bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hua Fu, the Fifth Encirclement Campaign and the Tsunyi Conference
Authors: Hu Chi-His
Published: March 2009

The Resolutions of the Tsunyi Conference published recently in The China Quarterly will not fail to attract the attention of all those who take an interest in the history of the Chinese revolution. The importance of this document is indeed evident. It constitutes one of the missing links, and not the least, in the history of the Chinese Communist Party. With this document serving as a junction, one can henceforth make one's way through the Juichin-Tsunyi-Yenan stretch of the “Chinese way to communism” if not with a great deal more comfort, then at least with a little less uneasiness.
A Slowdown in Chinese Industry
Authors: Field Robert Michael
Published: March 2009

The increase of 13·5 per cent in 1978 masks a remarkable slowdown in the rate of industrial growth in China. The data in Table 1 suggest that the gross value of industrial output (GVIO) has been growing at an annual rate of less than 5 per cent since the end of 1977 – which is less than half the average annual rate projected for the 10–Year Plan period (1976–85).
Political Generations in China
Authors: Yahuda Michael
Published: March 2009

The rapid changes in China of the past few years have quite properly focused much attention on the problems of political succession at the top levels of Chinese politics. In part this is recognized as a generational issue because of the advanced age of the first set of leaders of the People's Republic. Indeed, this is still a question of contemporary significance. Teng Hsiao-p'ing, for example, is alleged to have said that he turned down the premiership in favour of Hua Kuo-feng because he was in his 70s whereas Hua was in his 50s. Therefore, unlike Teng, the latter could expect to guide the modernization programme through to the year 2000. One of the major problems overshadowing the current Chinese leadership (both at the levels of the Political Bureau and even the Central Committee) is that soon a new generation of leaders will replace the old. It is perhaps because of this that the current leadership has been so concerned to consolidate the new order and to set the new modernization programme upon what is hoped will be an irreversible course. At the same time one of the reasons for the reluctance of many officials at all levels of China's bureaucracies to implement the new policies with the enthusiasm and initiative expected in Peking is precisely the fear that the new policies may be reversed by a new set of leaders whose succession in the nature of things cannot be long delayed.
Communication Patterns and the Chinese Revolution
Authors: Solomon Richard H.
Published: March 2009

Styles of interpersonal communication are but one of a broad range of politically relevant behavioural patterns which are now seen to be shaped in part by the culture of a given society; together these patterns are called “political culture.” This analysis is an exploration of the childhood socialisation of attitudes and emotional concerns which have affected inter-personal communications in Chinese society and of some of the ways these culturally-based attitudes have influenced Chinese political behaviour. More specifically, the present discussion is intended to demonstrate something of the “political culture” analytical approach: data concerning Chinese habits of interpersonal and political communications are related to some of the leadership concepts and political institutions developed by the Chinese Communists. Socialisation experiences, however, are used as only one source of data for making inferences. What we have looked for is a generalpatternof personal attitudes and social or political institutions as manifest in individual interview records, studies of Chinese history and political life, and in the writings of Chinese who have taken on the tasks of political leadership.
Peking and the Latin American Communists
Authors: Halperin Ernst
Published: March 2009

“The anti-imperialist revolutionary struggles of the people in Asia, Africa and Latin America,” says the Proposal Concerning the General Line, “are pounding and undermining the foundations of the rule of imperialism and colonialism. … In a sense therefore the whole cause of the international proletarian revolution hinges on the outcome of the revolutionary struggles of the people of these areas, who constitute the overwhelming majority of the world's population.”
Aircraft and Anti-Communists: CAT in Action, 1949–52
Authors: Leary William M.
Published: March 2009

“The United States Government,” President Harry S. Truman announced on 5 January 1950, “will not pursue a course which will lead to involvement in the civil conflict in China.” Historians generally agree that President Truman meant what he said. American policy after the summer of 1949, writes Tang Tsou, was “to avoid, as far as possible, any further involvement in the Chinese civil war and to allow events in China to unfold themselves.” The Truman administration ruled out the use of force to prevent the fall of Formosa; non-recognition of the Communist government was adopted as “a temporary measure,” due to Republican pressure and the hope of gaining concessions from Peking. The outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950, observes Lyman P. Van Slyke, “brought to a sudden end the policy that the administration had followed for two years, and committed us once again to involvement in the Chinese civil war.” The United States assumed a protective role towards the remnants of the Nationalists on Formosa and became the implacable foe of Peking. This article, a study of a commercial airline's participation in a major diplomatic and legal controversy during the last phase of the Chinese civil war, will suggest that there is reason to doubt, or at least to modify, the traditional interpretation of American policy towards China between late 1949 and June 1950.
Mao's Road and Sino-Soviet Relations: A View from Washington, 1953
Authors: Bridgham Philip , Cohen Arthur , Jaffe Leonard
Published: March 2009

A comparative study of Soviet and Chinese press propaganda on the closely related problems of Mao Tse-tung's position as a Communist theoretician and the relevance of the Chinese revolution for revolutions in other colonial and semi-colonial countries may add to a further understanding of the controversial field of Sino-Soviet relations and serve as a background against which pertinent aspects of current propaganda might be better understood. Differences in viewpoint on these questions may represent latent, but nonetheless vital, tensions in the relations between Soviet and Chinese Communist leaders. In fact, a deterioration in Sino-Soviet relations, for whatever cause, may quite probably be signalized first in divergent assertions regarding theoretical matters.
The Shenyang Transformer Factory—A Profile
Authors: Meisner Mitch
Published: March 2009

We were worrying over the continuance of workers' pay differentials and wondering how to recognize the time when communism would arrive.
Fifteen Years After—the Chinese State
Authors: Hudson Geoffrey
Published: March 2009

If the shade of a Ch'ing mandarin who had been alive in October 1864—just after the collapse of the T'ai'ping rebellion—had attended the celebrations this year of the fifteenth anniversary of the foundation of the Chinese People's Republic, he would have found much that was strange to him, but also a great deal that was familiar and many things of which he could approve. He would learn that, as in his own time, the empire had been reunited after a period of civil war, and he would further note with satisfaction that the vigorous new dynasty which now held the Mandate of Heaven had established the authority of the central government to a degree which in his time he had never known. He would find that with the exception of those tiresome people, the Khalkha Mongols, who had apparently succeeded in breaking away from the empire with the aid of the Tsar of Russia, almost all the territory which in his recollection had been held by the Ch'ing was now subject to an unprecedently firm administration from Peking. He would also observe that the position of the imperial government in relation to foreign states had greatly improved. His own memory would go back to the capture of Peking by the British and French armies in 1860, the hurried departure of the Court of Jehol to escape from the invasion of the barbarians, and the humiliating treaties which had to be concluded with them because of their irresistible weapons.
Chinese Nuclear Doctrine: The Decade Prior to Weapons Development (1945–1955)
Authors: Harris William R.
Published: March 2009

China's nuclear detonation at Lop Nor has dramatised the last decade of advancement in Chinese Communist strategic thinking and weapons production: use of Uranium-235 suggests the availability of a uranium hexafluoride gaseous diffusion plant, aside from the plutonium-producing reactors already identified, and suggests the imminence of a Communist Chinese H-Bomb. The recent evidence of Chinese nuclear competence and speculation regarding the development of modern delivery systems underscore advances in strategic thought over the last decade. It is perhaps less obvious that the intellectual genesis of current weapons developments dates from the first decade of the nuclear era, when Chinese Communist leaders attempted to reconcile their concepts of nuclear warfare with Maoist revolutionary doctrines. Although public pronouncements between 1945 and 1955 emphasised the conservatism of Communist Chinese military strategy, they hinted at strategic innovations—regarding “tactical” nuclear and thermonuclear weapons—which may help to explain the priority, sacrifice and direction of China's weapons programme in more recent years.
China's Population Statistics: An Illusion?
Authors: Orleans Leo A.
Published: March 2009

Whether one agrees or disagrees with a particular evaluation or interpretation of the 1953 census registration—“the first modern census of China”—one must admit that the few published statistics have been thoroughly covered and analysed. Not enough attention, however, has been given to the system that was established to produce the population data published since 1953. Most of the analysis has naturally focused on acceptability of the figures themselves and reasonableness of the indicated rates of growth, rather than on the capabilities of the responsible institutions and individuals to collect the necessary data for current population statistics—the only means of determining a nation's population and its rate of growth during the intercensal period.
Chinese Communist Attitudes Towards Buddhism in Chinese History
Authors: Chen Kenneth
Published: March 2009

In the journal Hsien-tai Fo-hsueh (Modern Buddhism), September 1959, there appeared a long article entitled “Lun Tsung-chiao Hsin-yang Tzu-yu” (“A Discussion Concerning Freedom of Religious Belief”), by Ya Han-chang, which was originally published in the official Communist ideological journal Hung Ch'i (Red Flag), 1959, No. 14. Appearing as it did in Red Flag it is justifiable to conclude that the views expressed in it represented the accepted Communist attitude toward religion. In this article, Ya wrote that the basic policy of the Chinese Communist Party and the People's Republic of China is to “recognise that everyone has the freedom to believe in a religion, and also that everyone has the freedom not to believe in a religion.”
P'eng Te-huai: A Chronological Re-Examination
Authors: Simmonds J. D.
Published: March 2009

“Fight no battle unprepared, fight no battle you are not sure of winning.…” These words of Mao's, written just over 20 years ago, are an apt reminder of the fact that in the conduct of war, as in the control of the Party or the elimination of opposition, Mao makes no confrontation without intensive preparation. They set the mood of this short study of the dismissal of P'eng Te-huai; a study in which my thesis is that P'eng was eliminated as a real or potential threat to Mao some months prior to the 8th Plenum.
The Party and the Courts: 1949–1959
Authors: Cohen Jerome
Published: March 2009

It is a commonplace that the writing of foreign observers often reveals as much about the assumptions of their own society as it does about those of the society they observe. Certainly, five centuries of Western commentary on the administration of justice in China support this proposition.
The Great-Power Triangle and Chinese Foreign Policy
Authors: Gittings John
Published: March 2009

“Oppose the strategy of striking with two ‘fists’ in two directions at the same time, and uphold the strategy of striking with one ‘fist’ in one direction at one time.”
This is a good year for looking back at the triangular relationship between China, the Soviet Union and the United States—and not only because it is the twentieth anniversary of the People's Republic. For it is also a year which has seen the contradictions in this relationship sharpened to an extreme and almost satirical degree.
The Politics of Local Models, Social Transformation and State Power Struggles in the People's Republic of China: Tachai and Teng Hsiao-p'ing
Authors: Friedman Edward
Published: March 2009

What was the role of Tachai, Mao Tse-tung's model village meant for emulation in agriculture, in the 1975–76 struggle towards national power of the Chiang Ch'ing group? In getting the facts straight on this matter, I will throw light on some facets of local and national political power in China. I will especially highlight the question of the extent to which ruling groups at the state centre have a somewhat independent basis for more or less autonomous action.
The Taxation System of the Shansi-Chahar-Hopei Border Region, 1938–1945
Authors: Lindsay Michael
Published: March 2009

Shansi-Chahar-Hopei was one of the largest of the Chinese Communist areas during the war against Japan and was the only one of the areas behind the Japanese lines to receive some sort of recognition from the National Government. (Its boundaries were the Tat'ung–T'aiyuan railway on the west and T'aiyuan–Shihchiachuang–Techow railway lines in the south and it extended into Jehol and Liaoning in the north. The population under its control may have reached 20 millions.) In its general level of administration, Shansi-Chahar-Hopei was probably the most advanced of the Communist wartime areas. Its government had started the earliest, at the beginning of 1938, and it was able to develop with less Kuomintang-Communist friction than other areas. It had more than the average proportion of educated officials since, as it adjoined the Peiping-Tientsin area, students or other intellectuals who decided to leave the occupied areas to take part in anti-Japanese work were most likely to come to Shansi-Chahar-Hopei. And, while much of the mountain base area west of the P'ing-Han railway was very primitive, Central Hopei had reached a fairly high level of economic and social development before 1937.
The Impact of the Cultural Revolution on China's Economic Elite
Authors: Diao Richard K.
Published: March 2009

China's economic leadership was profoundly affected by the Cultural Revolution. As members of the governing bureaucracy and, all but a tiny group, members also of the Communist Party, economic officials were among the prime targets of Mao Tse-tung's drive to de-bureau-cratize the Party and the entire Chinese administrative system. Almost half of them were attacked during the three years the revolution raged. Some of these men retained their positions, but most appear to have been purged.
The Red Guards and the World Student Movement
Authors: Richard W. , Wilson Amy A.
Published: March 2009

Prior to the onset of the Cultural Revolution, few analysts of the Asian scene had the prescience to perceive even the outline of the impending cataclysm. So universal was this failure that weeks were to pass before articles began to appear giving hindsight analysis concerning the surprising development of events. Even these reports often failed to grasp how completely the maelstrom had seized in its grasp both the Communist Party and some of its most eminent leaders.
Chinese Attitudes Towards Nuclear Weapons, 1964–9
Authors: Pollack Jonathan D.
Published: March 2009

10 1969 was not only the 20th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese People's Republic (C.P.R.); it also marked the culmination of China's fifth year as a nuclear power. During this five-year period there were 10 detonations, three of which were thermonuclear and one of which was tested underground. At least one of the warheads was fired from a guided missile. According to one estimate, current defence expenditures amount to 10 per cent. of China's gross national product, and one-fifth of this outlay is devoted to nuclear research and development alone. A large portion of China's advanced scientific and technical manpower has also been assigned to this field. Although an adequate delivery system for this limited nuclear capability, as of November 1971, is not known to be operational, China's progress in the research and development of advanced weapons has clearly been substantial. The launching of Chinese satellites in 1970 and 1971 and the likelihood of an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) test in the near future are further evidence of major technological achievement. Peking's entry, then, into the “nuclear club” has been a major concern of China's leaders; it has also had significant consequences for American defence planners. The explicit rationale for the Nixon Administration's expansion of the anti-ballistic missile (ABM) system in early 1970, for example, was to guard against the possibility of a Chinese attack in the 1980s and thus to assure the reliability of American defence commitments in East Asia and the Pacific.
Rural Industry—A Traveller's View
Authors: Sigurdson Jon
Published: March 2009

News of industrialization in China contains two special features which indicate that Chinese efforts in this field differ significantly from those in many other developing countries. The first is the strong emphasis on local industries and the other is the importance given to small and medium enterprises. Local industries include all industrial branches not attached to the central industrial departments, and all industrial enterprises run by provinces, administrative regions, counties, people's communes or production brigades. A number of these industries are attached to schools and hospitals, but the majority are small or medium enterprises run by counties, people's communes or production brigades. In this report I shall deal mainly with these enterprises, only discussing those at higher levels in so far as they have important relations with the lower level enterprises.
Reflections on the Long March
Authors: Ch'En Jerome
Published: March 2009

In Hong Kong during 1966 and 1967 I had spent the first part of my sabbatical leave reading on subjects completely unrelated to the Chinese Communist movement, while on the other side of the border the Cultural Revolution was raging with increasing intensity and threatening to spill over into the Crown Colony.
Science, Technology and Development: China as a “Case Study”
Authors: Dean Genevieve C.
Published: March 2009

China shares with the developing countries of the third world the broad objective of economic growth, starting from a condition the Chinese themselves describe as “poor and blank” relative to the material resources of the developed countries. Yet “self-reliance” has been the keynote of Chinese policies for ten years, and the Chinese now urge the rest of the third world countries to adopt the same principle for their own development. In broad terms, “development” refers to the improvement of a society's material welfare, resulting from economic growth and from appropriate measures of income distribution. In Chinese and, increasingly, in general usage, such economic growth is identified with the use of production processes and the production of goods new to the developing economy. “Self-reliance” does not necessarily preclude transfer of foreign technologies into the developing country, but specifies technological change which occurs in response to demands arising within the developing economy itself, rather than imposed on it from outside. In any country, demand for technological change and distribution of the fruits of technological advance are dependent on its political and social structure, as well as on economic factors, and on the country's international economic and political bargaining power. China, whose leaders have a particular perception of the implications of these relationships for their development objectives, is an especially significant “case study” of the use of science and technology for national development.
Deciding Relaxed Two-Colourability: A Hardness Jump
Authors: BERKE R. , SZABÓ T.
Published: March 2009

We study relaxations of proper two-colourings, such that the order of the induced monochromatic components in one (or both) of the colour classes is bounded by a constant. A colouring of a graph G is called (C1, C2)-relaxed if every monochromatic component induced by vertices of the first (second) colour is of order at most C1 (C2, resp.). We prove that the decision problem ‘Is there a (1, C)-relaxed colouring of a given graph G of maximum degree 3?’ exhibits a hardness jump in the component order C. In other words, there exists an integer f(3) such that the decision problem is NP-hard for every 2 ≤ C < f(3), while every graph of maximum degree 3 is (1, f(3))-relaxed colourable. We also show f(3) ≤ 22 by way of a quasilinear time algorithm, which finds a (1, 22)-relaxed colouring of any graph of maximum degree 3. Both the bound on f(3) and the running time greatly improve earlier results. We also study the symmetric version, that is, when C1 = C2, of the relaxed colouring problem and make the first steps towards establishing a similar hardness jump.
Is “Treat your child normally” helpful advice for parents of survivors of treatment of hypoplastic left heart syndrome?
Authors: Rempel Gwen R. , Harrison Margaret J. , Williamson Deanna L.
Published: March 2009

Background

Developing technology affords children with complex congenitally malformed hearts a chance for survival. Parents gratefully pursue life-saving options on behalf of their children, despite the risks to the life of their child, and uncertainty about outcomes. Little is known about how mothers and fathers experience parenting a child whose new state as a survivor may include less than optimal developmental sequels.

Method

Our study involved multiple interactive interviews with 9 mothers and 7 fathers of infants and preschool children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome who had survived the Norwood surgical approach. Qualitative methodology included grounded theory methods of simultaneous collection and analysis of data, and we used open and selective coding of transcribed interviews.

Results

Parents used normalization in the context of uncertainty regarding the ongoing survival of their child. Parents described their underweight children as being on their own growth curve, and viewed their developmental progress, however delayed, as reason for celebration, as they had been prepared for their child to die.

Conclusion

There is growing evidence that children with congenitally malformed hearts who require surgical intervention during the first year of life may experience developmental delay. The use of normalization by their parents may be effective in decreasing their worry regarding the uncertain future faced by their child, but may negatively affect the developmental progress of the child if they do not seek resources to assist development. Advice from paediatric specialists for parents to view their children as normal needs to be balanced with assistance for parents to access services to support optimal growth and development of their child.
Modeled reconstructions of the oceanic carbonate system for different histories of atmospheric carbon dioxide during the last 20 Ma
Authors: Roberts Christopher D. , Tripati Aradhna K.
Published: March 2009

A box model was used to estimate oceanic carbonate system parameters (total dissolved inorganic carbon, alkalinity, CO2(aq), CO32−, HCO3−, and pH) in the surface and deep ocean over the past 20 Ma. Geological data were used to constrain boundary conditions, including the carbonate compensation depth (CCD) and seawater temperature, salinity, and ionic composition. In addition, ∼14,000 δ13C measurements of planktic and benthic foraminifera were compiled. Sensitivity tests were performed to evaluate potential errors arising from uncertainties in model boundary conditions. Values of surface water pH were modeled assuming four different histories of atmospheric CO2, and compared with proxy‐based estimates of pH. The system is underconstrained, and therefore multiple CO2 histories can be invoked to explain the same pH trend, depending on the assumptions made regarding ocean overturning and biological productivity. Despite this uncertainty, we conclude that if CO2 was strongly coupled to temperature and ice volume over the last 20 Ma, predicted values of surface ocean pH fit poorly with current proxy‐based pH reconstructions.
Is the long‐wavelength geoid sensitive to the presence of postperovskite above the core‐mantle boundary?
Authors: Tosi N. , Čadek O. , Martinec Z. , Yuen D. A. , Kaufmann G.
Published: March 2009

The analysis of seismic data represents today the primary tool in the search for the presence of postperovskite in the lowermost mantle (D″). This work aims at testing whether the inversion of gravitational data can also contribute to the detection of postperovskite in D″. We assume that the transition from perovskite to postperovskite is accompanied by a reduction in viscosity and test the effects of such viscosity change on the prediction of the dynamic geoid with a numerical model of subducted lithosphere. Our results show that the long‐wavelength component of the geoid is very sensitive to the presence of postperovskite areas in D″, especially if their viscosity is significantly lower than the viscosity of the surrounding perovskite and if these areas are located close to density anomalies, i.e. subducted slabs.
AMMA Land Surface Model Intercomparison Experiment coupled to the Community Microwave Emission Model: ALMIP‐MEM
Authors: de Rosnay P. , Drusch M. , Boone A. , Balsamo G. , Decharme B. , Harris P. , Kerr Y. , Pellarin T. , Polcher J. , Wigneron J.‐P.
Published: March 2009

This paper presents the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) Land Surface Models Intercomparison Project (ALMIP) for Microwave Emission Models (ALMIP‐MEM). ALMIP‐MEM comprises an ensemble of simulations of C‐band brightness temperatures over West Africa for 2006. Simulations have been performed for an incidence angle of 55°, and results are evaluated against C‐band satellite data from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer on Earth Observing System (AMSR‐E). The ensemble encompasses 96 simulations, for 8 Land Surface Models (LSMs) coupled to 12 configurations of the Community Microwave Emission Model (CMEM). CMEM has a modular structure which permits combination of several parameterizations with different vegetation opacity and soil dielectric models. ALMIP‐MEM provides the first intercomparison of state‐of‐the‐art land surface and microwave emission models at regional scale. Quantitative estimates of the relative importance of land surface modeling and radiative transfer modeling for the monitoring of low‐frequency passive microwave emission on land surfaces are obtained. This is of high interest for the various users of coupled land surface microwave emission models. Results show that both LSMs and microwave model components strongly influence the simulated top of atmosphere (TOA) brightness temperatures. For most of the LSMs, the Kirdyashev opacity model is the most suitable to simulate TOA brightness temperature in best agreement with the AMSR‐E data. When this best microwave modeling configuration is used, all the LSMs are able to reproduce the main temporal and spatial variability of measured brightness temperature. Averaged among the LSMs, correlation is 0.67 and averaged normalized standard deviation is 0.98.
Landscape‐scale vegetation dynamics inferred from spatial patterns of soil δ13C in a subtropical savanna parkland
Authors: Bai Edith , Boutton Thomas W. , Wu X. Ben , Liu Feng , Archer Steven R.
Published: March 2009

Grasslands and savannas around the world have experienced woody plant encroachment during the past 100 years, but we know little regarding the manner in which woody plants spread across the landscape. We used soil δ13C, aerial photography, and geostatistics to quantify patterns of woody encroachment in a 160 × 100 m georeferenced grid subdivided into 10 × 10 m cells in a savanna parkland landscape in southern Texas. δ13C contour maps revealed that centers of closed contours coincided with centers of woody patches, and that larger woody patches developed from smaller woody plant clusters that spread laterally and coalesced. Areas where woody patches were expanding into grassland were characterized by low densities of soil δ13C contour lines, and indicated the direction and extent of woody encroachment. Conversely, areas with high contour densities represented grassland‐woodland boundaries that were temporally stable. Indeed, aerial photos from 1930, 1941, 1982, and 2003 confirmed that woody patches with low spatial variability in δ13C corresponded to areas where woody plants had encroached during the past 30–75 years. While aerial photos can only record vegetation cover at the photo acquisition time, kriged maps of soil δ13C allowed us to accurately reconstruct long‐term temporal dynamics of woody plant encroachment into grassland. This approach can reliably reconstruct landscape‐scale vegetation changes in areas where historical aerial photography or satellite imagery are unavailable and provides a strong spatial context for studies aimed at understanding the functional consequences of vegetation change.
Circulating and muscle glutathione turnover in human endotoxaemia
Authors: Fläring Urban B. , Hebert Christina , Wernerman Jan , Hammarqvist Folke , Rooyackers Olav E.
Published: March 2009

Patients with septic shock have high plasma glutathione concentrations, whereas intracellular concentrations in erythrocytes and muscle are low. In the present study, we investigated the temporal pattern of glutathione status and glutathione kinetics in healthy volunteers during the initial phase of sepsis using a human endotoxin model. The present study was a descriptive pilot study in healthy male volunteers (n=8) before and after an endotoxin challenge. The glutathione status was determined in plasma and whole blood at baseline and hourly for 4 h after intravenous endotoxin injection and in skeletal muscle at baseline and at 2 and 4 h after endotoxin injection. In plasma, the concentration of total glutathione decreased 24% (P<0.05) at 3 h after endotoxin injection and 32% (P<0.001) at 4 h. In whole blood and skeletal muscle, the concentrations of both GSH and total glutathione as well as the redox status remained unaltered during the initial 4 h after the endotoxin challenge. The FSR (fractional synthesis rate) of glutathione in whole blood was 38±20%/day before and 59±22%/day 4 h after the endotoxin challenge (P=0.088) and in skeletal muscle this was 41±25 and 46±18%/day (P=0.68) respectively. During the initial phase of sepsis, as represented by an intravenous endotoxin challenge to healthy volunteers, plasma concentrations of total glutathione decreased, whereas glutathione status and synthesis rate in skeletal muscle and whole blood remained unaltered. However, due to the variation in the synthesis measurements, larger studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Electrical low frequency random telegraph noise in magnetic tunnel junctions
Authors: Liu Feng , Ding Yunfei , Kemshetti Ravindra , Davies Kenneth , Rana Paul , Mao Sining
Published: March 2009

Low frequency random telegraph noise (RTN) of electrical origin is reported in magnetic tunnel junction heads with ultrathin tunnel barriers (<1 nm). The RTN is characterized by abrupt and randomly stepped voltage spikes which modulates 1/f noise property in frequency domain. The appearance of electrical RTN is restricted to limited ranges of bias voltage and temperature. Dependence of RTN statistics on temperature suggests that the dynamic resistance fluctuations could be generally described by a thermal activation model. The extracted activation energy, EA, is found to be 0.3×10−19 J, which is much smaller than reported activation energies for magnetic RTN in early giant magnetoresistive heads.
Effect of gradient alignment in heat assisted magnetic recording
Authors: Gokemeijer Nils J. , Zhou Hua , Karns Darren , Batra Sharat , Mallary Mike , McDaniel Terry , Seigler M. , Ju Ganping , Peng Y. , Xiao Min , Gage Edward
Published: March 2009

Heat assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) is one of the leading technologies to extend magnetic storage. Significant progress has been achieved in head and media fabrication [M. Seigler et al., IEEE Trans. Magn. 44, 119 (2008); Y. Peng et al., TMRC, Seagate Research, 2008], resulting in a basic technology demonstration (C. Hardie et al., ODS Conference Proceedings, 2008) of HAMR. Both field and field-gradient limitations of a conventional perpendicular recording are overcome by engineering the thermal profile (notably the gradient) and recording at a temperature near Tc (thus requiring a smaller head field). We have used a micromagnetic recording model to study the effect of thermal and field-gradient alignment in HAMR by varying the separation between the thermal spot and the leading edge of the head field. The output of the recording model includes transition jitter, which is based on Monte Carlo simulations of isolated transitions. We use a realistic granular medium with HK∼50–80 kOe and a grain size of ∼2.5–6 nm that covers a broad range of HAMR media parameters. The model indicates that HAMR can achieve >1 Tbyte/in.2 using a grain size of 6 nm and is scalable to >4 Tbyte/in.2 on a granular media by careful alignment of the thermal and magnetic field gradients.
How to quantify energy landscapes of solids
Authors: Oganov Artem R. , Valle Mario
Published: March 2009

We explore whether the topology of energy landscapes in chemical systems obeys any rules and what these rules are. To answer this and related questions we use several tools: (i) Reduced energy surface and its density of states, (ii) descriptor of structure called fingerprint function, which can be represented as a one-dimensional function or a vector in abstract multidimensional space, (iii) definition of a “distance” between two structures enabling quantification of energy landscapes, (iv) definition of a degree of order of a structure, and (v) definitions of the quasi-entropy quantifying structural diversity. Our approach can be used for rationalizing large databases of crystal structures and for tuning computational algorithms for structure prediction. It enables quantitative and intuitive representations of energy landscapes and reappraisal of some of the traditional chemical notions and rules. Our analysis confirms the expectations that low-energy minima are clustered in compact regions of configuration space (“funnels”) and that chemical systems tend to have very few funnels, sometimes only one. This analysis can be applied to the physical properties of solids, opening new ways of discovering structure-property relations. We quantitatively demonstrate that crystals tend to adopt one of the few simplest structures consistent with their chemistry, providing a thermodynamic justification of Pauling’s fifth rule.
Molecular adsorption and metal-support interaction for transition-metal clusters in zeolites: NO adsorption on Pdn (n=1–6) clusters in mordenite
Authors: Grybos Robert , Benco Lubomir , Bučko Tomas , Hafner Jürgen
Published: March 2009

The adsorption of NO molecules on Pdn clusters of varying size (n=1–6) located in the main channel of mordenite and the interaction of the metallic clusters with the zeolitic framework were investigated using ab initio density-functional calculations under periodic boundary conditions. The supported clusters are created by binding Pdn2+ cations to the inner cavity of a deprotonated Al-exchanged zeolite with an Al/Si ratio of 1/11, such that a charge-neutral system is created. Compared to the highly symmetric structures of the gas-phase clusters, the clusters bound to the zeolitic framework undergo appreciable geometric distortions lowering their symmetry. The distortions are induced by strong interactions with “activated” framework oxygens located close to the charge-compensating Al/Si substitution sites, but the cluster forms also weaker bonds to “nonactivated” oxygen atoms. The interaction with the framework also affects the electronic and magnetic properties of the clusters. While in the gas phase all clusters (except the isolated Pd atom with a closed d10 ground state) have a paramagnetic moment of 2μB, in the zeolite clusters with two to four atoms have zero magnetic moment, while the Pd5 cluster has a magnetic moment of 2μB and for the Pd6 cluster, it is even enhanced to 4μB (but the magnetic energy differences relative to low-spin configurations are modest). Analysis of the magnetization densities shows that in all clusters with zero total moment (singlet ground state), there are sites with excess spin densities of opposite sign. The influence of the cluster-support interaction on the chemical properties of the clusters has been tested by the adsorption of NO molecules. The results demonstrate the interplay between the molecule-cluster and cluster-framework interactions, which can lead to an increase or decrease in the adsorption energy compared to NO on a gas-phase cluster. While on the gas-phase cluster adsorption in low-coordination sites (vertex or bridge) is preferred, for the cluster in the zeolite adsorption in threefold coordinated hollow or twofold bridge sites is preferred. The magnetic properties of the clusters and of the paramagnetic NO molecule play an important role. For the supported clusters with zero magnetic moment, upon adsorption the spin of the molecule is transferred to the cluster (and induces also a modest polarization of the framework). For magnetic clusters, spin pairing induces a reduced magnetic moment of the NO-Pdn complex. The redshift of the NO stretching frequencies is reduced compared to the free clusters by the cluster-support interaction for the smaller clusters, while it remains essentially unchanged for the larger clusters. A detailed electronic analysis of the cluster-support interactions and of the adsorption properties is presented.
Excitation of coupled ion lattice-streaming carrier modes in high mobility semiconductors
Authors: Riyopoulos S.
Published: March 2009

Interaction between streaming carrier plasmons and lattice vibrations in ultrahigh mobility materials generates novel, hybrid, lattice-streaming carrier modes. The Boltzmann kinetic equation for a collisionless carrier response is employed to obtain a dispersion relation including the effects of thermal velocity spreads. The resulting slow electrostatic (ES) modes involve plasmon-phonon (PP) coupling, while the fast electromagnetic (EM) modes involve plasmon-photon-phonon coupling. There is an unstable parameter regime leading to spontaneous growth of slow ES PP modes from noise. Thermal spreads reduce but do not eliminate the growth rate. The fast EM modes are found to be stable and slightly damped over the parameter regime. Spontaneous growth of ES modes carries implications for terahertz generation in high mobility materials.
Removing systematic errors in interionic potentials of mean force computed in molecular simulations using reaction-field-based electrostatics
Authors: Baumketner Andrij
Published: March 2009

The performance of reaction-field methods to treat electrostatic interactions is tested in simulations of ions solvated in water. The potential of mean force between sodium chloride pair of ions and between side chains of lysine and aspartate are computed using umbrella sampling and molecular dynamics simulations. It is found that in comparison with lattice sum calculations, the charge-group-based approaches to reaction-field treatments produce a large error in the association energy of the ions that exhibits strong systematic dependence on the size of the simulation box. The atom-based implementation of the reaction field is seen to (i) improve the overall quality of the potential of mean force and (ii) remove the dependence on the size of the simulation box. It is suggested that the atom-based truncation be used in reaction-field simulations of mixed media.
Comment on “Scaling of asymmetric magnetic reconnection: General theory and collisional simulations” [Phys. Plasmas 14, 102114 (2007)]
Authors: Semenov V. S. , Heyn M. F. , Biernat H. K.
Published: March 2009

Recently, Cassak and Shay [Phys. Plasmas 14, 102114 (2007)] proposed a new scaling for asymmetric reconnection referred to as Sweet–Parker-type scaling. We set into question the derivation of those scaling laws.
GaN light-emitting diode with monolithically integrated photonic crystals and angled sidewall deflectors for efficient surface emission
Authors: Lee Joonhee , Ahn Sungmo , Kim Sihan , Kim Dong-Uk , Jeon Heonsu , Lee Seung-Jae , Baek Jong Hyeob
Published: March 2009

In order to obtain efficient surface emission, we propose and demonstrate a GaN light-emitting diode (LED) structure. A two-dimensional photonic crystal (PC) pattern is integrated to the sapphire substrate before the epigrowth by employing laser holography. In addition, angled sidewall deflectors (ASDs) are formed on the mesa sidewalls. Both the PC and ASDs redirect guided photons into the surface-normal direction. When compared to a conventional LED structure, we could obtain a twofold increase in the total surface emission and the surface-normal emission intensity enhanced by a factor of 2.5.
Linear polarization-state generator with high precision in periodically poled lithium niobate
Authors: Liu Kun , Shi Jianhong , Chen Xianfeng
Published: March 2009

In this letter, we propose a simple configuration capable of rotating a linear polarization state of light by a certain angle with high precision for a series of wavelengths. This is achieved in a compact one-chip integration of periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) by modulating the external electric field. During the experiment, the rotation angle varies between 0° and 100° with high precision of 0.04° and by changing the temperature of the PPLN the operating wavelength shifts with −0.51 nm/°C. The new device may find many applications where high precision control of linear polarization-state light is requested.
Energy surface model and dynamic switching under alternating field at microwave frequency
Authors: Gao Kai-Zhong , Benakli Mourad
Published: March 2009

The dynamic reversal of a magnetic particle under an alternating field at microwave frequencies was studied using an energy surface model and micromagnetic simulations. The switching field can be reduced due to energy pumped into the magnetic particle by an applied alternating field. The particle dissipates energy as the magnetization is “synchronized” with the external applied field at microwave frequency. Increased damping will help reduce the switching time. For a given damping, excessive energy pumped into the particle will increase the switching time.
The Look of the Lawn: Pesticide Policy Preference and Health-Risk Perception in Context
Authors: Hirsch Rachel , Baxter Jamie
Published: March 2009

In this paper we report on the results of a residential questionnaire survey ( N = 1088) exploring the relative importance of health-risk perception as compared with social–contextual determinants of urban pesticide bylaw support in two Canadian cities: Calgary and Halifax. Multivariate analysis was used in order to determine the model estimates for five outcome variables: pesticide policy preference, pesticide-risk perception, a weed-free aesthetic, pesticide use, and chemical dissent. Findings indicate that the strongest determinants (based on relative odds) of pesticide preference are pesticide-free yard-care practices and divergent lawn aesthetics (eg pesticide-free versus weed-free yards). Though risk perception does help distinguish between differences in policy preferences, pesticide use, and chemical dissent, it does not for aesthetic preferences. Pesticide bylaw preference is more than just a health-risk perception issue; it is also situated in the experiences of residents' everyday lives (eg yard care) where decisions about pesticide use are made.
A molecular phylogenetic analysis of Diuris (Orchidaceae) based on AFLP and ITS reveals three major clades and a basal species
Authors: Indsto James O. , Weston Peter H. , Clements Mark A.
Published: March 2009

Diuris is a terrestrial orchid genus of at least 61 and possibly more than 100 species, restricted to Australia except for one species endemic in Timor. Distinctive species groups have respective eastern and western centres of distribution. Although species affinities have been vaguely understood for many years, no formal infrageneric treatment has been undertaken as Diuris possesses few reliable morphological characters for a classification system. We have undertaken cladistic parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of Diuris by using the ITS1–5.8S–ITS2 region of nuclear rDNA and morphological characters, with a subset of samples also studied by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) as an independent test of phylogenetic relationships. Four major clades with strong bootstrap support were resolved and are named here according to a recently published classification; D. sulphurea forms a lineage (subg. Paradiuris) of its own that is well supported as the sister to the rest of Diuris. Two other major eastern clades contained species related to D. maculata (subg. Xanthodiuris) and D. punctata (subg. Diuris), respectively. Although these latter two subgenera are genetically well resolved, there is minimal genetic variation at species level, consistent with recent, rapid speciation. A fourth clade (subg. Hesperodiuris) has a centre of distribution in Western Australia, and has more genetic and morphological variation than the eastern subgenera. Total evidence analysis provides support for the western clade being sister group to the two eastern subgenera Diuris and Xanthodiuris; however, this relationship was not resolved by molecular data. Hybridisation is known to be common among species within subgenera Diuris and Xanthodiuris. Instances of incongruence between different datasets were found suggestive of hybridisation events between species of different sections of Diuris.
Direct and specific inactivation of protein tyrosine kinases in the Src and FGFR families by reversible cysteine oxidation
Authors: Kemble David J. , Sun Gongqin
Published: March 2009

Accumulating evidence suggests that protein tyrosine phosphorylation-based signaling pathways are under the regulation of reactive oxygen species. Although protein tyrosine phosphatases are directly regulated by reversible oxidation, it is not clear whether protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) are also directly regulated by reduction/oxidation (redox). In this study we report a mechanism of direct oxidative inactivation specific for the PTKs in the Src and fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) families, key enzymes in mammalian signal transduction. Src is fully active when reduced and retains 8–25% of the full activity toward various substrates when oxidized. This inactivation is caused by oxidation of a specific cysteine residue (Cys-277), which results in homodimerization of Src linked by a disulfide bridge. Cys-277 is located in the Gly loop in the catalytic domain. This cysteine residue is conserved only in 8 of the >90 PTKs in the human kinome, including 3 of the 10 Src family kinases and all 4 kinases of the FGFR family. FGFR1 is also reversibly regulated by redox because of this cysteine residue, whereas Csk, a PTK that lacks a cysteine residue at the corresponding position, is not similarly regulated. These results demonstrate a mechanism of direct redox regulation conserved in certain specific PTKs.