bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A fluorescence study of differently substituted 3‐styrylindoles and their interaction with bovine serum albumin
Authors: Singh Anil K. , Asefa Abera
Published: February 2009

Interaction of 3‐styrylindoles 1–8 viz. 3‐(2‐phenylethenyl‐E)‐NH‐indole (1), 3‐[2‐(4‐nitrophenyl)ethenyl‐E]‐NH‐indole (2), 5‐bromo‐3‐[2‐(4‐nitrophenyl)ethenyl‐E]‐NH‐indole (3), 5‐methoxy‐3‐[2‐(4‐nitrophenyl)ethenyl‐E]‐NH‐indole (4), 3‐[2‐(4‐cyanophenyl)ethenyl‐E]‐NH‐indole (5), 3‐[2‐(4‐cyanophenyl)ethenyl‐E]‐N‐ethylindole (6), 5‐bromo‐3‐[2‐(4‐chlorophenyl)ethenyl‐E]‐NH‐indole (7) and 5‐methoxy‐3‐[2‐(4‐chlorophenyl)ethenyl‐E]‐NH‐indole (8) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) was examined by UV–vis and steady‐state fluorescence spectroscopy. The fluorescence intensity of 1–8 increases with the increasing BSA concentration. Upon binding with BSA, while 1 and 5–8 show a blue shift in their λf max, 2–4 do not exhibit such behavior. Compounds 1–8 also quench the 345 nm fluorescence of BSA in phosphate buffer (λex, 280 nm). These compounds intercalate in the hydrophobic regions of BSA, as evidenced by the determination of BSA binding site micropolarity using compounds 2–8. As evidenced by the estimation of energy transfer efficiency and distance between the donor (BSA‐Trp‐212) and the acceptor (3‐styrylindoles), the halo‐substituted compounds 3 and 7 interact with BSA more effectively than the other 3‐strylindoles. These compounds have potential for use as neutral and hydrophobic fluorescence probes for examining the microenvironments in proteins, polymers, micelles, etc. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flow‐injection chemiluminescence method for the determination of naphazoline hydrochloride and oxymetazoline hydrochloride
Authors: Wang Nan‐Nan , Shao Yan‐Qing , Tang Yu‐Hai , Yin He‐Ping , Wu Xiao‐Zhong
Published: February 2009

A sensitive and simple flow‐injection chemiluminescence (FI‐CL) method, which was based on the CL intensity generated from the redoxreaction of potassium permanganate (KMnO4)–formaldehyde in vitriol (H2SO4) medium, has been developed, validated and applied for the determination of naphazoline hydrochloride and oxymetazoline hydrochloride. Besides oxidants and sensitizers, the effect of the concentration of H2SO4, KMnO4 and formaldehyde was investigated. Under the optimum conditions, the linear range was 1.0 × 10−2–7.0 mg/L for naphazoline hydrochloride and 5.0 × 10−2–10.0 mg/L for oxymetazoline hydrochloride. During seven repeated inter‐day and intra‐day precision tests of 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 mg/L samples, the relative standard deviations all corresponded to reference values. The detection limit was 8.69 × 10−3 mg/L for naphazoline hydrochloride and 3.47 × 10−2 mg/L for oxymetazoline hydrochloride (signal‐to‐noise ratio ≤3). This method has been successfully implemented for the determination of naphazoline hydrochloride and oxymetazoline hydrochloride in pharmaceuticals. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemiluminescence determination of promazine in human serum and drug formulations using Ru(phen)32+–Ce(IV) system and a chemometrical optimization approach
Authors: Rezaei B. , Mokhtari A.
Published: February 2009

A new chemiluminescence (CL) method using flow injection has been described for the rapid and sensitive determination of promazine hydrochloride (PMH). The method is based on the CL reaction of PMH with tris(1,10 phenanthroline)ruthenium(II), [Ru(phen)32+] and Ce(IV) in sulfuric acid medium. Effects of chemical variables were investigated employing central composite design and response surface methodology. Under the optimum conditions, the CL intensity was proportional to the concentration of the drug in solution over the ranges 0.020–0.32 and 0.32–32 µg/mL. The limit of detection (signal‐to‐noise ratio = 3) was 0.012 µg/mL. The method was applied successfully to the determination of PMH in drug formulations and human serum (recovery percentages between 96.7 and 105.0%). The relative standard deviation for 11 replicate determinations of 1.5 µg/mL of PMH was 1.7%. The minimum sampling rate was 100 samples per hour. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of nucleic acid by [tetra‐(3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxyphenyl)]–Tb3+ porphyrin as the fluorescence spectral probe in bis(2‐ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate sodium salt micelle system
Authors: Chen Xin , Wei Qin , Han Yanyan , Sun Shuting , Wu Dan , Du Bin
Published: February 2009

A new system for the determination of nucleic acid by rare earth metallic porphyrin of [tetra‐(3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxyphenyl)]–Tb3+ [T(3‐MO‐4HP)–Tb3+] porphyrin as fluorescence spectral probe has been developed in this paper. Nucleic acid can enhance the fluorescence intensity of the T(3‐MO‐4HP)–Tb3+ porphyrin in the presence of bis(2‐ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate sodium salt(AOT) micelle. In pH 8.00 Tris–HCl buffer solution, under optimum conditions, the enhanced fluorescence intensity is in proportion to the concentration of nucleic acids in the range of 0.05–3.00 µg mL−1 for calf thymus DNA (ct DNA) and 0.03–4.80 µg mL−1 for fish sperm DNA(fs DNA). Their detection limits are 0.03 and 0.01 µg mL−1, respectively. In addition, the binding interaction mechanism between T(3‐MO‐4HP)–Tb3+ porphyrin and ct DNA is also investigated by resonance scattering and fluorescence spectra. The maximum binding number is calculated by molar ratio method. The new system can be used for the determination of nucleic acid in pig liver, yielding satisfactory results. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, characterization and sol–gel entrapment of a crown ether‐styryl fluoroionophore
Authors: Sui Zhijie , Hanan Nathan J. , Phimphivong Sam , Wysocki Ronald J. , Saavedra S. Scott
Published: February 2009

The synthesis and initial evaluation of a new dye‐functionalized crown‐ether, 2‐[2‐(2,3,5,6,8,9,11,12,14,15‐decahydro‐1,4,7,10,13,16‐benzohexaoxacyclooctadecin)ethenyl]‐3‐methyl benzothiazolium iodide (denoted BSD), are reported. This molecule contains a benzyl 18‐crown‐6 moiety as the ionophore and a benzothiazolium to spectrally transduce ion binding. Binding of K+ to BSD in methanol causes shifts in the both absorbance and fluorescence emission maxima, as well as changes in the molar absorptivity and the emission intensity. Apparent dissociation constants (Kd) in the range 30–65 µm were measured. In water and neutral buffer, Kd values were approximately 1 mm. BSD was entrapped in sol–gel films composed of methyltriethoxysilane (MTES) and tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) with retention of its spectral properties and minimal leaching. K+ binding to BSD in sol–gel films immersed in pH 7.4 buffer causes significant fluorescence quenching, with an apparent response time of approximately 2 min and an apparent Kd of 1.5 mm. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The evolution of the cilium and the eukaryotic cell
Authors: Hartman Hyman , Smith Temple F.
Published: February 2009

The Cilium, the Nucleus and the Mitochondrion are three important organelles whose evolutionary histories are intimately related to the evolution and origin of the eukaryotic cell. The cilium is involved in motility and sensory transduction. The cilium is only found in the eukaryotic cells. Here we show that eight gene duplications prior to the last common ancestor of all extant eukaryotes account for the expansion of the Heavy Chain Dynein family of motor proteins and the evolution of the complexity of the cilium. The ambiguities in the branching of the phylogenetic tree of the HC‐Dyneins were resolved by creating well‐defined subtrees and using them to create the full tree. Due to the intimate relationship between the nucleus, the division center, mitosis and the basal body/centriole, the evolution of the cilium can now be related to the evolution of mitosis. In addition, the analysis of the cilium rules out its endosymbiotic origin from a phagocytosis of a bacterium. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of graduate clinicians' personal therapy on therapeutic alliance
Authors: Gold Stephanie H. , Hilsenroth Mark J.
Published: February 2009

This study investigates the effects of clinician personal therapy on therapeutic alliance early in treatment. Therapists who had received personal therapy assessed 30 outpatients, and therapists who had not undergone personal therapy assessed 30 outpatients. These groups of patients were matched on key demographic, diagnostic and psychiatric severity data. Results demonstrated no significant group differences on patient‐rated alliance. Significant differences were observed for the therapist‐rated alliance variables of therapist confidence, goal and task agreement, as well as overall alliance, with higher scores from those therapists who had received personal therapy. In addition, significant differences were found in the number of therapy sessions attended, with the treatments of those therapists who had received personal therapy being twice as long. The impact of personal therapy in relation to structured training and a therapeutic model of assessment on graduate clinicians' ability to form positive collaborative relationships with their patients is discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Current‐input OTRA Schmitt trigger with dual hysteresis modes
Authors: Lo Yu‐Kang , Chien Hung‐Chun , Chiu Huang‐Jen
Published: February 2009

A simple current‐input Schmitt trigger is presented and implemented. It consists of one operational transresistance amplifier and a resistor. In addition, the circuit offers dual hysteresis mode operations within the same topology. The circuit operations are described. Experimental and simulation results are given to verify the theoretical analysis. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advances in the development of kinase inhibitor therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Savage Mary J. , Gingrich Diane E.
Published: February 2009

Pharmaceutical approaches to slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have focused primarily on reducing production or increasing clearance of amyloid β peptide (Aβ). Recent clinical trial results question the efficacy of targeting Aβ for treatment of mild to moderate AD, highlighting the need for alternate approaches. With the marketing of eight kinase inhibitors for oncology indications as of 2008 (Gleevec®, Tarceva®, Nexavar®, Sutent®, Rapamune®, Sprycel®, Tasigna®, and Tykerb®) and current clinical trials of more than 150 others for a number of indications, the progress that has been made in improving the selectivity and pharmaceutical properties of this class of compounds suggests that targeting neurodegenerative diseases such as AD may be possible. The present review describes a number of kinase targets for AD that have been studied in relation to tau protein pathology, neuroinflammation and neuron loss, in addition to amyloid pathology. Drug Dev Res 70, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Small molecule inhibitors of Aβ‐aggregation and neurotoxicity
Authors: Hawkes Cheryl A. , Ng Vivian , McLaurin JoAnne
Published: February 2009

Alzheimer disease (AD) is characterized pathologically by extracellular amyloid deposits composed of Aβ peptide, neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) made up of hyperphosphorylated tau, and a deficit of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain. Presently, only symptomatic therapies are available for the treatment of AD and these therapies have a limited time frame of utility. Amyloid disorders represent the effects of chronic Aβ production and are not a secondary pathological effect caused by a distant trigger; therefore targeting Aβ is a viable pursuit. In this review, we will discuss the various small molecule anti‐aggregation inhibitors that have been reported in the literature, with emphasis on compounds that are presently being investigated in clinical trials. Drug Dev Res 70, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structure and modeling in the design of β‐ and γ‐secretase inhibitors
Authors: Holloway M. Katharine , Hunt Peter , McGaughey Georgia B.
Published: February 2009

This review discusses the involvement of structure and modeling in the design of β‐secretase (BACE‐1) and γ‐secretase inhibitors as putative Alzheimer's Disease therapeutics. The early and broad availability of structural information for BACE‐1, a membrane‐tethered aspartyl protease, has led to the use of in silico methods in the overall design and optimization process. However, for γ‐secretase, an integral membrane protein, the lack of a detailed 3D structure has limited the application of computational methods. Drug Dev Res 70, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Translational medicine perspective in development of disease modifying therapies for Alzheimer's disease: biomarkers to buy down the risk
Authors: Wan Hong I. , Hurko Orest , Day Mark , Rutkowski J. Lynn
Published: February 2009

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease and the most common cause of age‐related dementia. Currently available pharmacologic therapies, including acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors and N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists, only treat symptoms and do not address the underlying neurodegeneration. In addition to potentially improve the accuracy of diagnosis, biomarkers serve important roles for the development of putative disease‐modifying drugs for AD. In this article, we review the existing and emerging areas of biomarker research and development for AD. Biochemical biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid have been used to provide a link to disease pathology and may provide important proof of concept data for several classes of emerging therapeutics. Imaging biomarkers including volumetric magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography assessing either glucose utilization or radioligands binding to amyloid plaque are discussed. Appropriate uses of these biomarkers in the context of the development of disease‐modifying therapies are discussed. Drug Dev Res 70, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of alcohol and smoking during pregnancy on infant autonomic control
Authors: Fifer William P. , Fingers Sherri Ten , Youngman Mitzi , Gomez‐Gribben Esperanza , Myers Michael M.
Published: February 2009

Prenatal exposure to smoking and alcohol increases the risk for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). Physiological changes associated with these exposures are not well studied. Full‐term infants were tested within the first 3 days of life. We hypothesized that maternal alcohol consumption and/or smoking during pregnancy would alter autonomic nervous system function. Newborns whose mothers smoked during pregnancy had lower beat‐to‐beat heart rate variability in quiet sleep. Infants whose mothers consumed alcohol had lower global heart rate variability, but only in active sleep. Unexposed infants demonstrated increases in heart rate with head‐up tilt and decreases in heart rate with head‐down tilt, but smoking and alcohol‐exposed infants showed no significant responses. These results indicate that autonomic function is altered by prenatal exposure to alcohol and smoking. Such markers may provide early identification of infants at greatest risk for SIDS. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 51: 234–242, 2009
Xhairy2 functions in Xenopus lens development by regulating p27xic1 expression
Authors: Murato Yasuhito , Hashimoto Chikara
Published: February 2009

Lens of vertebrate eyes is derived from competent pre‐placodal ectoderm in response to signal(s) from retinal lineage. We herein report that the Xenopus Hes gene Xhairy2, which is expressed in pre‐placodal ectoderm, is required for lens development from the initial stage. We show that Xhairy2 knockdown reduced the expression of lens marker genes at every step of lens determination, eventually resulting in ocular lens malformation. Interestingly, retina marker gene expression and retinal anlage morphology remained normal upon Xhairy2 knockdown. Furthermore, loss of lens field caused by Xhairy2 depletion was partially rescued by simultaneous knockdown of the cell cycle inhibitor gene p27xic1. These results suggest that Xhairy2 is required for lens development through the regulation of p27xic1 expression, independent of the known cascade of transcription factors. Based on these findings, we propose that Xhairy2 may maintain an intracellular environment in which inducing signal(s) can be accepted. Developmental Dynamics 238:2179–2192, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Notch signaling downstream of foxD5 promotes neural ectodermal transcription factors that inhibit neural differentiation
Authors: Yan Bo , Neilson Karen M. , Moody Sally A.
Published: February 2009

We investigated the role of the Notch signaling pathway in regulating several transcription factors that stabilize a neural fate and expand the neural plate. Increased Notch signaling in a neural lineage via a constitutively activated form (NICD) up‐regulated geminin and zic2 in a cell‐autonomous manner, and expanded the neural plate domains of sox11, sox2, and sox3. Loss‐ and gain‐of‐function assays show that foxD5 acts upstream of notch1 gene expression. Decreasing Notch signaling with an anti‐morphic form of a Notch ligand (X‐Delta‐1STU) showed that the foxD5‐mediated expansion of the sox gene neural plate domains requires Notch signaling. However, geminin and zic2 appear to be dually regulated by foxD5 and Notch1 signaling. These studies demonstrate that: (1) Notch signaling acts downstream of foxD5 to promote the expression of a subset of neural ectodermal transcription factors; and (2) Notch signaling and the foxD5 transcriptional pathway together maintain the neural plate in an undifferentiated state. Developmental Dynamics 238:1358–1365, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Flk1‐myr::mCherry mouse as a useful reporter to characterize multiple aspects of ocular blood vessel development and disease
Authors: Poché Ross A. , Larina Irina V. , Scott Melissa L. , Saik Jennifer E. , West Jennifer L. , Dickinson Mary E.
Published: February 2009

The highly vascularized mouse eye is an excellent model system in which to elucidate the molecular genetic basis of blood vessel development and disease. However, the analysis of ocular vessel defects has traditionally been derived from fixed tissue, which fails to account for dynamic events such as blood flow and cell migration. To overcome the limitations of static analysis, tremendous advances in imaging technology and fluorescent protein reporter mouse lines now enable the direct visualization of developing cells in vivo. Here, we demonstrate that the Flk1‐myr::mCherry transgenic mouse is an extremely useful live reporter with broad applicability to retinal, hyaloid, and choroid vascular research. Developmental Dynamics 238:2318–2326, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative and developmental study of the immune system inXenopus
Authors: Robert Jacques , Ohta Yuko
Published: February 2009

Xenopus laevisis the model of choice for evolutionary, comparative, and developmental studies of immunity, and invaluable research tools including MHC‐defined clones, inbred strains, cell lines, and monoclonal antibodies are available for these studies. Recent efforts to useSilurana(Xenopus)tropicalisfor genetic analyses have led to the sequencing of the whole genome. Ongoing genome mapping and mutagenesis studies will provide a new dimension to the study of immunity. Here we review what is known about the immune system ofX. laevisintegrated with available genomic information fromS. tropicalis. This review provides compelling evidence for the high degree of similarity and evolutionary conservation betweenXenopusand mammalian immune systems. We propose to build a powerful and innovative comparative biomedical model based on modern genetic technologies that takes take advantage ofX. laevisandS. tropicalis, as well as the wholeXenopusgenus. Developmental Dynamics 238:1249–1270, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polarity and cell fate specification in the control of Caenorhabditis elegans gastrulation
Authors: Rohrschneider Monica R. , Nance Jeremy
Published: February 2009

Gastrulation is a time during development when cells destined to produce internal tissues and organs move from the surface of the embryo into the interior. It is critical that the cell movements of gastrulation be precisely controlled, and coordinated with cell specification, in order for the embryo to develop normally. Caenorhabditis elegans gastrulation is relatively simple, can be observed easily in the transparent embryo, and can be manipulated genetically to uncover important regulatory mechanisms. Many of these cellular and molecular mechanisms, including cell shape, cytoskeletal, and cell cycle changes, appear to be conserved from flies to vertebrates. Here we review gastrulation in C. elegans, with an emphasis on recent data linking contact‐induced cell polarity, PAR proteins, and cell fate specification to gastrulation control. Developmental Dynamics 238:789–796, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Deficiency screen identifies a novel role for beta 2 tubulin in salivary gland and myoblast migration in the Drosophila embryo
Authors: Jattani Rakhi , Patel Unisha , Kerman Bilal , Myat Monn Monn
Published: February 2009

The Drosophila embryonic salivary gland is an epithelial organ formed by the coordinated invagination and migration of primordial cells. To identify genes that regulate gland migration we performed a deficiency screen of the third chromosome. Here, we report on the analysis of the beta 2 tubulin isoform (β2t) that maps at 85D15. We show that, in β2t mutant embryos, salivary glands did not complete their posterior migration and that migration of fusion competent myoblasts and longitudinal visceral muscle founder cells between the gland and circular visceral mesoderm was delayed. We also demonstrate that gland migration defects correlate with reduced βPS and αPS2 integrin expression in the surrounding mesoderm and that β2t genetically interacts with genes encoding integrin αPS1 and αPS2 subunits. Our studies reveal for the first time that β2t is expressed in embryogenesis and that β2t plays an important role in salivary gland and myoblast migration, possibly through proper regulation of integrin adhesion proteins. Developmental Dynamics 238:853–863, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vegetation of the river Yamuna floodplain in the Delhi stretch, with reference to hydrological characteristics
Authors: Tabasum Tanveera , Bhat Pamposh , Kumar Ritesh , Fatma Tasneem , Trisal C. L.
Published: February 2009

Vegetation in the Delhi stretch of the floodplain of the river Yamuna was examined in relation to hydrological characteristics. The floodplain was delineated into four zones based on hydrological interventions. Seventy‐four plant species including forty‐two aquatic/semi‐aquatic were identified. The decrease in water discharge from Jhangola to downstream Okhla, led to reduction in species richness. Co‐structures between hydrological characteristics and vegetational composition indicated that vegetation in the four identified zones was governed essentially by hydrological factors. Zones I and III exhibited near‐perfect correspondence signifying that variation in vegetational composition in these zones could be explained, to a great extent, on the basis of variations in the hydrological conditions. Zone II and IV, with relatively weaker correspondence, indicated that there were gradients other than hydrological conditions, which caused variations in vegetational characteristics. The present study highlighted the importance of allocation of water for periodic inundation to maintain floodplain characteristics including aquatic/semi‐aquatic vegetation cover as critical to the management of the river ecosystem. The current policy of water use focused entirely on human uses ignoring ecological requirements, and had clear adverse implications on the health of the river ecosystem. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From law‐taking to policy‐making. The environmental dimension of the EU accession process – challenges, risks and chances for the SEE countries
Authors: Tews Kerstin
Published: February 2009

This paper addresses the challenges and risks of an environmental enlargement strategy that has to rely on conditionality as a modus of operation. Such policy transfers generate shortcomings, which, in the case of the EU, might affect their future capacity to develop innovative environmental policy, if it enlarges. The paper begins with a short description of the challenges both from the EU's and the SEE countries' perspective. It highlights some of the newer, even stricter elements of the conditionality mode applied by the EU. It proceeds with an analysis of the risks of conditionality. In doing so, it outlines some of the lessons gleaned from the former enlargement process to Central and Eastern Europe, within which comparable experiences were made in unilaterally adjusting national law according to an agenda set by external actors. In the third section, the paper develops arguments with respect to handling these risks. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
SambVca: A Web Application for the Calculation of the Buried Volume of N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands
Authors: Poater Albert , Cosenza Biagio , Correa Andrea , Giudice Simona , Ragone Francesco , Scarano Vittorio , Cavallo Luigi
Published: February 2009

We present a free web application for the calculation of the buried volume (% VBur) of NHC ligands. The web application provides a graphic and user‐friendly interface to the SambVca program, developed for the calculation of % VBur values not only of NHC ligands but also of other classic organometallic ligands such as, for example, phosphanes and cyclopentadienyl‐based ligands. To provide a reliable procedure for the calculation of % VBur values we tested our approach in the interpretation of the binding energies of NHC ligands in Cp*Ru(NHC)Cl complexes in terms of steric and electronic parameters.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Influence of Lewis Acid and Solvent in the Hydrosilylation of Aldehydes and Ketones with Et3SiH; Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane B(C6F5)3 versus Metal Triflates [M(OTf)3; M = Sc, Bi, Ga, and Al] – Mechanistic Implications
Authors: Bach Peter , Albright Andrea , Laali Kenneth K.
Published: February 2009

The scope of the B(C6F5)3‐catalyzed hydrosilylation of (X)Ph–CH=O and (X)Ph–C(R)=O was expanded to include a large set of substitutents (X = H, p‐Me, o‐Me, p‐F, o‐F, p‐Cl, p‐Br, p‐NO2, m‐NO2, p‐Et; R = Me or CF3). Reactions proceed at room temperature with high chemoselectivity in a host of solvents (toluene, benzene, CCl4, 1,2‐dichloroethane, and methylcyclohexane), or under solventless conditions, with hydrosilylation yields ranging from 85 to 95 % (for aldehydes) and 71 to 100 % (for ketones) and no noticeable solvent dependency of hydrosilylation yields. Replacing B(C6F5)3 for M(OTf)3 (M = Bi, Al, Ga, Sc) causes a dramatic change in chemoselectivity, forming dibenzyl ether and benzylated solvent (with toluene and benzene), with hydrosilylation products becoming negligible in most cases. The M(OTf)3‐catalyzed reactions thus represent a practical method for the synthesis of dibenzyl ethers. Remarkably, substantial amounts of dibenzyl ether was formed in the B(C6F5)3‐catalyzed reactions, when MeCN was used as solvent. Mechanistic implications of these Lewis acid catalyzed reactions are discussed.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Gas‐phase photocatalytic oxidation of benzene over titanium dioxide loaded on Ce0.67Zr0.33O2
Authors: Junbo Zhong , Weidong Jiang , Bin Xu , Xiyang He , Jianzhang Li , Yaoqiang Chen
Published: February 2009

Increasing environmental pollution caused by the volatile organic compounds because of their toxicity is a matter of great concern; thus, it is crucial to develop processes that can destroy these compounds effectively. It has been found that the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 toward the decomposition of gaseous benzene in a batch reactor can be greatly enhanced by loading TiO2 on the surface of Ce0.67Zr0.33O2. In this work, we have investigated the loading amount of TiO2 on Ce0.67Zr0.33O2 in enhancing the photocatalytic activity of TiO2. This article reveals that the optimal loading amount of TiO2 on Ce0.67Zr0.33O2 for the degradation of gaseous benzene is 1% (wt). The prepared photocatalyst was characterized by Brunauer‐Emmet Teller, X‐ray diffraction, UV–vis diffuse reflectance, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The deposited titania was well dispersed in the Ce0.67Zr0.33O2 matrix. TiO2/Ce0.67Zr0.33O2 absorbs much more ultraviolet light than TiO2 in the ultraviolet light region. The binding energy values of Ti2p shift to lower value. TiO2/Ce0.67Zr0.33O2 demonstrates 1.5 times photocatalytic activity of that of pure TiO2. Based upon these observations, the mechanistic role of Ce0.67Zr0.33O2 in the photocatalytic oxidation reaction has been suggested. The suggested mechanism is electrons transfer, increase of the surface coverage of active oxygen species, and increase of the absorption from 210 to 400 nm of TiO2/Ce0.67Zr0.33O2. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2009
Vegetation as a major conductor of geomorphic changes on the Earth surface: toward evolutionary geomorphology
Authors: Corenblit Dov , Steiger Johannes
Published: February 2009

Earth surface processes and landforms may have coadjusted† with plant morphology, biomechanics and life‐history. We suggest that the colonization of land by plants at the early Silurian, and their propagation inside continents, represent critical phases of the coupling between geomorphic and biological processes on the Earth at a global scale. The consideration of this coupling involving geomorphic‐biological feedback mechanisms at the scales of ecological succession and organisms' evolution may promote the emergence of an evolutionary† geomorphology. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fluvial hydraulics of hyperconcentrated floods in Chinese rivers
Authors: Wang Zhao‐Yin , Qi Pu , Melching Charles Steven
Published: February 2009

Hyperconcentrated floods, with sediment concentrations higher than 200 kg/m3, occur frequently in the Yellow River and its tributaries on the Loess Plateau. This paper studies the fluvial hydraulics of hyperconcentrated floods by statistical analysis and comparison with low sediment concentration floods. The fluvial process induced by hyperconcentrated floods is extremely rapid. The river morphology may be altered more at a faster rate by one hyperconcentrated flood than by low sediment concentration floods over a decade. The vertical sediment concentration distribution in hyperconcentrated floods is homogeneous. The Darcy–Weisbach coefficient of hyperconcentrated floods varies with the Reynolds number in the same way as normal open channel flows but a representative viscosity $h\ +\ {{2R} \over {3U}}\tau _B$ is used to replace the viscosity, η. If the concentration is not extremely high and the Reynolds number is larger than 2000, the flow is turbulent and the Darcy–Weisbach coefficient for the hyperconcentrated floods is almost the same as low sediment concentration floods. Serious channel erosion, which is referred to as ‘ripping up the bottom’ in Chinese, occurs in narrow‐deep channels during hyperconcentrated floods. However, in wide‐shallow channels, hyperconcentrated floods may result in serious sedimentation. Moreover, a hyperconcentrated flood may cause the channel to become narrower and deeper, thus, reducing the flood stage by more than 1 m if the flood event lasts longer than one day. The fluvial process during hyperconcentrated floods also changes the propagation of flood waves. Successive waves may catch up with and overlap the first wave, thus, increasing the peak discharge of the flood wave during flood propagation along the river course. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wet Atomisation of Gd‐doped CeO2 Electrolyte Slurries for Intermediate Temperatures' Microtubular SOFC Applications
Authors: Zahir M. H. , Suzuki T. , Funahashi Y. , Yamaguchi T. , Fujishiro Y. , Awano M.
Published: February 2009

A wet atomising system has been employed as a novel method to prepare ultrafine Gd‐doped CeO2 (GDC) electrolyte slurries. By changing the fluid flow pressure and repeating the atomisation process several times for the same atomised slurries, we have obtained optimised ultrafine GDC slurry with high‐dispersed and homogeneous distribution. The sizes of the particles of GDC were in the range of tens of nanometres. A highly dense electrolyte layer (membrane) was prepared using the ultrafine GDC slurries for intermediate temperatures microtubular solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) applications. The SOFC was fabricated by using supporting porous anode tubes of NiO and GDC, and the cathode consisted of La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3–y and GDC. A dense 10 μm GDC electrolyte layer was obtained at a lower sintering temperature of 1,250 °C for 1 h. The SOFC was tested with humidified (3% H2O) hydrogen as a fuel and the static air as an oxidant, and the tubular cell maintained its high performance even at 500 °C.
On the equivalence of executed and imagined movements: Evidence from lateralized motor and nonmotor potentials
Authors: Kranczioch Cornelia , Mathews Simon , Dean Phil J.A. , Sterr Annette
Published: February 2009

The neural simulation theory assumes that motor imagery and motor execution draw on a shared set of mechanisms underlying motor cognition. Evidence is accumulating that motor imagery and motor execution have many common features. The extent of the similarity and whether it spreads into the preparation phase is however unclear. This study used electroencephalographic recordings to compare the effects of providing advance information about upcoming movements on preparatory processing in a motor imagery and execution paradigm. Event‐related potential data were recorded in a priming task where participants were cued to perform simple or complex finger movements. We hypothesized that a high degree of functional similarity of motor imagery and motor execution should be reflected in similar alterations of lateralized preparatory activity. Lateralized preparatory activity was indeed very similar, showing both motor‐related (lateralized readiness potential, LRP) and cognitive components (anterior directing‐attention negativity or ADAN, late directing‐attention positivity or LDAP). Dipole analysis revealed that LRP, ADAN, and LDAP sources were very comparable for motor imagination and execution. Results generally support the idea of common underlying functional networks subserving both the preparation for execution and imagery of movements. They also provide a broader context for this notion by revealing similarities in cognitive components associated with the movement tasks. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An instrumental variables evaluation of the effect of antidepressant use on employment among HIV‐infected women using antiretroviral therapy in the United States: 1996–2004
Authors: Galárraga Omar , Salkever David S. , Cook Judith A. , Gange Stephen J.
Published: February 2009

Depression is a common condition among patients with HIV. This paper uses panel data for 1234 participants from the Women's Interagency HIV Study to estimate the effect of antidepressant use on the likelihood of being employed among women receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the United States from 1996 to 2004. We show that naive regressions of antidepressant use on employment generally result in negative or non‐significant coefficients, whereas the instrumental variables (IVs) approach shows a positive and significant effect of antidepressant use on the employment probability of women living with HIV. We use IVs to predict antidepressant use independently of outcomes, thus addressing potential biases (e.g. more depressed women are more likely to receive antidepressant treatment, but they are also more likely to be unemployed). The results are consistent for linear (random and fixed effects) as well as non‐linear (bivariate probit) specifications. Among women receiving HAART, and controlling for individual and local area labor market characteristics, the use of antidepressants is associated with a 29‐percentage‐point higher probability of being employed. Improved efforts to test, diagnose and treat depression among HIV‐positive patients may improve not only clinical indicators but also labor market outcomes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measuring consumer perception of product creativity: Impact on satisfaction and purchasability
Authors: Horn Diana , Salvendy Gavriel
Published: February 2009

In the current value‐based economy, product creativity is a potential resource for organizations to compete, thus emphasizing the need for product creativity measurement. Two studies were performed to refine and validate a previously tested model and measurement of consumer perception of product creativity: one with web‐based evaluations (N = 208) of chairs and lamps and one with paper‐based evaluations (N = 105) of individually selected products. Results of exploratory factor analyses indicated three main product creativity factors: Affect, Importance, and Novelty, which explained 72% of the common variance. Results of stepwise regressions indicated that the Affect factor significantly predicts (65% of the explained variance) willingness to purchase creative consumer products. One major contribution of this research is the finding that affect is as equally (R2 = .28) important as novelty (R2 = .25) in consumer perception of product creativity. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed for the Affect, Importance, and Novelty product creativity factors, and general creativity guidelines are provided for consumer product design. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Exploring time‐dependent symptom outcomes in office staff
Authors: Lu Xiaoshu , Toivonen Risto , Takala Esa‐Pekka
Published: February 2009

This article illustrates the application of a new mathematical model developed for the study of time‐dependent health outcomes for office staff during computer work. The model describes the time‐dependent associations of computer usage with outcomes expressed as discomfort in multiple body regions. The association is explicitly presented with a functional relationship that is parameterized by body regions. The validation of the model demonstrated accuracy in reproducing the observed quantities for the study population. Therefore, we used this model to assess the impact of computer‐related work exposure on discomfort in different body regions among office staff to better understand the behavior of musculoskeletal and other symptoms. The exposures and outcomes were recorded parallel in time as usage of keyboard and mouse and with diaries of discomfort. The body regions of neck/shoulders, eyes, head, shoulder joint/upper arm, and upper back were identified to have the highest discomfort levels and rates for the development of discomfort parallel with exposures. Most of our findings are consistent with the literature. The developed mathematical methodology may be used to understand how the human body reacts to computer work to further prevent potential musculoskeletal and other disorders. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An electromyographic investigation of asymmetric lifting and moving of a load: I. Effects of load lift from floor to target shelves
Authors: Das Biman , Mabaleka Godfrey
Published: February 2009

The range of normalized electromyography (EMG) values when lifting and moving a 5.84 kg box was between 0.12 and 0.77. The right iliocostalis and the right and the left external obliques showed significant increases in muscle activity at 90° of asymmetry. The average percentage increase for the stated muscles was 62.3% when compared to muscle activity at 0°. The left external oblique also responded significantly at 60° of asymmetry when compared to 0°. The knuckle, sternum, and reach heights significantly affected the left iliocostalis and the left and right erector spinae muscles. The average percentage increases in the stated muscles were 74.4% at knuckle height, 126.1% at sternum height, and 143.3% at reach height, when compared to floor level. Significant increases in muscle activity for the right iliocostalis and the right external oblique were registered only at the sternum and at the reach heights. For manual materials handling (MMH), an endeavor should be made to avoid asymmetric lifting and moving at 90° and from the floor level and to the reach height. To minimize the risk of back injury, the MMH task should be performed preferably within an asymmetry of 30° but not exceeding 60° asymmetry. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Galantamine enhancement of long‐term potentiation is mediated by calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II and protein kinase C activation
Authors: Moriguchi Shigeki , Shioda Norifumi , Han Feng , Yeh Jay Z. , Narahashi Toshio , Fukunaga Kohji
Published: February 2009

Galantamine, a novel Alzheimer's drug, is known to inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity and potentiate nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) in the brain. We previously reported that galantamine potentiates the NMDA‐induced currents in primary cultured rat cortical neurons. We now studied the effects of galantamine on long‐term potentiation (LTP) in the rat hippocampal CA1 regions. The field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) were induced by stimulation of the Schaffer collateral/commissural pathways in the hippocampal CA1 region. Treatment with 0.01–10 μM galantamine did not affect the slope of fEPSPs in the CA1 region. Galantamine treatment increased calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and protein kinase Cα (PKCα) activities with a bell‐shaped dose–response curve peaked at 1 μM, thereby increasing the phosphorylation of AMPA receptor, myristoylated alanine‐rich protein kinase C, and NMDA receptor as downstream substrates of CaMKII and/or PKCα. By contrast, galatamine treatment did not affect protein kinase A activity. Consistent with the bell‐shaped CaMKII and PKCα activation, galantamine treatment enhanced LTP in the hippocampal CA1 regions with the same bell‐shaped dose–response curve. Furthermore, LTP potentiation induced by galantamine treatment at 1 μM was closely associated with both CaMKII and PKC activation with concomitant increase in phosphorylation of their downstream substrates except for synapsin I. In addition, the enhancement of LTP by galantamine was accompanied with α7‐type nAChR activation. These results suggest that galantamine potentiates NMDA receptor‐dependent LTP through α7‐type nAChR activation, by which the postsynaptic CaMKII and PKC are activated. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dietary and stored iron as predictors of breast cancer risk: A nested case–control study in Shanghai
Authors: Moore Amber B. , Shannon Jackilen , Chen Chu , Lampe Johanna W. , Ray Roberta M. , Lewis Sharon K. , Lin Minggang , Stalsberg Helge , Thomas David B.
Published: February 2009

Increases in risk of breast cancer in successive generations of migrants to the United States from China and rapid temporal changes in incidence rates in China following social and economic changes clearly implicate environmental factors in the etiology of this disease. Case–control and cohort studies have provided evidence that at least some of these factors may be dietary. Iron, an essential element necessary for cell function, has also been demonstrated to have potential carcinogenic and co‐carcinogenic activities. Iron overload, which was previously uncommon, has become more common in the United States than iron deficiency and may be increasing in China concurrently with dramatic increases in meat consumption. A case–control study nested in a cohort of women in Shanghai, China, was conducted to evaluate possible associations between risk of proliferative and nonproliferative fibrocystic changes as well as breast cancer and dietary iron intake and plasma ferritin levels. Plasma ferritin levels and reported dietary iron intake were compared in 346 women with fibrocystic changes, 248 breast cancer cases and 1,040 controls. Increasing ferritin levels were significantly associated with increasing risk of nonproliferative fibrocystic changes (OR: 2.51, 95% CI: 1.16–5.45,ptrend = 0.04). Similar, but weaker, trends were observed for proliferative changes and for breast cancer. Risk of breast cancer relative to the risk of fibrocystic changes was associated with dietary iron intake in women with nonproliferative fibrocystic changes (OR: 2.63, 95% CI: 1.04–6.68,p= 0.02). In conclusion, this study finds significant associations between iron (stored and dietary) and fibrocystic disease and breast cancer. © 2009 UICC
Polymorphisms in tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases‐2 and ‐3 and breast cancer susceptibility and survival
Authors: Peterson Neeraja B. , Beeghly‐Fadiel Alicia , Gao Yu‐Tang , Long Jirong , Cai Qiuyin , Shu Xiao‐ou , Zheng Wei
Published: February 2009

Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are endogenous inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases which are involved in normal cellular processes and also in cancer development and progression. The purpose of this study was to evaluate polymorphisms in theTIMP‐2andTIMP‐3genes for their associations with breast cancer susceptibility and survival. Using data from the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study, 19 SNPs for each gene were evaluated for associations with breast cancer risk among 1,062 cases and 1,069 controls; associations with disease‐free and overall survival were evaluated among the cases. ForTIMP‐2, women with thers7501477TT genotype were 3 times more likely to be breast cancer cases than women with the CC genotype (OR: 2.9, 95% CI: 1.2–7.0). ForTIMP‐3, women with thers9609643AA genotype were 60% less likely to be breast cancer cases than women with the GG genotype (OR: 0.4, 95% CI: 0.2–1.0), whereas women with thers8136803TT genotype were 5 times more likely to be cases than women with the GG genotype (OR: 5.1, 95% CI: 1.1–24.3). Further, breast cancer cases withrs8136803TT were almost 4 times more likely to have decreased disease‐free survival (HR: 3.9, 95% CI: 1.4–10.6) and had a trend toward decreased overall survival (HR: 1.9, 95% CI: 0.6–6.1). An important study limitation was that these 3 SNPs (rs7501477, rs9609643, rs8136803) had low minor allele frequencies which resulted in small numbers of homozygote individuals. Genetic variation in theTIMP‐2andTIMP‐3genes may contribute to individual differences in breast cancer susceptibility and survival. © 2009 UICC
‘Noise‐trader risk’ and Bayesian market making in FX derivatives: rolling loaded dice?
Authors: Ulibarri Carlos A. , Anselmo Peter C. , Hovsepian Karen , Tolk Jacob , Florescu Ionut
Published: February 2009

The above article (DOI: 10.1002/ijfe.373) was published online in Early View on 25 July 2008.

On page 1 of the initial online publication of this article, the third author's surname was incorrectly spelled.

The correct spelling should be: KAREN HOVSEPIAN.
The effects of adult attachment and life stress on daily depression: a sample of Japanese university students
Authors: Liu Qingbo , Nagata Toshiaki , Shono Masahiro , Kitamura Toshinori
Published: February 2009

To investigate the relationship among adult attachment style, life stress, and daily depression, a sample of 437 undergraduate students was prospectively studied. Insecure adult attachment and perceived life stress were related to their daily depressive mood. Further analyses using both multiple hierarchical regression and structural equation models (SEM) demonstrated that adult attachment style and perceived life stress independently predicted depression and had no interactive effects on daily depression. The impact of adult attachment on depression was not contingent upon the presence of life stress and securely attached participants were less impacted by depression than insecurely attached ones. These results suggest that adult attachment can play an important role in mental health intervention and may be helpful when it comes to preventing and treating depression. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 65: 1–14, 2009.