bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethnicity and Trust: Evidence from Russia
Authors: BAHRY DONNA , KOSOLAPOV MIKHAIL , KOZYREVA POLINA , WILSON RICK K.
Published: November 2005

The willingness to trust strangers has been associated with a variety of public benefits, from greater civic-mindedness and more honest government to higher rates of economic growth, and more. But a growing body of research finds that such generalized trust is far more common in ethnically homogeneous than in more diverse societies. Ethnic difference is believed to breed more particularistic, ingroup ties, thus undermining both generalized and cross-ethnic trust. We argue that this image is too narrow, and we propose a broader model to identify the factors that give rise to cross-ethnic trust. Using data from two minority regions of Russia, we find considerable support for the model. We also find that high ingroup or particularistic trust is no barrier to faith in another ethnic group.
Contracting around International Uncertainty
Authors: KOREMENOS BARBARA
Published: November 2005

International cooperation is plagued by uncertainty. Although states negotiate the best agreements possible using available information, unpredictable things happen after agreements are signed that are beyond states' control. States may not even commit themselves to an agreement if they anticipate that circumstances will alter their expected benefits. Duration provisions can insure states in this context. Specifically, the use of finite duration depends positively on the degree of uncertainty and states' relative risk aversion and negatively on the cost. These formally derived hypotheses strongly survive a test with data on a random sample of agreements across all four of the major issue areas in international relations. Not only do the results, highlighting evidence on multiple kinds of flexibility provisions, strongly suggest that the design of international agreements is systematic and sophisticated; but also they call attention to common ground among various subfields of political science and law.
Centripetal Democratic Governance: A Theory and Global Inquiry
Authors: GERRING JOHN , THACKER STROM C. , MORENO CAROLA
Published: November 2005

Why are some democratic governments more successful than others? What impact do various political institutions have on the quality of governance? This paper develops and tests a new theory of democratic governance. This theory, which we labelcentripetalism, stands in contrast to the dominant paradigm of decentralism. The centripetal theory of governance argues that democratic institutions work best when they are able to reconcile the twin goals of centralized authority and broad inclusion. At the constitutional level, our theory argues that unitary, parliamentary, and list-PR systems (as opposed to decentralized federal, presidential, and nonproportional ones) help promote both authority and inclusion, and therefore better governance outcomes. We test the theory by examining the impact of centripetalism on eight indicators of governance that range across the areas of state capacity, economic policy and performance, and human development. Results are consistent with the theory and robust to a variety of specifications.
Political Science on the Cusp: Recovering a Discipline's Past
Authors: GUNNELL JOHN G.
Published: November 2005

As Thomas Kuhn noted, it is almost inevitable that scientific practitioners read the history of their field backward and perceive earlier stages as, at best, prototypical of the present. This is the manner in which political scientists, and even historians, have imaged the relationship between the debates about science and democracy that took place during the 1920s and 1950s. Despite the importance of Charles Merriam's role in the history of American political science, his work was not the discursive axis of the paradigmatic disciplinary shift that took place in the first quarter of the 20th century. It was the arguments of G. E. G. Catlin and W. Y. Elliott that most distinctly represented the transformation in both the theory of democracy and the image of science, and that, for the next two generations, set the terms of the debate about these issues as well as about the relationship between the mainstream discipline and the subfield of political theory. And, despite the theoretical and ideological differences between Catlin and Elliott, their exchange points to the intensely practical concerns that originally informed the controversy about the scientific study of politics.
Do Treaties Constrain or Screen? Selection Bias and Treaty Compliance
Authors: VON STEIN JANA
Published: November 2005

Much recent research has found that states generally comply with the treaties they sign. The implications of this finding, however, are unclear: do states comply because the legal commitment compels them to do so, or because of the conditions that led them to sign? Drawing from previous research in thisReviewon Article VIII of the IMF Treaty (Simmons 2000a), I examine the problem of selection bias in the study of treaty compliance. To understand how and whether international legal commitments affect state behavior, one must control for all sources of selection into the treaty—including those that are not directly observable. I develop a statistical method that controls for such sources of selection and find considerable evidence that the unobservable conditions that lead states to make the legal commitment to Article VIII have a notable impact on their propensity to engage in compliant behavior. The results suggest that the international legal commitment has little constraining power independent of the factors that lead states to sign.
The Constraining Power of International Treaties: Theory and Methods
Authors: SIMMONS BETH A. , HOPKINS DANIEL J.
Published: November 2005

We acknowledge the contribution of von Stein (2005) in calling attention to the very real problem of selection bias in estimating treaty effects. Nonetheless, we dispute both von Stein's theoretical and empirical conclusions. Theoretically, we contend that treaties can both screen and constrain simultaneously, meaning that findings of screening do nothing to undermine the claim that treaties constrain state behavior as well. Empirically, we question von Stein's estimator on several grounds, including its strong distributional assumptions and its statistical inconsistency. We then illustrate that selection bias does not account for much of the difference between Simmons's (2000) and von Stein's (2005) estimated treaty effects, and instead reframe the problem as one of model dependency. Using a preprocessing matching step to reduce that dependency, we then illustrate treaty effects that are both substantively and statistically significant—and that are quite close in magnitude to those reported by Simmons.
Précis of Breakdown of Will
Authors: Ainslie George
Published: November 2005

Behavioral science has long been puzzled by the experience of temptation, the resulting impulsiveness, and the variably successful control of this impulsiveness. In conventional theories, a governing faculty like the ego evaluates future choices consistently over time, discounting their value for delay exponentially, that is, by a constant rate; impulses arise when this ego is confronted by a conditioned appetite. Breakdown of Will (Ainslie 2001) presents evidence that contradicts this model. Both people and nonhuman animals spontaneously discount the value of expected events in a curve where value is divided approximately by expected delay, a hyperbolic form that is more bowed than the rational, exponential curve.

With hyperbolic discounting, options that pay off quickly will be temporarily preferred to richer but slower-paying alternatives, a phenomenon that, over periods from minutes to days, can account for impulsive behaviors, and over periods of fractional seconds can account for involuntary behaviors. Contradictory reward-getting processes can in effect bargain with each other, and stable preferences can be established by the perception of recurrent choices as test cases (precedents) in recurrent intertemporal prisoner's dilemmas. The resulting motivational pattern resembles traditional descriptions of the will, as well as of compulsive phenomena that can now be seen as side-effects of will: over-concern with precedent, intractable but circumscribed failures of self-control, a motivated (“dynamic”) unconscious, and an inability to exploit emotional rewards. Hyperbolic curves also suggest a means of reducing classical conditioning to motivated choice, the last necessary step for modeling many involuntary processes like emotion and appetite as reward-seeking behaviors; such modeling, in turn, provides a rationale for empathic reward and the “construction” of reality.
Models of preference reversals and personal rules: Do they require maximizing a utility function with a specific structure?
Authors: Arló-Costa Horacio
Published: November 2005

One of the reasons for adopting hyperbolic discounting is to explain preference reversals. Another is that this value structure suggests an elegant theory of the will. I examine the capacity of the theory to solve Newcomb's problem. In addition, I compare Ainslie's account with other procedural theories of choice that seem at least equally capable of accommodating reversals of preference.
The will: Interpersonal bargaining versus intrapersonal prediction
Authors: Ferrero Luca
Published: November 2005

Ainslie is correct in arguing that the force of commitments partly depends on the predictive role of present action, but this claim can be supported independently of the analogy with interpersonal bargaining. No matter whether we conceive of the parties involved in the bargaining as interests or transient selves, the picture of the will as a competitive interaction among these parties is unconvincing.
Toward a construction-based account of shared intentions in social cognition
Authors: Dominey Peter F.
Published: November 2005

This commentary analyzes the target article to determine whether shared-intention development could be implemented and tested in robotic systems. The analysis indicates that such an implementation should be feasible and will likely rely on a construction-based approach similar to that employed in the construction grammar framework.
Is the evidence for hyperbolic discounting in humans just an experimental artefact?
Authors: Harrison Glenn W. , Lau Morten Igel
Published: November 2005

We question the behavioral premise underlying Ainslie's claims about hyperbolic discounting theory. The alleged evidence for humans can be easily explained as an artefact of experimental procedures that do not control for the credibility of payment over different time horizons. In appropriately controlled and financially motivated settings, human behavior is consistent with conventional exponential preferences.
Shaping your past selves
Authors: Peijnenburg Jeanne
Published: November 2005

I propose to complement Ainslie's idea of “bargaining with your future selves” with that of “shaping your past selves.” The result of such a complementation is that an action can work in two ways: (1) as a predecent for future behavior and (2) as a shaper of past behavior. I argue that this diminishes the unwanted effects of hyperbolic discounting even further.
What is internalised? Dialogic cognitive representations and the mediated mind
Authors: Fernyhough Charles
Published: November 2005

Two aspects of Tomasello et al.'s account would benefit from further elaboration: (1) the construction of dialogic cognitive representations through social interaction, and (2) the cognitive consequences of operating with such representations. Vygotskian ideas on internalisation and verbal mediation may help us better to understand how dialogic cognitive representations can transform human cognition.
Problems with internalization
Authors: Rachlin Howard
Published: November 2005

Ainslie's Breakdown of Will contains important insights into real world self-control problems, but it loses testability to the extent that it internalizes concepts whose meaning lies in overt behavior and its consequences.
Animal cognition meets evo-devo
Authors: Gardner R. Allen
Published: November 2005

Sound comparative psychology and modern evolutionary and developmental biology (often called evo-devo) emphasize powerful effects of developmental conditions on the expression of genetic endowment. Both demand that evolutionary theorists recognize these effects. Instead, Tomasello et al. compares studies of normal human children with studies of chimpanzees reared and maintained in cognitively deprived conditions, while ignoring studies of chimpanzees in cognitively appropriate environments.
Is shared intentionality widespread among and unique to humans?
Authors: Hatano Giyoo , Takahashi Keiko
Published: November 2005

We agree that motivation to share emotions and other mental states is crucial for communicative development, but human infants are highly selective in sharing mental states, and this is well taken evolutionarily. Young chimpanzees may also have motivation to imitate mothers. Thus, uniquely human cognition and culture may not be reduced to a few basic abilities and/or inclinations.
“To do or not to do?” Modeling the control of behavior
Authors: Swain John D. , Swain James E.
Published: November 2005

The author of this fascinating book explores the problem of decision-making. As a basis, he uses hyperbolic discounting theory to discuss many basic assumptions related to self-control. In an accessible conversational tone, he succeeds in capturing many current problems in decision science and presents a rational framework for further work.
The interpersonal foundations of thinking
Authors: Hobson R. Peter
Published: November 2005

Tomasello et al. provide a convincing account of the origins of cultural cognition. I highlight how emotionally grounded sharing of experiences (not merely or predominantly intentions) is critical for the development of interpersonal understanding and perspective-sensitive thinking. Such sharing is specifically human in quality as well as motivation, and entails forms of self–other connectedness and differentiation that are essential to communication and symbolic functioning.
Identifying the motivations of chimpanzees: Culture and collaboration
Authors: Horner Victoria , Bonnie Kristin E. , de Waal Frans B. M.
Published: November 2005

Tomasello et al. propose that shared intentionality is a uniquely human ability. In light of this, we discuss several cultural behaviors that seem to result from a motivation to share experiences with others, suggest evidence for coordination and collaboration among chimpanzees, and cite recent findings that counter the argument that the predominance of emulation in chimpanzees reflects a deficit in intention reading.
Dolphin play: Evidence for cooperation and culture?
Authors: Kuczaj Stan A. , Highfill Lauren E.
Published: November 2005

We agree that human culture is unique. However, we also believe that an understanding of the evolution of culture requires a comparative approach. We offer examples of collaborative behaviors from dolphin play, and argue that consideration should be given to whether various forms of culture are best viewed as falling along a continuum or as discrete categories.
Motivation is not enough
Authors: Lyons Derek E. , Phillips Webb , Santos Laurie R.
Published: November 2005

Tomasello et al. provide a new account of cultural uniqueness, one that hinges on a uniquely human motivation to share intentionality with others. We favor an alternative to this motivational account – one that relies on a modular explanation of the primate intention-reading system. We discuss this view in light of recent comparative experiments using competitive intention-reading tasks.
Distinctive human social motivations in a game-theoretic framework
Authors: Ross Don
Published: November 2005

I discuss implications of Tomasello et al's hypothesis that humans exhibit distinctive collective intentionality for game-theoretic approaches to modeling human evolution. Representing the hypothesis game-theoretically forces a question about whether it implies only distinctively human motivations or both distinctive motivations and distinctive cognitive capacities for representation of intentions. I also note that the hypothesis explains uniquely human ideological conflict and invites game-theoretic modeling of this.
Lack of motivation to share intentions: Primary deficit in autism?
Authors: Verbeke Eline , Peeters Wilfried , Kerkhof Inneke , Bijttebier Patricia , Steyaert Jean , Wagemans Johan
Published: November 2005

We review evidence regarding Tomasello et al.'s proposal that individuals with autism understand intentions but fail socially because of a lack of motivation to share intentions. We argue that they are often motivated to understand others but fail because they lack the perceptual integration skills that are needed to apply their basically intact theory of mind skills in complex social situations.
“Einstein's baby” could infer intentionality
Authors: Watson John S.
Published: November 2005

Some implications of Tomasello et al.'s theory derive from incorporating a variant of a common assumption that humans are biologically adapted to take an intentional stance in relation to conspecifics. I argue that, rather than being cued, intentions and other dispositional states may be inferred logically from an evolved commitment to determinism and evidence of state-dependent behavior.
In Search of the Uniquely Human
Authors: Tomasello Michael , Carpenter Malinda , Call Josep , Behne Tanya , Moll Henrike
Published: November 2005

As Bruner so eloquently points out, and Gauvain echoes, human beings are unique in their “locality.” Individual groups of humans develop their own unique ways of symbolizing and doing things – and these can be very different from the ways of other groups, even those living quite nearby. Our attempt in the target article was to propose a theory of the social-cognitive and social-motivational bases of humans' ability and propensity to live in this local, that is, this cultural, way – which no other species does – focusing on such things as the ability to collaborate and to create shared material and symbolic artifacts.
Reading strategy of Hong Kong school-aged children: The development of word-level and character-level processing
Authors: CHU MAGGIE MUN-KI , LEUNG MAN-TAK
Published: November 2005

This study investigated the development of the mental representation of Chinese disyllabic words. Unlike alphabetical languages, Chinese is a logographic system where character is the basic unit of meaning. Most Chinese words are composed of two characters. Theoretically, Chinese compound word can be read either as a whole unit or as the component character. Subjects were asked to read aloud a list of two-character words, controlled for word and component character frequencies across grades. The correct percentage was analyzed using three two-way analyses of variance. Results indicated that children are able to make use of both levels of reading as early as Grade 1. Lower graders tended to use both the component character level reading processes more, while higher graders tended to read words as whole units more.
Young children's sensitivity to listener knowledge and perceptual context in choosing referring expressions
Authors: WITTEK ANGELIKA , TOMASELLO MICHAEL
Published: November 2005

Speakers use different types of referring expressions depending on what the listener knows or is attending to; for example, they use pronouns for objects that are already present in the immediate discourse or perceptual context. In a first study we found that 2.5- and 3.5-year-old children are strongly influenced by their interlocutor's knowledge of a referent as expressed in her immediately preceding utterance. Specifically, when they are asked a question about a target object (“Where is the broom?”), they tend to use null references or pronouns to refer to that object (“On the shelf” or “It's on the shelf”); in contrast, when they are asked more general questions (“What do we need?”) or contrast questions (“Do we need a mop?”) that reveal no knowledge of the target object they tend to use lexical nouns (“A broom” or “No, a broom”). In a second study we found that children at around their second birthday are not influenced by immediately preceding utterances in this same way. Finally, in a third study we found that 2.5- and 3.5-year-old children's choice of referring expressions is very little influenced by the physical arrangements of objects in the perceptual context, whether it is absent or needs to be distinguished from a close-by alternative, when they request a target object from a silent adult. These results are discussed in terms of children's emerging understanding of the knowledge and attentional states and other persons.
A longitudinal study of phonological processing skills and reading in bilingual children
Authors: LAFRANCE ADÈLE , GOTTARDO ALEXANDRA
Published: November 2005

French/English bilingual children (N=40) in French language schools participated in an 8-month longitudinal study of the relation between phonological processing skills and reading in French and English. Participants were administered measures of phonological awareness, working memory, naming speed, and reading in both languages. The results of the concurrent analyses show that phonological awareness skills in both French and English were uniquely predictive of reading performance in both languages after accounting for the influences of cognitive ability, reading ability, working memory, and naming speed. These findings support the hypothesis that phonological awareness is strongly related to beginning word reading skill in an alphabetic orthography. The results of the longitudinal analyses also suggest that orthographic depth influences phonological factors related to reading.
Marginal cost of operating a positron emission tomography center in a regulatory environment
Authors: Chuck Anderson , Jacobs Philip , Logus J. Wayne , Hilaire Donald St. , Chmielowiec Chester , McEwan Alexander J. B.
Published: November 2005

Objectives: Cost studies of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging are important for resource and operational planning; the most relevant cost analysis in this regard is the marginal cost. Operating within a regulatory environment can add considerably to the costs of providing PET services. Previously published research has not examined the marginal cost structure of PET nor have they described the implications of regulatory compliance to operational costs. The purpose of this study was to conduct a comprehensive cost estimation of PET imaging with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) to better identify the fixed and variable cost components, the marginal cost structure, and the added costs of satisfying regulatory requirements.

Methods: Financial data on capital and operating expenses were collected for the PET center at the Cross Cancer Institute in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

Results: The total per-service cost for clinical operations ranged between $7,869 (400 annual scans) and $1,231 (3,200 annual scans). The marginal cost for the center remained steady as volume increased up to the throughput capacity.

Conclusions: Results indicate that economies from increased volumes did not arise. Regulatory requirements added significant costs to operating an 18F-FDG-PET center.
Quality and relevance of evidence in support of guideline recommendations for sleep laboratory investigations
Authors: Hailey David , Tran Khai
Published: November 2005

Objectives:As part of a review of guidelines for sleep laboratories, this study summarizes the quality and relevance of evidence cited in support of recommendations on investigations for individuals with sleep disorders.

Methods:Quality of evidence in support of each recommendation was rated as A (from well-conducted, prospective controlled studies), B (from controlled studies and case series, with minor shortcomings), or C (from case series or case series plus controlled studies with substantial limitations). Relevance of the cited evidence was also rated from A to C, in decreasing order of merit.

Results:Of eighty-one recommendations from thirty-seven guidelines, forty-six were supported by evidence from primary studies. Six recommendations were supported by category A evidence, fifteen by category B, and twenty-five recommendations by category C. The cited evidence was highly relevant to eighteen recommendations, of some relevance for twenty-two and of little or no relevance to six. Four recommendations were informed by an absence of available evidence. For the other thirty-one, no evidence was provided in support.

Conclusions:The approach used provided a concise overview of recommendations and supporting evidence for decision-makers. Guidelines on the use of sleep laboratory investigations contain much detailed information, but evidence supporting several recommendations is of limited quality and relevance. Furthermore, good-quality studies of many sleep laboratory applications are needed to assist both health policy formulation and clinical practice.
Toward a multidimensional assessment of picture archiving and communication system success
Authors: Paré Guy , Lepanto Luigi , Aubry David , Sicotte Claude
Published: November 2005

Objectives: Based on a prevalent framework in the information systems field, this study proposes and describes an integrated model for evaluating picture archiving and communication system (PACS) success from multiple users' perspectives.

Methods: Our study details the validation process of the proposed model at a large tertiary-care teaching hospital in Canada. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected to assess the psychometric properties of the measurement instrument and test the research hypotheses.

Results: Our findings clearly reveal that radiologists, technologists, and clinicians have different views regarding the factors influencing PACS success. For instance, the results for radiologists show that their concern with efficiency and productivity is best guaranteed by a system that is reliable and easy to use. Furthermore, that only perceived system usefulness influenced clinicians' satisfaction with PACS is a reflection of the primary impact that technology has on their work, namely, the ability to have instant access to images from any point in the hospital. Even though, overall, all three groups view the adoption of PACS positively, the mean scores indicate that radiologists and technologists seem to be more satisfied and their expectations to be met at a higher level than clinicians.

Conclusions: We believe the measurement instruments developed in this study can be used as a diagnostic tool by project managers interested in better understanding the extent to which different groups of stakeholders perceive the deployment of PACS as being successful and how factors influencing perceptions of PACS success vary across user types.
Ximelagatran: A new type of oral anticoagulant
Authors: Kwok Lisa , Molckovsky Dana , Boucher Michel
Published: November 2005

Objectives: This assessment sought to evaluate the comparative benefit and adverse effect profile of ximelagatran, as well as the clinical issues surrounding its potential use.

Methods: We performed a Dialog OneSearch across BIOSIS Previews, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PASCAL, and ToxFile to identify published literature. PubMed and The Cochrane Library were also searched. Gray literature was identified by searching a variety of Web sites of health technology assessment and related agencies and their associated databases. The manufacturer's Canadian office, AstraZeneca, was invited to submit information.

Results: Ximelagatran is the first oral agent from a new class of anticoagulants called direct thrombin inhibitors. Other oral anticoagulants require routine blood monitoring; ximelagatran does not. Ximelagatran has been evaluated in the areas of venous thromboembolism management, particularly after orthopedic surgery, and stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation. Overall, ximelagatran's efficacy appears comparable to other anticoagulants in these clinical settings. Also, bleeding rates were generally similar between ximelagatran and comparators but, as for warfarin, bleeding risk increases with higher ximelagatran doses. In addition, there is no specific antidote to help manage ximelagatran-induced bleeding. Finally, significantly more patients exposed to long-term ximelagatran developed elevated liver enzymes more than three times the upper normal limit, compared with patients on comparator anticoagulants.

Conclusions: Given its apparent simplicity of use, ximelagatran carries the potential to replace, at least in part, anticoagulants currently used in the management of venous thromboembolism or for preventing stroke in atrial fibrillation patients. However, the safety of ximelagatran will not be fully known without further evaluation and surveillance for potential liver toxicity. There is also a need to evaluate its use in special populations such as patients with renal failure and patients using several concurrent medications.
Time-trends in health technology assessments: An analysis of developments in composition of international health technology assessments from 1989 to 2002
Authors: Draborg Eva , Gyrd-Hansen Dorte
Published: November 2005

Objectives:Health Technology Assessment (HTA) as a method for producing evidence in the health-care sector has been used for more than 25 years but has grown in extent during the past years. The objective of this study is to explore a possible evolution in these HTAs, in type of assessed technologies, in type of assessors, and in its methods.

Methods:A structured literature review was conducted of 433 HTA reports from the period 1989 to 2002 by eleven leading HTA institutions worldwide. The review focused on the methodology used, the assessors, and the assessed technologies and was designed to elucidate general time-trends in the practical application of HTA.

Results:The study shows that literature reviews are still the most often used method of assessment and accounts for a relatively stable fraction of assessments. The fraction of economic evaluations shows a slightly decreasing trend in contrast to randomized controlled trials and modeling/evaluations, which are applied more frequently. The data also demonstrate a more frequent use of external partners as assessors and a shift between devices and pharmaceuticals as assessed technologies.

Conclusions:The study shows an increase in the number of HTAs but no major developments in assessment methods used and, therefore, no widespread spillover from the development in research methods in general to the field of HTA methodology.
A test of prospect theory
Authors: Feeny David , Eng Ken
Published: November 2005

Objectives:Prospect theory (PT) hypothesizes that people judge states relative to a reference point, usually assumed to be their current health. States better than the reference point are valued on a concave portion of the utility function; worse states are valued on a convex portion. Using prospectively collected utility scores, the objective is to test empirically implications of PT.

Methods:Osteoarthritis (OA) patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty periodically provided standard gamble scores for three OA hypothetical states describing mild, moderate, and severe OA as well as their subjectively defined current state (SDCS). Our hypothesis was that most patients improved between the pre- and postsurgery assessments. According to PT, scores for hypothetical states previously > SDCS but now < SDCS should be lower at the postsurgery assessment.

Results:Fourteen patients met the criteria for testing the hypothesis. Predictions were confirmed for 0 patients; there was no change or mixed results for 6 patients (42.9 percent); and scores moved in the direction opposite to that predicted by PT for 8 patients (57.1 percent).

Conclusions:In general, the direction and magnitude of the changes in hypothetical-state scores do not conform to the predictions of PT.
Addressing telehealth's foremost barrier: Provider as initial gatekeeper
Authors: Whitten Pamela S. , Mackert Michael S.
Published: November 2005

Objectives: During the past decade, telehealth has enjoyed a plethora of public funding and publication outlets around the world. Yet, rhetoric appears to be outpacing the actual diffusion and utilization of telehealth technologies for patient care. Several barriers, such as reimbursement and legal/regulatory issues, are commonly cited as impeding the successful deployment of this innovation. However, two separate studies carried out in Michigan that controlled for these barriers point out a more significant initial gatekeeper to the deployment of telehealth, namely providers.

Methods: Multiple data collection strategies were used in both the telehospice and telepsychiatry projects, including utilization logs, surveys, telehospice nursing notes, cost frame data collection, patient interviews, caregiver interviews and focus groups, and videotaped visits.

Results: This study summarizes data from the two studies to support the hypothesis that the provider is the most important initial gatekeeper for telemedicine.

Conclusions: The implications from this conclusion have important consequences for health system deployment strategies. Specifically, telemedicine project managers must keep providers' needs (ease of use and incentives) in mind when designing a telemedicine system.
Measuring Ideas More Effectively: An Analysis of Bush and
Kerry's National Security Speeches
Authors: Schonhardt-Bailey Cheryl
Published: November 2005

On Sunday, October 10th, 2004, the New York Times
Magazine featured an article with the cover title,
“Really, What Does He Think? John Kerry and the
Post-9/11 World” (Bai 2004). On the cover
of the magazine was a serious-looking photo of Senator Kerry,
superimposed with keywords such as “Terrorism,” “Iraq,” “Al Qaeda,”
“Multilateralism,” “Nuclear proliferation,” and so on. While the
article itself was intriguing, even more intriguing was the
magazine's attempt to capture Kerry's core ideas on American
national security with the use of keyword graphics—namely, the
keywords on the cover, placed in what appeared to be a random order
around the photo of Kerry, and the underlining of “John Kerry,”
“terrorism,” and “Americans” in the inside title. Catchy graphics,
but hardly an accurate depiction of the keywords that might actually
represent Kerry's thinking on American national security. And, for
all the comparison made in the article itself with President Bush's
stance on national security, where were the graphics for George W.?
(They did not emerge in the next New York Times
Magazine.) The magazine was, nonetheless, making an
important point: that words (and the ideas they represent) are
emotive—particularly in the highly charged climate of the 2004
presidential campaign. I am grateful
for comments and suggestions from Andrew Bailey, Diane Maurice,
David Mayhew, and Frances Rosenbluth. I am also grateful to the
Georg Walter Leitner Program in International and Comparative
Political Economy (Yale Center for International and Area
Studies) for funding that initiated this article, and to Mina
Moshkeri (LSE Design Unit) for her assistance in preparing the
graphs.
Voter Turnout in Undergraduate Student Government
Elections
Authors: Lewis Kimberly M. , Rice Tom W.
Published: November 2005

The research on voter turnout in America is impressive in quantity
and quality, but it lacks breadth. National and state elections have
received most of the attention, while the myriad of other elections,
from municipal contests to policy referenda, have often been
ignored. As a result, we know a great deal about turnout in state
and national elections, and much less about turnout in other races.
The temptation is to generalize the state and national conclusions
to other elections, but this is risky. For example, in a recent
aggregate-level study of small town elections in Iowa, Rice and
Schlueter (2004) report a relationship
that runs contrary to virtually all of the state and national
literature: education and turnout are negatively correlated; that
is, the citizens in better-educated communities vote in local
elections at lower rates than the citizens in less-educated
communities. This finding exposes the limitations in our
understanding of voter turnout. If all we want is to speak with
assurance about turnout in state and national elections, then the
current literature is very helpful. If, however, we want to be able
to speak more generally about turnout (and speak more specifically
about turnout in elections other than state and national contests),
then we need to study more types of elections. For a copy of the data, contact Professor Tom W. Rice,
department of political science, University of Iowa, Iowa City,
IA 52241 (tom-rice@uiowa.edu).
Vindicating Anthony Downs
Authors: Gray Mark M. , Wuffle A
Published: November 2005

Positive turnout rates in the United States and elsewhere are widely
considered “an embarrassing limitation of the economic approach to
politics” because, for any one voter, “the costs of casting a ballot
in any large election are almost always greater than the potential
benefits, which are dependent on the unlikely occurrence of casting
the winning or tie vote in an election” (Knack
1992, 133). Green and Shapiro (1994), whose scathing critique of the rational choice
field centers on the work of Anthony Downs (1957), trenchantly put it: “Rational choice theorists
have trotted out an astonishing variety of conjectures about the
costs and benefits of voting, in the process generating an enormous
literature, possibly larger in terms of academic citations and sheer
bibliographic length than any other rational choice literature in
American politics” (47–48), yet they still have no answer as to why
people vote when, according to their arguments, reason says they
ought not. Grofman (1993), paraphrasing
Morris Fiorina, has referred to the failure of rational choice
theory to explain turnout as the “paradox that ate rational
choice.” We are indebted to Clover
Behrend-Gethard for bibliographic assistance.
A Graduate Student's Guide to Publishing Scholarly
Journal Articles
Authors: Van Cott Donna Lee
Published: November 2005

In recent years, arriving on the job market with published work has
shifted from a desirable condition to a necessity. Even middling
universities can afford to ignore applications from job applicants
without peer-reviewed articles in scholarly journals. Thus, it is
important for graduate students to focus as early as possible on
publishing their work. I wish to thank
Brian Brox, Jonathan Hartlyn, and Nancy Maveety for comments on
an earlier draft.
Twelve Easy Steps to Becoming an Effective Teaching
Assistant
Authors: Webb Derek A.
Published: November 2005

What does it take to be an effective teaching assistant in political
science? This is a subject of interest not only to first time
graduate teaching assistants, but also to the professors who make
use of them, the directors of undergraduate studies who must live
with their results, and the directors of graduate studies who must
help prepare them for their first teaching jobs. But while the
subject of training graduate students to teach is of live interest
to numerous people, comparatively little direct attention has been
accorded it. While 83% of graduate students say that “enjoyment of
teaching” was one of the factors that lead them to enroll in
graduate school, a significantly smaller percentage believe that
their departments adequately prepare them to serve as teaching
assistants, much less to take up the responsibilities of full-time
college professors (Golde and Dore 2001).
And while research on teaching has exploded since 1998, the chief
focus of this research and publication has tended to be on civic
education, curriculum development, and the use of technology in the
classroom (Kehl 2002). Indeed, no article
in PS since its inception in 1968 has ever directly
taken up the topic of what sort of characteristics and practices, in
general, contribute to making an effective teaching assistant. The author would like to thank the Kaneb
Center for Teaching and Learning at the University of Notre Dame
for providing the initial spark to this article by inviting him
to participate in a panel discussion on becoming an effective
teaching assistant. He would also like to thank Walter Nicgorski
for encouraging him to turn his presentation into an article and
for reading and commenting upon several drafts. Finally, he
would like to thank Steve Yoder of PS and the
two anonymous reviewers whose suggestions have considerably
strengthened the final product.
Don't Argue, Reflect! Reflections on Introducing
Reflective Writing into Political Science Courses
Authors: Josefson Jim
Published: November 2005

In this article, I discuss an alternative way of conceptualizing and
structuring essay assignments in political science courses.
Generally, political science teachers have tried to encourage
critical thinking about political issues by assigning essays that
ask for argumentative writing. An argumentative
essay format asks students to present several positions or concepts
covered in a course, analyze them, and argue for their own position
on the issues at hand. A better format, I suggest, is to ask
students to engage in reflective writing.
Reflective writing has four basic stages. First, students are asked
to explain course materials. Next, they are challenged to reflect
explicitly on how this material calls into question their
preconceptions about the topic. Third, they analyze the conflicts,
confusions, or questions that arise from engaging their
preconceptions. And finally, they formulate plans to use the
knowledge gained by the reflective process. In short, reflective
writing invites students to search for the truth rather than develop
rhetorical skills. My case for reflective writing is made here in
the form of a reflective essay, so readers can take from this essay
both a demonstration of the reflective process as well as an
explanation. Thus, I will explore my pedagogical preconceptions and
experiences with student writing, explain my initial understanding
of reflective writing and my first attempt at using reflective
writing in an introduction to American government course, and,
finally, refine my pedagogy by analyzing the success of the
assignment in light of a deeper reading of John Dewey and other
theorists of reflective reasoning.
Borders, Boundaries, and Citizenship
Authors: Benhabib Seyla
Published: November 2005

Modern liberal democracies owe their stability and relative success
to the coming together of two ideals which originate in distinct
historical periods: the ideals of self-governance
and territorially circumscribed nation-state.
Self-governance defines freedom as the rule of law among a community
of equals who are citizens of the polis and who have the right to
rule and to be ruled. This ideal emerges in 5th-century
Athens and is revived throughout history in episodes such as the
experience of self-governing city-states in the Renaissance, the
Paris commune of 1871, the anarchist and socialist communes of the
Russian Revolution, and the Spanish Civil War.
The Challenges Facing American Citizenship Today
Authors: Smith Rogers M.
Published: November 2005

In the 19thcentury, the greatest questions concerning American citizenship were whether this new modern experiment in large-scale republican self-governance could work at all, and whether its initial reliance on slavery could be overcome. The answers proved to be that a large-scale republic centered on commercial, not martial aspirations could indeed endure, and that it could achieve the elimination of chattel slavery, though not without enormous costs. In the 20thcentury, the major issues became whether formally equal citizenship could be extended to all adults, regardless of race and gender. The answer proved to be that women and non-whites could gain genuine possession of the franchise and access to public office, even if only through great civic struggles, and even if those gains still left the nation far short of achieving practical equality in many spheres of public and private life. Though much remains to be explored in regard to those past developments, it is obviously timely now to ask, “What are the major issues facing American citizenship in the 21stcentury?” It is also tempting to speculate about how laws and public policies will deal with them, though that quest of course carries us out over even thinner ice.
Expansive Citizenship—Voting beyond Territory and
Membership
Authors: Bauböck Rainer
Published: November 2005

Voting rights have traditionally been regarded as the core of
democratic citizenship. While T. H. Marshall (1965) described citizenship as a bundle of civil,
political, and social rights, political philosophers from Aristotle
via Rousseau to Michael Walzer have understood citizenship to be
essentially a status of full membership in a self-governing polity.
This republican conception explains the central place of electoral
rights: citizens are those who participate in collective
self-government either directly or through voting for
representatives and running as candidates for elective public
office. Special thanks to Harald
Waldrauch from whose ongoing research on the rights and legal
statuses of migrants this essay has greatly benefited.
Hierarchical Citizenship in a World of Unequal Nation-States
Authors: Castles Stephen
Published: November 2005

Citizenship in modern democratic states has a dual character. First, it denotes inclusion in a self-governing political community. Second, it means belonging to a specific national community, defined both by territorial boundaries and cultural practices. The democratic state appears in the guise of the nation-state, whosecitizenis also anational. Political citizenship is universalistic and inclusive, while national belonging is culturally specific and exclusive. Everybody in the country is meant to belong, while the rest of the world is excluded: foreigners cannot belong. This dualism helps explain some contractions such as: why the age of democratic nationalism was a period of devastating wars based on the total mobilization of populations of warrior-citizens; how democratic states could justify the colonization of the rest of the world; and why democracy and racism are so often linked (Castles and Davidson 2000).
Latino Incorporation Reaches the Urban Summit: How
Antonio Villaraigosa Won the 2005 Los Angeles Mayor's
Race
Authors: Sonenshein Raphael J. , Pinkus Susan H.
Published: November 2005

The theory of minority political incorporation (Browning, Marshall, and Tabb 1984; 2001) addressed the rise of African Americans and
Latinos in urban politics through coalitions that combined the
mobilization of African-American communities and White liberals
(Sonenshein 1993) and, at times,
Hispanics. While Hispanics were important to the theory of political
incorporation, their role was neither consistent nor central in
coalitions for minority advancement during the 1970s, 1980s, and
early 1990s. However, Latinos; impressive demographic strength is
now translating into major voter registration and turnout gains, and
Latinos increasingly are taking the lead in minority incorporation
in some cities and states. There is, perhaps, no better example of
Latinos; increasing political clout than City Councilman Antonio
Villaraigosa's smashing electoral victory to become the first Latino
mayor of Los Angeles in more than 130 years. Villaraigosa's election
attracted national and international attention, and energized Latino
activists around the country.