bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Data-driven streamflow forecasting analysis leveraging multiple meteorological providers
Authors: Dalla Torre Daniele , Menapace Andrea , Zanfei Ariele , Righetti Maurizio
Published: February 2023

In the last years, different providers (e.g. NOAA, MeteoFrance, ECMWF, DWD) produced meteorological gridded global and regional data sets. These model outputs are now reanalysis and operative forecasts distributed as open data, with different spatial and temporal resolutions. The aim of this contribution is the comparison of short-term streamflow forecasting outputs using different meteorological data sets as forcing.The use of the above-predicted weather time series as input for the hydrological models allows the evaluation of the streamflow at the catchment closure. Hourly data sets of temperature and precipitation from the different providers were selected for this contribution and the evaluation of the short-term streamflow forecasting results on three small catchments in the Alps was carried out.A data-driven forecasting procedure with the Support Vector Regression machine learning algorithm as a tool for hydrological modeling was implemented. For each provider, training and testing phase were performed using as forcing the weather model outputs of the same provider, in this way the simulations are consistent. The training phase takes advantage of reanalysis data sets when available, otherwise historical forecasting products are used as an alternative. Instead, the testing period is forced by lags of the temperature, precipitation and streamflow metered data for the past. The number of lag hours is defined in the training stage with a grid search approach. Moreover, the actual temperature and precipitation forecasting data sets cover the prediction lead time. The training was carried on for each day of the training period and the output of each run is the hourly short-term streamflow prediction.The use of multiple data sources as input allows us to emphasize the differences between global and local meteorological forcing. Moreover, the simulation ensembles outputs allow the identification and quantification of uncertainty that lead to a better interpretation of the prediction. These results are promising in hydrological modeling to increase the final accuracy of the streamflow predictions and the decision-making under uncertainty.
Delineation of lithosphere structure below Northwest Indian Shield (India) through constrained geopotential field modelling : geodynamic evolution
Authors: Sathapathy Sumanta Kumar , Radhakrishna Munukutla
Published: February 2023

The Northwest Indian shield (NWIS) comprises of Archean Bundelkhand, Marwar and Dharwar cratons, Proterozoic mobile belts of Aravalli Delhi fold belts (ADFB) and Central Indian tectonic zone (CITZ), and the basins such as Vindhyan (VB), Cambay (CR) and the Kutch (KR). The major area of the NWIS is covered by the Cretaceous Deccan Volcanic Province (DVP) that makes it difficult to assess the lithosphere structure in this region. Here we present the seismically constrained multi-scale geopotential field interpretation of  gravity, magnetic and geoid across the major Precambrian terrains of NWIS to delineate the lithosphere structure and further to understand the evolution of these terrains. The Bouguer gravity anomaly map shows overall high gravity values except the Bundelkhand and Dharwar cratonic parts over the NWIS region. The subsurface extension of the Precambrian  terrains of the NWIS are indicated by the distinct anomaly signatures in regional gravity anomaly map. The residual gravity anomaly map is able to delineate the shallow source bodies and boundaries between various terranes that correlat well with the surface geological expressions. The constrained geopotential modelling carried out along SW-NE trending profile across the region reveals that the Moho and  Lithosphre Asthenosphere Boundary (LAB) below the DVP and CR is relatively shallow as compared to the ADFB. It has also been noticed that a high density layer at the base of the lower crust, represents the presence of  underplated crust. The shallower lithosphere structure observed below the CR region might indicate the Cretaceous reworking. The imprints of the Deccan magmatism through intrusive bodies and the modelled structure below NWIS have implications on the lithosphere evolution in the region. 
Lidar Observations of Thermosphere-Ionosphere Na (TINa) Layers at two nearby stations in North China
Authors: Wu Fang , Yang Guotao , Jiao Jing
Published: February 2023

The metal layers in the Earth’s upper atmosphere have received growing attention in recent years because of the discovery of the Thermosphere-Ionosphere metal (TIMt) Layers by lidar. In the reports of lidar detection TIMt Layers, the highest metal atom layer is Thermosphere-Ionosphere Na (TINa) Layers observed at Yanqing station (40.42°N, 116.02°E, Xun et al., 2019), while the Ca+ Ions Transport From ∼80 to 300 km were also observed at Yanqing station (Jiao et al., 2022). According to their morphological characteristics and occurrence frequency, and referring to the previous reports, the TINa layers observed at mid-latitude can be mainly classified into the following four types: lower thermosphere sporadic Na layers, dawn thermosphere-ionosphere Na layers, midnight thermosphere-ionosphere Na layers and mid-latitude thermosphere-ionosphere Na layers (Mid-TINa). Moreover, there are rare reports of the small scale horizontal distributions of TiNa layers. In 2014, another Na lidar was developed at Pingquan station(41.0°N, 118.7°E), which is about 250 km away from Yanqing station. By analysis data of these two lidar, the occurrence frequency, distribution, and morphological characteristics of four types TINa layers are studied.
Japan Coast Guard's GNSS-A seafloor geodetic observation: analysis scheme and development of data format
Authors: Nakamura Yuto , Watanabe Shun-ichi , Ishikawa Tadashi , Nagae Koya , Yokota Yusuke
Published: February 2023

The GNSS-Acoustic ranging combination technique (GNSS-A) is a method to precisely measure the absolute position of the seafloor benchmark in the centimeter level by combining GNSS and acoustic ranging. The Hydrographic and Oceanographic Department of the Japan Coast Guard (JCG) has been conducting GNSS-A observation at 27 seafloor sites along the Japan Trench and the Nankai Trough named the Seafloor Geodetic Observation Array (SGO-A), to reveal the geophysical processes related to megathrusts that occur at the subduction zones along the Japanese archipelago. From the observations at the SGO-A sites along the Japan Trench, we have discovered the co- and postseismic processes of the 2011 Tohoku-oki Earthquake (Sato et al. 2011; Watanabe et al. 2021). Heterogeneous interplate coupling (Yokota et al. 2016) and shallow slow slip events (Yokota and Ishikawa 2020) have been revealed by observation along the Nankai Trough.Currently, JCG conducts routine analysis using the open-source GNSS-A analysis software GARPOS (Watanabe et al. 2020). We are aiming an “open” GNSS-A, and the SGO-A coordinate time series obtained from the routine analysis are published online. In this presentation, we review our observation and analysis methods, and discuss on the latest observation results obtained at the SGO-A sites. Additionally, we also introduce our GNSS-A data format, which we have been discussing in the seafloor geodesy data standardization task force of the Inter-Commission Committee on Marine Geodesy (ICCM) in the International Association of Geodesy.
Mineralogy of a Jamdoba-XI lamproite dyke from Jharia basin, Jharkhand, India
Authors: Kaur Parminder , Kaur Gurmeet , Tappe Sebastian
Published: February 2023

The Gondwana sedimentary sequences of Damodar Valley in eastern India are intruded by the potassic intrusives of Cretaceous age. This study focuses on the mineralogy of one such potassic-rich dyke occurring in an underground Jamadoba colliery seam XI in Jharia basin, Jharkhand, India. It consists of olivine, phenocrystal phlogopite, microphenocrysts of phlogopite, apatite and diopside embedded in the groundmass comprising phlogopite, apatite, amphibole, ilmenite, rutile and K-feldspar. The presence of forsteritic olivine, low Al and Fe rich phlogopite, low Al-Na diopside, Al-poor and Ti-rich amphiboles and Fe-rich K-feldspar indicate the lamproitic character of the potassic dyke. Using a mineralogical-genetic classification scheme, the Jamadoba-XI dyke is classified as an olivine-phlogopite-apatite-diopside-amphibole-feldspar lamproite.
Studies of land-atmosphere feedback with a new synergy of observing systems
Authors: Wulfmeyer Volker
Published: February 2023

In this presentation, a series of projects is presented and discussed to study land-atmosphere (L-A) interaction entirely based on measurements. The first effort, where a suitable sensor synergy was deployed for studying mainly the atmospheric leg, was the Land Atmosphere Feedback Experiment (LAFE) performed in August 2017 at the ARM SGP site. During this campaign, new tools where developed to derive turbulence and flux profiles, investigate flux-gradient relationship, retrieve surface fluxes using machine learning, measure feedback metrics using remote sensing instruments, and compare the observations with nested model simulations down to the turbulent scales. LAFE also demonstrated the importance of advection to investigate local and non-local feedback processes.The successful performance of LAFE led to the establishment of the Land-Atmosphere Feedback Observatory (LAFO, see https://lafo.uni-hohenheim.de/en) at the University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany. Here, the LAFE observations are realized operationally so that larger data sets and their statistics can be evaluated. First results on feedback metrics over the heterogeneous agricultural landscape of LAFO will be presented.These activities culminated in the GEWEX Land-Atmosphere Feedback Observatory (GLAFO), which is one of the projects of the Global Land-Atmosphere System Studies (GLASS) Panel (see https://www.gewex.org/panels/global-landatmosphere-system-study-panel/glass-projects). The GLAFO will observe mass, energy, water, and momentum transport with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolutions, from bedrock to the lower troposphere encompassing the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). The vision of GLAFO is to establish LAFOs in different climate zones over the Earth in order to study L-A feedback from the diurnal cycle, via seasonal/annual to ideally climatological time scales.
Aerosol-cloud interactions derived from the 2014 Holuhraun volcanic eruption
Authors: Peace Amy , Haywood Jim , Chen Ying , Jordan George , Malavelle Florent , Partridge Daniel , Duncan Ellie
Published: February 2023

Aerosol effective radiative forcing (ERF) has persisted as the most uncertain aspect of anthropogenic forcing over the industrial period, limiting our ability to constrain estimates of climate sensitivity and the accuracy of climate projections. Aerosol-cloud interactions are the most uncertain component of aerosol ERF. The 2014 Holuhraun volcanic eruption acted as large source of sulfur dioxide, providing a natural experiment for testing aerosol-cloud interaction hypotheses at a climatically relevant scale. Our study builds on previous aerosol-cloud interaction analyses of the eruption. We evaluate the observed aerosol perturbation to cloud properties inside the volcanic plume in the weeks following the eruption. As expected, on most days, we find an in-plume shift to increased cloud droplet concentration and decreased effective radius. The sign and magnitude of an in-plume shift in liquid water path varies in the weeks following the eruption. We probe this variation in the observed in-plume cloud perturbations to elucidate the aerosol-cloud interaction mechanisms following the Holuhraun eruption.
Measurements of trace gases with a MAX-DOAS system during a ship cruise from the Canaries to Ecuador (SO287) on board of RV Sonne
Authors: Bösch Tim , Latsch Miriam , Richter Andreas , Wittrock Folkard , Burrows John P.
Published: February 2023

Ship-based trace gas measurements are of particular interest to the scientific community as they fill a gap in knowledge of trace gas concentrations in the marine boundary layer (MBL) on the open ocean. Remote sensing techniques, such as Multi AXis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS), offer the capability of probing air masses located further away from the ship, compared to in situ instruments. In this way, MAX-DOAS measurements taken during ship cruises can be used to examine larger volumes of air in the MBL where routinely measured data is sparse.We present measurements of a MAX-DOAS system installed on the research vessel Sonne during the cruise SO287 from Las Palmas (Gran Canaria, Spain) to Guayaquil (Ecuador) from the 11th of December 2021 until the 11th of January 2022.     Ship-based anthropogenic emissions have been identified as higher slant column densities (SCD) of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) while biogenic emissions are mainly found close to land, as indicated by higher SCDs of formaldehyde (HCHO). On the open ocean, the frequently detected abundance of iodine monoxide (IO) emphasizes that the MBL is mainly dominated by emissions from the ocean (algae) in the absence of anthropogenic emissions.                In a second step, these SCD results have been analysed with the profiling algorithm BOREAS to further assess the vertical extent of trace gases in the MBL. Since trace gas concentrations are highest in the lowest kilometre, emission sources close to the shipping route and the ocean surface dominate the measurements taken during cruise SO287.
Capabilities of CH4 source apportionment using atmospheric 14CH4 measurements: Switzerland as a case study
Authors: Laemmel Thomas , Geissbühler Dylan , Henne Stephan , Brunner Dominik , Leuenberger Markus , Szidat Sönke
Published: February 2023

Methane (CH4) is the second most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide (CO2). Main CH4 sources are linked to the human use of fossil fuels (oil, gas, coal) and human-related or natural biogenic processes such as agriculture, waste management or wetlands. While biogenic emissions of CH4 contain present-day atmospheric radiocarbon (14C) levels, CH4 derived from fossil sources is 14C-free so that 14CH4 measurements can be used as a source apportionment proxy to distinguish fossil from biogenic CH4 sources.A dedicated setup to analyze 14CH4 was developed at the Laboratory for the Analysis of Radiocarbon with AMS, University of Bern. Typical samples are 60L of atmospheric air collected in bags, which, after extraction, result in about 60 µg carbon in CH4-derived CO2 form, enough for a 14C gas measurement on a MICADAS (Mini Carbon Dating System) accelerator mass spectrometer.Since 2019, biweekly air samplings have been  conducted at three sites in Switzerland: the high altitude research station Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl) considered as a European continental background station, a tall tower in Beromünster and an urban site in Bern. A fourth site (with a tall tower) in Sottens has been visited since June 2021.Beside these in situ measurements, an atmospheric 14CH4 transport model was developed to simulate 14CH4 values for each sampling. It is based on the Lagrangian transport and dispersion model FLEXPART, two CH4 emission inventories (Meteotest EKAT for Switzerland, TNO-CAMS v4.2 for the rest of Europe), a priori 14CH4 signatures for each emission type and the weather model COSMO. 14CH4 emissions from pressurized water reactors (PWR) of nuclear power plants in Switzerland and neighboring countries are also taken into consideration.This contribution will show the in situ 14CH4 measurements as well as corresponding simulations and emphasize that the sporadic transport of 14CH4 emitted from PWRs is greatly influencing the overall signal measured over the Swiss Plateau making CH4 source apportionment for this region very challenging.
Higher-order Numerical Simulation of Elasto-visco-plastic Sea Ice Models on Idealised Benchmarks
Authors: Minakowski Piotr , Richter Thoams
Published: February 2023

In this study, we numerically compare two elasto-visco-plastic sea ice models: the Maxwell Elasto Brittle (MEB) and the Brittle Bingham Maxwell (BBM). We examine the linear kinematic features and overall deformation of sea ice in two idealised scenarios: when the ice is compressed in one direction and when it is affected by a moving cyclone. We also provide a detailed analysis of the different parameters used in the models and their effect on the simulation results.The models are solved using a higher-order explicit discontinuous Galerkin discretization, implemented in a software package neXtSIM_DG: next generation sea-ice model with DG. Numerical implementation is available at https://github.com/nextsimdg/nextsimdg. 
Rapid monitoring of Congo Basin logging roads with Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data
Authors: Slagter Bart , Fesenmyer Kurt , Reiche Johannes
Published: February 2023

The construction of logging roads has a major ecological impact on tropical forests and leads to large carbon emissions (Kleinschroth & Healy, 2017, Umunay et al. 2019). Negative impacts and emissions of logging roads could potentially be drastically lowered with the adoption of reduced-impact logging practices (Umunay et al. 2019). Accurate, timely, and dynamic logging road maps would help quantify and prioritize opportunities for improved road management and forest conservation across the globe. However, to-date, the limited mapping of logging roads has required time-consuming field data collection or manual digitization from satellite images. The open availability of Sentinel-1 radar and Sentinel-2 optical satellite imagery at high spatiotemporal resolutions now offers a unique opportunity for better automated logging road monitoring in the tropics.In this study, we employ Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data for near real-time mapping of logging roads in the Congo Basin tropical forests. We monitor newly constructed roads based on Sentinel-1 change ratio composites and cloud-masked Sentinel-2 composites. We acquired an extensive reference dataset of manually digitized logging roads to train and test a convolutional neural network for road/non-road classifications.First results indicate promising capacities of Sentinel-1 and -2 data to monitor logging roads especially in forest types in the Republic of Congo and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Forest landscapes in Gabon, Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon appeared to be more challenging for logging road monitoring due to effects of cloud-cover and elevation. Near-future work includes model refinements, the acquisition of more reference data, and a Google Earth Engine-based wall-to-wall application of our model to produce a dynamic Congo Basin logging road dataset. References:Kleinschroth, Fritz, Healy, John R. (2017), Impacts of logging roads on tropical forests, Biotropica 49(5): 620–635 2017Umunay, Peter M., Gregoire, Timothy G., Gopalakrishna, Trisha, Ellis, Peter W., Putz, Francis E. (2019) Selective logging emissions and potential emission reductions from reduced-impact logging in the Congo Basin, Forest Ecology and Management 437 360-37
Simulating direct and semi-direct effect of aerosols on subseasonal prediction: climatology versus interactive aerosols in the UFS model
Authors: Sun Shan , Frost Gregory , Grell Georg , Zhang Li , Baker Barry , Meixner Jessica , Cheng Anning
Published: February 2023

We investigate the aerosol direct and semi-direct effect on subseasonal prediction using NOAA’s fully coupled Unified Forecast System (UFS) model, which includes the atmospheric model FV3 with the Global Forecast System (GFS) physics package V17, MOM6 ocean model, WW3 wave model and CICE6 sea ice model. A systematic twin experiment is carried out: (i) UFS with prescribed aerosol climatology and (ii) UFS coupled to interactive aerosols from the GOCART aerosol module. Both experiments are deterministic 32-day hindcasts with monthly initialization over multiple years.The modeled aerosol optical depth (AOD) in both experiments is in good agreement with the MODIS satellite observations. The AOD from the experiments with interactive aerosols captured the interannual variability seen in the observations. The estimated radiative forcing from the aerosol radiation interaction in these two sets of experiments is similar in the multi-year average. However, the advantage in the experiments with interactive aerosols can be seen clearly when simulating radiative forcing in the extreme dust storm and biomass burning events. Changes in cloud and precipitation are small between these two sets of experiments.
Prospects of Adaptability and Establishment of Mangroves to Achieve Carbon Capture Expansion in Korean Coastal Areas
Authors: Lee Bora , Baral Himlal
Published: February 2023

The research team was first tasked with finding a solution to the need for more creative ways to contribute to natural carbon capture and storage solutions to meet South Korea’s national climate-change objective of reaching net zero by 2050. It was through this, and the unique properties of Korea’s southern islands, that true mangroves and mangrove associates (semi-mangroves) were suggested as possible candidates that could promise high carbon absorption rates and adaptability to continue to provide ecosystem services under climate change. Some pre-existing native habitats of semi-mangrove species (e.g. Hibiscus hamabo, Paliurus ramosissimus) on Jeju Island had already demonstrated comparatively higher carbon absorption abilities than other broadleaf species as measured by photosynthesis rates and soil carbon storage performance. This study’s sole objective is to evaluate candidate mangrove species for their suitability for responsibly planned propagation in South Korea. This includes also evaluating their carbon uptake capabilities in order to forecast projections on the carbon storage and absorption performance of selected species. This study is an opportunity to contribute knowledge towards global emission reduction and climate-change mitigation objectives, especially, given the high concentration of highly vulnerable or at-risk populations in the Asia-Pacific.
Geometry and kinematics of active normal faulting on Crete; implications for Hellenic subduction slab retreat
Authors: Nicol Andy , Mouslopoulou Vasiliki , Begg John , Saltogianni Vasso , Oncken Onno
Published: February 2023

The eastern Mediterranean island of Crete is located on the overriding plate of the Hellenic subduction thrust which is curved and changes strike from ~170° to ~50° in a west to east direction. Crete is located in the zone of maximum curvature of the subduction thrust. Basin and range topography together with prominent limestone scarps indicate that Quaternary deformation at the ground surface on Crete is dominated by normal faults with slip rates of up to ~1 mm/yr. These active faults comprise two primary sets that strike N-NNE (0-30°) and E-ESE (90-120°), with the more easterly faults dominating in southern Crete. Each fault set is characterised by dip slip and together they accommodate coeval W-WNW and N-NNE crustal extension. The E-ESE normal faults are approximately parallel to the strike of the subducting North African plate and form part of a regional fault system that swings in strike in sympathy with depth contours on the top of the concave northwards plate. By contrast, N-NNE normal faults are sub-parallel to the line of maximum curvature on the subduction thrust. These geometric relationships support the view that normal faulting on Crete formed, at least partly, in response to Cenozoic slab retreat (e.g., Jolivet et al., 2013), which continued into the Quaternary. In this model contemporaneous multi-directional crustal extension on Crete is driven by geologically simultaneous westward and southward retreat of the slab. Jolivet, L., Faccenna, C., Huet, B., Labrousse, L., Le Pourhiet, L., Lacombe, O., et al. (2013). Aegean tectonics: Strain localisation, slab tearing and trenchretreat. Tectonophysics, 597–598, 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2012.06.
Wintertime vertical distribution of air pollution in suburban Fairbanks during the ALPACA 2022 field campaign
Authors: Pohorsky Roman , Baccarini Andrea , Barret Brice , Brett Natalie , Pappaccogli Gianluca , Scoto Federico , Donateo Antonio , Busetto Maurizio , Bekki Slimane , Law Kathy , Decesari Stefano , Arnold Steve , Fochesatto Javier , Simpson William , Schmale Julia
Published: February 2023

The Alaskan Layered Pollution and Chemical Analysis (ALPACA) field campaign investigated the sources and processing of wintertime urban pollution in Fairbanks, Alaska in January and February 2022. Several sites located around the city of Fairbanks collected data to study the underexplored cold and dark wintertime dynamical, physical and chemical processes driving air pollution, both outdoors and indoors. We deployed a tethered balloon system at a farm field site near the University of Alaska (UAF) to specifically investigate the vertical layering of pollution and influence of different emission altitudes on surface pollution levels.The study site is located in a suburban area, west of downtown Fairbanks. Observational efforts there focused mainly on surface exchanges and the vertical distribution of pollutants in relation to the boundary layer structure, specifically under stable (inversion) conditions. Instruments at the UAF-farm provided continuous ground measurements of aerosol physical, optical and chemical properties, trace gases (O3, CO, N2O) and meteorology. The newly designed Modular Multiplatform Air Compatible Measurement System (MoMuCAMS) was deployed with a tethered-balloon (helikite) to sample air up to 350 m above ground level, providing information on the vertical distribution and mixing processes of atmospheric pollutants. Instruments onboard MoMuCAMS provided information on aerosol characteristics (particle number concentration, size distribution, absorption coefficient and chemical composition), trace gases (CO2, O3, CO, N2O, NOx), and meteorology. MoMuCAMS performed 21 flights between January 26 and February 25, 2021, collecting roughly 140 individual profiles of varying altitude under different boundary layer conditions, intercepting pollution plumes at different heights and of different composition. Given the suburban location of  the study site, we measured the influence of polluted air from the city and “cleaner” air from more remote origins.We will show how the vertical structure of the atmosphere and the frequently occurring temperature inversions affect transport and dispersion of pollution at different heights and how different meteorological conditions affect local air circulation and pollution at the study site. 
Paleoclimate archives as sentinels of future climate change
Authors: Kaboth-Bahr Stefanie
Published: February 2023

Paleoclimate archives, such as marine and terrestrial sediment cores, provide a valuable record of past climate conditions and can serve as "sentinels" for predicting future climate change. By using methods of sedimentology, stratigraphy, and paleontology, it is possible to reconstruct the physical and biological conditions of the past and gain a deeper understanding of how ecosystem stability has responded to changes in the environment. One excellent example of this is the UNESCO world heritage Messel fossil pit in central Europe, which dates back to the Eocene epoch and provides a glimpse into the potential future climate that may be experienced in 2150. Examining the annually laminated Messel sediments and building upon more than 60 years of paleontological excavations allows for insights into the sensitivity of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems to environmental change under high greenhouse gas concentrations across orbital to interannual time scales. This can provide new and important constraints on aquatic ecosystem stability and potential teleconnections to the surrounding terrestrial realm in an ever-warming world. Understanding these complex interactions between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems can inform decision-making and policy development related to climate change mitigation and adaptation.
Soil moisture response as a tool to understand hydrological processes across forested catchments in different climates
Authors: Penna Daniele , Segura Catalina , Borga Marco , Hissler Christophe , Latron Jerome , Llorens Pilar , Marchina Chiara , Martìnez-Carreras Nuria , Zuecco Giulia
Published: February 2023

Comparative analysis of the hydrological response at the catchment scale across different climates is critical to understand possible similarities in runoff generation processes. In this work, we relied on high-resolution soil moisture measurements in three European forested catchments to characterize hydrological responses during different wetness conditions. The study sites include Ressi, Italy (2.4 ha), Weierbach, Luxembourg (42 ha), and Can Vila, Spain (56 ha). We analyzed the seasonal variability in the difference between soil moisture at a relatively shallow (10–15 cm) and deep (45–60 cm) location within soil profiles in each catchment in the period 2017–2021, which included a wide range of meteorological conditions. We found contrasting soil moisture patterns across the investigated catchments. In the most humid site, Ressi, which receives over 2000 mm of precipitation per year, we often found similar soil moisture at the two soil depths, and soil moisture at the shallow depth was rarely higher than that at the deeper layer, suggesting very frequent vertical connectivity in this site. In Weierbach, which receives around 1000 mm of precipitation per year, soil moisture in the shallow sensor was consistently higher than in the deeper soil except during wet conditions when water content was similar across the entire soil profile. During dry conditions, evaporation of shallow water resulted in consistently higher soil moisture in the deeper layers. We infer that in Weierbach vertical connectivity between deep and shallow soil layers develops only during wet conditions. Despite similar total precipitation amount between Can Vila and Weierbach, soil moisture patterns were very different. In Can Vila, soil moisture was consistently higher in the deeper layer compared to the shallow one irrespectively of the season. This difference could be driven by very high evaporation of shallow water or a significant contribution of groundwater that promotes vertical connectivity. Our approach provides a relatively simple and inexpensive method to assess differences in hydrological behavior solely based on soil moisture data, opening the possibility for further analysis and comparisons across multiple catchments.
Assessing and selecting CMIP6 GCMs ensemble runs based on their ability to represent historical climate and future climate change signal
Authors: Trancoso Ralph , Syktus Jozef , Toombs Nathan , Chapman Sarah
Published: February 2023

The latest advances in climate change science were recently summarised in the sixth assessment report of the IPCC, including the contribution of CMIP6 models to understand changes in future climate. The CMIP6 is composed of hundreds of simulations, where the same model can have a few dozen different realizations for a single shared socio-economic pathway (SSP). This wealth of environmental data can be challenging for end-users interested in selecting ensemble runs to perform downscaling and impact assessments. Here, we assess the performance of the CMIP6 historical ensemble runs against observational data (Australian Water Availability Project – AWAP) and reanalysis (ERA-Interim) using a combination of metrics such as the Kling Gupta efficiency (KGE) over Australian regions. The assessment was based on precipitation, minimum and maximum temperature and sea surface temperature for the period 1995-2014, accounting for seasonal, monthly and daily time steps. We also assessed the climate change signal for precipitation and temperature for mid-century and end-of-the-century and developed an algorithm to automatically select the best-ranked ensemble runs and represent the spread in the climate change signal – that is the Skill Spread Selection. The results are presented as a performance score ranging from 0 to 100 which can be used to rank and select ensemble runs with distinct future climate signals. The analysis has great potential to inform scientists and practitioners on the strengths and limitations of individual ensemble runs and offers a robust and practical solution for the selection of CMIP6 realizations.
Temporal variations of United Arab Emirates coastline from 1991 to 202
Authors: Sarrau Justine , Abuelgasim Abdelgadir
Published: February 2023

In the context of global sea level rising, coasts are directly impacted. The retreat to coastlines and submersion of anthropic installations are among the major impacts. It is thus imperative to continuously monitor the coastlines status and devise the means and techniques to effectively assess their status. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) for example is a country which has a long sandy coastline. In this research, an algorithm was developed that makes use of remote sensing temporal data to assess the variability of the coastline in the UAE. The algorithm is used to automatically extract the whole coastline between 1991 and 2021 from Landsat 5 and 8 satellite images. They were selected for 1991, 2001, 2013 and 2021 because of the availability of data, and the significant changes that have been done in coastal areas due to urban development during this period.Only the Landsat spectral bands of green and near-infrared were utilized to calculate the spectral index of detection of the coast DDWI (Direct Difference Water Index). It is the first step of the algorithm developed. Then is used an automatic threshold Otsu to differentiate the land from water. The result is filled to remove the main artifacts and a canny edge detector is used to detect the coastline. At the end of the algorithm, the result is georeferenced because it lost it during the process. The georeferenced layer is polygonised so that the remaining artifacts are easier to remove. Then, a mask layer was created including boats, clouds, etc… and it is removed from the polygonised layer to get the final extracted coastline.The preliminary findings of this study show that the sandbanks have increased during the period of the study along the Arabian Gulf waters, suggesting that the coastline is retreating. The results showed a development of the sandbanks towards the Arabian Gulf in several places along the northern coastline but also their general retreat on the north-western one. This can be explained by the sediment settlement or the backfills that have been done to create new islands especially around Abu Dhabi city and Dubai. The creation of mangroves plantations or port infrastructures in the same place has completely changed the coastline layout of the UAE.On the other side of the UAE, along the sea of Oman, the sandbanks have retreated, suggesting either soil erosion by water currents or advancement of the coastline. The results show no significant change at all and no sandbanks. The only changes observed are linked to the anthropic modification of the coast. While the coastline did not change, the developed algorithm detected scattered sandbanks as the coastline. This confusion likely comes from the similar reflectance of sandbanks in shallow water with the sand of the coast. A further improvement for the developed algorithm will be pursued in the future to reduce such confusions.This methodology is applicable worldwide, but it is necessary to monitor the results for sandy areas such as the Middle East.
Trade-offs between carbon sequestration by cover crops and off-season nitrous oxide emissions in hemiboreal cereal production
Authors: Kjær Sigrid Trier , Lang Rong , Sturite Ievina , Dörsch Peter
Published: February 2023

The use of cover crops in cereal production as a climate smart agricultural practice is generally used to increase carbon sequestration in soils. However, increased plant biomass in wintertime can trigger N2O emissions due to decay during freeze-thaw cycles. So far little is known about N2O winter emissions from cover crops which, in the worst case, could cancel out the carbon gain by cover crops. Here we report N2O emissions from a two-year field experiment in SE Norway with barley and various cover crops (perennial and Italian ryegrass, oilseed radish, summer and winter vetch, phacelia and a mixture of different herbs) measured against controls without cover crops. A field robot was used for measuring N2O emissions at high temporal resolution during off-season, i.e., the period from cereal crop harvest to cereal crop sowing. During the first winter, the snow cover was poor and the significantly higher N2O emissions were measured from oilseed radish during spring thaw whereas perennial ryegrass reduced emissions. A second winter is measured and N2O emissions from both years will be presented. In addition, continuous measurements are needed to assess the effect of diurnal freeze-thaw cycles on N2O emissions before scaling up to annual N2O emission fluxes and comparing with C sequestration.
How remote sensing can identify land cover and climate change impacts on lake water quality: Lake Nicaragua and Lake Titicaca case studies.
Authors: Baltodano Martínez Analy , van Griensven Ann
Published: February 2023

The increase of human interventions and developments is modifying the land use/land cover (LULC) of the global landscape, thus affecting the water quality of rivers and lakes severely. Lake Titicaca and Lake Nicaragua (also known as Lake Cocibolca) are the largest lakes in Latin America. Despite Bolivia and Nicaragua being countries with a vast richness of natural resources, they face unsustainable practices ranging from over-exploitation of resources to drastic LULC changes that have created environmental problems that consequently affect human well-being and health. Additionally, climate change (CC) is exacerbating these problems and causing new ones. Therefore, it is also necessary to consider the effects that it will have on water quality, either by changes in temperature or by changes in precipitation (floods or droughts) that affect river flows and sediment transport.Environmental sustainability means securing adequate management of natural resources in all human productive and livelihood activities. Monitoring and assessing the quality of surface waters are fundamental for managing and ensuring the improvement of its state. A good understanding of the LULC change and CC dynamics is crucial to develop efficient strategy assessment, pollution management, and land use planning for the promotion of sustainable development. For these case studies, the integrated use of remote sensing products; especially considering the scarcity of data, enables a comprehensive understanding of the cause-effect relations in the water system, which assists policymakers in developing management plans for a variety of natural resource management applications.
A high spatial and temporal coverage global gridded tropospheric NO2 dataset (2007-2021) based on OMI and GOME-2
Authors: qin kai , Liu Xuanchen , He Qin , Cohen Jason
Published: February 2023

NOx interacts with both air pollution and short lived climate forcers, including ozone, nitrate aerosol, CO, and VOCs, which in turn cause damage to the atmosphere, degrade the environment and threaten human health. Based on the DOAS algorithm, satellite measurements can provide decadal and long-term and grid-by-grid coverage over the entire globe for NO2 and a few other trace gasses. This work merges two different satellites using NO2 retrieved by DOAS. The overpass times, wavebands used for the retrieval, and the uncertainties of the sensors are different. We take advantage of this variability to produce a merged product which relies on the local strengths of each sensor. Applying machine learning and the DINEOF method, this work generates a 15-year dataset with more overall data, fewer cloud-covered pixels, and data which is of higher quality and lower error. The spatial coverage of the reconstructed dataset is improved by 60% compared with the original datasets. A few specific and scientifically important results of this are explained in detail including: first, higher data coverage and quality over mountain basin regions which are even more clear than using the TROPOMI product, and second higher precision as compared with surface based remotely sensed profiles in highly polluted regions.  
emIAM v1.0: an emulator for Integrated Assessment Models using marginal abatement cost curves
Authors: Tanaka Katsumasa , Xiong Weiwei , Ciais Philippe , Johansson Daniel , Lehtveer Mariliis
Published: February 2023

We developed an emulator for Integrated Assessment Models (emIAM) based on a marginal abatement cost (MAC) curve approach (Xiong et al., 2022a,b). Using the output of IAMs in the ENGAGE Scenario Explorer and the GET model, we derived a large set of MAC curves: ten IAMs; global and eleven regions; three gases CO2, CH4, and N2O; eight portfolios of available mitigation technologies; and two emission sources. We tested the performance of emIAM by coupling it with a simple climate model ACC2 (Tanaka et al., 2021). We found that the optimizing climate-economy model emIAM-ACC2 adequately reproduced a majority of original IAM emission outcomes under similar conditions, allowing systematic explorations of IAMs with small computational resources. emIAM can expand the capability of simple climate models as a tool to calculate cost-effective pathways linked directly to a temperature target.References1. Tanaka, K., O. Boucher, P. Ciais, D. J. A. Johansson, J. Morfeldt (2021) Cost-effective implementation of the Paris Agreement using flexible greenhouse gas metrics. Science Advances, 7, eabf9020. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abf9020. 2. Xiong, W., K. Tanaka, P. Ciais, D. J. A. Johansson, M. Lehtveer (2022a) emIAM v1.0: an emulator for Integrated Assessment Models using marginal abatement cost curves. arXiv: 2212.12060 on 23 December 2022 (version 1). https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.120603. Xiong, W., K. Tanaka, P. Ciais, D. Johansson, M. Lehtveer (2022b) Data for "emIAM v1.0: an emulator for Integrated Assessment Models using marginal abatement cost curves" [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7478234
Using domestic weather disturbances and price transmission for maize price predictions in Southern Africa
Authors: Anderson Patrese , Davenport Frank , Baylis Kathy , Shukla Shraddhanand
Published: February 2023

In this paper we combine traditional econometric time series techniques and machine learning algorithms to construct skillful monthly maize price prediction models for four southern African countries – namely, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Theoretical models of price transmission commonly assume that shocks are transmitted from an external market (typically modeled as the world market) to the largest domestic city or port within a country and then, depending on the degree of market integration within the country, these shocks are transmitted to local markets. However recent evidence suggests that internal shocks have a larger impact on prices than external shocks. In an analysis of 554 local commodity markets across 51 countries during the period between 2008-2012, Brown and Kshirsagar (2015) find that 20% of local market prices were affected by domestic weather disturbances in the short-run in comparison to 9% by international price changes. This finding has prompted more recent literature to relax assumptions about international price transmission to investigate how shocks are transmitted through local and regional markets. Here we investigate the effects of domestic weather disturbances on regional maize price transmission. We then use these results of to build skillful price prediction models that use limited price data, weather disturbances, and other readily accessible free secondary data to predict monthly grain prices three, six, and nine months ahead in four Southern African countries. The collection of subnational price data in developing countries is costly and often difficult to obtain. We limit the amount of price data used by first determining if monthly price series in each country co-move and how these co-movements are influenced by domestic climate disturbances. We then use bivariate error correction models to both assess whether price movements in each country follow well-defined paths and identify influencing and influenced markets.From this analysis we classify markets that act as price anchors in each country. Because local climate conditions have been found to affect and accurately predict agricultural prices, price dispersion, and yields in developing countries we use climate conditions at both the market location and anchor market locations as predictors. We show that during periods classified by drought, price prediction models using anchor market prices and high-resolution climate data have high degrees of predictive accuracy. We hope the results presented in this paper will assist policymakers, government stakeholders, and researchers in systematically constructing subnational price forecasts with minimal price data to be used in early warning and food security monitoring models. 
The potential to increase resilience by replacing feed imports with domestic food system by-products
Authors: Sandström Vilma , Kummu Matti , Schwarzmueller Florian
Published: February 2023

Many of the key feedstuff, such as oilseed meals or fishmeal, used in livestock and aquaculture production are highly traded commodities in global agricultural markets. The dependence on these imported inputs creates vulnerabilities to the production countries when disturbances on global trade flows occur. Increasing the feed use of the available food system by-products offers a solution to decrease the dependency and increase food system circularity and resilience. In this global study we combine trade data from various sources of the material flows in feed trade and estimate for the first time the potential to replace the imported feeds with a more efficient use of food system by-products from domestic production. The results highlight the materials and areas with most potential to guide and inform decisions when looking for solutions in the transition towards more sustainable food systems.
Application of machine learning to combine global ionospheric maps from IGS analysis centers
Authors: Poniatowski Mateusz , Nykiel Grzegorz , Szmytkowski Jędrzej
Published: February 2023

The International GNSS Service (IGS) global ionospheric maps (GIMs) are one of the primary sources of information on the ionospheric state. They are used in many research and GNSS positioning applications. IGS GIMs are created using the weighted average of the products derived from the selected IAAC. This method allows for efficient mapping of the state of the ionosphere, especially on days without major disruptions. However, ionospheric disturbances could be more problematic to map correctly. To improve GIMs quality, we used a machine learning (ML) approach to combine individual IAAC GIMs into one product. We used total electron content (TEC) data from Jason altimetric satellite with a 5-minute interval as reference. To improve the modeling, we used auxiliary parameters such as solar and geomagnetic indices, e.g., F10.7 index. The training process was performed on the 2005-2020 dataset. This study presents some preliminary results of VTEC modeling using the ML approach. We show inter-validation and inter-comparison with IGS GIMs, and Jason-derived VTEC. We also used pseudorange code and carrier phase single-frequency GNSS observations to show positioning accuracy improvement achieved using ML-based GIMs. For this purpose, we used 34 evenly distributed IGS stations for the selected calm period and strong geomagnetic storms. The results showed that for both calm and stormy days, the differences between the coordinates obtained from our model and those using the IGS product were up to a few centimeters for most stations for the northern and eastern components of the topocentric coordinates. Additionally, for altitude, we noticed accuracy improvement for most stations during the storm periods relative to results obtained using the final IGS product.  