bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two Ways to Smoke a Cigarette
Authors: Sainsbury R.M.
Published: March 2003

In the early part of the paper, I attempt to explain a dispute between two parties who endorse the compositionality of language but disagree about its implications: Paul Horwich, and Jerry Fodor and Ernest Lepore. In the remainder of the paper, I challenge the thesis on which they are agreed, that compositionality can be taken for granted. I suggest that it is not clear what compositionality involves nor whether it obtains. I consider some kinds of apparent counterexamples, and compositionalist responses to them in terms of covert indexicality and unspecific meanings. I argue that the last option is the best for most of the cases I consider. I conclude by stressing, as against Horwich and Fodor and Lepore, that the appropriate question concerns the extent to which compositionality obtains in a natural language, rather than whether it obtains or not, so that the answer is essentially messy, requiring detailed consideration of a wide range of examples.
A Basic Classification of Legal Institutions
Authors: Ruiter Dick W. P.
Published: March 2003

The author offers a general definition of legal institutions. A distinction between institutional legal concepts, legal institutions and social institutions makes it possible to define legal institutions as systems of valid presentations of what must occur in social reality in order that the former can be said also to exist as social institutions. Weinberger's idea, that the relation of legal institutions (practical information) to reality is the exact reverse of that between propositions (theoretical information) and reality, is subsequently used in developing a basic classification of legal institutions by analogy with the traditional division of elements of singular propositions in definite descriptions, properties and relations.
On Collective Actions. Some Remarks on the Theory of Legal Actions
Authors: Aarnio Aulis
Published: March 2003

In this paper the author deals with collegial judicial decisions as a form of human action. The scope is, however, limited to three questions: (1) What is the structure and the status of the general theory of action; (2) Is this theory applicable to such performative acts as judicial decisions; and finally, (3) Is it possible to speak about action in connection with collective agents such as collegial courts? The author defends the thesis that general theory of action as such is applicable to collective action, too, because the difficulty is not in the structure of that theory, or in its “individual character,” but specifically in the notion of “collective will.” This kind of “will” is epistemologically always a result of a political procedure, and speaking about the “collective will” presupposes the analysis of these procedures, because in practice they and only they formulate “collective motives,”“collective beliefs” and the like.
The Special Case Thesis
Authors: Alexy Robert
Published: March 2003

The author outlines his thesis that legal discourse is a special case of general practical discourse (Sonderfallthese) and develops it as an attempt to cover both the authoritative, institutional, or real and free, discursive, or ideal dimension of legal reasoning. On this basis, he examines the objections raised by Habermas (1996) to the special case thesis. First, he discusses the reduction of general practical discourse to moral discourses (genus proximum problem) holding that the former is a combination of moral, ethical, and pragmatic arguments within the priority of just; second, he examines the objection that general practical arguments change their character or nature when employed in legal contexts (subset and specification problem) and the related problems concerning legal validity and unjust law. He concludes proposing a procedural (opposite to a coherential) integration of general practical arguments in the legal context.
Scarcity, Discourses of Implementation, and Habermasian Law and Democracy
Authors: Avio Kenneth
Published: March 2003

This paper contains a critique of Habermas' discourse theory of law and democracy from an economic perspective. An example drawn from Klaus Günther's work on discourses of application suggests the failure of discourse ethics to adequately account for the problem of scarcity. This blindpoint is reflected in Habermas' legal theory through the latter's inadequate recognition of the internal connection between markets and law. Discourses of implementation are introduced as a discourse‐relevant procedure to account for the problem of scarcity. Consensus, as defined by Habermas, cannot be the agreement mode applicable to discourses of implementation.
Looking Beyond ‘Skills’ and ‘Processes’: Literacy as Social and Cultural Practices in Classrooms
Authors: Comber Barbara , Cormack Phil
Published: March 2003

This article explores the thinking and research that has led to a view of literacy as social and cultural practices. Literacy is described not as an internal cognitive state or a universal set of skills and processes that individuals must learn, but as social and cultural ways of doing things through the use of text. This view adds to our understanding of literacy by switching the focus to the ways in which individuals, groups, communities and societies put literate practices to work. For teachers, this means thinking about the sorts of literacies they are trying to produce through their programmes. This implies studying classrooms and preschools as social and cultural settings where particular practices count as good work – asking which kinds of texts, ways of talking, reading, writing and behaving are preferred and why.
Language mosaic. Developing literacy in a second–new language: a new perspective
Authors: Mor–Sommerfeld Aura
Published: March 2003

This article presents a new approach to examining second language writing among young learners, which I define as “Language mosaic”. It offers a new perspective on the process of writing development and examines how and what children do in the writing process while developing an additional language.
Technological Progress versus Efficiency Gain in Manufacturing Sectors
Authors: Lee Jeong‐Dong , Kim Tai‐Yoo , Heo Eunnyeong
Published: March 2003

This study decomposes the nonparametric Malmquist productivity index for 36 Korean manufacturing sectors into two components: technological change and technical efficiency change. The empirical results show that while each sector displays quite different growth patterns, productivity growth is dominated by technological change. Technological change is found to have a negative correlation with efficiency change. Secondary regression performed in this study identifies the relationship between productivity growth measures and several key policy variables, such as effective protection rate, market concentration, and so forth. The productivity estimates are compared with those of the conventional Törnqvist productivity index.
Income Inequality is not Harmful for Growth: Theory and Evidence
Authors: Li Hongyi , Zou Heng‐fu
Published: March 2003

The paper shows that income inequality may theoretically lead to higher economic growth if public consumption enters the utility function. Empirically, baseline estimations and a sensitivity analysis show that income inequality is positively, and most of the time significantly, associated with economic growth. These findings stand in sharp contrast to the negative association between inequality and growth propounded by Alesina and Rodrik and by Persson and Tabellini.
Role of International Trade in Chinese Economic Development
Authors: Koo Won W. , Lou Jianqiang
Published: March 2003

This study examines the interdependency between Chinese agricultural and industrial sectors. A dual economic model was developed to investigate the relationship between the two sectors and factors affecting Chinese economic development. The study reveals that inputs, such as labor, are important to Chinese economic development. Capital investment contributed to the growth of the Chinese industrial sector. The results also suggest that foreign trade has made a significant contribution to economic development. Growth of the Chinese agricultural sector seems to depend on industrial growth, but growth of the industrial sector does not rely on agricultural growth.
The Importance of Trade and Geography in the Pattern of Spatial Dependence of Growth Rates
Authors: Weinhold Diana
Published: March 2003

The paper examines the nature of spatial dependence of growth rates across countries. Economic space as well as geographic space is considered as a possible medium through which growth rates may be correlated. The results indicate that the growth rates of developing countries are influenced by the lagged growth rates of their trading partners’ growth rates. Industrialized countries’ growth rates, on the other hand, display only contemporaneous correlation with others’ growth rates that can be explained by the presence of time‐specific global shocks. The conclusions seem consistent with a general model of North–South trade with endogenous knowledge‐generated growth in the North and imitation, trade‐driven growth in the South.
Health and Wealth: A Structural Model of Social and Economic Development
Authors: Fielding David
Published: March 2003

The paper presents a model of social and economic development which relaxes some of the assumptions made in existing papers on the determinants of growth. In particular, the model allows for multidirectional causality between social and economic indicators. The model indicates that there are strong causal relationships in both directions between economic development and social and political development.
Government Spending, Taxation, and Oil Revenues in Mexico
Authors: Tijerina–Guajardo José A. , Pagán José A.
Published: March 2003

The paper analyzes the intertemporal relationship between oil duties, taxes, government spending, and GDP in Mexico during the 1981–98 period. The results from estimating a VAR model, impulse response functions, and variance decompositions on the quarterly series of taxes, government spending, oil duties, and GDP suggest that there seems to be a substitution effect between oil duties and tax revenues, and that tax revenues are not able to absorb temporary decreases in oil duties. Also, increases in tax revenue might lead to increasing government spending, but short–run increases in government spending are not likely to lead to political pressure to reduce the expected budget deficit via increased taxation and/or oil revenues. Lastly, GDP is not stimulated in the short–run by temporary increases in government spending and, thus, stabilization measures adopted in recent years to reduce the size of the government are not likely to significantly undermine GDP growth.
The Role of Multinational Firms in the Wage‐Gap Debate
Authors: Markusen James R. , Venables Anthony J.
Published: March 2003

The observation of an increase in the ratio of skilled to unskilled wages in the high‐income countries and in some cases in low/middle‐income countries has led to considerable discussion and controversy as to its cause. Virtually none of the analyses have considered a role for multinational investment in explaining the wage‐gap phenomenon. This paper adapts the authors’ earlier work to consider what role multinationals might play in factor markets. It identifies circumstances under which investment liberalization is likely to raise the wage gap in both the skilled‐labor abundant and the unskilled‐labor abundant country.
Endogenous Exchange Rate Volatility, Trading Volume and Interest Rate Differentials in a Model of Portfolio Selection
Authors: Hagiwara May , Herce Miguel A.
Published: March 2003

This paper considers a portfolio model of exchange rate determination and focuses on endogenous sources of exchange rate volatility. It is shown that, in addition to volatility transmitted by conditionally heteroskedastic interest rates, the larger the serial correlation in interest rates the stronger the effect of interest rate differentials on exchange rate volatility. These features are supported by the data. The paper also looks at the volume–volatility relationship implied by the model.
Human Capital, Exports, and Economic Growth: A Causality Analysis for Taiwan, 1952–1995
Authors: Chuang Yih‐chyi
Published: March 2003

By using cointegration and error‐correction representation methodology, this paper tested the causal relationship among human capital accumulation, exports, and economic growth using data pertaining to Taiwan’s real GDP, real exports, and higher education attainment over the period 1952–95. The main findings of the paper are that human capital accumulation fosters growth and stimulates exports, while exports promote long‐run growth by accelerating the process of human capital accumulation. Taiwan’s case study thus supports the human capital‐based endogenous growth theory and the export‐led growth hypothesis.
Housing Reform in Guangzhou and Shenzhen, China
Authors: Hui Eddie Chi Man , Wong Francis Kwan Wah
Published: March 2003

It has been widely suggested that housing reforms in China face many obstacles, such as the entrenchment of the work unit system and low affordability of households. Housing policy development is now an important area for research, resulting in a large number of publications inside China. Most of these, however, are related to Beijing and Shanghi only. The objective of this paper is to provide an up‐to‐date review of housing reforms in Southern China by examining the two wealthiest cities of Guangzhou and Shenzhen. The study is baseed onan an alysis of the literature, government legislation documents, interviews with government officials and press articles.
Do Environmental Standards Harm Manufacturing Employment?
Authors: Golombek Rolf , Raknerud Arvid
Published: March 2003

A major issue in the debate about imposing environmental standards on polluting firms is the possibility of negative effects on employment. We examine the impact of environmental regulations on employment in an empirical analysis. Norwegian data are used to study three manufacturing sectors with high shares of units under strict environmental regulations. We find that for two of these sectors, firms under strict environmental regulations had a higher tendency to increase employment and a lower tendency to exit than firms under weak or no environmental regulation. For the third sector, environmental regulations had no significant impact on employment.
The Cost of Life Expectancy and the Implicit Social Valuation of Life
Authors: Dowrick Steve , Dunlop Yvonne , Quiggin John
Published: March 2003

A new method of estimating the economic value of life is proposed. Using cross‐country data, an equation is estimated to explain life expectancy as a function of real consumption of goods and services. The associated cost function for life expectancy in terms of the prices of specific goods and services is used to estimate the cost of a reduction in age‐specific mortality rates sufficient to save the life of one person. The cost of saving a life in OECD countries is as much as 1000 times that in the poorest countries. Ethical implications are discussed.
The Labour Input Response to Permanent Changes in Output: An Errors‐in‐Variables Analysis Based on Panel Data
Authors: Biørn Erik , Klette Tor Jakob
Published: March 2003

Using panel data for Norwegian manufacturing, we revisit ‘the increasing returns to scale puzzle’ for labour inputs. We consider the response of the input of white‐collar workers, blue‐collar workers, and blue‐collar worker hours to permanent changes in output. Permanent and temporary changes in output are treated as latent variables. We compare OLS, IV, and GMM estimates of the response elasticities and conclude that the distinction between permanent and temporary changes is essential. Our GMM estimates suggest that the ‘increasing returns to scale puzzle’ remains for all measures of the labour input also when we consider their response to permanent changes in output. For materials, the output response indicates approximately constant returns to scale. This suggests non‐homotheticity of the production technology.

JEL classification: C23; J23
Status, the Distribution of Wealth, and Growth
Authors: Corneo Giacomo , Jeanne Olivier
Published: March 2003

We analyze a simple model of endogenous growth in which individuals care about both consumption and their rank in the distribution of wealth. We show that the steady‐growth rate of the economy increases with both the strength of the status‐seeking motive and the initial equality of the wealth distribution. Contrary to the basic model of endogenous growth, the equilibrium growth rate is not necessarily smaller than in the social optimum, and we identify the circumstances under which the two coincide.
Markets with Asymmetric Information: The Contributions of George Akerlof, Michael Spence and Joseph Stiglitz
Authors: Lofgren Karl–Gustaf , Persson Torsten , Weibull Jorgen W.
Published: March 2003

JEL classification: D8
Redistribution and Subsidies for Higher Education
Authors: Bevia Carmen , Iturbe–Ormaetxe Inigo
Published: March 2003

The financing of higher education through public spending imposes a transfer of resources from taxpayers to university students and their parents. We provide an explanation for this phenomenon. Those who attend institutions of higher education will earn more income in the future and will pay more taxes. People whose children do not receive higher education, however, should agree to help pay the cost of such education, providing that taxes are sufficiently high to ensure an adequate redistribution in favor of their own children at some time in the future.

JEL classification: D71; H21; H52
Knowledge Spillovers in Europe: A Patent Citations Analysis
Authors: Maurseth Per Botolf , Verspagen Bart
Published: March 2003

This paper addresses the pattern of knowledge flows as indicated by patent citations between European regions. Our findings support the hypothesis that there are important barriers to knowledge flows in Europe. Patent citations occur more often between regions which belong to the same country and which are in geographical proximity. Furthermore, patent citations are industry specific and occur most often between regions that are specialised in industrial sectors with specific technological linkages between them. Patent citations are also more frequent when the citing region belongs to the same linguistic group as the cited region.

JEL classification: O30; O33; R19
Outsourcing, Imports and Labour Demand
Authors: Falk Martin , Koebel Bertrand M.
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the effects of purchased services and imported intermediate materials on the labour demand for different skills in German manufacturing sectors. We derive and estimate a factor demand system based on the generalised Box–Cox cost function nesting both the normalised quadratic and the translog functional form. We find that the impacts of output and capital growth are more important in explaining the demand for heterogeneous labour than substitution effects between labour and non–labour inputs. Similarly, the increasing use of both imported materials and purchased services is a consequence of output growth rather than input substitution.

JEL classification: J23; O33
Relationships Between Social Support, Social Coping and Life Events in the Relapse of Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Hultman Christina M. , Wieselgren Ing‐Marie , Öhman Arne
Published: March 2003

The vulnerability‐stress model for schizophrenia posits that relapses are at least partly determined by interacting triggering and protecting psychosocial factors. This study examined social support and general coping style in 42 consecutively admitted DSM:III schizophrenic patients, who were followed prospectively for up to four years. In a second part of the study, a subgroup of the patients were interviewed using the Life Event and Difficulty Schedule 9 months after discharge or at relapse. Patients contented with low social integration had a higher relapse rate over four years than patients lacking of social provisions, but wanting more. We found an excess of life events three weeks before relapse compared to events reported in the non‐relapsing group. Suggesting a buffering effect of social factors, time between life event and relapse was significantly extended among patients with a high availability of attachment and a coping strategy characterised of active support seeking.
Rapid facial reactions to emotional facial expressions
Authors: Dimberg Ulf , Thunberg Monika
Published: March 2003

This study explored how rapidly emotion specific facial muscle reactions were elicited when subjects were exposed to pictures of angry and happy facial expressions. In three separate experiments, it was found that distinctive facial electromyographic reactions, i.e., greater Zygomaticus major muscle activity in response to happy than to angry stimuli and greater Corrugator supercilii muscle activity in response to angry stimuli, were detectable after only 300–400 ms of exposure. These findings demonstrate that facial reactions are quickly elicited, indicating that expressive emotional reactions can be very rapidly manifested and are perhaps controlled by fast operating facial affect programs.
The meaning of guilt: A phenomenological description of employed mothers' experiences of guilt
Authors: Elvin‐Nowak Ylva
Published: March 2003

This article discusses the structure and content of the phenomenon of guilt based on the experience of 13 working mothers. Using a phenomenological approach, the researcher has analyzed the women’s descriptions of guilt situations and presents the constituent component of the guilt phenomenon. The most salient feature of these women’s descriptions of guilt is their strong, repetitive, everyday character. The phenomenon of guilt contains a general feeling of responsibility especially towards the children. Feelings of guilt arise when the women interprets a situation in terms of failure in responsibility. The sense of failure in responsibility arise in situations when she lacks real control over the demands made on her from different spheres of life or in situations where she exhibits an assertive behavior where she puts the responsibility for herself and her own needs foremost. The phenomenon of guilt contains certain elements of shame, aggression and vagueness in communication.
Icelandic Norms for the Snodgrass and Vanderwart (1980) Pictures: Name and Image Agreement, Familiarity, and Aage of Acquisition
Authors: Pind Jörgen , Jónsdóttir Halla , Gissurardóttir HjördÃ¥s , Jónsson Frosti
Published: March 2003

This paper presents Icelandic norms for the widely used pictorial stimuli of Snodgrass and Vanderwart (1980). Norms are presented for name agreement, familiarity, imageability, rated and objective age‐of‐acquisition (AoA) of vocabulary, and word frequency. The ratings were collected from 103 adult participants while the objective AoA values were collected from 279 children, 2,5–11 years of age. The present norms are in many respects similar to those already collected for other language groups indicating that the stimuli will be useful for further psychological studies in Iceland. The rated AoA values show a high correlation with objective AoA (r = 0.718) thus confirming previous studies conducted with English speaking participants that rated AoA is a relatively valid measure of objective AoA. However, word frequency and familiarity are more closely correlated with rated AoA than with objective AoA indicating that these factors play some role in the ratings. Objective AoA norms are therefore to be preferred in studies of cognitive processes.
More Than One Way to Change: A Study of Course Heterogeneity During and After Short‐term Psychiatric In‐patient Treatment
Authors: Gude Tore , Havik Odd, E.
Published: March 2003

This study describes differences in course and outcome, defined by GSI (SCL‐90) at admission, discharge, and one‐year follow‐up, in 458 patients receiving in‐patient treatment for long‐standing symptom and/or personality disorders.

A K‐mean cluster analysis identified seven subgroups of patients, representing four clinical distinct, meaningful patterns of change: early improvement, late improvement, relapsing after discharge, and a severe chronic course.

Main findings: the subgroups had unique correlates among socio‐demographic, diagnostic, and treatment‐related characteristics. One of the relapsing groups had a high rate of Cluster C personality disorders, whereas the other had low participation in the anxiety programme. The group with severe chronic course showed occupational maladjustment and high number of both Axis I and II disorders.

Implications: anxiety patients should participate in anxiety‐treatment programmes, Cluster C patients should be followed and monitored for relapse, and severe chronic patients should be offered specialised treatment for their co‐existing substance abuse and/or eating disorders.
Colour–cueing in visual search
Authors: Laarni Jari
Published: March 2003

Several studies have shown that people can selectively attend to stimulus colour, e.g., in visual search, and that preknowledge of a target colour can improve response speed/accuracy. The purpose was to use a form–identification task to determine whether valid colour precues can produce benefits and invalid cues costs. The subject had to identify the orientation of a “T”–shaped element in a ring of randomly–oriented “L”s when either two or four of the elements were differently coloured. Contrary to Moore and Egeth’s (1998) recent findings, colour–based attention did affect performance under data–limited conditions: Colour cues produced benefits when processing load was high; when the load was reduced, they incurred only costs. Surprisingly, a valid colour cue succeeded in improving performance in the high–load condition even when its validity was reduced to the chance level. Overall, the results suggest that knowledge of a target colour does not facilitate the processing of the target, but makes it possible to prioritize it.
Cognitive processing in literate and illiterate subjects: A review of some recent behavioral and functional neuroimaging data
Authors: Petersson Karl Magnus , Reis Alexandra , Ingvar Martin
Published: March 2003

The study of illiterate subjects, which for specific socio‐cultural reasons did not have the opportunity to acquire basic reading and writing skills, represents one approach to study the interaction between neurobiological and cultural factors in cognitive development and the functional organization of the human brain. In addition the naturally occurring illiteracy may serve as a model for studying the influence of alphabetic orthography on auditory‐verbal language. In this paper we have reviewed some recent behavioral and functional neuroimaging data indicating that learning an alphabetic written language modulates the auditory‐verbal language system in a non‐trivial way and provided support for the hypothesis that the functional architecture of the brain is modulated by literacy. We have also indicated that the effects of literacy and formal schooling is not limited to language related skills but appears to affect also other cognitive domains. In particular, we indicate that formal schooling influences 2D but not 3D visual naming skills. We have also pointed to the importance of using ecologically relevant tasks when comparing literate and illiterate subjects. We also demonstrate the applicability of a network approach in elucidating differences in the functional organization of the brain between groups. The strength of such an approach is the ability to study patterns of interactions between functionally specialized brain regions and the possibility to compare such patterns of brain interactions between groups or functional states. This complements the more commonly used activation approach to functional neuroimaging data, which characterize functionally specialized regions, and provides important data characterizing the functional interactions between these regions.
The Tromsø Social Intelligence Scale, a self‐report measure of social intelligence
Authors: Silvera David , Martinussen Monica , Dahl Tove I.
Published: March 2003

Social intelligence is a construct that not only appeals to laymen as a relevant individual difference but also has shown promising practical applications. Nevertheless, the use of social intelligence in research and applied settings has been limited by definitional problems, difficulties in empirically differentiating social intelligence from related constructs, and the complexity of most existing measures of social intelligence. The goal of the present research was to address some of these obstacles by designing a multi‐faceted social intelligence measure that is short and easy to administer. Three studies were conducted to develop and validate the Tromsø Social Intelligence Scale (TSIS). Study 1 examined professional psychologists’ interpretations of social intelligence to derive a consensually agreed‐upon definition of the construct. In Study 2, a large pool of social intelligence items were tested, and a 3‐factor, 21‐item scale was identified. In Study 3, the stability of this measure was confirmed.
Risk–taking attitudes among young drivers: The psychometric qualities and dimensionality of an instrument to measure young drivers’ risk–taking attitudes
Authors: Ulleberg Pål , Rundmo Torbjørn
Published: March 2003

Adolescents are proportionately more frequently involved in traffic accidents than are other age groups. A strategy for promoting road safety is to change the attitudes likely to influence driving behavior. However, the lack of valid and reliable instruments to measure risk–taking attitudes makes it difficult to evaluate the effects of measures aimed at changing attitudes among young drivers and their passengers. The present study tested the psychometric qualities of a scale intended to measure adolescents’ risk–taking attitudes to driving. The results are based on a self–completion questionnaire survey carried out among 3,942 adolescents and young adults, aged 16–23 years, in Norway in 1998/1999. Using both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, 11 dimensions of risk–taking attitudes were identified. Parametric as well as nonparametric methods were applied to test the homogeneity of items within each attitude dimension. The reliability and validity of the dimensions were satisfactory. The attitude dimensions were significantly correlated with self–reported driving behavior, as well as accident frequency. The application of the new measurement instrument in studies aimed at evaluating safety campaigns is discussed.
A Simple Derivation of r* for Curved Exponential Families
Authors: Jensen Jens Ledet
Published: March 2003

For curved exponential families we consider modified likelihood ratio statistics of the form rL=r+log(u/r)/r, where r is the signed root of the likelihood ratio statistic. We are testing a one‐dimensional hypothesis, but in order to specify approximate ancillary statistics we consider the test as one in a series of tests. By requiring asymptotic independence and asymptotic normality of the test statistics in a large deviation region there is a particular choice of the statistic u which suggests itself. The derivation of this result is quite simple, only involving a standard saddlepoint approximation followed by a transformation. We give explicit formulas for the statistic u, and include a discussion of the case where some coordinates of the underlying variable are lattice.
A Multivariate Model for Repeated Failure Time Measurements
Authors: Crowder Martin
Published: March 2003

A parametric multivariate failure time distribution is derived from a frailty‐type model with a particular frailty distribution. It covers as special cases certain distributions which have been used for multivariate survival data in recent years. Some properties of the distribution are derived: its marginal and conditional distributions lie within the parametric family, and association between the component variates can be positive or, to a limited extent, negative. The simple closed form of the survivor function is useful for right‐censored data, as occur commonly in survival analysis, and for calculating uniform residuals. Also featured is the distribution of ratios of paired failure times. The model is applied to data from the literature
On Smooth Statistical Tail Functionals
Authors: Drees Holger
Published: March 2003

Many estimators of the extreme value index of a distribution functionF that are based on a certain numberkn of largest order statistics can be represented as a statistical tail function al, that is a functionalT applied to the empirical tail quantile functionQn. We study the asymptotic behaviour of such estimators with a scale and location invariant functionalT under weak second order conditions onF. For that purpose first a new approximation of the empirical tail quantile function is established. As a consequence we obtain weak consistency and asymptotic normality ofT(Qn) ifT is continuous and Hadamard differentiable, respectively, at the upper quantile function of a generalized Pareto distribution andkpn tends to infinity sufficiently slowly. Then we investigate the asymptotic variance and bias. In particular, those functionalsT re characterized that lead to an estimator with minimal asymptotic variance. Finally, we introduce a method to construct estimators of the extreme value index with a made‐to‐order asymptotic behaviour
Beta‐Bernstein Smoothing for Regression Curves with Compact Support
Authors: Brown Bruce M. , Chen Song Xi
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT. The problem of boundary bias is associated with kernel estimation for regression curves with compact support. This paper proposes a simple and uni(r)ed approach for remedying boundary bias in non‐parametric regression, without dividing the compact support into interior and boundary areas and without applying explicitly different smoothing treatments separately. The approach uses the beta family of density functions as kernels. The shapes of the kernels vary according to the position where the curve estimate is made. Theyare symmetric at the middle of the support interval, and become more and more asymmetric nearer the boundary points. The kernels never put any weight outside the data support interval, and thus avoid boundary bias. The method is a generalization of classical Bernstein polynomials, one of the earliest methods of statistical smoothing. The proposed estimator has optimal mean integrated squared error at an order of magnitude n−4/5, equivalent to that of standard kernel estimators when the curve has an unbounded support.
Indices of Dependence Between Types in Multivariate Point Patterns
Authors: Van Lieshout M. N. M. , Baddeley A. J.
Published: March 2003

We propose new summary statistics quantifying several forms of dependence between points of different types in a multi‐type spatial point pattern. These statistics are the multivariate counterparts of the J‐function for point processes of a single type, introduced by Lieshout & Baddeley (1996). They are based on comparing distances from a type i point to either the nearest type j point or to the nearest point in the pattern regardless of type to these distances seen from an arbitrary point in space. Information about the range of interaction can also be inferred. Our statistics can be computed explicitly for a range of well‐known multivariate point process models. Some applications to bivariate and trivariate data sets are presented as well.
Alternative Markov Properties for Chain Graphs
Authors: Andersson Steen A. , Madigan David , Perlman Michael D.
Published: March 2003

Graphical Markov models use graphs to represent possible dependences among statistical variables. Lauritzen, Wermuth, and Frydenberg (LWF) introduced a Markov property for chain graphs (CG): graphs that can be used to represent both structural and associative dependences simultaneously and that include both undirected graphs (UG) and acyclic directed graphs (ADG) as special cases. Here an alternative Markov property (AMP) for CGs is introduced and shown to be the Markov property satisfied by a block‐recursive linear system with multivariate normal errors. This model can be decomposed into a collection of conditional normal models, each of which combines the features of multivariate linear regression models and covariance selection models, facilitating the estimation of its parameters. In the general case, necessary and sufficient conditions are given for the equivalence of the LWF and AMP Markov properties of a CG, for the AMP Markov equivalence of two CGs, for the AMP Markov equivalence of a CG to some ADG or decomposable UG, and for other equivalences. For CGs, in some ways the AMP property is a more direct extension of the ADG Markov property than is the LWF property.
Statistical Genetics and Genetical Statistics: a Forensic Perspective*
Authors: EGELAND THORE , MOSTAD PETTER F.
Published: March 2003

This review paper focuses on forensic aspects of the relation between statistics and genetics. Some of the scientific achievements of the Swedish psychiatrist and geneticist Erik Essen‐Möller may be viewed in the above interdisciplinary context. In a number of situations the correct familial relation between a group of individuals is required. We discuss recent work done to relax some assumptions involved in the classical calculations in Essen‐Möller (1938). Moreover, we extend the discussion to identification problems. In a given case there may be a large number of possible family constellations or pedigrees. A prior probability distribution is established. The posterior model accounts for the combinatorial complexities of the pedigrees, mutations, kinship, and uncertainty in allele frequencies. Examples are based on the shareware program FAMILIAS, see http://www.nr.no/familias. A main message of the present paper is that the Bayesian approach is a convenient framework to down‐weight unreasonable (e.g. incestuous) pedigrees that may always appear likely if only DNA‐measurements are used.
Model Checks for Generalized Linear Models
Authors: STUTE WINFRIED , ZHU LI‐XING
Published: March 2003

In this paper we propose and study non‐parametric tests for the validity of (composite) Generalized Linear Models with a given parametric link structure, which are based on certain empirical processes marked by the residuals. When properly transformed to their innovation part the resulting test statistics are distribution‐free. The method perfectly adapts to a situation, when also the input vector follows a dimension reducing model.
Likelihood Ratio Confidence Bands in Non–parametric Regression with Censored Data
Authors: LI GANG , VAN KEILEGOM INGRID
Published: March 2003

Let (X, Y) be a random vector, where Y denotes the variable of interest possibly subject to random right censoring, and X is a covariate. We construct confidence intervals and bands for the conditional survival and quantile function of Y given X using a non‐parametric likelihood ratio approach. This approach was introduced by Thomas & Grunkemeier (1975), who estimated confidence intervals of survival probabilities based on right censored data. The method is appealing for several reasons: it always produces intervals inside [0, 1], it does not involve variance estimation, and can produce asymmetric intervals. Asymptotic results for the confidence intervals and bands are obtained, as well as simulation results, in which the performance of the likelihood ratio intervals and bands is compared with that of the normal approximation method. We also propose a bandwidth selection procedure based on the bootstrap and apply the technique on a real data set.
Partial Saddlepoint Approximations for Transformed Means
Authors: JING BING‐YI , KOLASSA JOHN E. , ROBINSON JOHN
Published: March 2003

The full saddlepoint approximation for real valued smooth functions of means requires the existence of the joint cumulant generating function for the entire vector of random variables which are being transformed. We propose a mixed saddlepoint‐Edgeworth approximation requiring the existence of a cumulant generating function for only part of the random vector considered, while retaining partially the relative nature of the errors. Tail probability approximations are obtained under conditions which enable the approximations to be used in resampling situations and hence to obtain a result on the relative error of coverage in the case of the bootstrap approximation to the confidence interval for the Studentized mean.
Foreign Policy as Battlefield: A Study of National Interest and Party Motives
Authors: Bjereld Ulf , Demker Marie
Published: March 2003

In no other policy arena are party unity and national unity considered as critical as in security and foreign policy. Party unity on foreign policy is viewed as a national security strategy of particular importance in times of international crisis and uncertainty, or as an expression of party strategy and ideological considerations. Through an empirical study of programs, congresses, voters and ideology of the Swedish parties 1945–1993, we show that the presence or absence of tension in the international system does not affect the inclination of parties to take issue on matters of foreign policy. We also show that parties argue just as much about issues that are central to Swedish security policy as they do about issues that do not directly affect national interest. The main sources of party disagreement over foreign policy seem to be ideologically motivated.
Party Politics and the Organization of the Danish Welfare State, 1890–1920: The Bourgeois Roots of the Modern Welfare State
Authors: Nørgaard Asbjørn Sonne
Published: March 2003

The role of the Social Democrats in the establishment of the Scandinavian welfare state has been challenged in recent years. Institutional legacies have conditioned post‐war Social Democratic reforms, and the bourgeois parties have played a larger role than so far acknowledged. By exploring the origin of five core policies of the early Danish welfare state, it is shown that policy legacy theses cannot account for the pattern of policy organization. Focusing on party and class dynamics, it is demonstrated that the bourgeois parties, and in particular the Liberals, had a crucial influence on the choice of funding model and administrative structure. The distributional and administrative interests of core constituencies shaped the preferences of the bourgeois parties decisively.
The Danes and Europe: From EC 1972 to Euro 2000 – Elections, Referendums and Attitudes
Authors: Buch Roger , Hansen Kasper M.
Published: March 2003

Within Europe, the Danish electorate is the one that has most often expressed its opinion about the European Union in elections and in national referendums. Votes and attitudes are analysed for the five elections to the European Parliament between 1979 and 1999 and in the six referendums – from the first on membership of the EC in 1972 to the September 2000 referendum on acceptance of the euro, the European single currency. The article gives an overview of the development of Danish public opinion in relation to the European Union from 1960 to 2000, the turnouts at referendums, and the elections and results for the European Parliament. It is shown that since Denmark joined the EU, public opinion has fluctuated greatly, although the balance among Danish European Parliament members has remained stable. The reasons for the frequent use of referendums in Denmark and a thematic outline of the six referendums are put forward. The article concludes with a comprehensive analysis of public attitudes towards the referendum on the euro in 2000. It is shown that regional electoral patterns have vanished, but underlying attitudes are manifested in the public.
Why Political Science Needs Political Theory
Authors: Barry Brian
Published: March 2003

Normative political theory and empirical social science have a reciprocal relationship. This thesis is illustrated by taking up two topics: one is social exclusion; the other is ethnicity and discrimination.
Cajun is Dead – Long Live Cajun: Shifting from a Linguistic to a Cultural Community
Authors: Dubois Sylvie , Melançon Megan
Published: March 2003

Researchers have reported an evolution or change in progress in the Cajun identity, though their intuitions have not been confirmed empirically. The traditional membership borders of what a community consists of no longer apply in the case of Cajun. In order to understand these questions of identity and belonging, and to scientifically control the interpretation of the linguistic behavior of Cajun speakers, a general survey has been conducted on the linguistic attitudes and cultural identity of a sample of 929 individuals stratified by age and sex from four communities. Our results show that Cajun identity rests fundamentally in the linguistic ability of the speakers, regardless of the age group one is in: the more one has access to the Cajun language, the more one self‐identifies as Cajun. In general, respondents claim that the necessary criteria to be considered Cajun are just those criteria that they themselves satisfy. We will demonstrate that there appear to be several ‘paths’ to take insofar as the Cajun community identity in Louisiana is concerned. However, this segmentation obviously has not been established or maintained without creating considerable tension between members of the cultural Cajun community.
Translating African‐American Vernacular English into German: The problem of ‘Jim’ in Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn
Authors: Berthele Raphael
Published: March 2003

This paper focuses on the most important problem translators are faced with when translating Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn into German: how can the speech of the African‐American character Jim be rendered? When translating Jim's passages substantial problems arise because there is no exact German equivalent of AAVE. This paper examines both orthographic and other linguistic strategies to differentiate Jim's voice over the last hundred years. This historical analysis shows that in most translations before the 1960s, these strategies downgrade Jim's linguistic and cognitive faculties, depicting his speech as a grammatically simplified pidgin. More contemporary translations, however, opt for devices that depict Jim in colloquial and spoken language that does not carry the same amount of sociolinguistic stigma. Thus, changing translation techniques shed light on prevailing attitudes toward non‐standard varieties of both German and English.
Hungarian verbal puzzles and the intensity of language contact
Authors: Kontra Miklo´s
Published: March 2003

Grammaticality judgments of bilingual Hungarians in Slovakia and Ukraine vs. Yugoslavia show that overt objects are much more acceptable in the northern Slavic countries than in Yugoslavia. Two conflicting hypotheses have been advanced to explain this difference. The structural hypothesis claims that Serbian cliticization is responsible, while the socio‐historical hypothesis claims that the difference in grammaticality judgments is due to a difference in the duration of Hungarian–Slavic language contact north of and south of present‐day Hungary. Data from a seven‐country survey (N = 846) show that there is a split between judgments in the northern vs. southern Slavic countries across a wide range of linguistic variables, which discredits the structural explanation for the object pro‐drop variable, at least as the sole cause of change. Moreover, statistical analyses of 24 variables provide substantial empirical verification of Thomason and Kaufman's ‘two crucial parameters of intensity of contact in a borrowing situation’: time and level of bilingualism. It is shown that the 250 years of contact between Hungarian and Serbian has resulted in much smaller contact effects than the thousand‐year‐old contact of Hungarian with the northern Slavic languages. Bilingual Hungarians who constitute a local minority in the settlements where they live systematically favor the contact‐induced variants of variables vis‐a`‐vis those who constitute a local majority.