bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rocks in the Landscape: Managing the Inka Agricultural Cycle
Authors: Meddens Frank
Published: November 2008

In this paper an extensive structured system of carved stones in Peru's Chicha valley is presented in its local setting, analysed within its agricultural and social context and compared with similar landscape features elsewhere. In any agricultural society, the timing of planting, irrigation and harvesting events is crucial to maintaining crop yields. To a state system where the administration is dependent on non-written systems of record-keeping, highly visible landscape markers would be essential in defining labour allocations and designating the appropriate allotment of irrigation water. This paper presents evidence that boundaries for water distribution and for management of the irrigation cycles during the Late Horizon period of Peruvian prehistory (c AD 1438–1534) were clearly set out and marked in a manner that enabled state administrators to manage the agricultural round. Though clearly the use ofquipu-based recording systems should not be underestimated in this context, timing of the agricultural cycle on a local level could not solely be dependent on central directives from Cusco: local cakndrical tools were necessary to ensure successful agricultural seasons.
The Eastern Arm of Norwich Cathedral and the Augustinian Priory of st Bartholomew's, Smithfield, in London
Authors: Franklin Jill A
Published: November 2008

The church of St Bartholomew the Great in West Smithfield is not generally thought of as a building of major importance, probably because the plan of its presbytery seems to suggest that it was a rather outmoded imitation of Norwich Cathedral. The first part of this paper examines the basis for such an assumption and offers an explanation for the similarities between the presbyteries of the two buildings. Affiliations between the two institutions are placed in the wider context of the aspirations of the London episcopate in the decades either side of II00. Smithfield emerges as an extraordinary building, highly untypical of contemporary Augustinian architecture. The twelfth-century foundation narrative of Smithfield implies that, while in building, the church struck onlookers as astonishingly innovative. Taken at face value, this is puzzling, since most of the elements of its design had been common architectural currency for a generation or more. This apparently paradoxical situation is explored in the second part of the paper and the basis for Smithfield's perceived modernity while under construction very tentatively reconstructed.
The Savoyard Cousins: A Comparison of the Careers and Relative Success of the Grandson (Grandison) and Champvent (Chavent) Families in England
Authors: Ray Michael
Published: November 2008

In the mid-thirteenth century members of two branches of a family based in Savoy came to England and, through royal service, they reached baronial rank. One family, the Grandsons, thoroughly embedded itself in England and its members are recalled even today while the other, the Champvents, lapsed into obscurity, the name disappearing from the records after 1410. To discover why, this article looks at the significance of royal service to the families, the amount of royal patronage they received, their marriage strategies, how they related to the localities into which they were implanted, the extent to which religious loyalties and family piety illustrated their attitudes and whether they cut their ties with their former home lands.
Church Alignment and Patronal Saint's Days
Authors: Hinton Ian
Published: November 2008

The results of this survey of almost 1,500 rural churches do not support the oft-repeated idea that churches are aligned with their patronal saint's sunrise. In fact, they provide evidence that the churches specifically do not face different sunrises and that churches dedicated to saints with summer feast-days are aligned in the same direction as those dedicated to saints with winter feast-days. However, the results of the survey raise significant questions about other aspects of church alignment. A significant variation in alignment has been uncovered east to west across the country, with a difference of 10° in the mean alignment of churches between the west and east of England. Possible reasons for this are explored. In addition, churches built on sloping sites are found to have downhill-facing chancels. If the choice of site were random, churches would face uphill as well as down. The possible implications of this for church and village location are also explored.
Collecting the Past, Constructing Identity: The Antiquarian John Mortimer and The Driffield Museum of Antiquities and Geological Specimens
Authors: Giles Melanie
Published: November 2008

2005 marked the centenary of the publication of Forty Years Researches in the British and Saxon Burial Mounds of East Yorkshire by John Mortimer. This review explores the key concepts underpinning his work – those of progress and racial identity – and how they were developed both in the monograph and in the fieldwork and museum arrangements upon which the monograph was based. It argues that although Mortimer is best known for his work on the Neolithic and Bronze Age of East Yorkshire it was the material from Iron Age burials in the region that crystallized his thinking on these issues. The article also explores the way in which this archaeological collection shaped Mortimer's own relationships and sense of place, while contributing more broadly to regional and national discourses on identity. Finally, it highlights the contemporary significance of this collection and its associated archive, currently held at the Hull and East Riding Museum.
Did the Anglo-Saxons Play Games of Chance? Some Thoughts on Old English Board Games
Authors: Payne Ian
Published: November 2008

H J R Murray, the distinguished board games historian, stated categorically in 1952 that the popular Germanic game of tæfl (more specifically referred to in a ninth- to twelfth-century Norse context as hnefatafl), a game entirely of skill, was the only board game played in Anglo-Saxon England. But Old English literary evidence might pose a challenge to Murray's thesis, and could be taken to suggest that the English also played games of chance (perhaps even tabula, an ancestor of backgammon) in the first millennium AD.
A Rare Medieval Burnishing Tooth in the Museum of Writing, London
Authors: Cole Alan E , Rosenfeld R A
Published: November 2008

Many of the tools commonly used in book production in the later Middle Ages have proved remarkably elusive in the archaeological record. Thousands of extant manuscript pages are decorated with gold leaf, yet no examples of the tools used in gilding have been reported. An exception is a bovid tooth in the collections of the Museum of Writing (London). The tooth bears marks consonant with modification as a burnisher, appropriate wear marks and traces of gold leaf. The object was first recorded in association with other scribal tools. The tooth is illustrated and described, its provenance and the potential significance of the assemblage to which it belonged are discussed, and it is put into a larger craft context by surveying the range of tasks for which tooth burnishers served, the preferred animal sources and the chronological range of the practice.
Two Left-Handed Gladiators in Britain
Authors: Wilmott Tony
Published: November 2008

Two of the most frequently reproduced images of gladiatorial combat from Britain are a slate relief of aretiariusfrom Chester and the famous Colchester vase, a barbotine decorated cup adorned with arena scenes. Despite the familiarity of these images, an important fact seems to have been generally overlooked: the objects appear to show gladiators who are left-handed.
The Temple of Sulis Minerva at Bath and the End of Roman Britain
Authors: Gerrard James
Published: November 2008

The temple and baths dedicated to Sulis Minerva atAquae Sulis (Bath, Somerset)are usually seen as significant in terms of Britain's ‘Romanization’. However, it is argued here that excavations carried out in the inner precinct of the temple revealed a sequence of great importance in understanding the end of Roman Britain. For the first time the documentary, stratigraphic and artefactual evidence is drawn together alongside a series of new radiocarbon dates which establish the date of the temple's demolition as AD 450–500. This raises interesting questions regarding the process of transformation from Roman to post-Roman in Somerset and beyond.
The Growth of a Mausoleum: The Pre-1600 Tombs and Brasses of St George's Chapel, Windsor
Authors: Saul Nigel
Published: November 2008

A comprehensive study is attempted of the pre-1600 monuments in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle. Use is made for the first time of a key source, the set of plans of the chapel floors made by Henry Emlyn in 1789. These show the chapel once W have contained a large collection of monumental brasses. The plans are examined alongside the evidence of the extant indents in the chapel and cloister to reconstruct the original lay-out of the brasses. It is demonstrated that the great majority of the brasses commemorated the deans and canons who served the chapel. It is argued that the character of the chapel as a mausoleum changed after 1475, when Edward IV embarked on the building of the present fabric. From this time, the ranks of the commemorated expanded to include layfolk, particularly Knights of the Garter and men with royal connections, while, alongside the brasses, big sculpted monuments were commissioned in the side chapels of the building.
Baddesley Clinton: Architectural: Responses to Social Circumstances
Authors: Alcock Nathaniel W , Meeson Robert A
Published: November 2008

In 2002, the National Trust commissioned a detailed survey of the timberwork of the moated manor house at Baddesley Clinton, coupled with an extensive dendrochronology programme. The results have radically revised our understanding of the house and of the way that its complex development reflects the changing circumstances and social expectations of its occupiers from the medieval period to the nineteenth century. The integration of documentary sources, structural analysis and tree-ring dating has enabled the house to be portrayed as the product of a quest for greater comfort and privacy, of social responses to changing family circumstances and of the exercise of dower rights by widows, resulting in several periods of joint occupancy.
John Leland and the ‘Briton Brykes’
Authors: Harris Oliver
Published: November 2008

This paper traces the practice among early modern antiquaries of describing Roman bricks as ‘British’. The term originated in the 1530s in the notes of John Leland, who based his nomenclature on material first encountered at Verulamium. He may either have regarded the settlement there as British, or have adopted a local folk-attribution. Others who followed his usage, including William Camden, recognized that the bricks were actually Roman, but the terminology was not properly discussed until the end of the seventeenth century. While Leland's designation was flawed, his identification is of significance as an exceptionally early exercise in archaeological typology.
Anyone for Tennis? The Monument to Captain Gervase Scrope in St Michael's, Coventry
Authors: Wilson Jean
Published: November 2008

The monument to Captain Gervase Scrope was destroyed in 1940, but a rubbing survives in the Society's collections. It alludes to Real Tennis, and in doing so takes part in a debate extending from Plautus to Stephen Hawking about the attitude of the Creator to the universe, although the side it takes is, in an ecclesiastical context, unexpected.
Drawings of Antiquities in the Society's Albums c 1750–1860
Authors: Lewis Elizabeth
Published: November 2008

Now that the cataloguing and digitization of the drawings of archaeological artefacts in the Society's albums is nearing completion, an overview of a few of the highlights can be offered to illustrate the range of material and the way it has been used by scholars in recent years to reassess the provenance and significance of some of the most important finds of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The role of the Society and its artists in producing this archive is considered with reference to the Minutes of the Council.
The Mystery of Charles Stothard, FSA, and the Bayeux Tapestry Fragment
Authors: Lewis Michael
Published: November 2008

In 1816 the Society of Antiquaries of London sent Charles Stothard to Bayeux to produce a fullsize colour reproduction of the Bayeux Tapestry. During this time, plaster casts of the tapestry were made and a small fragment of the famous textile was removed. Stothard's wife, Eliza, was accused of looting the fragment, but was later absolved. So who was the thief? This paper examines the mystery of Charles Stothard and the Bayeux Tapestry fragment.
Deer in Sussex Place-Names
Authors: Hough Carole
Published: November 2008

Recent evidence for fallow deer at the first-century AD Roman palace at Fishbourne, Sussex, is supported by place-names identifying a nearby deer park and testifying to the presence of fallow deer in Anglo-Saxon Sussex.
A Mid-Fourteenth Century Contract for the Choir Roof of Glastonbury Abbey
Authors: Wilson Christopher
Published: November 2008

The Anglo-Norman French indenture discussed in this paper is apparently the first medieval English building contract to be discovered since L F Salzman published almost all the known examples of this kind of text in the 1967 second edition of Building in England Down to 1540: a documentary history. A short commentary sketches the significance of the document for architectural history.
The 1505 Portrait of Henry VII
Authors: Hepburn Frederick
Published: November 2008

The aim of this paper is to offer as full a discussion as possible of the best-known portrait of Henry VII. Information from a variety of sources elucidates the context in which the portrait was painted and the nature of its iconography; in particular, evidence is presented to show that the red rose was a symbol of great personal significance to Henry. With regard to the portrayal of Henry himself it is suggested that his face conforms essentially to an approved ‘pattern’ that had been recently reworked and updated, and that the frequently expressed modern view of the portrait as representing a mean and crafty character results from a misinterpretation of the artist's intentions. In a final section attention is given to the question of the identity of the artist, whose name remains unknown.
The Diffusion of Early Franco-ItalianAll'AnticaOrnament: The Renaissance Frieze in the Chapel of the Hospital of St Cross, Winchester, and the Gaillon Stalls, Now at St Denis, Paris
Authors: Riall Nicholas
Published: November 2008

In Volume 82 (2002) of theAntiquaries Journal,the canopied benches at St Cross were described, along with a discussion of their date and patronage. This paper takes the subject further by suggesting a reconstruction of the layout of these fittings. Conclusions reached in the earlier paper are further refined: the distinctive mouldings on the frieze, benches and desks clearly demonstrate that all three elements are integral to the same work and not added to preexisting benches, as previously argued. Further research suggests that the imagery and style of the frieze at St Cross had little impact on the aesthetic of the works patronized by Bishop Fox in Winchester Cathedral. Instead, parallels are drawn between the St Cross frieze and other modes ofall'anticawork in France, including the celebrated Renaissance stalls from the chapel of the archiepiscopal palace at the Château de Gaillon (Eure) and the cathedral stalls at Amiens (Somme). It has also become apparent that there is no other extant work in England that directly parallels the frieze at St Cross, and that the nearest analogue is the stallwork from Gaillon.
Graptolite and conodont biostratigraphy of the upper Telychian–lower Sheinwoodian (Llandovery–Wenlock) strata, Jabalón River section, Corral de Calatrava, central Spain
Authors: LOYDELL D. K. , SARMIENTO G. N. , ŠTORCH P. , GUTIÉRREZ-MARCO J. C.
Published: November 2008

A graptolite biostratigraphy is erected for the upper Telychian (uppercrenulataBiozone) to lower Sheinwoodian (riccartonensisordubiusBiozone) strata of the Jabalón River section, Spain. Two unconformities are recognized in the section: one between thelapworthiandmurchisonibiozones; the other between themurchisoniandriccartonensisbiozones. These unconformities coincide with intervals of lowered eustatic sea-level. Graptolite assemblages include both cosmopolitan taxa and some which have been recorded previously from Morocco and/or other Spanish sections. At some stratigraphical levelsPristiograptusorEuroclimacisspecies are abundant;Monoclimacis,StreptograptusandMediograptusspecies are generally uncommon. Conodonts were examined from the upperspiralisthrough to lowermurchisoniBiozone; the occurrences ofPterospathodus amorphognathoidesare consistent with the species' known range elsewhere. Four new graptolite species are described:Euroclimacis jabalonensis,E. hamata,Monoclimacis flexaandStimulograptus pradoi.
A comparative study of the filamentation and Weibel instabilities and their cumulative effect. II. Weakly relativistic beams
Authors: STOCKEM A. , LAZAR M. , SHUKLA P. K. , SMOLYAKOV A.
Published: November 2008

Counterstreaming plasma systems with intrinsic temperature anisotropies are unstable against the excitation of Weibel-type instabilities, namely, filamentation and Weibel instabilities, and their cumulative effect. Here, the analysis is extended to counterstreaming plasmas with weakly relativistic bulk velocities, while the thermal velocities are still considered to be non-relativistic. Such plasma systems are relevant for fusion plasma experiments and the more violent astrophysical phenomena, such as jets in gamma-ray burst sources. Simple analytical forms of the dispersion relations are derived in the limit of a small transverse temperature or a large temperature anisotropy of the beams. The aperiodic growing solutions are plotted systematically for the representative cases chosen in Paper I (Lazar et al. 2009 J. Plasma Phys. 75, in press). In the limit of slow non-relativistic plasma flows, the numerical solutions fit well with those obtained in Paper I, but for weakly relativistic streams an important deviation is found.
Excitation of ion wakefields by electromagnetic pulses in dense plasmas
Authors: SHUKLA P. K.
Published: November 2008

The excitation of electrostatic ion wakefields by electromagnetic pulses in a very dense plasma is considered. For this purpose, a wave equation for the ion wakefield in the presence of the ponderomotive force of the electromagnetic waves is obtained. Choosing a typical profile for the electromagnetic pulse, the form of the ion wakefields is deduced. The electromagnetic wave-generated ion wakefields can trap protons and accelerate them to high energies in dense plasmas.
Non-Economic Factors in the Economic Retardation of the Rural Malays
Authors: Parkinson Brien K.
Published: November 2008

Malaya has a plural society in which Malays form 49·8 per cent of the total population, Chinese 37·2 per cent and Indians 11·2 per cent. Apart from this racial diversity, there is the added fact that the Malays tend to live in the rural areas whereas the immigrant groups tend to live in the urban areas or on the plantations, and only to a much lesser extent in the rural areas. For example, of the rural population of Malaya, Malays form 70 per cent, Chinese 17 per cent and Indians 11 per cent. In the urban areas of Malaya, Malays make up 23 per cent of the population, Chinese 65 per cent and Indians 10 per cent. In 1957 the average annual income of the adult male in the Malay community was $1,463, as against $3,223 in the Chinese community and $2,031 in the Indian. From these figures it is clear that the Malays have lagged behind the immigrant communities in respect of economic development.
The Indian Congress Party: A Dilemma of Dominance
Authors: Morris-Jones W. H.
Published: November 2008

The death of Nehru did less to change the Indian political system than the talk about his charismatic leadership might have led us to expect. But one simplification is not to be replaced by another; the assessment of his influence is a matter of real difficulty. Most delicate of all the tasks perhaps is that of distinguishing between his influence on the actual behaviour of political actors and institutions and his influence on the views taken by observers of such behaviour. How much, that is, of what appears novel in the post-Nehru period is merely the coming to light of features which were already present but obscured or unnoticed by virtue of the attention focused on the great man himself? In no area of the Indian political system is this question more important than in the Congress Party.
Economic Myth and Geographical Reality in Indonesia
Authors: Fisher Charles A.
Published: November 2008

Throughout the twenty years which followed 17 August 1945 when, as President of the newly proclaimed Republic of Indonesia, Sukarno first stepped into the limelight, he has provided the most flamboyant example of the ‘charismatic leader’ who, by personifying the aspirations of a formerly subject people, enables them both to establish and to project their identity as a nation. During this time Western well-wishers of the Indonesian people have been increasingly fascinated by his performance, which they have watched, often at first with sympathy and even admiration, later with disappointment and anxiety, and finally with astonishment verging upon incredulity.
Class Struggle in a Chinese Village— a Novelist's View
Authors: Jenner W. J. F.
Published: November 2008

There are several reasons for taking a special interest in Hao Ran's Yan Yang Tian (Bright Skies), a novel about the Chinese countryside of which Part One was brought out by the author's Publishing House, Peking, in late 1964 and Part Two by the People's Literature Publishing House in March 1966. The third and final part has yet to be issued. It is the first published novel by Hao Ran, a writer born in 1932 and chiefly known for his short stories. It shows that gloom about the state of contemporary Chinese writing is not always justifiable and, perhaps more significantly, gives a reasonably full and frank account of some critical days in the history of a Chinese village. In providing a very detailed record of the behaviour of a number of peasants in the collectivization movement, it does much to supplement the official reports in the Chinese press and the interpretations of outside observers. Not the least of the book's achievements is the creation in the village boss, Ma Zhiyue, of one of the most significant villains in modern Chinese fiction.
Mishima Yukio and his Suicide
Authors: Yamanouchi Hisaaki
Published: November 2008

Mishima Yukio killed himself on 25 November 1970 at the age of forty-five in the traditional Japanese warrior manner of seppuku after a vain attempt to incite a unit of the Self-Defence Forces to a coup d'état. The event shocked and alarmed not only the Japanese but also people abroad. Many were reminded of the 1936 coup by young army officers, and some, especially abroad, became worried about a possible revival of Japanese militarism. But the jeering by the rank and file troops whom Mishima tried to rouse to action proves that such a possibility is very slight. The Japanese Government, including Mr Nakasone, the Minister of Defence, positively disapproved of Mishima's action. The Prime Minister, Mr Sato, was anxious lest such scandalous behaviour on the part of an eminent writer might tarnish the reputation of the country founded on economic prosperity. Nevertheless, nothing seems farther from the truth than the Prime Minister's statement that Mishima had ‘gone mad’. In every detail Mishima's suicide was an act calculated well in advance. In its political implications it was a challenge to the kind of stability and prosperity of present-day Japan of which the Prime Minister himself is the representative. Mishima detested the progressive or left-wing Japanese intellectuals, but he did not align himself with the Liberal Democratic Party either. Nor was he prepared at all to link with the right-wing organizations, in spite of the ultra-nationalism of his own Shield Society. Ironically enough, Mishima could have agreed with the dissident students of the New Left who played the leading role in the 1968–69 university upheavals.
Democratic Theories and Japanese Modernization
Authors: Quo F. Q.
Published: November 2008

Looking back at the path of modernization Japan has taken in the last hundred years, one finds the most serious failure to be the lack of development of democratic political theories. In our evaluations of the ‘modernization achievements’ of Japan, this is usually the focal point of disagreement between Western and Japanese scholars. Often in the name of ‘value-free’ political science, Western scholars try their best not to mix the issue of modernization with that of democratization. The failure of democracy in pre-War Japan is usually considered insignificant, though relevant, in the discussion of the success of her modernization. More often the failure is obscured by the presence of some democratic theories and movements during the Meiji and Taisho period. In contrast, Japanese scholars tend to consider modernization and democratization as inseparable. They refuse to accept the so-called ‘objective’ approach of Western scholars, not on the basis of the old Comintern formula of ‘modernization means development toward bourgeois democracy’, but because of their emphasis on the qualitative output of a political system.
South Korean–Japanese Relations Since the 1965 Normalization Pacts
Authors: Ko Seung K.
Published: November 2008

Since the South Korean–Japanese normalization pacts of 1965, the long-sought economic and political cooperation between the two countries is on its way. The pacts planted the seeds of mutual cooperation between the two countries which had been hostile toward each other for more than a half-century, and the South Korean and Japanese leaders have expressed their determination that the future relationship between the two countries would be to each other's advantage.
The Formation and First Years of the United Malays National Organization (U.M.N.O.) 1946–1948
Authors: Stockwell A. J.
Published: November 2008

The United Malays National Organization has been the strongest Malay political party since its foundation in May 1946; its leaders place it pre-eminent in the history of Malay nationalism and Malayan independence. Needless to say, these claims have been disputed by its opponents and queried by its students; not only have the origins of Malay nationalism been traced to the pre-war era, but also, it can be argued, in its early years the party's leaders were more concerned to safeguard Malay rights vis à vis the other races of Malaya, and were more inclined to collaborate with the British authorities in opposition to radicalism within their own community, than to struggle for self-government. Nevertheless, the formation of U.M.N.O. was a remarkable event. For the first time a mass and pan-peninsula Malay movement emerged to attack British policy. Its popular support, forceful leadership and effective organization surprised Briton and Malay alike. U.M.N.O. amounted to an unprecedented Malay response to colonial rule.
Japanese Government Policy, Business Opinion and the Seoul–Pusan Railway, 1894–1906
Authors: Hunter Janet
Published: November 2008

Like most research on Japanese involvement in Korea in the latter years of the Meiji period, this article is deeply indebted to the pioneer work of Professor Hilary Conroy. I have also drawn heavily on the work of Eugene and Han-kyo Kim. However, a detailed study of the railways of Korea does not come within the framework of Professor Conroy's book, and there is little material on the subject available in English. In Japanese there is the official government history, theChōsen Tetsudō Shi, but the purpose of this essay is to show the views of the business world on the subject, and so contemporary articles in the leading economic journals have constituted the most important source. A consideration of those articles which comment on the changing state of affairs will perhaps clarify the reasons underlying dōmestic pressure for Japanese involvement in the construction of Korean railways.
Shipbuilding and the State in Japan since the 1850s
Authors: Broadbridge Seymour
Published: November 2008

In the past decade or so there have been several critical revisions of the long-accepted view of the important role of the state in Japan's economic development and programme of modernization generally. Professor Harry Oshima has attempted to demolish the argument that the Meiji governments' policies were at all economically beneficial. On the contrary, he has said, those policies retarded growth, particularly through their neglect of agriculture. Professor Hugh Patrick has cautioned us against giving the Meiji governments too much credit for the development of the banking system. Private enterprise, he has insisted, was also important. Most recently, Professor Kozo Yamamura has delivered yet another broadside against what he considers the myths of Japanese economic history. This time he criticizes the view that the government, by intervening and pioneering model plants, played a significant role in Meiji Japan's industrial dcvelopment.
Land Rent, Peasant Migration, and Political Power in Yao Cun, 1911–1937
Authors: Thaxton Ralph
Published: November 2008

In April of 1980 I was received by the Henan Province History Research Institute of the Henan Province Chinese Academy of Social Sciences to begin the first systematic oral political history project on peasant revolution in modern China. The focus of this project is on the problems of livelihood faced by the peasants of Lin county and several other counties in the pre-Liberation period, roughly 1911–49. In May I began an investigation of the history of rural Lin county and the village of Yao Cun, Lin county, Henan. In this essay I will sketch the general social and political history of Yao village in Republican years, and then draw from my preliminary field research to explain the relationship between land rent, the impoverishment of peasant smallholders, and political power in pre-Liberation China in one North China village. This relationship has received minimal emphasis in the literature on peasantry and change in pre-1949 China. One of the many reasons for this has been the tendency of past scholarship to stress the critically important role of the ‘middle peasant village’ in the Chinese revolution. The evidence from Yao cun offers a slight qualification of this middle peasant thesis.
Ashes and Powers: Myth, Rite and Miracle in an Indian God-Man's Cult
Authors: Swallow D. A.
Published: November 2008

Guru cults are an increasingly prominent feature of Indian religious life today, especially in the towns and cities, and among the urban middle classes. Many of these gurus are actually worshipped by their followers, who believe that they have magical powers; and in most cults the devotional element is strong. Since independence there seem to be more gurus in India; more of them have a more than local following; their followings are growing rapidly, and the cults are receiving more publicity, which reflects their discernible impact on the Indian scene. The godmen, as they are called, are often somewhat ostentatious; their travels, by air, road or rail, are widely reported in the press, and their followings are known to include numerous high ranking and well known figures in the worlds of politics, business, the professions and academia. Courted and feted, they preside over anniversary functions, commemorations, and installations, and their pictures and books are to be found on bookstalls throughout the subcontinent. In part, the publicity given to the gurus and godmen of India reflects the growing popular interest in them among western followers: the antics of the International Society of Krishna Consciousness, in Oxford Street or in Berkeley, California; the Transcendental Meditation Movement of the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, with a following of as many as four hundred thousand in the west; the powerful vogue in America for the boy Guru Maharaj; and the ecstatic cult of Bhagwan Rajneesh, which attracts hundreds to Poona, are just a few of the more notorious examples.
The Secular as Sacred?—The Religio-political Rationalization of B. G. Tilak
Authors: Harvey Mark J.
Published: November 2008

Bal Gangadhar Tilak (1856–1920) attempted throughout his public life to mobilize the Indian populace for mass political action. He did this by means of his speeches, journalism, leadership and philosophy. His desire was to throw off the yoke of British colonialism, to deliver his countrymen out of bondage. To this end Tilak sought a cogent and comprehensive, yet distinctly Indian, justification for anti-British pro-Hindu activism. He believed that the divergent sects of India could converge to form ‘a mighty Hindu nation’ if they would only follow the original principles of the Hindu tradition as set forth in such texts as theRāmāyanaand theBhagavadgītā. And this convergence should be the goal of all Hindus.1Tilak's interpretations of these texts, especially theGītā, provided him with his ‘justification’ which rationalized his political work in religious guise.
The Islamic City: Melaka to Jogjakarta, c. 1500–1800
Authors: Kathirithamby-Wells J.
Published: November 2008

The concept of the city as religious centre, administrative capital and economic pivot for a society, state or kingdom, expressed in the Islamic concept ofmadina(Gibbs and Kramers 1961: 291; Lapidus 1969: 69) pre-dates Muslim influence in Southeast Asia. The physical as well as functional characteristics of the Southeast Asian city, deriving from its urban features, as distinct from its rural surroundings, were a culmination of gradual evolution since the rise, about the middle of the second century A.D., of the first trading ports and cities. The distinction between the city as urban centre and its rural surroundings is attested in the traditional Javanese view of the negara. In the fourteenth centuryNawanatyathenegarais defined as ‘all where one can go out (of his compound) without passing through paddy fields’ (Pigeaud 1960, 3: 121). It is by virtue of their evolutionary origins through their total symbiosis with the surrounding rural peripheries that Middle-Eastern and Southeast Asian cities, even pre-dating Islam, contrasted significantly with the cities of Medieval Christendom with formally constituted municipal laws and corporate institutions (Hourani 1970: 15).1The pre-eminence of cities in their composite role as capitals for religious, political and economic activity was a significant feature of the historical evolution of pre-modern Southeast Asia and will constitute the definition of a city within the purview of this survey.
Models and Realities: Malaysian National Planning and East Malaysian Development Problems
Authors: King Victor T.
Published: November 2008

In this paper my main empirical data are taken from the East Malaysian state of Sarawak, but much of what I say applies equally to the other East Malaysian state of Sabah. What is more, my argument is relevant in large part to the southern two-thirds of the island of Borneo—that is, to the four provinces of Indonesian Borneo or Kalimantan. For the purposes of this discussion I have to treat the small, newly independent oil-rich sultanate of Brunei Darussalam on the north-west coast of Borneo as an exception. My general concern is with the peripheral position of the Borneo territories, economically and politically, in relation to the developed core areas of the nation-states of Malaysia and Indonesia. As a result of its environmental and demographic characteristics, its historical experiences under British protection and then colonialism in the north, and Dutch colonialism in the south, and its subsequent post-independence experience, Borneo is admirably suited to perform the role of a natural resources area for the national development programmes of Malaysia and Indonesia (Avé and King, 1986). For Indonesian Borneo there is an additional issue; it is also an area for the resettlement of some of the excess population from the densely populated islands of Indonesia's heartlands, especially from Java and Madura. Fortunately, Malaysian Borneo has no need to fulfil such a role in relation to West Malaysia.
Centre and Periphery in the Mughal State: The Case of Seventeenth-Century Panjab
Authors: Singh Chetan
Published: November 2008

If a scholar were to search for water-marks in the development of historical writing on medieval India, the contribution of the ‘Aligarh school’ could very justifiably lay claim to such a distinction. While the work of the Aligarh scholars covers a wide spectrum of historical processes of the Mughal period, it is bound quite closely by their basic understanding that has acquired the status of an almost undisputed assumption among a large number of historians today. The Mughal state, in brief, is perceived as a systematically centralized one, both theoretically and in reality. It is seen as one that had acquired the power to enforce uniformity of government in all parts of the empire and was sustained by its ability to appropriate a large portion of the economic surplus generated within its frontiers. The administrative machinery (both official and quasi-official) involved in the maintenance of this ‘Mughal system’ presents a picture of truly gigantic proportions, yet one that is portrayed as almost uniformly conforming to elaborately formulated methods of functioning. The works of Irfan Habib, S. Nurul Hasan, M. Athar Ali and N. A. Siddiqi apart from a host of others, are among the more impressive contributions in this context.
Civil Adoption in Contemporary Chinese Law: A Contract to Care
Authors: Palmer Michael J. E.
Published: November 2008

An outstanding feature of the far-reaching plans for development which China has been earnestly promoting under the general rubric of the ‘four modernizations’ is the post-Mao leadership's determined effort to revive and thoroughly institutionalize a meaningful and formal legal system. There is an obvious and sharp distinction between the policies towards law pursued during the period between the mid-1950s and the mid-1970s and the more recent attempts to fashion a pivotal role for law in Chinese society. Throughout much of the course of socialist rule China's leaders have been concerned not with promoting effective legal institutions but, rather, with the direct insertion of extrinsic political norms and values into the law. During the Cultural Revolution many important legal structures ceased to function. In contrast, in the years since 1978 an important aspect of the rigorous political reaction to the uncertainty and conflict of the Cultural Revolution has been unequivocal support for the establishment of a sound legal system. The leadership now believes that systematic and regulated law-making, public awareness of the law, and proper application of the rules should be integral elements in the administration of justice in the PRC. The hope is that this approach will prevent the recurrence of arbitrary political rule, curb reliance on ‘connections’ or guanxi in bureaucratic conduct, promote economic growth and generally encourage the development of a more predictable and orderly social life.
The British Empire and the Southeast Asian Rice Crisis of 1919–1921
Authors: Kratoska Paul H.
Published: November 2008

From 1919 through 1921, a combination of poor rice harvests and speculative buying caused unprecedented rice shortages in Southeast Asia and led to imposition of government controls over the rice industry. Because there were large workforces in South and Southeast Asia entirely dependent upon imported rice, the shortages were potentially very serious. Malaya and the East Coast Residency of Sumatra, for example, exported non-edible primary products such as tobacco, rubber and tin, and imported rice from Burma and Siam. Two-thirds of the rice consumed each year in Malaya, and one-half of that used in Sumatra's East Coast Residency, was imported, and local food production fell far short of the minimum needed if imported grain could not be obtained. Tea cultivation in Ceylon, tobacco and rubber planting in British North Borneo, and sugar planting in the Philippines were conducted along much the same lines.
Nationalism and Feminism in Late Colonial India: The Rani of Jhansi Regiment, 1943–1945
Authors: Hills Carol , Silverman Daniel C.
Published: November 2008

Between 1943 and 1945, 1,500 Indian women in Burma, Malaya and Singapore exchanged their colorful saris for the khakis, breeches, half caps and boots of the Rani of Jhansi Regiment, the all-female brigade of the Indian National Army (INA). Under the leadership of Subhas Chandra Bose, Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs, members of the moneyed elite and the daughters of rubber plantation laborers shared the same food and fate to fight a jungle war for India's freedom.
The Transformation of Authority in Rural India
Authors: Mendelsohn Oliver
Published: November 2008

Who or what constitutes the dominant power and/or authority in village India today? This sort of question is hardly ever amenable to any generally agreed answer for any society, and the Indian case is no exception. But to say this is already to have made a comment on the main stream of post-independence scholarship on agrarian India. Very soon after independence an academic orthodoxy hardened as to the character of agrarian social structure and power. The argument of this paper is that this orthodoxy is no longer valid and that it obscures what is a profound transformation in the character of agrarian India.
The Baroda Crisis of 1873–77: A study in Governmental Rivalry
Authors: Copland I. F. S.
Published: November 2008

A Feature which has long characterized the study of Indian administrative history in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries has been the tendency of scholars to identify the British Raj with the Government of India, or more narrowly still, with the Governor-General in Council. Certainly one would not write a general history of British India and ignore the pronouncements of Calcutta. Yet by the same token one should not overlook the actions and attitudes of the several provincial governments, and especially of the Presidencies of Bombay and Madras, which, though under the general suzerainty of Calcutta, enjoyed substantial freedom of action within the limits of their own jurisdiction.
The Role of the Governor-General in Ceylon
Authors: Wilson A. Jeyaratnam
Published: November 2008

Ceylon is one of the few non-European members of the Commonwealth which has been reasonably successful in adapting the Westminster-style government to suit its own requirements. There are difficulties in operating the system—a heterogeneous population comprising religious, cultural, linguistic and caste groups whose differences are not seldom accentuated by the island's slow rate of economic growth—but despite these, it could be said from the experience of nearly twenty years of Parliament's working, that the willingness of parties and groups to differ on a constitutional plane with all the necessary corollaries of elections, political meetings, a legally established government and a recognized opposition is the generally accepted norm of political behaviour in Ceylon today.
Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan's Doctrines of Muslim Nationalism and National Progress
Authors: Malik Hafeez
Published: November 2008

In the hundred years before 1857, the last vestiges of the crumbling Mughal power in India slowly vanished. When forceful resistance to the British was no longer expedient or possible, the Muslims, who had been the rulers, withdrew into a purposive cultural isolation. Under the leadership of the—‘ulama’ (religious teachers), contacts with the British and Hindus were discouraged and the introduction of new cultural elements into Muslim life was severely eschewed. The result was that while the British were introducing a new administrative system, a new language and a new technology into India, and the Hindus, finally released from Muslim rule, were rapidly adopting the British offerings, the Muslims chose not to participate in the professional, governmental or educational life of the country.
The Sarawak—Indonesian Border Insurgency
Authors: Van Der Kroef Justus M.
Published: November 2008

On 28 November 1967, outnumbered Indonesian commandos, battling against more than five hundred guerrillas in the heavily jungled, mountainous area near Bengkajang, in the extreme western part of Indonesian Kalimantan (Borneo) close to the south-western frontier of Sarawak, were compelled to call for air support and reinforcements from the nearby crack Siliwangi army division, as the heavy automatic rifle and mortar fire of the insurgents was decimating commando ranks. The plight of the Indonesian regulars gave added significance to the concern voiced in the Indonesian Parliament a few weeks before that the Communist-led insurgents along the Sarawaken-Indonesian border should be prevented ‘from becoming a Viet Cong type terrorist band’, and to reports that Indonesian forces, engaged for some time in running battles with the guerrillas, had recently discovered in the forests near Sajung Kampong, Sebaloh and Punti various guerrilla caches of arms and supplies, including 'insignias with quotations of Mao Tse-tung’s teachings inscribed on them’.
The British Role in the Meiji Restoration: A Re-interpretive Note
Authors: Daniels Gordon
Published: November 2008

It is an historical commonplace that the renewal of Western diplomatic contact with Japan, after the Tokugawa seclusion, seriously disturbed the Japanese political system, and contributed to the Meiji Restoration. Undoubtedly foreign demands for commercial and diplomatic privileges, combined with the presence of warships and military garrisons, cut sharply into the minds of all politically conscious Japanese, and added to the bitterness of internal conflict. But in the past numerous historians have gone much further than these general statements, and drawn far more specific conclusions about the policies and impact of Britain in these crucial years.
Ienaga Saburo and the First Postwar Japanese History Textbook
Authors: Caiger John
Published: November 2008

The Allied victory in 1945 ensured that a greater degree of freedom was guaranteed to individual Japanese by law. Since the end of the Occupation Japanese intellectuals, alert to any moves that they considered an infringement of the postwar constitution, have acted as watchdogs for the whole community. Ienaga Saburo, historian and political ideologist, is one such intellectual.
Left Wing Unity and the Indian Nationalist Movement: M. N. Roy and the Congress Socialist Party
Authors: Haithcox John Patrick
Published: November 2008

The decade preceding the Second World War was a crucial period in the history of the Indian nationalist movement. It was at this time that the leadership of Gandhi and the ‘Old Guard’—Congress veterans who, with few exceptions, were annually re-elected to the party's Working Committee—faced its most serious challenge for control of the Congress Party. The outcome of this internal party struggle determined the nature and scope of the independence movement throughout the war years and until the attainment of freedom in 1947. It also determined the political complexion of the party that was to guide the Republic of India through the early, and critical, formative years of its existence.
One Hundred Years of Education in Ceylon
Authors: Corea J. C. A.
Published: November 2008

This review of one hundred years of Education in Ceylon recounts the progress of Education in the island since 1869, when the Department of Public Instruction (which later became the Department of Education) was first created 73 years after Britain's first firm entry into Ceylon.