SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence Structure of the Russian Population during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Popova Anna Y. , Smirnov Viacheslav S. , Andreeva Elena E. , Babura Elena A. , Balakhonov Sergey V. , Bashketova Natalia S. , Bugorkova Svetlana A. , Bulanov Maxim V. , Valeullina Natalia. N. , Vetrov Viacheslav. V. , Goryaev Dmitriy. V. , Detkovskaya Tatyana N. , Ezhlova Elena B. , Zaitseva Natalia N. , Istorik Olga A. , Kovalchuk Irina. V. , Kozlovskikh Dmitriy N. , Kombarova Svetlana Y. , Kurganova Olga. P. , Lomovtsev Alexander. E. , Lukicheva Lena A. , Lyalina Ludmila V. , Melnikova Albina. A. , Mikailova Olga M. , Noskov Alexei K. , Noskova Ludmila N. , Oglezneva Elena E. , Osmolovskaya Tatyana P. , Patyashina Marina A. , Penkovskaya Natalia A. , Samoilova Lada V. , Stepanova Tatyana F. , Trotsenko Olga E. , Totolian Areg A. 
Published: August 2021

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, which came to Russia in March 2020, is accompanied by morbidity level changes and can be tracked using serological monitoring of a representative population sample from Federal Districts (FDs) and individual regions. In a longitudinal cohort study conducted in 26 model regions of Russia, distributed across all FDs, we investigated the distribution and cumulative proportions of individuals with antibodies (Abs) to the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antigen (Ag), in the period from June to December 2020, using a three-phase monitoring process. In addition, during the formation of the cohort of volunteers, the number of seropositive convalescents, persons who had contact with patients or COVID-19 convalescents, and the prevalence of asymptomatic forms of infection among seropositive volunteers were determined. According to a uniform methodology, 3 mL of blood was taken from the examined individuals, and plasma was separated, from which the presence of Abs to nucleocapsid Ag was determined on a Thermo Scientific Multiascan FC device using the “ELISA anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG” reagent set (prod. Scientific Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology), in accordance with the developer’s instructions. Volunteers (74,158) were surveyed and divided into seven age groups (1–17, 18–29, 30–39, 40–49, 59–59, 60–69, and 70+ years old), among whom 14,275 were identified as having antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. The average percent seropositive in Russia was 17.8% (IQR: 8.8–23.2). The largest proportion was found among children under 17 years old (21.6% (IQR: 13.1–31.7). In the remaining groups, seroprevalence ranged from 15.6% (IQR: 8–21.1) to 18.0% (IQR: 13.4–22.6). During monitoring, three (immune) response groups were found: (A) groups with a continuous increase in the proportion of seropositive; (B) those with a slow rate of increase in seroprevalence; and (C) those with a two-phase curve, wherein the initial increase was replaced by a decrease in the percentage of seropositive individuals. A significant correlation was revealed between the number of COVID-19 convalescents and contact persons, and between the number of contacts and healthy seropositive volunteers. Among the seropositive volunteers, more than 93.6% (IQR: 87.1–94.9) were asymptomatic. The results show that the COVID-19 pandemic is accompanied by an increase in seroprevalence, which may be important for the formation of herd immunity.