bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Malaria diagnostic and treatment practices for febrile children under 5 years at two general hospitals in Karamoja, a high transmission setting in Uganda
Authors: Zalwango Jane Frances , Nankabirwa Joaniter I. , Kitutu Freddy Eric , Akunzirwe Rebecca , Buhuguru Remmy , Rokani Joan Bayowa , Ssendikwanawa Emmanuel , Kiguli Sarah , Arinaitwe Emmanuel , Kalyango Joan N.
Published: November 2022

Background

Malaria is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among children under 5 years of age in Uganda. Although Karamoja sub-region has the highest prevalence of malaria, and one of the highest case fatality rates in children under 5 years, information on malaria case management for the sub-region is scarce. The study evaluated the malaria diagnostic and treatment practices, as well as the factors associated with inappropriate care for children under 5 years of age presenting with fever in two public hospitals within the sub-region.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted amongst 857 children under 5 years of age who presented with fever at Abim and Kaabong general hospitals between February and March 2020. A questionnaire was administered to the primary caregiver during exit/bedside interviews to collect socio-demographic information. The participant clinical notes were reviewed to capture information on laboratory tests conducted, diagnosis given, and treatment prescribed. In addition, a health facility assessment was conducted and information on healthcare workers was collected. The healthcare worker and facility data was linked to the participant’s hospital visit. Main outcome measures were malaria diagnostic and treatment practices.

Results

Of the 857 children enrolled, 820 (95.7%) had a malaria diagnostic test done and 623 (76.0%) tested positive for malaria. All test positive children received anti-malarial treatment, however, only 424/623 (68.1%) received the recommended anti-malarial drug and 376/424 (88.7%) received the right dose of the treatment. Inappropriate diagnosis/treatment was in 321 (37.5%) of the enrolled participants. Factors associated with inappropriate diagnosis/treatment included: lack of recommended anti-malarials on the day of the visit (Prevalence Ratio [PR] = 2.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.8–2.4), hospital where care was sought (PR = 0.4, 95% CI 0.3–0.5), being managed by a recently supervised health worker (PR = 0.5, 95% CI 0.2–0.9), and health worker cadre (PR = 0.8, 95% CI 0.7–0.9).

Conclusion

The prevalence of inappropriate malaria diagnosis and treatment in the Karamoja sub-region was high with approximately one in every three children receiving inappropriate care. This was majorly influenced by health system factors, which if improved upon may reduce malaria-related mortalities in the sub-region a vital step in meeting the country’s target of zero deaths from malaria by 2030.
Antibiofilm activity of ultra-small gold nanoclusters against Fusobacterium nucleatum in dental plaque biofilms
Authors: Zhang Yangheng , Chen Rixin , Wang Yuxian , Wang Peng , Pu Jiajie , Xu Xiaoqiang , Chen Faming , Jiang Ling , Jiang Qing , Yan Fuhua
Published: November 2022

Pathogenic dental plaque biofilms are universal and harmful, which can result in oral infections and systemic diseases. Many conventional therapeutic methods have proven insufficient or ineffective against plaque biofilms. Therefore, new strategies are urgently needed. Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum), a periodontal pathogen associated with a variety of oral and systemic diseases, is thought to be central to the development and structure of dental plaques. Here, ultra-small gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) were prepared. They exhibited potent antibacterial activity against F. nucleatum through enhanced destruction of bacterial membranes and generation of reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, due to their excellent penetration, the AuNCs could inhibit biofilm formation and destroy mature biofilms in vitro. Their antibiofilm efficacy was further confirmed in a mouse model, where they reduced biofilm accumulation and ameliorated inflammation. Meanwhile, the disruption of oral and gut microbiota caused by colonization of oral F. nucleatum could be partially restored through AuNCs treatment. Therefore, AuNCs could be considered as promising antibiofilm agents and have great potential in the clinical treatment of dental plaque.

Graphical Abstract
Taking the cat-and-mouse game to the next level: different perspectives on the introduction of the German New Psychoactive Substances Act
Authors: Kühnl Regina , Aydin Darya , Horn Sabine , Olderbak Sally , Verthein Uwe , Kraus Ludwig
Published: November 2022

Background

To counteract the spread of new psychoactive substances (NPS) and to prevent the emergence of novel substances, specifically designed as a response to the legal control of individual substances, a new law was introduced in Germany in 2016: the New Psychoactive Substances Act (NpSG). The NpSG combines a generic approach with the waiver of criminal liability for the acquisition and possession of NPS for personal use, which is a novelty in German narcotics law. The present study aimed at exploring the impact of the introduction of the NpSG from three different perspectives—NPS users, staff of addiction care facilities, and members of law enforcement authorities—to better understand the dynamics surrounding such a change in legislation and to contribute to the body of international experience in dealing with NPS.

Methods

Semi-structured narrative interviews were conducted with a total of 193 representatives of the three different groups affected by the law. These interviews included questions on perceived changes associated with the introduction of the NpSG as well as questions on opinions regarding legal and criminal policy issues. The analysis was carried out using qualitative content analysis according to Mayring.

Results

Most interviewees welcomed the non-criminalisation approach of the NpSG but also noticed that, in practice, not much has changed for users. Nevertheless, the changes in legislation have had an impact on the market. For example, novel substances have emerged circumventing the new legislation. According to users, this has led some to reduce NPS use and others to adopt more hazardous consumption patterns. Overall, most respondents did not expect the introduction of the NpSG to bring any significant changes.

Conclusions

Although the idea of non-criminalisation inherent to the NpSG is appreciated and the generic approach has been well implemented in the law, thus covering a wide range of substances, the introduction of the law—perhaps for that very reason—has also had unintended and negative consequences, taking the cat-and-mouse game to the next level. To end the game, or at least to defuse the game situation, a combination of different strategies will be necessary, with legislation always playing a key role.
Tripartite motif-containing protein 46 accelerates influenza A H7N9 virus infection by promoting K48-linked ubiquitination of TBK1
Authors: Su Wei , Lin Xian-Tian , Zhao Shuai , Zheng Xiao-Qin , Zhou Yu-Qing , Xiao Lan-Lan , Chen Hui , Zhang Zheng-Yu , Zhang Li-Jun , Wu Xiao-Xin
Published: November 2022

Background

Avian influenza A H7N9 emerged in 2013, threatening public health and causing acute respiratory distress syndrome, and even death, in the human population. However, the underlying mechanism by which H7N9 virus causes human infection remains elusive.

Methods

Herein, we infected A549 cells with H7N9 virus for different times and assessed tripartite motif-containing protein 46 (TRIM46) expression. To determine the role of TRIM46 in H7N9 infection, we applied lentivirus-based TRIM46 short hairpin RNA sequences and overexpression plasmids to explore virus replication, and changes in type I interferons and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) phosphorylation levels in response to silencing and overexpression of TRIM46. Finally, we used Co-immunoprecipitation and ubiquitination assays to examine the mechanism by which TRIM46 mediated the activity of TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1).

Results

Type I interferons play an important role in defending virus infection. Here, we found that TRIM46 levels were significantly increased during H7N9 virus infection. Furthermore, TRIM46 knockdown inhibited H7N9 virus replication compared to that in the control group, while the production of type I interferons increased. Meanwhile, overexpression of TRIM46 promoted H7N9 virus replication and decrease the production of type I interferons. In addition, the level of phosphorylated IRF3, an important interferon regulatory factor, was increased in TRIM46-silenced cells, but decreased in TRIM46 overexpressing cells. Mechanistically, we observed that TRIM46 could interact with TBK1 to induce its K48-linked ubiquitination, which promoted H7N9 virus infection.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that TRIM46 negatively regulates the human innate immune response against H7N9 virus infection.
An observational study to investigate the relationship between plasma glucosylsphingosine (lyso-Gb1) concentration and treatment outcomes of patients with Gaucher disease in Japan
Authors: Ida Hiroyuki , Watanabe Yuko , Sagara Rieko , Inoue Yoichi , Fernandez Jovelle
Published: November 2022

Background

Gaucher disease (GD) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by GBA1 mutations resulting in glucosylceramide accumulation in macrophages. GD is characterized by hepatosplenomegaly, anemia, thrombocytopenia, bone complications, and neurological complications. Glucosylsphingosine (lyso-Gb1), a deacylated form of glucosylceramide, has been identified as a promising biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment response in GD. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between plasma lyso-Gb1 and therapeutic goals for GD (improvements in hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, anemia, thrombocytopenia, bone pain, and bone crisis), as well as disease type and GBA1 mutation type, in Japanese patients with GD receiving velaglucerase alfa, an enzyme replacement therapy (ERT). Furthermore, this study compared the plasma lyso-Gb1 concentration observed in Japanese patients included in this study with that observed in a previous non-Japanese clinical study.

Results

This non-interventional, open-label, multicenter observational cohort study (October 2020 to March 2021) included a total of 20 patients (of any age) with GD (type 1: n = 8; type 2: n = 9; type 3: n = 3) treated with velaglucerase alfa for ≥ 3 months. Median (minimum–maximum) duration of velaglucerase alfa treatment was 49.5 (3–107) months. A total of 14 (70.0%) patients achieved all therapeutic goals (i.e., 100% achievement; improvements in hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, anemia, thrombocytopenia, bone pain, and bone crisis). Overall, median (minimum–maximum) lyso-Gb1 concentration was 24.3 (2.1–150) ng/mL. Although not statistically significant, numerically lower plasma lyso-Gb1 concentrations were observed in patients with 100% achievement compared with those without; no statistically significant difference in plasma lyso-Gb1 concentration was observed between patients with different disease type or mutation type. Furthermore, lyso-Gb1 concentrations observed in Japanese patients were numerically lower than that observed in a previous study of non-Japanese patients with GD receiving ERT.

Conclusions

In this study, high achievement rates of therapeutic goals with low lyso-Gb1 concentration were observed, demonstrating a correlation between therapeutic goals and lower plasma lyso-Gb1 concentration in Japanese patients with GD treated with velaglucerase alfa. This study further suggests that plasma lyso-Gb1 concentration may be a useful biomarker for treatment response in patients with GD.
QSRR modeling of the chromatographic retention behavior of some quinolone and sulfonamide antibacterial agents using firefly algorithm coupled to support vector machine
Authors: Fouad Marwa A. , Serag Ahmed , Tolba Enas H. , El-Shal Manal A. , El Kerdawy Ahmed M.
Published: November 2022

Quinolone and sulfonamide are two classes of antibacterial agents with an opulent history of medicinal chemistry features that contribute to their bacterial spectrum, efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and adverse effect profiles. The urgent need for their use, combined with the escalating rate of their resistance, necessitates the development of suitable analytical methods that accelerate and facilitate their analysis. In this study, the advanced firefly algorithm (FFA) coupled with support vector regression (SVR) was used to select the most significant descriptors and to construct two quantitative structure-retention relationship (QSRR) models using a series of 11 selected quinolone and 13 sulfonamide drugs, respectively, to predict their retention behavior in HPLC. Precisely, the effect of the pH value and acetonitrile composition in the mobile phase on the retention behavior of quinolones and sulfonamides, respectively, were studied. The obtained QSRR models performed well in both internal and external validations, demonstrating their robustness and predictive ability. Y-randomization validation demonstrated that the obtained models did not result by statistical chance. Moreover, the obtained results shed the light on the molecular features that influence the retention behavior of these two classes under the current chromatographic conditions.
Sequencing of hsp70 for discernment of species from the Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis complex from endemic areas in Colombia
Authors: Hoyos Juliana , Rosales-Chilama Mariana , León Cielo , González Camila , Gómez María Adelaida
Published: November 2022

Background

Colombia is ranked very high among countries with the highest numbers of endemic Leishmania species (n = 9) causing human disease. Although much effort has been devoted to generating simple and specific tools for Leishmania species identification, challenges remain in the discrimination of species belonging to the Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis complex: L. (V.) guyanensis and L. (V.) panamensis.

Methods

A set of seven reference strains of species belonging to the L. (Leishmania) and L. (Viannia) subgenera, clinical strains from human cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL; n = 26) and samples collected from sylvatic mammals and sand flies (n = 7) from endemic areas in Colombia were analyzed in this study. The heat-shock protein 70 gene (hsp70) was amplified by PCR from DNA extracted from logarithmic-phase promastigotes or tissue samples, and the PCR products were sequenced. Sequence alignment was performed against a set of previously published and curated sequences, and phylogenetic analysis based on the maximum-likelihood and Bayesian inference approaches was conducted. Haplotype diversity among strains and species of the L. (V.) guyanensis complex was explored using a median-joining network.

Results

Sequencing of the hsp70 gene for L. (Viannia) spp. typing was comparable to species identification using isoenzyme electrophoresis or monoclonal antibodies. Complete species matching was found, except for one sylvatic sample with an identity yet unsolved. Among the L. (V.) panamensis clinical strains, two distinctive phylogenetic clusters were found to correlate with two different zymodemes: L. (V.) panamensis Z2.2 and Z2.3. Analysis of samples from sylvatic environments identified novel records of naturally infected wild mammal and sand fly species.

Conclusions

Our results support the adequacy of hsp70 gene sequencing as a single-locus approach for discrimination of L. (Viannia) spp., as well as for exploring the genetic diversity within the L. (V.) guyanensis complex.

Graphical Abstract
No association between habitat, autogeny and genetics in Moroccan Culex pipiens populations
Authors: Arich Soukaina , Haba Yuki , Assaid Najlaa , Fritz Megan L. , McBride Carolyn S. , Weill Mylène , Taki Hassan , Sarih M’hammed , Labbé Pierrick
Published: November 2022

Background

Mosquitoes of the Culex pipiens complex are found across the globe and are the focus of many research studies. Among the temperate species C. pipiens sensu stricto (s.s.), two forms are usually described: molestus and pipiens. These two forms are indistinguishable in terms of morphology but show behavioral and physiological differences that may have consequences for their associated epidemiology. The two forms are well defined in the northern part of the species distribution, where autogeny is strictly associated with the molestus form. However, whether the two remain distinct and show the characteristic differences in behavior is less clear in North Africa, at the southern edge of their range.

Methods

The association between autogeny, as determined by ovarian dissection, and molecular forms, based on the CQ11 microsatellite marker, was studied in six Moroccan populations of C. pipiens.

Results

An overall low prevalence of autogeny was found at three of the Moroccan regions studied, although it reached 17.5% in the Agadir population. The prevalence of form-specific CQ11 alleles was quite similar across all populations, with the molestus allele being rarer (approx. 15%), except in the Agadir population where it reached 43.3%. We found significant deficits in heterozygotes at the diagnostic CQ11 locus in three populations, but the three other populations showed no significant departure from panmixia, which is in line with the results of a retrospective analysis of the published data. More importantly, we found no association between the autogeny status and CQ11 genotypes, despite the many females analyzed.

Conclusions

There was limited evidence for two discrete forms in Morocco, where individuals carrying pipiens and molestus alleles breed and mate in the same sites and are equally likely to be capable of autogeny. These observations are discussed in the epidemiological context of Morocco, where C. pipiens is the main vector of several arboviruses.

Graphical Abstract
High prevalence of canine heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis, in pet dogs in south Texas, USA, with evidence of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes contributing to transmission
Authors: Scavo Nicole A. , Zecca Italo B. , Sobotyk Caroline , Saleh Meriam N. , Lane Sarah K. , Olson Mark F. , Hamer Sarah A. , Verocai Guilherme G. , Hamer Gabriel L.
Published: November 2022

Background

The canine heartwormDirofilaria immitis,a filarioid nematode of dogs and other carnivores, is widespread in the USA and the world. Over 20 different mosquito species serve as intermediate hosts ofD. immitis, but their contribution to transmission varies according to factors like host feeding patterns, geographic locations and climatic conditions. The yellow fever mosquito,Aedes aegypti,is a competent vector ofD. immitisbut is often dismissed as a vector of veterinary relevance given its anthropophilic feeding behavior. We evaluated the prevalence ofD.immitisin pet dogs along the USA-Mexico border and assessed whetherAe.aegyptiin the area are naturally infected with heartworm and are potentially acting as a vector.

Methods

A total of 200 whole blood samples collected from pet dogs in the Lower Rio Grande Valley in south Texas from 2016 to 2019 were included in this study. Canine serum samples forD. immitiswere tested using the DiroCHEK® Canine Heartworm Antigen Test Kit pre- and post-immune complex dissociations (ICD) and blood samples were tested using high-resolution melt (HRM) quantitative PCR (qPCR) and a probe-based qPCR. Additionally, mosquito specimens were collected and identified, andAe. aegyptiheads, abdomens and pools were tested using conventional PCR (cPCR) and HRM qPCR.

Results

Overall, heartworm prevalence in dogs aged > 6 months was 40.8% (64/157) when the results from all testing modalities were considered. Heartworm antigen was detected in 33.5% and 40.7% of the dogs using DiroCHEK® pre- and post-ICD, respectively. By molecular screening, 20.1% of dogs tested positive with probe-based qPCR, while only one tested positive with HRM qPCR. Of theAe. aegyptiabdomens from blood-fedAe. aeygptitested, 20 (21.7%) from mosquitoes that fed on dogs and four (7%) from those that fed on humans tested positive for heartworm. AmongAe. aegyptiheads from blood-fedAe. aeygpti, two (1.1%) were positive based on cPCR and four (2.5%) were positive based on HRM qPCR. NoD. immitisDNA was detected in the 208 pools of whole bodies (358 individuals) ofAe. aegyptigravid females.

Conclusions

Our study highlights a high prevalence of heartworm in dogs in south Texas and provides evidence thatAe. aegypticould be contributing to heartworm transmission in canine populations in this region.

Graphical Abstract
Advantages of vitrification preservation in assisted reproduction and potential influences on imprinted genes
Authors: Chen Huanhuan , Zhang Lei , Meng Li , Liang Linlin , Zhang Cuilian
Published: November 2022

Cryopreservation has important application in assisted reproductive technology (ART). The vitrification technique has been widely used in the cryopreservation of oocytes and embryos, as a large number of clinical results and experimental studies have shown that vitrification can achieve a higher cell survival rate and preimplantation development rate and better pregnancy outcomes. Ovarian tissue vitrification is an alternative method to slow freezing that causes comparatively less damage to the original follicular DNA. At present, sperm preservation mainly adopts slow freezing or rapid freezing (LN2 vapor method), although the vitrification method can achieve higher sperm motility after warming. However, due to the use of high-concentration cryoprotectants and ultra-rapid cooling, vitrification may cause strong stress to gametes, embryos and tissue cells, resulting in potentially adverse effects. Imprinted genes are regulated by epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, and show single allele expression. Their accurate regulation and correct expression are very important for the placenta, fetal development and offspring health. Considering that genome imprinting is very sensitive to changes in the external environment, we comprehensively summarized the effect of cryopreservation—especially the vitrification method in ART—on imprinted genes. Animal studies have found that the vitrification of oocytes and embryos can have a significant impact on some imprinted genes and DNA methylation, but the few studies in humans have reported almost no influence, which need to be further explored. This review provides useful information for the safety assessment and further optimization of the current cryopreservation techniques in ART.
Comparison of two alcohol hand rubbing techniques regarding hand surface coverage among hospital workers: a quasi-randomized controlled trial
Authors: Suzuki Yumi , Morino Motoko , Morita Ichizo , Ohiro Sumie
Published: November 2022

Background

The adapted 6-step without interlock (A6Sw/oI) hand rub technique, commonly practiced in Japan, adds the “wrist” but omits the “interlock” step compared to the WHO 6-step technique (WHO6S). The first objective of this study was to assess the differences of the two techniques regarding surface coverage. The second objective was to analyze the coverage differences between hand sizes.

Methods

Hospital workers went under stratified quasi-randomization by glove size. The overall mean coverage, and the coverage of the sections of the hands were evaluated by fluorescent dye-based coverage assessment using a digital device with artificial intelligence technology.

Results

Total of 427 workers were randomly allocated to WHO6S (N = 215) or the A6Sw/oI (N = 212). The overall mean dorsum coverage by WHO6S and A6Sw/oI was 90.6% versus 88.4% (p < 0.01), and the percentage of the participants with insufficient coverage of the backs of the four fingers ranged from 0.0–7.4% versus 28.2–51.4% (p < 0.001). Dorsum coverage varied largely between hand size for both techniques, and significant differences were found between small and large hands.

Conclusion

The WHO6S was superior to the locally adapted technique regarding hand surface coverage. Hand size should be considered when assessing coverage differences between procedures.

No trial registrations or fundings.
PFO morphology for evaluation of c-TCD and c-TTE RLS grades
Authors: Tian Jiali , Chen Xiaobo
Published: November 2022

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to observe the morphologic characteristics of patent foramen ovale (PFO) by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), and to analyze its correlation with right-to-left shunt (RLS) of contrast-transthoracic echocardiography (c-TTE) and contrast-transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (c-TCD).

Methods

124 patients with PFO were divided into four groups according to the morphological characteristics of PFO. RLS grade of each group PFO with c-TTE and c-TCD in resting and Valsalva manoeuvre was measured. Anatomical structures influencing RLS grade were analyzed statistically through multivariate logistic analyses and predictive models.

Results

The 124 cases of PFO were divided into four groups: 55 cases (44.4%) with smooth uniform tubular tunnel (SUT), 21 cases (16.9%) with granule uniform tubular tunnel (GUT), 23 cases (18.5%) of right funnelform, 25 cases (20.2%) of left funnelform. Between group comparisons and multivariate logistic analyses revealed that PFO morphotype and interatrial septum(IAS) mobility were influencing factors of RLS degree. During Valsalva, the probability of c-TCD RLS ≥ 2 for the right funnelform PFO was 13.428 times that of the GUT, one unit increase in IAS mobility increased the probability of c-TCD RLS ≥ 2 by a factor of 2.029, model predicted c-TCD RLS ≥ 2 with 78.1% sensitivity and 94.7% specificity; During Valsalva, the probability of c-TCD RLS ≥ 2 for the SUT PFO was 4.244 times that of the GUT, one unit increase in IAS mobility increased the probability of c-TTE RLS ≥ 2 by a factor of 2.392, model predicted c-TTE RLS ≥ 2 with 80.2% sensitivity and 87.9% specificity.

Conclusions

Studies have shown that the morphological structure of PFO is an influencing factor of RLS, and TEE can observe the specific morphological characteristics of PFO, which can further predict the level of RLS, help predict the occurrence of Cryptogenic stroke (CS). The above provides more evidences and surgical options for Interventional device closure indications.
Characterization of diazotrophic root endophytes in Chinese silvergrass (Miscanthus sinensis)
Authors: Li Yongbin , Yang Rui , Häggblom Max M. , Li Mengyan , Guo Lifang , Li Baoqin , Kolton Max , Cao Zhiguo , Soleimani Mohsen , Chen Zheng , Xu Zhimin , Gao Wenlong , Yan Bei , Sun Weimin
Published: November 2022

Background

Phytoremediation is a potentially cost-effective way to remediate highly contaminated mine tailing sites. However, nutrient limitations, especially the deficiency of nitrogen (N), can hinder the growth of plants and impair the phytoremediation of mine tailings. Nevertheless, pioneer plants can successfully colonize mine tailings and exhibit potential for tailing phytoremediation. Diazotrophs, especially diazotrophic endophytes, can promote the growth of their host plants. This was tested in a mine-tailing habitat by a combination of field sampling, DNA-stable isotope probing (SIP) analysis, and pot experiments.

Results

Bacteria belonging to the genera Herbaspirillum, Rhizobium, Devosia, Pseudomonas, Microbacterium, and Delftia are crucial endophytes for Chinese silvergrass (Miscanthus sinensis) grown in the tailing, the model pioneer plant selected in this study. Further, DNA-SIP using 15N2 identified Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, and Exiguobacterium as putative diazotrophic endophytes of M. sinensis. Metagenomic-binning suggested that these bacteria contained essential genes for nitrogen fixation and plant growth promotion. Finally, two diazotrophic endophytes Rhizobium sp. G-14 and Pseudomonas sp. Y-5 were isolated from M. sinensis. Inoculation of another pioneer plant in mine tailings, Bidens pilosa, with diazotrophic endophytes resulted in successful plant colonization, significantly increased nitrogen fixation activity, and promotion of plant growth.

Conclusions

This study indicated that diazotrophic endophytes have the potential to promote the growth of pioneer plant B. pilosa in mine tailings.
Behavioural flexibility in an Arctic seabird using two distinct marine habitats to survive the energetic constraints of winter
Authors: Patterson Allison , Gilchrist H. Grant , Robertson Gregory J. , Hedd April , Fifield David A. , Elliott Kyle H.
Published: November 2022

Background

Homeothermic marine animals in Polar Regions face an energetic bottleneck in winter. The challenges of short days and cold temperatures are exacerbated for flying seabirds with small body size and limited fat stores. We use biologging approaches to examine how habitat, weather, and moon illumination influence behaviour and energetics of a marine bird species, thick-billed murres (Uria lomvia).

Methods

We used temperature-depth-light recorders to examine strategies murres use to survive winter in the Northwest Atlantic, where contrasting currents create two distinct marine habitats: cold (−0.1 ± 1.2 °C), shallower water along the Labrador Shelf and warmer (3.1 ± 0.3 °C), deep water in the Labrador Basin.

Results

In the cold shelf water, murres used a high-energy strategy, with more flying and less diving each day, resulting in high daily energy expenditure and also high apparent energy intake; this strategy was most evident in early winter when day lengths were shortest. By contrast, murres in warmer basin water employed a low-energy strategy, with less time flying and more time diving under low light conditions (nautical twilight and night). In warmer basin water, murres increased diving at night when the moon was more illuminated, likely taking advantage of diel vertically migrating prey. In warmer basin water, murres dove more at night and foraging efficiency increased under negative North Atlantic Oscillation (calmer ocean conditions).

Conclusions

The proximity of two distinct marine habitats in this region allows individuals from a single species to use dual (low-energy/high-energy) strategies to overcome winter energy bottlenecks.
Effectiveness and cost effectiveness of digital hearing aids in patients with tinnitus and hearing loss: a randomised feasibility trial (THE HUSH Trial)
Authors: Haines Rachel H. , Hepburn Trish , Tan Wei , Jackson Clare , Lathe James , White Jennifer , Almey Christine , Nicholson Richard , Stockdale David , Leighton Paul , James Marilyn , Sereda Magdalena
Published: November 2022

Background

Education and advice is provided for tinnitus management in all UK audiology clinics. Sound therapy, including provision of hearing aids may be offered, but this is often dependent on a clinician’s decision rather than UK policy. This inconsistent management reflects a lack of evidence around the effectiveness of hearing aids for tinnitus. This open-label, two-arm multicentre randomised controlled feasibility trial gathered data around recruitment, acceptability and outcome assessments to determine the feasibility of conducting a large randomised controlled trial investigating the effectiveness of hearing aids for tinnitus management.

Methods

Adults referred to audiology for tinnitus, with an aidable hearing loss were recruited at five UK audiology clinics. They were randomised 1:1 to either education and advice (treatment as usual (TAU), n = 41) or TAU plus hearing aids (n = 42). Outcomes were collected by questionnaires 12 weeks after randomisation. After participation, interviews were conducted with a subset of both participants and clinicians from each trial centre.

Results

Eighty three participants from five sites were randomised. Non-aidable hearing loss was the main reason for ineligibility to participate in the trial reported by the sites. Seventy three percent of participants returned the 12-week questionnaires, with return rates by site ranging from 61 to 100%. Fifteen out of 33 participants (45%) reported using hearing aids for the clinician-recommended time, or longer, during the day. The Tinnitus Functional Index (TFI) was the outcome measure most responsive to change. The majority of participants also agreed it was relevant to their tinnitus and hearing loss. Qualitative data demonstrated that the trial was acceptable to participants. Feedback from clinicians revealed a potential lack of equipoise. It also highlighted the differences in referral and treatment pathways between departments and differences in audiometric criteria for fitting hearing aids. Health economic measures were well completed for those returned. No change in health-related quality of life was observed. Costs were higher in the intervention arm, but self-reports of healthcare service use indicated participant confusion in treatment pathways.

Conclusions

This feasibility trial is the first step towards obtaining high quality evidence to determine potential clinical effectiveness and cost effectiveness of hearing aids for tinnitus versus usual care. A definitive trial was deemed to be feasible, with some modifications based on feasibility findings and using the TFI as the primary outcome.

This trial was funded by the National Institute for Health Research, Research for Patient Benefit Programme (PB-PG-0816–20,014) and registered with ISRCTN (ISRCTN14218416).
Altered gene expression in human brain microvascular endothelial cells in response to the infection of influenza H1N1 virus
Authors: Higazy Doaa , Lin Xianwu , Xie Tanghui , Wang Ke , Gao Xiaochen , Cui Min
Published: November 2022

Influenza viruses not only cause respiratory illness, but also have been reported to elicit neurological manifestations following acute viral infection. The central nervous system (CNS) has a specific defense mechanism against pathogens structured by cerebral microvasculature lined with brain endothelial cells to form the blood–brain barrier (BBB). To investigate the response of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs) to the Influenza A virus (IAV), we inoculated the cells with the A/WSN/33 (H1N1) virus. We then conducted an RNAseq experiment to determine the changes in gene expression levels and the activated disease pathways following infection. The analysis revealed an effective activation of the innate immune defense by inducing the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Along with the production of proinflammatory cytokines, we detected an upregulation of interferons and interferon-stimulated genes, such as IFN-β/λ, ISG15, CXCL11, CXCL3 and IL-6, etc. Moreover, infected hBMECs exhibited a disruption in the cytoskeletal structure both on the transcriptomic and cytological levels. The RNAseq analysis showed different pathways and candidate genes associated with the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, neuroinflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases, together with a predicted activation of the neuroglia. Likewise, some genes linked with the mitochondrial structure and function displayed a significantly altered expression. En masse, this data supports that hBMECs could be infected by the IAV, which induces the innate and inflammatory immune response. The results suggest that the influenza virus infection could potentially induce a subsequent aggravation of neurological disorders.
Current Controversies in Low-Risk Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: Reducing Overtreatment in an Era of Overdiagnosis
Authors: Ullmann Timothy M , Papaleontiou Maria , Sosa Julie Ann
Published: November 2022

Context

Low-risk differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is overdiagnosed, but true incidence has increased as well. Owing to its excellent prognosis with low morbidity and mortality, balancing treatment risks with risks of disease progression can be challenging, leading to several areas of controversy.

Evidence Acquisition

This mini-review is an overview of controversies and difficult decisions around the management of all stages of low-risk DTC, from diagnosis through treatment and follow-up. In particular, overdiagnosis, active surveillance vs surgery, extent of surgery, radioactive iodine (RAI) treatment, thyrotropin suppression, and postoperative surveillance are discussed.

Evidence Synthesis

Recommendations regarding the diagnosis of DTC, the extent of treatment for low-risk DTC patients, and the intensity of posttreatment follow-up have all changed substantially in the past decade. While overdiagnosis remains a problem, there has been a true increase in incidence as well. Treatment options range from active surveillance of small tumors to total thyroidectomy followed by RAI in select cases. Recommendations for long-term surveillance frequency and duration are similarly broad.

Conclusion

Clinicians and patients must approach each case in a personalized and nuanced fashion to select the appropriate extent of treatment on an individual basis. In areas of evidential equipoise, data regarding patient-centered outcomes may help guide decision-making.
Foucault’s Anti-Oedipus
Authors: Ichida Yoshihiko
Published: November 2022

Between Foucault and Deleuze-Guattari, there is a striking contrast on the notion of truth. While the latter elides it as a problem in their project of a “generalized pragmatics,” Foucault finds in it the key to link Anglo- American theories of the “speech act” to his analyses of “power-knowledge.” The link is confirmed first in the continuity between L’Archéologie du savoir (1969), ostensibly a methodological book, and of the Leçons sur la volonté de savoir, the course of Foucault’s first year (1970-1971) at the Collège de France, and then above all, in his reading of Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex, which was taken up again several times in the 1970s and 1980s. Truth is always analysed here as an essential function to govern the self and others by telling the truth, and this function is accomplished, according to Foucault, through the ‘game of halves’ that he discovers in Sophocles’ tragedy, drawing on the work of Pierre Aubenque and Marcel Detienne. The two halves being the just and the true, Foucault also discovers the game in the research of George Dumézil. The contrast between Foucault and Deleuze-Guattari is thus evident as well as in their way of referring to Dumézil.
Foucault’s Solitude
Authors: Haider Asad
Published: November 2022

Engaging contemporary critiques of Foucault’s politics, this article resituates his relationship to neoliberalism within the challenges posed by the experience of state socialism and social democracy in the twentieth century, which calls for a reconstruction of the relationship between what are supposedly Foucault’s cultural orientation and the economic orientation of socialist states and parties. This vantage point shows that Foucault’s late conceptions of the subject are not an involution into neoliberal individualism, but a way of thinking through the crisis of emancipatory politics.
Is a Communist Governmentality Possible?
Authors: Sotiris Panagiotis
Published: November 2022

Michel Foucault’s texts in the 1970s, especially those on disciplinary power, have long been considered to represent a moment of dialogue with Marx. However, Foucault’s elaborations and research in the late 1970s and 1980s up until his death, presented mainly in the form of his lectures at the Collège de France, have often been presented as a different theoretical direction and as a move away from previous considerations, both political and theoretical. It has been suggested that they even represented a certain shift toward the emerging neoliberal discourse. In this article I will try to follow a different perspective not only to see the extent to which Foucault’s later work departs from his earlier positions and insights, but also to suggest that crucial notions from this phase of his work are relevant and important to any attempt to rethink a politics of social transformation and emancipation.
The effect of plant-based dietary supplements on weight reduction and the regulation of metabolism
Authors: Mizera Krzysztof Maciej , Mizera Justyna
Published: November 2022

Introduction: As overweight and obesity have become a disease of civilization, more and more people try to accelerate weight reduction in various ways. One of the methods used is the use of dietary supplements.

Methods: 30 overweight or obese people took part in the study. At the beginning and at the end of the study, each participant was measured and weighed on a professional Tanita DC-360 body composition analyzer. The age in both groups was similar - the average was about 37 years old, height and weight in the group of men was greater. The subjects used the dietary supplement for 6 weeks. At that time, they did not take any other dietary supplements, followed the diet as before, did not consume caffeine and did not undertake any physical activity at that time.

Results: There were significant differences in the results between men and women for the field of physical. Women had a significantly higher result, which means that they were more susceptible to the effects of supplements. Individuals who achieved a weight loss score significantly higher for the field of physical.

It also turned out that although weight loss and the absence of gastrointestinal problems  during supplementation were observed in both groups, they occurred in a greater amount in women than in men, and the differences these were statistically significant. Higher effectiveness among women may be the result of differences in the functioning of the endocrine system, although it is certainly worth taking a closer look at this issue. 40% of respondents did not notice any weight loss while taking supplementation.

Conclusions: Plant-based supplements reduce body weight and metabolism, and may also alleviate gastrointestinal discomfort. In addition, they improve digestion in general, increase vitality and, to a small extent, may contribute to the improvement of the immune system.
The problem of tissue and organ transplantation in the light of the dogma of world religions
Authors: Chatys Klaudia Magdalena , Pawłowski Piotr , Widłak Karolina , Ziętara Karolina , Kościołek Aneta , Adamska–Kuźmicka Iwona , Jakubowska Klaudia
Published: November 2022

Background: Transplantation affects almost everyone, often affecting many almost directly, whether as donor or recipient.  The presence of an incurable disease, failure, or irreversible damage to a particular organ leads the patient and his or her treatment team to seek effective life-saving methods, including the possibility of tissue or organ transplantation. The development of the field of transplantology has enabled many patients to continue living. Paradoxically, the death of one person can offer life to another.
Aim of the study: To analyse the attitude towards transplantation about the dogmas of the main world religions.
Material and method: A non-systematic review of Polish and English-language scientific literature was carried out according to keywords: transplantation, transplantology, religion, denomination, and attitude. No time or methodological limitation (quantitative, qualitative, etc.) was indicated to qualify publications for review. The following databases were searched: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar.
Results and conclusions: The Catholic Church, the Protestant Church, the Orthodox Church, Islam, Judaism, and Jehovah's Witnesses do not directly oppose organ transplantation, although some denominations place certain conditions on the acceptance of transplantation. Gypsies, followers of Confucianism and Shintoism are opposed to performing transplants from deceased persons. The religions presented do not promote among their followers either to be donors or recipients of transplants. The level of transplantation worldwide varies. So far, there is a perception that undergoing this procedure is against one's religion and tradition.
Atypical age of onset of the small bowel adenocarcinoma – case report
Authors: Szklener Katarzyna , Maciąg Maria , Marczak Aleksandra , Margas Mikołaj , Mańdziuk Sławomir
Published: November 2022

Background: Small bowel adenocarcinoma is a rare malignant tumor, with the typical age of diagnosis being 60 years old. In the field of risk factors, we can distinguish, between genetic disorders, inflammatory bowel diseases, smoking, and alcohol abuse. Guidelines for the screening methods are very wide, hence it may be difficult to make the right diagnosis at the early stages of cancer. Additional difficulties can be caused by similarities to inflammatory processes in the gastrointestinal tract.

Case report: We present a case of a 22-year-old male patient, with the symptoms of weight loss, stool retention, abdominal pain, and vomiting. The patient was initially misdiagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease and received the first dose of anti-inflammatory treatment. At that point, the diagnostic process and the workflow of medical care were delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. After receiving the x-ray and computed tomography, the obstruction of the ileum was found, and an urgent operation was performed. Tissue samples obtained during surgery revealed the proper diagnosis, a low-differentiated adenocarcinoma (G3) of the small intestine, stage T4Nx.

Conclusion: Taking into consideration the patient’s condition, age, and symptoms, we should always think about the probable malignant process. Inflammatory diseases are known for increasing cancer risk and should always be the indication of this disease. The age of onset of the disease is very unusual, however, we must be aware of such cases in our clinical practice.
Peculiarities of relationships between plasma levels of nitrogenous metabolites and EEG & HRV parameters in patients with postradiation encephalopaty
Authors: Bombushkar Igor , Gozhenko Anatoliy , Korda Mykhaylo , Żukow Xawery , Popovych Igor
Published: November 2022

Background. Recently we shown that nitrogenous plasma metabolites (uric acid, bilirubin, urea and creatinine), even in the absence of uremia, are able to influence the state of the anxiety, autonomic and central nervous and endocrine systems, apparently through aryl hydrocarbon and adenosine receptors of neurons and endocrine cells and/or directly. Sexual dimorphism in the neurotropic effects of uric acid in neurologically healthy patients was also revealed. The purpose of this study is to compare nitrogenous-neural relationships in neurologically healthy men and those with post-radiation encephalopathy (PREP). Materials and Methods. The object of observation were neurologically healthy 31 men (24÷69 y) and 19 patients (26÷61 y) with PREP. The relationships between plasma levels of nitrogenous metabolites, on the one hand, and EEG and HRV parameters, on the other, were analyzed. Results. By constructing regression models with stepwise elimination it was found that the multiple correlation coefficient (R±µ) of creatinine with neural parameters in patients with PREP significantly exceeded that of control patients (0,762±0,069 vs 0,409±0,107; t=2,62; p=0,011). With regard to urea, the differences are insignificant (0,801±0,059 vs 0,694±0,066; t=1,17; p>0,2), and with regard to bilirubin (0,548±0,115 vs 0,402±0,107; t=0,94) and uric acid (0,496±0,124 vs 0,549±0,089; t=0,32), there are practically no differences. Conclusion. Post-radiation encephalopathy is accompanied not only by deviations from the norm of a number of EEG and HRV parameters, but also by their increased sensitivity to creatinine and, to a lesser extent, urea, but not to bilirubin and uric acid.
Appreciative Inquiry in Elevating Black‑Led Social Change and Reducing Anti-Blackness
Authors: Allard Tracey
Published: November 2022

How might Appreciative Inquiry be a useful strategy for opening important race dialogue, then going deeper, where we dare to dream, design and co-conspire for a new reality?
Navigating Privilege as We DO and BE Appreciative Inquiry
Authors: Cockell Jeanie , McArthur-Blair Joan
Published: November 2022

This article explores the topics of privilege from the perspective of two lesbian AI practitioners living on the west coast of Canada. Where does their privilege lie? Where do they face a lack of privilege in their lives? How has it impacted their responses – and their work as practitioners?