bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Learning from Levi–Strauss’ Legacy: Art, Craft, Engineering, Bricolage, and Brokerage in Entrepreneurship
Authors: Stinchfield Bryan T. , Nelson Reed E. , Wood Matthew S.
Published: June 2012

Given the increasing attention to traditionally less “rational” entrepreneurial behaviors, such as bricolage, we used grounded theory techniques to study 23 diverse entrepreneurs. From this, we developed a five–category typology of entrepreneurial behavior that includes art, craft, engineering, bricolage, and brokerage. Themes such as self–perceived identity, organization of space, integration of materials, sense of personal limits, and responsiveness to changing market conditions were observed along categorical lines. We discuss the significance of the typology and each category's associations with venture longevity and financial performance for practitioners and for the study of entrepreneurship.
Bank–Firm Relationships: Do Perceptions Vary by Gender?
Authors: Saparito Patrick , Elam Amanda , Brush Candida
Published: June 2012

This study examines how small–business owners'/managers’ perceptions about their banking relationships are influenced by the gender of both the small–business owner/manager and the bank manager. This study draws from social network theory and status expectations state theory to test how gender influences key perceptions about the bank–firm relationship. Using 696 matched firm owner/manager–bank manager pairs, our results show that male–male pairs of business owner/managers and bankers had the highest levels of trust, satisfaction with credit access, and bank knowledge, while female–female pairs had the lowest levels for each measure; with mixed pairs in the middle on all accounts.
How Prior Corporate Venture Capital Investments Shape Technological Alliances: A Real Options Approach
Authors: Van de Vrande Vareska , Vanhaverbeke Wim
Published: June 2012

This article investigates how prior corporate venture capital (CVC) relationships between two firms affect the likelihood of their subsequently entering a strategic alliance. Creating a portfolio of CVC investments provides the investing firm with a set of opportunities that can be pursued once the technological and market uncertainty have been reduced. If the technology appears to be promising, a follow–on investment, such as a strategic alliance, is made to ensure the transfer of the technological knowledge. This article shows that prior CVC investments can play a role in the formation of strategic alliances and investigates the conditions under which they are most likely to do so.
Entrepreneurial Risk: Jordan Baltimore and Oyster Digital Media
Authors: Lawless Michael W.
Published: June 2012

As the global economic downturn entered the last quarter of 2009, Jordan Baltimore, a young but experienced entrepreneur, had to consider alternative funding for his start–up company, Oyster Digital Media. He had planned for venture capital to develop his “Oysters”—electronic shelf tags for retail stores. He was ready to launch his business just as funding became scarce and uncertain. Should he continue to try for venture capital? Angel investors or Friends–and–Family were alternatives, but they could involve less money and delay.
Generational Involvement in the Top Management Team of Family Firms: Exploring Nonlinear Effects on Entrepreneurial Orientation
Authors: Sciascia Salvatore , Mazzola Pietro , Chirico Francesco
Published: June 2012

The present study contends that an inverted U–shaped relationship exists between generational involvement—i.e., the number of family generations simultaneously involved in the family–firm top management team (TMT)—and entrepreneurial orientation (EO). Drawing on the upper echelons theory, we conceive generational involvement as a proxy of knowledge diversity in multigenerational family TMTs. We argue that while moderate levels of generational involvement stimulate task–related constructive conflicts for EO, increased kinship distance and relationship conflicts led by high levels of generational involvement are likely to undermine this potential advantage by damaging the relational context for EO. Our hypothesis is confirmed on a data set of 199 family firms.
Imprinting by Design: The Microfoundations of Entrepreneurial Adaptation
Authors: Bryant Peter T.
Published: June 2012

Entrepreneurial ventures need frequently to adapt. Yet their adaptive capacity is often limited by the legacies of imprinted founding characteristics. The question then arises whether it is possible to explain and manage the imprinting process so that the capacity to adapt is enhanced, rather than diminished. I address this question by developing a model of the microfoundations of imprinting based in collective memory. I argue that entrepreneurial founding teams naturally develop transactive autobiographical memory systems. By partially managing the design and imprinting of these memory systems, I argue that founders may improve their venture's long–term capacity to adapt.
Filling the Entrepreneurial Orientation–Performance Gap: The Mediating Effects of Exploratory and Exploitative Innovations
Authors: Kollmann Tobias , Stöckmann Christoph
Published: June 2012

Drawing on previous literature proposing that entrepreneurial orientation (EO) reflects a disposition toward, rather than actual involvement in, entrepreneurial activity, and on the resource–based view of the firm, we complement the literature concerning the EO–performance relationship with the introduction of exploratory innovation and exploitative innovation as mediating variables accounting for entrepreneurial behavior. Data from 228 adolescent companies indicate the existence of an EO–entrepreneurial behavior gap and support the predicted mediating effects. In this context, the constituent dimensions of EO differ in their effects on exploration and exploitation, and performance, calling for an exacting consideration of the interplay of orientation, activity, and performance.
The Role of Noncoronary Cusp Ablation Approach in the Treatment of Perinodal Atrial Tachycardias
Authors: JU WEIZHU , CHEN MINGLONG , YANG BING , CHEN HONGWU , ZHANG FENGXIANG , LI MINGFANG , YU JINBO , CAO KEJIANG
Published: June 2012

Background:

Ablation in the noncoronary aortic cusp (NCC) potentially has a role in the treatment of perinodal atrial tachycardias (ATs). The objective of the study was to characterize clinical and electrophysiological properties of perinodal ATs between two groups of requiring and not requiring NCC ablation.

Methods:

A total of 113 patients with focal ATs who underwent electrophysiologic study and radiofrequency catheter ablation were enrolled in the study. The clinical and electrophysiological characteristics of ATs that need and not need NCC ablation were compared.

Results:

Totally 20 cases were revealed to have the focal ATs located in the perinodal area. Among them, only five cases (25%) warrant ablation in the NCC, whereas the remainder could be successfully eliminated by ablation from the endocardial right atrium at the perinodal region. There were no clinical and electrophysiological clues observed to have the potential to predict the true original site, including the activation mode, the three‐dimensional mapping characteristics of earliest activation site in the right atrium, as well as the time of termination during the ablation in the perinodal area.

Conclusions:

Approximately, one‐fourth of the perinodal ATs warrant ablation in the NCC. However, no clinical and electrophysiological clues could predict the potential site of the perinodal ATs. (PACE 2012; XX:1–8)
Electrophysiology Studies in Patients Undergoing ICD Implantation: Findings from the NCDR®
Authors: CHENG ALAN , WANG YONGFEI , BERGER RONALD D. , CALKINS HUGH , BUXTON ALFRED E. , CURTIS JEPTHA P. , LAMPERT RACHEL
Published: June 2012

Background:

Electrophysiology studies (EPS) have historically played a role in sudden death risk stratification. More recent studies point to the left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) as a guide to implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD) implantation. The extent of EPS use in patients undergoing ICD implantation in the current era remains unknown.

Methods:

Patients undergoing de novo ICD implantation in the ICD Registry between September 2006 and March 2009 who also underwent EPS within 30 days before implant were compared to the remaining cohort to identify clinical characteristics that correlated with EPS performance. Multivariate models were generated using hierarchical logistic regression analysis.

Results:

EPS were performed in 33,786 of 275,273 patients. Those undergoing EPS were more likely to have had a history of syncope, family history of sudden death, lack of congestive heart failure, narrower QRS intervals, and higher EF. Overall, 63.9% of EPS were performed in patients receiving primary prevention ICDs. Ventricular tachyarrhythmias were induced in 46.1% of primary prevention and 54.2% of secondary prevention ICD recipients. Monomorphic ventricular tachycardia was the most common type of arrhythmia induced in both groups. Complication rates were not higher in those undergoing EPS.

Conclusions:

EPS were performed predominantly in patients with borderline or less well‐defined risk factors for sudden death. Ventricular arrhythmias induced from EPS were not uncommon and may help identify individuals at higher risk for future ICD therapies. Efforts to better define the role of EPS in patients undergoing ICD implantation should be considered.
(PACE 2012; 35:912–918)
Ventricular Function in Patients with End‐Stage Renal Disease Starting Dialysis Therapy: A Tissue Doppler Imaging Study
Authors: Said Karim , Hassan Mohamed , Baligh Essam , Zayed Bahaa , Sorour Khaled
Published: June 2012

Background: Heart failure is prevalent in end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on long‐term dialysis. Detection of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction before starting dialysis may help to identify patients at a higher risk of developing heart failure. Aim: To assess RV function in predialysis patients using tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) derived myocardial performance index of RV (MPI‐RV). Methods: Echocardiography including pulsed TDI of lateral tricuspid annulus was performed in 41 patients with ESRD before starting dialysis therapy and 12 age and gender matched healthy controls. RV dysfunction was defined as MPI > 0.4; a value above the median MPI in controls. Results: Compared to controls, ESRD patients had significantly higher blood pressure and lower hemoglobin level. MPI‐RV was significantly impaired in ESRD patients compared to control (0.6 vs. 0.4, P < 0.001). RV dysfunction was identified in 23 ESRD patients (56%). ESRD patients had significantly lower e’ velocity and e’/a’ ratio as compared with controls. Pulmonary hypertension was detected in 15 (36.5%) patients. Among ESRD patients, no correlation was detected between MPI‐RV and calculated mean pulmonary artery pressure (r =–0.13, P = 0.47), pulmonary artery systolic pressure (r =–0.12, P = 0.6), left ventricular ejection fraction (r = 0.294, P = 0.06), or MPI of left ventricle (r = 0.3, P = 0.065). ESRD patients with and without pulmonary hypertension had similar MPI‐RV (0.6 vs.0.62, P = 0.32). Conclusion: Subclinical RV dysfunction—as estimated by TDI derived MPI—is highly prevalent among ESRD patients even before starting dialysis therapy. Pulmonary hypertension is not significantly associated with RV dysfunction in these patients.
Prediction of Significant Conduction Disease through Noninvasive Assessment of Cardiac Calcification
Authors: Mainigi Sumeet K. , Chebrolu Lakshmi Hima Bindu , Romero‐Corral Abel , Mehta Vinay , Machado Rodolfo Rozindo , Konecny Tomas , Pressman Gregg S.
Published: June 2012

Aims: Cardiac calcification is associated with coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, conduction disease, and adverse cardiac events. Recently, we have described an echocardiographic‐based global cardiac calcification scoring system. The objective of this study was to evaluate the severity of cardiac calcification in patients with permanent pacemakers as based on this scoring system. Methods and Results: Patients with a pacemaker implanted within the 2‐year study period with a previous echocardiogram were identified and underwent blinded global cardiac calcium scoring. These patients were compared to matched control patients without a pacemaker who also underwent calcium scoring. The study group consisted of 49 patients with pacemaker implantation who were compared to 100 matched control patients. The mean calcium score in the pacemaker group was 3.3 ± 2.9 versus 1.8 ± 2.0 (P = 0.006) in the control group. Univariate and multivariate analysis revealed glomerular filtration rate and calcium scoring to be significant predictors of the presence of a pacemaker. Conclusion: Echocardiographic‐based calcium scoring correlates with the presence of severe conduction disease requiring a pacemaker.
A Primary Left Atrial Leiomyosarcoma Mimicking Myxoma: Echocardiographic Findings
Authors: Ann Soe Hee , Jung Soo‐Yeon , Yi Jeong Eun , Chin Jung Yeon , Kim Tae‐Seok , Jung Hae‐Ok , Youn Ho‐Joong
Published: June 2012

Echocardiography is the initial imaging modality to delineate the cardiac mass. Clinically echocardiographic information about morphology, location, motion and hemodynamic consequences of the tumor is very important for decision making in terms of additional imaging studies and treatment. We present a case of left atrial leiomyosarcoma masquerading as myxoma preoperatively and discuss the echocardiographic features for distinguishing leiomyosarcoma from a benign tumor, such as myxoma.
Three‐Dimensional Contrast Echocardiography in Assessing Left Ventricular Diverticulum
Authors: Park Sang‐Don , Shin Sung‐Hee , Kim Dae‐Hyeok , Kwan Jun , Woo Sung‐Il
Published: June 2012

Congenital left ventricular (LV) diverticulum is a rare malformation that can be alone or in association with other congenital abnormalities. Since the several complications have been reported in association with LV diverticulum, as cardiac rupture, heart failure, and endocarditis, patients with LV diverticulum who are managed with conservative treatment would require regular checkups to ascertain the absence of such complications. We report a case of LV diverticulum in a 47‐year‐old man. He took the serial three‐dimensional contrast echocardiography, which was reliable and readily available tool for defining LV diverticulum and monitoring the presence of complications.
The Role of Real Time Three‐Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography in Assessing Libman‐Sacks Endocarditis
Authors: Vatankulu Mehmet Akif , Erdogan Ercan , Tasal Abdurrahman , Sonmez Osman , Cinar Ahmet , Aydin Cemalettin , Goktekin Omer
Published: June 2012

A 33‐year‐old woman was referred to our echocardiography laboratory because of loud murmur at the apex.
Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography (TTE and TEE) showed a mass involving the anterior leafl et of
the mitral valve. Real time three‐dimensional TEE (RT3D TEE) images clearly showed the nodular, irregular and large
size of the mass. Based on her laboratory fi ndings and the echocardiographic appearance of the mass, Libman‐Sacks
endocarditis was prediagnosed. In intraoperative inspection, a large nodular tumor was shown on the atrial side of the
anterior mitral valve leafl et. In this case, RT3D TEE is better than all echocardiographic imaging modalities in evaulating
vegetation of Libman‐Sacks endocarditis.
Regional and Voxel‐Wise Comparisons of Blood Flow Measurements Between Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging (DSC‐MRI) and Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) in Brain Tumors
Authors: White Carissa M. , Pope Whitney B. , Zaw Taryar , Qiao Joe , Naeini Kourosh M. , Lai Albert , Nghiemphu Phioanh L. , Wang J.J. , Cloughesy Timothy F. , Ellingson Benjamin M.
Published: June 2012

The objective of the current study was to evaluate the regional and voxel‐wise correlation between dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) and arterial spin labeling (ASL) perfusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurement of cerebral blood flow (CBF) in patients with brain tumors. Thirty patients with histologically verified brain tumors were evaluated in the current study. DSC‐MRI was performed by first using a preload dose of gadolinium contrast, then collecting a dynamic image acquisition during a bolus of contrast, followed by posthoc contrast agent leakage correction. Pseudocontinuous ASL was collected using 30 pairs of tag and control acquisition using a 3‐dimensional gradient‐echo spin‐echo (GRASE) acquisition. All images were registered to a high‐resolution anatomical atlas. Average CBF measurements within regions of contrast‐enhancement and T2 hyperintensity were evaluated between the two modalities. Additionally, voxel‐wise correlation between CBF measurements obtained with DSC and ASL were assessed. Results demonstrated a positive linear correlation between DSC and ASL measurements of CBF when regional average values were compared; however, a statistically significant voxel‐wise correlation was only observed in around 30‐40% of patients. These results suggest DSC and ASL may provide regionally similar, but spatially different measurements of CBF.
Risk factors for developing post‐traumatic stress disorder following childbirth: a systematic review
Authors: ANDERSEN LOUISE B. , MELVAER LISA B. , VIDEBECH POUL , LAMONT RONALD F. , JOERGENSEN JAN S.
Published: June 2012

Background. Approximately 1–2% of women suffer from post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) postnatally. This review aims to elucidate how women at risk can be identified. Methods. A systematic search of the published literature was carried out using the MEDLINE database (November 2003 to 29 October 2010) with both MeSH terms and free text. Thirty‐one studies were considered appropriate for qualitative synthesis. Articles were included on the basis of (a) publication pertaining to PTSD following childbirth, (b) study carried out in Western Europe and (c) publication written in English. The results were primarily based on observational studies. The literature was thoroughly read and results were compiled. Furthermore, a novel quality rating system was employed to minimize the impact of bias. Results. Subjective distress in labor and obstetrical emergencies were the most important risk factors. Infant complications, low support during labor and delivery, psychological difficulties in pregnancy, previous traumatic experiences, and obstetrical emergencies were identified as risk factors. Conclusions. We have identified factors both strongly associated and non‐associated with PTSD following childbirth. While the literature is limited by methodological shortcomings, a hypothesis regarding the development of PTSD is outlined, and recommendations with respect to screening and future research are provided.
Desmin and CD34 positivity in cellular fibrous histiocytoma: an immunohistochemical analysis of 100 cases
Authors: Volpicelli Elgida R. , Fletcher Christopher D. M.
Published: June 2012

Background: Cellular benign fibrous histiocytoma (CBFH) represents a morphologic variant of cutaneous fibrous histiocytoma (FH). Because of its relative monomorphism and frequent fascicularity, CBFH can easily be mistaken for a malignancy. In fact, CD34, often used to distinguish CBFH from dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP), can also be positive. To add to the confusion, desmin positivity may also be observed in a subset of CBFH. Desmin and CD34 expression often cause interpretative difficulty which may lead to misdiagnosis. Our aim was to examine the incidence of desmin and CD34 expression in CBFH.

Methods: One hundred consecutive cases of morphologically typical CBFH were retrieved from consultation files. Clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical features were evaluated.

Results: SMA positivity was found in tumor cells in 93 of 100 cases (93%). Desmin positivity was found in 32 of 100 cases (32%). CD34 was positive in 6 of 100 cases (6%). There was no evident correlation between immunophenotype and anatomic site or other clinical variables.

Conclusion: Frequent desmin (32%) and occasional CD34 (6%) expression are encountered in CBFH. Desmin positivity can be explained on the basis of myofibroblastic differentiation. The occasional CD34 positivity in a subset of CBFH should not be a deterrent from making the correct pathologic diagnosis, based on characteristic morphologic features.
TLR4 and TLR9 are induced in oral lichen planus
Authors: Siponen Maria , Kauppila Joonas H. , Soini Ylermi , Salo Tuula
Published: June 2012

J Oral Pathol Med (2012) 41: 741–747

Background:  The role of Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) has been elucidated in many human infectious, autoimmune and neoplastic diseases. Previously, TLR2 and TLR4 expression in oral lichen planus (OLP) was described. The aim of our study was to examine expression patterns of TLR4 and TLR9 in normal oral mucosa and OLP and describe the effect of topical tacrolimus treatment on the expression of TLR4 and TLR9 in OLP.

Methods:  Toll‐like receptor 4 and TLR9 expression was analysed by immunohistochemistry in five samples of normal oral mucosa and 50 samples of OLP (31 representing clinically white and 19 clinically erythematous/erosive lesions). We evaluated also the effect of topical tacrolimus on TLR4 and TLR9 expression in a patient with OLP.

Results:  Toll‐like receptor 4 and TLR9 expression was increased in OLP epithelium compared with normal epithelium (P < 0.001); no significant difference between the two clinical types of OLP was observed. TLR9 expression was strongest in the superficial layer of the epithelium (P < 0.001), while the expression of TLR4 was strongest in the basal layer (P < 0.001). Treatment of OLP lesions with topical tacrolimus resulted in clinical improvement but had no effect on TLR expression levels.

Conclusions:  Toll‐like receptor 4 and TLR9 are induced in OLP; our finding confirms the results of a previous study. TLR4 and TLR9 may play a part in the pathogenesis of OLP. Further studies are needed to dissect the definitive role of TLRs in OLP pathogenesis and progression and to determine the effect of tacrolimus on the function of TLRs.
Phospholipase C‐γ1 expression correlated with cancer progression of potentially malignant oral lesions
Authors: Ma Li‐Wei , Zhou Zeng‐Tong , He Qing‐Bo , Jiang Wei‐Wen
Published: June 2012

Background:  Phospholipase C‐γ1 (PLCγ1) is required for cellular migration during tumor progression and invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells. The objective of the current study was to determine immunoexpression pattern of PLCγ1 in oral potentially malignant lesions (OPLs) and evaluate PLCγ1 usefulness as a biomarker for predicting clinical behavior in the carcinogenesis of OPL.

Methods:  In a retrospective follow‐up study, the expression pattern of PLCγ1 protein was determined using immunohistochemistry in samples from 68 patients, including untransformed cases (n = 38) and malignant‐transformed cases (n = 30). The corresponding post‐malignant lesions (OSCCs) were also performed.

Results:  We observed that elevated expression of PLCγ1 in 40 of 68 (59%) general OPLs and 23 of 30 (77%) OSCCs compared with that in normal oral mucosa. Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed that patients with PLCγ1 positivity had a significantly higher incidence of OSCC than those with PLCγ1 negativity. Cox regression analysis revealed that PLCγ1 expression patterns were significantly associated with increased risk of malignant progression. In addition, the correlation between PLCγ1 expression in pre‐malignant OPL and that in post‐malignant OSCC was significant (P = 0.004).

Conclusion:  These data indicate that PLCγ1 expression in OPL correlated with oral cancer progression, and PLCγ1 may serve as a useful marker for the identification of high‐risk OPL into OSCC.
Oral HIV‐associated Kaposi sarcoma
Authors: Pantanowitz L. , Khammissa R. A. G. , Lemmer J. , Feller L.
Published: June 2012

J Oral Pathol Med (2012)

Kaposi sarcoma (KS), an AIDS defining condition, remains one of the most commonly HIV‐associated neoplasms. While the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has brought about a dramatic decrease in the prevalence and incidence of AIDS‐KS worldwide, this has not been the case in resource‐poor sub‐Saharan African countries, where HIV has reached epidemic proportions and human herpesvirus‐8 infection is endemic. Oral involvement is a common manifestation of AIDS‐associated KS and may be an early presenting finding of HIV infection. The clinical manifestation of oral KS can vary and may have an unpredictable course ranging from mild to fulminant. Rapidly progressive facial lymphoedema associated with extensive advanced oral KS portends a poor prognosis. Oral KS may regress with antiretroviral therapy or may flare up as part of the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. The oral lesions of AIDS‐KS are best managed with HAART together with systemic chemotherapy. This article provides a review of contemporary knowledge of the biology, pathology, clinical features and management of oral AIDS‐KS.
Lipopolysaccharide Appears to Activate Human Endometrial Endothelial Cells Through TLR‐4‐Dependent and TLR‐4‐Independent Mechanisms
Authors: Krikun Graciela , Trezza Jordan , Shaw Jeff , Rahman Mizan , Guller Seth , Abrahams Vikki M. , Lockwood Charles J.
Published: June 2012

Problem

Uterine innate immunity remains poorly characterized, and while endometrial endothelial cells are known to express Toll‐like receptors (TLRs), little is known about their function in these cells. The present study evaluated the effect of Gram‐negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on human endometrial endothelial cell (HEECs) cytokine secretion and tissue factor expression, and the role of TLR‐4 in these responses.

Methods

Human endometrial endothelial cells were treated with or without LPS ± LPS‐RS, a TLR‐4 antagonist, via the binding of MD‐2. After 24 hr, cell‐free supernatants were evaluated for cytokines by multiplex analysis and cell lysates were analyzed for tissue factor expression by Western blot.

Results

Treatment of HEECs with LPS significantly upregulated the secretion of IL‐6, IL‐8, and G‐CSF, and this was prevented by LPS‐RS. LPS also induced tissue factor expression by the HEECs; however, this was unaffected by LPS‐RS.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that TLR‐4 is functional in HEECs and its activation by bacterial LPS induces a specific cytokine/chemokine response. However, bacterial LPS also induced tissue factor expression in what seemed to be a TLR‐4‐independent fashion, suggesting that this bacterial component can act on the HEECs through TLR‐4‐dependent and TLR‐4‐independent pathways. These findings indicate that endometrial endothelial cells may play an active role in uterine innate immunity.
Pre‐treatment radiographic features predict root resorption of treated impacted maxillary central incisors
Authors: Ho K. H. , Liao Y. F.
Published: June 2012

Ho K. H., Liao Y. F. Pre‐treatment radiographic features predict root resorption of treated impacted maxillary central incisors  Orthod Craniofac Res 2012;15:198–205. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S;

Structured Abstract

Objectives –  To determine independent predictors of root resorption for surgical‐orthodontic treatment of impacted maxillary central incisors.

Setting and Sample Population –  The Department of Dentistry at Show Chwan Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan. Eighty patients with unilateral osseous–impacted maxillary central incisors receiving a surgical‐orthodontic treatment.

Material and Methods –  This is a retrospective observational study. Root resorption and its predictors were abstracted from patients’ charts, pre‐treatment cephalometric radiographs, and post‐treatment periapical radiographs. Predictors included demographics, treatment duration, crown angle, crown height, crown depth, and root dilacerations.

Results –  The patients’ mean age was 9.2 ± 2.3 years (6.4–20.6 years), and 60% were females. Impacted maxillary central incisors had greater root resorption than naturally erupted contralateral incisors (Δ = −2.8 mm, p < 0.001). Independent predictors of root resorption for impacted maxillary central incisors were shown by linear regression analysis to be crown height (β = −0.2, p < 0.01), crown depth (β = −0.3, p = 0.001), treatment duration (β = 0.2, p < 0.01), and root dilacerations (β = 3.1, p = 0.001).

Conclusions –  Impacted maxillary central incisors had greater root resorption during surgical‐orthodontic treatment than their naturally erupted contralateral incisors. Predictors of a greater root resorption were highly and deeply impacted incisors, longer treatment, and root dilacerations. These predictors may help to inform patient and family counseling before treatment.
Normalization Fifty Years Beyond—Current Trends in the Nordic Countries
Authors: Tøssebro Jan , Bonfils Inge S. , Teittinen Antti , Tideman Magnus , Traustadóttir Rannveig , Vesala Hannu T.
Published: June 2012

The authors discuss recent developments in services for people with intellectual disabilities (ID) in the Nordic countries. They note that all of the countries saw important reforms during the 1990s, regarding both deinstitutionalization and decentralization. However, they posit that the litmus test of the reforms is not what happens during reform years, but after the reform energy decreases and political attention fades. Thus, developments after 2000 are of particular interest. The comparative analysis is based on research reviews in the five Nordic countries. The analysis observed a trend toward larger group homes and congregations, inequality across municipalities, marketization, and new public management, but also an increasing emphasis on consumer rights and the use of the personal assistance scheme in services for people with ID. The authors conclude that diverging trends coexist, with improvements going together with significant setbacks. They explore the trends from a political science perspective and, in particular, note how they relate to recent shifts in public management and changing drivers of change.
System Dynamics Modeling for Intellectual Disability Services: A Case Study
Authors: Duryan Meri , Nikolik Dragan , van Merode Godefridus , Curfs Leopold
Published: June 2012

Organizations providing services to persons with intellectual disabilities (ID) are complex because of many interacting stakeholders with often different and competing interests. The combination of increased consumer demand and diminished resources makes organizational planning a challenge for the managers of such organizations. Such challenges are confounded by significant demands for the optimization of resources and the goal to reduce expenses and to more effectively and efficiently use existing resources while at the same time providing high quality services. The authors explore the possibilities of using “system dynamics modelling” in organizational decision‐making processes related to resource allocations. System dynamics suggests the application of generic systems archetypes as a first step in interpreting complex situations in an organization. The authors illustrate the application of this method via a case study in one provider organization in the Netherlands. The authors contend that such a modeling approach can be used by the management of similar organizations serving people with ID as a tool to support decision making that can result in optimal resource allocation.
Restriction on Restraints in the Care for People With Intellectual Disabilities in the Netherlands: Lessons Learned from Australia, UK, and United States
Authors: Romijn Anita , Frederiks Brenda J. M.
Published: June 2012

In the Netherlands, physical/mechanical restraints in the care provided to people with intellectual disabilities are still in use, with the case of “Brandon” being a recent and illustrative example. The public debate that this case triggered raised questions concerning the policy proposal in the Care and Coercion Bill (Wetsvoorstel Zorg en dwang) and efforts to reduce the use of restraints. Thus, the authors undertook an inventory of government legislation and institutional regulations in order to obtain an insight into practices applying in other countries and to provide recommendations for developing policy on reducing the use of restraints in the care of people with intellectual disabilities in the Netherlands. Using a literature study, they observed that although the use of restraints in the care for people with intellectual disabilities is internationally regulated by the criterion of ultimum remedium, policy is clearly not always in line with practice. Various studies of best practices have identified some common elements in seeking to limit restrictive interventions, including strong leadership in care facilities based on national policy, trained staff, a strict monitoring system, and changes in attitudes on the use of restraints, with restraints being identified as treatment failure. The authors noted that the use of restraints, and efforts to reduce their use, is a dilemma internationally. In the Netherlands, the public debate on the use of restraints has not so far led to any significant political action. While decisions on a new legal framework still have to be made, it would be advisable to include a section on jurisdiction in the policy framework and to ratify the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which has many implications for both policy and practice. In the meantime, care facilities can start working on implementation plans, including the best practices described in this study.
Differences in the Effects of Selective Logging on Amphibian Assemblages in Three West African Forest Types
Authors: Ofori‐Boateng Caleb , Oduro William , Hillers Annika , Norris Ken , Oppong Samuel K. , Adum Gilbert B. , Rödel Mark‐Oliver
Published: June 2012

Making generalizations about the impact of commercial selective logging on biodiversity has so far remained elusive. Species responses to logging depend on a number of factors, many of which have not been studied in detail. These factors may include the natural forest conditions (forest types) under which logging impacts are investigated; but this question has so far remained unexamined. In a large‐scale replicate study we aimed at clarifying the relationship between logging and forest types on leaf litter frogs. We contrast three distinct and naturally occurring forest types, including wet evergreen, moist evergreen and semi‐deciduous forests. Selectively logged sites were compared with primary forest sites for each forest type. We found that the response of frog communities to logging varies in different forest types. In the wet evergreen forest, richness was higher in logged forest than primary forest, while diversity measures were not different between logged and primary forest habitats. In the moist evergreen, richness and diversity were higher in selectively logged areas compared with primary forest habitats. In the semi‐deciduous, logged forests were characterized by drastic loss of forest specialists, reduced richness, and diversity. These results indicate that the net effect of logging varies with respect to forest type. Forest types that are characterized by adverse climatic conditions (i.e., low rainfall and protracted dry seasons) are more likely to produce negative effects on leaf litter anuran communities. For comparisons of the impact of logging on species to be effective, future research must endeavor to include details of forest type.
Poor knowledge and dietary practices related to iodine in breastfeeding mothers a year after introduction of mandatory fortification
Authors: AXFORD Samantha , CHARLTON Karen , YEATMAN Heather , MA Gary
Published: June 2012

Aim:  Public health has refocused attention on low iodine status of vulnerable groups. The purpose of this research was to identify knowledge and dietary practices related to iodine nutrition in breastfeeding women in the Illawarra region following introduction of the mandatory iodine fortification programme.

Methods:  A cross‐sectional study was undertaken at four early childhood centres. Sixty mothers in their first six months of breastfeeding completed a short knowledge questionnaire, an iodine‐specific food frequency questionnaire, and reported use of nutritional supplements.

Results:  The women were generally limited in their ability to identify good dietary sources of iodine such as milk and bread but 45 women (75%) correctly identified seafood as a good source. There was some confusion in identifying health problems associated with insufficient iodine intake. Mean reported iodine intake was 146 mg/day (standard deviation: 58 mg; range: 43–342 mg); 48 women (80%) had intakes below the estimated average requirement of 190 mg/day. After allowance was made for fortification of bread, mean iodine intake significantly increased to 182 mg/day (P < 0.001) and the number of women having intakes below the estimated average requirement decreased to 36 (60%). Milk was the highest contributor to iodine intake, on average representing 62% of total iodine consumed. Only 27 (45%) mothers reported consuming supplements that contained iodine.

Conclusion:  The combination of inadequate knowledge regarding iodine and the limited use of iodine supplements highlights a potential public health issue of concern. However, mandatory fortification may be overcoming this knowledge and behaviour deficit.
Green and amber foods: The nutritional content of food and beverages registered for sale in New South Wales school canteens with Healthy Kids Association
Authors: INNES‐HUGHES Christine , HEBDEN Lana , KING Lesley , GRUNSEIT Anne , BOLGER Grace
Published: June 2012

Aim:  The aim of this study was to describe key nutritional characteristics of food and beverage products registered with the product registration scheme of Healthy Kids Association (formerly the New South Wales School Canteen Association).

Methods:  The nutritional characteristics of Healthy Kids Association's registered products as of October 2009 were examined. Nutrient content data were obtained from product nutrition information panels, for each product within popular product subcategories. The level of key nutrients (including saturated fat, sugar, calcium and fibre) was identified and analysed in relation to the nutrient criteria threshold levels for green and amber food categories. The distribution of nutrients in relation to the food category thresholds was examined.

Results:  For most product subcategories, the nutrient content of products clustered just below the nutrient criteria thresholds for total energy, saturated fat, sodium and sugar. The nutrient content for the positive nutrients calcium and fibre frequently clustered just above the threshold. In addition, small package sizes were found to be common among food classified as amber.

Conclusion:  This study illustrates a method for analysing and describing the range and nutrient profile of products registered with a product registration or nutrition signposting scheme. The distribution of key nutrients around criteria thresholds suggests that products are formulated with reference to the nutrient thresholds of the product registration scheme. However, nutrient thresholds may also be achieved through manufacturing smaller portion sizes. The potential of nutrient thresholds as levers to influence the nutritional profile of foods needs further research and industry dialogue.
Comparing attitudes to fish consumption between clinical trial participants and non‐trial individuals
Authors: NEALE Elizabeth P. , NOLAN‐CLARK Deborah , PROBST Yasmine C. , BATTERHAM Marijka J. , TAPSELL Linda C.
Published: June 2012

Aim:  The study aims to investigate attitudes and perceptions influencing fish consumption in a sample of clinical trial participants and compare these perceptions to those expressed by a sample of adults not involved in the trial.

Methods:  Six semi‐structured focus groups were conducted; three with participants of a weight loss trial which incorporated specific and general fish consumption advice (n = 15) and three with non‐trial participants from the same study population (n = 14). All data were recorded digitally and transcribed verbatim by the moderator. Data analysis was carried out using NVivo (QSR International Pty Ltd, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia). Factors influencing fish consumption were coded into a number of sub‐themes and themes.

Results:  The main factors that influenced fish consumption were health impact, the cost of consuming fish and seafood products, the physical and sensory characteristics of fish, food preferences of family members, and the culinary positions of fish and seafood.

Conclusion:  This study highlighted attitudes and perceptions that may influence fish consumption. A clinical trial incorporating dietetic intervention appeared to influence the importance participants placed on nutrition education; however, additional practical strategies may be required to address barriers to consumption such as perceived price and availability.
Improving food services for elderly, long‐stay patients in Australian hospitals: Adding food fortification, assistance with packaging and feeding assistance
Authors: WALTON Karen , WILLIAMS Peter , TAPSELL Linda
Published: June 2012

Aim:  The study aims to highlight barriers and feasible opportunities to enhance nutrition support of elderly, long‐stay patients in Australian hospitals.

Methods:  A total of 218 dietitians, nurse unit managers and food service managers from medical and rehabilitation wards of 184 hospitals completed a web‐based survey about current practices, perceived barriers and priority opportunities to enhance nutrition support in their context.

Results:  Cook‐fresh food was the most commonly reported food‐service system (50%). Eighty‐eight percent still used paper menus and one‐ or two‐week cycles were the most common menu cycle lengths. Lack of choice due to special diet, boredom arising from the length of stay, a lack of feeding assistance, limited variety and inadequate flexibility of food service were the key barriers identified. Food fortification, assistance with packaging, additional feeding assistance by nurses, non‐nursing feeding assistance and further nutrition assessment were key priorities for improvement.

Conclusion:  A ‘toolbox’ of strategies is needed as no one intervention will improve nutrition support of all patients. Further practice‐based outcomes and cost‐benefit studies are needed to enhance support and advocacy for feasible food service interventions in the future.
Polyphenol Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Cumin (Cuminum Cyminum L.) Seed Extract Under Drought
Authors: Rebey Iness Bettaieb , Zakhama Nesrine , Karoui Iness Jabri , Marzouk Brahim
Published: June 2012

Abstract:  This research evaluated the effect of drought on total and individual polyphenol contents as well as the antioxidant activities of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) seeds of 2 geographic origins, Tunisia (TCS) and India (ICS). Plants were treated with different levels of water deficit: control. Our results indicated that, in both varieties, moderate water deficit (MWD) improved the number of umbels per plant as well as the number of umbellets per umbel and the seed yield, in comparison to the control, but it decreased under severe water deficit (SWD). Besides, total phenolic contents were higher in the treated seeds and drought increased the level of total and individual polyphenols. This increase was appreciably more important in TCS than in ICS. Moreover, antioxidant activities of the extracts were determined by 4 different test systems, namely 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl, β‐carotene/linoleic acid chelating, and reducing power assays, and showed that treated seeds exhibited the highest activity, for both TCS and ICS.
Alterations in the Sarcoplasmic Protein Fraction of Beef Muscle with Postmortem Aging and Hydrodynamic Pressure Processing
Authors: Bowker Brian C. , Fahrenholz Timothy M. , Sarnoski Paul J. , Solomon Morse B.
Published: June 2012

Abstract:  Capillary electrophoresis (CE) and reversed‐phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC) analyses were utilized to detect differences in the sarcoplasmic protein fractions of beef strip loins subjected to aging and hydrodynamic pressure processing (HDP) treatments. At 48 h postmortem, strip loins (n= 12) were halved and subjected to control or HDP treatments. Following treatment, each half was divided into 3 portions which were aged for 0, 5, and 8 d. After each aging period, steaks were removed for Warner–Bratzler shear force (WBSF) analysis and for the extraction of sarcoplasmic proteins which were analyzed by CE and RP‐HPLC. Aging by HDP interactions were not detected using either separation technique. With CE analysis, no HDP effects were observed; however, the relative peak area of 8 protein peaks ranging in size from 17 to >200 kDa were influenced by postmortem aging. Separation of proteins by RP‐HPLC demonstrated that HDP influenced the relative size of 2 protein peaks while postmortem aging effects were observed in 6 peaks. Alterations in the sarcoplasmic protein fractions detected by both CE and RP‐HPLC were correlated to WBSF measurements. Overall, data demonstrate that HDP has minimal effects on sarcoplasmic proteins and that aging related changes in the water soluble protein fractions of muscle may be useful as indirect indicators of beef tenderness.

Practical Application:  Using 2 different postmortem tenderization techniques, aging and hydrodynamic pressure processing, this study demonstrates that postmortem changes in the soluble protein fraction of beef may be useful as potential indicators of meat tenderness.
The Application of Computer Color Matching Techniques to the Matching of Target Colors in a Food Substrate: A First Step in the Development of Foods with Customized Appearance
Authors: Kim Sandra , Golding Matt , Archer Richard H.
Published: June 2012

Abstract:  A predictive color matching model based on the colorimetric technique was developed and used to calculate the concentrations of primary food dyes needed in a model food substrate to match a set of standard tile colors. This research is the first stage in the development of novel three‐dimensional (3D) foods in which color images or designs can be rapidly reproduced in 3D form. Absorption coefficients were derived for each dye, from a concentration series in the model substrate, a microwave‐baked cake. When used in a linear, additive blending model these coefficients were able to predict cake color from selected dye blends to within 3 ΔE*ab,10 color difference units, or within the limit of a visually acceptable match. Absorption coefficients were converted to pseudo X10, Y10, and Z10 tri‐stimulus values (X10P, Y10P, Z10P) for colorimetric matching. The Allen algorithm was used to calculate dye concentrations to match the X10P, Y10P, and Z10P values of each tile color. Several recipes for each color were computed with the tile specular component included or excluded, and tested in the cake. Some tile colors proved out‐of‐gamut, limited by legal dye concentrations; these were scaled to within legal range. Actual differences suggest reasonable visual matches could be achieved for within‐gamut tile colors. The Allen algorithm, with appropriate adjustments of concentration outputs, could provide a sufficiently rapid and accurate calculation tool for 3D color food printing.

Practical Application:  The predictive color matching approach shows potential for use in a novel embodiment of 3D food printing in which a color image or design could be rendered within a food matrix through the selective blending of primary dyes to reproduce each color element. The on‐demand nature of this food application requires rapid color outputs which could be provided by the color matching technique, currently used in nonfood industries, rather than by empirical food industry methods.