bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Concept of Synapse against Popular Opinion
Authors: Lin Jyh-Woei
Published: October 2019

Emulation of the operation process in the human brain was performed by Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The new comments of this study with the concept of progressive tense like an action to new Comparison ANN with Biological Neuron Network were stated against popular opinions. However, their opinions just pointed out the role of Synapse as the weights in the framework of ANN. In this paper, another concept was better suggested. The role of Synapse should be treated as the weights of ANN, which connect two neurons of two hidden different layers. There was a new proposed opinion in this study when an accurate ANN model was built with optimal weights. The role of Synapse should be both the converting the action potential into electrical energy and chemical energy and synaptic strengthening corresponding to long-term potentiation (LTP) in Biological Neuron Network. From the concept of pharmacology, the action of updating weights with optimal values after training more data, was similar as keeping a normal converting for LTP just using medicaments for resisting some ageing brain diseases e.g. Dementia. The new proposed opinion by comparing both Neural Networks should be reasonable in this study.
Effects of Trace Elements Compositions of Igneous Intrusions on Public Health in Ishiagu Area of the Southern Benue trough, Southern Nigeria
Authors: Nwachukwu I. , Ukaebgu V. U. , Egesi N.
Published: October 2019

Some health implications of structurally-controlled igneous intrusions in Ishiagu area of southern Benue Trough were studied using the field investigations, trace element geochemistry and geostatistical studies of some of the igneous rocks, the surrounding water and edible vegetables. Results of the study revealed that the average concentrations of these trace metals in the igneous rocks decreased from Mn to Mg as follows: Mn (1431 ppm), Sr (419.5 ppm), Ba (58.11 ppm), Cu (45.63 ppm), Pb (5.48 ppm), As (1.20 ppm), Mo (3.270 ppm), Cd (0.960 ppm) and Mg (0.940 ppm); in water decreased from Mg to Cd as follows: Mg (5.840 mg/l), Sr (1.270 mg/l), Fe (0.3 mg/l), Mo (.013 mg/l), Mn (0.002 mg/l), Ni (0.001 mg/l), As (0.0004 mg/l), Ni (0.001 mg/l), Co (0.0001 mg/l), and Cd (0.0001 mg/l), while in the edible vegetables trace elements decreased from Fe-Ni as follows: Fe (8540 mg/kg), Mg (4085 mg/kg), Al (2352.1 mg/kg), Pb (360.76 mg/kg), Sr (182 mg/kg), Zn (53.38 mg/kg), Ba (46.3 mg/kg) Cu (21.75 mg/kg), Mo (8.97 mg/kg) and Ni (4.92 mg/kg). Geostatistical analysis of the edible vegetables indicates that the bioaccumulation factor of the vegetation with respect to the rock decreased from Pb to Ni as follows: Pb> Mo >Cd >As> Fe > Cr > Cu > Zn>Sr>Mg>Ni. The concentrations of Fe, Ni, Cu, Cr, Mn, Cd, Pb and Zn in water and edible vegetables are higher than the permissible levels recommended by World Health Organization. Thus, the inhabitants of the study area are at risk of myocardial infarction, insulin alteration, anemia, neurodegenerative conditions in humans, renal dysfunction, metal fumes fever, hair and skin discoloration, respiratory tract diseases, carcinogenic diseases, kidney disease, fanconi syndrome, lipid peroxidation of the heart, liver and spleen, hypertension, anemia, colic, headache, brain damage and central nervous system disorder, kidney disease, neurotoxin, lipid peroxidation in the heart, liver and spleen, fanconi syndrome, oesteomalacia, renal dysfunction, learning disabilities and hyperactivity, loss of vision, heart and liver failures, skin irritation, hazardous effects on lungs and brains. The outcome of this study has provided a data base for intervention endeavors for health practitioners to comprehensively monitor and control health issues arising from geologic and mining processes in Ishiagu area of Ebonyi State. The area is in dire need of standard medical facilities, which will, among other things, offer medical aids, document such health matters and keep surveillance so as to detect impact of the trace metals on  the health of the inhabitants of the study area.
In vitro Assessment the Antifungal Activity of Dissotis multiflora (Melastomataceae) and Paullinia pinnata (Sapindaceae) Leaves Extracts on Candida Species - Experimental Study
Authors: Ngandeu Albert , Gonsu Hortense , Afagnigni Alian , Voundi Steve , Chafa Anicette , Abange William , Betote Patrick , Noubom Michel , Nyegue Maximilienne
Published: October 2019

Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the antifungal activity of Dissotis multiflora (Melastomataceae) and Paullinia pinnata (Sapindaceae) leaves extracts on six species of Candida.

Study Design: This study was an experimental study.

Duration and Place of the Study: Between March to August 2017, Department of Microbiology, Microbiology laboratory, University of Yaoundé I. Bacteriology laboratory, Yaoundé University Teaching Hospital (YUHC).

Methodology: The fungal strains were isolated from vaginal swab women at the sampling unit of the YUHC. The identification test blastosis and gallery method allowed to differentiate Candida albicans ATCC37037 to Candida krusei, Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis, Candida haemolinii and Candida lipolytica in the Bacteriology laboratory of the YUHC. C. albicans ATCC 37037 came from the Microbiology laboratory of the University of Yaoundé I. The antifungal activity of extracts was carried out on agar medium using (aromatogram) and microdilution method. The effect of the combination of methanolic fractions were assess by the chessboard method.

Results: Phytochemical analysis of gude extracts of D. multiflora and P. pinnata revealed the presence of secondary metabolites such as phenols, tannins, anthraquinones, alkaloids, saponins, steroids and flavonoids in both extracts. In general, all of six fungal strains were susceptible to different extracts and fractions with inhibition diameters ranging from 10.33 mm for methanolic fraction of D. multiflorao C. parapsilosis to 19 mm for the same fraction on C. haemolinii).

Both the MICs and the MFCs of actives extracts ranged respectively from 0,78 to 12,5 mg / ml and 1,56 to 25 mg/ml, the majority being fungicidal. The combinations showed significant antifungal activity compared to those of the fractions taken individually, especially with MICs reductions of the order to 75%.

Conclusion: The antimicrobial activities of the molecules present in our two extracts could justify their use in traditional medicine in the treatment of candidiasis.
A comparison of Chinese and American memories for public events
Authors: Schmidt Stephen R. , Qiao Lijuan
Published: October 2019

Memory for public events was compared across Chinese and U.S. participants to explore competing explanations for cultural differences in flashbulb memories. Participant recall of the canonical features of events was more detailed and more likely to include a specific time in the United States than in the Chinese reports. Vividness was positively correlated with the flashbulb memory scores only in the U.S. sample. In both cultures, emotion, national importance, and thinking about the event predicted vividness and recall of memory details. Chinese participants reported primarily disasters and social events, and their memories were more likely to include international events than U.S. participants. The U.S. participants recalled primarily political events and terrorism. These results suggest that culture has important influences on the quantity, level of detail, completeness, and vividness of autobiographical memories as well as on the types of events triggering flashbulb memories.
Anxiety after remembering stressful academic versus brush with death events: The moderating roles of future time perspective and personal intimacy
Authors: Bluck Susan , Liao Hsiao‐Wen
Published: October 2019

This study examines: (i) whether recalling stressful autobiographical events results in anxiety, (ii) the relation of memory qualities to anxiety, and (iii) the relation of future time perspective and personal intimacy to experiencing anxiety. Participants (N = 120) completed Future Time Perspective, Personal Intimacy and State Anxiety scales. They were randomly assigned to recall a brush with death, a stressful academic deadline, or a no‐stress control. Memory qualities (vividness and significance) were assessed. As expected, recalling stressful events resulted in anxiety with more personally significant events related to higher anxiety. Having a more open‐ended future time perspective related to lower anxiety after recalling a stressful academic deadline, whereas greater personal intimacy predicted lower anxiety after recalling a brush with death. Findings are discussed in terms of factors that may serve to moderate the link between stressful memories and the experience of anxiety.
Record‐Breaking Magnetoresistance at the Edge of a Microflake of Natural Graphite
Authors: Precker Christian E. , Barzola-Quiquia José , Esquinazi Pablo D. , Stiller Markus , Chan Mun K. , Jaime Marcelo , Zhang Zhipeng , Grundmann Marius
Published: October 2019

Placing several electrodes at the edge of a micrometer‐sized Sri Lankan natural graphite sample at distances comparable to the size of the internal crystalline regions, record values for the change of the resistance with magnetic field are found. At low temperatures and at , the magnetoresistance (MR) reaches . The MR values exceed by far all earlier reported ones for graphite and they are comparable or even larger (at ) than the largest reported in solids including the Weyl semimetals. The origin of this large MR lies in the existence of highly conducting 2D interfaces aligned parallel to the graphene planes.
Sunlight Control of Interfacial Magnetism for Solar Driven Spintronic Applications
Authors: Zhao Yifan , Zhao Shishun , Wang Lei , Zhou Ziyao , Liu Junxue , Min Tai , Peng Bin , Hu Zhongqiang , Jin Shengye , Liu Ming
Published: October 2019

The inexorable trend of next generation spintronics is to develop smaller, lighter, faster, and more energy efficient devices. Ultimately, spintronics driven by free energy, for example, solar power, is imperative. Here, a prototype photovoltaic spintronic device with an optical‐magneto‐electric tricoupled photovoltaic/magnetic thin film heterojunction, where magnetism can be manipulated directly by sunlight via interfacial effect, is proposed. The magnetic anisotropy is reduced evidenced by the out‐of‐plane ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) field change of 640.26 Oe under 150 mW cm−2 illumination via in situ electron spin resonance (ESR) method. The transient absorption analysis and the first‐principles calculation reveal that the photovoltaic electrons doping in the cobalt film alter the band filling of this ferromagnetic film. The findings provide a new path of electron doping control magnetism and demonstrate an optical‐magnetic dual controllable logical switch with limited energy supply, which may further transform the landscape of spintronics research.
Esophageal perforation caused by a central venous catheter: A case report and literature review
Authors: Chen Wei‐Ming , Chiang Ming‐Shih , Wang Po‐Chang , Wei Kuo‐Liang , Tung Shui‐Yi , Chang Te‐Sheng , Hung Chao‐Hung
Published: October 2019

Malposition of the central venous catheter is rare but may cause morbidity and mortality. Here, we presented a male patient who suffered from a misplaced central venous catheter into the esophagus and caused perforation. We removed the misplaced central venous catheter directly after evaluated by computed tomography. We provided an available method to evaluate and solve this problem after literature view. In catheter‐related esophageal perforation patient, conservative treatment is an optional therapy after removed the misplaced catheter without fluoroscopy guided according to clinical presentation.
Expanding the phenotype in Adams–Oliver syndrome correlating with the genotype
Authors: Dudoignon Benjamin , Huber Celine , Michot Caroline , Di Rocco Federico , Girard Muriel , Lyonnet Stanislas , Rio Marlène , Rabia Smail Hadj , Daire Valérie Cormier , Baujat Geneviève
Published: October 2019

Rationale

Adams–Oliver syndrome (AOS) is a genetic disorder characterized by the association of aplasia cutis congenita (ACC), terminal transverse limb defect (TTLD), congenital cardiac malformation (CCM), and minor features, such as cutaneous, neurological, and hepatic abnormalities (HAs). The aim of the study is to emphasize phenotype–genotype correlations in AOS.

Methods

We studied 29 AOS patients. We recorded retrospectively detailed phenotype data, including clinical examination, biological analyses, and imaging. The molecular analysis was performed through whole exome sequencing (WES).

Results

Twenty‐nine patients (100%) presented with ACC, the principal inclusion criteria in the study. Seventeen of twenty‐one (81%) had cutis marmorata telangiectasia congenita, 16/26 (62%) had TTLD, 14/23 (61%) had CCM, 7/20 (35%) had HAs, and 9/27 (33%) had neurological findings. WES was performed in 25 patients. Fourteen of twenty‐five (56%) had alterations in the genes already described in AOS. CCM and HAs are particularly associated with the NOTCH1 genotype. TTLD is present in patients with DOCK6 and EOGT alterations. Neurological findings of variable degree were associated sometimes with DOCK6 and NOTCH1 rarely with EOGT.

Conclusion

AOS is characterized by a clinical and molecular variability. It appears that degrees of genotype–phenotype correlations exist for patients with identified pathogenic mutations, underlining the need to undertake a systematic but adjusted multidisciplinary assessment.
Behavioral characterization of dup15q syndrome: Toward meaningful endpoints for clinical trials
Authors: DiStefano Charlotte , Wilson Rujuta B. , Hyde Carly , Cook Edwin H. , Thibert Ronald L. , Reiter Lawrence T. , Vogel‐Farley Vanessa , Hipp Joerg , Jeste Shafali
Published: October 2019

Duplication of 15q11.2‐q13.1 (dup15q syndrome) is one of the most common copy number variations associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and intellectual disability (ID). As with many neurogenetic conditions, accurate behavioral assessment is challenging due to the level of impairment and heterogeneity across individuals. Large‐scale phenotyping studies are necessary to inform future clinical trials in this and similar ID syndromes. This study assessed developmental and behavioral characteristics in a large cohort of children with dup15q syndrome, and examined differences based on genetic subtype and epilepsy status. Participants included 62 children (2.5–18 years). Across individuals, there was a wide range of abilities. Although adaptive behavior was strongly associated with cognitive ability, adaptive abilities were higher than cognitive scores. Measures of ASD symptoms were associated with cognitive ability, while parent report of challenging behavior was not. Both genetic subtype and epilepsy were related to degree of impairment across cognitive, language, motor, and adaptive domains. Children with isodicentric duplications and epilepsy showed the greatest impairment, while children with interstitial duplications showed the least. On average, participants with epilepsy experienced seizures over 53% of their lives, and half of children with epilepsy had infantile spasms. Parents of children with isodicentric duplications reported more concerns regarding challenging behaviors. Future trials in ID syndromes should employ a flexible set of assessments, allowing each participant to receive assessments that capture their skills. Multiple sources of information should be considered, and the impact of language and cognitive ability should be taken into consideration when interpreting results.
Prenatal and perinatal history in Kabuki Syndrome
Authors: Rosenberg Chen E. , Daly Tara , Hung Christina , Hsueh Irene , Lindsley Andrew W. , Bodamer Olaf
Published: October 2019

Kabuki syndrome (KS) is a disorder of epigenetic dysregulation due to heterozygous mutations in KMT2D or KDM6A, genes encoding a lysine‐specific methyltransferase or demethylase, respectively. The phenotype is highly variable, including congenital cardiac and renal anomalies, developmental delay, hypotonia, failure to thrive, short stature, and immune dysfunction. All affected individuals have characteristic facial features. As KS natural history has not been fully delineated, limited information exists on its prenatal and perinatal history. Two tertiary centers collected retrospective data from individuals with KS (N = 49) using a questionnaire followed by review of medical records. Data from 49 individuals (age range: 7 months–33 years; 37% male; 36 with KMT2D mutations, 2 with KDM6A mutations, and 11 diagnosed clinically) were examined. Polyhydramnios affected 16 of 39 (41%) pregnancies. Abnormal quad screens in four out of nine (44%) pregnancies and reduced placental weights also complicated KS pregnancies. These data comprise the first large dataset on prenatal and perinatal history in individuals with confirmed (genetically or clinically) KS. Over a third of pregnancies were complicated by polyhydramnios, possibly secondary to abnormal craniofacial structures and functional impairment of swallowing. The differential diagnosis for polyhydramnios in the absence of intrauterine growth retardation should include KS.
Palladium‐Catalyzed [2+2+1] Spiroannulation via Alkyne‐Directed Remote C−H Arylation and Subsequent Arene Dearomatization
Authors: Zuo Zhijun , Wang Jing , Liu Jingjing , Wang Yaoyu , Luan Xinjun
Published: October 2019

Palladium‐catalyzed alkene‐directed cross‐coupling of aryl iodide with another aryl halide through C−H arylation opens a unique avenue for unsymmetrical biaryl‐derived molecules. However, homo‐coupling of aryl iodides often erodes the overall synthetic efficiency. Reported herein is a highly chemoselective Pd0‐catalyzed alkyne‐directed cross‐coupling of aryl iodides with bromophenols, which was subsequently followed by phenol dearomatization to furnish a very attractive [2+2+1] spiroannulation. Notably, possible homo‐coupling of aryl iodides was not observed at all. Mechanistic studies indicated that a five‐membered aryl/vinyl palladacycle most likely accounts for promoting the key step of biaryl cross‐coupling.
Li[LiCs2Cl][Ga3S6]: A Nanoporous Framework of GaS4 Tetrahedra with Excellent Nonlinear Optical Performance
Authors: Liu Bin‐Wen , Jiang Xiao‐Ming , Li Bing‐Xuan , Zeng Hui‐Yi , Guo Guo‐Cong
Published: October 2019

A large nonlinear optical (NLO) coefficient and a wide band gap are two crucial but contradictory parameters that are difficult to achieve simultaneously in a single infrared (IR) NLO compound. A salt‐inclusion chalcogenide (SIC), Li[LiCs2Cl][Ga3S6] (1), was prepared that presents a nanosized tunnel framework constructed from monotype chalcogenide tetrahedra. Highly oriented covalent GaS4 tetrahedra in the host lead to a moderate second harmonic generation response (0.7 AgGaS2), and ionic guests effectively broaden the band gap to the widest value (4.18 eV) among all IR NLO chalcogenides, thereby achieving a remarkable balance between NLO efficiency and band gap.
AuNPs composites of gelatin hydrogels crosslinked by ferrocene‐containing polymer as recyclable supported catalysts
Authors: Long Yanru , Song Bin , Shi Chutong , Liu Wentao , Gu Haibin
Published: October 2019

To fabricate a recyclable supported catalyst based on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and gelatin hydrogel (HG) composites, a ferrocene (Fc)‐containing tetrablock copolymer [P(NCHO‐b‐NFc‐b‐NTEG‐b‐NCHO)] was used as both reducing and stabilizing agents for AuNPs and as a crosslinker for HG. First, the effects of Fc‐containing polymers, including homopolymer PNFc and copolymer P(NCHO‐b‐NFc‐b‐NTEG‐b‐NCHO), and different solvent systems on the morphology and aggregation of AuNPs were examined by using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering. Second, two strategies (blending and soaking) were applied to prepare different AuNPs/HG composites (AuNPs‐HG), and their structure and properties were studied by using various techniques including scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and thermogravimetry. Finally, the catalytic performance and reusability of AuNPs‐HG‐1 (via blending) and AuNPs‐HG‐2 (via soaking) were evaluated utilizing the model catalytic reduction of 4‐nitrophenol to 4‐aminophenol by NaBH4. Results indicated that P(NCHO‐b‐NFc‐b‐NTEG‐b‐NCHO) dissolved in N,N‐dimethylformamide was the optimal reductant and stabilizer to prepare AuNPs. The in situ reduction of AuIII ions to Au0 particles was very essential for the fabrication of AuNPs‐HG in terms of hydrogel pore size, Au0 distribution and immobilization stability, and hydrogel thermal stability. Due to the stronger interactions among AuNPs, P(NCHO‐b‐NFc‐b‐NTEG‐b‐NCHO), and gelatin molecules in the blending strategy, AuNPs‐HG‐1 showed better mechanical stability and catalytic performance and more reusing cycles than AuNPs‐HG‐2. This work highlights the design and fabrication of robust recyclable supported AuNP catalyst by using eco‐friendly Fc‐containing HGs. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 137, 48653.
Detection of differentiated changes in gray matter in children with progressive hydrocephalus and chronic compensated hydrocephalus using voxel‐based morphometry and machine learning
Authors: Li Yongxin , Tan Zhen , Wang Ya , Wang Yanfang , Li Ding , Chen Qian , Huang Wenhua
Published: October 2019

Currently, no neuroimaging study has reported the detection of specific imaging biomarkers that distinguish the progressive hydrocephalus (PH) and chronic compensated hydrocephalus (CH). Our main focus is to evaluate the different structural changes in classifying the two types of hydrocephalus children. Twenty‐two children with hydrocephalus (12 PHs and 10 CHs) and 30 age‐matched healthy controls were enrolled and the T1‐weighted imaging was collected in the study. A customized voxel‐based morphometry (VBM) approach and support vector machine (SVM) were combined to investigate the structural changes and group classification. Comparing with the controls and CH, PH groups invariably showed a significant decrease of GM volume in the bilateral hippocampus/parahippocampus, insula, and motor‐related areas. SVM applied to the GM volumes of bilateral hippocampus/parahippocampus, insula, and motor‐related areas correctly identified hydrocephalus children from normal controls with a statistically significant accuracy of 88.46% (p ≤ .001). In addition, SVM applied to GM volumes of the same regions correctly identified PH from CH with a statistically significant accuracy of 77.27% (p ≤ .009). Using VBM analysis, we characterized and visualized the GM changes in children with hydrocephalus. Machine learning results further confirmed that a significant decrease of the bilateral hippocampus/parahippocampus, insula, and motor‐related GM volume can serve as a specific neuroimaging index to distinguish the children with PH from the children with CH and controls at individual. The findings could help to aid the identification of individuals with PH in clinical practice.
A spectrum of approaches to health information interaction: From avoidance to verification
Authors: Costello Kaitlin L. , Veinot Tiffany C.
Published: October 2019

People respond to illness in a range of ways, and take different approaches to engaging with health information throughout the course of their illness. This study describes and explains the variety of approaches to health information interactions made by patients on hemodialysis. Ethnographic observations (156 hours) were conducted in three hemodialysis clinics, and semistructured interviews about health information were held with 28 patients. Demographic data were collected. Data were analyzed qualitatively. We found a spectrum of five approaches to health information: avoiders, who close themselves off from health information; receivers, who encounter information in the dialysis clinic but do not seek it out; askers, who only pose questions about health to their healthcare providers but otherwise do not seek; seekers, who actively look for health information both in and out of the clinic; and verifiers, who seek information and triangulate it among multiple sources. Trust in healthcare providers and coping sociality differed across approaches. The findings indicate that health information should be provided to patients using strategies tailored to their preferences and existing approaches to information interaction.
Differential contribution of possible pattern‐recognition receptors to advanced glycation end product–induced cellular responses in macrophage‐like RAW264.7 cells
Authors: Watanabe Masahiro , Toyomura Takao , Wake Hidenori , Liu Keyue , Teshigawara Kiyoshi , Takahashi Hideo , Nishibori Masahiro , Mori Shuji
Published: October 2019

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are considered to be related to the pathogenesis of some inflammatory diseases. AGEs were reported to stimulate the receptor for AGEs (RAGE), which causes inflammatory reactions. However, recently, toll‐like receptors (TLRs), in addition to RAGE, have been reported to be related to AGE‐mediated cellular responses, and it remains unclear which receptor is responsible for AGE recognition. To reveal the role of pattern‐recognition receptors, including TLRs and/or RAGE, in AGE‐mediated cellular responses, we generated macrophage‐like RAW264.7 knockout (KO) cells lacking these receptors by genome editing using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and assessed AGE‐stimulated changes in these cells. Comparison of the established clones suggested that RAGE partially affects the expression of TLRs. In the KO clone lacking TLR4 and TLR2, AGE‐stimulated tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) expression and phosphorylation of IκBα, p38, and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) were significantly attenuated, suggesting that AGE‐mediated responses are largely dependent on TLRs. On the other hand, on comparison of the AGE‐stimulated responses between the KO clone lacking TLR4 and TLR2, and the clone lacking TLR4, TLR2, and RAGE, RAGE played little role in AGE‐stimulated TNF‐α transcription and ERK phosphorylation. Taken together, this study suggested that AGE‐stimulated inflammatory responses occur mainly through TLRs rather than RAGE.
A carbon footprint assessment of multi‐output biorefineries with international biomass supply: a case study for the Netherlands
Authors: Vera Ivan , Hoefnagels Ric , van der Kooij Aldert , Moretti Christian , Junginger Martin
Published: October 2019

The efficient use of lignocellulosic biomass for the production of advanced fuels and bio‐based materials has become increasingly relevant. In the EU, regulatory developments are stimulating the mobilization and production of bio‐based chemicals / materials and biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass. We used an attributional life‐cycle assessment approach based on region‐specific characteristics to determine the greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) performance of different supply‐chain configurations with internationally sourced lignocellulosic biomass (stem wood, forest residues, sawmill residues, and sugarcane bagasse) from the USA, the Baltic States (BS), and Brazil (BR) for the simultaneous production of lactide and ethanol in a biorefinery located in the Netherlands (NL). The results are compared with a biorefinery that uses locally cultivated sugar beets. We also compared GHG emissions savings from the supply‐chain configurations with the minimum GHG saving requirements in the revised Renewable Energy Directive (RED II) and relevant fossil‐based counterparts for bio‐based materials. The GHG emissions ‘from cradle to factory gate’ vary between 692 g CO2eq/kglactide
(sawmill residues pellets from the BS) and 1002 g CO2eq/kglactide
(sawmill chips from the USA) for lactide and between 15 g CO2eq/MJethanol
(sawmill residues pellets from the BS) and 28 g CO2eq/MJethanol
(bagasse pellets from BR) for ethanol. Upstream GHG emissions from the conversion routes have a relatively small impact compared with biomass conversion to lactide and ethanol. The use of woody biomass yields better GHG emissions performance for the conversion system than sugarcane bagasse or sugar beets as result of the higher lignin content that is used to generate electricity and heat internally for the system. Only the sugar beet from the NL production route is able to comply with RED II GHG savings criteria (65% by 2021). The GHG savings from polylactide acid (a derivate of lactic acid) are high and vary depending on choice of fossil‐based counterpart, with the highest savings reported when compared to polystyrene (PS). These high savings are mostly attributed to the negative emission credit from the embedded carbon in the materials. Several improvement options along the conversion routes were explored. Efficient feedstock supply chains (including pelletization and large ocean vessels) also allow for long‐distance transportation of biomass and conversion in large‐scale biorefineries close to demand centers with similar GHG performance to biorefineries with a local biomass supply. © 2019 The Authors. Biofuels, Bioproducts, and Biorefining published by Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synergistic effects of flow and interfaces on antibody aggregation
Authors: Grigolato Fulvio , Arosio Paolo
Published: October 2019

During the manufacturing process, solutions of protein‐based drugs are exposed to hydrodynamic forces, which can potentially affect protein stability and aggregation. Despite being an area of extensive investigation, the effect of hydrodynamic flow on protein aggregation is still controversial. In this study, we designed an experimental setup that allowed us to investigate flow‐ and interface‐induced protein aggregation of two model immunoglobulins in the presence of well‐defined flow stresses and solid–liquid interfaces. Within the range of shear rates typically encountered in bioprocessing (), we observed that increasing the shear rate by three orders of magnitude had a negligible effect on protein aggregation. By contrast, changes in the materials of the syringe barrels had a dramatic effect on the monomer loss, demonstrating the key role of solid–liquid interfaces in flow‐induced aggregation. This finding was confirmed by the observed inverse dependence of the aggregation rate on the initial protein concentration, which is inconsistent with mechanisms of protein aggregation in bulk solution. Overall, our results reveal the presence of a synergistic effect of interfaces and hydrodynamic flow in flow‐induced protein aggregation, which arises from the formation of protein particles or films on interfaces followed by displacement by flow or mechanical scraping.
Biocatalytic properties of cell surface display laccase for degradation of emerging contaminant acetaminophen in water reclamation
Authors: Wu Ying , Chen Yingying , Wei Na
Published: October 2019

The surface display laccase (SDL) biocatalyst, where the enzyme laccase is displayed on the surface of biological cells through synthetic biology, provides a new opportunity to develop sustainable technologies for removal of emerging contaminants from wastewater. This study vigorously characterized biocatalytic properties of the SDL in comparison to free laccase in removing emerging contaminant acetaminophen (APAP), with the aim to understand the effect of surface display on enzyme functionality and identify the strategy to overcome the potential limitation. The SDL could effectively remove APAP. Adding redox mediators substantially improved the removal efficiency. The Michaelis–Menten kinetic analysis showed that the redox mediator 2,2‐azinobis‐3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonate could overcome the limitation of APAP accessing the active site of laccase in the SDL biocatalyst. The APAP removal rate catalyzed by the SDL in real secondary wastewater effluent was higher than that in acetate buffer; comprehensive enzyme kinetic analysis provided clear evidence that there were redox mediating compounds in the wastewater. Analysis of transformation products revealed that surface display did not change laccase functionality in terms of APAP transformation mechanism. In addition, the SDL retained 88% of the initial activity after six repeated APAP biotransformation reactions. Results from this study provide a scientific basis for developing and implementing SDL as an innovative biocatalytic material for contaminant treatment applications.
Decision-making by the NICE Interventional Procedures Advisory Committee
Authors: Carroll C , Dickson R , Boland A , Houten R , Walton M
Published: October 2019

Background

This study explored the evidence base for recommendations by the National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE) Interventional Procedures Advisory Committee, the only NICE committee not to consider cost. The four potential recommendations are: Standard Arrangements (can be performed as routine practice in the NHS); Special Arrangements (can be done under certain conditions); Research Only; and Do Not Do.

Methods

Quantitative content analysis of data extracted from all published Interventional Procedure Guidance (IPG) for 2003–2018 (n = 496) was undertaken. All data were extracted independently by two researchers; disagreements were clarified by consensus. Data were tabulated, descriptive statistics produced, and regression analyses performed.

Results

The proportion of IPGs by recommendation was: 50·0 per cent Standard Arrangements; 37·2 per cent Special Arrangements; 11·1 per cent Research Only; and 1·6 per cent Do Not Do. There was a clear trend over time: the proportion of recommendations for Standard Arrangements decreased, whereas the evidence threshold increased. Adjusted mean numbers of patients in the evidence base by recommendation type were: Standard, 4867; Special, 709; Research Only, 386. Regression analyses confirmed that the year of recommendation, numbers of patients and levels of evidence all affected the likely recommendation.

Conclusion

This study suggests that the likelihood of achieving the most positive recommendation (Standard Arrangements) is decreasing, and that this is most likely due to evidential requirements becoming more demanding. These findings are distinct from those reported for other NICE committees, for which the cost and statistical superiority of new therapies are among the drivers of recommendations.
Promotion of a quality standard for Porana sinensis Hemsl. based on the efficacy‐oriented Effect‐Constituent Index
Authors: Chen Zhiyong , Wang Mengmeng , Yang Yuanyuan , Cui Xiaomin , Hu Jing , Li Ye , Zhao Feng
Published: October 2019

Multicompound determination for the quality control of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) may often be inadequate, since these compounds may not be associated with, or fully represent, the clinical effects of TCM. Moreover, the individual contributions of each constituent to the pharmacological effect are often not considered. In China, Porana sinensis is widely used as a substitute for Erycibe sources to treat joint pain and rheumatoid arthritis. The existing quality control methods for P. sinensis neither consider the individual contributions of various compounds nor control the actual quality associated with different clinical efficacies. In the present study, a novel efficacy‐oriented approach, named the effect‐constituent index (ECI), was established for P. sinensis. Analyses of the spectrum–effect relationship and components in rat plasma were conducted to systematically and scientifically select quality markers. Quantitative analysis of multicomponents via a single marker method was introduced to enhance the practical application value of the established ECI. The established ECI shows a good ability to distinguish and predict the bioeffect‐based quality of P. sinensis. The present study also provides a reference for the establishment and application of ECI as a quality control method for TCMs.
Inhibitory Effect of Supercritical Extracts from Arctium lappa L. on the Lectin Pathway of the Complement System
Authors: Bavia Lorena , Dias Fontana Pâmela , Bovo Fernanda , de Souza Ariádine Reder C. , Corazza Marcos Lúcio , Messias‐Reason Iara Jose
Published: October 2019

The complement system participates in host defense by eliminating microorganisms and triggering inflammation. However, insufficient control or exacerbated complement activation contributes to inflammatory diseases. Since promising antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activities have been identified in Arctium lappa L. extracts, this study aims to explore the effect of A. lappa extracts on the lectin pathway (LP) of complement activation. Four extracts were obtained by supercritical extraction using scCO2 with or without ethanol as co‐solvent, at different temperatures and pressures (E1: 2.2 mg/mL, E2: 2.6 mg/mL and E3: 2.0 mg/mL, E4: 1.5 mg/mL). To evaluate the effect of A. lappa extracts on the LP activation, an ELISA assay using mannose binding lectin pathway of complement was carried out with C4 detection. All extracts showed a concentration‐dependent inhibitory effect on the activation of complement by the LP. The following IC50 were observed for E1, E2, E3 and E4: 179.4 μg/mL, 74.69 μg/mL, 119.1 μg/mL and 72.19 μg/mL, respectively. Our results suggest that A. lappa extracts are potential candidates for the treatment of inflammatory disorders that are complement‐related.
Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production by Boron Modified TiO2/Carbon Nitride Heterojunctions
Authors: Christoforidis Konstantinos C. , Montini Tiziano , Fittipaldi Maria , Jaén Juan José Delgado , Fornasiero Paolo
Published: October 2019

Boron‐doped anatase TiO2 particles were effectively coupled with carbon nitride (CN) forming nanocomposites. The materials were fully characterized by DR‐UV‐Vis, N2 adsorption‐desorption isotherms, XRD, Raman, FTIR, TGA, XPS, TEM, electron energy loss spectroscopy, photoluminescence, and electron paramagnetic spectroscopy (EPR) spectroscopy. The developed heterojunctions were applied as photocatalysts for hydrogen (H2) evolution by the photoreforming process of ethanol under solar irradiation, using minimal amount of Pt nanoparticles (0.1 wt. %) as co‐catalyst. The effects of boron addition and CN content were evaluated and optimized nanocomposite presented 85 % increase in H2 evolution compared with the pure anatase TiO2 catalyst. The observed higher H2 evolution rates were ascribed to improvements in charge formation and separation efficiency due to the B‐dopant and the presence of CN.
High‐Performance and Ultra‐Stable Aqueous Supercapacitors Based on a Green and Low‐Cost Water‐In‐Salt Electrolyte
Authors: Guo Junhong , Ma Yalan , Zhao Kun , Wang Yue , Yang Baoping , Cui Jinfeng , Yan Xingbin
Published: October 2019

The emergence of “water‐in‐salt” carbon‐based supercapacitors presents great potential for further improving the energy density, owing to the extended electrochemical stability window. However, not only low conductivity and high viscosity hinder the superior rate performance, but also the high cost of salts limits their commercialization. Here, we report a low‐cost concentrated sodium nitrate electrolyte for high‐performance and ultra‐stable supercapacitors, based on good electrochemical stability, high conductivity, and low viscosity. In the wide operation voltage range of 0–2.1 V, the constructed symmetric supercapacitor based on commercial active carbon exhibits a high specific capacitance of 32.68 F g−1 at 1 A g−1. Moreover, superior rate capability (83 % capacitance retention from 1 to 20 A g−1) and excellent cycle stability (90 % capacitance retention after 9000 cycles) are also demonstrated. Consequently, this electrolyte system could be the most attractive candidate for promising carbon‐based supercapacitors to further improve the energy density.
CN‐Modified Imidazopyridine as a New Electron Accepting Unit of Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescent Emitters
Authors: Kothavale Shantaram , Lee Kyung Hyung , Lee Jun Yeob
Published: October 2019

Two efficient thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) emitters were developed by utilizing CN‐modified imidazopyridine as an acceptor unit. The CN‐modified imidazopyridine acceptor was combined with either an acridine donor or a phenoxazine donor through a phenyl linker to produce two TADF emitters, Ac‐CNImPy and PXZ‐CNImPy. The acridine‐based Ac‐CNImPy emitter exhibited sky‐blue emission with a CIE coordinate of (0.18, 0.38), whereas the phenoxazine‐donor‐based PXZ‐CNImPy showed greenish‐yellow emission with a CIE coordinate of (0.32, 0.58). A high photoluminescence quantum yield of 80 % was observed for the PXZ‐CNImPy emitter compared with 40 % for the Ac‐CNImPy emitter. Organic light‐emitting diodes based on the PXZ‐CNImPy emitter demonstrated high external quantum efficiency of 17.0 %. Hence, the CN‐modified imidazopyridine unit can be considered as a useful electron acceptor for the future design of highly efficient TADF emitters.
The Game of Electrons: Organocatalytic Higher‐Order Cycloadditions Involving Fulvene‐ and Tropone‐Derived Systems
Authors: Frankowski Sebastian , Romaniszyn Marta , Skrzyńska Anna , Albrecht Łukasz
Published: October 2019

The great progress that took place in the field of higher‐order cycloadditions involving fulvene‐ and tropone‐derived systems in the last few years is astonishing. By application of organocatalytic activation modes, new higher‐order reactivities have been identified and described in the literature. These approaches take advantage of the high reliability of organocatalysis, at the same time expanding its potential and paving new directions for its further evolution. In this Minireview, the progress in the field of organocatalytic higher‐order cycloadditions involving fulvene‐ and tropone‐derived systems is summarized and insights into mechanistic aspects of the developed reactivities are provided. Furthermore, the discussion on the nomenclatural issues related to cycloaddition reactions has been conducted and solutions to clarify the picture proposed.
Color‐emotion associations in interiors
Authors: Güneş Elif , Olguntürk Nilgün
Published: October 2019

Emotional reactions to red, green, blue, and gray colors in a living room were investigated using a self‐report measure. Participants first watched a short video of a 3D model of a living room. Next, they were asked to match the living rooms with facial expressions of six basic emotions. The most stated emotions associated for the red room were disgust and happiness, while the least stated emotions were sadness, fear, anger, and surprise; for the green room, neutral and happiness were the most stated emotions, and anger, surprise, fear, and sadness were the least stated ones; for the blue room, neutral was the most stated emotion, while the least stated emotions were anger and surprise. Neutral, disgust, and sadness were the most stated emotions for the gray room. Gender differences were not found in human emotional reactions to living rooms with different wall colors.
Dual Stimuli‐Responsive Controlled Release Nanocarrier for Multidrug Resistance Cancer Therapy
Authors: Jiao Xiangyu , Wang Zemin , Wang Fang , Wen Yongqiang
Published: October 2019

Multidrug resistance of cancer cells is a major obstacle for cancer chemotherapy. Herein, we present a nanocarrier that can release chemotherapeutic agents to induce tumor cell death and generate NO under NIR to overcome multidrug resistance in cancer chemotherapy. Owing to the unique structure of the water channel in this controlled release system for chemotherapeutic agents, the nanocarrier surface is equipped with more active sites to graft NO donor molecules. The released NO performs very well in reversing multidrug resistance by inhibiting P‐gp expression. Our findings provide new insight into multidrug resistance cancer therapy and controlled release nanocarriers for multiple drugs.
Copper(II) Coordination Abilities of the Tau Protein's N‐Terminus Peptide Fragments: A Combined Potentiometric, Spectroscopic and Mass Spectrometric Study
Authors: Lukács Márton , Szunyog Györgyi , Grenács Ágnes , Lihi Norbert , Kállay Csilla , Di Natale Giuseppe , Campagna Tiziana , Lanza Valeria , Tabbi Giovanni , Pappalardo Giuseppe , Sóvágó Imre , Várnagy Katalin
Published: October 2019

Copper(II) complexes of the N‐terminal peptide fragments of tau protein have been studied by potentiometric and various spectroscopic techniques (UV‐vis, CD, ESR and ESI‐MS). The octapeptide Tau(9‐16) (Ac−EVMEDHAG−NH2) contains the H14 residue of the native protein, while Tau(26‐33) (Ac−QGGYTMHQ−NH2) and its mutants Tau(Q26K‐Q33K) (Ac−KGGYTMHK−NH2) and Tau(Q26K‐Y29A‐Q33K) (Ac−KGGATMHK−NH2) include the H32 residue. To compare the binding ability of H14 and H32 in a single molecule the decapeptide Ac−EDHAGTMHQD−NH2 (Tau(12‐16)(30‐34)) has also been synthesized and studied. The histidyl residue is the primary metal binding site for metal ions in all the peptide models studied. In the case of Tau(9‐16) the side chain carboxylate functions enhance the stability of the M−Nim coordinated complexes compared to Tau(26‐33) (logK(Cu−Nim)=5.04 and 3.78, respectively). Deprotonation and metal ion coordination of amide groups occur around the physiological pH range for copper(II). The formation of the imidazole‐ and amide‐coordinated species changes the metal ion preference and the complexes formed with the peptides containing the H32 residue predominate over those of H14 at physiological pH values (90 %–10 %) and in alkaline samples (96 %–4 %).
Two‐Dimensional Materials for High‐Energy Solid‐State Asymmetric Pseudocapacitors with High Mass Loadings
Authors: Chodankar Nilesh R. , Patil Swati J. , Rama Raju Ganji Seeta , Lee Dong Weon , Dubal Deepak P. , Huh Yun Suk , Han Young‐Kyu
Published: October 2019

A porous nanostructure and high mass loading are crucial for a pseudocapacitor to achieve a good electrochemical performance. Although pseudocapacitive materials, such as MnO2 and MoS2, with record capacitances close to their theoretical values have been realized, the achieved capacitances are possible only when the electrode mass loading is less than 1 mg cm−2. Increasing the mass loading affects the capacitance as electron conduction and ion diffusion become sluggish. Achieving fast ion and electron transport at high mass loadings through all active sites remains a challenge for high‐mass‐loading electrodes. In this study, 2D MnO2 nanosheets supported on carbon fibers (MnO2@CF) as well as MoS2@CF with high mass loadings (6.6 and 7.2 mg cm−2, respectively) were used in a high‐energy pseudocapacitor. These hierarchical 2D nanosheets yielded outstanding areal capacitances of 1187 and 495 mF cm−2 at high current densities with excellent cycling stabilities. A pliable pseudocapacitive solid‐state asymmetric supercapacitor was designed using MnO2@CF and MoS2@CF as the positive and negative electrodes, respectively, with a high mass loading of 14.2 mg cm−2. The assembled solid‐state asymmetric cell had an energy density of 2.305 mWh cm−3 at a power density of 50 mW cm−3 and a capacitance retention of 92.25 % over 11 000 cycles and a very small diffusion resistance (1.72 Ω s−1/2). Thus, it is superior to most state‐of‐the‐art reported pseudocapacitors. The rationally designed nanostructured electrodes with high mass loading are likely to open up new opportunities for the development of a supercapacitor device capable of supplying higher energy and power.