bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Loss of tolerance to glycoprotein 2 isoforms 1 and 4 is associated with Crohn’s disease of the pouch
Authors: Cummings Donelle , Cruise Michael , Lopez Rocio , Roggenbuck Dirk , Jairath Vipul , Wang Yinghong , Shen Bo , Rieder Florian
Published: November 2018

Background

Zymogen granule glycoprotein 2 (GP2) is a major autoantigen of Crohn's disease‐specific pancreatic autoantibodies.

Aim

To test a link between loss of tolerance to isoforms of GP2 and pouch disorders in a cross‐sectional study in ulcerative colitis patients with ileal pouch‐anal anastomosis (IPAA).

Methods

Serum samples of 117 consecutive ulcerative colitis patients after IPAA were tested for presence of Anti‐GP2 isoforms 1 (GP21) & 4 (GP24) IgG and IgA as well as anti‐Saccaromyces cervisiae (ASCA) IgG and IgA antibodies in a blinded fashion via enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Pouch disorders were diagnosed based on clinical, endoscopic, histological and radiographic criteria. Crohn's disease of the pouch was defined as involvement of the small bowel mucosa proximal to the ileal pouch with Crohn's disease, development of perianal complications or pouch fistula more than 3 months after ileostomy closure.

Results

Positivity and level of Anti‐GP21 IgG (AUC 0.77; P < 0.001 & P = 0.02, respectively), Anti‐GP24 IgG (AUC 0.74; P < 0.001 & P = 0.025, respectively) and Anti‐GP24 IgA (AUC 0.77; P < 0.001 to P = 0.018, respectively) were specifically associated with Crohn's disease of the pouch. Anti‐GP2 was not associated with endoscopic or histological pouch disease activity index. Neither positivity nor levels of ASCA IgG (AUC 0.63; P = 0.12 & P = 0.35, respectively) or ASCA IgA (AUC 0.67; P = 0.38 & P = 0.53) were associated with pouch phenotypes.

Conclusions

The novel anti‐GP21 and GP24 antibodies are associated with Crohn's disease of the pouch in ulcerative colitis patients after IPAA. Serological anti‐GP2 antibodies could aid in diagnosis of Crohn's disease of the pouch.
Simultaneous transabdominal preperitoneal hernia repair and laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A report of 17 cases
Authors: Hayakawa Shunsuke , Hayakawa Tetsushi , Inukai Koichi , Miyai Hirotaka , Yamamoto Minoru , Kitagami Hidehiko , Shimizu Yasunobu , Tanaka Moritsugu
Published: November 2018

Introduction

Inguinal hernia repair and cholecystectomy are frequently performed in the field of gastrointestinal surgery. However, reports describing surgical procedures that involve simultaneous transabdominal preperitoneal hernia repair (TAPP) and laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC), as well as the safety and usefulness of this combination, are limited. Herein, we report a surgical procedure involving simultaneous TAPP and LC (TAPP + LC) and present the outcomes of patients who have undergone this combined surgical procedure, with a particular focus on its safety and usefulness.

Methods

We simultaneously performed TAPP + LC in 17 patients (mean age, 66.5 ± 8.1 years) with concomitant inguinal hernia and gallbladder stones. We assessed surgical outcomes.

Results

The mean operative time was 157 ± 39 min, and mean postoperative hospital stay was 3.2 ± 0.6 days. The median cost was $7673 for TAPP + LC. The mean postoperative length of hospital stay was 1.1 ± 0.6 day for TAPP alone and 3.4 ± 1.4 days for LC alone. The median costs of TAPP alone and LC alone were $4932 and $5453, respectively. Regarding intraoperative complications, the inferior epigastric vessels were damaged in two patients, and seroma was detected as a postoperative complication in one; these complications were spontaneously resolved. No mesh‐ or infection‐related complications were noted.

Conclusion

Simultaneous TAPP + LC is safe and can be regarded as a standard surgical procedure for patients with concomitant inguinal hernia and gallbladder stones. The TAPP + LC combination appears to help prevent the need for two hospitalizations and, thereby, reduces hospital stay and economic burden.
The Beautiful Game? Hegemonic Masculinity, Women and Football in Brazil and Argentina
Authors: WOOD DAVID
Published: November 2018

The practice of football by women in Latin America is an integral part of historical patterns around the performance of gender roles and offers insights into how power, both symbolic and political, is subject to ongoing processes of negotiation. A study of women's involvement as spectators and players in Brazil and Argentina since the early twentieth century sees football emerge as a field in which the construction of gender identities, both personal and national, may be contested. More recently, a growing presence of female players, writers and academics suggests that female agency through football in Latin America is an increasingly realistic goal.
Colombia's Political Football: President Santos' National Unity Project and the 2014 Football World Cup
Authors: WATSON PETER J.
Published: November 2018

The Colombian football team's performance in the 2014 World Cup has allowed President Santos to use football in his national unity project. The selección is a rare unifying symbol in Colombia and politicians have previously sought to use football in the construction of a national political project. This article explores why, on this occasion, football has proved a more effective tool than when it was employed by Presidents Gaviria (in 1993–1994) and Pastrana (in 2001). As well as analysing how Santos has appropriated football figures and discourses, consideration will be given to how the selección has become a contested symbol involving other political actors.
3D perspective into MIA‐QSAR: A case for anti‐HCV agents
Authors: Daré Joyce K. , Ramalho Teodorico C. , Freitas Matheus P.
Published: November 2018

Quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) is a molecular modeling technique widely used in the discovery of novel drugs. Currently, there are many approaches for performing such analysis, which are commonly classified from 1D to 6D. 2D and 3D techniques are among the most exploited ones. Multivariate image analysis applied to QSAR (MIA‐QSAR) is an example of 2D methodology that has presented a satisfactory performance in the generation of effective prediction models for biological/physicochemical properties. However, once this is a 2D method, conformational information is not explicitly considered, despite the well‐known role of such type of information in explaining the biochemical behavior. Thus, the importance of conformation is undeniable, but the requirement of this information for QSAR analysis still needs to be studied. Therefore, this work aimed to provide a method for encoding 3D information into MIA‐QSAR descriptors and analyze the consequences of this inclusion on this methodology. The strategy consisted in fully optimizing the molecular geometries of anti‐HCV compounds and three‐dimensionally align them before performing the MIA‐QSAR procedure. As a result, it was possible to verify that this type of information does not improve the MIA‐QSAR modeling performance; instead, the traditional procedure consisting of maximally congruent substructures generated a more reliable prediction model.
Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity‐Based Prejudice
Authors: Horn Stacey S.
Published: November 2018

Very little developmental research has focused on children's and adolescents’ beliefs and attitudes regarding sexual orientation and gender identity/expression (SOGIE), despite documented evidence of the frequency and negative developmental consequences of bullying and harassment related to SOGIE. Although limited research on perpetrators of these types of harassment is beginning to emerge, little of the work is framed around this concept. In this article, I define SOGIE‐based prejudice, outline a multidimensional approach to understanding this phenomenon, and review the available developmental literature as it is related to age, gender, intergroup contact, and social reasoning. SOGIE‐based prejudice involves attitudes about three distinct phenomena: beliefs about homosexuality (e.g., acceptability of same‐sex sexuality, how someone becomes gay or lesbian), attitudes about social interactions (e.g., exclusion, using antigay language, comfort interacting with a gay peer), and attitudes about rights (e.g., access, institutional discrimination). I conclude with recommendations for research on this issue.
Sinus floor elevation in sites with a perforated schneiderian membrane: What is the effect of placing a collagen membrane in a rabbit model?
Authors: Lim Hyun‐Chang , Son Yeojin , Hong Ji‐Youn , Shin Seung‐Il , Jung Ui‐Won , Chung Jong‐Hyuk
Published: November 2018

Objective

To investigate the healing following sinus grafting in sites with a perforated schneiderian membrane repaired using a collagen membrane, compared to control sites without membrane perforation.

Materials & Methods

Following elevation of the sinus membrane in 16 rabbits, each sinus was assigned to one of the following groups: (a) intentional schneiderian membrane perforation, followed by the placement of a collagen membrane and bone grafting (group SMP) and (b) bone grafting without a perforation of the schneiderian membrane and without a collagen membrane placement (control group). At 2 and 4 weeks (n = 8 for each time‐point), microcomputed tomographic (micro‐CT) and histomorphometric analyses were performed.

Results

Overall new bone formation in group SMP was significantly delayed compared to the control group at 2 and 4 weeks (1.58 ± 1.25% vs. 9.23 ± 2.69% at 2 weeks, 10.43 ± 3.55 vs. 17.86 ± 4.11% at 4 weeks, p < 0.05). At 2 weeks, new bone formation for the areas close to lateral (1.19 ± 2.02%) and medial sinus bone walls (3.17 ± 1.98%) was markedly delayed in group SMP compared to the control group (13.08 ± 6.13% and 12.75 ± 5.63%, respectively, p < 0.05), but there was no statistical difference in those areas at 4 weeks (p > 0.05). The augmented volumes at 2 and 4 weeks were not statistically significantly different in both groups.

Conclusion

The perforation of the schneiderian membrane and the repair using a collagen membrane delayed new bone formation in the augmented sinuses. However, the extension of the collagen membrane on the sinus bone walls was also attributable to this delayed bone formation.
Age‐dependent variation of female preponderance across different phenotypes of multiple sclerosis: A retrospective cross‐sectional study
Authors: Miclea Andrei , Salmen Anke , Zoehner Greta , Diem Lara , Kamm Christian P. , Chaloulos‐Iakovidis Panos , Miclea Marius , Briner Myriam , Kilidireas Kostas , Stefanis Leonidas , Chan Andrew , Evangelopoulos Maria Eleftheria , Hoepner Robert
Published: November 2018

Introduction

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the CNS, which predominantly affects women. Studies investigating the sex distribution in MS are sparse. We aim to analyze the female‐to‐male ratio (F/M ratio) in different MS phenotypes in association with age at diagnosis and year of birth.

Methods

We performed a retrospective cross‐sectional analysis by cumulating data (sex, year of birth, age at diagnosis, and MS phenotypes) from unpublished and published studies of the participating centers.

Results

Datasets of 945 patients were collected. The overall F/M ratio was 1.9:1.0 and female preponderance was present in all phenotypes except for primary progressive MS (PPMS), in which men were predominantly affected (F/M ratio: 0.5:1.0). Female preponderance declined with increasing age at diagnosis and was no longer present in relapsing‐remitting MS (RRMS) patients > 58 years of age.

Conclusion

Our data demonstrate an age dependency of female preponderance in MS except for PPMS. This could be influenced by the lifecycle of sex hormone secretion in women. In PPMS, a male preponderance was observed in all age‐groups, which might point to pathophysiological mechanisms being less influenced by sex hormones.
Does external beam radiation therapy to the pelvis portend worse ileal pouch outcomes? An international multi‐institution collaborative study
Authors: Lightner A. L. , Spinelli A. , McKenna N. P. , Hallemeier C. L. , Fleshner P.
Published: November 2018

Aim

Short‐term morbidity and long‐term functional outcome of patients with an ileal pouch‐anal anastomosis (IPAA) exposed to pelvic external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) remains unknown. We report the largest series to date regarding the effects of pelvic EBRT on: (i) 30‐day postoperative outcomes; and (ii) long‐term functional outcome following IPAA.

Method

A retrospective chart review was conducted of patients who received EBRT before or after IPAA between 1980 and 2017 across three international inflammatory bowel disease referral centres.

Results

Nineteen patients were included. Indications for EBRT were rectal adenocarcinoma (n = 13), prostate adenocarcinoma (n = 4) or anal squamous cell carcinoma (ASCC) (n = 2). EBRT was given prior to IPAA in 12 (63%) patients and after IPAA in seven (37%). In EBRT before IPAA, patients had a median of 5 (range: 4–8) daytime bowel movements, 1 (range: 0–5) night‐time bowel movement, no daytime incontinence, and only one patient used pads at a median follow up of 25 (range: 11–163) months; one patient underwent pouch excision 15 months after IPAA. In EBRT after IPAA, patients reported a median of 8 (range: 5–10) daytime and 2 (range: 0–5) night‐time bowel movements, 80% had either daytime or night‐time incontinence and 80% used pads at a median follow up of 90 (range: 25–315) months.

Conclusion

Pelvic EBRT administered prior to IPAA is associated with acceptable long‐term function outcome. However, when pelvic EBRT is given to an IPAA in situ, most patients experience poor long‐term pouch function without pouch failure.
Eosinophilic dermatosis of hematologic malignancy: Correlation of molecular characteristics of skin lesions and extracutaneous manifestations of hematologic malignancy
Authors: Meiss Frank , Technau‐Hafsi Kristin , Kern Johannes S. , May Annette M.
Published: November 2018

Background

Skin diseases are frequent in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and other hematological neoplasias. Eosinophilic dermatosis (ED) of hematologic malignancy has long been considered a nonspecific cutaneous reaction pattern. Recently neoplastic cells have been shown to be present in ED, thus challenging the classification as a nonspecific dermatosis.

Methods

We report five patients with ED in association with CLL. We further investigated the presence of neoplastic B‐cells in the skin infiltrate by immunohistochemistry and immunoglobulin heavy chain rearrangement and compared these to extracutaneous manifestations of CLL.

Results

The phenotype of the lymphocytic infiltrate was predominately CD3+ (range: 60%‐90%). CD20+ and CD79a+ lymphocytes were less frequent, accounting for up to 15% (range: absent ‐ 15%). CD23+ lymphocytes represented up to 20% (range: absent ‐ 20%) of the infiltrate. The analysis of the immunoglobulin heavy chain rearrangement in the skin specimens showed clonal rearrangements in 4/5 patients and in three of these four patients clones were identical to extracutaneous CLL manifestations.

Conclusion

Our data show that neoplastic B‐cells are very frequently found in ED when systematically evaluated. This findings support the hypothesis that leukemic cells play a pathogenetic role in ED of hematologic malignancy.
Q&A
Authors: Quinteros Ernesto
Published: November 2018

As Johnson & Johnson's first Chief Design Officer, Ernesto Quinteros believes that diversity and inclusion should speak to a worldwide vision: Employees with varying backgrounds and experiences can create solutions that work across the globe.
Timelines That Shape the Future
Authors: O'Kane Brigid
Published: November 2018

Simply collecting and looking at data to reveal the bigger picture of complex systems is no longer enough. How our internal mental models perceive the physical world affects how we interact with our environment and shape the future.

Creating timelines as a way to see a larger picture of interlocking systems—and one's own relation to them.
Leucocyte adhesion deficiency—A multicentre national experience
Authors: Wolach Baruch , Gavrieli Ronit , Wolach Ofir , Stauber Tal , Abuzaitoun Omar , Kuperman Amir , Amir Yaakov , Stepensky Polina , Somech Raz , Etzioni Amos
Published: November 2018

Leucocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) is a rare, innate autosomal recessive immunodeficiency with three subtypes. Twenty‐nine patients with LADs were diagnosed and treated in Israeli Medical Centers and in the Palestinian Authority. We discuss the phenotypic, genotypic and biochemical features of LAD‐I, LAD‐II and LAD‐III diagnosed during the neonatal period and early infancy in 18, 6 and 5 patients, respectively. Consanguinity was frequent. Common features were severe infections of variable aetiology, excessive leukocytosis and delayed umbilical cord detachment. In LAD‐I, the integrin CD18 expression varied from negligible to normal. However, CD11a expression was negligible in all tested patients, suggesting both CD11a and CD18 should be used to assess this subtype. LAD‐II patients showed distinctive facial features, physical malformations, short stature and developmental delay. These patients show defective expression of SLeX (CD15a) on cell surface glycoproteins and lack of H antigen on erythroid cell surfaces resulting in Bombay blood group (hh). LAD‐III showed intact but inactive β2 integrins associated with severe infections and significant bleeding disorders caused by defective platelet aggregation and thrombocytopenia. We report four patients with two new unpublished mutations: two LAD‐I patients with c.1099delG in ITGB2 and two LAD‐III patients with c.1069C>T in FERMT3. LAD‐I patients harbouring the c.119_128 deletion in ITGB2 seemed to have better outcomes as compared to other LAD‐I patients. Eight patients with LAD‐I and ‐III underwent successful haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Cumulative survival was 75%, 50% and 40% for LAD‐I, LAD‐II and LAD‐III, with a median follow‐up of 4 (0.08‐19), 3.25 (1‐32) and 6 (0.08‐8) years, respectively. Prenatal diagnosis is recommended in families with LAD syndromes.
GETTING INTO THE WEEDS: DOES LEGAL MARIJUANA ACCESS BLUNT ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN COLLEGE?
Authors: Wright Adam C. , Krieg John M.
Published: November 2018

This paper examines the effect of legal access to marijuana on student performance stemming from a voter‐approved initiative legalizing marijuana for those 21 and older in the State of Washington. Using panel data from a medium‐sized public university, we use a within‐student and within‐class estimator to show that legalization reduces students' grades, with an effect size about one‐half the impact of gaining legal access to alcohol. Consistent with how marijuana consumption affects cognitive functioning, we find that students' grades fall furthest in courses that require more quantitative skills. These effects are largely driven by men and low performers. (JEL I23, I18, K32)
Stigma and access to care in first‐episode psychosis
Authors: Kular Ariana , Perry Benjamin I. , Brown Luke , Gajwani Ruchika , Jasini Rubina , Islam Zoebia , Birchwood Max , Singh Swaran P.
Published: November 2018

Aim

Mental health‐related stigma is considered a significant barrier to help‐seeking and accessing care in those experiencing mental illness. Long duration of untreated psychosis is associated with poorer outcomes. The impact of stigma on the duration of untreated psychosis, in first‐episode psychosis remains unexplored. To examine the association between mental health‐related stigma and access to care in people experiencing first‐episode psychosis in Birmingham, UK.

Methods

We collected data on a prospective cohort of first‐episode psychosis. The Stigma Scale was used as a measure of mental health‐related stigma, and duration of untreated psychosis as a measure of delay in accessing care. We performed logistic and linear regression analyses to explore the relationship between mental health‐related stigma and duration of untreated psychosis, adjusting for sex, age, educational level, religion and ethnicity.

Results

On the 89 participants included in this study, linear regression analysis revealed that overall stigma and the discrimination sub‐factor were significant predictors of longer duration of untreated psychosis, whereas logistic regression identified the disclosure sub‐factor to be a significant predictor of longer duration of untreated psychosis.

Conclusions

These findings demonstrate that stigmatizing views of mental illness from the patient's perspectives can result in delayed access to care. This emphasizes the importance of tackling mental health‐related stigma to ensure early treatment and improved outcomes for people experiencing first‐episode psychosis.
A literature review of the predictive validity of European dental school selection methods
Authors: Cunningham Claudia , Patterson Fiona , Cleland Jennifer
Published: November 2018

Introduction

Selection to dental school is the point at which there is the potential to assess a wide range of candidate attributes and select those most likely to learn, train and work within the profession. Despite this, little is known in terms of what works and what does not work in dental selection in terms of predicting future performance accurately and fairly. Given this, our aim was to synthesise the last 30 years of research investigating the predictive validity of dental school selection methods.

Methods

A search of the electronic databases SCOPUS, Pubmed and Embase was conducted. Results were limited to English language studies published between January 1987 and January 2017.

Results

Twenty‐one studies were included. Selection tools fell into five broad categories: tests of personal qualities; cognitive ability; academic attainment; psychomotor skills and combined ability tests. Most were retrospective, single‐site studies limited to early years of dental school. Weak correlations were reported, but in most cases, these were between small sections of the selection tool and/or the outcome measure.

Discussion

There was a notable dearth of published research examining dental schools selection processes across Europe over the last 30 years. Current literature was limited by weak study design and lack of long‐term follow‐up.

Conclusion

There is insufficient high‐quality evidence from which to draw any conclusions as to the best selection methods to use in dental school selection. Without this, designing selection frameworks for dentistry which are appropriately weighted, reliable and valid remains a challenge.
Identification of inflammatory response patterns in experimental gingivitis studies
Authors: Nascimento Gustavo G. , Danielsen Bo , Baelum Vibeke , Lopez Rodrigo
Published: November 2018

We used novel analytical approaches to identify inflammatory response patterns to plaque accumulation in experimental gingivitis studies in humans. Data from two experimental gingivitis studies [Dataset I (n = 40) and Dataset II (n = 42)], which differed in design and recording methods, were used. Both studies comprised a three‐phase program as follows: pre‐induction period (oral hygiene as usual for Dataset I; professional tooth cleaning for Dataset II); induction period (plaque accumulation); and resolution period (oral hygiene as usual). Clinical recordings of plaque and gingival inflammation were made on days 0, 4, 9, and 14 for Dataset I and on days −14, 0, 7, 21, and 35 for Dataset II. Group‐based‐trajectory and growth curve modeling were used for data analysis. In Dataset I, gingival response to plaque accumulation was found to be lagged in time. Different group‐based response patterns for gingival inflammation were not identified. However, in Dataset II, ‘fast’ and ‘slow’ gingival inflammation responders were identified. ‘Slow’ responders had lagged inflammation responses, whereas ‘fast’ responders seemed to respond immediately to plaque. The findings show that analytical approaches which consider the data structure allow investigation of the dynamics of the relationship between plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation and facilitate the identification of differential patterns of gingival inflammation development.
Using host‐associated differentiation to track source population and dispersal distance among insect vectors of plant pathogens
Authors: Angelella Gina Marie , Michel Andy P. , Kaplan Ian
Published: November 2018

Small, mobile insects are notoriously challenging to track across landscapes and manage in agricultural fields. However, genetic differentiation among insect populations and host plants acquired through host‐associated differentiation could be exploited to infer movement within crop systems and damage potential. Although many insects exhibit host‐associated differentiation, management strategies for insect vectors of plant pathogens assume a homogenous population. Nevertheless, phenotypic changes derived from host‐associated differentiation could manifest in altered behavior or physiology affecting the likelihood of vector–pathogen–plant interactions, or the subsequent efficiency of pathogen transmission. We used SNPs to assess genotypic structure and host‐associated differentiation in the cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae). To do so, we sampled A. craccivora across the Midwestern United States. from two host plants, alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia)—putative source populations for winged migrants. Simultaneously, we sampled winged A. craccivora landing in pumpkin fields where they transmit viruses. Structure analyses supported host‐associated differentiation by identifying two major genotypic groups: an alfalfa group containing a single multilocus genotype and a locust group containing all others. Winged locust‐group aphids landed at a much greater magnitude within focal fields during year 2 than year 1, while those in the alfalfa group remained fairly consistent. Spatial autocorrelation analyses indicated locust‐group aphid movement was characterized by small‐scale dispersal during year 2, likely originating from populations within 10 km. We also detected strong temporal differences in colonization from the two host plants. Early in the summer, most winged aphids (79.4%) derived from the locust group, whereas late in the summer more (58.3%) were from the alfalfa group. Because early crop growth stages are more susceptible to damage from aphid‐vectored viruses, these data implicate locust as the more important source and illustrate how host‐associated differentiation can be used to track dispersal and inform management of heterogeneous pest populations.
Stable isotopes indicate that zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) increase dependence of lake food webs on littoral energy sources
Authors: McEachran Margaret C. , Trapp Ryan S. , Zimmer Kyle D. , Herwig Brian R. , Hegedus Catherine E. , Herzog Claire E. , Staples David F.
Published: November 2018

The influence of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) on phytoplankton abundance is well known, but their community‐level impact on energy flow is less clear. Reduced phytoplankton abundance could increase reliance of fish and aquatic invertebrates on alternative energy sources such as epiphyton and benthic algae.

We assessed impacts of zebra mussels on energy flow by comparing food webs in two Minnesota, USA, lakes during summers of 2013 and 2014. Lake Carlos had a dense population of zebra mussels, while upstream Lake Ida was free of zebra mussels until this study began and maintained low densities during our study.

We used baseline‐corrected (BC) δ13C to test whether fish and littoral invertebrate primary and secondary consumers were more reliant on littoral carbon in Carlos compared to Ida. We also used BC δ15N to determine if trophic position of fish species differed between lakes. Lastly, we compared isotopic niche space by estimating standard ellipse areas for fish species in Carlos and Ida lakes, and tested whether the community‐level range of trophic levels, reliance on littoral carbon and standard ellipse area differed between lakes.

Results showed invertebrate secondary consumers had more enriched BC δ13C in Carlos than in Ida, indicating greater reliance on littoral energy. Mixing models indicated that 10 of 11 fish species were more reliant on littoral carbon in Carlos, with littoral carbon use in the 10 species 1.5‐fold higher in Carlos. Isotopic niche analysis also showed increased littoral reliance in Carlos fish, as the same 10 fish species in Carlos had statistically distinct ellipses that were enriched in δ13C. Mixing models also indicated that seven of 11 fish species analysed had significantly higher trophic positions in Lake Carlos.

In contrast, community‐scale metrics for fish showed no difference between lakes in the range of trophic levels, range of reliance on littoral energy, or size of standardised ellipse area of isotopic niche space. This indicates that, despite most individual fish species increasing their reliance on littoral energy and shifting upwards in trophic position, the overall size of the community isotopic niche area remained similar between lakes.

Our results indicate that zebra mussels have community‐wide impacts on energy flow in lakes, with invertebrate predators and many species of fish increasing their reliance on littoral energy sources, and most species of fish shifting to higher trophic positions. A key question is whether increased water clarity associated with zebra mussels can increase littoral production sufficiently to compensate for higher demand. If not, it is plausible that invertebrate and fish production will decline due to increased intra‐ and inter‐specific competition.
Early Archean origin of Photosystem II
Authors: Cardona Tanai , Sánchez‐Baracaldo Patricia , Rutherford A. William , Larkum Anthony W.
Published: November 2018

Photosystem II is a photochemical reaction center that catalyzes the light‐driven oxidation of water to molecular oxygen. Water oxidation is the distinctive photochemical reaction that permitted the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis and the eventual rise of eukaryotes. At what point during the history of life an ancestral photosystem evolved the capacity to oxidize water still remains unknown. Here, we study the evolution of the core reaction center proteins of Photosystem II using sequence and structural comparisons in combination with Bayesian relaxed molecular clocks. Our results indicate that a homodimeric photosystem with sufficient oxidizing power to split water had already appeared in the early Archean about a billion years before the most recent common ancestor of all described Cyanobacteria capable of oxygenic photosynthesis, and well before the diversification of some of the known groups of anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria. Based on a structural and functional rationale, we hypothesize that this early Archean photosystem was capable of water oxidation to oxygen and had already evolved protection mechanisms against the formation of reactive oxygen species. This would place primordial forms of oxygenic photosynthesis at a very early stage in the evolutionary history of life.
Treatment regimens and outcomes in severe and moderate haemophilia A in the UK: The THUNDER study
Authors: Scott Martin J. , Xiang Hua , Hart Daniel P. , Palmer Benedict , Collins Peter W. , Stephensen David , Sima Camelia S. , Hay Charles R. M.
Published: November 2018

Introduction

The THUNDER study provides an analysis of treatment patterns and outcomes in UK patients with severe or moderate haemophilia A (SHA/MHA) in 2015.

Methods

Patients with SHA or MHA registered with the UK National Haemophilia Database (NHD) were segregated by severity, inhibitor status and age. Haemophilia joint health score (HJHS) was derived from NHD records and treatment regimen and annualized bleed/joint‐bleed rate (ABR/AJBR) from Haemtrack (HT) in HT‐compliant patients.

Results

We report 1810 patients with SHA and 864 with MHA. Prophylaxis was used in 94.9% (n = 130/137) of HT‐compliant children <12 years with SHA, falling to 74.1% (n = 123/166) aged ≥40 years. Median ABR increased with age (1.0, IQR 0.0‐5.0, <12 years; 3.0 IQR, 1.0‐8.0, ≥40 years). Inhibitors were present in 159 (8.8%) SHA and 34 (3.9%) MHA. Median ABR increased from 2.0 (<12 years) to 21.0 (≥40 years) in SHA inhibitor patients using prophylaxis. Prophylaxis was used by 68.8% of HT‐compliant MHA patients (n = 106) (median FVIII baseline 0.01 IU/mL) associated with a median (IQR) ABR of 3.0 (1.0‐7.0).

Median HJHS (n = 453) increased with age in SHA and MHA. Median (IQR) HJHS was higher in SHA inhibitor (17.0, 0.0‐64.5) than non‐ or past inhibitor patients (7.0, 0.0‐23.0).

Conclusions

Increasing ABR with age persists despite current prophylaxis regimens. SHA and MHA had similar ABR/AJBR and HJHS, leading to a suspicion that a subgroup of MHA may be relatively undertreated. More intensive prophylaxis may improve outcomes, but this requires further study.
How oncology teams can be patient‐centred? opportunities for theoretical improvement through an empirical examination
Authors: Bilodeau Karine , Tremblay Dominique
Published: November 2018

Background

In the context of interprofessional practice, a patient‐centred approach is recommended, which generally means power‐sharing, shared decision making and involving patients as part of the health‐care team. These aspects, which are essential to “patient‐centred” practice, do not appear to be sufficient to illustrate the full richness of this practice.

Objective

This article aimed to understand how interprofessional patient‐centred (IPPC) practice in oncology teams contributes to creating a more positive experience for patients. Objectives were to (a) describe the IPPC practice of oncology teams using the IPPC Practice Framework; (b) determine the usefulness of this framework; and (c) offer alternative proposals for expanding our understanding of IPPC practice.

Design

A secondary analysis was performed with data from a multicase study designed to explore the effects of interdisciplinary work among oncology teams. Data were provided from six focus groups with professionals (n = 22) and patients diagnosed with cancer (n = 16). An iterative content analysis was performed.

Results

Applying the theoretical framework to data analysis enabled us to distinguish between the IPPC practice of the different teams and structure the data collected in order to show the processes and place them in context. However, it proved to be difficult to describe the central component of the theoretical framework, patient‐centred processes. This situation raises new hypotheses for representing practice in a real‐life context. An alternative perspective for illustrating IPPC practice is therefore proposed.

Conclusion

This study emphasizes the importance of exploring the utility of theoretical frameworks and refining them in order to broaden our understanding of IPPC practice.
The “problem space” of the historiography of the 1979Iranian Revolution
Authors: Sohrabi Naghmeh
Published: November 2018

This paper is an examination of the historiography of the 1979 revolution in Iran with the goal of highlighting aspects of the history that are marginalized or remain unwritten. It identifies two dominant strands in the historiography: scholarship produced inside Iran and scholarship produced outside of it, particularly in the United States. Borrowing from David Scott, it argues that the same anti‐colonial “problem space” has shaped both strands, leading to a preference for a positivist historical arc in the historiography over one that highlights historical contingencies. As a result, the messy intermingling of Islamist, socialist, secularist, and Third Worldist ideas in the post‐colonial world that gave birth to the revolution itself is ignored, and events that actually do occur at their intersection are disavowed. The article ends by noting that a focus on the revolution's multi‐layered, contingency‐laden, and transnational roots can re‐position it both as one of the last great successful revolutions of the post‐colonial world and as one of the first to answer the questions and anxieties of its global south ethos in an Islamic form.
Plagues, climate change, and the end of an empire: A response to Kyle Harper's The Fate of Rome (3): Disease, agency, and collapse
Authors: Haldon John , Elton Hugh , Huebner Sabine R. , Izdebski Adam , Mordechai Lee , Newfield Timothy P.
Published: November 2018

This is the last of a three‐part review of Kyle Harper's The Fate of Rome. Here, we scrutinize Harper's treatment of the Justinianic Plague, demonstrating how he crafts a convincing narrative based on rhetorical flourishes but little evidence. We call further attention to several internal contradictions within the chapter and misinterpretations of evidence. We conclude this series of articles with a reflection on Harper's deterministic approach to environmental history. While the environment appears everywhere, agency (people: society and culture) is mostly absent. We finish by emphasizing the need to develop more nuanced causal explanations for complex historical processes and suggest that future attempts to bring together such wide‐ranging material be done within interdisciplinary research teams.
Plagues, climate change, and the end of an empire: A response to Kyle Harper's The Fate of Rome (1): Climate
Authors: Haldon John , Elton Hugh , Huebner Sabine R. , Izdebski Adam , Mordechai Lee , Newfield Timothy P.
Published: November 2018

Kyle Harper's The Fate of Rome, written for a popular audience, uses the environment to explain the decline and fall of the Roman Empire. The book asserts that Rome fell as a result of environmental stress, in particular through a combination of pandemic disease and climate change. Although we agree that the environment can and should be integrated within traditional historical accounts, we challenge the book's claims on several issues. These include Harper's use of primary sources and secondary literature, his approach to analyzing palaeoclimate data, his interpretations of the impact of disease on the Roman state and society, and his synthesis of social, economic, and environmental history. Throughout this and the following two sections of this review, we demonstrate that several major flaws undermine the book's overarching argument, casting serious doubts on its conclusions.
Japan's earliest ostracods
Authors: Siveter David J. , Tanaka Gengo , Williams Mark , Männik Peep
Published: November 2018

Mesozoic, Cenozoic and especially Holocene ostracod faunas have been documented from Japan. Not surprisingly, considering the plate tectonic factors at play, very few ostracod faunas are known from its early Paleozoic successions. Our pilot studies have recovered new ostracod assemblages from early Paleozoic terranes of Japan. Acid preparation of carbonates has yielded low diversity, poorly preserved yet significant palaeocopid and podocopid ostracod faunas from Wenlock/Ludlow Series Silurian rocks at Gionyama in the Kurosegawa Terrane, Miyazaki Prefecture, Kyushu, and Hitoegane in the Hida‐Gaien Terrane, Gifu Prefecture, Honshu. The ostracod faunas include new eurychilinoid (Pauproles supparata gen. et sp. nov.), hollinoid (Hollinella orienta sp. nov.) and beyrichioid (Clintiella antifrigga sp. nov.) palaeocopid taxa. Conodonts recovered from the same sample as the ostracods from Gionyama confirm a mid‐Silurian age for the part of the Gionyama Formation in question. The ostracod faunas recovered from Gionyama and Hitoegane are the first confirmed, well‐documented record of the group from the Silurian of Japan and are therefore the earliest known ostracods from that country (a previous record of purported Ordovician ostracods from Japan is incorrect). The ostracod taxa display links with the paleocontinents of particularly Laurentia and Baltica and demonstrate a pan‐tropical signature; it appears that climate control was stronger than geographical control in shaping this pattern of ostracod distribution. The material recovered includes adult dimorphic (assumed sexual) pairs of three palaeocopid species, which represent Japan's oldest (423–433 million years) known ‘couples’.
Insect communities in big sagebrush habitat are altered by wildfire and post‐fire restoration seeding
Authors: Rohde Ashley T. , Pilliod David S. , Novak Stephen J.
Published: November 2018

Natural resource managers sow grass, forb, and shrub seeds across millions of hectares of public lands in the western United States to restore sagebrush‐steppe ecosystems burned by wildfire. The effects of post‐fire vegetation treatments on insect communities in these ecosystems have not been investigated.

We conducted the first investigation of insect community responses to post‐fire seeding on public rangelands by comparing the composition of insect communities at burned‐and‐seeded (treatment) and burned‐and‐unseeded (control) sagebrush‐steppe ecological sites in southwestern Idaho. Insect communities in burned areas were compared to unburned (reference) areas.

Insect communities in burned plots did not resemble those in reference plots. Treatment plots had greater inter‐annual variability in insect community composition than control or reference plots, suggesting that communities may be less stable in seeded areas. The vegetation composition of the landscape surrounding plots influenced mobile species.

Wildfire and post‐fire seeding may have lasting effects on insect communities in sagebrush‐steppe ecosystems. Wildfires decrease shrub cover. Post‐fire seeding increases perennial bunchgrasses and, where successful, reduces non‐native annual grasses. These habitat changes influence insect community composition. Future studies are needed to expand the inference of this study.
Response to Dr. Kaliyadan's comment on “Teaching & Learning Tips 7: small‐group discussion”
Authors: Lemoine Elizabeth R. , Rana Jasmine , Burgin Susan
Published: November 2018

This letter comments on the letter by Kaliyadan
Authentic Leadership: Getting Back to the Roots of the ‘Root Construct’?
Authors: Iszatt‐White Marian , Kempster Steve
Published: November 2018

In their 2011 review paper, Gardner et al. (Authentic Leadership: a review of the literature and research agenda. Leadership Quarterly, 22, pp. 1120–1145) concluded that the authentic leadership (AL) construct was still in the first stage of evolution, that of concept introduction and evaluation. At that time, the field was characterized by two types of contribution: conceptual expositions and largely quantitative research seeking to map out its antecedents and consequences, moderators and mediators. The current review aims to: (1) critically evaluate the development of the AL construct to the present time; and (2) taking this evaluation as a point of departure, propose the need for a radical re‐grounding of understanding of AL aimed at countering what the authors believe to be the substantive flaws in both its philosophical underpinnings and empirical grounding. The authors propose that these shortcomings have arisen owing to the failure of existential and other critiques of the dominant (normative and functionalist) discourse of AL to gain traction, and owing to an absence of practice‐based, qualitative research. As a strategic platform for the potential re‐grounding and relaunch of AL, the authors propose a radical return to the existential and practice roots of authenticity as the basis for a broader understanding of ‘authentic leadership’ as a ‘central organizing principle’ in leadership studies. Despite the flaws identified in the AL construct, the authors suggest that the notion of authenticity may still have a valuable role to play in the study of leadership: that role, however, can only be determined through a thorough understanding of AL as a practice‐based phenomenon.
Impact of increased access to novel agents on the survival of multiple myeloma patients treated at a single New Zealand centre
Authors: Hock Barry D. , Mulholland Katie S. , Ganly Peter , McKenzie Judith L. , Pearson John F. , MacPherson Sean A.
Published: November 2018

Background

The impact of changes in novel agent (NA) usage on the survival of multiple myeloma (MM) patients in real‐world hospital settings is unclear. In New Zealand (NZ) in 2011, frontline bortezomib became available and thalidomide availability was expanded.

Aim

This retrospective study analyses the impact these change had on the survival of MM patients treated at a NZ hospital.

Methods

Clinical and overall survival (OS) data were collected on MM patients who were treated at Christchurch Hospital during 2000–2009 (pre‐cohort, n = 337) and 2011–2017 (post‐cohort, n = 343). Outcomes were compared using pre‐cohort data truncated at 2011.

Results

Patients in the post‐cohort had significant increases (P < 0.001) in not only NA usage (85 vs 55%) and OS (median = 56 vs 44 months) but also the proportion (74 vs 49%) of young patients (age < 70) who received an autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT). Separate analysis of older patients demonstrated that those in the post‐cohort had significantly longer OS (median OS 28 vs 17, P < 0.001) although 5‐year relative survival remained less than 50%. Separate analysis of young patients demonstrated that those in the post‐cohort had significantly increased initial OS with the survival curves converging at 5 years. Although ASCT‐treated patients had similar OS in each cohort, their progression‐free survival (PFS) was significantly increased in the post‐cohort (median 40 vs 20 months, P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

In the setting of a NZ hospital the increased availability of NA was associated with a significant improvement in both the OS of older patients and the PFS of ASCT patients.
Brexit: EU social policy and the UK employment model
Authors: Teague Paul , Donaghey Jimmy
Published: November 2018

Big claims that are often unsubstantiated are made about the likely impact of Brexit on the UK labour market. This article seeks to go beyond the rhetoric and present a careful assessment of the employment relations consequences of Brexit for the UK. It addresses four key questions in particular: will Brexit end UK engagement in the EU's free movement of labour regime and if so, what will be the labour market consequences for the UK?; to what extent will Brexit weaken employment rights in the UK?; what impact will Brexit have on the behaviour of trade unions and on the functioning of collective bargaining in the UK?; and finally, what will be the effect of Brexit on the interactions between London and Brussels on wider employment policy questions. The article argues that Brexit poses acute policy dilemmas for the UK Government that are likely to generate considerable political and economic uncertainty. The fallout from this uncertainty is hard to predict in advance. It could either open the door to a Corbyn‐led Labour Government or alternatively to an even more thorough‐going deregulation of the UK labour market.