bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of the Impact of Decellularization Methods on Mechanical Properties of Biocomposites Used as Skin Substitute
Authors: Gzik-Zroska Bożena , Joszko Kamil , Wolański Wojciech , Suchoń Sławomir , Burkacki Michał , Ples Marek , Malachowski Jerzy , Tomaszewski Michał , Szarek Arkadiusz , Stradomski Grzegorz , Kitala Diana , Akbari Mohsen , Gzik Marek
Published: August 2021

This work aimed to assess the impact of acellularization and sterilization methods on the mechanical properties of biocomposites used as a skin substitute. On the basis of the statistical analysis, it was ascertained that the values of the Young modulus for the samples before the sterilization process—only in the cases of substances such as: trypsin, 15% glycerol and dispase—changed in a statistically significant way. In the case of dispase, the Young modulus value before the sterilization process amounted to 66.6 MPa, for trypsin this value equalled 33.9 MPa, whereas for 15% glycerol it was 11 MPa. In the case of samples after the completion of the sterilization process, the analysis did not show any statistically significant differences between the obtained results of Young’s modulus depending on the respective reagents applied. It was confirmed that different methods of acellularization and the process of sterilization effect the alteration of mechanical properties of allogeneic skins. In the case of the decellularization method using SDS (Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate), liquid nitrogen and 85% glycerol the highest values of strain were observed. In the authors’ opinion, it is the above-mentioned methods that should be recommended in the process of preparation of skin substitutes.
Exploring the Potential of Cotton Industry Byproducts in the Plastic Composite Sector: Macro and Micromechanics Study of the Flexural Modulus
Authors: Serra Albert , Serra-Parareda Ferran , Vilaseca Fabiola , Delgado-Aguilar Marc , Espinach Francesc X. , Tarrés Quim
Published: August 2021

The textile sector produces yearly great quantities of cotton byproducts, and the major part is either incinerated or landfilled, resulting in serious environmental risks. The use of such byproducts in the composite sector presents an attractive opportunity to valorize the residue, reduce its environmental impact, and decrease the pressure on natural and synthetic resources. In this work, composite materials based on polypropylene and dyed cotton byproducts from the textile industry were manufactured. The competitiveness of the resulting composites was evaluated from the analyses, at macro and micro scales, of the flexural modulus. It was observed that the presence of dyes in cotton fibers, also a byproduct from the production of denim items, notably favored the dispersion of the phases in comparison with other cellulose-rich fibers. Further, the presence of a coupling agent, in this case, maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene, enhanced the interfacial adhesion of the composite. As a result, the flexural modulus of the composite at 50 wt.% of cotton fibers enhanced by 272% the modulus of the matrix. From the micromechanics analysis, using the Hirsch model, the intrinsic flexural modulus of cotton fibers was set at 20.9 GPa. Other relevant micromechanics factors were studied to evaluate the contribution and efficiency of the fibers to the flexural modulus of the composite. Overall, the work sheds light on the potential of cotton industry byproducts to contribute to a circular economy.
The Possibility of Reuse of Nanofiber Mats by Machine Washing at Different Temperatures
Authors: Mamun Al , Moulefera Imane , Topuz Yusuf , Trabelsi Marah , Sabantina Lilia
Published: August 2021

The worldwide spread of coronavirus COVID-19 infections demonstrates the great need for personal protective equipment and, in particular, hygiene masks. These masks are essential for the primary protection of the respiratory tract against pathogens such as viruses and bacteria that are infectious and transmitted through the air as large droplets or via small airborne particles. The use of protective masks will continue to accompany humans for an indefinite period of time, and therefore there is an urgent need for a safe method to extend their usability by reusing them under perspective with minimal loss of protective properties. Nanofiber mats are widely used in masks and in this study the reusability of nanofiber mats is investigated by washing them at different temperatures. This paper shows the first measurements of the washability of nanofiber mats. Furthermore, the air permeability is measured, and the evaporation resistance is evaluated. According to the results of this study, the air permeability performance of nanofiber mats does not change significantly after washing, confirming the possibility of reuse.
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Carbides Reinforced Nickel Matrix Alloy Prepared by Selective Laser Melting
Authors: Xia Tian , Wang Rui , Bi Zhongnan , Wang Rui , Zhang Peng , Sun Guangbao , Zhang Ji
Published: August 2021

Selective laser melting was used to prepare the ceramic particles reinforced nickel alloy owing to its high designability, high working flexibility and high efficiency. In this paper, a carbides particles reinforced Haynes 230 alloy was prepared using SLM technology to further strengthen the alloy. Microstructures of the carbide particles reinforced Haynes 230 alloy were investigated using electron microscopy (SEM), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Meanwhile, the tensile tests were carried out to determine the strengths of the composite. The results show that the microstructure of the composite consisted of uniformly distributed M23C6 and M6C type carbides and the strengths of the alloy were higher than the matrix alloy Haynes 230. The increased strengths of the carbide reinforced Haynes 230 alloy (room temperature yield strength 113 MPa increased, ~ 33.2%) can be attributed to the synergy strengthening including refined grain strengthening, Orowan strengthening and dislocation strengthening.
Crystal-Chemical and Thermal Properties of Decorative Cement Composites
Authors: Petkova Vilma , Stoyanov Ventseslav , Kostova Bilyana , Kostov-Kytin Vladislav , Kalinkin Alexander , Zvereva Irina , Tzvetanova Yana
Published: August 2021

The advanced tendencies in building materials development are related to the design of cement composites with a reduced amount of Portland cement, contributing to reduced CO2 emissions, sustainable development of used non-renewal raw materials, and decreased energy consumption. This work deals with water cured for 28 and 120 days cement composites: Sample A—reference (white Portland cement + sand + water); Sample B—white Portland cement + marble powder + water; and Sample C white Portland cement + marble powder + polycarboxylate-based water reducer + water. By powder X-ray diffraction and FTIR spectroscopy, the redistribution of CO32−, SO42−, SiO44−, AlO45−, and OH− (as O-H bond in structural OH− anions and O-H bond belonging to crystal bonded water molecules) from raw minerals to newly formed minerals have been studied, and the scheme of samples hydration has been defined. By thermal analysis, the ranges of the sample’s decomposition mechanisms were distinct: dehydration, dehydroxylation, decarbonation, and desulphuration. Using mass spectroscopic analysis of evolving gases during thermal analysis, the reaction mechanism of samples thermal decomposition has been determined. These results have both practical (architecture and construction) and fundamental (study of archaeological artifacts as ancient mortars) applications.
Stress-Shot-Peened Leaf Springs Material Analysis through Nano- and Micro-Indentations
Authors: Pappa Maria , Savaidis Georgios , Michailidis Nikolaos
Published: August 2021

Heat-treated and shot-peened lightweight steels with demanding requirements for durability are applied in high-performance automotive leaf springs. Due to their heat-treatment they exhibit degraded properties in the surface-near area compared to the core. This area, which may extend until 300 μm from the surface to the core, experiences the highest bending stresses at operation. The microstructure in the surface and sub-surface layers determines the mechanical performance as well as the wear resistance. The present study refers to the material properties of a stress shot-peened 51CrV4 steel at various depths from the surface. The effect of the manufacturing process has been captured both by Vickers micro-hardness measurements and nanoindentation. The latter combined with a Fine Element Method (FEM)-based algorithm enables the determination of variations in the material’s stress–strain curves over the affected layers, which translate to internal stress changes. The nanoindentation technique has been applied here successfully for the first time ever on leaf springs. The combination of microstructural analysis, microhardness and nanoindentation captures the changes of the treated material, offering insights on the material characteristics, and yielding accurate elastoplastic material properties for local, layered-based analysis of the components’ mechanical performance at operational loading scenarios, i.e., in the framework of stress shot-peening simulation models.
Experimental Realization of Sub-THz Circularly Polarized Antenna Based on Metasurface Superstrate at 300 GHz
Authors: Aqlan Basem , Himdi Mohamed , Vettikalladi Hamsakutty , Le-Coq Laurent
Published: August 2021

This communication presents a low-profile fully metallic high gain circularly polarized resonant cavity antenna, with a novel single-layer metasurface as superstrate operating at 300 GHz. The unit cell of the metallic metasurface layer consists of perforated grids of hexagonal and octagonal-shaped radiating apertures. The metasurface superstrate layer acts as a polarization convertor from linear-to-circular, which provides left-handed circularly polarized (LHCP) radiation. For simplicity and less design difficulty, a low cost laser cutting brass technology is proposed to design the antenna at sub-terahertz. The proposed circularly polarized resonant cavity antenna prototype has a low-profile planar metallic structure of volume 2.6λ0×2.6λ0×1.24λ0. Experimental results validate the design concept. The antenna yields a measured LHCP gain of 16.2 dBic with a directivity of 16.7 dBic at 302 GHz. This proposed circularly polarized resonant cavity antenna finds potential application in 6G sub-terahertz wireless communications.
Effects of Graphite on Electrically Conductive Cementitious Composite Properties: A Review
Authors: Luo Ting , Wang Qiang
Published: August 2021

Electrically conductive cementitious composites (ECCCs) have been widely used to complete functional and smart construction projects. Graphite, due to its low cost and wide availability, is a promising electrically conductive filler to generate electrically conductive networks in cement matrixes. Cement-based materials provide an ideal balance of safety, environmental protection, strength, durability, and economy. Today, graphite is commonly applied in traditional cementitious materials. This paper reviews previous studies regarding the effects and correlations of the use of graphite-based materials as conductive fillers on the properties of traditional cementitious materials. The dispersion, workability, cement hydration, mechanical strength, durability, and electrically conductive mechanisms of cementitious composites modified with graphite are summarized. Graphite composite modification methods and testing methods for the electrical conductivity of ECCCs are also summarized.
Synthesis of Dimethyl Carbonate by Transesterification of Propylene Carbonate with Methanol on CeO2-La2O3 Oxides Prepared by the Soft Template Method
Authors: Cutrufello Maria Giorgia , Atzori Luciano , Meloni Daniela , Piras Alessandra , Gazzoli Delia , Rombi Elisabetta
Published: August 2021

In this study, CeO2, La2O3, and CeO2-La2O3 mixed oxide catalysts with different Ce/La molar ratios were prepared by the soft template method and characterized by different techniques, including inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, N2 physisorption, thermogravimetric analysis, and Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies. NH3 and CO2 adsorption microcalorimetry was also used for assessing the acid and base surface properties, respectively. The behavior of the oxides as catalysts for the dimethyl carbonate synthesis by the transesterification of propylene carbonate with methanol, at 160 °C under autogenic pressure, was studied in a stainless-steel batch reactor. The activity of the catalysts was found to increase with an increase in the basic sites density. The formation of dimethyl carbonate was favored on medium-strength and weak basic sites, while it underwent decomposition on the strong ones. Several parasitic reactions occurred during the transformation of propylene carbonate, depending on the basic and acidic features of the catalysts. A reaction pathway has been proposed on the basis of the components identified in the reaction mixture.
Study on the Utilization of Iron Tailings in Ultra-High-Performance Concrete: Fresh Properties and Compressive Behaviors
Authors: Zhao Yunqi , Gu Xiaowei , Qiu Jingping , Zhang Weifeng , Li Xiaohui
Published: August 2021

In this paper iron tailing sand (TS) are used as aggerate to develop ultra high-performance concrete (UHPC). The mix proportion of UHPC is designed and TS were added by 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% (wt.%, i.e., weight percentage) to replace natural river sand. Firstly, the influence of TS on the slurry behavior was carried out. The experimental result indicates that with the continuously increasing content of TS, the workability of slurry decreases, while the air content increases. Considering the workability, the optimal replacing dosage of TS should be less than 50%. Then, tests for the hardened specimens were taken. The compressive behavior and micro-porosity deteriorate with increasing content of TS, and the compressive strength had a positive linear relationship with the workability, which indicated that the decline the compressive behavior is mainly due to the loss of flowability. Finally, autogenous shrinkages of UHPC with different TS dosage were also tested. At the same time, the micro-structure of specimens was discussed, which was deteriorate with the increasing dosage of TS. Therefore, comprehensively considering the compressive behavior, micro-structure and shrinkage behavior, as much as 50% of the aggregate could be replaced by TS when developing UHPC.
Simulation of the Mechanical Behaviour of Metal Gyroids for Bone Tissue Application
Authors: Caiazzo Fabrizia , Guillen Diego Gonzalo , Alfieri Vittorio
Published: August 2021

Additive manufacturing is a valid solution to build complex geometries, including lightweight structures. Among these, gyroids offer a viable concept for bone tissue application, although many preliminary trials would be required to validate the design before actual implantation. In this frame, this study is aimed at presenting the background and the steps to build a numerical simulation to extract the mechanical behaviour of the structure, thus reducing the experimental effort. The results of the simulation are compared to the actual outcome resulting from quasi-static compressive tests and the effectiveness of the model is measured with reference to similar studies presented in the literature about other lightweight structures.
Markov Chain-Based Stochastic Modelling of HIV-1 Life Cycle in a CD4 T Cell
Authors: Sazonov Igor , Grebennikov Dmitry , Meyerhans Andreas , Bocharov Gennady
Published: August 2021

Replication of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV) in infected CD4+ T cells represents a key driver of HIV infection. The HIV life cycle is characterised by the heterogeneity of infected cells with respect to multiplicity of infection and the variability in viral progeny. This heterogeneity can result from the phenotypic diversity of infected cells as well as from random effects and fluctuations in the kinetics of biochemical reactions underlying the virus replication cycle. To quantify the contribution of stochastic effects to the variability of HIV life cycle kinetics, we propose a high-resolution mathematical model formulated as a Markov chain jump process. The model is applied to generate the statistical characteristics of the (i) cell infection multiplicity, (ii) cooperative nature of viral replication, and (iii) variability in virus secretion by phenotypically identical cells. We show that the infection with a fixed number of viruses per CD4+ T cell leads to some heterogeneity of infected cells with respect to the number of integrated proviral genomes. The bottleneck factors in the virus production are identified, including the Gag-Pol proteins. Sensitivity analysis enables ranking of the model parameters with respect to the strength of their impact on the size of viral progeny. The first three globally influential parameters are the transport of genomic mRNA to membrane, the tolerance of transcription activation to Tat-mediated regulation, and the degradation of free and mature virions. These can be considered as potential therapeutical targets.
Simultaneous Comparison of Sensitivities and Specificities of Two Diagnostic Tests Adjusting for Discrete Covariates
Authors: Roldán-Nofuentes José Antonio
Published: August 2021

Adjusting for covariates is important in the study of the performance of diagnostic tests. In this manuscript, the simultaneous comparison of the sensitivities and specificities of two binary diagnostic tests is studied when discrete covariates are observed in all of the individuals in the sample. Four methods are presented to simultaneously compare the two sensitivities and the two specificities: a global hypothesis test and three other methods based on individual comparisons. The maximum likelihood method was applied to adjust the overall estimators of sensitivities and specificities. Simulation experiments were carried out to study the asymptotic behaviors of the four proposed methods when the covariate is binary, giving general rules of application. The results were applied to a real example.
A Phase-Fitted and Amplification-Fitted Explicit Runge–Kutta–Nyström Pair for Oscillating Systems
Authors: Demba Musa Ahmed , Ramos Higinio , Kumam Poom , Watthayu Wiboonsak
Published: August 2021

An optimized embedded 5(3) pair of explicit Runge–Kutta–Nyström methods with four stages using phase-fitted and amplification-fitted techniques is developed in this paper. The new adapted pair can exactly integrate (except round-off errors) the common test: y″=−w2y. The local truncation error of the new method is derived, and we show that the order of convergence is maintained. The stability analysis is addressed, and we demonstrate that the developed method is absolutely stable, and thus appropriate for solving stiff problems. The numerical experiments show a better performance of the new embedded pair in comparison with other existing RKN pairs of similar characteristics.
Identification and Characterization of a Novel Lectin from the Clam Glycymeris yessoensis and Its Functional Characterization under Microbial Stimulation and Environmental Stress
Authors: Mizgina Tatyana O. , Chikalovets Irina V. , Molchanova Valentina I. , Ziganshin Rustam H. , Chernikov Oleg V.
Published: August 2021

Lectin from the bivalve Glycymeris yessoensis (GYL) was purified by affinity chromatography on porcine stomach mucin–Sepharose. GYL is a dimeric protein with a molecular mass of 36 kDa, as established by SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF analysis, consisting of 18 kDa subunits linked by a disulfide bridge. According to circular dichroism data, GYL is a β/α-protein with the predominance of β-structure. GYL preferentially agglutinates enzyme-treated rabbit erythrocytes and recognizes glycoproteins containing O-glycosidically linked glycans, such as porcine stomach mucin (PSM), fetuin, thyroglobulin, and ovalbumin. The amino acid sequences of five segments of GYL were acquired via mass spectrometry. The sequences have no homology with other known lectins. GYL is Ca2+-dependent and stable over a range above a pH of 8 and temperatures up to 20 °C for 30 min. GYL is a pattern recognition receptor, as it binds common pathogen-associated molecular patterns, such as peptidoglycan, LPS, β-1,3-glucan and mannan. GYL possesses a broad microbial-binding spectrum, including Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Vibrio proteolyticus), but not the fungus Candida albicans. Expression levels of GYL in the hemolymph were significantly upregulated after bacterial challenge by V. proteolyticus plus environmental stress (diesel fuel). Results indicate that GYL is probably a new member of the C-type lectin family, and may be involved in the immune response of G. yessoensis to bacterial attack.
Gene Expression Analysis in Patients with Cocaine-Induced Midline Destructive Lesions
Authors: Trimarchi Matteo , Bertazzoni Giacomo , Vinciguerra Alessandro , Pardini Celia , Simeoni Fabio , Cittaro Davide , Bussi Mario , Lazarevic Dejan
Published: August 2021

Background and Objectives: Cocaine users may present with positive antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) and severe midline destructive lesions (CIMDL) which are histologically characterized by massive apoptosis. However, histopathological and laboratory studies suggest that autoimmunity may not be the main pathogenic driver. We analyzed gene expression both in cell lines of nasal mucosa exposed to cocaine and in CIMDL patients to determine whether genetic predisposition might cause such lesions, which are observed in a minority of cocaine abusers. Materials and Methods: The genetic expression profile of nasal mucosa exposed to cocaine was analyzed. Rare variants of expressed genes were searched in patients with CIMDL using exome sequencing and bio-informatics. Results: We identified 462 genes that were induced by cocaine, mainly related to apoptosis and autophagy in response to oxidative stress. Under the hypothesis that genes linked to the phenotype are also induced by cocaine itself, a rare variants burden test was performed to select genes that were significantly enriched in rare mutations. Next, 11 cocaine abusers with CIMDL and no other relevant medical comorbidities underwent exome sequencing, and 12 genes that were significantly enriched in the burden test and present in at least 10 patients were identified. An in-depth analysis of these genes revealed their involvement in apoptosis, tissue homeostasis, autophagy, and response to oxidative stress. Conclusions: Oxidative stress and rare genetic alterations in the response to reactive oxygen species, apoptosis, autophagy, and tissue regeneration are plausible drivers of damage affecting nasal mucosa exposed to cocaine crystals and, consequently, the pathogenic mechanism behind CIMDL.
Proinflammatory and Oxidative Stress States Induced by Human Papillomavirus and Chlamydia trachomatis Coinfection Affect Sperm Quality in Asymptomatic Infertile Men
Authors: Pérez-Soto Elvia , Fernández-Martínez Eduardo , Oros-Pantoja Rigoberto , Medel-Flores Olivia , Miranda-Covarrubias José Cruz , Sánchez-Monroy Virginia
Published: August 2021

Background and Objectives: To investigate the effect of infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) or Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and HPV + CT coinfection on sperm quality, inflammation, and the state of oxidative stress (OS) in asymptomatic infertile men. Materials and Methods: Semen samples from 84 asymptomatic military infertile men were studied. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for the molecular detection of HPV and CT. Semen parameters were analyzed according to the World Health Organization guidelines. Inflammation was evaluated by an IL-1β, IL-6, and IFN-γ enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and OS by the quantification of lipid peroxidation (LPO), 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Results: A total of 81 of the 84 (96.4%) samples were positives for the pathogens, with 55/81 (68%) being positive for HPV, 11/81 (13.5%) for CT, and 15/81 (18.5%) for HPV + CT coinfection. Seminal parameters were affected in the infected groups, including pH increases above the normal range in all groups. An abnormal sperm morphology was observed in the HPV and HPV + CT groups. Higher cytokine levels were detected in the HPV group and the highest IL-1β level was found in the HPV + CT group. No cytokines were detected in the CT group. High LPO and 8-OHdG levels were found in all groups with a lower TAC. Comparisons between groups showed the highest OS state was observed in the HPV group. Conclusions: High HPV infection or coinfection (HVP + CT) in these infertile men suggest compromising male fertility by inducing a proinflammatory state and OS. Infection with CT suggests an alteration of the state of OS by promoting an alkaline pH.
The Expression of Circulating miR-497 and Metadherin in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Relation to the Tumor Characteristics and Patients’ Survival
Authors: Ali Dina A. , Sabry Nesreen M. , Kabel Ahmed M. , Gaber Rasha A. , Mokhtar Hwaida M. , Samy Sara M. , Elrashidy Mohamed A. , Salama Samir A. , Abdelhai Dina
Published: August 2021

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic significance and relationship of miR-497 and metadherin to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumor characteristics and patients’ survival. Methods: This study enrolled 120 (60 HCC patients and 60 healthy) subjects. Serum miR-497 and metadherin mRNA relative expression were analyzed by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The overall survival (OS) of HCC patients was assessed using the Kaplan–Meier curve and log-rank test. Results: Serum miR-497 showed statistically significant downregulation in HCC patients compared to controls (p < 0.001). Serum metadherin mRNA relative expression was significantly upregulated in HCC patients compared to controls (p < 0.001). Both serum miR-497 and metadherin mRNA expression were significantly associated with the number of tumor foci (p = 0.028 and 0.001, respectively), tumor size (p = 0.022 and <0.001, respectively), nodal metastasis (p = 0.003 and 0.003, respectively), distant metastasis (p = 0.003 and 0.003, respectively), vascular invasion (p = 0.040 and <0.001, respectively), and BCLC staging (p = 0.043 and 0.004, respectively). The overall survival was lower in patients with low miR-497 expression (p = 0.046) and in patients with high metadherin expression (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The expression levels of miR-497 showed downregulation in HCC patients, but metadherin expression showed upregulation. Both markers were inversely related and closely correlated with tumor characteristics and patients’ survival.
Self-Reiki, Consideration of a Potential Option for Managing Chronic Pain during Pandemic COVID-19 Period
Authors: Billot Maxime , Daycard Maeva , Rigoard Philippe
Published: August 2021

While the world faces an unprecedented situation with the pandemic, other chronic diseases such as chronic pain continue to run their course. The social distancing and restrictive displacement imposed by the pandemic situation represents a new barrier to access to pain management and tends to reinforce chronification process. Given this context, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) might offer new opportunities to manage CP, notably with a hand-touch method, such as self-Reiki therapy. Although Reiki administered by a practitioner has shown promising results to reduce pain and psychological distress, and to improve quality of life, self-Reiki practice needs evidence-based medicine to be disseminated. Overall, self-Reiki could bring positive results in addition to, and without interfering with, conventional medicine approaches in patients experienced chronic pain.
The Aggressive Diabetic Kidney Disease in Youth-Onset Type 2 Diabetes: Pathogenetic Mechanisms and Potential Therapies
Authors: Amatruda Michela , Gembillo Guido , Giuffrida Alfio Edoardo , Santoro Domenico , Conti Giovanni
Published: August 2021

Youth-onset Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) represents a major burden worldwide. In the last decades, the prevalence of T2DM became higher than that of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM), helped by the increasing rate of childhood obesity. The highest prevalence rates of youth-onset T2DM are recorded in China (520 cases/100,000) and in the United States (212 cases/100,000), and the numbers are still increasing. T2DM young people present a strong hereditary component, often unmasked by social and environmental risk factors. These patients are affected by multiple coexisting risk factors, including obesity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, hypertension, and inflammation. Juvenile T2DM nephropathy occurs earlier in life compared to T1DM-related nephropathy in children or T2DM-related nephropathy in adult. Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is T2DM major long term microvascular complication. This review summarizes the main mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of the DKD in young population and the recent evolution of treatment, in order to reduce the risk of DKD progression.
Design, Modeling and Simulation of a Liquid Jet Gyroscope Based on Electrochemical Transducers
Authors: Yang Dapeng , Wang Xiaohuan , Sun Junze , Chen Heng , Ju Chenhao , Lin Tingting , Tian Baofeng , Zheng Fan
Published: August 2021

We propose a novel liquid jet gyroscope based on electrochemical transducers, which uses electrolyte as the jet medium, and two electrochemical transducers placed symmetrically as the velocity measuring unit. The gyroscope includes a fluid pump to generate a jet flow, which flows into the jet chamber. Then, it is diverged into the shunt channels, pumped into reflux channels and merged by a fluid pump. The velocities of shunt flows are measured by two electrochemical transducers. The feasibility of the method was demonstrated in theory, and a 2D finite element model was built to simulate the dynamics of the liquid jet gyroscope. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the gyroscope, which has higher sensitivity in the near DC frequency band.
Recognising Mineral Deposits from Cover; A Case Study Using Zircon Chemistry in the Gawler Craton, South Australia
Authors: Brotodewo Adrienne , Tiddy Caroline , Zivak Diana , Fabris Adrian , Giles David , Light Shaun , Forster Ben
Published: August 2021

Detrital zircon grains preserved within clasts and the matrix of a basal diamictite sequence directly overlying the Carrapateena IOCG deposit in the Gawler Craton, South Australia are shown here to preserve U–Pb ages and geochemical signatures that can be related to underlying mineralisation. The zircon geochemical signature is characterised by elevated heavy rare-earth element fractionation values (GdN/YbN ≥ 0.15) and high Eu ratios (Eu/Eu* ≥ 0.6). This geochemical signature has previously been recognised within zircon derived from within the Carrapateena orebody and can be used to distinguish zircon associated with IOCG mineralisation from background zircon preserved within stratigraphically equivalent regionally unaltered and altered samples. The results demonstrate that zircon chemistry is preserved through processes of weathering, erosion, transport, and incorporation into cover sequence materials and, therefore, may be dispersed within the cover sequence, effectively increasing the geochemical footprint of the IOCG mineralisation. The zircon geochemical criteria have potential to be applied to whole-rock geochemical data for the cover sequence diamictite in the Carrapateena area; however, this requires understanding of the presence of minerals that may influence the HREE fractionation (GdN/YbN) and/or Eu/Eu* results (e.g., xenotime, feldspar).
Recovery of Palladium and Gold from PGM Ore and Concentrate Leachates Using Fe3O4@SiO2@Mg-Al-LDH Nanocomposite
Authors: Biata Nkositetile Raphael , Jakavula Silindokuhle , Moutloali Richard Motlhaletsi , Nomngongo Philiswa Nosizo
Published: August 2021

In this work, we developed a core–shell nanostructured magnetic composite by functionalizing layered double hydroxide (Mg-Al-LDH) microspheres with Fe3O4@SiO2, for the recovery of Au(III) and Pd(II). The magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles provided effective magnetic separation of the adsorbent from aqueous solutions. While silica protected the Fe3O4 nanoparticles, increased the adsorption sites and the stability of the material. Finally, Mg-Al-LDH was chosen because of its large anion sorption capacities which lead to the improved adsorption capacity of Fe3O4@SiO2@ Mg-Al-LDH nanocomposite. The morphology and structural composition of the nanocomposite were characterized using various analytical techniques. It was satisfactorily established that silica was coated on iron oxide and layered double hydroxide was immobilized on Fe3O4@SiO2. Parameters affecting adsorption of the composite towards Au(III) and Pd(II), such as effects of sample pH, mass of adsorbent, extraction time, eluent type and concentration were investigated using response methodology based on central composite design. Maximum adsorption capacities of Fe3O4@SiO2@ Mg-Al-LDH for Au(III) and Pd(II) were 289 mg g−1 and 313 mg g−1, respectively. Under optimum conditions, the proposed method displayed good analytical performance suggesting that the adsorbent is a good candidate for quantitative extraction of Au(III) and Pd(II) from secondary sources. Additionally, %recoveries ranging from 85%–99.6% were obtained revealing that Fe3O4@SiO2@ Mg-Al-LDH could selectively extract Au(III) and Pd(II) from leaching solutions of SARM 107 PGM ore and SARM 186 PGM concentrate.
Consideration of Complexity in the Management of Construction and Demolition Waste Flow in French Regions: An Agent-Based Computational Economics Approach
Authors: Andriamasinoro Fenintsoa , Monfort-Climent Daniel
Published: August 2021

For each region of France, there is currently a program to implement a plan for regional prevention and management of construction and demolition waste (CDW) used in the buildings and public works (e.g., roads) sector, also called the BTP (from the French Bâtiment et Travaux Publics) sector. To implement such a plan, its complexity must be considered; i.e., account (a) for how different scales are endogenously connected and (b) for decision-making rules at each scale being introduced. However, this complexity has rarely been taken into account in the literature. Using the PACA region as a case-study, this paper presents the first results of modelling that determines a hypotheses for the geographic distribution of the road renovation rate in each municipality (microscale) and Department (mesoscale) in a region of France. Such a renovation requires recycled aggregates (gravel) and asphalt supplies simultaneously. To consider this endogenous connection between scales, the model at the micro-scale must also be calibrated so the simulated values emerging at a higher-scale approach a supply–demand balance. We also discuss the transposition of the model to another French region (Ile-de-France). The method we used is the Agent-based Computational Economics (ACE) modelling approach. In addition, the coherent interplay between scales is determined by an approach called pattern-oriented modelling (POM). Our research revealed, at a thematic level, that for a circular economy to develop, the network of facilities in the territory is very important, and effective commercialization of secondary resources is major in the areas that group together recycling platforms and nearby asphalt plants. At a methodological level, our research revealed that in any multi-level modelling exercise, POM can be seen as an essential approach to accompany the ACE approach, particularly for a macroeconomic (here macro = regional) looping of a model designed at a microscale. However, convincing the BTP sector to integrate ACE/POM as a full part of a methodological support for regional prevention and management of CDW remains a challenge
Synthesis of CNTs/CoNiFe-LDH Nanocomposite with High Specific Surface Area for Asymmetric Supercapacitor
Authors: Wang Jianwei , Ding Qian , Bai Caihui , Wang Feifei , Sun Shiguo , Xu Yongqian , Li Hongjuan
Published: August 2021

Ternary layered double hydroxide (LDH) materials have shown promising application in hybrid supercapacitors. However, the low electrical conductivity of LDHs is still a restriction to their performance. Herein, carbon nanotubes/cobalt–nickel–iron LDH (CNTs/CoNiFe-LDH) hybrid material was prepared by a one-step hydrothermal approach for the first time. The presence of CNTs improved the conductivity and surface area of the electrode, leading to an enhanced electrochemical performance. The CNTs/CoNiFe-LDH hybrid electrode exhibited high specific capacity 170.6 mAh g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1, with a capacity retention of 75% at 10 A g−1. CNTs/CoNiFe-LDH//AC asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) was also assembled, which had high specific capacitance (96.1 F g−1 at the current density of 1 A g−1), good cycling stability (85.0% after 3000 cycles at 15 A g−1) and high energy density (29.9 W h kg−1 at the power density of 750.5 W kg−1). Therefore, the CNTs/CoNiFe-LDH material could be used for hybrid supercapacitor electrodes.
Synthesis and Functionalisation of Superparamagnetic Nano-Rods towards the Treatment of Glioblastoma Brain Tumours
Authors: Habra Kinana , McArdle Stéphanie E. B. , Morris Robert H. , Cave Gareth W. V.
Published: August 2021

The complete removal of glioblastoma brain tumours is impossible to achieve by surgery alone due to the complex finger-like tentacle structure of the tumour cells and their migration away from the bulk of the tumour at the time of surgery; furthermore, despite aggressive chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatments following surgery, tumour cells continue to grow, leading to the death of patients within 15 months after diagnosis. The naturally occurring carnosine dipeptide has previously demonstrated activity against in vitro cultured glioblastoma cells; however, at natural physiological concentrations, its activity is too low to have a significant effect. Towards realising the full oncological potential of carnosine, the dipeptide was embedded within an externally triggered carrier, comprising a novel nano rod-shaped superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (ca. 86 × 19 × 11 nm) capped with a branched polyethyleneimine, which released the therapeutic agent in the presence of an external magnetic field. The new nano-carrier was characterized using electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, elemental analysis, and magnetic resonance imaging techniques. In addition to cytotoxicity studies, the carnosine carrier’s effectiveness as a treatment for glioblastoma was screened in vitro using the U87 human glioblastoma astrocytoma cell line. The labile carnosine (100 mM) suppresses both the U87 cells’ proliferation and mobility over 48 h, resulting in significant reduction in migration and potential metastasis. Carnosine was found to be fully released from the carrier using only mild hyperthermia conditions (40 °C), facilitating an achievable clinical application of the slow, sustained-release treatment of glioblastoma brain tumours that demonstrates potential to inhibit post-surgery metastasis with the added benefit of non-invasive monitoring via MRI.
Conjugates of Ultrasmall Quantum Dots and Acridine Derivatives as Prospective Nanoprobes for Intracellular Investigations
Authors: Linkov Pavel , Samokhvalov Pavel , Baryshnikova Maria , Laronze-Cochard Marie , Sapi Janos , Karaulov Alexander , Nabiev Igor
Published: August 2021

Designing nanoprobes in which quantum dots (QDs) are used as photoluminescent labels is an especially promising line of research due to their possible medical applications ranging from disease diagnosis to drug delivery. In spite of the significant progress made in designing such nanoprobes, the properties of their individual components, i.e., photoluminescent QDs, vectorization moieties, and pharmacological agents, still require further optimization to enhance the efficiency of diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. Here, we have developed a method of engineering compact multifunctional nanoprobes based on functional components with optimized properties: bright photoluminescence of CdSe/ZnS (core/shell) QDs, a compact and effective antitumor agent (an acridine derivative), and direct conjugation of the components via electrostatic interaction, which provides a final hydrodynamic diameter of nanoprobes smaller than 15 nm. Due to the possibility of conjugating various biomolecules with hydroxyl and carboxyl moieties to QDs, the method represents a versatile approach to the biomarker-recognizing molecule imaging of the delivery of the active substance as part of compact nanoprobes.
The Health Effects of Chocolate and Cocoa: A Systematic Review
Authors: Tan Terence Yew Chin , Lim Xin Yi , Yeo Julie Hsiao Hui , Lee Shaun Wen Huey , Lai Nai Ming
Published: August 2021

Chocolate has a history of human consumption tracing back to 400 AD and is rich in polyphenols such as catechins, anthocyanidins, and pro anthocyanidins. As chocolate and cocoa product consumption, along with interest in them as functional foods, increases worldwide, there is a need to systematically and critically appraise the available clinical evidence on their health effects. A systematic search was conducted on electronic databases such as MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) using a search strategy and keywords. Among the many health effects assessed on several outcomes (including skin, cardiovascular, anthropometric, cognitive, and quality of life), we found that compared to controls, chocolate or cocoa product consumption significantly improved lipid profiles (triglycerides), while the effects of chocolate on all other outcome parameters were not significantly different. In conclusion, low-to-moderate-quality evidence with short duration of research (majority 4–6 weeks) showed no significant difference between the effects of chocolate and control groups on parameters related to skin, blood pressure, lipid profile, cognitive function, anthropometry, blood glucose, and quality of life regardless of form, dose, and duration among healthy individuals. It was generally well accepted by study subjects, with gastrointestinal disturbances and unpalatability being the most reported concerns.
Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Weight and BMI among UK Adults: A Longitudinal Analysis of Data from the HEBECO Study
Authors: Dicken Samuel J. , Mitchell John J. , Newberry Le Vay Jessica , Beard Emma , Kale Dimitra , Herbec Aleksandra , Shahab Lion
Published: August 2021

COVID-19-related restrictions impacted weight and weight-related factors during the initial months of the pandemic. However, longitudinal analyses are scarce. An online, longitudinal study was conducted among self-selected UK adults (n = 1818), involving three surveys (May–June, August–September, November–December 2020), covering anthropometric, sociodemographic, COVID-19-related and behavioural measures. Data were analysed using generalised estimating equations. Self-reported average weight/body mass index (BMI) significantly increased between the May–June period and the August–September period (74.95 to 75.33 kg/26.22 kg/m2 to 26.36kg/m2, p < 0.001, respectively), and then significantly decreased to November–December (to 75.06 kg/26.27 kg/m2, p < 0.01), comparable to May–June levels (p = 0.274/0.204). However, there was great interindividual variation, 37.0%/26.7% increased (average 3.64 kg (95% confidence interval: 3.32, 3.97)/1.64 kg/m2 (1.49, 1.79)), and 34.5%/26.3% decreased (average 3.59 kg (3.34, 3.85)/1.53 kg/m2 (1.42, 1.63)) weight/BMI between May–June and November–December. Weight/BMI increase was significantly negatively associated with initial BMI, and positively associated with monthly high fat, salt and sugar (HFSS) snacks intake and alcohol consumption, and for BMI only, older age. Associations were time-varying; lower initial BMI, higher HFSS snacks intake and high-risk alcohol consumption were associated with maintaining weight/BMI increases between August–September and November–December. The average weight/BMI of UK adults fluctuated between May–June and November–December 2020. However, the substantial interindividual variation in weight/BMI trajectories indicates long-term health impacts from the pandemic, associated with food and alcohol consumption.
Positive Association between Endothelium–Platelet Microparticles and Urinary Concentration of Lead and Cadmium in Adolescents and Young Adults
Authors: Lee Chih-Kuo , Wu Charlene , Lin Chien-Yu , Huang Po-Chin , Sung Fung-Chang , Su Ta-Chen
Published: August 2021

(1) Background: In previous research, higher levels of urine heavy metals, especially lead and cadmium, have been associated with increased cardiovascular risk. However, there is no information linking exposure to heavy metal to endothelial and platelet microparticles (EMPs and PMPs), particularly in the younger population, which are novel biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction. (2) Methods: From a nationwide database, which was incepted in 1992–2000, screening for renal health among Taiwanese school children, a total of 789 subjects were recruited. Cross-sectional analysis was performed to evaluate the association between serum EMPs/PMPs and urine iron, nickel, copper, cadmium, lead, chromium, manganese, and zinc levels in the adolescent and young adult population. (3) Results: After we adjusted the conventional cardiovascular risk factors, CD31+/CD42a− and CD31+/CD42a+ counts, in subjects’ serum, respective markers of EMP and PMP displayed a significant positive dose-response relationship with urinary lead and cadmium levels. Higher quartiles of urine lead and cadmium levels were associated with an increased risk of higher EMPs/PMPs (≥75th percentile) in a multivariate logistic regression model. (4) Conclusion: Higher urinary lead and cadmium concentrations are strongly associated with endothelium–platelet microparticles in this adolescent and young adult population, which could help explain, in part, the mechanism through which heavy metal exposure results in cardiotoxicity.
Nutri-Score and Nutrition Facts Panel through the Eyes of the Consumer: Correct Healthfulness Estimations Depend on Transparent Labels, Fixation Duration, and Product Equivocality
Authors: Bossuyt Saar , Custers Kathleen , Tummers José , Verbeyst Laura , Oben Bert
Published: August 2021

Research on front-of-pack labels (FOPLs) demonstrated that Nutri-Score is one of the most promising FOPLs regarding healthfulness estimation accuracy. Nevertheless, as consumers are exposed to both the Nutri-Score and the mandatory Nutrition Facts Panel (NFP) in the supermarket, it is key to understand if and how both labels interact. This study investigates the contribution of Nutri-Score and NFP regarding healthfulness estimation accuracy, whether this impact differs depending on the product, and what role visual attention plays. We set up an eye-tracking experiment in a controlled setting in which 398 participants rated the healthfulness of 20 products. The results confirmed the positive impact of the Nutri-Score on healthfulness estimation accuracy, though the impact was larger for equivocal (i.e., difficult to judge) products. Interestingly, NFP either had no effect (compared to a package without Nutri-Score or NFP) or a negative effect (compared to a package with Nutri-Score alone) on healthfulness estimation accuracy. Eye-tracking data corroborated that ‘cognitive overload’ issues could explain why consumers exposed to Nutri-Score alone outperformed those exposed to both Nutri-Score and NFP. This study offers food for thought for policymakers and the industry seeking to maximize the potential of the Nutri-Score.