bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Highly Pathological Influenza A Virus Infection Is Associated with Augmented Expression of PD-1 by Functionally Compromised Virus-Specific CD8+T Cells
Authors: Rutigliano John A. , Sharma Shalini , Morris Melissa Y. , Oguin Thomas H. , McClaren Jennifer L. , Doherty Peter C. , Thomas Paul G.
Published: November 2013

One question that continues to challenge influenza A research is why some strains of virus are so devastating compared to their more mild counterparts. We approached this question from an immunological perspective, investigating the CD8+T cell response in a mouse model system comparing high- and low-pathological influenza virus infections. Our findings reveal that the early (day 0 to 5) viral titer was not the determining factor in the outcome of disease. Instead, increased numbers of antigen-specific CD8+T cells and elevated effector function on a per-cell basis were found in the low-pathological infection and correlated with reduced illness and later-time-point (day 6 to 10) viral titer. High-pathological infection was associated with increased PD-1 expression on influenza virus-specific CD8+T cells, and blockade of PD-L1in vivoled to reduced virus titers and increased CD8+T cell numbers in high- but not low-pathological infection, though T cell functionality was not restored. These data show that high-pathological acute influenza virus infection is associated with a dysregulated CD8+T cell response, which is likely caused by the more highly inflamed airway microenvironment during the early days of infection. Therapeutic approaches specifically aimed at modulating innate airway inflammation may therefore promote efficient CD8+T cell activity.

IMPORTANCEWe show that during a severe influenza virus infection, one type of immune cell, the CD8 T cell, is less abundant and less functional than in a more mild infection. This dysregulated T cell phenotype correlates with a lower rate of virus clearance in the severe infection and is partially regulated by the expression of a suppressive coreceptor called PD-1. Treatment with an antibody that blocks PD-1 improves T cell functionality and increases virus clearance.
A Lytic Viral Long Noncoding RNA Modulates the Function of a Latent Protein
Authors: Campbell Mel , Kim Kevin Y. , Chang Pei-Ching , Huerta Steve , Shevchenko Bogdan , Wang Don-Hong , Izumiya Chie , Kung Hsing-Jien , Izumiya Yoshihiro
Published: November 2013

Latent Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) episomes are coated with viral latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA). In contrast, LANA rapidly disassociates from episomes during reactivation. Lytic KSHV expresses polyadenylated nuclear RNA (PAN RNA), a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA). We report that PAN RNA promotes LANA-episome disassociation through an interaction with LANA which facilitates LANA sequestration away from KSHV episomes during reactivation. These findings suggest that KSHV may have evolved an RNA aptamer to regulate latent protein function.
Discovery of familial cerebral cavernous malformation in a Saudi population
Authors: Nahrir Shahpar , Al-Hameed Majed H , Al-Sinaidi Omar A , Al Shakweer Wafa
Published: November 2013

Familial cerebral cavernous malformation is a rare entity. It has been described commonly among the Hispanic population and sparsely among the Italian, French, Swedish and Chinese populations. We discovered two families with this condition among the Saudi population for the first time. Both the index patients had a seizure as a prominent manifestation of their underlying structural lesion. One of them had recurrent attacks of bleeding in the cavernoma leading to a focal neurological deficit. The siblings and the parents of both the patients were screened using CT of the brain imaging. Two members within each family were found to have symptomatic cavernoma. A molecular genetics study revealed heterozygous KRIT1/CCM1 for a frameshift mutation in one of the patients. No detectable mutation was found in the other patient. These cases illustrate the existence of this condition beyond the commonly known geographical area of higher prevalence. Moreover, KRIT1/CCM1 might be the possible target gene that is mutated in this region.
Extramammary Paget's disease of the Vulva
Authors: Gavriilidis Paschalis , Chrysanthopoulos Konstantinos , Gerasimidou Domniki
Published: November 2013

Vulvar Paget's disease is an extremely rare neoplasm that accounts for less than 1% of the vulvar malignancies. We present a case of a 75-year-old woman, who had an eczematoid lesion involving the labia majora and minora bilaterally, with infiltration to the clitoris. Enlarged non-fixed lymph nodes were palpable in the inguinal region bilaterally. A biopsy of the vulva showed Paget's disease. She underwent radical vulvectomy with bilateral inguinal lymph node dissection. The patient remained disease free at 6-month follow-up.
Rapidly progressive cerebellar ataxia in West Wales
Authors: Ali Khalid , Amin Reem , Yoganathan Kathir G , Powell Rob
Published: November 2013

Progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy (PML) is a severe demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that is caused by the JC virus infection. It is often fatal or severely disabling. PML exclusively happens in the context of cell-mediated immunosuppression. Prior to the era of HIV, PML was mainly confined to patients with haematological malignancies and rheumatological diseases. The HIV epidemic in the early eighties led to massive expansion in the incidence and prevalence of the disease. PML has also been recognised to happen due to treatment with monoclonal antibodies such as natalizumab, which is used as a disease-modifying agent for relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis and other monoclonal antibodies used in dermatological and haematological conditions. The clinical picture is that of cognitive decline, visual disturbance and hemiparesis. The correct clinicoradiological picture combined with demonstrating the JC virus DNA in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) using PCR (PMR) is enough to establish the diagnosis. Brain biopsy is rarely needed. Immune reconstitution represents the mainstay in the treatment of PML. We present a case of a 47-year-old man who presented with progressive cerebellar ataxia. Investigations confirmed PML. He was found to be HIV positive. We also review the literature.
Kaposi sarcoma in an patient with atopic dermatitis treated with ciclosporin
Authors: Wall Dmitri , McMenamin Mairín , O'Mahony Deirdre , Irvine Alan D
Published: November 2013

There are four clinical subtypes of Kaposi sarcoma (KS): classic, endemic, epidemic and iatrogenic. The geographical prevalence of the endemic variant matches areas of human herpes virus type 8 (HHV8) seroprevalence. The iatrogenic variant, seen in immunosuppressed patients, can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. This is the first report of KS described in the context of atopic dermatitis (AD) treated with ciclosporin (CSA). We report a case of KS in an HHV8 seropositive Congolese patient following immunosuppression with CSA for AD. Treatment has been challenging, protracted and associated with significant morbidity. Immunosuppressive therapies are increasingly used for inflammatory dermatological conditions, including AD. This case highlights the importance of HHV8 screening of patients from endemic regions or those with other risk factors. It also highlights the importance of early recognition of a condition associated with significant morbidity and even mortality to facilitate appropriate treatment.
A multifaceted intervention to improve sepsis management in general hospital wards with evaluation using segmented regression of interrupted time series
Authors: Marwick Charis A , Guthrie Bruce , Pringle Jan E C , Evans Josie M M , Nathwani Dilip , Donnan Peter T , Davey Peter G
Published: November 2013

Problem

Antibiotic administration to inpatients developing sepsis in general hospital wards was frequently delayed. We aimed to reproduce improvements in sepsis management reported in other settings.

Context

Ninewells Hospital, an 860-bed teaching hospital with quality improvement (QI) experience, in Scotland, UK. The intervention wards were 22 medical, surgical and orthopaedic inpatient wards.

Design

A multifaceted intervention, informed by baseline process data and questionnaires and interviews with junior doctors, evaluated using segmented regression analysis of interrupted time series (ITS) data.

Measures for improvement

Primary outcome measure: antibiotic administration within 4 hours of sepsis onset. Secondary measures: antibiotics within 8 hours; mean and median time to antibiotics; medical review within 30 min for patients with a standardised early warning system score ≥4; blood cultures taken before antibiotic administration; blood lactate level measured.

Strategies for change

The intervention included printed and electronic clinical guidance, educational clinical team meetings including baseline performance data, audit and monthly feedback on performance.

Effects of change

Performance against all study outcome measures improved postintervention but differences were small and ITS analysis did not attribute the observed changes to the intervention.

Lessons learnt

Rigorous analysis of this carefully designed improvement intervention could not confirm significant effects. Statistical analysis of many such studies is inadequate, and there is insufficient reporting of negative studies. In light of recent evidence, involving senior clinical team members in verbal feedback and action planning may have made the intervention more effective. Our focus on rigorous intervention design and evaluation was at the expense of iterative refinement, which likely reduced the effect. This highlights the necessary, but challenging, requirement to invest in all three components for effective QI.
Isolation, characterization, and formulation of antagonistic bacteria for the management of seedlings damping-off and root rot disease of cucumber
Authors: Khabbaz Salah Eddin , Abbasi Pervaiz A.
Published: November 2013

Antagonistic bacteria are common soil inhabitants with potential to be developed into biofungicides for the management of seedling damping-off, root rot, and other soil-borne diseases of various crops. In this study, antagonistic bacteria were isolated from a commercial potato field and screened for their growth inhibition of fungal and oomycete pathogens in laboratory tests. The biocontrol potential of the 3 most effective antagonistic bacteria from the in vitro tests was evaluated against seedling damping-off and root rot of cucumber caused by Pythium ultimum. Based on phenotypic characteristics, biochemical tests, and sequence analysis of 16S–23S rDNA gene, the 3 antagonistic bacteria were identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens (isolate 9A-14), Pseudomonas sp. (isolate 8D-45), and Bacillus subtilis (isolate 8B-1). All 3 bacteria promoted plant growth and suppressed Pythium damping-off and root rot of cucumber seedlings in growth-room assays. Both pre- and post-planting application of these bacteria to an infested peat mix significantly increased plant fresh masses by 113%–184% and percentage of healthy seedlings by 100%–290%, and decreased damping-off and root rot severity by 27%–50%. The peat and talc formulations of these antagonistic bacteria applied as seed or amendment treatments to the infested peat mix effectively controlled Pythium damping-off and root rot of cucumber seedlings and enhanced plant growth. The survival of all 3 antagonistic bacteria in peat and talc formulations decreased over time at room temperature, but the populations remained above 108CFU/g during the 180-day storage period. The peat formulation of a mixture of 3 bacteria was the best seed treatment, significantly increasing the plant fresh masses by 245% as compared with the Pythium control, and by 61.4% as compared with the noninfested control. This study suggests that the indigenous bacteria from agricultural soils can be developed and formulated as biofungicides for minimizing the early crop losses caused by seedling damping-off and root rot diseases.
LAYER MULTIPLE SCATTERING CALCULATIONS FOR NONRECIPROCAL PHOTONIC STRUCTURES
Authors: CHRISTOFI A. , STEFANOU N.
Published: November 2013

We present an extension of the layer-multiple-scattering method to photonic crystals of gyrotropic spheres in a homogeneous host medium. The efficiency of the method is demonstrated on specific examples of three-dimensional chiral structures and surfaces of crystals of plasma spheres in an external static uniform magnetic field that lack, simultaneously, time-reversal and space-inversion symmetries, and exhibit a nonreciprocal spectral response.
LAG SYNCHRONIZATION OF COULLET SYSTEM VIA A SINGLE CONTROL
Authors: SHI XUE-RONG , WANG ZUOLEI
Published: November 2013

In this paper, based on Lyapunov stability theory, a novel scheme is proposed to explore the lag synchronization of Coullet system. Via back stepping method, the scheme needs only a single controller and the sufficient condition of synchronization is derived. To illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme, some numerical simulations are presented.
ONE-DIMENSIONAL LONG RANGE WIDOM–ROWLINSON MODEL WITH PERIODIC PARTICLE ACTIVITIES
Authors: SENSOY AHMET
Published: November 2013

In this paper, we consider a one-dimensional long range Widom–Rowlinson model when particle activity parameters are periodic and biased. We show that if the interaction is sufficiently large versus particle activities then the model does not exhibit a phase transition at low temperatures.
STRUCTURE AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES IN RUTHENIUM-BASED FULL-HEUSLER ALLOYS: AB INITIO CALCULATIONS
Authors: BAHLOULI S. , AARIZOU Z. , ELCHIKH M.
Published: November 2013

In this paper, we present ab initio calculations within density functional theory (DFT) to investigate structure, electronic and magnetic properties of Ru 2 CrZ ( Z = Si , Ge and Sn ) full-Heusler alloys. We have used the developed full-potential linearized muffin tin orbitals (FP-LMTO) based on the local spin density approximation (LSDA) with the PLane Wave expansion (PLW). In particular, we found that these Ruthenium-based Heusler alloys have the antiferromagnetic (AFM) type II as ground state. Then, we studied and discussed the magnetic properties belonging to our different magnetic structures: AFM type II, AFM type I and ferromagnetic (FM) phase. We also found that Ru 2 CrSi and Ru 2 CrGe exhibit a semiconducting behavior whereas Ru 2 CrSn has a semimetallic-like behavior as it is experimentally found. We made an estimation of Néel temperatures (T N ) in the framework of the mean-field theory and used the energy differences approach to deduce the relevant short-range nearest-neighbor (J1) and next-nearest-neighbor (J2) interactions. The calculated T N are somewhat overestimated to the available experimental ones.
THE STRUCTURAL AND DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF COBALT METAL UNDER TEMPERATURE
Authors: KIEN P. H. , HUNG P. K.
Published: November 2013

In this paper, cobalt metal is investigated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation with the Pak–Doyam potential. The models of cobalt metal are constructed in a wide temperature range. The simulation reveals that the cobalt metal may exist in three phases: amorphous, nano-crystalline and liquid in the temperature range from 200 K to 1500 K. The structure of obtained models Co is analyzed through the radial distribution function (RDF), coordination number distribution and dependence of the Wendt–Abraham ratio defined as g min /g max under temperature. The simulation found a large number of native vacancies depending on the relaxation degree. The number of these native vacancies can play a role of diffusion vehicle for cobalt atom in amorphous matrix. The diffusion coefficient of cobalt atom in liquid and amorphous phases is evaluated by Einstein equation and concentration of native vacancies.
AB INITIO STUDY OF PHONON DISPERSION AND ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF L12 INTERMETALLICS Ti3Al AND Y3Al
Authors: ARIKAN N. , ERSEN M. , OCAK H. Y. , İYIGÖR A. , CANDAN A. , UǦUR Ş , UǦUR G. , KHENATA R. , VARSHNEY D.
Published: November 2013

In this paper, the structural, elastic and phonon properties of Ti 3 Al and Y 3 Al in L1 2( Cu 3 Al ) phase are studied by performing first-principles calculations within the generalized gradient approximation. The calculated lattice constants, static bulk moduli, first-order pressure derivative of bulk moduli and elastic constants for both compounds are reported. The phonon dispersion curves along several high-symmetry lines at the Brillouin zone, together with the corresponding phonon density of states, are determined using the first-principles linear-response approach of the density functional perturbation theory. Temperature variations of specific heat in the range of 0–500 K are obtained using the quasi-harmonic model.
A NOVEL APPLICATION OF A CLASSICAL METHOD FOR CALCULATING THEBASIC REPRODUCTIVE NUMBER, R0FOR A GENDER AND RISK STRUCTURED TRANSMISSION DYNAMIC MODEL OF HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTION
Authors: TOBIN KATY , COMISKEY CATHERINE
Published: November 2013

Mathematical models are increasingly being used in the evaluation of control strategies for infectious disease such as the vaccination program for the Human Papillomavirus (HPV). Here, an ordinary differential equation (ODE) transmission dynamic model for HPV is presented and analyzed. Parameter values for a gender and risk structured model are estimated by calibrating the model around the known prevalence of infection. The effect on gender and risk sub-group prevalence induced by varying the epidemiological parameters are investigated. Finally, the outcomes of this model are applied using a classical mathematical method for calculating R0in a heterogeneous mixing population. Estimates for R0under various gender and mixing scenarios are presented.
Constraints on the movement history of the Carboneras Fault Zone (SE Spain) from stratigraphy and
40
Ar–
39
Ar dating of Neogene volcanic rocks
Authors: Rutter E. H. , Burgess R. , Faulkner D. R.
Published: November 2013

The Carboneras Fault Zone (CFZ) of SE Spain separates the volcanic Cabo de Gata terrain to the SE (accumulated over 18 to 6 Ma BP) from the tract of uplifted Alpine metamorphic basement blocks and post-orogenic basins that comprise the Betic Cordilleras to the NW. The CFZ cuts metamorphic basement and folded post-orogenic sediments and volcanic rocks, and acted as a conduit for upper Miocene calc-alkaline volcanic rocks to the surface. NW of the CFZ, unconformities and deformation episodes affect successive sedimentary formations of upper Miocene age (upper Serravallian through Messinian). CFZ movements are constrained stratigraphically by an unconformity within the volcanic sequence. Older, pre-faulting volcanic rocks are uptilted against the CFZ whilst the youngest volcanic rocks step across it.
40
Ar–
39
Ar age determinations on amphibole crysts from the volcanic rocks show the main CFZ movements began 11–12 Ma BP and ended about 6 Ma. Lesser movement rates continue today. The CFZ is interpreted as part of a transform fault system separating NE–SW stretched and NW–SE shortened crust deformed above a southwestward-retreating subducted slab, from a less deformed terrain lying to the SE. Locally, total offset on the CFZ may be up to 40 km but is at least 15 km.
cGMP inhibition of type 3 phosphodiesterase is the major mechanism by which C-type natriuretic peptide activates CFTR in the shark rectal gland
Authors: De Jonge Hugo R. , Tilly Ben C. , Hogema Boris M. , Pfau Daniel J. , Kelley Catherine A. , Kelley Megan H. , Melita August M. , Morris Montana T. , Viola Ryan M. , Forrest John N.
Published: November 2013

The in vitro perfused rectal gland of the dogfish shark ( Squalus acanthias) and filter-grown monolayers of primary cultures of shark rectal gland (SRG) epithelial cells were used to analyze the signal transduction pathway by which C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) stimulates chloride secretion. CNP binds to natriuretic receptors in the basolateral membrane, elevates cellular cGMP, and opens cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) chloride channels in the apical membrane. CNP-provoked chloride secretion was completely inhibitable by the nonspecific protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine and the PKA inhibitor H89 but insensitive to H8, an inhibitor of type I and II isoforms of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (cGKI and cGKII). CNP-induced secretion could not be mimicked by nonhydrolyzable cGMP analogs added alone or in combination with the protein kinase C activator phorbolester, arguing against a role for cGK or for cGMP-induced PKC signaling. We failed to detect a dogfish ortholog of cGKII by molecular cloning and affinity chromatography. However, inhibitors of the cGMP-inhibitable isoform of phosphodiesterase (PDE3) including milrinone, amrinone, and cilostamide but not inhibitors of other PDE isoenzymes mimicked the effect of CNP on chloride secretion in perfused glands and monolayers. CNP raised cGMP and cAMP levels in the SRG epithelial cells. This rise in cAMP as well as the CNP and amrinone-provoked chloride secretion, but not the rise in cGMP, was almost completely blocked by the Gαi-coupled adenylyl cyclase inhibitor somatostatin, arguing against a role for cGMP cross-activation of PKA in CNP action. These data provide molecular, functional, and pharmacological evidence for a CNP/cGMP/PDE3/cAMP/PKA signaling cascade coupled to CFTR in the SRG.
The role of cAMP-mediated intracellular signaling in regulating Na+uptake in zebrafish larvae
Authors: Kumai Yusuke , Kwong Raymond W. M. , Perry Steve F.
Published: November 2013

In the current study, the role of cAMP in stimulating Na+uptake in larval zebrafish was investigated. Treating larvae at 4 days postfertilization (dpf) with 10 μM forskolin or 1 μM 8-bromo cAMP significantly increased Na+uptake by three-fold and twofold, respectively. The cAMP-dependent stimulation of Na+uptake was probably unrelated to protein trafficking via microtubules because pretreatment with 200 μM colchicine or 30 μM nocodazole did not attenuate the magnitude of the response. Na+uptake was stimulated markedly following acute (2 h) exposure to acidic water. The acid-induced increase in Na+uptake was accompanied by a twofold elevation in whole body cAMP levels and attenuated by inhibiting PKA with 10 μM H-89. Knockdown of Na+-H+exchanger 3b (NHE3b) attenuated, but did not abolish, the stimulation of Na+uptake during forskolin treatment. In glial cell missing 2 morphants, in which the role of NHE3b in Na+uptake is diminished and the Na+-Cl−cotransporter (NCC) becomes the predominant route of Na+entry, forskolin treatment continued to increase Na+uptake. These data suggest that at least NHE3b and NCC are targeted by cAMP in zebrafish larvae. Staining of larvae with fluorescent forskolin and propranolol revealed the presence of transmembrane adenylyl cyclase within multiple subtypes of ionocytes expressing β-adrenergic receptors. Taken together, results of the present study demonstrate that cAMP-mediated intracellular signaling may regulate multiple Na+transporters and plays an important role in regulating Na+uptake in zebrafish larvae during acute exposure to an acidic environment.
Parabrachial-hypothalamic interactions are required for normal conditioned taste aversions
Authors: Dayawansa Samantha , Ruch Stacey , Norgren Ralph
Published: November 2013

Rats with bilateral excitotoxic lesions of the parabrachial nuclei (PBN) fail to acquire a conditioned taste aversion (CTA), yet they retain the ability to express a CTA learned prior to incurring the damage. Rats with bilateral electrolytic lesions of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) also have CTA learning deficits. The PBN have reciprocal neural connections with the LH. This suggests that these CTA deficits may be functionally related. Electrolytic lesions damage fibers of passage, as well as intrinsic neurons. Thus, these LH lesions might also interrupt reciprocal connections between the PBN and other ventral forebrain areas, such as the amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. To distinguish the source of the LH-lesion deficit, we tested for CTA first after bilateral excitotoxic lesions of LH and subsequently with a second set of animals that had asymmetric excitotoxic PBN and LH lesions. The rats with bilateral excitotoxic LH lesions showed deficits when acquiring a postlesion CTA. The asymmetrical PBN-LH lesions not only slowed acquisition of a CTA but also sped up extinction. This implies that interaction between the two structures, at minimum, facilitates CTA learning and may have a role in its consolidation.
Mineralocorticoid receptor in the NTS stimulates saline intake during fourth ventricular infusions of aldosterone
Authors: Koneru Bhuvaneswari , Bathina Chandra Sekhar , Cherry Brandon H. , Mifflin Steve W.
Published: November 2013

The purpose of this study was to determine whether neurons within the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) that express the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) play a role in aldosterone stimulation of salt intake. Adult Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats received microinjections into the NTS of a short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) for the MR, to site specifically reduce levels of the MR by RNA interference (shRNA; n = 9) or scrambled RNA as a control (scRNA; n = 8). After injection of the viral construct, aldosterone-filled osmotic minipumps were implanted subcutaneously and connected to a cannula extending into the fourth ventricle to infuse aldosterone at a rate of 25 ng/h. Before and after surgeries, rats had ad libitum access to normal sodium (0.26%) rat chow and two graduated drinking bottles filled with either distilled water or 0.3 M NaCl. Before the surgeries, basal saline intake was 1.6 ± 0.6 ml in the scRNA group and 1.56 ± 0.6 ml in the shRNA group. Twenty-four days postsurgery, saline intake was elevated to a greater extent in the scRNA group (5.9 ± 1.07 ml) than in the shRNA group (2.41 ± 0.6 ml). Post mortem immunohistochemistry revealed a significant reduction in the number of NTS neurons exhibiting immunoreactivity for MR in shRNA-injected rats (23 ± 1 cells/section) versus scRNA-injected rats (33 ± 2 cells/section; P = 0.008). shRNA did not alter the level of 11-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type II (HSD2) protein in the NTS as judged by the number of HSD2 immunoreactive neurons. These results suggest that fourth ventricular infusions of aldosterone stimulate saline intake, and that this stimulation is at least in part mediated by hindbrain NTS neurons that express MR.
Global analysis of the effects of the V2 receptor antagonist satavaptan on protein phosphorylation in collecting duct
Authors: Hoffert Jason D. , Pisitkun Trairak , Saeed Fahad , Wilson Justin L. , Knepper Mark A.
Published: November 2013

Satavaptan (SR121463) is a vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist that has been shown to improve hyponatremia in patients with cirrhosis, congestive heart failure, and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis. While known to inhibit adenylyl cyclase-mediated accumulation of intracellular cyclic AMP and potentially recruit β-arrestin in kidney cell lines, very little is known regarding the signaling pathways that are affected by this drug. To this end, we carried out a global quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of native rat inner medullary collecting duct cells pretreated with satavaptan or vehicle control followed by the V2 receptor agonist desmopressin (dDAVP) for 0.5, 2, 5, or 15 min. A total of 2,449 unique phosphopeptides from 1,160 proteins were identified. Phosphopeptides significantly changed by satavaptan included many of the same kinases [protein kinase A, phosphoinositide 3-kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 (TAK1), and calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase 2] and channels (aquaporin-2 and urea transporter UT-A1) regulated by vasopressin. Time course clustering and kinase motif analysis suggest that satavaptan blocks dDAVP-mediated activation of basophilic kinases, while also blocking dDAVP-mediated inhibition of proline-directed kinases. Satavaptan affects a variety of dDAVP-mediated processes including regulation of cell-cell junctions, actin cytoskeleton dynamics, and signaling through Rho GTPases. These results demonstrate that, overall, satavaptan acts as a selective V2 receptor antagonist and affects many of the same signaling pathways regulated by vasopressin. This study represents the first “systems-wide” analysis of a “vaptan”-class drug and provides a wealth of new data regarding the effects of satavaptan on vasopressin-mediated phosphorylation events.
Stimulation of the substantia nigra influences the specification of memory-guided saccades
Authors: Mahamed Safraaz , Garrison Tiffany J. , Shires Joel , Basso Michele A.
Published: November 2013

In the absence of sensory information, we rely on past experience or memories to guide our actions. Because previous experimental and clinical reports implicate basal ganglia nuclei in the generation of movement in the absence of sensory stimuli, we ask here whether one output nucleus of the basal ganglia, the substantia nigra pars reticulata (nigra), influences the specification of an eye movement in the absence of sensory information to guide the movement. We manipulated the level of activity of neurons in the nigra by introducing electrical stimulation to the nigra at different time intervals while monkeys made saccades to different locations in two conditions: one in which the target location remained visible and a second in which the target location appeared only briefly, requiring information stored in memory to specify the movement. Electrical manipulation of the nigra occurring during the delay period of the task, when information about the target was maintained in memory, altered the direction and the occurrence of subsequent saccades. Stimulation during other intervals of the memory task or during the delay period of the visually guided saccade task had less effect on eye movements. On stimulated trials, and only when the visual stimulus was absent, monkeys occasionally (∼20% of the time) failed to make saccades. When monkeys made saccades in the absence of a visual stimulus, stimulation of the nigra resulted in a rotation of the endpoints ipsilaterally (∼2°) and increased the reaction time of contralaterally directed saccades. When the visual stimulus was present, stimulation of the nigra resulted in no significant rotation and decreased the reaction time of contralaterally directed saccades slightly. Based on these measurements, stimulation during the delay period of the memory-guided saccade task influenced the metrics of saccades much more than did stimulation during the same period of the visually guided saccade task. Because these effects occurred with manipulation of nigral activity well before the initiation of saccades and in trials in which the visual stimulus was absent, we conclude that information from the basal ganglia influences the specification of an action as it is evolving primarily during performance of memory-guided saccades. When visual information is available to guide the specification of the saccade, as occurs during visually guided saccades, basal ganglia information is less influential.
Synchronization between Two Discrete-Time Networks with Mutual Couplings
Authors: Xiao Meng , Sun Weigang , Chen Fangyue
Published: November 2013

We investigate synchronization between two discrete-time networks with mutual couplings, including inner synchronization inside each network and outer synchronization between two networks. We then obtain a synchronized criterion for the inner synchronization inside each network by the method of linear matrix inequality and derive a relationship between the inner and outer synchronization. Finally, we show numerical examples to verify our theoretical analysis and discuss the effect of coupling strengths, node dynamics, and topological structures on the inner and outer synchronization. Compared to the inner synchronization inside each network, the outer synchronization between two networks is difficult to achieve.
Role of FNA and Core Biopsy of Primary and Metastatic Liver Disease
Authors: McGahan John P. , Bishop John , Webb John , Howell Lydia , Torok Natalie , Lamba Ramit , Corwin Michael T.
Published: November 2013

Objective. To examine our experience with cytology and histology biopsy of the liver and to define methods for improvement of diagnosis of primary liver tumors.Methods. This include retrospective study of 189 biopsies of 185 liver masses for cytological or histological analysis. Patients were subdivided into two groups. Group 1 consisted of 124 suspected metastasis. Group 2 consisted of 61 suspected primary neoplasms. Biopsies were considered positive or equivocal. In equivocal cases, special stains were performed. In Group 2, cases were classified by contrast CT or MRI as to (I) classic HCC, (II) infiltrated HCC, or (Ill) equivocal.Results. Definitive diagnosis was obtained in 117/124 masses (94%) in Group 1, 48/61 masses (79%) in Group 2, and (Ill) equivocal 13 cases in Group II. In two equivocal cases in which special stains were performed, they were reclassified as HCC. In 8/13 cases, CT findings were consistent with HCC.Conclusion. Liver biopsies are useful in obtaining a definitive diagnosis of suspected metastatic liver disease. Biopsy results are less reliable in patients with suspected primary liver tumors. In these situations, strategies can include basing treatment on imaging criteria or use of newer special pathological stains.Advances in Knowledge. Use of newer special immunological stains improves accuracy in definitive diagnosis of primary liver tumors.
Review of Ni-Cu Based Front Side Metallization for c-Si Solar Cells
Authors: Raval Mehul C. , Solanki Chetan S.
Published: November 2013

Given the high percentage of metal cost in cell processing and concerns due to increasing Ag prices, alternative metallization schemes are being considered. Ni-Cu based front side metallization offers potential advantages of finer grid lines, lower series resistance, and reduced costs. A brief overview of various front side patterning techniques is presented. Subsequently, working principle of various plating techniques is discussed. For electroless plated Ni seed layer, fill factor values nearing 80% and efficiencies close to 17.5% have been demonstrated, while for Light Induced Plating deposited layers, an efficiency of 19.2% has been reported. Various methods for qualifying adhesion and long term stability of metal stack are discussed. Adhesion strengths in the range of 1–2.7 N/mm have been obtained for Ni-Cu contacts tabbed with conventional soldering process. Given the significance of metallization properties, different methods for characterization are outlined. The problem of background plating for Ni-Cu based metallization along with the various methods for characterization is summarized. An economic evaluation of front side metallization indicates process cost saving of more than 50% with Ni-Cu-Sn based layers. Recent successful commercialization and demonstration of Ni-Cu based metallization on industrial scale indicate a potential major role of Ni-Cu based contacts in near future.
The Anatomical Correlation between the Internal Venous Vertebral System and the Cranial Venae Cavae in Rabbit
Authors: Mazensky David , Petrovova Eva , Danko Jan
Published: November 2013

The aim of this study was to describe the possible variations in the connection between the internal venous vertebral system and the cranial vena cava in rabbit using corrosion technique. The study was carried out on 40 adult New Zealand white rabbits. The venous system was injected by using Batson's corrosion casting kit number 17. We found the connection between the internal venous vertebral system and the cranial vena cava by means of the vertebral veins and the right azygos vein. The vertebral vein was present as independent tributary in 36 cases (90%). In the rest of the cases, it was found as being double, being triple, or forming a common trunk with other veins. The azygos vein was present as independent tributary of the cranial vena cava in 39 cases (97.5%). We found also a common trunk formed by the junction of the deep cervical vein, the right vertebral vein, and the azygos vein in one case (2.5%). The azygos vein received 6, 7, 8, or 9 pairs of dorsal intercostal veins. Documenting the anatomical variations in the rabbit will aid in the planning of future experimental studies and determining the clinical relevance on such studies.
Dynamic Behavior for an SIRS Model with Nonlinear Incidence Rate and Treatment
Authors: Li Junhong , Cui Ning
Published: November 2013

This paper considers an SIRS model with nonlinear incidence rate and treatment. It is assumed that susceptible and infectious individuals have constant immigration rates. We investigate the existence of equilibrium and prove the global asymptotical stable results of the endemic equilibrium. We then obtained that the model undergoes a Hopf bifurcation and existences a limit cycle. Some numerical simulations are given to illustrate the analytical results.
Statistical Summability of Double Sequences through de la Vallée-Poussin Mean in Probabilistic Normed Spaces
Authors: Mohiuddine S. A. , Alotaibi Abdullah
Published: November 2013

The purpose of this paper is to define some new types of summability methods for double sequences involving the ideas of de la Vallée-Poussin mean in the framework of probabilistic normed spaces and establish some interesting results.
Prognostic Significance of DR-70 Levels in Dysplastic Colorectal Polyps
Authors: Yesil Atakan , Babacan Abanonu Gul , Colak Yasar , Paker Nurcan , Gonen Can
Published: November 2013

Background. To investigate the relationship between DR-70 serum levels and dysplastic colon polyps.Materials and Methods. A total of 130 patients with adenomatous polyps detected by colonoscopy and divided into two groups including low versus high grade polyp, along with 50 healthy blood donors were included in the study. Blood samples from each participant were analyzed for serum CEA and DR-70 levels.Results. No statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of age or gender. The median DR-70 level was 0.5 μg/mL in the healthy control group and 1.1 μg/mL in group 1b (i.e., the high grade polyp) (P<0.001). DR-70 was higher in group 1b as compared to group 1a (P<0.001). However, the median DR-70 values for the low grade polyp group (i.e., group 1a) and the control group were similar (P=0.067). In order to determine independent predictors of high grade dysplasia, CEA, DR-70, polyp size, and age parameters were subjected to multiple logistical regression analyses via the Enter method; the model was statistically significant (P<0.001).Conclusions. DR-70, a marker used to measure FDP, which is generated by all major cancers, is a potential marker to identify patients with advanced adenomatous polyps, that is, precursors of colorectal cancer.
Integrity Design for Networked Control Systems with Actuator Failures and Data Packet Dropouts
Authors: Qi Xiaomei , Gu Jason
Published: November 2013

The integrity design problem of fault tolerant control for networked control system (NCS) with actuator failures and data packet dropouts is investigated. The data packet dropouts in both sensor-controller (S-C) and controller-actuator (C-A) links are described by two switches, which can be modeled as a discrete event system with known rate. After introducing the matrix of actuator failure, the closed-loop NCS is developed, which can be viewed as asynchronous dynamical systems (ADSs). Then, the sufficiency of exponential stability for the NCS is obtained based on the theory of ADSs. The output feedback controllers that can guarantee system stability are also proposed. Finally, two numerical examples are given to demonstrate the validity of our proposed approach.
Estimation of Curvature Changes for Steel-Concrete Composite Bridge Using Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors
Authors: Kang Donghoon , Chung Wonseok
Published: November 2013

This study is focused on the verification of the key idea of a newly developed steel-concrete composite bridge. The key idea of the proposed bridge is to reduce the design moment by applying vertical prestressing force to steel girders, so that a moment distribution of a continuous span bridge is formed in a simple span bridge. For the verification of the key technology, curvature changes of the bridge should be monitored sequentially at every construction stage. A pair of multiplexed FBG sensor arrays is proposed in order to measure curvature changes in this study. They are embedded in a full-scale test bridge and measured local strains, which are finally converted to curvatures. From the result of curvature changes, it is successfully ensured that the key idea of the proposed bridge, expected theoretically, is viable.
The Continuing Debate on Deep Molluscan Phylogeny: Evidence for Serialia (Mollusca, Monoplacophora + Polyplacophora)
Authors: Stöger I. , Sigwart J. D. , Kano Y. , Knebelsberger T. , Marshall B. A. , Schwabe E. , Schrödl M.
Published: November 2013

Molluscs are a diverse animal phylum with a formidable fossil record. Although there is little doubt about the monophyly of the eight extant classes, relationships between these groups are controversial. We analysed a comprehensive multilocus molecular data set for molluscs, the first to include multiple species from all classes, including five monoplacophorans in both extant families. Our analyses of five markers resolve two major clades: the first includes gastropods and bivalves sister to Serialia (monoplacophorans and chitons), and the second comprises scaphopods sister to aplacophorans and cephalopods. Traditional groupings such as Testaria, Aculifera, and Conchifera are rejected by our data with significant Approximately Unbiased (AU) test values. A new molecular clock indicates that molluscs had a terminal Precambrian origin with rapid divergence of all eight extant classes in the Cambrian. The recovery of Serialia as a derived, Late Cambrian clade is potentially in line with the stratigraphic chronology of morphologically heterogeneous early mollusc fossils. Serialia is in conflict with traditional molluscan classifications and recent phylogenomic data. Yet our hypothesis, as others from molecular data, implies frequent molluscan shell and body transformations by heterochronic shifts in development and multiple convergent adaptations, leading to the variable shells and body plans in extant lineages.
An Exploratory Survey ofDeqiSensation from the Views and Experiences of Chinese Patients and Acupuncturists
Authors: Yuan Hong-Wen , Ma Liang-Xiao , Zhang Peng , Lin Chi , Qi Dan-Dan , Li Jing , Xin Si-Yuan , Hu Ni-Juan , Li Chun-Hua , Liu Yu-Qi , Hao Jie , Xie Jie-Ping , Cui Hai , Zhu Jiang
Published: November 2013

Deqisensation is believed to be important in clinical efficacy according to TCM theory. The measuring method ofDeqisensation has significant implications for the result of research trials. This study makes an investigation on acupuncture-experienced patients and expert acupuncturists in China and aims to find out the patient’s needling sensations and acupuncturist’s sensations which can be acceptable as descriptors ofDeqisensation, so as to provide foundation for more systematic and sensitive quantitative evaluation method ofDeqisensation. Results of this survey indicated that theDeqisensation noted by both patient and acupuncturist is equally important to the treatment efficacy. It is found that there are some differences between the patients’ real-life experience and the acupuncturists’ expectations on patients’Deqisensation. The “dull pain,” “aching,” “sore,” “numb,” “distended,” “heavy,” “electric,” “throbbing,” “warmness,” “coolness,” “spreading,” and “radiating” can be considered as the main manifestations ofDeqisensations. The acupuncturists believed thatDeqisensations were mainly “pulling,” “tight,” and “throbbing.” We suggest developing a questionnaire measuring theDeqisensations which includes both the sensations of the patient and acupuncturist, and this would be very important and necessary for a better understanding of the relationship betweenDeqisensation and acupuncture effects in future studies.
Towards Robust Routing in Three-Dimensional Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Xu Ming , Liu Guangzhong , Wu Huafeng , Sun Wei
Published: November 2013

The areas of three-dimensional (3D) underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) have attracted significant attention recently due to their applications in detecting and observing phenomena that cannot be adequately observed by means of two-dimensional UWSNs. However, designing routing protocols for UWSNs is a challenging task because path breakage occurs frequently due to uncertain node and link failures. In this paper, we present a Robust Routing Protocol (RRP) that aims to achieve robustness under harsh underwater conditions of 3D UWSNs. In RRP, each sensor has a data structure called backup bin, which allows to construct main backup links and auxiliary backup links for repairing failed links and ensuring normal data delivery. Moreover, sensor nodes can also enlarge their transmission range to build new links when the main routing path is not reachable through backup links. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol can reduce node and link failures' impact on metrics of packet delivery ratio, network throughput, energy consumption, and average end-to-end delay.
The Addition of Graphene to Polymer Coatings for Improved Weathering
Authors: Nuraje Nurxat , Khan Shifath I. , Misak Heath , Asmatulu Ramazan
Published: November 2013

Graphene nanoflakes in different weight percentages were added to polyurethane top coatings, and the coatings were evaluated relative to exposure to two different experimental conditions: one a QUV accelerated weathering cabinet, while the other a corrosion test carried out in a salt spray chamber. After the exposure tests, the surface morphology and chemical structure of the coatings were investigated via atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) imaging. Our results show that the addition of graphene does in fact improve the resistance of the coatings against ultraviolet (UV) degradation and corrosion. It is believed that this process will improve the properties of the polyurethane top coating used in many industries against environmental factors.
Field Emission Properties of the Graphene Double‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Hybrid Films Prepared by Vacuum Filtration and Screen Printing
Authors: Xu Jinzhuo , Feng Tao , Chen Yiwei , Sun Zhuo
Published: November 2013

The graphene double‐walled carbon nanotube (DWCNT) hybrid films were prepared by vacuum filtration and screen printing. Their electron field emission properties have been studied systematically. The electron emission properties of the hybrid films are much better than those of pure DWCNT films and pure graphene films. Comparing with the screen printed films, the vacuum filtered films have many advantages, such as lower turn‐on field, higher emission current density, better uniformity, better long‐term stability, and stronger adhesive strength with conductive substrates. The optimized hybrid films with 20% weight ratio of graphene, which were fabricated by vacuum filtration, show the best electron emission performances with a low turn‐on field of 0.50 Vμm−1 (at 1 μAcm−2) and a high field enhancement factor β of 27000.
Optimization Algorithm of Control Channel Selection for Wireless Networks
Authors: Chen Jian , Yu Huahui , Hua Jingyu , Zhang Xiaoyan
Published: November 2013

Control channel is used to transmit protocol or signal information between wireless network nodes and is a key component of wireless network. Compared with data information, protocol or signal information is usually much less, so the spectrum bandwidth requirement of control channel is also much less than that of data channel. In order to optimize the usage of the limited spectrum resources, this paper focuses on the issue of control channel selection. We propose a greedy algorithm which minimizes the total spectrum bandwidth of the set of control channels. Theoretical analysis proves that the proposed algorithm can achieve the optimal set of control whose sum of the spectrum bandwidth is the minimum. Simulation results also show that the proposed algorithm consumes less spectrum resources than other algorithms in the same wireless network environment.