bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Underwater visual feature matching based on attenuation invariance
Authors: Sun Jinghao , Yu Hui , Rao Yuan , Zhang Hong
Published: November 2023

Underwater visual feature matching plays an important role in the localization and autonomous motion of underwater robots. However, feature descriptors are prone to change in degraded underwater images due to light attenuation, which leads to image color distortion, blur, and low illumination. Although the recent developments in deep learning have improved the performance of feature descriptors, the degradation of underwater images and the lack of underwater datasets have hindered the development of underwater visual feature matching and localization techniques. Herein, we propose an underwater visual feature matching method based on attenuation invariance. Our approach involves two main components. First, we study the attenuation differences between images to generate feature descriptors that are invariant to attenuation, thereby improving the accuracy of underwater visual feature matching. Second, we construct two datasets: the multiple water type (MWT) dataset, which contains over 30000 underwater images, and the underwater image feature descriptor (UIFD) evaluation dataset. These datasets are developed to compensate for the lack of evaluation datasets for underwater visual feature matching. The code and datasets are available at https://github.com/Sun-Jinghao/UIFD.
Imperial Borderlands
Authors: Popescu Bogdan G.
Published: November 2023

What are the institutions which govern border spaces and how do they impact long-term economic and social development? This book focuses on the Habsburg military frontier zone which originated in the sixteenth century as an instrument for protecting the empire's southern border against the threat of the Ottoman Empire and which lasted until the 1880s. The book outlines the conditions under which this extractive institution affected development, showing how locals were forced to work as soldiers and exposed to rigid communal property rights, an inflexible labor market, and discrimination when it came to the provision of public infrastructure. While the formal institutions set up during the military colony disappeared, their legacy can be traced in political attitudes and social norms even today with the violence and abuses exercised by the imperial government transformed into distrust in public authorities, limited political involvement, and low social capital.
A Farewell to Wars
Authors: Blix Hans
Published: November 2023

Since World War II, there has been a trend towards fewer wars, the Russian invasion of the Ukraine standing as a major 'aberration'. With decades of experience as an international lawyer, diplomat and head of UN Iraq inspections, Hans Blix examines conflicts and other developments after World War II. He finds that new restraints on uses of force have emerged from fears about nuclear war, economic interdependence and UN Charter rules. With less interest in the conquest of land, states increasingly use economic or cyber means to battle their adversaries. Such a turn is not free from perils but should perhaps be welcomed as an alternative to previous methods of war. By analysing these new restraints, Blix rejects the fatalistic assumption that there will always be war. He submits that today leading powers are saying farewell to previous patterns of war, instead choosing to continue their competition for power and influence on the battlefields of economy and information.
The Trojan Horse and Other Stories
Authors: Kindt Julia
Published: November 2023

What makes us human? What, if anything, sets us apart from all other creatures? Ever since Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, the answer to these questions has pointed to our own intrinsic animal nature. Yet the idea that, in one way or another, our humanity is entangled with the non-human has a much longer and more venerable history. In the West, it goes all the way back to classical antiquity. This grippingly written and provocative book boldly reveals how the ancient world mobilised concepts of 'the animal' and 'animality' to conceive of the human in a variety of illuminating ways. Through ten stories about marvelous mythical beings – from the Trojan Horse to the Cyclops, and from Androcles' lion to the Minotaur – Julia Kindt unlocks fresh ways of thinking about humanity that extend from antiquity to the present and that ultimately challenge our understanding of who we really are.
Beyond Compassion
Authors: Martín-Moruno Dolores
Published: November 2023

This is a call to engage with the histories of emotions and the senses, as well as with the new history of experiences, in order to write a gendered history of humanitarian action. This Element challenges essentialist interpretations according to which women have undertaken humanitarian action because of their allegedly compassionate nature. Instead, it shows how humanitarianism has allowed women to participate in international politics by claiming their rights as citizens, struggling against class inequalities, racial segregation and sexual discrimination in the light of disparate feelings such as resentment, hope, trust, shame and indignation. Ultimately, these case studies are understood to represent historically created moral economies of care: distinctive ways of feeling, performing and knowing humanitarianism which have evolved in relation to shifting emotional values associated with what it means to be human. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Why the Electoral College Is Bad for America
Authors: Edwards III George C.
Published: November 2023

The electoral college is the extraordinarily complex mechanism by which Americans choose their president. Is there any justification for such a system, which may elect the candidate who does not receive the most votes? Today, with two of the last five presidential elections having gone to the popular vote loser and the debacle following the 2020 election, the electoral college's flaws are more apparent than ever. In this fourth edition of the definitive book on the electoral college, George Edwards employs rigorous analysis and systemic data to show how the system violates core democratic principles and does not provide the benefits its advocates claim. With a new chapter focusing on the 2020 election, Edwards addresses justifications for the electoral college that were popular among Trump supporters following the 2016 and 2020 elections. Edwards concludes by offering a straightforward approach to selecting the president that maximizes political equality.
Theater, War, and Revolution in Eighteenth-Century France and Its Empire
Authors: Connors Logan J.
Published: November 2023

This is the first study of French theater and war at a time of global revolutions, colonial violence, and radical social transformation. Analyzing France and its largest Caribbean colony (Saint-Domingue), and spanning the Old Regime and Revolution, Logan Connors presents an ambitious, richly interdisciplinary argument, grounded in theater and performance studies, literary analysis of drama, and cultural, military, and gender history. Demonstrating how war and soldiering catalyzed new drama types and fostered theater's expansion into France's geographical and social peripheries, the study also shows how theater emerged as a dynamic space in which military practices could be re-imagined. This major scholarly intervention provides unparalleled insight into theater's engagement with international and domestic war efforts during a transformational period in global history.
Mediterranean Crime Fiction
Authors: Pezzotti Barbara
Published: November 2023

Contributing to the growing debate around the definition of Mediterranean noir, Barbara Pezzotti's groundbreaking study is the first in English to propose a rigorous classification of Mediterranean crime fiction. Intersecting crime fiction studies and Mediterranean studies, this interdisciplinary book provides a coherent and stringent definition in which the Mediterranean setting is not in the background, but is a meaningful arena where transnational space, globalisation and environmental issues are discussed; questions of regional, national and transcultural identity are investigated; and the themes of gender and violence are tackled. Pezzotti offers new ways of reading established crime novelists, such as Andrea Camilleri, Jean-Claude Izzo and Manuel Vázquez Montalbán, alongside less well-known writers. To date, no other book-length study has taken a transnational and transcultural approach to these authors, and here Pezzotti invites us to consider the wider Mediterranean dimensions of their crime narratives, beyond their national contexts.
Statistics and Data Visualization in Climate Science with R and Python
Authors: Shen Samual S. P. , North Gerald R.
Published: November 2023

A comprehensive overview of essential statistical concepts, useful statistical methods, data visualization, and modern computing tools for the climate sciences and many others such as geography and environmental engineering. It is an invaluable reference for students and researchers in climatology and its connected fields who wish to learn data science, statistics, R and Python programming. The examples and exercises in the book empower readers to work on real climate data from station observations, remote sensing and simulated results. For example, students can use R or Python code to read and plot the global warming data and the global precipitation data in netCDF, csv, txt, or JSON; and compute and interpret empirical orthogonal functions. The book's computer code and real-world data allow readers to fully utilize the modern computing technology and updated datasets. Online supplementary resources include R code and Python code, data files, figure files, tutorials, slides and sample syllabi.
Is immune activation simply a non-specific marker of depression severity or chronicity or does it indicate an underlying pathophysiological path to depressive or other mood disorders?
Authors: Scott Elizabeth M. , Banati Richard B. , Brown David A. , Rohleder Cathrin , Leweke F. Markus , Hickie Ian B.
Published: November 2023

In both population-based and clinical cohorts, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have reported associations between a range of non-specific markers of immune activation (e.g., pro-inflammatory cytokines) or chronic inflammation (e.g., C-reactive protein [CRP]) and depressive and other mood disorders (Dowlati et al. 2010; Hickie et al. 2018; Khandaker et al. 2017; Orsolini et al. 2022; Valkanova et al. 2013). The clinico-pathological significance, and directional relationships, of these associations tended to be downplayed as the systemic levels of these inflammatory markers were not in the ranges typical of active infective, inflammatory or significant autoimmune diseases.
How intrasexual competitiveness shapes attitudes towards cosmetic surgery recipients
Authors: Bonell Sarah , Klebl Christoph , Blake Khandis , Griffiths Scott
Published: November 2023

Cosmetic surgery is extremely popular. Despite this, negative attitudes towards cosmetic surgery recipients prevail. Across two pre-registered studies, we examined whether intrasexual competitiveness explains these negative attitudes. Participants in Study 1 were 343 (mean age = 24.74) single heterosexual American women and participants in Study 2 were 445 (mean age = 19.03) single heterosexual Australian women. Participants in both studies were primed for either low or high intrasexual competitiveness. Contrary to our predictions, we found that priming condition did not influence participants’ derogation and social exclusion of cosmetic surgery recipients. We did, however, find evidence for a ‘relative attractiveness’ halo effect: participants engaged in less derogation and social exclusion when they assumed cosmetic surgery recipients were more attractive than themselves. This suggests that 'pretty privilege' extends not only to women who meet conventional beauty standards, but also to those who are perceived as relatively closer to meeting these standards than the individual with whom they are engaging. Overall, we concluded that intrasexual competitiveness does not encourage the stigmatisation of cosmetic surgery recipients and examined alternative explanations for this phenomenon.
Maternal grandmothers buffer the effects of ethnic discrimination among pregnant Latina mothers
Authors: Knorr Delaney A. , Fox Molly M.
Published: November 2023

Ethnic discrimination during pregnancy is linked to maternal psychological distress, adverse birth outcomes and increased offspring morbidity and mortality. An evolutionary perspective reframes offspring health issues as a risk to maternal fitness. We argue that kin may be evolutionarily motivated to buffer psychosocial stressors for the mother during pregnancy. Previously, we found that the relationship of a pregnant woman with her own mother (fetus’ maternal grandmother) had a positive association on maternal prenatal psychology, above and beyond her relationship with her fetus’ father. Here, we ask if grandmothers buffer mothers’ prenatal psychological distress from ethnic discrimination. Using self-report data collected from 216 pregnant Latina women living in Southern California, we found discrimination to be significantly, positively associated with depression, anxiety, and stress in linear regression models. Maternal grandmother communication attenuated the association of discrimination and all three psychological distress measures, adjusting for the mother's relationship with the father. Maternal grandmother emotional support similarly significantly moderated the relationship of discrimination with depression and anxiety. We did not observe any significant interactions for paternal grandmother relationships. Geographic proximity was not a significant stress buffer. Results suggest the important role maternal grandmothers play in perinatal mental health, and that these benefits exist uncoupled from geographic proximity.
A constitutive relation generalizing the Navier–Stokes theory to high-rate regimes
Authors: Pahlani Gunjan , Schwartzentruber Thomas , James Richard D.
Published: November 2023

We propose a constitutive equation for flows of gases in high-rate regimes where the Navier–Stokes theory breaks down. The model generalizes the Navier–Stokes relation and agrees well with that model in all lower rate flows examined. Our proposed constitutive relation is calibrated with the method of objective molecular dynamics (OMD) using families of compressible and incompressible flows of Lennard-Jones argon. The constitutive relation makes use of the higher-order objective strain rates due to Rivlin and Ericksen (J. Rat. Mech. Anal., vol. 4, 1955, pp. 323–425). The constitutive relation is fully frame-indifferent, and the macroscopic flows corresponding to the OMD simulations are exact solutions for the proposed model. The model is shown to agree with atomistic results much better than the Navier–Stokes equations in the transition regime. The success of our model indicates that it is not higher gradients that become important in the high-rate regime, but rather higher rates of change of the strain rate tensor. While somewhat more complicated to implement than the Navier–Stokes relation, the proposed model is expected to be compatible with existing methods of computational fluid dynamics and may extend those methods to higher rate regimes, while preserving their ability to handle large spatial scales.
Three-dimensional flow structures in turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection at low Prandtl number Pr = 0.03
Authors: Wondrak Thomas , Sieger Max , Mitra Rahul , Schindler Felix , Stefani Frank , Vogt Tobias , Eckert Sven
Published: November 2023

In this paper we report on an experimental study focusing on the manifestation and dynamics of the large-scale circulation (LSC) in turbulent liquid metal convection. The experiments are performed inside a cylinder of aspect ratio

$\varGamma = 0.5$

filled with the ternary alloy GaInSn, which has a Prandtl number of

$Pr = 0.03$

. The large-scale flow structures are classified and characterized at Rayleigh numbers of

${Ra} = 9.33 \times 10^6, 5.31 \times 10^7$

and

$6.02 \times 10^8$

by means of the contactless inductive flow tomography which enables the full reconstruction of the three-dimensional (3-D) flow structures in the entire convection cell. This is complemented with the multi-thermal-probe method for capturing the azimuthal temperature variation induced by the LSC at the sidewall. We use proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) to identify the dominating modes of the turbulent convection. The analysis reveals that a single-roll structure of the LSC alternates in short succession with double-roll structures or a three-roll structure. This is accompanied by dramatic fluctuations of the Reynolds number, whose instantaneous values can deviate by more than 50 % from the time-average value. No coherent oscillations are observed, whereas a correlation analysis indicates a residual contribution of the torsion and sloshing modes. Results of the POD analysis suggest a stabilization of the single-roll LSC with increasing

$Ra$

at the expense of flow structures with multiple rolls. Moreover, the relative lifetime of all identified flow states, measured in units of free-fall times, increases with rising

$Ra$

.
Decomposition of the drag force in steady and oscillatory flow through a hexagonal sphere pack
Authors: Unglehrt Lukas , Manhart Michael
Published: November 2023

We investigate steady and oscillatory flow through a hexagonal close-packed arrangement of spheres in the framework of the volume-averaged momentum equation. We quantify the friction and pressure drag based on a direct numerical simulation dataset. Using the pressure decomposition of Graham (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 881, 2019), the pressure drag can be further split up into an accelerative, a viscous and a convective contribution. For the accelerative pressure, a closed-form expression can be given in terms of the potential flow solution. We investigate the contributions of the different drag components to the volume-averaged momentum budget and their Reynolds number scaling. For steady flow, we find that the friction and viscous pressure drag are proportional to

$Re$

at low Reynolds numbers and scale with

$Re^{1.4}$

for high Reynolds numbers. This is close to the steady laminar boundary layer scaling. For the convective pressure drag, we find a cubic scaling at low and a quadratic scaling at high Reynolds numbers. The Reynolds stresses have a minor contribution to the momentum budget. For oscillatory flow at low and medium Womersley numbers, the amplitudes of the drag components are similar to the steady cases at the same Reynolds number. At high Womersley numbers, the drag components behave quite differently and the friction and viscous pressure drag are relatively insignificant. The drag components are not in phase with the forcing and the superficial velocity; the phase lag increases with the Womersley number. This suggests that new models beyond the current quasisteady approaches need to be developed.
Induced seismicity in the Groningen gas field – arrest of ruptures by fault plane irregularities
Authors: Wentinck H. M. , Kortekaas M.
Published: November 2023

From dynamic rupture simulations, we reveal under which conditions a rupture in the Groningen gas field stops along fault dip or along fault strike after it starts on a fault in the reservoir. The simulations focus on the capabilities of fault plane irregularities to arrest ruptures. Such irregularities can be recognised in sandstone outcrops. Fault planes in the Groningen field, extracted from the 3D seismic data by seismic attribute extraction methods, show similar irregularities. A detailed surface of a major fault plane in the field indicates that steps and jogs of tenths of metres are possible. Although these irregularities are close to seismic resolution and could be partially artificial, we investigated their effect on rupture arrest.

For typical current stresses in the Groningen field, jogs and steps of this length scale are found to be remarkably effective to stop ruptures in the reservoir. Also, a significant increase in the fault dip along fault strike can stop these ruptures but a kink in the fault under a constant fault dip not.

Including non-planar fault features and pressure diffusion in the Carboniferous, the simulations in this paper follow trends of previous simulations in the literature using 2D planar faults. In particular, the horizontal stress in this formation and the strength of the Carboniferous fault zone are important for rupture propagation. If the fault would have been reactivated in the Neogene or Quaternary and poorly healed in clay-rich parts, rupture propagation into the Carboniferous can only be prevented by jogs of sufficient size and lateral continuity under the present estimate of the horizontal field stress.
Fundamental Considerations of Design and Function
Authors: Joan Lund Valerie
Published: November 2023

The operation of inferior meatal antrostomy has emerged as the most
popular surgical technique in the management of maxillary sinusitis though
the surgical anatomy and natural history of the procedure are poorly
understood. The anatomy of the inferior meatus determines surgical
limitations and a retrospective study of 108 patients who have undergone
antrostomy provides a oasis for a prospective study in which the size of the
antrostomy has been assessed in 65 patients pre- and post-operatively using
direct measurement and serial photography. After initial circumferential
healing within the first few weeks, the majority remain unchanged unless
infection supervenes when complete closure may result. The closure is a
combination of fibrous tissue and bone in the majority of cases. A critical
size is apparent below which complete closure can be anticipated whereas if
too large an antrostomy is fashioned, related anatomy is jeopardised and
therefore the dimensions must be carefully judged if long-term patency is
desired.

The effect of patency on the mucus-secreting elements of sinus mucosa is
examined in a second prospective group of 19 patients. Assessment of
subjective clinical success determines overall benefit from the operation in
most patients though mucous discharge is least improved and this is directly
related to the level of increase in goblet cells.

The role of the inferior meatal antrostomy is dependent upon an
understanding of the pathophysiology of sinusitis and thereby determining
those patients who have potentially reversible mucosal damage and are
therefore most likely to benefit from the procedure.
Anaesthesia for diagnosis and treatment of subglottic stenosis
Authors: Facer Elspeth
Published: November 2023

This can conveniently be divided into two parts. First, anaesthesia for
diagnostic endoscopy and further assessment of subglottic stenosis and,
second, anaesthesia for laryngeal reconstructive surgery.
Environmental Drivers of Coccolithophore Growth in the Pacific Sector of the Southern Ocean
Authors: Oliver H. , McGillicuddy D. J. , Krumhardt K. M. , Long M. C. , Bates N. R. , Bowler B. C. , Drapeau D. T. , Balch W. M.
Published: November 2023

The Great Calcite Belt (GCB) is a band of high concentrations of suspended particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) spanning the subantarctic Southern Ocean and plays an important role in the global carbon cycle. The key limiting factors controlling coccolithophore growth supporting this high PIC have not yet been well‐characterized in the remote Pacific sector, the lowest PIC but largest area of the GCB. Here, we present in situ physical and biogeochemical measurements along 150°W from January to February 2021, where a coccolithophore bloom occurred. In both months, PIC was elevated in the Subantarctic Zone (SAZ), where nitrate was >1 μM and temperatures were ∼13°C in January and ∼14°C in February, consistent with conditions previously associated with optimal coccolithophore growth potential. The highest PIC was associated with a relatively narrow temperature range that increased about 1°C between occupations. A fresher water mass had been transported to the 150°W meridian between occupations, and altimetry‐informed Lagrangian backtracking estimates show that most of this water was likely transported from the southeast within the SAZ. Applying the observations in a coccolithophore growth model for both January and February, we show that the ∼1.7°C increase in temperature can explain the rise in PIC between occupations.
Evolution of Chorus Subpackets in the Earth's Magnetosphere
Authors: Chen Huayue , Wang Xueyi , Chen Lunjin , Omura Yoshiharu , Tsurutani Bruce T. , Lin Yu , Xia Zhiyang
Published: November 2023

Chorus subpackets/subelements are the wave packets occurring at intervals of ∼10–100 msec and are suggested to play a crucial role in the formation of substructures within pulsating aurora. In this study, we investigate the evolution of subpackets from the upstream to downstream regions. Using Van Allen Probe A measurements, we have found that the frequency of the upstream subpackets increases smoothly, but that of the downstream subpackets remains almost unchanged. Through a simulation in the real‐size magnetosphere, we have reproduced the subpackets with characteristics similar to those in observations, and revealed that the frequency chirping is influenced by both resonant current of electrons and wave amplitude due to nonlinear physics. Although the resonant currents in the upstream and downstream regions are comparable, the wave amplitude increases significantly during evolution, resulting in lower sweep rate in the downstream region. Our findings provide a fresh insight into the evolution of chorus subpackets.
Explicitly Resolved Cloud Feedbacks in the Radiative‐Convective Equilibrium Model Intercomparison Project
Authors: Stauffer C. L. , Wing A. A.
Published: November 2023

Radiative‐convective equilibrium (RCE) is particularly well suited for studying tropical deep‐convection, a regime of clouds that contributes some of the highest uncertainties to the estimates of total cloud feedback. In order to perform a comprehensive calculation and decomposition of cloud feedbacks in cloud‐permitting models, previously primarily done in global climate models, the configuration of a satellite simulator for use with offline data was successfully implemented. The resultant total cloud feedback is slightly positive, primarily driven by the longwave effects of increases in cloud altitude. The high‐cloud altitude feedback is robustly positive and has a central value and uncertainty well‐matched with prior estimates. Reductions in high cloud amount drive a tropical anvil cloud area feedback that is on average negative, consistent with prior estimates. However, a subset of models with finer horizontal grid spacing indicate that a positive tropical anvil cloud area feedback cannot be ruled out. Even though RCE is only applicable to tropical deep‐convective clouds, the RCE total cloud feedback is within the range of prior comprehensive estimates of the global total cloud feedback. This emphasizes that the tropics heavily influence the behavior of global cloud feedbacks and that RCE can be exploited to learn more about how processes related to deep convection control cloud feedbacks.
Progress of immune checkpoint inhibitors therapy for non-small cell lung cancer with liver metastases
Authors: Qu Fan-jie , Zhou Yi , Wu Shuang
Published: November 2023

Nearly one-fifth of patients with non-small cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) will develop liver metastases (LMs), and the overall treatment strategy of LMs will directly affect the survival of patients. However, some retrospective studies have found that patients receiving chemotherapy or targeted therapy have a poorer prognosis once LMs develop. In recent years, multiple randomised controlled trials (RCTS) have shown significant improvements in outcomes for patients with advanced lung cancer following the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) compared to conventional chemotherapy. ICIs is safe and effective in patients with LMs, although patients with LMs are mostly underrepresented in randomised clinical trials. However, NSCLC patients with LMs have a significantly worse prognosis than those without LMs when treated with ICIs, and the mechanism by which LMs induce systemic anti-tumour immunity reduction is unknown, so the management of LMs in patients with NSCLC is a clinical challenge that requires more optimised therapies to achieve effective disease control. In this review, we summarised the mechanism of ICIs in the treatment of LMs, the clinical research and treatment progress of ICIs and their combination with other therapies in patients with LMs from NSCLC.
Automated temporalis muscle quantification and growth charts for children through adulthood
Authors: Zapaishchykova Anna , Liu Kevin X. , Saraf Anurag , Ye Zezhong , Catalano Paul J. , Benitez Viviana , Ravipati Yashwanth , Jain Arnav , Huang Julia , Hayat Hasaan , Likitlersuang Jirapat , Vajapeyam Sridhar , Chopra Rishi B. , Familiar Ariana M. , Nabavidazeh Ali , Mak Raymond H. , Resnick Adam C. , Mueller Sabine , Cooney Tabitha M. , Haas-Kogan Daphne A. , Poussaint Tina Y. , Aerts Hugo J.W.L. , Kann Benjamin H.
Published: November 2023

Lean muscle mass (LMM) is an important aspect of human health. Temporalis muscle thickness is a promising LMM marker but has had limited utility due to its unknown normal growth trajectory and reference ranges and lack of standardized measurement. Here, we develop an automated deep learning pipeline to accurately measure temporalis muscle thickness (iTMT) from routine brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We apply iTMT to 23,876 MRIs of healthy subjects, ages 4 through 35, and generate sex-specific iTMT normal growth charts with percentiles. We find that iTMT was associated with specific physiologic traits, including caloric intake, physical activity, sex hormone levels, and presence of malignancy. We validate iTMT across multiple demographic groups and in children with brain tumors and demonstrate feasibility for individualized longitudinal monitoring. The iTMT pipeline provides unprecedented insights into temporalis muscle growth during human development and enables the use of LMM tracking to inform clinical decision-making.
Coordinated regulation of the entry and exit steps of aromatic amino acid biosynthesis supports the dual lignin pathway in grasses
Authors: El-Azaz Jorge , Moore Bethany , Takeda-Kimura Yuri , Yokoyama Ryo , Wijesingha Ahchige Micha , Chen Xuan , Schneider Matthew , Maeda Hiroshi A.
Published: November 2023

Vascular plants direct large amounts of carbon to produce the aromatic amino acid phenylalanine to support the production of lignin and other phenylpropanoids. Uniquely, grasses, which include many major crops, can synthesize lignin and phenylpropanoids from both phenylalanine and tyrosine. However, how grasses regulate aromatic amino acid biosynthesis to feed this dual lignin pathway is unknown. Here we show, by stable-isotope labeling, that grasses produce tyrosine >10-times faster than Arabidopsis without compromising phenylalanine biosynthesis. Detailed in vitro enzyme characterization and combinatorial in planta expression uncovered that coordinated expression of specific enzyme isoforms at the entry and exit steps of the aromatic amino acid pathway enables grasses to maintain high production of both tyrosine and phenylalanine, the precursors of the dual lignin pathway. These findings highlight the complex regulation of plant aromatic amino acid biosynthesis and provide novel genetic tools to engineer the interface of primary and specialized metabolism in plants.
2D quasi-layered material with domino structure
Authors: Lan Haihui , Wang Luyang , He Runze , Huang Shuyi , Yu Jinqiu , Guo Jinming , Luo Jingrui , Li Yiling , Zhang Jinyang , Lin Jiaxin , Zhang Shunping , Zeng Mengqi , Fu Lei
Published: November 2023

Interlayer coupling strength dichotomizes two-dimensional (2D) materials into layered and non-layered types. Traditionally, they can be regarded as atomic layers intrinsically linked via van der Waals (vdW) forces or covalent bonds, oriented orthogonally to their growth plane. In our work, we report a material system that differentiates from layered and non-layered materials, termed quasi-layered domino-structured (QLDS) materials, effectively bridging the gap between these two typical categories. Considering the skewed structure, the force orthogonal to the 2D QLDS-GaTe growth plane constitutes a synergistic blend of vdW forces and covalent bonds, with neither of them being perpendicular to the 2D growth plane. This unique amalgamation results in a force that surpasses that in layered materials, yet is weaker than that in non-layered materials. Therefore, the lattice constant contraction along this unique orientation can be as much as 7.7%, tantalizingly close to the theoretical prediction of 10.8%. Meanwhile, this feature endows remarkable anisotropy, second harmonic generation enhancement with a staggering susceptibility of 394.3 pm V−1. These findings endow further applications arranged in nonlinear optics, sensors, and catalysis.
Progesterone activation of β1-containing BK channels involves two binding sites
Authors: North Kelsey C. , Shaw Andrew A. , Bukiya Anna N. , Dopico Alex M.
Published: November 2023

Progesterone (≥1 µM) is used in recovery of cerebral ischemia, an effect likely contributed to by cerebrovascular dilation. The targets of this progesterone action are unknown. We report that micromolar (µM) progesterone activates mouse cerebrovascular myocyte BK channels; this action is lost in β1-/- mice myocytes and in lipid bilayers containing BK α subunit homomeric channels but sustained on β1/β4-containing heteromers. Progesterone binds to both regulatory subunits, involving two steroid binding sites conserved in β1-β4: high-affinity (sub-µM), which involves Trp87 in β1 loop, and low-affinity (µM) defined by TM1 Tyr32 and TM2 Trp163. Thus progesterone, but not its oxime, bridges TM1-TM2. Mutation of the high-affinity site blunts channel activation by progesterone underscoring a permissive role of the high-affinity site: progesterone binding to this site enables steroid binding at the low-affinity site, which activates the channel. In support of our model, cerebrovascular dilation evoked by μM progesterone is lost by mutating Tyr32 or Trp163 in β1 whereas these mutations do not affect alcohol-induced cerebrovascular constriction. Furthermore, this alcohol action is effectively counteracted both in vitro and in vivo by progesterone but not by its oxime.
Superconducting nonlinear transport in optically driven high-temperature K3C60
Authors: Wang E. , Adelinia J. D. , Chavez-Cervantes M. , Matsuyama T. , Fechner M. , Buzzi M. , Meier G. , Cavalleri A.
Published: November 2023

Optically driven quantum materials exhibit a variety of non-equilibrium functional phenomena, which to date have been primarily studied with ultrafast optical, X-Ray and photo-emission spectroscopy. However, little has been done to characterize their transient electrical responses, which are directly associated with the functionality of these materials. Especially interesting are linear and nonlinear current-voltage characteristics at frequencies below 1 THz, which are not easily measured at picosecond temporal resolution. Here, we report on ultrafast transport measurements in photo-excited K3C60. Thin films of this compound were connected to photo-conductive switches with co-planar waveguides. We observe characteristic nonlinear current-voltage responses, which in these films point to photo-induced granular superconductivity. Although these dynamics are not necessarily identical to those reported for the powder samples studied so far, they provide valuable new information on the nature of the light-induced superconducting-like state above equilibrium Tc. Furthermore, integration of non-equilibrium superconductivity into optoelectronic platforms may lead to integration in high-speed devices based on this effect.
Encystation stimuli sensing is mediated by adenylate cyclase AC2-dependent cAMP signaling in Giardia
Authors: Shih Han-Wei , Alas Germain C. M. , Paredez Alexander R.
Published: November 2023

Protozoan parasites use cAMP signaling to precisely regulate the place and time of developmental differentiation, yet it is unclear how this signaling is initiated. Encystation of the intestinal parasite Giardia lamblia can be activated by multiple stimuli, which we hypothesize result in a common physiological change. We demonstrate that bile alters plasma membrane fluidity by reducing cholesterol-rich lipid microdomains, while alkaline pH enhances bile function. Through depletion of the cAMP producing enzyme Adenylate Cyclase 2 (AC2) and the use of a newly developed Giardia-specific cAMP sensor, we show that AC2 is necessary for encystation stimuli-induced cAMP upregulation and activation of downstream signaling. Conversely, over expression of AC2 or exogenous cAMP were sufficient to initiate encystation. Our findings indicate that encystation stimuli induce membrane reorganization, trigger AC2-dependent cAMP upregulation, and initiate encystation-specific gene expression, thereby advancing our understanding of a critical stage in the life cycle of a globally important parasite.
Nigrostriatal dopamine modulates the striatal-amygdala pathway in auditory fear conditioning
Authors: Chen Allen P. F. , Chen Lu , Shi Kaiyo W. , Cheng Eileen , Ge Shaoyu , Xiong Qiaojie
Published: November 2023

The auditory striatum, a sensory portion of the dorsal striatum, plays an essential role in learning and memory. In contrast to its roles and underlying mechanisms in operant conditioning, however, little is known about its contribution to classical auditory fear conditioning. Here, we reveal the function of the auditory striatum in auditory-conditioned fear memory. We find that optogenetically inhibiting auditory striatal neurons impairs fear memory formation, which is mediated through the striatal-amygdala pathway. Using calcium imaging in behaving mice, we find that auditory striatal neuronal responses to conditioned tones potentiate across memory acquisition and expression. Furthermore, nigrostriatal dopaminergic projections plays an important role in modulating conditioning-induced striatal potentiation. Together, these findings demonstrate the existence of a nigro-striatal-amygdala circuit for conditioned fear memory formation and expression.
Modulated Kondo screening along magnetic mirror twin boundaries in monolayer MoS2
Authors: van Efferen Camiel , Fischer Jeison , Costi Theo A. , Rosch Achim , Michely Thomas , Jolie Wouter
Published: November 2023

When a single electron is confined to an impurity state in a metal, a many-body resonance emerges at the Fermi energy if the electron bath screens the impurity’s magnetic moment. This is the Kondo effect, originally introduced to explain the abnormal resistivity behaviour in bulk magnetic alloys, and it has been realized in many quantum systems over the past decades, ranging from heavy-fermion lattices down to adsorbed single atoms. Here we describe a Kondo system that allows us to experimentally resolve the spectral function consisting of impurity levels and a Kondo resonance in a large Kondo temperature range, as well as their spatial modulation. Our approach is based on a discrete half-filled quantum confined state within a MoS2 grain boundary, which—in conjunction with numerical renormalization group calculations—enables us to test the predictive power of the Anderson model that is the basis of the microscopic understanding of Kondo physics.
Circular extrachromosomal DNA promotes tumor heterogeneity in high-risk medulloblastoma
Authors: Chapman Owen S. , Luebeck Jens , Sridhar Sunita , Wong Ivy Tsz-Lo , Dixit Deobrat , Wang Shanqing , Prasad Gino , Rajkumar Utkrisht , Pagadala Meghana S. , Larson Jon D. , He Britney Jiayu , Hung King L. , Lange Joshua T. , Dehkordi Siavash R. , Chandran Sahaana , Adam Miriam , Morgan Ling , Wani Sameena , Tiwari Ashutosh , Guccione Caitlin , Lin Yingxi , Dutta Aditi , Lo Yan Yuen , Juarez Edwin , Robinson James T. , Korshunov Andrey , Michaels John-Edward A. , Cho Yoon-Jae , Malicki Denise M. , Coufal Nicole G. , Levy Michael L. , Hobbs Charlotte , Scheuermann Richard H. , Crawford John R. , Pomeroy Scott L. , Rich Jeremy N. , Zhang Xinlian , Chang Howard Y. , Dixon Jesse R. , Bagchi Anindya , Deshpande Aniruddha J. , Carter Hannah , Fraenkel Ernest , Mischel Paul S. , Wechsler-Reya Robert J. , Bafna Vineet , Mesirov Jill P. , Chavez Lukas
Published: November 2023

Circular extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) in patient tumors is an important driver of oncogenic gene expression, evolution of drug resistance and poor patient outcomes. Applying computational methods for the detection and reconstruction of ecDNA across a retrospective cohort of 481 medulloblastoma tumors from 465 patients, we identify circular ecDNA in 82 patients (18%). Patients with ecDNA-positive medulloblastoma were more than twice as likely to relapse and three times as likely to die within 5 years of diagnosis. A subset of tumors harbored multiple ecDNA lineages, each containing distinct amplified oncogenes. Multimodal sequencing, imaging and CRISPR inhibition experiments in medulloblastoma models reveal intratumoral heterogeneity of ecDNA copy number per cell and frequent putative ‘enhancer rewiring’ events on ecDNA. This study reveals the frequency and diversity of ecDNA in medulloblastoma, stratified into molecular subgroups, and suggests copy number heterogeneity and enhancer rewiring as oncogenic features of ecDNA.
A helical fulcrum in eIF2B coordinates allosteric regulation of stress signaling
Authors: Lawrence Rosalie E. , Shoemaker Sophie R. , Deal Aniliese , Sangwan Smriti , Anand Aditya A. , Wang Lan , Marqusee Susan , Walter Peter
Published: November 2023

The integrated stress response (ISR) enables cells to survive a variety of acute stresses, but chronic activation of the ISR underlies age-related diseases. ISR signaling downregulates translation and activates expression of stress-responsive factors that promote return to homeostasis and is initiated by inhibition of the decameric guanine nucleotide exchange factor eIF2B. Conformational and assembly transitions regulate eIF2B activity, but the allosteric mechanisms controlling these dynamic transitions and mediating the therapeutic effects of the small-molecule ISR inhibitor ISRIB are unknown. Using hydrogen–deuterium exchange–mass spectrometry and cryo-electron microscopy, we identified a central α-helix whose orientation allosterically coordinates eIF2B conformation and assembly. Biochemical and cellular signaling assays show that this ‘switch-helix’ controls eIF2B activity and signaling. In sum, the switch-helix acts as a fulcrum of eIF2B conformational regulation and is a highly conserved actuator of ISR signal transduction. This work uncovers a conserved allosteric mechanism and unlocks new therapeutic possibilities for ISR-linked diseases.
Harmonized geospatial data to support infrastructure siting feasibility planning for energy system transitions
Authors: Vernon Chris R. , Mongird Kendall , Nelson Kristian D. , Rice Jennie S.
Published: November 2023

Climate change, energy system transitions, and socioeconomic change are compounding influences affecting the growth of electricity demand. While energy efficiency initiatives and distributed resources can address a significant amount of this demand, the United States will likely still need new utility-scale generation resources. The energy sector uses capacity expansion planning models to determine the aggregate need for new generation, but these models are typically at the state or regional scale and are not equipped to address the wide range of location- and technology-specific issues that are increasingly a factor in power plant siting. To help address these challenges, we have developed the Geospatial Raster Input Data for Capacity Expansion Regional Feasibility (GRIDCERF) data package, a high-resolution product to evaluate siting suitability for renewable and non-renewable power plants in the conterminous United States. GRIDCERF offers 264 suitability layers for use with 56 power plant technologies in a harmonized format that can be easily ingested by geospatially-enabled modeling software allowing for customization to robustly address science objectives when evaluating varying future conditions.
Leveraging three-tier deep learning model for environmental cleaner plants production
Authors: Tarek Zahraa , Elhoseny Mohamed , Alghamdi Mohamemd I. , EL-Hasnony Ibrahim M.
Published: November 2023

The world's population is expected to exceed 9 billion people by 2050, necessitating a 70% increase in agricultural output and food production to meet the demand. Due to resource shortages, climate change, the COVID-19 pandemic, and highly harsh socioeconomic predictions, such a demand is challenging to complete without using computation and forecasting methods. Machine learning has grown with big data and high-performance computers technologies to open up new data-intensive scientific opportunities in the multidisciplinary agri-technology area. Throughout the plant's developmental period, diseases and pests are natural disasters, from seed production to seedling growth. This paper introduces an early diagnosis framework for plant diseases based on fog computing and edge environment by IoT sensors measurements and communication technologies. The effectiveness of employing pre-trained CNN architectures as feature extractors in identifying plant illnesses has been studied. As feature extractors, standard pre-trained CNN models, AlexNet are employed. The obtained in-depth features are eliminated by proposing a revised version of the grey wolf optimization (GWO) algorithm that approved its efficiency through experiments. The features subset selected were used to train the SVM classifier. Ten datasets for different plants are utilized to assess the proposed model. According to the findings, the proposed model achieved better outcomes for all used datasets. As an average for all datasets, the accuracy of the proposed model is 93.84 compared to 85.49, 87.89, 87.04 for AlexNet, GoogleNet, and the SVM, respectively.