bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Becoming politicians: Indigenous pageants as training sites for public life
Authors: Erazo Juliet Serenyi , Benitez Ernesto J.
Published: February 2022

Feminist scholars typically analyze beauty pageants as spaces where women are objectified, sexualized, and pressured to conform. Yet, many in the Ecuadorian Amazon say that Indigenous pageants are ideal places to begin a career in politics. While interviews with pageant contestants reveal that many do not imagine themselves as politicians, examining Indigenous pageants as sites where women fashion new versions of themselves—versions that are more comfortable speaking in public, performing stereotypical Indigeneity, and taking bold stands on political issues—we can understand them as sites of “becoming” (Biehl and Locke 2017). Rather than simply emphasizing the desires of contestants, as other approaches to becoming have done, we analyze a series of additional, intersecting desires—international, national, capitalist, Indigenist, and familial—that work to shape pageant performances and performers. Building on Saba Mahmood's work, we emphasize the social embeddedness and construction of desire rather than its opposition to subject formation.
Wholehearted Participation: Attuning to Affect and Immanence in a Virtual Field
Authors: Perry Shannon A.B.
Published: February 2022

Diving into a virtual field in response to COVID‐19, my orientation to ethnographic inquiry and writing changed as I joined the ranks of thousands of editors worldwide in contributing to the free online encyclopedia, Wikipedia. Honing practices for participating in this dynamic virtual field attuned me to felt senses of flow and more‐than‐human connections that I relate to posthuman concepts of affect and immanence. The essay concludes with potential implications for embracing wholehearted participation as a method.
Theorizing a Female Dalai Lama: An Intersectional Tool for Feminisms
Authors: Sharling Tenzin‐Dhardon
Published: February 2022

Seizing on the opportunity provided by the Dalai Lama recently hinting at a female successor, this paper delves deep into theorizing a female Dalai Lama. It offers an intersectional tool to examine how such a conception not only overturns patriarchy pertinent in Tibetan Buddhism, but also disrupts the heteropatriarchal religious traditions beyond Tibetan Buddhism. Moreover, it brings to light affirmative imagination for feminist thinking and intervention premised on the understanding of feminisms as engaging with structures of power and systems of oppression.
Altered States: Liminality and Consciousness During COVID
Authors: Torres Nicole
Published: February 2022

This editorial discusses the function of COVID as what the Indigenous scholar and psychologist, Eduardo Duran, describes as a “great teacher.” The author engages with the opportunities of learning that the COVID‐19 pandemic has provided, especially in the realm of anthropological studies of consciousness. The author encourages both scholars and practitioners to use the current pandemic as an opportunity to practice what Andy Fisher identifies as a “decolonial praxis,” as a tool for liberation and healing.
High flow from Impella 5.5 with partial veno‐arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support: Case series
Authors: Ohira Suguru , Pan Stephen , Levine Avi , Haidry Syed A. , Aggawal‐Gupta Chhaya , Lanier Gregg , Gass Alan , De La Pena Corazon , Goldberg Joshua B. , Spielvogel David , Kai Masashi
Published: February 2022

Optimal flow balance between Impella 5.5 and veno‐arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support in the setting of EC‐PELLA (ECMO+Impella) is unknown. Outcomes of high Impella 5.5 flow in the setting of EC‐PELLA support were reviewed (N = 7). EC‐PELLA was successfully explanted in 6 patients (bridge‐to‐transplant, N = 1; bridge‐to‐recovery, N = 5). The median duration of EC‐PELLA support in explanted patients was 6 days. Survival at discharge was 71.4% (5 patients). In terms of device‐related events, either VA‐ECMO or Impella‐related complications were not experienced. The median performance level of Impella 5.5 was P5 at the time of starting EC‐PELLA support and then increased with time up to the median of P8 with increment of the Impella flow, and index (L/min/m2). The percentage of Impella flow per total EC‐ PELLA flow reached 50% after 48 h of support. The vasoactive‐inotropic score and serum lactate level improved after institution of EC‐PELLA support as well as the pulmonary artery pressures and central venous pressure. In conclusion, a high pump flow from Impella 5.5 with partial VA‐ECMO support in the setting of EC‐PELLA provided great support with favorable survival and device‐related complications rate.
Proteomic profiles in cerebrospinal fluid predicted death and disability in term infants with perinatal asphyxia: A pilot study
Authors: Leifsdottir Kristin , Thelin Eric P , Lassarén Philipp , Siljehav Veronica , Nilsson Peter , Eksborg Staffan , Herlenius Eric
Published: February 2022

Aim

Perinatal asphyxia, resulting in hypoxic‐ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE), has been associated with high mortality rates and severe lifelong neurodevelopmental disabilities. Our aim was to study the association between the proteomic profile in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the degree of HIE and long‐term outcomes.

Methods

We prospectively enrolled 18‐term born infants with HIE and 10‐term born controls between 2000 and 2004 from the Karolinska University Hospital. An antibody suspension bead array and FlexMap3D analysis was used to characterise 178 unique brain‐derived and inflammation associated proteins in their CSF.

Results

Increased CSF concentrations of several brain‐specific proteins were observed in the proteome of HIE patients compared with the controls. An upregulation of neuroinflammatory pathways was also noted and this was confirmed by pathway analysis. Principal component analysis revealed a gradient from favourable to unfavourable HIE grades and outcomes. The proteins that provided strong predictors were structural proteins, including myelin basic protein and alpha‐II spectrin. The functional proteins included energy‐related proteins like neuron‐specific enolase and synaptic regulatory proteins. Increased CSF levels of 51 proteins correlated with adverse outcomes in infants with HIE.

Conclusion

Brain‐specific proteins and neuroinflammatory mediators in CSF may predict HIE degrees and outcomes after perinatal asphyxia.
Purpose in life and personal growth: The unique and joint contribution of physical activity and basic psychological needs
Authors: Teas Elizabeth , Friedman Elliot , Amireault Steve
Published: February 2022

This study examined if physical activity (PA) and self‐determination theory's basic psychological needs directly or interactively predict older adults' eudaimonic well‐being. Participants aged ≥55 years completed five online surveys. At baseline (T1), participants (N = 430) reported on autonomy, competence, and relatedness experienced during PA. PA was assessed prospectively using the Physical Activity Scale for Elderly (recall period = 7 days) for four consecutive weeks (T2, T3, T4, and T5); weekly PA scores were averaged. At T5, purpose in life and personal growth were measured using Ryff's scales of psychological well‐being. In regression analyses, PA was associated with purpose in life for those reporting low relatedness (b = .04, p = .02). Competence was associated with purpose in life only for those high in relatedness (b = .34, p < .001). Autonomy was positively associated with personal growth for those who also reported high competence. Multiple imputation analyses (N = 430) and sensitivity analyses (n = 304) yielded findings consistent with those from complete cases (n = 182). Encouraging older people to move more may not be sufficient to confer well‐being. It may be necessary to help people engage in activities that support their basic psychological needs.
Strontium isotope identification of possible rural immigrants in 17th century mass graves at St. Gertrude Church cemetery in Riga, Latvia
Authors: Petersone‐Gordina Elina , Montgomery Janet , Millard Andrew R. , Nowell Geoff , Peterkin Joanne , Roberts Charlotte A. , Gerhards Guntis , Zelčs Vitālijs
Published: February 2022

The aims of this study were to explore the origins of 19 children buried in two mass graves and the general cemetery at the post‐medieval St Gertrude Church cemetery in Riga, Latvia, using strontium isotope analysis (87Sr/86Sr), and to establish local soil Sr biosphere ranges from faunal samples from two areas of Latvia. The results confirmed the presence of one clear outlier in the population and one child who may have had originated from the region of Vidzeme. The lack of significant differences in 87Sr/86Sr between the other individuals analysed suggested that they were representative of one population. A strong correlation between 87Sr/86Sr ratios and previously obtained mean δ13C and δ15N values in children from mass graves suggested possible short‐term dietary changes with increased proportion of marine resources and food sources subject to sea spray. The study has yielded the first comparative 87Sr/86Sr data from archaeological skeletons in Latvia, which will be essential for future research addressing comparative mobility studies in the region.
Using Japanese big data to investigate novel factors and their high‐risk combinations that affect vancomycin‐induced nephrotoxicity
Authors: Imai Shungo , Kadomura Shota , Miyai Takayuki , Kashiwagi Hitoshi , Sato Yuki , Sugawara Mitsuru , Takekuma Yoh
Published: February 2022

Aims

Several factors related to vancomycin‐induced nephrotoxicity (VIN) have not yet been clarified. In the present study, we used Japanese big data to investigate novel factors and their high‐risk combinations that influence VIN.

Methods

We employed a large Japanese electronic medical record database and included patients who had been administered intravenous vancomycin between June 2000 and December 2020. VIN was defined as an increase in serum creatinine ≥0.5 mg/dL or 1.5‐fold higher than the baseline. The outcomes were: (1) factors affecting VIN that were identified using multiple logistic regression analysis, and (2) combinations of factors that affect the risk of VIN according to a decision tree analysis, which is a typical machine learning method.

Results

Of the 7306 patients that were enrolled, VIN occurred in 14.2% of them (1035). A multivariate analysis extracted 22 variables as independent factors. Concomitant ramelteon use (odds ratio 0.701, 95% confidence interval 0.512‐0.959), ward pharmacy service (0.741, 0.638‐0.861), duration of VCM < 7 days (0.748, 0.623‐0.899) and trough concentrations 10‐15 mg/L (0.668, 0.556‐0.802) reduce the risk of VIN. Meanwhile, concomitant piperacillin‐tazobactam use (2.056, 1.754‐2.409) and piperacillin use (2.868, 1.298‐6.338) increase the risk. The decision tree analysis showed that a combination of vancomycin trough concentrations ≥20 mg/L and concomitant piperacillin‐tazobactam use was associated with the highest risk.

Conclusions

We revealed that the concomitant ramelteon use and ward pharmacy service may decrease the risk of VIN, while the concomitant use of not only piperacillin‐tazobactam but also piperacillin may increase the risk.
Learning Camera Control in Dynamic Scenes from Limited Demonstrations
Authors: Hanocka R. , Assa J. , Cohen‐Or D. , Giryes R.
Published: February 2022

In this work, we present our strategy for camera control in dynamic scenes with multiple people (sports teams). We learn a generic model of the player dynamics offline in simulation. We use only a few sparse demonstrations of a user's camera control policy to learn a reward function to drive camera motion in an ongoing dynamic scene. Key to our approach is the creation of a low‐dimensional representation of the scene dynamics which is independent of the environment action and rewards, which enables learning the reward function using only a small number of examples. We cast the user‐specific control objective as an inverse reinforcement learning problem, aiming to learn an expert's intention from a small number of demonstrations. The learned reward function is used in combination with a visual model predictive controller (MPC). We learn a generic scene dynamics model that is agnostic to the user‐specific reward, enabling reusing the same dynamics model for different camera control policies. We show the effectiveness of our method on simulated and real soccer matches.
Postoperative nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs in relation to recurrence, survival and anastomotic leakage after surgery for colorectal cancer
Authors: Grahn Oskar , Lundin Mathias , Chapman Stephen J. , Rutegård Jörgen , Matthiessen Peter , Rutegård Martin
Published: February 2022

Aim

The aim of this work was to investigate whether nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) could be beneficial or harmful when used perioperatively for colorectal cancer patients, as inflammation may affect occult disease and anastomotic healing.

Method

This is a protocol‐based retrospective cohort study on colorectal cancer patients operated on between 2007 and 2012 at 21 hospitals in Sweden. NSAID exposure was retrieved from postoperative analgesia protocols, while outcomes and patient data were retrieved from the Swedish Colorectal Cancer Registry. Older or severely comorbid patients, as well as those with disseminated or nonradically operated tumours were excluded. Multivariable regression with adjustment for confounders was performed, estimating hazard ratios (HRs) for long‐term outcomes and odds ratios (ORs) for short‐term outcomes, including 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results

Some 6945 patients remained after exclusion, of whom 3996 were treated at hospitals where a NSAID protocol was in place. No association was seen between NSAIDs and recurrence‐free survival (HR 0.97, 95% CI 0.87–1.09). However, a reduction in cancer recurrence was detected (HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.72–0.95), which remained significant when stratifying into locoregional (HR 0.68, 95% CI 0.48–0.97) and distant recurrences (HR 0.85, 95% CI 0.74–0.98). Anastomotic leakage was less frequent (HR 0.69%, 95% CI 0.51–0.94) in the NSAID‐exposed, mainly due to a risk reduction in colo‐rectal and ileo‐rectal anastomoses (HR 0.47, 95% CI 0.33–0.68).

Conclusion

There was no association between NSAID exposure and recurrence‐free survival, but an association with reduced cancer recurrence and the rate of anastomotic leakage was detected, which may depend on tumour site and anastomotic location.
Personal traits predict conservationists’ optimism about outcomes for nature
Authors: Pienkowski Thomas , Keane Aidan , de Lange Emiel , Khanyari Munib , Arlidge William N. S. , Baranyi Gergő , Brittain Stephanie , Castelló y Tickell Sofia , Hazenbosch Mirjam , Papworth Sarah , Milner‐Gulland E. J.
Published: February 2022

In the face of unprecedented biodiversity loss, the belief that conservation goals can be met could play an important role in ensuring they are fulfilled. We asked conservationists how optimistic they felt about key biodiversity outcomes over the next 10 years; 2341 people familiar with conservation in 144 countries responded. Respondents expressed optimism that enabling conditions for conservation would improve but felt pressures would continue, and the state of biodiversity was unlikely to get better. Respondents with greater general optimism about life, at early‐career stages, and working in practice and policy (compared to academia) reported higher conservation optimism. But most of our biodiversity and conservation status indicators were not associated with conservation optimism. Unbounded optimism without appropriate action would be misguided in the face of growing threats to biodiversity. However, supporting those struggling to see the light at the end of the tunnel could help sustain efforts to overcome these threats.
Conservation under uncertainty: Innovations in participatory climate change scenario planning from U.S. national parks
Authors: Miller Brian W. , Schuurman Gregor W. , Symstad Amy J. , Runyon Amber N. , Robb Brecken C.
Published: February 2022

The impacts of climate change (CC) on natural and cultural resources are far‐reaching and complex. A major challenge facing resource managers is not knowing the exact timing and nature of those impacts. To confront this problem, scientists, adaptation specialists, and resource managers have begun to use scenario planning (SP). This structured process identifies a small set of scenarios—descriptions of potential future conditions that encompass the range of critical uncertainties—and uses them to inform planning. We reflect on a series of five recent participatory CC SP projects at four US National Park Service units and derive guidelines for using CC SP to support natural and cultural resource conservation. Specifically, we describe how these engagements affected management, present a generalized CC SP approach grounded in management priorities, and share key insights and innovations that (1) fostered participant confidence and deep engagement in the participatory CC SP process, (2) shared technical information in a way that encouraged informed, effective participation, (3) contextualized CC SP in the broader picture of relevant longstanding or emerging nonclimate stressors, (4) incorporated quantitative approaches to expand analytical capacity and assess qualitative findings, and (5) translated scenarios and all their complexity into strategic action.
Transformation of a state fish and wildlife agency: Missouri Department of Conservation's effort to remain relevant in a changing world
Authors: Pauley Sara Parker , Beres Audrey , Murray Norman , Sumners Jason A. , Witthaus Kendra , Hilgedick Kristie
Published: February 2022

In 1935, the citizens of Missouri established the Missouri Conservation Commission in the state's constitution and in 1976 approved a conservation sales tax to ensure sustainable funding for those priorities. These two major citizen‐led initiatives have been the cornerstone of the Missouri model of conservation and key to the successful implementation of The Missouri Department of Conservation (MDC) mission for more than 80 years. Even with a successful track record, the health of an organization is only ever in two operating modes—growing or decaying. Beginning in 2017, the department began a focused and intentional effort to transform the agency in an endeavor to remain relevant to a changing citizenry and to better equip the agency to meet current and future challenges. The agency first developed a new strategic plan with three identified goals: 1) MDC takes care of nature, 2) MDC connects people with nature, and 3) MDC maintains public trust. Next, a team of internal staff were charged with creating an organizational design that empowered employees to work in a highly interdependent, team‐oriented environment that ensured efficiency of operations, supported the fulfillment of the strategic plan, and placed Missouri citizens at the center of everything the agency does. The new organizational model establishes a system of governance and organizational structure based on centralized guidance and regional implementation of the strategic plan utilizing interdisciplinary cross‐functional teams.
Ancient introgression underlying the unusual mito‐nuclear discordance and coat phenotypic variation in the Moupin pika
Authors: Ge Deyan , Feijó Anderson , Wen Zhixin , Lissovsky Andrey , Zhang Dezhi , Cheng Jilong , Yan Chaochao , Mu Danping , Wu Xinlai , Xia Lin , Yang Qisen
Published: February 2022

Aim

The mechanisms by which global biodiversity hotspots harbour and conserve high genetic and morphological diversity of endemic species remain unexplored. Relic species of ochotonids in the genus Ochotona are confined to alpine habitats and highly sensitive to environmental changes. We studied the genomic and ecological mechanisms underlying the divergence and adaptive evolution of the Moupin pika (O. thibetana) and its closely related species to infer its diversification, adaptive evolution and demographic history in response to historical and recent environmental changes.

Location

Hengduan Mountain Region, China.

Methods

We integrated morphological, genomic and ecological data to interpret the phylogeographic structure, adaptive evolution, demographic history and range shift of O. thibetana. Phylogenetic reconstruction was based on Cytochrome b (CYTB), the mitochondrial genome and single‐copy orthologues of the whole genome. Gene flow among extant lineages, as well as from extinct species, was inferred by multiple algorithms. Demographic history was inferred using the pairwise sequential Markovian coalescent and high‐resolution analysis of linkage disequilibrium. We also predicted the range shift of this species by using ecological niche modelling.

Results

Phylogenetic reconstruction revealed an unusual mitochondrial lineage of O. thibetana from the western Sichuan Basin, which was named O. qionglaiensis in previous studies. Extensive gene flow was detected among genetic lineages of O. thibetana, which has distinct phenotypic variation in hair thickness and colouration, as well as notable morphological differentiation in external and craniodental measurements. Multiple members of the keratin gene family were identified as introgressed loci from some ancient species to O. thibetana. The Moupin pika underwent dramatic population shrinkage in the late Quaternary, with a clear trend of population growth in approximately the last 70 generations. The potential distribution range of O. thibetana showed a clear trend of expansion in the future.

Main conclusions

The unusual mitochondrial phylogenetic pattern of O. thibetana resulted from “extended ghost introgression,” a new evolutionary model proposed in the present study, and thus rejected the validity of O. qionglaiensis as an independent species. Ancient introgression of keratin genes likely underlies the prominent coat phenotypic variation among genetic lineages. Clear population growth and range expansion of the Moupin pika in recent generations probably benefitted from recent global warming and vegetation recovery, which not only contributed to the conservation of large mammals but was also beneficial to small mammals endemic to alpine habitats.
Developing and investigating an electronic performance support system for skill learning in the simulation environment
Authors: Sezer Baris
Published: February 2022

Objective

Electronic performance support systems (EPSSs) developed in the literature generally use advanced programming. This situation may limit the use of the EPSSs. The purpose of this study was to develop an EPSS without any financial cost and using advanced programming to improve dental and medical students’ knowledge and performance in the basic life support course in simulation environment.

Materials and methods

This study was planned and carried out as a developmental research. The participants of the study were composed of dental/medical students and experts. The academic achievement test, performance test, expert evaluation form and interview form were used as data collection tools. Data analyses were done by SPSS 21 package software.

Results

Students taught using the EPSS have higher levels of academic achievement and performance compared with the students taught using the lecture format in a traditional way of teaching. Students stated that the system was useful and effective.

Conclusion

This web‐based mid‐level EPSS was developed without any financial cost and using advanced programming. EPSSs like present system can be used for supporting learning. The used framework in this study can provide guidance for future works.
No complementarity no gain—Net diversity effects on tree productivity occur once complementarity emerges during early stand development
Authors: Urgoiti Jon , Messier Christian , Keeton William S. , Reich Peter B. , Gravel Dominique , Paquette Alain
Published: February 2022

Although there is compelling evidence that tree diversity has an overall positive effect on forest productivity, there are important divergences among studies on the nature and strength of these diversity effects and their timing during forest stand development. To clarify conflicting results related to stand developmental stage, we explored how diversity effects on productivity change through time in a diversity experiment spanning 11 years. We show that the strength of diversity effects on productivity progressively increases through time, becoming significantly positive after 9 years. Moreover, we demonstrate that the strengthening of diversity effects is driven primarily by gradual increases in complementarity. We also show that mixing species with contrasting resource‐acquisition strategies, and the dominance of deciduous, fast‐developing species, promote positive diversity effects on productivity. Our results suggest that the canopy closure and subsequent stem exclusion phase are key for promoting niche complementarity in diverse tree communities.
Role of CRF and the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis in stroke: revisiting temporal considerations and targeting a new generation of therapeutics
Authors: Lichlyter Daniel A. , Krumm Zachary A. , Golde Todd A. , Doré Sylvain
Published: February 2022

Ischaemic neurovascular stroke represents a leading cause of death in the developed world. Preclinical and human epidemiological evidence implicates the corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF) family of neuropeptides as mediators of acute neurovascular injury pathology. Preclinical investigations of the role of CRF, CRF receptors and CRF‐dependent activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis have pointed toward a tissue‐specific and temporal relationship between activation of these pathways and physiological outcomes. Based on the literature, the major phases of ischaemic stroke aetiology may be separated into an acute phase in which CRF and anti‐inflammatory stress signalling are beneficial and a chronic phase in which these contribute to neural degeneration, toxicity and apoptotic signalling. Significant gaps in knowledge remain regarding the pathway, temporality and systemic impact of CRF signalling and stress biology in neurovascular injury progression. Heterogeneity among experimental designs poses a challenge to defining the apparent reciprocal relationship between neurological injury and stress metabolism. Despite these challenges, it is our opinion that the elucidated temporality may be best matched with an antibody against CRF with a half‐life of days to weeks as opposed to minutes to hours as with small‐molecule CRF receptor antagonists. This state‐of‐the‐art review will take a multipronged approach to explore the expected potential benefit of a CRF antibody by modulating CRF and corticotropin‐releasing factor receptor 1 signalling, glucocorticoids and autonomic nervous system activity. Additionally, this review compares the modulation of CRF and HPA axis activity in neuropsychiatric diseases and their counterpart outcomes post‐stroke and assess lessons learned from antibody therapies in neurodegenerative diseases.
Seasonal rainfall influences reproduction and recruitment of tropical penaeid shrimps: Implications to fisheries management
Authors: de Barros Matheus Souza Ferreira , de Oliveira Júnior José Gilmar Cavalcante , de Oliveira Cícero Diogo Lins , Kramer Pinto Taciana , Batista Vandick da Silva , Fabré Nidia Noemi
Published: February 2022

Here, we present results from a study conducted in two major shrimp fishing grounds in the Northeastern Brazil Marine Ecoregion (NBME) that determined reproductive dynamics of the penaeid shrimpsXiphopenaeus kroyeriandPenaeus schmitti. We aimed to verify if the current closed season is appropriate and untangle the environmental drivers that control their dynamics. The periods of recruitment and reproduction of both species overlap significantly, with a major spawning peak taking place in the dry season and recruitment in the wet season. The recruitment process in both species seem to be indirectly controlled by the onset of the rainfall season, which triggers an increase in primary productivity. This indirect effect also appears to affect growth increments positively. Our results suggest that both species evolved to recruit in the wet and spawn at the dry season as mechanisms to maximize reproductive fitness. They also highlight the possible negative influence of climate change in tropical shrimp stocks and that the current local regulations must be adjusted to better protect them from overfishing. Therefore, we present multiple possibilities to the closed fishing season (CFS) addressed to local decision‐makers and reinforce that environmental parameters and effects of environmental changes should be considered when planning management measures.
Present status and future directions: Management of curved and calcified root canals
Authors: Chaniotis Antonis , Ordinola‐Zapata Ronald
Published: February 2022

Root canal curvature and calcification introduce factors that increase the risk of procedural accidents during root canal treatment. The inability to achieve patency to the apical third, asymmetrical dentine removal leading to transportation, perforation, and instrument fracture inside the curved trajectories are some of the procedural problems that might jeopardize the management of intraradicular infection and result in poor treatment outcomes. In fact, curved and constricted canals introduce such complexity that total instrumentation concepts and specially designed instruments have been developed to deal with the challenge. This narrative review seeks to provide and consolidate the principles necessary for understanding the dynamics of curved and constricted canal management and to improve the understanding for future developments in this field.
Occurrence and reasons for unfinished nursing care between COVID‐19 and non‐COVID‐19 patients
Authors: Cengia Maria Grazia , Di Falco Achille , Allegrini Elisabetta , Ambrosi Elisa , Brugnaro Luca , Zambon Anna , Saiani Luisa , Grassetti Luca , Palese Alvisa
Published: February 2022

Aim

To compare the occurrence and the reasons for unfinished care among coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) and non‐COVID‐19 patients as perceived by nurses.

Background

The recent pandemic has imposed tremendous changes in hospitals in all countries.

Introduction

Investigating the occurrence of and the reasons for unfinished care as perceived by nurses working in COVID‐19 and non‐COVID‐19 units might help to gain insights and to address future pandemics.

Methods

A comparative cross‐sectional study based on the STROBE guideline has been conducted during November 2020–January 2021. The Unfinished Nursing Care Survey, comprising part A (elements) and part B (reasons), was administered online to all 479 nurses working in medical and surgical units converted progressively into COVID‐19 and non‐COVID‐19 units. A total of 90 and 200 nurses participated, respectively.

Results

No differences in the unfinished care occurrence have emerged at the overall level between nurses caring for COVID (2.10 out of 5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.94–2.27) and non‐COVID‐19 patients (2.16; 95% CI, 2.06–2.26). Reasons for unfinished care reported significant higher averages among nurses caring for COVID (2.21; 95% CI, 2.10–2.31) as compared with those caring for non‐COVID‐19 patients (2.07; 95% CI, 2.01–2.14; p = 0.030).

Discussion

The overall occurrence of unfinished care was slightly higher compared with pre‐pandemic data in all patients.

Conclusions

Reasons triggering unfinished care were slightly different and were due to priority setting and human resources issues, which were perceived at higher significance among nurses working in COVID‐19 compared with non‐COVID‐19 units.

Implication for nursing and health policies

A clear map of action has emerged that might be valid in the post‐COVID‐19 era as well as in the case of future pandemics.
Genetic variation among the salinity tolerant breeding lines identified from two multi‐parent advanced generation introgression line populations in rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: Chapagain Sandeep , Concepcion Jonathan , Pruthi Rajat , Singh Lovepreet , Famoso Adam , Subudhi Prasant K.
Published: February 2022

Salinity is a major environmental constraint affecting rice production in both irrigated and non‐irrigated areas and threatening global food security. Development of salt‐tolerant rice varieties with desirable agronomic traits is a logical approach to maintain high yield in saline areas. Here, we report development of two multi‐parent advanced generation introgression line (MAGIL) rice populations in two US cultivar backgrounds and their physiological and morphological evaluation under salinity stress at germination and seedling stages. From the initial screening of 180 MAGILs in sand culture, 36 tolerant‐to‐moderately salt‐tolerant lines were selected and further confirmed in hydroponics experiment. The selected MAGILs showed lower root and shoot Na+/K+ ratio compared with the recurrent parents. The principal component and cluster‐based analysis using 12 morphophysiological traits revealed grouping of the selected lines with tolerant donors. Genotyping results with 100 polymorphic SSR markers indicated a low level of genetic diversity among these lines. Clustering based on molecular marker data separated the MAGILs from the salt tolerance donors in both populations but were grouped with the recurrent parents, suggesting genetic similarity of MAGILs with recurrent parents. The salt‐tolerant MAGILs identified in this study are useful resource for investigating molecular and physiological bases of salt‐tolerant mechanisms as well as for evaluating their yield potential for release as salt‐tolerant rice varieties.
Understanding electrocaloric cooling of ferroelectrics guided by phase‐field modeling
Authors: Gao Rongzhen , Shi Xiaoming , Wang Jing , Huang Houbing
Published: February 2022

With the urgent need to explore low‐cost, high‐efficiency solid‐state refrigeration technology, the electrocaloric effects of ferroelectric materials have attracted much attention in the past decades. With the development of modern computing technology, the phase‐field method is widely used to simulate the evolution of microstructure at mesoscale and predict the properties of different types of ferroelectric materials. In this article, we review the recent progress of electrocaloric effects from phenomenological Landau thermodynamics theory to phase‐field simulation by discussing the microcosmic composition, mesoscopic domain structures, macroscopic size/shape, and external stimulus of strain/stress. More importantly, in searching for new ferroelectric electrocaloric cooling materials, it is possible to find materials whose free energy barrier height changes rapidly with temperature, such materials have a faster change rate with polarization temperature in terms of ferroelectric macroscopic properties, from them could get superior electrocaloric effects. We compile a relatively comprehensive computational design on the high performance of electrocaloric effects in different types of ferroelectrics and offer a perspective on the computational design of electrocaloric refrigeration materials at the mesoscale microstructure level.
Activity patterns of Hawaiian forest birds in a fragmented and continuous landscape
Authors: Smetzer Jennifer R. , Paxton Kristina L. , Hart Patrick J. , Paxton Eben H.
Published: February 2022

Activity patterns are a key component of avian life history and behavior, and decisions about how activity periods are structured can have important fitness implications. Despite the importance of activity patterns, individual variability in activity is poorly studied in small birds. We used automated radio telemetry to track Hawaiian forest birds from three dietary guilds in a continuous forest, and in a similar forest that was naturally fragmented in the 1800s by lava flows but supports stable populations of native birds. We generated kernel density profiles of activity (KDEs) over the full tracking period of each bird and used the KDEs to derive seven activity metrics that characterized daily activity patterns. We identified three distinct activity strategies using a cluster analysis of the activity metrics and assessed day‐to‐day variability in activity strategy to understand intraindividual consistency in activity behavior. We also evaluated the influence of landscape structure, dietary guild and sex on the suite of activity metrics using constrained ordination. Most birds (61%) exhibited high levels of sustained activity throughout the day, while 23% showed irregular activity most of the day followed by a peak in the late afternoon, and 16% were mainly active in the morning. Though activity patterns varied by sex and dietary guild, landscape structure had the strongest influence on activity patterns. Birds sustained high levels of activity throughout the day in the fragmented landscape regardless of dietary guild, suggesting they needed to be more active to obtain necessary resources. However, activity patterns of birds in the fragmented landscape varied more day‐to‐day, indicating they retained a method for adjusting behavior to match internal and external conditions. This study reveals how a diverse suite of tropical birds has adapted to long‐term fragmentation in Hawaiʻi and demonstrates the utility of automated radio telemetry for studying the activity strategies of birds.
Acetylshikonin induces autophagy‐dependent apoptosis through the key LKB1‐AMPK and PI3K/Akt‐regulated mTOR signalling pathways in HL‐60 cells
Authors: Wu Meng‐Di , Zhang Yuan‐Ying , Yi Shu‐Ying , Sun Bei‐Bei , Lan Jing , Jiang Han‐Ming , Hao Gang‐Ping
Published: February 2022

Acetylshikonin (ASK) is a natural naphthoquinone derivative of traditional Chinese medicine Lithospermum erythrorhyzon. It has been reported that ASK has bactericidal, anti‐inflammatory and antitumour effects. However, whether ASK induces apoptosis and autophagy in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) cells and the underlying mechanism are still unclear. Here, we explored the roles of apoptosis and autophagy in ASK‐induced cell death and the potential molecular mechanisms in human AML HL‐60 cells. The results demonstrated that ASK remarkably inhibited the cell proliferation, viability and induced apoptosis in HL‐60 cells through the mitochondrial pathway, and ASK promoted cell cycle arrest in the S‐phase. In addition, the increased formation of autophagosomes, the turnover from light chain 3B (LC3B) I to LC3B II and decrease of P62 suggested the induction of autophagy by ASK. Furthermore, ASK significantly decreased PI3K, phospho‐Akt and p‐p70S6K expression, while enhanced phospho‐AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) and phospho‐liver kinase B1(LKB1) expression. The suppression of ASK‐induced the conversion from LC3B I to LC3B II caused by the application of inhibitors of AMPK (compound C) demonstrated that ASK‐induced autophagy depends on the LKB1/AMPK pathway. These data suggested that the autophagy induced by ASK were dependent on the activation of LKB1/AMPK signalling and suppression of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways. The cleavage of the apoptosis‐related markers caspase‐3 and caspase‐9 and the activity of caspase‐3 induced by ASK were markedly reduced by inhibitor of AMPK (compound C), an autophagy inhibitor 3‐methyladenine (3‐MA) and another autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ). Taken together, our data reveal that ASK‐induced HL‐60 cell apoptosis is dependent on the activation of autophagy via the LKB1/AMPK and PI3K/Akt‐regulated mTOR signalling pathways.
Hippocampal subfield involvement in patients with transient global amnesia
Authors: Wittayer Matthias , Hoyer Carolin , Roßmanith Christina , Platten Michael , Gass Achim , Szabo Kristina
Published: February 2022

Background and Purpose

Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a rare neurological disorder causing a transient disturbance of episodic long‐term memory. Its etiology remains yet to be identified; the only consistently reported findings in patients with TGA are small hyperintense lesions in the hippocampus on diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI). The aim of this study was to define whether these lesions are subfield specific, as suggested previously.

Methods

High‐resolution multiplanar reformation T1 and DWI of the hippocampus were acquired in 25 patients after TGA with a total of 43 hippocampal lesions. Hippocampal subfields were determined using the FreeSurfer software and the location of the DWI lesions was transformed to the T1 images after data co‐registration. Additionally, hippocampal subfield volumes in each patient were calculated and compared with that of 20 healthy controls.

Results

Hippocampal lesions were most frequently detected in the cornu ammonis area 1 (CA1) subfield (30.2%), the hippocampal tail (28.0%), and the subiculum (21.0%); however, lesions were also found in other subfields. There was no significant difference between patients and controls concerning the volumes of the hippocampal subfields.

Conclusions

Contrasting previous assumptions, we found DWI hyperintense lesions not to be restricted to the CA1 subfield. The visualization of focal hippocampal lesions on diffusion imaging located to several different hippocampal subfields suggests a potential pathophysiology of TGA independent of microstructural hippocampal anatomy and subfield‐specific vulnerability.
Neuroimaging of primary mitochondrial disorders in children: A review
Authors: Huisman Thierry A. G. M. , Kralik Stephen F. , Desai Nilesh K. , Serrallach Bettina L. , Orman Gunes
Published: February 2022

Mitochondrial disorders represent a diverse and complex group of entities typified by defective energy metabolism. The mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system is typically impaired, which is the predominant source of energy production. Because mitochondria are present in nearly all organs, multiple systems may be affected including the central nervous system, skeletal muscles, kidneys, and liver. In particular, those organs that are metabolically active with high energy demands are explicitly vulnerable. Initial diagnostic work up relies on a detailed evaluation of clinical symptoms including physical examination as well as a comprehensive review of the evolution of symptoms over time, relation to possible “triggering” events (eg, fever, infection), blood workup, and family history. High‐end neuroimaging plays a pivotal role in establishing diagnosis, narrowing differential diagnosis, monitoring disease progression, and predicting prognosis. The pattern and characteristics of the neuroimaging findings are often highly suggestive of a mitochondrial disorder; unfortunately, in many cases the wide variability of involved metabolic processes prevents a more specific subclassification. Consequently, additional diagnostic steps including muscle biopsy, metabolic workup, and genetic tests are necessary. In the current manuscript, basic concepts of energy production, genetics, and inheritance patterns are reviewed. In addition, the imaging findings of several illustrative mitochondrial disorders are presented to familiarize the involved physicians with pediatric mitochondrial disorders. In addition, the significance of spinal cord imaging and the value of “reversed image‐based discovery” for the recognition and correct (re‐)classification of mitochondrial disorders is discussed.
Effect of side switch frequency on masticatory performance and rhythm in adults with natural dentition: A randomised crossover trial
Authors: Ignatova‐Mishutina Tatiana , Khoury‐Ribas Laura , Flores‐Orozco Elan Ignacio , Rovira‐Lastra Bernat , Martinez‐Gomis Jordi
Published: February 2022

Background

The relationships between the frequency of masticatory side switches (MSS) and other aspects of masticatory function are not clear.

Objectives

In this study, we determined the effect of MSS frequency on masticatory performance and rhythm in dentate adults and explored the between‐subject relationships among side switch frequency, masticatory rhythm and laterality.

Methods

In this crossover study, subjects performed six masticatory patterns of five trials each, chewing bagged silicone for 20 cycles. The six patterns were freestyle, unilateral right, unilateral left, and switching sides one, three and five times. Masticatory performance and rhythm were determined for each style by median particle size (MPS) and chewing cycle duration, respectively. In the freestyle mastication pattern, masticatory laterality was assessed by the unilateral chewing index, and the frequency of MSS was assessed by the MSS Index. Data were analysed using Friedman's test and repeated measures analysis of variance.

Results

We included 29 participants (15 women; median age, 23 years). No significant between‐subjects differences in the MPS were detected obtained by switching one, three or five times per trial. Chewing cycle duration increased with the MSS number per trial. During freestyle mastication, the MSS Index was inversely correlated with the unilateral chewing index (Rho −0.569; 95% CI −0.25 to −0.78; p = .001; Spearman test), but not with the MPS or chewing cycle duration.

Conclusion

Differences in MSS frequency do not affect masticatory performance, but they do alter the masticatory rhythm. Individuals with a higher MSS frequency also have a more symmetrical chewing pattern.
Liver regeneration: Cellular origin and molecular mechanisms
Authors: Huang Ru , Zhang Xin , Gracia‐Sancho Jordi , Xie Wei‐Fen
Published: February 2022

The liver is known as an organ with high proliferation potential. Clarifying the cellular origin and deepening the understanding of liver regeneration mechanisms will help provide new directions for the treatment of liver disease. With the development and application of lineage tracing technology, the specific distribution and dynamic changes of hepatocyte subpopulations in homeostasis and liver injury have been illustrated. Self‐replication of hepatocytes is responsible for the maintenance of liver function and mass under homeostasis. The compensatory proliferation of remaining hepatocytes is the main mechanism of liver regeneration following acute and chronic liver injury. Transdifferentiation between hepatocytes and cholangiocytes has been recognized upon severe chronic liver injury. Wnt/β‐catenin, Hippo/YAP and Notch signalling play essential roles in the maintenance of homeostatic liver and hepatocyte‐to‐cholangiocyte conversion under liver injury. In this review, we summarized the recent studies on cell origin of newly generated hepatocytes and the underlying mechanisms of liver regeneration in homeostasis and liver injury.
Military Dogs and Their Soldier Companions: The More‐than‐human Biopolitics of Leishmaniasis in Conflict‐torn Colombia
Authors: Pinto‐García Lina
Published: February 2022

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a vector‐borne disease that produces growing skin ulcers. In Colombia, the transmitting phlebotomine sandfly is native to the same jungles that have been the primary theater of war. Although combatants are the most affected by leishmaniasis, military landmine detection dogs are also significantly impacted. This article draws on ethnographic field research with human and canine members of the Colombian military. While their leishmaniasis ulcers constitute a shared expression of violence that makes evident the closeness of the human–dog bond, differences in their state‐provided health care reveal the production of shifting species hierarchies. I argue that war scrambles both human–dog affective relationships and biopolitically configured interspecies hierarchies in ways that produce suffering, not just for humans and dogs separately, but also for the bonds they forge together. Building peace through health care demands repairing the ways in which armed violence has rendered the bonds between humans and nonhumans pathological.