bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immunotherapy in Hodgkin Lymphoma
Authors: Sonmez Ozge , Sonmez Mehmet
Published: October 2024

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a B-cell lymphoid malignancy. Although treatment outcomes for HL are generally favorable, relapsed/refractory cases can be challenging to manage. Immunotherapy has emerged as an important treatment option, especially for patients who do not respond to traditional therapies. In this chapter, we focus on immune checkpoint inhibitors. Nivolumab and Pembrolizumab are monoclonal antibodies that target PD-1, while Ipilimumab targets CTLA-4. By inhibiting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway, these therapies enable the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells. The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors has improved outcomes in relapsed/refractory cases. The most common side effects include diarrhea and infusion reactions. Overall, immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of HL.
Fruit Trees for Private Afforestation Areas
Authors: Gozel Hatice , Cetinkaya Hakan
Published: October 2024

Afforestation activities carried out by real and corporate entities by establishing forests where primary and non-wood forest products will be produced are called private afforestation. Such afforestation works can be carried out in degraded forest areas and forest soil (FS) areas, in the lands under the provision and disposal of the State, in the areas under the ownership and disposal of real and corporate persons. In this chapter, special afforestation projects coordinated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, General Directorate of Forestry for more than 35 years, the scope of these projects, the place and importance of fruit trees in special afforestation areas, commonly preferred fruit species, problems encountered and solution suggestions are discussed.
From National Parks to Nature Reserves; Turkey’s Natural Treasures
Authors: Korucu Yildiz Fatma
Published: October 2024

Due to reasons such as population growth, industrialization and urbanization all over the world, the areas of use of natural resources have expanded and the pressure on these natural resources has gradually increased. Especially with the excessive and unplanned use of natural resources, serious environmental problems have emerged, living species have started to disappear, the natural balance has changed, and ecosystems in which many living things, including humans live, have started to deteriorate. National parks and nature parks play an important role in the protection and sustainable use of natural areas. These parks have strategic importance for the conservation of biodiversity, sustainability of ecosystems and management of natural resources. They are also important resources for recreation, education and scientific purposes. Through national parks and nature parks, it is aimed to leave a clean and healthy environment to future generations by developing love for nature and environmental awareness.
Pistacia Species That Grow Naturally in Türkiye
Authors: Batmaz Mehmet Fatih
Published: October 2024

Pistachios are widely cultivated in Mediterranean countries but likely originated in Central and Southwest Asia. The Southeastern Anatolia Region is important for pistachio cultivation due to its unique ecological conditions. Pistachios spread from Central Asia to areas such as Afghanistan and Iran, and then to the Mediterranean basin and beyond. Wild pistachio species are found in regions such as Southeastern Anatolia and the Mediterranean area in Türkiye. Türkiye has a large number of wild pistachio trees, but they face threats from factors like logging, grazing, erosion, and construction. In conclusion, pistachios have a long history of cultivation and are important for their economic value and unique characteristics. Türkiye plays a significant role in the genealogy and distribution of pistachio species, making it a crucial region for their conservation and cultivation. Efforts are needed to protect these valuable trees and ensure their sustainability for future generations.
Lymphadenitis
Authors: Tumuklu Koray
Published: October 2024

Lymphadenitis is a common sign of infection in the head and neck region. Since many factors cause lymphadenitis, differential diagnosis can sometimes be difficult for physicians. Therefore, etiological factors and disease management must be analyzed correctly by the clinician and the most appropriate treatment must be planned.
Otitis Externa
Authors: Atalay Fatma
Published: October 2024

Otitis externa is a frequently painful inflammation widely seen in the external auditory canal, and that may be infectious or non-infectious. It can be classified according to the etiology, duration of disease, and localization. It is described as acute if it persists for less than six weeks, and as chronic if the duration exceeds three months. Otitis externa can be subclassified as acute otitis externa, chronic otitis externa, necrotizing otitis externa (malignant otitis externa), fungal otitis externa (otomycosis), herpes zoster oticus, bullous myringitis (hemorrhagic otitis externa), granular myringitis and furunculitis. The treatment of otitis externa is directed toward analgesia, treatment of underlying bacterial or fungal infection, and prevention of recurrence. Early diagnosis and treatment is important to prevent complications.
Otitis Media with Effusion
Authors: Oner Fatih
Published: October 2024

The otitis media with effusion (OME) is an effusion-filled middle ear. However, no other symptoms indicate an acute infection. The middle ear cavity fills with non-purulent fluid of various viscosities when the Eustachian tube dysfunctions or blocks. Middle-ear effusion is a critical diagnostic requirement for OME. Fever, otalgia, and tympanic membrane erythema appear; these symptoms may not be present in OME, but hearing loss is the most noticeable. Chronic otitis media with effusion is diagnosed when effusion remains behind the eardrum for 12 weeks or more. Topical nasal or oral decongestants, antihistamines, and corticosteroids are ineffective for OME and, therefore, not recommended for treatment. Management of OME usually starts with observation and close monitoring, with tympanostomy tubes indicated primarily for children with persistent effusion and hearing loss, speech and language delay, or learning difficulties. Adenoidectomy is considered in children aged four years or older with recurrent OME and in children of any age with OME and nasal symptoms. Topical antibiotics are the recommended treatment for tympanostomy tube-associated otorrhea.
Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Ayral Muhammed , Toprak Serdar Ferit
Published: October 2024

Rhinosinusitis is an inflammatory condition of the nose and sinuses and usually develops due to infections, allergies or exposure to irritants. This disease can be acute or chronic. Acute rhinosinusitis is usually caused by bacterial or viral infections after a cold and symptoms include nasal congestion, facial pain, headache, nasal discharge and loss of smell. Chronic rhinosinusitis is characterised by recurrent infections lasting longer than 12 weeks. Treatment is with antibiotics, decongestants, nasal sprays and painkillers depending on the type of infection. In cases of allergic rhinosinusitis, avoidance of allergens and antihistamines are recommended. Surgical intervention may be required in severe cases.
Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media
Authors: Gunsoy Behcet
Published: October 2024

It is frequently known as chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) or chronic otitis media (COM). The characteristics that distinguish this syndrome are tympanic membrane perforation, otorrhea, and chronic middle ear and mastoid inflammation and infection.
Acute and Chronic Tonsillopharyngitis
Authors: Kaya Celik Elif
Published: October 2024

Acute tonsillopharyngitis is an acute infection of the pharynx, tonsilla palatina or both characterized by erythema, exudation or membrane. Acute tonsillopharyngitis, which presents with sore throat, is more commonly seen in children with the clinical picture of tonsillitis. Transmission is easier and more frequent in areas such as collective living places, schools, kindergartens and dormitories. Although many bacterial and viral agents cause tonsillopharyngitis, viruses are the most common agents. When bacterial tonsillitis is not treated or inadequate antibiotherapy is applied, life-threatening suppurative and non-suppurative complications may occur.
The Role of Anatomy in Human History
Authors: Kavak Vatan
Published: October 2024

The scientific history of anatomy begins with human history. As a result of the dangers, injuries and deaths that humanity has encountered in its struggle for survival, an interest in examining the human body has arisen. With this curiosity, the bodies of dead people were examinedIn the light of these researches, understanding the depth of the human body and organ functions contributed to the science of anatomy and human health and formed the basis of complementary medicine.Therefore, the scientific development of human anatomy has gained scientific prestige thanks to great sacrifices and patient work.The development of study methods for examining the human body and the church’s permission to examine corpses in the 19th and early 20th centuries led to important studies.Anatomy science constitutes the cornerstone of complementary medicine and medical education. The format and amount of information prepared for anatomy education has evolved and changed depending on the demands of the medical profession. Anatomy education today and modern medicine are significantly different from anatomy education and complementary medicine in the past. The methods used in anatomy education have not changed much. The public cadaver dissections that emerged in the late Middle Ages and the beginning of the Early Renaissance and the ’anatomical charcoal drawings’ used in practical courses provided a treasure trove of information in anatomy education, complementary medicine and modern medicine.
Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) in Rehabilitation
Authors: Yildiz Abdurrahim
Published: October 2024

Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) are revolutionizing rehabilitation by offering innovative solutions across various medical specialties, particularly in physiotherapy. This chapter delves into the principles and current applications of VR and AR in healthcare, highlighting their success in enhancing motor skills, cognitive therapy, pain management, and psychological rehabilitation. VR and AR have been instrumental in improving patient outcomes, such as accelerating motor skills recovery post-stroke by 30%, reducing pain perception by 35% in burn treatments, and improving memory performance in Alzheimer’s patients by 25%. Furthermore, VR facilitates surgical training, reducing operation times by 20%, and assists in treating mental health conditions like PTSD and phobias. However, challenges such as technological barriers, data privacy concerns, and user adoption issues persist. Future advancements in haptic feedback, AI-driven personalized therapies, and tele-rehabilitation promise to further integrate VR and AR into effective and inclusive rehabilitation practices. This chapter aims to provide insights into the transformative potential of immersive technologies in rehabilitation, emphasizing their role in creating more effective and inclusive therapeutic environments.
Herbal Treatment of Diarrhea in Children
Authors: Aldas Sefika
Published: October 2024

Diarrhea is a prevalent digestive disorder in children, characterized by frequent, watery stools. It can be acute or chronic, with various causes including infections, food poisoning, medication side effects, food intolerances, and digestive system diseases. While conventional treatments focus on hydration and medications, herbal therapies offer an alternative approach. This chapter explores the potential of herbal treatments for managing diarrhea in children, highlighting the therapeutic properties of plants such as ginger, peppermint, chamomile, raspberry leaf, and licorice root. The efficacy of these herbs is attributed to their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antispasmodic properties. However, the use of herbal treatments must be approached with caution, especially in children, due to potential side effects and interactions with other medications. This chapter emphasizes the importance of consulting healthcare professionals before starting any herbal therapy. The correct and conscious application of herbal treatments can support the management of diarrhea in children, promoting their overall health and well-being.
The Importance of Histology in Complementary Medicine
Authors: Asir Firat , Erdemci Fikri
Published: October 2024

Histology, the study of the microscopic structure of tissues, plays a critical role in complementary medicine by helping to understand the impact of various treatment modalities on tissue and organ systems. This paper explores the integration of histology with several complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) practices, including acupuncture, prolotherapy, phytotherapy, apitherapy, and ozone therapy. These treatments are widely utilized to address a range of health conditions, from chronic pain to metabolic disorders.Acupuncture involves inserting needles into specific body points and is analyzed histologically to evaluate its effects on nerve and muscle tissues. Prolotherapy, which involves injecting irritants to stimulate tissue repair, shows histological changes indicating enhanced tissue healing and regeneration. Phytotherapy, the use of plant-derived compounds, demonstrates varied histopathological effects, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that support tissue health.
Herbal Medicine Used During Pregnancy
Authors: Aydeniz Acar Gul Ebru
Published: October 2024

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines herbal medicines as materials and preparations derived from plants and states that they must have therapeutic activity. Over the last two decades, the use of herbal medicine during pregnancy has increased significantly, especially among women. However, the safety of herbal medicines varies depending on the pregnancy period and caution should be exercised, especially in the first trimester. Although thought to be harmless because they are natural, these medications can trigger uterine contractions, cause hormonal imbalances, and harm the fetus. Herbal medicines are often used to prepare for birth, treat nausea, urinary tract infections, and other pregnancy-related problems.
Polyacrylamide Hydrogel Treatment
Authors: Agir Hatice
Published: October 2024

Polyacrylamide hydrogel (PAHG) is a non-toxic, synthetic and non-degradable hydrogel that is biocompatible with the human body. In recent years, it has been used for various indications in many medical fields such as aesthetics, tissue repair, wound healing, cancer and ophthalmic applications. Intra-articular polyacrylamide hydrogel offers promising potential in the musculoskeletal field, especially in providing regeneration and palliative pain in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis is a common disease in the community, characterized by a pathology involving the entire joint, including cartilage degeneration, bone remodeling, osteophyte formation and synovial inflammation, causing pain, stiffness, swelling and loss of normal joint function. In the treatment of osteoarthritis, both articular cartilage and subchondral bone must heal simultaneously. The best candidate for this would be an agent that can facilitate the healing or regeneration of two tissues together. European approval for the treatment of PAHG in symptomatic advanced knee osteoarthritis was granted in 2021. Studies conducted after this period emphasize that PAHG treatment reduces pain and stiffness by integrating into the synovial tissue, creating a buffer-like effect, and may reduce the need for surgery. We wanted to present PAHG treatment, which is a very new treatment method in the treatment of osteoarthritis, in the light of current literature.
Applications of Artifical Intelligence in Orthodontics
Authors: Suer Demet
Published: October 2024

Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative technology with significant implications across various fields, including orthodontics. This paper explores the multifaceted applications of AI in orthodontics, highlighting its potential to enhance diagnostic accuracy, treatment planning, and patient outcomes. AI technologies, including machine learning (ML) and deep learning, facilitate automated analysis of complex data, aiding in precise diagnosis and efficient treatment strategies. Key applications discussed include AI-assisted patient monitoring, cephalometric analysis, extraction decision-making, prediction of un-erupted teeth sizes, diagnosis of impacted teeth, and bone age determination. The integration of AI in orthodontics promises to improve clinical decision-making, reduce human error, and personalize treatment plans, ultimately leading to better patient care. Despite being in the early stages, AI demonstrates substantial promise in revolutionizing orthodontic practices, paving the way for more accurate, efficient, and predictable treatment outcomes.
Micro Nutrients and Vitamins Affecting Cognitive Functions in Brain Locations
Authors: Kavak Vatan
Published: October 2024

Brain anatomy and the brain’s capacity for cognitive function are determined by what happens in the gut. Digestive events occurring in the intestines affect the daily function and cognitive function of the brain. The cognitive capacity of the brain is vital at all stages of life. During childhood and adolescence, nutrition with safe and healthy foods is the gold standard for brain development and cognitive performance. Neurotransmitter cells in the intestines produce most of the dopamine and serotonin hormones that the body needs. Serotonin and dopamine produced in the intestines then pass to the brain and enable communication between nerve cells in the brain. Micronutrients are an important component that enables communication between nerve cells, thanks to the metabolic activities of cells as well as dopamine synthesis, serotonin and myelin sheath formation. Safe and healthy nutrition; is a foreign concept to many school children.

For this reason, the way to increase the anatomy of the brain and the cognitive capacity of the brain is through intestines, digestion, safe food and movement.
Histological Effectiveness of Complementary Medicine and Phytotherapy in Cancer Treatment
Authors: Kara Ozlem
Published: October 2024

Complementary and alternative modalities can be integrated into the contemporary modern medical treatments. Phytotherapy is one of the most frequently used treatment methods, especially by cancer patients. It is very important to follow the strict scientific methods which are applied to in the modern medical studies in the studies related to complementary and medicine. It is also shown that some drugs which are extracted from different medicinal herbs, have anticancer effects via different mechanisms.
Internet of Things (IOT) Applications in Public Health
Authors: Varsak Suleyman
Published: October 2024

Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) are revolutionizing rehabilitation by offering innovative solutions across various medical specialties, particularly in physiotherapy. This chapter delves into the principles and current applications of VR and AR in healthcare, highlighting their success in enhancing motor skills, cognitive therapy, pain management, and psychological rehabilitation. VR and AR have been instrumental in improving patient outcomes, such as accelerating motor skills recovery post-stroke by 30%, reducing pain perception by 35% in burn treatments, and improving memory performance in Alzheimer’s patients by 25%. Furthermore, VR facilitates surgical training, reducing operation times by 20%, and assists in treating mental health conditions like PTSD and phobias. However, challenges such as technological barriers, data privacy concerns, and user adoption issues persist. Future advancements in haptic feedback, AI-driven personalized therapies, and tele-rehabilitation promise to further integrate VR and AR into effective and inclusive rehabilitation practices. This chapter aims to provide insights into the transformative potential of immersive technologies in rehabilitation, emphasizing their role in creating more effective and inclusive therapeutic environments.
The Role of Complementary and Alternative Therapies in Menopause
Authors: Kara Mustafa
Published: October 2024

Every woman will experience menopause later in her life. The menopause symptoms affecting the quality of life are hot flashes, sweating, palpitations, headache, insomnia, muscle-bone pain, fatigue, depression, loss of attention, forgetfulness, decreased libido, vaginal atrophy and urinary problems. Complementary and alternative therapies (CAM) have a very important place among the methods to be used. CAM methods frequently preferred by women in menopause are acupuncture, acupressure, yoga, phytoestrogen, reflexology, diet and exercise.
The Future of Radiotherapy: Integrating Pet Imaging with Biology-Guided Radiation Therapy
Authors: Kavak Ayse Gulbin
Published: October 2024

Biology-guided radiation therapy (BgRT) is a significant therapy method in radiotherapy (RT) that enhances treatment precision and effectiveness by utilizing biological markers. Traditional RT methods, using high-energy radiation to destroy cancer cells, have evolved through technological advancements such as linear accelerator (Linac) systems and imaging techniques. Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) and Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) have improved targeting and reduced damage to healthy tissues. However, conventional RT has some challenges in treating multiple tumors simultaneously, particularly in metastatic cancer. BgRT addresses these limitations by incorporating Positron Emission Tomography (PET) to guide radiation based on real-time biological activity. This approach allows for personalized treatment plans tailored to the genetic and molecular profiles of tumors, enhancing treatment effectiveness and minimizing side effects. BgRT’s ability to monitor tumors dynamically during treatment enables immediate adjustments, optimizing therapeutic outcomes. BgRT machine system, an FDA-approved device for IMRT, SABR, and BgRT technology by integrating PET imaging with radiation delivery. Quality assurance studies have demonstrated the system’s dosimetric precision and imaging accuracy, supporting its clinical efficacy. BgRT is particularly promising for treating oligometastatic and polymetastatic diseases, offering precise, personalized therapies that target multiple tumors in a single session. Future advancements in imaging techniques, PET tracers, and adaptive radiotherapy systems are expected to further enhance BgRT’s capabilities. Continuous research and development in this field are crucial for improving cancer treatment outcomes and expanding the therapeutic options available in radiation oncology.
The Future Role of Nanoparticles in Radiation Therapy
Authors: Bilgic Erdi , Tuncel Nina
Published: October 2024

Radiation therapy, a widely used method in cancer treatment, employs high-energy radiation to destroy cancer cells or inhibit their growth. However, traditional radiation therapy has some limitations, particularly the potential to damage healthy tissues and the issue of tumor cells developing resistance to radiation. At this point, nanoparticles emerge as a significant innovation and hold great potential in providing targeted treatment in cancer research. According to recent studies, nanoparticles can enhance the effectiveness of therapy by making tumor cells more sensitive to radiation (radiosensitization), allowing the same results to be achieved with lower radiation doses. Additionally, due to their high surface area and reactivity, nanoparticles can serve as drug delivery systems, enabling chemotherapy drugs to reach the tumor site directly and be released in a controlled manner. This reduces systemic side effects and increases treatment efficacy. Nanoparticles used in imaging techniques help detect tumors more precisely, thereby allowing for better management of the treatment process. In the future, the development of smart and multifunctional nanoparticles will facilitate the widespread adoption of personalized treatment approaches and bring about groundbreaking innovations in cancer therapy. These advancements will make radiation therapy more targeted, effective, and safer, significantly improving the quality of life for cancer patients.
Climate Change and Agriculture: the Case of Küçük Menderes Basin
Authors: Akyuz Yarkin
Published: October 2024

Climate change poses a significant threat to global agriculture, particularly in vulnerable regions like the Küçük Menderes Basin in Türkiye. Research indicates that over the next 70 years, this region, known for its agricultural productivity, is projected to experience temperature increases of 3-5°C and precipitation decreases of 10-20%, severely impacting agricultural yields and quality. To ensure the long-term sustainablity of agriculture in the Küçük Menderes Basin amidst escalating climate change, a comprehensive and proactive strategy that transcends isolated crop adaptations is essential. To achieve this, enhancing regional studies is essential, along with the planning, development, and implementation of action plans and methods required for climate change adaptation and mitigation. Such methods encompass a range of approaches, including, but not limited to, pressurized irrigation systems and the adoption of good and organic agricultural practices. The successful implementation of mitigation and adaptation strategies hinges on a participatory approach, ensuring these strategies are determined in collaboration with all stakeholders.
The Impact of Drought on Agricultural Production and Agricultural Adaptation to Drought
Authors: Cuhadar Muhammed
Published: October 2024

Drought is a significant natural disaster that seriously impacts agriculture and is becoming an increasingly prevalent issue worldwide. The effects of this disaster on agriculture present severe challenges both in terms of productivity and agricultural sustainability. Consequently, adaptation measures to combat drought are of great importance.

Drought can cause significant yield losses in agricultural production. The reduction or depletion of water resources leads to water stress in plants, adversely affecting their growth and productivity. Particularly during drought periods, limited irrigation opportunities exacerbate drought stress on agricultural lands. This situation results in quality loss in agricultural products, decreased productivity, and reduced harvest quantities.

Drought also negatively impacts soil health. Decreased moisture levels can lead to soil structure degradation and increased erosion risk. Erosion reduces the productivity of agricultural lands, causing long-term sustainability issues in agricultural production. Adaptation measures to combat drought can help increase the resilience of the agricultural sector and make it more resistant to drought stress. These measures include water management, improved irrigation techniques, the use of drought-tolerant crop varieties, soil management practices, and agricultural policies that support climate change adaptation.

Especially during drought periods, the efficient use and conservation of water resources are critical to ensuring the continuity of agriculture. Technological advancements that enhance water efficiency and irrigation systems that better manage the water cycle can help agriculture cope more effectively with drought.

In conclusion, the ability of the agricultural sector to adapt to drought is of great importance. Efforts in areas such as the conservation of water resources, soil management, crop diversity, and technological innovations can contribute to making agriculture more resilient to natural disasters like drought. This, in turn, can strengthen food security and agricultural sustainability on more solid foundations.

This study discusses the negative effects of drought on agriculture and adaptation strategies that can minimize these effects. It focuses on necessary precautions, implementation methods, steps to be taken, and policies to be developed. Additionally, it emphasizes the need for adaptation strategies to combat drought.
Sustainable Farming Practices on the Axis of Climate Change: the Example of Şekerbank
Authors: Kestane Ali , Yildiz Gul Hatice
Published: October 2024

Climate change affects the agricultural field directly or indirectly. By protecting the soil through sustainable agriculture, erosion can be reduced and water resources can be used effectively and efficiently. In this context, the need to support organic agriculture by protecting natural resources by reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides emerges. In this study, it is aimed to examine the activities of Şekerbank, which is traded in the BIST Sustainability 25 Index, as of 2023, regarding the implementation of sustainable agricultural practices in the context of climate change. Şekerbank’s practices regarding sustainable agriculture activities were included in the sample of the research in order to make more accurate and consistent evaluations and to provide more reliable information to information users. In this research using descriptive content analysis method, data were obtained from Şekerbank’s official website. As a result of the study, Şekerbank; It has been determined that the Harvest Mobile application allows farmers to monitor their fields via satellite and monitor their fields during natural disasters and extreme meteorological events.
Viticulture in a Warming World: Navigating Climate Challenges
Authors: Gokcen Ibrahim Samet , Pak Elif Nisa
Published: October 2024

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) cultivation represents a significant sector of global agriculture, contributing to the production of wine grapes, table grapes, dried fruits, and fruit juice. While traditionally thriving in diverse climatic and soil conditions, grapevines are increasingly challenged by the impacts of climate change, including rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and heightened occurrences of extreme weather events. This review examines the multifaceted challenges posed by climate change on grapevine cultivation, focusing on key stressors such as heat stress, drought, flooding, alterations in soil dynamics, early maturation, and increased susceptibility to pests and diseases. Furthermore, the review explains adaptation strategies that can be employed to enhance resilience to climate-related risks and ensure the sustainability of viticulture under evolving environmental conditions. In conclusion, this review emphasizes the necessity for collaborative research efforts and proactive measures within the viticultural community to address the challenges posed by climate change and safeguard the future of grapevine cultivation and wine production.
Effects of Drought on Agriculture
Authors: Tasci Huri
Published: October 2024

With the increasing world population, excessive and unconscious use of resources on earth disrupts the balance of nature. The disturbed balance affects many factors such as hunger, disappearance of living species, soil and environmental pollution, deterioration of vegetation, water scarcity. Since fruit growing is a perennial agricultural activity, it is greatly affected by climate change. Extreme weather conditions occurring during winter rest, flowering, bud formation and fruiting period, which are important for the cultivation of fruit species, affect the cultivation to a great extent. Therefore, there are significant decreases in fruit yield and quality. Drought stress is becoming more and more important in fruit growing due to the decline in the quantity and quality of water resources worldwide and causes changes in the normal physiological functions of economically important plants. In this study, it was aimed to synthesise the studies on the effects of drought on plants, physiological reactions and adaptation mechanisms of plants, the effects of climate change on fruit growing, to better understand the importance of the subject and to contribute to new researches.
Depression and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Authors: Cankaya Inan Ezgi , Uyar Betul
Published: October 2024

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is one of the current and non-invasive neuromodulation techniques that can be used in the treatment of many mental illnesses. It works by using magnetic fields without causing seizures or loss of consciousness. It is based on the principle that the magnetic field created by a coil through which electric current passes creates a small, temporary electrical field in the nerve cells. In recent years, its use in the treatment of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) has been increasing. The fact that 20-40% of MDD patients do not respond to antidepressants and psychotherapy interventions has led to the search for alternative treatment methods, such as TMS in the treatment of MDD. In this section, the history of TMS, its mechanism of action, application methods, and the place of TMS in the treatment of MDD will be discussed.
Schema Therapy and Depression
Authors: Batihan Gulistan , Kaya Mehmet Cemal
Published: October 2024

Schema therapy model is an integrated therapy school that includes cognitive, behavioral, experiential, interpersonal and psychodynamic types, developed in the 1980s for the treatment of chronic mental problems for which traditional cognitive behavioral therapy could not provide adequate solutions. According to schema therapy, the main reason for the development of psychopathology is early maladaptive schemas. The main goal of the therapy process is to get to the root of the problem and reduce schematic processing dominated by early maladaptive schemas. Schema therapy model has emerged as one of the most preferred therapies in the treatment of depression in recent years. Depression is thought to occur due to dysfunctional coping mechanisms. The treatment part aims to overcome dysfunctional coping mechanisms and change maladaptive schemas through experiential techniques. In this section, the definition and history of schema therapy, early maladaptive schemas, maladaptive coping styles, and the place of schema therapy in the treatment of depression will be explained.
Tuberculosis in Childhood
Authors: Gurkan Mehmet Fuat
Published: October 2024

In this text, the topic of spouse selection in marriage is discussed and the importance of this process is emphasized. It focuses on how the choice of a spouse affects people’s lives, the impact of cultural differences on this process and the association of happiness in marriage with the right choice of a spouse. The text also explains that the basis of a healthy marriage is based on choosing the right spouse and how this process should be managed.
Community Acquired Pneumonia in Childhood
Authors: Akar Asuman
Published: October 2024

This article talks about stress and anger management within the family. It aims to provide a socially and emotionally happier family relationship by identifying the factors underlying anger and stress and then taking steps accordingly. Individuals in our society try to continue by ignoring the factors underlying anger and stress, but this turns into unsatisfactory relationships. The importance of detecting this correctly and moving forward is emphasized.
Management of Asthma During Infections
Authors: Polat Terece Sinem , Kan Ahmet
Published: October 2024

This chapter deals with the evolution of the concept of family, starting from human history, the marriage process, spouse selection, the role of families in relationships and the process of having children. Family is defined as a structure that meets the emotional, social and physiological needs of individuals. The human being’s need for a partner in his life journey as a social being, the process of choosing a partner, and the emotional and social dynamics experienced in this process are explained. The decision to marry requires mutual trust, love and harmony, and the couples’ commitment to each other is strengthened with the new responsibilities that arise during the marriage process. The process of having a child is considered as an experience that strengthens family ties, as well as fulfilling the genetic responsibilities of the couple. Developing healthy relationships within families is important for the mental health of individuals and society. The document serves as a guide to understand the different stages of becoming a family and the marriage process and the difficulties encountered in these processes.
Parasitic Lung Infections in Childhood
Authors: Akar Asuman
Published: October 2024

In this section, where the concepts are defined, the importance of sexuality in ensuring family integrity is explained. Sexuality is an important and integral part of human life, as well as one of the basic elements that determine the quality of healthy life in our family life. Sexuality is closely related to mental health, with many aspects affecting our physical and emotional health. While discussing the definitions and functions of marriage, many scientists have combined marriage and sexuality in the same definition.

The basis of marriage lies in meeting and satisfying the basic needs of men and women. ""Sexual instinct is an interest that biologically ensures the continuation of the species, and socially it is a tendency that directs one person to another."" One of the basic ""biological"" functions of marriage is to ""satisfy the sexual instinct"", where the partners meet each other’s desires in harmony and the sexual instinct is satisfied in a legitimate way. As a result, the need to ""have children, raise them and produce their own generations"" is also met. Individuals’ needs for each other gain a certain meaning when the personalities in the family complement each other. The function of the family that ensures the continuation of the generation began with the existence of humans on earth and will continue as long as humanity exists.
Surgical Procedures in Pediatric Chest Infectious Diseases
Authors: Basuguy Erol , Arslan Serkan
Published: October 2024

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis is a groundbreaking book designed to provide pulmonary and internal medicine clinicians and healthcare professionals with a comprehensive understanding of this complex lung disease. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic and progressive interstitial lung disease characterized by the scarring of lung tissue, leading to difficulty breathing and decreased lung function. Despite its significant impact on quality of life and prognosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis remains poorly understood by many. In this book, clinicians will embark on a journey through the intricacies of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis from its underlying causes to its clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment options, complications, and treatment options in special conditions. Written in accessible language, the book aims to demystify the disease while empowering individuals affected by idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis to actively participate in their care journey.

Key topics covered in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis include Pathophysiology and Etiology: Explore the underlying mechanisms driving the development and progression of IPF, including genetic predispositions, environmental factors, and immune dysregulation. Clinical Presentation: Learn to recognize the signs and symptoms of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, including progressive dyspnea, dry cough, fatigue, and unexplained weight loss, and understand the importance of early detection and timely intervention.

Diagnostic Approaches: gain insights into the various diagnostic modalities used to confirm idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, including high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), pulmonary function tests (PFTs), bronchoscopy, and surgical lung biopsy, as well as the importance of multidisciplinary collaboration in reaching an accurate diagnosis.

Treatment Strategies: explore the current standards of care for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, including pharmacological interventions such as antifibrotic medications and immunosuppressive therapies, as well as non-pharmacological approaches such as pulmonary rehabilitation, supplemental oxygen therapy, and lung transplantation. Disease Management: Receive practical guidance on managing the symptoms and complications of IPF, optimizing respiratory function, promoting physical and emotional well-being, and navigating the challenges of living with a chronic lung condition. The chapter idippathic pulmonary fibrosis in special conditions comprises the treatment approaches in the elderley and the pregnant patinets.
Alcohol-Induced Cell Injury
Authors: Ozekinci Selver
Published: October 2024

She graduated from Selçuk University Faculty of Medicine in 1992. She worked for six years as a general practitioner in different provinces. She completed her specialization in Pathology at Dicle University Faculty of Medicine in 2003. She worked for three years as a pathology specialist in Diyarbakır State Hospital. She has been working at Dicle University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology since 2006. Head of the Department of Pathology since 2021. She completed her PhD Dicle University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology in 2021. She has been a pathology specialist for 21 years. She teaches medical and dental students and pathology residents. Her research interests include dermatopathology, thoracic pathology, urologic pathology, bone and soft tissue pathology. Member of Turkish pathology, Aegean pathology associations and Federation of pathology associations.
Biochemistry of Alcohols
Authors: Pehlivan Melisa
Published: October 2024

Alcohol is a general term used to refer to chemical structures containing the hydroxyl (-OH) radical group. In daily life, it refers to a type of alcohol, usually called ethanol. When alcohol is ingested into the body, a series of chemical effects occur, especially in the liver. The elimination process that begins when alcohol is ingested is usually absorbed through the stomach and small intestine. This absorption process varies depending on the type of alcohol, the type of food and drinks consumed, the physical condition of the person and other factors. Once in the bloodstream, alcohol is distributed to various tissues of the body, with the majority being metabolized in the liver. However, a small amount is excreted through sweating, urine and respiration. Alcohol metabolism in the liver is carried out by the enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). Compounds such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADH) play an important role in this metabolism process. Ethanol can also be eliminated by non-oxidative pathways. The effects of alcohol on the body include acetate formation in the liver, impaired metabolism of long-chain fatty acids, altered glucose homeostasis and changes in brain function. Long-term alcohol consumption can have adverse effects on the heart, muscles, brain and other tissues. Alcohol detection is important in forensic toxicology, especially to determine the role of alcohol in forensic events such as traffic accidents and homicides. Biomarkers are important tools used in the detection of alcohol. These include direct biomarkers (EtG, EtS, PEth, YAEE) and indirect biomarkers (MCV, CDT, GGT). These biomarkers help to identify alcohol consumption over different time periods and in different biological samples. Biomarkers are important for the detection of alcohol dependence and alcohol consumption. However, it is important to choose the right biomarker, taking into consideration the characteristics and limitations of each biomarker.
Aetiology of Alcohol Consumption
Authors: Polat Mehmet Oguz
Published: October 2024

Alcohol consumption is a complex phenomenon influenced by psychological, sociological, and biological factors. Psychological theories suggest that individuals with high ego pressure, shy, introverted, and antisocial personalities are prone to alcohol use. Behavioral theories view alcohol use as a learned behavior for tension relief. Sociologically, alcohol consumption varies by cultural acceptance and accessibility. Biologically, alcohol affects the nervous system, potentially leading to addiction through genetic predispositions. Genetic studies show a higher addiction rate among relatives and twins. Environmental factors, such as family history and social influences, also play significant roles. Overall, alcohol addiction results from a combination of genetic, psychological, and environmental factors, requiring multifaceted intervention approaches.
Systemic Diseases with Alcohol
Authors: Polat Mehmet Oguz
Published: October 2024

Alcohol consumption is a major risk factor for numerous systemic diseases, affecting various organs and systems in the body. The World Health Organization (WHO) identifies alcohol consumption as a high-risk factor for diseases such as ischemic heart disease and diabetes. The impact of alcohol is influenced by both the amount and patterns of drinking, with heavy and binge drinking contributing significantly to disease burden. Alcohol affects the immune system, increasing susceptibility to infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, HIV, and pneumonia. It is also classified as a carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, linked to cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, liver, colorectum, and female breast. Chronic alcohol consumption leads to liver diseases like cirrhosis and pancreatitis. The relationship between alcohol and diabetes is complex; moderate consumption may reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes by improving insulin sensitivity, but excessive drinking increases the risk. Neuropsychiatric disorders, including alcohol dependence and epilepsy, are also significantly impacted by alcohol use. Alcohol’s detrimental effects on cardiovascular health include hypertension and atrial fibrillation, with irregular heavy drinking episodes nullifying any protective effects. Social harms from alcohol consumption include family violence, unemployment, and criminal activities, further emphasizing the need for effective prevention and intervention strategies to mitigate the health and social costs associated with alcohol use.
Alchol Use Disorder and Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Gurgezoglu Yapar Esra
Published: October 2024

Alcohol is a colorless, pungent, bitter, flammable liquid. The type of alcohol consumed as a beverage is known as ethanol. In general, the term ""alcohol"" in our language refers to all intoxicating and alcohol-containing beverages. The use of alcohol dates back to ancient times in human history. Often preferred for its pleasurable effects, the repeated and prolonged use of alcohol can lead to addiction. The World Health Organization defines an alcohol addict as ""a person who consumes alcohol for an extended period and in atypical amounts, whose mental, physical, and social health deteriorates due to alcohol, who cannot assess their condition, and even if they can, cannot stop the desire to consume alcohol, and who requires treatment.""

Currently, the diagnostic criteria for alcohol use disorder are established by the American Psychiatric Association’s DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition).

Studies have shown that alcohol use disorder often does not occur in isolation but is accompanied by other psychiatric disorders. The co-occurrence of another psychiatric disorder with alcohol addiction is referred to as comorbidity. Some psychiatric disorders that may co-occur with alcohol dependence include anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, personality disorders, psychotic disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and mood disorders.

In this context, this chapter will address alcohol use disorder from both conceptual and legal perspectives, and examine its relationship with other psychiatric disorders, along with the frequency of their co-occurrence.