bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE REMOVAL OF COPPER AND CADMIUM IN THE HYDROMETALLURGY OF ZINC
Authors: Graham G. T. E. , Thorvaldson T.
Published: April 2011

A study was made of the precipitation, by means of zinc dust, of copper and cadmium from a "normal thickener overflow" solution as obtained in the hydro-metallurgy of zinc. The effect of (i) the quantity of zinc dust added, (ii) the initial pH of the solution, (iii) the time of agitation, and (iv) the aeration of the solution were studied. The polarograph was used to follow the changes in the concentration of the solution.For the effective removal of cadmium, the initial pH of the solution should not be below 3.5. The time of treatment with zinc dust should be controlled within narrow limits and, while the agitation should be effective, it should not cause aeration of the solution. The redissolving of cadmium on prolonged treatment appears to be a typical process of electrolytic corrosion analogous to underwater corrosion of iron in the neutral zone, the rate of redissolving being dependent on the supply of oxygen for depolarization. Similar redissolving of copper does not take place under the conditions studied and, given sufficient zinc dust, only the minimum time of treatment need be controlled.
THE HYDROLYSIS OF PROPIONITRILE IN CONCENTRATED SOLUTIONS OF MINERAL ACIDS
Authors: McLean J. D. , Rabinovitch B. S. , Winkler C. A.
Published: April 2011

The study of the hydrolysis of propionitrile in concentrated acid solutions has been extended to hydrobromic, nitric, and sulphuric acids for a range of acid concentrations. For the system of irreversible, unimolecular consecutive reactions, nitrile [Formula: see text] amide [Formula: see text] acid, [Formula: see text] for all acid concentrations below 4 N. At higher concentrations, k1 and k2 are of the same order, and, in the case of sulphuric acid, k1 becomes [Formula: see text]k2 at concentrations above 20 N. The observed activation energy decreases with increasing acid concentration for all acids. The specific differences in rate increase with acid concentration may be accounted for by the specific variations of A and E for each acid.
KINETICS OF THE ALKALINE HYDROLYSIS OF PROPIONITRILE
Authors: Rabinovitch B. S. , Winkler C. A.
Published: April 2011

Some contradictory points recorded for the alkaline hydrolysis of nitriles have been clarified by a study of propionitrile hydrolysis in aqueous sodium hydroxide solutions of concentration 0.3 to 4 N. It has been shown that the rate of alkaline hydrolysis of propionitrile is given by the rate of formation of total ammonia and intermediate amide and not by that of ammonia alone. The relative rates of propionitrile and propionamide hydrolysis were found to be approximately 1:10 over the whole alkali concentration range. The bimolecular velocity constant is essentially independent of alkali concentration. An activation energy of 20,300 cal. was determined for the reaction in 0.65 N alkali.
STUDIES ON THE METABOLISM OF CEREAL GRAINS: I. THE OUTPUT OF CARBON DIOXIDE BY WHEAT GRAINS DURING ABSORPTION OF WATER AND GERMINATION
Authors: Leach William
Published: April 2011

The course of respiration during the early stages of germination is recorded for a number of varieties of bread and durum wheats. Germination is marked by three consecutive respiratory stages which are characterized by the rate at which the acceleration in carbon dioxide output occurs. These stages are (a) a slow rate of acceleration, (b) an increased rate followed by a decreasing rate, and (c) a final uniform and relatively high rate. Water absorption rate under the experimental conditions used does not appear to affect these respiratory stages. The infection of germinating grains by fungi reduces their respiration. Possible physiological explanations of the respiration stages are discussed.
PROTOPLASMIC CONTINUITY IN THE POWDERY MILDEW ERYSIPHE GRAMINIS DC.
Authors: Brodie Harold J.
Published: April 2011

The protoplasm in the mycelium and conidiophores of the barley mildew (Erysiphe graminis DC.) is continuous from cell to cell. Each transverse septum is provided with a minute central pore through which passes a delicate strand of cytoplasm 1–1.5 μ in width. The cytoplasmic strands and the septal pores have been readily demonstrated by means of a slight modification of Wahrlich's technique, and their presence recorded by means of photomicrographs and drawings. The cytoplasmic connections have also been seen in living unstained mycelium.Streaming of cytoplasm from cell to cell was not observed in the present study, possibly because of the slow rate of flow or because of the difficulty of examining the mycelium without disturbing it.
A NEW SPECIES OF ONCHIDIOPSIS FROM BAFFIN LAND
Authors: Russell Henry D.
Published: April 2011

A detailed description of a new species of gastropod mollusc, Onchidiopsis kingmaruensis, is given. The specimen on which the description is based is the second of this genus to have been found in the western Atlantic region and was collected at Lake Harbour Fiord, Baffin Land, by Dr. John Oughton of the Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ont. The species is compared with O. corys Balch.
FIELD TRIALS OF CONTROL MEASURES FOR PARASITIC DISEASES OF SHEEP
Authors: Swales W. E. , Sylvestre P. E. , Williams S. B.
Published: April 2011

Field tests of methods of helminth parasite control through anthelmintic medication of sheep flocks on the ranges of the Central Experimental Farm, Dominion Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, during 1937, 1938, 1940, and 1941 are described briefly.Some observations on the effects of parasite burdens have been made.Following the development of phenothiazine in 1939 as a practical and highly effective anthelmintic for sheep, medication of adult sheep before the pasturing season was very effective in preventing nodular worm infections in lambs. One early spring treatment in 1940 and a similar one in 1941 reduced the incidence of nodular disease lesions to 0.65 per lamb, a reduction from the figures of 1938 of 99.1% in the lambs slaughtered in the autumn.In spite of no treatment of the lambs during 1940 and 1941, Haemonchus, Monodontus, and Cooperia were reduced to very low numbers and no significant increase in other genera occurred.It is suggested that Oesophagostomum has been reduced to a level too low for subsequent recovery in these flocks unless it is reintroduced in new stock; thus this parasite can be considered as probably eradicated.
STUDIES OF WATERFOWL IN BRITISH COLUMBIA: BUFFLE-HEAD
Authors: Munro J. A.
Published: April 2011

Charitonetta albeola is a common summer visitant to parts of the interior of British Columbia and is abundant on the coast region in winter. Adults arrive in the interior in advance of the yearlings and the sex ratio in early spring flocks is predominantly male. Later, both age groups associate for a short time, then the paired adults become established on nesting territories. Most of the yearling males, and subsequently the adult males, disappear for six weeks or longer. They eclipse and begin to appear again on certain lakes in August but are not plentiful until late September or early October. The yearling females remain on the breeding grounds in flocks throughout the summer. Courtship which is observed first on the coast in March reaches its greatest intensity on the interior lakes in April. Males vigorously defend their nesting territories. Eggs are laid in May and by the last week of June most of the young have appeared. Breeding females leave their broods in order to moult before the young have reached the flying stage and associate with flocks of yearling females that have gathered on certain waters where food is abundant. At this time all are excessively wary. In the interior aquatic insects are the chief food of downy young, adolescents, and adults. On certain lakes amphipods and molluscs are important foods. Fishes, where available, form a minor part of the diet. Seeds of aquatic plants are the main vegetable food except on Okanagan Lake where a larger amount of other plant material is consumed. On salt water, crustaceans and molluscs are first and small fishes, second in importance. The buffle-head is highly regarded as an object of beauty. In the interior it is of economic value as food but is not held in esteem on coast waters. No evidence of it eating commercially valuable fishes was obtained and its consumption of salmon eggs, noted on coast streams, does not reach significant proportions.
A MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DISTRIBUTION IN MAIZE OF HELIOTHIS ARMIGERA Hb. (OBSOLETA F.)
Authors: Walker Marjory G.
Published: April 2011

The distribution among maize plants of the eggs of the American boll-worm, Heliothis armigera Hb., is discussed and analysed.The problem is considered in relation lo what is known of the connection between the state of development of maize plants and their attractiveness to ovipositing boll-worm moths. The actual frequency distribution of the eggs suggests a random as opposed to a uniform distribution, but it is shown that the conditions required for a pure mathematical random distribution cannot be satisfied. Because the maize plants differ from one another in absolute degree of attractiveness at any one time, and in relative degree of attractiveness with the passing of time, it is not true that every plant has the same chance of receiving any given egg.It is demonstrated that a mathematical theory, which is eventually one of random distribution, but which incorporates a modification to allow for the varying degrees of attractiveness of the plants, gives a fairly good representation of the egg distribution found in the field.Theoretical distributions to fit the data are calculated by two methods. One is a discontinuous process which is presented as only a rough approximation of what it is intended lo express. The other uses the compound Poisson series of Greenwood and Yule. The continuous variation in nature both in space and time, which is the essential difficulty of the problem, is discussed.
SMOKED MEATS: I. BACTERIOLOGICAL, CHEMICAL, AND PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS ON SMOKED AND UNSMOKED BACON
Authors: White W. Harold , Gibbons N. E. , Woodcock A. H. , Cook W. H.
Published: April 2011

Wiltshire bacon, cured in pickles of various compositions, was smoked after various maturation periods, and compared with corresponding unsmoked samples during subsequent storage at −9.4 °C. Curing practices designed to obtain milder cures were only partly successful, but in all instances it appears that smoking improves the keeping quality.Smoking reduced the number of surface bacteria to approximately 10−4 times the number present before smoking, and effectively retarded growth during storage. The fat of the smoked bacon was much more resistant to the development of rancidity than that of unsmoked bacon. The colour of smoked bacon was significantly lighter than the unsmoked material, and tended to darken more rapidly during storage. Flavour was superior in the smoked samples. From the reduction in bacterial numbers, rate of bacterial growth, and rate of rancidity development, it would appear on the average that smoked bacon would keep about twice as long as unsmoked bacon under comparable conditions.
PRESERVATION OF EGGS: IV. STORAGE OF OILED AND BAGGED EGGS UNDER CONSTANT AND ALTERNATING TEMPERATURES AND HUMIDITIES
Authors: Gibbons N. E. , Fulton C. O. , Hopkins T. W.
Published: April 2011

Untreated eggs and eggs oiled and sealed in egg-case liner bags were stored for six weeks in standard export cases (a) at 70° F. and 90% relative humidity continuously, (b) at 65° F. and 95% relative humidity alternating with 75° and 70% every two days, the dew point consequently always remaining below 65° F., and (c) at 60° F. alternating with 80° every three days, both at 90% relative humidity, but the dew point varying from 57° to 77° F. respectively. Spoilage was least under the second set of conditions and greatest under the third. The indications were that within rather wide limits, microbiological development was dependent primarily upon storage conditions rather than upon the quantity of inoculum on the surface of the eggs at the beginning of storage. The bags used had little effect on intracase temperatures.Under conditions (a) and (c) oiling and bagging reduced internal mould and rot but did not significantly affect the development of external mould; under conditions (b) internal spoilage was uniformly low in both treated and control eggs. All oiled and bagged eggs were in better physical condition after storage than were the untreated, having smaller air cells, freer yolks, and less distinct yolk shadows. Variations in the incidence of spoilage within cases occurred and are attributed to intracase temperature and humidity differentials.
POLARIZATION AND PROGRESSION IN PAIRING: III. PACHYTENE OBSERVATIONS IN NEODIPRION (HYMENOPTERA)
Authors: Smith Stanley G.
Published: April 2011

From an analysis of 72 nuclei at pachytene in three species of Neodiprion it is shown (1) that the rate of pairing is independent of chromosome size, (2) the nucleolar chromosomes are at no disadvantage in pairing, and (3) the incompletions observed are the result of an interruption by fixation of the process of zygotene pairing. It is concluded that there is no fixed relationship between the intimacy of telophase association and pachytene pairing, the degree of relational coiling at diplotene, and the distribution of chiasmata at metaphase.
LIQUID FLOW AT SMALL CONSTANT RATES
Authors: King R. O. , Davidson R. R.
Published: April 2011

A supply of liquid at an extremely small rate is frequently required for laboratory scale experiments. An unusually convenient method of supply became possible on its becoming known that Faraday's law held good even for electric currents of the order of microamperes, if electrodes were properly placed in a suitable electrolyte. The apparatus required is simple. Gas is liberated from the electrolyte in a small cell at a rate proportional to the current passing through it. The cell is connected to a vessel containing the liquid to be metered and when temperature and pressure become steady, liquid is discharged through an outlet from the vessel at a rate directly proportional to the electric current through the cell.
THE SYNTHESIS OF 2-KETOCYCLOHEXYLSUCCINIC ACID AND RELATED SUBSTANCES: I. SYNTHESES INVOLVING CYCLOHEXENE OXIDE
Authors: McRae John A. , Charlesworth E. Harold , Alexander D. S.
Published: April 2011

A synthesis of 2-ketocyclohexylsuccinic acid is described. This substance has been prepared by the oxidation of the γ-lactone of cyclohexanolsuccinic acid, which results from the condensation of cyclohexene oxide, the sodio-derivative of malonic ester, and ethyl bromoacetate, followed by hydrolysis and decarboxylation. The lactone of the keto acid and the lactam formed when the keto acid is treated with alcoholic ammonia are described. 2-Ketocyclohexylacetic and 2-ketocyclohexylmalonic acids have also been prepared. Alkyl halides may be substituted for ethyl bromoacetate in the above reaction. Methyl iodide yields the γ-lactone of cyclohexanol-α-propionic acid and benzyl chloride the γ-lactone of cyclohexanol-α-benzylacetic acid. Oxidation of these lactones with bromine and magnesium hydroxide yields 2-ketocyclohexyl-α-propionic acid and 2-ketocyclohexylbenzylacetic acid.
THE SYNTHESIS OF 2-KETOCYCLOHEXYLSUCCINIC ACID AND RELATED SUBSTANCES: II. SYNTHESES INVOLVING CYCLOHEXANONE
Authors: Charlesworth E. Harold , McRae John A. , MacFarlane H. M.
Published: April 2011

2-Ketocyclohexylacetic acid and 2-ketocyclohexyl-α-propiomc acid were prepared by the condensation of the sodio-derivative of ethyl cyclohexanone-2-carboxylate with ethyl bromoacetate and ethyl α-bromopropionate, respectively, followed by hydrolysis. This method of condensation is not successful with ethyl α-bromo-β-phenylpropionate. It also fails with α-bromo-esters of dibasic acids such as ethyl bromomalonate and ethyl bromosuccinate.The γ-lactones of cyclohexanolacetic acid and cyclohexanol-α-propionic acid result from Reformatsky reactions between cyclohexanone and ethyl bromoacetate and ethyl α-bromopropionate, respectively, followed by treatment with mineral acid. Ethyl bromomalonate and ethyl bromosuccinate fail to react with cyclohexanone in either Reformatsky or Grignard reactions.
THE ALKALOIDS OF PAPAVERACEOUS PLANTS: XXXVIII. BOCCONIA ARBOREA WATS.
Authors: Manske Richard H. F.
Published: April 2011

Bocconia arborea Wats. has yielded chelerythrine, protopine, allocryptopine, and a new base, alkaloid P61, probably isomeric with and closely related to chelerythrine. Phenolic alkaloids were absent but three neutral nitrogenous compounds were obtained. They are referred to as Compound A (C20H17O4N), Compound B (C20H15O4N), and Compound C (C31H33O6N).
SURFACE TENSION OF SODIUM SOAP DISPERSIONS IN MINERAL OILS
Authors: Gallay Wilfred , Puddington Ira E.
Published: April 2011

The surface tension of sodium stearate and sodium oleate dispersions in mineral oils of high and low viscosity index has been measured over a wide range of temperature. In dispersions in the non-polar oil, no surface activity is shown by the soap until the full melting point is reached. In dispersions in an oil of relatively high polarity, surface activity is shown at much lower temperatures corresponding to partial melting points of the soaps. The ability of the soap to lower the surface tension is dependent on the degree of dispersion of the soap, and the relation of surface activity to physical states and phase transitions, previously determined by the authors, is discussed. The addition of glycerol increases the surface activity at a given concentration, but the temperature at which surface activity is attained remains unaffected. Excess fatty acid acts similarly to glycerol; excess alkali decreases surface activity.
WETTING POWER IN SODIUM-SOAP—MINERAL-OIL SYSTEMS
Authors: Gallay Wilfred , Puddington Ira E. , Tapp James S.
Published: April 2011

Measurement of the contact angle of various mineral oils on surfaces of sodium soaps showed no appreciable variation with oils of varying polarity. Low V.I. oils show a lower interfacial tension against water, and greater emulsion stability. Mineral oils possess high spreading power on soap surfaces previously wet with glycerol. As a result, mineral oils are rapidly absorbed by a soap-glycerol gel, and at the same time the glycerol is displaced and forced out of the gel. Data are shown for some quantitative measurements of this preferential wetting action, various oils and elevated temperatures being used. These experiments are extended to sodium soap base lubricating greases, and the presence of free glycerol is demonstrated in such systems where fats were used in the manufacture of the grease.
FEMALE STERILITY IN POTATOES
Authors: Arnason T. J.
Published: April 2011

Between 600 and 900 ovules are estimated to begin development in single normal potato ovaries. The number of seeds per fruit ranged from 0 to 183 in 1941, from 7 to 472 in 1942.Sectioned ovules from several potato varieties were examined. Estimates of the proportion of aborted ovules from freshly opened flowers or nearly mature buds were as follows: Minn. 75-5: 10%, Earlaine: 15%, Early Ohio: 20%, Irish Cobbler: 30–40%, Sebago: 60%, U.S.D.A. 46000: 80%, Netted Gem: 100%. Pollen from the first two varieties only in this list has been used successfully in crosses. In Netted Gem few gametophytes began development, most of the abortion occurring earlier. In the other varieties a larger proportion of the abortion became evident after gametophyte development had been initiated. In Sebago many embryo sacs were immature in freshly opened flowers. Inexact distribution of chromosomes at meiosis probably accounts for a part of the observed abortion. Sterility genes may be responsible for a part. Premature bud and flower abscission lowers the expressed fertility of all varieties but is more effective in some: e.g. Netted Gem and Early Ohio, than in others, e.g. Minn. 75-5 and Earlaine. Fertilization in Irish Cobbler occurred mainly two to four days after pollination; 50% of ovules in the upper half of the ovary showed endosperm divisions. Evidence of fertilization was seen in less than 5% of ovules of U.S.D.A. 46000 taken four days after pollination. Nutritive cells of the integument became considerably enlarged in many ovules containing aborted embryo sacs.
EFFECT OF STORAGE ON THIAMIN CONTENT AND ON DEVELOPMENT OF RANCIDITY IN WHEAT GERM
Authors: Pearce J. A.
Published: April 2011

Wheat germ samples with moisture content varying between 8.0 and 26.5% were stored in air in sealed tins at − 40.0°, − 26.1°, − 17.8°, − 9.4°, − 1.1°, 15.6°, and 23.9 °C. The appearance of organoleptic spoilage appeared to be coincident with the termination of the induction period in oxidative rancidity development, as assessed by the peroxide oxygen value of the extracted oil. Storage life was considerably extended by holding at low moisture levels and low storage temperatures. However, even at − 40 °C. sufficient deterioration occurred to reduce the keeping quality of wheat germ subsequently stored at higher temperatures. Both packing in nitrogen and compressing into blocks lengthened storage life. Thiamin content, determined by the method described, did not change during storage.Wheat germ oil expressed by pressure became rancid more rapidly than oil extracted with petrol ether. Increase in temperature markedly decreased the storage life of the oil.Present indications are that protein hydrolysis may be a more important factor than fat spoilage in the deterioration of wheat germ.
L'ÉRABLIÈRE LAURENTIENNE: I. VALEUR D'INDICE DES ESPÈCES
Authors: Dansereau Pierre
Published: April 2011

not available
A SECOND FACTOR FOR AWN BARBING IN DURUM WHEAT
Authors: Knowles P. F.
Published: April 2011

Besides the major factor pair determining the inheritance of awn barbing in durum wheat, a second factor pair was shown to exist. This second factor, when homozygous, and in the absence of the major factor, which is responsible for the usual rough-awned condition, produces an intermediate type of awn barbing, characterized by scattered barbs from the tip to the base of the awn. This second factor is hypostatic to the major factor. No linkage was found between either of these factors and the factors determining black versus non-black awns, pubescent versus glabrous glumes, and brown versus white glume colour.
THE INHERITANCE OF A MUTANT CHARACTER IN PUCCINIA GRAMINIS TRITICI
Authors: Johnson T. , Newton Margaret
Published: April 2011

A study was made of the inheritance of an abnormal characteristic of Puccinia graminis Tritici Erikss. and Henn. race 21, namely, the production on barberry of white haploid pustules that developed few or no pycnia and rarely produced aecia but occasionally gave rise to uredia and telia. In this race, approximately 50% of the pustules were white, the remainder normal. By selfing studies and by crosses with another physiologic race, it was demonstrated that diploidisation of the mycelia of normal pustules by pycniospores from white pustules initiated physiologic races that produced white and normal pustules, on the barberry, in approximately equal numbers, whereas normal × normal matings produced normal rust and white × white matings were sterile. Uredia that occasionally arose in white pustules as a result of diploidisation by either pycniospores or mycelia of normal pustules gave rise to physiologic races producing white and normal pustules in about equal numbers. The capacity to develop white pustules is not confined to any one sex and is not limited to any particular physiologic race. It is assumed that a mutation affecting one of the conjugate nuclei took place in the original culture of race 21 and that, during meiotic divisions in the germinating teliospore, the mutant factor is segregated so that half of the sporidia give rise to white and half to normal pustules.
A CYTOGENETIC STUDY OF OFFTYPES IN A WINTER WHEAT, DAWSON'S GOLDEN CHAFF, INCLUDING A WHITE CHAFF MUTANT
Authors: Love R. Merton
Published: April 2011

A cytologically aberrant mutant, found in Dawson's Golden Chaff winter wheat, had white glumes that were significantly longer than normal and the plant was significantly shorter than normal. It was characterized by a telokinetic pair of chromosomes. Evidence from two other lines has shown that such chromosomes arise from fragmentation of either primary or secondary univalents.The results, together with those obtained from speltoid and fatuoid studies, indicate that domestic species and varieties of cereals differ from their prototypes, not necessarily through gene substitution, but through the addition of genes that mask the effect of primitive genes still a part of the complex or through gene substitution in a chromosome other than that carrying the primitive gene in question.
STARCH CONTENT OF WESTERN CANADIAN WHEAT: II. ITS ESTIMATION FROM PROTEIN CONTENT, AND SOME ESTIMATED DATA
Authors: Anderson J. Ansel , Eva William J.
Published: April 2011

Data for 180 samples representing 20 carlots of each of Grades 1 Northern, 3 Northern, and No. 5 wheat, inspected at Winnipeg, Edmonton, and Calgary, were used in a study of the relations between starch and protein content. It was demonstrated that all data for Grades 1 and 3 Northern could be legitimately pooled. The resulting correlation coefficient was −.918, and the prediction equation was: starch = 68.0 − 1.12 × protein (±0.76). The data for No. 5 wheat were heterogeneous, and yielded correlation coefficients of the order of −.7 which were too low for prediction purposes. By means of the above equation it is estimated that for the past 16 crops the average starch content of Western Canadian wheat has varied between 51.1 and 55.1%, with a mean value of 52.7% (13.5% moisture basis). Starch maps are shown representing the average for the 12 year period 1927 to 1938, and the crops of the two years, 1941 and 1942.
COLOUR OF MEAT: IV. MEASUREMENT OF THE COLOUR OF BACON
Authors: Woodcock A. H.
Published: April 2011

Spectrophotometric measurements were used to study the reflection spectrum of pork and bacon in detail. A new method of colour measurement using nine filters was developed and tested experimentally on 100 samples of bacon treated in various ways.It was found that three distinct changes could occur in the colour quality of bacon which were related to known physical or chemical changes. A loss of scatter in the blue region was associated with the reaction between nitrite and the haemoglobin pigments. An increase of scatter in the green with a corresponding decrease of scatter in the red was interpreted as loss of haemoglobin and a corresponding increase of methaemoglobin pigment.These changes normally occurring in the colour of bacon can be assessed with three filters which absorb light below wave lengths of 460, 520, and 595 mμ, thus simplifying the method without loss of efficiency.The estimation of the total scatter of the bacon is made by an independent measurement.
THE VITAMIN B1 CONTENT OF CANNED PORK
Authors: Reedman E. J. , Buckby Leonard
Published: April 2011

Canned pork of the type known as spiced luncheon meat was found to contain an appreciable amount of vitamin B1 after the complete canning process. There were, however, losses of the original vitamin B1 in the raw meat during the retorting process used for cooking and commercially sterilizing the product. These losses were 55.3%, 55.6%, and 41.9% of the original vitamin in three series of packs examined. It was possible to fortify 6-lb. export packs of canned pork with synthetic thiamin to a level equal to, or above, that of the natural vitamin in raw meat. The destruction of synthetic added vitamin was no greater than that of natural vitamin under the conditions of this study.
DRIED WHOLE EGG POWDER: V. DEFINITION AND PROPERTIES OF LOW GRADE EGG POWDERS
Authors: Thistle M. W. , Reid Margaret , Gibbons N. E.
Published: April 2011

The point at which 50% of tasters regarded dried whole egg preparations as unsuitable for human consumption coincided with a rating of 2.7 on a scale ranging from 10 for excellent, fresh egg to 0 for repulsive material. The protein fraction of these low grade samples had deteriorated badly, as shown by fluorescence measurements. The fat fraction showed no evidence of peroxide oxygen formation.
STUDIES ON CESTODES OF THE GENUS TRIAENOPHORUS FROM FISH OF LESSER SLAVE LAKE, ALBERTA: II. THE EGGS, CORACIDIA, AND LIFE IN THE FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOST OF TRIAENOPHORUS CRASSUS FOREL AND T. NODULOSUS (PALLAS)
Authors: Miller Richard B.
Published: April 2011

The eggs of Triaenophorus crassus vary from 53 to 68 μ long by 38 to 44 μ in diameter. Those of T. nodulosus are practically the same ranging from 58 to 67 μ long by 38 to 44 μ in diameter. Movement of the embryo within the egg is discernible two days before hatching. The eggs of one individual hatch over a period of eight to 10 days.The coracidia of T. crassus are from 67 to 80 μ long by 49 to 58 μ wide and of T. nodulosus from 67 to 85 μ long by 58 to 80 μ in diameter. The coracidia live for two or three days and are free swimming for most of this time.The first intermediate host of both species in Lesser Slave Lake is Cyclops bicuspidatus Claus; the coracidia of both species will also infect Diaptomus ashlandi Marsh, but fail to develop in this copepod. The procercoids develop in the body cavity of the Cyclops in eight to 10 days after their entry; both species attain in this time an average length of 300 μ. Where a large number of procercoids occurs simultaneously in one Cyclops the growth rate is slower and the maximum size attained is less.
THE CARDIAC ACTION OF POSTERIOR PITUITARY EXTRACT IN PHYSIOLOGICAL DOSES, IN THE NORMAL DOG, AND AFTER PARTIAL AND COMPLETE DENERVATION OF THE HEART
Authors: Sawyer Margaret E. MacK. , Ettinger G. H.
Published: April 2011

In the normal dog continuous infusion of dilute posterior pituitary extract produces a maximal inhibition of the heart, i.e. slowing to about one-half of the resting rate, with usually a rise in blood pressure of 10 to 30 mm. of mercury.After bilateral thoracic sympathectomy, posterior pituitary extract also produces maximal inhibition. This inhibition, like that produced in the normal dog, is abolished by atropine.After bilateral vagotomy posterior pituitary extract produces a moderate but not maximal inhibition. This inhibition is not abolished by atropine.After bilateral thoracic sympathectomy and unilateral vagotomy, posterior pituitary extract produces a maximal effect.After total denervation of the heart, posterior pituitary extract produces no inhibition of the heart and the rate is unchanged.Characteristic changes are produced by posterior pituitary extract in the electrocardiogram of normal dogs. After total denervation no change takes place.It is concluded that the slowing of the dog's heart that is produced by continuous intravenous infusion of posterior pituitary extract is entirely due to its action through the inhibitory fibres of the vagus and sympathetic nerves.
THE PRODUCTION OF CANNED PRECOOKED CHICKEN
Authors: Reedman E. J.
Published: April 2011

Three classes of raw dressed chicken were processed by open and pressure precooking methods, and tested by a consumer taste panel. Canned chicken of good quality was obtained from even the lowest grade of raw dressed chicken used, but the higher grades of raw material produced packs of superior quality. However, such quality was dependent on efficient processing. The results suggest that the quality of Canadian canned chicken could be improved by the uniform adoption of pressure precooking methods by the industry. The use of pressure precooking would also assist in the production of a more uniform pack, because of lower moisture content of the cooked meat, smaller volume of broth and shorter cooking periods. Control measures are necessary to ensure uniformity of product, particularly in such attributes as the weight of meat packed, the concentration of broth used, and the strength of jelly in the final product. Suitable methods and apparatus are described.
THE IDENTIFICATION OF WIREWORMS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE IN CANADA
Authors: Glen Robert , King Kenneth M. , Arnason A. P.
Published: April 2011

Over 30 different wireworm types are separated in the key presented. Their ecology and economics are discussed briefly and reference is given to the most important literature on biology, morphology, and control. Although descriptive morphological details are omitted, the separating characters given are derived from extensive detailed studies.
THE DEHYDRATION OF PORK
Authors: Pearce Jesse A.
Published: April 2011

Four preprocessing and three drying procedures for the dehydration of pork were studied. The best product resulted from cooking in an open steam-jacketed kettle, followed by mincing and tunnel–tray drying in four hours or less with a tray load of 2 lb. per square foot. Little difference in quality of the product was observed for air velocities of 700 to 1200 ft. per min. over the trays, or for initial stage temperatures between 70° and 80 °C. and final stage temperatures between 55° and 70 °C.Pork, when dried to a moisture content of 3 to 4% in less than four hours, still retained a high percentage of the thiamin present in the raw meat, showed no fat deterioration when assessed by peroxide oxygen determinations, and on reconstitution had a palatability rating approximately equal to that of the initial cooked material.
STUDIES ON TRICHINOSIS: IV. HUMAN INCIDENCE IN MONTREAL
Authors: Cameron T. W. M.
Published: April 2011

On the basis of 539 unselected samples examined, the incidence of human trichinosis in the Montreal district was found to be 1.5%.
THE EFFECT OF HIGH SHEARING STRESSES ON RECRYSTALLIZATION OF SODIUM SOAPS IN MINERAL OILS
Authors: Gallay Wilfred , Puddington Ira E.
Published: April 2011

High shearing stresses obtained by use of the colloid mill are shown to bring about recrystallization of sodium soaps at temperatures above the plasticity point of the soap. Below this temperature a comminuting action only on the soap in suspension is obtained. The length of soap fibre produced in the recrystallization increases with increase in polarity of the oil and with decrease in viscosity of the oil. The fibre length increases particularly markedly with increase of degree of unsaturation of the soap. The addition of glycerol or fatty acid has little effect.The action of the shearing stress is discussed and it is concluded that long crystals are produced by a shearing of the double soap molecules on slip planes between melted hydrocarbon chains. The recrystallization is thus induced on molten portions of the soap.
THE SYNTHESIS OF POSSIBLE DEGRADATION PRODUCTS OF METATHEBAINONE. II.
Authors: Holmes H. L. , Trevoy L. W.
Published: April 2011

The poor yield of β-(3,4-dimethoxybenzoyl)-propionic acid obtained from the condensation of equimolar quantities of veratrole and succinic anhydride by two moles of aluminium chloride is due to the demethylation of the C4-methoxyl group. The phenolic acid has been isolated and its structure established by degradation to 3-methoxy-4-ethoxybenzoic acid. The yield of the dimethoxy-acid has been improved to 83% by modifying the usual procedure for this reaction.
NOTE ON A THERMOSTATICALLY CONTROLLED MICROSCOPE HOT STAGE
Authors: Puddington I. E.
Published: April 2011

A microscope hot stage, capable of maintaining any desired temperature to within ±0.1 °C. in the range from room temperature to 300 °C, is described.
THE STATE OF DISPERSION OF CALCIUM STEARATE IN MINERAL OILS
Authors: Gallay Wilfred , Puddington Ira E.
Published: April 2011

Calcium stearate undergoes a partial melting to a mesomorphic state at about 100 °C, as shown by discontinuities in the density–temperature relation and in differential cooling measurements, and by the onset of plasticity. No surface activity is exhibited by the soap in mineral oil, even in the mesomorphic state. Calcium stearate dispersions in a non-polar mineral oil are essentially lyophobic up to 180 °C, whereas the soap is dispersed to a sol in more polar oils at a temperature slightly above the partial melting point.The viscosity of these dispersions, measured over a range of temperatures in a variable-pressure efflux viscosimeter shows unusual characteristics. A maximum viscosity at intermediate temperatures was found, accompanied by a high degree of dilatancy. The presence of water is shown to lower the viscosity and destroy dilatancy by agglomeration of the dispersed soap.
THE RECRYSTALLIZATION OF CALCIUM SOAPS IN MINERAL OILS
Authors: Gallay Wilfred , Puddington Ira E.
Published: April 2011

The effect of various factors on the stability and physical properties of suspensions of recrystallized calcium stearate is shown. Non-polar oils form lyophobic systems that are unstable. Polar oils yield suspensions that are stable and lyophilic in character with little or no rigidity.The effect of small quantities of water is very marked. As a result of agglomeration, a structure is developed, and the system shows a strong stream double refraction. Lower alcohols have a similar effect. Fatty acid brings about agglomeration also but increasing quantities produce a solvent effect.Calcium oleate behaves similarly to calcium stearate, but the linoleate shows less stability.
TEMPERATURE-INDUCED DIFFERENTIAL CONTRACTION IN THE SOMATIC CHROMOSOMES OF TRILLIUM ERECTUM L.
Authors: Wilson G. B. , Boothroyd E. Roger
Published: April 2011

When root tips of Trillium erectum L. are exposed to low temperatures the chromosomes contain regions of reduced diameter and staining capacity. The positions of these regions are constant within the species.The number of "differentiated regions" per nucleus changes with the duration of cold treatment, and at 3 °C. reaches a maximum after 96 hr.The visible differentiation produced by cold disappears within a few hours when the material is returned to higher temperatures.Low temperatures cause non-differential parts of chromosomes to be more contracted than in untreated material, while differentiated regions are unaffected or less contracted than in the controls. The amount of "differentiation" observed is apparently determined by the differential contraction of these parts.
ACTION DE LA THIAMINE SUR LE PHYTOPHTHORA INFESTANS (MONT.) DE BARY
Authors: Payette A. , Perrault C.
Published: April 2011

not available
AN IMPROVED ARRANGEMENT FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF CARBON DIOXIDE OUTPUT OF RESPIRING PLANT MATERIAL BY THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY METHOD
Authors: Leach W. , Moir D. R. , Batho H. F.
Published: April 2011

A brief review of the application of the electrical conductivity method of estimating carbon dioxide in respiration measurements is given and an apparatus which employs this method is described. The apparatus was designed and constructed by the authors for the purpose of recording respiratory carbon dioxide output of plant material; it comprises an oscillator, amplifier, and vacuum tube voltmeter that work in conjunction with a special type of absorption tube. Sodium hydroxide solution is used as the absorbing reagent. A simple set-up for automatic recording is described.
PHYSIOLOGIC SPECIALIZATION OF OAT STEM RUST IN CANADA
Authors: Newton Margaret , Johnson T.
Published: April 2011

An account is given of the results of studies on the physiologic specialization of Puccinia graminis Avenae Erikss. and Henn. in Canada since the inception of the work. Twelve physiologic races were identified from 2586 isolates studied during the period 1921 to 1943. The annual surveys of the prevalence of physiologic races during this period show that each year races 1, 2, and 5 have comprised the bulk of the oat stem rust in all parts of Canada. The predominance of these races has been greatest in the three Prairie Provinces, where barberry is virtually non-existent. In regions where barberry is present, other races of greater range of pathogenicity have been found more frequently than in these three provinces. The occurrence of such races, however, was sporadic until 1943, in which year races 8, 10, and 11 attained a wide distribution, apparently traceable to wind-borne urediospores from the south. There is evidence that the strains of these races present in 1943 remain in the uredial stage for much longer periods than do strains of the same races collected in previous years—a fact that may have favoured their spread in this year.The role of barberry in the origination of generally virulent physiologic races is discussed. The possibility that such races may also originate by mutation is suggested by spontaneous pathogenic changes that occurred, in the greenhouse, in a culture of race 3 that gave rise to several cultures of race 7.The effect of environment on the identification of physiologic races is demonstrated by the seasonal influences on the reaction of the variety Sevnothree to races 1 and 11. On this variety the characteristic type 1 is frequently replaced, in summer, by type x.Experiments on the influence of temperature on the reaction of adult oat plants to stem rust showed that a constant temperature of about 80° F. does not appreciably affect the reaction of White Tartar and Richland, or of other varieties with the same type of resistance, but is capable of breaking down the resistance of certain varieties derived from the crosses Hajira × Joanette, Hajira × Banner, and Victoria × (Hajira × Banner).
A CULTURAL AND CYTOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF A TWO-SPORED BASIDIOMYCETE, ALEURODISCUS CANADENSIS n. sp.
Authors: Skolko A. J.
Published: April 2011

A new species of Aleurodiscus is described and designated Aleurodiscus canadensis. The basidia of this fungus are regularly two-spored, but occasionally basidia bearing three spores or rarely one spore are encountered. From the cultural and cytological evidence presented the normal life cycle may be described as follows. The cells of the subhymenium are dikaryotic with clamp connections. The young basidia are at first binucleate. Following karyogamy the fusion nucleus undergoes reduction division producing the usual tetrad of nuclei. Each spore of the two-spored basidium receives two of the four daughter nuclei. The two nuclei in these spores undergo further division while the spore is still attached or shortly after discharge, so that the mature spore contains four nuclei. Such a spore is capable of producing a mycelium bearing clamp connections. Although the majority of the spores produce mycelia with clamp connections, a spore may occasionally develop a mycelium that does not bear clamps. When such exceptional mycelia are mated in compatible combinations, dikaryotic mycelia with clamp connections are obtained. From the mating of a number of these exceptional haplonts the heterothallic and bipolar relationship is made evident. Although complete cytological information on the spores that give rise to these exceptional haploid mycelia is lacking, it is probable that these spores are originally uninucleate and that this results from the distribution of the four nuclei in a three-spored basidium in such a way that one spore receives two nuclei and the other two spores one nucleus each. The two nuceli that migrate into the normal spore, therefore, probably bear allelomorphic inter-fertility factors. If this species can be considered homothallic, the homothallism is a different type from that found in species that complete their life cycle from the development of a single uninucleate spore. The necessity for such a distinction is stressed.
THE MORPHOLOGY, TAXONOMY, AND LIFE HISTORY OF METORCHIS CONJUNCTUS (COBBOLD, 1860)
Authors: Cameron Thomas W. M.
Published: April 2011

A trematode, widely distributed in Canada, and occurring in man and other fish-eating mammals, is described and its taxonomy discussed. Its life cycle has been worked out and it is shown to involve a snail, Amnicola limosa porata as first intermediate host and a fish, the common sucker (Catostomus commersonii) as the second intermediate host. The larval stages are described.
STUDIES OF WATERFOWL IN BRITISH COLUMBIA: PINTAIL
Authors: Munro J. A.
Published: April 2011

Dafila acuta is an abundant transient through British Columbia following routes along the outer coast, the inner coast, and the main north and south river systems of the interior. The spring migration takes place during March and April and is not protracted but the autumn migration is one of successive movements from mid-August to early December. The largest flight sometimes appears on the mainland coast in late October. Both northbound and southbound flocks concentrate on the Coastal Plain. The chief wintering grounds are in western Oregon and in California, the most densely populated nesting grounds in Alaska. Recoveries of banded birds have verified observational migration data and have shown also that many individuals use the same route in successive years, some arriving at a given point on approximately the same date. In British Columbia the principal nesting ground is the parklands of the Cariboo region and the peak of the spring migration is in late March or early April. Following its conclusion the residual population is scattered over a wide area characterized by grassland and many types of ponds and sloughs. Courtship is at its height in April and laying commences in May. Nest sites usually are dry and may be several hundred yards from the nearest water. The majority of young appear in June and are led by the females to meadows and marshes provided with adequate cover. The females remain with the brood and actively defend them during adolescence. Males leave the females when incubation begins and gather in small bands on water adjacent to the nesting grounds. Many migrate in advance of the flightless period. Downy young feed largely on the larvae of aquatic insects. The most important item in the diet of adults during autumn and winter is seeds of various meadow and aquatic plants. On the coast this element is characterized by Polygonaceae and Scirpus americanus, in the interior by Potamogetons and Scirpus acutus. Insects and animal matter generally constitute a less important food. The pintail is second to the mallard, Anas platyrhynchos, in economic importance and like it is a source of revenue to the Province. On the debit side the pintail causes some loss to agriculture by eating forage crops but this is not extensive and is amenable to control.
AN ALKALINE THIONIN METHOD OF STAINING RICKETTSIAE
Authors: Craigie James
Published: April 2011

The development of an alkaline thionin stain for rickettsiae in yolk sac preparations is described. This stain consists of a balanced mixture of thionin, methylene blue, sodium carbonate, and sodium hydroxide. The methylene blue prevents precipitation of the base of thionin. The sodium carbonate serves to enhance the staining of rickettsiae and to suppress the staining of cells and yolk granules. The formation of thiazin carbonate is checked by the presence of sodium hydroxide. There is some evidence that this method may be of value for the staining of the larger viruses and spirochaetes.
FLUORESCENCE DEVELOPMENT IN VARIOUS FOOD PRODUCTS
Authors: Pearce Jesse A.
Published: April 2011

Fluorescing substances developed in the following materials during storage: high protein foods, represented by dried whole milk powder, dehydrated pork, and soya flour; high carbohydrate foods, represented by dried banana flakes and dried parsnips; and a mixed foodstuff, represented by ration biscuits.The only change occurring in stored shortenings was a decrease of fluorescing substances in hydrogenated linseed oils. Serum extracted from rancid butter had a higher fluorescence value than serum from fresh butter. In substances containing a high proportion of fat, fluorescence values bore little relation to deterioration as assessed by peroxide oxygen determinations.Fluorescence tests were unsatisfactory for dried milk powders and soya flour. However, they may prove useful as a measure of quality for dehydrated pork, dried banana, dried parsnips, ration biscuits, and butter. Fluorescence measurements may also detect reversion in hydrogenated linseed oil shortenings.