bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ADDITIVE MEASUREMENT OF MARKET CONCENTRATION
Authors: Ginevičius Romualdas , Čirba Stasys
Published: September 2009

The main effect of globalization of the world markets is the increase of market concentration. The analysis and control of these processes largely depend on precise determination of the level of market concentration. Additive measures, evaluating the whole concentration curve, assess market concentration most effectively. The analysis shows that all currently used measures, including the most widely used Herfindahl index, have some limitations and, therefore, cannot adequately describe the market state. This index is still widely used because it is easy to calculate. However, now, when calculation is computer‐aided, this argument has hardly any sense. A possibility to assess the state of the market much more accurately, searching for new, more precise measures, has sense now. The accuracy of some particular measures may be defined by the total difference between the relative value of market criterion bearers in the market and their value calculated by the formula of a particular concentration measure.
THE DOLLAR/EURO EXCHANGE RATE AND A COMPARISON OF MAJOR MODELS
Authors: Hsing Yu , Sergi Bruno S.
Published: September 2009

This article analyzes the behaviour of the USD/EUR exchange rate based on four major models. Using the mean absolute percent error (MAPE) as a criterion, the extended Mundell‐Fleming model performs best, followed by the PPP model using the relative PPI, the monetary model, the PPP model using the relative CPI, and the UIP model. The widely used log‐log form in the PPP model based on the relative PPI or CPI can be rejected at the 5% level. The insignificant coefficients or unexpected signs of some variables in the monetary and other models may pose some challenges in applications.
DETERMINANTS OF BANK PROFITABILITY IN A DEVELOPING ECONOMY: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM BANGLADESH
Authors: Sufian Fadzlan , Habibullah Muzafar Shah
Published: September 2009

This study seeks to examine the performance of 37 Bangladeshi commercial banks between 1997 and 2004. The empirical findings of this study suggest that bank specific characteristics, in particular loans intensity, credit risk, and cost have positive and significant impacts on bank performance, while non‐interest income exhibits negative relationship with bank profitability. During the period under study the results suggest that the impact of size is not uniform across the various measures employed. The empirical findings suggest that size has a negative impact on return on average equity (ROAE), while the opposite is true for return on average assets (ROAA) and net interest margins (NIM). As for the impact of macroeconomic indicators, we conclude that the variables have no significant impact on bank profitability, except for inflation which has a negative relationship with Bangladeshi banks profitability.
A COMPARISON OF DATA MINING TECHNIQUES FOR CREDIT SCORING IN BANKING: A MANAGERIAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Ince Huseyin , Aktan Bora
Published: September 2009

Credit scoring is a very important task for lenders to evaluate the loan applications they receive from consumers as well as for insurance companies, which use scoring systems today to evaluate new policyholders and the risks these prospective customers might present to the insurer. Credit scoring systems are used to model the potential risk of loan applications, which have the advantage of being able to handle a large volume of credit applications quickly with minimal labour, thus reducing operating costs, and they may be an effective substitute for the use of judgment among inexperienced loan officers, thus helping to control bad debt losses. This study explores the performance of credit scoring models using traditional and artificial intelligence approaches: discriminant analysis, logistic regression, neural networks and classification and regression trees. Experimental studies using real world data sets have demonstrated that the classification and regression trees and neural networks outperform the traditional credit scoring models in terms of predictive accuracy and type II errors.
TOWARD UNDERSTANDING CONFLICTS BETWEEN CUSTOMERS AND EMPLOYEES’ PERCEPTIONS AND EXPECTATIONS: EVIDENCE OF IRANIAN BANK
Authors: Rostamy Ali Asghar Anvary
Published: September 2009

This paper aims to determine influence factors affecting bank service quality, calculate the relative importance of factors from viewpoints of bank customers and employees, and examine the gaps in customers and employees’ perceptions and expectations of the quality of bank services. Accordingly, an empirical investigation was conducted in one of Iranian leading banks (Bank‐e‐Refah). For data collection, an adjusted SERVQUAL questionnaire was developed and distributed among 385 customers and 305 employees. The results show significant difference between customers and employees viewpoints. Understanding the gaps helped bank managers to develop more effective customer‐oriented service plans and employees’ training and development programs.
SELECTION OF THE OPTIMAL REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT PROJECT BASING ON MULTIPLE CRITERIA EVALUATION USING STOCHASTIC DIMENSIONS
Authors: Ginevičius Romualdas , Zubrecovas Viktoras
Published: September 2009

As investment in real estate has great influence on regional economics development it is important to evaluate real estate investment processes as a whole. For this purpose the model of real estate projects’ efficiency evaluation was developed and presented in this article. The proposed model is designed for alternative projects, variants selection, investment resources allocation as well as real estate value maintenance and enhancement problems solution. The model of real estate projects’ efficiency evaluation covers all the investment decision‐making cycle, the hierarchically‐structured projects’ evaluation criteria system, risk evaluation basing on stochastic dimensions as well as the mathematical methods adaptation for multiple criteria evaluation problems solution, risk assessment and adjusted mathematical methods is presented in this issue.
IF INSTITUTIONAL PERFORMANCE MATTERS: DEVELOPMENT COMPARISONS OF LITHUANIA, LATVIA AND ESTONIA
Authors: Tvaronavičienė Manuela , Grybaitė Virginija , Tvaronavičienė Agnė
Published: September 2009

Presented paper aims to estimate and compare sustainable development processes in Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia after the European Union accession. Data embracing the 2004–2008 period is being analysed. Authors take into account that different approaches to countries’ development assessment might affect their comparison results. In order to obtain a multi‐faceted view, several variants of sustainable development estimations of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia are being performed. Each variant represents a different approach to development perception. The difference lies in emphasis, which is being put on economic and institutional aspects of development. Juxtaposition of development estimation variants is expected to reveal range, within which the resulting index fluctuates and impacts ranging of countries. Integrated complex countries’ development index is computed by using multi‐criteria method. Authors of the paper compose a system of indicators, which is being employed for research purposes. Corollaries of investigation let us judge how much Lithuanian, Latvian and Estonian ranking according to estimated development level differs due to variations of approaches applied, and how sensitive calculations are to institutional performance and current economic downturn.
FAN Stimulates TNFα-Induced Gene Expression, Leukocyte Recruitment, and Humoral Response
Authors: Montfort Anne , de Badts Bénédicte , Douin-Echinard Victorine , Martin Pascal G. P. , Iacovoni Jason , Nevoit Caroline , Therville Nicole , Garcia Virginie , Bertrand Marie-Antoinette , Bessières Marie-Hélène , Trombe Marie-Claude , Levade Thierry , Benoist Hervé , Ségui Bruno
Published: September 2009

Factor associated with neutral sphingomyelinase activation (FAN) is an adaptor protein that constitutively binds to TNF-R1. Microarray analysis was performed in fibroblasts derived from wild-type or FAN knockout mouse embryos to evaluate the role of FAN in TNF-induced gene expression. Approximately 70% of TNF-induced genes exhibited lower expression levels in FAN-deficient than in wild-type fibroblasts. Of particular interest, TNF-induced expression of cytokines/chemokines, such as IL-6 and CXCL-2, was impaired in FAN-deficient cells. This was confirmed by real time RT-PCR and ELISA. Upon i.p. TNF or thioglycollate injection, neutrophil recruitment into the peritoneal cavity was reduced by more than 50% in FAN-deficient mice. Nevertheless, FAN-deficient animals did not exhibit an increased susceptibility to different microorganisms including bacteria and parasites, indicating that FAN is not essential for pathogen clearance. Specific Ab response to BSA was substantially impaired in FAN-deficient mice and this was associated with a reduced content of leukocytes in the spleen of BSA-challenged FAN-deficient mice as compared with their wild-type counterparts. Altogether, our results indicate the involvement of FAN in TNF-induced gene expression and leukocyte recruitment, contributing to the establishment of the specific immune response.
SH2 Domain-Containing Phosphatase-2 Protein-Tyrosine Phosphatase Promotes FcεRI-Induced Activation of Fyn and Erk Pathways Leading to TNFα Release from Bone Marrow-Derived Mast Cells
Authors: McPherson Victor A. , Sharma Namit , Everingham Stephanie , Smith Julie , Zhu Helen H. , Feng Gen-Sheng , Craig Andrew W. B.
Published: September 2009

Clustering of the high affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) in mast cells leads to degranulation and production of numerous cytokines and lipid mediators that promote allergic inflammation. Initiation of FcεRI signaling involves rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of FcεRI and membrane-localized adaptor proteins that recruit additional SH2 domain-containing proteins that dynamically regulate downstream signaling. SH2 domain-containing phosphatase-2 (SHP2) is a protein-tyrosine phosphatase implicated in FcεRI signaling, but whose function is not well defined. In this study, using a mouse model allowing temporal shp2 inactivation in bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs), we provide insights into SHP2 functions in the FcεRI pathway. Although no overt defects in FcεRI-induced tyrosine phosphorylation were observed in SHP2 knock-out (KO) BMMCs, several proteins including Lyn and Syk kinases displayed extended phosphorylation kinetics compared with wild-type BMMCs. SHP2 was dispensable for FcεRI-induced degranulation of BMMCs, but was required for maximal activation of Erk and Jnk mitogen-activated protein kinases. SHP2 KO BMMCs displayed several phenotypes associated with reduced Fyn activity, including elevated phosphorylation of the inhibitory pY531 site in Fyn, impaired signaling to Grb2-associated binder 2, Akt/PKB, and IκB kinase, and decreased TNF-α release compared with control cells. This is likely due to elevated Lyn activity in SHP2 KO BMMCs, and the ability of Lyn to antagonize Fyn activity. Overall, our study identifies SHP2 as a positive effector of FcεRI-induced activation of Fyn/Grb2-associated binder 2/Akt and Ras/Erk pathways leading to TNF-α release from mast cells.
Essential Roles for Dok2 and RasGAP in CD200 Receptor-Mediated Regulation of Human Myeloid Cells
Authors: Mihrshahi Robin , Barclay A. Neil , Brown Marion H.
Published: September 2009

The CD200 receptor (CD200R) acts as a negative regulator of myeloid cells by interacting with its widely expressed ligand CD200. Using mutants expressed in U937 cells, we show that inhibition is mediated by the PTB domain binding motif (NPLY) in the receptor’s cytoplasmic region. The adaptor protein downstream of tyrosine kinase 2 (Dok2) bound directly to the phosphorylated NPLY motif with a 10-fold higher affinity (KD of ∼1 μM at 37°C) than the closely related Dok1. Both of these proteins have been suggested to play a role in CD200R signaling in murine cells. Dok2 was phosphorylated in response to CD200R engagement and recruited RAS p21 protein activator 1 (RasGAP). Knockdown of Dok2 and RasGAP by RNA interference revealed that these proteins are required for CD200R signaling, while knockdown of Dok1 and the inositol 5-phosphatase SHIP did not affect CD200R-mediated inhibition. We conclude that CD200R inhibits the activation of human myeloid cells through direct recruitment of Dok2 and subsequent activation of RasGAP, which distinguishes this receptor from the majority of inhibitory receptors that utilize ITIMs and recruit phosphatases.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Is a Key Mediator in the Development of T Cell Priming and Its Polarization to Type 1 and Type 17 T Helper Cells in the Airways
Authors: Kim You-Sun , Hong Sung-Wook , Choi Jun-Pyo , Shin Tae-Seop , Moon Hyung-Geun , Choi Eun-Jung , Jeon Seong Gyu , Oh Sun-Young , Gho Yong Song , Zhu Zhou , Kim Yoon-Keun
Published: September 2009

Chronic inflammatory airway diseases including asthma are characterized by immune dysfunction to inhaled allergens. Our previous studies demonstrated that T cell priming to inhaled allergens requires LPS, which is ubiquitously present in household dust allergens. In this study, we evaluated the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the development of T cell priming and its polarization to Th1 or Th17 cells when exposed to LPS-contaminated allergens. An asthma mouse model was induced by airway sensitization with LPS-contaminated allergens and then challenged with allergens alone. Therapeutic intervention was performed during allergen sensitization. The present study showed that lung inflammation induced by sensitization with LPS-contaminated allergens was decreased in mice with homozygous disruption of the IL-17 gene; in addition, allergen-specific Th17 immune response was abolished in IL-6 knockout mice. Meanwhile, in vivo production of VEGF was up-regulated by airway exposure of LPS. In addition, airway sensitization of allergen plus recombinant VEGF induced both type 1 and type 17 Th cell (Th1 and Th17) responses. Th1 and Th17 responses induced by airway sensitization with LPS-contaminated allergens were blocked by treatment with a pan-VEGF receptor (VEGFR; VEGFR-1 plus VEGFR-2) inhibitor during sensitization. These effects were accompanied by inhibition of the production of Th1 and Th17 polarizing cytokines, IL-12p70 and IL-6, respectively. These findings indicate that VEGF produced by LPS plays a key role in activation of naive T cells and subsequent polarization to Th1 and Th17 cells.
γδ T Cell Immune Manipulation during Chronic Phase of Simian HIV Infection Confers Immunological Benefits
Authors: Ali Zahida , Yan Lin , Plagman Nicholas , Reichenberg Armin , Hintz Martin , Jomaa Hassan , Villinger Francois , Chen Zheng W.
Published: September 2009

Vγ2Vδ2 T cells, a major human γδ T cell subset, recognize the phosphoantigen (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP) produced by mycobacteria and some opportunistic pathogens, and they contribute to innate/adaptive/homeostatic and anticancer immunity. As initial efforts to explore Vγ2Vδ2 T cell-based therapeutics against HIV/AIDS-associated bacterial/protozoal infections and neoplasms, we investigated whether a well-defined HMBPP/IL-2 therapeutic regimen could overcome HIV-mediated immune suppression to massively expand polyfunctional Vγ2Vδ2 T cells, and whether such activation/expansion could impact AIDS pathogenesis in simian HIV (SHIV)-infected Chinese rhesus macaques. While HMBPP/IL-2 coadministration during acute or chronic phase of SHIV infection induced massive activation/expansion of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells, the consequences of such activation/expansions were different between these two treatment settings. HMBPP/IL-2 cotreatment during acute SHIV infection did not prevent the increases in peak and set-point viral loads or the accelerated disease progression seen with IL-2 treatment alone. In contrast, HMBPP/IL-2 cotreatment during chronic infection did not exacerbate disease, and more importantly it could confer immunological benefits. Surprisingly, although viral antigenic loads were not increased upon HMBPP/IL-2 cotreatment during chronic SHIV infection, HMBPP activation of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells boosted HIV Env-specific Ab titers. Such increases in Abs were sustained for >170 days and were immediately preceded by increased production of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4, and IL-10 during peak expansion of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells displaying memory phenotypes, as well as the short-term increased effector function of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells and CD4+ and CD8+ αβ T cells producing antimicrobial cytokines. Thus, HMBPP/Vγ2Vδ2 T cell-based intervention may potentially be useful for combating neoplasms and HMBPP-producing opportunistic pathogens in chronically HIV-infected individuals.
When patrons are not patrons: A social-scientific reading of the rich man and Lazarus (Lk 16:19–26)
Authors: Van Eck Ernest
Published: September 2009

This article presents a social-scientific interpretation of the parable of the rich man and Lazarus. Attention is first given to the history of the interpretation of the parable and to the integrity and authenticity of this interpretation. A social-scientific reading of the parable is then presented in terms of the strategy and the situation of the parable. In terms of the latter, the parable is read against the backdrop of an advanced agrarian (aristocratic) society in which patronage and clientism played an important role. Regarding the parable’s strategy, it is argued that the different oppositions in the parable serve to highlight their only similarity: those who have the ability to help do not help. The gist of the parable is that patrons who do not act like patrons create a society wherein a chasm so great between rich and poor is brought into existence that it cannot be crossed.
‘Electricity is running through my veins’: Die Symbiose zwischen Mensch und Technologie in Marshall McLuhan’s Medientheorie
Authors: Kraleva Valia
Published: September 2009

‘Electricity is running through my veins’: the symbiosis between humankind and technology in Marshall McLuhan’s media theoryIn contrast to a widespread technical-mathematical media model that reduces electronic media to transmission channels, thereby making information into a quantifi able commodity, Canadian media theorist Marshall McLuhan, as early as the 1960s and 1970s, revealed the complex nature of the media irrespective of the contents that it conveyed. According to McLuhan, the media is an extension of the human body that expands human agency, but nevertheless leads to the ‘amputation’ of extended body parts. In this way, the medium becomes a constituent part of the body, while thereby taking on human qualities. Following McLuhan’s media theory, this article reveals the symbiosis between technology and the human body and emphasises the signifi cance of the artist for comprehending contemporary medial-technological reality and for overcoming the challenges that such a reality poses.
Being thought from beyond our borders: Towards ethical global citizenship
Authors: Meylahn Johann-Albrecht
Published: September 2009

This article is a response to the challenge of global citizenship in an age of global crisis. Citizenship has to do with where one feels �at home�, namely the space that gifts identity and life. What kind of narrative is necessary to transform global space into a home from where we can go beyond our borders to embrace the other in multidisciplinary research or interfaith praxis? The different models for multidisciplinary research are made possible by the idea that research seeks that which is beyond its borders. This search could be a common space where the different traditions can accommodate one another, but it is not a home. The dominant discourse of this common space is to seek commonality and identities across borders while being aware of but ignoring differences � identity at the expense of differences. A home founded on identity at the expense of difference will always exclude. Theology can either be interpreted as thinking beyond the borders toward the Divine, or the Divine thinking us. The Exodus, the Incarnation and the Cross are all narratives of the Other crossing borders, liberating from boundaries, deconstructing the laws and norms that exclude. The religious traditions of these sacred narratives have something to offer, namely: to be thought by the Other, to receive life and (alien) identity from the Other, the gift of a home which is continuously deconstructed by the home still to come, therefore always open for the Other.
Identifying and changing the normative beliefs about aggression which lead young Muslim adults to join extremist anti‐Semitic groups in Pakistan
Authors: Amjad Naumana , Wood Alex M.
Published: September 2009

Two studies investigated the role of beliefs about the acceptability of aggression (“normative beliefs”) against Jews in determining who would join an extremist group. In Study 1, students in a university in Pakistan (N=144) completed self‐report attitude measures, and were subsequently approached by a confederate who asked whether they wanted to join an extremist anti‐Semitic organization. Normative beliefs about aggression against Jews were very strong predictors of whether participants agreed to join. In Study 2, participants (N=92) were experimentally assigned to either a brief educational intervention, designed to improve inter‐group relations, or to a control group. They also filled in self‐report attitude measures pre and post intervention. Participants in the intervention group were much less likely to agree to join the extremist group, and this effect of the intervention on joining was mediated by changes in normative beliefs about aggression against Jews. The results have implications for theories of inter‐group aggression and interventions to prevent people from being recruited into extremist groups. Aggr. Behav. 35:514–519, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An improved model for boron diffusion and activation in silicon
Authors: Kwok Charlotte T. M. , Braatz Richard D. , Paul Silke , Lerch Wilfried , Seebauer Edmund G.
Published: September 2009

Technologies such as solid‐phase epitaxial regrowth and millisecond annealing techniques have led to a wide range of maximum temperatures and heating rates for activating dopants and eliminating ion implantation damage for transistor junction formation. Developing suitable annealing strategies depends on mathematical models that incorporate accurate defect physics. The present work describes a model that includes a newly discovered representation of defect annihilation at surfaces and of near‐surface band bending, together with an improved representation of interstitial clustering. Key parameters are determined by maximum likelihood (ML) estimation and maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation. The model yields a substantially improved ability to model the behavior of implanted boron over a wide range of annealing conditions. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Influence of elevated pressure and particle lyophobicity on hydrodynamics and gas–liquid mass transfer in slurry bubble columns
Authors: Chilekar Vinit P. , van der Schaaf John , Kuster Ben F. M. , Tinge Johan T. , Schouten Jaap C.
Published: September 2009

This article reports on the influence of elevated pressure and catalyst particle lyophobicity at particle concentrations up to 3 vol % on the hydrodynamics and the gas‐to‐liquid mass transfer in a slurry bubble column. The study was done with demineralized water (aqueous phase) and Isopar‐M oil (organic phase) slurries in a 0.15 m internal diameter bubble column operated at pressures ranging from 0.1 to 1.3 MPa. The overall gas hold‐up, the flow regime transition point, the average large bubble diameter, and the centerline liquid velocity were measured along with the gas–liquid mass transfer coefficient. The gas hold‐up and the flow regime transition point are not influenced by the presence of lyophilic particles. Lyophobic particles shift the regime transition to a higher gas velocity and cause foam formation. Increasing operating pressure significantly increases the gas hold‐up and the regime transition velocity, irrespective of the particle lyophobicity. The gas–liquid mass transfer coefficient is proportional to the gas hold‐up for all investigated slurries and is not affected by the particle lyophobicity, the particle concentration, and the operating pressure. A correlation is presented to estimate the gas–liquid mass transfer coefficient as a function of the measured gas hold‐up:
$k_{\rm l}a_{\rm l}/\varepsilon_{\rm g} = 3.0 \sqrt{Du_{\rm b}/d_{\rm b}^3}\;{\rm s}^{-1}$. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Rational design of shape selective separations and catalysis: Lattice relaxation and effective aperture size
Authors: Gounaris Chrysanthos E. , Wei James , Floudas Christodoulos A. , Ranjan Rajiv , Tsapatsis Michael
Published: September 2009

Gounaris et al. presented a computational method that can be used for the quick screening of zeolite structures and provide predictions regarding which of them have the potential to exhibit high selectivity among a set of molecules of interest. This article builds upon this earlier work and furthers our understanding of diffusion processes in zeolites and other microporous metal oxides. We first present an augmented formulation to account for the flexibility of the zeolitic portal and conduct an analysis to assess the effect of varying the parameters of the associated quadratic potential. We then introduce a methodology to map the energetic landscape, identify all locally optimal conformations, and probabilistically account for the multiplicity of conformers. Finally, we conduct sensitivity analysis on the effective size of the aperture, and show how the methodology can be fine–tuned through experimental observations. A comprehensive database of 290 molecules of industrial interest and a total of 123 different zeolite structures were used in this study. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Synthesis of heat exchanger networks with nonisothermal phase changes
Authors: Hasan M. M. Faruque , Jayaraman Gopalakrishnan , Karimi I. A. , Alfadala H. E.
Published: September 2009

Most literature on the synthesis of heat exchanger networks via mathematical programming methods has dealt with phase changes by assuming nearly isothermal conditions. Many multicomponent phase changes of practical interest (e.g., those in sub‐ambient processes) occur over ranges of temperatures and exhibit nonlinear temperature‐enthalpy relations (T‐H curve). In such cases, isothermal approximations may lead to inferior or unacceptable networks. In this article, we propose a mixed‐integer nonlinear programming formulation and a solution algorithm to incorporate nonisothermal phase changes in heat exchanger network synthesis. We approximate the nonlinear T‐H curves via empirical cubic correlations, and propose a procedure to ensure minimum temperature approach at all points in the exchangers. Our approach successfully solves two industry examples and shows promise for significant cost reductions when compared with existing processes. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime to ε‐caprolactam in microreactors
Authors: Zuidhof K. T. , de Croon M. H. J. M. , Schouten J. C.
Published: September 2009

Selectivities are presented of the Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime to ε‐caprolactam with oleum for various conditions in three microreactors, viz., Y‐junction, interdigital, and split and recombine mixers, followed by a 50‐cm long microchannel of 250 μm internal diameter. Cyclohexanone oxime is dissolved in cyclooctane, which is inert for oleum. The selectivity is measured in the temperature range of 80–132°C. The concentration range of caprolactam in the reaction mixture is 31–41 wt %, in oleum. The total volumetric flow rate is 0.4 ml/min, whereas the flow rate ratio of ε‐caprolactam/oleum over cyclohexanone oxime/cyclooctane ranges from 0.3 to 3. The selectivities measured with the three microreactors are: 70–99+%, 93–99+%, and 95–99+%, respectively. High ε‐caprolactam concentration (41 wt %), high temperature (110–132°C), and a ratio of free H2SO4 to SO3 of unity have a negative effect on the selectivity. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Mathematical modeling of solid oxide fuel cells at high fuel utilization based on diffusion equivalent circuit model
Authors: Bao Cheng , Shi Yixiang , Li Chen , Cai Ningsheng , Su Qingquan
Published: September 2009

Mass transfer and electrochemical phenomena in the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) are the core components for modeling of solid‐oxide fuel cell (SOFC). The general MEA model is simply governed with the Stefan‐Maxwell equation for multicomponent gas diffusion, Ohm's law for the charge transfer and the current‐overpotential equation for the polarization calculation. However, it has obvious discrepancy at high‐fuel utilization or high‐current density. An advanced MEA model is introduced based on the diffusion equivalent circuit model. The main purpose is to correct the real‐gas concentrations at the triple‐phase boundary by assuming that the resistance of surface diffusion is in series with that of the gaseous bulk diffusion. Thus, it can obtain good prediction of cell performance in a wide range by avoiding the decrement of effective gas diffusivity via unreasonable increment of the electrode tortuosity in the general MEA model. The mathematical model has been validated in the cases of H2H2O, COCO2 and H2CO fuel system. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Integration of on‐the‐fly kinetic reduction with multidimensional CFD
Authors: He Kaiyuan , Ierapetritou Marianthi G. , Androulakis Ioannis P.
Published: September 2009

A reduction approach for coupling complex kinetics with engine computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code has been developed. An on‐the‐fly reduction scheme was used to reduce the reaction mechanism dynamically during the reactive flow calculation in order to couple comprehensive chemistry with flow simulations in each computational cell. KIVA‐3V code is used as the CFD framework and CHEMKIN is employed to formulate chemistry, hydrodynamics and transport. Mechanism reduction was achieved by applying element flux analysis on‐the‐fly in the context of the multidimensional CFD calculation. The results show that incorporating the on‐the‐fly reduction approach in CFD code enables the simulation of ignition and combustion process accurately compared with detailed simulations. Both species and time‐dependant information can be provided by the current model with significantly reduced CPU time. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Living together: behavior and welfare in single and mixed species groups of capuchin (Cebus apella) and squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)
Authors: Leonardi Rebecca , Buchanan‐Smith Hannah M. , Dufour Valérie , MacDonald Charlotte , Whiten Andrew
Published: September 2009

There are potential advantages of housing primates in mixed species exhibits for both the visiting public and the primates themselves. If the primates naturally associate in the wild, it may be more educational and enjoyable for the public to view. Increases in social complexity and stimulation may be enriching for the primates. However, mixed species exhibits might also create welfare problems such as stress from interspecific aggression. We present data on the behavior of single and mixed species groups of capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) and squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) housed at the Living Links to Human Evolution Research Centre in the Royal Zoological Society of Scotland's Edinburgh Zoo. These species associate in the wild, gaining foraging benefits and decreased predation. ButCebusare also predators themselves with potential risks for the smallerSaimiri. To study their living together we took scan samples at ≥15 min intervals on single (n=109) and mixed species groups (n=152), and all occurrences of intraspecific aggression and interspecific interactions were recorded. We found no evidence of chronic stress andSaimiriactively chose to associate withCebus. On 79% of scans, the two species simultaneously occupied the same part of their enclosure. No vertical displacement was observed. Interspecific interactions were common (>2.5/hr), and equally divided among mildly aggressive, neutral, and affiliative interactions such as play. Only one aggressive interaction involved physical contact and was non‐injurious. Aggressive interactions were mostly (65%) displacements and vocal exchanges, initiated almost equally byCebusandSaimiri. Modifications to the enclosure were successful in reducing these mildly aggressive interactions with affiliative interactions increasing in frequency and diversity. Our data suggest that in carefully designed, large enclosures, naturally associating monkeys are able to live harmoniously and are enriched by each other. Am. J. Primatol. 72:33–47, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Semi‐quantitative tests of cyanide in foods and excreta of Three Hapalemur species in Madagascar
Authors: Yamashita Nayuta , Tan Chia L. , Vinyard Christopher J. , Williams Cathy
Published: September 2009

Three sympatric Hapalemur species (H. g. griseus, H. aureus, and H. (Prolemur) simus) in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar are known to eat bamboo food parts that contain cyanide. How these lemurs avoid cyanide poisoning remains unknown. In this study, we tested for the presence/absence of cyanide in bamboo lemur foods and excreta to (1) document patterns of cyanide consumption among species with respect to diet, (2) identify routes of elimination of cyanide from the gastrointestinal tract, and (3) determine whether cyanide is absorbed from the diet. We tested 102 food, urine, and fecal samples for hydrogen cyanide (HCN) during two “pre‐dry” seasons (April 2006, May 2007) using commercially available Cyantesmo test strips. The test strips changed color in the presence of HCN, and we recorded color change on a scale of 0 (no change) to 5 (cobalt) at preset intervals with a final score taken at 24 hr. We detected cyanide in bamboo food parts and urine of all three Hapalemur species. Time to color change of the test strips ranged from almost instantaneous to >12 hr incubation. Of the foods tested, only bamboo contained cyanide, but results differed among bamboo species and plant parts of the same species. Specifically, branch shoot and culm pith of the giant bamboo produced strong, immediate reactions to the test paper, whereas parts of liana bamboos produced either weak or no color change. Cyanide was present in almost all urine samples but rarely in fecal samples. This suggests that dietary cyanide is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract of the Hapalemur species and excreted, at least in part, by the kidneys. Samples from H. griseus exhibited lower, though still detectable, cyanide levels compared with H. simus and H. aureus. Differences among lemur species appear to be related to the specific bamboo parts consumed. Am. J. Primatol. 72:56–61, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Social learning of diet and foraging skills by wild immature Bornean orangutans: implications for culture
Authors: Jaeggi Adrian V. , Dunkel Lynda P. , Van Noordwijk Maria A. , Wich Serge A. , Sura Agnes A.L. , Van Schaik Carel P.
Published: September 2009

Studies of social learning in the wild are important to complement findings from experiments in captivity. In this field study, immature Bornean orangutans rarely foraged independently but consistently followed their mothers' choices. Their diets were essentially identical to their mothers' even though not all mothers had the same diet. This suggests vertical transmission of diet by enhancement. Also, immatures selectively observed their mothers during extractive foraging, which increased goal‐directed practice but not general manipulation of similar objects, suggesting observational forms of learning of complex skills. Teaching was not observed. These results are consistent with the reported presence of food traditions and skill cultures in wild orangutans. We suggest that food traditions can develop wherever association commonly allows for social learning. However, the capacity for observational learning, and thus more complex culture, is more likely to evolve among extractive foragers with prolonged association between adults and immatures. Am. J. Primatol. 72:62–71, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New Syntheses of Diazo Compounds
Authors: Maas Gerhard
Published: September 2009

Diazo compounds (R1R2CN2) are known as versatile and useful substrates for an array of chemical transformations and, therefore, diazo chemistry is still far from losing anything of its long‐standing fascination. In addition to many studies on the subsequent chemistry of the diazo group, the inventory of methods for the preparation of diazo compounds is continuously supplemented by new methods and novel variations of established procedures. Several of these synthetic approaches take into account the lability and remarkable chemical reactivity of certain classes of diazo compounds, and environmentally more benign procedures also continue to be developed.
Quantifying the impact of transient joint symptoms, chronic joint symptoms, and arthritis: A population‐based approach
Authors: Busija Lucy , Buchbinder Rachelle , Osborne Richard H.
Published: September 2009

Objective

To estimate the prevalence and co‐occurrence of self‐reported doctor‐diagnosed arthritis, chronic joint symptoms (pain, aching, stiffness, or swelling on most days for a month), and transient joint symptoms (pain, aching, stiffness, or swelling but not on most days for a month), and to compare the sociodemographic characteristics, activity limitations, and health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) of people with joint conditions with those who have no self‐reported doctor‐diagnosed arthritis and no joint symptoms.

Methods

Data from the 2004 population‐based South Australian Health Omnibus Survey (n = 2,840, ages 18–96 years) were used in the study. Activity limitations were assessed using 10 activity limitations questions from the Short Form 36 health survey. HRQOL was assessed using the Assessment of Quality of Life scale.

Results

Half of all respondents reported having joint problems, with 26%, 11%, and 13% reporting self‐reported doctor‐diagnosed arthritis, chronic joint symptoms, and transient joint symptoms, respectively. Chronic joint conditions (self‐reported doctor‐diagnosed arthritis and chronic joint symptoms) accounted for 74% of all joint problems and were associated with higher odds of activity limitations and poorer HRQOL. The frequency of transient and chronic joint symptoms was highest among middle‐aged participants (ages 45–54 years for transient and 45–64 years for chronic joint symptoms) and those who had a body mass index in the obese range. Prevalence of self‐reported doctor‐diagnosed arthritis increased with age and was higher among women and those who were overweight or obese.

Conclusion

This study documented the high prevalence and impact of joint conditions in the community. Chronic joint conditions affect daily life and are substantial barriers for effective public health interventions aimed at reducing obesity and inactivity.
Systemic lupus erythematosus and the risk of cardiovascular disease: Results from the nurses' health study
Authors: Hak A. Elisabeth , Karlson Elizabeth W. , Feskanich Diane , Stampfer Meir J. , Costenbader Karen H.
Published: September 2009

Objective

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. However, prospective population‐based data addressing this association have been lacking.

Methods

We conducted a prospective cohort study among 119,332 women participating in the Nurses' Health Study who were free of cardiovascular disease and SLE at baseline in 1976. Incident SLE was confirmed by medical record review. Cardiovascular events included fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary artery bypass grafting, and angioplasty. The relative risk (RR) of cardiovascular events among participants with SLE as compared with those without SLE was estimated using Cox proportional hazards models.

Results

Over 28 years of followup (2.9 million person‐years), 8,169 cardiovascular events occurred and 148 women developed incident SLE. The mean age at SLE diagnosis was 52.6 years, and 20 participants with SLE developed a subsequent cardiovascular event. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, including age, race, cardiovascular risk factors, and medication use, the RR of a cardiovascular event in women with SLE compared with those without SLE was 2.26 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.45–3.52). When end points were analyzed separately, the RR for coronary heart disease was 2.25 (95% CI 1.37–3.69) and the RR for stroke was 2.29 (95% CI 0.85–6.15).

Conclusion

In this prospective population‐based study, we found a statistically significant >2‐fold increased risk of cardiovascular disease among participants with SLE. The risk was not as high as has been previously reported, which may have been due to the relatively high age at diagnosis of SLE in this cohort.
The prevalence of psoriatic arthritis in people with psoriasis
Authors: Ibrahim G. , Waxman R. , Helliwell P. S.
Published: September 2009

Objective

To determine the prevalence of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) using the ClASsification criteria for Psoriatic ARthritis (CASPAR) for classification.

Methods

People with psoriasis were identified from the computerized morbidity indices of 2 large UK general practices, total population 22,500. Questionnaires were mailed to all 633 patients thus identified. Of the respondents, a 50% sample was assessed clinically and a proportion had blood samples and radiographs taken. Patients labeled as having psoriasis were also cross‐referenced with a local secondary care morbidity index for PsA and rheumatoid arthritis. Figures for the prevalence of PsA were estimated from these data.

Results

One hundred sixty‐eight questionnaires were returned (response rate 27%) and 93 people (55% of questionnaire respondents) were examined. Of these 93 people, 12 (4 of whom were cross‐referenced to the hospital database) were thought to have PsA clinically, all fulfilling the CASPAR criteria for PsA. Six of the 93 examined patients did not have psoriasis or a family history of psoriasis and had no historical features or clinical signs of psoriasis on interview and examination. Extrapolating from the data of those people actually examined, the estimated (corrected) prevalence was 13.8% (95% confidence interval 7.1–24.1%).

Conclusion

The estimated prevalence of PsA in this population, using the CASPAR criteria, was 13.8%. Misclassification of psoriasis and arthritis, and response bias, indicate that this is probably an overestimate.
Predictors of delayed referral to a pediatric rheumatology center
Authors: Tzaribachev N. , Benseler S. M. , Tyrrell P. N. , Meyer A. , Kuemmerle‐deschner J. B.
Published: September 2009

Objective

To report on referral patterns of primary physicians for children subsequently diagnosed with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and to identify predictors of delayed referral to a pediatric rheumatology center.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study of consecutive patients with JIA referred to a pediatric rheumatology center over a 15‐year period was performed. Variables included age, sex, JIA subtype, the physician's subspecialty, and distance to the pediatric rheumatology center. Outcome parameters were the time to first presentation to a primary physician, the time to the first rheumatology visit, and the total time to referral. Putative predictors were evaluated by analysis of variance, resulting in regression models.

Results

A total of 132 patients with JIA were included; 83 (63%) were female. The median age at the onset of symptoms was 4.5 years (range 1.0–15.8 years). Most frequently, children were referred by pediatricians (49.4%) or orthopedic surgeons (34.1%). The median time to first presentation was short at 10 days (range 0–1,610 days). In contrast, the median time to first rheumatology visit was 60 days (range 0.0–2,100.0 days), resulting in a long median total time to referral of 90 days (range 0.0–2,160.0 days). Statistically significant predictors for delayed referral were the primary physician's subspecialty (P = 0.016) and the distance to the pediatric rheumatology center (P = 0.001). Children living in remote areas or referred by orthopedic surgeons had the longest referral times.

Conclusion

Despite free access to health care in Germany, children with JIA are referred to pediatric rheumatology centers with significant delay. Educational interventions targeting primary physicians and orthopedic surgeons may contribute to earlier referral to pediatric rheumatology centers and improve outcome in patients with JIA.
Predicting persistent low back pain in schoolchildren: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Jones Gareth T. , Macfarlane Gary J.
Published: September 2009

Objective

Low back pain (LBP) is common in children but the prognostic indicators are poorly understood. We report the results of a prospective study to determine the risk factors for chronic LBP in children.

Methods

A total of 330 children with LBP were identified from a cross‐sectional survey in schools in Northwest England. Data were collected by self‐completion questionnaire on a number of potential risk factors for LBP persistence, including lifestyle factors, the occurrence of other symptoms, behavioral and emotional characteristics, and symptom severity and duration. Participants were then followed over the following 4 years to determine persistent symptoms.

Results

Complete followup data were available from 178 children, of whom 46 (26%) reported persistent LBP. Forward stepwise Poisson regression identified 5 independent predictors of pain persistence: peer relationship problems, being of smaller stature, the prior report of widespread body pain, long duration of LBP episodes, and radiating leg pain. Of children with none of these factors at baseline, <5% went on to report persistent LBP. In contrast, of those with 4 or 5 factors, nearly 80% experienced persistent symptoms.

Conclusion

Although childhood consultations for LBP are infrequent, we have shown that ∼25% of children 11–14 years of age with LBP still report symptoms 4 years later. These children can be identified early by a combination of clinical markers and etiologic factors. This provides a basis for considering interventions for secondary prevention; the challenge will be to determine whether we can intervene to alter symptom trajectory at an early stage.