bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adjuvant Imatinib for High-Risk GI Stromal Tumor: Analysis of a Randomized Trial
Authors: Joensuu Heikki , Eriksson Mikael , Sundby Hall Kirsten , Reichardt Annette , Hartmann Jörg T. , Pink Daniel , Ramadori Giuliano , Hohenberger Peter , Al-Batran Salah-Eddin , Schlemmer Marcus , Bauer Sebastian , Wardelmann Eva , Nilsson Bengt , Sihto Harri , Bono Petri , Kallio Raija , Junnila Jouni , Alvegård Thor , Reichardt Peter
Published: November 2015

Purpose

Three years of adjuvant imatinib therapy are recommended for patients with GI stromal tumor (GIST) with high-risk features, according to survival findings in the Scandinavian Sarcoma Group XVIII/AIO (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Internistische Onkologie) trial. To investigate whether the survival benefits have persisted, we performed the second planned analysis of the trial.

Patients and Methods

Eligible patients had macroscopically completely excised, KIT-positive GIST with a high risk of recurrence, as determined by using the modified National Institutes of Health criteria. After surgery, the patients were randomly assigned to receive imatinib for either 1 or 3 years. The primary objective was recurrence-free survival (RFS), and the secondary objectives included survival.

Results

A total of 400 patients were entered onto this open-label study between February 4, 2004, and September 29, 2008. During a median follow-up of 90 months, 171 recurrences and 69 deaths were detected. Patients assigned to the 3-year group had longer RFS than those assigned to the 1- year group; 5-year RFS was 71.1% versus 52.3%, respectively (hazard ratio [HR], 0.60; 95% CI 0.44 to 0.81; P < .001), and survival was 91.9% versus 85.3% (HR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.37 to 0.97; P = .036). Patients in the 3-year group survived longer in the subset with centrally confirmed GIST and without macroscopic metastases at study entry (93.4% v 86.8%; HR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.30 to 0.93; P = .024). Similar numbers of cardiac events and second cancers were recorded in the groups.

Conclusion

Three years of adjuvant imatinib therapy results in longer survival than 1 year of imatinib. High 5-year survival rates are achievable in patient populations with high-risk GIST.
Antiemetics: American Society of Clinical Oncology Focused Guideline Update
Authors: Hesketh Paul J. , Bohlke Kari , Lyman Gary H. , Basch Ethan , Chesney Maurice , Clark-Snow Rebecca Anne , Danso Michael A. , Jordan Karin , Somerfield Mark R. , Kris Mark G.
Published: November 2015

Purpose

To update a key recommendation of the American Society of Clinical Oncology antiemetic guideline. This update addresses the use of the oral combination of netupitant (a neurokinin 1 [NK1] receptor antagonist) and palonosetron (a 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 [5-HT3] receptor antagonist) for the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting in patients receiving chemotherapy.

Methods

An update committee conducted a targeted systematic literature review and identified two phase III clinical trials and a randomized phase II dose-ranging study.

Results

In one phase III trial, the oral combination of netupitant and palonosetron was associated with higher complete response rates (no emesis and no rescue medications) compared with palonosetron alone in patients treated with anthracycline plus cyclophosphamide chemotherapy (74% v 67% overall; P = .001). In another phase III trial, the oral combination of netupitant and palonosetron was safe and effective across multiple cycles of moderately or highly emetogenic chemotherapies. In the phase II dose-ranging study, each dose of netupitant (coadministered with palonosetron 0.50 mg) produced higher complete response rates than palonosetron alone among patients receiving cisplatin-based chemotherapy. The highest dose of netupitant (ie, 300 mg) was most effective.

Recommendations

All patients who receive highly emetogenic chemotherapy regimens (including anthracycline plus cyclophosphamide) should be offered a three-drug combination of an NK1 receptor antagonist, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, and dexamethasone. The oral combination of netupitant and palonosetron plus dexamethasone is an additional treatment option in this setting. The remaining recommendations from the 2011 ASCO guideline are unchanged pending a full update. Additional information is available at www.asco.org/guidelines/antiemetics and www.asco.org/guidelineswiki .
Is Memory Merely Testimony from One's Former Self?
Authors: Barnett David James
Published: November 2015

A natural view of testimony holds that a source's statements provide one with evidence about what the source believes, which in turn provides one with evidence about what is true. But some theorists have gone further and developed a broadly analogous view of memory. According to this view, which this essay calls the “diary model,” one's memory ordinarily serves as a means for one's present self to gain evidence about one's past judgments, and in turn about the truth. This essay rejects the diary model's analogy between memory and testimony from one's former self, arguing first that memory and a diary differ with respect to their psychological roles, and second that this psychological difference underwrites important downstream epistemic differences. The resulting view stands opposed to prominent discussions of memory and testimony, which either, like the diary model, treat memory by analogy to what we naively wish to say about testimony, or which instead attempt to extend to testimony the epistemically preservative role of memory.
Wnt/Notum spatial feedback inhibition controls neoblast differentiation to regulate reversible growth of the planarian brain
Authors: Hill Eric M. , Petersen Christian P.
Published: November 2015

Mechanisms determining final organ size are poorly understood. Animals undergoing regeneration or ongoing adult growth likely require sustained and robust mechanisms to achieve and maintain appropriate sizes. Planarians, well known for their ability to undergo whole-body regeneration due to pluripotent adult stem cells of the neoblast population, can reversibly scale body-size over an order of magnitude by controlling cell number. Using quantitative analysis, we show that after injury planarians perfectly restore brain:body proportion by increasing brain cell number through epimorphosis or decreasing brain cell number through tissue remodeling (morphallaxis), as appropriate. We identify a pathway controlling a brain size set-point that involves feedback inhibition between wnt11-6/wntA/wnt4a and notum, encoding conserved antagonistic signaling factors expressed at opposite brain poles. wnt11-6/wntA/wnt4a undergoes feedback inhibition through canonical Wnt signaling but likely regulates brain size in a non-canonical pathway independently of beta-catenin-1 and APC. Wnt/Notum signaling tunes numbers of differentiated brain cells in regenerative growth and tissue remodeling by influencing the abundance of brain progenitors descended from pluripotent stem cells, as opposed to regulating cell death. These results suggest that the attainment of final organ size might be accomplished by achieving a balance of positional signaling inputs that regulate the rates of tissue production.
SOX9 modulates the expression of key transcription factors required for heart valve development
Authors: Garside Victoria C. , Cullum Rebecca , Alder Olivia , Lu Daphne Y. , Vander Werff Ryan , Bilenky Mikhail , Zhao Yongjun , Jones Steven J. M. , Marra Marco A. , Underhill T. Michael , Hoodless Pamela A.
Published: November 2015

Heart valve formation initiates when endothelial cells of the heart transform into mesenchyme and populate the cardiac cushions. The transcription factor, SOX9, is highly expressed in the cardiac cushion mesenchyme, and is essential for heart valve development. Loss of Sox9 in mouse cardiac cushion mesenchyme alters cell proliferation, embryonic survival, and disrupts valve formation. Despite this important role, little is known regarding how SOX9 regulates heart valve formation or its transcriptional targets. Therefore, we mapped putative SOX9 binding sites by ChIP-Seq in embryonic day (E) 12.5 heart valves, a stage at which the valve mesenchyme is actively proliferating and initiating differentiation. Embryonic heart valves have been shown to express a high number of genes that are associated with chondrogenesis, including several extracellular matrix proteins and transcription factors that regulate chondrogenesis. Consequently, we compared regions of putative SOX9 DNA-binding between E12.5 heart valves and E12.5 limb buds. We identified context-dependent and context–independent SOX9 interacting regions throughout the genome. Analysis of context-independent SOX9 binding suggests an extensive role for SOX9 across tissues in regulating proliferation-associated genes including key components of the AP-1 complex. Integrative analysis of tissue-specific SOX9 interacting regions and gene expression profiles on Sox9-deficient heart valves demonstrated that SOX9 controls the expression of several transcription factors with previously identified roles in heart valve development, including Twist1, Sox4, Mecom/Evi1 and Pitx2. Together, our data identifies SOX9 coordinated transcriptional hierarchies that control cell proliferation and differentiation during valve formation.
Inactivating the permanent neonatal diabetes gene Mnx1 switches insulin-producing β-cells to a δ-like fate and reveals a facultative proliferative capacity in aged β-cells
Authors: Pan Fong Cheng , Brissova Marcela , Powers Alvin C. , Pfaff Samuel , Wright Christopher V. E.
Published: November 2015

Homozygous Mnx1 mutation causes permanent neonatal diabetes in humans, but via unknown mechanisms. Our systematic and longitudinal analysis of Mnx1 function during murine pancreas organogenesis and into the adult uncovered novel stage-specific roles for Mnx1 in endocrine lineage allocation and β-cell fate maintenance. Inactivation in the endocrine-progenitor stage shows that Mnx1 promotes β-cell while suppressing δ-cell differentiation programs, and is crucial for postnatal β-cell fate maintenance. Inactivating Mnx1 in embryonic β-cells (Mnx1Δbeta) caused β-to-δ-like cell transdifferentiation, which was delayed until postnatal stages. In the latter context, β-cells escaping Mnx1 inactivation unexpectedly upregulated Mnx1 expression and underwent an age-independent persistent proliferation. Escaper β-cells restored, but then eventually surpassed, the normal pancreatic β-cell mass, leading to islet hyperplasia in aged mice. In vitro analysis of islets isolated from Mnx1Δbeta mice showed higher insulin secretory activity and greater insulin mRNA content than in wild-type islets. Mnx1Δbeta mice also showed a much faster return to euglycemia after β-cell ablation, suggesting that the new β-cells derived from the escaper population are functional. Our findings identify Mnx1 as an important factor in β-cell differentiation and proliferation, with the potential for targeting to increase the number of endogenous β-cells for diabetes therapy.
Interaction between CHL1 and serotonin receptor 2c regulates signal transduction and behavior in mice
Authors: Kleene Ralf , Chaudhary Harshita , Karl Nicole , Katic Jelena , Kotarska Agnieszka , Guitart Kathrin , Loers Gabriele , Schachner Melitta
Published: November 2015

The serotonergic system plays important roles in multiple functions of the nervous system and its malfunctioning leads to neurological and psychiatric disorders. Here, we show that the cell adhesion molecule close homolog of L1 (CHL1), which has been linked to mental disorders, binds to a peptide stretch in the third intracellular loop of the serotonin 2c (5-HT2c) receptor through its intracellular domain. Moreover, we provide evidence that CHL1 deficiency in mice leads to 5-HT2c-receptor-related reduction in locomotor activity and reactivity to novelty, and that CHL1 regulates signaling pathways triggered by constitutively active isoforms of the 5-HT2c receptor. Furthermore, we found that the 5-HT2c receptor and CHL1 colocalize in striatal and hippocampal GABAergic neurons, and that 5-HT2c receptor phosphorylation and its association with phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and β-arrestin 2 is regulated by CHL1. Our results demonstrate that CHL1 regulates signal transduction pathways through constitutively active 5-HT2c receptor isoforms, thereby altering 5-HT2c receptor functions and implicating CHL1 as a new modulator of the serotonergic system.
CENP-C and CENP-I are key connecting factors for kinetochore and CENP-A assembly
Authors: Shono Nobuaki , Ohzeki Jun-ichirou , Otake Koichiro , Martins Nuno M. C. , Nagase Takahiro , Kimura Hiroshi , Larionov Vladimir , Earnshaw William C. , Masumoto Hiroshi
Published: November 2015

Although it is generally accepted that chromatin containing the histone H3 variant CENP-A is an epigenetic mark maintaining centromere identity, the pathways leading to the formation and maintenance of centromere chromatin remain unclear. We previously generated human artificial chromosomes (HACs) whose centromeres contain a synthetic alpha-satellite (alphoid) DNA array containing the tetracycline operator (alphoidtetO). We also obtained cell lines bearing the alphoidtetO array at ectopic integration sites on chromosomal arms. Here, we have examined the regulation of CENP-A assembly at centromeres as well as de novo assembly on the ectopic arrays by tethering tetracycline repressor (tetR) fusions of substantial centromeric factors and chromatin modifiers. This analysis revealed four classes of factors that influence CENP-A assembly. Interestingly, many kinetochore structural components induced de novo CENP-A assembly at the ectopic site. We showed that these components work by recruiting CENP-C and subsequently recruiting M18BP1. Furthermore, we found that CENP-I can also recruit M18BP1 and, as a consequence, enhances M18BP1 assembly on centromeres in the downstream of CENP-C. Thus, we suggest that CENP-C and CENP-I are key factors connecting kinetochore to CENP-A assembly.
Foreign Officials Bribery Control: Legal Ground, Main Terms, State Policy
Authors: Донцова  , Dontsova Lyudmila , Артёменко  , Artemenko I.
Published: November 2015

The article reviews main terms and legal grounds for setting up a foreign officials’ bribery control system, which

for the past few years has been the foremost state goal not only in Russia but also in many countries around the globe.
Internal Control Problems in Small and Medium Businesses
Authors: Калачева  , Kalacheva Olga
Published: November 2015

The article is devoted to problems of internal control in small and medium businesses, the existence of which, according to the author, is a certain guarantee of lack of mistakes and inaccuracies in accounting (financial) reports.
Does pathological fracture affect the rate of local recurrence in patients with a giant cell tumour of bone?
Authors: Salunke A. A. , Chen Y. , Chen X. , Tan J. H. , Singh G. , Tai B. C. , Khin L. W. , Puhaindran M. E.
Published: November 2015

We investigated whether the presence of a pathological fracture increased the risk of local recurrence in patients with a giant cell tumour (GCT) of bone. We also assessed if curettage is still an appropriate form of treatment in the presence of a pathological fracture. We conducted a comprehensive review and meta-analysis of papers which reported outcomes in patients with a GCT with and without a pathological fracture at presentation. We computed the odds ratio (OR) of local recurrence in those with and without a pathological fracture.

We selected 19 eligible papers for final analysis. This included 3215 patients, of whom 580 (18.0%) had a pathological fracture. The pooled OR for local recurrence between patients with and without a pathological fracture was 1.05 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.66 to 1.67, p = 0.854). Amongst the subgroup of patients who were treated with curettage, the pooled OR for local recurrence was 1.23 (95% CI 0.75 to 2.01, p = 0.417).

A post hoc sample size calculation showed adequate power for both comparisons.

There is no difference in local recurrence rates between patients who have a GCT of bone with and without a pathological fracture at the time of presentation. The presence of a pathological fracture should not preclude the decision to perform curettage as carefully selected patients who undergo curettage can have similar outcomes in terms of local recurrence to those without such a fracture.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:1566–71.
An alternative technique for stabilisation of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb after dislocation or subluxation
Authors: Zhang X. , Shao X. , Huang W. , Zhu H. , Yu Y.
Published: November 2015

We report a new surgical technique for the treatment of traumatic dislocation of the carpometacarpal (CMC) joint of the thumb. This is a tenodesis which uses part of the flexor carpi radialis.

Between January 2010 and August 2013, 13 patients with traumatic instability of the CMC joint of the thumb were treated using this technique. The mean time interval between injury and ligament reconstruction was 13 days (0 to 42). The mean age of the patients at surgery was 38 years: all were male.

At a mean final follow-up of 26 months (24 to 29), no patient experienced any residual instability. The mean total palmar abduction of the CMC joint of the thumb was 61° and the mean radial abduction 65° The mean measurements for the uninjured hand were 66° (60° to 73°) and 68° (60° to 75°), respectively. The mean Kapandji thumb opposition score was 8.5° (8° to 9°). The mean pinch and grip strengths of the hand were 6.7 kg (3.4 to 8.2) and 40 kg (25 to 49), respectively. The mean Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire score was 3 (1 to 6). Based on the Smith and Cooney score, we obtained a mean score of 85 (75 to 95), which included four excellent, seven good, and two fair results.

Our technique offers an alternative method of treating traumatic dislocation of the CMC joint of the thumb: it produces a stable joint and acceptable hand function.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:1533–8.
The rates of wear of X3 highly cross-linked polyethylene at five years when coupled with a 36 mm diameter ceramic femoral head in young patients
Authors: Selvarajah E. , Hooper G. , Grabowski K. , Frampton C. , Woodfield T. B. F. , Inglis G.
Published: November 2015

Polyethylene wear debris can cause osteolysis and the failure of total hip arthroplasty. We present the five-year wear rates of a highly cross-linked polyethylene (X3) bearing surface when used in conjunction with a 36 mm ceramic femoral head.

This was a prospective study of a cohort of 100 THAs in 93 patients. Pain and activity scores were measured pre- and post-operatively. Femoral head penetration was measured at two months, one year, two years and at five years using validated edge-detecting software (PolyWare Auto).

At a mean of 5.08 years (3.93 to 6.01), 85 hips in 78 patients were available for study. The mean age of these patients was 59.08 years (42 to 73, the mean age of males (n = 34) was 59.15 years, and females (n = 44) was 59.02 years). All patients had significant improvement in their functional scores (p < 0.001). The steady state two-dimensional linear wear rate was 0.109 mm/year. The steady state volumetric wear rate was 29.61 mm3/year. No significant correlation was found between rate of wear and age (p = 0.34), acetabular component size (p = 0.12) or clinical score (p = 0.74).

Our study shows low steady state wear rates at five years in X3 highly cross-linked polyethylene in conjunction with a 36 mm ceramic femoral head. The linear wear rate was almost identical to the osteolysis threshold of 0.1 mm/year recommended in the literature.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:1470–4.
Comparison between percutaneous fluoroscopic-guided and conventional open pedicle screw placement techniques for the thoracic spine
Authors: Kwan M. K. , Chiu C. K. , Lee C. K. , Chan C. Y. W.
Published: November 2015

Percutaneous placement of pedicle screws is a well-established technique, however, no studies have compared percutaneous and open placement of screws in the thoracic spine. The aim of this cadaveric study was to compare the accuracy and safety of these techniques at the thoracic spinal level. A total of 288 screws were inserted in 16 (eight cadavers, 144 screws in percutaneous and eight cadavers, 144 screws in open). Pedicle perforations and fractures were documented subsequent to wide laminectomy followed by skeletalisation of the vertebrae. The perforations were classified as grade 0: no perforation, grade 1: < 2 mm perforation, grade 2: 2 mm to 4 mm perforation and grade 3: > 4 mm perforation. In the percutaneous group, the perforation rate was 11.1% with 15 (10.4%) grade 1 and one (0.7%) grade 2 perforations. In the open group, the perforation rate was 8.3% (12 screws) and all were grade 1. This difference was not significant (p = 0.45). There were 19 (13.2%) pedicle fractures in the percutaneous group and 21 (14.6%) in the open group (p = 0.73). In summary, the safety of percutaneous fluoroscopy-guided pedicle screw placement in the thoracic spine between T4 and T12 is similar to that of the conventional open technique.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:1555–61.
Oxinium modular femoral heads do not reduce polyethylene wear in cemented total hip arthroplasty at five years
Authors: Jonsson B. A. , Kadar T. , Havelin L. I. , Haugan K. , Espehaug B. , Indrekvam K. , Furnes O. , Hallan G.
Published: November 2015

We report the five-year outcome of a randomised controlled trial which used radiostereometric analysis (RSA) to assess the influence of surface oxidised zirconium (OxZr, Oxinium) on polyethylene wear in vivo.

A total of 120 patients, 85 women and 35 men with a mean age of 70 years (59 to 80) who were scheduled for primary cemented total hip arthroplasty were randomly allocated to four study groups. Patients were blinded to their group assignment and received either a conventional polyethylene (CPE) or a highly cross-linked (HXL) acetabular component of identical design. On the femoral side patients received a 28 mm head made of either cobalt-chromium (CoCr) or OxZr.

The proximal head penetration (wear) was measured with repeated RSA examinations over five years. Clinical outcome was measured using the Harris hip score.

There was no difference in polyethylene wear between the two head materials when used with either of the two types of acetabular component (p = 0.3 to 0.6). When comparing the two types of polyethylene there was a significant difference in favour of HXLPE, regardless of the head material used (p < 0.001).

In conclusion, we found no advantage of OxZr over CoCr in terms of polyethylene wear after five years of follow-up. Our findings do not support laboratory results which have shown a reduced rate of wear with OxZr. They do however add to the evidence on the better resistance to wear of HXLPE over CPE.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:1463–9.
Putting the baby back in the bathwater
Authors: Gandhi R. , Perruccio A. V. , Kakar S. , Haddad F. S.
Published: November 2015

Recently, several high impact randomised controlled trials have been published suggesting no greater benefit from orthopaedic surgery over conservative treatment, or limited surgical intervention. These studies can have profound effects on clinical practice, leading to the abandonment of previously widely-used operations.

How do surgeons who believe these operations are beneficial over conservative treatment rationalise these findings, and justify their use with hospital administrators and health care funders who require evidence for the value and efficacy of surgical treatment?

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:1456–7.
Protocol for Heat Treating Black Walnut Wood Infested with Walnut Twig Beetle
Authors: Mackes Kurt , Costanzo Tara , Coleman Rocky , Eckhoff Mike , Vaughan Damon
Published: November 2015

Black walnut (Juglans nigra) is one of the most important tree species in the United States for producing lumber and other forest products. However, a recent outbreak of thousand cankers disease vectored by the walnut twig beetle (Pityophthorus juglandis) threatens the population of black walnut in the United States. Infected walnut trees are typically removed to prevent spread of the vector, resulting in large quantities of potential sawlogs that must be sanitized. The objective of this study was to identify the temperature and time combination necessary to heat treat infested materials to 100% beetle mortality. Testing was done on infested sample blocks that contained sapwood and bark. The specimens were heated to various temperatures and examined, both through emergence chambers and destructive sampling, for the presence of P. juglandis at any life stage. Results of the study indicate that heat treating black walnut products to 50.1°C at a depth of 3.8 cm (1.5 in.) for 30 minutes will result in 100 percent beetle mortality. As a side product, this study also produced 3,000 board feet of rough-cut lumber. These boards were heat treated and sold, following the protocol developed in this study. This study demonstrates that wood from black walnut trees infected with thousand cankers disease can be effectively heat sterilized and utilized, reducing the need to chip, landfill, or otherwise dispose of the material without economic return.
Aboveground Decay Resistance of Selected Canadian Softwoods at Four Test Sites after 10 Years of Exposure
Authors: Morris Paul Ian , Laks Peter , Larkin Glenn , Ingram Janet K. , Stirling Rod
Published: November 2015

Aboveground field performance data are needed to help users select appropriate materials, assist in the development of evidence-based codes and standards, and support the development of new export markets. A review of the literature in the early 2000s revealed that there was very little hard data on the performance of North American naturally durable wood species, particularly for aboveground applications. Field tests of six Canadian wood species reputed to have moderate to high natural durability were therefore installed in test out-of-ground contact in the autumn of 2004 and spring of 2005 at two test sites in Canada and two in the United States. Decay results are reported after 10 years. The test site with the fastest aboveground decay rate was in Hawaii. Above ground, yellow cedar (Callitropsis nootkatensis) and western red cedar (Thuja plicata) were the most consistently durable at all four test sites. However, it would not have been possible to predict the relative performance of naturally durable species in one climate and location from their relative performance in another climate and location. The presence of sapwood was associated with more severe decay, although it was unclear whether the presence of sapwood increased the risk of decay in the adjacent heartwood. There was no substantial difference between decay in old-growth and second-growth samples above ground. The presence of a coating applied to decking had some protective effect against decay at the less aggressive test sites.
Perbandingan jumlah bak budidaya cacing sutra (tubificidae) dengan memanfaatkan limbah budidaya ikan lele (clarias sp) sistem intensif terhadap kualitas air ikan lele dan produksi cacing sutra
Authors: Supriyono Eddy , Pardiansyah Dedi , Sriwisuda Putri Diana , Djokosetianto Daniel
Published: November 2015

Abstract. This objective of the research was to compare the number of blood worm production using catfish cultivation waste, while the water from catfish cultivation flowed to blood worm cultivation with recirculate system. This research were used 3 treatments and 2 replications, the treatment was  2, 4 and 6 containers of blood worm. The results showed that the highest water quality and biomass was 6 containers treatment with 1.4 kg m-2 weight gain.Keywords: Catfish; silk worm; waste intensive farming. Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa perbandingan jumlah bak budidaya cacing sutra dengan memanfaatkan limbah budidaya lele sistem intensif terhadap kualitas air ikan lele dan produksi cacing sutra, dimana air dari media budidaya ikan dialirkan ke media pemeliharaan cacing sutra  dengan sistem resirkulasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan 3 perlakuan dan 2 ulangan, perlakuan yaitu Pemanfaatan 2 bak, 4 bak dan 6 bak cacing sutra. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perbaikan kualitas air budidaya lele dan produksi bobot biomassa tertinggi pada perlakuan 6 bak  dengan pertumbuhan berat sebesar 1,4 Kg m-2.Kata kunci: ikan lele; cacing sutra; limbah lele
Data-based stochastic modeling of tree growth and structure formation
Authors: Potapov Ilya , Järvenpää Marko , Åkerblom Markku , Raumonen Pasi , Kaasalainen Mikko
Published: November 2015

We introduce a general procedure to match a stochastic functional-structural tree model (here LIGNUM augmented with stochastic rules) with real tree structures depicted by quantitative structure models (QSMs) based on terrestrial laser scanning. The matching is done by iteratively finding the maximum correspondence between the measured tree structure and the stochastic choices of the algorithm. First, we analyze the match to synthetic data (generated by the model itself), where the target values of the parameters to be estimated are known in advance, and show that the algorithm converges properly. We then carry out the procedure on real data obtaining a realistic model. We thus conclude that the proposed stochastic structure model (SSM) approach is a viable solution for formulating realistic plant models based on data and accounting for the stochastic influences.
EFFECT OF TUBE PITCH ON HEAR TRANSFER IN SPRINKLED TUBE BUNDLE
Authors: Kracík Petr , Pospíšil Jiří
Published: November 2015

Water flowing on a sprinkled tube bundle forms three basic modes: the Droplet mode (the liquid drips from one tube to another), the Jet mode (with an increasing flow rate, the droplets merge into a column) and the Membrane (Sheet) mode (with a further increase in the flow rate of the falling film liquid, the columns merge and create sheets between the tubes. With a sufficient flow rate, the sheets merge at this stage, and the tube bundle is completely covered by a thin liquid film). There are several factors influencing both the individual modes and the heat transfer. Beside the above-mentioned falling film liquid flow rate, these are for instance the tube diameters, the tube pitches in the tube bundle, or the physical conditions of the falling film liquid. This paper presents a summary of data measured at atmospheric pressure, with a tube bundle consisting of copper tubes of 12 millimetres in diameter, and with a studied tube length of one meter. The tubes are situated horizontally one above another at a pitch of 15 to 30 mm, and there is a distribution tube placed above them with water flowing through apertures of 1.0mm in diameter at a 9.2mm span. Two thermal conditions have been tested with all pitches: 15 °C to 40 °C and 15 °C to 45 °C. The temperature of the falling film liquid, which was heated during the flow through the exchanger, was 15 °C at the distribution tube input. The temperature of the heating liquid at the exchanger input, which had a constant flow rate of approx. 7.2. litres per minute, was 40 °C, or alternatively 45 °C.
The Great, the Little, and the Authoritative Tradition in Magic of the Ancient World
Authors: Frankfurter David
Published: November 2015

This paper develops “magic” as a category useful for describing local forms of an institutional or “great” tradition (using the classic terminology of Robert Redfield): ritual acts, symbols and materials, and constructions of local ritual expertise to interpret elements of a great tradition. Ultimately the paper contributes to the historical relationship between (centralized expressions of) “religion” and “magic” (as some quality or dimension of ritual).
Sealing the Demons, Once and For All: The Ring of Solomon, the Cross of Christ, and the Power of Biblical Kingship
Authors: Boustan Raʿanan , Beshay Michael
Published: November 2015

This paper traces the historical development of the tradition that King Solomon made use of a signet-ring to marshal the demons as a labor-force for the construction of the Jerusalem Temple and analyzes the shifting ritual uses to which this tradition was put.We argue that this tradition, which is most fully articulated in the Testament of Solomon, is a Christian innovation of the third and fourth centuries rather than a venerable Jewish tradition with roots in the Second Temple period. This branch of the Solomon tradition first emerged within the context of internal Christian debates of the third century concerning proper baptismal practice, where the power of baptism to provide protection from the demons was linked to debates concerning the efficacy of Solomon’s act of sealing the demons in the temple. In the post-Constantinian period, the ring of Solomon was venerated by pilgrims to Jerusalem as a “relic” of Israelite kingship alongside the True Cross. Like certain strands of the Testament of Solomon literature, the pilgrimage practices performed at this potent site figure Christ’s victory on the cross as the fulfillment-once and for all-of Solomon’s only provisional mastery over the demons. In this context, Solomon’s ring gave concrete expression to Christian claims on the Old Testament past, while also mediating between imperial and ecclesiastical power.
Ancient Wilderness Mythologies—The Case of Space and Religious Identity Formation in the Gospel of Matthew
Authors: Feldt Laura
Published: November 2015

This article discusses the nexus of religion and wilderness by analyzing the reception and transformation of wilderness mythology from The Hebrew Bible in early Christian literature. It focuses on the impact of the Torah wilderness space on religious identity formation in the gospel of Matthew. Drawing on theories of social space and narrativity, the article compares the Torah wilderness space with that of Matthew and argues that wilderness mythology is of central importance for how the gospel of Matthew becomes effective as a religious text, which strives to form religious identity and practice.
The Self-sacrifice of Menoeceus in Euripides’ Phoenissae, II Maccabees and Statius’ Thebaid
Authors: Bremmer Jan N.
Published: November 2015

In his Phoenissae Euripides introduced a unique case of male self-sacrifice before battle instead of the traditional virgin sacrifice. Its appropriation by II Maccabees and Statius as well as by its important resonance until the end of antiquity demonstrates the success of this innovation. In the male-dominated world of the Greeks and Romans, a male self-sacrifice clearly was more attractive to use than that of a virgin. The example of Menoeceus shows that gender does play a role even in the transmission of myths and mythical motives.
Early Histories Written in Stone: Epigraphy and Mythical Narratives
Authors: Graf Fritz
Published: November 2015

Mein Aufsatz will zeigen, wie im Hellenismus und der Kaiserzeit mythische Erzählungen, die sich in öffentlichen Inschriften niedergeschlagen haben, die traditionelle Funktion des Mythos als Begründung für politische und religiöse Institutionen aufrecht erhalten und weiterleben lassen. Eine Inschrift aus Aigai in Kilikien (spätes 2. oder frühes 3. Jh. n.Chr.), welche die Rede des Sophisten Antiochos von Aigai enthält, begründet die enge Bindung dieser Stadt mit Argos, und mithin ihren griechischen Charakter,mit der Gründungdurch Perseus. Eine inschriftlicher Brief der Prytanen von Tlos an ihre Kollegen in Sindyma (TAM II 174, unter Commodus) enthält eine Rede oder einen Traktat eines lokalen Aristokraten, Hieron, der die Beziehungen zwischen den drei Städten Tlos, Sindyma und Pinara aus der mythischen Gründungsgeschichte erklärt und kultische Aitologien und Wundergeschichten anfügt. Das jüngst publizierte mittelhellenistische Epigramm von Halikarnass, „Der Stolz von Halikarnass,“ verbindet die mythische Geschichte von Halikarnass seit der Geburt des Zeus, die sich in kultischen und politischen Institutionen niedergeschlagen hat,mit der literarischen Geschichte der Stadt und unterstreicht ebenso stark wie die beiden späteren Inschriften, wie sehr lokale Identität sich in der „historischen“ Kontinuität seit der mythischen Vorzeit ausdrücken kann, und wie gerne individuelle Städte diese Ansprüche in öffentlichen und monumentalen Inschriften dokumentieren.
Echo and the Historiola: Theorizing the Narrative Incantation
Authors: Waller Daniel James
Published: November 2015

Narrative incantations known as historiolae appear frequently in many magical traditions, but scholarship on the subject is sparse, and current descriptions of the historiola’s mechanism are inadequate. This study addresses this lacuna. It examines and synthesizes the existing scholarly literature and develops a theory of echo in relation to the historiola. It explores two unusual ‘transubstantiative’ historiolae that demonstrate the value of this theory. The concept of echo advanced by this study not only expands upon our current understanding of the historiola but-together with the two case-studies-allows for several conceptual, formal, and pragmatic distinctions to be made within the primary literature.
Popular Hatred Against Christians: the Case of North Africa in the Second and Third Centuries
Authors: Rebillard Eric
Published: November 2015

Popular hatred against Christians is often presented as an important factor in the persecutions. This paper argues that where evidence is available, which is the case for North Africa in the second and third centuries, popular hatred does not seem to play a significant role in the processes that led to the executions of Christians. It further suggests that popular hatred against Christians is in large part a construction of the ecclesiastical leadership. They create a context of communal hostility and violence for episodes that do not seem to amount to more than individual executions and thus try to foster a sense of community among Christians.
Preparation of hollow bioactive glass nanofibers by a facile electrospinning method
Authors: Song Botao , Wu Liang , Wu Chengtie , Chang Jiang
Published: November 2015

In this communication, hollow bioactive glass (BG) nanofibers were fabricated via a single-nozzle electrospinning method. The morphology of the prepared hollow BG nanofibers was observed by SEM and TEM, and the results showed that BG nanofibers had a continuous hollow interior. The hollow BG nanofibers were incubated in simulated body fluid (SBF) to investigate their apatitemineralization ability, and the result showed that after incubation for 6 h a flower-like apatite was observed on the surface of hollowBGnanofibers, and the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) result further confirmed the formation of apatite. The results suggested that hollow BG nanofibers could be used for drug delivery and bone regeneration applications due to their unique hollow structure and bioactivity.
Seven Proofs for the Subadditivity of
Expected Shortfall
Authors: Embrechts Paul , Wang Ruodu
Published: November 2015

Subadditivity is the key property which distinguishes the popular risk measures Value-at-Risk and
Expected Shortfall (ES). In this paper we offer seven proofs of the subadditivity of ES, some found in the literature
and some not. One of the main objectives of this paper is to provide a general guideline for instructors
to teach the subadditivity of ES in a course. We discuss the merits and suggest appropriate contexts for each
proof.With different proofs, different important properties of ES are revealed, such as its dual representation,
optimization properties, continuity, consistency with convex order, and natural estimators.
Quantile of a Mixture with Application to Model Risk Assessment
Authors: Bernard Carole , Vanduffel Steven
Published: November 2015

We provide an explicit expression for the quantile of a mixture of two random variables. The result is
useful for finding bounds on the Value-at-Risk of risky portfolios when only partial dependence information
is available. This paper complements the work of [4].
Bivariate copulas, norms and non-exchangeability
Authors: Papini Pier Luigi
Published: November 2015

The present paper is related to the study of asymmetry for copulas by introducing functionals based
on different norms for continuous variables. In particular, we discuss some facts concerning asymmetry and
we point out some flaws occurring in the recent literature dealing with this matter.
Rapid colorimetric detection of Hg2+ ion by green silver nanoparticles synthesized using Dahlia pinnata leaf extract
Authors: Roy Kaushik , Sarkar Chandan K. , Ghosh Chandan K.
Published: November 2015

In this study, we for the first time reported green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from silver nitrate solution using leaf extract of
Testing the Relative Performance of Data Adaptive Prediction Algorithms: A Generalized Test of Conditional Risk Differences
Authors: Goldstein Benjamin A. , Polley Eric C. , Briggs Farren B. S. , van der Laan Mark J. , Hubbard Alan
Published: November 2015

Comparing the relative fit of competing models can be used to address many different scientific questions. In classical statistics one can, if appropriate, use likelihood ratio tests and information based criterion, whereas clinical medicine has tended to rely on comparisons of fit metrics like C-statistics. However, for many data adaptive modelling procedures such approaches are not suitable. In these cases, statisticians have used cross-validation, which can make inference challenging. In this paper we propose a general approach that focuses on the “conditional” risk difference (conditional on the model fits being fixed) for the improvement in prediction risk. Specifically, we derive a Wald-type test statistic and associated confidence intervals for cross-validated test sets utilizing the independent validation within cross-validation in conjunction with a test for multiple comparisons. We show that this test maintains proper Type I Error under the null fit, and can be used as a general test of relative fit for any semi-parametric model alternative. We apply the test to a candidate gene study to test for the association of a set of genes in a genetic pathway.
A Mathematical Model to Predict Voltage Fluctuations in a Distribution System with Renewable Energy Sources
Authors: Iyer Shivkumar Venkatraman , Wu Bin , Li Yunwei , Singh Birendra
Published: November 2015

This paper proposes a simplified mathematical model to predict the impact of connection of Distributed Generators (DGs) to the ac grid. The model allows the user to examine the fluctuations in the magnitude of voltages at different nodes in the distribution system. In order to use the model, the user does not require a commercial simulation software making it a handy tool for a practicing engineer. Analysis has been presented to describe how the detailed mathematical model of the system is reduced using elementary matrix manipulation techniques to obtain the final simplified mathematical model. Simulation results are presented to verify the mathematical model with a ring distribution system with three DGs connected to it and the results validate those attained from the mathematical model.
Directions of Colour Changes of Nectar Honeys Depending on Honey Type and Storage Conditions
Authors: Piotraszewska-Pająk Allna , Gliszczyńska-Świgło Anna
Published: November 2015

The colour of honey is one of the most important quality criteria for consumers. The colour depends mainly on the content of plant pigments but the honey consistency, shape, and size of the crystals may also influence the honey colour parameters. It is related to the crystallisation and decrystallisation processes of honey during storage. In the present study, directions of colour changes of honey during storage were evaluated using a tristimulus colorimeter and the CIE 1976 L*a*b* and CIE L*C*ho systems. The effect of time (3 and 9 months) and storage conditions (cold storage, room temperature storage with access to light, and room temperature storage without access to light) on the colour of nectar honeys was investigated. The results obtained showed that both the type of honey and the storage conditions influenced the honey colour parameters. Significant differences in direction and intensity of the colour changes of honey during storage were observed. These differences make it difficult to indicate which storage conditions are optimal to preserve the colour of the honey. It was found that acacia and heather honeys were the most susceptible to colour changes during long-term storage in all of the study’s applied conditions, whereas rape and buckwheat honeys were the most stable in colour parameters.
Macrostructural properties and access structures of LSP e-dictionaries for translation: the technical domain / Makrostrukturelle Eigenschaften und Zugriffsstrukturen der Online- Fachwörterbücher für Übersetzung im technischen Bereich / Caractéristiques macrostructurelles et structures d‘accès des dictionnaires spécialisés en ligne pour la traduction en domaine technique
Authors: Giacomini Laura
Published: November 2015

This contribution enlarges upon the topic of macrostructures and access structures in LSP e-lexicography, paying special attention to the technical domain and translation-oriented usage. Whereas dictionary microstructures and mediostructures have so far been at the centre of research concerning LSP, macrostructures have been taken into consideration only incidentally and not in a systematic way. This paper proposes an evaluation framework for macrostructures of e-lexicographic tools on the grounds of different, combinable criteria, and applies this framework to a set of online and offline available resources. Against this background, the paper argues in favour of more in-depth studies on the role of macrostructures and access structures in the development of new methods for terminology management and description, especially under consideration of the quantitative predominance of the technical domain.
Outer features in e-dictionaries / Außentexte in Online-Wörterbüchern / Caractéristiques extérieures dans les dictionnaires en ligne
Authors: Klosa Annette , Gouws Rufus H.
Published: November 2015

Some structures in printed dictionaries also occur in online dictionaries, some do not occur, some need to be adapted whereas new structures may be introduced in online dictionaries. This paper looks at one type of structure, known in printed dictionaries as outer texts. It is argued that the notions of a frame structure and front and back matter texts do not apply to online dictionaries. The data distribution in online dictionaries does not only target the dictionary articles. There are components outside the word list section of the dictionary. These components are not always texts. They could e.g. also be video clips. Consequently the notion of outer texts in printed dictionaries is substituted by the notion of outer features in online dictionaries. This paper shows how outer features help to constitute a feature compound. The outer features in eight online dictionaries are discussed. Where the users guidelines text is a compulsory outer text in printed dictionaries it seems that an equivalent feature is often eschewed in online dictionaries. A distinction is made between dictionary-internal and dictionary-external outer features, illustrating that outer features can be situated in other sources than the specific dictionary. More research is needed to formulate models for online features that can play a comprehensive role in online dictionaries.