bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contractual Harm
Authors: Fletcher George P , Sheppard Steve
Published: November 2023

If all people were honest and performed their contracts in good faith, we would hardly need laws, courts, and coercive means of enforcement. The courts become relevant only because contractual relationships occasionally break down. There are more differences among legal systems than one might imagine in the theory and regulation of “breakdown.”
The American Civil Trial in Outline
Authors: Fletcher George P , Sheppard Steve
Published: November 2023

The American adversary system of civil procedure is probably better known than any other to both lawyers and nonlawyers across the globe. Depicted in movies and books distributed to audiences worldwide, the drama of attorney confrontation over the evidence is ubiquitous. As lawyers from states with civilian and other systems know, the common law trial is an unusual process, which not only gives the judge little or no role in gathering or sifting the evidence but also leaves the verdict entirely to lay jurors, even in complicated commercial lawsuits.1 Indeed, given the central role of the jury trial as the model for all common law litigation—even litigation before a judge alone—it is not unfair to say that the trial as common lawyers think of it has no counterpart in civilian procedure at all.
Where Would You Rather Be Tried?
Authors: Fletcher George P , Sheppard Steve
Published: November 2023

Despite the tendency toward global thinking in criminal law, each country retains its distinctive approach to criminal procedure. The differences in procedural systems probably run deeper than in substantive law. To compare these systems, we should first be clear about the terminology we use. The most common terms for describing systems of criminal procedure are adversarial, inquisitorial, and accusatorial. These systems are defined according to the way in which the three different functions of the trial are allocated. These functions are (1) gathering evidence and presenting it at trial, (2) charging the accused with a crime, and (3) judging guilt or innocence.
The Fate of Bernhard Goetz
Authors: Fletcher George P , Sheppard Steve
Published: November 2023

We left the Goetz defense with a hard decision to make. Should they go for the short-term benefit of moving to dismiss the indictment, or should they stick with the indictment as is and avoid the risk of a long-term disaster—namely, a decision on appeal that the binding law in New York was really the objective standard after all?
Defining Police Corruption
Authors: Ivković Sanja Kutnjak
Published: November 2023

Newspapers across the world routinely report on corrupt police officers, and some of the stories describe convictions for their behavior. Yet, few legal statutes explicitly define and recognize certain behaviors as corrupt. The corruption-related crimes enumerated in newspaper accounts for which police officers could be convicted include the more typical ones, such as bribery and extortion, and more unusual ones, such as robbery and theft. Could these diverse violations fit under the umbrella of a single form of police misconduct, namely police corruption? What are the important aspects of the definition that would make it applicable to the same corrupt behavior across a broad range of police departments both in the United States and abroad?
“I Must Act”
Authors: Ryan George
Published: November 2023

Four years ago I was sworn in as the 39th governor of Illinois. That was just four short years ago; that’s when I was a firm believer in the American System of Justice and the death penalty. I believed that the ultimate penalty for the taking of a life was administrated in a just and fair manner.
Introduction
Authors: Delong-bas Natana J
Published: November 2023

Post–9/11, Wahhabism has been identified by governments, political analysts, and the media as the major “Islamic threat” facing Western civilization and the inspiration for Osama bin Laden and his alQaida network. It has become infamous for its negative influence on Islam, mosques, and madrasas globally. It is described as extremist, radical, puritanical, contemptuous of modernity, misogynist, and militant in nature. It has been characterized as Islamo-fascism following in the traditions of communism and nazism. It is accused of inspiring militant religious extremism in movements ranging from the Taliban of Afghanistan to the so-called Wahhabis of Central Asia and Osama bin Laden’s al-Qaida network.
Muhammad Ibn Abd alWahhab and the Origins of Wahhabism: The EighteenthCentury Context
Authors: Delong-bas Natana J
Published: November 2023

Wahhabism was founded in the eighteenth century in the province of Najd, a broad desert expanse located in central Arabia. Najd has often been described as a desert wasteland, standing in marked contrast to the more cosmopolitan Hijaz region, which houses the Muslim holy cities of Mecca and Medina. While the Hijaz has been at the forefront of international commerce and educational exchanges, Najd has traditionally been considered a more isolated region, off the beaten track of the caravan routes. As such, Najd has not been a prime location for tourism or foreign conquest. This does not mean that it was completely isolated from the outside world. In fact, pilgrims, students, and merchants regularly traveled from Najd to other regions of Arabia and the Middle East to participate in the broad exchange of ideas, culture, and goods. These exchanges were simply on a smaller scale than was the case for the more cosmopolitan regions that served as a point of arrival rather than departure.
Related Texts and Relevant Terminology
Authors: Kohn Livia
Published: November 2023

However central and important in medieval Daoism, the Fengdao kejie did not stand alone. Rather, it was surrounded by various other texts that reinforce, supplement, and expand the information contained in the text. These surrounding works include behavioral manuals that add to the organizational and ritual information contained in the Fengdao kejie; collections of rules, often haphazard, that are both behavioral and organizational and to a large extent cover the same ground; technical works on ordination ranks, procedures, and vestments, mostly associated with the eighth-century ritual master Zhang Wanfu; and one other extensive ritual collection of the eighth century that discusses organizational structures and practices relevant to both lay priests and monastic institutions (see table). All these texts provide supplementary data and are used variou’sly in the footnotes of the translation.
Retribution of Sins
Authors: Kohn Livia
Published: November 2023

The Scripture says: Anyone who desecrates or destroys statues or sacred images of the Heavenly Worthies or the Great Dao after death will fall into the nine realms of darkness or the eighteen hells. After ten thousand kalpas [Yinyuan Jing (hereafter abbreviated YYJ): of receiving pain, the pain will stop and] he will be born again [YYJ: among humanity], in a body suffering from leprosy (YYJ: which will make his whole body ooze pus and blood, be foul-smelling and stinking of rot, so that people will not be pleased to look at him.].
Transmission Details
Authors: Kohn Livia
Published: November 2023

throughout the year at all [purgations held] use the hymns in the fundamental scriptures to create a unified intention and joint mind that matches master and disciples. [.. .] Otherwise the right impulse is not achieved, and one violates the dignified observances on the outside and becomes remiss and lax in one’s mind on the inside. Therefore every time they ascend the altar, enter the oratory, perform rites to the Dao, or hold a purgation, all disciples must prostrate themselves with elbows on the ground, while the chimes sound a sincere rhythm, never dropping off or slowing down. Failure to comply carries a subtraction of 1,200 [days of life].
Textuality and Education in Ancient Israel
Authors: Carr David M
Published: November 2023

The first time we actually have documentation for how the Hebrew Bible is used, it is used in educational contexts. The earliest synagogues were primarily teaching institutions, and the Bible was used first and foremost as a holy teaching tool for the education- enculturation of young Jews (mostly males). Within the early synagogues and nonsynagogal schools students learned to recite and understand biblical texts, learning Hebrew and memorizing the Torah, Psalms, and portions of the prophets. Such practices of reading, learning, and memorization of the Bible continue up to the present in many traditional Jewish communities.
The Story Of The Two Brothers
Authors: El-Shamy Hasan
Published: November 2023

The Manuscript of this story, bought in Italy by Madame Elizabeth d’Orbiney, was sold by her to the British Museum in 1857, and was shortly afterwards reproduced by Samuel Birch in the Select Papyri, vol. ii, pl. ix-xix (1860), folio. A cursive edition of his facsimile occupies pp. 22-40 of ./Egyptische Chrestomathie by Leo Reinisch, Vienna, 1875, small folio, and a very careful copy has been given by G. Moller, Hieratische Lesestucke, Leipzig, 1910, small folio, vol. ii, pp.1-20. F. LL Griffith has carefully compared the text with the original, and has published his collation under the title Notes on the Text of the d’Orbiney Papyrus, in the Proceedings of the Society ofBiblicalArchch&ology, vol. vii, 1888-9, pp. 161-172 and 414-416. The text was translated and analysed for the first time by E. de Rouge, Notice sur un manuscrit egyptien, en icriture hiiratique, icrit sous le regne de Merienphtah, jils du grand Ramses, vers le xv’ siecle avant !’ere chritienne, in the Athin&um Franrais, Saturday, October 30, 1852, pp. 280-284 (printed separately by Thunot, 1852, 12mo, 24 pp.), and in the Revue archiologique,1st series, vol. viii, pp. 30 et seq. (printed separately by Leleu, 1852, 8vo, 16 pp. and I pl.); this memoir has been republished in the CEuvres Diverses, vol. ii, pp. 303-319.
The Adventure of Satni-Khamois with the Mummies
Authors: El-Shamy Hasan
Published: November 2023

THE LAST leaf of this story bears a date of year XV of a king whose name has never been written, but who must have been one of the Ptolemies. Two manuscripts of it, at least, exist, the fragments of which are now in the Cairo Museum. The first was discovered and published by Mariette, Les Papyrus du Musee de Boulaq, 1871, vol. i, pl. 29-32, after a facsimile by Emile Brugsch, and then by Krall, Demotische Lesestucke 1897, folio, pl. 29-32, from Mariette’s edition, collated with the original. It was composed of six pages numbered from 1 to 6: the first two are lost and the beginnings of all the lines of the third are missing. The second manuscript was discovered by Spiegelberg among detached sheets brought from the Fayum, and was published by him in the Catalogue of the Cairo Museum, Demotische Denkmaler, 2nd part, die Demotische Papyri, 4°, 1906, Texts pp. n2-n5. It is greatly damaged, and it is rarely that we can distinguish a single consecutive sentence referring to the incidents of Satni’s descent into the tomb of Nenoferkephtah. The text of the first manuscript has been translated by:
The High Emprise far the Cuirass
Authors: El-Shamy Hasan
Published: November 2023

As I Have said in the Introduction (pp. cxx-cxxi), we now possess two romances that belong to the cycle of Petubastis. The first of the two, which I have called The High Emprise far the Cuirass, is contained in one of the manuscripts of the Archduke Regnier; the fragments of it were among a mass of scraps bought at Dimeh, in the Fayum, at the north-eastern point of the Birket Karon. Scattered among several hundred original documents of that locality, covering a period of about three hundred years, from the second century b.c. to the second century a.cl., were forty-four pieces of varying sizes that belonged to one demotic papyrus. Krall at once recognised that they formed part of a literary composition-an historical romance as it then appeared-and he applied himself to studying it, putting other things aside. Many of the pieces declined to fit into place, but the greater number were finally arranged into three large pieces, the first of which measured 1 m. 88 in length, the second 79 centimetres, and the third 66 centimetres and 28 centimetres high. The first of these pieces, which is composed of eight fragments, contained the remains of eight columns, of 32, 33, 34, 36, and 38 lines apiece; the second and the third contained five and four columns, more or less mutilated. The twenty-three smaller fragments appeared to arrange themselves into five different columns, so that the entire volume must originally have consisted of twenty-two columns at least, containing more than seven hundred lines, and extending to a length of about six metres. None of the stories known up to the present have attained such dimensions, and yet the work is incomplete. We possess the second half without gaps of any importance, but a large part of the commencement is still missing.
Cop and Detective Films
Authors: Rafter Nicole
Published: November 2023

Trying to bring conceptual order to cop and detective movies is like trying to classify a proliferating form of life--one with hundreds of individual examples-using an obsolete taxonomy. Detective movies alone encompass half a dozen subtypes: amateur sleuth films; films about private eyes, private security agents, and plainclothes police detectives; victim-turned-hunter films; and movies more generally classified as noirs, neo-noirs, and whodunits or mysteries. Cop movies include even more subtypes: action films; aging cop films; the blaxploitation or black cop films of the early 1970s; films about buddy cops, corrupt cops, female cops, and rogue cops; cyborg or sciencefiction cop films; serial killer cop films; cop comedies; postmodernist cop films; and what I call alternative cop films. All are concerned with detection--seeing, penetrating, interpreting, apprehending-but they differ considerably in characters, theme, and relationships to the broader society. The challenge is to bring order to this antic proliferation and discover how these mutating film types evolved, which species are dying out, and how others are adapting for survival.
What Individuals Can Do to Help Conserve Biodiversity
Authors: McNeely Jeffrey A , Sterling, Eleanor , Mulongoy Kalemani Jo
Published: November 2023

The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, the most comprehensive inventory of the status of Earth’s natural resources, documented early in 2005 that the “ecological footprint” of human beings is becoming ever larger: Our increasing population and consumption of resources are altering and destroying ecosystems at an unprecedented rate.
Emma and the Legend of Jane Austen
Authors: Trilling Lionel
Published: November 2023

It is possible to say of Jane Austen, as perhaps we can say of no other writer, that the opinions which are held of her work are almost as interesting, and almost as important to think about, as the work itself. This statement, even with the qualifying ‘‘almost,’’ ought to be, on its face, an illegitimate one. We all know that the reader should come to the writer with no preconceptions, taking no account of any previous opinion. But this, of course, he cannot do. Every established writer exists in the aura of his legend—the accumulated opinion that we cannot help being aware of, the image of his personality that has been derived, correctly or incorrectly, from what he has written. In the case of Jane Austen, the legend is of an unusually compelling kind. Her very name is a charged one. The homely quaintness of the Christian name, the cool elegance of the surname, seem inevitably to force upon us the awareness of her sex, her celibacy, and her social class. ‘‘Charlotte Bronte’’ rumbles like thunder and drowns out any such special considerations.
Men of Sense and Silly WivesThe Confusions of Mr. Knightley
Authors: Waldron Mary
Published: November 2023

The “opinions of mansfield park” which Jane Austen collected and preserved gave her evidence that, though some readers were aware of the dispersal of the focus of reader approval present in the novel— they were doubtful about which characters they ought to “like,” and were honest about saying so—others tended to remodel the content to suit their expectations, and missed the novel’s subtleties and built-in uncertainties. Lady Robert Kerr, for instance, commented on “the pure morality with which it abounds” making it “a most desirable as well as useful work”; “Mr. Egerton the Publisher praised it for it’s Morality” (Minor Works, vol 6. of The Novels of Jane Austen, ed. R. W. Chapman (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1954), 433).
Teaching Religion and Healing at a Southern University
Authors: Finkler Kaja
Published: November 2023

Because religion is an emotionally charged subject, teaching about it and about healing traditions in entry-level college courses requires different approaches than do topics that do not always touch on a student’s personal feelings. Consideration must therefore be given to the specific backgrounds of the students, particularly if many come out of traditions characterized by fundamentalist Christian beliefs, as is the case at the southern university where I teach. Inasmuch as students with strong fundamentalist backgrounds may be sensitive to evaluations of religious beliefs and practices from an analytic rather than theological perspective, dealing with these topics requires a corresponding sensitivity from the instructor. At the same time, other students—many of whom are biology and science majors bound for medical school—are influenced by a powerful strain of discourse based on science and scientific rationality. Teaching about the mystical aspects of religious healing, including the use of altered states of consciousness, calls for equally subtle forms of navigation through these different currents in American society.
Chicanos/as, Religion, and Healing: Traditions and Transformations
Authors: Medina Lara
Published: November 2023

I have taught a course on Chicana and Chicano religiosity since 1992, first at the University of California, Los Angeles and now at California State University, Northridge. These are both large public universities in Southern California. The students in the course are primarily of Mexican ancestry although, as the demographics in Los Angeles change, more students with Central American heritage are now attending. The course counts toward general elective credit, which ensures an average of 40 students, a few coming from non-Latino ethnic groups who are preparing for a teaching profession in public elementary schools. I began teaching this class shortly after I completed a master’s in theology. The pleasure I experienced in teaching in a secular university a course that I view both as about healing and as promoting healing persuaded me to pursue a doctorate in history and religious studies.
Spirituality of Healing
Authors: Pui-lan Kwok
Published: November 2023

During the orientation period at the beginning of the semester, I tell students that if they want to train not just the mind but also the body, they might consider taking the course Spirituality of Healing. In the field of spirituality, while some teachers emphasize that it is an academic discipline with its own systems of knowledge and methods of study, others see spirituality as having more to do with practice and the spiritual formation of the students, especially if the students are pursuing professional or ministerial training (see Schneiders 1993: 207–218). Teaching at a divinity school in which the majority of the students are preparing for ordained ministry, I have adopted a “both-and” approach. Otherwise it would be like teaching the students to swim without ever asking them to touch the water.
Trial By Fire
Authors: Feingold Mordechai
Published: November 2023

Even as the priority dispute gained momentum, Newton in 1709 allowed himself to be drawn into an immensely challenging (and rewarding) collaboration with the Cambridge mathematician Roger Cotes, which led to the publication of the second edition of the Principia in 1713. No doubt, Newton’s perception of Leibnizian recalcitrance rankled, feeding off the mental energy he had expended over the years to reconstruct the creative process that had given birth to his masterpiece in 1687. So, too, did his indignation with his old nemesis, Descartes. The fusillade opened by John Keill, then – if not engineered by Newton – was animated by Newton’s determination to rout his opponents, both past and present.
The Fragile First Amendment
Authors: Jones Alex S
Published: November 2023

To Americans, the right to speak freely under the protection of the First Amendment is a certainty. Or so they believe. The First Amendment has been part of our Constitution since 1791, and its explicit guarantees are as comforting as they are familiar.

The amendment is a masterful and shrewd summation of the essence of the American sense of liberty that is elegant and almost poignant in its idealism. There are three freedoms guaranteed, each separated by a semicolon. First is the freedom to worship unencumbered by government, which essentially guarantees each citizen the freedom to believe according to one’s conscience.
The Role of Constantine in Early Christianity
Authors: Ehrman Bart D
Published: November 2023

Despite the intricacies of its plots and subplots, The Da Vinci Code is essentially a story of right versus wrong, good versus evil. And so it is no surprise to find that characters can be lined up on these respective sides. Good characters include, of course, Robert Langdon and Sophie Never, who are pure in thought and intent only on discovering the truth. An ambiguously good character is the head of the French judicial police, Beau Face, a gruff figure whose actions often seem self-serving and arrogant but who in the end is seen to be on the side of the good. On the bad side we find, to our surprise, Leigh Teaming (the “Teacher” before his self-disclosure Teaming appears to be on Langdon and Nave’s side of things); Remy, Teaming’s chauffeur and spy; and the albino monk Silas, who kills on demand in order to achieve what seems to him to be a greater good.
The Other Gospels
Authors: Ehrman Bart D
Published: November 2023

As we have seen, one of the key historical issues raised by Leigh Teaming in The Da Vinci Code involves an ancient “cover-up.” In his view, the early church sought to make the man Jesus into a divine figure. But this proved to be a difficult case for the church to make, since most of the earliest Gospels, Teaming claims, portrayed Jesus as fully human and not divine. The solution to the problem was obvious: the church chose the four Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, which portray Jesus as divine, Teaming asserts, and destroyed all the earlier accounts, which were more historically accurate.
The Feminine in Early Christianity
Authors: Ehrman Bart D
Published: November 2023

One of the key issues raised in The Da Vinci Code involves the role of the feminine in Christianity. According to both Leigh Teaming and Robert Langdon, the secret society known as the Priory of Sino has rightly understood that Christianity was originally a religion that celebrated the feminine—both the feminine human and the feminine divine—and incorporated practices into its worship that gave witness to this celebration.
Changing the Guard
Authors: Bayley David H
Published: November 2023

In order to achieve democratic reform in police agencies, what programs of foreign assistance should be provided? How can the international community, both bilaterally and multilaterally, facilitate the institutionalization of democratic policing? International experience suggests, I believe, six substantive programs that are critically important.
Ancient Church Orders: A Continuing Enigma
Authors: Bradshaw Paul F
Published: November 2023

Ancient church orders constitute one of the more fascinating genres of early Christian literature, purporting to offer authoritative ‘apostolic’ prescriptions on matters of moral conduct, liturgical practice, and ecclesiastical organization and discipline. What these pseudo-apostolic texts have to say about the apostolic age itself may be of little interest, but they are potentially valuable sources of evidence for the thought and practices of the periods in which they were composed. Although they were apparently originally written in Greek, in some cases all that has survived are translations into other languages.
The Effects of the Coming of Christendom in the Fourth Century
Authors: Bradshaw Paul F
Published: November 2023

The apparent conversion to Christianity of the emperor Constantine early in the fourth century is usually portrayed as marking a crucial turning-point in the evolution of forms of Christian worship; and it is undoubtedly true that a very clear contrast can be observed between the form and character of liturgical practices in the pre- and post-Constantinian eras. However, scholars have begun to realize that one must be careful not to overstate this distinction between the two periods of ecclesiastical history. A number of developments, the genesis of which has traditionally been ascribed to the changed situation of the Church after the Peace of Constantine, can be shown as having roots that reach back into the third century, and in some cases even earlier still.
The Unity of Dance and Religion
Authors: van der Leeuw Gerardus
Published: November 2023

Circles and Planes There was a period-and for the so called primitive peoples this period still exists-when art and religion stood so close to each other that they could almost be equated. Song was prayer; drama was divine performance; dance was cult. Every act of primitive man is, by its very nature, a magical act. All action, not merely the wonderful and inexplicable, takes place through “power,” even though it is only in unusual cases that it is worth while expressly to emphasize this power and to designate the act as magical, holy. In practice, primitive man proceeds empirically. That “otherness,” which reveals itself in an act, he speaks of only when it intrudes upon him as something remarkable; when it places itself in his way. He does not generalize and he docs not theorize. Therefore, only exceptionally will he explain as holy his own actions or those of others, as well as natural phenomena. and events in society. But our dichotomy between super natural and natural is not his criterion. To kill an enemy at some distance by means of an incantation demands holy power; the killing of a strong, well-armed enemy by means of a simple club also demands this “power.” The natural and supernatural-to our minds two strictly separated realms-lie for the primitive man in one plane, like two con centric circles, which he calls the usual and the unusual. There is no absolute line of demarcation.
The Enmity Between Religion and Theater
Authors: van der Leeuw Gerardus
Published: November 2023

The Enmity the conflict between Church and theater began a long time ago and still continues today. Everyone acquainted with our literature knows the bitter battle of the Amsterdam pastors against the academy for theater and poetry, which Samuel Coster founded in 1617, This battle was the occasion for some of Vondel’s most biting satire. Here in Holland the interest in theater, which is just now awakening in Christian circles, is discovering violent resistance from those same circles. “A Calvinist does not go to the theater, even in a foreign country,” a Calvinist once said. Little headway can be made against this kind of aversion by the more “moderate Christian.” He is liberal in his views of drama, but, because he is a pastor, he is seldom or never seen in his local theater. And the complaint of Liselotte von der Pfalz unfortunately still holds true: “Is it possible that the ministers in Frankfurt are so stuffy that they attach more importance to comedy than to sin? Their ambition to rule over men is a much greater sin than watching an innocent spectacle which for a moment can make a person laugh; I cannot forgive any parson this farce1”It is good, in the midst of picayune quarrels and narrow-minded liberality, to remember that the background of the conflict between Church and stage is that of history and the complex movement and countermovement of the human spirit.
The Theological Aesthetics of the Drama
Authors: van der Leeuw Gerardus
Published: November 2023

Liturgy From the point of view of theology, the place of dramatic art is in the liturgy. For whether it is rich or impoverished, developed or truncated, the liturgy of the Church is in any case drama, and it is in any case art. “Look at the liturgy: among the forms of Christian art, it is the transcendent and dominant one; the Spirit of God itself formed it, in order co have pleasure in it.” It is not as though the liturgy represented primarily a work of art: “Therein the Church seeks neither beauty nor decorative motifs, nor does she seek to move the heart.
The Rejection of the Word by Religion
Authors: van der Leeuw Gerardus
Published: November 2023

The Forbidden Image Whoever speaks, participates in time and space. He sings and represents. The graphic power of words, once a holy and mighty power, becomes-when the structures of transition no longer hold together-in its antithetical structure, the rebuke of the beautiful by the holy.
Influences toward Harmony
Authors: van der Leeuw Gerardus
Published: November 2023

The Sublime The motif of the sublime is related to that of the monumental; this we shall find above all in architecture, in the solemn calm of its noble line. In addition, however, the sublime is conveyed by an inwardness which reaches into the depths of our soul. We find it in all the arts, but literature has perhaps the best examples of it:
Influences Toward Harmony
Authors: van der Leeuw Gerardus
Published: November 2023

The Massive and Monumental The first influence which forces its attention upon us here is the massive, the monumental. Architecture provides the most eloquent examples. It works by nature with large masses. But it can work in two directions: either overcoming mass as well as it can, removing its weight, thwarting its lines, or by letting mass itself speak. As soon as it docs the latter, it possesses a means of expressing the holy in a particular side of its nature. Again we think of the gigantic “Daedalus” buildings of ancient Greece, which gave Pausanias an impression of the divine.
Discord
Authors: van der Leeuw Gerardus
Published: November 2023

No coflict? In regard to music, one might wonder whether even to speak of a conflict. With the possible exception of architecture, music, of all the arts, stands the closest to religion. Music continually places itself at the service of religion: it seems as though the old forms of Mass and Requiem allow themselves to be filled infinitely with new musical content. On the other hand, there is in religion no serious opposi tion to, and no open conflict with, music. Almost all worship uses music. Of course, there are often arguments as to the nature of the music. In the Roman Church, for example, it is the quarrel of strict liturgical music against a popular musical taste which loves kettledrums and brass in the church and sings the Tantum Ergo to the tune of an Austrian folk song. On the Reformed side, doubts exist whether music other than the Psalms is suitable for the “proclamation of the word.” The tendency dominates to relegate all other music to the plainly less sacred “second feasts,” those days on which one may ride the streetcar in even the most onhodox parts of Holland. Still, this does not touch the core of the problem. With few exceptions, Christian and general worship is not easily possible without music.
Yeqezkel Sama
Authors: Katz Steven T
Published: November 2023

Yeqezkel Sama (1889-1969), born in Gorodok (Belarus), studied in the Keneset Yisrael yeshiva in Slobodka under the Musar leaders Natan Tsevi Finkel and Mosheh Mordekhai Epstein. When the yeshiva was transferred to Kremenchuj, Ukraine, upon the outbreak of Wodd War I, Sarna had the opportunity to study with the J::Iofets J::Iayim. He returned to Slobodka with the yeshiva after the war, taught there, and then moved with it to Hebron (1924). He became head of the yeshiva in 1927 and continued in this position after it moved to Jerusalem in 1929. Sarna responded to the Holocaust in a eulogy address at the yeshivah in Jerusalem on 4 December 1944. He assured his listeners that God was not hidden, but present among the anguished remnant at the yeshiva as He was always present amid catastrophe. God’s weeping enabled Jews to cry and begin to console themselves. Moreover, the metaphysical realities of redemption (geulah), penitent return (teshuvah), and disaster (!Jurban) were displayed across Israel’s metahistorical line of development such that redemption was imminent. Redemption’s onset, however, was conditioned by Israel’s existential teshuvah. The tragedy was so severe that it paralyzed even the individual effort for teshuvah, but God entered into history to make that teshuvah possible.
The Religious Views of Benjamin Franklin
Authors: Holmes David L
Published: November 2023

Franklin’s father, a candle maker, sent his son at age eight to Boston Latin School (where many Puritan divines studied), probably because he intended the young man for the Congregationalist ministry. But no stories from Benjamin’s youth depict him as pious or faithful; rather, others described him as “skeptical, puckish ... and irreverent.” Removed after a year by his father from the Latin School and enrolled in a writing and arithmetic academy, Benjamin ultimately educated himself from the age of ten on.
The Religious Views of Thomas Jefferson
Authors: Holmes David L
Published: November 2023

Thomas Jefferson epitomized what it meant in America to be a man of the Enlightenment. At his estate of Monticello, he displayed busts of Bacon, Locke, and Newton. Incredibly broad in interests and abilities, Jefferson was sufficiently interested in religious matters that one scholar has described him as “the most self-consciously theological of all America’s presidents.” Religion, the writer declares, “mesmerized him, enraged him, tantalized him, alarmed him, and sometimes inspired him.”
The Jim Crow Era
Authors: Klarman Michael J
Published: November 2023

Extraordinary changes in racial attitudes and practices occurred in the Reconstruction decade following the Civil War. Slavery was abolished. Blacks were granted basic civil rights, such as freedom of contract and property ownership, as well as political rights, such as the rights to vote and to serve on juries. In the South, blacks voted in extraordinary numbers, electing thousands of black officeholders. Black jury service was common; streetcars generally were desegregated; and blacks finally gained access to public education.
World War II
Authors: Klarman Michael J
Published: November 2023

World War II was a transformative event in the history of American race relations. The ideology of the war was antifascist and prodemocratic. President Franklin D. Roosevelt urged Americans to “refut[e] at home the very theories which we are fighting abroad.” Frank Knox, the secretary of the navy, declared that “an army fighting allegedly for Democracy should be the last place in which to practice undemocratic segregation.” Justice Frank Murphy informed his colleagues that statutory racial distinctions are “at variance with the principles for which we are now waging war.”
“South On The Move”
Authors: Tidwell John Edgar , Sanders Mark A
Published: November 2023

A Southerner Discovers The South by Jonathan Daniels is a new kind of travel book. It is candid photography of a section, which until recently was sentimentalized. Deceptively written to resemble a casual jaunt, the book finally emerges as a composite of the South, too long and foolishly called “solid.” From wide reading and long thinking, Mr. Daniels knew what to look for and what questions to ask. Symbolic incidents and speeches, bits of excellent description, humorous anecdotes, glimpses of tragic events, allusions to well-known books and places, contribute to a portrait that anyone knowing the South in whole or in part must recognize as real. Resembling a personal essay at the outset, A Southerner Discovers The South becomes valuable social commentary. The tone is affectionate, but irony and protest are present. Editor of the Raleigh News and Observer, Mr. Daniels knows how to disarm Southern prejudices. A few sharp cracks at Yankee meddling occur here and there. But the South is taken severely to task; tabooed subjects are brought out in the open as when he mentions Virginia gentlemen “breeding slaves for the Deep South,” or refuses to howl over Reconstruction, likening the Ku Klux Klan to the Brown Shirts of Germany and the Black Shirts of Italy.
The Discovery of the Gospel of Judas
Authors: Ehrman Bart D
Published: November 2023

In chapter 1 I described my trip to Geneva in December 2004. There I laid eyes on the Gospel of Judas for the first time. I was obviously elated by the possibilities. But as I returned from my trip I had more questions than answers.
Who Was Judas Iscariot?
Authors: Ehrman Bart D
Published: November 2023

In my courses on the New Testament I teach two different approaches to the early Christian Gospels. One involves looking at these books as pieces of literature, seeing how they portray Jesus. Each of our surviving accounts of Jesus’ life has a distinctive message, unique to the views of its author. Thus Matthew’s view of Jesus is not the same as Mark’s, Mark’s is not the same as John’s, John’s is not the same as Thomas’s or Peter’s or Philip’s, and so on.
Doctrinal Perspectives On The Church In The Modern World
Authors: Benestad J Brian
Published: November 2023

The Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World (Gaudium et spes) is divided into two parts. Preceded by a preface and a brief introduction, part I primarily lays out doctrinal principles, but not without suggesting pastoral applications. Part II has mainly a pastoral orientation but on the firm ground of doctrinal principles; therefore, it has both contingent and permanent elements. Gaudium et spes is a constitution and stands as one of the four pillars of the council, along with Lumen gentium, Dei verbum, and Sacrosanctum concilium, respectively the Dogmatic Constitution on the Church, the Dogmatic Constitution on Revelation, and the Constitution on the Liturgy, which is also a doctrinal document but without ‘‘dogmatic’’ in the title. Gaudium et spes develops the council’s doctrine on the nature of the Church and must be understood in the light of Lumen gentium and not vice versa. The title of the constitution mentions ‘‘the Church in the world of this time’’ so as not to give the impression that the Church stands over against the world but, like every other institution, is just a presence in the world of today.
The Decree on the Eastern Catholic Churches, Orientalium Ecclesiarum
Authors: Anatolios Khaled
Published: November 2023

On first impression, the Decree on the Eastern Catholic Churches seems to offer slight ground for substantiating the claim that the Second Vatican Council intended its pronouncements to be in organic continuity with established ecclesial tradition. To begin with, the very situation that it addresses, the existence of Eastern churches distinguished from their Orthodox counterparts by communion with Rome, is a phenomenon that dates back for the most part only to the sixteenth century. Moreover, the document seems to be largely concerned with matters of church discipline rather than with doctrine integral to the deposit of faith; indeed, the decree legislates certain reversals of policy in these matters of discipline. Nevertheless, this document is best read as a strong statement of the council’s commitment to ressourcement. This is centrally demonstrated by the fact that where the decree institutes changes in discipline with regard to the Eastern Catholic churches, these changes are made for the sake of the restoration of an older tradition. Even more significantly, the document situates the question of the relation of the Roman Church to the Eastern Catholic churches as a question of the Church’s fidelity to tradition, rather than as merely an issue of ecclesial housekeeping. Indeed, the document shows some innovation in casting the matter in this form, but such innovation bespeaks the radicality of the council’s commitment to ressourcement. In this chapter I summarize the document and pay particular attention to the significant changes it introduces.
Sisters And Saints
Authors: Braude Ann
Published: November 2023

Women are the backbone of the church, says an old African-American aphorism. Since the 1660s, women have made up the majority of members in almost all American religious groups. They have provided essential financial and social support and worked tirelessly in the background of church-based activities. Throughout American history, women have raised money for churches and synagogues, embroidered altar cloths, taught Sunday school, prepared parish meals, and sung in the choir. They have educated their children in their beliefs and taken them to their places of worship. Yet it is primarily men who have historically occupied the high rungs of church hierarchy and made the important decisions affecting their congregations. Ann Braude examines the central role of women in American religious history, focusing on their efforts to achieve greater recognition and equal rights, their recent admission to religious leadership, and the emergence of feminist theology in the late 20th century. Colonist Margaret Winthrop, African-American preacher Jarena Lee, Christian Science founder Mary Baker Eddy, and Zionist leader Henrietta Szold are among the women discussed in these pages who have made major contributions to the spiritual and material growth of religious organizations in America.
Planting Religious Households
Authors: Braude Ann
Published: November 2023

When Margaret Winthrop was pregnant with her fifth child in 1629, her husband, John, left England to lead a party of settlers to a distant and unknown place: North America. Margaret shared her husband’s passion for the new religious movement of Puritanism, so-called because its followers hoped to purify the Church of England of any remnants of Catholicism. As Puritans the couple applauded the Protestant Reformation, which condemned the Catholic Church as mired in worldliness and ritualism. Neither priest nor people understood the meaning of the Latin mass, reformers claimed, and monetary contributions to the church had replaced personal piety. Henry VIII brought England into the Protestant Reformation when he rejected the Pope’s authority in order to divorce Catherine of Aragon. But Puritans believed the Church of England had not moved far enough from the hierarchy and rituals of the Catholic Church.
1800–1900
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Science will continue to surprise us with what it discovers and creates; then it will astound us by devising new methods to surprise us. At the core of science’s self-modification is technology. New tools enable new structures of knowledge and new ways of discovery. The achievement of science is to know new things; the evolution of science is to know them in new ways. What evolves is less the body of what we know and more the nature of our knowing.
Tooling up for Warranties with the CISG Case Digest
Authors: Lookofsky* Joseph
Published: November 2023

I was both pleased and honoured to be invited to the “Business Lawyer” symposium held at the University of Pittsburgh, School of Law on November 5, 2005, especially to present a paper on the UNCITRAL Case Digest1 as a “contract drafting tool” in relation to Article 35 and related “warranty provisions” of the Vienna Sales Convention. These CISG provisions, which set the standards for the seller’s obligation to deliver conforming goods, are obviously of great importance for commercial practitioners worldwide.
The Bee-messenger
Authors: Hawley John Stratton
Published: November 2023

Ūdho, go to Braj as quickly as you can. Sound out your message of Vedic revelation and quench the fire that inflames those lovelorn girls. Passion is its blaze, their bodies are the wick, and their sighs apart from me, the wind that fans the flames. Only the water that their eyes supply keeps them from turning to ash. Up until today, somehow, in this way they’ve kept their bodies in health, But even so, without some reassurance how can women patiently endure? Listen, what more is there I can say? You’re my trusted friend, and an expert. Give the matter careful thought, says Sūr: how can fish survive without the sea? What’s this uncanny resemblance? Take a long, hard look, my friend, at the one who’s coming from Mathura: The crown and the earrings are just the same, so are his lovely yellow clothes, And so is the way he talks to his charioteer, gesturing to show the way to Braj. How long has it been since Hari left? It seems the world’s four eons have passed.
The Convergence of Theoretical and Practical Concerns in a Single Verse of the Guhyasamāja Tantra
Authors: Bentor Yael
Published: November 2023

One of the most well-known verses of the Guhyasamāja Tantra—a verse incorporated into many practices of the Guhyasamāja—is found in its second chapter, the chapter on the “mind directed at enlightenment” (bodhi-citta, byang chub sems). Here the Tathāgata, whose name is “Vajra-Body, Vajra-Speech and Vajra-Mind of All Tathāgatas,” dwelt in absorption,and uttered the following verse.
Encounter with a Dream:Bhutanese Pilgrims in Tibet—Performing a Ritual?
Authors: pommaret françoise
Published: November 2023

In recent years Katia Buffetrille, Toni Huber, and Alex McKay,among other scholars, have made breakthrough contributions to the field of Tibetan pilgrimage studies. This chapter does not pretend to be a thorough study of pilgrimage, comparable to the work of these colleagues. Its scope is rather more modest. In 2007, I had the good fortune to go for a week on a pilgrimage to Tibet with Bhutanese friends. Bhutanese pilgrimage has never been documented. This chapter is therefore meant as a contribution to the corpus of data on pilgrimage in the Tibetan and Himalayan world by adding some observations concerning the Bhutanese case, and how it might be considered a form of ritual.First, I briefly place Bhutanese pilgrimage to Tibet in the context of religious history and geography. Then I propose to interpret the pilgrimage as a form of ritual, and present some salient features based on the fieldtrip to support my point.
Politics
Authors: Newlyn Lucy
Published: November 2023

It has been customary to simplify what the Romantics saw as the political meaning of Paradise Lost: first, by overemphasizing the heroic values identified in Satan (most famously by Blake); secondly, by equating these too specifically with the republicanism championed m Milton’s political pamphlets (then later espoused by the young Wordsworth and Colendge); and thirdly, by applying a blanket conception of Romanticism to a range of different writers,, whose political complexions were not only distinct but were themselves coloured by changing circumstances.
The Commedia
Authors: Nuttall A D
Published: November 2023

This, the greatest of all in medias res openings, precipitates the reader or listener into the action without any kind of preliminary courtesy. The first verb of the first sentence of the Commedia is in the narrative past tense and proves indeed to be the start of the major story. Together with the suddenness and the bewilderment there is, we soon learn, a definiteness, located squarely in historical time. The date is Easter, I 300. The poet pilgrim is half-way through his life at the point at which the visio begins. The allotted span is three-score years and ten and Dante was born in 1265 (somewhat unusually for a medieval man, he seems to have known this, clearly and distinctly).