bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Allen Nicholas , Groom Nick , Smith Jos
Published: July 2017

In 1967, Benoît Mandelbrot suggested a mathematical conundrum that involved answering the seemingly straightforward question, ‘How long is the coast of Britain?’1 The answer is surprisingly elusive and dependent on the scale at which one is looking. Increasing the scale unearths greater detail, time and time again, and so the answer grows the closer one looks. The problem is that any measure, at however small a scale, is forced to simplify complex ambiguities that might otherwise reveal further intricacies of their own. This was an entry-point to Mandlebrot’s writings on fractal geometry, but it also chimes with the very ecology and geomorphology of that coast itself, characteristically intricate, ambiguous, and changeable. Large-scale, ocean-facing landforms—such as capes and bays, estuaries, dunefields, and reefs—are well known to have, nestled within them, smaller and often dynamically mobile features such as longshore bars and troughs, berms and beach cusps, not to mention difficult-to-measure caves, inlets, tributaries, and salt marshes. Looking closer still are to be found the ripples, rills, and swash marks of a more minute scale; even within these are to be found the bioturbation structures of intertidal organisms: forms within forms, scales within scales, and worlds within worlds. In the way that it draws the attention down into such minute details as these, while at the same time drawing it up towards an expanse that suggests a space almost planetary in scale, the coast is a highly distinctive geographical environment. And yet it has all too often been overlooked, as if its peripheral relationship to the land has reinforced its peripheral treatment culturally....
‘At the Dying Atlantic’s Edge’
Authors: Gibson Andrew
Published: July 2017

National mythology, literary criticism, and tourism have long conspired to present Cumbria as an inland space or territory, the ‘Lake District’. However, this imaginary construction excludes another, overlooked version of the region, a coastal strip of bleak and austere beaches, disused mines and foundries, gunneries, and the nuclear plant at Sellafield. Norman Nicholson is the poet par excellence of this very different landscape’s Atlantic edge. Nicholson lived most of his life in the town of Millom on the Duddon Estuary and found in its neglected surroundings a geography of constraint, pinched between the rising fells of the Lakes and the inward push of the ocean. This chapter explores the way such a narrow coastal world finds an almost visionary articulation in Nicholson’s poetry. It draws out the experience of a knife-edge between faith and faithlessness, revealing a mind confronting justice and redemption in poetry with a messianic core.
Afterword
Authors: Gillis John R.
Published: July 2017

The point of greatest interest is the place where land and water meet.

Ralph Waldo Emerson1

1Kenneth White, On the Atlantic Edge: A Geopoetics Project (Dingwall: Sandstone Press, 2006), 25.

As Coastal Works so amply illustrates, we have never been so conscious of shores as we are today. Artists and writers were the first to colonize coasts in the nineteenth century, drawing in their wake the urban elites of Europe and America, followed by the middle and, ultimately, the working classes. Edges are where you will find artists, and, because islands are all edges, they fetch up there in great numbers. On Monhegan Island, off the coast of Maine, America’s most famous artist colony, painters jostle to set up their easels on the headlands made famous by three generations of Wyeths, Rockwell Kent, George Bellows, Edward Hopper, and so many others....
Special Relativity
Authors: Manton Nicholas , Mee Nicholas
Published: July 2017

This chapter is about Einstein’s theory of special relativity, which is constructed around the premise that there is a maximum speed of interaction, the speed of light, a notion that leads naturally to the unification of space and time into 4-dimensional Minkowski space. The chapter opens with a discussion of the need for a coordinate independent description of physics, invariant intervals and Lorentz transformations. The Michelson–Morley experiment is described. The coordinate transformations that describe rotations and boosts in 4-dimensional spacetime are derived. The relativistic dynamics of point particles is analysed and this leads to the identification of mass and energy. Maxwell’s equations of electromagnetism are rewritten in 4-vector notation and this sheds further light on the physical content of the equations. The action principle for electromagnetism is discussed and a relativistic action for point particles is presented.
Curved Space
Authors: Manton Nicholas , Mee Nicholas
Published: July 2017

This chapter develops the mathematical technology required to understand general relativity by taking the reader from the traditional flat space geometry of Euclid to the geometry of Riemann that describes general curved spaces of arbitrary dimension. The chapter begins with a comparison of Euclidean geometry and spherical geometry. The concept of the geodesic is introduced. The discovery of hyperbolic geometry is discussed. Gaussian curvature is defined. Tensors are introduced. The metric tensor is defined and simple examples are given. This leads to the use of covariant derivatives, expressed in terms of Christoffel symbols, the Riemann curvature tensor and all machinery of Riemannian geometry, with each step illustrated by simple examples. The geodesic equation and the equation of geodesic deviation are derived. The final section considers some applications of curved geometry: configuration space, mirages and fisheye lenses.
General Relativity
Authors: Manton Nicholas , Mee Nicholas
Published: July 2017

This chapter presents the physical motivation for general relativity, derives the Einstein field equation and gives concise derivations of the main results of the theory. It begins with the equivalence principle, tidal forces in Newtonian gravity and their connection to curved spacetime geometry. This leads to a derivation of the field equation. Tests of general relativity are considered: Mercury’s perihelion advance, gravitational redshift, the deflection of starlight and gravitational lenses. The exterior and interior Schwarzschild solutions are discussed. Eddington–Finkelstein coordinates are used to describe objects falling into non-rotating black holes. The Kerr metric is used to describe rotating black holes and their astrophysical consequences. Gravitational waves are described and used to explain the orbital decay of binary neutron stars. Their recent detection by LIGO and the beginning of a new era of gravitational wave astronomy is discussed. Finally, the gravitational field equations are derived from the Einstein–Hilbert action.
Nuclear Physics
Authors: Manton Nicholas , Mee Nicholas
Published: July 2017

The chapter gives an overview of nuclear physics from the discovery of the neutron to ongoing research topics. General properties of atomic nuclei are considered: the valley of stability, the nuclear potential, the pairing of nucleons and the strong force. The semi-empirical liquid drop model is presented as a description of relatively large atomic nuclei. The nuclear shell model is described, along with its relationship to magic numbers and beta decay, and is then refined to produce the Nilsson model. Gamow tunnelling is used to explain alpha decay and the Geiger–Nuttall law. It is then applied to nuclear fission and used to calculate rates for thermonuclear fusion in stars. ITER and controlled nuclear fusion are also discussed. Production of superheavy nuclei is detailed and the existence of exotic nuclei, such as halo nuclei, is considered. The Yukawa theory of the strong force is discussed, including its relationship to QCD.
Particle Physics
Authors: Manton Nicholas , Mee Nicholas
Published: July 2017

This chapter offers a brief introduction to quantum field theory and an outline of modern particle physics. The fundamental particles of the Standard Model are introduced. The quantization of fields is described, first the electromagnetic, then the Klein–Gordon and Dirac fields, followed by the prediction and discovery of antimatter. The importance of the action in QFT is outlined, along with its relationship to Feynman diagrams, particle interactions and QED. The path from the strong force to quarks, gluons and QCD is presented. The weak force is discussed, along with the subsequent discoveries of the neutrino and parity violation. The unified electroweak theory is described, including the Higgs mechanism. The discoveries of the W and Z bosons and the Higgs boson are discussed. Quark mixing and the CKM matrix are explained. The experimental determination of the number of generations is discussed. Neutrino oscillation experiments and their theoretical explanation are described.
External Vulnerabilities
Authors: Akyüz Yilmaz
Published: July 2017

The deepened financial integration of EDEs has heightened their susceptibility to global financial shocks and increased the instability in their credit, assets, and currency markets. It has led to significant loss of autonomy over monetary policy and the entire spectrum of interest rates. At the same time, these countries are said to have become more resilient because they have adopted more flexible exchange rate regimes, accumulated large stocks of international reserves, and reduced their exposure to the exchange rate risk by shifting from foreign currency to local currency debt. This chapter critically examines these contentions and concludes that none of these practices provides adequate protection against external financial shocks, taking into account the new vulnerabilities entailed by the increased depth and changed pattern of integration, particularly greater presence of foreigners in domestic financial markets and of the nationals of emerging economies in markets abroad.
Quantum Becoming?
Authors: Callender Craig
Published: July 2017

Two of quantum mechanics’ more famed and spooky features have been invoked in defending the idea that quantum time is congenial to manifest time. Quantum non-locality is said by some to make a preferred foliation of spacetime necessary, and the collapse of the quantum wavefunction is held to vindicate temporal becoming. Although many philosophers and physicists seek relief from relativity’s assault on time in quantum theory, assistance is not so easily found.
Intimations of Quantum Gravitational Time
Authors: Callender Craig
Published: July 2017

Quantum gravity is not so much a developed theory as a set of research programs. The project inevitably demands hard and deep decisions about time. The chapter explores a fascinating example wherein temporal “becoming” is possibly restored, followed by an elegant example of the opposite, wherein time “disappears” altogether. The chapter shows that the time of relativity—such as it is—is quite resilient. It is both harder to kill off and harder to improve upon than is usually thought.
Putting It All Together
Authors: Callender Craig
Published: July 2017

The previous chapters detail the explanation of why manifest time emerges in creatures embedded in a world like ours. It is a perfectly sensible way for organisms to model the world, implicitly or explicitly, given the challenges we face. Here the chapter points out that the full story of the emergence of manifest time is surely more unified than that given here. It points to theoretical and cognitive connections linking the now, flow, and dead past together in ways not previously explored. A few loose ends are also discussed, such as whether animals employ manifest time and whether the flowing now is an illusion.
Memory in Early Modern Europe, 1500-1800
Authors: Pollmann Judith
Published: July 2017

This book is an introduction into the way in which Europeans on the Continent and in the British Isles practised memory in the three centuries between 1500 and 1800. In early modern Europe the past served as a main frame of moral, political, legal, religious, and social reference for people of all walks of life. Because it mattered so much, it was also hotly contested, and subject to constant reinvention. Building on both existing studies and new primary research, the first aim of this book is to account for the omnipresence, importance, and changing uses of the past among early modern Europeans. Its second aim is to situate early modern memory more clearly in the memory studies field, and to show how relevant a better knowledge of early modern memory is to students and scholars who study memory practices in modern societies. Many scholars have argued that the age of revolutions at the end of the eighteenth century completely transformed the way in which Europeans experienced the past and came to think about the future. This book demonstrates that while some memory practices had indeed profoundly changed by 1800, this was not because of revolutionary rupture. Changes were gradual and did not put an end to traditional ways of thinking about the past; rather, old and new ways came to exist side by side, and, to a surprising extent, continue to do so to our own day.
Scripting the Self
Authors: Pollmann Judith
Published: July 2017

This chapter explores the importance of family memory for early modern people, before moving to the question of how and why people structured personal memories as they did. Departing from the observation that early modern personal memories were more often associated with bodies than with emotions, it explores how memoirists selected memories for their exemplary potential. Memoirs were used to show how someone had ‘performed’ his life in accordance with cultural ‘scripts’ that were used to give meaning to personal experiences and made them useful to share. This helps explain the memorialization of two particular types of personal religious experience—martyrdom and conversion. Finally, this chapter will explain how, in the eighteenth century, memoirs were first put to a new use, to construct a history of one’s own emotional and moral development, so creating an important new cultural script for personal remembering that is more in line with modern expectations.
Living Legends: Myth, Memory, and Authenticity
Authors: Pollmann Judith
Published: July 2017

What did it take for a pre-modern memory to live on and become legendary? This chapter shows that for legends to emerge, persist, and to make it beyond its local world, they needed not only mythical characteristics but also the flavour of authenticity provided by the practice of memory. Three case studies show how this could be achieved. The transmission of tales was definitely affected by the appearance of new media, new figures of authority, and new notions about evidence. Yet the application of new criteria for historical evidence from the seventeenth century did not necessarily result in the decline of legends. By declaring such stories mythical and by using the existence of memory practices as evidence of their long-standing mythical significance as well as their historical kernel, scholars soon found reasons to go on taking them seriously as an object of study and of historical enquiry.
Francis Woodleke’s Window
Authors: McSheffrey Shannon
Published: July 2017

A royal enquiry was commissioned in the mid-1530s to investigate the boundaries of the sanctuary of St Martin le Grand. This enquiry was precipitated not by a problem with felonious sanctuary seekers, but instead by a conflict between the City of London and Dutch-born shoemakers making and selling their wares in St Martin’s precinct despite prohibitions against immigrant labour. The testimony in the enquiry uncovers the complexity of jurisdictional rights woven into the idea of sanctuary: battles over labour, trade, and immigration were conflated with asylum for accused felons in both attacks and defences of sanctuary privilege. The witnesses’ statements also reveal how the boundaries of the sanctuary—often marked only by convention or by drainage channels in the street—functioned in the urban environment.
Defections
Authors: Edele Mark
Published: July 2017

Chapter 1 serves as the introduction to the book. It outlines the problematic, source base, and basic conceptual framework of this study and introduces Ivan Nikitich Kononov, one of the book’s central protagonists. It also gives a general summary of the argument, discusses methodological problems, and situates the book in a wider historiographical context. The book reconstructs the motivations, background, and experience of a significant minority of Red Army soldiers: those who willingly crossed the front line to give themselves up to the Germans. The book asks how many of these defectors there were, what share of Stalin’s fighting forces they composed, why they committed treason, how they went about doing it, and what happened to them afterwards. It argues that desertion across the front line was an extreme behaviour, but one that tells us much not only about this war but also about Soviet society under Stalin.
Profiles
Authors: Edele Mark
Published: July 2017

This chapter paints a collective portrait of those who deserted from the Red Army across the frontline to the Germans. It investigates their age, ethnicity, social class, and gender. It concludes that defectors from the Red Army were broadly representative of the Soviet population at large. While minority nationalities, older men, and the lower social orders were over-represented, the largest group were Russians and 40 per cent were 30 years or younger. Every ethnicity, class, and age group in Soviet society thus contained defectors. The one exception is gender. While there were a significant number of women serving in the Red Army, defectors were nearly exclusively male.
How to Guard against the Risk of Living Too Long
Authors: Otsuka Michael
Published: July 2017

This chapter provides a defense of a type of occupational pension, known as “collective defined contribution” (CDC), which is based on the idea that it is possible to limit the employer’s liability to nothing more than a set contribution (a “defined contribution”) while retaining many of the benefits of the collectivization (pooling) of risks of a traditional defined benefit (DB) pension. CDC can be defended against a freedom-based objection from the right via an appeal to the following Hobbesian voluntarist justification: CDC constitutes a “Leviathan of Leviathans” into which it is rational for workers to choose to associate in order to tame longevity and investment risks. CDC pensions that arise from and mirror existing income inequalities can also be defended against an egalitarian objection from the left, by demonstration that they can be grounded in Rawlsian principles of reciprocity and property-owning democracy.
Morals and Morale during the Great War
Authors: Wingfield Nancy M.
Published: July 2017

The First World War had great impact on the sexual practices across the Monarchy. Despite increasing military control over the civilian realm, the social upheaval of wartime provided more space—including barracks and military parade grounds—for casual, non-marital, sometimes, commercial, sexual transactions. This chapter examines the explosion of clandestine prostitution and the virtual collapse of regulated prostitution in the Monarchy, both owing to the economic privation of wartime, as part of everyday life on the home front. Military-civilian efforts were little help in closely overseeing regulated prostitutes, limiting the activities of clandestine prostitutes or slowing the spread of sexually transmitted infections, thereby revealing limits of state and social control in Austria during the Great War. The overwhelming focus on women as the source of STIs and surveillance, occupation, even, of some female bodies constituted an additional intrusion into the lives of a particular class of women during wartime.
Conclusion
Authors: Arjaliès Diane-Laure , Grant Philip , Hardie Iain , MacKenzie Donald , Svetlova Ekaterina
Published: July 2017

This chapter summarizes the main arguments of the book, highlighting in particular the importance of the investment chain to an understanding of multiple outcomes in financial markets and of where influence lies within those markets. It joins with previous chapters in emphasizing that much more than money flows through the investment chain, and identifies two main issues with the operation of the investment chain: first, how the views of asset holders are reflected in the final choices of investment and in any engagement with investee companies; second, the unintended consequences of attempts to solve the principal–agent problem. A range of possible solutions to problems in the operations of the investment chain are assessed, including increased disclosure, shortening the investment chain, and passive investment.
Nonlocal Gravity
Authors: Mashhoon Bahram
Published: July 2017

A postulate of locality permeates through the special and general theories of relativity. First, Lorentz invariance is extended in a pointwise manner to actual, namely, accelerated observers in Minkowski spacetime. This hypothesis of locality is then employed crucially in Einstein’s local principle of equivalence to render observers pointwise inertial in a gravitational field. Field measurements are intrinsically nonlocal, however. To go beyond the locality postulate in Minkowski spacetime, the past history of the accelerated observer must be taken into account in accordance with the Bohr-Rosenfeld principle. The observer in general carries the memory of its past acceleration. The deep connection between inertia and gravitation suggests that gravity could be nonlocal as well and in nonlocal gravity the fading gravitational memory of past events must then be taken into account. Along this line of thought, a classical nonlocal generalization of Einstein’s theory of gravitation has recently been developed. In this nonlocal gravity (NLG) theory, the gravitational field is local, but satisfies a partial integro-differential field equation. A significant observational consequence of this theory is that the nonlocal aspect of gravity appears to simulate dark matter. The implications of NLG are explored in this book for gravitational lensing, gravitational radiation, the gravitational physics of the Solar System and the internal dynamics of nearby galaxies as well as clusters of galaxies. This approach is extended to nonlocal Newtonian cosmology, where the attraction of gravity fades with the expansion of the universe. Thus far only some of the consequences of NLG have been compared with observation.
Acceleration-Induced Nonlocality
Authors: Mashhoon Bahram
Published: July 2017

The locality postulate of the standard relativity theory is exact when dealing with phenomena involving classical point particles and rays of radiation, but breaks down for electromagnetic fields, as field properties cannot be measured instantaneously. Furthermore, Bohr and Rosenfeld pointed out in 1933 that only spacetime averages of the classical electric and magnetic fields have immediate physical significance. This assertion acquires the status of a physical principle when the intrinsic acceleration scales of observers are taken into account. To incorporate acceleration-induced nonlocality into relativity theory, a general integral relation is postulated between the field as measured by an accelerated observer and the instantaneous field measurements of the momentarily comoving inertial observers along the past world line of the observer. This nonlocal ansatz involves an acceleration kernel and leads to nonlocal special relativity once the kernel is determined.
Acceleration Kernel
Authors: Mashhoon Bahram
Published: July 2017

The phenomenon of spin-rotation coupling provides the key to the determination of the kernel. Imagine an observer rotating in the positive sense about the direction of propagation of an incident plane monochromatic electromagnetic wave of positive helicity. Using the locality postulate, the field as measured by the rotating observer can be determined. If the observer rotates with the same frequency as the wave, the measured radiation field loses its temporal dependence. By a mere rotation, observers could in principle stay at rest with respect to an incident positive-helicity wave. To avoid this possibility, we assume that a basic radiation field cannot stand completely still with respect to an accelerated observer. This basic principle eventually leads to the determination of the kernel and a nonlocal theory of accelerated systems that is in better agreement with quantum mechanics than the standard theory based on the hypothesis of locality.
Extension of General Relativity
Authors: Mashhoon Bahram
Published: July 2017

Nonlocal general relativity (GR) requires an extension of the mathematical framework of GR. Nonlocal GR is a tetrad theory such that the orthonormal tetrad frame field of a preferred set of observers carries the sixteen gravitational degrees of freedom. The spacetime metric is then defined via the orthonormality condition. The preferred frame field is used to define a new linear Weitzenböck connection in spacetime. The non-symmetric Weitzenböck connection is metric compatible, curvature-free and renders the preferred (fundamental) frame field parallel. This circumstance leads to teleparallelism. The fundamental parallel frame field defined by the Weitzenböck connection is the natural generalization of the parallel frame fields of the static inertial observers in a global inertial frame in Minkowski spacetime. The Riemannian curvature of the Levi-Civita connection and the torsion of the Weitzenböck connection are complementary aspects of the gravitational field in extended GR.
Field Equation of Nonlocal Gravity
Authors: Mashhoon Bahram
Published: July 2017

In extended general relativity (GR), Einstein’s field equation of GR can be expressed in terms of torsion and this leads to the teleparallel equivalent of GR, namely, GR||, which turns out to be the gauge theory of the Abelian group of spacetime translations. The structure of this theory resembles Maxwell’s electrodynamics. We use this analogy and the world function to develop a nonlocal GR|| via the introduction of a causal scalar constitutive kernel. It is possible to express the nonlocal gravitational field equation as modified Einstein’s equation. In this nonlocal gravity (NLG) theory, the gravitational field is local, but satisfies a partial integro-differential field equation. The field equation of NLG can be expressed as Einstein’s field equation with an extra source that has the interpretation of the effective dark matter. It is possible that the kernel of NLG, which is largely undetermined, could be derived from a more general future theory.
Linearized Nonlocal Gravity
Authors: Mashhoon Bahram
Published: July 2017

The only known exact solution of the field equation of nonlocal gravity (NLG) is the trivial solution involving Minkowski spacetime that indicates the absence of a gravitational field. Therefore, this chapter is devoted to a thorough examination of NLG in the linear approximation beyond Minkowski spacetime. Moreover, the solutions of the linearized field equation of NLG are discussed in detail. We adopt the view that the kernel of the theory must be determined from observation. In the Newtonian regime of NLG, we recover the phenomenological Tohline-Kuhn approach to modified gravity. A simple generalization of the Kuhn kernel leads to a three-parameter modified Newtonian force law that is always attractive. Gravitational lensing is discussed. It is shown that nonlocal gravity (NLG), with a characteristic galactic lengthscale of order 1 kpc, simulates dark matter in the linear regime while preserving causality.
Introduction
Authors: Segal David
Published: July 2017

Chapter 1 describes how materials are important for the development of consumer goods, are key components of medical diagnostic techniques, underpin industries and offer hope for incurable diseases. The importance of surfaces on material properties is stressed. It associates the 20th century with synthetic polymers and suggests the 21st century is an age of natural polymers. Speciality alloys, renewable materials and renewable energy sources are highlighted. The importance of microstructure on material properties is described. Consideration of foods as materials is discussed in relation to diabetes and obesity.
Energy Supplies for the 21st Century
Authors: Segal David
Published: July 2017

Chapter 7 describes energy sources in particular clean energy based on renewable sources. The importance of renewable energy in limiting global warming is discussed. Solar cells, hydroelectric power, wind energy, tidal energy and geothermal energy are covered. The nuclear fuel cycle for thermal reactors is explained. Decarbonisation of industrial processes including sequestration of carbon dioxide are described, as are lithium-ion batteries and fuel cells.
Patents, Patent Trolls and Intellectual Property
Authors: Segal David
Published: July 2017

Chapter 11 gives an outline of intellectual property, in particular patents. The structure of patent documents is described. The use of patents literature as a source of technical conformation is stressed. The significance of non-practicing entities or patent trolls in lawsuits is highlighted. The effect on the sale of generic drugs when a patent lapses is discussed.
The City of London and Social Democracy
Authors: Davies Aled
Published: July 2017

The City of London and Social Democracy: The Political Economy of Finance in Post-War Britain evaluates the changing relationship between the United Kingdom financial sector (colloquially referred to as ‘the City of London’) and the post-war social democratic state. The key argument made in the book is that changes to the British financial system during the 1960s and 1970s undermined a number of the key components of social democratic economic policy practised by the post-war British state. The institutionalization of investment in pension and insurance funds; the fragmentation of an oligopolistic domestic banking system; the emergence of an unregulated international capital market centred on London; the breakdown of the Bretton Woods international monetary system; and the popularization of a City-centric, anti-industrial conception of Britain’s economic identity, all served to disrupt and undermine the social democratic economic strategy that had attempted to develop and maintain Britain’s international competitiveness as an industrial economy since the Second World War. These findings assert the need to place the Thatcher governments’ subsequent economic policy revolution, in which a liberal market approach accelerated deindustrialization and saw the rapid expansion of the nation’s international financial service industry, within a broader material and institutional context previously underappreciated by historians.
Non-naturalism and Normative Necessities
Authors: Leary Stephanie
Published: July 2017

This chapter argues that the best way for a non-naturalist to explain why the normative supervenes on the natural is to claim that, while there are some sui generis normative properties whose essences cannot be fully specified in non-normative terms and do not specify any non-normative sufficient conditions for their instantiation, there are certain hybrid normative properties whose essences specify both naturalistic sufficient conditions for their own instantiation and sufficient conditions for the instantiation of certain sui generis normative properties. This is the only metaphysical explanation for supervenience on offer, the chapter argues, that can both clearly maintain the pre-theoretical commitments of non-naturalism, and provide a metaphysical explanation not just for supervenience, but for all metaphysical necessities involving natural and normative properties.
Disagreement Lost and Found
Authors: Finlay Stephen
Published: July 2017

According to contextualist and other content-relativist views in metaethics, different speakers use the same moral and normative sentences to say different things. These views face a classic problem of Lost Disagreement, which they attempt to solve by identifying pragmatic, non-content-based kinds of disagreement. This chapter critically compares two broad strategies of this kind, (1) quasi-expressivist views that analyze disagreement over whether S ought to do A in terms of conflicting attitudes towards S doing A, and (2) metalinguistic views that analyze such disagreement in terms of conflicting attitudes towards how to talk about S’s doing A. While the main objection to quasi-expressivist views (concerning the felicity of semantic negation markers like “wrong,” “incorrect,” and “false”) fails, objections to metalinguistic views are argued to be decisive. Content-relativists should be quasi-expressivists about fundamental normative disagreement.
Out of Context
Authors: Schiff Brian
Published: July 2017

Chapter 1, “Out of Context,” in A New Narrative for Psychology, argues that one of the main consequences of the overreliance on variable-centered methods is a misinterpretation of the nature of psychological processes. Although variable-centered research seems to argue that we can understand the process outside of the person and outside of the social world as an abstract entity, this is not really possible. Psychological processes are aspects of subjective experience that have meanings specific to a person who is situated in a definite time and space. The chapter reviews the debate on the stability of personality traits over time and argues that it makes no sense to ask if personality changes or stays the same. Personality doesn’t do anything, but variables are characterized as if they have a life of their own. Outside of the context of the person, one misunderstands what personality is and means.
Out of the Head
Authors: Schiff Brian
Published: July 2017

Chapter 2, “Out of the Head,” in A New Narrative for Psychology argues that psychology’s conceptual problem becomes even more acute when one considers conclusions drawn about the relationship between variables. Interpreting the statistical relationship between two or more variables, researchers commit a serious error; they misinterpret correlations derived from group data as an indication of what must be happening inside persons. Only an approach that allows one to get close enough to persons, to observe how they tell and interpret their experience, can allow one to understand how subjectivity operates. Psychologists need to observe the phenomenon in order to argue that they really know how it works. But observations made in variable-centered research cannot extend to this level of analysis, and researchers must speculate about what must be happening inside persons. Examples from research on personality development and contact theory are examined in order to make this point.
Conclusion
Authors: Fischer Frank
Published: July 2017

The Conclusion seeks to make clear not only where the discussion has taken the reader, but also how the journey should be understood. Throughout the eleven chapters of the book we have engaged in an exploratory search for an answer to the question: what are the democratic prospects during a full-scale climate crisis? It is an inquiry that takes the reader from the global to the local level. After briefly summarizing the sections of the book, this Conclusion then underscores the way in which climate “crisis” is a political and ecological crisis. Against worries about eco-authoritarianism, it clarifies the contribution of eco-localism and the role it can play, but also presents its limits. In this regard, it calls for a form of global eco-localism. It closes by stressing the need for a more relevant environmental political theory useful to those who will confront the full force of climate crisis ahead.
An Economic Geography of Interplaces
Authors: Phelps Nicholas A.
Published: July 2017

This chapter sets out the conceptual framework used in this book for understanding the in-between economy of interplaces. The chapter begins by focusing on the role of intermediaries in the economy in between, including their contribution to the production of interplaces. With the exception of the concept of arenas, which is substantially new, this chapter works with extant and empirically tractable concepts to emphasize the in-between or relational geography of economic activities. The chapter goes on to develop a limited arsenal of four economic geographical formations to help depict the geography of the interplace economy: the agglomeration, the enclave, the network, and the arena.
Planes, Trains, and Automobiles
Authors: Phelps Nicholas A.
Published: July 2017

This chapter looks at the work undertaken while on the move as an instance of the interplace economy. It considers the interplaces composed of the fixed infrastructures that make mobility possible—the economies associated with railways and railway stations, airports, and roads and exit ramps. It goes on to examine the distributed patterns of work that are prevalent as a result of increased physical and virtual mobility. The chapter has attempted to provide some sense of the economic importance of these interplaces as the largely ‘new’ places associated with fixed infrastructures for trains, planes, and automobiles, on the one hand, and the liminal spaces of transit, on the other hand.
The Multinational Enterprise
Authors: Phelps Nicholas A.
Published: July 2017

This chapter examines the economic geography of multinational enterprises (MNE) as one that pushes in the direction of analysis necessarily somewhere between that of a fully territorialized organization and one that transcends the economies of cities and nations. The chapter begins by noting how the history of the multinational enterprise reveals the importance of different economic geographical formations to understanding the international economy. It traces the emergence of modern multinational enterprises in the business networks of colonial trading companies to the hierarchies of modern vertically integrated enterprises to the contemporary return to network or federated organizations. It goes on to emphasize the salience of enclaves as part of the activities of multinational enterprises.
The Aesthetics of Laundry
Authors: Saito Yuriko
Published: July 2017

As one of the most mundane aspects of daily life, laundry rarely garners aesthetic attention. However, this practical chore turns out to contain numerous aesthetic considerations beyond ensuring hygiene and cleanliness. Furthermore, the aesthetics of laundry is not limited to the sensuous appearance of the laundered items. The activity of laundering also has aesthetic dimensions, including bodily engagement, imaginative camaraderie with women across cultural and historical boundaries, satisfaction with the tangible expression of love for the family, and appreciation of the outdoor environment when hanging laundry. Finally, the consequences of the aesthetics of laundry extend beyond personal experiences. Namely, the appearance of clothing is often regarded as a reflection of one’s moral character, and the ‘eyesore’ effect of outdoor laundry hanging leads to its prohibition in some communities in the United States.
Evidence
Authors: Ichikawa Jonathan Jenkins
Published: July 2017

This chapter offers a contextualist interpretation of Timothy Williamson's identification of evidence and knowledge (E=K); the result is a contextualist approach to “evidence” that matches the book's contextualist approach to “knows”. The resultant view is an attractive version of E=K that is resistant to many challenges in the literature. Evidence itself also has an important role to play in the book's relevant alternatives approach to knowledge; substantive questions about the nature and extent of basic evidence are foregrounded. The chapter departs from previous contextualist theories in embracing an externalist, disjunctivist conception of basic evidence, according to which perception directly delivers propositions about the external world as basic evidence.
Justification
Authors: Ichikawa Jonathan Jenkins
Published: July 2017

This chapter articulates a knowledge first theory of doxastic justification—a belief is justified just in case it is relevantly similar to a possible instance of knowledge. In the terminology of the chapter, justification is “potential knowledge”. Relevant similarity is a matter of a matching of basic evidence and cognitive processing. This needn't be assumed to be a matter of the intrinsic; on the externalist approach to basic evidence given in Chapter 3, for one's belief to be justified is for there to be a possible knower who shares the same basic evidence—including factive perceptual states—and cognitive processing. The Appendix to Chapter 4 considers how the view extends to justified beliefs in necessarily false contents.
First Martyr of Liberty
Authors: Kachun Mitch
Published: July 2017

First Martyr of Liberty explores how Crispus Attucks’s death in the 1770 Boston Massacre led to his achieving mythic significance in African Americans’ struggle to incorporate their experiences and heroes into the mainstream of the American historical narrative. While the other victims of the massacre have been largely ignored, Attucks is widely celebrated as the first to die in the cause of freedom during the era of the American Revolution. He became a symbolic embodiment of black patriotism and citizenship. This book traces Attucks’s career through both history and myth to understand how his public memory has been constructed through commemorations and monuments; institutions and organizations bearing his name; juvenile biographies; works of poetry, drama, and visual arts; popular and academic histories; and school textbooks. There will likely never be a definitive biography of Crispus Attucks since so little evidence exists about the man’s actual life. While what can and cannot be known about Attucks is addressed here, the focus is on how he has been remembered—variously as either a hero or a villain—and why at times he has been forgotten, by different groups and individuals from the eighteenth century into the twenty-first.
First Martyr of Liberty
Authors: Kachun Mitch
Published: July 2017

By 1850 Crispus Attucks began playing a significant role in African Americans’ affirmation of their essential Americanness. Black abolitionists muted his mixed racial background in favor of a fully African American one, and his possible reasons for being part of the Boston mob were left unscrutinized. Attucks emerged as a black patriot and Founder. During and immediately after the Civil War, for African Americans, Attucks remained a symbol of black patriotism and military valor. But some whites began to emphasize his Native American background and to question his status as a hero. And as the nation slowly distanced itself from the Civil War, it became clear that the national interest did not include racial justice for black Americans.
Crispus Attucks in Twenty-First-Century America
Authors: Kachun Mitch
Published: July 2017

While the new century saw continued nods to African American figures and experiences in American history textbooks and curricula, blacks still remained mostly on the margins of the master narrative in those mainstream accounts, with several twenty-first-century texts showing a significant shift in the presentation of Attucks’s race, identity, and character. Generally, however, treatments of Crispus Attucks and the Boston Massacre in twenty-first-century textbooks adhered to many of the same patterns found in those from the late twentieth century. This was also true for the attention given Attucks in popular culture, public commemorations, journalism, children’s literature, art, music, and academic scholarship.
Management of Daylily Rust With Different Fungicides and Fungicide Combinations
Authors: Emmitt Robert S. , Buck James W.
Published: July 2017

Production nurseries and daylily hybridizers in the southeast United States rely on the use of fungicides to manage daylily rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia hemerocallidis. Foliar sprays of pyraclostrobin, flutolanil, tebuconazole, myclobutanil, chlorothalonil, mancozeb, pyraclostrobin + boscalid, flutolanil + tebuconazole, flutolanil + myclobutanil, flutolanil + chlorothalonil, and flutolanil + mancozeb applied on 14-day intervals, and a nontreated control, were evaluated under high disease pressure at three locations in Griffin, GA, in 2015. Tebuconazole or the tebuconazole + flutolanil treatment consistently had the lowest area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) of the treatments. The addition of flutolanil to chlorothalonil or mancozeb did not improve rust control and no difference in disease severity was observed in any treatment containing contact fungicides on all assessment dates. Single application costs ranged from $10.21 to $95.96 with tebuconazole providing excellent disease management at a relatively low cost per application ($13.90).
Mindfulness-based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Grant Sean , Colaiaco Benjamin , Motala Aneesa , Shanman Roberta , Booth Marika , Sorbero Melony , Hempel Susanne
Published: July 2017

Objectives:

Substance use disorder (SUD) is a prevalent health issue with serious personal and societal consequences. This review aims to estimate the effects and safety of Mindfulness-based Relapse Prevention (MBRP) for SUDs.

Methods:

We searched electronic databases for randomized controlled trials evaluating MBRP for adult patients diagnosed with SUDs. Two reviewers independently assessed citations, extracted trial data, and assessed risks of bias. We conducted random-effects meta-analyses and assessed quality of the body of evidence (QoE) using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach.

Results:

We identified 9 randomized controlled trials comprising 901 participants. We did not detect statistically significant differences between MBRP and comparators on relapse (odds ratio [OR] 0.72, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.46–1.13, low QoE), frequency of use (standardized mean difference [SMD] 0.02, 95% CI −0.40 to 0.44, low QoE), treatment dropout (OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.40 to 1.62, very low QoE), depressive symptoms (SMD −0.09, 95% CI −0.39 to 0.21, low QoE), anxiety symptoms (SMD −0.32, 95% CI −1.16 to 0.52, very low QoE), and mindfulness (SMD −0.28, 95% CI −0.72 to 0.16, very low QoE). We identified significant differences in favor of MBRP on withdrawal/craving symptoms (SMD −0.13, 95% CI −0.19 to −0.08, I
2 = 0%, low QoE) and negative consequences of substance use (SMD −0.23, 95% CI −0.39 to −0.07, I
2 = 0%, low QoE). We found negligible evidence of adverse events.

Conclusions:

We have limited confidence in estimates suggesting MBRP yields small effects on withdrawal/craving and negative consequences versus comparator interventions. We did not detect differences for any other outcome. Future trials should aim to minimize participant attrition to improve confidence in effect estimates.