bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dinamika Organisasi Sosial Keagamaan di Pesisir Lamongan: Antara Inklusif dan Eksklusif
Authors: Farihah Irzum , Susetiawan Susetiawan , Nurhadi Agus
Published: October 2023

This paper aims to study and prove how the religious behavior of coastal Lamongan people in a dynamic society in search of a religious model that can provide worldly happiness and ukhrowi, using Max Weber's theoretical approach in looking at the purpose of actions taken by someone with diverse motives. Religious behavior is certainly inseparable from factors from within a person or from outside, including figures who become role models of society. Therefore, there will be a variety of religions, ranging from exclusive and inclusive. This research found that two religious organizations -Muhammadiyah and NU- which have been considered well established in The Lamongan Coast, apparently experienced changes in gaining trust related to solving the problem of immorality. Therefore, coastal communities that tend to be dynamic, try to find self-satisfaction by learning to draw closer to their Lord (Allah), by following the religious activities of new groups outside Muhammadiyah and NU. The intersubjective religious model implemented by this new group was able to open up and be accepted among the people of Lamongan Coast.
What Do Indonesian Think About Waqf? A Sentiment Analysis Using Machine Learning
Authors: Timur Yan Putra , Ratnasari Ririn Tri , Pitchay Anwar Allah , Jamilu Usman
Published: October 2023

This study aims to identify the most popular topics and words in conversations on Twitter with the topic of waqf in Indonesia. This study also aims to identify the sentiments and emotions of netizens about waqf in Indonesia. This study uses a qualitative method with a sentiment analysis approach with the help of Orange Data Mining. The data used are tweets from Twitter taken from April 10, 2023, to April 24, 2023. Researchers used the keyword "Wakaf" to get 1,000 tweets. The results of the study show that the words "Wakaf," "Masjid," and “Tanah" are the three words that most often appear in discussions on the topic of waqf on Twitter. These three words refer to the people in Indonesia, where the majority donate part of their wealth in the form of land designated as a mosque. On social media, Twitter is dominated by tweets with neutral sentiments shown by happy emotions, as much as 76.37% of the total tweets. Waqf management institutions can increase the intensity of using social media in publicizing activities related to collecting waqf donations and managing and distributing the benefits of waqf funds to mauquf alaih as a form of transparency to increase the credibility of waqf management institutions.
An Integrated Method for Building Kampung Zakat Program in Sidomulyo, Bengkulu Province
Authors: Asnaini Asnaini , Fatimah Fatimah , Novitasari Riri , Muzakky Ahmad
Published: October 2023

This study is aimed at determining the advantages and disadvantages as well as future improvements to maximize the objectives of Kampung Zakat program. The qualitative method was adopted involving 35 informants and the data collection methods include observation, interviews, FGD, and open questionnaires. Data were analyzed using the stages in the analysis qualitative technique of Miles and Huberman. The results showed that the implementation of community development based on Kampung Zakat was not carried out according to plan. Therefore, Kampung Zakat development model must pay attention to the needs of the community, should not be limited to a single activity, and relies solely on the synergy between the community, government, BAZNAS, and stakeholders. The result implies that building a community is not an easy task and cannot be accomplished in a short time. Kampung Zakat program, whose primary objective is to build a community based on the potential of zakat, infak, alms, and waqf, has not been able to materialize. At least some parties contribute to the failure of this program, and its continuation requires synergy from various stakeholders or partners of Kampung Zakat. The presence of a leader or person with initiative is also very important. The significance of this research is as an evaluative resource for the Zakat Village Program's stakeholder program's enhancement programs.
The Approach of Pressure Enthalpy Phase Diagram in Supercritical CO2 Pipeline Design
Authors: Ginting Wisnu W. , Bragoba Doli H. , Barreto Carolina V. , Carvalho Gustavo A. , Ramos Caio S.
Published: October 2023

The numerical modeling of carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) systems can present a large amount of challenges. Mixtures with high CO2 content demand special attention regarding the thermodynamic and hydrodynamic modeling, especially if the system’s pressure and temperature operational conditions reach values below the critical point, leading to a two-phase flow.

In this paper, a base case for a typical onshore injection well was proposed to numerically investigate different operational conditions, including steady-state and transient scenarios. Different analyses have been made using ALFAsim, a 1D multiphase flow simulator developed by ESSS (ESSS, 2019). Parametric analyses were performed on steady-state scenarios to investigate the optimum pipeline and wellbore diameters respecting the erosional velocity of American Petroleum Institute (API). Also, a transient scenario was simulated using a formulation based on pressure-enthalpy (PH), leading to an energy conservation equation with enthalpy as primary variable, and the use of PH fluid properties table, generated in RF-DAP FASE, a fluid analysis and simulation software (ESSS, 2022). The objective of these analyses is to show that high CO2 content mixtures add complexity to the simulations, mainly if the operational conditions lead to the development of a second phase.

The parametric study could address the optimum pipeline and wellbore diameters design with respect to the system’s regulation requirements. Furthermore, the transient analysis shows a formation of vapor and liquid phases on a CO2 mixture during a shut-in, which could be considered crucial information to properly design the materials and equipment of the system.
Unlocking Value from Text: Visualizing Insights with Natural Language Processing in Unstructured Oil and Gas Reports
Authors: Marlot Maxime , Lee Ming Xiang , Muhammad Adib Asyraf Irfan Bin , Kumar Tellapaneni Prasanna , Lawrence Edwin
Published: October 2023

In the ever-evolving oil and gas industry, engineers rely on effective risk identification, real-time operation monitoring, and accurate equipment assessment in their daily work. These crucial insights are captured as operator’s comments within reports such as the daily production report (DPR), daily drilling report (DDR), and well completion report (WCR), providing valuable information on field performance and well activities. However, the sheer volume and unstructured nature of these reports pose challenges, making it laborious and time consuming to manually extract and interpret key insights. This process often takes several days to complete, hindering timely well monitoring, limiting proactive event mitigation, and constraining performance improvement. As a result, valuable insights are missed, leading to revenue losses caused by delayed or uninformed decision making following reported issues.

Furthermore, data visualization plays a vital role in transforming knowledge and complex information into actionable insights. However, a significant challenge lies in the visualization of these insights to facilitate informed decision making. Currently, there is a lack of robust systems that effectively transform unstructured textual data into visually accessible formats.

Converting raw information into insights enables engineers to quickly derive meaningful interpretations. By employing appropriate data visualization techniques, pattern identification can be discovered, empowering decision makers to make well-informed and more accurate choices. Effective data visualization enhances well performance monitoring, expedites risk mitigation efforts, and facilitates proactive decision making. In this paper we emphasize the importance of transforming the knowledge available in oil and gas reports into actionable insights through proficient information extraction and visualization, highlighting its central role in driving operational success.
A Use Case of Production and Sand Control Benchmarking Through Unstructured Data and Machine Learning Analysis
Authors: Abdul Hamid Zahid Hamidi , Hernandez Nina Marie , Baillard Francois , Looi LeeTeng
Published: October 2023

Unstructured data is considered complex due to the varieties of formats, quality and file sizes, correspondingly, it incurs a high latent and hidden storage cost. It is commonly underutilized for industry best practices’ patterns analysis. Traditionally, engineers and geoscientists extract historical well information manually which consume time and resources, limiting the investigation to a small subset of wells. In addition, the success rate to extend benchmarking analysis to hundreds of wells information within a short period of time is low, since the manual process is prone to human error and human bias. To maximize the utilization of unstructured data, a machine learning (ML) based solution is proposed to develop new sand control best practices to enhance oil and gas production in new and mature fields. The ‘multi-modal’ solution utilizes ML technology stack such as Deep-Convolutional-Neural-Network (DCNN) for image processing and image classification, Natural-Language-Processing (NLP) and Optical-Character-Recognition (OCR) for text and entity processing and recognition applied in an enterprise-scale setting. The automated end-to-end data pipeline processing flow is designed to transform unstructured data into structured data that is readily available for domain expert users’ evaluation, research and timely decision-making. In this paper, the solution is applied to generate in-depth sand production and sanding pattern analysis throughout Norwegian basins and develop large-scale industry ‘best practices’. Data are ingested for three hundred sixty-one (361) wells, and a total of sixteen (16) days was utilized to analyse the wells presented in this study. Intelligent analytical tools including heat map, knowledge graph, deep search, lithology frequency count, and well information summary contributes significantly to provide a comprehensive understanding of sand production trends, causation and develop sand control management best practice. Maximizing unstructured data accessibility has proven to be effective in reducing sand management research time and effort, while providing a holistic analysis that can be applicable to nearby offset wells planned to be drilled in future.
Discontinuous Chemical Flooding: An Effective Approach to Achieve Sustainable Oil Production for Mature Reservoir
Authors: Zhang Jian , Jin Yi , Tang Engao , Yu Fanghao , Zhou Wensheng , Zhang Zenghua , Huang Bo
Published: October 2023

The offshore oilfields in China have entered the mature stage with high water cut and recovery rate. Oilfield Q has an oil viscosity of only 5 cp, with a water cut of 95% and a recovery rate of more than 40%. It is challenging to maintain sustainable oil production with only waterflooding. The field production is close to the economic limit. Therefore, finding an effective and economical EOR technique is crucial to mature oilfield development.

In this paper, we proposed a new EOR method, called discontinuous chemical flooding (DCF) for mature oilfield development with a case study of oilfield Q. Four types of chemical slug, which are primary slug, main slug, secondary slug, and supplementary slug are designed. Primary slug injection well is determined based on the interwell connectivity analysis model and tracer test. The CMG CMOST module is applied to determine the optimal slug size and concentration of primary and main slug. According to the predicted produced agent concentration and water cut curve trend from numerical simulation, the implement criteria of secondary slug, and supplementary slug are provided.

The interwell connectivity analysis indicates that the permeability between injector I3 and producers A1, I1 as well as A5 are relatively high, which is an indication of a potential thief zone. Primary slugs of gel injection are designed for all injectors with channeling effects. The CMOST evaluation results show that the optimal formula of strong primary slug is polymer with a concentration of 5000 mg/L plus cross-linker with a concentration of 4000 mg/L. As for weak primary slug, the optimal formula is polymer with a concentration of 3000 mg/L plus cross-linker with a concentration of 2000 mg/L. The optimal main slug concentration for injectors, I1, I6, and I9 is 1400mg/L. The optimal main slug concentration for injectors, I5, I7, I8, and I11 is 1000mg/L. The optimal main slug concentration for the rest of injectors is 1200mg/L. The optimal main slug size is 5 years. The final reservoir simulation results yield a maximum water cut reduction of 6.7%, and an incremental oil production of 53.2×104 m3 compared with the optimal waterflooding scheme.

The scheme of oilfield Q is the first DCF scheme for mature offshore thin oil reservoir in China. It gives the approach of further enhance oil recovery for mature oilfields with ultra-high water cut and recovery rate. It also promotes the application of chemical flooding in offshore reservoir.
Simulation of Heterogeneous Geomechanical Damage in Tight Reservoir Based on Projection-Based Embedded Discrete Fractured Mode l
Authors: Li Hong , Tian He , Mei An'xin , Wu Yongchun , Peng Yu , Shi Lihua , Cao Nai
Published: October 2023

An advanced numerical simulation method was developed to accurately characterize the heterogeneous geomechanical damage of heterogeneous matrix, hydraulic fractures, and natural fractures during production. The proposed model can automatically obtain the geomechanical damage correction coefficient according to the physical property differences of the reservoir, which reveals the heterogeneous geomechanical damage law of the spatial domain and the time domain so that the simulation results are more realistic. The heterogeneous geomechanical damage laws of multi-scale fractures are obtained. Due to the uneven pressure drop during the production process, each fracture is subjected to different geomechanical damage, and the permeability drops are not uniform. Particularly, we set the physical properties of each fracture differently in the model, which fully reflects the heterogeneity of the actual reservoir. Therefore, the geomechanical damage law of each fracture is different. The K/K0 distribution of each fracture can be seen in the simulation results. At the same time, the porosity and permeability are coupled based on the classification theory. Therefore, the whole model is dynamic. In unconventional reservoirs, the physical properties of the matrix are poor and the heterogeneous geomechanical damage has little effect on productivity. However, if natural fractures or hydraulic fracturing are developed, the heterogeneous geomechanical damage will have a significant impact on productivity, particularly during early production stages. If the natural fractures and hydraulic fractures are connected, productivity will be more affected. The novelty of the new numerical models that it can characterize the heterogeneity of heterogeneous matrix, natural fractures, and hydraulic fractures in both the time domain and the spatial domain.
Assessing the Value of Reservoir Surveillance Data from Gas Fields Producing to LNG Plants Using VoI (the Value of Information)
Authors: O'Reilly Daniel Ian , Xia Zhi Qui , House Andrew Richard
Published: October 2023

A set of examples will be shared for calculating the value of reservoir surveillance conducted in gas fields tying into LNG plants. This includes such measurements as transient pressure, rate and temperature changes, fluid chemistry or diagnostic information related to well integrity. These data are typically gathered during production operations, but their value is rarely quantified. The objective of this paper is to use existing VoI methods to provide a means to justify this reservoir surveillance. The results will be useful for justifying routine surveillance activities to other departments in the upstream organisation, e.g. Operations and Facilities Engineering.

Established VoI methods will be applied to common surveillance problems occurring in production operations. In operating fields, gauges and metering equipment are already installed so there is no additional cost. However, surveillance may incur either personnel labour costs (when wells are still flowing) or lost production caused by shutting in wells (e.g. pressure transient tests). This is compared against the calculated value of a more reliable production forecast incorporating the new surveillance data. This value is realised when the future supply to a gas plant is ensured – i.e. avoiding future ullage or penalties from missed cargo deliveries.

Discussion is provided on the degree of uncertainty for which interpreted production data (pressure, rate flow and time) resolves reservoir parameters and forecasting metrics. This is known as imperfect information.

It is concluded that VoI is a powerful method with application in two areas. Firstly, it can be used in daily reservoir management and to increase production forecast reliability. Secondly, the surveillance data are used to inform future decisions such as infill drilling or compression projects (gas plant ullage). It is observed that management of operating companies are more inclined to agree to reservoir surveillance when its value is clearly calculated.

Several generic and non-specific case studies are given that could be applied to gas fields on the North West Shelf in Australia.

Most commonly, the VoI method is used prior to field development during the appraisal stage. The main difference for operating fields is that there are usually minimal material/service costs for these tests, but the cost relates to foregone production when the well is offline or curtailed. Few papers, if any, discuss its application to producing wells. However, in the upstream organisation the question of the value of surveillance arises and should be addressed.
Effects of Permeability Anisotropy and High Angle Completions on Non-Darcy Skin in Gas Wells
Authors: Xia Zhi , Terziev Ivaylo , Vasilyev Denis , Kazanov Dmitry , O’ Reilly Daniel Ian , House Andrew Richard
Published: October 2023

High-rate gas wells can be significantly impacted by the effects of non-Darcy skin. Since the prediction of well deliverability is affected, there are implications for production forecast reliability, reserves bookings, worst-case discharge modelling and relief well planning.

In this paper, adjustments are proposed to the inputs of conventional analytical equations for estimating D-factor. These proposals are applicable to gas wells penetrating formations with permeability anisotropy (kx/kz) at high angles.

Sensitivity analysis was performed using the Forchheimer pseudopressure inflow equation to evaluate the effects of varying the terms ‘permeability’ and ‘height’ on the predicted sandface drawdown. In textbook examples, the assumption is for a fully penetrating vertical well in a homogenous reservoir, where these two parameters are readily definable. For the more complex case considered here, the appropriate definitions for these two terms are less obvious.

Given that turbulence and inertial effects are most pronounced near the wellbore, it was postulated that use of the geometric average permeability and contributing completion length would result in more accurate estimations of D-factor. Spreadsheet calculations were performed to determine the impact of these changes for a range of scenarios. Verifications were subsequently performed using a numerical simulator.

It was observed that drawdown pressures are affected more as well angles and the vertical to horizontal permeability ratio increased. Generic examples are presented to help illustrate these dependencies, along with a brief discussion such changes can have on production forecasts and worst-case discharge estimates.

These proposed clarifications to the gas inflow equations were found to be undocumented in a survey of the literature, indicating a lack of published research in this area.
Enhancing Fracturing of Tight Carbonate Using Plug and Perf Technique- Case Study
Authors: Awad Mohamed Omar , Sajer Abdulaziz Ali , Qamber Anood Mohammad , Ibrahim Hamdi Saber , Robles Fernando , Song Quek Khang
Published: October 2023

The 1st oil in Kuwait was discovered in Bahrah in 1936. However, it was found uneconomical to develop this field due to complicated geological structure, formation tightness, cost and lack of technology at that time. In 2016, KOC has accomplished subsurface evaluation study to re-develop Bahrah field utilizing advanced fracturing technique. In last 5 years, the outcome of this study was applied successfully and resulted in remarkable production incremental from from ~3 MBOPD to more than 40 MBOPD. Multi-stage fracturing helped to unlock potential in most tightness carbonate formation in North Kuwait fields. Nevertheless, more studies was conducted to optimize the fracturing and completion design to improve well productivity as well as uniform production profile through well bore.

Multi stage fracturing in open hole was the common technique since new development plan started. Although this technique had positive impact on overall field production, but it was observed uneven flow through wellbore. An approach using Plug and Perforation technique was implemented successfully to reduce dissipate of fracturing energy during pumping and improve acid propagation.

Multi-stage fracturing completion in open hole horizontal wells has negative impact on acid propagation in comparison to the same for Plug and Perforation (PnP) Technique. The production logs was run in both cases and proved uniform production contribution in Plug and Perforation (PnP) technique.

The paper will discuss results of applied cases with two different fracturing techniques. In addition, it will share practical operation experience including upsides and downsides of each technique to reduce risk of execution.
Unconventional Fields Recovery Enabled By Large-Scale Green Power Supply Based on Multi Micro-Grids and Energy Storage Sharing with National Data Centers
Authors: Tong Zheng , Wang Xiaoqi , Weng Dingwei , He Chunming , Yang Rui , Zhang Zhigang , Qiang Sun
Published: October 2023

Unconventional oil and gas reserves have drawn considerable attention for petroleum companies over the last two decades. Eco-friendly electric-powered drilling rigs and fracturing fleets have been commercially available instead of diesel-powered equipment. However, Operators were often confronted with challenges of the great demand on electrical power especially fracturing operation. Fossil-energy-powered electricity and existing expensive high-voltage power grids have negative effect on Environmental-Social-Governance (ESG) initiatives and CAPEX of shale-oil developing projects. Additionally, although operators concern multi-energy complementary with regard to green energy such as solar energy and wind power, economic and efficiency drawbacks of green electricity caused by power uncertainties could not be ignored.

Unconventional reserves have been proved in Western China full of abundant green energy. As demonstrated in the national project of "Channels computing resources from east to west", computing-power data centers are constructed with electrochemical Energy-Storage System (ESS) in Western China and power source mainly stem from local green energy. In this paper one novel green-power supply solution based on capacity leasing and energy storage sharing with data centers was proposed due to electrical power surplus. One hybrid power network, combining 35kV grid with Multi Micro-grids (MMGs) between green-power stations and oil field pads, was planned to be constructed by operators. One ESS-based system integrating MMGs was set up in one case demonstration. Some mobile energy-storage units were used for cost-effective power supply and peak shaving on certain pads due to poor load curves. The solution feasibility was verified and compared with the traditional power supply mode. ESS-based system with MMGs is qualified for affordable green-powered well construction and sustainable development of unconventional oil fields.
Multicomponent Fluid (H2/CO2-CH4-H2O) Occurrence Characteristics in Shale Nanopores: Insights from MD Simulations
Authors: Zhao Yulong , Guan Bowen , Hu Haoran , Wang Shuolong , Wang Suran , Wu Jiayi , Huang Yishu , Zhang Tao
Published: October 2023

Due to the emissions of greenhouse gasses, the climate change has greatly threatened people's living environment, urging to reduce CO2 in the atmosphere and promote carbon-free energy structures. Large-scale underground H2/CO2 storage emerges as a promising technology for H2 seasonal supply and CO2 reduction. The depleted shale gas reservoir presents a favorable site due to its abundance of nanopores, which inherently prevents leakage and ensures long-term storage. However, the coexistence of H2/CO2 with the original water in the nanopore results in the formation of a ternary mixture system (H2/CO2-CH4-H2O), as water is ubiquitous within organic-rich shale. This transformation leads to the primary CH4-H2O binary mixture interaction evolving into a H2/CO2-CH4-H2O ternary mixture interaction, introducing complexity to the intermolecular interactions within the nanopores and rendering the occurrence characteristics of multicomponent fluids uncertain. In this study, we constructed a shale organic nanopore using a realistic kerogen model and conducted molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to gain insights into the occurrence characteristics of multicomponent fluids within the organic nanopore. The results reveal that, due to their inherent affinities towards the kerogen, these two ternary mixture systems exhibit distinct occurrence characteristics. In the H2-CH4-H2O system, H2 predominantly exists near the pores without the formation of an adsorption dense layer near the walls, resulting in a relatively high diffusion capacity. However, in the CO2-CH4-H2O system, CO2 tend to occupy adsorption sites and strips CH4 into the bulk free region due to the more attractive interaction upon kerogen, greatly restricting CO2 diffusion capacity due to limited vacancies along the dense layer. Our work is expected to provide a deeper insight into multicomponent fluid occurrence characteristics within shale organic nanopores, which could serve as a guideline for large-scale underground H2/CO2 storage evaluations.
Applying Downhole Wireless Telemetry System to Water Flooding Operation
Authors: Chen Qiang , Jia De-li , Sun Fu-chao , Hao Zhong-xian , Huang Shou-zhi , Zhu Shi-jia
Published: October 2023

Water flooding had proved its value in oil recovery enhancement. Generally downhole data was obtained through electric cable which increased the cost significantly, meanwhile the communication was often interrupted due to sealing issues in the cable system.

This paper focused on theoretical modeling of electromagnetic waves as it propagated across different downhole mediums, including casing, cement, and reservoir with varied electrical resistivity. The preparedness of the telemetry system was presented from the perspective of field operation, finally the case study of water flooding operation with telemetry system equipped was described in details.

Based on the attenuation model, 6.25Hz electromagnetic wave could reach 3000m deep underground with residual strength of 0.1mV, provided the average electrical resistivity exceeded 10Ω·m which was not too demanding. The telemetry system comprised of three parts which are signal sender, metal connector and decoding device on the ground. Viability tests were carried out to optimize the frequency and power setup, making it adaptable for water flooding operations. The system was integrated with water injector and trialed in the oilfield, while electric cable was used to verify the wireless system. According to the feedback, the pressure and flowrate data were received through 5Hz electromagnetic waves in a real-time manner from 1025m deep underground, its accuracy was approved by the data obtained via electric cable, the flowrate control instruction was also passed through wireless system and the nozzle downhole responded correctly. The system could replace cable in the future popularization of water flooding operation, reducing the risk and the capex.

Intelligent oilfield has been the objective and pursued constantly, matured downhole wireless telemetry system was an integral part of this process. This study has expand our horizons the knowledge on this lucrative subject, successful application of wireless telemetry system in the water flooding operations gave us more insights in how to reach the goal.
Application of Proxy Model and Reservoir Simulation for CO2 Injection Optimization in Multi-Layer Depleted Reservoirs: A Case Study of CCS Project in Gulf of Thailand
Authors: Tripoppoom Sutthaporn , Doungprasertsuk Chonlada , Pongthunya Potcharaporn , Prasertbordeekul Taweewat
Published: October 2023

PTTEP has committed to achieve net zero greenhouse gas emission in 2050 and the CCS project in the gulf of Thailand is the first CCS planned by PTTEP to achieve this goal. To evaluate the feasibility of the project, the reservoir simulation study was extensively performed from the geological, petrophysical, seismic inversion and reservoir engineering input. One of the keys in CCS project is the CO2 injection strategy and CO2 storage volume. Therefore, the objective of the study is to determine the optimized injection strategy and storage volume for CO2.

Normally, the CO2 injector locations were targeted at the high permeability-thickness (KH) location based on reservoir simulation model. However, the optimization of injection with many layers in depleted reservoirs is cumbersome and required up to millions of simulation runs which is not possible to be performed. Therefore, this study proposes the new workflow to optimize the injection strategy by integrating reservoir simulation and proxy model or surrogate model simplified from actual simulation model results as pre-screening. First, we identify well location candidates based on KH map, pressure and shale thickness. Then, we construct the creaming curves scenario from reservoir simulation model and input them to train proxy model.

With this workflow, instead of evaluating millions of injection scenarios by reservoir simulation, consisting of which well location and which reservoirs to be injected as separate target or commingle, we instead optimized the time required to obtain the injection strategy firstly from proxy model as pre-screening. Then, we run these possible optimized scenarios from proxy model to be run with reservoir simulation model. Finally, we obtain the most optimized injection strategy from simulation model including selected injector locations, number of injectors and sand targets for each injector. This can be obtained by evaluating the cumulative CO2 injection volume per number of injectors. To conclude, the optimized scenario of CO2 injection strategy and volume were determined and ready to be coupled with the integrated model including geomechanics, geochemistry and thermal simulation.

With the proposed workflow, the study is the first CCS project in Thailand that adopts the injection strategy optimization based on the integration of dynamic reservoir simulation and proxy model. The proposed workflow can be used as the practical and robust injection optimization workflow used in any future CCS project in depleted reservoirs with multi-layers.
A Novel Inter-Porosity Flow Model for Multi-Scale Shale Reservoirs with Nonuniform Laminated Fractures
Authors: Zhang Qian , Wang Wengdong , Su Yuliang , Yu Wenfeng
Published: October 2023

In shale reservoirs, the presence of nano-scale pores and natural fractures leads to various phenomena, such as micro-scale effects and media deformation. Further studies are necessary to better understand the flow mechanisms occurring within nanopores and micro-fractures. Moreover, the flow relationship among organic pores, inorganic pores, and laminated fractures is not well understood and the existing methods for evaluating shale oil productivity do not adequately account for the heterogeneous distribution of laminated fractures. Therefore, the primary objective of this paper is to develop a comprehensive mathematical model that encompasses multi-scale and multi-mechanism coupled flow for shale oil reservoirs, with a specific emphasis on characterizing the inter-porosity flow occurring between different media. The apparent permeability model has been established coupling adsorption, slip, and stress sensitivity characteristics of matrix. By utilizing fractal theory, the non-uniform characteristics of aperture, density, and tortuosity in laminated fractures have been characterized, and finally, an inter-porosity flow model that is applicable to stress-sensitive multi-porosity media has been developed. The accuracy of the model is validated using numerical solution and actual production data with excellent agreement. Notably, the semi-analytical model significantly reduces the computation time. The study investigates the permeability loss of multi-porosity media during production. The results show that the permeability loss of matrix is less than 4%, and that laminated fractures exhibit a significant permeability loss around 30%, while hydraulic fractures suffer a substantial permeability loss exceeding 90%. Oil production varies across media and the contribution of laminated fractures to oil production can reach as high as 80%. Analysis of the heterogeneity of laminated fractures indicates that fractal dimension has a significant effect on the density, aperture, and tortuosity, especially near hydraulic fractures, where density and aperture decrease rapidly with distance. Sensitivity analysis has shown that longer hydraulic fracture can make the single well maintain higher production for a long time.
O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation in patients with extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC): a prospective cohort study
Authors: Zhang Xia , Kong Defeng , Gao Ming , Yang Xuejiao , Guo Zhipeng , Wu Zhiyong , Yan Wenji , Wu Jianyu
Published: October 2023

Purpose
To assess the prognostic value of the O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation in patients with extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC) treated with etoposide plus platinum chemotherapy.
Methods
A prospective single arm cohort study was performed in a tertiary teaching hospital in China. The rate of MGMT promoter methylation was detected by quantitative methylation specific PCR (qMS-PCR) assay before etoposide plus platinum chemotherapy. Primary endpoint was tumor response to chemotherapy according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors.
Results
Between July 2019 and June 2021, 19 untreated patients with ES-SCLC were enrolled. After a median follow-up of 9 months, no patient was complete response (CR), 14 patients were assessed as partial response (PR), 1 patient was stable disease (SD) and 4 patients were progressive disease (PD). Time to progression (TTP) was median 90 days, range 42 to 270 days. The rates of MGMT promoter methylation were more than 40% in all PD patients (N=4), however, less than 40% in all PR or SD patients (N=15).
Conclusion
A high rate of MGMT promoter methylation may be a predictor of poor response to etoposide plus platinum chemotherapy in patients with ES-SCLC.
Optimizing the process parameter of Abrasive Water Jet Machining against sub-surface delamination and cutting time of nanoclay modified GLARE laminates.
Authors: S Krishnakumar , P HARIHARA SAKTHI SUDHAN , K Logesh , Kannan Sathish
Published: October 2023

GLARE is a type of laminate material made up of layers of aluminum and fiberglass used in automotive, and aircraft structures like fuselage panels, control surfaces and wing skins due to their superior specific strength, fatigue, and damage tolerance. The inclusion of nanoclay filler reported to improve the mechanical properties of the GLARE laminates. However, it is important to investigate the machinability of such laminates to extend its applicability in the industry. The current work optimizes the process parameters of Abrasive Water Jet Machining (AWJM) process to cut the nanoclay modified fiber metal laminates. The experiments were designed by following Taguchi’s L9 orthogonal array. The influence of factors like velocity of waterjet, mass flow rate, standoff distance of nozzle studied against the response such as cutting time and sub-surface delamination of layers were studied. The delamination was measured using the variation in thickness before and after the cutting process. The changes in the cutting surface were analysed using macroscopic analysis. The study also developed the regression model and conducted ANOVA on generated data. Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) was used to identify the optimum values of input process parameters against the multiple response such as cutting time and delamination. The results revealed that the jet velocity significantly affected the cutting time, whereas the stand-off distance and mass flow rate affected the delamination thickness of the laminates. A slight plastic deformation was noted on the metal surfaces along with irregularities and fiber exposure was observed in the GFRP layers of laminates exhibited low cutting performance.
Effects of high-intensity circuit training on body composition and selected cardiovascular parameters in overweight and obese children aged 9-12
Authors: Gątarski Michał , Dudziak Tomasz , Czubek Zbigniew , Dorniak Karolina , Sawczyn Stanisław
Published: October 2023

Introduction The problem of excess body weight is becoming an epidemic in the general population, especially among children aged to 12 years old. Efforts are being made to find a way to retreat the unfavorable changes related with obesity. This problem is escalating, and the direction of effective protective actions is not sufficiently recognized. The research presented in this study demonstrate the range of changes in overweight and obese children after an 8 weeks of circuit training program, with simultaneous parental education on modifying their children dietary habits.
Materials and Methods 83 children aged 9-12 participated in the research, including 30 boys and 32 girls in the experimental group, in the control group was 21 participants including 16 boys and 5 girls with excessive body weight assessed according to the OLAF scale. The exercise program was applied to keep from 70% to 90% of their maximum heart rate. The effects of the applied high-intensity circuit training were evaluated in terms of changes in body composition and the cardiovascular system.
Results Significant reductions of body weight (50.76 ± 8.91 kg vs. 50.21 ± 8.88 kg, P<0.01) were observed, assisted with a decrease of visceral fat area (37.43 ± 5.57 cm2 vs. 33.04 ± 5.82 cm2), a decrease BMI (24.16 ± 2.62 kg/m2 vs. 23.38 ± 2.64 kg/m2), a reduction of waist circumference (19.24 ± 5.72 kg vs. 17.82 ± 5.59 kg), resting heart rate (108.18 ± 16.64 mmHg vs. 102.06 ± 21.88 mmHg), heart rate at 3rd minute of rest (103.98 ± 17.04 mmHg vs. 99.94 ± 15.91 mmHg), an increase value of pulse pressure (43.18 ± 13.91 mmHg vs. 47.97 ± 12.16 mmHg), and an increase of skeletal muscle mass (16.65 ± 2.79 kg vs. 17.15 ± 2.94 kg).
Conclusion Our study shows the beneficial effects of a short-term (8-week) exercise program on body composition indicators, including body fat content and skeletal muscle mass, as well as cardiovascular function parameters such as blood pressure and heart rate.
Extensions of Fibonacci Search Technique for One Dimensional Interval Optimization Problem
Authors: Rahman Md Sadikur , Khatun Rukhsar , Bhunia Asoke Kumar
Published: October 2023

Fibonacci Search Technique is one of the familiar iterative methods for solving one dimensional unconstrained optimization problem with highly non-linear/non-differentiable objective function. However, sometimes objective function becomes inexact/imprecise in nature due to the uncertainty. To deal with such imprecise problem, present article focuses on an extension of Fibonacci Search technique whose algorithm is developed based on interval order relations. In this work, first of all, two different types of optimizers (maximizer/minimizer) viz.,c-Loptimizer,c-roptimizer, of an interval valued function are introduced based on different order relations. After that a result regarding the relation between said optimizers are established. Then, Fibonacci search type algorithms are developed for all types of optimizers. Finally, the said algorithms are illustrated with a number of numerical examples.
Real-time visualisation of organic crystal growth dynamics during liquid reagent mixing by liquid cell transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Malladi Sai Rama Krishna , Ummethala Govind , Jada Ravi , Dutta-Gupta Shourya , Park Junbeom , Tavabi Amir , Basak Shibabrata , Hooley Robert , Sun Hongyu , Pérez-Garza Héctor Hugo , Eichel Rüdiger-A. , Borkowski Rafal E. Dunin- , Rajadurai Chandrasekar
Published: October 2023

Liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (LCTEM) is a powerful technique for revealing crystallisation dynamics with nm spatial resolution. However, the study of liquids while mixing precursor solutions is extremely challenging. Here, we show how the antisolvent-driven crystallisation of an organic crystal, a widely-employed precipitation route in the pharmaceutical industry, can be visualised directly in a commercially-available liquid cell by flushing the antisolvent past a thin layer of solvent while recording scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) images in real-time. Our results reveal particles forming chain-like structures during antisolvent-mediated growth, whereas they coalesce to form single large particles in the absence of an antisolvent. Our approach of mixing the liquids in sequence and using STEM mode to record images with precise electron dose control establishes a platform for novel LCTEM studies of a wide range of electron-beam-sensitive materials, including drug molecules, polymers and molecular amphiphiles that are created during reagent mixing.
Firstborns Versus Later-borns: Same Resources, Different Educational Outcomes. An Extension of Resources Dilution Theory
Authors: Lwiza Samwel Saimon , Jaah Mkupete , Sharma Vipin
Published: October 2023

Resources Dilution theory predicts a trade-off between the quantity and quality of children in the household. According to the theory, eldest kids would achieve higher educational outcomes than later-born siblings because of more resources allocated to them. This paper attempted to examine whether the theory holds even when household resources are equally distributed to both siblings. By using the dataset of the Young Lives School Survey in Ethiopia conducted respectively in 2012/13 and 2016/17, we found that, while firstborns were shown to be 3% more efficient, second and third-borns were significantly 1% more efficient than later-born siblings. We suggest that even if household resources are evenly distributed, elder kids would attain higher educational outcomes than later-born children. This study underlines the importance of birth order on opportunities and inequalities among siblings, which may guide policymakers on designing appropriate maternity leave, school funding, and human capital improvement policies.
Automated Detection of Nine Infantile Fundus Diseases and Conditions in Retinal Images Using a Deep Learning System
Authors: Liu Yaling , Xie Hai , Zhao Xinyu , Zhang Sifan , Tang Jiannan , Yu Zhen , Wu Zhenquan , Tian Ruyin , Chen Yi , Chen Miaohong , Ntentakis Dimitrios P. , Du Yueshanyi , Chen Tingyi , Hu Yarou , Lei Baiying , Zhang Guoming
Published: October 2023

Purpose We developed an Infant Retinal Intelligent Diagnosis System (IRIDS), an automated system to aid early diagnosis and monitoring of infantile fundus diseases and conditions due to a shortage of ophthalmologists. Our aim is to provide personalized monitoring and early intervention to prevent complications associated with infantile fundus diseases, aligning with predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM).Methods We developed IRIDS by combining convolutional neural networks and transformer structures, using a dataset of 7697 retinal images from four hospitals. It identifies nine fundus diseases and includes depth attention modules, Res-18, and MaxViT. Performance was compared to that of ophthalmologists using 450 retinal images. The IRIDS employed a five-fold cross-validation approach to generate the classification results.Results Several baseline models achieved the following metrics: accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score (F1), kappa, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) with values of 90.25%, 87.69%, 83.38%, 85.48%, 83.51, and 98.04%, respectively. In comparison, IRIDS outperformed the ophthalmologists with an average accuracy, precision, recall, F1, kappa, and AUC of 96.45%, 95.86%, 94.37%, 95.03%, 94.43, and 99.51%, respectively, in multi-label classification on the test dataset, utilizing the Res-18 and MaxViT models. Compared with ophthalmologists, the IRIDS achieved a higher AUC for the detection of retinal abnormalities.Conclusions IRIDS identifies nine infantile fundus diseases and conditions accurately. It can aid non-ophthalmologist personnel in underserved areas in infantile fundus disease screening. Thus, preventing severe complications. The IRIDS serves as an example of artificial intelligence integration into ophthalmology to achieve better outcomes in PPPM services.
Evaluating the impact of mining for critical electric vehicle and stationary storage battery minerals on land use and biodiversity
Authors: Sharma Shyam , Edge Jacqueline , Mumford John
Published: October 2023

Lithium-ion batteries are a key technology for eliminating global fossil fuel consumption; however, critical battery minerals are obtained through mining projects that often cause land use change and habitat destruction, threatening local biodiversity. Here, we present a novel analysis, projecting the land use and biodiversity impacts of key lithium, nickel, cobalt, and graphite mines by 2030, as demand for battery minerals grows. 95 % of total land use increase from 2023 to 2030 (460 km2) at the mines studied is expected to be from lithium mining, due to the spatial requirements of brine-based lithium extraction. Lithium mining is also expected to have the largest biodiversity impact in 2030 (4296 km2, weighted by species richness and rarity). While this analysis offers just one method for quantifying the biodiversity impact of battery mineral mining, our results suggest that mines with low yields and located in areas of high species richness or rarity may pose significant risk to local ecosystems.