bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SEKOLAH ADIWIYATA
Authors: hilman adee
Published: July 2022

Sekolah Adiwiyata adalah sekolah yang peduli dan berbudaya lingkungan. Program Adiwiyata dilaksanakan berdasarkan prinsip: (edukatif; partisipatif; dan berkelanjutan). Komponen Program Adiwiyata, meliputi: (aspek kebijakan sekolah yang berwawasan lingkungan; aspek kurikulum sekolah berbasis lingkungan; aspek kegiatan sekolah berbasis partisipatif; dan aspek pengelolaan sarana dan prasarana pendukung sekolah yang ramah lingkungan.(Indonesia 2019)
Accessibility and space-time differences in when and how sustainably different groups (choose to) travel
Authors: Ryan Jean , Pereira Rafael H. M. , Andersson Magnus
Published: July 2022

A fair distribution of accessibility to key activities is a central concern for distributive justice in transport planning. This implies that disparities in accessibility and the negative effects associated with a lack of accessibility should be mitigated. However, even though accessibility is not purely spatial or static, it is conventionally treated as if it were. Several studies have significantly advanced the spatio-temporal representation of accessibility. However, there is still a lack of focus on how these dynamics affect different groups of people with differing socio-economic and demographic characteristics and how these dynamics might influence their travel mode choice. The aim of this paper is to analyse how differences in accessibility to the workplace by public transport during multiple times of the day are associated with the time period in which different groups of people commute to work, and how the flexibility of individuals’ time constraints might influence whether they can and do commute using public transport. Using a transport justice-focused time geography perspective, this study draws on the spatio-temporal aspects of people’s real activities based on travel survey data for the Stockholm Region. This study contributes to the literature by highlighting the differences in accessibility to the workplace by public transport across multiple departure time periods; showing how these results compare with mode choice (if there is a choice); and revealing which socio-economic, demographic and geographical factors characterise these differences. This study also illustrates how a transport justice-focused time geography approach could help researchers have a more detailed and nuanced understanding of the relationship between accessibility and sustainable travel behaviour, and how this relationship might change at different times of the day.
Analisis SWOT (Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities, And Threats) pada Perbankan Syariah
Authors: Halim Ismail
Published: July 2022

Artikel ini memberikan penjelasan terkait bagaimana analisis SWOT (Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities, and Threats) yang dimiliki oleh Perbankan Syariah, dimana analisis SWOT ini dapat dijadikan sebagai acuan dalam perkembangan Perbankan Syariah di Indonesia dengan memaksimalkan kekuatan (Strengths) dan peluang (Opportunities) yang dimiliki, namun secara bersamaan harus meminimalkan kelemahan (Weakness) dan ancaman (Threats) yang dimiliki oleh Perbankan Syariah.
Associations between abdominal adipose tissue, reproductive span, and brain characteristics in post-menopausal women
Authors: Schindler Louise , Subramaniapillai Sivaniya , Barth Claudia , van der Meer Dennis , Pedersen Mads Lund , Kaufmann Tobias , Maximov Ivan , Linge Jennifer , Leinhard Olof Dahlqvist , Beck Dani , Gurholt Tiril Pedersen , Voldsbekk Irene , Suri Sana , Ebmeier Klaus P. , Draganski Bogdan , Andreassen Ole A. , Westlye Lars T. , de Lange Ann-Marie G
Published: July 2022

The menopause transition involves changes in oestrogens and adipose tissue distribution, which may influence female brain health post-menopause. Although increased central fat accumulation is linked to risk of metabolic diseases, adipose tissue also serves as the primary biosynthesis site of oestrogens post-menopause. It is unclear whether different types of adipose tissue play diverging roles in female brain health post-menopause, and whether this depends on lifetime oestrogen exposure, which can have lasting effects on the brain and body even after menopause. Using the UK Biobank sample, we investigated associations between brain characteristics and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (ASAT) in 10,251 post-menopausal females, and assessed whether the relationships varied depending on length of reproductive span (age at menarche to age at menopause). To parse the effects of common genetic variation, we computed polygenic scores for reproductive span. The results showed that higher VAT and ASAT were both associated with higher grey and white matter brain age, and greater white matter hyperintensity load. The associations varied positively with reproductive span, indicating more prominent associations between adipose tissue and brain measures in females with a longer reproductive span. The results could not be fully explained by genetic variation or relevant confounders. Our findings indicate that associations between abdominal adipose tissue and brain health post-menopause may partly depend on individual differences in cumulative oestrogen exposure during reproductive years, emphasising the complexity of neural and endocrine ageing processes in females.
Strategic Monitoring Improves Prospective Memory: A Meta-Analysis (Revision 1)
Authors: Peper Philip , Ball Hunter
Published: July 2022

Monitoring the environment for target events that trigger prospective memory (PM) retrieval requires cognitive resources, reflected by costs to ongoing task performance (i.e., worse accuracy and/or slower response times). Strategic monitoring refers to the use of context to engage or disengage monitoring when a PM target is anticipated or unanticipated. Laboratory strategic monitoring studies have found mixed results as to whether context awareness improves PM performance. The present study employed a meta-analytic technique to assess the overall effect of context awareness on PM performance and ongoing task metrics of strategic monitoring. Overall, context awareness improved PM performance when the target was anticipated and improved ongoing task performance (speed and accuracy) when the target was not anticipated. Moderator analyses revealed the degree of slowing in anticipated contexts predicted how much context awareness improved PM performance. However, the benefits to PM performance from context awareness differed by the type of procedure used. PM performance was improved when context changes could be predicted during blocked or proximity procedures, but not when context varied randomly in trial-level procedures. These results provide insights into the mechanisms underlying strategic monitoring and guidance for researchers on which procedures to be use depending on the theory-driven questions.
Discourse on Social Exclusion and Inclusion in Nepal: A Review
Authors: Shrestha Bishal
Published: July 2022

The discourse of social exclusion and inclusion is debatable issue in contemporary Nepali society. The issue of social exclusion should be addressed by adopting the process of social inclusion in several sectors of Nepali society which helps to establish society with equality. The article Social Exclusion and Inclusion tries to address the issue raised in the discourse of social inclusion. Similarly, it tries to explore the issue of social exclusion and inclusion from new line. Article is based on the review of the several articles published addressing the issue of social exclusion and inclusion. In introduction, I have mentioned the context and origin of social exclusion and inclusion debate. Different views of various renowned scholars on Social Exclusion and Inclusion have been mentioned. In Nepalese context, political movement and academic effort of social exclusion and inclusion have been discussed. The achievement that excluded group got in the Constitution and other Acts from the political and other inclusion movement have been disclosed here.  In Nepal, there are three types of notions/domains: Inclusive based on Caste Ethnicity, Economy Prosperity and Meritocracy. I critically support the Inclusive based on Caste Ethnicity Movement.
Impact of Capital Adequacy on Profitability of Commercial Banks in Nepal
Authors: Goet Joginder
Published: July 2022

This paper explores the effect of several bank-specific variables including capital adequacy on the profitability of listed commercial banks operating in Nepal. Determinants of banks’ profitability like ROA and ROE have been assessed by the panel data (21 observations) of 3 listed banks out of 27 banks. In this study, profitability has been quantified in terms of regulatory capital, operating efficiency, bank asset size, loan and advances, and shareholders’ equity. This study found a significant correlation between net profit with shareholders’ equity, Tire 1 capital, total capital, and loan and advance but an insignificant relationship with Tire 2 capital. Again, it has been shown that the credit deposit ratio has a significant impact on return on assets and others have not. Likewise, the shareholders’ equity ratio and capital adequacy ratio have a significant impact but the credit deposit ratio has not on the return on equity of the banks.
A Case of Lenition-Fortition and Honorific Asymmetry in Limbu Native's Nepali Speech
Authors: Tumbahang Mohan Kumar
Published: July 2022

This article aims to observe why deviations occur in the Limbu natives' speech while speaking the Nepali language. The objective of the study is to find out the factors which are responsible for the distorted form of Nepali speech uttered by the Limbu natives. Basically, the analysis is based on the phonological and sociolinguistic theories. The phonological aspect is concerned with the sound system of both languages. From the sociolinguistic aspect, Nepali and Limbu languages have a sharp contrast in the use of honorific expressions. In the process of analysis, the study has revealed that the Limbu language has less number of sounds than the Nepali language. In addition, eight consonants play a crucial role to cause the deviation in Nepali speech uttered by the Limbu natives. The Nepali language exhibits the five-layered honorific pronominal subjects with parallel verb conjugations. In contrast, the Limbu does possess only one form. The article can be useful to create a way for interested individuals to deepen their understanding of the reasons behind the deviations committed by the native of one language-speaking another language.
Nexus between Fiscal Inclusion and Economic Growth of Nepal
Authors: Gajurel Ram Prasad
Published: July 2022

This study is aimed to investigate the nexus between financial inclusion and economic growth of Nepal. This study employs descriptive as well as multiple regression model using the data over the period of mid-July 2014 to mid-July 2021 to examine the linkage between financial inclusion and economic growth of Nepal. The empirical results of the study reveal that there is strong association of financial inclusion with economic growth, however, there is no positive and robust impact of financial inclusion on economic growth of Nepal. In contrary, overall analysis of the study shows the strong evidence to support the view that financial inclusion is the backbone of the Nepali economy. This study covers only limited indicators of financial inclusion and limited periods of data which are not enough to evaluate the long-run relations of financial inclusion and growth of Nepal. This study suggests that policies promoting financial deepening and penetration and reforming the financial sectors to bond with the financial inclusion for economic growth of Nepal. In this study, we attempt to assess the significance of financial inclusion in economic growth so that piecemeal efforts can be made to combat Nepal's policy hitches and logjams.
डायस्पोरिक उपन्यासमा पीडा, अतीत मोह र यौनिकता
Authors: Nepal Shakti Raj
Published: July 2022

आफ्नो देश छोडेर अर्काको देशमा गई लामो समयसम्म बसेका व्यक्तिद्वारा साहित्य सिर्जनामाफत् आफ्नो देशलाई सम्झी लेखिइएका साहित्यलाई डायस्पोरा साहित्य भनी चिनिन्छ । यस अध्ययनमा पनि डायस्पोरामा लेखिएका उपन्यासको विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । डायस्पोराबाट नेपाली भूूूूूूूूूूूगोल, समाज, संस्कृति, जीवनशैली तथा आफ्नो बिगत सम्झेर झल्को मार्न रचना गरिएका हरेक साहित्यिक विधामा राष्ट्र सम्झेका उदाहरणहरू पाइएका छन् । डायस्पोरामा जीवन कटाउने क्रममा धेरैजसो पात्रहरूले परिचयविहीनताका कारण पीडाको अनुुुभूूूूूति गरेका छन्, केही पात्रहरूले आफ्नो अतीतलाई सम्झेर दिन काटेका छन् भने केही पात्रहरू यौनिक सम्बन्धमा बाँधिएका छन् । अतः डायस्पोराबाट लेखिएका उपन्यासमा पाइएका पीडा, अतीतमोह र यौनिकता जस्ता कुुुुुुुुुरालाई विश्लेषणको आधार बनाइएको छ । पुुुुुुुुुुुस्तकालय विधिको प्रयोग गरेर सामग्री सङ्कलन गरिएको यस अध्ययनमा विश्लेषणका निम्ति विश्लेषणात्मक ढाँचालाई अपनाइएको छ ।
आञ्चलिकताको प्रतिबिम्बनमा 'ऐना' कथा सङ्ग्रह
Authors: Thapa Sita Adhikari
Published: July 2022

प्रस्तुत लेख ‘ऐना’ कथासङ्ग्रहका कथाका आञ्चलिकतामा केन्द्रित रहेको छ । सामाजिक यथार्थवादी प्रवृत्तिकै निकट रहेर साहित्य समालोचनाको उत्तरवर्ती प्रवृत्तिका रूपमा नेपाली साहित्यमा पनि आञ्चलिकताले विस्तारित स्वरूप प्राप्त गरेको छ । यस लेखमा कृतिभित्रका कथाहरूको सोद्देश्यमूलक छनौट गरी तिनले प्रतिबिम्बन गरेका आञ्चलिकताको स्वरूपलाई विविध शोध्य समस्यामाथि केन्द्रित रहेर विश्लेषणात्मक ढाँचामा प्राज्ञिक समाधान गर्ने उद्देश्य रहेको छ । यसका निम्ति पुस्तकालयीय स्रोतबाट सामग्री सङ्कलन गरी तिनलाई आञ्चलिकताको सैद्धान्तिक पर्याधारमा रहेर सूक्ष्म पठनपद्धतिबाट गुणात्मक अध्ययन ढाँचाले व्याख्याविश्लेषणात्मक विधिमा कथाहरूको मूल्याङ्कन गरिएको छ । प्रस्तुत अध्ययनले कृतिभित्रका चयनित कथाहरूमा प्रयुक्त विषयवस्तु, पात्र, परिवेश, भाषा आदिजस्ता आञ्चलिकताका केही मानकहरूका आधारमा विश्लेषण गर्दा कथाहरूले तत्स्थानिक क्षेत्रका जनजीवनसम्बद्ध आञ्चलिकताको मूल भावलाई संवहन गर्न सक्षम रहेको यस लेखको निष्कर्ष रहेको छ ।
Kaynağı belirlenemeyen embolik inmede sol atriyal ve ventriküler longitudinal strain
Authors: KAYA Emrah , YAYLALI Yalın Tolga , TEKE Eylem , ŞENOL Hande , NAR Gokay
Published: July 2022

Objective: Left atrial (LA) and left ventricular (LV) remodelling may lead to stroke. The aim of this study was to analyze LA function and LV strain in patients with embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS). Materials and Methods: This prospective study included 35 ESUS patients and 37 age and sex-matched controls. All participants underwent brain computed tomography (CT), conventional and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), CT or MR angiography, 12 lead ECG, transthoracic echocardiography, and 48 hour Holter ECG monitoring. LA volume and function were determined by echocardiography. LA reservoir and LV strains were measured longitudinally by speckle-tracking method. CHA2DS2-VASc, The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores were calculated. Results: Major cardiovascular risk factors were similar between thetwogroups. The mean CHA2DS2-VASc score was 2.6 ± 1.2. NIHSS was 3.9 ± 3.0 and mRS was 1.3 ± 0.8. Atrial electromechanical coupling intervals and delays, LA emptying fraction and volumes were similar between the two groups. LA reservoir strain was lower than controls (25.2 ± 7.2% vs. 29.7 ± 8.8%, p=0.019). LV global longitudinal strain was lower than controls (-14.7 ± 4.2% vs -16.4 ± 3.9%, p=0.031). There was no correlation between LA, LV strains and the scores (CHA2DS2-VASc, NIHSS, mRS). Conclusions: ESUS patients had lower LA reservoir and LV longitudinal global strains than controls. Left atrial volume index, LA emptying fraction did not differ between the two groups. Echocardiographic quantification of LA and LV remodelling has great potential for secondary prevention from ESUS. Further studies are needed to confirm our findings.
Zander Brietzke, Magnum Opus: The Cycle Plays of Eugene O’Neill
Authors: Bloom Steven F.
Published: July 2022

Zander Brietzke argues that A Touch of the Poet and More Stately Mansions together represent Eugene O’Neill’s “Cycle,” focusing on the corruption of the human soul, with Sara as its central figure. Brietzke’s analysis demands that the Cycle be included in any assessment of O’Neill’s accomplishments as America’s premier dramatist.
Post-Spray Treatment of Plasma Sprayed Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) Electrolyte with Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) Technique
Authors: Khor K.A. , Chen X.J. , Chan S.H.
Published: July 2022

Spark-plasma sintering (SPS) was adopted in this study as a rapid post-spray treatment for yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolytes prepared through the direct current (dc) plasma spray process. The lamellar microstructure in the as-sprayed samples was found to significantly reduced the ionic conductivity of the YSZ electrolytes. However, the ionic conductivity (at 1053 °C) increased sharply from 0.065 S/cm for the as-sprayed electrolyte to 0.122 S/cm for electrolyte post-spray treated through SPS at 1400°C for 3 minutes. These phenomena were attributed to the microstructure transformation from lamellar structure of the as-sprayed samples to equi-axial type granular structure of the post-spray samples treated by SPS. Correspondingly, porosity reduced from ~ 10.72 % in as-sprayed coating to ~ 1.38% in the SPS sample treated at 1400°C for 3 min. Majority of the pores in the SPS sample were also found to have contracted to a narrow size range 0.03 – 1 µm. AC impedance spectroscopy demonstrated the effect of the microstructure modification between samples treated in the SPS at temperature 1200, 1300 and 1400°C for 3 minutes with the concomitant reduction of the resistivity, which is consistent with the microstructure changes of the YSZ electrolyte from lamellar structure to granular structure. Overall, the results show that spark-plasma-sintering (SPS) is an effective and rapid post-spray treatment to improve the relative density and electrical properties of plasma sprayed YSZ electrolytes.
Thermal Spray Technology Growth in Gas Turbine Coatings
Authors: Dorfman M.R. , Nonni M. , Mallon J. , Woodard W. , Meyer P.
Published: July 2022

For many years coatings have been successfully applied to aerospace engine components to improve life and performance. The key success areas have been in thermal barrier coatings, clearance control, oxidation/hot corrosion and wear coatings. Today, design engineers in the industrial gas turbine sector have leveraged the “aerospace” technology into the power generation industry. This paper gives a general overview of key coatings used in the compressor and turbine sections. Design requirements will be reviewed and compared between aerospace and power generation coatings. Application process improvement areas will also be discussed as a method of reducing component cost. Therefore, the total solution will be more reproducible, cost effective coatings that add value. This will result in engineered components that operate at higher temperatures and/or last for longer periods of time.
Elaboration of SOFCs Electrolytes by Air Plasma Spraying (APS) and Vacuum Plasma Spraying (VPS)- Comparison of Electrolyte Properties
Authors: Renouard-Vallet G. , Bianchi L. , Sauvet A.L. , Fauchais P. , Vardelle M. , Boulos M. , Gitzhofer F.
Published: July 2022

The aim of this paper is to compare the impact of plasma deposition processes onto Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) electrolytes’ properties. Indeed, physical properties and microstructure of plasma sprayed coatings depend on the in-flight treatment of the particles in the plasma jet. Investigations of the relationships between spraying conditions and the in-flight properties of the particles upon impact for Air Plasma Spraying (APS) and Vacuum Plasma Spraying (VPS) were carried out using a MacLean & Anderson design of experiment. The In-flight particle properties were determined using the DPV 2000. For each type of plasma spraying process, coatings were elaborated with optimized plasma spraying conditions that allowed reaching the highest particle velocity upon impact keeping the highest temperature as possible. Coatings properties were then, evaluated by SEM and impedance spectroscopy.
Effects of Cryomilling on the Oxidation of Thermally Sprayed MCrAlY
Authors: Tang Feng , Ajdelsztajn Leonardo , Schoenung Julie M.
Published: July 2022

Cryomilling was applied to conventional gas-atomized CoNiCrAlY powder to produce powder with nanocrystalline grains. The cryomilled powder and gas-atomized powder were HVOF sprayed onto mild steel sheets to prepare two coatings with fine-grained (~15 nm) and coarse-grained (~one micron) microstructure, respectively. Isothermal oxidation tests in air at 1000°C were conducted for the two coatings for up to 330 h. The morphology and composition of the thermally grown oxides (TGOs) formed on the two coatings were characterized with XRD, SEM, and EDS and compared with each other. After oxidation for up to 24 h, a pure alumina scale formed on the cryomilled coating, while a mixed oxide layer formed on the conventional coating. However, after oxidation for 330 h, non-alumina oxides formed also on the cryomilled coating. These results indicate that, while a fine-grained microstructure can promote the formation of a pure alumina scale after short-term oxidation by increasing the Al diffusion rate toward the surface, it can also accelerate the Al depletion by increasing the Al diffusion rate toward the substrate, which results in the formation of non-alumina oxides after long-term oxidation. The mechanisms governing the oxide formation are discussed in terms of atomic diffusion and thermodynamic stability.
Properties of Plasma Sprayed Alumina-Chromia Mixtures
Authors: Dubský Jiří , Řiídký Vladimír , Kolman Blahoslav J. , Chráska Pavel J.
Published: July 2022

An important and often neglected factor in determining the final properties of a plasma sprayed deposit is its phase composition. It is well known that spraying of alumina results usually in the formation of phases other than the desired hard alpha-phase (corundum) unless a stabilizing admixture is added to the feedstock. In this work, chromia was used for stabilization and feedstocks with varying amounts of chromia were used to produced coatings by water spray plasma coating. Two types of feedstocks were used: fused/crushed feedstock and a mixture of alumina and chromia powders. The effect of the chromia content on phase composition, residual stresses, hardness, and wear abrasion of coatings was studied. Microanalysis indicates that a certain amount of chromium is transferred into alumina particles during the "in-flight" reaction of both powders in the plasma jet. Complex "alloy" oxides form where part of the aluminum is replaced by chromium and the alpha-phase is partially stabilized. However, any amount of chromia in coatings significantly changes the wear resistance and hardness even when the stabilization of corundum is only partial.
Influence of Substrate Surface Roughness on Adhesive Property of Sprayed Coating
Authors: Maruyama Toru , Kobayashi Takeshi
Published: July 2022

Though the adhesion between substrate and sprayed coating seems to be mainly due to the anchoring effect, quantitative examinations have not been sufficient. In this paper, the surface condition of a roughened substrate is quantitatively evaluated using a surface roughness tester, and the adhesive relationship is clarified. Substrate used was S45C(JIS standard) carbon steel, and the roughening methods were blasting and endless belt polishing with alumina grit, in various roughening conditions. A pure copper coating was formed using the powder flame spraying method on roughened substrate. The drawing adhesion strength test method was used to evaluate the adhesive properties. The adhesive strength is reduced, though the surface roughness of the substrate increases, as the size of the grid particles for roughening increase. The alumina grits remained on the substrate after roughening, and they were removed by ultrasonic cleaning. Though there is no relation between the adhesive strength and the ratio of the increase in the surface area of substrate due to the roughening treatment, it is recognized that the adhesive strength also increases when the roughness gradient of the substrate increases.
Influence of Plasma Spraying Parameters on the In-Flight Oxidation of Stainless Steel Particles
Authors: Syed A.A. , Denoirjean A. , Deniorjean P. , Labbe J.C. , Fauchais P.
Published: July 2022

In a previous work, the authors determined that different mechanisms control in-flight particle oxidation in the core of a plasma jet and in its plume. In the core, convective movements within the liquid particle govern the oxidation kinetics if the plasma-to-liquid particle kinematic viscosities ratio is greater than 55 and the particle Reynolds number (Re) is more than 20. Convective movements entrain the oxide and dissolved oxygen from the particle surface towards its interior forming oxide nodules, and the fresh liquid metal is continuously renewed at the surface. Higher particle reactivity can be achieved in the plasma core. Convective movements cease in the plasma plume and the mass transfer from particle surface to its interior ends. Only classical surface oxidation continues, and the formed oxide covers the surface of the particles. The reaction kinetics are diffusion controlled and the oxidation rate decreases. In this present study, two austenitic stainless steel powders were air plasma sprayed using a dc plasma gun (PTF4 type) and were collected in an argon atmosphere. This paper reviews the influence of plasma spraying parameters on the oxide content in the collected particles. The studied parameters were plasma current intensity, hydrogen gas content in the plasma gas, and sprayed particle size. From the results, it can be concluded that plasma spray conditions favoring higher plasma to particle kinematic viscosities ratio and particle Re results in higher convective oxidation of particles in the plasma core.
Physical Characteristics of Alumina Coating Using Atmospheric Plasma Spraying (APS) and Low Pressure Plasma Spraying (VPS)
Authors: Yamasaki Ryo , Takeuchi Junichi
Published: July 2022

Physical characteristics of Atmospheric Plasma Sprayed (APS) Alumina coating and Low Pressure Plasma Sprayed (VPS) Alumina coating were investigated. High purity Alumina powder was used for thermal spraying in this test. As electrical properties, the volume resistivity, dielectric constant, and the dielectric breakdown voltage were measured at R.T. to 873K. And the coefficient of thermal expansion, and the thermal conductivity were measured at also R.T. to 873K, as thermal properties. Mechanical properties, such as the Young’s modulus, the bending strength, and the cross-sectional hardness value were measured at R.T. As a test result, the Alumina coatings using both APS and VPS have similar properties except for the cross-sectional hardness value that was higher when sprayed by VPS.
Equipment Engineering and Process Control for Cold Spraying
Authors: Cheng Otto
Published: July 2022

In the cold spray process, the coating material, by using high particle speed, is plasticized when hitting the substrate and is combined with the base material. In principle, the process is similar to explosion welding. Contrary to the conventional thermal spraying methods the material is not melted. This paper reviews the development of equipment and process controls for a comprehensive cold spray system.
A Fundamental Study of the Kinetic Spray Process
Authors: Han Taeyoung , Zhao Zhibo , Gillispie Bryan A. , Smith John R.
Published: July 2022

In the kinetic spray process, metallic particles are injected into a supersonic gas stream and accelerated to high velocities. When the particles impinge upon a substrate, they are plastically deformed and they bond to the substrate and to one another. In this process, a number of process parameters may affect the particle velocities and particle temperatures, and thus, affect coating formation. In the present study, various spray variables for the large particle sizes are systematically investigated through computational modeling and experiments. The relatively large size aluminum particles (63-90 µm) are used in this study. Effects on coating deposition are discussed in terms of loading behavior, deposition rate and deposition efficiency of the coatings. It was found that the coating formation is critically controlled by particle temperature, in addition to particle velocity.
Effect of Feedstock Powder Size on the Sliding Wear Behaviour of Thermal Sprayed HVOF Cr3C2-NiCr Coatings
Authors: Matthäus G. , Picas J.A. , Forn A.
Published: July 2022

One of the most important uses of HVOF thermal sprayed CrC-NiCr coatings is for wear resistance. In this work Cr3C275-NiCr25 coatings were obtained by high-velocity oxy-fuel system from three agglomerated feedstock powders with various powder size distributions (- 30, -10 and –5 µm). The powders were agglomerated, sintered, plasmafused and crushed, in order to increase their density. The coating microstructures were characterised by SEM microscopy. Differences in coating roughness have been determined by profilometry. The ultra-microindentation technique was applied to measure the hardness and the elasto-plastic properties of the coatings. Experiments using a tribometer (pin on disc configuration) under lubricated and dry conditions have been performed in order to evaluate the friction and wear properties of the different coatings. It was found that the coatings obtained with the lowest feedstock powder size presented the best sliding wear resistance under all the conditions. This fact could be explained in terms of differences of cohesion between the carbide particles and the binder phase. The lower feedstock powder presents a lower carbide particle size that involves a better distribution and cohesion of the chromium carbide with the NiCr binder phase. This fact leads a minor production of “third body” hard particles in the wear tests that influenced quite considerably in the final wear rate of the studied coatings.
Thin Plasma-Transferred-Arc Welded Coatings - an Alternative to Thermally Sprayed Coatings?
Authors: Wilden J. , Bergmann J.P. , Frank H. , Pinzl S. , Schreiber F.
Published: July 2022

HVOF-, arc- and plasma sprayed coatings are widely used for wear protection. Today these type of layers are dominant if thin coatings from 50 up to 500 µm and low heat input into the work piece are required. The main disadvantage of thermally sprayed coatings is the adhesion to the substrate and the early failure when cyclic loaded. In both cases a metallurgical bonding to the substrate can improve the life cycle time. Plasma transferred arc (PTA) welded coatings show a metallurgical bonding to the substrate. The main disadvantages of this coating technology are the dilution of about 5%, the heat input into the substrate and that nowadays all welding positions seem to be impossible to carry out. In this paper the theoretical background for welding thin coatings (less than 500 µm) with a decreased dilution and in all welding positions is given and experimentally proved.
Optimization of Energy Management Through Plasma-Augmented- Laser-Cladding (PALC)
Authors: Wilden J. , Emmel A. , Bergmann J.P. , Dolles M.
Published: July 2022

Laser cladding is a very promising technology from a metallurgical point of view. The benefits are low heat input into the substrate, high cooling rates resulting in a fine microstructure of the coating and an excellent metallurgical bonding to the substrate. The main disadvantage of laser cladding, however, is poor process efficiency, which causes high processing costs. In order to gain interest on the industrial level an optimisation of the energy management, for example reducing the energy loss through conduction, is necessary. Improved process efficiency and reduced processing time can be realized by a hybrid technology of coupling laser with a plasma arc. The feed can be coaxial to the plasma gun in form of powder. The main advantage of this process is that the processing area as well as the powder is preheated and activated by a transferred arc. The laser power is mainly used for heating up the feedstock material till melting temperature. The experimental results prove the theoretical considerations. Compared to laser cladding an increase in cladding speed and a lower energy input are reached. Further the efficiency towards material can be nearly doubled, reducing stock costs. At last the heat-affected zone is reduced, which offers the possibility to process crack sensitivity materials.
TiC Based Coatings Prepared by Combining SHS and Plasma Spraying
Authors: Haller Bénedicte , Bonnet Jean-Pierre , Fauchais Pierre , Grimaud Alain , Labbe Jean-Claude
Published: July 2022

Obtaining dense ceramic coatings by thermal spraying still remains a challenge. Compared to metals, ceramics have a lower thermal conductivity and a larger melting enthalpy. These factors limit the heat transfer from the plasma to the particles and consequently do not necessarily allow their total melting. Problems linked to this heat transfer can be avoided, or at least limited, by using agglomerated particles made of a mixture of reactive powders yielding the ceramic material, via SHS (Self-propagating High-temperature Synthesis) reaction. In this case, the reaction can be ignited by the heat transfer at the particle surface of an agglomerate and propagate towards the centre during its flight through the plasma. The application of this process to Ti, C mixtures leads to the formation of a dense TiC based coating. The composition of the coating, influenced by the contamination of the surrounding gas entrainment during the spray process, belongs to the TiC-TiO solid solution. The influence of experimental parameters on the coating composition is discussed.
Experimental Study on Wire Explosion Directional Spraying
Authors: Pu Zelin , Yang Kun , Liu Zongde , Mao Xueping
Published: July 2022

A new device developed was used to spray directionally coating by wire explosion process. Stellite 6 alloy was employed to a coating deposited on a medium carbon steel in order to improve the erosion-resistance of the steel in this paper. Different initial capacitor voltages were used to prepare the coatings in the spray process. Microstructure of the coatings was examined by OM and SEM .Hardness of the coatings was measured with a hardness tester. The properties of the coatings were compared under the different wires. The results show that fine grain was found in the coating and the hardness of the coating was much higher than initial alloy hardness.
Plasma Sprayed High Lubricity Nanocomposite Coatings
Authors: Ma X.Q. , DeCarmine T. , Xiao T.D.
Published: July 2022

A typical high-pressure fuel pump for direct injection (DI) engines operates with fuels such as petroleum-based hydrocarbons that have inherent lubricating properties. However, environmental requirements put the thrush to use cleaner fuels that don’t contain lubricants and consequently an increasing abrasion problem presents with the surface of high-pressure fuel pump for direct injection engines. To alleviate this problem, the alternative solution is to promote wear and corrosion resistance of DI engines by applying high-lubricity coatings onto surfaces of engine components such as pump plungers. In this work, self-lubricating nanocomposites with nano-Al2O3/TiO2 matrix and Fe3O4 additive as solid lubricant was the first applied. The nanocomposites had been fabricated into lubricant coatings with a single layer or a functionally graded structure in plasma spray process. Tribological test results for the nanocomposite coatings demonstrated 4 times increase in sliding wear resistance and 3-5 times increase in abrasive wear resistance in under the tested conditions. The lowest coefficient of friction about 0.18 was measured on the nanocomposite coating with an optimal Fe3O4 content in pin-on-disk test in ethanol. Based on morphologies and wear behavior analyses, the wear mechanism was proposed for the nanocomposites. The nanocomposite coatings have exhibited the advantages of cleavability, chemical stability, low friction and high wear resistance, and will have a potential for various applications that require high lubricity at ambient and elevated temperature.
Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Alumina-Zirconia Nano-composite Coating
Authors: Sodeoka S. , Suzuki M. , Inoue T.
Published: July 2022

Alumina-zirconia composite coatings were fabricated by plasma spraying using both of mixture of commercial feedstocks and agglomerated feedstock from fine powders of about 100 nm. The coating from mixture had an ordinary lamella structure which consisted of alumina splats and zirconia splats, whereas that from fine powders showed the striped contrast in the splat. X-ray deflection profiles revealed that the latter contained gamma-alumina, monoclinic-zirconia and tetragonal-zirconia crystals, which sizes were under 10 nm. These facts mean the fine crystals dispersed inhomogeneously. The nano-composite coating had a higher Vickers hardness and lower thermal diffusivity than the coating from mixture. Moreover, it showed good thermal stability and its crystallite size kept under 50 nm even after the heat treatment at 1500°C for 100h.
The Photoresponse and Donor Concentration of Plasma Sprayed TiO2 and TiO2-ZnO Electrodes
Authors: Ye F.-X. , Ohmori A. , Li C.-J.
Published: July 2022

The photoelectrochemical characteristics of plasma sprayed porous TiO2, TiO2-5%ZnO and TiO2-10%ZnO electrodes in 0.1N NaOH solution were studied through a three-electrode cell system. The microstructure, morphology and composition of the electrodes were analyzed using electron probe surface roughness analyzer (ERA-8800FE), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction. The results showed that the sprayed electrodes had a porous microstructure, which was affected by the plasma spraying parameters and composition of the powders. TiO2-ZnO electrodes consisted of anatase TiO2, rutile TiO2 and Zn2Ti3O8 phase. The photoresponse characteristics of the plasma sprayed electrodes were comparable to that of single crystal TiO2, but the breakdown voltage was approximate to 0.5V (vs. SCE). The short-circuit photocurrent density increased with a decrease of donor concentration, which was calculated according to Garner-Bulter model. For the lowest donor concentration of a TiO2-5%ZnO electrode prepared under the arc current of 600A, the short-circuit photocurrent density was approximately 0.4mA/cm2 higher than that of the TiO2 electrodes under 30mW/cm2 xenon light irradiation. The photocurrent density increased linearly with light intensity.
Photocatalytic Properties of Coatings Sprayed from TiOx and Tin-2Cr2O2n-1 Powders by APS and VPS
Authors: Toma F.-L. , Bertrand G. , Klein D. , Berger L.-M. , Thiele S.
Published: July 2022

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has emerged as an excellent photocatalyst material for environmental purification about two decades ago but only recently few works have focused on the photocatalytic properties of sprayed titanium oxide coatings. So far, the role of oxygen deficiency which can appear as a result of the spray process or by use of titanium suboxide powders on the photocatalytic activity has not been investigated. Also the possible influence of the shear plane structure of titanium suboxides (Magnéli phases) on the photocatalytic activity was not taken into consideration. In the present work, the photocatalytic properties of three powders and coatings sprayed from these powders by APS and VPS are investigated: (1) a commercial fused and crushed titanium oxide powder, (2) an agglomerated and sintered titanium suboxide powder consisting predominantly of Magnéli phases Ti6O11 and Ti5O9, (3) an agglomerated and sintered powder consisting of Ti2Cr2O7 and Ti6Cr2O15 (Magnéli phases in the TiO2- Cr2O3 phase diagram). The phase compositions of the powders and the coatings were investigated by X-ray diffraction. Neither for the spray powders nor for the coatings any ability to reduce the NOx concentration by the photocatalysis was found. From this it is concluded that both oxygen deficiency as well as Magnéli phase structure are not responsible for photocatalytic properties of materials in the Ti-O phase diagram.
The Influence of Plasma Characteristics on Particle Properties During Plasma-Spraying of Yttria Stabilized Zirconia Using a Triplex Torch
Authors: Döring J.-E. , Marqués J.-L. , Vaßen R. , Stöver D.
Published: July 2022

The heat and momentum transfer of the plasma to the injected particles is an important issue in coating formation during plasma spraying. In this study, the plasma temperature and velocity of a Triplex-I torch was measured by means of an enthalpy probe system. Additionally, the properties of injected yttria-stabilized-zirconia powder of a fine sized fraction were recorded spatially resolved by using a DPV2000 system. The plasma temperature and velocity are decreasing by increasing the distance from 45 to 60 mm with respect to the torch exit by approximately 50% from initially 6200°C and 400 m/s, respectively. In contrast, the particles gain temperature up to the melting point at 70 mm stand-off distance as well as the velocity rises up to its highest value of 115 m/s at the maximum flow rate of the particles. Both, plasma and particle characteristics were used to obtain a deeper insight on heat- and momentum transfer of the plasma jet to the single particles.
Investigation of Arc Voltage Fluctuations in a Plasma Torch SG-100 Operated with Ar/H2
Authors: Vysohlid M. , Heberlein J.
Published: July 2022

Voltage fluctuations are investigated for a wide range of operating conditions using the Praxair SG-100 plasma torch operated with Ar/H2 as plasma gas. The voltage signals are characterized using statistically averaged values and power spectra. The process of anode erosion and its effect on the characteristics of the signal are described. It has been found that erosion has only little effect on the average voltage, but two characteristics of the voltage fluctuations obtained from image analysis of the voltage trace are found to be excellent indicators of anode erosion. An estimate of arc root speeds based on the voltage traces yields values of 50-100 m/s. It is estimated that the range of arc root movement and arc root speed is significantly reduced to less than one half of the original value due to anode erosion. Investigation of the effect of operating conditions and anode erosion on power spectra has been investigated and it has been observed that high frequency peaks are predominantly a characteristic of the geometry of the anode.
The Microstructure and High Temperature Sliding Wear Behavior of Fe-Al Coating Produced by High Velocity Arc Spraying
Authors: Bin-shi Xu , Zi-xin Zhu , Wei Zhang , Shi-ning Ma
Published: July 2022

The microstructure and sliding wear behavior from room temperature up to 650°C of Fe-Al intermetallic coating produced by cored wire and high velocity arc spraying (HVAS) have been investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersion spectroscope (EDS), optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to analyze the microstructure and sliding friction and wear mechanism of the coatings. Chemical analysis of the coating indicated the composition to be Fe-20.0Al-14.1O (at.%). The microstructure was found to consist of Fe3Al, FeAl and α-Fe regions mainly, together with fine oxide (Al2O3) layers and a little Al. The results of sliding wear indicated that the Fe-Al coating exhibited low friction coefficient and low wear rate at elevated temperatures. The reason of the friction coefficient decreasing at elevated temperatures is that protective oxide film formed on the worn surface during sliding wear process. And delamination is the predominant wear mechanism of the coatings. The Fe3Al and FeAl intermetallics which have higher strength and hardness at elevated temperatures can effectively resist crack initiation, propagation and splat fracture, thus resulting in excellent high temperature wear resistance of the Fe-Al coating.
From 'Gigahurts' to Gigahertz - The Process of Silicon Debug
Authors: Josephson Doug
Published: July 2022

This article provides a detailed overview of silicon characterization and debug process, describing the intent of each step, the challenges involved, and the FA tools and techniques used. It also discusses the difference between electrical and functional failures, the implementation and use of on-chip debugging resources, the important role of schmoo plots.
Characterization and Debug of Reverse-Body Bias Low-Power Modes
Authors: Clark Lawrence T. , McCarroll David W. , Bawolek Edward J.
Published: July 2022

ICs designed for portable devices often make use of reverse-body bias (RBB) modes to limit leakage currents. The added complexity of RBB support circuitry presents a challenge during IC characterization and debug. This article discusses the nature of the problem and explains how to identify irregularities in circuits operating in the body-biased condition using standard debug tools with simple modifications. It describes some of the bugs discovered in an actual examination and explains how they were diagnosed by analyzing I-V curve traces and infrared emission microscopy (IREM) images.
Disrupting Institutional Models of Writing
Authors: Tracy Dale
Published: July 2022

To invite more than imitation, institutional models—of writing and beyond—must leave space for individuals to bring their specific creative intelligence to bear on the rhetorical context. This reciprocal use of models depends on preparing for all students but also on having an open stance to the individual students not adequately accounted for in those preparations, an open stance through which the presence of actual students can disrupt harmful or limited models. Adopting new tools and practices is one thing; adopting a new stance with which to find, approach, understand, and use new tools and practices is something else—something more difficult to bring into public discussion and explicit consideration. I use the practice of book recommendation as an example through which to consider this knowing on the go.
Podcast, comunicação digital e comunitária: um estudo de caso do “Quarentena Zero98”
Authors: Sousa Jefferson Saylon Lima de , Rabelo Melissa Silva Moreira , Santos Marcio Carneiro
Published: July 2022

O presente texto discorre a respeito das características da comunicação digital e propõe paralelo com a comunicação comunitária por meio da abordagem da mídia podcast. Respalda o debate uma análise de conteúdo feita a partir do projeto “Quarentena Zero98” publicado em 2020 como forma de acompanhar as primeiras ações do mundo político no combate à pandemia de Covid-19 a partir da mídia podcast. Os resultados dialogam sobre a proximidade da podosfera com o espaço das comunidades.
Подільське село у 1944 р.: соціально-економічне становище
Authors: Кравченко Павло
Published: July 2022

The aim of the article is to analyze and characterize the social and economic processes in Vinnytsia region agriculture, which accompanied the Soviet regime restoration after the region was liberated from the German-Romanian occupation in 1944. The research methodology is based on a combination of general scientific principles of analysis, synthesis, generalization and special-historical principles of historical-criticism, historical-systematic and specific-problematic research, quantitative methods with the principles of historicism, systematics, and scientific verification. The scientific novelty of the work lies primarily in the fact that the author researched and analyzed new sources, critically examined Soviet party documents of the stated time and revealed the characteristics of the social and economic situation in the Podilia village after the restoration of Stalin's regime and collective farming.  Conclusions. The restoration of the colonial communist Soviet regime in the Vinnytsia region did not improve the social and economic situation for the collective farm peasantry. On top of the material and human losses inflicted by the German-Romanian occupation and military operations of the warring parties, there was added a strict exploitative policy of state procurement, and forced relocation of the population to Crimea and Donbass, which further weakened Podilia village. Some aspects of the problem need further study and research of archival documents of the time.