bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Homofermentative lactic acid bacteria of a traditional cheese, Comlek peyniri from Cappadocia region
Authors: Bulut Cisem , Gunes Hatice , Okuklu Burcu , Harsa Sebnem , Kilic Sevda , Sevgi Coban Hatice , Fazil Yenidunya Ali
Published: January 2005

Comlek peyniri is a typical artisanal cheese in Central Anatolia. This type of cheese was made by using the indigenous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) flora of cow or ewes' milk. Majority of the samples were taken from fresh cheese because the aim was to isolate homofermentative LAB. Initially 661 microbial isolates were obtained from 17 cheese samples. Only 107 were found to be homofermentative LAB. These isolates were selected and identified by using both phenotypic and molecular methods. Phenotypic identification included curd formation from skim milk, catalase test, Gram staining and light microscopy, growth at different temperatures and salt concentrations, arginine hydrolysis, gas production from glucose, and carbohydrate fermentation. Molecular identification was based on the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) of the 16S rRNA gene-ITS (internally transcribed spacer) region. By combining the phenotypic and molecular identification results, isolates belonging to each of the following genera were determined at species or subspecies level: 54 Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, 21 Enterococcus faecium, 3 Ec. faecalis, 2 Ec. durans, 10 Ec. sp., 15 Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei, and 2 Lb. casei strains. Technological characterisation was also performed by culturing each of the strains in UHT skim milk, and by monitoring pH change and lactic acid production at certain time intervals through the 24 h incubation. Results of the technological characterisation indicated that 33% of the isolates (35 strains) were capable of lowering the pH of UHT milk below 5·3 after 6 h incubation at 30 °C. Thirty four of these strains were Lc. lactis subsp. lactis, and only one was an Ec. faecium strain.
Arsenic concentration in water and bovine milk in Cordoba, Argentina. Preliminary results
Authors: Pérez-Carrera Alejo , Fernández-Cirelli Alicia
Published: January 2005

The Chaco Pampean Plain of central Argentina constitutes one of the largest regions of high arsenic (As) groundwaters known, covering around 1×106 km2 (Smedley & Kinniburg, 2002; Farías et al. 2004).
Catch-Up and Competitiveness in China: The Case of Large Firms in the Oil Industry. By Jin Zhang. [London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2004. xx +230 pp. $114.95. ISBN 0-415-33321-0.]
Authors: Downs Erica S.
Published: January 2005

Jin Zhang's study of the oil industry examines the challenges China faces in its efforts to create indigenous firms capable of competing with the world's leading companies. The task of catching up with the international oil giants is daunting for China's oil firms not only because the global oil business is one with a high cost of entry in terms of experience (the top companies have been around the longest), but also because, as Zhang observes, they are chasing a moving target. The international oil industry of today is fundamentally different from that of the 1980s and early 1990s when the Chinese government embarked on its tortuous path to reform China's oil sector. The mergers that occurred between the world's major oil companies in the late 1990s created a smaller group of much larger companies at the apex of the international oil industry, greatly expanding the gap between these companies and China's aspiring giants. Furthermore, many state-owned firms have disappeared from the ranks of the world's leading oil companies, a development that runs counter to China's strategy of catapulting its “national champions” into this peer group.

Zhang illustrates the magnitude of these challenges facing China's aspiring oil giants through her systematic comparison of BP and Shell with PetroChina and Sinopec, the partially-privatized subsidiaries of the state-owned China National Petroleum and Natural Gas Group Company (CNPC) and Sinopec Group respectively, on a number of key business and organizational criteria. At first glance, the lead these “super majors” have over the Chinese companies in terms of business capabilities such as financial performance, technological prowess and the quality of their reserve portfolios, is more striking than the advantage the super majors have in organizational capabilities such as structure and leadership. Indeed, the organizational structures of PetroChina and Sinopec resemble those of BP and Shell. Zhang notes, however, that beneath these superficial similarities lie two critical differences between the Chinese companies and the super majors, differences that arguably constitute the greatest obstacle to the Chinese oil companies “catching up” with the super majors.
Distinguishing between primary and secondary emplacement events of blocky volcanic deposits using rock size distributions
Authors: Bulmer M. H. , Glaze L. S. , Anderson S. , Shockey K. M.
Published: January 2005

Rock size characteristics in rock avalanches and blocky lava flows are different and statistical techniques can be used both to distinguish between and to constrain the different emplacement mechanisms of these two processes. At the Chaos Jumbles rock avalanche deposit in California, rock sizes decrease as a function of distance. The rock avalanche mechanism is an example of a secondary process that can only break existing blocks. In contrast, lava flows at Sabancaya, Peru, were emplaced by primary mechanisms capable of creating as well as breaking blocks. These deposits exhibit uniform block sizes as functions of distance and significantly larger blocks overall than Chaos Jumbles. Rock sizes at Inyo domes, also emplaced by a primary process, are significantly smaller in areas with compressional ridges as compared to vent or jumbled areas.
Connecting seismically active normal faults with Quaternary geological structures in a complex extensional environment: The Colfiorito 1997 case history (northern Apennines, Italy)
Authors: Chiaraluce L. , Barchi M. , Collettini C. , Mirabella F. , Pucci S.
Published: January 2005

The northern Apennines of Italy are characterized by a complex Tertiary tectonic history, where superposed compressional and extensional deformation occurred. In such regions, characterized by low active extensional strain rate, the coseismic surface ruptures are rare and often a matter of much debate resulting in a difficult connection between “geological” faults (i.e., faults which can be mapped at the surface) and “seismological” faults (i.e., faults which actually generate earthquakes). The availability of detailed geological mapping and high‐resolution seismological data for the Colfiorito area, struck in 1997 by a sequence of six 5 <Mw≤ 6 normal faulting earthquakes, allow us to compare and verify the existence of geometric and kinematic correspondence between the mapped geological Quaternary faults and the activated structures. In map view, the earthquakes distribution reflects the fault pattern mapped at the surface, the length of activated and mapped faults is quite similar (7–10 km), the coseismic subsided region imaged by interferometric synthetic aperture radar data, is located in the hanging wall of the mapped normal faults that bound the Quaternary basins. In section view, there is a geometric connection between mapped normal faults and the aftershock alignments used to image fault geometry at depth. Comparison of striated fault planes and aftershock focal mechanism solutions show a strong kinematic consistency. This study points out that the Quaternary tectonosedimentary evolution and the present‐day geological and geomorphologic setting of the Colfiorito area can be interpreted as the result of repeated, extensional earthquakes, similar to the 1997 events, occurring on NW‐SE trending normal faults. Our data also show that the main shocks of the Colfiorito sequence nucleated close to the intersections between the normal faults and the preexisting compressional/transpressional structures, which in 1997 acted as lateral barriers to rupture propagation and consequently constrained the fault size.
Shock waves in the Tamm problem and the possibility of their experimental observation
Authors: Afanasiev G. N. , Shilov V. M. , Stepanovsky Yu. P.
Published: January 2005

The position of the singular electromagnetic shock waves arising in the smooth Tamm problem is found. They consist of the Cherenkov shock wave and shock waves arising when the charge velocity coincides with the velocity of light in medium. In the limit of small intervals of accelerated and decelerated motion they are not transformed into the singular electromagnetic shock waves of the original Tamm problem. The reasons for this and the relation of the arising electromagnetic shock waves to the experimental situation are discussed.
Photodissociation dynamics of IBr−(CO2)n, n<15
Authors: Sanford Todd , Han Sang-Yun , Thompson Matthew A. , Parson Robert , Lineberger W. Carl
Published: January 2005

We report the ionic photoproducts produced following photoexcitation of mass selected IBr−(CO2)n, n=0–14, cluster ions at 790 and 355 nm. These wavelengths provide single state excitation to two dissociative states, corresponding to the A′ 2Π1/2 and B 2 2Σ1/2+ states of the IBr− chromophore. Excitation of these states in IBr− leads to production of I−+Br and Br−+I*, respectively. Potential energy curves for the six lowest electronic states of IBr− are calculated, together with structures for IBr−(CO2)n, n=1–14. Translational energy release measurements on photodissociated IBr− determine the I–Br− bond strength to be 1.10±0.04 eV; related measurements characterize the A′ 2Π1/2←X 2Σ1/2+ absorption band. Photodissociation product distributions are measured as a function of cluster size following excitation to the A′ 2Π1/2 and B 2 2Σ1/2+ states. The solvent is shown to drive processes such as spin-orbit relaxation, charge transfer, recombination, and vibrational relaxation on the ground electronic state. Following excitation to the A′ 2Π1/2 electronic state, IBr−(CO2)n exhibits size-dependent cage fractions remarkably similar to those observed for I2−(CO2)n. In contrast, excitation to the B 2 2Σ1/2+ state shows extensive trapping in excited states that dominates the recombination behavior for all cluster sizes we investigated. Finally, a pump-probe experiment on IBr−(CO2)8 determines the time required for recombination on the ground state following excitation to the A′ state. While the photofragmentation experiments establish 100% recombination in the ground electronic state for this and larger IBr− cluster ions, the time required for recombination is found to be ∼5 ns, some three orders of magnitude longer than observed for the analogous I2− cluster ion. Comparisons are made with similar experiments carried out on I2−(CO2)n and ICl−(CO2)n cluster ions.
Ordered quantum dot molecules and single quantum dots formed by self-organized anisotropic strain engineering
Authors: van Lippen T. , Nötzel R. , Hamhuis G. J. , Wolter J. H.
Published: January 2005

An ordered lattice of lateral InAs quantum dot (QD) molecules is created by self-organized anisotropic strain engineering of an (In,Ga)As∕GaAs superlattice (SL) template on GaAs(311)B by molecular-beam epitaxy, constituting a Turing pattern in solid state. The SL template and InAs QD growth conditions, such as the number of SL periods, growth temperatures, amount and composition of deposited (In,Ga)As, and insertion of Al-containing layers, are studied in detail for an optimized QD ordering within and among the InAs QD molecules on the SL template nodes, which is evaluated by atomic force microscopy. The average number of InAs QDs within the molecules is controlled by the thickness of the upper GaAs separation layer on the SL template and the (In,Ga)As growth temperature in the SL. The strain-correlated growth in SL template formation and QD ordering is directly confirmed by high-resolution x-ray diffraction. Ordered arrays of single InAs QDs on the SL template nodes are realized for elevated SL template and InAs QD growth temperatures together with the insertion of a second InAs QD layer. The InAs QD molecules exhibit strong photoluminescence (PL) emission up to room temperature. Temperature-dependent PL measurements exhibit an unusual behavior of the full width at half maximum, indicating carrier redistribution solely within the QD molecules.
Covariant kinetic dispersion theory of linear waves in anisotropic plasmas. II. Comparison of covariant and noncovariant growth rates of the nonrelativistic Weibel instability
Authors: Schaefer-Rolffs U. , Schlickeiser R.
Published: January 2005

Aperiodic solutions to the covariant and noncovariant dispersion relations of transverse oscillations in unmagnetized anisotropic bi-Maxwellian plasmas of arbitrary composition are investigated in the case of nonrelativistic plasma temperatures. With numerical solutions and analytical approximations it is demonstrated that the covariant and noncovariant aperiodic solutions are practically identical.
Model for dielectric nonlinearity of ferroelectrics
Authors: Fu Chunlin , Yang Chuanren , Chen Hongwei , Hu Liye
Published: January 2005

Dielectric nonlinearity is an important characteristic of ferroelectrics. Based on the characteristics of hysteresis loops and ε-E curves in ferroelectric materials, a model for dielectric nonlinearity of ferroelectrics is established. It is verified by the data of barium strontium titanate thin films.
Linear gyrokinetic stability calculations of electron heat dominated plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade
Authors: Peeters A. G. , Angioni C. , Apostoliceanu M. , Jenko F. , Ryter F. , team the ASDEX Upgrade
Published: January 2005

Linear gyrokinetic calculations of low density electron heat dominated plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade [O. Gruber, H.-S. Bosch, S. Günter et al., Nucl. Fusion 39, 1321 (1999)] are presented. It is found that the dominant mode is a trapped electron mode, which under the experimental conditions is sensitive to the density gradient, collisions, and magnetic shear. The quasilinear heat flux scales in good agreement with the experimental observed heat conductivity. Many experimentally observed phenomena can be explained on the basis of the presented calculations: the existence of a threshold, the fast propagation of the heat wave, and the moderate stiffness of the electron channel. The implications of the calculations for the empirical investigations are discussed.
Real time polarization monitor developed for high power electron cyclotron resonance heating and current drive experiments in large helical device
Authors: Notake T. , Idei H. , Kubo S. , Shimozuma T. , Yoshimura Y. , Kobayashi S. , Mizuno Y. , Ito S. , Takita Y. , Ohkubo K. , Kasparek W. , Watari T. , Kumazawa R.
Published: January 2005

The polarization state of a wave is an important factor in electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) and current drive (ECCD), for it strongly affects the propagation and absorption of the wave in the plasma. A real-time monitor of the polarization of the EC beam has been developed for use in ECRH/ECCD experiments in large helical device (LHD). Two orthogonal components of the wave field are measured in one of the miter-bends by use of a specially designed coupler and a waveguide circuit with a 0°–90° phase switch to deduce the polarization parameters: the polarization angle α and the ellipticity β. Since fast-response pin diodes are used for the switches, the polarization is determined every 3 ms, facilitating real time acquisition of the polarization. This article reports on the design and the principle of this monitor as well as on the algorithm used to calculate α and β. This article also reports on the method of calibration, for the accuracy of this measurement depends on it. Finally, a comparison is made between polarization parameters measured by a monitor actually installed on one of the ECRH transmission lines on LHD and the value set by the polarizer in ECRH experiments.
Design of a high precision falling-ball viscometer
Authors: Brizard M. , Megharfi M. , Mahé E. , Verdier C.
Published: January 2005

The increase in uncertainty throughout the viscosity scale being the principal disadvantage of capillary viscometry, an absolute falling-ball viscometer has been developed, making it possible to cover a wide range of viscosities while keeping a weak uncertainty. The measurement of viscosity of a liquid then rests on the terminal velocity measurement of a falling ball, corrected by the principal identified effects (edge effects, inertial effects, etc.). An experimental bench was developed in order to reach a relative uncertainty of the order of 10−3 to the measure of viscosity. The bench, by the use of a linear camera, allows us to observe the trajectory and to obtain the variations in velocity of the ball inside a cylindrical tube filled with liquid whose viscosity is to be measured.
Total internal reflection second-harmonic generation spectrometer system optimized for the liquid/liquid interface
Authors: Fujiwara Kazuhiko , Monjushiro Hideaki , Watarai Hitoshi
Published: January 2005

An apparatus for optical second-harmonic generation (SHG) spectroscopy at the liquid/liquid interface has been constructed. The fundamental laser beam of 780–920nm was irradiated to the interface under the total internal reflection condition, and the interfacial second-harmonic spectrum was obtained during 390–460nm. An automatically wavelength-tuned Ti:Sapphire laser was employed in this study, and it was simultaneously controlled with other peripheral instruments, such as monochromator. The acquisition time per spectrum with 2nm interval was less than 30min. The measurement of SHG spectrum of water-soluble porphyrin adsorbed at the heptane/water interface was demonstrated. The solvatochromic shift of the SHG maximum of the adsorbed porphyrin was ascribed to the less polar environment around the porphyrin molecule at the interface in comparison with the aqueous phase.
Functional and Highly Spatially Resolved ESR Imaging
Authors: Drescher Malte
Published: January 2005

Electron spin resonance imaging is a technique using similar principles to the established nuclear magnetic resonance imaging; however, the very fast electron-spin relaxation time constants of the former are an experimental challenge. In order to obtain T2-weighted as well as functional images spatially resolved in the micrometer range, we use temperature-dependent pulsed X-band ESR and the back-projection reconstruction method. We present here recent results of our imaging project focussing on quasi one-dimensional organic conductors, where even pulsed conduction electron-spin resonance is possible.
The economics of ideas and intellectual property
Authors: Boldrin Michele , Levine David K.
Published: January 2005

Innovation and the adoption of new ideas is fundamental to economic progress. Here we examine the underlying economics of the market for ideas. From a positive perspective, we examine how such markets function with and without government intervention. From a normative perspective, we examine the pitfalls of existing institutions, and how they might be improved. We highlight recent research by us and others challenging the notion that government awards of monopoly through patents and copyright are “the way” to provide appropriate incentives for innovation.
A molecular marker of leaf rust resistance gene Lr37 in wheat
Authors: Li-Rong Zhang , Da-Qing Xu , Wen-Xiang Yang , Da-Qun Liu
Published: January 2005

Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis was carried out in Thatcher, 20 near-isogenic lines (NILs) containing respectively different genes conferring resistance against wheat leaf rust (Puccinia recondite f.sp. tritici), three materials carrying Lr37 and three materials without Lr37. All of the 100 ISSR primers showed clear amplification products. Two of them amplified the polymorphic DNA bands in the NILs, Thatcher and Lr37/6*Thatcher. The polymorphic bands were named UBC812-1200 and UBC848-700, respectively. The three materials with and without Lr37 were detected in tests using the two primers UBC812 and UBC848. Results also showed that only band UBC812-1200 was amplified in all resistant and absent in all susceptible materials. This suggests that UBC812-1200 marker is linked to the resistance gene Lr37. The genetic linkage of the polymorphic marker with Lr37 was tested using a segregating F2 population (128 plants) derived from a cross between the leaf rust-resistant Lr37/6*Thatcher and the susceptible cultivar Thatcher. The ISSR marker UBC812-1200 showed co-segregation to the Lr37 resistance gene. It could be used in molecular marker-assisted selection in a wheat breeding programme for leaf rust resistance.
Development of specific SSR marker for Eegenome ofThinopyrumspp. using wheat microsatellites
Authors: Ming-Shan You , Bao-Yun Li , Zhi-Hui Tian , Zhao-Hui Tang , Shou-Bin Liu , Guang-Tian Liu
Published: January 2005

Wheatgrass,ThinopyrumLöve (ElytrigiaNevski), is one of the most important alien resources for wheat improvement. To determine the transferability of wheat microsatellite primers toThinopyrumspp., 40 wheat microsatellite primer pairs were selected to perform PCR analysis on 17 accessions ofThinopyrumspp. and two common wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars. Among the 40 primer pairs used, 25 pairs could produce PCR products on all or most of the alien species. Moreover, all of these 25 primer pairs, except Xgwm325, showed polymorphism in theThinopyrumaccessions. In total, 108 alleles were detected by the 25 primer pairs. The number of alleles per primer pair varied from 1 to 8, with an average of 4.3 alleles per primer. Although primer Xgwm325 did not detect polymorphic alleles inThinopyrumspp., it could be used as a specific SSR marker for them. It amplified four specific DNA fragments inThinopyrumspp. of length approximately 1400, 440, 120 and 100 bp. To verify the validity of these molecular markers, a further PCR programme with primer Xgwm325 was conducted on a full set of seven wheat–Thinopyrum elongatumdisomic addition lines and 15 disomic substitution lines. This showed that only the 100-bp fragment appeared in all materials possessing the alien chromosome, indicating that it was a molecular marker for the entire genome ofTh.elongatum, although primer Xgwm325 was specific for chromosome 6D in wheat.
Single nucleotide polymorphisms ofCBF4locus region ofArabidopsis thalianacorrespond to drought tolerance
Authors: Gang-Ping Hao , Zhong-Yi Wu , Mao-Sheng Chen , Ming-Qing Cao , Brunel Dominique , Pelletier Georges , Cong-Lin Huang , Qing Yang
Published: January 2005

The levels of drought tolerance and nucleotide polymorphism at theCBF4locus were examined in a world-wide sample of 17 core accessions ofArabidopsis thaliana. The results showed that different accessions exhibited considerable differences in adaptation to drought stress. Compared with Columbia accession, the frequency of nucleotide polymorphism at theCBF4locus of 25av, 203av and 244av accessions, including single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and insertion/deletion (Indel), was high, on average 1 SNP per 35.8 bp and 1 Indel per 143 bp. No significance in all regions of Tajima'sDtest indicated that the neutral mutation hypothesis could explain the nucleotide polymorphism in thisCBF4gene region. The higher polymorphism was the result of purification selection. Nucleotide polymorphism in the non-coding region was three times higher than in the coding region. This might indicate a recent relaxation of selection pressures on the non-coding region ofCBF4gene. In the coding region ofCBF4, SNP frequency was 1 SNP per 96.4 bp and one non-synonymous mutation was detected from 25av, 203av and 244av accessions: the amino acid variation gly↔val at position 205, caused by the nucleotide variation G↔T at position 1034 (corresponding to the nucleotide at position 19 696 of GenBank accession no. AB015478 as 1). Furthermore, four differential SNPs were discovered in haplotype 6 constituted by 203av, one of them located in the 3′ non-coding region (A↔C at position 1106) and the others in the 5′ non-coding region (A↔G, A↔C and G↔A at positions 27, 129 and 171, respectively). The drought tolerance assay indicated that accession 203av was the best at tolerating water deficiency. We propose that haplotype 6 is consistent with its drought tolerance.
Metrically generated theories
Authors: Colebunders E. , Lowen R.
Published: January 2005

Many examples are known of natural functorsKKdescribing the transition from categoriesC\mathcal {C}of generalized metric spaces to the “metrizable" objects in some given topological constructX\mathcal {X}. IfKKpreserves initial morphisms and ifK(C)K(\mathcal {C})is initially dense inX\mathcal {X}, then we say thatX\mathcal {X}isC\mathcal {C}-metrically generated. Our main theorem proves thatX\mathcal {X}isC\mathcal {C}-metrically generated if and only ifX\mathcal {X}can be isomorphically described as a concretely coreflective subconstruct of a model category with objects sets structured by collections of generalized metrics inC\mathcal {C}and natural morphisms. This theorem allows for a unifying treatment of many well-known and varied theories. Moreover, via suitable comparison functors, the various relationships between these theories are studied.
Integrable factors in compact Schur multipliers
Authors: Andersson Mats
Published: January 2005

It is shown that a Schur multiplier is compact if and only if it is the Schur product of two multipliers, one of which is a Hankel–Schur multiplier generated by an integrable function. This is illuminated by factoring exotic, singular measures and is brought into relation with Paley set-based multipliers.
Degenerations of cubic threefolds and matroids
Authors: Gwena Tawanda
Published: January 2005

We present a surprising connection between cubic threefolds and the well-known regular matroid

R

10

{R}_{10}

by making use of intermediate Jacobians of cubic threefolds realized as Prym varieties. As a corollary we obtain a new proof of the nonrationality of generic cubic threefolds.
Ext vanishing and infinite Auslander-Buchsbaum
Authors: Jørgensen Peter
Published: January 2005

A vanishing theorem is proved for Ext groups over non-commuta- tive graded algebras. Along the way, an “infinite” version is proved of the non-commutative Auslander-Buchsbaum theorem.
Radial limits of harmonic functions on the unit disc
Authors: Gardiner Stephen
Published: January 2005

This note characterizes those functions on the unit circle that can arise as the radial limit function of a harmonic function on the unit disc.
Lehmer’s problem for compact Abelian groups
Authors: Lind Douglas
Published: January 2005

We formulate Lehmer’s Problem concerning the Mahler measure of polynomials for general compact abelian groups, introducing a Lehmer constant for each such group. We show that all nontrivial connected compact groups have the same Lehmer constant and conjecture the value of the Lehmer constant for finite cyclic groups. We also show that if a group has infinitely many connected components, then its Lehmer constant vanishes.
Solutions of the congruence 𝑎^{𝑝-1}≡1 (mod 𝑝^{𝑟})
Authors: Keller Wilfrid , Richstein Jörg
Published: January 2005

To supplement existing data, solutions of

a

p
−
1

≡
1

(
mod

p
2

)

a^{p-1} \equiv 1 \pmod {p^2}

are tabulated for primes

a
,
p

a, p

with

100
>
a
>
1000

100 > a > 1000

and

10
4

>
p
>

10

11

10^4 > p > 10^{11}

. For

a
>
100

a > 100

, five new solutions

p
>

2

32

p > 2^{32}

are presented. One of these,

p
=
188748146801

p = 188748146801

for

a
=
5

a = 5

, also satisfies the “reverse” congruence

p

a
−
1

≡
1

(
mod

a
2

)

p^{a-1} \equiv 1 \pmod {a^2}

. An effective procedure for searching for such “double solutions” is described and applied to the range

a
>

10
6

a > 10^6

,

p
>
max

(

10

11

,

a
2

)

p >\max \, (10^{11}, a^2)

. Previous to this, congruences

a

p
−
1

≡
1

(
mod

p
r

)

a^{p-1} \equiv 1 \pmod {p^r}

are generally considered for any

r
≥
2

r \ge 2

and fixed prime

p
p

to see where the smallest prime solution

a
a

occurs.
Error estimates for semi-discrete gauge methods for the Navier-Stokes equations
Authors: Nochetto Ricardo , Pyo Jae-Hong
Published: January 2005

The gauge formulation of the Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible fluids is a new projection method. It splits the velocity

u

=

a

+
∇
ϕ

\mathbf {u}=\mathbf {a}+\nabla \phi

in terms of auxiliary (nonphysical) variables

a

\mathbf {a}

and

ϕ
\phi

and replaces the momentum equation by a heat-like equation for

a

\mathbf {a}

and the incompressibility constraint by a diffusion equation for

ϕ
\phi

. This paper studies two time-discrete algorithms based on this splitting and the backward Euler method for

a

\mathbf {a}

with explicit boundary conditions and shows their stability and rates of convergence for both velocity and pressure. The analyses are variational and hinge on realistic regularity requirements on the exact solution and data. Both Neumann and Dirichlet boundary conditions are, in principle, admissible for

ϕ
\phi

but a compatibility restriction for the latter is uncovered which limits its applicability.
On gluing formulas for the spectral invariants of Dirac type operators
Authors: Loya Paul , Park Jinsung
Published: January 2005

In this note, we announce gluing and comparison formulas for the spectral invariants of Dirac type operators on compact manifolds and manifolds with cylindrical ends. We also explain the central ideas in their proofs.
Photobacterium lipolyticum sp. nov., a bacterium with lipolytic activity isolated from the Yellow Sea in Korea
Authors: Yoon Jung-Hoon , Lee Jung-Kee , Kim Young-Ok , Oh Tae-Kwang
Published: January 2005

A Gram-negative, motile, non-spore-forming, pleomorphic and lipolytic bacterial strain, M37T, was isolated from an intertidal sediment of the Yellow Sea in Korea. This organism grew optimally at 25–28 °C and in the presence of 1–2 % NaCl. It did not grow without NaCl or in the presence of more than 6 % NaCl. Strain M37T was characterized chemotaxonomically by having Q-8 as the predominant respiratory lipoquinone and C16 : 1
ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH and C16 : 0 as the major fatty acids. The DNA G+C content was 47 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences placed strain M37T within the clade comprising Photobacterium species, forming a coherent cluster with the type strains of Photobacterium profundum and Photobacterium indicum (16S rRNA gene similarity levels of 97·5–98·0 %). The mean DNA–DNA relatedness levels between strain M37T and P. profundum JCM 10084T and P. indicum DSM 5151T were in the range 12–15 %. Similarities between 16S rRNA gene sequences of strain M37T and those of the type strains of the other Photobacterium species ranged from 93·9 % (with Photobacterium fischeri) to 96·2 % (with Photobacterium phosphoreum). On the basis of phenotypic properties and phylogenetic and genomic distinctiveness, strain M37T (=KCTC 10562BPT=DSM 16190T) should be placed in the genus Photobacterium as a novel species, for which the name Photobacterium lipolyticum sp. nov. is proposed.
Roseisalinus antarcticus gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel aerobic bacteriochlorophyll a-producing α-proteobacterium isolated from hypersaline Ekho Lake, Antarctica
Authors: Labrenz Matthias , Lawson Paul A. , Tindall Brian J. , Collins Matthew D. , Hirsch Peter
Published: January 2005

A Gram-negative, aerobic to microaerophilic rod was isolated from 10 m depths of the hypersaline, heliothermal and meromictic Ekho Lake (East Antarctica). The strain was oxidase- and catalase-positive, metabolized a variety of carboxylic acids and sugars and produced lipase. Cells had an absolute requirement for artificial sea water, which could not be replaced by NaCl. A large in vivo absorption band at 870 nm indicated production of bacteriochlorophyll a. The predominant fatty acids of this organism were 16 : 0 and 18 : 1ω7c, with 3-OH 10 : 0, 16 : 1ω7c and 18 : 0 in lower amounts. The main polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine. Ubiquinone 10 was produced. The DNA G+C content was 67 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons indicated that the isolate represents a member of the Roseobacter clade within the α-Proteobacteria. The organism showed no particular relationship to any members of this clade but clustered on the periphery of the genera Jannaschia, Octadecabacter and ‘Marinosulfonomonas’ and the species Ruegeria gelatinovorans. Distinct morphological, physiological and genotypic differences to these previously described taxa supported the description of a new genus and a novel species, for which the name Roseisalinus antarcticus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is EL-88T (=DSM 11466T=CECT 7023T).
Polyphasic study of wine Lactobacillus strains: taxonomic implications
Authors: Rodas A. M. , Ferrer S. , Pardo I.
Published: January 2005

One hundred and seventy-eight lactobacilli isolated from wine were characterized by a polyphasic approach. Strains were phenotypically identified at genus and species level by classical tests including the analysis of cell morphology, homo/heterofermentative character, sugar fermentation patterns, growth at different temperatures and the optical nature of the isomer of lactic acid produced from glucose. Molecular techniques such as random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD), amplified 16S rDNA restriction analysis (16S-ARDRA), PFGE-RFLP and ribotyping were used to characterize strains, and their potential for identification and/or typing was evaluated. The information obtained with these techniques was processed with the BioNumerics software in order to analyse relationships existing between isolated strains and various reference species of the genus. Then, taxonomic dendrograms were obtained, and this information allowed the proposal of molecular procedures suitable for the identification and typing of these wine micro-organisms. The techniques useful for both identification and typing were RAPD and ribotyping, while 16S-ARDRA was only useful for identification and PFGE-RFLP only for typing purposes. The wine strains were identified asLactobacillus brevis(19 strains),Lactobacillus collinoides(2 strains),Lactobacillus hilgardii(71 strains),Lactobacillus paracasei(13 strains),Lactobacillus pentosus(2 strains),Lactobacillus plantarum(34 strains) andLactobacillus mali(10 strains).
Lactobacillus suntoryeus sp. nov., isolated from malt whisky distilleries
Authors: Cachat Elise , Priest Fergus G.
Published: January 2005

Eight strains of Lactobacillus with identical partial 16S rRNA gene sequences and similar randomly amplified polymorphic DNA patterns were isolated from fermentation samples from Japanese and Scottish malt whisky distilleries. Phylogenetic analysis of almost complete 16S rRNA gene sequences from three representative strains (two from Japan, one from Scotland) placed them in the genus Lactobacillus as members of the Lactobacillus acidophilus group. Lactobacillus helveticus and Lactobacillus gallinarum were the most closely related species, with 16S rRNA gene similarities of 99·3 and 98·1 %, respectively. A similar phylogeny was derived from partial sequences of elongation factor Tu (tuf) genes in which the alleles from the three distillery isolates were identical and shared 99·0 % similarity with L. helveticus and L. gallinarum tuf genes. S-layer (slp) gene sequences suggested different relationships among the strains and the distillery isolates no longer formed a monophyletic group. The alleles from the Japanese and Scottish strains shared only 54 % similarity. Chromosomal DNA from the distillery strains gave DNA–DNA hybridization values between 79 and 100 % but showed less than 43 and 22 % reassociation with L. helveticus and L. gallinarum DNA, respectively. The name Lactobacillus suntoryeus sp. nov. is proposed for this novel taxon; the type strain is strain SAT (=LMG 22464T=NCIMB 14005T).
Idiomarina seosinensis sp. nov., isolated from hypersaline water of a solar saltern in Korea
Authors: Choi Dong Han , Cho Byung Cheol
Published: January 2005

A halophilic γ-proteobacterium, designated CL-SP19T, was isolated from hypersaline water from a solar saltern located in Seosin, Korea. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed an affiliation with the genus Idiomarina. The sequence similarities between CL-SP19T and type strains of the genus Idiomarina ranged from 95·9 to 96·9 %. Cells were straight or slightly curved rods and were motile by means of a single polar flagellum. The major fatty acids were C15 : 0 iso (17·1 %) and C17 : 0 iso (15·2 %). Three fatty acids, C19 : 0
ω8c cyclo (3·5 %), C14 : 1
ω5c (1·4 %) and C18 : 3
ω6c (1·2 %), were found in minor quantities, but uniquely in CL-SP19T among Idiomarina species. The DNA G+C content was 45·0 mol%. On the basis of its physiology, fatty acid composition and 16S rRNA gene sequence, strain CL-SP19T could be assigned to the genus Idiomarina but distinguished from the recognized species of the genus. Strain CL-SP19T, therefore, represents a novel species, for which the name Idiomarina seosinensis sp. nov. is proposed, with CL-SP19T (=KCTC 12296T=JCM 12526T) as the type strain.
Actinomyces dentalis sp. nov., from a human dental abscess
Authors: Hall Val , Collins Matthew D. , Lawson Paul A. , Falsen Enevold , Duerden Brian I.
Published: January 2005

A previously undescribed filamentous, beaded, Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium was isolated from pus of a human dental abscess. Based on its cellular morphology and the results of biochemical testing the organism was tentatively identified as a member of the genus Actinomyces, but it did not correspond to any currently recognized species of this genus. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequencing studies showed the bacterium represents a distinct subline within the genus Actinomyces, clustering within a group of species that includes Actinomyces bovis, the type species of the genus. Sequence divergence values of >8 % with other recognized species within this phylogenetic group clearly demonstrated that the organism represents a hitherto unknown species. Based on biochemical and molecular phylogenetic evidence, it is proposed that the unidentified organism recovered from a dental abscess be classified as a novel species, Actinomyces dentalis sp. nov. The type strain is R18165T (=CCUG 48064T=CIP 108337T).
Carnobacterium pleistocenium sp. nov., a novel psychrotolerant, facultative anaerobe isolated from permafrost of the Fox Tunnel in Alaska
Authors: Pikuta Elena V. , Marsic Damien , Bej Asim , Tang Jane , Krader Paul , Hoover Richard B.
Published: January 2005

A novel, psychrotolerant, facultative anaerobe, strain FTR1T, was isolated from Pleistocene ice from the permafrost tunnel in Fox, Alaska. Gram-positive, motile, rod-shaped cells were observed with sizes 0·6–0·7×0·9–1·5 μm. Growth occurred within the pH range 6·5–9·5 with optimum growth at pH 7·3–7·5. The temperature range for growth of the novel isolate was 0–28 °C and optimum growth occurred at 24 °C. The novel isolate does not require NaCl; growth was observed between 0 and 5 % NaCl with optimum growth at 0·5 % (w/v). The novel isolate was a catalase-negative chemoorganoheterotroph that used as substrates sugars and some products of proteolysis. The metabolic end products were acetate, ethanol and CO2. Strain FTR1Twas sensitive to ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, rifampicin, kanamycin and gentamicin. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed 99·8 % similarity between strain FTR1TandCarnobacterium alterfunditum, but DNA–DNA hybridization between them demonstrated 39±1·5 % relatedness. On the basis of genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, it is proposed that strain FTR1T(=ATCC BAA-754T=JCM 12174T=CIP 108033T) be assigned to the novel speciesCarnobacterium pleistoceniumsp. nov.
Strain NBRC (formerly IFO) 3782 is the type strain of Streptomyces rameus Shibata 1959. Opinion 76
Authors:   Judicial Commission of the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes
Published: January 2005

The Judicial Commission of the International Committee for Systematics of Prokaryotes decided that strain NBRC (formerly IFO) 3782 (=No. 43797), which was the originally designated type strain, has to replace ATCC 21273 as the type strain of Streptomyces rameus. ATCC 21273 was given as the type strain in the Approved Lists 1980.
A subset of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long-term non-progressors is characterized by the unique presence of ancestral sequences in the viral population
Authors: Bello Gonzalo , Casado Concepción , Sandonis Virginia , Alonso-Nieto Manuela , Vicario José Luis , García Soledad , Hernando Victoria , Rodríguez Carmen , Romero Jorge del , López-Galíndez Cecilio
Published: January 2005

Within human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected patients, there are those who have been infected for more than 10 years with a CD4+ cell count of >500 cells μl−1 and who remain asymptomatic without antiretroviral therapy; these patients are designated long-term non-progressors (LTNPs). In a set of 16 LTNPs, viral dating, DNA viral load, quasispecies heterogeneity and antibody (Ab) titres against gp160 and β
2 microglobulin (β
2m) were determined. Plasma viral RNA and CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell numbers were estimated in more than three samples per patient. Host genetic characteristics, such as Δ32-CCR5 genotype and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotype and supertypes, and clinical–epidemiological factors were evaluated. Dating of global populations and of DNA and RNA viral quasispecies identified two subsets of patients: one displaying only ancestral sequences and the other displaying predominantly modern sequences. The ancestral patients displayed a significant reduction in RNA and DNA viral loads, quasispecies heterogeneity, CD8+ cell number, anti-gp160 Ab titres and β
2m level, and they were also associated with better use of safe-sex practices and higher presence of the HLA sB58 supertype than the modern subset. Viral dating has therefore permitted the segregation of LTNPs into two subsets that show very different virological, immunological, host and clinical–epidemiological characteristics. Moreover, whereas the modern subset displayed low levels of virus replication, the ancestral group displayed not only a very limited virus replication, often to undetectable levels, but also very slow or arrested viral evolution, maintaining the close relationship of the viral population to the transmitted virus.
Inhibition of West Nile virus entry by using a recombinant domain III from the envelope glycoprotein
Authors: Chu J. J. H. , Rajamanonmani R. , Li J. , Bhuvanakantham R. , Lescar J. , Ng M.-L.
Published: January 2005

The envelope glycoprotein located at the outermost surface of the flavivirus particle mediates entry of virus into host cells. In this study, the involvement of domain III of West Nile virus (WNV-DIII) envelope protein in binding to host cell surface was investigated. WNV-DIII was first expressed as a recombinant protein and purified after a solubilization and refolding procedure. The refolded WNV-DIII protein displays a content of β-sheets consistent with known homologous structures of other flavivirus envelope DIII, shown by using circular dichroism analysis. Purified recombinant WNV-DIII protein was able to inhibit WNV entry into Vero cells and C6/36 mosquito cells. Recombinant WNV-DIII only partially blocked the entry of dengue-2 (Den 2) virus into Vero cells. However, entry of Den 2 virus into C6/36 was blocked effectively by recombinant WNV-DIII. Murine polyclonal serum produced against recombinant WNV-DIII protein inhibited infection with WNV and to a much lesser extent with Den 2 virus, as demonstrated by plaque neutralization assays. Together these results provided strong evidence that immunoglobulin-like DIII of WNV envelope protein is responsible for binding to receptor on the surface of host cells. The data also suggest that similar attachment molecule(s) or receptor(s) were used by WNV and Den 2 virus for entry into C6/36 mosquito cells.
The cytoplasmic tail of herpes simplex virus envelope glycoprotein D binds to the tegument protein VP22 and to capsids
Authors: Chi Jung Hee I. , Harley Carol A. , Mukhopadhyay Aparna , Wilson Duncan W.
Published: January 2005

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) capsids assemble, mature and package their viral genome in the nucleoplasm. They then exit the nucleus into the cytoplasm, where they acquire their final tegument and envelope. The molecular mechanism of cytoplasmic envelopment is unclear, but evidence suggests that the viral glycoprotein tails play an important role in the recruitment of tegument and capsids at the final envelopment site. However, due to redundancy in protein–protein interactions among the viral glycoproteins, genetic analysis of the role of individual glycoproteins in assembly has been difficult. To overcome this problem, a glutathione S-transferase fusion protein-binding assay was used in this study to test the interaction between the cytoplasmic tail of one specific viral glycoprotein, gD, and tegument proteins. The study demonstrated that the 38 kDa tegument protein VP22 bound specifically to the gD tail. This association was dependent on arginine and lysine residues at positions 5 and 6 in the gD tail. In addition, HSV-1 capsids bound the gD tail and exhibited a similar sequence dependence. It is concluded that VP22 may serve as a linker protein, mediating the interaction of the HSV capsid with gD.
Probing neutralizing-antibody responses against emerging measles viruses (MVs): immune selection of MV by H protein-specific antibodies?
Authors: Santibanez Sabine , Niewiesk Stefan , Heider Alla , Schneider-Schaulies Jürgen , Berbers Guy A. M. , Zimmermann Albert , Halenius Anne , Wolbert Anne , Deitemeier Ingrid , Tischer Annedore , Hengel Hartmut
Published: January 2005

Measles virus (MV) infection and vaccination induce long-lasting immunity and neutralizing-antibody responses that are directed against the MV haemagglutinin (H) and the fusion (F) protein. A new MV genotype, D7, emerged recently in western Germany and rapidly replaced the long-term endemically circulating genotypes C2 and D6. Analysis of the H gene of C2, D6, D7 and vaccine viruses revealed uniform sequences for each genotype. Interestingly, a consistent exchange of seven distinct amino acids in the D7 H was observed when compared with residues shared between C2, D6 and vaccine viruses, and one exchange (D416→N) in the D7 H was associated with an additionalN-linked glycosylation. In contrast, the F gene is highly conserved between MVs of these genotypes. To test whether the D7 H protein escapes from antibody responses that were raised against earlier circulating or vaccine viruses, the neutralizing capacity of mAbs recognizing seven distinct domains on the H of an Edmonston-related MV was compared. The mAbs revealed a selective and complete loss of two neutralizing epitopes on the D7 H when compared with C2, D6 and vaccine viruses. To assess whether these alterations of the D7 H affect the neutralizing capacity of polyclonal B-cell responses, genotype-specific antisera were produced in cotton rats. However, no significant genotype-dependent difference was found. Likewise, human sera obtained from vaccinees (n=7) and convalescents (n=6) did not distinguish between the MV genotypes. Although the hypothesis of selection of D7 viruses by pre-existing neutralizing antibodies is compatible with the differing pattern of neutralizing epitopes on the H protein, it was not confirmed by the results of MV neutralization with polyclonal sera.