bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Novel Reinforcement Learning Algorithm-Based Control Strategy for Grid-Configured Inverters
Authors: Yang Xuhong , Wang Jingjian
Published: January 2025

To address the power oscillation problem due to the introduction of inertia and damping, this paper proposes a new deep reinforcement learning algorithm based on the SD3 (Softmax Deep Double Deterministic policy gradients) algorithm for grid configuration inverter control strategy to compensate for the loss of inertia and damping in the grid. Virtual synchronous generator control, as a typical grid configuration technique, inevitably brings stability problems while providing inertia and damping support to the grid. In this paper, we first analyze the nonlinear relationship between inertia and angular velocity, and find the key parameters to maintain the power stability; then, we migrate the deep reinforcement learning strategy, and design the control strategy applicable to the virtual synchronous generator; finally, through the adaption of the key parameters, we combine the control strategy with the grid-connected inverter, and solve the problem of the excessive grid-connected power oscillation of the inverter. The effectiveness and accuracy of the control method compared with other algorithms are verified by building a simulation model in MATLAB/Simulink, which realizes the purpose of reducing power oscillation.
How Vacancy of Dwellings Influences Energy Renovations of Multifamily Buildings
Authors: Lihtmaa Lauri , Kalamees Targo
Published: January 2025

The European climate change mitigation agenda aims to decarbonise all buildings by 2050. However, many existing buildings may not remain operational by this time due to rapid urbanisation and population decline in various regions of Europe, potentially leading to the abandonment of residential properties. The current EU renovation strategies often overlook the future of legacy buildings. The challenge lies in identifying which buildings are likely to become unserviceable and, therefore, unsuitable for significant energy efficiency upgrades. This study proposes the use of domestic consumption metering as a universal vacancy indicator to determine the actual underused dwellings in multifamily buildings. Our case study demonstrates that population registry-based datasets consistently overestimate vacancy rates when compared to the evidence provided by consumption metering data. Consumption-based vacancy rates exceeding 20 percent are associated with an unlikelihood of energy renovations, thereby impeding the aims of the energy efficiency transition. Spatial analysis reveals that vacancy rates increase as the distance from the regional centre to the building grows. This correlation indicates the presence of shrinking hinterlands and highlights the need to consider to what extent such regions should be targeted by incentives for energy renovations. We recommend utilising this vacancy indicator to estimate energy renovation scenarios in policymaking.
Poverty, Allostasis, and Chronic Health Conditions: Health Disparities Across the Lifespan
Authors: Livingston Val , Jackson-Nevels Breshell , Brown-Meredith Erica , Campbell Alexis , Mitchell Brandon D. , Riddley Candace , Tetteh Alicia O. , Reddy Velur Vedvikash , Williams Aquila
Published: January 2025

Poverty is an important social determinant of health disparities across the lifespan. Poverty also influences other life challenges such as pecuniary instability, food insecurity, housing instability, educational inequality, and limited career mobility. According to the World Bank, more than 700 million people worldwide live in global poverty, surviving on less than USD 2.15 a day. Poverty may also be viewed as a state of deprivation that limits access to resources that address basic needs (i.e., food, water, shelter, clothing, health), limiting an individual’s opportunity to participate optimally in society. A large body of research has identified a positive relationship between poverty and chronic health concerns such as heart disease, diabetes, high cholesterol, kidney problems, liver problems, cancer, and hypertension. This entry examines health disparities associated with economic status, discrimination, racism, stress, age, race/ethnicity, gender, gender identity, and nationality from a social justice perspective.
Single-Molecule Nanopore Sequencing of the CpG Island from the Promoter of O6-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase Provides Insights into the Mechanism of De Novo Methylation of G/C-Rich Regions
Authors: Sergeev Alexander V. , Malyshev Daniil P. , Genatullina Adelya I. , Pavlova Galina V. , Gromova Elizaveta S. , Zvereva Maria I.
Published: January 2025

Background: The methylation of cytosine residues at CpG sites within the O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter is a key biomarker in glioblastoma therapy. The MGMT promoter (MGMTp) contains multiple guanine-rich sequences capable of folding into G-quadruplexes (G4s), but their relevance for MGMTp methylation is poorly understood. Objectives: Our study explores the impact of potential G-quadruplex-forming sequences (PQS) in the MGMT promoter CpG island on the activity of de novo DNA methyltransferase Dnmt3a. Additionally, we investigate their influence on the accuracy of methylation pattern detection using nanopore sequencing. Methods: Nanopore sequencing was employed to analyze the methylation of 94 clinically significant CpG sites in the human MGMTp using an in vitro de novo methylation system. Circular dichroism spectroscopy was used to identify G4 structures within the MGMTp CpG island. Interactions between the catalytic domain of Dnmt3a and the PQS from the MGMTp were examined by biolayer interferometry. Results: Guanine-rich DNA strands of the PQSs in the MGMTp were hypomethylated, while the complementary cytosine-rich strands were methylated by DNA methyltransferase Dnmt3a with higher efficiency. The accuracy of detecting modified bases in the PQS was significantly lower compared to surrounding sequences. Single-stranded guanine-rich DNA sequences from the MGMTp exhibited strong binding to Dnmt3a-CD, with an affinity approximately 10 times higher than their cytosine-rich complements (Kd = 3 × 10−8 M and 3 × 10−7 M, respectively). By binding to Dnmt3a, G4-forming oligonucleotides from MGMTp effectively inhibited the methylation reaction (IC50 6 × 10−7 M). Conclusions: The obtained data indicate the role of PQSs in establishing de novo methylation of the MGMT promoter. They also highlight the challenges of sequencing guanine-rich regions and the impact of specific de novo methylation patterns on clinical data interpretation.
Response of Leaf Non-Structural Carbohydrates to Elevation in Dioecious Plants, Populus cathayana and Hippophae rhamnoides
Authors: Wu Jiamei , Liu Shun , Feng Qiuhong , Cao Xiangwen , Xing Hongshuang , Shi Zuomin
Published: January 2025

Non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) can reflect the balance of resource allocation and trade-offs, as well as the adaptability of plants to the environment. Alterations in environmental conditions across an elevation gradient may impact the carbon balance within leaves. Nonetheless, it remains highly uncertain whether the effect of elevation on NSCs differs among species and sexes. To reveal the response patterns of leaf NSCs in dioecious plants with elevation, Populus cathayana Rehd. and Hippophae rhamnoides L., distributed at four elevations in the subalpine region of western Sichuan, China, were selected, and female and male leaves were sampled and measured for their contents of NSCs, soluble sugar, and starch. Meanwhile, the relationships of NSCs, soluble sugar, and starch with leaf nitrogen and phosphorus were analyzed. The results showed that the elevational patterns of NSCs were mainly dependent on species and were slightly affected by sex. Leaf NSCs in both sexes of P. cathayana did not exhibit significant linear changes, whereas those in H. rhamnoides increased significantly and linearly with elevation. For P. cathayana, a significant increase in leaf starch with elevation was only found in female plants and may benefit from phosphorus deficiency, as it was significantly negatively correlated with phosphorus. However, leaf soluble sugar and starch between sexes of H. rhamnoides showed similar patterns of significant increases with elevation, and they were not correlated significantly with nitrogen and phosphorus. This might be due to H. rhamnoides, which is a nitrogen-fixing plant and thereby did not show deficiencies or limitations in nitrogen and phosphorus, as shown by the decreased or unchanged elevational patterns of nitrogen/phosphorus, starch/phosphorus, and soluble sugar/phosphorus. Overall, our results emphasize that species, rather than sex, is an important factor influencing the elevational pattern of NSCs, but for specific species, such as P. cathayana, in this study, there was a divergence in the elevational response of the allocation of starch and soluble sugar between sexes, reflecting the specific adaptive strategies of different plant species or sexes in response to changes in the growing environment.
A Laboratory Study of the Effects of Wildfire Severity on Grain Size Distribution and Erosion in Burned Soils
Authors: Sapkota Deepa , Rawal Jeevan , Pudasaini Krishna , Hu Liangbo
Published: January 2025

Wildfires pose a significant threat to the entire ecosystem. The impacts of these wildfires can potentially disrupt biodiversity and ecological stability on a large scale. Wildfires may alter the physical and chemical properties of burned soil, such as particle size, loss of organic matter and infiltration capacity. These alterations can lead to increased vulnerability to geohazards such as landslides, mudflows and debris flows, where soil erosion and sediment transport play a crucial role. The present study investigates the impact of wildfire on soil erosion by conducting a series of laboratory experiments. The soil samples were burned using two different methods: using firewood for different burning durations and using a muffle furnace at an accurately controlled temperature within 400 °C∼1000 °C. The burned soils were subsequently subjected to surface erosion by utilizing the constant head method to create a steady water flow to induce the erosion. In addition, empirically based theoretical models are explored to further assess the experimental results. The experimental results reveal a loss of organic matter in the burned soils that ranged from approximately 2% to 10% as the burning temperature rose from 400 °C to 1000 °C. The pattern of the grain size distribution shifted to a finer texture in the burned soil. There was also a considerable increase in soil erosion in burned soils, especially at a higher burn severity, where the erosion rate increased by more than five times. The empirical predictions are overall consistent with the experimental results and offer reasonable calibration of relevant soil erosion parameters. These findings demonstrate the importance of post-fire erosion in understanding and mitigating the long-term effects of wildfires on geo-environmental systems.
Strategic Considerations in Designing Food Solutions for Seniors
Authors: Mashiah Leehen , Lavoisier Anais , Gwala Shannon , Calahorra Andrea Araiza , Shani Levi Carmit , Rødbotten Rune , Varela Paula , Sarkar Anwesha , Brodkorb Andre , Dupont Didier , Lesmes Uri
Published: January 2025

The demographic shift towards an aged population calls for targeted nutrition strategies to support healthy aging and bridge the gap between life expectancy and a healthy life span. Older adults face various nutritional deficiencies, particularly in protein, vitamins (B12, D), minerals (calcium, iron), and dietary fiber. This work delves into the EAT4AGE project efforts that strategically aimed to develop age-oriented food products (European Joint Programming Initiative “A Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life” JPI HDHL). Currently, manufacturing of age-tailored food products presents significant complexities, from challenges of commercialization to the generation of acceptable and palatable food choices. As a first step, a literature-based comprehensive checklist has been developed to facilitate product development. This tool provides an integrated approach, ensuring that all critical aspects of product development are addressed systematically. Secondly, we describe the application of the tool in the development of a series of products, such as plant-based protein-rich cereals, reformulated dairy products, processed meat, and enriched spreads; all combining high nutritional values with adaptations to the physiological and sensory needs of seniors. Overall, this work offers insight into the current needs of seniors and a tool for product development that can be utilized for prospective product development, such as the ones detailed herein. Thus, the EAT4AGE hopes to set an example that will stimulate the fabrication of effective, well-received nutritional solutions, ultimately improving health outcomes for older adults.
The Impact of Fluid Flow on Microbial Growth and Distribution in Food Processing Systems
Authors: Al-Sharify Zainab Talib , Al-Najjar Shahad Zuhair , Naser Zainab A. , Alsherfy Zinah Amer Idrees , Onyeaka Helen
Published: January 2025

This article examines the impact of fluid flow dynamics on microbial growth, distribution, and control within food processing systems. Fluid flows, specifically laminar and turbulent flows, significantly influence microbial behaviors, such as biofilm development and microbial adhesion. Laminar flow is highly conducive to biofilm formation and microbial attachment because the flow is smooth and steady. This smooth flow makes it much more difficult to sterilize the surface. Turbulent flow, however, due to its chaotic motion and the shear forces that are present, inhibits microbial growth because it disrupts attachment; however, it also has the potential to contaminate surfaces by dispersing microorganisms. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is highlighted as an essential component for food processors to predict fluid movement and enhance numerous fluid-dependent operations, including mixing, cooling, spray drying, and heat transfer. This analysis underscores the significance of fluid dynamics in controlling microbial hazards in food settings, and it discusses some interventions, such as antimicrobial surface treatments and properly designed equipment. Each process step from mixing to cooling, which influences heat transfer and microbial control by ensuring uniform heat distribution and optimizing heat removal, presents unique fluid flow requirements affecting microbial distribution, biofilm formation, and contamination control. Food processors can improve microbial management and enhance product safety by adjusting flow rates, types, and equipment configurations. This article helps provide an understanding of fluid–microbe interactions and offers actionable insights to advance food processing practices, ensuring higher standards of food safety and quality control.
Mezcal Characterization Through Sensory and Volatile Analyses
Authors: Lazo Oxana , García-Ortíz Ana Lidia , Pardo Joaliné , Guerrero Luis
Published: January 2025

Mezcal is a traditional beverage with relevant cultural and economic importance in Mexico, with different Protected Designation of Origin locations. This study focuses on creating a sensory lexicon for Mezcal with local producers by means of Free Choice Profiling. A selection of the most relevant descriptors was made to construct a sensory wheel. Subsequently, a sensory panel evaluated a total of 10 Mezcal samples using the sensory categories defined in the sensory wheel. Additionally, gas chromatography with mass spectrometry was performed to analyze volatile components’ contribution to the aroma and flavor descriptors. A total of 87 terms were selected for the sensory wheel, using 41 descriptors within 10 categories for odor modality and 46 more within 13 categories for flavor modality. The main volatile compounds that were identified were 37 esters, 17 alcohols, 12 ketals and 9 terpenes, which were the foremost contributors to the presence of several sensory descriptors and were also found in most of the Mezcal samples. The quantitative analysis results exhibited a higher floral odor for Mezcal of the Angustifolia variety and the highest smoked odor for an earthenware distilled Mezcal, thus proving that the selection of the descriptors from the wheel was appropriate for differentiating Mezcal samples from different origins, agave species and distillation processes. Therefore, the sensory wheel developed in this study can be used both as a quality control tool and as a marketing tool that allows producers to differentiate their products in the market.
Recent Discovery of Diverse Prophages Located in Genomes of Vibrio spp. and Their Implications for Bacterial Pathogenicity, Environmental Fitness, Genome Evolution, Food Safety, and Public Health
Authors: Ou Yafei , Yan Jun , Wang Yongjie , Chen Lanming
Published: January 2025

Bacteria in the genus Vibrio, including at least 152 species, thrive in marine and estuarine environments and are frequently detected in aquatic products worldwide. Of these, 12 species have been implicated in human infectious diseases, such as the life-threatening pandemic cholera, acute gastroenteritis, and severe sepsis. Nevertheless, molecular mechanisms of their pathogenesis are not fully uncovered yet. Prophages are found prevalent in Vibrio spp. genomes, carrying a number of genes with various functions. In this review, we deciphered the evolutionary relationship between prophages and Vibrio species and highlighted the impact of prophages on the bacterial pathogenicity, environmental fitness, and genome evolution, based on 149 newly discovered intact prophages located in the genomes of 82 Vibrio spp., which we searched and collected from Web of Science Core Collection in the most recent 5 years. The effects of prophages on resistance to superinfection, strain competition, and their regulation were also discussed. This review underscored crucial roles of prophages in shaping Vibrio spp. genomes and their implications for food safety and public health.
Quality and Microbial Changes in Omega-3-Enriched Rabbit Meat Packaged with an Active Absorbent Pad in MAP
Authors: Castrica Marta , Contò Michela , Fehri Nour Elhouda , Curone Giulio , Balzaretti Claudia M. , Andoni Egon , Quattrone Alda , Vigo Daniele , Agradi Stella , Menchetti Laura , Barbato Olimpia , Miraglia Dino , Brecchia Gabriele , Failla Sebastiana
Published: January 2025

This study evaluated the efficacy of an active absorbent pad (aPAD) in reducing microbial growth and enhancing the shelf life of rabbit meat stored in modified atmosphere packaging (MAP). Thigh muscles from 60 rabbits were used, divided into three dietary groups: a control group (CNT), a group supplemented with 5% extruded flaxseed (ELS5%), and a group with 3.5% extruded flaxseed and 0.2% Padina pavonica algae (LPP3.5%). Samples were packaged in MAP (70% O2, 30% CO2) with either a conventional pad (nPAD) or aPAD and analyzed at 1, 4, 7, 14, 21 days. Microbiological analysis revealed a significantly lower total viable count at 21 days in the ELS5%aPAD group. For coagulase-positive staphylococci, the CNTaPAD group showed lower microbial counts at both day 4 and day 21 (p < 0.05). Enterobacteriaceae reductions were observed at 24 h post packaging in both the CNTaPAD and LPP3.5%aPAD groups and at day 14 in ELS5%aPAD. Lipid oxidation (TBARS) was also lower in aPAD samples, particularly in LPP3.5%, which remained below 1.5 mg MDA/kg compared to >2.5 mg MDA/kg in nPAD (p < 0.05). Sensory attributes such as texture and color were better preserved with aPAD. These findings underscore the effectiveness of aPAD in MAP to control microbial growth, limit oxidation, and extend the shelf life of omega-3-enriched rabbit meat, providing a promising solution for functional meat product preservation.
Escherichia coli O157:H7, a Common Contaminant of Raw Milk from Ecuador: Isolation and Molecular Identification
Authors: Loor-Giler Anthony , Robayo-Chico Marcela , Puga-Torres Byron , Hernandez-Alomia Fernanda , Santander-Parra Silvana , Piantino Ferreira Antonio , Muslin Claire , Nuñez Luis
Published: January 2025

Escherichia coli (E. coli), especially the Shiga toxin-producing O157:H7 strain, poses severe health risks. In rural Ecuador, raw milk consumption heightens contamination risks. This study analyzed 633 raw milk samples from Pichincha and Manabí to assess E. coli O157:H7 prevalence. The samples were enriched using BHI broth, and then specific culture media were used to isolate E. coli O157:H7. The pathogen in the enriched raw milk was identified, and the isolates were specifically confirmed through the application of a newly designed qPCR assay. The novel qPCR assay demonstrated remarkable sensitivity, capable of detecting up to one copy of genetic material, and specificity (no amplification of other bacteria). An extremely high E. coli O157:H7 prevalence of 0.63 (n = 401) was detected, where the province with the highest number of positive samples was Manabí with 72.8% (n = 225/309) and 54.3% (n = 179/324) for Pichincha. In both provinces, the presence of E. coli O157:H7 contamination exhibited a favorable correlation with small-scale farms and elevated temperatures. This research provides valuable data on the microbiological contamination of E. coli O157:H7 present in raw milk, in addition to an improved method that has been demonstrated to be faster, more sensitive, and more specific than conventional and previously published methods, highlighting the associated risk of food-borne infections and pointing out potential shortcomings in the regulation of agricultural practices and the need for periodic monitoring of bacterial contamination levels with updated methods.
“Boys and Men”: The Making of Senegambian and Congolese Masculinity and Identities in Tropical Africa: A Reflection
Authors: Chinouya Martha Judith , Lewis-Newton Sarah
Published: January 2025

Our paper focuses on two white pioneering scientists, Dr Dutton, who was English, and Dr Todd, a Canadian, employed by the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM) to study sleeping sickness in colonial Senegambia, West Africa. We analysed photographs and some published personal letters to help us reflect on some of their constructions of Senegambian and Congolese male identities in tropical colonial Africa. In this paper, we connect with the history of tropical medicine, a precursor to public health. Public health was a research area that was central to Peter Aspinall’s work as he argued for shifts from simplistic hegemonic terminologies to refer to an incredibly diverse Black African population, as failure to do so impacts on service provisions. Within the context of tropical medicine, we reflect on the paternalistic terminology and use of the word ‘boy’ to refer to their unnamed male helpers who they photographed during these expeditions. We hope that by interpreting the photographs and reflecting on the literature and letters, exercises that are influenced by our positionality, we can obtain a glimpse into the past and obtain some insights that contribute to our understanding of the production of colonial masculinities, terminology, and race. As female authors employed by LSTM, we are aware that our positionalities influence the lenses through which we view and interpret the literature and the photos. Our paper contributes towards the ongoing debates on terminology, race, and whiteness in colonial tropical medicine.
Evaluation of Pan-Cancer Immune Heterogeneity Based on DNA Methylation
Authors: Zhou Yang , Liu Jiebiao , Shi Bowen , Ma Te , Yu Peishen , Li Ji , Gu Yue , Zhang Yan
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: The heterogeneity of the tumor immune microenvironment is a key determinant of tumor oncogenesis. This study aims to evaluate the composition of seven immune cells across 5323 samples from 14 cancers using DNA methylation data. Methods: A deconvolution algorithm was proposed to estimate the composition of seven immune cells using 1256 immune cell population-specific methylation genes. Based on the immune infiltration features of seven immune cell fractions, 42 subtypes of 14 tumors (2–5 subtypes per tumor) were identified. Results: Significant differences in immune cells between subtypes were revealed for each cancer. The study found that the methylation values of the selected specific sites correlated with gene expression in most tumor subtypes. Immune infiltration results were integrated with phenotypic data, including survival data and tumor stages, revealing significant correlations between immune infiltration and phenotypes in some tumors. Subtypes with high proportions of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, CD56+ NK cells, CD19+ B cells, CD14+ monocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils were identified, with subtype counts of 9, 24, 22, 13, 19, 9, and 11, respectively. Additionally, 2412 differentially expressed genes between these subtypes and normal tissues were identified. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed that these genes were mainly enriched in pathways related to drug response and chemical carcinogens. Differences in ESTIMATE scores for subtypes of seven tumors and TIDE scores for eight tumors were also observed. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the intra-tumor and inter-tumor immune heterogeneity of pan-cancer through DNA methylation analysis, providing assistance for tumor diagnosis.
Strategic Participatory Planning and Social Management for Clustering Maritime Cultural Heritage: A Case Study of the West Pagasetic Gulf, Greece
Authors: Gospodini Anastasia-Aspasia , Vouza Anna-Roskagia , Kalergis Dimitris , Kyvelou Stella Sofia
Published: January 2025

Maritime cultural heritage (MCH) in Greece remains poorly explored and underutilized due to several key challenges, including the dispersed locations of heritage sites, limited community engagement in decision-making, and the absence of a well-structured decentralized governance framework. This paper addresses these issues by focusing on strategic planning and social management to better integrate coastal and maritime heritage sites into both tourism development and the everyday life of local communities. Our research examines the creation of local social networks and participatory decision-making processes, as well as the adoption of innovative solutions such as maritime spatial planning (MSP) and soft projects to connect scattered cultural sites into cohesive, integrated clusters. The aim is to foster tourism and economic development through collaboration with local stakeholders. The findings emphasize the establishment of a social network for cultural heritage management in the West Pagasetic region of Magnesia, Greece, which culminated in a strategic plan to link cultural sites through soft projects and consultations. This process included a participatory workshop and the creation of a Community of Practice (CoP) that brought together professionals from the heritage, tourism, and planning sectors.
X-CT Reconstruction as a Tool for Monitoring the Conservation State and Decay Processes of Works of Art and in Support of Restoration and Conservation Strategies
Authors: Guidorzi Laura , Re Alessandro , Tansella Francesca , Vigorelli Luisa , Ricci Chiara , Ryan Joseph , Lo Giudice Alessandro
Published: January 2025

X-ray Computed Tomography (X-CT) is now an established technique for the investigation and diagnostics of Cultural Heritage. Its advantages include non-invasiveness, non-destructiveness, and the possibility of exploring the inner parts of an object without any modification. X-CT is often employed to investigate the construction methods of complex artifacts made with different parts or materials, but it is also able to support the analysis, intervention, monitoring and enhancement processes of artworks, creating digital models that can aid in the conservation and restoration procedures. In this work, several case studies are presented in which the CT technique has been decisive in identifying the effects of time and the events that occurred during the object’s life influencing its state of conservation. These range from large objects, such as an 18th century CE writing cabinet or an ancient Egyptian wooden coffin, to very small artifacts, like Mesopotamian lapis lazuli beads or fragments of Roman colored glass. Additionally, the results obtained by µ-CT investigations on the conservation state of a bronze arrowhead uncovered from the Urama-chausuyama mounded tomb (Japan, Kofun period, end of the 3rd century CE) are presented here for the first time. Lastly, the versatility of the technique when applied with different setups is highlighted.
Hydrogen Sulfide Mitigates Manganese-Induced Toxicity in Malus hupehensis Plants by Regulating Osmoregulation, Antioxidant Defense, Mineral Homeostasis, and Glutathione Ascorbate Cycle
Authors: Liu Bowen , Wang Baozhu , Chen Tianlnog , Zhang Manrang
Published: January 2025

Manganese (Mn) is a toxic metal element that adversely affects plant growth. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is considered an important signaling molecule with significant potential in alleviating various abiotic stresses. However, there is limited information available on the role of H2S in alleviating manganese stress in plants. In this study, the effects of exogenous H2S and its scavenger, homocysteine thiolactone (HT), on the physiological and biochemical parameters of Malus hupehensis var. pingyiensis seedlings were evaluated. Our results show that H2S treatment significantly alleviates growth inhibition and oxidative damage induced by manganese stress in Malus hupehensis seedlings, primarily by enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity and up-regulating the ascorbate-glutathione (ASA-GSH) cycle. H2S treatment increased photosynthetic pigment content and helped maintain osmotic balance in leaves, thereby enhancing key gas exchange parameters and mitigating manganese-induced suppression of photosynthesis. H2S treatment enhanced the absorption of Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn under manganese stress, significantly reduced manganese accumulation in Malus hupehensis seedlings, and modulated the transcriptional expression of MTPs, facilitating the transfer of manganese to the leaves. Thus, H2S reduces oxidative damage and promotes growth under Mn stress, highlighting its important role in plant stress tolerance.
Effect of Organic Farming Techniques on the Quality of Almond Fat
Authors: García-Martínez María , Esteve Ciudad Patricia , Gómez Tenorio Miguel , Raigón Jiménez María
Published: January 2025

Almond fruit is characterized by a mature, hardened endocarp enclosing the seed. Despite being a drupe botanically, almonds are commonly referred to as nuts due to their low water content. The edible seed, known as the kernel, is the primary commercial product. Fatty acid composition was determined to value the quality of fat over four years in almonds of the Guara variety, from plots where the production system (organic and conventional), the irrigation system (intense irrigation, support irrigation and dry land), and the use of plant cover varied. The oil content and fatty acid composition were determined over four years in almonds of the Guara variety, using different sustainable agriculture techniques. Oil almond content ranged from 35% to 55% of total fresh weight of the kernel, with strong variability between years. Fatty acid composition was also highly variable, with significant differences depending on agricultural practices. Oleic acid, which ranged from 59% to 78%, was statistically higher with support irrigation. Plant cover also favored the synthesis of oleic acid. Linoleic acid, which ranged from 11% to 25%, had a statistically higher content in almonds from organic farming and dry land conditions. The atherogenic and thrombogenic indices and the value of health-beneficial fat was better in organically prod\uced almonds. The great variability observed in the quality of almond fat represents a very promising basis for establishing practices for adaptation to arid cultivation conditions, irrigation management, and organic and regenerative techniques, satisfying requirements for healthier and more sustainable diets.
Formative Research for Adapting the Cholera-Hospital-Based-Intervention-for-7-Days (CHoBI7) Water Treatment and Hygiene Mobile Health Program for Scalable Delivery in Rural Bangladesh
Authors: Zohura Fatema , Parvin Tahmina , Endres Kelly , Thomas Elizabeth D. , Hossain Zakir , Hossain Kabir , Masud Jahed , Minhaj Ismat , Sarwar Sawkat , Perin Jamie , Bahauddin Mohammad , Islam Md. Nazmul , Adnan Sheikh Daud , Al-Kabir Ahmed , Faruque Abu S. G. , George Christine Marie
Published: January 2025

The Cholera-Hospital-based-Intervention-for-7-Days (CHoBI7) mobile health (mHealth) program is a targeted water treatment and hygiene (WASH) program for the household members of diarrhea patients, initiated in the healthcare facility with a single in-person visit and reinforced through weekly voice and text messages for 3 months. A recent randomized controlled trial of the CHoBI7 mHealth program in urban Dhaka, Bangladesh, found that this intervention significantly increased WASH behaviors and reduced diarrhea prevalence. The objective of this present study was to conduct formative research using an implementation science framework to adapt the CHoBI7 mHealth program for scalable implementation in rural Bangladesh, and to promote construction of self-made handwashing stations (CHoBI7 Scale-up program). We conducted a 3-month multi-phase pilot with 275 recipients and 25 semi-structured interviews, 10 intervention planning workshops, and 2 focus group discussions with intervention recipients and program implementers. High appropriateness, acceptability, and adoption of the CHoBI7 Scale-up program was observed, with most recipients constructing self-made handwashing stations (90%) and chlorinating drinking water (63%) and 50% of participants observed handwashing with soap in the final pilot phase. At the recipient level, facilitators included weekly voice and text messages with videos on handwashing station construction, which served as reminders for the promoted water treatment and hand hygiene behaviors. Barriers included perceptions that self-made iron filters commonly used in households also removed microbial contamination from water and therefore chlorine treatment was not needed, and mobile messages not always being shared among household members. At the implementer level, facilitators for program implementation included follow-up phone calls to household members not present at the healthcare facility at the time of intervention delivery, and the promotion of multiple self-made handwashing station designs. Barriers included high patient volume in healthcare facilities, as well as the high iron in groundwater in the area that reduced chlorination effectiveness. These findings provide valuable evidence for adapting the CHoBI7 mHealth program for a rural setting, with a lower-cost, scalable design, and demonstrated the important role of formative research for tailoring WASH programs to new contexts.
Correlation Characteristics Between Urban Fires and Urban Functional Spaces: A Study Based on Point of Interest Data and Ripley’s K-Function
Authors: Xiong Yaobin , Li Gongquan
Published: January 2025

This paper investigates the dependency relationship and spatial patterns between urban fires and the distribution of urban functional spaces, using the Futian District in Shenzhen as a case study. This study utilizes univariate and bivariate Ripley’s K functions along with Point of Interest (POI) data to analyze the variation in the spatial clustering of urban fires across scales ranging from 0 to 2500 m. It explores the overall distribution trends and localized relationships between urban fires and five types of urban functional spaces: commercial, tourism, residential, public services, and transportation services. The results indicate that the clustering of urban fires increases at spatial scales of 0–1050 m and decreases at scales of 1050–2500 m. The overall distribution trend between urban fires and urban functional spaces demonstrates a bidirectional clustering pattern. The overall correlation shows that commercial service spaces have the strongest association with urban fire clustering, followed in order by residential services, public services, transportation services, and tourist service spaces. The clustering of urban fires in local areas is significantly associated with commercial and residential service spaces, and moderately related to public service and transportation service spaces, and shows no significant correlation with tourism service spaces. This research contributes to the understanding of urban fire risk through spatial analysis and offers insights for urban planning and fire safety management.
Exploring Inequality: A Multi-Scale Analysis of China’s Consumption Carbon Footprint
Authors: Xu Feng , Zheng Xinqi , Zheng Minrui , Liu Dongya , Ma Yin , Peng Jizong , Shen Ye , Han Xu , Zhang Mengdi
Published: January 2025

Carbon emission inequality has become a critical factor constraining the coordinated development of socio-economic systems and the natural environment. This inequality exacerbates the disparity in carbon emissions across regions, hindering efforts to achieve sustainable development and environmental justice. Previous research has primarily focused on the structure of carbon footprints and their influencing factors, but there has been limited quantitative research on carbon emission inequality, particularly from a multi-scale perspective. This study constructs a 250 m-high-resolution consumption-based carbon footprint grid for China and uses the Theil index to reveal significant spatial inequalities in carbon footprints. The results indicate that smaller-scale analyses better reveal the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of carbon footprints within regions. At the county level, carbon footprints exhibit significant inequalities, with hotspots concentrated in regions such as Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei, the Yangtze River Delta, and the Pearl River Delta. The top 5% of areas with the highest carbon footprints (139 cities) contributed 19.6% of the national total, indicating a concentration in a few large cities. The decomposition of the Theil index shows that county-level cities contributed 55% of the national carbon inequality. The study also reveals the complex relationship between carbon footprints and income, as well as urban-rural disparities. The underdeveloped central and western regions exhibit a pronounced spatial lag effect, with the growth rate of carbon footprints in rural areas surpassing that of urban areas. Carbon footprints in impoverished areas and inter-provincial marginal areas overlap significantly with low-emission zones, demonstrating characteristics of “low-carbon growth”. To achieve carbon peak and carbon neutrality targets, China must adopt comprehensive measures to reduce carbon footprints and their inequalities, including strengthening multi-scale carbon inequality monitoring, implementing differentiated carbon reduction policies, and promoting coordinated emission reduction development at the county level.
Rationale for Testing TP53 Mutations in Thyroid Cancer—Original Data and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Lacka Katarzyna , Maciejewski Adam , Tyburski Piotr , Manuszewska-Jopek Ewa , Majewski Przemysław , Więckowska Barbara
Published: January 2025

The p53 protein is a tumor-suppressing transcription factor that is critical in tumorigenesis. While TP53 mutations are rare in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), they are significantly more common in anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC). This study presents original results and a meta-analysis reevaluating the prognostic value of TP53 mutations in thyroid cancer, including surrogate markers such as immunohistochemical p53 expression and serum p53-Abs levels. TP53 mutations were analyzed using SSSP and direct sequencing in a DTC group (15 patients), an ATC group (3 patients), and a control group (25 patients). The immunohistochemical p53 expression was assessed in tissue samples. A meta-analysis of 14 eligible studies identified through the PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Cochrane databases was conducted. Our results showed TP53 mutations in all ATC cases, 6.67% of DTC cases (1 out of 15), and none in the control group. Immunohistochemical p53 overexpression was observed in 4 out of 15 DTC (26.67%) and all ATC cases but absent in controls. A meta-analysis confirmed that TP53 mutations are significantly more frequent in ATC than controls (OR 8.95; 95% CI: 1.36–58.70; p = 0.02) but not in DTC vs. controls (OR 1.87; 95% CI: 0.53–6.58; p = 0.33). p53 overexpression was significantly higher in both DTC and ATC vs. controls (OR 7.99; 95% CI: 5.11–12.51; p < 0.01 and OR 64.37; 95% CI: 27.28–151.89; p < 0.01, respectively). The serum p53-Abs positivity was also elevated in patients with PTC vs. controls (OR 2.07; 95% CI: 1.24–3.47; p < 0.01). TP53 mutations are frequent events in the pathogenesis of ATC. In DTC, further prospective studies are needed to determine the prognostic value of TP53 mutations and related surrogate markers (immunohistochemical p53 expression, p53-Abs positivity).
Impaired Molecular Mechanisms Contributing to Chronic Pain in Patients with Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Exploring Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets
Authors: Radhakrishna Uppala , Kuracha Murali R. , Hamzavi Iltefat , Saiyed Nazia , Prajapati Jignesh , Rawal Rakesh M. , Uppala Lavanya V. , Damiani Giovanni , Ratnamala Uppala , Nath Swapan K.
Published: January 2025

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic skin condition that primarily affects areas with dense hair follicles and apocrine sweat glands, such as the underarms, groin, buttocks, and lower breasts. Intense pain and discomfort in HS have been commonly noted, primarily due to the lesions’ effects on nearby tissues. Pain is a factor that can influence DNA methylation patterns, though its exact role in HS is not fully understood. We aim to identify molecular markers of chronic pain in HS patients. We performed DNA methylome of peripheral blood DNA derived from a group of 24 patients with HS and 24 healthy controls, using Illumina methylation array chips. We identified 253 significantly differentially methylated CpG sites across 253 distinct genes regulating pain sensitization in HS, including 224 hypomethylated and 29 hypermethylated sites. Several genes with pleiotropic roles include transporters (ABCC2, SLC39A8, SLC39A9), wound healing (MIR132, FGF2, PDGFC), ion channel regulators (CACNA1C, SCN1A), oxidative stress mediators (SCN8A, DRD2, DNMT1), cytochromes (CYP19A, CYP1A2), cytokines (TGFB1, IL4), telomere regulators (CSNK1D, SMAD3, MTA1), circadian rhythm (IL1R2, ABCG1, RORA), ultradian rhythms (PHACTR1, TSC2, ULK1), hormonal regulation (PPARA, NR3C1, ESR2), and the serotonin system (HTR1D, HTR1E, HTR3C, HTR4, TPH2). They also play roles in glucose metabolism (POMC, IRS1, GNAS) and obesity (DRD2, FAAH, MMP2). Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis identified 43 pathways, including calcium signaling, cocaine addiction, and nicotine addiction. This study identified multiple differentially methylated genes involved in chronic pain in HS, which may serve as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Understanding their epigenetic regulation is crucial for personalized pain management and could enhance the identification of high-risk patients, leading to better preventative therapies and improved maternal and neonatal outcomes.
Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of TCP Transcription Factors Responding to Multiple Stresses in Arachis hypogaea L.
Authors: Zhu Yanting , Niu Sijie , Lin Jingyi , Yang Hua , Zhou Xun , Wang Siwei , Liu Xiaoyan , Yang Qiang , Zhang Chong , Zhuang Yuhui , Cai Tiecheng , Zhuang Weijian , Chen Hua
Published: January 2025

The TEOSINTE-BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING-CELL-FACTOR (TCP) gene family, a plant-specific transcription factor family, plays pivotal roles in various processes such as plant growth and development regulation, hormone crosstalk, and stress responses. However, a comprehensive genome-wide identification and characterization of the TCP gene family in peanut has yet to be fully elucidated. In this study, we conducted a genome-wide search and identified 51 TCP genes (designated as AhTCPs) in peanut, unevenly distributed across 17 chromosomes. These AhTCPs were phylogenetically classified into three subclasses: PCF, CIN, and CYC/TB1. Gene structure analysis of the AhTCPs revealed that most AhTCPs within the same subclade exhibited conserved motifs and domains, as well as similar gene structures. Cis-acting element analysis demonstrated that the AhTCP genes harbored numerous cis-acting elements associated with stress response, plant growth and development, plant hormone response, and light response. Intraspecific collinearity analysis unveiled significant collinear relationships among 32 pairs of these genes. Further collinear evolutionary analysis found that peanuts share 30 pairs, 24 pairs, 33 pairs, and 100 pairs of homologous genes with A. duranensis, A. ipaensis, Arabidopsis thaliana, and Glycine max, respectively. Moreover, we conducted a thorough analysis of the transcriptome expression profiles in peanuts across various tissues, under different hormone treatment conditions, in response to low- and high-calcium treatments, and under low-temperature and drought stress scenarios. The qRT-PCR results were in accordance with the transcriptome expression data. Collectively, these studies have established a solid theoretical foundation for further exploring the biological functions of the TCP gene family in peanuts, providing valuable insights into the regulatory mechanisms of plant growth, development, and stress responses.
The Antidepressant Effect of Resveratrol Is Related to Neuroplasticity Mediated by the ELAVL4-Bdnf mRNA Pathway
Authors: Ge Hailong , Si Lujia , Li Chen , Huang Junjie , Sun Limin , Wu Lan , Xie Yinping , Xiao Ling , Wang Gaohua
Published: January 2025

Resveratrol, a plant-derived polyphenol, exhibits significant antidepressant effects and notably enhances neuroplasticity in neurological diseases. However, whether the antidepressant function of resveratrol is related to neuroplasticity remains uncertain, and the underlying mechanisms is poorly understood. This study aims to investigate the role and mechanism of resveratrol in neuroplasticity in depression. Here, we adopted the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model and resveratrol intervention by oral gavage. Thereafter, behavioral tests confirmed resveratrol’s antidepressant effect, and Nissl staining, Golgi staining, and Western blotting (WB) were employed to assess the neuronal plasticity. Moreover, proteomic analysis and WB were used to screen and identify the key proteins. To investigate the downstream target of ELAV-like RNA-binding protein 4 (ELAVL4) (one of candidate genes), the RNA Interactome Database and the National Center for Biotechnology Information databases were utilized to predict the targets of ELAVL4. Finally, Quantitative PCR, WB, and Immunofluorescence were used to verify the prediction. Our results indicate that resveratrol alleviates CUMS-induced depressive-like behaviors accompanied by the restoration of impaired hippocampal neuroplasticity. Then, proteomic analysis shows that 351 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) decrease after CUMS, while 24 DEPs increase remarkably with the resveratrol treatment. Among which, ELAVL4 is downregulated by CUMS, simultaneously increasing after resveratrol intervention, which acts as a protective protein in this process. Finally, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) mRNA is predicted to be the potential target of ELAVL4 and validated by molecular technologies. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that resveratrol’s antidepressant efficacy is closely associated with ELAVL4, an RNA-binding protein, a mediated neuroplasticity pathway, potentially intersecting with the Bdnf mRNA. Overall, this research sheds light on the role of the ELAVL4-Bdnf mRNA pathway through neuroplasticity in resveratrol’s antidepressant action, which provides an mRNA regulation perspective for the development of novel antidepressants and understanding depression pathology.