bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GaiaData Release 3
Authors: Sartoretti P. , Marchal O. , Babusiaux C. , Jordi C. , Guerrier A. , Panuzzo P. , Katz D. , Seabroke G. M. , Thévenin F. , Cropper M. , Benson K. , Blomme R. , Haigron R. , Smith M. , Baker S. , Chemin L. , David M. , Dolding C. , Frémat Y. , Janßen K. , Jasniewicz G. , Lobel A. , Plum G. , Samaras N. , Snaith O. , Soubiran C. , Vanel O. , Zwitter T. , Brouillet N. , Caffau E. , Crifo F. , Fabre C. , Fragkoudi F. , Jean-Antoine Piccolo A. , Huckle H. E. , Lasne Y. , Leclerc N. , Mastrobuono-Battisti A. , Royer F. , Viala Y. , Zorec J.
Published: June 2022

Context.GaiaData Release 3 (DR3) contains the first release of magnitudes estimated from the integration of Radial Velocity Spectrometer (RVS) spectra for a sample of about 32.2 million stars brighter thanGRVS ∼ 14 mag (orG ∼ 15 mag).

Aims.In this paper, we describe the data used and the approach adopted to derive and validate theGRVSmagnitudes published in DR3. We also provide estimates of theGRVSpassband and associatedGRVSzero-point.

Methods.We derivedGRVSphotometry from the integration of RVS spectra over the wavelength range from 846 to 870 nm. We processed these spectra following a procedure similar to that used for DR2, but incorporating several improvements that allow a better estimation ofGRVS. These improvements pertain to the stray-light background estimation, the line spread function calibration, and the detection of spectra contaminated by nearby relatively bright sources. We calibrated theGRVSzero-point every 30 h based on the reference magnitudes of constant stars from the HIPPARCOScatalogue, and used them to transform the integrated flux of the cleaned and calibrated spectra into epoch magnitudes. TheGRVSmagnitude of a star published in DR3 is the median of the epoch magnitudes for that star. We estimated theGRVSpassband by comparing the RVS spectra of 108 bright stars with their flux-calibrated spectra from external spectrophotometric libraries.

Results.TheGRVSmagnitude provides information that is complementary to that obtained from theG,GBP, andGRPmagnitudes, which is useful for constraining stellar metallicity and interstellar extinction. The median precision ofGRVSmeasurements ranges from about 0.006 mag for the brighter stars (i.e. with 3.5≲GRVS≲6.5 mag) to 0.125 mag at the faint end. The derivedGRVSpassband shows that the effective transmittance of the RVS is approximately 1.23 times better than the pre-launch estimate.
Cementless Total Knee Arthroplasty Using a Highly Porous Tibial Baseplate in Morbidly Obese Patients: Minimum 5-Year Follow-Up
Authors: King Bradley A. , Miller Adam J. , Nadar Arun C. , Smith Langan S. , Yakkanti Madhusudhan R. , Harwin Steven F. , Malkani Arthur L.
Published: June 2022

Morbidly obese patients undergoing cemented primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) can pose a challenging problem with implant survivorship due to greater stress at the cement-bone interface. With the advent of additive manufacturing (three-dimensional printing), highly porous implants are now readily available. The purpose of this study was to review the results of primary TKA in the morbidly obese (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 40) patient using a highly porous cementless tibial baseplate. This is a retrospective study of 167 TKAs in patients with morbid obesity undergoing primary cementless TKA with a minimum 5-year follow-up. A total of 6 patients died and 14 were lost to follow-up, leaving 147 TKAs in 136 patients with a mean follow-up of 66 months (range 60–79 months). The average age was 59 years (range 36–84 years) and average BMI was 45 kg/m2 (range 39.5–63.9). Clinical results, patient-reported outcome measures, radiographs, and complications were reviewed. There were 9 failures requiring revision, including 3 for aseptic tibial loosening (2.0%), 2 for deep infection (1.4%), 2 for patellar resurfacing (1.4%), 1 for patella instability (0.7%), and 1 for extensor mechanism rupture (0.7%). Knee Society Score (KSS) improved from 48 to 90 at 2- and 5-year follow-up. KSS function score improved from 49 to 68 and 79 at 2- and 5-year follow-up, respectively. Survivorship with aseptic loosening as the endpoint was 98.0% at 5 years. Cementless TKA using a highly porous tibial baseplate in morbidly obese patients demonstrated excellent clinical results with 98% survivorship at 5 years and appears to offer durable long-term biologic fixation as an alternative to mechanical cement fixation in this challenging group of patients.
Prospective Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial Comparing Hyperosmolar Saline to Standard Isotonic Irrigation Fluid for Arthroscopic Knee Surgery: Initial Clinical Outcomes
Authors: Oladeji Lasun O. , Stannard James P. , Smith Matthew J. , Ma Richard , Skelley Nathan W. , Sherman Seth L. , Cook James L.
Published: June 2022

Numerous in vitro studies suggest higher osmolarity irrigation fluids potentiate a chondroprotective environment, and a recent clinical study using hyperosmolar saline for shoulder arthroscopy reported potential clinical advantages. This prospective randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial was designed to assess initial clinical outcomes associated with use of a hyperosmolar irrigation solution in patients undergoing arthroscopic knee surgery. With institutional review board approval and informed consent, patients scheduled for arthroscopic knee surgery were randomized to surgery with either isotonic lactated Ringer's (273 mOsm/L) or hyperosmolar saline (593 mOsm/L) irrigation solution. Outcomes included perioperative blood pressure, knee girth, visual analogue scale (VAS) pain scores, and narcotic pain medication consumption. Forty-six patients underwent arthroscopic knee surgery with isotonic (n = 23) or hyperosmolar (n = 23) irrigation fluids. There were 11 males and 12 females (mean age = 44.0 years) in the isotonic cohort and 8 males and 15 females (mean age = 40.2 years) in the hyperosmolar cohort. There were no significant differences with respect to surgical duration (pump time) or amount of irrigation fluid used between the two cohorts. There were no significant differences with respect to change in knee girth, blood pressure, or VAS pain scores. However, patients treated with hyperosmolar saline consumed less narcotic medication on postoperative day 3 (4.0 ± 7.6 vs. 15.5 ± 17.4 mg, p = 0.01). The results of this randomized clinical trial suggest that a hyperosmolar irrigation solution is safe and relatively inexpensive for use in patients undergoing arthroscopic knee surgery and contributes to a reduction in initial postoperative narcotic pain medication consumption. A hyperosmolar saline irrigation fluid was not associated with any detrimental effects on the execution of the surgical procedure, postoperative pain, or periarticular fluid extravasation. Taken together with previous basic science, translational, and clinical studies, hyperosmolar saline irrigation fluid is promising alternative to traditional isotonic irrigation fluids for knee arthroscopy. This study is a prospective trial and reflects level of evidence I.
Gambling with lottery stocks?
Authors: Oehler Andreas , Schneider Julian
Published: June 2022

In this article, we assess whether German private investors gamble in the stock market. Other studies that have analyzed private investors’ preferences with regard to lottery-like characteristics have used retail or discount brokerage data. They have shown that stock trading has common entertainment features with traditional gambling. In particular, clients of discount brokers may invest for speculative purposes and thus have disproportional preferences for lottery-like characteristics. In consequence, assessing preferences by solely using a subset of investors—associated brokerage clients—may lead to substantially biased results. We assess this issue by using SHS-base data from Deutsche Bundesbank which captures the aggregate holdings of the German private sector. In line with the research, we find that German private investors overinvest in stocks with lottery-like features. Yet, when assessing the economic significance of the aggregate overinvestment, the effect is negligible. Further, we do not find consistent evidence of skewness that positively affects the aggregate holdings of the private sector. As studies have identified preferences for skewness as a driving force for retail investors’ stock purchases, our results challenge the preconceived notion of which characteristics actually induce (disproportional) private sector investments.
Gender diversity of research consortia contributes to funding decisions in a multi-stage grant peer-review process
Authors: Bianchini Stefano , Llerena Patrick , Öcalan-Özel Sıla , Özel Emre
Published: June 2022

This study seeks to draw connections between the grant proposal peer-review and the gender representation in research consortia. We examined the implementation of a multi-disciplinary, pan-European funding scheme—EUROpean COllaborative RESearch Scheme (2003–2015)—and the reviewers’ materials that this generated. EUROCORES promoted investigator-driven, multinational collaborative research in multiple scientific areas and brought together 9158 Principal Investigators (PI) who teamed up in 1347 international consortia that were sequentially evaluated by 467 expert panel members and 1862 external reviewers. We found systematically unfavourable evaluations for consortia with a higher proportion of female PIs. This gender effect was evident in the evaluation outcomes of both panel members and reviewers: applications from consortia with a higher share of female scientists were less successful in panel selection and received lower scores from external reviewers. Interestingly, we found a systematic discrepancy between the evaluative language of written review reports and the scores assigned by reviewers that works against consortia with a higher share of female participants. Reviewers did not perceive female scientists as being less competent in their comments, but they were negatively sensitive to a high female ratio within a consortium when scoring the proposed research project.
Dynamic response of wrought and additively manufactured nickel-based alloys to high velocity impacts of laser-launched flyers
Authors: Barraud E. , de Rességuier T. , Baillargeat J. , Hemery S. , Cormier J.
Published: June 2022

Although nickel-based superalloys are widely used in the industry, their response to shock loading is still rarely investigated. Here, the impacts of laser-launched flyers were used to study the dynamic behavior of a Rene 65 superalloy under shock pressures of about 10 GPa at very high strain rates of about 106 s−1. Three types of samples, wrought or additively manufactured (laser powder bed fusion) and subjected to different heat treatment conditions, were investigated. These experiments allowed the measurement of the Hugoniot elastic limit (compressive yield strength) and the spall (tensile) strength, both in upper ranges compared with the most common metals. Post-recovery analyses involving various techniques provided insight into dynamic failure with a combination of transgranular ductile fracture and intergranular cracks with preferential nucleation sites, strongly dependent on the different microstructures related to fabrication routes and thermal treatments.
Microfluidic cell sorter sample preparation for genomic assays
Authors: Jagnandan Nicole , Morachis Jose
Published: June 2022

Single-cell RNA-Sequencing has led to many novel discoveries such as the detection of rare cell populations, microbial populations, and cancer mutations. The quality of single-cell transcriptomics relies heavily on sample preparation and cell sorting techniques that best preserve RNA quality while removing dead cells or debris prior to cDNA generation and library preparation. Magnetic bead cell enrichment is a simple process of cleaning up a sample but can only separate on a single-criterion. Droplet-based cell sorters, on the other hand, allows for higher purity of sorted cells gated on several fluorescent and scatter properties. The downside of traditional droplet-based sorters is their operational complexity, accessibility, and potential stress on cells due to their high-pressure pumps. The WOLF® Cell Sorter, and WOLF G2®, developed by NanoCellect Biomedical, are novel microfluidic-based cell sorters that use gentle sorting technology compatible with several RNA-sequencing platforms. The experiments highlighted here demonstrate how microfluidic sorting can be successfully used to remove debris and unwanted cells prior to genomic sample preparation resulting in more data per cell and improved library complexity.
The laws of thermodynamics for quantum dissipative systems: A quasi-equilibrium Helmholtz energy approach
Authors: Koyanagi Shoki , Tanimura Yoshitaka
Published: June 2022

By using the quasi-equilibrium Helmholtz energy, which is defined as the thermodynamic work in a quasi-static process, we investigate the thermal properties of both an isothermal process and a transition process between the adiabatic and isothermal states (adiabatic transition). Here, the work is defined by the change in energy from a steady state to another state under a time-dependent perturbation. In particular, the work for a quasi-static change is regarded as thermodynamic work. We employ a system–bath model that involves time-dependent perturbations in both the system and the system–bath interaction. We conduct numerical experiments for a three-stroke heat machine (a Kelvin–Planck cycle). For this purpose, we employ the hierarchical equations of motion (HEOM) approach. These experiments involve an adiabatic transition field that describes the operation of an adiabatic wall between the system and the bath. Thermodynamic–work diagrams for external fields and their conjugate variables, similar to the P–V diagram, are introduced to analyze the work done for the system in the cycle. We find that the thermodynamic efficiency of this machine is zero because the field for the isothermal processes acts as a refrigerator, whereas that for the adiabatic wall acts as a heat engine. This is a numerical manifestation of the Kelvin–Planck statement, which states that it is impossible to derive the mechanical effects from a single heat source. These HEOM simulations serve as a rigorous test of thermodynamic formulations because the second law of thermodynamics is only valid when the work involved in the operation of the adiabatic wall is treated accurately.
Squeezed States of Light
Authors: Mondal Partha Pratim
Published: June 2022

Light exists in several distinct quantum states that include photon number and coherent states. But these are not the only states of light, and others that are known to display unusual properties raise hopes for a deeper understanding of the quantum behavior at the classical-quantum barrier. In the previous chapter, we learned about two important states of light: the coherent and number states. In this chapter, we will deal with a special state of light called the squeezed state. As the name suggests, conjugate quantities/variables (such as intensity and phase) can be squeezed beyond their short-noise limit, obeying Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. These specialized states of light have the distinct ability to measure variables (e.g., intensity) below the short-noise limit. Of course, this comes at the cost of increased uncertainty in the associated conjugate variable. In this chapter, we will explore these possibilities and briefly discuss techniques to generate such light. These specialized light sources find applications in ultrahigh precision measurement (gravitational-wave detection) and sophisticated instrumentation.
The Representation Theory of Light
Authors: Mondal Partha Pratim
Published: June 2022

Light fluctuation is strongly associated with its state. A good example of this is coherent light, for which the associated probability distribution is Poisson. This strongly suggests that the description of light and the associated fluctuations can also be understood using a distribution function. This necessitates that light be described purely on the basis of a distribution function, popularly known as the “representation theory” of light. This theory treats light as an entity that exhibit fluctuations with rich statistical significance, which justifies the description of light in the realm of quantum statistics and the development of a quasi-classical distribution theory. This is essentially an extension of the quantum theory that incorporates radiation fields with a non-standard distribution function. An equivalent and powerful approach to understanding light makes use of the Fourier domain, which is associated with the characteristic function. In this chapter, we set out to explore radiation fields, including thermal, random, and squeezed light, based on the representation theory.
Effect of optical lattice field on characteristics of a clock transition in thulium atoms
Authors: Mishin D.A. , Provorchenko D.I. , Tregubov D.O. , Golovizin A.A. , Khabarova K.Yu. , Sorokin V.N. , Kolachevsky N.N.
Published: June 2022

This paper presents a detailed analysis of the effect of the optical lattice field on clock transition spectroscopy, as exemplified by thulium atoms. We consider the applicability of the sifting of atoms in an optical lattice by ramping down the power of the laser light that produces it. This method allows the number of filled vibrational sublevels to be reduced down to a single vibrational state, without changing the inner state of the atoms. The effectiveness of the method is illustrated by the example of the spectroscopy of a clock transition in thulium atoms in the resolved sideband regime.
Screening membraneless organelle participants with machine-learning models that integrate multimodal features
Authors: Chen Zhaoming , Hou Chao , Wang Liang , Yu Chunyu , Chen Taoyu , Shen Boyan , Hou Yaoyao , Li Pilong , Li Tingting
Published: June 2022

Protein self-assembly is one of the formation mechanisms of biomolecular condensates. However, most phase-separating systems (PS) demand multiple partners in biological conditions. In this study, we divided PS proteins into two groups according to the mechanism by which they undergo PS: PS-Self proteins can self-assemble spontaneously to form droplets, while PS-Part proteins interact with partners to undergo PS. Analysis of the amino acid composition revealed differences in the sequence pattern between the two protein groups. Existing PS predictors, when evaluated on two test protein sets, preferentially predicted self-assembling proteins. Thus, a comprehensive predictor is required. Herein, we propose that properties other than sequence composition can provide crucial information in screening PS proteins. By incorporating phosphorylation frequencies and immunofluorescence image-based droplet-forming propensity with other PS-related features, we built two independent machine-learning models to separately predict the two protein categories. Results of independent testing suggested the superiority of integrating multimodal features. We performed experimental verification on the top-scored proteins DHX9,
K
i
-67, and NIFK. Their PS behavior in vitro revealed the effectiveness of our models in PS prediction. Further validation on the proteome of membraneless organelles confirmed the ability of our models to identify PS-Part proteins. We implemented a web server named PhaSePred (
http://predict.phasep.pro/
) that incorporates our two models together with representative PS predictors. PhaSePred displays proteome-level quantiles of different features, thus profiling PS propensity and providing crucial information for identification of candidate proteins.
Chemotactic self-caging in active emulsions
Authors: Hokmabad Babak Vajdi , Agudo-Canalejo Jaime , Saha Suropriya , Golestanian Ramin , Maass Corinna C.
Published: June 2022

A common feature of biological self-organization is how active agents communicate with each other or their environment via chemical signaling. Such communications, mediated by self-generated chemical gradients, have consequences for both individual motility strategies and collective migration patterns. Here, in a purely physicochemical system, we use self-propelling droplets as a model for chemically active particles that modify their environment by leaving chemical footprints, which act as chemorepulsive signals to other droplets. We analyze this communication mechanism quantitatively both on the scale of individual agent–trail collisions as well as on the collective scale where droplets actively remodel their environment while adapting their dynamics to that evolving chemical landscape. We show in experiment and simulation how these interactions cause a transient dynamical arrest in active emulsions where swimmers are caged between each other’s trails of secreted chemicals. Our findings provide insight into the collective dynamics of chemically active particles and yield principles for predicting how negative autochemotaxis shapes their navigation strategy.
Detection of middle-ear muscle reflex activation using changes in otoacoustic emission stimulus amplitude versus absorbance
Authors: Mertes Ian B.
Published: June 2022

Objectives

The medial olivocochlear reflex (MOCR) reduces cochlear amplifier gain, which may be beneficial for hearing in noise. Additionally, measurement of the MOCR may be diagnostically useful in the audiology clinic. The MOCR can be measured as the change in transient-evoked otoacoustic emission (TEOAE) amplitude without versus with contralateral acoustic stimulation (CAS). However, CAS can activate the middle-ear muscle reflex (MEMR) which can confound the MOCR results. MEMR activation has been assessed using changes in TEOAE stimulus amplitude without versus with CAS. As an initial investigation, the current study compared detection of MEMR activation using changes in TEOAE stimulus amplitude to changes in wideband absorbance.

Methods

In 26 normal-hearing participants, the MEMR was measured as the change in absorbance and as the change in TEOAE stimulus amplitude without and with CAS. Percentile critical differences were developed from the test-retest measurements. Measures of agreement between MEMR detection methods were computed.

Results

CAS resulted in a larger number of participants exceeding the 95th percentile critical difference for absorbance compared to TEOAE stimulus amplitude (22 versus 1). Agreement between methods was low.

Conclusion

Initial results indicated that MEMR was detectable in a larger number of participants when using absorbance compared to TEOAE stimulus amplitude. However, future work could better equate the two methods and include measurement of MEMR thresholds to determine optimal methods for detecting MEMR activation during MOCR assessments.
Cosmological global dynamical systems analysis
Authors: Alho Artur , Lim Woei Chet , Uggla Claes
Published: June 2022

We consider a dynamical systems formulation for models with an exponential scalar field and matter with a linear equation of state in a spatially flat and isotropic spacetime. In contrast to earlier work, which only considered linear hyperbolic fixed point analysis, we do a center manifold analysis of the non-hyperbolic fixed points associated with bifurcations. More importantly though, we construct monotonic functions and a Dulac function. Together with the complete local fixed point analysis this leads to proofs that describe the entire global dynamics of these models, thereby complementing previous local results in the literature.
Computing the quasinormal modes and eigenfunctions for the Teukolsky equation using horizon penetrating, hyperboloidally compactified coordinates
Authors: Ripley Justin L
Published: June 2022

We study the quasinormal mode eigenvalues and eigenfunctions for the Teukolsky equation in a horizon penetrating, hyperboloidally compactified coordinate system. Following earlier work by Zenginoğlu (2011 Phys. Rev. D
83 127502), we show that the quasinormal eigenfunctions (QNEs) for the Teukolsky equation are regular from the black hole horizon to future null infinity in these coordinates. We then present several example QNE solutions, and study some of their properties in the near-extremal Kerr limit.
Trajectory of a ball on an inclined plane
Authors: Cross Rod
Published: June 2022

The trajectory of a ball rolling across an inclined plane was recorded on video film to determine if it followed a parabolic path as others have suggested. The challenges in this case were (a) to determine the magnitude and direction of the friction force on the ball, (b) to determine the effect of the friction force on the trajectory and (c) to explain why the rotation axis of the ball rotates as it rolls up and down the incline. The experiment is a simple extension of standard inclined plane experiments but with the extra pedagogical feature that angular velocity sometimes needs to be treated as a vector quantity.
A single collision between three objects cannot be described using only two conservation equations
Authors: Cross Rod
Published: June 2022

A collision of one object with two or more objects is relatively complicated in general, but a simple example is provided by Newton’s cradle since all the objects are identical and in line. In the present paper, an experiment is described where a heavy mallet collides head-on with two billiard balls. The two conservation equations indicate that many different outcomes are possible. The experimental results are surprising but can be explained in terms of the relative mass and stiffness of the mallet and the balls.
A computational study of steady and stagnating positive streamers in N2–O2 mixtures
Authors: Li Xiaoran , Guo Baohong , Sun Anbang , Ebert Ute , Teunissen Jannis
Published: June 2022

In this paper, we address two main topics: steady propagation fields for positive streamers in air and streamer deceleration in fields below the steady propagation field. We generate constant-velocity positive streamers in air with an axisymmetric fluid model, by initially adjusting the applied voltage based on the streamer velocity. After an initial transient, we observe steady propagation for velocities of 3 × 104 m s−1 to 1.2 × 105 m s−1, during which streamer properties and the background field do not change. This propagation mode is not fully stable, in the sense that a small change in streamer properties or background field eventually leads to acceleration or deceleration. An important finding is that faster streamers are able to propagate in significantly lower background fields than slower ones, indicating that there is no unique stability field. We relate the streamer radius, velocity, maximal electric field and background electric field to a characteristic time scale for the loss of conductivity. This relation is qualitatively confirmed by studying streamers in N2–O2 mixtures with less oxygen than air. In such mixtures, steady streamers require lower background fields, due to a reduction in the attachment and recombination rates. We also study the deceleration of streamers, which is important to predict how far they can propagate in a low field. Stagnating streamers are simulated by applying a constant applied voltage. We show how the properties of these streamers relate to the steady cases, and present a phenomenological model with fitted coefficients that describes the evolution of the velocity and radius. Finally, we compare the lengths of the stagnated streamers with predictions based on the conventional stability field.
Theoretical study of potential n-type and p-type dopants in GaN from data mining and first-principles calculation
Authors: Zhao Zhi-hao , Xue Feng-ning , Zhao Peng-bo , Lu Yong , Zhang Ji-cai
Published: June 2022

Impurity doping is one of the important means to control the physical properties of intrinsic semiconductors. By combining data mining and first principles calculation, a series of potential dopable elements in gallium nitride (GaN) were predicted by Shannon radius and probability model methods in this study. The Shannon radius difference and replacement probability were used as the criterion to screen the dopable elements and a total of 36 dopants were predicted. Then the structural stability and electronic structure of these doped structures were systematically studied by the first principles calculations. Among these dopants, the defect formation energy of 14 kinds is less than 3 eV, namely O

N

, Zr

G
a

, Ti

G
a

, Si

G
a

, F

N

, Ge

G
a

, Nb

G
a

, S

N

, Se

N

for n-type and Be

G
a

, Mg

G
a

, Ca

G
a

, Zn

G
a

and Mn

G
a

for p-type. In these potential doping systems, the changes of electronic structure can be divided into two types according to whether the impurity energy level is introduced or not. The doping of Ti

G
a

, Nb

G
a

, F

N

and Mn

G
a

can introduce significant impurity levels in the band gap, the electrons of which are directly involved in the carrier transition. For other dopants, no obvious impurity energy level is introduced in the band gap. Compared with the undoped GaN, the electronic density of states of the doped systems are significantly enhanced at the conduction band minimum. These results are expected to provide an effective theoretical reference for the experimental screening of appropriate GaN dopants
Study of Pharmaceutical Samples using Optical Emission Spectroscopy and Microscopy
Authors: Dwivedi Vishal , Chauhan Prerna , Maurya Gulab Singh , Roldán Alicia Marín , Veis Pavel , Pathak Ashok Kumar
Published: June 2022

The growth of the pharmaceutical industry to keep pace with the well-being of humans worldwide has posed many challenges related to quality control. This paper reports on the potential application of a modern optical spectroscopic technique popularly known as laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) to address some quality aspects such as the sample constituents, hardness, and classification of five different pharmaceutical samples. The surface analysis of these samples has been carried out using optical microscopy (OM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The LIBS spectra of different pharmaceutical samples of different brands have been recorded in air at atmospheric pressure using a high-energy Nd:YAG laser and an echelle spectrometer coupled with an intensified charge-coupled device camera. The LIBS spectrum provides the spectral signatures of lighter elements like carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), and the CN violet band, along with inorganic elements like calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), etc. Two different multivariate analysis methods, principal component analysis (PCA) and artificial neural network (ANN), have been employed with the LIBS spectral data matrix to obtain the classification of these samples. OM and AFM were used to investigate the surface quality of the tablets, which helps the pharmaceutical industry in increasing the life of pharmaceutical products. The LIBS-based hardness of the sample matrices is estimated, and a correlation has been established with AFM-based RMS roughness. The results illustrate the strength of the LIBS coupled with multivariate analysis like PCA and ANN for a rapid and reliable analysis of pharmaceutical products. Also, LIBS coupled with OM and AFM might be an effective way to address surface quality aspects of pharmaceutical samples.
Nuclear 0ν2β decays in B-L symmetric SUSY model and in TeV scale left–right symmetric model
Authors: Yang Jin-Lei , Chang Chao-Hsi , Feng Tai-Fu
Published: June 2022

In this paper, we take the B-L supersymmetric standard model (B-LSSM) and TeV scale left–right symmetric model (LRSM) as two representations of the two kinds of new physics models to study the nuclear neutrinoless double beta decays (0ν2β) so as to see the senses onto these two kinds of models when the decays are taken into account additionally. Within the parameter spaces allowed by all the existing experimental data, the decay half-life of the nucleus 76Ge and 136Xe,

T

1

/

2

0
ν

(76Ge, 136Xe), is precisely calculated and the results are presented properly. Based on the numerical results, we conclude that there is greater room for LRSM type models than for B-LSSM type models in foreseeable future experimental observations on the decays.
Toy model that explains the regulation of cholesterol on lipid rafts
Authors: Lyu Dongyu , Wei Tanlin , Zhang Lei , Zhang Yong
Published: June 2022

Cholesterol, as a common lipid on mammalian cell membranes, plays an important role in the formation of lipid rafts. Recent experiments suggest that the strength of cholesterol’s regulation on lipid rafts can be affected by the length of the unsaturated phospholipid acyl chain on the membrane. In order to understand this observation, a simplified toy model containing three different molecules is proposed in this paper, where the tail length of phospholipids is considered. This model shows the regulation of membrane cholesterol on the phase separation of the lipid mixture and the formation of nano-domains, and also suggests that the configuration entropy of phospholipid tails is an essential factor.
YFPOL: A Linear Polarimeter of Lijiang 2.4 m Telescope
Authors: Xin Yu-Xin , Bai Jin-Ming , Qu Zhong-Quan , Xu Zhi , Mao Ji-Rong , Ye Kai , Lun Bao-Li , Ding Xu , Liu Hong-Tao , Zhong Yue , Fan Yu-Feng , Yu Xiao-Guang , Xu Liang , Dong Xiao-Bo , Wang Jian-Guo , Xiong Ding-Rong
Published: June 2022

Polarimetry plays an important role in investigating physical properties for celestial objects. We present a polarimeter named YFPOL for the Cassegrain focus of the Lijiang 2.4 m Telescope (LJT) of Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences. YFPOL is a traditional single-beam polarimeter with a rotating polarizer. As the focal-reducer instrument Yunnan Faint Object Spectrograph and Camera (YFOSC) is always positioned on the Cassegrain focal plane of LJT, we develop two sets of ultra-thin (thickness <12 mm) polarizer rotation control systems with wireless charging and control functions, which are suitable for mounting on the two front-wheels of YFOSC. One set is used as the polarimetric calibration unit, and the other is for the polarimetric modulation unit. Both of the polarizers have an ultra-high contrast ratio of 1,000,000:1 in the optical band. We investigate the instrumental polarization characteristics (IPCs) in the full field of view that is transferred from YFOSC. Furthermore, we identify that the IPCs change when the Cassegrain axis rotates. The spurious polarization from the IPCs can be effectively minimized by flat-fielding using the unpolarized domeflat, when the Cassegrain rotation angle is the same or nearest to that of the polarization observation. We develop a quasi-automatic pipeline for YFPOL and its effectiveness has been verified by tests of the polarimetric observation with blazar S5 0716+714. The calibration is performed by observing the zero-polarized and highly-polarized standard stars. We successfully reach high precision polarization in the

7
′

field of view, and the systematic uncertainty is below 0.8% for a V = 11.68 target with a 10 s exposure. The instrument polarization angle offset is 2.°6. YFPOL is not only a simple polarimeter, but also a spectropolarimeter with grisms that can be considered in the future.
Graphene synthesis, fabrication, characterization based on bottom-up and top-down approaches: An overview
Authors: Olatomiwa Agbolade Lukman , Adam Tijjani , Gopinath Subash C. B. , Kolawole Sanusi Yekinni , Olayinka Oyeshola Hakeem , Hashim U.
Published: June 2022

This study presents an overview on graphene synthesis, fabrication and different characterization techniques utilized in the production. Since its discovery in 2004 by Andre Geim and Kostya Novoselov several research articles have been published globally to this effect, owing to graphene’s extraordinary, and exclusive characteristics which include optical transparency, excellent thermal, and mechanical properties. The properties and applications of this two-dimensional carbon crystal composed of single-layered material have created new avenues for the development of high-performance future electronics and technologies in energy storage and conversion for the sustainable energy. However, despite its potential and current status globally the difficulty in the production of monolayer graphene sheet still persists. Therefore, this review highlighted two approaches in the synthesis of graphene, which are the top-down and bottom-up approaches and examined the advantages and failings of the methods involved. In addition, the prospects and failings of these methods are investigated, as they are essential in optimizing the production method of graphene vital for expanding the yield, and producing high-quality graphene.
Low fabrication cost wavelength tunable WG-FP hybrid-cavity laser working over 1.7 μm
Authors: Meng Fangyuan , Yu Hongyan , Zhou Xuliang , Wang Mengqi , Zhang Yejin , Yang Wenyu , Pan Jiaoqing
Published: June 2022

A wide wavelength tuning range and single-mode hybrid cavity laser consists of a square Whispering-Gallery (WG) microcavity and a Fabry–Pérot (FP) was introduced and demonstrated. A wavelength tuning range over 12.5 nm from 1760.87 to 1773.39 nm which was single-mode emitting was obtained with the side-mode suppression ratio over 30 dB. The hybrid cavity laser does not need grating etching and special epitaxial structure, which reduces the fabrication difficulty and cost, and shows the potential for gas sensing with absorption lines in this range.
Intracortical current steering shifts the location of evoked neural activity
Authors: Meikle Sabrina J , Hagan Maureen A , Price Nicholas S C , Wong Yan T
Published: June 2022

Objective. Intracortical visual prostheses are being developed to restore sight in people who are blind. The resolution of artificial vision is dictated by the location, proximity and number of electrodes implanted in the brain. However, increasing electrode count and proximity is traded off against tissue damage. Hence, new stimulation methods are needed that can improve the resolution of artificial vision without increasing the number of electrodes. We investigated whether a technique known as current steering can improve the resolution of artificial vision provided by intracortical prostheses without increasing the number of physical electrodes in the brain. Approach. We explored how the locus of neuronal activation could be steered when low amplitude microstimulation was applied simultaneously to two intracortical electrodes. A 64-channel, four-shank electrode array was implanted into the visual cortex of rats (n = 7). The distribution of charge ranged from single-electrode stimulation (100%:0%) to an equal distribution between the two electrodes (50%:50%), thereby steering the current between the physical electrodes. The stimulating electrode separation varied between 300 and 500 μm. The peak of the evoked activity was defined as the ‘virtual electrode’ location. Main results. Current steering systematically shifted the virtual electrode on average between the stimulating electrodes as the distribution of charge was moved from one stimulating electrode to another. This effect was unclear in single trials due to the limited sampling of neurons. A model that scales the cortical response to each physical electrode when stimulated in isolation predicts the evoked virtual electrode response. Virtual electrodes were found to elicit a neural response as effectively and predictably as physical electrodes within cortical tissue on average. Significance. Current steering could be used to increase the resolution of intracortical electrode arrays without altering the number of physical electrodes which will reduce neural tissue damage, power consumption and potential heat dispersion issues.
Direct measurement of oxygen reduction reactions at neurostimulation electrodes
Authors: Ehlich Jiří , Migliaccio Ludovico , Sahalianov Ihor , Nikić Marta , Brodský Jan , Gablech Imrich , Vu Xuan Thang , Ingebrandt Sven , Głowacki Eric Daniel
Published: June 2022

Objective. Electric stimulation delivered by implantable electrodes is a key component of neural engineering. While factors affecting long-term stability, safety, and biocompatibility are a topic of continuous investigation, a widely-accepted principle is that charge injection should be reversible, with no net electrochemical products forming. We want to evaluate oxygen reduction reactions (ORR) occurring at different electrode materials when using established materials and stimulation protocols. Approach. As stimulation electrodes, we have tested platinum, gold, tungsten, nichrome, iridium oxide, titanium, titanium nitride, and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate). We use cyclic voltammetry and voltage-step amperometry in oxygenated versus inert conditions to establish at which potentials ORR occurs, and the magnitudes of diffusion-limited ORR currents. We also benchmark the areal capacitance of each electrode material. We use amperometric probes (Clark-type electrodes) to quantify the O2 and H2O2 concentrations in the vicinity of the electrode surface. O2 and H2O2 concentrations are measured while applying DC current, or various biphasic charge-balanced pulses of amplitude in the range 10–30 µC cm−2/phase. To corroborate experimental measurements, we employ finite element modelling to recreate 3D gradients of O2 and H2O2. Main results. All electrode materials support ORR and can create hypoxic conditions near the electrode surface. We find that electrode materials differ significantly in their onset potentials for ORR, and in the extent to which they produce H2O2 as a by-product. A key result is that typical charge-balanced biphasic pulse protocols do lead to irreversible ORR. Some electrodes induce severely hypoxic conditions, others additionally produce an accumulation of hydrogen peroxide into the mM range. Significance. Our findings highlight faradaic ORR as a critical consideration for neural interface devices and show that the established biphasic/charge-balanced approach does not prevent irreversible changes in O2 concentrations. Hypoxia and H2O2 can result in different (electro)physiological consequences.
Statistical mechanical approach of complex networks with weighted links
Authors: Oliveira Rute , Brito Samuraí , da Silva Luciano R , Tsallis Constantino
Published: June 2022

Systems that consist of many localized constituents interacting with each other can be represented by complex networks. Consistently, network science has become highly popular in vast fields focusing on natural, artificial and social systems. We numerically analyze the growth of d-dimensional geographic networks (characterized by the index α
G ⩾ 0; d = 1, 2, 3, 4) whose links are weighted through a predefined random probability distribution, namely

P

(

w

)

∝

e

−
|
w
−

w

c

|
/
τ

, w being the weight (w
c ⩾ 0; τ > 0). In this model, each site has an evolving degree k

i
and a local energy

ε

i

≡

∑

j
=
1

k

i

w

i
j

/
2

(i = 1, 2, …, N) that depend on the weights of the links connected to it. Each newly arriving site links to one of the pre-existing ones through preferential attachment given by the probability

Π

i
j

∝

ε

i

/

d

i
j

α

A

(

α

A

⩾
0

)

, where d

ij
is the Euclidean distance between the sites. Short- and long-range interactions respectively correspond to α
A/d > 1 and 0 ⩽ α
A/d ⩽ 1; α
A/d → ∞ corresponds to interactions between close neighbors, and α
A/d → 0 corresponds to infinitely-ranged interactions. The site energy distribution p(ɛ) corresponds to the usual degree distribution p(k) as the particular instance (w
c, τ) = (1, 0). We numerically verify that the corresponding connectivity distribution p(ɛ) converges, when α
A/d → ∞, to the weight distribution P(w) for infinitely wide distributions (i.e. τ → ∞, ∀w
c) as well as for w
c → 0, ∀τ. Finally, we show that p(ɛ) is well approached by the q-exponential distribution

e

q

−

β

q

|
ε
−

w

c

′

|

[

0
⩽

w

c

′

(

w

c

,

α

A

/
d

)

⩽

w

c

]

, which optimizes the nonadditive entropy S

q
under simple constraints; q depends only on α
A/d, thus exhibiting universality.
Aligning random graphs with a sub-tree similarity message-passing algorithm
Authors: Piccioli Giovanni , Semerjian Guilhem , Sicuro Gabriele , Zdeborová Lenka
Published: June 2022

The problem of aligning Erdős–Rényi random graphs is a noisy, average-case version of the graph isomorphism problem, in which a pair of correlated random graphs is observed through a random permutation of their vertices. We study a polynomial time message-passing algorithm devised to solve the inference problem of partially recovering the hidden permutation, in the sparse regime with constant average degrees. We perform extensive numerical simulations to determine the range of parameters in which this algorithm achieves partial recovery. We also introduce a generalized ensemble of correlated random graphs with prescribed degree distributions, and extend the algorithm to this case.
Contact process on weighted planar stochastic lattice
Authors: Alves Sidiney G , de Oliveira Marcelo M
Published: June 2022

We study the absorbing state phase transition in the contact process on the weighted planar stochastic (WPS) lattice. The WPS lattice is multifractal. Its dual network has a power-law degree distribution function and is also embedded in a bidimensional space. Moreover, it represents a novel way to introduce coordination disorder in lattice models. We investigated the critical behavior of the disordered system using extensive simulations. Our results show the critical behavior is distinct from that on a regular lattice, suggesting it belongs to a different universality class. We evaluate the exponent governing the bond fluctuations and our results agree with the Harris–Barghathi–Vojta criterium for relevant fluctuations.
Research on hidden problems of old protection based on bus protection remote trip and failure start-up loop
Authors: Wang Jingjing , Ma Yingxin , Liu Miao , Xin Guangming , Du Liyan , Li Jiashun
Published: June 2022

Combined with the hidden failure of misfiring remote trip when the double buses junction bypass pending, it was analyzed of bus protection operation without line protection function platen and remote trip on the opposite side without cause. Meanwhile processing strategies of bus protection about disconnect switch position, secondary circuits of optical-fiber longitudinal difference protection and the opposite side to receive remote trip were studied, and rectification measures such as withdrawal platen of bus protection for tripping circuit breaker when the circuit breaker was overhauled and the renovations for old protection were proposed;in the verification of the failure start circuit of power plants, it was found that standby transformers were not designed to start the failure and release the voltage blocking circuit, and the current settings for double sets of bus protection were inconsistent. And then different functional modes and the considerations for the rectification of the settings were introduced to avoid the special points of the protection in terms of devices, circuits and functions in different periods and to provide an reference for the operation and maintenance of many similar substations and power plants with old protection.