bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LITERATURE - TEACHER OF THINKING: OBSERVATION AND INTERPRETATION
Authors: Shodmonova Munira
Published: December 2020

This article describes the specifics of the science of literature, inparticular, the views on the development of thinking. In the formation of the youngergeneration, the nature of spiritual qualities, the direction of their desires, worldview, andon this basis, the scope of thinking and national characteristics are taken into account.It emphasizes the importance of the independence of the individual's thinking, theimportance of the spiritual world in his mental and spiritual development, how it affects 2the reader's worldview and independent thinking, as well as its role in the formation of aharmoniously developed person.
GENRE FEATURES OF AN ANCIENT PARABLE
Authors: Olshevskaya Lydia , Travnikov S
Published: December 2020

The article examines the genre of parables in the literature ofAncient Russia, its origins, typology, main development trends and national identity.
Kuruluş yeri seçiminde analitik hiyerarşi süreci: Kayseri’de bir fast-food zinciri uygulaması
Authors: AYTEMİZ Tevfik , CİNGÖZ Kısmet
Published: December 2020

Kuruluş yeri seçimi bir restoranın başarısına ya da başarısızlığına etki eden önemli bir faktördür. Uzun dönemli alınan bu stratejik karar şirketin karını direk etkilemektedir. Bu sebeple işletmelerin özellikle üzerinde durduğu ve fizibilite çalışmaları yaptığı bir konudur. Kuruluş yeri kararını etkileyen birçok kriter vardır. Bu kriterler sektörden sektöre farklılık göstermektedir. Karar vericiler en uygun yeri seçerken bu farklı kriterlerin hepsini göz önünde bulundurmaktadır ve alternatifleri bu kriterler altında değerlendirmektedirler. Bu çalışmanın amacı fast-food sektöründe hizmet veren bir işletme için, kuruluş yeri kararını etkileyen kriterleri belirlemektir. Bu kapsamda, altı kriter göz önünde bulundurulmuştur. Bunlar; genel kuruluş yeri, yerin konumu, demografik özellikler, trafik bilgisi, rekabet, maliyet değerlendirmeleridir. Bu kriterler çok kriterli karar verme tekniklerinden biri olan Analitik Hiyerarşi Süreci (AHS) yöntemi ile değerlendirilmiştir ve bir fast-food restoranının kuruluş yeri seçiminde en önemli ana kriterin demografik özellikler olduğu ve en önemli alt kriterin gelir olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Teorii și ipostaze ale auctorialității în epoca globalizării digitale (1980 – 2020) (II)
Authors: Ciorogar Alex
Published: December 2020

In current debates of authorship, a somewhat controversial issue has surprisingly been the centuries-old argument surrounding the status of creative subjects. Some academics have briskly asserted that the author is categorically dead. On the other hand, however, others have claimed quite the contrary. As such, an extraordinary number of researchers sustain that the (same) author has made a definite come-back. I will try to show that all debates surrounding the-death-and-return-of-the-author conundrum should readily be discarded since they are directly accountable for the conceptual deadlock we find ourselves in today. Consequently, my paper will focus on emphasizing new ways in which literary scholars could come to terms with what’s unfolding right in front of our eyes: a new regime of authoriality.
Implementation of enterprise human resources management standards to achieve supply chain excellence in fertilizer companies in Indonesia
Authors: Soetjipto Noer , Sulastri Sulastri , Prastyorini Juli , Soedarmanto Soedarmanto , Riswanto Ari
Published: December 2020

Employees have collective skills, abilities and experience that contribute to the interests of the company where they work, and can contribute to the success of supply chain and is a resource that is an asset in achieving supply chain excellence. To examine this relationship, this study investigates the role of human resources management (HRM) on the supply chain management of fertilizer companies in Indonesia, which is focused on the distribution and logistics of fertilizer from producer to their network and consumers. This study took samples from two fertilizer companies in East Java, structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis was carried out with the Smart PLS. 18 (Partial Least Square) program, and shows the value of t = 348.825 with p = 0.000 (p < 0.000) which means there is a significant effect of implementing enterprise human resources management (HRM) standards on company supply chain excellence and represents indicators of management strategy, cost leadership, focus on productivity, logistics, distributions, operational effectiveness, differentiation, and cooperation with companies or other institutions that support each other. The results of this study have provided an overview of the application of enterprise capable of supporting human resource management. Enterprise standards in both fertilizer companies are applied regularly, starting from checking the completeness of the employee database, including contact information, details of salary, compensation and benefits; attendance, employee performance, career planning, work relations, socialization, and informal communication so that the company would be able to adapt and be more flexible towards every need in the present and in the future.
The effects of entrepreneurial orientation and organizational learning on marketing capability in supply chain management
Authors: Peridawaty Peridawaty , Toendan Rita Yuanita , Wenthe Ina Karuehni
Published: December 2020

Research continues on supply chain management for environmentally friendly business products in supporting business continuity with strategic management in RBV theory. This study is accomplished through the health protocols and support government discourse during the COVID-19 period with a business strategy of learning, knowledge, entrepreneurship in implementing business change methods effectively and efficiently. The purpose of the study is to increase consumer satisfaction through entrepreneurial orientation, organizational learning, online marketing capabilities to get market needs and products that consumers accept and to build business strategies in resource-based business activities. The results show that entrepreneurial orientation and organizational learning significantly increased marketing capabilities and significantly increased customer satisfaction during the weak economy. Apart from that, organizational learning also significantly increases customer satisfaction. The Body Shop is a product made from environmentally friendly raw materials in a professional manner in the best processing, packaging and delivery to maintain relationships with consumers. The quantitative research method uses SPSS 23.0 and SEM AMOS 23.0 from distributing questionnaires to 100 consumers in Central Kalimantan and 100 consumers in South Kalimantan. The implication of this research is aimed at body shop companies that have outlets in Central and South Kalimantan in order to utilize technology to build business relationships and maintain consumer confidence in body shop products.
European law, national law and (un)certainty of law
Authors: Benacchio Gian
Published: December 2020

One of the fundamental values of any legal system is the principle of certainty of law, whose highest expression is its encoding in the various bodies of law. However, today this value is strongly, albeit inadvertently, called into question by the European Union - in particular, by a set of principles, and related mechanisms, designed to ensure uniformity of law across the EU Member States. These include the principle of primacy of EU law over the laws of its Member States, the principle of the disapplication of national laws that are incompatible with EU law (including the provisions of directives that have not yet been implemented, or that have implemented in a manner deemed incorrect), the principle of interpretation of national law in conformity with EU law and, above all, the conclusive and binding effect of the judgments of the EU Court of Justice even when they provide a 'unique' or unusual interpretation, not expressly provided for in EU law. These principles are now well-established benchmarks in supreme and national courts as well, to the extent that there has been a radical shift in the system and hierarchy of sources of law in each legal system of the EU Member States, at the expense of citizens, businesspeople and legal practitioners, who all find it hard to identify the exact rule to apply to specific cases.
Entre la apatía y la distopía: la pandemia del COVID-19 en Brasil y las posibilidades de una política de resistencia
Authors: Barbosa Iris
Published: December 2020

Despertar, trabajar frente a una pantalla mecánica y sin rostros. Lavar compulsivamente las manos y todo lo que viene de la calle. Restablecer hábitos, dormir, agotarse y llenarse de ansiedad. Todo este proceso, es parte de la rutina de muchos ciudadanos a nivel mundial en la llamada “nueva normalidad”, producto de la emergencia sanitaria provocada por el COVID-19 a finales del año de 2019 y durante todo lo que va corrido de este año.
Designing Chimeric Peptides: A Powerful Tool for Enhancing Antibacterial Activity
Authors: Pineda‐Castañeda Héctor Manuel , Huertas‐Ortiz Kevin Andrey , Leal‐Castro Aura Lucía , Vargas‐Casanova Yerly , Parra‐Giraldo Claudia Marcela , García‐Castañeda Javier Eduardo , Rivera‐Monroy Zuly Jenny
Published: December 2020

Chimeric peptides containing short sequences derived from bovine Lactoferricin (LfcinB) and Buforin II (BFII) were synthetized using solid‐phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) and characterized via reversed‐phase liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The chimeras were obtained with high purity, demonstrating their synthetic viability. The chimeras’ antibacterial activity against Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative strains was evaluated. Our results showed that all the chimeras exhibited greater antibacterial activity against the evaluated strains than the individual sequences, suggesting that chemical binding of short sequences derived from AMPs significantly increased the antibacterial activity. For each strain, the chimera with the best antibacterial activity exerted a bacteriostatic and/or bactericidal effect, which was dependent on the concentration. It was found that: (i) the antibacterial activity of a chimera is mainly influenced by the linked sequences, the palindromic motif RLLRRLLR being the most relevant one; (ii) the inclusion of a spacer between the short sequences did not significantly affect the chimera's synthesis process; however, it enhanced its antibacterial activity against Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive strains; on the other hand, (iii) the replacement of Arg with Lys in the LfcinB or BFII sequences improved the chimeras’ synthesis process without significantly affecting their antibacterial activity. These results illustrate the great importance of the synthesis of chimeric peptides for the generation of promising antibacterial peptides.
Influence of cultivation method, seeding rate, and fertilizer rate on the establishment of creeping bentgrass for putting green renovation
Authors: Carroll Devon E. , Kaminski John E. , Landschoot Peter J.
Published: December 2020

During putting green renovation in northern regions of the United States, golf course superintendents must select a method to quickly establish creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.)(CBG). This study aimed to assess the impact of cultivation method, seeding rate, and cumulative starter fertilizer rate on CBG establishment during putting green renovation. A field study on putting greens at the Joseph Valentine Turfgrass Research Center (University Park, PA) was initiated in late summer–autumn of 2017 and 2018. Cultivation treatments included slicing + 0.5‐inch hollow tines, slicing + 0.25‐inch hollow tines, slicing only, surface dimpling with the Jobsaver attachment, and no cultivation. Seeding rates included 0.75 and 1.5 lb seed 1,000 ft−2 with a 50–50 blend of ‘Penn A‐1’ and ‘Penn A‐4’ CBG. Cumulative starter fertilizer treatments were 0.5–0.4–0.3, 1.0–0.9–0.6, or 1.5–1.3–0.8 lb N–P–K 1,000 ft−2. Seedling vigor and turfgrass cover were visually assessed at 1 wk and 6, 10, and 36 wk after seeding, respectively. Slicing alone produced turfgrass cover equal to or greater than slicing + hollow‐tine cultivation. At the high seeding rate, surface dimpling produced similar turfgrass cover to treatments involving slicing. The 1.5 lb 1,000 ft−2 seeding rate increased the turfgrass cover of CBG compared with 0.75 lb 1,000 ft−2. Establishment rate improved as cumulative fertilizer rates increased. The results indicate that slicing alone is effective for establishing CBG during late summer and autumn in sand rootzone putting green renovation programs and may be more cost‐effective than core cultivation.
The effects of nitrogen and accumulation interval on stockpiled cool‐season forage in the Coastal Plain
Authors: Rushing J. Brett , Lemus Rocky W. , Lyles Johnson C.
Published: December 2020

Perennial cool‐season forage grasses comprise a majority of pastures and hayfields for livestock production east of the Mississippi River. In areas outside of the traditional tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) zone of adaptation, there exists an opportunity to evaluate other sources of germplasm that can help extend the grazing season. The objective of this research was to quantify the response of tall fescue (‘Kentucky‐31’ [KY31] and ‘Texoma MaxQ II’ [MAXQ]) and southeastern wildrye (SEWR) [Elymus glabriflorus (Vasey ex L.H. Dewey) Scribn. & C.R. Ball] to synthetic N application and stockpiling accumulation intervals during 2017–2018 (Year 1) and 2018–2019 (Year 2) growing seasons in eastern–central Mississippi. Year was significant for all main effects. Forage mass (FM) analysis displayed a species × interval interaction in which both tall fescue cultivars had greater mean FM than SEWR across all N rates and accumulation intervals. Leaf area index (LAI) was also greater for fescue cultivars than SEWR. Normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI) was affected by species and accumulation interval, with all cultivars and species experiencing decline as the season progressed. Nutritive value analysis observed differences between accumulation interval and species. Southeastern wildrye had greater crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) and lower fiber fractions in Year 1 than tall fescue cultivars. Nutritive analysis suggests SEWR has potential as a perennial, cool‐season forage crop outside the tall fescue zone of adaptation.
Evaluation of upper labial frenectomy: A randomized, controlled comparative study of conventional scalpel technique and Er:YAG laser technique
Authors: Sarmadi Roxana , Gabre Pia , Thor Andreas
Published: December 2020

Objectives

Abnormalities in the maxillary frenum may lead to esthetic or functional limitations and need to be corrected with a surgical intervention called frenectomy. The aim of the study was to compare frenectomies performed using Er:YAG laser technology with those using a conventional scalpel technique. Comparisons were of patients' experiences, treatment times, bleeding during treatment and wound healing.

Material and methods

The trial was performed as a prospective, randomized and controlled, single‐blind investigation. A total of 40 patients requiring frenectomy were randomly assigned to groups which underwent either conventional or Er:YAG laser treatment. Patients' experiences, treatment time, bleeding and wound healing were evaluated immediately after surgery and 5 days, 12 days and 3 months after surgery.

Results

Significant increase in time spent in surgery and bleeding was seen with conventional scalpel surgery. Directly after surgery the wound area was significantly larger in the laser group but at the 5‐day evaluation no difference could be observed between the groups. Finally, patients were satisfied with both methods, giving them the same assessments.

Conclusion

In the frenectomy procedure, laser surgery is faster and causes less bleeding and may be advantageous in frenectomies.
Activity‐based anorexia disrupts systemic oxidative state and induces cortical mitochondrial fission in adolescent female rats
Authors: Hurley Matthew M. , Murlanova Kateryna , Macias Lindsey K. , Sabir Aliasgher I. , O'Brien Shannon C. , Bhasin Harshit , Tamashiro Kellie L. , Pletnikov Mikhail V. , Moran Timothy H.
Published: December 2020

Objective

Patients with Anorexia Nervosa (AN) display increased levels of oxidative stress that correlates with disease severity. Unfortunately, the biological ramifications of AN‐induced oxidative stress on the brain are largely unknown. Our lab uses the preclinical activity–based anorexia (ABA) paradigm to model symptoms of AN. The goal of the present study was to determine how ABA experience affects oxidative state and its consequences in adolescent female rats.

Method

We compared systemic glutathione and cysteine plasma concentrations and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) mitochondrial fission in ABA animals at maximum weight loss or following 10‐days of weight recovery to levels in age‐matched sedentary (SED) control rats.

Results

ABA animals at maximum weight loss had significantly lower plasma levels of cysteine and glutathione compared to SED controls. Additionally, ABA animals at max weight loss have significantly more mPFC mitochondrial fission. There were no significant differences in plasma analyte levels or mitochondrial fission between weight recovered ABA animals and SED controls.

Discussion

These data suggest that ABA experience results in oxidative stress that is remedied after weight restoration. The long‐lasting ramifications of transient periods of increased oxidative stress are unknown and can lead to significant consequences on brain function and behavior.
Shake table test of a two‐story steel building seismically retrofitted using gravity‐controlled rocking braced frame system
Authors: Mottier Paul , Tremblay Robert , Rogers Colin
Published: December 2020

This article describes a shake table test program that was conducted to investigate the seismic behavior of a half‐scale two‐story gravity‐controlled rocking braced steel frame building. In this system, braced frame columns are designed to uplift from the foundation under severe earthquakes to reduce the seismic force demands on the frame members. Self‐centering capacity is solely provided by the gravity loads carried by the rocking frame. Energy dissipative devices are added at the base of the braced frame columns to control drifts. The system can be used for new structures as well as the retrofit of seismically deficient structures. In the test program, the specimen represented a gravity‐controlled rocking frame that had been proposed for seismic retrofit in a previous study. The test structure was subjected to ground motions expected for two site classes in two seismically active regions in Canada. Three different energy dissipative devices located at the rocking interface were studied: friction, friction spring dampers, and steel bars yielding in tension and elastically buckling in compression. The focus of the tests was on peak axial loads in the columns and additional moments and shears in the beams resulting from column impact upon rocking. Axial loads in the braces and columns from higher mode response were also examined. The tests revealed significant increases in beam forces due to column impacts. Large axial forces due to the second vibration mode response were measured in the second story braces. A numerical model is proposed to accurately predict the measured force demands.
The repeatable opportunity for selection differs between pre- and postcopulatory fitness components
Authors: Marie-Orleach Lucas , Vellnow Nikolas , Schärer Lukas
Published: December 2020

In species with multiple mating, intense sexual selection may occur both before and after copulation. However, comparing the strength of pre- and postcopulatory selection is challenging, because (i) postcopulatory processes are generally difficult to observe and (ii) the often-used opportunity for selection (I) metric contains both deterministic and stochastic components. Here, we quantified pre- and postcopulatory male fitness components of the simultaneously hermaphroditic flatworm, Macrostomum lignano. We did this by tracking fluorescent sperm—using transgenics—through the transparent body of sperm recipients, enabling to observe postcopulatory processes in vivo. Moreover, we sequentially exposed focal worms to three independent mating groups, and in each assessed their mating success, sperm-transfer efficiency, sperm fertilizing efficiency, and partner fecundity. Based on these multiple measures, we could, for each fitness component, combine the variance (I) with the repeatability (R) in individual success to assess the amount of repeatable variance in individual success—a measure we call the repeatable opportunity for selection (IR). We found higher repeatable opportunity for selection in sperm-transfer efficiency and sperm fertilizing efficiency compared to mating success, which clearly suggests that postcopulatory selection is stronger than precopulatory selection. Our study demonstrates that the opportunity for selection contains a repeatable deterministic component, which can be assessed and disentangled from the often large stochastic component, to provide a better estimate of the strength of selection.
Associations between quality of parent–child relationships and children's gender typicality: A 4‐year longitudinal study
Authors: Lemelin Emilie , Sirois Marie‐Soleil , Bernier Annie , Martin Carol L.
Published: December 2020

Little is known about influences on gender typicality. To address this issue, the present study examined developmental antecedents of preadolescents' gender typicality. Using a longitudinal multi‐method design, we investigated the prospective associations between the quality of parent–child relationships in childhood and preadolescents' subsequent gender typicality. It was hypothesized that feelings of gender typicality would be positively related to quality of relationship with the corresponding‐gender parent. Sixty‐eight families (40 girls) participated in two home visits. The quality of mother–child and father–child relationships was assessed by observation at age 7 and youths reported on their gender typicality at 11 years. Results indicated that girls who had higher‐quality relationships with their mother at age 7 felt more similar to other girls 4 years later. This finding suggests that mother–child relationships might be a contributing factor in the development of girls' gender typicality.

Highlights

This paper examines the role that parents play in their children's gender typicality development.

The results revealed that parent–child relationships were associated with subsequent gender typicality in girls but not in boys.

Girls who had higher‐quality relationships with their mother at age 7 felt more similar to other girls 4 years later.
Development of improved method to identify and analyze lung fibrocytes with flow cytometry in a reporter mouse strain
Authors: Kawano Hiroshi , Koyama Kazuya , Nishimura Haruka , Toyoda Yuko , Kagawa Kozo , Sato Seidai , Naito Nobuhito , Goto Hisatsugu , Inagaki Yutaka , Nishioka Yasuhiko
Published: December 2020

Introduction

Fibrocytes are emerging myeloid‐derived circulating cells that can migrate into damaged tissues and usually contribute to their repair. Key features of fibrocytes include the expression myeloid markers, production of extracellular matrix proteins, and secretion of various humoral factors that activate resident fibroblasts; they also have the potential to differentiate into fibroblasts. However, no specific surface markers have been identified to identify fibrocytes in vivo. One reason could be that the method used to detect fibrocytes requires intracellular collagen staining.

Methods

In the present study, to establish an improved method for the detection of lung fibrocytes and to analyze viable fibrocytes, we used collagen I(α)2‐green fluorescent protein (Col‐GFP) reporter mice, which had undergone the intratracheal instillation of bleomycin (BLM).

Results

Using flow cytometry to gate out cells with autofluorescence, we clearly found that CD45+ GFP+ cells resided in the lungs of Col‐GFP mice at a steady state and these cells increased after BLM injury, peaking at Day 14. These cells expressed not only known cell surface markers of fibrocytes, but also some novel markers, in addition to a low level of collagen I in comparison to CD45− GFP+ cells.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that the improved method can be a useful for the detection of pure lung fibrocytes and allows us to further analyze the characteristics of viable fibrocytes.
Meta‐analysis of the genetic association between maternal GNB3 C825T polymorphism and risk of pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Song Jiajia , Huang Xianping , Zhou Panpan , Xu Ting , Xu Zhangye
Published: December 2020

Background

The relationship between the C825T polymorphism of GNB3 (encoding G‐protein β3 subunit) and pre‐eclampsia risk is unclear.

Objective

To systematically explore the association between GNB3 C825T and pre‐eclampsia.

Search strategy

PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar, and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases were searched to September 1, 2020, using keywords including “GNB3 C825T” and “pre‐eclampsia”.

Selection criteria

Case–control and cohort studies investigating the relationship between GNB3 C825T polymorphism and pre‐eclampsia were included.

Data collection and analysis

Two reviewers collected the data independently and calculate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Main results

The meta‐analysis involved eight studies from seven publications, including 2071 cases and 3419 controls. Overall analysis showed that GNB3 C825T was associated with increased pre‐eclampsia risk in the recessive model (OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.01–1.44; P = 0.04). Subgroup analysis stratified by Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium revealed a relationship between GNB3 C825T and increased risk of pre‐eclampsia in the allelic (OR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.34–2.05; P < 0.001), homozygous (OR, 2.12, 95% CI, 1.04–4.32; P  = 0.04), dominant (OR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.18–3.11; P = 0.009), and recessive (OR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.03–2.81; P = 0.04) models.

Conclusions

Maternal GNB3 C825T polymorphism seems to be a risk factor for pre‐eclampsia.
Obstetric outcomes in thyroid cancer survivors: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Liu Dongming , Wei Yuan , Zhao Yangyu , Li Rong , Yan Jie , Qiao Jie
Published: December 2020

Objective

To investigate whether thyroid cancer survivors would have increased risks of adverse obstetric outcomes.

Methods

Data from 154 women with a history of thyroid cancer who had a live birth at Peking University Third Hospital from January 2012 to December 2019 were collected. The control group consisted of 308 women without any thyroid disease or malignant tumor. Age and year of delivery were matched between the two groups.

Results

Serum levels of thyroid stimulating hormone and free thyroxine were significantly lower and higher in thyroid cancer patients, respectively (P < 0.001). After adjusting for age, pre‐pregnancy body mass index, pre‐pregnancy hypertension, pre‐pregnancy diabetes mellitus, previous cesarean section, and conception by in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic injection, adverse obstetric outcomes including preterm birth (odds ratio [OR] 0.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.32–1.67), low birth weight infant (OR 1.05, 95% CI 0.44–2.50), gestational diabetes mellitus (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.54–1.39), and pre‐eclampsia (OR 1.11, 95% CI 0.34–3.57) showed no differences between thyroid cancer survivors and the control group. However, pregnant women with a history of thyroid cancer had a higher risk of abnormally invasive placentation (OR 10.57, 95% CI 1.22–91.97, P = 0.032).

Conclusion

Although the thyroid function status of thyroid cancer patients was different from that of pregnant women without any thyroid disease or malignancy, they would not be at a higher risk of most adverse obstetric outcomes except for abnormally invasive placentation.
Synthesis of new pyrazoles, oxadiazoles, triazoles, pyrrolotriazines, and pyrrolotriazepines as potential cytotoxic agents
Authors: Abu‐Hashem Ameen Ali
Published: December 2020

4‐Oxo‐4‐phenylbutanehydrazide (1) reacted with many active methylene reagents such as acetylacetone, diethylmalonate, ethylacetoacetate, ethylcyanoacetate, benzoyl‐acetonitrile, and malononitrile under neat conditions to afford the corresponding pyrazoles (2–7), also, treatment of butanehydrazide (1) with electrophilic reagents as triethylorthoformate, dimethylformamide‐dimethylacetal, acetic anhydride, and carbon disulfide to give 1,3,4‐oxadiazoles (8,10,11) and N′‐acetyl‐butanehydrazide (9). Reacted of butanehydrazide (1) with potassium thiocyanate gave 1,2,4‐triazoles (12). Similarly, treatment of (1) with chloroacetamide gave 1,2,4‐triazinones (13). The pyrrolotriazinones (14) was obtained by cyclization of (13). Also, butanehydrazide (1) was utilized as a starting material for the synthesized of new Schiff bases as N′‐(4‐sub‐benzylidene)‐phenylbutane‐hydrazide (15a‐c), which are used as an initiative to prepare new compounds such as 1,2,4‐triazepinones (16a‐c), pyrrolotriazepinones (17a‐c), 1,2,4‐triazines (18a‐c), and pyrrolotriazines (19a‐c) by reacted of (15a‐c) with each chloroacetamide or formamide. The chemical structure of the newly prepared compounds was determined through the spectrum data, including IR, NMR, and MS. The prepared compounds were tested for their in vitro antitumor activities. The compounds 17a‐c, 16a‐c, and 19a‐c displayed activity against several types of cancer cell lines.
Clinical feasibility of single‐shot fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery with wide inversion recovery pulse designed to reduce cerebrospinal fluid and motion artifacts for evaluation of uncooperative patients in acute stroke protocol
Authors: Kubota Yoshihiro , Yokota Hajime , Sakai Takayuki , Yoneyama Masami , Ohira Kenji , Uno Takashi
Published: December 2020

Fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) imaging is a key sequence for stroke assessment. Motion artifact reduction with short acquisition time is still challenging, but necessary in the magnetic resonance (MR) stroke protocol, especially for uncooperative patients suspected of stroke. The aim of this study is to investigate the feasibility of modified single‐shot FLAIR with wide inversion recovery pulses for use in stroke patients. This is a prospective study, which included 30 patients clinically suspected of stroke who were examined by MR stroke protocol from January 2018 to September 2018. A 1.5 T, multi‐shot‐turbo spin‐echo (TSE) conventional FLAIR, and single‐shot‐TSE‐FLAIR with wide inversion recovery pulse were used. Modified single‐shot FLAIR was obtained for 30 patients with suspected stroke who moved during conventional FLAIR scan. Motion artifacts were randomly and independently scored using a 5‐grade scale by three radiologists in blinded fashion. Whether the FLAIR vessel hyperintensity sign was present was visually evaluated. Statistical tests included Wilcoxon‐signed rank test and weighted Cohen's kappa statistics. The motion artifact score was significantly lower in single‐shot FLAIR than in conventional FLAIR (0.37 ± 0.56 vs. 1.83 ± 1.18; p < 0.05. The vessel hyperintensity sign was visualized in 6 and 5 patients on single‐shot and conventional FLAIR images, respectively. This study demonstrates the value of single‐shot FLAIR for stroke assessment. Single‐shot FLAIR reduced motion artifact and visualized vessel hyperintensity sign more than conventional FLAIR.

Level of Evidence

2.

Technical Efficacy Stage

2.
Development of health behaviour questionnaire for breast cancer women in Mainland China
Authors: Xu Hui , Jiang Guichun , Zhang Xiujie , Wang Daqiu , Xu Lei , Wang Aiping
Published: December 2020

Aim

To develop a questionnaire on the health behaviour of breast cancer women with adjuvant endocrine therapy and to test its reliability and validity.

Design

An instrument‐development study was applied that comprised three steps: conceptualization, item generation, content validity and field testing of the health behavior properties.

Methods

On the basis of literature review, the conceptual framework and initial items of each dimension of were designed. The questionnaire investigation was divided into two steps: pre‐experiment (group 1) and psychometrics evaluation (group 2). Correlation procedure and factor analysis were employed to rescreen the items. Reliability testing and validity testing were conducted to analyse the psychometric properties of questionnaire.

Results

Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses yielded a five‐factor solution. Cronbach's α was 0.93, the sub‐semi‐reliability of the questionnaire was 0.79 and internal consistency coefficients was 0.70.
Confirming diagnoses of acute pancreatitis with commonly available electronic data
Authors: Nichols Gregory A. , Déruaz‐Luyet Anouk , Iliev Hristo , Brodovicz Kimberly G.
Published: December 2020

Background

Recorded diagnoses of acute pancreatitis (AP) are often inaccurate resulting in limited utility for case identification in large data sources, especially where electronic medical records (EMR) are not available. Our objectives were to validate diagnoses of AP and to identify an algorithm using additional data to enhance the identification of AP cases in different data sources.

Methods

We randomly sampled 550 persons with an AP diagnosis from inpatient data or outpatient or emergency department diagnoses immediately preceding a hospitalization and 150 negative controls with a differential diagnosis (cholangitis or cholecystitis). We conducted an EMR review to confirm cases of AP and used logistic regression to develop EMR‐based and claims‐based algorithms to identify confirmed AP cases with variables typically available in electronic data sources. Algorithm performance was assessed using the C statistic, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive value.

Results

Of the 550 patients with an AP diagnosis, 467 (84.9%) were confirmed cases. An AP diagnosis alone had high sensitivity (98.9%), modest specificity (63.6%), and a C statistic of 0.813. An EMR‐based model using an AP diagnosis, body mass index ≥30 kg/m2, a serum lipase >3 times upper limit of normal and diabetes attained a C‐statistic of 0.914. A claims‐based model attained a C‐statistic of 0.892 using an AP diagnosis and dichotomous variables for whether a serum lipase test and/or an abdominal ultrasound was performed.

Conclusions

Our simple algorithms increased the accuracy of identification of AP cases providing widespread applicability to epidemiological and drug safety studies.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community structure following different grazing intensities in an alpine grassland
Authors: Li Qian , Xiang Xingjia , Du Yangong , Li Yikang , Lin Li , Zhang Fawei , Guo Xiaowei , Cao Guangmin
Published: December 2020

Grazing alters the plant communities, soil properties, and habitat conditions of the alpine grassland. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are involved in the nutrient cycling of grassland ecosystems and form a mutual symbiosis with their host plants. Thus, AMF are sensitive to the impact of livestock grazing. However, the effects of grazing intensity on the AMF community composition and the association between AMF and environmental factors, such as soil physicochemical properties, enzyme activity, and glomalin‐related soil proteins, remain unclear. Here, the response of the soil AMF community to grazing intensity gradients (i.e., light, moderate, and heavy grazing) was studied in an alpine grassland on the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau. The dominant AMF families included Glomeraceae, Gigasporaceae, Claroideoglomeraceae, Diversisporaceae, and Ambisporaceae. Significant shifts in the AMF community composition in response to grazing intensity were found in both surface and subsurface soils. Soil C/N ratio, plant diversity, soil compactness, chitinase activity, aboveground biomass, total N, soil moisture, and NO3−–N significantly correlated with changes in the AMF community composition. Heavy grazing intensity was associated with the highest AMF alpha diversity, whereas moderate grazing intensity had the lowest AMF alpha diversity in both surface and subsurface soils. Grazing intensity, dominant plants, soil C and N concentrations, and soil compactness were significantly correlated with AMF diversity. These results demonstrated a significant response of the AMF community to grazing intensity, suggesting that plants increase their reliance on AMF symbioses with higher alpha diversity in the heavily degraded alpine grasslands of the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau.
Construction of Alkali‐metal‐based Imidazolecarboxylate Coordination Polymers as Efficient Catalysts for Solvent‐free Ring‐opening polymerization of ϵ‐Caprolactone
Authors: Tian Feng , Shen Nan , Huang Kun‐Lin , Chen Sheng‐Chun , Chen Qun , He Ming‐Yang
Published: December 2020

A series of new alkali‐metal‐based coordination polymers, [Li(H2IMDC)(H2O)]n (1), [Na2(H2IMDC)2(H3IMDC)2(H2O)4]n (2), and [K(H2IMDC)(H2O)]n (3), have been constructed under solvothermal conditions by using imidazole‐4,5‐dicarboxylic acid (H3IMDC) as ligand. The structure of the complexes has been determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and further characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectra, powder X‐ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analyses. The single crystal X‐ray structural studies showed that their structural dimensionalities varying from 1‐D zigzag chain, 2‐D 44‐sql network to 3‐D 4,6‐connected coordination framework are strongly governed by the ionic radii and coordination geometries of the metal cations. For the first time, the alkali‐metal‐based coordination polymers were demonstrated to be effective catalysts for the solvent‐free ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of ϵ‐caprolactone. The catalytic activity of complexes 1–3 depends on the metal cations, increasing in the order Li+ < Na+ < K+.
Efficient computation of the Euler–Kronecker constants of prime cyclotomic fields
Authors: Languasco Alessandro
Published: December 2020

We introduce a new algorithm, which is faster and requires less computing resources than the ones previously known, to compute the Euler–Kronecker constants $${\mathfrak {G}}_q$$

G
q

for the prime cyclotomic fields $$ {\mathbb {Q}}(\zeta _q)$$

Q
(

ζ
q

)

, where q is an odd prime and $$\zeta _q$$

ζ
q

is a primitive q-root of unity. With such a new algorithm we evaluated $${\mathfrak {G}}_q$$

G
q

and $${\mathfrak {G}}_q^+$$

G
q
+

, where $${\mathfrak {G}}_q^+$$

G
q
+

is the Euler–Kronecker constant of the maximal real subfield of $${\mathbb {Q}}(\zeta _q)$$

Q
(

ζ
q

)

, for some very large primes q thus obtaining two new negative values of $${\mathfrak {G}}_q$$

G
q

: $${\mathfrak {G}}_{9109334831}= -0.248739\dotsc $$

G
9109334831

=
-
0.248739
⋯

and $${\mathfrak {G}}_{9854964401}= -0.096465\dotsc $$

G
9854964401

=
-
0.096465
⋯

We also evaluated $${\mathfrak {G}}_q$$

G
q

and $${\mathfrak {G}}^+_q$$

G

q
+

for every odd prime $$q\le 10^6$$

q
≤

10
6

, thus enlarging the size of the previously known range for $${\mathfrak {G}}_q$$

G
q

and $${\mathfrak {G}}^+_q$$

G

q
+

. Our method also reveals that the difference $${\mathfrak {G}}_q - {\mathfrak {G}}^+_q$$

G
q

-

G

q
+

can be computed in a much simpler way than both its summands, see Sect. 3.4. Moreover, as a by-product, we also computed $$M_q=\max _{\chi \ne \chi _0} \vert L^\prime /L(1,\chi ) \vert $$

M
q

=

max

χ
≠

χ
0

|

L
′

/
L

(
1
,
χ
)

|

for every odd prime $$q\le 10^6$$

q
≤

10
6

, where $$L(s,\chi )$$

L
(
s
,
χ
)

are the Dirichlet L-functions, $$\chi $$
χ
run over the non trivial Dirichlet characters mod q and $$\chi _0$$

χ
0

is the trivial Dirichlet character mod q. As another by-product of our computations, we will provide more data on the generalised Euler constants in arithmetic progressions.
First Adiabatic Invariants and Phase Space Densities for the Jovian Electron and Proton Radiation Belts—Galileo and GIRE3 Estimates
Authors: Garrett H. B. , Jun I.
Published: December 2020

The fluxes and phase space densities for a fixed first adiabatic invariant for high‐energy electrons and protons provide important inputs for various scientific studies for determining the physics of particle diffusion and energization. This study provides estimates of the first adiabatic invariant and phase space density based on the complete and large data base available from the Energetic Particle Detector (EPD) on Galileo for the Jovian environment. To be specific, 10 min averages of the high‐energy electron and proton data are used to compute differential flux spectra versus energy between L = 8 and 25 over the mission. These spectra provide estimates of the differential fluxes and phase space density for constant first adiabatic invariants between 102 and 105 MeV/G. As would be expected, the electron and proton fluxes and phase space densities generally trend lower as the planet is approached. The results indicate that, whereas the overall trends for each orbit are consistent, detailed orbit to orbit variations can be observed. Galileo orbit C22 is presented as an example of deviations from the mean downward trend. To validate the Galileo results and extend the findings into L = 3, the GIRE3 model was also used to compute the fluxes and phase space densities for constant first adiabatic invariant versus L‐shell. Comparison between GIRE3 and EPD demonstrates that the model adequately reproduces the EPD data trends and they consistently show additional variations near Io. This provides proof that the GIRE3 is a useful starting point for diffusion analyses and similar studies.
Satellite Formaldehyde to Support Model Evaluation
Authors: Harkey Monica , Holloway Tracey , Kim Eliot J. , Baker Kirk R. , Henderson Barron
Published: December 2020

Formaldehyde (HCHO), a known carcinogen classified as a hazardous pollutant by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), is measured through monitoring networks across the U.S. Since these data are limited in spatial and temporal extent, model simulations from the U.S. EPA Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model are used to estimate ambient HCHO exposure for the EPA National Air Toxics Assessment (NATA). Here, we employ satellite HCHO retrievals from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI)—the NASA retrieval developed by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO), and the European Union Quality Assurance for Essential Climate Variables (QA4ECV) retrieval—to evaluate three CMAQ configurations, spanning the summers of 2011 and 2016, with differing biogenic emissions inputs and chemical mechanisms. These CMAQ configurations capture the general spatial and temporal behavior of both satellite retrievals, but underestimate column HCHO, particularly in the western U.S. In the southeastern U.S., the comparison with OMI HCHO highlights differences in modeled meteorology and biogenic emissions even with differences in satellite retrievals. All CMAQ configurations show low daily correlations with OMI HCHO (r = 0.26–0.38), however, we find higher monthly correlations (r = 0.52–0.73), and the models correlate best with the OMI‐QA4ECV product. Compared to surface observations, we find improved agreement over a 24‐h period compared to afternoon‐only, suggesting daily HCHO amounts are captured with more accuracy than afternoon amounts. This work highlights the potential for synergistic improvements in modeling and satellite retrievals to support near‐surface HCHO estimates for the NATA and other applications.
Sediment Flows in South America Supported by Daily Hydrologic‐Hydrodynamic Modeling
Authors: Fagundes H. O. , Fan F. M. , Paiva R. C. D. , Siqueira V. A. , Buarque D. C. , Kornowski L. W. , Laipelt L. , Collischonn W.
Published: December 2020

Suspended sediments (SSs) contribute to the maintenance of several ecosystems. However, intense soil erosion can lead to environmental, social, and economic impacts. South America (SA) has very high erosion and sediment transport rates. Here, we present a detailed description of the spatio‐temporal dynamics of natural SS flows in SA using the continental sediment model MGB‐SED AS. We evaluate the model with daily in situ data from 595 stations, information from regional studies and a global model. The model performance analysis showed that, in general, there was a better agreement between simulated and observed data than with the information found in regional studies and of the global model. The use of the hydrodynamic propagation method has allowed a better representation of sediment flows in rivers and floodplains. Based in the calibrated model results, SA delivers 1.00 × 109 t/year of SS to the oceans, in which the Amazon (4.36 × 108 t/year), Orinoco (1.37 × 108 t/year), La Plata (1.11 × 108 t/year), and Magdalena (3.26 × 107) rivers are the main suppliers. The floodplains play an essential role, retaining about 12% (2.40 × 107 t/year) of the SS loads reaching the rivers. In this study, data sets related to SS flows in SA were generated and can be used to support other large‐scale researches or policymakers and stakeholders for adequate management of continental land use.
Severe Bleeding Diathesis in Siblings with Platelet Dysfunction due to a Novel Nonsense RASGRP2 Mutation
Authors: Körholz Julia , Lucas Nadja , Boiti Franziska , Althaus Karina , Tiebel Oliver , Fang Mingyan , Berner Reinhard , Lee-Kirsch Min Ae , Knöfler Ralf
Published: December 2020

Next-generation sequencing is increasingly applied during the diagnostic work-up of patients with bleeding diathesis and has facilitated the diagnosis of rare bleeding disorders such as inherited platelet function disorders. Mutations in RAS guanyl releasing protein 2 (RasGRP2), also known as calcium- and diacylglycerol-regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factor I (CalDAG-GEFI), underlie a recently described platelet signal transduction abnormality. Here we present the case of a consanguineous family originating from Afghanistan with two siblings affected by recurrent severe mucocutaneous bleedings. Platelet function testing demonstrated a marked reduction of aggregation induced by collagen and adenosine diphosphate. Whole exome sequencing revealed a novel homozygous nonsense RASGRP2 mutation segregating with the bleeding disorder in the family.
Curating a Cybersecurity CV that Shines
Authors: Lee Rob
Published: December 2020

While lockdown has decimated many of our industries, causing redundancies and insolvency for many, Rob Lee MBCS CISSP, explains how the new normal can be an opportunity to upgrade your CV and video interview technique.
BCS Briefing: Schrems II
Authors: Aldridge Daniel
Published: December 2020

A pivotal agreement that governs the transfer of citizens’ data between the EU and the US has been met with a critical ruling by the European Court of Justice. BCS offers its analysis of the evolving legal and compliance landscape surrounding data transfer.
Crystal structures of high-pressure phases formed in Si by laser irradiation
Authors: Iwata Hiroyuki , Kawaguchi Daisuke , Saka Hiroyasu
Published: December 2020

Internal modification induced in Si by a permeable pulse laser was investigated by transmission electron microscopy. A laser induced modified volume (LIMV) was a cylindrical rod along the track of a laser beam with the head at the focus of the laser beam. In the LIMV, beside voids, dislocations, micro-cracks and what had been supposed to be an unidentified high-pressure phase (hpp) of Si were observed in LIMV. The so-called ‘hpp’ was identified mostly as diamond Si.