bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of celiac disease in patients with short stature: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Singh Achintya D , Singh Prashant , Farooqui Naba , Strand Tor , Ahuja Vineet , Makharia Govind K
Published: July 2020

Background and Aim

Short stature is a common extraintestinal manifestation of celiac disease (CeD). We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis to assess the global prevalence of CeD in patients presenting with short stature.

Methods

We searched Medline and EMBASE databases for the keywords “celiac disease, coeliac disease, anti‐gliadin, tissue transglutaminase antibody, anti‐endomysial antibody, short stature and growth retardation.” All the studies published from January 1991 to May 2020 were included. Patients without any prior evaluation for short stature were classified as all‐cause short stature, while prior evaluated patients, where no cause was found for short stature, were classified as idiopathic short stature. The diagnosis of CeD was based on the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition guidelines. A random‐effects model was used to pool the data.

Results

Seventeen studies screening 3759 patients (1582 with all‐cause short stature and 2177 with idiopathic short stature) were included. The pooled seroprevalence of CeD based on positive anti‐tissue transglutaminase antibody and anti‐endomysial antibody was 11.2% (95% CI 4.0–21.2%; I2 = 86%) and 9.7% (95% CI 2.7–20.2%; I2 = 95%) for all‐cause and idiopathic short stature, respectively. Similarly, pooled prevalence of biopsy‐confirmed CeD was 7.4% (95% CI 4.7–10.6%; I2 = 76%) and 11.6% (95% CI 4.1–22.2%; I2 = 97%), for all‐cause and idiopathic short stature, respectively. There was an overall severe risk of selection bias and significant heterogeneity in the pooled results.

Conclusions

Approximately one in 14 patients with all‐cause short stature and one in nine patients with idiopathic short stature had biopsy‐confirmed CeD. Therefore, evaluation for CeD may be prudent in all patients with short stature.
SARS‐CoV‐2 surveillance for a non‐human primate breeding research facility
Authors: Yee JoAnn L. , Van Rompay Koen K. A. , Carpenter Amanda B. , Nham Peter B. , Halley Bryson M. , Iyer Smita S. , Hartigan‐O'Connor Dennis J. , Miller Christopher J. , Roberts Jeffrey A.
Published: July 2020

Background

The emergence of SARS‐CoV‐2 and the ensuing COVID‐19 pandemic prompted the need for a surveillance program to determine the viral status of the California National Primate Research Center non‐human primate breeding colony, both for reasons of maintaining colony health and minimizing the risk of interference in COVID‐19 and other research studies.

Methods

We collected biological samples from 10% of the rhesus macaque population for systematic testing to detect SARS‐CoV‐2 virus by RT‐PCR and host antibody response by ELISA. Testing required the development and validation of new assays and an algorithm using in laboratory‐developed and commercially available reagents and protocols.

Results and Conclusions

No SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA or antibody was detected in this study; therefore, we have proposed a modified testing algorithm for sentinel surveillance to monitor for any future transmissions. As additional reagents and controls become available, assay development and validation will continue, leading to the enhanced sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and efficiency of testing.
Epigenetic restoration of voltage‐gated potassium channel Kv1.2 alleviates nerve injury‐induced neuropathic pain
Authors: Zhang Jingjing , Rong Lina , Shao Jinping , Zhang Yidan , Liu Yaping , Zhao Sen , Li Lei , Yu Wenli , Zhang Mengya , Ren Xiuhua , Zhao Qingzan , Zhu Changlian , Luo Huan , Zang Weidong , Cao Jing
Published: July 2020

Voltage‐gated potassium channels (Kv) are important regulators of neuronal excitability for its role of regulating resting membrane potential and repolarization. Recent studies show that Kv channels participate in neuropathic pain, but the detailed underlying mechanisms are far from being clear. In this study, we used siRNA, miR‐137 agomir, and antagomir to regulate the expression of Kv1.2 in spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of naïve and chronic constriction injury (CCI) rats. Kv currents and neuron excitability in DRG neurons were examined by patch‐clamp whole‐cell recording to verify the change in Kv1.2 function. The results showed that Kv1.2 was down‐regulated in DRG and spinal dorsal horn (SDH) by CCI. Knockdown of Kv1.2 by intrathecally injecting Kcna2 siRNA induced significant mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity in naïve rats. Concomitant with the down‐regulation of Kv1.2 was an increase in the expression of the miR‐137. The targeting and regulating of miR‐137 on Kcna2 was verified by dual‐luciferase reporter system and intrathecal injecting miR‐137 agomir. Furthermore, rescuing the expression of Kv1.2 in CCI rats, achieved through inhibiting miR‐137, restored the abnormal Kv currents and excitability in DRG neurons, and alleviated mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. These results indicate that the miR‐137‐mediated Kv1.2 impairment is a crucial etiopathogenesis for the nerve injury‐induced neuropathic pain and can be a novel potential therapeutic target for neuropathic pain management.

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Rosacea and the cardiovascular system
Authors: Searle Tamara , Al‐Niaimi Firas , Ali Faisal R.
Published: July 2020

Rosacea and the cardiometabolic syndrome are both associated with chronic inflammation and a pro‐inflammatory phenotype. Emerging clinical evidence supports the relationship between rosacea and cardiometabolic syndrome hypertension and obesity. This article reviews our current findings and understanding in the skin and cardiovascular relationship in rosacea. Rosacea appears to be associated with hypertension, dyslipidemia, and obesity. The role of smoking in rosacea is currently less clear. It remains uncertain whether treatment of these risk factors will aid improvement of rosacea. Greater understanding of rosacea and its association with the cardiovascular system and underlying risk factors could allow for a greater understanding of the body's inflammatory response as well as the formulation of new guidelines for attending clinicians. Dermatologists treating rosacea patients might need to consider enquiring and evaluate their patients' underlying cardiovascular risk factors.
Topical immunotherapy in combination with anthralin in the treatment of refractory alopecia areata
Authors: Kagami Shinji , Kishi Yuriko , Hino Haruko
Published: July 2020

Background

Treatment is often challenging in patients with alopecia areata. We often try topical immunotherapy to treat alopecia areata in Japan. Anthralin is sometimes used in other countries.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to examine effectiveness of combination therapy with both topical immunotherapy with squaric acid dibutylester or diphenylcyclopropenone and anthralin in the treatment of refractory alopecia areata.

Methods

We treat four patients with refractory alopecia areata by topical immunotherapy and anthralin. Two patients had alopecia areata multilocularis and the other two patients had alopecia totalis. The entire scalp was treated with weekly application of squaric acid dibutylester or diphenylcyclopropenone and daily 0.5% anthralin ointment. Patients were followed up weekly, and adverse effects were recorded.

Results

One patient with multifocal patches of alopecia areata got complete hair regrowth at week 30, the other patient with multifocal patches of alopecia areata turned for the worse at week 30 and recovered at week 52. Hair regrowth was not seen in the other two patients with alopecia totalis. Localized pruritis and hyperpigmentation of the scalp were seen in two patients.

Conclusions

To treat alopecia areata unresponsive to topical immunotherapy alone, topical immunotherapy in combination with anthralin is worth a try.
Parents' experiences of transition from hospital to home of a child with complex health needs: A systematic literature review
Authors: Ronan Sophie , Brown Michael , Marsh Lynne
Published: July 2020

Aims and objectives

To critically appraise primary research on the views and experiences of parents of children with complex health needs during the transition from hospital to home.

Background

Children with complex health needs frequently transition across and within healthcare systems, due to their age, care needs and ongoing health conditions. Repeated and unplanned admissions are significantly higher for children with complex health needs. Yet parents, as the primary providers of care, report being unsupported and unprepared during the transition from hospital back to home due to poor communication, inadequate discharge planning and education, resulting in stress and anxiety within the home environment.

Design

Systematic review following PRISMA guidelines.

Methods

A systematic search was completed of the databases CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library Review between January 2009 and September 2019. Data were extracted, categorised and analysed using a thematic analysis approach. An adapted CASP qualitative assessment tool was utilised for quality assessment. All included articles were marked for validity and relevance to current research with an overall score from 0–20.

Results

A total of 13 studies of mixed quality were identified. CASP quality scores ranged from 13–18. Four themes emerged highlighting parents' experiences of the emotional processes, communication, coordination and support and resources when transitioning from hospital to home.

Conclusions

Hospital discharge and transition from hospital to home is a complicated and at times frustrating process for parents of children with complex health needs. Parents report being exhausted and stressed during this often‐challenging period of adjustment which was perceived as a difficult and emotional process. There is a clear lack of support available for parents both from hospital and community services.
The Wages of Mothers' Labor: AMeta‐RegressionAnalysis
Authors: de Linde Leonard Megan , Stanley T. D.
Published: July 2020

Objective

To estimate the motherhood wage penalty and explain its wide variation across the research literature.

Background

Determining the size and understanding the cause of the motherhood wage penalty has important policy implications. If there is no practically significant motherhood wage penalty, then many of the popular explanations for the gender wage gap must be reassessed. If there is a significant motherhood penalty, its cause can help direct policy.

Method

We conduct a systematic review and meta‐regression analysis (MRA) of 49 studies and 1895 estimates of the motherhood wage penalty.

Results

Meta‐regression identifies 23 research characteristics associated with the reported penalty, including: the ways in which that wages are measured, selective reporting, the econometric methods employed, and the omission of relevant worker qualities from the wage equation. After controlling for multiple paths of heterogeneity, selection, misspecification biases, unobserved productivity effects, and selective reporting, our MRA identifies a small, but robust, motherhood wage penalty, mainly driven by a few countries: USA, UK, Germany, and Norway.

Conclusion

We estimate that the motherhood wage penalty is about 4% ± 2%, per child, for US mothers. Our findings are most consistent with a perceived productivity effect or with discrimination.
Inter‐individual variation of bolus properties in triggering swallowing during chewing in healthy humans
Authors: Maeda Rumiko , Takei Eri , Ito Kayoko , Magara Jin , Tsujimura Takanori , Inoue Makoto
Published: July 2020

Background

There is a wide variation of chewing behaviours even in healthy humans. The present study was aimed to clarify how the rheological properties of the bolus during chewing are different among individuals. We also investigated whether the swallowing threshold was consistent among the individuals and whether the difference in the bolus properties at the swallowing affected swallowing movement.

Methods

Twenty‐nine healthy volunteers were asked to ingest 8 g of steamed rice. Based on the chewing duration defined by the time until first swallow, participants were asked to chew the food and then either spit it out or swallow it at 50%, 100% and 150% of chewing duration. In seven volunteers, the maximum bite force was measured.

Results

The hardness of the bolus gradually decreased throughout recording. Although the chewing duration varied widely, there was a significant negative correlation between time and hardness, regardless of the difference in individual chewing duration. The cohesiveness of the bolus was unchanged at the 100% time point, followed by a slight but significant increase. There was no significant correlation between the chewing duration and adhesiveness of the bolus. Swallowing‐related bursts of Supra and Infra EMGs were not related to the chewing duration or bolus properties, and chewing duration did not affect swallowing function.

Conclusion

The current results suggest that the bolus properties such as the hardness and cohesiveness during chewing are just dependent on the chewing duration and the difference in the bolus properties does not affect the swallowing initiation and movement.
Time to positive blood culture in early onset neonatal sepsis: A retrospective clinical study and review of the literature
Authors: Marks Lucinda , de Waal Koert , Ferguson John K
Published: July 2020

Aim

Neonatal early onset sepsis (EOS) is a low‐incidence, high‐risk disease which has prompted significant overtreatment with antibiotics for the standard duration of 48 h. The aims of this study were to determine whether blood cultures collected from term and late preterm neonates for EOS would return a positive result for pathogenic bacteria within 24 h and to review the literature to supplement the results.

Methods

This is a retrospective observational study of time to positive blood culture in the BACTEC culture system from neonates ≥34 weeks in a single referral centre between 1999 and 2018. A literature review was conducted through PubMed, MEDLINE and Embase using search terms of ‘neonatal sepsis’ AND ‘blood culture’. Studies were included if they reported time to positive blood culture in EOS.

Results

Forty positive cultures were included in this report, with 39 (98%) showing bacterial growth within 24 h. One culture, obtained after commencement of antibiotics, became positive at 3 days. Sixteen papers were included in our literature review and six presented data for an EOS cohort; a median of 96.5% of pathogenic EOS blood cultures become positive within 24 h.

Conclusions

All pathogenic blood cultures collected pre‐therapy from neonates ≥34 weeks suspected of EOS returned a positive result within 24 h of incubation. Similar studies have found that 92–100% of cultures are positive by 24 h. This data could contribute to re‐evaluation of the current standard duration of antibiotic use in term and late preterm neonates with suspected EOS.
Switching diseased cells from cytosolic aerobic glycolysis to mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation: A metabolic rhythm regulated by melatonin?
Authors: Reiter Russel J. , Sharma Ramaswamy , Ma Qiang
Published: July 2020

This commentary reviews the concept of the circadian melatonin rhythm playing an essential role in reducing the development of diseases such as solid tumors which adopt cytosolic aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect) to support their enhanced metabolism. Experimental data show that solid mammary tumors depend on aerobic glycolysis during the day but likely revert to mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation at night for ATP production. This conversion of diseased cells during the day to a healthier phenotype at night occurs under control of the circulating melatonin rhythm. When the nocturnal melatonin rise is inhibited by light exposure at night, cancer cells function in the diseased state 24/7. The ability of melatonin to switch cancer cells as well as other diseased cells, for example, Alzheimer disease, fibrosis, hyperactivation of macrophages, etc, from aerobic glycolysis to mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation may be a basic protective mechanism to reduce pathologies.
Tonicity of oral rehydration solutions affects water, mineral and acid–base balance in calves with naturally occurring diarrhoea
Authors: Wilms Juliette N. , Echeverry‐Munera Juanita , Engelking Lauren , Leal Leonel N. , Martín‐Tereso Javier
Published: July 2020

Recommendations for composition of oral rehydration solutions (ORS) for calves, particularly concerning Na+, glucose, and their combined effect on tonicity, are not in line with guidelines for humans. Thus, this study aimed to determine the effect of ORS tonicity on water, mineral and acid–base balance. Seventy‐two calves were selected based on the severity of dehydration and blood base excess (BE) on day 0. Five calves that did not develop diarrhoea were removed post‐inclusion from the study. Calves were allocated to blocks of four animals based on blood BE on day 1. Within each block, calves were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: (a) hypotonic ORS with low Na+ and lactose (HYPO); (b) isotonic ORS with low Na+and glucose (ISO); (c) hypertonic ORS with high Na+ and glucose (HYPER); and (d) control consisting of warm water including 5 g/L of whey powder (CON). Treatments were administered twice daily over a 3‐day period, in which calves were offered 2.0 L of treatment at 1300 and 2100 hr. Calves were fed 2.5 L of milk replacer at 0700 and 1630 hr from day 1 to 3 and 3.0 L from day 4 to 5, and had access to water. Calves were monitored for 5 days in which measurements included intakes, BW, blood sampling and collection of faeces on day 1 and urine from day 1 to 3. All ORS treatments maintained normal serum Na+, whereas CON did not. Calves in the HYPER group had lower blood pH and greater faecal Na+ losses than HYPO and ISO. Plasma expansion relative to baseline was higher in low tonicity ORS (+4.8%) when compared with CON (+1.0%). Urine osmolality was 30% higher in HYPER calves. In this experiment, low tonicity ORS were more effective at restoring water, mineral and acid–base balance than the hypertonic ORS.
Potential of indigenous Bacillus spp. as probiotic feed supplements in an extruded low‐fish‐meal diet for juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus
Authors: Niu Kai‐Min , Khosravi Sanaz , Kothari Damini , Lee Woo‐Do , Lee Bong‐Joo , Lim Sang‐Gu , Hur Sang‐Woo , Lee Sang‐Min , Kim Soo‐Ki
Published: July 2020

A 12‐week feeding trial was designed to assess the probiotic potential of indigenous Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and/or Bacillus subtilis singly or in combination with Bacillus licheniformis in an extruded feed for olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) juveniles. A high fish meal (FM) diet (control) and a low‐FM diet containing an alternative protein blend (30% FM replacement, FM30) were formulated. Three other experimental diets were prepared by inclusion of B. amyloliquefaciens (BA), B. subtilis (BS), or a mixture of B. amyloliquefaciens, B. subtilis, and B. licheniformis (BASL) into FM30 diet, with a final concentration of 106 CFU/g diet. Results indicated that the FM30 diet was well tolerated by flounder, and the overall performance was not affected by dietary treatments. Lysozyme activity and total immunoglobulin level were significantly reduced in flounders when fed with the FM30 diet compared with the BASL and BA diets, respectively. The Bacillus additives neither enriched the relative abundance of the corresponding Bacillus spp. in the relevant gut microbiota of olive flounder nor modulated the presumptive gene functions of the gut microbiome. Despite the absence of growth‐promoting effect, the tested probiotics could still be economically viable for use as immunostimulants in commercial flounder diets with partial FM replacement.
Contrasting patterns of local adaptation along climatic gradients between a sympatric parasitic and autotrophic tree species
Authors: Walters Sheree J. , Robinson Todd P. , Byrne Margaret , Wardell‐Johnson Grant W. , Nevill Paul
Published: July 2020

Sympatric tree species are subject to similar climatic drivers, posing a question as to whether they display comparable adaptive responses. However, no study has explicitly examined local adaptation of co‐occurring parasitic and autotrophic plant species to the abiotic environment. Here we test the hypotheses that a generalist parasitic tree would display a weaker signal of selection and that genomic variation would associate with fewer climatic variables (particularly precipitation) but have similar spatial patterns to a sympatric autotrophic tree species. To test these hypotheses, we collected samples from 17 sites across the range of two tree species, the hemiparasite Nuytsia floribunda (n = 264) and sympatric autotroph Melaleuca rhaphiophylla (n = 272). We obtained 5,531 high‐quality genome‐wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for M. rhaphiophylla and 6,727 SNPs for N. floribunda using DArTseq genome scan technology. Population differentiation and environmental association approaches were used to identify signals of selection. Generalized dissimilarly modelling was used to detect climatic and spatial patterns of local adaptation across climatic gradients. Overall, 322 SNPs were identified as putatively adaptive for the autotroph, while only 57 SNPs were identified for the parasitic species. We found genomic variation to associate with different sets of bioclimatic variables for each species, with precipitation relatively less important for the parasite. Spatial patterns of predicted adaptive variability were different and indicate that co‐occurring species with disparate life history traits may not respond equally to selective pressures (i.e., temperature and precipitation). Together, these findings provide insight into local adaptation of sympatric parasitic and autotrophic tree species to abiotic environments.
Occurrence, site fidelity, and associations of oceanic common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) off northeastern New Zealand
Authors: Zaeschmar Jochen R. , Tezanos‐Pinto Gabriela , Dwyer Sarah L. , Peters Catherine H. , Berghan Jo , Donnelly David , Meissner Anna M. , Visser Ingrid N. , Weir Jody S. , Judkins Alastair G. , Brough Tom , Guerra Marta , Kozmian‐Ledward Lily , Stockin Karen A.
Published: July 2020

Two ecotypes of the common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) occur in New Zealand waters: a widely studied Nationally Endangered coastal ecotype and a little‐known oceanic ecotype. Site fidelity and association patterns of the oceanic ecotype, and home range overlap with the coastal ecotype, are examined from photo‐identification records collected off northeastern New Zealand between 2005 and 2016. The oceanic ecotype occurs widely in the study area: distance from shore ranged from <1 to ~150 km and home ranges of the two ecotypes overlap in some areas. Forty‐nine percent of the 478 identified distinctive or very distinctive individuals were sighted during more than 1 year and resightings spanned over 10 years and 650 km. All individuals were linked by association in a single, albeit clustered, social network. Unlike the coastal ecotype, interspecific associations with false killer (Pseudorca crassidens) and southern long‐finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas edwardii) were frequent, occurring during 84% of encounters. Only one oceanic individual matched any of the individuals from the coastal ecotype photo‐identification catalogues throughout the study area, suggesting that the two ecotypes co‐occur parapatrically. We recommend that the two ecotypes be considered independent management units for conservation purposes due to their divergent ecologies.
Social behavior increases in multipod aggregations of southern Alaska resident killer whales (Orcinus orca)
Authors: Olsen Daniel W. , Matkin Craig O. , Mueter Franz J. , Atkinson Shannon
Published: July 2020

Killer whales (Orcinus orca) are highly social and occasionally gather in large aggregations that reach 150 individuals. During 338 encounters with Southern Alaska resident killer whales, we collected 1,352 hr of behavioral data to assess the probability of various behaviors based on season, number of pods present, presence of rarely sighted pods, and number of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes present. A binomial generalized linear model was used to estimate the role of these factors in the probability of four behaviors, foraging, resting, socializing, and traveling. The presence of “rarely sighted” pods (sighted in <5% of encounters) significantly increased probability of social behavior, and significantly decreased probability of resting. The number of pods present also significantly increased probability of increased social behavior. The presence of rarely sighted pods and the number of pods present did not have a significant interaction. Ordinal day and number of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes appears to not have changed the probability of any behavior. Foraging remained the predominant behavior throughout all factors. The concurrent increase in social behavior and decrease in resting behavior with rarely sighted pods present implies an unusually high importance of social behavior in the lives of resident killer whales.
The effects of noise levels on pain, anxiety, and sleep in patients
Authors: Aydın Sayılan Aylin , Kulakaç Nurşen , Sayılan Samet
Published: July 2020

Background

Intensive care is a noisy environment for patients and one that affects pain, anxiety levels, and sleep quality.

Aims and objectives

To determine the relationship between noise levels and pain, anxiety, and sleep levels in patients in intensive care units.

Design

A descriptive and observational study design was used.

Methods

This study was conducted between June and December 2018 in a public hospital and included 111 patients admitted to surgical critical care for at least 24 hours. Three Benetech Gm1351 manual sound level metres were used to measure noise. A Patient Information Form, a pain Visual Analog Scale (VAS), the Spielberger State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Richards Campbell Sleep Questionnaire (RCSQ) were used for data collection.

Results

The mean age of the patients was 57.29 years. The mean noise level detected in the intensive care unit was 66.52 dB (dB). Patients' mean pain VAS score was 3.79 ± 1.72, the mean State Anxiety Inventory score was 39.74 ± 2.98, and the mean total RCSQ score was 25.10 ± 13.17. Our findings show that patients in the intensive care unit are exposed to high noise levels and that, while this has no effect on pain, it significantly impacts anxiety and quality of sleep.

Conclusions

Noise levels in intensive care units significantly exceed recommended thresholds, and this adversely affects patients' anxiety levels and sleep quality. It is important for suitably restful conditions to be provided for patients, to be aware of the potential for anxiety, and for these factors to be borne in mind when planning nursing interventions.

Relevance to clinical practice

Further studies on the effects of noise levels on pain, anxiety, and sleep levels in patients admitted to intensive care units are needed.
Value of defibrillation threshold testing in children with nontransvenous implantable cardioverter defibrillators: Are routine DFT tests indicated?
Authors: Backhoff David , Müller Matthias J. , Dakna Mohammed , Leha Andreas , Schneider Heike , Krause Ulrich , Paul Thomas
Published: July 2020

Background

Nontransvenous implanted cardioverter defibrillators (NT‐ICD) are used in infants and small children with life‐threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias. With growth, shock vector shift may result in increase of defibrillation threshold (DFT) and fatal ICD failure.

Objectives

To date, the only way to verify ICD function in children with NT‐ICD is repetitive DFT testing, which is potentially harmful and may even be life threatening. The aim of the study was to analyze data from NT‐ICD DFT testing to prospectively predict individual DFT.

Patients and methods

Data from all pediatric patients with NT‐ICD implanted in our center from July 2004 to August 2019 were collected. Postoperative DFT testing was scheduled according to individual DFT but at least annually. Surgical revision of NT‐ICD was performed if DFT was > 25 J. Selected noninvasive parameters from DFT testing were analyzed as predictors for DFT using a logistic regression model.

Results

A total of 46 children with NT‐ICD underwent a total of 402 DFT tests. Mean age at implantation had been 5.4 ± 3.3 years, mean follow‐up was 5.6 ± 3.7 years in 5 (1%) DFT testing, maximum device output failed, and external defibrillation was necessary. A retrospective multiple mixed logistic regression model was able to predict a DFT ≥25 J (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.836). However, when prospectively validated the model showed moderate performance only (AUC = 0.70).

Conclusion

A significant number of NT‐ICD failures were detected by serial DFT testing. Serial DFT testing was safe in pediatric patients with an NT‐ICD as all induced arrhythmia could be terminated. Prediction of DFT with noninvasive markers remains difficult and might help to schedule intervals for routine DFT tests to avoid unnecessary tests.
CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated Knockout of SIRT6 Imparts Remarkable Antiproliferative Response in Human Melanoma Cells in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Garcia‐Peterson Liz M. , Ndiaye Mary A. , Chhabra Gagan , Singh Chandra K. , Guzmán‐Pérez Glorimar , Iczkowski Kenneth A. , Ahmad Nihal
Published: July 2020

Melanoma is one of the most aggressive, potentially fatal forms of skin cancer and has been shown to be associated with solar ultraviolet radiation‐dependent initiation and progression. Despite remarkable recent advances with targeted and immune therapeutics, lasting and recurrence‐free survival remain significant concerns. Therefore, additional novel mechanism‐based approaches are needed for effective melanoma management. The sirtuin SIRT6 appears to have a pro‐proliferative function in melanocytic cells. In this study, we determined the effects of genetic manipulation of SIRT6 in human melanoma cells, in vitro and in vivo. Our data demonstrated that CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated knockout (KO) of SIRT6 in A375 melanoma cells resulted in a significant (1) decrease in growth, viability and clonogenic survival and (2) induction of G1‐phase cell cycle arrest. Further, employing a RT2 Profiler PCR array containing 84 key transformation and tumorigenesis genes, we found that SIRT6 KO resulted in modulation of genes involved in angiogenesis, apoptosis, cellular senescence, epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition, hypoxia signaling and telomere maintenance. Finally, we found significantly decreased tumorigenicity of SIRT6 KO A375 cells in athymic nude mice. Our data provide strong evidence that SIRT6 promotes melanoma cell survival, both in vitro and in vivo, and could be exploited as a target for melanoma management.
Characterization of Acidovorax citrulli strains isolated from solanaceous plants
Authors: Chalupowicz Laura , Reuven Michal , Dror Orit , Sela Noa , Burdman Saul , Manulis‐Sasson Shulamit
Published: July 2020

Acidovorax citrulli is the causal agent of bacterial fruit blotch disease of cucurbits. Strains of this pathogen are distributed into two major groups: Group I strains have been mainly isolated from melon and other non‐watermelon cucurbits, while Group II strains have been mainly recovered from watermelon. Here we report the characterization of strains T1 and EP isolated from diseased tomato and eggplant plants, respectively, and further confirmed to belong to A. citrulli species. Based on PCR, PFGE, and rep‐PCR, these strains showed high similarity to the Group II strain 7a1. Sequencing and comparative analyses revealed that the genomes of T1 and EP aligned with that of the Group II model strain AAC00‐1, over 97.88% and 99.22%, respectively. The virulence of T1, EP, and 7a1 determined on tomato, eggplant, and watermelon was similar and significantly higher than that of Group I strain M6. In contrast, M6 was more virulent on melon. Expression levels of seven virulence genes measured 24 hr after inoculation of tomato, eggplant, watermelon, and melon showed that the expression pattern was generally similar in strains 7a1, T1, and EP, whereas for M6 the expression was high only on melon. Overall, our results indicate that the solanaceous strains belong to Group II. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that reports characterization of A. citrulli strains isolated from solanaceous species. The fact that A. citrulli is able to naturally colonize and cause disease in non‐cucurbit crops poses additional challenges for management of this important pathogen.
Gray matter volume differences between lower, average, and higher pain resilience subgroups
Authors: Li Fenghua , Jackson Todd
Published: July 2020

Resilience refers to the capacity to function well despite adversity and facilitates adaptation to various stressors, including pain. Previous studies have operationalized resilience via questionnaires or task performance behaviors that do not always correlate with one another and tested extreme (lower vs. higher) resilience subgroup differences that do not permit the assessment of nonlinear associations between resilience and brain matter volume. To address these limitations, we identified high (HPR, N = 21), moderate (MPR, N = 20), and low (LPR, N = 16) pain resilience subgroups from a trait resilience questionnaire as well as behavioral performance on a laboratory pain task. Subsequently, resilience subgroup differences in gray matter volume (GMV) and behavior responses to a novel numerical interference task (NIT) were assessed. Behavioral results indicated the LPR subgroup was slower in responding to NIT trials accompanied by pain compared to MPR, and especially, HPR subgroups. Voxel‐based morphology analyses indicated the LPR subgroup had more GMV in the left postcentral gyrus than did MPR and HPR subgroups. LPR and MPR subgroups displayed larger GMV in the right inferior temporal gyrus than did the HPR subgroup. Nonlinear relations reflecting less regional GMV in the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG)/putamen, orbitofrontal cortex and left IFG/insula were also observed for the MPR subgroup compared to LPR and HPR subgroups. In sum, lower pain resilience is characterized, in part, by comparatively greater GMV in pain processing regions and reduced GMV in “resilience” regions, though regional GMV also has several nonlinear associations with resilience.
Banerjee, Duflo, Kremer, and the Rise of Modern Development Economics*
Authors: Olken Benjamin A.
Published: July 2020

In 2019, Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo, and Michael Kremer received the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel. These three scholars were recognized “for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty”. This paper reviews the contributions of these three scholars in the field of development economics, to put this contribution in perspective. I highlight how the experimental approach helped to break down the challenges of understanding economic development into a number of component pieces, and I contrast this to understanding development using macroeconomic aggregates. I discuss pioneering contributions in understanding the challenges of education, service delivery, and credit markets in developing countries, as well as how the experimental approach has spread to virtually all aspects of development economics.
Subjective and objective skin colour of a farmworker group in the Limpopo Province, South Africa
Authors: Linde Karlien , Wright Caradee Yael , du Plessis Johannes Lodewykus
Published: July 2020

Background

Farmworkers in the Limpopo Province, South Africa, are at risk of excessive exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (sUVR) due to both their work and the sUVR environment in the geographic area. However, the natural protection provided by this group's skin against sUVR has not been quantified. The aim of this study was to evaluate the subjective and objective skin colour of a group of farmworkers in order to classify the natural photoprotection provided by melanin and to evaluate the different measurement methods.

Materials and Methods

Skin colour was established by using the subjective Fitzpatrick skin phototype system (FST) questionnaire and two objective methods, namely the individual typology angle (ITA°) and melanin index (MI). A total of 71 farmworkers participated in the study.

Results

Black Africans tended to perceive their skin to be lighter than objectively measured, potentially due to cultural factors. The constitutive skin colour of most farmworkers was objectively classified in the FST V/brown group. Significant differences were found between the ITA° and MI of sun‐exposed (constitutive) and non–sun‐exposed (facultative) skin in Black African and White farmworkers. A strong correlation was found between ITA° and MI on different anatomical positions indicating both methods are appropriate to determine skin colour in deeply pigmented skin.

Conclusion

The evaluation of skin colour with the use of both subjective and objective methods may be used to design an effective photoprotection programme for farmworkers in the Limpopo Province.
Genomic full‐length sequence of the HLA‐A*11:334 allele, identified by cloning and sequencing
Authors: Zou Hong‐Yan , Quan Zhan‐Rou , Xiong Wen
Published: July 2020

A*11:334 differs from A*11:01:01 by one nucleotide change at nucleotide 446 in exon 3 from C to T.
Anarchival Materiality in Film Archives: Toward an Anthropology of the Multimodal
Authors: Smith Trudi Lynn , Hennessy Kate
Published: July 2020

In this article, we propose an anthropologyofthe multimodal, based on research‐creation work in fugitive film archives. We foreground the material dimension of anthropological research and describe film technology and its use in anthropology as ideologically and materially situated. Through our work with magenta film, we theorize anarchival materiality as a force of entropy in archives and collections. Attention to anarchival materiality raises questions about the persistence and reliability of the products of contemporary multimodal practices in anthropology.
Ethnographic Installation and “The Archive”: Haunted Relations and Relocations
Authors: Vidali Debra , Phillips Kwame
Published: July 2020

This essay examines the haunted relationality of ethnographic archives and anthropology, and the potential for multimodal installations to highlight these tensions while bringing anthropology toward new audiences and new types of collaborations. We argue that experimental ethnographic installations can be used to foreground complex relations among fieldwork, archives, re/dislocation, and aspiration, through nonlinear forms of argumentation and engagement. The particular cases considered are as follows: (1) Vidali’s corpus of material collected in Zambia (1986–90) and (2) Phillips and Vidali’s remixed and relocated “radio program” based on these materials and installed as a multisensorial, multimodal ethnographic exhibition in Washington, DC, Paris, and London.
Dark Play: The Ethnographic Archive as Site of Embodiment in Zanele Muholi’s Somnyana Ngonyama Series
Authors: Farber Leora
Published: July 2020

In this article, I explore the affective responses that Zanele Muholi’s Somnyana Ngonyama series of photographic (self‐)portraits evoke for me as a white, South African woman. In this provocative series, Muholi presents a body of images that form an archive in and of itself, and uses her body as an “archive of personal experience.” In so doing, she creates a “new” archival body through the figuration of her own body. This new archival form offers possibilities for the imagination of what a decolonial (an)archive might look like. I suggest that the series’ importance as a decolonial (an)archive is strongly connected to what it reveals to me in relation to how I view the work through the lenses of racialized, gendered, and classed power, as a result of my (white) positionality.
Looking for a “Now‐Time” in Family Film Footage: Appropriating and Activating Archival Images in the Present
Authors: Grossman Alyssa , Kirstein Høgel Arine
Published: July 2020

This article presents an ongoing project,Mneme‐Automaton/Memory‐Machine, which involves collaborative interventions with an existing body of amateur family film footage and written texts. As an integral part of engaging with this material, we identify our different relationships to it: one author as a direct descendant of its producers, the other with no personal connection to the collection. Although both of us are remote in time and space from the original contexts of its production, our intention is to identify a Benjaminian “now‐time” for the material to activate it in the present and render it visible and legible in new ways. In this article, we describe and appropriate selections of the film footage, thereby transforming it into an archive that evokes subjective and affective sensations and experiences that extend beyond the “historical index” of the source material.
Fashioning Inclusion, Designing Internationalism: Pierre Cardin at the Brooklyn Museum
Authors: Webb Matthew , Yokobosky Matthew
Published: July 2020

In VAR’s new hybrid review–dialogue format, I talk with one of New York’s leading museum‐based fashion curators about his work on the Brooklyn Museum exhibition Pierre Cardin: Future Fashion (July 2019–January 2020). The exhibition celebrates Cardin’s role in the mid‐twentieth‐century “democratization” and “pluralization” of the European fashion system by pioneering a prêt‐à‐porter [ready‐to‐wear] collection, and spotlights his development of various strategies for licensing his designs, name, and initials to global partners. It also reveals a lesser‐known side of Cardin, showing his extensive travel and cultural advocacy for garment‐industry practitioners in China and Japan. In the dialogue, Yokobosky reflects on first meeting Cardin in Paris, remarks on producing the exhibit, and relays his perspective on why Cardin’s “inclusive futurist” design ontology might be important for us to consider at this present historical moment. The article points toward two potentially productive but understudied areas for future anthropological research: fashion museums and exhibitions as sites for the organization of knowledge about social history and public culture, and the culturally (re)productive work of fashion curators—one form of “designerly” agency nested within museum institutions.
Bodies of Archives / Archival Bodies: An Introduction
Authors: Battaglia Giulia , Clarke Jennifer , Siegenthaler Fiona
Published: July 2020

Compared to other disciplines and despite its central role in research practices, the concept of the “archive” has received insufficient critical attention in anthropology until recently. Anthropologists working in collaboration with artists and curators have experimented with forms of archive/archiving, raising important questions about both the collaborative and processual nature of archives. They thereby challenge ideas about the “archive” as a static repository of history. This special section begins with the premise that archives, prone to decay, dissolution, and rearrangement, are permanently in process. This perspective enables us to engage with cleavages and links between past knowledge and future imagination, as well as the role of representation and the anarchive. Our interest is not limited to objects, but also addresses the idea of the body (or collective bodies) as archives of experience, and the archive’s potential for collaborative artistic and ethnographic practices. We ask: What forms of collaborative work does the archive offer? In what ways can the collective sensibility of the archive be explored? What can we gain from a process‐based notion of the archive? What implications does this have on the role of the archive in art and anthropology, and for the practices related to it in particular?
Radiographic vertebral left atrial size: A reference interval study in healthy adult dogs
Authors: Vezzosi Tommaso , Puccinelli Caterina , Tognetti Rosalba , Pelligra Tina , Citi Simonetta
Published: July 2020

Thoracic radiography is a useful technique for the evaluation of cardiac dimensions, especially when echocardiography is not possible. The vertebral left atrial size (VLAS) has recently been proposed as a new radiographic method for quantifying left atrial dimensions in dogs. The aims of this retrospective, reference interval, observational study were to describe values for VLAS in a group of healthy adult dogs and to compare intraobserver and interobserver agreement for VLAS versus vertebral heart score (VHS) methods. Thoracic radiographs of 80 healthy adult dogs were evaluated. Normal left atrial size was determined based on an echocardiographic left atrial‐to‐aorta ratio < 1.6. The VLAS and vertebral heart score values were measured from right lateral radiographs. The correlations between VLAS, the vertebral heart score, and the left atrial‐to‐aorta ratio were evaluated. The effects of body weight, sex, and age were also tested using regression analyses. The median value of VLAS were 1.9, with a reference interval of 1.4‐2.2. A positive correlation was found between VLAS and vertebral heart score values (r = 0.53;P < .0001). No effect of body weight, sex, and age on VLAS was detected. Excellent intraobserver and interobserver agreements were found for both VLAS and vertebral heart score methods (intraclass correlation coefficients ≥ 0.91). Findings from this sample of healthy dogs indicated that VLAS is a repeatable radiographic method for quantifying left atrial size. Further studies are warranted to evaluate this measure in clinically affected dogs.