bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A survey on the effect of establishment techniques, crop management, moisture availability and soil type on turnip dry matter yields and nutritive characteristics in western Victoria
Authors: Jacobs J. L. , Ward G. N. , McDowell A. M. , Kearney G. A.
Published: August 2002

Factors associated with turnip dry matter yield, metabolisable energy and
crude protein were investigated in 266 turnip forage crops on 142 dairy farms
in south-western Victoria during spring 1999 and summer 2000. Factors measured
were primary cultivation method, secondary cultivation method, soil texture,
soil temperature and moisture at sowing, seedbed preparation, turnip variety,
sowing method, sowing rate, rolling post-sowing, harrowing post-sowing,
seedling establishment, insect damage, water received, phosphorus and nitrogen
application.
The average date for the commencement of seedbed preparation was early
October, although the range was from mid-March until mid-December. Sowing
dates ranged from mid-September to mid-December, with an average of
mid-October. The most common turnip variety sown was Barkant, followed by
Mammoth Purple Top, Vollenda and Rondo. Growing periods ranged from 8 to 23
weeks, with the majority of crops grazed from 8 to 15 weeks. The average dry
matter yield was about 5 t DM/ha, with values ranging from 0.4 to 19.2 t
DM/ha. The average metabolisable energy content of turnips was 13.7
MJ/kg DM with values ranging from 11.3 to 14.6 MJ/kg DM. The
metabolisable energy of roots was on average higher than the leaf component of
the plants (14 v. 13.5 MJ/kg DM). Conversely, crude
protein content of leaves (15.4%) was higher than in the root
fraction (13.9%). The average neutral detergent fibre content of
turnips was 22.5% with values ranging from 16.9 to
30.5%. The water-soluble carbohydrate content of the leaf component
ranged from 1.1 to 26.8% with an average of 14.7%, while
starch content of the root component ranged from 0.3 to 38.8% with
an average content of 16.9%. The average cost of growing a turnip
crop was $485/ha or $133 t DM.
Total, leaf and root dry matter yield as well as metabolisable energy and
crude protein were analysed by a mixed effects model (with factors fixed and
farms and paddocks random). Factors that were associated with total dry matter
yield were total water received, soil temperature and moisture at sowing,
seedling density, method of secondary cultivation, soil type and insect
damage. The application of nitrogen fertiliser had the greatest association
with turnip crude protein content.
In conclusion the findings of this study indicate potential ways to increase
the dry matter yield of turnips grown in south-western Victoria. Given the
current average dry matter yields and cost of growing turnips, purchasing
cereal grain may be a viable alternative. An increase in average dry matter
yield would make the choice of growing turnips as a feed for lactating dairy
cows a more profitable option.
Body condition at calving and the performance of dairy cows in early lactation under Australian conditions: a review
Authors: Stockdale C. R.
Published: August 2002

With the current increases in genetic merit and feeding occurring at farm
level, dairy cows are under increasing nutritional stress in early lactation.
Cows obtain their energy at this time from the feeds they eat and from body
reserves. The relationship between body condition at calving and productivity
of dairy cows has been reviewed, with particular emphasis on interactions
between body condition and nutrition in early lactation. Recent research on
the influence of body condition at calving on subsequent milk productivity,
conducted mainly in the United Kingdom with complete diets fed indoors, has
produced results in apparent conflict with the previous results from southern
Australia and New Zealand where cows grazed pasture. In particular, the
overseas research suggests considerably less advantage to improvements in body
condition than had been previously thought. It is concluded that more
information is needed concerning the interaction between body condition at
calving and nutrition in early lactation, with dietary energy and protein both
being important. There is a suggestion that, when complete diets are fed, it
is better to achieve high energy concentrations in post-calving diets by the
use of high-fibre concentrates with a fat supplement, rather than with
high-starch concentrates. This has implications for dairying in Australia,
since cereal grains are the major energy supplement used on many farms in
early lactation and recent research has indicated that immediate marginal milk
production responses to the use of concentrates may be poorer with fat cows
than with thin cows.
Reports from controlled feeding experiments indicate that fat cows need more
dietary protein than thin cows and undegradable dietary protein might be of
more concern than rumen degradable protein. However, in dairy systems where
pasture is a considerable proportion of the diet, benefits of supplying
specific undegradable dietary protein supplements still need to be
established. Recent research has suggested that pasture appears to provide
considerable quantities of undegradable dietary protein, even though the crude
protein in pasture is potentially highly degradable in the rumen.
Body condition at calving may also affect subsequent reproductive performance.
This is due to its association with the degree of negative energy balance
occurring in early lactation and because fat cows may be more susceptible to
metabolic disease(s). While the mechanisms involved are probably quite
complex, increases in animal productivity will generate more stress in cows at
a time of their annual cycle when stress needs to be minimised. Further
understanding is required to link the relevancy of overseas research to
Australian dairy farming conditions where pasture is a key input.
The new classification of the smut fungi, exemplified by Australasian taxa
Authors: Vánky Kálmán
Published: August 2002

The 150 years old classificatory system for smut fungi was recently replaced
by a new one, based on ultrastructural and molecular studies and also on
classical morphological characters. The c. 1450 known
‘classical’ smut fungi (those possessing ustilospores) are
classified into two classes, eight orders, 18 families and 73 genera. The
surprising result in this new system is that the Microbotryales, with 93
species in eight genera, are more closely related to the rust fungi than to
the remaining group of smut fungi. This is supported by biochemical,
ultrastructural and molecular data. In the new system, some groups of fungi
are lacking ustilospores (Microstromatales, Exobasidiales). Through convergent
evolution, similar, complex spore ball structures, composed of spores and
empty sterile cells, evolved from different ancestors as adaptation to
parasitism on water plants (Doassansiopsiaceae and Doassansiaceae). The
presence (or absence) of spore balls does not always reflect a close
relationship as was previously thought: in the Doassansiaceae, characterised
so far mainly by spore balls, Doassinga has single
spores. Examples of Australasian taxa and their place in the new
classification, presented are Doassansiopsis,
Doassingaand Pseudotracya of the
‘Doassansia’ group,
Mundkurella, Heterotolyposporium,
Websdanea, Restiosporium and
within the Microbotryales Microbotryum
(Microbotryaceae), Fulvisporium and
Bauerago (Ustilentylomataceae).
Rhytismatales of Australasia
Authors: Johnston Peter R.
Published: August 2002

The Rhytismatales are both genetically and biologically diverse in
Australasia. Although taxonomically one of the better known groups of
ascomycetes from the region, almost all knowledge on the group is confined to
species from south-eastern Australia and New Zealand. The indigenous
Australasian species show two distinct patterns of geographic
relationship—one group comprises species with a broad tropical
distribution, the other comprises species that have close relatives on
phylogenetically related hosts in other parts of the temperate Southern
Hemisphere. While the widespread tropical species have a broad host range, the
others tend to be specialised toward a single host. Further research required
includes alpha-taxonomic studies from other parts of Australasia, study of the
biological roles these fungi play in Australasian forests and molecular
studies on the origin of the genetic diversity of the order in this region.
GUARANTEED MUTUALLY CONSISTENT CHECKPOINTING IN DISTRIBUTED COMPUTATIONS
Authors: YANG ZHONGHUA , SUN CHENGZHENG , MIAO YUAN , SATTAR ABDUL , YANG YANYAN
Published: August 2002

In this paper, we explore the isomorphism between vector time and causality to characterize consistency of a set of checkpoints in a distributed computing. A necessary and sufficient condition, to determine if a set of local checkpoints can form a consistent global checkpoint, is presented and proved using the isomorphic power of vector time and causality. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to use the isomorphism for this purpose. This condition leads to a simple and straightforward algorithm for a guaranteed mutually consistent global checkpointing. In our approach, a process can take a checkpoint whenever and wherever it wants while other related process may be asked to take an additional checkpoint for ensuring the mutual consistency. We also show how this condition and the resulting algorithm can be used to obtain a maximum and minimum global checkpoints, another important paradigm for distributed applications.
PEDICLED HYPOTHENAR FAT FLAP FOR MEDIAN NERVE COVERAGE IN RECALCITRANT CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME
Authors: Mathoulin Ch. , Bahm J. , Roukoz S.
Published: August 2002

We report the use of a hypothenar pedicled fat flap to cover the median nerve in recalcitrant carpal tunnel syndrome. Forty-five patients with recurrent symptoms after previous carpal tunnel surgery were included in this study. Patients with incomplete release of the transverse carpal ligament were not included.

We performed an anatomical study on 30 cadavers. The original technique with the section of the deep branch of ulnar artery was modified. The flap could be transferred onto the median nerve without stretching. The median follow-up was 45 months (range, 12–80 months). Pain completely disappeared in 41 patients with normal nerve conduction. Based on clinical and electromyographic signs, the global results showed excellent results (49%), 19 good results (45%), two average results (4.5%) and two failures (2%).

The use of a hypothenar pedicled fat flap to cover the median nerve in recalcitrant carpal tunnel syndrome is a simple and efficient technique which improves the trophic environment of the median nerve and relieves pain.
EQUIVALENT L-SHAPES OF DOUBLE-LOOP NETWORKS FOR THE DEGENERATE CASE
Authors: CHEN CHIUYUAN , HWANG F. K.
Published: August 2002

Double-loop networks have been widely studied as architecture for local area networks. The L-shape is an important tool for studying the distance properties of double-loop networks. Two L-shapes are equivalent if the numbers of nodes k steps away from the origin are the same for every k. Hwang and Xu first studied equivalent L-shapes through a geometric operation called a 3-rectangle transformation. Rödseth gave an algebraic operation, which was found by Huang, Hwang and Liu to correspond to the 3-rectangle transformation. Recently, Chen and Hwang obtained all equivalent transformations for the nondegenerate case. In this paper, we do the same for the degenerate case.
Orally given melatonin may serve as a probe drug for cytochrome P450 1A2 activity in vivo: A pilot study
Authors: Härtter Sebastian , Ursing Carina , Morita Sachiyo , Tybring Gunnel , von Bahr Christer , Christensen Magnus , Röjdmark Sven , Bertilsson Leif
Published: August 2002

Background

Melatonin is a hormone that is metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2 to its main primary metabolite 6‐hydroxymelatonin. We therefore evaluated the utility of oral melatonin as a marker of hepatic CYP1A2 activity.

Methods

Twenty‐five milligrams of melatonin was given at 9:30 am to 12 healthy Swedish volunteers, who had previously been phenotyped for CYP1A2 with caffeine. Melatonin and conjugated 6‐hydroxymelatonin were analyzed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry in blood samples taken between 0.5 and 6.5 hours after drug intake. Serum concentrations of melatonin and conjugated 6‐hydroxymelatonin, or their ratio at different time points, and the apparent melatonin clearance were tested for correlation with caffeine clearance.

Results

We found a significant correlation between apparent clearance of melatonin and caffeine clearance with a Spearman rank correlation coefficient (Rs) of 0.75 (P = .005). The melatonin concentration 1.5 hours after administration also closely correlated with the caffeine clearance (Rs = −0.62; P = .03). Inclusion of conjugated 6‐hydroxymelatonin gave no closer correlations.

Conclusion

Melatonin might be developed as an alternative to caffeine as a probe drug for CYP1A2 phenotyping.

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2001) 70, 10–16; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2001.116512
Red wine–cisapride interaction: Comparison with grapefruit juice
Authors: Offman Elliot M. , Freeman David J. , Dresser George K. , Munoz Claudio , Bend John R. , Bailey David G.
Published: August 2002

Objectives

Our objective was to compare the interactions of red wine and grapefruit juice with cisapride.

Methods

The oral pharmacokinetics of cisapride, its norcisapride metabolite, and electrocardiographic QTc interval were determined over a 24‐hour period after administration of cisapride 10 mg with 250 mL grapefruit juice, red wine (cabernet sauvignon), or water in a randomized 3‐way crossover study in 12 healthy men.

Results

The cisapride area under the concentration‐time curve (AUC) and the maximum plasma drug concentration after single‐dose administration (Cmax) with grapefruit juice were 151% (P < .01) and 168% (P < .001), respectively, of those with water. The increase in cisapride AUC and Cmax was variable among individuals; however, cisapride AUC and Cmax were enhanced by the same proportion. The time to reach maximum concentration after drug administration (tmax) and the apparent elimination half‐life (t½ for cisapride and the pharmacokinetics of norcisapride were not altered. Norcisapride/cisapride ratios were reduced. Cisapride AUC and Cmax with red wine were 115% (difference not statistically significant) and 107% (difference not statistically significant), respectively, of those with water. The cisapride tmax was slightly longer. Cisapride t½ and norcisapride pharmacokinetics were not different. The norcisapride/cisapride ratio at cisapride Cmax was lower. One subject had a doubling in cisapride AUC and Cmax and a decrease in norcisapride/cisapride ratios with red wine and also had the largest interaction with grapefruit juice. QTc interval was unchanged in all treatment groups and individuals.

Conclusions

A single glass of grapefruit juice produced an individual‐dependent variable increase in the systemic availability of cisapride by inhibition of intestinal cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) activity. The identical volume of red wine caused only minor changes in cisapride pharmacokinetics despite some inhibition of CYP3A4 in most individuals. However, even this amount of red wine may cause a marked interaction similar to that for grapefruit juice in individuals with a preexisting high intestinal CYP3A4 content.

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2001) 70, 17–23; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2001.116892
Effect of voriconazole on the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine in renal transplant patients
Authors: Romero Alain J. , Pogamp Patrick Le , Nilsson Lars‐Goran , Wood Nolan
Published: August 2002

Objective

Voriconazole is a broad‐spectrum triazole antifungal agent under investigation for opportunistic infections that often target immunosuppressed patients. This study investigated the effect of voriconazole on the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine (INN, ciclosporin).

Methods

This was a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, crossover study in kidney transplant recipients with stable renal function who were receiving cyclosporine (150‐375 mg/d). During the first study period (7.5 days), subjects in group A received concomitant voriconazole (200 mg every 12 hours); group B received a matched placebo. After a washout period (≥4 days), subjects were crossed over to the other treatment regimen.

Results

In the 7 subjects who completed both regimens, concomitant administration with voriconazole resulted in a 1.7‐fold increase in mean cyclosporine area under the plasma concentration‐time curve within a dosage interval (AUCτ; 90% confidence interval, 1.47 to 1.96). Cyclosporine maximum observed plasma concentration (Cmax) and the time to the first occurrence of Cmax (tmax) were not affected in a clinically significant manner, but plasma trough concentration (Cmin) was higher in the presence of voriconazole than with placebo. The mean increase in cyclosporine Cmin in subjects who ceased to participate in the study was 2.48‐fold (range, 1.88 to 3.03). There were 7 subjects who stopped participating in the study during voriconazole administration. Six of these subjects discontinued the study for reasons that were considered to be drug related, and the majority were attributable to increased cyclosporine levels. Although not serious, all causality‐related adverse events were more frequent during voriconazole administration than during placebo administration.

Conclusions

Mean cyclosporine AUCτ increased 1.7‐fold in the presence of voriconazole. Therefore, when voriconazole is initiated in patients already receiving cyclosporine, it is recommended that the cyclosporine dose be halved and that blood cyclosporine concentrations be carefully monitored. When voriconazole is discontinued, blood cyclosporine concentrations should be monitored and the cyclosporine dose increased, if necessary.

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2002) 71, 226–234; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2002.121911
Schizophrenia, Tardive Dyskinesia, and the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS)
Authors: Menzies Victoria , Farrell Sarah P.
Published: August 2002

The incidence of tardive dyskinesia as a side effect of antipsychotic medications is well documented in the literature on the treatment for schizophrenia. Although the new generation of atypical neuroleptics helps diminish the incidence of such side effects, a complete elimination has yet to be fully realized. Nurses continually observe and assess patients. As such, nurses in all settings can effectively contribute to both preventative and palliative care of the patient who is about to receive or is currently receiving antipsychotic medications. Familiarity with the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) and expertise in the application of AIMS in patient assessment assist in these important prevention efforts.
Firm Size Structure in North American Housebuilding: Persistent Deconcentration, 1945–98
Authors: Buzzelli Michael
Published: August 2002

In this paper I document and analyse the evolving firm size structure of the housebuilding industry in North America since World War 2, and place it in a wider context of industrial organisation. This is done first by synthesising the literature on housebuilding, particularly secondary data, to outline the industry's firm size and market share distributions. Second, the literature is extended with new and original data on the housebuilding industry for the province of Ontario, supplied by the Ontario New Home Warranty Program. The data are a complete annual census of builders in the province from 1978 through 1998. Using standard measures of industrial concentration and firm size classifications common to the housebuilding literature, Ontario is placed in the Canadian and North American contexts, to outline how housebuilding has evolved since World War 2. The main findings are that housebuilding shows no long-term trend toward rising market concentration. Rather, the industry's structure appears to change in cycles, while the largest firms have neither the growth rates nor the longevity to produce high levels of concentration common in other industries. On the basis of these findings, I suggest how insights into the firm size structure of housebuilding may benefit from, and contribute to, our understanding of social systems of production and discuss directions for future research.
Hierarchical Destination Choice and Spatial Interaction Modelling: A Simulation Experiment
Authors: Fotheringham A Stewart , Nakaya Tomoki , Yano Keiji , Openshaw Stan , Ishikawa Yoshitaka
Published: August 2002

A simulation experiment is proposed and undertaken to extend our understanding of the role of the competing destinations spatial interaction model in capturing the effects of hierarchical destination choice. In doing so, we make explicit the linkage between spatial choice behaviour at different levels of a spatial hierarchy. We also make explicit the way in which decisions made at one level of the hierarchy can lead to biased measurements of behaviour at a lower one. This is shown when conventional spatial interaction models are calibrated with interaction data that result from hierarchical destination choice.
Migration and Labor-Market Returns in Urban China: Results from a Recent Survey in Guangzhou
Authors: Fan C Cindy
Published: August 2002

The transitional process in China is marked by prominent roles of state institutions, which are a key determinant of the opportunity and reward structure in the newly developing labor market. Migrant labor and the occupational and sectoral changes in the urban economy have further shaped the evolution of the labor market in Chinese cities. In this paper, I argue that labor-market returns are not only functions of human capital but are heavily influenced by state-controlled institutional status. Specifically, I examine the variations in income and benefits returns among nonmigrant urban residents, permanent migrants who possess urban residence, and temporary migrants who are denied permanent residence rights in cities. The empirical analysis employs data from a recent survey conducted in Guangzhou, one of the largest and most rapidly changing cities and one of the most popular destinations of migrant workers in China. The findings show that permanent migrants' income returns are especially high and that temporary migrants' benefits returns are especially inferior. Furthermore, they suggest that permanent migrants' advantaged positions are conducive to their continued success in the labor market when they shift to more profitable occupations and sectors such as commerce and self-employment. The findings of this paper support the notion that in China resident status functions like ascribed attributes that have effects on labor-market returns independent of achieved attributes, and that migration and labor-market segmentation are intricately related to the reward structure in the urban labor market.
Reconceptualising Paid Informal Exchange: Some Lessons from English Cities
Authors: Williams Colin , Windebank Jan
Published: August 2002

Most studies of paid informal exchange evaluate its varying magnitude across space and social groups. Little attention, however, has been paid to the variable nature of paid informal exchange. Instead, the unchallenged assumption is that such exchanges are universally conducted under work relations akin to formal employment for profit-motivated purposes. To evaluate critically this dominant conceptualisation of the character of paid informal exchange, empirical research is here reported from lower-income and higher-income neighbourhoods of two English cities. This identifies that although most paid informal exchange in affluent suburbs is conducted under market-like relations for economic gain, this is not the case in lower-income neighbourhoods. Here, such exchange is more undertaken for and by friends, neighbours, and relatives for an array of reasons associated with developing social capital and/or redistribution. We conclude by suggesting that a more socially, culturally, and geographically embedded appreciation of the nature of paid informal exchange is now required alongside a fuller exploration of its implications for policy.
Governing Globalisation: The New Zealand Call Centre Attraction Initiative
Authors: Larner Wendy
Published: August 2002

It is well established that globalisation is associated with changing governmental conceptions of economic space. Whereas previously firms, regions, and economic sectors were understood as discrete parts of a national economy, they are now constituted as nodes in global economic flows and networks. However, less attention has been paid to the forms of expertise and knowledge practices through which the global economy has been constituted as the focus of economic governance. Through a case study of the New Zealand Call Centre Attraction Initiative, this paper draws from the governmentality literature to show new forms of economic governance can be conceptualised as an assemblage of spaces, subjects, strategies, and numbers. It is argued that far from being a ‘new reality’ globalisation is a governmental process in the making.
Inner-City Real Estate Investment, Gentrification, and Economic Recession in New York City
Authors: Hackworth Jason
Published: August 2002

Considerable debate about the significance of the early 1990s recession (and subsequent property boom) on gentrification is still largely unresolved because the scale of analysis used to research this question has continued to focus on the neighborhood. This study examines the influence of recession on gentrification in New York City through citywide housing-market data. By using a wider lens to examine gentrification, the larger progression of uneven development and its recent acceleration become clearer. It also becomes evident that the process (of gentrification) is changing, qualitatively and quantitatively, in ways that are difficult to discern in localized studies.
An Equilibrium Analysis of the Diversification of Regional Agriculture
Authors: Gilchrist Donald A , Louis Larry V
Published: August 2002

Regional industrial diversification policies seek to achieve a more stable economy through a ‘better’ balance among the industries currently active in the region and through the development of new industries. In this paper, we provide a consistent model of regional industrial diversification that explicitly incorporates the regional industrial structure and sources of economic instability, and facilitates the inclusion of data on technologies not currently observable in the region. We illustrate it with an application to a current policy concern: the diversification of agriculture and food processing in Saskatchewan.
The Contribution of Suppressed and Induced Traffic in Highway Appraisal, Part 2: Policy Tests
Authors: Williams Huw C W L , Van Vliet Dirk , Kim Kwang Sik
Published: August 2002

In conjunction with the equilibrium model and reference states developed in paper 1 we examine, over the period 2000 – 20, the effect of new roads and highway capacity changes, applied with and without road pricing, on vehicle emissions and economic (user) benefits. In particular, we quantify the elasticity effects on these outputs. By unifying the treatment of emission and economic benefits, we have confirmed that those conclusions of the 1994 report of the Standing Advisory Committee on Trunk Road Assessment relating to the effect of generated traffic on user benefits may be extended to the case of emissions. Specifically, we have shown both theoretically and numerically that, in congested conditions, elasticity effects may significantly undermine the emission benefits from new and expanded roads. With regard to both components of benefit we have drawn particular attention to the contribution of the off-peak period. For demand elasticities as low as −0.25 we also show that, compared with their evaluation under free use, the emission benefits derived from a road scheme may be significantly reduced, and user benefits moderately reduced, under a regime of congestion pricing. We finally address Foster's contention that the inclusion of induced traffic in road investment appraisal may improve the case for building and improving roads to a higher capacity. We discuss the theoretical conditions under which this may occur but suggest that these are unlikely to hold in practice.
A Tale of Four Cities: Intrametropolitan Employment Distribution in Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, and Ottawa – Hull, 1981 – 1996
Authors: Shearmur Richard , Coffey William J
Published: August 2002

Since the late 1980s there has been considerable interest in the intrametropolitan location of economic activity. A growing number of studies examine in detail the spatial structure of particular metropolitan areas, or present comparisons at a relatively aggregated spatial and sectoral level. From these studies, certain authors have deduced a general pattern of metropolitan spatial development—one involving the suburbanisation of economic activity and the weakening of the central business district. The scarcity of comparable data covering different cities renders these generalisations somewhat tentative, however. In this paper we use a unique database to compare the spatial structures, and their evolution over time, for the four largest Canadian metropolitan areas: Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, and Ottawa – Hull. These data allow highly disaggregated spatial (census-tract level) and sectoral (thirty economic sectors) analyses. The results, which illustrate the existence of three distinct patterns of development amongst these four metropolitan areas, call into question the existence of a single model. In doing so they also raise a series of questions regarding possible explanations for these differences.
Multiple Proximities: Culture and Geography in the Transport Logistics of Newsprint Manufactured in Australia
Authors: Bradshaw Matt
Published: August 2002

Three types of proximity are argued to be present in the research material in this paper. First, put simply, geographic proximity refers to two entities being physically next to each other. Second, cultural proximity refers to two entities being relationally close to one another, with geographic proximity often not being required. Third, network proximity refers to two entities being associated through or with a third entity, again with geographic proximity often not being required. Geographies of links between entities—people, enterprises, places, etc—trace networks of relations. Geographic proximity remains crucial, but the relational spaces of geographic networks that selectively connect entities in different ways around the world are just as important. In this paper some elements from actor-network theory are used to approach the investigation of multiple proximities. The argument is exemplified through a recent case study of the restructuring of trans-port logistics of newsprint manufactured in Australia.
China's Regional Water Scarcity and Implications for Grain Supply and Trade
Authors: Yang Hong , Zehnder Alexander
Published: August 2002

In this paper we highlight the water scarcity and resource depletion in the North China Plain, the ‘breadbasket’ of China. A projection of water demand in the region indicates a continuous aggravation in water deficit in the coming years. Analyses of countermeasures on the supply and demand side suggest that the conventional wisdom of ‘opening up new sources and economising on the use of resources’ may not be an optimal way to deal with water scarcity in the region. Importing water in the form of grain should be taken as an additional measure. This ‘virtual water import’ option needs to be incorporated into the current regional and national agricultural development strategy in which crop structural adjustment is at the core.
Urban Labour-Force Experience as a Determinant of Rural Occupation Change: Evidence from Recent Urban-Rural Return Migration in China
Authors: Ma Zhongdong
Published: August 2002

An integrated approach to temporary migration in developing countries is proposed by linking past urban labour-force experience to postreturn entrepreneurial activities. The central argument is that labour migration is a family strategy to acquire both physical and human capital for a future technological transformation. On the basis of an in-depth survey of returned migrants that was conducted in rural China, I focus on the explanation of return rural occupation change in a multivariate framework. I find that it is the improvement of the migrant's skills and entrepreneurial ability rather than their savings and remittances that strongly facilitates a return rural occupational change. The policy implication of the finding is to shift efforts from narrowing intersectoral wage differentials to improving rural learning and training opportunities.
Environmental Capacity Building in the Czech Republic
Authors: Fagin Adam
Published: August 2002

The damaged state of the environment in what was Czechoslovakia seemed to symbolise all that was at fault with the Soviet political, social, and economic model. In response to increased domestic and international concern about levels of pollution, plus the fact that the new government included former dissidents who had been involved in the clandestine environmental movement prior to the revolution, the environment was identified as a key priority in 1990. The tenth anniversary of the collapse of communist rule provided an appropriate point at which to assess the progress made and to consider the development of environmental capacity in the Czech Republic. Although I broadly adopt the conceptual framework of ‘environmental capacity building’ in this paper, I also argue that any assessment of environmental policy must focus primarily on the underlying processes of political, social, and economic reform that, in conjunction, continue to shape environmental policy and strategies. Thus, the objective here is to consider the impact of economic reform on the environment, how a decade of political reform has affected environmental nongovernmental organisations, and what has been the actual result of external aid and assistance. Two overriding points emerge from the discussion. First, much of the improvement in levels of pollution is in fact attributable to the decline in manufacturing output rather than conservation measures or large-scale restructuring. Second, the strengthening of environmental capacity is inextricably linked to the complex process of democratic consolidation and is thus constrained not just by the legacies of communist rule, but by the evolving relationship between society, the global economy, and the state.
Theories of Local Economic Growth (Part 2): Model Specification and Empirical Validation
Authors: Plummer Paul , Taylor Mike
Published: August 2002

This study is an attempt to produce a theoretically informed econometric analysis of dynamic regional economic performance. The first paper in this two-part study highlighted the problems and possibilities of translating the propositions contained in six ‘soft’ theories of local economic growth into measurable dimensions and sets of proxy variables that are hypothesized to determine local economic growth. This second paper focuses on issues of econometric-model design and empirical validation. Given the practical limitations imposed by data availability, the ‘soft’ theories of local economic growth are modeled by a simple conditional ‘gap’ convergence model in which prevailing regional unemployment relativities are determined by a common trend in unemployment and a set of regionally specific variables. The empirical validity of the competing ‘soft’ theories of local economic growth is evaluated by applying test restrictions imposed by the ‘soft’ theories to a general model specification containing eight regionally specific variables that have been identified as potential drivers of local economic growth. The econometric modeling of Australian data suggests that the processes of regional economic performance might be somewhat different from those specified in individual theoretical models. Significantly, the role of local ‘enterprise culture’ is revealed—built on specialization, technological leadership, human resources, and the local integration of firms—though significant caveats are attached to the roles of access to information, institutional support, and interregional trade as promoters of local economic growth.
Using Evolutionary Algorithms to Generate Alternatives for Multiobjective Site-Search Problems
Authors: Xiao Ningchuan , Bennett David A , Armstrong Marc P
Published: August 2002

Multiobjective site-search problems are a class of decision problems that have geographical components and multiple, often conflicting, objectives; this kind of problem is often encountered and is technically difficult to solve. In this paper we describe an evolutionary algorithm (EA) based approach that can be used to address such problems. We first describe the general design of EAs that can be used to generate alternatives that are optimal or close to optimal with respect to multiple criteria. Then we define the problem addressed in this research and discuss how the EA was designed to solve it. In this procedure, called MOEA/Site, a solution (that is, a site) is encoded by using a graph representation that is operated on by a set of specifically designed evolutionary operations. This approach is applied to five different types of cost surfaces and the results are compared with 10 000 randomly generated solutions. The results demonstrate the robustness and effectiveness of this EA-based approach to geographical analysis and multiobjective decisionmaking. Critical issues regarding the representation of spatial solutions and associated evolutionary operations are also discussed.
Marriage and Migration in Transitional China: A Field Study of Gaozhou, Western Guangdong
Authors: Fan C Cindy , Li Ling
Published: August 2002

Marriage and marriage migration are often downplayed in the migration literature. The role of location in the decisionmaking underlying marriage migration, and the relations between marriage and labor migration, are little understood. Research that focuses on international marriages and on Western or capitalist economies has highlighted marriage as a strategy, but little attention is given to domestic marriage migration and to socialist and transitional economies. In this paper, through a field study of two villages in western Guangdong, China, and analysis of quantitative and qualitative data from that study, we wish to advance two arguments. First, we argue that changes in the spatial economy have reinforced the importance of location in the matching and trade-off processes that lead to marriage migration. Evidence of spatial hypergamy across long distance supports the notion that marriage is a means for peasant women to move to more favorable locations. Second, we show that increased opportunities for labor migration—a product of economic transition—have enlarged peasants' marriage market and at the same time promoted division of labor within marriage. The findings underscore household and individual strategies in response to macrolevel constraints and opportunities, the centrality of marriage for understanding migration, and the relations between marriage and labor migration.
Creating Small Area Measures of Urban Deprivation
Authors: Harris Richard J , Longley Paul A
Published: August 2002

In recent years, the scale and pace of urban change have been associated with fine-scale fragmentation of the lifestyles of urban populations. One manifestation of this is that households of diverse means and circumstances may be found living in proximity to one another, particularly in urban areas. In this paper we argue that in these changed circumstances conventional deprivation indicators fail adequately to detect within and between small area variations in socioeconomic and environmental conditions. Using a case study of Bristol, England, we develop an analysis around Gordon and Forrest's Breadline Britain indicator in order to reveal the diversity of economic conditions that exist within wards that might be labelled as either affluent or deprived. We argue that adequate representation of diversity requires a greater sensitivity to difference at fine scales. In this context, we begin to evaluate the claims of marketeers who use commercial sources of data to model incomes at unit postcode and even household scales. We undertake an evaluation of such data and extend their application to calculation of Breadline Britain index scores. The results suggest some potential for using unconventional sources of data to ‘freshen up’ census information and provide direct, meaningful, measures of deprivation.
Constructing Knowledges of ‘Emerging Markets’: UK-Based Investment Managers and Their Overseas Connections
Authors: Sidaway James D , Bryson John R
Published: August 2002

We seek to trace the construction and circulation of the investment category of ‘emerging markets’, reflecting on the geographies contained therein. To this end, drawing on face-to-face interviews, we investigate the production and circulation of specialist expertise and knowledge amongst British-based managers and analysts. This involves starting to trace networks of information, movement, and command that connect fund managers and analysts in global financial centres such as the City of London with emerging market economies. We conclude with reflections on the distinctiveness of emerging markets analysis, arguing that these lie in the rhetorical strategies used to promote emerging markets investments and the ways that these are internalised and enacted by analysts.
Residential Mobility and Local Housing-Market Differences
Authors: van der Vlist Arno J , Gorter Cees , Nijkamp Peter , Rietveld Piet
Published: August 2002

The authors extend previous literature on variations in mobility rates across local housing markets by examining the linkage of mobility rates at the household level to the structure of local housing markets. The results suggest that residential mobility rates differ widely across local housing markets, substantiating the view that residential relocation is intimately intertwined with conditions at the local level. Local housing-market conditions also have different effects on mobility rates for renters and owner-occupiers. The results suggest that variation in residential mobility rates across housing markets can be in part explained by level of urbanization, the tenure structure, the degree of government intervention, and the size of the housing market. Remarkably, these differences in local housing markets cannot be seen to be related to housing-market features only. The results suggest that these differences can also be attributed to the behavior or attitude of households with respect to housing.
The Social Management of Rural Nature: Understanding Agrarian-Based Rural Development
Authors: Marsden Terry , Banks Jo , Bristow Gillian
Published: August 2002

There is a growing realisation that agriculture is a central mechanism for delivering sustainable rural development in Europe. However, agro-industrial and postproductivist logics and dynamics have largely tended to marginalise its significance. In this paper we explore some of the conceptual parameters needed to develop the rural development dynamic. This is one which recentralises agriculture and farm-based activities and provides a basis for countering the growing crisis in rural and agricultural policymaking. In order to further embed the rural development dynamic, however, new alliances need to be attached to the struggles that are currently underway in rural areas. This will involve the state and social scientists playing a greater constructive role in developing the social infrastructure around which current exemplars of agrarian-based rural development can become more mainstream.
The Potential and Limits of Progressive Neopluralism: A Comparative Study of Forest Politics in Coastal British Columbia and South East New South Wales during the 1990s
Authors: McManus Phil
Published: August 2002

During the 1990s the management of forests in British Columbia (Canada) and New South Wales (Australia) underwent many changes. For most of the decade the governments in both of these political jurisdictions were more socially and environmentally aware than their immediate predecessors. They were, however, far short of what many environmental and social activists desired. The New Democratic Party in British Columbia, led to government by Mike Harcourt, and the Australian Labor Party in New South Wales led by Bob Carr, may both be described as ‘centre-left/light-green’ in their political persuasions. This paper develops the regulation approach to explore the achievements, the potential and the limitations of these governments in the area of forest politics. It is argued that these governments implicitly adopted a progressive neopluralist approach to forest politics and attempted to manage environmental conflict by securing the agreement of many diverse interest groups. The experience of these two governments raises questions about the potential and limitations not just of the particular governments, but of a progressive neopluralist political strategy to achieve sustainable forest management.
Urban Form, Road Network Type, and Mode Choice for Frequently Conducted Activities: A Multilevel Analysis Using Quasi-Experimental Design Data
Authors: Snellen Danielle , Borgers Aloys , Timmermans Harry
Published: August 2002

The question of whether characteristics of urban form influence travel behaviour has a long tradition in transportation and urban planning. Positive evidence has been found, however, that serious methodological objections can be raised against many of these studies. Often no explicit attempt was made to disentangle the effects of spatial characteristics against personal and household characteristics. In addition, if both kinds of variables were included in the analysis, researchers were often not aware of the specific statistical problems that relate to the fact that the observations are made at different levels of aggregation. In this paper, therefore, the authors adopt a multilevel analysis to examine the relationship between urban form and travel behaviour.
Ethnicity and the Multicultural City: Living with Diversity
Authors: Amin Ash
Published: August 2002

In the wake of the race disturbances in Oldham, Burnley, and Bradford in Summer 2001, the author explores the possibilities for intercultural understanding and dialogue. He argues that, although the national frame of racial and ethnic relations remains important, much of the negotiation of difference occurs at the very local level, through everyday experiences and encounters. Against current policy emphasis on community cohesion and mixed housing, which also tends to assume fixed minority ethnic identities, the author focuses on prosaic sites of cultural exchange and transformation, plural and contested senses of place, an agonistic politics of ethnicity and identity, and the limitations of the White legacy of national belonging in Britain.