bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
γ‐Valerolactone: A Nontoxic Green Solvent for Highly Stable Printed Mesoporous Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Worsley Carys , Raptis Dimitrios , Meroni Simone , Doolin Alexander , Garcia‐Rodriguez Rodrigo , Davies Matthew , Watson Trystan
Published: May 2021

Mesoscopic carbon‐based lead halide perovskite solar cells (CPSCs) represent a promising architecture for commercialization in the field of perovskite photovoltaics as they are stable, potentially low cost, and use easily scaled production methods. However, the use of toxic and psychoactive solvents such as dimethylformamide (DMF) and γ‐butyrolactone (GBL) currently limits their commercial viability: DMF introduces a significant health risk and GBL is subject to legal restrictions in many countries. The development of safe and effective solvent systems is therefore an essential step toward commercial viability. Herein, γ‐valerolactone (GVL) is presented as a nontoxic, biodegradable, green alternative to GBL for CPSC fabrication. Cells fabricated with a precursor concentration of 1.1 m and annealed at 45 °C exhibit comparable performance to standard GBL devices, achieving a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 12.91% in a device of 1 cm2 active area. Herein, it is proven that GVL is a viable alternative to GBL for CPSCs and enables research in countries where GBL is legally restricted and makes large‐scale CPSC manufacture more sustainable.
Energy and exergy assessment with updated Reistad estimates: A case study in the transportation sector of Bangladesh
Authors: Chowdhury Hemal , Chowdhury Tamal , Rashedi Ahmad , Banik Sajal Chandra , Khanam Taslima , Saidur Rahman , Sait Sadiq M. , Rosen Marc A.
Published: May 2021

Transportation sector is one of the core parts of modern civilization. Proper utilization of energy and exergy in this sector is necessary to ensure energy loss and environmental sustainability. Increasing exergy efficiency will reduce carbon emissions from this sector. Since 1970, Reistad estimates have been widely used to determine the energy and exergy efficiencies of this sector. However, the modern transport sector has undergone significant changes in recent decades. Hence, it is necessary to apply new Reistad estimates in determining the energy and exergy efficiencies. This is the first study to apply updated Reistad estimates to explore the energy and exergy efficiencies in the transportation sector of Bangladesh based on the data from 2000 to 2017. The overall exergy efficiency is significantly lower than the energy efficiencies as it ranges from 27.7% to 30.0%. Efficiencies are lower as the maximum portion of input exergy is lost to the environment. The road subsector needs major improvements as it is responsible for major amount of exergy loss. A comparison is made between conventional and updated estimates which highlights that the updated estimates provide more accurate results. Thus, it is recommended to apply updated Reistad estimates in determining the energy and exergy efficiencies of the transport sector.
Response of transient rock uplift and base level knickpoints to erosional efficiency contrasts in bedrock streams
Authors: Wolpert Joshua A. , Forte Adam M.
Published: May 2021

Knickpoints in bedrock streams are often interpreted as transient features generated by a change in boundary conditions. It is typically assumed that knickpoints propagate upstream with constant vertical velocities, though this relies on a stream being in erosional steady state (erosion rate equals rock uplift rate) prior to the knickpoint's formation. Recent modeling and field studies suggest that along‐stream contrasts in rock erodibility perturb streams from erosional steady state. To evaluate how contrasts in rock erodibility might impact knickpoint interpretations, we test parameter space (rock erodibility, rock contact dip angle, change in rock uplift rate) in a one‐dimensional (1D) bedrock stream model that has variable rock erodibility and produces a knickpoint with a sudden change in rock uplift rate. Upstream of a rock contact, the vertical velocity of a knickpoint generated by a change in rock uplift rate is strongly correlated with how the rock contact has previously perturbed erosion rates. These knickpoints increase vertical velocity upon propagating upstream of a hard over soft contact and decrease vertical velocity upon propagating upstream of a soft over hard contact. However, interactions with other transient perturbations produced by rock contacts make for nuances in knickpoint behavior. Rock contacts also influence the geometry of knickpoints, which can become particularly difficult to identify upstream of soft over hard rock contacts. Using our simulations, we demonstrate how a contact's along‐stream horizontal migration rate and cross‐contact change in rock strength control how much an upstream reach is perturbed from erosional steady state. When simulations include multiple contacts, the knickpoint is particularly prone to colliding with other transient perturbations and can even disappear altogether if rock contact dips are sufficiently shallow. Caution should be taken when analyzing stream profiles in areas with significant changes in rock strength, especially when rock contact dip angles are near the stream's slope.
Rapid non‐destructive analysis of lignin using NIR spectroscopy and chemo‐metrics
Authors: Wu Xin , Li Guanglin , Liu Xuwen , He Fengyun
Published: May 2021

Lignin plays an important role in the formation of stone cells in pears. However, the accumulation of lignin had adverse impact on the flavor and quality of the fruit. A rapid and accurate method for measuring the lignin content of pears is therefore required. An improved variables selection method called ‘the bootstrapping soft shrinkage combined with frequency and regression coefficient of variables (FRCBOSS)’ was therefore developed based on ‘the bootstrapping soft shrinkage (BOSS)’technique, to identify the characteristic wavelengths of near‐infrared (NIR) spectra for non‐destructive and rapid analysis of lignin. Sub‐models were generated by weighted bootstrap sampling (WBS) in the FRCBOSS method. For the BOSS method, the new weights of variables were determined only as the absolute values of regression coefficients of variables in each iteration. In contrast, the FRCBOSS method also considers the frequency of variables in variable space. Moreover, the FRCBOSS algorithm overcomes the disadvantage of BOSS in selecting variables, which could incorporate useful wavelengths that would otherwise be removed by the BOSS method. In addition, a range of different pre‐treatment methods were used for comparison in the detection of lignin in the Snow pears. These include Savitzky–Golay Smoothing (SG), Normalization (NORM), Standard Normal Variate (SNV), and 1st Derivative (D1), as well as a combination of these methods and the different variables selection method (SiPLS, SiPLS‐SPA, SiPLS‐CARS, SiPLS‐BOSS, and SiPLS‐FRCBOSS). The number of variables selected by FRCBOSS was a little larger than that selected by BOSS. The partial least square regression (PLSR) model based on the 19 variables selected by SiPLS‐FRCBOSS method had the best prediction ability, with a Rp value of prediction of 0.880 and a RMSEP value of 1.004%. We conclude that NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy technology combined with FRC‐BOSS is an accurate and useful tool for the non‐destructive and rapid determination of pear lignin contents.
Behavior of Cucumis sativus L. in presence of aluminum stress: Germination, plant growth, and antioxidant enzymes
Authors: Kouki Rim , Ayachi Rim , Ferreira Renata , Sleimi Noomene
Published: May 2021

Aluminum (Al) is an ubiquitously present element in soil; it is considered as a major problem in crop production that affects plant growth and development on acid soils. The aim of this work was to determine the germination parameters, to quantify the water status and growth, to assess the Al accumulation, and antioxidant enzyme activities in plants to evaluate the stress exerted by aluminum in Cucumis sativus L. For germination test, increasing doses of Al were used (0, 200, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 μM). Results showed that germination was stimulated with 500 of Al. Aluminum effects on development were studied by treating the plants with different concentrations of Al (100, 200, 300, and 500 µM, Al) during 45 days. As regards to the plant's growth, water content, and dry biomass production there was a slight increase. On the other hand, the activities of the antioxidant enzymes were disturbed by aluminum stress. Data indicate that the catalase (CAT) activity showed a decrease in the different parts of the plant. However, guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities were significantly stimulated. Studying the effects of Al‐induced stress allowed us to conclude that cucumber has a high ability to accumulate this element in the roots.
Mechanical, sensory, and consumer evaluation of ketogenic, gluten‐free breads
Authors: Gillespie Rachel , Ahlborn Gene J.
Published: May 2021

Ketogenic, gluten‐free breads comprised of almond flour, oat bran fiber, or combinations of both were compared. The textural properties, sensory attributes, and consumer acceptance were analyzed on each bread containing 100% almond flour (AF), 66.7% almond flour with 33.3% oat bran fiber (AOB), 66.7% oat bran fiber with 33.3% almond flour (OBA), and 100% oat bran fiber (OB). AF and AOB breads had a more open crumb structure composed of cells between 1–4 mm2. OBA and OB had a significantly dense crumb pattern made up of more cells less than one millimeter squared. Quantitative–descriptive analysis (QDA) and consumer acceptance testing was conducted 24 hr after baking and mechanical endpoints were evaluated 24, 72, and 120 hr after baking. AF and AOB breads were preferred over OBA and OB breads in QDA evaluation and consumer acceptance scores. Greater percentages of oat bran fiber resulted in a bread that was less moist, firmer in texture, and chewier with trained panelists. In both sensory evaluations, higher amounts of almond flour resulted in higher values in eggy flavor while increased amounts of oat bran fiber correlated with higher values in earthy flavor. Mechanical testing identified higher percentages of almond flour resulted in bread that was less firm and less chewy. Over time, all variations with almond flour became softer and less chewy, while the OB bread increased in firmness. Sensory cohesiveness did not correlate with the mechanical equivalent, identifying a need to re‐evaluate the parameters used to calculate this objective endpoint.
Nanotechnology: A novel tool to enhance the bioavailability of micronutrients
Authors: Arshad Rizwan , Gulshad Lubaba , Haq Iahtisham‐Ul‐ , Farooq Muhammad Adil , Al‐Farga Ammar , Siddique Rabia , Manzoor Muhammad Faisal , Karrar Emad
Published: May 2021

Nanotechnology has revolutionized the field of food systems, diagnostics, therapeutics, pharmaceuticals, the agriculture sector, and nutraceuticals. Nanoparticles are playing important role in giving the solution to enhance bioavailability of oral delivery of bioactive compounds. This review revealed that nanoparticles can improve the bioavailability of micronutrients, for example, vitamin B12, vitamin A, folic acid, and iron. However, toxicity associated with nanoparticle‐based delivery systems is still a major concern after ingestion of nano‐based supplements. The mode of the mechanism of nanomaterial along with bioactive components in different physiological conditions of the human body is also a major gap in the field of nanoceuticals. In the future, more evidence‐based clinical investigations are needed to confirm the exact approach to physiological changes in the human body.
High‐resolution multibeam sonar bathymetry of the deepest place in each ocean
Authors: Bongiovanni Cassandra , Stewart Heather A. , Jamieson Alan J.
Published: May 2021

Over the course of 10 months, the global Five Deeps Expedition (2018–2019) mapped ~550,000 km2 of seafloor of which 61% comprised new coverage over areas never before surveyed and ~30% was acquired from some of the ocean's deepest trenches and fracture zones. The deepest points of each ocean were mapped using a latest‐generation, full‐ocean depth Kongsberg EM 124 multibeam echosounder. These extreme depths were corrected using Conductivity, Temperature and Depth (CTD) data from sea surface to full ocean depth. The deepest place in each ocean were identified as the Brownson Deep, Puerto Rico Trench in the Atlantic Ocean (8,378 ± 5 m), an unnamed deep within the South Sandwich Trench in the Southern Ocean (7,432 ± 13 m), an unnamed deep within the Java Trench in the Indian Ocean (7,187 ± 13 m), Challenger Deep within the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean (10,924 ± 15 m), and the Molloy Hole in the Arctic Ocean (5,551 ± 14 m). As part of the overarching mission of the Five Deeps Expedition, and to clarify beyond doubt the deepest point in the Indian, Pacific and Southern oceans, other sites were visited that had been postulated as potential deepest locations. This study has confirmed that the Horizon Deep within the Tonga Trench is the second deepest point in the Pacific Ocean (10,816 ± 16 m), the Dordrecht Deep within the Diamantina Fracture Zone is not the deepest point in the Indian Ocean (7,019 ± 17 m) and that in accordance with the guidelines of the Antarctic Treaty and International Hydrographic Organisation, although the Meteor Deep is the deepest point in the South Sandwich Trench (8,265 ± 13 m) it is located within the waters of the Atlantic Ocean and not the Southern Ocean.
Effects of ultrafiltration on salt migration and isotopic composition of pore water in groundwater depression area in Hengshui, NCP
Authors: Wang Ying , Chen Zongyu , Chen Jiang , Wei Wen
Published: May 2021

Clay aquitards are semipermeable membranes that allow groundwater flow while retarding solute migration has been researched extensively but also subjected to much debate. At present, there is no evidence of whether the physical and chemical properties of clay soil and the isotopic composition of pore water affect the semipermeable membrane effect. In this study, we collected clay samples from drilling cores (30–90 m) in the Hengshui area located in the North China Plain (NCP), then extracted pore water using a high‐pressure squeezing device. Vertical hydrochemical and isotopic profile variation trends for the pore water were revealed using hydrochemical (Cl−, Na+, Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, and SO42−) and stable isotopic measurements of H, O and Cl. The results showed that the hydrochemical clay interlayer pore water of the saline aquifer is Cl/SO4‐Na/Mg type and the average total dissolved solids (TDS) are 10.17 g/L. However, the hydrochemical clay aquitard pore water is of the Cl/SO4‐Na/Ca type with an average TDS of 1.90 g/L. The hydrochemical clay interlayer pore water of aquifer II is of Cl‐Na/Ca type with an average TDS of 1.10 g/L. Our results showed that the water quality of the aquifer II is not affected by the upper part of the saline aquifer, thus the clay aquitard acts as a significant barrier to salt movement. A polarization layer concentrated in ions was formed between the upper part of the saline aquifer and the clay aquitard. The concentration polarization layer increases the salt‐inhibition effect. H, O and Cl isotopic composition results showed significant fractionation. The pore water of aquifer II lacked heavy isotopes (2H, 18O, 37Cl), but had significant heavy isotope enrichment in the concentrated polarized layer (the δ2H value was −76‰, the δ18O value was −8.4‰, and the δ37Cl value was 1.59‰). Hyperfiltration thus played a significant role in isotope fractionation.
Deep learning: step forward to high‐resolution in vivo shortwave infrared imaging
Authors: Baulin Vladimir A. , Usson Yves , Le Guével Xavier
Published: May 2021

Shortwave infrared window (SWIR: 1000–1700 nm) represents a major improvement compared to the NIR‐I region (700–900 nm) in terms of temporal and spatial resolutions in depths down to 4 mm. SWIR is a fast and cheap alternative to more precise methods such as X‐ray and opto‐acoustic imaging. Main obstacles in SWIR imaging are the noise and scattering from tissues and skin that reduce the precision of the method. We demonstrate that the combination of SWIR in vivo imaging in the NIR‐IIb region (1500–1700 nm) with advanced deep learning image analysis allows to overcome these obstacles and making a large step forward to high resolution imaging: it allows to precisely segment vessels from tissues and noise, provides morphological structure of the vessels network, with learned pseudo‐3D shape, their relative position, dynamic information of blood vascularization in depth in small animals and distinguish the vessels types: artieries and veins. For demonstration we use neural network IterNet that exploits structural redundancy of the blood vessels, which provides a useful analysis tool for raw SWIR images.
Mitophagy reporter mouse analysis reveals increased mitophagy activity in disuse‐induced muscle atrophy
Authors: Yamashita Shun‐Ichi , Kyuuma Masanao , Inoue Keiichi , Hata Yuki , Kawada Ryu , Yamabi Masaki , Fujii Yasuyuki , Sakagami Junko , Fukuda Tomoyuki , Furukawa Kentaro , Tsukamoto Satoshi , Kanki Tomotake
Published: May 2021

Muscle disuse induces atrophy through increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) released from damaged mitochondria. Mitophagy, the autophagic degradation of mitochondria, is associated with increased ROS production. However, the mitophagy activity status during disuse‐induced muscle atrophy has been a subject of debate. Here, we developed a new mitophagy reporter mouse line to examine how disuse affected mitophagy activity in skeletal muscles. Mice expressing tandem mCherry‐EGFP proteins on mitochondria were then used to monitor the dynamics of mitophagy activity. The reporter mice demonstrated enhanced mitophagy activity and increased ROS production in atrophic soleus muscles following a 14‐day hindlimb immobilization. Results also showed an increased expression of multiple mitophagy genes, including Bnip3, Bnip3l, and Park2. Our findings thus conclude that disuse enhances mitophagy activity and ROS production in atrophic skeletal muscles and suggests that mitophagy is a potential therapeutic target for disuse‐induced muscle atrophy.
Can the exposure system adopted influence the results of the atrazine toxicity in hepatic tissue of fish?
Authors: Macêdo Anderson K. S. , de Melo Costa Pauliane , Salgado Mariana A. R. , de Ribeiro Rosy I. M. A. , dos Santos Hélio B. , Thomé Ralph G.
Published: May 2021

The widespread use of atrazine, a herbicide used to control weeds, has contributed to the increased contamination of aquatic environments. To assess the toxicological effects of a xenobiotic on a nontarget organism in the laboratory, different models of toxicological exposure systems have been widely used. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the action of sublethal concentrations of atrazine on the hepatic histology of Oreochromis niloticus, considering two models of exposure: static (where atrazine was only added once) and semi‐static (where atrazine was periodically renewed). Fish were exposed to a concentration of 2 ppm atrazine for 15 days, which was verified by high‐performance liquid chromatography. The livers were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and histopathological data were collected. In addition, they were submitted to immunohistochemistry for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). A maximum variation of 45% (static) and 12.5% (semi‐static) was observed between the observed and nominal atrazine concentration. Nuclear and cytoplasmic changes were observed in both experimental models. Hepatocytes from the livers of the static system showed a degenerative appearance, while in the semi‐static system, intense cytoplasmic vacuolization and necrosis were observed. iNOS positive cells were identified only in macrophages in the hepatocytes of fish in the semi‐static system. These results directly showed how the choice of exposure system can influence the results of toxicological tests. However, future analysis investigating the by‐products and nitrogen products should be carried out since the histopathological findings revealed the possibility of these compounds serving as secondary contamination routes.
Awareness of genetic counseling services among allied healthcare professionals in South Africa
Authors: Thom Jamey , Haw Tabitha
Published: May 2021

Genetic counseling has been shown to increase patient empowerment leading to positive outcomes. However, in the Johannesburg state healthcare system, the genetic counseling service is underutilized. Individuals with genetic disorders present with a variety of symptoms and are frequently referred to allied healthcare professionals for management; therefore, these professionals are in a unique position to identify appropriate patients and refer them for genetic counseling. This study aimed to determine whether allied health professionals, including physiotherapists, occupational therapists, and speech and language therapists, were aware of genetic counseling services in Johannesburg, South Africa, and whether they had previously referred patients to these services. The study also aimed to identify barriers and facilitators to referral. An adapted paper‐copy questionnaire was administered to allied health professionals working at one of three state hospitals in Johannesburg. A total of 57 participants were included in this study. Results indicated that 29/57 (50.9%) of allied health professionals knew that genetic counseling services were available but only 15/29 (51.7%) of those who knew of the service had referred patients to these services in the last year. Barriers to referral included misconceptions about the role of genetic counselors, insufficient knowledge of which patients would benefit from genetic counseling, and being unable to obtain appropriate information from the Genetics Clinic for patient referral. However, allied health professionals recognized the benefit of genetic counseling and 53/57 (93%) wanted to increase their genetics knowledge. Therefore, genetics education of allied health professionals, and improved information regarding the referral procedure for genetic counseling, may improve the number of patients referred.
Effectiveness of early hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in preventing neurocognitive decline in aspartylglucosaminuria: A case series
Authors: Selvanathan Arthavan , Kinsella Jane , Moore Francesca , Wynn Robert , Jones Simon , Shaw Peter J. , Wilcken Bridget , Bhattacharya Kaustuv
Published: May 2021

Aspartylglucosaminuria (AGU) (OMIM #208400) is a recessively inherited disorder of glycoprotein catabolism, a subset of the lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). Deficiency of the enzyme glycosylasparaginase (E.C. 3.5.1.26) leads to accumulation of aspartylglucosamine in various organs and its excretion in the urine. The disease is characterized by an initial period of normal development in infancy, a plateau in childhood, and subsequent regression in adolescence and adulthood. No curative treatments are currently available, leading to a protracted period of significant disability prior to early death. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has demonstrated efficacy in other LSDs, by providing enzyme replacement therapy in somatic viscera and decreasing substrate accumulation. Moreover, donor‐derived monocytes cross the blood‐brain barrier, differentiate into microglia, and secrete enzyme in the central nervous system (CNS). This has been shown to improve neurocognitive outcomes in other LSDs. The evidence to date for HSCT in AGU is varied, with marked improvement in glycosylasparaginase enzyme activity in the CNS in mice models, but varying neurocognitive outcomes in humans. We present a case series of four children with AGU who underwent HSCT at different ages (9 years, 5 years, 5 months, and 7 months of age), with long‐term follow‐up post‐transplant (over 10 years). These cases demonstrate similar neurodevelopmental heterogeneity based on formal developmental assessments. The third case, transplanted prior to the onset of neurocognitive involvement, is developing normally despite a severe phenotype in other family members. This suggests that further research should examine the role of early HSCT in management of AGU.
Polarization effects in Raman spectroscopy of light‐absorbing carbon
Authors: Le Kim Cuong , Henriksson Jonatan , Bengtsson Per‐Erik
Published: May 2021

Raman spectroscopy is widely used for characterization of carbon‐based materials including light‐absorbing carbonaceous (LAC) matter. However, information on polarization properties of these materials are generally lacking, and often the polarization characteristics of experiments are not presented in the literature thereby giving uncertainty to presented data. In this work, the polarization properties of various LACs are studied using Raman spectroscopy. The Raman spectra have been compared while varying the relative polarization, particularly the relative direction of the electric field between the incident light and the detected scattered light. Specifically, the intensity ratio between the D1 and G peaks (ID1/IG) was analyzed in parallel and perpendicular polarization configurations for samples taken from a sooting flame, in the exhaust of a soot generator and carbon blacks. In this work, the parallel and perpendicular polarization configurations mean that the polarization of the detected scattered light is parallel and orthogonal, respectively, to the linearly polarized incident light. It was found that the (ID1/IG) ratio decreased in the more ordered carbonaceous structures when changing the polarization configuration from parallel to perpendicular. Additionally, based on the depolarization ratios (Dp < 0.75), the prominent Raman peaks of LAC were found to originate from totally symmetric vibrations. For the G peak, the depolarization ratio was measured to be in the range 0.46–0.56 for all LAC materials.
Effect of cold plasma pretreated hot‐air drying on the physicochemical characteristics, nutritional values and antioxidant activity of shiitake mushroom
Authors: Karim Naymul , Shishir Mohammad Rezaul Islam , Bao Tao , Chen Wei
Published: May 2021

BACKGROUND

Shiitake mushroom is one of the most popular delicious vegetables, although fresh shiitake mushroom has short shelf life as a result of biochemical degradation. Drying can prolong the shelf life of mushroom. Additionally, application of cold plasma pretreatments (CPT) before drying can preserve the product quality, processing costs and nutritional values. Therefore, we aimed to explore the effect of cold plasma pretreated hot‐air drying at 50, 60 and 70 °C on the physicochemical characteristics, nutritional values and antioxidant activity of shiitake mushroom.

RESULTS

Scanning electron microscopy micrographs showed that CPT induced the surface modification of fresh shiitake (such as cellular disarrangement, cellular shrinkages, disruption or break down of cell walls, and intracellular spaces and cavities) and facilitate the rapid drying than control samples. Furthermore, CPT improved the powder qualities (bulk density, water retention and swelling index) and preserved higher nutritional attributes (sugars, vitamins, phenolic acids contents and antioxidant activity) compared to the control groups.

CONCLUSION

Conclusively, CPT could be a suitable alternative technique for improving drying characteristics and preserving nutritional attributes of agro‐based products. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Effect of voluntary running activity on mRNA expression of extracellular matrix genes in a mouse model of intervertebral disc degeneration
Authors: Jang Seon Ho , Lee Seunghwan , Millecamps Magali , Danco Alexander , Kang HyungMo , Grégoire Stéphanie , Suzuki‐Narita Miyako , Stone Laura S.
Published: May 2021

Introduction

Low back pain (LBP), a leading cause of global disability, is often associated with intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). Exercise therapy is recommended for chronic LBP management and affects many tissues and organ systems. However, the ability of exercise to repair the extracellular matrix (ECM) in degenerating discs is unclear. The aims of the study were to examine mRNA expression of ECM structural components (collagen I, II, X, aggrecan) and regulators of matrix turnover (matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)‐3, − 9, − 13, ADAMTS‐4, − 5, TIMP1‐4, CCN2) between age‐matched (a) wild‐type and secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC)‐null, (b) sedentary and active, and (c) male and female mice.

Methods

At 8 months of age, male and female SPARC‐null and wild‐type control mice received a home cage running wheel or a control, fixed wheel for 6 months. Deletion of the SPARC gene results in progressive IDD beginning at 2 to 4 months of age. Increased activity was confirmed, and qPCR was performed on excised lumbar discs.

Results

Male SPARC‐null mice expressed less aggrecan mRNA than wild‐type controls. After 6 months of running, collagen, MMP3, and MMP13 expression was increased in male and MMP3 was increased in female SPARC‐null mice. Sex differences were observed in wild‐type mice and in response to IDD and long‐term running.

Conclusions

Voluntary running results in changes in mRNA consistent with increased ECM turnover and disc regeneration. Improved disc ECM might contribute to the beneficial effects of exercise on LBP and may create an intradiscal environment hospitable to regenerative therapies. Sex‐specific differences should be considered in the development of disc‐targeting therapies.
Highest rates of gross primary productivity maintained despite CO2 depletion in a temperate river network
Authors: Aho Kelly S. , Hosen Jacob D. , Logozzo Laura A. , McGillis Wade R. , Raymond Peter A.
Published: May 2021

Aquatic primary productivity produces oxygen (O2) and consumes carbon dioxide (CO2) in a ratio of ~1.2. However, in aquatic ecosystems, dissolved CO2 concentrations can be low, potentially limiting primary productivity. Here, results show that a large drainage basin maintains its highest levels of gross primary productivity (GPP) when dissolved CO2 is diminished or undetectable due to photosynthetic uptake. Data show that, after CO2 is depleted, bicarbonate, an ionized form of inorganic carbon, supports these high levels of productivity. In fact, outputs from a process‐based model suggest that bicarbonate can support up to ~58% of GPP under the most productive conditions. This is the first evidence that high levels of aquatic GPP are sustained in a riverine drainage network despite CO2 depletion, which has implications for freshwater ecology, biogeochemistry, and isotopic analysis.
Breaking the Coupling Efficiency–Bandwidth Trade‐Off in Surface Grating Couplers Using Zero‐Order Radiation
Authors: Sánchez‐Postigo Alejandro , Halir Robert , Wangüemert‐Pérez J. Gonzalo , Ortega‐Moñux Alejandro , Wang Shurui , Vachon Martin , Schmid Jens H. , Xu Dan‐Xia , Cheben Pavel , Molina‐Fernández Íñigo
Published: May 2021

Silicon photonics provides wafer‐scale fabrication of densely integrated photonic circuits that are enabling breakthrough applications in datacom, artificial intelligence, and healthcare. The sub‐micrometer mode size of silicon waveguides makes efficient coupling to conventional single mode fibers extremely challenging. While advanced surface grating couplers can achieve sub‐decibel coupling efficiencies, their operation relies on diffraction phenomena, which intrinsically limit the operational bandwidth. Here a novel type of surface coupler is experimentally demonstrated that overcomes the efficiency‐bandwidth limitation of conventional diffraction gratings by harnessing zero‐order radiation from a subwavelength metamaterial waveguide to a tilted silicon prism. The device achieves a coupling efficiency above 80% to an SMF‐28 fiber in a record 1‐dB bandwidth beyond 90 nm, opening new venues for highly efficient broadband fiber‐to‐chip surface coupling in silicon photonics.
Neuropathology of Perry Syndrome: Evidence of Medullary and Hypothalamic Involvement
Authors: Kim David Dongkyung , Alghefari Huda , Jenkins Mary , Ang Lee‐Cyn , Pasternak Stephen H.
Published: May 2021

Background

Perry syndrome is a rare genetic parkinsonian disorder with TAR DNA binding protein 43 (TDP‐43) pathology clinically presenting with parkinsonism, neuropsychiatric features, weight loss, and central hypoventilation. As respiratory complications are often the cause of death, studies likely show the early stage of the neurodegenerative process. Because of the rarity of this condition, few studies exist, and each case provides insight into pathological findings in this neurodegenerative condition.

Objective

To study the clinical and pathological correlations of an autopsy case of Perry syndrome.

Methods

The patient was a woman in her 50s with Perry syndrome and a DCTN1 gene mutation. Between October 2016 and July 2019, she underwent postmortem and pathological examination at University Hospital in London, Ontario, Canada. Data were obtained through clinical pathological examination.

Results

Microscopy showed significant neuronal loss with pigmentary incontinence and gliosis in the substantia nigra. There was no atrophy elsewhere, including the frontal and cingulate cortex. Intraneuronal cytoplasmic TDP‐43 inclusions and neurites were noticed in a moderate number in the substantia nigra and midbrain and were sparsely noticed in the basal ganglia, thalamus, thoracic motor neuron, posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus, and rostral ventral medulla. β‐Amyloid, Lewy body, and tau pathologies were absent. Rare axonal swelling was identified at the rostral ventrolateral medulla.

Conclusions and Relevance

This study confirms that Perry syndrome is characterized by TDP‐43 pathology with absent Lewy bodies or tau pathology. These findings support the hypothesis of dysfunctional neurons in the medulla and hypothalamus, which may respectively correlate to the clinical symptoms of hypoventilation and weight loss in Perry syndrome.
How do nurses and physicians assess inter‐professional collaboration in long‐term care homes? A survey study
Authors: Reese Christina , Sehlbrede Matthias , Brühmann Boris A. , Farin‐Glattacker Erik
Published: May 2021

Aims

To assess inter‐professional collaboration between nurses and physicians in long‐term care facilities and to determine if there are differences between subgroups of nurses.

Design

A cross‐sectional questionnaire survey was carried out between January 2018 and January 2020.

Methods

408 health professionals (345 nurses, 63 physicians) from 37 nursing homes in Baden‐Wuerttemberg (Germany) participated in the survey. For data collection, the “Team‐Scale” and “Work Situation Questionnaire for nurses/physicians” instruments were used. Furthermore, five self‐generated items were employed assessing how ward rounds and documentation are implemented. For the evaluation, descriptive analyses, one‐way variance analyses (ANOVAs) and a multilevel analysis were performed.

Results

Inter‐professional teamwork was rated positively overall. However, the nursing staff usually gave more critical assessments than the physicians (for example, regarding mutual appreciation). Critical assessments could be used to initiate constructive change processes.
A hybrid residual neural network–Monte Carlo approach to invert surface wave dispersion data
Authors: Aleardi Mattia , Stucchi Eusebio
Published: May 2021

Surface‐wave inversion is a non‐linear and ill‐conditioned problem usually solved through deterministic or global optimization approaches. Here, we present an alternative method based on machine learning. Under the assumption of a local one‐dimensional model, we train a residual neural network to predict the non‐linear mapping between the full dispersion image and the model space, parameterized in terms of shear wave velocity and layer thicknesses. On the one hand, compared to standard convolutional neural networks, the residual network prevents the vanishing gradient problem when training a deep network. On the other hand, the use of the full dispersion image avoids the time‐consuming and often ambiguous picking procedure and allows considering higher modes in the inversion framework. One key aspect of any machine learning inversion strategy is the definition of an appropriate training set. In this case, the models forming the training and validation examples are uniformly drawn from previously defined ranges that cover a wide range of possible near‐surface layered Vs models. The reflectivity method constitutes the forward modelling operator that converts the model parameters into the observed shot gathers. The inversion also includes a Monte Carlo simulation strategy that propagates onto the model space the uncertainties related to noise in the data and the modelling error introduced by the network approximation. We first discuss synthetic inversions to assess the applicability of the proposed method and to analyse the effect of erroneous model parameterizations. The inversion results are also benchmarked with those provided by a more standard approach in which the particle swarm optimization algorithm inverts the fundamental mode only. Then, we discuss a field data application. Our tests confirm that the residual neural network inversion provides accurate model estimations and reliable uncertainty appraisals. One of the main benefits of the proposed approach is that once the network is trained it provides the near‐surface shear wave velocity profile in near real‐time.
The regulatory and policy variables influencing FDI in South Africa
Authors: Faku Ephraim Monde
Published: May 2021

This paper dealt with the regulatory and policy variables influencing Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in South Africa. Since the advent of democracy 26 years ago, South Africa had its own share of benefits from democratic rule. This was the period of great success, and three free and fair elections were held without violence and intimidation. The South African government started using the “inflation targeting monetary policy framework” to have an environment where inflation will stabilise. Although in literature it is stated that many governments have adopted this policy in order to lure investors in through their attractive risk‐free returns in their investment portfolios. The paper used unobtrusive techniques to analyse secondary data. The South African investment climate remains faced with challenges, which curtail the full attainment of conditions conducive for quality FDI. When regulations are made less cumbersome, it becomes simpler for investment to flow into the country, and international and local entrepreneurs prosper as the ease of doing business improves. South Africa does not have a complex regulatory framework, but its challenges stem from a lack of regulatory transparency, which impeded investment. TISA the agency, which DTI created to reduce obstacles encountered in FDI offers foreign investors clarification on the regulatory and legal environment. Many countries have also cancelled their BITs with South Africa, including Ecuador, Bolivia, and Venezuela. South Africa's business environment and its investment climate are largely dependent on the events that occur in the political arena and the economic environment.
The role of amphiphilic chitosan in hybrid nanocellulose–reinforced polylactic acid biocomposite
Authors: Nasution H. , Olaiya Niyi G. , Haafiz M. K. Mohamad , Abdullah C. K. , Bakar Suriani Abu , Olaiya Funmilayo G. , Mohamed Azmi , H. P. S. Abdul Khalil
Published: May 2021

The blending of hydrophilic materials with hydrophobic polymers has been reported with agglomeration due to their functional group immiscibility properties. In this study, the properties of PLA/CNF biocomposite were enhanced with amphiphilic chitosan produced by a substitution reaction. The substitution reaction was studied with FT‐IR analysis. The amphiphilic chitosan was used as part of the matrix PLA/chitosan and reinforced with CNF to obtain PLA/chitosan/CNF biocomposite using combined melt extrusion and compression molding technique. The morphology and structural bonding of amphiphilic chitosan added in the biocomposite were studied with SEM, XRD, and FT‐IR. Furthermore, the mechanical, thermal, and wettability properties of PLA/chitosan/CNF composite were studied with tensile analysis, thermogravimetry analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, water absorption, thickness swelling, and contact angle test. The preparation of the amphiphilic chitosan was successful, as observed from the FT‐IR functional group analysis. The PLA/chitosan/CNF biocomposite properties showed a significant enhancement in the miscibility, mechanical, and thermal properties with no agglomeration. The wettability test also showed that the composite has a reduced hydrophobic nature compared with the neat PLA. The PLA/chitosan/CNF properties showed potential use for packaging application.
Low velocity and compression after impact behaviors of fiber‐reinforced MA‐g‐PP and MA‐g‐ABS matrix composites
Authors: Ayten Ali İmran
Published: May 2021

This study mainly focused on how one layer of fiber fabric can increase the energy absorption and post‐damage behaviors of composite structures. For this purpose, the low velocity and compression after impact behaviors of thermoplastic matrix composite materials were experimentally investigated. A total of 0.1%–0.3% maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene and 0.3%–0.5% maleic anhydride grafted acrylonitrile butadiene styrene polymers were used as the matrix materials, whereas only single‐layer plain weave aramid fiber, carbon fiber, and glass fiber fabric were used as the reinforcement materials. The impact tests were conducted at the energy values of 20, 50, and 80 J. The results showed that the aramid fiber increased energy absorption on every level of impact energy for both matrix materials, while the carbon and glass fiber fabrics only increased the energy absorption of the MA‐g‐ABS matrix. They negatively affected the energy absorption of the MA‐g‐PP polymer. No reinforcement materials had any contribution to the maximum CAI strength value of the two matrix materials, especially in the MA‐g‐ABS composites, while all reinforcement materials increased the maximum strain values of MA‐g‐ABS up to 75%. They did not increase the CAI strain values of MA‐g‐PP due to the flexible structure of polypropylene.
Rodent management and cereal production in Asia: Balancing food security and conservation
Authors: Singleton Grant R , Lorica Renee P , Htwe Nyo Me , Stuart Alexander M
Published: May 2021

Rodents present a major problem for food security in Asia where smallholder farming families are particularly vulnerable. We review here recent developments in the biology and management of rodent pests in cereal cropping systems in Asia. The past decade has seen a strong focus on ecologically‐based rodent management (EBRM), its adoption in field studies significantly increased rice yields (6–15%) and income (>15%) in seven Asian countries. EBRM principles have also been successfully applied to maize in China. We provide case studies on EBRM in Cambodia, on interactions between rodent pests and weeds, and on the importance of modified wetlands for biodiversity and rodent pest management. Knowledge on post‐harvest impacts of rodents is increasing. One research gap is the assessment of human health impacts from a reduction of rodent densities in and around houses. We identify 10 challenges for the next decade. For example, the need for population modelling, a valuable tool missing from our toolbox to manage rodent pests in cereal systems. We also need to understand better the interactive effects of cropping intensification, conservation agriculture and climate change. Finally, new management approaches such as fertility control are on the horizon and need to be considered in the context of smallholder cereal farming systems and mitigating health risks from zoonotic diseases associated with rodents. © 2021 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Understanding effect site pharmacology of uprifosbuvir, a hepatitis C virus nucleoside inhibitor: Case study of a multidisciplinary modeling approach in drug development
Authors: van den Berg Paul , Gao Wei , Ahsman Maurice J. , Arrington Leticia , Kesisoglou Filippos , Miller Randy , Post Teun M. , Rizk Matthew L.
Published: May 2021

Uprifosbuvir is a uridine nucleoside monophosphate prodrug inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus NS5B RNA polymerase. To quantitatively elucidate key metabolic pathways, assess the link between unmeasurable effect site concentrations and viral load reduction, and evaluate the influence of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, a model‐informed drug development (MIDD) framework was initiated at an early stage. Originally scoped as a modeling effort focused on minimal physiologically based pharmacokinetic and covariate analyses, this project turned into a collaborative effort focused on gaining a deeper understanding of the data from drug metabolism, biopharmaceutics, pharmacometrics, and clinical pharmacology perspectives. This article presents an example of the practical execution of a MIDD‐based, cooperative multidisciplinary modeling approach, creating a model that grows along with the team's integrated knowledge. Insights gained from this process could be used in forming optimal collaborations between disciplines in drug development for other investigative compounds.
Strain‐Dependent Band Structures and Electronic Properties in Sb/Bi Lateral Heterostructures Calculated by First Principles
Authors: Tian Feng , Wang Dengkui , Tan Fengxue , Fang Xuan , Li Weijie , Wang Haozhi , Wang Dongbo , Zhao Hongbin , Fang Dan , Wei Zhipeng , Wang Xiaohua , Ma Xiaohui , Li Jinhua
Published: May 2021

2D material structures have drawn much attention because of the unique characteristics of carriers confined in 2D planes. Various structures have been fabricated for high‐performance optoelectronic devices. Herein, via ﬁrst principles, lateral heterostructures (LHSs) based on antimony (Sb) and bismuth (Bi) are predicted and band structures affected under strain are calculated. For Sb/Bi LHSs, zigzag and armchair atomic conﬁgurations are considered. By altering the number of atoms on two sides of the heterostructures, the Sb/Bi LHSs exhibit narrow bandgaps. Moreover, external compressive and tensile strains induce transitions from indirect to direct band structures and further compress the bandgap energy into the midinfrared range. Partial density‐of‐states analysis indicates that, under the applied strains, the valence band mainly comprises Bi 6p states and Sb 5p states. In addition, charge density distributions indicate that electrons are localized at Bi atoms, whereas holes are localized at Sb atoms, thus exhibiting spatial separation of carriers. A narrow‐bandgap material in which the band structure and electronic structure characteristics have great potential for infrared optoelectronic applications is proposed herein.
Nonlinear parameter‐varying state‐feedback design for a gyroscope using virtual control contraction metrics
Authors: Wang Ruigang , Koelewijn Patrick J. W. , Manchester Ian R. , Tóth Roland
Published: May 2021

In this article, we present a virtual control contraction metric (VCCM) based nonlinear parameter‐varying approach to design a state‐feedback controller for a control moment gyroscope (CMG) to track a user‐defined trajectory set. This VCCM based nonlinear (NL) stabilization and performance synthesis approach, which is similar to linear parameter‐varying (LPV) control approaches, allows to achieve exact guarantees of exponential stability and‐gain performance on NL systems with respect to all trajectories from the predetermined set, which is not the case with the conventional LPV methods. Simulation and experimental studies conducted in both fully‐ and under‐actuated operating modes of the CMG show effectiveness of this approach compared with standard LPV control methods.