bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Glass-based pigments in painting: smalt blue and lead–tin yellow type II
Authors: Cavallo Giovanni , Riccardi Maria Pia
Published: October 2021

Glass-based pigments have an important role in the panorama of artistic production due to the fact that their manufacturing processes involve a combination of different skills and understanding, and they have a role in disciplines ranging from glass technology to metallurgy, from glazed ceramic to stone imitation and from vitreous mosaic tesserae to painting materials. The main goal of this manuscript is to present a critical review of the literature relating to blue smalt and “yellow glass” (lead–tin yellow type II) pigments: presenting their historical background, the analytical protocol, the processes of alteration and decay and finally tracing issues. Several case studies analyzed by the authors will be presented. Particular attention was devoted to the correlation between micro-textural features and decay processes affecting the studied pigments, though the widespread heterogeneity of the analyzed materials and the variability of the artistic techniques in which the pigments were used as well as the effect of the relevant (micro-)environmental conditions dictate a cautious approach. These studies are presented in the context of information about the chain of production, the selection of the raw materials and relevant provenance studies.
Identification of Workers at Increased Risk of Infection During a COVID-19 Outbreak in a Meat Processing Plant, France, May 2020
Authors: Mallet Yoann , Pivette Mathilde , Revest Matthieu , Angot Elisabeth , Valence Marion , Dupin Clarisse , Picard Nicolas , Brelivet Guillaume , Seyler Thomas , Ballet Stéphany , Le Tertre Alain , Guillois Yvonnick
Published: October 2021

On 13 May 2020, a COVID-19 cluster was detected in a French processing plant. Infected workers were described. The associations between the SARS-CoV-2 infection and the socio-demographic and occupational characteristics were assessed in order to implement risk management measures targeting workers at increased risk of contamination. Workers were tested by RT-PCR from samples taken during screening campaigns. Workers who tested positive were isolated and their contacts were quarantined. Workers were described and associations with the SARS-CoV-2 infection were assessed through risk ratios using multivariable Poisson regression. Of the 1347 workers, 87.5% were tested: 140 cases were identified; 4 were hospitalised, including 2 admitted to intensive care. In the company, the cluster remained limited to deboning and cutting activities. The attack rate was 11.9% in the company, reaching 16.6% in the cutting department. Being an employee of a subcontractor significantly increased the risk of infection by 2.98 [1.81–4.99]. In the cutting department, an association with virus infection was found for a group of non-French speaking workers from the same Eastern European country (RR = 2.67 [1.76–4.05]). They shared accommodation or carpooled more frequently than the other cases. The outbreak investigation revealed a significantly increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection for workers of subcontractors and some foreign-born workers. There are many such populations in meat processing plants; the observed associations and the ways in which these workers are contaminated need to be confirmed by further work. Prevention campaigns should now target these workers. Environmental risk factors in the workplace setting remain to be clarified.
Update on the source of phenoloxidase activity in the hemolymph of kuruma prawn Marsupenaeus japonicus
Authors: Masuda Taro
Published: October 2021

Crustacean phenoloxidase (PO) and hemocyanin (Hc) are classified as type 3 copper proteins. PO catalyzes the oxidation of mono- and di-phenol compounds, which is the rate-limiting step of melanization, while Hc generally functions as a dioxygen-transporting protein in the hemolymph of arthropods. To date, many studies have shown PO activity in Hc, which is inspired by their structural similarity. Here, the source of PO activity in crustaceans was re-examined by purifying Hc and PO exclusively from the hemolymph of kuruma prawn. The conventional procedure for the preparation of arthropod Hc, which includes precipitation of Hc by ultracentrifugation and subsequent purification by size exclusion chromatography, was not able to completely remove hemolymph-type PO from Hc. In contrast, fractionation with 50% saturation of ammonium sulfate and subsequent hydrophobic chromatography yielded sufficiently pure Hc, which contained no detectable PO protein and virtually no PO enzymatic activity. These results indicate that the main source of PO activity in the hemolymph of kuruma prawn is hemolymph-type PO and that the improved purification method of Hc is preferable for evaluating the PO activity of Hc.
Reverse thinking: taking a healthy diet perspective towards food systems transformations
Authors: Brouwer I. D. , van Liere M. J. , de Brauw A. , Dominguez-Salas P. , Herforth A. , Kennedy G. , Lachat C. , Omosa E. B. , Talsma E. F. , Vandevijvere S. , Fanzo J. , Ruel M.
Published: October 2021

Food systems that deliver healthy diets without exceeding the planet’s resources are essential to achieve the worlds’ ambitious development goals. Healthy diets need to be safe, accessible, and affordable for all, including for disadvantaged and nutritionally vulnerable groups such as of smallholder producers, traders, and consumers in low- and middle-income countries. Globally, food systems are experiencing rapid and drastic changes and are failing to fulfil these multiple duties simultaneously. The international community therefore calls for rigorous food systems transformations and policy solutions to support the achievement of healthy diets for all. Most strategies, however, are essentially supply- and market-oriented. Incorporation of a healthy diet perspective in food system transformation is essential to enable food systems to deliver not only on supplying nutritious foods but also on ensuring that consumers have access can afford and desire healthy, sustainable, and culturally acceptable diets. This paper argues that this should be guided by information on diets, dietary trends, consumer motives, and food environment characteristics. Transformational approaches and policies should also take into account the stage of food system development requiring different strategies to ensure healthier diets for consumers. We review current knowledge on drivers of consumer choices at the individual and food environment level with special emphasis on low- and middle income countries, discuss the converging and conflicting objectives that exist among multiple food-system actors, and argue that failure to strengthen synergies and resolve trade-offs may lead to missed opportunities and benefits, or negative unintended consequences in food system outcomes. The paper proposes a menu of promising consumer- and food-environment- oriented policy options to include in the food systems transformation agenda in order to shift LMIC consumer demand towards healthier diets in low- and middle income countries.
Mindfulness-Based Intervention for Children with Mental Health Problems: a 2-Year Follow-up Randomized Controlled Study
Authors: Laundy Katarina , Friberg Peter , Osika Walter , Chen Yun
Published: October 2021

Objectives

Moderate mental health problems are highly prevalent and increasing in Swedish schoolchildren, elevating risk for future mental and somatic disability. The aim of this study was to determine whether an 8-week mindfulness-based intervention, Training for Mindfulness and Resilience (TMR), mitigates mental health symptoms and increases resilience during a 2-year follow-up.

Methods

Schoolchildren (aged 9–14 years) reporting moderate mental health problems were randomized into either TMR intervention group (N = 22) or control group, receiving best current practice (N = 12). We used validated questionnaires to measure anxiety, depression, anger, disruptive behavior, self-concept, resilience, stress, and mindfulness before treatment with either TMR or control, as well as at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years follow-up.

Results

We found a statistically significant effect of TMR intervention vs control, on resilience, anxiety, anger, and disruptive behavior. Compared to baseline, TMR increased the level of resilience at 6 months (p < .001); decreased anxiety at 1 (p < = .033) and 2 years (p = .04); anger at 6 months (p = .004) and 2 years (p = .039); disruptive behavior at 6 months (p = .006). In the control group, a decrease in resilience between 6 months and 2 years (p = .05) was observed. No other significant effects were found in the control group.

Conclusions

This study suggested that TMR improved mental health in schoolchildren with effects on anxiety and anger lasting for 2 years, and on resilience and disruptive behavior lasting for 6 months.

Trial Registration Number

NCT04806542, date of registration 18th of March 2021, retrospectively registered.
Naïve Realism and the Colors of Afterimages
Authors: Mizrahi Vivian
Published: October 2021

Along with hallucinations and illusions, afterimages have shaped the philosophical debate about the nature of perception. Often referred to as optical or visual illusions, experiences of afterimages have been abundantly exploited by philosophers to argue against naïve realism. This paper offers an alternative account to this traditional view by providing a tentative account of the colors of the afterimages from an objectivist perspective. Contrary to the widespread approach to afterimages, this paper explores the possibility that the colors of afterimages are not ontologically different from “ordinary” colors and that experiences of afterimages fail to provide a motivation for rejecting naïve realism.
Biological Frailty Index in centenarians
Authors: Arosio Beatrice , Geraci Annalisa , Ferri Evelyn , Mari Daniela , Cesari Matteo
Published: October 2021

This study measured the subclinical frailty of centenarians by looking at the accumulation of their biological abnormalities. For this aim, a biological Frailty Index (FI) was computed in centenarians living in Northern Italy. The median value of the biological FI was 0.33 (interquartile range, IQR 0.28–0.41). The biological FI did not significantly differ between women (0.34, IQR 0.31–0.39) and men (0.32, IQR 0.26–0.43). The biological FI seems to have a narrower distribution compared to clinical FI we previously computed in the same cohort. In conclusion, our study suggests that centenarians benefit from exceptional biological reserves that might be underestimated by clinical appearances.
Assessment of cognitive impairment and related risk factors in hemodialysis patients
Authors: Karakizlis Hristos , Bohl Katharina , Ziemek Jannis , Dodel Richard , Hoyer Joachim
Published: October 2021

Background

Cognitive impairment in hemodialysis patients has been acknowledged over the last years and has been reported in up to 80% of patients. Older age, high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, such as stroke and transient ischemic attack, uremia, and multiple metabolic disturbances represent the most common factors for cognitive impairment in hemodialysis patients.

Methods

We conducted a prospective cohort study on 408 patients from 10 hemodialysis centers in the regional government district of Middle Hesse (Germany). Patients underwent a neuropsychological test battery consisting of five tests, in addition to a phonemic fluency test, to assess cognitive profile. The patients were classified as no cognitive impairment or mildly-, moderately- or severely-impaired cognitive function, depending on the degree of impairment and number of domains where the deficit was determined. We analyzed the cognitive profile and the change in performance over time in hemodialysis patients based on their cognitive status at baseline vs. 1-year follow-up.

Results

Of 479 eligible patients, 408 completed all tests at baseline. Only 25% (n = 102) of the patients had no cognitive impairment. Fourteen per cent (n = 57), 36.5% (n = 149), and 24.5% (n = 100) of patients showed mild, moderate, and severe impairment, respectively. In patients with cognitive impairment, all cognitive domains were affected, and impairment was significantly associated with depression and education. The most impaired cognitive performance was immediate memory recall, and the best performance was found in naming ability. No significant  change was observed after 1-year follow up in any domain.

Conclusion

Our study shows that the prevalence of cognitive impairment in hemodialysis patients is high and that it is affected by the presence of depression. Furthermore, education has an effect on cognitive test results. As depression has a significant influence on cognitive impairment, its early identification is essential in order to initiate treatment at an early stage, hoping to positively influence cognitive performance.
Dopant-Tunable Ultrathin Transparent Conductive Oxides for Efficient Energy Conversion Devices
Authors: Kang Dae Yun , Kim Bo-Hyun , Lee Tae Ho , Shim Jae Won , Kim Sungmin , Sung Ha-Jun , Chang Kee Joo , Kim Tae Geun
Published: October 2021

Ultrathin film-based transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) with a broad work function (WF) tunability are highly demanded for efficient energy conversion devices. However, reducing the film thickness below 50 nm is limited due to rapidly increasing resistance; furthermore, introducing dopants into TCOs such as indium tin oxide (ITO) to reduce the resistance decreases the transparency due to a trade-off between the two quantities. Herein, we demonstrate dopant-tunable ultrathin (≤ 50 nm) TCOs fabricated via electric field-driven metal implantation (m-TCOs; m = Ni, Ag, and Cu) without compromising their innate electrical and optical properties. The m-TCOs exhibit a broad WF variation (0.97 eV), high transmittance in the UV to visible range (89–93% at 365 nm), and low sheet resistance (30–60 Ω cm−2). Experimental and theoretical analyses show that interstitial metal atoms mainly affect the change in the WF without substantial losses in optical transparency. The m-ITOs are employed as anode or cathode electrodes for organic light-emitting diodes (LEDs), inorganic UV LEDs, and organic photovoltaics for their universal use, leading to outstanding performances, even without hole injection layer for OLED through the WF-tailored Ni-ITO. These results verify the proposed m-TCOs enable effective carrier transport and light extraction beyond the limits of traditional TCOs.
Simulator Coupled with Distributed Co-Simulation Protocol for Automated Driving Tests
Authors: Meyer Max-Arno , Sauter Lina , Granrath Christian , Hadj-Amor Hassen , Andert Jakob
Published: October 2021

To meet the challenges in software testing for automated vehicles, such as increasing system complexity and an infinite number of operating scenarios, new simulation methods must be developed. Closed-loop simulations for automated driving (AD) require highly complex simulation models for multiple controlled vehicles with their perception systems as well as their surrounding context. For the realization of such models, different simulation domains must be coupled with co-simulation. However, widely supported model integration standards such as functional mock-up interface (FMI) lack native support for distributed platforms, which is a key feature for AD due to the computational intensity and platform exclusivity of certain models. The newer FMI companion standard distributed co-simulation protocol (DCP) introduces platform coupling but must still be used in conjunction with AD co-simulations. As part of an assessment framework for AD, this paper presents a DCP compliant implementation of an interoperable interface between a 3D environment and vehicle simulator and a co-simulation platform. A universal Python wrapper is implemented and connected to the simulator to allow its control as a DCP slave. A C-code-based interface enables the co-simulation platform to act as a DCP master and to realize cross-platform data exchange and time synchronization of the environment simulation with other integrated models. A model-in-the-loop use case is performed with the traffic simulator CARLA running on a Linux machine connected to the co-simulation master xMOD on a Windows computer via DCP. Several virtual vehicles are successfully controlled by cooperative adaptive cruise controllers executed outside of CARLA. The standard compliance of the implementation is verified by exemplary connection to prototypic DCP solutions from 3rd party vendors. This exemplary application demonstrates the benefits of DCP compliant tool coupling for AD simulation with increased tool interoperability, reuse potential, and performance.
Do Sub‐Mesoscales Inhibit Destruction of PV?
Authors: Canuto V. M. , Cheng Y.
Published: October 2021

We present the first explicit form of the three components, advective, diabatic, and frictional of the PV J fluxes contributed by sub‐mesoscales SM. Of particular interest is the surface value of the vertical frictional PV flux which when positive, can induce the destruction of PV by down‐front winds. The 2005 numerical simulations of Thomas confirmed that this is indeed the case. However, since the 12 km numerical resolution could not account for sub‐mesoscales SM (0.1–10) km, the effect of SM on the PV destruction process could not be quantified. The goal of this work is to provide an answer to that question asked in the title. The two SM parameterizations entering the problem, the vertical buoyancy flux and the momentum flux (Reynolds stresses), bring about a new feature, the dependence on the SM kinetic energy (represented by the dimensionless Rossby number Ro), that causes unexpected results. While in the absence of SM, there were no restrictions on where PV destruction could occur, in the presence of SM, the condition of a positive surface vertical frictional flux is restricted to SM regimes with very low Ro < 1 and very high Ro > 10. Since the SM kinetic energy is location‐dependent, so is PV destruction. The effect of SM seems to make PV destruction a much rarer occurrence than previously thought.
Fitting Jet Noise Similarity Spectra to Volcano Infrasound Data
Authors: Gestrich J. E. , Fee D. , Matoza R. S. , Lyons J. J. , Ruiz M. C.
Published: October 2021

Infrasound (low‐frequency acoustic waves) has proven useful to detect and characterize subaerial volcanic activity, but understanding the infrasonic source during sustained eruptions is still an area of active research. Preliminary comparison between acoustic eruption spectra and the jet noise similarity spectra suggests that volcanoes can produce an infrasonic form of jet noise from turbulence. The jet noise similarity spectra, empirically derived from audible laboratory jets, consist of two noise sources: large‐scale turbulence (LST) and fine‐scale turbulence (FST). We fit the similarity spectra quantitatively to eruptions of Mount St. Helens in 2005, Tungurahua in 2006, and Kīlauea in 2018 using nonlinear least squares fitting. By fitting over a wide infrasonic frequency band (0.05–10 Hz) and restricting the peak frequency above 0.15 Hz, we observe a better fit during times of eruption versus non‐eruptive background noise. Fitting smaller overlapping frequency bands highlights changes in the fit of LST and FST spectra, which aligns with observed changes in eruption dynamics. Our results indicate that future quantitative spectral fitting of eruption data will help identify changes in eruption source parameters such as velocity, jet diameter, and ash content which are critical for effective hazard monitoring and response.
Tree Rings Reveal a 700-Year Record of Flooding in Bangladesh
Authors: Rao Mukund , Cook Benjamin
Published: October 2021

Trees tell of a wetter past along the Brahmaputra River and, combined with climate modeling, suggest heightened future flood risks in one of the world’s most densely populated areas.
Bathymetric Signatures of Submarine Forearc Deformation: A Case Study in the Nankai Accretionary Prism
Authors: Schottenfels Emily R. , Regalla Christine A.
Published: October 2021

Large earthquakes and tsunamis in subduction zone forearcs occur via slip on the shallow plate boundary and upper plate faults, but the locations, geometries, and slip histories of these faults can be difficult to constrain in regions with minimal subsurface geophysical and stratigraphic data. Here, we test a new approach to quantify the submarine seafloor geomorphic response to forearc deformation in order to identify structures that contribute to active deformation, to interpret their geometry and kinematics, and to evaluate their relative rates, magnitudes, and timing of deformation. We develop a workflow that uses filtered bathymetric digital elevation models, where long wavelength topography has been removed, to isolate the slope, relief, curvature, ridgelines, and trough lines associated with faults, fault‐related folds, and slope failures. We apply these methods to the Kumano region of the Nankai accretionary prism, southeastern Japan, where existing constraints on fault geometry, kinematics, and deformation history allow us to both evaluate the efficacy of our approach and to identify the lateral continuity of deformation processes. Our bathymetric analyses yield a high‐resolution tectono‐geomorphic map of active structures and reveal along strike variations in strain accumulation and out‐of‐sequence deformation. These metrics also demonstrate the importance of a strike‐slip fault system at the seaward edge of the Kumano Basin as a primary structure that accommodates deformation and partitions strain in the Nankai forearc. These results show the utility of using a submarine tectono‐geomorphic approach to evaluate active deformation in forearcs, particularly in regions with limited geophysical and core data.
Numerical Prediction of the Migrating Diurnal Tide Total Variability in the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere
Authors: Vitharana Ashan , Du Jian , Zhu Xuwen , Oberheide Jens , Ward William E.
Published: October 2021

We present a forecast model for the total variability of DW1 and study its prediction accuracy against the actual variability from the extended Canadian Middle Atmospheric Model (eCMAM) simulations and Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) observations in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere region. To account for the long‐term variability (periods >30 days), we fit the data with a multi‐linear regression model that contains the solar cycle, El Niño Southern Oscillation, quasi‐biennial oscillation, and the seasonal harmonics at 12, 6, 4, and 3 months. The fitting coefficients/amplitudes from each deterministic variability are examined between the eCMAM and SABER. To predict the short‐term tidal variability, we adopted an auto‐regression (AR) model from Vitharana et al. (2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030573). The forecast model is a combination of the multi‐linear regression model and the AR model. The forecast model can predict the total tidal variability of DW1 with high accuracy. The prediction accuracy (correlation coefficient) ranges between 0.81 and 0.98 (average 0.93) for eCMAM and 0.76 and 0.92 (average 0.82) for SABER. The prediction accuracy for the short‐term tidal variability is very high for both eCMAM and SABER and shows little variation with correlation coefficients at ∼0.95. The prediction accuracy for the total tidal variability follows that for the long‐term tidal variability. The discrepancy between the forecast model and the actual total tidal variability is mainly because the forecast model cannot capture all the long‐term tidal variability (periods >30 days). Besides the well‐known periods for long‐term variability, the other periods change on a year‐to‐year basis.
Low‐Volatility Vapors and New Particle Formation Over the Southern Ocean During the Antarctic Circumnavigation Expedition
Authors: Baccarini Andrea , Dommen Josef , Lehtipalo Katrianne , Henning Silvia , Modini Robin L. , Gysel‐Beer Martin , Baltensperger Urs , Schmale Julia
Published: October 2021

During summer, the Southern Ocean is largely unaffected by anthropogenic emissions, which makes this region an ideal place to investigate marine natural aerosol sources and processes. A better understanding of natural aerosol is key to constrain the preindustrial aerosol state and reduce the aerosol radiative forcing uncertainty in global climate models. We report the concentrations of gaseous sulfuric acid, iodic acid, and methanesulfonic acid (MSA) together with a characterization of new particle formation (NPF) events over a large stretch of the Southern Ocean. Measurements were conducted on board the Russian icebreaker Akademik Tryoshnikov from January to March 2017. Iodic acid is characterized by a particular diurnal cycle with reduced concentration around noon, suggesting a lower formation yield when solar irradiance is higher. Gaseous MSA does not have a diurnal cycle and measured concentrations in gas and condensed phase are compatible with this species being primarily produced via heterogeneous oxidation of dimethyl sulfide and subsequent partitioning into the gas phase. We also found that NPF in the boundary layer is mainly driven by sulfuric acid but it occurred very rarely over the vast geographical area probed and did not contribute to the cloud condensation nuclei budget in a directly observable manner. Despite the near absence of NPF events in the boundary layer, Aitken mode particles were frequently measured, supporting the hypothesis of a free tropospheric source. Iodic acid and MSA were not found to participate in nucleation, however, MSA may contribute to aerosol growth via heterogeneous formation in the aqueous phase.
Mechanisms of Discontinuous Permafrost Thaw in Peatlands
Authors: Devoie Élise G. , Craig James R. , Dominico Mason , Carpino Olivia , Connon Ryan F. , Rudy Ashley C. A. , Quinton William L.
Published: October 2021

Climate warming in discontinuous permafrost peatlands is causing permafrost loss and changes in ecosystem dynamics at an unprecedented rate. Though rates of permafrost loss and landscape change have been widely documented based on remote sensing and field measurements, the local mechanisms of permafrost degradation remain under‐studied. These mechanisms were explored using data collected over three decades of research in the Scotty Creek study basin in the southern Northwest Territories of Canada. The data, when compared to numerical modeling results, demonstrated that vertical heat conduction accounts for most vertical permafrost degradation, while advective heat transfer drives thaw in features which are subject to seasonal flows. It was found that heat advection was necessary to describe lateral thaw rates of up to 115 cm annually, which are an order of magnitude greater than vertical thaw rates, which average 10 cm annually. Thaw from below, driven either by the geothermal gradient or groundwater flow, may account for up to 10 cm of permafrost thaw annually. The hydrologic, thermodynamic and geophysical function of taliks in different parts of the landscape were considered in light of the data collected at the field site and surrounding area. This analysis is supported through the use of ERT data detailing the subsurface permafrost structure. This understanding of local thaw mechanisms and trajectory is an important first step in being able to predict distributed permafrost thaw in peatlands.
Water Flows in Rock Wall Permafrost: A Numerical Approach Coupling Hydrological and Thermal Processes
Authors: Magnin F. , Josnin J.‐Y.
Published: October 2021

Rock wall permafrost is highly sensitive to atmospheric warming. Its degradation is regarded as a primary factor accounting for the recent increase in periglacial rock slope failures. Investigations of rock wall permafrost have so far ignored hydrological processes acting in bedrock fractures. We propose a 2‐D coupled thermal and hydrological modeling approach applied to alpine rock wall permafrost. Simulations are carried out on the scale of the mountain flank for four case studies with variable saturation levels and hydrological forcings. Results show that cold water infiltration from the summit leads to a deeper permafrost body than with no water flows. Ice‐filled fractures first delay permafrost thawing due to latent heat consumption but then accelerate it when the ice starts to melt. Ice may thus subsist in fractures surrounded by thawed bedrock while thawing corridors may form in fractures embedded in frozen bedrock. As a result, temperature gradients are made steeper. When connected fractures thaw, bottom‐up permafrost degradation can occur through upward propagation of thawing wedges delineated by these fractures. High hydraulic head values are associated with the formation of perched water tables above or within the impermeable permafrost body, and correspond to hydrostatic pressures that could reach critical values in terms of rock wall stability. The proposed model setting is more appropriate for investigating long‐term permafrost changes, rock wall permafrost dynamics and hydrogeology across entire mountain flanks, but could be applied on a finer spatial scale to investigate short‐term permafrost response to climate signals and rock wall destabilization.
Responses of the African and American Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA) to 2014 Arctic SSW Events
Authors: Idolor O. R. , Akala A. O. , Bolaji O. S.
Published: October 2021

Aside from the influence of forcing from above on the ionosphere during space weather, forcing from below also have significant influence on the ionosphere. This study investigates responses of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) in the African and American longitudinal sectors to the combined effects of 2014 Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW) events and geomagnetic storms that coexisted with them. The study locations cover ±40° geomagnetic latitudes in both sectors. A multiinstrument approach with models was adopted. During the SSW events, a hemispherical asymmetry in TEC distribution was observed, with higher plasma ionization in the Northern Hemisphere (NH). Generally, in both sectors, EIA crests locations shifted to higher latitudes during peak phases of SSW, except in the SH of the African sector, where crests locations shifted to lower latitudes. Reversal of stratospheric zonal mean wind direction supported reversed fountain effect. TEC responded positively to SSW peak phases and daytime or nighttime orientation of Prompt Penetration Electric Field (PPEF) and PPEF strength played major role on TEC responses to storms. PPEF values were generally weak, but comparatively higher in the American sector. TEC were predominant in the American sector than the African sector due to the comparative higher electrodynamics over the American sector. EIA crests were generally located at higher latitudes on the days of SSW peaks than on the days of geomagnetic storms, except in the NH of the American sector. In both sectors, geomagnetic storms modified ionospheric irregularities by weakening or enhancing them, while the major SSW event weakened irregularities.
Modeling Transient Evaporation From Porous Media as a Succession of Steady‐State Steps
Authors: Kamai Tamir , Assouline Shmuel
Published: October 2021

Evaporation from bare soil surfaces is a natural flow process of global importance. During drying, significant temporal changes in flow rates occur at the soil surface, accompanied by temporal and spatial variations in the partitioning of liquid and vapor water distributions below it. We present a novel approach to modeling the transient process of evaporation from porous media as a succession of steady‐state solutions. The governing mechanisms during this dynamic process are captured by accounting for the hydraulic properties of the drying medium, the characteristic features of the medium that control water flow, the atmospheric forcing, and the partitioning between the liquid and vapor phases of the water within the drying profile. We validate this simplified approach using data from a numerical model and from evaporation experiments in different soil types, under various ambient conditions. Using the model, we demonstrate the effect of soil hydraulic properties on the evaporation process. Furthermore, we use the flexibility of the model for evaluating evaporation under different initial and boundary conditions. The predictive capabilities of the proposed analytical model indicate that it is a reliable tool for representing the evaporation process.
Prognostic impact of chromosomal abnormalities and copy number alterations in adult B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a UKALL14 study
Authors: Moorman Anthony V. , Barretta Emilio , Butler Ellie R. , Ward Eleanor J. , Twentyman Katie , Kirkwood Amy A. , Enshaei Amir , Schwab Claire , Creasey Tom , Leongamornlert Daniel , Papaemmanuil Elli , Patrick Pip , Clifton-Hadley Laura , Patel Bela , Menne Tobias , McMillan Andrew K. , Harrison Christine J. , Rowntree Clare J. , Marks David I. , Fielding Adele K.
Published: October 2021

Chromosomal abnormalities are established prognostic markers in adult ALL. We assessed the prognostic impact of established chromosomal abnormalities and key copy number alterations (CNA) among 652 patients with B-cell precursor ALL treated on a modern MRD driven protocol. Patients with KMT2A-AFF1, complex karyotype (CK) and low hypodiploidy/near-triploidy (HoTr) had high relapse rates 50%, 60% & 53% and correspondingly poor survival. Patients with BCR-ABL1 had an outcome similar to other patients. JAK-STAT abnormalities (CRLF2, JAK2) occurred in 6% patients and were associated with a high relapse rate (56%). Patients with ABL-class fusions were rare (1%). A small group of patients with ZNF384 fusions (n = 12) had very good survival. CNA affecting IKZF1, CDKN2A/B, PAX5, BTG1, ETV6, EBF1, RB1 and PAR1 were assessed in 436 patients. None of the individual deletions or profiles were associated with survival, either in the cohort overall or within key subgroups. Collectively these data indicate that primary genetic abnormalities are stronger prognostic markers than secondary deletions. We propose a revised UKALL genetic risk classification based on key established chromosomal abnormalities: (1) very high risk: CK, HoTr or JAK-STAT abnormalities; (2) high risk: KMT2A fusions; (3) Tyrosine kinase activating: BCR-ABL1 and ABL-class fusions; (4) standard risk: all other patients.
Early life adoption shows rearing environment supersedes transgenerational effects of paternal stress on aggressive temperament in the offspring
Authors: Zutshi Ipshita , Gupta Sonakshi , Zanoletti Olivia , Sandi Carmen , Poirier Guillaume L.
Published: October 2021

Prenatal experience and transgenerational influences are increasingly recognized as critical for defining the socio-emotional system, through the development of social competences and of their underlying neural circuitries. Here, we used an established rat model of social stress resulting from male partner aggression induced by peripubertal (P28-42) exposure to unpredictable fearful experiences. Using this model, we aimed to first, characterize adult emotionality in terms of the breadth of the socio-emotional symptoms and second, to determine the relative impact of prenatal vs postnatal influences. For this purpose, male offspring of pairs comprising a control or a peripubertally stressed male were cross-fostered at birth and tested at adulthood on a series of socio-emotional tests. In the offspring of peripubertally stressed males, the expected antisocial phenotype was observed, as manifested by increased aggression towards a female partner and a threatening intruder, accompanied by lower sociability. This negative outcome was yet accompanied by better social memory as well as enhanced active coping, based on more swimming and longer latency to immobility in the forced swim test, and less immobility in the shock probe test. Furthermore, the cross-fostering manipulation revealed that these adult behaviors were largely influenced by the post- but not the prenatal environment, an observation contrasting with both pre- and postnatal effects on attacks during juvenile play behavior. Adult aggression, other active coping behaviors, and social memory were determined by the predominance at this developmental stage of postnatal over prenatal influences. Together, our data highlight the relative persistence of early life influences.
Hippocampal disruptions of synaptic and astrocyte metabolism are primary events of early amyloid pathology in the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Andersen Jens V. , Skotte Niels H. , Christensen Sofie K. , Polli Filip S. , Shabani Mohammad , Markussen Kia H. , Haukedal Henriette , Westi Emil W. , Diaz-delCastillo Marta , Sun Ramon C. , Kohlmeier Kristi A. , Schousboe Arne , Gentry Matthew S. , Tanila Heikki , Freude Kristine K. , Aldana Blanca I. , Mann Matthias , Waagepetersen Helle S.
Published: October 2021

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an unremitting neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cerebral amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation and gradual decline in cognitive function. Changes in brain energy metabolism arise in the preclinical phase of AD, suggesting an important metabolic component of early AD pathology. Neurons and astrocytes function in close metabolic collaboration, which is essential for the recycling of neurotransmitters in the synapse. However, this crucial metabolic interplay during the early stages of AD development has not been sufficiently investigated. Here, we provide an integrative analysis of cellular metabolism during the early stages of Aβ accumulation in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of the 5xFAD mouse model of AD. Our electrophysiological examination revealed an increase in spontaneous excitatory signaling in the 5xFAD hippocampus. This hyperactive neuronal phenotype coincided with decreased hippocampal tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolism mapped by stable13C isotope tracing. Particularly, reduced astrocyte TCA cycle activity and decreased glutamine synthesis led to hampered neuronal GABA synthesis in the 5xFAD hippocampus. In contrast, the cerebral cortex of 5xFAD mice displayed an elevated capacity for oxidative glucose metabolism, which may suggest a metabolic compensation in this brain region. We found limited changes when we explored the brain proteome and metabolome of the 5xFAD mice, supporting that the functional metabolic disturbances between neurons and astrocytes are early primary events in AD pathology. In addition, synaptic mitochondrial and glycolytic function was selectively impaired in the 5xFAD hippocampus, whereas non-synaptic mitochondrial function was maintained. These findings were supported by ultrastructural analyses demonstrating disruptions in mitochondrial morphology, particularly in the 5xFAD hippocampus. Collectively, our study reveals complex regional and cell-specific metabolic adaptations in the early stages of amyloid pathology, which may be fundamental for the progressing synaptic dysfunctions in AD.
Cofilin1 oxidation links oxidative distress to mitochondrial demise and neuronal cell death
Authors: Hoffmann Lena , Waclawczyk Marcel S. , Tang Stephan , Hanschmann Eva-Maria , Gellert Manuela , Rust Marco B. , Culmsee Carsten
Published: October 2021

Many cell death pathways, including apoptosis, regulated necrosis, and ferroptosis, are relevant for neuronal cell death and share common mechanisms such as the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial damage. Here, we present the role of the actin-regulating protein cofilin1 in regulating mitochondrial pathways in oxidative neuronal death. Cofilin1 deletion in neuronal HT22 cells exerted increased mitochondrial resilience, assessed by quantification of mitochondrial ROS production, mitochondrial membrane potential, and ATP levels. Further, cofilin1-deficient cells met their energy demand through enhanced glycolysis, whereas control cells were metabolically impaired when challenged by ferroptosis. Further, cofilin1 was confirmed as a key player in glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity and associated mitochondrial damage in primary cortical neurons. Using isolated mitochondria and recombinant cofilin1, we provide a further link to toxicity-related mitochondrial impairment mediated by oxidized cofilin1. Our data revealed that the detrimental impact of cofilin1 on mitochondria depends on the oxidation of cysteine residues at positions 139 and 147. Overall, our findings show that cofilin1 acts as a redox sensor in oxidative cell death pathways of ferroptosis, and also promotes glutamate excitotoxicity. Protective effects by cofilin1 inhibition are particularly attributed to preserved mitochondrial integrity and function. Thus, interfering with the oxidation and pathological activation of cofilin1 may offer an effective therapeutic strategy in neurodegenerative diseases.
A positive feedback loop of lncRNA-RMRP/ZNRF3 axis and Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulates the progression and temozolomide resistance in glioma
Authors: Liu Tie , Hu Jie , Han Bo , Tan Shishan , Jia Wenqing , Xin Yu
Published: October 2021

Drug resistance strikingly limits the therapeutic effect of temozolomide (TMZ) (a common drug for glioma). Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) RMRP has been found to be implicated in glioma progression. However, the effect of RMRP on TMZ resistance along with related molecular mechanisms is poorly defined in glioma. In the present study, RMRP, ZNRF3, and IGF2BP3 were screened out by bioinformatics analysis. The expression levels of lncRNAs and mRNAs were measured by RT-qPCR assay. Protein levels of genes were detected by western blot and immunofluorescence assays. ZNRF3 mRNA stability was analyzed using Actinomycin D assay. Cell proliferative ability and survival rate were determined by CCK-8 assay. Cell apoptotic pattern was estimated by flow cytometry. The effect of RMRP knockdown on the growth of TMZ-treated glioma xenograft tumors was explored in vivo. The relationships of IGF2BP3, RMRP, and ZNRF3 were explored by bioinformatics prediction analysis, RNA immunoprecipitation, luciferase, and RNA pull-down, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. The results showed that RMRP was highly expressed in glioma. RMRP knockdown curbed cell proliferation, facilitated cell apoptosis and reduced TMZ resistance in glioma cells, and hindered the growth of TMZ-treated glioma xenograft tumors. RMRP exerted its functions by down-regulating ZNRF3 in glioma cells. IGF2BP3 interacted with RMRP and ZNRF3 mRNA. IGF2BP3 knockdown weakened the interaction of Argonaute 2 (Ago2) and ZNRF3. RMRP reduced ZNRF3 expression and mRNA stability by IGF2BP3. RMRP knockdown inhibited β-catenin expression by up-regulating ZNRF3. The inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by XAV-939 weakened RMRP-mediated TMZ resistance in glioma cells. β-catenin promoted RMRP expression by TCF4 in glioma cells. In conclusion, RMRP/ZNRF3 axis and Wnt/β-catenin signaling formed a positive feedback loop to regulate TMZ resistance in glioma. The sustained activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling by RMRP might contribute to the better management of cancers.
[2.2]Paracyclophane-bridged platinum(ii) complexes for silver(i) recognition with emission enhancement
Authors: Tian Yukui , Chen Bin , Jiang Sixun , Yuan Ming , Ren Jie , Wang Feng
Published: October 2021

A [2.2]paracyclophane-bridged bimetallic alkynylplatinum(ii) terpyridyl complex displays severe emission quenching due to the presence of intramolecular π–π interactions.
Construction of coacervates in proteinosome hybrid microcompartments with enhanced cascade enzymatic reactions
Authors: Li Junbo , Zhu Mei , Wang Shengliang , Tao Zhengyu , Liu Xiaoman , Huang Xin
Published: October 2021

A spatially segregative coacervate-in-proteinosome hybrid microcompartment is constructed with an enhanced cascade enzymatic reaction, providing a step towards the development of artificial eukaryotic cell like microcompartments.
Synthesis, structural characterization, and coordination chemistry of imidazole-based alkylidene ketenes
Authors: Feuerstein Wolfram , Varava Paul , Fadaei-Tirani Farzaneh , Scopelliti Rosario , Severin Kay
Published: October 2021

Alkylidene ketenes are obtained in reactions of N-heterocyclic diazoolefins with CO. The heterocumulenes can act as C-donor ligands for metal complexes.
THz/Far infrared synchrotron observations of superlattice frequencies in MgB2
Authors: Alarco Jose A. , Gupta Bharati , Shahbazi Mahboobeh , Appadoo Dominique , Mackinnon Ian D. R.
Published: October 2021

THz/Far infrared synchrotron absorption experiments on pure and doped MgB2samples show that the absorption spectral weight at low wavenumber (i.e., <110 cm−1) evolves as the temperature is reduced to 10 K.
Polarized Raman spectroscopy in low-symmetry 2D materials: angle-resolved experiments and complex number tensor elements
Authors: Pimenta Marcos A. , Resende Geovani C. , Ribeiro Henrique B. , Carvalho Bruno R.
Published: October 2021

Schematic of the experimental set-up to collect the angle-resolved polarized Raman spectra unveiling the optically anisotropic properties in 2D materials.
Recent advances in transition-metal-catalysed asymmetric coupling reactions with light intervention
Authors: Lu Fu-Dong , Chen Jun , Jiang Xuan , Chen Jia-Rong , Lu Liang-Qiu , Xiao Wen-Jing
Published: October 2021

The advances on transition-metal catalysed asymmetric couplings with light intervention in recent years was summarized in this review. In order to better meet the needs of modern chemistry, further research outlook was also proposed.
Directed genome evolution driven by structural rearrangement techniques
Authors: Zhou Sijie , Wu Yi , Xie Ze-Xiong , Jia Bin , Yuan Ying-Jin
Published: October 2021

This review provides insight into the emerging field of directed genome evolution driven by structural rearrangement techniques.
Adjusting the CO2 hydrogenation pathway via the synergic effects of iron carbides and iron oxides
Authors: Lu Fangxu , Chen Xin , Wang Wen , Zhang Yi
Published: October 2021

The synergic effects of iron carbides and iron oxides were used to adjust the reaction pathway to form alkenes or ethanol.
Exceptionally high performance of protonic ceramic fuel cells with stoichiometric electrolytes
Authors: Choi Mingi , Paik Jaedeok , Kim Donguk , Woo Deokyoon , Lee Jaeyeob , Kim Seo Ju , Lee Jongseo , Lee Wonyoung
Published: October 2021

Proton conducting electrochemical cells, especially protonic ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs), are expected to be a breakthrough technology in next-generation energy conversion systems, primarily because of their high proton conductivity and low activation energy below 600 °C.
Syntheses and investigation of metal complexes with macrocyclic polythioether ligands
Authors: Rotärmel Thomas , Becker Jonathan , Schindler Siegfried
Published: October 2021

Copper(i) complexes with macrocyclic thioether ligands reacted with ozone to form labile “dioxygen adduct” complexes.
Gut relief formula attenuates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis by regulating NF-κB signaling and the intestinal microbiota in mice
Authors: Si Xuemeng , Liu Ning , Jia Hai , Wang Jiaqi , Pan Lina , Dong Ling , Rong Zhixing , Yang Ying , Wu Zhenlong
Published: October 2021

Gut relief formula administration alleviated mucosal inflammation and mucosal barrier dysfunction by inhibiting STAT3 and NF-κB activity and upregulating abundances ofLactobacillusin DSS-induced colitis.
Iron-catalyzed oxidative bis-arylation of indolin-2-ones for direct construction of quaternary carbons
Authors: Wu Ke-Xin , Xu Yi-Ze , Cheng Liang , Wu Run-Shi , Liu Peng-Ze , Xu Da-Zhen
Published: October 2021

The cross-dehydrogenative coupling protocol is catalyzed by a simple iron salt, and air is used as the terminal oxidant under very mild conditions, offering a novel synthetic method for the direct construction of all-carbon quaternary centers.
Synergistically enhanced alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction by coupling CoFe layered double hydroxide with NiMoO4 prepared by two-step electrodeposition
Authors: Wang Jiankang , Chen Kui , Peng Rong , Wang Yajing , Xie Taiping , Zhu Quanxi , Peng Yuan , Yang Qunying , Liu Songli
Published: October 2021

The optimized CoFe LDH/NiMoO4/Cu NW/Cu foam as HER electrocatalyst presents promising application prospect in water splitting with ultralow overpotential of 45 mV at -10 mA/cm2 and long-term durability.