bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Partial Thermal Condensation Mediated Synthesis of High‐Density Nickel Single Atom Sites on Carbon Nitride for Selective Photooxidation of Methane into Methanol
Authors: Kumar Pawan , Antal Peter , Wang Xiyang , Wang Jiu , Trivedi Dhwanil , Fellner Ondřej František , Wu Yimin A. , Nemec Ivan , Santana Vinicius Tadeu , Kopp Josef , Neugebauer Petr , Hu Jinguang , Kibria Md Golam , Kumar Subodh
Published: November 2023

Direct selective transformation of greenhouse methane (CH4) to liquid oxygenates (methanol) can substitute energy‐intensive two‐step (reforming/Fischer–Tropsch) synthesis while creating environmental benefits. The development of inexpensive, selective, and robust catalysts that enable room temperature conversion will decide the future of this technology. Single‐atom catalysts (SACs) with isolated active centers embedded in support have displayed significant promises in catalysis to drive challenging reactions. Herein, high‐density Ni single atoms are developed and stabilized on carbon nitride (NiCN) via thermal condensation of preorganized Ni‐coordinated melem units. The physicochemical characterization of NiCN with various analytical techniques including HAADF‐STEM and X‐ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) validate the successful formation of Ni single atoms coordinated to the heptazine‐constituted CN network. The presence of uniform catalytic sites improved visible absorption and carrier separation in densely populated NiCN SAC resulting in 100% selective photoconversion of (CH4) to methanol using H2O2 as an oxidant. The superior catalytic activity can be attributed to the generation of high oxidation (NiIII═O) sites and selective C─H bond cleavage to generate •CH3 radicals on Ni centers, which can combine with •OH radicals to generate CH3OH.
Inorganic Oxide‐Based “Hydrophobic–Hydrophilic–Hydrophobic” Separators Systems for Long‐Life Zinc‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhang Di , Lu Hongfei , Duan Chenxu , Qin Yi , Zhu Zhenjie , Zhang Zili , Lyu Nawei , Jin Yang
Published: November 2023

Hydrogen reduction reaction (HER) and corrosion limit the long‐life cycle of zinc‐ion batteries. However, hydrophilic separators are unable to prevent direct contact between water and electrodes, and hydrophobic separators have difficulty in transporting electrolytes. In this work, an inorganic oxide‐based “hydrophobic–hydrophilic–hydrophobic” self‐assembled separator system is proposed. The hydrophobic layer consists of a porous structure, which can isolate a large amount of free water to avoid HER and corrosion reactions, and can transport electrolyte by binding water. The middle hydrophilic layer acts as a storage layer consisting of the GF separator, storing large amounts of electrolyte for proper circulation. By using this structure separator, Zn||Zn symmetric cell achieve 2200 h stable cycle life at 5 mA cm−2 and 1mAh cm−2 and still shows a long life of 1800 h at 10 mA cm−2 and 1mAh cm−2. The assembled Zn||VO2 full cell displays high specific capacity and excellent long‐term durability of 60.4% capacity retention after 1000 cycles at 2C. The assembled Zn||VO2 pouch full cell displays high specific capacity of 172.5mAh g−1 after 40 cycles at 0.5C. Changing the inorganic oxide materials, the hydrophobic–hydrophilic–hydrophobic structure of the separators still has excellent performance. This work provides a new idea for the engineering of water‐based battery separators.
CO2 Stress‐Driven Room Temperature Ferromagnetism of Ultrathin 2D Gallium Oxide
Authors: Zhao Lanyu , Wu Wenzhuo , Gao Bo , Zhao Zhiliang , An Bin , Xu Qun
Published: November 2023

Spintronic devices work by manipulating the spin of electrons other than charge transfer, which is of revolutionary significance and can largely reduce energy consumption in the future. Herein, ultrathin two‐dimensional (2D) non‐van der Waals (non‐vdW) γ‐Ga2O3 with room temperature ferromagnetism is successfully obtained by using supercritical CO2 (SC CO2). The stress effect of SC CO2 under different pressures selectively modulates the orientation and strength of covalent bonds, leading to the change of atomic structure including lattice expansion, introduction of O vacancy, and transition of Ga‐O coordination (GaO4 and GaO6). Magnetic measurements show that pristine γ‐Ga2O3 is nonferromagnetic, whereas the SC CO2 treated γ‐Ga2O3 exhibits obvious ferromagnetic behavior with an optimal magnetization of 0.025 emu g−1 and a Curie temperature of 300 K.
Dimensionality Engineering of Organic–Inorganic Halide Perovskites for Next‐Generation X‐Ray Detector
Authors: Shen Yue , Ran Chenxin , Dong Xue , Wu Zhongbin , Huang Wei
Published: November 2023

The next‐generation X‐ray detectors require novel semiconductors with low material/fabrication cost, excellent X‐ray response characteristics, and robust operational stability. The family of organic‐inorganic hybrid perovskites (OIHPs) materials comprises a range of crystal configuration (i.e., films, wafers, and single crystals) with tunable chemical composition, structures, and electronic properties, which can perfectly meet the multiple‐stringent requirements of high‐energy radiation detection, making them emerging as the cutting‐edge candidate for next‐generation X‐ray detectors. From the perspective of molecular dimensionality, the physicochemical and optoelectronic characteristics of OIHPs exhibit dimensionality‐dependent behavior, and thus the structural dimensionality is recognized as the key factor that determines the device performance of OIHPs‐based X‐ray detectors. Nevertheless, the correlation between dimensionality of OIHPs and performance of their X‐ray detectors is still short of theoretical guidance, which become a bottleneck that impedes the development of efficient X‐ray detectors. In the review, the advanced studies on the dimensionality engineering of OIHPs are critically assessed in X‐ray detection application, discussing the current understanding on the “dimensionality‐property” relationship of OIHPs and the state‐of‐the‐art progresses on the dimensionality‐engineered OIHPs‐based X‐ray detector, and highlight the open challenges and future outlook of this field.
Amorphization of MXenes: Boosting Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Peng Jiahe , Zhang Zhongyong , Wang Hao , Zhang Peng , Zhao Xiujian , Jia Yu , Yue Yuanzheng , Li Neng
Published: November 2023

The emergence of amorphous 2D materials has opened up new avenue for materials science and nanotechnology in the recent years. Their unique disordered structure, excellent large‐area uniformity, and low fabrication cost make them important for various industrial applications. However, there have no reports on the amorphous MXene materials. In this work, the amorphous Ti2C–MXene (a‐Ti2C–MXene) model is built by ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) approach. This model is a unique amorphous model, which is totally different from continuous random network (CRN) model for silicate glass and amorphous model for amorphous 2D BN and graphene. The structure analysis shows that the a‐Ti2C–MXene composited by [Ti5C] and [Ti6C] cluster, which are surrounded by the region of mixed cluster [TixC], [Ti–Ti] cluster, and [C–C] cluster. There is a high chemical activity for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in a‐Ti2C–MXene with |ΔGH| 0.001 eV, implying that they serve as the potential boosting HER performance. The work provides insights that can pave the way for future research on novel MXene materials, leading to their increased applications in various fields.
High‐Throughput Automatic Laser Printing Strategy toward Cost‐effective Portable Integrated Urea Tele‐Monitoring System
Authors: Huang Yangyi , Yang Rongliang , Zhong Haosong , Lee Connie Kong Wai , Pan Yexin , Tan Min , Chen Yi , Jiang Na , Li Mitch Guijun
Published: November 2023

A portable sweat urea sensing system is a promising solution to satisfy the booming requirement of kidney function tele‐monitoring. However, the complicated manufacturing route and the cumbersome electrochemical testing system still need to be improved to develop the urea point‐of‐care testing (POCT) and tele‐monitoring devices. Here, a universal technical route based on a high‐throughput automatic laser printing strategy for fabricating the portable integrated urea monitoring system is proposed. This integrated system includes a high‐performance laser‐printed urea sensing electrode, a planar three‐electrode system, and a self‐developed wireless mini‐electrochemical workstation. A precursor donor layer is activated by laser scribing and in situ transferred into functional nanoparticles for the drop‐on‐demand printing of the urea sensing electrode. The obtained electrodes show high sensitivity, low detection limit, fast response time, high selectivity, good average recovery, and long‐term stability for urea sensing. Additionally, a laser‐induced graphene circuit‐based miniature planar three‐electrode system and a wireless mini‐electrochemical workstation are designed for sensing data collection and transmitting, achieving real‐time urea POCT and tele‐monitoring. This scalable method provides a universal solution for high‐throughput and ultra‐fast fabrication of urea‐sensing electrodes. The portable integrated urea monitoring system is a competitive option to achieve cost‐effective POCT and tele‐monitoring for kidney function.
Enhanced Thermoelectric Performance of P‐Type (Bi,Sb)2Te3 by Incorporating Non‐Stoichiometric Ag5Te3 and Refining Te‐Se Ratio
Authors: Zhang Yuyou , Pang Kaikai , Zhang Qiang , Li Yanan , Zhou Wenjie , Tan Xiaojian , Noudem Jacques G. , Wu Gang , Chen Lidong , Hu Haoyang , Sun Peng , Wu Jiehua , Liu Guo‐Qiang , Jiang Jun
Published: November 2023

Power generation modules utilizing thermoelectric (TE) materials are suitable for recycling widespread low‐grade waste heat (<600 K), highlighting the immediate necessity for advanced Bi2Te3‐based alloys. Herein, the substantial enhancement in TE performance of the p‐type Bi0.4Sb1.6Te3 (BST) sintered sample is realized by subtly incorporating the non‐stoichiometric Ag5Te3 and counteractive Se. Specifically, Ag atoms diffused into the BST lattice improve the density‐of‐states effective mass (md*) and boost the hole concentration for the suppressed bipolar effect. The addition of Se further improves md* prompting the room‐temperature power factor upgrade to 46 W cm−1 K−2. Concurrently, the lattice thermal conductivity is considerably lowered by multiple scattering sources exemplified by Sb‐rich nanoprecipitates and dense dislocations. These synergistic results yield a high peak ZT of 1.44 at 375 K and an average ZT of 1.28 between 300 and 500 K in the Bi0.4Sb1.6Te2.95Se0.05 + 0.05 wt.% Ag5Te3 sample. More significantly, when coupled with n‐type zone‐melted Bi2Te2.7Se0.3, the integrated 17‐pair TE module achieves a competitive conversion efficiency of 6.1% and an output power density of 0.40 W cm−2 at a temperature difference of 200 K, demonstrating great potential for practical applications.
A Ratiometric Gene‐Switch System for miRNA Sensing and Gene Regulation
Authors: Zhang Chuanxian , Zhang Beilei , Tang Chu , Shi Xiaorui , Guo Bin , Wang Fu
Published: November 2023

microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non‐coding, small RNAs that play an important role in diverse biological processes and diseases. By regulating the expression of eukaryotic genes post‐transcriptionally in a sequence‐specific manner, miRNAs are widely used to design synthetic RNA switches. However, most of the RNA switches are often dependent on the corresponding ligand molecules, whose specificity and concentration would affect the efficiency of synthetic RNA circuits. Here, a fused transcriptional repressor Gal4BD‐Rluc based gene‐switch system Gal‐miR for miRNA visualization and gene regulation is described. By placing a luciferase downstream gene under the control of endogenous miRNA machinery, the Gal‐miR system makes the conversion of miRNA‐mediated gene silencing into a ratiometric bioluminescent signal, which quantitatively reflected miRNA‐206 activity during myogenic differentiation. Moreover, it demonstrates that this gene‐switch system can effectively inhibit breast cancer cell viability, migration and invasion under the control of specific miRNAs by replacing the downstream gene with melittin functional gene. The study proposes a powerful modular genetic design for achieving precise control of transgene expression in a miRNA responsive way, as well as visualizing the dynamics of miRNA activity.
Deep‐qGFP: A Generalist Deep Learning Assisted Pipeline for Accurate Quantification of Green Fluorescent Protein Labeled Biological Samples in Microreactors
Authors: Wei Yuanyuan , Abbasi Syed Muhammad Tariq , Mehmood Nawaz , Li Luoquan , Qu Fuyang , Cheng Guangyao , Hu Dehua , Ho Yi‐Ping , Yuan Wu , Ho Ho‐Pui
Published: November 2023

Absolute quantification of biological samples provides precise numerical expression levels, enhancing accuracy, and performance for rare templates. Current methodologies, however, face challenges‐flow cytometers are costly and complex, whereas fluorescence imaging, relying on software or manual counting, is time‐consuming and error‐prone. It is presented that Deep‐qGFP, a deep learning‐aided pipeline for the automated detection and classification of green fluorescent protein (GFP) labeled microreactors, enables real‐time absolute quantification. This approach achieves an accuracy of 96.23% and accurately measures the sizes and occupancy status of microreactors using standard laboratory fluorescence microscopes, providing precise template concentrations. Deep‐qGFP demonstrates remarkable speed, quantifying over 2000 microreactors across ten images in just 2.5 seconds, with a dynamic range of 56.52–1569.43 copies µL−1. The method demonstrates impressive generalization capabilities, successfully applied to various GFP‐labeling scenarios, including droplet‐based, microwell‐based, and agarose‐based applications. Notably, Deep‐qGFP is the first all‐in‐one image analysis algorithm successfully implemented in droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (PCR), microwell digital PCR, droplet single‐cell sequencing, agarose digital PCR, and bacterial quantification, without requiring transfer learning, modifications, or retraining. This makes Deep‐qGFP readily applicable in biomedical laboratories and holds potential for broader clinical applications.
Regulating Grind‐Induced Lattice Distortion for Nickel‐Rich Cathodes by Annealing
Authors: Song Jinpeng , Huang Lujun , Yang Guobo , Liu Tiefeng , Liu Shaoshuai , Cong Guanghui , Huang Yating , Liu Zheyuan , Gao Xiang , Geng Lin
Published: November 2023

The commercialization of high‐performance nickel‐rich cathodes always awaits a cost‐effective, environmentally friendly, and large‐scale preparation method. Despite a grinding process normally adopted in the synthesis of the nickel‐rich cathodes, lattice distortion, rough surface, and sharp edge transformation inevitably occurr in the resultant samples. In this work, an additional annealing process is proposed that aims at regulating lattice distortion as well as achieving round and smoother morphologies without any structural or elemental modifications. Such a structural enhancement is favored for improved lithium diffusion and electrochemical stability during cycling. Consequently, the annealed cathodes demonstrate a considerable enhancement in capacity retention, escalating from 68.7% to 91.9% after 100 cycles at 1 C. Additionally, the specific capacity is significantly increased from 64 to 142 mAh g−1 at 5 C when compared to the unannealed cathodes. This work offers a straightforward and effective approach for reinforcing the electrochemical properties of nickel‐rich cathodes.
Improved Efficiency and Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells by Binary Perovskite–Organic Composite Thin Film
Authors: Tang Haorui , Hu Danyang , Zhang Xiyao , Li Zhishan , Wang Hua , Zhu Xing , Zhu Tao
Published: November 2023

Regulating perovskite film crystallization and avoiding bulk defects during the deposition process are essential for achieving perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with excellent power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability. Herein, the synergistic effects between n‐type, narrow‐bandgap conjugated organic molecules (2,2′‐((2Z,2′Z)‐((5,5′‐(4,4,9,9‐tetrakis(4‐hexylphenyl)‐4,9‐dihydros‐indaceno[1,2‐b:5,6‐b′]dithiophene‐2,7‐diyl)bis(4‐((2‐ethylhexyl)oxy)thiophene‐5,2‐diyl))bis(methanylylidene))bis(3‐oxo‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐indene‐2,1‐diylidene))dimalononitrile [IEICO]) and perovskites on film surface morphology and stability, and the regulation mechanism on bulk defects in MAPb(I0.97Br0.03)3:IEICO films are explored. The results of theoretical and experimental studies indicate that a large number of electrons on the CO and C≡N surface functional groups of IEICO can function as Lewis bases and exhibit strong interactions with uncoordinated Pb2+ ions, substantially reducing bulk defects. Moreover, the resulting MAPb(I0.97Br0.03)3:IEICO film exhibits an optical response in the near‐infrared region and an increased crystallite size. Consequently, the MAPb(I0.97Br0.03)3:IEICO PSCs with a p–i–n device structure demonstrate a PCE exceeding 20%. In addition, the MAPb(I0.97Br0.03)3:IEICO PSCs possess superior stability and negligible photocurrent hysteresis. These results suggest that the incorporation of near‐infrared organic molecules into perovskites provides a simple method to achieve high‐performance PSCs and realize the utilization of near‐infrared wavelengths.
Efficiency of Emerging Photovoltaic Devices under Indoor Conditions
Authors: Scharber Markus C.
Published: November 2023

Emerging photovoltaic (PV) technologies are considered to be excellent candidates to be used as power sources for indoor and low‐light applications. The already demonstrated high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) and the potential to manufacture perovskite, organic, or dye‐sensitized solar cells at low cost make them particularly interesting. In this work, the maximum PCE of PV devices under low‐light conditions is explored. The role of spectral mismatch, non‐radiative recombination, and parasitic Ohmic losses is investigated. The performed calculation provides guidelines to improve the low‐light performance of PV devices for ambient light. In addition, a simple measurement procedure for the indoor PCE is discussed.
Analysis of Cooling Characteristics of Jet Impingement Hot‐Rolled Seamless Steel Tube in Motion
Authors: Li Zhenlei , Zhang Yansheng , Zhang Rui , Chen Dong , Zhang Fubo , Yuan Guo
Published: November 2023

This research uses numerical modeling to study the jet cooling properties of hot‐rolled seamless steel tubes under axial movement and circumferential rotation. The orthogonal test is used to examine the effects of axial velocity V, rotation speed R, jet distance S, and jet Reynolds number Re on the surface temperature distribution of steel tubes. The findings demonstrate that the temperature of the steel tube exhibits a “similar sinusoidal function” distribution along the circumference, with various angular frequencies and starting phases as a result of various cooling sites. It is determined that the axial velocity has the greatest influence on the temperature drop during the cooling process of steel tube, followed by the jet Reynolds number, the jet distance, and the rotation speed. When the axial velocity is 0.3–0.7 m s−1, the rotation speed is 30–45 rpm, the jet distance is 75–100 mm, and the jet Reynolds number is 38 000–51 000, the steel tube cooling efficiency is the best. The mathematical models of temperature drop ΔT and axial velocity V, rotation speed R, jet distance S, and Reynolds number Re are established. The maximum deviation of temperature drop between numerical simulation and mathematical model is only 1.02 °C with high prediction accuracy.
Multifunctional Microcavity Surfaces for Robust Capture and Direct Rapid Sampling of Concentrated Analytes
Authors: Shin Seungwoo , Oh Seungmin , Park Seo Rim , Cho Hanna , Kim Seok , Cho Young Tae
Published: November 2023

Evaporation patterns of liquid droplets containing nanoparticles or colloids have extensive applications in diagnostics and printing. Controlling these patterns by studying the evaporation behavior of colloidal droplets on surfaces is important for enhancing sensing platforms. In this study, A liquid‐repellent microcavity surface is introduced to robustly capture deposited analytic particles. The proposed microcavity surface maintains stable air pockets for liquid repellency and strong pinning for the spatial stabilization of the evaporating droplet, thereby resulting in a coffee‐ring concentration. This microcavity surface also acts as a “microcontainer” for the deposited particles, thereby protecting them against external damage. To demonstrate the multifaceted capabilities of microcavity surfaces, further comparison is done of three different surface structures, planar, micropillared, and that with microcavities in a hexagonal arrangement, by analyzing their evaporation dynamics and dried deposit patterns. The microcavity surface exhibits superior particle capture, thereby revealing its applicability in on‐site testing. Using the direct rapid sampling of analytical materials, the potential of the fabricated microcavity surface for point‐of‐care testing is demonstrated. The proposed microcavity surfaces suggest new avenues for the development of more robust and sensitive sensing platforms.
Investigation of Rutile and Anatase Mesoporous SiO2@TiO2 Particles in the Scattering Layer of Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Nakamoto Trang , Higuchi Kakeru , Taguchi Kozo
Published: November 2023

This study investigated the impact of the crystal structure of TiO2 in SiO2@TiO2 particles on the light‐scattering layer of the photoanodes of dye‐sensitized solar cells. Rutile and anatase SiO2@TiO2 particles were fabricated using the sintering temperatures of 550 and 990 °C, respectively. Spectrophotometric measurements confirmed that the rutile SiO2@TiO2 particles had higher reflectance in the visible light region than the anatase SiO2@TiO2 particles. Experimental results showed that the rutile SiO2@TiO2‐based scattering layer helped improve the power density by 22% compared with the anatase SiO2@TiO2‐based scattering layer. © 2023 Institute of Electrical Engineer of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Structural Optimization Design of Three Phase Enclosed GIS Disconnector Based on MOGOA and ELM
Authors: Ding Can , Wang Zhoulin , Li Jinqi , Ding Yiling
Published: November 2023

Due to the compact and complex internal structure of 110 kV three‐phase enclosed GIS disconnector, the voltage distribution between the contact breaks of each phase has an influence on the insulation performance of the GIS disconnector, and its internal insulation design is a difficult point to be solved. To solve this problem, this paper firstly establishes a three‐dimensional model of three‐phase enclosed GIS disconnecting switch and conducts a research on the distribution of electric field under a specific working condition, it is found that the outer corner of the static contact, the inner corner of the static arc contact, the inner corner of the outer end of the moving contact and the inner corner of the moving contact are the internal electric field concentration of the three‐phase enclosed GIS disconnector. Then, in order to further reduce the electric field strength and improve the insulation margin and performance, this paper proposes a method based on the combination of Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) and Multi‐objective Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (MOGOA) to optimize the structural design of three‐phase enclosed GIS disconnector, and a ELM model is established, which takes the internal fillet radius of stationary arcing contact, the internal fillet radius of moving contact, the internal fillet radius of external end of dynamic and static contact, the radius of the outer corner of the two static side contacts and the opening distance of the grounding contact as the inputs, and takes the maximum electric field strength of the two static side contacts and the moving side contacts as outputs; Finally, the structural parameters are optimized by MOGOA algorithm. Compared to the pre‐optimization period, the electric field strengths of the bus bar static‐side contact, dynamic contact and static side contact of the B‐phase after optimization decreased from 20.2, 9.28 and 17.5 to 11.4, 6.65 and 11.5 kV/mm, respectively. The electric field strengths of the dynamic and static side contacts are significantly reduced, which is beneficial for improving the insulation performance of the three‐phase enclosed GIS disconnector. © 2023 Institute of Electrical Engineer of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Improvement of mammary gland health in 81 ‘sentinel herds’ in England and Scotland between 2012 and 2021
Authors: Leach Katharine A. , Holsey Hannah J. , Bradley Andrew J. , Green Martin J.
Published: November 2023

Background

Achieving a reduction in mastitis in dairy cows is a common industry goal, but there is no recent peer‐reviewed record of progress in the UK.

Methods

A convenience sample of 125 herds in England and Scotland was recruited based on the quality of records in 2016, willingness to participate and representative geographical distribution. Individual cow somatic cell counts and clinical mastitis data from 2012 to 2021 were summarised annually, and temporal changes were analysed. Eighty‐one herds had sufficient data for comparison between 2012 and 2021, for one or more parameters.

Results

Over this period, the median incidence rate of clinical mastitis decreased from 40.0 to 21.0 cases per 100 cows per year (p < 0.001), with improvement in both lactation and dry period indicators. Lactation new infection rate calculated from individual cow somatic cell counts fell from 8.75% to 5.95% (p < 0.001), dry period new infection rate fell from 16.8% to 14.1% (p < 0.05) and proportion of cows over 200,000 cells/mL fell from 20.0% to 14.3% (p < 0.001).

Limitations

Data were necessarily from herds with good records and do not provide absolute values for the industry.

Conclusion

The findings reflect good progress over a 10‐year period in a cohort of well‐recorded herds and align with other national datasets.
Mapping the landscape of water and society research: Promising combinations of compatible and complementary disciplines
Authors: Muller Marc F. , Rusca Maria , Bertassello Leonardo , Adams Ellis , Allaire Maura , Cabello Villarejo Violeta , Levy Morgan , Mukherjee Jenia , Pokhrel Yadu
Published: November 2023

Coupled human‐water systems (CHWS) are diverse and have been studied across a wide variety of disciplines. Integrating multiple disciplinary perspectives on CHWS provides a comprehensive and actionable understanding of these complex systems. While interdisciplinary integration has often remained elusive, specific combinations of disciplines might be comparably easier to integrate (compatible), and/or their combination might be particularly likely to uncover previously unobtainable insights (complementary). This paper systematically identifies such promising combinations by mapping disciplines along a common set of topical, philosophical, and methodological dimensions. It also identifies key challenges and lessons for multidisciplinary research teams seeking to integrate highly promising (complementary) but poorly compatible disciplines. Applied to eight disciplines that span the environmental physical sciences and the quantitative and qualitative social sciences, we found that promising combinations of disciplines identified by the typology broadly reproduce patterns of recent interdisciplinary collaborative research revealed by a bibliometric analysis. We also found that some disciplines are centrally located within the typology by being compatible and complementary to multiple other disciplines along distinct dimensions. This points to the potential for these disciplines to act as catalysts for wider interdisciplinary integration.

This article is categorized under:

Engineering Water > Methods

Human Water > Methods

Science of Water > Methods
Chemical complexity challenge: Is multi‐instance machine learning a solution?
Authors: Zankov Dmitry , Madzhidov Timur , Varnek Alexandre , Polishchuk Pavel
Published: November 2023

Molecules are complex dynamic objects that can exist in different molecular forms (conformations, tautomers, stereoisomers, protonation states, etc.) and often it is not known which molecular form is responsible for observed physicochemical and biological properties of a given molecule. This raises the problem of the selection of the correct molecular form for machine learning modeling of target properties. The same problem is common to biological molecules (RNA, DNA, proteins)—long sequences where only key segments, which often cannot be located precisely, are involved in biological functions. Multi‐instance machine learning (MIL) is an efficient approach for solving problems where objects under study cannot be uniquely represented by a single instance, but rather by a set of multiple alternative instances. Multi‐instance learning was formalized in 1997 and motivated by the problem of conformation selection in drug activity prediction tasks. Since then MIL has found a lot of applications in various domains, such as information retrieval, computer vision, signal processing, bankruptcy prediction, and so on. In the given review we describe the MIL framework and its applications to the tasks associated with ambiguity in the representation of small and biological molecules in chemoinformatics and bioinformatics. We have collected examples that demonstrate the advantages of MIL over the traditional single‐instance learning (SIL) approach. Special attention was paid to the ability of MIL models to identify key instances responsible for a modeling property.

This article is categorized under:

Data Science > Chemoinformatics

Data Science > Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning
John Gadbury's 32‐year record of daily London weather (1668–1700)
Authors: Tinkler Keith John
Published: November 2023

Gadbury’s published diary ‘Nauticum Astrologicum…’ covers 32 years of daily London weather from 1668–1700, in manuscript at the Bodleian library, Oxford. Transcription to spreadsheets has allowed the analysis of weather trends using about 41 weather terms. Eight‐point wind roses begin on 11 May 1673, augmented with partial records for most of 1671–1673. Diagrammatic summaries for weather and temperature terms are plotted annually in half‐month frequency bins. The 32‐year record is roughly divided into phases with approximate breaks at 1680 and 1690.
Cytotoxic Activity of Some Half‐sandwich Rhodium(III) Complexes Containing 4,4’‐disubstituted‐2,2’‐bipyridine Ligands
Authors: Graf Marion , Ochs Jasmine , Mayer Peter , Metzler‐Nolte Nils , Böttcher Hans‐Christian
Published: November 2023

The synthesis and characterization of three compounds [Rh(η5‐C5Me5)Cl(N^N)]PF6 (N^N=4,4’‐disubstituted‐2,2’‐bipyridines, 1–3) are described. The cationic complexes contain the bidentate ligands N^N=4,4'‐di‐tert‐butyl‐2,2'‐bipyridine (1), N^N=4,4'‐dinonyl‐2,2'‐bipyridine (2) and N^N=4,4'‐diamino‐2,2'‐bipyridine (3). The complex salts were obtained by the bridge‐splitting reaction from the precursor [{Rh(η5‐C5Me5)(μ‐Cl)Cl}2] and subsequent salt metathesis affording their corresponding hexafluorido phosphate salts. All compounds were characterized by elemental analysis and spectroscopic means. Additionally, the molecular structure of compound 3 in the solid was determined by a single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction study. The cytotoxicity of all three compounds was examined by MTT assay against two cancer cell lines – HT‐29 (colon adenocarcinoma) and MCF‐7 (human breast adenocarcinoma) ‐ and normal human fibroblast cells (GM5657T). Compound 1 has moderate cytotoxicity against both cell lines, while compound 2 is seven to nine times more cytotoxic than cisplatin against MCF‐7 and HT‐29, respectively. In contrast to cisplatin, both compounds are more active against cancer cells than fibroblasts, thus showing some cancer selectivity.
Curriculum Beyond Apocalypse
Authors: Weinstein Matthew
Published: November 2023

This chapter explores the production of sociotechnical imaginaries surrounding climate change. Four texts are examined: the film Interstellar; the novel New York 2140; an academic analysis of governmental futures under climate change, Climate Leviathan; and a fictional account of life under the “New Green Deal.” The texts are cross-read against each other and analyzed in terms of their political adequacy in convincingly moving us toward better and more equitable and sustainable eco-social formations.
Sphingolipids: drivers of cardiac fibrosis and atrial fibrillation
Authors: Liu Junjie , Liu Ximao , Luo Yucheng , Huang Fangze , Xie Yu , Zheng Shaoyi , Jia Bo , Xiao Zezhou
Published: November 2023

Sphingolipids (SLs) are vital constituents of the plasma membrane of animal cells and concurrently regulate numerous cellular processes. An escalating number of research have evinced that SLs assume a crucial part in the progression of tissue fibrosis, a condition for which no efficacious cure exists as of now. Cardiac fibrosis, and in particular, atrial fibrosis, is a key factor in the emergence of atrial fibrillation (AF). AF has become one of the most widespread cardiac arrhythmias globally, with its incidence continuing to mount, thereby propelling it to the status of a major public health concern. This review expounds on the structure and biosynthesis pathways of several pivotal SLs, the pathophysiological mechanisms of AF, and the function of SLs in cardiac fibrosis. Delving into the influence of sphingolipid levels in the alleviation of cardiac fibrosis offers innovative therapeutic strategies to address cardiac fibrosis and AF.
Non-invasive calibration for volumetric flow measurements in confined spaces
Authors: Hardege Robert , Rockstroh Thomas , Bauer Katrin , Schwarze Rüdiger
Published: November 2023

The calibration of a multi-camera system is a crucial step of volumetric flow measurements with photogrammetric methods. Conventional calibration methods are based on recording hardware targets, which are placed in the cameras fields of view. Calibrating in confined spaces with those methods is associated with an increased technical or mechanical effort. This work presents a calibration method without the use of a hardware target. Instead, crossing laser beams are introduced into the volume for creating unique calibration points. The underlying algorithms discussed in this paper for detecting the laser beams are:Ransacalgorithm,Template Matching(via cross correlation) andProbabilistic Hough Transformation. The algorithms are tested with experimental data and synthetic data.
Constraints on the pre-eruptive magma storage conditions and magma evolution of the 56–30 ka explosive volcanism of Ciomadul (East Carpathians, Romania)
Authors: Cserép Barbara , Szemerédi Máté , Harangi Szabolcs , Erdmann Saskia , Bachmann Olivier , Dunkl István , Seghedi Ioan , Mészáros Katalin , Kovács Zoltán , Virág Attila , Ntaflos Theodoros , Schiller David , Molnár Kata , Lukács Réka
Published: November 2023

A detailed mineral-scale study was conducted on pumices of the latest, dominantly explosive eruption epoch (56–30 ka) of Ciomadul, the youngest, long-dormant volcano in eastern-central Europe for characterizing the magma storage system and for understanding better the changes in eruption style from effusive to explosive. The mineral cargo of dacitic pumices enables us to constrain the conditions of the pre-recharge crystal mush, the recharge magmas and the post-recharge magma prior to eruptions. A careful evaluation of the results yielded by various thermometers, barometers, oxybarometers, chemometers and hygrometers as well as direct comparison with experimental data were necessary to select the appropriate techniques and therefore to constrain the conditions for the Ciomadul magmatic system. Beneath the volcano, a felsic crystal mush body is inferred at 8–12 km depth comprising slightly oxidized (0.5–1.6 ∆NNO), low-temperature (680–750 °C), highly crystalline magma. This zone is underlain by a deep magma storage zone with less evolved, hot (> 900 °C) magma at 16–40 km depth. The dominantly explosive volcanism after the effusive eruptions (160–90 ka) can be explained by the ascent of distinct recharge magmas. They contained high-Mg (MgO > 18 wt%) amphibole, which could have crystallized from ultrahydrous (H2O > 8 wt%) magma at near-liquidus conditions. The rates of amphibole overgrowth and microphenocryst formation require weeks to months for the magma mixing and the eruption events. The hybridized melt became more oxidized and contained dissolved water in around 5.5 wt% at temperature of 790–830 °C calculated from the re-equilibrated Fe-Ti oxides. These magma properties along with the degree of crystallinity (27–38 vol% crystals) favored rapid magma ascent and an explosive style eruption. Thus, the strongly hydrous nature of the recharge magma in addition to the crystallinity and H2O content of the pre-eruption magma plays an important role in controlling the eruption style.
Predictors of reoperation after lung volume reduction surgery
Authors: Lund Alberte , Soldath Patrick , Nodin Erika , Hansen Henrik Jessen , Perch Michael , Jensen Kristine , Hornbech Kåre , Kalhauge Anna , Mortensen Jann , Petersen René Horsleben
Published: November 2023

Objectives

Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) has proven an effective treatment for emphysema, by decreasing hyperinflation and improving lung function, activity level and reducing dyspnoea. However, postoperative air leak is an important complication, often leading to reoperation.

Our aim was to analyse reoperations after LVRS and identify potential predictors.

Methods

Consecutive single-centre unilateral VATS LVRS performed from 2017 to 2022 were included. Typically, 3–5 minor resections were made using vascular magazines without buttressing. Data were obtained from an institutional database and analysed. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify predictors of reoperation. Number and location of injuries were registered.

Results

In total, 191 patients were included, 25 were reoperated (13%). In 21 patients, the indication for reoperation was substantial air leak, 3 patients bleeding and 1 patient empyema. Length of stay (LOS) was 21 (11–33) vs. 5 days (3–11), respectively. Only 3 injuries were in the stapler line, 13 within < 2cm and 15 injuries were in another site. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that decreasing DLCO increased risk of reoperation, OR 1.1 (1.03, 1.18, P = 0.005). Resections in only one lobe, compared to resections in multiple lobes, were also a risk factor OR 3.10 (1.17, 9.32, P = 0.03). Patients undergoing reoperation had significantly increased 30-day mortality, OR 5.52 (1.03, 26.69, P = 0.02).

Conclusions

Our incidence of reoperation after LVRS was 13% leading to prolonged LOS and increased 30-day mortality. Low DLCO and resections in a single lobe were significant predictors of reoperation. The air leak was usually not localized in the stapler line.

Graphical abstract

Key question: What characterizes reoperations after lung volume reduction surgeries?

Key findings: Lung injuries were predominantly located away from the original surgical site.

Take home message: Lung injuries remote from the stapler line is frequent during reoperation after lung volume reduction surgery.

Location of lung injuries found during reoperation after lung volume reduction surgery
N-IoU: better IoU-based bounding box regression loss for object detection
Authors: Su Keke , Cao Lihua , Zhao Botong , Li Ning , Wu Di , Han Xiyu
Published: November 2023

Object detection is one of the core tasks of computer vision, and bounding box (bbox) regression is one of the basic tasks of object detection. In recent years of related research, bbox regression is often used in the Intersection over Union (IoU) loss and its improved version. In this paper, for the first time, we introduce the Dice coefficient into the regression loss calculation and propose a new measure which is superior to and can replace the IoU. We define three properties of the new measure and prove the theory by mathematical reasoning and analysis of the existing work. This paper also proposes the N-IoU regression loss family. And the superiority of the N-IoU regression loss family is proved by designing simulation experiments and comparative experiments. The main results of this paper are: (1) The proposed new measure is better than IoU which can be used to evaluate bounding box regression, and the three properties of the new measure can be used as a broad criterion for the design of regression loss functions; and (2) we propose N-IoU loss. The parameter n of N-IOU can be debugged, which can be widely adapted to different application scenarios with higher flexibility, and the regression performance is better.
Passion-Net: a robust precise and explainable predictor for hate speech detection in Roman Urdu text
Authors: Mehmood Faiza , Ghafoor Hina , Asim Muhammad Nabeel , Ghani Muhammad Usman , Mahmood Waqar , Dengel Andreas
Published: November 2023

With an aim to eliminate or reduce the spread of hate content across social media platforms, the development of artificial intelligence supported computational predictors is an active area of research. However, diversity of languages hinders development of generic predictors that can precisely identify hate content. Several language-specific hate speech detection predictors have been developed for most common languages including English, Chinese and German. Specifically, for Urdu language a few predictors have been developed and these predictors lack in predictive performance. The paper in hand presents a precise and explainable deep learning predictor which makes use of advanced language modelling strategies for the extraction of semantic and discriminative patterns. Extracted patterns are utilized to train an attention-based novel classifier that is competent in precisely identifying hate content. Over coarse-grained benchmark dataset, the proposed predictor significantly outperforms state-of-the-art predictor by 8.7% in terms of accuracy, precision and F1-score. Similarly, over fine-grained dataset, in comparison with state-of-the-art predictor, it achieves performance gain of 10.6%, 17.6%, 18.6% and 17.6% in terms of accuracy, precision, recall and F1-score.
Electrochemical corrosion behavior of β-Ti alloy in a physiological saline solution and the impact of H2O2 and albumin
Authors: Boraei Nobl F. El , Ibrahim Magdy A. M. , Rehim Sayed S. Abd El , Elshamy Ibrahim H.
Published: November 2023

Orthopedic and dental equipment have always been made of Ti and its alloys. In physiological saline solution, the corrosion behavior of the β-Ti alloy, as a possible replacement for Ti and Ti6Al4V in medical applications, was studied. In agreement with the EIS (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy), the PPCs (potentiodynamic polarization curves) findings, and the OCP (the open circuit potential), the specimens’ resistance of corrosion declines in the next arrangement: β-Ti alloy > Ti6Al4V alloy > Ti in a physiological saline solution (PSS). Because of the thin layer of Ti oxide that forms on its surface, the β-Ti alloy is widely known for its ability to resist corrosion in dental applications. H2O2, a reactive oxygen species that is present during inflammation, and albumin, the most prevalent protein in biological fluids, were added to in vitro tests to stimulate peri-implant inflammatory conditions. Consequently, for the first time in PSS at 310 K, electrochemical and long-term immersion tests were utilized to assay the impact of BSA (bovine serum albumin) and H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) on the β-Ti alloy corrosion. Because hydrogen peroxide has a high oxidizing effect, its existence increases the OCP’s positive trend. The EIS and PPCs show that albumin suppresses both the cathodic reaction and the anodic dissolution, whereas hydrogen peroxide enhances both the cathodic and anodic reactions. It was discovered that there was a good correlation between the electrochemical data and SEM photomicrographs obtained before and after corrosion testing.
Underwater Directional Acoustic Source Based on Pentamode Material
Authors: Zhao Binghao , Wang Peng , Wang Dongwei , Hu Gengkai
Published: November 2023

An underwater directional acoustic emitter is conceived with a highly anisotropic lattice material, whose acoustic characteristics manifest strong dependence on the orientation of the lattice material’s principal axis. Exploiting these features, a cylindrical structure made of such anisotropic lattice material is engineered to possess distinct impedance values in different directions, thereby facilitating wave emission along the principal axis while inducing reflection in other directions. Notably, through numerical simulations, it is demonstrated that the emission direction can be effectively manipulated by adjusting the principal axis orientation, concurrently enhancing the emitted power. In contrast to previous directional acoustic structures, the compact emitter presented in this study can get rid of the size-wavelength constraint, enabling effective control of low-frequency waves.
A new FRAX model for Brazil
Authors: Albergaria B. H. , Zerbini C. A. F. , Lazaretti-Castro M. , Eis S. R. , Vilaca T. , Johansson H. , Harvey N. C. , Liu E. , Vandenput L. , Lorentzon M. , Schini M. , McCloskey E. , Kanis J. A.
Published: November 2023

Summary

Fracture probabilities derived from the original FRAX model for Brazil were compared to those from an updated model based on more recent regional estimates of the incidence of hip fracture. Fracture probabilities were consistently lower in the updated FRAX model. Despite large differences between models, differences in the rank order of fracture probabilities were minimal.

Objective

Recent epidemiological data indicate that the risk of hip fracture in Brazil is lower than that used to create the original FRAX model. This paper describes the epidemiology of hip fracture in Brazil and the synthesis of an updated FRAX model with the aim of comparing this new model with the original model.

Methods

Hip fracture rates from three cities in three regions were combined, weighted by the population of each region. For other major fractures, incidence rates for Brazil were estimated using Swedish ratios for hip to other major osteoporotic fracture (humerus, forearm or clinical vertebral fractures). Mortality estimates were taken from the UN.

Results

Compared to the original FRAX model, the updated model gave lower 10-year fracture probabilities in men and women at all ages. Notwithstanding, there was a very close correlation in fracture probabilities between the original and updated models (r > 0.99) so that the revisions had little impact on the rank order of risk.

Conclusion

The disparities between the original and updated FRAX models indicate the importance of updating country-specific FRAX models with the advent of significant changes in fracture epidemiology.