spectral Variation and the Seemingly Broad Iron-Line Spectral Feature in Seyfert Galaxies
Authors: Ebisawa Ken , Iso Naoki , Miyakawa Takehiro , Inoue Hajime
Published: December 2014

We present systematic X-ray data analysis of the Seyfert galaxies observed by Suzaku to study origin of their hard X-ray (2 - 40 keV) variations. In particular, we examine if the "Variable Partial Covering (VPC) model" proposed by Miyakawa, Ebisawa and Inoue (2012), which was successful to explain spectral variations of MCG{6-30-15, is also valid for other Seyfert galaxies or not. In this model, intrinsic X-ray luminosity of the AGN is not signicantly variable, and most observed flux and spectral variations are caused by change of the geometrical covering fraction of the extended X-ray source by ionized absorbing clouds in the line of sight. We found that the observed flux and spectral variations of 20 targets in addition to MCG{6-30-15 are successfully explained by the VPC model. The transmitted spectral component through the absorbing clouds has a characteristics spectral feature of the ionized iron K-edge, which is considered to be the origin of the seemingly broad iron-line feature commonly observed in Seyfert galaxies. Variation of the partial covering fraction of the constant X-ray luminosity source causes such an anti-correlation between the direct (non-obscured) component and the transmitted (obscured) component, that cancels their variations each other. The cancellation works most effectively at the energy band where intensities of the two components are the closest to each other, namely, just below the iron K-edge. This explains the signicantly small fractional variations in the iron K-energy band, another well-known observational characteristic of Seyfert galaxies.
Be/X-Ray Binaries with Black Holes in the Galaxy and in the Magellanic Clouds
Authors: Ziolkowski Janusz
Published: December 2014

I will start with the statistics indicating that the objects named in the title of my talk are either non-existing or very elusive to detect (not a single such object is known against 119 known Be/neutron star X-ray binaries). After brief reviewing of the properties of Be/X-ray binaries I discuss several objects that were proposed as the long sought for candidates for Be/black hole X-ray binaries. After three unsuccessful candidates (LS I +61° 303, LS 5039 and MAXI J1836-194), a successful candidate (AGL J2241+4454/MWC 656) was finally, very recently, announced.
Magnetorotational Explosions of Core-Collapse Supernovae
Authors: Bisnovatyi-Kogan Gennady S. , Moiseenko Sergey G. , Ardeljan Nikolay V.
Published: December 2014

Core-collapse supernovae are accompanied by formation of neutron stars. The gravitation energy is transformed into the energy of the explosion, observed as SN II, SN Ib,c type supernovae. We present results of 2-D MHD simulations, where the source of energy is rotation, and magnetic eld serves as a "transition belt" for the transformation of the rotation energy into the energy of the explosion. The toroidal part of the magnetic energy initially grows linearly with time due to dierential rotation. When the twisted toroidal component strongly exceeds the poloidal eld, magneto-rotational instability develops, leading to a drastic acceleration in the growth of magnetic energy. Finally, a fast MHD shock is formed, producing a supernova explosion. Mildly collimated jet is produced for dipole-like type of the initial field. At very high initial magnetic field no MRI development was found.
Are Supernovae Responsible for the Gamma Ray Spectrum from the Galactic Center?
Authors: Stanev Todor
Published: December 2014

We discuss the supernova remnants distribution as a function of the galactic longitude and compare their positions to that of the detected TeV gamma ray sources. A large fraction of these sources either coincide or a close by known supernova remnants. If we look within 10o of the Galactic center most identied sources are combinations of supernova remnants with giant molecular clouds. The diffuse gamma ray flux from the direction of the Galactic center is much smaller.
Multi-Wavelength View of Supernova Remnants
Authors: Sasaki Manami
Published: December 2014

This contribution gives a very short overview on the emission of supernova remnants and the processes that are responsible for both the thermal and non-thermal origins of the emission, typically observed in radio, X-rays, and up to gamma-rays. We discuss in particular the case of the Galactic SNR CTB 109. As detailed X-ray studies combined with observations in radio have shown, CTB 109 is interacting with a giant molecular cloud complex. The interaction of the SNR shock with dense interstellar clouds is responsible for both the unusual semi-circular morphology of the SNR and the bright X-ray feature inside the SNR, and, as has been shown recently, seems also to play a major role in the production of gamma-rays.