bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ALDH1A3 serves as a predictor for castration resistance in prostate cancer patients
Authors: Wang Shangqian , Zhou Xiang , Liang Chao , Bao Meiling , Tian Ye , Zhu Jundong , Zhang Tongtong , Yang Jie , Wang Zengjun
Published: May 2020

Background

Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A3 (ALDH1A3) has been implicated in the survival and proliferation of prostate cancer cells.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed our patients with advanced disease on adjuvant hormonal therapy after prostatectomy. Time to castration resistance stage was documented. And Immunohistochemistry analysis for ALDH1A3 was performed for those patient samples on tissue microarray. Bioinformatics anslysis was used for RNA sequencing data of both primary prostate cancer and metastatic castration resistance prostate cancer (mCRPC) from online datasets. Crispr-Cas9 was used to knock out ALDH1A3 in prostate cancer luminal cells, and morphologic analysis as well as the Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) were facilitated to discover the mechanisms of the resistance phenotype.

Results

We found that the patients with ALDH1A3 low expression had shorter time to progression to castration resistance compared with those of higher expression group on adjuvant hormonal therapy after radical prostatectomy. The ALDH1A3 knockout cells gradually acquired resistance to androgen deprivation therapy, a few cells have been found in knockout group showing as that the spindle-like luminal cells in charcoal stripped medium. Furthermore, PI3K pathway activation has been confirmed by Western blot. The PI3K pathway inhibitor BEZ235 has been demonstrated that the acquired ADT resistance by ALDH1A3 down regulation could be rescued by PI3K pathway inhibitor.

Conclusion

These results suggested a novel function for ALDH1A3 in development of mCRPC, and indicated PI3K pathway inhibitor has the potential in the treatment of a subgroup of mCRPC patients.
Integrated analysis of genome-wide miRNAs and targeted gene expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and relation to prognosis
Authors: Yang Howard , Su Hua , Hu Nan , Wang Chaoyu , Wang Lemin , Giffen Carol , Goldstein Alisa M. , Lee Maxwell P. , Taylor Philip R.
Published: May 2020

Background

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide and in China. We know miRNAs influence gene expression in tumorigenesis, but it is unclear how miRNAs affect gene expression or influence survival at the genome-wide level in ESCC.

Methods

We performed miRNA and mRNA expression arrays in 113 ESCC cases with tumor/normal matched tissues to identify dysregulated miRNAs, to correlate miRNA and mRNA expressions, and to relate miRNA and mRNA expression changes to survival and clinical characteristics.

Results

Thirty-nine miRNAs were identified whose tumor/normal tissue expression ratios showed dysregulation (28 down- and 11 up-regulated by at least two-fold with P < 1.92E-04), including several not previously reported in ESCC (miR-885-5p, miR-140-3p, miR-708, miR-639, miR-596). Expressions of 16 miRNAs were highly correlated with expressions of 195 genes (P < 8.42E-09; absolute rho values 0.51–0.64). Increased expressions of miRNA in tumor tissue for both miR-30e* and miR-124 were associated with increased survival (P < 0.05). Similarly, nine probes in eight of 818 dysregulated genes had RNA expression levels that were nominally associated with survival, including NF1, ASXL1, HSPA4, TGOLN2, BAIAP2, EZH2, CHAF1A, SUPT7L.

Conclusions

Our characterization and integrated analysis of genome-wide miRNA and gene expression in ESCC provides insights into the expression of miRNAs and their relation to regulation of RNA targets in ESCC tumorigenesis, and suggest opportunities for the future development of miRs and mRNAs as biomarkers for early detection, diagnosis, and prognosis in ESCC.
Spatial patterns in prostate Cancer-specific mortality in Pennsylvania using Pennsylvania Cancer registry data, 2004–2014
Authors: Wang Ming , Wasserman Emily , Geyer Nathaniel , Carroll Rachel M. , Zhao Shanshan , Zhang Lijun , Hohl Raymond , Lengerich Eugene J. , McDonald Alicia C.
Published: May 2020

Background

Spatial heterogeneity of prostate cancer-specific mortality in Pennsylvania remains unclear. We utilized advanced geospatial survival regressions to examine spatial variation of prostate cancer-specific mortality in PA and evaluate potential effects of individual- and county-level risk factors.

Methods

Prostate cancer cases, aged ≥40 years, were identified in the 2004–2014 Pennsylvania Cancer Registry. The 2018 County Health Rankings data and the 2014 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Environmental Quality Index were used to extract county-level data. The accelerated failure time models with spatial frailties for geographical correlations were used to assess prostate cancer-specific mortality rates for Pennsylvania and by the Penn State Cancer Institute (PSCI) 28-county catchment area. Secondary assessment based on estimated spatial frailties was conducted to identify potential health and environmental risk factors for mortality.

Results

There were 94,274 cases included. The 5-year survival rate in PA was 82% (95% confidence interval, CI: 81.1–82.8%), with the catchment area having a lower survival rate 81% (95% CI: 79.5–82.6%) compared to the non-catchment area rate of 82.3% (95% CI: 81.4–83.2%). Black men, uninsured, more aggressive prostate cancer, rural and urban Appalachia, positive lymph nodes, and no definitive treatment were associated with lower survival. Several county-level health (i.e., poor physical activity) and environmental factors in air and land (i.e., defoliate chemical applied) were associated with higher mortality rates.

Conclusions

Spatial variations in prostate cancer-specific mortality rates exist in Pennsylvania with a higher risk in the PSCI’s catchment area, in particular, rural-Appalachia. County-level health and environmental factors may contribute to spatial heterogeneity in prostate cancer-specific mortality.
Metastatic breast cancer patient perceptions of somatic tumor genomic testing
Authors: Adams Elizabeth J. , Asad Sarah , Reinbolt Raquel , Collier Katharine A. , Abdel-Rasoul Mahmoud , Gillespie Susan , Chen James L. , Cherian Mathew A. , Noonan Anne M. , Sardesai Sagar , VanDeusen Jeffrey , Wesolowski Robert , Williams Nicole , Shapiro Charles L. , Macrae Erin R. , Pilarski Robert , Toland Amanda E. , Senter Leigha , Ramaswamy Bhuvaneswari , Lee Clara N. , Lustberg Maryam B. , Stover Daniel G.
Published: May 2020

Background

To assess metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patient psychological factors, perceptions, and comprehension of tumor genomic testing.

Methods

In a prospective, single institution, single-arm trial, patients with MBC underwent next-generation sequencing at study entry with sequencing results released at progression. Patients who completed surveys before undergoing sequencing were included in the present secondary analysis (n = 58). We administered four validated psychosocial measures: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Trust in Physician Scale, and Communication and Attitudinal Self-Efficacy scale for Cancer. Genetic comprehension was assessed using 7-question objective and 6-question subjective measures. Longitudinal data were assessed (n = 40) using paired Wilcoxon signed rank and McNemar’s test of agreement.

Results

There were no significant differences between the beginning and end of study in depression, anxiety, physician trust, or self-efficacy (median time on study: 7.6 months). Depression and anxiety were positively associated with each other and both negatively associated with self-efficacy. Self-efficacy decreased from pre- to post-genomic testing (p = 0.05). Objective genetics comprehension did not significantly change from pre- to post-genomic testing, but patients expressed increased confidence in their ability to teach others about genetics (p = 0.04). Objective comprehension was significantly lower in non-white patients (p = 0.02) and patients with lower income (p = 0.04).

Conclusions

This is the only study, to our knowledge, to longitudinally evaluate multiple psychological metrics in MBC as patients undergo tumor genomic testing. Overall, psychological dimensions remained stable over the duration of tumor genomic testing. Among patients with MBC, depression and anxiety metrics were negatively correlated with patient self-efficacy. Patients undergoing somatic genomic testing had limited genomic knowledge, which varied by demographic groups and may warrant additional educational intervention.

Clinical trial information

NCT01987726, registered November 13, 2013.
The efficacy and safety of induction chemotherapy combined with concurrent chemoradiotherapy versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy alone in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Wang Bi-Cheng , Xiao Bo-Ya , Lin Guo-He , Wang Chang , Liu Quentin
Published: May 2020

Background

Induction chemotherapy (IC) combined with concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) has been recommended as the first-line therapy for locoregional nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Due to the different chemotherapeutic drugs used in the IC and CCRT, the results remain controversial.

Methods

PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases were systematically retrieved to search potentially eligible clinical trials up to Sep 11, 2019. Eligible studies were registered and prospective randomized controlled clinical trials.

Results

From 526 records, nine articles including seven randomized controlled clinical trials were eligible, with a total of 2311 locoregional advanced NPC patients. IC + CCRT had significantly lower risks of death (3-year hazard ratio [HR]: 0.70, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.55–0.89, p = 0.003; 5-year HR: 0.77, 95% CI 0.62–0.94, p = 0.01), disease progression (3-year HR: 0.67, 95% CI 0.55–0.80, p < 0.001; 5-year HR: 0.70, 95% CI 0.58–0.83, p < 0.0001), distant metastasis (3-year HR: 0.58, 95% CI 0.45–0.74, p < 0.0001; 5-year HR: 0.69, 95% CI 0.55–0.87, p = 0.001) and locoregional relapse (3-year HR: 0.69, 95% CI 0.50–0.95, p = 0.02; 5-year HR: 0.66, 95% CI 0.51–0.86, p = 0.002) than CCRT. Compared with CCRT, IC + CCRT showed higher relative risks of grade 3 or more neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, nausea, vomiting and hepatotoxicity throughout the course of treatment, and higher relative risks of grade ≥ 3 thrombocytopenia and vomiting during CCRT.

Conclusion

IC combined with CCRT significantly improved the survival in locoregional advanced NPC patients. Moreover, toxicities were well tolerated during IC and CCRT. Further clinical trials are warranted to confirm the optimal induction chemotherapeutic regimen in the future.
The contribution of large genomic rearrangements in BRCA1 and BRCA2 to South African familial breast cancer
Authors: van der Merwe Nerina C. , Oosthuizen Jaco , Theron Magdalena , Chong George , Foulkes William D.
Published: May 2020

Background

Pathogenic variants that occur in the familial breast cancer genes (BRCA1/2) lead to truncated ineffective proteins in the majority of cases. These variants are mostly represented by small deletions/insertions, nonsense- and splice-site variants, although some larger pathogenic rearrangements occur. Currently, their contribution to familial breast cancer (BC) and ovarian cancer (OVC) in South Africa (SA) is unknown.

Methods

Seven hundred and forty-four patients affected with BC or OVC were screened for larger genomic rearrangements (LGRs) by means of multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification or Next Generation Sequencing using the Oncomine™ BRCA research assay.

Results

The patients represented mostly medium to high-risk families, but also included lower risk patients without a family history of the disease, diagnosed at an early age of onset (< 40 years). Eight LGRs were detected (1.1%); seven in BRCA1 with a single whole gene deletion (WGD) detected for BRCA2. These eight LGRs accounted for 8.7% of the 92 BRCA1/2 pathogenic variants identified in the 744 cases. The pathogenic LGRs ranged from WGDs to the duplication of a single exon.

Conclusions

Larger rearrangements in BRCA1/2 contributed to the overall mutational burden of familial BC and OVC in SA. Almost a quarter of all pathogenic variants in BRCA1 were LGRs (7/30, 23%). The spectrum observed included two WGDs, one each for BRCA1 and BRCA2.
How does the world appear to patients with multifocal intraocular lenses?: a mobile model eye experiment
Authors: Kim Eun Chul , Na Kyung-Sun , Kim Hyun Seung , Hwang Ho Sik
Published: May 2020

Background

To show how the world appear to patients with multifocal intraocular lens (IOL) using a novel mobile model eye.

Methods

The mobile model eye was composed of an artificial cornea, IOL, IOL chamber, and a camera. A monofocal IOL (Tecnis monofocal IOL) and two diffractive multifocal IOL (ReSTOR, Tecnis multifocal IOL) were used in the study. We went outside to take a picture of the scenery. At night, we stood on a road and took pictures to see how the traffic lights and headlights of cars looked. For an indoor analysis, we approached the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) chart to the model eye from a distance of 95 cm to check the multifocal function of the lenses. In the car, we took pictures of the street and a cell phone in turn to check the multifocal function of the lenses.

Results

Two multifocal IOLs showed definite multifocal function. Far objects appeared either similarly clear or slightly hazier (depending on the IOL model) than those with the monofocal IOL. In the night vision, there was a mild or severe halo around light sources compared to those with the monofocal IOL.

Conclusion

We believe that this mobile model eye can be used to evaluate how the real world appear to a patient with a multifocal IOL, to explain multifocal function of the IOLs, and possible complications in the patients, before performing a surgery.
Submicromolar copper (II) ions stimulate transretinal signaling in the isolated retina from wild type but not from Cav2.3-deficient mice
Authors: Lüke Jan Niklas , Neumaier Felix , Alpdogan Serdar , Hescheler Jürgen , Schneider Toni , Albanna Walid , Akhtar-Schäfer Isha
Published: May 2020

Background

So far, only indirect evidence exists for the pharmacoresistant R-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channel (VGCC) to be involved in transretinal signaling by triggering GABA-release onto ON-bipolar neurons. This release of inhibitory neurotransmitters was deduced from the sensitivity of the b-wave to stimulation by Ni2+, Zn2+ and Cu2+. To further confirm the interpretation of these findings, we compared the effects of Cu2+ application and chelation (using kainic acid, KA) on the neural retina from wildtype and Cav2.3-deficient mice. Furthermore, the immediately effect of KA on the ERG b-wave modulation was assessed.

Methods

Transretinal signaling was recorded as an ERG from the superfused murine retina isolated from wildtype and Cav2.3-deficient mice.

Results

In mice, the stimulating effect of 100 nM CuCl2 is absent in the retinae from Cav2.3-deficient mice, but prominent in Cav2.3-competent mice. Application of up to 3 mM tricine does not affect the murine b-wave in both genotypes, most likely because of chelating amino acids present in the murine nutrient solution. Application of 27 μM KA significantly increased the b-wave amplitude in wild type and Cav2.3 (−|-) mice. This effect can most likely be explained by the stimulation of endogenous KA-receptors described in horizontal, OFF-bipolar, amacrine or ganglion cells, which could not be fully blocked in the present study.

Conclusion

Cu2+-dependent modulation of transretinal signaling only occurs in the murine retina from Cav2.3 competent mice, supporting the ideas derived from previous work in the bovine retina that R-type Ca2+ channels are involved in shaping transretinal responses during light perception.
Differential metabolic markers associated with primary open-angle glaucoma and cataract in human aqueous humor
Authors: Pan Chen-Wei , Ke Chaofu , Chen Qin , Tao Yi-Jin , Zha Xu , Zhang Yuan-Ping , Zhong Hua
Published: May 2020

Background

We aimed to identify metabolic biomarkers and investigate the metabolic alterations in relation to primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and cataract in human aqueous humor.

Methods

Sixteen POAG patients undergoing surgical treatments and 24 patients undergoing cataract surgeries were included in this case-control study. We performed the metabolomic analysis of aqueous humor samples using a non-targeted gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was computed to assess the discrimination capacities of each metabolite marker. Databases including the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and MetaboAnalyst were utilized to search for the potential pathways of metabolites.

Results

Aqueous humor metabolomic profiles could well distinguish POAG from controls. Fourteen metabolic biomarkers were identified as potential aqueous humor biomarkers for POAG, yielding AUC values from 0.62 to 0.86. In pathway analysis, Biotin metabolism was highly impacted, implying that these metabolic markers play important roles in the regulation of this pathway.

Conclusions

This study identified valuable metabolic biomarkers and pathways that may facilitate an improved understanding of the POAG pathogenesis. The finding holds translational value in the development of new therapeutic measures for POAG.
Neurocognitive functioning in individuals with congenital central hypoventilation syndrome
Authors: Macdonald Kelly T. , Mosquera Ricardo A. , Yadav Aravind , Caldas-Vasquez Maria C. , Emanuel Hina , Rennie Kimberly
Published: May 2020

Background

Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) is a rare disorder characterized by respiratory system abnormalities, including alveolar hypoventilation and autonomic nervous system dysregulation. CCHS is associated with compromised brain development and neurocognitive functioning. Studies that evaluate cognitive skills in CCHS are limited, and no study has considered cognitive abilities in conjunction with psychosocial and adaptive functioning. Moreover, the roles of pertinent medical variables such as genetic characteristics are also important to consider in the context of neurocognitive functioning.

Methods

Seven participants with CCHS ranging in age from 1 to 20 years underwent neuropsychological evaluations in a clinic setting.

Results

Neurocognitive testing indicated borderline impaired neurocognitive skills, on average, as well as relative weaknesses in working memory. Important strengths, including good coping skills and relatively strong social skills, may serve as protective factors in this population.

Conclusion

CCHS was associated with poor neurocognitive outcomes, especially with some polyalanine repeat expansion mutations (PARMS) genotype. These findings have important implications for individuals with CCHS as well as medical providers for this population.
Evaluation of an internet-based intervention for service members of the German armed forces with deployment-related posttraumatic stress symptoms
Authors: Niemeyer Helen , Knaevelsrud Christine , Schumacher Sarah , Engel Sinha , Kuester Annika , Burchert Sebastian , Muschalla Beate , Weiss Deborah , Spies Jan , Rau Heinrich , Willmund Gerd-Dieter
Published: May 2020

Background

The present study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of a therapist-guided internet-based cognitive-behavioral therapy (iCBT) intervention for service members of the German Armed Forces with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The iCBT was adapted from Interapy, a trauma-focused evidence-based treatment based on prolonged exposure and cognitive restructuring. It lasted for 5 weeks and included 10 writing assignments (twice a week). The program included a reminder function if assignments were overdue, but no multimedia elements. Therapeutic written feedback was provided asynchronously within one working day.

Methods

Male active and former military service members were recruited from the German Armed Forces. Diagnoses were assessed with the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5) and the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Psychopathology was assessed at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and 3-month follow-up. Severity of PTSD was the primary outcome and anxiety was the secondary outcome. Participants were randomly allocated to a treatment group that received iCBT immediately or to a waitlist group that received iCBT after 6 weeks. Due to the overall small sample size (n = 37), the two groups were collapsed for the statistical analyses. Change during the intervention period was investigated using latent-change score models.

Results

Improvements in the CAPS-5 were small and not statistically significant. For anxiety, small significant improvements were observed from pre- to follow-up assessment. The dropout rate was 32.3%.

Conclusions

The low treatment utilization and the high dropout rate are in line with previous findings on treatment of service members. The interpretation of the current null results for the efficacy of iCBT is limited due to the small sample size, however for military samples effect estimates were also smaller in other recent studies. Our results demonstrate the need to identify factors influencing treatment engagement and efficacy in veterans.

Trial registration

Australian Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12616000956404.
Is body image a predictor of women’s depression and anxiety in postmenopausal women?
Authors: Simbar Masoumeh , Nazarpour Soheila , Alavi Majd Hamid , Dodel Andarvar Khadijeh , Jafari Torkamani Zahra , Alsadat Rahnemaei Fatemeh
Published: May 2020

Background

Women in perimenopausal and postmenopausal period are at increased risk of depression and anxiety. Physiologic changes in menopause can change body’s appearance and function that may disturb body and then lead to anxiety and depression. This study aims to assess the relationship between body image with anxiety and depression among postmenopausal women.

Methods

This descriptive study was performed on 307 women attending to the health centers in Tehran- Iran. Sampling was performed by a multi-staged randomized method. Data were collected by using Beck Depression questionnaire, Spielberger Anxiety Questionnaire, Fisher Body Image Questionnaire and Socio-demographic questionnaires. Data were analyzed by SPSS 21 and usingt-test, Pearson and Spearman correlation tests and multiple linear regression methods.

Results

The average age of the participants was 55.19 ± 4.034 years. Mean scores for body image, anxiety and depression were 163.26 ± 20.38, 12.00 ± 7.71 and 42.70 ± 8.40 respectively. Fifty five percent of women had mild to severe depression and 83.7% of them had mild to severe anxiety. Total score and all domains of body image had a negative correlation with depression and anxiety scores (P < 0.001). Multiple linear correlation showed that body image is a predictor for depression and anxiety (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Body image of women can be effective on occurrence of depression and anxiety in menopause. Therefore, women’s health policies should consider body image to control cognitive problems including depression and anxiety in menopause.
A Tunisian version of the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU): translation and validation
Authors: Ben Saida Imen , Kortli Saiid , Amamou Badii , Kacem Nawres , Ghardallou Mariem , Ely Eugene Wesley , Ben Saad Helmi , Boussarsar Mohamed
Published: May 2020

Background

Delirium is common in critically ill patients and it is associated with poor outcomes. In Tunisia, however, it is still underdiagnosed as there is no validated screening tool. The aim of this study was to translate and to validate a Tunisian version of the CAM-ICU.

Methods

For the validation and inter-rater reliability assessment of the Tunisian CAM-ICU, two trained intensivists independently evaluated delirium in the patients admitted to the ICU between October 2017 and June 2018. All the patients consecutively admitted to the ICU for more than 24 h and having a Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale greater than or equal to “-3” were assessed for delirium excluding those with stroke, dementia, psychosis or persistent coma. The results were compared with the reference evaluation carried out by a psychiatrist using the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) criteria. The inter-rater reliability was calculated using the kappa (κ) statistic. The CAM-ICU concurrent validity was assessed using Cronbach’s α coefficient, sensitivity, specificity as well as positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV, respectively) for the two Tunisian CAM-ICU raters.

Results

The study involved 137 patients [median (IQR) age: 60 [49–68] years, male sex (n = 102), invasive mechanical ventilation (n = 49)]. Using the DSM-V criteria evaluations, 46 patients were diagnosed with delirium. When applying the Tunisian version of the CAM-ICU, 38(27.7%) patients were diagnosed with delirium for the first rater and 45(32.6%) patients for the second one. The Tunisian CAM-ICU showed a very-high inter-rater reliability for both intensivists (κ = 0.844, p < 0.001). Using the DSM-V rater as the reference standard, the sensitivity of the two intensivists’ evaluations was 80.4 vs. 95.7%. Specificity was 98.9% for both. The Cronbach’s α of the first and second raters’ evaluations using the Tunisian version of the CAM-ICU were 0.886 and 0.887, respectively.

Conclusions

The Tunisian version of the CAM-ICU showed almost perfect validity and reliability in detecting delirium in critically ill patients. It could therefore be used in Tunisian ICUs or where Tunisian translators are available following appropriate training.

Trial registration

Not applicable.
A qualitative exploration of substance misuse among homeless women in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Authors: Haile Kibrom , Umer Halima , Ayano Getinet , Fejo Edao , Fanta Tolesa
Published: May 2020

Background

Substance use among homeless people is higher compared to the general population. In some studies, reported rates of problematic drug use among the homeless vary, with estimates ranging from 25 to 70%. There is a common perception that substance abuse and homelessness are linked, but there is considerable debate about the direction of the relationship. Despite observations of high levels of substance use among the homeless population in Addis Ababa, there are limited studies to date conducted on the topic. This study aims to explore the factors associated with onset of substance use and its continued use, patterns of substance use and its social and health consequences among female residents of a shelter in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Methods

A qualitative study was conducted in 2019. In-depth interviews were conducted on 14 study participants who were selected purposively. The qualitative data analysis software QDA Miner 5.0.30 was used for data processing and analysis.

Results

Four major thematic areas were identified and they comprised the categories under which sub-themes were identified and coded. The major segments or categories included the following: reasons for the onset of substance use after becoming homeless, experiences of substance use and reasons for continued use, the harms which resulted on them from substance use, and the means of obtaining supply of the substances.

Conclusion

Factors related to life on streets were strong reasons for onset of substance use, as well as for its continued use. Homeless women suffered untimely death, addiction, and ill health from use of substances; however, they gave priority to obtaining substances than any other thing, and used every means to grab a supply of the substances.
Initial loss to follow up of tuberculosis patients in South Africa: perspectives of program managers
Authors: Mwansa-Kambafwile Judith R. M. , Jewett Sara , Chasela Charles , Ismail Nazir , Menezes Colin
Published: May 2020

Background

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a serious public health problem in South Africa. Initial loss to follow up (LTFU) rates among TB patients are high, varying between 14.9 and 22.5%. From the perspective of patients, documented reasons for this include poor communication between patient and staff after testing, not being aware that results are ready and other competing priorities such as preference to go to work as opposed to seeking healthcare. Ward-based Outreach Teams (WBOTs) routinely conduct home visits to ensure adherence to medication for various conditions including TB. We explored reasons for TB initial loss to follow up from the perspectives of TB program managers and WBOT program managers, with a focus on the WBOT’s (potential) role in reducing initial LTFU, in particular.

Methods

Key informant interviews with five WBOT program managers and four TB program managers were conducted. The interviews were audio-recorded, then transcribed and exported to NVivo 11 software for coding. A hybrid analytic approach consisting of both inductive and deductive coding was used to identify themes.

Results

The age of the nine managers ranged between 28 and 52 years old, of which two were male. They had been in their current position for between 2 to 12 years. Prior to treatment initiation, WBOTs screen household members for TB and refer them for TB testing if need be, but integration of the two programs is emphasized only after TB treatment has been initiated. Counseling of patients testing for TB is not guaranteed due to frequent staff rotations and staff shortages. Participants reported that possible dissatisfaction with services as well as stigma associated with the TB diagnosis could explain loss to follow up prior to treatment initiation.

Conclusion

Program managers view health system related factors such as staff rotations, poor communication with patients and lack of counseling as contributing to the problem of initial LTFU among TB patients. The integration of the WBOT and TB programs is limited to referring suspected cases for testing and patients already on treatment.
Cardiovascular disease behavioral risk factors among Latinos by citizenship and documentation status
Authors: Ortega Alexander N. , Pintor Jessie Kemmick , Langellier Brent A. , Bustamante Arturo Vargas , Young Maria-Elena De Trinidad , Prelip Michael L. , Alberto Cinthya K. , Wallace Steven P.
Published: May 2020

Background

Studies have observed that recent Latino immigrants tend to have a physical health advantage compared to immigrants who have been in the US for many years or Latinos who are born in the United States. An explanation of this phenomenon is that recent immigrants have positive health behaviors that protect them from chronic disease risk. This study aims to determine if trends in positive cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk behaviors extend to Latino immigrants in California according to citizenship and documentation status.

Methods

We examined CVD behavioral risk factors by citizenship/documentation statuses among Latinos and non-Latino US-born whites in the 2011–2015 waves of the California Health Interview Survey. Adjusted multivariable logistic regressions estimated the odds for CVD behavioral risk factors, and analyses were stratified by sex.

Results

In adjusted analyses, using US-born Latinos as the reference group, undocumented Latino immigrants had the lowest odds of current smoking, binge drinking, and frequency of fast food consumption. There were no differences across the groups for fruit/vegetable intake and walking for leisure. Among those with high blood pressure, undocumented immigrants were least likely to be on medication. Undocumented immigrant women had better patterns of CVD behavioral risk factors on some measures compared with other Latino citizenship and documentation groups.

Conclusions

This study observes that the healthy Latino immigrant advantage seems to apply to undocumented female immigrants, but it does not necessarily extend to undocumented male immigrants who had similar behavioral risk profiles to US-born Latinos.
Tuberculosis knowledge and attitude among non-health science university students needs attention: a cross-sectional study in three Ethiopian universities
Authors: Mekonnen Abiyu , Collins Jeffery M. , Klinkenberg Eveline , Assefa Dawit , Aseffa Abraham , Ameni Gobena , Petros Beyene
Published: May 2020

Background

Ethiopia is among the 14 high TB, TB/HIV and MDR-TB burden countries globally. Prior studies indicate students attending universities in Ethiopia may be at increased risk for active tuberculosis (TB) relative to the general population, mainly due to the dramatic increase in expansion of the enrollment scale of universities.This study sought to gain insight about non-health science university students’ TB knowledge and attitudes to help develop a strategy for TB education in this population.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted from October to December 2018 among non-health science university students at three eastern Ethiopia public universities. Participants were considered having ‘good’ knowledge on TB when they correctly mentioned the communicability, means of transmission and prevention methods of TB and recognized modern medicine as the best treatment for TB. Participants were considered as having ‘acceptable’ attitude towards TB when they indicated they would seek immediate care for TB diagnosis, not hide a TB diagnosis and feel compassion to help people with TB.

Results

A total of 1720 non-health science university students participated. Only 614 (35.7%) of the students had ‘good’ knowledge on TB. This differed significantly between universities, with students from Haramaya and Dire Dawa universities more likely to have ‘good’ TB knowledge than their counterparts from Jigjiga University [COR (Crude Odds Ratio):1.62 and 1.94, respectively; and 95% Confidence Interval (CI): (1.236, 2.079) and (1.511, 2.483), respectively]. Only a third of students, 555 (32.3%) mentioned ‘bacteria’ as causing TB, and 836 students (48.6%) had ever heard of Multi Drug Resistant-TB (MDR-TB). An ‘acceptable’ attitude towards people with TB was observed in 666 students (38.7%). Even though 739 students (43%) felt compassion and desire to help TB patients, 213 (12%) and 382 (22%) mentioned they fear and tend to stay away from TB patients, respectively.

Conclusions

The present study revealed that non-health science university students lack important TB knowledge and have misconceptions about TB in eastern Ethiopia. University administrators and other stakeholders striving against TB should provide due attention to university settings and consider development of student education programs to improve awareness and knowledge of TB disease.
Inequalities in health-related quality of life and the contribution from socioeconomic status: evidence from Tibet, China
Authors: JieAnNaMu  , Xu Xinpeng , You Hua , Gu Hai , Gu Jinghong , Li Xiaolu , Cui Nan , Kou Yun
Published: May 2020

Background

This study aimed to understand the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) and the contribution of SES to health inequality among Tibetans of agricultural and pastoral areas (APA) in Tibet, China.

Methods

The data were from Health Survey of Tibetans in APA conducted in 2014. A total of 816 respondents were enrolled for the analysis Multiple linear regression was employed to examine the relationship between SES and HRQoL. Concentration index (CI) was used to measure the degree of health inequality and a Wagstaff-type CI decomposition method was applied to measure the contribution of SES to inequality.

Results

SES had significant association with HRQoL among the Tibetans in APA. The high SES group was more likely to have a higher Eq-5d index (0.77 vs. 0.67, P < 0.001) and VAS (72.94 vs. 62.41, P < 0.001) than the low SES group. The Concentration index of the Eq-5d index and VAS for total sample was 0.022 and 0.026 respectively, indicating a slight pro-rich inequality among this population. The decomposition analyses showed the SES is the main contributor to health inequality and contributed 45.50 and 41.39% to inequality for the Eq-5d index and VAS, respectively.

Conclusion

The results showed SES is positively associated with HRQoL among Tibetans in APA. There was a slight pro-rich inequality in the health of the participants and most health inequality was attributable to SES. This study is helpful in gaining an insight into the HRQoL, health inequality and the relationship between SES and health inequality among Tibetans of APA in China.
Laparoscopic assisted pancreaticoduodenectomy: an important link in the process of transition from open to total laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy
Authors: Tian Feng , Wang Yi-zhi , Hua Su-rong , Liu Qiao-fei , Guo Jun-chao
Published: May 2020

Background

The safety of total laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy still remains controversial. Laparoscopic assisted pancreaticoduodenectomy (LAPD) may be an alternative selection. The purpose of the present study is to compare a consecutive cohort of LAPD and open pancreaticoduodenectomy (OPD) from a single surgeon.

Methods

A comparison was conducted between LAPD and OPD from January 2013 to December 2018. Perioperative outcomes and short-term oncological results were compared. Univariate and multivariable analyses were performed to determine associations among variables.

Results

133 patients were enrolled, 36 patients (27.1%) underwent LAPD and 97 (72.9%) underwent OPD. No 30-day and 90-day mortality occurred. LAPD was associated with decreased intraoperative estimated blood loss (300 versus 500 ml; P = 0.002), longer operative time (372 versus 305 min; P < 0.001) compared with OPD. LAPD had a conversion rate of 16.7%, and wasn’t associated with an increased grade B/C pancreatic fistula rate, major surgical complications, intraoperative blood transfusion, reoperation rate or length of hospital stay after surgery. In the subset of 58 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas, R0 resection rate, median total harvested lymph node or lymph nodes ≥12 did not differ between the two groups.

Conclusion

LAPD could be performed with non-inferior short-term perioperative and oncologic outcomes achieved by OPD in selected patients.
Preoperative positive urine nitrite and albumin-globulin ratio are independent risk factors for predicting postoperative fever after retrograde Intrarenal surgery based on a retrospective cohort
Authors: Jian Zhong-yu , Ma Yu-cheng , Liu Ran , Li Hong , Wang Kunjie
Published: May 2020

Background

To determine risk factors for postoperative fever (POF) after retrograding intrarenal surgery (RIRS) and a nomogram for prediction of POF in patients undertaking RIRS has been developed based on the risk factors found.

Methods

This is a retrospective designed-study. A continuous cohort from a single-center database that consisted of 1095 cases undertaking RIRS with complete preoperative medical records from January 2009 to December 2018 was obtained. Independent risk factors were identified according to the multi-variate logistics regression and a further nomogram was developed. The performance of the nomogram was evaluated through three aspects including net clinical benefit, calibration, and discrimination.

Results

A total of 31(2.8%) cases had POF after the RIRS. Risk factors included time in RIRS ≥30mins (only the flexible scope use period) (OR: 2.16, 95%CI; 1.01–4.62, P = 0.047), preoperative positive urine culture (OR: 2.55, 95%CI; 1.01–6.42, P = 0.047), preoperative positive urine nitrite (OR: 9.09, 95%CI; 2.99–27.64, P < 0.001), Albumin/globulin ratio (AGR) (OR: 0.14, 95%CI; 0.03–0.74, P = 0.020) were further included in the nomogram to predict the POF probability for individuals. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test showed a goodness-of-fit. The calibration curve demonstrated good agreement between observation and prediction. Decision curve analysis (DCA) demonstrated it was clinical use in RIRS.

Conclusions

The preoperative urine nitrite, AGR, RIRS time, and preoperative urine culture are found to be independent risk factors associated with POF after RIRS. Then we have developed a nomogram taking these factors into account that accurately predicted POF after RIRS.
Contasure-needleless single incision slings versus transobturator slings (TOT/TVT-O) for female patients with stress urinary incontinence: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Luo Zhenkai , Jiao Binbin , Zhao Hang , Liu Hailong , Lai Shicong , Zhang Guan
Published: May 2020

Background

To assess the current evidence on the effectiveness and safety of Contasure-Needleless (C-NDL) versus transobturator slings (TOT/TVT-O) in the management of female stress urinary incontinence (SUI).

Methods

A comprehensive literature review of articles that investigated the efficacy and safety of C-NDL and TOT/TVT-O was performed based on studies published before June 2019 and retrieved from PubMed, Embase, CNKI and the Cochrane Library. Two reviewers searched the literature, independently extracted the data and evaluated the quality of the data according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. A meta-analysis was performed by using Review Manager 5.3 software.

Results

Seven studies with 1188 SUI female patients without intrinsic sphincter deficiency (ISD) or mixed urinary incontinence were included. Our meta-analysis showed that the clinical efficacy of C-NDL is statistically non-inferior to that of TOT / TVT-O in terms of subjective cure rate [OR = 0.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.53 to 1.10),p = 0.15] and objective cure rate [OR = 0.78, 95% CI (0.53 to 1.13),p = 0.19]. In addition, operating times were statistically shorter with C-NDL compared to TOT / TVT-O [mean difference (MD) = − 7.38, 95% CI (− 10.73 to − 4.04),p < 0.0001]. In terms of the postoperative visual analogue scale (VAS) and the incidence of postoperative pain, C-NDL has a greater advantage [MD = − 1.71, 95% CI (− 2.91 to − 0.50),p = 0.005]; [OR = 0.21, 95% CI (0.05 to 0.96),p = 0.04]. Complication rates were statistically similar between the groups, except for groin pain which was higher in TOT / TVT-O.

Conclusion

Our data suggest that C-NDL slings have similar short-term efficacy as TOT/TVT-O in curing SUI patients. Compared with TOT/TVT-O, C-NDL is associated with a shorter operative time, and the incidence of postoperative pain is decreased. Nevertheless, these findings should be further confirmed through large-volume, well-designed prospective randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with long-term follow-up.
Utilization of egg-laying hens (Gallus Gallus domesticus) for production of ingredients for human consumption and animal feed
Authors: Hjellnes Veronica , Šližyte Rasa , Rustad Turid , Carvajal Ana Karina , Greiff Kirsti
Published: May 2020

Background

In Norway, 3 million discarded egg-laying hens are destructed annually, which equals 1500 tons pure hen meat. Due to the slaughter methods used, this raw material is handled as a high-risk waste, while in reality it constitutes a source of valuable components like proteins and lipids.

Methods

This study assess different processing methods (thermal treatment, enzymatic hydrolysis and silaging) for utilization of discarded egg-laying hens for the production of ingredients for human consumption and animal feed. The processing methods were evaluated on the basis of quantity and quality of the obtained products.

Results

Thermal treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis resulted in extraction of good quality lipids from the raw material. The separated oil (50.1–82.3% of the total lipid content in the raw material) was of high quality based on the content of free fatty acids (≤ 1.0%) and total oxidation value (≤ 3.9). Enzymatic hydrolysis also enabled separation of protein in the form of protein hydrolysate. Addition of Protamex and Papain+Bromelain significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased the protein content (85.1–94.6%) and decreased the lipid content (0.3–1.1%) in the hydrolysate compared to autolysis (protein content: 64.8–72.3%, lipid content: 1.0–2.6%). Silaging increased the protein digestibility (63.2–79.7% compared to 57.3–66.2% for untreated raw material), and thus constitutes a good method for utilizing the protein content of the raw material for animal feed.

Conclusion

The biotechnological processing methods thermal treatment, enzymatic hydrolysis and silaging can be used to increase the utilization of discarded egg-laying hens for production of ingredients for human consumption and animal feed.
Association of LTF, ENAM, and AMELX polymorphisms with dental caries susceptibility: a meta-analysis
Authors: Sharifi Roohollah , Jahedi Sajjad , Mozaffari Hamid Reza , Imani Mohammad Moslem , Sadeghi Masoud , Golshah Amin , Moradpoor Hedaiat , Safaei Mohsen
Published: May 2020

Background

This meta-analysis evaluated the association of LTF, ENAM, and AMELX polymorphisms with dental caries susceptibility.

Methods

We searched the Scopus, PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases to retrieve articles published by October 2019. Review Manager 5.3 software was used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The results of publication bias tests were retrieved by Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 2.0 software.

Results

A total of 150 relevant records were identified; out of which, 16 were entered into the analysis (4 studies assessed LTF, 11 ENAM, and 11 AMELX polymorphisms). Of all polymorphisms, there was a significant association only between ENAM rs3796704 polymorphism and dental caries susceptibility. Both ENAM rs3796704 and AMELX rs17878486 polymorphisms had a significant association with dental caries risk in the Caucasian ethnicity and the studies including caries-free control group.

Conclusions

The results of this meta-analysis showed that the G allele and the GG genotype of ENAM rs3796704 were associated with an increased risk of caries in the case group compared with the control group. But there was no association between LTF rs1126478, ENAM (rs1264848 and rs3796703), and AMELX (rs946252, rs17878486, and rs2106416) polymorphisms and dental caries susceptibility.
Schneiderian membrane thickness variation following endodontic procedures: a retrospective cone beam computed tomography study
Authors: Van Den Munckhof Thera , Patel Shanon , Koller Garrit , Berkhout Erwin , Mannocci Francesco , Foschi Federico
Published: May 2020

Background

To assess the change of the Schneider membrane thickness measured by CBCT before and after root canal treatment, retreatment and pulp capping procedures.

Methods

This retrospective study was conducted on CBCT scans of a patient population of Guy’s Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London. Three groups of patients were studied: Group 1 consisted of patients referred for primary endodontic treatment; Group 2 for endodontic retreatment; Group 3 for indirect pulp capping procedures (serving as a control group). Follow up scans were carried out 1 year after treatment. Measurements were carried out on CBCT scans and data were analysed statistically by Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Linear regression was used to assess predictive parameters for membrane thickness.

Results

A statistically significant reduction of the Schneider membrane thickness was observed one year after endodontic treatment and retreatment (P < 0.05) but no significant reduction was observed after pulp capping procedures. Linear regression showed that age and gender were significant predictors influencing the Schneider membrane thickness.

Conclusions

Within the limitations of this retrospective study, following root canal treatment and re-treatment a Schneiderian membrane thickness reduction occurred at 1-year follow-up.

The removal of odontogenic infection following endodontic treatment may help reducing the thickness of the Schneider membrane.