bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of hole geometry on charge sharing and other parameters in GEM-based detectors
Authors: Roy P. , Bhattacharya P. , Rout P.K. , Mukhopadhyay S. , Majumdar N. , Sarkar S.
Published: March 2022

Gas Electron Multipliers (GEM) are among the more prominent Micro-Pattern Gaseous Detectors (MPGDs) and widely used in high energy particle physics experiments and various related applications. Adoption of different production techniques lead to holes of varying geometries in GEM foils. Since the response of a GEM-based detector is closely related to the hole geometry through the influence of the latter on charge sharing and transport through GEM foils, attempts have been made to relate hole configurations to different figures of merit of a detector.
Numerical simulations have been performed to study the effects of hole geometry on important parameters such as charge sharing, collection efficiency, extraction efficiency, gain, possibility of transition from avalanche to streamer modes for single-, double- and triple-layer GEM detectors. The numerical estimates have been compared to available experimental data. The comparisons, although not always in agreement, are found to be generally encouraging.
A parity-time-symmetric optoelectronic oscillator with polarization multiplexed channels
Authors: Özgün Ege , Uyar Faruk , Kartaloglu Tolga , Ozbay Ekmel , Ozdur Ibrahim
Published: March 2022

In this manuscript, we experimentally demonstrate a parity-time-symmetric optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) with polarization multiplexed channels. We obtained a microwave single-mode oscillation at 9.5 GHz with phase noise values of −116.2 and −122.3 dBc Hz−1 at 10 kHz offset frequencies, and side mode suppression values below −68 and −75 dBc Hz−1, by utilizing a 1 km long and 5 km long single mode fiber delay lines, respectively. Our experimental results suggest that parity-time-symmetric OEOs with polarization multiplexed channels are simple and cost-efficient alternatives to their more complex counterparts.
Effect of plasma temperature and electron number density on signal enhancement observed in nanoparticle enhanced LIBS
Authors: Soumyashree Swetapuspa , Kumar Prashant
Published: March 2022

The present work aims to understand the signal enhancement observed in nanoparticle (NP)-enhanced laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (NELIBS) due to changes in the plasma parameters as a result of improved atomization and excitation. A systematic study on signal enhancements during NELIBS using simultaneous spectroscopy and imaging is investigated by varying the experimental parameters like particle size and laser fluence. We have observed similar enhancements in spectroscopy and imaging channels regardless of NP size at different laser fluences. Although the plume size in NELIBS was marginally more prominent than the LIBS at the same laser fluence, the corresponding intensity in NELIBS is significantly higher. This agrees with the hypothesis of efficient atomization and excitation of plasma in the case of NELIBS. Therefore, we performed a sensitivity analysis using simulated LIBS signal to understand changes in experimentally observable plasma parameters (excitation temperature and electron number density) on signal enhancement. We have shown that the enhancements in the emission intensities of typically one order of magnitude can be explained as a result of the change in electron number density and plasma temperature. A comparison of the expected enhancement due to this change with experimental observation for a Cu I line is also presented.
Judging as Crime: A Transatlantic Perspective on Criminalizing Excesses of Judicial Discretion
Authors: Stute David J
Published: March 2022

Drawing on over a century and a half of Germany’s experience with a statute that criminalizes (mis)judging, this Article seeks to substantiate that criminal penalties for judges were largely ineffectual, and that courts proved ill-suited to police themselves even with a judiciary-specific criminal statute in place.

To reach this conclusion, this post hoc longitudinal study examines German statutory foundations for the crime of “law bending” (Rechtsbeugung), related legal history, and jurisprudence during three distinct periods: (1) the codification of Rechtsbeugung in 1851 through the end of World War II; (2) Rechtsbeugung jurisprudence in postwar Germany, particularly as related to Nazi-era judicial actions; and (3) Rechtsbeugung legislative changes and jurisprudence leading up to and following Germany’s reunification.

The German experience with Rechtsbeugung provides a cautionary tale of judges’ unwillingness to hold other judges criminally responsible, even for the worst of judicial transgressions, such as those committed by judges in Nazi Germany. Following German reunification, the court was less lenient in cases of East German judges. In this context, the court came to renounce its postwar Rechtsbeugung jurisprudence in clear and decisive terms, and affirmed convictions of East German judges. Yet, German high court jurisprudence remains elusive to this day.
The Relationship between Fatigue and a Clinically Accessible Measure of Switching in Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Erani Fareshte , McKeever Joshua , Medaglia John D , Schultheis Maria T
Published: March 2022

Objective

We examined whether fatigue in multiple sclerosis (MS) is linked to switching processes when switching is measured by the Trail Making Test (TMT).

Method

Eighty-three participants with MS were administered a battery of standardized tests of switching, working memory, and processing speed. Ordinary least squares regression models were used to estimate the association between fatigue severity and switching above and beyond attention, working memory, and processing speed.

Results

We found a negative association between TMT performance and fatigue severity score. When measures of processing speed and working memory were included in the model, the switching measure continued to uniquely contribute to fatigue severity.

Conclusions

There may be a unique relationship between fatigue and switching processes identifiable by clinical measures of switching. Future research should continue to investigate this relationship by using both behavioral and neural markers to test models of fatigue to eventually identify specific intervention targets.
Clear and Distinct Perception in the Stoics, Augustine, and William of Ockham
Authors: Nawar Tamer
Published: March 2022

There is a long history of philosophers granting a privileged epistemic status to cognition of directly present objects. In this paper, I examine three important historic accounts which provide different models of this cognitive state and its connection with its objects: that of the Stoics, who are corporealists and think that ordinary perception may have an epistemically privileged status, but who seem to struggle to accommodate non-perceptual cognizance; that of Augustine, who thinks that incorporeal objects are directly present to us in ‘intellectual perception’, and that, by way of contrast, ordinary sense-perception does not have a privileged epistemic status; and that of William of Ockham, who allows for unmediated action at a distance and is fairly generous about what counts as being directly present.
Adaptive and pathological connectivity responses in Parkinson’s disease brain networks
Authors: Vo An , Schindlbeck Katharina A , Nguyen Nha , Rommal Andrea , Spetsieris Phoebe G , Tang Chris C , Choi Yoon Young , Niethammer Martin , Dhawan Vijay , Eidelberg David
Published: March 2022

Functional imaging has been used extensively to identify and validate disease-specific networks as biomarkers in neurodegenerative disorders. It is not known, however, whether the connectivity patterns in these networks differ with disease progression compared to the beneficial adaptations that may also occur over time. To distinguish the 2 responses, we focused on assortativity, the tendency for network connections to link nodes with similar properties. High assortativity is associated with unstable, inefficient flow through the network. Low assortativity, by contrast, involves more diverse connections that are also more robust and efficient. We found that in Parkinson’s disease (PD), network assortativity increased over time. Assoratitivty was high in clinically aggressive genetic variants but was low for genes associated with slow progression. Dopaminergic treatment increased assortativity despite improving motor symptoms, but subthalamic gene therapy, which remodels PD networks, reduced this measure compared to sham surgery. Stereotyped changes in connectivity patterns underlie disease progression and treatment responses in PD networks.
Impact of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Vaccination and Pediatric Age on Delta Variant Household Transmission
Authors: Ng Oon Tek , Koh Vanessa , Chiew Calvin J , Marimuthu Kalisvar , Thevasagayam Natascha May , Mak Tze Minn , Chua Joon Kiat , Ong Shannen Si Hui , Lim Yong Kai , Ferdous Zannatul , Johari Alifa Khairunnisa bte , Cui Lin , Lin Raymond Tzer Pin , Tan Kelvin Bryan , Cook Alex R , Leo Yee Sin , Lee Vernon J M
Published: March 2022

Background

In Singapore, quarantine of all close contacts with entry and exit polymerase chain reaction testing enabled evaluation of the impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination and pediatric age on transmission of the Delta variant.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study included all household close contacts between 1 March 2021 and 31 August 2021.

Results

Among 8470 Delta variant-exposed contacts linked to 2583 indices, full-vaccination of the index with BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 was associated with reduction in acquisition by contacts (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.56; 95% robust confidence interval [RCI], .44–.71 and aOR, 0.51; 95% RCI, .27–.96, respectively). Compared with young adults (aged 18–29 years), children (aged 0–11 years) were significantly more likely to transmit (aOR, 2.37; 95% RCI, 1.57–3.60) and acquire (aOR, 1.43; 95% RCI, 1.07–1.93) infection, vaccination considered. Longer duration from vaccination completion among contacts was associated with decline in protection against acquisition (first-month aOR, 0.42; 95% RCI, .33–.55; fifth-month aOR, 0.84; 95% RCI, .55–.98; P < .0001 for trend) and symptomatic disease (first-month aOR, 0.30; 95% RCI, .23–.41; fifth-month aOR, 0.62; 95% RCI, .38–1.02; P < .0001 for trend). Contacts immunized with mRNA-1273 had significant reduction in acquisition (aOR, 0.73; 95% RCI, .58–.91) compared with BNT162b2.

Conclusions

Among household close contacts, vaccination prevented onward SARS-CoV-2 transmission and there was in­creased risk of SARS-CoV-2 acquisition and transmission among children compared with young adults. Time after completion of vaccination and vaccine type affected SARS-CoV-2 acquisition.
Quality-of-life improvement, psychosocial benefits, and patient satisfaction of patients undergoing orthognathic surgery: a summary of systematic reviews
Authors: Cremona Maria , Bister Dirk , Sheriff Martyn , Abela Stefan
Published: March 2022

Background

Function, aesthetics, and social and psychological well-being are all important aspects for patients undergoing orthognathic surgery.

Objective

To evaluate the impact of orthognathic surgery on patient perception and quality of life before, during and after treatment.

Search methods

All relevant systematic reviews published up to 31st July 2020 have been searched via MEDLINE via OVID, Scopus, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, PsycINFO, AMED (Allied and Complementary Medicine Database), and PubMed.

Ongoing systematic reviews and grey literature were eliminated. A manual search was also undertaken, and no restrictions were applied to language or publication date.

Selection criteria

Systematic reviews involving dentofacial deformities related to systemic disorders, cleft lip and palate, facial trauma, and syndromes affecting cranial and dentofacial structures were excluded.

Data collection and analysis

Identification, screening, eligibility, and quality assessment [using the AMSTAR 2 tool (A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews)] were performed by two authors independently. Data were synthesized qualitatively using thematic analysis.

Results

A total of 662 eligible studies were obtained of which 24 studies were selected for full-text evaluation, resulting in 12 eligible systematic reviews.

Limitations

Due to heterogeneity of data, quantitative analysis was not possible.

Conclusions and implications

Aesthetics and function are the main motives for seeking orthognathic surgery. Patient assessment before, during, and after orthognathic surgery is necessary for a thorough evaluation of self-perception and satisfaction throughout treatment. While psychological and social domains improved after orthognathic surgery treatment, the quality of life can deteriorate transiently during the pre-surgical orthodontic phase of treatment. A standardized assessment tool needs to be developed to assess quality-of-life changes consistently and provide comparable results.

Registration

CRD42020199091.
Ubiquity of dominant cyanobacterial taxa along glacier retreat in the Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Almela Pablo , Casero Cristina , Justel Ana , Quesada Antonio
Published: March 2022

Cyanobacteria are key organisms in the Antarctic ecosystem, but the primary succession of its communities in recently deglaciated soils remains poorly understood. In this study, we surveyed the primary succession of cyanobacterial communities with an in-depth Next Generation Sequencing approach in three Antarctic recently glacier forefields. Despite the similar physicochemical characteristics of the soils, we did not find a common pattern in the distribution of the cyanobacterial communities at the finest level of taxonomic resolution. However, the metabarcoding analysis revealed a common community of 14 cyanobacterial identical sequences in all the studied soils, whose lineages were not restricted to polar or alpine biotopes. These ASVs comprised a relative abundance within the cyanobacterial community of 51.5%–81.7% among the three locations and were also found in two cyanobacterial mats from the Antarctic Peninsula. Our results suggest that (micro)biotic interactions act as a key driver of the community composition and dynamics of Cyanobacteria during the early stages of succession in recently deglaciated soils of Antarctica. A few common genera might play a key role in the ecosystem, due to its ubiquitous presence not only in these soils but also in microbial mats, conforming probably the most widely disperse and dominant single genotypes in Antarctic soils.
Beet Armyworm Control in Cabbage, 1985
Authors: Royer Tom A. , Edelson J. V.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted to evaluate three insecticide treatments for controlling beet armyworm larvae. ‘Greenback YR’ variety cabbage was seeded on 24 Sep into single-row beds with 40 inch centers at the Texas Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Weslaco, TX. Soil type was a Willacy fine sandy loam. Plots measured 30 ft by two beds, and were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Plots were inoculated 21 Nov with 48 h old beet armyworm egg masses obtained from a laboratory reared culture. Five plants were selected from the center of each plot and inoculated by attaching three egg masses/plant to a leaf with a paper clip. Five additional plants, located adjacent to the Ave that were inoculated with eggs, were infested with two-week old beet armyworm larvae that had been reared on artificial diet. Each plot received 50 larvae. Treatments were applied on 5 Dec through a C02 powered, ground sprayer at a rate of 5 gal/acre finished formulation. Efficacy was evaluated on 8 and 12 Dec by recording all beet armyworm, cabbage looper, and diamondback moth larvae on the ten plants that had been previously infested with beet armyworm larvae. Since we violated the assumption of normal distribution by infesting only five plants, we utilized the RANKS procedure to weight each plot within a replication according to the number of beet armyworm larvae present.
Effect of Insecticides on Lepidopterous Larvae and Leafminers on Celery, 1985
Authors: Carson W. G. , Trumble J. T. , Nakakihara H.
Published: March 2022

Celery was transplanted in a sandy loam soil on 15 Aug at the University of California's South Coast Field Station. The plants were sprinkler irrigated for 3 weeks and drip irrigated thereafter (water pH 7.2-7.5). Experimental plots were 3 beds wide (2 rows/bed on 40 inch centers) by 50 ft and separated with a 5 ft barrier with 4 replicates of each treatment in a randomized complete block design. Weekly application dates included 4, 11, 18, 25 Aug, 1, 9, 17, 23, 30 Oct and 6, 15 Nov applied using a tractor-mounted boom sprayer operated at 100 psi. As plant height and foliage density increased, nozzles varied from 1-3 per row and water increased from 40 gal/acre (4-18 Sep) to 50 gal/acre (25 Sep-1 Oct), to 100 gal/acre (9 Oct on). Disc-type cone nozzles incorporated D3 orifice disks, #23 or #25 cores and 50 mesh screens. The treatments (Baythroid, Pyrenone, Abamectin + sticker, Javelin and Trigard) received spreader-sticker (Leaf Act 80A). Leafminer populations were evaluated by weekly counts of leafminer prepupae and pupae in 4, 5V2 x 11 inch trays, when the plants reached a suitable height. Only the first 2 consecutive weeks data were included in the analyses, as leafminer populations were quite low for the following 4 weeks. The number of dead adult parasites of Liriomyza spp. were recorded in the same manner and on the same dates listed for pupal counts. Evaluation of Lepidoptera populations was based on no. of damaged plants found in 25 plants/100 replicate per treatment) from the center 2 rows of each replicate at harvest (20 Nov). Beet armyworm and black cutworm damage were recorded separately.
Control of Cabbage Looper and Imported Cabbageworm on Collards with Viruses and Bacillus Thubingiensis Formulations, 1986
Authors: Tompkins George J. , Linduska James J. , Martin Phyllis A. W. , Travers Russell S. , Diggs Diana
Published: March 2022

Collards were direct seeded in 4 row plots 20 ft long on 7 Jul. Plants were spaced 2 inches apart in the row and 36 inches between rows. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Each row was buffered by a guard row. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 0.5 liter of water to which 0.01% of a liquid detergent was added as a spreader and applied with a trombone type garden sprayer calibrated to deliver 30 gal/acre. The nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) treatments were made up to a 0.1% concentration with the respective dye to determine the UV protection value to the virus. All of the virus treated rows also had Artogeia rapae granulosis virus (GV) applied so that damage primarily from cabbage looper could be assessed since the NPVs do not infect the imported cabbageworm. All rows were treated with their respective applications on 11, 18, 25 Aug; 2 and 8 Sep. On 2 and 8 Sep 50 second instar T. ni larve were applied to each of the virus test rows. On 15 Sep the foliage injury ratings and insect counts were taken. Foliage injury ratings ranged from 1-5 and were indexed as follows: (1) 0-3% damage—odd holes on leaves; (2) 4-10% damage—few leaves with holes; (3) 11-25% damage—moderate number of leaves with holes; (4) 26-50% damage—most leaves with holes; and (5) 51-100% damage—crown damage and/or all leaves with holes.
Control of European Corn Borer on Early Sweet Corn, 1986
Authors: Bowman James S.
Published: March 2022

This study was performed on the Hugh Tuttle Farm, Dover, NH and utilized ‘Senaca Star’ sweet corn that was planted 30 Apr. Each plot consisted of a single 30 ft row of corn and each treatment was replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied using a B&G C02 pressurized (35 psi) single nozzle hand-held sprayer that delivered 14.4 gal/acre. The granular treatments were applied by hand. All applications were directed into the whorls when the corn plants showed signs of European corn borer leaf feeding injury and before tassels began to emerge from the whorls. Two spray applications were made 5-days apart while the granular treatments were applied once. Evaluations for % injured stalks and ears were made at harvest time (28 Jul) by examining all the plants in each treatment.
Spray Timing for Worm control, 1985
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A.
Published: March 2022

‘Silver Chief sweet corn was planted 26 Apr near Benson, NC. Single row plots 10 ft long on 60 inch centers were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Applications were made using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer with a single hollow cone nozzle delivering 54 gal/acre at 60 psi. Applications for the 7 day schedule were made 2, 9, and 16 Jul, for the 5 day schedule 2, 7, 13, and 17 Jul, and for the 2 day schedule 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18 Jul. The intense schedule required daily sprays during early silking (2-6 Jul), every other day during mid-silking (8-12 Jul), and every third day during late silking (15 Jul). Ears were harvested 15 Jul (Rep 1 & 2) and 19 Jul (Rep 3 & 4), and % infested ears recorded.
Sweet Corn, Univoltine and Second Brood European Corn Borer, Fall Armyworm, and Corn Earworm Con-Trol, 1985
Authors: Tetrault Robert , Rebarchak Paul , Thomas Cathy , Gurecki Thomas , Calvin Dennis
Published: March 2022

This field test was conducted on sweet corn, cultivar ‘Silver Queen', planted on 26-30 May on a Hagerstown type soil at the Trico Foods Corp. farm near Rebersburg, PA. Seven insecticide treatments and an untreated control were replicated three times in a randomized block design. Each 3.0- to 4.0-acre plot was 36 rows wide except the 1.5- to 2.0-acre control plot which was 18 rows wide. Row spacing was 30 inches. Treatments were applied on 13, 21, 28 Aug with a Bell 47 Model 6-2A helicopter equipped with a 35’ boom and D4-45 Disc-Core cone nozzles applying 4.5 gal/acre. Helicopter speed was 45 mph, and spray width was 45 ft. Confusion occurred on 28 Aug spray when the UCSF 40 treatment was applied to the UCSF 27 block and the UCSF 27 treatment was applied to the Penncap-M block. Based on our observations this had little influence on the outcome because it was a late spray.
Control of European Corn Borer on Sweet Corn, 1986
Authors: Watrin Clifford G. , Radcliffe Edward B.
Published: March 2022

Sweet corn was planted 2 Jun at the University of Minnesota, Agricultural Experiment Station, Rosemount MN. Treatments were 1 row, 50 ft long, replicated 3 times, in a randomized block design. Plants were spaced at 7-8 inch intervals within rows 30 inches apart. Twenty-five first instar European corn borer larvae were placed in the silks of all ears 5 Aug. Experimental treatments were separated by 1 row of corn, untreated and not artificially infested with ECB. Insecticidal treatments were applied 2 times, 4 and 12 Aug. Foliar sprays were applied using a C02 powered hand sprayer delivering 36 gal of water/acre at 35 psi. Granular treatments were hand applied using a “shaker” in a 12 inch band over the silks. Evaluations were made 20 Aug by scoring 35 randomly selected ears per plot for presence of ECB damage to the ear.
Onion Maggot Control with Systemic Insecticides, 1986
Authors: Johnston Richard L. , Bishop Guy W.
Published: March 2022

Onions were seeded on 16 Apr with a tractor-mounted cone-type planter. Plots were 4 rows, 35 ft long using 120 seeds/row on 21 inch beds replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. All chemicals were applied at planting with the onion seed. Stand counts were made 10 Jun and 1 Aug. Observations were made weekly to monitor for the presence of onion maggot damage. The center 2 rows of each plot were lifted, topped, and graded on 10, 15, and 20 Oct, respectively.
Foliar Sprays for Control of European Corn Borer in Bell Peppers, 1986
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M.
Published: March 2022

Lady Bell’ peppers were seeded in the greenhouse on 14 Mar and transplanted to a Sassafras sandy loam field on 19 May. Plots consisted of a single row of peppers, 25-ft long and 5-ft wide; a guard row buffered each treatment row. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Foliar sprays were applied with a self-propelled, high-clearance boom sprayer equipped with a drop nozzle on either side of the row and one centered over the row calibrated to deliver 60 gal/acre at 40 psi operated at 2 mph. Treatments were applied on 9, 15, 23, 30 Jul; 6, 15, 22, 29 Aug; 5, 12, 19 and 26 Sep. Mixed red and green commercial peppers were harvested on 25 Jul; 5, 21 Aug; 4 and 30 Sep. Peppers were counted, weighed and split open to determine % European corn borer infestation.
European Corn Borer Control in Sweet Peppers, 1986
Authors: Gurecki Thomas , Smilowitz Zane , Rebarchak Paul
Published: March 2022

Trials were conducted at Rock Springs, Centre County, PA. ‘Sweet Green Bell’ peppers were transplanted 16 Jun 12 inches apart. Row spacing was 3 ft. Plots were 4 rows wide X 25 ft long separated with 1 border row arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. On 26 Jul the field was seeded with 860 European corn borer (ECB) egg masses—36/plot. Insecticides were applied with a C02 Bak-Pak sprayer equipped with drop nozzles delivering 32 gal/acre at 22 psi. Insecticides were applied 15, 22, and 29 Aug. Peppers were harvested on 11 Sep at which time 25 fruit were selected from each plot and examined for ECB infestation. Rainfall totalled 3.75 inches for Jun, 5.00 inches for Jul, 2.18 inches for Aug, and 4.94 inches for Sep. Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures (°F) were 84 and 39 for Jun, 91 and 51 for Jul, 83 and 45 for Aug, and 82 and 41 for Sep, respectively.
Foliar Sprays for Control of Colorado Potato Beetle in Potatoes, 1986
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M.
Published: March 2022

Superior’ white potatoes were planted on 3 Apr in a Sassafras sandy loam soil field. Plots consisted of 3 rows of potatoes, each row 25 ft-long and 3-ft wide, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a self-propelled, high-clearance sprayer with one drop nozzle on each side of the row and one over the center of each row calibrated to deliver 75 gal/acre at 40 psi. Treatments were applied on 23, 30 May; 5, 16 and 26 Jun. Plant percent defoliation was recorded on 4, 16 and 25 Jun. Number of Colorado potato beetle (CPB) larvae per 5 hills were recorded on 4 Jun. Plots were harvested and yields were recorded (cwt/ acre) on 21 Jul.
Foliar Insecticide Efficacy Trial, 1986
Authors: Gurecki Thomas , Smilowitz Zane , Rebarchak Paul , Yocum John O.
Published: March 2022

Certified, Class B ‘Katahdin’ seed potatoes were planted on 29 Apr at Landisville, Lancaster County, PA. Plant spacing was 9 inch with 34 inch between rows. Plot size was 4 rows x 25 ft with 2 border rows and arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Temik 15G (1.0 lb (AI)/acre) was applied in-furrow to all treatments including the control. Starting in Jun, Dithane M-45 was applied (1.5 lb (AI)/acre) on a 5- to 7-day schedule for potato late blight control. The foliar insecticides were applied 17 Jun, 10 and 29 Jul, and 12 Aug with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer set to deliver 30 gal per acre at 22 psi. Ten stems per plot were sampled weekly as well as before and after spraying for all stages of Colorado potato beetle (CPB). A subjective damage index was implemented: 1) indicating 0-5% leaf loss, to 5) indicating > 75% leaf loss. Two rows per plot were harvested on 16 Sep and graded by size. Average maximum and minimum daily temperatures (°F) were 79.3 and 51.4 for May, 85.3 and 56.8 for Jun, 87.0 and 62.3 for Jul, and 85.8 and 49.8 for Aug, respectively. Rainfall totalled 1.45 inches for May, 3.85 inches for Jun, 9.23 inches for Jul, and 3.76 inches for Aug.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle on No-Till Transplanted Tomatoes with Bacillus Thuringiensis, 1986
Authors: Linduska James J.
Published: March 2022

Ohio 7870’ tomato transplants were planted no-till in 25 ft rows on 19 May with a 2-row Holland transplanter equipped with a 2-inch wide flutted coulter in front of each planter shoe. Plots consisted of a single treatment row buffered on each side by an untreated guard row. The distance between rows was 64 inches and the distance between plants within the row was 12 inches. Transplanting was made in overwintered wheat. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 10 gal of water and applied with a custom built row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 90 psi. Treatments were applied 8, 15, 22 and 28 Jul. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of Colorado potato beetle adults and larvae/10 plants and the % defoliation were recorded. Yields were taken on 18 Aug from a 10-ft section of row.
Insect Control in Zucchini, 1986
Authors: McLeod Paul
Published: March 2022

Zucchini was direct seeded 2 May at the University of Arkansas Vegetable Substation, Kibler, AR. Plots consisted of a single row of 10 plants set at 3-ft intervals. Rows were separated by 6.5 ft and 4-ft alleys separated plots. Sprays were applied with a hand-held CO2 sprayer equipped with 2 TX-6 nozzles operated at 30 psi. Spray volume was 15 gal/acre. Application dates were 19, 26 May and 3 Jun for the cucumber beetle trials and 6 Jun for the squash bug trial. Insecticide effectiveness on cucumber beetles was evaluated by counting the dead under each plant 24 h after each spray. Because the squash bug distribution was clumped, plants were removed 24 h after application and live and dead squash bugs were counted on both the ground and plant.
Apple, Acaricide Evaluation, 1986
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Crim Larry
Published: March 2022

Acaricides were applied to 4 single-tree replicates of 32-year-old trees in a randomized block design. Applications were made with a Swanson DA500A airblast sprayer which traveled at 3.86 k/hr and delivered 935 1/ha. Dates of application were 14 Apr [pink (P)] and/or 6 May [petal fall (PF)] and 11 Jul, or 27 Jun, depending upon treatment. Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Benlate, Bordeaux mixture, Captan, Dithane M-45, Manzate 200, Polyram, Solubor and Streptomycin. ERM control was evaluated by sampling 25 leaves from the periphery of each tree, removing mites with a mite-brushing machine and counting active stages with a binocular microscope. Treatment effect on SP was determined by counting adults and larvae on the periphery of test trees observed during a 3-minute period.
Potato Leafhopper Control, Missouri, 1985
Authors: Bailey W. C. , Blinn R. L.
Published: March 2022

The trial was conducted on a 3-year-old stand of alfalfa at the University of Missouri’s North Missouri Center located in Grundy County. Insecticides were applied on 29 Jul to 40 x 40 ft plots in a randomized complete block design with untreated controls in four replications. Treatments were applied at 16.5 gal/acre using 8002 flat fan nozzles, 50 mesh screens, and 20 lb/square inch pressure on a 20 ft tractor-mounted boom. The alfalfa was 12-14 inches tall at treatment time with a temperature near 88°F and winds of 3-5 mph. PLH populations were estimated by 10 (180 degree) sweeps with a 15-inch sweep net at 2.5, 7, 14, and 22 days posttreatment. Measurable precipitation fell on 12 of the 22 days following treatment.
Control of Alfalfa Insects in Iowa (Early Season), 1986
Authors: Hutchins Scott H. , Pedigo L.P. , Smelser R.B. , Higley L.G. , Lasack P.M. , Peterson R.K.
Published: March 2022

Experimental plots measuring 7 X 12 m were established in a 2-year-old stand on the Ankeny Research Farm near the city limits of Ankeny, IO. Nine treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete-block design. Insecticide treatments were applied on 8 May ‘86 with a Suzuki LT-125 4-wheel all-terrain cycle equipped with a 6.1-m boom. The C02-charged boom was ca. 61 cm from the foliage and fitted with twelve brass 8003 flat-fan nozzles. Ground speed was 6.28 km/h delivering 112.2 liters of final solution per hectare. Plants were in stage 2 (late vegetative) and ca. 43 cm tall. Weather conditions at application time were partly cloudy, winds 0-6 km/h, temperature 21-24 degrees C, and ca. 60% RH. A standard 38-cm sweep net was used to take pendulum sweeps in each plot 2 days before treatment and 1, 4, and 8 days posttreatment. No phytotoxicity was observed in any plot.
Alfalfa Insect Control in Nebraska, 1986
Authors: Manglitz G. R. , Plummer A. R. , Carter M. R.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted at the University of Nebraska Agric. Res. & Develop. Center, Mead, NE in a second-year stand of ‘Ranger’ alfalfa. Plots were 9 x 15 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. A single application of 6 insecticides at various rates, was made on 12 May ‘86. Insecticides were applied with a C02 activated pressure sprayer calibrated to deliver 12.5 gal/acre at 20 psi and equipped with a 5.5 foot boom. Each plot was sampled 3 times, 1, 2, and 3 weeks post-treatment, by taking 5 sweeps per plot with a 15-inch dia insect net. Pre-treatment counts, made on the day of treatment in the border area surrounding the plots, averaged 61.1 alfalfa weevil larvae, 49.2 pea aphids, 0.7 potato leafhopper adults, and 0.7 alfalfa plant bug adults per 5 sweeps.
Alfalfa Weevil Larvae Control, Kentucky 1986
Authors: Parr John C. , Pass B. C.
Published: March 2022

The test area was a 3-year-old stand of ‘Buffalo’ variety alfalfa. The plots were 34 x 36 ft and each treatment and the untreated control were replicated 3 times in a completely random design. Sprays were mixed so as to apply the proper rates in 20 nal of total volume per acre. Treatments were applied with a low-pressure, low-volume, Hahn® field sprayer equipped with 21 Spraying Systems 8003 Tee Jet® nozzles and operated at a pressure of 35 psi. Population densities of larval were determined 4, 7, 11, 15, 18, 22 and 29 days following treatment by collecting 10 sweeps from each plot with a standard 15-inch diam beating net. The treatments were applied 18 Apr ‘86. The standard treatment of carbofuran 4F was applied at the rate of 0.5 lb (AI)/acre. Treatment means, expressed as larvae per 10 sweeps on the sampling date indicated were separated by use of Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test.
Alfalfa Insect Control in Minnesota, 1986
Authors: Watrin Clifford G. , Radcliffe Edward B.
Published: March 2022

The study was conducted at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, Rosemount, MN, on 1st regrowth 3rd year alfalfa. Treatments were 26 × 52 ft and replicated 3 times in a randomized design. Spray treatments were applied 21 May with a tractor-drawn boom sprayer at 37.5 gal water/acre at 200 psi. Insects were sampled 7 and 14 days posttreatment by taking 20 sweeps per plot with a 15 inch dia sweep net. All pyrethroids were highly effective.
Rescue Treatments for the Control of Stalk Borers in No-Till Field Corn, 1986
Authors: Bowman James S.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted on a commercial field on the Tom Morrow Farm located in Lee (Strafford Co.), NH. The field was seeded with 'Agway 473' on 12 May on 34 inch spacings using no-till planter. At the time that the infestation of stalk borers was detected the corn was in the whorl stage of approximately 18 inches tall. A pretreatment lamage assessment indicated an average of 25 plants per 60 row ft were damaged by stalk borers. Each plot consisted of 2 30 ft long rows and each treatment vas replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized block design. The treatments were applied using a CO2 pressurized (35 psi) single flat fan nozzle hand-held sprayer that delivered 12.8 gal/acre directed into the whorls. At 7-days after the application all the plants in each treatment that showed signs of stalk brarer injury were dissected and the number of live stalk borer larvae were recorded.
Field Corn, Pre-Emergence Treatments for Stalk Borer Control, 1986
Authors: Fletcher Michael G. , Roberts James E.
Published: March 2022

Seven insecticides were evaluated in Montgomery Co, VA for control of the stalk borer in no-till field corn when applied after a preemegence tank mix of recommended herbicides and 30% liquid nitrogen. Pioneer 3233 field corn was planted no-till in 30 inch rows (over the winter rye cover crop) on 4 Apr. Plots were established in a randomized complete block design 4 rows × 50 ft × 4 replicates per treatment. A compressed air sprayer with 2 fan nozzles (Teejet 80034) and delivering 16 gpa at 30 psi was used to make the insecticide applications. The tank mix (paraquat, atrazine, simazine, metolachlor, and 30% liquid nitrogen) was applied the day of planting; insecticides were applied the following day. Two adjacent 5 ft swaths were applied to each plot to assure uniform coverage. The number of plants damaged by stalk borer were counted in the 2 center rows of each plot of 6 Jun. Yield data was collected by harvesting the whole ears for grain from 40 row ft from the 2 center rows on 10 Oct. Damage and yield data were subjected to analysis of variance. (P = 0.05)
Field Corn, Pre-Emergence Treatments for True Armyworm Control, 1986
Authors: Fletcher Michael G. , Roberts James E.
Published: March 2022

Six insecticides were evaluated in Madison Co, VA for control of the true armyworm in no-till field corn when applied after a preemergence tank mix of recommended herbicides and 30% liquid nitrogen. Corn was planted no-till in 30 inch rows, over the winter rye cover crop, on 24 Apr. Plots were established in a randomized complete block design 4 rows × 50 ft × 4 replicates per treatment. A compressed air sprayer with 2 fan nozzles (Teejet 80034) and delivering 16 gpa at 30 psi was used to make the insecticide treatments. The tank mix (atrazine, paraquat, prowl and liquid nitrogen) was applied to the rye cover crop the day of planting, the insecticides were applied the following day 25 Apr. Two adjacent 5 ft swaths were applied over each plot to assure uniform coverage of plot. The number of plants damaged by true armyworm in the 2 center rows per plot were counted on 10 Jun. Yield data was collected by whole stalk harvest, as for ensilage, from 40 row ft per plot taken from the 2 center rows. Damage and yield data were subjected to analysis of variance.
Cutworm Control in No-Till Field Corn, 1985
Authors: Graustein Mark R.
Published: March 2022

Agway variety 849X field corn was planted 23 Apr on the University of Delaware farm in Newark, DE. The corn was planted in a fallow field containing various annual grasses and leguminous weeds using a Buffalo no-till planter. Standard no-till weed control and fertilization practices were followed. Plots consisted of 4 rows, 25 ft long on 30 inch centers. Six insecticide treatments, replicated 4 times, were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Both the Lorsban 15G and Counter 15G were applied as a “T” band at planting. The Aastar 15G treatment was banded over the row by hand using a shaker can on 16 May. The spray treatments were applied on 16 May using a CO2 propelled backpack sprayer. Three R and D Sprayer Inc. HC4 hollow cone nozzles were mounted on a 30 inch hand held boom and delivered a total of 26.4 gal per acre at 40 psi in a uniform spray swath. Steel barriers 6 ft × 6 ft × 6 inches high were placed in the approximate center of each plot. Each barrier enclosed 2 rows and was sunk into the ground 1 inch to prevent subsurface escape of the cutworms. Each barrier also had a 1 inch horizontal lip attached along the inside top to deter escape of the cutworms. On 14 May 40 cutworms were released in each barrier. Twenty worms were placed along the outside of the 2 rows. A furrow ¼ inch wide and ½ inch deep was dug between the 2 rows and 20 cutworms were placed in it and covered lightly with soil. Cut plant counts were taken 16, 19, 22, 25, and 29 May. During each observation, cut plants were marked with small mixer straws. For consistency, a marked plant was still considered cut even though it recovered in later observations.
Efficacy of Insecticides Against First Generation European Corn Borer Larvae, 1986
Authors: Higgins R. A. , Blodgett S. , Gibb T. J. , Shufran K.
Published: March 2022

Naturally infested late whorl stage yellow field corn was treated on 13 Jun. Sixteen insecticides and 2 untreated control plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Granular products were applied on 2 row plots and liquid products were applied to 4 row plots all of which were 10 m long with a row width of 91 cm. Sprays were applied in water (20 GPA) using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer. The boom was equipped with 8 nozzles 45° nozzles to spray 4 rows. Granular products were applied with a modified electric drive Noble applicator. Band spreaders were positioned approximately 5 cm above the whorl and distributed products over a 20 cm band.
Apple, First Generation White Apple Leafhopper Control Test, 1986
Authors: Beers E. H.
Published: March 2022

An insect growth regulator compound was evaluated for control of first generation WALH nymphs. This test was conducted in a 4-year-old orchard with over-tree irrigation. A randomized complete block design was used, with 4 single-tree replicates per treatment. Materials were applied as a dilute spray to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operating at 400-500 psi. Per acre rates were based on 400 gal/acre. Treatment timings were selected to coincide with petal fall (10 May), 75 degree days after codling moth biofix (16 May), and first appearance of fourth instar WALH nymphs (15 May). WALH densities were determined by counting nymphs on 20 randomly selected leaves showing leafhopper feeding injury from each tree (80 leaves per treatment). Posttreatment mite populations were assessed by collecting 20 randomly selected leaves from each tree (100 leaves per treatment), brushing them in a mite brushing machine, and counting mites of each species recovered.
Field Corn, Seedcorn Maggot Control, 1985
Authors: Oleson J. D. , Gray M. E. , Spike B. P. , Tollefson J. J.
Published: March 2022

Planting-time insecticides for seedcorn maggot control were tested at Ames, IA. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Seed furrows 30 ft long with 40 inch spacing were opened on 25 Apr. A bait slurry consisting of meat-and-bone meal, fish emulsion and water was added to the furrows at the rate of 2.5 qt/30 ft. The moist bait attracted ovipositioning female flies. On 30 Apr corn (nontreated or insecticide treated seed) was hand planted in the furrows and granular insecticides were applied with Noble® metering units mounted on a bicycle applicator. Granules were applied as in-furrow, 7 inch band over a partially closed furrow (T-band) or 7 inch band. Banded treatments were incorporated with a rake dragged lightly over the soil surface. On 28 May the seeds were carefully extracted from three 1-m sections of row, inspected for damage, and rated on the following 1 to 4 damage scale: (1) seed undamaged; (2) seed damaged, but plant established; (3) seed damaged and plant showing some signs of stress; (4) seed damaged, no plant or questionable establishment. Percentage damaged seeds was also computed. Analysis of variance was used to analyze the data.
Ield Corn, Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1986
Authors: Oleson J. D. , Gray M. E. , Spike B. P. , Gifford J. M. , Tollefson J. J.
Published: March 2022

Ten treatments were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design in a field located 3 miles south of Ames, IA. Treatments were applied to 40-ft rows with 30 inch row spacing. A single border row was used to separate all treatment rows. Rows were marked and the granular and liquid formulations of Beauveria bassiana were applied in 7 inch bands and incorporated with a rototiller to a depth of 4-6 inches. Nobel® metering units mounted on a 4-row John Deere® 7100 model planter delivered granular treatments. A small-plot sprayer also mounted on the planter directed the liquid treatment into the open seed furrow ahead of the closing wheels. A 8008E nozzle at 13 psi delivered 20 gpa. Rootworm feeding was evaluated by digging 5 roots from each treatment row and rating the damage on the 1-9 scale (1 equal to no feeding, and 9 equal to 3 nodes of roots completely destroyed). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance procedures.
Chemigated Insecticides for Control of First Generation European Corn Borer, Wray, Co, 1986
Authors: Peairs Frank B. , Pilcher Stanley D.
Published: March 2022

Treatments for Part I were injected with a Neptune 562 Hydro-tube pump into a Lockwood sprinkler with 360° Senninger low pressure nozzles which delivered 0.29 inches water per acre while operating at 100% speed. Crop variety for Part I was 'Osgold 6882'. Part II treatments were injected with a Pulsa-Feeder Hydracone R-1 pump into a Valley sprinkler with 180° Senninger low pressure nozzles which delivered 0.25” water per acre while operating at 80% speed. Crop variety for Part II was 'Pioneer 3475'. All plots were 10 acres. Treatments were applied on 2 and 3 Jul. Treatments were evaluated on 20 Jul by splitting 4 groups of 10 plants with feeding scars from tassel to first root node and counting all larvae and pupae.
Field Corn, European Corn Borer Control, 1986
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B.
Published: March 2022

Fourteen in-whorl insecticide treatments were evaluated for first brood European corn borer control at Highland Rim Experiment Station (HRES), Springfield, and Tobacco Experiment Station (TES), Greeneville. Corn was planted at HRES on 8 Apr and at TES on 11 Apr. Plots were 15 ft × 5 rows at HRES and 30 ft × 3 rows at TES. Rows were spaced 38 inches apart. Plots were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Blocks were separated by 5 ft alleys. Plant population was 50 plants/30 row ft. Insecticides were applied on 10 Jun at TES when 68% of the plants were infested (average 5.5 larvae/plant) and on 17 Jun at HRES when 33% of the plants were infested (average 1.4 larvae/plant). Granular insecticides were applied with shaker jars. Liquid formulations were applied using 2.5 gal compressed C02 sprayers at 30 gal/acre. Newly damaged whorls were counted on 19 Jun at TES and 30 Jun at HRES. Grain yield was measured on 18 Sep at HRES (16.7% moisture) and on 21 Oct at TES (15.8%). Soil type at TES was Minvale-Landisburg silt loam and at HRES was Dixon silt loam.
Efficacy of Vydate for Control of Boll Weevil and Cotton Fleahopper, 1983
Authors: Benedict J. H. , Segers J. C. , Treacy M. F. , Walmsley M. H. , Parker R. D. , Maher B. R.
Published: March 2022

A large-plot field test was conducted on the Kocurek Farm near Corpus Christi, TX, to evaluate the efficacy of Vydate for control of boll weevil. Cotton was planted the first week in Mar on rows spaced 38 inches apart. Field plots (8 acre/plot) were replicated 3 times in a completely randomized design. Applications were made in 5 gal total spray/acre with a John Deere high clearance ground machine on 20, 25, and 30 May. The entire test was oversprayed with Bidrin on 5 and 24 May at 0.1 lb (AI)/acre. Boll weevil damage was determined by collecting 3 samples of 50 squares (1/3 grown and larger) and 50 bolls (ca. 7-days old) per plot per sample date. The 3 samples were averaged to represent a replicate for statistical analysis. Bollworm larvae and damage were assessed by collecting 3 samples of 50 squares and bolls as above. Terminal counts of fleahoppers and blasted squares, and beat bucket samples for beneficials were determined by sampling 50 plants per plot. Fruiting counts, yields, earliness and fiber properties were determined by sampling ca. 6 ft of row at 4 sites per plot. An additional study on boll weevil survival study was conducted by caging female boll weevils on Guthion and Vydate (0.25 lb [AI]/acre) treated plants 5 days post-treatment. Following egg laying, females were removed and the cages left in place for 8 days. All punctured squares were counted and held in the laboratory for boll weevil emergence.