bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Arsenic in Soils: Natural Concentration and Adsorption by Oxisols Developed From Different Lithologies
Authors: Fontes Maurício P. F. , Almeida Cecília C. , Dias Adriana C. , Caires Sandro M. , Rosa Guilherme F.
Published: April 2019

Arsenic (As) is a toxic and a carcinogenic element naturally occurring in the environment. Therefore, studies on As natural concentration in soils and its adsorption process are important tools for the evaluation of potential risks of soil contamination in order to adoption of control actions or monitoring of potential As-contamination sources. The objective of this study was to evaluate the natural levels of As and determine the maximum adsorption capacity of As (MACAs) of six Oxisols (Latossolos) of Minas Gerais State, Brazil, developed from different lithologies. The soil sample’s total As content was determined using the USEPA 3051A method. The adsorption experiments were performed using different As concentrations, and the MACAs was measured by the Langmuir isotherm. On average, the natural As content in Oxisols was 13.13 mg kg-1, which is above the reference value of soil quality (RVQ) for As, in Brazil (8 mg kg-1). The levels of As in Oxisols originated from metamorphic/igneous rocks were significantly higher than those of Oxisols from sedimentary rocks. Globally, the evaluated soils showed a mean MACAs equal to 2,548 mg kg-1. Soil horizon Bw showed a higher MACAs than that of A horizon. In general, the levels of clay, iron oxides, iron forms (especially poorly-crystallized) and organic carbon had a positive influence on MACAs. Although the RVQ for As is well below the MACAs in all soils, the soil adsorbed As naturally present, rendering it unavailable in the soil aqueous phase. Therefore, there was no risk of contamination for human health.
Wind Power Generator Embodied Energy Payback Analysis for Rural Area in Paraná-Brazil
Authors: Miranda Amauri Ghellere Garcia , Souza Samuel Nelson Melegari de , Siqueira Jair Antonio Cruz , Tokura Luciene Kazue , Pereira Natalia , Santos Reginaldo Ferreira , Ricieri Reinaldo Prandini , Silva Bruna Pereira da , Corrêa Lucas Lourenço , Souza Abel Alves de , Gongora Benhurt , Belana Fernando Luiz da Cruz , Reis Leonardo da Silva , Muller Ricardo
Published: April 2019

Over the last decades, wind energy has been named as a clean method to generate electrical power. But, to claim this argument many aspects must be evaluated. On one hand, wind power, as an electrical energy source, generates minimum environmental impact when in operation. On the other side, the material extraction for the manufacturing process does create environmental impact and require electrical energy usage. Therefore, when claiming the sustainability of wind power, as a method of electrical power generation, many aspects must be evaluated, such as the Life Cycle Analysis of the turbine. This study has been taken to evaluate the energy cost and its payback period off the wind power turbine S-600, manufactured by Greatwatt, has being evaluated. This evaluation has covered the embodied energy in the gross material present on the final product and its energetic payback period, for the specific case of working in a rural area in the state of Paraná, Brazil. The ISO 14040 methodology, for life cycle analyses, has being applied to estimate the embodied energy in the gross material present on the generator. The annual average energetic production estimation has considered 4 cases, varying the voltage output and hub height, and the nominal capacity, claimed by the manufacturing company. To assess the embodied energy payback period, the theoretical generation capacity has been estimated. Thus, by this analysis, this article has concluded that the embodied energy in the gross material is 803.39MJ. The energetic payback period for this product, at 10 meters hub height, is 11.6 months, if operating on 12 V, and 12.6 months, if operation on 24 V. Furthermore, in the situation of installed at 30 meters from the ground, the energy payback period drops down to 5.3 and 5.5 months, operating on 12 or 24 V respectively. In the situation of nominal generation, the energetic payback period would dropdown to 4.6 and 3.1 months, operating on 12 or 24 V respectively.
Table Techniques
Authors: Campe Karen D.
Published: April 2019

There is a distinction between using technology as a tool for doing mathematical tasks and using it to develop conceptual understanding (Dick and Hollebrands 2011). In this article, the table feature of the TI-84 Plus graphing calculator is used in the second role, enabling students to participate in the reasoning and sense-making process. This article showcases four classroom activities that use tables as a dynamic tool for inquiry, applying numerical representations to algebraic, graphical, and geometric phenomena. Although these activities are presented using the TI-84 Plus CE graphing calculator, other calculator and computer platforms can be employed; see the Teacher Guide in more4U for details.
3D LEARNING MATERIALS FROM REVERSE ENGINEERING FOR WELD INSPECTION TRAINING
Authors: RODRIGUEZ MARTIN MANUEL , RODRIGUEZ GONZALVEZ PABLO
Published: April 2019

At present, there are many works that deal with virtual laboratories (VLs) in engineering-related degrees, some of them undertaken from a low cost criterion. In particular, advanced welding training is crucial in various engineering-related university programmes. At the same time, it is of vital importance, although in a more professional environment, also in medium and higher level training cycles, and in specific training for the professional accreditation of welders, inspectors and welding engineers.
BLOCKCHAIN AS A KEY CONPONENT IN THE MACHINE TOOL SECTOR UNDER INDUSTRY 4.0
Authors: GARCÍA PASTOR IMANOL , SANCHEZ  FUENTE FRANCISCO , OTEGI OLASO JOSE RAMON
Published: April 2019

Blockchain is a new technology that is disrupting every sector or process in where value is involved. It allows the collaboration of multiple parties in a safe and secure way, even if they don’t trust each other, without the need of a central entity. The problems that this technology addresses are fully aligned with the objectives of the Industry 4.0 in its different levels. The distributed ledger technology it uses can make the concept of machine collaboration real. In this environment, the machine tool manufacturers could play an important role using its advantages for designing smart, autonomous and adaptive collaborative machines. They can also leverage this technology at a business level, creating new opportunities and increasing their capability of offering a wider range of products and services.

Keywords: Blockchain, Industry 4.0, distributed ledger, machine tool industry, SME.
DESIGN OF A LOWER-LIMB EXOSKELETON
Authors: DUNAI DUNAI LARISA , LENGUA LENGUA ISMAEL , LENGUA LENGUA ISMAEL , DEFEZ GARCIA BEATRIZ
Published: April 2019

In recent years, many mechanisms have been developed to help people with reduced mobility, especially for people who have injuries that do not allow the mobility of the lower body of the human body. In the present work, the properties and mechanical movements of a human being, angles of movement, extension and flexion of the hip, knee, etc. are described. A device has also been designed, using aluminum elements to give lightness and robustness to the exoskeleton. At the same time, an external casing made of PLA plastic has been developed, with all of which it has been tried to make a light exoskeleton with a low volume, with the aim that be of daily use for people with mobility problems. Five young students tested the exoskeleton in laboratory conditions. Different parameters have been evaluated as design, range of movement and the functionality. A series of characteristics has been defined such as the design improvement, functionality and navigation, the operating time, speed and data reading with myoelectric sensors after trials.

Keywords: exoskeleton, lower extremities, design, biomechanics.
A generalized theory of age-dependent carcinogenesis
Authors: Rozhok Andrii , DeGregori James
Published: April 2019

The Multi-Stage Model of Carcinogenesis (MMC), developed in the 1950 s-70s, postulated carcinogenesis as a Darwinian somatic selection process. The cellular organization of tissues was then poorly understood, with almost nothing known about cancer drivers and stem cells. The MMC paradigm was later confirmed, and cancer incidence was explained as a function of mutation occurrence. However, the MMC has never been tested for its ability to account for the discrepancies in the number of driver mutations and the organization of the stem cell compartments underlying different cancers that still demonstrate nearly universal age-dependent incidence patterns. Here we demonstrate by Monte Carlo modeling the impact of key somatic evolutionary parameters on the MMC performance, revealing that two additional major mechanisms, aging-dependent somatic selection and life history-dependent evolution of species-specific tumor suppressor mechanisms, need to be incorporated into the MMC to make it capable of generalizing cancer incidence across tissues and species.

Editorial note: This article has been through an editorial process in which the authors decide how to respond to the issues raised during peer review. The Reviewing Editor's assessment is that all the issues have been addressed (see decision letter).
Single cell, super-resolution imaging reveals an acid pH-dependent conformational switch in SsrB regulates SPI-2
Authors: Liew Andrew Tze Fui , Foo Yong Hwee , Gao Yunfeng , Zangoui Parisa , Singh Moirangthem Kiran , Gulvady Ranjit , Kenney Linda J
Published: April 2019

After Salmonella is phagocytosed, it resides in an acidic vacuole. Its cytoplasm acidifies to pH 5.6; acidification activates pathogenicity island 2 (SPI-2). SPI-2 encodes a type three secretion system whose effectors modify the vacuole, driving endosomal tubulation. Using super-resolution imaging in single bacterial cells, we show that low pH induces expression of the SPI-2 SsrA/B signaling system. Single particle tracking, atomic force microscopy, and single molecule unzipping assays identified pH-dependent stimulation of DNA binding by SsrB. A so-called phosphomimetic form (D56E) was unable to bind to DNA in live cells. Acid-dependent DNA binding was not intrinsic to regulators, as PhoP and OmpR binding was not pH-sensitive. The low level of SPI-2 injectisomes observed in single cells is not due to fluctuating SsrB levels. This work highlights the surprising role that acid pH plays in virulence and intracellular lifestyles of Salmonella; modifying acid survival pathways represents a target for inhibiting Salmonella.
A consensus guide to capturing the ability to inhibit actions and impulsive behaviors in the stop-signal task
Authors: Verbruggen Frederick , Aron Adam R , Band Guido PH , Beste Christian , Bissett Patrick G , Brockett Adam T , Brown Joshua W , Chamberlain Samuel R , Chambers Christopher D , Colonius Hans , Colzato Lorenza S , Corneil Brian D , Coxon James P , Dupuis Annie , Eagle Dawn M , Garavan Hugh , Greenhouse Ian , Heathcote Andrew , Huster René J , Jahfari Sara , Kenemans J Leon , Leunissen Inge , Li Chiang-Shan R , Logan Gordon D , Matzke Dora , Morein-Zamir Sharon , Murthy Aditya , Paré Martin , Poldrack Russell A , Ridderinkhof K Richard , Robbins Trevor W , Roesch Matthew , Rubia Katya , Schachar Russell J , Schall Jeffrey D , Stock Ann-Kathrin , Swann Nicole C , Thakkar Katharine N , van der Molen Maurits W , Vermeylen Luc , Vink Matthijs , Wessel Jan R , Whelan Robert , Zandbelt Bram B , Boehler C Nico
Published: April 2019

Response inhibition is essential for navigating everyday life. Its derailment is considered integral to numerous neurological and psychiatric disorders, and more generally, to a wide range of behavioral and health problems. Response-inhibition efficiency furthermore correlates with treatment outcome in some of these conditions. The stop-signal task is an essential tool to determine how quickly response inhibition is implemented. Despite its apparent simplicity, there are many features (ranging from task design to data analysis) that vary across studies in ways that can easily compromise the validity of the obtained results. Our goal is to facilitate a more accurate use of the stop-signal task. To this end, we provide 12 easy-to-implement consensus recommendations and point out the problems that can arise when they are not followed. Furthermore, we provide user-friendly open-source resources intended to inform statistical-power considerations, facilitate the correct implementation of the task, and assist in proper data analysis.
Sustained NPY signaling enables AgRP neurons to drive feeding
Authors: Chen Yiming , Essner Rachel A , Kosar Seher , Miller Oliver H , Lin Yen-Chu , Mesgarzadeh Sheyda , Knight Zachary A
Published: April 2019

Artificial stimulation of Agouti-Related Peptide (AgRP) neurons promotes intense food consumption, yet paradoxically during natural behavior these cells are inhibited before feeding begins. Previously, to reconcile these observations, we showed that brief stimulation of AgRP neurons can generate hunger that persists for tens of minutes, but the mechanisms underlying this sustained hunger drive remain unknown (Chen et al., 2016). Here we show that Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is uniquely required for the long-lasting effects of AgRP neurons on feeding behavior. We blocked the ability of AgRP neurons to signal through AgRP, NPY, or GABA, and then stimulated these cells using a paradigm that mimics their natural regulation. Deletion of NPY, but not AgRP or GABA, abolished optically-stimulated feeding, and this was rescued by NPY re-expression selectively in AgRP neurons. These findings reveal a unique role for NPY in sustaining hunger in the interval between food discovery and consumption.
Can Osteopathic Medical Students Accurately Measure Abdominal Aortic Dimensions Using Handheld Ultrasonography Devices in the Primary Care Setting?
Authors: Hower Kimberly , Young Clipper F. , Wagner Alesia , Thorsen Dean , Dugan Joy
Published: April 2019

Context

The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends a 1-time ultrasonography (US) screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) to reduce AAA-specific mortality in men aged 65 to 75 years who have ever smoked. A 2015 study concluded that less than 50% of at-risk primary care patients are screened for AAA. To increase screening rates, it would be beneficial to train other health care professionals in accurately measuring abdominal aortic dimensions.

Objective

To determine whether osteopathic medical students can use handheld US machines to measure abdominal aortic diameters as accurately as an experienced US technologist.

Methods

Three osteopathic medical students underwent 8 hours of US training with a board-certified radiologist to measure abdominal aortic dimensions using a handheld US device. After the training, students independently conducted AAA US screenings at a clinic on participants meeting USPSTF AAA screening criteria. Transverse and anteroposterior measurements were taken at 3 sites: celiac axis, inferior to the renal arteries, and superior to the iliac bifurcation. A US technologist then measured the participants’ aortic diameters in the radiology department at another facility. The measurements from both reports were then compared using a 2-sample t test.

Results

The aortic diameter was measured in 16 participants with a mean (SD) body mass index of 26.7 (3.6). The mean (SD) difference between novice and expert measurement of the abdominal aorta was −0.15 (0.23) cm. No statistically significant difference was found between the US measurements completed by students and a US technologist (t=−1.38, P=.09). None of the participants met the criteria for AAA (>3.0 cm), with the largest abdominal aorta scanned by experts measuring 2.86 cm.

Conclusion

When properly trained, osteopathic medical students can accurately measure abdominal aortic diameters using a handheld US device. Training more medical students in ultrasonography would offer increased screening opportunities and possibly reduce AAA-related mortality. Further studies are needed to assess the ability of osteopathic medical students to accurately measure AAAs, as no participants in this study met the criteria for AAA.
Annihilation mechanism of V-shaped pits in c-GaN grown by hydride vapor-phase epitaxy
Authors: Iso Kenji , Ikeda Hirotaka , Gouda Riki , Mochizuki Tae , Izumisawa Satoru
Published: April 2019

An evident issue in performing GaN growth along the c-direction is the generation of V-shaped pits on its surface. Here, we investigated the transition of the angle of facets forming a V-shaped pit via three-photon excitation photoluminescence (3PPL). The intermittent doping of Ge was introduced to GaN growth to observe the growth front. The size of the V-shaped pit composed of {

10

1
¯

2

} facets decreased along the growth direction, whereas that composed of {

10

1
¯

1

} facets, increased. Furthermore, planar growths of c-GaN and semipolar GaN having various surface orientations revealed that the V-shaped pit composed of {

10

1
¯

2

} was likely to annihilate rather than that of {

10

1
¯

1

} under the growth condition of N2 carrier gas, which coincides with the result of 3PPL.
ATPase activity of human binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) variants is enhanced by signal sequence and physiological concentrations of Mn2+
Authors: Bandla Sravanthi , Diaz Suraya , Nasheuer Heinz Peter , FitzGerald Una
Published: April 2019

B‐cell immunoglobulin binding protein (BiP) is an essential endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone normally found in the ER lumen. However, BiP also has other extracellular and intracellular functions. As it is unclear whether peripheral BiP has a signal and/or ER retention sequence, here we produced and biochemically characterised four variants of BiP. The variants differed depending on the presence or the absence of signal and ER retention peptides. Proteins were purified using nickel affinity chromatography, and variant size and quality were confirmed using SDS/PAGE gels. The thermal denaturing temperature of these proteins was found to be 46–47 °C. In addition, we characterised nucleotide binding properties in the absence and the presence of divalent cations. Interestingly, in the absence of cations, ADP has a higher binding affinity to BiP than ATP. The presence of divalent cations results in a decrease of the Kd values of both ADP and ATP, indicating higher affinities of both nucleotides for BiP. ATPase assays were carried out to study the enzyme activity of these variants and to characterise the kinetic parameters of BiP variants. Variants with the signal sequence had higher specific activities than those without. Both Mg2+ and Mn2+ efficiently stimulated the ATPase activity of these variants at low micromolar concentrations, whereas calcium failed to stimulate BiP ATPase. Our novel findings indicate the potential functionality of BiP variants that retain a signal sequence, and also reveal the effect of physiological concentrations of cations on the nucleotide binding properties and enzyme activities of all variants.
Secondary School and Scholastic Journalism
Authors: Bowen Candace Perkins
Published: April 2019

Secondary school and scholastic journalism refers to course instruction in journalism and to student‐produced media in junior high/middle schools and high schools. Although programs are scattered in various other countries, the highest concentration of such student media, and that which receives the most support, is in the United States. U.S. court cases and school administrators have variously supported such student voices and limited them, but by the early 2000s, the growth of concern for media literacy, the need for digital communication skills, and a focus on civic engagement have contributed to a renewed interest in the value these experiences can offer.
Knowledge Gap Hypothesis and Journalism
Authors: Gaziano Cecilie
Published: April 2019

The
knowledge gap hypothesis
introduced in 1970 by Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, of the University of Minnesota, has inspired more than 200 studies. It posits that as more and more information is made available to a collectivity, such as a community or a society, more socially privileged groups will acquire more information at a faster rate than less privileged groups so that the relative gap between them will increase. Some scholars have criticized the hypothesis for social class biases, and other work has led to specification of conditions under which differentials do not occur or can be decreased. The Minnesota team highlighted the influence of social conflict in drawing wide attention to issues and leading to narrowed gaps. They also emphasized that knowledge is vital to social power, and control of knowledge is imperative to the development and maintenance of social power of mass media and elite groups.
Technology and Journalism
Authors: Zamith Rodrigo , Braun Joshua A.
Published: April 2019

Technology has long impacted journalism but the linkage between the two is deeper and more complex than ever before. Technology must be situated within a larger system, however, and cannot be divorced from social, economic, and cultural contexts. It has played a key role in the development of new logics and forms, which has impacted arrangements within news production. It has also been a key component of new dependencies on platforms and introduced new transparent intermediaries to news distribution while enabling contemporary social channels for distribution. Finally, recent technologies have offered powerful affordances for personalization and participation and helped change the spatiotemporality of news consumption.
Moral Panic and Journalism
Authors: Perreault Gregory P.
Published: April 2019

Moral panics refer to the societal response to the identification of a deviant group or behavior. Moral panic research has identified panics stemming from daycare abuse, drug use, youth crime, online pornography, and school shootings. When these moral panics occur, journalism acts as a hegemonic enforcer of
normalcy
, and through the various processes reaffirm that which is normal in a society. Often moral panics are expected to conclude with legal repercussions that may be more a matter of ritual than of practicality. As an essentially interdisciplinary concept, moral panic research does not have a standard theoretical or methodological foundation. However, it does draw from a standard set of process models discussed in this entry.
Computational Journalism
Authors: Caswell David , Anderson C. W.
Published: April 2019

Computational journalism is defined as a practice in which journalistic knowledge is represented computationally, as systems of discrete categories or as numbers, during reporting, analysis, distribution, or consumption. This is in contrast to traditional journalism in which journalistic knowledge is reported, analyzed, distributed, and consumed as natural language text or speech, whether in analog or digital media. Journalistic knowledge is defined as externally represented knowledge that is under human editorial control in the service of journalistic values. In this entry, we review the development of computational journalism as a practice and as a field of study before examining the inherent tensions which structure it as a field.
Advertising‐Supported Journalism
Authors: Siegert Gabriele
Published: April 2019

For decades, journalism and the advertising industry have been closely affiliated with each other. Research relates to this mutual interdependence with concepts of the mixed financing of media products and two‐sided markets. For various reasons, the prices for journalism paid by the users do not bear the running costs for journalism and media companies have to find other sources of income, mainly advertising. Therefore, media companies operate in a dual‐product market. In generating and distributing journalistic content they also produce audience attention, which they sell to the advertising industry. Although it is still an economic necessity, the journalism–advertising connection is criticized as it leads to advertiser influence on editorial decision making and journalistic routines, with a massive impact on news coverage. However, convergence and changes in the way advertising works and the way advertising uses online and mobile platforms as vehicles summarize the major challenges to advertising‐supported journalism.
Advertorials and Native Advertising
Authors: Wojdynski Bartosz W.
Published: April 2019

Native advertising, like print advertorials before it, involves paid advertising content that is designed to look like, and published alongside, nonpaid editorial content. The growth of native advertising as a source of revenue for online publishers has raised ethical concerns about the blurring of lines between journalism and business and about consumer deception. Empirical research to date has shown that disclosure practices in native advertising vary, that characteristics of disclosure may increase consumers' recognition of sponsored articles as advertising, and that such recognition leads to negative consumer perceptions of the publisher, advertiser, and article.
Ownership of News Media
Authors: Humprecht Edda
Published: April 2019

Does media ownership matter for the news that is produced? In the course of the twentieth century when journalistic professionalization advanced in most Western democracies, journalistic norms were thought of as a “firewall” between the management side and the journalistic side of a media company. Editors and media managers were expected to make decisions purely on professional criteria. However, recent developments, such as increasing commercialization and concentration of media markets, have let scholars to question the role of ownership in news production. Moreover, comparative research emerging in the field of journalism studies has shown that the parameters of news production differ between various countries—with ownership being one of them.
Digital News Start‐Ups
Authors: Sehl Annika
Published: April 2019

Since the 1990s, a number of digital news start‐ups have been launched worldwide. These digital‐born organizations have benefited from lower market‐entry barriers to technologies and tools that facilitate production and distribution. They tend to be diverse in size, focus, and in terms of their business models and are not affiliated with existing legacy news organizations (though they are increasingly recognized by their peers and users as journalistic). However, by also offering news and public affairs focused coverage, they have entered competitive markets both in terms of soliciting audience attention and revenue opportunities. As a result, they face the same challenges as legacy media. Despite their leaner organizational structure, clearer editorial focus, and an effective use of technology, many depend on limited streams of revenue, namely, advertising or investors. Consequently, the literature shows a need for digital news start‐ups to identify diverse and sustainable business models.
Ethics: Principles and Practices
Authors: Christians Clifford G.
Published: April 2019

Journalism ethics is challenged fundamentally by the technological revolution. Its historical roots are print and broadcast technologies. The principles and practices developed with these technologies do not apply directly to the digital revolution. The headwords related to ethics reflect these dynamics and in various ways are participating in this needed reformulation. The overriding question for ethics in the
International Encyclopedia of Journalism Studies
is whether journalism ethics can address effectively the issue of digitalization and establish a journalism ethics that is international, ethnically robust, and gender inclusive.
Autonomy: Independence from Market Forces
Authors: Mills Anthony , Sarikakis Katharine
Published: April 2019

In democracies, the retention of journalistic autonomy from market forces may be perceived as a constant struggle for journalists. On one side are the ideals of the profession: independence, transparency, the purveying of information to citizens so that they have access to a plurality of views and so that the powerful may be held accountable, and injustices righted. On the other side are commercial considerations of media outlets, primarily among them the need, among private companies at least, to generate enough revenues to sustain themselves, and, indeed, turn a profit. Traditionally, some have argued, there has in many instances been a line between the marketing departments of media outlets and the independent journalists and editors. That line is increasingly being eroded through intensified editorial influence seeking by media outlets' commercial decision makers, and the increased appearance of branded content that is in many cases indistinguishable from genuine autonomous news content. Into the mix come the consequences of the financial crisis for journalism in general and its role as a guarantor of democratic rights through the watchdog function that it is in theory intended to uphold. The consequence is a further fraying of journalistic autonomy at the expense of its democratic function.
Credibility
Authors: Tsfati Yariv , Walter Nathan
Published: April 2019

In communication research, credibility typically refers to audience perceptions of the expertise, trustworthiness, and goodwill of the communicator. While issues pertaining to credibility arise in many domains, they are especially relevant for journalism, as the inability to believe the news media makes it impossible to inform the public and monitor its leaders. The purpose of this entry is threefold: (a) to unpack the multidimensional concept(s) of credibility; (b) to examine the most common predictors and outcomes of credibility (or lack of it) in journalism; and (c) to outline directions for future research endeavors at the intersection of journalism and credibility.
Verification
Authors: Shapiro Ivor
Published: April 2019

A commitment to accuracy is a distinguishing characteristic of professional journalism, but the presence and precision of verification attempts are the result of pragmatic choices driven by the particulars of details being reported, their potential significance, and the practical ease with which accuracy may be ascertained. Attribution and quotation practices serve as practical substitutes for verification, with notable exceptions being proper names, numbers, and defamatory material. Reporters tend not to verify information obtained from people they already know or from documentary sources, whether analog or digital. Special precautions often apply where a live source's identity is to be veiled in a news report, and to information obtained from strangers contacted through social media. On the other hand, social media are increasingly relied upon for crowdsourcing before publication as well as verification post hoc. Correction and retraction are the final steps of verification in the enduring record.
Privacy Laws
Authors: Gajda Amy
Published: April 2019

This entry introduces the major tort‐based privacy laws that affect journalism in the United States, with some focus on how other countries' laws have influenced and compared with those laws. In the United States, many suggest that privacy law began in 1890 after the journalism‐condemning publication of “The Right to Privacy,” an article that referred in part to legal concepts from France and England. Nearly a century later, privacy law in the United States became four distinct privacy‐related torts: misappropriation, intrusion, publication of private facts, and false light. While torts such as intentional infliction of emotional distress are also in somewhat common use in the United States, these four torts form the backbone of journalism‐relevant privacy law in ways that are, at times, not dissimilar from other parts of the world.
Activist and Radical Journalism
Authors: Siapera Eugenia , Farrell Seamus
Published: April 2019

Activist and radical journalism, and radical media as its outlet, are defined as media and journalism that posit an alternative vision to the current state of affairs and its policies, priorities, and perspectives. Radical media are activist in the sense of actively pursuing alternatives to the dominant status quo; activism in this context refers to political activism through journalism seeking to bring about political change. Activist and radical journalism can be further defined in terms of its relationship to mainstream journalism, pointing to an occasional overlap with alternative journalism. However, activist and radical journalism operates with a specific political and ideological framework prioritizing an emancipatory role and agenda as opposed to the informational and watchdog role of liberal journalism. Hence, radical journalism is not an umbrella term for any kind of journalism opposed to and looking to overthrow the mainstream, but is closely allied with left‐wing socialist politics; for this reason, radical journalism does not cover the journalism associated with the reactionary politics of the extreme right wing. This emerges out of the history of radical journalism, which follows closely the history of emancipatory political movements, but is also reflected in the main conceptual debates and issues that has structured the field.
Advocacy Journalism
Authors: Charles Mathew
Published: April 2019

Advocacy journalism has been considered to be a particular style of reporting, one which promotes a specific political or social cause. But in today's complex news ecologies, defined by a diverse range of sources of news and where the professional, the advocate, and the amateur are all legitimate reporters, advocacy journalism has evolved beyond partisanship and simply taking sides. The oppositional portrayal of advocacy and objectivity is perhaps a false dichotomy. The issue is not whether advocacy is present in journalism, but the extent and shape of its presence.
Aggregation and News Portals
Authors: Calderón Carlos Arcila
Published: April 2019

This entry explains the evolution of digital news outlets and conceptualizes the terms news portals, aggregators, and syndicators. News portals refer to sites that access and organize information on the Internet. They evolved from simple digitalization of traditional news outlets to dynamic and multimedia websites. On the other hand, aggregators host collections of third‐party contents or links to other news portals, increasing Internet traffic.
Documentaries and Docudramas
Authors: Paschalidis Gregory
Published: April 2019

This entry provides an outline of the historical development of the documentary, the theoretical debates regarding its generic identity as the art of the real, and future directions for research. In tracing the major traditions and forms of documentary filmmaking, including the controversial format of the docudrama, special attention is paid to its constant reinvention from the film to video and finally the digital age, as well as its complex interactions with journalism. Throughout its evolution, the documentary emerges as a critical pillar of the modern public sphere, inextricably tied to the major social, cultural, and political experiences and transformations of contemporary societies.
Interpretive Journalism
Authors: Salgado Susana
Published: April 2019

The main objective of this entry is to explain what interpretive journalism is and what it means for research today. It describes the features of journalistic content customarily referred to as interpretive journalism and overviews the most important literature related to the concept. Interpretive journalism presupposes the prominence of the voice of the journalist in the news report and is characterized by the presence of journalistic explanations, evaluations, speculations, commentaries, and contextualization in contrast to the descriptive journalism's straightforward descriptions of facts. A persistent lack of conceptual clarity and the shortage of longitudinal and comparative research render it difficult to draw definitive conclusions on a stated growing prevalence of interpretive over‐descriptive journalism in the last decades, as well as on the impact of this type of journalism on audiences.
Interactive Journalism
Authors: Spyridou Lia‐Paschalia , Milioni Dimitra L.
Published: April 2019

This entry analyzes the meaning and impact of interactive journalism on journalistic content, as well as the main research perspectives and relevant findings. The concept of interactive journalism highlights the potential for the democratization of journalism by allowing the audience to play an active role in the process of newsmaking within the realm of professional journalism. Findings suggest both positive and negative implications of interactive journalism. The majority of users are not interested in producing content; and mainstream media attempt to control participation while adopting a market‐driven rather than a civic‐oriented approach to user‐generated content (UGC). Yet, recent evidence suggests that digital start‐ups, hyperlocal news media, and specific social groups are collaborating in the direction of a more pluralistic news agenda aiming to elevate public debate and deal with society's problems.
Literary, Long‐Form, or Narrative Journalism
Authors: van Krieken Kobie
Published: April 2019

This entry provides an introduction to narrative journalism (also referred to as literary journalism or long‐form journalism), a hybrid genre that employs literary storytelling techniques to report on real‐world events and situations. The entry reviews the historical development of written news narratives and the broad spectrum of contemporary manifestations of the genre. In addition, it discusses the sociocultural processes through which narrative journalism operates, the structural and stylistic characteristics of journalistic narratives as well as their impact, and the current practice of narrative journalism. Directions for future research are suggested with an emphasis on the audience's evaluation of narrative journalism in terms of perceived subjectivity and truthfulness.
Public Service Broadcasting
Authors: Mazzone Giacomo
Published: April 2019

The concept of public service broadcasting (PSB) was introduced in 1927 when BBC was established as state monopoly. It identifies a form of broadcasting media at the service of the citizens and independent from governments and economic powers. It differs from state broadcasting and from commercially funded broadcasting. Its mission consists in “inform, educate, entertain” and it is funded directly by citizens. This model spread across Europe after World War II, while the model of “market failure” PSB prevailed in the United States, ancillary to the service provided by commercial broadcasters. In the digital age, the PSB concept evolves into PSM (public service media), meaning that its contents are no longer distributed only through radio and TV (broadcasting) but through all possible platforms, first of all the Internet. The digital mission of public service media was redefined in 2012 by the European Broadcasting Union around six priorities: “universality, independence, excellence, diversity, accountability, and innovation.”
Slow Journalism
Authors: Le Masurier Megan
Published: April 2019

Slow journalism has emerged in the past 10 years as a term to describe a current phenomenon in journalistic practice and scholarship. It refers to a type of journalism that acts as a critique and response to the inaccuracies, overproduction, and ethical challenges of much journalism produced in the contemporary accelerated media environment.
Tabloid Journalism
Authors: Bastos Marco T.
Published: April 2019

This entry provides an overview of tabloids as a form and style of journalism that sits in opposition to broadsheets. We trace the development of tabloids to the rotary press and paper formats and discuss the process of metonymic transfer through which the term was extended to refer to a form of journalism dominated by infotainment and soft‐news content along with the increased reliance on headlines and visuals. The entry concludes with an overview of ongoing transformations affecting tabloid journalism in the context of digital and social media.
Vox Pops
Authors: Beckers Kathleen
Published: April 2019

Vox pops are interviews with ordinary people who are asked for a personal statement on a news issue. This entry describes what vox pops are and how they differ from other news sources. While traditionally vox pops were mostly studied in the context of media tabloidization, more studies are beginning to acknowledge that vox pops can play a more substantial role in the news as a representation of public opinion. This entry discusses the possible democratic role of vox pops, as they are also found to be very influential. Lastly, some directions for future research are mentioned.
20th‐Century Journalism: Print
Authors: Chapman Jane L.
Published: April 2019

In 1900 print production was a major industry. Journalism was influenced by the expansion of corporate power and the growth of corporate persuasion through public relations. Magazines continued to thrive with McClure's “literature of exposure,” while Henry Luce became the world's largest magazine publisher. Photographs assumed a growing importance as tabloids became entertainment orientated, yet influenced the style of political writing. Concentration of ownership grew unabated as radio challenged newspapers. During World War II the American “Double V” campaign championed victory and race, with the latter continuing on journalism's agenda for most of the century, accompanied by the rise of democracy as a continuing influence on journalism. Watergate and Vietnam marked a peak in newspaper performance, despite the long‐term struggles of the press to compete with television. By the end of the century the Internet was prompting a fundamental rethink, but the growth of visual influence underpinned the entire period.
20th‐Century Journalism: Broadcast and Cable
Authors: Liseblad Madeleine
Published: April 2019

The twentieth century marked the true development of radio and television and the birth of cable and satellite. Each new medium built on the old one; radio was originally transposed to television with minimal change. Television displaced newspapers as the most used information source and overtook radio's role as the mass medium of choice. Satellites made timely movement of international news possible, making the technology significant for news development. Besides the medium itself, two large factors determining news content and journalistic practices were a country's media funding and political structure. News broadcasting during the twentieth century evolved from being almost an afterthought to sustaining 24‐hour media outlets. Technology developments spurred on and changed journalistic practices, adding innovation, affordability, and flexibility in news gathering.
Women's Pages
Authors: Voss Kimberly Wilmot
Published: April 2019

The women's pages were common in newspapers from the 1880s through the 1970s. It was one of the only places women in journalism could work during that time period, other than wartime. These women worked in different rooms than the newsroom where the male journalists worked. The content of the sections has largely been described as the four Fs: family, fashion, food, and furnishing, as well as weddings and women's club news. These sections actually had a more progressed mix of news, including stories about child abuse, domestic violence, and the need for daycare centers. The women's pages were eliminated as the women's liberation movement called for the end of the sections and more women being hired in other parts of the newspaper. These sections became lifestyle or feature sections and were more likely to be headed by a man.
Awards and Prizes for Journalism
Authors: Swiatek Lukasz
Published: April 2019

Awards and prizes for journalism recognize a diversity of high‐quality journalism practices and outputs by various kinds of practitioners. The accolades function as indicators of status in the field, markers of symbolic and cultural capital, devices for promoting particular causes, and instructional tools. In addition to honoring journalism practices, they also typically recognize specific types of practitioners, as well as outputs in particular media and on specialist topics.
Museums of News/Journalism Memorials
Authors: Gilewicz Nicholas
Published: April 2019

Museums of news and journalism memorials exist worldwide, yet little academic literature—of any kind—has examined them in a comprehensive or comparative way. This entry offers an initial taxonomy of types of sites: printing museums; museums of news and/or journalism; group memorials for journalists; and memorials to individual journalists. The entry acknowledges what criticisms of these phenomena exist, and offers potential approaches for future research into this understudied area.
North American Journalism
Authors: Gutsche Robert E.
Published: April 2019

North American journalism—from Greenland to Canada and the United States—continues to experience immense technological and ideological challenges in a digital news age. Increasingly, fragmenting media audiences and expanding economic threats from the Internet have placed strain on the continent's news media in ways that have both broadened and threatened journalistic authority. This entry begins by discussing current changes within media ecosystems and economies of North America. Next, it examines how journalists are responding to a diversity of audience interests in media and platforms. This entry then discusses digital advancements in production and delivery, particularly in a time of fake news, which is followed by areas of future industry and research approaches.
Transnational Journalism
Authors: Hellmueller Lea , Konow‐Lund Maria Theresa
Published: April 2019

The concept of transnational journalism entails journalistic ideas and practices that exceed national and geographic boundaries. Transnational journalism does not replace national journalism as a concept of scholarly inquiry, but rather adds a contextualizing and transnational perspective to research on emerging journalism practices and ideals. The nation in that sense is not treated as a taken for granted physical space, but as a logic among many others—such as the transnational logic—that constitute journalism. This entry provides a theoretical discussion of the concept of transnational journalism and includes empirical considerations.
Podcasts and Vodcasts
Authors: Berry Richard
Published: April 2019

This entry provides an outline definition of podcasting, as a means of distribution and as a medium. In its most basic sense podcasting describes the means by which media files can be distributed easily across the Internet to subscribing consumers, usually as part of an ongoing series. The term is a portmanteau word, combining the words “iPod” and “broadcast” to differentiate the process from traditional definitions of live linear broadcasting. While the term describes the distribution framework, it has now also become the term used to describe a form of production.
Social Media as Distribution Tool
Authors: Villi Mikko
Published: April 2019

In social media, media contents are in constant flux. For journalists and media organizations social media is a key channel for the distribution of their content. Social media is indispensable when media organizations make efforts to extend their reach among the audience. An important manner in how media organizations distribute content in social media is the direct mode, such as when they publish content on their own pages or feeds in Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. However, only a share of media content on social media is accessed via the direct flows from publishers, as for a large part the media content in users' personal social media feeds consists of material shared by friends and other contacts. In addition to these human nodes of content distribution, algorithms utilized by social media platforms also influence to a great extent the media content that is visible to the social media users.