bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Geriatric Day Hospital: Preliminary Data on an Innovative Model of Care in Brazil for Older Adults at Risk of Hospitalization
Authors: Aliberti Márlon J. R. , Suemoto Claudia K. , Fortes‐Filho Sileno Q. , Melo Juliana A. , Trindade Carolina B. , Kasai Juliana Y. T. , Altona Marcelo , Apolinario Daniel , Jacob‐Filho Wilson
Published: July 2016

Older adults have a greater risk of experiencing functional decline and iatrogenic complications during hospitalization than younger individuals. Geriatric day hospitals (GDHs) have been implemented mainly for rehabilitation. The goal of the current study was to expand the GDH spectrum of care to prevent hospital admissions in this population. This study details an innovative model of GDH care that offers short‐term, nonrehabilitative treatment to older adults who have experienced an acute event, those with a decompensated chronic disease, or those in need of a minor procedure that would be unattainable in a regular outpatient setting. During the 6‐hour visits made weekly for up to 2 months, participants receive integrated evaluations of their various health domains, education, and rapid access to examinations and procedures based on a multidisciplinary approach. In the first 6 years, 2,322 individuals attended the GDH. The analysis of a representative sample (n = 645) revealed that 81% were treated in the GDH without the need for another type of hospital care. This percentage was high for the different reasons for referral (infection, 71%; delirium, 73%; decompensated chronic disease, 81%). Between baseline and discharge, participants maintained their functional status, and their self‐reported health improved. This study represents the first step in describing the role of the GDH as a possible alternative to emergency department use or hospitalization for older adults. Future studies are needed to determine the optimal individual for this model of care and to ensure its cost‐effectiveness.
TRPV1 receptor in the human trigeminal ganglion and spinal nucleus: immunohistochemical localization and comparison with the neuropeptides CGRP and SP
Authors: Quartu Marina , Serra Maria Pina , Boi Marianna , Poddighe Laura , Picci Cristina , Demontis Roberto , Del Fiacco Marina
Published: July 2016

This work presents new data concerning the immunohistochemical occurrence of the transient receptor potential vanilloid type‐1 (TRPV1) receptor in the human trigeminal ganglion (TG) and spinal nucleus of subjects at different ontogenetic stages, from prenatal life to postnatal old age. Comparisons are made with the sensory neuropeptides calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP). TRPV1‐like immunoreactive (LI) material was detected by western blot in homogenates of TG and medulla oblongata of subjects at prenatal and adult stages of life. Immunohistochemistry showed that expression of the TRPV1 receptor is mostly restricted to the small‐ and medium‐sized TG neurons and to the caudal subdivision of the spinal trigeminal nucleus (Sp5C). The extent of the TRPV1‐LI TG neuronal subpopulation was greater in subjects at early perinatal age than at late perinatal age and in postnatal life. Centrally, the TRPV1 receptor localized to fibre tracts and punctate elements, which were mainly distributed in the spinal tract, lamina I and inner lamina II of the Sp5C, whereas stained cells were rare. The TRPV1 receptor colocalized partially with CGRP and SP in the TG, and was incompletely codistributed with both neuropeptides in the spinal tract and in the superficial laminae of the Sp5C. Substantial differences were noted with respect to the distribution of the TRPV1‐LI structures described in the rat Sp5C and with respect to the temporal expression of the receptor during the development of the rat spinal dorsal horn. The distinctive localization of TRPV1‐LI material supports the concept of the involvement of TRPV1 receptor in the functional activity of the protopathic compartment of the human trigeminal sensory system, i.e. the processing and neurotransmission of thermal and pain stimuli.
The Long‐Term Effects of Caregiving on Women's Health and Mortality
Authors: Caputo Jennifer , Pavalko Eliza K. , Hardy Melissa A.
Published: July 2016

Caregivers experience numerous mental and physical health effects from the stress of providing care, but we know little about whether these problems persist in the long term and whether long‐term effects differ across caregiving contexts. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Mature Women, we examined the relationship between caregiving and long‐term patterns of depressive symptoms, functional limitations, and mortality. We also explored the health effects of caregiving in‐home versus out‐of‐home and by caregiver/care‐recipient relationship. Analyses show that in‐home spousal and parental caregiving predict increased depressive symptoms and functional limitations in the long term but are unassociated with mortality, whereas caregiving outside the home is unassociated with later depression and functional limitations but predicts a lower risk of mortality. This study highlights the usefulness of approaching stressful experiences such as caregiving from the life course perspective, viewing them as processes that unfold over time within specific contexts that may carry delayed or cumulative consequences.
International Prostate Symptom ScoreShould Be Considered a Complement Rather Than a Substitute to Generic Preference‐Based Measures for MeasuringLower Urinary Tract SymptomsWithin Economic Evaluation
Authors: MPUNDU‐KAAMBWA Christine , KAAMBWA Billingsley , APPLETON Sarah , MARTIN Sean , WITTERT Gary , ADAMS Robert
Published: July 2016

Objective

To determine the suitability of using the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), a condition‐specific instrument, within economic evaluation of lower urinary tract symptom (LUTS) interventions.

Methods

Data were obtained from a cohort of 2236 community‐dwelling Australian men. Using correlations and a modifiedBland–Altmanplot, we investigated the convergent validity of theIPSSwith two generic quality of life (GQol) instruments: the Assessment of Quality ofLife 4 Dimensions (AQoL‐4D) and the Short‐Form 36 (SF‐36). Discriminant validity was investigated usingWilcoxon–Mann–Whitney and Kruskal–Wallistests, comparing instrument scores and utilities between subgroups varying in age, marital status, history of illness, smoking status and self‐assessed general health.

Results

Discriminant validity was confirmed for all instruments by finding statistically significant differences in summary scores and utilities between nearly all subgroups. Convergent validity between the summary scores/utilities of theIPSSand theGQoLinstruments was weak (absolute correlation value range, 0.11–0.23) but differed considerably between dimensions of the instruments (absolute correlation value range, 0.01–0.24). Weak to moderate correlation between theGQoLinstruments was seen (absolute correlation value range, 0.01–0.49).

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that theIPSShas comparable discriminant validity to theGQoLinstruments and therefore useful for assessing subgroup differences related to urinary symptoms. The weak convergence between theIPSSand theGQoLinstruments however suggests that, within economic evaluation, theIPSSshould be viewed as a complement rather than a substitute to theGQoLinstruments because it captures different quality of life constructs.
Subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by Exophiala spinifera in a European patient with lymphoma: a rare occurrence case report and literature review
Authors: Bohelay G. , Robert S. , Bouges‐Michel C. , Gerin M. , Levy A. , Fain O. , Caux F.
Published: July 2016

Exophiala spinifera is a dematiaceous fungus responsible for rare skin infections presenting as phaeohyphomycosis or chromoblastomycosis which has been primarily reported in tropical and subtropical areas (Asia, South and North America). We report the first case of E. spinifera phaeohyphomycosis in a European patient. The phaeohyphomycosis was limited to the skin, involving the finger of an immunocompromised patient presenting with a large B‐cell lymphoma treated by R‐mini‐CHOP regimen. Remission was initially achieved by surgical excision; however, a local subcutaneous relapse required treatment with itraconazole. We performed a literature review of the 32 previously published cases of E. spinifera phaeohyphomycosis highlighting its clinical phenotype: disseminated infection with extracutaneous involvement and poor prognosis were reported in young patients, of whom some were recently associated with CARD9 mutations, whereas cases in older immunocompromised patients were limited to the skin and showed better prognosis. There is currently no standard treatment for E. spinifera phaeohyphomycosis; however, itraconazole, alone or in combination, allowed partial or complete response in 16 out of 20 cases.
Esophagogastric junction distensibility identifies achalasia subgroup with manometrically normal esophagogastric junction relaxation
Authors: Ponds F. A. , Bredenoord A. J. , Kessing B. F. , Smout A. J. P. M.
Published: July 2016

Background

Manometric criteria to diagnose achalasia are absent peristalsis and incomplete relaxation of the esophagogastric junction (EGJ), determined by an integrated relaxation pressure (IRP) >15 mm Hg. However, EGJ relaxation seems normal in a subgroup of patients with typical symptoms of achalasia, no endoscopic abnormalities, stasis on timed barium esophagogram (TBE), and absent peristalsis on high‐resolution manometry (HRM). The aim of our study was to further characterize these patients by measuring EGJ distensibility and assessing the effect of achalasia treatment.

Methods

Impedance planimetry (EndoFLIP) was used to measure EGJ distensibility and compared to previous established data of 15 healthy subjects. In case the EGJ distensibility was impaired, achalasia treatment followed. Eckardt score, HRM, TBE, and EGJ distensibility measurements were repeated >3 months after treatment.

Key Results

We included 13 patients (5 male; age 19–59 years) with typical symptoms of achalasia, Eckardt score of 7 (5–7). High‐resolution manometry showed absent peristalsis with low basal EGJ pressure of 10 (5.8–12.9) mm Hg and IRP of 9.3 (6.1–12) mm Hg. Esophageal stasis was 4.6 (2.7–6.9) cm after 5 minutes. Esophagogastric junction distensibility was significantly reduced in patients compared to healthy subjects (0.8 [0.7–1.2] mm2/mm Hg vs 6.3 [3.8–8.7] mm2/mm Hg). Treatment significantly improved the Eckardt score (7 [5–7] to 2 [1–3.5]) and EGJ distensibility (0.8 [0.7–1.2] mm2/mm Hg to 3.5 [1.5–6.1] mm2/mm Hg).

Conclusions & Inferences

A subgroup of patients with clinical and radiological features of achalasia but manometrically normal EGJ relaxation has an impaired EGJ distensibility and responds favorably to achalasia treatment. Our data suggest that this condition can be considered as achalasia and treated as such.
Arabidopsis thalianaroot colonization by the nematophagous fungusPochonia chlamydosporiais modulated by jasmonate signaling and leads to accelerated flowering and improved yield
Authors: Zavala‐Gonzalez Ernesto A. , Rodríguez‐Cazorla Encarnación , Escudero Nuria , Aranda‐Martinez Almudena , Martínez‐Laborda Antonio , Ramírez‐Lepe Mario , Vera Antonio , Lopez‐Llorca Luis V.
Published: July 2016

Pochonia chlamydosporiahas been intensively studied in nematode control of different crops. We have investigated the interaction betweenP. chlamydosporiaand the model systemArabidopsis thalianaunder laboratory conditions in the absence of nematodes.

This study demonstrates thatP. chlamydosporiacolonizesA. thaliana. Root colonization monitored with green fluorescent protein‐taggedP. chlamydosporiaand quantitative PCR (qPCR) quantitation methods revealed root cell invasion. Fungal inoculation reduced flowering time and stimulated plant growth, as determined by total FW increase, faster development of inflorescences and siliques, and a higher yield in terms of seed production per plant.

Precocious flowering was associated with significant expression changes in key flowering‐time genes. In addition, we also provided molecular and genetic evidence that point towards jasmonate signaling as an important factor to modulate progression of plant colonization by the fungus.

Our results indicate thatP. chlamydosporiaprovides benefits to the plant in addition to its nematophagous activity. This report highlights the potential ofP. chlamydosporiato improve yield in economically important crops.
Developing the concept of sustainability in nursing
Authors: Goodman Benny
Published: July 2016

Sustainability, and the related concept of climate change, is an emerging domain within nursing and nurse education. Climate change has been posited as a serious global health threat requiring action by health professionals and action at international level. Anåker & Elf undertook a concept analysis of sustainability in nursing based on Walker and Avant's framework. Their main conclusions seem to be that while defining attributes and cases can be established, there is not enough research into sustainability in the nursing literature. This paper seeks to develop their argument to argue that sustainability in nursing can be better understood by accessing non‐nursing and grey literature and, for example, the literature in the developing web‐based ‘paraversity’. Without this understanding, and application in nursing scholarship, nurses will have a rather narrow understanding of sustainability and its suggested links with social and health inequalities and the dynamics underpinning unsustainable neoliberalist political economy. This understanding is based on the social and political determinants of health approach and the emerging domain of planetary health. However, this is a major challenge as it requires a critical reflection on what counts as nursing knowledge, a reflection which might reject sustainability and political economy as irrelevant to much of nursing practice.
The effects of resveratrol intervention on risk markers of cardiovascular health in overweight and obese subjects: a pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Huang Haohai , Chen Guangzhao , Liao Dan , Zhu Yongkun , Pu Rong , Xue Xiaoyan
Published: July 2016

Background

Potential effects of resveratrol consumption on cardiovascular disease risk factors and body weight in overweight/obese adults have not been fully elucidated. Our present analysis was to evaluate the effects of resveratrol consumption on risk markers related to cardiovascular health in overweight/obese Individuals.

Methods

Multiple literature databases were systematically searched, and 21 studies were included. Effect sizes were expressed as weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI), and heterogeneity was assessed with the I2 test. Publication bias and subgroup analyses were also performed.

Results

There were variations in reporting quality of included studies. Resveratrol intervention significantly lowered total cholesterol (WMD, –0.19 mmol/L; 95% CI, –0.32 to –0.06; P = 0.004), systolic blood pressure (WMD, –2.26 mmHg; 95% CI, –4.82 to –0.49; P = 0.02), and fasting glucose (WMD, –0.22 mmol/L; 95% CI, –0.42 to –0.03; P = 0.03). Heterogeneity was noted for these outcomes (35.6%, 38.7% and 71.4%, respectively). Our subgroup analysis showed significant reductions in total cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, glucose, and insulin in subjects ingesting higher dose of resveratrol (≥300 mg/day).

Conclusion

Our finding provides evidence that daily resveratrol consumption might be a candidate as an adjunct to pharmacological management to better prevent and control cardiovascular disease in overweight/obese individuals.
A step change in the transfer of interspecific variation into wheat from Amblyopyrum muticum
Authors: King Julie , Grewal Surbhi , Yang Cai‐yun , Hubbart Stella , Scholefield Duncan , Ashling Stephen , Edwards Keith J. , Allen Alexandra M. , Burridge Amanda , Bloor Claire , Davassi Alessandro , da Silva Glacy J. , Chalmers Ken , King Ian P.
Published: July 2016

Despite some notable successes, only a fraction of the genetic variation available in wild relatives has been utilized to produce superior wheat varieties. This is as a direct result of the lack of availability of suitable high‐throughput technologies to detect wheat/wild relative introgressions when they occur. Here, we report on the use of a new SNP array to detect wheat/wild relative introgressions in backcross progenies derived from interspecific hexaploid wheat/Ambylopyrum muticum F1 hybrids. The array enabled the detection and characterization of 218 genomewide wheat/Am. muticum introgressions, that is a significant step change in the generation and detection of introgressions compared to previous work in the field. Furthermore, the frequency of introgressions detected was sufficiently high to enable the construction of seven linkage groups of the Am. muticum genome, thus enabling the syntenic relationship between the wild relative and hexaploid wheat to be determined. The importance of the genetic variation from Am. muticum introduced into wheat for the development of superior varieties is discussed.
Wittgenstein and the Animal Origins of Linguistic Communication
Authors: Cash Luke
Published: July 2016

Wittgenstein's notorious sample of a ‘complete primitive language’ (viz. the builders’ game of thePhilosophical Investigations) is often thought to be closer in kind to animal forms of communication than human language. Indeed, it has been criticised on precisely these grounds. But such debates make little sense if we take seriously Wittgenstein's idea that language is a family resemblance concept. So, rather than argue that the builders’ game ‘really is a language’ (or not), I propose to turn the debate on its head and welcome the comparison. By changing our perspective in this way, I suggest that we can see that the learning of language is crucially dependent on forms of communication that are animal in nature. I then discuss how these lessons might shed light on empirical research into both the ontogenetic and phylogenetic origins of linguistic communication.
Oral health status in older immigrants in a medium‐sized Swedish city
Authors: Olerud Eva , Hagman‐Gustavsson Marie‐Louise , Gabre Pia
Published: July 2016

Aim

The aim of the study was to investigate oral health and oral care habits among older immigrants to Sweden from countries outside the Nordic region.

Method

Participants ≥60 years of age from senior social centers for immigrants were invited to attend oral examinations. Data was collected on the number of teeth, dentures, caries, periodontal status, saliva secretion, and plaque scores. Participants also described their general health and oral care habits.

Results

Fourteen men and 28 women, median age 71.5 years, participated. Seventeen percent were edentulous, women often than men. Three out of four had caries and 63% had gingival bleeding. Two‐thirds brushed their teeth twice per day and 60% had visited dental services in the last 2 years.

Conclusion

The group had a high prevalence of oral diseases and discomfort. They used dental services and brushed their teeth less frequently than Swedish populations of the same age.
Donor‐derived tuberculosis (TB): isoniazid‐resistant TB transmitted from a lung transplant donor with inadequately treated latent infection
Authors: Jensen T.O. , Darley D.R. , Goeman E.E. , Shaw K. , Marriott D.J. , Glanville A.R.
Published: July 2016

Donor‐derived tuberculosis (TB) is an increasingly recognized complication of solid organ transplantation. We report a case of isoniazid‐resistant pulmonary TB in a lung transplant recipient. The patient acquired the infection from the lung donor who was previously empirically treated with isoniazid for latent TB. The case highlights the caveat that, while adequate treatment of latent TB with isoniazid is presumed, meticulous screening of donors is required.
Doing well while fighting river blindness: the alignment of a corporate drug donation programme with responsibilities to shareholders
Authors: Hernando Yolanda , Colwell Kaela , Wright Brian D.
Published: July 2016

Objective

Using the example of Merck's donations of ivermectin, to show how tax incentives and non‐profit collaborators can make corporate largesse consistent with obligations to maximise returns to shareholders.

Methods

We obtained information from publicly available data and estimated Merck's tax deductions according to the US Internal Revenue Code. Reviews of Merck‐Kitasato contracts and personal interviews provided additional information regarding key lessons from this collaboration.

Results

Our best estimate of the direct cost to Merck of the ivermectin tablets donated during 2005–2011 is around US$ 600 million, well below the stated value of US$ 3.8 billion. Our calculation of tax write‐offs reduces the net cost to around US$ 180 million in that period. Indirect market benefits and effects on goodwill further enhanced the compatibility of Merck's donation programme with the company's profit‐maximising objective. The case offers lessons for effective management of collaborations with public and non‐profit organisations.

Conclusion

Merck's role in the donation of ivermectin for the treatment of onchocerciasis is widely and justly acknowledged as a prime example of corporate largesse in the public interest. It is nevertheless important to note that several public and non‐profit collaborators, and United States taxpayers, played significant roles in increasing Merck's incentives, and indeed ability, to conduct the donation programme that changed so many lives in poor countries, while meeting its responsibilities to shareholders. Overall, the record indicates responsible corporate management of Merck's ivermectin programme and demonstrates the feasibility of socially responsible policies in a manner compatible with obligations to shareholders.
AtRAD5A is a DNA translocase harboring a HIRAN domain which confers binding to branched DNA structures and is required for DNA repair in vivo
Authors: Kobbe Daniela , Kahles Andy , Walter Maria , Klemm Tobias , Mannuss Anja , Knoll Alexander , Focke Manfred , Puchta Holger
Published: July 2016

DNA lesions such as crosslinks represent obstacles for the replication machinery. Nonetheless, replication can proceed via the DNA damage tolerance pathway also known as postreplicative repair pathway. SNF2 ATPase Rad5 homologs, such as RAD5A of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, are important for the error‐free mode of this pathway. We able to demonstrate before, that RAD5A is a key factor in the repair of DNA crosslinks in Arabidopsis. Here, we show by in vitro analysis that AtRAD5A protein is a DNA translocase able to catalyse fork regression. Interestingly, replication forks with a gap in the leading strand are processed best, in line with its suggested function. Furthermore AtRAD5A catalyses branch migration of a Holliday junction and is furthermore not impaired by the DNA binding of a model protein, which is indicative of its ability to displace other proteins. Rad5 homologs possess HIRAN (Hip116, Rad5; N‐terminal) domains. By biochemical analysis we were able to demonstrate that the HIRAN domain variant from Arabidopsis RAD5A mediates structure selective DNA binding without the necessity for a free 3′OH group as has been shown to be required for binding of HIRAN domains in a mammalian RAD5 homolog. The biological importance of the HIRAN domain in AtRAD5A is demonstrated by our result that it is required for its function in DNA crosslink repair in vivo.
Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Uptake in Adolescent Boys: An Evidence Review
Authors: Voss Danielle S. , Wofford Linda G.
Published: July 2016

Background

Despite evidence‐based guidelines recommending routine vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV) for adolescent boys, ages 11–12 years, vaccine uptake among this population remains low.

Aims

To examine reasons for low HPV quadrivalent vaccine uptake and methods available to increase vaccine uptake among adolescent males, ages 11–12 years.

Methods and Results

Of 341 identified studies, 30 were included from three databases. The 30 studies were grouped into six categories: population‐specific, problem‐specific, educational interventions, theory‐specific, political implications, and foundational guidelines and Websites.

Discussion

Among eight studies, low vaccine uptake was attributed to lack of parental, adolescent, and physician knowledge of HPV4 vaccine availability and recommendations. HPV4 vaccine educational interventions for parents and adolescents were the most effective for promoting vaccine uptake. Theory applications and gain‐framed messages were shown to be effective for assessing HPV vaccine attitudes and perceptions. Political implication studies reveal the need for political and financial measures to encourage HPV vaccine acceptability among the population.

Implications for Clinicians

To promote HPV vaccine uptake among adolescent males, providers must remain current with HPV vaccine recommendations and offer parental and adolescent HPV education focusing on benefits of vaccine acceptance and risks of vaccine refusal.

Linking Evidence to Action

The results of this review inform our understanding of effective educational strategies to positively impact HPV vaccine uptake in adolescent males. Based on this review, clinicians can employ several evidence‐based educational strategies to facilitate HPV vaccine uptake.
Extension of Manufacturing System Design Decomposition to Implement Manufacturing Systems That are Sustainable
Authors: Cochran David S. , Hendricks Steve , Barnes Jason , Bi Zhuming
Published: July 2016

This paper offers an extension of axiomatic design theory to ensure that leaders, managers, and engineers can sustain manufacturing systems throughout the product lifecycle. The paper has three objectives: to provide a methodology for designing and implementing manufacturing systems to be sustainable in the context of the enterprise, to define the use of performance metrics and investment criteria that sustain manufacturing, and to provide a systems engineering approach that enables continuous improvement (CI) and adaptability to change. The systems engineering methodology developed in this paper seeks to replace the use of the word “lean” to describe the result of manufacturing system design. Current research indicates that within three years of launch, ninety percent of “lean implementations” fail. This paper provides a methodology that leaders, managers, and engineers may use to sustain their manufacturing system design and implementation.
Photocuring Temperature Study for Curl Distortion Control in Projection-Based Stereolithography
Authors: Xu Kai , Chen Yong
Published: July 2016

Polymerization shrinkage and thermal cooling effect have been identified as two major factors that lead to the curl distortion in the stereolithography apparatus (SLA) process. In this paper, the photocuring temperature during the building process of mask image projection-based stereolithography (MIP-SL) and how it affects parts' curl distortion are investigated using a high-resolution infrared (IR) camera. Test cases of photocuring layers with different shapes, sizes, and layer thicknesses have been designed and tested. The experimental results reveal that the temperature increase of a cured layer is mainly related to the layer thickness, while the layer shapes and sizes have little effect. The photocuring temperatures of built layers using different exposure strategies including varying exposure time, grayscale levels, and mask image patterns have been studied. The curl distortions of a test case based on various exposure strategies have been measured and analyzed. It is shown that, by decreasing the photocuring temperature of built layers, the exposure strategies using grayscale levels and mask image patterns can effectively reduce the curl distortion with the expense of increased building time. In addition to curl distortion control, the photocuring temperature study also provides a basis for the curl distortion simulation in the MIP-SL process.
Electrostatic-focusing image sensor with volcano-structured Spindt-type field emitter array
Authors: Honda Yuki , Nanba Masakazu , Miyakawa Kazunori , Kubota Misao , Nagao Masayoshi , Neo Yoichiro , Mimura Hidenori , Egami Norifumi
Published: July 2016

The authors have developed a highly sensitive, compact image sensor comprising a field emitter array (FEA) and a high-gain avalanche rushing amorphous photoconductor (HARP) target with the ultimate aim of developing an ultrahigh sensitivity, compact, high-definition television camera. Double-gated field emitters have the advantage of a compact electron beam focusing system; however, image intensities reproduced by a sensor with the double-gated, Spindt-type field emitter array with the focusing electrode stacked 1.5 μm above the gate electrode were nonuniform owing to low electron beam current. The minimum required electron beam current extracted from the double-gated field emitter array is considered for possible use with the sensor. Furthermore, a suitable field emitter array pitch to balance the electron beam current and the electrostatic-focusing lens strength was simulated. For the sensor's design guidelines, a field emitter array pitch of approximately 3 μm would be reasonable in the case of employing the volcano-structured, double-gated, Spindt-type field emitter array with the focusing electrode placed 0.2 μm below the gate electrode hole. Based on simulation results, an image sensor with the volcano-structured, Spindt-type, 3.1-μm-pitch FEA with the focusing electrode placed 0.2 μm below the gate electrode hole was fabricated. It was confirmed that the minimum electron beam current extracted from the volcano-structured FEA was approximately 2 μA/pix, and the sensor could obtain images with improved image intensity uniformity by utilizing the electrostatic-focusing effect. These results indicate that the volcano-structured, double-gated, Spindt-type FEA is potentially suitable for high-definition television FEA-HARP image sensors.
Applying a Communicating Vessels Framework to CSR Value Co-creation: Empirical Evidence From Professional Team Sport Organizations
Authors: Kolyperas Dimitrios , Anagnostopoulos Christos , Chadwick Simon , Sparks Leigh
Published: July 2016

Despite the increasing number and significance of charitable foundations in various business sectors, their role in cocreating corporate social responsibility (CSR) value remains unclear. This paper identifies CSR value cocreation in professional team sport organizations (PTSOs) and answers three key research questions: (a) Why have PTSOs developed charitable foundations as their means toward CSR value cocreation? (b) What CSR-related resources do PTSOs and their charitable foundations integrate? and (c) How do they manage, share, and transfer such resources to cocreate CSR value? Drawing theoretical insights from service dominant logic and consumer culture theory—and using empirical data from 47 semistructured interviews of UK-based professional football (soccer) clubs—this study develops a communicating vessels framework to illustrate the role of charitable foundations in the CSR value cocreation process. Through four tentative CSR value cocreation levels of relationship (bolt-on, cooperative, controlled, and strategic) the study suggests several internal strategies that can enhance the level of collaboration between founders and foundations. These include information sharing through customer relationship management (CRM) systems and social media platforms; staff sharing or flexible movement across the organizations; quality assurance agreements; flexible team cooperation; partnership protocols with social, media, cultural, and commercial stakeholders; and cotraining of personnel.
Illuminating Centralized Users in the Social Media Ego Network of Two National Sport Organizations
Authors: Naraine Michael L. , Parent Milena M.
Published: July 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine national sport organizations’ (NSOs’) social networks on Twitter to explore followership between users, thereby illuminating powerful and central actors in a digital environment. Using a stratified, convenience sample, followership between the ego (i.e., NSO) and its alters (i.e., stakeholders) were noted in square, one-mode sociomatrices for the Fencing Canada (381 × 381) and Luge Canada (1026 × 1026) networks on Twitter. Using social network analysis to analyze the data for network density, average ties, Bonacich beta centrality, and core–periphery structure, the results indicate fans, elite athletes, photographers, competing sport organizations, and local clubs are some of the key stakeholders with large amounts of power. Though salient users, such as sponsors and international sport federations, are also present in the network core, NSOs seem better able to increase visibility of their content by targeting smaller scale users. The findings imply managers may wish to reflect upon how these advantaged users can be incorporated into their social communication strategies and how scholarship should continue examining followership as well as content in online settings.
Weather Conditions, Travel Distance, Rest, and Running Performance: The 2014 FIFA World Cup and Implications for the Future
Authors: Watanabe Nicholas , Wicker Pamela , Yan Grace
Published: July 2016

The awarding of the hosting of the Football World Cup to Russia and Qatar initiated discussions about temperature and travel distances related to the game. This study examines the effect of weather conditions, travel distances, and rest days—three factors potentially causing fatigue—on running performance using player-level and teamlevel data from the 2014 World Cup. The results show that the heat index (combining temperature and humidity) significantly decreased running performance (number of sprints, high-intensity running), while a clear sky was positively associated with distance covered at high intensity. Travel distance and rest were insignificant. When these models are used to predict running performance at the 2022 Qatar World Cup, the projections show that the combination of heat and wind could hinder the performance of both players and teams and create potentially dangerous conditions. The present study has implications for policy makers regarding the choice of future host countries.
Physical Education Teachers’ Content Knowledge of Movement Capability
Authors: Nyberg Gunn , Larsson Hakan
Published: July 2016

The purpose of this article is to explore physical education (PE) teachers’ content knowledge of the emerging concept movement capability. Interviews with eight PE teachers were conducted, partly using a stimulated recall technique which involved watching and commenting on video recorded PE lessons. A phenomenographic analysis was used to outline the different ways of conceptualizing movement capability. Five different ways of conceptualizing movement capability were identified, which indicates the complexity of the concept movement capability. However, the result also provides a structure for developing a systematic and structured way of conceiving movement capability. In this study we have highlighted a multifaceted, nuanced and differentiated picture of movement capability to see moving as educationally valuable. We conclude by emphasizing that movement capability should not be restricted to only its constitutive parts as teachers’ plan PE teaching, but should be approached as a whole.
Papers of note in
Science
Authors: VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: July 2016

This week’s articles highlight the destruction of paternal mitochondria, antitumor immunity in medulloblastoma, strategies for curing HIV-1 infection, and a synthetic biological circuit for monitoring cell states over time.
Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of a Weight-Based Dosing Regimen of Cefoxitin for Perioperative Surgical Prophylaxis in Obese and Morbidly Obese Patients
Authors: Moine Pierre , Mueller Scott W. , Schoen Jonathan A. , Rothchild Kevin B. , Fish Douglas N.
Published: July 2016

The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) of a weight-based cefoxitin dosing regimen for surgical prophylaxis in obese patients. Patients received a single dose of cefoxitin at 40 mg/kg based on total body weight. Cefoxitin samples were obtained over 3 h from serum and adipose tissue, and concentrations were determined by validated high-performance liquid chromatography. Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was performed, followed by Monte Carlo simulations to estimate probability of target attainment (PTA) for
Staphylococcus aureus
,
Escherichia coli
, and
Bacteroides fragilis
over 4-h periods postdose. Thirty patients undergoing bariatric procedures were enrolled. The body mass index (mean ± standard deviation [SD])was 45.9 ± 8.0 kg/m
2
(range, 35.0 to 76.7 kg/m
2
); the median cefoxitin dose was 5 g (range, 4.0 to 7.5 g). The mean maximum concentrations were 216.15 ± 41.80 μg/ml in serum and 12.62 ± 5.89 in tissue; the mean tissue/serum ratio was 8% ± 3%. In serum, weight-based regimens achieved ≥90% PTA (goal time during which free [unbound] drug concentrations exceed pathogen MICs [
f
T>MIC] of 100%) for
E. coli
and
S. aureus
over 2 h and for
B. fragilis
over 1 h; in tissue this regimen failed to achieve goal PTA at any time point. The 40-mg/kg regimens achieved higher PTAs over longer periods in both serum and tissue than did the standard 2-g doses. However, although weight-based cefoxitin regimens were better than fixed doses, achievement of desired pharmacodynamic targets was suboptimal in both serum and tissue. Alternative dosing regimens and agents should be explored in order to achieve more favorable antibiotic performance during surgical prophylaxis in obese patients.
Circulating miRNA in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and coronary artery disease
Authors: Mehta Rohini , Otgonsuren Munkzhul , Younoszai Zahra , Allawi Hussain , Raybuck Bryan , Younossi Zobair
Published: July 2016

Background

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome and coronary artery disease (CAD) is the cardiac manifestation of metabolic syndrome. NAFLD is strongly linked to CAD and hepatic steatosis is an independent risk factor for CAD and cardiac mortality. The pathogenic mechanism underlying this association remains poorly understood. In this study, we explored expression of circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) in patients with NAFLD and associated CAD.

Results

When compared to patients with NAFLD without CAD, patients with NAFLD and CAD had lower circulating levels of miR-132 (0.24±0.16 vs 0.30±0.11, p=0.03), while the circulating levels of miR-143 were higher (0.96±0.90 vs 0.64±0.77, p=0.02). The levels in circulation demonstrated trends opposite to previously observed intracellular levels in patients with CAD. In obese patients with NAFLD, lower circulating levels of miR-145 (1.42±1.00 vs 2.41±1.80), miR-211 (41.26±20.40 vs 57.56±25.45), miR-146a (2.13±1.40 vs 2.90±1.36) and miR-30c (6.92±4.99 vs 11.0±6.92) were detected when compared to lean patients with NAFLD. For miR-161 (0.59±1.19 vs 0.15±0.14) and miR-241 (0.28±0.29 vs 0.16±0.13), higher circulatory levels were detected in the obese patients with NAFLD. These observations suggest altered circulating levels of miRNAs that may serve to balance intracellular levels of miRNA in target tissues. Additional studies examining paired samples of target and producing tissues as well as respective plasma samples will help delineate the regulatory circuits governing the secretion and the uptake of miRNA in multitissue diseases.
Effectiveness and safety of treatments used for the management of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in preterm infants: a protocol for a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Authors: Mitra Souvik , Florez Ivan D , Tamayo Maria E , Aune Dagfinn , Mbuagbaw Lawrence , Veroniki Areti-Angeliki , Thabane Lehana
Published: July 2016

Introduction

Management of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in preterm infants is one of the most controversial topics in neonatal medicine. The availability of different pharmacotherapeutic options often poses a practical challenge to the practising neonatologist as to which one to choose as a therapeutic option. Our objectives are to determine the relative merits of the available pharmacotherapeutic options for the management of PDA.

Methods and Analysis

We will conduct a systematic review of all randomised controlled trials evaluating the use of intravenous or oral: indomethacin, ibuprofen and acetaminophen for the treatment of PDA in preterm infants. The primary outcome is failure of closure of the PDA. Secondary outcomes are neonatal mortality, need for surgical closure, duration of ventilator support, chronic lung disease, intraventricular haemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia, necrotising enterocolitis, gastrointestinal bleeding, time to full enteral feeds and oliguria. We will search Medline, Embase and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) as well as grey literature resources. Two reviewers will independently screen titles and abstracts, review full texts, extract information, and assess the risk of bias (ROB) and the confidence in the estimate (with Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach). Subgroup analysis according to gestational age, birth weight, different doses of interventions, time of administration of the first dose of the intervention, and echocardiographic definition of haemodynamically significant PDA and ROB are planned. We will perform a Bayesian network meta-analysis to combine the pooled direct and indirect treatment effect estimates for each outcome, if adequate data are available.

Ethics and Dissemination

The results will help to reduce the uncertainty about the safety and effectiveness of the interventions, will identify knowledge gaps or will encourage further research for other therapeutic options. Therefore, its results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations. On the basis of the nature of its design, no ethics approval is necessary for this study.

Trial registration number

CRD42015015797.
Catastrophic health expenditure according to employment status in South Korea: a population-based panel study
Authors: Choi Jae Woo , Kim Tae Hyun , Jang Sung In , Jang Suk Yong , Kim Woo-Rim , Park Eun Cheol
Published: July 2016

Objectives

Catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) means that the medical spending of a household exceeds a certain level of capacity to pay. Previous studies of CHE have focused on benefits supported by the public sector or high medical cost incurred by treating diseases in South Korea. This study examines variance of CHE in these households according to changes in employment status. We also determine whether a relationship exists according to income level.

Design

A longitudinal study.

Setting

We used the Korean Welfare Panel Study (KOWEPS) conducted by the Korea Institute.

Participants

The data came from 5335 households during 2009–2012.

Outcome measure

CHE, defined as health expenditures that were 40% greater than the ability of the household to pay.

Results

Households with people who experienced changes in job status from employed to unemployed (OR 2.79, 95% CI 2.06 to 3.78) or were unemployed with no status change (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.28 to 1.92) were more likely to incur CHE than those containing people who were consistently employed. In addition, low-income families with members who had either lost a job (OR 3.52, 95% CI 2.44 to 5.10) or were already unemployed (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.29 to 2.16) were more likely to incur CHE than those with family members with a consistent job.

Conclusions

Given the insecure employment status of people with low income, they are more likely to face barriers in obtaining needed health services. Meeting their healthcare needs is an important consideration.
Description of an incidence-based model for Assessing comorbidity patterns in disease natural history
Authors: Kiri Victor A
Published: July 2016

Background

Patients with a chronic disease often suffer from other diseases called comorbidities, which can be important factors in the assessment of risks associated with the disease and its management. However, comorbidities can pose important methodological issues because factors such as time, age, duration and the disease can influence their impact on the risk of interest.

Methods

To identify comorbidities of a chronic disease, it is common practice to construct 2 separate cohorts of patients—a set with the disease and another as a random sample of patients free of the disease—and compare the event rates for each candidate's comorbidity over a specific period between the 2, while accounting for factors which may confound the results. We describe an incidence-based alternative approach that exploits the longitudinal properties of observational databases to track incident event rates along the natural history of the chronic disease. We illustrate it in a retrospective cohort of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) aged 50 and above—each patient with COPD was matched with another without COPD on certain confounding factors.

Results

We obtained 24 079 matched pairs. We found that chronic conditions such as lung cancer, asthma, fracture and osteoporosis were more common in patients with COPD. We also found evidence of time-varying associations.

Conclusions

Our findings in COPD suggest that time is an important factor and comorbidity studies which are based on information in a single fixed period (such as first year postdiagnosis of COPD) are more likely to report spurious associations.
Epstein–Barr virus and regulatory T cells in Egyptian paediatric patients with acute B lymphoblastic leukaemia
Authors: Ateyah Mohamed E , Hashem Mona E , Abdelsalam Mohamed
Published: July 2016

Objective

Acute B lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL) is the most common type of childhood malignancy worldwide but little is known of its origin. Recently, many studies showed both a high incidence of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection and high levels of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+(Treg cells) in children with B-ALL. In our study, we investigated the possible relationship between EBV infection and the onset of B-ALL, and its relation to expression of CD4+, CD25high+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells.

Subject and methods

We analysed expression and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of Treg cells in peripheral blood of 45 children with B-ALL and in 40 apparently healthy children as a control, using flow cytometry. Serum anti-EBV viral capsid antigen (VCA) IgG, anti-EBV nuclear antigen (EBNA) IgG (for latent infection) and anti-EBV VCA IgM (for acute infection) were investigated using ELISA.

Results

Analysis of the Treg cells population in patients and controls revealed that expression of CD4+CD25high+T lymphocytes was higher in patients than in controls (mean±SD 15.7±4.1 and 10.61±2.6 in patients and controls, respectively, and MFI of Foxp3 was 30.1±7.1 and 16.7±3.7 in patients and controls, respectively (p<0.001)). There was a high incidence of latent EBV infection in patients (31%) compared with controls (10%) while the incidence of acute infection was 12% in patients and 0% in the control group. To study the role of latent EBV infection in the pathogenesis of acute B-ALL, OR was calculated (OR=4.06, coefficient index 1.2–13.6).

Conclusions

These findings suggest a possible role for Treg cells and EBV in the pathogenesis of B-ALL. Further studies are needed on the possible mechanisms of tumour genesis related to Treg cells and EBV in children with B-ALL.