bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identifying factors influencing emerging innovations in hospital discharge decision making in response to system stress: a qualitative study
Authors: Gustavson Allison M. , Miller Matthew J. , Boening Natassia , Hudson Emily M. , Wisdom Jennifer P. , Burke Robert E. , Hagedorn Hildi J.
Published: October 2024

Background

The purpose of this qualitative study was to identify emergent rehabilitation innovations and clinician perceptions influencing their implementation and outcomes related to hospital discharge decision-making during the Coronavirus 2019 pandemic.

Methods

Rehabilitation clinicians were recruited from the Veterans Affairs Health Care System and participated in individual semi-structured interviews guided by the integrated Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (i-PARIHS) framework. Data were analyzed using a rapid qualitative, deductive team-based approach informed by directed content analysis.

Results

Twenty-three rehabilitation clinicians representing physical (N = 11) and occupational therapy (N = 12) participated in the study. Three primary themes were generated: (1) Innovation: emerging innovations in discharge processes included perceived increases in team collaboration, shifts in caseload prioritization, and alternative options for post-acute care. (2) Recipients: innovations emerged as approaches to communicating discharge recommendations changed (in-person to virtual) and strong patient/family preferences to discharge to the home challenged collaborative goal setting; and (3) Context: the ability of rehabilitation clinicians to innovate and the form of innovations were influenced by the broader hospital system, interdisciplinary team dynamics, and policy fluctuations. Innovations described by participants included (1) use of technological modalities for interdisciplinary collaboration, (2) expansion of telehealth modalities to deliver care in the home, (3) changes in acute care case prioritization, and (4) alternative options for discharge directly to home.

Conclusions

Our findings reinforce that rehabilitation clinicians developed innovative strategies to quickly adapt to multiple systems-level factors that were changing in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. Future research is needed to assess the impact of innovations, remediate unintended consequences, and evaluate the implementation of promising innovations to respond to emerging healthcare delivery needs more rapidly.
Phase-contrast MRI analysis of cerebral blood and CSF flow dynamic interactions
Authors: Owashi Kimi Piedad , Liu Pan , Metanbou Serge , Capel Cyrille , Balédent Olivier
Published: October 2024

Background

Following the Monro-Kellie doctrine, the Cerebral Blood Volume Changes (CB_VC) should be mirrored by the Cerebrospinal Fluid Volume Changes (CSF_VC) at the spinal canal. Cervical level is often chosen to estimate CB_VC during the cardiac cycle. However, due to the heterogeneity in the anatomy of extracranial internal jugular veins and their high compliance, we hypothesize that the intracranial level could be a better choice to investigate blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) interactions. This study aims to determine which level, intracranial or extracranial, is more suitable for measuring arterial and venous flows to study cerebral blood and CSF dynamics interactions.

Methods

The spinal CSF and cerebral blood flow measured at intracranial and extracranial levels were quantified using cine phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) in 38 healthy young adults. Subsequently, CSF_VC and CB_VC were calculated, and by linear regression analysis (R2 and slope), the relationship between CB_VC at both levels and the spinal CSF_VC was compared. The differences between extracranial and intracranial measurements were assessed using either a paired Student’s t-test or Wilcoxon’s test, depending on the normality of the data distribution.

Results

The CB_VC amplitude was significantly higher at the extracranial level (0.89 ± 0.28 ml/CC) compared to the intracranial level (0.73 ± 0.19 ml/CC; p < 0.001). CSF oscillations through the spinal canal do not completely balance blood volume changes. The R2 and the slope values obtained from the linear regression analysis between CSF and blood flows were significantly higher in magnitude for the intracranial CB_VC (R2: 0.82 ± 0.16; slope: − 0.74 ± 0.19) compared to the extracranial CB_VC (R2: 0.47 ± 0.37; slope: -0.36 ± 0.33; p < 0.001). Interestingly, extracranial CB_VC showed a greater variability compared to intracranial CB_VC.

Conclusion

Our results confirmed that CSF does not completely and instantaneously balance cerebral blood expansion during the cardiac cycle. Nevertheless, the resting volume is very small compared to the total intracranial volume. To our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate these findings using cerebral blood flow measured intracranially below the Circle of Willis. Additionally, our findings show that cerebral arterial and venous flow dynamic measurements during the cardiac cycle obtained by PC-MRI at the intracranial plane strongly correlate with CSF oscillations measured in the spinal canal. Therefore, the intracranial vascular plane is more relevant for analyzing cerebral blood and CSF interactions during the cardiac cycle compared to measurements taken at the cervical vascular level.
Metabolic reprogramming and renal fibrosis: what role might Chinese medicine play?
Authors: Wang Weili , Dai Rong , Cheng Meng , Chen Yizhen , Gao Yilin , Hong Xin , Zhang Wei , Wang Yiping , Zhang Lei
Published: October 2024

Metabolic reprogramming is a pivotal biological process in which cellular metabolic patterns change to meet the energy demands of increased cell growth and proliferation. In this review, we explore metabolic reprogramming and its impact on fibrotic diseases, providing a detailed overview of the key processes involved in the metabolic reprogramming of renal fibrosis, including fatty acid decomposition and synthesis, glycolysis, and amino acid catabolism. In addition, we report that Chinese medicine ameliorates renal inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in chronic kidney disease by regulating metabolic processes, thereby inhibiting renal fibrosis. Furthermore, we reveal that multiple targets and signaling pathways contribute to the metabolic regulatory effects of Chinese medicine. In summary, this review aims to elucidate the mechanisms by which Chinese medicine inhibits renal fibrosis through the remodeling of renal cell metabolic processes, with the goal of discovering new therapeutic drugs for treating renal fibrosis.
What is known about patients’ quality of life with Phenylketonuria and their caregivers? A scoping review
Authors: Remor Eduardo , Gabe Kamilla Mueller , Teruya Katia Irie , Doederlein Schwartz Ida Vanessa
Published: October 2024

Background

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by a deficiency in the metabolism of the essential amino acid phenylalanine, which has a neurotoxic effect at high concentrations. The available treatment for PKU involves limiting the intake of phenylalanine through a restrictive diet. Strict adherence to treatment is essential for a child’s proper development. Owing to their rare and chronic condition, PKU patients and their caregivers need to address many specific challenges, which can affect their quality of life (QoL).

Purpose

This review aimed to identify, characterize, map, and summarize existing knowledge about the quality of life of PKU patients and their primary caregivers.

Methods

A scoping review was conducted following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. The PubMed, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Scopus, CINAHL, and BVS databases were searched, and articles published between January 2000 and February 2023 were included.

Results

The search resulted in 3249 articles, 29 of which were selected for analysis. Most studies were cross-sectional, and the highest concentration of publications ranged between 2011 and 2021. Generic self-report questionnaires were the tools most commonly used to assess patients’ and their caregivers’ QoL. A significant negative impact on QoL was found in most studies with pediatric patients and caregivers. High current and lifetime blood Phe levels were associated with worse QoL in several domains, and higher tolerance of ingested phenylalanine was associated with a lower impact on QoL. Among caregivers, psychosocial variables such as stress, anxiety, depression, and child behavior problems were associated with poorer QoL. Higher perceived social and emotional support was a protective factor of QoL in caregivers.

Conclusion

Patients of pediatric age and their caregivers, younger caregivers, and female patients and caregivers seem to be especially vulnerable to QoL impairments. The social and emotional dimensions were the most affected. These results emphasize the importance of combining generic and disease-specific assessment tools to achieve a comprehensive assessment. Despite the growing interest in this topic, the longitudinal literature is limited, and there is a lack of interventional studies on this population. Future interventions addressing diet management and providing psychosocial support may benefit the QoL of the PKU population.
Molecular characterisation of human rabies in Tanzania and Kenya: a case series report and phylogenetic investigation
Authors: Jaswant Gurdeep , Campbell Kathryn , Czupryna Anna , Mwatondo Athman , Ogoti Brian , Embregts Carmen W. E. , GeurtsvanKessel Corine H. , Kayuki Charles , Kuchaka Davis , Wambura Gati , Oigo James , Changalucha Joel , Oyugi Julius O. , Lushasi Kennedy , Sikana Lwitiko , van Zwetselaar Marco , Dekker Marieke C. J. , Muturi Mathew , Maritim Marybeth , Mutunga Mumbua , Durrant Rowan , Abala Tom , Chuchu Veronicah , Brunker Kirstyn , Thumbi S. M. , Hampson Katie
Published: October 2024

Background

Rabies remains a major public health problem in low- and middle-income countries. However, human rabies deaths are rarely laboratory-confirmed or sequenced, especially in Africa. Five human rabies deaths from Tanzania and Kenya were investigated and the causative rabies viruses sequenced, with the aim of identifying implications for rabies control at individual, healthcare and societal levels.

Case presentation

The epidemiological context and care of these cases was contrasting. Four had a clear history of being bitten by dogs, while one had an unclear biting history. Two individuals sought medical attention within a day of being bitten, whereas three sought care only after developing rabies symptoms. Despite seeking medical care, none of the cases received complete post-exposure prophylaxis: one patient received only tetanus vaccination, one did not complete the post-exposure vaccination regimen, one followed an off-label vaccination schedule, and two did not receive any post-exposure vaccinations before the onset of symptoms. These cases highlight serious gaps in health-seeking behaviour, and in health systems providing appropriate care following risky exposures, including in the accessibility and effectiveness of post-exposure prophylaxis as it is administered in the region.

Conclusions

The viral genomic and epidemiological data confirms dog-mediated rabies as the cause of each of these deaths. The phylogenetic investigation highlights the transboundary circulation of rabies within domestic dog populations, revealing distinct rabies virus clades with evidence of regional spread. These findings underscore the importance of coordinated cross-border control efforts between the two countries. Urgent action is needed to improve awareness around the need for emergency post-exposure vaccines that should be accessible in local communities and administered appropriately, as well as investment in coordinated dog vaccination to control dog-mediated rabies, the underlying cause of these deaths.

Graphical Abstract
Polymerization kinetics of 3D-printed orthodontic aligners under different UV post-curing conditions
Authors: Manoukakis Thomas , Nikolaidis Alexandros K. , Koulaouzidou Elisabeth A.
Published: October 2024

Background

The purpose of the study was to measure the degree of conversion (DC) of direct-printed aligners (DPA) that were post-cured under ambient and nitrogen atmosphere at specific time intervals and investigate the kinetics of polymerization reaction of this material.

Methods

A total of 48 aligners were produced in 4 printing series by a 3D printer with TC-85DAC resin (Graphy Inc). From each series of printing, 12 aligners were included. The aligners were divided into two groups according to their post-curing conditions. One group was post-cured under ambient air with the presence of oxygen and the other under a nitrogen atmosphere, both using the same UV post-curing unit recommended by the company. The aligners were post-cured at six different time intervals: 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, and 20 min. Each time interval included 8 aligners, with 2 aligners from each series. The DC of the cured aligners was measured by means of attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) through acquisition of the respective spectra for each UV-curing condition. Statistical analysis was performed to compare the results and differences within each atmosphere post-curing protocol, as well as between the different selected atmosphere conditions. Statistical significance level was set at p-value ≤ 0.05.

Results

Pairwise analysis between post-curing protocols showed statistically significant differences only at the first minute of polymerization. Post-curing with nitrogen did not yield statistically significant results across different time intervals. Post-curing in ambient air showed some significant differences on the 1st and 2nd minute of the post-curing process.

Conclusions

Almost complete double bond conversion was observed. Significant differences were observed only during the first minute of polymerization under the nitrogen atmosphere.
Physics-based modeling of debris flows and assessing the performance of effective mitigation measures
Authors: Mubarak Nadia , Kumar Pranay , Kumar Ritesh , Jakka Ravi S.
Published: October 2024

Background

Climate change-induced geohazards are increasingly posing a critical threat to the sustained functionality and resilience of constructed infrastructures. Among these hazards, debris flows represent significant natural disasters, particularly in mountainous terrains, causing widespread property damage and loss of life globally. These phenomena involve complex interactions between solid and fluid forces, resulting in long run-out distances and high-speed flows. Predicting and monitoring debris flows is challenging due to the intricate interplay of these forces.

Objective

The objective of this study is to evaluate the structural damage caused by debris flows and assess the efficacy of rigid barrier structures with passages/apertures.

Method

Employing Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics, a Lagrange-based mesh-free computational technique, the researchers simulated the impact of debris on a stiff structure. The focus was on the Rishiganga river valley in the Indian state of Uttarakhand, a region recently devastated by a debris flow that severely compromised essential infrastructure, including a hydroelectric power station. The research entailed modeling the debris flow in this specific locale and analyzing its effects on an assumed downstream rigid structure. Additionally, the study explored the outcomes of introducing a rigid barrier upstream.

Results and Conclusion

Results indicated a substantial reduction in the impact on the downstream structure with the presence of an upstream rigid structure. Moreover, as the number of apertures in the upstream barrier was increased, the impact of flow on the downstream structure further diminished, because of a more streamlined flow pattern.
Development of glass sealants for proton conducting ceramic cells: materials, concepts and challenges
Authors: Georgolamprou Xanthi , Ritucci Ilaria , Pirou Stéven , Kiebach Ragnar
Published: October 2024

In this study, we have successfully developed and tested sealing concepts for symmetrical, planar proton-conducting ceramic cells (PCCCs). Three glass sealants from the field of solid oxide cells were investigated as potential compatible sealing materials for PCCCs. The most promising results were obtained with a SiO2-MgO-CaO-Na2O-Al2O3-ZrO2-B2O3 glass, which provided a dense, crack-free sealant between the proton-conducting ceramic cells and the Al2O3-coated ferritic steels. During the sealing process, a reaction layer between the interface of the BaCe0.2Zr0.7Y0.1O3-δ contained in the PCCCs and the glass–ceramic, occurred. Here, we propose a reaction mechanism for this interaction and discuss its impact on potential applications. Moreover, next to evaluating potential glass sealants, we have successfully designed and demonstrated a new sealing geometry that prevents a potential gas crossover in the symmetrical proton-conducting ceramic cell.
Case of colon perforation due to segmental absence of intestinal musculature accompanied by cancer treated with colonic resection and anastomosis
Authors: Sato Eiki , Seo Yuki , Matsukawa Yuta , Shun-Kai Chang , Kimura Masanori , Takesue Tomoko , Kishida Norihiro , Hamano Ikumi , Hoshino Go , Tokura Hideyuki , Takahashi Takayuki , Shimizu Kazuhiko
Published: October 2024

Background

Segmental absence of intestinal musculature (SAIM) is a partial defect of intestinal muscularis propria without diverticulum. Many reports indicate that the increase in intestinal pressure caused by enemas or endoscopic examinations leads to bowel perforation, but there are few reports involving malignant tumors. Moreover, few reports have had good outcomes after performing one-stage intestinal anastomosis.

Case presentation

A 60-year-old male came to the office with right-side abdominal pain, and was diagnosed with acute generalized peritonitis caused by ascending colon perforation. Emergency laparotomy was performed, and oval and smooth perforation at the ascending colon was observed, which caused ascites with feces. In addition, there was a tumor on the distal side. The terminal ileum was not dilated, so the cause of the perforation was more likely the SAIM-related thin intestinal wall rather than increased internal intestinal pressure due to obstruction of the tumor. Therefore, a right hemicolectomy with functional end-to-end anastomosis (FEEA) between the ascending colon and ileum was performed, rather than creating a stoma. On pathological examination, the resected bowel segments had a partial defect of intestinal muscularis propria around the perforation, leading to the diagnosis of SAIM. The patient had a favorable postoperative course without anastomotic issues and was discharged safely.

Conclusions

This case implies that initial intestinal anastomosis can be performed without creating a stoma when SAIM is suspected from the shape of the perforation and proximal intestine. This case report suggests surgeons should keep SAIM in mind during operations for colon perforations.
DNA barcode identification of a tropical liver fluke (Fasciola gigantica) in cattle from Oyo, southwestern Nigeria
Authors: Alaba Ademola E. , Ogunlade Ayobola G. , Olayiwola John O. , Aderemi Rahmat D.
Published: October 2024

Background

Fascioliasis is a major parasite illness that affects ruminants, both domesticated and free, and has an impact on public health and animals’ productivity. The genetic diversity of Fasciola species in cattle from Oyo, Oyo State, Nigeria is yet not well understood. In this study, the genetic diversity of Fasciola gigantica in slaughtered cattle in Oyo was examined using a molecular-based approach targeting the mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COI) gene region.

Results

One hundred flukes were gathered from slaughtered cattle, and their COI gene sequences were analyzed using maximum likelihood methods. The results of phylogenetic analysis showed genetic similarities between Nigerian F. gigantica and isolates from Algeria, Egypt, Iran, Sudan, China, Japan and Nigeria. The predominant DNA substitution was the A to T transversion, while the least common substitution was the G to A transition.

Conclusion

Our results show how useful the COI gene region is for examining intraspecific differences between F. gigantica isolates. The genetic similarity observed among the sampled F. gigantica populations suggests the value of mitochondrial DNA sequences as a marker for the accurate identification and characterization of Fasciola species across different ruminants.
Achieving view-distance and -angle invariance in motion prediction using a simple network
Authors: Zhao Haichuan , Ru Xudong , Du Peng , Liu Shaolong , Liu Na , Wang Xingce , Wu Zhongke
Published: October 2024

Recently, human motion prediction has gained significant attention and achieved notable success. However, current methods primarily rely on training and testing with ideal datasets, overlooking the impact of variations in the viewing distance and viewing angle, which are commonly encountered in practical scenarios. In this study, we address the issue of model invariance by ensuring robust performance despite variations in view distances and angles. To achieve this, we employed Riemannian geometry methods to constrain the learning process of neural networks, enabling the prediction of invariances using a simple network. Furthermore, this enhances the application of motion prediction in various scenarios. Our framework uses Riemannian geometry to encode motion into a novel motion space to achieve prediction with an invariant viewing distance and angle using a simple network. Specifically, the specified path transport square-root velocity function is proposed to aid in removing the view-angle equivalence class and encode motion sequences into a flattened space. Motion coding by the geometry method linearizes the optimization problem in a non-flattened space and effectively extracts motion information, allowing the proposed method to achieve competitive performance using a simple network. Experimental results on Human 3.6M and CMU MoCap demonstrate that the proposed framework has competitive performance and invariance to the viewing distance and viewing angle.
Cognitive profile and behavioral problems in cohort of Egyptian children with cystic fibrosis: a single-center study
Authors: Mohsen Hanan , Zyada Fadia , Hamdy Hala , Basha Noussa El , Refaey Mohamed , Shaheen Somaya H. , Atia Fatma M.
Published: October 2024

Background

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a debilitating and time-consuming disease that can interfere with or impair typical daily life activities and social interactions. This study aims to identify and evaluate behavioral problems and cognitive dysfunction in children with CF.

Methods and procedures

This study was carried out on a cohort of 40 children diagnosed with CF. Patients were assessed using a child behavior checklist (CBCL) and intelligence quotient (IQ) photograph test. The obtained results were compared with 40 matched controls.

Results

The male population accounted for 62.5% of the patients included in the study. Patients with CF exhibited elevated somatic, anxious and aggressive behaviors relative to the control group with p values < 0.012, < 0.025, < 0.027 respectively. In addition; there was a statistically significant positive correlation between somatic problems with both age of the patients and disease duration (r value for age = 0.368; r value for duration = 0.468). Furthermore; there was positive correlation between anxious behavior with age of patients and disease duration ( r value for age = 0.358; r value for duration = 0.351). Otherwise, patients had comparable IQs (median of 107.5) with those of the control group (median of 105) with p value = 0.544.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that CF has a substantial negative impact on the behavior of affected patients. However, it did not have an impact on the individual’s level of intelligence. There is evidence indicating a connection between patients’ age and disease duration with behavioral problems.
Otolith assessment in elderly using combined vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials and subjective visual vertical test
Authors: Fouda Amany Mohammed , El-Mahallawi Trandil Hassan , Emara Afaf Ahmed , Kotait Mona Ahmed
Published: October 2024

Background

Dizziness in elderly patients is classified as a multifactorial geriatric syndrome leading to pathological conditions or changes endemic to the aging process, it is characterized by increased susceptibility to accidents and instability. This is considered a major public health problem. In our study, we assessed age related changes in vestibular function via measurement of combined Vestibular-Evoked Myogenic potentials (VEMPs) as well as Static Subjective Visual Vertical Test (SVVT) for otolith function.

Methods

Seventy-five subjects (150 ears) were enrolled in this research. They were categorized into a control group composed of twenty-five adults from 18–40 years and a study group which divided into symptomatic and asymptomatic groups, each group consisted of twenty-five subjects, fifteen subjects aged 55- < 65 years & ten subjects aged 65 to 85 years. All subjects were submitted to combined VEMPs and static SVVT.

Results

Detectability of combined VEMPs decreased with age with significant difference among the older age group (> 65- < 85 years) and the subjects aged (55- < 65 years). Percentage of abnormal cVEMPs & oVEMPs latencies and amplitudes was more detected in the older age group than subjects aged (55- < 65 years). The symptomatic group aged > 65 years showed higher percentage of affection of both cVEMPs & oVEMPs, while the younger group aged 55- < 65 showed higher absence of bilateral oVEMPs. There were no statistically significant differences in the asymmetrical ratio of cVEMPs & oVEMPs between elderly and adults. Static SVV perception does not change with age.

Conclusions

The elderly showed variable degrees of otolith dysfunction with a high percentage of affection in cVEMPs and oVEMPs. Also, they showed symptoms of imbalance and light-headedness. Static SVVT perception doesn’t change with age.
Lymph nodal volume in head and neck malignancy: can adding a third dimension improve the detection of nodal metastasis?
Authors: Varshney Pallavi , Shenoy Vijendra S , M Kamath Panduranga , Zuturu Neehal , Dhawan Saksham , Kudlu Kshithi , K V Apoorva , Rai Santhosh
Published: October 2024

Background

To compare the diagnostic utility of computed tomography (CT) and ultrasonography (USG) for preoperative determination of metastatic lymph nodes.

Methods

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cases planned for neck dissection were included. All underwent preoperative neck USG and CT followed by histopathological evaluation after surgery. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value along with accuracy was calculated for each outcome variable. Efficacy was calculated by comparing these to postoperative histopathology. Both imaging modalities were compared with lymph nodal volume.

Results

Eighty-seven lymph nodes were selected from 30 patients. Median volume on CT was 5412.15 mm3 for metastatic and 237.7 mm3 for benign nodes and on ultrasound, 4168.92 mm3 for metastatic and 233.1 mm3 for benign nodes (p < 0.001). Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for volume on USG were 81.8%, 98.7%, 96.6%, 90%, and 97.4% and on CT were 81.8%, 100%, 97.7%, 100%, and 97.4% respectively.

Conclusions

Lymph nodal volume had higher sensitivity and specificity for detection of metastatic cervical lymphadenopathy and individually or in combination should be included as one of the criteria in preoperative assessment of HNSCC.
More-than-land: conserving the social fabrics of the Kat O coastal settlements in Hong Kong
Authors: Su Chang , Guo Boya
Published: October 2024

This article examines the unique self-organised spatial and social structure of the Kat O coastal settlements in Hong Kong. By problematising the identity politics between built forms and landscapes, this paper analyses the village’s deep-rooted history within the land‒water dichotomies, which have been shaped by government survey methods and conservation-development policies. Specifically, it presents the peri-urban condition of Kat O’s coastal settlements as a departure from the traditional urban‒rural continuum perspectives. Empirically, the field documentation of the self-built additions presents critical perspectives into the static understanding of land ownership, addition and adaptation strategies and the building materialities embedded within the government survey methods and conservation-development policies. Theoretically, this study provides an understanding of these coastal settlements as cultural landscapes that are dynamically related to the environment, as well as the changing sociocultural relationships among different communities on the basis of their unique conceptions of habitation and living. By examining past and current conservation policies, this article advocates for a water-centric vision for countryside conservation in Hong Kong that transcends the commonly adopted terrecentric perspective.
Rapid and sensitive detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin E using a time-resolved fluorescence immunochromatography assay
Authors: Nan Li , Xie Jiaqi , Li Qing , Mari Ghulam Mujtaba , Yu Xuezhi , Wen Kai
Published: October 2024

Staphylococcal food poisoning is a significant foodborne illness caused by staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs). Immunoassays have become the primary method for rapidly detecting harmful bacteria and toxins because of their excellent sensitivity and specificity. However, these assays have limitations in that they cannot differentiate between types of SEs and do not provide rapid, on-site, quantitative testing. In this study, a time-resolved fluorescence immunochromatography assay (TRFICA) was developed specifically for detecting staphylococcal enterotoxin E (SEE), which is commonly found in dairy products. Compared with a double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, which had a detection limit of 0.028 ng/mL, TRFICA demonstrated comparable sensitivity, enabling SEE quantification with a detection limit as low as 0.081 ng/mL in infant formula. Validation by spiking infant formula samples confirmed no cross-reactivity with analogs (recoveries ranged from 93.17% to 128.77%). Furthermore, with an 8-min reaction time and interpretation delivered by a portable TRFICA strip reader, our method demonstrates potential for use in mobile and on-site detection. This study describes a rapid, easy, and reliable method for detecting trace levels of SEE in infant formula, which could serve as an early screening tool toward preventing food poisoning in infants and children.
Predictors of mental well-being among family caregivers of adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities during COVID-19
Authors: Mendoza Olivia , St. John Laura , Tarzi Gabriel , Thakur Anupam , Lake Johanna K. , Lunsky Yona
Published: October 2024

Background

Internationally, stresses related to the COVID-19 pandemic negatively affected the mental health of family caregivers of adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDDs).

Aims

This cross-sectional study investigated demographic, situational and psychological variables associated with mental wellbeing among family caregivers of adults with IDDs during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Method

Baseline data from 202 family caregivers participating in virtual courses to support caregiver mental well-being were collected from October 2020 to June 2022 via online survey. Mental well-being was assessed using total scores from the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale. Demographic, situational and psychological contributors to mental well-being were identified using hierarchical regression analysis.

Results

Variables associated with lower levels of mental well-being were gender (women); age (<60 years old); lack of vaccine availability; loss of programming for their family member; social isolation; and low confidence in their ability to prepare for healthcare, support their family member's mental health, manage burnout and navigate healthcare and social systems. Connection with other families, confidence in managing burnout and building resilience and confidence in working effectively across health and social systems were significant predictors of mental well-being in the final regression model, which predicted 55.6% of variance in mental well-being (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Family caregivers need ways to foster social connections with other families, and support to properly utilise healthcare and social services during public health emergencies. Helping them attend to their needs as caregivers can promote their mental health and ultimately improve outcomes for their family members with disabilities.
Common neural correlates of disgust processing in childhood maltreatment and peer victimisation
Authors: Lim Lena , Rubia Katya , Lukito Steve
Published: October 2024

Background

Childhood maltreatment and peer victimisation are common sources of early-life interpersonal stress. Childhood maltreatment is associated with atypical frontolimbic emotion processing and regulation, and increased vulnerability for self-harm/suicide. However, few studies have compared the neurofunctional correlates between caregiver- versus peer-inflicted mistreatment.

Aims

We compared the alterations of neurofunctional correlates of facial emotion processing in youths exposed to childhood maltreatment or peer victimisation, and explored their associations with self-harm.

Method

Functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected from 114 age- and gender-matched youths (39 childhood maltreatment, 37 peer victimisation and 38 controls) during an emotion discrimination task. Region-of-interest (amygdala, insula) and whole-brain analyses were conducted.

Results

Groups differed significantly during disgust processing only. Both groups had lower activation in the right amygdala and bilateral posterior insula than controls; left insular underactivation was furthermore related to increased self-harm in maltreated youths. Compared with controls, at the whole-brain level, both groups also had underactivation in a cluster of bilateral limbic-thalamic-striatal, precuneus/posterior cingulate, temporal, fusiform/lingual and cerebellar regions, which was negatively associated with emotional problems in controls, as well as a cluster of somatosensory regions associated with increased self-harm in maltreated youths.

Conclusions

Early-life interpersonal stress from caregivers or peers is associated with common underactivation of limbic-thalamic-striatal, precuneus/posterior cingulate and somatosensory regions during disgust processing. The hypoactivation of key emotion and sensory processing and self-referential brain regions could be a potential suppressive mechanism to cope with the aversive emotion; however, it may also entail increased risk of affective psychopathology in seemingly healthy youths.
Decomposition of nonlinear collision operator in quantum Lattice Boltzmann algorithm
Authors: Kumar E. Dinesh , Frankel Steven H.
Published: October 2024

We propose a quantum algorithm to tackle the quadratic nonlinearity in the Lattice Boltzmann (LB) collision operator. The key idea is to build the quantum gates based on the particle distribution functions (PDF) within the coherence time for qubits. Thus, both the operator and a state vector are linear functions of PDFs, and upon quantum state evolution, the resulting PDFs will have quadraticity. To this end, we decompose the collision operator for a DmQn lattice model into a product of

operators, where n is the number of lattice velocity directions. After decomposition, the

operators with constant entries remain unchanged throughout the simulation, whereas the remaining

will be built based on the statevector of the previous time step. Also, we show that such a decomposition is not unique. Compared to the second-order Carleman-linearized LB, the present approach reduces the circuit width by half and circuit depth by exponential order. The proposed algorithm has been verified through the one-dimensional flow discontinuity and two-dimensional Kolmogrov-like flow test cases.
LCoRL Regulates Growth and Metabolism
Authors: Wyler Steven C , Gahlot Surbhi , Bideyan Lara , Yip Cecilia , Dushime Jasmine , Chen Bandy , Lee Jenny J , Tinajero Arely , Limboy Chelsea , Bordash Staci , Heaselgrave Samuel R , Nguyen Tammy-Nhu , Lee Syann , Bookout Angie , Lantier Loise , Fowlkes John L , You Young-Jai , Fujikawa Teppei , Elmquist Joel K
Published: October 2024

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in humans and livestock have identified genes associated with metabolic traits. However, the causality of many of these genes on metabolic homeostasis is largely unclear due to a lack of detailed functional analyses. Here we report ligand-dependent corepressor-like (LCoRL) as a metabolic regulator for body weight and glucose homeostasis. Although GWAS data show that LCoRL is strongly associated with body size, glucose homeostasis, and other metabolic traits in humans and livestock, functional investigations had not been performed. We generated Lcorl knockout mice (Lcorl−/−) and characterized the metabolic traits. We found that Lcorl−/− pups are born smaller than the wild-type (WT) littermates before reaching normal weight by 7 to 9 weeks of age. While aging, Lcorl−/− mice remain lean compared to WT mice, which is associated with a decrease in daily food intake. Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity are improved in Lcorl−/− mice. Mechanistically, this stunted growth is linked to a reduction of circulating levels of IGF-1. The expression of the genes downstream of GH signaling and the genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism are altered in the liver of Lcorl−/− mice. Furthermore, Lcorl−/− mice are protected against a high-fat diet challenge and show reduced exercise capacity in an exercise stress test. Collectively, our results are congruent with many of the metabolic parameters linked to the Lcorl locus as reported in GWAS in humans and livestock.
Common modes of ERK induction resolve into context-specific signalling via emergent networks and cell-type-specific transcriptional repression
Authors: Perera Marta , Brickman Joshua M.
Published: October 2024

Fibroblast Growth Factor signalling via ERK exerts diverse roles in development and disease. In mammalian preimplantation embryos and naïve pluripotent stem cells ERK promotes differentiation, whereas in primed pluripotent states closer to somatic differentiation ERK sustains self-renewal. How can the same pathway produce different outcomes in two related cell types? To explore context-dependent ERK signalling we generated cell and mouse lines that allow for tissue- and time-specific ERK activation. Using these tools, we find that specificity in ERK response is mostly mediated by repression of transcriptional targets that occur in tandem with reductions in chromatin accessibility at regulatory regions. Furthermore, immediate early ERK responses are largely shared by different cell types but produce cell-specific programmes as these responses interface with emergent networks in the responding cells. Induction in naïve pluripotency is accompanied by chromatin changes, whereas in later stages it is not, suggesting that chromatin context does not shape signalling response. Altogether, our data suggest that cell-type-specific responses to ERK signalling exploit the same immediate early response, but then sculpt it to specific lineages via repression of distinct cellular programmes.
The protamines of the spider Steatoda sp. provide an example of liquid–liquid phase separation chromatin transitions during spermiogenesis
Authors: Leyden Melissa R. , Michalik Peter , Baruffaldi Luciana , Mahmood Susheen , Kalani Ladan , Hunt Donald F. , Eirin-Lopez Jose Maria , Andrade Maydianne C. B. , Shabanowitz Jeffrey , Ausió Juan
Published: October 2024

Although there is extensive information about sperm nuclear basic proteins (SNBP) in vertebrates, there is, by comparison, very little information in Arthropoda. This study aims to contribute to filling this gap by analyzing these proteins in the sperm of the noble false widow spider Steatoda nobilis (order Araneae, family Theridiidae). To this end, we have developed a protein extraction method that allows the extraction of both cysteine-containing and non-cysteine-containing protamines that is suitable for the preparation and analysis of SNBPs from samples in which the amount of starting tissue material is limited. We carried out top-down mass spectrometry sequencing and molecular phylogenetic analyses to characterize the protamines of S. nobilis and other spiders. We also used electron microscopy to analyze the chromatin organization of the Steatoda sperm and we found it to exhibit liquid–liquid phase spinodal decomposition during the late stages of spermiogenesis. These experiments further our knowledge on the distribution of SNBPs within the animal kingdom and provide additional support for a proposed evolutionary origin of many protamines from a histone H1 (H5) replication-independent precursor.
Emerin preserves stem cell survival through maintenance of centrosome and nuclear lamina structure
Authors: Jones Samuel D. , Miller Jack E. B. , Amos Madilynn M. , Hernández Julianna M. , Piaszynski Katherine M. , Geyer Pamela K.
Published: October 2024

Drosophila female germline stem cells (GSCs) complete asymmetric mitosis in the presence of an intact, but permeable, nuclear envelope and nuclear lamina (NL). This asymmetric division requires a modified centrosome cycle, wherein mitotic centrosomes with mature pericentriolar material (PCM) embed in the NL and interphase centrosomes with reduced PCM leave the NL. This centrosome cycle requires Emerin, an NL protein required for GSC survival and germ cell differentiation. In emerin mutants, interphase GSC centrosomes retain excess PCM, remain embedded in the NL and nucleate microtubule asters at positions of NL distortion. Here, we investigate the contributions of abnormal interphase centrosomes to GSC loss. Remarkably, reducing interphase PCM in emerin mutants rescues GSC survival and partially restores germ cell differentiation. Direct tests of the effects of abnormal centrosomes were achieved by expression of constitutively active Polo kinase to drive enlargement of interphase centrosomes in wild-type GSCs. Notably, these conditions failed to alter NL structure or decrease GSC survival. However, coupling enlarged interphase centrosomes with nuclear distortion promoted GSC loss. These studies establish that Emerin maintains centrosome structure to preserve stem cell survival.
Machine learning in microscopy – insights, opportunities and challenges
Authors: Cunha Inês , Latron Emma , Bauer Sebastian , Sage Daniel , Griffié Juliette
Published: October 2024

Machine learning (ML) is transforming the field of image processing and analysis, from automation of laborious tasks to open-ended exploration of visual patterns. This has striking implications for image-driven life science research, particularly microscopy. In this Review, we focus on the opportunities and challenges associated with applying ML-based pipelines for microscopy datasets from a user point of view. We investigate the significance of different data characteristics – quantity, transferability and content – and how this determines which ML model(s) to use, as well as their output(s). Within the context of cell biological questions and applications, we further discuss ML utility range, namely data curation, exploration, prediction and explanation, and what they entail and translate to in the context of microscopy. Finally, we explore the challenges, common artefacts and risks associated with ML in microscopy. Building on insights from other fields, we propose how these pitfalls might be mitigated for in microscopy.
Delirium and Cognitive Screening in National Hip Fracture Registries: Scoping Review Protocol
Authors: Merriman Niamh A. , Penfold Rose S. , Brent Louise , Hickey Pamela , Walsh Mary E. , Sexton Eithne , Coughlan Tara , MacLullich Alasdair M. J. , Johansen Antony , Ojeda-Thies Cristina , Hall Andrew J. , Blake Catherine
Published: October 2024

Background Delirium and cognitive impairment are common in hip fracture populations and are associated with significant adverse patient outcomes. National hip fracture registries facilitate improvements in patient outcomes and care quality, such as reduced mortality and the development of specialist multidisciplinary services. However, there is substantial variation in the data collected and reported in relation to delirium and cognition, which impedes international comparison and may reduce quality of care. Objective This scoping review aims to identify delirium and cognition data items currently collected by hip fracture registries internationally, to identify associated registry guidance that exists for the administration of delirium and cognitive screening tools, and report outcomes of these data items across the most recently published annual reports of identified hip fracture registries. Methods This scoping review will be conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). We will search the following databases: Medline Ovid; Embase; CINAHL EBSCOHost. Relevant websites such as the Fragility Fracture Network (FFN) will also be searched. Study selection and review will be carried out independently by two researchers, with discrepancies resolved by a third researcher. Data extraction and synthesis will be conducted by one reviewer and checked for accuracy and omissions by another. The scoping review findings will be informed and validated through engagement with the FFN Hip Fracture Audit Special Interest Group. Conclusion By identifying existing heterogeneity in delirium and cognitive screening tool use and administration, it is hoped that administration and specific screening tool use will become standardised to optimise comparability across countries and ensure that high quality and reliable data are included across international registry reports.
Protocol for the creation of a core outcome set for clinical trials of interventions to improve sleep in people with cognitive impairment: The Sleep in Cognitive Impairment Core Outcome Set (SCICOS) study.
Authors: Crowley Patrick , Flanagan Evelyn , O'Caoimh Rónán
Published: October 2024

Background While sleep disturbance is common in dementia, leading to negative outcomes, there is growing evidence that sleep disturbance begins early in prodromal dementia and may contribute to cognitive decline. Sleep is therefore an important treatment target throughout the natural history of dementia and there is increasing interest in sleep as a modifiable risk factor. Clinical trials of interventions to improve sleep in people with cognitive impairment are beset by wide heterogeneity in the outcome measures reported. A core outcome set (COS) is urgently required to improve the coherence and comparability of data. Aim To produce a COS for clinical trials of interventions to improve sleep in people with cognitive impairment: the Sleep in Cognitive Impairment Core Outcome Set (SCICOS). Methods The Core Outcome Set-STAndards for Development: the COS-STAD recommendations will be followed. A systematic review (Registration: CRD42024556750) will identify outcome measures used in relevant clinical trials. Qualitative interviews involving people living with cognitive impairment and their caregivers will ascertain the outcome measures important to them. Finally, a modified Delphi process, involving people living with cognitive impairment and their caregivers as well as expert clinicians and researchers, will be conducted to reach consensus regarding the final composition of the SCICOS. Conclusion Interventions to improve sleep in people with cognitive impairment may reduce distress associated with sleep disturbance and, potentially, slow progression of cognitive decline. Creating the SCICOS will facilitate development of more meaningful and coherent data to drive progress in this emerging field.