bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DEVELOPMENT OF INDIGENOUS MINORITIES DURING THE FAR EASTERN REPUBLIC EPOCH (1920–1922)
Authors:   Komsomolsk-na-Amure State University., Akhmetova A.V. , Bobyshev S.V. ,   Far Eastern State Transport University (Khabarovsk)
Published: March 2022

The article, based on the use of published and unpublished historical sources, will consider the main trends in the national policy of the Far Eastern Republic (1920-1922), as well as its impact on the development of economy and culture of small ethnic groups in the national areas of the region. The authors have carried out an in-depth analysis of the main areas of activities of the Ministry of National Affairs in relation to the Indigenous Minorities. Based on a study of the legislative framework of the Republican authorities, the work reveals the contradictory and ambiguous nature of the national policy of the buffer Republic.
TOM STOPPARD: THE AUTHOR "IN DETAILS"
Authors:   Moscow City Pedagogical University., L.A. Borbotko
Published: March 2022

The article regards a descriptive analysis of attributes contributing to the originality of Tom Stoppard’s literary pieces. The paper regards such typical features as intertextuality crucial for the structure and the plot, chronological and spacial characteristics, a variety of topics tackled and stylistic devices employed (allusions, paradox, ellipses, etc.). T. Stoppard’s plays were described as representations of both postmodernism and the personal style comprising philosophical and axiological views of the dramatist as a cultural and language personality.
Granada des-granada. Raíces legales de la forma urbana morísca e hispana
Authors: Saga Manuel
Published: March 2022

En las últimas décadas, la historia urbana ha sido objeto de un amplio proceso de renovación metodológica. Los estudios en esta área han permitido comprobar hasta qué punto no sólo es legítima sino necesaria una diversidad de miradas y de metodologías complementarias que confluyen en la explicación histórica de los hechos urbanos. Manuel Saga reconoce la complejidad de estas perspectivas y ofrece, en este libro, una clara muestra de cuánto ganamos en conocimiento al abordar un posicionamiento transdisciplinar.
The UN MDGs in Indonesia: Analyzing Its Failure in Eradicating Poverty in Indonesia
Authors: Cangara Abdul Razaq
Published: March 2022

The United Nations (UN) Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), an international development movement oriented towards human welfare and global poverty eradication with measurable goals and targets, had hit the deadline by 2015. Its implementation reaped various contestations and claims regarding its success and failures in eradicating poverty in Indonesia. The Indonesian government claimed to have succeeded (on the track) in meeting the MDGs targets in eradicating poverty by reducing half of the number of Indonesians who earn one dollar per day (purchasing power parity/PPP) for the period 1990-2015. Meanwhile, the reality on the ground showed the contrast. Many Indonesian people lived in poverty and had minimal access to public health and education facilities. UNESCAP reported that Indonesia was one of the countries in the Asia Pacific region, which was alarming to achieve the MDGs. Based on such contradictions regarding the MDGs' poverty eradication mission in Indonesia, this article aims to examine why the MDGs program had not been able to overcome the problem of poverty in Indonesia? This article employs norm life cycle (dynamics) theory to investigate the problem behind UN MDGs' inability to overcome poverty in Indonesia. UN MDGs were considered a global norm in this article, substantiating the poverty eradication mission. Using the norm life cycle theory theorizing the three stages of norm development, starting from norm emergence, cascade, and internalization, this article reviews and investigates how Indonesia had dealt and performed in each of those norm life cycle stages within the framework of global poverty eradication norm. Based on the theoretical approach used, this article argues that the inability of UN MDGs to resolve poverty in Indonesia was due to the excessive use of statistical and quantitative basis of poverty eradication efforts rather than a more qualitative and welfare building approaches. Moreover, a systemic problem existed upon MDGs' coordination and implementation on the Indonesian government and donor countries/institutions. It included the lack of commitment to official development aid (ODA) realization, renegotiation and elimination of Indonesia's foreign debt, and rampant corruption in the national development and poverty eradication funds.
FOREIGN POLICY DECISION MAKING: STUDI KASUS KERJASAMA INDUSTRI PERTAHANAN INDONESIA-TURKI
Authors: Luerdi Luerdi
Published: March 2022

Luerdi, L. (2021). FOREIGN POLICY DECISION MAKING: STUDI KASUS KERJASAMA INDUSTRI PERTAHANAN INDONESIA-TURKI. ------ Artikel ini bertujuan untuk memahami pendekatan pembuatan keputusan politik luar negeri (foreign policy decision making) dalam mendeskripsikan unit penjelas (explanatory unit) pada kasus kebijakan luar negeri tertentu. Artikel ini mencoba mendeskripsikan studi kasus kerjasama industri pertahanan Indonesia dengan Turki dari tahun 2010 sampai 2018 yang meliputi pembuatan medium-tank, alat komunikasi militer, pengembangan pesawat, amunisi dan laras senjata, dan kapal selam. Pendekatan ini memiliki asumsi dasar bahwa tindakan internasional dapat didefinisikan sebagai sekumpulan keputusan-keputusan yang dibuat oleh unit-unit politik domestik dan para pemimpin negara baik individual ataupun kelompok bertindak sebagai aktor-aktor utama dalam proses pengambilan keputusan tersebut. Artinya pedekatan ini berupaya membuka kotak hitam yang dapat menjelaskan bagaimana proses pengambilan satu keputusan negara sampai kemudian diwujudkan ke dalam perilaku negara tersebut.
JENISA,BENTUK DAN PENJENJANGAN KOPERASI
Authors: Rajab Nabila
Published: March 2022

Pertumbuhan ekonomi kerakyatan saat ini di Indonesia belum stabil hal ini berdampak pada kehidupan masyarakat kecil yang semakin memprihatinkan. Hal ini sangat dirasakan oleh masyarakat yang berada pada garis perekonomian menengah ke bawah yaitu masyarakat yang berada di daerah pedesaan. Dalam hai ini, peran koperasi sebagi roda perekonomian nasional serta lembaga yang bergerak dalam ekonomi rakyat sudah dapatdikatakan mengalami perkembangan yang pesat dan dinamis. Pemerintah menetapkan bahwa koperasi berperan penting sebagai salah satu pelaku jalannya perekonomian di Indonesia. Kebijakan pemerintah ini sesuai dengan Undang-Undang dasar 1945 pasal 33 ayat 1 yang menyatakan bahwa perekonomian disusun sebagai usaha bersama berdasarkan asas kekeluargaan.
A mid-20th century estimate of global vegetation carbon stocks based on inventory statistics
Authors: Bhan Manan , Meyfroidt Patrick , Matej Sarah , Erb Karl-Heinz , Gingrich Simone
Published: March 2022

Biomass carbon stocks (BCS) play a vital role in the climate system, but benchmarked estimates prior to the late 20th century remain scarce. Here, by making use of an early global forest resource assessment and harmonizing information on land use and carbon densities, we establish a global BCS account for the year 1950. Our best-guess BCS estimate is 450.7 PgC (median of all modulations: 518.3 PgC, range: 443.9-584.6 PgC), with ecosystems in Southern America and Western Africa storing c. 27 and 16% of the total respectively. Our estimates are in line with land change emissions estimates and suggest a reduction in BCS of 8-29% compared to the median, with losses in tropical subcontinents partially offset by gains in northern subcontinents. Our study demonstrates an approach to reconstruct global BCS over the 20th century to complement carbon flux-based modelling efforts and identify emerging global land transitions.
Testing models of context-dependent outcome encoding in reinforcement learning
Authors: Hayes William M. , Wedell Douglas
Published: March 2022

Previous studies of reinforcement learning (RL) have established that choice outcomes are encoded in a context-dependent fashion. Several computational models have been proposed to explain context-dependent encoding, including reference point centering and range adaptation models. The former assumes that outcomes are centered around a running estimate of the average reward in each choice context, while the latter assumes that outcomes are compared to the minimum reward and then scaled by an estimate of the range of outcomes in each choice context. However, there are other computational mechanisms that can explain context dependence in RL. In the present study, a frequency encoding model is introduced that assumes outcomes are evaluated based on their proportional rank within a sample of recently experienced outcomes from the local context. A range-frequency model is also considered that combines the range adaptation and frequency encoding mechanisms. We conducted two fully incentivized behavioral experiments using choice tasks for which the candidate models make divergent predictions. The results were most consistent with models that incorporate frequency or rank-based encoding. The findings from these experiments deepen our understanding of the underlying computational processes mediating context-dependent outcome encoding in human RL.
Is there a bias in the diagnosis of borderline personality disorder among racially minoritized patients?
Authors: Becker Lena , Asadi Shayan , Zimmerman Mark , Morgan Theresa A. , Rodriguez-Seijas Craig Anthony
Published: March 2022

Empirical evidence documents disparities in the diagnosis of severe forms of psychopathology among racial/ethnic minority persons. However, research on diagnostic differences in personality disorders is equivocal: some suggests higher prevalence of personality disorders among racial/ethnic minority persons while other results suggest the opposite. The goal of the current study was to investigate (1) differences in the diagnosis of borderline personality disorder (BPD) in a mostly cisgender, heterosexual sample among racial/ethnic minority patients compared with non-Hispanic White patients and (2) whether any observed differences were attributable to differences in underlying maladaptive personality domains. Utilizing data from partial hospital patients (N = 2,657), we found few differences in the diagnosis of BPD based on racial/ethnic group membership. We also conducted measurement invariance analyses of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 Brief Form, finding evidence of invariance across White and non-White participants in these data. Any instances of diagnostic disparity were explained by group differences in maladaptive personality domains. These results provide context to the extant literature documenting mixed results about racial/ethnic differences in prevalence of personality disorders. Additionally, they suggest relative specificity in BPD diagnostic bias related to sexual minority populations.
A taxonomy of policy questions: Examining style of policy inquires
Authors: Osman Magda , Cosstick Nick
Published: March 2022

To help advance exchanges between science and policy, a useful first step is to examine the questions that policy professionals pose to scientists. The structure of a question provides valuable indicators of what one is motivated to know, and what that knowledge might be used for. Therefore, understanding the pattern of inquiries typically made can helps scientists anticipate what types of knowledge policy audiences want from them. A data set (n = 2972 questions) of questions from policy professionals collected over 10 years (2011 – 2021) was classified into one of 7 classes of questions. In the main, policy professionals (public sector, private sector) invite answers that typically increase their causal understanding of a policy issue, and that included suggested plans of action they can consider implementing. Moreover, these seem to be general aspects of the nature of inquiry of policy professionals, given that the preserve regardless of policy issue (e.g., Artificial intelligence, Economy, Health). Thus, to maximize the utility of their knowledge in science-policy exchanges involves an applied approach of communicating mechanisms to inform the actions that could be taken.
Parental burnout features & their family context: A temporal network approach in mothers
Authors: Blanchard M. Annelise , Hoebeke Yorgo , Heeren Alexandre
Published: March 2022

Many parents have days where they encounter emotional exhaustion, emotional distance from their children, and feeling fed up with being a parent. Some parents experience these characteristics to a severe extent—a clinical phenomenon termed parental burnout. Parental burnout arises when parents chronically endure severe stress without sufficient resources to cope, which may lead to detrimental consequences not only for the parent, but also for their partner (e.g., marital conflict) and children (i.e., neglect and violence). However, uncertainty remains regarding how these features interact and trigger one another over time (potentially becoming increasingly severe), nor how the daily variations of the family context influence these features. Therefore, in this study, we recruited 50 parents (with main analyses focusing on 43 mothers with a coparent, and sensitivity analyses with the full sample) from the general population to rate the core features of parental burnout and the family context daily over 56 days. We used multilevel vector autoregressive models to generate network models. Results suggest that exhaustion contributes to parental burnout: it self-predicts and is closely associated with feeling fed up and finding children difficult to manage. Distance, by contrast, is mainly negatively connected to sharing positive moments with children. Contextual variables also interact with parental burnout features, illustrating the relevance of examining parenting within the family system context. If future research confirms a central role of exhaustion in parental burnout development, prevention efforts can focus on decreasing parental exhaustion.
Distraction from Pain Depends on Task Demands and Motivation
Authors: Vogel Todd A , Falk Carl F. , Otto A. Ross , Roy Mathieu
Published: March 2022

Pain captures attention automatically, yet we can inhibit pain when we are motivated to perform other tasks. Previous studies show that engaging in a cognitively demanding task reduces pain, compared to a task that is minimally demanding, yet the effects of motivation on this pain-reducing effect remain largely unexplored. In this study, we hypothesized that motivating people to engage in a task with high demands would lead to more cognitive resources directed towards the task, thereby amplifying its pain-reducing effects. On different trials, participants performed an easy (left–right arrow discrimination) or demanding (2-back) cognitive task while receiving non-painful or painful heat stimuli. In half of the trials, monetary rewards were offered to motivate participants to engage and perform well in the task. Results showed an interaction between task demands and rewards, whereby offering rewards strengthened the pain-reducing effect of a distracting task when demands were high. This effect was reinforced by increased 2-back performance when rewards were offered, indicating that both task demands and motivation are necessary to inhibit pain. When task demands are low, motivation to engage in the task will have little impact on pain because performance cannot further increase. When motivation is low, participants will spend minimal effort to perform well in the task, thus hindering the pain-reducing effects of higher task demands. These findings suggest that the pain-reducing properties of distraction can be optimized by carefully calibrating the demands and motivational value of the task.
Hallucination-proneness is associated with a decrease in robust averaging of perceptual evidence
Authors: Larsen Emmett M. , Jin Jingwen , ZHANG XIAN , Donaldson Kayla R. , Liew Megan , Horga Guillermo , Luhmann Christian , Mohanty Aprajita
Published: March 2022

Hallucinations are characterized by disturbances of perceptual processes involved in decision-making about environmental stimuli. Here, we examine whether cognitive and computational processes by which sensory information is integrated may offer insight into the perceptual mechanisms of hallucinatory symptoms. We used a multi-element perceptual averaging task in which observers made dichotomous judgments about the “average color” (red or blue) of an array of stimuli in trials that varied in the strength (mean) and reliability (variance) of the decision-relevant perceptual evidence. Generally, observers excluded or down-weighted extreme (outlying) perceptual evidence akin to a statistician excluding outlying data points; however, individuals prone to hallucinations afforded more weight to more extreme or untrustworthy evidence. Computational modeling showed that individuals prone to hallucinations tended not to use the optimal model in which evidence is integrated as a function of the log odds of each perceptual option leading to “robust averaging”. Finally, observers generally adapted to trials with unreliable evidence by increasingly downweighting extreme evidence, but the weighting strategy in hallucination prone individuals remained insensitive to the reliability of evidence. By showing that hallucination proneness is associated with reduced attenuation of untrustworthy evidence in perceptual decision-making, our findings suggest a novel perceptual mechanism underlying hallucinations. Our findings also provide support for the view that hallucination-proneness relates to alterations in the perceptual systems that track statistical regularities in environmental stimuli.
“Finger in Glove Sign” due to mucoid impactions.
Authors:   Professor and HOD Department of Radio diagnosis, Dr. Pinnamaneni Siddhartha Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Foundation, Chinnaavutapalli-521101, India, Chander B.N. , Kumar B.Santh ,   Assistant professor Department of Radio diagnosis, Dr. Pinnamaneni Siddhartha Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Foundation, Chinnaavutapalli-521101, India, Kavya M. ,   Postgraduate Department of Radio diagnosis, Dr. Pinnamaneni Siddhartha Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Foundation, Chinnaavutapalli-521101, India
Published: March 2022

Finger in Glove Sign detected on chest radiograph and CT scan appears due to mucoid impactions in large air ways that are visualized as tubular opacities. It may occur in both congenital conditions like bronchial atresia, cystic fibrosis and in acquired diseases like ABPA, bronchiectasis, foreign bodies, tumors, bronchial asthma and tuberculosis to name a few. Mucoid impaction should be differentiated from other disease processes like AVM which can be excluded from doing a contrast study.
Importance of ultrasonography and colour doppler in evaluation of bowel pathology in clinically suspected cases.
Authors:   Assistant professor, Department of Radiology, GMERS Sola Medical College and Hospital, Sola, Ahmedabad-380006, India, Gandhi Neela , Patel Hemangi ,   Associate professor, Department of Radiology, GMERS Sola Medical College and Hospital, Sola, Ahmedabad-380006, India, Shah Falguni ,   Professor and Head, Department of Radiology, GMERS Sola Medical College and Hospital, Sola, Ahmedabad-380006, India, Shah Bhavana ,   Senior resident, Department of Radiology, GMERS Sola Medical College and Hospital, Sola, Ahmedabad380006, India, Singh Sudhir ,   Senior resident, Department of Radiology, GMERS Sola Medical College and Hospital, Sola, Ahmedabad380006, India, Suthar Kaushal ,   Senior resident, Department of Radiology, GMERS Sola Medical College and Hospital, Sola, Ahmedabad380006, India
Published: March 2022

Background: High resolution ultrasonography and colour doppler have become valuable diagnostic modalities for the evaluation of bowel pathology. Study was done to evaluate importance of ultrasound with colour doppler in bowel pathology arising from duodenum to rectum. Materials and Methods: A prospective study of 160 patients was done with bowel pathology during July 2013 to December 2014. The study group consists of patients who presented with clinical signs and symptoms pertaining to pathology arising from the duodenum, small bowel, large bowel and appendages. Detailed history was taken before the sonography examination. Results: In our study, out of 160 patients of bowel lesions, 42 patients (26.2%) were under 32 to 40 years age group. Pain in abdomen was the commonest presentation found in 149 patients (93.1%). Infection and Inflammatory lesions were the commonest bowel pathology detected in 109 patients (68.1%), among them appendicitis & its complication was the commonest pathology followed by abdominal tuberculosis. Neoplasm was 2nd most common pathology which constituted 28 patients (17.5%). The commonest malignant lesion was adenocarcinoma diagnosed in 19 patients (70%). Conclusion: Ultrasonography (USG) is the primary investigation of choice in the patients with pain in abdomen. The use of endosongraphy proved to be essential in detecting and staging rectosigmoid malignancy. Hydrocolon technique and fluid aided sonography also helped in delineating colonic masses. High frequency graded compression sonography proved to be essential in case with acute appendicitis.
Characteristic thumb sign in epiglottitis
Authors:   Professor and HOD, Chander B.N. ,   Department of Radio diagnosis, Dr. Pinnamaneni Siddhartha Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Foundation, Chinnaavutapalli-521101, India, Chandra T. Satish ,   Associate professor, Department of ENT, Dr. Pinnamaneni Siddhartha Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Foundation, Chinnaavutapalli-521101, India, Kavya M. ,   Postgraduate; Department of Radio diagnosis, Dr. Pinnamaneni Siddhartha Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Foundation, Chinnaavutapalli-521101, India, Sravanthi K.K. ,   Postgraduate, Department of ENT, Dr. Pinnamaneni Siddhartha Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Foundation, Chinnaavutapalli-521101, India
Published: March 2022

Thumb sign is detected in simple lateral neck radiograph (preferably in upright view with neck in extension). Diagnosis can be confirmed by direct examination of pharynx, which reveal swollen epiglottis and can be confirmed by direct naso-pharyngo-laryngoscope. However this should be performed in an operating room where facilities to secure air way are available. Diagnostic investigations like CT can reveal other findings like thickening of epiglottis, thickening of ari-epiglottic fold and prevertebral fascia. Suspicion of an abscess may be deduced from evidence of multiloculated density collections in the neck.
Recurrent cystic hygroma in an adult presenting as a neck mass - A case study
Authors:   Assistant professor, Singh Lt Col I D ,   Department of Otolaryngology & Head & Neck surgery, Command Hospital (Southern Command), Pune-411040, India, Hota Maj Abhipsa ,   Resident; Department of Otolaryngology & Head & Neck surgery, Command Hospital (Southern Command), Pune411040, India
Published: March 2022

Cystic Hygroma although common in children, can also present in adults. It should be managed with great precision because of its proximity to vital anatomy. This case report discusses a rare presentation of a 52 years old adult presenting with cystic hygroma. It illustrates how difficult can cystic hygroma get, especially during dissection. In this case, careful delineation of structures was done to excise the mass without injury to surrounding nerves and vessels. Cystic hygromas do not resolve spontaneously and surgical excision is the treatment of choice in such cases.
Significance of nuclear morphometry on fine needle aspirates of breast lesions
Authors:   Assistant Professor, Laishram Sabina ,   Department of Pathology, Central Referral Hospital, Sikkim Manipal Institutes of Medical Sciences, Tadong, Gangtok, Sikkim-737102, India (Work done: MVJ Medical College & Research Hospital, Hoskote, Bangalore-562114, India), Shariff Shameen ,   Professor & HOD; Department of Pathology, MVJ Medical College & Research Hospital, Hoskote, Bangalore562114, India
Published: March 2022

Background: FNAC of the breast, although effective for the diagnosis of breast lesions is largely subjective and a minority of cases cannot be classified as benign or malignant due to the morphological overlap. This hinders a definite diagnosis which may sometimes lead to unnecessary surgical biopsy. Morphometry in combination with FNAC is one such method of improving the diagnosis. Objective: To study the nuclear morphology with regard to nuclear diameter; nuclear area; coefficient of variation of nuclear area; nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio and the ratio of largest to smallest nuclear diameter (L:S ratio) on all breast aspirates (after histopathology correlation) performed at the Department of Pathology, MVJ MC and RH in a two year period. Statistical analysis was done to find out the significance of the five nuclear parameters in the benign and malignant categories. Methods: A total of 60 patients with a history of breast mass referred for FNAC to the Department of Pathology, MVJ MC &RH were taken for the study. Period of study: 2 years - August 2010 and July 2012. Morphometric analysis was done on Haematoxylin & Eosin stained aspirates using the Image J Morphometric Software for image processing and analysis developed by National Institutes of Health, USA. The five parameters were measured on 100 cells spread evenly on the slide surface. Correlation of results with histopathology was done using it as the gold standard. Any discrepancy in preformed cytological diagnosis was rectified after correlation. Statistical analysis was done using Student t-Test and one way ANOVA. Results: In this study, all the nuclear parameters were found to be significantly higher in the malignant lesions when compared to benign lesions (p<0.0001). Conclusion: Interactive computerized nuclear morphometry is an efficient and successful tool in distinguishing benign and malignant lesions. When faced with an inconclusive diagnosis of aspirates of breast masses, image analysis can help in the further classification of such lesions providing a more appropriate triage for surgical biopsy.
Ask-Upmark kidney: Renovascular hypertension in a child; A case report
Authors:   Department of Pediatrics, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India-751024, Sahoo Bandya , Patnaik Sibabratta ,   Department of Pediatrics, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India-751024
Published: March 2022

Ask-Upmark Kidney is a rare disease complex which is characterised by segmental renal hypoplasia and is usually associated with hypertension. We report the clinical, laboratory and radiological features of a case, which was managed effectively with antihypertensive drugs. Pathological examination of kidney revealed features consistent with AskUpmark Kidney.
A case report on difficult intubation and accidental intraoperative extubation in large thyroid mass surgery
Authors:   Junior Resident, Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, BHU, Varanasi-221005, India, Rath Amrita , Abhinay J ,   Junior Resident, Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, BHU, Varanasi-221005, India, Loha Sandeep ,   Assistant Professor, Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, BHU, Varanasi-221005, India, Singh Atul Kumar ,   Senior Resident, Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, BHU, Varanasi-221005, India
Published: March 2022

Despite the decrease in the incidence of goiter throughout the world, there are still cases reported having large thyroid masses presenting for surgery. These cases impose difficulty for definite airway management while providing anaesthesia to these patients. Recent advances in airway management and its widespread availability such as fibreoptic bronchoscope has decreased the rate of various complications.
A case of pleomorphic adenoma of submandibular gland
Authors:   Assistant Professor, Sahu P K ,   Department of Otolaryngology & Head & Neck surgery, Command Hospital (Southern Command), Pune-411040, India, Galagali J R ,   Associate Professor; Department of Otolaryngology & Head & Neck surgery, Command Hospital (Southern Command), Pune-411040, India, Hota Maj Abhipsa ,   Resident, Department of Otolaryngology & Head & Neck surgery, Command Hospital (Southern Command), Pune411040, India
Published: March 2022

Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common salivary gland tumor. It possesses epithelial and myoepithelial elements with mucoid, myxoid, or chondroid tissue in a mucopolysaccharide stroma. Pleomorphic adenoma of submandibular gland is generally seen in middle aged women. It presents as a solitary, well defined, painless slowly growing benign tumor but can turn malignant. USG, FNAC and CT scan help in establishing diagnosis, extent and tumor’s relation with surrounding structures. Surgical excision is treatment of choice because of chances of malignant transformation.Our case was a young male who presented with right sided upper neck swelling for four months. It was painless, progressive and without any pressure symptoms. On examination, a 3 x 2 cm, globular swelling was seen in the right submandibular region. It was firm, non tender, mobile and ballotable on bidigital palpation. USG neck revealed a 2.1 x 2.7 x 3.1 cm well defined hypoechoic lesion in right submandibular gland. FNAC reported a pleomorphic adenoma.Gland was excised under general anaesthesia. Skin incision was given 2 cm below right mandible. Subplatysmal flaps were raised. Gland was excised in totality with precise dissection, preserving marginal mandibular nerve. Histopathological examination reported a final diagnosis of Pleomorphic Adenoma of right submandibular gland.
Femoral hypoplasia- unusual facies syndrome: A case report and literature review
Authors:   Resident, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation,Taher Sfar Hospital 5100 Mahdia, Rekik Mariem , Sghir Mouna ,   Assistant, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation,Taher Sfar Hospital 5100 Mahdia, Tunisia, Ksibi Imen ,   Assistant, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Military Hospital of instruction1008 Tunis, Tunisia, Said Wafa ,   Principal Specialist, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation,Taher Sfar Hospital 5100 Mahdia, Tunisia, jerbi Saida ,   Aggregate Professor, Department of Radiology, Taher Sfar Hospital 5100 Mahdia, Tunisia, Kessomtini Wassia ,   Aggregate Professor, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taher Sfar Hospital 5100 Mahdia, Tunisia
Published: March 2022

The femoral hypoplasia- unusual facies syndrome (FH/ UFS); also known as femoral facial syndrome (FFS), is a rare condition characterized by a variable degree of unilateral or bilateral femoral hypoplasia associated with facial anomalies.The two principal characteristics of this syndrome, micrognathia and shortened femur, can be demonstrated by sonographic (US) imaging in the early stages of pregnancy. This disorder was first discovered by Daentt et al in 1975 and is more common in females. The femoral hypoplasia- unusual facies syndrome is a rarely considered clinical entity that has a strong association with maternal diabetes.This report describes a case of FH/ UFSfollowed in our Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (PRM) departmentfor proximal bilateral femoral agenesis.Hehad facial dysmorphia, bilateral testicular agenesis with a rare finding like bilateral second toe supraductus.
Changes in Haematological Indices of Women at Different Fertility Periods in Nnewi, South-East, Nigeria
Authors:   Departments Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, NnamdiAzikiwe University, Nnewi, Nigeria., C Ibeh Nancy , C Aneke John ,   Haematology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria, E Okocha Chide ,   Haematology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria, A Nkwazema Kenneth ,   Chemical Pathology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria., O Manafa Patrick ,   Chemical Pathology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria.
Published: March 2022

Background: Menstruation and menopause have both been shown to significantly affect the concentration of a number of biologically important plasma constituents, including blood counts. Objective: To evaluate the haematological indices of menstruating, premenopausal and menopausal women in Nnewi with a view to establishing possible effects of menstruation and menopause on counts. Materials and Methods: One hundred and eighty women; comprising 60 menopausal (aged 50-75 years), 120 premenopausal (60 aged 20-35 years, who were not menstruating at the point of recruitment and 60 who were menstruating at the period of testing) were recruited by simple random sampling. Socio demographic and other data was collected from each participant with the aid of a questionnaire while 2mls of venous blood was collected (following standard protocols) into ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) specimen container for full blood count estimation, using Prokan® haematology auto-analyzer. Data analysis was done using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 20) computer software, results were expressed as means ±SD, while associations between variable were explored using the student t-test and analysis of variance.Ethical clearance was obtained from our institutional review board and all participants gave informed consent. Results: The red blood cell count (RBC) was significantly higher in both menstruating and non-menstruating premenopausal women. The platelet count was however significantly higher in menstruating women. The white cell count (WBC), mean cell volume (MCV) and mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) were significantly higher in menopausal subjects. Conclusion: The menopausal period could offer some protection against subclinical haemoglobin depletion in our population.
EU-Africa Relations: looking through a gender lens
Authors: Cichecka Anna
Published: March 2022

The expiry of the Cotonou Agreement encourages European states to change their approach towards African countries. Efforts undertaken by the European Union may end the relationship based on dependency and may open access to a more equal partnership with common interest at the centre. The consequences of the ongoing negotiations between the EU and Africa constitute important determinants for shaping economic, political and social relations in the coming years, and therefore deserve special attention. The results of this discussion will be also crucial to women’s status and gender concepts. Accordingly, the main aim of this article is to evaluate gender initiatives undertaken between the EU and Africa in selected aspects of their cooperation, with particular emphasis on the ongoing negotiations. The article has been elaborated on the basis of gender-sensitive analysis, that is also called a gender-lens perspective. Firstly, this article presents an overview of the evolution of gender agenda in institutional and legal framework of cooperation between Europe and Africa. Secondly, this text refers to the agreements and disagreements over gender agenda during the ongoing negotiations. And the last part of the article are conclusions. The research is based on the following methods and tools: critical analysis of existing sources (desk research); content analysis of subject literature, press releases and the information published by the European Union and African Union; as well as the field research and interviews that the author has conducted with representatives of the non-governmental organisations in Tanzania. The field research was funded by a grant from the National Science Centre – PRELUDIUM 9, number: 2015/17/N/HS5/00408.
Anti-bacterial Properties of Melatonin against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in Vitro
Authors: M. Jasim Thamer , G.Alabbassi Mustafa , F. Hatem Almuqdadi Suhad , K. Kamel Jinan
Published: March 2022

57 isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis were identified; they were isolated from different clinical sources which included sputum, bronchial wash, abscess, pleural fluid, gastric fluid, eye fluid, and CSF, also urine and ear swab. This investigation was carried out on 198 patient attended National Reference Laboratory for T.B during September 2009. Also the study declared that the ratio of separation of this bacterium from male was (67.6%) and itâ€™s higher than the ratio of separation this bacterium from females which was (32.3%). The susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to melatonin was evaluated. Many concentrations of melatonin were prepared to investigate it as antibacterial drug against multidrug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis. Suspension bacteria (10-1, 10-3 and 10-5) were cultured on Lowenstein-Jensen media (LJ) contains melatonin, while control media without this drug. Six isolates were chosen according to their susceptibility patterns; they were resisting to Rifampicin, Streptomycin, Isonicotinic â€“hydrazide and sensitive to Ethambutol. In conclusion, these in vitro studies clearly demonstrate anti-bacterial effects of melatonin. Among possible mechanisms, it is concluded that melatonin showed antibacterial effects against multidrug resistant T.B by reducing intracellular substrates. Identifying the mode of action could be of great help in developing and researching new anti-bacterial drugs.

Key words: Antibacterial, Melatonin, Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Integrating Data to Evaluate a Global Health Grand Challenge
Authors: Biru Blen , Taylor Andrea , Rajan Sowmya , Crissman Kate , Ogbuoji Osondu , Fernholz Fernando , Dixit Siddharth , Shahid Minahil , Doshi Pratik , Udayakumar Krishna , Finnegan Amy , Baumgartner Joy Noel
Published: March 2022

Abstract: This article describes the integrated, mixed methods (MM) design used to evaluate the Saving Lives at Birth (SL@B) program. SL@B is a multi-stakeholder, donor-supported global health initiative to tackle maternal and neonatal mortality via innovation. Since SL@B’s launch in 2011, the program has supported 116 innovations through 147 awards around the globe. The evaluation for this large and complex program included a largely retrospective MM design aligned with principles of evaluating complexity. This paper highlights these MM evaluation strategies and integration dimensions employed to complete the SL@B evaluation that could inform future evaluations of portfolio-level global health programs.
Creating and Optimizing Employment Opportunities for Women in the Clean Energy Sector in Canada
Authors: Baruah Bipasha , Gaudet Crystal
Published: March 2022

Women are a minority in the energy sector everywhere in the world—and Canada is no exception. Concerns about climate change and fossil fuel insecurity have ensured significant interest in Canada in the technologies and financing for transitioning to clean energy, but far too little attention is being paid to the employment equity implications of such a transition. Despite growing awareness that renewables like wind, solar, and bioenergy generate a much larger volume of employment than fossil fuels, even organizations committed to advocating for social justice in debates about environmental sustainability in Canada have never specifically mentioned gender inequity. This article identifies opportunities and constraints for women’s employment in the renewable and clean energy sector in Canada. Broad findings from this research suggest that women can gain optimal traction from clean energy initiatives only if there are wider socially progressive policies in place. Since women’s ability to take advantage of new energy-related employment options is often constrained by social barriers that limit their access to certain types of education, training, and employment, it is crucial social equity policies go beyond energy sector planning to optimize economic opportunities for women. The conversation about gender equity in Canada’s green economy is currently incipient and tokenistic. Raising awareness is therefore urgent and critical.
Influência do tempo de análise nos parâmetros hematológicos
Authors: Santiago amorim Larissa Santiago Amorim , SANTIAGO AMORIM LARISSA , LEMES EDNILSE
Published: March 2022

The blood count is one of the fundamental tests to analyze the dog's general clinical status. Through hematological analysis can be established for diagnosis, diagnosis and also monitor the animal's health, indicating possible bacterial, viral or parasitological infections. Given the importance of performing the blood count, this work aims to prove changes caused by the storage time of samples stored at the ideal temperature suggested in the literature (from 2° to 6° C) and refrigerated for 24, 48 and 72 hours, through the analysis of hematological parameters such as hematocrit, erythrocytes, total leukocyte counts, leukocyte differentiation, hemoglobin, protein, platelets, mean corpuscular volume (VCM), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (CHCM) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (HCM) . Blood samples from three dogs of different sex, breed, weight and sizes were used, which after having carried out their anamnesis, two blood samples were collected from each animal for hematological analysis. With a sample of each dog, the exam was performed immediately (time 0) and the other samples were analyzed after 24, 48 and 72 hours. All samples were stored in all anticoagulant EDTA. The samples analyzed at time 0 and those analyzed within 24 hours kept some parameters the same. Those that maintained the values were hematocrit, hemoglobin, protein and CHCM. The other parameters such as erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, MCV and HCM, obtained changes, but satisfactory results. In the 48- and 72-hours analyses, the parameters showed significant changes.
Halide Edib Adıvar'ın Çaresaz Romanında Bilgi Kipliği
Authors: DİNÇER BAHADIR Şaziye , KARACA İsmet
Published: March 2022

Kiplik, birçok araştırmacı tarafından farklı tanımlamalar ve tasnifler ışığında anlaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Genel olarak kiplik, yazarın cümlede ifade edilen düşüncesine karşı tutumunu bağlamsal, biçimsel ve sözcüksel olarak ifade eden anlamsal bir kategori olarak tanımlanır. Kiplik biçimsel bir yapı olmaktan çok anlamsal yapının ön planda tutulduğu bir olgudur. Kiplik araştırmaları, Türkiye’de son zamanlarda hızlı bir gelişme göstermiş ve çalışma alanı son derece genişlemiştir. Fakat kiplik araştırmaları alanının yeni olması, kipliğin kip ve zaman gibi kategorilerle yakınlık göstermesi, anlaşılmasını zora sokmakta ve belli tartışmalara sebep olmaktadır. Ayrıca kiplik kategorisinin belli işaretleyicilerinin olmaması da bir belirsizlik oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışma, dilin hem anlamsal hem de biçimsel boyutuyla ilgili olan olasılık, çıkarım ve varsayım alanlarını işaretleyen bilgi kipliğini içermektedir. Palmer’in (2001) söz konusu sınıflandırmasından hareketle Halide Edip Adıvar’ın Çaresaz romanında bilgi kipliği konusu ele alınmış ve bu kategorinin işaretlediği anlam alanları tespit edilmiştir. Böylelikle Türkçede kullanılan bilgi kipliklerinin işaretlediği anlam alanları belirlenerek bu alandaki eksikliklerin giderilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Ethical principles in the use of Artificial Intelligence in the financial sector from a European perspective
Authors: Parra Rodriguez Carmen
Published: March 2022

Artificial intelligence (AI) has become part of our daily lives and is a fundamental tool for developing private and professional operations. In this sense, one of the sectors where AI has had the greatest impact has been the financial sector, where it is necessary to establish a regulatory framework to address two fundamental issues to ensure its proper functioning, specifically those aspects that affect digital transparency and neutral algorithms.
            To address both aspects, the European Union, through its various institutions, has established guidelines for Member States to apply ethical principles that align financial digitalisation with sustainability and the Sustainable Development Goals set out in the 2030 Agenda. These ethical values have been regrouped in a series of principles that must be present in the legislation that regulates future financial operations, ensuring their application within the territory of the European Union.
            In this regard, financial digitalisation must ensure principles that control risks, creating technologically applicable rules for all sectors that guarantee a level playing field between States without fragmenting the internal market. To this end, they must carry out a prior impartial and external assessment for each operation, based on specific and defined criteria that do not violate fundamental rights or the security standards established in EU law.
The methodology used in this article is descriptive, compiling European regulatory projects, taking into account academic studies on ethics in the financial sector.
Analiza wyroku Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej w sprawie X przeciwko État belge, C 930/19. Rola TSUE we wzmacnianiu ochrony ofiar przemocy domowej
Authors: Kosińska Anna Magdalena
Published: March 2022

Opracowanie stanowi glosę aprobującą orzeczenia w sprawie X przeciwko État belge C 930/19. W orzeczeniu Trybunał Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej dokonał wykładni art. 13 dyrektywy obywatelskiej w kontekście zachowania prawa pobytu przez członka rodziny obywatela Unii, który jest obywatelem państwa trzeciego i przed wszczęciem postępowania rozwodowego był ofiarą przemocy domowej. Do tej pory TSUE tylko raz rozpatrywał pytanie prejudycjalne dotyczące wykładni tego artykułu – w sprawie N.A. Trybunał zmienił w orzeczeniu w sprawie X swoją dotychczasową linię orzeczniczą i uznał, że zachowanie prawa pochodnego pobytu przez małżonka – obywatela państwa trzeciego, który był ofiarą przemocy domowej, w sytuacji gdy współmałżonek – obywatel Unii opuścił państwo goszczące i nie zostało jeszcze wszczęte postępowanie rozwodowe, umożliwia udzielenie ochrony ofierze przemocy i tym samym jest zgodne z art. 1 Karty Praw Podstawowych, gwarantującym nienaruszalną godność człowieka.
The Healing Goddess Gula as an Astral Goddess and Her Connection with the She-Goat and the Dog Constellations
Authors: Kurtik Gennady
Published: March 2022

Gula the healing goddess is one of the best-known goddesses of Ancient Mesopotamia. The earliest mentions of Gula date back to the first half of the 3rd millennium BC. In the 2nd millennium BC the worship of Gula became widespread in Mesopotamia. Later on Gula becomes an astral goddess; she is associated with Lyra, one of the brightest constellations in the northern sky. This article discusses the astral aspects of the goddess Gula as a constellation and her connection with the Goat and the Dog constellations, located respectively in the modern Lyra and Hercules. The complicated mythological relationships that existed between Gula and these constellations changed with time. Gula was regarded as the goddess of the Goat constellation while the Dog was Gula’s sacred animal. The article reviews the main characteristics of Gula and the two above-mentioned constellations, reconstructed from cuneiform sources pertaining to different types and periods, particularly astral epithets associated with Gula and images on the glyptics and boundary stones (kudurru). The figures of the Gula, the Goat, and the Dog constellations are reconstructed. It is shown that, at the end of the 3rd millennium BC, of these three constellations only the Goat and the Dog were identified in the Mesopotamian sky. Gula acquired astral significance not before the second half of the 2nd millennium BC.