bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Tangled Webs of Westminster and Whitehall: The Discourse, Strategy and Practice of Networking Within the British Core Executive
Authors: Hay Colin , Richards David
Published: March 2003

In this paper we identify and seek to resolve a certain paradox in the existing litera‐ture on networks and networking. Whilst earlier policy network perspectives have tended to emphasize the structural character of networks as durable, dense and relatively static organization forms, the more recent strategic network literature emphasizes the flexible, adaptive and dynamic quality of networking as a social and political practice. However, neither perspective has yet developed a theory of network formation, evolution, transformation and termination. In this paper, we seek to rectify this omission, advancing a ‘strategic relational’ theory of network dynamics based on a rethinking of the concept of network itself. We illustrate this perspective with respect to the policy process centred in and around Westminster and Whitehall, drawing on a series of semi‐structured interviews with ministers and officials from four departments.
‘What Counts is What Works’? Constructing Evaluations Of Market Mechanisms
Authors: Newman Janet
Published: March 2003

This paper draws on a study of the introduction of market testing in the UK civil service to explore ways in which managers involved in the implementation of the new policy constructed evaluations of its impact. It is structured around three arguments. The first concerns the problems of evaluating ‘what works’ in the multi‐stakeholder, multi‐goal context of public management. The research highlights a range of overlapping and sometimes conflicting evaluation criteria across different organizational and occupational groupings. The second argument explores the difficulties of evaluation in the context of shifting policy objectives and the dynamic nature of institutional change. The research shows how the practitioners involved shaped and reshaped their construction of events over time as unanticipated benefits and disbenefits became evident. It also suggests ways in which they responded to the changing policy context, constructing new rules and norms of action over time. The third argument concerns the different levels of analysis underpinning managers’ constructions of ‘efficiency’ and ‘effectiveness’, and how these constructions were deployed as strategies of legitimation in shaping the process of institutional change.
Cultural Aspects Of Europeanization: The Case Of The Scottish Office
Authors: Smith James
Published: March 2003

This article takes an in‐depth look at the cultural implications of membership of the European Union (EU) for a UK government department. As part of a broader examination of how Europeanization, in its various forms, has affected a range of Whitehall departments, Bulmer and Burch (1998) concluded that the cultural element of change in the UK has been limited in the sense that existing administrative traditions within government departments have not undergone any radical reorientation. The purpose here is to test the validity of these conclusions and in more general terms afford detailed consideration to an area of Europeanization which has tended to be neglected in the academic discourse. This is achieved by way of employing interview and documentary‐based source material relating to the area of cultural change as it affected a particular UK department, the Scottish Office. In the event, the piece concludes that the detail of the Scottish Office case can be used to confirm Bulmer and Burch’s general observation that cultural Europeanization has not manifested itself to any great extent within UK government departments in the sense that it has entailed wide‐reaching changes to administrative approaches and working practices. More generally, the empirical basis of the analysis provides fresh insights into how specific matters, such as training and secondments, have impacted upon the work of civil servants in the UK.
The Lost Legitimacy: Property, Business Power and the Constitution
Authors: Moran Michael
Published: March 2003

After nearly a quarter of a century of business friendly government in Britain, the business community nevertheless finds itself more unpopular than for three decades and is increasingly beset by demands for regulation. The sources of its problems lie in the regulatory structures historically created for the business community. These structures have been unable to cope with regulation in the world of large‐scale privatization, global economic competition and the demands of democratic politics for public accountability. Business is therefore struggling to create new sources of legitimacy.
Performance Management, Evaluation and Learning in ‘Modern’ Local Government
Authors: Sanderson Ian
Published: March 2003

Public sector reforms throughout OECD member states are producing a new model of ‘public governance’ embodying a more modest role for the state and a strong emphasis on performance management. In the UK, the development of performance management in the context of the ‘new public management’ has been primarily ‘top‐down’ with a dominant concern for enhancing control and ‘upwards account‐ability’ rather than promoting learning and improvement. The development of performance management and evaluation in local government in the UK has been conditioned by external pressures, especially reforms imposed by central government, which have encouraged an ‘instrumental–managerial’ focus on performance measurement. The new Labour government's programme of ‘modernizing local government’ places considerable emphasis on performance review and evaluation as a driver of continuous improvement in promoting Best Value. However, recent research has indicated that the capacity for evaluation in local government is uneven and many obstacles to evaluation exist in organizational cultures. Local authorities need to go beyond the development of review systems and processes to ensure that the capacity for evaluation and learning is embedded as an attribute of ‘culture’ in order to achieve the purpose of Best Value.
Funding Supported Accommodation: Financial and Administrative Implications of Reforming Housing Benefit
Authors: Cebulla Andreas
Published: March 2003

Government proposals to reform the funding of support services in Britain require local authorities to take stock of support schemes in their areas before a new single support budget will replace existing arrangements in April 2003. In the course of the transition, local authorities will also need to scrutinize supported accommodation charges in order to remove charges for services that are unlawfully paid for by Housing Benefit. This paper highlights likely problems in the identification of support schemes and in the estimation of the costs of services. The proposed tightening of the calculation of Housing Benefit will reduce entitlements to the majority of claimants in supported accommodation, many of whom are amongst the poorest people in the country. Efforts must be made to ensure that claimants facing a reduction in their payments are not faced by steady, or even rising, housing costs. In particular, tenants in schemes, which receive no funding under the new single budget, must be protected. The paper discusses the proposals' contribution to bringing housing and community care policies closer together.
The influence of institutions and culture on health policies: different approaches to integrated care in England and The Netherlands
Authors: Kümpers Susanne , Van Raak Arno , Hardy Brian , Mur Ingrid
Published: March 2003

The concept of integrated care has assumed growing importance on the policy agendas both in England and The Netherlands and elsewhere. It is characterized as health and health care‐related social care needed by patients with multi‐faceted needs. This article compares policy approaches to integrated care in England and The Netherlands. Differing political strategies and conditions for integrated care correspond to the dissimilarities in the institutional structure and culture of their health care systems. Health care systems are understood as specific national and historical configurations. We review the last decade’s relevant policy processes, using the concepts of hierarchy, market and network. The state health care system in England relies mainly on hierarchical steering, thus creating tight network structures for integrated care on the local level. The Netherlands, with its health care system in a public‐private mix, has set incentives for voluntary, loosely coupled and partly market‐driven cooperation on the local level. Implications for success or failure are mixed in both configurations. Policy recommendations have to be tailored to each systems’ characteristics.
The importance of a common project management method in the corporate environment
Authors: Mulder Louwrens
Published: March 2003

Like so many other major companies in the world today, Ericsson runs most of its product development operations as projects. The increasing complexity of telecommunication solutions often requires that many technologies are brought together in one turnkey project, such as telephone switching, mobile radio networks, DECT radio Access and others. Competence centres within Ericsson, spread out over many countries need to work together in‘cross functional’ projects.

While the advantage of the project concept is obvious, carrying out projects in which various Ericsson companies participate, in different countries, can prove to be a very complex undertaking. Many such projects are running simultaneously and often compete for resources and priority with ever increasing time constraints. In order to succeed we need a common methodology for managing projects.

This methodology must provide Ericsson with a shared view on how we allocate scarce (human) resources, the roles that need to be played by all those involved in the project and the supporting line functions, the criteria to be used for decisions to be taken inside the project and in relation to other projects, and many more issues that require a common view. A shared view on project management is also a prerequisite for handling conflicts within an organization in which the project, as a working form, is predominant. Various Ericsson companies and units have achieved different degrees of maturity in their management of projects. This combined experience has produced a methodology called ‘PROPS’ that Ericsson uses today. The widespread use of PROPS has given Ericsson a common terminology and common perspective of projects. This contributes to shorter lead‐time, time to market and time to customer. In this article is explained some of the PROPS features and how PROPS is applied.
Analysing clusters of skills in R&D — core competencies, metaphors, visualization, and the role of IT
Authors: Klein Jeremy , Gee David , Jones Howard
Published: March 2003

Though it is now universally accepted that companies should try to align their R&D activities with their business objectives, achieving this alignment is notoriously difficult in practice. The rise of the core competence framework has been very helpful in creating, and legitimizing, a language in which issues of technical competence and R&D strengths can be followed through to their consequences for competitive advantage. Companies are starting to express their R&D priorities explicitly in terms of core competencies.

Without effective IT support, core competence concepts are often applied arbitrarily. This has led to accusations that core competence theory can become yet another battlefield upon which companies play out their internal political battles. Computer‐based techniques can help counteract this danger by enabling large volumes of relatively objective data to be collected, then making it possible to analyse and draw out patterns from this data, and finally enabling the data to be represented effectively.

It is in this last area of data representation that information technology is now of particular benefit. In order to make the core competence approach sufficiently robust as a basis for decision making, it is necessary to collect and process large volumes of data. However, this data is normally difficult to represent in such a way that managers can assimilate it. In our recent experience, we have come to realize the particular importance of effective representations and metaphors, and have started to shift our own emphasis towards these areas in addition to analysis per se.

The paper shows how core competence approaches can support R&D management decision making by exploring the roles of data collection, analysis and representation. Information technology is an integral part of these approaches, and we draw out some generalized lessons for the successful use of IT in decision support.
The Effects of Taxes and Organizational Variables on Research and Development Intensity
Authors: Billings B. Anthony , Fried Yitzhak
Published: March 2003

Prior research has failed to reach consensus on which variables explain private‐sector research and development (R&D) spending. This study extends prior research explaining R&D spending of firms in the US private sector by regressing R&D intensity on a number of tax and organizational variables. COMPUSTAT data from 113 firms in 1994 are used to estimate the effects of the variables on R&D intensity (used interchangeably with R&D activity). Ordinary least square estimates indicate that firms that were eligible for the R&D credit had higher R&D activity than firms that were ineligible. R&D intensity is a decreasing function of both capital intensity and the debt to capital ratio. Neither management stockholding nor diversification strategy meaningfully influenced R&D activity. The reported results have implications regarding US tax policy towards the tax subsidy for R&D. The results also help to clarify prior findings regarding a number of organizational variables on R&D intensity. One implication of these results for US tax policy is that private sector R&D intensity can be meaningfully influenced by the level of tax subsidy.
From sponsorship to partnership in academy‐industry relations
Authors: Jacob Merle , Hellström Tomas , Adler Niclas , Norrgren Flemming
Published: March 2003

One practical result of the advent of the knowledge society has been an increased reliance on academic‐industry partnerships as important sources for the creation of economic value. This paper argues that this renewed emphasis on knowledge has led to a shift in the nature of the relations between the academy and industry from sponsorship to partnership and the formation of new research institutions that allow researchers and practitioners to engage in continuous rather than problem based dialogue. These developments are illustrated by providing a case study based on the experience of one research team with its industrial partners. The paper presents results pertaining to some of the issues and challenges raised by continuous dialogue in partnerships, and emphasises the creative yet demanding implications of close collaboration between the two communities.
Realities of R&D as a business: MBI’s experience
Authors: Jain Mahendra , Rivers Douglas
Published: March 2003

The level of effort in a R&D activity on research or development depends upon whether the R&D activity is basic or applied. In general, the R&D at a university is focused more on the research (R of R&D) whereas the emphasis in an industrial R&D is more on the development (D of R&D) and less on research. In the past, this created a gap difficult to bridge between the R&D needs of an industrial sector and the R&D output from university and governmental laboratories. The recent success in R&D as a business has mainly been due to understanding the critical steps needed to take an idea to a marketplace and, thus, the emphasis on R or D has become a moving target depending upon the need. MBI International, a non‐profit R&D organization, was created to bridge the gap between academic and industrial R&D and to validate, develop and demonstrate technologies having commercial potential in the industrial sector. In the process, MBI developed partnerships with universities, governmental agencies, foundations, and industries to resource innovative technologies, funds, physical facilities and market opportunities to make the R&D business a reality. In this paper, we present MBI’s experience in developing and commercializing R&D technologies in several new spin‐off companies, joint ventures, and out‐licensing.
Advancement intentions and job attitudes – a study on the career setting of high‐tech engineers in Taiwan
Authors: Yeh Quey‐Jen , Lai Meng Kuan
Published: March 2003

Career ladders are built up on the premise of employees’ interest in career mobility. The system, however, may not have the desired motivational impact when employees are hesitant or undecided to pursue them. In this paper, career issues in terms of the high‐tech environment in Taiwan were explored. The relationships between engineering career choices and job attitudes were quantified. The results confirm that engineers with clear advancement aspirations in either technical or general management careers offered by organizations have better job attitudes than engineers without clear aspirations. The finding appears to be more advancement vs. non‐advancement, and less technical vs. managerial. Adjustments for two types of engineers who hesitate to show their advancement aspirations are given. Other contextual implications are also discussed.
Drug discovery and development in four Canadian biotech companies
Authors: Tapon Francis , Thong Mona , Bartell Marvin
Published: March 2003

In this paper, we discuss the R&D process in the pharmaceutical/biotechnology industry from the viewpoint of four leading Canadian biotech startups. Based on a series of interviews with these firms, we outline the role of joint ventures and strategic alliances with university laboratories and with large established pharmaceutical firms in furthering these small firms’ ambition of themselves becoming large and established. We find that the evolution of this industry has made this goal much harder to reach and we discuss the creative ways in which these firms have adapted and thrived.
Irreversibility, sunk costs and investment under incomplete information
Authors: Bellalah Mondher
Published: March 2003

Despite its importance to economic growth, the investment behavior of firms remains poorly understood. Existing models ignore irreversibility and the opportunity to wait for new information. Even if some recent literature accounts for these two characteristics, these models ignore information costs. This paper presents a framework for the valuation of investment opportunities accounting for information costs regarding the project cash‐flows.

We develop some basic models of irreversible investment to illustrate the option‐like characteristics of investment opportunities under incomplete information. We show how optimal investment rules can be obtained using option pricing theory under incomplete information. It is possible to value real options and investment decisions using our approach in a context of incomplete information. Simulations are provided to illustrate our main results.
Initial conditions or process of development? Critical incidents in the early stages of new ventures
Authors: Kaulio Matti A.
Published: March 2003

Past research on new venture creation has focussed on initial conditions of start–ups or on the process of evolution. However, few studies have investigated the transitory stage when initial conditions changeover to a process of evolution. The aim of this paper is to investigate critical incidents infant new ventures face in this transitory stage. The paper covers two areas. First, a review of selected process models of new venture creation is conducted. Results from this review concludes that existing models as described in the literature are associated with several weaknesses: they oversimplify the phenomenon studied as they most often focus on one aspect only and they do not deal with how entrepreneurs adapt to specific situational conditions. Furthermore, the review indicates that the starting–point of a process often is hard to specify and characterize. Second, an empirical study based on the critical incident technique is reported on. On the basis of interviews with founders and entrepreneurial service providers related to the companies 65 critical incidents were identified. This equals an average of 8.1 incidents per company during a period of 6–18 months. Financing and recruiting were the most frequent and most important activities to manage. Then follows reference/first customer in third place. A common pattern of occurring incidents was identified among the ventures. However, in relation to the first round of venture capital financing a strategic choice was made. Either the companies followed a growth strategy and recruitment and organizational development were key goals, or the company focussed on building a patent portfolio. A tentative model is suggested that describes this process in detail.
A Return to Form in the Philosophy of Mind
Authors: Haldane John
Published: March 2003

In recent decades philosophy of mind has undergone a number of important transformations. In the first part of this essay I review a survey of the subject provided by Daniel Dennett some twenty years ago and consider the current state of affairs. Notwithstanding the rise of physicalist causal theories, the field now displays a degree of diversity that suggests disarray. In the second part of the essay I examine three central issues: the nature of persons, of thought, and of action, and present a series of hylomorphic accounts of each.
Laws, Regularities and Exceptions
Authors: Drewery Alice
Published: March 2003

Sentences of the form ‘Fs are Gs’ can express laws of nature, weaker Special Science laws, and also regularities which are not a part of any explicit science. These so‐called generic sentences express nomic relationships which may have exceptions. I discuss the kinds of regularities expressed by generic sentences and argue that since they play a similar role in determining our ability to categorise and reason about the world, we should look for a unified treatment of them.
Intentions and Causes, Actions and Right Actions
Authors: McLaughlin Robert N.
Published: March 2003

I argue in this essay that belief/desire explanations are not logically true and not causal, and further that the antecedent of a true belief/desire conditional cannot be strengthened in such a way as to transform it into a true causal statement. I also argue that belief/desire explanations are not dispensable: they are presupposed in our justifications of scientific claims. The proposal is not that psychological determinism is false, but that some at least of our activities are not describable in causal terms. These arguments prepare the ground for a puzzle. If all human intentional behaviour is caused, then all actual linkages between psychological states and behaviour should be expressed in causal statements. But neither the action of asserting a causal statement nor the action of justifying the assertion can be described as the result of a cause. Therefore if one accepts that scientific claims can be justified, not all linkages between psychological states and subsequent action are expressible in causal statements. I do not offer a solution to this puzzle.
Review
Authors: Athanassoulis Nafsika
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed:

Rosalind Hursthouse, On Virtue Ethics
Is Connectedness Necessary to What Matters in Survival
Authors: Campbell Scot
Published: March 2003

The standard version of the psychological criterion or theory of personal identity takes it that psychological connectedness is not necessary for personal identity, or for what matters in survival. That is, a future person can be you, and/or have what matters in survival for you, even though there is no psychological connectedness between you and that future person. David Lewis, however, holds that psychological connectedness is necessary to both identity and what matters (which he takes to coincide). This entails, Lewis acknowledges, that if a human body were to live longer than connectedness lasts, then that body would ‘embody’ or ‘constitute’ a different person later on than it did to begin with. Moreover, Lewis accepts, a body may embody more than one person at any one time. Lewis claims that this can be reconciled to some degree with common sense if we count by person stages rather than by persons. I show, though, that Lewis' view cannot be salvaged in this way, and, moreover, that it leads to further absurdities. I conclude that as an account of identity and of what matters in survival, it is highly implausible, and most unsatisfactory.
Physicalism, Nothing Buttery, and Supervenience
Authors: Hendel Giovanna
Published: March 2003

I consider the position (which I call‘the triad’) according to which physicalism is a reductive claim which is capturable in terms of the idea (the ‘nothing buttery’ idea) that there is nothing but/nothing over and above the physical, an idea which, in its turn, is meant to be capturable in terms of a determinate form of supervenience. (Physicalism is then meant to be capturable in terms of the form of supervenience in question.) I argue that there is a tension in the triad. The notion of ‘nothing buttery’ required has features which can't be captured by the supervenience of the triad. Hence, one cannot have both physicalism as nothing‐buttery‐reductive and physicalism as supervenience of the kind in question. If one wants to hold onto the idea of physicalism as nothing‐buttery‐reductive, one must be prepared to identify physicalism with a much stronger claim than one might have originally thought, a claim that can't be captured by the supervenience of the triad.
Admirable Immorality, Dirty Hands, Care Ethics, Justice Ethics, and Child Sacrifice
Authors: Curzer Howard J.
Published: March 2003

Using five different child–sacrifice cases, I argue that the relationship between the ethics of care and the ethics of justice is not that one is wholly right while the other is morally wrong or irrelevant, or that one somehow has priority over the other, or that one is supererogatory while the other is required, or that one is a role ethic while the other is a real ethic, or that they are equivalent. Instead, I propose that the ethics of justice and care are simply descriptions of the virtues of justice and care, understood richly and broadly. Each prescribes perceptions, values, self–conceptions, etc. as well as actions and passions in every sphere of human life. Like other actual (rather than idealized) virtues, justice and care sometimes conflict with each other. They demand incompatible actions, passions, perceptions, etc. The available options in conflict situations feel both right and wrong because they are admirably immoral acts and/or dirty hands acts. I argue that these conflicts do not undermine the primacy, practicality or consistency of morality.
The Spanish School of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries: A Precursor of the Theory of Human Rights
Authors: García y García Antonio
Published: March 2003

In this paper the author examines certain ideas of the Spanish School of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries which directly inspired the School of Hugo Grotius in the seventeenth, thus opening the way towards possible declarations of human rights such as that of United Nations. The line of thought which extends from Francisco de Vitoria (1492/93–1546) to Francisco Suárez (1548–1617) is given the name of the “Spanish natural law and law of nations School.”
Rules, Institutions, Transformations. Considerations on the “Evolution of Law” Paradigm
Authors: La Torre Massimo
Published: March 2003

The article's main objective is to test the merits of the evolutionary paradigm as it has been applied first to social phenomena and then more specifically to the legal domain. In a preliminary move, a set of the available concepts of law is worked out. A discussion of the idea of evolution and of its use in the social sciences follows. Functionalism and systems theory are scrutinized, with a close eye to the new doctrine of “autopoiesis.” Once an institutional and normative concept of law is agreed upon, attempts to introduce an “evolutionary” paradigm are deemed—the article contends—to be unfruitful. The article concludes that, if law needs a metaphysics, it should be one which allows for change, transformation and the emergence of the radically new. A social universe without gaps, all possible forms of which are determined from the beginning, will end up as the opposite of what we are used to considering as the practice of law.
Public Reason, Neutrality and Civic Virtues
Authors: Farrelly Colin
Published: March 2003

In this paper I argue that political liberalism is not the “minimalist liberalism” characterised by Michael Sandel and that it does not support the vision of public life characteristic of the procedural republic. I defend this claim by developing two points. The first concerns Rawls's account of public reason. Drawing from examples in Canadian free speech jurisprudence I show how restrictions on commercial advertising, obscenity and hate propaganda can be justified by political values. Secondly, political liberalism also attends to the identity, and not just the interests, of its citizens. It attempts to cultivate certain virtues of character. But it does so in a way that does not entail the acceptance of a comprehensive or perfectionist doctrine. Rawls's defence of neutrality of aim does not mean the state should be neutral towards all the views its citizens espouse. I conclude that political liberalism shares little with the doctrine Sandel claims is embedded in American law.
A Minimalist Solution to Jørgensen's Dilemma
Authors: Volpe Giorgio
Published: March 2003

This article develops a fresh approach to Jørgensen's Dilemma on the basis of Paul Horwich's “minimalist” view that our notion of truth is implicitly defined by the instances of the equivalence schema “The proposition that p is true if and only if p.” The “deflationary” claim that the truth predicate, far from referring to any deep property of propositions, merely plays the logical function of enabling us to take certain attitudes (e.g., acceptance or rejection) towards propositions the content of which we are not completely acquainted with or do not want to state openly is argued to lend powerful support to the claim that normative reasoning is concerned with the “transmission” of truth and falsity in the very sense in which descriptive reasoning is commonly taken to be. This result is all the more valuable since the “minimal” sense in which normative propositions are ascribed the capability of being either true or false involves no questionable ontological commitment to the existence of a “world of norms” as opposed to the familiar world of objects and their properties.
Constructing “Those”
Authors: Strasser Peter
Published: March 2003

Looking at other people means constructing them by applying a conceptual framework. There are frameworks which depict other people as being essentially different from us—as those. Lombroso's born criminal, as a type of human being, is a kind of those. In our century, several decades were devoted to deconstructing the Lombrosian paradigm by adopting an etiological perspective of deviance. However, since the 1980s, a new realism has been established in western criminology: Again, the central value of criminological research is the sheltering of society against the attacks of those. A new fascination of facing evil is produced, by building up a climate of suspicion against particular groups of people; this climate overwhelms the mass‐media, thereby arousing the public imagination and kindling public resentment. All endeavours to reestablish those are now embedded in a postmodern esthetical context, which turns regressive tendencies into a more or less ironical game: a play with morally alert actors which, at the same time, undermines their belief in the normative concept of ethical and political justification.
The Constitution of a European Democracy and the Role of the Nation State
Authors: Preuss Ulrich K.
Published: March 2003

Starting from the presupposition that European democracy is necessary to the survival and development of the European Union, the author deals with the process which may entail a European constitution, and discusses the elements of the present legal structure of the EU which are conducive to a European Democracy. In particular, the author focuses on the incomplete, polycentric, and dynamic character of a possible EC/EU constitution, and on the duality of its legitimating principle. This claim is that these characteristics necessitate some institutional modifications of democratic principles if compared with national democracy, and that Euro‐democracy is possible if we do not simply apply the standards of democracy valid for Member States, but succeed in developing criteria which are adequate to the institutional qualities of the EC/EU. Finally, the author maintains the legal character of the regulatory power of the Community, and invokes the mutual legal bonds linking the Member States and their peoples as the source of the Community.
Lawyers' Professional Ethics—Do They Exist?
Authors: Aarnio Aulis
Published: March 2003

The author's aim is to prove that certain moral principles will always be etched into laws when the interest of society demands it and when morality as a set of norms guiding behavior no longer functions in an expected manner outside the system of law. In this paper, it is argued that morality is constituted within the law in a more profound way as well as in a way which is also much more difficult to identify than, for example, conventional instructions concerning professional ethics may indicate. The main thesis is that de facto there are no particular professional ethics of lawyers beyond or above the ethical principles binding all people.
Norms and the Categories of Inaccurate Thinking
Authors: Guibourg Ricardo A.
Published: March 2003

Two ways of thinking can be distinguished. The accurate way, based on causality and explanation, recognizes its ignorance on many items, but tries to organize and foster its knowledge on a solid basis. The innacurate way, based on indeterminacy, chance and free will, assumes with resignation there are segments of reality which cannot be known at all and does not try to go further on those items. Moral and legal discourses run the second way. That assumption tends to prevent them from fostering knowledge and leads normative sciences to irrationality and perplexity.
A Philosophical Approach to Norm Logic
Authors: Weinberger Ota
Published: March 2003

The author outlines his views on the essence of philosophical logic. There are two means of philosophical argumentation: intuition and analysis of the problem situation under examination. Logical intuition can be replaced by improved intuition based on new intellectual constructions. Then the author explains—in opposition to von Wright—the main philosophical traits of his conception of norm logic. The structure of the information processing determining action justifies the application of dichotomous semantics in action theory and in practical philosophy. The theory of action and institutions is based on three anthropological features of man: our capacity of acting, our being a zoon politikon, and our capacity to form institutions. These features determine our ontology, our semantics and the logics of practical thinking. The action‐theoretical approach leads to a formal and finalistic theory of action in which action is not only analysed as an element of the norm content, but as the essential basis of the whole field of practical philosophy. In the frame of this action theory a conception of freedom of will is provided which does not contrast with determinism. The formalism of action is applied in two different problem situations: in action deliberation and in motive interpretation. Jørgensen's dilemma is discussed and overcome by the introduction of a generalised notion of inference. Deontic logic is confronted with the idea of a genuine logic of norms. The main principles of norm logic are discussed and a normative conditional is introduced. Von Wright's conception of a genuine norm logic is confronted with the present author's conception. The author shows that norm‐logical skepticism would be detrimental to analytical jurisprudence.
Legitimacy for a Supranational European Political Order—Derivative, Regulatory or Deliberative?
Authors: La Torre Massimo
Published: March 2003

This paper discusses some models purported to legitimise a European supranational legal order. In particular, the author focuses on an application of the so‐called regulatory model to the complex structure of the European Community and the European Union. First of all, he tackles the very concept of legitimacy, contrasting it with both efficacy and efficiency. Secondly, he summarises the most prominent positions in the long‐standing debate on the sources of legitimation for the European Community. Thirdly, in this perspective, he analyses several, sometimes contradictory, notions of the rule of law. His contention is that we can single out five fundamental notions of the rule of law and that some but not all of them are incompatible with or oppose democracy. Finally, the paper addresses the regulatory model as a possible application of the rule of the law to the European supranational order. The conclusion is that the regulatory model should be rejected if it is presented as an alternative to classical democratic thought, though it might be fruitful if reshaped differently and no longer assessed from a functionalist standpoint of deliberation.
American Constitutionalism and Democratic Virtue
Authors: Wallach John R.
Published: March 2003

Neither the historical tradition of American constitutionalism nor those who have theorized about it have promoted political or theoretical designs hospitable to the valorization or promotion of democratic virtue. This article illustrates this point by canvassing practical interpretations of the American constitution, from the document of 1787–1791 to Bush v. Gore, and theoretical interpretations from Madison to Rawls, Dworkin, Ackerman, Elster, Holmes, and other contemporary theorists of liberal constitutionalism and natural law. Exposing these roadblocks to the theory and practice of democratic virtue in America, it argues, provides a critical corrective to current debates about the relationship between constitutionalism and democracy.
Strong Rights and Disobedience: From Here to Integrity
Authors: Fagelson David
Published: March 2003

In Taking Rights Seriously Dworkin claimed that people had strong rights to disobey the law so that the government would be wrong to punish anyone who exercised them. This claim raises fundamental questions about the source of obligation and the limits of legitimacy. These questions of political theory have been given surprisingly little attention by him or his critics. I examine whether strong rights make any sense and conclude that his political theory cannot even generate the minimal prima facie obligation necessary to justify coercion, and hence, law. My solution is to interpret justice in the same way as law. Dworkin resists what I call Justice as Integrity because of concerns about ethical relativism. By considering his more recent works on objectivity and moral truth, I attempt to show that Dworkin’s aversion to Moral Constructivism is based on an undue fear of the uncertainty of social practices and an undue faith in the certainty of empirical observation. By reconstructing the interpretive derivations of justice I offer a method to make the idea of obligation, strong rights, and hence, law as integrity, more viable.
A Literacy Hour is Only Part of the Story
Authors: Campbell Robin
Published: March 2003

The literacy hour is a key facet of the new National Literacy Strategy and its use will be more or less mandatory in English primary schools from September, 1998. Yet there are some problems with the concept and, Robin Campbell argues in this article, it may not in fact go far enough. Is a literacy hour in itself likely to make a significant difference to children’s literacy achievements, or are there other considerations which require some attention?
Murder! Literacy and History
Authors: Nichol Jon
Published: March 2003

This paper is in three sections. The introduction explores the close relationship between literacy and history. It claims that the process of historical investigation and the resolution of an enquiry involves a full range of textual genres, both in terms of the sources investigated and the communication of findings. It concludes that the National Literacy Strategy strengthens the link between literacy and history. The second section is a report of an action research based case‐study of a class of seven and eight year old history detectives undertaking an investigation into evidence about a body found in a bog. The final part of the paper discusses what the teaching involved, including an analysis of the reading strategies. The discussion includes a reading framework, textbreaker and a literacy octangle. Textbreaker helps the teacher plan and develop pupils’ reading of difficult and challenging texts. The octangle reflects the Brunerian idea that different modes of knowledge representation and transformation deepen and extend pupil understanding.
“I like group reading because we can share ideas”: the role of talk within the Literature Circle
Authors: King Carole
Published: March 2003

Drawing on research into the use of Literature Circles carried out at the University of Brighton, this paper discusses the role of talk as a way of developing children’s meaningful interactions with literary texts. It argues that where children are engaged in small group unstructured expressive talk, they are able to articulate affective responses to their reading which would otherwise remain dormant, yet which contribute to a richer understanding both of the texts they read and themselves as readers. Using the Literature Circle as a model, this paper suggests that, from reception onwards, guided reading can provide an ideal opportunity for the development of such text‐related talk. The teacher needs firstly to scaffold guided reading to enable children to learn how to respond and secondly, to transfer control of the talk to the group. The teacher should not be seen as the expert reader having all the right answers, but should lead by following. The conclusion stresses the way that guided reading can encourage children as readers, by enabling them to recognise reading as an active and desirable social process rather than as an essentially private activity.
International Trade, Regional Free Trade Agreements, and Economic Development
Authors: Baier Scott L. , Bergstrand Jeffrey H.
Published: March 2003

In 1991, Krugman illustrated that natural (regional) free trade agreements (FTAs) are likely to be welfare‐enhancing if intercontinental costs are prohibitively high, but are likely to be welfare‐reducing if such costs are zero. In 1995, Frankel, Stein and Wei extended the analysis to consider positive but nonprohibitive transport costs. This paper extends these models to allow for countries of different economic size. Large countries will tend to have higher relative wages, influencing the relative gains and losses from natural FTAs. For even modest differences in size, intracontinental FTAs are welfare‐enhancing for larger countries, regardless of strong preferences for diversity or low intercontinental transport costs.
Protectionism, Export Requirements, and Joint Ventures
Authors: Jones Ronald W.
Published: March 2003

Economic distortions often accompany the attempt by lower‐income countries to develop. This paper examines the consequences of two such distortions: an export‐share requirement whereby foreign capital producing in a local enclave is allowed to sell only a fraction of its output in the local protected market, and some local capital must be allowed into a joint venture in the enclave, even if it must be paid a higher return there than foreign capital earns in its country of origin. The welfare effect of such measures is investigated as well as the effect on local wages of measures that drive out some foreign investment. Such a loss of foreign capital may serve to raise the wage rate.
Financial Development and Economic Growth: The Tunisian Experience
Authors: Ghali Khalifa H.
Published: March 2003

The aim of this paper is to investigate empirically the question of whether financial development leads to economic growth in a small, developing country like Tunisia. The paper focuses on the causal link between finance and economic growth in order to discriminate between several alternative theoretical hypotheses. The results suggest the existence of a stable long‐run relationship between the development of the financial sector and the evolution of per capita real output that is consistent with the view that financial development can be an engine of growth in this country.
An Updated Analysis of Weisskopf’s Savings‐Dependency Theory
Authors: Larson Jean‐David
Published: March 2003

After 25 years of putative capitalist development and modernization, since Thomas E. Weisskopf’s studies on the savings‐dependency issue, the success of foreign aid to developing nations remains questionable at best. With a mix of all‐to‐often corrupt authoritative governments and a seemingly endless flow of foreign aid, the advancement of many developing nations was hindered from the start. The analysis of this paper questions the reasons customarily given for the laggard status of the developing countries and examines the degree to which the lag is due to the impact of foreign aid.
Inflation Risk, Hedging, and Exports
Authors: Battermann Harald L. , Broll Udo
Published: March 2003

This paper analyzes optimal production and hedging decisions of a risk‐averse exporting firm in a developing country. The firm cares about real profits, since the spot exchange rate and the domestic price level are uncertain. It is demonstrated that a separation property holds although there are two sources of risk and only one hedging instrument exists. The authors examine the optimal risk management of the firm. In contrast to most hedging models, the real risk premium is important for the optimal hedging strategy.
Walrasian Equilibrium Computation, Network Formation, and the Wen Theorem
Authors: Yao Shuntian
Published: March 2003

The paper studies the Walrasian equilibrium theory of division of labor for large economies with weakly convex production techniques and with the presence of transaction costs. Earlier results published by Wen are revised and generalized so that the new versions can be applied to a much larger category of economic models. A simple example demonstrates how the theoretical results can be used for Walrasian equilibrium computation and equilibrium network structure identification.
Do Foreign Direct Investment and Gross Domestic Investment Promote Economic Growth?
Authors: Choe Jong Il
Published: March 2003

The paper attempts to show causal relationships between economic growth and FDI and GDI in 80 countries over the period 1971–95, by using a panel VAR model. The results show that FDI Granger–causes economic growth, and vice versa; however, the effects are rather more apparent from growth to FDI than from FDI to growth. Also, GDI does not Granger–cause economic growth, but economic growth robustly Granger–causes GDI. These findings suggest that strong positive associations between economic growth and FDI inflows or GDI rates do not necessarily mean that high FDI inflows or GDI rates lead to rapid economic growth.
Targeting Sectors for Foreign Capital Inflow in a Small Developing Economy
Authors: Marjit Sugata` , Broll Udo , Mitra Sandip
Published: March 2003

We argue, in a model with trade and unemployment, that exogenous inflow of foreign capital may deliver the desired result when it flows to a protected intermediate‐goods sector. Whether foreign investment should be directed towards an intermediate‐goods sector or to a final‐goods sector depends on the technological specifications of either type of goods as well as on the existing set of trade policies.