bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the habitat use of the Neotropical whip spider Charinus asturius (Arachnida: Amblypygi)
Authors: M. G. Segovia Júlio , Neco Lúcia C. , Willemart Rodrigo H.
Published: March 2018

The non-random occupation of habitats is termed habitat selection. Some species of whip spiders select trees with burrows at their base, while others use substrates such as rocks. Here, we investigated the habitat use byCharinusasturiusPinto-da-Rocha, Machado & Weygoldt, 2002, an endemic species of Ilhabela Island in Brazil. We found thatC.asturiusis more likely to be found under rocks that cover larger areas of substrate. Our results also suggest the existence of territorialism inC.asturiusand show thatC.asturiusadults may be found again on the same rock a week later. Additionally, our data show thatC.asturiusis present in a greater area of Ilhabela than previously documented.
Designing Educational Content Based on Best Available Current Evidence
Authors: Mallory Cheryl , Franqueiro Tammy , Graebe Jennifer
Published: March 2018

This article, the fourth part of the educational design series, addresses how nursing professional development practitioners can meet educational design criterion 4 in the American Nurses Credentialing Center primary accreditation process and standards 4 and 5 in the Association for Nursing Professional Development
Nursing Professional Development
:
Scope and Standards of Practice
.

J Contin Educ Nurs.
2018;49(4):148–150.
Characteristics of E-Mail Solicitations From Predatory Nursing Journals and Publishers
Authors: Lewinski Allison A. , Oermann Marilyn H.
Published: March 2018

Predatory publishers solicit manuscripts through e-mail invitations to potential authors, with the goal of enticing authors to submit a manuscript to the journal. This descriptive study examined the characteristics of 206 e-mail invitations from predatory journals and publishers sent to faculty and students in a school of nursing over a 10-week period. Characteristics of these e-mails included use of flattering language, due dates for submissions close to the date of the e-mail sent, requests for general topics, and awkward phrases. However, many e-mails did not have characteristics that clearly identified them as coming from a predatory journal or publisher. Education on predatory publishing is needed for all nurse authors, specifically how to identify and confirm whether a journal is predatory or legitimate.

J Contin Educ Nurs.
2018;49(4):171–177.
Evaluation of a Pain Management Education Program and Operational Guideline on Nursing Practice, Attitudes, and Pain Management
Authors: Bonkowski Sara L. , Gagne Jennie C. De , Cade Makia B. , Bulla Sally A.
Published: March 2018

Nurses lack adequate pain management knowledge, which can result in poorly managed postsurgical pain. This study aimed to develop, implement, and evaluate pain management education and operational guidelines to improve nursing knowledge and pain management. This quality improvement project employed convenience samples of surgical oncology nurses and postoperative patients. The intervention involved an online module, live education, and operational guideline for pain management. Nurses completed pre- and postintervention practice and attitudes surveys. Random chart reviews of intravenous narcotic administrations the day before discharge were completed to evaluate whether narcotic administration changed after intervention. Readmissions and Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems data were collected to determine whether the intervention influenced patient satisfaction. A statistically significant improvement in nursing practice and intravenous narcotic administrations demonstrated changes to pain management practices employed by the nursing staff. Although not statistically significant, fewer pain-related readmissions occurred postintervention. Findings demonstrate that targeted pain management continuing education, paired with operational guidelines, improves nursing practice and decreases intravenous narcotic administrations prior to discharge.

J Contin Educ Nurs.
2018;49(4):178–185.
Pilot Study of a Two-Step Delirium Detection Protocol Administered By Certified Nursing Assistants, Physicians, and Registered Nurses
Authors: Fick Donna M. , Inouye Sharon K. , McDermott Caroline , Zhou Wenxiao , Ngo Long , Gallagher Jackie , McDowell Jane , Penrod Janice , Siuta Jonathan , Covaleski Thomas , Marcantonio Edward R.
Published: March 2018

The feasibility and acceptability of a two-step screening protocol for delirium identification was pilot tested. Step 1, a screening tool, comprises two items: “Please tell me the day of the week,” and “Please tell me the months of the year backwards starting with December.” If either/both items are incorrect, Step 2, a 3-minute diagnostic assessment, follows. Trained researchers enrolled 24 hospitalized older adults and identified 22% to be delirious after a reference standard assessment. Thereafter, physicians and RNs completed the two-step protocol, whereas certified nursing assistants (CNAs) completed the screener only, on the same patients. All three clinical assessments were successfully completed in 100% of enrolled participants and within the target 2-hour time window in 91%. The screener and two-step protocol achieved high sensitivities and specificities in RNs, CNAs, and physicians. Qualitative information on barriers to and facilitators of implementation was also collected. Nurses and other clinicians can feasibly implement this ultra-brief screener and two-step protocol, which holds promise to improve delirium identification. [
Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 44
(5), 18–24.]
Health Benefits and Risks of Pets in Nursing Homes: A Survey of Facilities in Ohio
Authors: Stull Jason W. , Hoffman Cydney C. , Landers Timothy
Published: March 2018

Pets are encountered in nursing homes and although they provide health benefits to individuals, they are also a source of health risks. The current study aimed to determine the frequency and types of animals in nursing homes, perceived benefits, and content of policies addressing health risks. Ninety-five administrators from unique nursing homes in Ohio completed an online survey addressing perceived benefits and risks of animals and policies in place. Animals were permitted in 99% of nursing homes, with dogs (95%), cats (85%), birds (71%), fish (55%), and farm animals (40%) most frequently reported. Respondents perceived animal interactions resulted in high health benefits for residents. Most facilities (70/75; 93%) reported having an animal policy, yet important gaps were frequently identified in the content of policies. Most respondents (75%) did not report health and safety concerns with animals in facilities. Best practice guidelines and policies should be developed and implemented in nursing homes to address requirements for different animal ownership models, range of animal species, and staff knowledge. [
Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 44
(5), 39–45.]
Smartphone Use and Multitasking Behaviour in a Teacher Education Program (TEP)
Authors: Hikmat Ade , Mulyono Herri
Published: March 2018

This paper reports on a small scale investigation into preservice teachers’ multitasking behaviours during a course in a teacher education program (TED). Specifically, it addresses three research questions, 1) how frequent do preservice teachers do multitasks with smartphone, 2) what are the types of preservice teachers’ multitasking behaviour, and 3) to what extent does multitasking behaviour affect preservice teachers’ learning. To this end, we did a classroom observation where smartphone was used to facilitate learning. During the observation, we wrote notes concerning preservice teachers’ multitasking behaviour with their smartphone. In addition, a total of 35 preservice teachers was surveyed. Findings of this study show that 97.14% of preservice teachers do multitasking in class; although the frequency and types of multitasking with smartphone vary. The findings also highlight fifteen types of multitasking behaviour with two most common activities: texting and searching. The analysis of preservice teachers’ responses on the survey as well as the observation data suggest that multitasking behaviour contributes both positively and negatively to preservice teachers’ learning. In reference to the findings, implications of the study to TEP are offered.

 
Managing Emotional Requirements in a Context-Aware Mobile Application for Tourists
Authors: Dirin Amir , Laine Teemu.H , Alamäki Ari
Published: March 2018

The objective of this study was to unveil the importance of emotions and feelings in developing mobile-based tourism applications. We gathered and analyzed emotional requirements to develop a mobile context-aware application for tourists. Emotional requirements are non-functional requirements affecting users’ emotional experiences around using applications, which are important for sustainable application usage. Many tourism applications exist, but were designed without considering emotional requirements or related UX factors and emotions. We developed a proof-of-concept prototype service-based context-aware tourism application (SCATA), and users participated in the design and evaluation processes. Emotional requirements are key to sustainable usage, especially regarding security. This paper details the application design and evaluation processes, emotional requirements analysis in each design phase, and the emotional effects of content accessibility in the application’s offline mode in unknown environments. The results show that trust, security, adjustability, and reliability are important factors to users, especially in unknown environments.
An Assessment of Culturally Appropriate Design: A Malaysian University Context
Authors: Ariffin Shamsul Arrieya , Azniah Ismail Azniah , Hayati Yatim Maizatul , Sidek Salman Firdaus
Published: March 2018

The growing popularity of mobile devices, together with the constant technological improvement of mobile websites and applications informed about the quality of the user interface design. However, the particularities of mobile devices require special attention in terms of their usability aspects, such as culture. Therefore, this study evaluated the use of culturally appropriate design guidelines for a mobile learning web site. The research methodology used comprised a survey from heuristic evaluation questionnaires with undergraduate students. This research captured the students’ experiences in using the MLearn website of Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Malaysia.  From the study, the lowest ranking is realistic error management at 3.5, and the highest is suitable content for local culture at 4.6.  This study affirmed that general usability and cultural principles in design are important for a usable mobile learning website system in a local university context.
Mobile Application Based Translation of Sign Language to Text Description in Kannada Language
Authors: Kagalkar Ramesh M. , Gumaste Shyamrao V
Published: March 2018

Sign language is a main mode of communication for vocally disabled. This language use set of representation which is finger sign, expression or mixture of both to express their information among others. This system presents a novel approach for mobile application based translation of sign action analysis, recognition and generating a text description in Kannada language. Where it uses two important steps training and testing. In training set of 50 different domains of video samples are collected, each domain contains 5 samples and assign a class of words to each video sample and it will be store in database. Where in testing test sample under goes preprocessing using median filter, canny operator for edge detection, HOG for feature extraction. SVM takes input as a HOG features and predict the class label based on trained SVM model. Finally the text description will be generated in Kannada language. The average computation time is minimum and with acceptable recognition rate and validate the performance efficiency over the conventional model.
Design and Usability Evaluation of Communication Board for Deaf People with User-Centered Design Approach
Authors: Dermawi Rizdania , Tolle Herman , Aknuranda Ismiarta
Published: March 2018

People interact their environment by communicating, but some limitation may exist such as hearing disability that occurs to deaf people. Usually, they communicate by using sign language. Unfortunately, there is various sign language in the world. This research is evaluating the usability of smartphone for communication board that can be used by deaf people to communicate to others, especially the people who don’t understand the sign language. Usability testing is to measure the user performance for mobile applications. The five criteria for the usability, according to Nielsen are learnability, efficiency, memorability, errors, and satisfaction. The study obtained the result of 88.36% of usability testing.
The postural stability of children with foetal alcohol spectrum disorders during one-leg stance: A feasibility study
Authors: Brink Yolandi , Cockcroft John , Seedat Soraya , May Philip , Kalberg Wendy , Louw Quinette
Published: March 2018

Background: Postural control may be impaired in children with foetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). The study assessed the protocol feasibility in terms of (1) recruiting children with FASD in a rural, small town; (2) using the measurement instruments in a real-life setting; (3) the one-leg standing (OLS) task and (4) presenting preliminary results on postural stability of children with and without FASD.Methods: Nine-year-old children diagnosed with and without FASD were invited to participate. Twenty-eight children performed OLS. Feasibility outcomes included recruitment, measurement instrument use and task instruction. Postural stability outcomes included standing duration, centre of pressure (COP) and body segment acceleration.Results: Participants recruitment was feasible in terms of the (1) ability to sample a reasonable participant number in a rural town setting and the capacity to increase the sample size if more schools are included in the sampling frame and (2) use of assent and consent forms that were appropriate for this population. The measurement instruments were user-friendly, cost-effective and time-efficient. Instructions for the task require amendment to address foot placement of the non-weight–bearing leg. There was a significant difference between cases and controls on mean COP velocity (p = 0.001) and the pelvis segment acceleration in the mediolateral direction (p = 0.01) and the anteroposterior direction (p= 0.027). The control children took longer to achieve postural control. The girls demonstrated a significant difference for the COP anteroposterior displacement (p = 0.008) and velocity (p = 0.049).Conclusions: The recruitment of children with and without FASD in a rural, small town and the administration of measurement instruments in a real-life, school-based setting was feasible. However, the verbal instructions for the task require revision. The male control group took longer to achieve postural control because the task was performed differently between the two groups. However, the case girls were slower to achieve postural control than control girls though performing the task similarly.
Edomophobia?: An exilic or a post-exilic reading of Doeg in 1 Samuel 21 and 22
Authors: Lee Woo Min
Published: March 2018

There have been historical and literary studies on the pre-deuteronomistic narrative of 1 Samuel 21 and 22. However, there have been few studies on the reception of Doeg the Edomite among the exilic and post-exilic communities. This article tries to show how the minor character of Doeg the Edomite in 1 Samuel 21 and 22 was understood by the exilic and post-exilic communities after the fall of Jerusalem. With this objective in mind, the article analyses the literary structure of 1 Samuel 21 and 22 with a focus on Doeg. Along with the literary approach to the text, it examines the historical setting of the exilic and post-exilic communities regarding their cultural memory and enmity towards Edomites. The conflict between Edom and Israel has been constantly described in the biblical text including the Deuteronomistic History. The enmity of Israel towards Edom had been worse after the fall of Jerusalem. The pre-deuteronomistic record of Doeg in 1 Samuel 21 and 22 would have been used as a propagandistic device to reinforce the enmity of the exilic and post-exilic communities towards Edom and Edomites.
Sleep architecture, insulin resistance and the nasal cycle: Implications for positive airway pressure therapy
Authors: Crofts Catherine A.P. , Neill Alister , Campbell Angela , Bartley Jim , White David E.
Published: March 2018

Background: The global pandemic of metabolic disease is worsening. The metabolic theory of obesity proposes that hormonal changes, especially hyperinsulinaemia, precede metabolic disease development. Although quality sleep is recognised as a key factor for good health, less is known about disrupted sleep as a risk factor for hyperinsulinaemia. Aim: To explore the relationship between sleep, especially sleep architecture and the nasal cycle, on insulin secretion in obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) with comorbid metabolic disease. This review includes a discussion of the potential role of Rest-Activity-Cycler positive airway pressure (RACer-PAP), a novel non-pharmacological OSA treatment strategy. Methods: A narrative review of all the relevant papers known to the authors was conducted. This review also included results from a polysomnographic sleep clinic pilot study (n = 3) comparing sleep efficiency of RACer-PAP to nasal continuous positive airways pressure (n-CPAP) in OSA patients.  Results: Metabolic disease is strongly associated with disturbed sleep. Sleep architecture influences cerebral hormonal secretion, lateral shifts in the autonomic nervous system and nasal airflow dominance. Disturbed sleep shortens short-wave sleep periods, decreasing insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. Improvements to metabolic function during n-CPAP treatment are inconsistent. If RACer-PAP demonstrates superior effects on sleep architecture and autonomic function, it may offer advantages in OSA patients with comorbid metabolic disease. Conclusion: Improving sleep architecture by maintaining the nasal cycle proposes a novel non-pharmacological treatment paradigm for treating OSA with comorbid metabolic disease. Research is required to demonstrate if RACer-PAP therapy influences whole night sleep architecture, sympathovagal balance and markers of metabolic disease.
Immunological response to Brucella abortus strain 19 vaccination of cattle in a communal area in South Africa
Authors: Simpson Gregory J.G. , Marcotty Tanguy , Rouille Elodie , Chilundo Abel , Letteson Jean-Jacques , Godfroid Jacques
Published: March 2018

Brucellosis is of worldwide economic and public health importance. Heifer vaccination with live attenuated Brucella abortus strain 19 (S19) is the cornerstone of control in low- and middle-income countries. Antibody persistence induced by S19 is directly correlated with the number of colony-forming units (CFU) per dose. There are two vaccination methods: a ‘high’ dose (5–8 × 1010 CFU) subcutaneously injected or one or two ‘low’ doses (5 × 109 CFU) through the conjunctival route. This study aimed to evaluate serological reactions to the ‘high’ dose and possible implications of the serological findings on disease control. This study included 58 female cases, vaccinated at Day 0, and 29 male controls. Serum was drawn repeatedly and tested for Brucella antibodies using the Rose Bengal Test (RBT) and an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA). The cases showed a rapid antibody response with peak RBT positivity (98%) at 2 weeks and iELISA (95%) at 8 weeks, then decreased in an inverse logistic curve to 14% RBT and 32% iELISA positive at 59 weeks and at 4.5 years 57% (4/7 cases) demonstrated a persistent immune response (RBT, iELISA or Brucellin skin test) to Brucella spp. Our study is the first of its kind documenting the persistence of antibodies in an African communal farming setting for over a year to years after ‘high’ dose S19 vaccination, which can be difficult to differentiate from a response to infection with wild-type B. abortus. A recommendation could be using a ‘low’ dose or different route of vaccination.
Significance of mental health legislation for successful primary care for mental health and community mental health services: A review
Authors: Ayano Getinet
Published: March 2018

Background: Mental health legislation (MHL) is required to ensure a regulatory framework for mental health services and other providers of treatment and care, and to ensure that the public and people with a mental illness are afforded protection from the often-devastating consequences of mental illness.Aims: To provide an overview of evidence on the significance of MHL for successful primary care for mental health and community mental health servicesMethod: A qualitative review of the literature on the significance of MHL for successful primary care for mental health and community mental health services was conducted.Results: In many countries, especially in those who have no MHL, people do not have access to basic mental health care and treatment they require. One of the major aims of MHL is that all people with mental disorders should be provided with treatment based on the integration of mental health care services into the primary healthcare (PHC). In addition, MHL plays a crucial role in community integration of persons with mental disorders, the provision of care of high quality, the improvement of access to care at community level. Community-based mental health care further improves access to mental healthcare within the city, to have better health and mental health outcomes, and better quality of life, increase acceptability, reduce associated social stigma and human rights abuse, prevent chronicity and physical health comorbidity will likely to be detected early and managed.Conclusion: Mental health legislation plays a crucial role in community integration of persons with mental disorders, integration of mental health at primary health care, the provision of care of high quality and the improvement of access to care at community level. It is vital and essential to have MHL for every country.
Towards a new model of grit within a cognitive-affective framework of self-regulation
Authors: Armstrong Alacia , Van der Lingen Elma , Lourens Riaan , Chen Jeff Y-J.
Published: March 2018

Grit – passion and perseverance for long-term goals – has been empirically shown to be a positive predictor of success across multiple contexts. The current study developed a new framework of grit within a framework of self-regulatory behaviours. Here, a qualitative approach was assumed to obtain interview data from chief innovation officers and chief information officers within technologically intensive industries. Empirical evidence was used to inductively determine the underlying cognitive-affective processing that influences gritty behaviour. Overall, six strategies were identified: temporal perspective, perpetual evaluation, motivational orientation, strength and resource gathering, system thinking and framing. Organisations may utilise the grit model developed here to enhance the grittiness of their innovation leaders by building effective cognitive-affective strategies.
Flexi work, financial well-being, work–life balance and their effects on subjective experiences of productivity and job satisfaction of females in an institution of higher learning
Authors: Jackson Leon T.B. , Fransman Edwina I.
Published: March 2018

Background: Expressions such as ‘there are not enough hours in the day’ and ‘the 25 h workday’ or cliché statements such as ‘working 24/7’ have become common overtones in the way employees feel about time at work. Because of this ‘lack of time’ feeling, alternative work arrangements such as flexitime, telecommuting and practices such as work–life balance have emerged as popular topics for researchers, employees, organisations and the like in the past few decades. Setting: Women are still the main caregivers of family members and households, and compared to men, they are less likely to be granted flexitime by their employers. It therefore seems realistic to imagine that women would suffer more from work–life conflict. Women still earn, on average, less than men and are more likely to have part-time jobs. This has an impact on the financial well-being of women. These issues have yet to be investigated in an institution of higher learning in South Africa. Aim: This study was aimed at determining: (1) the relationship between flexi work, financial well-being and work–life balance, productivity and job satisfaction, (2) the role of flexible work, financial well-being and work–life balance in productivity and job satisfaction, and (3) the mediating effect of productivity (job satisfaction in the alternative model) in the relationship between flexible work, financial well-being and work–life balance and job satisfaction (productivity in the alternative model). Methods: A cross-sectional survey was used with a convenience sample (n = 252) of female support employees, employed in a higher education institution in the North West province of South Africa. Results: Findings of the study indicated a statistically significant relationship between the variables. Results indicated that financial well-being, work–life balance and productivity were statistically significant predictors of job satisfaction, and in addition, subjective experiences of productivity serve as partial mediators in the relationship between financial well-being and work–life balance on the one hand, and job satisfaction on the other hand. Conclusion: It seems like financial well-being and work–life balance play a more important role in job satisfaction and that financial well-being and work–life balance are more important for job satisfaction through subjective experiences of productivity. It would therefore make sense to increase experiences of financial well-being and work–life balance to address experiences of low levels of job satisfaction and subjective experiences of productivity.
Private hospital expenditure and relation to utilisation: Observations from the data
Authors: Erasmus Marine , Kean Helen
Published: March 2018

Background: This study contributes to the detailed understanding of the drivers of medical scheme expenditure on private hospitals in South Africa over 2006–2014. This is important in the context of various regulatory reforms that are being considered at present. Aim: The aim is to provide an updated analysis and description of the drivers of medical scheme expenditure on private hospitals in South Africa. Setting: Private hospital market, South Africa. Methods: Data from the three largest private hospital groups – which account for approximately 70% of the South African private hospital market share – are collected, aggregated and analysed. This study uses targeted descriptive and exploratory analyses, relying on a residual approach to hospital expenditure. Results: It is found that over time medical scheme beneficiaries, on average, are being admitted to private hospitals more frequently, as well as staying in hospital for longer during each admission. The data also indicate that over time older people are being admitted to hospital more often. Conclusion: This study’s findings contradict previous assertions that it is only prices driving increased medical scheme expenditure on private hospitals.
Similar HIV protection from four weeks of zidovudine versus nevirapine prophylaxis among formula-fed infants in Botswana
Authors: Powis Kathleen M. , Lockman Shahin , Ajibola Gbolahan , Hughes Michael D. , Bennett Kara , Leidner Jean , Batlang Oganne , Botebele Kerapetse , Moyo Sikhulile , Van Widenfelt Erik , Makhema Joseph , Petlo Chipo , Jibril Haruna B. , McIntosh Kenneth , Essex Max , Shapiro Roger L.
Published: March 2018

Background: The World Health Organization HIV guidelines recommend either infant zidovudine (ZDV) or nevirapine (NVP) prophylaxis for the prevention of intrapartum motherto-child HIV transmission (MTCT) among formula-fed infants. No study has evaluated the comparative efficacy of infant prophylaxis with twice daily ZDV versus once daily NVP in exclusively formula-fed HIV-exposed infants.  Methods: Using data from the Mpepu Study, a Botswana-based clinical trial investigating whether prophylactic co-trimoxazole could improve infant survival, retrospective analyses of MTCT events and Division of AIDS (DAIDS) Grade 3 or Grade 4 occurrences of anaemia or neutropenia were performed among infants born full-term (≥ 37 weeks gestation), with a birth weight ≥ 2500 g and who were formula-fed from birth. ZDV infant prophylaxis was used from Mpepu Study inception. A protocol modification mid-way through the study led to the subsequent use of NVP infant prophylaxis. Results: Among infants qualifying for this secondary retrospective analysis, a total of 695 (52%) infants received ZDV, while 646 (48%) received NVP from birth for at least 25 days but no more than 35 days. Confirmed intrapartum HIV infection occurred in two (0.29%) ZDV recipients and three (0.46%) NVP recipients (p = 0.68). Anaemia occurred in 19 (2.7%) ZDV versus 12 (1.9%) NVP (p = 0.36) recipients. Neutropenia occurred in 28 (4.0%) ZDV versus 21 (3.3%) NVP recipients (p = 0.47). Conclusions: Both ZDV and NVP resulted in low intrapartum transmission rates and no significant differences in severe infant haematologic toxicity (DAIDS Grade 3 or Grade 4) among formula-fed full-term infants with a birthweight ≥ 2500 g.
Low awareness about breast self-examination and risk factors of breast cancer in Benghazi, Libya
Authors: Ziuo Fatma Yousuf , Twoier Ahmed , Huria Tahani , El-Khewisky Fayek
Published: March 2018

Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in the Eastern Mediterranean region and the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Objectives: The study aimed to ascertain the level of awareness about the breast self-examination (BSE) and early detection of breast cancer and risks of breast cancer in the women of Benghazi, the second capital city of Libya. Subjects and Methods: A community-based survey was carried out in Benghazi to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of women at Benghazi about BSE and risk and protective factors of breast cancer. Cluster sampling technique was used. 30 clusters were selected during the year 2013. Results: Three thousand women were targeted; 2601 women were interviewed. Their mean age was 36.4 ± 10.9 years; more than half of them were married. The respondents' knowledge about BSE was poor with less than half of them (48.1%) having ever heard about BSE. Less than one-fifth of them (16.9%) knew what is BSE and less than one-quarter (25.7%) had satisfactory knowledge about the recommended frequency of BSE. About 39.0% of the respondents knew how to perform BSE, less than one-quarter of them (22.5%) knew when to start it. However, about three quarters (74.4%) of women considered BSE practice very important based on information from television programs as their source of knowledge (23.8). Less than half (43%) thought that high-fat diet and 42% stated that that physical inactivity are recognized risk factors for developing breast cancer. Conclusions: There is a poor knowledge about BSE and about risk and protective factors of breast cancer even among educated women in Benghazi. Primary prevention and early detection awareness should be the first step for prevention of breast cancer in Benghazi, Libya.
Renal replacement therapy for metformin and sitagliptin overdose
Authors: Chaaban Ahmad , Gebran Nicole , El Houni Ali , Alamri Khuloud , Bernieh Bassam
Published: March 2018

Metformin and sitagliptin are widely used in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. We present a case who reported ingestion of an overdose of metformin and sitagliptin in a suicidal attempt. The patient presented with severe lactic acidosis, hypotension, and hyperglycemic acute kidney injury, successfully treated medically with intravenous infusion of fluids and sodium bicarbonate, and prompt convection hemodialysis.
An Easy Approach to Distributions and Operational Calculus
Authors: Lomadze Vakhtang
Published: March 2018

The Mikusinski space is introduced as the smallest extension of the space of classical continuous functions in which the integration operator is bijective. (This can be viewed as a very small part of the field of Mikusinski operators.) It is shown that the space of Schwartz distributions (of finite order) can be defined as a quotient of the Mikusinski space. A remarkable property of Mikusinski functions is that they admit multiplication by all rational functions. It is demonstrated that this multiplication provides a natural simple basis for Heaviside's operational calculus.
Residents' Ratings of Their Clinical Supervision and Their Self-Reported Medical Errors: Analysis of Data From 2009
Authors: Baldwin DeWitt C. , Daugherty Steven R. , Ryan Patrick M. , Yaghmour Nicholas A. , Philibert Ingrid
Published: March 2018

Background 

Medical errors and patient safety are major concerns for the medical and medical education communities. Improving clinical supervision for residents is important in avoiding errors, yet little is known about how residents perceive the adequacy of their supervision and how this relates to medical errors and other education outcomes, such as learning and satisfaction.

Methods 

We analyzed data from a 2009 survey of residents in 4 large specialties regarding the adequacy and quality of supervision they receive as well as associations with self-reported data on medical errors and residents' perceptions of their learning environment.

Results 

Residents' reports of working without adequate supervision were lower than data from a 1999 survey for all 4 specialties, and residents were least likely to rate “lack of supervision” as a problem. While few residents reported that they received inadequate supervision, problems with supervision were negatively correlated with sufficient time for clinical activities, overall ratings of the residency experience, and attending physicians as a source of learning. Problems with supervision were positively correlated with resident reports that they had made a significant medical error, had been belittled or humiliated, or had observed others falsifying medical records.

Conclusions 

Although working without supervision was not a pervasive problem in 2009, when it happened, it appeared to have negative consequences. The association between inadequate supervision and medical errors is of particular concern.
Normalized CES supply-side system approach: how to replicate Klump, McAdam, and Willman (2007)
Authors: Daniels Gerald Eric , Kakar Venoo
Published: March 2018

This paper lays out a replication plan for the influential paper by Klump et al. (Factor Substitution and Factor-augmenting Technical Progress in the United States: a Normalized Supply-side System Approach 2007) on using a normalized CES supply-side system approach to estimate the value of the elasticity of substitution between factors of production and identify the growth patterns for biased technical progress. The authors begin with a general discussion of basic principles on carrying out a replication study. Further, they outline key steps to follow to replicate the chosen paper and establish criteria that can be used to determine if the replication confirms or disconfirms the original findings. This paper contributes to the increased interest in improving replications in economics research.
Poor understanding? Challenges to Global Development Education
Authors: Buchanan John , Varadharajan Meera
Published: March 2018

As members of a global community, we cohabit a metaphorically shrinking physical environment, and are increasingly connected one to another, and to the world, by ties of culture, economics, politics, communication and the like. Education is an essential component in addressing inequalities and injustices concerning global rights and responsibilities. The increasing multicultural nature of societies locally, enhanced access to distal information, and the work of charitable organisations worldwide are some of the factors that have contributed to the interest in, and need for, understanding global development education. The project on which this paper reports sought answers to the question: to what extent and in what ways can a semester-long subject enhance and extend teacher education students’ understandings of and responses to global inequalities and global development aid? In the course of the project, a continuum model emerged, as follows: Indifference or ignorance ➝ pity and charity ➝ partnership and development among equals. In particular, this paper reports on some of the challenges and obstacles that need to be addressed in order to enhance pre-service teachers’ understandings of global development education. The study, conducted in Australia, has implications for global development education in other developed nations.
Uncertainty characterization of HOAPS 3.3 latent heat-flux-related parameters
Authors: Liman Julian , Schröder Marc , Fennig Karsten , Andersson Axel , Hollmann Rainer
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Latent heat flux (LHF) is one of the main contributors to
the global energy budget. As the density of in situ
LHF measurements over the global oceans is generally poor, the potential of remotely sensed LHF for meteorological
applications is enormous. However, to date none of the available satellite products have included estimates of systematic, random, and
sampling uncertainties, all of which are essential for assessing their quality. Here, the challenge is taken on by matching
LHF-related pixel-level data of the Hamburg Ocean Atmosphere Parameters and Fluxes from Satellite (HOAPS) climatology
(version 3.3) to in situ measurements originating from a high-quality data archive of buoys and selected ships. Assuming the ground
reference to be bias-free, this allows for deriving instantaneous systematic uncertainties as a function of four atmospheric
predictor variables. The approach is regionally independent and therefore overcomes the issue of sparse in situ data densities over
large oceanic areas. Likewise, random uncertainties are derived, which include not only a retrieval component but also contributions
from in situ measurement noise and the collocation procedure. A recently published random uncertainty decomposition approach is
applied to isolate the random retrieval uncertainty of all LHF-related HOAPS parameters. It makes use of two combinations
of independent data triplets of both satellite and in situ data, which are analysed in terms of their pairwise variances of
differences. Instantaneous uncertainties are finally aggregated, allowing for uncertainty characterizations on monthly to
multi-annual timescales. Results show that systematic LHF uncertainties range between 15 and 50 W m−2 with
a global mean of 25 W m−2. Local maxima are mainly found over the subtropical ocean basins as well as along the western
boundary currents. Investigations indicate that contributions from qa (U) to the overall LHF uncertainty are
on the order of 60 % (25 %). From an instantaneous point of view, random retrieval uncertainties are specifically large over the
subtropics with a global average of 37 W m−2. In a climatological sense, their magnitudes become negligible, as do
respective sampling uncertainties. Regional and seasonal analyses suggest that largest total LHF uncertainties are seen
over the Gulf Stream and the Indian monsoon region during boreal winter. In light of the uncertainty measures, the observed
continuous global mean LHF increase up to 2009 needs to be treated with caution. The demonstrated approach can easily be
transferred to other satellite retrievals, which increases the significance of the present work.
COCAP: a carbon dioxide analyser for small unmanned aircraft systems
Authors: Kunz Martin , Lavric Jost V. , Gerbig Christoph , Tans Pieter , Neff Don , Hummelgård Christine , Martin Hans , Rödjegård Henrik , Wrenger Burkhard , Heimann Martin
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Unmanned aircraft systems (UASs) could provide a cost-effective way to close gaps in the observation of the carbon cycle, provided that small yet accurate analysers are available. We have developed a COmpact Carbon dioxide analyser for Airborne Platforms (COCAP). The accuracy of COCAP's carbon dioxide (CO2) measurements is ensured by calibration in an environmental chamber, regular calibration in the field and by chemical drying of sampled air. In addition, the package contains a lightweight thermal stabilisation system that reduces the influence of ambient temperature changes on the CO2 sensor by 2 orders of magnitude. During validation of COCAP's CO2 measurements in simulated and real flights we found a measurement error of 1.2 µmol mol−1 or better with no indication of bias. COCAP is a self-contained package that has proven well suited for the operation on board small UASs. Besides carbon dioxide dry air mole fraction it also measures air temperature, humidity and pressure. We describe the measurement system and our calibration strategy in detail to support others in tapping the potential of UASs for atmospheric trace gas measurements.
The effect of subauroral polarization streams on the mid-latitude thermospheric disturbance neutral winds: a universal time effect
Authors: Wang Hui , Zhang Kedeng , Zheng Zhichao , Ridley Aaron James
Published: March 2018

Abstract. The temporal and spatial variations in thermospheric neutral winds at an altitude of 400 km in response to subauroral polarization streams (SAPS) are investigated using global ionosphere and thermosphere model simulations under the southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) condition. During SAPS periods the westward neutral winds in the subauroral latitudes are greatly strengthened at dusk. This is due to the ion drag effect, through which SAPS can accelerate neutral winds in the westward direction. The new findings are that for SAPS commencing at different universal times, the strongest westward neutral winds exhibit large variations in amplitudes. The ion drag and Joule heating effects are dependent on the solar illumination, which exhibit UT variations due to the displacement of the geomagnetic and geographic poles. With more sunlight, stronger westward neutral winds can be generated, and the center of these neutral winds shifts to a later magnetic local time than neutral winds with less solar illumination. In the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere, the disturbance neutral wind reaches a maximum at 18:00 and 04:00 UT, and a minimum at 04:00 and 16:00 UT, respectively. There is a good correlation between the neutral wind velocity and cos0.5(SZA) (solar zenith angle). The reduction in the electron density and enhancement in the air mass density at an altitude of 400 km are strongest when the maximum solar illumination collocates with the SAPS. The correlation between the neutral wind velocity and cos0.5(SZA) is also good during the northward IMF period. The effect of a sine-wave oscillation of SAPS on the neutral wind also exhibits UT variations in association with the solar illumination.
Carbon amendment stimulates benthic nitrogen cycling during the bioremediation of particulate aquaculture waste
Authors: Robinson Georgina , MacTavish Thomas , Savage Candida , Caldwell Gary S. , Jones Clifford L. W. , Probyn Trevor , Eyre Bradley D. , Stead Selina M.
Published: March 2018

Abstract. The treatment of organic wastes remains one of the key sustainability challenges facing the growing global aquaculture industry. Bioremediation systems based on coupled bioturbation–microbial processing offer a promising route for waste management. We present, for the first time, a combined biogeochemical–molecular analysis of the short-term performance of one such system that is designed to receive nitrogen-rich particulate aquaculture wastes. Using sea cucumbers (Holothuria scabra) as a model bioturbator we provide evidence that adjusting the waste C : N from 5 : 1 to 20 : 1 promoted a shift in nitrogen cycling pathways towards the dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA), resulting in net NH4+ efflux from the sediment. The carbon amended treatment exhibited an overall net N2 uptake, whereas the control receiving only aquaculture waste exhibited net N2 production, suggesting that carbon supplementation enhanced nitrogen fixation. The higher NH4+ efflux and N2 uptake was further supported by meta-genome predictions that indicate that organic-carbon addition stimulated DNRA over denitrification. These findings indicate that carbon addition may potentially result in greater retention of nitrogen within the system; however, longer-term trials are necessary to determine whether this nitrogen retention is translated into improved sea cucumber biomass yields. Whether this truly constitutes a remediation process is open for debate as there remains the risk that any increased nitrogen retention may be temporary, with any subsequent release potentially raising the eutrophication risk. Longer and larger-scale trials are required before this approach may be validated with the complexities of the in-system nitrogen cycle being fully understood.
Bipolar carbon and hydrogen isotope constraints of the Holocene methane budget
Authors: Beck Jonas , Bock Michael , Schmitt Jochen , Seth Barbara , Blunier Thomas , Fischer Hubertus
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Atmospheric methane concentration shows a well-known decrease over the first half of the Holocene following the northern hemisphere summer insolation before it started to increase again to preindustrial values. There is a debate about what caused this change in the methane concentration trend, in particular, whether an early anthropogenic influence or natural emissions led to the reversal of the atmospheric CH4 concentration. Here, we present new methane concentration and stable hydrogen and carbon isotope data measured on ice core samples from both Greenland and Antarctica over the Holocene. With the help of a two-box model and the full suite of CH4 parameters, the new data allow us to quantify the total methane emissions in the northern and southern hemispheres separately as well as their isotopic signatures, while interpretation of isotopic records of only one hemisphere may lead to erroneous conclusions. For the first half of the Holocene our results indicate a decrease in northern and southern hemisphere CH4 emissions by more than 30 Tg CH4/yr in total accompanied by a drop in the northern carbon isotopic source signature of about −3 ‰. This cannot be explained by a change in the source mix alone, but requires shifts in the isotopic signature of the sources themselves caused by changes in the precursor material for the methane production. In the second half of the Holocene global CH4 emissions increased by about 30 Tg CH4/yr, while preindustrial isotopic emission signatures remained more a less constant. However, our results show that the increase of methane emissions starting in the mid-Holocene took place in the southern hemisphere, while northern hemisphere emissions started to increase only about 2000 years ago. Accordingly, natural emissions in the southern tropics appear to be the main cause of the CH4 increase starting 5000 years ago in contradiction to an early anthropogenic influence on the global methane budget by East Asian land use changes.