bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Segregation of Calcium and Magnesium into Different Substructures. Ca4Ag0.948Mg and Other Compounds with Gd4RhIn-type Structure
Authors: Kersting Marcel , Matar Samir F. , Schwickert Christian , Pöttgen Rainer
Published: February 2015

The metal-rich compounds R4PdMg (R = Ca, Eu, Tb-Lu), R4AgMg (R = Ca, Yb), R4PtMg (R = Eu, Tb-Lu), and R4AuMg (R = Ca, Eu, Yb) were synthesized by induction melting of the elements in sealed tantalum tubes in a water-cooled sample chamber. All samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction. The structures of Ca4Ag0.948Mg and Yb4PdMg were refined on the basis of single-crystal X-ray diffractometer data: Gd4RhIn type, F 4̄3m, a = 1434.6(1) pm, wR2 = 0.0269, 523 F2 values, 18 variables for Yb4PdMg and a = 1485.78(7) pm, wR2 = 0.0188, 617 F2 values, 20 variables for Ca4Ag0.948Mg. For the first time small defects on the 16e transition metal site of a Gd4RhIn-type compound have been observed, and the first compounds of this structure type with the divalent rare earth elements europium and ytterbium as well as with calcium are reported. The striking structural motif of these compounds (exemplary for Ca4Ag0.948Mg) is the clear segregation of two alkaline earth elements into two different substructures, calcium forming trigonal prisms around the silver atoms and magnesium forming covalently bonded tetrahedra (Mg-Mg 328 pm). The latter are embedded in larger cavities of the adamantane-like three-dimensional network of edge- and corner-sharing AgCa6 trigonal prisms. This is evident from the chemical bonding analysis of the electronic structure by ab initio calculations. The density of states shows s-like metallic conductivity with an active role played by the Ag d states within the valence band and for the bonding with calcium. Temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility data of Eu4PdMg and Eu4PtMg show Curie-Weiss behavior above 230 K with experimental magnetic moments of 7.94(1) and 8.00(1) μB per Eu atom for the palladium and platinum compound, respectively. Ferromagnetic ordering is detected at the comparatively high Curie temperatures of 150.1(5) (Eu4PdMg) and 139.1(5) (Eu4PtMg) K. Magnetization measurements at 3 K show full parallel spin alignment and the typical behavior of soft ferromagnets.
Structural Studies on Ba2SrMg4F14 and Ba2MM´Mg4F14 (M= Ca, Sr, Ba)
Authors: Kubel Frank , Wandl Nicole , Pantazi Mariana
Published: February 2015

The new barium strontium magnesium fluoride Ba2SrMg4F14 has been prepared as an almost single-phase colorless powder by precipitating amorphous precursors and heating them at 650 °C. The compound crystallizes in the space group P42/mnm (no. 136) with a = 12.45514(4), c = 7.46092(3) Å, V = 1157.42(1) Å3 and Z = 4. It is isostructural with the previously known Ca analog, Ba2.2Ca0.8Mg4F14. The structure is built up from a channel-forming network of tetrahedral (MgF6)4 units linked by bridging fluorine atoms. The channels contain the Ba2+ ions (CN = 11) and Sr2+ ions (CN = 8, CaF2 type-related environment). Solid solutions with composition Ba2(Sr1−xCax)Mg4F14 with x = 0.13(1), 0.36(1) and 0.51(1) as well as Ba2(Sr0.83(1)Ba0.17(1))Mg4F14 were synthesized and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction.
New Lignans from Jatropha curcas Linn.
Authors: Xu Jun Ju , Tana Ning Hua
Published: February 2015

Four new lignans, curcasinlignan A (1), curcasinlignan B (2), curcasinlignan C (3), and curcasinlignan D (4), together with eight known compounds, (±)-rel-(2α,3β )-7-Omethylcedrusin (5), (±)-7R∗,8S∗-5-methoxydihydrodehydroconiferyl alcohol (6), dehydrodiisoeugeno1 (7), (threo)-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-(4-formyl-2-methoxy-phenoxy)-propane- 1,3-diol (8), (±)-machilin D (9), (+)-pinoresinol (10), 5ʹ-methoxypropacin (11), and hemidesmin-2 (12), were isolated from the aerial parts of Jatropha curcas. Their structures were established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis.
GH/STAT5 signaling during the growth period in livers of mice overexpressing GH
Authors: Martinez Carolina S , Piazza Verónica G , Díaz María E , Boparai Ravneet K , Arum Oge , Ramírez María C , González Lorena , Becú-Villalobos Damasia , Bartke Andrzej , Turyn Daniel , Miquet Johanna G , Sotelo Ana I
Published: February 2015

GH/STAT5 signaling is desensitized in the liver in adult transgenic mice overexpressing GH; however, these animals present greater body size. To assess whether the STAT5 pathway is active during the growth period in the liver in these animals, and how signaling modulators participate in this process, growing transgenic mice and normal siblings were evaluated. STAT5 does not respond to an acute GH-stimulus, but displays higher basal phosphorylation in the livers of growing GH-overexpressing mice. GH receptor and the positive modulators glucocorticoid receptor and HNF1 display greater abundance in transgenic animals, supporting the activity of STAT5. The negative modulators cytokine-induced suppressor and PTP1B are increased in GH-overexpressing mice. The suppressorsSOCS2andSOCS3exhibit higher mRNA levels in transgenic mice but lower protein content, indicating that they are being actively degraded. Therefore, STAT5 signaling is increased in the liver in GH-transgenic mice during the growth period, with a balance between positive and negative effectors resulting in accelerated but controlled growth.
Introducing Teenagers to a Dialogue with Judaism as the Task of School Catechesis
Authors: Kostorz Jerzy
Published: February 2015

This analysis proves that introducing teenagers to a dialogue with Judaism is one of catechesis’s tasks. This task has been outlined in the post-conciliar documents of the Catholic Church. It underlines the spiritual ties between Catholic people and the Jews and promotes forming an attitude of openness towards followers of the Mosaic religion. It also contributes to mitigating anti-Semitism among Catholic teenagers. At the same time, it raises interest in Jewish traditions and culture. In the religion syllabus in lower and post-secondary schools we can come across numerous references (mainly indirect) to Judaism. The focus on passing honest knowledge about Judaism can be also clearly visible. In this way, formation of the cognitive element of inter-religious dialogue takes place. On the other hand, less attention is devoted to other components of this attitude such as the emotional and behavioural elements. That is why there is a demand to complete the lacking elements by watching films and having discussions. The above mentioned multimedia materials called “The religion lesson” have been prepared to satisfy this need.Great importance is also attached to creating situations that allow Christian teenagers to participate in meetings with the Jews. It can be organized in the form of Days of Judaism and panel discussions with Jews and distinguished contemporary theologians and philosophers. Open meetings with representatives of Judaism are a great opportunity to perceive the Jews as “older brethren in the faith”. They let young people discover the cultural wealth and vision of Judaism and teach teenagers respect for the religious beliefs of the Jews. Thereby, they can contribute to the change of mentality of young participants of catechesis in their approach to Judaism. It is worth referring to the works of Jewish culture in these activities. It is the cultural heritage that comprises a great reference point to showing the strong Judaic roots of Christian culture. Thus, it is necessary, for the topics in Judaism proposed for religious syllabuses and catechetical material to be closely connected with organizing meetings of young Catholics with followers of the Mosaic religion. Only this kind of experience can contribute to an authentic inter-religious dialogue.
Influence of Chinese politics and culture on decision making
Authors: Zhou Jie , Zhang Yuchan
Published: February 2015

Rapid urbanisation in China, with its own distinct geographical and cultural characteristics, has attracted worldwide attention. Such characteristics can be seen in the political institutions, cultural underpinnings, material conditions and development, in which China clearly differs from the west. This paper focuses on the influence of traditional Chinese political culture on urban planning decision making that has shaped China's urbanisation process – a process in which can be seen such Confucian influences as tianxia (kingdom), power centralisation, official prioritism, guanxi (interpersonal relationships) and society's subordination to the state. These politico-cultural traditions have continued to exert their influence on decision-makers and participants alike in the urban planning circle in China.
Media and Communication: Why Another Journal?
Authors: Greenberg Bradley S. , Haas Hannes , Klaus Elisabeth
Published: February 2015

Indeed, there are some three dozen English-language journals now that deal with one or another or multiple aspects of the field of media and (mass) communication. Would another journal not be redundant? We think not. Media and Communication, henceforth shortened to MaC, will possess a specific combination of attributes that are not replicated elsewhere and together result in the unique position of the journal.
Agenda Trending: Reciprocity and the Predictive Capacity of Social Networking Sites in Intermedia Agenda Setting across Topics over Time
Authors: Groshek Jacob , Groshek Megan Clough
Published: February 2015

In the contemporary converged media environment, agenda setting is being transformed by the dramatic growth of audiences that are simultaneously media users and producers. The study reported here addresses related gaps in the literature by first comparing the topical agendas of two leading traditional media outlets (New York Times and CNN) with the most frequently shared stories and trending topics on two widely popular Social Networking Sites (Facebook and Twitter). Time-series analyses of the most prominent topics identify the extent to which traditional media sets the agenda for social media as well as reciprocal agenda-setting effects of social media topics entering traditional media agendas. In addition, this study examines social intermedia agenda setting topically and across time within social networking sites, and in so doing, adds a vital understanding of where traditional media, online uses, and social media content intersect around instances of focusing events, particularly elections. Findings identify core differences between certain traditional and social media agendas, but also within social media agendas that extend from uses examined here. Additional results further suggest important topical and event-oriented limitations upon the predictive capacit of social networking sites to shape traditional media agendas over time.
Predicting Social Networking Site Use and Online Communication Practices among Adolescents: The Role of Access and Device Ownership
Authors: Cingel Drew P. , Lauricella Alexis R. , Wartella Ellen , Conway Annie
Published: February 2015

Given adolescents' heavy social media use, this study examined a number of predictors of adolescent social media use, as well as predictors of online communication practices. Using data collected from a national sample of 467 adolescents between the ages of 13 and 17, results indicate that demographics, technology access, and technology ownership are related to social media use and communication practices. Specifically, females log onto and use more constructive communication practices on Facebook compared to males. Additionally, adolescents who own smartphones engage in more constructive online communication practices than those who share regular cell phones or those who do not have access to a cell phone. Overall, results imply that ownership of mobile technologies, such as smartphones and iPads, may be more predictive of social networking site use and online communication practices than general ownership of technology.
The Nanking Atrocity: Still and Moving Images 1937–1944
Authors: Evans Gary
Published: February 2015

This manuscript investigates the facts of publication of the images of the Nanking Atrocity (December 1937–January 1938) in LIFE and LOOK magazines, two widely read United States publications, as well as the Nanking atrocity film clips that circulated to millions more in American and Canadian newsreels some years later. The publishers of these images were continuing the art of manipulation of public opinion through multimodal visual media, aiming them especially at the less educated mass public. The text attempts to describe these brutal images in their historical context. Viewing and understanding the underlying racial context and emotive impact of these images may be useful adjuncts to future students of World War II. If it is difficult to assert how much these severe images changed public opinion, one can appreciate how the emerging visual culture was transforming the way that modern societies communicate with and direct their citizens' thoughts.
Card Stories on YouTube: A New Frame for Online Self-Disclosure
Authors: Misoch Sabina
Published: February 2015

This paper deals with the phenomenon of so-called (note) card stories on YouTube. Card stories can be described as self-disclosing videos or confessions, using a new frame for telling one’s own story audio-visually to the public by combining ‘old’ (hand-written messages) and ‘new’ media (video, computer mediated communication). In 2012/13, a qualitative and exploratory study with a sample of 25 card story videos on YouTube was conducted. The content and visual analysis revealed (1) that these videos are bound to a very specific frame of presentation, (2) that they deal with specific topics, and (3) that the presenter does not remain (visually) anonymous. These findings question previous research results that stressed a strong correlation between online self-disclosure and (visual) anonymity; further, the findings show that this special frame of textual confessions via video supports deep self-disclosures.
Violence in Popular U.S. Prime Time TV Dramas and the Cultivation of Fear: A Time Series Analysis
Authors: Romer Daniel , Jamieson Patrick
Published: February 2015

Gerbner and Gross’s cultivation theory predicts that prolonged exposure to TV violence creates fear of crime, symptomatic of a mean world syndrome. We tested the theory’s prediction in a time series model with annual changes in violence portrayal on popular US TV shows from 1972 to 2010 as a predictor of changes in public perceptions of local crime rates and fear of crime. We found that contrary to the prediction that TV violence would affect perceptions of crime rates, TV violence directly predicted fear of crime holding constant national crime rates and perceptions of crime rates. National crime rates predicted fear of crime but only as mediated by perceptions of local crime rates. The findings support an interpretation of cultivation theory that TV drama transports viewers into a fictive world that creates fear of crime but without changing perceptions of a mean world.
From Needs to Rights—A Socio-Legal Account of Bridging Moral and Legal Universalism via Ethical Pluralism
Authors: Zwitter Andrej J.
Published: February 2015

The question of the universality of human rights has much in common with the question of the universality of ethics. In the form of a multidisciplinary reflexive survey, the aim of this article is to show how human rights discourses derive from more basic principles related to basic needs. These needs are the universal grammar for moral principles, which will be distinguished from ethical norms. Ethical norms, I will argue, are rules that develop in social groups to put into effect moral principles through communicative action and therefore develop as culturally specific norms, which guide behaviour within these social groups. This will explain why ethical norms contain some universal principles, but are largely culturally specific. In order to shed some light on the universality debate, I will show how moral principles translate into ethical norms and might manifest through communicative action in human rights law. For this purpose the article develops a socio-legal account on social norm-creation that bridges moral universality and legal universality via ethical pluralism, which in effect explains why despite the universality of moral principles, the outcomes of ethical rationales can vary extremely.
Human Rights Promotion through Transnational Investment Regimes: An International Political Economy Approach
Authors: Cutler Claire
Published: February 2015

International investment agreements are foundational instruments in a transnational investment regime that governs how states regulate the foreign-owned assets and the foreign investment activities of private actors. Over 3,000 investment agreements between states govern key governmental powers and form the basis for an emerging transnational investment regime. This transnational regime significantly decentralizes, denationalizes, and privatizes decision-making and policy choices over foreign investment. Investment agreements set limits to state action in a number of areas of vital public concern, including the protection of human and labour rights, the environment, and sustainable development. They determine the distribution of power between foreign investors and host states and their societies. However, the societies in which they operate seldom have any input into the terms or operation of these agreements, raising crucial questions of their democratic legitimacy as mechanisms of governance. This paper draws on political science and law to explore the political economy of international investment agreements and asks whether these agreements are potential vehicles for promoting international human rights. The analysis provides an historical account of the investment regime, while a review of the political economy of international investment agreements identifies what appears to be a paradox at the core of their operation. It then examines contract theory for insight into this apparent paradox and considers whether investment agreements are suitable mechanisms for advancing international human rights.
The Quality of Deliberation in Two Committees of the European Parliament: The Neglected Influence of the Situational Context and the Policymaking Stage
Authors: Roger Léa , Schaal Gary S.
Published: February 2015

In our paper we try to answer two empirical research questions. First, we assess the deliberative quality of discussions in two committees of the EU Parliament. In order to do so, we use a slightly revised version of the DQI. Second, we identify and empirically measure those variables that systematically influence the quality of deliberation in interviews with debate actors. We argue that the quality of deliberation in EU committees is influenced by two normative values: deliberation (common good orientation) and responsiveness (particular interest orientation), with the guiding value determined by the particular situation. Using a multidimensional concept of deliberation, we empirically test the impact of situational variables on specific aspects of deliberative quality. In addition, we take into account the temporal dimension of deliberation.
Gender, Race, Age and Voting: A Research Note
Authors: Ansolabehere Stephen , Hersh Eitan
Published: February 2015

In this brief analysis, we use a new dataset of two million voter registration records to demonstrate that gender, race, and age do not correlate with political participation in the ways that previous research has shown. Among Blacks and Latinos, women participate at vastly higher rates than men; many Blacks participate at higher rates than Whites; and the relationship between age and participation is both not linear and varies by race and gender. Survey research is unable to capture the true relationship between demographics and participation on account of survey bias and, more importantly, the non-linearity of effects. As a result, theories of participation, like the dominant resources-based models, have been built on faulty premises and tested with inadequate data. Our evidence calls for a renewed effort to understand election participation by utilizing large datasets, by being attentive to linearity assumptions, and by returning to theory.
Social Inclusion: Inaugural Editorial
Authors: Hedetoft Ulf R.
Published: February 2015

Social inclusion is a concept that we all applaud. Normatively we tend to agree that it is a goal societies should pursue—and it is indeed a social and cultural value that most, if not quite all, societies profess to be based on. Social inclusiveness, cultural cohesion, communal values, a shared identity, mutual recognition, respectful dialogue, peaceful interaction, policies of integration: these are positively charged notions, aims indeed worth subscribing to.
Disability Policy Must Espouse Medical as well as Social Rehabilitation
Authors: Haig Andrew J.
Published: February 2015

A confident statement in Social Inclusion by Mannon and MacLacLan that disability is not a health problem places doubt on the rationale of their otherwise well-written research agenda for disability studies. Both by definition and in practice disability is in part about the impact of health on a person's functioning. The consequence of this misperception among social policy makers is a decreased emphasis on the resources and research needed to build medical rehabilitation programs. This is especially true in lower resource countries where naive inclusion of medical rehabillitation within community based rehabilitation strategies has resulted in fewer resources and less expertise to deliver the distinctly different, and well validated services of a medical rehabilitation team. Any rational research agenda on disability must focus on disease and medical rehabilitation as well as the psychological, social, and environmental factors discussed in this article.
Familism and Social Inclusion: Hispanics in New London, Connecticut
Authors: Cruz-Saco Maria Amparo , López-Anuarbe Mónika
Published: February 2015

This paper analyzes the financial support and inclusiveness within Hispanic families in New London, Connecticut, and the causes of their social exclusion in the larger society. We designed and administered a survey of 114 items that was answered by 148 participants representing 1.3% of the non-Puerto Rican Hispanic population. Using factor analysis, we reduced a large number of items in two familism scores to four latent factors: "Financial Support for Family", "Obligation to Family", "Plan to Return", and "Filial Responsibility". We found that financial support for family and obligation to family are strongly endorsed by participants. Approximately one-half would return back to their home countries where they believe to be happier. One-fifth rejects this option. Three-quarters of participants remit money to family, parents in particular, who reside in countries of origin. In contrast to other studies, remitting money is not affected by any given personal characteristic such as gender, income or level of education. Similarly, participants remit irrespective of their degree of self-reported familism measured by scores on the latent factors. A large incidence of poverty among this population, lack of English proficiency, low skills, immigration status, and a lack of voice and political representation inhibit their social inclusion.
Antisemitism and Jewish Children and Youth in Australia’s Capital Territory Schools
Authors: Ben-Moshe Danny , Halafoff Anna
Published: February 2015

Issues pertaining to religion and Australian schools have generated a significant amount of controversy and scholarly attention in recent years, and much of the attention in the religion and schools debate has focused on Muslim and non-religious children’s experiences (Erebus International, 2006; Halafoff, 2013). This article, by contrast, explores the manifestations of antisemitism as experienced by Jewish children and youth in Canberra schools. It considers the characteristics of antisemitism; when and why it occurs; its impact on the Jewish children and young people; and also the responses to it by them, the schools and the Jewish community. Based on focus groups with the Jewish students and their parents, the study reveals that antisemitism is common in Canberra schools, as almost all Jewish children and youth in this study have experienced it. The findings from this study suggest that there is a need for more anti-racism education. Specifically there is an urgent need for educational intervention about antisemitism, alongside education about religions and beliefs in general, to counter antisemitism more effectively and religious discrimination more broadly in Australian schools.
Policing the Borders of the 'Centaur State': Deportation, Detention, and Neoliberal Transformation Processes—The Case of Austria
Authors: Horvath Kenneth
Published: February 2015

Excessive policing of borders and mobilities is one of the key features of current migration regimes in the global North and West. Using Austria as example, this article examines some of the links between the recent development of deportation policies and broad societal transformations—namely neoliberal restructuring. The main argument is that the new model of policing borders and mobilities can be meaningfully characterised as neoliberal in three respects: (i) its structure corresponds to a neoliberal political rationality, (ii) it is functional for current politico-economic relations, and (iii) it is promoted by the very social relations it contributes to. The paper builds on recent studies of how deportation regimes structure labour relations, but moves the focus from the economic function to the form and formation of deportation policies. Concerning the form of regulation, a comparison of current legal frameworks with those of the Cold-War era unveils some crucial features of newly emergent border regimes. First, policing has been massively extended and intensified; second, the criteria for differentiating the vulnerability to policing have grown in number and complexity; third, it is more and more mobility itself that is being policed; and, finally, the punitive turn affects mainly the margins of current global mobility, while the top and center enjoy increased security of residence and mobility rights. Regarding the formation of these new deportation policies, this article uses salient shifts in political discourse as a starting point to illustrate the complexity and context-dependency of the political processes involved.
Reducing Social Exclusion in Highly Disadvantaged Districts in Medellín, Colombia, through the Provision of a Cable-Car
Authors: Zapata Cordoba Diego , Stanley John , Stanley Janet Robin
Published: February 2015

Recent research has shown that increasing trip making and improving a person’s social capital and sense of community is likely to reduce risks of social exclusion, and increase wellbeing. This, and most other related research on social exclusion, has been undertaken in countries with developed economies. This paper examines some of these relationships within a developing economy, where social exclusion is likely to be more widespread, using secondary data. It examines two districts in Medellín, Colombia, which are historically marginalised, with considerable poverty and also suffering from substantial drug-related violence. The focus is on the role of Metrocable, an aerial cable-car public transport system built to improve transport options in the area’s steep terrain, in reducing risk of exclusion. The analysis shows that increasing the number of trips is significantly associated with a reduced risk of social exclusion and that increasing social capital is weakly supportive. Metrocable is therefore likely to be successful in reducing exclusion. The model suggests that secondary data can be used to explore relationships between mobility and risk of social exclusion.
Newcomer Children: Experiences of Inclusion and Exclusion, and Their Outcomes
Authors: Oxman-Martinez Jacqueline , Choi Ye Ri
Published: February 2015

This article explores the potential inclusion and exclusion factors affecting the developmental outcomes of immigrant children, and examines the influence of inclusive school environment, social/psychological isolation, and perceived discrimination by peers and teachers on the psychosocial and academic adjustment of immigrant children. Our study is based on a subset of data from the New Canadian Children and Youth Study (NCCYS), a national longitudinal survey including 515 foreign-born immigrant children (11 to 13 years) from three ethnic groups (Mainland China, Hong Kong, the Philippines) living in the Montreal and Toronto metropolitan areas, Canada. The results show that after controlling for socio-demographic background variables, teachers’ discriminatory attitudes and psychological isolation contribute to the prediction of risk for immigrant children’s self-esteem, social competence, and academic performance. Inclusive school environment has a significant effect on social competence and academic performance of immigrant children. Peer discrimination is also associated with self-esteem and social competence. These findings suggest that inclusive school environment, social/psychological isolation, and discrimination are critical factors affecting the developmental outcomes of immigrant children that, in turn, are connected to future prospects for their eventual inclusion and participation in other social, economic, and political venues of the host country.
A dynamic energy budget for the whole life‐cycle of holometabolous insects
Authors: Llandres Ana L. , Marques Gonçalo M. , Maino James L. , Kooijman S. A. L. M. , Kearney Michael R. , Casas Jérôme
Published: February 2015

Alterations of the amount and quality of food consumed during ontogeny can affect different life‐history traits, such as growth rate, developmental time, survival, adult size, and fitness. Understanding the dynamics of such metabolic and energetic pathways and investments is particularly challenging in the case of holometabolous insects due to their strikingly different life stages. We show how whole life‐cycle energy and mass budgets can be achieved for holometabolic insects through dynamic energy budget (DEB) theory, permitting the fate of acquired and stored nutrients to be followed over a complete life‐cycle. We applied the DEB theory to model the whole life‐cycle energetics of an endoparasitic wasp, Venturia canescens (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Data on embryo, larval, and pupal dry mass, imago longevity, and fecundity were used for assessing the goodness of fit of the model. Our model predicted the growth curves of the larval and pupal stages, the number of eggs laid by the imago through time, and lifespan events, such as the different developmental times of the parasitoid. The model enabled us to distinguish and follow the energy invested in eggs through income and capital reserves. The mechanisms leading to the double costs of being small (a shorter life under starving conditions and fewer eggs) were identified by running the model for varying amounts of food eaten early in life, according to host sizes. The final larval instar harvests around 60 times the energy of a recently hatched larva. Around 90% of this energy is then used during pupation to build the structure of the imago and to pay maintenance. Imagoes, therefore, emerge with only a small percentage of the energy stored by the last instar larvae. Our study shows that, despite being small, this percentage of energy stored during the parasitoid development has a great impact on adult fitness, the loss of which cannot be compensated for by a rich adult environment. Our model is generic and has applications for a wide range of applied and theoretical questions about insect energetics, from population dynamics in multitrophic systems to responses to climate change and life‐history strategies.
Evidence for the persistence of food web structure after amphibian extirpation in a Neotropical stream
Authors: Barnum Thomas R. , Drake John M. , Colón-Gaud Checo , Rugenski Amanda T. , Frauendorf Therese C. , Connelly Scott , Kilham Susan S. , Whiles Matt R. , Lips Karen R. , Pringle Catherine M.
Published: February 2015

Species losses are predicted to simplify food web structure, and disease‐driven amphibian declines in Central America offer an opportunity to test this prediction. Assessment of insect community composition, combined with gut content analyses, was used to generate periphyton–insect food webs for a Panamanian stream, both pre‐ and post‐amphibian decline. We then used network analysis to assess the effects of amphibian declines on food web structure. Although 48% of consumer taxa, including many insect taxa, were lost between pre‐ and post‐amphibian decline sampling dates, connectance declined by less than 3%. We then quantified the resilience of food web structure by calculating the number of expected cascading extirpations from the loss of tadpoles. This analysis showed the expected effects of species loss on connectance and linkage density to be more than 60% and 40%, respectively, than were actually observed. Instead, new trophic linkages in the post‐decline food web reorganized the food web topology, changing the identity of “hub” taxa, and consequently reducing the effects of amphibian declines on many food web attributes. Resilience of food web attributes was driven by a combination of changes in consumer diets, particularly those of insect predators, as well as the appearance of generalist insect consumers, suggesting that food web structure is maintained by factors independent of the original trophic linkages.
Predicting extinction debt from community patterns
Authors: Kitzes Justin , Harte John
Published: February 2015

A significant challenge in both measuring and predicting species extinction rates at global and local scales is the possibility of extinction debt, time‐delayed extinctions that occur gradually following an initial impact. Here we examine how relative abundance distributions and spatial aggregation combine to influence the likely magnitude of future extinction debt following habitat loss or climate‐driven range contraction. Our analysis is based on several fundamental premises regarding abundance distributions, most importantly that species abundances immediately following habitat loss are a sample from an initial relative abundance distribution and that the long‐term, steady‐state form of the species abundance distribution is a property of the biology of a community and not of area. Under these two hypotheses, the results show that communities following canonical lognormal and broken‐stick abundance distributions are prone to exhibit extinction debt, especially when species exhibit low spatial aggregation. Conversely, communities following a logseries distribution with a constant Fisher's α parameter never demonstrate extinction debt and often show an “immigration credit,” in which species richness rises in the long term following an initial decrease. An illustration of these findings in 25 biodiversity hotspots suggests a negligible immediate extinction rate for bird communities and eventual extinction debts of 30–50% of initial species richness, whereas plant communities are predicted to immediately lose 5–15% of species without subsequent extinction debt. These results shed light on the basic determinants of extinction debt and provide initial indications of the magnitude of likely debts in landscapes where few empirical data are available.
Making spatial prioritizations robust to climate change uncertainties: a case study with North American birds
Authors: Schuetz Justin G. , Langham Gary M. , Soykan Candan U. , Wilsey Chad B. , Auer Tom , Sanchez Connie C.
Published: February 2015

Spatial prioritizations are essential tools for conserving biodiversity in the face of accelerating climate change. Uncertainty about species' responses to changing climates can complicate prioritization efforts, however, and delay conservation investment. In an effort to facilitate decision‐making, we identified three hypotheses about species' potential responses to climate change based on distinct biological assumptions related to niche flexibility and colonization ability. Using 314 species of North American birds as a test case, we tuned separate spatial prioritizations to each hypothesis and assessed the degree to which assumptions about biological responses affected the perceived conservation value of the landscape and prospects for individual taxa. We also developed a bet‐hedging prioritization to minimize the chance that incorrect assumptions would lead to valuable landscapes and species being overlooked in multispecies prioritizations. Collectively, these analyses help to quantify the sensitivity of spatial prioritizations to different assumptions about species' responses to climate change and provide a framework for enabling efficient conservation investment despite substantial biological uncertainty.
Individual and Interpersonal Risk Factors for Physical Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration by Biological Sex and Ethnicity
Authors: Renner Lynette M. , Whitney Stephen D. , Vasquez Matthew
Published: February 2015

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a public health problem that reaches across age, sex, and ethnicity. In this study, we examined risk factors for physical IPV perpetration among young adult males and females from four ethnic groups. Data were taken from Waves 1–3 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). The sample included 10,141 Wave 3 respondents (ages ranged from 18–27 years old) who reported being in a current romantic relationship. Physical IPV perpetration was reported by 14.10% of White, 23.28% of Black, 18.82% of Latino, and 18.02% of Asian males. Physical IPV perpetration was reported by 19.01% of White, 24.80% of Black, 25.97% of Latina, and 19.21% of Asian females. Following an ecological framework, proximal risk factors at intrapersonal and interpersonal levels were included in the analyses. Despite finding fairly consistent percentage of physical IPV perpetration across sample groups, the risk factors for physical IPV perpetration were rather uncommon across sex and ethnicity. Only 1 factor—psychological IPV perpetration toward a romantic partner—was consistently associated with physical IPV perpetration across all groups. Our findings have implications for tailoring prevention and intervention efforts toward risk factors of physical IPV perpetration that are uniquely associated with biological sex and ethnicity.
Enmeshment Schema and Quality of Life Deficits: The Mediating Role of Social Anxiety
Authors: Cohen Jonah N. , Jensen Dane , Dryman M. Taylor , Heimberg Richard G.
Published: February 2015

Social anxiety is associated with significant functional impairment and poor quality of life. However, there is a paucity of research on how early childhood and family dynamics may be related to social anxiety and its impact on quality of life. We investigated the role of enmeshment schemas, cognitive structures associated with emotional over-involvement with and lack of differentiation from family. Enmeshment is associated with considerable functional impairment, including elevated anxiety and depression and impaired relationship satisfaction. As enmeshment schemas predict withdrawal from stressful social interactions, they may facilitate the development of social anxiety and, through that mechanism, lead to reduced quality of life. Participants completed measures of these constructs. Social anxiety mediated the negative association between enmeshment and quality of life, particularly within the domains of personal growth, social functioning, and achievement. Implications for novel etiological conceptualizations of social anxiety and subsequent treatment interventions are discussed.
An Affective Cognitive Neuroscience-Based Approach to PTSD Psychotherapy: The TARGET Model
Authors: Ford Julian
Published: February 2015

Adaptations or alternative versions of cognitive psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are needed because even the most efficacious cognitive or cognitive-behavioral psychotherapies for PTSD do not retain or achieve sustained clinically significant benefits for a majority of recipients. Cognitive affective neuroscience research is reviewed which suggests that it is not just memory (or memories) of traumatic events and related core beliefs about self, the world, and relationships that are altered in PTSD but also memory (and affective information) processing. A cognitive psychotherapy is described that was designed to systematically make explicit these otherwise implicit trauma-related alterations in cognitive emotion regulation and its application to the treatment of complex variants of PTSD—Trauma Affect Regulation: Guide for Education and Therapy (TARGET). TARGET provides therapists and clients with (a) a neurobiologically informed strengths-based meta-model of stress-related cognitive processing in the brain and how this is altered by PTSD and (b) a practical algorithm for restoring the executive functions that are necessary to make implicit trauma-related cognitions explicit (i.e., experiential awareness) and modifiable (i.e., planful refocusing). Results of randomized clinical trial studies and quasi-experimental effectiveness evaluations of TARGET with adolescents and adults are reviewed.
What Factors Influence Where Researchers Deposit their Data? A Survey of Researchers Submitting to Data Repositories
Authors: Swauger Shea , Vision Todd J.
Published: February 2015

In order to better understand the factors that most influence where researchers deposit their data when they have a choice, we collected survey data from researchers who deposited phylogenetic data in either the TreeBASE or Dryad data repositories. Respondents were asked to rank the relative importance of eight possible factors. We found that factors differed in importance for both TreeBASE and Dryad, and that the rankings differed subtly but significantly between TreeBASE and Dryad users. On average, TreeBASE users ranked the domain specialization of the repository highest, while Dryad users ranked as equal highest their trust in the persistence of the repository and the ease of its data submission process. Interestingly, respondents (particularly Dryad users) were strongly divided as to whether being directed to choose a particular repository by a journal policy or funding agency was among the most or least important factors. Some users reported depositing their data in multiple repositories and archiving their data voluntarily.
Microvascular Complications in Childhood-Onset Type 1 Diabetes and Celiac Disease: A Multicenter Longitudinal Analysis of 56,514 Patients From the German-Austrian DPV Database
Authors: Rohrer Tilman R. , Wolf Johannes , Liptay Susanne , Zimmer Klaus-Peter , Fröhlich-Reiterer Elke , Scheuing Nicole , Marg Wolfgang , Stern Martin , Kapellen Thomas M. , Hauffa Berthold P. , Wölfle Joachim , Holl Reinhard W.
Published: February 2015

OBJECTIVE

To investigate whether celiac disease (CD) associated with type 1 diabetes increases the risk of microvascular complications.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Patients (n = 56,514) aged >10 years with diabetes duration <20 years from 392 centers in Germany and Austria were assigned to one of three categories (n): no CD (50,933), biopsy-confirmed CD (812), or suspected CD (4,769; clinical diagnosis or positive antibodies). The confirmed and suspected groups were combined and analyzed for retinopathy or nephropathy. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to adjust for potential confounders (glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c], age at diabetes onset, sex, smoking, dyslipidemia, and hypertension).

RESULTS

Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that retinopathy and nephropathy occurred earlier in the presence versus absence of CD: retinopathy at age 26.7 years (95% CI 23.7–30.2) in 25% of patients with CD vs. age 33.7 years (33.2–34.4) in 25% without CD and microalbuminuria at age 32.8 years (29.7–42.5) vs. 42.4 years (41.4–43.3). The adjusted risk for both retinopathy (hazard ratio 1.263 [95% CI 1.078–1.481]) and nephropathy (1.359 [1.228–1.504]) was higher in patients with diabetes and CD versus those without CD. Cox regression revealed CD as an independent risk factor for microvascular complications after adjustment for confounders.

CONCLUSIONS

CD is an independent risk factor for retinopathy and nephropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes. Our study therefore supports the recommendation for regular serologic testing for CD, even in the absence of clinical CD. Further prospective studies are required to investigate whether a gluten-free diet might reduce the risk of microvascular disorders in patients with diabetes and CD.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Versus Sertraline in Patients With Depression and Poorly Controlled Diabetes: The Diabetes and Depression (DAD) Study
Authors: Petrak Frank , Herpertz Stephan , Albus Christian , Hermanns Norbert , Hiemke Christoph , Hiller Wolfgang , Kronfeld Kai , Kruse Johannes , Kulzer Bernd , Ruckes Christian , Zahn Daniela , Müller Matthias J.
Published: February 2015

OBJECTIVE

This study compared the long-term efficacy of a diabetes-specific cognitive behavioral group therapy (CBT) with sertraline in patients with diabetes and depression who initially responded to short-term depression treatment.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A randomized controlled single-blind trial was conducted in 70 secondary care centers across Germany comparing 12 weeks of CBT with sertraline in 251 patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes (mean HbA1c 9.3%, 78 mmol/mol) and major depression (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV [SCID]). After 12 weeks, treatment responders (≥50% reduction Hamilton Depression Rating Scale [HAMD-17]) were included in the 1-year study phase where CBT patients were encouraged to use bibliotherapy and sertraline patients received continuous treatment. We analyzed differences for HbA1c (primary outcome) and reduction (HAMD-17) or remission (SCID) of depression from baseline to the 1-year follow-up using ANCOVA or logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS

After 12 weeks, 45.8% of patients responded to antidepressant treatment and were included in the 1-year study phase. Adjusted HbA1c mean score changes from baseline to the end of the long-term phase (−0.27, 95% CI −0.62 to 0.08) revealed no significant difference between interventions. Depression improved in both groups, with a significant advantage for sertraline (HAMD-17 change: −2.59, 95% CI 1.15–4.04, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Depression improved under CBT and sertraline in patients with diabetes and depression, with a significant advantage for sertraline, but glycemic control remained unchanged. CBT and sertraline as single treatment are insufficient to treat secondary care diabetes patients with depression and poor glycemic control.
Release temperature, snow-cover entrainment and the thermal flow regime of snow avalanches
Authors: Valero Cesar Vera , Jones Katreen Wikstroem , Bühler Yves , Bartelt Perry
Published: February 2015

To demonstrate how snow-cover release and entrainment temperature influence avalanche runout we develop an avalanche dynamics model that accounts for the thermal heat energy of flowing snow. Temperature defines the mechanical properties of snow and therefore the avalanche flow regime. We show that the avalanche flow regime depends primarily on the temperature of the snow mass in the starting zone, as well as the density and temperature of the entrained snow cover, which define the influx of heat energy. Avalanche temperature, however, not only depends on the initial and boundary conditions, but also on the path-dependent frictional processes that increase internal heat energy. We account for two processes: (1) frictional shearing in the slope-parallel flow direction and (2) dissipation of random fluctuation energy by inelastic granular interactions. In avalanche flow, nonlinear irreversible processes are coupled with variable initial and boundary conditions that lead to transitions in flow regime. Snow avalanches thus exhibit a wide variety of flow behaviour with variation in snow-cover temperature.