bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Loss, Desire, and Writing in Propertius 1.19 and 2.15
Authors: Flaschenriem Barbara
Published: September 2012

Elegies 1.19 and 2.15 combine the motifs of loss, desire, and writing in complex ways. In each poem, the speaker's attempt to recapture the past-to possess his beloved by writing about her-leads him to confront the imperatives of time and the limits of his own poetic art. Furthermore, because Cynthia is so closely identified with Propertius' project as an elegiac poet, she becomes a focus of literary as well as erotic unease. In poem 1.19, the narrator's anxiety about Cynthia's fidelity discloses a deeper anxiety about the reception of his poetry, and about the ability of a text to represent its author faithfully once it enters the public domain. In contrast to 1.19, elegy 2.15 seems initially to resist the prospect of change and loss. In the first ten lines of the poem, the narrator affirms a kind of mastery over time and his beloved, re-creating a scene of pleasure from the past, and presenting Cynthia's unclothed body as the object of his and the reader's amorous gaze. Yet Cynthia's active role in the scene-the evidence of "her" desire-leads to the dissolution of the amatory tableau. Cynthia brings elements of narrative into the erotic spectacle created by the poet-lover; as in poem 1.19, she is associated with forces which threaten the text's stability or closure. In both elegies, however, the poet's fictive encounters with loss are productive as well as unsettling. Such fictions permit him to view both love affair and poetic project retrospectively, and to evaluate their significance. They give expression to literary anxieties, but also allow these anxieties to be explored and partially mastered. Finally, they offer a way of thinking about the limits of love, of representation, and of a writer's control over his text.
Dionysos and Katharsis in "Antigone"
Authors: Scullion Scott
Published: September 2012

In the fifth stasimon of Antigone the chorus observes that "the whole city is subject to a violent sickness" and invokes Dionysos to "come with kathartic foot." It is generally assumed that the katharsis the chorus has in mind is purification of Thebes from a plague or pollution arising from the unburied corpse of Polyneikes; katharsis of this sort is however unattested as a function of Dionysos. It is argued that this is rather the earliest explicit attestation of the kathartic effect of ecstatic Dionysiac dancing upon nosos ("sickness") as mental disorder, the chorus equating the mental nosos of Kreon, Antigone and Haimon with the nosos of civil strife affecting Thebes. A large number of passages indicate that mention of feet in cultic and especially Dionysiac contexts almost invariably refers to dancing, which is a dominant motif of the fifth stasimon both in its content as hymn to Dionysos and formally as a hyporcheme. Evidence from the fifth century and from Plato for the connection of Dionysos with kathartic dancing as a cure for mental disorder is stronger than previous discussions maintain. It is suggested that Sophokles elides two senses of nosos-mental disorder and civil strife-and that the chorus are invoking Dionysos to relieve them of the stress of these, rather than of a general plague or pollution. Whereas mental disorders and civil strife are constant themes of the play, the corpse as pollutant affects only altars-nothing like a "violent plague" is attested in the text. This reinterpretation of the ode suggests that it relates rather to the tragic conflict still to be played out among the principal characters than to the corpse, which is shortly buried with invocation of Hekate and Plouton rather than Dionysos.
Moving Images: Fifth-Century Victory Monuments and the Athlete's Allure
Authors: Steiner Deborah
Published: September 2012

This article treats representations of victors in the Greek athletic games in the artistic and poetic media of the early classical age, and argues that fifth-century sculptors, painters and poets similarly constructed the athlete as an object designed to arouse desire in audiences for their works. After reviewing the very scanty archaeological evidence for the original victory images, I seek to recover something of the response elicited by these monuments by looking to visualizations of athletes in contemporary vase-painting and literary sources, and most particularly in the epinician odes of Pindar. Poets and painters, I suggest, both place their subjects within an erotically-charged atmosphere which replicates that surrounding actual athletes in the city gymnasia and at the games, and encourage audiences to regard the youthful bodies on display as "spectacularized" objects, sources of both aesthetic and sensual pleasure. The makers of monumental images work within the same paradigm, also prompting the viewer to transfer the sentiments aroused by the real-world athlete and victor to his re-presentation in bronze. Through an examination of the conventions used for victor images, and a close study of the so-called Motya charioteer, I propose that the sculptor deploys techniques analogous to those of artist and poet to highlight the appeal of the athlete's body, and displays the victor in a mode calculated not only to mark him as the alluring target of the gaze, but even to cast him as a potential erômenos. The concluding section of the article investigates the impetus behind this mode of representation, and seeks to place the dynamic between the viewer and the viewed within the context of the early fifth-century polis.
Preface to Thucydides: Rereading the Corcyrean Conflict (1.24-55)
Authors: Morrison James V.
Published: September 2012

Thucydides uses the first extended episode in the History, the Corcyrean conflict (1.24-55), to present the world of political discourse, deliberation, and battle. This episode is programmatic for a number of reasons: it is the first episode with a pair of speeches; Thucydides ties this episode directly to the outbreak of the war; certain questions, such as morality's relevance to foreign policy, are introduced here for the first time; and, most importantly, it is here that Thucydides establishes what the reader's role is to be throughout the work. This paper argues that, for all the significance of Thucydides' Archaeology and Statement of Method (1.2-23), the "participatory" dimension of the History begins with the Corcyrean conflict. It is only with the introduction of speeches that the reader must address the ways in which speech and narrative confirm and undermine each other, as the historian's voice now alternates and competes with that of his characters in speech. From an authorial perspective we find that various techniques Thucydides employs-multiple perspective, authorial reticence, and episodic presentation-are used to recreate the political arena of fifth-century Greece. The various facets of the reader's extensive labor may be clustered under the heading of extrapolation and conjecture (best captured by the Greek term eikazein), as the reader must endeavor to see events from the perspective of the participants, evaluate claims made in speeches, experience battle vicariously, and consider events-which are past from the reader's perspective-as future in terms of the subsequent narrative. Analogous to what Plato did for philosophy, Thucydides has produced an interactive, open-ended, and participatory type of literature by appealing to the reader's involvement and by bringing written literature as close as possible to the live, extemporaneous, face-to-face debate of oral Greek culture.
Business and the Black Revolt
Authors: Palmieri Victor H.
Published: September 2012

The Deputy Director of the Kerner Commission speaks on the meaning and challenge of the black revolt and the role of business in meeting that challenge. Stressing the positive aspects of the Black Power movement, and its worldwide implications, the author gives an analysis of the causes of the black revolt.

By working to create an affluent society, business itself has acted as a catalyst in the urban unrest.

Four areas in which the business community can work to solve urban problems are outlined.
A Capital Market Plan for the Urban Areas
Authors: Ritter Lawrence S.
Published: September 2012

One wonders how many more cities will have to go up in flames amid riot and bloodshed before we realize that we have no choice, merely in terms of our own individual self-interest, but to rouse ourselves from immersion in private pursuits and set about the job of putting things right?

Dr. Ritter presents a proposal for the dramatic reconstruction of American cities … what we must do if we are to stop an accelerating trend toward virtual polarization of American society along primarily racial lines. The issues in the nation, at large are more than just economic, and they reach far beyond the boundaries of our cities. But a start must be made somewhere and it is in the interest of such a beginning—with full awareness that it is only that—that the proposal below is presented.
Audit Partner Tenure and Cost of Equity Capital
Authors: Azizkhani Masoud , Monroe Gary S. , Shailer Greg
Published: September 2012

We examine whether audit engagement partner tenure and rotation affect investors' perceptions, as proxied by the ex ante cost of equity capital. We find that partner tenure has a nonlinear relation with the ex ante cost of equity capital for non-Big 4 audit engagements prior to the introduction of partner rotation requirements, and that the imputed gains from partner tenure appear similar to the imputed gains of having a Big 4 auditor. Consistent with the tenure results, we also find that partner rotation is associated with increased ex ante cost of equity capital. Our results are very robust to a variety of sensitivity tests and raise important questions for future research. It is not known to what extent investors or analysts are aware of the audit partner's identity or pay attention to audit partner tenure; if investors or analysts do not consider partner tenure, future research may identify omitted variables that have the same nonlinear relationship with the ex ante cost of capital that we observe for non-Big 4 audit partner tenure.

JEL Classifications: M42; M48.

Data Availability: The data used are from public sources identified in the manuscript.
Effects of oral prednisone administration with or without ultralow-dose acetylsalicylic acid on coagulation parameters in healthy dogs
Authors: O'Kell Allison L. , Grant David C. , Panciera David L. , Troy Gregory C. , Weinstein Nicole M.
Published: September 2012

Objective—To determine the effects of oral prednisone administration with or without ultralow-dose acetylsalicylic acid on coagulation parameters in healthy dogs and to assess intraindividual variation in thromboelastography results.

Animals—14 healthy research dogs and 10 healthy client-owned dogs.

Procedures—In a randomized controlled trial, research dogs underwent thromboelastography twice (3 days apart), and intraindividual variation in test results was calculated. Dogs were given prednisone (2 mg/kg/d, PO) plus acetylsalicylic acid (0.5 mg/kg/d, PO) or prednisone (2 mg/kg/d, PO) plus a placebo for 14 days, after which thromboelastography and other tests were repeated. Differences from preadministration (baseline) test results between and within groups were compared. In a separate trial, client-owned dogs also underwent thromboelastography twice 2 days apart to assess intraindividual variation in untreated dogs.

Results—Intraindividual variation in thromboelastography results for research dogs was ≤ 10% for maximum amplitude (MA) and α angle. In the research dogs, MA and fibrinogen values significantly increased from baseline, whereas percentage lysis 30 minutes after attainment of the MA as well as antithrombin activity significantly decreased within each group. In the dogs that received prednisone plus a placebo, percentage lysis 60 minutes after attainment of the MA was significantly lower than at baseline. For all parameters for research dogs, there was no difference between groups for change from baseline. Intraindividual variation in findings for client-owned dogs was similar to the variation for research dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Prednisone administration resulted in hypercoagulability in healthy dogs as indicated by an increase in MA and plasma fibrinogen concentration and a decrease in antithrombin activity. Concurrent ultralow-dose acetylsalicylic acid use had no effect on measured thromboelastography values. The high intraindividual variation in some thromboelastography parameters may preclude routine use of this technique in clinical practice.
Viscoelastic pharmacodynamics after dalteparin administration to healthy dogs
Authors: Brainard Benjamin M. , Koenig Amie , Babski Danielle M. , Blong April E. , Scherk Jordan R.
Published: September 2012

Objective—To evaluate the pharmacodynamic effects of dalteparin in dogs by means of viscoelastic coagulation monitoring with a thromboelastograph and a dynamic viscoelastic coagulometer.

Animals—6 healthy adult mixed-breed dogs.

Procedures—Dalteparin (175 U/kg, SC, q 12 h) was administered for 4 days (days 1 through 4). Viscoelastic coagulation monitoring was performed hourly on the first and last days of treatment and included intermittent measurement of anti–activated coagulation factor X activity (AXA).

Results—Dalteparin administration resulted in progressive hypocoagulability. On both day 1 and 4, activated clotting time and clot rate for the dynamic viscoelastic coagulometer differed significantly from baseline values, whereas the platelet function parameter did not change on day 1 but did on day 4. The R (reaction time), time from reaction time until the amplitude of the thromboelastography tracing is 20 mm, α-angle, and maximum amplitude differed from baseline values on days 1 and 4, although many thromboelastographic variables were not determined. The AXA was increased from baseline values at 3 and 6 hours after administration of the dalteparin injection on days 1 and 4, and all dogs had AXA values between 0.5 and 1.0 U/mL at 2 and 4 hours after administration. The AXA correlated well with activated clotting time (r = 0.761) and with R (r = 0.810), when values were available. Thromboelastography could not be used to distinguish AXA > 0.7 U/mL.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Viscoelastic coagulation monitoring with strong coagulation activators may be used to monitor treatment with dalteparin in healthy dogs.
Surveillance for Mycobacterium bovis transmission from domestic cattle to wild ruminants in a Mexican wildlife-livestock interface area
Authors: Cisneros Luis F. , Valdivia Arturo G. , Waldrup Kenneth , Díaz-Aparicio Efrén , Martínez-de-Anda Armando , Cruz-Vázquez Carlos R. , Ortiz Raúl
Published: September 2012

Objective—To assess the prevalence of Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle and wild ruminants (WRs) in a wildlife-livestock interface area (WLIA) of the Mexican highland plateau.

Animals—24,400 cattle from 793 herds (including 17,351 commercially slaughtered cattle) and 142 WRs (110 white-tailed deer [Odocoileus virginianus], 20 red deer [Cervus elaphus], and 12 North American elk [Cervus canadensis]) harvested via controlled hunting.

Procedures—Cattle were serially tested for M bovis infection via caudal fold tuberculin and comparative cervical tuberculin tests during field surveillance. Carcasses of cattle and WRs were inspected for gross lesions; samples suggestive of tuberculosis were analyzed via histologic evaluation and mycobacterial culture (HMC). A PCR assay to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex organisms was performed to confirm positive results of HMC.

Results—WRs had inflammatory lesions in lungs and lymph nodes, although HMC results did not indicate M bovis infection. Eight cattle had positive results for both tuberculin tests, and 31 had positive results for HMC of grossly detected lesions; all were from 7 herds, and ≥ 1 cow in each herd had positive PCR assay results. These 7 herds were depopulated; adjacent herds and herds related via commerce were quarantined. Calculated true prevalence of M bovis infection was 0.86% (95% confidence interval, 0.24% to 1.49%) in cattle; M bovis was not detected in any WRs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—M bovis infection was present in cattle. Although transmission to WRs in this WLIA was not detected, diagnosis and prevention activities should be implemented and consolidated to prevent potential M bovis transmission between cattle and WRs.
An adaptive integrated rule-based algorithm for license plate localization
Authors: Paunwala C. , Patnaik S.
Published: September 2012

This paper addresses a license plate localization (LPL) algorithm for a complex background. Most of LPL algorithm works on restricted conditions, as well as on a principle of sequential elimination of blocks from image level to final LP candidate region. In most of algorithms, blocks are filtered out for not satisfying required LP features in a top-down approach and this may result in a poor efficiency in a complex scenario. The major steps of the proposed approach are adaptive edge mapping, saliency measure of edge based rules with confidence level estimation using fuzzy rules and final step for reassessment of decision by colour attributes filtering. The proposed algorithm is adaptive to across the country variations in LP standards, as well as it is tested on two data sets each one consisting of more than 700 images, set-1 being for good images while set-2 including only constrained images. The algorithm is tested for a low contrast due to overexposure or poor lighting, existence of multiple plates, variation in aspect ratio and compatible background conditions. It has been observed, that the performance degradation imposing complex condition is nominal.
Characterization of Woodchips for Energy from Forestry and Agroforestry Production
Authors: Picchio Rodolfo , Spina Raffaello , Sirna Alessandro , Monaco Angela Lo , Civitarese Vincenzo , Giudice Angelo Del , Suardi Alessandro , Pari Luigi
Published: September 2012

We set out to determine the particle-size distribution, the fiber, the bark and the leaves content, the heating value, the CNH and the ash content of a wide sample of wood chips, collected from 10 forestry and 10 agroforestry production sources. This sampling focused on two main production types: forestry (Full Tree System—FTS—and logging residues—LR) and agroforestry (Short Rotation Coppice—SRC). For the forestry production wood chips from coniferous and broadleaf species were considered. For the agroforestry production wood chips from poplar plantations were examined (different clones with two different harvesting intervals). Overall, we collected 400 samples. Particle size distribution was determined with an automatic screening device on 200 samples. The higher heating value was determined on 200 subsamples using an adiabatic bomb calorimeter. The CNH and the ash content was ascertained on another 200 subsamples. FTS and SRC (with three year old sprouts) offered the best quality, with high fiber content (71%–80%), favorable particle-size distribution and good energetic parameters. On the contrary, both logging residues and SRC (with two year old sprouts) presented a high bark content (18%–27%) and occasionally a mediocre particle-size distribution, being often too rich in fines (6%–12%), but the energetic parameters are in the normal range.
Cytotoxicity of Phenol Red in Toxicity Assays for Carbon Nanoparticles
Authors: Zhu Ying , Zhang Xiaoyong , Zhu Jianhua , Zhao Qunfen , Li Yuguo , Li Wenxin , Fan Chunhai , Huang Qing
Published: September 2012

To explore the novel properties of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) in nanotoxicity assays, the adsorption of phenol red (a pH indicator for culture medium) by multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) and three kinds of carbon blacks (CBs) with nanosize, and its effects on cytotoxicity were studied. Results indicated that the phenol red adsorbed and delivered into cells by CBs was responsible for the toxicity to Hela cells in the medium without serum. The cellular uptake of phenol red was verified using 125I-labeling techniques. The size-dependent cytotoxicity of CBs was found to closely correlate to adsorption of phenol red, cellular uptake of phenol red-CB complexes and the amount of phenol red delivered into the cells by CBs. Although the CBs were either nontoxic or slightly toxic, as vehicles of phenol red, they played an essential role in the cytotoxicity induced by phenol red. However, MWNTs showed an intrinsic cytotoxicity independent of phenol red. The implications associated with these findings are discussed.
Heavy Ion Characterization of a Radiation Hardened Flip-Flop Optimized for Subthreshold Operation. J. Low Power Electron. Appl. 2012, 2, 168-179
Authors: Chavan Ameet , Palakurthi Praveen , MacDonald Eric , Neff Joseph , Bozeman Eric
Published: September 2012

We have found the following error in the title of this article which was recently published in J. Low Power Electron. Appl. [...]
Recombinant VAA-I from Viscum album Induces Apoptotic Cell Death of Hepatocellular Carcinoma SMMC7721 Cells
Authors: Yang Xueliang , Jiang Shuang , Liu Yahui , Zhang Ping , Xie Shuli , Wang Guangyi
Published: September 2012

Researchers have proposed that VAA-I, a specific plant lectin found in Viscum album, has therapeutic effects on cancer and autoimmune diseases. VAA-I has shown some promising treatment results in some types of tumor cell lines, especially SMMC-7721 cells (human hepatocellular carcinoma cells). However, few details are known about the mechanism and process of cell death induced by VAA-I in tumor cells. In this study, the cell morphology results showed that SMMC-7721 cells treated with VAA-I exhibited several features typical of apoptotic cell death, which was confirmed by the Caspase inhibition assay. Fluo-3-acetoxymethyl ester (AM) fluorescence imaging techniques showed that rVAA-I significantly elevated the intracellular calcium level ([Ca2+]i) in SMMC-7721 cells. These findings suggest that apoptosis may play the most important role in SMMC-7721 cell death induced by rVAA-I. Finally, in the SMMC-7721 cells treated with rVAA-I, a series of genes in the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway were expressed differentially, and further found that PI 3-kinase pathway is involved in rVAA-I signal transduction in SMMC-7721 cells.
Chemical Characterization of Volatile Compounds of Lantana camara L. and L. radula Sw. and Their Antifungal Activity
Authors: Passos Juliana Lanna , Barbosa Luiz Claudio Almeida , Demuner Antonio Jacinto , Alvarenga Elson Santiago , Silva Cleiton Moreira da , Barreto Robert Weingart
Published: September 2012

A comparative study of the chemical composition of essential oils of two very similar species of the Verbenaceae family (Lantana camara and L. radula) revealed that the main components of essential oil of L. camara were germacrene-D (19.8%) and E-caryophyllene (19.7%), while those of L. radula were E-caryophyllene (25.3%), phytol (29.2%) and E-nerolidol (19.0%). We have hypothesized that the observed differences could contribute to the differentiated reaction of the two species of Lantana to the attack of the phytopathogenic fungi Corynespora cassiicola. An experiment, involving C. cassiicola cultivation in culture media containing volatile oils of the two species demonstrated that the oils of L. radula were more fungistatic than the oils of L. camara, in accordance with the in vivo observations. It is likely that E-nerolidol and phytol, only found in the oil of L. radula, play a significant role in the effects of L. radula on C. cassiicola.
An Adaptive Altitude Information Fusion Method for Autonomous Landing Processes of Small Unmanned Aerial Rotorcraft
Authors: Lei Xusheng , Li Jingjing
Published: September 2012

This paper presents an adaptive information fusion method to improve the accuracy and reliability of the altitude measurement information for small unmanned aerial rotorcraft during the landing process. Focusing on the low measurement performance of sensors mounted on small unmanned aerial rotorcraft, a wavelet filter is applied as a pre-filter to attenuate the high frequency noises in the sensor output. Furthermore, to improve altitude information, an adaptive extended Kalman filter based on a maximum a posteriori criterion is proposed to estimate measurement noise covariance matrix in real time. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is proved by static tests, hovering flight and autonomous landing flight tests.
L'Iran est faible mais la République islamique se sent forte
Authors: Hourcade Bernard
Published: September 2012

L’Iran souffre des sanctions occidentales mais la République islamique estime avoir gagné la bataille du nucléaire. Si l’économie iranienne est en crise, elle n’est pas au bord de l’effondrement. Les responsables iraniens pensent donc, avec un nouveau consensus national, pouvoir gagner du temps, sans grande concession aux alliés occidentaux. Ces derniers cherchent sans doute aussi à gagner du temps : les négociations ont donc peu de chances de progresser rapidement.
Nomenklatura 2012 : les nouveaux décideurs
Authors: Schreiber Thomas
Published: September 2012

Résumé Le terme de nomenklatura , censé avoir fait naufrage avec le communisme, perdure dans le vocabulaire politique des pays de l’Europe de l’Est. Ceux-ci sont désormais dirigés par des décideurs alliant les héritiers de la dissidence et de jeunes élites largement formées en Occident. L’origine de ces nouvelles élites explique les positions particulières qu’elles adoptent en matière économique, dans les choix stratégiques de la construction européenne, pour la défense de leurs intérêts nationaux.
Égypte : les Frères musulmans et la bataille pour le pouvoir
Authors: Collombier Virginie
Published: September 2012

Mohamed Morsi est le premier civil président de l’Égypte, mais nul ne connaît ses pouvoirs. Ceux-ci devront sans doute être précisés dans le cadre de compromis passés entre la confrérie des Frères musulmans et le Conseil suprême des forces armées. Le face-à-face entre ces deux forces dominantes déterminera l’issue du processus constitutionnel. Beaucoup dépendra également de la cohésion de la confrérie et des relations qu’elle entretiendra avec les autres forces politiques égyptiennes.
La faim dans le monde, vrais et faux débats
Authors: Étienne Gilbert
Published: September 2012

La « révolution verte » lancée dans les années 1960 après les premières mesures de l’après-guerre a permis de traiter une large part du problème alimentaire en Asie du Sud. Mais l’Afrique subsaharienne demeure grevée de lourds handicaps et, en Asie même, les efforts qui conduisirent hier au succès semblent se relâcher. C’est le modèle de la première « révolution verte » qu’il s’agit de retrouver, tant dans ses dimensions politiques internes que dans les exigences de la coopération internationale.
Reliability of absolute lymphocyte count as a marker to assess the need to initiate antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected children
Authors: Shah I , Parikh S
Published: September 2012

Background:

CD4 counts are a standard laboratory measure of disease progression in HIV-infected children. However, CD4 counting is done by flow cytometry and may not always be possible in every centre treating HIV-infected children in resource-limited countries. Absolute Lymphocyte Count (ALC) can be derived easily by performing a routine white blood cell count. The World Health Organization (WHO) in 2006 had recommended ALC to identify HIV-infected children in need of ART in resource-limited settings, when CD4 cell count is not available.

Aims:

This study aims to assess the reliability of using ALC as a marker for starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV-infected children in a tertiary hospital setting.

Settings and Design:

Retrospective analysis of 46 HIV-infected children who presented at a pediatric HIV clinic at a tertiary referral centre from 2002-2005.

Materials and Methods:

Using WHO 2006 guidelines for cutoff values of ALC and 2008 guidelines for CD4% as a comparative standard, a retrospective analysis was done on ART-naοve HIV-infected children who underwent baseline CD4% and ALC, and sensitivity and specificity of ALC was calculated.

Statistical Analysis:

Fischer exact two-tailed analysis was used to correlate ALC and CD4 and need for starting ART.

Results:

Sensitivity of ALC was 27.6% (72.4% were false negatives), specificity was 70.6%, with positive predictive value of 61.5%. On comparison across all clinical stages of disease, only 13/46 children (28.2%) would have been started on ART according to ALC cutoffs versus 29/46 children (63.04%) using CD4 criteria (P value=0.0015). In children with WHO clinical Stage 1 or 2 of disease, only 1/11 (9.1%) children were identified by ALC as requiring ART as opposed to 6/11 (54.5%) children by CD4% (P=0.0635).

Conclusions:

ALC is an unreliable marker to determine the need for starting ART in HIV-infected children.
Abiraterone acetate
Authors: Nandha R
Published: September 2012

Androgen-deprivation therapy is the mainstay of treatment for the management of advanced prostate carcinoma till transition to castration-resistant prostate carcinoma (CRPC). Recently, adrenal and intratumoral synthesis of androgens has been found to be the major cause for CRPC. Abiraterone acetate is an orally active, potent and selective inhibitor of 17 a hydroxylase and c 17, 20 lyase, which acts by decreasing the de novo production of androgens with no rise in steroids downstream. Multiple randomized trials have shown significant improvement of >50% decline in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and time to PSA progression (TTPP) with abiraterone acetate 1000 mg per day in chemotherapy/ketoconazole treated and naive CRPC patients producing reversible and manageable adverse effects due to mineralocorticoid excess. This article reviews the available evidence on efficacy and safety of this drug in CRPC. Searches of Pubmed, Cochrane database, Medscape, Google and clinicaltrial.org were made for terms like CRPC and abiraterone.
Outsourcing Innovation in Product Cycles
Authors: Chu Hsiao-Lei
Published: September 2012

In this quality-ladder product-cycles model, a southern firm can undertake innovation by collaborating with a northern firm through R&D outsourcing. Generally, I find that the initial steady-state scale of R&D outsourcing and the fraction of innovative tasks undertaken by southern labor through R&D outsourcing critically affect the results of comparative statics. Particularly, the friendly policy to promote R&D outsourcing may be beneficial for both of the North and the South only if the scale of R&D outsourcing is small.
“Gods… Adorned with the Embroiderer’s Needle”: The Materials, Making and Meaning of a Taino Cotton Reliquary
Authors: Ostapkowicz Joanna , Newsom Lee
Published: September 2012

A unique cotton Taíno reliquary—the only extant example currently known—provides an unprecedented window onto the complex mortuary and ritual ceremonies of the pre-Hispanic Caribbean. This study explores its cultural context as recorded by the early Spanish and French chroniclers and missionaries who were witness to the use and beliefs surrounding these objects in both the Greater and Lesser Antilles. It provides the first AMS radiocarbon date for the reliquary, placing it within a firmer historical context. It also examines the woven sculpture in some detail, providing a review of the manufacture process and a detailed study of the components—cotton, animal hair, lianas, gourd, resins and shell—that went into its creation. From the wrapping of important cemís (representations of spirits) in cotton, to the binding of the skeletal remains of venerated ancestors within elaborate weavings, cotton had an intrinsic value as a material that wrapped and bound the ancestors to the living and the living to each other.
Contextos “publicos” y “privados” para la ejecucion del arte rupestre en el valle de guasapampa (Cordoba, Argentina)
Authors: Recalde Andrea , Pastor Sebastián
Published: September 2012

En este trabajo se analiza la información arqueológica recuperada en el Valle de Guasapampa (provincia de Córdoba, Argentina), en su mayoría paneles con representaciones rupestres grabadas y pintadas, presumiblemente ejecutadas durante el período prehispánico tardío (ca. 1400–400 a.P.). Los datos reunidos permiten comprender el rol del arte rupestre como un medio activo para el establecimiento, negociación y reproducción de determinados vínculos sociales entre sus productores y observadores. En tal sentido, se asume una perspectiva comparativa que permite identificar las particularidades de la ocupación de las secciones sur y norte del valle, y en especial los rasgos que definen a los contextos de producción y significación del arte. Las diferencias determinadas en cada sección refieren a contrastes y oposiciones en las prácticas sociales efectuadas en torno y a partir de esta materialidad. De este modo, se consideran los elementos que sustentan su definición como un medio para la significación de lugares entre grupos mínimos de pertenencia, en un paisaje abierto y compartido en el caso de la sección sur, y como marcas territoriales en el norte, en relación con la existencia de límites y restricciones a la circulación y el acceso a los recursos, en particular a las aguadas estacionales.
Gallbladder
Authors: Sobin L. H. , Gospodarowicz M.K. , Wittekind Ch.
Published: September 2012

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Malignant Melanoma of Conjunctiva
Authors: Sobin L. H. , Gospodarowicz M.K. , Wittekind Ch.
Published: September 2012

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
B‐cell receptor configuration and adverse cytogenetics are associated with autoimmune hemolytic anemia in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Maura Francesco , Visco Carlo , Falisi Erika , Reda Gianluigi , Fabris Sonia , Agnelli Luca , Tuana Giacomo , Lionetti Marta , Guercini Nicola , Novella Elisabetta , Nichele Ilaria , Montaldi Anna , Autore Francesco , Gregorini Anna , Barcellini Wilma , Callea Vincenzo , Mauro Francesca R. , Laurenti Luca , Foà Robin , Neri Antonino , Rodeghiero Francesco , Cortelezzi Agostino
Published: September 2012

The development of autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is associated with specific biological features. The occurrence of AIHA was hereby investigated in a retrospective series of 585 CLL patients with available immunoglobulin heavy chain variable (IGHV) gene status. AIHA occurred in 73 patients and was significantly associated with an IGHV unmutated (UM) status (P < 0.0001) and unfavorable [del(17)(p13) and del(11)(q23)] cytogenetic lesions (P < 0.0001). Stereotyped HCDR3 sequences were identified in 29.6% of cases and were similarly represented among patients developing or not AIHA; notably, subset #3 was associated with a significantly higher risk of AIHA than the other patients (P = 0.004). Multivariate analysis showed that UM IGHV, del(17)(p13) and del(11)(q23), but not stereotyped subset #3, were the strongest independent variables associated with AIHA. Based on these findings, we generated a biological risk score for AIHA development according to the presence of none (low risk), one (intermediated risk), or two (high risk) of the independent risk factors. Overall, our data indicate that UM IGHV status and/or unfavorable cytogenetic lesions are associated with the risk of developing secondary AIHA in CLL patients and suggest a possible role of specific stereotyped B‐cell receptor subsets in a proportion of cases. Am. J. Hematol. 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fullerene‐Catalyzed Reduction of Azo Derivatives in Water under UV Irradiation
Authors: Guo Yong , Li Wengang , Yan Jingjing , Moosa Basem , Amad Ma'an , Werth Charles J. , Khashab Niveen M.
Published: September 2012

Metal‐free fullerene (C60) was found to be an effective catalyst for the reduction of azo groups in basic aqueous solution under UV irradiation in the presence of NaBH4. Use of NaBH4 by itself is not sufficient to reduce the azo dyes without the assistance of a metal catalyst such as Pd and Ag. Experimental and theoretical results suggest that C60 catalyzes this reaction by using its vacant orbital to accept the electron in the bonding orbital of azo dyes, which leads to the activation of the NN bond. UV irradiation increases the ability of C60 to interact with electron‐donor moieties in azo dyes.
Youla Parameterization Based Adaptive Controller Design for Fault Tolerant Control
Authors: Cui Lei , Zhang Yong , Yang Ying
Published: September 2012

A new adaptive controller for fault tolerant control (FTC) is proposed in this paper. It is realized by adapting the reconfigurable fault parameterized matrix with the estimated fault. The proposed approach is applied in a linear reduced order aircraft model, and simulation results show the effectiveness.
Zweck und Zweckmäßigkeit in der Wissenschaft
Authors: Gatzemeier Matthias
Published: September 2012

The following considerations are not of a historical but of a systematic kind, i.e., without mentioning other historical theories, I would like to contribute my ideas on the problems of purpose in scientific thought.

The first part concerns itself with the definition of science/knowledge. This will not involve a complete definition but only parts thereof, namely science/knowledge is a sort of theoretical acting which satisfies certain criteria and is therefore consciously or unconsciously always directed by aims and purposes.

On the basis of this minimal definition, the relationship between aims and methods is described in the second part as a relationship between purpose and means: methods are more or less effective means for the realisation of certain aims. The third part contains some distinctions of the problems of purpose, which entail in particular the difference between aims intrinsic and extrinsic to science/knowledge and aims of action and nature.
Wesen und Bedeutung der „Zweckursache”︁ bei Aristoteles
Authors: Kullmann Wolfgang
Published: September 2012

Nature and significance of the ‚final cause’︁ in Aristotle. − 1. In Aristotle's treatment of the tissues and the organs of animal body the search for their final cause is nothing but the search for their function. There are no speculations about the origin of the purposive organisation of biological species, because species are eternal for him. − 2. When Aristotle is describing the production and propagation of an animal as goal‐directed, he does not exclude a causal explanation. He gives causal explanations at great length in De generatione animalium: Against widespread views it is not the future goal that controls the development as a retroactive cause. In animal blood a sort of genetic code is included, which is represented by impulses (which you can imagine as undulatory motions). By these genetic impulses the form of the parent will be transported to the semen (or the menstrual blood in the case of woman) and from the semen to the germ of the offspring. − 3. The biological use of the concept of purpose or goal is quite different from the use in physics and cosmology. In ignorance of the law of inertia Aristotle tries to explain the continuous movement in the world metaphysically, by assuming a tendency of the stars towards the immaterial god. Terminologically he strictly distinguishes this tendency from the ‚final cause’︁ in biology. − 4. In policy man aims at welfare and ‚good life’︁. In history Aristotle denies a goal‐directed progress.
Von Grenzen und Zielen der Alchemie
Authors: Schütt Hans‐Werner
Published: September 2012

The paper aims at defining the „nucleus”︁ of alchemy as an inseparable combination of chemical and spiritual characteristics. The alchemical process always reflected teleological thinking as the alchemists believed that nature itself strives for perfection. The symbol of perfection was gold as gold — like the Gods or God — is not affected by time. Critics of the alchemists in the Middle Ages (p. e. Chaucer) did not criticize the notion of an inherent teleology in nature, but they mistrusted the ability of the alchemists to succeed in their teleological strategy. To prove this it has often been pointed to the fact that no alchemist really obtained the lapis philosophorum: in other words the art of alchemy seems to have been completely unsuccessful. On the other hand, alchemy has had a long history which suggests that alchemy may not have been as unsuccessful as one might suspect. There might well have been a personal „reward”︁ for the individual alchemist, who worked in the laboratory, but this reward was a psychological, not a material one. Striving to perfect matter the alchemist subconsciously perfected his own soul. It should be added that the epistemological aims of the alchemists were totally different from those of the modern chemists.
Teleologie und Evolutionslehre
Authors: Mann Gunter
Published: September 2012

Le darwinisme favorisa le développement de la pensée mécanistique. Son interprétation de l'utilité déterminée par des variations, le hasard et la sélection enleva souvent tout fondement à la pensée vitaliste. Il semble que par la suite, une téléologie théiste n'était plus défendable. Pourtant, vers la fin du 19ème siècle, les principes du darwinisme furent souvent critiqués. Les principes de la création (le facteur de perfection, l'entéléchie, l'élan vital, la dominante etc.) ou les principes biomécaniques de l'organisme engendrèrent des positions contraires et des possibilités d'interprétations décisives. Plusieurs savants comme Driesch, Bergson, Pauly et bien d'autres (leur tendance: le néovitalisme, le néolamarckisme, le psycholamarckisme, la biomécanique, etc.) s'évertuèrent à donner une explication définitive de l'utilité, sans pouvoir autant mettre fin à la disparité des différentes tendances.
Teleologische Ergebnisse der harmonikalen Forschung
Authors: Haase Rudolf
Published: September 2012

The Hamionical Fundamental Research leads to teleological results in a twofold respect. On one side, both historically and methodically, it ties up with Johannes Kepler's proof of harmonical laws in the orbits of the planets, in which respect the research also extends it's formulation of the question to other sciences. Becoming evident, the present findings, that is, the occurance of interval proportions, appear predominately in end results of developments, not however in the origin of facts. They are related to forms, shapes, and entireties which cannot be explained analytically and behave more complementary to a causal type of approach.

On the other side with respect to teleological consequences, an area of the Harmonical Research leads to another very special aspect. It deals with the investigation (begun about thirty years ago) of the psychophysical effectiveness of the human hearing; in this investigation it was made clear that important fundamental elements of music are traceable to the corresponding dispositions of hearing. For example, there are the following elements: the difference between consonances and dissonances, the preference of simple numerical proportions in the construction of an interval, the twelve numerals of music, especially the occidental, progressed teleologically in an unconscious manner, namely with the goal of pleasing the inclinations of hearing aesthetically as much as possible.
Historismus und Teleologie
Authors: Schulin Ernst
Published: September 2012

In rejecting the traditional religious interpretation of history and postulating an universal progress of civilization the Enlightenment provided the prerequisites for the position of Historism in relation to teleology. The experience of the French Revolution contributed towards differentiating the Enlightenment conceptions by revealing inconsistencies and unforeseeability of this universal progress as well as the importance of specific national developments. This complex relationship with teleology is here demonstrated on the chief texts on developed Historism by Wilhelm von Humboldt, Ranke, Droysen and Meinecke. All of them reprehensively assess the philosophies of history of the Enlightenment and Hegel for their attempted construction of a predeterminated historical development in which temporal and spiritual progress are identical. Historism does not deny progress; but progress is confined to the material world and the quantitative spread of culture and civilization; superior attention is, however, accorded to the necessary, yet free, not foreseeable, timeless, spiritual forces, or ideas. „Objective”︁ Historism, pre‐eminently represented by Ranke, ist thereby distinguished from Droysen's „actionsguiding”︁ Historism which, from the historical world of goals, selects those which are of importance for present moral, responsible human conduct. Both kinds of Historism reject predestination, are therefore „teleology without telos”︁, assert an onward movement without beginning or end, a composition of innumerable single developments. In the „positivistic”︁ Historism of the latter half of the 19th century, causalities take the place of „ideas”︁; the „subjective”︁ Historism (Meinecke) attempts to retain these ideas as „values”︁ and chief objects for historical contemplation.
Wissenschaftsgeschichte — eine Brücke zwischen Natur‐ und Geisteswissenschaften
Authors: Hooykaas Reijer
Published: September 2012

This paper tries to expound, — in the first place to students of the humanities —, that history of science may be an aid to bridge the gulf between sciences and the humanities. The first part shows that in particular the external (religious, philosophical, economical, social) influences on science are a matter of common interest. The second part points out the similarities of history of science and other historical disciplines, whereas the fact that the former's subject, „Science”︁, investigates non‐human phenomena and bears a strongly progressive character makes them differ. Consequently, historiography of science shows a tendency to an ‚evolutionistic’︁ approach.

The author advocates a more phenomenological method by which the historian looks at science of the past as if he were its contemporary critical observer. It is maintained that, when evaluating the past, the standard should not be whether ancient tenets were „true”︁, but whether they were „scientific”︁: not all that is scientific, is necessarily true. Finally, it is pointed out that history of science shows that, fundamentally, „science”︁ ‚too’︁ belongs to the humanities.