bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Substantiation of a Technique of Determining Stress in Thin Films at Very Low Temperatures
Authors: Chama C.C.
Published: March 2015

Substantiation of a technique earlier employed in determining stress in Copper-Silver thin films at very low temperatures is presented. It is shown that the stress measured at elevated temperatures using Stoney’s equation can be utilized in the determination of stress at very low temperatures. To demonstrate the application of this technique, a case study has been conducted by utilizing stress hysteresis curves obtained from the Cu-6at%Ag thin film heated from room temperature to 400°C and cooled back to room temperature in two cycles. The stresses in the Cu-6at%Ag thin film at various low temperatures up to-197°C have been determined by utilizing data from high temperature stress hysteresis curves.
Optimization of a Porthole Die for an Aluminum Profile Extrusion Based on Orthogonal Test Method
Authors: Lou Shu Mei , Wang Yong Xiao , Lu Shuai , Su Chun Jian
Published: March 2015

In the present work, an attempt was made to solve the problem of distortions during the trial extrusion of an automobile shock absorption by means of orthogonal test method and HyperXtrude software based on ALE (Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian) method. According to orthogonal test arrangement, nine times simulations were carried out to study the effects of four significant parameters on distortions. Analysis shows that the influence of bearing length on the outlet velocity uniformity is the largest among the four selected factors. The material flow will be held up obviously with bearing length increasing because of the friction enlargement. But once the bearing length is beyond a critical value, its influence on flow resistance will decrease suddenly. The analysis also confirms that the baffle-block height and ram speed also have considerable influence on outlet velocity uniformity. And the impact of welding-chamber height on outlet velocity uniformity is slight and could be ignored. Finally, the die structure was optimized on the basis of the optimal combination of parameters obtained though the results and analysis of the simulation test. Extrudate with high quality were obtained.
Investigation on LPG-Biogas Blends in Spark Ignition Engine
Authors: Sathyamurthy Ravishankar , Hari Krishnan S.A.
Published: March 2015

Internal combustion engines normally operate with the nonrenewable sources such as petrol and diesel, which are diminishing at a faster rate. To avoid these problem alternative sources of energy must be opted for the operation of internal combustion engines. In this work biogas is selected as an alternative source of energy for the working of internal combustion engines but possess some limitations due to its high auto ignition temperature and high CO2 content in it. To overcome the limitations biogas is blended with LPG at different proportions of 5%, 10%, 15% are done. The modification of the internal combustion engine is performed to convert it into a gas engine and the tests are conducted on the modified engine with different proportions of blending at various loads. Based on the results of the test conducted the performance characteristics are analyzed.
Comparison of Filter with Fuzzy Controlled Three Level DC-DC Converter Fed Drive
Authors: Premalatha R. , Murugesan P.
Published: March 2015

A simple Fuzzy logic controller (FLC) applied to buck converter is presented in this paper. This approach uses FLC which performs better when compared with the conventional PI controllers. In proposed buck converters, high voltage dc supply is switched at very high frequency and inductively transferred to dc load via a high frequency transformer and rectifier. In this converter four power switches are connected in series to primary of high frequency transformer for large load currents. To achieve large step-down voltage ratios the power switches are turned ON and OFF alternatively with a time gap. The voltage step-down ratios, Total Harmonic Distortion and angular velocity of drive are the parameters to be analyzed. The comparison with the original FLC and comparison of three level DC-DC converter with capacitor and pi filter is carried out by MATLAB-Simulink simulation and Model is designed to verify the proposed method performance.
Electrical Properties of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Sagadevan Suresh , Murugasen Priya
Published: March 2015

Copper Oxide (CuO) nanoparticles were synthesized by the wet chemical method. The crystal structure and grain size of the particles were determined, using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The particle size and morphology were studied using the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The dielectric properties of CuO nanoparticles were carried out at different temperatures. The variation of the dielectric constant and dielectric loss were studied. The dielectric constants of the CuO nanoparticles are high at low frequencies, and decrease rapidly when the frequency is increased. Further, electronic properties like valence electron plasma energy, Penn gap, Fermi energy and electronic polarizability of the CuO nanoparticles, were estimated.
Composite Wind Turbine Blade Aerodynamic and Structural Integrated Design Optimization Based on RBF Meta-Model
Authors: Wang Yong Zhi , Li Feng , Zhang Xu , Zhang Wei Min
Published: March 2015

An aerodynamic and structural integrated design optimization method of composite wind turbine blade based on multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) is presented. The optimization aims to reduce the mass of blade under some constraints, including the power and deflection at the rated wind speed, and the strength and deflection under ultimate case. The design variables include parameters both in aerodynamic and structural disciplines. In order to keep the shape of blade smooth,the chord and twist distributions are controlled by the Bezier function in the optimization process. 3D parameterization of blade was carried out in Finite Element Analysis (FEA) software. Considering tip-loss and hub-loss, aerodynamic analysis was performed by using Blade Element Momentum (BEM) theory. Finite Element Method (FEM) was used in structural analysis. Multi-island Genetic Algorithm (MIGA) which has excellent exploration abilities was used to optimize wind turbine blade. RBF meta-model was construct to approximate the accurate structural analysis model by Optimal Latin Hypercube DOE sample points. An example was given to verify the method in this paper. The result shows that the optimization method has good optimization efficiency and the RBF meta-model could reduce the computational cost a lot.
A Nonlinear Ultrasound Method for Fatigue Evaluation of Marine Structures
Authors: Li Fu Cai , Sun Zheng Hao , Li Hong Guang , Zhou Li Min
Published: March 2015

Fatigue is a major cause of failure in marine structures resulting from random wave and wind loading. A nonlinear ultrasound method for fatigue evaluation which uses interaction of two non-collinear nonlinear ultrasonic waves with quadratic nonlinearity is investigated in this paper. A hyperbolic system of conservation laws is applied here and a semi-discrete central scheme is used to solve the numerical problem. The numerical results prove that a resonant wave can be generated by two primary waves with certain resonant conditions. Features of the resonant wave are analyzed both in the time and frequency domains, and several regularities are found on intensity distribution of the resonant wave in two-dimensional domain.
Development of a Submarine Radome at Low Cost
Authors: Shen Li Xin
Published: March 2015

With the process optimizing, electromagnetic performance designing, structural strength/stiffness checking and testing, a cost-effective and environment-friendly approach to manufacturing a submarine radome and its related products at low cost is introduced in this article: The submarine radome is made of an epoxy-matrix composite reinforced with E-glass fabric through the vacuum infusion and heating cure processing.
Effects of Different Sizing Agents on the Interfacial Properties of Carbon Fibers
Authors: Zhang Qing Bo , Sui Kai Qiang , Liu Li , Jiang Da Wei , Wu Guang Shun , Wu Zi Jian , Huang Yu Dong
Published: March 2015

In this work, carbon fibers were sized with three different sizing agents in order to improve the performances of carbon fibers and the interface of carbon fibers composites. The surface characteristic was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), at the same time, the single fiber strengths and weibull distributions were also studied in order to understand the effect of different sizing agents on carbon fibers. The interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of the composites was also measured to study the effect of fiber coatings on the interface of the composites. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was also used to analyze the element composition of carbon fiber modified by different sizing agents. This investigation shows that different sizing agents could give a different composition of surface functional group for carbon fiber, which is crucial to the interfacial performance of carbon fiber composites.
Mechanical Characterisation of Composite Sandwich to Steel Joint for Marine Structures
Authors: Li Xiao Wen , Li Ping , Lin Zhuang , Yu Hao
Published: March 2015

Composite to metal joints are gradually found in the marine industry for the attachment of lightweight components to metallic structures. The puropose of this study is to invistigate the composite sandwich to steel joint for naval ships. The main emphasis of the study was placed on the mechanical properties of a hybrid joint between a sandwich glass fibre reinforced plastic superstructure and a steel hull. Based on the experiments of a base joint, a new numerical simulation method was used to analyze the performance of the base joint and the optimized joint. The optimized joint was presented due to reducing weight and avoiding eccentric load. The numerical predictions of the base hybrid joint showed a very good correlation with the experiment results, which validated the reliability of the new numerical simulation method. The strength of the optimized hybrid joint was evaluated through static simulation. This phenomenon is similar to the base joint. But there is no additional stress concentration induced by load eccentricity and internal bending. The optimized joint has 11% lower weight than the base joint, and the stress of the optimized joint is only about 4% ~ 67% of the base one. The results of the present work imply that the change of geometry and material is an effective method to improve the performance of the composite sandwich to steel joint.
Mechanical and Shape Memory Behavior of Shape Memory Polymer/Carbon Fiber Composite Materials
Authors: Wang Zhen Qing , Guo Jian Ming , Tang Xiao Jun , Zhang Lu , Liang Wen Yan
Published: March 2015

Shape memory polymers (SMPs) have drawn wide attention of many researchers for its potential applications to shipping industry, aerospace, bionics engineering and mechanical engineering. Shape memory polymers composites (SMPCs) have ability to improve the properties and obtain attain new functions of shape memory polymers. In this paper, trans-1, 4-polyisoprene reinforced by carbon fiber is developed to improve the mechanical weakness of trans-1, 4-polyisoprene bulk. Composites with carbon fiber weight fraction of 5%, 10%, and 15% are fabricated by casting samples with an average length of 2 mm. The mechanical property of the trans-1, 4-polyisoprene reinforced by short carbon fiber is evaluated and the effects of short carbon fiber on shape memory behavior are investigated. The results indicate that there is an optimum fiber weight fraction between 5 and 15 wt% where exists an extremely low recovery ratio, re-crystallizing temperatures (Tc) and an extremely high tensile stress.
A New Way to Uniform Microwave Treatment of Epoxy Glass
Authors: Du Wei Wei , Douadji Lyes , Benkhenafou Fethi , He Hong , Li Cheng
Published: March 2015

This work is part of an ambitious project aiming to manufacture epoxy-glass leaf spring by microwave processing. Physical properties of final products to be manufactured, in particular the mechanical properties, are directly dependent on uniform repartition of microwave source heating during the treatment. The major problem in microwave processing, however, is attenuation of microwave source. We propose Dielectric Effect of Attenuation Inversion of the Electromagnetic Waves (DEAI) as a new way for uniform treatment of epoxy glassmicrowave energy. This solution utilizes dielectric properties of the mold to control the microwave heat source attenuation into the composite to be treated. Electromagnetic modelling of microwave process was carried out and validated by experimental results. The results show that microwave source heating attenuation can be controlled and inversed. We demonstrated uniform treatment on epoxy-glass parts ca. 100 cm long by means of compensation of microwave source attenuation.
Study on the Factors of Residual Thermal Stress on Single Lap Joint
Authors: Ma Cheng Kun , Zhang Ji Feng , Yang Bin , Zhang Lu , Chen Qi
Published: March 2015

This paper discussed the residual thermal stress on single lap joint of various materials. Finite element method (FEM) was adopted to simulate the experimental phenomena. The adherend and adhesive were the main research objects. Mismatch of adherend, adhesive thickness, temperature variation which were the three key factors on the residual thermal stress were analyzed. While, four kinds of materials that include C/SiC, SiC, high temperature nickel based alloy GH1035 (GH1035) and high temperature boron fiber reinforced epoxy composite (composite) formed seven approaches for numerical analysis. The results showed that the adhesive with the C/SiC has the best performance and the best thickness of every approach was determined. Moreover, the ladder temperature is better than other temperature styles.
Investigation of Controllable Parameters of Mechanical Treatment on Aluminum-Based Composite in Marine Application
Authors: Jiang Hao , Wang Qing , Lu Jian , Zhou Li Min
Published: March 2015

Surface Mechanical Attrition Treatment (SMAT) process, as one of the typical severe plastic deformation technologies, can be utilized to generate layup structure with finer size of grains and large residual stresses at the near treated surface area on the alloys. Such technology not only improves the mechanical behaviors but also keeps neatness of alloys without inducing extra compositions. In this paper, four major controllable parameters of SMAT process are investigated to demonstrate their influence on ball-impacting intensity of the treatment, which the improvement of mechanical behaviors are greatly dependent on. The high speed camera is employed to capture the motion of the balls and measure the impact velocities by counting the number of frames. The compared results indicate that the amount of balls not only varies the average velocities during SMAT process, but also offsets the effect of distance between treated surface and source of balls. In addition, the influence of ball sizes, the mentioned distance and power of excitation exhibits apparently on intensity of SMAT process when limited amount of balls are used.
Simulations of Low-Velocity Impact on Fibre Metal Lanimate
Authors: Wan Yun , Jiang Hao , Wang Zhen Qing , Zhou Li Min
Published: March 2015

During the last decades the application of composite materials in various structures has become increasingly popular. Advanced hybrid composites are useful in marine and aerospace engineering. In this contribution, impact response and damage process by a drop-weight instrument on glass reinforced (GLARE) 5 fibre-metal laminates (FMLs) with different impacted energy were presented. After comparing and analyzing the histories of contact force, central displacement, absorbed energy and force-deflection for GLARE 5 (2/1) with impacted energy of 8J, 10J and 15J, respectively. The fact that aluminium layers play an important role in absorbing energy was proved. Moreover, A numerical methodology including user material subroutine VUMAT, Johnson–Cook flow stress model is employed to simulate the response of the contact force, deflection, absorbed energy and corresponding failure modes in low-velocity impact of FML. After comparing the five simulation results with different mesh density, the influence of mesh density on simulation results was investigated and presented. The optimalizing mesh size which considered both computational efficiency and accuracy was found.
Revisione degli Scotonomus della Sardegna e descrizione di dodici specie nuove (Coleoptera Staphylinidae)
Authors: Bordoni Arnaldo , Fancello Luca , Leo Piero
Published: March 2015

Riassunto - Sulla base di copioso materiale raccolto durante ricerche protrattesi per lunghi anni su tutto il territorio regionale e dello studio di tutti i tipi e degli esemplari reperibili nei principali musei italiani ed europei, è stata effettuata la revisione delle specie del genere Scotonomus Fauvel, 1873 della Sardegna. Vengono descritte 12 specie nuove (S. terteniensis sp. n., S. bifidus sp. n., S. kraussei sp. n., S. barbaricinus sp. n., S. mirificus sp. n., S. baroniae sp. n., S. caneparii sp. n., S. lulensis sp. n., S. dorgaliensis sp. n., S. confusus sp. n., S. montalbicus sp. n., S. fauveli sp. n.) per cui quelle attualmente note assommano a 21; viene proposta la seguente sinonimia: Scotonomus doderoi Binaghi, 1970 = Scotonomus troglophilus coiffait, 1982, syn. n.; è designato il lectotypus di Scotonomus raymondi Fauvel; viene smentita la sinonimia tra S. raymondi e S. doderoi, qui ritenute specie distinte; vengono individuate ben 5 specie differenti, alcune nuove per la Scienza, nella serie tipica di S. doderoi; gli Scotonomus sardi vengono divisi in tre gruppi di specie, è proposta una chiave dicotomica per l'identificazione dei taxa e di tutte le specie vengono forniti i disegni originali dell'edeago e le carte di distribuzione.Abstract - Revision of the Scotonomus from Sardinia with description of twelve new species. on the basis of aboundant material collected during researchs that lasted for many years throughout the region and the study of all types and specimens preserved in the main italian and european museums, it is proposed the revision of the species of Scotonomus Fauvel of Sardinia. Twelve new species are described (S. terteniensis sp. n., S. bifidus sp. n., S. kraussei sp. n., S. barbaricinus sp. n., S. mirificus sp. n., S. baroniae sp. n., S. caneparii sp. n., S. lulensis sp. n., S. dorgaliensis sp. n., S. confusus sp. n., S. montalbicus sp. n., S. fauveli sp. n.); currently 21 species of Scotonomus are known of Sardinia; the following synonymy is established: Scotonomus doderoi Binaghi, 1970 = Scotonomus troglophilus coiffait, 1982, syn. n.; the lectotype of S. raymondi Fauvel is designated; synonymy of S. raymondi and S. doderoi Binaghi, that are distinct species, is rejected; five different species, some new to science, are recognized in the typical series of S. doderoi; species of Sardinia are divided into three groups and key to their identification is proposed; all species are provided of original figures of the aedeagus and distributional maps.
Segnalazioni faunistiche italiane
Authors: V.V. A.A.
Published: March 2015

542 - Gynandromorphus etruscus (Quensel in Schönerr, 1806) (Coleoptera Carabidae)543 - Harpalus (Harpalus) zabroides Dejean, 1829 (Coleoptera Carabidae)544 - Scolia (Discolia) hirta hirta (Schrank, 1781) (Hymenoptera Scoliidae)545 - Necrodes littoralis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Coleoptera Silphidae)546 - Heteracris annulosa Walker, 1870 (Orthoptera Acrididae)547 - Leptura aurulenta Fabricius, 1792 (Coleoptera Cerambycidae)548 - Rhagium (Megarhagium) sycophanta (Schrank,1781) (Coleoptera Cerambycidae)549 - Meroplius fukuharai (Iwasa, 1984) (Diptera, Sepsidae)
Coleotteri saproxilici in Direttiva Habitat del Parco Nazionale del Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga (Appennino centrale) (Coleoptera Rhysodidae, Lucanidae, Cetoniidae, Cerambycidae)
Authors: Di Santo Daniele , Biscaccianti Alessandro B.
Published: March 2015

In questa nota si presenta un aggiornamento dei dati sui coleotteri saproxilici inclusi in Direttiva Habitat presenti nel territorio del Parco Nazionale del Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga. Sono state censite cinque specie, Rhysodes sulcatus, Lucanus cervus, Osmoderma eremita, Cerambyx cerdo e Rosalia alpina, per ognuna delle quali, oltre a riportarne i dati di cattura e bibliografici a noi noti, se ne discute brevemente il significato ecologico e conservazionistico. Lucanus cervus è qui citato per la prima volta dell’Abruzzo e, assieme a Rhysodes sulcatus e C. cerdo, anche per il territorio dell’area protetta. Il rinvenimento di R. sulcatus risulta particolarmente significativo sia per la rarità della specie, sia perché il reperto qui riportato ne conferma la presenza nell’Italia peninsulare.
Neurodevelopmental Outcome of High Risk Newborns Discharged from Special Care Baby Units in a Rural District in India
Authors: Chattopadhyay Nandita , Mitra Kaninika
Published: March 2015

Background

High risk newborns are most vulnerable to develop neuro-developmental delay (NDD). Early detection of delay in this group and identification of associated perinatal factors and their prevention can prevent disability in later life.

Design and methods

Observational cohort study. Field based tracking and neuro-developmental screening of high risk newborns discharged between January 2010 to June 2012 from a district Hospital in India was conducted by a team of developmental specialists, using standardized tools like Denver Developmental Screening Tool II, Trivandrum Developmental Screening Chart and Amiel-Tison method of tone assessment. Associated perinatal factors were identified. Early intervention was initiated on those detected with NDD.

Results

Developmental delay was detected in 31.6% of study population. Prevalence of NDD was significantly higher in low birth weight (LBW, >2 kg), preterm (<36 weeks) and twins. Neonatal sepsis/meningitis and convulsions also showed significant association with NDD. Of the 134 with developmental delay, 61 were preterm, 80 LBW, with h/o sepsis in 52, convulsion in 14, birth asphyxia in 39 and jaundice in 14 neonates.

Conclusions

Incidence of NDD among high risk newborns is significantly high with LBW, prematurity and neonatal illnesses are major contributors. Most NDDs go undetected in the early years of life. Improved perinatal care, early detection and early intervention at the grass root level will bring down incidence of developmental challenges in this vulnerable group.
Medical Records Confidentiality and Public Health Research: Two Values at Stake? An Italian Survey Focus on Individual Preferences
Authors: Toccaceli Virgilia , Fagnani Corrado , Stazi Maria Antonietta
Published: March 2015

In a time when Europe is preparing to introduce new regulations on privacy protection, we conducted a survey among 1700 twins enrolled in the Italian Twin Register about the access and use of their medical records for public health research without explicit informed consent. A great majority of respondents would refuse or are doubtful about the access and use of hospital discharge records or clinical data without their explicit consent. Young and female individuals represent the modal profile of these careful people. As information retrieved from medical records is crucial for progressing knowledge, it is important to promote a better understanding of the value of public health research activities among the general population. Furthermore, public opinions are relevant to policy making, and concerns and preferences about privacy and confidentiality in research can contribute to the design of procedures to exploit medical records effectively and customize the protection of individuals’ medical data.
An Examination of Health Inequities among College Students by Sexual Orientation Identity and Sex
Authors: Brittain Danielle R. , Dinger Mary K.
Published: March 2015

Background

Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) college students may have an increased number of health inequities compared to their heterosexual counterparts. However, to date, no research has provided a comprehensive examination of health-related factors by sexual orientation identity and sex among a national sample of college students. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine physical, sexual, interpersonal relations/safety, and mental health inequities by sexual orientation identity and sex among a national sample of college students.

Design and methods

Participants (n=39,767) completed the National College Health Assessment II during the fall 2008/spring 2009 academic year. Hierarchical binary logistic regression analyses were used to examine health inequities by sexual orientation identity and sex.

Results

LGB students compared to heterosexual students, experienced multiple health inequities including higher rates of being verbally threatened and lower rates of physical activity and condom use.

Conclusions

An understanding of health inequities experienced by LGB college students is critical as during these years of transition, students engage in protective ( e.g., physical activity) and risky ( e.g., lack of condom use) health behaviours, establishing habits that could last a lifetime. Future research should be used to design and implement targeted public health strategies and policies to reduce health inequities and improve health-related quality of life among LGB college students.
Chern Classes of Splayed Intersections
Authors: Aluffi Paolo , Faber Eleonore
Published: March 2015

We generalize the Chern class relation for the transversal intersection of two nonsingular varieties to a relation for possibly singular varieties, under a splayedness assumption. We show that the relation for the Chern–Schwartz–MacPherson classes holds for two splayed hypersurfaces in a nonsingular variety, and under a strong splayedness assumption for more general subschemes. Moreover, the relation is shown to hold for the Chern–Fulton classes of any two splayed subschemes. The main tool is a formula for Segre classes of splayed subschemes. We also discuss the Chern class relation under the assumption that one of the varieties is a general very ample divisor.
RADIAL VARIATION OF WOOD ANATOMY AND BASIC DENSITY OF Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan
Authors: Lima Israel Luiz de , Aguiar Osny Tadeu de , Florsheim Sandra Monteiro Borges , Suckow Itiberê Moura Sckerratt , Longui Eduardo Luiz
Published: March 2015

We investigated wood samples of five Anadenanthera colubrina trees, aiming to study radial variation of anatomy and basic density. The trees were cut from “lote 5 do Rodoanel trecho sul” in Embu municipality, State of São Paulo, where vegetation is classified as Montane Ombrophilous Dense Forest and climate is classified as Cwa. We cut discs from the diameter at breast height ‒ DBH, and then cut samples from pith-to-bark to anatomical and basic density analysis. The results suggest that Anadenanthera colubrina has a very common anatomical and basic density radial variation pattern from pith-to-bark between hardwoods with an increase in vessel diameter favoring hydraulic conductivity, fiber wall thickness and length, ray height and width, and basic density. While the negative relationship between vessel diameter and frequency is well reported for many species, it has not been observed in A. colubrina because vessel frequency oscillates radially. This typical radial pattern also occurs in other native species in planting conditions, already demonstrated by our group in other studies, obviously with some changes depending on species.
Assessing the Oral Health Awareness among the Final Year Undergraduate Nursing Students in Abha, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Asif Naheeda , Asif Shaik Mohammed , Babu Dara Balaji Gandhi , Whagrey Shefali
Published: March 2015

Background and aim

Nurses have first level of contact with patients and their attendants. The services of nurses are also required in promoting the oral health knowledge among the general public. Thus, the aim of this study is to assess the oral health awareness of all the final year undergraduate nursing students in Abha, Saudi Arabia.

Materials and methods

A questionnaire based study was conducted in Abha, in which for a total of 204 final year undergraduate nursing students who gathered on the day of survey were given a self-administered questionnaire which included 26 questions and their knowledge and attitude toward dentistry was evaluated.

Statistical analysis

Data analysis was done using statistical package for social science (SPSS 12.0) software and Chisquare test was used to find the statistical significance among the variables.

Results

The results of the study indicate that the final year undergraduate nursing students have adequate basic knowledge regarding the oral cavity and the diseases pertaining to it, but they lack knowledge regarding the ideal brushing method, specialties in dentistry and their role. They have shown interest to improve their knowledge in dentistry by attending training programs and camps.

Conclusion

Nursing students have showed interest toward camps and clinical postings to improve there knowledge and serve the public. There exists a critical relationship between oral and general health, thus the education of healthcare workers and opportunities for cross-fertilization of ideas should be encouraged.

How to cite this article

Asif N, Asif SM, Babu DBG, Whagrey S. Assessing the Oral Health Awareness among the Final Year Undergraduate Nursing Students in Abha, Saudi Arabia. World J Dent 2014;5(4):213-217.
3D Finite Element Technology and Its use in Craniofacial Injuries
Authors: Raghuveer HP , Prashanth NT , Rangan Vinod , Shobha ES , Nagesh Suresh , Rayapati Dilip Kumar
Published: March 2015

Quite a bit of interest and evolution has happened in the field of research in the recent times toward analyzing and understanding of trauma and injuries especially that on the human skull and related organs. With the development of faster and latest computers, high fidelity human models have been created to understand the biomechanics of these structures to trauma. In the present article a broad methodology of the fundamentals of model creation and analysis and fracture mechanics has been presented. In particular this paper highlights the methodology of 3D simulation of craniofacial region and an insight to the role of FEA (Finite Element Analysis) in craniofacial trauma. The paper also explains the various steps in computational simulation of the craniofacial skeleton.

How to cite this article

Shobha ES, Raghuveer HP, Nagesh S, Rayapati DK, Prashanth NT, Rangan V. 3D Finite Element Technology and Its use in Craniofacial Injuries. World J Dent 2014;5(4):223-228.
Single Tooth Intrusion simplified with New Removable Orthodontic Appliance: Report of Two Cases
Authors: Mittal Anil Kumar , Sharma Ruchi , Garg Pratibha , Sidana Amit
Published: March 2015

Intrusion of single anterior tooth done by fixed orthodontic appliance is a tedious procedure for orthodontist as well as for the patient which may be quite expensive and time consuming. The use of a new modified removable orthodontic appliance is illustrated in two case reports in this article which is especially beneficial for such cases. This removable appliance is comprised of a labial bow of 21 gauge stainless steel wire with soldered high labial bow of 19 gauge stainless steel wire which has a soldered hook permitting the use of elastic. Adams clasp and pinhead clasps are used for retention of the appliance. During intrusive force application, one component is for intrusion of tooth and other component is for labial movement. This appliance is fabricated in such a manner that the labial movement is prevented by labial component of wire and is converted into pure intrusive force as much as possible. Force levels used for tooth movement are kept within physiologic limits while using this appliance. A though, this appliance is advantageous over fixed orthodontics due its simpler and quicker chair-side procedure and low cost of treatment associated with patient comfort, patient co-operation is must for the success of this therapy.

How to cite this article

Mittal AK, Sharma R, Garg P, Sidana A. Single Tooth Intrusion simplified with New Removable Orthodontic Appliance: Report of Two Cases. World J Dent 2014;5(4):232-236.
An Unusual Presentation of a Neck Dermoid Cyst
Authors: Arora Geetika , Bhateja Sumit
Published: March 2015

Dermoid cysts are cystic malformations lined with squamous epithelium and constitute 1.6 to 6.9% of all cysts in the head and neck area. Within head and neck region, they are predominantly found in orbital, oral and nasal regions (over 80%) and remainder found in occipital, frontal, lip, neck, soft palate. Dermoid cysts are benign lesions usually presenting as a mid line neck mass. They rarely appear in lateral region. So, the purpose of this report is to present and discuss a rare case of posterolateral cervical dermoid cyst.

How to cite this article

Bhateja S, Arora G. An Unusual Presentation of a Neck Dermoid Cyst. World J Dent 2014; 5(4):237-239.
Management of Animal Bites in Maxillofacial Surgery
Authors: Louis Archana , Dhupar Vikas , Akkara Francis , Roy Indraniil
Published: March 2015

Bite injuries tend to be among the most typical forms of trauma to which man is exposed. Contamination is actually the most frequent problem in animal attack injuries. The surgical approach regarding facial bite injuries continues to be debatable. The controversy persists in the ideal time to do the wound debridement together with initial wound suturing as well as the use of antibiotic prophylaxis. On the contrary, human attacks are likely to be unnoticed with regard to making an evaluation within any casualty room. They can be especially notorious owing to the polymicrobial character associated with human saliva inoculated within the injury as well as the threat that they will present with for transmission of contagious health conditions. Prompt treatment plan, most appropriate prophylaxis in addition to precise evaluation are definitely critical for attaining desired results. In this article, we have presented two animal bite cases and 1 human bite case that presented to our department and our management protocol.

How to cite this article

Dhupar V, Akkara F, Roy I, Louis A. Management of Animal Bites in Maxillofacial Surgery. World J Dent 2014;5(4):243-246.
Electrochemical Studies on the Performance of Zinc Used for Alternating Current Mitigation
Authors: Tang Dezhi , Lu Minxu , Du Yanxia , Gao Jiawei , Wu Guangchun
Published: March 2015

In this work, the performance of zinc under alternating current (AC) with a decoupler was investigated in 4 g/L Na2SO4 simulated backfill solution by weight loss tests, electrochemical measurements, scanning electron microscope analyses, and x-ray diffraction examination. The results showed that zinc corrosion was accelerated under AC. As a result of the effects of AC, the corrosion product film deposited on the zinc surface increased first and then was destroyed gradually by AC oscillation. The ratio (AC current efficiency) of weight loss caused by AC to that caused by an equivalent steady-state direct current density was calculated. The results indicated that AC current efficiency was no more than 1.7% at AC current density of less than 300 A/m2 and it reduced with the decrease of AC current density.
Identifying fire plumes in the Arctic with tropospheric FTIR measurements and transport models
Authors: Viatte C. , Strong K. , Hannigan J. , Nussbaumer E. , Emmons L. K. , Conway S. , Paton-Walsh C. , Hartley J. , Benmergui J. , Lin J.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. We investigate Arctic tropospheric composition using ground-based Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) solar absorption spectra, recorded at the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory (PEARL, Eureka, Nunavut, Canada, 80°05' N, 86°42' W) and at Thule (Greenland, 76°53' N, −68°74' W) from 2008 to 2012. The target species, carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), ethane (C2H6), acetylene (C2H2), formic acid (HCOOH), and formaldehyde (H2CO) are emitted by biomass burning and can be transported from mid-latitudes to the Arctic. By detecting simultaneous enhancements of three biomass burning tracers (HCN, CO, and C2H6), ten and eight fire events are identified at Eureka and Thule, respectively, within the 5-year FTIR time series. Analyses of Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model back-trajectories coupled with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) fire hotspot data, Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport (STILT) model footprints, and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) UV aerosol index maps, are used to attribute burning source regions and travel time durations of the plumes. By taking into account the effect of aging of the smoke plumes, measured FTIR enhancement ratios were corrected to obtain emission ratios and equivalent emission factors. The means of emission factors for extratropical forest estimated with the two FTIR data sets are 0.40 ± 0.21 g kg−1 for HCN, 1.24 ± 0.71 g kg−1 for C2H6, 0.34 ± 0.21 g kg−1 for C2H2, and 2.92 ± 1.30 g kg−1 for HCOOH. The emission factor for CH3OH estimated at Eureka is 3.44 ± 1.68 g kg−1. To improve our knowledge concerning the dynamical and chemical processes associated with Arctic pollution from fires, the two sets of FTIR measurements were compared to the Model for OZone And Related chemical Tracers, version 4 (MOZART-4). Seasonal cycles and day-to-day variabilities were compared to assess the ability of the model to reproduce emissions from fires and their transport. Good agreement in winter confirms that transport is well implemented in the model. For C2H6, however, the lower wintertime concentration estimated by the model as compared to the FTIR observations highlights an underestimation of its emission. Results show that modeled and measured total columns are correlated (linear correlation coefficient r > 0.6 for all gases except for H2CO at Eureka and HCOOH at Thule), but suggest a general underestimation of the concentrations in the model for all seven tropospheric species in the high Arctic.
Short-term changes of the mesozooplankton community and copepod gut pigment in the Chukchi Sea in autumn
Authors: Matsuno K. , Yamaguchi A. , Nishino S. , Inoue J. , Kikuchi T.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. In the Chukchi Sea, due to the recent drastic reduction of sea-ice during the summer, an increasing formation of atmospheric turbulence has been reported. However, the importance and effects of atmospheric turbulence on the marine ecosystem are not fully understood in this region. To evaluate the effect of atmospheric turbulence on the marine ecosystem, high-frequent sampling (two to four times per day) on the mesozooplankton community and the gut pigment of dominant copepods were made at a fixed station in the Chukchi Sea from 10 to 25 September 2013. During the study period, a strong wind event (SWE) was observed on 18 September. After the SWE, the standing stock of chlorophyll a (chl a) was increased, especially for micro-size (> 10 μm) fractions. Zooplankton abundance ranged 23 610–56 809 ind. m−2 and exhibited no clear changes with SWE. In terms of abundance, calanoid copepods constituted the most dominated taxa (mean: 57%), followed by barnacle larvae (31%). Within the calanoid copepods, small-sized Pseudocalanus spp. (65%) and large-sized Calanus glacialis (30%) dominated. In the population structure of C. glacialis, copepodid stage 5 (C5) dominated, and the mean copepodid stage did not vary with SWE. The dominance of accumulated lipids in C5 and C6 females with immature gonads indicated that they were preparing for seasonal diapause. The gut pigment of C. glacialis C5 was higher at night and was correlated with ambient chl a, and a significant increase was observed after SWE (2.6 vs. 4.5 ng pigment ind.−1). Assuming C : Chl a ratio, the grazing impact by C. glacialis C5 was estimated to be 4.14 mg C m−2 day−1, which corresponded to 0.5–4.6% of the standing stock of micro-size phytoplankton. Compared with the metabolic food requirement, their feeding on phytoplankton accounted for 12.6% of their total food requirement. These facts suggest that C. glacialis could not maintain their population on solely phytoplankton food, and other food sources (i.e., microzooplankton) are important in autumn. As observed for the increase in gut pigment, temporal phytoplankton bloom, which is enhanced by the atmospheric turbulence (SWE) in autumn, may have a positive effect on copepod nutrition. However, because of the relatively long generation length of copepods, a smaller effect was detected for their abundance, population structure, lipid accumulation and gonad maturation within the short-term period (16 days).
A new parameterization for surface ocean light attenuation in Earth System Models: assessing the impact of light absorption by colored detrital material
Authors: Kim G. E. , Pradal M.-A. , Gnanadesikan A.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. Light limitation can affect the distribution of biota and nutrients in the ocean. Light absorption by colored detrital material (CDM) was included in a fully coupled Earth System Model using a new parameterization for shortwave attenuation. Two model runs were conducted, with and without light attenuation by CDM. In a global average sense, greater light limitation associated with CDM increased surface chlorophyll, biomass and nutrients together. These changes can be attributed to the movement of biological productivity higher up the water column, which increased surface chlorophyll and biomass while simultaneously decreasing total biomass. Meanwhile, the reduction in biomass resulted in greater nutrient availability throughout the water column. Similar results were found on a regional scale in an analysis of the oceans by biome. In coastal regions, surface chlorophyll increased by 35% while total integrated phytoplankton biomass diminished by 18%. The largest relative increases in modeled surface chlorophyll and biomass in the open ocean were found in the equatorial biomes, while largest decreases in depth-integrated biomass and chlorophyll were found in the subpolar and polar biomes. This mismatch of surface and subsurface trends and their regional dependence was analyzed by comparing the competing factors of diminished light availability and increased nutrient availability on phytoplankton growth in the upper 200 m. Overall, increases in surface biomass were expected to accompany greater nutrient uptake and therefore diminish surface nutrients, but changes in light limitation decoupled trends between these two variables. Understanding changes in biological productivity requires both surface and depth-resolved information. Surface trends may be minimal or of the opposite sign to depth-integrated amounts, depending on the vertical structure of phytoplankton abundance.
Ice flow models and glacial erosion over multiple glacial–interglacial cycles
Authors: Headley R. M. , Ehlers T. A.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. Mountain topography is constructed through a variety of interacting processes. Over glaciological timescales, even simple representations of glacial-flow physics can reproduce many of the distinctive features formed through glacial erosion. However, detailed comparisons at orogen time and length scales hold potential for quantifying the influence of glacial physics in landscape evolution models. We present a comparison using two different numerical models for glacial flow over single and multiple glaciations, within a modified version of the ICE-Cascade landscape evolution model. This model calculates not only glaciological processes but also hillslope and fluvial erosion and sediment transport, isostasy, and temporally and spatially variable orographic precipitation. We compare the predicted erosion patterns using a modified SIA as well as a nested, 3-D Stokes flow model calculated using COMSOL Multiphysics. Both glacial-flow models predict different patterns in time-averaged erosion rates. However, these results are sensitive to the climate and the ice temperature. For warmer climates with more sliding, the higher-order model yields erosion rates that vary spatially and by almost an order of magnitude from those of the SIA model. As the erosion influences the basal topography and the ice deformation affects the ice thickness and extent, the higher-order glacial model can lead to variations in total ice-covered area that are greater than 30% those of the SIA model, again with larger differences for temperate ice. Over multiple glaciations and long timescales, these results suggest that higher-order glacial physics should be considered, particularly in temperate, mountainous settings.
Polarimetric radar observations during an orographic rain event
Authors: Frech M. , Steinert J.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. An intense orographic precipitation event on 5 January 2013 is analyzed using a polarimetric C-band radar situated north of the Alps. The radar is operated at the meteorological observatory Hohenpeißenberg (MHP, 1006 m a.s.l. – above sea level) of the German Meteorological Service (DWD). The event lasted about 1.5 days and in total 44 mm precipitation was measured at Hohenpeißenberg. Detailed high resolution observation on the vertical structure of this event is obtained through a birdbath scan at 90° elevation which is part of the operational scanning. This scan is acquired every 5 min and provides meteorological profiles at high spatial resolution which are often not available in other radar networks. In the course of this event, the melting layer (ML) descends until the transition from rain into snow is observed at ground level. This transition from rain into snow is well documented by local weather observers and a present-weather sensor. The orographic precipitation event reveals mesoscale variability above the melting layer which can be attributed to a warm front. This variability manifests itself through substantially increased hydrometeor fall velocities. Radiosounding data indicate a layered structure in the thermodynamic field with increased moisture availability in relation to warm air advection. Rimed snowflakes and aggregation in a relatively warm environment lead to a signature in the radar data which is attributed to wet snow. The passage of the warm front leads to a substantial increase in rain rate at the surface. We use the newly implemented hydrometeor classification scheme "Hymec" to illustrate issues when relating radar products to local observations. For this, we employ data from the radar near Memmingen (MEM, 65 km west of MHP, 600 m a.s.l.) which is part of DWD's operational radar network. The detection, in location and timing, of the ML agrees well with the Hohenpeißenberg radar data. Considering the size of the Memmingen radar sensing volume, the detected hydrometeor (HM) types are consistent for measurements at or in a ML, even though surface observations indicate for example rain whereas the predominant HM is classified as wet snow. To better link the HM classification with the surface observation, either better thermodynamic input for Hymec or a statistical correction of the HM classification similar to a model output statistics (MOS) approach may be needed.