bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Event‐based adaptive sliding mode control for Euler–Lagrange systems with parameter uncertainties and external disturbances
Authors: Wang Nana , Hao Fei
Published: March 2022

This article studies the robust tracking control problem for a class of uncertain Euler–Lagrange systems. An adaptive sliding mode control strategy is proposed to address the robust stability of the closed‐loop systems with external disturbances and parameter uncertainties. An adaptive parameter estimator is constructed in the sensor node to deal with the unknown bound of uncertainties, and an event‐triggering detector is located between the sensor node and the controller node. The introduction of event‐triggering condition is introduced, reducing the utilization on communication resources and the number of control execution. In this event‐triggered strategy, the closed‐loop systems reach the practical sliding mode band and the band could be adjusted. Moreover, the event‐triggering condition can make sure that Zeno behavior does not occur. Finally, simulation results on 2‐link robotic manipulator are provided to illustrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed control scheme.
Combinations of novel hybrid optimization algorithms‐based trajectory planning analysis for an industrial robotic manipulators
Authors: Singh Gurjeet , Banga Vijay Kumar
Published: March 2022

In this paper, an optimal collision‐free trajectory is developed based on the hybrid optimization algorithms for industrial robotic manipulators (IRMs). Three IRMs such as PUMA 560 (six degrees of freedom—6DOF), KUKA LBR iiwa 14 R820 (7DOF), and ABB IRB 140 (6DOF) are considered. The key objective is to enhance the smoothness and efficiency of manufacturing robots by optimum joint trajectory design using the seventh‐order polynomial function. The proposed approach is to solve both kinematics and trajectory planning problems by using the different combinations of the hybrid meta‐heuristic algorithms. The kinematic parameters including jerk, acceleration, and velocity mostly impact the travel smoothness of the robot end‐effector on the trajectory path. Therefore, these parameters are to be constrained for generating the collision‐free path. The endurance of velocity and acceleration can be obtained by reducing the jerk which leads to smooth robotic motion. The proposed work is executed using a robotic toolbox in MATLAB with a graphical user interface. The values of acceleration, velocity, and jerk are computed for the robot joints. Each robot obtained the minimum traveling time for without and with an obstacle which is 0.0118 and 0.0313 s for PUMA and 0.0117 and 0.0310 s for KUKA, and 0.0114 and 0.0120 s for ABB IRB 140 robot. From the experimental outcomes, the proposed scheme of the hybrid optimization algorithms is more effective for the trajectory planning of IRMs than that of other works.
Comment on “A depth‐based global envelope test for comparing two groups of functions with applications to biomedical data” by S. Lopez‐Pintado and K. Qian
Authors: Mrkvička Tomáš , Myllymäki Mari
Published: March 2022

This is a note describing nonparametric methodology of functional tests in the functional general linear models, which is more rich than the methodology presented in the commented paper.
A Programmable Multifunctional 3D Cancer Cell Invasion Micro Platform
Authors: Liu Qian , Muralidharan Aswin , Saateh Abtin , Ding Zhaoying , ten Dijke Peter , Boukany Pouyan E.
Published: March 2022

In the research of cancer cell invasion and metastasis, recreation of physiologically relevant and faithful three‐dimensional (3D) tumor models that recapitulate spatial architecture, spatiotemporal control of cell communication and signaling pathways, and integration of extracellular cues remains an open challenge. Here, a programmable multifunctional 3D cancer cell invasion microbuckets‐hydrogel (Mb‐H) platform is developed by integrating various function‐variable microbuckets and extracellular matrix (ECM)‐like hydrogels. Based on this Mb‐H micro platform, the aggregation of multi‐cancer cells is well controlled to form cancer cell spheroids, and the guiding relationship of single‐cell migration and collective cell migration during the epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) of cancer cell invasion are demonstrated. By programming and precisely assembling multiple functions in one system, the Mb‐H platform with spatial‐temporal controlled release of cytokine transforming growth factor beta (TGF‐β) and various functionalized Mb‐H platforms with intelligent adjustment of cell‐matrix interactions are engineered to coordinate the 3D invasive migration of cancer cell spheroids. This programmable and adaptable 3D cancer cell invasion micro platform takes a new step toward mimicking the dynamically changing (localized) tumor microenvironment and exhibits wide potential applications in cancer research, bio‐fabrication, cell signaling, and drug screening.
Overcoming Ion Transport Barrier by Plasma Heterointerface Engineering: Epitaxial Titanium Carbonitride on Nitrogen‐Doped TiO2for High‐Performance Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Cai Qianli , Li Xinglong , Hu Ertao , Wang Zhongyue , Lv Peng , Zheng Jiajin , Yu Kehan , Wei Wei , Ostrikov Kostya (Ken)
Published: March 2022

Anatase TiO2is a promising anode material for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) due to its high specific capacity, low cost, and excellent cycle stability. However, low electrical conductivity and poor Na+ion transport in TiO2limit its practical applications. Here, substantially boosted Na+ion transport and charge transfer kinetics are demonstrated by constructing a near‐ideal non‐rectifying titanium carbonitride/nitrogen‐doped TiO2(TiCxN1–x/N‐TiO2) heterostructure. Owing to the fast plasma effects and metastable hybrid phases, the TiCxN1–xis epitaxially grown on TiO2. Energy band engineering at the interface induces high electron densities and a strong built‐in electric field, which lowers the Na+diffusion barrier by a factor of 1.7. As a result, the TiCxN1–x/N‐TiO2electrode exhibits excellent electrochemical performance. The reversible specific capacities at rates of 0.1 and 10 C reach 312.3 and 173.7 mAh g−1, respectively. After 600 cycles of charge and discharge at 10 C, the capacity retention rate is 98.7%. This work discovers an effective non‐equilibrium plasma‐enabled process to construct heterointerfaces that can enhance Na+ion transport and provides generic guidelines for the design of heterostructures for a broader range of energy storage, separation, and other devices that rely on controlled ionic transport.
Environmental life cycle assessment of different types of the municipal wastewater pipeline network
Authors: Asadollahfardi Gholamreza , Panahandeh Azadeh , Moghadam Ebrahim Inanlo , Masoumi Shima , Tayebi Jebeli Mojtaba
Published: March 2022

With the onset of social life, humans have considered waste disposal as essential, and they have been able to repel it through brick and clay channels. Checking sewage pipes for energy consumption and a longer lifetime than other sewage system components is important. Climate change and exploitation of industrial resources have made environmental impacts, which are important factors in decision making. The purpose of this study was to introduce the most suitable type of sewage pipe considering environmental protection. Therefore, we applied the environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) method, using Sima Pro 8.2.3 software for the one‐kilometer length of concrete pipes (300 mm in diameter), Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polyethylene (PE) (315 mm in diameter). Also, the BEES method and sensitivity analysis were used to validate the results. The comparison between three types of municipal wastewater pipes indicated that PE pipes are a more environmentally friendly option than PVC, and concrete pipes in pipe recycling, reducing extraction from untapped resources, and inefficient extraction of resources. Electricity, diesel fuel, and sulfate resistance cement consumption for concrete production are the most pollution elements in the LCA of concrete pipes. Usage of PVC granular, sanitary landfill of PVC pipes, and using hydraulic drill in LCA of PVC pipes are the most elements of generating pollution. The usage of PE granules, PE pipes landfilling, hydraulic excavator, and electricity consumption in the LCA of the PE pipes are the greatest polluting parameters.
Molecular mechanisms, genetic mapping, and genome editing for insect pest resistance in field crops
Authors: Wani Shabir H. , Choudhary Mukesh , Barmukh Rutwik , Bagaria Pravin K. , Samantara Kajal , Razzaq Ali , Jaba Jagdish , Ba Malick Niango , Varshney Rajeev K.
Published: March 2022

Key message

Improving crop resistance against insect pests is crucial for ensuring future food security. Integrating genomics with modern breeding methods holds enormous potential in dissecting the genetic architecture of this complex trait and accelerating crop improvement.

Insect resistance in crops has been a major research objective in several crop improvement programs. However, the use of conventional breeding methods to develop high-yielding cultivars with sustainable and durable insect pest resistance has been largely unsuccessful. The use of molecular markers for identification and deployment of insect resistance quantitative trait loci (QTLs) can fastrack traditional breeding methods. Till date, several QTLs for insect pest resistance have been identified in field-grown crops, and a few of them have been cloned by positional cloning approaches. Genome editing technologies, such as CRISPR/Cas9, are paving the way to tailor insect pest resistance loci for designing crops for the future. Here, we provide an overview of diverse defense mechanisms exerted by plants in response to insect pest attack, and review recent advances in genomics research and genetic improvements for insect pest resistance in major field crops. Finally, we discuss the scope for genomic breeding strategies to develop more durable insect pest resistant crops.
Von akutem Koronarsyndrom bis Zoster
Authors: Schnell Hein
Published: March 2022

Hintergrund

Segmentale und somatische Dysfunktionen im Thorakalbereich können zu unterschiedlichen klinischen Bildern führen. Es gilt, drei wesentliche Varianten zu unterscheiden.

Klinik

1. Lokale Schmerzen

Hierbei müssen auch potenziell lebensbedrohliche Differenzialdiagnosen bedacht und im Zweifel die Chest-Pain-Notfalldiagnostik initiiert werden.

2. Vertebro-viszeraler Reflex

Der sympathische Grenzstrang hat seine segmentalen Ursprünge im Wesentlichen in den thorakalen Segmenten, dies führt zu einer hochgradigen neuronalen Vernetzung mit den Thorax- und Oberbauchorganen. „Unspezifische“ Thorax- und Bauchbeschwerden können deswegen ihre Ursache in segmentalen und somatischen Dysfunktionen der thorakalen Segmente haben.

3. Viszero-vertebraler Reflex

Viszerale Noziafferenzen gelangen über die vegetative Vernetzung zu thorakalen Segmenten und können hier zu schmerzhaften thorakalen Dysfunktionen führen. Diese können erste Anzeichen einer ernsthaften strukturellen Erkrankung, z. B. Neoplasie oder Ulkus, der Thorax- und Oberbauchorgane darstellen.

Differenzialdiagnostik

Die Differenzialdiagnostik ist anspruchsvoll, die manuelle Medizin kann einen entscheidenden Beitrag leisten. Die biomechanischen und neurophysiologischen Besonderheiten am Thorax müssen dafür bekannt sein.
Laser-induced fluorescence for studying the influence of potassium and sodium salts on PAH formation in sooting premixed flames
Authors: Mannazhi Manu , Bergqvist Saga , Bengtsson Per-Erik
Published: March 2022

Previous studies have shown that alkali salts influence combustion processes and soot formation, although the effects seem to vary across systems. Moreover, fundamental studies on the effect of potassium and sodium salts on formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), which are precursors in soot formation, are scarce. Here, we report a study in which the effects on PAH formation due to the addition of alkali metal salts (KCl, KOH, K2CO3, NaCl and NaOH) to premixed ethylene–air flames were investigated. Different size classes of PAHs were probed using both spectral and 2D measurements of laser-induced fluorescence (PAH-LIF) using the excitation wavelengths 266 nm and 532 nm, while detecting the fluorescence emission at selected wavelength ranges. Elastic light scattering (ELS) measurements were also used to complement the fluorescence data. It was found that potassium and sodium salts do not significantly influence the formation of small PAHs (2–3 rings), while decreasing the concentration of larger PAHs at higher heights above burner (HAB). Another important result was that the anion in the salt (Cl−, OH−, CO32−) negligibly influences the PAH and soot formation processes after dissociation of the salts.
Ultrasound imaging velocimetry in particle-laden flows: counteracting attenuation with correlation averaging
Authors: Dash Amitosh , Hogendoorn Willian , Oldenziel Gosse , Poelma Christian
Published: March 2022

Ultrasound imaging velocimetry (UIV) refers to the technique wherein ultrasound images are analysed with 2D cross-correlation techniques developed originally in the framework of particle image velocimetry. Applying UIV to opaque, particle-laden multiphase flows have long been considered to be an attractive prospect. In this study, we demonstrate how fundamental differences in acoustical imaging, as compared to optical imaging, manifest themselves in the 2D cross-correlation analysis. A chief point of departure from conventional particle image velocimetry is the strong variation in the intensity profile of the acoustic wavefield, primarily caused by the attenuation of ultrasonic waves in particle-laden flows. Attenuation necessitates using a larger ensemble of correlation planes to obtain satisfactory time-averaged velocity profiles. For a given combination of imaging and flow conditions, attenuation sets upper limits on volume fraction, penetration depth, as well as temporal resolutions that may be accessed confidently. This behaviour is demonstrated in two experimental datasets and is also supported by a modified cross-correlation theory. The modification is brought about by incorporating a lumped model of ultrasonic backscattering in suspensions into existing spatial cross-correlation analysis. The two experimental datasets correspond to two distinct particle-laden pipe flows: (1) a neutrally buoyant non-Brownian suspension in a laboratory-scale flow facility, wherein particle sizes are comparable to the ultrasonic wavelength and (2) a non-Newtonian slurry in an industrial-scale flow facility, wherein particle sizes are much smaller than the ultrasonic wavelength. We illustrate how and to what extent correlation averaging can counteract the adversity caused by attenuation. The work herein offers a template for one to evaluate the performance of UIV in particle-laden flows.

Graphical abstract
Late is too late? Surgical timing and postoperative complications after primary ileocolic resection for Crohn’s disease
Authors: Lavorini E. , Allaix M. E. , Ammirati C. A. , Astegiano M. , Morino M. , Resegotti A.
Published: March 2022

Background

Despite the recent advances in medical therapy, the majority of patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) still require surgery during the course of their life. While a correlation between early primary surgery and lower recurrence rates has been shown, the impact of surgical timing on postoperative complications is unclear. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of surgical timing on 30-day postoperative morbidity.

Methods

This is a retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected database of 307 consecutive patients submitted to elective primary ileocolic resection for CD at our institution between July 1994 and July 2018. The following variables were considered: age, gender, year of treatment, smoking habits, preoperative steroid therapy, presence of fistula or abscess, type of anastomosis, and time interval between diagnosis of CD and surgery. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were performed to examine the association between risk factors and complications.

Results

Major complications occurred in 29 patients, while anastomotic leak was observed in 16 patients. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that surgical timing in years (OR 1.10 p = 0.002 for a unit change), along with preoperative use of steroids (OR 5.45 p < 0.001) were independent risk factors for major complications. Moreover, preoperative treatment with steroids (6.59 p = 0.003) and surgical timing (OR 1.10 p = 0.023 for a unit change) were independently associated with anastomotic leak, while handsewn anastomosis (OR 2.84 p = 0.100) showed a trend.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that the longer is the time interval between diagnosis of CD and surgery, the greater is the risk of major surgical complications and of anastomotic leak.
MASCC multidisciplinary evidence-based recommendations for the management of malignant bowel obstruction in advanced cancer
Authors: Madariaga Ainhoa , Lau Jenny , Ghoshal Arunangshu , Dzierżanowski Tomasz , Larkin Philip , Sobocki Jacek , Dickman Andrew , Furness Kate , Fazelzad Rouhi , Crawford Gregory B , Lheureux Stephanie
Published: March 2022

Purpose

To provide evidence-based recommendations on the management of malignant bowel obstruction (MBO) for patients with advanced cancer.

Methods

The Multinational Association for Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC) MBO study group conducted a systematic review of databases (inception to March 2021) to identify studies about patients with advanced cancer and MBO that reported on the following outcomes: symptom management, bowel obstruction resolution, prognosis, overall survival, and quality of life. The review was restricted to studies published in English, but no restrictions were placed on publication year, country, and study type. As per the MASCC Guidelines Policy, the findings were synthesized to determine the levels of evidence to support each MBO intervention and, ultimately, the graded recommendations and suggestions.

Results

The systematic review identified 17,656 published studies and 397 selected for the guidelines. The MASCC study group developed a total of 25 evidence-based suggestions and recommendations about the management of MBO-related nausea and vomiting, bowel movements, pain, inflammation, bowel decompression, and nutrition. Expert consensus-based guidance about advanced care planning and psychosocial support is also provided.

Conclusion

This MASCC Guideline provides comprehensive, evidence-based recommendations about MBO management for patients with advanced cancer.
Symptoms and antecedents of autism in children born extremely premature: a national population-based study
Authors: Elgen Silje Katrine Fevang , Røiseland Madland Ada , Bircow Elgen Irene , Vollsæter Maria , Hysing Mari
Published: March 2022

The objective of this study is to investigate the prevalence of autism (ASD) symptoms, i.e. , social difficulties, repetitive behaviors, and communicational problems, among children born extremely preterm (EP) compared to a reference group, and to investigate possible antecedents of ASD symptoms among EP children. Method is a national Norwegian cohort of 11 year old EP children, excluding those with intellectual disabilities, non-ambulatory cerebral palsy, blindness, and/or deafness. Parents and teachers reported ASD symptoms using The Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ). Social difficulties, repetitive behaviors, communicational problems, and a total ASSQ score were presented. Combined ratings on the ASSQ was defined as parent and/or teacher scoring the child ≥ 98th percentile of the reference group, which was the population-based Bergen Child Study. Of eligible children, 216 (64%) EP and 1882 (61%) reference children participated. EP children had significantly higher mean scores and combined ratings on social difficulties (14.5% vs. 4.1%, OR: 3.2), repetitive behaviors (23.7% vs. 4.0%, OR: 6.4), communicational problems (23.1% vs. 4.8%, OR: 5.4), and the total ASSQ score (18.3% vs. 3.4%, OR: 5.7) compared to reference children. Only no prenatal steroids, IQ 70–84, and mental health problems at 5 years of age were significantly associated with ASD symptoms at 11 years of age. EP children were at increased risk of social difficulties, repetitive behaviors, and communicational problems, and approximately one out of five were reported as high scorers of ASD symptoms. No prenatal steroids use, IQ in the lower range, and mental health problems at 5 years of age were associated with ASD symptoms.
Integrierte Versorgung von Rettungsdienstpatienten. Konsentierte Empfehlungen für optimale Prozesse und Strukturen
Authors: Rothhardt Janett , Piedmont Silke , Swart Enno , Robra Bernt-Peter , Branse Doreen , Comos Patrick , Grimaldi Gina , Walcher Felix , Goldhahn Ludwig
Published: March 2022

Hintergrund

Das vom Innovationsfonds geförderte Projekt „Integrierte Notfallversorgung: Rettungsdienst im Fokus“ (Inno_RD) bringt anhand datenbasierter Analysen Handlungsempfehlungen zur Verbesserung der (Notfall‑)Versorgung in den Diskurs zum Gesetzentwurf zur Reformierung der Notfallversorgung ein.

Methoden

Die Handlungsempfehlungen (HE) basieren auf Analysen von drei Fokusgruppen mit Experten der Notfallversorgung, auf Rettungsdienst- und Krankenkassendaten und einer schriftlichen Patientenbefragung. Im Rahmen einer anschließenden Online-Befragung wurden 55 Aussagen (davon 35 HE und 20 vertiefende Statements) zwei getrennten Gruppen, d. h. den Fokusgruppenteilnehmern („purposive sampling“) und weiteren Experten der Notfallversorgung („convenience sample“ mit gesondertem Befragungslink) vorgelegt. Die Teilnehmer wurden gebeten, die Empfehlungen zu bewerten. 442 Fragebögen wurden für die Analyse berücksichtigt.

Ergebnisse

Alle 55 Aussagen wurden von beiden Gruppen mehrheitlich positiv bewertet (≥50 % Zustimmung), d. h. 19 Aussagen für den Bereich Leitstelle, 14 für Patientenversorger, 19 zur Dokumentation und Evaluation sowie drei HE, die die Bevölkerung adressieren. Vorschläge für die Leitstellen und die Dokumentation und Evaluation von Einsätzen wurden überwiegend mit starkem Konsens (>95 %) und Empfehlungen für den Bereich bevölkerungsbezogene HE und Patientenversorger mehrheitlich mit Konsens (>75–95 %) bewertet.

Schlussfolgerung

Die Aussagen fanden bei den an der Umfrage teilnehmenden Experten große Zustimmung. Die Empfehlungen sollten im Diskurs zur Organisation und Qualitätssicherung der Notfallversorgung berücksichtigt werden.
Spinach-based RNA mimicking GFP in plant cells
Authors: Yu Zhiming , Wang Yue , Mei Fengling , Yan Haiting , Jin Zhenhui , Zhang Pengcheng , Zhang Xian , Tör Mahmut , Jackson Stephen , Shi Nongnong , Hong Yiguo
Published: March 2022

Spinach RNA-mimicking GFP (S-RMG) has been successfully used to monitor cellular RNAs including microRNAs in bacterium, yeast, and human cells. However, S-RMG has not been established in plants. In this study, we found that like bacterial, yeast, and human cellular tRNAs, plant tRNAs such as tRNALys can protect and/or stabilize the Spinach RNA aptamer interaction with the fluorophore DFHBI enabling detectable levels of green fluorescence to be emitted. The tRNALys-Spinach-tRNALys, once delivered into “chloroplast-free” onion epidermal cells can emit strong green fluorescence in the presence of DFHBI. Our results demonstrate for the first time that Spinach-based RNA visualization has the potential for in vivo monitoring of RNAs in plant cells.
Mid-Holocene lateral collapse of Antuco volcano (Chile): debris avalanche deposit features, emplacement dynamics, and impacts
Authors: Romero Jorge E. , Moreno Hugo , Polacci Margherita , Burton Mike , Guzmán Danny
Published: March 2022

Antuco (37.4°S, 71.4°W; Chile) is a dominantly basaltic stratovolcano whose original ~ 3300 m altitude main cone experienced a catastrophic sector collapse at ~ 7.1 cal ka BP, producing a volcanic debris avalanche deposit (VDAD) with hummocky surface and ~ 6.4 km3 of volume. We carried out geological studies of its debris avalanche deposit, which was distributed to the W and displays a longitudinal facies transformation from edifice’s megablocks and block to mixed facies in distal areas (up to 25 km from the scar). Our observations support the behavior of the avalanche beginning as a translational slide, and then as plug flow when confined within the Laja River valley. Clay abundance and high content of hydrothermally altered material may suggest active participation of water; flow velocities are estimated to ~100 m s−1. We primarily identify the steep-sided flanks of the cone, and hydrothermal alteration promoted the edifice instability, while basement seismogenic structures may have ultimately triggered the landslide. Subsequent landslide-led events include the transformation of the volcanic activity with explosive eruptions producing a sequence of dilute pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) ending ~3.4 ky BP, and extensive lava effusion rapidly reconstructing the collapsed edifice. Moreover, the Antuco VDAD also blocked the natural output of the Laja Lake, increasing its level by ~200 m and then triggering cataclysmic outburst floods by dam rupture, preserved as high-energy alluvial beds with ages between 2.8 and 1.7 ky BP. The Antuco constitutes an excellent example of a critical chain of events initiated by a stratovolcano lateral collapse and warns for detailed hazard investigations to better comprehend its related impacts.
Synaptic or Non-synaptic? Different Intercellular Interactions with Retinal Ganglion Cells in Optic Nerve Regeneration
Authors: Zhang Qi , Li Yiqing , Zhuo Yehong
Published: March 2022

Axons of adult neurons in the mammalian central nervous system generally fail to regenerate by themselves, and few if any therapeutic options exist to reverse this situation. Due to a weak intrinsic potential for axon growth and the presence of strong extrinsic inhibitors, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) cannot regenerate their axons spontaneously after optic nerve injury and eventually undergo apoptosis, resulting in permanent visual dysfunction. Regarding the extracellular environment, research to date has generally focused on glial cells and inflammatory cells, while few studies have discussed the potentially significant role of interneurons that make direct connections with RGCs as part of the complex retinal circuitry. In this study, we provide a novel angle to summarize these extracellular influences following optic nerve injury as “intercellular interactions” with RGCs and classify these interactions as synaptic and non-synaptic. By discussing current knowledge of non-synaptic (glial cells and inflammatory cells) and synaptic (mostly amacrine cells and bipolar cells) interactions, we hope to accentuate the previously neglected but significant effects of pre-synaptic interneurons and bring unique insights into future pursuit of optic nerve regeneration and visual function recovery.
Galanin mediates tumor-induced immunosuppression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: de Medeiros Marcell Costa , Liu Min , Banerjee Rajat , Bellile Emily , D’Silva Nisha J. , Rossa Carlos
Published: March 2022

Purpose

Galanin receptor 2 (GALR2) plays a significant role in the progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). Since there is virtually no information on immunomodulation mediated by its ligand in the tumor microenvironment, we assessed the effects of galanin on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).

Methods

After verification of GALR2 expression and it activity in PBMCs we evaluated the effect of galanin and conditioned media from HNSCC cell lines silenced for galanin or antibody-depleted, on proliferation, apoptosis, cytokine expression and activation/differentiation of immune cells.

Results

We found that galanin alone and as a component of the HNSCC secretome decreased HNSCC cell proliferation and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFNγ, IL-12, IL-17A, IL-1α, IL-6 and TNF-α), whilst increasing apoptosis and expression of pro-tumoral cytokines/growth factors (IL-10, IL-4, PDGF and GM-CSF). T cell activation (using CD69 as activation marker) and anti-tumoral phenotypes in CD4+ T cells (Th1 and Th17) were found to be suppressed. In vivo, tumor growth was found to be increased in the presence of galanin-stimulated PBMCs. Data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) revealed that high expression of galanin was associated with a reduced overall survival of patients with HNSCC.

Conclusion

Our data indicate that galanin secreted by HNSCC cells exhibits immune-suppressive and pro-tumoral effects.
Current trends in addressing environmental and social risks in mining and mineral supply chains by regulatory and voluntary approaches
Authors: Franken Gudrun , Schütte Philip
Published: March 2022

Mining activities have always raised environmental and social concerns due to their impact on natural resources and people. During the last decade, the stakeholder base expected to respond to these sustainability concerns has broadened from directly involved parties to a range of indirect stakeholders along the downstream mineral value chain. These stakeholders variably engage in reporting, supplier risk assessments, exercising supply chain due diligence, third party assurance, and corporate social responsibility measures. This trend reflects a combination of societal, investor, and regulatory pressure as well as industry self-regulation along the supply chain. The present article examines this development from the complementary perspectives of international regulations and voluntary industry and multi-stakeholder initiatives affecting the industrial and the artisanal mining sector as well as the associated mineral supply chains. To this end, we provide an introductory analysis on the global uptake, implementation challenges, and lessons learnt with regard to both regulatory developments and voluntary initiatives. Key challenges identified include a misalignment between local reforms and international efforts, heterogeneous downstream market requirements, and evasive strategies as well as gaps to report on and achieve positive local sustainability impacts, partly brought about by emphasising corporate risk management over local community priorities. Meaningful stakeholder dialogue and increased local ownership are key factors to overcome some of these challenges.
Effect of active and passive distraction techniques while administering local anaesthesia on the dental anxiety, behaviour and pain levels of children: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Shekhar S. , Suprabha B. S. , Shenoy R. , Rao Ashwin , Rao Arathi
Published: March 2022

Purpose

The aim of the study was to compare the effect of a stress ball, an active distraction technique with audio-visual eyeglasses, a passive distraction technique during local anaesthesia administration, on dental anxiety (primary outcome), behaviour and pain levels of children (secondary outcomes).

Methods

In this randomised controlled parallel arm trial involving 123 children aged 8–12 years, who required dental treatment under inferior alveolar nerve block, children were randomly allocated into the following three groups: Group 1: Stress ball, Group 2: Audio-visual eyeglasses, Group 3: Control group (basic behaviour guidance without distraction). Dental anxiety was measured using modified child dental anxiety scale and pulse rate, behaviour was rated using Venham’s scale and pain was measured by both self-reporting and observational scales.

Results

No significant difference between the groups was observed for dental anxiety, but a significant decrease was seen in dental anxiety scores within all groups. No significant differences were seen between the groups for behaviour ratings and pain scores.

Conclusion

Use of active stress ball distraction or passive audio-visual eyeglasses during local anaesthesia administration decreased dental anxiety but did not result in a significant improvement in the dental anxiety, behaviour and pain levels when compared to basic behaviour guidance without distraction.

Clinical trial registration

The clinical trial was registered at Clinical Trials Registry–India (CTRI Reg no: CTRI/2019/04/018768, Dated 24 April 2019).
Longwall face roof disaster prediction algorithm based on data model driving
Authors: Pang Yihui , Wang Hongbo , Lou Jinfu , Chai Hailong
Published: March 2022

Hydraulic support is the primary equipment used for surrounding rock control at fully mechanized mining faces. The load, location, and attitude of the hydraulic support are important sets of basis data to predict roof disasters. This paper summarized and analyzed the status of coal mine safety accidents and the primary influencing factors of roof disasters. This work also proposed monitoring characteristic parameters of roof disasters based on support posture-load changes, such as the support location and support posture. The data feature decomposition method of the additive model was used with the monitoring load data of the hydraulic support in the Yanghuopan coal mine to effectively extract the trend, cycle period, and residuals, which provided the period weighting characteristics of the longwall face. The autoregressive, long-short term memory, and support vector regression algorithms were used to model and analyze the monitoring data to realize single-point predictions. The seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models were adopted to predict the support cycle load of the hydraulic support. The SARIMA model is shown to be better than the ARIMA model for load predictions in one support cycle, but the prediction effect of these two algorithms over a fracture cycle is poor. Therefore, we proposed a hydraulic support load prediction method based on multiple data cutting and a hydraulic support load template library. The constructed technical framework of the roof disaster intelligent prediction platform is based on this method to perform predictions and early warnings of roof disasters based on the load and posture monitoring information from the hydraulic support.
Entwicklung und Validierung einer computerbasierten Aufgabe zur Induktion eines psychischen Beanspruchungsspektrums
Authors: Funk Yannick Andreas , Haase Henrike , Remmers Julian , Nussli Noé , Deml Barbara
Published: March 2022

Im Rahmen des vom BMBF geförderten ProjektsFahrerkabine 4.0wird eine adaptive Mensch-Maschine-Schnittstelle für Landmaschinen entwickelt, die das aktuelle Beanspruchungslevel mit Hilfe physiologischer Daten detektiert. Zu diesem Zwecke wird in dieser Arbeit eine Experimentalaufgabe entwickelt und evaluiert, die ein psychisches Belastungsspektrum vonwenigbissehr stark anstrengendin Versuchspersonen induzieren kann. In drei Laborstudien wird psychische Belastung mit einer Überwachungstätigkeit erzeugt, deren Bearbeitungsgeschwindigkeit randomisiert variiert. Die Komplexität der Tätigkeit wird abschnittsweise durch eine visuelle und/oder eine auditive Nebenaufgabe erhöht. Von den Versuchspersonen empfundene psychische Beanspruchung wird mit Hilfe der Rating Scale Mental Effort, der Reaktionszeiten und der Fehlerrate bewertet. Die Studien mit jeweils N = 17, N = 8 bzw. N = 21 Probanden zeigen, dass eine dynamische Kombination von Haupt- und Nebenaufgaben signifikant unterschiedliche Belastungsgrade induzieren kann (F (2,40) = 54.834,p < 0,001).

Praktische Relevanz: Mithilfe der entwickelten Experimentalaufgabe wird in zukünftigen Arbeiten ein Messsystem zur Klassifizierung psychischer Beanspruchungszustände für Landmaschinen entworfen und erprobt. In beanspruchungsarmen Situationen (z. B. automatisierte Ernte) sollen zusätzliche Handlungsempfehlungen vorgeschlagen werden. Während stark beanspruchenden Abschnitten soll eine Überforderung der Nutzenden vermieden werden, indem lediglich die für die Durchführung der Arbeitstätigkeit notwendigen Informationen angezeigt werden.
Reliability analysis of an earth dam in operating conditions using direct coupling
Authors: Siacara A. T. , Napa-García G. F. , Beck A. T. , Futai M. M.
Published: March 2022

In this study, we present a numerical investigation of the direct coupling between the deterministic GeoStudio package (Seepage/W and Slope/W software) and the StRAnD reliability package for normal operating conditions of an existing old earth dam over time. Direct coupling avoids errors associated to point estimate methods and to using response surface surrogates. One relevant feature of the study is the use of realistic pore water pressures for each equilibrium analysis, accomplished by considering a long-term steady-state analysis as an initial condition, followed by four years of equilibrium analysis, before each transient seepage analysis. All reliability analysis were performed using the first-order reliability method. The most important random parameters found in sensitivity analyses are four dam body parameters (saturated hydraulic conductivity,ks; specific weight,γ; effective cohesion,c′; and friction angle,ϕ′) and two filter parameters (ksandϕ′). A range of values of the relationship between the reliability index (β) and the factor of safety (FS) was found for all probabilistic and deterministic results. Finally, a large difference in terms of critical deterministic and probabilistic slip surfaces is identified for the same time of analysis.

Article highlights

Realistic pore water pressures used in dam equilibrium analysis, by considering random seepage analysis in previous 5 to 30 days.

Direct coupling of deterministic and reliability softwares avoids errors associated to point estimate and response surface surrogate methods.

Existing old earth dam studied in Normal Operating Condition.

For same analysis time, large differences are observed between critical deterministic and probabilistic slip surfaces.
ODGNet: a deep learning model for automated optic disc localization and glaucoma classification using fundus images
Authors: Latif Jahanzaib , Tu Shanshan , Xiao Chuangbai , Ur Rehman Sadaqat , Imran Azhar , Latif Yousaf
Published: March 2022

Glaucoma is one of the prevalent causes of blindness in the modern world. It is a salient chronic eye disease that leads to irreversible vision loss. The impediments of glaucoma can be restricted if it is identified at primary stages. In this paper, a novel two-phase Optic Disk localization and Glaucoma Diagnosis Network (ODGNet) has been proposed. In the first phase, a visual saliency map incorporated with shallow CNN is used for effective OD localization from the fundus images. In the second phase, the transfer learning-based pre-trained models are used for glaucoma diagnosis. The transfer learning-based models such as AlexNet, ResNet, and VGGNet incorporated with saliency maps are evaluated on five public retinal datasets (ORIGA, HRF, DRIONS-DB, DR-HAGIS, and RIM-ONE) to differentiate between normal and glaucomatous images. This study’s experimental results demonstrate that the proposed ODGNet evaluated on ORIGA for glaucoma diagnosis is the most predictive model and achieve 95.75, 94.90, 94.75, and 97.85% of accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, and area under the curve, respectively. These results indicate that the proposed OD localization method based on the saliency map and shallow CNN is robust, accurate and saves the computational cost.
Laryngeal web with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome
Authors: Abe Yasuhiro , Hirade Tomohiro , Koike Daisuke , Matama Chihiro , Kato Fumihide
Published: March 2022

Laryngeal web is a rare congenital or acquired disease that results in airway stenosis. Depending on the severity of atresia, patients with laryngeal web show a wide variety of symptoms ranging from asymptomatic to life-threatening respiratory dysfunction that may require emergency tracheostomy immediately after birth. We report a neonatal case of laryngeal web with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Post-delivery, the infant showed dysphonia and had a ventricular septal defect with characteristic craniofacial features. The infant underwent an endoscopic incision of the web and cardiac surgery. Among patients with laryngeal web, 30% have 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is the most common chromosomal microdeletion syndrome and the second most common chromosomal abnormality associated with congenital heart disease. Therefore, if an infant has laryngeal web with comorbidities such as congenital heart disease, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome should be considered in differential diagnosis.
Decolonizing Heritage
Authors: De Jong Ferdinand
Published: March 2022

Senegal features prominently on the UNESCO World Heritage List. As many of its cultural heritage sites are remnants of the French empire, how does an independent nation care for the heritage of colonialism? How does it re-interpret slave barracks, colonial museums, and monuments to empire to imagine its own national future? This book examines Senegal's decolonisation of its cultural heritage. Revealing how Léopold Sédar Senghor's philosophy of Négritude inflects the interpretation of its colonial heritage, Ferdinand De Jong demonstrates how Senegal's reinterpretation of heritage sites allows it to overcome the legacies of the slave trade, colonialism and empire. Remembering and reclaiming a Pan-African future, De Jong shows how World Heritage sites are conceived as the archive of an Afrotopia to come, and, in a move towards decolonisation, how they re-appropriate time to repair the wounds of colonialism.
Invisible Atrocities
Authors: DeFalco Randle C.
Published: March 2022

International criminal justice is, at its core, an anti-atrocity project. Yet just what an 'atrocity' is remains undefined and undertheorized. This book examines how associations between atrocity commission and the production of horrific spectacles shape the processes through which international crimes are identified and conceptualized, leading to the foregrounding of certain forms of mass violence and the backgrounding or complete invisibilization of others. In doing so, it identifies various, seemingly banal ways through which international crimes may be committed and demonstrates how the criminality of such forms of violence and abuse tends to be obfuscated. This book suggests that the failure to address these 'invisible atrocities' represents a major flaw in the current international criminal justice system, one that produces a host of problematic repercussions and undermines the legal legitimacy of international criminal law itself.
Access to Justice and International Organisations
Authors: Gulati Rishi
Published: March 2022

We live in a denial of justice age when it comes to the individual pursuit of justice against international organisations (IOs). Victims of institutional conduct are generally not provided reasonable means of dispute settlement at the international level. They also have been unable to seek justice at the national level due to IO immunities, which aim to secure institutional independence. Access to justice and IO independence are equally important values and realising them both has so far proven elusive. Private international law techniques can help allocate regulatory authority between the national and institutional orders in a nuanced manner by maintaining IO independence without sacrificing access to justice. As private international law rules can be adjusted nationally without the need for international action, the solution proposed can be readily implemented, thereby resolving a conundrum that public international law has not been able to address for decades.
Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus sequence type 1478 spread across hospitals participating in the Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program from 2013 to 2018
Authors: Kleinman David R. , Mitchell Robyn , McCracken Melissa , Hota Susy S. , Golding George R. ,   CNISP VRE Working Group, Smith Stephanie W.
Published: March 2022

Objective:

To analyze the spread of a novel sequence type (ST1478) of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium across Canadian hospitals.

Design:

Retrospective chart review of patients identified as having ST1478 VRE bloodstream infection.

Setting:

Canadian hospitals that participate in the Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program (CNISP).

Methods:

From 2013 to 2018, VRE bloodstream isolates collected from participating CNISP hospitals were sent to the National Microbiology Laboratory (NML). ST1478 isolates were identified using multilocus sequence typing, and whole-genome sequencing was performed. Patient characteristics and location data were collected for patients with ST1478 bloodstream infection (BSI). The sequence and patient location information were used to generate clusters of infections and assess for intrahospital and interhospital spread.

Results:

ST1478 VRE BSI occurred predominantly in a small number of hospitals in central and western Canada. Within these hospitals, infections were clustered on certain wards, and isolates often had <20 single-nucleotide variants (SNV) differences from one another, suggesting a large component of intrahospital spread. Furthermore, some patients with bloodstream infections were identified as moving from one hospital to another, potentially having led to interhospital spread. Genomic analysis of all isolates revealed close relatedness between isolates at multiple different hospitals (<20 SNV) not predicted from our epidemiologic data.

Conclusions:

Both intrahospital and regional interhospital spread have contributed to the emergence of VRE ST1478 infections across Canada. Whole-genome sequencing provides evidence of spread that might be missed with epidemiologic investigation alone.
Scalings of scale-by-scale turbulence energy in non-homogeneous turbulence
Authors: Chen J.G. , Vassilicos J.C.
Published: March 2022

A theory of non-homogeneous turbulence is developed and applied to boundary-free shear flows. The theory introduces assumptions of inner and outer similarity for the non-homogeneity of two-point statistics, and predicts power-law scalings of second-order structure functions that have some similarities with but also some differences from Kolmogorov scalings. These scalings arise as a consequence of these assumptions, of the general interscale and interspace energy balance, and of an inner–outer equivalence hypothesis for turbulence dissipation. They reduce to the usual Kolmogorov scalings in stationary homogeneous turbulence. Comparisons with structure function data from three qualitatively different turbulent wakes provide support for the theory's predictions but also raise new questions for future research.
Radicalizing Feminism: The Mexican and Cuban Associations within the Women's International Democratic Federation in the Early Cold War
Authors: Chicharro Manuel Ramírez
Published: March 2022

This article analyses the interactions between the Women's International Democratic Federation (WIDF) and its Mexican and Cuban national chapters and affiliated organizations. Focusing on the National Bloc of Revolutionary Women, the Democratic Union of Mexican Women, and the Democratic Federation of Cuban Women, this article studies the ideological foundations these organizations defended and the action programmes they used to materialize them. One of its main contributions is to argue that Mexican and Cuban socialist and communist women contributed to the struggle for women's emancipation within the Eastern Bloc through grass-roots contributions that did not simply emulate European communist organizations, but drew on, and were informed by, national contexts, material conditions, and historical backgrounds. The increasing number of requests, demands, and proposals emerging from Latin America, and more specifically from Mexico and Cuba, ultimately fostered a steady process of decentralization that broadened visions of women's progress within the global leftist feminist movement during the early Cold War.