bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Promising, Culturally Sensitive Evidence-Based Interventions for Asian Americans
Authors: Mukherjee Dhrubodhi
Published: October 2024

This chapter delves into the evolving landscape of mental health practices tailored for the Asian American community in the United States, particularly in the context of shifting perceptions following COVID-19. It explores the multifaceted challenges faced by this community, including the impact of stereotype threat and its implications for mental health service delivery. The chapter provides an in-depth discussion on how mental health professionals can effectively navigate these stereotype threats while fostering therapeutic relationships with Asian American clients. It emphasizes the importance of cultural sensitivity and understanding in the therapeutic process, particularly in addressing issues related to Asian identity and its influence on mental health. The chapter offers a comprehensive overview of assessment techniques and intervention strategies that are culturally attuned and responsive to the unique needs of Asian American individuals. It serves as a crucial resource for mental health practitioners seeking to adopt best practices and develop a deeper understanding of the specific mental health challenges and needs of the Asian American community.
The Importance of Community-Based Solutions in Addressing Anti-Asian Racism
Authors: Bersamira Clifford S. , Lau Sophia B. , Lee Yeonjung Jane
Published: October 2024

When committing to anti-racist work, social workers have the ability to serve as natural partners with the Asian American community due to the profession’s distinct emphasis on social justice, health equity, and multilevel practice, with its attention to marginalized and underserved populations. In this regard and when partnering with stakeholders, it is imperative for social workers to integrate the community’s inherent wisdom, practices, and advocacy work that have been historically disregarded or untold. This chapter includes a brief overview of the history and context of Asian American community advocacy, a description of Asian American experiences with racially fueled hate during the COVID-19 pandemic as recounted in a study of Asian American social workers, a discussion of the challenges and considerations when doing advocacy work with the Asian American community, and recommended action steps for social workers engaging in Asian American community-based advocacy work.
On Social Closure
Authors: Mackert Jürgen
Published: October 2024

The book presents an entirely new approach to the theory and analysis of social closure that provides a sociological tool for analysing the three critical forms of closure in the world today: exclusion in the context of neoliberalism, exploitation/new slavery in the context of global capitalism, and elimination in the context of the ongoing legacy of settler colonialism. The approach moves social closure from a descriptive approach to an explanatory concept that transcends society-centred, Eurocentric, or Western-centred analyses of processes of social closure. A mechanismic approach allows us to identify two critical social mechanisms—denial of access and intervention into community closure—that operate in all kinds of social closure struggles. While the former explains how human beings, social groups, or communities are denied access to resources, rights, or critical networks/institutions, the latter brings a fundamentally new dimension into closure analysis. It argues that the powerful in social relations of exclusion, exploitation, and elimination not only deny access but also implement strategies that directly control or suppress social groups and communities. This control keeps them in an underprivileged position, leaving them vulnerable, unable to fight back, and exposed to the arbitrariness of the excluders, exploiters, and eliminators.
Raymond Murphy
Authors: Mackert Jürgen
Published: October 2024

The chapter discusses Raymond Murphy’s development of the theory of social closure, building on the work of Max Weber and Frank Parkin. It shows the importance of distinguishing the structures, forms, and rules of closure to differentiate between dominant, deviated, and contingent forms of exclusion within societies. These distinctions reveal how different forms and rules of closure can interact, reinforce, and strengthen each other, generating various kinds of closure. The chapter argues that a reductionist approach that ultimately attributes all forms of closure to capitalist class relations is insufficient. Further, the chapter criticizes the methodological perspective and argues that the theory of social closure misses both a concept of agency and of power and sticks to a teleological perspective of ever-enforcing relations of social closure.
Group Action and Acting in Solidarity
Authors: Mackert Jürgen
Published: October 2024

This chapter brings in the missing concept of group action and the idea of acting in solidarity as one of the missing but necessary concepts into the basic concepts of a new theorizing of social closure. It argues that both Weber and the theory of social closure admittedly discuss collective dynamics. However, they seem to take this kind of social action to be self-evident. Therefore none of them analyses the preconditions and effects of group formation and the inevitable processes for social groups to close their communities to develop a shared political identity that allows them to act in solidarity. The chapter outlines these processes from a relational perspective that allows us to understand these necessary and inevitable processes.
Power in Closure Analysis
Authors: Mackert Jürgen
Published: October 2024

The chapter presents a broad discussion on power. Given that neither Max Weber nor the theory of social closure developed an explicit concept of power, this chapter analyses the power conceptions of three sociologists of power: Heinrich Popitz, Anthony Giddens, and Michael Mann. These approaches provide a perspective on resources of power in relational terms, offer a convincing agency-strategy perspective, a specific context sensitivity, and highlight the importance of organizing as an indispensable precondition of group formation to become a powerful actor. Crucial aspects of these three approaches relate to each other in a way that enables me to present a coherent concept of power which serves as the basis for understanding and explaining strategies of social closure
Life Chances / Chances of Survival: The Real Goal of Closure Struggles
Authors: Mackert Jürgen
Published: October 2024

The chapter introduces the concept of life chances / chances of survival into closure theory. While Weber mentioned life chances in the closure context, I argue that in daily social closure struggles human beings try to realize their life chances, which I define as the real goal of social closure struggles. As this concept is a rudimentary one only in sociology, a critical discussion with Robert K. Merton’s and Ralf Dahrendorf’s ideas allows us to elaborate on it, go beyond them, and link it to its structural counterpart: the concept of the opportunity structure. As both concepts are critical for a new approach to social closure, the chapter not only fundamentally reconceptualizes them but also puts them in a methodologically relational perspective.
Conclusion
Authors: Mackert Jürgen
Published: October 2024

This Conclusion summarizes the book’s efforts to offer a new perspective and approach to closure theory. This theorizing of social closure demonstrates how starting from a generic concept, rather than a specific one, we can address any problem of social closure in today’s world. So far, closure theory has not used or realized the full analytical potential of theorizing social closure. This Conclusion also justifies the book’s focus on developing an approach to understanding the strategies employed by powerful sides in social relations of exclusion, exploitation, and elimination. It agrees that the weaker sides in closure struggles are able to react and fight back, albeit to very different degrees. Repeatedly, the analysis refers to these processes, yet it argues that these strategies deserve systematic consideration in what might be called a theorizing of counterstrategies in struggles of exclusion, exploitation, and elimination.
Beyond Causal Realism and Idealism
Authors: Humphreys Adam R. C. , Suganami Hidemi
Published: October 2024

‘Beyond Causal Realism and Idealism: Van Fraassen and the Possibility of Agnosticism’ examines Van Fraassen’s criticisms of scientific realism and causal realism and his defence of agnosticism, showing how these can inform debates about causation and causal inquiry in International Relations (IR). Van Fraassen demonstrates (i) how it is possible to remain agnostic in relation to the metaphysical questions which realists raise about the reality of both causation and unobservable theoretical entities and (ii) that this agnosticism is not detrimental to scientific or causal inquiry—the differences between realists and agnostics have no direct methodological implications. This finding deflates the power of the realist–idealist dichotomy which has shaped recent debates about causation and causal inquiry in IR. Appreciating Van Fraassen’s arguments sets the stage for a shift in focus in these debates: from a predominant focus on metaphysics to a focus on methodology.
Conclusion
Authors: Humphreys Adam R. C. , Suganami Hidemi
Published: October 2024

Causal Inquiry in International Relations has sought to provide a fuller and philosophically more adequate account of causal inquiry than has so far been developed in International Relations, demonstrating what is problematic about established ways of thinking, providing a new account of the logic of causal inquiry, and seeking to enhance collective understanding of the contribution that causal inquiry can make to empirically rich and critically aware scholarship about world politics. This Conclusion summarizes the book’s arguments and reflects on how causal inquiry relates to four other prominent forms of inquiry: normative, interpretive, critical, and historical. Contrary to common supposition, causal inquiry complements, and even overlaps with, each of these other forms of inquiry. It is crucial to recognize, moreover, that all causal inquiry depends on precisely the kind of knowledge which historians routinely provide: knowledge of how specific events were brought about.
Weber's Scorecard
Authors: Page Edward C.
Published: October 2024

Max Weber’s influential understanding of bureaucracy is explored through an examination of the development of officialdom in six European territories: England, Sweden, France, Germany, Spain, and Hungary. Taking a long-term perspective from the ninth century to the present, it looks beyond national institutions and includes officials involved in the provision of goods and services locally. The ‘scorecard’ is based on expected developments in four key areas of Weber’s analysis: the functional differentiation of tasks within government, professionalism, formalism, and monocracy. After discussing the character of officialdom in the ninth, twelfth, fifteenth, eighteenth, and twenty-first centuries, Weber’s scorecard appears to have a mixed record, especially weak in its account of the development of monocracy and formalism. The study goes on to set out an account of administrative development based on understanding processes of routinization, institutional integration, and the instrumentalization of law.
Abuse of Process
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter identifies abuse of process as something so unfair and wrong with the prosecution that the court should not allow a prosecutor to proceed with what is, in all other respects, a regular proceeding. A stay of proceedings based on an abuse of process will be rare and should be allowed only in exceptional circumstances. It emphasizes that the court process should compensate for any unfairness or wrongs and allow for a fair trial. The chapter discusses the exclusion of evidence under section 78 PACE 1984 to secure a fair trial, which is to be preferred to using the abuse jurisdiction. There is a duty on the police to contact identified witnesses, and early identification of the significance of relevant material is a key factor to ensure the prosecution is under a duty to obtain it. The prosecution of a person who has received a promise not to prosecute and has a legitimate expectation is capable of being an abuse of process.
Appeals and Reopening
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter describes an appeal against conviction or sentence that lies as of right to the Crown Court under section 108 MCA 1980. Section 113 MCA 1980 creates an obligation on the magistrates’ court to consider an application for bail pending appeal in every case where a notice of appeal has been lodged in accordance with the Criminal Procedure Rules (Crim PR) 34.3 and a properly constituted application for bail is made. If a custodial sentence is imposed, it is not the normal practice to grant bail pending an appeal and there is no statutory right to bail. The chapter indicates how a provision is made for appeals by way of case stated by section 111 MCA 1980 and Crim PR 35. The making of an application rules out any appeal on the facts to the Crown Court.
Bail
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses the presumption in favour of bail being granted in criminal proceedings. A defendant cannot be granted bail unless the court is satisfied that there is no significant risk of an offence being committed while on bail. Bail may be granted only in exceptional circumstances where a defendant is charged with or convicted of an offence and the defendant has been previously convicted in the United Kingdom of any such offence or of culpable homicide. An application for bail may be made at the first hearing of the case before a magistrates’ court, save in respect of a defendant facing a charge of murder. A table sets out the exceptions to the presumption in favour of bail for different types of cases.
Presence of Defendant and Prosecutor in Court
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses the mandatory presence of a defendant that has been bailed to attend court unless and until it is excused by the court. Where a defendant on bail fails to appear, a warrant may be issued for his arrest and on summons and certain other matters, the defendant may be represented by a legal representative. Further remand of a defendant in custody can be ordered if there is illness or accident in accordance with section 129 MCA 1980. The chapter cites section 11 MCA 1980 that details the court’s powers when a defendant does not appear for trial. The court has to have regard to several principles in deciding whether or not to proceed in the defendant’s absence.
Sending and Transfer for Trial
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter reviews certain management responsibilities of the magistrates when sending a case to the Crown Court. Careful consideration should be given to the completion of the case management form identifying the issues in the case. Represented defendants need not be physically present in court for sending proceedings for indicatable only matters, but whether the accused is to be present or absent is a matter for the court to decide. Summary only offences that are entirely separate to either way or indicatable offences should not be sent as linked offences. A discount for guilty plea can be reduced if a plea is not entered or indicated at the first hearing in the magistrates’ court.
Video/Live Links
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses how the court may require or permit a person to take part in eligible criminal proceedings. A live link direction may only be made in respect of those who are taking part in the proceedings, including counsel, solicitors, witnesses, and defendants. Those who are not taking part in the proceedings are entitled to apply to observe the proceedings remotely under section 85A of the Courts Act 2003.
Parents and Guardians
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter overviews the notion of parents and guardians in line with sentencing children and young people. A parent typically refer to a person with parental responsibility under the Children Act 1989, while a guardian refers to any person who has the care of the child or young person for the time being. The chapter then cites the requirement of attendance of parents or guardians at court. It cites how the court must order the parent or guardian to pay the fine, costs, surcharge, and compensation if ordered when the defendant is aged under 16 years. Thus, the local authority is responsible for payment of financial orders where the authority has parental responsibility for the defendant if they are under the authority's care or accommodation.
Criminal Damage
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses the extent of provisions concerned with criminal damage. It explains that people will be deemed guilty if they do not have a lawful excuse to destroy or damage any property belonging to another with the intent to destroy or damage the property. Additionally, a person will be considered guilty if they commit the offence under the Criminal Damage Act 1971 for racially or religiously aggravated reasons. The chapter elaborates on the sentencing guidelines for endangering life and threats to cause criminal damage. It also details the provisions of the Criminal Damage Act 1971 concerned with threats to destroy and damage property.
Public Order
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter includes the offences created by the Public Order Act 2023 and elaborates on the key concepts surrounding public order. A person is guilty of affray if they use or threaten unlawful violence towards another and the conduct causes a person of reasonable firmness present at the scene to fear for their personal safety. Several provisions within the Sporting Events (Control of Alcohol etc) Act 1985 are concerned with the offences regarding alcohol on coaches and trains. Meanwhile, section 3 of the Vagrancy Act 1824 provided a provision on begging. The chapter considers several other provisions of public order and their respective sentencing, such as the Public Order Act 1986, the Highways Act 1980, and the Criminal Justice Act 1967.
Sexual Offences
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter focuses on the key sexual offences. It explains that the Sexual Offences Act 2003 provides the definition of consent, which is a prevalent concept across sexual offences. The chapter provides an overview of the offences contained within the Sexual Offences Act 2003, Protection of Children Act 1978, and Criminal Justice Act 1988 concerned with key concepts of sexual assault, rape, penetration, indecent images, exposure, extreme pornography, keeping a brothel used for prostitution, sexual grooming, voyeurism, and upskirting. The new offences of cyber flashing and threatening to share intimate images are included.
Breach of Post-Sentence Supervision
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter focuses on the breach of post-sentence supervision requirements imposed under section 256AA of the Criminal Justice Act 2003. Under section 256AA, if a person is sentenced to under two years in custody, they will be subject to supervision for a year from the date of their actual release ‘for the purposes of rehabilitation’. In case of breach of supervision requirements, a new application for legal aid may be made under section 14(b) of the Legal Aid Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012. If proceedings are adjourned, the court has the power to remand in custody or on bail under sections 10(4) and 128 of the Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980. Breach of a supervision default order, without reasonable excuse, can be dealt with by using either up to 14 days’ custody; up to a level 3 fine; or a supervision default orders, taking account of what has already been done.
Committal for Sentence
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter evaluates the provision on committal for sentence under the Sentencing Act (SA) 2020. A magistrates’ court may commit an offender for sentence for an either-way offence following a conviction. A magistrates’ court will commit for sentence if the court is of the opinion that the offence or the combination of the offence and one or more offences associated with it was so serious that greater punishment should be inflicted for the offence than the court has power to impose; or in the case of a violent or sexual offence, that a custodial sentence for a term longer than the court has power to impose is necessary to protect the public from serious harm from the offender. Additional committal powers in relation to other offences are provided for under section 20 SA 2020.
Criminal Behaviour Orders
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter explores criminal behaviour orders. Criminal Procedure Rule 31.3(2) requires prosecutors to give notice as soon as practicable, on a prescribed form, of their intention to apply for a criminal behaviour order. A defence lawyer should not feel pressurised into dealing with what can be a complex area of law without adequate notice. Criminal behaviour orders are made following conviction. The chapter then looks at the provision on criminal behaviour orders under sections 330, 331, and 334 of Part 11 of the Sentencing Act 2020. It also considers relevant case law and alternative orders.
Forfeiture Order
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter describes the provision on forfeiture orders. Section 160 of the Sentencing Act (SA) 2020 contains a full list of the court’s forfeiture powers. These include powers under the Knives Act 1997, the Obscene Publications Act 1959, and the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. Meanwhile, section 1 of the Prevention of Crime Act 1953 provides that, where any person is convicted of an offence under that section, the court may make an order for the forfeiture or disposal of any weapon in respect of which the offence was committed. Under section 27 of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, ‘the court by or before which a person is convicted of an offence under this Act may order anything shown to the satisfaction of the court to relate to the offence, to be forfeited and either destroyed or dealt with in such other manner as the court may order’.
Penalty Points for Driving Offences
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter examines the provision on penalty points for driving offences. Under the Road Traffic Offenders Act (RTOA) 1988, penalty points must be imposed for all offences that are subject to obligatory endorsement, unless the court finds special reasons for not imposing points. A person who acts as a secondary party to an offence carrying obligatory disqualification is liable to 10 penalty points. If a person is found guilty, on one or more occasions, of more than one offence committed on the same occasion, the range of penalty points is taken as being whichever is the highest available for any one offence. A court does, however, have discretion to disapply this rule if reasons are given. Where a court orders obligatory disqualification and there are further offences to be sentenced, it should not order points for the further offences.
Pre-Sentence Reports
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter sets out the provisions on pre-sentence reports. In deciding whether to impose youth rehabilitation orders, community orders, and custodial sentences, a pre-sentence report requirement should normally be obtained under section 30 of the Sentencing Act 2020. The chapter then looks at reports in anticipated guilty plea cases in the magistrates’ court. Where a magistrates’ court is considering committal for sentence or the defendant has indicated an intention to plead guilty in a matter which is to be sent to the Crown Court, the magistrates’ court should request the preparation of a pre-sentence report for the Crown Court’s use. The chapter also considers the Sentencing Council General Guidance, which states that whenever the court reaches the provisional view that the custody threshold has been passed—and, if so, the length of imprisonment which represents the shortest term commensurate with the seriousness of the offence—the court should obtain a pre-sentence report, whether verbal or written, unless the court considers a report to be unnecessary.
Racially and Religiously Aggravated Crimes; Sexual Orientation, Disability, or Transgender Identity; Sex or Gender
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter begins considers the provision on racially and religiously aggravated crimes. According to section 28 of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998, an offence is racially or religiously aggravated if (a) at the time of committing the offence, or immediately before or after doing so, the offender demonstrates towards the victim of the offence hostility based on the victim’s membership (or presumed membership) of a racial or religious group; or (b) the offence is motivated (wholly or partly) by hostility towards members of a racial or religious group based on their membership of that group. The Crime and Disorder Act 1988 also provides for increased sentences for specific offences that are racially or religiously aggravated. The chapter then considers the provision on offences motivated by hostility based on sex or gender under the Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Act (PCSCA) 2022. It also looks at the criteria for other offences under section 66 of the Sentencing Act 2020.
Time on Remand or Qualifying Curfew
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses the provision on time on remand or qualifying curfew. Section 240ZA of the Criminal Justice Act (CJA) 2003 provides that any immediate custodial sentence shall be reduced automatically by any time spent on remand in custody. Under this section, time spent on remand in relation to a new offence cannot count if it coincides with a recall. There would have to be an excessive delay in proceedings to reduce an otherwise appropriate sentence. Meanwhile, section 325 of the Sentencing Act (SA) 2020 requires the sentencing court to direct that time spent on bail under an electronically monitored curfew should be credited against an immediate custodial sentence in a similar way. A person will receive credit at the rate of a half a day for every day spent subject to a qualifying electronically monitored curfew.
Looking for Readers in the Aegean Bronze Age
Authors: Finlayson Sarah
Published: October 2024

Reading is a slippery thing. The presence of a reader can be implicit in our reconstructions of ancient writing practices—not least to give meaning or purpose to the texts produced—but the act itself is archaeologically invisible, unless the reader is depicted in material culture, or an instance of reading is trapped in a piece of writing (corrections on a document, for example). Reading is actually a collection of cognitive and physical activities involving scanning and response, each of which can be practised with different degrees of skill. While we bundle reading and writing together in discussions of literacy, these are discrete skill sets; writers are also readers, but one can read without knowing how to write. In this chapter, I discuss how we can find readers in the Bronze Age Aegean, examining the evidence of the Cretan Hieroglyphic, Linear A, and Linear B documents, and the broader landscape of writing practices in which they are embedded. Contemporary reader-response literary studies, as well as models constructed for the classical world of the range of ways in which reading can be practiced—reading aloud, being read to, and so on—provide thought-provoking points of comparison, as do our own reading practices.
Cartesian Index Notation
Authors: Waleffe Fabian
Published: October 2024

Introduces the Kronecker delta, the Levi-Civita symbol and index notation with Einstein’s summation convention for cartesian representation of vectors.
Kinematics
Authors: Waleffe Fabian
Published: October 2024

Considers vector functions of one real variable. Derivative of vectors, magnitude and direction. Angular velocity and application to cylindrical and spherical coordinates.
Dynamics
Authors: Waleffe Fabian
Published: October 2024

Considers and integrates Newton’s law using the tools of vector calculus in a few classic examples, including planetary motion. Provides vector calculus derivations of sconservation of angular momentum, energy and the LRL vector. Also considers systems of particles and rigid body dynamics.
Curves on Surfaces
Authors: Waleffe Fabian
Published: October 2024

This chapter is a mini-course on differential geometry of surfaces and index notation for curvilinear coordinates (known as Ricci calculus). Discusses first and second fundamental forms. Covariant and contravariant bases. Geodesics. Christoffel symbols. Principal, gaussian and mean curvatures. Gauss’s Theorema Egregium and the Gauss-Bonnet theorem, proved using vector calculus methods. Concludes with a discussion of surface tension and minimal surfaces.
Electromagnetism
Authors: Waleffe Fabian
Published: October 2024

This chapter illustrates some applications of vector calculus to electromagnetism. Mathematical aspects of the Coulomb and Gauss laws, and the Biot-Savart and Ampère laws are discussed. Maxwell’s equations are briefly derived. Plane and spherical electromagnetic waves are studied. Poisson’s equation, the method of images, surface charge distributions, and the Poisson integral formula are addressed.
Functions of a Complex Variable
Authors: Waleffe Fabian
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses complex differentiation, the Cauchy-Riemann equations and conformal maps. Several examples of conformal maps are developed. Applications to Laplace’s equation and aerodynamics are considered.
Lithospheric Evolution and Uplift of the Tibetan Plateau During Continental Convergence: Evidence From Early Oligocene Pseudo leucite Phonolites from Southern Qian tang, Central Tibet
Authors: Liu Mao-Rui , Ou Quan , Wang Qiang , Qi Yue , Kerr Andrew C , Wyman Derek , Dan Wei , Hao Lu-Lu , Jiang Zi-Qi
Published: October 2024

The Cenozoic collision of India and Eurasia clearly built the high-elevation Tibetan Plateau, but how this collision was accommodated, and the Tibetan Plateau uplifted, remains an area of study. The widespread occurrence of Cenozoic potassic–ultrapotassic lavas provides a valuable opportunity to constrain the relationship between surface deformation and underlying geodynamic processes. In this study, we report sanidine Ar–Ar dating, whole-rock geochemical and clinopyroxene Sr–Nd isotope analyses on pseudoleucite phonolites from the Yulinshan area of south Qiangtang (central Tibet) to determine their petrogenesis and regional tectonic significance. Sanidine Ar–Ar dating yields an Early Oligocene age of ca. 30 Ma, in agreement with previous studies. A high modal abundance of pseudoleucite in the samples indicates their ultrapotassic and silica-undersaturated composition. All of the rocks have typical arc-like geochemical signatures and enriched whole rock and clinopyroxene Sr–Nd isotope signatures. Based on thermodynamic phase equilibria modeling and our detailed study of the textural and in-situ compositional information of clinopyroxene, the intermediate to felsic potassic magmas are interpreted to have been formed through differentiation of primitive, mantle-derived, potassic magmas at shallow crustal levels. The inferred enrichment of the lithospheric mantle is probably related to subduction of the Songpan–Ganze continental lithosphere beneath Qiangtang after India-Asia collision. Voluminous Late Eocene–Early Oligocene magmatism in central Tibet may reflect partial removal of the mantle lithosphere, perhaps triggered by instabilities associated with previous lithospheric thickening. Our work provides additional constraints on the timing of mantle root loss that likely contributed to the surface uplift of central Tibet, which post-dated the cessation of upper crustal shortening and deformation.
Planktonic to sessile: drivers of spatial and temporal variability across barnacle life stages and indirect effects of the Pacific Marine Heatwave
Authors: Traiger Sarah B , Bodkin James L , Campbell Robert W , Coletti Heather A , Esler Daniel , Holderied Kris , Iken Katrin , Konar Brenda , McKinstry Caitlin A E , Monson Daniel H , Pretty Jessica L , Renner Martin , Robinson Brian , Suryan Robert M , Weitzman Benjamin P
Published: October 2024

Barnacles are a foundation species in intertidal habitats. During the Pacific Marine Heatwave (PMH), intertidal barnacle cover increased in the northern Gulf of Alaska (GoA); however, the role of pelagic larval supply in this increase was unknown. Using long-term monitoring data on intertidal benthic (percent cover) and pelagic larval populations (nauplii and cyprid concentrations), we examined potential environmental drivers (temperature, chlorophyll-a, mixed layer depth) of larval concentration and whether including larval concentration at regional and annual scales improved intertidal barnacle percent cover models in two study regions in the GoA. In both regions, larval concentrations were slightly higher following the PMH. Percent cover models were improved by including cyprid concentrations (but not nauplii), and the effect strength varied by site and tidal elevation. This indicates that larval concentration contributes as a bottom–up driver of benthic barnacle abundance. There is little evidence of a direct effect of the PMH on either life stage. Instead, our results may illustrate the positive feedback between life stages, where higher adult benthic abundance increased larval concentrations, which then supplied more new recruits to the benthos. As heatwaves continue to occur, integrating various data types can provide insights into factors influencing both benthic and pelagic communities.
Maternal human papillomavirus infection and offspring neurodevelopmental disorders
Authors: Li Dian-Jeng , Tsai Shih-Jen , Bai Ya-Mei , Su Tung-Ping , Chen Tzeng-Ji , Chen Mu-Hong , Liang Chih-Sung
Published: October 2024

Background

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection can lead to multiple comorbidities in women, including mental health problems. However, few studies have examined the association between maternal HPV infection and the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in their offspring.

Aim

We aimed to investigate the association between maternal HPV infection and risk of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or autism spectrum disorder (ASD) among their offspring.

Design and Methods

Data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database were used for analysis. Offspring of mothers with HPV infection were identified as the index group, and a demographic-matched group (offspring of mothers without HPV infection) was selected as the controls. The primary outcome was the risk of ADHD or ASD. Cox regression models with multiple adjustments were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results

We included 7762 individuals in the index group and 31 048 in the control group. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, the index group had a higher risk of ADHD (HR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.15–1.67) than the controls. Importantly, the risk remained significant when HPV infection was diagnosed either before (HR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.05–1.59) or during pregnancy (HR: 1.79, 95% CI: 1.28–2.51). No increased risk of ASD was identified in the index group compared to the control group.

Conclusions

This study highlights the importance of preventing and treating HPV infection during and before pregnancy. Clinicians should be aware of the association between maternal HPV infection and ADHD in their offspring.
Who Bears the Welfare Costs of Monopoly? The Case of the Credit Card Industry
Authors: Herkenhoff Kyle F , Raveendranathan Gajendran
Published: October 2024

We measure the distribution of welfare losses from non-competitive behaviour in the U.S. credit card industry during the 1970s and 1980s. The early credit card industry was characterized by regional monopolies. Ensuing legal decisions led to competitive reforms that resulted in greater, but still limited, oligopolistic competition. We measure the distributional consequences of these reforms by developing and estimating a heterogeneous agent, defaultable debt framework with oligopolistic lenders. The transition from monopoly to oligopolistic competition yields welfare gains equivalent to a one-time transfer worth $3,600 (in 2016 dollars) for the bottom decile of earners (roughly 50% of their annual income) versus $1,200 for the top decile of earners. As the credit market expands, low-income households benefit more since they rely disproportionately on credit to smooth consumption. Greater competition also explains rising bankruptcies, chargeoffs, and credit to income ratios. Lastly, we bound the welfare gains from competition by computing a perfectly competitive benchmark. Aggregate welfare gains are 40% larger from perfect competition but distributed similarly to oligopolistic competition.
A snow-dwelling tropical butterfly? An unprecedented discovery of a new genus of the Pedaliodes clade in an extreme, high-altitude Andean environment (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)
Authors: Pyrcz Tomasz , Mahecha-J. Oscar , Boyer Pierre , Lachowska-Cielik Dorota , Cerdeña Jose , Farfán Jackie , Garlacz Rafał , Lorenc-Brudecka Jadwiga , Bálint Zsolt , Fåhraeus Christer , Zając-Garlacz Kamila S , Espeland Marianne
Published: October 2024

A new genus of satyrine butterflies, Nivaliodes gen. nov., is described for three species, all new: Nivaliodes negrobueno sp. nov., Nivaliodes viracocha sp. nov., and Nivaliodes puriq sp. nov. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), with the support of molecular data and adult morphology. A target enrichment-based phylogeny indicates that Nivaliodes gen. nov. is sister to the genus Pherepedaliodes within an extremely diverse Pedaliodes clade of the predominantly Andean subtribe Pronophilina. Although an overwhelming majority of species of this group occur in tropical montane forests, N. negrobueno sp. nov. was discovered in a central Peruvian desert puna at some 4600–4800 m a.s.l., the highest elevation reported for any species of the Pronophilina. Individuals were observed overflying rocky slopes and resting directly on snow-covered surfaces, which is an exceptionally unusual behaviour among butterflies. The other two species of the new genus were found at lower elevations, some 3300–4200 m a.s.l., at the timberline and in puna grassland.
LC3‐associated phagocytosis and human diseases: Insights from mechanisms to therapeutic potential
Authors: Chen Xu , Su Qi , Gong Ruize , Ling Xing , Xu Runxiao , Feng Qijia , Ke Jialiang , Liu Meng , Kahaerjiang Gulipiyanmu , Liu Yuhang , Yang Yanyan , Jiang Zhihong , Wu Hongmei , Qi Yitao
Published: October 2024

LC3‐associated phagocytosis (LAP) is a distinct type of autophagy that involves the sequestration of extracellular material by phagocytes. Beyond the removal of dead cells and cellular debris from eukaryotic cells, LAP is also involved in the removal of a variety of pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. These events are integral to multiple physiological and pathological processes, such as host defense, inflammation, and tissue homeostasis. Dysregulation of LAP has been associated with the pathogenesis of several human diseases, including infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying LAP and its involvement in human diseases may provide new insights into the development of novel therapeutic strategies for these conditions. In this review, we summarize and highlight the current consensus on the role of LAP and its biological functions in disease progression to propose new therapeutic strategies. Further studies are needed to illustrate the precise role of LAP in human disease and to determine new therapeutic targets for LAP‐associated pathologies.
Problematic Prescription Opioid Use Is Common in Patients with Chronic Pain
Authors: Roush Karen
Published: October 2024

Researchers call for better education and supervision to prevent negative effects.
Inclusivity Requires Intentionality
Authors: Lopez Lois
Published: October 2024

Fostering a sense of belonging in the nursing profession is vital.
Association of Central and General Obesity Measures With Pelvic Organ Prolapse
Authors: Si Keyi , Yang Yingying , Liu Qianqian , Wang Qin , Yin Shaohua , Dai Qingqiang , Yao Yuting , Yuan Lei , Wu Guizhu
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVE:

To examine the association between the combination of central and general obesity measures and the risk of pelvic organ prolapse (POP).

METHODS:

Waist/height ratio and body mass index (BMI, calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) for 251,143 participants (aged 39–71 years) without pre-existing POP from the UK Biobank were collected at enrollment between 2006 and 2010. Participants were followed through December 19, 2022. Incident POP was identified using International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision codes and operating procedure codes in the medical records. Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the association between obesity measures and incident POP. Population-attributable fractions were calculated to indicate the proportion of cases that were attributable to obesity measures.

RESULTS:

During a median follow-up of 13.8 years, 9,781 POP cases were recorded. Central obesity (waist/height ratio 0.5 or greater) was associated with a 48% increased risk of POP regardless of BMI (hazard ratio [HR] 1.48; 95% CI, 1.41–1.56). Approximately 21.7% (95% CI, 19.1–24.4%) of all POP cases were attributable to central obesity. In addition, overweight without central obesity (BMI 25–29.9 and waist/height ratio less than 0.5) was associated with a 23% higher risk of POP (HR 1.23; 95% CI, 1.14–1.34), and this accounted for 2.0% (95% CI, 1.1–2.9%) of all POP cases. The magnitude of increased POP risk associated with central obesity varied by age (younger than 60 years vs 60 years or older: 57% vs 39%) and by history of hysterectomy (no vs yes: 54% vs 27%).

CONCLUSION:

Central obesity and overweight without central obesity are risk factors for POP.
Effectiveness of the Intrauterine Balloon Tamponade Compared With an Intrauterine, Vacuum-Induced, Hemorrhage-Control Device for Postpartum Hemorrhage
Authors: Shields Laurence E. , Klein Catherine , Torti Jennie , Foster Mindy , Cook Curtis
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVE:

To compare intrauterine balloon tamponade and vacuum-induced hemorrhage-control devices in a multicenter hospital system using a standardized three-stage postpartum hemorrhage response algorithm.

METHODS:

As part of a quality improvement project, data were prospectively collected through ongoing detailed hemorrhage case audits from 65 facilities from August 2022 to February 2024. Postpartum hemorrhage-control devices are recommended for stage 2 or 3 of the postpartum hemorrhage algorithm. The primary outcomes were 1) quantitative blood loss after device placement, 2) rate of packed red blood cell (RBC) transfusion, 3) use of 3 units of packed RBCs or more, and 4) device failure.

RESULTS:

During the 17-month observation period, there were 123,292 deliveries, and postpartum hemorrhage occurred in 5,931 (4.8%). Postpartum hemorrhage-control devices were used in 11.2% of cases (666 total, intrauterine balloon tamponade n=300, and vacuum-induced hemorrhage control n=366). For intrauterine balloon tamponade and vacuum-induced hemorrhage-control devices, quantitative blood loss (median and interquartile range) after device placement was similar at 194 (67–440) mL and 240 (113–528) mL (P=.40), respectively, as was the rate of any packed RBC transfusion (59.7% vs 50.0%, P=.08), transfusion of 3 packed RBC units or more (27.0% vs 24.9%, P=.53), and device failure (7.7% vs 8.5%, P=.70). Placement of either device at a quantitative blood loss between 1,000 and 1,499 mL compared with 1,500 mL or more resulted in significantly lower rates of packed RBC transfusion (39.1% vs 70.3%, P<.001), transfusion of 3 or more packed RBC units (13.7 vs 38.1%, P<.001), and device failure (3.4% vs 12.9%, P<.001).

CONCLUSION:

Transfusion and blood loss after device placement were similar with both hemorrhage-control devices. Earlier hemorrhage-control device placement reduced device failure and the need for transfusion.
Changes in Availability of Later Abortion Care Before and After Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
Authors: Berglas Nancy F. , Schroeder Rosalyn , Kaller Shelly , Stewart Clara , Upadhyay Ushma D.
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVE:

To examine changes in availability of procedural abortion, especially in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, since the U.S. Supreme Court ended federal protections for abortion in its Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization decision in 2022.

METHODS:

We used the Advancing New Standards in Reproductive Health Abortion Facility Database, a national database of all publicly advertising abortion facilities, to document trends in service availability from 2021 to 2023. We calculated summary statistics to describe facility gestational limits for procedural abortion for the United States and by state, subregion, and region, and we examined the number and proportion of facilities that offer procedural abortion in the second or third trimester of pregnancy.

RESULTS:

From 2021 to 2023, the total number of publicly advertising facilities providing procedural abortion decreased 11.0%, from 473 to 421. Overall, one-quarter of facilities (n=115) that had been providing procedural abortion in 2021 ceased providing services, and an additional 99 decreased their gestational limits. In contrast, 73 facilities increased their gestational limits, and 64 new facilities began providing or publicly advertising procedural abortion services. The number of facilities offering procedural abortion later in pregnancy decreased (327 to 309 providing 14 weeks of gestation or later, 60 to 50 providing 24 weeks of gestation or later), although the proportion of all facilities providing these services held steady. The greatest changes were in the South, where many facilities closed.

CONCLUSION:

There have been substantial reductions in the number and distribution of facilities offering procedural abortion since the Dobbs decision, with critical decreases in the availability of later abortion services. Some facilities are positioning themselves to meet the needs of patients by opening new facilities, publicly advertising their services, or extending their gestational limits.