bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PROBLEMATYKA ROZWODÓW W ŚWIETLE WYPOWIEDZI DUCHOWNYCH KATOLICKICH UCZESTNICZĄCYCH W BADANIU SOCJOLOGICZNYM
Authors: Stojanowska Wanda , Kosek Mirosław
Published: December 2016

DIVORCE ISSUES IN THE LIGHT OF THE RESPONSES OF PRIESTS PARTICIPATING IN A SOCIOLOGICAL SURVEY Summary The subject of this essay is a sociological survey on divorce conducted among 201 Roman Catholic priests. The survey was part of a larger project involving a wide range of interviewees including divorced persons. It was carried out in 2005-2006 using funds assigned for the statutory purposes of the Maria Grzegorzewska Academy of Special Education in Warsaw. The project was directed by Prof. W. Stojanowska, and Father M. Kosek PhD acted as a consultant for the compilation of the priests’ survey. The priests who participated in the survey came from all the voivodships in Poland. They answered a number of questions on issues such as the reasons behind conflicts between spouses and their (viz. the priests’) role in efforts to resolve them, and their legal awareness of issues associated with the divorce court’s determination of the cause of marital breakdown. Survey questions related particularly to alcoholism, infidelity, and a child’s disability as causes of the conflict. In the final part of the essay there are a few remarks summarising the results of the survey, showing that the priests who took part in it had a vast knowledge on marital conflict. The survey also showed that priests enjoy a considerable amount of trust and can be of substantial assistance as counsellors to spouses in conflict. The priests identified particular stages of conflict and difficulties in resolving them, which indicates that they had studied these problems in detail. The research results lead to one general remark: spouses need counselling to resolve their conflict and they look for assistance (however, sometimes at too late a stage). Also thanks to their availability, priests constitute one of the few professions that may provide spouses with such counselling.
DOWODY Z DOKUMENTÓW POŚWIADCZONYCH ZA ZGODNOŚĆ Z ORYGINAŁEM PRZEZ PROFESJONALNEGO PEŁNOMOCNIKA W POSTĘPOWANIU W SPRAWIE O WPIS W KRAJOWYM REJESTRZE SĄDOWYM
Authors: Stanik Mariusz
Published: December 2016

DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE CERTIFIED AS TRUE BY A PROFESSIONAL PROXY IN PROCEEDINGS FOR AN ENTRY IN THE NATIONAL COURT REGISTER Summary The article concerns the acceptable form of documentary evidence in proceedings for an entry in the Polish National Court Register, in particular whether as of 1 January 2010 it is permissible to attach documents certified as true copies by the proxy appearing in the case, that is an attorney, legal representative, or attorney of the Polish State Treasury Office, to applications for entry in the Register. The analysis of this issue examines the provisions of Art. 129 § 3 and Art. 6944 § 1 of the Polish Civil Procedure Code, including an analysis of the relation between these provisions. In conclusion the author observes that despite the fact that there is a lex generalis ‒ lex specialis relations between Art. 129 § 3 and Art. 6944 § 1 of the Code, the principle of lex specialis derogat legi generali does not apply. Consequently, in the proceedings for entry in the Register there are no legal obstacles for the submission of documents on the basis of which entries are to be made in the Register, in the form of copies or transcripts certified as a true copy by the acting proxy (attorney, legal representative, or attorney of the State Treasury Office) of the party to such proceedings.
GLOSA DO WYROKU NSA W WARSZAWIE Z DNIA 11 STYCZNIA 2012 R. II GSK 1365/10
Authors: Szulc Jan
Published: December 2016

a GLOSS ON VERDICT II GSK 1365/10 ISSUED ON 11TH JANUARY 2012 BY THE POLISH SUPREME ADMINISTRATIVE COURT IN WARSAW Summary The verdict in question concerns the possibility of pharmacies providing services which are not specifically defined in the applicable legal regulations, in this case facilities for patients to take their own blood pressure. The fact that the status of pharmacies in the Polish healthcare system has not been fully defined has given rise to a number of practical problems, one of which is the extent of additional services which may be rendered in pharmacies. One of the controversial issues is the list of such services under Pharmaceutical law, and the viability of pharmaceutical care being rendered on the premises in pharmacies. Pharmaceutical care has been described in detail in the professional literature, but it has still not been implemented in Polish law and currently there are no opportunities for its implementation in the pharmacies. Nonetheless sometimes it is invoked for the provision of additional services in pharmacies. Another controversial point is the possibility for the imposition of restrictions on commercial freedom by sub-statutory means, viz. though an executive ordinance. However, under the jurisdiction of the Polish Constitutional Court and according to the professional literature such practices are admissible under certain conditions, e.g. if the relevant statutory act has laid down specific provisions allowing thereof.
PROBLEM „ISTOTY” PRAWA PODSTAWOWEGO W PERSPEKTYWIE KLASYCZNYCH TEORII PRAWA PODMIOTOWEGO
Authors: Stępkowski Aleksander
Published: December 2016

the “eSSential core” oF FundaMental riGhtS in the liGht oF the claSSical riGhtS theorieSSummary This paper addresses the issue of fundamental rights as subjective rights of a specific kind, namely those which are granted by constitutional provisions. The author focuses on the protection of the “essential core” of fundamental rights. This concept serves as a point of departure for a broader analysis of the language in which the Polish Constitutional Court has been describing the construction of fundamental rights in terms of two basic theories of subjective rights formulated in the 19thcentury civil law theory. In conclusion the author points out that the Polish Constitutional Court has been using expressions peculiar to both theories of subjective rights. Each of the theories has its own specific area, in which it provides a better description of those functions of subjective rights which are not easy to describe in terms of the other theory. The will theory is much better at describing the political dimension of public life (which is particularly important on the constitutional level), whereas the interest theory becomes more and more important as a constitution becomes more and more of a legal act (rather than a political act). In this context it may be observed that today’s constitutional law seems to be playing a parallel function to 19th-century civil law, and traditional civil law theory seems to be particularly useful in conceptualising contemporary constitutional law constructions, as developed by constitutional courts.
GODNOŚĆ CZŁOWIEKA W ŚWIETLE ORZECZENIA OLIVER BRÜSTLE PRZECIWKO GREENPEACE EV (C-34/10)
Authors: Maśnicki Jędrzej
Published: December 2016

HUMAN DIGNITY IN THE JUDGMENT IN CASE C-34/10 OLIVER BRÜSTLE V GREENPEACE EV Summary The judgment in Case C-34/10 Oliver Brüstle v Greenpeace eV. has not defined limits to the development of biomedicine, nor has it demarcated a boundary to science’s admissible intervention in a human life. However, a few of its consequences, not only the legal ones, call for special emphasis. First of all, it was the first time that the question of boundaries to progress in biomedicine was put to European public opinion. Embryonic stem cells were recognised as having the potential to develop into a human being, which gives sufficient grounds for a prohibition on their commercial destruction; thereby an effective barrier was laid down to further development in the commercial application of embryonic stem cell research, on the grounds not only of secondary law (directives), but also of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. The C-34/10 judgment has thus ruled out all concepts of dignity which adopt an instrumental approach to the integrality (inviolability) of the human person. However, the task of making ethical and valueoriented distinctions is still a problem facing judges and legislators in their everyday legal practice, since they now have to abide not only by the provisions of their respective national constitutions, but also by the supranational EU law. The dilemma which has emerged in connection with progress in contemporary science has put the European Union in a situation where it has to make a choice between the integral concept of human life covering all the stages of human development, and the notion of the human individual as the outcome of technological potential.
KONCEPCJA USTANOWIENIA RADY STANU (W ZWIąZKU Z PROJEKTEM RZECZNIKA PRAW OBYWATELSKICH JANUSZA KOCHANOWSKIEGO)
Authors: Krzymkowski Marek
Published: December 2016

A PROPOSAL TO ESTABLISH A COUNCIL OF STATE IN POLAND Summary In 2006 Janusz Kochanowski, Poland’s Civil Rights Spokesman, put forward a proposal for the establishment of a council of state. The idea itself is not new, and goes back to the Napoleonic Conseil d’État. A council of state operated on Polish territories in the 19th century, when the country was partitioned and under foreign rule, during the brief spell under the Duchy of Warsaw controlled by Napoleonic France (1807-1815), and subsequently in the so-called Kingdom of Poland under Russian rule (1815-1831, 1833-1845, 1861-1867). Nowadays councils of state operate in France, Holland, Italy, and Belgium. Their primary tasks are judicial and consultative, as a supreme administrative court. Kochanowski’s proposal envisaged a council of state empowered to issue its opinion on prospective legislation at the draft bill stage. It was to have a president and a membership of 15 counsellors elected by Sejm for a 9-year term of office. Only candidates with the required juridical and/or academic qualifications would be eligible to stand for this office.
O SKUTKOWOŚCI PRZESTĘPSTW FORMALNYCH
Authors: Nowak Paweł
Published: December 2016

CRIMINAL CONSEQUENCES OF FORMAL OFFENCESSummaryThe author discusses the concept of criminal consequence in Polish law. Debate is still going on in the theory and jurisdiction of Polish criminal law on whether a particular crime or offence should be classified as formal (przestępstwa formalne) or as consequential (przestępstwa skutkowe – viz. crimes/offences incurring criminal consequences; cf. inchoate crimes or offences). A point which turns out to be particularly problematic in this respect is the definition of criminal consequence, to enable a distinction to be drawn between formal and consequential (inchoate) offences/crimes. The author concludes that in practice all offences and crimes have a consequence. If a state in which a specific danger has emerged may be treated as a criminal consequence, it should also be admissible to treat a state in which an abstract danger has been created as a criminal consequence. Viewed from this aspect, all crimes are formal; for instance incitement is committed the moment when its perpetrator addresses words encouraging the commission of a crime to another person.
WYNAGRODZENIE DOZORCY RZECZY RUCHOMYCH W POSTĘPOWANIU EGZEKUCYJNYM
Authors: Jędrejek Grzegorz
Published: December 2016

THE CARETAKER’S FEE FOR THE CUSTODY OF MOVABLES IN FORECLOSURESummaryIn compliance with the relevant Polish provisions, movables impounded by a bailiff are to be left in the custody of the person with whom they were found. In Article 855 of the Polish Code of Civil Procedure the legislator recognises the bailiff’s option to put impounded movables in the custody of another person, includinga creditor, who then performs the duties of caretaker of the impoundedmovables. The aim of this article is to present issues related to thecaretaker’s fee in foreclosure proceedings. When a movable item isentrusted to the custody of a third party a regulatory relation in publiclaw arises between the bailiff and the caretaker. The caretaker’s fee ispart of the costs of repossession, and are payable in the foreclosureproceedings. The costs of repossession, including the caretaker’s fee, may not be claimed in separate proceedings.
ODPOWIEDZIALNOŚĆ ‘AGRIMENSORES’ A ODPOWIEDZIALNOŚĆ GEODETÓW
Authors: Sitek Bronisław
Published: December 2016

THE LIABILITY OF THE ‘AGRIMENSORES’ AND SURVEYORS’ LIABILITYSummaryThe agrimensores played an important role in the society of ancien Rome. They were highly respected for their technical skills and knowledge of mathematics. The grounds for the liability of the agrimensores were material damage caused intentionally by surveyor (dolus) and intent to deceive (fallere). An agrimensor was not liable for damage caused as a result of lack of knowledge or experience (imperitia). If several agrimensores onducted the surveying activities they were jointly liable (in solidum), regardless of their individual contribution to the damage. This type of liability could not be used when it was not possible to assign blame to one of the agrimensores. An agrimensor who had a slave to do the measuring held the liability and could not resort to noxal responsibility. Noxal responsibility could be applied if the shoddy work had been performed by a slave; in such cases the party suffering the damage could obtain dominion over the slave who had caused it or receive full compensation from the slave’s owner. The injured party could seek compensation on the grounds of a praetorian actio in factum. The injured party and his heirs had the right to submit a claim, which was subsidiary and therefore penal in nature, which meant it could not be brought against the heirs of the perpetrators. Actio in factum was used as an actio utilis and actio ad exemplum in other similar cases in surveying activities, such as when measuring wine or grain. Nowadays a surveyor’s liability is civil, criminal, administrative or disciplinary. The first two types are important when a specific injury or offence occurs. In such cases only a surveyor who carried out the surveying or cartographic activities on his own is liable. The study shows that, despite some similarities, there are differences between the liabilities of Roman agrimensores and of modern surveyors. Roman law used a system of praetorian civil liability which was penal in character, while today we have a stratified system of liability of up to four separate levels, where the injured party may use only one or submit a cumulative claim, seeking civil damages, and claiming punishment for the perpetrators under criminal law and/or disciplinary proceedings.
ZJAWISKO KRADZIEŻY WODY PUBLICZNEJ W STAROŻYTNYM RZYMIE
Authors: Kamińska Renata
Published: December 2016

THE THEFT OF PUBLIC WATER IN ANCIENT ROMESummaryThe theft of the public water delivered to the city by the aqueducts was a common phenomenon in ancient Rome. It was perpetrated both by private persons as well as by the officials and services responsible for the proper functioning of the city’s water supply. The most frequent abusers were the procuratores, aquarii, vilices, and libratores. Various methods were used to prevent water fraud. They included legal means as well special technology for the prevention and faster and more effective detection of instances of water theft and other abuses connected with its distribution.
OŚWIADCZENIA ‘PRO FUTURO’ ‒ DYLEMATY PRAWNE
Authors: Pacian Jolanta
Published: December 2016

Advance Directives: Legal DilemmasSummaryThe experience of the European countries and the U.S. has shown that, although in practice the use of advance statements is giving rise to problems for healthcare professionals and patients alike, both legal and medical in nature, they are undoubtedly a manifestation of patients’ independence and a sign of respect for their wishes when life or health is at stake. The regulations regarding the introduction of the living will into the Polish legal framework should take into account the patient’s choice only with regard to preferred methods of treatment in the event of his loss of consciousness and inability to inform the physician of his preferences of treatment.
STAN NIETRZEŹWOŚCI JAKO „AFEKT” W RZYMSKIM PRAWIE KARNYM?
Authors: Kubiak Przemysław
Published: December 2016

Drunkenness – a “Passion” in Roman Criminal Law?SummarySince ancient times jurists and lawyers have had to handle offencesconnected with alcohol abuse. There are only three texts on drunkenness in the Roman legal sources: two relate to offences committed byinebriate soldiers, and the third contains the basic division into intentional offences, accidental offences, and crimes of passion. In all threecategories drunkenness was a mitigating factor, which may be surprising for modern lawyers. Other Roman sources present public opinionon drinking, which seems to have depended on the circumstances– heavy drinking and alcoholism were disapproved of. A precise analysis of the rhetorical writings shows elaborate distinctions betweenintentional and unintentional acts. Drunkenness was regarded as anemotional state which could influence the penalty, but the specific circumstances of the offence were crucial. The rhetorical works confirmthe views presented in poetry and philosophy. Contrary to the legalsources, the facts seem to show that a judge could sentence an offenderto a severe or mild punishment, or even acquit him if drunkenness hadbeen a factor contributing to the offence. The rhetorical works may beconsidered to provide not only an important theoretical background tothe legal sources, but also crucial supplementary information givinga better insight into Roman criminal law.
KOLIZYJNOPRAWNA PROBLEMATYKA MAŁŻEŃSKICH STOSUNKÓW MAJĄTKOWYCH W ŚWIETLE PRZEPISÓW NOWEJ USTAWY O P.P.M. Z 2011 R.
Authors: Żarnowiec Łukasz
Published: December 2016

Conflict of Legal Issues Regarding Matrimonial Property Regimes under the New Private International Law of 2011SummaryThe conflict-of-law method for the determination of the law applicable to matrimonial property regimes under the Polish InternationalPrivate Law Act of 1965 became obsolete and no longer came up tocurrent standards and needs, and therefore required thorough revision.The most important shortfalls of the previous regulation were theexclusion of freedom of choice of the law applicable to matrimonialproperty relations, the selection of criteria recognised as objectiveconnecting factors, the excessive privilege of lex fori, and the lack ofinstruments protecting third parties entering into legal relations witha married couple.Amendments in the above-mentioned scope were introduced by theInternational Private Law Act of February 4, 2011 (Ustawa z dnia 4 lutego 2011 r. – Prawo prywatne międzynarodowe), that came into forceon May 16, 2011. However, certain provisions of the new Act haveraised doubts. This paper presents them and tries to provide a criticalassessment.
RETORSJA POKRZYWDZONEGO PRZY PRZESTĘPSTWACH PRZECIWKO CZCI I NIETYKALNOŚCI CIELESNEJ A ZASADA ‘DE SUA MALITIA NEMO DEBET COMMODUM REPORTARE’
Authors: Drewicz Marcin
Published: December 2016

The Victim’s Retaliatory Response to Offences Against His Honour And Physical Integrity and the Principle of ‘de sua malitia nemo debet commodum reportare’ SummaryThe aim of this paper is to discuss a victim’s retaliatory actionagainst the perpetrator of an offence against his honour and physicalintegrity as a circumstance admitting the waiving of penalisation. Thepossibility for the offender to evade penalisation simply because thevictim retaliated seems to contradict the principle that the offendershould draw no benefit from the offence (de sua malitia nemo debetcommodum reportare). The regulation adopted in the Polish CriminalCode (kodeks karny, k.k.) appears to favour the offender who receiveda retaliatory response from the victim, over and above the situation inwhich the victim took no measures to retaliate against the offender.The article also highlights the difference in the legal consequences ofthe waiving of penalties respectively for the perpetrator and the retaliating victim. This differentiation, which puts the retaliating victimin a worse position than the offender, also appears to be incompatiblewith the cited principle of criminalisation.
‘DOS’ UND ‘DONATIO’ MITGIFTBESTELLUNG IST KEINE SCHENKUNG
Authors: Wacke Andreas
Published: December 2016

„Dos” i „donatio”. ustanowienie posagu to nie darowiznaStreszczeniePrzedmiotem artykułu jest instytucja ustanowienia posagu w prawierzymskim. Autor dowodzi, że ustanowienie posagu nie było darowizną. W oparciu o materiał źródłowy wskazuje na różnice pomiędzytymi instytucjami, które wynikały z różnych funkcji przez nie speł-nianych. Autor przypomina, że reguły prawne dotyczące posagu byłykonsekwencją różnych zadań i ról mężczyzny i kobiety, jaką mieliw małżeństwie. Posag, w odróżnieniu od darowizny, odgrywał rolęnie tylko indywidualną, gdyż w interesie przyszłych pokoleń czyliw interesie publicznym leżało, aby dzieci dorastały w rodzinacho dobrej sytuacji finansowej. W imperium, które prowadziło stalewojny chciano też zapewnić, aby wdowy i sieroty były zabezpieczone. W konsekwencji, z racji różnych ograniczeń dotyczących causadonandi, prawnicy rzymscy zmuszeni byli wykreować favor dotis, abywyraźnie rozróżnić dos i donatio.
‘ILLOTIS MANIBUS’. HENRYK KUPISZEWSKI I WSPóŁCZESNE DYSKUSJE ROMANISTYCZNE W POLSCE
Authors: Kuryłowicz Marek
Published: December 2016

“Illotis Manibus”: Henryk Kupiszewski and the Contemporary Discussion of Roman Law in PolandSummaryIn his discussion of the significance of Roman law Henryk Kupiszewski referred to Gaius’ observation that the study of the lawcould not be conducted “with unwashed hands” (illotis manibus), viz.without a knowledge of the historical sources. In my opinion it is imperative to remind ourselves of this today, when some Polish scholarsof Roman law are criticising source studies and historical research onRoman law, and opting instead for modernity and a future examinedprimarily from the fuzzy perspective of decodification. In Prawo rzymskie a współczesność, his book on Roman law and the present times,Kupiszewski emphasised that the principal area of research on Romanlaw could take was still the examination of the work and achievementof the iurisprudentes, and that any other strategy would put it on thepath for self-destruction. Roman law studies are, of course facing new,contemporary problems. For instance, it has been observed that effectively the historical and legal awareness of today’s scholars of civil lawno longer encompasses Roman law. So we should be trying to preservethe connection of Roman law with the disciplines of positive law, andespecially making a concerted effort to work on a synthesis of Romanlaw as an introduction to contemporary private law. Furthermore, inour research we should take into consideration the close connectionbetween Roman law and other disciplines relating to antiquity – another point Kupiszewski made. We should also view the tradition ofRoman law as the common denominator in the European consensus onthe law. Hence the purposefulness of continuing the basic trend in thestudy of Roman law, from the aspect both of its ancient history and ofits European tradition and present-day manifestations.
PRAWO RZYMSKIE W ŚWIECIE WSPóŁCZESNYM WEDŁUG HENRYKA KUPISZEWSKIEGO
Authors: Sondel Janusz
Published: December 2016

Roman Law In The Contemporary World According To Henryk Kupiszewski Summary The 1988 publication of Henryk Kupiszewski’s book on Roman law and the contemporary world (Prawo rzymskie a współczesność) was a milestone in Polish scholarship. It was written in reaction to the attempts which had been continually undertaken under the People’s Republic of Poland to remove Roman law from the teaching syllabus. The book triggered vociferous protest against the attempt to turn the faculties of law at Polish universities into vocational colleges, at the same time stimulating research on Roman law, not only in its historical aspect but also from the point of view of its value for the present times. An image emerged of Kupiszewski as an outstanding scholar of the humanities, for whom the ethical values in Roman law were just as important as the institutions it created which were subsequently adopted by the legislative systems of latter-day civilised states. Professor Kupiszewski, an advocate of the theory of continuity in the Roman culture and civilisation following the Germanic invasion, drew attention to two factors which turned out to be particularly relevant for the continuation of Roman law – education and the notarial service. He held that especially the latter was of seminal importance, since the formulas notaries reproduced time and again in documents carried the precepts of Roman law well into the Middle Ages. He attributed a special significance to the inspiration Roman law engendered, which he saw as its principal contemporary value. And one can hardly disagree if one recalls a remark he made, that “Justinian’s compilation is a rich store full of things that are required nowadays” is still being confirmed in the work of today’s specialists in civil law.
WZORZEC UMOWY SPÓŁKI JAWNEJ I SPÓŁKI KOMANDYTOWEJ
Authors: Gawrysiak-Zabłocka Aleksandra
Published: December 2016

E-forms for General Partnership and Limited PartnershipAgreements in Polish LawSummarySince the latest amendment of the Polish Code of Commercial Partnerships and Companies (CCPC) entered into force on 15th January2015 it has been possible to set up a general partnership or a limitedpartnership using a standardised electronic form for the agreement. Thearticle contains an analysis of the new regulations. Though the idea touse electronic communication in setting up partnerships is a welcomemeasure, there is no doubt that it would have been better if the forms forgeneral partnership and limited partnership agreements were annexeso the CCPC instead of annexes to regulations issued by the Ministerof Justice. Moreover, some of the arrangements in these forms call forcriticism. The provisions in e-forms should be no different from those inhe CCPC. The regulations in the e-forms for partnership of indefiniteduration or for method of representation of partnership should be amended. Partners should also be given more freedom in some other issues,e.g. in determining how they are to participate in the allocation of loss.
NIEWERBALNE SPOSOBY NARUSZENIA CZCI W PRAWIE RZYMSKIM
Authors: Nowicka Dobromiła
Published: December 2016

Non-verbal Acts Damaging Reputation in Roman LawSummaryThe aim of this article is to present the non-verbal types of conductwhich damaged another person’s reputation under Roman Law.The author examines only those types of offensive conduct which didnot involve physical assault on an individual’s bodily integrity.The article analyses abusive conduct subject to the edictum de adtemptata pudicitia, the first regulation on this matter; and secondly conductpenalised under the edictum ne quid infamandi causa fiat. The latteredict marked the peak in the legislation providing protection against allkinds of vilifying behaviour. The latter edict is discussed on the basis ofpassages from Ulpian with examples of its application.
WIĘCEJ TEORII I WIĘCEJ PRAKTYKI? KSZTAŁCENIE INTERDYSCYPLINARNE I NIEDOGMATYCZNE W PROGRAMACH STUDIÓW PRAWNICZYCH AMERYKAŃSKICH UCZELNI
Authors: Zych Tymoteusz
Published: December 2016

More Theory, more Practice? Interdisciplinary and NonDogmatic Education in American Law School CurriculaSummaryWhile American legal education is very often invoked as a modelfor Polish law faculties, the actual role of interdisciplinary and non--dogmatic courses in the curricula of American law schools has not beencoherently analysed yet. The American example shows that the conceptof legal education has a significant impact on the development of thelegal system. Interdisciplinary courses have been present in the curricula of university law schools since the beginning of American history.Currently the American Bar Association requires law schools to includenon-dogmatic contents in their curricula to obtain accreditation. Thewidest range of non-dogmatic courses is offered by the most prestigiouslaw schools. Leading American legal thinkers of all currents emphasisethe importance of interdisciplinary and non-dogmatic subjects in theeducational process. The paper concludes with a comparative analysisof the role of interdisciplinary subjects in law school curricula in Polandand in the United States.
Z DZIEJÓW FRANCUSKIEGO MODELU „LA PUBLICITÉ FONCIÈRE”
Authors: Blajer Paweł
Published: December 2016

Some Aspects of the History of the French ‘Publicité Foncière’ SystemSummaryIn this article the author applies a broad historical perspective todescribe the origins and evolution of the French publicité foncière system as an instrument for the publicity (record-keeping) of propertytransactions.To achieve this aim he divides the article into particular chaptersas required by the nature of the subject. According to the systematicsadopted in the French literature, the history of the publicité foncièresystem is divided into three fundamental periods, which are discussedin three separate chapters. These three main periods are the age ofl’ancien droit (viz. French law prior to the Revolution), the legislationof the Revolutionary period and Napoleonic Code; the period since themortgage law of 1855.The research conducted in the article’s three main chapters enablesthe author to identify the factors which have determined the main trendin the history of the French method of land registration, and the extentto which it has influenced Polish regulations on land registration.
FUNDUSZ POMOCY POKRZYWDZONYM ORAZ POMOCY POSTPENITENCJARNEJ PO NAJNOWSZYCH ZMIANACH
Authors: Bieńkowska Ewa
Published: December 2016

Crime Victims and the Polish Post-penitentiary Fund Following the Latest Changes Summary This paper presents a critical analysis of the provisions in force relating to the Polish Crime Victims and Post-Penitentiary Fund (Fundusz Pomocy Pokrzywdzonym oraz Pomocy Postpenitencjarnej). Recently there have been important changes in these provisions, particularly on the grounds of the Act of 28 November 2014 on the protection of and assistance to victims of crime and witnesses (Ustawa z dnia 28 listopada 2014 r. o ochronie i pomocy dla pokrzywdzonego i świadka) and the associated executive regulations of 29 September 2015 introduced by the Ministry of Justice. The scope of the Fund’s tasks has been extended to cover legal and psychological assistance to witnesses and their next-ofkin, and the rules for the financing of the Fund’s activities have been modified. Most of these changes concern the provisions relating to victims, who are now in a worse situation than before the Act came into force, which runs counter to the main purpose of Directive 2012/29/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 establishing minimum standards on the rights, support and protection of victims of crime.
PROBLEMATYKA ZAWIERANIA UKŁADÓW ZBIOROWYCH PRACY W ZATRUDNIENIU TYMCZASOWYM
Authors: Wilczyński Robert
Published: December 2016

Collective Bargaining Agreements for Temporary Employment Summary The article presents the opinions current in the doctrine and jurisprudence concerning collective bargaining agreements in temporary employment. The differences in the construction of temporary and permanent employment relations make the situation in temporary employment worthy of a separate legal analysis. The issues discussed in this article are the potential for collective bargaining in temporary employment, the legal nature of collective agreements involving an employment agency, and the admissibility of differentiation in terms of subjective and objective legal relations regarding the conclusion of collective bargaining agreements.
Cinnamaldehyde Analogues as Potential Therapeutic Agents
Authors: Chen Bang-Jiao , Fu Chun-Sheng , Li Guo-Hui , Wang Xiao-Ning , Lou Hong-Xiang , Ren Dong-Mei , Shen Tao
Published: December 2016

Cinnamaldehyde analogues are a class of chemical substances originated from derivatization
of cinnamaldehyde, and are structurally characterized by the presence of cinnamoyl moiety. Due to the
presence of highly reactive α,α-unsaturated carbonyl pharmacophore (Michael acceptor) in their
structures, these molecules are apt to react with some enzymes and/or receptors as electrophiles, and
consequently produce diverse therapeutically relevant pharmacological functions. Naturally occurring
molecules, trans-cinnamaldehyde (CA), 2-benzoyloxycinnam-aldehyde (2-BCA), and 2-
hydroxycinnamaldehyde (2-HCA) are representatives of this group, and have attracted lots of interest
for their bioactivities, especially the anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties. Owing to the
potential of CA, 2-BCA, and 2-HCA as therapeutic agents, researches on chemical syntheses and
modifications have been carried out to gain chemical entities with potent bioactivity and favorable
druggability. This review summarizes the progress on phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of
natural cinnamaldehyde analogues, illustrate the representative of synthetic molecules with potent
bioactivity, and discuss their potential as therapeutic agents.
One-Compound-Multi-Target: Combination Prospect of Natural Compounds with Thrombolytic Therapy in Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Chen Han-Sen , Qi Su-Hua , Shen Jian-Gang
Published: December 2016

Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) is the only FDA-approved drug for
acute ischemic stroke treatment, but its clinical use is limited due to the narrow
therapeutic time window and severe adverse effects, including hemorrhagic
transformation (HT) and neurotoxicity. One of the potential resolutions is to use
adjunct therapies to reduce the side effects and extend t-PA's therapeutic time window.
However, therapies modulating single target seem not to be satisfied, and a multitarget
strategy is warranted to resolve such complex disease. Recently, large amount
of efforts have been made to explore the active compounds from herbal supplements
to treat ischemic stroke. Some natural compounds revealed both neuro- and bloodbrain-
barrier (BBB)-protective effects by concurrently targeting multiple cellular
signaling pathways in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Thus, those compounds
are potential to be one-drug-multi-target agents as combined therapy with t-PA for ischemic stroke.

In this review article, we summarize current progress about molecular targets involving in t-PA-mediated
HT and neurotoxicity in ischemic brain injury. Based on these targets, we select 23 promising compounds
from currently available literature with the bioactivities simultaneously targeting several important molecular
targets. We propose that those compounds merit further investigation as combined therapy with t-PA.
Finally, we discuss the potential drawbacks of the natural compounds' studies and raise several important
issues to be addressed in the future for the development of natural compound as an adjunct therapy.
Analysis of loss distribution of Conventional Boost, Z-source and Y-source Converters for wide power and voltage range
Authors: Gadalla Brwene Salah , Schaltz Erik , Siwakoti Yam , Blaabjerg Frede
Published: December 2016

Boost converters are needed in many applications which require the output voltage to be higher than the input voltage. Recently, boost type converters have been applied for industrial applications, and hence it has become an interesting topic of research. Many researchers proposed different impedance source converters with their unique advantages as having a high voltage gain in a small range of duty cycle ratio. However, the thermal behaviour of the semiconductor devices and passive elements in the impedance source converter is an important issue from a reliability point of view and it has not been investigated yet. Therefore, this paper presents a comparison between the conventional boost, the Z-source, and the Y-source converters based on a thermal evaluation of the semiconductors. In addition, the three topologies are also compared with respect to their efficiency. In this study the results show that the boost converter has higher efficiency than the Zsource and Y-source converter for these specific voltage gain of 2 and 4. The operational principle, mathematical derivations, simulation results and final comparisons are presented in this paper.
Citations for Software: Providing Identification, Access and Recognition for Research Software
Authors: Soito Laura , Hwang Lorraine J
Published: December 2016

Software plays a significant role in modern academic research, yet lacks a similarly significant presence in the scholarly record. With increasing interest in promoting reproducible research, curating software as a scholarly resource not only promotes access to these tools, but also provides recognition for the intellectual efforts that go into their development. This work reviews existing standards for identifying, promoting discovery of, and providing credit for software development work. In addition, it shows how these guidelines have been integrated into existing tools and community cultures, and provides recommendations for future software curation efforts.Â
DataCite: Lessons Learned on Persistent Identifiers for Research Data
Authors: Rueda Laura , Fenner Martin , Cruse Patricia
Published: December 2016

Data are the infrastructure of science and they serve as the groundwork for scientific pursuits. Data publication has emerged as a game-changing breakthrough in scholarly communication. Data form the outputs of research but also are a gateway to new hypotheses, enabling new scientific insights and driving innovation. And yet stakeholders across the scholarly ecosystem, including practitioners, institutions, and funders of scientific research are increasingly concerned about the lack of sharing and reuse of research data. Across disciplines and countries, researchers, funders, and publishers are pushing for a more effective research environment, minimizing the duplication of work and maximizing the interaction between researchers. Availability, discoverability, and reproducibility of research outputs are key factors to support data reuse and make possible this new environment of highly collaborative research. An interoperable e-infrastructure is imperative in order to develop new platforms and services for to data publication and reuse. DataCite has been working to establish and promote methods to locate, identify and share information about research data. Along with service development, DataCite supports and advocates for the standards behind persistent identifiers (in particular DOIs, Digital Object Identifiers) for data and other research outputs. Persistent identifiers allow different platforms to exchange information consistently and unambiguously and provide a reliable way to track citations and reuse. Because of this, data publication can become a reality from a technical standpoint, but the adoption of data publication and data citation as a practice by researchers is still in its early stages. Since 2009, DataCite has been developing a series of tools and services to foster the adoption of data publication and citation among the research community. Through the years, DataCite has worked in a close collaboration with interdisciplinary partners on these issues and we have gained insight into the development of data publication workflows. This paper describes the types of different actions and the lessons learned by DataCite.Â
La vida interior como dimensión clave en la comprensión de la persona según Edith Stein.
Authors: Greene María Teresa
Published: December 2016

This paper concerns certain central elements of the thought of Edith Stein about the person as a fnite being and eternal being, considering interior life as the key for understanding the human person. The approach to this most profound dimension of the human being is done through the analysis of the structure of the person and his or her relationship with God. The interior life of the person is revealed in this study as a complex world to be explored until one has discovered its center, that part that defnes the person. In this interior world of the person, thanks to his spirit, he or she encounters the exterior world, the self and God.
Edith Stein y la formación de la mujer.
Authors: Martínez F. María Eliana
Published: December 2016

Edith Stein is not a feminist, as we understand that concept today. But she is very much concerned with being a woman. Philosophy and, especially, faith helped her to express this search. The specificity of woman is receptivity, fertility. The vocation of the human person springs from faith, and both men and women collaborate. It is important for women to develop their feminine being. Men and women are equal in dignity. It is not necessary to erase the differences, but rather, point out their complementary and original nature.
La misión continental y los desafíos de inculturación a la luz de «evangelii nuntiandi».
Authors: Sepúlveda Óscar Marcelo
Published: December 2016

The continental mission and the challenge of enculturation in the light of «evangelii nuntiandi» Abstract The Conference of Aparecida invited to Latin America church to develop a church of missionary disciple that renew the cultures and societies of our region. In this context, we think that it is an important contribution in order to advance in an evangelization that be deep, not superficial, it asks the theology and practise of the gospel inculturization. For it, we think, to the light of ‘Evangelii Nuntiandi’, that is one of the Pontifical mastery documents most eminent referd to the church mission dimension about the develop of the teologics concepts implicate insade of the inculturization, as mission and evangelization are.
El Espíritu Santo, alma de la Iglesia.
Authors: Hallet Collard Charles
Published: December 2016

The Holy Spirit has been called again “Soul of the Church” at the end of XIX Century. The article applies to the spirit the different elements of the philosophical definition of the human soul. Original cause of life, thought, feelings, love, unity and communion. He guides the church and the whole humanity to the complete truth and universal communion of the God’s kingdom Keywords: soul, gifts of the Holy Spirit, Unity, Communion.
Gratitud, gratuidad y justicia social.
Authors: Ayora Pinos Xavier
Published: December 2016

This article shows a re?ection of the situation of youth protests of different kinds in different countries for greater levels of social justice. The Benedict’s XVI thesis, about the “intelligent gratuity”, next to solidarity and subsidiarity principles, remember us the basic aspects in the social doctrine of the church which come preceded of the gratuity experience or to have received certain talent of someone, to have thankful memory. Like in all the human acts, there are not anything innate, all has its process and in this lapse of time we need as a categorical commanding the education of the proactive empathy for the human which motivates the social justice, developing a greatest brotherhood of the population and the improvement of the democracy.
La fe en la Creación como clave de lectura unitaria de la salvación cristiana, según Karl Rahner
Authors: Correa Schnake Francisco Ramón
Published: December 2016

This article discusses one aspect of Karl Rahner’s theological approach that realizes the importance of faith in God the creator, because it establishes a correspondence between God and man determined by the creatural condition. A singularity that requires an understanding of salvation that embraces the whole man and all men, without exclusions of any kind.
Based on this approach, emphasizes experiential and inclusive sense of Rahner’s creation theology proposes that an understanding of unity “in” and “from” the real diversity. A reality that is expressed in man through the binomial spirit and matter, and involves an assessment of all the dimensions those constitute the human and the mundane in order to Christian salvation.
¿Qué es la persona?.
Authors: Montes Pérez Ricardo Andrés
Published: December 2016

This article re?ects on the concept of Person in the realist phenomenology of Karol Wojtyla, stating that the main through which the person revealed himself is in their actions, but not just any action but conscious action. From the action, we can recognize the person with superior and absolute, value which should always be considered as an end, for he is always subject to their own action.
EL CONTEXTO Y LOS ACTORES DE LA PRÁCTICA: ESTUDIO SOBRE LA REPRESENTACIÓN DEL PROFESOR EN FORMACIÓN
Authors: Sánchez Sánchez Gerardo Ignacio , Jara Amigo Ximena Elizabeth
Published: December 2016

El presente artículo explora las representaciones que 32 profesores en formación reportan sobre el contexto y los actores de la práctica. Los resultados reconocen a la práctica como espacio real de formación y fuente de crisis productiva, y la presencia de dos tipos de actores: aquellos entusiastas y en desarrollo; y los que experimentan a modo de resistencia una frustración profesional. Se adoptó el enfoque cualitativo a partir del tipo estudio de caso interpretativo, con aplicación de entrevistas semiestructuradas y una estrategia de discusión basada en el análisis temático. La investigación se desarrolló en el campus de una universidad regional de Chile. El estudio abre perspectivas de diálogo en el contexto regional, susceptibles de enriquecer la formación e inserción docente.
ISABEL PONE EN CARTAS SUS RECLAMOS: MAESTRAS Y EPISTOLARIOS. ROSARIO, ARGENTINA (1875 – 1879)
Authors: Pellegrini Malpiedi Micalea
Published: December 2016

El presente artículo posee dos objetivos que articulan tres palabras clave: escuela normal, maestra y epistolario. El primer cometido se compromete a pensar cómo el surgimiento del sistema educativo argentino operó sobre la participación de las mujeres decimonónicas (maestras) en las prácticas educativas. En Argentina, a fines del siglo XIX, el Estado pensó en la figura femenina como la más apta para llevar a cabo el acto civilizador de la escuela normal; dicha finalidad estaba justificada por sus “dotes naturales”: cuidado y predisposición hacia los otros. Ahora bien, en un segundo objetivo, se recapitaliza esta cuestión para pensar cómo esta misma prescripción fue reformulada por las propias mujeres para salir del espacio privado doméstico y entablar relaciones y negociaciones en los espacios propios de lo masculino y de los masculinos. Indagar sobre la capacidad de reclamo que estas mujeres del magisterio poseen para peticionar sobre aquello que consideran justo y, con ello mismo, su capacidad de desafiar los discursos esencialistas sobre “maestras” que circulaban en la época. Para ello, se analizarán las cartas escritas por una joven docente: Isabel Coolidge.
“O cidadão não encontra garantia senão na própria força” – recrutamento, milícias privadas, quadrilhas de ‘cabras’ e a questão da propriedade privada (Cariri Cearense, século XIX)
Authors: Cortez Irffi Ana Sara
Published: December 2016

Este artigo se propõe analisar No processo de construção do Estado brasileiro em meados do Oitocentos, o recrutamento para a Guarda Nacional e a formação de milícias privadas no sertão nacional, sobretudo das chamadas províncias do Norte. A análise se volta às milícias surgidas a partir das relações estabelecidas dos senhores com agregados e moradores, mas também, no bojo desse processo, à formação de grupos alheios aos senhores que ficaram conhecidos como ‘quadrilhas de cabras’.
Índios/as, negros/as, mestiços/as para além da paisagem amazônica: a construção de experiências locais em notas etnográficas da obra brasileira de Alfred Russel Wallace (1850-1852)
Authors: Limeira da Silva Victor Rafael , Aguiar José O.
Published: December 2016

O artigo tece considerações sobre a historiografia que abordou as viagens científicas no Brasil Imperial, com destaque para a trajetória de Alfred Russel Wallace pelos rios e matas equatoriais da Amazônia e para os mais variegados encontros culturais e humanos que tiveram espaço nessa jornada coletora. Ganha relevo o destaque à descrição de índios/as e negros/as na ótica do naturalista-viajante e a análise das características e recorrências de seu olhar tanto em caráter de comparação com escritos contemporâneos, quanto em sentido de ruptura, dissensão e criatividade.