bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Turner Syndrome: A Prospective Echocardiographic Study
Authors: Mortensen Kristian Havmand , Gravholt Claus Højbjerg , Hjerrild Britta Eilersen , Stochholm Kirstine , Andersen Niels Holmark
Published: July 2012

Background: Cardiovascular risk stratification in Turner syndrome (TS) is difficult. Increased left ventricular mass associates with an adverse prognosis in several settings, and this study aimed to elucidate this risk marker in relation to metabolic and cardiovascular status in TS. Methods: An echocardiographic follow‐up study (4.8 years) of 82 adult females with TS. Left ventricular mass was the primary outcome parameter. Metabolic status (glucose, Hemoglobin A1c, lipids), aortic valve function and morphology, and 24‐hour ambulatory blood pressure were secondary outcome parameters. Healthy age‐matched females served as baseline controls (n = 55). Results: Left ventricular mass was increased in TS (TS vs. controls: 88 ± 21 g/m2 vs. 77 ± 12 g/m2, P < 0.05). More participants were treated for hypertension at follow‐up (32% at baseline vs. 55% at follow‐up). This coincided with a reduction of left ventricular mass in TS (84 ± 20 g/m2 at follow up, P < 0.05) and favorable remodeling with a contrasting increase in left atrial size. In a baseline multiple regression model, left ventricular mass (r2= 0.28, P < 0.05) increased with body surface area, age and the presence of a bicuspid aortic valve. In another model, left ventricular mass increased with blood pressure, ongoing estrogen treatment and body surface area (r2= 0.26, P < 0.05). No single factor reached statistically significant levels for prediction of prospective left ventricular mass changes. Conclusion: The increased left ventricular mass in TS was associated with aortic valve disease, age, hypertension, physical stature and metabolic status. During follow‐up left ventricular mass was only slightly reduced along with blood pressure, whereas the diastolic dysfunction did not seem to improve.
Structure and Relative Thermal Stability of Mesoporous (La,Sr)MnO3 Powders Prepared Using Evaporation‐Induced Self‐Assembly Methods
Authors: Chao Robin , Munprom Ratiporn , Petrova Rumyana , Gerdes Kirk , Kitchin John R. , Salvador Paul A.
Published: July 2012

LaMnO3 and (La,Sr)MnO3 were prepared as mesoporous powders using sol‐gel methods that incorporated evaporation‐induced self‐assembly of surfactants as structure‐directing agents. The precursor and surfactant concentrations, surfactant character (mainly molecular weight), aging humidity, and annealing temperature were all found to influence the specific surface area of the powders, which were maximized at 50 and 46 m2/g for LaMnO3 and (La,Sr)MnO3, respectively. Increased metal nitrate contents in the initial sol composition and increased relative humidity during aging led to products having increased specific surface areas owing to increased mesoporosity. The lower molecular weight surfactant CTAB was found to generate higher specific surface area powders than those generated using the larger molecular weight nonionic surfactants P‐123 and F‐127. On the other hand, the relative thermal stability of the mesoporous powders, annealed at 750°C for 100 h, increased with the molecular weight of surfactant. Mesoporous powders having promising thermal stability and surface areas in the 20–25 m2/g range were easily obtainable using P‐123 and F‐127, indicating that high surface area electrocatalysts with mesoporous microstructures can be prepared for high temperature applications.
A New Quantitative Method to Predict the Bioactive Behavior of Silicate Glasses
Authors: Aguiar Hélio , Serra Julia , González Pío
Published: July 2012

In this article, theoretical models and experimental data coalesce to elucidate structural aspects of glasses produced using sol‐gel and melting methods in the SiO2–CaO–MgO–Na2O–P2O5 system. The influence of the network connectivity on the in vitro bioactive behavior is disclosed. To achieve an accurate prediction of the bioactive response, an empirical method to determine the effective composition of the sol‐gel glasses is first proposed. Finally, the bioactivity limits of glasses as a function of their effective composition was established.
Corrosion‐ and Damage‐Resistant Nitride Coatings for Steel
Authors: Ahmed Mohammad Shoeb , Munroe Paul , Jiang Zhong‐Tao , Zhao Xiaoli , Wajrak Magdalena , Guo Hua , Rickard William , Xie Zonghan
Published: July 2012

Ceramic coatings of distinct microstructures, namely TiSiN and CrN, were deposited on tool steels. The corrosion resistance of the coated steels was measured. Following nanoindentation, immersion tests were conducted in 70% HNO3 solution for 96 h. Deformed CrN, where deformation occurred through shear sliding of columnar grains, was insensitive to corrosion attack. In contrast, open cracks formed in the indented TiSiN coating, serving as pathway for reactive agents to penetrate through the coatings. Finite element analysis was applied to evaluate the damage tolerance of the coatings and its impact on the corrosion resistance of the coated steels.
Decoration of Ceramic Foams by Ceramic Nanowires via Catalyst‐Assisted Pyrolysis of Preceramic Polymers
Authors: Fukushima Manabu , Yoshizawa Yu‐ichi , Colombo Paolo
Published: July 2012

Silicon oxynitride (
Si

2

N

2

O
) nanowires (NWs) were grown in situ on the cell walls of silicon carbide and alumina foams by coating preceramic polymers containing a Co‐based catalyst, followed by pyrolysis in nitrogen at temperatures ranging from 1250°C to 1450°C. The relationship between different processing factors (type of substrate and preceramic polymer, pyrolysis temperature) and the growth of NWs was examined. Varying processing factors were found to be effective for controlling the growth of NWs. The use of a preceramic polymer containing a high amount of carbon as well as silica impurities present in the
SiC
foams led to a larger amount of longer NWs, homogeneously covering the ceramic struts of the porous substrates. The overall morphology and growing mechanism of the NWs on ceramic foams were investigated.
Calidad del empleo asalariado en Quebec y el Reino Unido entre 1998 y 2008 según género y situación familiar
Authors: CLOUTIER‐VILLENEUVE Luc
Published: July 2012

A partir de una tipología de la calidad del empleo basada en la remuneración, las horas de trabajo, la cualificación y la estabilidad laboral, el autor compara la evolución al respecto en Quebec y en el Reino Unido de mujeres y hombres, con o sin hijos. Entre 1998 y 2008 disminuyó la diferencia entre los géneros entre las personas con hijos pequeños. La situación de las madres en comparación con la de los padres es mejor en Quebec que en el Reino Unido debido al contexto económico, a las políticas sociales y a que los padres quebequeses trabajan menos horas.
The effect of starvation and subsequent feeding on the reproductive potential of the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae
Authors: Xu Xiangli , He Shuqi , Wu Junxiang
Published: July 2012

The short‐term starvation tolerance of alate and apterous morphs and the effect of periods of starvation on the longevity and fecundity of alate adults were evaluated in the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Alate adults exhibited a proportionally larger length of survival compared with apterous adults under continuous starvation conditions. Newly molted pre‐reproductive adults were starved for 0–96 h and their survival rate on the 1st day after recovering with food was not significantly different from that of control aphids. Starvation reduced lifetime fecundity, but increased the reproductive rate immediately after nutrition being improved. Fecundity and longevity after 24, 48, 72, and 96 h of starvation were significantly higher than after 120 or 144 h of starvation. However, no significant differences were observed for alate adults after 24, 48, 72, or 96 h of starvation. This study suggests that the ability of alatae to adapt to brief periods of starvation could be one of the important factors affecting the reproductive success of aphids during delays in locating host plants.
Heterogeneous information exposure and technology adoption: the case of tissue culture bananas in Kenya
Authors: Kabunga Nassul Ssentamu , Dubois Thomas , Qaim Matin
Published: July 2012

Classical innovation adoption models implicitly assume homogenous information flow across farmers, which is often not realistic. As a result, selection bias in adoption parameters may occur. We focus on tissue culture (TC) banana technology that was introduced in Kenya more than 10 years ago. Up till now, adoption rates have remained relatively low. We employ the average treatment effects approach to account for selection bias and extend it by explicitly differentiating between awareness exposure (having heard of a technology) and knowledge exposure (understanding the attributes of a technology). Using a sample of Kenyan banana farmers, we find that estimated adoption parameters differ little when comparing the classical adoption model with one that corrects for heterogeneous awareness exposure. However, parameters differ considerably when accounting for heterogeneous knowledge exposure. This is plausible: while many farmers have heard about TC technology, its successful use requires notable changes in cultivation practices, and proper understanding is not yet very widespread. These results are also important for other technologies that are knowledge‐intensive and require considerable adjustments in traditional practices.
Evidence of interspecies O antigen gene cluster transfer between Shigella boydii 15 and Escherichia fergusonii
Authors: Azmuda Nafisa , Rahman Mohammed Z. , Sultana Munawar , Jenssen Eirin L. , Khan Sirajul I. , Birkeland Nils‐Kåre
Published: July 2012

An environmental bacterial isolate, Iso10, previously found to show serological cross‐reactivity with type‐specific
Shigella boydii 15 antisera was subjected to further molecular and serological analyses that revealed interspecies transfer of the O antigen gene cluster. Western blot analysis of Iso10 cell surface extracts and purified lipopolysaccharides demonstrated strong cross‐reactivity with
S. boydii 15‐specific monovalent antisera and a lipopolysaccharide gel banding profile similar to that of
S. boydii 15. Biochemical and phylogenetic analyses identified the Iso10 isolate as
Escherichia fergusonii. O antigen gene cluster analyses of Iso10, carried out by restriction fragment length analysis of the amplified ~10‐kb O antigen‐encoding gene cluster, revealed a profile highly similar to that of
S. boydii 15, confirming the presence of the
S. boydii 15 somatic antigen in Iso10. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of interspecies transfer of O antigen‐encoding genes between
S. boydii and
E. fergusonii, and it has implications for our understanding of the role of lateral gene transfer in the emergence of novel Shigella serotypes.
Efficacy of using a dual layer of membrane (dPTFE placed over collagen) for ridge preservation in fresh extraction sites: a micro‐computed tomographic study in dogs
Authors: Al‐Hezaimi Khalid , Rudek Ivan , Al‐Hamdan Khalid S. , Javed Fawad , Nooh Nasser , Wang Hom‐Lay
Published: July 2012

Objective

To assess if overbuilding the buccal plate or using a dual‐layer socket grafting technique prevents alveolar bone resorption and enhances final ridge width, height, and volume after tooth loss in an animal model.

Material and methods

In eight beagle dogs bilateral second (P2)‐, third (P3)‐, and fourth (P4) premolars were endodontically treated. All bilateral mandibular first premolars and distal roots of P2, P3, and P4 were hemisectioned and atraumatically extracted. Animals were randomly divided into four groups: (i) Control–Socket alone, (ii) Particulate allograft in the alveolum, socket covered with high‐density polytetrafluoroethylene (dPTFE) membrane and sutured over the alveolum, (iii) Particulate allograft in the alveolum and overbuilding the buccal plate, socket covered with dPTFE membrane and sutured over the alveolum, (iv) Particulate allograft in the alveolum and covered with dual layer (dPTFE placed over collagen membrane), and sutured over the alveolum. After 16 weeks, the animals were sacrificed. Mandibular blocks of the jaws were assessed for bone volume (BV), vertical bone height (VBH), alveolar ridge thickness, and bone mineral density (BMD) using micro‐computed tomography.

Results

The BV in groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 was 169.5, 207.57, 242.4, and 306.1 mm3, respectively. The VBH in groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 was 4.2, 6.4, 6.2, and 7.3 mm, respectively. Ridge widths in groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 5.45 ± 0.75, 5.91 ± 0.86, 6.05 ± 0.63, and 6.28 ± 1.01 mm, respectively. There was no significant difference in BMD between the groups.

Conclusions

The RP using a dual layer of membrane following tooth extraction results in more BV, VBH, and alveolar ridge width as compared to when a single layer of membrane is used.
Influence of minimally invasive implant‐retained overdenture on patients' quality of life: a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Jofre Jorge , Castiglioni Ximena , Lobos Claudia Asenjo
Published: July 2012

Objectives

The aim of this prospective, randomized clinical trial was to evaluate the effect of a minimally invasive implant procedure for denture stabilization on patients' quality of life (QoL).

Materials and methods

Thirty totally edentulous patients were selected for this study. All prostheses were adjusted and relined before randomization and allocation to treatment either with two small diameter implants (SDI) – retained overdenture (study group) or non‐intervention group (control group). Quality of life was assessed using the Oral Health Impact Profile‐EDENT (OHIP‐EDENT) questionnaire before intervention and at one‐year follow‐up. Between‐group comparisons were carried out using the non‐parametric Mann‐Whitney test.

Results

Magnitude of change in the OHIP‐EDENT total score at one‐year follow‐up was 25.4 ± 10.7 for the study group, revealing a statistically significant difference with the control group, that showed a change of 9.5 ± 8.3 (P = < 0.001).

Conclusions

After one‐year follow‐up, patients wearing mandibular overdentures with two minimally invasive splinted SDI, experienced more improvements in perceived oral health‐related quality of life, than patients having conventional treatment.
Mycobacterial infection identified with broad‐range PCR amplification and suspension array identification
Authors: Carlos Casey A. , Tang Yi‐Wei , Adler Donald J. , Kovarik Carrie L.
Published: July 2012

The case of a 66‐year‐old female who developed sudden redness and swelling of her left thumb is presented. A biopsy showed well formed granulomas, mixed inflammation with a predominance of neutrophils, and acid‐fast bacilli. After negative culture results, tissue was sent for a broad‐range polymerase chain reaction amplification followed by suspension array identification, which classified the pathogenic organism as Mycobacterium avium‐intracellulare. The patient was started on clarithromycin, rifabutin and ethambutol leading to clinical improvement. M. avium‐intracellulare is present in soil, fresh water, sea water, dairy products and some animal tissues. Primary cutaneous manifestations are uncommon in the immunocompetent host. As cultures may be negative or can take up to three weeks to show growth, the molecular approach described here offers an opportunity for more rapid and specific diagnosis.
Desmoplastic melanocytic nevi with lymphocytic aggregates
Authors: Kiuru Maija , Patel Rajiv M. , Busam Klaus J.
Published: July 2012

Desmoplastic melanocytic nevi can be difficult to distinguish from desmoplastic melanoma. The presence of lymphocytic aggregates in association with a sclerosing melanocytic proliferation is commonly regarded as a feature in support of a diagnosis of desmoplastic melanoma. However, the finding is not specific for melanoma. Herein we report six cases of sclerosing melanocytic nevi with associated lymphocytic aggregates. They occurred in five women and one man, ranging in age from 11 to 61 years. Three lesions were sclerosing Spitz nevi; one was an amelanotic sclerosing blue nevus, one an acquired intradermal sclerosing nevus, and one was a congenital compound melanocytic nevus with sclerosis of its dermal component. The lesions were interpreted as benign, i.e. melanocytic nevi, because of their histopathologic attributes (symmetric silhouette, benign cytologic features) and results from immunohistochemical studies (all lesions strongly expressed Melan‐A and p16) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Three lesions tested by FISH lacked copy number changes of 11p, 6q or 6p. None of the lesions recurred. The cases highlight that contextual information is essential for the diagnosis of desmoplastic melanoma and sclerosing nevus. The presence of lymphocytic aggregates per se does not prove that a sclerosing melanocytic proliferation is malignant.
Immunohistochemical prognostication of Merkel cell carcinoma: p63 expression but not polyomavirus status correlates with outcome
Authors: Hall Brian J. , Pincus Laura B. , Yu Siegrid S. , Oh Dennis H. , Wilson Andrew R. , McCalmont Timothy H.
Published: July 2012

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) represents a cutaneous malignancy with high associated mortality. Numerous studies have attempted to define characteristics to more accurately predict outcome. Two recent studies have demonstrated that Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) seropositivity correlated with a better prognosis, while a third study revealed no difference. Expression of p63 by tumor cell nuclei has been shown to be associated with a worse prognosis in a European cohort. To better understand the relationship between prognosis and MCPyV or p63 status, we used immunohistochemistry to evaluate both attributes in 36 US patients with MCC. Our results show that when considered as a binary variable, p63 expression represents a strong risk factor (p < 0.0001, hazards ratio (HR) = ∞) for shortened survival. In addition, our results show that MCPyV status does not correlate with survival (p = 0.6067, HR = 1.27). Our study corroborates the European observation that p63 immunoexpression is useful as a prognostic tool. Larger studies will need to be performed in order to determine whether p63 status should be included in MCC staging, since our study is limited by its relative small size.
High‐definition optical coherence tomography enables visualization of individual cells in healthy skin: comparison to reflectance confocal microscopy
Authors: Boone Marc , Jemec Gregor B. E. , Del Marmol Véronique
Published: July 2012

High‐definition OCT (HD‐OCT) is an innovative technique based on the principle of conventional OCT. Our objective was to test the resolution and image quality of HD‐OCT in comparison with reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) of healthy skin. Firstly, images have been made of a ultra‐high‐resolution line‐pair phantome with both systems. Secondly, we investigated 21 healthy volunteers of different phototypes with HD‐OCT and RCM on volar forearm and compared the generated images. HD‐OCT displays also differences depending on the skin phototype and anatomical site. The 3‐μm lateral resolution of the HD‐OCT could be confirmed by the phantom analysis. The identification of cells in the epidermis can be made by both techniques. RCM offers the best lateral resolution, and HD‐OCT has the best penetration depth, providing images of individual cells deeper within the dermis. Eccrine ducts and hair shafts with pilosebaceous units can be observed depending on skin site. HD‐OCT provides morphological imaging with sufficient resolution and penetration depth to permit visualization of individual cells at up to 570 μm in depth offering the possibility of additional structural information complementary to that of RCM. HD‐OCT further has the possibility for rapid three‐dimensional imaging.
Novel insights into the role of S100A8/A9 in skin biology
Authors: Kerkhoff Claus , Voss Andreas , Scholzen Thomas E. , Averill Michelle M. , Zänker Kurt S. , Bornfeldt Karin E.
Published: July 2012

S100A8 and S100A9 belong to the damage‐associated molecular pattern molecules. They are upregulated in a number of inflammatory skin disorders. Owing to their abundance in myeloid cells, the main function of S100A8/A9 has been attributed to their role in inflammatory cells. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that they also exert important roles in epithelial cells. In this review, we discuss the context‐dependent function of S100A8/A9 in epithelial cells and their impact on wound healing, psoriasis and other skin diseases.
The effect of sebocytes cultured from nevus sebaceus on hair growth
Authors: Lee Weon Ju , Cha Hyun Wuk , Lim Hyun Jung , Lee Seok‐Jong , Kim Do Won
Published: July 2012

Sebaceous glands are known to affect hair growth. Nevus sebaceus, a sebaceous gland hamartomas, presents as hairless patches. In this study, cultures of nevus sebaceus sebocytes (NSS) and normal scalp hair follicle sebocytes (NS) were used in performance of microarray, RT‐PCR, western blot assay and immunofluorescence staining. NSS‐ and NS‐conditioned media were also added to the culture of outer root sheath cells (ORSCs), dermal papilla cells (DPCs) or normal scalp hair follicle sebocytes. Results of this study showed a decrease in the survival rate of ORSCs and DPCs and hair growth in the NSS‐conditioned medium‐treated group, compared with the control and NS‐conditioned medium‐treated groups. An increase in expression of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)‐5, Dickkopf‐1 and inflammatory cytokines and a decrease in expression of Wnt10b and Lef1 were observed. In conclusion, NSS showed an increase in expression of hair growth‐suppressing bioactive factors, including FGF‐5, and a decrease in expression of hair growth‐stimulating factors.
Botfly parasitism and tourism on the endangered black howler monkey of Belize
Authors: Treves Adrian , Carlson Ann E.
Published: July 2012

Tourism imposes costs and benefits on wild primates. Endangered black howler monkey (Alouatta pigra) troops with high exposure to tourism had higher levels of botfly (Alouattamyia baeri) parasitism. Edge habitat and juvenile numbers did not seem to confound the observed relationship. To improve the cost/benefit ratio of tourism, we recommend further investigation.
Subgingival biodiversity in subjects with uncontrolled type‐2 diabetes and chronic periodontitis
Authors: Casarin R. C. V. , Barbagallo A. , Meulman T. , Santos V. R. , Sallum E. A. , Nociti F. H. , Duarte P. M. , Casati M. Z. , Gonçalves R. B.
Published: July 2012

Background and Objective:  There is a bidirectional relationship between periodontal disease and type‐2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Inflammatory mediators may negatively affect glycemic control, and increased glucose levels and resultant glycation end‐products may alter the host response against bacterial infection. However, no agreement has been reached regarding the effect of DM on periodontal subgingival microbiota. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to compare the subgingival biodiversity in deep periodontal pockets of subjects with chronic periodontitis and either uncontrolled type‐2 diabetes or no diabetes using 16S rRNA gene cloning and sequencing.

Material and methods:  Twelve subjects with uncontrolled type‐2 diabetes (glycated hemoglobin > 8%) and eleven nondiabetic subjects presenting severe and generalized chronic periodontitis were selected. Subgingival biofilm from periodontal pockets > 5 mm were assessed using the 16S rRNA gene cloning and sequencing technique.

Results:  Significant differences were observed in subgingival microbiota between diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. Diabetic subjects presented higher percentages of total clones of TM7, Aggregatibacter, Neisseria, Gemella, Eikenella, Selenomonas, Actinomyces, Capnocytophaga, Fusobacterium, Veillonella and Streptococcus genera, and lower percentages of Porphyromonas, Filifactor, Eubacterium, Synergistetes, Tannerella and Treponema genera than nondiabetic individuals (p < 0.05). Moreover, some phylotypes, such as Fusobacterium nucleatum, Veillonella parvula, V. dispar and Eikenella corrodens were detected significantly more often in diabetic subjects than in nondiabetic subjects (p < 0.05).

Conclusion:  Subjects with uncontrolled type‐2 diabetes and chronic periodontitis presented significant dissimilarities in subgingival biodiversity compared with nondiabetic subjects.
H1N1/09 Influenza A Virus Infection of Immortalized First Trimester Human Trophoblast Cell Lines
Authors: Komine‐Aizawa Shihoko , Suzaki Ai , Trinh Quang D. , Izumi Yasuyuki , Shibata Toshikatsu , Kuroda Kazumichi , Hayakawa Satoshi
Published: July 2012

Problem

Although high maternal mortality was reported in the most recent pandemic of swine‐origin influenza A H1N1/09 (H1N1/09), its direct effects on the feto‐placental unit are unknown. In the present study, we examined the susceptibility of immortalized human trophoblasts to clinical isolates of pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza A (H1N1/09) virus.

Method of study

The H1N1/09 virus was isolated from a patient with influenza, sequenced and identified as the A/Narita/2009 (H1N1) strain. The trophoblast cell lines Swan71 and HTR8 were challenged with the virus and examined for the expression of H1N1/09 viral RNA and proteins.

Results

Viral RNA and proteins were observed 24 hr after inoculation. However, viral release was not detected.

Conclusion

First trimester human trophoblast cell lines were susceptible to the H1N1/09 influenza A virus. However, viral release and cytopathic effects were minimal. Our data suggest that placental damage by the H1N1/09 virus may be limited.
Effects of grasses on sapling establishment and the role of transplanted saplings on the light environment of pastures: implications for tropical forest restoration
Authors: Meli Paula , Dirzo Rodolfo
Published: July 2012

Question

Does the presence of grasses affect the establishment (survival and growth) of tree saplings in an abandoned tropical pasture, and what is the potential of established saplings to modify pasture microenvironmental conditions, particularly light incidence?

Location

Abandoned cattle pasture, in the humid tropics of SE Mexico (18°25′–18°45′ N, 95°00′–95°18′ W).

Methods

The establishment of four native fast‐growing tree species in a tropical abandoned pasture was evaluated. Saplings of
Cecropia obtusifolia, Hampea nutricia, Omphalea oleifera and
Erythrina folkersii were transplanted using a split‐plot design. Plant survival and growth were evaluated over 12 mo under two experimental treatments: presence and absence of grasses. Light incidence at ground level was used to evaluate microclimate conditions under the grass matrix, compared to light incidence under saplings established in the pasture.

Results

Saplings had high survival (49–88%) regardless of the presence of grasses. In the presence of grasses, growth of surviving saplings either increased or was not impacted, and in only one out of eight comparisons did grasses negatively affect growth. The impact of saplings on light incidence in abandoned pastures depended on sapling species architecture: species with large total leaf area and canopy area (
H. nutricia and
E. folkersii) significantly reduced light incidence (12–29% of total incidence), while narrow‐canopy species (
C. obtusifolia and
O. oleifera) generated less intense shade (37–89% of total incidence).

Conclusions

Grasses did not seem to represent a crucial limiting factor in sapling establishment of fast‐growing native species in the short term. In addition, shading by recruited saplings of some native species could be important to out‐compete grasses in the future, as well as for ‘facilitating’ regeneration of more shade‐tolerant species. Transplantation of fast‐growing native saplings into abandoned pastures, even without manipulation of the grasses, could be a useful practice for landscape‐scale restoration programmes in tropical areas. Evaluation of the longer‐term consequences (beyond the 1‐yr span of this study) warrants further research.
The possibility of microbial cellulose for dressing and scaffold materials
Authors: Park Sang Uk , Lee Byung Kwon , Kim Mi Sun , Park Kwan Kyu , Sung Woo Jung , Kim Hyun Yeon , Han Dong Gil , Shim Jeong Su , Lee Yong Jig , Kim Seong Ho , Kim In Ho , Park Dae Hwan
Published: July 2012

In recent years, natural polymers such as cellulose, alginate and chitosan have been used worldwide as biomedical materials and devices, as they offer more advantages over synthetic polymers. The aim of this study was to clarify the usefulness of microbial cellulose (MC) for use as a dressing and scaffold material. For evaluating the biodegradability and toxicity of MC, we divided the rats (n = 12) into two groups (the implanted group and the non‐implanted group). In the implanted group, we implanted the film type of MC in the backs of six rats. In the non‐implanted group, however, we did not implant the film type of MC in the backs of the six rats. Four weeks later, we compared two groups by the gross, histological and biochemical characteristics by using blood and tissue samples. To evaluate the wound healing effects of MC, three full‐thickness skin defects were made on the backs of each rat (n = 20). Three wounds on the backs of the same rats were treated with other dressing materials, namely, Vaseline gauze (group Con), Algisite M® (group Alg) and MC (group MC). We analysed the gross, histological and biochemical characteristics by western blotting. MC was found to be biodegradable and non‐toxic. On day 3, the MC film was visible under the subcutaneous tissue; however, after 4 weeks, no remnants of the film were visible under the subcutaneous tissue. Furthermore, there was no evidence of MC‐induced toxicity. Moreover, group MC showed more rapid wound healing compared with group Con. On day 14 after skin excision, group MC showed greater decrease in wound size compared with group Con (33% versus 7·2%). The wound healing effects were also substantiated by the histological findings (greater reduction in inflammation and rapid collagen deposition as well as neovascularisation) and western blotting (decreased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and transforming growth factor‐β1 in group MC on day 14 after skin excision, unlike group Con). This study showed that, in addition to having wound healing effects, MC is biodegradable and non‐toxic and can, therefore, be used as a dressing and scaffold material.
Developing Schools' Capacities to Respond to Community Crisis: The Tennessee Initiative
Authors: Love Rene A. , Cobb Nicole
Published: July 2012

TOPIC:  The development and implementation of a statewide initiative addressing mental health issues within schools postcrisis.

PURPOSE:  The potential for a community crisis occurs every day. After a crisis, schools are practical, logical, and effective places to help students recover from a tragedy. If crisis‐related trauma is not addressed adequately, it can impact academic outcomes such as reading achievement, grade point average, and overall academic performance. For these reasons, it is imperative that school administrators support students in the aftermath of a crisis.

CONCLUSIONS:  This ongoing project continues in an effort to support students, faculty, and staff after a traumatic event within the Tennessee public school system.
Nitric Oxide Regulates Dark‐Induced Leaf Senescence Through EIN2 in ArabidopsisF
Authors: Niu Yun‐Han , Guo Fang‐Qing
Published: July 2012

The nitric oxide (NO)‐deficient mutant nos1/noa1 exhibited an early leaf senescence phenotype. ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 2 (EIN2) was previously reported to function as a positive regulator of ethylene‐induced senescence. The aim of this study was to address the question of how NO interacts with ethylene to regulate leaf senescence by characterizing the double mutant ein2‐1 nos1/noa1 (Arabidopsis thaliana). Double mutant analysis revealed that the nos1/noa1‐mediated, dark‐induced early senescence phenotype was suppressed by mutations in EIN2, suggesting that EIN2 is involved in nitric oxide signaling in the regulation of leaf senescence. The results showed that chlorophyll degradation in the double mutant leaves was significantly delayed. In addition, nos1/noa1‐mediated impairment in photochemical efficiency and integrity of thylakoid membranes was reverted by EIN2 mutations. The rapid upregulation of the known senescence marker genes in the nos1/noa1 mutant was severely inhibited in the double mutant during leaf senescence. Interestingly, the response of dark‐grown nos1/noa1 mutant seedlings to ethylene was similar to that of wild type seedlings. Taken together, our findings suggest that EIN2 is involved in the regulation of early leaf senescence caused by NO deficiency, but NO deficiency caused by NOS1/NOA1 mutations does not affect ethylene signaling.
Leaves of Field‐Grown Mastic Trees Suffer Oxidative Stress at the Two Extremes of their LifespanF
Authors: Juvany Marta , Müller Maren , Munné‐Bosch Sergi
Published: July 2012

Leaf senescence is a complex phenomenon occurring in all plant species, but it is still poorly understood in plants grown in Mediterranean field conditions and well‐adapted to harsh climatic conditions. To better understand the physiological processes underlying leaf senescence in mastic trees (Pistacia lentiscus L.), we evaluated leaf growth, water and N content, photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry, lipid peroxidation and levels of photosynthetic pigments, antioxidants, abscisic acid, and salicylic acid and jasmonic acid during the complete leaf lifespan, from early expansion to late senescence in relation to natural climatic conditions in the field. While mature leaves suffered from water and N deficit during late spring and summer, both young (emerging) and old (senescing) leaves were most sensitive to photo‐oxidative stress, as indicated by reductions in the Fv/Fm ratio and enhanced lipid peroxidation during late autumn and winter. Reductions in the Fv/Fm ratio were associated with low α‐tocopherol (vitamin E) levels, while very old, senescing leaves additionally showed severe anthocyanin losses. We have concluded that both young (emerging) and old (senescing) leaves suffer oxidative stress in mastic trees, which may be linked in part to suboptimal temperatures during late autumn and winter as well as to low vitamin E levels.
Measurement of the time required for termites to pass each other in tunnels of different curvatures
Authors: Sim Seungwoo , Lee Sang‐Hee
Published: July 2012

Subterranean termites construct complex tunnel networks for foraging. During travel in the tunnels, termites often encounter one another when passing in opposite directions. Such encounters are likely to affect the “movement efficiency,” which is the time required for a termite to travel a certain distance in a tunnel. In this study, we explored how individual–individual encounters affect movement efficiency in tunnels by measuring the time (τ) taken by two termites to pass one another in tunnels of different curvatures. Artificial tunnels of 5 cm in length and variable widths (W) of 2, 3, or 4 mm were made. Tunnel distance (D) was 2, 3, 4, or 5 cm. When D had a higher value, curvature was lower. When W = 2, τ was significantly shorter in the tunnel with D = 5 than in tunnels of D = 2, 3, or 4, whereas τ was statistically the same for D = 2, 3 and 4. When W = 3, τ was shorter in the tunnel with D = 5 than for D = 3 and 4, while τ was longer in the tunnel with D = 2 than for D = 3 and 4. When W = 4, τ was longer in the tunnels with D = 2 and 3 than for D = 4 and 5. Based on these observations, 3 types of termite behavior were identified: biased walking, backward walking, and zigzag walking. We considered these results in relation to foraging efficiency.
CHARACTERISATION, IDENTIFICATION AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF PSYCHOTROPHIC LACTIC ACID BACTERIA ORIGINATING FROM TUNISIAN FRESH FISH
Authors: BOULARES MOUNA , AOUADHI CHEDIA , MANKAI MELIKA , MOUSSA OLFA BEN , ESSID INES , HASSOUNA MNASSER
Published: July 2012

One hundred sixty psychrotrophic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from wild and aquacultured fresh fish were identified by biochemical and molecular methods using 16S‐23S rRNA spacer analysis and 16S rDNA sequencing. LAB strains were characterised according to their technological properties including acidifying capacity, antibiotic resistance and proteolytic, lipolytic and enzymatic activities, as well as antimicrobial activities, against pathogenic and spoilage bacteria in order to select the most suitable strains for use as starter cultures in the biopreservation of fresh fish and seafood products. The majority of strains displayed antimicrobial activities against pathogenic bacteria (Salmonella arizonae, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coliandAspergillus flavus) and the dominant psychrotrophic Gram‐negative bacteria in fresh fish (Pseudomonas fluorescens,Aeromonas hydrophila,Pseudomonas putidaandPhotobacterium damselae). A total of 39 isolates of LAB isolates having the most important antimicrobial activities were selected for further properties. Low proteolytic and lipolytic activities were detected for all strains using azocasein methods and fish fat, respectively. Moreover, all strains showed acidifying activity by reducing pH to less than 4.38 at 37C after 72 h. Finally, all studied LAB were resistant to penicillin, gentamicin, colistin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, nalidixic acid, erythromycin, tetracycline and streptomycin.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The paper presents the identification and the technological properties of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) including antimicrobial activity against pathogenic and spoilage bacteria in order to select the most suitable strains for use as starter cultures in the biopreservation of fresh fish and seafood products. Considering this, assessment of the effect of inoculation of selected LAB on microbiological and physicochemical properties of fresh fish stored at chilled temperature is necessary to guarantee adequate fresh seafood products safety. Therefore, these analyses can lead to develop better biopreservation strategy for fresh fish by the use of selected LAB strains.
Applying Iranian Gum Tragacanth to Improve Textural Properties of Maltodextrin Microcapsules
Authors: Saffari Mohammad Mahdi , Farzi Mina , Emam‐Djomeh Zahra , Moini Sohrab , Mohammadifar Mohammad Amin
Published: July 2012

The effects of adding one of the species of Iranian gum tragacanth, Astragalus compactus, to maltodextrin solutions used for microencapsulation of 2‐methylbutyl acetate (water‐soluble flavoring compound of strawberry) were studied. Initial emulsions were evaluated regarding rheological behavior and particle size distribution. The resulted microcapsules were also analyzed for particle size distributions, glass transition temperature Tg, the morphology of the capsules and the rate of release from them. The results showed that addition of 0.5% w/w A. compactus gum to maltodextrin solutions (14.5% w/w) can increase the viscosity and Tg
to an optimum level and can prevent stickiness. Also this species of gum tragacanth had an interesting effect in reducing physical defects of microcapsules and eliminated ruptures significantly. It was also showed that the rate of release of 2‐methylbutyl acetate decreased by incorporating gum tragacanth in the wall material.

Practical Applications

Microencapsulation is of great interest in preservation of flavoring compounds. One of the most important wall materials is maltodextrin, which has several defects to protect flavorings. This study proposes the use of a new material, Iranian gum tragacanth from Astragalus compactus, to overcome these defects. It was found that new microcapsules did not undergo rupture and could retain the flavoring well.
OPTIMIZATION OF A LIQUID IMPROVER FOR BARBARI BREAD: STALING KINETICS AND RELATIONSHIP OF TEXTURE WITH DOUGH RHEOLOGY AND IMAGE CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: POURFARZAD AMIR , HABIBI‐NAJAFI MOHAMMAD BAGHER
Published: July 2012

The effect of liquid improver components on texture of Barbari flat bread was examined. Glycerol, sodium stearoyl‐2‐lactylate (SSL) and enzyme‐active soy flour (ESF) were evaluated as improver constituents. Texture characteristics were further correlated with dough rheology, quality, image features and shelf life of bread. Statistical analysis suggests that more than 50% of the whole structural variance existing between bread samples could be interpreted by texture parameters. The optimum improver combination was found to be 1.27% of glycerol, 0.41% of SSL and 1.59% of ESF when desirable function method was applied. The variations of hardening rates with time were used to test 11 different models. In studying the consistency of each model, some statistical tests, such as reduced χ2, mean bias error and root mean square error were also used as well as correlation coefficients. The results of these tests have also confirmed the consistency of the Rational model.

Practical Application

This methodology simplifies the study of bread textural parameters during storage and the result interpretation. The correlation analysis has demonstrated that the number of textural parameters of breads to study can be reduced.
UVB Radiation Affects Growth, Reproduction and Tissue Structure of Daphnia magna Across Several Temperatures
Authors: Huebner Judith D. , Loadman Nancy L. , Wiegand Murray D. , Huebner Erwin , Palitsky Daniel J. , Husarewycz William H.
Published: July 2012

We examined the effects of daily exposure to UVB on growth, reproduction and histological characteristics of Daphnia magna over two generations at 20, 22, 25 and 30°C. Animals were exposed to 16 h of UVA and photosynthetically active radiation daily. Treated animals received 6 h of UVB during the light phase. Parental (P) generation growth and reproduction was impaired by exposure to UVB at all temperatures, with the poorest production at 30°C. First brood size decreased with UVB exposure; it was lowest at 30°C. Although F1 length at birth increased with P generation age, F1 produced by UVB‐exposed mothers were smaller at all temperatures. The F1 generation was followed at 20 and 25°C; at both temperatures UVB exposure reduced F1 growth and reproduction. F1 growth and F2 production were lowest when both P and F1 generations were exposed to UVB. UVB exposure damaged ovarian and gut tissue at both 25 and 30°C; the consequences of this exposure were more severe at 30°C. The observed tissue damage may relate directly to the UVB‐induced impairment of growth and reproduction. This study provides new insights into the effects of UVB on an important component of the pelagic zooplankton.
Clinical characteristics of patients who have recovered from schizophrenia: the role of empathy and positive‐self schema
Authors: Chung Young‐Chul , Kim Hyun‐Min , Lee Keon‐Hak , Zhao Tong , Huang Guang‐Biao , Park Tae‐Won , Yang Jong‐Chul
Published: July 2012

Aim

This article compares the socio‐demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with schizophrenia who recovered with those who achieved remission.

Methods

Participants were classified based on predetermined criteria for recovery and remission. Data on demographic characteristics, information on duration of untreated psychosis, and assessments of current and historical symptom profiles and socio‐occupational functioning emerged from careful chart review and direct interviews. Cross‐sectional assessments of clinical variables were derived from the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, the Personal and Social Performance Scale, the Social Functioning Questionnaire, the Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale (ScoRS), the Basic Empathy Scale, and the Brief Core Schema Scales (BCSS).

Results

We found no significant differences between recovered and remitted groups with respect to demographic variables or duration of untreated psychosis. Cognitive and total empathy scores, positive‐self schema score on the BCSS, and global score on the ScoRS were significantly higher in the recovered than the remitted group. Furthermore, patients with good levels of empathy and positive‐self schema and intact neurocognitive functioning were more likely to achieve recovery.

Conclusion

These results suggest that empathy, positive‐self schema and neurocognitive functioning may serve as important clinical characteristics distinguishing those patients who have recovered from those who have achieved only remission.
Attitudes, subjective norms, and intention to perform routine oral examination for oropharyngeal candidiasis as perceived by primary health‐care providers in Nairobi Province
Authors: Koyio Lucina N. , Kikwilu Emil , Mulder Jan , Frencken Jo E.
Published: July 2012

Objectives: To assess attitudes, subjective norms, and intentions of primary health‐care (PHC) providers in performing routine oral examination for oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) during outpatient consultations.

Methods: A 47‐item Theory of Planned Behaviour‐based questionnaire was developed and administered, in a cross‐sectional survey, to 216 PHC providers (clinical officers and nurses) working in 54 clinics, dispensaries, and health centers in Nairobi Province in January 2010. The constructs – attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control (dependent variables) – and their individual indirect (direct) items were analyzed for scores, internal validity, independent variables (district, gender, years of service, profession, and age), and contribution to intentions. Perceived behavioral control had low construct validity and was therefore removed from subsequent analyses.

Results: The questionnaire was completed by 195 participants (90 percent response rate). PHC provider's attitudes, subjective norms, and intentions to perform an oral examination during outpatient consultations were highly positive, with mean scores of 6.30 (0.82), 6.06 (1.07), and 5.6 (1.33), respectively, regardless of sociodemographic characteristics. Indirect attitude and subjective norms were strongly correlated to their individual items (r = 0.63‐0.79, P < 0.05 and r = 0.78‐0.87, P < 0.05) and moderately to their direct items (r = 0.44, P < 0.0001 and r = 0.52, P < 0.0001). Attitudes (P = 0.0026) and subjective norms (P < 0.0001) were both predictive of intentions.

Conclusions: PHC providers were willing to integrate patients' oral health care into their routine medical consultations. Emphasizing the importance of detecting other oral problems and of the fact that routine oral examination for OPC is likely to give patients' fulfillment will enhance PHC providers' morale in performing routine oral examinations. Winning support from policy makers, their supervisors, specialists, and colleagues is important for motivating PHC providers to perform routine oral examinations for OPC at their workplaces.
Naquite, FeSi, a New Mineral Species from Luobusha, Tibet, Western China
Authors: Nicheng SHI , Wenji BAI , Guowu LI , Ming XIONG , Jingsu YANG , Zhesheng MA , He RONG
Published: July 2012

A new mineral species, named naquite(FeSi), is found in the podiform chromitites of the Luobusha ophiolite in Qusong County, Tibet, China. The detailed composition is Fe 65.65, Si 32.57 and Al 1.78 wt%. The mineral is cubic, space group P213. The irregular crystals range from 15 to 50 μm in diameter and form an intergrowth with luobusaite. Naquite is steel grey in color, opaque, with a metallic lustre and gives a grayish‐black streak. The mineral is brittle, has a conchoidal fracture and no apparent cleavage. The estimated Mohs hardness is 6.5, and the calculated density is 6.128 g/cm3. Unit‐cell parameters are a 4.486 (4) Å, V 90.28 (6) Å3, Z= 4. The five strongest powder diffraction lines [d in Å (hkl) (I/I0)] are: 3.1742 (110) (40), 2.5917(111) (43), 2.0076 (210) (100), 1.8307 (211) (65), and 1.1990 (321) (36). Originally called ‘fersilicite’, the species and new name have now been approved by the CNMNC (IMA 2010–010).