bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerischer Beulsicherheitsnachweis für Kreiszylinderschalen unter Umfangsdruck – Neue Entwicklungen
Authors: Schneider Werner , Gettel Marco
Published: October 2011

Im Beitrag wird gezeigt, dass eigenformaffine Imperfektionen beim Basisbeulfall Umfangsdruck ungeeignet für den numerischen Beulsicherheitsnachweis gemäß Eurocode sind. Dagegen stellen nach dem Konzept quasi‐kollapsaffiner Imperfektionen gewonnene natürliche Längsvorbeulen eine geeignete Ausgangsbasis für die Entwicklung konsistenter geometrischer Ersatzimperfektionen dar. Für diese Imperfektionsform werden Amplituden angegeben, die zu den experimentell gesicherten Tragfähigkeiten nach dem klassischen Beulsicherheitsnachweis führen.

Numerical buckling strength verification of cylindrical steel shells subjected to circumferential compression – A new approach. In the paper it is shown that eigenmode‐affine imperfection patterns are problematic for a numerical buckling analysis according to Eurocode for cylindrical steel shells subjected to circumferential compression. In contrast, natural longitudinal imperfections derived from the concept of quasi‐collapse‐affine imperfections are suited to accomplish a consistent transition from the classical to the new numerical buckling strength verification technique through the determination of consistent imperfection amplitudes.
Spectator profiles and economic impact of the 2009 US Women's Open
Authors: Scott Amy K. S. , Turco Douglas Michele
Published: October 2011

Economic impact studies are a common form of evaluating sporting events, but there exists considerable disagreement about their approaches and accuracy. Recently, the consumer behaviors of spectator market segments (i.e., Casuals, Runaways, Homestayers, and others) have been shown to significantly influence the net impacts of an event on the host economy. The purpose of this study is to apply the ex post bottom‐up model, ACE: Assessing Consumers of Events, to the 2009 US Women's Open golf championship to estimate the event's economic impact as well as to illustrate the model's data requirements and methodology. In 2008, the ex ante ACE model predicted $7.5 million in spending in the host economy with a slight crowding‐out effect. The ex post ACE model study estimated that 2009 US Women's Open spectators in fact spent $7.6 million. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The amnesias
Authors: Rosenbaum R. Shayna , Murphy Kelly J. , Rich Jill B.
Published: October 2011

Throughout history, memory and amnesia have been central to philosophical thought and empirical investigation. There has been particular interest in whether there are multiple forms of memory, how they are represented in the brain, how they are parsed following neurological compromise, and how their breakdown is best characterized. Differential abilities among amnestic individuals have advanced the distinction between various forms of memory, such as implicit and explicit memory in the case of H.M., and episodic and semantic memory in the case of K.C. This overview brings together a variety of perspectives on memory and the amnesias, from Clinical Neuropsychology, Neurology, and Cognitive Science, to Animal and Human Neuroscience. We begin with a brief history of the study of memory organization in the healthy brain and dissociations in memory as uncovered in extensively studied cases of amnesia. Memory impairment resulting from damage to the medial temporal lobe (MTL), diencephalon, basal forebrain, and the frontal lobes is then elaborated, with a focus on MTL amnesia, which has received the most attention among memory researchers. Alternative theories of MTL amnesia are considered through a selective review of the current amnesia and neuroimaging literatures on the seemingly disparate roles of the hippocampus in episodic and spatial memory, future imagining, perception, implicit memory, and working memory. If amnesia is a disorder that is not restricted to explicit (consciously accessible) memory, this will force us to rethink the way in which memory is represented in the human brain. WIREs Cogn Sci 2012, 3:47–63. doi: 10.1002/wcs.155

This article is categorized under:

Neuroscience > Cognition
Validation of Biological and Clinical Outcome Between with and without Thoracotomy in Liver Resection: A Matched Cohort Study
Authors: Yamazaki Shintaro , Takayama Tadatoshi , Moriguchi Masamichi , Okada Shunji , Hayashi Yuki , Nakayama Hisashi , Higaki Tokio , Sugitani Masahiko
Published: October 2011

Background

The transthoracic approach in liver resection is a useful option for improving the clearance of and access to the operation field. However, this approach remains controversial due to the threat of increased respiratory complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcomes and biological responses of patients who underwent the transthoracic versus the transabdominal approach in liver resection.

Methods

This case‐matched cohort study included a total of 127 patients who underwent treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma from June 2006 to December 2007 at the Nihon University Itabashi Hospital. Forty‐four (34.6%) patients had the transthoracic approach of liver resection, and the patients were matched on three variables: (1) scale of liver resection, (2) perioperative steroid administration, and (3) pathologically proven liver cirrhosis. The patients were divided into two groups according to the transthoracic (n = 36) or transabdominal (n = 36) approaches. Clinical outcomes (including respiratory and overall complications) and biological responses (including acute‐phase cytokine production and oxygenation) were compared between the two different approaches.

Results

The preoperative variables were well matched. However, for the transthoracic group relative to the transabdominal group, the median operative time was significantly longer (median = 402 min [range = 236–661] vs. 330 min [range = 178–697], P ≤ 0.001), the ischemia time was shorter (65 min [range = 12–223] vs. 76 min [range = 28–247], P = 0.04), the level of AaDO2 on POD 1 was higher (66.1 vs. 33.5 Torr, P = 0.04), and the IL‐6 level in pleural effusions on POD 2 was higher (21,900 pg/ml [range = 6,020–123,000] vs. 866 pg/ml [range = 389–2,210], P < 0.001). There was no postoperative mortality and no significant difference between groups in overall morbidity (P = 0.81), overall respiratory complications (P = 0.11), atelectasis (P = 0.10), pleural effusion (P = 0.06), pneumonia (P = 1.00), and length of postoperative hospital stay (P = 0.23).

Conclusion

Because of there was no significant difference between transthoracic and transabdominal approaches. We recommend using the transthoracic approach in liver resection.
Survival and population growth of a long‐lived threatened snake species,Drymarchon couperi(Eastern Indigo Snake)
Authors: Hyslop Natalie L. , Stevenson Dirk J. , Macey John N. , Carlile Lawrence D. , Jenkins Chris L. , Hostetler Jeffrey A. , Oli Madan K.
Published: October 2011

Demographic data provide a basis for understanding the life history and ecology of species, factors which are vital for informing conservation efforts; however, little is known regarding the population ecology of most snake species, including the threatened Eastern Indigo Snake (Drymarchon couperi). We used 11 years (1999–2009) of capture‐mark‐recapture (CMR) and 2.5 years (2003–2005) of radiotelemetry data from southeastern Georgia, USA, in a CMR modeling framework to estimate apparent survival, capture and transition probabilities, and evaluate factors influencing these parameters. The model‐averaged estimate of overall apparent annual survival probability was 0.700 (±0.030 SE) and is comparable to that obtained from known fate analysis (radiotelemetry) at the same site. Body size positively influenced survival, regardless of sex. Capture probability differed seasonally by sex, suggesting lower capture probability for females in fall and males in winter. There was no evidence for effect of precipitation or site‐specific differences in survival. Model averaged estimate of annual adult survival estimated using multistate CMR models was 0.738 ± 0.030 and 0.515 ± 0.189 for subadults. We estimated population growth rate (λ) and elasticity (proportional sensitivity) ofλto vital rates using a stage‐structured matrix population model. Population growth rate ranged from 0.96 to 1.03 depending on the value of the probability of transitioning from subadult to adult stage. Theλwas proportionally most sensitive to changes in adult survival rate, followed by subadult survival. Our results suggest that protecting adult snakes and their habitats would result in the highest likelihood of long‐term population stability and growth.
Long‐term variations in rodent abundance in a rural landscape of the Pampas, Argentina
Authors: Fraschina Jimena , León Vanina A. , Busch María
Published: October 2011

The goal of this study was to analyze the variations in abundance of rodent communities over the last 24 years in a rural area, and their relation to possible changes in climatic variables and land use. The principal change in the area observed along the study period was an increase in the area covered by soybean. The habitats studied were crop fields and borders. The total abundance of rodents did not show a significant trend of variation over time in crop fields while in borders the abundance in autumn–winter (A–W) showed a significant trend to decrease over time. The different rodent species showed a differential response over time. While Calomys laucha and C. musculinus showed a decrease between the period before and after the soybean expansion, Akodon azarae did not change its abundance over time. The mean minimum temperature increased over time while the number of days with frost decreased. Total rodent abundance in A–W was positively associated with the cumulated precipitation of the previous spring–summer period and negatively with the cumulated precipitation of the same period. We conclude that rodent abundance variations in crop fields and borders of the study area are influenced by precipitation, but the observed trends of variation over time are better explained by changes in agricultural practices than by meteorological variables.
The Alpha Linolenic Acid Content of Flaxseed is Associated with an Induction of Adipose Leptin Expression
Authors: McCullough Richelle S. , Edel Andrea L. , Bassett Chantal M. C. , LaVallée Renée K. , Dibrov Elena , Blackwood David P. , Ander Bradley P. , Pierce Grant N.
Published: October 2011

Dietary flaxseed has cardioprotective effects that may be achieved through its rich content of the omega‐3 fatty acid, alpha linolenic acid (ALA). Because ALA can be stored in adipose tissue, it is possible that some of its beneficial actions may be due to effects it has on the adipose tissue. We investigated the effects of dietary flaxseed both with and without an atherogenic cholesterol‐enriched diet to determine the effects of dietary flaxseed on the expression of the adipose cytokines leptin and adiponectin. Rabbits were fed one of four diets: a regular (RG) diet, or a regular diet with added 0.5% cholesterol (CH), or 10% ground flaxseed (FX), or both (CF) for 8 weeks. Levels of leptin and adiponectin expression were assessed by RT‐PCR in visceral adipose tissue. Consumption of flaxseed significantly increased plasma and adipose levels of ALA. Leptin protein and mRNA expression were lower in CH animals and were elevated in CF animals. Changes in leptin expression were strongly and positively correlated with adipose ALA levels and inversely correlated with levels of en face atherosclerosis. Adiponectin expression was not significantly affected by any of the dietary interventions. Our data demonstrate that the type of fat in the diet as well as its caloric content can specifically influence leptin expression. The findings support the hypothesis that the beneficial cardiovascular effects associated with flaxseed consumption may be related to a change in leptin expression.
Organogel Formation of Soybean Oil with Waxes
Authors: Hwang Hong‐Sik , Kim Sanghoon , Singh Mukti , Winkler‐Moser Jill K. , Liu Sean X.
Published: October 2011

Many waxes including plant waxes and animal waxes were evaluated for the gelation ability toward soybean oil (SBO) and compared with hydrogenated vegetable oils, petroleum waxes and commercial non‐edible gelling agents to understand factors affecting the gelation ability of a gelator. Sunflower wax (SW) showed the most promising results and all SW samples from three different suppliers could make a gel with concentrations as low as 0.5 wt%. Candelilla wax and rice bran wax also showed good gelation properties, which, however, varied with different suppliers. Gelation ability of a wax is significantly dependant on its purity and detailed composition. A wax ester with longer alkyl chains has significantly better gelation ability toward SBO than that with shorter alkyl chains indicating that the chain length of a component in a wax such as wax ester is an important factor for gelation ability. The SW–SBO organogel showed increased melting point with increased SW content, showing the melting point range from about 47 to 65 °C with 0.5–10 wt% SW. The effects of cooling rate on crystal size and firmness of a gel were investigated. The dependence of firmness on cooling rate was so significant that the desired texture of an organogel could be achieved by controlling the cooling rate in addition to controlling the amount of gelling agent. This research reveals that a small amount of food grade plant waxes including SW may replace a large amount of the hardstock containing trans‐fat or saturated fat.
The developmental quality of participation experiences: Beyond the rhetoric that “participation is always good!”
Authors: Ferreira Pedro D. , Azevedo Cristina N. , Menezes Isabel
Published: October 2011

A powerful rhetoric regarding the importance of adolescents’ civic engagement and political participation is common in contemporary societies, whilst citizens, both adolescent and adults, seem to express a growing scepticism and alienation regarding politics. Even if this disengagement is debatable, as there are simultaneous signs of an increasing involvement in a variety of emerging and broadly‐defined civic and political activities, we argue that the benefits of these experiences should be scrutinized using psychological evidence‐based criteria. We rest on classical contributions from developmental psychology, educational theory and political science to define criteria that could inform the quality of participation experiences, and then present two studies that explore its adequacy. Study 1 is a cross‐sectional study that observes that higher quality civic and political experiences are connected with more complex modes of thinking about politics. In Study 2, a two‐wave longitudinal design, the quality of participation experiences is a significant predictor of change patterns of political attitudes; moreover, results support the argument that participation is not good in itself and that some experiences, with lesser developmental quality, might have a detrimental effect on adolescents’ political development.
Using Concept Maps in Perioperative Education
Authors: Noonan Pam
Published: October 2011

Critical thinking and clinical decision making are essential components of the knowledge and skills acquired in the perioperative education process. Although traditional didactic teaching methods remain predominant teaching strategies in perioperative nursing education, programs should include a variety of methods and tools to enhance learning of a considerable amount of complex material. Concept mapping is an active teaching strategy that can be used in nursing education to facilitate the development of critical thinking and decision‐making skills. A concept map is a tool consisting of a main idea, subconcepts, and cross‐links that organizes knowledge by showing relationships between concepts. Different types of maps can be used to present different types of learning material, depending on the focus of the lesson. Complex knowledge (eg, perioperative technology) can be better learned and retained when the brain works to organize information in a hierarchical framework and the information is built up with interacting concepts.
Implementing AORN Recommended Practices for Prevention of Deep Vein Thrombosis
Authors: Van Wicklin Sharon A.
Published: October 2011

One to two people per 1,000 are affected by deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism in the United States each year. AORN published its new “Recommended practices for prevention of deep vein thrombosis” to guide perioperative RNs in establishing organization‐wide protocols for DVT prevention. Strategies for successful implementation of the recommended practices include taking a multidisciplinary approach to protocol development, providing education and guidance for performing preoperative patient assessments and administering DVT prophylaxis, and having appropriate resources and the facility's policy and procedure for DVT prevention readily available in the practice setting. Hospital and ambulatory patient scenarios have been included as examples of appropriate execution of the recommended practices.
Clinical Issues—November 2011
Authors: Blanchard Joan
Published: October 2011

This Month

Footwear and use of shoe covers in the perioperative suite

Key words: protective footwear, shoe covers, hazard risk assessment, foot injuries.

Perioperative disinfection and sterilization

Key words: germicide, disinfectant, antiseptic, disinfection, sterilization.

Use of alcohol wipes for perioperative cleaning and disinfection

Key words: alcohol wipes, cleaning, disinfection, fire hazard.

Healthcare Laundry Accreditation Council

Key words: health care laundry, laundry facility accreditation, surgical attire.
The Elements of Power: Lessons on Leadership and Influence
Authors: Bryan Dennis N.
Published: October 2011

The Elements of Power: Lessons on Leadership and Influence Terry R. Bacon 2011, AMACOM 320 pages, hardcover
You Are Not Your Brain
Authors: Bedison Nancy
Published: October 2011

You Are Not Your Brain Jeffrey Schwartz, Rebecca Gladding 2011, Penguin 346 pages, softcover
Thymus, innate immunity and autoimmune arthritis: Interplay of gene and environment
Authors: Sakaguchi Shimon , Tanaka Satoshi , Tanaka Atsushi , Ito Yoshinaga , Maeda Shinji , Sakaguchi Noriko , Hashimoto Motomu
Published: October 2011

A hypomorphic mutation of the gene encoding zeta‐associated protein‐70 (ZAP‐70), a signaling molecule in T cells, produces autoimmune arthritis in mice under a microbially conventional condition but not in a clean environment. The genetic anomaly alters thymic selection of self‐reactive T cells as well as natural regulatory T cells and their respective functions. Highly self‐reactive polyclonal T cells, including arthritogenic ones, thus produced by the thymus strongly recognize self‐antigens presented by antigen‐presenting cells, stimulate them to up‐regulate co‐stimulatory molecules and secrete cytokines that drive naïve self‐reactive T cells to differentiate into autoimmune effector Th17 cells. Administration of microbial products and activation of complement can facilitate the differentiation, evoking clinically overt arthritis in a microbially clean environment. Furthermore, mutation‐dependent graded attenuation of T cell receptor signaling alters disease phenotypes and the dependency of disease occurrence on the environment. These findings provide a model of how genetic and environmental factors, in association, cause autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.
Watching the fetal brain at ‘rest’
Authors: Schöpf V. , Kasprian G. , Brugger P.C. , Prayer D.
Published: October 2011

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has allowed insights into the spatiotemporal distribution of human brain networks. According to the neurophysiological property of the fetal brain to generate spontaneous activity, we aimed to determine the feasibility of investigating the maturation of intrinsic networks, beginning at gestational week 20 in healthy human fetuses by combining resting‐state fMRI and an analytical approach, independent component analysis (ICA).

In this study, functional images of 16 fetuses with morphologically normal brain development, from 20 to 36 gestational weeks of age, were acquired on a 1.5 T unit (Philips Medical Systems, Best, The Netherlands) using single‐shot, gradient‐recalled echo‐planar imaging. After preprocessing (motion correction, brain extraction), images were analyzed using single‐subject ICA.

We visualized a bilateral occipital network and medial and lateral prefrontal activity pattern that involved the future Brodmann areas 9–11. Furthermore, there was one either predominantly right (3/7 cases) or left (4/7 cases) hemispheric lateralized network that involved the superior temporal cortical regions (Brodmann areas 22 and 39). Frequency oscillations were in the range of 0.01–0.06 Hz for all networks.

This study shows that resting‐state networks (RSNs) are shaped and are detectable in utero. Further investigations of resting‐state measurements in the fetus may therefore allow developmental brain activity monitoring and may provide insights into early brain function.
Assessment of knowledge and stigmatizing attitudes related to human papillomavirus among Hong Kong Chinese healthcare providers
Authors: Kwan Tracy T.C. , Lo Sue S.T. , Tam Kar‐Fai , Chan Karen K.L. , Ngan Hextan Y.S.
Published: October 2011

Objective

To assess knowledge and stigmatizing attitudes related to human papillomavirus (HPV) and HPV testing among Chinese healthcare providers in Hong Kong.

Methods

Between May and September 2010, an anonymous self‐administered questionnaire was sent to 247 doctors, nurses, and smear‐taking trainees providing cervical screening in Hong Kong.

Results

In total, 137 questionnaires were returned. Most participants had basic knowledge about HPV infection and HPV vaccination. Only about 33% knew that high‐risk HPV does not cause genital warts, infection is most common among young women, or infected individuals might not have any identifiable sexual risk factors. Regarding HPV testing, 6 of 7 knowledge items were answered incorrectly by many participants (≥ 50%), highlighting a lack of understanding of the indications for HPV testing and the implications of a positive result. About 30% of participants agreed that individuals with HPV infection were sexually easy, responsible for their infection, or had more than 1 sexual partner. More knowledge about HPV infection predicted less stigmatizing attitudes.

Conclusion

Continued education on HPV and HPV testing is needed for frontline healthcare providers of screening in Hong Kong. The stigmatizing attitudes toward HPV‐infected individuals warrant further exploration of the impact of HPV infection on patient care and interventions.
Regional variation in histopathology‐specific incidence of invasive cervical cancer among Peruvian women
Authors: Pierce Campbell Christine M. , Curado Maria P. , Harlow Siobán D. , Soliman Amr S.
Published: October 2011

Objective

To evaluate patterns of cervical cancer incidence in Peru by examining variation in 2 common histopathologic types, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (ADC), and analyzing trends over time.

Methods

Data on the incidence of invasive cervical cancer between 1984 and 2006 were obtained from 3 population‐based cancer registries in Peru: Lima, Trujillo, and Arequipa. For each registry, data quality assessment was performed, crude and age‐specific incidence was calculated, and time trends were analyzed.

Results

Overall and SCC incidence varied across registries but incidence of ADC did not. Overall and SCC incidence showed significant declines in Trujillo (P < 0.05) and modest declines in Lima (P > 0.05) over time. ADC incidence showed marginally significant increases among women aged 15–29 years in Trujillo (P = 0.10) and modest increases among young women in Lima (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Population‐based cancer registries were an efficient source of data for evaluating the incidence of cervical cancer once data quality had been established. Geographic and temporal variations in cervical cancer burden were documented in Peru. The trends suggest that cervical ADC is increasing among young women in urban Peru, particularly in Trujillo. We recommend supplementing current Papanicolaou test screening with complementary methods of cervical cancer control, including human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination and HPV DNA testing.
Biomarkers, Genetics, and Risk Factors for Concussion
Authors: Finnoff Jonathan T. , Jelsing Elena J. , Smith Jay
Published: October 2011

It is estimated that between 1.6 and 3.8 million concussions occur annually in the United States. Although frequently regarded as benign, concussions can lead to multiple different adverse outcomes, including prolonged postconcussive symptoms, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, cognitive impairment, early onset dementia, movement disorders, psychiatric disorders, motor neuron disease, and even death. Therefore it is important to identify individuals with concussion to provide appropriate medical care and minimize adverse outcomes. Furthermore, it is important to identify individuals who are predisposed to sustaining a concussion or to having an adverse outcome after concussion. This article will discuss the current research on serum biomarkers for concussion, genetic influence on concussion, risk factors associated with concussion predisposition and poor outcome, and practical suggestions for the application of this information in clinical practice.
Concussions and the Military: Issues Specific to Service Members
Authors: Rigg John L. , Mooney Scott R.
Published: October 2011

Since October 2001, more than 1.6 million American military service members have deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan in the Global War on Terrorism. It is estimated that between 5% and 35% of them have sustained a concussion, also called mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), during their deployment. Up to 80% of the concussions experienced in theater are secondary to blast exposures. The unique circumstances and consequences of sustaining a concussion in combat demands a unique understanding and treatment plan. The current literature was reviewed and revealed a paucity of pathophysiological explanations on the nature of the injury and informed treatment plans. However, through observation and experience, a theoretical but scientifically plausible model for why and how blast injuries experienced in combat give rise to the symptoms that affect day‐to‐day function of service members who have been concussed has been developed. We also are able to offer treatment strategies based on our evaluation of the current literature and experience to help palliate postconcussive symptoms. The purpose of this review is to elucidate common physical, cognitive, emotional, and situational challenges, and possible solutions for this special population of patients who will be transitioning into the civilian sector and interfacing with health professionals. There is a need for further investigation and testing of these strategies.
Long‐term Consequences of Repetitive Brain Trauma: Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy
Authors: Stern Robert A. , Riley David O. , Daneshvar Daniel H. , Nowinski Christopher J. , Cantu Robert C. , McKee Ann C.
Published: October 2011

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) has been linked to participation in contact sports such as boxing and American football. CTE results in a progressive decline of memory and cognition, as well as depression, suicidal behavior, poor impulse control, aggressiveness, parkinsonism, and, eventually, dementia. In some individuals, it is associated with motor neuron disease, referred to as chronic traumatic encephalomyelopathy, which appears clinically similar to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Results of neuropathologic research has shown that CTE may be more common in former contact sports athletes than previously believed. It is believed that repetitive brain trauma, with or possibly without symptomatic concussion, is responsible for neurodegenerative changes highlighted by accumulations of hyperphosphorylated tau and TDP‐43 proteins. Given the millions of youth, high school, collegiate, and professional athletes participating in contact sports that involve repetitive brain trauma, as well as military personnel exposed to repeated brain trauma from blast and other injuries in the military, CTE represents an important public health issue. Focused and intensive study of the risk factors and in vivo diagnosis of CTE will potentially allow for methods to prevent and treat these diseases. Research also will provide policy makers with the scientific knowledge to make appropriate guidelines regarding the prevention and treatment of brain trauma in all levels of athletic involvement as well as the military theater.
Travels in Arabia Deserta
Authors: Doughty Charles Montagu
Published: October 2011

Western exploration of the Arabian Desert began in the mid-eighteenth century, but it was not until the nineteenth century that the British officers of the Indian colonial government undertook surveys of the areas remote from the major pilgrimage routes. Charles Doughty (1843–1926) spent two years among various nomad tribes and wrote in 1888 what would be the first comprehensive Western work on the geography of Arabia, in an attempt, as he says in the preface, to 'set forth faithfully some parcel of the soil of Arabia smelling of sàmn and camels'. His classic and justly famous account is a fantastic piece of travel writing that shows full understanding of the area, the people and all aspects of nomadic life in the desert.
Transition to turbulence through steep global-modes cascade in an open rotating cavity
Authors: Viaud Bertrand , Serre Eric , Chomaz Jean-Marc
Published: October 2011

The transition to turbulence in a rotating boundary layer is analysed via direct numerical simulation (DNS) in an annular cavity made of two parallel corotating discs of finite radial extent, with a forced inflow at the hub and free outflow at the rim. In a former numerical investigation (Viaud, Serre & Chomaz J. Fluid Mech., vol. 598, 2008, pp. 451–464) realized in a sectorial cavity of azimuthal extent $2\lrm{\pi} / 68$, we have established the existence of a primary bifurcation to nonlinear global mode with angular phase velocity and radial envelope coherent with the so-called elephant mode theory. The former study has demonstrated the subcritical nature of this primary bifurcation with a base flow that keeps being linearly stable for all Reynolds numbers studied. The present work investigates the stability of this elephant mode by extending the cavity both in the radial and azimuthal direction. When the Reynolds number based on the forced throughflow is increased above a threshold value for the existence of the nonlinear global mode, a large-amplitude impulsive perturbation gives rise to a self-sustained saturated wave with characteristics identical to the 68-fold global elephant mode obtained in the smaller cavity. This saturated wave is itself globally unstable and a second front appears in the lee of the primary where small-scale instability develops. These secondary instabilities are identical for the $2\lrm{\pi} / 68$ and the $2\lrm{\pi} / 4$ long sectorial cavities, indicating that transition involves a Floquet mode of zero azimuthal wavenumber. This secondary instability leads to a very disorganized state, defining the transition to turbulence. The observed transition to turbulence linked to the secondary instability of a global mode confirms, for the first time on a real flow, the possibility of a direct transition to turbulence through an elephant mode cascade, a scenario that was up to now only observed on the Ginzburg–Landau model.
Comparing the genetic structure of codling mothCydia pomonella(L.) from Greece and France: long distance gene-flow in a sedentary pest species
Authors: Voudouris C.Ch. , Franck P. , Olivares J. , Sauphanor B. , Mamuris Z. , Tsitsipis J.A. , Margaritopoulos J.T.
Published: October 2011

Codling mothCydia pomonellaL. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is the most important insect pest of apple production in Europe. Despite the economic importance of this pest, there is not information about the genetic structure of its population in Greece and the patterns of gene-flow which might affect the success of control programs. In this study, we analysed nine samples from apple, pear and walnut from various regions of mainland Greece using 11 microsatellite loci. Six samples from the aforementioned hosts from southern France were also examined for comparison. Bayesian clustering and genetic distance analyses separated the codling moth samples in two genetic clusters. The first cluster consisted mainly of the individuals from Greece, and the second of those from France, although admixture and miss-classified individuals were also observed. The low genetic differentiation among samples within each country was also revealed byFSTstatistics (0.009 among Greek samples and 0.0150 among French samples compared to 0.050 global value among all samples and 0.032 the mean of the pair-wise values between the two countries). TheseFSTvalues suggest little structuring at large geographical scales in agreement with previous published studies. The host species and local factors (climatic conditions, topography, pest control programs) did not affect the genetic structure of codling moth populations within each country. The results are discussed in relation to human-made activities that promote gene-flow even at large geographic distances. Possible factors for the genetic differentiation between the two genetic clusters are also discussed.
Exploring the pattern and neural correlates of neuropsychological impairment in late-life depression
Authors: Sexton C. E. , McDermott L. , Kalu U. G. , Herrmann L. L. , Bradley K. M. , Allan C. L. , Le Masurier M. , Mackay C. E. , Ebmeier K. P.
Published: October 2011

Background

Neuropsychological impairment is a key feature of late-life depression, with deficits observed across multiple domains. However, it is unclear whether deficits in multiple domains represent relatively independent processes with specific neural correlates or whether they can be explained by cognitive deficits in executive function or processing speed.

Method

We examined group differences across five domains (episodic memory; executive function; language skills; processing speed; visuospatial skills) in a sample of 36 depressed participants and 25 control participants, all aged ⩾60 years. The influence of executive function and processing speed deficits on other neuropsychological domains was also investigated. Magnetic resonance imaging correlates of executive function, processing speed and episodic memory were explored in the late-life depression group.

Results

Relative to controls, the late-life depression group performed significantly worse in the domains of executive function, processing speed, episodic memory and language skills. Impairments in executive function or processing speed were sufficient to explain differences in episodic memory and language skills. Executive function was correlated with anisotropy of the anterior thalamic radiation and uncinate fasciculus; processing speed was correlated with anisotropy of genu of the corpus callosum. Episodic memory was correlated with anisotropy of the anterior thalamic radiation, the genu and body of the corpus callosum and the fornix.

Conclusions

Executive function and processing speed appear to represent important cognitive deficits in late-life depression, which contribute to deficits in other domains, and are related to reductions in anisotropy in frontal tracts.
Political Theory beyond the Rhetoric–Reason Divide: Hobbes, Semantic Indeterminacy, and Political Order
Authors: Skinner Daniel
Published: October 2011

This article engages the longstanding debate over Hobbes's use of rhetoric, with the aim of rethinking both the political logic ofLeviathanand the way contemporary theorists approach rhetoric in relation to reason. Rhetoric was a particularly acute problem for Thomas Hobbes, whose pursuit of a stable political order may appear to require the absence of rhetoric and the presence of a purely rational order. This appearance is misleading, and it is suggested therefore that political theorists rethink how they understand rhetoric to grasp more fully Hobbes's understanding of political order. The common view that Hobbes resolves the problem of semantic indeterminacy must be questioned. Hobbes in effect understands that stable meaning structures are impossible to attain, even under Leviathan. This reworking suggests the need for refining our understanding of Hobbes, who envisions political order not by privileging reason over rhetoric, but by moving beyond engagements with language altogether.
Rights and the Heart: Emotions and Rights Claims in the Political Theory of Edmund Burke
Authors: Hall Lauren
Published: October 2011

Edmund Burke's emphasis on emotional phenomena is often seen as a rejection of reason. The relationship between reason and the emotions in Burke's work is paralleled by the relationships between the individual and society and between rights and duties. Emotions support duties because they bind us to social life and a particular social location. Burke filters rights claims through our emotional attachment to specific circumstances, thus creating social rights of man in contrast to the individualistic, abstract rights of men of the social contract theorists. Prejudice is presented as an example of a Burkean filter for rights that moderates rights claims by binding individuals to society. Thus, Burke sees reason and emotion as interconnected phenomena that support the balancing of the claims of both individual and the community.
Is there linguistic life after high school? Longitudinal changes in the bilingual repertoire in metropolitan Barcelona
Authors: Woolard Kathryn
Published: October 2011

Do linguistic identities formed in high school endure after adolescence? Do age-related linguistic differences represent community trends over historical time, or are they age-graded practices that change over biographical time? Catalan advocates worry that perceived Castilian dominance in adolescents' peer relations and media consumption forecasts the community's sociolinguistic future. To investigate the possibility of change in bilingual repertoires after adolescence, participants in a 1987 ethnographic study of high school students in metropolitan Barcelona were reinterviewed after twenty years. The reinterviews of L1 Castilian-speakers showed increased mastery and use of Catalan even among those who had been functionally monolingual and most resistant to Catalan in high school. Higher education, the workplace, romance, cosmopolitan travel, and parenthood were triggers of such postadolescent change in the linguistic repertoire. Informants produce a common narrative attributing linguistic transformations to maturational processes that reduce the shame and intolerance of difference that inhibit adolescent second language use. (Bilingualism, second language acquisition, longitudinal research, language and identity, adolescence, Catalan, Catalonia)*
High zooplankton diversity in the extreme environments of the McMurdo Dry Valley lakes, Antarctica
Authors: Hansson Lars-Anders , Hylander Samuel , Dartnall Herbert J.G. , Lidström Sven , Svensson Jan-Erik
Published: October 2011

The McMurdo Dry Valley lakes of Antarctica constitute some of the harshest and most isolated freshwater environments on Earth which might be expected to limit the biogeographical expansion of many organisms. Despite this, we found that the biodiversity of rotifer zooplankton is the highest ever recorded on the Antarctic mainland. We identified in total nine rotifer taxa, of which six are new to the Antarctic continent, in Lake Hoare, and also the first sub-adult crustacean copepod belonging to the genusBoeckella. A possible explanation for the high biodiversity is that many of the recorded species have arrived in the region in relatively recent times and then established invasive populations, suggesting that their distribution pattern was previously limited only by biogeographical borders. Interestingly, we show that the cosmopolitan rotifer taxa identified are relatively abundant, suggesting that they have established viable populations. Hence, our study suggests that the biogeographical maps have to be redrawn for several species.
Autumn migration of soaring birds through the Gebel El Zeit Important Bird Area (IBA), Egypt, threatened by wind farm projects
Authors: HILGERLOH GUDRUN , MICHALIK ANDREAS , RADDATZ BERND
Published: October 2011

Systematic bird observations were performed during autumn 2006 in the migration bottleneck area of Zeit Bay, Egypt (27.73°N, 33.51°E), situated on the coast of the Gulf of Suez, opposite southern Sinai. Owing to the strong northerly winds in that area, considerable pressure exists to construct wind farms. A total of 145,432 soaring birds, including 134,599 storks and 9,376 raptors over a period of 453.6 hours were observed between 20 August and 29 October by two teams working daily in two shifts. White Stork Ciconia ciconia and European Honey Buzzard Pernis apivorus were the most numerous species (91.4% and 5.7% respectively) of all soaring birds observed. As both species migrate early, relatively few birds were recorded passing through in October. A total of 57,179 soaring birds were observed within a range of 2.5 km from the observers, and of these 32,248 were flying at heights up to 200 m. Few individuals of the rapidly declining breeding populations of Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnotperus (‘Endangered’) and Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni (‘Vulnerable’) passed (8 and 33 respectively). Pallid Harriers Circus macrourus (‘Near Threatened’) however, were more numerous (100) than at other migration sites along the East African-West Asian Flyway (Israel, southern tip of Sinai, Suez and Bab-el-Mandeb). Western Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus and Montagu’s Harrier Circus pygargus were also more numerous than at these sites. Some other large migrant species, observed at Suez, Bab el-Mandeb or in Israel, were seen only in small numbers or not at all at Zeit Bay in autumn. Among them, the Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalensis being the best known example of loop migration, entering Africa at Suez and Bab el-Mandeb, is for this reason not expected in autumn at Zeit Bay, while in spring it is a regular migrant. The number of Black Storks Ciconia nigra observed accounted for 4.8% of the flyway population, that of White Storks for 33.3%, Great White Pelicans Pelecanus onocrotalus for a further 3.5% and European Honey Buzzards for 0.8%. The extrapolation of the number of birds passing through the study area during the migration season, suggests that it was used by 92% of the White Stork, 12% of the Black Stork, 5% of the Great White Pelican, 4% of the European Honey Buzzard and 2% of the Pallid Harrier flyway populations in autumn 2006.
Interview with a Neanderthal: an Experimental Approach for Reconstructing Scraper Production Rules, and their Implications for Imposed Form in Middle Palaeolithic Tools
Authors: Bisson Michael S.
Published: October 2011

This article investigates the degree and nature of ‘imposed form’ in Middle Palaeolithic scrapers, the most common category of stone tool produced by Neanderthals. Novice flintknappers unfamiliar with Middle Palaeolithic tool forms were found to consistently employ two rules in manufacturing scrapers: the striking platform and any adjacent blunt edges were left intact to facilitate prehension, and the longest edge with the most acute spine-plane angle was retouched. Scrapers from three major Middle Palaeolithic sites adhered to these rules in over 90 per cent of cases, but significant divergence from these rules was found in a sample from Skhul cave (Israel) level B1, associated with early anatomically modern Homo sapiens. It is concluded that Middle Palaeolithic scraper manufacture was structured by the need to create a suitable working edge, and to locate that edge to maximize ease and comfort during manufacture and use. The overall shape of the resulting tools was thus not an expression of ‘imposed form’ in the conventional sense. The discovery of violations of these rules in the Skhul B1 collection provides evidence of increased use of imposed form, as well as potentially significant behavioural differences between early anatomically modern Homo sapiens and contemporary Neanderthals.
A Method for Quick, Low-Cost Automated Confluency Measurements
Authors: Topman Gil , Sharabani-Yosef Orna , Gefen Amit
Published: October 2011

A culture's confluency is a fundamental measure in the field of biology, and routine quantification of confluence in cell culture protocols, biological assays and tissue engineering work is important. However, current techniques for obtaining confluency are either subjective, destructive, not simple enough, or time-consuming. We developed an image processing method for automated confluency measurement from a single microscope image without any chemical staining. To demonstrate utility we monitored the confluency of three cell types: NIH3T3 fibroblasts, C2C12 myoblasts, and 3T3L1 pre-adipocytes for 5 days, twice a day. The captured micrographs had different and uneven illumination, the cell types varied in cell-to-background contrast, and the confluency ranged between 10% and 100%. Despite these variable conditions, our method was shown to be practical, economic, and easy to implement, providing quantitative confluency measurements over time in each culture case. The method is hence suitable for routine automatic determination of confluency to standardize handling of cells, achieve reproducibility across trials, and improve accuracy in experimental outcome measures.
Diversity in nutritional composition of Swiss chard (Beta vulgarissubsp. L. var.cicla) accessions revealed by multivariate analysis
Authors: Bozokalfa M. K. , Yağmur Bülent , Aşçıoğul Tansel Kaygısız , Eşiyok Dursun
Published: October 2011

Mineral concentration levels in cultivated vegetables have received very little concern in the context of biodiversity despite the fact that most vegetables have a rich micronutrient composition. Swiss chard is an important salad crop which is high yielding and rich in minerals, vitamins and phenolic compounds. It is also extremely easy to grow. However, there is a lack of information on the genetic variability of mineral concentration of Swiss chard. Mineral composition diversity of 54 genetically diverse Swiss chard accessions, representative of all Turkish Swiss chard genetic resources, was investigated using multivariate analysis. These traits are useful in evaluating germplasm diversity in the nutritional concentration context and for use in further breeding programmes which will focus on improving mineral concentrations in Swiss chard cultivars. The results displayed significant differences among accessions and remarkably high nutrient contents. The data gathered were analyzed using principal components (PCs) and cluster analysis and revealed five major groupings. The data also observed 74.39% of total variation. The first three PCs accounted for 49.86% of the total variation in the population. Present values provided great variability among accessions and the results demonstrate that it is possible to identify genetic differentiation among Swiss chard accession for some nutritional elements. The genetic resources that exist indicate that potentially important accessions could be used as a gene source due to their high levels of K, Ca, Cu and Zn in breeding programmes.