bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MicroRNA Profiling in Chemoresistant and Chemosensitive Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Mosakhani N. , Räty R. , Tyybäkinoja A. , Karjalainen-Lindsberg M.-L. , Elonen E. , Knuutila S.
Published: May 2013

MicroRNA (miRNA) deregulation is associated with progression and treatment outcome in various types of cancers. To identify miRNAs related to therapeutic response, we applied an miRNA microarray followed by PCR verification of 33 available diagnostic bone marrow core biopsies from 33 acute myeloid leukemia patients including 15 chemoresistant and 18 chemosensitive patients. We found 3 significantly upregulated miRNAs, miR-363, miR-532-5p and miR-342-3p, related to therapeutic response (q < 0.05). Further validation of miR-532-5p and miR-363 expression by quantitative RT-PCR confirmed microarray analysis results. Genes targeted by miR-363 include RGS17 and HIPK3, both reported to be associated with drug response.
The Cardiac Phenotype in Patients With a
CHD7
Mutation
Authors: Corsten-Janssen Nicole , Kerstjens-Frederikse Wilhelmina S. , du Marchie Sarvaas Gideon J. , Baardman Maria E. , Bakker Marian K. , Bergman Jorieke E.H. , Hove Hanne D. , Heimdal Ketil R. , Rustad Cecilie F. , Hennekam Raoul C.M. , Hofstra Robert M.W. , Hoefsloot Lies H. , Van Ravenswaaij-Arts Conny M.A. , Kapusta Livia
Published: May 2013

Background—

Loss-of-function mutations in
CHD7
cause Coloboma, Heart Disease, Atresia of Choanae, Retardation of Growth and/or Development, Genital Hypoplasia, and Ear Abnormalities With or Without Deafness (CHARGE) syndrome, a variable combination of multiple congenital malformations including heart defects. Heart defects are reported in 70% to 92% of patients with a
CHD7
mutation, but most studies are small and do not provide a detailed classification of the defects. We present the first, detailed, descriptive study on the cardiac phenotype of 299 patients with a
CHD7
mutation and discuss the role of CHD7 in cardiac development.

Methods and Results—

We collected information on congenital heart defects in 299 patients with a pathogenic
CHD7
mutation, of whom 220 (74%) had a congenital heart defect. Detailed information on the heart defects was available for 202 of these patients. We classified the heart defects based on embryonic cardiac development and compared the distribution to 1007 equally classified nonsyndromic heart defects of patients registered by EUROCAT, a European Registry of Congenital Anomalies. Heart defects are highly variable in patients with
CHD7
mutations, but atrioventricular septal defects and conotruncal heart defects are over-represented. Sex did not have an effect on the presence of heart defects, but truncating
CHD7
mutations resulted in a heart defect significantly more often than missense or splice-site mutations (χ
2
,
P
<0.001).

Conclusions—

CHD7 plays an important role in cardiac development, given that we found a wide range of heart defects in 74% of a large cohort of patients with a CHD7 mutation. Conotruncal defects and atrioventricular septal defects are over-represented in patients with
CHD7
mutations compared with patients with nonsyndromic heart defects.
Exome Sequencing and Systems Biology Converge to Identify Novel Mutations in the L-Type Calcium Channel,
CACNA1C
, Linked to Autosomal Dominant Long QT Syndrome
Authors: Boczek Nicole J. , Best Jabe M. , Tester David J. , Giudicessi John R. , Middha Sumit , Evans Jared M. , Kamp Timothy J. , Ackerman Michael J.
Published: May 2013

Background—

Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is the most common cardiac channelopathy with 15 elucidated LQTS-susceptibility genes. Approximately 20% of LQTS cases remain genetically elusive.

Methods and Results—

We combined whole-exome sequencing and bioinformatic/systems biology to identify the pathogenic substrate responsible for nonsyndromic, genotype-negative, autosomal dominant LQTS in a multigenerational pedigree, and we established the spectrum and prevalence of variants in the elucidated gene among a cohort of 102 unrelated patients with “genotype-negative/phenotype-positive” LQTS. Whole-exome sequencing was used on 3 members within a genotype-negative/phenotype-positive family. Genomic triangulation combined with bioinformatic tools and ranking algorithms led to the identification of a
CACNA1C
mutation. This mutation, Pro857Arg-CACNA1C, cosegregated with the disease within the pedigree, was ranked by 3 disease-network algorithms as the most probable LQTS-susceptibility gene and involves a conserved residue localizing to the proline, gltamic acid, serine, and threonine (PEST) domain in the II-III linker. Functional studies reveal that Pro857Arg-CACNA1C leads to a gain of function with increased I
Ca,L
and increased surface membrane expression of the channel compared to wild type. Subsequent mutational analysis identified 3 additional variants within
CACNA1C
in our cohort of 102 unrelated cases of genotype-negative/phenotype-positive LQTS. Two of these variants also involve conserved residues within Ca
v
1.2’s PEST domain.

Conclusions—

This study provides evidence that coupling whole-exome sequencing and bioinformatic/systems biology is an effective strategy for the identification of potential disease-causing genes/mutations. The identification of a functional
CACNA1C
mutation cosegregating with disease in a single pedigree suggests that
CACNA1C
perturbations may underlie autosomal dominant LQTS in the absence of Timothy syndrome.
Blackface and the Black Arts Movement
Authors: Sell Mike
Published: May 2013

The 1960s witnessed among African Americans a wholesale rejection of white power, including the repertoire and iconography of blackface performance. And yet, surprisingly, one finds among some of the most revolutionary Afrocentric artists, critics, and activists of the time a complex, nuanced, even contradictory attitude towards “blacking up.”
Development of sexual and socio-sexual behaviours in free-ranging juvenile male Japanese macaques, Macaca fuscata
Authors: Gunst Noëlle , Leca Jean-Baptiste , Vasey Paul L.
Published: May 2013

The emergence of conceptive and non-conceptive sexual behaviours in mature individuals can be traced back to immature socio-sexual behavioural patterns. We tested the ‘needing-to-learn hypothesis’ in the development of sexual behaviours in the immature male Japanese macaques of Arashiyama, Japan. This hypothesis holds that juvenility serves to provide young individuals with a period in which to practice adult male-like sexual and socio-sexual behaviours and partner choice. Our cross-sectional focal data on mounting behaviour and partner choice in juvenile males (1–3 years) supported most of our predictions: (1) as they became older and learnt more effective patterns of sexual solicitations, juvenile males performed more demonstrative solicitations and less non-demonstrative solicitations, (2) the frequency of mounts performed by juvenile males increased with age and converged on a frequency of mounts typical of adult males, (3) the frequency of mounts reflecting underachievement (i.e., improperly oriented mounts and single/no foot-clasp mounts) decreased as juvenile males became older, (4) the double foot-clasp mounting posture became gradually more common in juvenile males over time, while other mounting postures became less common and (5) from two to three years old, the frequency of males’ sexual mounts directed to adult females increased. Such timelines of gradual increase in the frequency of effective adult-like behavioural patterns and gradual decrease in the frequency of less effective immature behavioural patterns are consistent with the ‘needing-to-learn hypothesis’ emphasizing the role of age and practice in the progressive acquisition of adult-like sexual behaviour, mounting skills, and partner age choice during male juvenility.
Mate choice copying in two species of darters (Percidae: Etheostoma)
Authors: Moran Rachel L. , von Ende Carl N. , King Bethia H.
Published: May 2013

Mate choice copying is a form of social learning that is defined as the increased likelihood of an individual choosing a particular mate after observing another individual choosing that mate. Mate choice copying has been demonstrated in a range of taxonomic groups, but not usually for both sexes. Mate choice copying experiments were performed here using two congeneric sympatric darters, Etheostoma flabellare and E. zonale. In E. flabellare, males guard a nest site under a rock and care for developing eggs. In E. zonale, eggs are attached to filamentous green algae and neither sex provides parental care. Our results provide the first evidence that mate choice copying occurs in darters. Previously it was hypothesised that copying might be more common in species and sexes that provide parental care, the reasoning being that the costs of choosing poorly may be higher. However, mate choice copying was found in both sexes of E. zonale (no parental care) and in male but not female E. flabellare (male only parental care). Thus, the only group that did not mate choice copy was the one whose mate would be providing care, and even E. flabellare females copy the mate choice of other females by some definitions. The relationship, if any, between which sex provides parental care and whether copying occurs remains unclear, and the number of species for which such data are available is limited.
A Reconceptualisation of the Self in Humanistic Psychology: Heidegger, Foucault and the Sociocultural Turn
Authors: McDonald Matthew , Wearing Stephen
Published: May 2013

Abstract

Since the early 1970s humanistic psychology has struggled to remain a relevant force in the social and psychological sciences, we attribute this in part to a conceptualisation of the self rooted in theoretically outmoded thinking. In response to the issue of relevancy a sociocultural turn has been called for within humanistic psychology, which draws directly and indirectly on the conceptual insights of Michel Foucault. However, this growing body of research lacks a unifying conceptual base that is able to encompass its new perspectives (its call for a sociocultural turn) and the movement’s theoretical antecedents (the actualising tendency). This analysis suggests a way forward by offering a potential reconceptualisation of the self in humanistic psychology through the existential-phenomenology of Martin Heidegger. We argue that Heidegger’s conception of the self takes account of subjectivities produced in discourse and institutional practice, while acknowledging the human capacity for actualisation in his concept of the authentic-self.
A Study of the Serpent Incantation KTU2 1.82: 1–7 and its Contributions to Ugaritic Mythology and Religion
Authors: Miglio Adam E.
Published: May 2013

Abstract

This article treats KTU2 1.82: 1–7, an Ugaritic incantation. It deals, first, with matters of epigraphy, philology, morpho-syntax and lexicography. Thereafter, it discusses the contributions of this incantation to understanding Ugaritic mythology and religion. In particular, it assesses the relationship of KTU2 1.82: 1–7 to the Ugaritic Baʕlu Cycle.
A revision of the genus Baeocera in Japan, with a new genus of the tribe Scaphisomatini (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scaphidiinae)
Authors: OGAWA RYO , LÖBL IVAN
Published: May 2013

The Japanese species of the genus Baeocera Erichson, 1845 are reviewed and a new genus Baeoceroxidium is established for Baeocera micros (Achard, 1923) and members of the Baeocera pilifera species group. The female genitalia are used for the first time in Baeocera for both, as species specific characteristics and to indicate relationships. Amaloceroschema Löbl, 1967 is placed in synonymy with Baeocera.
Synopsis of Paxillus MacLeay, 1819 (Coleoptera: Passalidae): distributional records and descriptions of four new species from Brazil
Authors: MATTOS INGRID , MERMUDES JOSÉ RICARDO M.
Published: May 2013

Paxillus MacLeay, 1819 (Coleoptera: Passalidae) is redescribed, with new distributional records and descriptions of four species from Brazil. Paxillus reyesi new species is characterized by the first antennomere of antennal club reduced, slight-ly longer than half of the second antennomere; mesosternal scar straight, wide and deep. Paxillus chapadensis new species from the Chapada dos Guimarães (Mato Grosso, Brazil) has prostenal process centrally impressed with an opaque depres-sion; and the scape of the antenna with a subapical dorsal spine, shallow ventral depression, and few erect setae. Paxillus manausensis new species from Manaus (Amazonas, Brazil) has high frontal ridges; mid-frontal tubercles high, acuminate and larger than the internal tubercles; and the central tubercle short. Paxillus uaupesensis new species from Uaupes (Am-azonas, Brazil) has the mesosternal scar opaque, elongate and depressed; and the scutellum depressed. Diagnostic rede-scriptions and illustrations of known species from Brazil, a key to all known species, and a checklist with distributional data are provided.
Caribboecetes progreso, a new species of sand-dwelling amphipod (Amphipoda: Corophiidea: Ischyroceridae) from the Gulf of Mexico, with a key for the genus
Authors: PAZ-RÍOS CARLOS E. , ARDISSON PEDRO-LUIS
Published: May 2013

A new species of the genus Caribboecetes Just, 1983 is described and illustrated from specimens collected on sandy bot-toms of the northern Yucatan Peninsula, southeastern Gulf of Mexico. Caribboecetes progreso sp. nov. differs from the closely related species Caribboecetes barbadensis Just, 1983 and Caribboecetes jenikarpae Just, 1984 by the inflated tri-angular anterolateral flange on basis of gnathopod 2, and from Caribboecetes justi Ortiz & Lemaitre, 1997 by the setose anterolateral surface of coxal plate 7 and basis of pereopod 7. Ecological notes for the new species, a morphological com-parison, map of distribution and key for all members in the genus are also provided.
On the identity of Julus rimosus Karsch, 1881 (Diplopoda, Julida, Julidae), the only schizophylline known from Libya (North Africa) and notes on Libyan millipedes
Authors: AKKARI NESRINE
Published: May 2013

The first millipede recorded from Libya was a male julid, described by Karsch (1881) from Jebel Tarrhuna, Bir Milrba as Julus rimosus Karsch, 1881. The original description of rimosus was mainly based on coloration. The gonopods were however briefly described as brown, with a long yellow curved thread (“corpore genital fusco, filo flavo, curvato, longo”). Karsch (1881) additionally provided two figures illustrating the telson and gonopods (figs 4, 4b) with a remark stating that the species is similar to Julus lapidarius, 1846 (now Ommatoiulus lapidarius) of which only females were hitherto described by Lucas (1846). Subsequently, Silvestri (1896) providing a comprehensive list of all myriapods of Tunisia, presented an overview of North African fauna and proposed new synonymies for several species. Among these, Silvestri (1896) considered Julus rimosus as a junior synonym of Julus lapidarius Lucas, 1846 (now Ommatoiulus lapidarius). Silvestri (1896: 160) was obviously not sure about the identity of rimosus, except that he was convinced that the gonopods, as illustrated by Karsch (1881), definitely were not representative of an ‘Julus’ species: “Karsch described J. rimosus and provided at the same time an illustration of the male copulatory organ, but what the devil he mistook for this organ I cannot say. It is certain that that figure cannot even be remotely representative of Julus. Fortunately I was able to examine the individuals of Julus he determined as J. rimosus and I found that this species is none other than J. lapidarius Lucas” (translated from Italian).
Paranotocoris Ahmad & Shadab, 1973, a new synonym of Phyllomorpha Laporte, 1833 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae)
Authors: KMENT PETR , RÉDEI DÁVID
Published: May 2013

The tribe Phyllomorphini Mulsant & Rey, 1870 of the family Coreidae, subfamily Coreinae, is represented in the Palaearctic Region by three genera (Pephricus Amyot & Serville, 1843, Phyllomorpha Laporte, 1833, and Tongorma Kirkaldy, 1900) and four species. Two of them, Pephricus subtilis Montandon, 1913 and Tongorma latreillii (Guérin-Méneville, 1839) are known only from Yemen and represent Afrotropical faunal elements in the Arabian Peninsula. The only truly Palaearctic genus is therefore Phyllomorpha, comprising two species—P. lacerata Herrich-Schäffer, 1835 and P. laciniata (Villers, 1789)—distributed in southern Europe, North Africa, and western Asia from Turkey to Oman, Central Asia, Afghanistan, and Pakistan (Dolling 2006). Ahmad & Shadab (1974) described another monotypic genus from the Pakistani province of Baluchistan, Pronotocoris Ahmad & Shadab, 1974 (type species Paranotocoris echinus Ahmad & Shadab, 1974). Recent study of the original descriptions of both of the taxa drove us to the conclusion that Pronotocoris is a junior subjective synonym of Phyllomorpha, and Pronotocoris echinus a junior subjective synonym of Phyllomorpha lacerata.
The Conditional Nature of Value-Based Proximity Between Countries
Authors: Sheafer Tamir , Ben-Nun Bloom Pazit , Shenhav Shaul R. , Segev Elad
Published: May 2013

Media attention accorded to foreign countries constitutes a crucial facet of public diplomacy. Studies have shown that proximity in values is a key factor that determines such media attention. Models of media interest generally assume that the impact of value proximity is universal across countries with different societal value orientations. Yet this study shows that the effect of societal value orientation on media attention to foreign countries is more complex. It is argued here that the societal value orientation in different countries primes different sets of values, which are then applied as a criterion for assessing the importance of foreign states. Our empirical examination is based on the visibility of foreign countries gauged by searching web portals in 57 countries. It shows that in line with our theoretical argument, countries systematically differ in recognizing proximity, such that democracies base their judgment on similarity in shared democratic principles, whereas authoritarian countries focus on the affinity in religious culture. We discuss the strategic implications of this finding for the study of mediated public diplomacy.
Al-Jazeera, Qatar, and New Tactics in State-Sponsored Media Diplomacy
Authors: Samuel-Azran Tal
Published: May 2013

The use of international broadcasting, a tool of public diplomacy since World War I, can be divided into two chronological periods. The first, which began during World War I and declined in the post–Cold War era, was characterized by international government-sponsored radio broadcasters. The second began with the emergence of privately owned global news networks (e.g., CNN, Sky News, and MSNBC) in the 1980s and 1990s, which were deemed more credible than government-sponsored stations. Based on an 8-year study of Al-Jazeera’s coverage of Saudi affairs throughout the Qatari–Saudi conflict, which revealed a strong correlation between Al-Jazeera Arabic’s tone toward Saudi affairs and the development of the Qatari–Saudi conflict, the article argues that Qatar invented a new model of public diplomacy by operating Al-Jazeera as a hybrid state-sponsored/private network, effectively transforming the network into a highly potent public diplomacy tool. Accordingly, the article discusses the interplay among news networks, ownership, and use of public diplomacy tactics in contemporary international broadcasting.
Sensitivity and Specificity of Obesity Diagnosis in Pediatric Ambulatory Care in the United States
Authors: Walsh Carolyn O. , Milliren Carly E. , Feldman Henry A. , Taveras Elsie M.
Published: May 2013

Objective. We examined the sensitivity and specificity of an obesity diagnosis in a nationally representative sample of pediatric outpatient visits. Methods. We used the 2005 to 2009 National Ambulatory Medical Care and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care surveys. We included visits with children 2 to 18 years, yielding a sample of 48 145 database visits. We determined 3 methods of identifying obesity: documented body mass index (BMI) ≥95th percentile; International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) code; and positive answer to the question, “Does the patient now have obesity?” Using BMI as the gold standard, we calculated the sensitivity and specificity of a clinical obesity diagnosis. Results. Among the 19.5% of children who were obese by BMI, 7.0% had an ICD-9 code and 15.2% had a positive response to questioning. The sensitivity of an obesity diagnosis was 15.4%, and the specificity was 99.2%. Conclusions. The sensitivity of the obesity diagnosis in pediatric ambulatory visits is low. Efforts are needed to increase identification of obese children.
An Examination of the Interaction Between Morality and Deterrence in Offending
Authors: Svensson Robert
Published: May 2013

This study examines whether deterrence and morality interact in the explanation of adolescent offending. On the basis of the Situational Action Theory, the author hypothesizes that deterrence is more effective in preventing offending among individuals with low levels of morality than among individuals with high levels of morality. To test this hypothesis, self-report data are used from a sample of young adolescents in Halmstad, Sweden ( N = 891). The findings provide strong support for the hypothesis that the effect of deterrence (measured as the perceived risk of getting caught, that is, “certainty”) on offending is dependent on the individual’s level of morality, indicating that deterrence has a significantly stronger effect on offending for individuals with low levels of morality than for individuals with higher levels of morality.
Processing and characterization of solid and foamed injection-molded polylactide with talc
Authors: Ameli Aboutaleb , Jahani Davoud , Nofar Mohammadreza , Jung Peter U , Park Chul B
Published: May 2013

Polylactide (PLA) suffers from poor processability due to its low melt strength and slow crystallization kinetics and it is thus very challenging to achieve uniformly distributed fine-celled PLA foams with high void fractions in injection molding process. In this work, the low-pressure structural foam molding of linear PLA with a relatively high void fraction of ∼30% was conducted and by fine tuning the talc content and the foaming and processing parameters, a relatively uniform fine-celled structure with improved cell size and cell density was successfully produced. The effects of twin-screw compounding and the addition of talc on the foaming behavior, structural uniformity, crystallinity, and mechanical properties of the solid and foamed PLA samples were investigated. The results showed that the addition of 5 wt.% talc significantly improved the foaming properties such as cell density, cell size, structural uniformity, and consequently improved the mechanical properties of foams. The twin-screw compounding before injection molding did not significantly change the foaming behavior, but adversely affected the mechanical properties of the solid and foamed PLA samples due to mechanical and thermal degradation. The changes in the mechanical properties were discussed in terms of the crystallinity, talc toughening effect, and foam quality.
Multi-linear stress analysis in adhesively bonded double-lap joint
Authors: Sayman Onur , Arikan Volkan , Dogan Akar , Soykok Ibrahim Fadil
Published: May 2013

In this study, an elastic–plastic stress analysis is carried out in fiber glass-epoxy adherends with DP460 ductile adhesive. Multi-linear plastic solution is applied to the joints. Analytical results are checked using a multi-linear finite element solution, ANSYS 12. Analytical and numerical solutions are found to be in good agreement. The thickness of the adherend is chosen as 1.8 mm, 2.5 mm and 3 mm. It is observed that when the thickness of the adherend is increased, the intensity of the peel stress raises. Shear and peel stresses are found to be the highest at or around the free ends of the adhesive. The multi-linear solution yields a closer solution with respect to the bilinear solution since it follows the stress–strain diagram.
Gap-junction-mediated Communication in Human Periodontal Ligament Cells
Authors: Kato R. , Ishihara Y. , Kawanabe N. , Sumiyoshi K. , Yoshikawa Y. , Nakamura M. , Imai Y. , Yanagita T. , Fukushima H. , Kamioka H. , Takano-Yamamoto T. , Yamashiro T.
Published: May 2013

Periodontal tissue homeostasis depends on a complex cellular network that conveys cell-cell communication. Gap junctions (GJs), one of the intercellular communication systems, are found between adjacent human periodontal ligament (hPDL) cells; however, the functional GJ coupling between hPDL cells has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we investigated functional gap-junction-mediated intercellular communication in isolated primary hPDL cells. SEM images indicated that the cells were in contact with each other via dendritic processes, and also showed high anti-connexin43 (Cx43) immunoreactivity on these processes. Gap-junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) among hPDL cells was assessed by fluorescence recovery after a photobleaching (FRAP) analysis, which exhibited dye coupling between hPDL cells, and was remarkably down-regulated when the cells were treated with a GJ blocker. Additionally, we examined GJs under hypoxic stress. The fluorescence recovery and expression levels of Cx43 decreased time-dependently under the hypoxic condition. Exposure to GJ inhibitor or hypoxia increased RANKL expression, and decreased OPG expression. This study shows that GJIC is responsible for hPDL cells and that its activity is reduced under hypoxia. This is consistent with the possible role of hPDL cells in regulating the biochemical reactions in response to changes in the hypoxic environment.
Dynamics and factors of transition from armed struggle to nonviolent resistance
Authors: Dudouet Véronique
Published: May 2013

The dynamics of conflict (de)escalation by social movements or political opposition groups have attracted cross-disciplinary interest among social scientists, but there remain several knowledge gaps to be filled. On the one hand, there is already extensive research on the shifts from unarmed expressions of collective grievances to the adoption of violent strategies by oppressed constituencies or ‘minorities at risk’, as well as on the transition from armed insurgency to negotiations, demobilization, reintegration and conventional politics. However, there is scarce scholarship on the phenomenon of armed groups shifting their conflict-waging strategies from violent to nonviolent means, especially in contexts which cannot be resolved by force but are also ‘unripe’ for conventional de-escalation methods through negotiation and political integration. This article offers a first attempt to fill this conceptual and empirical gap, by investigating the nature and the drivers of transitions from armed strategies to nonviolent methods of contentious collective action on the part of non-state conflict actors. It focuses in particular on the internal and relational/environmental factors which underpin their decisionmaking process, from a change of leadership and a pragmatic re-evaluation of the goals and means of insurgency, to the search for new local or international allies and the cross-border emulation or diffusion of new repertoires of action. This multilevel analysis draws from past research on various self-determination or revolutionary movements which fit the scope of analysis (i.e. Nepal, Egypt, Palestine, West Papua, East Timor, Mexico and Western Sahara). The article also points to the need for more systematic enquiry on these cases through in-depth comparative empirical analysis.
Unpacking nonviolent campaigns
Authors: Chenoweth Erica , Lewis Orion A
Published: May 2013

Recent studies indicate that strategic nonviolent campaigns have been more successful over time in achieving their political objectives than violent insurgencies. But additional research has been limited by a lack of time-series data on nonviolent and violent campaigns, as well as a lack of more nuanced and detailed data on the attributes of the campaigns. In this article, we introduce the Nonviolent and Violent Campaigns and Outcomes (NAVCO) 2.0 dataset, which compiles annual data on 250 nonviolent and violent mass movements for regime change, anti-occupation, and secession from 1945 to 2006. NAVCO 2.0 also includes features of each campaign, such as participation size and diversity, the behavior of regime elites, repression and its effects on the campaign, support (or lack thereof) from external actors, and progress toward the campaign outcomes. After describing the data generation process and the dataset itself, we demonstrate why studying nonviolent resistance may yield novel insights for conflict scholars by replicating an influential study of civil war onset. This preliminary study reveals strikingly divergent findings regarding the systematic drivers of nonviolent campaign onset. Nonviolent campaign onset may be driven by separate – and in some cases, opposing – processes relative to violent campaigns. This finding underscores the value-added of the dataset, as well as the importance of evaluating methods of conflict within a unified research design.
Gender ideologies and forms of contentious mobilization in the Middle East
Authors: Asal Victor , Legault Richard , Szekely Ora , Wilkenfeld Jonathan
Published: May 2013

This article explores those factors that shape a political organization’s choice of tactics in political mobilization with a particular focus on the influence of gender ideology on the choice of different type of contentious action. To understand why political organizations engaging in contentious politics choose to employ violent tactics, nonviolent tactics, or a mixture of both, current scholarship has tended to focus on factors such as relationship with the government, external support, and religious or leftist ideology. Far less attention has been given to the role of an organization’s ideology relating to gender when predicting its behavior. In addition, much of the analysis of contentious activity has analyzed the use of violence or protest separately and rarely examines the choice of a mixed strategy. We employ a time-series multinomial logistic regression analysis to examine the Middle East Minorities at Risk Organizational Behavior dataset (MAROB), including data over 24 years on 104 ethno-political organizations that have used a range of tactics including protest, violence, and/or a mix of the two, to investigate organizational and state-level variables that lead organizations to choose different strategies. We find that a number of variables can influence a movement’s choice to engage in one strategy over another. Gender-inclusive ideology makes an organization more likely to engage in protest and less likely to choose a violent or mixed strategy.
The practice and study of civil resistance
Authors: Schock Kurt
Published: May 2013

This article provides an overview of the practice and study of civil resistance. First, historical roots of modern civil resistance are discussed, including the emergence in the 19th century of mass-based campaigns of non-cooperation to promote nationalist and labor interests, as well as the significance of Mohandas Gandhi and the widespread use of nonviolent resistance in the 20th century. Second, perspectives of scholars of social movements and revolution are compared with those of scholars who focus more specifically on nonviolent resistance. Despite studying much of the same phenomena, separate literatures have developed that are ripe for cross-fertilization and synthesis. In the third section, a literature review is organized around three key concepts for understanding civil resistance: mobilization, resilience, and leverage. Fourth, consequences of nonviolent resistance relative to violent resistance are discussed. Finally, areas for future research are identified.
Protecting civilians in civil war
Authors: Kaplan Oliver
Published: May 2013

Can local organizations give civilians the capacity to protect themselves from civil war violence? Civilians have traditionally been considered powerless when facing armed groups but new research suggests organized communities may promote security through nonviolent strategies such as resolving disputes between neighbors and managing relations with macro-armed actors. This article analyzes whether and how these ‘mechanisms’ designed to retain community autonomy functioned in the community-case of the Peasant Worker Association of the Carare River (ATCC) in Colombia. The Carare civilians developed a local institutional process to investigate threats against suspected armed group collaborators to clarify the ‘fog of war’ and reform civilian preferences to participate in the conflict. This process is evaluated in reference to existing hypotheses about violence in civil wars such as the balance of territorial control using qualitative evidence from original field research. A unique within-case database created through focus group sessions with community ‘conciliators’ is used to analyze not only acts of violence, but also threats that were defused. Despite the prevalence of conditions that would predict persistent violence against civilians, the local institution itself proved to be a critical factor for both explaining and limiting levels of violence. The results suggest civilian choices and their consequences did not merely result from the capabilities or choices of armed actors.
Political Corruption and the Concept of Dependence in Republican Thought
Authors: Sparling Robert
Published: May 2013

The concept of dependence is central both to the study of modern republicanism and to the study of systemic corruption. Recently, Lawrence Lessig has described American politics as suffering from “dependency corruption,” a type of institutional corruption about which eighteenth-century republican writers were extremely worried. This article examines the use of the concept “dependence” in the current “neo-roman” republican theory stemming from Quentin Skinner, Maurizio Viroli, and particularly Philip Pettit. The article argues that the term dependence has two essentially distinct inflections, one relating to outright domination (subjection to arbitrary power) and the other relating to a condition of material subordinacy (dependency corruption). If liberty is the “the absence of dependence on the will of others,” it is extremely important to determine just what independence entails. This article suggests that dependency corruption was a dominant concern of the modern republican tradition, but it is a concern that is largely ignored in today’s new republicanism. By way of a foray into the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century sources employed by the new republicans, the article attempts to revive a manner of thinking about corruption that risks being lost to view.
Correlates of Frailty Among Homeless Adults
Authors: Salem Benissa E. , Nyamathi Adeline M. , Brecht Mary-Lynn , Phillips Linda R. , Mentes Janet C. , Sarkisian Catherine , Leake Barbara
Published: May 2013

Frailty, a relatively unexplored concept among vulnerable populations, may be a significant issue for homeless adults. This cross-sectional study assessed correlates of frailty among middle age and older homeless adults ( N = 150, 40-73). A Pearson ( r) bivariate correlation revealed a weak relationship between frailty and being female ( r = .230, p < .01). Significant moderate negative correlations were found between frailty and resilience ( r = −.395, p < .01), social support ( r = −.377, p < .01), and nutrition ( r = −.652, p < .01). Furthermore, Spearman’s rho ( rs) bivariate correlations revealed a moderate positive relationship between frailty and health care utilization ( rs = .444, p < .01). A stepwise backward linear regression analysis was conducted and in the final model, age, gender, health care utilization, nutrition, and resilience were significantly related to frailty. Over the next two decades, there is an anticipated increase in the number of homeless adults which will necessitate a greater understanding of the needs of this hard-to-reach population.
Two cases of delayed-onset suicidal ideation, dysphoria and anxiety after ketamine infusion in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder and a history of major depressive disorder
Authors: Niciu Mark J , Grunschel Beth DG , Corlett Philip R , Pittenger Christopher , Bloch Michael H
Published: May 2013

Ketamine is a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist that is Food and Drug Administration-approved in the United States for anesthesia due to its sedative effects with low risk of severe respiratory depression. Subanesthetic dose intravenous ketamine has rapidly acting antidepressant effects in treatment-resistant unipolar and bipolar depression. We recently reported an open-label trial of ketamine in 10 subjects with treatment-refractory obsessive–compulsive disorder, seven of whom had active comorbid depression. Although ketamine had no sustained anti-obsessive effect, four of the seven subjects with comorbid depression experienced an acute antidepressant effect. However, we unexpectedly observed delayed-onset dysphoria, worsening anxiety and suicidal thinking in two of the three subjects with obsessive–compulsive disorder and extensive psychiatric comorbidity but minimal depressive symptoms at the start of infusion. The implications of these adverse neuropsychiatric effects in two patients with similar psychiatric comorbidity are discussed. We conclude that there remains insufficient data on therapeutic ketamine in the presence of comorbid psychiatric disorders to promote its off-label use in a non-research milieu.
Organizational Fairness and Diversity Management in Public Organizations
Authors: Choi Sungjoo , Rainey Hal G.
Published: May 2013

Globalization, migration, initiatives for social justice, and other developments have made the representation of diverse groups and relations among them an important issue for organizations in many nations. In the United States, government agencies have increasingly invested in managing demographic diversity effectively. This study examines how perceived organizational fairness combined with diversity management relates to employees’ job satisfaction in public organizations. To test these relationships we analyze data drawn from the 2006 Federal Human Capital Survey (FHCS) using hierarchical regressions—hierarchical ordered logistic regressions and hierarchical linear regressions. The results indicate that in an agency where members perceive higher levels of organizational fairness, and where employees perceive that diversity is more effectively managed, employees report higher satisfaction with their jobs. Interestingly, while high organizational fairness in association with diversity management efforts enhances the overall job satisfaction of employees, its positive impact was smaller for racial/ethnic minorities than Whites. In contrast, women tend to report higher job satisfaction than men when they perceive that their agency manages diversity effectively, and has just and fair procedures, whereas the relationship was not significant in the hierarchical linear regression model.
Crime Victimization Among Immigrant Latino Day Laborers in Post-Katrina New Orleans
Authors: Negi Nalini Junko , Cepeda Alice , Valdez Avelardo
Published: May 2013

Reports indicate that the criminal victimization of Latino immigrants in the United States has been increasing yet is often underreported. This may be especially true in new immigrant settlement cities that lack an established Latino community to provide support and feelings of security. New Orleans is an important context to investigate criminal victimization as it has experienced a large demographic shift in Latino composition post–Hurricane Katrina. This ethnographic study elucidates the social processes and structural factors that contribute to the criminal victimization of Latino day laborers (LDLs) in New Orleans. Three emergent social processes associated to criminal victimization are discussed, including: (1) distinct settlement process; (2) chaos of the setting and lifestyle; and (3) high-risk exposure. LDLs’ experiences of crime victimization are also explored. Findings reveal distinct structural factors associated to new immigrant settlement cities that contribute to the heightened vulnerability of LDLs.
Higher Reported Levels of Depression, Stress, and Anxiety Are Associated With Increased Endorsement of ADHD Symptoms by Postsecondary Students
Authors: Harrison Allyson G. , Alexander Sandra J. , Armstrong Irene T.
Published: May 2013

This study examined the extent to which postsecondary students endorse symptoms of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and whether experienced level of stress, depression, or anxiety are associated with higher reporting of ADHD symptoms. Students attending a combined health and counseling service completed the Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale (CAARS), the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS), and the Life Experiences Survey (LES). A subset also completed the Brown Attention Deficit Disorder Scale (BADDS). Findings demonstrate that the BADDS had weak specificity; 35% of never-diagnosed postsecondary students were classified as probably or very probably having ADHD based on their BAADS score. Lower false positive rates were found on the CAARS. Misdiagnosis of ADHD seems especially likely in students experiencing high levels of stress, depression, or anxiety, as these psychological conditions were associated with elevated reporting of ADHD symptoms; such conditions must therefore be considered when assessing for possible ADHD in young adults.
Threats and Physical Violence in the Workplace
Authors: Rasmussen Charlotte Ann , Hogh Annie , Andersen Lars Peter
Published: May 2013

The aim of this study was to investigate threats and physical violence in the workplace by comparing four areas of human service work, namely psychiatry, eldercare, the Prison and Probation Service (PPS), and special schools (SS). The results revealed that there were statistically significant differences in the frequency of threats and violence among these areas of human service work. In particular, employees in SS were frequently exposed. More exposure was related to a higher degree of reporting incidents in writing to the workplace. However, exposure was not consistently related to self-rated seriousness of the incidents or attitudes that reflect accept of workplace threats and violence. Both threats and physical violence were rated within a moderate range of seriousness in all these areas of work. PPS and SS expressed more accept (attitude) of workplace threats and violence in comparison to psychiatry and eldercare. Conclusion: workplace threats and violence toward staff in areas of human service work is a widespread phenomenon. There is a particular need for better prevention in SS, more research on the seriousness of threats in general, and more knowledge about the relationship between work environment and attitudes about workplace threats and violence.
The Failure of Cohabitation
Authors: Gherghina Sergiu , Miscoiu Sergiu
Published: May 2013

Built on concurrent claims of legitimacy, the semi-presidential constitutional framework is prone to conflicts between the office holders. Cohabitation is a particular instance in which the president’s party is not represented in government and he has to share executive power with a prime minister. Instead of producing a flexible dual-authority structure within the executive, cohabitation has always tended to generate institutional crises in Romania, ending with the impeachment of the president (2007 and 2012). This article identifies a combination of four factors leading to this outcome: legislative ambiguity, the composition of the legislature, the absence of external pressures, and the leaders’ personality.
Preparation and microwave absorbing properties of polyaniline-modified silicon carbide composites
Authors: Li Sha , Gan Mengyu , Ma Li , Yan Jun , Tang Jihai , Fu Dandan , Li Zhitao , Bai Youqian
Published: May 2013

Polyaniline (PANI)/silicon carbide (SiC) composites were prepared by emulsion polymerization using sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate and ammonium persulfate as emulsifier and oxidant, respectively. The structure and morphology of the composites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The FTIR and XRD results indicated that there existed an interaction between PANI molecules and SiC particles. The SEM results indicated that SiC particles were covered with the conducting PANI. Microwave absorbing properties were investigated by measuring complex permittivity and complex permeability at 26.5–40 GHz. The results showed that the reflection loss (RL) properties of PANI/SiC composites exhibited significant improvements compared with pure SiC. A maximum RL of −36.3 dB was observed at 38.6 GHz with a thickness of 0.9 mm for the composites and the effective absorption band under −10 dB reached 6.2 GHz.
Parametrization of blade leading and trailing edge positions and its influence on mixed-flow pump performance
Authors: Bing Hao , Cao Shuliang
Published: May 2013

Based on the three-dimensional design platform, this article conducted parametrization of blade leading and trailing edge positions, and analyzed the influence of different position parameters on mixed-flow pump hydraulic performance and internal flow with model test and numerical simulation. The results showed that the hydraulic efficiency η of a mixed-flow pump increased slightly when the position parameter θh of the blade leading edge on the hub increased, and η increased significantly when the position parameter θt of the blade leading and trailing edge positions on the shroud increased. However, with θt increasing, the growth rate of η decreased. Numerical simulation has shown that by selecting a proper value of θt, the impeller energy conversion capacity can be effectively improved, and the distributions of static pressure and total energy can be more uniform in the flow passage. Meanwhile, with θt increasing, blade angle on the blade trailing edge decreased. Correspondingly, the absolute velocity in the outlet zone decreased, and the hydraulic loss in the outlet zone also decreased, which is beneficial to improving hydraulic efficiency of the mixed-flow pump. Within the value range of 7–9°, with different combinations of position parameter θt1 of the blade leading edge on the shroud and position parameter θt2 of the blade trailing edge on the shroud, the mixed-flow pump hydraulic efficiency η and blade wrap angle ϕ show a linear positive correlation, suggesting that an increase in ϕ could significantly improve impeller energy conversion capacity. Compared to θt1, θt2 has a more significant influence on ϕ and η. Thus, the value of θt2 should be carefully attended to during design process.
Tracking of spiraling reentry vehicles with varying frequency using a new target dynamic model
Authors: Ohlmeyer Ernest J , Menon PK
Published: May 2013

As ballistic targets reenter the earth’s atmosphere, they undergo rapid deceleration and may perform spiraling motion that can make accurate tracking very difficult. A variety of filter structures have been proposed for this problem, including variants of the Kalman filter. The present work employs a new target dynamic model combined with an unscented Kalman filter to yield an effective tracking solution. The new target model includes, in addition to position and velocity states, a modified drag coefficient, the target spiral frequency, and two harmonic states describing the periodic rotation of the target body around its velocity vector. The spiral frequency was allowed to have a general variation with time. The unscented Kalman filter with new target model produced very satisfactory tracking for targets with varying frequency. The sensitivity to angle measurement accuracy using a reduced set of measurements was evaluated and a threshold value was determined. Finally, tracking performance was confirmed by Monte Carlo analysis.