bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changing patterns in the landscape
Authors: Furley Peter A.
Published: April 2017

Relentless population growth worldwide has significantly modified savanna landscapes. ‘Changing patterns in the landscape’ considers how landscape changes differ in Latin America, Africa, and Australasia. The appearance of many savannas has been greatly affected by evolving land use. Many of the landscapes in the New World have only been occupied for relatively short lengths of time and settled only in the most favourable locations. The Old World by contrast, from Africa through India and East Asia to Australia, has experienced a long history of nomadic movement and occupation. The growth of cities in the savanna and the greatly increased pace of urbanization have placed enormous pressures on this land.
1. Who was Leibniz?
Authors: Antognazza Maria Rosa
Published: April 2017

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716) lived an extraordinarily rich and varied intellectual life in troubled times. Although remembered as a great thinker, he was a man who more than anything else wanted to improve the life of his fellow human beings through the advancement of science, and to establish a stable and just political order in which the divisions amongst the Christian churches could be reconciled. ‘Who was Leibniz?’ considers the scintillating intellectual development of the young Leibniz and then outlines the next forty years of Leibniz’s life, which were characterized by his attempts to stretch the narrow brief of his official duties to further his all-embracing plan of reform.
4. Possible worlds and fundamental principles
Authors: Antognazza Maria Rosa
Published: April 2017

Leibniz’s commitment to the characteristica universalis and the scientia generalis rested on his conviction that logic is a mirror of the structure of reality. In his view, the principles that govern thought also governed reality. Reality, for Leibniz, meant first and foremost God, the eternal and infinite being encompassing all perfections. It is from Him and His eternal thoughts that the story of the world in which we find ourselves begins. Logic therefore led via metaphysics to philosophical theology. ‘Possible worlds and fundamental principles’ outlines some of Leibniz’s trademark philosophical views including on possible worlds, possible beings, identity, and the principles of non-contradiction and sufficient reason.
7. What is ultimately real—unity and activity
Authors: Antognazza Maria Rosa
Published: April 2017

‘What is ultimately real—unity and activity’ uncovers Leibniz’s views about what is ultimately real in this actual world of which we have experience. What are the most fundamental, really existing things? Leibniz thinks the most fundamental entities are individual ‘substances’. But what is it to be a ‘substance’? Embracing the traditional insight that a substance must be endowed with intrinsic unity and activity, he devises his own version of this view, pointing at our own mind as the paradigmatic example of what it is to be a substance, namely a being one per se which is the source of its own internal activity.
What shapes epidemics?
Authors: Whiteside Alan
Published: April 2017

‘What shapes epidemics’ investigates links between HIV/AIDS and certain biological, socioeconomic, and behavioural factors. The main biomedical drivers of HIV/AIDS (after contact with the virus) are the subtype of the viral strain, and the health status and genetic makeup of the exposed individual. Key behavioural factors are the age of sexual debut, sexual practices, number of partners, frequency of partner exchange, concurrency, and mixing patterns including intergenerational sex. People’s behaviour may determine their risk of infection, but behaviours result from the environment in which people live and operate, which is dependent on economics, politics, and culture. Despite the improving technical and biomedical responses, the real challenge is to reduce risk.
Funding the epidemic
Authors: Whiteside Alan
Published: April 2017

The response to HIV and AIDS has to be funded, whether the emphasis is on prevention, treatment, or both. AIDS is unique in part because of its complex financing. It requires long-term commitments for those increasing numbers on relatively expensive lifesaving treatment. ‘Funding the epidemic’ looks at the history of funding from the mobilization of international money into low- to middle-income countries to the increased domestic funding from government budgets fed from general tax revenues. Looking forward, AIDS resource needs are projected to increase at least until 2020. The problem is that treatment for people living with HIV is long-term and these costs remain unacknowledged by governments and donors.
Big issues and major challenges
Authors: Whiteside Alan
Published: April 2017

Unless something dramatic happens, the AIDS epidemic will be under control across the world by 2022. The number of new infections will continue to fall; there will be virtually no vertical transmission from mothers to infants; and for those infected, treatment will be increasingly effective and simple, with fewer side effects. But AIDS will not end by 2030, as hoped by the UNAIDS 2015 report. ‘Big issues and major challenges’ examines key areas for the challenge ahead: the need to focus on specific areas and populations, harnessing new technologies, and the sensible use of finance. In 2016 there is ample reason to be optimistic, but there must be continued vigilance.
Corticospinal excitability as a biomarker of myofascial pain syndrome
Authors: Thibaut Aurore , Zeng Dian , Caumo Wolnei , Liu Jianhua , Fregni Felipe
Published: April 2017

Introduction:

Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is a common chronic pain disorder that lacks effective diagnostic criteria. To better understand neurophysiological changes in chronic pain, several trials exploring corticospinal excitability in different populations of patients with chronic pain have been performed.

Objectives:

In this systematic review, we aimed to investigate the current literature on MPS and intracortical disinhibition, by means of increased intracortical facilitation and decreased intracortical inhibition (ICI).

Methods:

We performed a search on PubMed to identify clinical trials on MPS and transcranial magnetic stimulation measurements. We then applied the Harford Hill criteria to the identified studies to assess the possible causal relationship between intracortical disinhibition measurements and MPS. Finally, we compared our findings on MPS with other chronic pain conditions.

Results:

Four studies assessing corticospinal excitability in patients with MPS were found. Although the amount of trials available is limited, all the reported studies indicated an increased intracortical disinhibition in patients with MPS. Importantly, these measurements were also correlated with psychological factors, such as pain catastrophism, or anxiety. However, based on the Harford Hill criteria, we could not assert a strong causal relationship between these markers and MPS. Although intracortical disinhibition has been consistently found in patients having MPS, this lack of cortical inhibition was not only observed in this specific chronic pain syndrome but also in fibromyalgia and neuropathic pain conditions.

Conclusion:

Intracortical disinhibition seems to be a marker that has been consistently observed in MPS. Future prospective cohort studies could provide new insights in the development of neoplastic and maladaptive changes occurring in chronic pain syndromes and help the development of new therapeutic options.
Risk perception in young women’s collective alcohol consumption
Authors: Dresler Emma , Anderson Margaret
Published: April 2017

Purpose

Heavy episodic drinking in young women has caused concern among many groups including public health professionals. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the experiences of young women’s alcohol consumption so as to facilitate better health education targeting.

Design/methodology/approach

This qualitative descriptive study examines the narratives of 16 young women’s experience of a “night out” framed as the Alcohol Consumption Journey.

Findings

The young women’s Alcohol Consumption Journey is a ritual perpetuated by the “experienced” and “anticipated” pleasure from social bonding and collective intoxication. The data showed three sequential phases; preloading, going out and recovery, which were repeated regularly. The young women perceived that going out was riskier than preloading or recovery and employed protective strategies to minimise risk and maximise pleasure. Alcohol was consumed collectively to enhance the experience of pleasure and facilitate enjoyment in the atmosphere of the night time economy. Implications for health interventions on collective alcohol consumption and perceived risk are presented.

Originality/value

The concept of socio-pleasure is valuable to explain the perpetuation of the young’s women ritualised Alcohol Consumption Journey. The binary concepts of mundane/celebration, individual/collective and insiders/outsiders are useful to illustrate the balancing of collective intoxication with group protective strategies in navigating the edge between risk and pleasure.
Overcoming transience and flux: routines in community-governed mass collaborations
Authors: Pike Jacqueline C. , Joyce Elisabeth W. , Butler Brian S.
Published: April 2017

Purpose

Community-governed mass collaborations are virtual organizations in which volunteers self-organize to produce content of value. Given the high turnover of participants and the continual development and modification of governance modules, questions arise about how mass collaborations can succeed. Based on organizational routine theory, the purpose of this paper is to investigate how different aspects of routines can support the goals of mass collaborations.

Design/methodology/approach

Proposed hypotheses are developed and tested with data from a critical decision-making area of a successful community-governed mass collaboration – Wikipedia’s content review process.

Findings

The findings support the arguments that routines that reinforce governance serve important roles in enabling mass collaboration in the presence of transient participation and dynamic task demands in addition to creating a greater likelihood of success as outlined by the collaboration.

Research limitations/implications

One limitation of this study is that it examines these types of routines in only one context, Wikipedia’s content review process, and Wikipedia is an unusually successful, community-governed mass collaboration. However, this can be considered a conservative test as mass collaborations in more formal contexts or in traditional organizations face fewer hurdles due to more stable social norms, routines, and participant populations.

Practical implications

Greater understanding of how community-governed mass collaborations “get the work done” in spite of participant transience and governance flux can guide developers in managing flourishing communities.

Originality/value

While routines have been studied in traditional organizations, little work has been done with routines in community-governed mass collaborations and how they enable both stability and flexibility.
Experimental research on a reflective optical fiber bundle hydrogen gas sensor
Authors: Cui Lujun , Shang Huichao , Cao Yan-long , Zhou Gao-feng
Published: April 2017

Purpose

Long life and high hydrogen sensitivity are the crucial performance parameters for an optical fiber hydrogen sensing membrane, and these are the fundamental areas of study for an optical fiber hydrogen sensor. Considering that a traditional optical fiber hydrogen sensor based on pure palladium cannot meet the expectations for long life and rapid sensitivity simultaneously, the experiment in this paper designed a kind of reflective optical fiber bundle hydrogen gas sensor based on a Pd0.75–Ag0.25 alloy to achieve a hydrogen sensing system. This paper aims to discuss the issues with this system.

Design/methodology/approach

A reflective optical fiber bundle hydrogen sensor was made up of an optical fiber bundle and a Pd0.75–Ag0.25 alloy hydrogen membrane. A combination of optical fiber light intensity measurements and the reference calculation method were used to extract the hydrogen concentration information from within the optical fiber, and the relationship between the hydrogen concentration changes and the reflective light intensity in the optical fiber was established.

Findings

The reflective optical fiber bundle hydrogen gas sensor based on a Pd–Ag alloy membrane was shown to provide an effective way to detect hydrogen concentrations. The experimental results showed that a 20-30-nm-thick Pd0.75–Ag0.25 alloy membrane could reach high hydrogen absorption and sensitivity. Key preparation parameters which included sputtering time and substrate temperature were used to prepare the hydrogen membrane during the DC sputtering process, and the reflectivity of the Pd–Ag alloy membrane was enough to meet the requirements of long life and high hydrogen sensitivity for the optical fiber hydrogen sensor.

Originality/value

This paper seeks to establish a foundation for optimizing and testing the performance of the Pd–Ag alloy hydrogen sensing membrane for an optical fiber bundle hydrogen sensor. To this end, the optimal thickness and key preparation parameters for the Pd–Ag alloy hydrogen sensing membrane were discussed. The results of this research have proved that the reflective optical fiber hydrogen sensor based on a Pd0.75–Ag0.25 alloy is an effective approach and precisely enough for hydrogen gas monitoring in practical engineering measurements.
Athletics and Academic Achievement in Latino Youth: A Cautionary Tale
Authors: Chen Wei , Harklau Linda
Published: April 2017

Participation in extracurricular activities has been associated with enhanced academic achievement in Latino youth. Based on a longitudinal case study of one immigrant adolescent, this article finds that athletic participation is in itself neither a wholly positive or negative influence on Latino school achievement. Rather, effects of extracurricular sports on academic outcomes are mediated by complex factors including but not limited to ethnicity and are more contextually dependent and individually variable than existing scholarship suggests.
Current strategies for endoscopic management of acute cholangitis
Authors: Isayama Hiroyuki , Yasuda Ichiro , Tan Damien
Published: April 2017

Background and Aim

At the pancreatobiliary session of Endoscopic Forum Japan (EFJ) 2016, current strategies for the endoscopic management of acute cholangitis were discussed. The topics consisted of two major parts, namely endoscopic management of acute cholangitis caused by common bile duct stones (CBDS) and biliary stent occlusion.

Methods

Endoscopists from nine Japanese high‐volume centers along with two overseas centers participated in the questionnaires and discussion.

Results

Strategies for management of cholangitis due to CBDS were agreed upon, and the clinical guideline of acute cholangitis (Tokyo guidelines 2013) was accepted. The best timing for drainage in Grade 2 (moderate) cholangitis urgent or early (<24 h) was inconclusive, and more data is required on this issue. Another controversy was the feasibility of one step stone extraction in the patient with cholangitis vs stone removal after the cholangitis had resolved. There were various opinions with regards to the management of acute cholangitis due to stent occlusion, and the strategies differed according to the stricture location (distal or hilar) and stent type initially placed (Covered or uncovered metal stent).

Conclusion

Strategies for management of cholangitis caused by CBD stones are well established according to the TG13. More evidence is required before further recommendations can be made with regards to cholangitis due to stent occlusion. We aim to clarify this in the near future with questionnaires and consensus from experts.
(Incumbent) politics and burdens in the social construction of target groups: The Brazilian Bolsa Família conditional cash transfer programme
Authors: Silvestre Hugo Consciência
Published: April 2017

This study is a contribution to the study of the social construction of target groups framework (SCTG). Applying a case study model, it is argued that politicians are promoting a policy design that itself affects politics. This conclusion is based on the Brazilian Bolsa Família conditional cash transfer programme, in which beneficiaries own the political resources (voting) to choose their representatives. Therefore, beneficiaries can influence policy designs in their favour. Also, the political gains that have been accomplished are shifting the tax burdens to other classes, which can change beneficiaries’ social construction. Altogether, two propositions from the SCTG need further discussion: the degree of burden on other social groups and (incumbent) politics.
Stress, Religious Involvement, and Cholesterol: Is It Better to Give than to Receive?
Authors: Krause Neal , Ironson Gail
Published: April 2017

The purpose of this study is to see if social support that is exchanged in religious institutions moderates the relationship between stressful life events and cholesterol. The data come from a nationwide survey of adults of all ages (N = 816). Based on data from blood samples, cholesterol was measured by subtracting high‐density lipoprotein from total cholesterol. Questions were administered to assess how often study participants provide and receive spiritual support from fellow church members. Spiritual support is assistance that is exchanged with the explicit purpose of increasing the religious beliefs and behaviors of the recipient. Controls were established in the analyses for a number of health behaviors (e.g., exercise), other types of religious involvement (e.g., church attendance), and demographic characteristics (e.g., age, sex, education). The study variables were assessed with ordinary least squares regression procedures. The data suggest that providing spiritual support tends to reduce the magnitude of the relationship between stress and cholesterol. In contrast, similar stress‐buffering effects were not observed with the measure of receiving spiritual support at church. The findings contribute to mounting evidence on the relationship between religion and health because they are based on biological measures.
The writing of Renaissance politics: Sharing, appropriating, and asserting authorship in the letters of Francesco II Sforza, Duke of Milan (1522–1535)
Authors: Giudici Giacomo
Published: April 2017

In recent years, the scrutiny of the concept of ‘authorship’ has involved many medieval and early modern texts, literary and non‐literary. However, princely letters generated in the context of the rising central chanceries of the Renaissance have escaped such scrutiny, as if the writing of politics was considered too ‘institutional’ (and therefore too regulated) to share the dynamic textual practices highlighted in studies of manuscript culture and scribal publication. This article challenges this tacit assumption. It does so by analysing the materiality of the letters of (or ascribed to) Francesco II Sforza, Duke of Milan (1522–1535), and showing the remarkable extent to which his authorship could be shared among the members of his entourage, or even appropriated by institutions that he did not control directly. The sharing and appropriating of ducal authorship made it essential for Francesco to assert his actual, personal authorship when needed, which he did through a nuanced array of epistolary practices, centred on the micro‐management of his autography. The fact that the ‘epistolary prince’ could be constructed from below, and disconnected from the person of the prince, opens a new, participatory perspective not only on Renaissance written political culture, but also on Renaissance political culture tout‐court.
Biquasiles and dual graph diagrams
Authors: Needell Deanna , Nelson Sam
Published: April 2017

We introduce dual graph diagrams representing oriented knots and links. We use these combinatorial structures to define corresponding algebraic structures which we call biquasiles whose axioms are motivated by dual graph Reidemeister moves, generalizing the Dehn presentation of the knot group analogously to the way quandles and biquandles generalize the Wirtinger presentation. We use these structures to define invariants of oriented knots and links and provide examples.
On analogues of Baer’s theorems for widely supersoluble hypercenter of finite groups
Authors: Murashka Viachaslau I.
Published: April 2017

In this paper, the widely supersoluble hypercenter of finite groups was studied and a new criterion of widely supersolubility of finite groups was obtained.
A Walk They Remembered: Covenant Relationship as Journey in the Deuteronomistic History
Authors: Seufert Michael J.
Published: April 2017

Multiple recurrent phrases have been identified in the so-called Deuteronomistic History describing Israel’s obedience/disobedience with respect to the Sinaitic covenant. One major set of phrases utilizes verbs of motion to construe Israel’s covenant relationship with Yhwh. The conceptual metaphor theory of George Lakoff and Mark Johnson provides the theoretical tools necessary to understand these deuteronomic phrases as instantiations of a single conceptual metaphor wherein Israel understood and experienced their relationship with Yhwh as a journey. This article examines and coordinates these recurrent phrases through the lens provided by Lakoff and Johnson’s theory, detailing how the spatial configurations of each verb and its construct are mapped onto a relational reality. This article closes with the brief suggestion that the resonance of this particular conceptual metaphor may have taken hold due to the significance of the exodus event in Israel’s historical consciousness.
Notodiaptomus incompositus (Brian, 1925) (Copepoda, Calanoida) reared in the laboratory: growth experiments and reproductive aspects
Authors: Ortiz D. O. , Muxagata E. , Bersano J. G. F.
Published: April 2017

The calanoid copepod Notodiaptomus incompositus (Brian, 1925) is an important contributor in limnic environments in Southern South America, where it can attain high densities and contribute significantly to the total zooplankton biomass in water bodies in Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil. However, little is known about the reproductive biology of this species. In the present study, biological aspects like developmental time, egg production and growth rate were assessed through cultures in the laboratory where copepods were fed Chlamydomonas cf. pumilioniformis (Chlamydophyceae) cultured in WC medium. The average time of egg incubation was 51 h at 20°C and the mean development time from nauplii to adult was 14 days. The carbon weights of N. incompositus eggs and females were 0.08 and 2.38 μg C, respectively. The growth rates of all copepodite stages were determined and ranged between 0.073 and 0.447 day−1. This study revealed interesting reproductive aspects of the copepod N. incompositus, generating information that will be of great relevance for future studies with this species.
Writing against Sophie: Mary Hays's Female Biography as Enlightenment Feminist Critique of Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Emile
Authors: Greentree Shane
Published: April 2017

Mary Hays's Female Biography (1803) stands as a good example of collective biography, and a landmark in women's history writing. Scholarly debate continues on whether this epic text further develops Enlightenment feminism or marks a retreat from 1790s radicalism into early nineteenth-century domesticity. I wish to reexamine this question and argue for Female Biography being continuous with feminist thought by reading it as a critical response to Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Emile (1763). Rousseau's restrictive ideal of female education was widely repudiated by 1790s feminist writers, and Hays's work can also be seen in this light, for her biographies present a strikingly opposed view of the proper education of women. To this end, I examine Hays's innovative depiction of childhood education, and the great emphasis she places upon her subjects' reading and intellectual development. In opposition to Rousseau, she argues for the importance of rational education for women to develop their true potential. To examine this contrast further, I conclude by examining “Catherine Macaulay Graham,” among the most revealing statements of Hays's rationalist feminism. Through comparing Hays's depiction of Macaulay's upbringing with that of the fictional Sophie, in particular, Macaulay's reading practices and rejection of the “customary avocations of her sex and age,” Hays makes her into an apt symbol of her broader vision, into somebody who prospers specifically by consciously refusing a Rousseauian childhood.
First record of the Indo-Pacific species Iphione muricata Savigny in Lamarck, 1818 (Polychaeta: Iphionidae) from the Mediterranean Sea, Israel
Authors: GOREN L. , SHEFER S. , FELDSTEIN T.
Published: April 2017

The Indo-Pacific scaleworm Iphione muricata was observed and caught in the Mediterranean Sea along the coast of Israel. Morphological and molecular diagnostic characters of the species are discussed. This is the first record of this alien species in the Mediterranean Sea, and its previous reports in the Suez Canal suggest its introduction via Lessepsian migration.
Towards a collaborative research data space in Geophysics
Authors: DIVIACCO P.
Published: April 2017

no abstract
Possibilities of Open Online-Resources for Training of Professional Managers: Russian Experience and Prospects
Authors: Новикова  , Novikova Tatyana , Лазарева  , Lazareva M. , Никулина  , Nikulina N.
Published: April 2017

The review of Russian open online-platforms having the content or courses for training of professional managers including educational sphere is given. The authors underline the task of creating information resources to be able to teach the art of management.
On the Outsourcing of Accounting Services
Authors: ����������  , Mislavskaya N.
Published: April 2017

The article considers the potential problems of outsourcing services in the areas of finance and accounting. The author analyzes the paradoxical situation when cost saving in organization and accounting costs among professionals in the field of economics is considered as the application of advanced management technology.
The hepatitis C virus is associated with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a case study
Authors: Jack Kathryn
Published: April 2017

The hepatitis C virus can infrequently cause disease outside of the liver, known generally as extra-hepatic manifestations. Two such extra-hepatic manifestations are mixed type 2 cryoglobulinaemia, which is an auto-immune condition, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, which is a malignancy of the lymph system. In 1994, two studies first concluded that cellular changes in the lymphatic system caused by hepatitis C could lead to the development of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. This article provides a brief explanation of these other conditions and presents the evidence that supports the connections between hepatitis C, mixed type 2 cryoglobulinaemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. A case study then illustrates the complex interplay between hepatitis C and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and how treatments for both conditions affect one another.
Digital transformation in practice
Authors: Hancock Dave
Published: April 2017

The digital healthcare ball in England was set rolling in earnest three years ago. What impact have the plans had since on GP practices?
Partnership deeds, parental leave and sickness absence
Authors: Cumberlege Justin
Published: April 2017

Changes to the GMS Contract mean partners in GP practices need to take a close look at their partnership deed, writes Justin Cumberlege
Providers aim high despite rising costs
Authors: Tanuku Purnima
Published: April 2017

Lack of funding and tough business conditions are frustrating a sector that, despite the odds, continues to improve in quality. Purnima Tanuku outlines the findings of National Day Nurseries Association's latest survey.
Wassernutzungskonflikte am Okawango: Szenarios als Entscheidungshilfe
Authors: Bauer Peter , Kinzelbach Wolfgang
Published: April 2017

The Okavango River system poses a water resources management problem of outstanding complexity. The runoff generated in the humid Angolan highlands flows through arid Namibia and Botswana before forming a spectacular inland Delta where the water of the Okavango River is completely consumed by evapotranspiration. The high ecological value of the Okavango Delta and its attractiveness to tourists depend on the amount of runoff in the Okavango River and its seasonality. Water abstraction and dam building in the upstream countries are expected to greatly effect the Okavango Delta. To study the impacts of upstream and local interventions as well as to gain a solid quantitative understanding of the different processes acting in the Okavango Delta, a large-scale, coupled surface water/groundwater model has been developed. Because the main emphasis is placed on reproducing the extent of the flooded area in the Delta, the model was not calibrated with point hydrographs but with a time series of two-dimensional flooding patterns derived from satellite imagery. Scenarios were designed to study major interventions and their expected impacts. These results can assist decision-makers in all the affected countries to reach an acceptable compromise between the needs of man and nature in this particularly intricate case.
Die formative Szenario-Analyse in der partizipativen Raumplanung und Regionalentwicklung
Authors: Kirchner-Heßler Ralf
Published: April 2017

Involving numerous stakeholders from different fields, an extensive strategy for future land-use was developed that took into account the social, ecological and economic issues as illustrated by the community of Mulfingen in the Hohenlohe region (Baden-Württemberg). In a
workshop-approach, the formative scenario analysis proved to be a suitable method to work on the complex topic of land-use-development. This contribution presents experiences with this method and gives recommendations for the application at the interface between regional development and land-use
planning.
Die Metaphysik der menschlichen Freiheit
Authors: Gardner Sebastian
Published: April 2017

Schelling’s 1809Freiheitsschrift(Philosophical Investigations into the Essence of Human Freedom), perhaps his most widely read work, presents considerable difficulties of understanding. In this paper I offer an interpretation of the work in relation to Kant. My focus is on the relation in each case of their theory of human freedom to their general metaphysics, a relation which both regard as essential. The argument of the paper is that Schelling may be viewed as addressing and resolving a problem which arises from Kant’s use of transcendental idealism to defend the possibility of human freedom, deriving from the challenge posed by Spinozism. One major innovation in Schelling’s theory of human freedom is his claim that it presupposes the reality of evil, and I argue that this thesis also provides a key to the highly original metaphysics of theFreiheitsschrift. The relation of Schelling’s theory of freedom to his general metaphysics is therefore complex, for it goes in two directions: the metaphysics are not simply presupposed by the theory of freedom but are also in part derived from it. These new metaphysics also, I argue, allow Schelling to resolve a problem which his own earlier Spinozistic system had left unresolved.
Theoriekonstruktion und existenzielle Beschreibung in SchellingsFreiheitsschrift
Authors: Dews Peter
Published: April 2017

Despite considerable recent attention, important features of Schelling’s famous work, the 1809 treatiseOn the Essence of Human Freedom, remain underexplored. One of these is the methodological dualism which Schelling advocates at the very start of the text. Schelling aims to weld together into a coherent position a first-person phenomenology of freedom and an explanation achieved by locating freedom within a conceptual system articulating the basic structure of the world. Most interpretations of theFreiheitsschrift, however, concentrate on only one of these approaches, thus foreshortening their understanding of Schelling’s enterprise. The article explores this tendency towards one-sidedness by considering two sophisticated recent interpretations of the work which take opposite tacks. One, by Markus Gabriel, focuses on the distinctive, self-reflexive metaphysics which Schelling proposes, while the other, by Sebastian Gardner, claims that Schelling’s ontology is extrapolated entirely from his account of our moral consciousness, a procedure pioneered by Kant. The article argues that neither of these interpretations can do full justice to Schelling’s project. Furthermore, although theFreiheitsschriftis not entirely successful and hence points towards later developments in Schelling’s thinking, its treatment of freedom is superior to the ‘soft naturalism’ pioneered by Peter Strawson, and currently influential across various philosophical traditions.
Replik auf Dews und ein Plädoyer für Schelling
Authors: Gardner Sebastian
Published: April 2017

In his article, “Theory Construction and Existential Description in Schelling’s Treatise on Freedom”, Peter Dews argues that the dual methodology for addressing the problem of freedom, which Schelling describes in the opening paragraph of the text, has often been overlooked in the secondary literature. He therefore criticizes my interpretation of Schelling’s treatise for arguing that the ontology it proposes is entirely constructed from the practical standpoint, by analogy with Kant’s extrapolation of an ontic ground from our consciousness of the normativity of pure reason. While agreeing that Schelling does not equate morality with the practical effectivity of pure reason, as does Kant, I defend the view that Schelling is nevertheless operating from the standpoint of his own conception of practical consciousness. This interpretation is made more plausible by the fact that he had not decided between various methodological options at this point in his career. In the final part of the “Reply” I argue that contemporary philosophical treatments of the problem of freedom, which incline towards an empirical compatibilism, appear superficial when compared with the exemplary grasp of the problem shown by the German Idealists, including Schelling.
Subjektivität und Metaphysik
Authors: Henrich Dieter , Esser Andrea Marlen , Krüger Hans-Peter
Published: April 2017

In this interview, Dieter Henrich discusses his lifetime achievements and experiences in philosophy, consciousness and subjectivity being central themes. The development and personal inspirations of Henrich’s philosophical approach are systematically centred around classical German philosophy, yet strongly informed by a dialogue with analytical philosophy and historical research on the conditions of the possibility of the emergence of classical works. Other subjects discussed in the interview include Marburg neo-Kantianism, the systematic position of metaphysics and ontology, and Henrich’s recent (2016) book on being and nothing in Beckett and Hölderlin.
Avoiding rainbow 2-connected subgraphs
Authors: Gorgol Izolda
Published: April 2017

While defining the anti-Ramsey number Erdős, Simonovits and Sós mentioned that the extremal colorings may not be unique. In the paper we discuss the uniqueness of the colorings, generalize the idea of their construction and show how to use it to construct the colorings of the edges of complete split graphs avoiding rainbow 2-connected subgraphs. These colorings give the lower bounds for adequate anti-Ramsey numbers.
Патоморфологія аспергільозу полярних сов (Bubo scandiacus)
Authors: Dancovych R.S. , Kolyada I.S.
Published: April 2017

This article describes pathomorphological changes developing on the conditions of aspergillosis polar owls. Research Proven to 6 polar sovah (Bubo scandiacus), which are kept at home. Dissection of birds that died were carried out by Shor. Internal organs were removed only Organocomplexes, keeping their anatomical and physiological relationships. When opening the selected material for histological examination. Fixation of the pieces performed in 10% neutral formalin solution. Histozrizy sleigh made using microtome, stained with hematoxylin-eosin, methylene green and pironinom by brush. The diagnosis is established complex, based on history, clinical signs of the analysis, the results of postmortem (including histological) study. During the autopsy the most pronounced structural changes found in respiratory organs. In the pneumatic bags and lungs vizualizuvalys multiple granulomas white and yellow compacted consistency. Form asperhiloznyh preferably concentric lesions, hudzykopodibna. Some granulomas in its center containing necrotic mass. Often found conglomerates asperhiloznyh knots. Affected pneumatic bags are thick, dense (because of diffuse proliferation of connective tissue), delayed on the surface of fibrin. Often asperhilozni granuloma located on the thick connective tissue stem. For histological examination revealed that the center was located granulomas significant number of sero-fibrinous fluid that infiltrated abundant histiocytes, poorly lymphoid elements. On the periphery vizualizuvalys lymphocytes, and plasma cells psevdoeozynofily, fibroblasts. In the center of «mature» asperhiloznyh granulomas develop pronounced necrotic changes. Around hyperemic vessels developed peryvazalni pronounced swelling. In addition, the bags found povitryanosnyh sclerotic changes (increase of fibroblast proliferation and connective tissue), and in the lungs - perifocal sero-fibrinous pneumonia. In the small intestine recorded acute catarrhal or hemorrhagic inflammation. Also showed signs of intoxication (dystrophic and necrotic changes in hepatocytes and nefrotsytiv), general anemia, cardiovascular and pulmonary disease.
Гематологічні та біохімічні показники крові спортивних коней української верхової та тракененської порід
Authors: Chernyi N.V. , Machula O.S. , Krylova A.O. , Antonenko P.P. , Voronyak V.V.
Published: April 2017

The article presents the results of studies of the morphological composition and biochemical indices of the blood of sports horses of the Ukrainian riding and trakehner breed. The aim of the work was to study the physical loads on the hematologic indices, by which it is possible to judge the level of training and, accordingly, the loads performed on the clinical and physiological condition of horses. The research task consisted of determining the effect of training (before and after) on the morphological composition of the blood, clarifying the changes in the biochemical composition of the serum (glucose, reserve alkalinity and lactic acid) in horses of these breeds of 6 years of age. The horses were kept in the same conditions of microclimate, feeding and maintenance. Evaluation of the clinical state of animals was carried out according to the composition of the leukocyte formula: the number of erythrocytes, leukocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, platelets and hemoglobin content, and biochemical parameters according to methods of research common in veterinary medicine.The results of the studies showed that after intensive training in horses, the level of hemoglobin increases by – 12.5%, in traken - by 3.8% (P < 0.05), what causes the response of the body to hypoxia, due to less adaptation to stressful Impacts. This is confirmed by an increase in the number of red blood cells after loading – 13.1%, neutrophils by 3.3%, lymphocytes by 7.8% (P < 0.05). The level of glucose provides 55% of the energy requirement of the body, in the case of the trakehner breed, after the load, it decreased by 4.5%, in the OHR by 17.2% (P < 0.05), which indicates the absence of negative effects on the physiological condition of the horses.
Фазові етапи та структура кіл епізоотичної циркуляції збудника бешихи в умовах степової зони північного Причорномор'я
Authors: Perotskaya L.V.
Published: April 2017

Erysipelas agent of swine is a typical bacterial agent of sapronosis nature which has successfully formed and steadily supports polyhostal antropurgic epicenters of mixed (naturally – synantropic) and farming type. Taking into consideration significant differences in the genesis, ethiology and structure of all these epicentres, realities of their arrangement, activity and specificity of functioning permanently come into contradiction concerning commonly known principles and regularity which are characteristic to most naturally epicentric zoonoses. The aim of our researches was to determine primary ecologically epizootic reasons that provide phase and stage changes of erysipelas local epicenters of activity (of antropurgic type). The main materials for analytical general conclusions that have been carried out were accumulated during the research of erysipelas epicenters of different ecotypes in 2009–2015. All factual data were subjected to standard statistical analysis with the help of software programme methods of «Statistica» block in the «Exel-2012» system. The generalized analysis results of density dynamics data of field rodents (without their species detailization) and the results of their bacteriological control deny the existence of the direct dependence in the system «rodents’ number – infection activity» showing more complicated (multifactorial) essence of natural regularity of spontaneous epizootic process of this infection. The enzooticity of intrazonal territories of flooded areas and river overflow lands where natural circles of erysipelas circulation is supported by the unified complex of natural ground conditions and narrow hostile reservoir – community of warm blooded hosts with ecologically, statially and etologically similar characteristics has been established. It has been found out that the main hosts field strains E.insidiosa can be considered to be a grey field mouse (without taxonomic detailization) and exantropic domestic mice. The largest amount of agent occurrences took place in autumn at a time when the number of the population is the highest (with the high level of the young). In spring the amounts of rodents’ population increase and the isolation amounts of the cultures E.insidiosa from them are noticeably less which is perhaps stipulated by the death of the ultimate mass of carriers in the winter period.
Inteligência em Operações de Paz da ONU: Déficit Estratégico, Reformas Institucionais e Desafios Operacionais
Authors: Cepik Marco , Kuele Giovanna
Published: April 2017

RESUMO O artigo analisa se e como as atividades de inteligência reduziram o déficit estratégico nas operações de paz da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) após 2001. Por déficit estratégico, entenda-se: 1) Dificuldade para cumprir os mandatos deliberados pelo Conselho de Segurança; 2) Baixa cooperação com Estados e organizações regionais; 3) Crise de legitimidade das operações de paz. Atividades de inteligência constituem uma parte subsidiária (mas relevante) da autoridade política capaz de fortalecer a capacidade estratégica da ONU. A pesquisa concentrou-se nas modificações institucionais observadas no nível do Secretariado da ONU, bem como no nível operacional de três missões de paz (MINUSTAH, UNMIS e MONUSCO). Conclui-se que a área de inteligência contribuiu para melhorar a efetividade das missões de paz, sem impactar negativamente sua legitimidade. Por outro lado, persistentes problemas de coordenação e cooperação indicam a existência de limites para a tentativa de responder déficits estratégicos com melhorias operacionais.
A implementação de redes de atenção e os desafios da governança regional em saúde na Amazônia Legal: uma análise do Projeto QualiSUS-Rede
Authors: Casanova Angela Oliveira , Cruz Marly Marques , Giovanella Ligia , Alves Glaydes dos Reis , Cardoso Gisela Cordeiro Pereira
Published: April 2017

Resumo O artigo objetiva analisar potencialidades, limites e desafios da governança regional no processo de implementação de redes de atenção à saúde, em três regiões da Amazônia: Alto Solimões (AM), Metropolitana de Belém (PA) e Topama, região interestadual englobando os estados de Tocantins, Pará e Maranhão. Tem por base pesquisa avaliativa da implementação do Projeto de Formação e Melhoria da Qualidade da Rede de Atenção à Saúde (QualiSUS-Rede). Trata-se de investigação qualitativa, por meio de estudo de casos múltiplos, tendo como fontes a análise de documentos oficiais e entrevistas semiestruturadas com atores-chave, realizadas entre julho e dezembro de 2014. A análise da governança abarcou três componentes: os atores envolvidos, sobretudo os grupos condutores locais e sua capacidade de coordenação e articulação regional; as estratégias para o fortalecimento da governança regional, ancoradas na modelização da intervenção; e a implementação das redes de atenção. Os resultados apontam que as comissões gestoras regionais conformaram a principal estratégia da governança e que o Projeto QualiSUS-Rede reforçou a governança e a integração regional de modo diferenciado entre os casos, a depender da capacidade de direção e consenso entre os atores sobre as prioridades regionais e políticas.
Economic evaluation of human albumin use in patients with nephrotic syndrome in four Brazilian public hospitals: pharmacoeconomic study
Authors: Toledo Leonardo Augusto Kister de , Noblat Antônio Carlos Beisl , Nascimento Harrison Floriano do , Noblat Lúcia de Araújo Costa Beisl
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: In 2004, the Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, ANVISA) published a resolution establishing guidelines for albumin use. Although the published data do not indicate any definitive conclusions about the benefits of albumin use in patients with nephrotic syndrome (NS), the guidelines recommend this procedure only in cases of edema that is refractory to use of diuretics. The aim here was to analyze albumin use among patients with nephrotic syndrome. DESIGN AND SETTING: Pharmacoeconomic study conducted in four large public referral hospitals for nephrology services in northeastern Brazil. METHOD: Cost-effectiveness and cost-utility economic evaluations were performed on a concurrent cohort of patients with nephrotic syndrome, who were divided into two groups according to compliance or noncompliance with the guidelines. Quality-of-life data were obtained from the SF36 and CHQ-PF50 questionnaires. RESULTS: This study enrolled 109 patients (60% adults and 56% women); 41.3% were using albumin in accordance with the guidelines. The weight, diuresis and fluid balance parameters were more cost-effective for patients who adhered to the guidelines. Regarding days of hospitalization avoided, the incremental ratio showed a daily cost of R$ 55.33, and guideline-compliant patients were hospitalized for five days or fewer. The quality of life improved by 8%, and savings of R$ 3,458.13/QALY (quality-adjusted life year) for the healthcare system were generated through guideline compliance. CONCLUSION: The economic analyses of this study demonstrated that there were greater cost benefits for patients whose treatment followed the guidelines.