bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
University student views of local versus global environmental issues
Authors: Mahler Robert L.
Published: June 2020

This purpose of this study was to (a) understand how students view similar issues from a local vs. a global perspective, and (b) to document how a science‐based class can change opinion about environmental issues. A total of 8,523 students provided opinions to three paired statements about deforestation, over‐population, and pollution at the beginning (Week 1) and end (Week 15) of the course. The first portion of each paired question dealt with the issue from a global perspective, and the second portion of each paired question dealt with the same or similar issue from a local perspective. Students believed that tropical forests (global issue) should be protected regardless of costs; however, a majority of these same students did not support the protection of old growth forests in the Pacific Northwest (local issue). More than 70% of students agreed that over‐population is one of the world's most pressing environmental issues (global issue), but it was a less important local issue. Greater than three‐quarters of students agreed that, on a worldwide basis, pollution has become worse in the last 25 years (global issue), but it was not an important local issue. Student opinion shift was measured by comparing student opinion at the first and last week of the semester. Student opinion significantly changed for all of the six survey statements. By the end of the class, student opinions were more aligned with the science associated with each issue.
Finite element theory on curved domains with applications to discontinuous Galerkin finite element methods
Authors: Kawecki Ellya L.
Published: June 2020

In this paper we provide key estimates used in the stability and error analysis of discontinuous Galerkin finite element methods (DGFEMs) on domains with curved boundaries. In particular, we review trace estimates, inverse estimates, discrete Poincaré–Friedrichs' inequalities, and optimal interpolation estimates in noninteger Hilbert–Sobolev norms, that are well known in the case of polytopal domains. We also prove curvature bounds for curved simplices, which does not seem to be present in the existing literature, even in the polytopal setting, since polytopal domains have piecewise zero curvature. We demonstrate the value of these estimates, by analyzing the IPDG method for the Poisson problem, introduced by Douglas and Dupont, and by analyzing a variant of the hp‐DGFEM for the biharmonic problem introduced by Mozolevski and Süli. In both cases we prove stability estimates and optimal a priori error estimates. Numerical results are provided, validating the proven error estimates.
Fundraising as organisational knowing in practice: Evidence from the arts and higher education in the UK
Authors: Herrero Marta , Kraemer Simone
Published: June 2020

This paper argues for the centrality of organisational practices in occupational learning with a case study of fundraising in the non‐profit UK's arts and higher education sectors. Despite the need to increase charitable giving to non‐profit organisations, little is known about the work, fundraisers must do in order to carry out their jobs. We argue that fundraisers develop strategic understandings and competences within organisational environments, which they put into practice in their relationships with stakeholders within and outside the organisations where they work. Our findings suggest that one of the main ways in which fundraisers learn is by negotiating and surmounting obstacles both internally, within their organisational environments and externally, around the perception of fundraising as a profession. We thus argue for the importance of establishing a “fundraising culture” within organisational environments; a shared organisational competence where fundraising is practiced as a legitimate and strategic type of practice.
Differences in entheseal changes in the phalanges between ecotypes of Fennoscandian reindeer
Authors: Hull Emily , Niinimäki Sirpa , Salmi Anna‐Kaisa
Published: June 2020

The identification and life histories of the different subspecies and ecotypes ofRangifer tarandus(reindeer) in Fennoscandia are of great interest to zooarchaeologists, as this species is a keystone animal of the North. The barrengroundRangifer tarandus tarandushas historically had closer bonds with humans as a herded and domestic animal. By contrast, the borealRangifer tarandus fennicushas been a prey animal with a more fraught relationship with humans. Identifying which of these ecotypes were present and interacting with humans at different points in history provides information not only of human economies and subsistence strategies but also of the life histories and behavioural patterns of the reindeer themselves. This study uses scoring of entheseal changes on the phalanges of these animals to investigate different mobility, foraging and limb‐use patterns between ecotypes. Our studies found both interesting differences in hoof use patterns betweenR.t. tarandusandR.t. fennicus, which show that these ecotypes are both using their hooves differently, but in different patterns of forelimb versus hindlimb use.
Efficient targeted mutagenesis in allotetraploid sweet basil by CRISPR/Cas9
Authors: Navet Natasha , Tian Miaoying
Published: June 2020

Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) is an economically important herb and its global production is threatened by basil downy mildew caused by the obligate biotrophic oomycete Peronospora belbahrii. Effective tools are required for functional understanding of its genes involved in synthesis of valuable secondary metabolites in essential oil and disease resistance, and breeding for varieties with improved traits. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9 gene editing technology has revolutionized crop breeding and functional genomics. The applicability and efficacy of this genomic tool in the allotetraploid sweet basil were tested by editing a potential susceptibility (S) gene ObDMR1, the basil homolog of Arabidopsis DMR1 (Downy Mildew Resistant 1) whose mutations conferred nearly complete resistance against Arabidopsis downy mildew pathogen, Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. Two single guide RNAs targeting two different sites of the ObDMR1 coding sequence were designed. A total of 56 transgenic lines were obtained via Agrobacterium‐mediated stable transformation. Mutational analysis of 54 T0 transgenic lines identified 92.6% lines carrying mutations at target 1 site, while a very low mutation frequency was detected at target 2 site. Deep sequencing of six T0 lines revealed various mutations at target 1 site, with a complete knockout of all alleles in one line. ObDMR1 homozygous mutant plants with some being transgene free were identified from T1 segregating populations. T2 homozygous mutant plants with 1‐bp frameshift mutations exhibited a dwarf phenotype at young seedling stage. In summary, this study established a highly efficient CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated gene editing system for targeted mutagenesis in sweet basil. This system has the capacity to generate complete knockout mutants in this allotetraploid species at the first generation of transgenic plants and transgene‐free homozygous mutants in the second generation. The establishment of this system is expected to accelerate basil functional genomics and breeding.
Assessment of climate models in relation to the low‐level clouds over the southern Indian Ocean
Authors: Roy Kumar , Mukhopadhyay P. , Krishna R. P. M. , Ganai Malay , Mahakur M. , Rao T. N. , Nair Anish Kumar M. , Ramakrishna S. S. V. S.
Published: June 2020

Against the backdrop of limited fidelity of climate models in capturing low‐level cloud variability, the representation of the southern Indian Ocean (SIO) marine boundary layer (MBL) clouds and their transition from low to deep cloud have been investigated in this study. A historical run of 26 models, that featured in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5), and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)'s Climate Forecast System version 2.0 (CFSv2) models have been analysed along with different observational and reanalysis products. Observations clearly show the prominent occurrence of MBL low‐level clouds over the SIO in a 30–10°S latitudinal and 80–100°E longitudinal belt. Furthermore, there is a gradual transition from low to deep cloud towards the north of the Equator. The results reveal that the CMIP5 models were hardly able to capture the MBL low‐level clouds due to inaccurate temperature inversion and lower‐tropospheric stability (LTS) simulations. As compared to observations, the CMIP5 models show limited fidelity in capturing the transition from low to deep cloud at the north of the Equator. In this study, evaluation of one version of the CFS in which the convective parameterization is changed to the revised simplified Arakawa–Schubert (RSAS) scheme is carried out. In another CFS version (CFSR) with a more physically based cloud scheme (WRF Single‐Moment 6‐Class microphysics scheme; WSM6), comparisons are made with the default CFSv2 (CTRL) and RSAS. Only very few models, such as the MPI‐ESM‐LR, MRI, HadGEM, and NorESM models from among the 26 CMIP5 suites, and CFSCR from among the CFS suites, showed some fidelity in capturing the low‐level clouds over the SIO. This highlights that significant improvement is needed in climate models to improve the representation of the MBL over the SIO.
Selective recruitment designs for improving observational studies using electronic health records
Authors: Barrett James E. , Cakiroglu Aylin , Bunce Catey , Shah Anoop , Denaxas Spiros
Published: June 2020

Large‐scale electronic health records (EHRs) present an opportunity to quickly identify suitable individuals in order to directly invite them to participate in an observational study. EHRs can contain data from millions of individuals, raising the question of how to optimally select a cohort of size n from a larger pool of size N. In this article, we propose a simple selective recruitment protocol that selects a cohort in which covariates of interest tend to have a uniform distribution. We show that selectively recruited cohorts potentially offer greater statistical power and more accurate parameter estimates than randomly selected cohorts. Our protocol can be applied to studies with multiple categorical and continuous covariates. We apply our protocol to a numerically simulated prospective observational study using an EHR database of stable acute coronary disease patients from 82 089 individuals in the U.K. Selective recruitment designs require a smaller sample size, leading to more efficient and cost‐effective studies.
Evidence-Based Policy Development: National Adaptation Strategy and Plan of Action on Climate Change for Nigeria (NASPA-CCN)
Authors: Onyeneke Robert Ugochukwu , Nwajiuba Chinedum Uzoma , Tegler Brent , Nwajiuba Chinyere Augusta
Published: June 2020

Evidence-based policies are recommended for the enhanced chances of efficacy in achieving policy goals. Achieving this in the policy development process may however require approaches that are not as simple especially in less developed countries, where the research-policy linkage is not commonly the case. This chapter provides a guide to a practical approach that could assist policy makers in similar societies based on the steps adopted in the development of the National Adaptation Strategy and Plan of Action on Climate Change (NASPA-CCN) for Nigeria. The NASPA–CCN has been acknowledged as among the models of climate change policy development that other countries could aim for. It is therefore positioned to offer lessons on policy development in a less developed country environment. The focus in this chapter however is not so much on the subject of climate change but the practical experiences and lessons learnt from the process involved in developing the NASPA-CCN providing lessons learned to mainstream climate change research evidence into policy.
Special Kähler structures, cubic differentials and hyperbolic metrics
Authors: Haydys Andriy , Xu Bin
Published: June 2020

We obtain necessary conditions for the existence of special Kähler structures with isolated singularities on compact Riemann surfaces. We prove that these conditions are also sufficient in the case of the Riemann sphere and, moreover, we determine the whole moduli space of special Kähler structures with fixed singularities. The tool we develop for this aim is a correspondence between special Kähler structures and pairs consisting of a cubic differential and a hyperbolic metric.
Correction to: Phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging to assess renal perfusion: a systematic review and statement paper
Authors: Villa Giulia , Ringgaard Steffen , Hermann Ingo , Noble Rebecca , Brambilla Paolo , Khatir Dinah S. , Zöllner Frank G. , Francis Susan T. , Selby Nicholas M. , Remuzzi Andrea , Caroli Anna
Published: June 2020

The article Phase‑contrast magnetic resonance imaging to assess renal perfusion: a systematic review and statement paper, written by Giulia Villa, Steffen Ringgaard, Ingo Hermann, Rebecca Noble, Paolo Brambilla, Dinah S. Khatir, Frank G. Zöllner, Susan T. Francis, Nicholas M. Selby, Andrea Remuzzi and Anna Caroli, was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal on 17 August 2019 without open access
Correction to: Image registration in dynamic renal MRI—current status and prospects
Authors: Zöllner Frank G. , Šerifović-Trbalić Amira , Kabelitz Gordian , Kociński Marek , Materka Andrzej , Rogelj Peter
Published: June 2020

The article Image registration in dynamic renal MRI—current status and prospects, written by Frank G. Zöllner, Amira Šerifović‑Trbalić, Gordian Kabelitz, Marek Kociński, Andrzej Materka and Peter Rogelj, was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal on 9 October 2019 without open access.With the author(s)’ decision to opt for Open Choice the copyright of the article changed on 24 April 2020 to ©
Affect Recall Bias: Being Resilient by Distorting Reality
Authors: Colombo Desirée , Suso-Ribera Carlos , Fernández-Álvarez Javier , Cipresso Pietro , Garcia-Palacios Azucena , Riva Giuseppe , Botella Cristina
Published: June 2020

Background

According to a growing body of literature, people are quite inaccurate in recalling past affective experiences. Nevertheless, the mechanism underlying this recall bias (i.e., the tendency to overestimate and/or underestimate positive or negative past emotional experiences) remains unclear, and its association with mental health has not been studied yet.

Methods

We adopted a smartphone-based Ecological Momentary Assessment to monitor daily affect (n = 92) and investigate the association between affect recall bias, mental health and resilience.

Results

While the tendency to overestimate negative affective experiences was observed in participants reporting mild depressive symptoms, positive affect (PA) overestimation as compared to PA underestimation was associated with better mental health (i.e. higher psychological well-being and lower depressive and anxiety symptoms) through the enhancement of resilience. Furthermore, positively biased participants (i.e. PA over estimators) benefited from greater well-being, even when compared to accurate individuals.

Conclusions

While people appear to use retrospective PA overestimation as a strategy to enhance well-being and resilience, they are not likely to underestimate past negative experiences to feel better. Accordingly, owning an optimistic vision of the past may represent an adaptive “distortion” of reality that fosters people’s mental health. The clinical implications of cultivating PA and learning strategies to regulate both negative and positive emotions are discussed.
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of B-cell lymphoma 2 homology 3 mimetic gossypol combined with docetaxel and cisplatin for advanced non-small cell lung cancer with high expression of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1
Authors: Wang Yuxiao , Li Xuemei , Zhang Liang , Li Mengxia , Dai Nan , Luo Hao , Shan Jinlu , Yang Xueqin , Xu Mingfang , Feng Yan , Xu Chengxiong , Qian Chengyuan , Wang Dong
Published: June 2020

Background Overexpression of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) is an important cause of poor chemotherapeutic efficacy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Gossypol, a new inhibitor of APE1, in combination with docetaxel and cisplatin is believed to improve the efficacy of chemotherapy for advanced NSCLC with high APE1 expression. Methods Sixty-two patients were randomly assigned to two groups. Thirty-one patients in the experimental group received 75 mg/m2 docetaxel and 75 mg/m2 cisplatin on day 1 with gossypol administered at 20 mg once daily on days 1 to 14 every 21 days. The control group received placebo with the same docetaxel and cisplatin regimen. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS); secondary endpoints included overall survival (OS), response rate, and toxicity. Results There were no significant differences in PFS and OS between the experimental group and the control group. The median PFS (mPFS) in the experimental and control groups was 7.43 and 4.9 months, respectively (HR = 0.54; p = 0.06), and the median OS (mOS) was 18.37 and 14.7 months, respectively (HR = 0.68; p = 0.27). No significant differences in response rate and serious adverse events were found between the groups. Conclusion The experimental group had a better mPFS and mOS than did the control group, though no significant difference was observed. Because the regimen of gossypol combined with docetaxel and cisplatin was well tolerated, future studies with larger sample sizes should be performed.
Improving primary care identification of familial breast cancer risk using proactive invitation and decision support
Authors: Qureshi Nadeem , Dutton Brittany , Weng Stephen , Sheehan Christina , Chorley Wendy , Robertson John F. R. , Kendrick Denise , Kai Joe
Published: June 2020

Family history of breast cancer is a key risk factor, accounting for up to 10% of cancers. We evaluated the proactive assessment of familial breast cancer (FBC) risk in primary care. Eligible women (30 to 60 years) were recruited from eight English general practices. Practices were trained on FBC risk assessment. In four randomly-assigned practices, women were invited to complete a validated, postal family history questionnaire, which practice staff inputted into decision support software to determine cancer risk. Those with increased risk were offered specialist referral. Usual care was observed in the other four practices. In intervention practices, 1127/7012 women (16.1%) returned family history questionnaires, comprising 1105 (98%) self-reported white ethnicity and 446 (39.6%) educated to University undergraduate or equivalent qualification, with 119 (10.6%) identified at increased breast cancer risk and offered referral. Sixty-seven (56%) women recommended referral were less than 50 years old. From 66 women attending specialists, 26 (39.4%) were confirmed to have high risk and recommended annual surveillance (40–60 years) and surgical prevention; while 30 (45.5%) were confirmed at moderate risk, with 19 offered annual surveillance (40–50 years). The remaining 10 (15.2%) managed in primary care. None were recommended chemoprevention. In usual care practices, only ten women consulted with concerns about breast cancer family history. This study demonstrated proactive risk assessment in primary care enables accurate identification of women, including many younger women, at increased risk of breast cancer. To improve generalisability across the population, more active methods of engagement need to be explored.

Trial registration: CRUK Clinical Trials Database 11779.
Clinical Course of High-Frequency Millimeter-Wave (162 GHz) Induced Ocular Injuries and Investigation of Damage Thresholds
Authors: Kojima Masami , Suzuki Yukihisa , Tasaki Takafumi , Tatematsu Yoshinori , Mizuno Maya , Fukunari Masafumi , Sasaki Hiroshi
Published: June 2020

The objective was to investigate the clinical course of ocular damage and the healing process in eyes exposed to 162 GHz millimeter wave (MMW). As a 162-GHz electromagnetic wave source, a gyrotron FU CW GV was used. An ocular damaged rabbit model with good reproducibility for 162 GHz MMW exposure was developed, and damage occurrence threshold values were obtained. The right eyes of pigmented rabbits were exposed to 162 GHz from a spot-focus-type lens antenna, and the non-exposed contralateral eyes were used as control eyes. Slit-lamp examination 1 day after MMW exposure revealed a round area of opacity, characterized by fluorescein staining indicating damaged epithelial cells in the central pupillary zone. Corneal edema, indicative of corneal stromal damage, peaked 2–3 days after exposure, with thickness gradually subsiding to normal by 9 days after exposure. Power densities of 162 GHz MMW causing ocular damage with probabilities of 10, 50, and 90% obtained by probit analysis were 173, 252, and 368 mW/cm2, respectively.
With a Little Help from Their Peers: The Impact of Classmates on Adolescents’ Development of Prosocial Behavior
Authors: Busching Robert , Krahé Barbara
Published: June 2020

Peer groups are critical socialization agents for the development of social behavior in adolescence, but studies examining peer-group effects on individuals’ prosocial behavior are scarce. Using a two-wave, multilevel data set (N = 16,893, 8481 male; 8412 female; mean age at Time 1: 14.0 years) from 1308 classes in 252 secondary schools in Germany, main effects of the classroom level of prosocial behavior, cross-level interactions between the classroom and the individual levels of prosocial behavior at Time 1, and the moderating role of gender were examined. The results showed that adolescents in classrooms with high collective levels of prosocial behavior at Time 1 reported more prosocial behavior at Time 2, about two years later, reflecting a class-level main effect. A significant cross-level interaction indicated that a high classroom level of prosocial behavior particularly affected individuals with lower levels of prosocial behavior at Time 1. The influence of same-gender peers was larger compared with opposite-gender peers. The findings are discussed with respect to social learning mechanisms in the development of prosocial behavior and their implications for interventions to promote prosocial behavior.
On approximately monotone and approximately Hölder functions
Authors: Goswami Angshuman R. , Páles Zsolt
Published: June 2020

A real valued functionfdefined on a real open intervalIis called$$\Phi $$Φ-monotone if, for all$$x,y\in I$$x,y∈Iwith$$x\le y$$x≤yit satisfies$$\begin{aligned} f(x)\le f(y)+\Phi (y-x), \end{aligned}$$f(x)≤f(y)+Φ(y-x),where$$ \Phi :[0,\ell (I) [ \rightarrow \mathbb {R}_+$$Φ:[0,ℓ(I)[→R+is a given nonnegative error function, where$$\ell (I)$$ℓ(I)denotes the length of the intervalI. Iffand$$-f$$-fare simultaneously$$\Phi $$Φ-monotone, thenfis said to be a$$\Phi $$Φ-Hölder function. In the main results of the paper, we describe structural properties of these function classes, determine the error function which is the most optimal one. We show that optimal error functions for$$\Phi $$Φ-monotonicity and$$\Phi $$Φ-Hölder property must be subadditive and absolutely subadditive, respectively. Then we offer a precise formula for the lower and upper$$\Phi $$Φ-monotone and$$\Phi $$Φ-Hölder envelopes. We also introduce a generalization of the classical notion of total variation and we prove an extension of the Jordan Decomposition Theorem known for functions of bounded total variations.
A novel approach to medicines optimisation post-discharge from hospital: pharmacist-led medicines optimisation clinic
Authors: Odeh Mohanad , Scullin Claire , Hogg Anita , Fleming Glenda , Scott Michael G. , McElnay James C.
Published: June 2020

Background There is a major drive within healthcare to reduce patient readmissions, from patient care and cost perspectives. Pharmacist-led innovations have been demonstrated to enhance patient outcomes. Objective To assess the impact of a post-discharge, pharmacist-led medicines optimisation clinic on readmission parameters. Assessment of the economic, clinical and humanistic outcomes were considered. Setting Respiratory and cardiology wards in a district general hospital in Northern Ireland. Method Randomised, controlled trial. Blinded random sequence generation; a closed envelope-based system, with block randomisation. Adult patients with acute unplanned admission to medical wards subject to inclusion criteria were invited to attend clinic. Analysis was carried out for intention-to-treat and per-protocol perspectives. Main Outcome Measure 30-day readmission rate. Results Readmission rate reduction at 30 days was 9.6% (P = 0.42) and the reduction in multiple readmissions over 180-days was 29.1% (P = 0.003) for the intention-to-treat group (n = 31) compared to the control group (n = 31). Incidence rate ratio for control patients for emergency department visits was 1.65 (95% CI 1.05–2.57, P = 0.029) compared with the intention-to-treat group. For unplanned GP consultations the equivalent incident rate ratio was 2.00 (95% CI 1.18–3.58, P = 0.02). Benefit to cost ratio in the intention-to-treat and per-protocol groups was 20.72 and 21.85 respectively. Patient Health Related Quality of Life was significantly higher at 30-day (P < 0.001), 90-day (P < 0.001) and 180-day (P = 0.036) time points. A positive impact was also demonstrated in relation to patient beliefs about their medicines and medication adherence. Conclusion A pharmacist-led post-discharge medicines optimisation clinic was beneficial from a patient care and cost perspective.
Abiotic–Biological Hybrid Systems for CO2 Conversion to Value-Added Chemicals and Fuels
Authors: Li Jiansheng , Tian Yao , Zhou Yinuo , Zong Yongchao , Yang Nan , Zhang Mai , Guo Zhiqi , Song Hao
Published: June 2020

Abiotic–biological hybrid systems that combine the advantages of abiotic catalysis and biotransformation for the conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) to value-added chemicals and fuels have emerged as an appealing way to address the global energy and environmental crisis caused by increased CO2 emission. We illustrate the recent progress in this field. Here, we first review the natural CO2 fixation pathways for an in-depth understanding of the biological CO2 transformation strategy and why a sustainable feed of reducing power is important. Second, we review the recent progress in the construction of abiotic–biological hybrid systems for CO2 transformation from two aspects: (i) microbial electrosynthesis systems that utilize electricity to support whole-cell biological CO2 conversion to products of interest and (ii) photosynthetic semiconductor biohybrid systems that integrate semiconductor nanomaterials with CO2-fixing microorganisms to harness solar energy for biological CO2 transformation. Lastly, we discuss potential approaches for further improvement of abiotic–biological hybrid systems.
A simplified fascial model of pelvic anatomical surgery: going beyond parametrium-centered surgical anatomy
Authors: Cosma Stefano , Ferraioli Domenico , Mitidieri Marco , Ceccaroni Marcello , Zola Paolo , Micheletti Leonardo , Benedetto Chiara
Published: June 2020

The classical surgical anatomy of the female pelvis is limited by its gynecological oncological focus on the parametrium and burdened by its modeling based on personal techniques of different surgeons. However, surgical treatment of pelvic diseases, spreading beyond the anatomical area of origin, requires extra-regional procedures and a thorough pelvic anatomical knowledge. This study evaluated the feasibility of a comprehensive and simplified model of pelvic retroperitoneal compartmentalization, based on anatomical rather than surgical anatomical structures. Such a model aims at providing an easier, holistic approach useful for clinical, surgical and educational purposes. Six fresh-frozen female pelves were macroscopically and systematically dissected. Three superficial structures, i.e., the obliterated umbilical artery, the ureter and the sacrouterine ligament, were identified as the landmarks of 3 deeper fascial-ligamentous structures, i.e., the umbilicovesical fascia, the urogenital-hypogastric fascia and the sacropubic ligament. The retroperitoneal areolar tissue was then gently teased away, exposing the compartments delimited by these deep fascial structures. Four compartments were identified as a result of the intrapelvic development of the umbilicovesical fascia along the obliterated umbilical artery, the urogenital-hypogastric fascia along the mesoureter and the sacropubic ligaments. The retroperitoneal compartments were named: parietal, laterally to the umbilicovesical fascia; vascular, between the two fasciae; neural, medially to the urogenital-hypogastric fascia and visceral between the sacropubic ligaments. The study provides the scientific rational for a model of pelvic retroperitoneal anatomy based on identifiable anatomical structures and suitable for surgical planning and training.
Mechanical and tribological properties of nanocomposites incorporated with two-dimensional materials
Authors: Ji Zhengjia , Zhang Lin , Xie Guoxin , Xu Wenhu , Guo Dan , Luo Jianbin , Prakash Braham
Published: June 2020

In recent years, attempts to improve the mechanical properties of composites have increased remarkably owing to the inadequate utilization of matrices in demanding technological systems where efficiency, durability, and environmental compatibility are the key requirements. The search for novel materials that can potentially have enhanced mechanical properties continues. Recent studies have demonstrated that two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials can act as excellent reinforcements because they possess high modulus of elasticity, high strength, and ultralow friction. By incorporating 2D nanomaterials in a composite, 2D nanomaterial-based composites (2DNBCs) have been developed. In view of this, a critical review of recent mechanical and tribological studies based on 2DNBCs has been undertaken. Matrices such as polymers, ceramics, and metals, as well as most of the representative 2D nanomaterial reinforcements such as graphene, boron nitride (BN), molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), and transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) have been included in this review. Their preparation strategies, intrinsic mechanical properties, friction and lubrication performances, strengthening mechanisms, influencing factors, and potential applications have been comprehensively discussed. A brief summary and prospects are given in the final part, which would be useful in designing and fabricating advanced 2D nanocomposites in the future.
Update Fertilitätsprotektion bei Mädchen, Adoleszentinnen und Frauen
Authors: Böttcher Bettina , Toth Bettina
Published: June 2020

Die Fertilitätsprotektion, insbesondere bei Frauen, hat sich in den letzten Jahren rasant weiterentwickelt. Aufgrund steigender Heilungsraten bei Krebserkrankungen bei jungen Frauen rückt die Bedeutung einer späteren Familienplanung zunehmend in den Fokus. Dennoch erhält nicht jede Patientin vor einer gonadotoxischen Chemo- und/oder Strahlentherapie eine adäquate Beratung über die verfügbaren fertilitätsprotektiven Methoden, die die individuelle Situation, Erkrankung, geplante Therapie, Prognose und persönlichen Wünsche berücksichtigt. Der Entscheidungsprozess ist weiterhin eine Herausforderung für alle beteiligten Disziplinen wie die Onkologie, Chirurgie, Urologie, Gynäkologie, Reproduktionsmedizin, Pädiatrie und Strahlentherapie. Aktuelle Methoden der Fertilitätsprotektion bei Frauen beinhalten die Kryokonservierung von befruchteten und/oder unbefruchteten Eizellen, die Kryokonservierung von Ovarialgewebe, die Verlagerung der Ovarien aus dem kleinen Becken vor einer Strahlentherapie und die medikamentöse Behandlung mittels Gonadotropin-Releasing-Hormon(GnRH)-Analoga. Verschiedene Forschungsgruppen beschäftigen sich aktuell mit der Optimierung des Überlebens der Follikel im entnommenen Ovarialgewebe, der Minimierung des Risikos, maligne Zellen zu transplantieren, mit Möglichkeiten, das Ovar besser vor chemotherapeutischen Schäden zu schützen, und der Entwicklung eines sogenannten „künstlichen Ovars“. Aktuelle Methoden und Zukunftsperspektiven der Fertilitätsprotektion bei Frauen werden in diesem Artikel dargestellt.
Surface flooding of Antarctic summer sea ice
Authors: Ackley S. F. , Perovich D. K. , Maksym T. , Weissling B. , Xie H.
Published: June 2020

The surface flooding of Antarctic sea ice in summer covers 50% or more of the sea-ice area in the major summer ice packs, the western Weddell and the Bellingshausen-Amundsen Seas. Two CRREL ice mass-balance buoys were deployed on the Amundsen Sea pack in late December 2010 from the icebreaker Oden, bridging the summer period (January–February 2011). Temperature records from thermistors embedded vertically in the snow and ice showed progressive increases in the depth of the flooded layer (up to 0.3–0.35 m) on the ice cover during January and February. While the snow depth was relatively unchanged from accumulation (<10 cm), ice thickness decreased by up to a meter from bottom melting during this period. Contemporaneous with the high bottom melting, under-ice water temperatures up to 1°C above the freezing point were found. The high temperature arises from solar heating of the upper mixed layer which can occur when ice concentration in the local area falls and lower albedo ocean water is exposed to radiative heating. The higher proportion of snow ice found in the Amundsen Sea pack ice therefore results from both winter snowfall and summer ice bottom melt found here that can lead to extensive surface flooding.
Antarctic subglacial drilling rig: Part II. Ice and Bedrock Electromechanical Drill (IBED)
Authors: Talalay Pavel , Li Xingchen , Zhang Nan , Fan Xiaopeng , Sun Youhong , Cao Pinlu , Wang Rusheng , Yang Yang , Liu Yongwen , Liu Yunchen , Wu Wei , Yang Cheng , Hong Jialin , Gong Da , Zhang Han , Li Xiao , Chen Yunwang , Liu An , Li Yazhou
Published: June 2020

A new, modified version of the cable-suspended Ice and Bedrock Electromechanical Drill (IBED) was designed for drilling in firn, ice, debris-rich ice and rock. The upper part of the drill is almost the same for all drill variants and comprises four sections: cable termination, a slip-ring section, an antitorque system and an electronic pressure chamber. The lower part of the IBED comprises an auger core barrel, reamers, a core barrel for ice/debris-ice drilling and a conventional geological single-tube core barrel or custom-made double-tube core barrel. First, the short and full-scale field versions of the IBED were tested at an outdoor testing stand and a testing facility with a 12.5 m-deep ice well. Then, in the 2018–2019 summer season, the IBED was tested in the field at a site ~12 km south of Zhongshan Station, East Antarctica, and a ~6 cm bedrock core was recovered from a 198 m-deep borehole. A total of 18 d was required to penetrate the ice sheet. The retrieved core samples of blue ice, basal ice and bedrock provided valuable information regarding the Earth's paleo-environment.
AN APPLICATION OF RECURSION THEORY TO ANALYSIS
Authors: YU LIANG
Published: June 2020

Mauldin [15] proved that there is an analytic set, which cannot be represented by

$B\cup X$
for some Borel set B and a subset X of a

$\boldsymbol{\Sigma }^0_2$
-null set, answering a question by Johnson [10]. We reprove Mauldin’s answer by a recursion-theoretical method. We also give a characterization of the Borel generated

$\sigma $
-ideals having approximation property under the assumption that every real is constructible, answering Mauldin’s question raised in [15].
Keeping Children Safe parent education programme: improving access to parent education in the context of child protection
Authors: Burns John N. , Brown Suzanne M.
Published: June 2020

This article reports on an evaluation of the Keeping Children Safe parent education programme run in Central West New South Wales. The programme, conducted since 2004, and continuing today, primarily targets parents of children at risk and other vulnerable and disadvantaged families. The evaluation covers a 13-year period, from the first group held in May 2004 to February 2017. From the beginning, the authors strategically endeavoured to recruit and retain parents from the target group. Findings from the literature indicate that this group is difficult to engage and retain in parent education groups. Parents targeted for the groups in this study were generally not receiving parent education elsewhere. Using mixed methods, the facilitators have continuously evaluated the programme in terms of attendance rates, process and impact. The results of these evaluations show successful recruitment and retention of participants from the target group over the 13 years of the evaluation reporting period and indicate that the programme’s immediate impact on participants has been favourable. The findings complement other programme evaluations focusing on recruitment and retention to programmes in the child protection context and on hard-to-reach clients. The authors also argue the importance of education for parents about child abuse and neglect.
THE EFFECT OF INTERFACE ON USER TRUST; USER BEHAVIOR IN E-COMMERCE PRODUCTS
Authors: Yashmi N. , Momenzadeh E. , Taghipour Anvari S. , Adibzade P. , Moosavipoor M. , Sarikhani M. , Feridouni K.
Published: June 2020

In this analytical research, the dependency of trust on the user interface in e-commerce has been reviewed. The approach of this case study on payment gateways (PGs) was a combination of the cross-sectional analysis and empirical study. First, the situation of a PG was evaluated in the marketing campaign. Then, the UI of 8 famous PGs was redesigned and 160 volunteers ranked the credibility of each page. Finally, the highest-ranked page was implemented, and the campaign was repeated. Results showed the users who trusted increased from 23.4% to 54.5% due to a new UI design.
TOWARDS A FRAMEWORK FOR THE DESIGN OF VARIETY-ORIENTED PRODUCT-SERVICE SYSTEMS
Authors: Rennpferdt C. , Krause D.
Published: June 2020

Due to increasing cost pressure, companies are expanding their product range and therefore increasingly offering so-called product-service systems (PSS) to increase sales. At the same time, PSS can also contribute to an increase in variety-induced complexity in the company, which ultimately further increases cost pressure. In this article, the causes and effects of variety-induced complexity through products, services and PSS are analysed and the need for a new PSS design method is then demonstrated. Finally, a new framework is presented that enables the design of variety-oriented PSS.
DESIGN RATIONALE IN CONCEPTUAL DESIGN: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF PROFESSIONAL DESIGN TEAMS’ PRACTICE
Authors: Knudsen L. S. , Haase L. M. , Goncalves M. G.
Published: June 2020

A design rationale is a representation of the reasoning behind a design concept, explaining why the solution is designed the way it is. This makes design rationale a critical part of concept development. However, there is little exploration on how to build a design rationale. This study sheds light on professional designers’ reasoning in conceptual design, as we examine how design rationales for different concepts are built based on a longitudinal study in the context of two design studios. Particularly the study provides insight into how a design rationale is initiated, matured and finalized.
LOOKS LIKE BUT DOES IT FEEL LIKE? INVESTIGATING THE INFLUENCE OF MASS PROPERTIES ON USER PERCEPTIONS OF RAPID PROTOTYPES
Authors: Felton H. , Yon J. , Hicks B.
Published: June 2020

Prototyping is a key part of the design process, with artefacts increasingly fabricated using 3D printing methods. However, these printed parts often lack internal structure and the mass properties of the artefact – mass, balance and moments of inertia – differ from the design. It is hypothesised that a stakeholder's assessment of a design is affected by this misrepresentation. The work presented demonstrates that mass properties have a significant effect on stakeholder perception of prototypes. This is done through a study of University of Bristol students and consultation with industry.
VALIDATION CONCEPT FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF EFFECTS OF MODULAR PRODUCT FAMILIES
Authors: Schwede L.-N. , Greve E. , Krause D.
Published: June 2020

In order to meet an increasing internal variety, a solution can be the modularization of products. To motivate modularization projects throughout all phases of life, different effects of modular product families were collected in previous works on a literature basis. In this paper, a validation concept is presented, which will investigate these effects by using statements directly from industry representatives. In particular, the industry background is included in the evaluation to generate a more differentiated overall picture of impacts of modular product families.
ON PROTOTYPING METHODS TO LEVERAGE NON-RIGID MATERIALS IN THE EARLY STAGES OF ENGINEERING DESIGN
Authors: Auflem M. , Boe H. H. , Erichsen J. F. , Steinert M.
Published: June 2020

Prototyping has been shown important to facilitate learning, inform decisions and to communicate ideas in engineering design. However, it is not evident which methods, tools and materials to use, as prototyping is practised differently across development contexts, and stages. In the early stages of design, different choices in prototyping methods, tools and materials all affect prototyping outcome. This paper is focused on prototyping methods in the context of early stages of design and attempts to highlight identified strengths and limitations of using non-rigid materials for prototyping.
INTEGRATING SALES AND DESIGN: APPLYING CAD CONFIGURATORS IN THE PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
Authors: Poot L. P. , Wehlin C. , Tarkian M. , Ölvander J.
Published: June 2020

With industries striving towards increased customisation of complex products through engineer-to-order, methods are continuously sought to rationalise the product development process. To this end, a framework is proposed using CAD configurators, utilising design automation and knowledge-based engineering to integrate sales and design processes in product development. The application of this framework to the design of spiral staircases is described and analysed, with results showing decreased lead-times and a decreased risk for design errors.
GUIDING LOCAL DESIGN DECISIONS TOWARDS A FLEXIBLE AND CHANGEABLE PRODUCT ARCHITECTURE
Authors: Block L.
Published: June 2020

Flexibility and changeability are crucial when it comes to the design of embedded automotive architectures. However, flexibility and changeability are concepts rooted in the overall product and its objectives, while architectural design decisions may affect local subsystems as well as the overall system. Axiomatic design is applied to bridge this gap: The architecture is decomposed into its entities and changeability is described through the design's information content. Five domains of actions to foster changeability are identified and generic action schemes are derived.
PARAMETERS ON SUPPORT STRUCTURE DESIGN FOR METAL ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
Authors: Weber S. , Montero J. , Bleckmann M. , Paetzold K.
Published: June 2020

The topic of support structure design in the Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM) field is not addressed with the same relevance as the topic of part design. Therefore, this contribution investigates parameters for both the manufacturing and support structure design for the Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) process. Matrices for cause-effect-relations of manufacturing and design parameters on build properties as well as correlations of them are presented. Based on these, recommendations for actions for experimental procedures are derived following the Design of Experiments method.
EXPLORING THE APPLICABILITY OF SEMANTIC METRICS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF DESIGN PROTOCOL DATA IN COLLABORATIVE DESIGN SESSIONS
Authors: Becattini N. , Georgiev G. V. , Barhoush Y. , Cascini G.
Published: June 2020

The paper presents the application of non-specialized lexical database and semantic metrics on transcripts of co-design protocols. Three different and previously analyzed design protocols of co-creative sessions in the field of packaging design, carried out with different supporting tools, are used as test-bench to highlight the potential of this approach. The results show that metrics about the Information Content and the Similarity maps with sufficient precision the differences between ICT- and non-ICT-supported sessions so that it is possible to envision future refinement of the approach.
MAKING THE MOST OF MAKERS: AN EXPLORATION OF THE NEED FOR A PROTOTYPING TOOL FOR COMPANIES TO ENGAGE WITH THE MAKER MOVEMENT
Authors: Kimber A. J. E. , Hansen C. A. , Özkil A. G.
Published: June 2020

Makers have proven to be skilled at prototyping and therefore present a unique opportunity for companies, who seek to improve their capabilities, to learn from them. In this study, a mixed methods approach was used to understand possible benefits to both companies and makers from collaborating in prototyping, and to identify a set of design considerations to guide the future development of a tool to facilitate such collaboration. Despite challenges to collaboration, a tool designed to help companies engage with makers in prototyping could be beneficial to both and should be developed.
ANALYSIS OF INTENT-DESIGN RELATIONSHIP FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE DESIGN AGENT MODEL BASED ON PRODUCT PURCHASING PROCESS
Authors: Le M. , Jung E.-C.
Published: June 2020

This study aims at proposing an AI-agent model that helps designers to understand and interpret clients’ intent and create customized design outcomes. We recorded and analysed the purchasing process of collecting product information, selecting alternative products and making decision to understand the influence of artefacts on the client's intent during the purchasing process and collect the basic data for proposing an AI-agent model. We analysed the process by Linkography and found the relationship between the decision-making patterns and the artefacts that presented by the AI-agent.
REVIEWING COMPLEXITY COSTS – WHAT PRACTICE NEEDS AND WHAT RESEARCH CONTRIBUTES
Authors: Meßerschmidt O. , Gumpinger T. , Meyer M. , Mertens K. G.
Published: June 2020

Introducing more customized products causes complexity costs, which are hard to estimate and measure. Researchers and practitioners have therefore developed approaches to measure these costs. This paper reviews the current approaches and reveals a lack of a holistic view on the underlying problem and, hence, deficits to certain economic questions. We therefore suggest using the Extended Axiomatic Design (EAD) framework as an interdisciplinary model that adresses the economic consequences of variety-induced complexity.
MANAGING DISRUPTIVE INNOVATION BY VALUE-ORIENTED PORTFOLIO PLANNING
Authors: Weinreich S. , Şahin T. , Inkermann D. , Huth T. , Vietor T.
Published: June 2020

Innovation portfolio management (IPM) aims at selecting ideas with regard to their potential for innovation and measuring them considering customer and business value. The evaluation of benefits and risk is especially challenging for disruptive innovation (DI) due to their characteristics such as low comparability to existing technologies and uncertain customer reactions. This paper highlights the lack of approaches to managing DI in IPM and addresses it through a framework that expands the understanding of value-orientation in IPM, allowing for the inclusion of DI.