bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling, Diagramming, and Early Twentieth-Century Histories of Invention and Entrepreneurship: Henry Ford, Sherwood Anderson, Samuel Insull
Authors: CLYMER JEFFORY A.
Published: October 2003

The historical narrative arguing that independent artisans were increasingly transformed into mere tenders of complicated machinery during the second half of the nineteenth century, leading ultimately to Henry Ford's minute division of labor in the assembly line, is both conventional and well known. Technology became more complex, its inner workings were less self-evident or easily comprehensible, and the material conditions of production, exemplified by modern factories built around a division of labor, became too large and systematic to be understood from the viewpoint of a single worker selling his or her labor. And, while industry was imagined more and more as an intricate system at the turn of the twentieth century, American society, analogously, under the increasing pressure of urbanization and immigration, came to be regarded as too complex to be understood from a single viewpoint. Exposés, for instance, on “how the other half lives,” to quote the title of Jacob Riis's famous book, attest both to the yearning and to the perceived inability to understand society as an entirety.

This article suggests and examines the ways in which two older forms of imagining large systems, specifically, the methods of model-making and diagramming, were rearticulated at the turn of the twentieth century in response to a perceived greater complexity of both technology and American society. Models and diagrams are necessary when it seems that one can no longer envision a large system; they literally provide an imaginative site for a complex system. To understand the social roles of diagramming and model-making, I detail the ways each was imagined and deployed in the cultural history of invention and entrepreneurship in the early twentieth century.
UNDERSTANDING USERS’ PERSPECTIVES OF BARRIERS TO MATERNAL HEALTH CARE USE IN MAHARASHTRA, INDIA
Authors: GRIFFITHS PAULA , STEPHENSON ROB
Published: October 2003

This paper uses data collected using in-depth, semi-structured interviews to examine utilization of maternal health care services among two rural and urban populations of Pune and Mumbai in Maharashtra, India. The study aims to identify key social, economic and cultural factors influencing women’s decisions to use maternal health care and the places used for child delivery, whilst considering the accessibility of facilities available in the local area. Socioeconomic status was not found to be a barrier to service use when women perceived the benefits of the service to outweigh the cost, and when the service was within reasonable distance of the respondent’s place of residence. A large number of women perceived private services to be superior to those provided by the government, although cost often meant they were unable to use them. The provision of services did not ensure that women used them; they had to first perceive them to be beneficial to their health and that of their unborn child. Respondents identified the poor quality of services offered at government institutions to be a motivating factor for delivering at home. Thus further investigation is needed into the quality of services provided by government facilities in the area. A number of respondents who had received antenatal care went on to deliver in the home environment without a trained birth attendant. Further research is needed to establish the types of care provided during an antenatal consultation to establish the feasibility of using these visits to encourage women, particularly those with high-risk pregnancies, to be linked to a trained attendant for delivery.
WHY IT IS DIFFICULT TO DETERMINE RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS FOR FAMILY PLANNING
Authors: JANOWITZ BARBARA , THOMPSON ANDY
Published: October 2003

This paper describes the efforts of Family Health International to develop a simple, standard and replicable methodology to estimate expenditures on family planning in developing countries. The study found that it is not possible, at least at this time, to develop such a methodology. Numerous problems were encountered in making expenditure estimates. First and most important, expenditure accounts are not always readily available. Even when these accounts are available, they may require some adjustments. In some instances, for example, the salaries of health workers who also provide family planning are in the health accounts, whereas in other cases the workers covered in the family planning accounts spend some of their time providing health services. Allocation variables then must be developed to separate spending on family planning from that on health. In some instances allocation variables were developed and used to separate family planning from health expenditures, but in this case allocation variables were not available and a cost analysis was performed. It is concluded that it takes considerable time and effort to estimate expenditures, and that the approach that was followed varied by country, reflecting the data available to make estimates.
KNOWLEDGE OF POSSIBLE PREGNANCY AT FIRST COITUS: A STUDY OF IN-SCHOOL ADOLESCENTS IN IBADAN, NIGERIA
Authors: OYEDIRAN KOLA A. , ISHOLA GBENGA P. , ADEWUYI ALFRED A.
Published: October 2003

This paper discusses the reproductive health knowledge of Nigerian in-school adolescents, with special reference to pregnancy occurrence at first coitus. The data were derived from an Association for Reproductive and Family Health (ARFH) survey carried out in four secondary schools in Ibadan, Nigeria, between August and October 1995. A total of 828 students were interviewed. The results revealed that the majority of sexually active adolescents were not aware of the consequences of their actions. Religious affiliation and number of wives in a male adolescent’s family, and religion and marital status of a female adolescent’s parents, were found to influence adolescents’ knowledge of pregnancy probability at first coitus. This paper confirms earlier findings that the majority of Nigerian adolescents do not know the consequences of sex. Therefore, a clear-cut plan of action is needed to inform sexually active adolescents through an effective sex education programme.
INBREEDING PATTERN AND REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS IN A RURAL COMMUNITY FROM GALICIA (SPAIN)
Authors: FUSTER VICENTE
Published: October 2003

The present paper is based on information on marital patterns and reproductive performance (reconstituted families) in the rural community of Los Nogales, Galicia, Spain. Biodemographic data were used to analyse temporal changes and structure of consanguinity in the population, as well as consanguinity versus reproductive success. Of 2347 marriages celebrated between 1871 and 1977, 5·15% were between relatives (up to third degree). The population’s inbreeding coefficient was above the Spanish average after 1890, and levels were high during the first part of the 20th century. A possible underestimation of inbreeding coefficients is attributed to the elevated frequency of extramarital births occurring in the Los Nogales population (13·47%). The structures of consanguineous matings, expressed as C22/C33 and C33/C44, turned out to be 0·86 and 0·82 respectively. Regarding migration, before 1920 consanguinity increased, but net migration was negative. In the period 1920–1929 consanguinity began to decrease, prior to maximum emigration. As for reproductive success, information from 1503 reconstituted families shows that complete fertility was slightly higher among consanguineous families despite a greater infant mortality. Lower infertility in consanguineous matings, as well as lower age at marriage and first maternity, could explain the above results.
THE EFFECT OF OBESITY
Authors: ROGERS RICHARD G. , HUMMER ROBERT A. , KRUEGER PATRICK M.
Published: October 2003

This paper explores the relationship between body mass and risk of death among US adults. The National Health Interview Survey–Multiple Cause of Death linked data set is used for the years 1987–1997, and Cox proportional hazard models are employed to estimate the association between obesity, as measured by the body mass index (BMI), and overall, circulatory disease-specific and diabetes-specific mortality. A U-shaped relationship is found between BMI and overall mortality. Compared with normal weight individuals, mortality during the follow-up period is 34% higher among obese class II individuals and 77% higher among obese class III individuals, controlling for age and sex. A J-shaped relationship exists between circulatory disease mortality and obesity, with a slightly higher risk of death for all categories of BMI. The relationship between BMI and diabetes mortality is striking. Compared with normal weight individuals, obese class I individuals are 2·8 times as likely to die, obese class II individuals are 4·7 times as likely to die, and obese class III individuals are 9·0 times as likely to die of diabetes during the follow-up period, controlling for age and sex. These results demonstrate that obesity heightens the risk of overall and circulatory disease mortality, and even more substantially increases the risk of diabetes mortality. These mortality findings, together with the substantial recent increases in obesity, lend urgency to public health programmes aimed at reducing the prevalence and consequences of obesity.
EARLY WEANING AMONG JAPANESE WOMEN IN HAWAII
Authors: HLA MYA MOE , NOVOTNY RACHEL , KIEFFER EDITH C. , MOR JOANNE , THIELE MAUREEN
Published: October 2003

This study examined factors associated with early weaning among Japanese women in comparison with Caucasian women in Hawaii. A mailed survey was sent to all women who delivered an infant in Hawaii between January 1st 1989 and March 31st 1989. Only Japanese (N=228) and Caucasian women (N=439) were included in this study. All Japanese breast-feeding women in the study introduced formula at some point in time. Cox multivariate regression analysis was conducted in two separate models of Japanese and Caucasian women, respectively. Higher maternal age and working part-time among Japanese women, and multiparity, college education, rural island and long-term Hawaii residence among Caucasian women were protective against early weaning. Introduction of formula was strongly associated with early weaning for both groups, the association being stronger for Japanese women. The early practice of partial breast-feeding may play an important role for early weaning among Japanese women in Hawaii.
TIME TRENDS AND DETERMINANTS OF COMPLETED FAMILY SIZE IN A RURAL COMMUNITY FROM THE BASQUE AREA OF SPAIN (1800–1969)
Authors: ALFONSO-SÁNCHEZ MIGUEL A. , PEÑA JOSÉ A. , CALDERÓN ROSARIO
Published: October 2003

The focus of this work is the analysis of changes in completed family size and possible determinants of that size over time, in an attempt to characterize the evolution of reproductive patterns during the demographic transition. With this purpose in mind, time trends are studied in relation to the mean number of live births per family (as an indirect measure of fertility), using family reconstitution techniques to trace the reproductive history of each married woman. The population surveyed is a Spanish rural community called Lanciego, located at the southern end of the province of Alava (Basque Country). A total of 24,510 parish records of baptisms, marriages and burials made between 1800 and 1969 were examined to obtain the demographic data set. For each reconstituted family, the variables included in the study were the number of live births per family or family size (FAMS), year of marriage (YEAR), age at marriage of both partners (AMAN, AWOM), wife’s age at the end of marriage (WEND), duration of marriage (MARD), age at first maternity (A1CH), length of reproductive span (REPS) and number of children dying before their first anniversary (MINF). Through a principal component analysis, three factors were found that explained more than 75% of the total variance. Association of variables in factors I and III was particularly useful in characterizing the variability of mean family size in pre-transitional, transitional and post-transitional cohorts. During demographic transition, a decreasing trend is observed in the variables FAMS, REPS and MINF, while variables AWOM, AMAN, WEND and A1CH show a tendency to increase over the 20th century. Results obtained by multiple regression analysis confirm that the best predictors of family size (dependent variable) were REPS and MINF, which between them explained over 85% of the total variation in FAMS (R2=0·853). In Lanciego, birth control seems to be present on the evidence of an increase in age at first maternity and a decrease in age at last parturition, indicating that the beginning of the reproductive span is delayed and its end is brought forward. Interaction between family size and infant mortality is discussed in the light of various hypotheses, including replacement of descendants, the so-called biological effect and the theory of r and k selection.
SOCIAL AND PROXIMATE DETERMINANTS OF SEXUAL ACTIVITY IN RURAL NIGERIA
Authors: BARDEN-O’FALLON JANINE , TSUI AMY , ADEWUYI ALFRED
Published: October 2003

This study analyses the social, physiological and motivational determinants of sexual activity for 644 married women in rural areas of Osun State, Nigeria. The data come from the Fertility Awareness and Pregnancy Avoidance study conducted in 1993–94. Sexual activity is measured by three continuous variables: weekly frequency of (1) total sexual activity, (2) coital-only sex and (3) both coital/non-coital sex. Analyses of variance were performed to test the difference in group means between the predictor variables and measures of sexual activity. Ordinary least squares regression analyses were then performed for the three dependent variables. Two models are used: the first contains only those variables associated with an individual’s demographic, social and economic status, and the second adds predictor variables associated with motivational and physiological factors. Results show that while many socioeconomic variables by themselves are significantly associated with sexual activity measures, the addition of physiological and motivational variables weakens their effects and lessens their original statistical significance. Additionally, the socioeconomic and demographic factors associated with frequency of sexual activity are not necessarily the same ones significantly associated with coital-only or combined coital/non-coital sex. While other studies have tended to focus either on socioeconomic or physiological factors, the joint examination of both types of influences seems to indicate that the latter have more proximate effects on the frequency of both coital and non-coital sexual activity of married women in this population. Contraceptive protection is shown to be highly positively associated with all three of the sexual activity measures, empirically confirming the important relationship between contraception and both coital and non-coital forms of sexual activity.
FERTILITY INTENTIONS AND SUBSEQUENT FERTILITY BEHAVIOUR IN MATLAB: DO FERTILITY INTENTIONS MATTER?
Authors: MAZHARUL ISLAM M. , BAIRAGI RADHESHYAM
Published: October 2003

This study examines the extent of the interrelationship between future fertility intention and subsequent fertility behaviour in rural Bangladesh using longitudinal data. It confirms that fertility intention is an important predictor of subsequent fertility behaviour for rural Bangladeshi women. Women wanting no more children are over three times less likely to have a child during a 5-year follow-up than those wanting more children. A multivariate model using logistic regression shows that fertility intention is a useful indicator for fertility behaviour, when background and life-cycle variables are controlled. The different patterns of fertility intentions by socioeconomic and demographic subgroups suggest that different programme strategies should be designed for specific target groups.
Tentative hierarchization of the influence of milk properties and technological practices on rheological properties of Abondance cheese
Authors: Tessier Laurent , Bugaud Christophe , Buchin Solange
Published: October 2003

An attempt at classifying the influence of different characteristics of milk and cheesemaking on the rheological properties of Abondance cheese is presented. Abondance is a traditional farmhouse French hard cheese with protected denomination of origin (PDO). Thirty-nine cheeses made from unpasteurized cows' milk were sampled. Spline partial least squares regression was used to relate milk properties and cheesemaking practices to rheological properties of the six-month-old cheeses. These properties were the deformability modulus and the strain and stress at fracture measured by compression. Milk properties and technological practices had overall the same degree of relationship with the rheological properties investigated: plasminogen-derived activity in milk and mineral-protein equilibrium, on the one hand, and brining and resting, on the other hand. However, acidification kinetics and 1-d pH, which result from both milk properties and technological practices, showed the strongest relationships with rheological characteristics. Factors that were most appropriate for modelling Abondance rheological properties are discussed.
The use of sedimentation field flow fractionation and photon correlation spectroscopy in the characterization of casein micelles
Authors: Udabage Punsandani , McKinnon Ian R , Augustin Mary Ann
Published: October 2003

Sedimentation Field Flow Fractionation (SdFFF) was combined with Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (PCS), to characterize changes in the structure of the colloidal particles of reconstituted skim milk of diameter >50 nm (aggregates of casein and calcium phosphate known as casein micelles) with the changes in partitioning (with the addition of salt) of calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphate (Pi) and casein between the serum and colloidal phases of the milk. The number weighted particle size distributions are determined. These are well represented by a log-normal distribution. Methods are presented for estimating the relative contributions of scattering and absorbance to the SdFFF detector signal and for taking both into account when analysing SdFFF data. The values found for the effective density of the casein micelles were in good agreement with the literature and ranged from (1·06–1·08 g cm−3) according to the composition of micelles. The changes in the scattering intensity as determined by PCS correlated with the changes in the particle composition. Although the concentrations of colloidal calcium phosphate (CCP) (1·1–3·5 g/kg milk) and micellar casein (18·1–27·2 g/kg milk) varied considerably only small changes in the size distribution of particles >50 nm diameter were observed except for milk to which 30 mmol Pi+10 mmol Ca/kg milk had been added where the particle size distribution shows a swelling of the particles consistent with a lower than expected value for the particle density. These observations suggest that the micelles have the ability to both lose (depleted micelles) and accommodate (enriched micelles) more casein, calcium and inorganic phosphate in their interior, thus confirming the model of the micelles which postulates an open structure allowing freedom of movement of casein and small ions.
Improvement of rheological properties of firm acid gels by skim milk heating is conserved after stirring
Authors: Cayot P , Fairise J-F , Colas B , Lorient D , Brulé G
Published: October 2003

The enhancement of the strength of set acid gels by heating milk was related to rheological parameters (water retention capacity, storage modulus) of corresponding stirred gels. To obtain accurate rheological data from stirred gel it was necessary to maintain a constant granulometry of gel particles and to recognize time after stirring as a contributing factor. Two hours after stirring, the gel exhibited a higher storage modulus when milk was heated above 80 °C. A measurement of viscosity of just-stirred yoghurt was sufficient to predict correctly the quality of a stirred gel analysed by viscoelastic measurements. Increased resstance to syneresis of just-stirred gels was related to higher viscosity. The quantity of β-lactoglobulin (β-lg) bound to casein micelles explains the improvement of these gel qualities. We have considered that the structure of the initial firm gel (mesostructure level) was conserved in fragments within the stirred gel. Consequently, the explanation given by various authors for the effect of heating milk on the properties of set gels can also be applied to stirred gels. The same mechanism, described in literature for structure formation of set gels from acidified milk is purposed to explain the role of heating milk on the recovery of gel structure after stirring. The β-lg association with casein micelles during heating favoured micelle connections during the acidification. It also favoured the association of gel fragments after stirring during the recovery in gel structure.
FTIR determination of ligand-induced secondary and tertiary structural changes in bovine plasminogen
Authors: Hayes Kirby D , Ozen Banu F , Nielsen S Suzanne , Mauer Lisa J
Published: October 2003

Human plasminogen undergoes a large tertiary structural change in the presence of lysine derivatives (e.g. ε-amino caproic acid, EACA). This change facilitates human plasminogen activation by human plasminogen activators, resulting in elevated blood plasmin levels. It is hypothesized that this structure-function relationship is similar for bovine plasminogen. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of the ligand EACA on the secondary structure of plasminogen (bovine, human, and rabbit) and the tertiary structure of bovine plasminogen using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Spectra of plasminogen, EACA, and a mixture of plasminogen and EACA in water and deuterium were collected using FTIR. Fourier-self deconvoluted spectra in the amide I region (1700–1600 cm−1) were used to detect changes in secondary structure of plasminogen after EACA addition. Change in bovine plasminogen tertiary structure was determined by comparing ratios of amide II (1600–1500 cm−1) to amide I bond intensities over time for samples in deuterium. No differences in secondary structure were observed for any plasminogen in the presence of EACA; however, addition of EACA significantly changed tertiary structure of bovine plasminogen. This tertiary structural change indicates a transition from a folded to an unfolded state, which could be more easily converted to plasmin. These results are consistent with reported human plasminogen studies using neutron scattering (tertiary structure) and circular dichroism (secondary structure) methods.
Accuracy of Fourier transform infrared spectrometry in determination of casein in dairy cows' milk
Authors: Sørensen Lambert K , Lund Mads , Juul Bent
Published: October 2003

For practical purposes the casein content of milk is often estimated from the crude protein content using a general conversion factor. This is done even though it is known that several factors can influence the percentage of casein nitrogen in the total nitrogen (casein number). The uncontrolled variation in casein number affects optimization of cheese production because casein is a limiting factor for cheese yield. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry has recently been introduced for casein determination. Using this technique we obtained a standard error of prediction (SEP) of 0·033% for casein concentrations in the range 2·1–4·0%. The true prediction error was estimated as 0·025%. The correlation between casein numbers obtained by reference analysis and infrared spectrometry could be expressed by an R2 of 0·73 and an SEP of 0·89 for casein numbers in the range 70·7–81·0.
Losses of precision associated with simplified designs of milk recording for dairy ewes
Authors: Gonzalo Carlos , Othmane M Houcine , Fuertes J Ángel , De La Fuente L Fernando , San Primitivo Fermín
Published: October 2003

Simplified designs of milk yield recording based on the yield of a single monthly milking, adjusted or not for interval between milkings and for production level, were simulated and evaluated for 3173 ewe-test-day records belonging to 155 lactations of Churra dairy ewes. Losses of precision associated with simplified methods were evaluated by comparing estimated lactation yields with those observed both in a reference plan, where the two daily milkings were recorded at weekly intervals, and in the official A4 milk recording (monthly records of the two daily milkings). Estimates of lactation yields were less precise when the usual monthly designs were compared with a weekly sampling of both a.m. and p.m. milkings. The losses of precision were high at 9·4–36·2% including the A4 plan. The yield from only the milking period was more predictable than milk yield from the whole lactation (suckling and milking periods) and should consequently be adopted in dairy ewes. All options with one daily milking every month were more accurate when the corresponding plan was based on, or began with, the a.m. milking (loss of precision 14·9–15·8%). There was no evidence of improvement in sampling accuracy by adjusting for the preceding interval between milkings or production level. For practical and economic reasons, the design alternating a.m. and p.m. milkings every month, without adjustment, is suggested for ovine milk recording.
Effect of penethamate hydriodide treatment on bacteriological cure, somatic cell count and milk production of cows and quarters with chronic subclinical Streptococcus uberis or Streptococcus dysgalactiae infection
Authors: St.Rose Suzanne G , Swinkels Jantijn M , Kremer Wim DJ , Kruitwagen Cas LJJ , Zadoks Ruth N
Published: October 2003

A randomized, controlled field trial was performed in The Netherlands to determine the therapeutic efficacy of parenteral penethamate hydriodide (Leocillin®) against naturally occurring, chronic, streptococcal mastitis during lactation. Quarter milk samples were collected from subclinical cases of Streptococcus uberis or Streptococcus dysgalactiae mastitis to determine the effect of treatment on bacteriological cure and somatic cell count (SCC) at quarter level. A quarter was considered to be cured when the bacterial species, isolated prior to treatment, was not isolated from the quarter milk samples taken on days 10 and 20 post-treatment (bacteriological cure), or when a quarter milk SCC (QMSCC) was <250000 cells/ml on days 10 and 20 post-treatment (SCC cure). Longitudinal data analysis was performed to determine the effect of antibiotic therapy on SCC and milk yield at cow level. Bacteriological cure occurred in 59% of 29 treated quarters, while no cure was observed in any of the 21 untreated control quarters. Treatment resulted in a significant decrease in SCC at cow and quarter level in comparison with untreated controls. There was no significant effect of treatment on milk production. Antibacterial treatment of subclinical streptococcal infections during lactation also prevented clinical mastitis. Furthermore, the treatment may contribute to reduction of bulk milk SCC and to prevention of pathogen spread in dairy herds.
Haptoglobin and serum amyloid A in milk and serum during acute and chronic experimentally induced Staphylococcus aureus mastitis
Authors: Grönlund Ulrika , Hultén Cecilia , Eckersall Peter D. , Hogarth Caroline , Waller Karin Persson
Published: October 2003

Local and systemic changes in the acute phase proteins, haptoglobin and serum amyloid A (SAA), were studied in six dairy cows during the acute and chronic phases of experimentally induced Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. Haptoglobin and SAA were measured in serum, and in milk from infected and healthy control udder quarters within each cow. Concentrations of haptoglobin and SAA increased rapidly in both serum and milk during the acute phase of mastitis and followed a similar pattern. Significantly raised milk concentrations of SAA were also found during chronic subclinical mastitis. Serum concentrations of SAA also tended to be higher during the chronic phase than pre-infection. Increases in milk haptoglobin and SAA were specific for the infected udder quarters. In conclusion, measurement of SAA in milk samples could be a useful tool in diagnosing mastitis.
Biochemical characterization of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) milk lysozyme
Authors: Priyadarshini Subhadra , Kansal Vinod K
Published: October 2003

Lysozyme, a low-molecular weight basic protein, is an important component of the antibacterial system in milk. Lysozyme activity is higher in buffalo milk (60±3·9×10−3 units/ml) than in bovine milk (29·1±1·5×10−3 units/ml). Buffalo colostrum contains five-times more lysozyme activity than mature milk (Priyadarshini & Kansal, 2002a). Lysozyme activity in buffalo milk is not influenced by the parity of animal or stage of lactation, but it increases during extreme weather (winter and summer). Lysozyme in buffalo milk is more stable than in cow milk during storage and heat treatment. A sharp increase in milk lysozyme has been observed in buffaloes with sub-clinical mastitis (Priyadarshini & Kansal, 2002a).
Scripture, Style and Persuasion in Seventeenth-Century English Theories of Preaching
Authors: MORRISSEY MARY
Published: October 2003

The distinction between a Puritan ‘plain’ and a Laudian ‘metaphysical’ preaching style rests on secular rhetorical theories of persuasion that are relatively unimportant to early Stuart homiletics but are central to later Latitudinarian polemics on preaching. Instead, the ‘English Reformed’ theory and method of sermon composition rests on the didactic function of preaching and the need for the Holy Spirit and hearers to co-operate with the preacher. Although Andrewes and some avant-garde conformists questioned this theory, they developed no alternative method of composition. Arguments made in the 1650s for direct inspiration by the Spirit contributed to the decline of both theory and method.
A Harvard Unitarian in Victorian Cambridge
Authors: PORTER H. C.
Published: October 2003

Victorian Cambridge diehards dismissed Harvard as Socinian. William Everett (1837–1910), establishment Bostonian and future Unitarian minister, graduated from Harvard in 1859, and matriculated at Cambridge, which had no doctrinal entry requirements, and since 1856 had allowed men not ‘bona fide members of the Church of England’ to graduate. He found college rules, especially compulsory chapel, restrictive, but was regular at chapel, and was encouraged to take communion. He deplored college ‘monasticism’, restriction of fellowships to Anglicans, inadequate clerical training and Puseyism. Back in Boston, he praised Cambridge's ‘spirit of liberality’, in lectures published as On the Cam, and Cambridge contacts continued, although with sometimes modified enthusiasm.
The Strange Death of Lutheran England
Authors: RYRIE ALEC
Published: October 2003

A Lutheran settlement was the natural outcome for a politically imposed Reformation such as that
of Henry VIII. Some aspects of his settlement pointed in that direction, and English evangelicalism
during his reign leaned more towards Lutheranism than has been hitherto appreciated. Reformed
views only came to dominate the movement at the very end of the reign. This shift reflects the waning
influence of German Lutheranism in England, and arguably also the influence of Lollard
sacramentarianism. Henry VIII's radical attitude towards images also brought some quasi-Reformed
ideas into his settlement. Most important, from 1543 onwards the regime drove Lutheran-leaning
evangelicals into open opposition, forcing them towards more confrontational Reformed doctrines.
The Montmorencys and the Abbey of Sainte Trinité, Caen: Politics, Profit and Reform
Authors: DAVIES JOAN
Published: October 2003

Female religious, especially holders of benefices, made significant contributions to aristocratic family
strategy and fortune in early modern France. This study of members of the wider Montmorency
family in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries demonstrates the financial and political
benefits derived from female benefice holding. Abbey stewards and surintendants of aristocratic
households collaborated in the administration of religious revenues. Montmorency control of Sainte
Trinité, the Abbaye aux Dames, Caen, for over a century was associated with attempts to assert
political influence in Normandy. Conflict ostensibly over religious reform could have a political
dimension. Yet reform could be pursued vigorously by those originally cloistered for mercenary or
political reasons.
Church and Society in Aberdeen and Glasgow, c. 1800–c. 2000
Authors: HILLIS PETER
Published: October 2003

This article discusses the relationship between Church and society in Aberdeen and Glasgow, c.
1800–c. 2000, with specific reference to levels of church attendance and membership,
alongside the social and gender composition of church membership. Despite contrasts in economic
development, both cities experienced a sharp decline in levels of church attendance. However,
this decline was partly offset by an expanding membership in suburban areas such as Bearsden
and Cults. The article confirms previous analyses of religion and social class, but further
reinforces more recent research which highlights the important role of women in the Church.
Making Bishops in Tridentine France: The Episcopal Ideal of Jean-Pierre Camus
Authors: FORRESTAL ALISON
Published: October 2003

The experience of Jean-Pierre Camus, a reforming bishop in seventeenth-century France, highlights the problematic ambivalences present within French Catholic reform after the Council of Trent: the persistent tensions between bishops, the papacy and lower clergy over the most effective means of achieving renewal and the most appropriate forms of ecclesiastical government, as well as the growing emphasis upon episcopal perfection within an episcopate that was, paradoxically, closely linked to politics and secular society. His publications on episcopacy provide an insight into the motivations and beliefs of a prominent episcopal reformer and into the ecclesiastical culture of seventeenth-century France. This article seeks to demonstrate that Camus' episcopal ideal was a coherent adaptation of traditional and contemporary views produced in response to post-Trent circumstances and that the bishop's published views had a significant impact upon his fellow prelates and their relationship with the papacy.
Banking and Economic Development: Brazil, 1889–1930. By Gail D. Triner. New York: Palgrave, 2000. Pp. xv, 333.
Authors: Frank Zephyr
Published: October 2003

This book marks an important addition to the literature on banks and capital markets in the economic development of Latin America. In the field of Brazilian economic history, it will take its place on a short shelf of basic reference works that engage their subject in a systematic fashion. What makes the book especially ambitious is its attempt to link financial markets and banking institutions to the development of the Brazilian state and economy. Triner argues that the rise of modern banking in Brazil was accompanied by economic growth, market integration, and political arbitrage based on credit and monetary policies underwritten by banks. She argues, moreover, that Brazil's banking system developed simultaneously along public and private lines; that in many ways, banks provided an institutional linkage between public and private spheres; and that the state sought to use the banking system to consolidate and expand its influence.
SPECIES OF PROPERTY: THE AMERICAN PROPERTY-TAX UNIFORMITY CLAUSES RECONSIDERED
Authors: Einhorn Robin L.
Published: October 2003

Economic historians have traced the origin of the uniform property tax in the United States to the insertion of uniformity clauses into state constitutions in the Northwest and to efforts to tax commercial wealth. This article shows that the tax was created by legislation in the Northeast and that the first constitutional clauses were adopted in the South to protect slaveholders. It is time for historians of the U.S. political economy to abandon the dated paradigms of the “progressive history” tradition.
Merchants and Marvels: Commerce, Science, and Art in Early Modern Europe. Edited by Pamela Smith and Paula Findlen. New York: Routledge, 2002. Pp. ix, 437. $27.95.
Authors: Jacob Margaret C.
Published: October 2003

The Marxists had it right all along, they just got tripped up by their materialism. Early modern capitalism opened vast new worlds, particularly in the arts and sciences, only the traffic went both ways. Creative agents invented new markets and pushed commerce in directions that favored enterprises immensely cosmopolitan and innovative, often solely for the sake of beauty and display. Commerce offered a context but the nobility, and not an imagined bourgeoisie, had the edge when it came to exploiting the market for objets. Paintings could be traded for property, land, and houses. Princes could sponsor natural philosophers, and the fluidity in values meant that good investors, like good practitioners of the arts and sciences, took an interest in all aspects of learning. The interrelatedness of the representational arts and natural philosophy stands as one of the central themes in this tightly integrated collection of essays. We now have a vast historiography telling us that we should no longer teach early modern science without reference to the art of the time, and vice-versa. The point is beautifully illustrated by an exhibition recently held at the J. Paul Getty Museum in Los Angeles (spring 2002) on the art of Pieter Saenredam. Working in Utrecht in the 1630s, he used geometry to regularize and make precise the angles and corners found in the exquisite paintings he made of the city's churches. He knew as much about geometry as he did about chiaroscuro. At precisely the same moment, an hour or two away by barge, Descartes in Leiden put the final touches on his Discourse on Method (1637). In effect he explained to the world why precision and clarity of thought made possible the kind of beauty that Saenredam's paintings would come to embody.
Making Men, Making Class: The YMCA and Workingmen, 1877–1920. By Thomas Winter. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2002. Pp. vii, 208. $40.00, cloth; $17.00, paper.
Authors: Enyeart John
Published: October 2003

To comprehend how republican Victorians in the Gilded Age became liberal moderns in the Progressive Era we must grasp the tensions between gender and class in shaping identity. Thomas Winter in Making Men, Making Class aids in our understanding of this fundamental shift by providing a study of the middle-class men who ran the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA). YMCA secretaries, Winter argues, attempted “to transcend class lines and unite men on the basis of manhood [which] ultimately led them to articulate new definitions of manhood structured by class difference” (p. 7). Making Men is the story of YMCA leaders' desire to quell working-class radicalism by promoting an idea of manhood rooted in hard work, loyalty to employers, and Christian fellowship.
Painting outside the Lines: Patterns of Creativity in Modern Art. By David W. Galenson. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2001. Pp. xvi, 251. $29.95.
Authors: Schwartz Gary
Published: October 2003

In this engaging book, David Galenson formulates a complex question about modern art that he tries to answer with statistics, analysis, and exposition, enlivened with a rich sprinkling of well-chosen quotes. Posing an initial question “At what stage of their lives have modern painters normally done their best work?,” he finds that this age varies widely from artist to artist. This leads to the central problem: “is it by chance that some have made their greatest contributions early in their careers, and others late in theirs, or is there some general explanation that accounts for the variation?” (p. 4).
Shear layers driven by turbulent plumes
Authors: WONG A. B. D. , GRIFFITHS R. W. , HUGHES G. O.
Published: October 2003

A turbulent plume from a continuous source of buoyancy in a long tank is shown to
generate a series of quasi-steady counterflowing horizontal shear layers throughout
the tank. Both the horizontal flow velocity and the depth of the shear layers are
observed to decrease with distance above/below the plume outflow. The shear layers
are supported by the stable density stratification produced by the plume and are
superimposed on the vertical advection and entrainment inflow that make up the
so-called ‘filling box’ circulation. Thus, at some depths, the surrounding water flows
away from the plume instead of being entrained, although we see no evidence of
‘detrainment’ of dense plume water. Given the stratification produced by the plume
at large times, the timescale for the velocity structure to adjust to changes in forcing
is proportional to the time for long internal gravity waves to travel the length of the
tank. The shear layers are interpreted in terms of internal normal modes that are
excited by, and which in turn determine, the horizontal plume outflow. The sixth and
seventh baroclinic modes typically dominate because at the level of the plume outflow
their phase speed is approximately equal and opposite to the vertical advection in
the ‘filling box’. Also, the approximate balance between phase speed and advection
is found to hold throughout the tank, resulting in the observed quasi-steady flow
structure. Viscosity causes the horizontal velocity in the shear layers to decrease with
distance above/below the plume outflow, and is thought to be responsible for a
low-frequency oscillation in the flow structure that is observed during experiments.
Modelling Rayleigh–Taylor instability of a sedimenting suspension of several thousand circular particles in a direct numerical simulation
Authors: PAN T. W. , JOSEPH D. D. , GLOWINSKI R.
Published: October 2003

In this paper we study the sedimentation of several thousand circular particles in two
dimensions using the method of distributed Lagrange multipliers for solid–liquid flow.
The simulation gives rise to fingering which resembles Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities.
The waves have a well-defined wavelength and growth rate which can be modelled
as a conventional Rayleigh–Taylor instability of heavy fluid above light. The heavy
fluid is modelled as a composite solid–liquid fluid with an effective composite density
and viscosity. Surface tension cannot enter this problem and the characteristic shortwave instability is regularized by the viscosity of the solid–liquid dispersion. The
dynamics of the Rayleigh–Taylor instability are studied using viscous potential flow,
generalizing work of Joseph, Belanger & Beavers (1999) to a rectangular domain
bounded by solid walls; an exact solution is obtained.
The return to isotropy of homogeneous turbulence
Authors: CHOI KWING-SO , LUMLEY JOHN L.
Published: October 2003

Three types of homogeneous anisotropic turbulence were produced by the plane
distortion, axisymmetric expansion and axisymmetric contraction of grid-generated
turbulence, and their behaviour in returning to isotropy was experimentally studied
using hot-wire anemometry. It was found that the turbulence trajectory after the
plane distortion was highly nonlinear, and did not follow Rotta's linear model in
returning to isotropy. The turbulence wanted to become axisymmetric even more
than it wanted to return to isotropy. In order to show the rate of return to isotropy
of homogeneous turbulence, a map of the ratio of the characteristic time scale for the
decay of turbulent kinetic energy to that of the return to isotropy was constructed.
This demonstrated that the rate of return to isotropy was much lower for turbulence
with a greater third invariant of the anisotropy tensor. The invariant technique was
then applied to the experimental results to develop a new turbulence model for the
return-to-isotropy term in the Reynolds stress equation which satisfied the realizability
conditions. The effect of the Reynolds number on the rate of return to isotropy was
also investigated and the results incorporated in the proposed model.
Evaporation and combustion of thin films of liquid fuels
Authors: ARMENDÁRIZ J. , MATALON M.
Published: October 2003

We consider the evaporation and subsequent burning of thin films of liquid fuels.
Previous studies on liquid films, with and without evaporation, have primarily considered
the gas phase to be passive. The new element in this study is the introduction
of combustion and the examination of both the liquid and gas phases and their effect
on the film's behaviour. For the case of a liquid film burning in quiescent air we
show that the problem can be simplified to a single nonlinear evolution equation
for the film thickness. All remaining variables, which are simply expressed in terms
of the function describing the instantaneous position of the liquid–vapour interface,
are subsequently determined. This equation is then solved in order to understand the
dynamics of the film in the presence of evaporation and combustion.

The planar configuration is discussed first. Predictions for the total evaporation
time are obtained, along with the time history of the film thickness, the interfacial
surface temperature, the flame standoff distance and its temperature, and the mass
burning rate. The dependence of the burning characteristics on the fuel and oxidizer
Lewis numbers, which measure the relative importance of thermal and molecular
diffusivities, is also determined. Second, we analyse the case of a non-planar interface,
where temperature variations along the film's surface cause fluid motion in the liquid
that could either dampen or amplify spatial non-uniformities. We show that, while
thermocapillarity has the tendency to destabilize the planar interface, combustion acts
to reduce this effect. In particular, when the heat release by combustion is substantial,
all disturbances are obliterated, the film remains nearly planar and the burning occurs
along nearly horizontal surfaces.
Successive stages and the role of natural vortex dislocations in three-dimensional wake transition
Authors: BRAZA M. , FAGHANI D. , PERSILLON H.
Published: October 2003

The time-history of the development of the three-dimensional transition features in
a nominally two-dimensional flow configuration is established for Reynolds number
220 in a cylinder wake. The identification of the successive stages that evolve very fast
during experiments is possible by means of direct numerical simulation. The physical
processes related to the creation of streamwise and vertical vorticity components and
their impact on the spanwise waviness of the main von Kármán vortex filaments
are analysed by means of the Craik–Leibovich shearing instability mechanism and
a comparative discussion is given with respect to the elliptic stability theory. This
study proves the existence of a further stage in the three-dimensional transition,
which substantially modifies the regular spanwise undulation. This is a systematic
and repetitive development of natural vortex dislocations in the near wake. The
definition of this kind of structure is provided, as well as its properties related to a
drastic reduction of the fundamental frequency and to the selection of a lower path
in the Strouhal–Reynolds number relation. The induced amplitude modulation of the
flow properties along the span is also evaluated. Quantification of these properties is
carried out by using wavelet analysis and autoregressive modelling of the time series.
The reasons for the development of natural vortex dislocations are analysed and
related to specific modulations of the spanwise structure of the longitudinal velocity
upstream separation. From this part of the study an optimum shape for the spanwise
distribution of this component can be specified, able to trigger the vortex dislocations
in wake flows and therefore useful to apply in the context of stability theory analyses
and in further DNS studies.