bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Magnetic properties of single and multi‐domain magnetite under pressures from 0 to 6 GPa
Authors: Gilder Stuart A. , LeGoff Maxime , Chervin Jean‐Claude , Peyronneau Jean
Published: May 2004

Using novel experimental methods, we measured the acquisition of isothermal remanent magnetization, direct field demagnetization, and alternating field demagnetization of multi‐domain (MD) and single domain (SD) magnetite under hydrostatic pressures to 6 GPa. We find that the saturation remanence of MD magnetite increases 2.8 times over initial, non‐compressed values by 6 GPa, while its remanent coercivity remains relatively constant. For SD magnetite, remanent coercivity and saturation remanence vary little from 0 to 1 GPa, increase markedly from 1 to 3 GPa, then plateau above 3 GPa. These new findings suggest that by 3 GPa, SD magnetite either undergoes a magnetic phase transition, or that it reaches an optimal magnetic state where magnetostriction and/or magnetocrystalline energy constants attain some threshold state without reorganization of the pre‐existing magnetic lattices. Similar behavior is not observed in MD magnetite, likely due to domain wall effects.
A semianalytic model for photo‐induced isotopic fractionation in simple molecules
Authors: Liang Mao‐Chang , Blake Geoffrey A. , Yung Yuk L.
Published: May 2004

We have developed a semianalytic model for computing the photo‐induced isotopic fractionation in simple molecules of interest to the atmospheric science community. The method is based on the Born‐Oppenheimer approximation and the Reflection Principle. It has the main advantage of using commonly available input data, namely, the photolysis cross sections for the standard isotopologue/isotopomer and the ground state isotope‐specific spectroscopic constants. The isotopic fractionation arises principally from the spectral shift induced by the small difference in zero point energy between isotopologues/isotopomers and the contraction of the wave function due to heavier isotope substitution. The latter effect dominates photolytic fractionation away from the cross section maxima. Our new approach is demonstrated with applications to the diatomic molecules HCl and HI, and the triatomic molecules N2O and O3. Agreement between the model and measurements is excellent. New modeling results for the fractionation of 15N15N16O in the stratosphere using the Caltech/JPL two‐dimensional model are presented.
Polar Bears and Energy-Efficient Lightbulbs: Strategies to Bring Climate Change Home
Authors: Slocum Rachel
Published: May 2004

Global climate change is the focus of climate politics organized across scales by a range of organizations. These organizations represent climate change in ways they hope will make the problem relevant to people and thereby inspire political action. The strategies require a choice of objects to bring climate change home to constituents. Some objects are ‘more local’ to certain constituencies—that is, they are more meaningful. Greenpeace Canada represents the impact of climate change via the object of the hungry polar bear. The Cities for Climate Protection campaign makes climate change relevant, in part, by its focus on the cost-saving benefits of energy efficiency. The process of localizing climate change constitutes society. I use feminist science studies as a theoretical basis to support my argument that organizations localizing climate change might choose objects that are more accountable to their constitutive effects on societies. I point out potential pitfalls in the choice of the polar bear and energy efficiency, and suggest some possibility in these objects.
Characterisation of sedimentary organic matter from three south-eastern Australian estuaries using solid-state 13C-NMR techniques
Authors: Golding C. J. , Smernik R. J. , Birch G. F.
Published: May 2004

Solid state 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to characterise sedimentary organic matter sampled from three estuaries on the central New South Wales coast (Australia). Cross polarisation (CP) and Bloch decay (BD) experiments were used to determine the chemical composition of the samples. These experiments indicated that, although the natural organic matter is predominately terrestrial in origin, the proportion of carbon existing as aromatic carbon, distinctive of vascular plants, decreases towards the mouth of the estuaries. This suggests that the relative contribution of terrestrial and marine source material largely defines the character of estuarine organic matter. Substantial amounts of charcoal were identified in sedimentary organic matter close to recent bushfire activity. Proton-spin relaxation editing (PSRE) was used to probe the physical structure of the sedimentary organic matter at the sub-micron scale. This technique showed that the organic matter was heterogeneous, providing support for a popular model of sedimentary organic matter structure. However, detailed interpretation of the domain structure of the organic matter was hindered by the presence of multiple components from both terrestrial and marine sources.
Quantifying potential nitrogen removal by denitrification in stream sediments at a regional scale
Authors: Bartkow M. E. , Udy J. W.
Published: May 2004

Potential denitrification rates were measured using the acetylene block method, in sediments collected from streams in the sub-tropical, south-east Queensland region of Australia. Our aim was to estimate how much nitrogen could be removed from lotic systems by denitrification at the regional scale. Denitrification measured at 65 sites in August and September from a catchment of 22700 km2 was extrapolated to all streams and rivers in the region based on the sediment area available for denitrification. Denitrification rates ranged between 4 and 950 μmol N m–2 h–1, with most sites having rates below 150 μmol N m–2 h–1. Based on these results, the current study estimates that a total of 305 t of nitrogen could be denitrified per year from all streams and rivers in the region, representing 6% of the total annual nitrogen load from surrounding land use. During baseflow conditions, when nitrogen loads to streams are low, the proportion of nitrogen removed through denitrification would be substantially higher, in some cases removing 100% of the nitrogen load. It is proposed that denitrification is an important process maintaining low concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen under baseflow conditions and is therefore likely to enhance nitrogen limitation of primary production in this region.
Control of glycolysis in mature boar spermatozoa: effect of pH in vitro
Authors: Jones A. R. , Connor D. E.
Published: May 2004

The glycolytic pathway in boar sperm is sensitive to pH, which decreases as lactate is produced from either glucose or fructose in vitro. The build up of lactate appears to be due to the saturation of mitochondrial lactate transporters, which causes the cytoplasmic pH to fall. Phosphofructokinase has been shown to be sensitive to this drop in pH rather than to the build up of lactate ions or ATP, thereby controlling the rate of glycolysis in vitro.
Oestrous cycle of the common wombat, Vombatus ursinus, in Victoria, Australia
Authors: West M. , Galloway D. , Shaw J. , Trouson A. , Paris M. C. J.
Published: May 2004

Wild-caught female common wombats from Victoria, Australia, were studied in captivity to investigate the oestrous cycle by assessing vaginal cytology and peripheral plasma progesterone concentrations. Eight wombats, five adults (21–29 kg) and three subadults (19–23 kg), which were held for between 2 weeks and 11 months did not cycle in captivity. Their progesterone concentrations were consistently low (≤6.9 nmol L–1) and vaginal smears contained predominantly superficial epithelial cells. Three wombats (21–27 kg), held in captivity for >1 year, regularly cycled (when bodyweights exceeded 23.5 kg). Information gathered from four consecutive cycles in each of these three wombats revealed a follicular phase with low progesterone concentrations (≤6.9 nmol L–1) and vaginal smears with a high percentage of superficial epithelial cells alternating with periods of high progesterone concentrations (range 41.6–123.8 nmol L–1) and smears in which parabasal–intermediate epithelial cells predominated. The average length of the monitored oestrous cycles was 47.2 days (35–60 days). The follicular phase lasted ~19 days and the luteal phase lasted ~28 days. In conclusion, wombats can cycle regularly in captivity even under conditions of intensive monitoring.
Protein kinase CK2 modulates developmental functions of the abscisic acid responsive protein Rab17 from maize
Authors: Riera Marta , Figueras Mercè , López Cristina , Goday Adela , Pagès Montserrat
Published: May 2004

The maize abscisic acid responsive protein Rab17 is a highly phosphorylated late embryogenesis abundant protein involved in plant responses to stress. In this study, we provide evidence of the importance of Rab17 phosphorylation by protein kinase CK2 in growth-related processes under stress conditions. We show the specific interaction of Rab17 with the CK2 regulatory subunits CK2β-1 and CK2β-3, and that these interactions do not depend on the phosphorylation state of Rab17. Live-cell fluorescence imaging of both CK2 and Rab17 indicates that the intracellular dynamics of Rab17 are regulated by CK2 phosphorylation. We found both CK2β subunits and Rab17 distributed over the cytoplasm and nucleus. By contrast, catalytic CK2α subunits and a Rab17 mutant protein (mRab17) that is not a substrate for CK2 phosphorylation remain accumulated in the nucleoli. A dual-color image shows that the CK2 holoenzyme accumulates mainly in the nucleus. The importance of Rab17 phosphorylation
in vivo
was assessed in transgenic plants. The overexpression of Rab17, but not mRab17, arrests the process of seed germination under osmotic stress conditions. Thus, the role of Rab17 in growth processes is mediated through its phosphorylation by protein kinase CK2.
Crystal structure of LeuA from
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
, a key enzyme in leucine biosynthesis
Authors: Koon Nayden , Squire Christopher J. , Baker Edward N.
Published: May 2004

The leucine biosynthetic pathway is essential for the growth of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
and is a potential target for the design of new anti-tuberculosis drugs. The crystal structure of α-isopropylmalate synthase, which catalyzes the first committed step in this pathway, has been determined by multiwavelength anomalous dispersion methods and refined at 2.0-Å resolution in complex with its substrate α-ketoisovalerate. The structure reveals a tightly associated, domain-swapped dimer in which each monomer comprises an (α/β)
8
TIM barrel catalytic domain, a helical linker domain, and a regulatory domain of novel fold. Mutational and crystallographic data indicate the latter as the site for leucine feedback inhibition of activity. Domain swapping enables the linker domain of one monomer to sit over the catalytic domain of the other, inserting residues into the active site that may be important in catalysis. The α-ketoisovalerate substrate binds to an active site zinc ion, adjacent to a cavity that can accommodate acetyl-CoA. Sequence and structural similarities point to a catalytic mechanism similar to that of malate synthase and an evolutionary relationship with an aldolase that catalyzes the reverse reaction on a similar substrate.
Voluntary exercise increases axonal regeneration from sensory neurons
Authors: Molteni Raffaella , Zheng Jun-Qi , Ying Zhe , Gómez-Pinilla Fernando , Twiss Jeffery L.
Published: May 2004

Recent advances in understanding the role of neurotrophins on activity-dependent plasticity have provided insight into how behavior can affect specific aspects of neuronal biology. We present evidence that voluntary exercise can prime adult dorsal root ganglion neurons for increased axonal regeneration through a neurotrophin-dependent mechanism. Dorsal root ganglion neurons showed an increase in neurite outgrowth when cultured from animals that had undergone 3 or 7 days of exercise compared with sedentary animals. Neurite length over 18–22 h in culture correlated directly with the distance that animals ran. The exercise-conditioned animals also showed enhanced regrowth of axons after an
in vivo
nerve crush injury. Sensory ganglia from the 3- and 7-day-exercised animals contained higher brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin 3, synapsin I, and GAP43 mRNA levels than those from sedentary animals. Consistent with the rise in brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin 3 during exercise, the increased growth potential of the exercise-conditioned animals required activation of the neurotrophin signaling
in vivo
during the exercise period but did not require new mRNA synthesis in culture.
PV1 Is a Key Structural Component for the Formation of the Stomatal and Fenestral Diaphragms
Authors: Stan Radu V. , Tkachenko Eugene , Niesman Ingrid R.
Published: May 2004

PV1 is an endothelial-specific integral membrane glycoprotein associated with the stomatal diaphragms of caveolae, transendothelial channels, and vesiculo-vacuolar organelles and the diaphragms of endothelial fenestrae. Multiple PV1 homodimers are found within each stomatal and fenestral diaphragm. We investigated the function of PV1 within these diaphragms and their regulation and found that treatment of endothelial cells in culture with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) led to upregulation of PV1. This correlated with de novo formation of stomatal diaphragms of caveolae and transendothelial channels as well as fenestrae upon PMA treatment. The newly formed diaphragms could be labeled with anti-PV1 antibodies. The upregulation of PV1 and formation of stomatal and fenestral diaphragms by PMA was endothelium specific and was the highest in microvascular endothelial cells compared with their large vessel counterparts. By using a siRNA approach, PV1 mRNA silencing prevented the de novo formation of the diaphragms of caveolae as well as fenestrae and transendothelial channels. Overexpression of PV1 in endothelial cells as well as in cell types that do not harbor caveolar diaphragms in situ induced de novo formation of caveolar stomatal diaphragms. Lastly, PV1 upregulation by PMA required the activation of Erk1/2 MAP kinase pathway and was protein kinase C independent. Taken together, these data show that PV1 is a key structural component, necessary for the biogenesis of the stomatal and fenestral diaphragms.
Association of ABCA2 expression with determinants of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Chen Zhijian J. , Vulevic Bojana , Ile Kristina E. , Soulika Athena , Davis Warren , Reiner Peter B. , Connop Bruce P. , Nathwan Parimal , Trojanowski John Q. , Tew Kenneth D.
Published: May 2004

With the use of a novel method for detecting differential gene expression, alterations in functional gene clusters related to transport or oxidative stress response and β‐amyloid (Aβ) peptide metabolism were identified in a HEK293 cell line engineered to overexpress the human ATP binding cassette transporter ABCA2. These included fatty acid binding protein, phospholipid binding protein, phospholipid synthesis protein, transporter cofactors, seladin‐1, Aβ precursor protein (APP), vimentin, and low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein. ABCA2 was highly expressed in neuroblastoma cells and colocalized with Aβ and APP. Additionally, increased APP protein levels were detected within ABCA2/APP double‐transfected cells, and increased Aβ was detected in the media of ABCA2‐transfected cells relative to controls. The transporter was abundant in the temporal and frontal regions of both normal and Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain but was detected at lower concentrations in the parietal, occipital, and cerebellar regions. The ABCA2 transfected cell line expressed resistance to a free radical initiator, confirming involvement in protection against reactive oxygen species and suggesting a further possible link to AD.
Prolonged Visual Disturbance Secondary to Isolated Sphenoid Sinus Disease
Authors: Lee Li‐Ang , Huang Chi‐Che , Lee Ta‐Jen
Published: May 2004

Objectives/Hypothesis: The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of endoscopic sinus surgery in patients with isolated sphenoid sinus disease with visual disturbances of more than 72 hours' duration.

Study Design: Retrospective review.

Methods: A sequential series of patients with isolated sphenoid sinus disease with visual disturbances who underwent endoscopic surgery performed by the same surgeon between 1995 and 2002 were reviewed. Patients with malignant tumors were excluded from the study. Patients were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively to record the effects of this approach on visual acuity and diplopia.

Results: The study population included six women and seven men with a mean age of 56.2 years (age range, 31–75 y). Eight eyes had vision loss attributable to compressive optic neuropathy (27%) and optic neuritis (27%); seven eyes with diplopia had abducens palsy (40%) and oculomotor nerve palsy (7%). Sphenoid sinus lesions included sinusitis (38%), mucocele (31%), and aspergillosis (31%). The mean interval between the onset of visual disturbances and surgery was 6.6 months (range, 3 d–3.5 y). Visual disturbances improved in 60% of the patients (P < .01). There was better improvement in diplopia than in vision loss (P < .01). The results of endoscopic sinus surgery for patients with abducens palsy and aspergillosis were excellent (83% and 80%, respectively). Optic neuritis and visual disturbances lasting for more than 6 months were regarded as poor prognostic factors.

Conclusion: The study supports the treatment of visual disturbances resulting from isolated sphenoid sinus disease by endoscopic sinus surgery. A timely operation may prevent permanent sequelae.
Comprehensive Algorithm for Skull Base Dural Lesion and Cerebrospinal Fluid Fistula Diagnosis
Authors: Meco Cem , Oberascher Gerhard
Published: May 2004

Objectives/Hypothesis: Skull base dural lesions and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fistulas are potentially vital conditions whose diagnosis can be challenging. The authors' aim was to compose a comprehensive algorithm that combines the most modern diagnostic tools in easily applicable patterns to indicate a possible dural lesion or CSF fistula.

Study Design: Prospective clinical study.

Methods: The authors collected the data of all patients with suspicion of CSF fistula or dural lesion, or both, between January 1999 and December 2002. Beta–trace protein, β2‐transferrin, and endoscopic and laboratory sodium fluorescein tests; high‐resolution computed tomography; and magnetic resonance cisternography were used according to the symptoms and etiological factors. The results of the diagnostic tools that were used and intraoperative findings (in case of an operative treatment) were reviewed.

Results: From 1999 to 2002, 236 patients were evaluated because of suspicion of dural lesion or CSF fistula, mostly after head trauma. Pattern I of the algorithm was applied for head trauma in dural lesion or CSF leak assessment, pattern II for postoperative CSF leaks, pattern III for evaluation of spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea, and pattern IV for the assessment of recurrent pneumococcal meningitis related to dural lesions without CSF fistula. By applying the patterns of this algorithm, a dural lesion or CSF leak that was also confirmed intraoperatively was detected in 48 patients.

Conclusion: The four patterns of the new diagnostic algorithm described in the present study enable physicians to reliably clarify suspicions of dural lesions and CSF fistulas and aim to help them choose the best possible management. Each pattern uses the optimal combination of CSF tests and radiological imaging to reach a synergistic effect for precisely detecting dural lesions or CSF fistulas. Accordingly, this improves surgical decision‐making when necessary.
A Numerical Simulation of Intranasal Air Temperature During Inspiration
Authors: Lindemann Joerg , Keck Tilman , Wiesmiller Kerstin , Sander Bjoern , Brambs Hans‐Juergen , Rettinger Gerhard , Pless Daniela
Published: May 2004

Objectives/Hypothesis: In vivo measurements of the intranasal air temperature are feasible. The present study was designed to reproduce temperature distributions within the human nasal cavity by means of numerical simulation.

Study Design: Numerical simulation.

Methods: Based on computed tomography (CT), a steady‐state computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation was performed displaying the temperature distribution throughout the human nasal cavity during inspiration. The results of the numerical simulation were compared with in vivo temperature measurements.

Results: The numerical simulation demonstrated that the major increase of the inspiratory air temperature can be found in the anterior nasal segment, especially within the nasal valve area, which is comparable to in vivo measurements. Intranasal areas of high temperature were characterized by turbulent airflow with vortices of low velocity. The results of numerical simulation showed an excellent comparability to the results of previous in vivo measurements in the entire nasal cavity.

Conclusion: The anterior nasal segment is the most effective part of the nose in heating of the ambient air. The findings demonstrated the complexity of the relationship between airflow patterns and heating of inspired air. A numerical simulation of the temperature distribution using CFD is practicable.
The Effect of β‐Blocker Premedication on the Surgical Field During Endoscopic Sinus Surgery
Authors: Nair Salil , Collins Melanie , Hung Patrick , Rees Guy , Close David , Wormald Peter‐John
Published: May 2004

Objectives/Hypothesis: A number of previous studies have tried to assess the effects of hypotension on the surgical field during endoscopic sinus surgery. These studies have been limited by inadequate sample sizes, lack of a control group, and limited data collection. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the routine use of β‐blockers as a pre‐medication could improve the operative field in endoscopic sinus surgery.

Study Design: A prospective, randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled trial.

Methods: Eighty patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery who fit the inclusion and exclusion criteria were randomly assigned to receive either a β‐blocker, Metoprolol (group 1), or a placebo tablet (group 2) 30 minutes before surgery. A standard anesthetic protocol was followed. At the commencement of surgery and at regular 15‐minute intervals the surgical field, blood loss, heart rate, blood pressure, and isoflurane concentration were assessed.

Results: There was a significant difference in overall mean heart rate between the placebo and β‐blocker groups (P < .0001). In the entire group, surgical grade correlated with heart rate (r = 0.36, P < .05) but not with mean arterial blood pressure. Mean surgical grade was similar between the placebo and β‐blocker groups, but early in the study a significantly better surgical field was recorded in the β‐blocker group (P < .001). Surgical grade was significantly better in those with a mean heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute (P < .02).

Conclusion: Although “optimum” conditions were present in the patients receiving β‐blocker, the authors thought that the grading system was not discriminating enough to demonstrate a significant difference between the groups. The crucial finding in the study was the correlation between heart rate and surgical grade in the entire group. During endoscopic sinus surgery surgery, anesthetic manipulations should be directed at maintaining a low heart rate.
Upper Airway and Its Surrounding Structures in Obese and Nonobese Patients With Sleep‐Disordered Breathing
Authors: Liao Yu‐Fang , Chuang Ming‐Lung , Huang Chiung‐Shing , Tsai Ya‐Yu
Published: May 2004

Objectives/Hypothesis: The objective was to understand the pathophysiological relationship between obesity and sleep‐disordered breathing by using cephalometry with the Muller maneuver.

Study Design: A prospective study.

Methods: One hundred habitually snoring men were evaluated for sleep‐disordered breathing at the Sleep Center of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (Taipei, Taiwan). Each subject received overnight polysomnography and two lateral cephalograms at the end‐expiration phase (L1) and the Muller maneuver (L2), respectively, to evaluate the facial skeleton and the upper airway and its surrounding structures (soft palate, tongue, epiglottis, and hyoid bone). After excluding 14 patients from the study because of jaw opening during cephalometry, 86 (39 nonobese and 47 obese) patients with sleep‐disordered breathing were enrolled.

Results: Patients with varying degrees of obesity significantly differed in terms of the facial skeleton and the structure and function of the upper airway and its surrounding structures. The Muller maneuver caused dynamic changes in the hypopharyngeal airway and position of the tongue, and these dynamic changes were related to the pathogenesis of sleep‐disordered breathing for the two groups (nonobese and obese patients). The regression model generated for the nonobese group revealed that the apnea hypopnea index was significantly related to the pharyngeal length (L2) and the soft palate thickness (L1). In contrast, the regression model generated for the obese group revealed that the apnea hypopnea index was significantly related to the soft palate (length [L1] and dynamic position change), the hyoid position (vertical [L1] and horizontal [L2]), the tongue (dynamic position change), and body mass index.

Conclusion: Cephalometry with the Muller maneuver may provide further insight into the pathogenesis of sleep‐disordered breathing for the two groups of patients (nonobese and obese patients).
Different Risk Factors in Basaloid and Common Squamous Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Kleist Britta , Bankau Alexander , Lorenz Gerd , Jäger Bernd , Poetsch Micaela
Published: May 2004

Objectives/Hypothesis: The prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), cigarette smoking and alcohol abuse was compared between two histological subgroups of head and neck cancer.

Study Design: Retrospective review.

Methods: Paraffin‐embedded, histologically confirmed surgical specimens from the oropharynx, hypopharynx and larynx, comprising 67 conventional squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) and 10 basaloid squamous cell carcinomas (BSCC), were analyzed for the presence of HPV and HSV DNA using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. The PCR products were verified by direct sequencing. Patient charts were reviewed for clinical data and risk factors.

Results: Given an overall HPV DNA detection rate of 32.5%, a basaloid morphology of the carcinomas correlated significantly with occurrence of HPV DNA (P = .0001). An association could also be demonstrated between basaloid appearance and evidence of HSV DNA (single and combined with HPV DNA; P = .014 and 0.0429, respectively), even if this result based on a low overall HSV DNA detection rate (6.5%). Demonstration of viral DNA in the BSCC specimens was not related to tobacco or alcohol consumption. In contrast, cigarette smoking proved as significant characteristic of SCC (P = .0087). Alcohol abuse occurred also predominately in patients with SCC, but without statistical significance.

Conclusion: These results hint at differences in the etiology of two distinct histological entities of head and neck cancer. Further research in this field could complete these preliminary data and provide the background for specific preventive strategies.
Deafness Due to A1555G Mitochondrial Mutation Without Use of Aminoglycoside
Authors: Matsunaga Tatsuo , Kumanomido Hiroshi , Shiroma Masae , Ohtsuka Akihiro , Asamura Kenji , Usami Shin‐ichi
Published: May 2004

Objectives/Hypothesis: The objective was to clarify the characteristics of deafness associated with the A1555G mutation within mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA gene in the absence of aminoglycoside exposure.

Study Design: Clinical and genetic studies in family members with the A1555G mitochondrial mutation were performed.

Methods: The subjects were 123 maternally related members of a large Japanese family with the A1555G mutation. All subjects had no previous history of exposure to aminoglycosides. Hearing disability and handicap, tinnitus, and medical histories were analyzed by interviews in all of the subjects, genetic testing was performed in 41 subjects, and pure‐tone audiometry was conducted in 26 subjects with hearing disability and handicap.

Results: The A1555G mutation was detected in a homoplasmic form (meaning that all the mitochondrial DNA carries the mutation) in all 41 subjects who were screened. The risk for developing postlingual hearing loss was likely to be much higher in the present subjects than in the general population. Both the severity and age at onset of the phenotype were similar in affected subjects within the same sibling group. Pure‐tone averages were significantly worse in subjects who developed hearing loss before age 10 years than in those who developed hearing loss later.

Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that the prevalence of deafness in individuals with the A1555G mitochondrial mutation was likely to be high even in the absence of aminoglycoside exposure and clearly showed the association of severe to profound hearing loss with the onset of hearing loss before age 10 years.
Objective Outcome After Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: Prediction Factors
Authors: Watelet J. B. , Annicq B. , Van Cauwenberge P. , Bachert C.
Published: May 2004

Objectives/Hypothesis: After failure of medical treatment, chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyposis require surgical management. However, little is known about the predictive factors for objective outcome after sinus surgery. The aims of the study were to correlate preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative clinical factors to healing outcome and to establish their respective predictive values.

Study Design: Prospective study.

Methods: Eighteen patients who had surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis and 18 who had surgery for nasal polyposis at the Ghent University Hospital (Ghent, Belgium) were followed for a 6‐month period. In all, 76 operated sides were independently considered. The healing quality was evaluated by endoscopy weekly and then monthly for a period of 6 months. A logistic regression analysis with healing quality at month 6 as outcome was performed on preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative factors.

Results: Previous sinus surgery (P = .0006) and initial disease (P = .0430) were found to be highly predictive for the healing outcome at month 6, patients with nasal polyposis or previous surgery showing significantly worse objective outcome (P = .0034 and P < .0001, respectively). The preoperative computed tomography scan had no predictive value with respect to the extent of surgery (P = .0281). Postoperative parameters had less predictive value.

Conclusion: Initial disease and its severity as reflected by the extent of surgery and surgical antecedents were the best predictors for the objective outcome at 6 months after sinus surgery. Whereas the first postoperative phase showed similar characteristics for all patients, the healing course differed between patients from month 1 to the end point.
Mood Improvement after Surgery for Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Li Hsueh‐Yu , Huang Yu‐Shu , Chen Ning‐Hung , Fang Tung‐Jen , Liu Chia‐Yih , Wang Pa‐Chun
Published: May 2004

Objective: Patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) may experience unfavorable psychologic symptoms such as depression and anxiety. The aim of this study was to confirm this hypothesis and to investigate whether the psychologic symptoms among OSA patients can be relieved by surgical intervention.

Study Design: Prospective, longitudinal intervention study.

Methods: The 5‐Item Mental Health scale (MH‐5) was used to evaluate the postoperative changes of mood after extended uvulopalatal flap (EUPF) surgery on 84 Taiwanese patients with OSA. The preoperative and postoperative MH‐5 data obtained from these patients were compared with a Taiwanese population norm.

Results: Before surgery, the MH‐5 scores of the OSA patients were significantly worse than the Taiwanese population norm of 72.8 (P < .0001). Postoperatively, mean MH‐5 scores significantly increased from 61.8 ± 16.0 to 70.0 ± 15.8 (P = .0006). The effect size of this score change was 0.51, indicating a moderate degree of mood improvement. However, this score was still inferior to that of the population norm (P = .0045). The mood improvement was not significantly associated with the changes in either sleep apnea events or the level of sleepiness. Neither the changes in respiratory disturbance index (P = .4382), maximum arterial oxygen saturation (P = .4866), nor the change in Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores (P = .4951) were predictive of the MH‐5 score improvement (R2 = 0.07).

Conclusions: This study demonstrated that patients with OSA had a higher level of anxiety, depression, and probable behavior or personality changes than the population norm. EUPF surgery could significantly improve the mood status among OSA patients; the effect of surgery was mild but clinically relevant. However, the extent of mood improvement experienced by OSA patients receiving operations may not simply be attributable to the changes in sleep apnea events or a reduced level of sleepiness.
Nerve‐Muscle Transplantation to the Paraglottic Space after Resection of Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
Authors: Tanaka Shinzo , Asato Ryo , Hiratsuka Yasuyuki
Published: May 2004

Objective: To evaluate a new method of nerve‐muscle transplantation (NMT) to the paraglottic space after resection of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) during surgery for thyroid cancer.

Design: Review of nine consecutive patients with RLN paralysis caused by the thyroid cancer before surgery.

Method: After the usual extirpation of the thyroid cancer with concomitant removal of the RLN, the lower part of the sternohyoid muscle approximately 1 cm in width and 2 cm in length with the ansa cervicalis nerve connected was inserted into the paraglottic space by way of anterior retraction of the thyroid ala with the inferior horn cut off. When the muscle or the nerve was adhesive to the cancer, the nerve‐muscle on the opposite side was used with transfer through the space under the thyrohyoid muscles and the superior horn of thyroid ala.

Results: The voice quality was good or fair after surgery. In most patients, the maximum phonation time was 10 seconds or longer, and the mean flow rate was lower than 200 mL/s. The vocal functions were good immediately after surgery and maintained good values for 2 years or more after surgery. Vocal fold atrophy was not found in any patient.

Conclusion: When the RLN is resected during surgery for thyroid cancer end‐to‐end anastomosis of the nerve is impossible, NMT to the paraglottic space is a useful method for preserving good voice and preventing atrophy of the vocal fold.
Isaac Newton and the aerial nitre
Authors: Hall A. R.
Published: May 2004

On 6 January 1713 Isaac Newton wrote to Roger Cotes, his assistant in preparing the second edition of his
Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica
, then in the press at Cambridge: ‘I shall send you in a few days a Scholium of about a quarter of a sheet to be added to the end of the book ...’ However, it was only on 2 March that Cotes actually received the copy for the ‘General Scholium’ from Newton, whose drafting processes now proceeded slowly; moreover, there had been Mint business in the interval. In a short accompanying letter Newton also informed Cotes of his decision not to say ‘much more about the attraction of the small particles of bodies’, a topic to which Newton would return in the late Queries added to Opticks.
Lionel Penrose, F.R.S. (1898–1972) and eugenics: Part one
Authors: Watt D. C.
Published: May 2004

Lionel Penrose was born in London. His father, James Doyle Penrose a portrait painter, and his mother, Elizabeth Josephine (née Peckover) Penrose, were both members of the Society of Friends (Quakers) as their ancestors had been for 200 years. As Dr Harry Harris F.R.S., a colleague and author of Penrose's memoir in
Biographical Memoirs of the Royal Society
, observes, Lionel and his three brothers ‘were brought up strictly according to the religious principles of the Society of friends ... in later life though he remained a member of the Society of Friends he was not particularly zealous about religious meetings. However, his Quaker upbringing no doubt played an important part in determining his extreme dislike of show and pretensiousness and his pacifist outlook. Also he never acquired a taste for fiction’.
Book reviews
Authors: Cook Alan
Published: May 2004

Five book reviews in the January 1998 edition of
Notes and Records
:

The correspondence of John Flamsteed, The first Astronomer Royal. Volume two, 1682–1702
, Eric G. Forbes, Lesley Murdin and Frances Willmoth.
Cavendish
, Christa Jungnickel and Russell McCormmach.
Records of the Dawn of Photography, Talbot's Notebooks P & Q
, Larry J. Schaaf.
The Critical Point: A Historical Introduction to the Modern Theory
, Cyril Domb.
Abraham Robinson. The Creation of Nonstandard Analysis; A Personal and Mathematical Odyssey.
, Joseph Warren Dauben.
The evolution of documents and its impacts
Authors: Liu Ziming
Published: May 2004

This article examines the evolution of documents and its impacts from the following aspects: information density, longevity, uniqueness, duplicability, mobility, connectivity, and integration. It focuses on the consequences of the shift from printed media to digital media. By looking back on their evolution, we are able to see how the notions and functions of documents change over time, and the resulting impacts on individuals, organizations, and society.
The Laurin thesaurus
Authors: Retti Gregor , Stehno Birgit
Published: May 2004

This paper describes the Laurin thesaurus, which is used for indexing and searching in the Laurin system, a software package for digital clipping archives. As a multilingual thesaurus it complies with the corresponding standards, though presenting some approaches going beyond some of the standards' recommendations. The Laurin thesaurus integrates all kind of indexing terms, not only keywords, but proper names as well. The system of categories and relationships is described in detail.
Legal deposit: local issues in a national context
Authors: Eden Paul , Feather John , Harris Richard , Kinnell Margaret
Published: May 2004

Describes a research project aiming to develop models to facilitate co‐operative initiatives and partnership arrangements which will improve the identification and collection of local publications under legal deposit and the coverage of these publications in the BNB. Underlines the importance of locally‐held collections and outlines the concept of “the national published archive”. Argues the need for a review of, and changes to, legal deposit, highlighting the need for greater co‐operation between the legal deposit libraries and others, whilst noting existing co‐operation. Maintains that the success of any distributed national published archive will depend upon a co‐operative approach, between the legal deposit libraries themselves and other information providers at local and regional levels. Above all, any new arrangements must be sustainable – able to withstand, for instance, future local or regional reorganisations of the kind recently experienced, and properly funded.
Facilitating access to one and all: report of a project carried out at UWE, Bristol to facilitate access to learning resources for students and staff with disabilities
Authors: Chelin Jacqueline
Published: May 2004

This article is based on a research project, code named “FACE”, carried out in the Library at the University of the West of England during 1998 and 1999. It raises issues regarding accessibility of learning and teaching resources, advice and support for disabled students and staff. Development of the Library’s resources in response to student surveys and reference to other literature in the field is recounted. Whilst the project focussed on a selection of technologies to aid “accessibility” it is noted that the most important feature in provision of accessible learning materials and support is strong institutional commitment and a good human infrastructure. The article concludes with a series of recommendations which can be more broadly applied in other organisations.
Achieving Cross‐functional Co‐ordination for Marketing Implementation
Authors: Shipley David
Published: May 2004

The prospects for effective external marketing are substantially eroded
by internal hostility towards or non‐compliance with external marketing
implementation. Non‐marketing specialists view marketing personnel with
hostility and oppose the marketing way of doing business for reasons
embedded in lack of marketing understanding, functional self‐interest,
complacency and intransigence. Provides three sets of guidelines for
increasing cross‐functional support for marketing. First, reviews a set
of actions to be administered by the CEO and top management. Second,
discusses the individual elements of an internal marketing strategy.
Third, provides guidelines for application by marketing managers to
build tight interactive and supportive relationships with other
functions.
Organizational performance and environmental consciousness: an empirical study
Authors: Ahmed Nazim U. , Montagno Ray V. , Firenze Robert J.
Published: May 2004

This study investigates the relationship between environmental strategy and company performance using samples from a nationwide survey. The companies were classified into two groups; environmentally conscious and non‐environmental companies. Environmental companies reported better performance scores and also are more inclined to incorporate various performance improvement strategies and techniques into their operations.
Managing the post‐merger aftermath by default remodelling
Authors: Lowe Andy
Published: May 2004

This paper is a grounded theory study of how a recently merged bank remodelled its relationships with its smaller corporate clients. The bank redesigned its relationships with these clients in three main ways by supporting, terminating or neglecting. In the post‐merger aftermath there is only one of the parties which emerges as being in the ascendancy. Clients of the organisation, in this study, were treated very differently according to whether they were clients of the ascending or descending partner in the post‐merger context.
Teaching with and about film and television
Authors: Hobbs Renee
Published: May 2004

Reviews some characteristics of video‐based educational materials by describing the intellectual heritage of the movement to include media analysis and media productions as basic skills for the information age. Identifies the opportunities and challenges that management educators face in their use of video‐based tools in both business settings and higher education.
Toward optimal use of video in management education: examining the evidence
Authors: Marx Robert D. , Frost Peter J.
Published: May 2004

Video has emerged as a widely used teaching tool among management educators in academic and corporate settings. This paper reviews research in comparative media and management education to identify how video can be used with traditional written material for optimal educational outcomes. Implications for research and practice are examined.
Feline consumption
Authors: “The Cat” Holbrook Morris
Published: May 2004

Rather than focusing on issues that pertain to the consumptionofcats (as pets), deals with the nature of consumptionbycats (as consumers). Explores these facets of consumer behaviour by means of three interrelated methods: ethography, felologies, and unobtrusive participation. This approach addresses the differences between human and feline consumption in general. A more detailed treatment then uses photographs to examine the consumption experiences of one cat in particular by documenting a day in the life of a cat.
Community and consumption
Authors: Cova Bernard
Published: May 2004

Encapsulates the debate on the topics of confusion in consumption and the return of community. Starting with an ethnosociological analysis structuring the passage from modernity to postmodernity around the metamorphosis of the social link, aims at clarifying and explaining the different levels of the postmodern confusion in consumption. Modernity entered history as a progressive force promising to liberate humankind from everyday obligations and traditional bonds. As a consequence, modern consumption emphasized essentially the utilitarian value (“use value”) of products and services. Postmodernity, on the contrary, can be said to crown not the triumph of individualism, but the beginning of its end with the emergence of a reverse movement of a desperate search for community. With the neo‐tribalism distinguishing postmodernity, everyday life seems to mark out the importance of a forgotten element: the social link. Consequently, postmodern consumption appears to emphasize the “linking value” of products and services. Concludes with an exploration of the implications of postmodernity for rethinking marketing with the integration of the linking value concept.
Kotler is dead!
Authors: Smithee Alan
Published: May 2004

Mistah Kotler ‐ he dead.
A suggested hemispheric basis for the guided search model
Authors: Fidelman Uri
Published: May 2004

Experimental findings not suiting the guided search model (GSM) of Cave and Wolfe (1990) and Wolfe (1994) and the modified guided search model (mGSM) of Efron and Yund (1996) are reviewed. Assumptions which explain these discrepancies are added. Thus two possible alternative models are obtained. According to both models the preattentional parallel processing stage of the GSM is related to the right hemisphere, while the attentional stage is related to the left hemisphere. Experiments determining whether one of these models is correct are suggested.
Moving your Advisory Board to a fundraising mission
Authors: Houff Shields Mary Ann
Published: May 2004

Having unsuccessfully attempted to garner community support, awareness and funding in the past, the University Library at the Indiana University‐Purdue University Indianapolis decided to partner with the University Library Advisory Board. The board was charged with transforming itself into a more active participant in the libraries success. Renaming itself as the University Library Community Board, it redefined its role as a support organization that would help define the library for the greater Indiana community, and help the library raise funds.
Job satisfaction among school teachers in Cyprus
Authors: Zembylas Michalinos , Papanastasiou Elena
Published: May 2004

Recent national and international studies carried out in a number of countries have drawn attention to the degree of job satisfaction among teachers. In general, it has been found that context seems to be the most powerful predictor of overall satisfaction. However, given that most of the international studies on teacher satisfaction have been conducted in developed countries, one realizes the need in the available literature for similar research in developing countries as well. This paper examines job satisfaction and motivation among teachers in Cyprus – a small developing country in the Eastern Mediterranean. An adapted version of the questionnaire developed by the “Teacher 2000 Project” was translated into Greek and used for the purposes of this study that had a sample of 461 K‐12 teachers and administrators. The findings showed that, unlike other countries in which this questionnaire was used, Cypriot teachers chose this career because of the salary, the hours, and the holidays associated with this profession. The study analyzes how these motives influence the level of satisfaction held by the Cypriot teachers.