bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kieślowski and the Antipolitics of Color: A Reading of the "Three Colors" Trilogy
Authors: Coates Paul
Published: February 2007

This essay aligns the emphasis on color in Krzysztof Kieslowski's "Three Colors" trilogy with his explicit renunciation of political discourse. The trilogy undermines the bipolarity so often associated with such discourse through the antithetical meanings its narratives associate with the colors and through the existentialism that propels each of the principal characters unexpectedly from one position to its opposite.
Inner-City Exhibition and the Genre Film: Distributing Night of the Living Dead (1968)
Authors: Heffernan Kevin
Published: February 2007

The controversy surrounding the 1968 release of Night of the Living Dead was the result of changes in the horror genre and efforts by the distributor, Continental, to exploit its diverse seasonal releases in several markets, including the afternoon matinee, art house, and inner-city neighborhood theater.
Post-Trauma and Historical Remembrance in Recent South Korean Cinema: Reading Park Kwang-su's A Single Spark (1995) and Chang Sǒn-u's A Petal (1996)
Authors: Hyum Kim Kyung
Published: February 2007

Two recent films made in South Korea exemplify that country's post-traumatic cinema by helping to reconcile painful public history through personalized perspectives. The depictions in these films of sensitive historical matters-the labor movement in the 1970s and the Kwangju uprising in 1980-demonstrate the difficulties of recuperating a salient political subject in a cinema previously disfigured by state violence.
Long Live Death! The End of Revolution in Luis Bunuel's The Phantom of Liberty
Authors: Jones Julie
Published: February 2007

The confrontation between France and Spain in the
Napoleonic period imaged in the prologue to Luis Buñuel's
Phantom of Liberty (1974) introduces themes explored throughout the
film: the cultural and historical forces that shape national identity,
the contradictory nature of freedom, the connection between political
and psychological realities (Oedipal conflicts both), and the enduring
presence of Francisco Goya.
Love's Labors Almost Lost: Managing Crisis during the Reign of I Love Lucy
Authors: Carini Susan M
Published: February 2007

This article presents new research material on how Lucille
Ball and Desi Arnaz managed their public personas during the run of
I Love Lucy (1951-1957). It also marks a first effort to analyze the
effect of the "Red" scare on Ball and to assess her FBI file—an
intriguing collection of primary material that, curiously, seems to have
been assembled by a Lucy worshiper.
Transnational Anatomies of Exile and Abjection in Milcho Manchevski's Before the Rain (1994)
Authors: Marciniak Katarzyna
Published: February 2007

This essay considers the discourses of liminality and
"national purity" in Milcho Manchevski's Before the Rain (1994)
in the context of contemporary transnational exilic cinema. Through its
innovative narrative structure, the film self-consciously seeks to resist
aesthetization and sublimation of abjection and mobilizes a critique of
"authentic" citizenry.
Bayle's Critique of Lockean Superaddition
Authors: Ryan Todd
Published: February 2007

One of the deepest and most abiding of Pierre Bayle's philosophical preoccupations concerns the possibility of rational theology, or more specifically, the extent to which unaided reason is competent to secure the fundamental tenets of orthodox Christianity. Doubtless the most familiar aspect of this intellectual ‘obsession’ is his tenacious criticism of traditional Solutions to the problem of evil. Yet these discussions represent only one facet of Bayle's engagement with the complex issues involved in the question of rational theology. Throughout the Historical and Critical Dictionary and in subsequent works, three issues in particular figure prominently in Bayle's discussions: the existence of a transcendent, immaterial God, the immortality of the soul, and mind-body dualism. These topics are, of course, interrelated, and Bayle rarely treats them in complete isolation. Although his official position is explicitly fideistic, there is reason to believe that Bayle was a reluctant skeptic, who was naturally sympathetic with the metaphysical dogmatism of Descartes and Malebranche.
The Meanings of Work in Contemporary Palau: Policy Implications of Globalization in the Pacific
Authors: Nero Karen L , Murray Fermina Brel , Burton Michael L
Published: February 2007

Economic and political changes in Palau in the last two decades have led to a rapid increase in the numbers of foreign workers. At current levels of growth, Palauans could become a minority in their own country. We examine the global processes that have produced this phenomenon and discuss their social and cultural impacts on Palau. In doing so we examine ways the meanings of work in Palau are understood, and how these are changing. We conclude that a new distinctly Palauan system of occupations is emerging that is neither traditional nor purely western and that is widely shared between Palauans and non-Palauans.
Cultural Rupture and Indigeneity: The Challenge of (Re)visioning "Place" in the Pacific
Authors: Gegeo David Welchman
Published: February 2007

What does it mean to be "indigenous"? Is indigeneity a matter of physical "space"? Or is it a cognitive-cultural "place"? Or both? How do Islanders negotiate indigeneity in a time of transnational and interisland migration and cultural conflict? I examine these and related issues through the lens of recent events in the Solomon Islands, including the historical pattern of interisland migration, the recent ethnic cleansing cultural rupture, and the resulting dialogue about identity and indigeneity among Solomon Islanders living abroad and at home via the internet.
Mining and the Environment in Melanesia: Contemporary Debates Reviewed
Authors: Banks Glenn
Published: February 2007

Recent controversies linked with the large-scale mines in Melanesia largely revolve around the impact of their waste management strategies on downstream communities. This issue has generated debate and conflict at Ok Tedi and Porgera in Papua New Guinea, PT Freeport Indonesia's Grasberg mine in Irian Jaya, and Ross Mining's Gold Ridge mine in the Solomon Islands. In each case, the issue is generally portrayed as purely an environmental one. There is evidence, though, that from the indigenous perspective the range of issues involved extends beyond the environmental to take in economic, social, political, and cultural conc erns. In this paper, I revisit debates about the links between the environment and economic development in the context of mining in Melanesia. I suggest that the distinction between environmental and other causes of these disputes is overstated in relation to Melanesian communities. Instead, I argue that disputes over the impacts of the mines are better understood as disputes over community control of resources, and hence control over the direction of their lives.
The Impact of the Clery Campus Crime Disclosure Act on Student Behavior
Authors: Janosik Steven M. (Steven Michael) , Gehring Donald D
Published: February 2007

In this national study on the impact of the Clery Campus Crime Disclosure
and Reporting Act, 305 college administrators distributed questionnaires
to 9,150 undergraduate students. Student knowledge of the Act and changes
in student behavior were minimal and varied by gender, victim status,
institution type, and institution size.
Undergraduate Students' Adaptation to College: Does Being Married Make a Difference?
Authors: Meehan Dawna-Cricket-Martita , Negy Charles
Published: February 2007

Increasing numbers of married people matriculate as undergraduate
students across the United States; yet few studies have investigated how
they fare in their academics and personal relationships as students. In
this study, married undergraduate students (n = 79) were compared
with single undergraduate students (n = 192) on the Student
Adaptation to College Questionnaire (Baker and Siryk, 1989). The
results indicated that married students have moderate difficulties
adjusting to the demands of higher education relative to unmarried
students. Although social support from families and friends correlated
with improved adjustment to college, support from the students' spouses
was not associated with improved college adjustment even when the spouse
was also a student. Married students reported significantly high levels
of marital distress on multiple relationship dimensions. These findings
underscore the importance of university counselors being prepared to help
couples adapt to these new roles and find constructive ways to manage
and decrease stress related to college attendance. Recommendations on
how institutions can respond to the unique needs of married undergraduate
students are provided.
Understanding the Religious and Spiritual Dimensions of Students' Lives in the First Year of College
Authors: Bryant Alyssa N , Choi Jeung Yun , Yasuno Maiko
Published: February 2007

In this study we sought to understand how the first college year
impacted students spiritually and religiously. The sample was comprised
of 3,680 first-year students from 50 colleges and universities across the
country and included individuals representing a variety of racial/ethnic
and religious backgrounds. Overall, students became less religiously
active, but were more committed to integrating spirituality into their
lives after one year. Further, religiousness and spirituality were highly
correlated, although personal characteristics, institutional variables,
and college experiences were also associated with these constructs.
Technology, its Innovation and Diffusion as the Motor of Capitalism
Authors: Hugill Peter J
Published: February 2007

Technology is the motor of capitalist
development, the mechanism Schumpeter described that creates gales of
creative destruction in the capitalist world system, but that allows
capitalism to restore profitability through new investment, be
selfreplicating, and thus not be subject to Marx's Law of the Tendency
of the Rate of Profit to Fall. Such creative destruction occurs
cyclically, as suggested by Kondratiev. Innovation, denovation, and the
diffusion of both are central processes to both Kondratiev and
hegemonic or world leadership cycles, which extend over two
Kondratiev cycles. Innovation occurs in innovation milieus, usually very
complex urban regions, and is rare and difficult to manage. Some
innovations are shown to drive Kondratiev upswings and
hegemonic cycles much more than others. Denovation and the
deindustrialization attendant on this part of the process of creative
destruction is much less studied. The diffusion of innovation is more than
innovation, but is controlled by adoption environment and the
status of the sender, or geltung. Two types of technology transfer are
examined—hardware and software—within two geopolitical
arenas—trading polities and territorial polities. Hardware
technologies that deal with material production are distinguished from
those that deal with cultural production.
Historical Patterns in the Scholarship of Technology Transfer
Authors: Seely Bruce Edsall
Published: February 2007

This essay is the first in a series authored
by each Editor-in-Chief of Comparative Technology Transfer and
Society to provide a sense of the scope and range of coverage the
journal provides. It offers a historian's view of the development of
the scholarship about technology transfer over the past half
century, interweaving two primary threads. First, it identifies events and
circumstances that have influenced and shaped real-world efforts
to move technology in its many guises across boundaries—
national, geographic, institutional, organizational, social, or otherwise.
These historical situations have had a profound impact on the
efforts of American policymakers and leaders in business,
government, universities, and nongovernmental organizations who deal
with technology transfer. These circumstances have produced
significant changes of emphasis in the definition of technology
transfer at different points in time. Scholars interested in technology
transfer have taken their cues from the unfolding events of history,
but they have also worked within a variety of disciplinary
traditions. The second strand of this essay surveys a number of these
disciplinary approaches to the study of technology transfer, with
attention to a few principal problems and issues scholars have
identified. By connecting historical events and trends within
academic disciplines, this essay provides an overview of basic patterns
within the scholarship related to technology transfer since 1950.
Barriers to and Measurements of the Diffusion of Technology from the University to Industry
Authors: Sobol Marion Gross , Newell M. Karen
Published: February 2007

A brief review of reasons for and against the commercialization of
university research is presented. The remainder of the article assumes
that this transfer is useful and presents many problems due to the
differing cultures of academe and industry. The publish-or-perish ethic
must be balanced against the need for secrecy in a competitive industrial
framework. Royalties, time constraints, and ownership problems are
combined with the high cost of patenting and development of products
to raise barriers to cooperation. A summary explanation of these
barriers is presented. Ten different measures currently used to rank a
university's ability to commercialize technology are presented along with
the top three schools chosen by each of the measures. According to these
systems, different schools achieve top rankings on the different scales,
stressing the need for a more universal, comprehensive index. Finally,
current efforts in Texas and in other university communities to link
academe and the corporate sector and to help lower some of the current
barriers are reviewed.
The impact of immigration on the internal migration of natives and immigrants
Authors: Kritz Mary M. , Gurak Douglas T.
Published: February 2007

In this paper we examine the internal migratory response, by native-born non-Hispanic white men and foreign-born men in the United States, to recent immigration. Our analysis does not support the claim that natives have made a migratory response to recent immigration. Native-born men and foreign-born men were less likely to leave states that received large numbers of immigrants in the 1980s than they were to leave other states, and native-born men had less propensity toward out-migration than did foreign-born men. Out-migration was most likely to be deterred if recent immigrants originated in Europe or Asia. Although native-born non-Hispanic white men showed a tendency toward out-migration if recent immigrants originated in Latin America or the Caribbean, this result was insignificant after we controlled for state economic and regional context.
On the auspices of female migration from Mexico to the United States
Authors: Cerrutti Marcela , Massey Douglas S.
Published: February 2007

In this paper we examine the circumstances and determinants of female migration between Mexico and the United States. Using data from the Mexican Migration Project, we considered the relative timing of males’ and females’ moves northward. We then estimated logit and probit models to study the determinants of male and female out-migration; among women we also estimated a multinomial logit model to uncover differences in the process of migration for work versus not for work. We found that women almost always followed other family members, either the husband or a parent; only a tiny minority initiated migration independently. Although males also are quite likely to be introduced to migration by a parent, nearly half of all male migrants left for the United States before or without a wife or a parent. Estimates of the determinants of migration suggested that males move for employment, whereas wives generally are motivated by family reasons. Daughters, however, display a greater propensity to move for work, and the determinants of their work-related moves closely re semble those of sons and fathers.
The living arrangements of new unmarried mothers
Authors: Sigle-Rushton Wendy , McLanahan Sara
Published: February 2007

We use data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to describe the living arrangements of new, unwed mothers and to examine the selection process that underlies choices of living arrangements. Our analysis goes beyond previous studies by examining a wide diversity of living arrangements for a homogenous sample of recent unwed mothers and by using information on both parents’ demographic and human capital characteristics and the quality of their relationships. We find that about half the new unwed mothers are cohabiting at the time their children are born, and only 17% are living alone. We also find that mothers’ choices of living arrangements are significantly related to parents’ human capital, the quality of their relationship, and the cost of housing.
Assessing immigrant policy options: Labor market conditions and postreform declines in immigrants’ receipt of welfare
Authors: Lofstrom Magnus , Bean Frank D.
Published: February 2007

Researchers infrequently have focused on assessing the degree to which the changes in welfare policy legislated during the 1990s have affected immigrants’ receipt of welfare. Using data from the March Current Population Survey, we analyze the contribution of local labor market conditions to the explanation of relative declines in immigrants’ receipt of welfare from 1994 to 2000. The results of a series of models that included labor market-area and state fixed effects indicate that employment and unemployment rates across metropolitan statistical areas and states account for at least one-third of the observed relative decrease among immigrants. The policy implications of the findings are discussed.
Women’s autonomy and child survival: A comparison of muslims and non-muslims in four Asian countries
Authors: Ghuman Sharon J.
Published: February 2007

In this article, I evaluate the hypothesis that higher infant and child mortality among Muslim populations is related to the lower autonomy of Muslim women using data from 15 pairs of Muslim and non-Muslim communities in India, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand. Women’s autonomy in various spheres is not consistently lower in Muslim than in non-Muslim settings. Both across and within communities, the association between women’s autonomy and mortality is weak, and measures of autonomy or socioeconomic status are generally of limited import for understanding the Muslim disadvantage in children’s survival.
The racial crossover in family complexity in the United States
Authors: Goldscheider Frances K. , Bures Regina M.
Published: February 2007

This article examines the evolution of the black extended family by documenting a black-white crossover in the proportions of unmarried adults living in complex households after the middle of the twentieth century. We demonstrate significant racial differences in the trends in complex household residence over the life course, characterized by far greater declines in complex living among whites, particularly at younger ages. In this context, the higher level of family extension that recent research has found typifies black families is both a relatively new phenomenon and one that is not just limited to single-parent families; it characterizes all ages, those with and without children, and men as well as women.
Sharing the wealth: The effect of siblings on adults’ wealth ownership
Authors: Keister Lisa A.
Published: February 2007

Inequality in wealth has been well-documented, but its causes remain uncertain. Family processes in childhood are likely to shape adults’ wealth accumulation, but these factors have attracted little attention. I argue that family size matters: children from larger families accumulate less wealth than do those from smaller families. Siblings dilute parents’ finite financial resources and nonmaterial resources, such as time. This diminishment of resources reduces educational attainment, inter vivos transfers, and inheritance. Reduced educational attainment and transfers alter financial behavior; saving; and, ultimately, adults’ wealth. I demonstrate that sibship size is associated with lower overall wealth in adulthood and that parents’ resources and education, respondent’s education, financial transfers, and financial behavior all mitigate the effect of siblings. Sibship size also reduces the likelihood of receiving a trust account or an inheritance and decreases home- and stock ownership. The findings provide important insights into early family processes that shape wealth accumulation and inequality.
The academic trajectories of immigrant youths: Analysis within and across cohorts
Authors: Glick Jennifer E. , White Michael J.
Published: February 2007

Two nationally representative cohorts—from the National Educational Longitudinal Study (NELS) and High School and Beyond (HSB)—were used to examine the effects of generation and duration of residence on students’ performance on standardized tests over a two-year period. In multivariate models, generational status predicts variation in students’ performance on baseline (sophomore) tests, with effects stronger for the later age cohort (NELS) than for the earlier age cohort (HSB). With regard to the trajectory of achievement, generational status has a greatly reduced role for both cohorts. The best predictors of the trajectory of achievement are not those that are based on nativity per se, but those that reflect the social environment experienced in the United States (i.e., ethnicity and family’s socioeconomic status).
Is low fertility a twenty-first-century demographic crisis?
Authors: Morgan S. Philip
Published: February 2007

Nearly half of the world’s population in 2000 lived in countries with fertility rates at or below replacement level, and nearly all countries will reach low fertility levels in the next two decades. Concerns about low fertility, fertility that is well below replacement, are widespread. But there are both persistent rationales for having children and institutional adjustments that can make the widespread intentions for two children attainable, even in increasingly individualistic and egalitarian societies.
Things Unbefitting Christians": Violence and Christianization inFifth-Century Panopolis
Authors: Frankfurter David
Published: February 2007

Near the end of the fifth century C.E. , the new abbot of Shenoute's monastery in Atripe, Besa, was called upon to pacify local villagers who had been "fighting for nothing over a piece of wood." Using Besa's sermon as a starting point, this paper explores the possibility that the village strife addressed here revolved around Egyptian religious images and their dwindling community of devotees. Papyri, inscriptions, and Coptic sources show Egyptian religion's striking resilience in the region of Atripe through Shenoute's own time; and comparative sources on local Christianization describe cases of local violence in the last stages of Christianization, meant to cleanse "pagans" regarded as dangerous to local fortune. This paper explores an additional dimension of such modern antipagan purge movements, their inevitable leadership by youths and their aim at the elderly, and looks at ways in which late antique Christianization also involved intergenerational tensions.
Staging the Church?: Theology as Theater
Authors: Davidson Ivor J.
Published: February 2007

Scholarly evaluation of Ambrose's De officiis , preoccupied with tracing the work's philosophical relationship to Cicero's Stoicism, has too often neglected the question of the text's social location and its intended readership. By way of some soundings in the fields of social history and gender studies, a new reading of De officiis may be offered, which sees the text as a set of stage-directions for the leading players in an ecclesial drama which Ambrose is seeking to enact in the theatrical imperium of the late fourth-century West. By simultaneously evoking and subverting core assumptions of the classical characterization of a male Roman élite, Ambrose seeks to impress a watching world, and especially a discerning class of cultural sophisticates, with the spectacle of his church's hierarchy as a new and superior officialdom, whose moral virtues surpass the attainments of their antecedents or competitors in the saeculum . Cicero's paradigm is to be superseded by the superiority of the officia pursued by the leaders of a socially triumphant catholic faith.
Syncretism and the Holy Man in Late Antique Egypt
Authors: Frankfurter David
Published: February 2007

Despite their tendency to demonize and even lead attacks on older religious forms, Egyptian Christian holy men were active syncretists, combining new Christian ideas with regional traditions of religious action, need, and orientation. This paper seeks a reappraisal of the concept of syncretism, moving beyond earlier notions of "pagan survival" to discuss issues of agency, habit-memory, and sacred landscape as they emerge in the activities of holy men: first, their exorcistic demonstrations and the wider cultural perceptions of traditional gods that resulted from exorcistic discourse; second, the reorganization of sacred topography according to the locations of saints; and third, the gestures, performances, and substances that allowed both holy men and their supplicants to mediate the holy in meaningful ways. Throughout, the holy man is examined as a type of regional prophet, asserting a new, totalist worldview against older centers while at the same time revitalizing basic religious functions in the culture.
The Church of Virgins and Martyrs: Ecclesiastical Identity in the Sermons of Eusebius of Emesa
Authors: Winn Robert E
Published: February 2007

Published studies of the extant sermons of Eusebius of Emesa have focused on two of his concerns which, up to this point, have been treated independently of each other: his understanding of the divinity of the Son in the midst of the theological debates of the fourth century and his understanding of the importance of the life of asceticism. In the article that follows, I argue that there was a point of intersection between his theology and his zeal for asceticism, and that this point of intersection was his understanding of human salvation—and thus his understanding of the identity of the church. As creator, "God, the Son of God" transformed created natures while on earth; as savior, "God, the Son of God" transforms human nature into an angelic nature on earth. In his sermons, Eusebius communicated a vision of the church as a body of virgins and martyrs, the former those who represent the church's ascetic ideal of the angelic life and the latter those who sacrifice everything for the church's ascetic ideal.
A Methodology for Estimating the Income Poverty Line with Application to Sudan
Authors: Elmuluthum Nagat A
Published: February 2007

This paper develops a procedure for estimating an income poverty line with application to Sudan. The methodology we propose here is based on the idea of viability embodied in Jorgenson’s (1961) model of the development of a backward economy which consists of only one sector, namely, agriculture. Using GDP, we estimated a subsistence level of income necessary for food and non-food consumption at the level of per capita gross domestic product necessary for the population to grow at a maximum (and not the maximum) rate. The estimated subsistence level of income is used as synonymous with the income poverty line estimated on the basis of the ordinary approach. Our results show that the nominal value of this subsistence income is increasing from one year to another. The values of the estimated subsistence income are not significantly different from the values of the income poverty lines obtained by Ali (1994), using the ordinary approach, for a number of years.
Empirical Analysis of the Determinants of Demand for Children in Jimma City, Ethiopia: An Application of Count Data Model
Authors: Tadesse Bedassa
Published: February 2007

Using cross-section data on urban households from Jimma city, Southwestern Ethiopia, in this paper we apply the economic theory of consumer choice and examine some endogenous household characteristics that affect the demand for children among urban households in Ethiopia. Based on parameter estimates derived from a count data model, we also simulate the average number of children desired by a woman of median urban household characteristics and assess the extent to which an exogenously set population policy goal of lower fertility can be achieved. The results of our study indicate that enhancing paternal and maternal education, altering the economic value of children, increasing household income, and delaying the marriage age as important policy measures that should be pursued to reduce fertility. Institutional approaches that involve “faith-based initiatives” are also relevant. An important implication of the study is that by using measures that target these socio-economic variables via market incentives, fertility levels among urban households in Jimma and other urban areas of Ethiopia with similar demographic features can be reduced.
The Natural Jurisprudence of Jean Barbeyrac: Translation as an Art of Political Adjustment
Authors: Saunders David
Published: February 2007

The article makes the case for redescribing Jean Barbeyrac (1674-1744), the great French translator and influential glossator of seventeenth-century Latin natural-law texts, as something quite other than a neutral mediator of Samuel Pufendorf. To consider the specific religious and political charge of his strategies as translator is to recognize the independence of Barbeyrac's Huguenot stance on natural jurisprudence. This stance is provoked by the profound challenge that Pufendorf's radical post-Westphalian secularizing of civil authority posed for a Huguenot: how to grant that the state had legitimate authority to regulate all external conduct, but at the same time preserve an inviolable moral space for the exercise of individual conscience. The argumentâpointing to Barbeyrac's construction of a 'Lockeanized' Pufendorfârests both on his famous presentation of Leibniz's critique of Pufendorf's De officio hominis et civis and on more neglected elements of Barbeyrac's corpus.
"The Eternal Power of Reason" and "The Superiority of Whites": Hilliard d'Auberteuil's Colonial Enlightenment
Authors: Ogle Gene E
Published: February 2007

Cet article discute les rapports entre le si�cle des
Lumi�res colonial et le gouvernement imp�rial par un
examen de la carri�re de Hilliard d'Auberteuil vis-�-vis
le Minist�re de la Marine, la pol�mique autour de ses
Consid�rations sur l'�tat pr�sent de la colonie
fran�oise de Saint-Domingue (1776-77), et les r�formes
qu'il a propos�es dans cet oeuvre. En d�pit des suppositions
r�pandues, la publication des Consid�rations se faisait en
collaboration avec le Minist�re, et la suppression de l'oeuvre
n'a pas mis fin � la carri�re minist�rielle de
son auteur. En m�me temps, Hilliard d'Auberteuil �tait
loin d'�tre un porte-parole du gouvernement imp�rial,
et il proposait des r�formes radicales des relations entre
colonie et m�tropole et du r�gime int�rieur
de Saint-Domingue. En grande partie, les Consid�rations
insistaient sur la necessit� d'un remaniement de la vie interne
de la colonie sous un code local et une magistrature cr�ole
r�form�e. Mais la pens�e de Hilliard d'Auberteuil
est trop idiosyncratique pour permettre aucune lecture uniforme. A la fin,
les Consid�rations, son auteur, et la colonie sont li�s par
une s�rie de discours utilitaires, qui se r�f�rait
in�vitablement, en Saint-Domingue, � la richesse produite
par son syst�me esclavagiste.
Deux Fondations Scientifiques a la Nouvelle-Orleans (1728-30): La Connaissance a l'Epreuve de la Realite Coloniale
Authors: Langlois Gilles-Antoine
Published: February 2007

The urbanity of New Orleans after just ten years of existence is
indicated by its possession of two institutions found in only a few French
cities of the time: a botanical garden, founded by Alexandre Vielle,
and an observatory, built by Pierre Baron. A few scientists, sent to
Louisiana by the king or by the Company of the Indies, tried to create
both scientific foundations in the colony and scientific relations
with France. The difficulties that these enterprises encountered
illustrate ancien régime France's limited capacity to
create colonial cities that were other than trading posts focused on
the immediate interests of the metropole. Their hardships show as well
the inability of France under the Regency and in the reign of Louis XV
to foster science during the Enlightenment.
Widowhood in New France: Consequences and Coping Strategies
Authors: Richter Molly G
Published: February 2007

Cet article discute le veuvage féminin et masculin en
Nouvelle France au dix-huitième siècle. Pendant l'Ancien
Régime, le veuvage était un fait normal qui frappait sans
faire de distinction. Mais les méthodes employées pour
assurer la survie d'une famille rompue, le comportement de l'époux
survivant, et les possibilités qui lui étaient
ouvertes furent influées par son sexe. Quelques-uns des plus
importants problèmes du veuvage—les stratégies
utilisées par le survivant, le rôle de la parenté et
de la communauté, et les ramifications des deuxièmes noces
sur les enfants et les biens du premier lit—sont abordés
dans cet article.
Lucretius on the Gates of Horn and Ivory: A Psychophysical Challenge to Prophecy by Dreams
Authors: Holowchak Mark
Published: February 2007

Lucretius' Epicurean account of dreams in Book IV of De Rerum Natura indicates that they are wholly void of prophetic significance and of little practical significance. Dreams, rightly apprehended, do little more than mirror our daily preoccupations. For Lucretius, all dreams pass through the gate of ivory and all are reducible to psychophysical phenomena.In this paper, I examine Lucretius' account of sleep and the formation of dreams in light of the Epicurean aims of the poem as a whole. In doing so, I give what I take to be a plausible sketch of the formation of dreams through what I call Lucretius' "selection model" of dreams. The selection model forbids, strictly speaking, the phenomenon of genuine prophecy through dreams, while at the same time it allows for a surprisingly rich psychophysical explanation of the genesis of seemingly prophetic dreams in sleepers. Thus, I argue, a proper grasp of the Lucretian account of oneiric formation is itself a significant part of the Epicurean cure for superstitions and religiously based ills of his day.
Kant's Model of Causality: Causal Powers, Laws, and Kant's Reply to Hume
Authors: Watkins Eric
Published: February 2007

This paper argues that Kant's model of causality cannot consist in one temporally determinate event causing another, as Hume had thought, since such a model is inconsistent with mutual interaction, to which Kant is committed in the Third Analogy. Rather causality occurs when one substance actively exercises its causal powers according to the unchanging grounds that constitute its nature so as to determine a change of state of another substance. Because this model invokes unchanging grounds, one can understand how Kant could have thought that causal laws could be justified. Further, because this model, along with the broader ontology it presupposes, is radically different from Hume's, Kant's Second Analogy cannot be understood as a refutation of Hume's position on Hume's own terms; instead, Kant must be proposing an alternative view that competes against Hume's thoroughgoing empiricist account.
The "Ecumenical Movement" Churches, "Global Order," and Human Rights: 1938-1948
Authors: Nurser John
Published: February 2007

The political and cultural climate of the 1930s ignited an ecumenical
movement of mainline Protestant churches across England, North America,
and Europe. War and its accompanying chaos prompted Christian leaders to
define a new global order, one based on a "just and durable" peace and
centralized around human rights. Churches, missionary societies, and new
Christian communities came together under the guidance of political and
religious leaders to form the basis of a post-war world organization. This
organization, strengthened by the United States commitment to a new global
order, secured the establishment of a Commission on Human Rights, which
later aided the passage of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Ethical Dilemmas for School Administrators
Authors: Denig Stephen J , Quinn Terrence
Published: February 2007

Schools are ethical organizations. The daily schedule of educational
administrators is filled with ethical dilemmas and moral decisions. As
reflective practitioners, school leaders know that the decisions that
are made and the values that underlie those decisions are filled with
moral implications for the entire school community. In this paper, two
complementary approaches to moral decision making are considered--the
justice approach and the care approach. The authors compare these
approaches as they seek solutions to several moral dilemmas in
school administration: unfounded sexual harassment, untrue letters of
recommendation, and compromised administration of high-stakes testing.
Secondary School Intervention Assistance Teams: Can They Be Effective?
Authors: Myers Valerie M , Kline Charles E
Published: February 2007

Demand for improved student performance and accountability in
the face of growing numbers of students with learning or behavioral
difficulties creates a challenge for secondary school administrators
and staffs. Principals who strive to be effective instructional leaders
must find ways to provide knowledge and support that help teachers meet
all students' needs. An underutilized tool for this purpose is the
intervention assistance team (IAT); however, some educators question
the use of the typical IAT model at the secondary level due to secondary
school structure and culture differences. Conversations with secondary
school educators identified the benefits of and barriers to effective
IAT implementation. These are reported along with key practices from
IAT literature to support staff insights. Knowledge of IAT problems and
successful practices can help school administrators provide leadership
and implement effective IATs at the secondary school level.
The MSEN Pre-College Program: What are the Costs and Benefits Based on Estimates of its Impacts on Black High School Graduates?
Authors: Hughes Sherick A
Published: February 2007

North Carolina's Mathematics Science Education Network (MSEN)
pre-college program, which began in 1986, exposes predominantly African
American sixth- through twelfth-grade students to mathematics- and
science-based courses and careers. The state of North Carolina spent
$414.42 per pupil per year (a total of $387,897) during the median
four-year period that the 234 African Americans in the 1998-1999
graduating class were in the program. The cost of sending these students
through the program for four years was weighed against the projected
net benefits of those who are expected to enroll and/or graduate from
college and work in North Carolina. Results indicate that it takes six
to seven years for the estimated net benefits from the projected 38
college enrollees and graduates to exceed the program costs for their
class. In fact, the net benefits of MSEN are likely to increase as long
as the class members stay and work in the state.
Preservice Teachers' Awareness of Multiculturalism and Diversity
Authors: Milner H. Richard , Flowers Lamont A , Moore Eddie , Moore James L , Flowers Tiffany A
Published: February 2007

In the present study, we attempted to replicate an earlier study (Larke,
1990) that sought to estimate preservice teachers' general awareness
of cultural differences. Data from 99 preservice teachers who completed
the Cultural Diversity Awareness Inventory were utilized to examine the
extent to which teacher education programs were helping future teachers
to become more multiculturally competent. Using the Larke study as a
foundation, results from the present study revealed that preservice
teachers' attitudes about cultural diversity improved. The article
concludes with discussion and implications for preservice teachers and
teacher education programs.
Educating "Good" Citizens: Imagining Citizens of the New Millennium
Authors: Jo Ji-Yeon O
Published: February 2007

In this paper, the author argues that current notions of citizenship do not fully reflect the reality of increasing transnational migration and diversity within the United States. Under the rhetoric of national unity and security, transnational migrants are often treated as foreigners, outsiders, or even in some cases positioned on the opposite side of "good" and "desirable" citizens of the U.S. society. Due to governmental and civic attempts to build a unified national identity, transnational migrant students' issues of belonging have become ever more problematic. The author suggests the necessity of reexamining current notions of citizenship to reflect the diversity of transnational migrants in the United States and their social, economical, and cultural contexts of identity formation. The importance of discussing the notions of citizenship in relation to identity politics and its implications for and applications to education of transnational adolescent immigrants are discussed.
Character Divination and Kinetic Sculpture in the Central Italian Passeggiata (Ritual Promenade): Interpretive Frameworks and Expressive Practices from a Body-Centered Perspective
Authors: Del Negro Giovanna , Berger Harris M.
Published: February 2007

This article explores the interplay of bodily practices and interpretive frameworks in folk-lore
performance. A case study of the Italian passeggiata (ritual promenade), the essay
shows how culturally specific beliefs about the relationship between character, sociability,
and the body inform expressive behavior and its interpretation. Ideas from practice theory
and performance studies illuminate the unique conditions under which individual bodily
performances may come together to constitute complex representations of larger collectivities.
Memories of Time Past: Fieldwork among the Sephardim
Authors: Zumwalt Rosemary Levy , Levy Isaac Jack
Published: February 2007

This article examines the process of doing fieldwork among elderly Sephardim on the
topic of folk medicine and folk religion. The authors examine the way in which they, as
fieldworkers, and the people they interviewed took part in a joint endeavor, and a shared
experience that brought forth images of a life earlier lived. The process of recall was not
one-sided. Rather, there was an interconnectedness of memory that rendered a joint venture
into the past.
Bauman's Verbal Art and the Social Organization of Attention: The Role of Reflexivity in the Aesthetics of Performance
Authors: Berger Harris M. , Del Negro Giovanna
Published: February 2007

In Richard Bauman's landmark study Verbal Art as Performance, reflexivity plays a small but important role. Combining ideas from Verbal Art with insights from phenomenology, this article uses the concept of reflexivity to re-examine basic facets of expressive interaction and explores the structure of intersubjectivity in performance. Field data on American heavy metal music and the promenade of central Italy are used to reveal the crucial role that reflexivity plays in the aesthetics of performance.
Folk and Academic Racism: Concepts from Morris and Folklore
Authors: Greenhill Pauline
Published: February 2007

This article explores the intersections between concepts of racism presented in the context of Morris�a purportedly "English" dance practice that has limited circulation, and that remains primarily white�and in the context of the Morris Dance Discussion Group� an e-mail listserv group. I use these as reference points for a critique of some concepts common in the practices of academic folklore scholarship and offer suggestions for more progressive, politically astute directions for folklore and methodology.
Amalgams and Mosaics, Syncretisms and Reinterpretations: Reading Herskovits and Contemporary Creolists for Metaphors of Creolization
Authors: Baron Robert
Published: February 2007

Creolists employ metaphor from a variety of semantic domains to render the processes through which cultures combine and to characterize new forms that emerge from their contact. Melville J. Herskovits, viewed as a proto-creolist, explored the retention and transformation of African cultural elements in the Americas. He used both metaphor and schematic, social-scientific explanations to create a conceptual framework for the study of acculturation and cultural change. Syncretism and reinterpretation, two key Herskovitsian terms of significance for creolization studies, refer to the reconciliation of cultural elements and beliefs from different cultures in contact, and to processes that give old meanings to new forms and retain old forms with new meanings.
Mr. Elizabeth, Island Storyteller: Symbol and Creolization in Indian Ocean Folktales
Authors: Haring Lee
Published: February 2007

In the island of Réunion, European folktales are told by the
poor white population. Two examples of specific tales are examined
here: the first, a version of an internationally known tale type,
"The Smith Outwits the Devil" (AT 330), narrated by Mr. Elizabeth
as "The Cardplayer," illustrates local meanings, which arise from
the teller's social position, as well as the region's processes of
cultural creolization; the second narrated tale, "Four Rose Blossoms,"
also known as "The Three Golden Sons" (AT 707), yields similar regional
insights. Although folklore research in Réunion has been sporadic,
this article demonstrates the rich potential for tale type research
there.
The Many Books of Nature: Renaissance Naturalists and Information Overload
Authors: Ogilvie Brian W
Published: February 2007

Early Renaissance naturalists worked to identify the plans described in
ancient sources. But during the middle decades of the sixteenth century,
naturalists instead began to describe and name plans unknown to the
ancients. They also divided nature much more finely, distinguishing
species that their predecessors had lumped together. As a result, they
created an information overload. Dictionaries of synonyms and local flora
were invented in the early seventeenth century as partial solutions to
this problem of information overload.
Early Modern Information Overload
Authors: Rosenberg Daniel
Published: February 2007

Contemporary discussions of information overload have important precedents
during the years 1550-1750. An examination of the early modern period
in Europe, including work of humanism, science, theology, and popular
encyclopedias demonstrates that perceptions of information overload
have as much to do with the ways in which knowledge is represented as
with any quantitative measurers in the production of new texts, ideas,
or facts. Key figures in this account include Francis Bacon, Conrard
Gesner, Francesco Sacchini, Johann Heinrich Alsted, Casoar Bauhin,
Rempert Dodeones, Samuel Bochrt, Johann Jakob Scheuchzer, John Wilkins,
Jonathan Swift, Ephraim Chambers, Smauel Johnson, Denis Diderot, and
Louis-S�bastian Mercier.
A Solution to the Multitude of Books: Ephraim Chambers's Cyclopaedia (1728) as "the Best Book in the Universe "
Authors: Yeo Richard R.
Published: February 2007

This article considers Ephraim Chambers's Cyclopaedia (2 Vols., 1728) as a
work that responded to anxieties about information overload. Chambers drew
on Renaissance ideas about summarizing and organizing knowledge—in
particular, the humanist practice of keeping a commonplace book. By
completing an alphabetical dictionary with due deference to categories, or
Heads, he not only offered a convenient summary of knowledge but retained
the notion of an encyclopedic circle of arts and sciences. The article
also relates this concept of authorial design to debates surrounding
the 1710 copyright Statute in England.