bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some Results on Uniform Arithmetic Circuit Complexity
Authors: Frandsen Gudmund Skovbjerg , Valence Mark , Barrington David Mix
Published: February 2016

We introduce a natural set of arithmetic expressions and define the complexity class AE to consist of all those arithmetic functions (over the fields F_(2)n) that are described by these expressions. We show that AE coincides with the class of functions that are computable with constant depth and polynomial size unbounded fan-in arithmetic circuits satisfying a natural uniformity constraint (DLOGTIME-uniformity). A 1-input and 1-output arithmetic function over the fields F_(2)n may be identified with an n-input and an n-output Boolean function when field elements are represented as bit strings. We prove that if some such representation is X-uniform (where X is P or DLOGTIME) then the arithmetic complexity of a function (measured with X-uniform unbounded fan-in arithmetic circuits) is identical to the Boolean complexity of this function (measured with X-uniform threshold circuits). We show the existence of a P-uniform representation and we give partial results concerning the existence of representations with more restrictive uniformity properties.
A Modal Characterisation of Distributed Bisimulation
Authors: Christensen Søren
Published: February 2016

In this paper we consider the distributed bisimulation equivalence defined by Hennessy and Castellani and later developed by Castellani. We present a logic in the style of Hennessy-Milner logic to charaterize the equivalence, i.e. we seek a logic such that whenever two processes are distributed bisimulation equivalent, they satisfy the same set of formulae and vice versa. Furthermore, for a small subset of CCS we provide a proof system which is shown to be sound and complete. The proof system is structural both in the structure of formulae and in the structure of processes. For the case of parallel composition of processes we present inference rules defined via a new combinator introduced. The combinator in question is left merge, a special kind of parallel composition in which the left operand has precedence over the other and must perform the first action observed.
Parallel Construction of Irreducible Polynomials
Authors: Frandsen Gudmund Skovbjerg
Published: February 2016

Let arithmetic pseudo-NC^k denote the problems that can be solved by log space uniform arithmetic circuits over the finite prime field GF(p) of depth O(log^k (n + p)) and size polynomial in (n + p). We show that the problem of constructing an irreducible polynomial of specified degree over GF(p) belongs to pseudo-NC^2.5. We prove that the problem of constructing an irreducible polynomial of specified degree over GF(p) whose roots are guaranteed to form a normal basis for the corresponding field extension pseudo-NC^2 -reduces to the problem of factor refinement. We show that factor refinement of polynomials is in arithmetic NC^3. Our algorithm works over any field and compared to other known algorithms it does not assume the ability to take p'th roots when the field has characteristic p.
Probabilistic Construction of Normal Basis
Authors: Frandsen Gudmund Skovbjerg
Published: February 2016

Let GF(q) be the finite field with q elements. A normal basis polynomial f in GF(q)[x] of degree n is an irreducible polynomial, whose roots form a (normal) basis for the field extension (GF(q^n) : GF(q). We show that a normal basis polynomial of degree n can be found in expected time O(n^(2 + varepsilon) . log(q) + n^(3 + varepsilon) $, when an arithmetic operation and the generation of a random constant in the field GF(q) cost unit time.

 

Given some basis B = alpha_1, alpha_2,..., alpha_n for the field extension GF(qn) : GF(q) together with an algorithm for multiplying two elements in the B-representation in time O(n^beta), we can find a normal basis for this extension and express it in terms of B in expected time O(n^(1 + beta + varepsilon) € log(q) + n^(3 + varepsilon).
ApplBuilder: An Object-Oriented Application Generator Supporting Rapid Prototyping
Authors: Grønbæk Kaj , Hviid Anette , Trigg Randall H.
Published: February 2016

This paper describes an object-oriented application generator, APPLBUILDER, currently being developed in the Mjølner BETA programming environment. APPLBUILDER supports several rapid prototyping styles as well as final development of BETA applications. User interface objects such as dialogs, menus, and windows are designed using direct manipulation graphical editors. Actions behind buttons and menu items are programmed as ''scripts'' in textual editors activated from within a graphical editor. The editors reflect changes in the code directly in an underlying Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) thus saving compilation time. Moreover, generated applications are modularized so that editing, for instance the script for a button, only requires re-compilation of the script itself. An advantage of APPLBUILDER compared to other user-interface design tools such as HyperCard is that APPLBUILDER's scripts are embedded in a general purpose programming language making it possible to avoid calls to external routines written in another language. In addition, APPLBUILDER's ability to work with ASTs instead of textual code skeletons supports reverse engineering.
Correctness Preserving Transformations on a Multipass Occam Compiler
Authors: Glindtvad Karin , Nielson Hanne Riis
Published: February 2016

The verification of a compiler may be a substantial task. However, by introducing correctness preserving program transformations some automated assistance becomes available. The idea is to specify an initial multipass compiler, to verify it in the usual way and then, while preserving the overall correctness result, to transform it into a more efficient single pass compiler. This transformation process may be performed using the fold/unfold framework of Burstall and Darlington and automation is provided by the Flagship Programming Environment. We illustrate this transformation process on a compiler for a subset of Occam.
Polyvariant Analysis of the Untyped Lambda Calculus
Authors: Palsberg Jens , Schwartzbach Michael I.
Published: February 2016

We present a polyvariant closure, safety, and binding time analysis for the untyped lambda calculus. The innovation is to analyze each abstraction afresh at all syntactic application points. This is achieved by a semantics-preserving program transformation followed by a novel monovariant analysis, expressed using type constraints. The constraints are solved in cubic time by a single fixed-point computation.

Safety analysis is aimed at determining if a term will cause an error during evaluation. We have recently proved that the monovariant safety analysis accepts strictly more terms than simple type inference. This paper demonstrates that the polyvariant transformation makes even more terms acceptable, even some without higher-order polymorphic types. Furthermore, polyvariant binding time analysis can improve the partial evaluators that base a polyvariant specialization on only monovariant binding time analysis.
Towards a Modular Analysis of Coloured Petri Nets
Authors: Christensen Søren , Petrucci Laure
Published: February 2016

The use of different High-level Petri net formalisms has made it possible to create Petri net models of large systems. Even though the use of such models allows the modeller to create compact representations of data and action, the size of models has been increasing. A large model can make it difficult to handle the complexity of the modelling as well as the analysis of the total model. It is well-known that the use of a modular approach to modelling has a lot of advantages. A modular approach allows the modeller to consider different parts of the system independently of one another and also to reuse the same module in different systems. A modular approach to analysis is also attractive. It often dramatically decreases the complexity of the analysis task. In this paper, we present modular CP-nets. They are not intended to be used for practical modelling purposes, but they constitute a formal and general framework for discussing different ways of composing individual CP-nets called modules. Modular CP-nets allow us to study composition without restricting the structure of the individual modules. Modular CP-nets are quite simple and do not include syntactical sugar which is convenient and often necessary when modelling in practice. Instead, they have only a few but very general composition constructs. The main result of the paper is the possibility of composing analysis results of the individual modules, in order to obtain results which are valid for the entire modular CP-net. For this purpose, we introduce place invariants at the level of modular CP-nets and we show how such place invariants can be obtained from those of the individual modules. The reader of this paper is assumed to be familiar with the basic definitions of CP-nets and the concept of place invariants. But it is not necessary to be familiar with hierarchical CP-nets.
The Mentor Project Model: A Model for Experimental Development of Contract Software
Authors: Thomsen Kristine Stougård
Published: February 2016

The Mentor project model supports experimental development of contract software. The application area is interactive information systems, i.e. systems closely integrated with user work practice:

The Mentor project model is a spiral model with iteration of activities such as (re-)design, estimation and negotiation, development and evaluation of prototypes. End-users are actively involved in design and evaluation. Repeated estimation and negotiation activities based on a calculation model for estimating system extent ensure that growth in extent is made visible and is subject to explicit decisions balancing use quality of the system with cost and schedule. The project model defines how to share the cost of experimentation between customer and supplier.

The project model is in current use and has been successfully used in several large projects during the last 6 years. This paper contains a synthesis of the practical experiences gained through these projects and relates the project model to ongoing discussions of system development methodologies. The model contributes to the discussions by focusing on contract software and by giving elaborate suggestions for how to prototype large information systems with many users.
Some Interpolation Formulas for Approximating the Solution of the Heat Equation.
Authors: Shriver Bruce D.
Published: February 2016

Interpolation formulas of the form

 

u(x_*1 , ... ,x_(* n),t_*) ~= Sum_{i=1}^{N} A_i u(v_i1,...,v_in, t_i)

are presented. These formulas are based on the heat polynomials of Appell. The point (x_{* 1}, ... x_{* n}t_*) is in the interior of an (n+1) dimensional region, R_n+1, and the points (v_i1,...,v_in, t_i) are on the boundary of R_n+1. These formulas can be used to approximate the solution of the heat conduction problem in R_n+1. The relationship between formulas of the above type of deqree 2 in R_n+1 and the second degree harmonic interpolation formulas of Stroud, Chen, Wang, and Mao in R_n is persented. Some higher degree formulas for special regions in R_2 are also developed.
Methods for Updating the Singular Value Decomposition
Authors: Kaufman Linda
Published: February 2016

The linear least squares problem of minimizing ||Ax~ - b~||_(2) where A is an m X n matrix, m >= n, may be solved using the singular value decomposition in approximately 2mn^(3) + 4n^(3) multiplications. In this paper the problem of solving ||A'x~ - b~||_(2) is considered where A' results from deleting or adding a column to A. This might occur when a change is made in the model of a process. Instead of computing the singular value decomposition of A' from scratch, the singular value decomposition of A is updated. Since the updating require about 6n^(3) multiplications the algorithms are useful when m >> n. The problem of recalculation some or all of the singular values of a matrix A', which is obtained by deleting or adding a row or a column from a matrix A, whose singular value decomposition is known, is also studied.
Developmental Systems with Fragmentation
Authors: Rozenberg Grzegorz , Rouhonen K. , Salomaa Arto
Published: February 2016

The paper introduces a new class of L systems, where it is possible to continue derivations from certain specified subwords of the words obtained. Such L systems (called L systems with fragmentation or just JL systems) are of interest both from biological and formal language theory point of view. The paper deals with JL systems without interactions, discusses the basic properties of the language families obtained, as well as their position in the L hierarchy. Finalhy, two infinite hierarchies of language families are obtained by limited fragmentation, the notions being analogous to those of ultralinearity and finiteness of index for context-free languages.
Copying theorems
Authors: Engelfriet Joost
Published: February 2016

In this paper we examine the relations between various kinds of language families (string as well as tree language families) by using copying theorems of the following kind: Let f be some ''copy''-operator and (F_2 subset= F_1) two families of languages. If f (L) is in (F_1) then L and f (L) are in (F_2).

Published in Information Processing Letters, Vol. 4 (1976), pp. 157-161.
A Non-technical Description of the EGG Real-Time Sound Synthesizer
Authors: Manthey Michael J.
Published: February 2016

A functioning real-time digital sound synthesizer system, which includes a touch-sensitive 2 1/2 manual keyboard for performance and a screen for interactive development of sounds and registrations, is described. The sound-definition technique allows control over the dynamic aspects of the partial tones, including their individual amplitude and pitch development in time. Both harmonic and inharmonic over- and undertones are a part of the available possibilities. A user-friendly interface which presumes a minimum of knowledge on the part of the user allows these sounds to be distributed arbitrarily over the keyboard together with equally arbitrary scales.

Accepted for publication in Computers and the Humanities, 1977.
Implementation of the Delta Language Interrupt Concept within the Quasiparallel Environment of Simula
Authors: Kyng Morten
Published: February 2016

The paper introduces both the interrupt concept and the related concepts of time consuming and instantaneous actions as developed in the DELTA Project within a truly parallel environment.

It then discusses how to understand the concepts in a quasiparallel environment such as the class SIMULATION where one can only approximate continuous change.

Different implementation strategies are examined and their efficiency discussed.

DELTA Project Report, 6
Use of Design Criteria for Intermediate Languages
Authors: Madsen Ole Lehrmann , Kristensen Bent Bruun , Staunstrup Jørgen
Published: February 2016

A number of design criteria for intermediate languages are proposed. The intermediate language is viewed as an interface between the (syntax) analysis and the synthesis (code generation). To illustrate the ideas we propose an intermediate language for an existing high level language. The translation from the source language to the intermediate language is defined formally by an affix translation grammar.
Lower Bounds on the Complexity of Some Problems: Concerning L Systems
Authors: Jones Neil D. , Skyum Sven
Published: February 2016

This is the second of two papers on the complexity of deciding membership, emptiness and finiteness of four basic types of Lindenmayer systems: the ED0L, E0L, EDT0L and ET0L systems. For each problem and type of system we establish lower bounds on the time or memory required for solution by Turing machines, using reducibility techniques. These bounds, combined with the upper bounds of the preceding paper, show many of these problems to be complete for NP or PSPACE.
CONSTRUCT - et værktøj til systemudvikling. Rapport nr. 1
Authors: Jacobsen Ole , Quistgaard Claus
Published: February 2016

This report introduces a new method for use in the first phase of the system-work, and also a tool for design of the structure of the data model is described.

With background in Bachmann-diagrams and information graphs we have made a new graph - the CONSTRUCT graph. It can be used for description of the structure of the partial data models.

For construction of the total data model we have made a language - the CONSTRUCT language. A CONSTRUCT description is used for two purposes: 1) to make the total description contain the information from the graph, and 2) to add attributes to the description.

For more detailed description of the system, we will use the language DELTA. For that reason the CONSTRUCT language is very close to the DELTA language.

In the report we also describe a text analyser which checks consistence between partial descriptions and makes a total description. The compiler between CONSTRUCT and DELTA is sketched
Succinctness of Descriptions of Context-Free, Regular, and Finite Languages
Authors: Schmidt Erik Meineche
Published: February 2016

This thesis analyzes the descriptional power of finite automata, regular expressions, pushdown automata, and certain generalized models of macro grammars. For finite automata and pushdown automata the emphasis is on ambiguity. It is shown that ambiguous nondeterminism allows more succinct definitions than unambiguous nondeterminism which in turn allows more succinct definitions than determinism. The succinctness gain is nonrecursive for pda's and nonpolynomial for finite automata.

The succinctness of regular expressions and macro grammars is measured in terms of complexity theory. It is shown that the inequivalence problem for Ol macro grammars generating finite languages is hard for nondeterministic double exponential time, and that the ''nonemptiness of complement'' problem for unambiguous regular expressions is in NP. This implies that unambiguous regular expressions are ''easier'' than general regular expressions (unless NP is equal to PSPACE).
Self-aligned formation of the trench bottom shielding region in 4H-SiC trench gate MOSFET
Authors: Kojima Takahito , Harada Shinsuke , Kobayashi Yusuke , Sometani Mitsuru , Ariyoshi Keiko , Senzaki Junji , Takei Manabu , Tanaka Yasunori , Okumura Hajime
Published: February 2016

To suppress the electric field in the gate oxide in a trench gate MOSFET (UMOSFET) with small cell pitch, we developed a technique to form the p+ region using self-aligned ion implantation under the gate trench. To prevent Al+ injection into the trench sidewalls, conditions of thin oxide layer deposition and Al+ implantation were optimized by process simulation. The resulting SiC trench MOS capacitors exhibited long-term reliability, with no degradation in lifetime by the p+ shielding region, and a specific on-resistance of 9.4 mΩ cm2 with a blocking voltage of 3800 V was achieved in the UMOSFET.
Comparison of three clustering approaches for detecting novel environmental microbial diversity
Authors: Forster Dominik , Dunthorn Micah , Stoeck Thorsten , Mahé Frédéric
Published: February 2016

Discovery of novel diversity in high-throughput sequencing studies is an important aspect in environmental microbial ecology. To evaluate the effects that amplicon clustering methods have on the discovery of novel diversity, we clustered an environmental marine high-throughput sequencing dataset of protist amplicons together with reference sequences from the taxonomically curated Protist Ribosomal Reference (PR2) database using threede novoapproaches: sequence similarity networks, USEARCH, and Swarm. The potentially novel diversity uncovered by each clustering approach differed drastically in the number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and in the number of environmental amplicons in these novel diversity OTUs. Global pairwise alignment comparisons revealed that numerous amplicons classified as potentially novel by USEARCH and Swarm were more than 97% similar to references of PR2. Using shortest path analyses on sequence similarity network OTUs and Swarm OTUs we found additional novel diversity within OTUs that would have gone unnoticed without further exploiting their underlying network topologies. These results demonstrate that graph theory provides powerful tools for microbial ecology and the analysis of environmental high-throughput sequencing datasets. Furthermore, sequence similarity networks were most accurate in delineating novel diversity from previously discovered diversity.
Global miRNA expression is temporally correlated with acute kidney injury in mice
Authors: Cui Rui , Xu Jia , Chen Xiao , Zhu Wenliang
Published: February 2016

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are negative regulators of gene expression and protein abundance. Current evidence shows an association of miRNAs with acute kidney injury (AKI) leading to substantially increased morbidity and mortality. Here, we investigated whether miRNAs are inductive regulators responsible for the pathological development of AKI. Microarray analysis was used to detect temporal changes in global miRNA expression within 48 h after AKI in mice. Results indicated that global miRNA expression gradually increased over 24 h from ischemia reperfusion injury after 24 h, and then decreased from 24 h to 48 h. A similar trend was observed for the index of tubulointerstitial injury and the level of serum creatinine, and there was a significant correlation between the level of total miRNA expression and the level of serum creatinine (p< 0.05). This expression-phenotype correlation was validated by quantitative reverse transcription PCR on individual miRNAs, including miR-18a, -134, -182, -210 and -214. Increased global miRNA expression may lead to widespread translational repression and reduced cellular activity. Furthermore, significant inflammatory cytokine release and peritubular capillary loss were observed, suggesting that the initiation of systematic destruction programs was due to AKI. Our findings provide new understanding of the dominant role of miRNAs in promoting the pathological development of AKI.
Attitudes towards preventive tuberculosis treatment among hospital staff
Authors: Pathak Vidya , Harrington Zinta , Dobler Claudia C.
Published: February 2016

Background.Healthcare workers have an increased risk of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), but previous studies suggested that they might be reluctant to accept preventive tuberculosis (TB) treatment. We aimed to examine doctors’ and nurses’ experience of TB screening and to explore their attitudes towards preventive TB treatment.

Methods.We conducted a survey among randomly selected healthcare workers at a tertiary hospital in Sydney, Australia, using a paper-based questionnaire.

Results.A total of 1,304 questionnaires were distributed and 311 (24%) responses were received. The majority of hospital staff supported preventive TB treatment in health care workers with evidence of latent TB infection (LTBI) in general (74%, 164/223) and for them personally (81%, 198/244) while 80 and 53 healthcare workers respectively had no opinion on the topic. Staff working in respiratory medicine were significantly less likely to support preventive TB treatment in health care workers in general or for them personally if they would have evidence of LTBI compared to other specialties (p= 0.001). Only 13% (14/106) of respondents with evidence of LTBI indicated that they had been offered preventive TB treatment. Twenty-one percent (64/306) of respondents indicated that they did not know the difference between active and latent TB. Among staff who had undergone testing for LTBI, only 33% (75/230) felt adequately informed about the meaning of their test results.

Discussion.Hospital staff in general had positive attitudes towards preventive TB treatment, but actual treatment rates were low and perceived knowledge about LTBI was insufficient among a significant proportion of staff. The gap between high support for preventive TB treatment among staff and low treatment rates needs to be addressed. Better education on the concept of LTBI and the meaning of screening test results is required.
Effects of personal relevance and simulated darkness on the affective appraisal of a virtual environment
Authors: Toet Alexander , Houtkamp Joske M. , Vreugdenhil Paul E.
Published: February 2016

This study investigated whether personal relevance influences the affective appraisal of a desktop virtual environment (VE) in simulated darkness. In the real world, darkness often evokes thoughts of vulnerability, threat, and danger, and may automatically precipitate emotional responses consonant with those thoughts (fear of darkness). This influences the affective appraisal of a given environment after dark and the way humans behave in that environment in conditions of low lighting. Desktop VEs are increasingly deployed to study the effects of environmental qualities and (architectural or lighting) interventions on human behaviour and feelings of safety. Their (ecological) validity for these purposes depends critically on their ability to correctly address the user’s cognitive and affective experience. Previous studies with desktop (i.e., non-immersive) VEs found that simulated darkness only slightly affects the user’s behavioral and emotional responses to the represented environment, in contrast to the responses observed for immersive VEs. We hypothesize that the desktop VE scenarios used in previous studies less effectively induced emotional and behavioral responses because they lacked personal relevance. In addition, factors like signs of social presence and relatively high levels of ambient lighting may also have limited these responses. In this study, young female volunteers explored either a daytime or a night-time (low ambient light level) version of a desktop VE representing a deserted (no social presence) prototypical Dutch polder landscape. To enhance the personal relevance of the simulation, a fraction of the participants were led to believe that the virtual exploration tour would prepare them for a follow-up tour through the real world counterpart of the VE. The affective appraisal of the VE and the emotional response of the participants were measured through self-report. The results show that the VE was appraised as slightly less pleasant and more arousing in simulated darkness (compared to a daylight) condition, as expected. However, the fictitious follow-up assignment had no emotional effects and did not influence the affective appraisal of the VE. Further research is required to establish the qualities that may enhance the validity of desktop VEs for both etiological (e.g., the effects of signs of darkness on navigation behaviour and fear of crime) and intervention (e.g., effects of street lighting on feelings of safety) research.
Artificial Neural Networks in Geospatial Analysis
Authors: Gopal Sucharita
Published: February 2016

Artificial neural networks are computational models widely used in geospatial analysis for data classification, change detection, clustering, function approximation, and forecasting or prediction. There are many types of neural networks based on learning paradigm and network architectures. Their use is expected to grow with increasing availability of massive data from remote sensing and mobile platforms.
A randomized placebo‐controlled lovastatin trial for neurobehavioral function in neurofibromatosis I
Authors: Bearden Carrie E. , Hellemann Gerhard S. , Rosser Tena , Montojo Caroline , Jonas Rachel , Enrique Nicole , Pacheco Laura , Hussain Shaun A. , Wu Joyce Y. , Ho Jennifer S. , McGough James J. , Sugar Catherine A. , Silva Alcino J.
Published: February 2016

Objective

Lovastatin has been shown to reverse learning deficits in a mouse model of Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1), a common monogenic disorder caused by a mutation in the Ras‐MAPK pathway and associated with learning disabilities. We conducted a randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial to assess lovastatin's effects on cognition and behavior in patients with NF1.

Method

Forty‐four NF1 patients (mean age 25.7+/−11.6 years; 64% female) were randomly assigned to 14 weeks of lovastatin (N = 23; maximum dose of 80 mg/day for adult participants and 40 mg/day for children) or placebo (N = 21). Based on findings in the mouse model, primary outcome measures were nonverbal learning and working memory. Secondary outcome measures included verbal memory, attention, and self/parent‐reported behavioral problems, as well as tolerability of medication. Participants also underwent neuroimaging assessments at baseline and 14 weeks, to determine whether neural biomarkers were associated with treatment response. Linear mixed models assessed for differential treatment effects on outcome measures.

Results

Twelve participants dropped from the study prior to completion (8 placebo, 4 lovastatin), resulting in 32 completers (15 placebo, 17 lovastatin). Lovastatin was well‐tolerated, with no serious adverse events. Differential improvement favoring lovastatin treatment was observed for one primary (working memory; effect size f2 = 0.70, P < 0.01) and two secondary outcome measures (verbal memory, f2 = 0.19, P = 0.02, and adult self‐reported internalizing problems, f2 = 0.26, P = 0.03). Exploratory moderator analyses revealed that higher baseline neural activity in frontal regions was associated with larger treatment effects.

Interpretation

These preliminary results suggest beneficial effects of lovastatin on some learning and memory functions, as well as internalizing symptoms in patients with NF1.
Metabolism studies on prim‐O‐glucosylcimifugin and cimifugin in human liver microsomes by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Jia Peipei , Zhang Yuqian , Zhang Qiaoyue , Sun Yupeng , Yang Haotian , Shi He , Zhang Xiaoxu , Zhang Lantong
Published: February 2016

Prim‐O‐glucosylcimifugin (PGCN) and cimifugin (CN) are major constituents of Radix Saposhnikoviae that have antipyretic, analgesic and anti‐inflammatory pharmacological activities. However, there were few reports with respect to the metabolism of PGCN and CN in vitro. In this paper, we describe a strategy using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UPLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS) for fast analysis of the metabolic profile of PGCN and CN in human liver microsomes. In total, five phase I metabolites of PGCN, seven phase I metabolites and two phase II metabolites of CN were identified in the incubation of human liver microsomes. The results revealed that the main phase I metabolic pathways of PGCN were hydroxylation and hydrolysis reactions. The phase I metabolic pathways of CN were found to be hydroxylation, demethylation and dehydrogenation. Meanwhile, the results indicated that O‐glucuronidation was the major metabolic pathway of CN in phase II metabolism. The specific UDP‐glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes responsible for CN glucuronidation metabolites were identified using recombinant UGT enzymes. The results indicated that UGT1A1, UGT1A9, UGT2B4 and UGT2B7 might play major roles in the glucuronidation of CN. Overall, this study may be useful for the investigation of metabolic mechanism of PGCN and CN, and it can provide reference and evidence for further pharmacodynamic experiments. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMIE DER DITHIOCARBONSAEURE‐ UND 1,1‐DITHIOLATKOMPLEXE
Authors: COUCOUVANIS D.
Published: February 2016

Komplexe mit Dithiocarbonsäuren (I), Xanthaten (II), den instabilen Thioxanthaten (III) und Dithiocarbamaten (IV) als Liganden sind durch die Gleichwertigkeit beider Schwefelatome gegenüber dem Zentralion gekennzeichnet, wie es die Strukturvorschläge (Va) und (Vb) für einen Dithiocarbamat‐Boran‐Komplex ausdrücken.
ChemInform Abstract: BLDG. SILICIUMORGANISCHER VERBINDUNGEN 33. MITT. RK. DES 1,1,3,3‐TETRAMETHYL‐4‐TRIMETHYLSILYL‐1,3‐DISILA‐CYCLOPENTENS MIT HBR
Authors: FRITZ G. , SCHOBER P.
Published: February 2016

Die Ringspaltung der Titelverbindung (I) mit äquimolekularen Mengen HBr bei ‐78°C führt hauptsächlich zum Silan (II) neben wenig Silanen (III) und (IV), mit überschüssigem HBr erhält man unter β‐Spaltung des Silans (II) und Anlagerung von HBr die Silane (V)‐(VII) und Äthylen (VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: UMSETZUNG VON SAEUREDERIVATEN UND HALOGENSILANEN MIT ALKALIMETALLEN 10. MITT. UMSETZUNG VON BETA‐ UND ALPHA‐HALOGENCARBONSAEUREESTERN MIT NATRIUM UND TRIMETHYLCHLORSILAN
Authors: RUEHLMANN KLAUS , RADDATZ FRANK , KIRIAKIDIS THEOCHARIS
Published: February 2016

Bei der Umsetzung der Ester (I) bzw. (IV) mit dem Chlorsilan (II) in Gegenwart von Na in siedendem Äther entstehen das Cyclopropan (III) (78% Ausbeute) bzw. das Buten (V) (22%).
ChemInform Abstract: ESR‐SPEKTRUM DES DURCH ROENTGENBESTRAHLUNG VON MONOKRISTALLINEM TRIPHENYLSILAN GEBILDETEN TRIPHENYLSILYLRADIKALS
Authors: GEOFFROY M. , LUCKEN E. A. C.
Published: February 2016

Bei Raumtemperatur wird hauptsächlich das Triphenylsilylradikal gebildet und zwar sowohl als isoliertes Radikal als auch als paarweise erfaßte Radikale.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,5‐TRIMETHYLSILYLWANDERUNG IM 1‐TRIMETHYLSILYLINDEN
Authors: ASHE A. J.
Published: February 2016

Dienophile wie Tetracyanäthylen oder Dicyanmaleinimid fangen das Produkt (II) der 1,5‐Trimethylsilylwanderung ab.
ChemInform Abstract: UMSETZUNG VON KETOALKOHOLEN MIT ORGANISCHEN PHOSPHOR‐VERBINDUNGEN 4. MITT. HERST. VON GAMMA‐KETO‐PHOSPHINSAEUREESTERN
Authors: RIZPOLOZENSKIJ N. I. , MUCHAMETOV F. S.
Published: February 2016

3‐Keto‐butanol (II) setzt sich in Gegenwart von metallischem Natrium mit Trialkyl‐phosphit (Ia) bei 140‐160°C zum γ‐Ketobutyl‐phosphonsäure‐dialkylester (IIIa) um (Ausbeute 64 ‐ 87%).
ChemInform Abstract: DYNAMISCHE KERNPOLARISATION IN PHOSPHORVERBINDUNGEN MIT PERCHLORTRIPHENNYLMETHYL UND ANDEREN RADIKALEN
Authors: POINDEXTER EDWARD H. , NEIL GEORGE R.
Published: February 2016

Untersucht wird die dynamische Kernpolarisation flüssiger Lösungen, welche die Radikale (I) bis (IV) und verschiedenste Phosphorverbindungen, wie z.B. Triphenyl‐phosphin, ‐phosphinoxid′, ‐phosphinsulfid, ‐phosphit, ‐phosphat und (PNC12)n (n: 3‐5) enthalten.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. UND EIGENSCHAFTEN DER NITROPHENYLESTER VON CYCLOPHOSPHONSAEUREN
Authors: ARBUZOV B. A. , VIZEL' A. O. , ZVEREVA M. A. , STUDENTSOVA I. A. , GARAEV R. S. , BEL'SKII V. E. , BERIM M. G. , ANISIN S. D. , VOITOVICH L. A.
Published: February 2016

Butadien (I) und Phosphoroxychlorid reagieren in Essigsäureanhydrid zum l‐Oxo‐1‐chlor‐2‐phospholen (II), das mit p‐Nitrophenol‐natrium (III) zum 1‐Oxo‐I‐(p‐nitrophenoxy)‐2‐phospholen (IV) reagiert.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. UND EIGENSCHAFTEN VON 1,3‐DIAZA‐2‐PHOSPHOLO(4,5‐D)PYRIMIDINEN
Authors: SAZANOVA N. V. , KROPACEVA A. A.
Published: February 2016

Einwirkung von Phosphorpentachlorid auf die Diaminopyrimidine (I) (in Chlorbenzol bei 120°C unter Stickstoff) führt zu den 2,2,7‐Trichlor‐3‐phenyl‐ bzw. ‐benzyl‐1,3‐diaza‐2‐phospholo(4,5‐d)pyriniidinen (II).
ChemInform Abstract: NUCLEOPHILE SUBSTITUTIONEN AN EINEM PHOSPHOLAN, KONFIG.‐UMKEHR
Authors: EGAN W. , CHAUVIERE G. , MISLOW K. , CLARK R. T. , MARSI K. L.
Published: February 2016

Die stereoisomeren Phospholanoxide (III) und (IV) werden mit Si2Cl6 bzw. C6H5‐Si H3 zu den Phospholanen (I) und (II) unter Konfigurationsumkehr desoxygeniert.
ChemInform Abstract: NORMALSCHWINGUNGSANALYSE DES AETHYLXANTHOGENATIONS UND INFRAROTSPEKTREN VON METALLAETHYLXANTHOGENATEN
Authors: PILIPENKO A. T. , MEL'NIKOVA N. V.
Published: February 2016

Frequenzen und Formen der Normalschwingungen des Äthylxanthogenat‐ Ions (I) werden berechnet.
ChemInform Abstract: STRUKTURUNTERSUCHUNGEN AN ZINKCHLORID/TRIAETHANOLAMIN‐KOMPLEXEN
Authors: FOLLNER H.
Published: February 2016

Die Struktur von zwei Zn‐chlorid‐Triäthanolamin‐Komplexen wird untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: UMSETZUNG VON TETRAALKYLAMMONIUM‐ALUMINIUMHYDRIDEN MIT DIBORAN
Authors: TITOV L. V. , KRASNOPEROVA V. D. , ROSOLOVSKIJ V. JA.
Published: February 2016

Tetramethyl‐ oder Tetraäthylammonium‐aluminiumhydrid (I) wurde durch Umsetzung von Tetraalkylammoniumbromid mit Lithium‐aluminiumhydrid in Tetrahydrofuran gewonnen.
ChemInform Abstract: SELTENERDMETALLHYDROXONITRILOTRIACETATE IN WAESSRIGER LOESUNG
Authors: VARLAMOVA G. L. , NITROFANOVA N. D. , MARTYNENKO L. I. , PECUROVA N. I. , VARLAMOV V. G.
Published: February 2016

Die Stabilitätskonstanten der in wäßrigen Lösungen vorliegenden Hydroxonitrilotriacetatometallate (I) werden durch pH‐metrisch‐alkalimetrische Titration bestimmt.
ChemInform Abstract: INFRAROT‐SPEKTREN TRIMETHYLELEMENT(IVB)‐SUBSTITUIERTER METHYLAMIN‐DERIVATE
Authors: SCHUMANN H. , SCHUMANN‐RUIDISCH I. , RONECKER S.
Published: February 2016

Mit n‐Butyl‐Li wird tert.‐Butylmethylamin zur Li‐Verbindung (I) metalliert, die mit den Chloriden (II) in ätherischer Lösung unter milden Bedingungen in 37‐72%iger Ausbeute zu den Elementverbindungen (III) reagiert.
ChemInform Abstract: KRISTALLISIERTE BLEIHALTIGE PI‐RADIKALE, ANISOTROPE (207)PB‐ESR‐HYPERFEINSTRUKTUR
Authors: STEGMANN HARTMUT B. , SCHEFFLER KLAUS , STOECKER FRITZ
Published: February 2016

Bei der Umsetzung des Aminophenoxyls (I) mit den Diphenylbleidichloriden (II) werden die Dibenzodioxazaplumbocinyle (III) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOCHEMISCHE UMWANDLUNG VON SIGMA‐BENZYL‐PI‐CYCLOPENTADIENYL‐EISEN‐DICARBONYL
Authors: NESMEJANOV A. N. , CENSKAJA T. B. , BABACHINA G. M. , KRICKAJA I. I.
Published: February 2016

o‐Benzyl‐n‐cyclopentadienyl‐eisendicarbonyl (I) ist gegen UV‐Bestrahlung recht beständig.
ChemInform Abstract: SUBSTITUENTENEINFLUSS AUF DIE RK.‐FAEHIGKEIT VON PHAEOPHYTIN BEI RK. MITT METALLSALZEN IN AETHANOL
Authors: BEREZIN B. D. , KOJFMAN O. I.
Published: February 2016

Zwischen 15‐45°C wird in Äthanol der Konstitutionseinfluß auf die Geschwindigkeits.konstanten der Komplexbildung zwischen Phäophytin a, Phäophytin b bzw. Phäophorbid a und Cu(II)‐acetat und auf die Aktvierungsparameter untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: TRIPLETT‐SINGULETT‐ENERGIEUEBERTRAGUNG IN FLUESSIGER LOESUNG
Authors: VAUDO ANTHONY F. , HERCULES DAVID M.
Published: February 2016

Durch Phosphoreszenz‐ und Fluoreszenzmessungen wird die Triplett‐Singulett‐Energieübertragung durch Dipol‐Dipol‐Wechselwirkung in flüssiger Lösung untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: MOLEKUELAKUSTIK 4. MITT. VOLUMENAENDERUNG BEI KONFORM.‐ISOMEREN
Authors: CROOK K. R. , WYN‐JONES E. , ORVILLE‐THOMAS W. J.
Published: February 2016

Die gemessenen Ultraschall‐Daten der Verbindungen (I) und (II) werden zu NMR‐ und Konformationsgleichgewichtsdaten (Literatur) in Beziehung gesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: DESTILLATION 21. MITT. EINFLUSS BESTIMMTER BETRIEBSPARAMETER AUF DEN WIRKUNGSGRAD DES BODENS BEI DER REKTIFIKATION EINES TERNAEREN SYST.
Authors: CERMAK J.
Published: February 2016

Die Voraussetzungen zur Ermittlung des individuellen Murphree‐ und Hausen‐Wirkungsgrades werden am Beispiel des realen ternären Systems Methanol‐Propanol‐(2)‐Wasser erörtert.
ChemInform Abstract: CHROMYLCHLORID‐OX. 4. MITT. KINETIK UND MECHANISMUS DER ADDITION AN STYROL
Authors: FREEMAN FILLMORE , YAMACHIKA NIRA J.
Published: February 2016

Die Kinetik der Oxidation der Styrole (I) durch Chromylchlorid bei nachfolgender Hydrolyse zu den Produkten (II)‐(IV) wird photometrisch in einem gestoppten fließenden System untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: LOESUNGSMITTELUNTERSTUETZTE SOLVOLYSE VON SEKUNDAEREN SUBSTRATEN 4. MITT. SOLVOLYTISCHES VERHALTEN DES DI‐TERT.‐BUTYLCARBINYL‐SYST.
Authors: LIGGERO SAMUEL H. , HARPER JON J. , R. SCHLEYER PAUL VON , KRAPCHO A. PAUL , HORN DAVID E.
Published: February 2016

Die Geschwindigkeiten der Solvolyse der Carbinylsysteme (I) und (II) und des Adamantyltosylats (III) in 80%igem Äthanol, Essigsäure, Ameisensäure und Trifluoressigsäure bei verschiedenen Temperaturen werden gemessen und miteinander verglichen.
ChemInform Abstract: EXO‐CIS‐ADDITION VON TRIFLUORESSIGSAEURE UND ESSIGSAEURE AN 7,7‐DIMETHYL‐NORBORNEN, BEWEIS FUER DIE ABWESENHEIT EINES MOLEKULAREN CYCLISCHEN ADDITIONSPROZESSES
Authors: BROWN HERBERT C. , KAWAKAMI JAMES H. , LIU KWANG‐TING
Published: February 2016

Bei der Reaktion des Dimethylnorbornens (I) mit Trifluoressigsäure bei 0°C entsteht das exo‐Trifluoracetat (II) neben den Hydrid‐ und Wagner‐Meerwein‐Umlagerungsprodukten (III)‐(V).
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOCHEMIE EINER PHOTOCHEMISCHEN ALLYLUMLAGERUNG
Authors: CARGILL R. L. , GIMARC BENJAMIN M. , POND DAVID M. , KING THOMAS Y. , SEARS A. BRADFORD , WILLCOTT M. ROBERT
Published: February 2016

Das Keton (I) reagiert bei Bestrahlung in Pentan zum Norbornen (II) ( 10 bis 20%).
ChemInform Abstract: ZERS. VON BIS‐(ALPHA‐NAPHTHOYL)‐ UND ALPHA‐NAPHTHOYLBENZOYL‐PEROXID
Authors: LEFFLER JOHN E. , ZEPP RICHARD G.
Published: February 2016

Die Kinetik der thermischen Zersetzung der Peroxide (I) und (II) in Benzol m und Tetrachlorkohlenstoff bei 60°C wird untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: THERMISCHE ZERS. VON N‐NITROSOHYDROXYLAMINEN 4. MITT. KERNPOLARISATION DER PRODUKTE
Authors: KOENIG T. , MABEY W. R.
Published: February 2016

Das Nitrosohydroxylamin (I) lagert sich in Tetrachlorkohlenstoff bei Zimmertemperatur in sehr schneller Reaktion zum Hyponitrit (II) um, das sich schnell zersetzt zu: Isopropyl‐tert.‐butyläther, Isopropylchlorid, tert.‐Butanol, Aceton, Isobutylenchlorhydrin, l,l,1,3‐Tetrachlor‐butan und Chloroform.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOCHEMISCHE RK. ZWISCHEN ACETON UND CYCLOHEXEN IN DER FLUESSIGPHASE BEI 313 NM
Authors: BORRELL PETER , SEDLAR J.
Published: February 2016

Die Produkte (III)‐(VIII) wurden isoliert und ihre Quantenausbeuten in Abhängigkeit von Temperatur und Konzentration ermittelt.
ChemInform Abstract: VERW. VON NA(SBCL5F) ALS KATALYSATOR ZUR FLUORIERUNG MIT WASSERFREIER FLUSSSAEURE
Authors: ROCKSTROH GERT , WOLF FRIEDRICH , SCHWACHULA GERHARD
Published: February 2016

Der Vorteil der Titelverbindung besteht darin, daß sie bereits unter milden Bedingungen eine Fluorierung katalysiert.
ChemInform Abstract: OXIDATIVE KUPPLUNG VON VINYLIDEN‐BIS‐DIALKYLAMINEN
Authors: WEINGARTEN H. , WAGER J. S.
Published: February 2016

9‐(Bis‐dimethylaminomethylen)‐fluoren (I) reagiert mit Silbernitrat zu dem ESR‐spektroskopisch nachweisbaren Salz (II).
ChemInform Abstract: ANLAGERUNG VON ALPHA,ALPHA‐DIBROM‐CARBONSAEUREESTERN AN ACRYL‐SYST. IN GEGENWART VON EISENVERBINDUNGEN
Authors: AMRIEV R. A. , VELICKO F. K. , FREJDLINA R. CH.
Published: February 2016

Dibromessigsäure‐methylester (I) und Methacrylsäure‐methylester (II) bilden in Acetanilid, Benzonitril oder Nitrobenzol in Gegenwart von Eisenpentacarbonyl oder Eisenchlorid während 4 Stdn. bei 150°C über das Addukt (III) unter Abspaltung von Methylbromid das α‐Brom‐y‐methyl‐qr‐carbomethoxybutyrolacton (IV) (Ausbeute 35‐56%).
ChemInform Abstract: ADDITIONSREAKTIONEN VON HETEROCYCLEN 2. MITT. IMIDAZOLE UND NITRILIMINE
Authors: RUCCIA MICHELE , VIVONA NICOLO , CUSMANO GIUSEPPE , MARINO MARIA LUISA
Published: February 2016

Das aus dem Phenylhydrazon (I) mit Triäthylamin in situ erhaltene Betain (II) addiert sich an die Imidazole (III) unter Bildung der Addukte (IV) mit anti‐Konfiguration der Hydrazonseitenkette, die sich in geringer Ausbeute zu den entsprechenden Säuren verseifen lassen.
ChemInform Abstract: FRIEDEL‐CRAFTS‐RK. MIT PROPARGYLCHLORIDEN
Authors: GELIN RENE , GELIN SUZANNE , PIGASSE DANIEL
Published: February 2016

Durch Friedel‐Crafts‐Reaktion entstehen bei 10°C in der ersten Stufe aus den Chloriden (I) mit Benzol (II) die Vinylchloride (III) [cis‐, trans‐Gemische (28‐35% Ausbeute)].
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOCHEMISCHE UMWANDLUNGEN AN CARBONYLVERBINDUNGEN KLEINER RINGE 26. MITT. RK. IN DER THIACYCLOBUTANREIHE AUS DEM GRUNDZUSTAND UND AUF PHOTOCHEMISCHE WEGE
Authors: PADWA A. , GRUBER R.
Published: February 2016

Brommethyl‐chalkon (I) reagiert mit Schwefelwasserstoff zu den Reaktionsprodukten (II)‐(IV).
ChemInform Abstract: TERPEN‐CHEMIE 11. MITT. FLUECHTIGE PRODUKTE DER PHOTOLYSE VON (+)‐CIS‐CARANON‐(5)
Authors: CARSON M. S. , COCKER W. , EVANS S. M. , SHANNON P. V. R.
Published: February 2016

Die Bestrahlung (Hg‐Mitteldruck‐Lampe, Quarz) der Titelverbindung (I) in Äther liefert neben nichtidentifizierten nichtflüchtigen Verbindungen (32%) die flüchtigen Ketone (IIa), (IIb) und (III) und Alkohole (IVa)‐(IVc).
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOLYSE VON TETRAFLUOROHYDRAZIN UND THIOCARBONYLCHLORID, DARST. VON DICHLORDIFLUORAMINOMETHANSULFENYLCHLORID UND EINIGEN POLYHALODIFLUORAMINOMETHANEN
Authors: ZABOROWSKI L. M. , SHREEVE JEAN'NE M.
Published: February 2016

Durch Photolyse des Hydrazins (I) mit dem Chlorid (II) erhält man unter anderem die Produkte (III)‐(V), deren Ausbeuten mit den Reaktionsbedingungen variieren.
ChemInform Abstract: HERST. VON AETHYLCHLORID IN FLUESSIGEM KATALYSATORSYST.
Authors: VALITOV P. B. , GARIFZJANOV G. G. , MOROZOV JU. D. , ROZKOVA G. F.
Published: February 2016

Die Hydrochlorierung von Äthylen (I) in Gegenwart von wasserfreiem Aluminiumchlorid zu Äthylchlorid (II) bereitet wegen der schlechten Dosierbarkeit von pulverförmigem Aluminiumchlorid einige Schwierigkeiten.
ChemInform Abstract: CLEMMENSEN‐RED. VON 1,4‐DIKETONEN
Authors: CRUMP D. R. , DAVIS B. R.
Published: February 2016

Clemmensen‐Reduktion von Hexandion‐(2,5) (I) führt zu einem Gemisch aus Hexanol‐(2) (II) sowie cis‐ und trans‐Hexen‐(4)‐ol‐(2) (III) und (IV), das auch aus den γ‐substituierten Ketonen (V) durch Reduktion mit Zinkamalgam entsteht.
ChemInform Abstract: RK. VON ORGANOKUPFERVERBINDUNGEN MIT OXIRANEN
Authors: HERR R. WILBUR , WIELAND DONALD M. , JOHNSON CARL R.
Published: February 2016

Die Reaktion der Epoxide (I) mit dem Cu‐Reagens (II) in Äther verläuft hauptsächlich zu den sek. Alkoholen (III).
ChemInform Abstract: KONTINUIERLICHE DARST. VON GLYCERIN DURCH KATALYTISCHE HOCHDRUCKHYDRIERUNG VON ROHRZUCKER
Authors: LING G. V. , DRIESSEN A. J. , PIET A. C. , VLUGTER J. C.
Published: February 2016

Unter verschiedenen kontinuierlichen Reaktionssystemen zur Gewinnung von Glycerin aus Rohrzucker ist das vorteilhafteste eine aus zwei Kesseln bestehende Kaskade.
ChemInform Abstract: OX. VON N‐HEXADECAN ZU CARBONSAEUREN
Authors: KONOPLJANIK M. M. , MICKEVIC N. I. , SEPETOVSKIJ P. D.
Published: February 2016

n‐Hexadecan (I) wurde unter statischen und dynamischen Bedingungen mit Sauerstoff bei 130°C in Gegenwart katalytischer Mengen an Kaliumpermanganat, Mangansalzen von Fettsäuregemischen ohne und mit Zusätzen von Kaliseife oder Kaliumhydroxid oxidiert zu einem Gemisch aller Fettsäuren von Essigsäure bis zur Pa1mitinsäure, wobei die Fettsäuren C7‐C12 etwa 50% des Gemisches ausmachten und nebenbei Kohlenmonoxid und Kohlendioxid entstanden.
ChemInform Abstract: HERST. VON ALPHA‐NITRO‐CARBONYL‐VERBINDUNGEN
Authors: BABIEVSKIJ K. K. , BELIKOV V. M. , TICHONOVA N. A.
Published: February 2016

Die Komplexverbindung aus Dimethylformamid oder Dimethylacetamid mit Dimethylsulfat (II) setzt sich mit Nitromethan (I) in Gegenwart von Natriumäthylat zu α‐Nitro‐β‐dimethylamino‐äthylen (IIIa) bzw. α‐Nitro‐β‐dimethylamino‐propylen (IIIb) um.
ChemInform Abstract: SIMMONS‐SMITH‐RK.
Authors: SAWADA S.
Published: February 2016

Nach einer längeren Einleitung über die stereospezifische Übertragung von Methylengruppen auf Olefine durch Addition von Metallreagentien des Typs (I) wird über Anwendungsbreite, Stereospezifität und Abwandlungen der Simmons‐Smith‐Reaktion von Olefinen mit Methylenjodid unter Bildung von Cyclopropanen in Gegenwart einer Zink‐Kupfer‐Legierung berichtet.
ChemInform Abstract: ACETYLEN‐VERBINDUNGEN 52. MITT. UMSETZUNG ACETYLENISCHER SULFONIUMSALZE MIT CYCLOHEXANON UND CYCLOPENTANON
Authors: TERADA A. , KISHIDA Y.
Published: February 2016

Die Umsetzung von Dimethyl‐3‐phenyl‐2‐propinyl‐sulfonium‐bromid (Ia) in Tetrahydrofuran mit Cyclohexanon (II) in Gegenwart von Natriumhydrid liefert in 43%iger Ausbeute das Sulfid (IIIa).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. VON JODIDEN BENZOIDER UND NICHTBENZOIDER AROMATEN UND HETEROAROMATEN
Authors: TREIBS W.
Published: February 2016

Aufgrund einiger unveröffentlichter Arbeiten wird ein Überblick über die Addition von Jod in geeigneten Lösungsmitteln an Azulene, Cyclohept[b]‐ indole, Cycloheptatriene, 4,5‐Imino‐phenanthrene, Indolizine, Cyclopent‐ [b]indol und o‐Benzylenindol gegeben.
ChemInform Abstract: ZWEI METHYLAETHER DES 4‐AMINOTROPOLONS UND IHRE BROMIERUNG
Authors: TODA H.
Published: February 2016

Bei der Umsetzung von 4‐Amino‐tropolon (I) mit Diazomethan (II) bilden sich die beiden Methyläther (III) und (IV).