bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Technology Research on Panoramic Situation Awareness of Operation State of Smart Distribution Network
Authors: Yang Li , Sheng Liu , Yuqiang Liang , Junwei Liu , Yuheng Cheng
Published: February 2021

With the increasing complexity of power grid structure, operation scheduling becomes more difficult, and the risk of blackout is also increasing. Therefore, it is particularly important to be able to timely and effectively perceive the security situation of smart power grid. The panoramic situation awareness technology of smart distribution network operation state mainly includes situation detection technology, situation perception technology and situation prediction technology. In the stage of situation detection, the collection and storage points of power big data are analysed from two aspects of internal and external factors, and the security situation evaluation system of power grid is constructed. In the phase of situation perception, HDFS, Hadoop, Hive and other technologies are used to obtain the security situation assessment value of smart grid to realize the comprehensive evaluation of the security situation of power grid. In the phase of situation prediction, a deep neural network model is constructed to complete the panoramic situation prediction of smart grid operation state.
Analysis of Demand Factor for High Speed Railway Power Transmission Line from Load Measurement Data
Authors: Xiong Wei , Yang Ruizhang
Published: February 2021

With the rapid construction of high-speed railway in China and other developing countries, as well as the continuous expansion of its distance and scale, the load of power transmission line along the railway is increased accordingly. However, the existing design standards for power transmission line of high speed railway cannot specify the demand factor for the electrical load supplied by power transmission line, and there is no unified calculation method for the demand factor, resulting in a large difference between the theoretical value and the actual value of transformer capacity and cable section selected for engineering project, which takes huge additional energy penalty from the utility companies. To address the problems and formulate a more accurate selection standard for the load demand factor of high-speed railway power transmission line (HSR-PTL), the demand factor is calculated from the data measured on several typical high-speed railway operating in China. Firstly, the load model of HSR-PTL is proposed. According to the function and characteristics of the several kinds of load in HSR-PTL, each load is classified for load demand modelling. By measuring the load of several typical operating HSR-PTL, based on the proposed model, the value of the required coefficient of each load type based on the measured data is proposed. The calculated demand factor can be applied as an applicable reference for the design of high-speed railway power system.
The Key technologies for the construction of resilient distribution networks under the background of smart grids
Authors: Wu Zhenghua , He Weiguo , Shen Haodong , Xu Tangyun , Liu Zhaojie , Su Yun , Chen Jie
Published: February 2021

When the power grid faces sudden extreme events, large-scale blackouts have caused huge economic losses. At the same time, under the development of smart grid, the research of resilient distribution network has received more extensive attention. This article introduces the connotations and concepts of resilient distribution networks in the context of smart grids, and expands the connotations of resilient grids. In addition to the resilience of physical strength under extreme disasters, it also proposes market resilience under the laws of market economy and normal operation mode. This article also introduces several key technologies for improving the resilience of power grids, including intelligent self-sensing power reserve system, adjustable flexible load, source-grid-load-storage coordinated control system, online intelligent diagnosis of power cables, and Operation and maintenance, describes the principles and functions of these technologies in building resilient power grids. The article describes from the perspectives of prevention before disasters and recovery when disasters occur.
Reliability assessment of distribution network considering differentiated end-users demand for reliability
Authors: Jiang Shigong , Wang Yunfei , Wang Dicheng , Yin Junjie , Yan Han , Wang Jianhua
Published: February 2021

In view of the importance of the distribution network in the power system and the current problem of the fragmentation of the reliability assessment of distribution network considering differentiated end-users demand for reliability index of the distribution network, this paper proposes a comprehensive assessment method for the reliability of the distribution network. Based on the distribution network data obtained from the perception layer of the Internet of Things, the main assessment indices for the reliability of the distribution network based on the power supply capacity and the number of users, and the reference assessment indices for the reliability of the distribution network based on the reliability price are calculated respectively. Then according to the index scoring standards, the reliability assessment result of the distribution network is obtained. A case study is used in this paper to verify the effectiveness of the proposed comprehensive assessment method.
The Energy Blockchain Establishing Policy Exploration Based on Microgird Routing Network
Authors: guang Ren , yawei Chen , xuan Du , xing Chen , haixia You
Published: February 2021

in order to enhancing the operation efficiency of energy internet, and develop the function and value space, it proposes an energy Blockchain of router network by applying the Blockchain to the energy internet. Concretely, a complex is a router’s storage of energy internet with a distributed storage of Blockchain, it establishes the physical bases of energy Blockchain under the structure of router network. Furthermore, by divided the operation information of energy internet into technical data and business data, it gives the operation process, and realize the generation and management of alliance linkage. Finally, Applying the energy Blockchain to energy management, comparatively analyzed these positive change and application value by Blockchain technology.
Fault identification using wavelet transform and Petri networks
Authors: Fang Liu , Hangli Jian , Qian Sun , Zhi Wang , Fan Chen , kai Liu , Shanshan Yuan , Mengqing Jia , Jiang Li
Published: February 2021

This paper proposes the fault identification methods by using fuzzy Petri networks for the advanced application of the micro phasor measurement unit (μPMU) in the distribution network. Firstly, μPMUs are placed at multi buses of the radial distribution network, and the measured impedance is obtained by μPMU. Then, the transient characteristics of the three-phase fault current are extracted by the wavelet transform and Petri networks. Finally, the simulation verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method in 10kV distribution networks.
Reliability Index Evaluation System of Distribution Network Based on Maximum Deviation and Application
Authors: Jiang Shigong , Yang Weihong , Deng Jiaming , Zhao Yaru , Li Junjie , Li Peng , Wang Zixuan
Published: February 2021

With the in-depth reform of the power industry, the reliability index evaluation system of the distribution network has become an important direction for the research of my country’s distribution network. Firstly, the load points are classified based on the power supply information of the distribution network, and the power supply reliability indicators of the system and consumers are established. Secondly, a comprehensive evaluation system of distribution network indicators is established based on the entropy weight-analytic hierarchy process with maximum deviation. Finally, the comprehensive evaluation index results are used to establish a distribution network reliability incremental cost calculation model, and the distribution network reliability electricity price that takes into account the differentiated reliability requirements is obtained. The analysis of calculation examples shows that the proposed evaluation system can obtain comprehensive reliability evaluation indicators with subjective and objective evaluation. And the results can be applied to reliability electricity price calculation to obtain reliability electricity prices that take into account both reliability and economy.
Effects of Dynamic Topology Reconfiguration for Optimal Operation in Multi-Microgrid System
Authors: Liu Qi , Wang Shouxiang , Zhao Qianyu , Wang Zhenyu , Tian Yunfeng , Liu Hanmin
Published: February 2021

Multiple microgrids (MMG) system can reconfigure its topology by adjusting statuses of static switches and tie switches to improve reliability and economics of individual MGs. In this paper, a day-ahead optimal operation approach of MMG system in parallel model with topology reconfiguration is proposed, and a co-evolution algorithm (CEA) based approach is studied to manage multiple MGs more economically. In addition, proper feasible regions are set to ensure feasibility of the solution in CEA. Effectiveness of MMG system reconfiguration as well as cooperative operations of reconfiguration, energy storage systems (ESSs), and dispatchable distributed generations (DGs) are studied via numerical simulations. Specifically, simulation results indicate that MMG system reconfiguration in parallel mode can improve economic operation of MMGs and enhance efficient utilization of dispatchable DGs and ESSs.
Review of noise reduction methods of vibration signal for wind turbine bearings fault analysis
Authors: Bing Liu , Baixin Liu , Sheng Wang , Huaping Liu , Qianbin Dai
Published: February 2021

Considering that the vibration signals of wind turbines are interfered with by low-frequency noise and background noise at the same time, it is difficult to extract the characteristic frequencies of early weak faults. The research on wind turbine bearing vibration noise reduction method to found that the potential failure symptom as early as possible for reducing the failure rate and reduce the operation maintenance cost reduction and to strengthen the reliable operation of the wind turbine is of great significance. Based on the analysis and summary of vibration signal characteristics of wind turbine bearing, the fault signal analysis, and noise reduction method of wind turbine bearing is introduced in detail.
Classification Analysis Method for Residential Electricity Consumption Behavior Based on Recurrence Plot (RP) and Convolutional Auto-Encoder (CAE)
Authors: Sun Zhiqing , Deng Xinyu , Xu Xianghai , Hou Weihong , Wang Shouxiang
Published: February 2021

Load clustering is the foundation of big data mining in power distribution system. It is helpful for power companies to accurately grasp users’ electricity consumption habits, improve power quality and develop demand response. To overcome the characteristic redundancy problem of the high-dimensional load data, the load clustering method based on RP and CAE is proposed. Firstly, the one-dimensional load curves are converted into two-dimensional recurrence plot to realize feature enhancement. Secondly, the advanced feature extraction capability of CAE is used to realize load feature extraction and dimension reduction. Finally, the spectrum clustering (SC) is used to analyze the user’s electricity consumption patterns. The validity of proposed method is verified by Ireland Smart meter dataset.
Hydraulic response due to channel subjected to an injection of a solute from the ground surface
Authors: Xu Yanrong , Zhou Yuming , Liu Yuehui , Yin Yabin
Published: February 2021

A reference area A
* was defined in this paper based on the actual field situation in Tianjin to study the longitudinal contaminated area A of silty soil subjected to an injection of a solute from the ground surface. The analysis results implied that A decreases gradually with increasing distance between the two. The value at 5m is almost 1.8 times larger than that at 20m. 20m was suggestted as the influence boundary afterwards. The results of different channel depth reveal that A under different H is linear variation with the reference area A
* The mathematical relationship between different initial hydraulic gradient i
0 provides a formulation, where two bound lines are proposed to facilitate a preliminary quick evaluation of A. The increasing of the pollution sources concentration ω play a catalytic role on the increasing of A, but there's an obvious turn point in the dimensionless predicted lines, the slope of the upper bound line drops from 0.47 to 0.1, while the lower bound line drops from 0.18 to 0.06 as ω changed from 0.01kg/kg to 0.1kg/kg. The promotion of concentration is tapering, while the concentration ω is above 0.1kg/kg, this stimulative effect would be diminished.
Automatic Identification Of Construction Dust Based On Improved K-Means Algorithm
Authors: Lei Fei , Ma Xiaohe , Dong Xueying
Published: February 2021

At present, the construction dust has caused great losses to people's healthy life and national economic development. In order to solve the shortcomings of the existing real-time sensor network detection of construction dust such as poor accuracy, this paper proposes an automatic identification of construction dust based on computer vision and improved K-Means clustering algorithm. We extract the saturation of HSV color model of each image to form a text data set. We determine the median value of the data set as the initial centroid of clustering, reduce the number of iterations and get the global optimal solution. Mahalanobis distance is used as similarity measure to cluster, which reduces the difference between different feature measures, improves the accuracy, and realizes the automatic recognition of construction dust based on computer vision. For the improved K-Means algorithm, the precision, recall rate and harmonic mean value are used to analyze the clustering results. The experimental results show that the improved K-Means algorithm has good robustness and high accuracy, and the automatic recognition rate can reach 89.33%.
Preparation, characterization and coagulation performance of a composite coagulant: Polymeric aluminum ferric sulfate
Authors: Jiang Zhenzhen , Zhu Junren
Published: February 2021

Polymeric aluminum ferric sulfate (PAFS) was a novel inorganic composite coagulant, prepared by direct oxidation process using aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4⋅7H2O) as typical materials. In order to obtain the optimal removal rate of the turbidity and humic acid, the optimum preparation conditions of PAFS was investigated as follows: SO4
2-/Fe, NO3
−/Fe, PO4
3-/Fe, Al/Fe molar ratio and reaction temperature. The resultant polymer was characterized by scanning electron microscopytrans (SEM). The results showed that the optimum preparation conditions were SO42-/Fe of 0.35, Al/Fe of 0.11, NO3
−/Fe of 0.45, PO4
3-/Fe of 0.09 and reaction temperature of 80°C, and the maximum turbidity and HA removal efficiency could reach 98.4%, 93.5%, respectively.
Bacterial cellulose nanofiber membrane for use as lithium-ion battery separator
Authors: Huang Qiumei , Zhao Chuanshan
Published: February 2021

Separator plays a major role in lithium-ion batteries. For conventional polyolefin separators, low porosity is a serious problem, which will affect the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries. In this work, we prepared membranes with different porosities by controlling the amount of oxidant in the Tempo oxidation process. 2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO)-oxidation bacterial cellulose (TOBC8) separator exhibits suitable porosity (65%), excellent wettability, high lithium ion conductivity (0.388 mS cm−1), and outstanding cycle stability.
Research on the influence of ultrafine sand on concrete performance
Authors: Chen Yongxin
Published: February 2021

Ultrafine sand mainly refers to the fine sand excavated underground in the Yellow River Basin and Jiaozuo or Kaifeng. The fineness modulus is between 0.3-1.0, and the quality is uneven. This paper systematically studies the basic characteristics of ultrafine sand from different origins, such as the mud content, fineness modulus, and MB value, and compares its effects on the performance of the second-generation and third-generation water-reducing agents through experiments. By replacing the machine-made sand in different proportions, the work performance and compressive strength of concrete are studied.
Environmental Stability of High Temperature Molten Vitreous Residue of Hazardous Waste
Authors: Wang Xiu-Teng , Liu Guoliang , Fang Fei , Lin Ling , Zheng Yang , Gao Dongfeng , Zhang Xiaoxin , Huang Jin
Published: February 2021

Vitrification technology is one of the harmless treatment methods for hazardous waste containing heavy metals and other harmful substances, converting solid waste into vitreous residue with amorphous structure by high temperature melting. In this paper, we propose the acid dissolution rate in acidic environment to characterize the environmental stability of molten vitreous residues. We have tested six high temperature melting residues from different enterprises. The results of our experiments show that the higher the degree of vitrification, the lower the acid dissolution rate, and most of them are similar to basalt, quartz and architectural glass. This work demonstrate that the vitreous residue produced by high temperature melting has high stability and low leaching toxicity. Vitrification technology can solidify heavy metals and other harmful substances in the dense three-dimensional structure of glass state.
Experimental study of Thermal performance on heat pipe radiator
Authors: Zhang Yaping , Haohao Hao , Haocheng Jiang , Yongxin Guo
Published: February 2021

The heat pipe radiator has become an effective way to solve the heat dissipation problem of electronic components due to its advantages of good reliability and high-heat dissipation efficiency. So it is necessary to explore the thermal performance of heat pipe radiators.In this paper,gravity radiators with two,four,and six heat pipes are used as the research object.The thermal performance of the three heat pipe radiators with different numbers of heat pipes is compared and analyzed through experiments.It mainly includes the influence of a different number of heat pipes on the heat dissipation power, thermal resistance,temperature uniformity, start-up time and other parameters of the radiator.Research shows that the number of heat pipes is one of the main factors affecting the thermal performance of a radiator. The more heat pipes,the better the thermal performance.
Calculation of Passive Earth Pressure on Rigid Retaining Wall Affected by Seepage and Soil Arching
Authors: Peng Shuquan , Luo Xin , Fan Ling
Published: February 2021

Seepage and soil arching are commonly encountered in the soil behind a rigid retaining wall, so the influence of these factors should be considered when calculating the earth pressure of the retaining wall. In this paper, behind a rigid retaining wall the steady seepage field was analyzed, the soil arching was also presented assuming the parabola soil arching, then improved formula of passive earth pressure on rigid retaining wall is obtained based on the horizontal differential element method. The result showed that the calculation of the passive earth pressure by the horizontal differential element method is consistent with the Coulomb’s earth pressure theory. Considering the seepage effect will reduce the passive earth pressure, while considering the soil arching effect will not change the passive earth pressure. The height of application of passive force from bottom is less than 1/3 of the height of the retaining wal. Considering the soil arching, the height of application of passive force from bottom is moved down, and the height of application of passive force from bottom is moved up by considering the seepage.
Study on the Properties of Halomonas Urease and Optimization of its Production Conditions
Authors: Li Yujing , Liang Xiaoya , Zhang Linghua
Published: February 2021

It is of great significance to treat the wastewater of high salt urea by using the halophilic microorganism containing urease. In this paper, Halomonas containing urease was selected to study its urease properties and optimize its urease production conditions. Halomonas sp. H36 was selected, and its growth reached its peak at 36 h. The maximum value was 7.42, and the urease activity was 63.38 U. In the study on urease properties of this strain, when pH = 8, temperature was 50°C, salt concentration was 60 g/L, and urea concentration was 50 g/L, urease activity reached 137.52 U, increasing by 116.98%. It was found that the urease activity remained at 73.53% when the salt concentration reached 150 g/L. It was found by response surface method that glucose, ammonium sulfate and sodium chloride were the key factors affecting urease activity of the strain. After response surface optimization, the urease activity reached 93.628 U, increasing by 47.72%. This is of great significance to the wastewater treatment of high-salt urea and has a broad application prospect in the sewage treatment of ships.
Study on Dynamic Characteristics of Unsaturated Strongly Weathered Sericite Schist Residual Soil
Authors: Guang-ying Nie , Yu Xia , Qing-wen Zhang
Published: February 2021

Sericite schist residual soils are widely distributed on the shallow surface of western Yunnan, and most of them are in an unsaturated state. In order to study its dynamic characteristics, a resonance column tester was used to target the strongly weathered unsaturated sericite schist residuals in the Dali Railway. The soil carries out dynamic characteristic test to study. The results show that the confining pressure has a great influence on the dynamic characteristics of the specimen, the dynamic shear modulus increases with the increase of the confining pressure, the phenomenon that the damping ratio decreases with the increase of shear strain is more obvious. Using the Hardin-Drnevich model can better fit the dynamic shear modulus with shear strain. The application of the improved linear equation can better describe the relationship and analyse its mechanism.
Technical Application of Machine-made Sand in the Production of the Commercial Concrete
Authors: Xu Han , Chen Xiaobin , Dang Wei , Guo Xiujuan , Guan Jican , Li Jianrong , Xiong Qiumin
Published: February 2021

With the lack of natural sand and stone resources, machine-made sand will be widely used in the building materials industry. By adjusting the proportion of machine-made sand and river sand, the application of using the machine-made sand in C30 and C50 concrete was explored. The results indicate that the proportion of machine-made sand is 40% in C30 concrete, which makes the concrete show the best performance and the maximum compressive strength. In C50 concrete, as the proportion of machine-made sand increases, the initial dispersion of concrete gradually decreases, the loss of dispersion increases, and the working performance of concrete decreases. It is worth noting that, regardless of the proportion of machine-made sand, the performance of concrete mixed with machine-made sand is higher than that of concrete prepared with pure river sand at 3d, 7d, and 28d.
Optimization of Halomonas Denitrification in Seawater Substrate
Authors: Zhou Zepeng , Li Jian , Liu Weifeng , Zhang Linghua
Published: February 2021

This paper studied the effects of carbon source types, carbon-nitrogen ratio, pH and salt concentration on the denitrification of Halomonas bacteria under high-salt conditions to optimize the denitrification performance of mixed Halomonas bacteria. When the initial carbon source is glucose, the carbon to nitrogen ratio is 5:1, the pH is 7.2, and the salt concentration is 30 g/L, the maximum denitrification rate of mixed bacteria is only 19.92%. By optimizing the carbon source, the nitrogen removal rate can reach 69.25% at 72 h, which is about 49% higher than that before optimization. Under the optimal conditions with trisodium citrate as the carbon source, the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio is 5:1, the pH is 8 and the salt concentration is 60 g/L, the denitrification rate of the mixed bacteria in the seawater matrix is higher than before optimization 282%. Carbon source, carbon-nitrogen ratio, pH and salt concentration will all affect the denitrification of Halomonas bacteria. By optimizing them, it can greatly improve the denitrification of Halomonas bacteria under seawater substrate conditions.
On the Planning Methods for Sustainable and Comprehensive Utilization of Water Resources in the Green Ecological Urban Area:An Empirical Study on a Green Ecological Urban Area in Jiangsu, China
Authors: Xu Bin , Yuan Xiang
Published: February 2021

The study on comprehensive utilization planning of urban water resources for sustainable development is one of the important contents of urban green ecological adaptive development and construction. The sustainable water system in the green ecological urban area has to make systematic analysis and overall planning of various elements of urban water system. From the perspective of urban water supply, water use, drainage, flood control and drainage and comprehensive utilization of water resources that require organic coordination, this paper forms systematic planning methods combining the computing method for water environmental carrying capacity with the construction of a capacity control model for water resources in the green ecological urban area. With the proposed strategic measures for the sustainable and comprehensive utilization of water resources in the green ecological urban area, this paper aims to achieve high quality and efficient water ecology, water security and water environment and eventually realize the organic coordination of nature and artificial system as well as the harmonious development between man and nature.
Flower image classification based on generative adversarial network and transfer learning
Authors: Li Xiaoxue , Lv Rongxin , Yin Yanzhen , Xin Kangkang , Liu Zeyuan , Li Zhongzhi
Published: February 2021

Aiming at the problem that the classification accuracy of the traditional flower classification method is low and the deep neural network requires a large amount of original data. This paper designs a flower classification model that combines generative adversarial network and ResNet-101 transfer learning algorithm, and uses stochastic gradient descent algorithm to optimize the training process of the model. The experimental results on the the international public flower recognition dataset, Oxford flower-102 dataset, show that by enhancing the original data, the accuracy of the network's recognition and classification of flowers is improved. At the same time, the model proposed in this paper is superior to other traditional network models, with higher recognition accuracy and robustness.
Cuticle segmentation based on visual saliency
Authors: Zhang Wenxia , Wang Chunguang , Wang Haichao , Yin Xiaofei
Published: February 2021

The cuticle of plant is an important tissue to keep water and resist the invasion of ultraviolet radiation and so on,it is also one of the most important indexes of plant drought resistance.In this paper,we introduce a method combined salient region detection and threshold segmentation for cuticle segmentation.The method used in the article has the following steps:Firstly,we transformed the slice image from the original RGB space into CIELAB space.Then according to the principle of visual significance,visually salient slice image regions were detected using color and luminance features.Finally,we obtained the segmentation results by threshold segmentation algorithm.We tested this method by 30 slice images of Cleistogenes Songorica.We got the average value of FPR(False Positive Rate),FNR(False Negative Rate)and GSA(Global Segmentation Accuracy) were 0.75%,7.19% and 98.43%.The method in this paper is more suitable for cuticle segmentation of Cleistogenes Songorica leaf slices and can also provide a reference for other plant leaf slice images.
Interactions between zinc and Phomopsis longicolla infection in roots of Glycine max
Authors: Morina Filis , Mijovilovich Ana , Koloniuk Igor , Pěnčík Aleš , Grúz Jiří , Novák Ondrej , Küpper Hendrik
Published: February 2021

Phomopsis. longicolla is a hemibiotrophic fungus causing significant soybean yield loss worldwide. To reveal the role of zinc in plant-pathogen interactions, soybean seedlings were grown hydroponically with a range of Zn concentrations, 0.06 µM (deficient, Zn0), 0.4 µM (optimal growth), 1.5 µM, 4 µM, 12 µM, and toxic 38 μM, and were subsequently inoculated with P. longicolla via the roots. In vivo analysis of metal distribution in tissues by micro-X-ray fluorescence showed local Zn mobilization in the root maturation zone in all treatments. Decreased root and pod biomass, and photosynthetic performance in infected plants treated with 0.4 µM Zn were accompanied with accumulation of Zn, jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine (JA-Ile), jasmonic acid, and cell wall-bound syringic acid (cwSyA) in roots. Zn concentration in roots of infected plants treated with 1.5 µM Zn was seven-fold higher than in the 0.4 µM Zn treatment, which together with accumulation of JA-Ile, cwSyA, cell wall-bound vanilic acid and leaf jasmonates contributed to maintaining photosynthesis and pod biomass. Host-pathogen nutrient competition and phenolics accumulation limited the infection in Zn-deficient plants. The low infection rate in Zn 4 µM-treated roots correlated with salicylic and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, and cell wall-bound p-coumaric acid accumulation. Zn toxicity promoted pathogen invasion and depleted cell wall-bound phenolics. The results show that manipulation of Zn availability improves soybean resistance to P. longicolla by stimulating phenolics biosynthesis and stress-inducible phytohormones.
Viral Cancers and Behavior
Authors: Vadaparampil Susan T. , Fuzzell Lindsay N. , Christy Shannon M. , Kasting Monica L. , Rathwell Julie , Coghill Anna E.
Published: February 2021

One in every six cancers globally can be attributed to an infection. Human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) play a role in the development of over 1.2 million new cancers each year and are responsible for nearly 50% of the infectious cancer burden in the United States. Virus-attributable cancers occur more frequently in those living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The chapter reviews high-risk lifestyle behaviors, including high number of lifetime sexual partners and injection drug use, that increase the risk of acquiring HPV, HBV, HCV, and HIV. It reviews prevention and control strategies for these viruses and associated cancers, including lifestyle behaviors, vaccination, screening, and/or appropriate use of antiretroviral medications.
Colorectal Cancer Screening
Authors: Murphy Caitlin C. , Vernon Sally W.
Published: February 2021

Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening is endorsed as an effective preventive health service because it reduces morbidity and mortality from CRC. Regular screening with stool blood tests or sigmoidoscopy facilitates earlier detection of CRC and lowers mortality; screening colonoscopy may also decrease CRC incidence through early detection and removal of precancerous polyps. Most professional organizations recommend that screening begin at age 50 years for those at average risk, and in the United States, about 60% of age-eligible adults are up-to-date with screening. Importantly, prevalence of CRC screening differs by race/ethnicity, educational attainment, and insurance status, with marked disparities in screening among racial/ethnicity minorities and the uninsured. Recent CRC screening interventions have focused on mailed outreach, patient navigation, and offering a choice of screening test, and many studies have been conducted in large, integrated healthcare systems or federally qualified health centers. In these settings, mailed outreach and patient navigation, particularly in the context of multicomponent interventions, increased CRC screening (e.g., absolute increase of 28% across trials of mailed outreach). Moving forward, CRC screening interventions must include more than one-time screening and involve a series of coordinated steps, from initial screening to diagnostic evaluation to treatment of any detected lesions. Patient navigation and mailed outreach have been the most extensively tested interventions for increasing screening. Patient navigation appears to have a similar impact on follow-up of abnormal test results. Broad implementation of either of these strategies may bring the current screening prevalence of 60% closer to the national goal of 80%.
Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: González Loreto Fernández , Irish Jonathan , Rodin Gary
Published: February 2021

The management of head and neck cancer (HNC) poses significant challenges for both patients and clinicians because some of the most complex clinical scenarios in oncology occur with this condition. Better understanding of the disease has produced advances in medical treatments in recent decades, improving survival and health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Nevertheless, virtually all patients with HNC experience some impairment in HRQOL because of the disease and/or its treatment. This impairment may be transient or permanent and may manifest as symptoms, limitations in function, and/or an inability to engage in previous roles and normal routines. A multidisciplinary team delivers optimal psychosocial care in HNC, with interventions adapted to the changing needs of patients across the treatment and survivorship trajectories. Assessments should be carried out before the initiation of treatment and subsequently to identify psychosocial strengths, vulnerabilities, and stressors and to plan psychosocial interventions that may be required during and after treatment and in the survivorship phase. Psychiatric comorbidity is significant in this population and may require specialized management. Research on psychosocial interventions has grown in recent years, with promising initial results. Future directions should include strategies to integrate specialized psychosocial care into the standard of care for this patient population.
Central Nervous System Tumors
Authors: Valentine Alan D.
Published: February 2021

This chapter provides an overview of behavioral presentations of central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms in adults. Epidemiology of CNS tumors is briefly reviewed. Complications including cognitive dysfunction and emotional disturbances including mood disorders, anxiety, and psychosis are described. The behavioral adverse effects of treatments for CNS cancer, including radiation therapy and steroids, are discussed. The chapter reviews the differential diagnosis of behavioral presentations in this setting as well as an approach to workup and treatment, including neuropsychological testing, psychotherapy, and pharmacotherapy. The potential effects of CNS cancer on caregivers and staff, and possible assistance for them, are covered.
Weight and Appetite Loss in Cancer
Authors: Alici Yesne , Saltz Victoria
Published: February 2021

Weight and appetite loss in cancer patients, referred to as the cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome, is a complex, multifactorial syndrome, defined by an ongoing loss of skeletal muscle mass, with or without loss of fat mass, which cannot be fully reversed by conventional nutritional support, and may lead to progressive functional impairment. It is a hypercatabolic state in the context of chronic inflammatory response best described in the setting of cancer but can also be seen in other advanced chronic illness. Cancer cachexia occurs in approximately 50% of cancer patients, and in 80% of those with advanced cancer. It impacts adversely on function, treatment tolerability and treatment response, and health service utilization, but most importantly, dignity, sense of self, quality of life, and survival. The pathophysiology of cancer cachexia is complex and multifactorial. It is characterized by a negative protein and energy balance, driven by a variable combination of reduced food intake, increased resting energy expenditure, and net loss of lean tissue. The best approach to weight and appetite loss among cancer patients is a multimodal therapy, in which a personalized combination of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments is implemented. This chapter will provide an overview of the cancer anorexia cachexia syndrome as relevant to the practice of clinicians of all disciplines managing cancer patients.
Supportive-Expressive and Other Forms of Group Psychotherapy in Cancer Care
Authors: Kissane David W.
Published: February 2021

Group therapy in cancer care commonly involves the application of supportive-expressive, cognitively oriented, or meaning-centered models, which seek to optimize quality of life and adaptation to illness through inherent group support, psychoeducation, and improved coping outcomes. Groups can restore body image and reduce fear of recurrence and cancer-related anxiety for early-stage disease. In the advanced cancer setting, groups ameliorate and prevent depression, reduce existential distress, and promote creative and purposeful living among their members. Meaning-centered group therapy enhances spiritual well-being and quality of life. Overcoming social isolation, treating depression, and enhancing adherence to anticancer therapies has the potential to extend survival. Meta-analyses of supportive-expressive groups have confirmed a survival benefit at one year, which has not been sustained over five years.
e-Health Interventions for Physical Symptom Control
Authors: Zachariae Robert
Published: February 2021

Persistent pain, fatigue, and sleep disturbances are prevalent and distressing physical and biobehavioral symptoms and late effects experienced by many cancer patients and survivors. While effective pharmacological treatment options are limited, a growing body of evidence points to the potential efficacy of nonpharmacological approaches, including psychoeducation, physical exercise, and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). There are, however, considerable challenges in making such interventions available and accessible to those in need. Delivering interventions remotely using e-health solutions may be one way of overcoming these barriers. Of the available randomized controlled trials, the majority have focused on web-based interventions for cancer-related fatigue (CRF), with the most convincing evidence found for web-based CBT for insomnia (eCBT-I) and e-health-supported exercise programs. Despite few trials with cancer patients and survivors, given the evidence for the efficacy of web-based CBT-I for noncancer samples and for face-to-face-delivered CBT-I with this group, eCBT-I is a highly promising intervention for cancer-related sleep disturbances. Currently, the weakest evidence is found for pain, but it is of interest to note the preliminary findings of highly correlated improvements in co-occurring symptoms of CRF and pain, and sleep disturbance and CRF. Several questions remain to be answered, including which patients the interventions will work best for and whether there are adverse effects associated with e-health delivery. However, together with increasing internet and smartphone penetration rates, the available evidence points to the relevance of further research in e-health solutions for physical symptom management in cancer patients and survivors.
Psycho-oncology, Stress Processes, and Cancer Progression
Authors: Antoni Michael H. , Knight Jennifer M. , Lutgendorf Susan K.
Published: February 2021

Epidemiological, experimental, and clinical research has shown that chronic stress and adversity are associated with a wide range of biobehavioral processes that may influence cancer progression. These include neuroendocrine alterations (sympathetic nervous system, hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis), which can up-regulate inflammation and down-regulate antitumor immunity. Such changes may render immune cells less able to detect and destroy tumor cells and may enhance their ability to promote an inflammatory microenvironment. Additionally, neuroendocrine signaling in the tumor microenvironment may promote tumor growth mechanisms, such as angiogenesis, epithelial mesenchymal transition, invasion, and metastasis. Because modifying biobehavioral stress processes might improve cancer health outcomes, randomized controlled trials have tested interventions that can be considered stress management in patients with different forms of cancer. Many trials demonstrate the physical-, mindfulness-, and cognitive-behavioral therapy–based stress management interventions and pharmacologic blockade of stress-related pathways can affect biobehavioral processes in cancer patients and survivors. Importantly, research has now linked stress management–associated changes in these biobehavioral processes early in treatment with long-term health outcomes in some common cancers. We summarize evidence from basic science studies for these biobehavioral associations in multiple cancer models, and from clinical trials for the efficacy of interventions capable of modulating both psychological and biological processes in cancer patients.
Including Family Members in Caring for the Patient with Cancer
Authors: Rait Douglas S.
Published: February 2021

The assumption that family relationships play an important role in the care and well-being of the cancer patient may be overlooked simply because it is so universal. At the same time, the elevated role of the family as a primary unit of care in oncology settings is now beginning to receive proper attention in medical and psychiatric circles, and growing evidence supports the efficacy of family interventions for patients with cancer. Family-centered, collaborative models of mental health consultation for patients with cancer are consistent with, and offer an expansion to, current patient-centered models of care in oncology settings. Normative couple and family responses to stages of cancer and its treatment are described, and premises of the family-systems model for assessment and consultation are presented. A case example illustrates how the dimensions of family development, family history, family relationships, and the family’s relationship with providers contribute to a family-centered assessment and consultation.
Integrating Interdisciplinary Supportive Care Programs
Authors: Loscalzo Matthew J. , Clark Karen L. , Bultz Barry D. , Kotwal Juee
Published: February 2021

Now that the needs of those affected by cancer have been well documented, primarily because of biopsychosocial distress screening as the sixth vital sign, it is time to address how these multiple and complex needs can be addressed by organized teams of health care professionals. Internationally, psychosocial oncology and supportive care programs have had significant growth. In addition to the humanistic cancer care provided by treating physicians, the interdisciplinary nature of supportive care creates unique opportunities across institutions and settings and in low- and high-resourced countries to bring compassionate expertise to people affected by serious illness. Although growth has been uneven, the trajectory for the greater need of supportive care services is clear: patient need (aging populations, environmental degradation, unequal resource distribution related to the social determinants of health), limited workforce capacity, and acute concerns about rising health care costs. These trends are expected to only accelerate and are to be seen and utilized as strategic opportunities. There is a serious dearth of strategic information on how to create supportive care programs. This chapter focuses on the unifying principles and essential infrastructure that enables integrated interdisciplinary supportive care programs to grow and, more significantly, to create team cultures that alchemize diversity and conflict into programmatic and clinical excellence.
Introduction
Authors: Breilh Jaime
Published: February 2021

A groundbreaking approach to critical epidemiology for understanding the complexity of the health process and studying the social determination of health. A powerful critique of Cartesian health sciences, of the flaws of “functional health determinants” model, and of reductionist approaches to health statistics, qualitative research and conventional health geography. A consolidated and well sustained essay that explains the role of social-gender-ethnic relations in the reproduction of health inequity, proposing a new paradigm with indispensible concepts and methodological means to develop a new understanding of health as a socially determined and distributed process. It combines the strengths of scientific traditions of the North and South, to bring forward a new understanding and application of qualitative and quantitative (statistical) evidences, that looks beyond the limits of conventional epidemiology, public and population health. The book presents alternative conceptions and tools for constructing deep prevention. A neo-humanist conception of the role of health and life sciences that assumes critical, intercultural and transdisciplinary thinking as a fundamental tool beyond the limiting elitist framework of positivist reasoning. A most important source of fresh ideas and practical instruments for teaching, research and agency, based on a renewed conception of the relation between nature, society, health and environmental problems.
50 Studies Every Obstetrician-Gynecologist Should Know
Authors: Liu Constance , Rindos Noah , Shainker Scott A.
Published: February 2021

This volume constitutes a selection of 50 studies that changed the modern practice of obstetrics and gynecology. Studies were reviewed and summarized by national experts in the field and have been compiled in a simple, readable fashion that distills these works into the most salient points, placing them within the context of practice. This volume can be used by general practitioners as well as clinicians and academicians who have an interest in the state of evidence in obstetrics and gynecology.
Magnesium Sulfate for the Prevention of Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Smith Laura , Wylie Blair J.
Published: February 2021

This article provides a summary of a landmark study in the area of preterm birth and neurodevelopmental outcomes. The researchers ask the question: Does administration of magnesium sulfate to women at risk for preterm birth reduce the risk of cerebral palsy? Starting with that question, this article describes the basics of the study including funding, study participant characteristics, study design, study intervention, endpoints, results, and criticism. The article briefly reviews other relevant studies and explores guidelines related to the role of magnesium in preterm patients. The BEAM trial did not demonstrate improvement in their combined primary outcome of stillbirth and infant death with use of antenatal magnesium sulfate; however, the work contributed to the literature with further evidence that antenatal magnesium sulfate can reduce the rate of cerebral palsy among surviving infants.
Diagnostic Tests for Evaluation of Stillbirth
Authors: Dukhovny Stephanie
Published: February 2021

Stillbirth, or intrauterine fetal demise, is defined as fetal death after 20 weeks of pregnancy. Stillbirth occurs due to a number of maternal, fetal, and placental causes, but often the cause remains unexplained. Because of the risk in future pregnancies, efforts have been made to standardize the work-up at the time of a stillbirth in order to make recommendations for future pregnancies. Each test, however, has cost, false positive, and false negative results. The usefulness of each test performed, however, remains unclear. This article reviewed the key findings from the Stillbirth Collaborative Research Network on the recommended diagnostic tests for the evaluation of a stillbirth or fetal demise.