bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationship of Hypothyroidism to Diabetes Mellitus, Renal Amyloidosis, and Thrombosis in Purebred Beagles
Authors: Hargis A. M. , Stephens L. C. , Benjamin S. A. , Brewster R. D. , Brooks R. K.
Published: February 2025

Review of 484 records for colony Beagles revealed an association between hypothyroidism and diabetes mellitus. The average time between first notation of hypothyroidism and later development of diabetes mellitus was 2.8 years. An association was also made with hypothyroidism, renal amyloidosis, and thrombosis. Hypothyroidism was significantly related to thrombosis, thrombosis was significantly related to renal amyloidosis, but hypothyroidism and renal amyloidosis were not significantly related. Of 62 hypothyroid dogs, 11 were diabetic and 7 others had thrombosis. Six hypothyroid dogs had renal amyloidosis, 4 of which had thrombosis. One dog had renal amyloidosis and thrombosis in the absence of hypothyroidism. There does not appear to be an association with any of the lesions and previous low-dose, whole-body gamma, or sham irradiation.
Localization of Proacrosin on the Inner Acrosomal Membrane of Spermatozoa in Rabbits and Hamsters
Authors: Bradford Marion M. , Dudkiewicz Alan B. , Penny Glenn S. , Dyckes Douglas F. , Burleigh B. Daniel , Wooley Richard E. , McRorie Robert A.
Published: February 2025

Acrosin, and thus proacrosin, was localized on sperm inner acrosomal membranes of rabbits and hamsters by use of the fluorescent site-directed inhibitor, dansyl-l-alanyl-l-lysyl-chloromethylketone.
Bacteriologic Study of Sow Agalactia
Authors: Ross R. F. , Orning A. P. , Woods R. D. , Zimmermann B. J. , Cox D. F. , Harris D. L.
Published: February 2025

Necropsy of 13 agalactic and 11 normally lactating sows at 1 to 2 days after parturition revealed that 7 of the agalactic and 4 of the clinically normal sows had lesions of mastitis. Escherichia coli, Streptococcus equisimilis, and Staphylococcus epidermidis were the predominant organisms isolated. The organisms were isolated as pure and as mixed cultures and all 3 were isolated from normal appearing, as well as mastitic, glands. Pure culture isolation of E coli (44 gland segments) was significantly associated with microscopic lesions of mastitis, regardless of the number of colonies isolated, whereas pure culture isolation of Streptococcus equisimilis or S epidermidis in low to moderate numbers was not. Isolation of large numbers of beta-hemolytic streptococci (2 gland segments) or of S epidermidis (6 gland segments) was associated with microscopic evidence of mastitis.

Cultural examination of uterus and cervix revealed 5 isolates of strict anaerobic bacteria, all different species, from 4 of the 24 sows. Culture of 2 mammary glands from each sow revealed no strict anaerobes. Phase-contrast microscopic examination of specimens from mammary glands, uterus, and cervix of each sow revealed no spirochetes. Attempts to isolate mycoplasmas and chlamydiae from mammary gland, uterine tube (fallopian tube), uterus, cervix, and urethra of the 24 sows were negative. The evidence confirms previous reports that coliforms are the most significant bacteria in mastitis of the sow.
Effects of Atmospheric Ammonia on Young Pigs Experimentally Infected with Ascaris suum
Authors: Drummond J. G. , Curtis S. E. , Simon J. , Norton H. W.
Published: February 2025

Effects of atmospheric ammonia at 69.4 mg/m3 (100 ppm) on productive performance and respiratory tract health of young pigs (starting body weight averaged 7.5 kg) experimentally infected with Ascaris suum (50,000 embryonated ova administered by gavage when pigs were 5 weeks of age) were studied in 5 trials of 4 weeks each (when pigs were 5 to 9 weeks of age). Effects of atmospheric-ammonia exposure and ascarid infection on growth were additive. Compared with controls, percentage reductions in average daily gain were 32%, 28%, and 61% for ammonia-exposed, ascarid-infected, and combined ammonia plus ascarid groups, respectively. Ammonia exposure or ascarid infection alone depressed feed disappearance by 18%. Effects of the 2 factors were additive, resulting in a 35% reduction in feed disappearance. Pigs exposed to the combined factors had an average gain/feed ratio of 0.518, which was less than that of control pigs (0.546), but was greater than that of pigs exposed to atmospheric ammonia (0.489) or pigs infected with ascarids (0.501) alone. Liver scarring, due to larval migration, was not affected by ammonia exposure. Larval migration through the respiratory tract was not confirmed histopathologically in pigs killed 4 weeks after inoculation. A supplementary experiment was conducted which demonstrated that residual evidence of previous pulmonary larval migration was present 2 weeks after inoculation.
Anemia of Inflammatory Disease in the Dog: Clinical Characterization
Authors: Feldman Bernard F. , Kaneko J. J. , Farver T. B.
Published: February 2025

To characterize the erythroid homeostatic defect in canine inflammatory states, a single dose of Freund’s complete adjuvant was injected subcutaneously to simulate naturally occurring infection and inflammation. After a latent period of 5 to 8 days, a generalized noninfectious inflammatory process was observed, followed by abscessation and drainage. This was accompanied by a modest anemia which decreased from base-line values by as much as 30%. In addition, a disordered iron metabolism was evidenced by depressed serum iron concentrations, total iron binding capacity (transferrin), percentage saturation of transferrin, and decreased numbers of bone marrow sideroblasts. Free rbc protoporphyrin concentrations were increased, as were serum copper, zinc, and ceruloplasmin. Bone marrow reticuloendothelial iron and hepatic nonheme iron were increased. Bone marrow myeloid-erythroid ratios were depressed. Throughout the course of the inflammatory period, the anemia remained normocytic and normochromic. A significant reticulocyte response was not observed.
Effect of Selenium-Vitamin E on Hematologic Alterations of Adriamycin Toxicosis in Young Pigs
Authors: Van Vleet John F. , Greenwood Linda A. , Rebar Alan H.
Published: February 2025

In 3 experiments, 45 castrated male weanling pigs (4 to 6 weeks old) were used to determine the hematologic alterations induced by adriamycin (adr) given iv at 0.64, 1.6, or 3.2 mg/kg of body weight/week. The effect of selenium-vitamin E (Se-E) supplements on adr toxicosis was evaluated. Mortality, decreased survival time, growth depression, leukopenia, and anemia were dose related in adr-treated pigs. At 0.64 mg of adr/kg/week for 16 weeks, important clinical or hematologic alterations did not develop. At 1.6 mg of adr/kg/week for 13 weeks, mortality was 100%, mean survival time ws 65.7 days (min-max, 49 to 92 days), and moderate growth depression and marked leukopenia and anemia were present from weeks 7 to 13. At 3.2 mg of adr/kg/week for 4 weeks, mortality was 100% and mean survival time was 22.0 days (min-max, 18 to 26 days); marked growth depression, leukopenia, and mild anemia developed (week 4).

Cytologic study of smears of bone marrow from pigs that died of adr toxicosis (3.2 mg/kg/week) revealed marked hypoplasia and evidence of decreased production and increased destruction of erythroid and myeloid cells.

Beneficial effect of Se-E supplementation against adr toxicosis was seen only in the pigs given 1.6 mg/kg/week, where prolonged survival and delayed onset of leukopenia and anemia was observed.
Lesions in the Small Intestine of Newborn Pigs Inoculated with Porcine, Feline, and Canine Coronaviruses
Authors: Woods R. D. , Cheville N. F. , Gallagher J. E.
Published: February 2025

The infectivity and pathogenicity to newborn pigs of antigenically related coronaviruses from pigs (transmissible gastroenteritis virus; tgev), cats (feline infectious peritonitisvirus; fipv), and dogs (canine gastroenteritis virus; cgev) were studied by light, scanning electron, and immunofluorescence microscopy. Hysterectomy-derived, 12-hour-old pigs were orally given tissue culture or frozen preparations of 6 coronavirus strains (3 porcine, 2 feline, and 1 canine). The pigs were killed at regular intervals between 24 and 144 hours after exposure. Virulent tgev and virulent fipv produced necrosis of villous epithelium, resulting in villous atrophy in the jejunum and the ileum. Similar, but less extensive and severe lesions, were produced by the 4 other viruses. Coronaviral antigens were identified by immunofluorescence in villous epithelial cells of pigs that had been inoculated with virulent tgev, attenuated tgev, virulent fipv, and tissue culture-adapted fipv. In contrast, corona-viral antigens were not induced by the small plaque variant tgev and virulent cgev in the villous epithelium, but rather in cells of the lamina propria and crypt epithelium.
Anthelmintic Activity of Mebendazole Against Induced and Naturally Occurring Helminth Infections in Cats
Authors: London Charles E. , Roberson Edward L. , McCall John W. , Guerrero Jorge , Pancari Gregory , Michael Bruce , Newcomb Kathleen
Published: February 2025

A formulation of mebendazole was used to determine the optimal dosage level against induced and/or naturally occurring infections of Toxocara cati, Ancylostoma tubaeforme, and Taenia taeniaeformis in cats. Amounts of 11 mg/kg of body weight/day or 22 mg/kg/day were given for 2, 3, or 4 days. Feces were collected for 7 days and were examined for expelled parasites. Cats were necropsied to recover retained parasites. A regimen of 22 mg/kg/day for 3 days was determined to be optimal with efficacies of 100%, 99%, and 50% against T cati, A tubaeforme, and Taenia taeniaeformis, respectively.
Purification and Further Characterization of Phenol Extract from Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Singh S. P. , Moore B. L. , Siddique I. H.
Published: February 2025

A phenol-water extract of Listeria monocytogenes virulent strain 9-125 (serotype 4b) was purified by 3 cycles of ultracentrifugation. The purified extract reacted positively in Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay at a concentration of 1 μg/ml. This value was 1,000 times higher than that for Salmonella abortus equi lipopolysaccharide. The phenol extract was toxic to chicken embryos (median lethal dose was 40.5 μg) and contained carbohydrates (heptose, hexose, hexosamine, methylpentose, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctanate, dideoxyhexose), lipid, 16 amino acids in the protein moiety, glucosamine, galactosamine, phosphorus, and ribonucleic acid.
Introduction and Reisolation of Selected Gram-Negative Bacteria from Fermented Edible Wastes
Authors: Talkington F. D. , Shotts E. B. , Wooley R. E. , Whitehead W. K. , Dobbins C. N.
Published: February 2025

A Lactobacillus fermentation process, using edible food wastes, was tested for its ability to eliminate selected bacterial pathogens. This fermentation process converts food wastes into a feed ingredient for animal consumption. Six gram-negative bacterial pathogens of potential zoonotic importance were tested. These experimental organisms were: Salmonella enteritidis serovar typhimurium, S enteritidis serovar anatum, S cholerae-suis, Yersinia enterocolitica, Y pseudotuberculosis, and Pasteurella multocida.

Each organism was introduced into ground waste that had been previously inoculated with L acidophilus, and was mixed. This mixture was divided among 8 containers, and was incubated in duplicate at 5 C, 10 C, 20 C, and 30 C for 96 hours. The temperature of the reactant containers, reduction-oxidation potential, and pH were monitored. Waste samples were obtained initially and subsequently at 24-hour periods for 96 hours.

Qualitative and quantitative recovery attempts from each sample were made for the introduced gram-negative bacteria. Pasteurella multocida and the S enteritidis serovars typhimurium and anatum survived the fermentation at 5 C and 10 C, but were killed after 48 hours at 20 C and 30 C. Salmonella cholerae-suis survived at 5 C, but was destroyed by 72 hours at the remaining temperatures. Yersinia enterocolitica was viable through 70 hours, but was killed by 96 hours. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis was not reisolated at any temperature.
Neutrophil Bactericidal Capability in Experimentally Induced Salmonellosis in Pigs
Authors: Smith Graham S. , Lumsden John H. , Wilcock Brian P.
Published: February 2025

In vitro neutrophil bactericidal capability was determined in healthy, newly weaned pigs and in pigs orally inoculated with Salmonella anatum and S typhimurium. Neutrophil bactericidal capability in pigs at 6, 30, and 48 hours and 7 and 15 days after S anatum inoculation was not significantly different from that of control pigs tested at the same times. Neutrophil bactericidal activity was significantly enhanced at 48 hours after S typhimurium was inoculated.
Occurrence of Antibody to Trypanosoma cruzi in Dogs in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Tomlinson Michael J. , Chapman Willie L. , Hanson William L. , Gosser Harvey S.
Published: February 2025

Seven of 365 dogs from Georgia and other southeastern states were seropositive for antibody to Trypanosoma cruzi by the complement-fixation (cf) test. Sera from 24 dogs, including the 7 dogs seropositive by cf test, were reactive at dilutions of 1:128 or 1:256 by the direct-agglutination (da) test. Dogs with positive cf titers were significantly (P < 0.05) younger than were the dogs in the total population surveyed. The occurrence of antibody to T cruzi was similar, regardless of the dogs' origin, sex, or length of hair. Dogs with specific antibody to T cruzi did not have clinical signs of disease related to the cardiovascular or gastrointestinal systems, the systems most frequently affected in American trypanosomiasis (Chagas' disease).

Sera from an additional 20 dogs from Minnesota were examined by the da test. One of these sera had a reaction at a dilution of 1:2, and 19 sera had no reaction in the da test for antibody to T cruzi.
Bovine Leukemia Virus Infection in a Large Holstein Herd: Prospective Comparison of Production and Reproductive Performance in Antibody-Negative and Antibody-Positive Cows
Authors: Huber N. L. , DiGiacomo R. F. , Evermann J. F. , Studer E.
Published: February 2025

Serum samples from lactating cows in a purebred Holstein herd were tested annually (from 1977 to 1980) for antibodies to bovine leukemia virus (blv), using the agargel immunodiffusion test. Production and reproductive variables were obtained from Dairy Herd Improvement Association records. All milk and fat production values were converted to 3.5% fat-corrected milk (fcm). Variables examined included: fcm, 305-day actual; fcm, 305-day mature-equivalent; fcm, total lactation; fcm per day, 305-day actual; total days milked during lactation; days nonlactating; age at calving; calving interval; days open, and number of times bred. Lactations were stratified from 1 to ≥ 5 for comparison of variables. A matched case-control analysis was performed to assess the risk of clinical mastitis in blv-infected cows. The retention of blv antibody-negative and antibody-positive cows in the herd was compared.

There were no significant trends in the means of production and reproductive variables between blv antibody-negative and antibody-positive cows. The relative risk of clinical mastitis in blv antibody-positive cows was 1.3, which was not significant (P > 0.05). Survivorship analysis over 3 years demonstrated no significant difference in the retention of blv antibody-negative and antibody-positive cows in the herd. The blv-infected cows did not have lower milk production, poorer reproductive efficiency, increased prevalence of mastitis, or lesser longevity in the herd than did noninfected cows.
Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Intravenously and Orally Administered Quinidine in Cows
Authors: McGuirk S. M. , Muir W. W. , Sams R. A.
Published: February 2025

Seven healthy adult cows weighing between 550 and 750 kg were administered quinidine gluconate (5 mg/kg) iv and quinidine sulfate (15.84 mg/kg) orally to determine pharmacokinetic values. The apparent volume of distribution was 3.80 ± 2.21 L/kg. Total body clearance was 19.0 ± 7.02 ml/min/kg and plasma half-life was 2.25 ± 0.68 hours. The systemic availability of quinidine sulfate after oral administration of a 20 mg/kg dose was 23.3 ± 16.3%. The mean peak plasma concentration reached in 7 cows after oral administration of quinidine sulfate was 0.26 μg/ml. The peak plasma quinidine concentration was reached in an average of 41 minutes after oral administration. The average plasma quinidine concentration 5 minutes after iv administration of quinidine gluconate was 27.5 ± 22.1 μg/ml. At this time, some of the cows showed signs of quinidine toxicosis. The application of pharmacokinetic determinations to the clinical use of quinidine in cows is discussed.
Ovine Progressive Pneumonia: Pathologic and Virologic Studies on the Naturally Occurring Disease
Authors: Oliver R. E. , Gorham J. R. , Parish S. F. , Hadlow W. J. , Narayan O.
Published: February 2025

Pathologic and virologic studies were conducted on 13 mature ewes with serum precipitin antibodies to progressive pneumonia virus (ppv). Pulmonary lesions of ovine progressive pneumonia were found in 4 sheep a meningoencephalitis resembling visna in 1 sheep, chronic proliferative carpal arthritis in 2, and massive lymphoid proliferation in the mammary gland in 3. Virus producing cytopathic effect typical of ppv was isolated from the lungs, mediastinal lymph node, spleen, and choroid plexus of 4 sheep and from the carpal synovium of 2 sheep with chronic carpal arthritis.

Three viral isolates selected for further study were antigenically related to visna virus by immunofluorescence and immunodiffusion but these 3 isolates were not neutralized by antisera to reference strains of visna virus. Seemingly, infection of sheep by ovine retroviruses is common in the United States, and these viruses are capable of causing disease in more than 1 organ system.
Ovine Progressive Pneumonia: Experimental Intrathoracic, Intracerebral, and Intra-articular Infections
Authors: Oliver R. E. , Gorham J. R. , Perryman L. E. , Spencer G. R.
Published: February 2025

Three groups of 4 lambs each were experimentally infected with an isolate of progressive pneumonia virus (ppv) by intracerebral, intra-articular, or intrathoracic routes of inoculation. An additional control group was sham-inoculated by all 3 routes with identically prepared, noninfected inoculum. Sheep were killed 12 to 42 days after inoculation. A mild generalized leptomeningitis was found in 2 of the 4 lambs inoculated intracerebrally. A severe, proliferative synovitis with massive infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells was found in the 4 lambs inoculated intraarticularly. Germinal center formation was found in the synovial membrane 42 days after inoculation. Appreciable differences in lung morphologic features were not observed among the 4 groups. The ppv was isolated from virus-inoculated sheep from the choroid plexus, synovium, and lungs from inoculated and noninoculated sites. Nine of the 12 virus-inoculated lambs developed serum antibody to ppv, and specific antibodies were found in the synovial fluid of virus-inoculated joints. Virus was not isolated, lesions were not found, and serum antibody was not demonstrated in sham-inoculated sheep.
Efficacy of Fenbendazole Against the Swine Kidney Worm Stephanurus dentatus
Authors: Stewart T. B. , Marti O. G. , McCormick W. C.
Published: February 2025

Fenbendazole in ground feed was fed on 3 successive days at the rate of 3 mg/kg of body weight to 15 sows naturally infected with kidney worm (Stephanurus dentatus). Fifteen similar sows were used as nontreated controls. A total of 49 kidney worms were recovered from daily urine samples collected from 10 of the 15 treated sows within 5 days after the 3rd dose of treatment. One control sow passed 10 kidney worms on the 2nd and 3rd days. Urine samples from treated sows became negative for kidney worm eggs by the 5th to 12th posttreatment days, except for urine samples from 1 sow that contained a few eggs on the 12th day and another sow that contained a few eggs on the 19th and 33rd posttreatment days. Urine samples from control sows contained approximately the same number of kidney worm eggs in the posttreatment period as earlier. Compared with that in control sows, the hatchability of the parasite eggs from treated sows was greatly reduced. Kidney worms were not recovered at necropsy from the treated sows and a total of 860 kidney worms were recovered from the control sows (57 av).
Isolation and Identification of Equine Lymphocytes and Monocytes
Authors: Banks Keith L. , Greenlee Anne
Published: February 2025

Various cell populations of equine mononuclear leukocytes were identified and isolated. Mononuclear leukocytes were concentrated by isopyknic centrifugation, using a solution of Ficoll and Hypaque. Three additional techniques were explored to separate monocytes from lymphocytes, and 3 methods were used to separate lymphocyte types. Cytochemical techniques for the detection of nonspecific esterase readily distinguished equine monocytes from lymphocytes. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were separated into at least 2 populations. One population had surface traits identical to thymocytes [ie, they readily bound peanut agglutinin, but lacked receptors for complement or immunoglobulin (Ig) and did not have surface Ig, as detected by immunohistochemical techniques]. This population could be isolated, using nylon-wool columns, or by depletion of complement- and Ig-binding cells during centrifugation. The other class of lymphocytes had equine complement receptors, Ig receptors, and detectable surface Ig, but was not bound by peanut agglutinin. Using rosetting techniques followed by centrifugation, this latter population was enriched. These studies provided means of isolating and detecting equine monocytes, B lymphocytes, and T lymphocytes.
Renal Function After Prolonged Hypotensive Anesthesia and Surgery in Dogs with Reduced Renal Mass
Authors: Stone E. A. , Rawlings C. A. , Finco D. R. , Crowell W. A.
Published: February 2025

The effect of prolonged hypotensive anesthesia and surgery on renal function was studied in 8 dogs with decreased renal mass. Renal mass was reduced by unilateral nephrectomy and ligation of 4 of the 6 terminal renal artery branches of the opposite kidney. One week after reduction in renal mass, the dogs were azotemic with a serum urea nitrogen (sun) value of 65.6 ± 11.5 mg/dl. Glomerular filtration rate, as estimated by 14C-inulin clearance, was 0.66 ± 0.19 ml/kg of body weight/hour. A mean arterial pressure of < 75 mm of Hg was maintained for 4 hours in dogs given 2.3 ± 0.7% halothane. An exploratory laparotomy lasting 1 hour was performed.

The day after the hypotensive episode, 3 dogs began vomiting, became dehydrated, and had sun values > 100 mg/dl. The sun values returned to base-line values after the dogs were rehydrated. Eight days after the hypotensive episode, 14C-inulin clearance decreased 15.2 ± 8.2% (P < 0.005) compared with base-line clearance values. Light microscopic and electron microscopic observations of the kidneys did not demonstrate acute renal failure. Prolonged hypotensive anesthesia can cause a decrease in renal function, and may cause prerenal uremia and/or acute renal failure.
Distribution of Selenium-Dependent and Nonselenium-Dependent Glutathione Peroxidase Activity in Tissues of Young Cattle
Authors: Scholz Richard W. , Cook Lynda S. , Todhunter Deborah A.
Published: February 2025

Separation by gel-filtration chromatography and enzyme assay with H2O2 and an organic hydroperoxide substrate were used to identify selenium (Se)-dependent and non-Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase (gsh-Px) in tissues of calves fed supplemented whole milk diets differing only in their Se content (0.03, 0.23, and 0.53 μg/g of total solids). Spleen, cardiac muscle, erythrocytes, brain, thymus, adipose tissue, and striated muscles of calves were found to contain only the Se-dependent gsh-Px. Tissues having both enzymes included liver, lungs, adrenal glands, testes, kidney medulla, and kidney cortex. Hepatic tissue contained the highest percentage of non-Se-dependent gsh-Px activity of the calf tissues. For those tissues having Se-dependent and non-Se-dependent gsh-Px activity, the Se-dependent enzyme activity was generally lower for calves fed 0.03 μg of Se/g of total solids as compared with activity in calves fed larger amounts of Se. The tissue ranking of non-Se-dependent gsh-Px activity, as a percentage of total gsh-Px activity, was not changed by differences in the Se content of the diets fed to the calves.
Diffusion of Nitrous Oxide into the Intestinal Lumen of Ponies During Halothane-Nitrous Oxide Anesthesia
Authors: Moens Y. , De Moor A.
Published: February 2025

The nitrous oxide content of the cecum was measured in 5 anesthetized ponies during and after addition of 70% N2O to a halothane-O2 mixture.

The N2O diffused into the cecum during inhalation of N2O to a mean value of 40.94% after 150 minutes. After disconnection of the N2O supply, the N2O in the cecum diffused out of the cecum at a significantly (P < 0.05) slower rate than the N2O diffused into the cecum. After disconnection of N2O for 180 minutes, a mean value of 25.71% N2O was measured.
Serial Endoscopic Observation of Swine Gastroesophageal Ulceration Induced by Injection of a Histamine-Oil-Beeswax Mixture
Authors: Kokue Ei-ichi , Kurebayashi Yoichi , Shimoda Minoru , Hayama Toyoaki
Published: February 2025

The gastroesophageal (ge) area of swine was endoscopically observed before and after injection of a histamine-oil-beeswax mixture (5 mg of histamine/kg of body weight). The swine were anesthetized with halothane, and a rigid endoscope was inserted through a gastric cannula placed in the proximal greater curvature of the stomach. Observation was simple and the procedure lasted < 10 minutes, without adverse reactions. In 4 swine with normal ge areas, hemorrhage was found at postmedication hour (pmh) 3 and ulcerative changes were seen at pmh 9 to 12. A more rapid pathologic change of the ge area was found in 2 animals with hyper- or parakeratotic changes before medication. Abnormalities were not found up to pmh 9 in the ge area of 2 animals in which the stomach cannula was opened to allow the escape of gastric juice.
Luteolysis in Mares After Endometrial Biopsy
Authors: Baker C. B. , Newton D. I. , Mather E. C. , Oxender W. D.
Published: February 2025

The length of diestrus was not changed in 4 mares by taking endometrial biopsy specimens during estrus. In contrast, taking endometrial biopsy specimens on postovulation day 4 induced premature luteolysis and significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the length of diestrus. A concurrent decrease in serum progesterone occurred to verify the premature luteolysis in these mares. Bacterial cultures of endometrial swab samples from these mares were negative for growth at the first estrus before and after the last biopsy procedures, indicating that luteolysis was induced by the biopsy procedure and was not due to uterine infection. Seemingly, infusion of antibiotic solution after endometrial biopsy on postovulation day 4 prevented premature luteolysis.
Chondrodysplasia in the Alaskan Malamute: Involvement of Arteries, as well as Bone and Blood
Authors: Terpin Teresa , Roach Margot R.
Published: February 2025

Alaskan Malamute pups, 8 to 12 weeks old (6 clinically normal pups from 4 litters, 7 carrier pups from 2 litters, and 5 chondrodysplastic pups from 1 litter), were studied to determine if a screening test could be found to separate carrier pups from normal pups. The pups were radiographed, and the most striking deformity occurred in the forelimb. Radiographically, carriers could not be differentiated from normal pups.

Pyrophosphate bone scans were comparable in all pups, and there was no difference in overall avidity of the bone for pyrophosphate. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, urea nitrogen, and albumin values were significantly (P < 0.05) lower for carriers than for normal pups. Values of lactate dehydrogenase and reticulocytes were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the carriers. Normoblastic erythroid hyperplasia occurred in all carriers and chondrodysplastic pups, but only the carriers had decreased or absent iron stores. Osmotic fragility was normal in carriers and I normal pups, but increased in chondrodysplastic pups. The weights of the liver and kidneys were significantly higher in the chondrodysplastic pups. Impact characteristics of stifle cartilage were not significantly different among groups.

Static pressure-volume measurements were done on the carotid, iliac, aorta, and medial sacral arteries. Arteries from normal pups were the least distensible circumferentially. The elastances of these arteries indicated that most of the difference was in the collagen, because this measurement in the chondrodysplastic group was different from the values in the other groups. Using these measurements, carriers could not be differentiated from normal pups. Seemingly, Alaskan Malamute chondrodysplasia may be comparable with Menkes’ kinky hair disease which is characterized by severely retarded mental and physical development and convulsions and abnormalities of the hair, bone, and arteries caused by copper deficiency. This defect leads to a deficiency in activation of lysyl oxidase which is required for correct cross-linking in elastin and types I and III collagen. The hemolysis that commonly occurs in affected animals may be an associated defect, rather than part of the same defect, because altered hemolysis did not occur in our carriers.
Postprandial Changes in Plasma Urea and Creatinine Concentrations in Dogs
Authors: Watson A. D. J. , Church D. B. , Fairburn A. J.
Published: February 2025

Changes in plasma urea and creatinine concentrations were compared in 6 dogs fed 3 meals (cooked meat, raw meat, and a soft-moist preparation) in crossover fashion. Each meal produced changes in urea and creatinine values. Although increased urea values were seen after all meals, the effects on creatinine were varied; concentrations increased after feeding cooked meat, but decreased after consumption of raw meat or soft-moist food. Although the creatinine changes were less pronounced, the variable effect of diet complicates the interpretation of plasma creatinine concentration in evaluating renal function.
Age-Related Variations in Hepatic Iron, Copper, Zinc, and Selenium Concentrations in Beagles
Authors: Keen Carl L. , Lönnerdal Bo , Fisher Gerald L.
Published: February 2025

Age-related changes in hepatic iron, copper, zinc, and selenium concentrations were analyzed in 30 Beagles, 8 to 193 days of age. Concentrations of iron, zinc, and selenium decreased with age. In contrast, hepatic copper concentration did not change with development. The data will be useful in the study of developmental changes in the metabolism of these trace elements.
Brucella abortus Vaccines: Comparison of Protection Provided by Immunopotentiated 45/20 Bacterins and Live Strain 19 Vaccine in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Woodard L. F. , Toone N. M. , Jasman R. L.
Published: February 2025

Guinea pigs were subcutaneously inoculated with 300 μg of Brucella abortus strain 45/20 killed cells combined in 1% oil emulsion with trehalose dimycolate (tdm), muramyl dipeptide (mdp), or a combination of the 2 immunopotentiators. Protection, as determined by splenic infections in the guinea pigs after challenge exposure, was compared with that induced by strain 19 vaccine. With few exceptions, protection induced by bacterins containing 50 to 1,000 μg of tdm or tdm-mdp/dose was comparable with that of strain 19 vaccine (P > 0.05). Bacterins that contained mdp as an adjuvant were inferior to those with tdm regardless of the excipient or method of preparation. There was no further enhancement of immunogenicity by the addition of mdp to bacterins that already contained tdm. Mineral oil could not be replaced by a metabolizable excipient in bacterins potentiated with tdm.
Serum Concentrations of Trimethoprim and Sulfadiazine Following Oral Paste Administration to the Horse
Authors: Sigel C. W. , Byars T. D. , Divers T. J. , Murch O. , DeAngelis D.
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Two fasted and 2 fed horses were dosed orally with a combined trimethoprim and sulfadiazine paste formulation at a dose of 35 mg (1:5 combined active ingredients)/kg. Serum concentrations of each drug were determined periodically for 3 consecutive days for the 4 horses. The extent and rate of absorption for trimethoprim were variable, but peak serum concentrations occurred generally within 3 hours; sulfadiazine absorption was slower, reaching peak concentrations by 6 hours. Fasting did not have a consistent effect on the serum concentration profiles for either drug. Both drugs achieved serum concentrations that equaled or exceeded the minimum inhibitory concentrations necessary to inhibit the growth of certain pathogens common to the horse. Thus, the paste formulation provides an effective means of dose administration to horses.
Validation of Radioimmunoassays for Triiodothyronine, Thyroxine, and Hydrocortisone (Cortisol) in Canine, Feline, and Equine Sera
Authors: Reimers T. J. , Cowan R. G. , Davidson H. P. , Colby E. D.
Published: February 2025

Radioimmunoassay kits were validated for triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and hydrocortisone (cortisol) in canine, feline, and equine sera. In each assay, serial dilutions of serum inhibited binding of radioiodinated hormone to the antibody in a manner parallel to inhibition by standard solutions. Parallel inhibition curves indicated that the same substance in standard solutions and serum inhibited binding and that the assays were specific. Further examination of specificity indicated that the antibodies minimally cross-reacted with other compounds structurally similar to T3, T4, and hydrocortisone. A 3rd test for specificity was to show that concentrations of the hormones, as determined by the radioimmunoassays, were consistent with what is known about the hormones' physiologic features. Accuracy was demonstrated by showing that essentially 100% of T3, T4, and hydrocortisone added to samples of serum was measured by the respective assays. Interassay coefficients of variation used to measure precision on 5 quality control specimens ranged from 8.5% to 14.0% for T3, 4.0% to 16.4% for T4, and 10.2% to 16.5% for hydrocortisone. Intra-assay coefficients of variation for all assays ranged from 4.2% to 12.8%. The smallest amounts of T3, T4, and hydrocortisone (sensitivity) that could be precisely quantified were 0.14 ng/ml, 0.17 μg/dl, and 0.66 μg/dl, respectively. Reagents and data concerning assay validity should always be described or cited so that the reliability of the radioimmunoassays used can be evaluated.
Comparisons of Hemagglutination Inhibition, Staphylococcal Clumping, and Latex Agglutination Tests for Canine Fibrinolytic Degradation Products
Authors: Chen James P. , Williams Teresa K. , Legendre Alfred M.
Published: February 2025

Two assay systems for fibrmogen-fibrin degradation products (fdp) in canine serum, the glutaraldhyyde erythrocyte hemagglutination-inhibition immunoassay (gehii) and the staphylococcal clumping test (sct), were compared for reactivity with the plasmin digests of canine fibrinogen and with sera obtained from dogs suspected of having circulating fdp. The gehii reacted well with early and late plasmin digests of fibrinogen. With early-stage fibrinogen digests, the sct was more reactive than was gehii. However, after the appearance of D and E fragments in the digests, sct reactivity decreased progressively during plasminolysis.

The sensitivities of gehii and sct for assaying fdp were 0.5 and 0.125 μg of fibrinogen equivalent/ml, respectively. Serum fdp values for dogs with disease were comparable, with values ranging from 1 to 122 μg/ml by gehii and 8 to 64 μg/ml by sct. One dog with fulminating disseminated intravascular coagulation had a serum fdp value of 128 μg/ml by sct and 179 μg/ml by gehii. However, normal canine sera had values by sct of 4 to 16 μg of fibrinogen equivalent/ml, whereas normal values by gehii were 0.5 to 2 μg/ml.

Serum fdp concentrations were also determined for healthy and diseased dogs by latex-agglutination test. The dog with fulminating disseminated intravascular coagulation had a fdp value of >40 μg/ml, and only 1 other diseased dog had > 10, but < 40 μg of fibrinogen equivalent/ ml. All other dogs were considered negative, with fdp values of < 10 μg/ml.
Electrodiagnostic Analysis of Peripheral Neuropathy in Dogs with Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Steiss Janet E. , Orsher Andrea N. , Bowen J. M.
Published: February 2025

An electrodiagnostic analysis was conducted on 5 dogs with spontaneously occurring diabetes mellitus that were maintained for a long-term study on canine diabetes. Abnormal electromyographic findings consisted of fibrillation potentials, positive sharp waves, and fasciculation potentials in the limb muscles of most dogs. The mean values (± sd) for motor nerve conduction velocities (ncv) of the ulnar and sciatic-tibial nerves were 57.6 ± 11.2 and 52.1 ± 7.4 m/s, respectively, for the 5 diabetic dogs. Values for motor ncv for clinically normal dogs in this laboratory were 56.0 ± 7.6 and 66.6 ± 7.1 m/s, respectively. The mean value (± sd) for the sensory ncv of the lateral superficial radial nerve in the diabetic dogs determined 4 months later was 45.2 ± 7.9 m/s, compared with 53.1 ± 6.0 m/s for normal dogs.

Analysis of the evoked potentials recorded from the interosseous muscle after sciatic-tibial nerve stimulation revealed decreased amplitudes. Potentials evoked by stimulation at the hip, as compared with potentials evoked by stimulation at the hock, had temporal dispersion and diminished amplitude in the majority of the diabetic dogs.
Suppression of Immunologic Function and Degeneration of Lymphoid Organs in Cyclophosphamide-Treated Turkeys
Authors: Elmubarak A. K. , Sharma J. M. , Lee L. F. , Sanger V. L.
Published: February 2025

Neonatal administration of 8 to 20 mg of cyclophosphamide (cy) in turkey poults resulted in a marked alteration in the morphologic features of all major lymphoid organs. Cyclophosphamide induced severe deficiency in antibody response to multiple injections of Brucella abortus and sheep rbc and in vitro proliferative response of peripheral blood leukocytes to concanavalin A. The morphologic regeneration of thymus and of thymus-dependent areas was marked in all major lymphoid organs by posttreatment day 15. This regeneration preceded functional recovery of the mitogenic response of peripheral blood leukocytes. The regeneration of the bursa and bursa-dependent areas in other lymphoid organs was minimal through posttreatment day 27. Thus, cy may be used effectively in turkeys as an immunosuppressive reagent.
Field Studies: Pseudomonas Pneumonia of Mink
Authors: Long Gerald G. , Gorham John R.
Published: February 2025

Epizootics of pneumonia in mink caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa were investigated to characterize the serotype of organisms and to identify possible predisposing factors. Most epizootics were associated with P aeruginosa Fisher serotype 1, and a few were associated with 3 other serotypes. There were no predisposing factors identified that could be used to differentiate farms affected and those not affected with pseudomonas pneumonia.

Cultural studies indicated that P aeruginosa was present in mink from affected and nonaffected herds. Organisms isolated included serotypes associated with naturally occurring disease. Serostudy results were similar among herds. A prospective field vaccination trial did not yield definitive results, since only slight losses occurred in both vaccinated and nonvaccinated mink. Significant levels of antibody were detected in mink 15 to 17 weeks after they were given a angle dose of P aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide vaccine.
Ail Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Using an EDTA-Extracted Antigen for the Serology of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae
Authors: Nicolet J. , Paroz Ph. , Krawinkler M. , Baumgartner A.
Published: February 2025

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was proposed as an alternative to the complement-fixation test (cf) for the detection of antibodies of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae, agent of the pleuropneumonia in pigs. In tests done with different antigen-extraction procedures (including Tween 20, sodium dodecyl sulfate, aqueous phenol, Sonification, and heat treatment at 120 C), ethylenediaminetetraacetic add (edta) provided a satisfactorily reactive antigen. Chromatography purification on Sephacryl S200 improved the specificity of this antigen. Using hyperimmune rabbit sera, we investigated the specificity and the sensitivity of the elisa with the edta-purified antigen of the different serotypes of H pleuropneumoniae on selected swine sera in herds with confirmed H pleuropneumoniae infection, from specific-pathogen-free animals showing doubtful cf reactions. The elisa proved to be highly specific and more sensitive than the cf test. Furthermore, evidence of cross-reactions with H parasuis, a common bacteria isolated in swine populations, was not founds.
Plasma α-Fetoprotein Concentrations in Pregnant Cows Exposed to Sarcocystis cruzi, Campylobacter fetus, or Aspergillus fumigatus
Authors: Baetz Albert L. , Crandell Salle E. , Schmerr Mary Jo F. , Barnett Dean , John H. Bryner
Published: February 2025

Bovine α-fetoprotein (afp) was determined in maternal plasma, using radioimmunoassay in an attempt to detect and monitor fetal distress in pregnant cows. Plasma from pregnant cows in the 4th to 5th month of the gestation which had been exposed to Sarcocystis cruzi, Campylobacter fetus, or Aspergillus fumigatus was used.

Plasma afp concentrations were determined at intervals from before the cows were exposed until they had aborted or calved. The plasma afp concentration of the exposed pregnant cattle remained at 6.5 ± 5.0 ng/ml until 24 to 48 hours before abortion or parturition, when the value increased to 25.0 ± 8.0 ng/ml. This pattern was similar for cattle exposed to each of the infective agents. Unlike in persons, rats, or monkeys, fetal-maternal transfer of afp seems to be minimal in cows even with inflammation or necrosis of the placentome. Thus, changes in afp concentrations in bovine plasma cannot be used as a diagnostic tool for fetal distress or fetal death.
Coagulation Studies of Plasmas from Healthy Domesticated Animals and Persons
Authors: Greene Craig E. , Tsang Victor C. W. , Prestwood Annie K. , Meriwether Emily A.
Published: February 2025

Optimal reaction conditions for the activated partial thromboplastin time (aptt), 1-stage prothrombin time (pt), and Russell's viper venom time were studied for pooled plasmas of horses, cattle, sheep, goats, swine, dogs, cats, and persons. Changes in CaCl2 and NaCl concentrations had significant effects on the aptt and pt reactions. The aptt was more sensitive than the pt to changes in CaCl2 concentration. The CaCl2 concentration recommended by the manufacturer for the aptt was suboptimal for some of plasmas of domesticated animals in the study. Infusorial earth (Celite, activator) concentration provided by the manufacturer was optimal for plasmas of all species, with exception of horses and swine. Optimal incubation times for the aptt for the equine, bovine, ovine, and caprine plasmas were shorter than the 5 minutes recommended for human plasma. Optimal incubations for porcine and canine plasmas were longer than 5 minutes. The aptt and pt of all plasmas were stable for up to 3 hours' storage at 4 C in all species' plasmas tested with exception of the porcine plasma.
Clinical Evaluation of the New Compound Diphenylsilanediol for Anti-epileptic Efficacy and Toxicity
Authors: Cunningham James G. , Ford Richard B. , Gifford Julie A. , Hulce Verne D. , Chandler Michael L. , LeVier Robert R.
Published: February 2025

A controlled clinical trial of the anti-epileptic efficacy and toxic side effects of diphenylsilanediol was conducted on 24 client-owned epileptic dogs. Data obtained from an abbreviated procedural treatment program indicated that diphenylsilanediol compared favorably with primidone as an anti-epileptic compound, but had limiting toxic side effects to the liver, pancreas, and possibly to other tissues.

There was a mean reduction of 60.7% in seizure frequency in 15 epileptic dogs treated with diphenylsilanediol when compared with their pretreatment frequency. There was a mean reduction of 55.6% in seizure frequency in 9 epileptic control dogs treated with primidone.

Samples of blood obtained from the dogs in the program on the 4th, 8th, 12th, 24th, and 36th weeks of treatment were examined for complete blood cell count, blood urea nitrogen, liver function, and pancreatic function.

Toxic side effects were not seen among the primidone-treated control dogs, with the exception of occasional dose-related drowsiness.

Among the diphenylsilanediol treated dogs, 3 developed liver disease, 2 developed definite pancreatic changes, and 2 showed evidence of bone marrow suppression. Four dogs died during treatment with diphenylsilanediol, whereas no deaths occurred during the same interval of primidone therapy.
Longevity and Productivity of Taenia taeniaeformis in Cats
Authors: Williams Jeffrey F. , Shearer Alma M.
Published: February 2025

The longevity and productivity of Taenia taeniaeformis were studied in experimentally infected cats. Nineteen of 20 cats became infected after they were given 8 to 12 strobilocerci. In 8 cats, mean prepatent period was 47.1 days ± 5.9 sem (34 to 80 days). Patent periods in the infected cats were 7 to 34 months. In 11 cats in which the infections were allowed to terminate naturally (spontaneous recovery), mean patent period was 17.4 months ± 2.3. Two of these cats were then given a 2nd dose of strobilocerci and both became reinfected.

The mean daily proglottid output in 6 cats followed throughout the patent period was 4.3 ± 0.5. Destrobilization occurred spontaneously and sporadically throughout the infection, but did not always increase at the time of natural termination. Usually, proglottid productivity began to decrease after the 1st year of infection. Shed proglottids contained 0 to 12,180 eggs, with a mean of 1,606 ± 402, but more than 60% of the segments contained 500 or less. Taenia taeniaeformis appeared to be as persistent as other taeniids, such as T ovis and T hydatigena in the dog, but it was far less prolific as an egg producer.
Interspecies Transmission of Cytauxzoon felis
Authors: Kier A. B. , Wightman S. R. , Wagner J. E.
Published: February 2025

The causative agent of feline cytauxzoonosis was experimentally inoculated into 4 species of domestic farm animals, 9 species of laboratory animals, and 17 wildlife species. The inoculum consisted of freshly collected or deep-frozen blood and/or tissue homogenates from domestic cats euthanatized in extremis with experimentally transmitted feline cytauxzoonosis. A bobcat, Lynx rufus floridanus (Florida bobcat), developed cytauxzoonosis typical of the disease observed in domestic cats and died of the disease 2 weeks after inoculation. A persistent parasitemia, but no overt signs of illness, developed in another bobcat, Lynx rufus rufus (eastern bobcat). The sheep developed a low persistent parasitemia, but no clinical signs of illness. There was no clear evidence of cytauxzoonosis demonstrated by necropsy or histopathologic or blood smear examinations in all other species. Additionally, freshly collected blood and/or tissue homogenates from animals of various species, except bobcats, failed to produce evidence of cytauxzoonosis when subinoculated into domestic cats.