bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Breeding of Dual Purpose Cattle
Authors: Mansfield W. S.
Published: July 2016

Though this paper is on the subject of Dual Purpose Cattle it is in no sense a defence of them, not because I am not a devout believer in them myself, but because I am certain that before a learned body such as this they need no defence. Still less is it necessary for me to prove to you that such cattle really exist, though even this has been questioned. But though I do not think it necessary to defend them, I should like first of all to say something about their place in the general economy of our English farming. (I say English advisedly, for there have never been many dual purpose cattle in Scotland, perhaps because the conditions are not suitable.)

It is a fact often overlooked that only a small proportion of our milk producing farmers are dairy farmers in the true sense of the term. A dairy farmer is surely one who draws the major part of his farm income, if not the whole of it, from his dairy herd. In other words, he is a specialist. If this definition of a dairy farmer is accepted then I submit that dairy farmers form a small minority of those farmers who keep milch cattle, and by all means let them keep pure dairy breeds.
Progress in the Application of Artificial Insemination in Other Countries
Authors: Twinch H.
Published: July 2016

During the last twelve months short tours were made in Denmark, Canada, and the United States and certain impressions were collected, which allied to actual statistics show a picture of the present development of artificial insemination in those countries. The statistics relate mainly to a period ending in 1944, and 1945 figures are not yet available. The absence of a uniform method of collecting and tabulating data in each country makes an accurate comparison rather difficult, but the general trend of progress can nevertheless be determined. It is stressed that it is not easy to confine the subject strictly to progress without at times trespassing on the field reserved for other speakers.
The Use of Grassland and Its Products by Animals
Authors: Logan Forrest R.
Published: July 2016

When your Secretary wrote inviting me to take part in a discussion on “ Animals and Grass,” I agreed with alacrity on account of the very keen fascination which the subject has for me. Since then, in trying to compose this paper, I realise how rash I was, and how unsuited, even after nearly twenty years’ farming, to make a useful contribution to this discussion. Because I do wish it to be clear to everyone that I, personally, have not made a success of grass farming, and therefore this paper is really an apology, or, if you will, an attempt to justify negligence, in which, I believe, I am not alone.

The first ten years of my farming life were spent on a marginal land farm, rising from eight hundred feet, and for the last ten it has been my privilege to farm what I consider to be one of the finest arable farms in Scotland. For that reason, I do feel that I have a certain claim to talk to you here to-day even if only with failures to illustrate my point.
The Devon Breeds of Sheep
Authors: Robinson J. F.
Published: July 2016

The intricate pattern of distribution of the Devon breeds of sheep can be broadly related to variations in natural conditions. Some ebb and flow in the popularity of breeds is to be expected as a result of changing economic circumstances. Pre-war, there was wide scale crossing with the Dorset Down and South Down rams to obtain earlier maturity. Since the war, the ploughing-out and the new marketing arrangements for fat-stock have brought a revival of interest in the pure-breeds, but as in other parts of Britain, the change over to dairying, especially in West and Mid-Devon, has been accompanied by a permanent reduction in sheep flocks.
Some National Aspects of Beef Production
Authors: Shaw Thomas
Published: July 2016

The recent war has occasioned even greater changes in agricultural production than followed World War I. Lack of man power and draught power reduced the area of cultivation : lack of fertiliser and manure reduced the yields per acre: lack of feeding stuffs reduced livestock numbers and the output of meat, milk and eggs. This was precipitated at a time in history when it was already becoming evident that, despite improvement in agricultural technique, the output of food per acre over the world was rising comparatively little.

The pre-war agricultural problem, never clearly seen until recent years, of expanding production to meet the requirements of an increasing population, has become gravely accentuated by the additional problem of agricultural recovery following the second world war.
The History and Development of Pig Production in East Anglia
Authors: Davidson H. R.
Published: July 2016

East Anglia has for long been one of the most important centres of pig production in Great Britain, and, if the county of Suffolk is taken by itself it had, in the period between the two wars, a higher concentration of pigs than any other. It is not, however, too easy to find a satisfactory historical account of the reasons which have led to this state of affairs, though some of the possible factors could be accounted for. In view of the extent to which the pig industry in different parts of the world has now become highly specialised one has to be careful to differentiate between factors affecting quality and quantity, for high quality is not the first historical factor.
Cattle Production in East Anglia— Past, Present and Future
Authors: Garner Frank H.
Published: July 2016

In this short paper it is proposed in the first instance to give a brief outline of the history of crop production, since it is closely related to stock production. This will be followed by an outline of the cattle in East Anglia, and finally with the possible developments in the future.

If one looks back into the cropping of the arable areas of this country, and in this case, East Anglia, one finds that in the earliest farming the rotations consisted of really a three course rotation—wheat or rye, followed in the second year, with barley, oats, peas or beans and in the third year, fallow. There was little provision for winter feed for livestock when such rotations were followed, and consequently large numbers of animals were killed annually in the autumn. About the middle of the sixteenth century, one finds the first mention of turnips for feeding to cattle in the winter, and this suggestion was quickly followed by the announcement that cabbages, carrots and parsnips were also grown for stock feed.
Dairy Cattle Husbandry in the South-East of Scotland
Authors: Barron J. R.
Published: July 2016

Area covered.—The area dealt with in this paper is that which covers the Counties of Angus, Perth, Kinross, Fife, the Lothians, Haddington, Berwick, Peebles, Selkirk and Roxburgh. These counties embrace some of the finest arable land in Scotland, including some of the best stock breeding, rearing and fattening farms. Although there has been some change in the type of livestock carried on the arable lands, the arable output within the area was stepped up to the maximum during the war years, and is still working at this high level.
The Research Problem
Authors: Stableforth A. W.
Published: July 2016

Bovine mastitis still causes great loss despite modern treatment, and discussion of this subject is therefore particularly appropriate to the Society of Animal Production. Data obtained before modern treatment became available, in several countries where dairying is intensive, showed that some 3-4 per cent, of dairy animals were culled annually on account of mastitis, that at any given time about 10 per cent, had some obvious abnormality of milk or udder, and that a high percentage of animals—20-40 per cent, in many areas and countries—were infected with one or other of the recognised mastitis bacteria, the majority with Streptococcus agalactiae. Much of this has been overcome by modern treatment, and in some areas Str. agalactiae mastitis has already been eradicated from large numbers of herds. There is no doubt, however, that in many other areas mastitis remains a cause of heavy loss of yield—a loss which could largely be removed by more active measures for its control.
Research in the field
Authors: Macpherson D. A.
Published: July 2016

My work during the last few years has been to some extent concerned with attempts at the control of mastitis under ordinary farming conditions, and in speaking to you today I will confine my remarks to what I consider in that particular region of experience is relevant to your tasks and interests. I make no claim to have carried out any fundamental research on the micro-organisms associated with infections of the bovine udder. My aim has been rather to apply the results of primary scientific enquiries carried out at various research centres to practical problems in the field.

It will be appreciated that conditions existing on the average farm differ in many respects from those that pertain on the farms and premises of the field stations and research centres, where a more direct, complete, and constant control can be exercised by the research worker over animal management, milking practices and general hygiene, than is possible on farms scattered over a wide country area and where the investigator must of necessity work from a position somewhat remote. Much in the way of control has to be left in these circumstances to the farmer, his herdsman and the practising veterinary surgeon. The personal element therefore, will always weigh very heavily. The test of any scheme or programme designed to control mastitis is: Can it work under such conditions and produce the desired results ? I am convinced from my own experience that it can.
The Farmer's Experience : South West England
Authors: Trehane W. R.
Published: July 2016

We have had recommended to us to-day a number of measures than we can take to control and eliminate mastitis. I have not done the things that Dr. Stableforth told us we could do. I had to determine whether in my own particular circumstances, in the state of health or disease in which my herd was at the time and was likely to be in the future, in the light of the degree of supervision I could give to my herd management and with the particular circumstances of labour at my disposal, and all the other relevant factors, I should embark on a policy of eradication or whether I should tolerate the disease.

There is, obviously not one answer for every person. It must depend on each person's circumstances. But I think in regard to these circumstances and considerations that I have mentioned I am more fortunately placed, possibly, than the average farmer, with the single exception of the amount of time I can give to supervision. My labour is above the average in intelligence; my cattle are above the average in health; they are above the average in their state of nutrition. When I weighed up these factors, my decision was, rightly or wrongly, that I should tolerate the disease and not attempt to eradicate it.
The Production and Utilisation of Grass Throughout the Year
Authors: Davies William
Published: July 2016

It has often been said that “grass is the cheapest and healthiest feed we can offer our farm animals.” There is a fairly good body of evidence and some consensus of opinion that grass is a cheap food (see J. R. Currie, 1948, J. Brit. Grassl. Soc, 3:27).

Grass fed in situ is cheap for us in Britain, because it is a crop which in terms of nutrients per acre either tops the list or is always in the higher yield group among our farm crops. This is true whether we base our comparison on starch equivalent or on nitrogen (expressed as crude protein). Productive grassland is always high in its comparative values.

The following table will serve to emphasise this point.

This table is based on data published in 1941 by Leeds University, and is an example of the sort of figures frequently given in respect of different crops.
Practical problems in the progeny testing of poultry
Authors: sykes Geoffrey
Published: July 2016

I propose taking a pretty wide interpretation of the term progeny testing. When selecting poultry for improved economic characters, most of these characters such as egg numbers, viability and disease resistance in which we are interested have a low heritability and consequently progeny testing is an essential poultry breeding technique. During the last 15 years in England we have mainly been trying to improve the economic characteristics of egg production, but now the Americans are showing us that if we follow closely their broiler industry we can develop a valuable industry for the production of poultry meat in Britain which makes better feed utilisation of scarce concentrated feeds than any other form of meat production. The heritability of meat conformation in poultry is high but I believe progeny testing will come into the picture of selection for better broiler strains, because such strains must be capable of growing fast and evenly with the most efficient feed conversion ratio whilst being housed together in large mobs of manv thousand of chicks.
Pig Research at the Rowett Research Institute, Aberdeen
Authors: Lucas I. A. M.
Published: July 2016

There has been a rapid expansion of pig research at the Rowett Institute during the last two years, and the object of this paper is to give some idea of our facilities, the kind of work we are doing, and a few of our recent findings.

We are now able to feed individually up to 206 growing pigs at any one time, but only rarely will more than 150 be fed individually whilst about the same number will be fed in groups.

Our permanent fattening house has four farrowing pens which are at the moment being used for baby pig experiments. It has three pens in which 36 pigs are individually fed and four pens somewhat similar to those used by the late Mr. McGuckian in Ireland. These house eight groups of seven pigs, which can, if we wish, be individually fed in a ‘ dining room ’ containing sixteen individual feeding compartments.
Diet and Muscular Disease in Calves
Authors: Blaxter K. L.
Published: July 2016

During the early stages of investigations concerned with the dietary requirement of dairy calves for certain amino-acids (Blaxter & Wood, 1952a), we had occasion to devise rations simulating milk to meet the calves’ basic requirements. These consisted of reconstituted dried skim-milk powder, glucose, trace elements, lard as a source of fat and a concentrated solution of vitamins A and D in arachis oil. The diet was comparatively cheap and the growth of the calves which were given it appeared quite satisfactory, at least for the first month. Then, quite suddenly, some animals developed alarming symptoms of muscular and cardiac derangement and some died. Examination of the calves at post mortem showed the presence of muscular degeneration which appeared comparable to a similar type of degeneration which had been observed in guinea-pigs and rabbits given rations low in vitamin E content (Goettsch & Pappenheimer, 1931). The ration which we had been giving to the calves contained only a few milligrams of vitamin E, since experiments in America had suggested that E deficiency in cattle took several years to produce (Gullickson & Calverley, 1946).
The Size of Border Leicester and Welsh Mountain Sheep Compared with their Reciprocal Crosses
Authors: Hunter G. L.
Published: July 2016

An experiment, designed to determine the extent of the maternal influence on size in sheep, in which groups of Border Leicester and Welsh Mountain ewes were bred to rams of both breeds, has shown that the nature of the maternal environment had a relatively small effect on the size of lambs at birth and on their subsequent growth. The maternal influence on a late-maturing character (liveweight) was larger than on an early-maturing character (’ cannon-bone’ length), but the effect of heterosis on the late-maturing character was greater still and tended to overshadow the maternal effect.
Progeny Testing of Dairy Bulls at Different Levels of Management
Authors: Mason I. L.
Published: July 2016

There are two schools of thought concerning the most appropriate environment in which to select breeding animals. One says ‘ Always select animals under environmental conditions similar to those where they are to be used ‘. The other says ‘ Select breeding animals in the optimum environment so that they have the best chance of revealing their genetic capabilities ‘. Experiments on growth of laboratory mice and experience with European cattle in the tropics have shown the advisability of the first course in these cases. In regard to hill sheep and dairy cattle in Britain, on the other hand, practice favours the second course, but there is little experimental evidence to support it.
An Experiment with Beef Breeds and Crosses
Authors: Lockwood J. T. R.
Published: July 2016

The purpose of this experiment is to compare, under identical rearing and management conditions the performance of steers of certain dairy and dual-purpose breeds with steers by beef bulls out of these same breeds.

The animals are reared, fattened and sold to the best advantage at reasonable weights and condition, and the carcasses examined and as much information obtained on carcass weights and measurements as the slaughtering and disposal conditions allow.
Studies on the rearing of calves weaned from milk between two and four weeks of age
Authors: Preston T. R.
Published: July 2016

To wean calves early and then feed them dry meal, hay and water is thought to have a number of advantages over more conventional methods of calf rearing. These advantages include: a considerable saving of milk or milk substitutes, an early build-up of the microbial population of the rumen (thus permitting the use of simple inexpensive foods), and the saving of labour concomitant with early weaning.

Accordingly, a number of small experiments were set up to test the practicability of early weaning, the effect of different dry feeds and of a variety of types of flooring for calf pens.
Livestock marketing in Northern Ireland
Authors: Baird J. C.
Published: July 2016

Before dealing with the marketing of livestock I will mention briefly the current arrangements for the disposal of our two main livestock products—milk and eggs. Milk is marketed through a Producers’ Marketing Board which operates on very much the same lines as the Milk Marketing Boards in Great Britain.

In the marketing of eggs we have a unique system for the control of egg quality. The eggs are collected in the normal way by packers, or collectors acting on their behalf, and are graded on a quality basis in the packer’s store. The producer is paid on the result of this grading, deductions being made for second quality eggs, cracked eggs, soiled eggs, etc. The grading and packing are supervised by officers of the Ministry of Agriculture who also carry out further checks on the standard of packing and quality of eggs being shipped to Great Britain. These further checks are carried out at the ports of shipment, random samples of eggs being subjected to further quality tests.
Equipment for the separate collection of faeces and urine from sheep
Authors: McDonald P.
Published: July 2016

A number of metabolism crates for the separate collection of faeces and urine from sheep have been described by various workers. These fall into two main categories, collection of excreta by bag and funnel of the pattern described by Raymond, Harris and Harker (1953), and separation without harness by the use of wire screens which deflect the faeces into a container and permit the urine to flow through a metal funnel into a collection bottle. Bratzler (1951) has described in detail a metabolism crate of this latter type which has the advantage that it can be used for sheep of either sex.
The overwintering of young cattle
Authors: Alder F. E.
Published: July 2016

During the past decade investigations have been in progress, first at Drayton, nr. Stratford-on-Avon, and later at Hurley, into the production and utilisation of winter grass. Over the period 1951-4, overwintering methods were compared for 2-year-old store cattle (Hughes et al.,1955). These cattle were destined to be fattened on summer grass, but with the change in emphasis in market conditions whereby an animal of 9 to 10 cwt. giving a carcass of about 600-650 lb. is required, it is desirable that cattle approaching 2 years old at the beginning of the winter should where possible be fattened and not maintained in store condition. On most farms there is insufficient yard space for both young and older animals, also on dairy farms winter grass would be a valuable feed if it could be used for wintering growing heifers.

For these reasons it was decided to investigate the possibilities of using winter grass for overwintering cattle beginning the winter at 1 year old or younger. Two experiments were carried out with Hereford colour-marked steers during the winters of 1954-5 and 1955-6.
Learning to Participate: Responding to Changes in Australian Land and Water Management Policy and Practice
Authors: Brierley Gary , Hillman Mick , Devonshire Liz
Published: July 2016

Rapid changes to resource and environmental management systems are occurring in Australia. These include increased emphasis on a whole-of-ecosystem approach, adaptive management, and community participation in decision-making. The need to respond to these rapid changes raises new educational challenges, which are being addressed in the Resource and Environmental Management program at Macquarie University through a round table exercise in environmental decision-making. Using an environmental flow allocation scenario, with a combination of face-to-face meetings and online tasks, this role-play activity requires students to assume a stakeholder role, formulate a position paper, question the views of other stakeholders, and negotiate to reach a consensus-based outcome. A key outcome is the learners' active engagement in an authentic task that exposes them to many of the uncertainties they will face in professional practice.
The Values of the Earth Charter in Education for Sustainable Development
Authors: Corcoran Peter Blaze
Published: July 2016

As never before in history, common destiny beckons us to seek a new beginning…. This requires a change of mind and heart. It requires a new sense of global interdependence and universal responsibility. We must imaginatively develop and apply the vision of a sustainable way of life locally, nationally, regionally, and globally. Our cultural diversity is a precious heritage and different cultures will find their own distinctive ways to realize the vision. We must deepen and expand the global dialogue that generated the Earth Charter, for we have much to learn from the ongoing collaborative search for truth and wisdom (The Earth Charter, The Way Forward).

Such advancement of high-minded values, such changes of mind and heart, and such senses of interdependence and responsibility across culture can only be achieved through education. Realising culturally rooted visions of sustainability and searching for cross-cultural collaboration is, inherently, a process of education. The Earth Charter Initiative has said from the beginning that the Earth Charter is an educational resource of significant value.

The art and science of teaching about, from, with, and for the Earth Charter offers a promising pedagogy for exploring such shared values and global ethics. Many of the problems we face are ethical problems. Therefore, the solutions must be solutions to which ethics point.
A Report Fit for Children? A Critical Examination of the Work of the UN General Assembly's Special Session on Children, May 2002
Authors: Dillon Justin , Gough Stephen , Scott William , Teamey Kelly
Published: July 2016

From 8-10 May 2002, the United Nations General Assembly met in a Special Session on Children. Representatives from more than 180 countries agreed on 21 new goals in the areas of education, health, combating AIDS and protecting children against abuse, exploitation and violence (Reuters 2002), The Assembly set six new targets aimed at meeting the goal of ‘quality basic education for all children’. In this paper we critically examine the strategies that the UN identified to ensure that the targets are met, in the light of our experiences researching and writing a report for the UK Department for International Development (DFID) on mainstreaming environmental education.

At the Special Session, held in New York, children and heads of state evaluated progress towards achieving the 27 goals set at the 1990 World Summit for Children (UNICEF 2002a). The Special Session on Children was preceded by a three-day Children's Forum ‘for those most directly affected by the decisions made at the conference’ (UNICEF 2002b). As well as 350 children from more than 150 countries (reported elsewhere as ‘376 children and young adults from 115 countries’ (MacCentral 2002) there were ‘2,000 representatives of more than 800 non-governmental organizations (NGOs), including many of UNICEF's partners in the field’ (UNICEF 2002b). The claim that the Forum was attended by ‘those most directly affected by the decisions’ is at best pious hope and at worst pure spin, but the size and scale of the event merits consideration by those working for and with children around the world.
Education for Intercultural Understanding in Australian Schools: A Review of its Contribution to Education for a Sustainable Future
Authors: Tilbury Daniella , Henderson Kate
Published: July 2016

Education for Intercultural Understanding seeks a better world. Its principal goal is education for change through addressing social issues with an intercultural perspective arising at the local, national and especially international levels. Underpinning this cross-curricular dimension is education for a sustainable future - a core concern of Environmental Education.

This article will review Australia's engagement with international and intercultural education within formal education with a specific focus on its contribution to a sustainable future. It identifies recent influences that have shaped school policy and practice in this area. Lost opportunities are discussed as well as the scope for future developments, in particular within the socially critical fields of Citizenship Education, Futures Education, Global Education and Anti-racism Education as well as Environmental Education and Education for Sustainable Development. This paper is an extract from a recent report commissioned by the UNESCO Asia-Pacific Centre for Education for International Understanding (APCEIU).
Educating Engineers About Sustainable Energy: An Overview of the Issues
Authors: Sonneborn Carrie
Published: July 2016

The decisions and activities of engineers are often intimately connected with the choice of energy systems and their far reaching effects on society and the environment. Yet there is little or no explicit ‘sustainable energy education’ — that is, education about the rote that the production and use energy plays in modern society, including the related technical aspects—in most undergraduate engineering courses.

The significance of energy to modern society, the culture of engineering, and the future outlook for sustainable energy education are explored from a historical perspective in the context of environmentalism, feminism and industrialism. The current status of sustainable energy education theory and practice in Australia is outlined. Drawing on interviews with key practitioners possible approaches to sustainable energy education in engineering are discussed. Current courses and resources for sustainable energy education for engineers are summarised.
International Perspectives on Best Practice in the Development of Urban Environmental Education, and Education for Sustainability Programs
Authors: Halliday Glen
Published: July 2016

This paper reports on the international practices I observed as part of a study tour I undertook as a 2005 NSW Premier's Visy Industries Environmental Education Scholarship holder. Interest in urban environmental education (EE) and education for sustainability (EFS) is increasing as rapid urbanisation emerges as one of the greatest challenges facing the world today. The urbanisation processes, fueled by globalisation, environmental degradation, rural unemployment and technological change, are forcing a global exodus from rural areas to urban ones. For developed countries like Australia, urbanisation has resulted in localised environmental and social problems in our cities. These issues include urban design; land clearing and urban sprawl; transport and infrastructure planning; disposal of solid waste; water, noise and air pollution; preservation of biodiversity and heritage; water scarcity; social isolation; loss of social capital and socio economic inequality. The impact of the developed world's largely urban population on the all eco-systems, has focused critical world attention on urban places as the sources of widespread environmental degradation.
Recent Developments in Environmental Education in Britain
Authors: Hale Monica
Published: July 2016

Over the past decade concern for the environment and, as a consequence, interest in environmental education have undergone a revival in Britain. Interest generated in the late Sixties and early Seventies was followed by a quiescent period during which few significant developments occurred. The publication of the World Conservation Strategy and the UK Response in the early Eighties, coupled with the general realisation that environmental degradation was occurring on a global scale, has caused a substantial increase in environmental interest. Recent developments in the formulation of a National Curriculum in England and Wales have provided a real opportunity to incorporate environmental education into the programs of study for every pupil between the ages of 5 to 16.

The following paper concentrates on the formal education system but important developments are currently taking place in the youth sector. As the National Curriculum proceeds and becomes fully implemented it will further affect higher and further education and environmental education in industry.
Formal Environmental Education in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Medina Augusto
Published: July 2016

In the early 1980s environmental education programs in Latin America and Caribbean school systems had just begun. The first efforts were a straight transfer of programs from other countries, especially the developed countries of the north. Often these programs were not well suited to local needs and issues. Programs now have a much stronger local flavor. Surprisingly, nongovernmental organisations and other institutions not related to the school system have given the greatest impetus to formal environmental education in the region.

For this paper formal education efforts in the Dominican Republic, Peru and Argentina are highlighted. The three projects have been underway for four years and are examples of programs that respond to local teacher needs.

Workshops have been the primary form of training teachers. To increase the effectiveness of training programs in the '90s local support systems for teachers are needed. Environmental education must branch out from the natural sciences to other areas of the curriculum. It must also increase the number of teachers reached by using other delivery systems such as teacher training institutions, radio and video.
Teacher Education in Environmental Education: The ‘Grip of Print’ & Other Lessons from Distance Education
Authors: Robottom Ian
Published: July 2016

This paper focuses on teacher education in environmental education. In seeking alternatives and improvements in EE teacher education, it is instructive to see what lessons might be learnt from efforts at distance education in this field. The paper will outline the structure and context of a teacher education course in environmental education -- a course that is part of an off-campus (distance education) Bachelor of Education program -- and then consider a number of curriculum issues that have arisen in the history of this course.

The course itself is located in a Bachelor of Education program at Deakin University and is available for practising teachers throughout Australia who are interested in upgrading their education qualifications without having to travel physically to the host institution offering the degree. The B.Ed, program comprises a number of ‘generic’ curriculum courses in such areas as curriculum design and development, educational enquiry and action research, and a number of ‘specialist’ curriculum courses in such areas as mathematics education, language education and art and music education. The environmental education course takes its place among the ‘specialist’ curriculum courses.
Undergraduate Environmental Science the Murdoch Story
Authors: Newman Peter
Published: July 2016

The undergraduate degree in Environmental Science at Murdoch University has been a 14 year experiment in providing a new kind of disciplinary training and profession. Some achievements are examined and possible directions for the future reviewed.

This paper is about an experiment in environmental education in Western Australia - the establishment of an undergraduate degree in Environmental Science. The experiment has hardly been discussed before, mainly because the experiment was still going on, but 1989 represents a new phase of that experiment after the retirement of the Foundation Professor Des O'Connor. Some perspective is thus attempted on its achievements and possible directions for the future are examined.

It has been an important experiment because there are very few places in Australia or overseas where there has been such a commitment and vision to seeking solutions to environmental problems through education. This is mainly because there are not many places where a new University has been founded in the past 15 years with Environmental Science as a foundation discipline.
Changes in Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviour: A Critical Review of Research into the Impacts of Environmental Education Initiatives
Authors: Gralton Anna , Sinclair Mark , Purnell Ken
Published: July 2016

This paper reviews research literature on the impact of environmental education initiatives on learners' attitudes, beliefs and behaviours. The review focuses on initiatives involving learners of all ages and school-aged learners in particular. The review shows two things. There is some evidence that environmental education initiatives are associated with changed beliefs and attitudes, and this is mainly in the short-term. There is little evidence that environmental education initiatives lead to behavioural change, especially in the longer-term. The review concludes that there is a need for more and better research evidence that behavioural change in learners follows from involvement in environmental education.
How Research Helped Us To Move From Awareness to Action and Then to Systems Development
Authors: Armstrong Patricia , Grant Jim
Published: July 2016

How can an organisation move from awareness raising, in the form of natural history poster production, to the development of systems that change organisations? Through close integration of research and practice, the Gould League has achieved this transformation. It began with extensive research into best practice environmental education, going beyond the traditional boundaries of environmental education to areas that included the psychology of culture change, business management, systems thinking, governance, drug education, marketing and organisational psychology. This broad approach to research has led to the development of highly effective sustainability education programs, such as Waste Wise Schools and Sustainable Schools.

The Waste Wise Schools Program, funded by EcoRecycle Victoria and managed in consultation with the Gould League, is an action-based waste education program. Originating in Victoria in 1998, it has been adopted by over a third of Victorian schools and has led to widespread outcomes, including waste reductions of up to 95%. There is strong evidence from surveys that this program is sustainable in schools over time and research confirms that the program is contributing to changes in the waste-wise thinking and behaviour of the families of the children at these schools.

A model for culture change in schools, based on the experiences of the Waste Wise Schools Program, has also been developed. This model, a valuable tool in the continual improvement of Waste Wise Schools, has applications to sustainability education in general.
Is Sustainability a Breakfast Cereal? Public Program Based Research into Community Understandings of Sustainability
Authors: McLoughlin Lynette C.
Published: July 2016

What meanings and values does the community (the general public) attach to the term “sustainability”? As this complex concept is widely used in academic, political and policy arenas and gradually becomes embedded at institutional level, it is possible that the community does not share the understandings of sustainability that are guiding developments in many spheres which affect their lives. Use of terminology at policy level which is unfamiliar to the community is not unusual, so does it matter in the case of “sustainability”? This paper reviews research, both qualitative and quantitative, undertaken between 2000 and 2004 for the NSW Department of Environment and Conservation in the context of development of a sustainability education program known as Our Environment: It's a Living Thing. This research both explored understanding and concepts of sustainability and developed a community segmentation on the basis of environmental knowledge, attitudes and behaviour. The implications of this research for future research and for programs aimed at developing community understanding of, and commitment to, sustainability are also discussed.
Pre-school Environmental Education in Hong Kong: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Lee John Chi Kin
Published: July 2016

This paper reports on an investigation of the status of pre-school environmental education in Hong Kong through both a questionnaire survey and case studies. The study looked in particular at the environmental education activities organised, difficulties encountered in the implementation of environmental education and teachers' attitudes towards environmental education and teaching approaches. The findings indicated that pre-school environmental education tended to focus more on education about the environment than education in and for the environment. The results also revealed that the teachers' perceived barriers were mainly logistical, such as lack of time and resources, and educational in the sense that they felt that they lacked knowledge about environmental education. The implications for future development of environmental education are discussed.
Environment Discourse and the ‘Other’: Implications from a Study in Indonesian Language Education
Authors: Tamatea Laurence
Published: July 2016

In a study of student discourse in Indonesian language education the environment emerged as a significant topic of discussion. Analysis using the Postcolonial theory concepts of orientalism and ambivalence shows that environment discourse can function as a means of Othering. It can reflect the ambivalence and complexities of Orientalism and resist simple categorisation as positive or negative.
‘Not greenies’ at school: Investigating the Discourses of Environmental Activism in Regional Australia
Authors: Whitehouse Hilary
Published: July 2016

Implementing environmental activism at school can be socially risky business. This paper explores the narratives of three women who undertook award winning environmental projects in two regional Australian schools. Tara (student, age 15), Anne (student, age 15) and Andrea (principal, age 42) document the complex and courageous social negotiations they were forced to undertake in response to being negatively constituted as “a greenie” at school. Tara and Anne met resistance from their peers and family and Andrea fielded complaints from members of the local school community. This micro-qualtitative analysis shows that, despite the heartfelt rhetoric of environmental education, assuming an environmental identity at school can be problematic and difficult to enact. Environmental action is still not seen as a “cool” social practice in some adolescent peer groups. Nor is environmental action positioned as central to the “legitimate” practices of schooling in some communities. Successful projects rely on students and staff who are willing to actively, and persitently, negotiate social opposition to their achieving an ecological vision for school practice.
Local Sustainability: Balancing Quality and Equality?
Authors: Agyeman Julian
Published: July 2016

This paper attempts to link four themes which are interrelated, but not often discussed together in local sustainability discourses. They are: the tension between achieving both environmental quality and human equality; the possibilities offered by Local Agenda 21 (LA21); what a sustainable community or society might look like and some good practice guidelines for local governments in their pivotal role as key facilitators of local sustainability.

Environmentalists and environmental educators are good on notions of what they perceive as ‘environmental quality’, but are poor, or very poor on notions of ‘human equality’. Human equality has always been an implicit agreement as opposed to an explicit goal, safely tucked away in the notion of ‘quality of life’.

One of the guiding principles of LA21 is that people normally excluded from the decision making process (women, indigenous people and young people) need to be integrally involved in decision making within a framework which stresses the importance of public participation. The reason for this inclusive form of participation is that these groups are seen as having had little impact on the production of local environments, although they are sometimes disproportionately affected by them, by virtue of their social role.

Using a set of 13 themes that were developed by community consultations In Britain that would feature in a sustainable community or society, the paper looks at the potential for integrating quality and equality concerns. The paper finishes by looking at some good practice guidelines or ways that local governments, as decision makers nearest local peoples, could be integrating quality and equality concerns into emerging local sustainability strategies.
Tracing Changes in Teacher Environmental Education Understanding
Authors: Lang Josephine R.
Published: July 2016

After more than twenty years of contemporary environmental education, there is still an inferior representation of it in schools. By 1990, UNESCO recognised that to improve the effectiveness of teacher implementation of environmental education in schools, teachers needed training. To date, there is insufficient research into teacher training in environmental education that could provide insights into teacher understanding and how to positively change teacher understandings about environmental education. The aim of this research was to document and examine the changes in teacher understandings of environmental education during an in-service training program in environmental education.

To examine teacher change in detail, this research used a qualitative and naturalistic inquiry methodology while using a case study approach. The case study showed that teacher understanding was complex and affected by many factors that contribute to personal and professional growth, development and learning.
Interrogating Silence: Environmental Education Research as Postcolonialist Textwork
Authors: Gough Noel
Published: July 2016

In December 1997 I was privileged—and very pleasantly surprised—to receive the inaugural Allen Strom Eureka Prize for Environmental Education for ‘environmental education research of a substantive nature which contributes to professional thinking and practice’. According to the program for the prize-giving ceremony, I was awarded the prize ‘for research on recent cultural and philosophical movements, such as postmodernism, which has translated and applied complex social theories to theory and practice in environmental education’.

I want to take this opportunity to repeat my thanks to the New South Wales Environment Protection Authority for their generous sponsorship of this prize. I offer these thanks not only as an individual recipient but also on behalf of the wider Australian environmental education community. I see particular significance in the Allen Strom Eureka Prize for Environmental Education being awarded in a suite that includes separate prizes for environmental research and environmental journalism. This helps to distinguish our field from other disciplines with which it is sometimes confused. My own research emphasises that environmental education is not just another type of environmental study but more a form of cultural and media literacy.
Science Ends Where Environmental Education Begins: Putting Science into Perspective
Authors: Galang Angelina
Published: July 2016

This paper starts with an account of some of my childhood experiences, ones provided by my father, the original environmentalist in my life and a practising scientist. I continue with a discussion of the need for environmental educators to view science from an informed perspective. It is essential that we help our students to understand the workings of nature and that science has inherent limitations in its ability to explain those workings.

I indicate that what is needed if humans are to live in partnership with the Earth is sensitivity to and appreciation of the complexities and aesthetics of its environments from which a culture of nurturing and personal involvement should emerge.

I conclude that it is equally important that environmental educators include in their lessons current scientific views, and direct experience in thought-provoking and valuing exercises.
Environmental Attitudes and Actions: People's Perceptions of the Effectiveness of their Actions and Chinese Cultural Context
Authors: Suk-lin Grace Lai Yau , Stimpson Philip
Published: July 2016

The paper reports a study within the Chinese cultural context of Hong Kong of the influence which people's perception of the probable effectiveness of their actions has on the relationship between attitudes and actions. As expected, respondents with pro-environmental attitudes and a perception that their actions would be effective indicated a likelihood to act in an environmentally responsible manner which was greater than those whose attitudes were not so pro-environmental and whose perceptions were that their actions would not be effective. However, amongst the group of respondents with little indication of pro-environmental attitudes and a perception that their actions would not be effective there were some who, nonetheless, said they would act in environmentally responsible ways. This observation is discussed in terms of a social ethic of conformity, obedience and suppression of personal beliefs.