bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF THYMUS‐INDEPENDENT (B) CELLS AND THE H‐2 GENE COMPLEX ON ANTIVIRAL FUNCTION OF IMMUNE THYMUS‐DERIVED (T) CELLS
Authors: Blanden Robert V , Bowern Narelle A , Pang Tikky E , Gardner Ian D , Parish Christopher R
Published: November 2007

Antiviral activity in vivo exerted by ectromelia virus‐immune spleen cells transferred to ectromelia‐infected recipients and cytotoxicity against virus‐infected target cells in vitro were both properties of non‐immunoglobulin (Ig)‐bearing cells (which included T cells). Ig‐bearing cells, including thymus‐independent (B) cells and antibody‐secreting cells, were much less active in vivo when injected alone and tended to block rather than amplify the effect triggered by T cells. Ig‐bearing cells were also slightly active in vitro, possibly because some T cells have detectable Ig. Antiviral effects in cell transfer experiments were seen only when immune cell donors and infected recipients shared the same H‐2 gene complex. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the T cell response to ectromelia infection is directed against specific virus‐induced change(s) in antigen(s), specified by gene(s) in the H‐2 complex, which appear in virus‐infected cells.
THE ORIGIN OF THE IMMUNOGLOBULINS IN INTESTINAL LYMPH OF SHEEP
Authors: Quin JW , Husband AJ , Lascelles AK
Published: November 2007

Various immunoglobulins were labelled with radioactive iodine and their distribution between intestinal lymph and plasma followed in order to determine the origin of the immunoglobulins found in intestinal lymph. By comparing specific activities in plasma and lymph, it was computed that 25% of the IgG1 and IgG2 and 90% of the IgA in intestinal lymph were locally synthesised. The results suggest that virtually all of the IgA and a proportion of the IgG1 computed to be synthesised locally were derived from plasma cells of corresponding specificity in the lamina propria of the intestine.
ADRENERGIC INNERVATION OF HUMAN MESENTERIC BLOOD VESSELS
Authors: Gerke DC , Frewin DB , Soltys JS
Published: November 2007

A fluorescent histochemical technique has been applied to study the adrenergic innervation of human superior mesenteric arteries obtained at autopsy. Specific catecholamine fluorescence was demonstrated in the smaller branches of this artery taken from three infants and one child. No specific fluorescence was seen in arteries from three adult subjects.
RAPID DETECTION AND ISOLATION OF MYCOPLASMAS FROM CELL CULTURES
Authors: Tomkins GA , MacGregor A , Pye D , Atkinson Mary
Published: November 2007

An improved medium for the isolation of Mycoplasma species from contaminated cell cultures is reported. A modification of the mycoplasma detection method using the uridine/uracil uptake ratio method is described. Results obtained using this method with mycoplasma contaminated cell cultures and with contaminated cell cultures treated with the antibiotic Lincomycin are presented.
A COMPARISON OF STRONTIUM SELENITE BROTH AND MANNITOL‐SELENITE‐CYSTINE BROTH IN THE ISOLATION OF SALMONELLAE FROM EGG PRODUCTS
Authors: Chandler RA
Published: November 2007

Of 103 isolations of Salmonella sp from egg pulp and albumen, 92 were made using strontium selenite enrichment broth and 54 were made using mannitol‐selenite‐cystine enrichment broth. The results suggest that the former medium may be used successfully for enrichment and subsequent detection of salmonellae in egg products.
COPPER DEFICIENCY IN THE RAT
Authors: Gallagher CH , Reeve Vivienne E , Wright R
Published: November 2007

Daily administration of increasing closes intraperitoneally of 2·5–4·0 mg NaCN/kg to male Wistar rats for 5 weeks produced acute signs of poisoning immediately post‐injection hut no sign of chronic toxicity except lower final body weights than in control rats. CN−‐treated rats had less liver copper than controls, but not below the range of normality, and their liver mitochondrial membranes were 24% less able to bind adenine nucleotides than control membranes. No other biochemical or pathological sign of copper deficiency occurred. Liver cytochrome oxidase activity was normal after the 5 weeks of CN−administration, as was the ability of liver mitochondria to synthesize phospholipids. The ultrastructure of hepatocytes was normal without evidence of the enlarged, misshapen mitochondria produced by copper deficiency. Normal cytochrome oxidase activity of liver mitochondria, together with reduced liver copper levels and reduced binding affinity of mitochondrial membranes for adenine nucleotides, indicate that the membrane binding site for adenine nucleotides is not cytochrome oxidase per se but may involve copper, perhaps by virtue of its cationicity. With repeated exposure to CN− rats develop tolerance to acute poisoning. It is suggested that this may he due to the switch in glucose cata‐bolism towards the pentose pathway at the expense of other pathways.
DEFENCE REACTIONS IN AND SUSCEPTIBILITY OF AUSTRALIAN AND NEW GUINEAN FRESHWATER CRAYFISH TO EUROPEAN‐CRAYFISH‐PLAGUE FUNGUS
Authors: Unestam Torgny
Published: November 2007

The deposition of melanin on the surface of the cell wall of the crayfish‐plague fungus, Aphanomyces astaci, in infected cuticles of Australian crayfish seemed to be correlated with some degree of resistance to infection.

The most obvious reactions towards the fungal structures present in the blood in viva were their encapsulation by blood cells, many of which then disintegrated. This was followed by melanization of the fungal surface. Crayfish blood inhibited completely hyphal growth in vitro and the disintegrating blood cells were apparently responsible for this effect as well as for the melanization. Phagocytosis of fungal structures was not observed. Melanization in vivo and in vitro, due to a polyphenoloxidase released by the blood cells, was stimulated by the presence of the fungal cell wall surface. This seems to be a typical reaction of the crayfish in general.

It was known earlier that European and Japanese freshwater crayfish are very susceptible to attack by the crayfish‐plague fundgs but that North American crayfish have a higher, although not complete, resistance and may be the natural hosts for the parasite. Nine species from different parts of Australia and from New Guinea were tested in aquaria and were all found to be susceptible, often very susceptible. Their susceptibility to infection was very similar to that of the European species, and the results support strongly the hypothesis that the parasite originated in North America and not in the Australian region or elsewhere, It would appear that man has not yet introduced the disease to the Australian region. Should this, however, occur, it will probably prove disastrous to the Australian and New Guinean freshwater crayfish fauna.
PURIFICATION, PROPERTIES AND KINETICS OF SHEEP AND HUMAN RENIN SUBSTRATES
Authors: Skinner SL , Dunn JR , Mazzetti J , Campbell DJ , Fidge NH
Published: November 2007

Sheep plasma renin substrate was purified 1,200‐fold by using nephrectomised sheep plasma, followed by DEAE‐Sephadex chromatography and gel filtration. The purified substrate contained 8 μg angiotensin II/mg protein and had an estimated molecular weight of 52,000. The kinetic characteristics of the purified substrate were identical both to those of unpurified nephrectomised sheep plasma and to normal sheep plasma substrates. At pH 7·5, Km of the human renin‐sheep substrate reaction was 0·29 μM and for sheep renin‐sheep substrate, 2·0 μM. Sheep substrate was susceptible to peptic digestion with generation of pepsitensin.

Human renin substrate was less readily purified. DEAE‐Sephadex chromatography of plasma from pregnant women at 36–40 weeks' gestation produced a 70‐fold increase in purity (0·9 μg angiotensin II/mg protein). No further increase was achieved with gel filtration. Human renin substrate behaved as a larger (mol. wt. 82,000) more anionic protein than sheep substrate and was resistant to the proteolytic actions of both pepsin and sheep renin. Km for the human renin‐human substrate reaction was high and could not be accurately determined (range 3–8 μM. mean 5·7 μM). The presence of human substrate in a human renin‐sheep substrate system did not alter the measured initial velocity.

In both sheep and man, the normal concentration of renin substrate is considerably less than Km and must therefore be considered a determinant of angiotensin production rate in vivo.
RESISTANCE OF MICE TO KREBS ASCITES TUMOUR, SARCOMA S180 AND PC6 PLASMACYTOMA AFTER IMMUNISATION WITH SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS 11RX
Authors: Tindle RW , Neoh SH , Ashley MP , Hardy D , Kotlarski Ieva
Published: November 2007

Resistance to Krebs ascites tumour, sarcoma S180 (ascitic form) and PC6 plasmacytoma can be induced with prior immunisation with live Salmonella enteritidis 11RX. One thousand to ten thousand more tumour cells are needed to give an LD50 after immunisation. Resistance to PC6 could be recalled 137 days after intravenous immunisation with 11RX protein antigen intraperitoneally as measured by prolonged survival or monitoring the death of 5[131I]‐iodo‐2′‐deoxyuridine labelled tumour cells in vivo. The range of tumours to which resistance can be produced by 11RX immunisation suggests that the mechanism of resistance does not involve antigens common to the tumours and Salmonella enteritidis 11RX.
LOCAL AND SYSTEMIC EFFECTS IN THE NON‐SPECIFIC TUMOUR RESISTANCE INDUCED BY ATTENUATED SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS 11RX IN MICE
Authors: Ashley MP , Neoh SH , Kotlarski Ieva , Hardy D
Published: November 2007

Suppression of growth of a number of different murine tumours, injected subcutaneously or into the foot pad, was induced by prior intraperitoneal or intravenous immunisation with Salmonella enteritidis 11RX. The effect of immunisation on tumour growth was relatively minor, but could be enhanced by addition of 11RX antigen preparations to the suspensions of tumour cells used for challenge. The significance of these findings is discussed.
EFFECTS OF THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AND THE ADRENAL MEDULLARY HORMONES ON DOG HIND LIMB BLOOD FLOW AFTER HAEMORRHAGE
Authors: Anderson WP , Ludbrook J
Published: November 2007

The contributions of the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal medullary catecholamines to the response of dog hind limb resistance vessels to haemorrhage were examined. Anaesthetized dogs were bled either 30% or 45% of blood volume. There was little difference between the vascular conductance response in untreated hind limbs and sympathectomized limbs. Conductance in limbs that had been both sympathectomized and alpha‐adrenergically blocked with phenoxybenzamine was markedly above that of untreated limbs. Blood flow in both the untreated limbs and the sympathectomized limbs was closely similar to that predicted from the pressure‐flow curve for the hind limbs obtained in non‐bled dogs. Flow was higher than predicted in the limbs with combined sympathectomy and alpha‐adrenergic blockade. It is concluded that the sympathetic nervous system exerted little vasoconstrictive influence after haemorrhage, but that circulatory catecholamines exerted a strong vasoconstrictive influence that was opposed in the normal limbs by an almost equally powerful vasodilatory force of undetermined origin.
AN EVALUATION OF SELECTIVE BROTHS BASED ON THE BI‐SELENITE ION AND ON HYPERTONIC STRONTIUM CHLORIDE IN SALMONELLAE DETECTION IN EGG PRODUCTS
Authors: Chandler RA
Published: November 2007

Of the 104 isolations of Salmonella sp. from egg pulp, 97 were obtained from strontium chloride M broth, 42 from strontium selenite broth and 57 from strontium selenite A broth. The results suggest that the first medium may be used more successfully than bi‐selenite based media for enrichment and subsequent detection of salmonellae in egg products; however, the growth of S. pullorum was not satisfactory in strontium chloride M broth.
THE ROLE OF THYMUS‐DERIVED CELLS IN IMMUNITY TO SALMONELLA INFECTION
Authors: Davies R , Kotlarski Ieva
Published: November 2007

The ability of thymus‐derived (T) cell depleted mice to eliminate a dose of the normally avirulent 11RX strain of Salmonella enteritidis was compared to that of normal mice by following the fate of the challenge organisms in the liver and spleen of both types of mice. Although the mice did not require normal numbers of T cells to survive infection with Salmonella enteritidis 11RX, T cell depiction reduced the ability of mice effectively to eliminate the organism from their tissues.

In addition, T cell depletion abolished the ability of live Salmonella enteritidis 11RX vaccine to protect mice against a subsequent challenge with the virulent C5 strain of Salmonella typhimurium.
THE SPECIFICITY OF NEMATODE ALLERGENS IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF HUMAN VISCERAL LARVA MIGRANS
Authors: Hogarth‐Scott RS , Feery Brian J
Published: November 2007

Extracts of nematodes have been used as skin test antigens in the diagnosis of nematode infections for many years. Ascaris lumbricoides and Taxocara canis are two nematodes commonly involved in human parasitism, the latter being associated with the clinical condition of Visceral Larva Migrans.

In vitro and in vivo experiments reported in this paper confirm experimentally, as well as clinically, the existence of cross‐reacting antigens between T. canis and Ascaris spp., and probably between T. canis and other nematodes. These cross‐reactions compromise the usefulness of skin tests in the diagnosis of such parasitic infections.
CYTOTOXIC T CELLS IN THE PERITONEAL CAVITY OF MICE INFECTED WITH ECTROMELIA VIRUS
Authors: Pang T , Gardner ID , Blanden RV
Published: November 2007

Peritoneal exudate cells from mice infected with ectromelia virus were cytotoxic for virus‐infected target cells as measured in a 51Cr release assay. Cytotoxic activity seemed to be T cell‐dependent as it was largely abolished by treatment with anti‐θ serum and complement but was not impaired by macrophage depletion. The kinetics of development of cytotoxicity in the peritoneal cavity lagged behind spleen cytotoxicity by 1–2 days. Peak activity in peritoneal cells was present about 6 days after intravenous infection with virus. These studies suggest that macrophages present in the free peritoneal cell populations of ectromelia‐infected mice are not cytotoxic for virus‐infected target cells. The effect of macrophages in virus clearance is therefore likely to be due to phagocytic rather than cytotoxic effects.
ELECTROLYTIC O‐DEMETHYLATION OF METHOXYCATECHOLAMINES
Authors: Head RJ , Parker DAS
Published: November 2007

Electrolysis of 3‐niethoxycatecholamines in physiological solutions resulted in the formation of the parent catecholamines and their oxidation products. Conversion occurred at the anode. Maximal catecholamine production occurred in the presence of ascorhic acid.
THE INFLUENCE OF ADRENERGIC NERVES ON THE RESPONSE OF BLOOD VESSELS IN THE RABBIT EAR TO 2‐PHENYLALANINE‐8‐LYSINE VASOPRESSIN (OCTAPRESSIN)
Authors: Gerke DC , Frewin DB , Frost BR
Published: November 2007

The blood vessels in the rabbit ear have been used to investigate the effects of octapressin on vascular smooth muscle. Continuous administration of this drug resulted in tachyphylaxis. Cocaine enhanced the response of the ear to octapressin; however, this potentiation was not evident when phentolamine was concurrently added to the perfusate. Denervation and reserpinisation of the ear also eliminated the potentiation of octapressin's response by cocaine. The results suggest that there is a small, indirect sympathomimetic component involved in octapressin's action on the vasculature.
ORD RIVER ARBOVIRUSES — ISOLATIONS FROM MOSQUITOES
Authors: Liehne CG , Leivers S , Stanley NF , Alpers MP , Paul S , Liehne PFS , Chan KH
Published: November 2007

One hundred and thirty presumptive viruses have been isolated from 485 pools made from 23,872 mosquitoes collected in the Ord River area of North‐West Australia. One hundred and eleven of the virus isolates came from pools of Culex annulirostris, the dominant mosquito species caught in the vicinity of Kununurra. Forty‐five of the viruses pathogenic for newborn mice have been further characterized‐19 as Flaviviruses, 1 Alphavirus, 9 Koongol, 1 Mapputta and 15 non‐haemagglutinating viruses of which 6 are Corriparta. Thirty‐seven isolates were from Culex annulirostris. 7 from Aedeomyia catasticta and 1 from Aedes tremuls. All Corriparta isolates were from Aedeomyia catasticta. The Flaviviruses comprised 13 Kunjin and MVE isolates.
ASSAY OF HUMAN LYMPHOKINES IN VITRO. EVIDENCE FOR A MIGRATION STIMULATION FACTOR (MStF) WHICH INTERFERES WITH THE MACROPHAGE MIGRATION INHIBITION ASSAY
Authors: Aaskov JG , Anthony Honor M
Published: November 2007

When cultured in vitro, human lymphocytes produced a range of materials which were able to reduce the migration inhibitory effect of human macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF) and in some cases stimulated macrophage migration to greater than control levels. In addition, lymphocytes stimulated with antigen or mitogen produced a lymphokine‐like migration stimulation “factor”. Detectable production of this factor occurred 24–48 h after antigen stimulation.

The migration stimulation factor (MStF) (MVV 50–250,000; pI 6·5) was not chemotactic and could be separated from migration inhibition and chemotactic factors by chromatography and iso‐electric focussing.
STUDIES ON THE TRANSFER OF PLASMA IRON TO MILK IN THE LACTATING RAT
Authors: Loh TT , Kaldor I
Published: November 2007

The transfer of an intravenous dose of 59Fe from plasma to milk in the lactating rat was a rapid process which accelerated exponentially with time until a plateau was reached 2 to 4 hours after injection. This transfer of iron involved little participation of the iron in the mammary gland pool. Also, neither the lactoferrin of the milk whey nor the iron‐carrier molecule of the casein played a specific role in the iron transfer process. The present results show that the total percentage of plasma 59Fe transferred to the milk and sucklings in the lactating rat is much more than those values reported in lactating rabbits (Tarvydas, Jordon and Morgan, 1968) and sows (Hansard, 1965).
INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF COPPER, CYTOCHROME OXIDASE, PHOSPHOLIPID SYNTHESIS AND ADENINE NUCLEOTIDE BINDING
Authors: Gallagher CH , Reeve Vivienne E
Published: November 2007

Studies are reported on the interrelationships in liver mitochondria of copper status, cytochrome oxidase activity, adenine nucleotide binding capacity and phospholipid synthesis. Direct exposure of mitochondria to cyanide or diethyldithiocarbamate depressed cytochrome oxidase activity, ADP‐binding and phospholipid synthesis. Fractionation of mitochondria to increase the specific activity of cytochrome oxidase about 10‐fold did not increase the affinity to bind ADP. Ageing of mitochondria or dialysis of mitochondria or mitochondrial membrane preparations against water or diethyldithiocarbamate at 0–2° for 18 h did not decrease cytochrome oxidase activity or copper content of reisolated and resuspended mitochondria or mitochondrial membrane preparations, but considerably reduced the affinity to bind ADP. The respiratory inhibitors, fluoride and azide, at concentrations inhibitory to cytochrome oxidase did not reduce ADP‐binding or phospholipid synthesis. Atractyloside did not inhibit cytochrome oxidase activity but did inhibit ADP‐binding and phospholipid synthesis. Pre‐incubation of mitochondrial membrane preparations with Cu+ + increased the copper content and ADP‐binding affinity. The results indicate that cytochrome oxidase is not the ADP‐binding site of the mitochondrial membrane system and that reduced cytochrome oxidase activity per se does not depress binding affinity. Copper appears to be a component of the adenine nucleotide binding sites of mitochondrial membranes because the copper‐complexing agents, cyanide and diethyldithiocarbamate, depressed ADP‐binding, while increased mitochondrial membrane copper content increased ADP‐binding.
THE INHIBITORY INFLUENCE OF THE PYLORIC ANTRUM ON GASTRIC SECRETION IN DOGS
Authors: Hunt DR , Forrest APM
Published: November 2007

The effect of denervation of the pyloric antrum and of subsequent vagotomy on the secretory responses of an innervated or a denervated gastric‐pouch in the dog to histamine and pentagastrin was determined. The increased sensitivity of the gastric pouch to stimulation after these procedures is in keeping with the concept that an inhibitory reflex is concerned with the control of acid gastric secretion.
SEMI‐AUTOMATED CATECHOLAMINE ASSAY
Authors: Head RJ , Crabb GA , De La Lande IS , Frewin DB
Published: November 2007

Three semi‐automated procedures are described for the estimation of the catecholamine contents of urine, tissue and plasma samples. The three procedures are based on the fIuorometric tri‐hydroxyindole assay which has been modified for automatic analysis. These techniques offer several advantages over currently available assays in that they are more convenient, provide for faster analysis rate and give increased sensitivity. The results of the present studies in which the catecholamine contents of urine, tissue and plasma samples were determined using the semi‐automated assay provided a range of values which was identical to that obtained using other methods.
THE EFFECT OF ASPIRIN PRETREATMENT ON THE SWEATING RESPONSE OF OLDER FEMALE SUBJECTS
Authors: Tam HS , Frewin DB , Elliott K , Luke WK , Downey JA
Published: November 2007

Seven healthy female volunteers (aged 50 to 67 years) have been subjected to a thermal stress and their sweat rates evaluated using hygrosensors on five different locations on their body surface. It was found that the sweating rate was highest on the forehead in all but one of the subjects with the chest being the next most prominent site for the response. Five of the subjects were restudied after aspirin pretreatment. In the presence of this drug, resting body temperature was lowered, sweating occurred at a lower oral temperature and the mean sweating rate at a standardized body temperature was significantly higher. These findings are consistent with aspirin's known pharmacological actions, although in this study the increased sweating rates have been demonstrated in afebrile subjects.
BRAIN DAMAGE BY EXTRACTS OF PARASITISED ANNUAL RYEGRASS (LOLIUM RIGIDUM) IN NURSLING RATS
Authors: Peterson JE , Jago Marjorie V
Published: November 2007

Extracts of annual ryegrass. (Lolium rigidum) infected with Anguina sp., and Corynebacterium sp. and associated with an outbreak of annual ryegrass toxicity in sheep, were administered to 2‐week‐old rats by a single intraperitoneal injection. Rats that received a lethal dose of toxin developed neurological signs including incoordination and convulsions from the second day and most died between 2 and 7 days after injection. Histologically, the brains showed widespread lesions of focal necrosis consistent with anoxia. Peripheral circulation rate was greatly reduced after 3 days and gangrene of the tail and hind legs developed in some rats, Evidence of restricted blond How was also seen in kidneys, lungs and bruin. It was concluded that the toxin contains a long‐acting vasoconstrictor.
IMPORTANCE OF LUMINAL LECITHIN IN INTESTINAL ABSORPTION AND TRANSPORT OF LIPID IN THE RAT
Authors: Tso P , Simmonds WJ
Published: November 2007

Feeding a gastric test meal, the absorption and transport of fat was studied in control and bile fistula rats with bile salts replaced but with and without egg lecithin supplemented. No evidence was found that luminal lecithin played an important role in the transport of absorbed fat as chylomicrons.
INCORPORATION OF [2‐3H] ETHANOLAMINE INTO RAT MUSCLE PHOSPHOGLYCERIDES
Authors: Shamgar Felix A , Collins Frederick D
Published: November 2007

The contribution of phosphatidylethanolamine methylation to phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in rat muscle was investigated by studying the incorporation of [2‐3H] ethanolamine. The specific radioactivities of individual molecular species of muscle phosphoglycerides were measured by a combination of argentation thin‐layer chromatography and countercurrent distribution.

The specific radioactivity of phosphatidylethanolamine was approximately one thousand times that of phosphatidylcholine. Amongst individual phosphatidylethanolamines, hexaenoic species possessed the highest specific radioactivities and tetracnoic the lowest. Because of the very low incorporation into phosphatidylcholine, the specific radioactivities of combined rather than of individual fractions were measured.

The results indicate that the contribution of phosphatidylethanolamine methylation to the overall biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine in muscle is of minor importance.
THE METABOLISM OF EXOGENOUS HISTAMINE BY AORTIC TISSUES
Authors: Foldes Andrew , Stacey Michael J
Published: November 2007

A thin layer chromatographic system is presented for the separation of histamine (H), 1,4‐methylhistamine (M), acid metabolites comprising imidazole and methylimidazole acetic acids (A) and N‐acetylhistamine (N).

The system was applied to separation of the histamine metabolites formed following incubation of rabbit and guinea‐pig thoracic aorta segments with labelled histamine.

The effects of various agents known to affect histamine uptake, storage and metabolism in vascular tissue were studied on the disposition of histamine metabolites.
SIGNIFICANCE OF ANOMALOUS THERMOREGULATION IN THE PRE‐DIABETIC SPINY MOUSE (ACOMYS CAHIRINUS):
Authors: Wise PH
Published: November 2007

Decreased cold tolerance, reduced food requirement for body weight maintenance and comparative resistance to the hypoglycemic effect of fasting in high ambient temperatures have been demonstrated in the spiny mouse. These phenomena could be related to anomalous spiny mouse thermoregulation, a phenomenon which is common in desert rodents and is simulated by mutant and artificially diabetic rodent species. The data can be interpreted as showing evidence for a survival advantage of genotypes with potential diabetic expression, and may provide an explanation of the geographic distribution of certain species.
ANTIGEN‐INITIATED B LYMPHOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION
Authors: Howard Maureen C , Fidler John M
Published: November 2007

While the virgin AFC‐progenitors for an adoptive immune response in neonatal germ‐free CBA mouse spleen are small, dense cells, the equivalent cells in the adult are a larger, lighter density population. The effects of injections of unrelated antigens on the physical properties of the AFC‐progenitors in neonatal spleen were investigated to test the postulate that the physically distinct “virgin” AFC‐progenitors in the adult arose by a process of non‐specific activation.

Spleen cells from 7‐day‐old germ‐free CBA mice were separated by sedimentation at unit gravity or by density on continuous albumin gradients, and the fractions were tested for NIP‐specific AFC‐progenitor activity using an adoptive immune assay which gave a direct linear measure of B cell activity. If the donor neonatal animals were injected one day previously with POL or PPD, the NIP‐specific AFC‐progenitor activity shifted from the typical small, dense lymphocytes to larger, lighter cells. The physical properties of these stimulated AFC‐progenitors resembled those of IgM AFC‐progenitors in normal adult mice. These results experimentally confirm the theory that environmental stimuli induce a non‐specific “activation” of a particular subset of “virgin” B cells.
CELLULAR CHANGES IN THE INTESTINAL LYMPH OF SHEEP INFECTED WITH THE ENTERIC NEMATODE, TRICHOSTRONGYLUS COLUBRIFORMIS
Authors: Adams DB , Cripps AW
Published: November 2007

Some changes produced in the cell populations of intestinal lymph by infection with the enteric nematode Trichostrongylus colubriformis. were studied in sheep regularly re‐infused with all discharged lymph. Lymphocyte traffic through the intestinal lymphatic duct was reduced until day 35 of primary infection, mainly due lo the‐ absence of lymphocytes with smaller cell volumes but was increased two‐fold after day 70 and in immune sheep. Antigen‐reactive lymphocytes in Mood and lymph were assayed by the uptake of: 3H‐thymidine in cell culture stimulated by extracts from the larvae of T. colubriformis. Cells from the blood and lymph of immune sheep were highly reactive to worm antigen. A relatively smaller reactivity was present in the blood of worm‐free sheep and was abolished during the first 12 days of primary infection. Antigen‐reactive cells were not detected in intestinal lymph until 12 days after primary infection, mid in vitro antigen reactive in intestinal lymph of immune sheep was increased after challenge with infective larvae. Responses to the mitogens, concanavalin A and phytohaemagglutinin in cultures of cells from both intestinal lymph and blood were depressed on days 7 and 12 of primary infection.

It is proposed that the diminished traffic of lymphocytes in intestinal lymph and the reduced numbers of mitogen and nematode antigen‐reactive lymphocytes in both blood and intestinal lymph during the early stages of infection with T. colubriformis is closely related to the slow development of protective immunity to this parasite.
IMMUNE RESPONSES OF SHEEP TO THE PARASITIC NEMATODE TRICHOSTRONGYLUS COLUBRIFORMIS: INFECTIONS IN THIRY‐VELLA LOOPS
Authors: Cripps AW , Rothwell TLW
Published: November 2007

Some aspects of the local immune response to nematode infection were examined by introducing fourth‐stage Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae into Thiry‐Vella loops in worm‐free and T. colubriformis‐resistant sheep. Approximately 15% of the larvae introduced into the worm‐free sheep survived and matured into adult worms, whereas less than 1% survived in resistant sheep. The amount of IgG1, IgG2, IgM and albumin discharged from loops in worm‐free hut not resistant sheep all increased following infection with larvae. Secretions from resistant sheep contained approximately three times as much IgA as secretions from the worm‐free group and. in addition, their plasma IgG1level was significantly higher. Antibodies against T. colubriformis were found in both plasma and intestinal secretions, the highest titres being found in the resistant sheep. During worm expulsion from loops in the resistant sheep neither immunoglobulin levels nor antibody titres in the secretions increased significantly.
APPARENT ANTIHEMOPHILIC ACTIVITY OF BASIC AMPHOTERIC POLYELECTROLYTES
Authors: Exner T , Rickard KA , Kronenberg H
Published: November 2007

Amphoteric polyelectrolytes with alkaline isoelectric points (for example Ampholine 9‐11) intended for use in isoelectric focussing were found to shorten the prolonged partial thromboplastin clotting time with kaolin (PTTK) of plasma deficient in factor VIII. The response of this PTTK to Ampholine 9‐11 was linear when plotted on double log paper with a slope slightly greater than that of factor VIII itself. Ampholine 9‐11 at 2% concentration had factor VIII and factor IX activity equal to that of normal plasma as well as somewhat less activity as factor XI. It had no significant correcting effect on the clotting of plasmas deficient in factors V, VII, X, II or XII, Ampholine 9‐11 inhibited low concentrations of contact activators and its effect in correcting factor VIII deficient plasma was found to be related to the degree of contact activation.
THE ACTIONS OF VASOACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN THE FOETUS AND THE EFFECT OF PERFUSION THROUGH THE PLACENTA ON THEIR BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY
Authors: Lumbers Eugenie R , Reid GC
Published: November 2007

In acute experiments on the in utero foetal lamb, angiotensin II was a more potent pressor agent than either noradrenaline or adrenaline, and the response to angiotensin II was not consistently modified by the combined administration of α‐ and β‐adrenergic blocking agents.

A significant reduction in the pressor response of the foetus to angiotensin II and noradrenaline occurred with infusion of these compounds to the foetus by the umbilical artery when compared with the response obtained with infusions of the same doses of these drugs by the umbilical vein. Moreover, the concentration of angiotensin II (pg. ml‐1) present in the foetal circulation was less following umbilical arterial infusions compared with umbilical vein infusions of the same doses. A similar reduction in the pressor activity of adrenaline and the cardio‐stimulant effect of isoprenaline occurred when these drugs were infused by the umbilical artery. It is concluded that the foetus, lite the adult animal, is more sensitive to angiotensin II than in catecholamines and that the biological activities of noradrenaline, angiotensin II, adrenaline and isoprenaline are reduced by perfusion through the foetal placenta.
IMMUNOGLOBULIN METABOLISM IN SHEEP INFECTED WITH THE SMALL INTESTINAL NEMATODE TRICHOSTRONGYLUS COLUBRIFORMIS
Authors: Cripps AW , Steel JW
Published: November 2007

Radiotracer techniques were used to compare the kinetics of IgG1 and IgG2 metabolism in sheep (1) prior to parasite exposure, (2) during an initial patent infection with Trichostrongylus colubriformis, and (3) during continuous exposure to the parasite when the animals were exhibiting resistance. Plasma concentrations of IgG1, IgG2, IgA and IgM were also monitored throughout the experiment.

Plasma IgG1 concentration increased significantly during the development of resistance and maintained this higher level on further exposure to the parasite. IgA concentration was also elevated during the development of resistance to a level approximately three times that observed prior to initial infection, hut this increase was only transitory. No significant changes in either IgG2 or IgM concentration occurred.

Analysis of the radiotracer data for IgG1 and IgG2, was based on a two‐compartment model comprising intravascular and extravaseular protein pools with reversible exchange between them and irreversible loss from the intravascular site. No significant changes in compartment sizes or rates of exchange between compartments were recorded during measurement periods (1), (2) and (3) for either IgG1 or IgG2. Rates of irreversible loss of IgG2 were similar during (1), (2) and (3); the irreversible loss of IgG1 was unaltered following the initial infection but Increased by approximately 50% during period (3).

It is concluded that increased synthesis of IgG1 in resistant sheep continually exposed to T. colubriformis occurs as a result of antigenic stimulation rather than as a consequence of increased loss of plasma into the intestine.
MACROPHAGES AND RESISTANCE TO TUMOURS
Authors: Nelson Margaret , Nelson DS
Published: November 2007

Early, specific concomitant immunity to each of four tumours was inhibited by treatment with silica or carrageenan. Late, non‐specific concomitant immunity was, with one exception, not inhibited by these agents. Treatment of non‐immune mice with silica at certain critical periods before challenge promoted the growth of four of six syngeneic methylcholanthrene‐induced tumours in their feet. Treatment with carrageenan was much less effective. Early and late concomitant immunity were inhibited by one or more agents inhibiting delayed‐type hypersensitivity: irradiation, niridazole and reserpine. Irradiation of nonimmune mice did not effect the growth of tumours in their feet. Treatment of non‐immune mice with niridazole or reserpine actually inhibited the growth of some tumours. It is suggested that (a) mice offer some natural resistance to tumour growth, macrophages perhaps being effectors; (b) some tumour isografts may survive only if an inflammatory reaction occurs; (c) mechanisms akin to those of delayed‐ type hypersensitivity operate in the expression of concomitant immunity; (d) macrophages are important in early, specific concomitant immunity, but perhaps less so in the late non‐specific phase.
FLOW AND PROTEIN COMPOSITION OF INTESTINAL LYMPH IN SHEEP INFECTED WITH THE ENTERIC NEMATODE, TRICHOSTRONGYLUS COLUBRIFORMIS
Authors: Cripps AW , Adams DB
Published: November 2007

A study of immunoglobulin and albumin concentrations and the flow of intestinal lymph was made in sheep during infection with the parasitic nematode, Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Observations were made on uninfected worm‐free sheep, on worm‐free sheep undergoing primary infection and on immune sheep undergoing challenge infection.

The flow of intestinal lymph and the concentrations of IgG1, IgG2 and IgM in intestinal lymph and IgG2 and IgM in blood plasma remained relatively constant during both primary and challenge infection. The concentration of IgA in intestinal lymph and blood plasma increased as early as day 6 of primary infection and maximum values were observed at day 34. By day 34 of primary infection the concentration of IgG1 in blood plasma was significantly greater than that found in worm‐free controls. Plasma IgG1, concentrations in resistant sheep were also significantly greater than those observed in worm‐free controls. Challenge infection in immune sheep did not raise the concentration of IgA in intestinal lymph and blood or IgG1 in blood.

An indirect haemagglutination test was used to detect antibodies to T. colubriformis. Primary infection did not increase anti‐worm antibody titres in either intestinal lymph or serum. Significant antibody titres were present in serum and lymph from immune sheep and were rapidly increased by challenge infection. Most antibody activity in serum was associated with IgM, whereas that in intestinal lymph was associated with IgA. These observations indicate the occurrence of a local antibody response to T. colubriformis in the intestine of immune sheep.
CONTROL OF CONCANAVALIN A RECEPTOR MOBILITY BY CYTOPLASMIC ACTIN IN HUMAN TUMOUR CELLS
Authors: Koh SH , Toh BH , Gallichio HA , Elrick WL
Published: November 2007

Tissue culture monolayers of seven human intracranial tumours comprising 2 astrocytomas, 3 meningiomas, 1 secondary squamous cell carcinoma and 1 secondary adenocarcinoma were examined by a double immunofluorescent staining technique to demonstrate Concanavalin A (Con A) surface receptors and cytoplasmic actta in the same cell. Tumour cells, treated with fluoresceinisothiocyanate‐labelled Con A (FITC‐Con A) showed staining in cell margins or in a random distribution over the cell surface. Incubating the cells with FITC‐Con A at 37° for increasing periods of time resulted first in staining of clusters and later of perinuclear globules. Cells, preteated with 4% paraformaldehyde at 4° for 10 min or with cytochalastn B at 37° for 30 min showed Staining restricted to cell margins. In the cytochalasin B‐treated cells, tile peripheral staining was in the form of coarse clusters. Double fluorochrome studies showed that the anti‐action antibody (AAA) staining occurred in sites closely related to those stained by FITC‐Con A both in untreated as well as in cytochalsin B‐treated cells. The findings suggest that Con A receptors, as an example of a stable cell membrane determinant in human tumour cells, are associated with actin and that their mobility on the cell surface is dependent on an intact cytoplasmic actin system.
THE EFFECT OF CYCLOHEXIMIDE ON CHOLECYSTOKININ‐EVOKED PANCREATIC JUICE OF THE ANAESTHETIZED RAT
Authors: Sewell WA , Young JA
Published: November 2007

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a major stimulant for enzyme secretion by pancreatic acinar cells. In most animals this enzyme secretion is accompanied by a small volume of chloride‐rich “carrier” fluid in which the enzymes are dissolved. In order to determine whether this carrier fluid is secreted independently of the pancreatic digestive enzymes, and how its composition is altered by interaction with them, we have studied CCK‐evoked juice collected from anaesthetized rats before and after administration of cycloheximide. a powerful inhibitor of protein synthesis. Following treatment with cycloheximide, fluid secretion continued unchanged for 30‐40 min but protein excretion declined without appreciable delay towards aero. As protein content declined, the juice bicarbonate content rose from 30 to more than 60 mmorle I‐1 so that the juice resembled that evoked in the rat by secretin. It is concluded that secretion of CCK‐evoked fluid is independent of the secretion of digestive enzymes and that the carrier fluid is actually alkaline, like secretin‐evoked fluid, and only becomes neutral and chloride‐rich by interaction with the acidic contents of zymogen granules.
DISTRIBUTION OF SURFACE IgM AND IgD ON SINGLE CELLS FROM LYMPHOCYTE SUBPOPULATIONS
Authors: Layton Judith E , Howard Maureen C
Published: November 2007

The surface immunoglobulin heavy chains on individual spleen cells fractionated by velocity sedimentation were studied using fluorescent antisera. In adult mice, cells bearing both μ and δ chains were found in all fractions. While there was an increase in the proportion of cells bearing μ only in the medium to large cell fractions, the majority of cells bearing μ only were small lymphocytes. Results obtained using 3‐week‐old mice were basically similar, but showed both a marked decrease in small μ+ δ+ cells and a marked increase in small μ + δ ‐ cells when compared with adult animals.
ANTIBODIES IN THE INTESTINAL SECRETIONS OF RATS PRIMARY AND SECONDARY RESPONSES TO POLYMERIC FLAGELLIN
Authors: Kenrick KG , Cooper GN
Published: November 2007

The antibody responses in serum and secretions obtained from the mucosal surfaces of the small intestine of rats immunized by a parenteral and intestinal route have been compared. Though no significant differences in the mean serum titres were found, the responses of animals immunized via the latter route to large doses of antigen were far less uniform. Apart from the first few days of the primary response, antibody activity was found in three major immunoglobulin classes (IgG2, IgA and IgM), irrespective of the route of immunisation.

Significant antibody activity appeared in the intestinal surface secretions only after two injections of antigen. In nits immunized parenterally the activity was found only in the IgG2, component. Whilst activity was found in both IgG2 and IgA fractions of the secretions obtained from intextinally immunized rats, it was predominantly of the IgG2 class. The possible significance of this observation is discussed.
GLYCOPROTEINS OF THE BRUSH BORDER MEMBRANE OF MOUSE DUODENUM
Authors: Billington T , Nayudu PRV
Published: November 2007

Qualitative and quantitative chemical analyses have been made of the carbohydrate and protein moieties of the glycoproteins in purified mouse duodenal brash border membranes. Solubilized membrane protein was electro‐phoresed on S.D.S.‐polyacrylamide gels and glycoproteins were subsequently identified by periodate‐Schiff staining. A parallel experiment showed that these glycoprotein bands also incorporated 14C counts from intraluminally‐administered 14C‐glucosamine. Positively‐staining bands were collected from several identically run gels and subjected to digestion with pronase. The sugar and amino acid compositions of the digested glycoproteins were determined. Five of the membrane proteins appeared to be complexed with sugars, and further analyses showed that there were differences between the glycoproteins with respect to sialic acid, uronic acid, amino acids, amino sugar and monosaccharide contents.
THE ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF LACTOFERRIN FROM BOVINE TEARS
Authors: Banyard MRC , Maeda K
Published: November 2007

A two‐step procedure for the isolation of pure lactoferrin from bovine tears is outlined. The amino acid composition of this lactoferriu resembles closely the amino acid composition of lactoferrin isolated from bovine milk.
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF MURINE SPLEEN CELL EXTRACT
Authors: Flower RLP , Turner KJ , Alpers MP
Published: November 2007

Exposure to a peptide extract from murine spleen reduced the viable count of E. coli and E. coli spheroplasts. The reduction in viable count was reflected by reduced incorporation of radiolabelled thymidine and was apparently due to a loss of the ability of treated organisms to divide.
THE SOURCE OF IgM AND IgG IN THE DOG INTESTINE
Authors: Heddle RJ , Rowley D
Published: November 2007

The source of IgM and IgG2a, b in the dog intestine was investigated, using labelled dog immunoglobulins and chronic Thiry‐Vella loops of dog small intestine. Clearances of IgM and IgG2a, b from serum into intestinal secretions were similar, reflecting transfer of a greater mass of IgG2a, b than of IgM. Only 20% of the intestinal IgM derived from, serum, irrespective of the marker used. About one third of the total intestinal IgG, of all sub‐classes and accrued from all sources, was serum‐derived IgG 2a, b. This indicates that serum is a major contributor to dog intestinal IgG 2a, b.
CYTOTOXIC T CELL RECOGNITION OF ECTROMELIA VIRUS‐INFECTED CELLS.
Authors: Blanden Robert V , Pang Tikky
Published: November 2007

Virus‐immune memory T cells from A.TL mice (K8, Dd) stimulated in vitro by ectromelia‐infected BALB/c macrophages (Kd, Dd) gave rise to the subset of cytotoxic T cells that recognized virus plus H‐2Dd and lysed infected BALB/c, not infected SJL/J (K8, D8) targets, despite cultural conditions which ensured that the responding A.TL cells were also in contact with the H‐2K8 antigen (on other, adjacent A.TL cells). The converse results were obtained using SJL/J infected stimulators. Thus, it seemed that viral and H‐2K or H‐2D antigens must be in the same cell surface membrane, probably in physical association, to produce antigen moieties that stimulated virus‐immune T cells, These results implied that functional pairs of hypothetical recognition structures for viral and H‐2 determinants would need to be associated in some way in the memory T cell membrane.

A second experimental approach further explored this hypothesis. C57BL/6 and B6.C‐H‐2ba mice differ because of a gain‐loss mutation in the H‐2K region, apparently in a cistron coding for an H‐2Kb polypeptide antigen. Mutant and wild‐type share H‐2Kb determinant(s) recognizable by allogeneic cytotoxic T cells, in addition to possessing unique determinant(s) defined by the mutation. Virus‐immune cytotoxic T cells, syngeneic with respect to infected stimulator cells, apparently recognize the unique determinant (s) but are not stimulated by. or do not recognize the shared determinant(s). despite the presence of the latter on virus‐infected cells as demonstrated by lysis of infected targets by mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR)‐generated T cells directed only at the shared determinants. These results are discussed in terms of two alternative, but not mutually exclusive, hypotheses. The first suggests that physical association between viral and H‐2K molecules may result in certain H‐2K determinants being “masked” or inaccessible to T cell receptors, thus rendering them unable to stimulate T cell responses. It would again follow that the T cell recognition structures for viral and H‐2 determinants would also need to be associated in some way. An alternative is that the shared determinants revealed by the cross‐reactivity of allogeneic cytotoxic T cells generated in MLR are not encompassed in the dictionary of receptors on syngeneic T cells that recognize, and are stimulated by, virus‐infected self cells.
ACQUIRED IMMUNITY TO THE TREMATODE FASCIOLA HEPATICA IN RATS
Authors: Rajasekariah GR , Howell MJ
Published: November 2007

Following a primary infection of 5 metacercariae (mc) of Fasciola hepatica, rats became immune to challenge with 30 mc. Immunity was less consistently demonstrated following challenge infection with 5 mc. The levels of precipitating and miracidial immobilizing antibodies, and antibodies detected by an indirect fluorescent antibody test, were monitored during the course of it primary infection of 5 mc and challenge infection of 30 mc. Following primary infection, peaks in the antibody response were associated with the invasion and migration of juvenile flukes in the liver parenchyma. Antibody titres fell when flukes entered the bile duct. There was a slight elevation in the titre of all antibodies following challenge, but, apart from those detected by the fluorescent antibody test, this elevation was not as marked as in control animals.

It is suggested that flukes become isolated from, or have diminished contact with, the immune system once they enter the bile duct. This might explain why adult flukes survive in immune hosts whereas challenge metacercariae are destroyed.