bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The amphibians of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: an updated and commented list
Authors: Dorigo Thiago Arnt , Vrcibradic Davor , Rocha Carlos Frederico Duarte
Published: February 2018

The amphibian fauna of the state of Rio de Janeiro, in southeatern Brazil, is characterized by high species richness and rates of endemism, and is still insufficiently known. A first list of amphibian species with occurrence in the state was published in 2004 and reported 166 taxa, but since then many new records, descriptions of new taxa, and revalidations and synonymizations of species have consistently improved the knowledge about the state’s amphibian biodiversity. Thus, a review and update of that list was deemed necessary. We herein present an updated and commented list of amphibian species occurring in the state of Rio de Janeiro based on a survey of the literature. We recorded the occurrence of a total of 201 species of amphibians (197 anurans and four caecilians) in Rio de Janeiro, with 54 of them (ca. 27%) considered to be endemic of the state. Our study presents an increase in species richness of 21% since the publication of the previous list, indicating a consistent advance in knowledge of the composition of the amphibian fauna in the state. In spite of its relatively small territorial extension (total area ca. 43,800 km²), the state of Rio de Janeiro contains nearly 20% of the amphibian species known to occur in Brazil and around 40% of those occurring in the Atlantic Forest biome. Thus, that state constitutes an important reservoir of amphibian biodiversity in the Atlantic Forest biome and in Brazil, as a whole.
First standardized inventory of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the natural grasslands of Paraná: New records for Southern Brazil
Authors: Franco Weslly , Feitosa Rodrigo Machado
Published: February 2018

Despite the large number of studies investigating ant diversity in Brazilian biomes, no ant-related studies have been carried out in Campos Gerais, a grassland physiognomy in Paraná state. The present study is the first inventory of the ant fauna in one of the few conservation units protecting the Campos Gerais landscape, the Guartelá State Park (PEG). Sixty samples were collected from different habitats within PEG using pitfall traps. Qualitative samples of leaf litter were collected from forest fragments and submitted to Winkler extractors. In addition, manual qualitative sampling was carried out in the various physiognomies within the PEG. A total of 163 species was collected and sorted into 43 genera and nine subfamilies. Five genera and 28 species were recorded for the first time in the state of Paraná. Out of these, 17 species were also recorded for the first time in the Southern Region of Brazil and two were recorded for the first time to the country. The significant species richness in the PEG and the high number of new records is a strong sign of this ecosystem’s potential to reveal taxonomic novelties. These results suggest that PEG, and the Campos Gerais as a whole, should be the target of greater conservation efforts to preserve native remnants.
Desvendando o consumo ritualístico dos bailes de debutante
Authors: Estéban Stephanie Duarte , Pépece Olga Maria Coutinho
Published: February 2018

Este estudo buscou identificar os pressupostos que compõem o baile de debutante, um consumo repleto de significados que movimenta grandes cifras econômicas e a respeito do qual a pesquisa sobre o consumidor carece de conhecimento. Para tanto, foi aplicada uma pesquisa de cunho qualitativo e exploratório. A coleta de dados se deu por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas e, posteriormente, realizou-se a análise de conteúdo para interpretação dos dados. O estudo permitiu identificar que o baile de debutante na contemporaneidade tem como principal motivação a ostentação do poder aquisitivo da família da aniversariante e busca não mais um casamento para a jovem, mas aumentar suas redes de contatos.
A Política Externa Brasileira e o Grupo dos Brics
Authors: Fernandes Ivan Filipe de Almeida Lopes , Cardoso Luís Fernando De Paiva Baracho
Published: February 2018

Este artigo tem o duplo objetivo de analisar o processo de formação da coalizão BRICS (Brasil, Rússia, Índia, China e África do Sul), apresentando os seus principais estágios de formação e suas proposições; bem como o de compreender se a política externa brasileira foi alterada (ou não) a partir da formação desta coalizão internacional. Analisamos o processo de formação a partir da possibilidade de os BRICS tornarem-se um novo polo de poder autônomo no sistema internacional. Apesar de existirem críticas a respeito da coesão dos interesses e orientações internacionais deste grupo, há evidências que demonstram um esforço de suas lideranças na elaboração de uma agenda internacional comum e na discussão dos padrões hegemônicos que orientam a governança econômica internacional. Analisamos os efeitos do surgimento do grupo BRICS na política externa brasileira a partir da análise dos padrões de votação do Brasil na Assembleia Geral da ONU (AG-ONU). O objetivo é observar se, além do discurso diplomático, o comportamento internacional do Brasil foi alterado com a configuração institucional do grupo. Para tanto, discutimos quais foram os efeitos da formação dos BRICS na política externa brasileira a partir da convergência entre os padrões de votação do Brasil e de seus parceiros na AG-ONU. Concluímos, enfim, que o surgimento dos BRICS não teve o impacto esperado na política externa brasileira. Os padrões de convergência pouco diferem entre período anterior e o posterior à formação do grupo.
S1P–S1PR2 Axis Mediates Homing of Muse Cells Into Damaged Heart for Long-Lasting Tissue Repair and Functional Recovery After Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Yamada Yoshihisa , Wakao Shohei , Kushida Yoshihiro , Minatoguchi Shingo , Mikami Atsushi , Higashi Kenshi , Baba Shinya , Shigemoto Taeko , Kuroda Yasumasa , Kanamori Hiromitsu , Amin Mohamad , Kawasaki Masanori , Nishigaki Kazuhiko , Taoka Masato , Isobe Toshiaki , Muramatsu Chisako , Dezawa Mari , Minatoguchi Shinya
Published: February 2018

Rationale:

Multilineage-differentiating stress enduring (Muse) cells, pluripotent marker stage-specific embryonic antigen-3
+
cells, are nontumorigenic endogenous pluripotent-like stem cells obtainable from various tissues including the bone marrow. Their therapeutic efficiency has not been validated in acute myocardial infarction.

Objective:

The main objective of this study is to clarify the efficiency of intravenously infused rabbit autograft, allograft, and xenograft (human) bone marrow-Muse cells in a rabbit acute myocardial infarction model and their mechanisms of tissue repair.

Methods and Results:

In vivo dynamics of Nano-lantern–labeled Muse cells showed preferential homing of the cells to the postinfarct heart at 3 days and 2 weeks, with ≈14.5% of injected GFP (green fluorescent protein)-Muse cells estimated to be engrafted into the heart at 3 days. The migration and homing of the Muse cells was confirmed pharmacologically (S1PR2 [sphingosine monophosphate receptor 2]–specific antagonist JTE-013 coinjection) and genetically (S1PR2-siRNA [small interfering ribonucleic acid]–introduced Muse cells) to be mediated through the S1P (sphingosine monophosphate)–S1PR2 axis. They spontaneously differentiated into cells positive for cardiac markers, such as cardiac troponin-I, sarcomeric α-actinin, and connexin-43, and vascular markers. GCaMP3 (GFP-based Ca calmodulin probe)-labeled Muse cells that engrafted into the ischemic region exhibited increased GCaMP3 fluorescence during systole and decreased fluorescence during diastole. Infarct size was reduced by ≈52%, and the ejection fraction was increased by ≈38% compared with vehicle injection at 2 months, ≈2.5 and ≈2.1 times higher, respectively, than that induced by mesenchymal stem cells. These effects were partially attenuated by the administration of
GATA4
-gene–silenced Muse cells. Muse cell allografts and xenografts efficiently engrafted and recovered functions, and allografts remained in the tissue and sustained functional recovery for up to 6 months without immunosuppression.

Conclusions:

Muse cells may provide reparative effects and robust functional recovery and may, thus, provide a novel strategy for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction.
LncRNA
ZFAS1
as a SERCA2a Inhibitor to Cause Intracellular Ca
2+
Overload and Contractile Dysfunction in a Mouse Model of Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Zhang Ying , Jiao Lei , Sun Lihua , Li Yanru , Gao Yuqiu , Xu Chaoqian , Shao Yingchun , Li Mengmeng , Li Chunyan , Lu Yanjie , Pan Zhenwei , Xuan Lina , Zhang Yiyuan , Li Qingqi , Yang Rui , Zhuang Yuting , Zhang Yong , Yang Baofeng
Published: February 2018

Rationale:

Ca
2+
homeostasis—a critical determinant of cardiac contractile function—is critically regulated by SERCA2a (sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca
2+
-ATPase 2a). Our previous study has identified
ZFAS1
as a new lncRNA biomarker of acute myocardial infarction (MI).

Objective:

To evaluate the effects of
ZFAS1
on SERCA2a and the associated Ca
2+
homeostasis and cardiac contractile function in the setting of MI.

Methods and Results:

ZFAS1
expression was robustly increased in cytoplasm and sarcoplasmic reticulum in a mouse model of MI and a cellular model of hypoxia. Knockdown of endogenous
ZFAS1
by virus-mediated silencing shRNA partially abrogated the ischemia-induced contractile dysfunction. Overexpression of
ZFAS1
in otherwise normal mice created similar impairment of cardiac function as that observed in MI mice. Moreover, at the cellular level,
ZFAS1
overexpression weakened the contractility of cardiac muscles. At the subcellular level,
ZFAS1
deleteriously altered the Ca
2+
transient leading to intracellular Ca
2+
overload in cardiomyocytes. At the molecular level,
ZFAS1
was found to directly bind SERCA2a protein and to limit its activity, as well as to repress its expression. The effects of
ZFAS1
were readily reversible on knockdown of this lncRNA. Notably, a sequence domain of
ZFAS1
gene that is conserved across species mimicked the effects of the full-length
ZFAS1
. Mutation of this domain or application of an antisense fragment to this conserved region efficiently canceled out the deleterious actions of
ZFAS1
.
ZFAS1
had no significant effects on other Ca
2+
-handling regulatory proteins.

Conclusions:

ZFAS1
is an endogenous SERCA2a inhibitor, acting by binding to SERCA2a protein to limit its intracellular level and inhibit its activity, and a contributor to the impairment of cardiac contractile function in MI. Therefore, anti-
ZFAS1
might be considered as a new therapeutic strategy for preserving SERCA2a activity and cardiac function under pathological conditions of the heart.
Dynamic large-scale network synchronization from perception to action
Authors: Hirvonen Jonni , Monto Simo , Wang Sheng H. , Palva J. Matias , Palva Satu
Published: February 2018

Sensory-guided actions entail the processing of sensory information, generation of perceptual decisions, and the generation of appropriate actions. Neuronal activity underlying these processes is distributed into sensory, fronto-parietal, and motor brain areas, respectively. How the neuronal processing is coordinated across these brain areas to support functions from perception to action remains unknown. We investigated whether phase synchronization in large-scale networks coordinate these processes. We recorded human cortical activity with magnetoencephalography (MEG) during a task in which weak somatosensory stimuli remained unperceived or were perceived. We then assessed dynamic evolution of phase synchronization in large-scale networks from source-reconstructed MEG data by using advanced analysis approaches combined with graph theory. Here we show that perceiving and reporting of weak somatosensory stimuli is correlated with sustained strengthening of large-scale synchrony concurrently in delta/theta (3–7 Hz) and gamma (40–60 Hz) frequency bands. In a data-driven network localization, we found this synchronization to dynamically connect the task-relevant, that is, the fronto-parietal, sensory, and motor systems. The strength and temporal pattern of interareal synchronization were also correlated with the response times. These data thus show that key brain areas underlying perception, decision-making, and actions are transiently connected by large-scale dynamic phase synchronization in the delta/theta and gamma bands.
Functional and structural connectome properties in the 5XFAD transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Kesler Shelli R. , Acton Paul , Rao Vikram , Ray William J.
Published: February 2018

Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is associated with amyloid-beta peptide accumulation into insoluble amyloid plaques. The five-familial AD (5XFAD) transgenic mouse model exhibits accelerated amyloid-beta deposition, neuronal dysfunction, and cognitive impairment. We aimed to determine whether connectome properties of these mice parallel those observed in patients with AD. We obtained diffusion tensor imaging and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data for four transgenic and four nontransgenic male mice. We constructed both structural and functional connectomes and measured their topological properties by applying graph theoretical analysis. We compared connectome properties between groups using both binarized and weighted networks. Transgenic mice showed higher characteristic path length in weighted structural connectomes and functional connectomes at minimum density. Normalized clustering and modularity were lower in transgenic mice across the upper densities of the structural connectome. Transgenic mice also showed lower small-worldness index in higher structural connectome densities and in weighted structural networks. Hyper-correlation of structural and functional connectivity was observed in transgenic mice compared with nontransgenic controls. These preliminary findings suggest that 5XFAD mouse connectomes may provide useful models for investigating the molecular mechanisms of AD pathogenesis and testing the effectiveness of potential treatments.
Narrative and Meaning in Life
Authors: de Bres Helena
Published: February 2018

Many theorists have argued that the meaningfulness of a life is related in some way to the narrative or story that can be told about that life. Relationists claim that a life gains in meaning when a particular set of “narrative relations” obtain between the events that constitute it. Recountists claim that it is the telling of a story about those relations, not the relations themselves, that confers meaning. After identifying problems with existing versions of both of these positions, this paper introduces a new and more satisfying variant of Recountism, centered on the old-fashioned idea that a meaningful life is, in part, an intelligible one. I argue that personal narration does play a role in a meaningful life and that my “Fitting Story” account provides the best explanation of how and why that is so.
The Duty to Rescue and Randomized Controlled Trials Involving Serious Diseases
Authors: Millum Joseph , Wendler David
Published: February 2018

During the recent Ebola epidemic, some commentators and stakeholders argued that it would be unethical to carry out a study that withheld a potential treatment from affected individuals with such a serious, untreatable disease. As a result, the initial trials of experimental treatments did not have control arms, despite important scientific reasons for their inclusion. In this paper, we consider whether the duty to rescue entails that it would be unethical to withhold an experimental treatment from patient-participants with serious diseases for which there are no effective treatments, even when doing so is scientifically necessary to test the effectiveness of the treatment. We argue that the duty to rescue will rarely apply. The context of medical research also throws new light on the content of the duty to rescue, since the interests of future patients—who stand to benefit from the fruits of medical research—are relevant to whether the duty applies.
Studies on Taiwan’s Ethnic Relations
Authors: Wang Fu-chang
Published: February 2018

This paper reviews the emergence and development of Taiwan’s ethnic relations studies by emphasising its connections to democratisation. It divides Taiwan’s ethnic relations studies into four periods according to the nature of ethnic relations or ethnic conflicts at different times: (1) before the early 1980s, (2) mid-1980s to 1994, (3) 1994 to 2000, and (4) after 2000. While focusing on the studies of relations among Han ethnic groups, especially the Taiwanese/Mainlanders dichotomy, this paper also shows the emergence of ‘four great ethnic groups’ (Holo, Hakka, Aborigines, Mainlanders) discourses during the 1990s, and to the new addition of a fifth ethnic group (the new migrants) after 2000. It concludes by urging reconceptualisations of Taiwan’s ethnic phenomenon in a democratised Taiwan after the old ethnic relations characterised by institutional asymmetric relations were largely resolved in the democratisation process.
International Relations Theory and the Relationship across the Taiwan Strait
Authors: Kastner Scott L.
Published: February 2018

The purpose of this state-of-the-field article is to take stock of the use of international relations theory in the study of cross-Strait relations since 2000. To what degree have studies of cross-Strait relations made use of international relations theory since 2000, and to what degree has international relations theory provided useful insights for understanding Beijing–Taipei relations? I focus my attention on five topics in particular: the prospects for armed conflict in the Taiwan Strait; alliance/alignment politics and the u.s.–China–Taiwan triangular relationship; interactions between domestic politics (in Taipei and Beijing) and the cross-Strait dyadic relationship; cross-Strait economic integration in the shadow of political conflict; and the role of psychology, emotion, and identity in shaping cross-Strait interactions. For each topic, I survey recent studies that apply rigorous international relations theory to the cross-Strait relationship, and where appropriate I make suggestions for further development.
The Beginning of the End: Bulgakov and the Ascension
Authors: Sisto Walter N.
Published: February 2018

This paper analyzes Sergius N. Bulgakov’s unique interpretation of the Ascension of Jesus Christ. Drawing from the Orthodox liturgy and the New Testament, Bulgakov argues that the Ascension of Jesus Christ into heaven is the beginning of the end times. It is a foretaste of the general Resurrection, but also it reveals that humankind and God are inextricably linked through the created Sophia. The created Sophia allows for human nature to encounter the power and glory of God and survive.
Variations in Cigarette Smoking and Quit Attempts by Health Insurance Among US Adults in 41 States and 2 Jurisdictions, 2014
Authors: Naavaal Shillpa , Malarcher Ann , Xu Xin , Zhang Lei , Babb Stephen
Published: February 2018

Objectives:

Information on the impact of health insurance on smoking and quit attempts at the state level is limited. We examined the state-specific prevalence of cigarette smoking and past-year quit attempts among adults aged 18-64 by health insurance and other individual- and state-level factors.

Methods:

We used data from 41 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, the jurisdictions that administered the Health Care Access module of the 2014 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Data on quit attempts included current smokers with a past-year quit attempt and former smokers who quit during the past year.

Results:

Overall, smoking prevalence ranged from 14.6% among those with private insurance to 34.7% among Medicaid enrollees, and past-year quit-attempt prevalence ranged from 66.4% among the uninsured to 71.5% among Medicaid enrollees. By insurance group, differences in the prevalence of state-specific past-year quit attempts ranged from 15 to 26 percentage points. Regardless of insurance type, people who were non-Hispanic white and had lower education levels were less likely to attempt quitting than were Hispanic people, non-Hispanic black people, and adults with more than a high school education.

Conclusions:

We found disparities in smoking and quit attempts by insurance status and state. Opportunities exist to increase access to cessation treatments through comprehensive state tobacco control programs and improved cessation insurance coverage, coupled with promotion of covered cessation treatments.
The Ghost of Pistoia: Evocations of Auctorem Fidei in the Debate over Episcopal Collegiality at Vatican II
Authors: Blanchard Shaun
Published: February 2018

This article explores the evocations of the Synod of Pistoia (1786) at Vatican II, arguing that Pistoia was a “ghost” on the council floor, that is, a key moment in the Church’s collective memory which influenced drafting and debate. This is apparent in Bishop Carli’s evocation of Auctorem Fidei (the 1794 bull condemning Pistoia) during debates surrounding the theology of the episcopacy. This article concludes by arguing that the historical contextualization of Pistoia by figures like Cardinal Silva Henríquez was ultimately successful, as Auctorem Fidei did not exert a strong “controlling function” over Vatican II’s ecclesiological debates.
Rationing by fault
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: February 2018

This article argues against the proposition that people should be denied medical treatment on the basis that they are responsible for their ill health. While it accepts that people can cause their own ill health, it argues that NHS staff are not in a position to determine the extent to which a person can be said to have contributed to their ill health in a blameworthy way. Further, that ill health is often a result of multiple causes, and it is unfair to isolate the patient to bear the costs. The article concludes by promoting a vision of relational health whereby we recognize our responsibilities to produce healthy communities and relationships.
Recycling of resin cured IIR-based ground bladder rubber with the assistance of subcritical fluids
Authors: Zhang Tao , Xing Zhiyuan , Zhang Ling , Zhang Yuncan
Published: February 2018

In this work, the devulcanization reaction of isobutylene–isoprene rubber (IIR)-based ground bladder rubber (GBR) in GBR/ethylene–propylene–diene monomer (EPDM) blend was investigated through a co-rotating twin-screw extruder. The influences of subcritical fluids (blank sample, water, ethanol, and n-propanol) and temperatures (160°C, 180°C, and 200°C) were investigated. The results confirmed the effectiveness of subcritical fluids in decreasing the gel content. Moreover, gel permeation chromatography analysis demonstrates that the devulcanizing processes with subcritical fluids are more homogeneous, making the molecular weight of sol detached from the devulcanized blend more uniform. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra confirm that the reactivity of devulcanization of subcritical ethanol was the best. The optimal extrusion temperature for devulcanization is 180°C, at which the mechanical properties of the revulcanized IIR/(devulcanized ground bladder rubber [DGBR]/EPDM) blends achieve the best state. When promoting agent alkylphenol polysulfide (450) works with the assistance of subcritical ethanol at the best reaction condition (180°C, 2.0 MPa, and 500 r min−1), the tensile strength and elongation at break of the revulcanizate retain 94.7% and 110.2% of vulcanized IIR (15.91 MPa, 483.62%), respectively.
Missing ‘Particles’ in Disputed Pauline Letters? A Question of Method
Authors: van Nes Jermo
Published: February 2018

New Testament scholars continue to debate the number of missing ‘particles’ in disputed Pauline letters in order to advocate or challenge their pseudonymity. Surprisingly, however, participants in the debate do not usually define particles nor do they explain how they count missing types. Addressing these methodological issues, the present study suggests using the broader category of ‘indeclinables’ instead of particles, and to count missing types by either comparing the data for a particular letter (or group of letters) against another letter (or group of letters) or in light of the entire Pauline letter corpus. Since the overall result proves to be different for both approaches, it appears that the question regarding the number of missing indeclinables in (pseudo-)Pauline literature is essentially one of method.
The Dynamics of Eudaimonic Well-Being in the Transition to Parenthood: Differences Between Fathers and Mothers
Authors: Brandel Martina , Melchiorri Erika , Ruini Chiara
Published: February 2018

Little is known about changes in existential dimensions of well-being (i.e., eudaimonic well-being) when becoming a parent, particularly in men. This study examined eudaimonic well-being during the transition to parenthood, considering depressive symptoms and gender differences. Fifty pregnant couples ( n = 50 fathers-to-be; n = 50 mothers-to-be; age range 24-53 years) enrolled in maternity units during pregnancy ordinary check-ups, participated in the study. Ratings of eudaimonic well-being (Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being Scales) and depressive symptoms (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale) were collected prenatally and postnatally. In line with the study hypothesis, the results showed that having a child increased well-being in both parents. Surprisingly, well-being in fathers improved more than in mothers. Gender differences accounted for 4.6% of the variance in postnatal eudaimonic well-being, while prenatal levels of eudaimonic well-being accounted for 70%. Becoming a parent has important implications for eudaimonic well-being especially in fathers. Clinical and sociological implications of the findings are discussed.
Spontaneous and Drug-induced Arteritis/Polyarteritis in the Göttingen Minipig—Review
Authors: Dincer Zuhal , Piccicuto Virginie , Walker Ursula Junker , Mahl Andreas , McKeag Sean
Published: February 2018

Arteritis/polyarteritis occurs spontaneously in many species used in preclinical toxicology studies. In Göttingen minipigs, arteritis/polyarteritis is an occasionally observed background change. In the minipig, this finding differs in frequency and nature from age-related polyarteritis nodosa in rats or monkeys, and Beagle pain syndrome in dogs. In minipigs, it can be present in a single small- or medium-sized artery of an organ or a few organs and is most commonly recorded in the cardiac and extracardiac blood vessels, vagina, oviduct, rectum, epididymis, spinal cord, pancreas, urinary bladder, kidneys, and stomach. The etiology is unknown although it has been considered in minipigs as well as in rats, dogs, and monkeys to be possibly immune mediated. This background change is important with respect to its nature and distribution in the minipig in order to distinguish it from drug-induced vascular changes, which might occur in similar locations and have similar morphologic features. This review summarizes the morphology, incidence, and predilection sites of arteritis as a spontaneously occurring background change and as a drug-induced vasculopathy in the minipig, and also describes the main aspects to consider when evaluating vascular changes in Göttingen minipig toxicity studies and their human relevance.
Evaluation of Uracil, Sodium Ascorbate, and Rosiglitazone as Promoters of Urinary Bladder Transitional Cell Carcinomas in Male Sprague-Dawley Rats
Authors: Tirmenstein Mark , Janovitz Evan , Dorr Thomas , Song Yunling , Chen Shen-Jue , Granaldi Karen , Chadwick Kristina D. , Mangipudy Raja , Graziano Michael , Attalla Bassem , Haile Solomon , Czajkowski Melissa , Foster John R. , Bergholm Ann-Marie , Billger Martin , Söderberg Magnus
Published: February 2018

The purpose of this study was to establish a 2-stage model of urinary bladder carcinogenesis in male Sprague-Dawley rats to identify tumor promoters. In phase 1 of the study, rats ( n = 170) were administered 100 mg/kg of the tumor initiator, N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine (BBN), twice weekly by oral gavage (po) for a period of 6 weeks. Phase 2 consisted of dividing rats into 4 groups ( n = 40 per group) and administering one of the following for 26 weeks to identify putative tumor promoters: (1) vehicle po, (2) 25 mg/kg/day rosiglitazone po, (3) 5% dietary sodium l-ascorbate, and (4) 3% dietary uracil. Rats were necropsied after 7.5 months, and urinary bladders were evaluated by histopathology. BBN/vehicle treatments induced the development of urothelial hyperplasia (83%) and papillomas (15%) but no transitional cell carcinomas (TCCs). Rosiglitazone increased the incidence and severity of papillomas (93%) and resulted in TCC in 10% of treated rats. Uracil was the most effective tumor promoter in our study and increased the incidence of papillomas (90%) and TCC (74%). Sodium ascorbate decreased the incidence of urothelial hyperplasia (63%) and did not increase the incidence of urothelial papillomas or TCC. These data confirm the capacity of our 2-stage model to identify urinary bladder tumor promoters.
Mediating Effects of Positive Thinking and Social Support on Suicide Resilience
Authors: Matel-Anderson Denise M. , Bekhet Abir K. , Garnier-Villarreal Mauricio
Published: February 2018

Suicide has been the second leading cause of death for 18- to 24-year-olds in the United States since 2011. The stress experienced by undergraduate college students has the potential to increase one’s risk for suicide. Resilience theory was used as a theoretical framework to examine the interplay between risk and protective factors. A cross-sectional and correlational design was used to assess the mediating effects of positive thinking and/or social support on suicide resilience in 131 college students 18 to 24 years old who completed an online survey. The study found an indirect effect of self-esteem on suicide resilience through positive thinking and social support indicating that as self-esteem increases, positive thinking and social support also increase, which leads to an increase in resilience. The study also found a direct effect of self-esteem, positive thinking, and social support on suicide resilience. The findings inform the development of tailored interventions to build suicide resilience in college students.
ARISE: A Phase 3 randomized trial of erenumab for episodic migraine
Authors: Dodick David W , Ashina Messoud , Brandes Jan Lewis , Kudrow David , Lanteri-Minet Michel , Osipova Vera , Palmer Kerry , Picard Hernan , Mikol Daniel D , Lenz Robert A
Published: February 2018

Background

Calcitonin gene-related peptide plays an important role in migraine pathophysiology. Erenumab, a human monoclonal antibody that inhibits the calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor, is being evaluated for migraine prevention.

Methods

In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study, 577 adults with episodic migraine were randomized to placebo or 70 mg erenumab; 570 patients were included in efficacy analyses. Primary endpoint was change in monthly migraine days. Secondary endpoints were ≥50% reduction in monthly migraine days, change in acute migraine-specific medication treatment days, and ≥5-point reduction in Physical Impairment and Impact on Everyday Activities domain scores measured by the Migraine Physical Function Impact Diary. All endpoints assessed change from baseline at month 3.

Results

Patients receiving erenumab experienced −2.9 days change in monthly migraine days, compared with −1.8 days for placebo, least-squares mean (95% CI) treatment difference of −1.0 (−1.6, −0.5) ( p < 0.001). A ≥ 50% reduction in monthly migraine days was achieved by 39.7% (erenumab) and 29.5% (placebo) of patients (OR:1.59 (95% CI: 1.12, 2.27) ( p = 0.010). Migraine-specific medication treatment days were reduced by −1.2 (erenumab) and −0.6 (placebo) days, a treatment difference of −0.6 (−1.0, −0.2) ( p = 0.002). The ≥5-point reduction rates in Migraine Physical Function Impact Diary – Physical Impairment were 33.0% and 27.1% (OR:1.33 (0.92, 1.90) ( p = 0.13) and in Migraine Physical Function Impact Diary – Everyday Activities were 40.4% and 35.8% (OR:1.22 (0.87, 1.71) ( p = 0.26). Safety and adverse event profiles of erenumab were similar to placebo. Most frequent adverse events were upper respiratory tract infection, injection site pain, and nasopharyngitis.

Conclusions

As a preventive treatment of episodic migraine, erenumab at a dosage of 70 mg monthly significantly reduced migraine frequency and acute migraine-specific medication use. (Funded by Amgen).

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02483585.
Laser ternary Hf-Nb-Zr composites coatings on Ti6Al4V alloy for biomedical application
Authors: Popoola API , Phume L , Aigbodion VS
Published: February 2018

Ti6Al4V alloy has been found to be the leading material for hip replacement due to its biocompatibility and good yield strength; however poor corrosion and wear properties are experienced in human tissue surroundings. Laser metal deposition was accomplished on Ti6Al4V alloy using: 25Hafnium, 50Niobium, and 25Zirconium reinforcements with the aid of Nd:YAG Rofin Sinar laser. Characterization of the produced deposits was carried out by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Hardness, corrosion and wear analyses were also done. Microstructure of 25Hf-50Nb-25Zr coatings indicated homogeneous microstructures of both α and β phases. More α acicular phases were formed than β phases. The 25Hf-50Nb-25Zr coating on Ti6Al4V reduced the content of aluminium and vanadium on the substrate. Maximum hardness value and lowest volume wear rate were obtained at laser power of 1250 W with hardness values of 599.18 HV and 0.6 m3 volume wear loss. Improvement in corrosion resistance of 99.98% was obtained. It was established that improved properties were obtained after laser surface cladding of 25Hf-50Nb-25Zr on Ti6Al4V alloy.
Identifying Additional Risk Factors for Thrombosis and Pregnancy Morbidities Among Antiphospholipid Antibodies Carriers
Authors: Zuo Yu , Fan Jennifer , Sarode Ravi , Zhang Song , Makris Una E. , Karp David R. , Shen Yu-Min
Published: February 2018

The evaluation of thrombotic and pregnancy risks associated with antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL)in individual patients without antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) clinical manifestation is challenging. Our aim is to identify additional risk factors or potential candidate “second hits” for APS clinical events in a large cohort of ethnically diverse aPL-positive patients. We included 219 consecutive aPL-positive patients who attended clinic at our institution. All patients had at least 1 persistent high titer (≥99 percentiles) aPL. Independent risk factors for thrombosis and pregnancy morbidities among patients with positive aPL were evaluated. When assessing risk factors associated with pregnancy morbidities, only female controls of reproductive age (age ≤45) were used. Pearson χ2 analysis and multivariable logistic regression were used to evaluate correlation between different risk factors and clinical manifestations. Of the 219 aPL-positive patients, 120 (54.8%) patients had criteria APS clinical manifestations and 99 patients did not. A total of 46.1% were Caucasian, 26.4% of African descent, 16.9% Hispanic, 1.8% Asian, and 8.7% were unspecified. Among traditional risk factors and signs of endothelial injury, only hypertension demonstrated an independent association with arterial thrombosis (odds ratio [OR] = 3.826, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.597-9.167, P = .0026), and lupus anticoagulant (LA) demonstrated an independent association with venous thrombosis (OR = 3.308, 95% CI: 1.544-7.085, P = .0021). None of the evaluated risk factors demonstrated a significant association with pregnancy morbidity. Hypertension is a potential predictor of arterial thrombosis and the presence of LA is a potential predictor of venous thrombosis in aPL-positive patients.
Concomitant Versus Individual Administration of Antithrombin and Thrombomodulin for Sepsis-Induced Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation: A Nationwide Japanese Registry Study
Authors: Umemura Yutaka , Yamakawa Kazuma , Hayakawa Mineji , Kudo Daisuke , Fujimi Satoshi
Published: February 2018

Background:

Antithrombin and recombinant human thrombomodulin (rhTM) are individually reported to improve survival in sepsis-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). However, continuing controversy exists as to which agent is superior and whether concomitant therapy is superior to individual administration.

Methods:

This post hoc analysis included adult patients with sepsis-induced DIC from a nationwide multicenter registry database in Japan. We categorized patients into 4 groups: patients who received (1) individual administration of antithrombin, (2) individual administration of rhTM, (3) both, and (4) neither. In-hospital mortality was compared between every 2 groups among the 4 groups by Cox proportional hazards model adjusted with propensity scores.

Results:

In total, 1432 patients with sepsis-induced DIC were included. Although both antithrombin and rhTM were associated better outcome compared with no anticoagulants, mortality benefits were similar between each individual anticoagulant. Similarly, no significant difference in mortality was detected between individual administrations and concomitant therapy.

Conclusion:

Antithrombin and rhTM might have comparable efficacy in reducing mortality in patients with sepsis; however, concomitant therapy appeared to offer no additional survival benefit.
An ellipsoidal cap model for adhesion of a soft particle on a rigid substrate
Authors: Ru CQ
Published: February 2018

Surface energy outside the contact zone, which is not accounted for in the classical Johnson–Kendall–Roberts (JKR) model, can play an essential role in adhesion mechanics of soft particles. An open problem in the adhesion mechanics of soft elastic particles is how to achieve an explicit expression for the surface energy outside the contact zone in terms of the two JKR-type variables ( a, δ), where a is the radius of the contact zone and δ is the relative approach of two bodies. The present work aims to develop an ellipsoidal cap model for the surface energy outside the contact zone of a soft elastic particle on a rigid substrate in terms of the two JKR-type variables ( a, δ). An explicit expression for the surface energy outside the contact zone is derived, and simple asymptotic equations are obtained to determine the two unknowns ( a, δ). The validity and accuracy of the derived expression and asymptotic equations are verified by good agreement with the Young–Dupre equation in the absence of an external applied force, and are also justified by good agreement of the predicted pull-off force with known results available in recent literature.
Synthesis and characterization of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites as core for honeycomb core structure: A review
Authors: Zaini ES , Azaman MD , Jamali MS , Ismail KA
Published: February 2018

Researchers have worked on variety of natural fibers reinforced with polymer composites using different parameters to come up with various recommendations. The investigation involved aspects of composition materials and mechanical properties of natural fiber composites. The satisfactory results of natural fiber composites have encouraged researchers to delve deeper into the abilities of natural fiber composite in the form of a core structure. The potentiality of utilizing natural fiber composite in core design has wide potential in modern industries. This paper presents a review on natural fibers and polymer matrices commonly used in core fabrication, core design, fabricating processes of cores, and mechanical properties of cores. Ongoing research of rice husk composites to be fabricated in the form of honeycomb core structures is also discussed.
Working while on a disability pension in Finland: Association of diagnosis and financial factors to employment
Authors: Polvinen Anu , Laaksonen Mikko , Rantala Juha , Hietaniemi Marjukka , Kannisto Jari , Kuivalainen Susan
Published: February 2018

Aims: The aim of this study was to find out whether health and financial factors are associated with engagement in paid work during a disability pension. Methods: The data included a 10 per cent sample of Finns aged 20–62 years who were drawing earnings-related full or partial disability pension in 2012 ( n = 14,418). Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate odds ratios for working while on a full or partial disability pension. Results: Fourteen per cent of full disability pensioners and 76 per cent of partial disability pensioners were engaged in paid work. Full disability pensioners due to mental disorders were working less often than full disability pensioners due to other diseases. Partial disability pensioners due to cardiovascular diseases were working more than partial disability pensioners due to other diseases. More recent timing of disability pension was associated with working for both partial and full disability pensioners. Working while on disability pension was more common among those with higher education. Partial disability pensioners with average pension worked more often than those with high pension. Conclusions: By knowing the factors associated with working while on a disability pension, policies could be more efficiently allocated to encourage disability pensioners to take up work. One way would be to support disability pensioners with low education to work more. Another way to increase work among disability pensioners is to support the recently retired in working longer.
The emotional antecedents of solidarity in social media crowds
Authors: Margolin Drew , Liao Wang
Published: February 2018

This study examines the organizational dynamics of social media crowds, in particular, the influence of a crowd’s emotional expression on its solidarity. To identify the relationship between emotions expressed and solidarity, marked by sustained participation in the crowd, the study uses tweets from a unique population of crowds—those tweeting about ongoing National Football League games. Observing this population permits the use of game results as quasi-random treatments on crowds, helping to reduce confounding factors. Results indicate that participation in these crowds is self-sustaining in the medium term (1 week) and can be stimulated or suppressed by emotional expression in a short term (1 hour), depending on the discrete emotion expressed. In particular, anger encourages participation while sadness discourages it. Positive emotions and anxiety have a more nuanced relationship with participation.
Meeting our standards for educational justice: Doing our best with the evidence
Authors: Joyce Kathryn E , Cartwright Nancy
Published: February 2018

The United States considers educating all students to a threshold of adequate outcomes to be a central goal of educational justice. The No Child Left Behind Act introduced evidence-based policy and accountability protocols to ensure that all students receive an education that enables them to meet adequacy standards. Unfortunately, evidence-based policy has been less effective than expected. This article pinpoints under-examined methodological problems and suggests a more effective way to incorporate educational research findings into local evidence-based policy decisions. It identifies some things educators need to know and do to determine whether available interventions can play the right casual role in their setting to produce desired effects. It examines the value and limits of educational research, especially randomized controlled trials, for this task.
Approximate dynamic programming solution for the optimal nitrogen oxides/particulate matter trade-off control of a WAPS engine
Authors: Huang Zhijian , Zheng Huan , Chen Wentao , Zhang Qin , Wu Qili , Tan Qinmin , Yang Zhiyuan
Published: February 2018

Approximate dynamic programming is an effective optimal control method. This article researches a data-driven approximate dynamic programming. The method is extended to a nonlinear multi-input multi-output form. Using the data from a unique 4JB1-T weifu accumulator pump system (WAPS) engine, the developed approximate dynamic programming controller is trained to achieve its optimal trade-off emission control between the nitrogen oxides and particulate matter. The convergent proof of this method is given. The second-order training algorithm is introduced to promote the robust and convergent performance. The control objective is to let the WAPS engine pass the China State-IV emission test under the New European Drive Cycle. The bench test shows that an excellent control transient performance and significant promotion have been achieved. This article presents a new approach for the engine control and calibration. In addition, it also adds another dimension to the existing literature on the data-driven nonlinear multi-input multi-output trade-off emission control of the WAPS engine.
A flexible fixture design method research for similar automotive body parts of different automobiles
Authors: Yu Kuigang , Wang Shiya , Wang Yanan , Yang Zhihong
Published: February 2018

This article proposes a flexible fixture system design method for similar automotive body parts, which contains structure and locating control algorithm design of a flexible fixture. This flexible fixture system is composed of a base part, some locating units, and a control system, which can finish locating adjustments of end locating blocks or pins in three coordinate axle directions. Locating units contain adjusting mechanisms which can complete one horizontal direction and one vertical direction locating adjustments, and the control system can compute locating adjustment components of locating units and drive adjusting mechanisms of locating units to realize locating adjustments and clamping parts. The other horizontal direction locating adjustment is obtained through manually moving locating units along T-shaped slots in the base part. Finally, a flexible fixture system case for automotive body roofs is provided to demonstrate the flexible fixture structure and locating adjustment processes. It shows that the roof flexible fixture system can be adjusted for similar automotive roofs by its adjusting mechanisms and manual operation and then repeating fixture construction cost will be greatly decreased when a new automotive body is manufactured. This flexible fixture system can also be applied for other automotive body parts through some changes of a base part and locating units according to locating layouts of new parts.
Visual attention mechanisms in happiness versus trustworthiness processing of facial expressions
Authors: Calvo Manuel G , Krumhuber Eva G , Fernández-Martín Andrés
Published: February 2018

A happy facial expression makes a person look (more) trustworthy. Do perceptions of happiness and trustworthiness rely on the same face regions and visual attention processes? In an eye-tracking study, eye movements and fixations were recorded while participants judged the un/happiness or the un/trustworthiness of dynamic facial expressions in which the eyes and/or the mouth unfolded from neutral to happy or vice versa. A smiling mouth and happy eyes enhanced perceived happiness and trustworthiness similarly, with a greater contribution of the smile relative to the eyes. This comparable judgement output for happiness and trustworthiness was reached through shared as well as distinct attentional mechanisms: (a) entry times and (b) initial fixation thresholds for each face region were equivalent for both judgements, thereby revealing the same attentional orienting in happiness and trustworthiness processing. However, (c) greater and (d) longer fixation density for the mouth region in the happiness task, and for the eye region in the trustworthiness task, demonstrated different selective attentional engagement. Relatedly, (e) mean fixation duration across face regions was longer in the trustworthiness task, thus showing increased attentional intensity or processing effort.