bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Towards the experimental observation of turbulent regimes and the associated energy cascades with paraxial fluids of light
Authors: Ferreira Tiago D , Rocha Vicente , Silva Duarte , Guerreiro Ariel , Silva Nuno A
Published: November 2022

The propagation of light in nonlinear optical media has been widely used as a tabletop platform for emulating quantum-like phenomena due to their similar theoretical description to quantum fluids. These fluids of light are often used to study two-dimensional phenomena involving superfluid-like flows, yet turbulent regimes still remain underexplored. In this work, we study the possibility of creating two-dimensional turbulent phenomena and probing their signatures in the kinetic energy spectrum. To that end, we emulate and disturb a fluid of light with an all-optical defect using the propagation of two beams in a photorefractive crystal. Our experimental results show that the superfluid regime of the fluid of light breaks down at a critical velocity at which the defect starts to exert a drag force on the fluid, in accordance with the theoretical and numerical predictions. Furthermore, in this dissipative regime, nonlinear perturbations are excited on the fluid that can decay into vortex structures and thus precede a turbulent state. Using the off-axis digital holography method, we reconstructed the complex description of the output fluids and calculated the incompressible component of the kinetic energy. With these states, we observed the expected power law that characterizes the generated turbulent vortex dipole structures. The findings enclosed in this manuscript align with the theoretical predictions for the vortex structures of two-dimensional quantum fluids and thus may pave the way to the observation of other distinct hallmarks of turbulent phenomena, such as distinct turbulent regimes and their associated power laws and energy cascades.
The broadening of SOL profiles in JET tritium plasma and its impact on machine operation
Authors: Sun H.J. , Silburn S.A. , Carvalho I.S. , King D.B. , Giroud C. , Fishpool G. , Matthews G.F. , Henriques R.B. , Keeling D.L. , Rimini F.G. , Garzotti L. , Frigione D. , Van Eester D. , Groth M. , Flanagan J. , Kos D. , Viola B. , Boboc A. , Shi P. , Mayoral M.-L. , Mailloux J. , Maggi C. , Huber A. , Douai D. , Vianello N. , Lomas P.J. , Lennholm M. , Maslov M. , Kirov K. , Jacquet P. , Lowry C.G. , Baruzzo M. , Stuart C. , Mitchell J. , Horvath L. , McDonald D.C.
Published: November 2022

Unusually high power loads on the beryllium limiter caused by neutral beam re-ionisation, and much cooler divertor target surfaces were observed during the recent JET tokamak tritium campaign. As both phenomena are driven by scrape-off layer (SOL) physics, the SOL features of 72 tritium H-mode discharges and their deuterium references have been studied. The majority (70) of tritium H-mode discharges had exponentially decaying SOL profiles. The tritium plasmas are observed to have increased separatrix density and collisionality compared to their deuterium references. This is associated with

≈
2
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3

times broader SOL width for both density and temperature profiles. This is consistent with previous observations in highly collisional deuterium H-mode plasma on the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak (Sun et al 2015 Plasma
Phys.
Control.
Fusion
57 125011) and interpreted as high collisionality enhancing cross-field transport across the separatrix and resulting in the broadening of near SOL above a critical value. The other two tritium H-mode discharges had near flat SOL density profiles, similar to the so-called ‘density shoulder formation’ observed in L-mode plasma. The SOL collisionality of these two pulses lies within the range of T pulses without density shoulder formation. This supports the conclusion of previous studies (Vianello et al 2017 Nucl. Fusion
57 116014; Wynn et al 2018 Nucl. Fusion
58 056001) that increased collisionality is not sufficient for the formation of a ‘density shoulder’ and additional factors, likely divertor condition or interaction with neutrals, are required. JET tritium plasma provides evidence of favourable and unfavourable effects of enhanced cross-field SOL transport on machine operation. The larger limiter power loads due to re-ionisation of neutral beam injection observed in the T pulses relative to their D references has been shown to be consistent with the combined effects of the broadening of the SOL profile and larger beam ion Larmor radius. The enhanced cross-field particle transport and the resulting broader SOL width provides more particles to ionize the fast Beam neutrals, causing the unfavourable power load issue on the beryllium limiter. The broader near SOL profiles of the T plasma spreads the heat load over a larger area and, together with the increased separatrix density, results in a favourably cooler divertor target surface.
Sparse Grids for Dynamic Economic Models
Authors: Brumm Johannes , Krause Christopher , Schaab Andreas , Scheidegger Simon
Published: November 2022

Solving dynamic economic models that capture salient real-world heterogeneity and nonlinearity requires the approximation of high-dimensional functions. As their dimensionality increases, compute time and storage requirements grow exponentially. Sparse grids alleviate this curse of dimensionality by substantially reducing the number of interpolation nodes, that is, grid points needed to achieve a desired level of accuracy. The construction principle of sparse grids is to extend univariate interpolation formulae to the multivariate case by choosing linear combinations of tensor products in a way that reduces the number of grid points by orders of magnitude relative to a full tensor-product grid and doing so without substantially increasing interpolation errors. The most popular versions of sparse grids used in economics are (dimension-adaptive) Smolyak sparse grids that use global polynomial basis functions, and (spatially adaptive) sparse grids with local basis functions. The former can economize on the number of interpolation nodes for sufficiently smooth functions, while the latter can also handle non-smooth functions with locally distinct behavior such as kinks. In economics, sparse grids are particularly useful for interpolating the policy and value functions of dynamic models with state spaces between two and several dozen dimensions, depending on the application. In discrete-time models, sparse grid interpolation can be embedded in standard time iteration or value function iteration algorithms. In continuous-time models, sparse grids can be embedded in finite-difference methods for solving partial differential equations like Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equations. In both cases, local adaptivity, as well as spatial adaptivity, can add a second layer of sparsity to the fundamental sparse-grid construction. Beyond these salient use-cases in economics, sparse grids can also accelerate other computational tasks that arise in high-dimensional settings, including regression, classification, density estimation, quadrature, and uncertainty quantification.
MeGATAs, functional generalists in interactions between cassava growth and development, and abiotic stresses
Authors: Wu Yan-Liu , Chen Yu-Lan , Wei Li , Fan Xian-Wei , Dong Ming-You , Li You-Zhi
Published: November 2022

The proteins with DNA-binding preference to the consensus DNA sequence (A/T) GATA (A/G) belong to a GATA transcription factor family, with a wide array of biological processes in plants. Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is an important food crop with high production of starch in storage roots. Little was however known about cassava GATA domain-containing genes (MeGATAs). Thirty-six MeGATAs, MeGATA1 to MeGATA36, were found in this study. Some MeGATAs showed a collinear relationship with orthologous genes of Arabidopsis, poplar and potato, rice, maize and sorghum. Eight MeGATA-encoded proteins (MeGATAs) analysed were all localized in the nucleus. Some MeGATAs had potentials of binding ligands and/or enzyme activity. One pair of tandem-duplicated MeGATA17–MeGATA18 and 30 pairs of whole genome-duplicated MeGATAs were found. Fourteen MeGATAs showed low or no expression in the tissues. Nine analysed MeGATAs showed expression responses to abiotic stresses and exogenous phytohormones. Three groups of MeGATA protein interactions were found. Fifty-three miRNAs which can target 18 MeGATAs were identified. Eight MeGATAs were found to target other 292 cassava genes, which were directed to radial pattern formation and phyllome development by gene ontology enrichment, and autophagy by Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment. These data suggest that MeGATAs are functional generalists in interactions between cassava growth and development, abiotic stresses and starch metabolism.
Filling the gaps
Authors: Beggan Ciarán
Published: November 2022

Magnetic field variations in the wake of geomagnetic storms may affect critical infrastructure. Ciarán Beggan explains how three new variometers will help to monitor the situation.
Arbaclofen extended-release tablets for spasticity in multiple sclerosis: randomized, controlled clinical trial
Authors: Okuda Darin T , Kantor Daniel , Jaros Mark , deVries Tina , Hunter Samuel
Published: November 2022

Baclofen, a racemic GABA-B (GABAB) receptor agonist, is commonly used for the management of multiple sclerosis-related spasticity but is associated with frequent dosing and poor tolerability. Arbaclofen, the active R-enantiomer of baclofen, exhibits 100- to 1000-fold greater specificity for the GABAB receptor compared with the S-enantiomer and ∼5-fold greater potency compared with racemic baclofen. Arbaclofen extended-release tablets have a dosing interval of 12 hours and have shown a favourable safety and efficacy profile in early-phase clinical development. The current Phase 3 study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of arbaclofen extended-release tablets in patients with multiple sclerosis-related spasticity. In this multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, adults with multiple sclerosis-related spasticity were randomized to arbaclofen extended-release 40 mg/day, arbaclofen extended-release 80 mg/day or placebo for 12 weeks. The co-primary end-points were the change from baseline to Week 12 in the Total Numeric-transformed Modified Ashworth Scale in the Most Affected Limb score and the Clinical Global Impression of Change score. A hierarchical testing procedure was used to evaluate the co-primary end-points; analyses for the 80 mg/day group were considered inferential only if the arbaclofen extended-release 40 mg/day and placebo groups demonstrated a statistically significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) for both end-points. Five hundred thirty-six patients were included in the study. At Week 12, the least squares mean change from baseline in Total Numeric-transformed Modified Ashworth Scale in the Most Affected Limb score was −1.67 (95% confidence interval: −1.97 to −1.36) and −1.28 (95% confidence interval: −1.57 to −0.99) in the arbaclofen extended-release 40 mg/day and placebo groups, respectively (least squares mean difference: −0.39; P < 0.048). Improvements were seen in the mean Clinical Global Impression of Change scores for both the arbaclofen extended-release 40 mg/day and placebo groups; however, no statistically significant difference was observed between them (least squares mean difference: −0.10; P = 0.43). Most adverse events were of mild-moderate severity. Arbaclofen extended-release 40 mg/day for 12 weeks significantly reduced multiple sclerosis-related spasticity compared with placebo and was safe and well tolerated over the 12-week treatment period. Although arbaclofen extended-release 40 mg/day improved Clinical Global Impression of Change scores, a significant difference from placebo was not observed.
Altered development of structural MRI connectome hubs at near-term age in very and moderately preterm infants
Authors: Jang Yong Hun , Kim Hyuna , Lee Joo Young , Ahn Ja-Hye , Chung Ai Wern , Lee Hyun Ju
Published: November 2022

Preterm infants may exhibit altered developmental patterns of the brain structural network by endogenous and exogenous stimuli, which are quantifiable through hub and modular network topologies that develop in the third trimester. Although preterm brain networks can compensate for white matter microstructural abnormalities of core connections, less is known about how the network developmental characteristics of preterm infants differ from those of full-term infants. We identified 13 hubs and 4 modules and revealed subtle differences in edgewise connectivity and local network properties between 134 preterm and 76 full-term infants, identifying specific developmental patterns of the brain structural network in preterm infants. The modules of preterm infants showed an imbalanced composition. The edgewise connectivity in preterm infants showed significantly decreased long- and short-range connections and local network properties in the dorsal superior frontal gyrus. In contrast, the fusiform gyrus and several nonhub regions showed significantly increased wiring of short-range connections and local network properties. Our results suggested that decreased local network in the frontal lobe and excessive development in the occipital lobe may contribute to the understanding of brain developmental deviances in preterm infants.
A Holistic Review of the Preclinical Landscape for Long-Acting Anti-infective Drugs Using HIV as a Paradigm
Authors: Neary Megan , Owen Andrew , Olagunju Adeniyi
Published: November 2022

Lack of predictive preclinical models is a key contributor to the steep attrition rate in drug development. Successful clinical translation may be higher for new chemical entities or existing approved drugs reformulated for long-acting (LA) administration if preclinical studies designed to identify any new uncertainties are predictive of human exposure and response. In this review, we present an overview of standard preclinical assessments deployed for LA formulations and delivery systems, using human immunodeficiency virus LA therapeutics preclinical development as a paradigm. Key progress in the preclinical development of novel LA antiretrovirals formulations and delivery systems are summarized, including bispecific broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibody and small molecule technologies for codelivery of multiple drugs with disparate solubility properties. There are new opportunities to take advantage of recent developments in tissue engineering and 3-dimensional in vitro modeling to advance preclinical modeling of anti-infective activity, developmental and reproductive toxicity assessment, and to apply quantitative modeling and simulation strategies. These developments are likely to drive the progression of more LA anti-infective drugs and multipurpose technologies into clinical development in the coming years.
Long-Acting Treatments for Hepatitis B
Authors: Thomas David L , Kiser Jennifer J , Baum Marc M
Published: November 2022

There are an estimated 257 million persons living with chronic hepatitis B for whom there are multiple potential applications of long-acting antiviral compounds. Current efforts include both injection and implant approaches to formulating derivates of existing anti-HBV compounds such as tenofovir or entecavir. Substantial progress has already occurred especially as aligned with the development of long-acting tenofovir-based medications with dual activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV). Nonetheless, substantial challenges will need to be overcome before these agents are available.
Potential of Long-Acting Products to Transform the Treatment and Prevention of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in Infants, Children, and Adolescents
Authors: Abrams Elaine J , Capparelli Edmund , Ruel Theodore , Mirochnick Mark
Published: November 2022

Long-acting antiretroviral products have the potential to transform human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention and treatment approaches in pediatric populations. Broadly neutralizing antibodies and/or long-acting antiretroviral formulations by injection could dramatically improve provision of HIV prophylaxis and/or early treatment to newborns and infants at risk of HIV infection. Challenges in daily oral antiretroviral administration to toddlers and school age children living with HIV may be relieved by use of long-acting formulations, but the pharmacokinetics and safety of these products in children must be studied before they can enter routine clinical use. Although some initial studies of broadly neutralizing antibodies and injectable long-acting agents in infants and young children are underway, more studies of these and other long-acting products are needed. For many adolescents, compliance with daily medication administration is especially challenging. Long-acting products hold particular promise for adolescents living with HIV as well as those at high risk of HIV acquisition, and adolescents can usually be included in the drug development pipeline simultaneously with adults. Long-acting products have the potential to provide alternatives to lifelong daily oral drug administration across the pediatric age spectrum, leading to more effective prevention and treatment of HIV infection in infants, children, and adolescents.
In Conversation With BCS CEO, Rashik Parmar MBE FBCS
Authors:   BCS Staff
Published: November 2022

Rashik shares his vision for BCS: an inclusive place where IT professionals feel they belong, for IT to be good for society and for our organisation to keep growing in influence. At the heart of all this, he says, is one key ingredient: membership.
The Experience of Black Women in IT
Authors: Runciman Brian
Published: November 2022

The number of black women in the IT workforce is around two and a half times lower than in the workforce as a whole. At a time when the concerns over data bias and the value of creating widely usable products through diverse teams are well–known, this is a situation that requires attention. Brian Runciman MBCS introduces the Coding Black Females takeover of the BCS Diversity report 2022
What Quantum Computing Means for the Profession
Authors: Jackson Mark
Published: November 2022

Computing is entering a new era where the laws of quantum physics take precedence over the classical mechanics and the ensuing logic that has governed the first wave of computing, writes Dr. Mark Jackson, Senior Quantum Evangelist, and event speaker at BCS Canada.
Futurology
Authors: Lucas Matt
Published: November 2022

Matt Lucas FBCS explores the future of the web and its multiple meanings.
The Future of the Internet
Authors: Clarke Beth
Published: November 2022

Beth Clarke MBCS is an award– winning software engineer at Capgemini Engineering. She has been named as a Rising Star by Computer Weekly and included on its longlist of Most Influential Women in Tech in 2021 and 2022. Here, she explores whether the next evolution of the internet will bring us together or draw us further apart.
Why Fuel Cells Could Help Power a Greener Data Centre Industry
Authors: Castaldini Roberto
Published: November 2022

For the power–hungry data centre industry, going green has rapidly become an all–important business imperative, writes Roberto Castaldini, Offering Specialist for AC Power at Vertiv in EMEA.
Uncovering Russian Money Through Tracking Data Relationships
Authors: Frame Alice
Published: November 2022

Neo4j’s Alicia Frame explains how the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists has gained greater transparency on financial and political connections using graph technology.
BCS’ Influence and Impact
Authors: Penketh Claire
Published: November 2022

During a period of political upheaval where technology was at the heart of the debate from cryptocurrency to social media, BCS members have continued to make their voices heard.
The Digital Arts: Raising Issues
Authors: Runciman Brian
Published: November 2022

Making IT good for society is not just about social media pile–ons, algorithmic unfairness and wild assertions on when self–driving cars will be a reality. For the past five years BCS have been sponsoring a section of the Lumen Arts award. Brian Runciman MBCS reports.
From Cables to Humans: Protecting the Internet
Authors: Cooper Martin
Published: November 2022

Dr Melanie Garson, the Cyber Policy Lead at the Tony Blair Institute, tells Martin Cooper MBCS about the global threats to the internet’s health and explores how different organisations are looking to protect and preserve a system that can do such global–level good.
Cybersecurity
Authors: Ratnayake Deepthi
Published: November 2022

Dr Deepthi Ratnayake explains what the latest attacks tell us about ransomware’s evolution
Growing Skills: Building Towards the Future
Authors: Allmark Annette
Published: November 2022

The digital skills gap is costing billions each year in potential GDP gains and, according to the UK Digital Strategy released this year, building a pipeline of tech skills is key to unlocking the opportunities for economic growth, writes BCS Head of Apprenticeships Annette Allmark.
Dispelling Distrust: Have we Been Approaching AI the Wrong Way?
Authors: Bastiman Janet
Published: November 2022

Dr Janet Bastiman, the Chief Data Scientist at Napier, explores how trust works, why we rightly find it hard to place belief in AI and how system developers can help to improve our relationship with artificial intelligence.
We are Here to Learn, Make a Difference and Have Fun
Authors: Harris Mike
Published: November 2022

Mike Harris CITP MBCS, testing professional and programme secretary for SIGIST, explores the importance of the Deming Cycle on lean and agile development.
Viars: An Intelligent Voice Agent to Prevent Inappropriate Content Display for Restricted Users
Authors: Hamilton Jo
Published: November 2022

The paper, ‘VIARS: An Intelligent Voice Agent to Prevent Inappropriate Content Display for Restricted Users‘, by Rui Kang and Pei-Luen P Rau, published in Interacting with Computers explores the use voice-activated assistants
The Complexities and Challenges of Outsourcing Healthcare IT
Authors: Madhavan Naveen
Published: November 2022

IT organisations at some point will have to consider whether to build or buy their services, writes Dr Naveen Madhavan MBCS, Senior Product Specialist (Pathology) at NHS Digital Health & Care Wales.
The Merit Primacy Effect
Authors: Cappelen Alexander W , Moene Karl Ove , Skjelbred Siv-Elisabeth , Tungodden Bertil
Published: November 2022

A long history in economics going back to Adam Smith has argued that people give primacy to merit—rather than luck—in distributive choices. We provide a theoretical framework formalising the merit primacy effect, and study it in a novel experiment where third-party spectators redistribute from high earners to low earners in situations where both merit and luck determine earnings. We identify a strong and consistent merit primacy effect in the spectator behaviour. The results shed new light on inequality acceptance in society, by showing how just a little bit of merit can make people significantly more inequality accepting.
How not to mediate conflict
Authors: Rosoux Valérie
Published: November 2022

This article questions the appropriateness of third parties' interventions seeking to foster political reconciliation. The analysis is divided into three parts. The first stresses a widely accepted premise in the field of conflict resolution, namely that mediation oriented towards reconciliation is inherently positive. The second part questions this moralistic perspective. It emphasizes the limits of specific mediation processes designed to transform the relationships between former enemies. The third part concentrates on the ‘pragmatics’ of mediation. It highlights the tensions, contradictions, and dilemmas faced by third parties eager to favour a rapprochement between parties. The intention of the article is to be neither cynical nor euphoric about calls for reconciliation coming from third parties. It explores the notion of failure, considering three main variables: the actors' intentions, timing, and the effects on the most affected populations (survivors and families of victims). From a practical perspective, a better understanding of the issue is a sine qua non condition for more efficient interventions. From an ethical perspective, it is crucial to consider whether calls for reconciliation coming from outside might paradoxically contribute to new patterns of exclusion.
How not to bridge the gap in international relations
Authors: Barma Naazneen H. , Goldgeier James
Published: November 2022

Over the past decade or more, an increasing number of US initiatives and institutions has taken on the challenge of promoting policy-relevant research and bridging the academia–policy divide. Much of the emphasis of such programmes has been on how scholars can better engage the policy community and the broader public. Less attention has been paid to the pitfalls to avoid when seeking to bridge the gap. In this article, we argue that the more that scholars are engaged in producing and disseminating policy-relevant research, the more essential it is to consider how they can build a set of bridging standards to accompany their ideas. We identify four key dimensions of how scholars engage in policy and public debates and discuss how paying careful attention to these four ‘I's—Influence, Interlocutors, Integrity and Inclusion—can mitigate the most egregious instances of falling prey to a cult of relevance in bridging the gap. We then explore these factors in a discussion of two case-studies that highlight challenges that arise for those scholars who seek to contribute to policy and public debates: the applications of theories to US foreign policy surrounding the so-called democratic peace; and the efforts of international relations scholars to contribute to peace-building in post-conflict states.
How not to deal with a rising China: a perspective from south Asia
Authors: Mattoo Amitabh
Published: November 2022

Debates on China's rise often limit the focus on the continuity and sustenance of the United States' hegemony and the liberal global order. This debate often ignores the primacy of the regional actors, who are generally reduced to ‘pawns’ in great power politics, acting without agency, interests, or values of their own. Instead, this article suggests that as China rises—like any other great power of the past—it will first aim to secure regional primacy through an array of policy instruments. To test this it examines three case-studies: 1) China–Pakistan relations in nuclear proliferation; 2) China–India relations with respect to border conflict; and 3) Sri Lanka–China relations for development infrastructure. It finds that China's rise has not been benign and instead Beijing has adopted aggressive policies in its neighbourhood. This article finds that the strategic binary of balancing (interest-based containment) and engagement (constructive cooperation) does not reflect immediate realities and long-term sustainability for regional actors. Instead, it suggests the latter would be better advised looking for closer cooperation with like-minded allies in the region (and beyond) as a way forward.
Isochron foliations and global bifurcations: a case study
Authors: Hannam James , Krauskopf Bernd , Osinga Hinke M
Published: November 2022

The basins of attraction of periodic orbits or focus equilibria of a given vector field are foliated by forward-time isochrons, defined as all initial conditions that synchronize under the flow with a given phase. Similarly, backward-time isochrons of repelling periodic orbits or focus equilibria foliate their respective basins of repulsion. We present a case study of a planar system that features a sequence of bifurcations, including a saddle-node bifurcation of periodic orbits, a homoclinic bifurcation and Hopf bifurcations, that change the nature and existence of periodic orbits. We explain how the basins and isochron foliations change throughout the sequence of bifurcations. In particular, we identify structurally stable tangencies between the foliations by forward-time and backward-time isochrons, which are curves in the plane, in regions of phase space where they exist simultaneously. Such tangencies are generically quadratic and associated with sharp turns of isochrons and phase sensitivity of the system. In contrast to the earlier reported cubic isochron foliation tangency (CIFT) mechanism, which generates a pair of tangency orbits, we find isochron foliation tangencies that occur along single specific orbits in the respective basin of attraction or repulsion. Moreover, the foliation tangencies we report arise from actual bifurcations of the system, while a CIFT is not associated with a topological change of the underlying phase portrait. The properties and interactions of isochron foliations are determined and illustrated by computing a representative number of forward-time and backward-time isochrons as arclength-parametrized curves with a boundary value problem set-up. Our algorithm for computing isochrons has been further refined and implemented in the Matlab package CoCo; it is made available as Matlab code in the supplementary material of this paper, together with a guide that walks the user through the computation of two specific isochron foliations.
Filtered Frobenius Algebras in Monoidal Categories
Authors: Walton Chelsea , Yadav Harshit
Published: November 2022

We develop filtered-graded techniques for algebras in monoidal categories with the main goal of establishing a categorical version of Bongale’s 1967 result: a filtered deformation of a Frobenius algebra over a field is Frobenius as well. Toward the goal, we first construct a monoidal associated graded functor, building on prior works of Ardizzoni and Menini, Galatius et al., and Gwillian and Pavlov. Next, we produce equivalent conditions for an algebra in a rigid monoidal category to be Frobenius in terms of the existence of categorical Frobenius form; this builds on work of Fuchs and Stigner. These two results of independent interest are then used to achieve our goal. As an application of our main result, we show that any exact module category over a symmetric finite tensor category $\mathcal {C}$ is represented by a Frobenius algebra in $\mathcal {C}$. Several directions for further investigation are also proposed.
The bZIP transcription factor BATF3/ZIP-10 suppresses innate immunity by attenuating PMK-1/p38 signaling
Authors: Irfan Afridi Muhammad , Zheng Zhongfan , Liu Junqiang , Liu Lijuan , Zhang Shan , Zhu Zhaozhong , Peng Yousong , Zhou Desheng , Tu Haijun
Published: November 2022

Innate immunity is the first line of host defense against pathogenic invasion in metazoans. The transcription factor basic leucine zipper transcriptional factor ATF-like 3 (BATF3) plays a crucial role in the development of conventional dendritic cells and the program of CD8 + T cell survival and memory, but the role of BATF3 in innate immune responses remains unclear. Here, we show an evolutionarily conserved basic-region leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor BATF3/ZIP-10 suppresses innate immune response through repressing the p38/PMK-1 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in vitro and in vivo. The worm mutant lacking the Caenorhabditis elegans homolog BATF3, ZIP-10, exhibited enhanced resistance to PA14 infection, which was completely rescued by transgenic expression of either endogenous zip-10 or mouse or human Batf3 cDNA driven by the worm zip-10 promoter. ZIP-10 expression was inhibited by a microRNA miR-60 that was downregulated upon PA14 infection. Moreover, the level of phosphorylated but not total PMK-1/p38 was attenuated by ZIP-10 and stimulated by miR-60. The human HEK293 cells with Batf3 overexpression or RNA-interference knockdown exhibited a reduction or increase of the cell viability upon Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 infection, respectively. The overexpression of either worm ZIP-10 or human BATF3 abolished the activation of p38 and inhibited the expression of antimicrobial peptides and cytokine genes in HEK293 cells. Our findings indicate that the genetic transcriptional program of the evolutionally conserved bZIP transcription factor BATF3/ZIP-10 suppresses innate immunity by attenuating the p38 MAPK signaling activity, which expands our understanding of the pathological mechanisms underlying relevant infectious diseases.
Proofreading of protein localization mediated by a mitochondrial AAA-ATPase Msp1
Authors: Matsumoto Shunsuke , Endo Toshiya
Published: November 2022

Normal cellular functions rely on correct protein localization within cells. Protein targeting had been thought to be a precise process, and even if it fails, the mistargeted proteins were supposed to be quickly degraded. However, this view is rapidly changing. Tail-anchored (TA) proteins are a class of membrane proteins that possess a single transmembrane domain (TMD) near the C-terminus and are posttranslationally targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, mitochondrial outer membrane (OM), and peroxisomal membrane, yet they can be mistargeted to the mitochondrial OM. The mistargeted TA proteins can be extracted from the OM by a mitochondrial AAA-ATPase Msp1/ATAD1 and transferred to the ER. If they are regarded as aberrant by the ER protein quality control system, they are extracted from the ER membrane for proteasomal degradation in the cytosol. If they are not regarded as aberrant, they are further transported to downstream organelles or original destinations along the secretory pathway. Thus, Msp1 contributes to not only degradation but also “proofreading” of the targeting of mislocalized TA proteins.
Take Pity: What Disability Rights Can Learn from Religious Charity
Authors: Braswell Harold
Published: November 2022

Disability rights advocates have traditionally denigrated charity as politically counterproductive and inherently demeaning. This article argues that this perspective mischaracterizes charity of a religious kind. Religious charity, I argue, must be understood immanently, through an exploration of the virtues cultivated in particular religious organizations. I consider two Catholic charities: L’Arche, a community for intellectually disabled people, and the end-of-life care facility Our Lady of Perpetual Help Home. At each organization, individual acts of charity are emblematic of an underlying virtue that I call caritas or charity-love. This transforms them into gestures that advance goals that are consonant with those of the disability rights movement. In the case of Our Lady, this is even true of pity, perhaps the most despised emotion of the disability rights tradition. But while disability rights advocates have characterized pity as essentially devaluing disabled people, at Our Lady, it is an emotion that freely circulates, undoing hierarchical distinctions between ability and disability, and even human and divine. This redefined notion of pity—which I term misericordia—can, I conclude provide a new foundation for disability politics, one that radicalizes the goals of the disability rights movement, while also positing objectives that go beyond legal compliance.
“Marked” Bodies, Medical Intervention, and Courageous Humility: Spiritual Identity Formation in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Birthmark
Authors: Dow Keith
Published: November 2022

Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Birthmark offers a sharp lens through which to examine power, purity, and personal identity. Scientist and spiritual idealist, Aylmer, is obsessed with “correcting” the only flaw he perceives in his wife Georgina, the imprint of a small red hand on her pale cheek. For Alymer, this one “imperfection” reaches deep into Georgina’s heart, a sign of sin, decay, and mortality. It is the natural that must be overcome with science. Drawing on Hawthorne’s tragic fiction, this paper questions the influence of stigma, power dynamics, and mind-body dualism in constructing disability identity within the framework of medical and spiritual practices of care. Whether in the role of a spiritual leader, chaplain, or medical professional, people providing care must first address ableism and perceptions of normalcy in relation to their own identity and calling before offering professional advice to disabled people seeking guidance or support. It is only as professional fields adopt a posture marked by courageous humility that healing practices will promote the flourishing of all people, including those with disabilities.
Optical and X-ray studies of Be/X-ray binary 1A 0535+262 during its 2020 giant outburst
Authors: Chhotaray Birendra , Jaisawal Gaurava K , Kumari Neeraj , Naik Sachindra , Kumar Vipin , Jana Arghajit
Published: November 2022

We report results obtained from the optical and X-ray studies of the Be/X-ray binary 1A 0535+262/HD 245770 during the 2020 October giant X-ray outburst, using the 1.2-m telescope at Mount Abu Infrared observatory and AstroSat, respectively. The peak flux of the outburst was recorded to be ∼11 Crab in the 15–50 keV range, the highest ever observed from the pulsar. We performed optical observations in the 6000–7200 Å band before, during, and after the outburst to investigate the evolution of the circumstellar disc of the Be star between 2020 February and 2022 February. Our optical spectra exhibit prominent emission lines at 6563 Å (H i), 6678 Å (He i), and 7065 Å (He i). We found a significantly variable H α line in the spectra. The single-peaked line profile appeared asymmetric with broad red- and blue-wings in the data before and during the outburst. The post-outburst observations, however, resulted in a double-peaked profile with asymmetry in the blue-wing. Our observations before the outburst confirmed a larger Be disc that decreased in size as the outburst progressed. Furthermore, the observed variabilities in the H α line profile and parameters suggest the presence of a highly misaligned, precessing, and warped Be disc. AstroSat observation of the pulsar detected pulsations at ∼103.55 s in the light curve up to 110 keV. We found strongly energy-dependent pulse profiles with increasing contribution of the pulsing component in hard X-rays. The broad-band spectral fitting in the 0.7–90.0 keV range confirmed the presence of the known cyclotron resonance scattering feature at ∼46.3 keV.
The half-mass radius of MaNGA galaxies: effect of IMF gradients
Authors: Bernardi M , Sheth R K , Domínguez Sánchez H , Margalef-Bentabol B , Bizyaev D , Lane R R
Published: November 2022

Gradients in the stellar populations (SP) of galaxies – e.g. in age, metallicity, stellar initial mass function (IMF) – can result in gradients in the stellar-mass-to-light ratio, M*/L. Such gradients imply that the distribution of the stellar mass and light is different. For old SPs, e.g. in early-type galaxies at z ∼ 0, the M*/L gradients are weak if driven by variations in age and metallicity, but significantly larger if driven by the IMF. A gradient which has larger M*/L in the centre increases the estimated total stellar mass (M*) and reduces the scale which contains half this mass (Re,*), compared to when the gradient is ignored. For the IMF gradients inferred from fitting MILES simple SP models to the H β, 〈Fe〉, [MgFe], and TiO2SDSS absorption lines measured in spatially resolved spectra of early-type galaxies in the MaNGA survey, the fractional change in Re,* can be significantly larger than that in M*, especially when the light is more centrally concentrated. The Re,*–M* correlation which results from accounting for IMF gradients is offset to smaller sizes by 0.3 dex compared to when these gradients are ignored. Comparisons with ‘quiescent’ galaxies at higher z must account for evolution in SP gradients (especially age and IMF) and in the light profile before drawing conclusions about how Re,* and M* evolve. The implied merging between higher z and the present is less contrived if Re,*/Re at z ∼ 0 is closer to our IMF-driven gradient calibration than to unity.
High-resolution spectroscopic analysis of four new chemically peculiar stars
Authors: Roriz M P , Pereira C B , Junqueira S , Lugaro M , Drake N A , Sneden C
Published: November 2022

We present detailed chemical compositions of four stars on the first-ascent red giant branch that are classified as chemically peculiar, but lack comprehensive analyses at high spectral resolution. For BD+03°2688, HE 0457−1805, HE 1255−2324, and HE 2207−1746, we derived metallicities [Fe/H] = −1.21, −0.19, −0.31, and −0.55, respectively, indicating a range in Galactic population membership. In addition to atmospheric parameters, we extracted elemental abundances for 28 elements, including the evolutionary-sensitive CNO group and 12C/13C ratios. Novel results are also presented for the heavy elements tungsten and thallium. All four stars have very large enhancements of neutron-capture elements, with high [La/Eu] ratios indicating enrichments from the slow neutron capture (s-process). To interpret these abundances, all indicative of [s/Fe] >1.0, we compared our results with data from literature, as well as with predictions from the Monash and fruity s-process nucleosynthesis models. BD+03°2688, HE 1255−2324, and HE 2207−1746 show C/O >1, while HE 0457−1805 has C/O <1. Since HE 0457−1805 and HE 1255−2324 are binary stars, their peculiarities are attributable to mass transfer. We identified HE 0457−1805 as a new barium giant star, and HE 1255−2324 as a new CH star, in fact a higher metallicity analogue CEMP-r/s star; the single object reported in literature so far with similar characteristics is the barium star HD 100503 ([Fe/H] = −0.72). A systematic monitoring is needed to confirm the binary nature of BD+03°2688 and HE 2207−1746, which are probably CH stars.
tModBase: deciphering the landscape of tRNA modifications and their dynamic changes from epitranscriptome data
Authors: Lei Hao-Tian , Wang Zhang-Hao , Li Bin , Sun Yang , Mei Shi-Qiang , Yang Jian-Hua , Qu Liang-Hu , Zheng Ling-Ling
Published: November 2022

tRNA molecules contain dense, abundant modifications that affect tRNA structure, stability, mRNA decoding and tsRNA formation. tRNA modifications and related enzymes are responsive to environmental cues and are associated with a range of physiological and pathological processes. However, there is a lack of resources that can be used to mine and analyse these dynamically changing tRNA modifications. In this study, we established tModBase (https://www.tmodbase.com/) for deciphering the landscape of tRNA modification profiles from epitranscriptome data. We analysed 103 datasets generated with second- and third-generation sequencing technologies and illustrated the misincorporation and termination signals of tRNA modification sites in ten species. We thus systematically demonstrate the modification profiles across different tissues/cell lines and summarize the characteristics of tRNA-associated human diseases. By integrating transcriptome data from 32 cancers, we developed novel tools for analysing the relationships between tRNA modifications and RNA modification enzymes, the expression of 1442 tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs), and 654 DNA variations. Our database will provide new insights into the features of tRNA modifications and the biological pathways in which they participate.
CHD6 promotes broad nucleosome eviction for transcriptional activation in prostate cancer cells
Authors: Zhao Dongyu , Zhang Min , Huang Shaodong , Liu Qi , Zhu Sen , Li Yanqiang , Jiang Weihua , Kiss Daniel L , Cao Qi , Zhang Lili , Chen Kaifu
Published: November 2022

Despite being a member of the chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein family, little is known about the exact role of CHD6 in chromatin remodeling or cancer disease. Here we show that CHD6 binds to chromatin to promote broad nucleosome eviction for transcriptional activation of many cancer pathways. By integrating multiple patient cohorts for bioinformatics analysis of over a thousand prostate cancer datasets, we found CHD6 expression elevated in prostate cancer and associated with poor prognosis. Further comprehensive experiments demonstrated that CHD6 regulates oncogenicity of prostate cancer cells and tumor development in a murine xenograft model. ChIP-Seq for CHD6, along with MNase-Seq and RNA-Seq, revealed that CHD6 binds on chromatin to evict nucleosomes from promoters and gene bodies for transcriptional activation of oncogenic pathways. These results demonstrated a key function of CHD6 in evicting nucleosomes from chromatin for transcriptional activation of prostate cancer pathways.
Computer vision for road imaging and pothole detection: a state-of-the-art review of systems and algorithms
Authors: Ma Nachuan , Fan Jiahe , Wang Wenshuo , Wu Jin , Jiang Yu , Xie Lihua , Fan Rui
Published: November 2022

Computer vision algorithms have been utilized for 3-D road imaging and pothole detection for over two decades. Nonetheless, there is a lack of systematic survey articles on state-of-the-art (SoTA) computer vision techniques, especially deep learning models, developed to tackle these problems. This article first introduces the sensing systems employed for 2-D and 3-D road data acquisition, including camera(s), laser scanners and Microsoft Kinect. It then comprehensively reviews the SoTA computer vision algorithms, including (1) classical 2-D image processing, (2) 3-D point cloud modelling and segmentation and (3) machine/deep learning, developed for road pothole detection. The article also discusses the existing challenges and future development trends of computer vision-based road pothole detection approaches: classical 2-D image processing-based and 3-D point cloud modelling and segmentation-based approaches have already become history; and convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have demonstrated compelling road pothole detection results and are promising to break the bottleneck with future advances in self/un-supervised learning for multi-modal semantic segmentation. We believe that this survey can serve as practical guidance for developing the next-generation road condition assessment systems.
Association Between Stress and Program Length in Underrepresented Minority Physician Assistant Students
Authors: McWeeney Michelle
Published: November 2022

Introduction

The purpose of this study was to determine if there was a relationship between physician assistant (PA) program length and stress measures in PA students, particularly PA students classified as underrepresented minorities in medicine. The stress measures included emotional and physical well-being.

Methods

The 2019 End of Program survey data were analyzed using multiple regression to determine if emotional and physical well-being could be predicted by PA program length, age, gender, PA school debt, and UR minority in medicine status.

Results

Shorter PA programs were associated with higher physical well-being scores, although there was no difference between UR minority in medicine and non-UR minority in medicine students. Older students, males, and students with higher levels of PA school debt had lower scores for emotional and physical well-being.

Discussion

Shorter program lengths should be considered for optimal physical well-being in all students. Further research is needed to understand optimal program length and experiences of these students.