bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LARVICIDAL AND ENZYME INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF ACALYPHA FRUTICOSA (F.) AND CATHARANTHUS ROSEUS L (G) DON. LEAF EXTRACTS AGAINST CULEX QUINQUEFASCIATUS (SAY.) (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)
Authors: Pavunraj M. , V Ramesh , S Sakthivelkumar , V Veeramani , S Janarthanan
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTObjective: The prime objective of this study is to evaluate the larvicidal and enzyme inhibitory effects of Acalypha fruticosa and Catharanthus roseusleaf extracts against Culex quinquefasciatus.Methods: Insecticidal susceptibility tests were carried out using the World Health Organization standard method, and the mortality was observedafter 24 hrs exposure.Results: The tested extracts showed a significant larvicidal activity depending on the dose of the plant extracts. However, maximum larval mortalitywas detected in ethyl acetate extract of A. fruticosa with a lethal concentration (LC50) value of 253.08 ppm and (LC90) value of 455.40 ppm followedby hexane extract of C. roseus with LC50 value of 645.33 ppm and LC90 value of 1452.88 ppm against the larvae of C. quinquefasciatus. In control, therewere five different fractions of α-carboxylesterases resolved in the gel with the mobilities ranging between 0.14 and 0.66. β-carboxylesterase isozymeprofile of larvae treated with hexane extract of A. fruticosa showed higher enzyme activities by way of intense staining of fractions both at 1/4 and1/10 LC50 value of 48 hrs treatments. A. fruticosa ethyl acetate extract, and C. roseus hexane extract exposed larvae indicated increased quantitiesof β-Est4/5 isozymes in the concentration of 1/4 and 1/10 of LC50 value of 24 hrs treatment when compared to control. The protein quantity in themajority of treatments decreased compared to control.Conclusion: The results revealed that the organic leaf extract of A. fruticosa and C. roseus had significant larvicidal and enzyme inhibitory effectsagainst C. quinquefasciatus.Keywords: Acalypha fruticosa, Catharanthus roseus leaves extract, β-carboxylesterase, Culex quinquefasciatus, Lethal concentration50.
FEBRILE INFECTION-RELATED EPILEPSY SYNDROME: A RARE CASE PRESENTATION
Authors: Reghu Remya , James Aloysius , Reji Reshma , Vincent Bini , Mani Nimmu
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTFebrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome is characterized by super refractory status epilepticus that is resistant to conventional antiepileptic drugs.This case report critically analyses the treatment options adopted in a hospital to manage this syndrome. Despite the aggressive efforts that weretaken, the patient succumbed to the complications of the illness and side effects of the treatment strategies adopted. This shows that the treatmentoptions currently available are in adequate, so an intensive research in the area of pathogenesis of status epilepticus is required to frame treatmentstrategies that can bring out better outcomes.Keywords: Antiepileptics, Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome, Status epilepticus.
PHENYLPROPANOIDS, EUGENOL SCAFFOLD, AND ITS DERIVATIVES AS ANTICANCER
Authors: Fadilah Fadilah , Yanuar Arry , Arsianti Ade , Andrajati Retnosari
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTEugenol (EU) is a phenylpropene, an allyl chain-substituted guaiacol. EU is a member of the phenylpropanoids class of chemical compounds. It is acolorless to pale yellow oily liquid extracted from certain essential oils especially from clove oil. Further, chemopreventive agents might be used singlyor in combination with chemotherapy or radiotherapy for the more effective treatment of cancer by enhancing the efficacy of these modalities withminimal side effects and toxicity. Considering that EU scaffold may be a prospective chemopreventive agent, its potent antitumor ability to interferewith solid cancer cell growth and its molecular mechanism were evaluated as an initiative toward the development of a novel strategy for cancertreatment. This review article will conduct that EU as the antiproliferative activity and molecular mechanism of the EU induced apoptosis against thecancer cells and animal models.Keywords: Eugenol, Derivatives of eugenol, Scaffold, Anticancer, Phenylpropanoids.
ANTIFUNGAL APPRAISAL OF BURKHOLDERIA GLADIOLI STRAIN VIMP03 (JQ867372) AGAINST CERATOCYSTIS PARADOXA
Authors: Mahamuni Shrikumar Vijaykumar , Shinde Nitin Sadashiv , Wani Prakash Vitthal , Patil Ashok Sitaram
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTObjective: The purpose of the present investigation was to assess antifungal characterization of Burkholderia gladioli strain VIMP03 (JQ867372), anisolate from sugar beet rhizosphere.Methods: Antifungal characterization was carried out by biochemical, dual culture, and agar well diffusion methods against Ceratocystis paradoxa, asoilborne pathogen of sugarcane and other crops. Culture filtrate and ethyl acetate extract obtained from culture supernatant were analyzed by highperformanceliquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses, respectively.Results: The culture filtrate and ethyl acetate extract exhibited effective antifungal activity. Organic acid profile of the culture filtrate was determined.Acetic acid was mainly produced by the culture under study. The GC-MS analysis of ethyl acetate extract documented the presence of compoundsincluding tetratetracontane, 9-nonadecene, erucic acid, and other hydrocarbon derivatives.Conclusion: The GC-MS, HPLC, and biochemical profiles of B. gladioli strain VIMP03 (JQ867372) revealed its agro clinical-antifungal potential.Keywords: Antifungal, Burkholderia gladioli, High-performance liquid chromatography, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
PREDICTING RATINGS FOR USER REVIEWS AND OPINION MINING ANALYZE FOR PHYSICIANS AND HOSPITALS
Authors: Vakati Hema Sagar , R Jebakumar
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTHealth care is taking its turn in the internet now and online health information consumption is also booming. Users have started generating healthcarereports like online doctor reviews open to all. Hence, online health forums are increasingly popular these days since people can gather their requireddata by just sitting at home and select the best doctor by considering the reviews available online. The patients also browse on their concerneddiseases and use the open forum for discussion on the topics. On an average, these online health-care providers are mainly focusing on reviews aboutthe physicians. The feedback provided by patients is considered and we also analyze the sentiments of the patient to estimate the value of the reviews.The rating for the doctors is divided into various categories such as Staff, Knowledge, and Helpfulness. We propose support vector machine and apriorifor the classification of data and use sentiment based rating prediction to analyze doctor’s reviews and opinion mining patterns for online patterns.By providing physician ratings in website, it offers the patients to know about the physician and consider the critique and information to make theirdecision.Keywords: Support vector machine, Apriori, Sentiment classification, Opinion mining.
EFFECT OF EFFERVESCENCE IN COMBINATION WITH SUPERDISINTEGRANTS IN THE FORMULATION OF PROPRANOLOL HCL ORAL DISINTEGRATING TABLETS
Authors: Thulluru Ashok , Sai Veeravalli Kumar , M Pavan Kumar , B Roshitha
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTObjective: The current research work is intended to formulate propranolol HCl (PLH) as orally disintegrating tablet (ODT). It is also intending to checkthe superiority in a combination of superdisintegrants and effervescent mixture than the use of superdisintegrants alone by a direct compressiontechnique. To fasten the onset of action and thereby enhancing the bioavailability of PLH in comparison to its conventional tablets.Methods: Standard calibration curve of PLH was obtained in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer by spectrophotometric method, drug-excipient compatibilitystudies were carried by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) studies. All the formulations were evaluated for pre and postcompression studies.Accelerated stability studies were carried out up to 6 months for the optimized formulation, EF3.Results and Discussion: Superdisintegrants used in the study are compatible with PLH. Pre- and post-compression parameters were within theacceptable limits for all formulations. In vitro dissolution kinetic studies indicate the release of PLH from ODT increases as the concentration ofsuperdisintegrants as well as the ratio of citric acid: NaHCO3 of effervescent mixture increases. Formulations with an effervescent mixture are havingrapid disintegration and dissolution rate when compared to the formulations with superdisintegrants alone. The order of superdisintegrants inenhancing the dissolution rate of PLH is crospovidone (CPV) > croscarmellose sodium (CCS) > sodium starch glycolate (SSG). Formulation, EF3 (10%CPV and 1:3, citric acid: NaHCO3 ratio, respectively) had the highest dissolution efficiency at 10 minutes (DE10=82.74%); the first order dissolutionrate constant (K1=0.141/minutes) with a regression coefficient (r2=0.974) and lesser time for 90% of drug release (t90=4 minutes), was considered asthe optimal ODT in this study. Formulation EF3, passed the test for stability.Conclusion: Hence, an effective PLH ODT was formulated by the direct compression technique with disintegration by combination of superdisintegrantsand effervescent mixture, will fasten the onset of action and enhances the bioavailability of PLH in comparison to its conventional tablets.Keywords: Propranolol HCl, Orally disintegrating tablet, Sodium starch glycolate, Croscarmellose sodium, Crospovidone, Direct compression, In vitrodissolution studies.
ANTIOXIDANT AND CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF CURCUMA AMADA RHIZOME EXTRACT ON BENZO(A)PYRENE INDUCED CERVICAL CARCINOMA IN SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS
Authors: Devaraj Vasundra Devi , Samiappan Suja
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTObjective: To evaluate the antioxidant and chemotherapeutic potential of Curcuma amada Rhizome extract on benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) induced cervicalcarcinoma in Sprague Dawley rats.Methods: A total of 30 female Sprague Dawley rats were selected to establish cervical cancer model and then divided into 5 groups at random withsix mice in each group. Group 1 control, Group 2 BaP (oral), Group 3 BaP for 8 weeks and post-treated with cisplatin (intravenous administration),Group 4 BaP for 8 weeks and post-treated with 250 mg of ethanol extract of C. amada (oral), Group 5 BaP for 8 weeks and post-treated with 500 mgof ethanol extract of C. amada (oral). 4 weeks after the treatment, the animals were sacrificed, serum separated, and cervical tissues were dissected.Antioxidants and the markers carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cancer antigens (CAs) 125, gamma glutamyltransferase (GTT) were assayed in serumand the tissue was used for analyzing tumor burden and sectioned for histopathological assays.10% tissue homogenate was estimated for antioxidantsand membrane-bound enzymes.Results: BaP treated group showed significant (p<0.001) incidence of tumor burden, decreased activities of antioxidants, elevated lipid peroxidation,Na+/K+ adenosine triphosphatase (Na+K+ATPase), Calcium adenosine triphosphatase (Ca2+ATPase), Magnesium adenosine triphosphatase (Mg2+ ATPase),CEA, CA 125, GTT. Treatment with C. amada rhizome extract and standard drug cisplatin reverted the antioxidants, serum markers and tissue enzymes.Conclusion: From the results, it can be concluded that C. amada Rhizome extract ameliorated BaP induced oxidative stress in the cervicalcarcinogenicity of rats.Keywords: Curcuma amada, In vivo antioxidant, Chemotherapy, Benzo(a)pyrene, Cervical carcinoma, Tumor markers.
ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORY ACTIVITY OF MELINJO (GNETUM GNEMON L.) SEED EXTRACTS AND MOLECULAR DOCKING OF ITS STILBENE CONSTITUENTS
Authors: Mun'im Abdul , Munadhil Muhammad Ashar , Puspitasari Nuraini , . Azminah , Yanuar Arry
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTObjectives: To evaluate the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of melinjo (Gnetum gnemon) seed extract and to study moleculardocking of stilbene contained in melinjo seeds.Methods: Melinjo seed powders were extracted with n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water successively. The extracts wereevaluated ACE inhibitory activities using ACE kit-Wist and the phenolic content using Folin–Ciocalteu method. The extract demonstrated the highestACE inhibitory activity was subjected to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to know its stilbene constituent. The stilbene constituentsin melinjo seed were performed molecular docking using AutoDock Vina, and ligand-receptor Interactions were processed using Ligand Scout.Results: The ethyl acetate extract demonstrated the highest ACE inhibition activity with inhibitory concentration 50% value of 9.77 × 10−8 μg/mLand the highest total phenolic content (575.9 mg gallic acid equivalent/g). Ultra-performance LC-MS analysis of ethyl acetate extract has detected theexistency of resveratrol, gnetin C, ε-viniferin, and gnemonoside A/B. These compounds displayed similar physiochemical properties to lisinopril (ACEinhibitor), as in silico molecular docking studies demonstrated that they fit into the lisinopril receptors.Conclusion: In vitro analysis ethyl acetate extract from melinjo seeds demonstrated the highest ACE inhibitory activity. Molecular docking analysisindicated that resveratrol dimers, gnetin C and gnemonoside A can be considered ACE inhibitor.Keywords: Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, Gnetum gnemon, Melinjo, Total phenolic, Antihypertension, Molecular docking.
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SOLID DISPERSION FAMOTIDINE – MANNITOL BY CO-GRINDING METHOD
Authors: Fitriani Lili , Ramadhani Sherly , Zaini Erizal
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTObjective: This study aims to prepare and characterize solid dispersion of famotidine using mannitol to enhance the solubility and dissolution rate.Methods: Solid dispersions were prepared by co-grinding method in 9 formulas. The ratio of famotidine and mannitol was varied (1:1, 1:2, 2:1 w/w),and each ratio was milled at three different times (30, 60, and 90 minutes). The physical mixture was also prepared as comparison at ratio 1:1 w/w.Solid dispersions were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size analysis, solubility, and dissolution rate study. The assay of famotidine was doneusing a UV spectrophotometer.Results: The highest solubility of famotidine in solid dispersion was obtained in F2 (ratio 1:2 and grinding time 30 minutes). The solubility of intactfamotidine, physical mixture, and solid dispersion F2 was 1.630±0.027, 2.757±0.096, and 3.272±0.076 mg/ml, respectively. X-ray diffractogram ofsolid dispersion F2 showed a decrease in the peak intensity of famotidine. Thermogram of DSC showed a decrease of famotidine melting point for bothphysical mixture and solid dispersion. Photomicrograph of SEM indicated the changes in morphology solid dispersion compared to intact substances.FTIR analysis showed no chemical interaction between famotidine and mannitol. The particle size analysis showed a reduction in the particle sizeof the solid dispersion. The dissolution result after 60 minutes was 85.029%, 86.166%, 92.057% for intact famotidine, physical mixture, and soliddispersion F2, respectively.Conclusion: Solid dispersion increased solubility and dissolution rate.Keywords: Solid dispersion, Famotidine, Mannitol, Co-grinding, Solubility.
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI FROM CALOTROPIS PROCERA FOR THEIR ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY
Authors: Nagda Vipin , Gajbhiye Archana , Chhatwani Dinesh Kumar
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTObjective: To investigate the antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of endophytic fungi isolated from Calotropis procera plant.Methods: The endophytic fungi were isolated from explants of leaf, stem, and flower of C. procera on potato dextrose broth (PDB) medium. The fungalisolates were mass cultured in PDB. The methanolic extracts of these fungi were prepared and evaluated for the antioxidant activity by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay and reducing power assay. The extracts were characterized for the presence of phenolics andflavonoids.Results: A total of 8 endophytic fungi were isolated from C. procera explants. Out of these 8 fungal isolates, the crude extracts of two fungi, i.e. CPIMR-2and CPIL-1 showed positive antioxidant activity. From the morphological characteristics, the isolates CPIMR-2 and CPIL-1 were identified as Penicilliumspp. and Aspergillus spp., respectively. Both the isolates were found to possess antioxidant potential with % inhibition value of 81.16% and 80.97%in the DPPH radical scavenging assay. The phytochemical screening of the methanolic extracts showed the presence of phenolics and flavonoids. Thetotal flavonoids content in Penicillium species and Aspergillus species were found to be 130.50 μg/mg and 94.91 μg/mg of extracts, respectively. Thetotal phenolic content was found to be 9.16 μg/mg and 12.13 μg/mg of extracts in Penicillium species and Aspergillus species, respectively.Conclusions: Endophtyic fungi were found to be present in medicinal value plant C. procera. The probable bioactive component for antioxidantactivity possessed by the fungi would be the flavonoids and phenolics. These metabolite produced by endophytic fungi from C. procera need to beexplored further as potential source of novel natural antioxidant compound.Keywords: Endophytes, Calotropis procera, Antioxidant, Radical scavenging, Reducing power, Flavonoids.
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROSCOPY STUDIES ON CESTRUM NOCTURNUM MACERATED METHANOLIC EXTRACT
Authors: Chaskar Pratip Kashinath , Tank Shivali Hargovind , Doshi Gaurav Mahesh
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTObjective: Phytochemical screening has revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, carbohydrates, steroids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins frommethanolic extract of Cestrum nocturnum. In this research, we have identified and confirmed the structures of the constituents by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) from the methanolic extract of C. nocturnum leaves.Methods: Shade-dried leaves were powdered and extracted with methanol by cold extraction procedures and the crude extract obtained was usedfor GC-MS.Results: There were total five components prominently eluted from C. nocturnum extract, viz., ethyl citrate, phytol, 4-isobutylmorpholine,n-hexadecanoic acid, and α-amyrin.Conclusion: GC-MS studies helped to recognize the phytochemical constituents based on their retention time and verification of MS libraries. Infuture, C. nocturnum leaves may be subjected to different extraction procedures and number of elucidating phytoconstituents can be studied for theirethnopharmacological relevance citing the literature.Keywords: Cestrum nocturnum, Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy, α-Amyrin, n-Hexadecanoic acid, Ethyl citrate, Phytol, 4-Isobutylmorpholine.
ANTIEPILEPTIC RECTAL HYDROGEL LOADED WITH CARBAMAZEPINE – RICE BRAN WAX MICROSPHERES
Authors: Nair Sreeja C , M Krishnapriya , Ramesh Karthika
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTObjectives: The objective behind the study is to develop a mucoadhesive rectal hydrogel from carbamazepine (CBZ) – rice bran wax (RBW)microspheres for the purpose of controlled release for the treatment of epilepsy.Methods: The study was conducted to formulate controlled release rectal hydrogel loaded with CBZ – RBW microspheres in two different natural polymers,RBW and collagen which are prepared by modified cooling induced solidification method and gel preparation along with their evaluation studies.Results: A thorough analysis of the optimized gel revealed that all the evaluation parameters evaluated are within the acceptable limits. Further, theoptimized microsphere formulation (M5) was used to formulate it as rectal hydrogel using polymer collagen and was characterized. The mucoadhesiontime of 25% w/w collagen hydrogel (H4) was 565 minutes, allowing the loaded microspheres to be attached on rectal mucosa. In vitro drug releasefrom the mucoadhesive hydrogel formulations showed controlled drug release pattern with a maximum drug release of 96.45±0.35% for optimizedH4 formulation after 12 hr, followed zero order release pattern with diffusion mediated Higuchi model. Ex vivo permeation studies using bovine rectalmucosa revealed that H4 formulation showed greater permeability compared to control. Histopathological findings revealed that H4 formulation issafer for rectal administration without any signs of rectal irritancy. The stability studies of optimized formulation (H4) proved that hydrogel remainedstable over a wide range of temperature condition.Conclusion: Hence, the developed rectal hydrogel formulation seems to be a viable alternative to conventional drug delivery system for the effectivemanagement of epilepsy.Keywords: Carbamazepine, Rice bran wax, Rectal hydrogel, Sustainability.
ANTIMUTAGENIC POTENTIAL OF LIV52 BY AMES SALMONELLA/MAMMALIAN: MICROSOME MUTAGENICITY ASSAY
Authors: Manipura Radhakrishna , Mj Hedge
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTObjective: Liv52, a nontoxic herbal preparation is reported to be clinically active in hepatotoxicity and a wide range of hepatic disorders. This studywas undertaken to evaluate the mutagenic/antimutagenic potential of Liv52 using Salmonella mutagenicity test.Methods: Ames Salmonella/Mammalian - microsome mutagenicity test was used to evaluate the mutagenic or antimutagenic potential of Liv52.Salmonella typhimurium tester strains TA1537, TA1538, TA100, and TA102 were used for mutagenicity testing. The antimutagenicity study wascarried out in tester strains TA1538 and TA100 against various standard mutagens with and without metabolic activation.Results: Liv52 did not show any mutagenic potential both with and without metabolic activation, whereas in TA1538 and TA 100 tester strains, Liv52showed 48.4% and 47.2% of inhibition of his+ revertants induced by 4-nitro-O-phenylenediamine, respectively. Further with metabolic activationin TA1538, Liv52 showed 99.8%, 99.8%, and 100% inhibition of his+ revertants induced by 2-aminofluorene, 2-anthranine, and cigarette smokecondensate, respectively. In TA100 maximum of 100%, 100%, 97.7%, and 100% inhibition of his+ revertants induced by 2-aminofluorene, 2-anthranine,benzo(a)pyrene, and cigarette smoke condensate, respectively, were observed. A significant enhancement of inhibition of his+ revertants induced byall the above said mutagens were observed in preincubation modification method.Conclusion: Liv52 was found to be nonmutagenic in Salmonella assay, whereas manifested the antimutagenic potential both with and withoutmetabolic activation. The enhanced antimutagenic activity of Liv52 on preincubation indicates that the antimutagenic factor(s) may be desmutagenicin nature. The exact mechanism by which Liv52 exerts antimutagenic potential is not known. The possibility of having diverse antimutagenic factorsin Liv52 which act by different mechanisms are strongly indicated.Keywords: Liv52 syrup, Salmonella mutagenicity test, Ames test, Desmutagens.
PREPARATION OF ACYCLOVIR-NICOTINAMIDE COCRYSTAL BY SOLVENT EVAPORATION TECHNIQUE WITH VARIATION OF SOLVENT
Authors: Nawatila Roisah , W Agnes Nuniek , Siswodihardjo Siswandono , Setyawan Dwi
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTObjective: This research aims to prepare cocrystal of acyclovir (ACV)-nicotinamide (NCT) by solvent evaporation with a variation of solvent (ethanol,glacial acetic acid, and HCl 0.1 N) to improve the bioavailability of ACV as an antiviral drug.Methods: Cocrystal were developed by solvent evaporation with 1:1 molar fraction, using variation of solvent such as ethanol, glacial acetic acid, andHCl 0.1 N. Further, the prepared ACV-NCT cocrystal were characterized for differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and in vitro dissolution.Results: DSC thermogram showed that ACV-NCT cocrystal in ethanol and glacial acetic acid exhibited new endothermic peak at 221.16°C and216.40°C, whereas no peaks were found for HCl 0.1 N. PXRD diffractogram showed that ACV-NCT cocrystal in ethanol exhibited new diffraction peaksat 2θ 5.9°; 9.2°; dan 13.3°, whereas no peaks were found for glacial acetic acid and HCl 0.1 N. FT-IR characterization of ACV-NCT cocrystal in ethanolshowed disappearance of transmission peaks at 3373/cm indicating the loss of NH bands of NCT. Furthermore, C=O of ACV and NCT were observed at1693/cm, and 1666/cm indicated a formation of hydrogen bonding between ACV and NCT. SEM micrographs showed that cocrystals have a differentshape compared to ACV and NCT. DE15 showed that there was a significant increase of ACV-NCT cocrystal dissolution rate in ethanol compared to thephysical mixture and ACV.Conclusion: The study concludes that ACV-NCT cocrystal in ethanol were successfully formed and the dissolution rate of ACV can increase significantly(α=0.05).Keywords: Cocrystallization, Solvent, Acyclovir, Nicotinamide, Solvent evaporation.
COUROUPITA GUIANENSIS: THE RESERVOIR OF MEDICINAL COMPOUNDS OF HUMAN WELFARE
Authors: Moorthi Vinayaga , Jasmine S Famina
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTMedicinal plants play a role in the traditional form of providing relief to several diseases. Couroupita guianensis is also a type of medicinal plantwhich has antibacterial, antimycobacterial, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antitumor, antiulcer, antinociceptive, anthelmintic, antifertility, and antifungalactivities. The chemical constituent of C. guianensis such as indirubin serves as an antibacterial and antifungal agent because it particularly curesfungal diseases. It is active for the treatment of chronic myelocytic leukemia. The extract of isatin from the flower of C. guianensis is also a chemicalcomponent that has been used as prophylactic agent, prevents free radial-induced cancer, acts as a chemotherapeutic agent to kill cancer cells, and ithas antioxidant (act as major defense) and anticancer activities against human promylocytic leukemia 60 cells. The extract of chloroform of fruit ofC. guianensis shows good antimicrobial activity but low antimycobacterial activity. The plant extract of C. guianensis is equipotent to standard drugssuch as paracetamol in its analgesic activity and indomethacin in its anti-inflammatory activity.Keywords: Couroupita quianensis, Antibacterial activity, Anti tumor activity, Antioxidant activity, Anti biofil.
SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA PRODUCING ENZYMES AGAINST ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT CELL FREE SUPERNATANT OF LACTOCOCCUS WITH THE FOCUS ON ITS DETERMINING QUANTITATIVELY BY OD (ENZYME LINKED IMMUNE SORBENT ASSAY)
Authors: Mohsin Yusra Mb , Majeed Huda Zuheir , Hasan Ali Murtatha , Bataah Enaam Hamed
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTObjective: The present work was conducted to explore the prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa that produce lipase and protease enzymes in40 samples, as well as detection of quality and quantity production and determine its susceptibility to antimicrobial.Methods: The antimicrobial activity of Lactococcus cell free supernatant (CFS) on P. aeruginosa growth and quantity production of enzymes by twomethods (special media and OD) were also studied.Results: A total of 8(20%) and 13(32%) isolates were found to be positive to P. aeruginosa producing lipase and protease, respectively. The in vitroantimicrobial activity results revealed that all isolates producing enzymes showed sensitive to CFS of Lactococcus, only one isolate exhibited lowsensitivity to CFS 4 mm, however, these isolates varied in their sensitivity to CFS ranged 4-15 mm.Conclusion: Results of the quantity production of P. aeruginosa enzymes with CFS of Lactococcus showed and exerts growth inhibitory activity andreduce the production of enzymes. We could be concluded that CFS of Lactococcus has great potential antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosagrowth and its ability on enzymes production.Keywords: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Lactococcus, Cell-free supernatant, Optical density, Lipase, Protease.
FORMULATION OPTIMIZATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF GANCICLOVIR LOADED DRY CHITOSAN NANOPARTICLES
Authors: Patel Gayatri , Patel Rutu , Gajra Balaram , Parikh R.
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTObjective: The objective of this work was to formulate, optimize, and characterize ganciclovir (GCV) loaded dry chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs).Methods: The GCV loaded CSNPs was prepared by ionic gelation method. Box–Behnken design was employed to optimize the influence of independentprocess and formulation variables like drug to polymer ratio, concentration of sodium tripolyphosphate, and stirring time (min) on the dependentvariables such as particle size (PS) and drug encapsulation efficiency (% EE). The optimum conditions were determined by regression analysis of theoutput data.Results: The independent variables had interactive effects and they affected both the responses. The optimum formulation had PS within the range of100-120 nm and % EE between 85% and 86%. The prepared GCV loaded CSNPs were dried by fluidized bed drying method. Fourier transform infraredspectra showed there was no physicochemical interaction between GCV and CS. Powder X-ray diffraction study showed less intense crystalline peaksindicated that GCV may exist in the formulation as amorphous nanodispersion or molecular dispersion form. Differential scanning calorimetry studywas performed which indicated that the drug was molecularly dispersed inside the matrix of CS. Higuchi model was the best to fit the in vitro releasedata for the GCV loaded CSNPs.Conclusion: From the results, it can be concluded that the GCV loaded dry CSNPs were formulated, optimized, and characterized using desiredpharmacotechnical properties.Keywords: Chitosan nanoparticles, Box–Behnken design, Sodium tripolyphosphate, Ionic gelation.
EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF ADALIMUMAB VERSUS INFLIXIMAB IN PATIENTS SUFFERED FROM MODERATE TO SEVERE ACTIVE ULCERATIVE COLITIS
Authors: Mshimesh Bahir Razzaq
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTObjective: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an idiopathic, chronic inflammatory disease of the large intestine, usually involving the rectum. During the lastdecade, clinical trials have shown adalimumab (ADA) and infliximab (IFX) to be efficacious in inducing and maintaining remission for moderate tosevere UC refractory to the conventional therapies. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of ADA and IFX for inductionremission in Iraqi patients with moderately to severely active UC.Methods: A total of 50 patients with moderate to severe UC, who were refractory to concurrent treatment with oral corticosteroids and/or immunesuppressants, were randomly assigned in 1:1 ratio to receive either ADA (160/80 mg, subcutaneous) or IFX (5 mg/kg, intravenous) during theinduction phase (8 weeks). Primary efficacy endpoint was clinical remission at week 8. Secondary efficacy endpoints were the clinical response,mucosal healing, subscores indicative of mild disease (rectal bleeding subscore [RBS], physician’s global assessment [PGA] subscore, and stoolfrequency subscore [SFS]). Partial Mayo score was also evaluated in addition to the inflammatory bowel disease questionnaire (IBDQ). Additionalsubgroup analysis was based on the Mayo score, extensive colitis, concomitant medications, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level, andpatient weight at baseline. The safety profile was assessed in all enrolled patients.Results: At week 8, 24% of patients receiving ADA were in clinical remission, compared with 28% on IFX (p>0.05). Clinical response was achievedin 48% of patients receiving ADA and 52% of patients on IFX (p>0.05). Mucosal healing was achieved in 40% of patients receiving either ADA orIFX (p>0.05). For the subscores indicative of mild disease (≤1), the patients % of RBS and PGA was significantly higher within IFX group (p<0.05)while the patients % of SFS was significantly higher within ADA group (p<0.05). The proportion of patients achieving clinical remission based on thepartial Mayo score, in addition to IBDQ response index, was not differ significantly between the two groups from week 2 and throughout the study(p>0.05). The patients with higher Mayo score (≥10), higher hs-CRP (≥10 mg/L), and higher weight (≥70 kg) at baseline were associated with reducedremission rates. ADA and IFX treatment were generally well-tolerated and the overall safety profile matched.Conclusion: ADA and IFX were comparable in their effectiveness for inducing clinical remission and response in patients with moderate to severe UC.Both of the biologic agents were well tolerated with an approach safety profile.Keywords: Ulcerative colitis, Adalimumab, Infliximab, Clinical remission, Safety profile.
SILVER NANOPARTICLES FROM TRIANTHEMA PORTULACASTRUM: GREEN SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTICANCER PROPERTIES
Authors: Krishnan Gowri Shankar , Pradhan Namrata , K Masilamani , Fleming Albin T
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTObjective: In this study, silver nanoparticles (SNPs) were synthesized using an aqueous extract of Trainthema portulacastrum and silver ions (Ag+)which have been proven against certain pathogenic bacterial strains and hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell line.Methods: The bio fabricated nanoparticles were confirmed by surface plasmon resonance which were characterized by biophysical measuresutilizing the ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray, and transmission electron microscope(TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, particle size analyzer, and X-ray diffraction. Antibacterial efficacy against Enterobacter aerogens,Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermis, and Bacillus subtilis. The effect of SNPs tested against HepG2 and NIH/3T3 cell lineexhibits a dose-dependent toxicity.Results and Conclusion: The SEM and TEM images confirmed the presence of spherical and hexagonal shape (0.3-4 μm) of nanocrystalline particleswith the size range of 11.5-29.2 nm. The average particles size of SNPs is 190.3±17.0 nm. Antibacterial activity was carried out by agar well diffusionmethod against different pathogenic bacteria of which B. subtilis showed a significant zone of inhibition 8.66 mm and 12.0 mm for aqueous plantextract and synthesized SNPs. The effect of SNPs tested against HepG2 and NIH/3T3 cell line exhibits a dose-dependent toxicity. In case of HepG2, thecell viability was decreased to 50% (IC50) at the concentration of 173.8±0.84 μg/mL. From the results, it can be concluded that the SNPs fabricatedusing green synthesis method will be a promising candidate in the biomedical field, due to its high bioactive properties.Keywords: Silver nanoparticles, Trainthema portulacastrum, Antibacterial activity, Cytotoxic activity.
ANTIHYPERTENSIVE ACTIVITY OF EXTRACT AND FRACTIONS OF MATOA (POMETIA PINNATA J. R & G FORTS) LEAVES
Authors: Purwidyaningrum Ika , Sukandar Elin Yulinah , Fidrianny Irda
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTObjective: The purpose of this study was to determine antihypertensive activity of extract and fractions of matoa (Pometia pinnata) leaves.Methods: Matoa leaves were extracted by reflux, followed by evaporating using rotary evaporator. Hypertension was induced by 50 mg/kg bw. NaCland 1.5 mg/kg bw. prednisone orally, every day as long as 28 days, then continued over the next 28 days in the therapy period. Male Sprague Dawleyrats were divided into 12 groups which were hydrochlorothiazide (0.45 mg/kg bw.), control group hypertensive, control normal, matoa leaves extract(MLE) (with doses of 50 mg/kg bw., 100 mg/kg bw., and 150 mg/kg bw.), ethylacetate fraction (with doses of 4.35 mg/kg bw., 8.71 mg/kg bw., and13.06 mg/kg bw.), and water fraction (with doses of 10 mg/kg bw., 21.88 mg/kg bw., and 32.82 mg/kg bw.). Measurement of systolic and diastolicblood pressure was done every weeks using direct tail-cuff of noninvasive method. Then histomorphology of muscle heart was performed at the endof this research.Results: Ethylacetate fraction of matoa leaves 13.08 mg/kg bw. and MLE 150 mg/kg bw. gave significant result in lowering blood pressure (p<0.05) onthe 28th day of therapy and showed an equal profile with hydrochlorothiazide (0.45 mg/kg bw). Histomorphological result of rat’s muscle heart foundcollagen production was increased in NaCl-prednisone induced rats.Conclusions: Extract and fractions of P. pinnata leaves could decrease blood pressure of NaCl-prednisone induced hypertension rats, but this effectwas not liniear with doses and they did not decrease the collagen production in cardiac myocardium compared to normal group.Keywords: Pometia pinnata, Leaves, Hypertension, Tail-cuff noninvasive method, Blood pressure.
IN VITRO IMMUNOSTIMULATION ACTIVITY OF NIGELLA SATIVA LINN. AND PSORALEA CORYLIFOLIA LINN. SEEDS USING A MURINE MACROPHAGE CELL LINE
Authors: Periasamy Saravanan , M Sheik Noor Mohamed , K Jaikumar , S Marimuthu , W John Wyson , D Anand
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTObjective: The aim of this study is to analyze the phytochemical constituents and the in vitro immunomodulatory potential of ethanol extract ofNigella sativa and Psoralea corylifolia seeds.Methods: Phytoconstituents in the ethanol extract of N. sativa and P. corylifolia seeds were analyzed using gas chromatography and mass spectrumand their immunomodulatory activity was investigated in vitro by cell proliferation assay with J774A.1 cell line.Results: Thirteen biochemical constituents have been identified with ethanol extract of N. sativa and nine from the P. corylifolia. The maximum relativeactivity of 138.77±0.44% cell proliferation was expressed at 25 μg/ml by N. sativa and 80.70±0.42% of proliferation by P. corylifolia at 25 μg/ml.Conclusion: The results suggest that the ethanol extract of the plant seeds have stimulating activity on macrophage cells and could be useful formodulating immune functions.Keywords: Immunomodulatory, Cell proliferation, Macrophage cell line, Nigella sativa, Psoralea corylifolia.
ASSESSING THE BIOACTIVITY AND ANTIOXIDATIVE PROPERTIES OF SOME COMPOUNDS ISOLATED FROM ABUTILON HIRTUM (LAM.)
Authors: Mortady Hamed Manal , Refahy Laila Abdel-ghany , Abdel-aziz Mohamed Sayed
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTObjectives: The present study on the methanol extract of Abutilon hirtum (Lam.) [Malvaceae] afforded ten compounds. Findings from this assessmentindicated that A. hirtum leaves possessed vast potential as medicinal product especially in liver cancer treatment.Methods: Dried-powdered leaves were boiled under reflux in 10 L of petroleum ether for 8 hrs. After filtration, the solvent was evaporated; afforded15 g of petroleum ether extract followed by boiling with reflux for 8 hrs with chloroform, then filtration and the residue was evaporated to give 34 gchloroform extract. Ethyl acetate was added and refluxed for 8 hrs, then filtration and evaporation to give 31 g ethyl acetate extract. Finally the leaveswere refluxed with 10 L of 85 % aqueous MeOH, after cooling, the solution was filtered and evaporated and the residue was 210 g methanol extractthen the residue was dissolved in de-ionized water (250 ml), then the salt was removed by adding excess methanol solution (2.5 L), and finally filtered.The cytotoxicity of the isolated compounds was evaluated towards HepG2 liver-carcinoma cell line using MTT assay, the antimicrobial activity wastested using the Disc agar plate method and the total antioxidant capacity was determined according to phosphomolybdenum method.Results: The isolated compounds identified as methyl gallate, cuneataside E, bergapten, gallic acid, ellagic acid, epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate,kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside, benzyl-1-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, 2(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and β-sitosterol. All the isolatedcompounds are known; but they were isolated from Abutilon hirtum for the first time.Conclusion: This report may serve as a footprint concerning the biological and pharmacological activities of A. hirtum leaves.Keywords: Abutilon hirtum, Malvaceae, HepG2, Phenolics, Antioxidant.
SYNTHESIS, CRYSTAL STUDIES AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ROLE PREDICTION OF 3-IODO-2- METHYL-1 PHENYL SULFONYL-1H INDOLE
Authors: Thilagam C Rama , Sri S Vijaya , Hopper Waheeta , Vannan V Mani , Rani P.r Uma
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTObjective: Indole-based compounds have established many pharmacological applications. Indole acts as a starting compound for various medicinalpreparations. Our objective is to determine the possible pharmacological roles of our crystallized indole-based ligand using computational approach.The activities studied are antibacterial, antitubercular, and antimelanoma.Methods: The structure of the indole compound, CR2 was studied using single crystal X-ray diffraction technique. To predict the pharmacologicalactivities, the structure-based docking method was followed. The protein targets were selected based on their important biological role in eachactivity mentioned above. The interactions between the targets and the crystal ligand were studied using a generic based docking algorithm. Thesignificant pharmacophore features of the ligand were also reported.Results: The ligand showed bonded and non-bonded interactions with the crucial amino acid residues of the active site of each target. The interactionsand the binding energies were quite comparable to the targets’ natural ligands.Conclusion: We suggest through the computational approaches that the ligand may have antitubercular, antibacterial, and antimelanoma activitieswith respect to the targets considered. The new insights of this compound as predicted by the computational methods are believed to provide aplatform for the futuristic pharmacological activities of this compound that can be further considered for wet lab techniques.Keywords: Indole, Dihydrofolate reductase, DNA gyrase, Human B-Raf kinase, Docking, Pharmacophore, Single crystal X-ray diffraction.
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECT OF ZINGIBER OFFICINALE ON SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS
Authors: Karunakaran Rohini , Hassan Ndanusa Abdullahi , A Uma Sankar , Aye Khin Mar
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTObjective: To investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of aqueous extract of Zingiber officinale on carrageenan-induced inflammation on SpragueDawley (SD) rats.Methods: SD rats were divided into six of five groups and allowed to acclimatize for 1 week. Inflammation was induced on the animal by injecting theright hand paw with carrageenan (0.1 ml of 1%). Group 1 was given normal saline and served as a control. Group 2 was fed with food and water andserved as the carrageenan control. Group 3 was given 200 mg/kg aqueous extract of ginger, Group 4 with 400 mg/kg aqueous extract of ginger, andGroup 5 with 150 mg/kg diclofenac sodium (reference drug for inflammation).Results: The paw edema in carrageenan-induced SD rats was considerably reduced by treating with 400 mg/kg aqueous ginger extracts whencompared to the untreated SD rats (p<0.001).Conclusion: This study indicates that aqueous extract of Z. officinale possesses anti-inflammatory properties.Keywords: Anti-inflammatory, Sprague Dawley rats, Zingiber officinale, Carrageenan, Edema
EVALUATION FOR NEPHROPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF ALLIUM CEPA LINN. IN GENTAMICIN-INDUCED NEPHROTOXICITY IN RATS
Authors: Elsani Madhan Mohan , Chinnala Krishna Mohan , Achanta Prathyusha , Vangala Vijaya Laxmi
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTObjective: Kidney diseases are a major problem of worldwide proportions, and renal damage is very common since kidney has the capacity to excretetoxic substances. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of the ethanolic extract of Allium cepa Linn. (EEAC) plant leaves against gentamicininducednephrotoxicity in rats.Methods: Nephroprotective activity was estimated by inducing gentamicin (100 mg/kg) to all the groups of animals; acute kidney dysfunction is anevidenced by significant elevation of serum creatinine, total protein and decreased body weight with multiple histological damages.Results: Treatment with the A. cepa Linn. has shown significant (p<0.01 and p<0.001) dose-dependent improvement in the body weight at the doseof 200 and 400 mg/kg and also shown significant improvement by protecting the kidney from the oxidative stress. It is also identified that treatmentwith A. cepa significantly lowered the level of serum creatinine, total protein when compared with the toxic group.Conclusion: Nephroprotective activity of EEAC treatment was found compared with the standard group (Vitamin E – 250 mg/kg) and control groupagainst the toxic control group animals in parameters including serum creatinine, total protein, kidney weights, and body weights. The histopathologicalstudies were also evinced the protective effect of EEAC.Keywords: Nephroprotective activity, Gentamicin, Nephrotoxicity, Allium cepa Linn.
EVALUATION OF XANTHINE OXIDASE INHIBITORY ACTIVITY BY FLAVONOIDS FROM PONGAMIA PINNATA LINN
Authors: Bambrana Vanishree , Cd Dayanand , Sr Sheela
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTObjective: Flavonoids from the crude seeds extract of Pongamia pinnata L., dried fruit powder of Morinda citrifolia L., bark of Mangifera indica L., andrhizome of Zingiber officinale Rosc. were screened for xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibition at different concentration. The inhibitory potential of quercetinand allopurinol were used for the determination of 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) and Ki values.Methods: Isolation of flavonoids from the plant extracts was processed by column chromatography and tested for XO inhibitory activity in the rangeof 6-800 μg/ml.Results: The results demonstrated that optimized flavonoids extract of P. pinnata L. exhibited promising XO inhibition. P. pinnata L., M. indica L., andZ. officinale Rosc. had IC50 in the concentration of 8.74 mM, 1.09 mM, 5.4 mM and Ki 0.35 mM, 1.73 mM, 2.7 mM, respectively.Conclusion: The study showed that plant species under investigation exhibited XO inhibition by optimized flavonoid extract. P. pinnata L. indicatedpromising XO inhibition compared to other plant extracts. Flavonoids can be used as a potent inhibitor of XO an alternative to allopurinol.Keywords: Xanthine oxidase, Quercetin, Allopurinol, Pongamia pinnata, Oxidative stress.
CAN COST OF PHARMACOLOGICAL THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY BE A MEDICATION MANAGEMENT STRATEGY FOR ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME?
Authors: Kumar Vinod , Panda Bijoy Kumar
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTObjectives: In Indian health-care system with delayed access to a minimum number of catheter laboratories and rarity of insurance benefits, prehospitaland in-hospital thrombolytic has become the choice for patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), where many patients bear the economicburden of pharmacological thrombolytic. The present study was carried out to evaluate the pattern of prescribing of pharmacological thrombolyticagents in hospitalized ACS patients and associated cost burden.Methods: A prospective observational cohort study of prescription was conducted for in-patient admitted to intensive care unit for thrombolytic andantithrombotic drug utilization pattern. The direct cost analysis was performed from patient’s perspective where a direct cost was calculated usingpharmacy bills. All other cost was assumed to be same.Results: Data of 288 patients were collected from which 108 (37.5%) patients were ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and 180 (62.5%)patients were non-STEMI. The mean number of drugs prescribed was 11±2 which constitutes a mean of 3.1±0.7 reperfusion drugs. 59% of patientswere prescribed with enoxaparin (0.6 ml/seconds route) for the mean duration of 4 days. The average prescription cost for ACS admission was aroundRs.7159.5±5137.2 (Rs.1101-Rs.22202). The average cost of pharmacological thrombolytic therapy was Rs.4557±3468.3 (Rs. 23-Rs.12542). The meancost of pharmacological thrombolytic therapy was found to be 63% of the total direct cost of drugs borne by the patient. The cost of therapy waspositively correlated with duration of stay (p=0.000) and insignificantly correlated with a number of drugs.Conclusion: Antiplatelets were the most preferred followed by anticoagulants. The mean number of drugs per encounter was high but was rationalas per standard guidelines. The mean cost for pharmacological reperfusion therapy was found to be more than half of mean prescription cost for themanagement of ACS.Keywords: Acute coronary syndrome, Thrombolytic therapy, Cost, Medication management.