bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of fruit canopy position and maturity on yield determinants and chemical composition of virgin olive oil
Authors: Grilo Filipa , Caruso Tiziano , Wang Selina C
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUND

While both maturity and light exposure are important factors determining olive fruit physiology, the relationship between maturity, canopy position and optimal harvesting time has not been well‐studied. To understand the interaction of these factors, olive fruits from upper and lower layers of the canopy were harvested from September to January. Maturity, moisture and fat content of the fruit as well as the quality and minor components of the oil extracted were measured.

RESULTS

Lower light interception at the lower canopy positions resulted in differences in the fruits and oil extracted between canopy layers. Upper layer presented 60% of the overall production; fruit had one unit more of maturity index, 3% less moisture and 5% more fat content. Oil extracted from the upper layers presented higher concentration of oleuropein and ligstroside aglycone. Fruits from upper layers at maturity index of two had higher fat content and more total phenols in the oil extracted when compared with fruits from lower layer with the same maturity index.

CONCLUSIONS

Differences in oil composition between layers do not correlate with differences in the fruit maturity index; instead, fruit position is a determining factor for physiological processes related to fruit growth and oil composition. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Dealing with insufficient liver remnant: Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy
Authors: Linecker Michael , Kuemmerli Christoph , Clavien Pierre‐Alain , Petrowsky Henrik
Published: March 2019

Liver resection for colorectal liver metastases has emerged to highly successful treatment in the last decades. Key to this success is complete hepatic tumor removal and systemic disease control by chemotherapy. Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy is the most recent two‐stage resection strategy for patients with very small future liver remnant making complete tumor removal possible within 1 to 2 weeks. Oncological outcome data are being collected at the moment and first results from small series reveal promising results.
Effectiveness of olfactory training on different severities of posttraumatic loss of smell
Authors: Pellegrino Robert , Han Pengfei , Reither Nicole , Hummel Thomas
Published: March 2019

Objective/Hypothesis

A common, lasting condition from traumatic brain injury is impairment to smell. In patients with olfactory impairment, recent meta‐analyses have demonstrated that olfactory training consistently improves higher‐order functions, such as odor identification. The focus of this work was to assess effects of olfactory training (OT) in posttraumatic olfactory loss patients through several metrics including psychophysical, olfactory bulb (OB) volume, and functional magnetic resonance imaging.

Study Design

Prospective cohort study.

Methods

Sniffin’ Sticks were used to classify two patient groups (anosmic [N = 23] and hyposmic [N = 14]) and measure changes after OT. Additionally patients were asked the intensity, valence, and uncued identification of odors presented (coffee and peach) within the magnetic resonance imaging scanner before and after olfactory training. Olfactory training was performed twice daily with a four‐odor training set for 24 weeks, and sets were replaced halfway through the entire training session (~12 weeks).

Results

Patients had an increase in test scores (threshold and identification) and in‐scanner intensity ratings and identification. Anosmic patients showed improved olfactory thresholds to 2‐phenylethanol, increased intensity ratings, and activation in the right superior frontal gyrus (SFG) to odors after OT. Hyposmic patients were able to identify odors better after training. This behavior was mirrored with increased, ipsilateral activations in semantic processing areas such as Broca's area, left angular gyrus, and left SFG.

Conclusions

Taken together, along with neither patient group showing changes in OB volumes, OT improves olfactory performance in patients with posttraumatic olfactory loss and seems to be driven, at least in part, by top‐down processes (central) rather than bottom‐up (peripheral).

Levels of Evidence

2

Laryngoscope, 129:1737–1743, 2019
A metabolic database for biomedical studies of biopsy specimens by high‐resolution magic angle spinning nuclear MR: a qualitative and quantitative tool
Authors: Ruhland Elisa , Bund Caroline , Outilaft Hassiba , Piotto Martial , Namer Izzie‐Jacques
Published: March 2019

Purpose

The aim of this study is to generate a metabolic database for biomedical studies of biopsy specimens by high‐resolution magic angle spinning (HRMAS) nuclear MR (NMR).

Methods

Seventy‐six metabolites, classically found in human biopsy samples, were prepared in aqueous solution at a known concentration and analyzed by HRMAS NMR. The spectra were recorded under the same conditions as the ones used for the analysis of biopsy specimens routinely performed in our hospital.

Results

For each metabolite, a complete set of NMR spectra (1D 1H, 1D 1H‐CPMG, 2D J‐Resolved, 2D TOCSY, and 2D 1H‐13C HSQC) was recorded at 500 MHz and 277 K. All spectra were manually assigned using the information contained in the different spectra and existing databases. Experiments to measure the T1 and the T2 of the different protons present in the 76 metabolites were also recorded.

Conclusion

This new HRMAS metabolic database is a useful tool for all scientists working on human biopsy specimens, particularly in the field of oncology. It will make the identification of metabolites in biopsy specimens faster and more reliable. Additionally, the knowledge of the T1 and T2 values will allow to obtain a more accurate quantification of the metabolites present in biopsy specimens.
Organ donation in India—A social marketing perspective
Authors: Mohan Geetha , Aswathy Asokan A.
Published: March 2019

Organ donation is a social issue, and marketers face challenges promoting it. If factors aiding and inhibiting it are identified, it becomes easier to enhance intention of donating organs. The objective of this research is to establish the role of perceived awareness, family support, perceived individual value, and religiosity on organ donation intention (ODI). A sample of 247 respondents answered a structured questionnaire. Proposed model is mediated by organ donation attitude (ODA) and moderated by perceived risk. Findings from the study show that all the predictors are positively related with ODI mediated through ODA and perceived risk moderates the influence of ODA on ODI.
High Order Oxygen Local Vibrational Modes in ZnS1−xOx
Authors: Huso Jesse , Ritter Jacob R. , Bergman Leah , McCluskey Matthew D.
Published: March 2019

Substitution of O in the ZnS lattice is observed to result in a doublet consisting of two local vibrational modes (LVMs) and a second order harmonic of the LVMs. The first order doublet is attributed to vibrational modes of a defect with trigonal (C3v) symmetry. The results of temperature dependent resonant Raman scattering and anti‐Stokes scattering support this assignment. The substitution of O in the lattice also leads to the presence of LVM + nLO combination modes, which are interpreted in terms of the cascade model and resonance effects.
miR‐96 and autophagy are involved in the beneficial effect of grape seed proanthocyanidins against high‐fat‐diet‐induced dyslipidemia in mice
Authors: Shi Yawei , Jia Minghan , Xu Lixia , Fang Zeng , Wu Weibin , Zhang Qi , Chung Peter , Lin Ying , Wang Shenming , Zhang Yunjian
Published: March 2019

We aimed to investigate the possible signaling pathways underlying the regulation of grape seed proanthocyanidins extracts (GSPE) on lipid metabolism. One hundred male C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups: control group (normal diet), GSPE group (normal diet + GSPE), high‐fat diet group (HFD), and high‐fat diet plus GSPE (200 mg/kg/day) group (HFD + GSPE). Mice received the diets for 180 days. Body weight and serum lipid levels were measured. Autophagic flux characteristics, such as accumulation of lipids, mitochondria, and autophagosomes in the liver, were detected using transmission electron microscopy. Expression profile of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the liver was determined using RNA microarray and quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRt‐PCR). GSPE significantly decreased the weight gain, serum levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol but increased high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol in the HFD mice. Autophagic flux was significantly increased by HFD but decreased by GSPE treatment. GSPE significantly attenuated HFD‐induced miR‐96 upregulation, which in turn reduced the expressions of miR‐96 downstream molecules, FOXO1, mTOR, p‐mTOR, and LC3A/B. These results suggested that the miR‐96 is involved in the protective effect of GSPE against HFD‐induced dyslipidemia. Possible mechanisms might be through mTOR and FOXO1, which facilitate autophagic flux for clearance of lipid accumulation.
Necessary and sufficient conditions for constraint satisfaction in switched systems using switch‐robust control invariant sets
Authors: Danielson Claus , Bridgeman Leila J. , Di Cairano Stefano
Published: March 2019

This paper studies the control of constrained systems whose dynamics and constraints switch between a finite set of modes over time according to an exogenous input signal. We define a new type of control invariant sets for switched constrained systems, called switch–robust control invariant (switch‐RCI) sets, that are robust to unknown mode switching and exploit available information on minimum dwell‐time and admissible mode transitions. These switch‐RCI sets are used to derive novel necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a control‐law that guarantees constraint satisfaction in the presence of unknown mode switching with known minimum dwell‐time. The switch‐RCI sets are also used to design a recursively feasible model predictive controller (MPC) that enforces closed‐loop constraint satisfaction for switched constrained systems. We show that our controller is nonconservative in the sense that it enforces constraints on the largest possible domain, ie, constraints can be recursively satisfied if and only if our controller is feasible. The MPC and switch‐RCI sets are demonstrated on a vehicle lane‐changing case study.
Target controllability of multiagent systems under fixed and switching topologies
Authors: Guan Yongqiang , Wang Long
Published: March 2019

In this article, the target controllability of multiagent systems under fixed and switching topologies is investigated, respectively. In the fixed topology setting, some necessary and/or sufficient algebraic and graph‐theoretic conditions are proposed, and the target controllable subspace is quantitatively studied by virtue of almost equitable graph vertex partitions. In the switching topology setting, based on the concepts of the invariant subspace and the target controllable state set, some necessary and sufficient algebraic conditions are obtained. Moreover, the target controllability is studied from the union graph perspective. The results show that when the union graph of all the possible topologies is target controllable, the multiagent system would be target controllable even if each of its subsystems is not. Numerical simulations are provided finally to verify the effectiveness of the theoretical results.
Synthesis and Supercapacitor Application of Cerium Tungstate Nanostructure
Authors: Naderi Hamid , Sobati Hossein , Sobhani‐Nasab Ali , Rahimi‐Nasrabadi Mehdi , Eghbali‐Arani Mohammad , Ganjali Mohammad Reza , Ehrlich Hermann
Published: March 2019

Cerium tungstate nanostructure was prepared through precipitation and characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), as well as cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge‐discharge, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and continuous cyclic voltammetry (CCV) in terms of structural and electrochemical properties. The electrochemical evaluations using cerium tungstate electrodes revealed that the electrode material has interesting supercapacitive properties including a specific capacitance (SC) of 348 F g−1 at a potential scan rate of 2 mV s−1. Also CCV experiments proved that the material maintains 95.8% of its original capacitance after 4000 cycles. The properties make the nanostructures suitable for use as high‐quality electroactive materials for supercapacitor applications.
An Insight into Selective Olefin Bond Functionalization of Cyclodienes through Nitrile Oxide 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloadditions
Authors: Benke Zsanett , Nonn Melinda , Fülöp Ferenc , Kiss Loránd
Published: March 2019

Selective functionalizations of the ring olefin bond of various commercial cyclodienes through nitrile oxide dipolar cycloaddition is described. Nitrile oxides were generated from primary nitroalkanes by Mukaiyama's method. Besides regioselectivity, the dipolar cycloadditions have been performed in view of selectivity of the ring olefin bonds. The cycloalkene‐fused isoxazoline products were easily converted through ring opening and cross metathesis into valuable dialkenylated heterocycles.
Glucose‐Induced Synthesis of 1T‐MoS2/C Hybrid for High‐Rate Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Bai Jin , Zhao Bangchuan , Zhou Jiafeng , Si Jianguo , Fang Zhitang , Li Kunzhen , Ma Hongyang , Dai Jianming , Zhu Xuebin , Sun Yuping
Published: March 2019

1T phase MoS2 possesses higher conductivity than the 2H phase, which is a key parameter of electrochemical performance for lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, a 1T‐MoS2/C hybrid is successfully synthesized through facile hydrothermal method with a proper glucose additive. The synthesized hybrid material is composed of smaller and fewer‐layer 1T‐MoS2 nanosheets covered by thin carbon layers with an enlarged interlayer spacing of 0.94 nm. When it is used as an anode material for LIBs, the enlarged interlayer spacing facilitates rapid intercalating and deintercalating of lithium ions and accommodates volume change during cycling. The high intrinsic conductivity of 1T‐MoS2 also contributes to a faster transfer of lithium ions and electrons. Moreover, much smaller and fewer‐layer nanosheets can shorten the diffusion path of lithium ions and accelerate reaction kinetics, leading to an improved electrochemical performance. It delivers a high initial capacity of 920.6 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 and the capacity can maintain 870 mAh g−1 even after 300 cycles, showing a superior cycling stability. The electrode presents a high rate performance as well with a reversible capacity of 600 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1. These results show that the 1T‐MoS2/C hybrid shows potential for use in high‐performance lithium‐ion batteries.
Discrimination of Protein Amino Acid or Its Protonated State at Single‐Residue Resolution by Graphene Nanopores
Authors: Si Wei , Zhang Yin , Wu Gensheng , Kan Yajing , Zhang Yan , Sha Jingjie , Chen Yunfei
Published: March 2019

The function of a protein is determined by the composition of amino acids and is essential to proteomics. However, protein sequencing remains challenging due to the protein's irregular charge state and its high‐order structure. Here, a proof of principle study on the capability of protein sequencing by graphene nanopores integrated with atomic force microscopy is performed using molecular dynamics simulations. It is found that nanopores can discriminate a protein sequence and even its protonation state at single‐residue resolution. Both the pulling forces and current blockades induced by the permeation of protein residues are found to be highly correlated with the type of amino acids, which makes the residues identifiable. It is also found that aside from the dimension, both the conformation and charge state of the residue can significantly influence the force and current signal during its permeation through the nanopore. In particular, due to the electro‐osmotic flow effect, the blockade current for the double‐protonated histidine is slightly smaller than that for single‐protonated histidine, which makes it possible for discrimination of different protonation states of amino acids. The results reported here present a novel protein sequencing scheme using graphene nanopores combined with nanomanipulation technology.
Microstructure Characteristics of Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries
Authors: Li Zhuo , Han Lu , Wang Yongfei , Li Xinyan , Lu Jinlin , Hu Xianwei
Published: March 2019

Rechargeable magnesium batteries (RMBs) that use pure Mg or Mg alloy as anode and materials allowing Mg ions to insert/extract as cathode have many advantages such as high energy density, environmental friendliness, low cost, and safety of handling. RMBs are regarded as a promising candidate for portable power sources and heavy load energy devices. However, there are still some technological issues impeding their commercial application. The most important issue is the absence of applicable cathode materials because of the high charge density, strong polarization effect, and very slow insertion/extraction speed of Mg2+ ions. In recent years, the research reports on the cathode materials of RMBs have increased significantly. Here, an extensive number of research papers are reviewed in terms of the microstructure characteristics of cathode materials for RMBs. The status and issues of cathode materials are analyzed and discussed in detail. The future development directions and perspectives are prospected for providing an understanding of the related research activities on RMBs.
Branch coverage prediction in automated testing
Authors: Grano Giovanni , Titov Timofey V. , Panichella Sebastiano , Gall Harald C.
Published: March 2019

Software testing is crucial in continuous integration (CI). Ideally, at every commit, all the test cases should be executed, and moreover, new test cases should be generated for the new source code. This is especially true in a Continuous Test Generation (CTG) environment, where the automatic generation of test cases is integrated into the continuous integration pipeline. In this context, developers want to achieve a certain minimum level of coverage for every software build. However, executing all the test cases and, moreover, generating new ones for all the classes at every commit is not feasible. As a consequence, developers have to select which subset of classes has to be tested and/or targeted by test‐case generation. We argue that knowing a priori the branch coverage that can be achieved with test‐data generation tools can help developers into taking informed decision about those issues. In this paper, we investigate the possibility to use source‐code metrics to predict the coverage achieved by test‐data generation tools. We use four different categories of source‐code features and assess the prediction on a large data set involving more than 3'000 Java classes. We compare different machine learning algorithms and conduct a fine‐grained feature analysis aimed at investigating the factors that most impact the prediction accuracy. Moreover, we extend our investigation to four different search budgets. Our evaluation shows that the best model achieves an average 0.15 and 0.21 MAE on nested cross‐validation over the different budgets, respectively, onEVOSUITEandRANDOOP. Finally, the discussion of the results demonstrate the relevance of coupling‐related features for the prediction accuracy.
Efficient Polymer Solar Cells With High Fill Factor Enabled by A Furo[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐4,6‐dione‐Based Copolymer
Authors: Gao Yueyue , Wang Zhen , Yue Gentian , Yu Xin , Liu Xiansheng , Yang Guang , Tan Furui , Wei Zhixiang , Zhang Weifeng
Published: March 2019

Non‐fullerene polymer solar cells (NF‐PSCs) have achieved tremendous progress in power conversion efficiency (PCE), which is mainly attributed to the well absorption complementation and the admirable energy‐level alignment between donor polymers and fullerene‐free acceptors. However, the development of efficient donor polymers pairing with fullerene‐free acceptors relatively lags behind that of fullerene‐free acceptors in terms of number and diversity for fabricating NF‐PSCs. In this work, a two‐dimensional medium bandgap copolymer (PBDFFPD) based on benzo[1,2‐b:3,4‐b′]difuran (BDF) and furo[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐4,6‐dione (FPD), is firstly designed and synthesized. The as‐prepared polymer possesses a large conjugated plane with negligible torsion, strong intermolecular and intramolecular interaction, and deep highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level. The optimized photovoltaic device based on PBDFFPD:ITIC wins a remarkable PCE of 9.58% with a large FF of 70.1%, the highest values ever reported for FPD‐based polymers. In addition, the statistical data from different batches of devices shows that PSCs based on PBDFFPD:ITIC at optimized conditions depict an excellent reproducibility of PCE with a deviation of 2.29%. The results demonstrate that PBDFFPD possesses great potential for constructing highly efficient NF‐PSCs.
Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells Based on Dopant‐Free Spiro‐OMeTAD Processed With Halogen‐Free Green Solvent
Authors: Jiang Kui , Wu Fei , Zhang Guangye , Zhu Linna , Yan He
Published: March 2019

In this paper, highly efficient (17%) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) based on a hole‐transporting layer (HTL) made of dopant‐free Spiro‐OMeTAD processed from a non‐halogenated solvent (THF) are reported for the first time. In addition to the high efficiency, a negligible hysteresis effect is observed for the devices with dopant‐free Spiro‐OMeTAD hole‐transporting material (HTM), which is often a problem for planar n‐i‐p type PSCs. By eliminating the hydroscopic dopants, the ambient stability of the completed PSC devices are much improved. Another advantage of using THF as a solvent is that much less of the Spiro‐OMeTAD material is required (5 mg ml−1) to coat the HTL compared to that used in a conventional chlorobenzene solvent (70 mg ml−1). Our result provides a simple yet effective method to fabricate dopant‐free PSCs toward cost‐effective and environmental friendly production of PSCs with enhanced stability.
Osthole induced apoptosis in human normal liver cells by regulating cell proliferation and endoplasmic reticulum stress
Authors: Shen Zhelun , Chen Jie , Lu Hong
Published: March 2019

Osthole (Ost) is often used in treatment for cancer, inflammation and rheumatism in clinic. However, Ost‐induced liver injury has been reported. In this study, we aim to investigate the possible mechanism of Ost‐induced hepatotoxicity in human normal liver cells (L02). When cells were exposed to Ost, the cell viability was decreased and apoptosis rate increased, the intracellular markers of oxidative stress were changed. Simultaneously, Ost altered apoptotic related proteins levels, including Bcl‐2, Bax, Cleaved‐Caspase‐9/‐8/‐3, and Pro‐Caspase‐3/‐8. In addition, Ost enhanced the levels of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress proteins (GRP78/Bip, CHOP, Caspase‐4, IRE1α, PERK, JNK, P‐JNK, and ATF4), decreased the cell proliferation and cycle‐associated protein (Phospho‐Histone H3, P‐Cdc25C, Cdc25C, P‐Cdc2, Cdc2, and Cyclin B1) level. The results show that Ost has toxic effects on L02 cells. Furthermore, it induces apoptosis by inhibiting cell proliferation, arresting cell cycle at the G2/M phase and activating ER stress.
Inversion of multiple parameters for river pollution accidents using emergency monitoring data
Authors: Jing Pingfei , Yang Zhonghua , Zhou Wugang , Huai Wenxin , Lu Xinhua
Published: March 2019

This study presented a new inversion algorithm on the basis of least squares method for river point pollution sources. A series of numerical experiments was conducted to verify the accuracy of the proposed inversion algorithm. The general solution of the one‐dimensional (1D) pollutant transport equation is the governing equation of this method. Pollutant concentrations at various hypothetical monitoring points should be observed at two moments to obtain the point pollution source parameters, namely, velocity, longitudinal dispersion coefficient, emission moment of the pollution source, emission location, and emission intensity. Monitoring error was considered a random noise in the numerical experiments. The inversion result error was 3.69% when the monitoring error was 5%. Although the monitoring error reached 20%, the maximum error of inversion parameters was 8.58%. In addition, the effects of river flow velocity, contaminant decay rates, monitoring point setting, and time intervals between two sampling groups were analyzed in hypothetic cases.

Practitioner points

Present a new inversion algorithm for river point pollution sources.

Multiple parameters can be obtained by inversion.

The unknown river velocity does not affect the result of parameter inversion.

Different levels of pollutant concentration monitoring errors are considered.
Writing a wrong: Coupled RNA polymerase II transcription and RNA quality control
Authors: Peck Sarah A. , Hughes Katlyn D. , Victorino Jose F. , Mosley Amber L.
Published: March 2019

Processing and maturation of precursor RNA species is coupled to RNA polymerase II transcription. Co‐transcriptional RNA processing helps to ensure efficient and proper capping, splicing, and 3′ end processing of different RNA species to help ensure quality control of the transcriptome. Many improperly processed transcripts are not exported from the nucleus, are restricted to the site of transcription, and are in some cases degraded, which helps to limit any possibility of aberrant RNA causing harm to cellular health. These critical quality control pathways are regulated by the highly dynamic protein–protein interaction network at the site of transcription. Recent work has further revealed the extent to which the processes of transcription and RNA processing and quality control are integrated, and how critically their coupling relies upon the dynamic protein interactions that take place co‐transcriptionally. This review focuses specifically on the intricate balance between 3′ end processing and RNA decay during transcription termination.

This article is categorized under:

RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Turnover/Surveillance Mechanisms

RNA Processing > 3' End Processing

RNA Processing > Splicing Mechanisms

RNA Processing > Capping and 5' End Modifications
Leading-logarithmic threshold resummation of the Drell-Yan process at next-to-leading power
Authors: Beneke Martin , Broggio Alessandro , Garny Mathias , Jaskiewicz Sebastian , Szafron Robert , Vernazza Leonardo , Wang Jian
Published: March 2019

Abstract

We resum the leading logarithms α

s

n

 ln2n − 1(1 − z), n = 1, 2, . . . near the kine-matic threshold z = Q
2/ŝ → 1 of the Drell-Yan process at next-to-leading power in the expansion in (1 − z). The derivation of this result employs soft-collinear effective theory in position space and the anomalous dimensions of subleading-power soft functions, which are computed. Expansion of the resummed result leads to the leading logarithms at fixed loop order, in agreement with exact results at NLO and NNLO and predictions from the physical evolution kernel at N3LO and N4LO, and to new results at the five-loop order and beyond.
Adverse Childhood Experiences in Medical Students: Implications for Wellness
Authors: Sciolla Andrés F. , Wilkes Michael S. , Griffin Erin J.
Published: March 2019

Objective

The primary purpose of the study was to assess the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in a cohort of third-year medical students and characterize their childhood protective factors.

Methods

The authors developed a web-based anonymous survey distributed to all third-year medical students in one school (N = 98). The survey included the 10-item ACE Study questionnaire, a list of childhood protective factors (CPF) and questions to assess students’ perception of the impact of ACEs on their physical and mental health. The medical school’s IRB approved the student survey as an exempt study. The authors computed descriptive and comparative statistical analyses.

Results

Eighty-six of 98 students responded (88% response rate). Forty-four students (51%) reported at least one ACE exposure and 10 (12%) reported ≥ 4 exposures. The latter were all female. The average difference in the ACE score between male and female medical students was − 1.1 (independent t test with unequal variances t(57.7) = − 2.82, P = .007). Students with an ACE score of ≥ 4 were significantly more likely to report a moderate or significant effect on their mental health, compared with students with scores ≤ 3 (chi-square test, P = < .0001). Most students reported high levels of CPF (median score = 13 of a maximum score = 14). ACEs and CPF were inversely associated (Pearson correlation = − 0.32, P = .003).

Conclusions

A sizeable minority of medical students reported exposure to multiple ACEs. If replicated, findings suggest a significant vulnerability of these medical students to health risk behaviors and physical and mental health problems during training and future medical practice.
Renal Colic Imaging: Myths, Recent Trends, and Controversies
Authors: Alabousi Abdullah , Patlas Michael N. , Mellnick Vincent M. , Chernyak Victoria , Farshait Nataly , Katz Douglas S.
Published: March 2019

There has been a substantial increase in the utilization of imaging, particularly of multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT), for the evaluation of patients with suspected urolithiasis over the past 2 decades. While the diagnostic accuracy of computed tomography (CT) for urolithiasis is excellent, it has also resulted in substantial medical expenditures and increased ionizing radiation exposure. This is especially concerning in patients with known nephrolithiasis and in younger patients. This pictorial review will focus on recent trends and controversies in imaging of patients with suspected urolithiasis, including the current roles of ultrasound (US), MDCT, and magnetic resonance imaging, the estimated radiation dose from MDCT and dose reduction strategies, as well as imaging of suspected renal colic in pregnant patients. The current epidemiological, clinical, and practice management literature will be appraised.
The incidence of mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and data synthesis
Authors: Gillis Cai , Mirzaei Fariba , Potashman Michele , Ikram M. Arfan , Maserejian Nancy
Published: March 2019

Introduction

Incidence estimates of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) range widely. We obtained contemporary age‐specific MCI incidence rates and examined sources of heterogeneity.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review of population‐based studies from the Americas, Europe, and Australia using restrictive inclusion criteria to limit heterogeneity. Incidence was examined using 5‐year age categories for MCI and amnestic/nonamnestic subtypes. Data were synthesized using quantitative and qualitative descriptive analyses and quantitative meta‐analyses.

Results

Meta‐analysis estimates (95% CI) of MCI incidence per 1000 person‐years were 22.5 (5.1–51.4) for ages 75–79y, 40.9 (7.7–97.5) for ages 80–84y, and 60.1 (6.7–159.0) for ages 85+y. Despite restrictive inclusion criteria, considerable heterogeneity (measured by I2) remained. Meta‐analysis findings and simple descriptive statistics were consistent and supported by qualitative review.

Discussion

Heterogeneity in MCI incidence estimates persisted across age‐specific estimates from population samples, likely reflecting differences in populations and methods. Incidence rate ranges are important to consider with summary point estimates.
Role of the endocannabinoid system in neurological disorders
Authors: Zou Mingyang , Li Dexin , Li Ling , Wu Lijie , Sun Caihong
Published: March 2019

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder that begins in infancy. Although the etiology and pathogenesis are poorly understood, many studies have shown that ASD is closely related to structural and functional defects in the nervous system, especially synaptic transmission. The endocannabinoid (eCB) system is an important regulatory system of the central nervous system that regulates neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity and plays an important role in emotional and social responses and cognitive function. The relationship between eCB system and ASD has attracted increasing attention from scholars. In this review, we discuss the complex lipid signaling network of the eCB system, intracellular transport pathways, abnormal expression and association with various neurological diseases, and direct and indirect evidence for the link between eCB and ASD. Collectively, the findings to date indicate that the eCB system plays a key role in the pathophysiology of ASD and can provide new insights into potential interventions and rehabilitation strategies for ASD.
Monsoon-induced changes in surface hydrography of the eastern Arabian Sea during the early Pleistocene
Authors: Satpathy Rajeev Kumar , Steinke Stephan , Singh Arun Deo
Published: March 2019

Upper water column dynamics in the eastern Arabian Sea were reconstructed in order to investigate changes in the activity of the South Asian / Indian monsoon during the early Pleistocene (c. 1.5–2.7 Ma). We used planktic foraminiferal assemblage records combined with isotopic (δ18O and δ13C) data, Mg/Ca-based sea surface temperatures and seawater δ18O records to estimate changes in surface water conditions at International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Site U1457. Our records indicate two distinct regimes of monsoon-induced changes in upper water structure during the periodsc. 1.55–1.65 Ma andc. 1.85–2.7 Ma. We infer that a more stratified upper water column and oligotrophic mixed layer conditions prevailed during the period 1.85–2.7 Ma, which may be due to overall weaker South Asian / Indian winter (NE) and summer (SW) monsoon circulations. The period 1.55–1.65 Ma was characterized by enhanced eutrophication of the mixed layer, which was probably triggered by intensified winter (NE) monsoonal winds. The long-term trend in hydrographic changes during 1.55–1.65 Ma appears to be superimposed by short-term variations, probably reflecting glacial/interglacial changes. We suggest that an intensification of the South Asian / Indian winter monsoon circulation occurred between ∼1.65 Ma and 1.85 Ma, which is most likely due to the development of strong meridional and zonal atmospheric circulations (i.e. Walker Circulation and Hadley Circulation) because of strong equatorial East–West Pacific temperature gradients.
Initiating Participatory Action Research with Older Adults: Lessons Learned through Reflexivity
Authors: Hand Carri , Rudman Debbie Laliberte , McGrath Colleen , Donnelly Catherine , Sands Michele
Published: March 2019

La recherche-action participative (RAP) apporte une perspective intéressante pour la recherche abordant l’exclusion et l’inclusion sociale des personnes âgées. Les exemples et réflexions sur la RAP impliquant des personnes âgées sont rares, en particulier à l’étape de l’initiation de la recherche, lorsque l’action participative cyclique est mise en place. Dans cet article, nous décrivons le démarrage d’un projet de recherche-action participative avec des personnes âgées et analysons la concordance entre ce processus et les principes clés de la participation, ainsi que son arrimage aux structures de recherche typiques. Les résultats soulignent les tensions entre le développement de relations de plus long terme et les demandes de financement préparées dans de courts délais. Cette étude montre comment les conceptions traditionnelles de la recherche peuvent influer sur la création de partenariats équitables et met en évidence la nécessité d’élaborer des lignes directrices en matière d’éthique et de publications qui traitent explicitement des approches participatives. Ces observations clés pourront être appliquées pour utiliser les potentialités de la recherche-action participative, qui consiste à aborder les enjeux importants à travers un travail collaboratif et une approche équitable intégrant les personnes les plus affectées.
Lost in Translation in the Law School Classroom: Assessing Required Coursework in LL.M. Programs for International Students*
Authors: Spanbauer Julie M.
Published: March 2019

Many law schools have opened their doors to international students, inviting them to participate in the following types of programs: (1) LL.M. programs designed exclusively or primarily for international students, (2) LL.M. programs designed primarily for U.S.-trained lawyers and law students to which international students are admitted, (3) S.J.D. and J.S.D. degree programs to which international students are admitted, (4) J.D. programs to which international students are admitted, and (5) Intensive prelaw training programs for international students entering American law schools.
A Study of Islamic Family Law in Malaysia: A Select Bibliography
Authors: Abdullah Raihana
Published: March 2019

Islamic Family Law is one of the most studied fields in Malaysian law. This is because it affects the personal life of Muslims, and because many issues have arisen as a result of the implementation of the Islamic Family Law Enactment which governs Muslims in Malaysia. Scholarship in this area has expanded with the development of the Enactment itself. Several approaches have been used to analyze the implementation of the lawinter alia,legal, socio-legal, comparative, and anthropological and sociological perspecitves. It cannot be denied that research and scholarly publications in the field of Islamic Family Law have contributed to further strengthening the administration of justice and the implementation of the law. As such, this paper is intended to describe the trends in the area of Islamic Family Law. Doing so will assist in ascertaining the direction of this field in the future.
The Waterfront in Cape Town and South African History
Authors: Bickford-Smith Vivian
Published: March 2019

I spent some time contemplating what you might find particularly interesting about the history of the Waterfront, until I learnt that many of you are staying at hotels on Portswood Road, and that the conference itself is at the Breakwater campus of the University of Cape Town (UCT.) This persuaded me to use the history of the crenellated building that dominates Portswood Ridge, and forms the heart of the UCT Business School campus, to talk about a number of important themes in the history of the country you have chosen for your latest conference. Just over one hundred years ago, that building came into existence as The Industrial Breakwater Prison. It was an addition to the original convict station that lay further down Portswood Road towards the sea. There are perhaps four particularly important ways in which this building, and its surrounding area, were connected to significant moments or processes in South Africa's past: the development of Cape Town's harbor, colonial conquest and resistance, the development of a diamond industry and, yes, the origins of apartheid. How so?
Socio-Economic Rights and Their Implementation: The Impact of Domestic and International Instruments
Authors: Erasmus Gerhard
Published: March 2019

Socio-economic rights are those human rights that aim to secure for all members of a particular society a basic quality of life in terms of food, water, shelter, education, health care and housing. They differ from traditional civil and political rights such as the right to equality, personal liberty, property, free speech and association. These “traditional human rights” are now found in most democratic constitutions and are, as a rule, enshrined in a Bill of Rights; which is that part of the Constitution that is normally enforced through mechanisms such as judicial review. The victims of the violation of such rights have a legal remedy. Individual freedom is a primary value underpinning civil and political rights.
New Rights – New Laws: South African Legal Literature in a Time of Transition
Authors: Barratt Amanda
Published: March 2019

The title of this paper follows the 2003 Meeting theme: Law in a Time of Transition. Speakers thus far have discussed the various ways in which South African substantive law has changed since 1990. With such far-reaching changes in the political and legal landscape, one would expect to see some changes in the legal literature. There have indeed been profound changes in the forms of legal publication over the past few years, some of which would seem to be a direct result of the new legal and political system. I refer in this context not so much to the content and substance of our statutes and decided cases, but rather to the forms in which they are made available.
Estonian Legal Language Centre: Legal Translation and Terminology Work
Authors: Ilja Merit-Ene
Published: March 2019

The Estonian Legal Language Centre, initially known as the Estonian Legislative Support Centre and later on as the Estonian Legal Translation Centre, started operation in 1995 as a state agency under the governance of the Estonian State Chancellery. It was funded from the state budget.
The Death Penalty: Developments in Caribbean Jurisprudence
Authors: Gifford Lord Anthony
Published: March 2019

I thank the International Association of Law Libraries for your warm hospitality. I am glad to have had the chance to meet with you and learn about your work, and I wish you well as you meet the challenges of the technological era where law books are giving way to internet links.
Democratization and Foreign Policy Reforms in Turkey: Europeanization of Turkish Politics?
Authors: Gürsoy Yaprak
Published: March 2019

The European Union membership process has had an impact on Turkish domestic politics and foreign policy. However, when compared with previous candidate countries to the EU, the Europeanization of politics in Turkey has not been an even process. The reformation of politics in Turkey has had three main characteristics. First, instead of the pace of the reforms being linear, there has been a periodic rise and fall of interest in introducing amendments. Second, the reforms have not necessarily replaced past practices, rather they have only introduced new ones in addition to the old ways of doing politics. Finally, there has been considerable opposition to the reforms in Turkey, partially because the government does not seem to follow the liberal-democratic trajectory set out by the EU membership process. The delays in enacting the constitutional and legal changes and the biased selection of laws and practices that are being amended do not give the impression that the government is sincere. Whether the amendments are in fact Europeanizing Turkey or pulling it away from its Western and secular political framework is a significant question leading to conflict among different factions in society. This divergence of opinion, in turn, results in further stalling the reforms.
Biodiversity: Implementation of the 1992 CBD in Malaysia†
Authors: Lopez Tanya Marie , Nagarajan Rajesvaran , Thevi Sobana Swarta
Published: March 2019

Of late, particularly since the inception of the Convention on Biological Diversity (“CBD”), there has been some recognition of the relevance of biological resources and the need to protect and conserve these resources for the benefit of humankind. Natural disasters which have been occurring around the world, such as the recent earthquake in Christchurch, New Zealand, the 2009 earthquake in Haiti, the floods in Pakistan and the mystery surrounding the fallen dead birds from the sky en masse in Arkansas have raised concerns on the state of the environment in which we live in today. The resultant long-term effects of such natural disasters is colossal to the inhabitants of mother Earth although those who are not directly affected by such disasters are rarely of the view that they have, in some way, contributed to the happenings of such disasters. In Europe and parts of America, winter temperatures plummeted towards the end of 2010 recording some of the lowest temperatures in history whilst in the southern hemisphere, cyclones and floods have plagued Australia thereby giving rise to prophecies that perhaps, the world may be coming to an end.
Compendium of United Nations Norms in Criminal
Justice
Authors: Schaaf Robert W.
Published: March 2019

Included among the documentation prepared for the Eighth United Nations
Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, Havana
August 27-September 7, 1990, is an item that should be of interest to
readers of this journal. This is a Compendium of United Nations
Standards and Norms in Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice.
Issued with the date May 11, 1990, the document carries the symbol
A/CONF.144/INF.2 and covers 140 pages. Part I on “Crime Prevention and
Criminal Justice” includes the text of 22 norms and standards and runs to 80
pages. Part II, entitled “Human Rights,” is not detailed here, but includes
the texts of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the two
International Covenants—on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and on Civil
and Political Rights (instruments collectively known as the International
Bill of Human Rights). Also included in Part II are the two optional
protocols to the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Convention
against Torture, the recently adopted Convention on the Rights of the Child
(see below) and two other norms concerning the rights of prisoners.
An Introduction to Law of the Islamic World
Authors: Vogel Frank
Published: March 2019

Thank you, Terry [Harry S. Martin III] for this kind introduction. I'm glad to be here to meet you all. I'm very fond of law librarians, perhaps because of Terry, who has given us such unstinting support for a program and for a body of literature that might otherwise be considered exotic or unnecessary. I don't think we've ever asked for anything from this Library that it has not tried its very best to give us. In our program we are aware that probably the most essential thing we can do—building for the long-term—is to strengthen the Library in our field. I have to admit, in my modest moments, that people most often come here to study with us, to join our program, not for us, but for the Library. Occasionally people let it slip.
International Human Rights in Canada: At the Juncture of Law and Politics
Authors: Bhabha Faisal
Published: March 2019

Thank you for the opportunity to address the very timely topic of international human rights law from the Canadian perspective. As my title suggests, my analysis of this topic sits at the intersection of law and politics, as so much of international law necessarily does. I will proceed in three parts. First, I will provide a sketch of the political context, drawing from recent events and trends, to describe a conflicted official government approach to international human rights. Next, I will examine the formal legal status of international human rights law in Canada, drawing selectively from key Supreme Court of Canada decisions. This will be far from a comprehensive account. Finally, I will discuss the recent adoption of the newest international human rights treaty, the disability convention, and discuss calls to promote access to justice at the international level for breaches of Convention norms domestically. Notwithstanding important efforts to advance the status of international human rights law in Canada, my overall observation is that, in both law and politics, the Canadian approach to international human rights is predominantly inward looking.