bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cognitive Learning Strategies: Their Effectiveness in Acquiring Racquetball Skill
Authors: Tennant Laurie M.
Published: August 2011

Racquetball players were compared to assess whether a Self-directed strategy (self-monitoring), a Task-oriented strategy (attentional focusing), or a Combined use of both strategies would be beneficial in acquisition of racquetball skills. According to skill (Beginning, Advanced), players ( N = 80) were assigned into treatment groups. After treatment, participants executed diagonal lob serves and rallies for Acquisition and Retention phases (Session 1). During Session 2, subjects competed in a modified play setting (Transfer phase). Analysis of variance with repeated measures showed differences by skill during the basic tests favored Advanced players. During modified play, the Task-oriented group won significantly more points and games compared to the Self-directed and Control groups, regardless of skill. Results are discussed relative to skill and the literature on learning strategies.
When Academic Performance is Higher Than WISC–III IQS, is the Sequential-Processing Model of Intelligence the Preferred Approach to Assessment?
Authors: Bloom Allan S.
Published: August 2011

The WISC–III is probably the most widely used measure of intelligence for children of school age. On occasion, an unusual psychometric profile emerges in which academic ability is much higher than would be expected for IQ. Initial data for 8 children suggest that the sequential-processing model of intelligence may be the preferred approach to assessment in such situations.
Temporal Stability of the Learning Efficiency Test–II for Adults
Authors: Webster Raymond E. , Lagan Kelly C. , Hall Cathy W.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the temporal stability of the Learning Efficiency Test–II with 101 undergraduate students over a mean test-retest time interval of 19 days. Temporal stability estimates were .79 for the Visual Modality factor score, .75 for the Auditory Modality factor score, and .80 for the Global Memory factor score. A repeated-measures analysis of variance for these three factor scores indicated no significant mean differences from Test 1 to Test 2. Slightly lower retest correlations were obtained for each of the 12 subtests, with correlations ranging from .44 to .70. The findings indicate that some subtests are reliable to assess the memory processing of adults over rime and also highlight the stability over 19 days of memory processes for intact learners. Other studies with older groups of persons are needed to examine the stability of scores.
Perceptions of Parents' Support for Learning: The Influence of Sibship Size
Authors: Marjoribanks Kevin , Mboya Mzobanzi
Published: August 2011

Marjoribanks in 1989 and Marjoribanks and Kwok in 1998 examined relationships among social status, sibship size, and measures of parents' support for learning for adolescents in Australia and Hong Kong, respectively. This present study investigated similar relationships for 1,305 (700 females, 605 males) 18-yr.-old African students in South Africa. The findings from the three cross-cultural investigations suggest a sibling hypothesis which states that, after taking into account family social status, sibship size has modest significant inverse associations with females', but not with males', perceptions of their parents' support for learning. These studies indicate that in large families, parents may provide fewer resources for daughters than for sons. The results may help explain a small part of the sex-related differences that occur in students' affective and academic school outcomes.
Misuse of Multivariate Analysis of Variance in Behavioral Research: The Fallacy of the “Protected” F Test
Authors: Kellow J. Thomas
Published: August 2011

Researchers who examine multiple outcome variables sometimes invoke a multivariate analysis of variance approach known as the “protected F test” to control for experimentwise Type I error rate. Unfortunately, this procedure affords protection against experimentwise Type I error only in rare instances. The purpose of the present paper is to present the case against the protected F test and to discuss alternative methods of controlling for Type I error, including the Bonferroni adjustment and descriptive discriminant analysis. The latter approach is briefly elaborated as a truly multivariate solution for multivariate phenomena. The author cites multiple examples of proper and improper use of multivariate analysis of variance in research on child development.
Those Who Hesitate Lose: The Relationship between Assertiveness and Response Latency
Authors: Collins Lynn H. , Powell Jack L. , Oliver Peter V.
Published: August 2011

Individuals who are low in assertiveness may take longer to sort out, process, and state their own perceptions, attitudes and priorities, which puts them at a disadvantage in getting their needs met. The reason for this may not be inhibition in social situations or cognitive ability, but a lack of clarity regarding their own attitudes, opinions, preferences, goals, and priorities. 101 undergraduate students (57% women and 43% men) completed a demographics questionnaire, the Wonderlic Personnel Test, a self-monitoring scale, the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, the College Self-expression Scale, and a test of the false-consensus effect. Response latencies to questions were measured. Individuals with higher scores on the Wonderlic Personnel Test answered items more quickly but, even when cognitive ability was controlled, individuals low in assertiveness still took significantly longer to respond to questions about themselves, their opinions, and their preferences. If individuals fall behind at this early step in the process of asserting themselves, then they may be more likely to miss opportunities to be assertive.
Analysis of Breathing in the Crawl as a Function of Skill and Stroke Characteristics
Authors: Cardelli Chantal , Lerda Robert , Chollet Didier
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to measure and compare the durations of exhalation (DE), inhalation (DI), and inhalatory apnea (DAI) expressed as percentage of stroke-cycle duration using two groups (more expert and less expert) of 6 front crawl swimmers each at near 100-m speed (high speed) and 800-m speed (low speed). Two breathing conditions were considered, breathing to the preferred side with and without a nose-clip. The relationships between stroking characteristics (swimming speed, stroke rate, and stroke length) and the three durations of breathing were examined as a function of skill and swimming speed. The data show that use of a nose-clip does not significantly change those measures. At high speed, the more expert group had a lower inhalation and a higher exhalation than the less expert group. The stroke rate correlated with speed .92 ( p<.01) and was mainly associated with inhalation ( r = -.78, p<.01). Inclusion of exhalation as a second variable improved significantly ( p<.01) the accuracy of the regression up to .97. At low speed, the less expert had lower inhalatory apnea than the more expert. Stroke length correlated with speed .86 ( p<.01) and was mainly associated with inhalatory apnea ( r = .70, p<.05). At high speed, the more expert had a lower inhalation than at low speed, while durations of exhalation and inhalatory apnea did not vary significantly. On the contrary, the less expert had a lower exhalation and a higher inhalatory apnea, while duration of inhalation remained relatively unchanged. The present study shows that these durations and their relations to stroking characteristics could be considered significant indicators of skill in swimming.
Factor Structure of the Italian Version of the Wais—R Compared with the American Standardization
Authors: Orsini Arturo , Laicardi Caterina
Published: August 2011

Factor analysis for responses to the WAIS–R by 1,630 adults of the Italian standardization sample produced two factor solutions in different age groups, and showed high factorial similarity when compared with the same American solution. An estimate of g factor and variance components showed some difference with American data: a lower proportion of g and common variance, and a greater specificity characterized the Italian version with an almost identical error variance. For both the estimate of g and variance components some change across age groups was observed with g and common variance increasing and specific variance decreasing from youngest to oldest groups.
An Alternate Short Form of the Speech-Sounds Perception Test
Authors: Charter Richard A.
Published: August 2011

A short form of the Speech-Sounds Perception Test based on the last three series is presented. For the total sample of 632 the KR-20 reliability was .84. An age- and education-corrected standardized score formula is provided. Reliability coefficients and descriptive statistics are presented for three groups, 107 normal, 150 diffusely brain-damaged, and 310 undiagnosed patients sent for assessment plus 65 volunteers for the normal group.
The WWW as a Research Medium: An Illustrative Survey on Paranormal Belief
Authors: Göritz Anja S. , Schumacher Jörg
Published: August 2011

Data collected with a short World Wide Web (WWW) survey on paranormal belief, age, sex, locus of control, extraversion, emotional and physical well-being, and mood were compared with findings from recent literature while controlling for effects of self-selection. Each variable was measured with one item. The sample comprised 342 women, 648 men, and 8 participants of unknown sex, of whom 76.7% were self-selected and 23.3% did not select themselves. There was a weak but, given the large sample, significant effect of self-selection regarding paranormal belief ( rpb 932 = .08) but no relationships for paranormal belief and the examined variables. In the entire sample, statistically significant correlations ranging from .13 to .07 between paranormal belief and female sex, scores on external locus of control, good mood, extraversion, and emotional well-being corresponded with previous offline results.
Do Left-Handed Competitors Have an Innate Superiority in Sports?
Authors: Grouios George , Tsorbatzoudis Haralambos , Alexandris Konstantinos , Barkoukis Vassilis
Published: August 2011

This study assessed handedness distributions among (a) sporting competitors ( n = 1,112) and nonsporting university students ( n = 1,112), (b) sporting competitors engaging in interactive ( n = 576) and in noninteractive sports (n = 536), and (c) sporting competitors engaging in direct interactive ( n = 219) and indirect interactive ( n = 357) sports. Chi-squared showed that there were statistically significant differences in proportions of left-handed persons in (a) sporting competitors and nonsporting university students, (b) sporting competitors engaging in interactive and noninteractive sports, (c) sporting competitors engaging in interactive sports and nonsporting university students, and (d) sporting competitors engaging in direct interactive and indirect interactive sports. It appears that left-handers are more common among those who engage in competitive manual activities. This superiority of the left-handers may be fully explained by a consideration of tactical or strategic factors associated with handedness during sporting interactions. The results with important implications for the measurement and evaluation of handedness are discussed in the light of the current findings on laterality.
Tactual Performance Test: Internal Consistency Reliability of the Memory and Location Scores
Authors: Charter Richard A. , Dutra Robin L. , Rapport Lisa J.
Published: August 2011

Internal consistency reliabilities were computed for the Tactual Performance Test Memory and Location scores ( N = 602). After adjusting for unequal item difficulty, the reliabilities for Memory and Location were .69 and .79, respectively.
Indoor Travel and Simple Tasks as Physical Exercise for People with Profound Multiple Disabilities
Authors: Lancioni G. E. , Gigante A. , O'Reilly M. F. , Oliva D. , Montironi L.
Published: August 2011

2 to 4 30-min. periods of indoor travel and simple tasks were arranged daily as physical exercise for two women with profound mental retardation, deafness, and profound visual impairment. The questions were whether (a) the women could manage this fairly extensive exercise regimen (over about 9 and 4.5 mo.) with support technology and only minimal staff supervision and (b) the exercise could affect aspects of the women's physical condition. Data indicated that both women could successfully manage the exercise regimen with support technology, and the exercise seemed to have some beneficial effects on physical aspects such as bone metabolism and step width.
Optimization Characteristics of Walking with and without a Load on the Trunk of the Body
Authors: Falola Jean Marie , Delpech Nathalie , Brisswalter Jeanick
Published: August 2011

Previous work showed that subjects naturally adopt a walking speed which optimizes energy cost of locomotion and stability of stride; however, no studies have examined whether these criteria are affected by carrying an external load. The purpose of this study was to compare optimization characteristics during loaded or unloaded walking. Energy cost and stride characteristics were measured for 10 subjects with and without a load on the trunk of the body of 10% of the body weight during 4 sessions. The first 2 sessions represent free walking at 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, and 5 km · hr.−1. The last sessions represent free vs forced walking at constant speed (preferred frequency and ± 10 PF and ± 20% of preferred frequency). Results show an effect of load on energy cost of walking but no effect on the optimal speed for stability. Furthermore, when carrying a load the subject does not adopt systematically the speed that minimizes physiological cost. Our findings suggest the necessity to consider this effect to prevent gait disturbance and maintain the health benefits of walking.
Right to Left Hemispheric Shift in Occipital Electroencephalographic Responses to Repeated Kimura Figures
Authors: Persinger M. A. , Lalonde Carrie-Anne
Published: August 2011

Gordon and Carmon (1976) reported that repeated presentations of an initially novel stimulus were associated with a transfer of cerebral dominance over time (trials) from the right to the left hemisphere. To test the generalizability of these results the proportions of alpha rhythms over the left and right occipital and parietal lobes were measured following the presentation of recurring and nonrecurring complex visual patterns (the Kimura Figures) to the upper or lower, left or right peripheral visual fields. Analysis showed increased electrical activation (as inferred by attenuated proportions of alpha rhythms) of the left occipital lobe but decreased activation of the right occipital lobe. This shift occurred during repeated presentations of the same stimuli but not during single presentations of different novel stimuli. There was no significant shift in this activity over the parietal lobes. These results are consistent with the reports of other researchers who have found a shift of dominant neuroelectrical activity from the right to the left hemisphere as the novelty of a visuospatial stimulus decreases.
Effects of Speaker Variability and Phoneme Location on Speech Perception
Authors: Mullennlx John W. , Farnsworth Lynn M. , Harshaw Tracey , Bittle Jennifer , Evanitz Michael
Published: August 2011

The effects of variation in a speaker's voice and temporal phoneme location were assessed through a series of speeded-classification experiments. Listeners monitored speech syllables for target consonants or vowels. The results showed that speaker variability and phoneme-location variability had detrimental effects on classification latencies for target sounds. In addition, an interaction between variables showed that the speaker-variability effect was obtained only when temporal phoneme location was fixed across trials. A subadditive decrement in latencies produced by the interaction of the two variables was also obtained, suggesting that perceptual loads may not affect perceptual adjustments to a speaker's voice in the same way that memory loads do.
The Self-Choice Elaboration Effects on Incidental Memory of Japanese Historical Facts
Authors: Toyota Hiroshi , Tsujimura Misako
Published: August 2011

The subjects performed an orienting task involving 3 conditions, followed by unexpected tests which included free recall, name-matching and name-selection. Conditions were designed to force self-generated elaboration, self-choice elaboration, and experimenter-provided elaboration. In the self-generated elaboration condition, subjects were presented target sentences, e.g., Nobunaga ODA burned down ENRYAKUJI Temple, and asked to answer an elaborative interrogation, e.g., Why did Nobunaga ODA burn down ENRYAKUJI Temple? about each sentence. In the self-choice elaboration condition, subjects selected one of the alternative answers to an elaborative interrogation about each sentence. In the experimenter-provided elaboration condition, subjects were presented an answer which they rated for congruity as the correct answer to the elaborative interrogation. In the free recall test, self-generated elaboration led to better performance than the other two conditions for which no difference was observed. However, in the name-matching and name-selection tests, scores were better for self-choice elaboration and self-generated elaboration than for experimenter-provided elaboration. These results were interpreted as demonstrating that self-choice elaboration, in addition to self-generated elaboration, led to effective encoding in memory.
Relationship between Preference for Red and Locus of Control
Authors: Singg Sangeeta , Whiddon T. Leonard
Published: August 2011

The validity of the assumptions about the color red in the Lüscher color theory were examined by correlating preference for red to locus of control and sex. Undergraduates (100 men and 100 women) who scored ⩽ 8 or ⩾ 16 on the Rotter Internal-External Locus of Control Scale were administered the short form of the Liischer Color Test. Consistent with the assumptions by Lüscher about the color red, the analysis of variance showed that Internal scorers preferred red significantly more than External scorers, but no sex difference was found.
Latin Square Analysis of Variance Using Summary Statistics
Authors: Charter Richard A.
Published: August 2011

The method for computing a Latin square analysis of variance using summary statistics is presented.
Contextual Mediation of Perceptions during Hauntings and Poltergeist-like Experiences: A Replication and Extension
Authors: Harte Timothy M.
Published: August 2011

This study is a replication of the experiment by Lange, Houran, Harte, and Havens (1996) on contextual variables, in which hallucinations appear to be affected by the environmental context. These contextual variables are influential in the reporting of haunting and poltergeist like episodes. This study extended the previous study by adding new factors of time of day, climactic conditions, and emotional feelings. These were analyzed for a different sample, looking for further congruency between experiential content and the context. The sample ( N = 843) were reports found on the Internet and in one book. The Lange, et al. study was replicated in that contextual variables were identified in 99.2% of the reports, the content of the reports was judged to be consistent with the nature of the contextual variables in 58.8% of the reports, and contextual variables were related to the percipients' state of arousal and the modalities of experience.
Internal Consistency Reliability of the Tactual Performance Test Trials
Authors: Charter Richard A.
Published: August 2011

Internal consistency reliabilities were calculated for the Tactual Performance Test Preferred Hand ( n = 300), Nonpreferred Hand ( n = 302), and Both Hands ( n = 314) trials, and Total Time. Reliabilities are reported for the total sample and three groups: normal, undiagnosed patients sent for assessment, and alcoholic persons. The reliability coefficients ranged from .59 to .90.
Can Different Levels of S-R Practice Influence Sequence Learning? An Investigation into the Context of a Perceptual-Motor Sequence Learning Task
Authors: Fezzani K. , Thon B. , Lagarde J.
Published: August 2011

The main aim of the present study was to evaluate on a serial reaction time task the effect of stimulus-response (S-R) practice on sequence learning. The experiment used a pointing task which allowed recording reaction times and movement times. The basic manipulation consisted in varying the amount of S-R practice prior to sequence practice. Two main findings from this study may be highlighted. Firstly, the benefit from extensive S-R practice was mainly observed in the random practice phase. Secondly, S-R learning and sequence learning were reflected by different components of performance. The movement times were selectively sensitive to the acquisition of S-R regularities whereas the reaction times were selectively sensitive to the acquisition of sequence regularities. The implications of these results on the comprehension of the sequence learning mechanism were then discussed.
Exploring Competitive Orientation in a Group of Athletes Participating in the 1996 Paralympic Trials
Authors: Page Stephen J. , O'Connor Edmund A. , Wayda Valerie K.
Published: August 2011

The purposes of this study were to test (1) whether athletes with congenital disabilities exhibited different competitive orientations than athletes with disabilities acquired during their lifespans and (2) whether male athletes with disabilities exhibited different competitive orientations than their female peers. 54 paraplegic, quadriplegic and amputee athletes competing in the 1996 Paralympic Track and Field Trials completed the Sport Orientation Questionnaire. No mean differences were found between men and women, athletes with different onsets of their disabilities across the lifespan, between adolescents and adults, and between athletes with different severity classifications on the Goal orientation, Competitiveness, and Desire to win scales. Larger studies are encouraged to examine competitive orientation, as well as scores on tests specifically constructed to be administered to athletes with disabilities.
Sex Differences and Individual Consistency in Voice Identification
Authors: Wilding John , Cook Susan
Published: August 2011

Results were combined from 5 experiments by Cook in 1998 with 728 participants who listened to one male voice and one female voice each saying a sentence, then attempted to recognise the voices from line-ups of six voices presented a week later. While 352 male listeners did not differ significantly in recognising female and male voices (38% correct vs 41%), 376 female listeners were significantly more likely to recognise female than male voices (51% vs 43% correct). There was no evidence for individual differences in voice recognition in that listeners who recognised the male voice were no more likely to recognise the female voice than those who failed to recognise the male voice.
Mood and Emotion in Sport: A Response to Jones, Mace, and Williams (2000)
Authors: Lane Andrew M.
Published: August 2011

Examination of the mood and performance relationship in sport has been an important line of investigation in sport psychology for over 20 years. Recent research has challenged the notion that the Profile of Mood States is the instrument of choice. It has also moved away from the notion that successful performance is associated with an ‘iceberg’ profile (Morgan, 1980), arguing that researchers should consider mood and emotion as distinguishable constructs (Jones, Mace, & Williams, 2000; Lane & Terry, 2000). In the present paper, I expand the discussion on mood research in sport by re-examining some of the findings of Jones, el al. in the light of recent work.
Effects of Method, Orientation, and Size of Angle on the Ponzo Illusion
Authors: Kincade Sharon , Wilson Alexander E.
Published: August 2011

The Ponzo figure was used to test predictions based upon Pressey's 1971 concept of attentive fields. Subjects made judgements using either the method of successive reproduction ( n = 18) or the method of reproduction ( n = 17). Size of the acute angle between the oblique and test lines (30°, 45°, and 60°) and orientation of test figures (apex pointed up, left, right, and down) were varied. It was predicted with the method of successive reproduction that illusions of shrinkage would occur and that the variable of orientation would not affect size of illusion. With the method of reproduction the prediction was made that illusions of expansion would occur when the apex pointed up and that illusions of shrinkage would occur when the apex pointed down. Analysis showed that with the method of successive reproduction illusions of shrinkage occurred when the apex was pointed either up or down. When the apex pointed either to the right or left nonsignificant illusions were found. With the method of reproduction the classical illusion of expansion occurred when the apex pointed up but changed to one of shrinkage when the apex pointed down. Size of expansion illusion diminished as the acute angle formed between the oblique and standard lines decreased. In general, some of the results were consistent with Pressey's concept of attentive fields.
Landmarks in Route Learning by Girls and Boys
Authors: Beilstein Corey D. , Wilson Josephine F.
Published: August 2011

Previous research on route learning has shown that men learn routes faster and with fewer errors than women. The same patterns have also been found for girls and boys. In this study, 19 children of ages 5 to 6 years, 26 children of ages 7 to 9 years, and 22 children of ages 10 to 12 years were presented a route-learning task. The children were randomly assigned to either the Landmark group in which they were required to learn a route on a map that included landmarks or the No-landmark group in which they learned a route on a map without landmarks. Significant main effects were found for age and sex. Older children learned the route faster and with fewer errors than younger children. Boys made significantly fewer errors and took less time and fewer trials to reach criterion in learning the route regardless of whether landmarks were present or not. The role of landmarks in route learning needs to be further clarified.
Identification of Twins from Pure (Single Speaker) and Hybrid (Fused) Syllables: An Acoustic and Perceptual Case Study
Authors: Whiteside S. P. , Rixon E.
Published: August 2011

This study describes a speaker-identification task carried out using two sets of single monosyllables and two sets of hybrid monosyllables prepared from monosyllabic words spoken by a set of monozygotic twins. The task was carried out by 6 listeners who were all very familiar with the twins and by the twins themselves. The identification scores for the pure syllables showed that both twins were identified with accuracy above chance; however, the percentage scores were less than perfect in both cases (71.4% and 72.9%). Analysis of the identification scores for the hybrid syllables showed that listeners had difficulty in attributing the hybrid syllables to a single twin. This was confirmed by the lack of significance in three binomial tests. The pure syllables were analysed acoustically to obtain a set of acoustic parameters for each twin. The results of the perceptual study are discussed with reference to the acoustic parameters. In addition, the implications of the study for issues in speaker-identification are considered.
Interrater Reliability among Three Judges on 130 Defense Mechanism Test Variables: A Multivariate Approach
Authors: Henningsson Mikael , Sundbom Elisabet
Published: August 2011

The aim of this study was to examine the interrater reliability in the coding of the Defense Mechanism Test for 130 variables on both a variable and a subject level. Parallel with a traditional variable analysis, a multivariate strategy for measurement of interrater reliability, built upon principal component analysis, is presented. The results showed high agreement between judges with an overall interrater reliability coefficient of .98 but indicates the need for elucidation in the coding instructions for nine single variables. It also showed that multivariate modeling methods for handling personality test data are highly resistant to occasional differences on single variables but sensitive to major differences.
Topographic Mapping of the Brain Activity of Perceived Motion
Authors: Zanni Caroline A. A. , Cartwright Glenn F.
Published: August 2011

The study compared electrical brain activity of 6 subjects in 5 different conditions. Absolute theta and alpha power in the frontal, parietal, and occipital areas were analyzed, with significant differences found only in the frontal area. Results suggested that the perception of movement requires higher order cognitive processing outside the occipital area. Implications for education and cognitive research are discussed.
Attribution of Athletic Expertise by College Coaches
Authors: Hyllegard Randy , Radlo Steven J. , Early Darcy
Published: August 2011

The goals of the study were to identify the factors that college coaches associate with athletic achievement and to test deliberate practice theory predictions for practice relevance, effort, and pleasure. Swimming, tennis, and volleyball coaches from Division I and Division III schools rank ordered 15 attributes that contribute to successful athletic achievement. They also rated the relevance, effort, and pleasure of 7 athletic and 7 everyday events for improving athletic achievement. The rank orders showed that the coaches primarily attributed athletic achievement to innate talent, intrinsic motivation, and effort while factors such as accumulated practice and type of the practice received lower rankings. Findings for practice effort were consistent with deliberate practice theory while the relevance and pleasure findings were mixed. Several explanations for successful athletic achievement, other than talent, are discussed.
Speech-Sounds Perception Test: Long- and Short-Forms Reliability Adjusted for Item Difficulty
Authors: Charter Richard A.
Published: August 2011

The internal consistency reliability of the Speech-Sounds Perception Test was computed for the long form (.9159), short form (.8410), and the six series (.6109 to .7310). The total sample ( N = 632) consisted of normal, diffusely brain-damaged, and undiagnosed patients referred for assessment.
Perception of Time: Variations in Verbal Content and Delay of Estimation
Authors: Vitulli William F. , Nemeth Yvette M.
Published: August 2011

Delay of time estimation results in consistently longer judgments than immediate estimation, yet confirmatory studies have relied primarily on numerical digits for interpolated material as shown, for example, by Vitulli and Rowe in 1999. The present study used three paragraphs audiotaped from a 1998 textbook in general psychology by Baron as stimuli presented for judgment of the passage of time. Among 218 undergraduate volunteers delay of estimation produced significantly longer judgments regardless of the verbal passage, and short-term memory scores varied as a function of content.
Brainstem Frequency-following Response Recorded from One Vertical and Three Horizontal Electrode Derivations
Authors: Galbraith Gary C. , Bagasan Bernadine , Sulahian Jane
Published: August 2011

The human brainstem frequency-following response reflects neural activity to periodic auditory stimuli. Responses were simultaneously recorded from one vertically oriented and three horizontally oriented electrode derivations. Nine participants each received a total of 16,000 tone repetitions, 4,000 for each of four stimulus frequencies: 222, 266, 350, and 450 Hz. The responses were digitally filtered, quantified by correlation and spectral analysis, and statistically evaluated by repeated measure analysis of variance. While the various horizontal derivation responses did not differ from each other in latency (values tightly clustered around M = 2.60 msec), the vertical derivation response occurred significantly later ( M = 4.38 msec). The smaller latency for the horizontal responses suggests an origin within the acoustic nerve, while the larger latency for the vertical response suggests a central brainstem origin. The largest response amplitude resulted from gold “tiptrode” electrodes placed in each auditory meatus, suggesting that this electrode derivation provided the most accurate (noninvasive) assessment of short-latency events originating at the level of the auditory nerve.
Implicit Memory in Schizotypal Subjects and Normal Controls: Effects of a Secondary Task on Sequence Learning
Authors: Pedersen Anya , Rist Fred
Published: August 2011

Using a serial reaction-time task, the implicit memory performances of 29 high scoring (schizotypes) and 24 low scoring subjects (controls) on the German version of the 1997 Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire by Klein, Andresen, and Jahn were compared. To test the hypothesis that schizotypes show a differential deficit, subjects participated either in a single task condition of the serial reaction-time task or in a dual task condition of a secondary tone-counting task. Neither under single task conditions nor under dual task conditions did schizotypes show any impairment of implicit memory compared with controls. In addition, a separate analysis of the response latencies for the unique and ambiguous transitions of the repeated sequence did not indicate any differences between the two groups. These findings support and augment the results reported by Ferraro and Okerlund (1995).
Relationship between Language Skills and Academic Achievement in First Grade
Authors: Kastner Joseph W. , May Warren , Hildman Lee
Published: August 2011

The ability of scores on the Early Prevention of School Failure battery to predict Stanford Achievement Test scores was examined. Participants included 280 first-grade students who were administered the battery at the beginning of kindergarten and the Stanford Achievement Test at the end of first grade. Principal factor analysis based on the oblique rotation exhibited simple structure between scores on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test–Revised, the Preschool Language Scale, and the Stanford Achievement Test (verbal or language factor), with the Draw-A-Man test and the Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration–Revised loading on a separate factor (motor factor). Results suggest that language-based skills were highly associated with later academic performance in school-aged children.
Ibuprofen Effects on Behavioral Thermoregulation with Microwave Radiation in Albino Rats
Authors: Vitulli William F. , Nemeth Yvette M. , Conte Christopher T.
Published: August 2011

This study determined whether ibuprofen causes a disruptive behavior pattern similar to aspirin yet contrary to acetaminophen regarding thermoregulatory effects. 8 Sprague-Dawley rats (3 males and 5 females) were drawn from a population of rats which had been conditioned to press a lever for food reinforcement in an undergraduate course in operant conditioning. Animals were conditioned in a refrigerated Skinner Box on a fixed-interval 2-min. (FI-2 min.) schedule of microwave radiation (5 sec. of radiation per exposure occasion) in a repeated-measures reversal (with-in-subjects) design. The rats were injected intraperitoneally with doses of ibuprofen in amounts of 10–50 mg/kg or methyl-cellulose control vehicle of equal volume over 8-hr. daily sessions. A multivariate analysis of variance showed significant differences due to doses (mg/kg) of ibuprofen for number of microwave heat reinforcers per hour and rate of responding (ns) both measures of which were significantly higher during the first 2 hours of the session. Comparative differences in behavioral thermoregulation in humans reflect the likelihood of underlying biochemical mechanisms based on research by Murphy, Badia, Myers, Boecker, and Wright in 1994.
Imagery in Thinking and Problem Solving
Authors: Adeyemo S. A.
Published: August 2011

The possible role of imagery in thinking and problem solving was examined by giving 20 subjects a practical construction test (Maier's hat rack problem). 5 men and 4 women solved the problem. Posttest questioning indicated two distinct types of imagery were used to solve the problem, imagination or memory in imagery. The solvers tended to use imagination in imagery and the nonsolvers memory in imagery. In Exp. 2, 40 subjects were specifically instructed to use one or another of these strategies. Those using imagination in imagery were more likely to solve the problem than those using memory in imagery. The conclusion was drawn that imagination in imagery favours and memory in imagery impedes the solving of this problem.
Just Noticeable Differences in 2D and 3D Bar Charts: A Psychophysical Analysis of Chart Readability
Authors: Hughes Brian M.
Published: August 2011

The comparative readability of 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) bar charts was assessed using the method of constant stimuli, and the corresponding Weber constants and just-noticeable-differences were computed. It was predicted that the just-nociceable-difference for 3D charts would be larger than for 2D charts. 36 bar charts (18 2D and 18 3D) were prepared for individual presentation on an overhead projector. Each chart contained two bars, one of standard size (25 units) and a second that varied in size from 24 to 26 units in increments of 0.25 units (1% of the standard). 57 undergraduates in psychology were shown the 36 charts in a random sequence for 3 sec. each, separated by 3-sec. intervals. Participants recorded comparative size judgements of bars for each chart. Multivariate analyses identify an advantage in accuracy (in the order of magnitude of approximately 10%) for 2D rather than 3D bar charts, after controlling for sex, age, and use of corrective lenses. The computed Weber constants for these judgements were similar to those computed for visual intensity over 100 years ago, but—as predicted—the just-noticeable-difference for 3D charts was larger (implying that larger differences are needed on 3D charts to distinguish closely related bars). Furthermore the use of traditional psychophysical approaches (such as the method of constant stimuli) in assessing graphical aids would appear to be justified.
Simple Lower Extremity Two-Joint Synergy
Authors: Aruin Alexander S.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to describe the existence of a simple synergy in the lower extremity. Subjects performed discrete knee flexion or extension movements or ankle plantar or dorsiflexion movements in a sagittal plane, moving one of the joints “as fast as possible.” Joint angles and electromyographic (EMG) signals from the biceps femoris, rectus femoris, soleus, and tibialis anterior were recorded. Typically, EMG patterns in both muscle pairs acting at the joints demonstrated the “triphasic” pattern. The knee flexor (biceps femoris) and ankle plantar flexor (soleus) tended to show simultaneous EMG bursts, while the knee extensor (rectus femoris) and ankle dorsiflexor (tibialis anterior) had similar patterns of activation. A two-joint simple synergy previously established for upper extremities seems pertinent for lower extremities as well. Such a synergy is used by the central nervous system to simplify control of the postural component of a motor task.
Sprain of the Neck in Clinically Treated Patients in the Netherlands: An Inventory of Different Categories of Car Accidents
Authors: Versteegen Gerbrig J. , Kingma Johannes , Ten Duis Henk Jan
Published: August 2011

Different categories of car accidents of victims with sprain of the neck were investigated for both drivers and passengers. The predominant category of the car crash was a collision with another car for drivers as well as for passengers. The second cause was unknown. The distribution of the accidents was statistically significantly different for drivers and passengers.
Verbal Instruction for Correcting Errors versus Such Instructions Plus Videotape Replay on Learning the Overhand Throw
Authors: Kernodle Michael W. , Johnson Robert , Arnold Daniel R.
Published: August 2011

The influence of two methods of providing information to women, ages 19 to 22 years who were novices and learning the overhand throw with the non-dominant arm, was examined. One group received verbal information on correcting errors, and a second group received the same information immediately prior to viewing a videotaped replay of a just-completed throw. Performance was assessed quantitatively with respect to outcome (distance thrown) and qualitatively with respect to throwing form as measured on a 7-point rating scale by judges with a working knowledge of the overhand throw and with respect to throwing mechanics rated by a panel of experts in biomechanics using a scale of Leme and Shambes. Although the treatments led to better learning and performance, there was no significant difference between groups for distance thrown on the Leme and Shambes scale in Sessions 1–6 of 10 trials each on Session 7. The mean rating also indicated increased scores for both groups and better retention at posttest by the group receiving only verbal corrections. These results suggest that information provided by adding videotaped replay may be redundant and unnecessary for those in Sessions 1–6.
Reply to Lane on “Mood and Emotion in Sport”
Authors: Jones Marc V.
Published: August 2011

The 2000 findings of Jones, Mace, and Williams have been re-examined by Lane in the light of a recent conceptual model outlining the relationship between mood and performance. In addition, Lane outlined some concerns regarding the methodology of Jones, et al. The present paper aims to justify the methodology used and augment the discussion by Lane on the study of mood and emotion in sport.
Temperamental Activity and Fussiness: Implications for Weight of 3-Mo.-Old Infants
Authors: Worobey John
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of activity and perceived fussiness in predicting infants' weight. Temperament characteristics did not predict weight for male infants, but leg activity was inversely associated with weight for female infants.
Brief Examination of the Career Advancement Ambition, Organizational Commitment, and Professional Commitment Scales
Authors: Wright Thomas A. , Larwood Laurie
Published: August 2011

Using scale items taken from Wright and Larwood's 1997 original research on the cosmopolitan-local latent role construct, Desrochers and Dahir recently proposed the Career Advancement Ambition, Organizational Commitment, and Professional Commitment Scales. Desrochers and Dahir's new scales raise serious issues regarding scale validity and item integrity for their measures.
Accuracy and Repeatability of the Yale Physical Activity Survey in Assessing Physical Activity of Older Adults
Authors: Schuler Petra B. , Richardson Mark T. , Ochoa Patricia , Wang Min Q.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to extend the initial evaluation of the Yale Physical Activity Survey to assess physical activity in older adults. The survey yields three indicators of physical activity reflecting activities performed during a typical week of the previous month (Total Time, Total Energy Expenditure) and the past month (Total Activity Summary Index). Questionnaire validity was studied in 56 men and women, ages 56 to 86 years, by comparing the average of 3- or 7-day 24-hr. physical activity records ( n = 56), predicted maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) ( n = 23) and the sum of three skinfold measurements. Two-week repeatability was estimated by calculating an intraclass coefficient using an analysis of variance with repeated measures. Spearman ps were used to study questionnaire validity. Analysis showed the survey was easily administered and scored and exhibited moderate-to-good repeatability. For the first administration the Total Energy Expenditure Index was significantly associated with the physical activity diary ( r = .27). On the second administration, correlations were significant for the physical activity diary with the Total Energy Expenditure Index ( r = .30), the Total Activity Summary Index ( r = .36), and the Total Time Index ( r = .27), and for VO2max and the Total Time Index ( r = .49) and Total Activity Summary Index ( r = .64). Relative to the criterion measures used in this study, some validity was evident for the second administration in this relatively active and healthy sample of older adults.
Alteration of Mood State after a Single Bout of Noncompetitive and Competitive Exercise Programs
Authors: Rehor Peter R. , Stewart Craig , Dunnagan Tim , Cooley Dean
Published: August 2011

This study evaluated the effects of three popular physical activities on the psychological well-being of university students. 44 students in three physical activity classes enrolled in the Fitness for Life Program at Montana State University which included circuit training, weight training, and racquetball were administered the Profile of Mood States scale 5 min. before and 5 min. after one bout of physical activity. Two of the three activities appeared to be associated positively with scores on certain subscales. The results supported positive psychological well-being of students after physical activity. Implications for research are presented.
Regional Variations in Male and Female Unemployment
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

The regional correlates of male and of female unemployment rates in 1980 and 1990 were different, with rates for females, but not for males, associated with worse socioeconomic conditions, such as high infant mortality and homicide rates.
Correlates of Regional Suicide and Cancer Mortality Rates
Authors: Kondrichin Sergei V. , Lester David
Published: August 2011

Regional mortality rates from cancer and suicide had similar social correlates in the Ukraine but not in the United States.
On the Reality of the Incorporeal Intelligibles: A Reflection on the Metaphysics of Psychology
Authors: Bakan David
Published: August 2011

An argument is made for the existence of entities which are neither necessarily material nor mental as real and which are apprehensible and generatable by human beings. Money, color, triangle, natural and social law, instruction, danger, and invention are given as examples. It is the task of the science of psychology to grasp, conceptualise, and characterise the human being that lives in a world of incorporeal intelligibles and makes them as well. The tradition of Aristotle, Brentano and his two students, Freud and Husserl, and Wertheimer is identified favorably in this connection.
Induced Mood States and the Framing Effect: A Comparison of Systematic and Heuristic Processing
Authors: Shiomura Kimihiro , Atsumi Ayano
Published: August 2011

We investigated the influence of mood states on the framing effect on tasks that involve systematic processing and on a task that involves heuristic processing. On the systematic processing tasks, the framing effect was not exhibited under induced mood states, while on the heuristic processing task, the framing effect was exhibited under induced mood states. The relationship between mood states and the framing effect was discussed from the standpoint of an information-processing mechanism.
Spatial Property of Motion Visual Evoked Potentials
Authors: Takao Motoharu , Miyata Yo
Published: August 2011

The cortical evoked response to drifting patterns (motion visual evoked potentials) was investigated. When the direction of motion of the stimulus pattern was reversed upward or downward at intervals, the cortical evoked response was triggered at the moment when the pattern changed direction. The polarity reversal of the main negative component occurred between upper and lower visual field stimulations as seen in pattern reversal visual evoked potentials. Our study indicates these potentials have a compound property reflecting the visual field.