bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“The Muslim Question” in 16th Century Spain
Authors: Variash Irina
Published: October 2023

The article challenges the traditional perception of the negative image of the Muslim period in the mass consciousness of that time, based on the material from “Relaciones Topográficas de Felipe II”. Neither the objects of “Moorish origin”, nor the “Moors” themselves, nor the “Moriscos” had any negative connotations in the perception of the Spanish people in the 16th century. Intellectuals took the lead in reevaluating the historical experiences of that time, which led to the development of national historiography and the emergence of the “Black Legend”, depicting the intense conflict between Muslims and Christians during the long Reconquista period. This reevaluation was driven more by the goals of state-building than by popular sentiments, as the scientific and political knowledge of that time was just beginning to comprehend the ideas of a unified kingdom, standardized laws, and a shared history.
On the Issue of Italian Generic Badges in the Coins of the Early Modern Time
Authors: Elokhin Kirill
Published: October 2023

The article is devoted to Italian generic badges (it. impresa), minted in coins. Considered are predominantly northern Italian states, where their own special heraldic traditions have developed, which differ from French or Spanish ones. The borrowing of badges is indicated. The article shows the interaction of personal and generic badges. The influence of ancient coins on the coins of the early modern period and the reception of images as pictorial mottos are considered. Unique narrative sources relating to badges are given. Changes in generic badges over several generations of their owners are indicated. Despite the large volume of the article, it is too early to draw conclusions, since there are more questions about the existence of generic badges than answers to them, and, therefore, further study is required.
The Problem of Elected Representation in France at the End of the Old Regime
Authors: Pimenova Ludmila
Published: October 2023

The article deals with the interaction between the authorities and the society in France at the end of the Old Regime guided by two principles, authoritarian and representative. For a long time, the authorities assumed that the king should be represented before his subjects, but not vice versa. In practice, contrary trends were traced in the history of the French monarchy: the reinforcement of administrative methods of government and the professionalization of the state service, on the one hand, and attempts to rely on representative bodies, on the other. French “parlements” insistently claimed the role of institutions representing the nation before the king. In the 1770s — 1780s, after the Maupeou reform, the idea of the need for elected representation, like the Estates General and the provincial estates, spread in society. At the local level, reforms in this direction have been undertaken repeatedly. The convocation of an elected representative body at the national level seemed too dangerous, and the king was forced to agree to it only in conditions of an acute crisis, not being ready for a dialogue with his subjects.
Can History be Not Political? The Phenomenon of Nina Aleksandrovna Khachaturyan
Authors: Tsaturova Susanna
Published: October 2023

The article examines the process of transformation of the world historiography, including Russian one, in the field of the political history of the Middle Ages. The contribution of the Annales School is emphasized not only because of the appeal to man as an actor of historical processes, but also the methodological overcoming of the binary opposition of matter and spirit. Structuralism with its systematic analysis also played a positive role, as well as the appeal of historians to the study of phenomena of long duration, which began to be perceived as the history of states and, more broadly, the power. All these changes were reflected in the work of Professor N. A. Khachaturian (1931—2020). Thanks to her research on the representative regime of the West in the Middle Ages, on the social nature of the estate monarchy in France, on the forms of dialogue between power and society, as well as due to her creation of the Scientific Group “Power and Society” (holding conferences, publishing collective monographs), political history in Russian medieval studies took the place of the backbone of historical research.
New Approaches to the Topical Aspects of Current Mediaeval Studies
Authors: Konovalova Irina
Published: October 2023

The article reviews two conferences that took place at the Institute of World History RAS in June 2023. The Second All-Russian Scientific Conference “Source Studies in Modern Medieval Studies”, held at the Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences on June 21—22, 2023, confirmed the high status of source studies as a key historical discipline, in the further development of which the entire professional community is highly interested. More than 50 reports were made at the conference on various areas of source study of the medieval history of Eurasia, in which the results of the latest research on the main types of medieval sources were presented. In many reports, much attention was paid to new approaches to the consideration of source problems, in particular, with the use of geoinformation technologies and electronic databases. This article also addresses the question of current interpretation of the forms and results of intercultural contacts in the Mediterranean from the 14th to 16th century. It was the period when the region under study appeared in the centre of global changes resulting in majestic geopolitical, economic, ethno-social, and cultural transformations. These changes made direct impact on the dynamics, nature, and effects of intercultural communications in the Mediterranean. Presented as lectures at a scholarly conference discussing the given question, the results of the researches conducted by Russian specialists in Mediaeval Studies allowed them to enunciate general global challenges that influenced the development of the region under study from the fourteenth to sixteenth century, to trace the forms and results of cross-cultural communications in the Mediterranean zone against the background of particular cases, and to determine their consequences for the development of European world in the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern Period.
The Idea of Democracy and Its Embodiment in the Middle Ages
Authors: Yusim Mark
Published: October 2023

In mass consciousness the dark Middle Ages is still represented as an epoch of undivided domination of monarchic regimes, whereas besides the well-known medieval city-states which inherited the traditions of antique democracy, in the Middle Ages there were many institutions where elements of democratic organization can be seen, especially if we understand democracy in an expanded sense, as a principle of power distribution in opposition to the concentration of power in one hand. Such elements can be seen in feudal liberties, in various forms of church institutions, in the election of heads of universal powers (popes and emperors), in the practice of political formations and city corporations, and finally in the theory of separation of powers, which in the Middle Ages prescribed a combination of powers, and was later elaborated by Montesquieu and other thinkers. Ultimately, many of these ideas have survived to our time and are embodied in today’s experience.
The Settlement of the Status of National Minorities in the Danish-German Borderlands in Light of The Post-War Reconciliation Between Denmark and Germany (1945—1955)
Authors: Belukhin Nikita
Published: October 2023

The article deals with the legal settlement of the status and rights of the Danish and German minorities in South Schleswig and South Jutland and it significance for the postwar reconciliation between Denmark and Germany. Whereas in the case of France and Germany the integration of the coal and steel industries within the framework of the European Coal and Steel Community provided a practical basis and simultaneously became the symbol of their postwar reconciliation, in the case of Denmark and Germany such basis and symbol was embodied by the Danish-German model of national minorities’ protection and political emancipation which was reflected in the Copenhagen-Bonn Declarations of 1955. Since the question of Germany's accession to NATO became inseparable from the problem of the Danish and German national minorities, the German government headed by K. Adenauer considered it possible to make significant concessions to the Danish side and to provide the Danish minority with a possibility to achieve a broad political representation both at the local and the federal level.
The USSR and Sweden During the Preparation of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (1969—1975)
Authors: Komarov Alexey
Published: October 2023

In March 1969 in the Budapest Appeal of the Warsaw Pact member states’ Political Consultative Committee a proposal was made to convene a Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) was proposed. The Soviet Foreign Ministry undertook active efforts to implement this idea, including its promotion at the Nordic “direction”. Neutral Sweden was regarded by the Soviet political leadership as a country that could assist the USSR in the preparation and organization of the CSCE. It was considered that “the two sides’ positions in many cases are similar or close to each other”. On the basis of documents from the Foreign Policy Archive of the Russian Federation (AVPRF) the author of this article analyses Soviet-Swedish relations in the late 1960s — first half of 1970s with the preparation for and carrying out of the CSCE as a background.
German-Norwegian Relations in the Second Half of 2010s: Political and Military Aspects
Authors: Trunov Philipp
Published: October 2023

The article characterizes the relations between the NATO member states which are also Arctic states in military-political sphere. In this situation Norway is a valuable partner not only for the USA but also for European NATO member states and especially Germany considering its ambitions as full-fare global power. The goal of article is to explore trajectory and dynamics of German-Norwegian relations in political-military sphere in the second half of 2010s. The paper issues the functioning of negotiation link A. Merkel — E. Solberg and also German steps which led to its launch. The author shows the importance of Norway for Germany as an Arctic and in this regard explores Germany’s Arctic strategy. Germany tried to neutralize the negative effect of Norway’s lack of EU membership and also the unwillingness of Norway to join PESCO platform. There was the spill-over effect when the experience of full-fare cooperation in political sphere was also moved to the military sphere at the end of 2010s. The paper explores the features of the competition between the USA and Germany for influence over Norway in the context of the US and German Arctic ambitions. The author concludes about the possibilities and difficulties of the further rise of German-Norwegian relations for the perspective by the early 2020s.
Historians of Pomor State University “Discover” Norway (1986—2010)
Authors: Repnevsky Andrey
Published: October 2023

The article provides a parallel between the works of historians-Nordists of imperial and Soviet times with their modern Russian followers. Moreover, the research of current scientists is presented as a continuation of the work of Russian historians of the 18th — 20th centuries. The main text of the article defines the stages of development of Arkhangelsk Scandinavian studies of the late 20th — early 21st centuries. The initial (“Norwegian”) stage of the origin and growth of young scientific personnel of Scandinavians of the Pomeranian State University (PSU) is analyzed in detail. The original and successful organizational forms of their training and activities are revealed, the process of their entry into the Russian and international levels and evidence of their gradual scientific recognition are studied. The article’s material contributes to the historiographical science of modern methods of increasing knowledge and training in a specific field of studying the history of bilateral international relations in the Russian North and in the Arctic.
Russian-Norwegian Trade and Economic Relations: Grain Trade in the Pre-War Period (1905—1914)
Authors: Karelin Vladimir
Published: October 2023

The article is dedicated to the problem of Russian-Norwegian trade relations in the pre-war period, when after break of the Swedish-Norwegian union (1905), both countries showed interest in establishing diplomatic relations, while Norway sought to realize trade and economic expansion into the Russian market. The author used archival and published Norwegian and Russian statistical sources concerning the main issue for Russia’s grain exports at the beginning of the 20th century, which took place in the face of strong competition with Germany on the European agricultural market. Attention is drawn to the negative trend in Russian-Norwegian export-import operations, which was noted both in government spheres and in the circle of academic economists — bureaucracy advisers.
AVALIAÇÃO DO NÍVEL DE MATURIDADE DA INDÚSTRIA 4.0 EM UMA INSTITUIÇÃO DE ENSINO SUPERIOR DA ZONA OESTE DO RIO DE JANEIRO
Authors: Da Silva Vinicius Nascimento Caetano , Macedo Maria Iaponeide Fernandes , Brasil Paula de Castro , Antolin Gisele Duarte Caboclo
Published: October 2023

Este artigo, decorrente de um estudo de caso com abordagem qualitativa, teve por objetivo avaliar o grau de maturidade da Indústria 4.0 em uma instituição de ensino superior localizada na Zona Oeste do Rio de Janeiro, identificando as principais tendências, desafios e oportunidades para ela. Para isso, serão realizadas pesquisas em fontes secundarias como livros, artigos científicos, pesquisas de mercado, relatórios e estudos de caso. A análise dos dados coletados permite identificar as principais áreas de aplicação da Indústria 4.0, como automação, inteligência artificial, internet das coisas, ciber-segurança, logística e manufatura avançada. Também são avaliadas as principais barreiras para a implementação da Indústria 4.0 no país, como falta de mão de obra especializada, falta de investimentos e infraestrutura inadequada. Como resultado deste trabalho é apresentado de acordo com os modelos CMMI e ACATECH de avaliação de grau de maturidade que a instituição de ensino superior localizada na zona oeste do Estado do Rio de janeiro teve seu grau mensurado no nível 1, sendo o mais básico dos níveis apresentados dos cinco níveis de graus de maturidade. Além de apresentado uma visão geral do grau de maturidade da Indústria 4.0 na instituição, é fornecido recomendações para melhorarem as suas tomadas de decisão baseadas em dados e a automação de tarefas rotineiras, aumentando a eficiência e a capacidade de resposta às mudanças.
SOCIOLOGICAL AND PEDAGOGICAL PERSPECTIVES IN HIGHER EDUCATION:
Authors: Gadzaova Ludmila , Goverdovskaya Elena , Buralova Raisa , Dagaeva Tatyana , Mutushanova Ramisa , Tomaeva Diana
Published: October 2023

The paper explores the relationship between the educational environment and pedagogical approaches in contemporary universities. The study emphasizes the need for further research on the contribution of each of these aspects to the dynamism and flexibility of the educational environment, as well as the professionalism of educators. Particular attention is paid to the input of teachers in all areas of education both in the theoretical and empirical sense. The article also highlights the changes that stimulate the interrelation of all spheres of education and focuses on the inner differentiation of the vocational and upbringing aspects. This approach supports the unity of vocational and pedagogical culture in higher education. In addition, the study addresses the sociological perspectives in higher education in the context of its interaction with pedagogy and sociology, emphasizing the role of the latter in personality development. Particular attention is paid to the meaning of upbringing and scientific education in contemporary universities as active instruments affecting conviction in the necessity of education, especially in the light of recent research.
JUDGMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ACADEMIC FRAUD PRACTICES BY STUDENTS OF HIGHER EDUCATION
Authors: Iasechko Maksym , Yudina Svetlana , Kharkova Yevdokia , Korotun Olena , Pavlushchenko Nataliia
Published: October 2023

The article outlines the conceptual foundations of the formation of academic integrity among students of higher education; the essence of the concept of academic integrity, its content in relation to the formation of personal and professional characteristics of a competent specialist was investigated; defined attitude to manifestations of academic dishonesty among students. A study of cases of violations of the principles of academic integrity in institutions of higher education was conducted. The analyzed European experience in the formation of moral and ethical behavior of the future specialist in the field of education is highlighted as a model for Ukraine regarding the fight against tolerance for manifestations of academic dishonesty in the educational process. This paper uses the concepts and definitions found in the international academic discussion on this topic. Under the synonymous concepts of "academic fraud" and "dishonest behavior" we will understand the actions of students aimed at gaining advantages in the learning process and which violate the academic norms and rules governing the educational process at the university.
PECULIARITIES OF THE CORRELATION BETWEEN NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND THE INTENSITY OF MANIFESTATIONS OF ADHD IN PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN
Authors: Knyazev Vladyslav , Zelenin Vsevolod
Published: October 2023

The article presents a comprehensive analysis of both theoretical foundations and empirical findings regarding the investigation into the correlation between neurophysiological parameters and the intensity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) manifestations in primary school children. Specifically, the study examines the unique characteristics of this correlation through the utilization of neurophysiological indicators. Within each subgroup of children diagnosed with ADHD, a notable association has been observed between elevated levels of ADHD manifestations, as assessed through the Vanderbilt ADHD Diagnostic Rating Scale (VADRS), and distinctive qualitative aspects of the electroencephalogram (EEG). Additionally, the study identifies certain distinct features of brain bioelectrical activity that deviate from the norm for each respective subgroup. Notably, among children exhibiting prominent hyperactivity and impulsivity, the highest frequency of elevated indicators was consistently observed concerning the fourth type of EEG, whereas the second type of EEG was not commonly encountered within this particular subgroup. Among children with a predominant attention deficit, the second type of EEG demonstrated a prevailing occurrence of the highest mean scores, while the third type of EEG was found to be atypical within this subgroup. These findings have practical implications for the development of a psychological support program, encompassing various aspects such as conducting psychoeducational interventions within the child's environment, strategic planning and selection of corrective and developmental approaches, as well as the establishment of a comprehensive framework consisting of methods and techniques aimed at stabilizing the child's condition.
THE USE OF PERSONALLY ORIENTED TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF FUTURE SPECIALISTS
Authors: Mougel Daryna , Lypka Svitlana , Fabian Myroslava , Gudmanian Artur , Humeniuk Inna
Published: October 2023

In the article, the scientific and theoretical analysis of personally oriented learning technologies showed that the essential element of their application in higher education practice is the transformation of the student from an object to a subject of the educational process. The condition for such a transformation is certain internal positions of teachers and students, namely: genuine interest and respect for the personality of the student as a specific individual; use of modern forms and methods of professional training of future specialists; positive-emotional perception of the pedagogical process; transformation of the student from a passive observer who acquires knowledge and experience to an active interlocutor; encouragement to study on the basis of cooperation and self-management, etc.
THE CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF GENDER REPRESENTATION IN ENGLISH TEXTBOOKS OF IRANIAN HIGH SCHOOLS:
Authors: Ahmadabadi Zahra Sadat Hosseini , Azad Mahnaz
Published: October 2023

The present study adopted an exploratory critical discourse analysis (CDA) approach to examine gender representation in Iranian government mandatory high school ELT textbooks using Fairclough model. Considering the model, female and male characters’ visibility, semantic, domestic, and social roles, activities, and pictorial representations in the textbooks were scrutinized. These factors were described, interpreted, and explained both qualitatively and quantitatively. Additionally, a semi-structured interview was conducted with 30 experienced high school educators and their responses were coded, scrutinized, and interpreted. The findings revealed the permanence of male dominance in the textbooks and that the gender bias in educational materials would have strong socio-cultural effects on students’ mind sets, future careers, and fields of study. The findings highlight the must to address gender inequalities as one of the most crucial socio-cultural concerns of Iran EFL educational textbooks.
MANIPULATIVE TACTICS IN MODERN ENGLISH-LANGUAGE MEDIA DISCOURSE
Authors: Mialkovska Liudmyla , Yanovets Anzhelika , Sternichuk Vita , Nykoliuk Tamara , Honchar Kateryna , Khnykina Oksana
Published: October 2023

The relevance of the chosen research topic is dictated by the need to describe manipulative tactics in modern English-language media discourse, taking into account both the cognitive mechanisms involved in it, which represent the basis of mental activity, and the communicative aspects of influencing a wide audience. It is shown that manipulation implies the choice and use of linguistic means that allow having a hidden effect on the addressee. Manipulative influence is considered as a leading discursive practice, which is a complex of strategic and tactical components aimed at shaping public opinion within the media space.
ACADEMICS’ VIEWS ON CONFLICT RESOLUTION SKILLS WHEN PROBLEMS ARISE IN INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS
Authors: Kan Şebnem Güldal , Öznacar Behçet
Published: October 2023

This study aims to determine academics’ conflict resolution skills when problems arise in their interpersonal relationships. The data obtained to achieve this objective included academics’ sociodemographic distribution and administrator-staff relations in the university, the atmosphere among the stakeholders, the administrators’ relationships with teachers, students, and parents, the distribution of jobs between administrators and staff, and academics’ physical reactions of academic to conflict resolution. This qualitative study was conducted as a case study. The population of the study consisted of 20 academics working in a private university in Nicosia, in Northern Cyprus (Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus) during the 2021-2022 academic year. Purposeful sampling to represent the study population was first determined using the purposeful sampling method; the snowball sampling technique would be used as long as different views were obtained. The majority of the participants consisted of women, most of whom were aged 30-40 years, married, had children, and 16 or more years of professional experience. A semi-structured interview form, which was prepared by the researcher, was used as a data collection tool. The research data were analyzed using the content analysis method. The results showed that the established relationship was positive and authoritarian. The participants expressed their views on the need to create a positive atmosphere among stakeholders and strengthen communication, and highlighted such illnesses as physical stress, heart palpitations, difficulty in breathing, headache, neck pain, shoulder pain, and depressive mood.
DISTANCE EDUCATION AS A FLEXIBLE FORM OF LEARNING IN THE MODERN SOCIETY OF KNOWLEDGE AND INFORMATION
Authors: Ilnitska Kateryna , Rozumenko Anzhela , Androshchuk Iryna , Vdovina Olena , Kochetkova Iryna
Published: October 2023

The modern world trends in the development of education are considered. The state and trends in the development of distance education abroad and in Ukraine are analyzed. Challenges and threats to the national interests of Ukraine in case of lagging behind in the field of distance learning are identified. Measures are proposed to spread distance education in Ukraine and increase its quality and accessibility. The article reveals the theoretical and methodological foundations of the innovative technology of the organization of the educational process - the distance learning system as one of the important factors of pedagogical interaction. The authors analyze the features of distance learning, determines its possibilities for optimizing the process of pedagogical interaction.
PARENTS’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE SEXUAL EDUCATION OF THEIR CHILDREN
Authors: Ata Samet
Published: October 2023

Such studies are to be conducted in countries such as Turkey that do not have a warm attitude towards sexual education. It will be adequate to reveal how attitudes towards sexual education are affected and to take appropriate measures accordingly. In this context, this situation was examined using the mixed methods research method. There are significant differences between parents’ attitudes towards sexual education according to the parent’s and children’s education levels. When the views of the parents are examined, it is also seen that there are differences. It is seen that the majority of parents expect their children to ask questions about sexual education. In addition, it is seen that parents mainly think that sexual education should be started in the family. To prevent sexual abuse, it is thought that parents should be informed about the sexual education of children.
A REVIEW OF RESEARCH ON CYBERVICTIMIZATION AND CYBERAGGRESSION IN INDIVIDUALS WITH NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS WITH A FOCUS ON ADHD
Authors: Kudlova Karolina , Sleziakova Anna
Published: October 2023

More and more attention is being paid to the prevalence of technology in everyday life. The rise of digital means of communication naturally leads to increased cyber victimization, including various forms of online aggression and victimization. Limited knowledge exists regarding the potential vulnerability of individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders to cyber activities. The objective of this research is to comprehensively review and synthesize existing literature on cybervictimization and cyberaggression, with a specific focus on individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders, particularly those with ADHD. We conducted a systematic review of studies investigating the relationship between neurodevelopmental disorders and cybervictimization/ cyberaggression. An analysis of the reviewed studies suggests that factors such as impulsivity, heightened frustration, and poor social skills may elevate the risk of cybervictimization/cyberaggression among individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders. Overall, we aim to emphasize the significance of future research in understanding the association between neurodevelopmental disorders and cybervictimization/cyberaggression, thereby enhancing our understanding of the risk factors and consequences associated with these detrimental phenomena.
PEDAGOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF DIFFICULTIES IN MATHEMATICS AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL PUPILS
Authors: Skalova Prazakova Katerina , Kucharska Anna , Spackova Klara
Published: October 2023

This paper focuses on the pedagogical assessment of primary school pupils' mathematical abilities and skills. The present study includes pupils taught by conventional methods and pupils taught by the so-called Hejny method based on the constructivist approach. Using standardized diagnostic methods, children nominated by teachers as having difficulties in mathematics were compared in terms of their performance in mathematics and non-verbal intellectual abilities with a control group of pupils without identified difficulties. The results showed significant differences in favor of the control group, especially for children taught within a constructivist approach.
DIVERSITY OF EDUCATING METHODS FOR YOUNGER SCHOOL AGE PUPIL IN A HOME ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Singliarova Zuzana
Published: October 2023

The individual form of education, known to the public as homeschooling, is legislatively supported in the Slovak education system by the School Act No. 245/2008 Coll. A student who has been granted permission for individual education takes commission exams at the mainstream school once every six months (School Act, §24, para. 7). The process of education, selection of educational methods and activities leading to the mastery of these exams, lies in the hands of the parent or an external educator. This paper aims to present the results of a conducted pedagogical research study with a mixed design, which collected data in the field with 24 respondents from a community school, 6 families, and 116 respondents in an online space. Through a qualitative-quantitative research study focused on the issue of diversity in the methods used for educating younger children in a home environment, we found that individualized forms of education, which respect the unevenness in a child's development, their interests, the need for safety, security, and a stronger family bond, are preferred by families with multiple children, highly educated parents, as well as families living in rural areas. The home environment provides suitable conditions for the implementation of innovative educational methods.
COGNITIVE AND LINGUISTIC PREDICTORS OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE LITERACY IN YOUNGER CZECH PUPILS - PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
Authors: Dvorakova Katerina , Spackova Klara
Published: October 2023

Although the teaching of the English language (as a foreign/second language) is now compulsory in many European countries at the level of primary education, we still lack research-based information about how young school-age pupils learn English in a formal environment and what skills are needed for the development of cognitive and language skills, these findings cannot simply be applied to childhood. The paper will present a longitudinal study, the aim of which is to map the development of foreign language literacy (reading, writing, and listening) in the first two years of formal English language teaching at primary school and to assess the influence of selected cognitive and linguistic abilities, as well as motivational and environmental factors, on individual differences in performances among pupils. Specifically, the contribution will focus on data analysis from the first testing phase, which took place among monolignous Czech 3rd year students. It will then deal in detail with the psychometric properties of selected test tasks.
The Main Patterns of Transformation in Organs of Reproductive System During the Evolution of Vertebrates
Authors: Shevlyuk N. N.
Published: October 2023

The article presents an analysis of the main directions of transformations of the organs of the reproductive system during the evolution of vertebrates at various levels of the hierarchical organization of vertebrates - cellular, tissue, organ, organism, population. During the evolution of vertebrates, gonadal oligomerization occurred, a decrease in the number of hermaphrodite species, a decrease in the relative mass of gonads in the body, and a transition from isogamy to heterogamy (oogamy) was observed. In vertebrates, 4 types of structural and functional organization of male gonads have been formed: follicular type, follicular-cystic type, tubular-cystic type, tubular type. In representatives of different classes of vertebrates, the transformation of the ovaries proceeded in different directions. Large, grape-shaped ovaries have evolved in fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and cloacal mammals. These ovaries, just before the breeding season, can occupy almost the entire abdominal cavity. The ovaries of placental mammals are small in size, their shape is most often oval, the surface is smooth. One  of  the  directions  of  the  evolutionary  transformation  of  the  gonads  was  the  compartmentalization  of  the structures of the male and female gonads, while there was a structural and topographic division into the actual gonads and the genital tract, which were formed on the basis of the structures of the primary kidney. Higher vertebrates have well-developed accessory sex glands. In the gonads, there was a clear topographical distinction between endocrine and germinal structures. Against the background of an increase in the number of species with internal  fertilization,  against  the  background  of  the  formation  of  a  complexly  organized vagina  and  uterus  in female mammals, the formation and complication of the copulatory organs of males occurred.
Reparative and Inflammatory Changes in Wounds in Animals with Different Resistance to Hypoxia
Authors: Diatroptova M. A. , Mkhitarov V. A. , Ponomarenko E. A. , Zolotova N. A. , Ryabinina O. M. , Makarova O. V.
Published: October 2023

Individual  resistance  to  hypoxia  largely  determines  the  severity  of  inflammatory  processes and, probably, can affect the regeneration of the skin wound.

The aim was to study reparative and inflammatory changes in the wound in Wistar rats with different resistance to hypoxia.

Material and methods. The study was performed on mature male Wistar rats weighing 300–350 g. Before the experiment, the resistance of animals to hypoxia was determined. Rats were classified as highly resistant to hypoxia (HR), in which the time to take a lateral position in the pressure chamber “at a height” of 11,500 m was more than 360 s (n=5), to low-resistant (LR) – less than 40 s (n=5). A full-thickness wound with a diameter of 16 mm was applied to the animals  in  the  interscapular zone of the back.  On  the  7th  day  after  the infliction of the wound, a histological and  morphometric study was performed. The proliferative activity of cells in the granulation tissue of the wound was determined  immunohistochemically using  the  Ki-67  marker.  Real-time  PCR  was used  to  evaluate  the  level  of expression of the Hif-1α, Nf-κB, and Vegf genes.

Results. It was shown that in rats with high resistance to hypoxia, the total number of cells and, among them, the number of inflammatory cells was higher than in rats with low resistance to hypoxia. However, the percentage of inflammatory cells in the compared groups did not differ significantly. Cell proliferative activity, as measured by the number of Ki-67 positive cells, was higher in rats with high resistance to hypoxia. In the granulation tissue of highly resistant to hypoxia rats, the expression of the Vegf gene was statistically significantly higher than in low-resistant animals, while there were no statistically significant differences in the level of expression of the Hif-1α, Nf-κB genes.

Conclusion. In rats with high resistance to hypoxia, on the 7th day of healing of a full-thickness skin wound, reparative processes in it are more pronounced. In  the  horizontal  layer  of  fibroblasts,  there  are  more  cells,  among  them  inflammatory  ones  -  histiocytes  and macrophages, which is combined with a higher number of proliferating Ki-67 positive cells and the expression level of vascular endothelial growth factor (Vegf).
Effects of Exogenous Melatonin on Colon Glial Cells in Experimental Desynchronosis
Authors: Luzikova E. M. , Sumbaev D. O. , Bakhman E. K.
Published: October 2023

The effect of exogenous and endogenous melatonin on GFAP and S-100 positive cells of the colon mucosa of rats kept under different lighting conditions was studied.

The aim was to estimate the effect of melatonin on the structural and functional characteristics of colon glial cells in normal conditions and in experimental  desynchronosis.

Material  and  methods.  The  study  was  conducted  on  laboratory  male  Wistar  rats (n=72), 2-months old, weighing 180–200 g, divided into 6 groups 12 rats in each. Group I consisted of animals treated in natural light conditions; Group II – rats treated in natural light conditions, receiving synthetic melatonin  (Melaxen,  Unipharm,  Inc.,  USA)  ad  libitum  at  a  concentration  of  4 mg/l  with  drinking water; Group III – animals treated in constant darkness; Group IV – animals treated in constant darkness and received melatonin; Group V consisted of animals treated under constant lighting conditions; Group VI included rats treated in constant lighting conditions and received melatonin. Astrocytes were identified using an indirect immunohistochemical method using polyclonal antibodies to glial fibrillary acidic protein (Dako, Germany 750 µg/ml) and protein S-100 (Spring Bio Science USA 1:300). Cells were counted using a Carl Zeiss Axio Scope A1 microscope at 400 magnification and SigmaScan Pro 5 software. Statistical processing was carried out using the MS Excel and Statistica 17 programs.

Results. The number of GFAP positive cells decreased in groups III and V. Conditions II and VI resulted in a decrease in the number of gliocytes. In group IV, the administration of melatonin led to an increase in the number of studied cells. A significant increase in the optical density of GFAP in colon gliocytes was observed only when rats were treated under constant lighting conditions. The number of S-100 positive cells decreased in groups III and II. Conditions V and IV led to an increase in the number of S-100 positive cells. The optical density of S-100 does not depend on photoperiod.

Conclusion. S-100B and GFAP positive glial cells of the colon respond both to changes in photoperiod and to the administration of exogenous melatonin. In particular, under constant dark conditions, the number of GFAP and S-100B positive cells decreases. The obtained data can be used in the elaboration of new therapeutic approaches to the treatment of intestinal diseases.
Constitutional and Index Assessment of the Physical Development of Young People in the Altai Krai
Authors: Mershalova A. A. , Borodina G. N. , Elyasin P. A. , Marchenko A. A.
Published: October 2023

The aim of the study was to comprehensively assess the indicators of physical development of adolescents subject to the assigned medical commission and young men subject to the military medical commission  living  in  the  Altai  Krai,  taking  into  account  their  motor  activity  by  the  index  method.

Material  and  methods. The study involved 1,186 young people of the Altai Krai aged 14–19 years. Among them there were 558 teenagers subject to the assigned medical commission and 628 young men subject to the military medical commission. Within each group, subgroups were identified in relation to motor activity. Each participant of the study gave voluntary informed written consent. The examination included the determination of 44 anthropometric parameters of the human body.

Results. The studied adolescents and young men were harmoniously developed,  however,  the  persons  subject  to  medical  commission, in  the  majority  had  an  asthenic  type, while the persons subject to military medical commission had normosthenic without taking into account motor activity. In the group of people with high motor activity, a strong physique was observed. The percentage of hypotrophy was higher in individuals with average motor activity in both study groups. A proportional type of fat deposition was observed in both study groups, however, in persons with average motor activity, the percentage of persons with a gynoid type of deposition was higher. Persons subject to military medical commission had higher Tanner Index scores. During the intragroup analysis, higher indicators of this index were noted in the group of people with high motor activity.

Conclusion. The results of the study conducted in groups of adolescents and young men subject to assigned medical commission and military medical commission living in the Altai Krai show the heterogeneity of the study groups. Increased motor activity contributes to the androgenization of adolescents and adolescents in general, an increase in the chest, an increase in body weight.
Detection of Fat Cells in Uterine Scars During Normal Pregnancy and with Placenta Accreta Spectrum
Authors: Milovanov A. P. , Tikhonova N. B. , Fokina T. V. , Kulikov I. A. , Nizyaeva N. V.
Published: October 2023

The aim was to investigate the presence of fat cells (adipocytes) using morphological methods in the uterus of women without signs of scarring, with well–off scars after cesarean section (CS), as well as in a group  of  patients  with  different  variants  of  atypical  placentation.

Material  and  methods.  A  retrospective histological and immunohistochemical study of the uterine wall material obtained during abdominal delivery in normal pregnancy without a previous CS in medical history (group 1, n=10), in normal pregnancy with a previous CS in anamnesis and the presence of a scar in the uterine wall (group 2, n=23) was performed, in pregnancy complicated  by  the  ingrowth  of placental  villi  (group  3,  n=22).

Results.  In  the  uteroplacental region,  the  fat component was found in all three groups. No adipocytes were found in group 1 (0%). In group 2, fields of fat cells of different sizes were found in 19 cases out of 23 studied (83%) and only in the scar zone: in serosa 40%, in the perivascular  zone 28%, among muscle bundles 15%. In the 3rd  group with the ingrowth of placental villi into the  scar zone, a “hernia” of the thinned uterine wall was detected in 68% of cases. The adipocytic component in this group was detected in 86% of cases (19 out of 22). Localization of adipocytes was observed in serosa (56%), in the perivascular zone (25%) and among muscle bundles (6%). No adipocytic component was found in the uterine wall outside the scar tissue.

Conclusion. An adipocytic component was identified, undoubtedly associated with traumatic damage to the uterus and the presence of a scar in the wall. What are the relationships between the presence of fat cells in the scar tissue and its predisposition to the pathology of ingrowth of villi is unknown and requires further research.
UNIÃO EUROPEIA COMO NORM SHAPER NA PROTEÇÃO DA BIODIVERSIDADE
Authors: Cristino Frota Mont´Alverne Tarin , Girão Veras Lima Maria Cecília
Published: October 2023

A pesquisa parte de quais foram as contribuições da União Europeia (UE) como norm shaper no contexto do Pacto Ecológico Europeu (PEE) e da COP-15 da Convenção da Diversidade Biológica (CDB). São analisadas as normas emanadas pela UE que influenciam as decisões dos Estados-membros e dos países estrangeiros, a fim de examinar o papel da UE como norm shaper em matéria ambiental. Exploram-se iniciativas soft referentes à influência da UE quanto à preservação da biodiversidade globalmente. A metodologia utilizada é qualitativa, dedutiva e descritiva. As conclusões foram de que a Comissão Europeia (CE) tem atuado no monitoramento dos avanços e retrocessos do PEE, preenchendo lacuna de outrora. Uma falha percebida foi a falta de compromisso dos Estados-membros no cumprimento das metas do Pacto. A invasão da Ucrânia pela Rússia é apontada como fator de desaceleração nos planos do Green Deal quanto à neutralidade climática e quanto à contenção da perda de biodiversidade. Há pioneirismo da UE em sua Proposta de Regulamento sobre Restauração da Natureza (PRRN), e percebeu-se que as ambições para a COP-15 da biodiversidade foram ratificadas no âmbito da Conferência. A UE estabelece padrões de sustentabilidade internacionais, sendo uma norm shaper quanto ao meio ambiente.
Crocin Protects Mice Pancreatic Islets from Oxidative Stress Induced by Methylglyoxal and Increases Insulin Secretion
Authors: RADMEHR Vahid , AHANGARPOUR Akram , HAROONI Elnaz , NOEI RAZLIQI Reza
Published: October 2023

Aim: Islets of Langerhans are more sensitive to oxidative damage because of their low antioxidant capacity. In diabetes, methylglyoxal (MG) accumulates in the pancreas. The present study examined the effect of crocin on oxidative stress induced by MG in isolated Langerhans islets from male mice.

Material and Methods: Twenty-four male mice weighing 20 to 25 g were prepared. The isolated Langerhans islets were transferred to the culture medium. Oxidative stress was induced through MG administration for 30 min, and then 10, 20, 30, and 40 μM of crocin was used for 2 h. Samples were divided into seven groups with 2.8, 5.6, and 16.7 mM glucose concentrations: control, MG 300 μM, MG+glibenclamide 10 μM, and MG+crocin in four doses of 10, 20, 30, and 40 μM. At the end, the islet’s insulin, antioxidant levels, and lipid peroxidation were assessed by ELISA and calorimetry methods.

Results: Increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in MG groups significantly decreased in 2.8 (p=0.008), 5.6 (p=0.004), and 16.7 (p˂0.001) mM glucose concentrations, with administration of 30 and 40 μM crocin. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was reduced in MG groups (p˂0.001) and significantly restored in all crocin-treated groups in 2.8, 5.6, and 16.7 mM glucose concentrations. Also, a significant decrease in insulin secretion and content was observed in MG groups of all three glucose concentrations (p˂0.001). Crocin at high doses improved these alterations.

Conclusion: MG caused oxidative damage and reduced insulin secretion in isolated islets. Crocin improved the antioxidant defense system, diminished MDA, and increased insulin secretion.
SOMOS A NEGRITUDE?
Authors: Monteiro Matheus Miranda
Published: October 2023

Embora seja um evento pouco estudado pela literatura até aqui consolidada, o I Festival Mundial de Artes Negras possui uma importância ímpar para a articulação panafricana da segunda metade do século XX. Concebido a partir dos ideais da Negritude e da proposta política e cultural de Léopold Senghor, o festival de 1966 não só promoveu o encontro de artistas e pensadores provenientes de diferentes espaços da África e da diáspora africana, como fez parte de um contexto político de descolonização em uma cartografia ainda decorrente das tensões da Guerra Fria e de projetos de alianças entre países do Terceiro Mundo. Inserido nesse complexo quadro histórico, o I FESMAN figurou como uma oportunidade para governos instrumentalizarem a cultura como possibilidade estratégica de formulação de unidade identitária e de projeção política no cenário internacional. Voltando a atenção para o caso brasileiro, o artigo diagrama as objetivações dos atores que participaram da organização da delegação do Brasil a partir de correspondências diplomáticas e de material jornalístico. Atento aos embates narrativos sobre cultura afro-brasileira, decodifica-se como a projeção do país no evento esteve alinhada à perspectiva da democracia racial.