bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrocardiographic early repolarization is associated with future ventricular arrhythmia after acute myocardial infarction—Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Pranata Raymond , Yonas Emir , Vania Rachel , Raharjo Sunu Budhi , Siswanto Bambang Budi , Setianto Budhi
Published: May 2019

Background

Early repolarization (ER) has been linked to ventricular arrhythmia (VA) and sudden cardiac death in patients without structural heart disease. We aimed to assess the latest evidence on whether ER is associated with future VA after acute myocardial infarction (AMI).

Methods

We performed a comprehensive search on the topic that assesses ER and VA/adverse cardiovascular events in AMI. We included studies with sufficient details on ER and VA, we also performed a meta‐analysis on their morphology.

Results

A total of 3350 subjects from 9 studies were included. Five hundred and twenty‐one (15.55%) had ER and 2829 (84.45%) did not. On meta‐analysis, ER (+) in AMI was associated with VA with a pooled odds ratio (OR) of 3.58 (2.70‐4.73), P < 0.001; heterogeneity I2 34%. Subgroup analysis of patients with ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) showed an OR of 2.79 [1.98‐3.93], P < 0.001; heterogeneity I2 0%. Inferior location of ER (+) was associated with VA OR 3.98 [1.86‐8.53], P = 0.008; I2 67%. Notching had a 5.41 [3.52‐8.32], P < 0.001; low heterogeneity I2 0% of having VA. Pooled OR for J‐point elevation was 4.72 [2.63‐8.46], P < 0.001; I2 25%. Horizontal ST‐segment was associated with VA with an OR of 4.30 [1.89‐975], P < 0.001; I2 59%. Lateral location and slurred morphology were not associated with VA. Upon sensitivity analysis for inferior location and horizontal ST‐segment, removal of a study reduces heterogeneity significantly.

Conclusion

Early repolarization especially those with the inferior location, notching morphology, an elevated J‐point and horizontal ST‐segment had a higher likelihood of VA in AMI including STEMI patients.
Mesoscale convective systems over the Amazon basin: The GoAmazon2014/5 program
Authors: Rehbein Amanda , Ambrizzi Tercio , Mechoso Carlos R. , Espinosa Sergio A. I. , Myers Timothy A.
Published: May 2019

The Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5) scientific program focused on the influence of aerosols and surface fluxes on tropical cloud formation. This major research effort gathered high‐quality environmental data over the central Amazon basin during 2014 and 2015. The present work is a contribution to the GoAmazon2014/5 investigations with an emphasis on the behaviour of the most important mechanism of precipitation over the tropics: mesoscale convective systems (MCSs). To provide a background, MCSs' tracks obtained from infrared satellite images over the entire Amazon basin in 2014–2015 are compared with climatological values. The number of MCSs and precipitation in the basin is about 50% lower than compared to the climatology for 2000–2013. We argue that the below average occurrence of MCSs during the GoAmazon2014/5 program can be explained, at least in part, by the effects of positive anomalies in sea surface temperature over the equatorial Pacific Ocean, negative moisture transport toward the Amazon basin, and by the anticyclonic phase of the mode of interannual and intraseasonal variability over South America. Special attention is given to the 99 MCSs that occurred over the GoAmazon2014/5 site. The impact of MCSs on the meteorological variables over the GoAmazon2014/5 sites is examined, and the contribution of MCSs to rainfall over that region is estimated to be about 70% of the total. Finally, the synoptic and thermodynamic conditions related to the MCSs' genesis and dissipation are discussed. It is suggested that in days with reduced MCS genesis over the GoAmazon2014/5 region, the ventilation over the continent by easterly winds from the relative cold South Atlantic Ocean favours convection at locations near the ocean as compared to those inland.
Detection of glioma by surface‐enhanced Raman scattering spectra with optimized mathematical methods
Authors: Sun Jiaojiao , Fang Hao , Zhang Zhiqiang , Chen Mingli , Tian Jingjing , Chen Liang , Zou Xiang , Yin Huancai , Yin Jian
Published: May 2019

This work aimed to establish a fast and accurate method to detect glioma by combining surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and mathematical analysis. At first, 785‐nm laser was selected as the optimum laser to acquire Raman spectra of human brain tissue. Second, it was verified that Raman data in the range of 1,200–1,600 cm−1 could improve the performance of classifier. Based on the analytical results of 1,200–1,600 cm−1 data, the sensitivity and specificity of partial least square (PLS) analysis and back‐propagation neural network (BPNN) were as high as 100%, whereas the sensitivity and specificity of support vector machine (SVM) were 96% and 100%, respectively. Among them, PLS was more potential in the detection of glioma, because of its lower computational cost compared with SVM and BPNN. Moreover, the correlation between observed Raman peaks and 2‐hydroxyglutarate (2HG; 512, 790, 1,204, 1,302, and 1,463 cm−1) was observed, suggesting 2HG as a potential marker of glioma using its Raman spectroscopic signatures. After all, SERS combining with mathematical analysis could be a promising tool for the accurate detection of glioma.
Rapid determination of trace nitrofurantoin in cosmetics by surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy using nanoarrayed hydroxyl polystyrene‐based substrate
Authors: Zhang Yi , Yu Zhongning , Yue Zhenfeng , Gao Jiamin , Wu Shaojing , Zhang Zhuomin , Li Gongke
Published: May 2019

The safety of cosmetics attributing to the illegal addition of antibiotics for quick effect is a big concern nowadays. Nitrofurans, one of commonly added illegal antibiotics, are strictly banned in cosmetics in China. It is still a great challenge for the rapid and precise analysis of trace nitrofurans when facing various cosmetics with complicated matrices. Surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is emerging as a novel rapid on‐site analytical technique. In this work, an accurate SERS method was developed for the rapid analysis of trace nitrofurantoin in various cosmetics by use of nanoarrayed hydroxyl polystyrene (PS‐OH)‐based substrate. A series of characterizations indicated the successful synthesis of Au@PS‐OH substrate and the uniform distribution of gold nanoparticles on the substrate surface. The SERS substrate revealed good selectivity and reproducibility with an enhancement factor of 2.6×104. Finally, an analytical method for the determination of nitrofurantoin in cosmetics was established by SERS using Au@PS‐OH substrate coupling with efficient sample preparation process. It was satisfied that trace nitrofurantoin could be actually detected and quantified to be 1.77 and 7.74 mg/L in a mouthwash and rose‐mist sample, respectively, with good recoveries of 86.8‐106% and relative standard deviations of 0.9‐2.9%. The comparable analytical results for real samples were achieved by the traditional high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, which validated the reliability of the proposed method. It is expected that this SERS method has great potential for the rapid and on‐site analysis of trace additives in cosmetics.
Long‐term results of surgical resection of lung metastases from soft tissue sarcoma: A single center experience
Authors: Nevala Riikka , Jäämaa Sari , Tukiainen Erkki , Tarkkanen Maija , Räsänen Jari , Blomqvist Carl , Sampo Mika
Published: May 2019

Background

A single‐institution experience of pulmonary metastasectomy in soft tissue sarcoma (STS) was retrospectively reviewed. Our specific aim was to examine, whether the resection of pulmonary metastases could be curative. We also compared overall survival (OS) of patients after complete or incomplete pulmonary resection and nonsurgical treatment.

Methods

Between 1987 and 2016, 1580 patients were treated for STS with curative intent by Soft Tissue Sarcoma Group at Helsinki University Hospital, Finland. Three hundred forty‐seven patients (22%) developed advanced disease and 130 STS patients (9%) developed pulmonary metastases as first systemic relapse. Seventy four patients (5%) were operated for lung metastases.

Results

Fifty‐five patients (42%) had a complete and 19 (15%) incomplete resection. Fifty‐six (43%) were unoperated. Median OS after complete or incomplete metastasectomy, chemotherapy, or best supportive care was 22, 18, 8, and 5 months, respectively. Twelve patients (9%) developed no further metastases and are alive with no evidence of disease. Disease‐free survival (DFS) for completely resected patients was 17% at 5 years. All long‐term survivors had oligometastatic disease and they underwent one to three complete metastasectomies.

Conclusions

Complete pulmonary metastasectomy in STS results in 5 years DFS in nearly one‐fifth of patients. Most of these patients are probably cured.
Cost of benign versus oncologic colon resection among fee‐for‐service Medicare enrollees
Authors: Hughes Byron D. , Hancock Kevin J. , Shan Yong , Thakker Ravi A. , Maharsi Safa , Tyler Douglas S. , Mehta Hemalkumar B. , Senagore Anthony J.
Published: May 2019

Background and Objectives

Reimbursement for colonic pathology by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) are grouped in the Medicare Severity‐Diagnosis Related Groups (MS‐DRG). With limited available data, we sought to compare the relative impact of malignant vs benign colonic pathology on reimbursement under the MS‐DRG system.

Methods

We used 5% national Medicare data from 2011 to 2014. Patients were classified as having benign disease or malignancy. Descriptive statistics and multivariate regression analysis were used to evaluate the surgical approach and health resource utilization.

Results

Of 10 928 patients, most were Non‐Hispanic White women. The majority underwent open colectomy in both cohorts (P < .001). Colectomy for benign disease was associated with higher total charges (P < .001) and a longer length of stay (P = .0002). Despite higher charges, payments were not significantly different between the cohorts (P = .434). Both inpatient mortality and discharge to a rehab facility were higher in the oncologic group (P < .001).

Conclusion

Payment methodology for colectomy under the CMS MS‐DRG system does not appear to accurately reflect the episode cost of care. The data suggest that inpatient costs are not fully compensated. A transition to value‐based payments with expanded episode duration will require a better understanding of unique costs before adoption.
Clinicopathological and biomolecular characteristics of stage IIB/IIC and stage IIIA colon cancer: Insight into the survival paradox
Authors: Kim Ho Seung , Kim Kyeong Min , Lee Sat Byol , Kim Ga Ram , Han Yoon Dae , Cho Min Soo , Hur Hyuk , Lee Kang Young , Kim Nam Kyu , Min Byung Soh
Published: May 2019

Background

A survival paradox of stage IIB/IIC and IIIA colon cancer has been consistently observed throughout revisions of the TNM system. This study aimed to understand this paradox with clinicopathological and molecular differences.

Methods

Clinicopathological characteristics of patients with pathologically confirmed stage IIB/IIC or IIIA colon cancer were retrospectively reviewed from a database. Publicly available molecular data were retrieved, and intrinsic subtypes were identified and subjected to gene sets enrichment analysis (GSEA).

Results

Among the 159 patients included in the clinicopathological analysis, those at stage IIB/IIC had worse 3‐year disease‐free and overall survival than those at stage IIIA (59.3% vs 91.7%, P < 0.001 and 82.7% vs 98.5%, P < 0.001, respectively), even after adjusting for confounding factors. Data of 95 patients were retrieved from public databases, demonstrating a higher frequency of the microsatellite instable subtype in stage IIB/IIC. The consensus molecular subtype distribution pattern differed between the groups. The GSEA further suggested the protumor inflammatory reaction might be more prominent in stage IIB/IIC.

Conclusions

The survival paradox in colon cancer was confirmed and appears to be a multifactorial phenomenon not attributed to a single clinicopathologic factor. However, the greater molecular heterogeneity in stage IIB/IIC could contribute to the poor prognosis.
In Situ Incorporation of Pores and Nanoparticles into Polymer Surfaces Using Melt Crystallization
Authors: Chi Sangwon , Lee Jonghwi
Published: May 2019

Engineering the surface properties of a material without affecting its bulk properties is desirable for many applications, but it is often not readily achievable because it requires a complex series of processing steps. This study presents for the first time a simple and straightforward method that can convert regular flat polymer surfaces into various porous composite surfaces. The controlled dissolution of the polymer surface by a dispersion and subsequent melt crystallization allows for the successful embedding of dispersed inorganic or organic particles in the pore walls. The porous surface morphology is not significantly affected by the type of dispersed particle, but the contact and sliding angles and surface wettability are. Both superhydrophobic and oil/water separation surfaces can be conveniently fabricated from flat polymer surfaces. This novel and versatile technique could provide engineering freedom for the future development of various functional materials.
Effect of the Structure of Therapeutic Adenosine Analogues on Stability and Surface Electrostatic Potential of their Complexes with Poly(propyleneimine) Dendrimers
Authors: Gorzkiewicz Michał , Appelhans Dietmar , Boye Susanne , Lederer Albena , Voit Brigitte , Klajnert‐Maculewicz Barbara
Published: May 2019

Poly(propyleneimine) glycodendrimers are proposed as nanocarriers for triphosphate forms of anticancer adenosine analogues to improve the efficiency of chemotherapy and to overcome drug resistance mechanisms. This approach has proven successful for fludarabine administration—an autonomous way of cellular entry of a nucleotide–dendrimer noncovalent complex enables an increase in the intracellular accumulation and cytotoxic activity of the active metabolite of the drug. However, the attempt to apply an analogous strategy for clofarabine results in the inhibition of drug activity. To better understand this phenomenon, characterization and comparison of drug‐dendrimer complexes were needed to indicate the differences in their surface properties and the strengths of fludarabine‐dendrimer and clofarabine‐dendrimer interactions. Here, zeta potential measurements, ultrafiltration, and asymmetric flow field‐flow fractionation are applied to determine the surface electrostatic potential and stability of nucleotide–dendrimer formulations. This approach significantly extends the authors’ research on the complexation potential of perfectly branched macromolecules, ultimately explaining previously observed differences and their consequences.
Potential links between wood‐inhabiting and soil fungal communities: Evidence from high‐throughput sequencing
Authors: Purahong Witoon , Pietsch Katherina A. , Bruelheide Helge , Wirth Christian , Buscot François , Wubet Tesfaye
Published: May 2019

Wood‐inhabiting fungi (WIF) are pivotal to wood decomposition, which in turn strongly influences nutrient dynamics in forest soils. However, their dispersal mechanisms remain unclear. We hypothesized that the majority of WIF are soil‐borne. For this reason, the presented research aimed to quantify the contribution of soil as a source and medium for the dispersal of WIF to deadwood using high‐throughput sequencing. We tested effects of tree species (specifically Schima superba and Pinus massoniana) on the percentage of WIF shared between soil and deadwood in a Chinese subtropical forest ecosystem. We also assessed the taxonomic and ecological functional group affiliations of the fungal community shared between soil and deadwood. Our results indicate that soil is a major route for WIF colonization as 12%–15% (depending on the tree species) of soil fungi were simultaneously detected in deadwood. We also demonstrate that tree species (p < 0.01) significantly shapes the composition of the shared soil and deadwood fungal community. The pH of decomposing wood was shown to significantly correspond (p < 0.01) with the shared community of wood‐inhabiting (of both studied tree species) and soil fungi. Furthermore, our data suggest that a wide range of fungal taxonomic (Rozellida, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota) and ecological functional groups (saprotrophs, ectomycorrhizal, mycoparasites, and plant pathogens) may use soil as a source and medium for transport to deadwood in subtropical forest ecosystem. While 12%–62% of saprotrophic, ectomycorrhizal, and mycoparasitic WIF may utilize soil to colonize deadwood, only 5% of the detected plant pathogens were detected in both soil and deadwood, implying that these fungi use other dispersal routes. Animal endosymbionts and lichenized WIF were not detected in the soil samples. Future studies should consider assessing the relative contributions of other possible dispersal mechanisms (e.g. wind, water splash, water dispersal, animal dispersal, and mycelial network) in the colonization of deadwood by soil fungi.
How Do I Explain the Diagnosis of Functional Movement Disorder to a Patient?
Authors: Stone Jon , Hoeritzauer Ingrid
Published: May 2019

Functional movement disorders (FMDs) are common in neurological practice and a source of significant distress and disability. There is consensus that successful explanation which helps the patient feel confident that the diagnosis is correct is an essential platform for further treatment. Many doctors find delivering the diagnosis difficult. In these two short films, we explore why certain ways of approaching the explanation of an FMD can cause difficulties, especially failure to give an explicit diagnostic label, and a tendency to jump to a speculative etiological discussion about possible psychological factors instead of helping the patient understand the nature and mechanism of the movement disorder itself. Demonstrating the physical signs to the patient is often of key importance in helping the patient to understand that, first, the diagnosis is made positively and not just because the tests are normal. Crucially, it also shows the potential for symptom reversibility, which can then feed in to an understanding of how physiotherapy promotes automatic movement and “retrains the brain.” Seeing the patient again is important in assessing the patient's confidence and readiness for therapy as well as calibrating your own communication skills.
Parafoveal thinning of inner retina is associated with visual dysfunction in Lewy body diseases
Authors: Murueta‐Goyena Ane , del Pino Rocío , Reyero Paula , Galdós Marta , Arana Begoña , Lucas‐Jiménez Olaia , Acera Marian , Tijero Beatriz , Ibarretxe‐Bilbao Naroa , Ojeda Natalia , Peña Javier , Cortés Jesús , Gómez‐Esteban Juan Carlos , Gabilondo Iñigo
Published: May 2019

Background

Retinal optical coherence tomography findings in Lewy body diseases and their implications for visual outcomes remain controversial. We investigated whether region‐specific thickness analysis of retinal layers could improve the detection of macular atrophy and unravel its association with visual disability in Parkinson's disease.

Methods

Patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (n = 63), dementia with Lewy bodies (n = 8), and E46K mutation carriers in the α‐synuclein gene (E46K‐SNCA) (n = 4) and 34 controls underwent Spectralis optical coherence tomography macular scans and a comprehensive battery of visual function and cognition tests. We computed mean retinal layer thicknesses of both eyes within 1‐, 2‐, 3‐, and 6‐mm diameter macular discs and in concentric parafoveal (1‐ to 2‐mm, 2‐ to 3‐mm, 1‐ to 3‐mm) and perifoveal (3‐ to 6‐mm) rings. Group differences in imaging parameters and their relationship with visual outcomes were analyzed. A multivariate logistic model was developed to predict visual impairment from optical coherence tomography measurements in Parkinson's disease, and cutoff values were determined with receiver operating characteristic analysis.

Results

When compared with controls, patients with dementia with Lewy bodies had significant thinning of the ganglion cell–inner plexiform layer complex within the central 3‐mm disc mainly because of differences in 1‐ to 3‐mm parafoveal thickness. This parameter was strongly correlated in patients, but not in controls, with low contrast visual acuity and visual cognition outcomes (P < .05, False Discovery Rate), achieving 88% of accuracy in predicting visual impairment in Parkinson's disease.

Conclusion

Our findings support that parafoveal thinning of ganglion cell–inner plexiform complex is a sensitive and clinically relevant imaging biomarker for Lewy body diseases, specifically for Parkinson's disease. © 2019 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
PDα‐type distributed learning control for nonlinear fractional‐order multiagent systems
Authors: Luo Dahui , Wang JinRong , Shen Dong
Published: May 2019

This paper considers the consensus tacking problem for nonlinear fractional‐order multiagent systems by presenting a PDα‐type iterative learning control update law with initial learning mechanisms. The asymptotical convergence of the proposed distributed learning algorithm is strictly proved by using the properties of fractional calculus. A sufficient condition is derived to guarantee the whole multiagent system achieving an asymptotic output consensus. An illustrative example is given to verify the theoretical results.
A four‐alternative forced choice (4AFC) methodology for evaluating microcalcification detection in clinical full‐field digital mammography (FFDM) and digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) systems using an inkjet‐printed anthropomorphic phantom
Authors: Ikejimba Lynda C. , Salad Jesse , Graff Christian G. , Ghammraoui Bahaa , Cheng Wei‐Chung , Lo Joseph Y. , Glick Stephen J.
Published: May 2019

Purpose

The advent of three‐dimensional breast imaging systems such as digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) has great promise for improving the detection and diagnosis of breast cancer. With these new technologies comes an essential need for testing methods to assess the resultant image quality. Although randomized clinical trials are the gold standard for assessing image quality, phantom‐based studies can provide a simpler and less burdensome approach. In this work, a complete framework is presented for task‐based evaluation of microcalcification (MCs) detection performance for DBT imaging systems.

Methods

The framework consists of three parts. The first part is a realistic anthropomorphic physical breast phantom created through inkjet printing, with parchment paper and iodine‐doped ink. The second is a method for inserting realistic MCs fabricated from calcium hydroxyapatite. The reproducibility and stability of the phantom materials were investigated through multiple samples of parchment and ink over 6 months. The final part is an analysis using a four‐alternative forced choice (4AFC) reader study. To demonstrate the framework, a task‐based 4AFC study was conducted using a clinical system to compare performance from DBT, synthetic mammography (SM), and full‐field digital mammography (FFDM). Nine human observers read images containing MC clusters imaged with all three modalities and tried to correctly locate the MCs. The proportion correct (PC) was measured as the number of correctly detected clusters out of all trials.

Results

Overall, readers scored the highest with FFDM, (PC = 0.95 ± 0.03) then DBT (0.85 ± 0.04), and finally SM (0.44 ± 0.06). For the parchment and ink samples, the linear attenuation properties were very stable over 6 months. In addition, little difference was found between the various parchment and ink samples, indicating good reproducibility.

Conclusions

This framework presents a promising methodology for evaluating diagnostic task performance of clinical breast DBT systems.
Functional importance of palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1) expression by Sertoli cells in mediating cholesterol metabolism and maintenance of sperm quality
Authors: Zhao Wenzhen , Su Juan , Wang Yuntao , Qian Tijun , Liu Yue
Published: May 2019

Sertoli cells are a type of nurse cell in the seminiferous epithelium that are crucial for sustaining spermatogenesis by extending nutritional and energy support to the developing germ cells. Dysfunction of Sertoli cells could cause disordered spermatogenesis and reduced fertility in males. In this study, we focused on the expression and function of palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1), a lysosomal depalmitoylating enzyme, in Sertoli cells. Here, we show that PPT1 expression in Sertoli cells is responsive to cholesterol treatment and that specific knockout of Ppt1 in Sertoli cells causes male subfertility associated with poor sperm quality and a high ratio of sperm deformity. Specifically, Ppt1 deficiency leads to poor cell variably accompanied with abnormal lysosome accumulation and increased cholesterol levels in Sertoli cells. Further, Ppt1 deficiency results in poor adhesion of developing germ cells to Sertoli cells in the seminiferous epithelium, which is likely to be responsible for the reduced male fertility as a consequence of declines in sperm count and motility as well as a high incidence of sperm head deformity. In summary, PPT1 affects sperm quality and male fertility through regulating lysosomal function and cholesterol metabolism in Sertoli cells.
Predictive Model for Gastrostomy Placement in Adolescents With Developmental Disabilities and Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Bertoncelli Carlo M. , Altamura Paola , Vieira Edgar Ramos , Bertoncelli Domenico , Latalski Michal , Berthet Stéphanie , Solla Federico
Published: May 2019

Background

Factors associated with gastrostomy placement in adolescents with developmental disabilities (DDs) and cerebral palsy (CP) are poorly investigated. We aimed to develop and validate a machine learning (ML) model for gastrostomy placement in adolescents with DDs and CP.

Methods

We performed a multinational, double‐blinded, case‐control study including 130 adolescents with severe DD and CP (72 males, 58 females; mean age 16 ± 2 years). Data on etiology, diagnosis, spasticity, epilepsy, clinical history, and functional assessments such as the Eating and Drinking Ability Classification System, Manual Ability Classification System, and Gross Motor Function Classification System were collected between 2005 and 2015. Analysis included Fisher exact test, multiple logistic regressions, and a supervised ML model, named PredictMed, to identify factors associated with gastrostomy placement. “Transparent Reporting of a multivariable prediction model for Individual Prognosis or Diagnosis” guidelines were followed.

Results

Poor motor function (P < 0.001), trunk muscle tone disorder (P < 0.001), male gender (P < 0.01), epilepsy (P = 0.01), and severe neuromuscular scoliosis (P = 0.04) were factors linked with gastrostomy placement in univariate analysis. Epilepsy (P = 0.03), poor motor function (P = 0.04), and male gender (P = 0.04) were associated with gastrostomy placement in multivariate analysis with 95% accuracy.

Conclusion

Epilepsy, poor motor function, trunk muscles tone disorder, and male gender were accurate, sensitive, and specific factors associated with gastrostomy need.
Unusual lymphoid malignancy and treatment response in two children with Down syndrome
Authors: Geerlinks Ashley , Keis Jennifer , Ngan Bo , Shammas Amer , Vali Reza , Hitzler Johann
Published: May 2019

Background

Lymphoid malignancies other than acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are rare in children with Down syndrome (DS). Information about the toxicity of chemotherapy and prognosis is largely derived from the experience of children with DS and ALL or children without DS.

Procedure

We describe the treatment and outcome of two unusual lymphoid malignancies in children with DS. One patient was diagnosed with Burkitt lymphoma (BL) and the second, after treatment for B precursor ALL, with T‐cell EBV‐positive proliferative disorder (LPD).

Results

BL was treated with standard doses of LMB group B therapy subsequently intensified to group C therapy, including high‐dose methotrexate (HD‐MTX, 3–8 g/m2). The patient did not experience excessive toxicity and remains in complete remission 13 months later. Despite presentation with disseminated disease the patient with T‐cell EBV‐positive LPD after treatment for B precursor ALL responded to dexamethasone and rituximab and remains in complete remission two years later.

Conclusions

Upfront reduction of the high treatment intensity, which is associated with excellent survival outcomes in BL, may not be warranted in all children with DS. Response to therapy and prognosis of T‐cell EBV‐positive LPD in a patient with DS was not predicted by reported experience in the absence of DS.
Is transcutaneous electrical muscle stimulation an alternative for preventing acquired muscle weakness in the pediatric intensive care unit? A scoping review
Authors: Magalhães Paulo , Figueirêdo Bárbara Bernardo , Vasconcelos Alanna , de Andrade Érika Marinho , Dornelas de Andrade Armèle , Reinaux Cyda
Published: May 2019

Background

Transcutaneous electrical muscle stimulation (TEMS) has been progressively used as add‐on therapy to reduce muscle atrophy in adults unable to carry out active mobilization in the intensive care unit (ICU). There are no studies addressing TEMS in the pediatric ICU. Therefore, we decided to develop a scoping review, a type of knowledge synthesis, which unlike systematic review, identify gaps in the literature to aid the planning and commissioning of future research.

Objective

To provide current perspectives on the application of TEMS for combating pediatric intensive care unit acquired weakness (PICUAW).

Methods

Online databases were used to identify papers published 2006–2016, from which we selected those used musculoskeletal and cardiorespiratory performance as a primary or secondary outcome variable in participants under 18 years.

Results

The publications reported six clinical trials from 218 outpatients with 9.5 ± 8 years old. There were differences in current modulation and duration of TEMS sessions, with a predominance of high intensity and short duration in which a muscle contraction is triggered. The main use of TEMS was in pediatric neurological disorders. TEMS was more effective when compared with SHAM on spasticity, bone mineral density, disability, and gait. One study regarding spine injury showed improvement in VO2 (P = 0.035) when combined cycling with TEMS.

Conclusion

TEMS was an effective and safe treatment for musculoskeletal impairments and cardiorespiratory performance in children with neurological disorders. Although the physiopathology is different in outpatients, an individualized protocol with TEMS might be promising for preventing PICUAW. Its eﬀectiveness, however, deserves further investigation.
Elevated lung volumes in neonates with bronchopulmonary dysplasia measured via MRI
Authors: Yoder Lauren M. , Higano Nara S. , Schapiro Andrew H. , Fleck Robert J. , Hysinger Erik B. , Bates Alister J. , Kingma Paul S. , Merhar Stephanie L. , Fain Sean B. , Woods Jason C.
Published: May 2019

Background

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease of prematurity defined by requirement for respiratory support at 36 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA), but structural sequelae like lung hyperinflation are often not quantified. Quiet‐breathing, nonsedated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows tomographic quantification of lung volumes and densities. We hypothesized that functional residual capacity (FRC) and intrapleural volume (IV) are increased in BPD and correlate with qualitative radiological scoring of hyperinflation.

Methods

Ultrashort echo time (UTE) MRI of 17 neonates (acquired at ~39 weeks PMA) were reconstructed at end‐expiration and end‐inspiration via the time course of the k0 point in k‐space. Images were segmented to determine total lung, tidal, parenchymal tissue, and vascular tissue volumes. FRC was calculated by subtracting parenchymal and vascular tissue volumes from IV. Respiratory rate (RR) was calculated via the UTE respiratory waveform, yielding estimates of minute ventilation when combined with tidal volumes (TVs). Two radiologists scored hyperinflation on the MR images.

Results

IV at FRC increased in BPD: for control, mild, and severe (patients the median volumes were 32.8, 33.5, and 50.9 mL/kg, respectively. TV (medians: 2.21, 3.64, and 4.84 mL/kg) and minute ventilation (medians: 493, 750, and 991 mL/min) increased with increasing severity of BPD (despite decreasing RR, medians: 75.6, 63.0, and 56.1 breaths/min). FRC increased with increasing severity of BPD (39.3, 38.3, and 56.0 mL, respectively). Findings were consistent with increased hyperinflation scored by radiologists.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that UTE MRI can quantify hyperinflation in neonatal BPD and that lung volumes significantly increase with disease severity.
The structure of a GH149 β‐(1 → 3) glucan phosphorylase reveals a new surface oligosaccharide binding site and additional domains that are absent in the disaccharide‐specific GH94 glucose‐β‐(1 → 3)‐glucose (laminaribiose) phosphorylase
Authors: Kuhaudomlarp Sakonwan , Stevenson Clare E. M. , Lawson David M. , Field Robert A.
Published: May 2019

Glycoside phosphorylases (GPs) with specificity for β‐(1 → 3)‐gluco‐oligosaccharides are potential candidate biocatalysts for oligosaccharide synthesis. GPs with this linkage specificity are found in two families thus far—glycoside hydrolase family 94 (GH94) and the recently discovered glycoside hydrolase family 149 (GH149). Previously, we reported a crystallographic study of a GH94 laminaribiose phosphorylase with specificity for disaccharides, providing insight into the enzyme's ability to recognize its' sugar substrate/product. In contrast to GH94, characterized GH149 enzymes were shown to have more flexible chain length specificity, with preference for substrate/product with higher degree of polymerization. In order to advance understanding of the specificity of GH149 enzymes, we herein solved X‐ray crystallographic structures of GH149 enzyme Pro_7066 in the absence of substrate and in complex with laminarihexaose (G6). The overall domain organization of Pro_7066 is very similar to that of GH94 family enzymes. However, two additional domains flanking its catalytic domain were found only in the GH149 enzyme. Unexpectedly, the G6 complex structure revealed an oligosaccharide surface binding site remote from the catalytic site, which, we suggest, may be associated with substrate targeting. As such, this study reports the first structure of a GH149 phosphorylase enzyme acting on β‐(1 → 3)‐gluco‐oligosaccharides and identifies structural elements that may be involved in defining the specificity of the GH149 enzymes.
Oxidation‐induced destabilization of the fibrinogen αC‐domain dimer investigated by molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Pederson Eric N. , Interlandi Gianluca
Published: May 2019

Upon activation, fibrinogen is converted to insoluble fibrin, which assembles into long strings called protofibrils. These aggregate laterally to form a fibrin matrix that stabilizes a blood clot. Lateral aggregation of protofibrils is mediated by the αC domain, a partially structured fragment located in a disordered region of fibrinogen. Polymerization of αC domains links multiple fibrin molecules with each other enabling the formation of thick fibrin fibers and a fibrin matrix that is stable but can also be digested by enzymes. However, oxidizing agents produced during the inflammatory response have been shown to cause thinner fibrin fibers resulting in denser clots, which are harder to proteolyze and pose the risk of deep vein thrombosis and lung embolism. Oxidation of Met476 located within the αC domain is thought to hinder its ability to polymerize disrupting the lateral aggregation of protofibrils and leading to the observed thinner fibers. How αC domains assemble into polymers is still unclear and yet this knowledge would shed light on the mechanism through which oxidation weakens the lateral aggregation of protofibrils. This study used temperature replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the αC‐domain dimer and how this is affected by oxidation of Met476. Analysis of the trajectories revealed that multiple stable binding modes were sampled between two αC domains while oxidation decreased the likelihood of dimer formation. Furthermore, the side chain of Met476 was observed to act as a docking spot for the binding and this function was impaired by its conversion to methionine sulfoxide.
Application of ultrasound‐guided cholecystocentesis to the evaluation of the metabolite profiling in bile of dogs and cynomolgus monkeys
Authors: Dierks Elizabeth A. , Luk Chiuwa E. , Cai Hong , MacGuire Jamus , Fox Maxine , Smalley James , Fancher R. Marc , Janovitz Evan , Foster Kimberly , Sun Qin
Published: May 2019

In this study, we describe a novel approach for collecting bile from dogs and cynomolgus monkeys for metabolite profiling, ultrasound‐guided cholecystocentesis (UCC). Sampling bile by UCC twice within 24 hours was well tolerated by dogs and monkeys. In studies with atorvastatin (ATV) the metabolite profiles were similar in bile obtained through UCC and from bile duct‐cannulated (BDC) dogs. Similar results were observed in UCC and BDC monkeys as well. In both monkey and dog, the primary metabolic pathway observed for ATV was oxidative metabolism. The 2‐hydroxy‐ and 4‐hydroxyatorvastatin metabolites were the major oxidation products, which is consistent with previously published metabolite profiles. S‐cysteine and glucuronide conjugates were also observed. UCC offers a viable alternative to bile duct cannulation for collection of bile for metabolite profiling of compounds that undergo biliary excretion, given the similar metabolite profiles in bile obtained via each method. Use of UCC for metabolite profiling may reduce the need for studies using BDC animals, a resource‐intensive model.
Occupational experiences of high‐skilled intra‐EU immigrants in a transnational space? How European physicians in Germany perceive their career prospects
Authors: Becker Regina
Published: May 2019

This paper investigates subjective labour market incorporation of European physicians in Germany as high‐skilled intra‐EU immigrants by analysing their perceived career advancement. Applying reference frames as an analytical tool, understood as comparisons with as significant perceived social others, my approach not only scrutinises immigrants' career assessments but also disentangles the differentiation mechanisms that the physicians interviewed deem responsible for their career advancement, whilst accounting for transnational comparisons as a possible compensatory strategy. Building on an original mixed‐methods study, this paper distinguishes based on survey data (N = 963) between those who perceive themselves as disadvantaged towards German peers and those who do not. The analysis rests on 19 semi‐structured interviews. The results emphasise migrant physicians' framing focussing on the country of arrival rather than a transnational perspective. Gender more than migrant status seems to account for career obstacles for some, whereas for Eastern Europeans especially both dimensions appear to reinforce one another.
Quasi Tri‐Axial Method for the Fabrication of Optimized Polyurethane Auxetic Foams
Authors: Mohsenizadeh Saeid , Ahmad Zaini , Alipour Roozbeh , Majid Rohah A. , Prawoto Yunan
Published: May 2019

This paper describes the fabrication of polymeric auxetic foam using a quasi tri‐axial compression method. In this method, the conversion process is executed by applying a quasi tri‐axial compression on conventional closed‐cell polyurethane foams. In order to achieve optimum auxetic characteristics, the densification points in various directions are evaluated. In addition, the heating time of the compressed foam is also determined and applied to minimize the residual stress due to the volumetric compression. It leads to the fabrication of auxetic foams with achievable maximum re‐entrancy and minimum collapsed cells without surface creasing. The results also show that the optimized auxetic foam exhibits isotropic behavior compared to its pre‐cursor foam as verified by the morphological analysis. The produced foam has all the desired properties of auxetic foams. The auxetic foam with a negative Poisson's ratio may be have great potential as the supplementary materials in energy absorption and structural applications.
An Efficient Strategy in Microemulsion Systems to Prepare Mono‐ and Bimetallic Platinum‐Rhenium Reforming Nanocatalyst with Remarkable Catalytic Performance
Authors: Keshavarz Alireza , Salabat Alireza
Published: May 2019

This research is a continuation of our previous work aimed to developing an efficient microemulsion system to prepare mono‐ and bimetallic Pt–Re/γ‐Al2O3 reforming nanocatalysts. For this purpose two types of microemulsion systems containing TritonX‐100/2‐butanol as surfactant/co‐surfactant, n‐heptane as organic phase and H2O+H2PtCl6 (or HCl(aq)+H2PtCl6) as aqueous dispersed phase were constructed to fabricate Pt and Re nanocolloids. After addition of appropriate weight of γ‐Al2O3 and destabilization of the colloid systems, mono and bimetallic Pt–Re/γ‐Al2O3 nanocatalysts were obtained. The prepared nanocatalysts were further dried, calcined and characterized by various techniques such as scanning electron microscope (SEM), X‐ray diffraction analysis (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), BET, temperature‐programmed reduction (H2‐TPR) and temperature programmed desorption (NH3‐TPD). Characterization results indicated that the microemulsion nature affect the physicochemical properties of the prepared nanocatalysts. Reforming of n‐heptane at different temperatures was carried out to investigate the effect of microemulsion media (neutral or acidic microemulsion) on the catalytic activity of the prepared nanocatalysts. It is verified that activity of the nanocatalysts is considerably depends on the microemulsion type in the preparation procedure.
Carbazole‐Linked 1,2,3‐Triazoles: In Vitro β‐Glucuronidase Inhibitory Potential, Kinetics, and Molecular Docking Studies
Authors: Shaikh Nimra Naveed , Iqbal Shazia , Syed Naima , Khan Maria A. , Moin Syed Tarique , Choudhary Muhammad Iqbal , Basha Fatima Z.
Published: May 2019

β‐Glucuronidase enzyme is a tetrameric glycoprotein present in microsomes and lysosomes of many organs, and body fluids. Over‐expression of this enzyme is observed in several melanomas and carcinomas. Therefore, it has been identified as a target for the treatment of several pathological conditions. In this regard, carbazole linked 1,2,3‐triazoles (1–27) were synthesized according to our previous report, and evaluated for their in vitro β‐glucuronidase inhibitory activities. Compounds 7–10, 17–18, 20, and 22–27 showed potent activities with IC50 values between 0.55–32.5 μM, as compared to the standard, D‐saccharic acid 1,4‐lactone (IC50=45.75 ± 2.16 μM). All active compounds were found to be non‐cytotoxic against mouse fibroblast 3T3 cell line. Compounds 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, and 27 were subjected to enzyme kinetic studies for the determination of their modes of inhibition, and dissociation constants Ki. Compounds 23, 25, and 26 were also studied for their mode of inhibition by using molecular docking methods.
MoS2 Nanosheets Anchored on Melamine‐Sponges‐Derived Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Microtubes as Anode for High‐Rate Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Feng Meng , Zhang Huizhen , Zhang Yuchan , Zhang Mengjie , Feng Hongbin
Published: May 2019

Here we demonstrate the design and synthesis of a composite electrode material consisting of MoS2 nanosheets anchored on nitrogen‐doped (N‐doped) carbon microtubes (NCMT) for anode applications in sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). The NCMT skeleton was derived from the common melamine sponges, which was used not only as a template but also as the source of nitrogen and carbon. This smart design can effectively shorten the diffusion length of Na+ ions, increase electric conductivity of the electrode, and provide more active sites for electrochemical reactions. When evaluated as anode for sodium‐ion batteries, the MoS2@NCMT composites exhibited a larger initial coulombic efficiency (67.9%), high rate capability (196 mA h g−1 at 10 A g−1 and 118 mA h g−1 at 30 A g−1) and better cycling stability (289 mA h g−1 after 100 cycles at 80 mA g−1).
Ruthenium(II)‐Polypyridyl‐Based Sensor Bearing a DPA Unit for Selective Detection of Cu(II) Ion in Aqueous Medium
Authors: Arora Aayushi , Kaushal Jolly , Kumar Arun , Kumar Pramod , Kumar Sushil
Published: May 2019

Ruthenium(II) polypyridyl linked di‐(2‐picolyl)amine (DPA) based chemosensor [Ru(bpy)2(bpmpip)](PF6)2 (Ru‐L) has been developed for the selective detection of Cu(II) ion in purely aqueous medium. The change in absorbance and emission spectra of chemosensor Ru‐L was observable upon addition of Cu2+ ion. Competitive binding studies, detection limit (18.9 nM) and binding constants illustrate significant sensing ability of chemosensor Ru‐L. Spectral behaviour of chemosensor Ru‐L at different pH was also investigated in absence and presence of Cu2+ ion. Binding of Cu2+ to Ru‐L occurs in 1:1 stoichiometry, in good agreement with the results obatined from ESI‐mass spectrometry, Job's plot experiment and spectroscopic titrations. The emission intensity of Ru‐L was selectively quenched by Cu2+ ion and an obvious color change from red orange to yellow in aqueous solution as well as on paper strips was observed under UV light. The reversibility cycles for the detection of Cu2+ ion were achieved by EDTA and corresponding logic gate was also developed. The water solubility, reversibility and optical visualization of the present chemosensor make it ideal for practical applications on real samples.
Synthesis, Spectral Characterization, Docking Studies and Antiviral Activity of Phosphorylated Derivatives of Lopinavir Intermediate
Authors: Kuruva Chandra S. , Gandavaram Syam P. , Shaik Thaslim B. , Chintha Venkataramaiah , Chamarthi Naga R. , Ghosh Sunil K. , Wudayagiri Rajendra
Published: May 2019

Lopinavir (LPV) intermediate, a core unit of the HIV‐protease inhibitor is phosphorylated and screened for their binding efficacy with the Hemagglutinin‐Neuraminidase (HN) protein of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and of VP7 protein of Bluetongue virus (BTV). The docking simulations were encouraged for their synthesis and screened their antiviral activity against NDV in the Chicken Embryonated eggs. The compounds which have exhibited higher binding energy were selected for antiviral evaluation on target pathogens such as NDV and BTV using in in ovo and in vitro methods. The results revealed that the compounds, 5a, 5b, 5i and 5j showed good activity against NDV and 5a, 5b, 5g and 5j exhibited noble antiviral activity against BTV in both in ovo and in vitro than the remaining title compounds.