bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Iodine frequency-stabilized HeNe laser amplified by injection locking of a semiconductor laser diode
Authors: Küng Alain , Meli Felix
Published: January 2022

The realisation of the metre definition is still today mostly performed using iodine frequency-stabilized HeNe lasers. Unfortunately, they deliver little optical power. Instead of migrating to other expensive laser technologies, the use of an injection locked semiconductor laser is proposed in order to boost the optical output of the legacy HeNe laser primary reference. The characterisation of the system and its validation through a comparison measurement is reported whereby no impact on the frequency and the stability of the HeNe reference laser could be observed.
Are tungsten-based nuclear fusion components truly invisible to x-ray inspection?
Authors: Minniti Triestino , Lewtas Heather
Published: January 2022

The ability to detect undesired volumetric defects in reactor components could affect the safety and reliability of a fusion power plant and change the expected lifetime and performance of the reactor. This is even more true for critical reactor parts like plasma-facing components (PFCs) which have to withstand challenging in-vessel conditions due to a combination of plasma bombardment, radiation, and nuclear heating. The structural integrity of these components prior to their installation in a nuclear fusion reactor needs to be assessed non-destructively. Until now, industrial x-ray radiography and tomography have not been used to non-destructively inspect fusion components due to their lack of penetration power into dense material such as tungsten which is often used to manufacture PFCs. However, aiming to revert this consolidated belief, we have demonstrated for the first time the feasibility of assessing volumetric defects non-destructively on DEMO divertor mock-up by means of MeV energy range x-ray tomography. The authors believe that the application of this technology could be easily extended for inspecting large fusion components and positively impact procedures to be followed in the qualification of fusion components for current and future nuclear reactors.
Creating past habitat maps to quantify local extirpation of Australian threatened birds
Authors: Ward Michelle , Watson James E M , Possingham Hugh P , Garnett Stephen T , Maron Martine , Rhodes Jonathan R , MacColl Chris , Seaton Richard , Jackett Nigel , Reside April E , Webster Patrick , Simmonds Jeremy S
Published: January 2022

Habitat loss is driving the extirpation of fauna across Earth. Many species are now absent from vast areas where they once occurred in inhabited continents, yet we do not have a good understanding of the extent to which different species have been locally extirpated, nor the degree to which range contractions and habitat loss has contributed to this local extirpation. Here, for the first time, we use a combination of scientific literature, historical sources, spatial data, and expert elicitation to map the past extent of potential habitats, and changes thereto, of 72 of Australia’s most imperiled terrestrial birds. By comparing the area of potential habitat within the past and current ranges of these taxa, we quantify the extent over which each of Australia’s threatened terrestrial birds have likely been extirpated and assess the amount and configuration of potential habitat that remains. Our results show that since 1750 (before European colonization), at least one extant taxon of threatened bird has disappeared from over 530 million hectares (69%) of Australia, through both range contractions and loss of potentially suitable habitat (noting these are not mutually exclusive phenomena). Ten taxa (14%) have likely been extirpated from >99% of their past potential habitat. For 56 taxa (78%), remaining habitat within their current potential habitats has become fragmented. This research paints a sobering picture of the extent of local extirpation of threatened birds from much of Australia over a 250 years time period. By mapping and quantifying this loss, these findings will help refine scientific understanding about the impact of habitat removal and other pervasive threats that are driving this observed extirpation.
Theoretical estimation of methane’s phase components volumes in coal seams
Authors: Skipochka Serhii , Palamarchuk Tetiana , Prokhorets Liliya , Kyrylov Andrii , Kurinnyi Volodymyr
Published: January 2022

The aim of the work is to estimate the quantities of methane contained in a coal seam as a solid coal-methane solution and adsorbed inside cracks and pores. The work uses an analytical research method based on the fundamental laws of gas and thermodynamics, as well as physical chemistry. The binding energy in the calculations is taken as averaged over the polymolecular adsorption layer. The Langmuir model to describe the process is used. It was found that the maximum possible total content of methane main phase components does not exceed 70-80 m3/ton of coal. This is significantly less than the volumes of methane that is released in the mine during the gas-dynamic phenomenon. It is concluded that a more accurate idea of the gas-dynamic and other anomalous phenomena that take place in the “coal-methane” system can be obtained only by studying its structure at the atomic-molecular level. It is also necessary to take into account the accompanying physicochemical processes arising at the stage of metamorphism and technogenic interference in the coal seam. The work is aimed at improving the theory of gas-dynamic phenomena for the effective prevention of dynamic manifestations of rock pressure in mine workings.
Tracking of the battery materials of electric vehicles in the mining industry via a blockchain
Authors: Hristova Teodora
Published: January 2022

In the time of Industry 4.0, with the requirements for reducing CO2 in the atmosphere and realizing a circular economy in all aspects of life, the implementation of electric vehicles and IoT control systems was observed. The advantages and positive effects of implementing electric vehicles in the mining industry are discussed in the article. To achieve a circular economy and meet the criteria for sustainable development, a conceptual model is proposed for tracking the quantities of useful raw materials used in power batteries, as one of the main components of electric vehicles. To implement reliable and unambiguous communication among the various participants, blockchain technology is used.
New technical solutions in the field of protection and fastening of mine workings
Authors: Yalanskyi Anatolii , Slashchov Ihor , Makeiev Serhii , Seleznov Anatolii
Published: January 2022

The article discusses the features of fastening preparatory workings in difficult geological conditions, which are studied in three directions: improving concrete, arch and anchor fasteners with the consideration of the initial physical and mechanical properties of the rock mass; introduction of steel-polymer anchor; improvement of cast strips designs in combination with arch and anchor fasteners for reuse. Protection methods of mine workings and means of fastening often do not correspond to the peculiarities of the manifestation of rock pressure at the end sections of lavas and in zones of tectonic disturbances, as a result of which can become the main cause of the unsatisfactory state of the mine workings. Mathematical modeling of the rock massif stress-strain state has been carried out by the finite element method. Rigid and pliable cast strips, various technologies for erecting a cast strip, as well as a combination of cast strips with anchor and arch fasteners are modeled. The locations and sizes of rocks destruction zones, stresses in the rock mass for different options of fastening have been determined. The drawbacks of the existing technologies for the construction of cast strips are revealed and the factors for increasing their technical efficiency are established.
Fracture diagrams of prismatic specimens with an improved contact stress distribution law
Authors: Vasyliev Leonid , Vasyliev Dmytro , Malich Mykola , Zhuravkov Mikhail , Katan Volodymyr
Published: January 2022

The authors have previously improved the principles of distribution of contact normal and tangential stresses at the moment of destruction of the specimen on the basis of L. Prandtl’s method as applied to rocks. The article presents further development of the method for constructing out-of-limit curves of “stress - longitudinal deformation” diagrams of rocks. A comparative assessment of the proposed method for calculating diagrams in comparison with diagrams has been constructed by E.P.Unksov method. It has been found that the parameters of the diagrams differ in numerical values in direction of increasing the reliability. Comparison of the calculated diagrams “stress - ordinate of the crack tip” and “stress – deformation” according to the improved method and the method of E.P. Unksov testifies that the level of the current strength values decreases with the development of two cracks at small angles of internal friction. The proposed method allows to determine the ultimate strength and residual strength of rock samples using their shear strength, internal, and contact friction coefficients, elastic modulus, which by simple methods can be established experimentally in laboratories of mining enterprises. The results can be used to control the state of the rock mass and effective destruction during disintegration.
A dosimetric comparative analysis of Brainlab elements and Eclipse RapidArc for spine SBRT treatment planning
Authors: Deshazer Garron , Narayanasamy Ganesh , Bimali Milan , Galhardo Edvaldo , Kalantari Faraz , Xia Fen , Peñagarícano Jose , Morrill Steven
Published: January 2022

Purpose. This is a dosimetric study comparing stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) plans of spine tumors using Brainlab Elements Spine planning module against Eclipse RapidArc plans. Dose conformity, dose gradient, dose fall-off, and patient-specific quality assurance (QA) metrics were evaluated. Methods:Twenty patients were immobilized in supine position using half Vac-Lok. A prescription dose of 16 Gy in a single fraction was planned for Varian TrueBeam. Conformal arc plans were generated with Pencil beam (PB), MonteCarlo (MC) in Elements, and RapidArc with Acuros XB algorithm in Eclipse using identical treatment geometry. Results. Eclipse, Elements PB, and Elements MC generated dosimetrically conformal plans having Inverse Paddick Conformity Index (IPCI) <1.3. All plans satisfied the dose constraints to target and OARs. Elements PB had a sharper gradient than Elements MC with average GI of 3.67(95% CI: 3.52–3.82) and 4.06 (95% CI: 3.93–4.20) respectively. Eclipse plans were more homogeneous with mean HI = 1.22 (95% CI: 1.20–1.23) that is lower than others. Average maximum clinical target volume (CTV) doses were higher in Elements MC with 22.31 Gy (95% CI: 21.87–22.74), while PB plans have 21.15 Gy (95% CI: 20.36–21.96), respectively. Elements MC and PB plans had lower average dose to 0.35 c.c. of spinal cord (D0.35cc) of 7.60 Gy (95% CI: 7.18–8.02) and 8.42 Gy (95% CI: 7.83–9.01). All plans had >95% points passing the gamma QA criteria at 3%/2 mm. Conclusion. All treatment plans achieved clinically acceptable target coverage >95% and meet spinal cord dose limits. Smart optimization in Brainlab Elements spine module produced dosimetrically superior plans by better spinal cord sparing.
The Turkish Novel as Transnational
Authors: Koçak Hemmat Ayşe Özge
Published: January 2022

The novel in the Turkish tradition has been a transnational genre, both in terms of its inception and production during the late Ottoman era, and by virtue of the novelists’ transnational experiences and the reflection of these experiences in their novels. Imperial transnationalism—intra- and inter-imperial exchanges and relations that predate the modern nation-state—is an essential lens through which to study the Ottoman novel, with its multiple sources and cross-cultural engagement and output that expand the scope of the “Ottoman novel” to the non-Turkish-speaking and non-Muslim subjects of the empire.

Following the split of the former Ottoman territories into nation-states that began in the 19th century and culminated after World War I, the Republic of Turkey attempted to forge a unique Turkish identity, an effort that involved cultivating a national literary tradition distinct from that of its imperial predecessor. The Republican-era novelists nonetheless continued to reflect on their transnational and cross-cultural experiences in their work. Some of these authors wrote while residing abroad for reasons ranging from exile to diplomatic service, illustrating the complexities of the concept and the reality of nation, imagined or otherwise. As the form and the substance of the Turkish novel evolved and flourished, culminating in the awarding of the Nobel Prize in Literature to Orhan Pamuk in 2006, Turkish novelists enjoyed wider and more international audiences. Some recurrent themes in transnational Turkish novels are identity and language, belonging at home and abroad, and reconciling the past with the present.

While Turkish novelists now enjoy increased mobility and the ability to reach an international audience, with more of their work being translated and published abroad, and read and studied across the globe, the scope of international scholarship on the Turkish novel is still confined to the work of a small group of authors. This highly selective reception not only limits the range of works to which international audiences are exposed, but also suppresses the genre’s entanglement in the Turkish literary tradition with the crossing of boundaries—temporal and traditional, as well as physical. A transnational approach to studying the Turkish novel thus provides insight into the genre’s origins, evolution, circulation, and reception, but it also highlights its transgressive nature in a wide network of world literary and social developments through its evolution via travel, translation, and adaptation in different regions, and its negotiations with other literary forms.
Planetary Urbanization and Contemporary Fiction
Authors: Soule Jacob
Published: January 2022

Literary critics have long observed a relationship between the novel and the city. In the 19th century, novelists responded to rapidly expanding urbanization with new generic forms and literary techniques to comprehend the city and its inhabitants. Contemporary fiction, while indebted to the legacy of prior literary engagements with the city, is nevertheless forced to invent new formal strategies for a vastly transformed urban environment. What confronts the 21st-century novelist is the expansion of the urban across the entirety of the planet, in a process that geographers have termed “planetary urbanization.” No longer confined only to the centers of major metropolises, the urban, these theorists argue, has superseded the boundaries of city and country, as well as those between national and global space. In response, novelists from a variety of contexts are reshaping the novel, adapting its genres and forms to seek to understand planetary urbanization—its historical precedents, the kinds of social relations it engenders, and its utopian and dystopian potentials. More than just setting or backdrop to the stories these writers tell, planetary urbanization transforms the formal possibilities of contemporary fiction across genres.
The Kaleidoscope Career Model
Authors: Sullivan Sherry E. , Carraher Shawn M.
Published: January 2022

The kaleidoscope career model (KCM) was developed by Mainiero and Sullivan in 2006 based on data from interviews, focus groups, and three surveys of over 3,000 professionals working in the United States. The metaphor of a kaleidoscope was used to describe how an individual’s career alters in response to alternating needs for authenticity, balance, and challenge within a changing internal and external life context. As a kaleidoscope produces changing patterns when its tube is rotated and its glass chips fall into new arrangements, the KCM describes how individuals change the pattern of their careers by rotating the varied aspects of their lives to arrange their work–nonwork roles and relationships in new ways. Individuals examine the choices and options available to create the best fit among various work demands, constraints, and opportunities given their personal values and interests.

The ABCs of the KCM are authenticity, balance, and challenge. Authenticity is an individual’s need to make choices that reflect their true self. People seek alignment between their values and their behaviors. Balance is an individual’s need to achieve an equilibrium between the work and nonwork aspects of life. Nonwork life aspects are defined broadly to include not only spouse/partners and children but also parents, siblings, elderly relatives, friends, the community, personal interests, and hobbies. Challenge is an individual’s need for stimulating work that is high in responsibility, control, and/or autonomy. Challenge includes career advancement, often measured as intrinsic or extrinsic success. All three parameters are always active throughout the life span, and all influence decision-making. One parameter, however, usually takes priority; this parameter has greater influence in shaping an individual’s career decisions or transitions at that point in time. Over an individual’s life, the three parameters shift, with one parameter moving to the foreground and intensifying in strength as it takes priority at that time. The other two parameters will lessen in intensity, receding into the background, but they remain active.
Entrepreneur Coachability
Authors: Marvel Matthew R.
Published: January 2022

Entrepreneur coachability is the degree to which an entrepreneur seeks, carefully considers, and integrates feedback to improve a venture’s performance. There is increasing evidence that entrepreneur coachability is important for attracting the social and financial resources necessary for venture growth. Although entrepreneur coachability has emerged as an especially relevant construct for practitioners, start-up ecosystem leaders, and scholars alike, research on this entrepreneurial behavior is in its infancy. What appears to be a consistent finding across studies is that some entrepreneurs are more coachable than others, which affects downstream outcomes—particularly resource acquisition. However, there are sizable theoretical and empirical gaps that limit our understanding about the value of coachability to entrepreneurship research. As a body of literature develops, it is useful to take inventory of the work that has been accomplished thus far and to build from the lessons learned to identify insightful new directions. The topic of entrepreneur coachability has interdisciplinary appeal, and there is a surge of entrepreneur coaching taking place across start-up ecosystems. Research on coaching is diverse, and scholarship has developed across the academic domains of athletics, marketing, workplace coaching, and entrepreneurship. To identify progress to date, promising research gaps, and paths for future exploration, the literature on entrepreneur coachability is critically reviewed. To consider the future development of entrepreneur coachability scholarship, a research agenda is organized by the antecedents of entrepreneurship coachability, outcomes of entrepreneur coachability, and how entrepreneur–coach fit affects learning and development. Future scholarship is needed to more fully explore the antecedents, mechanisms, and/or consequences of entrepreneur coachability. The pursuit and development of this research stream represent fertile ground for meaningful contributions to entrepreneurship theory and practice.
Queer Chinese Media and Pop Culture
Authors: Zhao Jamie J.
Published: January 2022

Earlier generations of Western scholars often regarded nonheterosexual desires, identities, and intimacies in Chinese-speaking contexts as marginalized, stigmatized, and silenced, if not completely invisible, in mainstream mediascapes and pop cultural spaces. However, in contemporary Chinese and Sinophone contexts, queer practices, images, and narratives voiced, either explicitly or implicitly, by media producers, performers, and consumers or fans who do not necessarily self-identify as LGBTQ are common and even proliferating. These manifestations of queer Chinese media and pop culture are diverse and widespread in both online and offline spaces. In the new millennium, with the rise of queer Asian, queer Chinese, and queer Sinophone studies, scholars have strived to move away from Euro-American-centric and Japanese-centric queer media studies and theories when examining queer Chinese-language media and cultural productions. In particular, a growing body of scholarship (in fields such as literary studies, cinema and television studies, and fan studies) has explored intersecting ways of reconceptualizing “queerness” and “Chineseness” to examine gender, sexual, and sociocultural minority cultures in Chinese-language public and pop cultural spaces. Some of the literature has usefully traced the history of the concepts “homosexuality” and “tongzhi” (comrade) in modern and contemporary China, as well as the transcultural transmission and mutations of the meanings of the English term “queer” (ku’er) in Chinese media studies. Differentiating these concepts helps clarify the theorization of and scholarly debates surrounding queer Chinese media and pop culture in the 21st century. A number of scholars have also troubled the meaning and the essentialized identity of “Chineseness” through a queer lens while decolonizing and de-Westernizing queer Chinese media and pop cultural studies. In addition, post-2010 scholarship has paid major attention to Chinese media censorship and regulations (with a close focus on the context of mainland China/the People’s Republic of China/PRC) concerning homosexual and queer content production, circulation, and consumption and how these have been circumvented in both traditional and online media spaces.
Queering Colonialisms and Empire
Authors: Chevrette Roberta
Published: January 2022

Scholarship engaging queer theory in tandem with the study of colonialism and empire has expanded in recent years. This interdisciplinary area of research draws from queer of color theorizing and women of color feminists who made these links during queer theory’s emergence and development in social movements and within the field of women’s and gender studies. Together, queer of color, (post)colonial, transnational feminist, and Indigenous scholars and activists have highlighted the centrality of gender and sexuality to colonial, settler colonial, and imperial processes. Among the alignments of queer and (post)colonial inquiry are their emphases on social transformation through critique and resistant praxis. In the communication discipline, scholarship queering the study of colonialism and empire has emerged in critical/cultural studies, intercultural communication, rhetoric, media studies, and performance studies. Two broad thematics defining this scholarship are (a) decolonizing queerness by identifying how queer theory, LGBTQ activism, and queer globalizations have reinforced Whiteness and empire; and (b) queering decolonization by identifying how heteropatriarchal, binary, and normative systems of sex, sexuality, and gender contribute to colonial processes of past and present.
Organizational Dehumanization
Authors: Brison Noémie , Stinglhamber Florence , Caesens Gaëtane
Published: January 2022

Embodying the negative side of the employee–organization relationship, organizational dehumanization is defined as the experience of an employee who feels objectified by his or her organization, denied personal subjectivity, and made to feel like a tool or instrument for the organization’s ends. Empirical evidence shows that organizational dehumanization is linked to deleterious consequences for both employees and organizations. Specifically, organizational dehumanization impairs employees’ well-being as well as their positive attitudes toward their organization and their work, and it elicits behaviors that impede organizational functioning. Overall, self-determination theory, social exchange theory, and social identity theory provide relevant theoretical insights into the underlying mechanisms through which organizational dehumanization leads to these negative consequences. Scholars have also sought to identify its antecedents that fall into six main categories (i.e., societal factors, organizational characteristics, environmental factors, job characteristics, interpersonal factors, and individual factors). Finally, prior work highlights that organizational dehumanization perceptions are not elicited to the same extent in all employees and are dependent on demographic characteristics and on contextual features. Although organizational dehumanization has already received some empirical attention, future research is needed to enrich its nomological network by further examining its antecedents and consequences, as well as its explaining and moderating mechanisms.
“Globalization,” Coloniality, and Decolonial Love in STEM Education
Authors: Takeuchi Miwa A. , Marin Ananda
Published: January 2022

From the era of European empire to the global trades escalated after the World Wars, technological advancement, one of the key underlying conditions of globalization, has been closely linked with the production and reproduction of the colonizer/colonized. The rhetoric of modernity characterized by “salvation,” “rationality,” “development,” and nature-society or nature-culture divides underlies dominant perspectives on Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) education that have historically positioned economic development and national security as its core values. Such rhetoric inevitably and implicitly generates the logic of oppression and exploitation. Against the backdrop of nationalist and militaristic discourse representing modernity or coloniality, counter-voices have also arisen to envision a future of STEM education that is more humane and socioecologically just. Such bodies of critiques have interrogated interlocking colonial domains that shape the realm of STEM education: (a) settler colonialism, (b) paternalism, genderism, and coloniality, and (c) militarism and aggression and violence against the geopolitical Other. Our ways of knowing and being with STEM disciplines have been inexorably changed in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, which powerfully showed us how we live in the global chain of contagion. What kinds of portrayal can we depict if we dismantle colonial imaginaries of STEM education and instead center decolonial love—love that resists the nature-culture or nature-society divide, love to know our responsibilities and enact them in ways that give back, love that does not neglect historical oppression and violence yet carries us through? STEM education that posits decolonial love at its core will be inevitably and critically transdisciplinary, expanding the epistemological and ontological boundaries to embrace those who had been colonized and disciplined through racialized, gendered, and classist disciplinary practices of STEM.
Zanj Revolt in the Abbasid Caliphate (Iraq)
Authors: Ali Adam
Published: January 2022

In 869, slaves, mostly of African origin, revolted in Southern Iraq against their masters, living mainly in the city of Basra, and against the Abbasid caliphate. The slaves, referred to as Zanj in the sources, rebelled due to the harsh conditions under which they lived. They worked on large plantations where they were primarily employed in reclaiming land by removing the nitrous topsoil to make it arable. They toiled under terrible working conditions, received little sustenance, and suffered cruel and harsh treatment at the hands of their overseers.

The rebellion was incited and led by Ali ibn Muhammad, a mysterious charismatic leader who was neither a slave nor a native of the marshy regions where he launched the movement that would cause the central authorities so much trouble for a period of 15 years. Ali ibn Muhammad and his band of followers attacked the plantations where the slaves worked and freed thousands of them. He promised the slaves that he would lead them to victory, wealth, and power. He also promised that he would treat them with respect and dignity and that he would never betray them.

Ali ibn Muhammad and his followers established a polity in Southern Iraq and the region of Ahwaz (in Southwestern Iran). They constructed their capital, al-Mukhtara, deep in the marshes. The rebels utilized the marshes to conduct a guerilla war against their enemies. They defeated several armies sent by the local authorities in Basra and drove back caliphal forces sent to subdue them from Samarra and Baghdad. The Zanj were only crushed when the caliphate focused a considerable amount of its military and resources on subduing the revolt, eventually pushing the rebels back to their capital. Even after the rebel capital was besieged, it took the caliphal armies 2 years to capture al-Mukhtara.

The rebellion took a heavy toll on the caliphate. The damage done to the economy, agriculture, and trade was devastating. Thousands lost their lives, irrigation systems were destroyed, and countless villages were abandoned. Even major cities such as Basra and Wasit were taken and sacked by the rebels, leaving much of the region devastated and depopulated. The caliphate suffered from losses of revenue and prestige and became further fragmented with regional dynasties and a rival caliphate rising to control much of its territory, leaving the Abbasid caliphs with little actual power beyond the capital.
Modern Grand Strategic Studies: Research Advances and Controversies
Authors: Balzacq Thierry , Corcoral Mark
Published: January 2022

Grand strategy offers an effective framework to understand and explain how and why a state interacts with other actors in a given way and how it combines various military, diplomatic, economic, and cultural instruments to achieve its ends in a largely coherent fashion. Yet, the term “grand strategy” conjures different meanings and attitudes, with some treating it as synonymous with strategy and foreign policy, thus raising questions about its relations with policy and politics. History teaches us that grand strategy remains a demanding enterprise, partly because of actors’ differential status and partly because its time horizon (mid to long term) subjects it to unforeseen conditions that threaten to derail it. However, does this make grand strategy impossible? Modern grand strategic scholarship is studded with tensions, but this must not eclipse research advances. In fact, the more disconnected controversies are from empirical contexts, the more they tend to become ends unto themselves. The first controversy relates to the definition of grand strategy and the best way to chart its landscape; the second deals with the sources of grand strategy (internal vs. external, material vs. ideational); and the third revolves around the feasibility of grand strategy in a capricious and fast-paced environment. These tensions are both defining, in the sense that they outline the state of the field, and productive, as they point toward future research avenues.
The Ethics of Refugee Repatriation
Authors: Gerver Mollie
Published: January 2022

“Refugee repatriation” refers to the voluntary or forcible return of refugees back to the countries or regions from which they fled. It is broadly accepted that a state acts wrongly in forcibly repatriating refugees back to countries that remain unsafe. This is true for refugees fleeing war, persecution, environmental disasters, extreme poverty, and a range of other life-threatening conditions. What is less clear is whether a state acts wrongly in deporting refugees whose lives would no longer be at risk in their home countries, and who can obtain their basic rights. For example, it is not clear if Turkey and Germany would be justified in deporting back Syrian refugees if conditions sufficiently improved in Syria. It is additionally not clear whether humanitarian organizations ought to help refugees repatriate before retuning is safe, as when the United Nations helped Somali refugees repatriate from Kenya. Finally, it is not clear whether refugees have a right to repatriate to their home countries, and whether they have a right to return to the specific homes they left behind. For example, there is widespread debate over whether Palestinian refugees have a right to return to the homes they left in 1948 and 1967. Addressing these and other debates is essential for establishing ethical immigration policies and establishing the rights of refugees, organizations, and states.
The New Deal and the Arts
Authors: Musher Sharon
Published: January 2022

During the Great Depression, artists and intellectuals—like others who were down-and-out—turned to the federal government to demand work and a livable wage. In a brief flowering of public art, the New Deal funded thousands of needy and meritorious artists to decorate, document, entertain, and teach the nation. Working through Federal Project Number One under the auspices of the Works Progress Administration, which included the Federal Theatre Project, Federal Art Project, Federal Music Project, and Federal Writers’ Project as well as the Treasury’s Section of Painting and Sculpture (renamed the Section of Fine Arts) and Roy Stryker’s Historical Section, which operated under the Resettlement Administration, the Farm Security Administration, and then the Office of War Information, the artists produced hundreds of thousands of works of art to entertain millions of Americans.

The arts projects democratized the artists receiving public support, the citizens creating and experiencing original works of art, creative styles, and artistic subjects. They drew attention to previously neglected publics, including formerly enslaved people, Native Americans, migrant workers, and the working class. But art administrators also limited artists’ autonomy. They rejected nudity and overt politics, maintained racial segregation, and upheld racial and gendered discrimination. Political realignment, budget cuts, decentralization, congressional hearings, and loyalty oaths further constrained artists. In 1939, Congress terminated the Theatre Project and reorganized the other art projects. Congress defunded most of the remaining art projects in 1943, almost two years after the United States entered World War II. Despite a relatively short life and enduring controversies, New Deal art remains an important example of how robust public patronage can stimulate the arts and society.
Environmental History of New England
Authors: Judd Richard
Published: January 2022

New England’s first human inhabitants arrived around 12,000 years ago and adopted a nomadic life in response to a rapidly changing postglacial environment. They were followed by Archaic and Woodland cultures, the latter innovating a form of corn-beans-squash cultivation called “three sisters.” European colonists appeared first in small fishing and fur-trading posts and then in larger numbers at Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay. The nascent fur-trading farming, fishing, and logging economies disrupted regional ecosystems. Colonization weakened Native society through epidemics, ecological disruptions, enslavement, and wars, and yet Indigenous people persevered in family bands and small communities and sustained their identity through extended kinship ties. English husbandry shifted gradually to market production after the American Revolution, which brought further ecological disruptions. The early 19th century saw the rise of equally intrusive fishing and logging practices, which were exaggerated at century’s end by the introduction of pulp and paper production, marine engines, and new trawling equipment.

New England’s Industrial Revolution began in the 1790s in the Blackstone Valley and spread from there into central New England, where more forceful rivers gave rise to gigantic textile mills. The cultural disorientation brought on by industrialization triggered the Romantic movement, epitomized by Transcendentalist discourse on the truths intuited through the contemplation of nature. The Romantic recasting of nature provided intellectual impetus for pioneering fisheries- and forest-conservation efforts. In cities, conservation brought, among other things, landscaped parks such as Boston’s Emerald Necklace. Mirroring its approach to conservation, New England pioneered several forms of environmental activism, including private land trusts, cultural landscape preservation, heritage parks, and environmental justice movements. New England “re-wilded” several of its rivers by removing dams to renew migratory fish runs.
The Study of Visual Culture in South and Southeast Asian Buddhism
Authors: Revire Nicolas
Published: January 2022

The overwhelming focus on textual or dharma studies in Buddhism, to the relative neglect of artistic production, has led to a bias in understanding the close and intricate relationships between Buddhist art (usually comprising sculptures, mural paintings, architectural facades and ornamental elements, illuminated paintings, cloth banners, and drawings in manuscripts), rituals, and the written word. The constant dialogue between material, visual, and ritual cultures should be approached in tandem. Visual culture is a significant part of Buddhism and must be treated as part of the same social, historical, and geographical contexts as texts and practices. Buddhist visual culture, including art media, graphic aids, and physical objects or monuments associated with Buddhist practices, does not merely serve to illustrate sacred texts, legends, and doctrines. In addition, the textual tradition does not always have to explain or justify the presence—or absence—of a material object such as a Buddha icon or a Buddhist painting. While visual culture studies have become increasingly important in various academic fields over the years, a critical and complete overview of the precise relationship between art, ritual, and text in the study of south and southeast Asian Buddhism has yet to be written.
The Insurrection of Pernambuco and the Surrender of the Dutch in Brazil (1645–1654)
Authors: Flores Fernandes Araújo Hugo André
Published: January 2022

The Dutch West Indies Company (WIC) occupied the heart of Brazil’s sugar economy between 1630 and 1654, benefiting from the lucrative Atlantic trade based on African slave labor. The changes that occurred with the end of the Iberian Union, with D. João IV acclaimed king of Portugal in 1640 and the signing of a truce with the United Provinces in 1641, created a favorable scenario for the organization of a plan to retake the Portuguese territories. The Luso-Brazilians of the northern captaincies were in debt, and, discontented with the WIC’s administration, they took advantage of the changes to articulate a revolt to expel the Dutch from Brazil.

This movement was designed to be a definitive strike against the WIC, seeking to retake the occupied territories in a few months. However, adverse factors turned the revolt into a war that lasted almost nine years. The Luso-Brazilian forces that began the revolt were not made up of professional soldiers, and the men were often poorly equipped and suffered from a lack of supplies. The revolt had the veiled support of the general government of Brazil and the Portuguese king, who provided troops, ammunition, and money that were used to maintain the army and bribe Dutch officers. The wars that took place on both shores of the Atlantic during this period directly influenced the course of the revolt. The Portuguese reconquest of Angola in 1648 was a heavy blow to the main source of slaves that the WIC used in Brazil, while the defeats suffered during the First Anglo-Dutch War (1652–1654) weakened the ability of the Dutch to maintain maritime control in northeast Brazil. The deterioration caused by the prolonged war, the successive defeats, and the weak support of the WIC and the United Provinces to their forces in Brazil led the Dutch to capitulate in 1654, in the face of a naval blockade carried out by the fleet of the General Brazil Company.
Uruguayan Theater in Exile
Authors: Scaraffuni Luciana
Published: January 2022

Between 1968 and 1985, Uruguay experienced the twelve most tragic years of its history, due to the establishment of a civic–military dictatorship (1973–1985); such dictatorships came to power in various Southern Cone countries at that time: Brazil (1964), Bolivia (1971), Uruguay (1973), Chile (1973), and Argentina (1976).

In Uruguay, the roots of political violence were present before the dictatorial period, though such violence was consolidated during this time (1973 to 1985). In 1968 a state of exception was established in the country through the implementation of what were called the Medidas Prontas de Seguridad and the pro-military actions of the Jorge Pacheco Areco administration (1967–1972). Subsequent years were characterized by the consolidation of the regime under the democratically elected president Juan María Bordaberry, who commanded the dissolution of the legislature on June 27, 1973.

Due to the persecution, kidnapping, imprisonment, and disappearance of a large proportion of the population resulting from this, many Uruguayans went into exile. The experiences of a group of teatreros and teatreras, or theater workers, belonging to the El Galpón theater company, who went into exile in Mexico in 1976, are of particular interest.

Exile interpellated this group of teatreros and teatreras in various ways, by examining the cultural context, the political context, and the material conditions in which the Galponeros lived in Mexico. It also takes into account that the experience of exile led to different forms of theater work for the group. Throughout, it is necessary to understand the relationship between “the national” and “the Latin American,” to distinguish them in some way, in reference to aspects that influenced the group’s theatrical production and construction both in Mexico and on its return to Uruguay.

Similarly, members’ private lives are of interest, since the experience of exile, in addition to resignifying the theatrical work of the group, meant that the teatreros and teatreras experienced the rupturing of their daily lives and their “life world,” including the disintegration of families and their reconstruction in the countries of exile, in which the exiles formed new ties and family groups.
Cognitive Semantics in the Romance Languages
Authors: Detges Ulrich
Published: January 2022

Cognitive semantics (CS) is an approach to the study of linguistic meaning. It is based on the assumption that the human linguistic capacity is part of our cognitive abilities, and that language in general and meaning in particular can therefore be better understood by taking into account the cognitive mechanisms that control the conceptual and perceptual processing of extra-linguistic reality. Issues central to CS are (a) the notion of prototype and its role in the description of language, (b) the nature of linguistic meaning, and (c) the functioning of different types of semantic relations. The question concerning the nature of meaning is an issue that is particularly controversial between CS on the one hand and structuralist and generative approaches on the other hand: is linguistic meaning conceptual, that is, part of our encyclopedic knowledge (as is claimed by CS), or is it autonomous, that is, based on abstract and language-specific features? According to CS, the most important types of semantic relations are metaphor, metonymy, and different kinds of taxonomic relations, which, in turn, can be further broken down into more basic associative relations such as similarity, contiguity, and contrast. These play a central role not only in polysemy and word formation, that is, in the lexicon, but also in the grammar.
Geometry: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Dunajski Maciej
Published: January 2022

Geometry: A Very Short Introduction discusses the fundaments of Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometries. This topic includes curved spaces, projective geometry in Renaissance art, and the geometry of spacetime inside a black hole. The study of geometry is at least 2,500 years old, and within it is the concept of mathematical proof or deductive reasoning from a set of axioms. Geometry remained a very active area of research in mathematics, with links to science and art. The subject of geometry includes examples of mathematical objects, such as Platonic solids, or theorems like the Pythagorean theorem, as well as general principles.
A vulnerable residential environment is associated with higher risk of mortality and early transition to permanent residential aged care for community dwelling older South Australians
Authors: Taylor Danielle , Amare Azmeraw T , Edwards Suzanne , Inacio Maria , Visvanathan Renuka
Published: January 2022

Objectives

This study examined the impact of the residential environment, measured by the Healthy Ageing/Vulnerable ENvironment (HAVEN) Index, on risk of mortality or entry into Permanent Residential Aged Care (PRAC).

Design

A retrospective cohort study using data from the Registry of Senior Australians (ROSA) was conducted. HAVEN Index values were matched to the ROSA by residential postcode.

Study setting and Participants

Older individuals living in metropolitan Adelaide and receiving their first eligibility assessment for aged care services between 2014 and 2016 (N = 16,944).

Main Outcome Measure

Time to death and entry into PRAC were the main outcomes.

Results

A higher HAVEN Index value, which represents a favourable residential environment, was associated with a lower risk of mortality and delayed entry to PRAC. For every 0.1 unit increase in HAVEN Index value, the risk of mortality is 3% lower (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.97, 0.96–0.99) and the risk of entry to PRAC is 5% lower (adjusted subdistribution HR, 95%CI = 0.95, 0.94–0.97) in the first 2 years following aged care assessment. After 2 years, the HAVEN Index was not associated with the risk of transition to PRAC.

Conclusion

Place-based health inequalities were identified in Australians seeking aged care services, demonstrating that a better understanding of local neighbourhoods may provide insight into addressing ageing inequalities. Spatial indexes, such as the HAVEN Index, are useful tools to identify areas where populations are more vulnerable to adverse health outcomes, informing responses to prioritise local improvements and health interventions to enable healthy ageing.