bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ICESat laser altimetry over small mountain glaciers
Authors: Treichler Désirée , Kääb Andreas
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Using sparsely glaciated southern Norway as a case study, we assess the potential and limitations of ICESat laser altimetry for analysing regional glacier elevation change in rough mountain terrain. Differences between ICESat GLAS elevations and reference elevation data are plotted over time to derive a glacier surface elevation trend for the ICESat acquisition period 2003–2008. We find spatially varying biases between ICESat and three tested digital elevation models (DEMs): the Norwegian national DEM, SRTM DEM, and a high-resolution lidar DEM. For regional glacier elevation change, the spatial inconsistency of reference DEMs – a result of spatio-temporal merging – has the potential to significantly affect or dilute trends. Elevation uncertainties of all three tested DEMs exceed ICESat elevation uncertainty by an order of magnitude, and are thus limiting the accuracy of the method, rather than ICESat uncertainty. ICESat matches glacier size distribution of the study area well and measures small ice patches not commonly monitored in situ. The sample is large enough for spatial and thematic subsetting. Vertical offsets to ICESat elevations vary for different glaciers in southern Norway due to spatially inconsistent reference DEM age. We introduce a per-glacier correction that removes these spatially varying offsets, and considerably increases trend significance. Only after application of this correction do individual campaigns fit observed in situ glacier mass balance. Our correction also has the potential to improve glacier trend significance for other causes of spatially varying vertical offsets, for instance due to radar penetration into ice and snow for the SRTM DEM or as a consequence of mosaicking and merging that is common for national or global DEMs. After correction of reference elevation bias, we find that ICESat provides a robust and realistic estimate of a moderately negative glacier mass balance of around −0.36 ± 0.07 m ice per year. This regional estimate agrees well with the heterogeneous but overall negative in situ glacier mass balance observed in the area.
Assessment of NASA airborne laser altimetry data using groundbased
GPS data near Summit Station, Greenland
Authors: Brunt Kelly M. , Hawley Robert L. , Lutz Eric R. , Studinger Michael , Sonntag John G. , Hofton Michelle A. , Andrews Lauren C. , Neumann Thomas A.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. A series of NASA airborne lidars have been used in support of satellite laser altimetry missions. These airborne laser altimeters have been deployed for satellite instrument development, for spaceborne data validation, and to bridge the data gap between satellite missions. We used data from ground-based GPS surveys of an 11,000 m long track near Summit Station, Greenland, to assess the surface elevation bias and measurement precision of three airborne laser altimeters, including the Airborne Topographic Mapper (ATM), the Land, Vegetation, and Ice Sensor (LVIS), and the Multiple Altimeter Beam Experimental Lidar (MABEL). Data from the monthly ground-based traverses, which commenced in 2006, allowed for the assessment of 8 airborne lidar surveys associated with ATM and LVIS. Surface elevation biases for these altimeters, over the flat, ice-sheet interior, are less than 0.12 m, while assessments of measurement precision are 0.09 m or better. Results from the analyses of ground-based and airborne data provide guidance for validation strategies for ICESat-2 elevation and elevation-change data products.
Iss 2, no. 4
Authors: -- --
Published: September 2016

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Italian ryegrass cultivars production associated or not with oat black under two post-grazing residues
Authors: Marchesan Renato , Paris Wagner , Menezes Luis Fernando Glasenapp de , Tonion Roniclei , Martinello Clederson , Oliveira Oelyton Nunes de , Hoppen Sarah Maria
Published: September 2016

The objective of this study was to define the input height to grazing and evaluate forage production of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) cv. Barjumbo and cv. Common associated or not with oat black forage (Avena strigosa Schreb) cv. IAPAR 61, submitted to two post-grazing. Treatments consisted of a 4x2 factorial design, totaling eight treatments with three replications, being evaluated common and Barjumbo ryegrass, single and mixed with black oat in two highs of post-grazing residue: High: 50% of input height; Low: 30% of input height. Single Common ryegrass and combined with black oat obtained higher production than Barjumbo cultivate, and greater accumulation rate only when intercropped with black oat. Leaf blades production did not differ among cultivars. Stems production was low to Barjumbo cultivar. Black oat production was higher when associated with Barjumbo. Input height to Italian ryegrass cultivars with 95% light interception was 26.86 cm to Barjumbo and 28.75 cm to common cultivar, and when combined with black oat 34.01 cm and 32.48 cm, respectively.
Fatty acid profile in meat of culling ewes in different feedlot periods fed diets containing levels of inclusion of linseed
Authors: Radis Ana Claudia , Macedo Francisco De Assis Fonseca de , Mora Natalia Holtz Alves Pedroso , Alcalde Claudete Regina , Visentainer Jesuí Vergilio , Boeing Joana Schuelter
Published: September 2016

Linseed plays an important role in animal nutrition as it contains long-chain fatty acids in its composition, which, once absorbed, are incorporated into meat and milk. For evaluate the concentration of fatty acids in the Longissimus dorsi muscle of culling ewes fed diets containing levels of inclusion of linseed, 88 culling ewes were used with an average initial body weight of 37.65 ± 6.98 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design with 12 treatments. Treatments consisted of the interaction between levels of linseed (0, 5, 10, and 15%) and days in feedlot (30, 45, and 60). The most present fatty acids in the composition of the muscle L. dorsi were palmitic (27.32 g 100 g-1) and stearic (17.77 g 100 g-1). Saturated acids remained at low levels as the animals were fed greater levels of linseed, demonstrating the importance of introducing quality foods in animal feeding. Oleic acid was the most present monounsaturated fatty acid, with 40 g 100 g-1. Palmitoleic and elaidic fatty acids increased linearly as the linseed inclusion in the diet was increased. Polyunsaturated acids increased with the presence of linseed in the diet. For the linolenic acid (C18: 3n3), the best result was with inclusion of 10% of linseed in the total diet. All groups of animals that received linseed obtained better n6:n3 ratios, which varied from 1.81 to 4.14. The higher CLA values obtained in this study are related to the higher amounts of inclusion of linseed in the sheep diet, varying from 1.15 to 5.72 g 100 g-1. It is recommended culling ewes supplemented with inclusion of 10% linseed, for 60 days in feedlot, because they comprise a larger number of favorable traits regarding to the profile fatty acids of Longissimus dorsi.
Genetic diversity of pacu and piapara broodstocks in restocking programs in the rivers Paraná and Paranapanema (Brazil)
Authors: Lopera-Barrero Nelson Mauricio , Povh Jayme Aparecido , Sirol Rodolfo Nardez , Rodriguez-Rodriguez Maria Del Pilar , Lima Ed Christian Suzuki de , Poveda-Parra Angela Rocio , Souza Felipe Pinheiro de , Murari Pâmela Juliana Furlan , Otonel Rodrigo Alejandro Arellano , Ribeiro Ricardo Pereira
Published: September 2016

The genetic diversity of Piaractus mesopotamicus (pacu) and Leporinus elongatus (piapara) broodstocks used in restocking programs in the rivers Paraná and Paranapanema is analyzed. One hundred and twenty specimens (two broodstocks of each species) from fish ponds in Palotina PR Brazil and in Salto Grande SP Brazil were assessed. Ten primers produced 96 fragments, comprising 68 (70.83%) and 94 (97.92%) polymorphic fragments for P. mesopotamicus and L. elongatus broodstocks, respectively. Differences (p < 0.05) in the frequency of 15 and 27 fragments were detected for each species, without exclusive fragments. Shannon Index (0.347 - 0.572) and the percentage of polymorphic fragments (57.3% - 94.8%) revealed high intra-population genetic variability for all broodstocks. Results of molecular variance analyses (AMOVA) showed that most variations do not lie between the broodstocks but within each broodstock (89%). Genetic (0.088 and 0.142) and identity (0.916 and 0.868) distance rates demonstrated similarity between the broodstocks of each species, corroborated by Fst (0.1023 and 010.27) and Nm (4.18 and 4.33) rates, with a slight genetic difference due to genic flux. High intrapopulation genetic variability and similarity between the broodstocks of each species was also detected, proving a common ancestry.
Quail performance and egg quality at the end of production fed with varying levels of calcium
Authors: Souza Daniele Santos de , Calixto Lígia Fátima Lima , Lemos Marina Jorge , Silva Filho Carlos Alberto da , Pinho Thiers Pascoal , Machado Cleriston Andrade , Melo Izaura Andrade de , Togashi Cristina Kimie
Published: September 2016

The goal of the present study was to evaluate the influence of increasing levels of dietary calcium on performance, egg quality, and the amount of calcium retained in the meat and excreted by Japanese quails at the final production. Four hundred 46-58-week-old Japanese quails were distributed in a completely randomized design consisting of five calcium level treatments: T1 = 2.95%, T2 = 3.25%, T3 = 3.55%, T4 = 3.85% and T5 = 4.15% calcium. The performance variables included feed intake (g bird-1 day-1), egg production (%), feed conversion by egg mass and per dozen eggs, egg mass (g), and viability. For egg quality, we assessed egg weight, percentage of albumen, yolk weight, percentage of shell, and shell thickness. We also evaluated the amount of calcium present in the meat and the amount of calcium excreted by quails. Increasing levels of calcium linearly influenced feed conversion, weight of yolk, and percentage of eggshell. Shell thickness increased up to the 3.85% calcium treatment. Calcium content of the meat differed among the quails; the quails fed the lowest level of calcium (2.95%) showed higher calcium content in meat, whereas calcium excretion increased with increasing levels of calcium in the diet. In conclusion, the addition of 3.85% of calcium in quail feed at the end of production improved eggshell quality, and maintained internal quality and performance within the recommended standards for the production phase tested in quails. Levels higher than 3.85% calcium negatively influenced the parameters analyzed.
Feeding behavior of sheep fed diets with Elaeis guineensis palm kernel meal
Authors: Pinho Bianca Damasceno , Ramos Aline Fernanda Oliveira , Lourenço Júnior José De Brito , Faturi Cristian , Silva André Guimarães Maciel e , Nahúm Benjamim De Souza , Manno Maria Cristina , Lima Kedson Raul de Souza , Sousa Luciano Fernandes , Silva Jamile Andréa Rodrigues da , Araújo Geisielly Sousa , Budel Juliana Cristina de Castro
Published: September 2016

In order to evaluate the feeding behavior of sheep fed with diets containing different levels of palm kernel meal (PKM) substituted for corn silage, a metabolic assay was performed on 20 ewes (5 treatments × 4 replicates) over 25 d. The animals received corn silage diets with the addition of increasing levels of PKM (0, 15, 30, 45, and 60%). The following parameters were evaluated: dry matter (DM) intake, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake, feeding time, rumination time, idle time, number of merycism mastications per bolus, time spent ruminating each bolus, DM and NDF per bolus, number of ruminated boluses per day, feeding and rumination efficiency, total chewing time, and number of merycism mastications per day. The daily intake of both DM and NDF increased linearly (P < 0.05), and when sheep were fed diets of at least 43.18 and 39.15% PKM, respectively, the consumption values were significantly different than when sheep were fed diets with 0% PKM (P < 0.05). In contrast, feeding time declined linearly, and in response to diets with at least 28.05% PKM, the sheep exhibited significantly different feeding times from those of sheep fed 0% PKM, with a reduction of 0.0613 percentage points per 1% increase in PKM. Idle time, rumination time, and rumination time per bolus each exhibited quadratic responses (P < 0.05), and the minimum rumination time per bolus was 44.37 s with 35.19% PKM. A quadratic response was also observed for total chewing time and both measures of merycism mastications (P < 0.05). Therefore, we concluded that the inclusion of PKM in the diets of sheep improves some parameters of feeding behavior, and the use of PKM is recommended at DM percentages of up to 40%.
Digestible tryptophan levels for male broilers in pre-starter and starter diets
Authors: Borges Bruno Samuel , Nunes Romão Da Cunha , Strighini Jose Henrique , Mascarenhas Alessandra Gimenez , Mello Heloísa Helena de Carvalho , Martins Julyana Machado da Silva , Noleto Raiana Almeida , Oliveira Maryelle Durães de
Published: September 2016

The objective was to determine the digestible tryptophan requirements for male broilers in pre-starter and starter phases. Two experiments using 400 Cobb broilers were performed 200 males in the first experiment for the pre-starter phase (one to seven days old), and 200 males in the second experiment for the starter phase (eight to 21 days old). Chicks were housed in batter boxes made of galvanized steel as an experimental shed. The experiments were performed in a completely randomized design, with four treatments and five replicates, with ten birds each. In both experiments, the tryptophan requirement was determined using diets with different levels of digestible tryptophan. A tryptophan-deficient diet was formulated, as a basal diet, which was supplemented with increased levels of L-tryptophan in order to achieve the desirable digestible tryptophan levels. Treatments consisted of 0.209% (basal diet); 0.223%; 0.235% and 0.248% digestible tryptophan for the pre-starter phase (experiment 1) and 0.187% (basal diet); 0.200%, 0.211% and 0.223% digestible tryptophan for the starter phase (experiment 2). We evaluated feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion, as well as the metabolizability of feed nutrients. The performance and metabolic data were subjected to analysis of variance, and estimates of digestible tryptophan levels were made through polynomial regression models at 5% probability. There was no significant difference between the digestible tryptophan levels in the diet over performance and digestibility in both treatments. It is possible to conclude that the basal diet with 0.209% digestible tryptophan for the pre-starter phase and 0.187% for the starter phase, at a tryptophan: lysine ratio of 16%, as sufficient to meet the broilers requirements.
Effect of dietary antioxidant supplementation on reproductive characteristics of male broiler breeders during the post-peak production phase
Authors: Triques Gustavo Eugênio , Schmidt Joice Meri , Oro Camila Souza , Bordignon Heloísa Fialkoski , Donin Daiane Güillich , Fernandes Jovanir Inês Müller
Published: September 2016

Because of their membrane constitution, sperm cells of male broiler breeders are prone to lipid peroxidation, which affects their fertilizing capacity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of antioxidant diet supplementation on the reproductive characteristics of 12 male broiler breeders (Cobb) older than 50 weeks. The roosters were randomly distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with two treatments (treatment 1: commercial feed; treatment 2: commercial feed supplemented with canthaxanthin, lycopene, and vitamin C) and 6 replicates. Semen samples were collected by abdominal massage, and then underwent evaluation of semen volume, sperm concentration, motility, vigor, and morphology. Morphometric analyses of testes, combs, and dewlaps were performed at 68 weeks. Testes samples were collected for morphometric analysis of seminiferous tubules and analysis of cellular proliferation in the germinal epithelium by using immunohistochemical staining with anti-proliferating cell nuclear antigen (anti-PCNA) antibodies. Statistical data analysis was performed using the SAS software (SAS, 2002). No significant effects of antioxidant supplementation were observed on semen characteristics (p > 0.05). A significant positive effect of the antioxidant blend was observed on the percentage of normal sperm, dewlap weight and width, and testes weight and length (p < 0.05). PCNA-positive cell counts and morphometry of the seminiferous tubules were not affected by the treatment. Dietary antioxidant supplementation may represent a nutritional tool to increase fertility in male broiler breeder flocks during the post-peak production phase.
Collaborative study to evaluate the indigestible neutral detergent fiber and indigestible acid detergent fiber contents in feeds by in situ procedure
Authors: Souza Marjorrie Augusto de , Detmann Edenio , Rocha Gabriel Cipriano , Franco Marcia De Oliveira , Batista Erick Darlisson , Valadares Filho Sebastião De Campos , Berchielli Telma Teresinha
Published: September 2016

The objective of this collaborative study was to evaluate the indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF) and indigestible acid detergent fiber (iADF) content in feeds in six laboratories from institutions linked to the National Institute of Science and Technology in Animal Science (INCT-CA). Six feeds were evaluated: signal grass hay, sugarcane, corn silage, soybean meal, corn and citrus pulp. Estimated levels of iNDF and iADF proved to be dependent on the laboratory in which the analysis was performed. It was found that differences between laboratories ranged from 2.40 percentage points for soybean meal to 8.05 percentage points for sugarcane for iNDF analysis and from 1.79 percentage points for corn to 10.06 percentage points for hay for iADF analysis. It was observed that the individual evaluation of each material, the total random variation of the results between laboratories ranged from 88.75 to 96.77% and 88.75 to 98.40% for iNDF and iADF analysis, respectively. The iNDF and iADF levels are dependent on the interaction effect between the evaluated material and laboratory and have low reproducibility; this may be a consequence of the differences between the methods practiced by each laboratory, demonstrating lack of standardization of procedures used by the laboratories.
Serum cortisol concentration in cattle of different genetic groups slaughtered in confinement
Authors: Pales Aracele Pinheiro , Padua João Teodoro , Santos Klayto José Gonçalves , Coelho Karyne Oliveira , Bueno Cláudia Peixoto , Ferro Rafael Alves da Costa , Ferro Diogo Alves da Costa , Paula Raiany Soares de
Published: September 2016

The objective of this work was to compare the serum cortisol levels among four genetic cattle groups slaughtered in confinement. Thirty-two non-castrated male bovines from four genetic groups were analyzed: Nelore, Aberdeen Angus × Nelore, Caracu × Nelore, and Guzerá × Nelore. The blood samples were collected on the day of weighing (every 28 days) and during the slaughter. Regarding the concentration of serum cortisol, no significant differences were found among the groups during the first, second, and fourth collections. However, during the third collection and at the day of slaughter, respectively, the Nelore group (3.15 ng/dL; 2.98 ng/dL) showed similarity to the Caracu × Nelore (2.02 ng/dL; 2.07ng/dL) and Guzerá × Nelore (2.33 ng/dL; 2.40 ng/dL) groups. Nelore showed a significant difference compared with the Aberdeen Angus × Nelore group (1.21 ng/dL; 1.61 ng/dL). With respect to the overall collection averages, the Nelore group (2.85 ± 0.87 ng/dL) showed greater values than the Aberdeen Angus × Nelore group (1.61 ± 0.87 ng/dL). However, it showed similarities to the Caracu × Nelore (2.06 ± 1.31 ng/dL) and Guzerá × Nelore (2.48 ± 1.16 ng/dL) groups. It was also observed that animals with low cortisol values gained more weight, as demonstrated by the correlation between ADG and the cortisol collection averages (-0.54; p < 0.05). There was no difference among the groups with respect to shearing strength of the meat, and the correlation between this force and the cortisol collection average (0.15; p > 0.05, ns) showed that meat tenderness in the studied groups was not affected.
Performance of Nellore males under different artificial shading levels in the feedlot
Authors: Ferro Diogo Alves da Costa , Arnhold Emmanuel , Bueno Claudia Peixoto , Miyagi Eliane Sayuri , Ferro Rafael Alves da Costa , Silva Bruna Paula Alves da
Published: September 2016

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of artificial shading on weight gain and meat quality of male Nellore cattle in an intensive production system. The experiment was conducted in the experimental feedlot of the Course of Animal Science at Universidade Estadual de Goiás, from July to October 2014. Forty-eight male Nellore cattle with an average initial weight of 310 kg were kept in double 24-m2 stalls, in a total of 24 stalls. Of these, six were in the open air; six were covered with black shade netting of 30% light interception; six with black shade netting 50%; and six with black shade netting 80%, providing 6 m2 of shade per stall. The ration supplied to the animals and the orts left in the trough were weighed daily to determine intake, and the temperature-humidity index (THI) was measured twice weekly. Animals were weighed for the first time at the start of the experiment, and then another three times until the end, which was followed by the slaughter and assessments of performance and meat quality. A difference (p < 0.05) was observed between the average THI values, with the highest value found in the stalls without artificial shading. No difference (p > 0.05) was observed for feed intake, initial weight, final weight, total weight gain, average daily weight gain, carcass yield, marbling, texture, fatness, backfat thickness, loin-eye area, color, thigh length and circumference, leg length and circumference, or carcass length between the animals on the different treatments. The use of artificial shading does not have a significant effect on performance or meat quality of feedlot Nellore cattle when the ambient temperature is within the thermal comfort zone.
Multivariate analysis of lactose content in milk of Holstein and Jersey cows1
Authors: Alessio Dileta Regina Moro , Thaler Neto André , Velho João Pedro , Perreira Ildemar Brayer , Miquelluti David José , Knob Deise Aline , Silva Claudineli Gasparini da
Published: September 2016

This study evaluated the factors influencing the variation in the lactose content of milk in Holstein and Jersey herds in Santa Catarina, southern Brazil, using multivariate analysis. Data from 73 dairy herds in the Dairy Herds Improvement Program of the State of Santa Catarina were provided by the Santa Catarina Association of Cattle Breeders (ACCB). A total of 46,242 monthly records of Holstein and Jersey (59 and 41 % of the total records, respectively) cows from 2009 to 2012 were analyzed using multiple correspondence, factor, and cluster analyses. Lactose content was observed to correlate with somatic cell count and parity, whereas the evaluated breeds, as well as the production and concentrations of fat and protein in the milk, were not associated with the lactose content. The cows were categorized into three groups, the first consisting of cows of both breeds with low lactose content (4.19), high somatic cell score (5.82), and higher parity (2.50), contrasting with two other groups each with mean values characteristic for Holstein and Jersey breeds, respectively. Analysis of cows without subclinical mastitis ( < 200,000 somatic cells ml-1) revealed that the relationship of parity with lactose level was independent of the effect of somatic cells. Lactose contents less than 4.4 % were observed in autumn. Overall, the present study suggests that the lactose content of milk is influenced by somatic cell count and parity and that it varies seasonally; however, it is not related to breed, milk yield, milk fat content, or milk protein level.
Nutritional assessment of waste of cassava starch extraction dried in cattle feed
Authors: Fernandes Tatiane , Zambom Maximiliane Alavarse , Castagnara Deise Dalazen , Tinini Rodrigo Cezar dos Reis , Cruz Eduardo Augusto da , Eckstein Everline Inês , Lange Maichel Jhonattas
Published: September 2016

This study aimed to evaluate the digestive power of waste of cassava starch extraction dried (WCSEd) and corn, in addition to determining the appropriate level of WCSEd to replace corn in the diet of cattle. Studies to evaluate the in vitro digestibility and in situ degradability were performed. The study used four cattle with rumen cannula, individually fed with diets containing increasing levels (0, 33, 66 and 100%) of WCSEd to replace corn, to evaluate the dry matter and nutrient intake and digestibility, pH and ammonia concentration of rumen fluid. The WCSEd showed differences in the in vitro digestibility of DM, OM and NDF (P < 0.05) compared to corn, but did not change the NDT and in situ degradability. As for in vivo reviews, the DM and nutrient intake was influenced by treatments in decreasing order, resulting in changes in the digestibility of DM, OM and NDT of diet, and a decreased concentration of N-NH3, but the pH was not affected. The residue from the extraction of cassava starch showed lower in vitro digestibility; however, ruminal degradability did not differ from corn. Their use in ruminant feed reduces the intake and degradation of feed, but improves the use of N-NH3 in the rumen.
Carcass and non-carcass component characteristics of lambs fed with cassava wastewater dregs in replacement of corn
Authors: Cardoso Daniel Barros , Véras Robson Magno Liberal , Carvalho Francisco Fernando Ramos de , Magalhães André Luiz Rodrigues , Vasconcelos Gustavo Araújo de , Urbano Stela Antas , Fonsêca Gerlison De Mélo , Freitas Marciella Thais Dino de
Published: September 2016

The objective was to evaluate the effect of the substitution (0, 33, 66 and 100%) of corn by cassava wastewater dregs on carcass characteristics and non-carcass components of crossbred Santa Inês lambs. Forty male sheep, uncastrated with an average initial body weight of 20 ± 1.87 kg and five months of age, were used. These were housed in individual pens in a randomized block design with four treatments and ten repetitions and slaughtered after 70 days of confinement. Quadratic effect (P < 0.05) was observed for the empty body weight (EBW), hot carcass weight (HCW) and cold carcass weight (CCW) and carcass compactness index (CCI), with maximum points of 36.14, 19.45, 20.20 and 0.31 kg cm-1 for the replacement level of corn for cassava wastewater dregs, 50.0, 53.84, 54.04 and 45.45% respectively. There was also an effect (P < 0.05) on the weights of the rumen and “Buchada”, with maximum points of 0.909 and 6.25 kg per replacement level, 49.11 and 51.29% respectively. As for retail cuts, only the efficiency of the leg was altered (P < 0.05), having a linear increase while the other variables were not affected. Cassava wastewater dregs can be used in full as an alternative food in the diet of feedlot lambs without harming the main carcass characteristics and non-carcass components.
Mass and nutritional quality of upper and lower strata of tropical forages
Authors: Poczynek Mailson , Neumann Mikael , Horst Egon Henrique , Venancio Bruno José , Figueira Danúbia Nogueira , Poczynek Milaine , Galbeiro Sandra
Published: September 2016

The goal of this work was to evaluate the growth dynamics and chemical characteristics of the upper and lower strata of summer perennial grasses under a four cuts system. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, composed of 28 treatments in a factorial arrangement of 7x4, with four repetitions. The cultivars evaluated were Star Grass, Coast-cross, Tifton 68, Tifton 85, Jiggs, Roxinha and Quicuio. Each cultivar was cut when it reached 95% light interception. The cultivars Jiggs and Tifton 68 had the highest (P < 0.05) accumulation of dry biomass ha-1 during the four cuts, with productions of 21,348 and 21,016 kg ha-1, respectively. The ash content varied (P < 0.05) among species and times of cutting for both strata. Cellulose contents were significantly different in the upper stratum, with the highest concentrations found in cvs. Quicuio and Tifton 68 (39.12% and 38.07%, respectively). We found the highest levels of lignin (P < 0.05), for both strata, in cv. Quicuio. Cultivars Jiggs and Tifton 68 were the most appropriate for a management system of four cuts, displaying good chemical composition and high productivity.
Growth curves on females of the Caracu breed
Authors: Moreira Raphael Patrick , Mercadante Maria Eugênia Zerlotti , Pedrosa Victor Breno , Cyrillo Joslaine Noely dos Santos Gonçalves , Henrique Wignez
Published: September 2016

The objective of the study was to analyze nonlinear models that best fit the growth of Caracu cows. The experiment was conducted at the Instituto de Zootecnia, Centro APTA Bovinos de Corte, Sertãozinho, SP. Data of weight at birth to 63 months of age, from 500 females of the Caracu breed were used. The mean weight at birth (BW), weaning weight (W7), weight at 26 months (W26) and weight at 63 months (W63) were, respectively, 32 kg, 198 kg, 354 kg and 488 kg, providing an average daily gain (ADG) of 0.241 kg/day. The nonlinear models used were: Brody, Von Bertalanffy, Logistic and Gompertz. All of the models tended to describe accordingly the growth curve of these animals, but, according to the mean square residual and coefficient of determination adopted to select the most appropriate model, Brody showed the best fit. All models presented a high and negative correlation between the A and k parameters, indicating that the most precocious animals are less likely to reach elevated weights at 63 months of age. The effect of year of birth significantly affected (P < 0.01) the parameters A and k, concluding that the animal selection based on growth traits favored the increase of mature weight and growth precocity over the generations.
Genetic group and heterosis on morphometric measurements during the growth of male beef cattle
Authors: Vaz Ricardo Zambarda , Restle João , Pacheco Paulo Santana , Vaz Fabiano Nunes , Muehlmann Luiz Danilo , Alves Filho Dari Celestino , Missio Régis Luis , Vaz Marcia Bitencourt
Published: September 2016

In the present study, the effects of genetic group and heterosis on body measurements of purebreds (Charolais - C and Nellore - N), first-generation crossbreds (G1) (1/2C1/2N and 1/2N1/2C), and second-generation crossbreds (G2) (3/4C1/4N and 3/4N1/4C) males from rotational crossbreeding were evaluated at 8, 12, 18, and 24 months of age. Among the purebreds, the Nellore displayed greater rump height than the Charolais. The Charolais had greater thoracic perimeter than the Nellore, however this difference decreased gradually with advancing age, being equal between the two genetic groups at 24 months. For width of the rump, ischial opening and thoracic perimeter crossbred animals showed higher values than the purebred animals at all ages, but less pronounced at eight months of age. For all morphometric measurements, with exception of rump height, the differences of crossbreds males in relation to the purebreds, were more evident in relation to the Nellore. Heterosis was significant for morphometric measurements in male beef cattle. Morphometric measurements showed high correlation with each other and with body weight, thereby indicating that they are good indicators of body development.
Fatty acid profile of milk from cows fed palm kernel cake
Authors: Pimentel Leidiane Reis , Silva Fabiano Ferreira da , Silva Robério Rodrigues , Rodrigues Eli Santana de Oliveira , Meneses Murilo De Almeida , Porto Júnior Antônio Ferraz , Souza Dicastro Dias de , Silva Gonçalo Mesquita da , Pacheco Camile Carvalho , Oliveira Paulo Andrade de
Published: September 2016

To evaluate the fatty acid profile of milk from cows fed palm kernel cake (PKC), 12 Holstein × Zebu crossbred cows were kept in the feedlot, distributed into a triple 4 × 4 Latin square, and fed the following treatments: 1) control; 2) inclusion of 50 g PKC/kg in the total dry matter (TDM); 3) inclusion of 100 g PKC/kg in the TDM; and 4) inclusion of 150 g PKC/kg in the TDM. Milk samples from the morning and afternoon milkings were collected in the amount of 1% of the daily production of each animal; subsequently, 100-mL subsamples were frozen for analysis of the fatty acid profile. Inclusion of PKC did not change the concentration of short-chain fatty acids or myristoleic (C14:1), pentadecenoic (C15:1), palmitic (C16:0), and palmitoleic (C16:1) fatty acids. Concentrations of medium-chain and lauric (C12:0) and myristic (C14:0) fatty acids increased linearly (P < 0.05). A decreasing linear effect was observed (P < 0.05) on the concentration of the C15:0 fatty acid. No effects were observed (P > 0.05) on the long-chain fatty acids and those of the omega 6 and 3 series; on the ratio between poly-unsaturated and saturated fatty acids; or on the ratio between the fatty acids of the omega 6/omega 3 series. The concentration of conjugated linoleic acid was not influenced (P > 0.05) by inclusion of PKC in the diet. Addition of palm kernel cake to the diet of lactating cows influences the concentration of medium-chain fatty acids, and of lauric (C12:0), myristic (C14:0), and pentadecanoic (C15:0) fatty acids in their milk.
Physiological and behavioral responses of Nellore steers to artificial shading in an intensive production system
Authors: Ferro Diogo Alves da Costa , Arnhold Emmanuel , Bueno Claudia Peixoto , Miyagi Eliane Sayuri , Ferro Rafael Alves da Costa , Santos Aracele Pinheiro Pales dos , Santos Klayto José Gonçalves dos , Silva Bruna Paula Alves da
Published: September 2016

The influence of artificial shading on environmental variables and on behavioral responses of Nellore steers in an intensive production system was evaluated in this study. The experiment was conducted in the experimental feedlot of the Department of Animal Science at Universidade Estadual de Goiás, from July to October 2014. Forty-eight male Nellore cattle with an average initial weight of 310 kg were kept in double 24-m2 stalls, in a total of 24 stalls. Of these, six were in the open air; six were covered with black shade netting of 30% light interception; six with black shade netting 50%; and six with black shade netting 80%, providing 6 m2 of shade per stall. Temperature-humidity index (THI) and respiratory frequency (RF) were assessed twice weekly and behavior was evaluated fortnightly during 12 h, between 06:00 h and 18.00 h. Feeding behavior, rumination, rest, and social activities such as body care and playful and abnormal activities were observed. A significant increase was found in THI and RF as the shading levels decreased, while a significant difference was recorded in rest and in other activities, water intake, and play behavior. Rest time and playful behavior increased significantly, and other activities and water intake decreased with the increase in shading levels. Shading does not change the time spent on feeding behaviors and rumination, or the frequencies of urination, defecation, cleaning other animals, self-cleaning, and social and abnormal types of behavior. The use of black shade netting of 80% light interception provides greater comfort to animals, promoting welfare and quality of life to them.
In situ degradability of elephant grass ensiled with increasing levels of pineapple agro-industrial by-product
Authors: Ferreira Ana Cristina Holanda , Rodriguez Norberto Mario , Neiva José Neuman Miranda , Pimentel Patrícia Guimarães , Gomes Silas Primola , Campos Warley Efrem , Lopes Fernando César Ferraz , Mizubuti Ivone Yurika , Moreira Guilherme Rocha
Published: September 2016

The objective of this study was to evaluate the in situ degradability of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and hemicellulose of elephant grass (Pennisetumpurpureum, Schum.) with increasing levels (0; 35.0; 70.0, 105.0, and 140.0 g kg-1) of dried pineapple (Ananascomosus, L.) by-product (DPBP). The experimental silos consisted of plastic drums with 210 L capacity. After weighing and homogenizing the elephant grass with the DABP, the material was inserted in the silos (126 kg silage, at a density of 600 kg m-3) and compressed. After 45 days of ensilage, silos were opened and samples of the silages were collected for the trial. The study of degradability in situ was conducted using a rumen-fistulated male cattle. The animal was fed with corn silage supplemented with 1 kg concentrate daily. Five levels of addition of the by-product were tested, with three replicates and five times of incubation with an animal. The experimental design was completely randomized with split plots, in which the proportions of DPBP were the treatments (plots), the different silos were the replicates, and the incubation times were the subplots. The levels of inclusion of DPBP provided an increase (P < 0.05) in disappearance of DM and CP and in the effective degradability of DM, NDF, ADF, and hemicellulose. The dried pineapple by-product is a potential alternative to be used as additive in the ensilage of elephant grass, as it provides an increase in the rumen degradability parameters.
Quality indicators of tank milk in different production systems of tropical regions
Authors: Campos Paula Priscilla L. da Escóssia , Rangel Adriano Henrique Do Nascimento , Borba Luis Henrique Fernandes , Urbano Stela Antas , Novaes Luciano Patto , Galvão Júnior José Geraldo Bezerra , Sales Danielle Cavalcanti , Aguiar Emerson Moreira de
Published: September 2016

Research was conducted in eight commercial herds located in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Properties were classified according to the production system, the seasons were divided into four and the genetic groups into six. Milk samples from morning milking were collected monthly, directly from a cooling tank. Protein, fat, lactose, total solids, casein, urea nitrogen concentrations/levels, somatic cell count (SCC) and total bacterial count (TBC) were determined. For milk composition, the detected results were satisfactory and met the requirements of Normative Ruling 62, but the averages for SCC and TBC were above the recommended limit. All variables, with the exception of casein from total protein were influenced (P < 0.05) by the production system used in the production unit. A lower fat content was recorded in 2010 compared to 2011. For the seasons, all the constituents of milk had lower values in drier season (seasons 3 and 4), with the exception of casein; SCC and TBC had higher values in periods 1 and 2, which are considered rainy periods. There was variation in the chemical composition of milk according to the genotypes. Milk chemical composition met the legal and market requirements, with a positive emphasis on specialized production systems. The variations over the year and according to the genetic group of the herd are also significant and should be taken into account in the search for improvements. As for the hygiene and health aspects of milk, the results portray the need for a greater focus by the entities involved in the sector, as well as the producers, on the viability of an adequacy program and monitoring of management practices related to this criterion.
Broken rice in feeds for laying Japanese quails
Authors: Pereira Adriana Aparecida , Silva Wanderson Alves da , Lima Júnior Dorgival Morais de , Lima Carolyny Batista , Griep Júnior Dirceu Neutzling , Lana Geraldo Roberto Quintão , Lana Sandra Roselí Valerio , Oliveira Leandro Pereira
Published: September 2016

This study evaluated the effect, on productive performance and on egg quality, of replacing corn with broken rice in the feed of 64-148 day-old Japanese quails. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with five treatments consisting of five inclusion levels of broken rice (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) with eight replicates of eight birds each. No significant differences were observed in productive performance variables across treatments (P > 0.05, all). Regarding egg quality, no significant differences were observed in yolk percentage, specific gravity, or Haugh unit across treatments (P > 0.05 for all parameters). However, yolk color index was negatively affected by dietary rice husk levels (Y = 4.080 - 0.0293X, R² = 98.56%; P < 0.05). Thus, corn can be replaced with up to 100% broken rice in diets for laying Japanese quails without losses in productive performance or egg quality, but corn replacement with broken rice affects yolk color.
A competitividade internacional do tabaco do sul do Brasil: 1997-2014
Authors: Barreto Ricardo Candéa Sá , Novais João Maurício Silva
Published: September 2016

O objetivo do estudo é analisar a inserção do tabaco sulista no comércio internacional. Para tanto, foram utilizados dados do Sistema de Análise das Informações de Comércio Exterior via Internet (ALICE-Web), da Secretaria de Comércio Exterior (SECEX), do Ministério do Desenvolvimento, Indústria e Comércio Exterior (MDIC) nos anos de 1997 a 2014. Adicionalmente, foram construídos os índices de vantagens relativas e de competitividade revelada para observar o comportamento da produção do estado no comércio internacional. Os resultados mostram que a região sul apresenta ligeira vantagem relativa nas exportações de tabaco ao longo dos anos considerados. A competitividade revelada mostrou-se positiva, porém, apresenta vantagem de maior magnitude a partir de 2005
A função social da propriedade e a sua concretização na ordem jurídica
Authors: Nanuncio Juliano , Cavalieri Neto Edisel
Published: September 2016

O objetivo geral deste artigo é avaliar, à luz do direito constitucional brasileiro, o conceito de função social da propriedade e suas implicações. O direito de propriedade goza de especial proteção no ordenamento jurídico, devido a todos os proveitos que dele podem se extrair, especialmente econômicos. O seu conteúdo está em constante evolução, variando de acordo com o sistema político e o regime econômico de cada sociedade. Inicialmente, atribuía-se um caráter individual e absoluto à propriedade privada, em nome dos interesses tão somente dos proprietários. Com a evolução do constitucionalismo, hoje marcado por um caráter socializante, o exercício do direito de propriedade é condicionado ao cumprimento de sua função social. Os requisitos para o seu adimplemento são diversos para a propriedade urbana e rural, porém se relacionam, em suma, à necessidade de uma melhor distribuição da terra, o acesso à moradia digna, além da proteção de valores como o meio ambiente e o patrimônio histórico e cultural. Com o objetivo de torná-la efetiva, a Constituição da República e a legislação infraconstitucional estabeleceram regras para a desapropriação, criando um regime diferenciado às que não cumprem a sua função social. Previu-se, inclusive, a desapropriação judicial, de iniciativa dos particulares, fundada na ideia de uma posse qualificada, geradora de obras e de serviços de interesse social e econômicos relevantes.
Study of driver behaviour at turbo-roundabouts
Authors: Chodur Janusz , Bąk Radosław
Published: September 2016

The article presents the results of preliminary research into the behaviour of drivers at turbo-roundabouts. The subject of the research included the frequency of driver behaviour against the traffic rules, and the speed at which vehicles drive through turbo-roundabouts. One of the crucial problems which was analysed was the influence of different kinds of traffic lane division on the behaviour of drivers. The analysis results affirm that the raised lane dividers can visibly improve the propensity of drivers to stay within the designated traffic corridor. However, it does not eliminate the phenomenon of improper lane changing on circulatory roadway. The physical separation of traffic lanes has not been determined to introduce any additional hazard. The speed of vehicles encroaching upon the neighbouring traffic corridor is visibly higher than this of vehicles following traffic rules. Using crash prediction models developed for single- and multi-lane roundabouts, the authors of the research estimated that lane dividers may reduce the number of crashes from about 10% to 17%.
Study of the derailment safety index Y/Q of the low-floor tram bogies with different types of guidance of independently rotating wheels
Authors: Opala Michał
Published: September 2016

Modern tram designs use different conceptions of how to implement the low-floor functionality. The key construction part is the bogie running gear which has to accommodate the lower part of the tram body. To adjust the low-floor level, many low-floor tram bogies have different types of guidance of independently rotating wheels with no central axle between the two wheels. Lack of self-steering mechanism in the form of central axle coupling or an external guiding device creates several inherent problems, such as insufficient guiding and excessive wear. Another important context is the safety against derailment when the vehicle negotiates a curved track. In this study the dynamic behaviour of non-powered bogies with different types of guidance of independently rotating wheels are presented using computer simulation models. The simulation results of the Y/Q index are compared for the two track configurations (curved and tangent sections) and four different kinds of bogie running gear.
Zika Virus Infection in Pregnancy, Microcephaly, and Maternal and Fetal Health: What We Think, What We Know, and What We Think We Know
Authors: Alvarado Maria Gabriela , Schwartz David A.
Published: September 2016

Context.—The global epidemic of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection has emerged as an important public health problem affecting pregnant women and their infants.

Objectives.—To review the causal association between ZIKV infection during pregnancy and intrauterine fetal infection, microcephaly, brain damage, congenital malformation syndrome, and experimental laboratory models of fetal infection. Many questions remain regarding the risk factors, pathophysiology, epidemiology, and timing of maternal-fetal transmission and disease. These include mechanisms of fetal brain damage and microcephaly; the role of covariables, such as viral burden, duration of viremia, and host genetics, on vertical transmission; and the clinical and pathologic spectrum of congenital Zika syndrome. Additional questions include defining the potential long-term physical and neurobehavioral outcomes for infected infants, whether maternal or fetal host genetics influence the clinical outcome, and whether ZIKV infection can cause maternal morbidity. Finally, are experimental laboratory and animal models of ZIKV infection helpful in addressing maternal-fetal viral transmission and the development of congenital microcephaly? This communication provides current information and attempts to address some of these important questions.

Data Sources.—Comprehensive review of published scientific literature.

Conclusions.—Recent advances in epidemiology, clinical medicine, pathology, and experimental studies have provided a great amount of new information regarding vertical ZIKV transmission and the mechanisms of congenital microcephaly, brain damage, and congenital Zika syndrome in a relatively short time. However, much work still needs to be performed to more completely understand the maternal and fetal aspects of this new and emerging viral disease.