bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Empirical Study of Trade Status and Determinants between China and "One Belt- One Road" Countries- Based on Trade gravity Model
Authors: Zhang Qiannan , He XiaoNa , Bhuiyan Miraj Ahmed
Published: February 2021

“One Road-One Belt”, (Belt and Road Initiative, BRI) reminiscent of the Silk Road, is a massive infrastructure and trade project, initiated by China; that would stretch from East Asia to Europe, somehow recognized by the international community. Despite of criticism of this project, it is considered as an effective tool for promoting regional and bilateral trade deals. In this paper we have pointed out the problems that hindered the bilateral trades among countries along the route. Based on Trade gravity Model; bilateral trade model between China and the countries along the “Belt and Road” was empirically tested in the article, followed by some suggestions.
Psychometric properties of the Arabic-validated Severe Respiratory Insufficiency Questionnaire for the assessment of Health-Related Quality of Life in patients on home mechanical ventilation
Authors: Zeineldine Salah , Alawieh Marwan , Khatib Mohamad , Bzeih Rania , Ghandour Lilian , Sibai Abla
Published: February 2021

Background/objectives:Assessment of Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQL) in patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency requiring Home Mechanical Ventilation (HMV) needs a valid measurement tool. The Severe Respiratory Insufficiency (SRI) questionnaire, originally developed in German, has been translated into different languages and tested in different contexts, except in Arabic-speaking populations of Arab world. The objective of this study is to validate the Arabic version of the SRI questionnaire from its original German version.Methods:Forward/backward translations between German and Arabic were conducted. The final Arabic version was administered to 149 patients (53 males - 96 females, age 69.8±10 years) receiving HMV recruited from outpatient clinics. Patients were scheduled for a home visit during which the Arabic SRI and the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) questionnaires were administered; data on sociodemographic and medical history were also collected. Dimensionality internal construct validity were assessed using exploratory factor analysis; internal consistency of the unidimensional scale and its subscales was also assessed using Cronbach’s alpha. External nomological validity was tested by assessing correlation between the SRI and SF-36 questionnaires.Results:PCA scree plot indicated the presence of only one factor that explained 63% of the total variability. The Cronbach alpha for the total scale was 0.897 (ranged between 0.73 and 0.87 for all subscales). Correlation between the SRI and SF-36 was highest amongst comparable subscales yielding r=0.81 and r=0.74 (P < 0.01).Conclusion & Recommendations:The Arabic SRI is a reliable and valid tool for assessing HRQL in patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency receiving home mechanical ventilation.
Potential impact of scaling adaptation strategies for drought stress: a case of drought-tolerant maize varieties in Tanzania
Authors: Rahut Dil Bahadur , Aryal Jeetendra Prakash , Gesimu Girma , Mawia Harriet , Simtowe Late Franklin
Published: February 2021

Drought-tolerant maize varieties (DTMVs) offer hope as an adaptation strategy for farmers facing increasing frequency of droughts in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, these varieties are not yet widely cultivated, and the potential economic benefits not fully understood. Using predicted potential levels of scalability of DTMVs, we assess the potential economic impacts of investing in drought-tolerant maize varieties in Tanzania. The study uses household production and consumption data from major regions in Tanzania. The results from the economic surplus model indicate that by 2032, the adoption of DTMVs could generate between US$ 373 million and US$ 499 million in cumulative benefits for both producers and consumers. Such benefits could potentially lift up to 1.6 million people out of poverty by 2032. It is estimated that consumers would get 40% of the benefits and producers 60%, with the largest benefits occurring in the major maize-producing regions of Mbeya, Rukwa, Ruvuma, Mwanza, Arusha, and Kagera. Consumers in Dar es Salaam would also benefit significantly from the price reductions resulting from increased production. The largest returns on investment would occur in Dodoma, Geita, Simiyu, Singida, and Kagera. These findings justify the investment of both public and private funds to support the scaling of DTMVs in Tanzania.
Study on Component Characteristic Correction Algorithm of Turbofan Engine
Authors: LIU Shuai , Wei WANG , Jie BAI , ShiJie DAI
Published: February 2021

The optimization of component characteristics is an important part of the research on model modification of turbofan engine. This paper studied three kinds of modification and optimization algorithms: genetic algorithm (GA), differential evolution algorithm (DE) and particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO), and made a comparative analysis on the principles of the algorithms. In addition, the DGEN380 turbofan engine component model was taken as the research object to test and compare the modification performance of each algorithm. The results show that：compared with GA, DE algorithm and PSO algorithm have higher adaptability to multi-objective and multi-parameter correction, the success rate can reach 100%, the error is kept within 1%, and the convergence ability is strong. Compared with the other two algorithms, the solving speed of PSO algorithm is more influenced by the initial parameters. This conclusion can provide an important reference for selecting and improving the algorithm.
In silico mapping in an oil palm breeding program reveals a quantitative and complex genetic resistance to Ganoderma boninense
Authors: Daval Aurélie , Pomiès Virginie , Squin Sandrine Le , Denis Marie , Riou Virginie , Breton Frederic , Nopariansyah  , Bink Marco , Cochard Benoît , Jacob Florence , Billotte Norbert , Tisné Sébastien
Published: February 2021

Basal stem rot caused by Ganoderma boninense is the major threat to oil palm cultivation in South-East Asia, which accounts for 80% of palm oil production worldwide, and this disease is increasing in Africa. The use of resistant planting material as part of an integrated pest management of this disease is one sustainable solution. However, breeding for Ganoderma resistance requires long-term and costly research, which could greatly benefit from marker assisted selection (MAS). In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of an in silico genetic mapping approach that took advantage of extensive data recorded in an ongoing breeding program. A pedigree-based QTL mapping approach applied to more than 10 years’ worth of data collected during pre-nursery tests revealed the quantitative nature of Ganoderma resistance and identified underlying loci segregating in genetic diversity that is directly relevant for the breeding program supporting the study. To assess the consistency of QTL effects between pre-nursery and field environments, information was collected on the disease status of the genitors planted in genealogical gardens and modeled with pre-nursery-based QTL genotypes. In the field, individuals were less likely to be infected with Ganoderma when they carried more favorable alleles at the pre-nursery QTL. Our results pave the way for a MAS of Ganoderma resistant and high yielding planting material and the provided proof-of-concept of this efficient and cost-effective approach could motivate similar studies based on diverse breeding programs.
Should Spring Water Cysts of the Mediastinum Require Excisional Resection?
Authors: Kiya Soichiro , Nakamoto Kembu , Fujii Toshiyuki , Sakka Eriko , Tsutsumi Yousuke , Yoshida Kazuya
Published: February 2021

Complete surgical excision is the standard therapy for mediastinal cysts. Translucent cysts containing crystal-clear fluid are called “spring water cysts.” We considered that these cysts can be treated adequately using fenestration with minimal bleeding and damage to existing structures. We experienced a case of mediastinal spring water cyst fenestrated under video-assisted thoracoscopy with a miniaturized endoscope (mini-VATS), instead of excisional resection. Fenestration of the non-neoplastic mediastinal cyst under mini-VATS might be a less invasive radical procedure and an alternative to complete resection. We discuss the indication for surgery and the surgical procedure for non-neoplastic mediastinal cyst with crystal-clear fluid.
Connectivity of nekton assemblages along artificial reefs and adjacent waters in Haizhou Bay
Authors: Gao Shike , Xie Bin , Yu Wenwen , Huang Chengyu , Zhang Xiao , Zhang Shuo
Published: February 2021

The successful construction of marine protected areas (MPAs) in temperate waters largely depends on our understanding of the distribution and coexistence of organisms with varying habitat preferences, which helps us to better understand the community patterns mediated by connectivity in coastal areas. This study was conducted to examine the connectivity of nekton assemblages in artificial reefs and adjacent waters, which included five habitats: the artificial reef area (AR), aquaculture area (AA), natural area (NA), estuary area (EA) and comprehensive effect area (CEA), in Haizhou Bay in October 2020. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that there were significant differences in the characteristics and abundances of nekton in each habitat (P<0.05). Approximately 38.2% of the individuals were found in at least three habitats, and very few species were present in only a single habitat. Several highly abundant nekton species were selected according to the kernel density estimates (KDEs), and their body lengths varied gradationally among habitats, potentially indicating migration and diffusion during their life history. The results showed that artificial reefs and adjacent waters in Haizhou Bay are related by similar nekton assemblages and ontogenetic variation. Finally, this study has implications for the conservation and monitoring of nekton assemblages in artificial reefs and adjacent waters, highlighting that the principle of connectivity should be taken into consideration in the design of MPAs and MPA networks that can be applied in different stages of implementation and in different combinations of scenarios.
Personality Traits and Night Eating Syndrome in Women With Bulimia Nervosa and Binge Eating Disorder
Authors: Melunsky Natasha D , Solmi Francesca , Haime Zoë , Rowe Sarah , McIntosh Virginia VW , Carter Janet D , Jordan Jennifer
Published: February 2021

Purpose Evidence suggests that the harm avoidance personality type is more common among individuals with night eating syndrome (NES) than in the general population. Evidence of associations with other personality traits is limited. The current study investigated the association between a range of personality traits and NES.Methods Cross-sectional data were used from women with bulimia nervosa or binge eating disorder referred for treatment in an outpatient psychotherapy trial. Regression analyses were used to test associations between personality traits (measured with the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised) and NES symptoms (measured with the Night Eating Questionnaire), adjusting for potential confounding variables.Results The sample included 111 women. Low cooperativeness scores were associated with greater NES symptoms in the multivariable model (mean difference: -.10, 95% confidence intervals: -.20 to -.01, p = 0.033). There was weak evidence of associations between both high harm avoidance and low self-directedness personality traits and greater NES symptoms.Conclusions The finding that low cooperativeness was associated with greater NES symptoms is novel. Further research is needed to validate its presence in those with and without comorbid eating disorders and to examine the relative change in NES, eating disorder symptoms and personality scores in treatments focusing on cooperativeness.Level of evidence Level I (randomised controlled trial, CTB/04/08/139)
The solid subtype, according to the IASLC/ATS/ERS classification of lung adenocarcinoma, as a predictive marker for PD-L1 expression
Authors: Zhang Dachuan , Gao Xie , Shi Yongqiang , Yan Zhantao , He Wenting , Li Qing
Published: February 2021

Background: PD-L1 expression in tumor cells can predict the efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors and prognosis in patients. However, the correlation between the PD-L1 expression and the novel lung adenocarcinoma classification are obscure. Methods: 126 lung adenocarcinoma cases were reviewed in the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University from Jan. to Dec. 2019. PD-L1 (DAKO 22C3) was used to test the PD-L1 expression in lung cancer tissue. Result: TPS was used to interpret the PD-L1 expression. The negative, low positive and high positive of PD-L1 were 72 cases (57.14%), 39 cases (30.95%) and 15 cases (11.90%). PD-L1 TPS in solid structure was significantly higher than that in acinar structure, lepidic structure and papillary structure (P<0.001, respectively). The results of c2 test showed the PD-L1 expression had the significant difference with gender (P = 0.005), age (P = 0.030), smoking history (P = 0.024), lymph node metastasis (P <0.001), TNM stage (P = 0.001), acinar structure (P = 0.003) and solid structure (P < 0.001). Multi-factor linear regression results suggested that solid structure, TNM stage and smoking history were associated with PD-L1 expression (P < 0.05). The solid structure showed more capability to PD-L1 expression (β = 0.428). Conclusion: PD-L1 expression was heterogeneity in lung adenocarcinoma. The solid structure, TNM stage and smoking history were correlation to up-regulation of PD-L1 expression, and solid structure was the most importance factor.
Piezo-phototronic Effect in Centro-symmetric BiVO4 Epitaxial Films
Authors: Shao Pao-Wen , Liu Heng-Jui , Sun Yuanwei , Wu Mei , Peng Ren-Ci , Wang Meng , Xue Fei , Cheng Xiaoxing , Su Lei , Chen Hsiao-Wen , Lin Meng-Chin , Zhuang Qian , Huang Jiawei , Ivry Yachin , Liu Hsiang-Lin , Lu Yu-Jung , Liu Shi , Yu Pu , Chen Long-Qing , Gao Peng , Pan Xiaoqing , Hsu Yung-Jung , Wu Jyh-Ming , Chen Yi-Chun , Chu Ying-Hao
Published: February 2021

With exciting functionality, topological defects in ferroic system have attracted much attention. Under proper design, the emergence of polar domain walls in non-polar ferroelastics enables piezo-phototronic effect. In this study, we revealed ferroelastic twin texture with localized piezoelectric effect in epitaxial BiVO4 film by piezoresponse force microscopy. Supported by the strain field analysis, we found the piezoresponse confined at domain wall area is attributed to the flexoelectric effect induced by the presence of ferroelastic twin domains during the paraelastic to ferroelastic phase transition. The piezo-phototronic phenomenon was further supported the experimental evidence of dye-degradation and generation of reactive radicals. This work not only provides new insights into the introduction of piezo-phototronic effects in non-polar materials, but also sheds light on a new concept to use material inhomogeneity for acquiring multifunctionality.
The first hunting dog from Dmanisi: comments of social behaviour in Canidae and hominins
Authors: Lucenti Saverio Bartolini , Madurell-Malapeira Joan , Martínez-Navarro Bienvenido , Palmqvist Paul , Rook Lorenzo , Lordkipanidze David
Published: February 2021

The renowned site of Dmanisi in Georgia, southern Caucasus (ca. 1.8 Ma) yielded the earliest direct evidence of hominin presence out of Africa. In this paper, we report the first record of a large-sized canid from this site, namely dentognathic remains, referable to a young adult individual that displays hypercarnivorous features (e.g., the reduction of m1 metaconid and entoconid) that allow us to include these specimens in the hypodigm of the late Early Pleistocene European species Canis (Xenocyon) lycaonoides. Much fossil evidence suggests that this species was a cooperative pack-hunter that, unlike other large-sized canids, was capable of social care toward kin and non-kin members of its group. Interestingly, this rather derived hypercarnivorous canid attests to one of the earliest records in Dmanisi. Its dispersal from Asia to Europe and Africa followed a parallel route to that of hominins, but in the opposite direction. Hominins and hunting dogs, both recorded in Dmanisi at the beginning of their dispersal across the Old World, are the only two Early Pleistocene mammal species with proved altruistic behaviour towards their group members, an issue discussed over more than one century in evolutionary biology.
Daily branch chained amino acid intakes and the risk of obesity among women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: Yang Xiaoyun , Li Weiqin , Li Wei , Liu Huikun , Wang Leishen , Leng Junhong , Fan Yuxin , Yang Xilin , Liu Ming , Hu gang
Published: February 2021

Background

Some studies have found that branched amino acid (BCAA) is associated with the risk of obesity among general population, however, not all the results were consistent. The present study aimed to investigate the association of daily BCAA intakes with the risk of postpartum overweight and abdominal obesity among women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).
Methods

We performed a cross-sectional study of 1263 women with prior GDM at 1–5 years post-delivery. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the association of daily dietary intakes of BCAAs with the risk of overweight and abdominal obesity.
Results

The multivariable-adjusted odds ratio (OR) across quartiles of daily BCAA intakes were 1.42 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02–1.97), 1.00 (reference), 1.21 (95% CI 0.88–1.68), and 1.31 (95% CI 0.95–1.81) for general overweight, and 1.38 (95% CI 0.99–1.90), 1.00, 1.19 (95% CI 0.86–1.64), and 1.43 (95% CI 1.04–1.98) for abdominal obesity, respectively. Only women with the lowest quartile of daily BCAA intakes significantly increased the risks of general overweight (OR 1.49; 95 %CI 1.06–2.09) and abdominal obesity (OR 1.50; 95 %CI 1.08–2.11) compared with women at quartile 2 of daily BCAA intakes after further adjustment of daily energy intake.
Conclusions

The present study indicated U-shaped associations between daily BCAA intakes and the risk of general overweight and abdominal obesity among women with prior GDM.
Improving the usability of climate indicator visualizations through diagnostic design principles
Authors: Gerst Michael D. , Kenney Melissa A. , Feygina Irina
Published: February 2021

Visual climate indicators have become a popular way to communicate trends in important climate phenomena. Producing accessible visualizations for a general audience is challenging, especially when many are based on graphics designed for scientists, present complex and abstract concepts, and utilize suboptimal design choices. This study tests whether diagnostic visualization guidelines can be used to identify communication shortcomings for climate indicators and to specify effective design modifications. Design guidelines were used to diagnose problems in three hard-to-understand indicators, and to create three improved modifications per indicator. Using online surveys, the efficacy of the modifications was tested in a control versus treatment setup that measured the degree to which respondents understood, found accessible, liked, and trusted the graphics. Furthermore, we assessed whether respondents' numeracy, climate attitudes, and political party affiliation affected the impact of design improvements. Results showed that simplifying modifications had a large positive effect on understanding, ease of understanding, and liking, but not trust. Better designs improved understanding similarly for people with different degrees of numerical capacity. Moreover, while climate skepticism and affiliation with the Republican party were associated with less positive subjective responses and greater mistrust toward climate communication, design modification improved understanding equally for people across the climate attitude and ideological spectrum. These findings point to diagnostic design guidelines as a useful tool for creating more accessible, engaging climate graphics for the public.
Molecular Identification of Triticale Introgression Lines Carrying Leaf Rust Resistance Genes Transferred From Aegilops Kotschyi Boiss. and Ae. Tauschii Coss.
Authors: Kwiatek Michał , Belter Jolanta , Ulaszewski Waldemar , Skowrońska Roksana , Noweiska Aleksandra , Wiśniewska Halina
Published: February 2021

Triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) is a commercial hybrid harboring wheat (Triticum sp.) and rye (Secale cereale L.) genomes. The limited genetic diversity of this crop resulted in the collapse of fungal disease resistance. Leaf rust disease, caused by Puccinia triticina Eriks. is reported to reduce the triticale yield significantly (more than 30%). There is a need to enlarge the genetic variability of this crop including leaf resistance genes. The main aim of this research was to transfer Lr39 and Lr54 leaf rust resistance genes into triticale from Aegilops tauschii and Ae. kotschyi, respectively. A reaction of seedlings of 200 plants of two triticale-Aegilops translocation lines (Bogo-2Dt.2R and Sekundo-2Sk.2R) was compared after inoculation with a natural mixture of P. triticina races, specific to triticale. Before inoculation, each plant was screened using molecular cytogenetics and molecular markers linked to leaf rust resistance genes. Presence of Aegilops chromosome segments was confirmed using genomic in situ hybridization (GISH). Lr39 and Lr54 leaf rust resistance genes were identified using Xgdm35 and S14 molecular markers, respectively. After inoculation, a significant improvement of resistance severity was observed in Sekundo-2Sk.2R in comparison with triticale cv. Sekundo plants. The resistance level of Bogo-2Dt.2R did not differ compared to triticale cv. Bogo plants. It was shown, that Lr39 gene did not increase the leaf rust resistance level of triticale cv. Bogo.
Finite-Time Consensus of Nonlinear Multi-Agent Systems via Impulsive Time Window Theory: A Two-Stage Control Strategy
Authors: Long Teng , Yang SS , Wang Qianzhu , Ji Lianghao , Liao Xiaofeng
Published: February 2021

This paper concentrates on the problem of finite-time consensus of nonlinear multi-agent systems (MASs) via impulsive time window theory: a two-stage control (TSC) strategy. The TSC divide the whole control period into two parts, separately variable impulsive control stage and finite-time consensus control stage. Different from the general single-stage control, TSC can adjust the time period of impulsive control and finite-time control dynamically according to the practical application requirements. The variable impulsive control is also discussed in this paper. Comparing with the traditional fixed impulsive theory, the impulsive sampling time occurs randomly within the impulsive time window, providing much more flexibility to the system. In addition, the switching topology scheme is introduced in this paper to strengthen the stability of the MASs. Finally, two numerical simulation examples on the leaderless case and leader-following case are given to demonstrate the theoretical analysis.
Inflammatory and metabolic profiles of patients with end-stage renal disease: potential strategy for predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine
Authors: Ma Xiaoxin , Wang Yongli , Wu Hongyu , Li Fei , Feng Xiping , Xie Yingxin , Xie Danshu , Wang Wenji , Lo Edward. Chin. Man. , Lu Haixia
Published: February 2021

Objectives Few studies reported the periodontal disease-related metabolic profile of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. The present study aimed to compare the inflammatory and metabolic differences between patients with ESRD and healthy controls, and to identify potential useful biomarkers for predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in GCP and serum of ESRD patients.Methods Patients with ESRD (ESRD group; n = 52) and healthy controls (HC group; n = 44) were recruited. Clinical periodontal parameters were recorded. The differential metabolites in the GCF and serum were identified by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Inflammatory markers including Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were also assessed. Results In ESRD group, IL-8 and CRP were significantly higher in GCF, whereas IL-6 and CRP were significantly higher in serum, compared with HC group (all P < 0.05). In the case of GCF, taurine levels were positively correlated with IL-8 levels in both groups (all P < 0.05). In the case of serum, L-phenylalanine and p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid levels were positively correlated with CRP levels in both groups (all P < 0.05). Significant positive correlation was observed between pseudouridine and IL-6 levels only in ESRD group. Conclusions IL-8 and CRP were potential inflammatory makers. Metabolites of taurine in GCF as well as L-phenylalanine and p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid in serum were possible biomarkers that correlated with inflammatory cytokine. All these biomarkers may consider as a potential strategy for the prediction, diagnosis, prognosis, and management of personalized periodontal therapy in the population with ESRD.
The Study of Anti-inflammatory Effect of Curcumae Longae Rhizoma 30% EtOH Extract on Chronic Acid Reflux Esophagitis Rats
Authors: Lee Jin A , Kim Min Ju , Shin Mi-Rae , Seo Bu-Il , Roh Seong-Soo
Published: February 2021

Background: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is associated with hypotensive lower esophageal sphincter, frequent transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation and esophageal hypersensitivity, and often precedes the development of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. GERD is a very common diseased, and is on the rise worldwide. The purpose of this study is to investigate the pharmacological efficacy of Curcumae Longae Rhizoma 30% EtOH extract (CLR) on the chronic acid reflux esophagitis (CARE) rats. Methods: CLR was measured antioxidant activity, such as total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2, 2’-azinobis-3-ethyl-enzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity. And, to confirm the effect of CLR on esophageal in CARE-model, gross esophageal tissue was observed, and esophageal mucosal infiltration and inflammatory cell changes were observed under a microscope. We measured the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and peroxynitrite (ONOO-) in serum. Also, we measured the level of 2-thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) in serum and esophageal tissue. In addition, the antioxidant and inflammatory protein levels were investigated western blot analysis. Results: Administration of CLR to rats of induction of CARE was found to reduce esophagus tissue injury. ROS, ONOO-, and TBARS levels were significantly decreased in CLR compared with Veh rats. In addition, CLR was effectively reduced inflammatory protein, and increase antioxidant-related factors.Conclusions: Overall, CLR treatment suggested that markedly ameliorated the inactivation of NF-κB by blocking the phosphorylation of IκBα led to the inhibition of the expressions of proinflammatory proteins.
Stratifying by Vegetation and Hydrology Improves Tidal Marsh Methane Emission Accounting
Authors: Derby Robert Kyle , Needelman Brian A , Roden Ana A , Megonigal J. Patrick
Published: February 2021

Methane emissions must be directly measured or estimated using methods such as proxies when managing wetlands for greenhouse gas offset activities. Salinity is a useful proxy for tidal marsh CH4 emissions when comparing across a wide range of salinity regimes but does not adequately explain variation in brackish and freshwater regimes where variation in emissions is large. We sought to improve upon the salinity proxy in a marsh complex on Deal Island Peninsula, Maryland, USA by identifying four strata based on hydrology and plant community composition. Mean CH4 chamber-collected emissions measured as mg CH4 m-2 hr-1 ranked as S. alterniflora (1.2 ± 0.3) >> High-elevation J. roemerianus (0.4 ± 0.06) > Low-elevation J. roemerianus (0.3 ± 0.07) = S. patens (0.1 ± 0.01). Sulfate depletion generally reflected the same pattern with significantly greater in the S. alterniflora stratum (61 ± 4%) than in the S. patens stratum (1 ± 9%) with the J. roemerianus strata falling in between. We attribute the high CH4 emissions in the S. alterniflora stratum to sulfate depletion likely driven by limited connectivity to tidal waters. Low CH4 emissions in the S. patens stratum are attributed to lower water levels, higher levels of ferric iron, and shallow rooting depth. Moderate CH4 emissions from the J. roemerianus strata were likely due to plant traits that favor CH4 oxidation over CH4 production. We concluded that stratification by hydrology and plant community composition can be an effective proxy to estimate CH4 emissions at the site scale.
A Performance Investigation of SAC-OCDMA System Based on a Spectral Efficient 2D Cyclic Shift Code for Next Generation Passive Optical Network
Authors: Cherifi Abdelhamid , Meftah KHALED , Ameur DAHANI , alayedi mohaned , mrabet hichem
Published: February 2021

A two dimensional spectral/spatial cyclic shift (2D-CS) optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) systems is proposed for a potentially next generation passive optical network (NG-PON) implementation called (2D-CS NG-OCDMA-PON) system. The2D-CS proposed code is characterized by a high capacity and a zero cross correlation property leads to completely eliminating the multiple access interference (MAI) effect that is considered as the main OCDMA system drawback. Firstly, the 2D-CScode construction is investigated from 1D-CS code. Secondly, a system description is provided by exhibiting the transmitter and receiver architecture in the PON context. Analytical analysis reveals that our proposed 2D-CScode outperforms similar codes such as perfect difference (2D-PD) and dynamic cyclic shift (2D-DCS) codes in terms of spectral efficiency, simultaneous network subscribers and data bit rate. In addition, based on numerical analysis 2D-CS NG-OCDMA-PON system shows a good system performance by means of avery low BER and a high Q-factor values equal to\({10}^{-26}\) and 10.41 dB, respectively. Likewise, for four users and free-amplification the achievable reach ability distance of the NG-OCDMA-PON system is 63.21 km, 43.57 km and 33.2 km while Q-factor is equal to 6 dB at a bit rate of 622Mb/s, 1Gb/s and 1.5 Gb/s, respectively. On the other side, according to the system setup the number of single mode fiber (SMF) is reduced to the half compared to other 2D-OCDMA-PON systems based on enhanced multi diagonal (EMD) and single weight ZCC (SWZCC) codes.
‘A Prospective Case Control Study to Evaluate The CRADLE Vital Signs Alert Device For Detection of Patients With Clinically Important Malaria in Refugee Settings’.
Authors: Kuhrt Katy , Seed Paul T , Shennan Andrew H
Published: February 2021

BackgroundMalaria is a significant threat to refugee populations. Bidibidi Refugee Settlement, Northern Uganda hosts 223 000 of Uganda’s 1.4 million refugees, vulnerable to malaria due to crowded conditions and limited access to preventative measures and health care. Early detection and referral of suspected malaria cases is key to reducing associated morbidity and mortality. We therefore aimed to evaluate shock index (heart rate/ systolic blood pressure), calculated by the CRADLE Vital Signs Alert (VSA) device, an easy-to-use blood pressure and heart rate monitor, for detection of malaria as grounds for whether the device could be used for low cost identification and referral of patients by non-medically trained Village Health Team workers (VHTs).Methods CRADLE VSA devices and related training were delivered to all health facilities and VHTs in Bidibidi Refugee Settlement from April to August 2018. CRADLE VSA readings was performed as part of routine patient assessment. CRADLE VSA data (blood pressure, heart rate) and assigned diagnoses were collected from health facility data record books and shock index calculated for each case. Cases were grouped into predefined disease categories, including malaria and severe malaria. A control group consisted of refugees undergoing asymptomatic screening using the CRADLE VSA. Average shock index was calculated for cases and controls and prespecified disease categories, and predictive statistics to evaluate shock index for prediction of malaria and severe malaria.ResultsFive hundred and eighty-seven CRADLE VSA devices were delivered. Malaria accounted for 26% (915/3577) of cases and had the highest shock index compared to other disease categories. Positive likelihood ratios for shock index using a threshold of greater than or equal to 0.9 were 5 and 11 for malaria and severe malaria respectively.ConclusionMalaria accounted for over a quarter of cases. Positive likelihood ratios indicated that patients with shock index greater than or equal to 0.9 were 5 and 11 times more likely to be suffering from malaria and severe malaria respectively, indicating that the CRADLE VSA could be used by non-medically trained VHTs to identify patients likely to have malaria, and those most at risk of severe disease needing urgent referral. Trial RegistrationThis is an observational study and therefore does not have or require a trial registration. Appropriate permissions were granted by UN Refugee Council, Ministry of Health and Office of the Prime Minister.
Effects of Orai3-Mediated Store-Operated Calcium Entry on Parathyroid Hormone Release in Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Lin Zhangying , Wang Shuhao , Han Yanxun , Zhu Junwei , Bai Suwen , Shen Hailong , Fang Yang , Li Peikun , Shen Bing , Liu Yehai , Wu Kaile
Published: February 2021

Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is a common complication of chronic kidney disease, is characterized by elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion and Hypocalcemia. Orai3 is a highly selective calcium (Ca2+) channel that plays important roles in tumor development, cardiovascular disease, and autoimmune diseases; however, its role in SHPT is unclear. In the present study, RNA sequencing and western blot assays were used to detect the expression levels of Orai3 in parathyroid tissue from patients with SHPT and from individuals without SHPT. Ca2+ imaging was used to detect the effect of Orai3 channels on Ca2+ signaling in parathyroid gland cells. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to detect changes in PTH release. Orai3 knockout rats were used to detect the effect of decreased Orai3 expression on serum PTH levels. We found that the expression of Orai3 in parathyroid tissue obtained from patients with SHPT was significantly higher than that in patients without SHPT. Knockdown of Orai3 in parathyroid cells by transfection with Orai3-specific small inhibitor RNA inhibited store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) in parathyroid cells. Inhibition of SOCE or knockdown of Orai3 significantly inhibited PTH release in parathyroid cells. PTH levels in the blood of Orai3 knockout rat were significantly reduced. Therefore, Orai3 expression and Orai3-mediated Ca2+ signaling may be a mechanism underlying PTH release, and Orai3 may play a role in the development of SHPT.
The Association between Age-Related Cognitive Changes and Obstacle Avoidance: Focusing on Memory-Guided Limb Movements
Authors: Sakurai Ryota , Kodama Kentaro , Ozawa Yu , Pieruccini-Faria Frederico , Kobayashi-Cuya Kimi Estela , Ogawa Susumu
Published: February 2021

An association between cognitive impairment and tripping over obstacles during locomotion in older adults has been suggested. However, owing to its memory-guided movement, whether this is more pronounced in the trailing limb is poorly known. We examined the age-related changes in stepping-over, focusing on trailing limb movements, and their association with cognitive performance. Age-related change in obstacle avoidance was examined by comparing the foot kinematics of 105 older and 103 younger adults when stepping over an obstacle. The difference in clearance between the leading limb and trailing limb (Δ clearance) was calculated to determine the degree of decrement in the clearance of the trailing limb. A cognitive test battery was used to evaluate cognitive function among older adults for assessing their association with Δ clearance. Older adults showed a significantly lower clearance of the trailing limb than younger adults, resulting in a greater Δ clearance. The significant correlations between greater Δ clearance and scores of Montreal Cognitive Assessment and delayed recall of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised Logical Memory. Our results suggest that memory functions may contribute to the control of trailing limb movements, which can secure a safety margin to avoid stumbling on an obstacle, during obstacle avoidance locomotion.
Synthesis of LN/Si Nanostructures Layer by LayerBased on Mach-Zehnder Modulator using Pulsed Laser Deposition
Authors: Mohammed Luma Z. , Fakhri Makram A , Abass A. K. , Salim Evan T.
Published: February 2021

A Mach-Zehnder electro-optic modulator (EOM) was fabricated employing pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method. Lithium Niobate (LN) was bonded to silicon nanocrystal substrate such that a waveguide combined structures were obtained. The over-all Properties of prepared device were investigated. The formation of LN was ensured by the x-ray diffraction results were the formation of ∆ phase was confirmed by the diffraction of x-rays from the (012) and (302) diffraction plans. The AFM results reflect the formation of highly uniform nanostructured with maximum roughness of about 12.9 nm. The constructed device shows that the recent improvements in hybrid MZ modulators using pulse laser deposition PLD and different electro-optic material have shown low loss and wide modulation bandwidth.
Efficacy Study of Eggshell (ESC) and Alum Base Coagulant (ABC) for the removal of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) from Cosmetics Wastewater by Coag-flocculation
Authors: PROSPER OVUORAYE EGUONO , Ugonabo Victor. I. , Okpala Lawrence. C. , Nwokocha Gina. F
Published: February 2021

This study compares two coagulants: Alum Based Coagulant (ABC) and Eggshell Coagulant (ESC) used for the coag-flocculation treatment of cosmetic wastewater to determine the efficacy of ESC at optimum condition. The residual values of TSS particles in the wastewater were measured and recorded after the coag-flocculation treatment at 30mins settling time. The cubic models obtained following the Central Composite Design (CCD) were used to confirm the experimental predetermined optimal pH and dosage were recorded as: 6 and 0.3g/L for ESC, while pH 8 and 0.1g/L were reported for ABC. The optimal point plots 85% and 97% TSS removal efficiency which corresponds to 38g/L and 6g/L of residual TSS recorded for ESC and ABC respectively. The results obtained show that; the ABC and ESC driven coag-flocculation satisfied the EPA standard for wastewater discharge at optimal pH. The cost remediation result shows that; ESC maintained significantly lower operating cost for wastewater treatment.
Towards the Decarbonisation of Ecuador. A Multi-Sectoral and Multi-Regional Analysis of its Carbon Footprint.
Authors: Román-Collado Rocío , SANZ-DÍAZ MARÍA TERESA MTS , Pacheco Cristian Germán Loja
Published: February 2021

Globally, interest in the environment and its conservation is growing and primordial. In particular, CO 2 emissions generated by productive processes in a given territory in order to satisfy own and global consumption. Two types of responsibilities stand out, the producer’s and the consumer’s. Based on the Multi-regional Input-Output Methodology, this study determined Ecuador's responsibility in terms of CO 2 emissions, defining the economic sectors that have the greatest representation in these emissions, as well as establishing an assessment at the level of the Trade Balance. There has been a strong growth of Ecuador’s Footprint of 145.26% from 2000 to 2015, with the transport and secondary sectors having the highest representation and the trade with the BRICS nations standing out. This results strengthens the need to foster a change in the population’s and the public administrations’ consumption patterns. So it is recommended that the authorities allocate part of the public budget to measures oriented to sustainable consumption.
Dysphagia and Mechanical Ventilation in Sars-Cov-2 Pneumonia: It’s Real
Authors: Laguna Mª Luisa Bordeje , Marcos-Neira Pilar , Zurbano Itziar Martínez de Lagrán , Marco Esther Mor , Guisasola Carlos Pollan , Soria Constanza Dolores Viñas , Martí Pilar Ricart
Published: February 2021

BACKGROUND. Severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia has brought intensive care units (ICUs) and the consequences of prolonged hospitalisation, such as dysphagia, into focus.METHODS. Study population: Patients with severe pneumonia due to SARS-CoV-2 who required admission to critical units from March to June 2020. Dysphagia diagnostic method: Modified Viscosity Volume Swallowing Test (mV-VST). Objectives. To identify risk factors for dysphagia in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia requiring invasive mechanical ventilation and determine their incidence. Statistical analysis: Descriptive analysis of means or medians according to the normality of quantitative variables and proportions for the descriptive variables (95% CI). Univariate analysis of dysphagia using simple logistic regression. Multivariate analysis and construction of a predictive model for dysphagia using logistic regression.RESULTS. Descriptive analysis. Sample size: 232 patients; 72% (167) required intubation. Of these, 65.9% (110) survived and 84.5% (93) underwent the mV-VST, which diagnosed 26.9% (25) with dysphagia. Age: 60.5 years (95% CI: 58.5 to 61.9). Men: 74.1% (95% CI: 68.1 to 79.4). APACHE II score: 17.7 (95% CI: 13.3 to 23.2). Mechanical ventilation: 14 days (95% CI: 11 to 16); prone position: 79% (95% CI: 72.1 to 84.6); respiratory infection: 34.5% (95% CI: 28.6 to 40.9). Renal failure: 38.5% (95% CI: 30 to 50). Overall mortality: 25.9% (95% CI: 20.6 to 31.9). Mortality in intubated patients: 34.1% (95% CI: 27.3 to 41.7). No patient diagnosed with dysphagia died. Univariate analysis. APACHE II, prone position, days of mechanical ventilation and need for tracheostomy, respiratory infection, kidney failure developed during admission and length of ICU and hospital stay were significantly associated (p<0.05) with dysphagia. Multivariate analysis. Dysphagia is independently explained by APACHE II score (OR: 1.1; 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.3; p=0.04) and tracheostomy (OR: 10.2; 95% CI: 3.2 to 32.1; p<0.001). The resulting predictive model predicts dysphagia with a good ROC curve (AUC: 0.8; 95% CI: 0.7 to 0.9)CONCLUSIONS. Dysphagia affects almost one-third of patients, and the risk of developing dysphagia increases with prolonged mechanical ventilation, tracheostomy and greater severity on admission (APACHE II score).
Melatonin protects against LPS-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in hepatocytes by enhancing mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis
Authors: Hu Bin , Chen Zhijiang , Liang Lili , Zheng Meiyu , Wang Yaxin , Chen Xinxin , Zeng Qiyi
Published: February 2021

Background: Melatonin have a protective effect in the liver during sepsis by counteracting oxidative stress and reducing inflammatory responses. Melatonin also regulates mitochondrial biogenesis. This study explored the mechanisms by which melatonin protects against liver injury in experimental sepsis with a focus on mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis.Methods and Results: An in vitro model of sepsis-induced hepatocyte injury was established using AML12 cells. Indicators of oxidative stress, inflammation, mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis were assessed. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 protein levels, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde [MDA] levels), and markers of mitophagy (PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 [PINK1] and Parkin) and mitochondrial biogenesis (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1a [PGC-1α], nuclear respiratory factor 1 [NRF-1], mitochondrial transcription factor A [TFAM]) were significantly increased, while superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels were significantly decreased in LPS-treated AML12 cells compared to controls. TNF-α and IL-6 protein levels and intracellular ROS and MDA levels were significantly decreased, while SOD activity, intracellular ATP levels, and markers of mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis were significantly increased by melatonin pre-treatment.Conclusion: This study demonstrated that melatonin was involved in the maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis in hepatocytes during sepsis. Mechanisms involved selective elimination of dysfunctional mitochondria through mitophagy and induction of mitochondrial biogenesis.
IL-27 Mediates Neutrophils Infiltration at the Maternal and Fetal Interface in Preterm Labor With Infection
Authors: mei youwen , Huang Dongni , Ran Yuxin , Liu Zheng , Wang Lulu , Yin Nanlin , Qi Hongbo
Published: February 2021

Objective

To reveal the role of IL-27 in neutrophils infiltration at the maternal and fetal interface in preterm labor with infection (PTLI).
Methods

The expression of IL-27 receptor and the number of neutrophils (MPO + cells) at the maternal and fetal interface of pregnant women were compared between PTLI group and term labor (TL) group. Using LPS-induced preterm labor IL-27Rα-/- mice, the role of IL-27 in neutrophils infiltration at the maternal and fetal interface was investigated.
Results

The expression of IL-27Rα and neutrophils number at the maternal and fetal interface in the PTLI group were higher than those in the TL group in pregnant women. Compared with PBS-treated mice, LPS-treated mice had increased infiltrating neutrophils at the maternal and fetal interface. Meanwhile, LPS-induced IL-27Rα-/- mice had less neutrophil infiltration than LPS-induced WT mice.
Conclusion

IL-27 promotes neutrophil infiltration at the maternal and fetal interface in PTLI.
Post-Partum Family Planning Integration With Maternal Health Services & Its Associated Factors: an Opportunity to Increase Postpartum Modern Contraceptive Use in Eastern Amhara Region, Ethiopia, 2020
Authors: Tsegaye Delelegn , Tehone Mesele , Yesuf Seid , Berhane Adugnaw
Published: February 2021

The authors have requested that this preprint be removed from Research Square.