bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Making Place: The First Birth in an Intergenerational Family Context
Authors: Bright Mary Anne
Published: March 2007

Interaction among parents, grandparents, and firstborn infants was studied in three healthy families over a period of 15 months, beginning in the last trimester of pregnancy and ending on the infant's first birthday. The grounded theory research method of constant comparative analysis resulted in the identification of an evolutionary family process that reflected reorganized interpersonal patterns and expanded the three-generational intrafamilial boundaries. Making place is defined as the process occurring in a family through which a newborn individual receives recognition as a member of that family. It is an integrative process in that it facilitates the creation of new relational connections within the family as well as giving new meaning to already existing ones. The concept of making place offers a useful focus for family nursing, namely, the importance of the relational context of family health.
The Experience of Being Mechanically Ventilated
Authors: Jablonski Rita Seeger
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the experience of patients who required mechanical ventilation. A qualitative method of inquiry was used to generate rich descriptive data. Twelve informants were recruited. All of the informants were adults (18 years of age and over) and had used a mechanical ventilator for a minimum of 18 hours. All interviews were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. Themes were extracted from the transcriptions and organized into clusters. Fifteen clusters were identified. Fourteen clusters track the experience of mechanical ventilation from intubation to extubation. The fifteenth cluster offers recommendations from patients. This study concluded that health care providers, especially nurses, control the type of experience that mechanically ventilated patients have.
The Problem of Legitimacy in the Experience of Work-Related Back Injury
Authors: Tarasuk Valerie , Eakin Joan M.
Published: March 2007

In an ethnographic study of work-related back injury, the problem of legitimacy was a central feature of workers' experiences. Injured workers encountered suspicion in their workplaces regarding the validity of their claims to back injury and their need for compensable time off work. The experience was associated, in most instances, with damaged relations at work and jeopardized job security. Underpinning workers' experience were the nature of medical knowledge on back injuries and the design of the workers' compensation system. The relationship of this analysis to the issues of malingering and moral evaluation in the workplace is examined, as is the possibility that the problem of legitimacy contributes to chronic disability from work-related back injury.
Techniques for Conducting Research with Quadriplegic Adults Residing in the Community
Authors: Bach Carole Ann , McDaniel Roxanne W.
Published: March 2007

Conducting research with difficult-to-access populations presents unique challenges, but at the same time provides valuable knowledge and insight into the special health care needs of the people within the population. This article presents a discussion of techniques for recruitment of subjects and collection of data from people with quadriplegia. Strategies for increasing subject numbers and for designing research tools specific for this population are discussed, as are considerations for enhancing the effectiveness of group meetings. The strategies included in this article may also be useful when conducting research with other populations who are difficult to access or who have motor or sensory deficits.
Anonymized Focus Groups as a Research Tool for Health Professionals
Authors: White Gillian E. , Thomson Alex N.
Published: March 2007

An anonymized telephone-based focus group (AFoG) methodology was designed for studies examining family physicians' attitudes to social and sexual contact between family physicians and their patients. The method adapts the traditional focus group approach as a means of exploring a sensitive family practice topic while concealing participants' identities. Using this method, a safe environment can be created in which participants are able to freely discuss the issues. In the example given, the method resulted in a significant contribution to the research. Participants expressed positive comments about the experience.
Developmentally Disabled Adults in Community Living: The Significance of Personal Control
Authors: MacEachen Ellen , Munby Hugh
Published: March 2007

Virtually absent from the debate surrounding the benefits and setbacks of community living for the developmentally disabled is an understanding of community life from the viewpoint of the clients. This article presents findings from an ethnographic study of seven mildly developmentally disabled adults. The study challenges the assumption that integrated community housing provides an independence similar to that enjoyed by the normal population. It is proposed that although service support focuses on the behavior of developmentally disabled individuals, it needs to go a step further to the state of mind of the clients. Being in control of one's own life, including enjoying the freedom to make mistakes, is presented as a significant prerequisite to the traditional living goals of independence and integration.
The Devil's Advocate: A Strategy to Avoid Groupthink and Stimulate Discussion in Focus Groups
Authors: MacDougall Colin , Baum Frances
Published: March 2007

The focus group is an increasingly popular qualitative research method in health research to gain insight into complex problems. Concerns have been expressed about how best to stimulate free and open discussion; especially on controversial issues and/or when the group comprises people with different power and status. A potential pitfall of the focus group technique is group-think: the impact of censoring and conforming as described by such social psychologists as Irving Janis. The article describes an evaluation of a method to reduce groupthink and stimulate creativity and controversy in focus groups that analyzed consultation between an Australian federal government department and its communities. The article recommends to researchers using focus groups the selective use of devil's advocates to reflect different perspectives to groups, to ask questions in a different way, to introduce new questions, and to avoid groups arriving at premature solutions.
The Use of Face Work and Politeness Theory
Authors: Spiers Judith Ann
Published: March 2007

Communication is central to nursing care. There is no framework to link communication theory to actual nursing interactions. Face work refers to ways people cooperatively attempt to promote both the other's and one's own sense of self-esteem, autonomy, and solidarity in conversation. Face work theory provides a means of understanding the context of interaction and the ways in which a nurse and client choose speech patterns based on perceptions offace needs,face threats, and contextualfeatures of power, culture, and social distance. Models of face work as politeness, forms of address, and embarrassment are presented to illuminate how communication is mutually negotiated and how verbal strategies respond to the instrumental demands of the situation as well as the interpersonal needs of both participants. Nurses are often effective in practice due to their intuitive understanding offace work, but this is not explicitly recognized in current research and education.
Integrating Hearing Loss into One's Life
Authors: Herth Kaye
Published: March 2007

Hearing loss is the single most prevalent chronic physical disability in the United States. Little is known about the experience of integrating hearing loss as a part of one's life, particularly from the perspective of the hearing-impaired person. This phenomenological inquiry explored how adults with onset of hearing loss after acquisition of language integrate the hearing loss into their lives. The author interviewed 32 deafened adults. Using a modification of P. F. Colaizzi's method of data analysis, four distinct themes, each with subthemes, emerged around a core variable labeled as dancing with. These themes were dancing with loss and fear, dancing with fluctuating feelings, dancing with courage amidst change, and dancing with an altered life perspective. This study provides a beginning understanding of how people integrate a hearing loss into their lives and is the first step in developing and implementing appropriate strategies to provide assistance to others experiencing hearing loss.
In the Shadow: The Impact of Chronic Illness on the Patient's Partner
Authors: Kuyper M. B. , Wester F.
Published: March 2007

This study focuses on the partners of patients with chronic illness. Through intensive interviews with the patients' partners and their general practitioners (GPs), the problems the partners experience are explored and analyzed in terms of the support the GP may provide. A description is given of the main problems partners of chronically ill patients have to cope with and the tasks these imply for their everyday life. The attitude and communication skills of the GP are a key factor in whether he or she will play an important supporting role in the case of chronic illness in the family.
Studying Domestic Violence in Chiapas, Mexico
Authors: Glantz Namino Melissa , Halperin David C. , Hunt Linda M.
Published: March 2007

Conjugal violence is common in the Border Region of Chiapas, Mexico, with serious repercussions for women's health and well-being. To understand local perceptions of and responses to violence, the authors conducted focused, open-ended ethnographic interviews with 40 nonindigenous, economically marginal women of the community. This article describes the data collection, analysis methodology, and findings concerning informants' concepts of the nature of this violence, its antecedent causes and consequences, and the strategies they employ to confront it. Such qualitative methods have advanced the authors' understanding of conjugal violence in this region, which they believe will lead to the development of appropriate interventions to ameliorate it and perhaps will prove useful in other regions sharing similar conditions of poverty, rural dispersion, and profound gender inequity.
Caring for a Family Member with Chronic Mental Illness
Authors: Jeon Yun-Hee , Madjar Irena
Published: March 2007

The aim of the phenomenological study described in this article was to depict the lived world of caring for a family member with chronic mental illness. Through two individual in-depth interviews, 14 participants were asked to describe their experience of caring for a son, daughter, or parent affected by chronic mental illness. The main themes emerging from the study related to temporality, the need to "live each day as it comes" without being able to make long-term plans, and to relationality, the need to "look at the world through the other's window," always aware of how the world responds, not only to oneself but also to the person with mental illness.
Social Marketing and MARTIN: Tools for Organizing, Analyzing, and Interpreting Qualitative Data
Authors: Higgins Joan Wharf
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to discuss how the computer software program MARTIN and social marketing concepts (understanding the consumer perspective, exchange, marketing mix, and segmentation) were used as organizational, analytical, and interpretive tools for qualitative data. The qualitative data are from a case study on citizen participation in a health reform policy in British Columbia. The concept of broad-based public participation is fundamental element of health promotion and citizenship. There is a gap, however, between the promise and reality of citizen participation in health promotion. Emerging from the analysis was an understanding of the societal circumstances that inhibited or fostered participation. This article describes how the code-based, theory-building attributes of the MARTIN software facilitated a new conceptualization of participatory citizenship and generated new insights into understanding why some people participate and others do not.
Stories of Suffering: Subjective Tales and Research Narratives
Authors: Charmaz Kathy
Published: March 2007

The following analysis addresses relationships between suffering and the self. It emphasizes subjects’ stories of experiencing chronic illness and their relationship to the construction of self. A symbolic interactionist perspective informs the analysis. Topics include forms of suffering, the moral hierarchy of suffering, relationships between gender and moral status in suffering, and meanings of subjects’ stories. The major argument is that suffering is a profoundly moral status. Placement in the moral hierarchy of suffering affects whether and how an ill person’s stories will be heard.
Qualitative Research into Nurse Decision Making: Factors for Consideration in Theoretical Sampling
Authors: Thompson Carl
Published: March 2007

This article details some of the theoretical sampling choices available to researchers considering qualitative approaches to research into nurse decision making and the information that informs it. It draws on the theoretical and empirical literature on decision theory and, in so doing, provides a rationale for the theoretical sampling choices proposed. The final sampling frame is designed to be applied to decision research in nursing but could offer starting points for research into the decisions of other professional clinical groups.
Brothers and Sisters: A Novel Way to Teach Human Resources Management
Authors: Bumpus Minnette
Published: March 2007

In an attempt to increase students’ appreciation for the richness of different perspectives on management issues, a novel teaching approach was used to explore human resources management issues, concepts, and theories within the context of the multi-dimensional lives of characters in a novel. This article will discuss how the full-length novel Brothers and Sisters (Campbell, 1994) was used to teach an introductory management of human resources course.
Designing a Competency-Based Master of Arts in Management Program for Midcareer Adults
Authors: Spee James C. , Tompkins Teri C.
Published: March 2007

The process of designing a competency-based management graduate degree program for midcareer adults includes examining the background of competency-based programs at the designers’ university; the choice of competencies, levels, and categories (personal, people management, analytic, and career-specific skills and management knowledge); and the arrangement of the courses in the program. The design allows outcome evaluation to occur at the individual, course, and program levels through a pretest-posttest control group design. Students assess their competencies and design an individual learning plan in assessment courses at the beginning and end of the program. Students apply their learning through portfolio assignments in 10 management knowledge courses.
The Family Impact of Expatriate Assignments: An Experiential Exercise
Authors: Ledman Robert E.
Published: March 2007

This article presents an experiential exercise that focuses on issues related to workers facing international assignments. It illustrates that those workers face a multitude of issues. It further demonstrates that managers who want employees to realize the maximum benefits of international assignments should be aware of, and be prepared to deal with, those issues. Some of the topics that are easily addressed with this exercise include the need for culture and language training for the employees and their families, the impact that international assignments may have on an employee’s family, and how that may affect an employee’s willingness to seek such assignments.
International Exchange Game: A Hidden Social Dilemma
Authors: Mcdonald Don M.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a simple social dilemma designed to help 10 to 50 participants experience the value of winning with each other, not winning against each other, by maximizing both personal and group gain through cooperation. Participants are issued instruction sheets on which they collect each other’s signatures. Like a global economy in which everyone gives and takes, trust and interdependence are required for maximum personal gain. It has proven useful for experiencing value added, organization synergy, communication, trust, conflict resolution, and emergent leadership.
Seinfeld, Professor of Organizational Behavior: The Psychological Contract and Systems Thinking
Authors: Dent Eric B.
Published: March 2007

The television sitcom Seinfeld provides management educators with a fun and thorough tool for teaching two concepts that are often part of organizational behavior or general management courses: the concepts of the psychological contract and interdependence in systems thinking. Especially in the case of the latter concept, students have a difficult time comprehending the central ideas through typical classroom learning. Viewing several episodes of Seinfeld seems to greatly clarify the concepts and sensitize students to seeing interdependencies in their own lives.
Bowing to the King: An Exercise in Uncontested Instructor Power
Authors: Lewicki Roy J.
Published: March 2007

In a rejoinder to another article, the author argues that a "negotiating for grades" experiment may be an ill-considered one. Using an exchange-theory framework of the teacher-student relationship, the article argues that negotiation for grades can be a violation of student expectations in the exchange transaction and an abuse of instructor power. Implications are also drawn for the fair administration of student grading systems.
Through the Looking Glass: Reflections on a Disruptive Experience
Authors: Howell Jane M.
Published: March 2007

The disruptive behavior of a group of six students assigned to the Commercial Glass Division of Looking Glass, Inc., a complex organizational simulation, is described. The strategy used by the instructor to convert this experience into a learning opportunity for the students concerned is outlined. In addition, from the instructor's perspective, lessons learned about conducting the Looking Glass simulation in particular, and organizational simulations in general, and managing disruptive student behavior effectively are detailed.
An Exercise in Risky Communication
Authors: Smith Wanda J.
Published: March 2007

This article contains an exercise in cross-cultural communication. The exercise seeks to build awareness by providing examples of conventional terms and phrases that may be viewed by others as offensive. It also provides guidelines intended to help participants recover from inevitable cross-cultural miscommunications.
Repairing the Disconnects in Faculty Teaching Teams
Authors: Young Mary B. , Kram Kathy E.
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes the rewards and challenges for cross-disciplinary team teaching in management education. Individual-, group-, organizational-, and institutional-level obstacles are addressed. Based on the authors' experience in planning, teaching in, and evaluating multiple semesters of a cross-disciplinary core course for MBAs, the article outlines steps that individual faculty members, teaching teams, and management programs or schools can take to improve the success of cross-disciplinary faculty teams.
Learning and Teaching: A Theory of Action Perspective
Authors: Argyris Chris
Published: March 2007

This article describes learning and teaching activities in large group settings that are informed by a theory of action perspective and examines the epistemological and pedagogical implications for effective management education. The author lays out the underlying tenants of a theory of action perspective most relevant to learning and teaching, explores the implications for action and implementation in the management classroom, and illustrates a case writing process and teaching method that meets the criteria for good theory in action-based education.
The Teacher as Container of Anxiety: Psychoanalysis and the Role of Teacher
Authors: French Robert B.
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on anxiety in teaching and learning. It argues that in essence the teacher's role is to contain anxiety for the sake of learning. The teacher's skill in setting up and maintaining a "containing space" is the keystone on which the various aspects of the art of good teaching rest. Within this space, learning can be experienced as the expansion of potential, not merely the mastery of content and predefined competencies. Despite the differences in aims, a strong "family resemblance" exists between teaching and psychoanalysis in terms of setting, role, transference, and underlying notions of human development.
A Commentary on Strategies for AIDS Prevention from the British Perspective
Authors: MacDonald Sarah Johanna
Published: March 2007

The commentary reviews similarities between the American and the European perspective of the HIV spread, with particular emphasis on the British mode of transmission among women. Social perceptions of the female role are seen as contributing to the difficulties experienced by British women who are HIV positive. Although there are numerous ongoing programs to assist and support HIV-infected women, the projection of an increased incidence in the spread of HIV among the heterosexual population is one that needs to be addressed. This is recognized as an issue that will reveal the needs of this new infected population and will in turn decide the necessary revisions of all existing programs that offer help and assistance to women. The commentary acknowledges the value of the American-designed peer counseling and leadership training and suggests that international (PCLT) program implementation might be considered.
Adolescent Sexual Behavior and Condom Use in Ile-Ife, Nigeria
Authors: Jinadu M. K. , Odesanmi W. O.
Published: March 2007

A study to identify risky sexual behaviors related to condom use was conducted in a Yoruba-speaking urban area of Nigeria. The subjects were 256 randomly selected male high school students, 15-19 years of age, who completed a self-administered questionnaire. The majority (79%, or 194) reported having had heterosexual intercourse in the previous 12 months, 9 (4.6%) with prostitutes and 107 (55.4%) with more than one sexual partner Three subjects who had more than one sexual partner and I of the 9 who had sexual intercourse with a prostitute had used a condom. Condoms were reported to be used only for the prevention of unwanted pregnancy by 61.3% of the students. Implications of these findings for adolescent AIDS education in Africa are discussed.
Communication Strategies Used by an Expert Nurse
Authors: Brown Sarah Jo
Published: March 2007

Individualization of care, or tailoring of care, involves taking into account the client's individuality, and allowing that individuality to determine interpersonal approaches and health-illness management actions (Cox, 1982). Cox's definition of tailoring was empirically supported in a study of three naturally occurring clinical encounters (Brown, 1992). The present analysis was conducted using the research methods of discourse analysis to further understand how the expert nurse in Brown's study used speech actions to enact tailoring. The nurse provided clients with explicit opportunities to introduce their issues, elicited descriptions of their daily lives, expressed personal regard for them, yet also assessed their clinical states. This discourse profile is unlike others reported in the literature and may be considered exemplary.
The Effect of Two Nursing Interventions on Families of ICU Patients
Authors: Daly Kathleen , Kleinpell Ruth M. , Lawinger Sandra , Casey Ginny
Published: March 2007

Although much research has addressed family needs of ICU patients, only a few studies have examined interventions aimed at meeting these family needs. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of two interventions, a family information pamphlet and family group session, on 60 family members of ICU patients. Results revealed no statistically significant differences between the family member groups on Critical Care Family Needs Inventory scores (p = .45), which assessed important needs, or State Trait Anxiety scores (p = .61). Consistent with previous research on families' needs, the majority of the needs identified as most important by all family members related to receiving information. Small sample sizes may have contributed to nonsignifiant differences between family member groups, and study replication with player sample sizes is recommended.
Pregnant Teenagers' Reasons for Seeking or Delaying Prenatal Care
Authors: Lee Sally Hughes , Grubbs Laurie M.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this descriptive study was to explore the reasons that pregnant teenagers do or do not seek prenatal care during the first trimester of pregnancy. Interviews were conducted with a volunteer sample of 49 pregnant adolescent girls, 13 to 18 years old, in primary care settings. The informants' self-reported reasons for seeking early prenatal care included feeling ill, being worried about themselves, wanting a pregnancy test, and the teen's mother insisting that she begin prenatal care. Reasons for delaying care included not recognizing pregnancy symptoms, denying being pregnant; fear of parents' response to the pregnancy, and lack of financial resources. The findings suggest that pregnant adolescents who sought early prenatal care had adequate family support and a stronger knowledge base about pregnancy than those who delayed care. Nurses and other health care personnel in clinical practice should provide information about the symptoms and signs of pregnancy and about the importance of initiating early prenatal care, in all encounters with preadolescent and adolescent girls and their mothers, to increase the likelihood that teens will seek early prenatal care if they become pregnant.
School-Age Children's Understanding of the Relations between their Behavior and their Asthma Management
Authors: Kieckhefer Gail M. , Spitzer Ada
Published: March 2007

This research examined the behaviors children reported to be linked to their asthma flare-ups, the extent to which reported links were in the theoretically expected direction, explanatory models children gave for linkages they espoused, and the extent to which reporting a greater number of theoretically appropriate linkages was associated with a variety of asthma-related beliefs and behaviors. Most children reported that their behavior had an affect on their breathing and most often the reported impact was in theoretically expected directions (73%-100%). The ability of children to provide substantive explanatory models was more limited. Significant relationships were found between the child's number of theoretically appropriate affirmitive responses and several subsequent measures of asthma knowledge, extent of child's responsibility to implement daily asthma management by both parent and child report, child's self-efficacy rating on his or her ability to perform asthma self-management activities, and the child's report of frequency with which routine asthma management behaviors were performed.
Dietary Fiber and Laxation in Postop Orthopedic Patients
Authors: Ouellet Louiselle L. , Turner T. Rolf , Pond Sandra , McLaughlin Heather , Knorr Shelly
Published: March 2007

The addition of wheat fiber to the diet of post-surgical orthopedic patients as a means of preventing constipation was studied using a quasi-experimental design. It was hypothesized that a 20 gm supplement of All Bran(r) and natural bran would promote spontaneous bowel movements, reduce the incidence of constipation, and thus decrease the need for elimination interventions. The results show that the study group had more spontaneous bowel movements and required fewer elimination interventions than did the control group.
Gastric Decompression in Adult Patients
Authors: Schmieding Norma Jean , Waldman Ruth C.
Published: March 2007

Using a 62-item investigator-developed mailed questionnaire, this descriptive study of 350 randomly selected staff nurses sought to identify variations in practices in the care of patients with nasogastric tubes. Reported here are the results on the 15 questionnaire items related to the use of nasogastric tubes for gastric decompression. Results show that practice is not always consistent with published research; additionally, there are areas of practice for which no research was found. Subjects' responses by age, education, and amount of experience showed marked frequency variations on several items, as did employment in teaching versus community hospitals. Results have implications for nursing educators in clinical agencies and nursing schools.
Elderly Patients' Experiences with Nurses Guided by Parse's Theory of Human Becoming
Authors: Janes Nadine M. , Wells Donna L.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to describe the experience of being cared for by nurses who are guided by Parse's theory of human becoming from the perspective of hospitalized elderly patients. Open-ended interviews were used to collect data from a sample of 10 patients. The descriptions obtained from the interviews were analyzed using Colaizzi's phenomenological method. Three common themes constituted an exhaustive description of patients' experiences of relating to their nurses: coming together around instrumental tasks, nurses being there for patients, and nurses' pleasing way. These patterns of relating with nurses signify that patients felt both cared for and looked after. The findings suggest that Parse's theory of human becoming may provide one framework to ensure that caring takes place between nurses and their patients. The study has implications for nursing practice and research.
Pain Assessment in Children with Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Fanurik Debra , Koh Jeffrey L. , Harrison R. Dale , Conrad Timothy M. , Tomerun Caroline
Published: March 2007

Prior to surgery, 47 children (ages 8 to 17) with borderline to profound cognitive impairment were administered tasks to evaluate their understanding of the concepts of magnitude and ordinal position and their abilities to use a 0 to 5 numerical scale to rate pain levels in schematic faces. Of the 111 children (ages 4 to 14) without cognitive impairment, were administered the same tasks. Nurses conducting preoperative evaluations predicted whether children would understand the numerical scale. Fifty percent (= 3) of children with borderline and 35% (n = 7) of children with mild cognitive impairment (and all children 8 years and older nonimpaired) correctly used the scale. Half of the children with cognitive impairment demonstrated skills (magnitude and ordinal position) that may allow them to use simpler pain rating methods. Nurses overestimated the abilities of cognitively impaired children (and younger children without cognitive impairment) to use the rating scale.
Mirror, Mask, and Shadow
Authors: Gemmill Gary , Elmes Michael
Published: March 2007

Using a psychodynamic perspective on intergroup relations, it is suggested that in-groups create enemy out-groups to avoid dealing with internally generated, emotionally laden issues—the group shadow—that exist within the in-group. In-groups develop an exaggerated view of themselves—the social mask—to sustain an illusion of harmony, homogeneity, and cohesiveness by which they can avert the group shadow. Using a specific consulting-client example, intergroup mirroring is discussed as a method by which in-groups can acknowledge ownership of their social masks and projected shadows. It is proposed that bringing both the group shadow and masking into consciousness fosters reparation within and between groups.
On the Rhetoric of Qualitative Methods
Authors: Hunt Shelby D.
Published: March 2007

Qualitative research is becoming increasingly prominent in management. Such research is commonly contrasted with so-called positivist research, which is described as not only (a) being the same thing as quantitative methods but also (b) being deterministic, (c) involving the search for real causes, (d) adopting a realist ontology, (e) engaging in reification, (f) being functionalist, or (g) being objectivist. This article uses a qualitative method (i.e., historical method) to show that, qualitative research rhetoric notwithstanding, all seven of the characteristics that supposedly identify research in management as positivist are actually mischaracterizations (or caricatures) of any research in management that would be properly described as postivist. Because the rhetoric justifying qualitative methods is, therefore, intellectually impoverished, management scholars are urged to recognize the complementarity of qualitative and quantitative methods, recognize our responsibility for producing trustworthy knowledge, declare a truce or rhetorical "ceasefire," and move on to a more historically informed discourse on methodology in management inquiry.
The Resource-Based View of the Firm
Authors: McWilliams Abagail , Smart Dennis L.
Published: March 2007

In this essay, the authors discuss the link between the new resource-based view of the firm and the old structure-conduct-performance (S-C-P) paradigm. The authors find that the resource-based view of the firm, like the S-C-P paradigm, is based on the assumptions that demand is known and constant and that competition is a state. This limits the applicability and predictability of the model. Therefore, to further the positive and normative research goals of the strategic management discipline, these assumptions must be abandoned. The authors suggest adopting a model based on uncertain, constantly changing demand and competition as a process. The authors show how this will allow us to get inside the "black box" and examine the essential role of the manager in sustaining competitive advantage.
In Praise of Managerial Narrow-Mindedness
Authors: Porac Joseph , Rosa Jost Antonio
Published: March 2007

Dunbar, Garud, and Raghuram (this issue) claim that managers must discredit their interpretive frames when these beliefs no longer match environmental circumstances. Extending this argument, they conclude that business schools should teach deframing skills to help managers periodically destroy old beliefs and create new ones. In contrast, we argue that managerial frames are neither accurate nor inaccurate and that a frame's fit with the external environment is largely irrelevant. Instead, we suggest that a firm's success is a function of its ability to impose frames on the environment and that consistency of purpose and a focused mindset are the keys to competitive advantage. Finally, we suggest that business education's primary task is to teach managers how to develop strategies that are based upon their firm's unique skills and to pursue these strategies relentlessly.
Analysis of Damage in a Ceramic Matrix Composite
Authors: Sørensen Bent F. , Talreja Ramesh
Published: March 2007

Mechanisms of damage and the associated mechanical response are stud ied for a unidirectionally fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composite subjected to uniaxial tensile loading parallel to fibers. A multi-stage development of damage is identified, and for each stage the governing mechanisms are discussed. For distributed matrix micro cracking a continuum damage model is used as the basis for describing the associated stress-strain behavior. A simplified analysis of frictional sliding at the fiber/matrix inter face is made to elucidate its effect on the stress-strain response.
An Effective Method for Multi-Layered Media with Cracks and Cavities
Authors: Linkov A.M. , Linkova A.A. , Savitski A.A.
Published: March 2007

Problems for elastic multi-layered media with cracks and/or cavities arise in material science, construction designing and rock mechanics. An efficient method to solve these problems is proposed. Its efficiency is provided by employing problems' geo metrical feature: layers present a chain-like system. This allows use of the Green function by means of Fourier transform and sweep-method, and applying it to three quite similar problems for undamaged layers. Having the Green function, one reduces the problem for damaged layers to solution of integral equation (singular or hypersingular) which is defined only on surfaces of cracks and cavities and can be solved by conventional bound ary element method. All the key formulae are presented in explicit form.
Legal Change and Juvenile Justice in India
Authors: Hartjen Clayton A.
Published: March 2007

In 1986 India's parliament passed the Juvenile Justice Act 1986, nationalizing and standardizing juvenile justice throughout India. This law, which departs radically from former practices, is described in the present article, and data regarding arrests and dispositions before and after passage of the law are examined to assess what, if any, impact this major legal change might have on formal responses to youthful offenders. The reasons that this legislation may have been enacted at this time, and the changes taking place in Indian society that this change in law might suggest, are also discussed.
The Role of Moral Standards in Some Selected Dimensions of Law and Criminology: The International Approach
Authors: Cebulak Wojciech
Published: March 2007

Against the background of increasing rates of international and transnational crime and the accompanying increasing role of comparative international criminology, this analysis deals with an emerging set of moral standards in international criminological issues. The author argues that moral issues in criminology are not restricted to the national criminologies of different countries but extend into international comparative criminology. Examples are cited for different types of international crimes in order to demonstrate the existence of this emerging set of moral standards among nations.

The second part of the article focuses on the relationship between morality and international human rights. There is a clear need in the international community to focus more on the moral background of human rights and on other associations between human rights and morality, many of which are discussed in this work.

Just as it is true in the area of national criminologies, in regard to international comparative criminology and international human rights it is also imperative that law and morality "should not be allowed to drift apart too often and too conspicuously, as otherwise the law would lose one of its strongest supports"
Lay Participation in Criminal Trials: A Comparative Perspective
Authors: Ma Yue
Published: March 2007

The institution of lay participation in criminal matters has undergone dramatic changes on the world scene during the twentieth century. Today, the common law jury trial flourishes only in the United States. Critics contend that overreliance on the lay jury as the sole fact finder hinders rather than facilitates the prompt and fair adjudication of guilt. This article examines the lay participation systems in some major countries and compares their characteristics with that of our own.
A Critical Decision in Survey/Feedback Designs: To Identify Respondents or Not?
Authors: Golembiewski Robert T. , Billingsley Keith R.
Published: March 2007

This study addresses one of those technical questions that has profound implications about which we know so little and assume so much: should survey/feedback designs identify respondents? Convenience and caution usually dictate anonymity. However, this study shows that identifiers and nonidentifiers differ significantly across a broad range of conventional demographic variables, in reactions to many organization policies and benefits, and on an array of scales measuring important aspects of the work site. This shows that survey/feedback designs may lose specificity in their failure to distinguish identifiers and nonidentifiers and that analytic opportunities such as matching individual respondents to other available data are also forfeited. The research findings leave open the search for effective ways to increase the validity of survey/feedback designs.
Confessions of an Organizational Change Agent
Authors: Reddin W.J.
Published: March 2007

This is an account of errors made by the author in his role as organiza tional change agent working as a process consultant. For each error there is an illustrative case study in which he was directly involved. Although some of the case studies could be used to illustrate more than one error, this is avoided in order to provide more examples. The errors include initiating change from the bottom up, creating a change overload, raising expectations beyond what is possible, allowing inappropriate attach ment, becoming trapped in one part of the organization, changing only a subsystem, inappropriately using behavioral interventions instead of structural interventions, losing professional detachment, assuming that a change is needed, and failing to seek help.
Life Styles and Conflict-Coping Structures
Authors: Friedlander Frank , Green P. Toni
Published: March 2007

Most task-group structures are hierarchical, but what kind would people create if they had a choice? Our hypothesis was that structures built by group members in dealing with conflict and decision making would be contingent on their life styles. Three different sets of groups of persons with homogeneous life styles created three different (and predicted) structures in a problem-solving task. Groups in which members placed a heavy reliance on higher authority (formalistic life style) created a bu reaucratic structure (and scored most effective); groups with a "do your own thing" (personalistic) life style created an anarchistic structure (and scored least effective); groups whose members placed a high value on close, intimate relations (sociocentric life styles) created a collaborative structure (and scored in the mid-range).
The Effects of Cohesiveness and Collaboration on Work Groups: A Theoretical Model
Authors: Dailey Robert C.
Published: March 2007

Both cohesiveness and collaboration are identified as co-determinants of group productivity and affective responses of group members. A theoreti cal model detailing the interaction of these variables is presented. Four situations are given that describe the effects of cohesiveness and collab oration on important group, individual, and organizational outcomes. In each case, managerial strategies are discussed that may have beneficial effects on groups low on either or both of the variables. Finally, it is argued that application of group-dynamic models to specific organiza tional settings could improve management practice and performance assessment.
Employee Surveys and a Revolution of Rising Expectations: Do the Wrong People Ask for Too Much?
Authors: Golembiewski Robert T. , Yeager Samuel J.
Published: March 2007

This piece analyzes a central and neglected issue in the burgeoning use of survey-feedback designs in organizations: Do survey-feedback designs simply encourage respondents to make "unrealistic" demands for organi zation resources to ameliorate unattractice features of work? And assum ing an honest desire on the part of management to expend resources on targets highlighted by survey data, which specific respondents should have a claim on the resources? Survey-feedback designs might provide an opportunity for the "wrong people" to ask for "too much"; in the absence of research data on these questions, there is no way to know.
Observations on the Invalid Scoring Algorithm of "NASA" and Similar Consensus Tasks: A Response
Authors: Hall Jay
Published: March 2007

Slevin's (1978) criticism of the NASA task is groundless due to the facts that the improved group score is desirable (that it results from statistical manipulations is irrelevant), that only experiments involving people (rather than computers) can be used to make valid comparisons between group- and statistically produced decisions, and that increases in com mitment, satisfaction, and creativity can only be obtained via human group interaction.
Where Sex Counts: Effects of Consultant and Client Gender in Management Consulting
Authors: Gealy Jennifer , Larwood Laurie , Elliott Marsha Palitz
Published: March 2007

The present paper is part of a larger study to determine problems of concern to consultants; this study focuses on the importance of consultant and client gender. Survey data were gathered from management con sultants in the Los Angeles area. Data indicated that male and female consultants are approximately the same in training, interests, strategies, and other background aspects; despite comparable credentials, women are concentrated in the lower ranks of consulting firms. Some data also suggest that women may have more difficulty establishing their own firms. Women are viewed as performing less credibly with clients than are their male counterparts, although this effect appears to be minimized with female clients. Overall, despite their preparation for management consulting, women appear to be experiencing substantial discrimination when enter ing the field.
The Impact of Task-Oriented Communication and Visual Impairment on Competitive Groups
Authors: Diberardinis James , Tocci Jo Anne , O'Brien Kristy
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the effects of: (1) task-oriented communication and non-task-oriented communication on group outcome and (2) visual impairment on intragroup and intergroup communication in competitive situations. Forty-eight male and female subjects participated in the Pris oner's Dilemma game. The results showed that the amount of task- oriented interaction was significant in determining goal accomplishment, while the non-task-oriented interaction was not significant in determining the outcome. Also, it was found that the intragroup verbal interaction was significantly impaired by visual barriers. These results are discussed in relationship to group dynamics.
Role Stress in Working Women: Differential Effect on Selected Organizational Outcomes
Authors: Chassie Marilyn B. , Bhagat Rabi S.
Published: March 2007

The differential effects of role stress experienced by women were exam ined in terms of commitment to the organization, overall job satisfaction, satisfaction with specific aspects of the job, and personal-life satisfac tion. Role stress was significantly and negatively related to organiza tional commitment; overall job satisfaction; satisfaction with pay, work, co-workers, and supervision; and personal-life satisfaction. The t-tests analysis revealed significant mean differences between high and low role-stress groups on organizational commitment, overall job satisfac tion, and satisfaction with extrinsic aspects of the job. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for role management in the integration of women into modern work organizations.
Simulating a Disaster
Authors: Cunningham J. Barton , Ramsay Gregory H.P.
Published: March 2007

This paper summarizes the steps of designing simulations and discusses their importance in assessing the workability of a program. It describes how a simulation—specifically, a simulation of an earthquake in a small muni cipality—can be used to assess an emergency-preparedness program.
An Examination of the I ndependent and Joint Contributions of Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction on Employee Intentions to Quit
Authors: Peters Lawrence H. , Bhagat Rabi S. , O'Connor Edward J.
Published: March 2007

Based on an argument that organizational commitment and job-facet satis faction represented different constructs, the present study explored the independent and joint effects of these variables on employees' intentions to quit their jobs. Consistent with prior findings, the present investigation indicated that commitment bears a significant and relatively strong relation ship to withdrawal intentions and is more closely related to such intentions than is job satisfaction. Moreover, the present data indicate that satisfaction, above and beyond commitment itself, tends to have independent and interactive effects on the criterion measure. These results are discussed with regard to understanding employee withdrawal processes.