bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Controls on late-Holocene drift-sand dynamics: The dominant role of human pressure in the Netherlands
Authors: Pierik Harm Jan , van Lanen Rowin J , Gouw-Bouman Marjolein TIJ , Groenewoudt Bert J , Wallinga Jakob , Hoek Wim Z
Published: June 2018

Holocene drift-sand activity in the northwest European sand belt is commonly directly linked to population pressure (agricultural activity) or to climate change (e.g. storminess). In the Pleistocene sand areas of the Netherlands, small-scale Holocene drift-sand activity began in the Mesolithic, whereas large-scale sand drifting started during the Middle Ages. This last phase not only coincides with the intensification of farming and demographic pressure but also is commonly associated with a colder climate and enhanced storminess. This raises the question to what extent drift-sand activity can be attributed to either human activities or natural forcing factors. In this study, we compare the spatial and temporal patterns of drift-sand occurrence for the four characteristic Pleistocene sand regions in the Netherlands for the period between 1000 BC and AD 1700. To this end, we compiled a new supra-regional overview of drift-sand activity based on age estimates (14C, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), archaeological and historical ages). The occurrence of sand drifting was then compared in time and space with historical-route networks, relative vegetation openness and climate. Results indicate a constant but low drift-sand activity between 1000 BC and AD 1000, interrupted by a remarkable decrease in activity around the BC/AD transition. It is evident that human pressure on the landscape was most influential on initiating sand drifting: this is supported by more frequent occurrences close to routes and the uninterrupted increase of drift-sand activity from AD 900 onwards, a period of high population density and large-scale deforestation. Once triggered by human activities, this drift-sand development was probably further intensified several centuries later during the cold and stormier ‘Little Ice Age’ (LIA; AD 1570–1850).
Criticality, Empathy and Welfare in Educational Discourses
Authors: Varghese N.V.
Published: June 2018

Criticality is the ability to question current theories and practices in any sector to make them more receptive to social realities. Empathy is the ability to identify with what someone else is thinking or feeling. Empathy forms the foundation for welfare state and its liberal social welfare programmes. The state-led development strategies during the post-war period stemmed from a belief in the idea of welfare state and in the redistribution of resources and opportunities in favour of the deprived groups. The market-led globalisation process has put brakes on the scope of welfare provisions even in democratic societies. The public-funded stimulus packages during the recent economic crisis helped save economies from market failure and reinforced the need for state intervention even for an efficient functioning of markets. Based on an analysis of global trends and Indian context, this paper argues for the need of the educational processes to develop criticality in thinking and empathy in action to help develop a support base for public policies benefiting the poor and the disadvantaged.
Book review: Pamila Gupta, The Relic State: St. Francis Xavier and the Politics of Ritual in Portuguese India
Authors: Lee Christopher J.
Published: June 2018

Pamila Gupta, The Relic State: St. Francis Xavier and the Politics of Ritual in Portuguese India. Series: Studies in Imperialism. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2014, 280 pp., ₤75.00 (Hardcover), Illustrations, Index, ISBN: 978-0-7190-9061-5.
Correlation between symptoms and functioning in psychiatric patients and temporal patterns of medication refills derived from pharmacy prescription claims
Authors: Ermes Miikka , Vuorinen Anna-Leena , Schrader Geoffrey , Bidargaddi Niranjan
Published: June 2018

Objectives:

Pharmacy dispensing claims data provide longitudinal records of prescriptions and refill events. Previous studies in psychiatric patients have utilised these data to derive indicators of medication adherence based on information regarding the amount of medication supplied and its dosage. An alternative approach was developed in which the regularity of medication refill events was analysed as a potential indicator of psychiatric patient symptoms and functioning.

Methods:

A method to quantify the regularity of medication refills was developed and subsequently used to investigate how the resulting regularity index (RI), derived from retrospective prescription refill records, correlated with symptomatic and functional assessments of 89 psychiatric patients after adjusting for covariates.

Results:

A two-step hierarchical regression model indicated that variances explained by prior hospitalisation and the RI were significant for patient scores on the Kessler 10 Psychological Distress Scale (K10), standard beta value 0.22, p < 0.05, for the SF-12 MC, standard beta value −0.31, p < 0.01, and the Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS), standard beta value 0.31, p < 0.01.

Conclusions:

This method to quantify the regularity of medication refills using prescription supply date alone may provide valuable information about patients’ symptoms and functioning.
Number of Unused Medications at the Time of Last Admission: A Prospective Observational Study in a Single Palliative Care Unit
Authors: Omae Takahito , Yotani Nobuyuki , Sakashita Akihiro , Kizawa Yoshiyuki
Published: June 2018

Background:

Unused medications (UM) are an important issue, with the waste associated with UM a burden to the health-care system. The aims of this study were to clarify the amount and costs of UM in patients with advanced cancer at the time of their last admission to a palliative care unit and to explore the factors contributing to the cost of UM and how patients dealt with UM.

Methods:

A prospective observational study was conducted in single palliative care unit. Unused medications were classified into 6 categories and the number and cost of UM by category calculated per patient. Patients were classified into 2 cost groups (high and low) based on the total cost of UM, and the number and cost of UM by category were compared between these 2 groups.

Results:

Of 194 consecutive hospitalized patients, data were analyzed for 90. The mean number and cost of UM per patient was 440 and US$301, respectively. Opioids accounted for 47% of the cost of UM. Comparing costs by UM category, the proportion of opioids (51% vs 21%; P < .0001) and oral anticancer drugs (14% vs 3%; P = .02) was higher in the high- than in the low-cost group.

Conclusion:

Based on the results of the present study, the estimated annual waste cost of UM for patients with cancer who died in Japan was approximately US$110 million. Interventions to educate patients regarding UM and to eliminate barriers to opioid use may help reduce the cost of UM, particularly opioids and anticancer drugs.
A New Technique for Retracting the Protrusive Premaxilla With Fewer Patient Visits
Authors: Erüz Murat , Yagci Ahmet , Ozyazgan Irfan
Published: June 2018

Bilateral cleft lip and palate with premaxillary protrusion is a great challenge due to a large defect area. Retraction of the premaxilla before surgery can be done with numerous orthopedic treatment options. In patients who have cleft lip and alveolus, but not cleft palate, it is quite difficult to get to the place where the premaxilla should be. To effectively reach the location where the premaxilla should be, new appliances with expansion and retraction screws were designed. This new design aims to treat the patient with fewer visits. Our study presents the treatment of a case with excessive premaxillary growth and no palatal defect treated with our new design.
Introduction of a Mobile Adverse Event Reporting System Is Associated With Participation in Adverse Event Reporting
Authors: Rubin Daniel S. , Pesyna Colin , Jakubczyk Sharon , Liao Chuanhong , Tung Avery
Published: June 2018

Physicians underutilize adverse event reporting systems. Web-based platforms have increased participation; thus, it was hypothesized that a mobile application would increase adverse event reporting. The authors developed a mobile reporting application for iOS and Android operating systems and performed a retrospective review on reporting rates by clinicians in the Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care. Monthly reporting rates were calculated for the intervention year and for the 2 prior years (2013-2016). The Wilcoxon rank sum test and χ2 test were used to evaluate significance. Overall monthly reporting rates for all clinicians were 15.3 ± 7 for the first time period, 17.3 ± 6 for the second time period, and 27.9 ± 7 for the third time period ( P = .0035). The majority of reports in the third time period were submitted using the mobile application (193/337, 57%, P = .026). Deployment of a mobile application reduced barriers to adverse event reporting and increased monthly reporting rates for all clinicians.
Does It All Stay in the (Normative) Family? Attitudes About Family Among Female Jewish and Muslim Health-Profession Students in Israel
Authors: Fogiel-Bijaoui Sylvie , Halperin Dafna
Published: June 2018

Family individualization occurs, if at all, at a different pace and to a different extent in various societies and in various parts of society. Its impact has led to new scholarship in the social and caring professions, for which the concept of family is central in both professional education and practice. It is assumed that attitudes toward changing marital norms, family forms, and family relationships affect professionals’ performance. This study, conducted in Israel in 2014 with 157 female health-profession students—102 (65%) Jews and 55 (35%) Muslim Arabs—focuses on attitudes about the family. Three patterns of attitudes emerged: individualized traditionalism—a mix of traditional and individualized attitudes, present among both the Jewish and the Muslim students; individualized autonomy, present mostly among the Jewish students; and classic traditionalism, present mostly among the Muslim students. Implications of these findings for the education and practice of health care professionals are also discussed.
Differentiating Autism Spectrum Disorder From ADHD Using the Social Communication Questionnaire
Authors: Mouti Anissa , Dryer Rachel , Kohn Michael
Published: June 2018

Objective: This study examined the ability of the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) to differentiate between autism spectrum disorder (ASD), ADHD, and typically developing (TD) children. Method: Children ( Mage = 11.27 years, SDage = 3.28) identified with ASD Severity Levels “1” and/or “2” ( n = 28), ADHD ( n = 44), dual diagnoses of ADHD and ASD ( n = 29), and TD ( n = 61) were assessed using the SCQ. Results: The SCQ differentiated between ASD and non-ASD groups. Children with ASD had higher total and domain scores on the SCQ than ADHD and TD children. The optimal cutoff total score of 13 was identified for differentiating between ASD and ADHD groups (area under the curve [AUC] = .96). Twenty eight of the 39 items were identified as significant in differentiating between ASD and ADHD. Conclusion: The SCQ continues to be a well-validated screening tool for ASD and is suitable for determining whether further ASD assessment is warranted in children with ADHD symptoms.
The development of consonant and lexical-tone discrimination between 3 and 6 years: Effect of language exposure
Authors: Cabrera Laurianne , Bijeljac-Babic Ranka , Bertoncini Josiane
Published: June 2018

Aims and objectives:

The present study explored children’s discrimination capacities for lexical tones and consonants between 3 and 6 years of age and the effect of native language on this ability. Recent studies in infants have shown a perceptual rebound for non-native listeners during the second year of life, but only for lexical tones. However, the later stages of development, and particularly when children start pre-school, are yet not clear.

Design:

Discrimination abilities of 134 children were measured in three age groups between 3 and 6 years using a behavioural task where children detected a change in lexical tones or consonants. Children were either French monolinguals, French bilinguals exposed to an Asian tone language or French bilinguals exposed to a second non-tone language at home.

Data and analysis:

Overall, results indicated that higher detection scores for consonants were observed from 4 to 5 years, while for lexical tones the highest scores were observed only at 5–6 years. Moreover, bilingual children exposed to an Asian tone language had higher scores for tones compared to monolingual French children. Interestingly, both bilingual groups, whether exposed to an Asian tone language or to a non-tone language, had better scores for tones than for French consonants, while monolinguals performed equally with both.

Conclusions:

Language exposure from an early age influences phonological development and bilingualism seems to enhance the perception of prosodic information.

Originality:

This study is the first to show a different developmental trajectory for consonant and lexical-tone discrimination between 3 and 6 years according to the native language.

Significance:

Similar detection scores for tones and consonants for monolingual French children and better detection for tones than for consonants for both groups of bilinguals suggest that the perception of lexical tone is determined by both language-specific influences and non-linguistic/auditory processing during childhood.
Mechanism analysis of steel frames considering moment–shear interaction
Authors: Kazemi Mohammad T , Sharifi Mahdi , Yang Jian
Published: June 2018

Considering the interaction of flexural moment and shear force in the steel frames with haunch or intermediate beam length and eccentrically braced frames with intermediate link length is a major concern of the structural analysis and design. This article contains two stages. In the first stage, to investigate the moment–shear interaction for the highly ductile steel I-sections, a study is carried out using finite element analysis and a simple and practical relationship is developed. In the second stage, a simple approach based on virtual work method for assemblage of interconnected rigid bodies is employed to consider collapse mechanisms with mixed hinges. Using this approach, the applicability of the proposed relationship is demonstrated for a one-bay portal frame by considering all possible collapse mechanisms including those containing mixed hinges. Some numerical examples are presented using the proposed approach. Results indicate that, in general, the effect of moment–shear interaction on the load capacity of the structures cannot be ignored, and the capacity could be estimated, without using step-by-step analysis. Finally, by satisfying kinematic compatibility requirements and normality condition, simplified relations are derived to estimate post-mechanism deformations of plastic hinges for a prescribed lateral drift.
Red state, purple town: Polarized communities and local journalism in rural and small-town Kentucky
Authors: Wenzel Andrea
Published: June 2018

As the United States grapples with increasingly partisan media and affective polarization, how do cultural and political fault lines filter into residents’ daily lives, and how are they navigated? This case study of a region within a red state uses a communication infrastructure theory framework to examine how this political context affects residents’ relationships with media and their larger community storytelling networks. Through a series of focus groups, story diaries, and interviews with residents and local journalists, it explores whether shared communication resources remain and the potential for creating spaces for dialogue across political and demographic divides. Findings illustrate how residents negotiate interpersonal relationships, community spaces, and local and national media in a polarized communication context. The study highlights the importance of recognizing place-based identities and media representations to facilitate trust in journalism and points to possible responses for local news and community engagement.
Developing a Theoretical Framework for a Complex Maternal–Child Health Intervention: Health Beginning Initiative
Authors: Ezeanolue Echezona E. , Pharr Jennifer R. , Patel Dina V. , Ezeanolue Chinenye O. , Obiefune Michael C. , Ogidi Amaka G. , Ehiri John E.
Published: June 2018

A theoretical framework serves as a roadmap for the implementation and application of a complex, health promotion intervention; is used to test hypotheses; and guides analysis and evaluation of the intervention. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how a theoretical framework was developed and used to guide the implementation of Healthy Beginning Initiative (HBI) to promote uptake of HIV services in a low-income country. We used the guide for developing a theoretical framework published in Health Promotion Practice. Developing the theoretical framework included seven steps: (1) identifying the essential elements of the intervention; (2) identifying the variables and the context; (3) listing the postulated mechanisms, mediating variables, and postulated outcomes; (4) identifying existing theoretical models supporting the theoretical framework underdevelopment; (5) scripting the theoretical framework into either a figure or sets of statements; (6) conducting content and face validation of the theoretical framework; and (7) revising the theoretical framework. The theoretical framework was developed and used to evaluate HBI’s impact on HIV testing, linkage to care and retention in care for pregnant women, their male partners, and newborns. The theoretical framework will also be adapted for other screenings and other settings while remaining true to the essential elements of HBI.
Intention to Participate in Group Prenatal Care: Moving Beyond Yes or No
Authors: Berman Rebecca , Weber Yorga Kim , Sheeder Jeanelle
Published: June 2018

Group prenatal care (GPNC) is an alternative model to traditional individual care and may improve public health outcomes. Prior studies suggest that interest in GPNC varies widely and few studies have examined characteristics predictive of interest in this model. The purpose of this study was to inform GPNC recruitment efforts by examining likelihood of participation delineated by characteristics and GPNC perceptions. Pregnant participants received information about GPNC then completed a survey measuring demographic, psychosocial, and reproductive characteristics, likelihood to participate in GPNC, and factors influencing selections. Respondents expressed varied levels of likelihood to participate in GPNC; 16.2% low likelihood, 44.9% moderate likelihood, and 38.9% high likelihood. Characteristics were similar between groups, and thus their use is not recommended when targeting recruitment efforts. Benefits outweighed barriers and threats for the high likelihood category, barriers and threats outweighed benefits for the low likelihood category, and benefits, barriers, and threats were balanced for the moderate likelihood category. Accurately assessing likelihood of participating in GPNC efficiently identifies individuals who are clearly either going to decline or participate, as well as promotes targeted recruitment efforts directed at those who are ambivalent. Understanding and addressing perceived benefits, barriers, and threats supports effective GPNC recruitment.
Three Motives for Abusive Supervision: The Mitigating Effect of Subordinates Attributed Motives on Abusive Supervision’s Negative Outcomes
Authors: Kim Kyoung Yong , Atwater Leanne , Latheef Zahir , Zheng Dianhan
Published: June 2018

We have learned a great deal about the negative consequences of abusive supervision, but little attention has been paid to supervisors’ motives for engaging in abusive behavior. This is an important gap in the literature because the consequences of abusive supervision are likely to differ depending on its attributed motive. The current study extends the literature on abusive supervision by refining the attributed motives of abusive supervision and by examining how the attributed motives influence the negative effects of abusive supervision on leader–member exchange (LMX) and withdrawal behaviors (work withdrawal and job withdrawal). Specifically, we develop a conditional process model of abusive supervision which suggests that the negative relationship between abusive supervision and LMX is moderated by the attributed motives of abusive supervision (three motives: injury initiation, performance pressure, and personal disposition to abuse). Our results also suggest that lowered LMX resulting from abusive supervision increases victims’ work withdrawal and job withdrawal behaviors as moderated by organizational tenure. Using quantitative and qualitative data from 139 victims of abuse, we test the proposed model.
Dynamic cluster heads selection and data aggregation for efficient target monitoring and tracking in wireless sensor networks
Authors: Feng Juan , Shi Xiaozhu , Zhang Jinxin
Published: June 2018

Due to energy limitation in wireless sensor networks, clustering is an efficient scheme which has been widely used in building practical wireless sensor networks, and various cluster head selection methods have been proposed nowadays. However, less emphasis was placed on the application constraints cluster head selection. In traditional clustering wireless sensor networks, cluster head is always located at the cluster centre and cannot detect an intruding target since the target first transits the border. Moreover, the data sensed from a target are sent by each cluster head through different routings to the sink so that it cannot be aggregated efficiently near the data source. In order to address these problems, this article proposes an efficient target tracking approach, in which the nodes on the edge of a cluster instead of the centred nodes are chosen as cluster heads so that cluster heads can serve as manager and monitoring node. Furthermore, we choose a collecting cluster head to collect the sensed data from the cluster heads around the target to facilitate data aggregation. Hence, the sensed data can be aggregated near to the data source, which avoids the data long-distance transmission and reduces data gathering costs. Moreover, each cluster head has different lifetime in the efficient target tracking approach according to its location and residual energy to balance the energy cost. Experimental results show that efficient target tracking approach outperformed the state-of-the-art approaches by improving the energy consumption as well as prolonging the network lifetime by about 20% as the 20% nodes die.
The Connections Between Work, Prostate Cancer Screening, Diagnosis, and the Decision to Undergo Radical Prostatectomy
Authors: Yu Ko Wellam F. , Oliffe John L. , Johnson Joy L. , Bottorff Joan L.
Published: June 2018

Prostate cancer diagnosis can occur at a time when men’s work and careers are central to their masculine identity, sense of purpose, and family life. In Canada, an aging male population, along with medical advances, has resulted in increasing numbers of working men being diagnosed with, and treated for, prostate cancer. Little is known about the linkages between men’s work and their experiences of prostate cancer. In this qualitative study, 24 Western Canadian men were interviewed to distil the connections between work, prostate cancer screening, diagnosis, and the decision to undergo radical prostatectomy. Data were analyzed using constant comparison in the context of masculinities theory. The findings demonstrated that work was central to men’s masculine identities and afforded financial security, social status, and a sense of personal growth. However, work-related strain and demands were also found to affect participants’ health and distance them from their families. A diagnosis of prostate cancer tended to diminish the importance of work, wherein participants focused on optimizing their health and strengthening family relations. In deciding on radical prostatectomy as a treatment to eradicate prostate cancer, few men considered the implications for returning to work. The current study findings indicate that clinicians and patients should explicitly explore and discuss how surgery side effects may affect work and career plans during treatment decision-making.
Adaptive neural back-stepping control of flexible air-breathing hypersonic vehicles with parametric uncertainties
Authors: Bu Xiangwei , Lei Humin , He Guangjun , Gao Yupeng , Zhao Yan
Published: June 2018

Control system is significant for making flight safety. In this study, a novel adaptive neural back-stepping controller is exploited for the longitudinal dynamics of a flexible air-breathing hypersonic vehicle. A combined neural network approach and back-stepping scheme is utilized for developing an output-feedback controller that provides robust tracking of the velocity and altitude commands. For each subsystem, only one neural network is employed to approximate the lumped system uncertainty by updating its weight vector adaptively while the problem of possible control singularity is eliminated. The uniformly ultimately boundedness is guaranteed for the closed-loop control system by means of Lyapunov stability theory. The main contribution is that the design complexity is reduced and less neural networks are required. Finally, simulation results illustrate that the proposed control strategy achieves satisfying tracking performance in spite of flexible effects and system uncertainties.
Platformed! Network industries and the new digital paradigm
Authors: Montero Juan J. , Finger Matthias
Published: June 2018

Digitalization is creating a new model of industrial organization as online platform intermediate in multisided markets. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how the platform paradigm provides a simple and useful framework to analyze the impact of digitalization on network industries. The first online platforms (searches and social platforms) disrupted content industries (music, newspapers, media, etc.) but as platforms proliferate, they are also disrupting industries with physical assets, such as accommodation. Disruption has reached network industries, and similar features emerge as they are all being “platformed.” On the one hand, platform-based services are replacing traditional network industry services. This is the case of electronic mail and postal service and carpooling platforms and railways. On the other hand, platforms are commoditizing network industry services, as they become mere sides in multisided markets coordinated by a platform. This is the case of telecom services and over the top providers (WhatsApp, Skype, and YouTube) and, potentially, of isolated transport services and “Mobility-as-a-Service” platforms. Regulation is becoming a key consideration. First, there is a debate on whether platforms should be subject to the same regulatory obligations as traditional network players. Second, there is a debate on whether platforms should have access to network services under regulated terms. Overall, platforms are replacing former monopolists in the central role as coordinators of the sector.
Reporting in Latin America: Issues and Perspectives on Investigative Journalism in the Region
Authors: Saldaña Magdalena , Mourão Rachel R.
Published: June 2018

This study investigates challenges faced by investigative journalists in Latin America, one of the most dangerous places in the world for reporters. Guided by the hierarchy of influences model, we analyzed answers from 1,543 journalists, journalism educators, and journalism students in the region. We identified both single and multilevel constraints impeding investigative reporting in Latin America. Single-level influences are those that are better analyzed by focusing on one level of the hierarchical model. These included individual (lack of training), routine (relationships with sources), organizational (media ownership), and institutional influences (censorship). However, results also suggest there are certain types of influences that are better suited for analysis combining all levels. Despite two decades of media liberalization, crime and corruption, state violence against the press, and the lack of a free-speech culture cut across all layers, posing severe constraints to investigative reporting in Latin America.
An exploration of the relationship between families of deceased organ donors and transplant recipients: A systematic review and qualitative synthesis
Authors: Dicks Sean Glenton , Northam Holly , van Haren Frank MP , Boer Douglas P
Published: June 2018

Following deceased organ donation and transplantation, the narratives of families of donors and organ recipients become connected. This is acknowledged when parties receive anonymous information from donation agencies and transplant centres, when they exchange correspondence or when they meet in person. This article reviews literature describing the experience from the points of view of donor families, recipients, and other stakeholders to explore the dynamic system that evolves around this relationship. Findings highlight a link between identity development and ongoing adjustment and will assist those supporting donor families and recipients to make decisions that fit meaningfully.
Iterative Live Case Projects
Authors: Hunt David M. , Smith Kirk
Published: June 2018

Classroom methods that facilitate student learning from iteration have received little attention from scholars. Iterative learning requires students to repeat a problem-solving task in new contexts each time applying lessons from previous applications. Iterative learning formats improve students’ learning outcomes and help instructors ensure that knowledge and skills learned in the classroom transfer to other contexts. This article describes the sequential use of three live case projects as a method to deliver an iterative learning experience. Providing students both formative and summative feedback from multiple sources and designing assignments and classroom activities to accommodate 4-week project cycles are key aspects of implementing iterative projects. Instructors in a broad range of managerial courses can adapt this course design to achieve similar significant learning outcomes.
Correction to: The knowledge, attitudes and practices of doctors regarding antibiotic resistance at a tertiary care institution in the Caribbean
Authors: Nicholson Alison , Tennant Ingrid , White Livingston , Thoms-Rodriguez Camille-Ann , Cook Loraine , Johnson Stephen , Thompson Tamara , Barnett Jasper , Richards Lundie
Published: June 2018

The original article [1] contains a major error whereby the present title does not display the correct wording as intended by the authors.
Parkinson's disease‐associated protein Parkin: an unusual player in cancer
Authors: Liu Juan , Zhang Cen , Hu Wenwei , Feng Zhaohui
Published: June 2018

The mutation of the Parkin gene is a cause of familial Parkinson's disease. A growing body of evidence suggests that Parkin also functions as a tumor suppressor. Parkin is an ubiquitin E3 ligase, and plays important roles in a variety of cellular processes implicated in tumorigenesis, including cell cycle, cell proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis, mitophagy and metabolic reprogramming. Here we review the role and mechanism of Parkin in cancer.
EED, a member of the polycomb group, is required for nephron differentiation and the maintenance of nephron progenitor cells
Authors: Zhang Le , Ettou Sandrine , Khalid Myda , Taglienti Mary , Jain Dhawal , Jung Youngsook L. , Seager Catherine , Liu Yongqing , Ng Kar-Hui , Park Peter J. , Kreidberg Jordan A.
Published: June 2018

Epigenetic regulation of gene expression has a crucial role allowing for the self-renewal and differentiation of stem and progenitor populations during organogenesis. The mammalian kidney maintains a population of self-renewing stem cells that differentiate to give rise to thousands of nephrons, which are the functional units that carry out filtration to maintain physiological homeostasis. The polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) epigenetically represses gene expression during development by placing the H3K27me3 mark on histone H3 at promoter and enhancer sites, resulting in gene silencing. To understand the role of PRC2 in nephron differentiation, we conditionally inactivated the Eed gene, which encodes a nonredundant component of the PRC2 complex, in nephron progenitor cells. Resultant kidneys were smaller and showed premature loss of progenitor cells. The progenitors in Eed mutant mice that were induced to differentiate did not develop into properly formed nephrons. Lhx1, normally expressed in the renal vesicle, was overexpressed in kidneys of Eed mutant mice. Thus, PRC2 has a crucial role in suppressing the expression of genes that maintain the progenitor state, allowing nephron differentiation to proceed.
Hedgehog-GLI signaling inFoxd1-positive stromal cells promotes nephrogenesis Via TGFβ signaling
Authors: Rowan Christopher J. , Li Winny , Martirosyan Hovhannes , Erwood Steven , Hu Di , Kim Yun-Kyo , Sheybani-Deloui Sepideh , Mulder Jaap , Blake Joshua , Chen Lin , Rosenblum Norman D.
Published: June 2018

Normal kidney function depends on the proper development of the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney. Reciprocal signaling interactions between the stroma and nephron progenitor compartment have been proposed to control nephron development. Here, we show that removal of Hedgehog intracellular effector Smoothened (Smo-deficient mutants) in the cortical stroma results in an abnormal renal capsule, and an expanded nephron progenitor domain with an accompanying decrease in nephron number via a block in epithelialization. We show that stromal-Hedgehog-Smo signaling acts through GLI3 repressor. Whole kidney RNA sequencing and analysis of FACS-isolated stromal cells identified impaired TGFβ2 signaling in Smo-deficient mutants. We show that neutralization and knockdown of TGFβ2 in explants inhibited nephrogenesis. In addition, we demonstrate that concurrent deletion of Tgfbr2 in stromal and nephrogenic cells in vivo results in decreased nephron formation and an expanded nephrogenic precursor domain similar to that observed in Smo-deficient mutant mice. Together, our data suggest a mechanism whereby a stromal Hedgehog-TGFβ2 signaling axis acts to control nephrogenesis.
Bsx controls pineal complex development
Authors: Schredelseker Theresa , Driever Wolfgang
Published: June 2018

Neuroendocrine cells in the pineal gland release melatonin during the night and in teleosts are directly photoreceptive. During development of the pineal complex, a small number of cells migrate leftward away from the pineal anlage to form the parapineal cell cluster, a process which is crucial for asymmetrical development of the bilateral habenular nuclei. Here we show that, throughout zebrafish embryonic development, the brain-specific homeobox (bsx) gene is expressed in all cell types of the pineal complex. We identified Bmp and Noto/Flh as major regulators of bsx expression in the pineal complex. Upon loss of Bsx through the generation of a targeted mutation, embryos fail to form a parapineal organ and develop right-isomerized habenulae. Crucial enzymes in the melatonin biosynthesis pathway are not expressed, suggesting absence of melatonin from the pineal gland of bsx mutants. Several genes involved in rod-like or cone-like phototransduction are also abnormally expressed, indicating that Bsx plays a pivotal role in differentiation of multiple cell types in the zebrafish pineal complex.
SLAM-ITseq: Sequencing cell type-specific transcriptomes without cell sorting
Authors: Matsushima Wayo , Herzog Veronika A. , Neumann Tobias , Gapp Katharina , Zuber Johannes , Ameres Stefan L. , Miska Eric A.
Published: June 2018

Cell type-specific transcriptome analysis is an essential tool in understanding biological processes in which diverse types of cells are involved. Although cell isolation methods such as fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) in combination with transcriptome analysis have widely been used so far, their time-consuming and harsh procedures limit their applications. Here, we report a novel in vivo metabolic RNA sequencing method, SLAM-ITseq, which metabolically labels RNA with 4-thiouracil in a specific cell type in vivo followed by detection through an RNA-seq-based method that specifically distinguishes the thiolated uridine by base conversion. This method has successfully identified the cell type-specific transcriptome in three different tissues: endothelial cells in brain, epithelial cells in intestine, and adipocytes in white adipose tissue. Since this method does not require isolation of cells or RNA prior to the transcriptomic analysis, SLAM-ITseq provides an easy yet accurate snapshot of the transcriptional state in vivo.
Third-generation in situ hybridization chain reaction: multiplexed, quantitative, sensitive, versatile, robust
Authors: Choi Harry M. T. , Schwarzkopf Maayan , Fornace Mark E. , Acharya Aneesh , Artavanis Georgios , Stegmaier Johannes , Cunha Alexandre , Pierce Niles A.
Published: June 2018

In situ hybridization based on the mechanism of the hybridization chain reaction (HCR) has addressed multi-decade challenges that impeded imaging of mRNA expression in diverse organisms, offering a unique combination of multiplexing, quantitation, sensitivity, resolution and versatility. Here, with third-generation in situ HCR, we augment these capabilities using probes and amplifiers that combine to provide automatic background suppression throughout the protocol, ensuring that reagents will not generate amplified background even if they bind non-specifically within the sample. Automatic background suppression dramatically enhances performance and robustness, combining the benefits of a higher signal-to-background ratio with the convenience of using unoptimized probe sets for new targets and organisms. In situ HCR v3.0 enables three multiplexed quantitative analysis modes: (1) qHCR imaging – analog mRNA relative quantitation with subcellular resolution in the anatomical context of whole-mount vertebrate embryos; (2) qHCR flow cytometry – analog mRNA relative quantitation for high-throughput expression profiling of mammalian and bacterial cells; and (3) dHCR imaging – digital mRNA absolute quantitation via single-molecule imaging in thick autofluorescent samples.
Unconventional protein secretion – new insights into the pathogenesis and therapeutic targets of human diseases
Authors: Kim Jiyoon , Gee Heon Yung , Lee Min Goo
Published: June 2018

Most secretory proteins travel through a well-documented conventional secretion pathway involving the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi complex. However, recently, it has been shown that a significant number of proteins reach the plasma membrane or extracellular space via unconventional routes. Unconventional protein secretion (UPS) can be divided into two types: (i) the extracellular secretion of cytosolic proteins that do not bear a signal peptide (i.e. leaderless proteins) and (ii) the cell-surface trafficking of signal-peptide-containing transmembrane proteins via a route that bypasses the Golgi. Understanding the UPS pathways is not only important for elucidating the mechanisms of intracellular trafficking pathways but also has important ramifications for human health, because many of the proteins that are unconventionally secreted by mammalian cells and microorganisms are associated with human diseases, ranging from common inflammatory diseases to the lethal genetic disease of cystic fibrosis. Therefore, it is timely and appropriate to summarize and analyze the mechanisms of UPS involvement in disease pathogenesis, as they may be of use for the development of new therapeutic approaches. In this Review, we discuss the intracellular trafficking pathways of UPS cargos, particularly those related to human diseases. We also outline the disease mechanisms and the therapeutic potentials of new strategies for treating UPS-associated diseases.
Analysis of vascular mechanical properties from the yellow anaconda indicates increased elasticity and distensibility of the pulmonary artery during digestion
Authors: Filogonio Renato , Wang Tobias , Danielsen Carl Christian
Published: June 2018

In animals with functional division of blood systemic and pulmonary pressures, such as mammals, birds, crocodilians and a few exceptions among non-crocodilian reptiles, the vessel walls of systemic and pulmonary arteries are exquisitely adapted to endure different pressures during the cardiac cycle, systemic arteries being stronger and stiffer than pulmonary arteries. However, the typical non-crocodilian reptile heart possesses an undivided ventricle that provides similar systolic blood pressures to both circuits. This raises the question whether in these species the systemic and pulmonary mechanical vascular properties are similar. Snakes also display large organ plasticity and increased cardiac output in response to digestion, and we speculate how the vascular circuit would respond to this further stress. We addressed these questions by testing the mechanical vascular properties of the dorsal aorta and the right pulmonary artery of fasted and fed yellow anacondas, Eunectes notaeus, a snake without functional ventricular separation that also exhibits large metabolic and cardiovascular responses to digestion. Similar to previous studies, the dorsal aorta was thicker, stronger, stiffer and more elastic than the pulmonary artery. However, unlike any other species studied so far, the vascular distensibility (i.e. the relative volume change given a pressure change) was similar for both circuits. Most striking, the pulmonary artery elasticity (i.e. its capacity to resume its original form after being stretched) and distensibility increased during digestion, which suggests that this circuit is remodeled to accommodate the larger stroke volume and enhance the Windkessel effect, thus providing a more constant blood perfusion during digestion.
Exploiting Externalities to Estimate the Long-Term Effects of Early Childhood Deworming
Authors: Ozier Owen
Published: June 2018

I investigate whether a school-based deworming intervention in Kenya had long-term effects on young children. I exploit positive externalities from the program to estimate impacts on younger children who were not directly treated. Ten years after the intervention, I find large cognitive effects—comparable to between 0.5 and 0.8 years of schooling—for children who were less than one year old when their communities received school-based mass deworming treatment. I find no effect on child height or stunting. I also estimate effects among children whose older siblings received treatment directly; in this subpopulation, cognition effects are nearly twice as large. (JEL I12, I18, I21, I26, I28, J13, O15)
Academic Peer Effects with Different Group Assignment Policies: Residential Tracking versus Random Assignment
Authors: Garlick Robert
Published: June 2018

I study the relative academic performance of students tracked or randomly assigned to South African university dormitories. Tracking reduces low-scoring students' GPAs and has little effect on high-scoring students, leading to lower and more dispersed GPAs. I also directly estimate peer effects using random variation in peer groups across dormitories. Living with higher-scoring peers raises students' GPAs, particularly for low-scoring students, and peer effects are stronger between socially proximate students. This shows that much of the treatment effect of tracking is attributable to peer effects. These results present a cautionary note about sorting students into academically homogeneous classrooms or neighborhoods. (JEL I23, I24, I28, O15, Z13)
Preface
Authors: Kaarma Helje
Published: June 2018

Preface
THE CONSTITUTION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: STATE AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Гдалевич Ирина , Gdalevich Irina , Цамалаидзе Нана , Samalaidze Nana
Published: June 2018

This article deals with the problems of implementation and operation of the current Constitution. The disputes on the legitimacy and reform of the Constitution are analyzed, as well as the problem of ensuring, guaranteeing and protecting the rights and freedoms of man and citizen is revealed
The Impact of Foreign Capital on the Russian Banking Sector
Authors: Мусаева М. , Musaeva M.
Published: June 2018

Th e article is devoted to the role of foreign capital in the national banking system. Th e author describes the main positive and negative aspects of its infl uence.
Learning to Trust: From Relational Exchange to Generalized Trust in China
Authors: Nee Victor , Holm Håkan J. , Opper Sonja
Published: June 2018

Where does generalized trust—that is, the inclination to place trust in strangers—come from? Our claim is that in economic action, sources of generalized trust may not differ much from the sources of personalized trust. Contrary to a common assumption of a sharp distinction between personalized and generalized trust, we assert a likely spillover effect from relational exchange to a person’s expectations in interacting with an anonymous other. Our research integrates behavioral measures elicited by a novel incentivized trust game with survey data using a random sample of 540 entrepreneurs of private industrial firms in the Yangzi delta region of China. We show that entrepreneurs with more experience in relational exchange display greater trust in strangers. Likewise, we find robust evidence of a positive association between beliefs in the effectiveness of community business norms and generalized trust.
PENSANDO COM IMAGENS NA/DA DIFERENÇA PARA UMA SOCIEDADE DO COMPARTILHAMENTO
Authors: De Medeiros Cristiano Sant'Anna
Published: June 2018

Partindo das premissas dos estudos nos/dos/com os cotidianos, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo pensar com imagens compartilhadas por estudantes do terceiro ano do Ensino Médio, do Colégio Estadual Abdias Nascimento, em Nova Iguaçu, Baixada Fluminense/RJ, as noções de diferença tecidas com essa prática em suas articulações com as narrativas que engendraram. As imagens em questão foram compartilhadas na rede social da internet Facebook, em  páginas correspondentes a  grupos criados para este fim, denominados #Diferença e que operaram como dispositivo de pesquisa-intervenção, situando-se em um contexto que enunciamos como “sociedade do compartilhamento”. Buscamos pensar com fragmentos das redes de significações tecidas no momento em que eram compostas, problematizando conceitos, representações, dogmas e rupturas em relação a perspectivas tradicionais e hegemônicas da noção de diferença. As imagens, acompanhadas de suas narrativas/análises, nos deram pistas para pensar nos múltiplos atravessamentos e bricolagens entre imagens e ideias de diferença que são criadas e circulam nas múltiplas redes educativas e que engendram os processos curriculares nos cotidianos das escolas.
DESAFIOS CONTEMPORÂNEOS: (RE)PENSAR A FORMAÇÃO DOCENTE EM REDE
Authors: Silva Wagna Andrade
Published: June 2018

Esta pesquisa apresenta como objetivo investigar quais usos que os docentes fazem das tecnologias digitais em suas práticas pedagógicas. Para isso, o trabalho de campo realizado em 2017 centralizou seus esforços em conhecer essas práticas através da análise interpretativa de relatos online produzidos e enviados por quinze professores do primeiro segmento do ensino fundamental que atuam em múltiplos cotidianos escolares. Através da abordagem teórico-metodológica dos estudos com os cotidianos, o instrumento metodológico de pesquisa utilizado foi o Google formulário. Como resultado desta experiência, os professores participantes da pesquisa evidenciaram o quanto os usos das tecnologias digitais são plurais e distintos, ainda que falte infraestrutura nas escolas e formação continuada atenta a (re)pensar o digital na prática pedagógica.