bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deciphering the Interplay of the PD‐L1/MALT1/miR‐200a Axis During Lung Cancer Development
Authors: El‐Daly Sherien M. , Abdelrahman Sahar S. , El‐Bana Mona A. , Abdel‐Latif Yasmin , Medhat Dalia , Morsy Safaa M. , Wafay Hanaa A.
Published: February 2025

Lung cancer remains a leading cause of cancer‐related mortality worldwide. Our study investigates the involvement of the PD‐L1/MALAT1/miR‐200a‐3p axis in lung tumor progression using a murine model of lung carcinogenesis. Lung tumors were induced in rats, which were divided into groups and sacrificed at different stages of tumor development. A histopathological examination was performed to assess tumor progression. Immunohistochemistry was applied to evaluate the expression of Ki‐67 and programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1). The level of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and expression analysis of metastasis‐associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1), miR‐200a‐3p, and zinc finger E‐box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) were evaluated for each stage of induction. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated a progressive upregulation of the proliferative marker Ki‐67 and the immune checkpoint protein PD‐L1 during the induction process, indicative of enhanced tumor proliferation and immune evasion. Additionally, CEA levels revealed a progressive increase across induction stages, with a significant increase in advanced tumor stages, highlighting its clinical relevance as a biomarker for lung cancer progression. Expression analysis revealed dynamic upregulation of MALAT1 and downregulation of miR‐200a during lung tumor induction, which correlated with advanced tumor stages and elevated PD‐L1 expression, suggesting that the negative correlation between MALAT1 and miR‐200a is involved in the development of lung tumors. ZEB1 expression exhibited a notable increase in the advanced stages of induction, consistent with its association with aggressive lung cancer. Our findings underscore the interplay between molecular pathways involved in lung tumor development and the potential diagnostic and therapeutic implications of the PD‐L1/MALAT1/miR‐200a‐3p axis.
High Areal Capacity Anode Enabled by Enhanced Charge Transport on Self‐Supported Spindle‐like Carbon Nanofiber Architecture of CTAB‐treated Geothermal Silica Waste
Authors: Hamid Faiq Haidar , Irmawati Yuyun , Estri Aisyah Nur , Haidar Aldan Hadziq , Sumboja Afriyanti
Published: February 2025

High areal‐capacity anodes are crucial for compact and energy‐dense lithium‐ion batteries. Nevertheless, thick slurry cast on current collectors often leads to sluggish charge transport and poor cycle stability. This study addresses these issues by developing self‐supported spindle‐like silica‐carbon nanofiber architectures via electrospinning. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) surfactant is employed to modify the surface potential of geothermal silica waste nanoparticles, enhancing their dispersibility in electrospinning solution and producing fully encapsulated silica nanoparticles within spindle‐like carbon nanofibers (SiO2‐CTAB@CNF). Unlike thick slurry‐based designs, spindle‐like structures can serve as spacers, creating efficient pathways for electrolyte infiltration across the anode thickness. Consequently, SiO2‐CTAB@CNF balances optimal porosity (34%) toward high active material loading (9.5 mg cm−2), establishing low tortuosity (τ: 2) and high coefficient of diffusivity. The half‐cell SiO2‐CTAB@CNF battery delivers a notable areal discharge capacity of 4 mAh cm⁻2, meeting commercial high‐areal capacity targets. The full‐cell SiO2‐CTAB@CNF||LFP achieves high discharge capacity of 3.6 mAh cm‒2 at 0.1 mA cm‒2. Even under higher areal current value (0.3 mA cm−2), the full‐cell battery can deliver capacity of 2.58 mAh cm−2 and remain stable after 100 cycles. This work highlights the use of advanced nanostructures and geothermal silica waste to produce sustainable and high‐areal capacity lithium‐ion batteries.
Rapid bioreactor process optimization and scale‐up for production of a measles vector COVID‐19 vaccine candidate
Authors: Hesley David C. , Spatafore Daniel , Shingler Jillian , McNeely Joshua P. , Thompson Rachel , Troutman Matthew C. , Baron Elise K. B. , Sabia Megan , Lee Christopher H. , Ploeger Kristin , Wagner James M.
Published: February 2025

The emergence of SARS‐CoV‐2 in late 2019 and subsequent worldwide spread and pandemic in 2020 spurred the rapid and agile development of a variety of vaccine candidates. With speed to patients in mind during development of measles‐vectored vaccine candidate V591, process optimization efforts were made to expand options for raw material sourcing/treatment, enable flexible use of various types of processing equipment, and streamline the overall production process. To that end, both gamma irradiated and heat sterilized microcarriers were tested to expand the supply network for critical process development experiments and manufacturing at a time when worldwide supply chains were strained or disrupted. Single use bioreactors were also evaluated and implemented to reduce experimental turnaround time. Furthermore, to simplify the process and gain additional efficiencies in large scale media preparation, growth and infection media formulations were harmonized with a parallel vaccine development program. These rapid process option evaluations were conducted parallel to critical path scale up, and the combined efforts enabled the rapid demonstration of two full manufacturing scale 2000 L bioreactors less than 6 months after virus seed delivery, culminating in the first large scale measles production process capable of addressing the high dose demands of a pandemic response scenario. Despite subsequent clinical discontinuation of the V591 vaccine candidate, the findings described herein will be useful for enabling rapid and scalable production of other measles‐vectored vaccine candidates, oncolytic measles strains, or cell and gene therapies.
Structural Revision and Total Synthesis of Primarolides A and B via Massarinin A as a Common Precursor – Discovery of a Surprising 1,4‐Aryl Shift
Authors: Schwamborn Marvin , Stremmel Linus , Neudörfl Jörg‐Martin , Schmalz Hans‐Günther
Published: February 2025

To probe the possible non‐enzymatic formation of the polyketidic fungal metabolites primarolides A and B, the supposed 2‐formyl‐benzophenone precursor was prepared by chemical synthesis exploiting an anionic homo‐Fries rearrangement to set up the highly substituted benzophenone unit. Conversion of this compound into the putative primarolides (i. e. the isomeric phthalide and the corresponding N‐phenyl‐isoindolinone) revealed that the proposed structures had to be revised. Subsequently, the natural product massarinin A, which displays a similar 2‐formyl‐benzophenone substructure, was synthesized following a related strategy. Treatment of massarinin A with Sc(OTf)3 or cyanide as a nucleophilic catalyst unexpectedly proceeded under 1,4‐aryl migration to afford primarolide A. In contrast, reaction of massarinin A with aniline gave rise to primarolide B without aryl shift. All structural assignments were confirmed by X‐ray crystal analysis and the proposed mechanism of the skeletal rearrangement was supported by 13C labeling. The study not only led to the total synthesis and structural revision of the primarolides but also supports the hypothesis of their non‐enzymatic formation as racemates under the reported fermentation conditions, with the added suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) likely serving as the source of aniline.
Structural, Physicochemical, and Biological Insights into Novel (Acetylacetonate)(Oxydiacetato)Oxidovanadium(IV) Complexes with N‐Containing Aromatic Compounds
Authors: Chmur Katarzyna , Brzeski Jakub , Reghukmar Swathy , Tesmar Aleksandra , Sikorski Artur , Inkielewicz‐Stępniak Iwona , Wyrzykowski Dariusz
Published: February 2025

The crystal structures of three novel oxidovanadium(IV) salts containing the [VO(acac)(oda)]− anion (acac=acetylacetonate, oda=oxydiacetate) and quinolinium ([QH]+), isoquinolinium ([(isoQ)H+) and acridinium ([(acr)H+)] counterions, of molecular formulas [QH][VO(acac)(oda)] (1), [(isoQ)H][VO(acac)(oda)](H2O) (2) and [(acr)H][VO(acac)(oda)](H2O)2 (3) are reported. Notably, these complexes represent the first structurally characterized salts comprising the heteroligand [VO(acac)(oda)]− complex anion. A comprehensive physicochemical characterization of the complexes in both solid state and solution is provided, with general discussions on the role of nitrogen‐containing heterocyclic compounds on the structure of the resulting ternary oxidovanadium(IV) complexes. The experimental results were complemented by density functional theory (DFT) calculations to evaluate possible ligand conformations in the coordination sphere of V(IV). In addition, the nature of the bonds involved in the chelation of the vanadium(IV) cation is considered and a detailed assessment of the electron spin density is presented. Finally, the cytotoxic activity of the compounds was tested against breast (MDA‐MB‐231 and MCF‐7) cancer cell lines to assess their potential use as chemotherapeutic agents in cancer therapy.
Characterization of the Porcine Cingulate Sulcus Cytoarchitecture
Authors: Hoffe Brendan , Hebert Lisa , Petel Oren E. , Holahan Matthew R.
Published: February 2025

Cortical folding (gyrification) is a unique process by which the brain can expand and increase surface area while confined by the boundaries of the inner wall of the skull. Although there is still much debate about the exact mechanisms concerning the genetic and cellular factors involved in this process, gyrification results in a heterogenous organization of neuronal layering and cell types not seen in the smooth, lissencephalic brain of rodents. In this article, we describe differences in neuronal density and supporting cells within the depths (fundus) and adjacent walls of the cingulate sulcus of the porcine brain. We also measured the distance between pyramidal neurons within Layers III and V to investigate if the observed increase in density of neurons within the cingulate fundus is associated with a decrease in distance between neurons in these layers. We also identify the presence of the gigantopyramidal neuron within the fundus of the porcine cingulate sulcus, a pyramidal neuron subtype seen in nonhuman primates and human brains. Taken together, this article provides evidence that further supports the heterogeneous composition of the gyrified brain by describing the cellular organization of the porcine cingulate sulcus.
Scope and Limitations of the Use of Methanesulfonic Acid (MSA) as a Green Acid for Global Deprotection in Solid‐Phase Peptide Synthesis
Authors: Vivenzio Giovanni , Noki Sikabwe , Chakraborty Amit , Lopez John , de la Torre Beatriz G , Albericio Fernando
Published: February 2025

N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) are the two solvents/reagents most widely used in solid‐phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). While DMF is already regulated in Europe, TFA – a member of the polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) family – is expected to face similar restrictions soon. These compounds break down slowly and pose risks to human health and the environment. Herein, the use of the so‐called “green acid par excellence”, methanesulfonic acid (MSA), in substitution of TFA is discussed. As MSA is stronger than TFA, it is diluted with a solvent for use. The effectivity of MSA depends on the solvents used. When dichloromethane (DCM) is used, 1.5 % MSA removes all side‐chain protecting groups, except the trityl (Trt) group of His. In the presence of acetic acid (AcOH) and dimethylcarbonate (DMC), more concentrated solutions of MSA (8–16 %) are required. The removal of the Trt group of Asn/Gln continues to be a challenge even with these solutions, and aspartimide formation can occur in Asp‐containing peptides.
Regioselective Synthesis of n‐Nonanal and Aldehyde‐Containing Polysiloxanes via Rh‐Catalyzed Hydroformylation Enhanced by A New Silicon‐Tethered Multidentate Phosphine Ligand
Authors: Tian Shu‐Yuan , Shi Lin , Zhu Jun‐Hui , Li Li , Ye Fei , Xu Zheng , Xu Li‐Wen
Published: February 2025

Catalytic synthesis of long‐chain alkyl aldehydes presents a significant challenge in homogeneous catalysis and organic synthesis due to the difficulty in regioselective control. Here we report a rhodium‐catalyzed high chemo‐ and regio‐selective hydroformylation of 1‐octene that would be highly useful intermediates in chemical industry. Notably, the easy made tetradentate P‐ligands L1 and L2 can effectively suppress hydrogenation and isomerization reaction of olefins and give the desired aldehydes in high yield and good regioselectivity. Control experiments reveal the tetradentate P‐ligands is important for controlling selectivity because the high regioselectivity is found to benefit from the presence of four phosphorus atoms manifesting in the formation of much more efficient coordination interactions to give relatively stable rhodium complexes.
Synthesis of Vinyl Boronates from Aldehydes and Ketones by Peterson Olefination: Investigation of the Peterson/Boron‐Wittig Chemoselectivity
Authors: Janssens Julien , Berionni Guillaume , Robiette Raphaël
Published: February 2025

We report our results on the development of the Peterson olefination using gem‐borylsilylmethane derivatives to synthesize di‐ and tri‐substituted vinyl boronates. We show that the electronic properties of the carbonyl partner have no effect on the Peterson/boron‐Wittig chemoselectivity whereas the nature of the silane group plays an important role. A DFT study helps explain observed reactivity, chemoselectivity and stereoseletivity
Impacts of Goat Horn/Ammonium Polyphosphate on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Epoxy Composites
Authors: Parkunam N. , Gopal P. , Navaneethakrishnan G. , Palanisamy R. , Arputharaj Beena Stanislaus , Ahamed Saleel C. , Al‐Mdallal Qasem M.
Published: February 2025

In this paper, the ammonium polyphosphate (APP) is mixed with epoxy to fabricate APP/epoxy goat horn composites. The composites were obtained by casting method with different weight ratios of APP of 0%, 10%, 15%, and 20% for improving the mechanical and thermal properties. This is the first paper to discuss about both mechanical and thermal properties of APP/epoxy goat horn composites. The mechanical properties were evaluated by tensile test and wear test. For the goat horn composites with a content of 20 wt% of APP, the tensile strength was 30 MPa, shows that adding APP led to composites having a better tensile strength. From limiting oxygen index test results, it is clear that goat horn composite is fire retardant, and that the fire‐retardant value improves with the addition of APP up to a weight ratio of 15% APP. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) reveals that the degradation of composites in relation to temperature. From the TGA analysis, the bio composites without APP gives the better results comparing with incorporation of APP in composites up to 40% of weight loss. At the same time, the 50% of weight loss occur at the degradation temperature of around 380°C for 20 wt% of APP composites. It shows the addition of APP improves the thermal stability of the composites. The ignition time from the horizontal flammability test of the composites of 0, 10, 15, and 20 wt% APP were 20, 22, 24, and 25 (in s) respectively. It shows that the addition of filler material into the composites, the ignition time also increases. The water absorption percentage was peak at 15% of APP and lower at 10% of APP. All the samples were saturated after 80 h. The lower percentage of water absorption in composites can be attributed to the improved interfacial bonding between the fibers and matrix. From scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis the morphological structure and dispersion of ammonium polyphosphate and goat horn particles in epoxy bio composites were studied.
Predicting Energy Budgets in Droplet Dynamics: A Recurrent Neural Network Approach
Authors: de Aguiar Diego A. , França Hugo L. , Oishi Cassio M.
Published: February 2025

The application of neural network‐based modeling presents an efficient approach for exploring complex fluid dynamics, including droplet flow. In this study, we employ Long Short‐Term Memory (LSTM) neural networks to predict energy budgets in droplet dynamics under surface tension effects. Two scenarios are explored: Droplets of various initial shapes impacting on a solid surface and collision of droplets. Using dimensionless numbers and droplet diameter time series data from numerical simulations, LSTM accurately predicts kinetic, dissipative, and surface energy trends at various Reynolds and Weber numbers. Numerical simulations are conducted through an in‐house front‐tracking code integrated with a finite‐difference framework, enhanced by a particle extraction technique for interface acquisition from experimental images. Moreover, a two‐stage sequential neural network is introduced to predict energy metrics and subsequently estimate static parameters such as Reynolds and Weber numbers. Although validated primarily on simulation data, the methodology demonstrates the potential for extension to experimental datasets. This approach offers valuable insights for applications such as inkjet printing, combustion engines, and other systems where energy budgets and dissipation rates are important. The study also highlights the importance of machine learning strategies for advancing the analysis of droplet dynamics in combination with numerical and/or experimental data.
Early Detection and Central Nervous System Prophylaxis in Patients With High‐Risk Features of Primary Lymphoma of the Female Genital Tract: The Key to Improved Prognosis
Authors: Wang Bingyi , Lu Yaxiao , Zhao Jing , Li Lanfang , Qiu Lihua , Qian Zhengzi , Zhou Shiyong , Wang Xianhuo , Zhang Huilai
Published: February 2025

Primary lymphoma of the female genital tract (PLFGT) is a rare disease. The incidence is gradually increasing each year. There have been few reports about PLFGT, and most of them have involved individual cases and small‐sample retrospective analyses. The pathogenesis of PLFGT is still under exploration and may be associated with hormones, inflammation/infection, and immunodeficiency. Diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common pathological type. The majority of the patients presented with vaginal bleeding, abdominal pain, an abdominal mass, and other nonspecific symptoms. Lymphoma‐associated B symptoms are quite rare. These patients initially visited gynecological departments, possibly leading to misdiagnosis due to nonspecific features. The treatment strategies for and prognosis of PLFGT differ substantially from those of other gynecologic malignancies. Thus, interdisciplinary cooperation among gynecologists, pathologists, and hematologists is essential.
Development of immunoassay for detection of Microdochium fungi in grass
Authors: Lebedin Yuri , Antropova Anna , Maygurova Valentina , Usoltseva Marina , Gagkaeva Tatiana , Espevig Tatsiana
Published: February 2025

The most common and harmful disease affecting the grass on golf courses in the Nordic countries is microdochium patch. The early diagnosis of the Microdochium nivale can help prevent the spread of infection through targeted treatment. The aim of the work was to develop an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test system for Microdochium fungi detection. We have prepared specific rabbit affinity antibodies against Microdochium genus by antigen adsorption and exhaustion on wide range of fungal species. These specific antibodies were used to construct sandwich ELISA showing genus specificity and capable to detect the antigen on early stage of infection on different grass substrates. In field study, the ELISA has shown good correlation to microbiological diagnostics and was able to detect the latent infection in the absence of visual signs. We suggest that Microdochium ELISA can be used for regular testing of grass specimens for prediction and early diagnosis of latent infection. Further studies are required to determine the antigen level, which indicates the degree of infection at which steps to prevent the disease need to be applied.
Human Milk Feeding in Inherited Metabolic Disorders: A Systematic Review of Growth, Metabolic Control, and Neurodevelopment Outcomes
Authors: Ilgaz Fatma , Höller Alexander , Marsaux Cyril , Banta‐Wright Sandra , Coşkun Turgay , Dingess Kelly A. , Jörg‐Streller Monika , Newby Camille , Singh Rani , Stahl Bernd , Szwec Clare , van Wegberg Annemiek , Woestenenk Willie , MacDonald Anita , Karall Daniela
Published: February 2025

Human milk (HM) is the optimal source of nutrition for infants. Yet the suitability of HM macronutrient composition, paired with the challenge of regulating HM intake, may deserve some consideration for infants with inherited metabolic disorders (IMDs) requiring restrictive and controlled dietary management. Except for classic galactosemia, HM feeding is expected to be feasible, allowing infants to maintain metabolic stability, while growing and developing optimally. However, information about HM feeding in nonphenylketonuria (PKU) literature is scarce. In this systematic review, 52 studies were included, representing 861 infants (86% PKU) receiving HM after IMD diagnosis (mean duration 4–10 months depending on the IMD). For non‐PKU IMDs (e.g., other amino acidopathies, urea cycle disorders, organic acidemias, fatty acid oxidation disorders), outcomes of HM feeding were available for few infants, except for medium‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency (n = 48). In PKU, HM feeding combined with phenylalanine‐free formula, led to adequate metabolic control (25 studies), growth (15 studies), and neurodevelopment (10 studies). For other IMDs, more evidence is required, but the limited data suggest that HM feeding is possible, with attentive monitoring and disease‐specific formula supplementation where applicable. In MCAD deficiency, ensuring adequate HM intake is essential, as symptoms were more frequently reported in exclusively breastfed infants. No IMD‐specific articles were found on the relationship between HM feeding and many other outcomes of interest (e.g., immune status or comorbidity risk later in life). With the exception of galactosemia, HM feeding is expected to benefit infants with IMD. More data should be published for IMDs other than PKU.
Exposed Population to Temperature Extremes in MENA in the Context of Paris Climate Agreement Temperature Goals
Authors: Hamed Mohammed Magdy , Ali Zulfiqar , Nashwan Mohamed Salem , Shahid Shamsuddin
Published: February 2025

This study aims to project extreme temperatures and the population exposed to them in the MENA region for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP1‐1.9 and 1‐2.6), representative Paris climate agreement goals of 1.5°C and 2.0°C temperature rise limits, respectively, for two future periods, near (2020–2059) and far (2060–2099). The daily maximum (Tmax) and minimum (Tmin) temperature of global climate models (GCMs) of the coupled model intercomparison project phase 6 (CMIP6) were used to estimate eight temperature indices, while the population distribution for the historical and future periods was used to assess the changes in the population exposed to temperature extremes. Eastern regions faced the highest increase of warm spells, up to 100 days more in SSP1‐2.6, while cold spells decreased the most in Egypt and Sudan by up to 24 days in the same scenario. The southern region faced the highest increase in summer days, with population exposure up to 25 million person‐day by 2099. The extremes in temperature would mainly affect the populations of Mauritania, Algeria, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, UAE, and Qatar. For a temperature rise of 2.0°C, the percentage of the population exposed to the extremes expressed by duration will increase by between 2.7% and 18.5% by 2059 and by between 8.9% and 77.8% by 2099, indicating a significant increase in the population exposed to the hot extreme for only 0.5°C rising temperature. However, the changes will be more remarkable for the cold and hot extremes.
Effect of growing temperature on root carbohydrate content and postharvest asparagus tip breakdown
Authors: Collings Emma R. , Alamar M. Carmen , Terry Leon
Published: February 2025

BACKGROUND

Tip breakdown has been identified as the main issue causing deterioration in asparagus quality during storage; however, the underlying mechanisms responsible for its development are unknown. Previous work showed higher incidence of tip breakdown occurring later in the season, when growing temperature was higher. Spears from two growing conditions (cooler vs warmer) were harvested throughout the season to assess tip breakdown incidence and quality attributes (asparagine and non‐structural carbohydrates) during storage, with the aim of enhancing understanding and identifying potential biomarkers of this physiological disorder. Root samples were also collected just after harvest to determine if storage root carbohydrate content was associated with a predisposition to tip breakdown.

RESULTS

Rapid growth due to warmer temperatures (up to 45 °C) resulted in spears with lower sugar content and higher incidence of tip breakdown in comparison with cooler conditions. Asparagine slowly increased through the season (7 to 11 mg g−1 DW) with no differences between growing conditions, suggesting that it is not a biomarker for tip breakdown. Pre‐season spears (warm temperature only) had double the amount of sugar in comparison with early season spears, with no incidence of tip breakdown despite an extended storage period (up to 18 days at 7 °C). Sugar concentration in roots was similar between growing conditions and between pre‐ and early season despite clear differences in spear sugar content.

CONCLUSION

These results showed a strong positive link between cooler growing conditions, high spear sugar content, and low susceptibility to tip breakdown, which was not reflected in root sugar concentrations. However, further research is needed to understand the molecular mechanisms responsible for tip breakdown. © 2025 The Author(s). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Bronchopneumonia Radiating Across All Pulmonary Lobes From the Hilum Caused by Human Metapneumovirus
Authors: Nabeya Daijiro , Kinjo Takeshi , Nakayama Yuri , Shimabukuro Taiga , Kishaba Tomoo
Published: February 2025

This human metapneumovirus pneumonia case, mimicking bacterial pneumonia, exhibited distinct features, including contact with a cold patient and CT findings of multilobar airway‐centric opacities with bronchial wall thickening. Even if point‐of‐care viral testing becomes widely available, recognising cases that warrant such tests remains crucial for improving community‐acquired pneumonia management.
scRecover: Discriminating True and False Zeros in Single‐Cell RNA‐Seq Data for Imputation
Authors: Miao Zhun , Lin Xinyi , Li Jiaqi , Ho Joshua , Meng Qiuchen , Zhang Xuegong
Published: February 2025

High‐throughput single‐cell RNA‐seq (scRNA‐seq) data contains an excess of zero values, which can be contributed by unexpressed genes and detection signal dropouts. Existing imputation methods fail to distinguish between these two types of zeros. In this study, we introduce a statistical framework that effectively differentiates true zeros (lack of expression) from false zeros (dropouts). By focusing only on imputing the dropout zeros, we developed a new imputation tool, scRecover. Our approach utilizes a zero‐inflated negative binomial framework to model the gene expression of each gene in each cell, enabling the estimation of zero‐dropout probability. Additionally, we employ a modified version of the Good and Toulmin model to identify true zeros for each gene. To achieve imputation, scRecover is combined with other imputation methods such as scImpute, SAVER and MAGIC. Down‐sampling experiments show that it recovers dropout zeros with higher accuracy and avoids over‐imputing true zero values. Experiments conducted on real world data highlight the ability of scRecover to enhance downstream analysis and visualization.
An Improved Method to Synthesize M2[B12H12] (M = Li, Na) by the Sequential Addition of Different Solvents
Authors: Gao Yan‐Mei , Yin Xin‐Ru , Wang Kai , Wang Rongyu , Chen Xi‐Meng , Chen Xuenian
Published: February 2025

The derivatives of [B12H12]2− anion are an important part of polyhedral boranes and play a significant role in the fields of energy, materials, and biomedicine. The researchers have made a great effort to explore the efficient method to synthesize the [B12H12]2− salts. However, the reported synthetic strategies are limited by the requirement of using toxic starting materials, harsh reaction conditions, and tedious and difficult work‐up processes. Herein, we developed an efficient method to synthesize [B12H12]2− salts with MBH4 (M = Li, Na) and N,N‐dibutylbenzenamine borane as the starting materials and by adding two kinds of solvents (DME and 1,4‐dioxane or THF and 1,4‐dioxane) into the system in a sequential order. M2[B12H12] (M = Li, Na) was synthesized in 75%–86% yields, respectively. This method avoids high boiling point ether solvents and flammable, toxic starting materials. Moreover, the developed method is simple and efficient, as the products can precipitate from the reaction system, greatly simplifying the separation process.
De Novo Construction of Benzene Ring: Synthesis of 2,4,6‐Trisubstituted Benzophenones Using NaH Promoted Cascade Reaction of Arylmethyl Ketone and Aromatic Aldehyde
Authors: Kumar Sandeep , Manivannan Vadivelu
Published: February 2025

Benzannulation is one of the most important methods to construct the simplest aromatic ring, i.e., benzene ring. Various efforts to synthesize benzene derivatives were already made, but they generally require some transition metal species in stoichiometric or catalytic amounts to carry out this transformation which contaminates with metal‐based impurity. On the other hand, the reactant, i.e., alkyne used for these transformations is also quite expensive in nature. Keeping these facts in mind, a series of 2,4,6‐trisubstituted benzophenones (vis‐à‐vis 1,2,4,6‐tetrasubstituted benzenes) were synthesized under transition metal and solvent free conditions using simple chemicals arylmethyl ketones, aromatic aldehydes, and sodium hydride. The beauty of this methodology is that 4 out of 6 σ and all 3 π bonds of benzene ring were generated within one reaction vessel. Using this methodology, 2,4,6‐trisubstituted benzophenones bearing aromatic and heterocyclic groups can be readily accessed.
Value Plurality and Multifunctional Commensuration in Organisation: A Systems‐Theoretical Approach
Authors: Roth Steffen , Sales Augusto , Valentinov Vladislav
Published: February 2025

This article aims to challenge the prevailing economic bias in studies of organised valuation and commensuration by exploring the broader plurality of values that organisations must manage. The article draws on social systems theory in the tradition of German sociologist Niklas Luhmann to conceptualise organisations as multifunctional systems of decisions that pertain to and commensurate a plurality values associated with a diverse set of value domains, also known as ‘function systems’. The utility of the proposed framework is demonstrated through cases related to carbon rationing and legal issues during the coronavirus crisis. A key finding is that commensuration is not limited to processes dominated by financial metrics, as political and educational metrics, among others, can also serve as primary drivers of commensuration processes, effectively guiding organisational decision‐making. The paper demonstrates how organisations can effectively commensurate diverse value systems without relying solely on financial metrics and concludes that future research in non‐/financial of valuation and commensuration will be crucial for developing more nuanced and multifaceted strategies and concepts, including multifunctional approaches to the formation, justification, and management of moral judgements and values.
Clinical and Laboratory Diagnosis of Dermatophilosis (Cutaneous Streptothricosis) in Cattle in Ethiopia: Case Report
Authors: Habte Dessalew , Addis Habtamu , Wondimagegnehu Kifle
Published: February 2025

This study aims and documents the clinical and laboratory diagnosis of bovine dermatophilosis, caused by Dermatophilus congolensis that causes exudation and matting of hairs and wools with the formation of crusts and scab. An adult local breed bull with a history of reduced appetite, pruritus, dirty scabs and crusts as initial lesion coalesce on its different body parts was presented to Debre Markos multipurpose veterinary clinic. The rectal temperature and other vital parameters were within the normal range. The clinical signs observed were exudative dermatitis forming crusts and scabs, pruritus, matted hair like a paintbrush and keratinized material creating wart‐like lesions that were widely distributed in different body parts. Few ticks were observed on the skin of the bull suspected as vector of the disease. Culture of skin scraps on blood agar showed small, grayish‐white raised granular and hemolytic colonies. Staining of skin scraps by Giemsa and Gram's stain and cultured colony by Gram's stain indicated the characteristics of Dermatophilus congolensis, etiology of dermatophilosis. Other laboratory tests also showed the characteristics of D. congolensis. The case was treated by penstrep and ivermectin parentally and iodine tincture topically, and the bull showed progressive clinical improvement and complete recovery within 2 months. In conclusion, dermatophilosis is an economically important skin disease, highly prevalent in Ethiopia, and needs early detection and treatment by penstrep intramuscularly and ivermectine subcutaneously with iodine tincture topically in line with proper husbandry practices to control the losses.
Generalized Fefferman-Graham gauge and boundary Weyl structures
Authors: Arenas-Henriquez Gabriel , Diaz Felipe , Rivera-Betancour David
Published: February 2025

Abstract

In the framework of AdS/CFT correspondence, the Fefferman-Graham (FG) gauge offers a useful way to express asymptotically anti-de Sitter spaces, allowing a clear identification of their boundary structure. A known feature of this approach is that choosing a particular conformal representative for the boundary metric breaks explicitly the boundary scaling symmetry. Recent developments have shown that it is possible to generalize the FG gauge to restore boundary Weyl invariance by adopting the Weyl-Fefferman-Graham gauge. In this paper, we focus on three-dimensional gravity and study the emergence of a boundary Weyl structure when considering the most general AdS boundary conditions introduced by Grumiller and Riegler [1]. We extend the holographic renormalization scheme to incorporate Weyl covariant quantities, identifying new subleading divergences appearing at the boundary. To address these, we introduce a new codimension-two counterterm, or corner term, that ensures the finiteness of the gravitational action. From here, we construct the quantum-generating functional, the holographic stress tensor, and compute the corresponding Weyl anomaly, showing that the latter is now expressed in a full Weyl covariant way. Finally, we discuss explicit applications to holographic integrable models and accelerating black holes. For the latter, we show that the new corner term plays a crucial role in the computation of the Euclidean on-shell action.
Localized RG flows on composite defects and $$ \mathcal{C} $$-theorem
Authors: Ge Dongsheng , Nishioka Tatsuma , Shimamori Soichiro
Published: February 2025

Abstract

We consider a composite defect system where a lower-dimensional defect (sub-defect) is embedded to a higher-dimensional one, and examine renormalization group (RG) flows localized on the defect. A composite defect is constructed in the (3 − ϵ)-dimensional free O(N) vector model with line and surface interactions by triggering localized RG flows to non-trivial IR fixed points. Focusing on the case where the symmetry group O(N) is broken to a subgroup O(m) × O(N − m) on the line defect, there is an O(N) symmetric fixed point for all N, while two additional O(N) symmetry breaking ones appear for N ≥ 23. We also examine a

$$ \mathcal{C} $$

C

-theorem for localized RG flows along the sub-defect and show that the

$$ \mathcal{C} $$

C

-theorem holds in our model by perturbative calculations.
Dimuon and ditau production in photon-photon collisions at next-to-leading order in QED
Authors: Shao Hua-Sheng , d’Enterria David
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Next-to-leading-order (NLO) quantum electrodynamics (QED) corrections to the production of muon and tau pairs in photon-photon collisions, γγ → μ
+
μ

−
, τ
+
τ

−
, are calculated in the equivalent photon approximation. We mostly consider γγ processes in ultraperipheral collisions of hadrons at the LHC, but the γγ → τ
+
τ

−
process in e+e
−
collisions at LEP is also discussed. The NLO terms are found to modify the total fiducial cross sections by up to 5%, increasing the tails of the dilepton acoplanarity and transverse momentum distributions, and depleting by up to 15% the yields at high masses, with respect to the leading-order predictions including the very small virtuality of the colliding photons. At the LHC, the calculations obtained with the charge form factor for protons and lead ions including the NLO QED corrections improve the data-theory agreement for all measured differential distributions, and prove an indispensable ingredient for the extraction of precision quantities in photon-photon processes, such as the anomalous magnetic moment of the tau lepton.
Matrix theory reloaded: a BPS road to holography
Authors: Blair Chris D. A. , Lahnsteiner Johannes , Obers Niels A. , Yan Ziqi
Published: February 2025

Abstract

We revisit the decoupling limits that lead to matrix theories on D-branes. We highlight the BPS nature of these limits, in which the target space geometry becomes non-Lorentzian and wrapped D-branes experience instantaneous gravitational forces. Applied to curved D-brane geometries, we show that a single BPS decoupling limit induces the bulk near-horizon limit leading to AdS/CFT. By consecutively applying two such limits, we systematically generate further examples of holography, including novel versions with non-Lorentzian bulk geometry. Uplifted to M-theory, we are led to a unified framework where each BPS decoupling limit corresponds to a Discrete Light Cone Quantisation (DLCQ). We conjecture that a DLCQ
n
/DLCQ
m
correspondence, with m > n, captures the notion of holography in string theory. In particular, AdS5/CFT4 can be viewed as an example of DLCQ0/DLCQ1, with the extra DLCQ on the field theory side corresponding to the near-horizon limit in the bulk geometry. We further show that undoing these BPS decoupling limits can be viewed as deformations of matrix theories. We explain how these deformations are related to the

$$ T\overline{T} $$

T

T
¯

deformation in two dimensions. In the context of holography, this allows us to view the ten-dimensional near-horizon brane geometry as an intrinsic deformation of the flat non-Lorentzian geometry that arises asymptotically. In field theoretic terms, these generalisations lead to

$$ T\overline{T} $$

T

T
¯

-like flow equations for the Dp-brane DBI action.
Künstliche Intelligenz in der Mammadiagnostik
Authors: Dietzel Matthias , Resch Alexandra , Baltzer Pascal A. T.
Published: February 2025

Klinisches/methodisches Problem

Künstliche Intelligenz (KI) wird zunehmend im klinischen Alltag integriert. Vielen Anwendern ist der konkrete Nutzen noch unklar.

Radiologische Standardverfahren

Prinzipiell stehen KI-Anwendungen für alle bildgebenden Verfahren zur Verfügung, wobei der Schwerpunkt in der Mammadiagnostik auf der Mammographie liegt.

Methodische Innovationen

Künstliche Intelligenz verspricht eine Filterung von Untersuchungen in negative und klar positive Befunde und kann damit einen Teil der radiologischen Arbeitslast reduzieren. Andere Anwendungen sind noch nicht so weit etabliert.

Leistungsfähigkeit

KI-Verfahren für die Mammographie und mit Einschränkungen auch die Tomosynthese erreichen bereits die Qualität radiologischer Befunder:innen.

Bewertung

Bis auf Zweitmeinungsanwendungen/Triagierung in der Mammographie befinden sich die meisten Verfahren noch in der Entwicklung.

Empfehlung für die Praxis

Derzeit müssen die meisten KI-Anwendungen durch potenzielle Anwender kritisch bezüglich ihrer Reife und ihres Benefits für die Praxis geprüft werden.
Animal social networks are robust to changing association definitions
Authors: Chan Alex Hoi Hang , Dunning Jamie , Beck Kristina B , Burke Terry , Chik Heung Ying Janet , Dunleavy Daniel , Evans Tim , Ferreira André , Fourie Babette , Griffith Simon C. , Hillemann Friederike , Schroeder Julia
Published: February 2025

The interconnecting links between individuals in an animal social network are often defined by discrete, directed behaviours, but where these are difficult to observe, a network link (edge) may instead be defined by individuals sharing a space at the same time, which can then be used to infer a social association. The method by which these associations are defined should be informed by the biological significance of edges, and therefore often vary between studies. Identifying an appropriate measure of association remains a challenge to behavioural ecologists. Here, we use automatically recorded feeder visit data from four bird systems to compare three methods to identify a social association: (1) strict time-window, (2) co-occurrence in a group, and (3) arrival-time. We tested the similarity of the resulting networks by comparing the repeatability and sensitivity of individuals’ social traits (network degree, strength, betweenness). We found that networks constructed using different methods but applying similar, ecologically relevant definitions of associations based on individuals’ spatio-temporal co-occurrence, showed similar characteristics. Our findings suggest that the different methods to construct animal social networks are comparable, but result in subtle differences driven by species biology and feeder design. We urge researchers to carefully evaluate the ecological context of their study systems when making methodological decisions. Specifically, researchers in ecology and evolution should carefully consider the biological relevance of an edge in animal social networks, and the implications of adopting different definitions.
A review on the function of arabinogalactan-proteins during pollen grain development
Authors: Foubert-Mendes Sara , Silva Jessy , Ferreira Maria João , Pereira Luís Gustavo , Coimbra Sílvia
Published: February 2025

Key message

Overview of the current understanding of PG development, PT growth and the role of AGPs in these processes.

The pollen grain (PG) is a complex structure composed of three cells: the vegetative cell which develops into a pollen tube (PT) and two sperm cells that will fuse with the egg cell and central cell, giving rise to the embryo and endosperm, respectively. This resilient gametophyte is constantly subjected to selective pressures, leading to a diverse range of characteristics, with one of its defining features being the pollen cell wall. In this review, we closely examine the developmental stages of PG formation and PT growth, with a specific focus on the dynamic roles of arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) throughout these processes. AGPs are initially present in pollen mother cells and persist throughout PT growth. In the early stages, AGPs play a crucial role in primexine anchoring, followed by nexine and intine formation as well as cellulose deposition, thereby providing essential structural support to the PG. As PGs mature, AGPs continue to be essential, as their absence often leads to the collapse of PGs before they reach full maturity. Moreover, the absence of AGPs during PT growth leads to abnormal growth patterns, likely due to disruptions of cellulose, callose, and F-actin deposition, as well as perturbations in calcium ion (Ca2+) signalling. Understanding the intricate interplay between AGPs and PG development sheds light on the underlying mechanisms that drive reproductive success and highlights the indispensable role of AGPs in ensuring the integrity and functionality of PGs.
A retrospective comparison of active surveillance to stereotactic radiosurgery for the management of elderly patients with an incidental meningioma
Authors: Hallak Hana , Mantziaris Georgios , Pikis Stylianos , Islim Abdurrahman I. , Peker Selcuk , Samanci Yavuz , Nabeel Ahmed M. , Reda Wael A. , Tawadros Sameh R. , El-Shehaby Amr M. N. , Abdelkarim Khaled , Emad Reem M. , Mathieu David , Lee Cheng-Chia , Liscak Roman , Alvarez Roberto Martinez , Kondziolka Douglas , Tripathi Manjul , Speckter Herwin , Bowden Greg N. , Benveniste Ronald J. , Lunsford Lawrence Dade , Jenkinson Michael D. , Sheehan Jason
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Management for elderly patients (> 65yo) with incidental meningiomas remains unclear. This study aims to characterize the functional and tumor outcomes of expectant and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) management of asymptomatic meningioma elderly patients.

Methods

Using retrospectively collected data from 14 centers, SRS outcomes were compared to radiographic and clinical observation of asymptomatic meningiomas in elderly patients following propensity score matching.

Results

Following propensity score matching, 114 patients were in each cohort. Tumor control was achieved at 97.37% in the SRS cohort, and no meningioma growth was seen 71.93% of the observation cohorts (p < 0.01; OR 14.44 [95% CI 4.27–48.78]). New neurological deficits developed in 1.39% of the SRS cohort but in none of the patients managed conservatively. 3.5% of patients underwent resection in the active surveillance matched cohort compared to 0.9% of patients in the SRS cohort (p = 0.063; OR 0.135 [95% CI 0.163–1.117]). The all-cause mortality rate was almost half in the SRS group (9.65%) compared to the observation group (18.42%) (p = 0.06; OR 0.47 [95% CI .22–1.03]).

Conclusion

SRS achieves superior radiological tumor control compared to surveillance but with a slightly increased the risk of new SRS-related neurological deficits in elderly patients with asymptomatic meningiomas. Although SRS reduces meningioma progression, the need for of an open neurosurgical procedure and mortality were not significantly reduced. Furthermore, mortality in the observation group was not directly related to the meningioma in any of the patients.
Measurement, analysis and utilization of meteorological parameters for radio signal propagation modeling – tropospheric refraction
Authors: Fiser Ondrej , Krcmar Vitezslav , Schejbal Vladimir , Sokol Zbynek
Published: February 2025

The paper deals with wave propagation in the troposphere and discusses practical estimates of the refractive index, which determines how much the path of radio-wave is bent, or refracted, in the troposphere. Refractive index (RI) is a function of relative air humidity, air temperature and air pressure while the tropospheric refractivity depends on their height profile. Based on balloon measurements in the Prague meteorological station and mast measurements at Kopisty meteorological station, statistical characteristics of RI are calculated and their sensitivity to changes in pressure, temperature and relative humidity is quantitatively estimated. The paper includes figures and tables that can be used to provide a basic estimate of RI for specified atmospheric properties given by temperature, pressure and relative humidity. The results show that the RI is not very sensitive to pressure values and instead depends strongly on temperature and this dependence increases with increasing relative humidity. It should be emphasized that the RI undoubtedly depends on the local climatology of the quantities from which it is calculated.