bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Community managers: presente y futuro de un perfil profesional emergente en la dimensión 2.0. Su influencia en la rentabilidad reputacional online
Authors: Treviño Carrero Pilar Treviño , Barranquero Alejandro , Zusberro Nerea
Published: January 2014

Fruto de la expansión del software social, las empresas necesitan desarrollar estrategias que faciliten la comunicación entre usuarios y organizaciones. El profesional que realiza esta intermediación es el community manager. En España aún no están definidas las competencias necesarias para desempeñar esta reciente profesión de la comunicación online. El objetivo de este estudio se centra en profundizar en su perfil formativo y profesional e indagar si se trata de una popularización circunstancial o si se normalizará la figura profesional como parte de la plantilla de las organizaciones. La investigación se ha abordado principalmente a través de entrevistas cualitativas realizadas a distintos expertos. Su evolución en España revela una marcada tendencia hacia la profesionalización, canalizada por la autoformación en lo referente a los conocimientos técnicos. Sin embargo, la necesidad de poseer habilidades comunicativas refrenda el 1.0 como la base del trabajo del community manager. Si la empresa tiene presencia en el mercado digital requiere de nuevas fórmulas para llegar al consumidor-productor de la era 2.0. El community manager encontrará, entonces, su razón de ser en las organizaciones.
La fotografía en la prensa: análisis comparativo del tratamiento de las imágenes de los terremotos de Haití (2010) y de Japón (2011) en la prensa española
Authors: Fernández Vázquez Jessica
Published: January 2014

Informar sobre el terremoto de Haití de enero de 2010 y el tsunami que arrasó Japón en marzo de 2011 supuso un reto comunicativo para los periodistas, ya que los hechos pronto se convirtieron en noticias de primera plana en los medios internacionales dado el elevado número de víctimas mortales y la destrucción material provocada. Para los medios impresos, las fotografías fueron una herramienta fundamental para informar ya que, gracias a su capacidad para evocar sentimientos, a su poderío emotivo y a su fuerza comunicativa, acercaron a los lectores al lugar de los hechos transmitiendo la realidad de cada lugar. Tras un análisis formal y de contenido, con esta investigación se comprobó cómo el tratamiento fotográfico y la línea informativa de los principales soportes impresos de España, ABC, El Mundo y El País, fueron muy diferentes en cada uno de los casos objeto de estudio. Si comparamos las imágenes publicadas tras cada uno de los sucesos, nos encontramos con que a pesar de que las tres cabeceras coincidieron en la manera de tratar los hechos, la percepción social de cada país parece condicionar la representación del drama humano y de la destrucción, afianzando las ideas preconcebidas sobre cada uno de ellos.
¿Son necesarias las televisiones públicas en España? Un debate adulterado
Authors: López Jordán Jesús
Published: January 2014

La información no es sólo mercancía u objeto de especulación económica. Es un derecho y un acto de justicia. La información no pertenece al propietario de la empresa informativa. Le asiste el derecho a explotar el servicio, sí, pero el derecho de  información es un mandato social que le excede. Por ello, las televisiones públicas, nacidas bajo esos principios de pertenencia ciudadana, deberían ser un espacio de libertad y de respeto hacia trabajadores y ciudadanos: los primeros, como mediadores y garantes de la veracidad informativa; los segundos, como sujetos receptores y titulares soberanos del derecho de información.
La retórica de Obama ante el terrorismo: las redes sociales en el caso de los atentados de Boston de abril de 2013
Authors: Franch Puig Pere
Published: January 2014

El presente trabajo estudia dos aspectos de la retórica del presidente norteamericano, Barack Obama, tras los atentados de Boston de abril de 2013: el contenido de sus discursos orales y el uso que hizo de su cuenta en la red social Twitter después de los atentados. La investigación, basada en el análisis de contenido textual de los discursos y de los tuits publicados, ha permitido constatar tres hechos: Primero, que en las intervenciones públicas de Obama se mantienen las principales características propias de la retórica presidencial norteamericana ante la guerra contra el terrorismo, especialmente al presentar al enemigo pero sobre todo al propio bando. Segundo, que cuando estos recursos retóricos se trasladan a las redes sociales —y en concreto a Twitter—, el uso de ellas se limita meramente a reproducir fragmentos textuales de lo ya expresado por el presidente ante los medios; por tanto, se utilizan las redes como simples difusores de información ya ofrecida al público y a los medios de comunicación convencionales. Y tercero, junto a esta constatación, se observa que el principal uso de Twitter por parte del presidente Obama en los días posteriores a los atentados buscaba movilizar e impulsar la acción de sus seguidores a favor de una causa política: en este caso concreto, la campaña a favor de un mayor control de las armas de fuego.
Can regional climate engineering save the summer Arctic sea ice?
Authors: Tilmes S. , Jahn Alexandra , Kay Jennifer E. , Holland Marika , Lamarque Jean‐Francois
Published: January 2014

Rapid declines in summer Arctic sea ice extent are projected under high‐forcing future climate scenarios. Regional Arctic climate engineering has been suggested as an emergency strategy to save the sea ice. Model simulations of idealized regional dimming experiments compared to a business‐as‐usual greenhouse gas emission simulation demonstrate the importance of both local and remote feedback mechanisms to the surface energy budget in high latitudes. With increasing artificial reduction in incoming shortwave radiation, the positive surface albedo feedback from Arctic sea ice loss is reduced. However, changes in Arctic clouds and the strongly increasing northward heat transport both counteract the direct dimming effects. A 4 times stronger local reduction in solar radiation compared to a global experiment is required to preserve summer Arctic sea ice area. Even with regional Arctic dimming, a reduction in the strength of the oceanic meridional overturning circulation and a shut down of Labrador Sea deep convection are possible.
Nonstorm time dynamics of electron radiation belts observed by the Van Allen Probes
Authors: Su Zhenpeng , Xiao Fuliang , Zheng Huinan , He Zhaoguo , Zhu Hui , Zhang Min , Shen Chao , Wang Yuming , Wang Shui , Kletzing C. A. , Kurth W. S. , Hospodarsky G. B. , Spence H. E. , Reeves G. D. , Funsten H. O. , Blake J. B. , Baker D. N.
Published: January 2014

Storm time electron radiation belt dynamics have been widely investigated for many years. Here we present a rarely reported nonstorm time event of electron radiation belt evolution observed by the Van Allen Probes during 21–24 February 2013. Within 2 days, a new belt centering around L=5.8 formed and gradually merged with the original outer belt, with the enhancement of relativistic electron fluxes by a factor of up to 50. Strong chorus waves (with power spectral density up to 10−4nT2/Hz) occurred in the region L>5. Taking into account the local acceleration driven by these chorus waves, the two‐dimensional STEERB can approximately reproduce the observed energy spectrums at the center of the new belt. These results clearly illustrate the complexity of electron radiation belt behaviors and the importance of chorus‐driven local acceleration even during the nonstorm times.
Hierarchically Ordered Nano‐Heterostructured PZT Thin Films with Enhanced Ferroelectric Properties
Authors: Datta Anuja , Mukherjee Devajyoti , Witanachchi Sarath , Mukherjee Pritish
Published: January 2014

Realization of ferroelectric (FE) devices based on the polarization effects of Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 (PZT) has reinforced the investigation of this material in multiple dimensions and length scales. Multi‐level hierarchical nanostructure engineering in PZT thin films offer dual advantages of variable length‐scale and dimensionality. Here, the growth of hierarchically ordered PZT nano‐hetero­structures (Nhs) from PZT seed‐layer deposited on SrTiO3:Nb (100) substrates, using a physical/chemical combined methodology involving pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and hydrothermal processes, is reported. Systematic SEM, TEM, and Raman spectroscopy studies reveal mixed hetero‐ and homo‐epitaxial growth mechanism. In the final stage, 3D Nh units cross‐link and form a dense network‐like Nh PZT thin‐film. FE polarizations are measured without using any polymer fill‐layer which otherwise introduces huge dielectric losses and lowers the polarization values for a FE device. In benefit, well saturated and symmetric FE hysteresis loops are observed with high degree of squareness and a high remnant polarization (54 μC cm‐2 at a coercive field of 237 kV cm‐1). This work provides a pathway towards preparing hierarchical PZT Nhs offering coherent design of high‐performance FE capacitors for data storage technologies in future.
Liquid Crystal Metamaterial Absorber Spatial Light Modulator for THz Applications
Authors: Savo Salvatore , Shrekenhamer David , Padilla Willie J.
Published: January 2014

A terahertz (THz) spatial light modulator implemented with metamaterial absorbers (MMAs) functionalized with isothiocyanate‐based liquid crystals (LCs) is experimentally demonstrated. The device is designed to work in reflection mode and is arranged in a 6 × 6 pixel matrix where the response of each pixel is modulated by electronically controlling the orientation of liquid crystal dimers covering the entire metamaterial absorber landscape. Experiments show that each pixel can be controlled independently and that pixelated absorption patterns can be created at will. The SLM shows an overall modulation depth of 75%. Furthermore, computational results show that losses arising from LCs impose a severe limitation on the overall performance and that consequently the modulation depth of each pixel could be improved with liquid crystal mixtures designed primarily for THz frequencies. This work demonstrates the viability of liquid crystal‐based reconfigurable metamaterials and highlights their great potential use for future state‐of‐the‐art THz devices.
CO2 capture by pyrrolidine: Reaction mechanism and mass transfer
Authors: García‐Abuín Alicia , Gómez‐Díaz Diego , Navaza José M. , Rumbo Antonio
Published: January 2014

A new carbon dioxide capture process by means of gas–liquid absorption using pyrrolidine aqueous solutions in a bubble column reactor obtaining suitable results in comparison with other commonly used amines is analyzed. The influence of several operation variables such as amine concentration and gas flow rate has been studied. Carbon dioxide mass‐transfer rate data have shown a different behavior than other amine‐based systems because a constant value in absorption rate was observed in the middle of batch experiments. 13C and 1H NMR spectroscopy studies were performed to analyze the species present during the experiments. These data and the carbon dioxide loading allowed to explain the reaction mechanism existed between these reagents. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 1098–1106, 2014
Sustainable process design and synthesis of hydrocarbon biorefinery through fast pyrolysis and hydroprocessing
Authors: Zhang Qiao , Gong Jian , Skwarczek Matthew , Yue Dajun , You Fengqi
Published: January 2014

The process design and synthesis of hydrocarbon biorefinery, which is composed of fast pyrolysis, biocrude collection, hydroprocessing and hydrogen production sections, under economic and environmental considerations are concerned. A superstructure is developed that includes multiple process alternatives in each stage of the process flow diagram. A bi‐criteria mixed integer nonlinear programming model is proposed to maximize the economic performance measured by the net present value and minimize the global warming potential according to life cycle assessment procedures. The bi‐criteria mixed integer nonlinear programming model is solved with the ε‐constraint method, and the resulting Pareto curve reveals the trade‐off between the economic and environmental performance of the process. The two selected “good choice” optimal designs indicate net present values of 573 and 93.6 $MM (unit costs of $3.43 and $5.26 per gallon of gasoline equivalent), corresponding to global warming potentials of 100 and 53 kton CO2 equivalent per year (unit greenhouse emissions of 1.95 and 2.04 kg CO2 per gallon of gasoline equivalent), respectively. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 980–994, 2014
Speed of sound of ionic liquids: Database, estimation, and its application for thermal conductivity prediction
Authors: Wu Ke‐Jun , Chen Qiao‐Li , He Chao‐Hong
Published: January 2014

Speed of sound is an important thermodynamic property of ionic liquids (ILs) and always chosen as a source to determine other properties. A database for the speed of sound of pure ILs created by collecting experimental data from literature covering the period from 2005 to 2013 is presented. The effects of temperature and the alkyl chain length on the speed of sound are discussed and a second‐order corresponding states group contribution method is developed to estimate the speed of sound. An average absolute deviation (AAD) of 2.34% has been obtained. This method offers a simple but reliable approach to estimate the speed of sound of new ILs. Finally, the speed of sound is used to determine the thermal conductivity of ILs based on the Bridgman theory. The calculated values of thermal conductivity show a good agreement with the experimental ones with an AAD of 3.91%. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 1120–1131, 2014
Elevated serum monoclonal and polyclonal free light chains and interferon inducible protein‐10 predicts inferior prognosis in untreated diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Witzig Thomas E. , Maurer Matthew J. , Stenson Mary J. , Allmer Cristine , Macon William , Link Brian , Katzmann Jerry A. , Gupta Mamta
Published: January 2014

The detection of serum free light (FLC) is useful in the diagnosis of several hematological diseases. The role and biological relevance of monoclonal or polyclonal FLC elevations in predicting long‐term outcome in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is unknown. We determined the relationship of the type of FLC elevations to outcome, tumor genotype, and pattern of serum cytokine elevations in 276 patients with untreated DLBCL. Elevated FLC was an adverse prognostic factor through 6 years of follow‐up (monoclonal, Event free survival (EFS) HR = 3.56, 95% CI: 1.88–6.76, P <0.0001; polyclonal, EFS HR = 2.56, 95% CI: 1.50–4.38, P = 0.0006). About 73% of DLBCL tumors with monoclonal FLC elevations were activated B‐cell type (ABC) versus 33% from patients with normal FLC. Only ABC‐DLBCL lines secreted kappa FLC in vitro and this secretion could be inhibited by the NF‐κB inhibitor bortezomib. Patients with monoclonal FLC had significantly (all P <0.001) increased serum levels of IL‐12, sIL‐2Rα, IL‐1R, and IP‐10. Patients with polyclonal elevations of FLC had higher levels of IL‐6 (P = 0.033), IL‐8 (P =0.025), sIL2Rα (P = 0.011), and IL‐1R1 (P = 0.041). The combination of elevated FLC and a CXC superfamily chemokine IP‐10 predicted a particularly inferior outcome characterized by late relapse. These increased abnormal FLC and cytokines are potentially useful biomarkers for prognosis and selecting agents for untreated DLBCL. Am. J. Hematol. 89:417–422, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Complex karyotype in a polycythemia vera patient with a novel SETD1B/GTF2H3 fusion gene
Authors: Tiziana Storlazzi Clelia , Pieri Lisa , Paoli Chiara , Daniele Giulia , Lasho Terra , Tefferi Ayalew , Vannucchi Alessandro M.
Published: January 2014

The patient had been diagnosed with polycythemia vera (PV) in 1999, at the age of 61, according to the criteria of the Polycythemia Vera Study Group (PVSG) on the basis of the increased red cell mass by isotope determination, normal oxygen saturation, low plasma erythropoietin level, presence of endogenous erythroid colonies (EEC), and splenomegaly. Histopathology of bone marrow biopsy was also consistent with polycythemia vera with no evidence of increased reticulin fibrosis. A karyotype analysis was not performed at that time. He had been treated initially with phlebotomies and then with hydroxyurea with the aim to obtain a better control of hematocrit; he was under low‐dose aspirin. In 2009, 10 years after the diagnosis, while the patient was still being treated with hydroxyurea and phlebotomies, he noticed worsening of general conditions and fatigue, and the appearance of night sweats; he also reported that his spleen volume had increased rapidly in the past few months. He complained of severe pruritus especially after (but not limited to) a shower. He was referred to our center for further evaluation. At presentation, his blood counts were as follows: hemoglobin 157 g/L, hematocrit 54.7%, leukocytes 13.1 × 109/L, platelets 238 × 109/L, LDH 856 U/L (normal upper limit, 250 U/L). Blood film examination showed neutrophilia (8.9 × 109/L) but immature myeloid cells and nucleated erythroblasts were absent. The spleen was 14 cm below the left costal margin, the liver was at 4 cm below the right costal margin. He was found to harbor the JAK2V617F mutation with an allele burden of 85% and the circulating CD34+ cell count was 14 × 106/L. A bone marrow biopsy showed the presence of hyperplasia of myeloid and erythroid lineages, increased number of scattered megakarocytes without overt morphologic abnormalities; reticulin fibrosis was grade 1 according to the European classification. On these basis, we considered the patient as presenting the features of PV according to the 2008 WHO classification of myeloid neoplasms associated with grade 1 reticulin fibrosis. Am. J. Hematol. 89:438–442, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Novel HDPE/ground tyre rubber composite materials obtained through in‐situ polymerization and polymerization filling technique
Authors: Sulcis Roberta , Lotti Luca , Coiai Serena , Ciardelli Francesco , Passaglia Elisa
Published: January 2014

Novel hybrid materials composed by a high density polyethylene (HDPE) matrix and powdered rubber coming from scrap tyres (ground tyre rubber [GTR]) were prepared. Two methods were followed: ethylene was polymerized by a metallocene catalyst (Cp2ZrCl2/methylaluminoxane) in the presence of a toluene dispersion of the filler (in‐situ polymerization); and the ethylene was polymerized out after supporting the aluminum‐based co‐catalyst onto the rubber particles surface (polymerization filling technique). The experimental conditions were varied in order to achieve the best catalyst productivity. All the synthesized composites were characterized in order to investigate the occurrence and the extent of interactions between HDPE macromolecular chains and the GTR components and their effects onto the final properties, by comparison with a composite where GTR was included into the matrix through blending in the melt. Scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and solvent extractions were performed to this aim. The amount of thermoplastic matrix bonded to the filler was determined, and the extracted polymer was characterized by size exclusion chromatography and differential scanning calorimetry. Finally, stress–strain behavior of the composites obtained, respectively, by catalytic polymerization and melt mixing was compared. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40313.
Thermal, crystallization, and dynamic rheological behavior of wood particle/HDPE composites: Effect of removal of wood cell wall composition
Authors: Ou Rongxian , Xie Yanjun , Wang Qingwen , Sui Shujuan , Wolcott Michael P.
Published: January 2014

This study investigated the effect of removal of wood cell wall composition on thermal, crystallization, and dynamic rheological behavior of the resulting high density polyethylene (HDPE) composites. Four types of wood particle (WP) with different compositions: native wood flour (WF), hemicellulose‐removed wood particle (HR), lignin‐removed wood particle (holocellulose, HC), and both hemicellulose and lignin removed particle (α‐cellulose, αC) were prepared and compounded with HDPE using extruder, both with and without maleated polyethylene (MAPE). Results show that removal of the hemicellulose improved the thermal stability of composites, while removal of the lignin facilitated thermal decomposition. WPs acted as nucleating agents and facilitated the process of crystallization, thereby increasing the crystallization temperature and degree of crystallinity. The crystallization nucleation and growth rate of αC and HR based composites without MAPE decreased, as compared with WF based one. Composite melts with and without MAPE exhibited a decreasing order of storage modulus, loss modulus, and complex viscosity as αC > WF > HR > HC and αC > HR > WF > HC, respectively. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40331.
Terra firma‐forme dermatosis
Authors: Borgia Francesco , Cannavò Serafinella P.
Published: January 2014

Key Clinical Message

Terra firma‐forme is a benign condition characterized by cutaneous hyperpigmentation resembling dirt. Despite its typical clinical presentation, the disorder is not well‐known by physicians. Prompt recognition can avoid useless investigations and therapies. Vigorous swabbing of the skin with isopropyl alcohol‐soaked gauze pads results in complete healing.
Towards the Improvement of Hydrotreatment Catalysts through the Encapsulation of Heteropolyoxometalates inside the Framework of SBA‐15 Silica
Authors: Silva Susana , Chaumonnot Alexandra , Bonduelle‐Skrzypczak Audrey , Lefebvre Frédéric , Loridant Stéphane , Dufaud Véronique
Published: January 2014

In the context of the search for higher performance hydrodesulfurization catalysts, materials made by a novel method of immobilizing heteropolyoxometalates on mesoporous oxides were compared to those derived by incipient wetness impregnation for the hydrogenation of toluene. The catalysts prepared by the one‐pot encapsulation of HPMo into the walls of SBA‐15 silica were found to be significantly more active for the reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Luminescence Properties of Red‐Emitting Ca9Y(PO4)7:Eu3+ Phosphor for NUV White‐LEDs.
Authors: Wang Baoling , Lin Yiting , Ju Haidong
Published: January 2014

Ca9Y(PO4)7:Eu3+ phosphors are prepared by solid state reaction of stoichiometric amounts of CaCO3, (NH4)2HPO4, Y2O3, and Eu2O3 (calcination in air, ≥1100 °C, 5 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Lead‐Free Ba0.9Ca0.1Ti0.9Zr0.1O3 Piezoelectric Ceramics Processed Below 1300 °C.
Authors: Reyes‐Montero A. , Pardo L. , Lopez‐Juarez R. , Gonzalez A. M. , Cruz M. P. , Villafuerte‐Castrejon M. E.
Published: January 2014

Ba0.9Ca0.1Ti0.9Zr0.1O3 (BCTZ) lead‐free piezoelectric ceramics are successfully prepared by a Pechini polymeric precursor method using EtOH solutions of Ti(O‐iPr)4 and Zr(O‐Pr)4 mixed with aqueous Ba(OAc)2 and Ca(NO3)2 with citric acid and ethylene glycol in a 3:1 molar ratio followed by heating to 85 °C for polymerization, calcination (700 °C, 1 h), and sintering to dense ceramics (1200—1275 °C, 5 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Triangular Exchange Interaction Patterns in K3Fe6F19: An Iron Potassium Fluoride with a Complex Tungsten Bronze Related Structure.
Authors: Mezzadri Francesco , Calestani Gianluca , Righi Lara , Pernechele Chiara , Solzi Massimo , Ritter Clemens
Published: January 2014

K3Fe6F19 is synthesized from a stoichiometric mixture of KF, FeF2, and FeF3 (Ag tube, N2, 550—650 °C, 12 h) and characterized by single crystal XRD, powder neutron diffraction, and magnetic measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: Mercury Azides and the Azide of Millon′s Base.
Authors: Lund Henrik , Oeckler Oliver , Schroeder Thorsten , Schulz Axel , Villinger Alexander
Published: January 2014

The synthesis of Millon′s base (III)/(V) and metastable β‐Hg(N3)2 (II) and their characterization by powder and single crystal XRD closes an open gap in azide chemistry.
ChemInform Abstract: A Photolabile Protection Strategy for Terminal Alkynes.
Authors: Gschneidtner Tina A. , Moth‐Poulsen Kasper
Published: January 2014

A series of base stable tertiary propargylic ether o‐nitrobenzyl photo‐cages (III) is synthesized.
ChemInform Abstract: Carboxylation of Terminal Alkynes at Ambient CO2 Pressure in Ethylene Carbonate.
Authors: Yu Bing , Diao Zhen‐Feng , Guo Chun‐Xiang , Zhong Chun‐Lai , He Liang‐Nian , Zhao Ya‐Nan , Song Qing‐Wen , Liu An‐Hua , Wang Jin‐Quan
Published: January 2014

An efficient CuI‐catalyzed carboxylation of terminal alkynes under mild conditions and without the need of any additional ligand is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Non‐Phosgene Route to Unsymmetrical Ureas from N‐Cbz‐α‐Amino Acid Amides.
Authors: Zadeh Ebrahim H. Ghazvini , Abo‐Dya Nader E. , Sotuyo Ania C. , Ghiviriga Ion , Hall C. Dennis
Published: January 2014

A convenient method toward the synthesis of α‐amino acid‐derived unsymmetrical ureas (II) is described.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Synthetic Route to Carbocyclic Enaminonitriles via Lewis Acid Catalyzed Domino‐Ring‐Opening‐Cyclization (DROC) of Donor—Acceptor Cyclopropanes with Malononitrile.
Authors: Ghorai Manas K. , Talukdar Ranadeep , Tiwari Deo Prakash
Published: January 2014

The reaction proceeds through C‐C bond cleavage and two simultaneous C‐C bond formations of donor‐acceptor (DA)‐cyclopropanes with malonitrile anions in a domino fashion.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Carbonylative Cyclization of β‐Bromo‐α,β‐unsaturated Carboxylic Acids Leading to Maleic Anhydrides.
Authors: Bae Yeon Kyu , Cho Chan Sik
Published: January 2014

It is demonstrated that β‐bromo‐α,β‐unsaturated carboxylic acids undergo Pd‐catalyzed carbonylation under CO pressure in the presence of triethylammonium acetate to give cyclic anhydrides in good to excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Transformation of Methyl Imines to α‐Iminonitriles under Mild and Transition‐Metal‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Chen Feng , Huang Xiaoqiang , Cui Yuxin , Jiao Ning
Published: January 2014

A novel transformation of methyl imines into α‐iminonitriles under mild and transition‐metal‐free conditions is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐Catalyzed Reaction of Aryl Halides and Propargyl Furylmethyl Ethers: A Novel Pathway to Functionalized Dihydroisobenzofurans.
Authors: Chen Lingzhu , Shen Ruwei , Wu Luling , Huang Xian
Published: January 2014

The reaction of propargyl furylmethyl ethers (I) with aryl halides (II) in the presence of copper and palladium catalysts directly leads to desired dihydroisobenzofurans.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Asymmetric Michael Addition of Phthalide Derivatives to Chalcones.
Authors: Luo Jie , Jiang Chunhui , Wang Haifei , Xu Li‐Wen , Lu Yixin
Published: January 2014

The asymmetric conjugate addition of phthalide (I) to chalcones (II) and (IV) is catalyzed by a quinine‐derived thiourea catalyst and furnishes the addition products (III) and (V), resp.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Bifunctional Cyclic Carbonates from CO2 Catalyzed by Choline‐Based Systems.
Authors: Amaral Aderito J. R. , Coelho Jorge F. J. , Serra Armenio C.
Published: January 2014

Easily prepared choline iodide is an active catalyst for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates through the coupling reaction of carbon dioxide and epoxides.
ChemInform Abstract: Methyl 3,3,3‐Trifluoro‐2‐(thiazol‐2‐ylimino)propionate in Cycloaddition and Cyclocondensation Reactions.
Authors: Sokolov V. B. , Aksinenko A. Yu. , Epishina T. A. , Goreva T. V.
Published: January 2014

Thiazole derivative (III) is further used as a reaction partner in a series of cycloaddition and cyclocondensation reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Design, Synthesis, and Mechanism of Action of 2‐(3‐Hydroxy‐5‐methoxyphenyl)‐6‐pyrrolidinylquinolin‐4‐one as a Potent Anticancer Lead.
Authors: Cheng Yung‐Yi , Liu Chin‐Yu , Tsai Meng‐Tung , Lin Hui‐Yi , Yang Jai‐Sing , Wu Tian‐Shung , Kuo Sheng‐Chu , Huang Li‐Jiau , Lee Kuo‐Hsiung
Published: January 2014

Quinolinone derivatives (I) are synthesized and screened for their antiproliferative effects against cancer cell lines.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Palladium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Oxidative Aminofluorination of Unactivated Alkenes.
Authors: Wu Tao , Cheng Jiashun , Chen Pinhong , Liu Guosheng
Published: January 2014

Mechanistic studies reveal that the applied hypervalent iodine reagent may be the real active oxidant.
ChemInform Abstract: Two Pathways in the Cycloaddition of 4‐Nitrobenzaldehyde to Acyl(imidoyl)ketene.
Authors: Maslivets V. A. , Maslivets A. N.
Published: January 2014

The formation of the two products (III) and (IV) is the result of two competing [4 + 2] cycloaddition pathways.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel 1,5,3‐Dithiazepanes: Three‐Component Synthesis, Stereochemistry, and Fungicidal Activity.
Authors: Akhmetova V. R. , Murzakova N. N. , Tyumkina T. V. , Khabibullina G. R. , Bushmarinov I. S. , Korzhova L. F. , Galimzyanova N. F.
Published: January 2014

The three‐component heterocyclization of hydrazines, aldehydes, and ethane‐1,2‐dithiol is studied.
ChemInform Abstract: 14‐Step Synthesis of (+)‐Ingenol from (+)‐3‐Carene.
Authors: Joergensen Lars , McKerrall Steven J. , Kuttruff Christian A. , Ungeheuer Felix , Felding Jakob , Baran Phil S.
Published: January 2014

The efficient, highly stereocontrolled title synthesis of (+)‐ingenol (I) uses a two‐phase (cyclase phase, oxidase phase/rearrangement) design.
ChemInform Abstract: Overview of Iodine Generation for Oxygen—Iodine Lasers
Authors: Jirasek Vit
Published: January 2014

Review: 47 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of Decahydrobenzo[d]xanthene Sesquiterpenoids Aureol, Strongylin A, and Stachyflin: Development of a New Strategy for the Construction of a Common Tetracyclic Core Structure
Authors: Katoh Tadashi
Published: January 2014

Review: 81 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Structure‐Based Methods of Property Prediction in Application to Lipids: A Review and Refinement
Authors: Cunico Larissa P. , Hukkerikar Amol S. , Ceriani Roberta , Sarup Bent , Gani Rafiqul
Published: January 2014

Review: 68 refs.
Non‐Uniform Helix Unwinding of Cholesteric Liquid Crystals in Cells with Interdigitated Electrodes
Authors: Rumi Mariacristina , Tondiglia Vincent P. , Natarajan Lalgudi V. , White Timothy J. , Bunning Timothy J.
Published: January 2014

A microspectrophotometer was used to elucidate the local optical properties of cholesteric liquid crystals (CLCs) in cells with interdigitated electrodes as a function of applied voltage. The spectra collected from a spatially selective and micron‐sized sampling area allow for new insights into the spectral properties of CLCs in the gaps between patterned electrodes. The microscopic electro‐optic response is shown to be highly dependent on the cell thickness and the electrode periodicity. Specifically, the helix unwinding of the CLC superstructure does not always occur uniformly in the sample, as a result of field gradients through the cell thickness: for cells with relatively narrow gaps and electrodes, the redshift occurs initially only in the CLC layers closest to the substrate with the electrodes, leading to broad reflection spectra and different reflection colors depending on which side of the cell is illuminated. Theoretical estimates of the expected shift in the reflection band gap based on the critical field for a given CLC material and the spatial variation of electric field in the cell are found to be in good agreement with the complex behavior observed experimentally. In contrast, in thin cells with wider gaps, the pitch increase affects the whole CLC layer uniformly, because the electric field gradient is small.
Two Mutually Interpenetrated 1D Ladders Assembled by Using the Silver–Alkene Synthon: Realization of an Elusive Metallosupramolecular Topology
Authors: Kelemu Solomon W. , Steel Peter J.
Published: January 2014

An H‐shaped ligand containing four allyloxyphenyl substituents combines with silver(I) triflate to form ladders that further assemble into a 1D‐1D interpenetrated polycatenate with unprecedented metallosupramolecular topology.
A multi‐process model of self‐regulation: Influences of Mindfulness, Integrative Self‐Knowledge and Self‐Control in Iran
Authors: Ghorbani Nima , Watson P.J. , Farhadi Mehran , Chen Zhuo
Published: January 2014

Self‐regulation presumably rests upon multiple processes that include an awareness of ongoing self‐experience, enduring self‐knowledge and self‐control. The present investigation tested this multi‐process model using the Five‐Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) and the Integrative Self‐Knowledge and Brief Self‐Control Scales. Using a sample of 1162 Iranian university students, we confirmed the five‐factor structure of the FFMQ in Iran and documented its factorial invariance across males and females. Self‐regulatory variables correlated negatively with Perceived Stress, Depression, and Anxiety and positively with Self‐Esteem and Satisfaction with Life. Partial mediation effects confirmed that self‐regulatory measures ameliorated the disturbing effects of Perceived Stress. Integrative Self‐Knowledge and Self‐Control interacted to partially mediate the association of Perceived Stress with lower levels of Satisfaction with Life. Integrative Self‐Knowledge, alone or in interaction with Self‐Control, was the only self‐regulation variable to display the expected mediation of Perceived Stress associations with all other measures. Self‐Control failed to be implicated in self‐regulation only in the mediation of Anxiety. These data confirmed the need to further examine this multi‐process model of self‐regulation.
Anharmonic Effect of the Unimolecular Dissociation of Ethyl Radical
Authors: Li Qian , Yao Li , Shao Ying , Yang Kun
Published: January 2014

The anharmonic and harmonic rate constants have been calculated for the unimolecular dissociation of ethyl radical using the method proposed by Yao and Lin (YL method) at both B3LYP/6‐311++G** and MP2/6‐311++G** levels. The different rate constants indicate that the results obtained from B3LYP and MP2 method are very close. The anharmonic and tunneling effect of the title reaction has also been examined. The comparison shows that, both in microcanonical and canonical systems, the anharmonic rate constants are higher than those for harmonic cases, especially in the case of high total energies and temperatures, which indicates that anharmonic effect of the unimolecular dissociation of ethyl into C2H4 and H is so significant that cannot be neglected. The tunneling effect is very small for the decomposition of C2H5 radical.
Gold Nanoparticles‐enhanced Chemiluminescence Determination of Fenfluramine
Authors: Ma Diao , Quan Jie , Du Jianxiu
Published: January 2014

A simple and sensitive chemiluminescence method was developed for the determination of fenfluramine. The chemiluminescence signal arising from the reaction between alkaline luminol and N‐bromosuccinimide was found to be greatly enhanced by fenfluramine in the presence of gold nanoparticles. But fenfluramine alone slightly inhibited the CL signal of N‐bromosuccinimide‐luminol in the absence of gold nanoparticles. The experimental parameters that affected the chemiluminescence signal were thoroughly investigated. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the enhanced chemiluminescence intensity was proportional to the concentration of fenfluramine in the range of 0.005‐1.0 mg/L. The detection limit was 0.9 μg/L fenfluramine with a relative standard deviation of 2.5% for 0.1 mg/L fenfluramine solution (n = 11). The method was applied to the determination of fenfluramine in some weight‐reducing tonics and in spiked human urine. A possible CL reaction mechanism was proposed.
Resonance Raman determination of vinyl group disposition in different derivatives of native myoglobin and its heme‐disoriented form
Authors: Rwere Freeborn , Mak Piotr J. , Kincaid James R.
Published: January 2014

In heme‐reconstituted heme proteins, the heme inserts such that some of the heme is rotated 180° about the α–γ meso axis, eventually equilibrating to native conformations. Also, proteins from different species may naturally possess both conformers. Resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy is effective in signaling this conformational heterogeneity, detecting altered interactions with active site residues. While shifts of the vibrational modes of the two vinyl groups could be readily detected, they could not be assigned to a particular vinyl group. This deficiency is alleviated by employing a specifically labeled protoheme isotopomer, wherein only the 4‐vinyl group is labeled (i.e. –CH=C2H2), providing a spectral editing mechanism for selectively tracking the individual vinyl groups. The RR spectral data acquired here for the met‐, deoxy‐, and ferrous CO adduct of myoglobin, along with their ‘flipped heme’ isomers, provide convincing evidence for the anticipated effects of ‘swapping’ the environments of the two vinyl groups; i.e., in the native form, the 2‐vinyl group assumes a more out‐of‐plane orientation with respect to the pyrrole plane than does the (nearly in‐plane) 4‐vinyl group, whereas in the ‘reversed’ orientation, the 4‐vinyl group now assumes a position that is more out‐of‐plane than the newly positioned 2‐vinyl group. The ability of RR spectroscopy to document such differences in the orientation of the vinyl substituents is made important by the fact that changes in the disposition of these groups has long been known to carry functional consequences. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of P22 Viral Capsid Nanocomposites as Anti‐Cancer Drug, Bortezomib (BTZ), Delivery Nanoplatforms
Authors: Min Junseon , Moon Hyojin , Yang Hyun Ji , Shin Hyun‐Hee , Hong Sung You , Kang Sebyung
Published: January 2014

Genetic and chemical engineering approaches are used to employ P22 viral capsids as nanoplatforms for developing an efficient delivery vehicle. Catechol ligands are chemically attached to the interior surface of P22 viral capsid for subsequent encapsulation of an anticancer drug, bortezomib (BTZ), through boronic acid‐diol complexation. For targeted delivery, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)‐targeting peptide (SP94, SFSIIHTPILPL) is synthesized and chemically conjugated to the exterior surface of the P22 viral capsid nanocomposites. Effective targeted delivery of synthesized P22 viral capsid nanocomposites is demonstrated by fluorescent cell imaging and the efficacy of delivered P22 viral capsid nanocomposites is evaluated using a cell viability assay.
Individual variability in finger‐to‐finger transmission efficiency of Enterococcus faecium clones
Authors: del Campo Rosa , Sánchez‐Díaz Ana María , Zamora Javier , Torres Carmen , Cintas Luis María , Franco Elvira , Cantón Rafael , Baquero Fernando
Published: January 2014

A fingertip‐to‐fingertip intraindividual transmission experiment was carried out in 30 healthy volunteers, using four MLST‐typed Enterococcus faecium clones. Overall results showed an adequate fit goodness to a theoretical exponential model, whereas four volunteers (13%) exhibited a significantly higher finger‐to‐finger bacterial transmission efficiency. This observation might have deep consequences in nosocomial epidemiology.
Zwei Jahre Vorsprung
Authors: Rauh Franziska
Published: January 2014

Schüler aus Sachsen, Sachsen‐Anhalt, Thüringen und Brandenburg schneiden im Ländervergleich 2012 in Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften am besten ab. Das verdanken sie vor allem ihren gut ausgebildeten Lehrern, doch diese stehen kurz vor dem Ruhestand.
Enantioselektive Fluorcyclisierungen
Authors: Gulder Tanja , Gulder Tobias A. M.
Published: January 2014

Seit ein paar Jahren mehren sich die Beispiele für asymmetrische Fluorcyclisierungen — eine generell anwendbare Strategie ist jedoch noch nicht in Sicht.
Die Suche im Aleph
Authors: Böhme Uwe , Tesch Silke
Published: January 2014

Fachspezifische Datenbanken gehören zu den wichtigsten Informationsquellen für eine wissenschaftliche Literaturrecherche. Welche Vor‐ und Nachteile bieten Scifinder, Reaxys et al.?
Pharmacogenetically based dosing of thiopurines in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Influence on cure rates and risk of second cancer
Authors: Levinsen Mette , Rotevatn Elisabeth Ørskov , Rosthøj Susanne , Nersting Jacob , Abrahamsson Jonas , Appell Malin Lindqvist , Bergan Stein , Bechensteen Anne‐Grete , Harila‐Saari Arja , Heyman Mats , Jonsson Olafur Gisli , Maxild Jakob Bernhard Cohn , Niemi Mikko , Söderhäll Stefan , Schmiegelow Kjeld ,   for the Nordic Society of Paediatric Haematology, Oncology (NOPHO)
Published: January 2014

Background

Previous studies have indicated that patients with thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) low activity (TPMTLA) have reduced risk of relapse but increased risk of second malignant neoplasm (SMN) compared to patients with TPMT wild‐type (TPMTWT) when treated with 6MP maintenance therapy starting doses of 75 mg/m2/day. To reduce SMN risk, 6MP starting doses were reduced to 50 mg/m2/day for patients withTPMTheterozygosity in the Nordic Society of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology (NOPHO) ALL2000 protocol.

Procedure

We explored the pattern of SMN and relapse in the NOPHO ALL2000 protocol (n = 674) and NOPHO ALL92 protocol (n = 601) in relation to TPMT pheno‐ and/or genotype.

Results

The overall risk of any event did not differ significantly between the two protocols. However, in event pattern analyses considering only the patients withTPMTLAwho experienced relapse or SMN, the risk of SMN versus leukemia relapse was significantly lower in the ALL2000 cohort for patients with a 6MP starting dose <75 mg/m2/day when compared to the patients in ALL92 (relapse (n = 11) and SMN (n = 0) in ALL2000 versus relapse (n = 5) and SMN (n = 4) in ALL92,P = 0.03). Furthermore, the 8‐year cumulative incidence of relapse for patients withTPMTLAwas significantly higher in the ALL2000 compared to the ALL92 cohort (19.7% (11.6–33.3%) vs. 6.7% (2.9–15.5%),P = 0.03).

Conclusion

This study indicates that reducing 6MP starting dose for patients withTPMTLAmay reduce SMN risk but lead to a relapse risk similar to that of patients withTPMTWT. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:797–802. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prediction of the Brisance of Energetic Materials
Authors: Keshavarz Mohammad Hossein , Seif Farhad , Soury Hossein
Published: January 2014

The brisance parameter can be used to show the shattering power of an energetic compound and the speed to reach its peak pressure. It determines the effectiveness with which an explosive can fragment a shell. Nowadays, the sand test or sand crushing test is the preferred method for brisance measurements but there is no reliable method for the prediction of the brisance parameter. In this paper, a method for the prediction of the brisance through sand test for pure and mixed energetic materials as well as aluminized explosives is reported. It is based on the molecular structure of the desired compound and once the conclusion is established any experimental data is redundant. The calculated brisance relative to 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (=100) shows good agreement with the measured values.
Ultrasound and Laser as Stand‐Alone Therapies for Myofascial Trigger Points: A Randomized, Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Study
Authors: Manca A. , Limonta E. , Pilurzi G. , Ginatempo F. , De Natale E. R. , Mercante B. , Tolu E. , Deriu F.
Published: January 2014

Background and Purpose

Ultrasound (US) and low‐level laser therapy (LLLT) are commonly employed for myofascial trigger points (MTP) despite lack of evidence for usage as stand‐alone treatments. The aim of the study was to determine, on MTP of the upper trapezius muscle (uTM), the effects of US and LLLT per se, as delivered in accordance with the procedures reported by surveys about their usage among physiotherapists.

Methods

Design was set as a double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled study. Sixty participants with at least one active MTP in uTM (28 women and 32 men; mean age 24.5 ± 1.44 years) were recruited and randomly assigned to one out of five groups: active US (n = 12), placebo US (n = 12), active LLLT (n = 11), placebo LLLT (n = 11) and no therapy (control, n = 14). The participants and outcome assessor were blinded to the group assignment and therapy delivered. Three outcome measures were assessed at baseline, after a 2‐week treatment and 12 weeks after the end of the intervention (follow‐up): pressure pain threshold, subjective pain on a numerical rating scale and muscle extensibility performing a cervical lateral flexion. All subjects assigned to the intervention groups were treated five times weekly for overall 10 treatments given. Two‐way ANOVA was used to compare differences before and after intervention and among groups at each time‐point.

Results

After the 2‐week intervention, all groups showed pressure pain threshold, numerical rating scale and cervical lateral flexion significant improvements (p < 0.05), which were confirmed at the follow‐up. When performing multiple comparisons, controls scored significantly less than both the active therapies and placebos, whereas no differences were detected between active therapies and placebos.

Conclusions

Ultrasound and LLLT provided significant improvements in pain and muscle extensibility, which were superior to no therapy but not to placebos, thus raising concerns about the suitability, both economically and ethically, of administering such common physical modalities as stand‐alone treatments in active MTP of the uTM. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Erratum: Growth of GaAs nanowires on Si substrate by molecular beam epitaxy under alternating supply
Authors: Kizu R. , Yamaguchi M. , Amano H.
Published: January 2014

Due to a technical mistake, Figures 1 and 3 in this paper [1] were displayed erroneously. Please find here the correct versions of these figures. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Experimentally induced metamorphosis in axolotls reduces regenerative rate and fidelity
Authors: Monaghan James R. , Stier Adrian C. , Michonneau François , Smith Matthew D. , Pasch Bret , Maden Malcolm , Seifert Ashley W.
Published: January 2014

While most tetrapods are unable to regenerate severed body parts, amphibians display a remarkable ability to regenerate an array of structures. Frogs can regenerate appendages as larva, but they lose this ability around metamorphosis. In contrast, salamanders regenerate appendages as larva, juveniles, and adults. However, the extent to which fundamental traits (e.g., metamorphosis, body size, aging, etc.) restrict regenerative ability remains contentious. Here we utilize the ability of normally paedomorphic adult axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum) to undergo induced metamorphosis by thyroxine exposure to test how metamorphosis and body size affects regeneration in age‐matched paedomorphic and metamorphic individuals. We show that body size does not affect regeneration in adult axolotls, but metamorphosis causes a twofold reduction in regeneration rate, and lead to carpal and digit malformations. Furthermore, we find evidence that metamorphic blastemal cells may take longer to traverse the cell cycle and display a lower proliferative rate. This study identifies the axolotl as a powerful system to study how metamorphosis restricts regeneration independently of developmental stage, body size, and age; and more broadly how metamorphosis affects tissue‐specific changes.