bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tradición, modernidad y transgresión en las artes escénicas españolas durante el franquismo: Víctor Cortezo y la escenografía de La cena del rey Baltasar (1939-1954) = Tradition, Modernity and Transgression during Francoism: Víctor Cortezo and the Scenography of La Cena del Rey Baltasar (1939-1945)
Authors: López Fernández Raquel
Published: December 2018

Los autos sacramentales gozaron durante el “primer franquismo” de una segunda época de esplendor relacionada con su poder propagandístico. Su conexión con el Imperio, su evocación de un pasado glorioso y su exaltación político-religiosa los asociaban con las principales directrices de la ideología nacionalcatólica imperante. Representados en distintos actos de la dictadura, algunos de ellos, como los decorados por el pintor Víctor Cortezo, presentan características controvertidas que pueden ser explicadas por su vínculo con una modernidad pocas veces planteada para el arte de ese período. Las creaciones de este artista ponen de relieve la capacidad transgresora de las artes escénicas dentro de la más férrea oficialidad de la dictadura franquista.The Autos sacramentales reached their second splendour period during the “first Francoism”, given their propagandist power. Their connections to the Empire, their evocation of a glorious past, and their political and religious resonances associated them with the prevailing National Catholicism. These were played in several of the dictatorship official acts, and some of them, such as those with sceneries created by painter Victor Cortezo, introduce some controversial features which have linked their art to a modernity which was rarely seen during this period. The painter’s creations also highlight the performing arts’ capacity of transgression within the strictness of the Franco dictatorship.
El comercio de antigüedades en España a comienzos del siglo XX: el caso de José Gestoso y Pérez (1852-1917) = The Trading of Antiques in Spain at the Beginning of the 20th Century: The Case of José Gestoso y Pérez (1852-1917)
Authors: De Tena Ramírez Carmen
Published: December 2018

Este artículo presenta la actividad desarrollada por el erudito sevillano José Gestoso y Pérez en el comercio de antigüedades en España a principios del siglo XX. Para su estudio y análisis hemos recurrido a documentación inédita presente en el epistolario de Gestoso que acredita su intervención en distintos episodios de compra-venta de objetos artísticos, así como la amplia red de contactos establecida entre él y conocidos marchantes europeos, anticuarios, comunidades religiosas y el Arzobispado de Sevilla. Con este trabajo tratamos de acrecentar el conocimiento sobre el comercio de antigüedades en España a principios del siglo XX.This paper presents the activity developed by the Sevillian scholar José Gestoso in the antiques trade in Spain at the beginning of the 20th century. For its study and analysis we have used unpublished documentation belonging to Gestoso’s collection of letters. These documents accredit his intervention in various episodes of purchase and sale of artistic objects, as well as the extensive network of contacts established between him and known European dealers, antiquarians, religious communities and the Archbishopric of Seville. With this work we try to increase the knowledge about the antiques trade in Spain at the beginning of the 20th century.
Reseña de: Michaud, Éric: Las invasiones bárbaras. Una genealogía de la historia del arte.
Authors: Hernández Barbosa Sonsoles
Published: December 2018

Michaud, Éric: Las invasiones bárbaras. Una genealogía de la historia del arte. Traducción de Antonio Oviedo. Buenos Aires, Adriana Hidalgo, 2017 [ed. Gallimard, 2015]. ISBN Argentina: 978-987-4159-13-7. ISBN España: 978-84-16287-05-5, 332 pp.
Empleabilidad y expectativa de logro en la inserción laboral de los estudiantes universitarios//Employability and achievement expectation on job placement of the university students
Authors: Izquierdo Rus Tomás , Farías Gragmena Alberto Jesús
Published: December 2018

RESUMENLos profundos cambios en el mercado laboral han generado en los últimos años un debate en torno a la empleabilidad de los estudiantes universitarios. El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido analizar la percepción de la empleabilidad en función del sexo, titulación y situación laboral y analizar su relación con la percepción del logro. Han participado 297 estudiantes matriculados en diferentes grados de la Facultad de Educación de la Universidad de Murcia.  Los instrumentos aplicados buscan explorar la auto-percepción subjetiva de performance de empleabilidad, midiendo habilidades y competencias expresadas por los participantes y la percepción (creencias) de condiciones personales y profesionales requeridas por los empleadores ante un proceso potencial de contratación laboral. Los estudiantes universitarios no sólo perciben como necesarias determinadas características personales sino que también consideran los requerimientos del contexto sociolaboral en el que se inscriben. Asimismo, se ha comprobado la existencia de una relación estadísticamente significativa entre percepción de empleabilidad y percepción del logro. Los resultados tienen unas implicaciones prácticas de gran importancia con objeto de mejorar la empleabilidad de los estudiantes universitarios. Entre los contenidos prioritarios a abordar se contempla la incorporación de acciones de orientación profesional en los planes de estudios universitarios. ABSTRACT In the last few years, a discussion about university students´ employability has been generated by deep changes in the job market. The objective of this investigation has been to analyze employability with reference to sex, degree and employment situation, and to analyze its relation to the achievement perception. 297 students have participated in different levels of the Education Department of the University of Murcia. The tools that have been applied seek to explore the subjective self-perception on the employability performance, measuring skills and abilities expressed by the participants, and the perception (belief) of personal and professional conditions required by employers with reference to a potential job hiring. University students not only perceive that certain personal characteristics are necessary, but they also consider the requirements of their social and labor context. Also tested the existence of a statistically significant relation among employability perception and achievement expectations.The results have highly important practical implications aiming to improve the university students´ employability. Priority should focus to address the incorporation of vocational guidance in university plans of studies.
La tutoría en educación primaria y secundaria en España: una aproximación empírica//Tutoring in primary and secondary education in Spain: an empirical approach
Authors: González-Benito Ana , Vélaz-de-Medrano Ureta Consuelo , López-Martín Esther
Published: December 2018

RESUMEN En el presente artículo se proporciona una panorámica actualizada del sistema de tutoría en Educación Primaria y en Educación Secundaria Obligatoria establecido en España, a partir del análisis de diferentes factores como son: el tiempo dedicado a las tareas asociadas a la tutoría, la cobertura de la tutoría, los obstáculos para dar respuesta a las necesidades de tutoría, el nivel de satisfacción y el reconocimiento del trabajo como tutor y la coordinación entre tutores. Para ello, se lleva a cabo un estudio descriptivo mediante encuesta, en el que participan un total de 6658 directores, tutores y orientadores. Los sujetos fueron seleccionados a partir de un muestreo aleatorio proporcional al tamaño de las sub-poblaciones de cada Comunidad Autónoma. Los resultados muestran cómo los tutores dedican mayor tiempo a aquellas tareas relacionadas con el  tránsito entre niveles educativos, la atención al alumnado con necesidades de apoyo y la mejora de la convivencia en el centro. Los profesionales encuestados consideran que las necesidades de tutoría, en general, están cubiertas, pero los tutores consideran que su trabajo se valora de modo diferente por el equipo directivo, el profesorado, los estudiantes y las familias en función de la etapa educativa. ABSTRACT  This article provides an updated overview of the system of tutoring in Primary Education and Obligatory Secondary Education established in Spain, based on the analysis of different factors such as: time spent on tasks associated with tutoring, tutorial coverage, obstacles to respond to tutoring needs, the level of satisfaction and recognition of work as a tutor and coordination among tutors. To this end, a descriptive study is carried out through a survey, involving a total of 6658 directors, tutors and counselors. Subjects were selected from a random sampling proportional to the size of the sub-populations of each Autonomous Community. The results show how tutors dedicate more time to those tasks related to transit between levels of education, attention to students with support needs and improvement of coexistence in the center. The professionals surveyed consider that tutoring needs in general are covered, but the tutors consider that their work is valued differently by the management team, teachers, students and families depending on the educational stage.
Prediction of Shallow Water Resistance for a New Ship Model Using CFD Simulation: Case Study Container Barge
Authors: Ammar Nader R. , Elgohary Mohamed M. , Zeid Akram , Elkafas Ahmed G.
Published: December 2018

The importance of ship hydrodynamic parameters has increased since the advent of power-driven vessels in the 19th century. The required power for the propulsion unit depends on the ship resistance and speed. There are three approaches for the assessment of ship resistance: analytical methods, model tests in basins, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The rapid developments in computers and computational methods increased the opportunities for CFD to be used in the ship design process. The present article aims at simulating ship resistance in shallow water using ANSYS-Fluent software package, Canonsburg, Pennsylvania. As a case study, a container barge operated in the river Nile is investigated. The results show the wave pattern in the subcritical, critical and supercritical regions. In addition, the total resistance/drag is calculated at various ship speeds in shallow water using CFD and compared with the calculated deep water resistance. Finally, the calculated drag results from the CFD analysis are compared with that of the standard Schlichting method.

1. Introduction

Inland waterway transport plays an important role for the transport of goods all over the world especially along the river Nile's sides. Moreover, transportation substantially shapes the growth and development of countries. To sustain and enhance the economic growth and vitality, as well as productivity of commerce, a healthy and responsive transportation system is essential. The ability of barge transport to efficiently carry large cargo volumes through long distances makes it a fuel efficient and environmentally friendly means of transport (Wiegmans & Konings 2017). The inland water units' dimensions have to comply with the existing waterway infrastructure, reduced length, breadth, and draught, according to the locks and bridges. Also the hull and cargo hold structures must comply with the national and international rules for safety inland navigation (Pacuraru & Domnisoru 2017).
Multimodal literacy in academic environments: PowerPoint as a motivational genre
Authors: Consonni Stefania
Published: December 2018

Author/s

Stefania ConsonniUniversità degli Studi di Bergamo, Italy

 

ABSTRACT

This paper explores PowerPoint (PPT) as a leading genre in academic discourse, focussing on the implementation of student motivation boosting strategies. ICT nowadays plays an increasingly important role in pedagogy, by reinforcing the informative and persuasive impact of instructional materials through multimodal strategies including verbal and visual codes, as well as performative elements. A hybrid genre in academic oratory, PPT offers corporeality of knowledge, modularity and easily transmittable format, providing presentations with structure and facilitating ordering and summarizing operations. PPT can therefore be ranked among today’s epistemic machineries, whereby knowledge is construed by discourse. The paper analyses the semiotic and metadiscursive features of a corpus of presentations produced in various universities for both academic staff and students. Research questions explore how PPT can be used to motivate teachers and students, from both an ideational and interactional standpoint. An integrated analytical approach is employed, bridging multimodal and critical discourse analysis.
Listening with your eyes: Multimodal approaches to art appreciation in primary school
Authors: Breeze Ruth
Published: December 2018

Author/s

Ruth BreezeInstituto Cultura y Sociedad, Universidad de Navarra, Spain

 

ABSTRACT

Fine arts offer opportunities for multimodal approaches in education. Museums and galleries are now aware of their social role, and provide outreach activities designed to bring an understanding of art to a wider public. Their websites offer educational material for school children, showing how artistic knowledge and sensitivity can be cultivated with young age groups. However, little attention has been paid to such didactic material by discourse analysts interested in multimodality. This paper builds on Swales’s (2016) article on the genre of the single image account (SIA), which centres on texts about famous paintings written by experts for a general readership. Here, I focus on SIAs for didactic purposes, examining pedagogical resources on the National Gallery’s website. Accessible SIAs are combined with suggestions to enhance primary school pupils’ learning through creative activities across a variety of modes. Guidelines are provided for writing SIAs for educational purposes in other contexts.
Multimodality in Higher Education
Authors: Belles-Calvera Lucía
Published: December 2018

Reviewed by Lucía Bellés-CalveraIULMA / Universitat Jaume I, Spain

 

Multimodality in Higher Education, by Archer and Breuer (2016) deals with multimodal writing practices and pedagogies in tertiary education. With the boost of new technologies in the field of education, studies on modes of communication (e.g. writing) have focused on their evolution throughout the years, particularly in the learning process.

This book is aimed at educators and researchers who are interested in the writing communication practices required in a variety of domains, namely architecture, engineering or cultural studies among others. It is true that Multimodality has become quite complex in the past few years given that writing is regarded as a means of knowledge even in practical fields, such as science and media production. In this sense, this volume could be used as a resource book for those educators who want to reflect on the relevance of multimodal competencies when conveying a message, especially when they want to suit students’ needs in the near future. At the same time, the content of the book is precise and easy to follow as it includes interviews and pictures that can help readers understand the changes that have taken place in the communication landscape.
Development of a species distribution model for fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) within a Bayesian hierarchical framework: Implications for uncertainty
Authors: Sigourney Douglas B , Chavez-Rosales Samuel , Conn Paul , Garrison Lance , Josephson Elizabeth , Palka Debra
Published: December 2018

Species distribution models (SDMs) have proven to be an integral tool in the conservation and management of cetaceans. Many applications have adopted a two-step approach where a detection function is estimated using conventional distance sampling in the first step and subsequently used as an offset to a density-habitat model in the second step. A drawback to this approach, hereafter referred to as the conventional species distribution model (CSDM), is the difficulty in propagating the uncertainty from the first step to the final density estimates. We describe a Bayesian hierarchical species distribution model (BHSDM) which has the advantage of simultaneously propagating multiple sources of uncertainty. Our framework includes 1) a mark-recapture distance sampling observation model that can accommodate two team line transect data, 2) an informed prior for surface availability 3) spatial smoothers using spline-like bases and 4) a compound Poisson-gamma likelihood which is a special case of the Tweedie distribution. We compare our approach to the CSDM method using a simulation study and a case study of fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) off the East Coast of the USA. Simulations showed that the BHSDM method produced estimates with lower precision but with confidence interval coverage closer to the nominal 95% rate (94% for the BSHDM vs 85% for the CSDM). Results from the fin whale analysis showed that density estimates and predicted distribution patterns were largely similar among methods. Abundance estimates were also similar though modestly higher for the CSDM (4700, CV=0.13) than the BHSDM (4526, CV=0.26). Estimated sampling error differed substantially among the two methods where the average CV for density estimates from BHSDM method was approximately 3.5 times greater than estimates from the CSDM method. Successful wildlife management hinges on the ability to properly quantify uncertainty. Underestimates of uncertainty can result in ill-informed management decisions. Our results highlight the additional sampling uncertainty that is propagated in a hierarchical framework. Future applications of SDMs should consider techniques that allow all sources of error to be fully represented in final density predictions.
Evolution of cation binding in the active sites of P-loop nucleoside triphosphatases in relation to the basic catalytic mechanism
Authors: Shalaeva Daria N , Cherepanov Dmitry A , Galperin Michael Y , Golovin Andrey V , Mulkidjanian Armen Y
Published: December 2018

The ubiquitous P-loop fold nucleoside triphosphatases (NTPases) are typically activated by an arginine or lysine ‘finger’. Some of the apparently ancestral NTPases are, instead, activated by potassium ions. To clarify the activation mechanism, we combined comparative structure analysis with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of Mg-ATP and Mg-GTP complexes in water and in the presence of potassium, sodium, or ammonium ions. In all analyzed structures of diverse P-loop NTPases, the conserved P-loop motif keeps the triphosphate chain of bound NTPs (or their analogs) in an extended, catalytically prone conformation, similar to that imposed on NTPs in water by potassium or ammonium ions. MD simulations of potassium-dependent GTPase MnmE showed that linking of alpha- and gamma phosphates by the activating potassium ion led to the rotation of the gamma-phosphate group yielding an almost eclipsed, catalytically productive conformation of the triphosphate chain, which could represent the basic mechanism of hydrolysis by P-loop NTPases.
Combining ultraconserved elements and mtDNA data to uncover lineage diversity in a Mexican highland frog (Sarcohyla; Hylidae)
Authors: Zarza Eugenia , Connors Elizabeth M. , Maley James M. , Tsai Whitney L.E. , Heimes Peter , Kaplan Moises , McCormack John E.
Published: December 2018

Molecular studies have uncovered significant diversity in the Mexican Highlands, leading to the description of many new endemic species. DNA approaches to this kind of species discovery have included both mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequencing and multilocus genomic methods. While these marker types have often been pitted against one another, there are benefits to deploying them together, as linked mtDNA data can provide the bridge between uncovering lineages through rigorous multilocus genomic analysis and identifying lineages through comparison to existing mtDNA databases. Here, we apply one class of multilocus genomic marker, ultraconserved elements (UCEs), and linked mtDNA data to a species complex of frogs (Sarcohyla bistincta, Hylidae) found in the Mexican Highlands. We generated data from 1,891 UCEs, which contained 1,742 informative SNPs forS. bistinctaand closely related species and captured mitochondrial genomes for most samples. Genetic analyses based on both whole loci and SNPs agree there are six to seven distinct lineages within what is currently described asS. bistincta. Phylogenies from UCEs and mtDNA mostly agreed in their topologies, and the few differences suggested a more complex evolutionary history of the mtDNA marker. Our study demonstrates that the Mexican Highlands still hold substantial undescribed diversity, making their conservation a particularly urgent goal. The Trans-Mexican Volcanic Range stands out as a significant geographic feature inSarcohylaand may have acted as a dispersal corridor forS. bistinctato spread to the north. Combining multilocus genomic data with linked mtDNA data is a useful approach for identifying potential new species and associating them with already described taxa, which will be especially important in groups with undescribed subadult phenotypes and cryptic species.
Arylations Promoted by Hypervalent Iodine Reagents
Authors: Villo Piret , Olofsson Berit
Published: December 2018

This chapter describes the methodology for metal‐free and metal‐catalyzed arylations with hypervalent iodine reagents. Most commonly, diaryliodonium salts (diaryl‐λ3‐iodanes) are utilized as electrophilic arylating agents, and such arylations are discussed in detail, including chemoselectivity trends with unsymmetric iodonium salts. Arylations with other iodine(III) reagents are also described, and have been successfully utilized especially in metal‐free biaryl synthesis. The field of hypervalent iodine‐mediated arylations is quickly expanding, and the chapter is focused on the recent developments with brief historic backgrounds to each arylation type.
OxidativeCCBond Formation (Couplings, Cyclizations, Cyclopropanation, etc.)
Authors: Dohi Toshifumi , Kita Yasuyuki
Published: December 2018

Oxidative coupling that can directly convert CH group for chemical transformations is, in theory, an ideal strategy in organic synthesis as it reduces the number of synthetic steps and possible by‐products. Hypervalent iodine reagent has become one of the most promising tools in developing oxidative coupling due to its unique reactivity similar to metal oxidants. We have pioneered the metal‐free oxidative coupling chemistry using the hypervalent iodine reagents, that is, phenyliodine(III) diacetate (PIDA, PhI(OAc)2) and bis(trifluoroacetate) (PIFA), in the past decades. As an introduction, we briefly mention the research backgrounds regarding the establishment of their fundamental reactivities with representative achievements in this area.
Partial Likelihood
Authors: Flores Javier E. , Cavanaugh Joseph E.
Published: December 2018

While the traditional likelihood paradigm has been central to much of statistical inference, modified versions of the likelihood function have been developed to address situations where the full likelihood might be difficult to formulate or optimize. One such variant arises in dealing with models characterized by high‐dimensional parameter sets. In these frameworks, it is sometimes possible to appropriately partition the likelihood so that a factor can be isolated that depends on a parameter subset of key inferential interest. This factor, which is only a portion of the full likelihood, defines the partial likelihood. Many of the standard asymptotic properties of maximum likelihood estimators also hold for estimators that maximize the partial likelihood. We discuss the general development of the partial likelihood and illustrate its utility in modeling frameworks involving both survival and time series data.
Longitudinal advanced MRI case report of white matter radiation necrosis
Authors: Wiggermann Vanessa , Lapointe Emmanuelle , Litvin Ludmila , Graf Carina , Hernández‐Torres Enedino , McKenzie Michael , Vavasour Irene M. , Laule Cornelia , MacMillan Erin L. , Li David K. B. , Kolind Shannon H. , Rauscher Alexander , Traboulsee Anthony L.
Published: December 2018

Radiation necrosis mostly occurs in and near the radiation field. We used magnetic resonance imaging to study radiation‐induced necrosis of atypical onset, severity, and extent following stereotactic radiosurgery for a symptomatic arteriovenous malformation. Susceptibility‐sensitive imaging, T1‐relaxation, myelin water imaging, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy were acquired three times up to 52 months postradiosurgery. Increasing water content outside the radiation field, contralateral neuronal loss, and gliosis were detected over time. Our findings suggest that radiation‐induced vasculopathic changes spread more diffusely than previously described. An autoimmune response to brain antigens could underlie white matter changes outside the initial radiation field.
Engineering Controlled Peritumoral Inflammation to Constrain Brain Tumor Growth
Authors: Saxena Tarun , Lyon Johnathan G. , Pai S. Balakrishna , Pare Daniel , Amero Jessica , Karumbaiah Lohitash , Carroll Sheridan L. , Gaupp Eric , Bellamkonda Ravi V.
Published: December 2018

Brain tumors remain a great clinical challenge, in part due to their capacity to invade into eloquent, inoperable regions of the brain. In contrast, inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) due to injuries activates microglia and astrocytes culminating in an astroglial scar that typically “walls‐off” the injury site. Here, the hypothesis is tested that targeting peritumoral cells surrounding tumors to activate them via an inflammatory stimulus that recapitulates the sequelae of a traumatic CNS injury, could generate an environment that would wall‐off and contain invasive tumors in the brain. Gold nanoparticles coated with inflammatory polypeptides to target stromal cells in close vicinity to glioblastoma (GBM) tumors, in order to activate these cells and stimulate stromal CNS inflammation, are engineered. It is reported that this approach significantly contains tumors in rodent models of GBM relative to control treatments (reduction in tumor volume by over 300% in comparison to controls), by the activation of the innate and adaptive immune response, and by triggering pathways related to cell clustering. Overall, this report outlines an approach to contain invasive tumors that can complement adjuvant interventions for invasive GBM such as radiation and chemotherapy.
Crystal Structure‐ and Morphology‐Driven Electrochemistry of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Hydrogen Peroxide Detection
Authors: Jakubec Petr , Malina Ondřej , Tuček Jiří , Medřík Ivo , Medříková Zdenka , Slovák Petr , Kašlík Josef , Zbořil Radek
Published: December 2018

Various iron oxide nanoparticles with different morphologies are synthesized and subsequently tested for their conductivity and electrocatalytic activity toward hydrogen peroxide. The morphology and chemical and phase composition of iron oxide nanoparticles are evaluated employing scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller specific surface area measurements. The electrochemical properties of the as‐prepared sensors are estimated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. It is found that α‐Fe2O3 nanoparticles with the sticks morphology exhibit the best conductivity response among all the tested phases and morphologies. Moreover, it is predicted that conductivity of different iron oxides can be connected with a number of vacancies in their crystal structure. Furthermore, the influence of surface area and porosity of the material on the conductivity can be omitted. Finally, the electrocatalytic activity of iron oxide nanoparticles toward hydrogen peroxide is confirmed by means of cyclic voltammetry. The obtained results perfectly reflect those derived from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and indicate that glassy carbon electrodes modified with the sticks morphology of α‐Fe2O3 hold a huge potential for hydrogen peroxide detection.
Effects of Environmental Atmosphere on the Performance of Contact–Separation Mode TENG
Authors: Han Kai , Tang Wei , Chen Jian , Luo Jianjun , Xu Liang , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: December 2018

With great potential applications, triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), is widely studied from various aspects, while systematic investigations about the effects of environmental atmosphere on its performance remain to be carried out. Here, a test system based on a piston‐structured TENG and one‐way valve gas line is built, employing the contact–separation mode. A series of tests about short‐circuit transfer charges (QSC) and open‐circuit voltage (VOC) are studied among three kinds of dielectric materials (PTFE, Kapton, PET), in five pure gases (N2, O2, CO2, Ar, He). At a static gas flow rate of 3 L min−1 or static gas pressure of 6 kPa above 1 atm, multicycle statistics demonstrate that TENGs achieve the highest performance in CO2 and the lowest in He. Meanwhile, Kapton‐based TENG shows the greatest disparity in different atmosphere, followed by PET‐based TENG, and PTFE‐based TENG. A microscale discharge mechanism is introduced to explain all the above. Moreover, a negative linear relationship between QSC and the static gas pressure above 1 atm is found. This study is an important reference for a high‐performance TENG configuration and device packaging in the future.
Construction of FeP Hollow Nanoparticles Densely Encapsulated in Carbon Nanosheet Frameworks for Efficient and Durable Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Production
Authors: Ma Fei‐Xiang , Xu Cheng‐Yan , Lyu Fucong , Song Bo , Sun Shu‐Chao , Li Yang Yang , Lu Jian , Zhen Liang
Published: December 2018

Developing noble‐metal‐free based electrocatalysts with high activity, good stability, and low cost is critical for large‐scale hydrogen production via water splitting. In this work, hollow FeP nanoparticles densely encapsulated in carbon nanosheet frameworks (donated as hollow FeP/C nanosheets), in situ converted from Fe‐glycolate precursor nanosheets through carbonization and subsequent phosphorization, are designed and synthesized as an advanced electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction. FeP hollow nanoparticles are transformed from intermediate Fe3O4 nanoparticles through the nanoscale Kirkendall effect. The two‐dimensional architecture, densely embedding FeP hollow nanoparticles, provides abundant accessible active sites and short electron and ion pathways. The in situ generated carbon nanosheet frameworks can not only offer a conductive network but also protect the active FeP from oxidation. As a result, hollow FeP/C nanosheets exhibit excellent electrocatalytic performance for the hydrogen evolution reaction in 0.5 m H2SO4 with a quite low overpotential of 51.1 mV at 10 mA cm−2, small Tafel slope of 41.7 mV dec−1, and remarkable long‐term stability. The study highlights the in situ synthesis of two‐dimensional metal phosphide/C nanocomposites with highly porous features for advanced energy storage and conversion.
Genes known to escape X chromosome inactivation predict co‐morbid chronic musculoskeletal pain and posttraumatic stress symptom development in women following trauma exposure
Authors: Yu Shan , Chen Constance , Pan Yue , Kurz Michael C. , Datner Elizabeth , Hendry Phyllis L. , Velilla Marc‐Anthony , Lewandowski Christopher , Pearson Claire , Domeier Robert , McLean Samuel A. , Linnstaedt Sarah D.
Published: December 2018

Co‐morbid chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMSP) and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) are frequent sequelae of motor vehicle collision, are associated with greater disability than either outcome alone, and are more prevalent in women than men. In the current study we assessed for evidence that gene transcripts originating from the X chromosome contribute to sex differences in vulnerability to CMSP and PTSS after motor vehicle collision. Nested samples were drawn from a longitudinal study of African American individuals, and CMSP (0–10 numeric rating scale) and PTSS (impact of events scale, revised) outcomes were assessed 6 months following motor vehicle collision. Blood RNA were sequenced (n = 101) and the relationship between X chromosome mRNA expression levels and co‐morbid CMSP and PTSS outcomes was evaluated using logistic regression analyses. A disproportionate number of peritraumatic X chromosome mRNA predicting CMSP and PTSS in women were genes previously found to escape X chromosome inactivation (11/40, z = −2.9, p = .004). Secondary analyses assessing gene ontology relationships between these genes identified an enrichment in genes known to influence neuronal plasticity. Further, the relationship of expression of two critical regulators of X chromosome inactivation, X‐inactive specific transcript (XIST) and Yin Yang 1 (YY1), was different in women developing CMSP and PTSS. Together, these data suggest that X chromosome genes that escape inactivation may contribute to sex differences in vulnerability to CMSP and PTSS after motor vehicle collision.
Comparison of vitamin D metabolites in wild and captive baboons
Authors: Ziegler Toni E. , Kapoor Amita , Binkley Neil C. , Rice Karen S. , Rogers Jeffrey , Jolly Clifford J. , Phillips‐Conroy Jane E.
Published: December 2018

Vitamin D adequacy is essential for multiple physiologic processes. With limited exposure to sunlight for vitamin D3 synthesis, captive primates are supplemented with vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol). Vitamin D metabolite data from wild primates living indigenously could suggest optimum levels. The purpose of this study was to: 1) to explore whether baboons, a speciose genus whose members have significant exposed skin, coat color variation and wide geographical distribution, mirrors the skin pigmentation‐vitamin D relationship found in humans; 2) compare vitamin D metabolite levels in wild and captive members of the same or similar baboon species; and 3) apply a recently developed method currently used in humans for measuring multiple vitamin D metabolites as a panel to explore if/how these metabolites can inform us on vitamin D sufficiency. Serum samples from males of three baboon species in the wild: Papio anubis (olive baboon, dark exposed skin), P. cynocephalus (yellow baboon, brown exposed skin), and P. hamadryas (hamadryas baboon, pink exposed skin), were compared with vitamin D supplemented captive olive baboons with sun exposure. Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) measured vitamin D and its main metabolites. Cholecalciferol, 25 hydroxyvitamin D2&3 (25(OH)D2&3), and 24,25 dihydroxyvitamin D2&3 (24,25(OH)2D2&3), showed significant differences by species. The levels of cholecalciferol due to supplements in the captive olive baboons did not convert to higher 25(OH)D3 while the wild olive baboons exhibited the lowest levels for both cholecalciferol and 25(OH)D3. Further metabolic conversion of 25(OH)D3 to 24,25(OH)2D3 indicated that all baboons had more similar conversion ratios and these were within the same range found for humans that are depicted as having adequate vitamin D levels. This study provided evidence that exposed skin color does influence vitamin D3 levels, with lower levels in darker skinned species, but these differences are eliminated in the downstream metabolite conversion indicating strong regulatory control.
Azetidine‐Containing Alkaloids Produced by a Quorum‐Sensing Regulated Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase Pathway in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Hong Zhilai , Bolard Arnaud , Giraud Caroline , Prévost Sébastien , Genta‐Jouve Grégory , Deregnaucourt Christiane , Häussler Susanne , Jeannot Katy , Li Yanyan
Published: December 2018

Pseudomonas aeruginosa displays an impressive metabolic versatility, which ensures its survival in diverse environments. Reported herein is the identification of rare azetidine‐containing alkaloids from P. aeruginosa PAO1, termed azetidomonamides, which are derived from a conserved, quorum‐sensing regulated nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) pathway. Biosynthesis of the azetidine motif has been elucidated by gene inactivation, feeding experiments, and biochemical characterization in vitro, which involves a new S‐adenosylmethionine‐dependent enzyme to produce azetidine 2‐carboxylic acid as an unusual building block of NRPS. The mutants of P. aeruginosa unable to produce azetidomonamides had an advantage in growth at high cell density in vitro and displayed rapid virulence in Galleria mellonella model, inferring functional roles of azetidomonamides in the host adaptation. This work opens the avenue to study the biological functions of azetidomonamides and related compounds in pathogenic and environmental bacteria.
Amidyl Radical Directed Remote Allylation of Unactivated sp3 C−H Bonds by Organic Photoredox Catalysis
Authors: Wu Kui , Wang Lushun , Colón‐Rodríguez Sonivette , Flechsig Gerd‐Uwe , Wang Ting
Published: December 2018

The development of visible‐light‐mediated allylation of unactivated sp3 C−H bonds is reported. The remote allylation was directed by the amidyl radical, which was generated by photocatalytic fragmentation of a pre‐functionalized amide precursor. Both aromatic and aliphatic amide derivatives could successfully deliver the remote C−H allylation products in good yields. A variety of electron deficient allyl sulfone systems could be used as δ‐carbon radical acceptor.
Structure‐cytotoxicity relationship for apoptotic inducers organotin(IV) derivatives of mandelic acid and L‐proline and their mixed ligand complexes having enhanced cytotoxicity
Authors: Nath Mala , Roy Partha , Mishra Rutusmita , Thakur Mridula
Published: December 2018

Structure‐cytotoxicity relationship of di−/tri‐organotin(IV) derivatives of mandelic acid (1–4), L‐proline (5–7, 15, 16), and mixed ligand complexes of latter with 1,10‐phenanthroline (8–14) investigated on the basis of MTT assay against human cancer cell lines, viz. MCF‐7 (mammary cancer), HepG2 (liver cancer) and PC‐3 (prostate cancer) in vitro indicated that all complexes except methyl‐ and octyl‐ analogues displayed potential cytotoxicity. The most active one is dibutyltin(IV) mandelate (2) exhibiting IC50 2.03 ± 0.40, 0.98 ± 0.23 and 3.86 ± 1.68 μM against MCF‐7, HepG2 and PC‐3, respectively, which is ≈ 15 and 2.5 times against MCF‐7, 20 and 5 times against HepG2 and 5 and ≈ 3 times against PC‐3 more cytotoxic than cis‐platin and 5‐fluorouracil, respectively. Diorganotin(IV) derivatives of mandelic acid are more cytotoxic than triorganotin analogues. Organotin(IV) derivatives of L‐proline (except Bu3Sn(Pro) 16) are less cytotoxic than those of mandelic acid but their cytotoxicity is enhanced by complexion with 1,10‐phenanthroline. This may be due to the structural planarity and extended π system of 1,10‐phenanthroline which facilitates their transportation across the cell membrane and enhances the possibility of DNA intercalation over the planar L‐proline ring, and eventually, their DNA binding affinity so as to interfere with the cellular functions of DNA leading to apoptosis. Various biophysical experiments such as DNA fragmentation, acridine orange and comet assays, and flow cytometry assay using annexin V–fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and propidium iodide (PI) have been carried out in order to ascertain their mode of action. The observed results indicated that the major cause of cancer cell death is apoptosis, but a minor role played by necrosis cannot be excluded. It is concluded on the basis of the observed results that the nature and number of organic groups bonded to tin as well as the nature of counter anions play an important role in determining the cytotoxicity of organotin(IV) compounds.
Synthesis of polyaluminocarbosilane with low branched molecular structure using liquid polysilacarbosilane and aluminum acetylacetonate by high‐pressure method
Authors: Duan Yangpeng , Mo Gaoming , Chen Haijun , Liang Yanqin , Cui Zhenduo , Yang Xianjin , Zhu Shengli , Li Zhaoyang , He Liu , Huang Qing , Huang Zhengren
Published: December 2018

The synthesis of polyaluminocarbosilane (PACS) using liquid polysilacarbosilane (PSCS) and aluminum acetylacetonate [Al (acac)3] by a high‐pressure method is reported for the first time. The effects of reaction time, temperature and feed ratio on the structure of PACS are investigated in detail by gel permeation chromatography, Fourier transform‐infrared, 1H‐NMR, 29Si‐NMR and 27Al‐NMR methods. It was found that the molecular weight and its polydispersity, as well as the branching degree of the molecular structure of PACS, increase with reaction time and temperature. Increasing the weight percentage of Al (acac)3 has a similar effect as temperature. Combined with the gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy results, the reaction mechanism is proposed, which contains three main reactions: (i) cleavage and rearrangement reaction of PSCS; (ii) silicon‐free radicals react with Al (acac)3, leading to cleavage of O=C and/or O‐C bonds and formation of AlOx ligands; and (iii) conversion reaction of Al ligands from AlO6 into AlO5 and AlO4. It is also found that PACS prepared by high‐pressure method has a lower branched molecular structure in comparison to its analog prepared under ambient pressure conditions, and it is achieved to increase the molecular weight and ceramic yield of PACS, which is beneficial for the processing and overall quality of the final product.
Biomolecular docking, antimicrobial and cytotoxic studies on new bidentate schiff base ligand derived metal (II) complexes
Authors: Chandrasekhar Vidya Rani , Mookkandi Palsamy Kesavan , Lokesh Ravi , T. Daniel Thangadurai , N. Indra Gandhi , Jegathalaprathaban Rajesh , Gurusamy Rajagopal
Published: December 2018

Three new metal complexes [Cu(L)2] (1), [Co(L)2] (2) and [Zn(L)2] (3) have been prepared by the reaction of hydrated salts of metal (II) acetate with new Schiff base ligand HL, [2‐((4‐(dimethylamino)phenylimino)methyl)‐4,6‐di‐t‐butylphenol] and characterized by different physico‐chemical analyses such as elemental analysis, single XRD, 1H NMR, FTIR and UV–Vis spectroscopic techniques. Their biomolecular docking, antimicrobial and cytotoxicity studies have also been demonstrated. The proposed structure of Schiff base ligand HL and complex 2 are confirmed by Single crystal X‐ray crystallography study. This analysis revealed that metal (II) complexes remain in distorted tetrahedral coordination environments. The electronic properties such as HOMO and LUMO energies are carried out by gaseous phase DFT/B3LYP calculations using Gaussian 09 program. Complex 1 showed a good binding propensity to the DNA and HSA, during the assessment of docking studies. Schiff base ligand HL and its metal (II) complexes, 1–3 screened for their in vitro antimicrobial activities using the disc diffusion method against selected microbes. Complex 1 shows higher antimicrobial activity than complexes 2, 3 and Schiff base ligand HL. According to the results obtained from the cytotoxic studies, Schiff base ligand HL and its metal (II) complexes 1–3 have better cytotoxicity against MCF‐7 cell lines with potency higher than the currently used chemotherapeutic agent cyclophosphamide.
Copolymerization reactions of butadiene monoxide with 3‐glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane and styrene oxide and their glycol derivatives
Authors: Kayan Asgar
Published: December 2018

Copolymerization reactions of butadiene oxide (BuO) with 3‐glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTS) and styrene oxide (SO) were carried out under solvent free condition by potassium hydroxide catalyst. Copolymers obtained from ring opening polymerization of BuO with GPTS and SO were characterized by 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, FTIR, DSC, and gel permeation chromatography. High‐resolution NMR analysis was particularly effective in the study of copolymers microstructures and revealed the structural and sequence details. Block copolymers were formed because of different polymerization velocity of monomers. Average molecular weights of copolymers were between 1500–13 000 Da and polydispersity index of copolymers is rather low (Mw/Mn = 1.17–1.36). Copolymers were hydrolyzed by 1.0 M tetrapropylammonium hydroxide to form copolyglycol having adhesive and fiber characteristics. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47074.
Advances in genotyping microsatellite markers through sequencing and consequences of scoring methods for Ceratonia siliqua (Leguminosae)
Authors: Viruel Juan , Haguenauer Anne , Juin Marianick , Mirleau Fatma , Bouteiller Delphine , Boudagher‐Kharrat Magda , Ouahmane Lahcen , La Malfa Stefano , Médail Frédéric , Sanguin Hervé , Nieto Feliner Gonzalo , Baumel Alex
Published: December 2018

Premise of the Study

Simple sequence repeat (SSR) or microsatellite markers have been used in a broad range of studies mostly scoring alleles on the basis of amplicon size as a proxy for the number of repeat units of an SSR motif. However, additional sources of variation within the SSR or in the flanking regions have largely remained undetected.

Methods

In this study, we implemented a next‐generation sequencing–based genotyping approach in a newly characterized set of 18 nuclear SSR markers for the carob tree, Ceratonia siliqua. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of three different methods of scoring molecular variation present within microsatellite markers on the genetic diversity and structure results.

Results

The analysis of the sequences of 77 multilocus genotypes from four populations revealed SSR variation and additional sources of polymorphism in 87% of the loci analyzed (42 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms and five insertion/deletion polymorphisms), as well as divergent paralog copies in two loci. Ignoring sequence variation under standard amplicon size genotyping resulted in incorrect identification of 69% of the alleles, with important effects on the genetic diversity and structure estimates.

Discussion

Next‐generation sequencing allows the detection and scoring of SSRs, single‐nucleotide polymorphisms, and insertion/deletion polymorphisms to increase the resolution of population genetic studies.
The Twelve Cranial Nerves of Christmas: Mnemonics, Rhyme, and Anatomy – Seeing the Lighter Side
Authors: Smith Claire F. , Border Scott
Published: December 2018

Anatomy, has in history, been linked to helpful ways to remember structures, branches of nerves, structures passing through foramina, etc. Scalp is even a mnemonic in itself (Skin,Connective tissue,Aponeurosis,Loose areolar tissue,Pericranium). There has been concern by some educators that using mnemonics or rhymes promotes a surface approach to learning and is unhelpful in establishing long‐term and meaningful deep learning. This article argues that mnemonics and rhyme can be used, in the appropriate way, at the right time, by students as an important learning strategy. That strategy can help lay a foundation of knowledge to be developed and later built upon, or simply recall information more easily. Mnemonics, like all information that is to be recalled, is consolidated by rehearsal. In examining the neuroanatomy of learning theories, it is therefore possible to suggest that when students begin to learn an area of anatomy, such as the cranial nerves, using a mnemonic or rhyme, it can help students remember the names and facilitate the engagement of the working memory processes assisting the student to build a construct for subsequent deeper layers of knowledge. Modern approaches to anatomy education involve a myriad of learning opportunities, but educators must assess the value of each one before recommending them to students. It appears that using mnemonics and rhyme is as valid today as it has been for centuries.