bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A survey on the use of WiMAX and Wi-Fi on Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs)
Authors: Abdulshaheed Haider Rasheed , Yaseen Zeyad Taha , Salman Adil M. , Al_Barazanchi Israa
Published: July 2020

With the continuous development of wireless communication technology and vehicle industry VANET as of recent is one of the most research niches. VANET is a technology that makes use of motion vehicles as a node in a network for the creation of a mobile network. Although there is a close characteristic between VANET and MANET (Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks), VANET has special features that differentiate it from MANET. VANET offers a vehicle to vehicle and vehicle to infrastructure communication. VANET also make sure there is no break of routing path before the transmission end. VANET is a challenging domain that has created a platform for many applications to find their place. Enough time is still needed for the implementation of large-scale practical though this field has been under rigorous study for over two decades. The possibility of having vehicular connectivity has been triggered by the ever-increasing wireless connectivity and computational ability of recent vehicles. Many potential vehicular network applications have been proposed in different niches like information, safety, entertainment and traffic infrastructure management. These applications in these aforementioned applications require available wireless medium utilization of both new and existing wireless technologies. VANET comprises of two technologies known as WiMAX and Wi-Fi. The goal of this survey was to ascertain the best technology among the two technologies. In other to achieve this goal, a thorough investigation was carried out together with an evaluation on V2V2I VANET where Wi-Fi was used for amid vehicle (V2V) interaction and WiMAX used for vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) interaction. This survey begins with the VANET architecture, then discusses the characteristics and challenges of VANET, applications, before ending with a comparison of the two technologies that made of VANET, the experimental approach used, future perspectives, result and conclusion.
Connectivity optimization in interference-limited random DSA networks
Authors: Hussein Osama Abbas
Published: July 2020

Network connectivity in dynamic spectrum access (DSA) networks has been well studied–most of which are under the unit disk model. However, the disk model does not capture the primary-secondary and secondary-secondary interference; hence signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) based models are more appropriate. Moreover, in the SINR regime, there is no unique way to characterize connectivity and hence its maximization becomes even more challenging.

In this paper, we develop the long eluding network connectivity objective function which we use to build three connectivity optimization techniques each of which targets a particular network setup. The proposed techniques are: i) Fittest deployment density, ii) Fittest receive-only ratio, and iii) Fittest TDMA slotting.

To develop the aforementioned objective function, we start by addressing the lack of any relation between deployment density and network connectivity in interference-limited DSA networks. Next, percolation theory in conjunction with the Boolean model are utilized to develop such a relationship between the density of the percolation visible nodes and the network connectivity in interference limited environments. Finally, we use that relation to build the objective function for connectivity maximization along three optimization techniques. Theoretical findings are validated by simulating networks under various scenarios. Results provide a blueprint to establish and maximize connectivity using physical layer parameters (density, coverage radius, etc.) which can be used in conjunction with higher layer techniques. Also, tackling the connectivity problem at the physical layer relieves the other higher layers like the MAC layer from excess signaling and complex protocol designs.
Improvement of “Text Steganography Based on Unicode of Characters in Multilingual” by Custom Font with Special Properties
Authors: Baawi Salwa Shakir , Nasrawi Dhamyaa A. , abdulameer Lina Talib
Published: July 2020

Since computer utilization is expanding, for both social and trade ranges, secure communications through channels got to be an exceptionally critical issue. Information hiding away could be a strategy to get a secure communication medium and securing the data amid transmission. Text documents have very less redundant information as compared to the images and audio, therefore, text steganography is most challenging. This paper aims to improve “text steganography based on Unicode of characters in multilingual” by design new font with special properties for purposes of hiding data. Furthermore, this method based on making the same glyphs for the multiple codes, the Set of High-Frequency Letters called SHFL in the English language was chosen for the embedding process. The hiding method replaces the code of English symbol with other code that has the same glyph exactly. Two bits are hidden at once, utilizing glyph1 for hiding 00 and utilizing glyph2, glyph3, and glyph4 for hiding 01, 10, and 11. The improvement increases the steganography capacity, transparency and improves the security and robustness of the text stego file.
The effect of the optical fiber design on reducing the nonlinear characteristics of the optical fiber
Authors: Mohammed Zahraa H , Abid Zainab M
Published: July 2020

Fiber Bragg Grating FBG Works as a filter within a specific range to counteract the light whose wavelength is within the filter range and allows the light whose wavelength is outside the range of the filter to pass through the carrier light-medium. In communications (fiber-optic) the FBG is used to separate the optical signals. In this paper, the nonlinear optical properties study for optical transmission that consists of an optical transmitter that is transmitting the signal to two different fiber design first is single-mode fiber and second is Coarse Wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM) fiber. Then we enter the Bragg Grating on these two fiber and studies the effect of the Bragg on them. The nonlinear optical characteristic (Q factor and bit error rate BER) is calculated for different fiber length (Km) and input power (dBm) applied on these two fibers and found the best fiber type that has a high Q factor and zero BER. By using optiwave software and matlab (R2015) software program to measure the quality factor, eye diagram and BER of the received signal at the receiver, Results are obtained and installed with graphs and tables.
Performance Optimization of Image Transmission based Turbo and Precoder codes
Authors: Jafaar Awatif A , Abd Zainab M , Abbas Nidaa H
Published: July 2020

The amazing performance of the concatenated codes led to attract many researchers to study these characteristics and use theme in many applications in recent years. Because the concatenated code theory is not built from the previous theories, so the characteristics of these codes remain under study and clarification. Recently, the concatenated codes became one of the main options for forward error correcting codes (FEC) in third generation mobile standards such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System UMTS. This paper investigates the effect joint source –and channel coding which is considered a proficient system for wireless transmission. A new class of FEC is used which is known as a precoder of rate 1 as inner code and non recursive turbo code as outer encoder for hybrid system and then compared with the performance of UMTS turbo code standard for DCT compressed image.
Optimize Cellular Network Performance Using Phased Arrays
Authors: Bashar Bashar S. , Ismail Marwa M. , Talib Al-Sharify Mushtaq
Published: July 2020

In conventional telecommunication systems, the base station does not know the user equipment location; it broadcast in all directions to fully cover the entire cell area. This represents power waste in addition to transmitting the signal in directions where users do not exist, which seen as interference for co-channel cells. This reduces SNR that limits the capacity and impedes the use of the spectrum effectively. This consideration led to the use of smart antenna (SA) technology that uses the Space-division multiple access (SDMA technique, Based on extracting spatial data for users within the network. In this work, Phased Arrays are used to improve the performance of the GSM network in terms of (decrease power, raise coverage, increase capacity, reduce co-channel interference) with the comparison to conventional antennas. Simulation has studied and realized using Matlab, simulation results, and performances have presented. Introduction.
Modelling of a Four-Beam Antenna System Based on a Mirror Antenna
Authors: Attaby Aqeel Lateef Khudhair , Behadili Ahmed Sabri Ghazi , Abbas Maytham Khudhair
Published: July 2020

In this paper, the simulation of the four-beam antenna system of the centimeter range based on a mirror antenna, whereas the central frequency of the working range was considered 10 GHz. Besides, the comparative analysis was conducted for various antenna systems. Also, the terraced arrangement of four irradiators (feedhorns) was used in a reflector antenna because it showed an improvement in the energy characteristics compared to a flat design. The simulation of a two-mirror antenna presented decreasing in the directional coefficient and increasing in the level of side lobes as result of multipath using case.
Controlling Switched Dc-Dc Converter Using ANFIS in Comparison with PID Controller
Authors: Alsakini Issam Hayder , Almawlawe Muhanad D. , Dahham Israa Amer
Published: July 2020

The non-linear behaviour of the Dc-Dc converters which appears mainly because of different causes such as disturbances, aging of materials, source instability which makes control process as a difficult task to overcome, many control techniques are employed such as PID controllers which works under linear operating conditions and fails with non-linear systems, so in order to reach a good dynamics, good performance and a good insensitivity to perturbations and parameter uncertainties, an artificial intelligence control strategy namely ANFIS has been used which does not need the mathematical model of the plant and automatically overcome the changing conditions as well. In this paper, a MATLAB/Simulink inspection is established to design a prototype model for such a converter with two different control principles (PID, and ANFIS) for Comparative purposes. In ANFIS controller two input parameters and one output (error signal, and rate of change in error) are considered, this voltage controller ensures better dynamic behaviour and superior performance compared to PID controller in regulating the output voltage.
Design and Implementation of a Wireless Power Transfer Network
Authors: Hassan Abbas Saleh , Hussein Raoof Talal , Abboud Izz Kadhum
Published: July 2020

Wireless power transfer depends on some scientific methods such as a ringing and electromagnetic. This idea developed to transfer power to distance more than other methods that used a magnetic field. This development leads in inventing wirelessly charging devices that may be used for example in mobile charging. The main objective of this paper is to design a circuit that has a transmitter and receiver worked at the same frequency, and used for wireless power transmitting. For this to be done the transmitter and receiver coils need to be the same, capacitors may be vary depending on the application type.
A Signature Best feature selection matching using FAST and genetic algorithm
Authors: Jawad Mohammad Q. , Fadhil Tamara Z.
Published: July 2020

Verification for human is an important method for identifying persons. One of the most important biometric verification is signature which is used to ensure human privacy, both in banking and electronic business signature is the main authentication step for verify the user identity. In this paper system be tested by genetic algorithm to choose the best feature to applied in training and testing which will reduce the require time needed for matching and training and to obtain better matching by checking only the strong features. The feature selection algorithm allows us to reduce the process time and have more accurate results. The GA diagram was acquainted and applied with an element Issue choosing a subset to approve the mark The calculation demonstrated striking execution in all tests led System split mainly to many stages which is mainly (pre-processing, feature extraction using FAST (Fast Affine Invariant Image Matching), feature reduction (best feature selection) using genetic algorithm and matching process using neural network) The system was tested with 240 signature images with accuracy of 87% with the matching process. The system is simulated and tested using MATLAB.
Iraqi Colloquial Dialect Dictionary Corpus Creation, Analyzing and Translation
Authors: Abutiheen Zinah Abdulridha , Albeer Rand Abdulwahid , Mousa Aliaa F. , Hamza Nisreen M. , Nasrawi Dhamyaa A.
Published: July 2020

The Iraqi dialect is one of the most beautiful dialects in the Arabic world. It contains a wide variety of vocabulary as well as phrases spoken in Iraqi population. The aim of this paper is to create, analysis, and translate of Iraqi Colloquial dialect corpus. The hardest step is to create the Iraqi corpus that were generated by writing of Iraqi films or stories and published them in GitHub. There are two phases: analyzing, which implement pre-processing includes: tokenization, remove stop words, remove punctuation, and remove duplicated words. The purpose of analyzing process is to collect the words to make Iraqi-Arabic-English dictionary. In the second phase is: testing, which involve searching about Iraqi word, translating it to Standard Arabic and English, adding it if not exist, predicting Iraqi words that depends on similar in spell, getting Iraqi synonyms words, and display the whole dictionary. New method was suggested to cover the problem of unofficially written for spoken dialects, as well as new algorithm to find the Iraqi words synonyms.
Towards Virtual Technology Vision in Critical Cases
Authors: ELhamid A. Abd , Salama A. A. , Hassan Shimaa. I. , Ayad N. M. A.
Published: July 2020

Undoubtedly, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is the most popular and widespread trend of many fields around the globe, and a smart tool for the emergence of several technological services such as web service and virtual technology. Nowadays, development and growth in computers and communications field are dynamically changing. ICT plays a key role in the digital transformation which led to the appearance of a new age called the digital age. Hence, many organizations and countries have supported modern technological trends such as the Virtual University (VU), Virtual Reality (VR) and Virtual Learning Environments (VLE), as a virtual technology. ICT can be used in positive and negative aspects, so it must be observed and considered. As a virtual technology, VU can offer extraordinary opportunities to avoid obstacles caused by critical circumstances.
Study the Properties of Two Pieces Welded After Ceramic Coating By Air Spray Coating Method
Authors: Abbas Sundus , Al-Majeed ElhamAbd , Hadi Nahla
Published: July 2020

Surface coatings offer a wide range of purposes to get good properties of the components. There are more applications of surface coatings in different industries to improve the properties of substrate such as sports technology, automotive industries, chemical and petroleum, physical and electronic, decorative coating and thermal barrier coatings meter. Recently, surface coatings have been developed progressively in some specialized parts to enhance wear resistance and reduce diffusion and friction. In this study three samples were prepared by covering two welded pieces of low carbon steel with the ceramic material (mullite powder (3Al2O3.2SiO2) for the ratio of (0% as a control, 5%, 10%) and by adding varnish and thinner that were used as a binder material for reinforcement low carbon steel in welding region. Then study different properties of coating layer such as the thickness of the coating layer, contact angle, and roughness, finally examine the hardness test, wear test and Atomic Force Microscopy.
Study the Interesting from the plastic Waste to Improve the Physical and Mechanical Properties of the Construction Materials
Authors: Rahmah Nisreen Mizher , Owaid Khalid Mershed
Published: July 2020

Plastic products have been considered as the world most consumer, which have led to use the waste plastic in the Construction Materials. This research studies the investigation the mechanical properties of the modified cement mortar with different additive from the waste plastic to Production light concrete with high mechanical and structure properties. The plastic waste in environment is considered to be a big problem due to its very low biodegradability and presence in large quantities. This work an effort has been completed to study for the result of waste Polyvinyl Chloride on the properties of the mechanical of mortar materials. The Polyvinyl Chloride can be used as energy enhance to produce the light concrete strength and used to help waste of the plastic to enjoy with the mixture, waste Polyvinyl Chloride is additional to the materials of the mortar by percentage of adding (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4,0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8 and 0.9 %) that can be mix with alone for every samples with the water. The compressive strength between the mortar with various quantity of Polyvinyl Chloride plastic waste additive at different curing age, that the. Polyvinyl Chloride plastic waste additive does not help in enhancing the. compressive strength of the mortar but can be produce light mortar. The compressive strength drop to 32.1MPa for mortar mixture/PVCL For 28 days. The flexural strength of cured Polyvinyl Chloride mortar was found to be decrease with increasing the percentage of the addition and increasing with increase of the period of the curing for each percent of the addition. The modified mortar show a significant decrease in flexural strengths, that no improvement in the flexural strength as compared to ordinary concrete or mortar. The flexural strength drop to 4.5MPa for mortar mixture/PVCL For 28 days. Density of mortar with PVCL has decreased significantly for all mortars with the content of partial replacement of cement by PVCL plastic waste. It is evident that water absorption reduces considerably with increase in PVCL ratio. As seen, a 0.9 wt% PVCL addition can reduce the water absorption to 80% after curing age 28 days of the value obtained for the unmodified paste. The hardness of the. mortar sample is reduced by increasing PVCL ratio at all age curing. The maximum hardness at 0.9% additional is about 92.8 for PVCL, respectively at 28 days. Ultrasonic wave propagation speed in a material depends on the porosity of that material; it depends on the density and elastic properties. The effects of PVCL addition on the porosity of composites were evaluated by ultrasound measurements carried out.
Temperature Effect on physical and Mechanical Properties of epoxy Composite Specimens
Authors: Rahmah Nisreen Mizher , Owaid Khalid Mershed
Published: July 2020

The aim of this study is to temperature effect on the mechanical properties of Epoxy DGEBA, with adding zirconium oxide (ZrO2) nanostructures. At different ratios (0.1,0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 and 0.7) wt% of zirconium oxide (ZrO2) nanostructures, which are prepared by hand lay-up method, and then the samples are exposed to different temperatures (40, 50, 60, and 70 °C) for 16 hr. the results showed that, the compressive strength, impact strength and hardness decreases increasing the temperature of the curing. The damping properties percentages of these properties are (3.74%, 79.61% and 23.33%) for compressive, respectively; for adding 0.4% wt. from zirconium oxide (ZrO2) nanostructures. The reduction in strength of epoxy - nanomaterialos is attributed to oxidation at the near-surface. The increasing of the temperatures have the opposite effect on the mechanical properties of the epoxy up to 0.3 addition of the nano materials the increasing of the addition of the nano material led to decrease the effect of temperature on the mechanical properties. The water absorption decreasing with increase the percentage of the addition of nano materials at different temperature.
The Effectiveness of Hot machining process for the Machinability of Hard to cut materials: A REVIEW
Authors: Mohammed Kamal Abdulkareem , Abdulhameed Jaafar Jaber , Al-Ameen Ehsan Sabah
Published: July 2020

In the manufacturing field of industrial firms, some materials are hard to cut and do not meet the mechanical operation requirements in conventional and unconventional machining methods due to their high mechanical properties which poorer their machinability. The need is ongoing and growing to these materials in important industries, therefore hot machining is considered one of the most advanced methods of machining which help to solve the problem of these materials. This process involves heating the work piece at elevated temperature during or before machining on conventional cutting machine by using various external heating techniques, which soften it and becomes more ductile and this leads to improve the machinability. This paper displays a review on hot machining process and presents its effectiveness for the industrial firm in machining hard-to cut-materials which reflect on cost and productivity in relation to other aspects of machining. The review paper presents a survey on various researches which indicates the effect of variation process parameters in hot machining.
Studying the mechanical and Numerical properties of Friction stir welding (FSW) for 6005 aluminum alloys
Authors: Abdulhasan Ayad Abbood , Challoob Shireen H. , Abdulrehman Mohammed Ali
Published: July 2020

Friction Stir welding (FSW) is a welding method that occurs without fusion and smoothed the granules, used to improve the fine structural properties of metals. In this paper, the enhancement of mechanical properties for FSW samples at rotation speeds (1000, 1100 and 1200 rpm) with welding speed (45 mm/min) for 6005 AA is studied by using the method of FSW at the same variable rotating speed and feeding speed. In order to convert a heterogeneous nanoscale structure to a more precise and homogeneous monolithic structure. The best welding results obtained at parameter 45 mm/min are welding speed and rotational speed of 1100 rpm at FSW where efficiency reaches 96% for FSW for maximum tensile strength of mother metals. The FSW was developed as a finite element simulation of (FSW) of 6005 AA. Numerical simulations of thermal conductivity, heat and specific density were developed to find out the relationship between these factors and maximum temperature.
Enhancement the Mechanical Properties of Concrete by using Special Types of Meshes
Authors: AL-Kerttani Osamah M. , Al-Taai Salwa R. , Al-Jabri Layth A.
Published: July 2020

Failure of concrete under flexural loading considered as one of the important problems which facing the engineers. This study is to investigate the properties of concrete by using three types of mesh (steel wire, galvanized iron wire and PVC coated wire). For this reason, test specimens of 150 mm cube was used to measure the compressive strength at age of 28 days, also tiles of 500×500×50mm (thickness) were cast to measure the flexure test at age of 28 day, all the specimens were cast with 3 layers of meshes in addition to the reference samples. The results showed that the type of meshes didn’t effect on the compressive strength while, the flexural strength of the specimen increases when using 2 layers of galvanized iron mesh with 1intermediate layer of PVC coated layer also, the shape of fracture and the expanded of it affects by the type of the meshes.
Fabrication green concrete by Recycled wastepaper
Authors: Ahmedizat Shatha R , Al-Zubaidi Aseel B , Al-Tabbakh Ahmed A
Published: July 2020

The presented study provides the results related to examining using the wastepaper as additional materials with regard to the concrete mixes which will be utilized for construction purposes, thus it should be indicated that the resulting has suitable mechanical strength. Furthermore, the wastepaper fibers have been applied in 3 percentages which are 0.6%, 0.8% as well as 1% volume fraction, also curing ages 7, 14 as well as 28 days. With regard to such studies, normal concrete, density, spitting strength, compressive strength, flexure tensile strength in addition to the water absorption paper fiber concrete have been determined. The results indicated that adding wastepaper will cause reduction in density by (0.24%), while increasing the compressive strength, the splitting strength, the flexural tensile strength as well as water absorption by (22.56%), (17.63%) and (4.819%) and (44.19%) respectively, at (28) days of curing age in the case of adding (0.8%) of wastepaper via volume. Paper fiber concrete is considered to be eco-friendly and inexpensive concrete.
Fabrication and Analysis of Aluminum – Alumina Metal Matrix Composites Using Powder Metallurgy Technique
Authors: Juber M H , Majeed A H , Hamza M S
Published: July 2020

Powder Metallurgy is the very advanced method of manufacturing the varied range of engineering composites by mixing \ blending the powders. The compacting mixture of powders to the necessary shape into a die, which is manufactured for this process, is carried out by a hydraulic press. The force applied for pressing is 30 tons. The sintering process is achieved with a controlled atmosphere. The best value for sintering temperature is 600 °C for one hour. Composite specimens prepared from Al-alloy reinforced with different weight percent (2, 4, 6 and 8%) of Al2O3. The testing of the samples includes compression, flexural stress, hardness, Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and corrosion resistance. The best mechanical and physical properties of the prepared samples happened at 6 wt% of Alumina. The improvement of the corrosion resistance value is about 35.67 wt%.
The Effect of Adding Shape Stabilized Phase Change Material on The Mechanical Properties of Mortar
Authors: Hasan Layla Muhsan
Published: July 2020

This paper is attempted to develop energy storing cement mortar by integrating phase change material (PCM) in the cement mortar. Phase change materials (PCM) are materials with high latent heat. Solid–liquid PCM can store latent heat as it melts and the energy restored as the PCM solidifies. The benefits of thermal energy storage in the building are to reduce indoor temperature variation, and delay maximum indoor air temperature to off-peak electricity demand period which will reduce the energy consumption in buildings interiors. In particular, thermal energy storing shape stabilized phase change materials (SSPCM) integrated cement mortar was developed. Shape stabilized phase change materials is a composite material. SSPCM is made of PCM and supporting material in which the PCM is dispersed in such as (high density polyethylene etc.) to form a stable composite material. A polymeric matrix fixes the PCM in a compact form, even after its melting. The SSPCM can keep its shape as the PCM changes from solid to liquid and suppresses leaching. In this paper paraffin wax was used as phase change material and high-density polyethylene as a supporting material. Cement mortar cubes were prepared with SSPCM to evaluate the compressive strength of the cement mortar with PCM. The results showed that the presence of SSPCM lowered the compressive strength of cement mortars.
An experimental simulation of free convection heat performance for rectangular-fins array inside an enclosure: the direction and inclination effect
Authors: Shehab Saad Najeeb
Published: July 2020

In this paper, an experimental simulation has been performed to predict the thermal performance of free heat convective from a heated longitudinal rectangular-fins array to ambient air in an open ended wooden enclosure. Three various directions of fins array named front, top and bottom. Also, two inclinations of front direction fins array are 30° and 60° are utilized. Fins array is heated from a base plate. Wide ranges of power input magnitudes to the fins array base have been employed. The effect of fins array direction, inclination angle of fins array, heat flux and surface temperature on the thermal performance of free convective have been investigated and analyzed experimentally. The present data refers to the front direction fins array gave best thermal performance in term of Nusselt number about 6% to 10% and 22% to 27% larger than top and bottom directions respectively. Three empirical correlation equations to speculate Nusselt number values for the front, top and bottom directions rectangular-fins array are suggested. The results are compared than last researches and well proximities in behaviors is observed.
Natural convection from a horizontal plate built in a vertical variable height duct
Authors: Jasim Hadeel Abdulhadi , abdalla Fadhel abbas , Abdulrasool Adnan A.
Published: July 2020

Natural convection from flat plate built in variable height duct was investigated experimentally. With air as the working liquid the impact of variable height duct on the heat transmission of the flat panel were studied. Duct was with Square section of (300×300) mm2 and the elevation of the duct H was various asl00, 200 and 300 mm. square flat plate (300×300) mm2 which heated surface facing upwards, was built in the bottom of the duct and exposed to different input power which represent a heat flux of (423, 660 and 830 W/m2. The experimental results showed that the variable height duct deteriorate the heat transmission. heat transmission of the flat panel built in a variable height duct become lower than those do not have a channel and heat transmission are significantly reduced in the circumference of the duct. at circumference of variable height duct, heat transmission for flat board become 27% smaller than heat transfer for flat panel that do not have a duct owing to that the perpendicular duct hinders airflow from the top of the perpendicular duct this causes decrease of heat transmission.
Manufacturing, modeling and analysis of ankle disarticulation prosthetic for transmalleolar amputation
Authors: Shadiq Ghanim Sh , Khalaf Hind Y , Abbas Saif M
Published: July 2020

Three groups of composite material layers are used in this work to measure the mechanical properties of ankle disarticulation prosthetic socket. The polymer matrix acrylic (Lamination 80:20) and reinforced with different materials, the first type is (4Perlon) layers, second type (2 Perlon and 4 Glass fiber and 2 Perlon) layers and third type is including (2 Perlon, 4 Carbon fiber and 2 Perlon) layers used in this study. Tests Results showed that the mechanical properties of all groups, ultimate strength, yield stress and Young modulus for the first group; were 10.12MPa, 38.8MPa and 1.16GPa respectively, for second group were73.8MPa, 146MPa and 1.45GPa respectively and for the third group were 106.6MPa, 209.4MPa and 1.9GPa respectively. The results of the bacteria test growth show inability of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) to analyze of the surfaces of materials available and suggested for feeding it therefore bacteria can grow on them. By using (F-socket) the pressure between stump and socket measured and the values are (236kPa) and (275kPa) for the lateral and posterior reign. From fatigue test for all groups and ANSYS 14.5 software, the safety factors for composite material (2Perlon, 4carbon fiber,2perlon) layers is about (1.57) which are safe and acceptable in design applications.
Effect of Using the Nitrogen in Automotive Tires on Vibration and Fuel Consumption
Authors: Abdulla Fadhel Abbas , Jebur Nazik Abdulwahid , jasim Hadeel Abdulhadi
Published: July 2020

The aim of the research is to investigate the ability of improving the vehicle safety, performance, and reduce operating coast by using nitrogen inflated tires. In this study, three cases were proposed to study the effect of Nitrogen Tires on Car Vibration and Fuel Consumption. The study was conducted according to the three cases; filling the tires with air only, 50% air and 50% nitrogen and nitrogen only. When adding 50% of the nitrogen with the air to the tires, it reduced the vibration velocity to 10% at 60 km/h, 6.6%at 80 km/h and 7.5% at 100 km/h. Also when filling tires with nitrogen, it reduced the vibration velocity to 28.4% at 60 km/h, 23.6% at 80 km/h and 22.7% at 100 km/h. The decrease in fuel consumption for the addition of 50% of the nitrogen was 4.05% while the addition of nitrogen by 100% was 6.1%.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Heat Transfer Enhancement Using Circular Perforated Fins
Authors: Khalaf Basima S. , Muhammad Ahmed K. , Fenjan Raad M.
Published: July 2020

Experiments were done to investigate the natural and forced convection of heat transfer along a flat surface equipped with various types of rectangular aluminum fins (solid and perforated). Fins selected with dimensions of(30mm height ×30 mm width ×lmm thickness). Perforated fins have various distributed holes(2 mm dia. for 9 holes and 4 mm dia. for 5 holes). For forced convection, the air flow channel selected with a cross section area of (100×100 mm2)for (1000 mm) length. Nine Thermocouples used to recorded the temperature distributed from the fin base to its tip. Flow pattern included laminar and the air flow towards the fin lateral area of (30 mm × 30 mm). The effect of number, size and arrangement of perforated fins was studied. higher heat transfer rates observed with increasing the number of circular holes also the effectiveness were increased due to the reduction into fin’s weight. Also a numerical study was done to investigate these temperature distribution used (SOLDWORKS) simulation program. Good agreements were noted when compared between experimental and theoretical works.
Development of Rotary Wankel Devices for Power Generation
Authors: Sadiq Ghada A.
Published: July 2020

Rotary Wankel engine has been the subject of the research since it is introduction; it can work as combustion engines as well as compressors and expansion devices (turbine). A volumetric expander is an appropriate device used in a steam Rankin cycle for low power generation, consolidated heat, and power unit. Wankel expansion devices have significant advantages, such as compactness, almost no vibration, low cost, and noise. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is extended to be used ANSYS-Fluent 17.2 for simulation the flow in a single stage rotary expansion device and to investigate the expander’s power. The current study is compared with the published work (Mazda) for the volumes and power output of the rotary expansion devices and showed a good agreement. Wankel expander size of 118.5 mm radius of the rotor, the eccentricity of 17 mm, and rotor width of 69 mm is selected. Results showed the contours of pressure and temperature at any rotor angles to insure the design is performing as suspected. The power output is 27.416 kW for ports without valves while by using valves only in the inlet ports created 17.8 kW.
Investigation of Mechanical Behavior Of Fiber Reinforced Tire Rubber Composite
Authors: Saadoon Hanan Mohsin , Alassadi Abbas A. , Faleh Nadhum Mejbil
Published: July 2020

This paper consists of the recipe preparation of passenger tire tread, the recipe formula, properties of the materials (matrix rubbers and reinforcement), the technology of rubber processing, compression modulus, vulcanization, mechanical tests.

The rubber that used in this work were created from natural (SMR-20) and styrene-butadiene (SBR-1502) rubber. Fifteen carbon black (N375) versus load level (10-30-50-70-90) filled recipes with other compounding materials such as filler; vulcanizing agent (sulfur) and accelerator were formulated with the compound formulations. In this paper we improve mechanical properties through selection of suitable rubber blends and through selected carbon black.
Experimental study of Zn-water nanofluid heat transfer enhancement through an oval twin impingement jet
Authors: Balla Hyder H. , Kareem Zaid S. , Abdulwahid AmmarF.
Published: July 2020

An oval cross-sectional-area twin jet were studies experimentally studied under constant heat flux conditions to clarify the effect of both Zn-water nanofluid along with such oval twin jet on the thermal characteristic and provide the lack data in such field. The validation was conducted with comparable study and it showed acceptable deviation. The emerged results referred to that the Nusselt number is remarkably increase as the nanoparticle concentration, Reynold number and the distance between nozzles increase. The higher enhancement was found to be 2.1% at high Reynold number value (Re=1000), S/D=5 and nanoparticle concentration ϕ=0.5.
The Relationship Between the Cutting Process Parameters and the Surface Roughness during the Aluminum Machining
Authors: Pop A B , Țîțu M A
Published: July 2020

The purpose of this paper is to identify based on the composite central factorial experiment, the mathematical model between the arithmetic mean deviation of the surface profile and the cutting process parameters (cutting speed, cutting depth and feed per tooth), which describes the studied system in any point of the chosen experimental domain. The coefficients of these equations represent the influence of the variables on the response. The analysis of the variance ANOVA is focused on estimating the different types of variability of the response and the estimations made with the Fisher test. This test analyses the coefficients significance of the regression equation, by comparing the ratio of two variants. The Fisher test indicate the probability to be a statistical difference between them or not. In any case, the experimental results are associated with experimental errors. It is essential to find the prediction accuracy of the coefficient’s values, and not only their absolute value. In the end, will be determined the arithmetic mean deviation of the surface profile Ra, based on the mathematical model, and will be compared with the experimental results.
The Influence of Thermal Factors on the Protection Characteristics of Electro-Insulating Materials
Authors: Buică G , Antonov A E , Beiu C , Dobra R , Risteiu M
Published: July 2020

The use of electrical insulating materials in the manufacture of electrical insulating equipment is the primary prevention and protection measure against electrocution. It must ensure the highest protection of the workers. The study aims to present the results of studies over behaviour of e electrical insulating materials under the influence of the thermal risk factors, to verify the functionality and to ensure the safety function throughout their use. Electrical insulating materials and equipment intended for use as protection mean in low and high voltage electrical installations have been tested. The verifications aimed at identifying the technical and safety parameters of the electrical insulating materials and protective equipment, in case of an event generated by one or more thermal factors or in combination with other professional risk factors, to test and guarantee the applicable technical and safety requirements.
Research Regarding the Influence of TiO2 Nanoparticles on the Performance of Cementitious Materials
Authors: Grebenisan E , Hegyi A , Lăzărescu A
Published: July 2020

Urban buildings are subject to deterioration and degradation due to the action of external factors, air pollutants, water, compounds resulting from fuelcombustion used for heating and transportation, etc. Research on self-cleaning cementitious materials is developing at fast pace and contributes to the high interest in the industry in the decrease of evnironmental pollution, which is of real interest. The aim of this paper is to highlight the influence of the addition of TiO2 nanoparticles on the self-cleaning ability of cementitious materials, under staining with an aqueous solution of a rodamina B, followed by exposures to the action of UV rays, followed by artificial rain cycles and to determine the physico-mechanical properties of the material, as well as the white dregree of the samples and their self-cleaning. Based on experimental research results it can be said that the white degree of the samples increased with the increase of the TiO2 amount in the mixtures. Several other factors such as the intensity of the UV light also affected the self-cleaning capacity of the samples, better results being recorded for higher UVA intensity. The TiO2 amount in the mixtures also influences fresh and hardened state properties of the material such as setting time, apparent density, water absorbtion and porosity of the material. It can therefore be said that it is necessary to identify an optimal range of TiO2 nanopraticles concentration in the cementitious matrix, in order to obtain the maximum cumulative benefits in terms of self-cleaning capacity, physico-mechanical properties and costs.
Novel Trip Steel – Characterization, Impact Test and Comparison with Existing Trip Steels
Authors: Pantilimon M C , Tarcea C I , Gradinaru C S , Coman G , Ciuca S , Sohaciu M , Predescu C
Published: July 2020

4 TRIP steels were produced by use of an induction furnace with controlled atmosphere and vacuum, one of which having a completely new chemical composition with the purpose of obtaining an increased reaction during impact when compared to the other, already documented, steels. This study follows the heat treatment used in order to obtain the TRIP effect in the produced steels and the reaction that the steels exhibit when submitted to an impact test used to simulate a car crash at approximately 60 km/h. The preparation of the samples for both characterization and testing follow standard procedures in terms of analysis. The crash-like tests were performed by using an INSTRON 9340 Ceast which generated an impact energy of 18J. The comparison between the different types of TRIP steels helps to determine the best application of the purposed steel in the automotive industry.
Influence of the Imposed Parameters on XRD Patterns of Electrochemically Top-Down Obtained Nanoporous Al2O3 on Al1050 Alloy
Authors: Basliu V , Benea L , Simionescu N
Published: July 2020

1050 Aluminum alloy samples polished electrochemically in solution of 15% Na2CO3 and 5% Na3PO4 were subjected to the anodic oxidation process in an acid electrolyte, of 1 M H2SO4 to which 1 g / L Al2(SO4)3 × 18 H2O was added for the formation on their active surfaces of aluminum oxide nanoporous layers by top-down nanotechnology method. The applied parameters during the anodic oxidation processes were varied in order to obtain the most uniform aluminum oxide nanoporous layers. Thus the potential was varied between 1 V and 25 V, the duration of the oxidation processes was between 10 minutes and 48 minutes and the stirring rate of the electrolyte was between 0 and 700 rotations per minute. The formation of nanoporous layers of aluminum oxide was observed when the applied potential was between 15 V and 21 V, the duration of the anodic oxidation process was varied between 25 and 45 minutes and the stirring rate of the electrolyte was between 0 and 500 rpm. Too low duration and / or too low potential caused an electrochemical polishing phenomenon to occur and the imposition of too high potential caused dissolution of the alloy substrate. Also, the use of a dynamic electrolyte regime produced a homogenization of the electrolyte temperature during the anodic oxidation processes and the growth of the aluminum oxide nanoporous film is slowed down. XRD diffractogram analysis reveals an enhancement in peak intensity correspondent to aluminum oxide concomitantly with a reduction in peak intensity of metallic aluminum for aluminum nanoporous oxide layers in comparison to the surface of polished Al1050 electrochemically.
Characterization of Zinc and Manganese Phosphate Layers Deposited on the Carbon Steel Surface
Authors: Burduhos-Nergis D P , Cazac A M , Corabieru A , Matcovschi E , Bejinariu C
Published: July 2020

The phosphating process is usually used to improve metals corrosion resistance properties. In this article, the carbon steel surface was coated with a phosphate layer based on zinc or manganese. Three types of phosphating solutions with different substances and concentrations were used for this process. The deposited layers were structurally characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in order to highlight the main compounds specific to the phosphate layers. In the same time, by means of this analysis it is possible to confirm and evaluate the formation of coating layer and its degree of hydration.
The Effects of Solid to Liquid Ratio on Fly Ash Based Lightweight Geopolymer
Authors: Ibrahim W M W , Ahmad R , Coman B T , Abdullah M M A B , Puskas A , Jaganathan V S
Published: July 2020

Geopolymer material was used as the raw material because it promotes the green technology. In this study, lightweight geopolymer was produced using fly ash as raw material with the addition of alkali activation which is mixture of sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide, foaming agent that gives lightweight properties and finally, underwent curing process. The molarity of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) used was fixed at 12 M while the ratio of fly ash to alkali activator (solid to liquid) used were varied in the range of 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5, by mass. Besides that, foaming agent (Polyoxyethylene alkyether Sulfate) was added to the geopolymer sample to give the lightweight properties. The samples were cured at 80 °C for 24 hours in the oven for curing process and left at room temperature prior for testing for 14 days. The testing of sample was conducted in this study which includes density test, compression strength test, water absorption test and scanning electron microstructure (SEM) test. The results obtained for optimum solid to liquid ratio is 2.5, by mass with the optimum value of compressive strength density value. The mechanical and physical properties of lightweight geopolymer were based on the ASTM International Standard.
Void Distributions in Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC305) Composite Lead Free Solder Subjected to Thermal Ageing Using Acoustic Micro Imaging Technique
Authors: Zaimi N S M , Salleh M A A M , Abdullah M M A B , Mostapha M , Baltatu M S , Ahmad R
Published: July 2020

The formations of the voids in SAC305 lead free solder and SAC305 with additions of kaolin geopolymer ceramics were studied. The composite solders were fabricated by using powder metallurgy with microwave sintering method. The samples were sandwiched between two copper substrates and reflowed in a reflow oven and aged at 125°C for 0 and 7 days. The acoustic micro imaging was used to analyse the distributions of voids in the solder joints of SAC305 and SAC305 with additions of kaolin geopolymer ceramics. Results shows that, rhe void in SAC305 are larger in size and numbers as compared to SAC305 with additions of kaolin geopolymer ceramics for both reflowed and aged conditions.
Comparison Study on Microstructure Properties of Kaolin Based Geopolymer Ceramics with Addition of UHMWPE under Different Sintering Condition
Authors: Ahmad R , Abdullah M M A B , Ibrahim W M W , Sandu A V , Vizureanu P , Tengah M S
Published: July 2020

To better understand the structure-mechanical properties relation of additively fabrication of kaolin geopolymer ceramics with sintering method, a comparison study was performed. Kaolin based geopolymer ceramics were synthesized starting from the powders of kaolin based geopolymer, using powder metallurgy method. Typically, the sintering method used are one step (1200 °C – 5 min) and novel two step sintering processes (600 °C-5 min and 1200 °C – 5 min) for both kaolin based geopolymer ceramics with and without ultra high molecular weight polyethylene were applied and compared. The outcome revealed that there is no phase changes on the both sintering method pattern and the two step sintering method giving a smooth surface owing to the densification process during the preheat treatment.