bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Taxonomic notes on the genus Strongylopsalis Burr (Dermaptera: Labiidae)
Authors: BRINDLE A.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

The male and female of a new species of Strongylopsalis are described from Bolivia. Carcinophora boliviana Bormans is redescribed, and its position in the genus Strongylopsalis is confirmed; a new name is proposed for S.boliviana Brindle. A key is given to the ten species now contained in Strongylopsalis, and notes on the distribution of the genus and its possible relationship to Marava are included.
The immature stages of Hylurdrectonus araucariae Schedl and H.piniarius Schedl (Coleoptera: Scolytidae: Hylesininae)*
Authors: GRAY B.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

The egg, larva and pupa of Hylurdrectonus araucariae and H.piniarius, are described and illustrated in detail. Notes on their biology and ecology are included.
The genus Esthiopterum (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera)
Authors: TANDAN B. K.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

An account is given of eight species of Esthiopterum parasitic on cranes, and the three species‐groups into which they are divided are characterised. Four of the species are described as new, redescriptions are given of the remainder, and a key for their separation is included. The affinities of the genus and host‐parasite relationships are discussed.
Graphical methods for representing computer classifications
Authors: WILKINSON CHRISTOPHER
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

An account is given of a method of representing three‐dimensional configurations in two dimensions by the use of sections and contours, and of its application to numerical classification.
A new species of Sensoriaphis Cottier, 1953 (Homoptera: Aphididae) from New South Wales
Authors: CARVER MARY , HALES DINAH
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

The fundatrices, alatae viviparae, males, oviparae, eggs and egg‐laying procedure of a new species of Sensoriaphis from Nothofagus moorei are described. An account is given of the unusual composition and seasonal distribution of its morphs. The eggs and egg‐laying procedure of Neophyl‐laphis brimblecombei Carver are also described.
Observations on Histeroidea, with descriptions of an apterous larviform male and of the internal anatomy of a maleSphaerites
Authors: CROWSON R. A.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

An account is given of the internal anatomy of a maleSphaerites glabratus.A larviform male found associated with bark‐beetles is described and attributed to Histeridae. Notes on the taxonomy and phylogeny of this family are included.
The species of Myochrous Erichson (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) occurring in Central America
Authors: SHUTE SHARON L.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

Myochrous femoralis Jacoby is redescribed and a species from Nicaragua is described as new. A new key is given to the 12 species of Myochrous known from Central America. A list of Jacoby's type‐material of this group is included and lectotypes are designated where necessary.
A redescription of the larva of Olliffiella cristicola Cockerell (Coccoidea: Kermesidae)
Authors: STERNLICHT M.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

The larva of Olliffiella cristicola, a gall maker on oak, is redescribed; the relation of this genus to Kermes is discussed and it is assigned to the family Kermesidae (Coccoidea).
New or little‐known species of exotic Tipulidae (Diptera). XX
Authors: ALEXANDER CHARLES P.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

Eight new species of the Limoniine genus Antocha Osten Sacken are described, from Kumaon, Sikkim and Assam, in north India, and from Kerala, Madras and Mysore in South India.
A revision of Ischnaspis Douglas with a description of a new allied genus (Homoptera: Diaspididae)
Authors: BEN‐DOV Y.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

The generic characters of Ischnaspis Douglas are given. Redescriptions are presented of the females of its type‐species I. Jongirostris (Signoret) and of I.macrolobii Laing. A new species, I.tecleae, is described from South Africa. A new genus, Trischnaspis, is established, and a redescription is given of its type‐species Ischnaspis bipindensis Lindinger. Following examination of authentic material of I.silvestrii Leonardi it is regarded as a nomen dubium involving two species, one of which may be I.longirostris.
Three new species of Elassoneuria (Ephemeroptera: Oligoneuriidae) from tropical Africa
Authors: GILLIES M. T.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

Three new species of Elassoneuria are described, E.disneyi from the Cameroons, and E.grandis and E.kidahi from Tanzania. The taxonomy of the nymphs is discussed, and E.congolana Navas is redescribed.
Andrethrips floydi—a remarkable new Thysanopteron
Authors: MOUND L. A.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

A new genus and species of Phlaeothripidae from dead wood in Malaya is described, with an equally well‐developed tarsal tooth and hamus on each leg, and many long barbed setae arising from elongate tubercles on the dorsal surface. The species is named after the collector, the late Floyd Andre, whose publications on Thysanoptera are also listed.
Scent dispersal mechanisms in the genus Striglina Guenée, with a description of a new species (Lepidoptera, Thyrididae)
Authors: WHALLEY PAUL E. S.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

An account is given of the structure and possible function of the hair‐pencil scent dispersal mechanisms found in the tibiaria‐group of species of Striglina and a new species is described in the group. Notes on the possible evolution of the mechanism are included.
Variation in Encardia (Hym., Ichneumonidae) with a key to the species
Authors: HUDDLESTON T.
Published: September 2010

The Ethiopian genus Encardia Tosquinet is redefined and a key is given to the two species, picta Tosquinet and rufantennata Benoit, now recognised. Type data are given for the twelve nominal taxa now included in E. picta together with data on the three variations found in wing colour pattern.
The species of the genus Zethera Felder (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)
Authors: VANE‐WRIGHT R. I. , SMILES R. L.
Published: September 2010

The butterfly genus Zethera Felder, endemic to the Philippines and northern Sulawesi, is shown to include six species, four of which comprise the Z. pimplea (Erichson) superspecies. Type data is given for all nominal taxa, and a key to the species recognised is presented, together with data on their variation and distribution. Attention is drawn to the zoogeographic subregions of the Philippine islands, as originally described by Semper, and illustrated by the Zethera species. Their mimicry is also noted, with particular reference to its sex‐limitation in the Z. pimplea superspecies, and non‐limitation in Z. incerta (Hewitson) and Z. hestioides C. & R. Felder. The need to demonstrate whether or not Zethera represents a true monophyletic unit is briefly discussed.
A review of the genus Tagalina Dohrn (Dermaptera: Pygidicranidae)
Authors: BRINDLE A.
Published: September 2010

Tagalina semperi Dohrn and T. papua (Bormans) are shown to be distinct species. T.burri Hincks is synonymised with T. erythronota Gunther, and a lectotype is designated for the latter species. The specimens misidentified by Hincks as T. erythronota are described as hincksi sp.n., and curta sp.n. is described from central New Guinea. A key to the nine species of the genus is given, together with a short systematic list and notes on the distributions and type localities.
The pteromalid subfamily Eutrichosomatinae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea)
Authors: BOUCEK Z.
Published: September 2010

The Eutrichosomatinae are reclassified as a subfamily of the Pteromalidae and keys are given to the three genera and five species now included. Descriptions are given of Eutrichosoma Ashmead with two species, mirabile Ashmead [= albipes Crawford syn. n.] and flabellatum sp. n., in North and South America; Peckianus gen. n. with type‐species Perilampus laevis Provancher in North and South America; and Collessina gen. n. with type‐species C.pachyneura sp. n. in Australia.
The macrogenitalis group of Strigiphilus (Philopteridae: Phthiraptera)
Authors: CLAY THERESA
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

The characters of the macrogenitalis group of Strigiphilus are reviewed. A key is given to the six species now included, three of which are described as new from the owls, Ciccaba woodfordi, Scotopelia peli and Bubo poensis. Notes on the three previously known species are included.
The identity and taxonomic status of the man‐biting black‐fly of Fiji (Diptera: Simuliidae)
Authors: CROSSKEY R. W.
Published: September 2010

The previously unknown male of the Fiji Island black‐fly is described, and previous descriptions of the female and early stages are amplified. The taxonomic status is re‐assessed in the light of more information than was available to Dumbleton (1973), and it is considered that the Fiji Island black‐fly should be treated as a subspecies (namely Simulium jolyi laciniatum Edwards) and not as a valid species.
The species of Pareromene Osthelder (Pyralidae: Crambinae: Diptychophorini) from Malaysia, Indonesia and New Guinea
Authors: GASKIN D. E.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

Eleven new species of Pareromene Osthelder are described. One species from Malaya, D.xanthogramma Meyrick, and one from Indonesia, D.fuscobasella Snellen, are redescribed and transferred from Diptychophora Zeller to Pareromene Osthelder. Four species, the widely distributed P.clytia Bleszynski, and P.lathonia Blesz., and P.ajaxella Blesz., and P.morobella Blesz., both of New Guinea are discussed and redescribed. Notes on the interrelationships of the species are included and the two evolutionary lines, recognised in this region are discussed.
The taxonomy of the British Hydropsychidae (Trichoptera)
Authors: HILDREW A. G. , MORGAN J. C.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

Eleven species of British Hydropsychidae are listed and characterised. The name H.siltalai Döhler 1963 is introduced and the identity of H.insta‐bilis and H.fuhipes is discussed. A key to the adult males is given together with a key to the larvae with the exceptions of H.saxonica, H.exocellata, H.guttata. Notes on the distribution of the species are included.
The Musca domestica complex in Sri Lanka
Authors: PATERSON H. E.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

An account is given of samples of houseflies taken from various natural populations in Sri Lanka (Ceylon) to investigate the number of evolutionary forms of housefly that may occur on the island. The results are related to the formal taxonomy of the genus Musca.
A revision of the grass‐living genus Podothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae)
Authors: RITCHIE J. M.
Published: September 2010

The genus Podothrips Hood is redefined, and three new species are described: orion and australis from Australia and moundi from New Guinea. Two new synonymies are recorded in Podothrips and fuscus Moulton and monsterae Moulton are excluded. A key to the nineteen species and an annotated catalogue are provided. The distribution and biology of the genus are briefly discussed.
A new species of Pemphigus Hartig (Hornoptera: Aphidoidea) from Western Europe
Authors: FOSTER W.A.
Published: September 2010

A new aphid species, Pemphigus trehernei, found on the roots of Aster tripolium L. in Western Europe is described. The gall, fundatrix and alate fundatrigenia were produced artificially on Populus nigra L. var. italica Duroi. The life cycle and host range of the species were investigated.
Descriptions of two new species of butterflies (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) from the South Sinai
Authors: NAKAMURA ICHIRO
Published: September 2010

Two new species of lycaenid butterflies, Strymonidia jebelia and Pseudophilotes sinaicus, are described from the high mountains of South Sinai. The foodplants and the eggs of both species are also described with notes on the habitats and adult behaviour. Their relationships with closely allied species and the possible evolutionary histories are discussed.
Skin infections in Egyptian renal transplant recipients
Authors: Bakr N.I. , El‐Sawy E. , Hamdy A.F. , Bakr M.A.
Published: September 2010

N.I. Bakr, E. El‐Sawy, A.F. Hamdy, M.A. Bakr. Skin infections in Egyptian renal transplant recipients. Transpl Infect Dis 2011: 13: 131–135. All rights reserved

Background. The risk of skin infections in renal transplant recipients (RTRs) has been described previously; however, it differs markedly by ethnic groups, skin type, and geographical location. We investigated the prevalence and nature of skin infections in a large series of RTRs in our locality in Egypt.

Patients and methods. A total 302 RTRs (216 males and 86 females) were included in this study. They were screened for the presence of bacterial, fungal, and viral skin infections depending on clinical signs, Woods lamp examinations, culture, and biopsy if indicated. The patients were compared with 300 healthy controls matched for age and sex (200 males and 100 females)

Results. We found 191 (63.25%) RTRs had some kind of skin infection. Folliculitis (10.3%), tinea versicolor (30.1%), dermatophytosis (19.5%), and onychomycosis (7.6%) were statistically significantly more common in RTRs compared with control subjects.

Conclusion. Our RTRs have higher prevalence rates of folliculitis and superficial fungal infections than the healthy population and they should be searched for in every patient with renal transplantation to ensure early treatment and avoid complications. Low‐dose ketoconazole should be considered in renal transplant populations with high rates of superficial fungal infections, as it may reduce risk of such infections.
Exchange transfusions and top‐up transfusions in neonates with Kell haemolytic disease compared to Rh D haemolytic disease
Authors: Rath M. E. A. , Smits‐Wintjens V. E. H. J. , Lindenburg I. T. M. , Brand A. , van Kamp I. L. , Oepkes D. , Walther F. J. , Lopriore E.
Published: September 2010

Objective  To evaluate neonatal outcome in Kell haemolytic disease compared to Rh D haemolytic disease.

Study design  Retrospective study of all (near)‐term neonates with Kell (n = 34) and Rh D haemolytic disease (n = 157) admitted to our centre between January 2000 and December 2008. We recorded the need for exchange transfusion and top‐up transfusions up to 3 months of age.

Results  Neonates in the Kell group required less days of phototherapy than neonates in the Rh D group [2·4 vs. 4·1 days, respectively (P < 0·01)]. The percentage of neonates requiring an exchange transfusion was lower in the Kell group than in the Rh D group [6% (2/34) and 62% (98/157), respectively (P < 0·01)]. The percentage of neonates in the Kell group and Rh D group requiring a top‐up transfusion was 62% (21/34) and 72% (113/157), respectively (P = 0·20). The median number of top‐up transfusions per neonate in the Kell group and Rh D group was 1 [interquartile range (IQR) 0–2] and 2(IQR 0–2), respectively (P = 0·07).

Conclusion  Neonates with Kell haemolytic disease require less phototherapy and less exchange transfusions compared to neonates with Rh D haemolytic disease, but an equal number of top‐up transfusions.
Computed tomography angiography imaging for the chimeric anterolateral thigh flap in reconstruction of full thickness buccal defect
Authors: Chiu Wen‐Kuan , Lin Wen‐Chiung , Chen Shih‐Yi , Tzeng Wei‐Da , Liu Shao‐Cheng , Lee Tzu‐Peng , Chen Shyi‐Gen
Published: September 2010

Background:  Microvascular free flap transplantation is the current most common choice for reconstruction of difficult through‐and‐through buccal defect after cancer extirpation. The chimeric anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap is an ideal flap to cover this full thickness defect, but variation in the location of perforators is a major concern. Herein, we introduce computed tomographic angiography (CTA)‐guided mathematical perforators mapping for chimeric ALT flap design and harvest.

Methods:  Between September 2008 and March 2009, nine patients with head and neck tumour underwent preoperative CTA perforator mapping before free ALT flap reconstruction of full thickness buccal defects. The perforators were marked on a 64‐section multi‐detector CT image for each patient, and the actual perforator locations were correlated with the intra‐operative dissection. The donor limb of choice, either right or left, was also selected based on the dominant vascularity. Flap success rates, any associated morbidity and complications were recorded.

Results:  A total of 23 perforators were identified on CTA image preoperatively. Twenty‐two of these perforators were chosen for chimeric flap design, and all were located as the CTA predicted, with the rate of utilization being 95.7% (22/23). There were two post‐operative complications, including one partial flap necrosis and one microstomia. All of the ALT flaps survived, and there was no donor site morbidity.

Conclusions:  Preoperative CTA allows accurate perforator mapping and evaluation of the dominant vascularity. It helps the surgeon to get an ideal designing of the chimeric ALT flap with two skin paddles based on individual perforators, but only one vascular anastomosis in reconstruction of full thickness buccal defects.
The attitudes of mental health professionals towards patients with mental illness in an inpatient setting in Palestine
Authors: Ahmead Muna K. , Rahhal Ahmad A. , Baker John A.
Published: September 2010

Culture plays a vital role in shaping public and professional attitudes towards mental illness. In Arab cultures negative attitudes toward patients experiencing mental illnesses are common. There is a lack of studies that investigate the attitudes of professionals towards patients in inpatient mental health settings. This study aimed to assess the attitudes of professionals towards patients with mental illnesses in the only psychiatric hospital in Palestine. A survey was undertaken using the Attitudes Toward Acute Mental Health Scale (ATAMHS 33). The scale was distributed to a variety of professionals at the only psychiatric hospital in Bethlehem. Data was managed and analysed by using SPSS 15 (a statistical package for social sciences). The participants (mostly nurses) expressed both negative and positive attitudes toward patients, however, results revealed more negative than positive attitudes, particularly in relation to alcohol misuse, medication, patients' ability to control their emotions, and genetic predisposition to mental illness. This paper provides baseline data about the attitude of mental health professionals towards patients experiencing mental illnesses. Education and direct contact with patients with mental illness may not be enough to foster positive attitudes towards them. This may indicate the need to revise educational curriculum at the Palestinian universities and offer more training for mental health professionals in order to change their attitudes.
Improving addictions treatment outcomes by empowering self and others
Authors: Wood Thomas E. , Englander‐Golden Paula , Golden David E. , Pillai Vijayan K.
Published: September 2010

The present research tested the effectiveness of adding an interpersonal, interactive, experiential training programme to addictions treatment that enhances motivation, cognitive‐behavioural coping skills, social support, and group cohesiveness. The research was conducted in a co‐educational, long‐term residential treatment facility for addictive disorders (alcohol and other substances, sexual addiction, eating disorders, compulsive shopping, and gambling) and concomitant psychiatric diagnoses. The added training is co‐created by participants. They choose challenging situations important in their lives that are played out as ‘movies’ in which they play and experience all the parts. Motivation for change, skills to implement positive changes, self‐efficacy, empathy, positive support, and group cohesiveness are rooted in their own experiences and the feedback they receive from others, as they behave in empowering and disempowering ways. The training resulted in significant increases in empowering communication, self‐esteem and quality of group life in the treatment group and in the family. Many of these results have large effect sizes and are consistent with the findings from prior studies. The results obtained in this study suggest that Say It Straight training can be an effective addition to the treatment of addictions in residential treatment. Future research is needed to determine the long‐term effects of this training on relapse.
Mental Health Nurse Incentive Program: Contributing to positive client outcomes
Authors: Happell Brenda , Palmer Christine , Tennent Rebeka
Published: September 2010

Mental health conditions are likely to affect almost half of the population at some stage in their lives. Despite the magnitude and potentially serious consequences of mental illness and disorders, access to services is a significant problem. In 2007, the Mental Health Nurse Incentive Program (MHNIP) was implemented to improve access to mental health care in Australia. Mental health nurses are engaged under the MHNIP to work with general practitioners, psychiatrists, and other mental health professionals to treat clients experiencing a mental health condition. This paper presents findings from a qualitative exploration of nurses working under the MHNIP in Australia. In‐depth interviews were conducted with 10 nurses currently working under the MHNIP to gain an understanding of their roles and their perceptions of the effectiveness of this new programme. Data were analysed using NVivo. Four major themes emerged: developing the role, a holistic approach, working collaboratively, and benefits to clients. The findings suggest that mental health nurses have the potential to make a significant contribution to enhancing access to, and the quality of, mental health care through flexible and innovative approaches.
Ordinary people, extraordinary voices: The emotional labour of lay people caring for and about people with a mental health problem
Authors: Hogg Christine , Warne Tony
Published: September 2010

Many attempts to reduce the stigmatization of people with mental illness have often been predicated, based on the desire to persuade the public that people with mental illness are ‘ill’ in the same way as people with medical conditions. This paper presents one aspect from the findings of a study that examined the ways in which lay people perceived mental health and illness. Data are drawn from the discussion of the roles and experiences of different non‐mental health professionals who cared for and about people they met in their everyday employment. In this paper, we argue that central to these roles is the importance of listening to people in an arena which is non‐statutory and without judgment. We demonstrate that people use popular sectors when they are unsure of the problem they have, or they are reluctant to refer themselves to the professional sector. The paper presents narrative extracts illustrating the emotional labour operating in each participant's role and the extent to which they provide support for their client's emotional and psychological well‐being. The implications for mental health nursing are discussed in relation to working with and alongside people experiencing mental distress, in relation to ‘ordinary human qualities’.
Adapting the severe mental illness physical Health Improvement Profile for use in primary care
Authors: Hardy Sheila , Gray Richard
Published: September 2010

People with severe mental illness (SMI) have a higher incidence of long‐term physical conditions, including diabetes and cardiovascular disease. This can dramatically reduce their life expectancy. In the UK, it is the duty of health‐care professionals in primary care to monitor the physical health of this group of people. However, these professionals have been given no specific training in order to do this effectively. The Northampton Physical Health and Well‐Being Project has been developed in order to reduce the mortality of people with SMI, improve their physical and emotional health, and increase their support network. We have adapted the Health Improvement Profile (a tool to help mental health nurses profile the physical health of people with SMI) for use in primary care by creating a manual and website and will provide bespoke training in its use to the health‐care professionals.
Ecological processes in a hormetic framework
Authors: Costantini David , Metcalfe Neil B. , Monaghan Pat
Published: September 2010

Ecology Letters(2010) 13: 1435–1447

There is increasing evidence that some non‐essential substances or environmental stressors can have stimulatory or beneficial effects at low exposure levels while being toxic at higher levels, and that environmental ‘priming’ of certain physiological processes can result in their improved functioning in later life. These kinds of nonlinear dose–response relationships are referred to as hormetic responses and have been described across a wide range of organisms (from bacteria to vertebrates), in response to exposure to at least 1000 different chemical and environmental stressors. Although most work in this area has been in the fields of toxicology and human health, the concept of hormesis also has general applicability in ecology and evolutionary biology as it provides an important conceptual link between environmental conditions and organism function – both at the time of initial exposure to stressors and later in life. In this review, we discuss and clarify the different ways in which the term hormesis is used and provide a framework that we hope will be useful for ecologists interested in the fitness consequences of exposure to stressors. By using ecologically relevant examples from the existing literature, we show that hormesis is connected with both acclimation and phenotypic plasticity, and may play an important role in allowing animals to adjust to changing environments.
Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli gains a competitive advantage by using ethanolamine as a nitrogen source in the bovine intestinal content
Authors: Bertin Yolande , Girardeau J. P. , Chaucheyras‐Durand F. , Lyan Bernard , Pujos‐Guillot Estelle , Harel Josée , Martin Christine
Published: September 2010

The bovine gastrointestinal tract is the main reservoir for enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) responsible for food‐borne infections. Characterization of nutrients that promote the carriage of these pathogens by the ruminant would help to develop ecological strategies to reduce their survival in the bovine gastrointestinal tract. In this study, we show for the first time that free ethanolamine (EA) constitutes a nitrogen source for the O157:H7 EHEC strain EDL933 in the bovine intestinal content because of induction of the eut (ethanolamine utilization) gene cluster. In contrast, the eut gene cluster is absent in the genome of most species constituting the mammalian gut microbiota. Furthermore, the eutB gene (encoding a subunit of the enzyme that catalyses the release of ammonia from EA) is poorly expressed in non‐pathogenic E. coli. Accordingly, EA is consumed by EHEC but is poorly metabolized by endogenous microbiota of the bovine small intestine, including commensal E. coli. Interestingly, the capacity to utilize EA as a nitrogen source confers a growth advantage to E. coli O157:H7 when the bacteria enter the stationary growth phase. These data demonstrate that EHEC strains take advantage of a nitrogen source that is not consumed by the resident microbiota, and suggest that EA represents an ecological niche favouring EHEC persistence in the bovine intestine.
Zooplankton and aggregates as refuge for aquatic bacteria: protection from UV, heat and ozone stresses used for water treatment
Authors: Tang Kam W. , Dziallas Claudia , Grossart Hans‐Peter
Published: September 2010

Aggregates and zooplankton may provide refuge for aquatic bacteria against external hazards. The ability of attached bacteria to survive and recover from stressors commonly used for water treatment was tested in the laboratory. Without zooplankton or aggregates, both UV and ozone significantly reduced abundance of free‐living bacteria in both freshwater and marine medium. The presence of zooplankton carcasses and aggregates, however, allowed some of the attached bacteria to survive and recover quickly within 3 days. Heat exposure was the least effective as both free‐living and attached bacteria were able to recover quickly. Selective survival of bacterial phylotypes led to large changes in bacterial community composition after stress exposures, and some of the bacteria that recovered belonged to groups with known pathogens. This study demonstrates that zooplankton and aggregates protected various aquatic bacteria from external stressors, and organic remains generated from zooplankton and aggregates after stress exposure even enabled the surviving bacteria to quickly regrow and subsequently be released into the surrounding water. Hence, water disinfection treatments that overlooked the potential persistence of bacteria associated with organisms and aggregates may not be effective in preventing the spread of undesirable bacteria.
Streptomyces associated with a marine sponge Haliclona sp.; biosynthetic genes for secondary metabolites and products
Authors: Khan Shams Tabrez , Komaki Hisayuki , Motohashi Keiichiro , Kozone Ikuko , Mukai Akira , Takagi Motoki , Shin‐ya Kazuo
Published: September 2010

Terrestrial actinobacteria have served as a primary source of bioactive compounds; however, a rapid decrease in the discovery of new compounds strongly necessitates new investigational approaches. One approach is the screening of actinobacteria from marine habitats, especially the members of the genus Streptomyces. Presence of this genus in a marine sponge, Haliclona sp., was investigated using culture‐dependent and ‐independent techniques. 16S rRNA gene clone library analysis showed the presence of diverse Streptomyces in the sponge sample. In addition to the dominant genus Streptomyces, members of six different genera were isolated using four different media. Five phylogenetically new strains, each representing a novel species in the genus Streptomyces were also isolated. Polyphasic study suggesting the classification of two of these strains as novel species is presented. Searching the strains for the production of novel compounds and the presence of biosynthetic genes for secondary metabolites revealed seven novel compounds and biosynthetic genes with unique sequences. In these compounds, JBIR‐43 exhibited cytotoxic activity against cancer cell lines. JBIR‐34 and ‐35 were particularly interesting because of their unique chemical skeleton. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study detailing the isolation of actinobacteria from a marine sponge and novel secondary metabolites from these strains.
Pharmacokinetics of topically applied ciprofloxacin in tears of mesocephalic and brachycephalic dogs
Authors: Hendrix Diane V. H. , Cox Sherry K.
Published: September 2010

Objective  To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of ophthalmic ciprofloxacin in the tear film of normal mesocephalic and brachycephalic dogs.

Animals studied  Twenty mesocephalic dogs and 15 brachycephalic dogs.

Procedures  Thirty‐five microliters of ciprofloxacin were placed on the cornea of both eyes of each dog. Five brachycephalic dogs were used twice. A tear‐test strip placed in the ventral cul de sac for 30 s was used to obtain samples. The tear film of each eye was sampled once at eight time‐points post administration, resulting in five samples at each time‐point. Samples were evaluated using high performance liquid chromatography. Data from the two skull types were compared using the unpaired two‐tailed t‐test.

Results  The mean concentration of ciprofloxacin in the tears of mesocephalic dogs was 192.8 ± 269.97, 140.6 ± 91.06, 56.60 ± 28.47, 13.6 ± 6.3, 43.25 ± 59.71, 16.6 ± 10.62, 15.6 ± 13.16 and 6.25 ± 9.84 µg/g at 5, 10, 15, 30 min and 1, 2, 4 and 6 h, respectively. The mean concentration of ciprofloxacin in the tears of brachycephalic dogs was 272.6 ± 106.21, 144.4 ± 142.32, 131.2 ± 147.07, 75 ± 80.07, 40.8 ± 30.35, 35 ± 21.98, 52.75 ± 51.87 and 8.6 ± 12.10 µg/g at 5, 10, 15, 30 min and 1, 2, 4 and 6 h, respectively. There was no statistical difference in tear concentration at any time‐point between skull types.

Conclusions  Topical application of ciprofloxacin resulted in a mean tear concentration of ciprofloxacin that remained above the MIC90 levels for most pathogenic bacteria for 6 h in normal mesocephalic and brachycephalic dogs.
Evaluation of canine heat shock transcription factor 4 (HSF4) as a candidate gene for primary cataracts in the Dachshund and the Entlebucher Mountain dog
Authors: Müller Christina , Wöhlke Anne , Distl Ottmar
Published: September 2010

Objective  Testing of the cataract‐causing insertion/deletion mutation in the canine HSF4 gene for its linkage and association with primary cataracts (CAT) in Dachshunds and Entlebucher Mountain dogs.

Materials  Exon 9 with flanking intronic regions of the canine HSF4 gene was sequenced in 24 Dachshunds and 20 Entlebucher Mountain dogs. The HSF4 cDNA sequence of lens tissue was analyzed in a CAT‐unaffected mixed‐breed dog and in three CAT‐affected dogs of different breeds, including a Wire‐haired Dachshund, a Dachshund‐mix and a German Shepherd dog.

Results  In all dogs investigated here, the previously reported CAT‐causing mutation did not exist. We found a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in intron 9, which was neither associated nor linked with the CAT phenotype in the two dog breeds.

Conclusion  The CAT phenotype in the two dog breeds investigated here was not caused by the same mutation found to be associated with early‐onset CAT in the Staffordshire Bull Terrier and Boston Terrier. The intronic SNP may be useful to test HSF4 for linkage with CAT in further dog breeds.
An “Oasis of Freedom” in a “Closed Society”: The Development of Tougaloo College as a Free Space in Mississippi's Civil Rights Movement, 1960 to 19641
Authors: LOWE MARIA R.
Published: September 2010

Abstract  Based on archival research and in‐depth interviews, this study explores how Tougaloo College in Jackson, Mississippi developed into a pivotal movement center in Mississippi's civil rights movement and the ways in which Tougaloo's faculty and administrators as organic intellectuals helped to create, maintain, and augment such a free space and the social networks who utilized it. The school served as an interracial “safe haven” for those involved in and sympathetic to the civil rights movement who in turn, helped to cultivate networks, ideas, and strategies that contributed to the movement in meaningful ways. The school's heritage, its sources of financial support, and its relative physical isolation allowed Tougaloo College to challenge Mississippi's closed society from within.
“A Community of Communities”– Catholic Communitarianism and Societal Crises in Ireland, 1890s–1950s1
Authors: L'ESTRANGE SEÁN
Published: September 2010

Abstract  This article argues that discourse on community as a socio‐political problem needs to be located within historical, institutional, and socio‐structural contexts if it is to be properly understood. In particular, it suggests that the role of religion in promoting forms of communitarian discourse and practice needs to be given greater attention than it has hitherto received within the social sciences. The article pursues this argument through examination of the religious discourse on community cultivated and promoted by the Catholic Church in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. By providing an analysis of its role in Catholic responses to three major socio‐political crises in Ireland between the 1890s and 1960s, the paper suggests that not only does socio‐religious discourse on community constitute a powerful alternative to secular social‐scientific discourses, but that such discourse is particularly effective in helping to constitute specific groups as communities, given favourable sociological conditions.
From Tragedy to Farce: On Medicine, the State and the Market
Authors: PALLADINO PAOLO
Published: September 2010

Abstract  This speculative essay is prompted by the formal characteristics of contemporary debates over the progress of medicine, namely their oscillation between claims about ever greater possibilities and dire warnings about threats to fundamental human values, and by a troublesome, yet resonant, phase from Nikolas Rose's reflections on contemporary governmental mechanisms. It seeks to push the terms medicine, state and market to their conceptual limit, and raise question thereby about what might be the most appropriate comportment towards these debates.
STRATEGIC VERTICAL INTEGRATION WITHOUT FORECLOSURE*
Authors: AVENEL E.
Published: September 2010

We determine the endogenous degree of vertical integration in a model of successive oligopoly that captures both efficiency gains and strategic effects. Foreclosure effects are purposely left aside. The profitability of integration originates in the greater ability of integrated firms to adopt a specific type of technologies. We show that vertical merger waves can stop by themselves before integration is complete because of strategic substitutability in vertical integration. This is in contrast to the strategic complementarity result in McLaren [2000] that leads to either complete integration or complete separation.
THE DEADWEIGHT LOSS OF COUPON REMEDIES FOR PRICE OVERCHARGES*
Authors: POLINSKY A. MITCHELL , RUBINFELD DANIEL L.
Published: September 2010

Consumers injured by price overcharges often are awarded coupons that can be used for a limited period of time to purchase the good at a price below that which prevails after the overcharge has been eliminated. Coupon remedies cause a deadweight loss by inducing excessive consumption by consumers with relatively low demand during the remedy period. The magnitude of the loss can be comparable to that caused by the price overcharge. As demand variability goes to zero, the deadweight loss from coupon remedies goes to zero. Eliminating the expiration date for the use of coupons does not eliminate the loss.
DO ROCKETS RISE FASTER AND FEATHERS FALL SLOWER IN AN ATMOSPHERE OF LOCAL MARKET POWER? EVIDENCE FROM THE RETAIL GASOLINE MARKET*
Authors: VERLINDA JEREMY A.
Published: September 2010

This study explores the possibility that local market power influences the observed asymmetric relationship between changes in wholesale gasoline costs and changes in retail gasoline prices. I exploit an original data set of weekly gas station prices in Southern California from September, 2002 to May, 2003, and take advantage of detailed station and local market level characteristics to determine the extent to which geographic and product differentiation influence price response asymmetry. I find that brand identity, proximity to rival stations and local market features and demographics each influence a station's predicted price‐response asymmetry.
OVERSEAS R&D ACTIVITIES AND HOME PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH: EVIDENCE FROM JAPANESE FIRM‐LEVEL DATA*
Authors: TODO YASUYUKI , SHIMIZUTANI SATOSHI
Published: September 2010

This paper investigates the impact of overseas subsidiaries' R&D activities on the productivity growth of parent firms using firm‐level data for Japanese multinational enterprises. Based on survey responses, we classify each overseas subsidiary's R&D as either ‘innovative R&D,’ which we hypothesize is likely to lead to the acquisition of foreign knowledge, or ‘adaptive R&D,’ which is more likely to lead to adaptation to local conditions. We find that overseas innovative R&D raises the parent firm's productivity growth, while adaptive R&D has no such effect. In addition, overseas innovative R&D does not improve the rate of return on home R&D.
INFORMATION EXCHANGE AND COMPETITION IN COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS*
Authors: CAMBINI CARLO , VALLETTI TOMMASO M.
Published: September 2010

We develop a model of information exchange between calling parties. We characterize the equilibrium when two interconnected networks compete by charging both for outgoing and incoming calls. We show that networks have reduced incentives to use off‐net price discrimination to induce a connectivity breakdown when calls originated and received are complements in the information exchange. This breakdown disappears if operators are allowed to negotiate reciprocal access charges. We also study the relationship between sending and receiving retail charges as a function of the level of access charges. We identify circumstances where private negotiations over access charges induce first‐best retail prices.
QUALITY DISCLOSURE AND COMPETITION*
Authors: LEVIN DAN , PECK JAMES , YE LIXIN
Published: September 2010

We analyze costly quality disclosure with horizontally differentiated products under duopoly and a cartel, and characterize the effect of competition on disclosure and welfare. We show that expected disclosure is higher under a cartel than under duopoly, and the welfare comparison depends on the level of disclosure cost: when the disclosure cost is low, welfare is higher under a cartel than duopoly, but when the disclosure cost is high, welfare is higher under duopoly. In either market structure, disclosure is excessive in terms of total surplus, but insufficient in terms of consumer surplus.
ADVERTISING, COMPETITION AND ENTRY IN MEDIA INDUSTRIES*
Authors: CRAMPES CLAUDE , HARITCHABALET CAROLE , JULLIEN BRUNO
Published: September 2010

This paper presents a model of media competition with free entry when media platforms are financed both from advertising receipts and customers' subscriptions. We establish a relationship between the equilibrium levels of prices, advertising and entry, the welfare maximizing levels and the advertising technology. Under constant or increasing returns to scale in the audience size, we find an excessive level of entry and an insufficient level of advertising. We then extend the analysis along several dimensions: the price as a strategic variable on the market for advertising, free media platforms and the media quality dimension.
NATIONAL TELEVISION AND THE MARKET FOR LOCAL PRODUCTS: THE CASE OF BEER*
Authors: GEORGE LISA M.
Published: September 2010

Information technology lowers the cost of distributing information to dispersed consumers. Because national firms reap larger benefits from new media than firms serving only local consumers, media innovations may reduce the market for local products. This paper considers the effect of television on the market for local beer. Using market‐level data on television penetration, local breweries and brewery production from 1945–1960, results show that increases in television penetration are associated with fewer local breweries and less local beer production. The results indicate that the industrial organization of media markets can affect the structure of markets for local products.
YOU ARE ONE OF US NOW! HOW DO SHARE PRICES OF RIVALS REACT TO PRIVATIZATION?*
Authors: ALTINTIG Z. AYCA , ARIN K. PEREN , FEESS EBERHARD , SCHUMACHER CHRISTOPH
Published: September 2010

By using a unique data set from the Turkish cement industry, we analyze the impact of privatization on the market value of rival firms. Privatization increases efficiency, which is bad news for rivals. But if an incumbent buys a state owned firm, this leads to a higher market concentration which is good news for rivals. We show that privatization leads to overall positive abnormal returns for rivals because the concentration effect outweighs the efficiency effect. Consistent with our theory, this effect is reinforced when the initial market concentration is high.
CREDIBLE RETALIATORY ENTRY AND STRATEGIC TOE‐HOLDS*
Authors: Chen Zhiqi , Ross Thomas W.
Published: September 2010

The anticipated profits from entry by an established firm into a new market will depend on how incumbents in that market are expected to respond. One possibility, suggested by cases and the literature, is that an incumbent may respond with ‘retaliatory entry’ into the first entrant's ‘home’ market. The model presented here describes conditions under which this can be a credible threat that deters the first entry. When the conditions are such that it is not credible, the paper shows how firms can provide credibility through the establishment of toe‐hold investments in other markets.
A RENT EXTRACTION THEORY OF RIGHT OF FIRST REFUSAL*
Authors: Choi Albert H.
Published: September 2010

When a seller encumbers a property with a right of first refusal, whenever a third party offers to purchase the property, the right‐holder can acquire the property by simply matching the third party's offer. I model the right as a modified auction where the right‐holder gets to observe the third party's bid before making his own. I show that, compared to the standard auctions, the right increases the joint profit of the seller and the right‐holder by reducing the third party's profit. This result is independent of whether the third party is aware of the right's existence and whether the right creates a welfare loss.
REAL AND VIRTUAL COMPETITION*
Authors: LOGINOVA OKSANA
Published: September 2010

Goods sold by electronic firms are not perfect substitutes for otherwise identical goods sold by their offline counterparts. Online purchases are associated with waiting costs, and they do not allow consumers to inspect the product prior to purchase. Visiting a conventional retailer, on the other hand, involves positive travelling costs. In this paper I extend the circular city model to include two types of firms, conventional and electronic. I show that under some parameter configurations, conventional stores actually raise their prices in response to entry of electronic firms. Moreover, economic welfare goes down.
Population Ageing and House Prices in Australia
Authors: Guest Ross , Swift Robyn
Published: September 2010

This article assesses the effect of population ageing on housing consumption and house prices. Using two approaches, this article finds that the ageing of the population may cause average real house prices to be between 3 and 27 per cent lower than they otherwise would be over the period 2008–2050. The first approach is an econometric estimation of house prices for Australia over the period 1980–2008. The second approach is a simulation of a life cycle‐optimising model with representative overlapping generations.
Ricardian Equivalence and the Efficacy of Fiscal Policy in Australia
Authors: Brittle Shane
Published: September 2010

Events surrounding the global financial and economic crises of 2008 and 2009 have sparked a renewed interest in discretionary fiscal policy. This article considers whether private saving in Australia behaves in a manner that is consistent with Ricardian equivalence, thus mitigating the effects of fiscal policy, or conversely, if fiscal policy has some ability to influence the real economy. Results indicate that, while there is not a full Ricardian response to changes in the fiscal stance, there is some partial offsetting behaviour—implying that fiscal policy does elicit some (limited) impact on economic activity.
Structural Estimation of Variety Gains from Trade Integration in Asia
Authors: Kancs D’Artis
Published: September 2010

This article studies the variety gains of trade integration in Asia. Adopting a heterogeneous firm model of trade of monopolistic competition allowed us to estimate not only the welfare gains because of country specialisation, but also the variety gains arising from trade integration. The underlying structural parameters were estimated econometrically, based on a large panel of firm‐level data for the Asian economies (ORIANA). Our empirical findings suggest that, when relaxing the assumption of firm homogeneity and accounting for export market entry costs, the gains from trade integration are higher than in conventional models with representative firms.