Low specificity of rapid diagnostic tests and lack of coherence between laboratory tests to diagnose gambiense human African trypanosomiasis, as evidenced by a prospective clinical performance study in Côte d’Ivoire and in Guinea
Authors: N’Djetchi Martial Kassi , Camara Oumou , Koffi Mathurin , Camara Mamadou , Kaba Dramane , Kaboré Jacques , Tall Alkali , Rotureau Brice , Glover Lucy , Traoré Mélika Barkissa , Koné Minayegninrin , Coulibaly Bamoro , Adingra Guy Pacome , Soumah Aissata , Gassama Mohamed , Camara Abdoulaye Dansy , Compaoré Charlie Franck Alfred , Camara Aïssata , Boiro Salimatou , Anton Elena Perez , Bessell Paul , Reet Nick Van , Bucheton Bruno , Jamonneau Vincent , Bart Jean-Mathieu , Solano Philippe , Biéler Sylvain , Lejon Veerle 
Published: April 2024

Background:Serological screening tests play a crucial role to diagnose gambiense human African trypanosomiasis (gHAT). Presently, they preselect individuals for microscopic confirmation, but in future “screen and treat” strategies they will identify individuals for treatment. Variability in reported specificities, the development of new rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) and the hypothesis that malaria infection may decrease RDT specificity led us to evaluate the specificity of 5 gHAT screening tests.
Method: During active screening, venous blood samples from 1095 individuals from Côte d’Ivoire and Guinea were tested consecutively with commercial (Bioline HAT 2.0, HAT Sero-K-SeT, CATT) and prototype (HAT Sero-K-SeT 2.0, DCN) gHAT screening tests and with a malaria RDT. Individuals with ≥ 1 positive gHAT screening test underwent microscopy and further immunological (trypanolysis, indirect ELISA) and molecular laboratory tests (conventional PCR, SHERLOCK, Trypanozoon S²-RT-qPCR, SNP RT-qPCR). Microscopic trypanosome detection confirmed gHAT, while other individuals were considered gHAT free.
Results: One gHAT case was diagnosed. Overall test specificities (n=1094) were: CATT 98.9% (98.1-99.4%); HAT Sero-K-SeT 86.7% (84.5-88.5%); Bioline HAT 2.0 82.1% (79.7-84.2%); DCN HAT RDT 78.2% (75.7-80.6%); and HAT Sero-K-SeT 2.0 78.4% (75.9-80.8%). In malaria positives, gHAT screening tests appeared less specific, but the difference was significant only in Guinea for Bioline HAT 2.0 and HAT Sero-K-Set 2.0. The specificities of immunological and molecular laboratory tests in gHAT seropositives were 98.7-100% (n=399) and 93.0-100% (n=302), respectively. Among 44 laboratory test positives, only the confirmed gHAT patient and one screening test seropositive combined immunological and molecular laboratory test positivity.
Conclusions:Although a minor effect of malaria cannot be excluded, gHAT RDT specificities are far below the 95% minimal specificity stipulated by the WHO target product profile for a simple diagnostic tool to identify individuals eligible for treatment. Unless specificity is improved, an RDT-based “screen and treat” strategy would result in massive overtreatment. In view of their inconsistent results, additional comparative evaluations of the diagnostic performance of laboratory tests are indicated for better identifying, among screening test positives, those at increased suspicion for gHAT.
Trial registration: The trial was retrospectively registered under NCT05466630 in clinicaltrials.gov on July 15 2022.