bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and associated factors of balantidiasis in buffaloes of Bhola district, Bangladesh
Authors: Biswas A. , Alam K. J. , Riad M. M , Hanif S. M. , Ahmed M. S.
Published: September 2020

Background: Balantidium coli is an important enteric protozoan disease of livestock. This study has been undertaken to investigate the prevalence and associated factors of balantidiasis of Bhola district, Bangladesh.
Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out from March 2018 to February 2019. A total of 200 buffalo fecal samples were examined through direct smear method. The difference of the prevalence among different variables was evaluated by chi-square test.
Results: The overall prevalence of balantidiasis was observed to be 39.0%. Prevalence of B. coli infection was relatively higher in adult buffaloes (44.44%) aged more than 5 years than young (42.65%) aged > 2- ≤ 5 years and buffalo calves (25.49%) aged ≤ 2 years. Higher prevalence of B. coli was observed in female (43.31%) than male (31.51%) buffaloes. Significantly higher prevalence of B. coli infection was observed in rainy season (52.22%) than winter season (20%).
Conclusion: Preventive and therapeutic measures against balantidiasis should be undertaken in rainy season.
Problems Encountered by the Newly-hired Seafarers Onboard Ship: The Basis for a Health Intervention Program
Authors: Galicia Peter Ralph
Published: September 2020

This descriptive-correlational study aimed at ascertaining   the newly-hired seafarers’ encountered problems onboard ship as basis for a health intervention program. Utilized for data gathering was researcher-constructed questionnaire on newly-hired seafarers’ problems encountered onboard ship. The computer-processed statistics were means, frequency, and Rank for descriptive analysis; and t-test for Independent Samples, and One-way ANOVA for inferential analysis. Alpha level was set at 0.5. The study found out that, generally,        newly-hired seafarers’ had high common problems encountered onboard ship. They have shared five most common problems: they experience homesickness and seasickness in few months, they suffer in a long distance relationship, they adjust on fellow crew or “pakikisama”, and they suffer fatigue onboard ship. On the other hand, they also shared five least common problems: they are not reliable to perform task alone, they ignore “Safety First” while on duty, they cannot be assigned on other tasks, they lack relevant trainings, and they had no experience onboard any ship. Significant differences existed in the newly-hired seafarers’ common problems encountered onboard ship when classified according to age and location of residence. No significant difference existed in the newly-hired seafarers’ common problems encountered onboard ship when classified according to year graduated.
The role of Chittagong port to support MSR in providing maritime transport facilities through intermodal in Asia
Authors: Saha Razon Chandra
Published: September 2020

Among the seaports in the Bay of Bengal, Chittagong port is in a lucrative position to cover the maximum spatial transportation in Asia. Probably, China-proposed Maritime Silk Road (MSR) under the banner of Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) had overlooked Chittagong port as maritime load centre in the South Asian region due to geopolitical issue. A recent performance of Chittagong port in terms of container throughput and considering the hinterland potentiality by MSR, Chittagong port is visualized load centre or connector in the region attractively. The intermodal freight transportation system brought the new dimension in the port regionalization. Driven in particular, Chittagong port’s geographical position and performance are two important indicators in serving through the intermodal system to the region timely and economically. The main objective of port development in Bangladesh is to act as maritime load centre of MSR and offer port services not only for Bangladesh but also to provide maritime transport facilities as well as seaport access to the landlocked countries Nepal and Bhutan, naturally locked part of India, southwest part of China and neighbouring country Myanmar for regional development. In addition to the literature review, this research used a qualitative research method with the combination of primary and secondary data collected from the field. Moreover, one network model is designed on how Chittagong port will provide the hinterland services to the region and implement the dictum of MSR and BRI. Overall, this paper aims to investigate the potentiality of Chittagong port to serve as a regional maritime load centre of MSR for developing an integrated intermodal freight transportation system in Asia.
Containment and Mitigation Measures of COVID-19-A Scoping Review
Authors: Lim Kuang Kuay  , Rahim Faizul Akmal Abdul , Fazila Haryati Ahmad  , Ahzairin Ahmad  , Halizah Mat Rifin  , Mohd Shaiful Azlan Kassim  , Ramli Muhd Hafizuddin Taufik , Nur Hamizah Nasaruddin  , Jayvikramjit singh Manjit singh  , Norsyamlina Che Abdul Rahim
Published: September 2020

The epidemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) in China and a number of countries had led to the Covid-19 pandemic declaration by WHO. The aim of this study is to assess the evidence and to report the effectiveness of Covid-19 containment and mitigation measures among the affected countries. A comprehensive search strategy was performed using the MESH terms of “Novel coronavirus,” “Novel coronavirus 2019”, “2019 nCoV”, “Covid-19”, “Wuhan coronavirus”, “SARS-CoV-2”, “Containment”, “Mitigation” and “Control”. After completion of the initial screening, 922 articles were excluded for the following reasons: the article did not meet the inclusion criteria (N = 862), the article was a duplicate (N = 60). The remaining 72 articles were screened at the full-text level. After full review for relevancy, 41 articles were excluded and a total of 31 articles were selected for scoping review. The two most successful countries that managed to control this pandemic were Hong Kong and South Korea. While, the United States of America (USA) and Brazil are the countries yet unable to significantly reduce the Covid-19 cases. The aggressiveness of government efforts and the compliance among the population are the main factors contributing to the effectiveness of the containment and mitigation measures implemented.
Innovation of the Use of Education Games Method Utilizing a Thousand of Nail Media in Fiqh Lesson Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Amaliyah Pematangsiantar District
Authors: Siahaan Amiruddin , Zulheddi Zulheddi , Sidik Muhammad
Published: September 2020

This research are to determine: (1) the implementation of the innovative educational games method in Islamic Civilization History lessons, (2) the implementation of the media of a thousand nails in Islamic Civilization Studies lessons, and (3) the supporting and inhibiting factors in implementing the innovative use of the educational games method with the media of a thousand nails in the Fiqh lesson. The research method used is qualitative research, data collection is carried out in natural conditions and using data collection methods, namely: interview method, observation method, documentation method. The findings of the research show: (1) the implementation of the educational games innovation method in the Fiqh lesson is running well because it is driven by the creativity of the teacher by paying attention to the characteristics of the students, (2) the innovation of the implementation of learning using the media of a thousand nails is carried out by the teacher starting from planning, implementation to conclusions learning, and (3) the supporting factor for learning is the presence of media, namely the media of a thousand nails, while the inhibiting factor is the limited time.
Implementation of Cooperative Script Learning Strategy in Historical Aspects in Islamic Education Students of SMPN 3 Pulau Rakyat Asahan District
Authors: Siahaan Amiruddin , Matsum Hasan , Wahyuni Yenni Sri
Published: September 2020

The purpose of this study was to determine: (1) how to implement cooperative script learning strategies on historical aspects in Islamic Education subjects, (2) what are the supporting factors in implementing cooperative script learning strategies on historical aspects in Islamic Education subjects, and (3) what are the inhibiting factors in implementing cooperative script learning strategies on historical aspects in the subject of Islamic Education. The research method used is qualitative. Data collection techniques are observation, interview and documentation. Data analysis was carried out by the stages of data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawing. The data validity was done by using the data validity technique using triangulation, namely: source, method, investigator, and theory. The research findings show: (1) the implementation of the cooperative script learning strategy has been carried out well, it's just that there are several steps in the learning process that have not been maximally implemented, (2) the supporting factors in the implementation of the cooperative script learning strategy are the support of the principal, the class conditions comfortable, complete facilities and infrastructure, enthusiastic attitude of students, and rewards from the teacher, and (3) inhibiting factors for the implementation of cooperative script learning strategies, namely: less time, a large number of students, and the condition of students who are less conducive, lack of concentration and ability different students.
Impact of chemical and organic fertilizer on the yield and nutritional composition of bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc.)
Authors: Hasan Mahmudul , Uddin Md Kamal , Mohammad Mahmud Tengku Muda , Kee Zuan Ali Tan , Motmainna -
Published: September 2020

A pot experiment was conducted to find out the effects of chemical and organic fertilizer on the yield and nutritional composition of bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea). The size of the pot was 65.94 cm2. Different rates of compost, biofertilizer, gypsum was used along with the combination of different doses of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer. N and P fertilizers were found to play dominating role to increase yield and nutritional composition of the plant. Number of pod (41.75), 100-seed weight (34.25 g), protein (22.15%), Ca (803.25 mg/ka) increased with the application of N and P 30 and 60 kg/ha, respectively which was better than all other treatments. The application of N30 + P60 kg/ha increased yield and nutritional composition of bambara groundnut.
Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic investigations of four agarophytes from northern Arabian sea
Authors: Shahnaz Laila , Shehnaz Hina , Haider Amir
Published: September 2020

The fresh specimens of Champia compressa Harvey, Gelidium usmanghanii Afaq-Husain and M. Shameel, Gracilaria foliifera (Forsskål) Børgesen and Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen) J. V. Lamouroux, were collected from the coastal areas of Karachi (Pakistan) and their yield of agar was observed. With preextraction technique the percentage of algal yield was found to range from 13 to 28%. High quality gel strength was determined by modulus of elasticity i.e. (550 – 612g/cm2) and 1090 kPa and extraction time was 2 hrs. The structure of agar and agar contents were investigated by FT-IR spectroscopy for the first time from Pakistan. The results revealed some interesting characters (non sulphated β-D galacto pyranose residues, 3,6 anhydro galactose vibration), which were not reported earlier.
Anatomy and development of gynoecium in Tapiscia sinensis Oliv. and its implications for the origin of carpels
Authors: Xin Guiliang , Ni Xilu , Liu Wenzhe
Published: September 2020

Tapiscia sinensis Oliv. (Tapisciaceae) is a rare tree endemic in China. Characteristic of its androdioecy is the coexistence of male and hermaphroditic flowers. Its bisexual flower bears five stamens surrounding the gynoecium, which is composed of a terminal style and an ovary at the base. The style has a bifid stigmata, which is hollow and longer than stamens. The ovary is syncarpous, unilocular, formed by two fused carpels, with a basal or subbasal placenta. Ovule is bitegmic, anatropous, borne on the placenta and supplied by an amphicribral vascular bundle arising directly from receptacle. The carpel wall is supplied by a collateral vascular bundle. The ovule’s position changes from initially inserted on the ovary base to later attached to the middle of the ovary wall due to unequal growth of the embryo sac. Based on the present observation and others, the implications of vascular system in Tapiscia for the evolution of carpel are discussed.
Antimicrobial potential of different solvent extracts of Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers.
Authors: Khan Wajid , Bibi Zainab , Nazir Uddin Muhammad , Gul Huma , Khan Hayat
Published: September 2020

The antimicrobial activity of different extracts (methanolic, ethyl acetate, hot and cold water extracts) of Morchella esculenta against bacterial strains including Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Bacillus atrophaeus, Bacillus subtilis, Citrobactor freundii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Staphyllococcus aureus, Staphyllococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Xanthomonas oryzae and some fungal strains such as Trychophyton rubrum, Rhizopus stolonifer, Trichoderma citrinoviride, Aspergillus fumigatus and Alternaria alternata was evaluated. Disc diffusion assay was used for antibacterial activity and well diffusion method was applied for measuring the antifungal activities of different extracts. Hot water extract was found more effective against bacterial strains and produced maximum zone of inhibition of 90% against Bacillus atrophaeus at 3 mg/disc, while cold water extract showed strong activity against the majority of selected fungal strains; Trichophyton rubrum, Trichoderma citrinoviride and Alternaria alternata. Ethyl acetate extract of M. esculenta revealed least antimicrobial activities against the tested microbes.
Morphology and pigment content of sporophytes and gametophytes of ten fern species
Authors: Bibi Asia , Ejaz Shabbir , Rafique Sidra , Ashraf Saima
Published: September 2020

The morphology and pigment contents of sporophytes and gametophytes of ten fern species were studied. In the morphological study, variations were found in stipe, texture, rachis, fronds and sori of these species. Photosynthestic pigment contents of sporophyte and gametophyte of ten species vary to a great extent. Even sporophyte and gametophyte of same species vary in pigment content. Sporophyte revealed higher chlorophyll content than gametophyte. The highest chlorophyll a and b were found in the gametophyte of Cetarach officinarum Gametophyte of Adiantum flabellatum produced maximum anthocyanin whereas minimum anthocyanin content was found in the sporophyte of Cetarach dalhousiae. The highest carotenoid content was obtained from the gametophyte of Cheilanthus albomarginata. Altitudinal variations were also found to affect morphology and pigment content of sporophytes and gametophytes of ten fern species.
Development and evaluation of flavoured ladoo from different cultivars of aonla
Authors: Pandita Nitish , Gupta Neeraj
Published: September 2020

Small balls of ‘Ladoos’ were made by using blended aonla fruit of three cultivars with refined and raw sugar, ginger and cardamom flavours. The prepared ‘Ladoos’ were stored in pet boxes for three months to ascertain the changes in chemical, sensory and microbiological characteristics. An increasing trend was observed in TSS, reducing and total sugars but decreasing trend in titratable acidity, tannin and ash during three months of storage. The highest microbial count of 1.45×106 cfu/g was recorded in treatment T12 (desi + ginger + raw sugar) and the lowest of 0.41×106 cfu/g in T9 (NA-7 + cardamom + raw sugar) at the end of storage. On the basis of overall acceptability, T3 (NA-7 + cardamom + refined sugar) was found to be the best treatment. The storability study revealed that ‘Ladoos’ prepared from cultivar NA-7 have good-shelf life and can be kept for more than 90 days without affecting the quality attributes.
Stability analysis for quality attributes in durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) genotypes
Authors: Punia Himani , Madan Shashi , Malik Anurag , Sethi S.K.
Published: September 2020

Wheat contributes more than 50% of calories to the people worldwide. In terms of appearance, colour, texture and flavor, the quality is determined by raw material, processing methods and other ingredients. The glutenin and gliadin proteins influence dough properties. Thirty-six durum wheat genotypes were evaluated for various quality traits viz. grain appearance score, grain hardness, sedimentation value and wet and dry gluten content. The superior genotypes for the physical characteristics of grains were PDW 337, UAS 448 and PDW 335. Wet and dry gluten were maximum in UAS 448 and WHD 954. PDW 337 (44 ml) and DDW 27 (44 ml) had highest sedimentation value. Present study reveals the identification of superior durum wheat genotypes which may be used in future breeding programmes to enhance the quality for human nutrition and specific end-uses.
Effects of environmental factors on population dynamics of rice earhead bug and their management with newer insecticide combinations and sole insecticide
Authors: Sharma Kamal Ravi , Raju S.V.S. , Roshan D. Rakshith
Published: September 2020

An experiment was conducted to study the population dynamics of rice earhead bug and to evaluate the efficacy of newer insecticide combinations and sole insecticide along with untreated control. The rice earhead bug population was first recorded on 36th standard week as 1 nos./10 sweep nets and peak population (17 nos./10 sweep nets) was observed during 44th standard week. The correlation analysis revealed that rice earhead bug showed significant negative correlation with rainfall while the remaining weather parameters like average relative humidity and average temperature were found negative and non-significantly correlated. The overall data of efficacy revealed that all insecticidal treatments were significantly superior over untreated control. However, the plots treated with fipronil 5% + buprofezin 20% SC recorded the lowest number of rice earhead bug population (2.10 and 3.51 nos./5 sweep nets) after first and second insecticidal sprays, respectively, followed by indoxacarb 10% + thiamethoxam 10% WG (2.47 and 4.25 nos./5 sweep nets, respectively). Whereas, application of thiamethoxam 25% WG and buprofezin 25% singly SC were recorded as third and fourth best treatments, respectively.
Comparative anatomical studies of four Hyacinthella Schur species growing in Turkey
Authors: Doğu Süleyman
Published: September 2020

In the present study, along with scape, leaf surface and mesophyll anatomy of four Hyacinthella species, H. nervosa (Bertol.) Chouard, H. hispida (J.Gay) Chouard, H. siirtensis B. Mathew and H. venusta K. Pers. were studied and the features were compared among the species in this research. After the analysis of data, it was seen that the scape anatomy is close to studied species. However, there are differences when the other species examined as seen in the epiderma has papillose protuberances only in H. nervosa. When the leaf mesophyll is observed, it is seen that H. siirtensis and H. venusta are equifacial, H. hispida is unifacial, H. nervosa is dorsiventral. Raphide crystals are seen in some of the mesophyll cells. While leaves are amphistomatic with anomocytic stomata in all taxa, indumentum and epidermal cell bigness of the surfaces show difference among the species.
Detection and analysis of free amino acids in waxy maize DH lines by HPLC in north-east China
Authors: Jiang Long , Yu Haiyan , Chen Dianyuan , Yu Xiaoming , Xu Hui , Ma Xue , Sun Bo , Fan Xin Mu
Published: September 2020

Composition of free amino acid in waxy maize DH lines was analysed and the nutritional quality of waxy maize germplasm resources was evaluated by o-phthaladehyde (OPA) pre-column derivatization reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results obtained showed that there were at least 14 kinds of free amino acids, DH57 line had the highest (25.185 mg/g), and DH21 line had the lowest (6.203 mg/g) and the average was 12.226 mg/g. The contents of essential amino acids varied from 2.59 to 14.09 mg/g, accounting for 29.55 - 75.64% of the total free amino acids. The quality of free amino acids was evaluated by comprehensive indices with principal component analysis and the first top three DH lines were DH57, DH59 and DH55. The contents of free amino acids in 60 waxy maize DH lines had obvious genetic diversity. As to the free amino acid content, the amino acids quality of DH57, DH59 and DH55 were the best, while DH21 was the worst. Results provide a theoretical guidance for the cultivation of new varieties of waxy maize with good quality.
Effects of interaction of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer on growth, yield and yield components of soybean
Authors: Ming Liu , Ying-Dong Bi , Wei Li , Miao Liu , Ling Wang , Shu-Feng Di , Yong-Cai Lai
Published: September 2020

Effects of the interaction of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer on the growth, yield and yield components of soybean were studied in cylindrical tube cultivation. The results showed that proper application of biochar promoted dry matter accumulation and LAI regulation of individual plant, and the regulating effect was greater in the later stage of growth than in the early stage. The dry matter weight per plant and LAI were the highest in C1 treatment with different amount of biochar application. However, with the further increase of the amount of carbon application, the dry matter weight per plant and LAI decreased gradually. The plant height of soybean was reduced by the application of biochar. 750 kg/hm2 of biochar and 42 kg/hm2 of nitrogen were found to be the best combinations for high yield of soybean and the theoretical yield was found to be 3546.9 kg/hm2. The combination of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer affects yield mainly by regulating the number of seed per plant.
Mapping quantitative trait loci for cold tolerance in rice at seedling stage
Authors: Das Nomita , Alam Nazmul , Hossain Kamal , Biswas Partha S
Published: September 2020

Rice plants are sensitive to cold stress at various growth stages starting from germination to maturity. Exploitation of cold tolerance for the development of cold tolerant varieties may help in saving crop loss or cost of production in the cold prone environment. Introgression of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) conferring cold tolerance in the elite variety may be the most effective and sustainable approach to address this issue. A F2:3 mapping population of a cross between a cold susceptible variety (BR1) and a cold tolerant variety (BR18) was used to map QTLs for cold tolerance at seedling stage. Three significant QTLs on chromosomes 1, 3 and 12 associated with cold tolerance were mapped between the markers intervals of RM220-RM10829, RM546-RM7 and RM27877-RM463, respectively at a threshold LOD of 4.3 through composite interval mapping. Phenotypic contributions of these QTLs were 50.7, 39 and 52.7%, respectively. Marker information of such a large effect QTL could be used in the breeding program after necessary validation to develop cold tolerant high yielding rice varieties.
The nature of PSII reactions stability under oxidative stress
Authors: Jafarova Jeyhuna , Ganiyeva Rena , Bayramova Sona , Gasanov Ralphreed
Published: September 2020

Comparative investigations of millisecond delayed fluorescence of chlorophyll a (msec-DF Chl a) characteristics under oxidative stress induced separately by high intensity light and methyl viologen (MV) were investigated in pumpkin leaves (Cucurbita pepo L.). The inactivation of electron transport chain of PSII was observed in both experiments. The restoration of given characteristics observed at normal illumination with photoinhibited seedlings was found to enhance under action Na-ascorbate (Na-asc). The restoration of fluorescence characteristics on treated MV seedlings was recorded only at presence of Na-asc. Effect of Naasc to restore inactivated processes is considered to be due to its ability to actively neutralize reactive forms of oxygen generated under oxidative stress. It is suggested that mechanism leading to changes of induction pattern of msec-DF Chl a of PSII has common nature in both cases.
Assessment of water quality in the vicinity of Chini lake, Malaysia
Authors: Abdusalam Youssif Hussin , Sujaul IM , Karim Md Abdul , Salah MG , Ali M Idris , Ramli Noram I
Published: September 2020

Chini lake water is used as a source of water for domestic, industrial and agriculture. The study was carried out to assess the water quality of the lake and surrounding area. Ten sampling sites were selected representing the open water body in the lake. A total of 14 water quality parameters viz.. temperature, EC, TDS, DO, pH, turbidity. BOD, COD, TSS, PO4, SO4, NH4, NO3 and salinity were measured. The lowest WQI value 77 was recorded at site S4, respectively, which were found to be slightly polluted. Considering the NWQS, temperature 30.04°C, EC 31.42 μS/cm, TDS 19.03 mg/l, NO3 - 0.21 mg/l, SO4 - 0.84 mg/l, PO4 - 0.05 mg/l, TSS 12.03 mg/l and salinity 0.03 ppt are categorized under class I, while DO 6.15 mg/l, pH 6.73, turbidity 4.22 NTU, BOD 1.63 mg/l, COD 19.50 mg/l and NH4-N 0.20 mg/l the lake water quality are categorized under class II. Total coliform was 273, 412, 868, 267, 495, 406, 929, 953, 441 and 398 cfu/100 ml at all S1 - S10 sites, respectively. While E. coli was found 13, 7, 13, 5, 7, 5, 6, 106, 10 and 7 cfu/100 ml, respectively at all S1 - S10 sites. The highest number of both total coliform 953 cfu/100ml and E. coli 106 cfu/100ml were observed at site S8. The sources of coliforms and E. coli pollution were wastes from human and animals and domestic effluent, which might be due to lack of improper sanitation systems and effects of land use from surrounding agricultural area.
Evaluation of saline-alkali and drought tolerance in maize varieties
Authors: Zhang Huili , Yuan Chuang , Mao Guillian , Gao Xue , Zhu Liu , Xu Xing
Published: September 2020

Saline-alkali and drought stresses are one of the abiotic stress factors that limit the normal growth and development of plants. In this work, various agronomic indexes including growth physiology and yield attributes were studied under saline-alkali and drought stress treatments. It was found that the limit of plant growth and development caused by drought stress is much higher than that of saline-alkali stress (p < 0.01). Based on the comprehensive evaluation value (D value), under saline-alkali stress condition, 36 maize varieties could be divided into four groups by cluster analysis (CA): High saline-alkali tolerance (3 varieties), medium saline-alkali tolerant(10 varieties), saline-alkali sensitive (19 varieties), high saline-alkali sensitive (4 varieties). In drought stress condition, 36 maize varieties could be divided into five groups by cluster analysis (CA): High drought-tolerance (2 varieties), medium drought-tolerant (14 varieties), low drought-tolerant (15 varieties), drought-sensitive (4 varieties), high drought-sensitive (1 variety). Therefore, this study provides a comprehensive screening of maize varieties under saline-alkali and drought stresses.
Antioxidant and antityrosinase activities of milky white mushroom
Authors: Alam Nuhu , Sikder Md Maniruzzaman , Karim Md Abdul , Amin Sheikh Md Ruhul
Published: September 2020

It was intended to investigate the biological activities of different solvent extracts of the fruiting bodies of Calocybe indica (P & C). The bioactive compounds were extracted using acetone, methanol, and hot water. The antioxidant activities of three different extracts at 0.5-20.0 mg/ml of C. indica on β-carotene-linoleic acid ranged from 65.83 - 92.56, 62.79 - 93.06 and 61.42 - 92.12%, respectively. The highest (2.825) reducing power inhibition was recorded in methanolic extract, while the lowest (2.332) was in hot water at the concentration of 8 mg/ml. The free radicle scavenging activity was more pronounced in methanolic extract. Chelating effect of C. indica was significantly strong as compared to positive control. The xanthine oxidase and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of the acetone, methanol, and hot water extracts of C. indica increased with increasing concentration. Thirteen phenolic compounds i.e. biochanin-A, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, formononetin, gallic acid, hesperetin, homogentisic acid, naringenin, naringin, protocatechuic acid, resveratrol and vanillin were detected from acetonitrile-hydrochloric acid extract. The result indicated that the maximum and minimum concentrations were recorded for gallic acid (29 μg/g) and formononetin (10 μg/g). Thus, it could be suggested that C. indica has the potential to be used as antioxidant and tyrosinase protection system of the human body against oxidative damage and other complications.
Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Agaricus bisporus (J.E. Lange) imbach from Pakistan
Authors: Waqas Hafiz Muhammad , Akbar Muhammad , Iqbal Muhammad Sajjad
Published: September 2020

In the present study, antibacterial and antioxidant (DPPH free radical scavenging activity) activity of an edible mushroom, Agaricus bisporus collected from Pakistan was investigated. In antibacterial assays, nhexane showed 4.83, 3.33, 16 and 3.33 mm inhibition zone diameter (IZD), chloroform showed 6.33, 16.17, 17 and 1.67 mm (IZD) while, ethyl acetate exhibited 30, 20, 19 and 28.67 mm (IZD) against four test plant pathogenic bacteria viz., Pseudomonas syringae Van Hall, Ralstonia solanacearum Yabuuchi et al. Xanthomonas axonopodis Dowson and Erwinia carotovora (Jones) Waldee, at 100 mg/ml concentration. Optical density (OD) was recorded at 517 nm. n-hexane extract showed 60.73, 47.6 and 33.05%, chloroform showed 89.97, 82.91 and 77.68% whereas, ethyl acetate exhibited 89.83, 65.82 and 23.59% free radical effects as compared to control. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis showed the highest concentration of mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate.
Complete chloroplast genome sequence of a vegetative Bermudagrass cultivar Tifeagle (Cynodon dactylon × Cynodon transvaalensis)
Authors: Shi Yancai , Jiang Shaofeng , Huang Shilian
Published: September 2020

Hybrid (Cynodonn dactylon × C. transvaalensis) is a widely distributed turfgrass and shows a great value of environment, horticulture and economic. Though, the chloroplast genome of C. dactylon has been reported, it might be helpful finding reasons that triploid bermudagrass shows a better drought and trampling tolerance than common bermudagrass through comparing chloroplast genome analysis. The present results showed the complete chloroplast genome of the C. dactylon × C. transvaalensis is 134655 bp in length. The tetramerous genome contained a large single copy (LSC) region (79,998 bp), a small single copy (SSC) region (12,517 bp), and a pair of inverted repeat (IR) regions (42,140 bp). In the chloroplast genome, 116 genes were predicted, including 83 protein-coding, 29 tRNA and 4 rRNA genes. Furthermore, a total of 80 repeat sequences were identified. Only 0.23% intergenicnon-collinear sequences were found between the chloroplast genome of Cynodon dactylon × C. transvaalensis and Cynodon dactylon.
Impact of halopriming on four wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars of balochistan under saline conditions
Authors: Buzdar Summi , Mushtaq Ayesha , Rizwan Sabeena , Jabeen Uzma , Bashir Farrukh , Safdar Farhat , Baloch Mehnaz , Khan Muzaffar , Razaq M Aamir , Shahwani Naeem
Published: September 2020

Priming effect of silicon sources (silica gel and sodium silicate) on the seeds of four wheat cultivars of Balochistan was studied to determine their effectiveness in increasing relative salt tolerance. The study depicts that all priming treatments of silicon sources (except sodium silicate 2%) enhanced germination and reduced mean germination time (MGT) of seeds in comparison to the control i.e. hydropriming. After germination, the young seedlings were grown in hydroponics in Hoagland’s culture solution under controlled conditions in non-saline and saline (100 mM NaCl) environments. All the growth parameters (root and shoot length, fresh and dry weights of plants and chlorophyll content of leaves) severely reduced in hydroprimed seeds under saline environments, although increased by priming seeds with silicon sources. Thus silica compounds have potential effects to break the seed dormancy and improve the growth of wheat under salinity stress.
Molecular characterization based on chloroplast (trnl-f) DNA sequence of the apple genotypes in Ardahan/Turkey
Authors: Sevindik Emre , Murathan Zehra Tuğba , Filiz Sümeyye , Yalçin Kübra
Published: September 2020

Genetic diversity among Turkish apple genotypes in Ardahan province was conducted based on cpDNA trnL-F sequences. Apple genotypes were plotted on a phylogenetic tree where Pyrus x bretschneideri was used as the outgroup. The plant samples were collected from different locations and genomic DNA was isolated from healthy and green leaves. For sequence in trnL-F region trnLe and trnFf primers were used. Later obtained DNA sequences were edited using the BioEdit and FinchTV. Sequencing data were analyzed using MEGA 6.0 software. Neighbor joining and bootstrap trees were constructed in order to verify the relationships among the apple genotypes. Phylogenetic tree consisted of two clades. The divergence values of trnL-F sequences differed between 0.000 and 0.005. Average nucleotide composition was 38.3 T, 14.9 C, 31.9 A and 14.9% G. The phylogenetic tree constructed based on trnL-F region sequences was nearly parallel to prior phylogenetic studies on apple genotypes.
Standardization of inoculation techniques for sheath blight of rice caused by Rhizoctonia solani (Kuhn)
Authors: Kumar Santosh , Akhtar Md Nadeem , Erayya - , Kumar Tribhuwan
Published: September 2020

To develop a simple and reliable inoculation technique using inoculum sources viz., mycelial suspension, mycelial ball, sclerotia and soil inoculation with homogenized mycelia suspension was carried out. The efficiency of different inoculation techniques were tested on susceptible rice variety Rejendra Sweta. Sheath inoculation with sclerotia gave lesion length 10.33 and 12.33 cm after seven and 15 days of inoculation, respectively. It also shows more significance in terms of relative lesion height to plant height i.e. 30.06 % followed by soil inoculation with homogenized mycelial suspension i.e. 21.62 %. However, relative number of lesions as compared to control was found to be maximum (429.18%) in mycelial suspension spray, followed by soil inoculation using homogenized mycelia suspension (400.43%). The disease rating of sheath blight of rice was also found to be maximum (5) in sheath inoculation with sclerotia followed by soil inoculation of mycelial suspension (3). The disease rating was minimum (1) in sheath inoculation with mycelial ball and foliar spray with mycelial suspension.
Effects of water harvesting and organic fertilizer on vineyard (Vitis vinifera L.) yield and soil moisture content under arid conditions
Authors: Kuzucu Meryem
Published: September 2020

Water harvesting techniques increase the amount of rainfall per unit area, directing the rainwater to the crop area. The rain water is stored in the soil profile with mulch and similar applications and helps the plant to benefit during the arid periods. Water harvesting techniques can be supported with mulching and fertilizing practices in order to crop yield increase. This study was carried out on 20 years old vineyard in farmers' garden in 2015 - 2016, produced on dry conditions, with economical prescription for Kilis province. Four different doses of leonardite fertilizer were applied in combination with soil bund rainwater harvesting in the experiment. The highest soil moisture was obtained from 370 mm to 7 kg/vineyard leonardite application. The maximum plant water consumption was determined to be 389.5 mm on average from the application of 7 kg/vineyard fertilizer. The minimum plant water consumption was obtained from the control with 310.7 mm. In terms of yield, there was no difference between 5 and 7 kg/vineyard leonardite fertilizer.
Comparative analysis of bio-culturing of fresh water algae, Spirogyra communis (Hassall) Kützing and Hydrodictyon reticulatum L.
Authors: Jaffer Mehwish , Ashraf Hammad , Shaheen Shabnum
Published: September 2020

For optimization of cultural conditions for algal biomass production of two local filamentous freshwater algae, namely Hydrodictyon reticulatum, and Spirogyra communis were cultured. Among all these tested media, H. reticulattum gave maximum biomass (18.6 g/l) in Bristol medium whereas, S. communis gave the biomass of 10.5 g/l in Bristol soil media. Then the effect of different carbon sources (lactose, glucose, cellulose and starch) supplement in Bristol media was evaluated for biomass production. Among all the sources cellulose at 1 g/l was found to be significant for optimal mass production of (15.81 g/l) and (18.6 g/l) of S. communis and H. reticulatum, respectively. Both the algal species gave insignificant results in all other carbon sources. The effect of different nitrogen sources (ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, ammonium chloride, potassium nitrate and urea) was tested for biomass production. Urea at 0.1 g/l was found to be best (20.7 g/1000 ml) for optimal growth of H. reticulatum as compared to (16.86 g/1000 ml) of S. communis. However, cellulose as carbon source and urea as nitrogen source were optimized for significant growth of both the algal species. The comparison between the growth rates of both specimens was evaluated. Both the species gave maximum growth up to 15 days of incubation and then the growth started decreasing gradually. It is indicated that the volumetric growth of H. reticulatum is significant in the selected media as compared to S. communis.
A comparative study of yield and quality of local Karacadag and Osmancik-97 in conventional and organic agricultural conditions
Authors: Kahraman Şerif , Alp Aydin
Published: September 2020

The work was carried out to compare the yield and quality of local Karacadag rice variety with the Osmancık-97 in conventional and organic agriculture conditions. In the organic agricultural conditions higher values were obtained compared to conventional conditions. Flowering took 82.6 days, 1000-kernel weight (31.38 g) and non-fractured rice yield were 61.75%. Local Karacadag rice variety under the organic conditions showed significantly higher values compared to Osmancık-97 breeding variety took 87.3 days for flowering, 128.2 days for ripening days. Plant height (84.1 cm), number of tillering in plants (2.82), number of bunches in the m2 (369.3), kernel number of bunch (56.5), bunch length (15.9 cm), biological yield (13440 kg/ha), yield for unit area (4681 kg/ha) and non-fractured rice yield (64.7%) were observed. While there was no difference between the two rice varieties with regards to the kernel weight of bunch. Local Karacadag variety proved its ability to adapt to the ecological conditions of the region. It is suggested that the cultivation of the Karacadag rice cultivar in organic agriculture conditions may be expanded in the region.
Genotype-environment interaction on stability of grain yield and physio-biochemical traits in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Sharma Vijay , Dubey RB , Khan Rumana
Published: September 2020

To assess the stability of genotypes for grain yield and physio-biochemical traits associated with terminal heat tolerance pooled analysis of 8 genotypes of wheat of diverse origin, their 28 F1 progeny and 2 checks were carried out in 4 different environments i.e. early sown (E1), normal sown (E2), late sown (E3) and very late sown (E4) conditions. The pooled analysis of variance due to environment (for proline and chlorophyll content), genotypes and genotype × environment interaction was significant for all the traits under consideration. This indicated the distinct and differential effect of the different sowing conditions (environment) and differential response of all the genotypes chosen for the study. The five stable wheat hybrids viz., HI 1544 × HD 2987, Raj 4037 × HD 2987, PBW 175 × HD 2987, HD 2932 × Raj 4079 and PBW 175 × Lok 1 showed higher mean values, favourable regression coefficient and deviation from regression coefficient for grain yield and other associated characters, thus emerged as stable genotypes as per criteria of stability analysis. Similarly, some genotypes showed specific adaptations for poor or heat stress environment.
Micromorphological and anatomical investigations on Conringia Heist. ex Fabr.
Authors: Selvi Selami , Aladi Hatice Inci , Paksoy Mehmet Yavuz
Published: September 2020

The micromorphological and anatomical investigations on 6 taxa of Conringia Heist. ex Fabr. growing in Turkey were carried out. The anatomy of root, stem and leaves was examined in detail. In micromorphological studies stem and leaf surface of species was examined. Mesophyll type of lamina is dorsiventral (Conringia planisiliqua, C. persica, C. austriaca) and equifacial (C. clavata, C.grandiflora, C. orientalis). Stomata situated on both surfaces, are anisocytic and rarely anomocytic types. Crystals of calcium oxalate observed in only one species (C. grandiflora) was found to have cubic type parenchyma cells of the stem and leaf. In micromorphological studies the surface of the stem and leaves were found to be glabrous. Epidermal surface of leaves was observed to be covered with waxy cuticular particles. Anticlinal walls of the adaxial cells are undulate and rarely straight and anticlinal walls of abaxial epidermis are undulate and rarely sinuate. Periclinal walls were found to be covered with upper waxy layer which was flat. A diagnostic key based on combined stem, leaf and leaf epidermal characteristics are presented. The leaf mesophyll structures, stem vascular bundles number, lignified or unlignified of sclerenchyma, epidermal surface and absence or presence of crystals were found to be important characters for the identification of Conringia species.
Ethnobotanic study of medicinal plants used in Oran, Algeria
Authors: Benaiche Hafsa , Bouredja Nadia , Alioua Amel
Published: September 2020

Using 500 survey cards, the ethnobotanical survey was conducted over a period of 4 months. From the survey 62 species belonging to 30 families were identified. The family Lamiaceae is the most dominant followed by Apiaceae. In addition, the leaves are the most used part (38%). Furthermore, the infusion was the major mode of preparation (66%). In terms of diseases treated, digestive disorders rank first (50%), followed by respiratory diseases (28%). The results obtained will be a valuable source of information for the region. There could be a database for further research in the fields of pharmacology and for the purpose of evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of medicinal plants.
Effects of gamma irradiation and salt stress on amino acids and protein fractions of two egyptian bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars
Authors: Aly Amina A , Maraei Rabab W , Baraket Mokhtar
Published: September 2020

Effects of gamma rays (0.0, 100, 200 and 300 Gy) and NaCl (0.0, 60 and 120 mM) on the amino acids composition, protein fractions and electrophoretic protein patterns of two Egyptian wheat cultivars (Sids-1 and Sakha-93) were investigated. The results showed that content of amino acids increased by salinity and irradiation doses compared to the control. Concerning, protein fractions of albumin + globulin percentage increased by increasing salinity only and reached the maximum increase by treatment of 120 mM NaCl in the two cultivars. But for glutenin, the highest increase was observed in treatment 100 Gy + 60 mM NaCl. The changes in protein patterns profile were found to be dependent on irradiation dose and salinity level in wheat grains. Total number of protein bands decreased from 20 bands (untreated plants) to 13 bands (irradiated plants) due to treatment of 200 Gy and 60 mM NaCl in Sids-1 cultivar.
Screening of upland cotton genotypes (Gossypium hirsutum L.) against cotton verticillium (Verticillium dahliae Kleb.) Wilt
Authors: Çelik Sadettin , Bardak Adem , Erdoğan Oktay
Published: September 2020

Screening of upland cotton genotypes against Verticillium wilt disease was conducted. The 268 upland cotton genotypes (Carmen and Acala Maxxa cultivar were tolerant- control while cvs. Cukurova 1518 and Acala SJ2 were susceptible-control) were screened against defoliating (PYDV6) and non-defoliating (Vd11) pathotypes of the fungus in a randomized plot design with four replications in growth chamber. Field experiment was established according to the augmented experimental design. Variance analysis was significant (p ≤ 0.05) for all traits against Verticillium wilt. Cvs. Semerkant Uzbek and Taskent 6 were more tolerant than the tolerant-control cultivars against both pathotypes. Most of the genotypes were tolerant in field trial in terms of disease severity that was the lowest for STN K311 genotype in both periods. The highest seed cotton yield was obtained in genotypes as BA119, Okra 204, H-23, Gedera-5, PI 528420 and Acala Royale, which were moderately tolerant to the wilt disease.
Analysis on the accumulation of oridonin in different portions of Isodon rubescens (Hemsley) H. Hara
Authors: Zaiyou Jian , Guifang Xu , Lei Dai
Published: September 2020

Analysis on the accumulation of oridonin in different parts of Isodon rubescens was studied. The contents of oridonin in all parts of I. rubescens were analyzed with RP-HPLC. The results showed that the differences between the contents of oridonin in the different parts of I. rubescens are extremely significant. The content of oridonin in the leaf of I. rubescens is higher than that of other parts. The content of oridonin in the stem was close to that of leaf. The root of I. rubescens had lowest content of oridonin in the three portions. But the content of oridonin in the root obtained was 0.0811 mg/g. The root in long run should be utilized to avoid wasting the I. rubescens resources.
Molecular analysis of YR genes for yellow rust resistance in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. Em Thell)
Authors: Pooja - , Dhanda SS , Yadav NR
Published: September 2020

Investigation was conducted to evaluate 210 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of bread wheat to identify Yr genes using SSR markers and response to stripe rust reaction. Recombinant inbred lines were screened under epiphytotic conditions and data in terms of per cent leaf area infected were recorded using Modified Cobb’s Scale. A total of seven Yr genes, namely Yr7, Yr18, Yr26, Yr29, Yr36, Yr47 and Yr53 were found to be linked to yellow rust resistance. Out of 40 Yr specific SSR markers, seven (Xgwm130 (Yr7), Xbarc 352 (Yr18), Xgwm 11 (Yr26), Xwmc 44 (Yr29), Xwmc 149 (Yr53), WKS1_I (Yr36) and Xcfb309 (Yr47) were found to be polymorphic in parental genotypes and RIL population indicating the presence or absence of Yr genes. Three RILs namely, 51, 52, 55 had largest number of resistant genes (4Yr genes) followed by six lines namely, RIL No. 20, 21, 23, 29, 39, 53 had 3Yr genes having disease score (0S). These RILs may be utilized for incorporation of specific Yr genes in well adapted genotypes for improvement of disease resistance in bread wheat.