bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of prostacyclin on the adhesion of leucocytes to injured vascular endothelium
Authors: Jones Gayle , Hurley J. V.
Published: June 2005

The effect of local application of various solutions on leucocyte adherence to the wall of small blood vessels in the microcirculation of the rat mesentery was examined. Leucocyte adhesion was produced by local application of zymosan‐activated complement. Solutions of EDTA, lignocaine and prostacyclin when applied locally cause the release of a high proportion of leucocytes previously firmly adherent to the endothelium of venules and small veins without producing any significant change in the rate of blood flow through the affected vessels. Acetylcholine injected intravenously increases the rate of blood flow through the mesenteric microcirculation several fold but has no apparent effect on pre‐existing leucocyte sticking. The findings suggest that in normal small blood vessels production of prostacyclin by vascular endothelium may inhibit adhesion of leucocytes to the vascular wall. When endothelium is injured local production of prostacyclin may be inhibited sufficiently to permit adhesion of leucocytes to the injured endothelium and so induce the earliest stage in the emigration of leucocytes into the area of injury. Lignocaine may possibly inhibit leucocyte sticking by increasing local production of prostacyclin, but the mode of action of EDTA and many other aspects of the mechanism responsible for leucocyte sticking remain obscure.
Chromatin cleavage in apoptosis: Association with condensed chromatin morphology and dependence on macromolecular synthesis
Authors: Wyllie A. H. , Morris R. G. , Smith A. L. , Dunlop D.
Published: June 2005

In glucocorticoid‐treated rat thymocytes and the murine lymphoid cell lines L5178 and S49 the morphology of apoptosis is associated with chromatin cleavage. The cleavage is at internucleosomal sites, apparently through activation of an endogenous endonuclease. In variants of the cell lines selected for resistance to glucocorticoid, neither apoptosis nor chromatin cleavage were observed after steroid treatment, and steroid receptors were undetectable. In thymocytes, both the morphological changes of apoptosis and chromatin cleavage were inhibited by cycloheximide and actinomycin D. The calcium–magnesium ionophore A23187 induced apoptosis and chromatin cleavage in thymocytes, and these effects were also inhibited by cycloheximide. The data confirm that the condensed chromatin which characterizes apoptosis morphologically consists of endogenously digested chromatin fragments. They also provide support for the view that at least some cells enter apoptosis by a process dependent upon macromolecular synthesis.
Histopathological characterization of the naturally occurring hepatotropic virus infections of nude mice
Authors: Carthew P.
Published: June 2005

In the last ten years the mutant athymic nude mouse has been used by many researchers as a model for studying pathological conditions in an immunodeficient host. A major problem with such mice is their susceptibility to viral infections indigenous to murine stocks, such as the hepatotropic mouse coronaviruses. In an effort to define the hepatotropic virus diseases indigenous to nude mice this paper details the pathogenesis and associated comparative histopathology of three common strains of mouse hepatitis virus, reovirus 3 and murine cytomegalovirus in the nude mouse.
Immunohistochemical demonstration of cathepsin B in the macrophages of benign and malignant lymphoid tissues
Authors: Crocker J. , Burnett D. , Jones E. L.
Published: June 2005

Cathepsin B has been demonstrated by immunohistochemical means in the macrophages of palatine tonsils, reactive lymph nodes and in specimens of Hodgkin's disease (HD) and non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL). Two cases of genuine histiocytic lymphoma showed strong staining for the enzyme in most cells. In Hodgkin's disease, many Reed–Sternberg cells and Hodgkin cells were positive. Branching and ‘tingible body’ macrophages (histiocytic reticulum cells. HRCs) were strongly positive in all of the specimens. In reactive lymph nodes, the sinus‐lining cells and intrasinusoidal macrophages were positive for cathepsin B. True dendritic reticulum cells (DRCs) appeared to be negative. Unlike muramidase (lysozyme), cathepsin B is not seen in neutrophil polymorph leucocytes.
Human gallbladder epithelium: Non‐specific esterases in cholecystitis
Authors: Kouroumais E. , Hopwood D. , Ross P. E. , Bouchier I. A. D.
Published: June 2005

Esterases active at neutral and acid pH have been demonstrated in human gallbladder epithelium. Reaction to a wide variety of inhibitors and activators suggests that they probably represent the same enzyme with two active sites while a close correlation with acid phosphatase, a known lysosomal enzyme, suggests a lysosomal localization. Esterase activity in the gallbladder mucosa in significantly decreased in chronic cholecystitis. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis suggests that cholesterol stones may be associated with a specific type of isoenzyme pattern. Esterase positive cells are present in the inflammatory infiltrate in the lamina propria of the gallbladder in most cases of chronic cholecystitis. Naphthol AS‐D chloracetate esterase staining indicates that mast cells form a large part of the infiltrate. Bile acids modulate the enzyme activity in vitro. Although the exact substrate specificity is not known, several possibilities are discussed, implicating esterases in the pathogenesis of chronic cholecystitis.
The effects of high dose sporadic (binge) alcohol intake in mice
Authors: Sltuckey E. , Blerry C. L.
Published: June 2005

BALB/c and CBA/h mice were used to investigate the teratogenic effects of sporadic high doses of ethanol. Two consecutive days between days 8 and 11 of organogenesis were chosen on which to administer 0·5 ml of 20 per cent ethanol by gavage. An additional group was similarly dosed for four consecutive days starting on the eighth day. All the mice were killed on day 18 of gestation and evidence of growth retardation and malformation in the offspring was sought by skeletal and soft tissue screening. The basic pharmacokinetics of ethanol intake were also investigated. The most marked effects of ethanol were an increase in resorptions, skeletal growth retardation and skeletal variants, however all appeared to be strain specific. The results confirm that ethanol is embryotoxic and suggest that animal models are appropriate for studying aspects of growth retardation.
The endoendothelial layer of normal and injured vascular endothelium—an electron microscope study
Authors: Sztynda Tlamara , Hurley J. V.
Published: June 2005

The ultrastructural appearance of the endoendothelial lining of normal and injured small blood vessels has been examined after staining with alcian blue, ruthenium red or colloidal iron hydroxide. An endoendothelial layer is constantly present in all types of small blood vessel but its appearance and staining reactions are variable and unpredictable. Although normally visible only on the luminal aspect of endothelial cells, study of inflamed vessels suggests that it also covers the deep aspect of endothelium. The endoendothelial layer persists apparently unchanged after mild or severe injury to endothelium. It appears to be to some degree moveable and can be displaced by emigrating leucocytes, but rapidly regains its original position and appearance after the escaping cell has passed. No change in the appearance of the endoendothelial layer could be detected which might account for either the adhesion of leucocytes to vascular endothelium in areas of acute inflammation or of lymphocytes to the surface of high endothelial venules in lymphoid tissues.
Hexachloro‐1:3‐butadiene‐induced renal tubular necrosis in the mouse
Authors: Ishmael J. , Pratt Iona , Lock E. A.
Published: June 2005

Administration of hexachloro‐1:3‐butadiene (HCBD) intraperitoneally at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight caused necrosis of the proximal tubule of the mouse kidney. The earliest morphological changes detectable by light microscopy were observed after 4 h, and by 16 h extensive proximal tubular necrosis was seen throughout the cortex. Active tubular regeneration was apparent by day 5 and by day 14 substantial recovery of morphology had occurred. In the electron microscope mitochondrial swelling was seen 1 and 2 h after dosing in the S1 and S2 segments of the proximal tubule, whereas by 4 and 8 h the major pathological changes were confined to the lower S2 and S3 segments and consisted of mitochondrial swelling and cellular necrosis. The extent of renal injury and regeneration correlated well with measurement of renal function. In conclusion, HCBD produces necrosis of the S2 and S3 segments of the proximal tubule in the mouse, this pattern of injury is different from that seen in the rat where HCBD produces selective necrosis of the S3 segment.
The glomerular tip lesion: A previously undescribed type of segmental glomerular abnormality
Authors: Howie Alexander J. , Brewer Douglas B.
Published: June 2005

We describe a distinctive and previously undescribed abnormality of the kidney. It consists of a combination of changes in the glomerulus and in the proximal convoluted tubule. The glomerular abnormality consists of a well‐localized collection of intracapillary foam cells and marked vacuolation of the adjacent glomerular epithelial cells. The abnormality is always situated in the same position in the glomerular tuft namely adjacent to the origin of the proximal convoluted tubule, with adhesion to Bowman's capsule. The rest of the tuft appears normal by light microscopy but shows foot‐process fusion by electron microscopy. The abnormality of the proximal convoluted tubular cells invariably affects the first part of the tubule adjacent to the glomerulus but in some cases involves the tubules more extensively in the cortex. Study of a series of 100 2‐μm serial sections from one case indicated that probably every glomerulus had a lesion at the origin of the tubule. A study of 185 renal biopsies nearly all with segmental lesions revealed biopsies from 20 patients with this distinctive abnormality. There were 14 males, age 20‐57, median 44 years, and six females age 19‐65, median 22 years, all presenting with proteinuria. nearly all with the nephrotic syndrome. All except four were treated with steroids and in all those treated the proteinuria improved. Only one patient not treated with steroids had progressive renal impairment. Four patients died, none from renal failure. This lesion, the glomerular tip lesion, as we have called it. seems to be a well‐defined and specific pathological entity. It has some similarities to minimal change nephropathy but there are clear and important differences. Previously it may have been included in series of cases of 'focal glomerulosclerosis' but that term is imprecise and is generally taken to have an unfavourable clinical course. For these reasons it is inappropriate to use ‘focal glomerulosclerosis’ as a name for the glomerular tip lesion.
The localization of aluminium and other elements inbone tissue of a case of renal osteodystrophy with an associated dialysis encephalopathy syndrome
Authors: McClure John , Smith P. S.
Published: June 2005

Bone tissue from a patient with chronic renal failure and a dialysis encephalopathy syndrome has been studied by histological and histochemical means, by flame emission spectroscopy and by electron probe X‐ray microanalysis. There was significant renal osteodystrophy manifest as an osteomalacia. Emission spectroscopy showed the presence of iron (Fe), aluminium (Al), silicon (Si), zinc (Zn), strontium (Sr), lead (Pb) and copper (Cu) in the concentration range 100–1000 parts per million (ppm). Electron probe X‐ray microanalysis showed focal concentrations of Fe and Si in the marrow tissue only, whereas Al was localized to the calcification front zones at the junction of osteoid and mineralized tissue of both trabecular and cortical bone. It is concluded that the presence of Al at these sites could interfere with the mineralization process and significantly contribute to the pathogenesis of haemodialysis‐related osteomalacia and that it is unlikely that the other elements detected are significant in this regard.
Cytoskeletal control of nuclear arrangement in Langhans multinucleate giant cells
Authors: Rigby P. J. , Papadimitriou J. M.
Published: June 2005

Examination of the role of the cytoskeleton in macrophage polykarya (multinucleate giant cells) has established that microfilaments and microtubules are interrelated and contractile cytoskeletal components with opposing actions; when critically maintained at equilibrium, they are responsible for maintenance of the highly organized cellular architecture characteristic of Langhans type syncytia. Disruption of the function of these structures by in vitro incubation with cytochalasin B and/or colchicine can result in reversion to a cytoarchitecture which is more typical of the ‘foreign body’ multinucleate giant cell. These observations strongly reinforce previous suggestions that Langhans multinucleate giant cells are special, more highly organized forms than are ‘foreign body’ multinucleate giant cells.
The histochemistry of glycosidases in human benign and malignant breast tissue
Authors: Walker Rosemary A.
Published: June 2005

Histochemical methods for the localization of four glycosidases (β‐glucuronidase, β‐N‐acetyl glucosaminidase, β‐D‐galactosidase and α‐mannosidase) have been applied to 40 cases of human normal and hyperplastic breast tissue and 100 human breast carcinomas. All tissues have been fixed in formol–calcium at 4°C and washed in gum sucrose. β‐Glucuronidase and β‐N‐acetyl glucosaminidase have consistently been detected in essentially all cells of normal and hyperplastic tissue. A similar distribution has been found for better differentiated carcinomas but the number of cells with detectable enzyme decreases in the more poorly differentiated tumour. β‐D‐Galactosidase and α‐mannosidase have only been demonstrated in very occasional cells in normal breast tissue. The incidence increases in hyperplastic tissue, and in approximately half the carcinomas many cells have detectable enzyme. The localization of β‐D‐galactosidase has not been related to tumour differentiation but the better differentiated carcinomas tend to have few cells with demonstrable α‐mannosidase. Although it has been suggested that glycosidases can have an effect on membrane function no differences have been found between those carcinomas having a few or many cells with detectable enzyme and the presence or absence of axillary lymph node metastasis. Total enzyme activity cannot be detected in fixed tissue, nor can an accurate quantitative assessment be made, but under the conditions of this study it is possible to conclude that there are differences between normal and malignant breast tissue in the localization of glycosidases.
Ultrastructural localization of anionic and cationic ferritin in the rat glomerular basement membrane in protein‐overload proteinuria
Authors: Bliss D. J. , Brewer D. B.
Published: June 2005

The penetration into the glomerular basement membrane of anionic and cationic ferritin has been studied in rats made proteinuric by intraperitoneal administration of bovine serum albumin. In comparison with control animals anionic ferritin penetrated the glomerular basement membrane to a much greater extent in proteinuric rats. Some ferritin particles were observed in small invaginations of the epithelial cell membrane adjacent to the glomerular basement membrane and incorporated in pinocytotic vesicles within the epithelial cell cytoplasm. This was not seen in control animals. Cationic ferritin distribution in the glomerular basement membrane was similar in control and proteinuric rats suggesting that the increased anionic ferritin penetration observed occurs without any reduction in fixed anionic charge.
The subcellular basis of damage to the human urinary bladder induced by irradiation
Authors: Antonakopoulos G. N. , Hicks R. M. , Berry R. J.
Published: June 2005

The effects of x‐irradiation on the subcellular structure of the human urinary bladder were investigated by electron microscopic examination of biopsies taken during check cystoscopies from 25 patients between 1 month and 22 years after completion of a course of therapeutic radiation. All tissues of the bladder wall were damaged to some extent by the treatment. In the urothelium this was reflected by the development of more than the usual numbers of lysosomes and autophagic vacuoles in all cell layers. In the bladder wall, large often binucleate or multinucleate fibroblasts were prominent and persistent in all specimens and were associated with the development of progressive fibrosis. The vasculature and the muscle coats of the bladder wall were also damaged. In the blood vessels many endothelial cells were oedematous or necrotic and some intravascular coagulation was also observed. Smooth muscle cells became oedematous soon after irradiation, and after longer time intervals there was focal death and loss of individual muscle cells. The observed degeneration and extensive necrosis of the bladdet wall, which involved severe destruction and disorganization of the muscular layers, is sufficient to explain the clinical sequelae of bladder irradiation, namely loss of elasticity, reduced capacity and incomplete micturition with residual urine.
Sequential and dose‐dependent alterations in rat bronchiolar epithelium during O,O,S‐trimethyl phosphorothioate induced delayed toxicity
Authors: Gandy Jay , Fukuto T. Roy , Imamura Toshiko
Published: June 2005

The sequential and dose‐dependent effects of O,O,S‐trimethyl phosphorothioate (OOS‐Me) on rat lung bronchiolar epithelium were investigated using scanning electron microscopy. At 12 h after oral treatment (20 mg/kg), there was a small increase in debris in the bronchioles and, by 24 h, there was much debris as well as phagocytic cells in the bronchioles. After 3 days, there was a decrease in the number of bronchiolar Clara cells as determined by the loss of their characteristic apical bulges. Concomitanty there was a significant increase in lactate dehydrogenase activity in bronchopulmonary lavage fluid. By day 7, the Clara cells appeared to be reforming and, by day 14, the morphology of bronchiolar epithelium had returned to normal. Dose‐dependent studies revealed a threshold dose level of OOS‐Me between 10 and 20 mg/kg which produced the observed effects in Clara cells. Both sequential and dose‐dependent effects of OOS‐Me on Clara cells were correlated with changes in bronchopulmonary lavage lactate dehydrogenase activity.
Diagnosis of pleural malignant mesothelioma in life—a practical approach
Authors: Whitaker Darrel , Shilkin Keith B.
Published: June 2005

This review documents a practical approach to the pathological diagnosis of pleural malignant mesothelioma based on the closed needle biopsy and effusion cytology, thus avoiding the need to resort to open surgery. Tissue diagnosis is often difficult, and the pathologist's opinion may be influenced by a consideration of three factors: the clinical setting; the adequacy and availability of specimens; and the criteria for assessment and interpretation of these. The level of confidence with which a tissue diagnosis of mesothelioma can be established using limited material depends on there being an appropriate clinical background including a history of asbestos exposure. Without this, the diagnosis should be a qualified or tentative one. For an adequate tissue sample to be obtained, the closed needle biopsy procedure is best performed by an experienced operator. All aspirated pleural effusions should be forwarded for cytological evaluation. In addition to conventional morphological studies, adequate samples permit ancillary tests to be carried out. A combined interpretive approach utilizing both histopathology and cytology is recommended in order to increase the accuracy of the diagnosis.
Hypertension, cerebral vascular changes and stroke in Ghana. 1—Microaneurysm formation and stroke
Authors: Anim J. T. , Kofi A. D.
Published: June 2005

A modification of the post‐mortem arteriographic technique of Ross Russell1 was used to study the brains of 284 consecutive autopsy cases dying from non‐traumatic causes; and made up of 159 hypertensives and 125 normotensives. Microaneurysms were demonstrated in 30·8 per cent of the hypertensives compared with 9·6 per cent normotensives. Haemorrhagic stroke was the cause of death in 37·6 per cent of the hypertensives, the majority of which were in younger age groups compared with hypertensive strokes in whites. The much lower incidence of microaneurysms in the brain of black hypertensives (even those with haemorrhagic strokes) compared with that found by workers among white hypertensives further emphasized the different nature of hypertension in blacks. It is suggested that, in the absence of significant structural differences in the cerebral vasculature between blacks and whites, the high incidence of haemorrhagic strokes occurring in the relatively younger subjects in Ghana may be due to the direct effect of high blood pressures on small intracerebral vessels and that microaneurysm formation may not be as important as in the much older white subjects dying of haemorrhagic strokes.
Age related detection of tissue amyloid P in the skin
Authors: Khan A. M. , Walker F.
Published: June 2005

The presence of tissue amyloid P component in normal skin from fetuses and children was studied using direct, fluorescent, immunohistochemical techniques on frozen sections. Tissue amyloid P is not detected in fetuses or in children up to the age of 2 years but from the age of 4 years upwards it is readily detected and invariably present. Though the function of human amyloid P is unknown its role appears to be age or maturity related.
The routine histological investigation of axillary lymph nodes for metastatic breast cancer
Authors: Hartveit F.
Published: June 2005

A simple method of preparing axillary nodes from breast cancer patients for routine histology is presented. It is based on appreciation of nodal anatomy and the pathophysiology of tumour growth in them Current methods assume that the latter is a random process, but this is not so It has long been known that tumour cells enter via the afferent lymphatics. They may also exit by the efferent. It has not been generally realized that these vessels enter leave the node in the same plane of section, or that a section in this plane, a hilar section, is theoretically the one of choice for the identification of tumour cells in the node. It is shown here that use of hilar sections alone allows the identification of tumour‐free and tumour‐bearing nodes, as well as the tumour status of the efferent vessels, with considerable certainty. The use of random sections, in contrast, carries a high risk of false negative reporting.
Degradation of basement membrane collagens by metalloproteases released by human, murine and amphibian tumours
Authors: Shields S. E. , Ogilvie D. J. , McKinnell R. G. , Tarin D.
Published: June 2005

In this investigation it has been found that naturally‐occurring (i.e. indigenous, not transplanted) tumours of diverse organs in a spectrum of vertebrates from frogs to man can secrete enzymes which degrade basement membrane collagens (types IV and V). The enzymes are inhibited by chelating agents (EDTA) but not by other protease antagonists and are, therefore, specific metalloproteases. Individual tumours do not necessarily secrete collagenases active against all collagen types (I, IV and V) and release of these different enzymes does not, therefore, appear to be coordinated. These biochemical findings support those reported for serially transplanted tumour cell lines and provide a plausible mechanism for the destruction of basement membranes and stromal collagen fibres observed morphologically in tumour spread.
Functional and morphologic studies of the adrenal cortex and kidney in ovine toxaemia of pregnancy
Authors: Hill Prudence A. , Coghlan J. P. , Scoggins B. A. , Ryan G. B.
Published: June 2005

Functional and morphologic studies of the adrenal cortex and kidney have been carried out in pregnant sheep with spontaneous or dietary restriction‐induced ovine toxaemia. It was found that proteinuria was an inconstant feature and no animal showed glomerular lesions analogous to those found in human preeclampsia; thus ovine toxaemia cannot be regarded as a precise experimental model for human toxaemia of pregnancy. The elevation of blood cortisol levels and the morphologic appearance of the adrenal zona fasciculata found in such animals suggest an adrenal response comparable to that caused by adrenocorticotrophic hormone. In addition, animals with severe disease showed evidence of stimulation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system as reflected by elevated blood renin and aldosterone concentrations and raised renal juxtaglomerular indices. Ultrastructural changes in the adrenal zona glomerulosa and renal juxtaglomerular myoepithelioid cells in toxaemic animals resembled those described in non‐pregnant sodium‐depleted sheep. The finding of juxtaglomerular peripolar cell mitoses and granule exocytosis, the latter only being previously observed in sodium depleted sheep, together with the ultrastructural changes in the adrenal zona glomerulosa and juxtaglomerular myoepithelioid cells, suggest that sodium depletion may play a role in this disease.
Immunohistochemical localization of macromolecules of the basement membrane and the peritumoral stroma in human laryngeal carcinomas
Authors: Cam Y. , Caulet T. , Bellon G. , Poulin G. , Legros M. , Pytlinska M.
Published: June 2005

Forty laryngeal carcinomas were studied by immunofluorescence with specific antisera against components of the basement membrane (type IV collagen and laminin) as well as antisera against connective tissue antigens (type V collagen and fibronectin). The basement membrane surrounding well‐differentiated squamous cell carcinomas showed an appearance similar to that seen beneath normal epithelium. In contrast, marked alterations of the basement membrane were constantly observed around infiltrating and poorly‐differentiated carcinomas. The staining of connective tissue components in most cases was as intense in carcinomas as in normal laryngeal mucosa. The use of antibodies to basement membrane components may help to elucidate the mechanism of invasion of connective tissues by malignant cells.
Pigmented villonodular synovitis associated with psoriatic polyarthropathy: An electron microscopic and immunocytochemical study
Authors: Archer‐Harvey Jennet M. , Henderson D. W. , Papadimitriou J. M. , Rozenbilds M. A. M.
Published: June 2005

A case of pigmented villonodular synovitis in a patient with psoriatic polyarthropathy was studied by means of light microscopy, electron microscopy and immunocytochemical techniques. The lesion consisted of mononuclear phagocytes with features intermediate between type A and type B cells, two types of multinucleate giant cells, an abnormal vasculature, extravasated fibrin and erythrocytes. An unexpected feature was the presence of a mononuclear cell whose cytoplasm contained intermediate filaments and reacted strongly to antisera to cytokeratins. Such a cell type has not previously been described in this condition and its significance is unclear. The findings support the theory that the pathogenesis of PVNS involves leakage of blood through abnormal vessels resulting in the local accumulation and proliferation of mononuclear phagocytes, connective tissue cells and unidentified cytokeratin positive mononuclear cells. The aetiology of the vascular damage, however, remains unknown.
Improved chimaeric mouse model confirms that resident peritoneal macrophages are derived solely from bone marrow precursors
Authors: Murch A. R. , Grounds Miranda D. , Papadimitriou J. M.
Published: June 2005

The origin of resident peritoneal macrophages was studied in radiation mouse chimaeras with and without reconstitution of the peritoneum with viable isogeneic peritoneal cells. The selection of host and donor strains were such that the isoenzymes of glucose‐6‐phosphate isomerase could be used to distinguish host from donor bone marrow derived cells. It was found that the resident peritoneal macrophages were completely replaced by bone marrow donor derived cells within 5–6 weeks. There was little difference between the results from mice which had been additionally reconstituted with peritoneal cells and those which were not.
The cumulative scanning electron microscopic changes in baby mouse lungs following prenatal and postnatal exposures to nicotine
Authors: Wang Nai‐San , Chen Moy‐Fong , Schraufnagel Dean E. , Yao Yu‐Tung
Published: June 2005

Half of the offspring from nicotine exposed and control mother mice were cross‐fostered at birth to form four groups of those exposed to nicotine only during the gestational period (NC), only during the lactational period (CN), throughout both periods (NN), or exposed to none (CC). Nodular mucosal bulges (neuroepithelial bodies, NEB) were found in all groups; their number decreased with the increase in the age in the control group (CC). The bulges were large and irregular in all nicotine exposed groups, especially in the NN group. Although they also decreased in number with age, NEB were significantly retained and abnormal in the NN group compared with the NC and CC groups on day 30 (p < 0.01). In addition, the bronchioles were tortuous in the nicotine exposed groups probably due to the expansion of mucosal depressions, pits, and fenestrations. In mice, maternal exposures to a small dosage of nicotine throughout both gestational and lactating periods appear to induce more baby lung changes than when the exposure to nicotine is limited to either period alone. More importantly, nicotine induced baby lung changes observed on day 5 appear to regress by day 30, if the exposure to nicotine is discontinued at birth.
The binding of peroxidase‐labelled lectins to human breast epithelium. II—the reactivity of breast carcinomas to wheat germ agglutinin
Authors: Walker Rosemary A.
Published: June 2005

The binding of peroxidase‐labelled wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) to a series of 125 human breast carcinomas has been studied. Routine fixation and processing has been shown to have no deleterious effect on reactivity. In contrast to the homogeneous binding of WGA to normal and hyperplastic human breast previously reported, the binding of WGA to breast carcinomas exhibits heterogeneity. This is of two forms: (1) in relation to cell reactivity, which is significantly correlated to tumour differentiation, with fewer cells reacting in those carcinomas showing loss of histological differentiation; (2) with regard to the interaction between WGA and specific saccharides of cellular glycan‐components, binding to sialic acid appearing to be of significance to varying degrees in some carcinomas but not in others nor, as previously reported, in normal breast. The alteration in WGA–saccharide interaction is an indicator of the heterogeneity of the carbohydrate chains of glycoproteins within neoplastic cells of the same tumour and between carcinomas. The other finding of note has been that of the significant association between heterogeneity of cellular reactivity to WGA and the presence of axillary lymph node metastasis, but a lack of correlation between virtual absence of reactivity and nodal metastasis.
Unexpected inorganic elements in oral lesions: Results of X‐ray energy spectroscopy (XES) on particulate matter in paraffin sections
Authors: Levison David A. , Crocker Peter R. , Lee Garry , Shepherd Neil A. , Smith Adrian P.
Published: June 2005

X‐ray energy spectroscopy (XES) of all particulate matter found by light microscopy in histological sections of 222 oral lesions revealed a much wider range of elements than expected from dental amalgam. Subsequent XES of a variety of endodontic materials, impression materials and toothpastes indicated possible sources for virtually all elements identified in the histopathological lesions. The range of materials identified is tabulated; histopathological lesions and probable source substances are correlated; light microscopic pointers to the elemental nature of particulate matter in sections are indicated—titanium and bismuth have characteristic appearances; possible implications of local implantation and large scale ingestion of such substances are discussed.
Histomorphometric analysis of sclerotic bone from idiopathic myeloid metaplasia (nine cases)
Authors: Coindre J. M. , Reiffers J. , Goussot J. F. , de Mascarel A. , Broustet A.
Published: June 2005

The osteosclerosis of idiopathic myeloid metaplasia was investigated by a histodynamic study of undecalcified bone from nine patients. In all cases osteosclerosis resulted from woven bone formation. In moderate osteosclerosis only intrabecular woven bone was observed, with osteoclastic hyperresorption, hyperosteoidosis with many osteoblasts, and an increased calcification rate. This may represent an early stage of the disease, osteosclerosis resulting from increased bone remodelling, with woven bone formation by osteoblasts. However, in extensive osteosclerosis both intratrabecular and medullary woven bone was observed, with moderate osteoclastic hyperresorption, hyperosteoidosis without osteoblasts and a very low calcification rate. The latter pattern could correspond to an advanced stage, and could result from stromal bone formation without osteoblasts. The classical histodynamic profile of osteomalacia was sometimes observed. The link between bone pain and possible osteomalacia remains vague.
Endocrine cells in intestinal metaplasia of the stomach
Authors: Mingazzini P. , Carlei F. , Malchiodi‐Albedi F. , Lezoche E. , Covotta A. , Speranza V. , Polak J. M.
Published: June 2005

In this study we have investigated the mucin profile and the endocrine cell population in gastric endoscopic biopsies from 22 patients affected by chronic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia and in five surgical specimens of stomachs removed because of intestinal‐type carcinoma (4) or peptic ulcer (1). High iron diamine‐Alcian blue (HID‐Ab) staining and peptide immunocytochemistry (peroxidase anti‐peroxidase technique) were used. Forty‐one foci of intestinal metaplasia were detected, 15 produced sulphomucins and 26 sialomucins. Of the endocrine cells investigated, gastrin and somatostatin cells were the most frequently observed, while cholecystokinin, glucose‐dependent insulinotropic peptide‐, secretin‐ and enteroglucagon‐containing cells were also found in the metaplastic areas, but less frequently. No significant correlation was found between the type of mucin and the types of endocrine cells present, the latter usually resembling those normally found in the small intestine. On the basis of these results we conclude that intestinal metaplasia involves mucin‐ and peptide‐producing cells of the stomach in a variable manner, with no correlation between the two.
Persistence of inert macromolecules (imposil) in the rat mesangium and glomerular functional disturbance
Authors: Goode N. P. , Davison A. M. , Gowland G. , Aparicio S. R. , Shires M.
Published: June 2005

Imposil iron—dextran is an inert tracer that has been used to study mesangial uptake and clearance of macromolecular material from the glomerular circulation. Such a tracer may be a useful marker of altered mesangial function in animals with some forms of glomerulonephritis. We have studied mesangial handling of intravenously injected Imposil (50 mg/100 g body weight) in normal rats by light, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy for up to 3 months. Mesangial cell uptake was maximal at 48–54 h. Extrusion and drainage of tracer to the vascular pole and distal tubule was evident at 3 days but iron was still present in mesangial cells at 3 months. Possible functional renal impairment resulting from persistent mesangially sequestered tracer was examined by measuring daily urine protein and iron excretion. A possible relationship between failure of mesangial cells to eliminate inert tracer and increasing glomerular permeability is demonstrated, suggesting that Imposil and similar inert macromolecules cannot be used for long‐term studies of mesangial function.
Spindle cell tumours of the skin of debatable origin. An immunocytochemical study
Authors: Eusebi V. , Ceccarelli C. , Piscioli F. , Cristofolini M. , Azzopardi J. G.
Published: June 2005

Twelve cases of malignant spindle‐cell and sarcomatoid tumours of the skin of debatable nature were studied by immunocytochemical methods, using four antisera which might help contribute to resolution of the problems. The initial diagnosis made on structural grounds was confirmed by immunocytochemistry in six of eight cases in which a specific diagnosis had been made (one melanoma, three squamous carcinomas and two atypical fibroxanthomas). One case, initially regarded as AFX was reclassified as a squamous carcinoma, while a further case of possible AFX could not be confirmed by immunocytochemical study. Of the four cases in which structural examination was inconclusive, two were identified as squamous carcinomas and one as a melanoma by virtue of tumour markers. The fourth case was an intriguing actin‐rich tumour of uncertain nature. Immunocytochemistry, despite certain limitations, has a valuable role to play in the analysis of the problematic spindle‐cell malignant and pseudomalignant tumours of the skin.
The application of the metalophil method for the demonstration of histiocytes
Authors: van Unnik J. A. M.
Published: June 2005

The metalophil method has been performed on 250 sections of a wide variety of inflammatory and neoplastic lesions in which different types of histiocytes might be encountered. In lymph nodes, dendritic histiocytes related to the B‐lymphocyte system were consistently metalophil. They appeared as small cells with slender extensions in lymph nodes with follicular hyperplasia and/or sinus histiocytosis and in some cases of Hodgkin's lymphomas or as larger pleomorphic cells in primary or secondary malignancies of lymph nodes. Small, rounded cells were seen in some cases of marked paracortical reaction, in dermatopathic lymphadenitis and in some cases of mycosis fungoides. These cells most probably represented Langerhans cells and interdigitating reticulum cells, which are related to the T‐lymphocyte system. Interdigitating cells become metalophil when they are activated or proliferating. Epithelioid cells in different benign and malignant lesions were metalophil like the sinus histiocytes of the lymph nodes, the Kupffer cells of the liver and the alveolar histiocytes in the lung. Foreign‐body giant cells in lymph nodes after lymphography were also metalophil. The sinus lining cells lymph nodes were also well‐delineated. Histiocytes of malignant histiocytic proliferations were sometimes metalophil as were the so‐called histiocytes in malignant fibrous histiocytomas. Epithelial cells, particularly the basal cells of squamous epithelium often take up the silver. Carcinoma cells were sometimes metalophil and the method appeared not to be of value in the differentiation between metastatic carcinomas and lymphomas. The most promising application seems to be the study of the distribution of dendritic histiocytes in malignant proliferations of B‐lymphocytes.
Focal lymphocytic thyroiditis in southampton
Authors: Mitchell J. D. , Kirkham N. , Machin David
Published: June 2005

The presence of focal collections of lymphocytes within the thyroid gland has been associated with autoimmune thyroiditis. In a prospective study 197 thyroid glands were examined from post mortems performed in two Southampton hospitals over a 12 month period. The mean thyroid mass was 19·5 g in women and 22·2 g in men. Varying degrees of focal lymphocytic thyroiditis were present in 54 per cent of women and 24 per cent of men. Morphometry showed that on average less than 4 per cent of the gland was infiltrated by lymphocytes. There was no significant relationship with age. A possible association between focal lymphocytic thryoiditis and circulating thyroid autoantibodies has been shown.
Small cell tumours in childhood: A review
Authors: Variend S.
Published: June 2005

The past decade has seen significant advances in the treatment of childhood malignancies accompanied by appreciable improvement in survival rates. Treatment programmes have been largely formulated to meet the specific characteristics of individual tumours, as well as being based on the extent of disease presented at diagnosis. In selecting the most appropriate treatment protocol, accurate histological categorization of resected or biopsied tumour is thus of paramount importance. In the paediatric age range in which so many tumours lack differentiation as to present as, or mimic, other small cell tumours, routine methods are often insufficient to resolve problematic histology. A wide range of special techniques is now at hand to assist the pathologist with this problem and this review is an attempt partly to rationalize the application of available methodology. Of considerable importance also is a knowledge of the behavioural characteristics of this group of tumours, their prototypic histology, as well as the range of morphological variability.
Immunohistochemical analysis of human MHC class II antigens in B‐cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas
Authors: Krajewski A. S. , Guy K. , Dewar A. E. , Cossar D.
Published: June 2005

Twenty cases of B‐cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining of frozen sections with a panel of anti MHC class II monoclonal antibodies (MCA). These studies showed marked differences in the expression of class II antigens both between different cases and within the population of cells of individual cases. In all of the cases studied the majority of the tumour cells reacted with MCAs directed against determinants common to the products of SB and DR loci. However, MCAs specific for DC determinants failed to react with 3/20 cases and in several other cases stained only a minority of cells. Absent or reduced expression of DC antigens was most marked in lymphocytic lymphoma; however, in centroblastic‐centrocytic and centroblastic lymphomas, DC antigens could be detected on the majority of cells.
Paraganglioma of the cauda equina: A histological, ultrastructural and immunocytochemical study of two cases with a review of the literature
Authors: Ironside J. W. , Royds Janice A. , Taylor C. B. , Timperley W. R.
Published: June 2005

The clinical and pathological features of two paragangliomas arising in the cauda equina are described and compared with 14 previous reports. The light microscopic features were similar to those of paragangliomas from other sites, with a ‘Zellballen’ pattern of cells containing argyrophil granules. Electron microscopy showed densely staining membrane‐bound granules, cilia and fibrous bodies in the cytoplasm. The last two features only occur in paragangliomas from this site. γ‐Enolase was demonstrated by the peroxidase‐antiperoxidase technique for the first time in these neoplasms. This technique was also used to demonstrate cytokeratins, which appear to be associated with the presence of fibrous bodies. The pathological findings suggest that paragangliomas in this site arise from pre‐existing paraganglia, possibly of the visceral autonomic group. The prognosis in cases treated by complete excision appears to be good.
The glomerular ultrastructural distribution of immunoglobulin g in hyperalbuminaemic (protein‐overload) proteinuria
Authors: Howie A. J. , Bliss D. J. , Brewer D. B.
Published: June 2005

Female Munich‐Wistar rats were given intraperitoneal injections either of bovine serum albumin to induce proteinuria or of water as a control. Their kidneys were fixed in situ. An ultrastructural technique was used to demonstrate IgG antiperoxidase antibodies either injected from a heterologous species or autologous, induced by immunization with horseradish peroxidase. Photometry of electron micrographic negatives was used to determine the distribution of antiperoxidase antibodies. In glomeruli of control animals IgG was present in the basement membrane. There were three sites at which the passage of IgG across the basement membrane was hindered: between blood plasma and the lamina rara interna, between the lamina densa and the lamina rara externa, and between the lamina rara externa and the urinary space. Glomeruli of proteinuric animals were variable in appearance, some showing little structural damage and others showing marked changes with loss of epithelial foot processes and accumulation of vacuoles and protein droplets in epithelial cells. Both types of glomeruli contained IgG in the urinary space. The distribution of IgG in the basement membrane of both types was similar. Compared with control animals there was less IgG in the basement membrane and IgG was distributed uniformly across the basement membrane. The proteinuria in hyperalbuminaemia (protein‐overload) is associated with a diffuse change in the barrier function of the glomerular basement membrane to IgG which is, at least in the initial stages, not related to structural changes in glomerular epithelial cells.
Induction of nephroblastoma‐like renal tumours in rats by a single dose of 1,2‐dimethylhydrazine
Authors: Sadrudin A. A. , Lewin M. R. , Cruse J. P.
Published: June 2005

A single injection of 1,2‐dimethylhydrazine (200 mg/kg s.c.) resulted in the development of renal tumours in 70 per cent of treated rats within 1 year. The tumours were frequently bilateral (36 per cent) and grew to a large size (up to 100 g) before causing death. Lung metastases were found in one case. Histologically, the majority of the tumours (73 per cent) exhibited the classical triphasic morphological features of nephroblastoma (Wilms' tumour) with varying proportions of epithelial (glomeruloid and tubular structures), stromal (fibrous tissue, smooth muscle, cartilage) and blastematous elements. This pathological resemblance to human nephroblastoma suggests the possibility of using dimethylhydrazine‐induced renal tumours as a model of Wilms' tumour.
The effects of calcium regulating hormones on bone resorption by isolated human osteoclastoma cells
Authors: Chambers T. J. , Fuller K. , McSheehy P. M. J. , Pringle J. A. S.
Published: June 2005

Cells were disaggregated from osteoclastomas, and the response of the giant cells to calcium‐regulating hormones, prostaglandin (PG)E1 and dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dbcAMP) was observed by phase‐contrast time‐lapse video microscopy. The pattern and nature of their response was very similar to that previously found to be characteristic of osteoclasts: calcitonin (CT), PGE1, and dbcAMP induced cytoplasmic quiescence, while parathyroid hormone (PTH) showed no influence on cytoplasmic motility or behaviour. The cells were also cultured on slices of devitalized cortical bone for 5 or 18 h. After this time the giant cells were associated with the appearance in the scanning electron microscope of characteristic resorption pits, the volume of which was calculated by computer‐assisted morphometric and stereophotogrammetric techniques after removal of cells. Calcitonin caused a dramatic reduction in the volume of bone resorbed by these isolated cells compared with control cultures, while PTH was without significant effect. This result supports the view that PTH does not increase bone resorption in intact bone through a direct effect on osteoclasts. PGE1 which stimulates bone resorption when added to intact bone, paradoxically reduced resorption in our cultures. It thus appears possible that PGE1 acts as a direct inhibitor of osteoclastic bone resorption but has an additional effect on other cells in bone, which are induced by PGE1 to cause osteoclastic stimulation.