bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surface Modification of Silicone Rubber Membrane by Plasma Induced Graft Copolymerization as Artificial Cornea
Authors: Hsiue Ging‐Ho , Lee Shyh‐Dar , Chang Patricia Chuen‐Thuen
Published: July 2010

Abstract: In this study a highly biocompatible polymer membrane was prepared by surface modification. An artificial cornea was also developed for clinical applications. Silicone rubber (SR) membrane was grafted with hydrophilic monomers such as 2‐hydroxyethyl methacry‐late (HEMA) and acrylic acid by plasma induced grafted polymerization. Surface properties of the SR were characterized using secondary ions mass spectra, Fourier transform infrared/attenuated total reflection, and element spectra for chemical analysis. The corneal epithelial (CE) cell was cultured in vitro, and penetrating keratoplasty of albino rabbit cornea (in vivo) was performed to evaluate biological properties of modified SR membranes. The ability of the CE cell to attach onto various SR membranes was observed by inverted microscopy. The proliferation of CE cell was conducted in approximately 96 h. Experimental results indicated that the attachment and growth of CE onto SR‐g‐pHEMA (75 μg/ cm2) is enhanced. The morphologies of an attached CE cell are similar to those of a primary CE cell. In the in vivo study, the depth of anterior chamber was maintained 2 weeks after penetrating keratoplasty was performed with a SR grafted with pHEMA (210 μg/cm2). This phenomenon displayed a high biocompatibility of modified SR membrane with the CE cell. Furthermore, results in this study provide a valuable reference for application of the modified SR for an artificial cornea.
Semipermeable Hollow Fiber Membranes in Hepatocyte Bioreactors: A Prerequisite for a Successful Bioartificial Liver?
Authors: Flendrig Leonard M. , Velde Anje A. te , Chamuleau Robert A.F.M.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Recent studies have shown that liver support systems based on viable hepatocytes can prolong life in animal models of acute liver failure. Now the time has come to elucidate the design characteristics that are essential to construct an efficient bioreactor. The gold standard remains the intact liver. Despite the very high cell density in this organ, individual cell perfusion is guaranteed resulting in low diffusional gradients which are essential for optimal mass transfer. These conditions are not met in bioreactors based on hollow fiber membranes. Moreover, the semipermeable membranes can foul and act as a diffusional barrier between the hepatocytes and the blood or plasma of the recipient. We devised a novel bioreactor for use as a bioartificial liver that does not include hollow fiber membranes for blood or plasma perfusion. The device is based on an integral oxygenator and a nonwoven polyester matrix material for hepatocyte culture as small aggregates. The efficacy of this original design was tested in rats with liver ischemia. Preliminary results show statistically significantly improved survival; life was prolonged 100% compared to the control experiments.
Economic Evaluation of Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Surgery With and Without Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Cost‐Effectiveness and Quality‐Adjusted Life Years in a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Al‐Ruzzeh Sharif , Epstein David , George Shane , Bustami Mahmoud , Wray Jo , Ilsley Charles , Sculpher Mark , Amrani Mohamed
Published: July 2010

The objective of this study is to evaluate the costs and health benefits of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery with and without cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Randomized controlled clinical trial is used as the design. The setting is in a single tertiary cardiothoracic center in Middlesex, UK. Participants were 168 patients (27 females) requiring primary isolated CABG surgery. Patients were randomized to have the procedure performed by a single surgeon either with CPB (n = 84) or by an off‐pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) surgery (n = 84). Health‐related quality of life was assessed at baseline, 6 weeks, and 6 months using the World Health Organization Quality‐of‐Life (WHOQOL‐100) questionnaire. Mean total costs of patient management by either technique were calculated using different available key sources. A utility measure, derived from WHOQOL‐100, was used to calculate quality‐adjusted life year (QALY) gained in each group, on basis of which a cost‐effectiveness analysis was performed. The mean total costs of an OPCAB patient was £5859, whereas for a CPB patient it was £7431 with a mean difference of £1572 (standard error [SE]£674; P =  0.02). Three patients died in the CPB group and two in the OPCAB group during the 6‐month follow‐up period. Mean QALYs over 6 months was 0.379 in the OPCAB group and 0.362 in the CPB group, but the difference was not significant (mean difference 0.017; SE 0.016; P = 0.305). OPCAB surgery offered patients in this randomized trial similar health benefits to CPB over a 6‐month period, but at a significantly less cost.
An evidence‐based approach to the first seizure
Authors: Wiebe Samuel , Téllez‐Zenteno José F. , Shapiro Michelle
Published: July 2010

Summary

Evidence‐based care (EBC) is an explicit approach to applying the best evidence to the care of individual patients. We outline the basic principles of EBC and apply them to various clinical questions pertaining to a patient presenting with a first seizure, providing a summary of the best available evidence for each question. Depending on the question at hand, the evidence derives from retrospective, prospective, and randomized controlled studies in children and adults. There is solid evidence that early seizure recurrence is reduced by early initiation of AEDs. A meta‐analysis of six randomized trials revealed an average absolute risk reduction of 34% (95% CI 15–52) with AED therapy. However, the prognosis for the development of epilepsy is not altered by early intervention. EEG epileptiform abnormalities, family history of epilepsy, imaging lesions, and remote symptomatic seizures increase the risk of recurrence, and impact the risk–benefit ratio of treatment after a single event. In the end, clinicians must evaluate patients with a first unprovoked seizure on a case‐by‐case basis to determine the appropriateness of treatment with a given AED.
Temporal arteritis with scalp ulceration and blindness
Authors: Gkalpakiotis Spyridon , Arenberger Petr , Sach Josef , Arenbergerova Monika
Published: July 2010

Temporal arteritis or giant cell arteritis is a systemic granulomatous vasculitis of medium and large‐sized arteries, most frequently involving the temporal artery. It presents with headache, fever, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and anemia. If untreated, complications like ischemic optic neuritis may even lead to blindness. Although very rare, scalp necrosis and ulcerations are the most common dermatologic findings. An 85‐year‐old woman presented with a two‐month history of bilateral scalp ulcerations, followed by permanent loss of vision in the left eye due to the delay in diagnosing temporal arteritis.
NARCISSISTIC BORDERLINE COUPLES: IMPLICATIONS FOR MEDIATION*
Authors: Lachkar Joan
Published: July 2010

Suddenly my head begins to spin. I feel dizzy and confused. My head keeps going round and round. In front of me sits a married couple; they go on and on in circles, going nowhere. A feeling of despair overwhelms me as I think to myself, This couple needs to be in therapy. I then realize I am the therapist.
THE EFFECT OF DIVORCE ON DAILY ROUTINE
Authors: Huddleston Richard J. , Hawkings Lucille D.
Published: July 2010

Literature on the effect of divorce has suggested that the daily routine of the divorced individual would change considerably. The present study was designed to investigate what aspects of daily routine were affected when a person separated from his or her spouse. Divorced persons were found to be more active with their personal affairs and less involved with community responsibilities. Leisure activities increased for the divorced. Productivity at work was not affected, although difficulties in concentration were reported.
“SHE LOVES AMY MORE THAN HER CAT!”
Authors: Hanscom John
Published: July 2010

This article explores the two languages of divorce–the language of the couple and the language of divorce. Originally, this article was submitted for the Meyer Elkin contest.
IMPLEMENTING A LEGISLATIVE MANDATE FOR SERVICES AND COORDINATION TO CALIFORNIA'S COURT‐CONNECTED FAMILY MEDIATION AND CONCILIATION COURTS
Authors: Ricci Isolina
Published: July 2010

This article describes the implementation of landmark legislation in California that provided for services and statewide coordination of family mediation and conciliation courts in California. The article describes the overall management design and its underlying principles, projects, and the five major statewide areas of services.
MEDIATION AND DIVORCE
Authors: Andrup Henrik , Hall Jean Graham
Published: July 2010

This article describes the Danish system, tracing its roots from the days when the crown dealt with all matters involving the family. The role of the amtmen in granting divorce through this administrative process is described. A total of 94% of all divorces in Denmark are handled through this procedure.
CHILD SUPPORT GUIDELINES:
Authors: Abel Steven L. , Sussman Erika
Published: July 2010

Since 1984, all U.S. jurisdictions have established child support guidelines. Using computerized worksheets, we compared the guidelines of New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut (which use the “Income Shares” model also employed by 30 other jurisdictions). We calculated how child care, alimony to a prior spouse, and subsequent children change the support obligation. We found that, generally, Connecticut requires the most child support, New York is second, and New Jersey third. However, if children require child care, New York requires the most support. In Connecticut, child care costs have virtually no impact. When a noncustodial parent is paying alimony to a prior spouse, support is dramatically greater in Connecticut than in New Jersey, with New York in between. Only New Jersey reduces the support paid by the noncustodial parent who has subsequent children. New York's and Connecticut's mathematical guidelines do not consider subsequent children.
COURT‐CONNECTED PROGRAMS FOR DIVORCING PARENTS IN MICHIGAN
Authors: Geasler Margie J. , Blaisure Karen R.
Published: July 2010

This article highlights the findings of a survey of court‐connected programs for divorcing parents in the state of Michigan. Program and attendance information is given, and a typical program in Michigan is described. Program development and implementation issues, such as goals and program material, program management, court‐mandated attendance, and program evaluation are discussed.
PARENT EDUCATION AS A DISTINCT FIELD OF PRACTICE
Authors: Salem Peter , Schepard Andrew , Schlissel Stephen W.
Published: July 2010

The proliferation of educational programs for separated and divorcing parents has created an emerging field of practice. This article examines core questions of professional responsibility, accountability, standards, and practices that must be addressed to advance the development of the field.
PROPOSAL FOR A PILOT EDUCATION PROGRAM FOR DIVORCING AND SEPARATING PARENTS
Authors: Slezak Ingrid , Swift Amy
Published: July 2010

This article presents the proposal made to the Clackamas County Board of Commissioners outlining the rationale for the Clackamas County Parent Education Program. including a proposed budget and sources of income.
JUDICIALLY HOSTED SETTLEMENT CONFERENCES IN DOMESTIC RELATIONS CASES
Authors: LaMar Kristena A.
Published: July 2010

Trial court judges have not traditionally been involved in facilitating negotiations in domestic relations cases. The move toward alternative dispute resolution presents opportunities to judges to involve themselves in assisting litigants and their attorneys to fashion agreements that are tailored to each family. This article examines the elements and variables inherent in settlement negotiations and domestic relations and makes suggestions for judges who host settlement conferences in family law cases.
LIFE STORIES, DOCTRINES, AND DECISION MAKING
Authors: Shear Leslie Ellen
Published: July 2010

This article explores three supreme court appellate cases where one parent moves away with the children. These decisions from New York, Canada, and California reached very different conclusions.
FAMILY MEDIATION AND NEVER‐MARRIED PARENTS
Authors: Raisner Joan K.
Published: July 2010

Parents who were never married to each other are increasingly court‐ordered to mediate disputes over their children. The author reviewed 441 cases of divorcing and never‐married parents to compare their experiences with family mediation. Client situations, adjustments in mediator behavior, and outcomes of mediation such as mediation did occur and agreements reached were compared. Factors external to mediation had a different impact on never‐married parents than on divorcing parents. The review indicated never‐married parents had a higher no‐show rate than that of divorcing parents, yet when never‐married parents did appear for court‐ordered mediation, they reached agreements at the same rate as divorcing parents. Surprisingly, the never‐married parents with a history of violence were more likely to appear for appointments and reach agreements. Overall, with modifications in mediator assumptions and behavior, divorce/family mediation appears to be useful to never‐married parents.
MAKING IT WORK
Authors: Gray Cathleen , Verdieck Mary Jeanne , Smith Elizabeth D. , Freed Karen
Published: July 2010

With the prevalence of divorce in our country, there is a serious need of services for divorcing families to be readily available and offered in a manner to increase the use of the services. Early intervention with the divorcing family is critical to help alleviate levels of parental conflict and decrease potential litigation. This article is an evaluation of the first year of court‐mandated parenting psychoeducational workshops. The results demonstrate the positive effects of the workshops for most divorcing parents in terms of levels of ongoing conflict between parents, children's adjustment as observed by the parents, parents' adjustment, and parents' ability to settle the legal issues of the divorce and keep the children out of the middle of the conflict.
FAMILY COURT COORDINATION OF HUMAN SERVICES, DESCHUTES COUNTY, OREGON
Authors: Tiktin Stephen N. , Mazorol Ernest J.
Published: July 2010

This article describes an innovative program in Deschutes County, Oregon designed to coordinate services both within the court and within the community to assist families in the family court. One of the important features of this system is the employment of a family advocate to coordinate services to families.
MEDIATION IN CHILD PROTECTION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Metzger Robert W.
Published: July 2010

The child protection mediation or case conference–implemented under the new Child, Family, and Community Services Act–is a mandatory conference in British Columbia that attempts to provide a plan of care for the apprehended child or children through a combined cooperative effort of parents, social workers, their respective counsel, parties that have an interest in the child's welfare, and the mediation judge. It is also a process that undertakes to counter the adversarial effects of trial where the potential for conflict is great and seeks to achieve the spirit of building solutions through cooperation for the continued care of the child. A year later, the results look encouraging, as two thirds of cases settle and, in British Columbia, unlike any other province, the case conference is made available in every community where court is held.
CLIENT AND COUNSELLOR PERCEPTIONS OF THE PROCESS AND OUTCOMES OF FAMILY COURT COUNSELLING IN CASES INVOLVING DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
Authors: Davies Barbara , Ralph Stephen
Published: July 2010

The Family Court of Australia provides conciliation counselling to couples who are involved in disputes regarding their children following separation. In cases where domestic violence is involved, the appropriateness of providing counselling has been seriously questioned. This study is an extension of earlier work completed by the authors that specifically examined client satisfaction with counselling in cases involving domestic violence. This article examines client and counsellor perceptions of the counselling process and its outcomes.
A COMPELLING NEED FOR MANDATED USE OF SUPERVISED VISITATION PROGRAMS
Authors: Clement Debra A.
Published: July 2010

Courts are frequently confronted by circumstances that do not justify termination of all contact with a parent, yet present legitimate concerns regarding the physical, emotional, or mental health of the child. Supervised visitation programs afford such parents and their children the opportunity to preserve the emotionally vital parent‐child relationship while protecting the child, and sometimes the other parent, from harm. As the number of children deemed to be at risk continues to rise, demand for supervised visitation services steadily exceeds supply. This article proposes that all states should make supervised visitation programs universally available by enacting legislation that provides for their creation, regulation, and funding, together with clearly defined guidelines that mandate participation in supervised visitation programs whenever specific risk factors are present.
BRIEF INTERVENTION MODEL FOR ACCESS‐BASED POSTSEPARATION DISPUTES
Authors: Birnbaum Rachel , Radovanovic Helen
Published: July 2010

With the increasing demand on the courts to “manage” parental disputes, coupled with the dwindling of publicily funded resources, briefer interventions to service some highly conflicted families become necessary. This article describe an innovative, brief intervention for examining access‐based disputes between parents before the courts in two public services in Ontario. Included will be a description of the model, the selection criteria, and the results of preliminary outcome data. Offering a differential intervention to a sample of 40 families has shown that less time was spent on the intervention and that no further court intervention was necessary. Parents reported satisfaction with the expeditious handling of their disputes.
WHEN PARADIGMS COLLIDE
Authors: Dalton Clare
Published: July 2010

For the past 25 years, helping professionals have wrestled with the task of adapting their practices to incorporate new information about abuse and responsibilities toward its victims. Despite a growing body of helpful research, increasing training opportunities and extensive legislative reform, significant obstacles still confront adult and child victims of partner violence in the family court system. This article groups those obstacles into three categories: naming the problem, identifying victims of abuse, and prioritizing victim safety. In each problem area, the author suggests that progress depends on increased integration at the level of theory and increased professional collaboration at the level of practice.
TENNESSEE'S ADOPTION LAW
Authors: Sandine Julie K. , Greenman Frederick F.
Published: July 2010

Tennessee has recently enacted legislation increasing access to adoption records, allowing adult adoptees to obtain their birth certificates and other information contained only in their adoption records. After that controversial statute became law, it was challenged in Doe v. Sundquist. After 3 years of litigation, the Tennessee Supreme Court held that the statute was constitutional. The authors discuss the history of Tennessee's adoption law, demonstrating how certain events led to the passing of the controversial statute. They also discuss the adoption triad, including the birth parents, adoptive parents, and adoptees, noting the interests of each party. Following that is a discussion of the Tennessee statute and how it operates. The commentary continues with a detailed look at Doe v. Sundquist, including the procedural and substantive issues in both federal and state court. The authors conclude that the Tennessee law is a practical and reasonable solution to the controversy over sealed adoption records.
ANOTHER LOOK AT THE DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH
Authors: Solomon Judith , Biringen Zeynep
Published: July 2010

Kelly and Lamb (2000) recently provided a summary of the attachment literature and a set of guidelines for visitation and custody for young children in divorced and separated families. Here, Solomon and Biringen review the same literature with an eye to critically evaluating these guidelines, especially the suggestion that more, rather than fewer, transitions between parents are appropriate for very young children. Three types of empirical findings raise questions regarding the appropriateness of Kelly and Lamb's guidelines. These include differences in the development of infant‐mother and infant‐father attachments, young children's sensitivity to overnight separations from the primary caregiver, and the possibility of infant preferences for primary versus secondary caregivers in times of stress. The authors argue that considerably more rigorous research is required before submitting Kelly and Lamb's suggestion to social policy.
RESISTANCE TO VISITATION
Authors: Stoltz Jo‐Anne M. , Ney Tara
Published: July 2010

The authors argue that current formulations of the problem of resistance to visitation in separation and divorce are conceptually weak because they fail to take into account the adversarial influence of the legal paradigm. First‐ and second‐order change theory is used to clarify the problem, and a new formulation is proposed that shifts the focus from the parent and/or child exclusively to the resistance dynamic as a whole. General guidelines for intervention are proposed based on a holistic, participatory model that takes into account the tensions involved in working toward compliance while upholding the best interests of the child.
FAMILY COURTS‐20 YEARS AFTER REFORM
Authors: Elias Dame Sian
Published: July 2010

The Rt. Hon. Dame Elias discusses the changes the people of Australia and New Zealand have seen and can expect from their respective family courts. She goes on to say that if judges of the family court are to play a more positive role in society, they need to stay abreast of what is happening with current legal trends as they relate to the “best interest of the child” standard, equal rights (especially between genders), and changing international trends in family law. The Chief Justice also addresses problems concerning lack of legal aid funding and an increase in unrepresented litigants. The Chief Justice explains that these issues and problems can best be dealt with through legislative reform as well as family court reform. Where there is an influx of additional resources better preparing judges to deal specifically with those seeking justice in the family court, these additional resources should also lead to a greater general understanding of current trends in the community. Chief Justice Elias asserts that without community support, these issues cannot be resolved.
TROXEL v. GRANVILLE
Authors: Vasquez Melba J. T.
Published: July 2010

What is the effect of Troxel v. Granville on ethnic minority families? One of the primary values reflected among ethnic minority groups is the identification with family and community. The connection with extended family members such as grandparents can provide strength and resources for people of color, especially in child raising. In Troxel v. Granville, the Supreme Court made their decision largely on an individual rights (the parent) basis rather than the “greater good” or others' interpretation of the best interest of the child. The author reviews the family values reflected in Latina/o, Asian American, American Indian, and African American families. She suggests that when decisions such as Troxel v. Granville establish policy contrary to the lifestyles and values of ethnic minority populations, negative and insidious messages are sent about those groups' values. She suggests that in future court determinations about child visitation and custody, the best interest of the child standard should be considered. In determining the child's best interest, cultural values including extended family support should be considered as paramount.
THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN CANADIAN FAMILY LAW PROCEDURE
Authors: Thompson D. A. Rollie
Published: July 2010

“Family law procedure” differs greatly from “civil procedure.” Canadian jurisdictions and common‐law jurisdictions have copied English reforms of merging law and equity. Canada unlike the United States confined legislative authority over divorce to the federal government under the British North American Act. The Canadian federal government enacted the national Divorce Act of 1968, which had a homogenizing effect on substantive family law across Canada in both custody and support matters for a number of years. There are many pressures for fragmentation of procedure specifically, dealing with the provincial courts. Modern family law procedure is much more like civil procedure. If inquisitorial methods are used or if discovery is limited using “simplified rules” for smaller cases, family law procedure will become two different tiers‐one for self‐represented litigants and litigants where the stakes are small and the other tier would be one that operated under the “normal” rules of civil procedure.
PROGRAM PROFILE
Authors: Homrich Alicia M. , Glover Michelle Muenzenmeyer , Blackwell White Alice
Published: July 2010

This article profiles the Court Care Center for Divorcing Families, a divorce education intervention program currently being implemented in the Ninth Judicial Circuit in Orange County. Florida. This program is based on a descriptive model designed by Blaisure and Geasler. The Court Care Center is positioned within the courthouse and offers multilevel interventions designed to address the educational and emotional needs of families going through the transition of divorce. The Court Case Center is a result of a collaborative effort of mental health professionals, judges, and Orange County government. The Court Care Center offers crisis counseling, high‐conflict group intervention, skills‐based parent education for divorcing parents, and a referral base for divorcing families as a support to the domestic court.
PARENTING COORDINATION FOR HIGH‐CONFLICT FAMILIES
Authors: Coates Christine A. , Deutsch Robin , Starnes Hugh , Sullivan Matthew J. , Sydlik BeaLisa
Published: July 2010

The increasingly widespread use of parenting coordination to provide ongoing, intensive case management of higher conflict child custody cases recognizes the many advantages of this alternative dispute resolution (ADR) process in the family courts. The essential functions of the parenting coordination process are to create appropriate parenting plans; to build functional, enduring coparenting relationships; and to resolve ongoing coparenting disputes. In this article, an experienced multidisciplinary group from different jurisdictions across the United States examines a few of the most challenging issues that currently confront the field of parenting coordination. These include legal issues, such as the quasi‐judicial authority of the parenting coordinator (PC) derived from statutory and legislative means, continuing jurisdiction of cases, and constitutional challenges. A description of cases that can benefit from the appointment of a PC is provided, as well as a judicial view of the pros and cons of the role. Essential aspects of the practice are discussed, including the importance of structure and boundaries, challenges to the use of the role, liability issues, and the PC's role in creating and managing collaborative teams to work on these cases. The article concludes with a vision of the future that highlights the need for research and training to responsibly advance this promising, emerging role.
UNIFIED FAMILY COURTS
Authors: Schwarz Carolyn D.
Published: July 2010

Fragmented court systems are especially problematic for domestic violence victims because they typically are involved in more than one proceeding that stems from the same pattern of abuse. The proceedings are handled in different courts and before different judges, who are often unaware of these orders being issued in other proceedings. Consequently, conflicting orders are prevalent and the protection and needs of victims are often not met. A unified family court, on the other hand, provides one court with the subject‐matter jurisdiction to handle all family‐related matters and one judge to hear all cases that involve a single family, resulting in conflicting orders being issued less frequently. Additionally, the needs of victims are better served as a result of the services component. Given the fragmented state of the court systems in New York and Pennsylvania, United States; Alberta, Canada; and Australia, unified family courts should be implemented in each locality.
NECESSARY MEASURES AND LOGISTICS TO MAXIMIZE THE SAFETY OF VICTIMS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ATTENDING PARENT EDUCATION PROGRAMS
Authors: Lutz Victoria L. , Gady Cara E.
Published: July 2010

This article suggests measures that should be taken to ensure, as much as possible, the safety of victims of domestic violence. Because victims and perpetrators of domestic violence will inevitably be attendees at parent education programs, such programs must be sensitive to the safety concerns of these victims. Only when victims of domestic violence are safe will their children be safe and able to benefit from what their parents learn at these education programs. This article concludes that, by weaving common‐sense logistical, administrative, and curricular recommendations into the fabric of every parent education program, the safety of victims and children will be prioritized as it must be, while all attendees still receive the maximum benefit from these valuable programs.
THE YOUTH CRIMINAL JUSTICE ACT
Authors: Endres Karen
Published: July 2010

In April 2003, the face of Canada's youth criminal justice system changed considerably. The Young Offenders Act (YOA) was repealed and the substitute legislation, the principle‐laden Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA), came into effect. It is not an entirely new act but was designed to build on the strengths of the YOA and address its weaknesses. The biggest criticism of the YOA was its lack of clear legislative direction; through the numerous principles and additional provisions, the YCJA proposes a remedy. The focus of this article is on two areas of the Act in particular, extrajudicial measures and sentencing, as these areas experienced the most change in the process of reforming the legislation. Specifically, these sections of the Act are analyzed in relation to four of the perceived problems under the YOA, all of which tie into the lack of clear legislative direction. If the provisions contained in these segments of the YCJA are adhered to in the manner and sentiment intended and if the principles are made a priority, then 1) the rate of youth incarceration in Canada should decrease, 2) the courts should no longer be overused, 3) there should be proper distinction between various degrees of seriousness of crimes, and 4) there should be more consistency in youth sentences across the country.
JUVENILE CRIME AND WHY WAIVER IS NOT THE ANSWER
Authors: Flesch Lisa M.
Published: July 2010

Many states deal with the issue of juvenile crime by charging juveniles as adults. This is done by a method of waiver. Waiver allows adult criminal courts to have the power to exercise jurisdiction over juveniles.1 In effect, a juvenile is tried and sentenced as an adult when his or her case is waived (removed) from the juvenile court to the adult court. Waiver in juvenile (youths seventeen and younger) cases should never be allowed because juvenile offenders are too immature and incompetent to appreciate the nature of their crimes and because the juvenile justice system is a more appropriate place to rehabilitate juvenile offenders.
Determination of true absorption and fecal endogenous loss of zinc in goats
Authors: HATTORI Ryota , TORII Shin‐ichiro , FUNABA Masayuki , MATSUI Tohru
Published: July 2010

We determined the true absorption and endogenous fecal loss of zinc (Zn) in goats using its stable isotope. Three goats were fed with the diet containing 50 mg/kg Zn twice a day for 17 days. In the morning of day 11, the goats were given a meal labeled by 67Zn as the tracer with dysprosium as the unabsorbed marker. Then the goats were given unlabeled diet as the rest of the morning feed. We measured dietary and fecal Zn concentration, 67Zn abundance and dysprosium concentration in feces. The excretion pattern of the tracer Zn into feces differed from that of dysprosium. Therefore, we directly calculated the true absorption of Zn from Zn concentration and 67Zn abundance in fecal samples collected after the labeled diet was given. The apparent absorption of Zn was –0.009 ± 0.016 mg/kg bodyweight (fractional absorption, −1.07 ± 1.85%). The true absorption of Zn was 0.162 ± 0.018 mg/kg bodyweight (fractional absorption, 18.25 ± 2.01%). The endogenous fecal loss of Zn was 0.172 ± 0.004 mg/kg bodyweight and the intestinal secretion of Zn was 0.210 ± 0.009 mg/kg bodyweight. The present experiment indicates that stable isotopic Zn is a powerful tool for examining Zn metabolism in ruminants.
New members of the brachyurins family in lobster include a trypsin‐like enzyme with amino acid substitutions in the substrate‐binding pocket
Authors: Perera Erick , Pons Tirso , Hernandez Damir , Moyano Francisco J. , Martínez‐Rodríguez Gonzalo , Mancera Juan M.
Published: July 2010

Crustacean serine proteases (Brachyurins, EC 3.4.21.32) exhibit a wide variety of primary specificities and no member of this family has been reported for spiny lobsters. The aim of this work was to study the diversity of trypsins in the digestive gland of Panulirus argus. Several trypsin‐like proteases were cloned and the results suggest that at least three gene families encode trypsins in the lobster. Three‐dimensional comparative models of each trypsin anticipated differences in the interaction of these enzymes with proteinaceous substrates and inhibitors. Most of the studied enzymes were typical trypsins, but one could not be allocated to any of the brachyurins groups due to amino acid substitutions found in the vicinity of the active site. Among other changes in this form of the enzyme, conserved Gly216 and Gly226 (chymotrypsin numbering) are substituted by Leu and Pro, respectively, while retaining all other key residues for trypsin specificity. These substitutions may impair the access of bulky residues to the S1 site while they make the pocket more hydrophobic. The physiological role of this form of the enzyme could be relevant as it was found to be highly expressed in lobster. Further studies on the specificity and structure of this variant must be performed to locate it within the brachyurins family. It is suggested that specificity within this family of enzymes is broader than is currently believed.
Effect of NF‐κB Decoy Oligodeoxynucleotide on LPS/High‐Fat Diet‐Induced Atherosclerosis in an Animal Model
Authors: Kim Soo‐Jung , Park Ji‐Hyun , Kim Kyung‐Hyun , Lee Woo‐Ram , Lee Sub , Kwon Oh‐Choon , Kim Kee‐Sik , Park Kwan‐Kyu
Published: July 2010

Abstract:  Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process occurring in the walls of arteries, in large part due to the accumulation of inflammatory cells. This study was conducted to determine the effect of nuclear factor (NF)‐κB decoy oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) in an atherosclerosis animal model. The mice received i.p. injections of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 2 mg/kg) three times a week to induce atherosclerotic change, and fed an atherogenic diet for 12 weeks. NF‐κB decoy ODN (0.4 mg/kg) was injected into the tail vein. Treatment with NF‐κB decoy ODN decreased pro‐inflammatory cytokines, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and interleukin (IL)‐1β and inflammatory markers, vascular adhesion molecule (VCAM)‐1 and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)‐1, in the LPS/Fat‐induced mice. In addition, the expression of proteins related to fibrosis, transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1 and fibronectin were markedly decreased in the mice treated with NF‐κB decoy ODN compared with the LPS/Fat‐induced mice without decoy ODN treatment. These data suggest that NF‐κB decoy ODN may exert an inhibitory effect on the expression levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and cell adhesion molecules in atherosclerotic mice.
Effects of Caulophine on Caffeine‐induced Cellular Injury and Calcium Homeostasis in Rat Cardiomyocytes
Authors: Si Kai‐Wei , Liu Jun‐Tian , He Lang‐Chong , Li Xi‐Kuan , Gou Wei , Liu Chuan‐Hao , Li Xiao‐Qi
Published: July 2010

Abstract:  Caulophine is a novel fluorenone alkaloid isolated from the radix of Caulophyllum robustum Maxim. Caulophine showed high affinity for the rat myocardial cell membrane as assessed by cell membrane chromatography, suggesting that the compound may exert bioactivity in the heart. It is known that calcium plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ischaemic heart disease, and caffeine can cause calcium overload in cardiomyocytes by inducing calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Therefore, the present study evaluated the effects of caulophine on caffeine‐induced injury and calcium homeostasis in cardiomyocytes. Cardiomyocytes were pre‐treated with caulophine before exposure to caffeine or potassium chloride (KCl). Cell viability was assayed using the MTT method, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured spectrophotometrically. Caulophine‐pre‐treated cardiomyocytes were incubated with Fluo‐3/AM, and then caffeine or KCl was used to induce Ca2+ overload. The total intracellular Ca2+ concentration was measured by flow cytometry. Fluorescence densities of single cardiomyocytes were detected using a confocal microscope. Caulophine increased the viability of caffeine‐injured cardiomyocytes and decreased LDH activity and MDA level in cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, caulophine significantly decreased the total intracellular free Ca2+ concentration and intracellular calcium release in cardiomyocytes in response to caffeine. However, the same concentrations of caulophine did not affect KCl‐induced calcium influx. Our results suggest that caulophine protects cardiomyocytes from caffeine‐induced injury as a result of calcium antagonism. This finding provides a basis for further study and development of caulophine as a new calcium antagonist for treating ischaemic cardiovascular diseases.
Origin, diffusion and reproduction of the giant reed (Arundo donax L.): a promising weedy energy crop
Authors: Mariani C. , Cabrini R. , Danin A. , Piffanelli P. , Fricano A. , Gomarasca S. , Dicandilo M. , Grassi F. , Soave C.
Published: July 2010

Giant reed (Arundo donax) is a promising energy crop of the Mediterranean areas. It has long been associated with humans and has been cultivated in Asia, southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East for thousands of years. It is a perennial herbaceous plant (Poaceae) found in grasslands and wetlands throughout a wide range of climatic zones. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis was used to assess genetic inter and intrarelationships between A. donax and other Arundo species. Furthermore, the development of the sexual apparatus was analysed to understand the basis of sterility in the accession examined. The dendrograms obtained by phenetic and cladistic analysis support the monophyletic origin of giant reed and suggest that it originated in Asia and began to spread into the Mediterranean without traces of hybridisation with the other Arundo species. In particular, samples from Mediterranean areas are characterisd by a lower gene diversity and incidence of rare AFLP fragments indicating that these populations are recent in origin. Moreover, results indicate the occurrence of post‐meiotic alterations in the ovule and pollen developmental pathway. Thus, the success of giant reed can be attributed mainly to its rapid clonal spread by rhizome extension, flood dispersal of rhizome and culm fragments.
Heat as a Ground Water Tracer
Authors: Anderson Mary P.
Published: July 2010

Heat carried by ground water serves as a tracer to identify surface water infiltration, flow through fractures, and flow patterns in ground water basins. Temperature measurements can be analyzed for recharge and discharge rates, the effects of surface warming, interchange with surface water, hydraulic conductivity of streambed sediments, and basin‐scale permeability. Temperature data are also used in formal solutions of the inverse problem to estimate ground water flow and hydraulic conductivity. The fundamentals of using heat as a ground water tracer were published in the 1960s, but recent work has significantly expanded the application to a variety of hydrogeological settings. In recent work, temperature is used to delineate flows in the hyporheic zone, estimate submarine ground water discharge and depth to the salt‐water interface, and in parameter estimation with coupled ground water and heat‐flow models. While short reviews of selected work on heat as a ground water tracer can be found in a number of research papers, there is no critical synthesis of the larger body of work found in the hydrogeological literature. The purpose of this review paper is to fill that void and to show that ground water temperature data and associated analytical tools are currently underused and have not yet realized their full potential.
The New Jersey Income Maintenance Experiment
Authors: GARFINKEL IRWIN
Published: July 2010

The New Jersey Income Maintenance Experiment was designed to estimate the extent to which workers in poor families would be induced to work less by new income maintenance programs. The importance of and rationale for the experiment are presented here, and some preliminary results are presented and evaluated.
Consumer Education as the Means to Attain Efficient Market Performance
Authors: SEITZ WESLEY D.
Published: July 2010

In this paper the markets in which individual consumers buy goods and services are analyzed in accordance with the economic theory of market organization. The poor market performance characteristics identified by those in the consumerism movement are found to be consistent with expectations based on this theory. The possibility of achieving efficient market performance through consumer education programs is rejected. At best it would be an inefficient means to the desired end. Several alternative means are suggested for further consideration. They involve changes in the rules under which the economic system operates and therefore will not be easy to achieve.
Consumer Reaction to Nutritional Labels on Food Products
Authors: LENAHAN R. J. , THOMAS J. A. , TAYLOR D. A. , CALL D. L. , PADBERG D. I.
Published: July 2010

In order to design the most useful instruments of consumer protection, it is necessary to understand how consumers perceive and use such instruments. Often, basic consumer rights are considered more extensively in the design of consumer protection policies than basic patterns of consumer behavior and motivation. We are more likely to make information on labels complete as viewed by the expert than useful in the normal behavior of the consumer. This study is devoted to discovering how consumers perceive nutritional labels on food products. It draws conclusions about their meaning and usefulness to consumers.
Dissatisfied Consumers: Who Gets Upset and Who Takes Action
Authors: WARLAND REX H. , HERRMANN ROBERT O. , WILLITS JANE
Published: July 2010

Past studies of dissatisfied consumers have either examined what kinds of people get upset about business practices or what kinds of people complain about the way they have been treated in the marketplace. This article develops a new profile of the dissatisfied consumer by considering not only who gets upset about business practices, but also what they do about it. This profile appears more complete than profiles presented in earlier studies. Several important conclusions are offered concerning the nature of consumer dissatisfaction and consumer policy.
Advertising and Product Quality: Are Heavily Advertised Products Better?
Authors: ROTFELD HERBERT J. , ROTZOLL KIM B.
Published: July 2010

It is often conceded that heavily advertised products cost more than those that are not advertised extensively. But there is considerable disagreement concerning what this difference means. Advertising's critics often claim it is evidence of monopolistic control over supply and prices, while advertising's defenders generally contend it reflects the higher quality of advertised brands. Surprisingly, there has been almost no research into whether or not heavily advertised goods are of better quality. As a preliminary inquiry into this interesting question, this paper attempts to examine the relationship between advertising expenditures and product quality.
Changes In Consumer Attitudes Toward Marketing, Consumerism and Government Regulation: 1971–1975
Authors: BARKSDALE HIRAM C. , DARDEN WILLIAM R. , PERREAULT WILLIAM D.
Published: July 2010

Trends in consumer attitudes toward business philosophy, product quality, advertising, consumer responsibilities, government regulation and price controls are examined. The findings of three national surveys indicate that the level of consumer discontent did not change substantially between 1971 and 1975. Despite expanding efforts to advance the interests of consumers, the basic criticisms and frustrations expressed by respondents in 1971 were echoed again in 1973 and 1975. However there were some notable trends in the kinds and magnitudes of consumer concerns over this period. The need to treat consumer dissatisfaction as a relative concept is emphasized, and it is suggested that comparisons of present levels of consumer unrest to a zero base would probably lead to exaggerated interpretations of current conditions.
New Evidence on Price and Product Quality
Authors: SPROLES GEORGE B.
Published: July 2010

A variety of investigations have indicated that consumers subjectively perceive a positive relation between price and product quality. However it is also necessary to consider the objective analysis of actual price‐quality relations which exist among competing products available for consumer choice. This investigation reviews findings from some subjective and objective evaluations of the price‐quality relationship, followed by an objective analysis of price versus quality among 135 recently marketed groups of products in five product categories. Findings indicate that for 51 percent of the products a positive price‐produce quality relation may be inferred, and dramatic differences in this relation are evident from one product category to another. Implications of these findings for the efficiency of consumer decision‐making, the performance of consumer markets and future research on objective price‐quality relations are discussed.
An Economic Analysis of Licensure and Public Policy: Evidence from the Social Work Case
Authors: SWAGLER ROGER M. , HARRIS DAVID A.
Published: July 2010

Occupational licensure is commonly accepted as a means of protecting consumers by ensuring minimum levels of professional competence. This study analyzes the rationale for licensure in terms of consumer information and consumer choice, applying the analysis to the proposal to license social workers in Tennessee. The analysis makes it possible to separate the numerous issues involved in the licensure question, identifying the probable impact of the proposed measures in terms of a clearer identification of consumers' interests. It is shown that the need for licensure is tied to the manner in which services are provided. In the social work case this means that while the positions of social workers would be enhanced, licensure would offer their client‐consumers little protection which they do not already enjoy.