bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On Becoming a Home Economist: Conversations on the Meaning
Authors: Vaines Eleanore
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to explore, through conversations with graduates of the School of Family and Nutritional Sciences at the University of British Co lumbia, the sources and nature of influences placed upon these individuals as they first anticipated their careers, chose to major in the field of home economics, and now practice as professionals. By uncovering questions, this study has theo retical importance in that it contributes to the growing body of knowledge about women and perspectives on their education and work. It has practical implica tions for the recruitment, education, and professional development of home economists and other women in female‐majority fields.
Primary Household Production of Food, Food Expenditures, and Reported Adequacy of Food
Authors: Volker Carol B. , Winter Mary
Published: March 2007

Relationships between primary household production of food and (1) household expenditures for food and (2) the respondent's assessment of the adequacy of the household's food were examined in a standard path analysis of data from the 1977–78 USDA Food Consumption Survey. Separate analyses were done for fe male‐headed and couple‐headed households. The most important predictors of primary household production of food in both groups were the urbanization of the location of residence, followed by home ownership. Household size adjusted for ages and composition was the most important predictor of food expenditures for both groups, followed by income. Primary household production of food was related to lower household food expenditures in the couple‐headed households. Important predictors of the reported adequacy of the household's food for house holds headed by a female were the education and age of the household head, adjusted household size, and hours worked by the head. In households headed by a couple, reported adequacy was primarily a function of education of the head, adjusted household size, the number of hours worked by the household heads, home ownership, and total food expenditures.
Theses and Dissertations Completed in Home Economics: 1988
Authors: Griffith Ruth Y. , Helmick Sandra A.
Published: March 2007

A compilation of titles of theses and dissertations completed in colleges and universities in the United States during 1988 is presented. The 856 titles submitted by 59 schools are listed by subject matter area and degree; each entry includes title, author, institution, and availability of the thesis or dissertation. Information about graduate research in home economics is summarized in five tables: (1) numbers of titles submitted by each school, (2) numbers and percentages of theses and dissertations by subject matter areas, (3) institutions reporting highest numbers of theses and dissertations, (4) institutions reporting highest numbers of theses and dissertations by subject matter areas, and (5) total numbers of titles by degree and subject matter area since reporting began in 1982.
Research Productivity of Home Economics Education Faculty: Administrators' Perspectives
Authors: Wilson Patricia M. , Wilson Jeffrey R.
Published: March 2007

Home economics education adrninistrators' perceptions of factors contributing to research productivity of faculty were analyzed. One hundred and sixty adminis trators responded to the questionnaire. Twenty‐three percent came from public land‐grant institutions, 50 percent from public non‐land‐grant institutions, and 26 percent from private institutions. Logistic regression models were used to analyze the data. Findings of the study showed that a majority of the administrators in all three types of institutions believed that the research productivity level of their faculty was not high. Results also indicated that administrators in the study per ceived faculty morale, faculty development, expertise in writing for publication, and teaching productivity as factors contributing significantly to faculty research productivity.
Predictors of Energy Use by Households in a Rural Area of the Philippines
Authors: Yust Becky Love , Hunt Fern E. , Ponce Lucylen B.
Published: March 2007

Fuel use by households in a rural region of Leyte Province, the Philippines, was examined to determine types used and factors related to type and total quantity. A model was developed to identify predictors of household fuel use. Data were drawn from interviews with 150 female heads of households from 10 rural villages. Multiple regression was used in the analysis. The total quantity of energy used per week was negatively related to the number of cookstoves and nonelectric items of equipment owned and positively related to the distance traveled each week to obtain fuels.
Stress Due to Crowding in Multifamily Dwelling Interior Spaces
Authors: Winchip Susan , Inman Marjorie , Dunn Patricia Curtis
Published: March 2007

The intent of this study is to examine the relationship between perceived envi ronmental stress and family social climate according to stage in the life cycle for families living in similar space arrangements in multifamily dwellings. Eighty‐four randomly selected families living in similar married‐student housing units located in a large midwestem university were interviewed using two questionnaires: Fam ily Space Inventory (FSI) (Melson & Kemp, 1976) and The Family Environment Scale (FES) (Moos, 1974). Results of the FSI indicate that early‐stage families per ceived less stress in their residential setting and made fewer adaptations to their dwellings than did crowded‐stage families. Results of the FES in this study indi cate that high cohesiveness and expressiveness as well as low conflict are inte grated dimensions of family social climate. Early‐stage families are more cohesive, more expressive, and more independent than crowded‐stage families.
Factors Affecting Expenditures of Single‐Parent Households
Authors: Lino Mark
Published: March 2007

Single‐parent households compose an increasing share of all households with children, and these households often face financial constraints. This study exam ines the factors influencing the housing, transportation, food, and clothing ex penditures of such households. Data from the 1984–85 Consumer Expenditure Survey for 224 single‐parent households were used for the analyses. A double‐log model was employed. After‐tax income significantly affected all four expenditures in a positive direction. One or more of the expenditures were affected by house hold size; the sex, age, race, education, and employment status of the single parent; and automobile ownership. These results provide public policy makers with information on the expenditure patterns of single‐parent households, and provide family resource management professionals with information on how the characteristics of such households affect expenditures.
Influence of Procedural Decisions on Divorce Outcomes
Authors: Burgess Sharon , Jackson Golden , Stafford Kathryn
Published: March 2007

The effects of decisions made during the divorce process on the probability of wife's receipt and amount of award of principal residence, cash, alimony, and child support at the time of divorce were estimated. A 10 percent random sample of court records provided data on legal representation, type of proceedings, grounds for divorce, role in proceedings, actions to contest divorce, motions filed during divorce, and asset and income awards. Length of marriage, number of minor children, and presiding judge were controlled in the analysis. The effect of procedural choices on wife's income receipt was greater than on her asset receipt. The most influential procedural decisions were women's decisions to be repre sented by an attorney and to contest the divorce.
Work‐Family Conflict and Retail Managers' Job Attitudes
Authors: Good Linda K. , Gentry James W. , Sisler Grovalynn F.
Published: March 2007

Dual‐career couples find it difficult to balance family concerns with the challenge of developing and maintaining two careers at the same time. For retail managers, this problem is especially prevalent due to (1) the initial long hours and relatively low pay for entry‐level managers, (2) the economic downturn in retailing in the 7980s, (3) the boundary‐spanning nature of the work itself, and (4) the common occurrence that promotions often involve relocation of the family. Work‐family conflict was found to be related directly to intent to leave, and inversely, but less strongly, related to organizational commitment. Those in lower management and mid‐management positions were found to experience the highest levels of work family tension. Some support was found for the conclusion that company train ing programs can result in a reduction of work‐family tension.
The Occupational Commitment of Men and Women: Personal and Family Variables
Authors: Ladewig Becky Heath
Published: March 2007

The large influx of married women into the paid labor market has focused in creasing attention on work‐family linkages, but little is known about how per sonal and family variables combine to differentiate men and women manifesting varying levels of commitment to work. The sample for this study consisted of men and women who were members of dual‐earner marriages and had at least one child under the age of 18. Using discriminant analysis, certain combinations of variables were highly significant in discriminating between groups of women reporting high and low levels of occupational commitment and between groups of men reporting high and low levels of occupational commitment. Of the two sets of significant discriminating variables, marital adjustment made the largest relative contribution in differentiating the two groups of women, whereas em phasis on organization in the family environment was the strongest discriminator for men. The results support the contention that personal and family variables may have important implications for understanding the work commitment of both genders.
A Reexamination of Self‐Monitoring and Judgments of Furniture Designs
Authors: Holbrook Morris B. , Solomon Michael R. , Bell Stephen
Published: March 2007

Recent research has suggested that the personality trait of self‐monitoring affects how people perceive the symbolic meanings of such products as clothes, furni ture, and other self‐presentational props or possessions. In particular, Thompson and Davis (1988) found that high versus low self‐monitors judged traditional fur niture styles as more aesthetically pleasing and contemporary furniture styles as more prestigious. However, several possible flaws in their design raise questions concerning the validity of their findings. A data set originally collected for a different purpose showed some promise of addressing these issues. The reanal ysis of these data produced results that generally support and reinforce those of Thompson and Davis. Specifically, as found by Thompson and Davis, self‐ monitoring was related to the evaluations and impressions of furniture. Further and more important, self‐monitoring moderated the effects of differences in tra ditional versus contemporary styles in a manner that supported the relevance of this personality variable to judgments of furniture designs, thereby reinforcing its potential usefulness in practical applications.
Measuring Students' Self‐Perceived Competence in Home Economics Core Areas
Authors: Smith Frances M.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this research was to develop a valid and reliable instrument to measure students' self‐perceived competence (using the self‐efficacy concept from Bandura's social learning theory) related to home economics core areas. The instrument developed included the following scales: Human Development, Nu trition, Professional Development, Educational Principles, Design, Computer Lit eracy, Public Policy, and Management. The device was administered to all grad uating students at a midwestem university during the academic years 1982–88. Data analysis included a factor analysis using PRINIT and a general linear model procedure from SAS. Standard scores of majors on nine factors were calculated. The factors identified were the original eight plus one from an additional scale called Home Economics Profession. The items from the nine factors were summed to obtain an overall factor, Home Economics Core, with a reliability coefficient of .93. The General Linear Model analysis for factors by demographic variables showed a significant difference by majors. The only significant differ ences reported were for factors by GPA, number of organizations, hours spent in these organizations, and whether involved in 10 hours per week paid employ ment during a college career. Recommendations for further study and action include (a) establishment of national norms on the basis of use by a number of colleges and universities, and/or (b) collection of baseline data by individual colleges and universities for one or more years followed by subsequent tracking of changes over a period of several years.
Theses and Dissertations Completed in Home Economics: 1989
Authors: Helmick Sandra A. , Griffith Ruth Y.
Published: March 2007

A compilation of titles of theses and dissertations completed in colleges and universities in the United States during 1989 is presented. The 753 titles submitted by 69 schools are listed by subject matter area and degree; each entry includes title, author, institution, and availability of the thesis or dissertation. Information about graduate research in home economics is summarized in five tables: (1) numbers of titles submitted by each school, (2) numbers and percentages of theses and dissertations by subject matter areas, (3) institutions reporting highest numbers of theses and dissertations, (4) institutions reporting highest numbers of theses and dissertations by subject matter areas, and (5) total number of titles by degree and subject matter area since reporting began in 1982.
An Integrative Theoretical Model of Children's Fears
Authors: Smith Deborah J. , Davidson Phyllis M. , White Priscilla N. , Poppen William A.
Published: March 2007

This article describes the development of an integrative theoretical model of children's fears that provides a comprehensive view of the normal development of fear. The model integrates an overview of the process of stress as described by Maccoby (1983) and individual fear variables proposed by Graziano, DeGiovanni, and Garcia (1979). Incorporated into the model are environmental, social, and intrapersonal variables that begin with individual characteristics and proceed in a circular chain of events, including fear stimuli, arousal, and affective state of fear, and conclude with coping strategies and adaptation. Each stage of the model is supported by research studies on children's fears. Suggestions for using the model as a basis for future practice and research are presented.
Paternal Child‐Feeding Attitudes and Obesity in School‐Age Sons
Authors: Taper L. Janette , Frigge Caren , Rogers Cosby S.
Published: March 2007

The relationship between the father's, or male guardian's, attitude toward the use of food as (a) a reward, (b) a punishment, (c) a soothing agent, or (d) an expres sion of affection and selected measures of obesity in the respective school‐age son was assessed. Seventy‐two fathers (male guardians) of 6‐ to 8‐year‐old sons responded. A 30‐item child‐feeding opinion questionnaire was used to assess attitudes toward the use of food in a contingency manner. A positive correlation was found between paternal attitude toward the use of food as a reward, soothing agent, and expression of affection, and the triceps skinfold thickness of the sons. No correlation was observed between the score on the punishment subscale and triceps skinfold measures. Although correlation coefficients were low, results indicate a possible positive relationship between the paternal use of food in a contingency manner and selected anthropometric measures in the son.
Mother's Employment Status, Family Income, and Children's Time Allocation
Authors: Mauldin Teresa A. , Meeks Carol B.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the effects of mother's employment and family income on the decision for children to participate in structured leisure activities and, given participation, the amount of time allocated to structured leisure activities. Tobit regression was used to analyze data on 149 children who did not participate and 197 children who participated in structured leisure activities. Mother's employ ment was found to have a negative effect on children's time allocation decisions related to structured leisure activities. Family income was not significantly related to time spent in structured leisure activities. Changes in the explanatory variables had a greater influence on the decision to participate than on the variation in time allocated once participating.
Apparel and Furniture Attribute Importance as a Function of Self‐Monitoring
Authors: Lennon Sharron J. , Fairhurst Ann , Peatross Freida
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the relationship between perceived consumer product‐ attribute importance and individual levels of self‐monitoring. In accord with pre vious research findings, it was predicted that (a) people scoring high on the construct of self‐monitoring would perceive apparel and furniture product at tributes to be of higher importance than people scoring low on the construct of self‐monitoring, if the attributes addressed appearance or style characteristics. It was also predicted that (b) people scoring low on the construct of self‐monitoring would perceive apparel and furniture product attributes to be of higher impor tance than people scoring high on the construct of self‐monitoring, if the at tributes addressed functional or quality characteristics. Finally, it was predicted that (c) self‐monitoring would be related to store patronage. A sample of 160 female undergraduates participated in a study of consumer decision making. Subjects viewed slides of either apparel or furniture products and rated the im portance of 19 different product attributes, some of which addressed appearance and others of which addressed function and quality. The results of a multivariate analysis of variance supported the last two predictions. Results are discussed in terms of implications for designers, consumer specialists, merchandisers, and educators.
Vocational Home Economics Teacher Educators: A Profile
Authors: Sullivan Deborah , Redick Sharon S.
Published: March 2007

The objectives of this study were: (a) to identify personal and professional infor mation about vocational home economics teacher educators, (b) to determine the job satisfaction of these teacher educators, and (c) to investigate the relation ships of selected characteristics of the teacher educators with their level of job satisfaction. Overall, these teacher educators appear to have a relatively high level of job satisfaction. Seven variables accounted for 27% of the variance of the dependent variable, job satisfaction. The variables that appear to raise job satis faction include age, programs located within a home economics department/college, and salary. Variables appearing to lower job satisfaction include having a graduate degree, never being married, teaching more hours per semester, and being located at institutions with high enrollment. Salary, having a graduate de gree, and never being married also accounted for a significant amount of unique variance in the dependent variable. Personal and professional factors as a set contributed more than the employment situation or teacher education setting variable sets.
Children's Time Use in Single‐ and Two‐Parent Families: Does Household Organization Matter?
Authors: Douthitt Robin A.
Published: March 2007

This study examines whether living in a single‐ versus two‐parent household influences the time children spend in home production, leisure, school, and paid work activities. A secondary data set containing time diary data for a sample of California children over age 5 was used. Results indicated that systematic differ ences do exist. Specifically, children living with two parents spend increasingly less time in home production activities as their family income rises. The home contributions of children of single parents were invariant to family income. Among both family types, girls spend more time in home production than do their male siblings. Single‐parent children spend more time in paid work activi ties. This employment, along with increased home responsibilities, means that single‐parent children enjoy less leisure time at an earlier age than their two‐ parent counterparts. Female children living with a single parent spend signifi cantly less time in school activities than either their male siblings or their two‐ parent counterparts.
Readability of Recommended Nutrition Sources
Authors: Swanson Ruthann B. , Birklid Cathy A.
Published: March 2007

In this study, the readability of books recommended to consumers by profes sional nutrition and dietetics organizations was determined. Representative text samples from 32 publications were evaluated. Writing style and Flesch reading ease scores were assessed with microcomputer analysis. Flesch human interest scores were calculated by two evaluators. The grade level required to read the recommended books was 10.3 (± 2.7). More than 40% of the recommendations required a reading level that exceeds that of popular magazines. Only one rec ommended book was written at a level that was understandable by adults with low literacy skills. Mid‐range human interest scores reflect the use of how‐to information and examples preferred in nutrition print materials by consumers. Publications containing more passive sentences tended to be more difficult to understand and were slightly less personalized. For many consumers, the com prehension and application of the concepts presented in these recommended books will probably require interaction with professionals.
Behaviors to Reduce Dietary Fat and Related Factors in the Over‐45 Population
Authors: Armstrong Jill E. , Gilliam Jan , Stem Donald
Published: March 2007

An exploratory study was conducted to empirically assess perceptions and be haviors related to reducing dietary fat among individuals over 45 years of age. A mail questionnaire was sent to randomly selected male and female heads of household (n = 800) in the Pacific Northwest, with a 63% response rate. More than half of the respondents had reportedly tried and maintained 25 different behaviors to reduce dietary fat, including avoidance, substitution, and modifica tion behaviors. Knowledge about ways to reduce dietary fat was widespread. However, other perceptions about the experience of, or outcomes associated with, reducing dietary fat implied that many consumers were ambivalent about this issue. Frequent consumption of a high‐fat food pattern was related to failure to initiate or maintain behaviors to reduce dietary fat, limited knowledge of ways to reduce dietary fat, infrequent exercise, and relatively higher household incomes. Directions for future research are discussed.
What Do Pregnant Adolescents Believe About Nutrition During Pregnancy?
Authors: Carruth Betty Ruth , Skinner J.D.
Published: March 2007

The study surveyed 115 pregnant adolescents to determine their beliefs about nutrition during pregnancy. They were recruited from schools, clinics, residential homes, and public health facilities in 35 counties in middle and eastern Tennessee. Personal interviews and a 26‐card game format were used to collect data. Participants read each belief from a card and attached it to a tack board indicating a response ranging from “strongly agree” to “strongly disagree.” Responses were factor analyzed, and those factors with loadings of ≥ .50 and with eigenvalues of unity were retained and named for the major concepts present in the belief statements. Subsequently, dietary patterns of the participants were compared to belief statements that mentioned specific foods and current recommendations for pregnancy. Adolescents agreed with recommendations associated with milk consumption and weight gain during pregnancy. These responses were consistent with a calcium intake of 1317 mg ± 669 and a mean weight gain of 36.3 ± 16.1 pounds. Erroneous beliefs, such as the baby getting what it needs over maternal needs, also received “agree” responses. Results overall indicate that pregnant adolescents in this group needed counseling about salt restriction, maternal versus fetal needs, and use of vitamin supplements during pregnancy.
Dermatological and Other Health Problems Attributed by Consumers to Contact With Laundry Products
Authors: Dallas Merry Jo , Wilson Patricia A. , Burns Leslie D. , Miller Janet , Markee Nancy , Harger Barbara
Published: March 2007

As part of an Agricultural Experiment Station U.S. Western regional project, this article reports consumer perceptions of dermatological and other health problems resulting from contact with laundry products or laundered textiles. The objectives are to (a) assess the percentage of the population who perceive these health problems and analyze the relationship between these problems and the respondents' demographics, (b) identify laundry products implicated by afflicted individuals, and (c) assess the specific health problems and how consumers seek relief from these problems. Information from a self‐administered questionnaire mailed to a disproportionate stratified random sample of households in five Western U.S. states provided baseline data on the existence of dermatological and other health problems perceived to be attributed to laundry product use. Skin irritation perceived to be caused by laundry products was reported by 26% of 3,841 respondents, and perceptions of allergies to laundry products were reported by 21% of the respondents. These problems were experienced more often by females than males and more often by children, age 1 through 20, than other age groups. In follow‐up telephone interviews with afflicted consumers, detergents caused the most health problems. Skin irritation, especially on the arms, was the most common health problem. Individuals typically discontinued use of laundry products that they suspected caused their problems.
Theses and Dissertations Completed in Home Economics: 1991
Authors: Ha MiKyoung , Weber Margaret J.
Published: March 2007

This article reports the titles of theses and dissertations completed in 1991 in colleges and universities throughout the United States. The 732 titles are reported by subject matter area and degree, with title, author, institution, and availability information following each entry. There are five tables illustrating information about graduate research in home economics: Table 1 lists the numbers of theses and dissertations reported by each institution, Table 2 lists the numbers and percentages of theses and dissertations that fall into each subject matter area, Table 3 ranks the institutions reporting the highest number of titles, Table 4 shows the ranking of all the institutions by subject matter area, and Table 5 summarizes the titles by degree and leading subject matter area for the years 1986–1991.
Theses and Dissertations Completed in Home Economics: 1993
Authors: Weber Margaret J.
Published: March 2007

This article reports a summary of the 726 titles of theses and dissertations completed in Home Economics in colleges and universities throughout the United States in 1993. The tables illustrate information about graduate research in the Human Sciences. These tables summarize the information by institution, subject matter, ranking of institutions, and leading subject matter areafor the years 1989‐1993.
Social Change and the Symbolism of Dress in Kalabari Women's Societies
Authors: Michelman Susan O.
Published: March 2007

In this article, the author examines Kalabari women's contemporary progression from an iria‐related social identity associated with procreation to one reflecting greater social, economic, and political achievement. Such social stratification is symbolically displayed in the dress of women's societies. Women's societies are voluntary associations of women not based on kinship that are social, cultural, and sometimes philanthropic. The Kalabari people reside in three towns of the Niger River delta of southeastern Nigeria. Two case studies of Kalabari women in the 19th century are presented to promote an appreciation of the social development of women in Kalabari society. Dress is also examined as a symbolic reflection of cultural conflict, regarding issues of power and social control, between males and females.
Characteristics of Successful and Less‐Successful Manufacturers of Women's and Children's Apparel
Authors: Craig Jane , Horridge Patricia
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to survey owners of apparel manufacturing firms as to their successful and less‐successful business activities. A secondary purpose was to profile the demographic characteristics of the owners. Subjects (N = 200) included male andfemale owners in businessfor more than a year who were in the production of women's, children's, and infants' clothing and accessories and headquartered in the state of Texas. The Dillman method was used for development of a survey questionnaire and the procedure for two mailings and a telephone follow‐up. Data were analyzed using chi‐square, t tests, logistic regression, and profile analysis of repeated measures. Successful owners had more negotiating skills, used differentiating strategies, worked more hours per week, and were more conservative in their risk posture than less‐successful owners. The findings of this study have important implicationsfor (a) effective management practices concerning business strategies and strategic posture of management, and (b) course content in apparel design programs.
Goal Setting and Control Orientation of Pregnant/Parenting Female Adolescents in the GRADS Program
Authors: White Sharon Dean , Cummings Merrilyn N.
Published: March 2007

The Graduation, Reality, and Dual‐role Skills (GRADS) home economics program helps at‐risk pregnant/parenting teens graduate from high school, set life goals, and feel empowered. The major purpose of this research was to ascertain if female GRADS students differed from nonpregnant/nonparenting female teens on types of goals seen as most important, goal orientation, and locus of control. Comparisons were made among GRADS students in the program for 1 year or more, GRADS students new to the program, and a group of English class female students who were neither pregnant nor parenting. Data were analyzed from 151 females at eight New Mexico sites. There were significant differences regarding most important goals, but no significant differences in goal orientation or locus of control among the three groups. Pregnant and/or parenting teens were more like their nonpregnant/nonparenting peers than different. The differences in goals appeared to reflect different priorities.
Family Members' Expenditures for Clothing Categories
Authors: Zhang Zhiming , Norton Marjorie J. T.
Published: March 2007

This article examines household expenditure patterns for categories of clothing; identifies major factors that influence household expenditures for different categories of clothing for men, women, boys, and girls; and analyzes income elasticities by clothing category. A sample of 1,364 husband‐wife families with at least one child aged 3 to 15 was selected from the 1984‐1985 Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Expenditure Survey. Results of tobit analysis indicate that after‐tax income was the most important determinant of clothing expenditures in concert with family characteristics. Some parents' preference‐related variables had a stronger effect on their own clothing expenditures than on children's. Although all clothing categories examined had income elasticities below 1, those categories that are thought to have a stronger function in conveying social psychological meanings tended to have higher income elasticities than the categories that have less of such a function.
Use of Accelerated Testing Methods with Survey Data: How Water Quality Affects Appliance Life
Authors: Ragan Guy E. , Makela Carole J. , Young Robert A.
Published: March 2007

Salinity (mineral content), which is present naturally in residential water, affects the service lives of water‐using appliances. We surveyed, by mail, 681 households in the Arkansas River basin in southeastern Colorado, where tap water salinity varies from 100 to 3,500 mg/L. The survey collected information on ages of appliances in service and on ages atfailure. We developed a generalized method of accelerated testing and used it with the survey data to estimate the effect of salinity on service lives. The method allowed us to use information on in‐service appliances. Ignoring in‐service appliances, as was done in similar previously published studies, can lead to biased service life estimates. The results of the present application can (a) help householders decide whether to buy corrosion resistant appliances, tolerate higher maintenance costs, or seek alternative‐supplies and (b) help public water agencies assess alternative water quality management policies.
A Comparison of the Household Work of Married Females: The Mid‐1920s and the Late 1960s
Authors: Bryant W. Keith
Published: March 2007

The current view ofthe time spent in household work by marriedfemales is that it has not changed during the 20th century. One much quoted study shows the workday of thefull‐time housewife increasingfrom the mid‐1920s to the late 1960s. This article uses the data thatform the basis of such judgments to reestimate the time married women in the mid‐1 920s and the late 1960s spent in household work. Revised estimates show that the household workday of married women fell from 7.35 hours per day to 6.31 hours in 1967–1968, a decline of 14%. The household workday offull‐time housewives fell by 7.5% to about 6.84 hours per day, whereas that of employed married womenfell to 5.13 hours per day. Of the components of household workfood preparation and cleanup declined the most, whereas the time devoted to marketing and management rose.
Attitudes About the Nutritional Benefits and Pesticide‐Exposure Risks From Fruit and Vegetable Consumption
Authors: Dittus Kim L. , Hillers Virginia N.
Published: March 2007

How consumers analyze and act upon conflicting information regarding the nutritional benefits offruit and vegetable consumption and potential health risks from pesticide residues is not well‐documented. Washington state consumers were surveyed to identify attitudes towardfruits and vegetables (n = 1,067). Respondents were divided into four groups based on scores measuring concern about nutrition and pesticide residues. Those with high concern about both nutrition and pesticide residues had significantly higher (p < .0001) pesticide concern, residue reducing behavior, and perceived susceptibility to cancer and lower scores for trust in pesticide regulation and benefits of pesticide use. Individuals with low concern for both nutrition and pesticide residues had the lowest scores for nutrition behavior, residue‐reducing behavior, and susceptibility to cancer but the highest mean scores for barriers toffruit and vegetable intake. Nutrition education that targets identified interests of consumer groups can enhance critical thinking and promote behavioral change.
Factors Influencing Community Preferences for Retirement
Authors: Malroutu Y. Lakshmi , Brandt Jeanette Ann
Published: March 2007

Factors influencing preretirees' community preferences for retirement were determined using datafrom a Western Region Agricultural Experiment Station survey conducted in three western states: Idaho, Oregon, and Utah. Resultsfrom general linear multiple regressions revealed that age, family income, health status of spouse, spousal and children's influence on retirement income, number of years in community, and suitability of home size influenced the likelihood of moving away during retirement. Preference for present community during retirement was affected by age, gender, sources of retirement income, spousal and children's influence, number of years in community, and suitability of home size. Neighborhood preferencefor thefirst 10 years of retirement differed by age, sources of retirement income, status of respondent and spouse's health, and spousal influence on retirement decisions. Gender, marital status, health status of spouse, spousal influence on retirement decisions, and number ofyears in community influenced the neighborhood preference after 10 years of retirement.
Expenditure Patterns of Asian Americans: Evidence From the U.S. Consumer Expenditure Survey, 1980–1992
Authors: Fan Jessie X.
Published: March 2007

This article applies a linear approximation of the Almost Ideal Demand System with a set of demographic variables to study the differences in expenditure patterns between Asian American households and households in three other ethnic/racial groups: Black, Hispanic, and White. Findings show that even after controllingfor other economic and demographic factors, compared with each of the three other ethnic/racial groups, Asian American households have significantly different expenditure patterns in 6 or more expenditure categories out of a total of 13. Besides implications for consumer educators, financial planners, and producers, the results of this study can provide guidelines for combining Asian American households with other ethnic/racial groups in expenditure studies so that households within the combined group can be as homogeneous as possible.
American Indian Female Adolescents' Sexual Behavior: A Test of the Life‐Course Experience Theory
Authors: Murry Velma McBride , Ponzetti James J.
Published: March 2007

The life‐course experience theory was used to explain variation in age at first coitus andfirst pregnancy among a nationally representative sample of American Indian female adolescents. Results revealed that the greatest predictors of age atfirst coitus and age atfirst pregnancy were personal life experience variables, followed byfamily‐level variables. Consideration was given to comparing the experiences of American Indianfemale adolescents with those emergingfrom other life‐course experience studies on non‐European‐American adolescents. Implicationsfor prevention and educational programming, as well as suggestionsforfuture research, were offered.
Diffusion of Quick Response in the Texas Sewn Products Industry
Authors: Martin Ruth E. , Horridge Patricia , Craig Jane S.
Published: March 2007

Quick Response (QR) has been promoted for the U.S. sewn products industry to survive in a competitive international market. The purpose of this study was to provide information on the diffusion of QR in the Texas sewn products industry. Texas ranksfourth largest in the United States for number of sewn products operations and second largest for retail markets. A mail questionnaire was sent to all Texas manufacturers of sewn products; 123 usable instruments were analyzed with 39 identified as QR users. These 39 executives were in the early majority phase according to diffusion theory. QR users were likely to have a high risk propensity and to have large firms. A number of significant differences were found between QR users and QR nonusers. Results of the study provide information that may help maximize QR diffusion. Implications of this study contribute to the sewn products industry, academia, and education.
Consumers' Attitudes Toward Clothing Coupons
Authors: Cho Jinsook , Kang Jikyeong
Published: March 2007

Couponing has been widely used in many product categories but notfor clothing products. This research investigates thefeasibility of clothing coupons by studying consumers' attitudes toward a clothing coupon and buying intentions toward a coupon‐promoted brand. Data collectedfrom 170 participants reveal that the majority of the respondents have favorable attitudes toward clothing coupons and strong buying intentions toward a coupon‐promoted brand. Significant relationships are found between a consumer's attitude toward clothing coupons and coupon proneness, number of children, education, and household income. Although consumers' brand loyalty is not significantly related to their attitude toward clothing coupons, it is significantly related to the level of consumers' buying intentions toward a coupon‐promoted brand.
Stress, Family Social Support, Distress, and Well‐Being in High School Seniors
Authors: Kostelecky Kyle L. , Lempers Jacques D.
Published: March 2007

The role offamily social support in the relationship between stressful life events and distress and well‐beingfor high school seniors was explored. Ensel and Lin's independent, deterioration, and counteractive models were examined through the use of structural equation modeling. Both stress‐deterring and stress‐coping models were supported. The implicationsfor understanding the relationships proposed in these models enables adolescents and their families to use their resources of support to their greatest potential.
Women Faculty in Family and Consumer Sciences: Influences on Job Satisfaction
Authors: Robertson Lona J. , Bean John P.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to identify the factors associated with the global job satisfaction (GJS) of women faculty members working in family and consumer sciences programs at landgrant institutions. The study was based on datafrom 138 respondents, of whom 75.4% reported being satisfied or very satisfied with their jobs. Factoranalysis was used toform six independent variables: climate, socialization, autonomy, working conditions, financial rewards, and teach‐ing. Multiple regression analysis indicated thatfour of the six independent variables had significant influences on GJS at p < .01: socialization, climate, autonomy, andfinancial rewards. These variables accountedfor 43.0% of the variance in GjS. For the women in this study, the social and administrative climate ofthe school had the greatest effects on job satisfaction. Thesefindings are consistent with previous studies offaculty in predominately female disciplines.
Content Changes in Parent Education Books for Parents of Adolescents
Authors: Smith M. Cecil , Van Loon Preston C. , DeFrates‐Densch Nancy , Schrader Thomas O.
Published: March 2007

This study analyzed the contents of 48 parent education books, publishedfrom 1904 to 1979, to examine changes in their contents over time. Many professionals and laypersons have written booksfor parents about adolescent behavior, and generations of concerned parents have turned to these textsfor advice. Previous studies of books written for the parents of younger children suggest thatparenteducation materials havechanged over time, reflecting advances in scientific findings about childhood. We examined books writtenfor parents of adolescents to determine if the contents reflect evolving scientific understanding of adolescence. The results showed that changes in the contents and themes were subtle rather than dramatic and increasingly concerned the challengesfacing parents and adolescents. Changingfamily demographics, increased adolescent sexual experimentation, and drug use became more common topics by the 1970s. This study provides an interesting perspective on the value and nature of parent education information.
Theses and Dissertations Completed in Family and Consumer Sciences: 1997
Authors: Ownbey Shiretta F.
Published: March 2007

This article summarizes the 721 titles of theses and dissertations completed in family and consumer sciences in colleges and universities throughout the United States in 1997. The tables present information by institution and by subject matter.
Retention of Older In‐Migrants: Role of Family, Friends, and Community Services
Authors: Junk Virginia W. , Young Margaret H.
Published: March 2007

The growth in the proportion of older persons in the population directs more attention to their resources and migration. The purpose of this study is to determine the role that family, friends, and community services play in how older persons feel about moving from or staying in their community. Data were collected from 985 older (age 50 to 70) recent in‐migrants to Idaho, using a mailed survey. Based on structural equation analysis, friendships were significant for both genders in determining whether they thought they would move from their present community. For men, community services were also significant. The family construct, whereas somewhat stronger for women, was not a significant predictor of migration in either men or women. Communities that wish to attract or retain older persons should consider programs and facilities that foster friendships and social contacts, and promote services for older persons and older men in particular.
The Challenge of Conducting Qualitative Family Research in International Settings
Authors: Asay Sylvia M. , Hennon Charles B.
Published: March 2007

The challenge of interviewing families in a different cultural setting is complicated. The researcher not only needs to be aware of but must plan for these particular challenges to approach a successful study. Being aware of the obstacles that might be associated with an international study can serve to prepare the researcher in advance, thus alleviating some unnecessary delay in the field. This examination focuses on the issues that surround gaining familiarity with the sociocultural context, gaining access to the desired subjects, establishing collaborative relationships with local scholars, and securing appropriate translators who not only interpret words but might also serve to convey meanings.
Focus Group Discussions: Three Examples from Family and Consumer Science Research
Authors: Garrison M. E. Betsy , Pierce Sarah H. , Monroe Pamela A. , Sasser Diane D. , Shaffer Amy C. , Blalock Lydia B.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the usefulness of focus group discussions (FGDs) in family and consumer sciences research. First, we briefly describe theFGDmethodology in terms of question development, group composition and recruitment, interview protocol and logistics, and data analysis. Then, we show how we applied that methodology in three specific examples from our work with family and consumer sciences research projects. Our examples include (a) the consumer behavior of working female adolescents, (b) the work readiness of adult males with low educational attainment, and (c) the definition of parental involvement by mothers with young children.
Effect of Preparation Methods on Total Fat Content, Moisture Content, and Sensory Characteristics of Breaded Chicken Nuggets and Beef Steak Fingers
Authors: Yoon Hei‐Ryeo , Bednar Carolyn , Czajka‐Narins Dorice , King C. Clay
Published: March 2007

In recent years, public concern has focused on the need to reduce the fat content of school lunches. This study was designed to determine the effects of three preparation methods (baking, deep‐fat frying, and hot‐air frying) on moisture, fat content, and sensory characteristics of chicken nuggets and beef steak fingers. Chicken nuggets and beef steak fingers that were hot‐air fried had a higher moisture content (p < .01) than those that were deep‐fat fried. Both hot‐air frying and baking caused a lower fat content (p < .01) in chicken nuggets than deep‐fat frying. However, fat content of beef steak fingers was not significantly affected by preparation methods. Paired preference sensory testing was conducted using 40 volunteer panelists for each test. These tests indicated that most panelists preferred (p < .05) the deep‐fat fried products over baked or hot‐air fried products for flavor, crispness, mouth feel, and overall likability.