bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improvement of Texture and Magnetic Properties by Surface Effect Induced Transformation in Non‐Oriented Fe–0.82Si–1.37Mn Steel Sheets
Authors: Yang Ping , Zhang Louwen , Wang Jinhua , Mao Weimin
Published: May 2018

The potential of improving the magnetic properties of non‐oriented electrical steels has been gradually depleted by the conventional method, whereas the new process of α → γ → α transformation annealing can be used to further improve magnetic properties in the steel sheets with different chemical components. In present paper, compared with the recrystallized sheets of Fe–0.82%Si–1.37%Mn steel, the magnetic induction and iron loss are upgraded by surface effect induced transformation. Iron loss value P15/50 drops by about 40% and magnetic induction value B50 increases about 0.050T, mainly because of the decrease of the {111} texture component greatly. Besides, 0.35 mm thick cold‐rolled sheets are annealed under different transformation annealing parameters, and the results indicate that the process parameters have obvious effects on the formation of columnar grains. However, it is difficult to obtain the sharp {100} transformation texture as those of very low Si content or 3%Si alloys.
Modeling on the Fluid Flow and Mixing Phenomena in a RH Steel Degasser with Oval Down‐Leg Snorkel
Authors: Luo Yan , Liu Chang , Ren Ying , Zhang Lifeng
Published: May 2018

The RH vacuum refining process is vitally important for the production of ultra‐low‐carbon steels, due to its effective degassing and homogenizing. A combined physical and mathematical modeling approach is performed in the current study to investigate the multiphase fluid flow and mixing phenomena during the RH vacuum refining process. The numerical simulation coupled VOF and DPM is used to obtain the flow pattern and the interface profile in the RH reactor in the water‐air system. Turbulent characteristics are predicted by a modified k‐ϵ model. A water model is used to validate calculated results. Based on the results of RH water modeling, the 2D‐velocity distribution in the section Y = 0 is captured by particle image velocimetry (PIV) system. To improve the refining efficiency and the service life time of the RH reactor, a new designed RH degasser with an optimized down‐leg snorkel is established. The oval down‐leg snorkel with a larger cross‐sectional area will increase the circulation rate of the fluid by 20% and weaken the impact on the ladle wall compared with the traditional one, which has immense potential in future applications to improve the service life of the ladle.
Using Virtual Reality to Explore Science and Literacy Concepts
Authors: Hutchison Amy
Published: May 2018

Evolving digital technologies provide opportunities to engage students in activities that go beyond print‐based reading and writing and help them develop skills for reading, writing, and communicating with digital technology. Virtual reality apps are a rapidly emerging form of digital technology that provides immersive experiences in real or imagined environments. Virtual reality creates sensory experiences that involve sight, touch, hearing, and motion to allow users to feel as though they are physically present in that environment. These types of immersive experiences can be used to engage learners in multimodal literacy practices as well as scientific practices such as forming hypotheses and interpreting data to inform courses of action. The author provides a classroom example of using virtual reality in an integrated science and literacy lesson to engage students in discovering, answering, and writing about questions they developed as they explored a virtual environment.
Introduction
Authors: Dalianis Hercules
Published: May 2018

This chapter gives a short introduction of the research area of clinical text mining.
Applications of Clinical Text Mining
Authors: Dalianis Hercules
Published: May 2018

This chapter presents various applications of clinical text mining that all use the electronic patient record text as input data.
Conclusions and Outlook
Authors: Dalianis Hercules
Published: May 2018

This chapter summarizes the book and lists the most important research questions for future work.
The History of the Patient Record and the Paper Record
Authors: Dalianis Hercules
Published: May 2018

This chapter describes the history of patient records and the languages used therein.
Medical Classifications and Terminologies
Authors: Dalianis Hercules
Published: May 2018

This chapter presents the different medical classifications and terminologies as ICD diagnosis codes, SNOMED CT, MeSH, UMLS, ATC etc.
Ethics and Privacy of Patient Records for Clinical Text Mining Research
Authors: Dalianis Hercules
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses ethical issues while working with sensitive material such as patient records, how to apply for ethical permission, the safe storage of sensitive data and other privacy-related topics.
Persistence and modality
Authors: Mackie Penelope
Published: May 2018

It seems plausible to say that what changes an entity can or cannot survive depends on its persistence conditions, and that these depend, in turn, on its sortal kind. It might seem to follow that an entity cannot belong to two sortal kinds with potentially conflicting persistence conditions. Notoriously, though, this conclusion is denied by ‘contingent identity’ theorists, who hold, for example, that a permanently coincident statue and piece of clay are identical, although the persistence conditions associated with the kinds statue and piece of clay are potentially conflicting. A clash with Leibniz’s Law is avoided by treating modal predicates as what Harold Noonan has called ‘Abelardian predicates’, as in the version of ‘inconstant’ counterpart theory developed by David Lewis. In addition to other difficulties, however, there is a question whether this ‘Abelardian’ theory does justice to the intuitions expressed in such statements as that the piece of clay could, while the statue could not, have survived a radical reshaping of its matter. I present an argument, which I call ‘the vacuous satisfaction argument’, for the conclusion that the theory does indeed fail to capture the significance of such de re modal statements.
Long‐term persistence of agricultural pest insects by risk‐spreading dispersal
Authors: Gavina Maica Krizna Areja , Aoki Kotaro , Ichinose Genki , Rabajante Jomar Fajardo , Ito Hiromu , Morita Satoru , Jansen Vincent A. A. , Yoshimura Jin
Published: May 2018

Insects are the most diverse organisms on earth consisting of more than 900 thousand species. However, only few of them are considered agricultural pests. Life history traits such as high fecundity, fast population growth, and high dispersal ability have been used to characterize agricultural pest insects. However, many other non‐pest insects also share these traits, which indicates that there has not been a decisive condition characterizing agricultural pest insects. Agricultural habitats are risky and ephemeral to pests because of pest control and harvesting. The usual arithmetic mean fitness cannot be used to measure the persistence of these pests, because the maximal mean fitness is achieved only when they exhibit no dispersal, but that leads to immediate extinction. Using a geometric mean fitness model, we propose a quantitative measure of long‐term reproductive success for agricultural pest insects. By using this approach, we can evaluate the trade‐off between long‐distance dispersal and high reproduction correctly and estimate the condition for the long‐term persistence of pest insects in agricultural habitats. We discuss some general perspectives of pest control from the proposed characterization.
Effects of running a marathon on irisin concentration in men aged over 50
Authors: Jóźków Paweł , Koźlenia Dawid , Zawadzka Katarzyna , Konefał Marek , Chmura Paweł , Młynarska Katarzyna , Kosowski Michał , Mędraś Marek , Chmura Jan , Ponikowski Piotr , Daroszewski Jacek
Published: May 2018

Our aim was to verify whether running a marathon is associated with changes in irisin concentration in healthy, endurance-trained men. In an observational study, we assessed baseline biochemical and fitness parameters of 28 middle-aged runners (mean ± SD age, BMI, VO2max: 58 ± 8 years; 24.5 ± 3 kg/m2; 51.1 ± 1.7 ml/kg/min). We evaluated irisin before, immediately after, and 7 days after the marathon. Irisin concentration decreased from a baseline value of 639 ± 427 to 461 ± 255 ng/ml immediately after the marathon (p < 0.05). After 7 days, it was still significantly lower than before the race, at 432 ± 146 ng/ml (p < 0.05). We found no correlations between irisin concentration and the training history of the studied subjects. We conclude that a long-distance run may have a negative impact on irisin release in men. This effect was not correlated with the training history of runners.
Measuring Geographic Migration Patterns Using Matrículas Consulares
Authors: Caballero Maria Esther , Cadena Brian C. , Kovak Brian K.
Published: May 2018

In this article, we show how to use administrative data from the Matrícula Consular de Alta Seguridad (MCAS) identification card program to measure the joint distribution of sending and receiving locations for migrants from Mexico to the United States. Whereas other data sources cover only a small fraction of source or destination locations or include only very coarse geographic information, the MCAS data provide complete geographic coverage of both countries, detailed information on migrants’ sources and destinations, and a very large sample size. We first confirm the quality and representativeness of the MCAS data by comparing them with well-known household surveys in Mexico and the United States, finding strong agreement on the migrant location distributions available across data sets. We then document substantial differences in the mix of destinations for migrants from different places within the same source state, demonstrating the importance of detailed substate geographical information. We conclude with an example of how these detailed data can be used to study the effects of destination-specific conditions on migration patterns. We find that an Arizona law reducing employment opportunities for unauthorized migrants decreased emigration from and increased return migration to Mexican source regions with strong initial ties to Arizona.
Anglican Emigrant Chaplaincy in the British Empire and Beyond,c.1840–1900
Authors: Strong Rowan
Published: May 2018

In the 1840s the Church of England, through the agency of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel (SPG) and the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (SPCK), established an official chaplaincy to emigrants leaving from British ports. The chaplaincy lasted throughout the rest of the nineteenth century. It was revitalized in the 1880s under the direction of the SPCK in response to a surge in emigration from Britain to the colonies. This article examines the imperial attitudes of Anglicans involved in this chaplaincy network, focusing on those of the 1880s and 1890s, the period of high imperialism in Britain. It compares these late nineteenth-century outlooks with those of Anglicans in the emigrant chaplaincy of the 1840s, in order to discern changes and continuities in Anglican imperialism in nineteenth-century Britain. It finds that, in contrast to the imperialist attitudes prevalent in Britain during the late nineteenth century, Anglicans in this chaplaincy network focused more on the ecclesiastical and pastoral dimensions of their work. Indeed, pro-imperial attitudes, though present, were remarkably scarce. It was the Church much more than the empire which mattered to these Anglicans, notwithstanding their direct involvement with the British empire.
Sisters and Brothers Abroad: Gender, Race, Empire and Anglican Missionary Reformism in Hawai‘i and the Pacific, 1858–75
Authors: Maughan Steven S.
Published: May 2018

British Anglo-Catholic and high church Anglicans promoted a new set of foreign missionary initiatives in the Pacific and South and East Africa in the 1860s. Theorizing new indigenizing models for mission inspired by Tractarian medievalism, the initiatives envisioned a different and better engagement with ‘native’ cultures. Despite setbacks, the continued use of Anglican sisters in Hawai‘i and brothers in Melanesia, Africa and India created a potent new imaginative space for missionary endeavour, but one problematized by the uneven reach of empire: from contested, as in the Pacific, to normal and pervasive, as in India. Of particular relevance was the Sandwich Islands mission, invited by the Hawaiian crown, where Bishop T. N. Staley arrived in 1862, followed by Anglican missionary sisters in 1864. Immensely controversial in Britain and America, where among evangelicals in particular suspicion of ‘popish’ religious practice ran high, Anglo-Catholic methods and religious communities mobilized discussion, denunciation and reaction. Particularly in the contested imperial space of an independent indigenous monarchy, Anglo-Catholics criticized what they styled the cruel austerities of evangelical American ‘puritanism’ and the ambitions of American imperialists; in the process they catalyzed a reconceptualized imperial reformism with important implications for the shape of the late Victorian British empire.
Recovery-orientierte Pflegekompetenzen in der stationären Psychiatrie
Authors: Pracher Janine , Schwarze Thomas
Published: May 2018

Zusammenfassung. Recovery-orientierte Kompetenzen zielen auf die Förderung von Selbstwert und Selbstakzeptanz sowie auf die Entwicklung einer positiven Identität. Sie orientieren sich an der Würde und dem Recht nach Selbstbestimmung der Patienten und müssen auf das Selbstmanagement und die gesellschaftliche Funktionsfähigkeit gesundheitskompetenter Menschen ausgerichtet werden. In diesem Artikel werden recovery-orientierte Pflegekompetenzen vorgestellt, die geeignet sind, in der Aus- und Weiterbildung vermehrt gefördert zu werden.
Die „zweite“ Krankheit
Authors: Schulz Michael , Zuaboni Gianfranco , Löhr Michael
Published: May 2018

Zusammenfassung. Menschen mit psychiatrischer Erkrankung werden häufig Opfer von Stigmatisierung. Pflegenden kommt bei der Bekämpfung dieses Phänomens eine wichtige Rolle zu. Doch um entschieden handeln zu können, benötigen sie ein ausreichendes Maß an Antistigma-Kompetenz.
Merkmal und Phänomen
Authors: Hollick Jürgen
Published: May 2018

Zusammenfassung. Die Verwendung von Pflegediagnosen ist heutzutage für Pflegende in vielen Krankenhäusern eine Selbstverständlichkeit. Nach langen, kaum zielführenden Diskussionen über die Zulässigkeit pflegerischer Diagnosestellungen darf mittlerweile davon ausgegangen werden, dass dieses Arbeitsinstrument Teil der pflegerischen Grundausstattung wurde. So haben die öffentlichen psychiatrischen Kliniken in Bayern bereits vor Jahren Pflegediagnosen als Standardinstrument eingeführt.
Cosmic‐ray Neutron Rover Surveys of Field Soil Moisture and the Influence of Roads
Authors: Schrön M. , Rosolem R. , Köhli M. , Piussi L. , Schröter I. , Iwema J. , Kögler S. , Oswald S. E. , Wollschläger U. , Samaniego L. , Dietrich P. , Zacharias S.
Published: May 2018

Measurements of root‐zone soil moisture across spatial scales of tens to thousands of meters have been a challenge for many decades. The mobile application of Cosmic Ray Neutron Sensing (CRNS) is a promising approach to measure field soil moisture noninvasively by surveying large regions with a ground‐based vehicle. Recently, concerns have been raised about a potentially biasing influence of local structures and roads. We employed neutron transport simulations and dedicated experiments to quantify the influence of different road types on the CRNS measurement. We found that roads introduce a substantial bias in the CRNS estimation of field soil moisture compared to off‐road scenarios. However, this effect becomes insignificant at distances beyond a few meters from the road. Neutron measurements on the road could overestimate the field value by up to 40 % depending on road material, width, and the surrounding field water content. The bias could be largely removed with an analytical correction function that accounts for these parameters. Additionally, an empirical approach is proposed that can be used without prior knowledge of field soil moisture. Tests at different study sites demonstrated good agreement between road‐effect corrected measurements and field soil moisture observations. However, if knowledge about the road characteristics is missing, measurements on the road could substantially reduce the accuracy of this method. Our results constitute a practical advancement of the mobile CRNS methodology, which is important for providing unbiased estimates of field‐scale soil moisture to support applications in hydrology, remote sensing, and agriculture.
A New Machine‐Learning Approach for Classifying Hysteresis in Suspended‐Sediment Discharge Relationships Using High‐Frequency Monitoring Data
Authors: Hamshaw Scott D. , Dewoolkar Mandar M. , Schroth Andrew W. , Wemple Beverley C. , Rizzo Donna M.
Published: May 2018

Studying the hysteretic relationships embedded in high‐frequency suspended‐sediment concentration and river discharge data over 600+ storm events provides insight into the drivers and sources of riverine sediment during storm events. However, the literature to date remains limited to a simple visual classification system (linear, clockwise, counter‐clockwise, and figure‐eight patterns) or the collapse of hysteresis patterns to an index. This study leverages 3 years of suspended‐sediment and discharge data to show proof‐of‐concept for automating the classification and assessment of event sediment dynamics using machine learning. Across all catchment sites, 600+ storm events were captured and classified into 14 hysteresis patterns. Event classification was automated using a restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM), a type of artificial neural network, trained on 2‐D images of the suspended‐sediment discharge (hysteresis) plots. Expansion of the hysteresis patterns to 14 classes allowed for new insight into drivers of the sediment‐discharge event dynamics including spatial scale, antecedent conditions, hydrology, and rainfall. The probabilistic RBM correctly classified hysteresis patterns (to the exact class or next most similar class) 70% of the time. With increased availability of high‐frequency sensor data, this approach can be used to inform watershed management efforts to identify sediment sources and reduce fine sediment export.
Interpretation of Heat‐Pulse Tracer Tests for Characterization of Three‐Dimensional Velocity Fields in Hyporheic Zone
Authors: Zlotnik Vitaly , Tartakovsky Daniel M.
Published: May 2018

Heat‐pulse tracers are a promising field method to measure Darcy flux in the hyporheic zone. Interpretation of data collected from such tests typically assumes knowledge of the direction of local Darcy flux (vertical) and relies on simplified heat transport models with one‐dimensional fluid flow and heat transfer. These assumptions are seldom valid due to complex flow geometry, heterogeneity, and the presence of localized heat sources. We derive a set of analytical expressions that obviate the need for these simplifying assumptions, thus substantially improving the capabilities of existing field instruments without requiring additional measurements. These closed‐form solutions account for tensorial nature of heat‐transfer parameters, and are obtained by using Green's functions and rotational coordinate transformations. The approach simplifies data collection, estimates three‐dimensional Darcy flux, relates fluid flow to heat‐transfer properties of the host medium, and can facilitate inverse modeling. Field applications of our solutions and their ramifications for data collection and analysis are discussed.
Recent Decline in Extratropical Lower Stratospheric Ozone Attributed to Circulation Changes
Authors: Wargan Krzysztof , Orbe Clara , Pawson Steven , Ziemke Jerald R. , Oman Luke D. , Olsen Mark A. , Coy Lawrence , Emma Knowland K.
Published: May 2018

The 1998–2016 ozone trends in the lower stratosphere are examined using the Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications Version 2 (MERRA‐2) and related National Aeronautics and Space Administration products. After removing biases resulting from step changes in the MERRA‐2 ozone observations, a discernible negative trend of −1.67 ± 0.54 Dobson units per decade (DU/decade) is found in the 10‐km layer above the tropopause between 20°N and 60°N. A weaker but statistically significant trend of −1.17 ± 0.33 DU/decade exists between 50°S and 20°S. In the Tropics, a positive trend is seen in a 5‐km layer above the tropopause. Analysis of an idealized tracer in a model simulation constrained by MERRA‐2 meteorological fields provides strong evidence that these trends are driven by enhanced isentropic transport between the tropical (20°S–20°N) and extratropical lower stratosphere in the past two decades. This is the first time that a reanalysis data set has been used to detect and attribute trends in lower stratospheric ozone.
Transport Between Palau and the Eastern Coral Triangle: Larval Connectivity or Near Misses
Authors: Monismith Stephen G. , Barkdull Mallory K. , Nunome Yuta , Mitarai Satoshi
Published: May 2018

Physical connectivity by transport of larvae between different habitats plays a fundamental role in marine population dynamics and is often assessed using circulation models assuming that computed large‐scale connectivity describes the actual connectivity. This paper presents observations of drifters released into the Philippine Sea offshore of the western lagoon of Palau that were tracked as were first carried by the Mindanao Eddy toward Mindanao and other parts of the Celebes and Sulu Seas, where they were removed from the water. While following expected transport pathways for this region, our drifters remained at least several kilometers offshore of the various islands they passed by, suggesting that larvae moving similarly would have been too far offshore to recruit to nearshore reefs. Thus, estimates of connectivity made using large‐scale models must be taken as upper bounds to connectivity across ocean basins.
Radiative Feedbacks From Stochastic Variability in Surface Temperature and Radiative Imbalance
Authors: Proistosescu Cristian , Donohoe Aaron , Armour Kyle C. , Roe Gerard H. , Stuecker Malte F. , Bitz Cecilia M.
Published: May 2018

Estimates of radiative feedbacks obtained by regressing fluctuations in top‐of‐atmosphere (TOA) energy imbalance and surface temperature depend critically on the sampling interval and on assumptions about the nature of the stochastic forcing driving internal variability. Here we develop an energy balance framework that allows us to model the different impacts of stochastic atmospheric and oceanic forcing on feedback estimates. The contribution of different forcing components is parsed based on their impacts on the covariance structure of near‐surface air temperature and TOA energy fluxes, and the framework is validated in a hierarchy of climate model simulations that span a range of oceanic configurations and reproduce the key features seen in observations. We find that at least three distinct forcing sources, feedbacks, and time scales are needed to explain the full covariance structure. Atmospheric and oceanic forcings drive modes of variability with distinct relationships between temperature and TOA radiation, leading to an effect akin to regression dilution. The net regression‐based feedback estimate is found to be a weighted average of the distinct feedbacks associated with each mode. Moreover, the estimated feedback depends on whether surface temperature and TOA energy fluxes are sampled at monthly or annual time scales. The results suggest that regression‐based feedback estimates reflect contributions from a combination of stochastic forcings and should not be interpreted as providing an estimate of the radiative feedback governing the climate response to greenhouse gas forcing.
Global Contributions of Incoming Radiation and Land Surface Conditions to Maximum Near‐Surface Air Temperature Variability and Trend
Authors: Schwingshackl Clemens , Hirschi Martin , Seneviratne Sonia I.
Published: May 2018

The evolution of near‐surface air temperature is influenced by various dynamical, radiative, and surface‐atmosphere exchange processes whose contributions are still not completely quantified. Applying stepwise multiple linear regression to Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) model simulations and focusing on radiation (diagnosed by incoming shortwave and incoming longwave radiation) and land surface conditions (diagnosed by soil moisture and albedo) about 79% of the interannual variability and 99% of the multidecadal trend of monthly mean daily maximum temperature over land can be explained. The linear model captures well the temperature variability in middle‐to‐high latitudes and in regions close to the equator, whereas its explanatory potential is limited in deserts. While radiation is an essential explanatory variable over almost all of the analyzed domain, land surface conditions show a pronounced relation to temperature in some confined regions. These findings highlight that considering local‐to‐regional processes is crucial for correctly assessing interannual temperature variability and future temperature trends.
Trends in flood losses in Europe over the past 150 years
Authors: Paprotny Dominik , Sebastian Antonia , Morales-Nápoles Oswaldo , Jonkman Sebastiaan N.
Published: May 2018

Adverse consequences of floods change in time and are influenced by both natural and socio-economic trends and interactions. In Europe, previous studies of historical flood losses corrected for demographic and economic growth (‘normalized’) have been limited in temporal and spatial extent, leading to an incomplete representation of trends in losses over time. Here we utilize a gridded reconstruction of flood exposure in 37 European countries and a new database of damaging floods since 1870. Our results indicate that, after correcting for changes in flood exposure, there has been an increase in annually inundated area and number of persons affected since 1870, contrasted by a substantial decrease in flood fatalities. For more recent decades we also found a considerable decline in financial losses per year. We estimate, however, that there is large underreporting of smaller floods beyond most recent years, and show that underreporting has a substantial impact on observed trends.
Enhanced efficacy of combined temozolomide and bromodomain inhibitor therapy for gliomas using targeted nanoparticles
Authors: Lam Fred C. , Morton Stephen W. , Wyckoff Jeffrey , Vu Han Tu-Lan , Hwang Mun Kyung , Maffa Amanda , Balkanska-Sinclair Elena , Yaffe Michael B , Floyd Scott R , Hammond Paula T
Published: May 2018

Effective treatment for glioblastoma (GBM) is limited by the presence of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and rapid resistance to single agent therapies. To address these issues, we developed a transferrin-functionalized nanoparticle (Tf-NP) that can deliver dual combination therapies. Using intravital imaging, we show the ability of Tf-NPs to traverse intact BBB in mice as well as achieve direct tumor binding in two intracranial orthotopic models of GBM. Treatment of tumor-bearing mice with Tf-NPs loaded with temozolomide and the bromodomain inhibitor JQ1 leads to increased DNA damage and apoptosis that correlates with a 1.5- to 2-fold decrease in tumor burden and corresponding increase in survival compared to equivalent free-drug dosing. Immunocompetent mice treated with Tf-NP-loaded drugs also show protection from the effects of systemic drug toxicity, demonstrating the preclinical potential of this nanoscale platform to deliver novel combination therapies to gliomas and other central nervous system tumors.
Factor XIIIA—expressing inflammatory monocytes promote lung squamous cancer through fibrin cross-linking
Authors: Porrello Alessandro , Leslie Patrick L. , Harrison Emily B. , Gorentla Balachandra K. , Kattula Sravya , Ghosh Subrata K. , Azam Salma H. , Holtzhausen Alisha , Chao Yvonne L. , Hayward Michele C. , Waugh Trent A. , Bae Sanggyu , Godfrey Virginia , Randell Scott H. , Oderup Cecilia , Makowski Liza , Weiss Jared , Wilkerson Matthew D. , Hayes D. Neil , Earp H. Shelton , Baldwin Albert S. , Wolberg Alisa S. , Pecot Chad V.
Published: May 2018

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, and lung squamous carcinomas (LUSC) represent about 30% of cases. Molecular aberrations in lung adenocarcinomas have allowed for effective targeted treatments, but corresponding therapeutic advances in LUSC have not materialized. However, immune checkpoint inhibitors in sub-populations of LUSC patients have led to exciting responses. Using computational analyses of The Cancer Genome Atlas, we identified a subset of LUSC tumors characterized by dense infiltration of inflammatory monocytes (IMs) and poor survival. With novel, immunocompetent metastasis models, we demonstrated that tumor cell derived CCL2-mediated recruitment of IMs is necessary and sufficient for LUSC metastasis. Pharmacologic inhibition of IM recruitment had substantial anti-metastatic effects. Notably, we show that IMs highly express Factor XIIIA, which promotes fibrin cross-linking to create a scaffold for LUSC cell invasion and metastases. Consistently, human LUSC samples containing extensive cross-linked fibrin in the microenvironment correlated with poor survival.
Author Correction: Adherence to diet recommendations and risk of abdominal aortic aneurysm in the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study
Authors: Nordkvist Sara , Sonestedt Emily , Acosta Stefan
Published: May 2018

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has not been fixed in the paper.
Author Correction: Interface-induced spontaneous positive and conventional negative exchange bias effects in bilayer La0.7Sr0.3MnO3/Eu0.45 Sr0.55 MnO3 heterostructures
Authors: Murthy J. Krishna , Kumar P. S. Anil
Published: May 2018

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has not been fixed in the paper.
Alcohol facilitates detection of concealed identity information
Authors: Suchotzki Kristina , Gamer Matthias
Published: May 2018

The Concealed Information Test (CIT) is a well-validated means to detect whether someone possesses certain (e.g., crime-relevant) information. The current study investigated whether alcohol intoxication during CIT administration influences reaction time (RT) CIT-effects. Two opposing predictions can be made. First, by decreasing attention to critical information, alcohol intoxication could diminish CIT-effects. Second, by hampering the inhibition of truthful responses, alcohol intoxication could increase CIT-effects. A correlational field design was employed. Participants (n = 42) were recruited and tested at a bar, where alcohol consumption was voluntary and incidental. Participants completed a CIT, in which they were instructed to hide knowledge of their true identity. BAC was estimated via breath alcohol ratio. Results revealed that higher BAC levels were correlated with higher CIT-effects. Our results demonstrate that robust CIT effects can be obtained even when testing conditions differ from typical laboratory settings and strengthen the idea that response inhibition contributes to the RT-CIT effect.
Synaptic mechanisms of interference in working memory
Authors: Kilpatrick Zachary P.
Published: May 2018

Information from preceding trials of cognitive tasks can bias performance in the current trial, a phenomenon referred to as interference. Subjects performing visual working memory tasks exhibit interference in their responses: the recalled target location is biased in the direction of the target presented on the previous trial. We present modeling work that develops a probabilistic inference model of this history-dependent bias, and links our probabilistic model to computations of a recurrent network wherein short-term facilitation accounts for the observed bias. Network connectivity is reshaped dynamically during each trial, generating predictions from prior trial observations. Applying timescale separation methods, we obtain a low-dimensional description of the trial-to-trial bias based on the history of target locations. Furthermore, we demonstrate task protocols for which our model with facilitation performs better than a model with static connectivity: repetitively presented targets are better retained in working memory than targets drawn from uncorrelated sequences.
A logic-based method to build signaling networks and propose experimental plans
Authors: Rougny Adrien , Gloaguen Pauline , Langonné Nathalie , Reiter Eric , Crépieux Pascale , Poupon Anne , Froidevaux Christine
Published: May 2018

With the dramatic increase of the diversity and the sheer quantity of biological data generated, the construction of comprehensive signaling networks that include precise mechanisms cannot be carried out manually anymore. In this context, we propose a logic-based method that allows building large signaling networks automatically. Our method is based on a set of expert rules that make explicit the reasoning made by biologists when interpreting experimental results coming from a wide variety of experiment types. These rules allow formulating all the conclusions that can be inferred from a set of experimental results, and thus building all the possible networks that explain these results. Moreover, given an hypothesis, our system proposes experimental plans to carry out in order to validate or invalidate it. To evaluate the performance of our method, we applied our framework to the reconstruction of the FSHR-induced and the EGFR-induced signaling networks. The FSHR is known to induce the transactivation of the EGFR, but very little is known on the resulting FSH- and EGF-dependent network. We built a single network using data underlying both networks. This leads to a new hypothesis on the activation of MEK by p38MAPK, which we validate experimentally. These preliminary results represent a first step in the demonstration of a cross-talk between these two major MAP kinases pathways.
B-periodic oscillations in the Hall-resistance induced by a dc-current-bias under combined microwave-excitation and dc-current bias in the GaAs/AlGaAs 2D system
Authors: Liu Han-Chun , Reichl C. , Wegscheider W. , Mani R. G.
Published: May 2018

We report the observation of dc-current-bias-induced B-periodic Hall resistance oscillations and Hall plateaus in the GaAs/AlGaAs 2D system under combined microwave radiation- and dc bias excitation at liquid helium temperatures. The Hall resistance oscillations and plateaus appear together with concomitant oscillations also in the diagonal magnetoresistance. The periods of Hall and diagonal resistance oscillations are nearly identical, and source power (P) dependent measurements demonstrate sub-linear relationship of the oscillation amplitude with P over the span 0 < P ≤ 20 mW.
The modulation of acetic acid pathway genes in Arabidopsis improves survival under drought stress
Authors: Rasheed Sultana , Bashir Khurram , Kim Jong-Myong , Ando Marina , Tanaka Maho , Seki Motoaki
Published: May 2018

The Arabidopsis histone deacetylase 6 (HDA6) mutant exhibits increased tolerance to drought stress by negatively regulating the expression of ALDH2B7 and PDC1. Therefore, it was logical to determine if transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing PDC1 or ALDH2B7 using a suitable promoter would also exhibit tolerance to drought stress. An analysis of published microarray data indicated the up-regulation of the TSPO gene, which encodes an outer membrane tryptophan-rich sensory protein (TSPO), by drought stress. RT-qPCR, as well as GUS analysis of the promoter, confirmed the up-regulation of TSPO by drought stress in Arabidopsis roots and shoots. Thus, the TSPO promoter was used to drive drought-responsive expression of ALDH2B7 and PDC1. RT-qPCR analysis confirmed that the expression of PDC1 and ALDH2B7 was up-regulated, relative to WT plants, by drought stress in homozygous pTSPO-PDC1 and pTSPO-ALDH2B7 plant lines. pTSPO-ALDH2B7 and pTSPO-PDC1 transgenic lines showed prolonged survival under drought stress. Microarray analyses revealed transcriptomic changes related to metabolism in pTSPO-PDC1 plants, indicating that selective regulation of metabolism may occur; resulting in the acquisition of drought stress tolerance. These results confirmed that TSPO promoter can be used to elevate the expression of acetic acid biosynthesis pathway genes; ensuring prolonged survival under drought stress in Arabidopsis.
Knockdown of RNA interference pathway genes impacts the fitness of western corn rootworm
Authors: Davis-Vogel Courtney , Ortiz Angel , Procyk Lisa , Robeson Jonathan , Kassa Adane , Wang Yiwei , Huang Emily , Walker Carl , Sethi Amit , Nelson Mark E. , Sashital Dipali G.
Published: May 2018

Western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) is a serious agricultural pest known for its high adaptability to various management strategies, giving rise to a continual need for new control options. Transgenic maize expressing insecticidal RNAs represents a novel mode of action for rootworm management that is dependent on the RNA interference (RNAi) pathways of the insect for efficacy. Preliminary evidence suggests that western corn rootworm could develop broad resistance to all insecticidal RNAs through changes in RNAi pathway genes; however, the likelihood of field-evolved resistance occurring through this mechanism remains unclear. In the current study, eight key genes involved in facilitating interference in the microRNA and small interfering RNA pathways were targeted for knockdown in order to evaluate impact on fitness of western corn rootworm. These genes include drosha, dicer-1, dicer-2, pasha, loquacious, r2d2, argonaute 1, and argonaute 2. Depletion of targeted transcripts in rootworm larvae led to changes in microRNA expression, decreased ability to pupate, reduced adult beetle emergence, and diminished reproductive capacity. The observed effects do not support evolution of resistance through changes in expression of these eight genes due to reduced insect fitness.
Synchronised dual-wavelength mode-locking in waveguide lasers
Authors: Zhang Wen Qi , Lancaster David G. , Monro Tanya M. , Vahid Shahraam Afshar
Published: May 2018

We present a novel approach to study continuous-wave mode-locking in a waveguide laser in the presence of a gain profile with complex features. We introduce a new simulation approach where we separate the role of gain, nonlinearity, dispersion and saturable absorption elements to provide a better understanding of the interplay between these elements. In particular, we use the simulation to explain synchronised dual-wavelength mode-locking. The results show that despite the existence of dispersion which tends to form separate pulse trains in the laser cavity, the saturable absorber plays a critical role in keeping the different wavelength components synchronised. This work, for the first time, provides insight into existing experimental results. It also demonstrates new methods for studying lasers, especially mode-locking laser, with short laser cavities.
Calcimimetic acts on enteric neuronal CaSR to reverse cholera toxin-induced intestinal electrolyte secretion
Authors: Tang Lieqi , Jiang Lingli , McIntyre Megan E. , Petrova Ekaterina , Cheng Sam X.
Published: May 2018

Treatment of acute secretory diarrheal illnesses remains a global challenge. Enterotoxins produce secretion through direct epithelial action and indirectly by activating enteric nervous system (ENS). Using a microperfused colonic crypt technique, we have previously shown that R568, a calcimimetic that activates the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), can act on intestinal epithelium and reverse cholera toxin-induced fluid secretion. In the present study, using the Ussing chamber technique in conjunction with a tissue-specific knockout approach, we show that the effects of cholera toxin and CaSR agonists on electrolyte secretion by the intestine can also be attributed to opposing actions of the toxin and CaSR on the activity of the ENS. Our results suggest that targeting intestinal CaSR might represent a previously undescribed new approach for treating secretory diarrheal diseases and other conditions with ENS over-activation.
Polarization-independent circulator based on ferrite and plasma materials in two-dimensional photonic crystal
Authors: Xi Xiang , Lin Mi , Qiu Wenbiao , Ouyang Zhengbiao , Wang Qiong , Liu Qiang
Published: May 2018

We propose a type of polarization-independent circulator based on ferrite and plasma materials in a two-dimensional photonic crystal (PhC) slab. First, on the basis of analyzing the wave equations in ferrite and plasma materials, TE and TM circulators are realized with ferrite and plasma in PhCs, respectively. Then, by properly combining these two types of circulators together, a polarization-independent circulator is achieved and investigated. The results show that, for both polarizations, the insertion loss and isolation for the polarization-independent circulator are less than 0.15 dB and more than 20 dB, respectively. Finite-element method is used to calculate the characteristics of the circulators and Nelder-Mead optimization method is employed to obtain the optimized parameters. The idea presented here may have potential applications in integrated photonic circuits and devices.
Different Responses of Left Atrium and Left Atrial Appendage to Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation: a Follow Up MRI study
Authors: Kim Yun Gi , Shim Jaemin , Oh Suk-Kyu , Park Hee-Soon , Lee Kwang-No , Hwang Sung Ho , Choi Jong-Il , Kim Young-Hoon
Published: May 2018

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is known to cause adverse remodeling of left atrium (LA). Radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) of AF is associated with decrease in LA volume. However, the impact of RFCA on left atrial appendage (LAA) volume and hemodynamic function is not fully understood. We analyzed 123 patients who underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation before and after RFCA in Korea University Anam Hospital. LA and LAA volume were measured before and after RFCA based on cardiac MRI. Baseline LA volume was 99.5 ± 38.4 cm3 and decreased to 74.6 ± 28.5 cm3 after RFCA (p < 0.001). LA diameter measured with transthoracic echocardiography was also decreased after RFCA (43.3 ± 6.2 mm at baseline and 39.9 ± 5.9 mm at follow up; p < 0.001). However, LAA volume was significantly increased after RFCA (19.4 ± 8.5 cm3 at baseline and 23.7 ± 13.3 cm3 at follow up; p < 0.001). Total ablation time and additional substrate modification was associated with change in LA volume. After RFCA, average LAA velocity measured by transesophageal echocardiography was increased to 51.0 cm/sec from 41.1 cm/sec (p < 0.001). In conclusion, LAA volume was increased after RFCA in contrast to LA volume. Our data raise a concern about worsening hemodynamics of LA and LAA following RFCA and long term clinical significance of enlarged LAA after RFCA needs further evaluation.
The transition state structure for binding between TAZ1 of CBP and the disordered Hif-1α CAD
Authors: Lindström Ida , Andersson Eva , Dogan Jakob
Published: May 2018

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are common in eukaryotes. However, relatively few experimental studies have addressed the nature of the rate-limiting transition state for the coupled binding and folding reactions involving IDPs. By using site-directed mutagenesis in combination with kinetics measurements we have here characterized the transition state for binding between the globular TAZ1 domain of CREB binding protein and the intrinsically disordered C-terminal activation domain of Hif-1α (Hif-1α CAD). A total of 17 Hif-1α CAD point-mutations were generated and a Φ-value binding analysis was carried out. We found that native hydrophobic binding interactions are not formed at the transition state. We also investigated the effect the biologically important Hif-1α CAD Asn-803 hydroxylation has on the binding kinetics, and found that the whole destabilization effect due the hydroxylation is within the dissociation rate constant. Thus, the rate-limiting transition state is “disordered-like”, with native hydrophobic binding contacts being formed cooperatively after the rate-limiting barrier, which is clearly shown by linear free energy relationships. The same behavior was observed in a previously characterized TAZ1/IDP interaction, which may suggest common features for the rate-limiting transition state for TAZ1/IDP interactions.
Critical role of climate change in plant selection and millet domestication in North China
Authors: Yang Xiaoyan , Wu Wenxiang , Perry Linda , Ma Zhikun , Bar-Yosef Ofer , Cohen David J. , Zheng Hongbo , Ge Quansheng
Published: May 2018

While North China is one of the earliest independent centers for cereal domestication in the world, the earliest stages of the long process of agricultural origins remain unclear. While only millets were eventually domesticated in early sedentary societies there, recent archaeobotanical evidence reported here indicates that grasses from the Paniceae (including millets) and Triticeae tribes were exploited together by foraging groups from the Last Glacial Maximum to the mid-Holocene. Here we explore how and why millets were selected for domestication while Triticeae were abandoned. We document the different exploitation and cultivation trajectories of the two tribes employing ancient starch data derived from nine archaeological sites dating from 25,000 to 5500 cal BP (LGM through mid-Holocene) in North China. With this diachronic overview, we can place the trajectories into the context of paleoclimatic reconstructions for this period. Entering the Holocene, climatic changes increased the yield stability, abundance, and availability of the wild progenitors of millets, with growing conditions increasingly favoring millets while becoming more unfavorable for grasses of the Triticeae tribe. We thus hypothesize that climate change played a critical role in the selection of millet species for domestication in North China, with early domestication evidenced by 8700 cal BP.
Anti-reflectance investigation of a micro-nano hybrid structure fabricated by dry/wet etching methods
Authors: Tan Xiao , Tao Zhi , Yu Mingxing , Wu Hanxiao , Li Haiwang
Published: May 2018

Black silicon fabrication and manipulation have been well reported by institutes around the world and are quite useful for solar absorption and photovoltaic conversion. In this study, silicon micro-nano hybrid structures were fabricated, and the morphologies of the hybrid structures were analyzed. This paper studied nanostructures formed on tips, pits and a flat surface using a dry etching method and a wet etching method. In terms of nanostructure morphology, nanostructures etched by the wet etching method (13 μm) were taller than those etched by the dry etching method (1 μm), but the wet etched morphology was less organized. After the nanostructures were grown, six samples with nano sturctures and three samples with micro sturctures were measured by a photometer for reflectivity testing. The nine samples were compared and analyzed using the integral of reflectivity and solar emissivity at the earth’s surface. The results show that the nanostructures grown on a tip surface using the wet etching method had the minimum reflectivity in the wavelength range of 300 nm–1100 nm, in consideration of the forbidden energy gap of silicon.