bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gender inequality: determinants and outcomes in Nigeria
Authors: Adeosun Oluyemi Theophilus , Owolabi Kayode Ebenezer
Published: July 2021

Purpose

This paper aims to shed light on gender inequality in Nigeria exploring new available data. It makes a case for attention to women empowerment and likely economic outcomes. The general objective of the research work is to ascertain the direction of gender inequality and show the pattern of inequality. Also, sectoral trends are obtained by analyzing and examining income inequality in Nigeria.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper obtained data from the Living Standard Measurement Survey Wave 3, published 2017 with emphasis on the earnings that accrued to both male and female. The study employed the ordinary least square (OLS) method to show the relationship between the mean income and other parameters such as the sector of employment, marital status and education level. Theil’s entropy index was used to measure the within and between inequality that exist in the economy and across regions and sectors while adopting the overcrowding theory.

Findings

The result shows that gender inequality is more pronounced across the region, location and in some sectors of employment than the others. Geographical area has a higher effect on earnings disparity but is more pronounced among females. Also, the result showed that gender within inequality was high in the regions, education, location, and marital status while a higher level of education contributes to high wages for women. However, married women are more deprived.

Originality/value

This study has further revealed the need to bridge the gap gender inequality has caused in Nigeria, especially related to income, education and geographical location, with a focus on both opportunities and outcomes.
A causal model of functional status among persons with liver cirrhosis from four public hospitals in Thailand
Authors: Maninet Surachai , Aungsuroch Yupin , Jitpanya Chanokporn
Published: July 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to develop and test the causal relationships between alcohol consumption, social support, illness perception, fatigue and functional status among persons with liver cirrhosis. The hypothesized model was developed based on the theory of unpleasant symptoms.

Design/methodology/approach

A cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 persons with liver cirrhosis by stratified random sampling. Data were collected at outpatient departments from four public hospitals across three regions in Thailand. Six self-report questionnaires were utilized to collect data from March to August 2020. The developed model was verified via a structural equation modeling analysis.

Findings

The proposed model fit with the empirical data considering from χ2/df = 2.397 (p = 0.061), root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.056, comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.985, Tucker–Lewis index (TLI) = 0.981, and standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) = 0.048. The model explained 71.30% of the total variance in functional status. Social support was the most influential factor affecting functional status both directly and indirectly through illness perception. Illness perception had a negative direct effect on functional status and a positive indirect effect on functional status through fatigue. Fatigue had a negative direct effect on functional status. Alcohol consumption was found as the lowest influential factor affecting functional status.

Originality/value

This is the first study that explores the characteristics of functional status among persons with liver cirrhosis comprehensively. A causal relationship among various variables found in this study would shed light as important fundamental data for developing interventions to enhance functional status among this population.
Preparing for market disruption: circuit breakers and discretionary trading halts
Authors: Morton Jennifer , Sacks Russell , Jordan Jenny Ding , Blau Steven , Kelly P. Sean , Pugliese Taylor , Lewis Andrew , Maddox Caitlin Hutchinson
Published: July 2021

Purpose

This article provides a resource for traders and other market participants by providing an overview of certain automatic circuit breaker mechanisms and discretionary powers that the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) and the U.S. president, as applicable, can exercise to pause or stop the trading of individual securities or trading activities across exchanges during extreme market volatility, each of which can cause interruptions to trading activity.

Design/methodology/approach

This article surveys automatic and discretionary mechanisms to halt trading activity under extreme market conditions. In particular, the article examines automatic cross-market circuit breakers, limit up-limit down pauses, the alternative uptick rule, as well as discretionary authority to stop short selling of particular securities and to stop trading across exchanges.

Findings

The article concludes that market participants must be cognizant not only of automatic cross-market circuit breakers, but also several other forms of potential market disruptions that may occur due to increased market volatility during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.

Originality/value

By exploring various mechanisms that respond to market disruption, this article provides a valuable resource for traders and other market participants looking to identify and respond to potential interruptions to their trading activity.
Exchange quality in teacher leadership ties: examining relational quality using social network and leader-member exchange theories
Authors: Comstock Meghan , Supovitz Jonathan , Kaul Maya
Published: July 2021

Purpose

This study examines the relational dynamics between teachers and formal teacher leaders (TLs). We examine the association between relationship structure and leader-member exchange (LMX) quality and the extent to which LMX mediates the relationship between social network (SN) measures of dyadic relationships and TL influence.

Design/methodology/approach

Using survey data from 1,895 teacher-TL relationships, we employ path mediation analysis using hierarchical linear modeling.

Findings

Our results indicate that voluntary advice-seeking and multiplex ties are associated with stronger exchange quality between teachers and TLs. In addition, LMX partially mediates the relationship between voluntary ties and TL influence.

Originality/value

SN and LMX theories offer two complementary lenses for studying relational dynamics in organizations, though they seldom are used together, especially in education. This study bridges SN and LMX theories and measures to bolster studies of relational dynamics in organizations and highlights that in the case of formal teacher leadership, there is a need for school structures that enable teachers and TLs to seek out one another informally and develop strong social exchanges.
Performance evaluation of higher education system amid COVID-19: a threat or an opportunity?
Authors: Gardas Bhaskar B. , Navimipour Nima Jafari
Published: July 2021

Purpose

COVID-19 is moving the world towards a significant number of structural changes, and this pandemic is influencing each individual, society and industry at large. The present empirical research intends to identify the constructs (latent variables) caused mainly due to the outbreak of COVID-19 and analyze their influence on the education system's performance.

Design/methodology/approach

A pilot study was carried out with 105 responses to gain deeper insights into the factor structure and validate the scale. Then, the exploratory factor analysis was applied to explore five factors. Later on, the confirmatory factor analysis was employed to check the model's unidimensionality, validity and reliability. Finally, structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to explore the factors influencing educational performance.

Findings

Four hypotheses were tested, out of which two were supported, i.e. “compatibility with online mode” and “new opportunities” were found to influence educational performance significantly.

Practical implications

This investigation aims to provide vital information to the ministry of human resource development and educationists/academicians to understand the influence of the higher education system's factors. Also, it offers some strategies and plans to improve the higher educational systems performance in similar situations.

Originality/value

The previous studies did not identify and analyze the factors that influence the educational system's performance; especially, amid COVID-19 using the exploratory, confirmatory factor analyses and structural equation modeling approach.
Previous military experience and entrepreneurship toward poverty reduction: evidence from China
Authors: Xu Zuhui , Li Bin , Liu Zhiyang , Wu Jie
Published: July 2021

Purpose

Research on entrepreneurship toward poverty reduction has outlined how micro-level characteristics of entrepreneurs capture entrepreneurial opportunities in settings of poverty; however, little is known about the influence of previous military experience in this context. This paper investigates how previous military experience influences poverty-reduction entrepreneurship.

Design/methodology/approach

This study uses data from two main sources. First, individual-level and firm-level information come from a nationwide survey of founders of private enterprises. Second, province-level information is taken from the Marketization Index and the China Statistics Yearbook. An analysis of the Logit moderation model renders strong support for our conjectures.

Findings

Via novel integration of imprinting theory and research on previous military experience, we propose that entrepreneurs with previous military experience have a strong sense of self-sacrifice, and as a result, are better able to participate in poverty-reduction entrepreneurship. In addition, we build on the resource availability and stakeholder expectations arguments and predict that the main effect of previous military experience on poverty-reduction entrepreneurship will be strengthened by reduced corporate philanthropy and increased government intervention.

Originality/value

Our study adds to the extant literature in the following ways. First, it enriches the literature on entrepreneurship toward poverty reduction. Second, it contributes to imprinting theory in the entrepreneurial field. Third, it adds knowledge to the social entrepreneurship literature.
Streaming success: positioning Roku’s future in a hypercompetitive industry
Authors: Pleggenkuhle-Miles Erin G. , Winchester Christopher C. , Bass A. Erin , West Thomas
Published: July 2021

Theoretical basis

The theoretical basis for this case is a focus on strategic positioning as related to Porter’s Generic Strategies. The case accounts Roku’s journey in facing additional competition, highlighting the competitive dynamics at play. The case requires students to consider how Roku might revise its generic strategy based on the new competitive landscape in which it operates.

Research methodology

In writing this case, the research team used secondary research that was informed by interviews with Roku users. Resources such as IBIS World, MergentOnline, academic journals, trade magazines and websites were used to inform and verify information.

Case overview/synopsis

As the market disruptor of how media was consumed, Roku had been connecting customers, publishes and advertisers with its unique capabilities for over 10 years. With the belief that all TV content should be available through streaming, Roku had forever changed the traditional model of how media was distributed and consumed. By capitalizing on the previously untapped economic opportunity of TV streaming platforms, Roku had made itself the premier streaming broadcast service for users, content publishers and advertisers. The company was now faced with the difficult task of finding the best ways to keep innovation high and continue to grow.

Complexity academic level

This case could be taught at either the graduate or undergraduate level strategy course. At the undergraduate level, it would be best taught in a strategy course, when discussing industry life cycle or vertical integration. At the graduate level, MBAs could discuss the competitive dynamics and hypercompetition within the industry.
Never Let a Crisis Go to Waste: Opportunities to Reduce Social Disadvantage from COVID‐19
Authors: Baxter Janeen , Cobb‐Clark Deborah , Cornish Alexander , Ho Tiffany , Kalb Guyonne , Mazerolle Lorraine , Parsell Cameron , Pawson Hal , Thorpe Karen , De Silva Lihini , Zubrick Stephen R.
Published: July 2021

This article identifies and examines a range of policy reform opportunities in Australia arising from COVID‐19. The authors demonstrate how COVID‐19 presents unique opportunities for rethinking and redesigning long‐standing rules and regulations covering how people live and work in Australia, with some opportunities arising coincidentally and others requiring purposeful policy and institutional redesign. They present a broad range of ideas to address entrenched disadvantage in health, labour markets, the tax and transfer system, gender equality, education, housing and criminal justice in Australia, in order to leverage the COVID‐19 crisis to build a better society.
Yogucheeses – Yoghurts fortified with melted cheese: Microstructural, textural and rheological characterisation
Authors: Paula Vilela Tatiana , Gomes Ana Maria , Ferreira João Paulo
Published: July 2021

Yoghurts are generally enriched with dairy protein powders. This research developed a cheese‐fortified yoghurt – yogucheese. First, Emmental cheese was dispersed into submillimetre particles by melting it in a hot paste of gelatinised corn starch, or waxy rice starch, in milk, forming a melted cheese base (MCB). This MCB was mixed with further milk in different proportions, before addition of starter culture and fermentation. The products were then characterised in terms of macronutrient composition and physical properties. The new yoghurts had a firmer gel structure, lower syneresis and higher viscosity than controls, and were stable for 14 days.
Dung beetle β‐diversity across Brazilian tropical dry forests does not support the Pleistocene Arc hypothesis
Authors: da Silva Pedro Giovâni , Mota Souza João Gabriel , Neves Frederico de Siqueira
Published: July 2021

Tropical dry forests (TDFs) are one of the most threatened ecosystems worldwide. Two hypotheses have been proposed to explain the origin of TDFs in South America: the Amazonian TDF hypothesis and the Pleistocene Arc hypothesis (PAH). There is a need to evaluate the distribution patterns of different organisms across the TDF distribution. We tested the following hypotheses: the species composition is determined by historical‐evolutionary events, and therefore, the TDFs have a similar species composition as predicted by the PAH. Alternatively, the species composition is determined by recent ecological processes, and therefore, the TDFs have a sharing of species to their respective adjacent dominant habitat, with no support for the PAH. We expect that climatic factors drive the species richness, abundance and species dissimilarity (β‐diversity) between TDFs and adjacent habitats across the latitudinal gradient. We sampled dung beetles across six Brazilian states in TDF fragments and adjacent dominant habitats and obtained the climatic conditions across the gradient. We used the β‐diversity partition and generalised linear models to test our hypotheses. We sampled 8,625 dung beetles representing 102 species. Sorensen dissimilarity was higher among TDFs than between TDFs and adjacent habitats and was mostly due to the substitution of species. Annual mean temperature had a positive effect on abundance in TDFs but did not affect species richness. Species substitution (Podani’s approach) between TDFs and adjacent habitats decreased with mean diurnal range of temperature, while nestedness patterns (Baselga’s approach) increased with annual precipitation. Depending on the approach used (Baselga’s vs. Podani’s), we can obtain different results across the latitudinal gradient. The composition and structure of dung beetle assemblages in TDFs are mostly determined by more recent regional‐to‐local ecological processes since each TDF has a unique evolutionary history and a different dung beetle species composition. Our results do not support the Pleistocene Arc hypothesis.
Focal electroretinogram and microperimetry testing of photoreceptor‐retinal pigment epithelium function in intermediate age‐related macular degeneration
Authors: Messenio Dario , Babbi Alessandro , Guglielmi Alessandra , Airaldi Matteo
Published: July 2021

Purpose

To compare the performance of focal electroretinogram (FERG) and fast mesopic microperimetry in evaluating macular function of intermediate age‐related macular degeneration (iAMD) subjects with preserved visual acuity.

Methods

Cross‐sectional, observational study. Participants with drusen >125 µm and VA ≥80 ETDRS letters and age‐ and sex‐comparable healthy subjects were consecutively enrolled in the study. Three photopic FERG recordings of the central 9° of the macula with luminance modulated stimuli flickering at 42.5 Hz and a fast mesopic microperimetry with a custom pattern of 3 central (CS) and 3 paracentral (pCS) stimuli at 1.2° and 6° from fixation were acquired.

Results

Overall, 112 eyes of 77 participants (age 73.0 ± 7.1 years, 47 iAMD eyes) were analysed. Mean FERG amplitude, CS and pCS (all p < 0.05) were lower in the iAMD group. A significant association was observed between FERG amplitude and iAMD (OR 9.58, p < 0.001) in multiple logistic regression analysis. Z‐scores of FERG were lower than microperimetry in iAMD (p = 0.002) but not for healthy participants. AUC of the ROC curve was greater for FERG than microperimetry (0.895 versus 0.644 and 0.675, both p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Focal ERG objectively measures a cumulative response originating from the photoreceptor‐RPE complex of the central 9° of the macula and demonstrated high accuracy in identifying decreased central macular function in iAMD patients with preserved visual acuity, performing better than fast mesopic microperimetry. Focal ERG should be considered a reliable technique for measuring retinal sensitivity of iAMD patients.
Proapoptotic and immunomodulatory effects of SYK inhibitor entospletinib in combination with obinutuzumab in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
Authors: Lam Vi , Best Scott , Kittai Adam , Orand Kirsten , Spurgeon Stephen E. , Liu Tingting , Danilov Alexey V.
Published: July 2021

Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is indispensable in B‐cell receptor signalling. SYK inhibitor entospletinib demonstrated clinical efficacy in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). However, pharmacodynamic effects of SYK inhibition in CLL cells and immunomodulatory effects of B‐cell receptor‐signalling inhibitors in patients with CLL are poorly understood. We conducted a phase 2 trial of entospletinib in combination with obinutuzumab, an anti‐CD20 antibody, in 17 patients with relapsed/refractory CLL. Pharmacodynamic analysis demonstrated that treatment with entospletinib led to rapid downmodulation of pSTAT3 and the anti‐apoptotic protein MCL1 in CLL cells. Meanwhile, 6 months of combination therapy was accompanied by a reduction in interferon‐γ secretion in CD4+ T‐cells and a reversal of exhausted phenotype, as evidenced by downregulation of PD‐1. Thus, SYK inhibition downmodulates MCL‐1 and partially restores T‐cell immunity in CLL. Trial registration number NCT03010358.
Can attachment predict core and comorbid symptoms of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder beyond executive functions and emotion regulation?
Authors: Frick Matilda Anna , Darling Rasmussen Pernille , Brocki Karin Cecilia
Published: July 2021

Objective

Previous findings propose an association between attachment and symptoms of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, the predictive ability of attachment beyond deficits in executive functioning (EF) and emotion regulation is understudied.

Method

Using a dimensional perspective, we examined the longitudinal role of attachment on ADHD and comorbid symptoms, accounting for EF and emotion regulation. The sample consisted of 84 children (aged 8–13 years), oversampled for ADHD symptoms (42% had a diagnosis of ADHD). We assessed attachment with the Child Attachment Interview, EF with laboratory tests, and emotion regulation with parental ratings. Parents and teachers rated symptoms at baseline (T1) and at follow‐up 2 years later (T2).

Results

Attachment insecurity was positively correlated with ADHD symptoms at T2 but with no unique contribution to symptoms beyond EF and emotion regulation. In contrast, poor EF and emotion regulation contributed to more ADHD and ODD/CD symptoms at T2. Poor emotion regulation contributed to more anxiety at T2.

Conclusions

The results have important implications for understanding the mechanisms underpinning symptom expression in middle childhood/early adolescence and may guide the search for tailored interventions to reduce and prevent symptoms.

Practitioner points

Executive functions and emotion regulation should be explored as targets for intervention in personalized treatment.

The current results do not support attachment as a target for intervention at a group level, although this does not rule out that individuals/families with attachment difficulties may benefit from training programmes promoting secure attachment bonds.
Limosilactobacillus reuteri DSM‐17938 for preventing cough in adults with mild allergic asthma: A double‐blind randomized placebo‐controlled cross‐over study
Authors: Satia Imran , Cusack Ruth , Stevens Catie , Schlatman Abbey , Wattie Jennifer , Mian Firoz , Killian Kieran J. , O’Byrne Paul M. , Bienenstock John , Forsythe Paul , Gauvreau Gail M.
Published: July 2021

Background

Cough is a common troublesome symptom in asthma which is neuronally mediated. Limosilactobacillus reuteri DSM‐17938 (L. reuteri DSM‐17938) is a probiotic shown to be effective in pre‐clinical models at suppressing neuronal responses to capsaicin, a transient receptor potential vanilloid agonist (TRPV1).

Objective

Investigate the effects of DSM‐17938 versus matched placebo on capsaicin‐evoked coughs in mild allergic asthmatics.

Methods

We performed a 4‐visit, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, two‐way cross‐over study comparing full dose cough responses with inhaled capsaicin in mild allergic asthmatics after 1 month of treatment with DSM‐17938 compared with matched placebo. Randomization and allocation to trial group were carried out by a central computer system. Histamine skin prick testing, airway hyper‐responsiveness and inflammatory cells in induced sputum were measured at every visit. Blood was collected to extract PBMCs and stimulated with CD3/CD28 to ascertain the effects of DSM‐17938 /placebo on T‐cell cytokine responses.

Results

Seventeen subjects were recruited and 15 completed the study (8 females, mean age 27.3 years). There was no difference in the change in maximum capsaicin‐evoked coughs (Emax) after treatment with L. reuteri DSM‐17938 compared with placebo [mean difference 2.07 coughs (95% CI −2.77 to 6.91, p = .38) or relative changes in geometric mean ratios for the dose evoking at least half the Emax (ED50) [1.05 (95% CI 0.31–3.58, p = .94)], concentration evoking 2 coughs (C2) [0.63 (0.26–1.53), p = .28] and 5 coughs (C5) [0.79 (0.25–2.50), p = .67]. There was no effect on histamine skin prick wheal size, intensity of itch sensation, methacholine PC20, airway inflammation or T‐cell responses after stimulation with CD3/CD28. There were no serious adverse events. One subject developed a mild upper respiratory tract infection and another mild transient nausea whilst on DSM‐17938.

Conclusion

In this small study in adults with mild allergic asthma, we found no evidence that L. reuteri DSM‐17938 has any systemic effects on airway nerves, smooth muscle, sputum inflammatory cells, skin responses or T‐cell responses after oral consumption.

Trial Registration

Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT03603522.
A call to action: Issuing a diversity and inclusion challenge to research organizations
Authors: Abdel‐Rahman Susan M. , Wimes Michelle P. , Curran Tom
Published: July 2021

Individuals who identify as Black, indigenous, and people of color face well‐documented health disparities. A root cause is the lack of empiric evidence for or against the use of various treatments in their medical management. This communication proposes a new benchmarking strategy for evaluating racial and ethnic representation in clinical research that can be compared across institutions with the intent of increasing accountability for diversity and inclusion among organizations that conduct clinical research.
Postpartum heavy episodic drinking: A survey to inform development of a text messaging intervention
Authors: Dauber Sarah , West Allison , Hammond Cori , Cohen Ilana , Thrul Johannes
Published: July 2021

Introduction

Text messaging interventions (TMI) are promising for addressing heavy episodic drinking (HED) in non‐treatment‐seeking postpartum women. Their anonymous delivery can overcome fear of consequences that often prevents postpartum women from seeking treatment for HED. We assessed feasibility and acceptability of text messaging to inform the development of a tailored TMI for postpartum HED.

Methods

We surveyed 165 postpartum women recruited via a national Qualtrics panel on their drinking behaviours, mobile technology use and TMI preferences.

Results

Twenty‐five percent of the sample (N = 41) were classified as heavy episodic drinkers, with significant drinking reported before, during and after pregnancy, supporting the need for intervention. Feasibility of text messaging was supported by nearly universal mobile phone ownership and text messaging. Attitudes and intervention preferences varied, with 30% of HEDs likely to participate in an intervention asking them to receive automated messages, and 46% likely to participate in an intervention that included live texting with a counsellor. Respondents were more likely to participate in a study that asked them to respond to messages about mood and stress (63%) than daily drinking behaviours (35%), and were most interested in a TMI that included live texting with a counsellor. Nearly half the sample endorsed fear of child removal as a significant barrier to participation.

Discussion and Conclusions

Findings support the feasibility of text messaging as an intervention approach for postpartum HEDs. Postpartum women may have unique concerns and preferences that differ from other groups of HEDs, making a user‐centred design approach critical.
Intracerebral electrical stimulations of the temporal lobe: A stereoelectroencephalography study
Authors: Mariani Valeria , Balestrini Simona , Gozzo Francesca , Pelliccia Veronica , Mai Roberto , Francione Stefano , Sartori Ivana , Cardinale Francesco , Tassi Laura
Published: July 2021

The functional anatomy of the anteromesial portion of the temporal lobe and its involvement in epilepsy can be explored by means of intracerebral electrical stimulations. Here, we aimed to expand the knowledge of its physiological and pathophysiological symptoms by conducting the first large‐sample systematic analysis of 1529 electrical stimulations of this anatomical region. We retrospectively analysed all clinical manifestations induced by intracerebral electrical stimulations in 173 patients with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy with at least one electrode implanted in this area. We found that high‐frequency stimulations were more likely to evoke electroclinical manifestations (p < .0001) and also provoked ‘false positive’ seizures. Multimodal symptoms were associated with EEG electrical modification (after discharge) (p < .0001). Visual symptoms were not associated with after discharge (p = .0002) and were mainly evoked by stimulation of the hippocampus (p = .009) and of the parahippocampal gyrus (p = .0212). ‘False positive seizures’ can be evoked by stimulation of the hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus and amygdala, likely due to their intrinsic low epileptogenic threshold. Visual symptoms evoked in the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus, without EEG changes, are physiological symptoms and suggest involvement of these areas in the visual ventral stream. Our findings provide meaningful guidance in the interpretation of intracranial EEG studies of the temporal lobe.
Clinical predictors of psoriatic arthritis and osteoclast differentiation
Authors: Lembo Claudio , Raimondo Annunziata , de Paulis Amato , Mormile Ilaria , Rossi Francesca Wanda , Lembo Serena , Balato Anna
Published: July 2021

Psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) are interrelated inflammatory diseases. Psoriasis usually precedes PsA onset and represents a well‐established risk factor for PsA development. Bone erosion is a hallmark of PsA, and the contribution of cutaneous psoriatic inflammation in this process has been demonstrated. However, little is still known on the pathogenetic mechanisms that link psoriatic skin to joint damage. Clinical features of psoriatic disease, including specific body site involvement, seem to be important risk predictors of PsA. The aim of this pilot research study was to investigate if psoriatic cutaneous inflammation, affecting these anatomical predictive sites for PsA, could be linked to osteoclast differentiation and activity. Our results showed that psoriasis skin localizations were positively related to the osteoclastogenic profile in psoriatic patients. These results provide new insights into the fascinating skin‐joint axis concept.
Influence of small defects and nonmetallic inclusions on the high and very high cycle fatigue strength of an ultrahigh‐strength steel
Authors: Schönbauer Bernd M. , Ghosh Sumit , Kömi Jukka , Frondelius Tero , Mayer Herwig
Published: July 2021

The high and very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) properties of ultrahigh‐strength Ck45M steel processed by thermomechanical rolling integrated direct quenching were investigated. S–N tests with smooth and small drilled holes containing specimens as well as near‐threshold fatigue crack growth measurements were performed up to 2 × 1010 cycles using ultrasonic‐fatigue testing technique. The fatigue strength of smooth specimens is mainly determined by the size of nonmetallic inclusions. For surface defects larger than 80 μm, the fatigue limit can be correlated with a constant threshold‐stress intensity factor. The
‐parameter model adequately predicts the fatigue limit for internal defects and for surface defects with sizes between 30 and 80 μm. VHCF failures from smaller surface defects occur at stress amplitudes below the predicted fatigue limit. The long‐crack threshold in ambient air is close to the effective threshold stress intensity factor. In optically dark areas at interior inclusions, cracks grow at mean propagation rates of 10−15 m/cycles.
Adoption of emicizumab (Hemlibra®) for hemophilia A in Europe: Data from the 2020 European Association for Haemophilia and Allied Disorders survey
Authors: Krumb Evelien , Fijnvandraat Karin , Makris Michael , Peyvandi Flora , Ryan Aislin , Athanasopoulos Angelos , Hermans Cedric
Published: July 2021

Background

Emicizumab, a bispecific monoclonal antibody administered subcutaneously, mimicking the action of activated coagulation factor VIII, has been approved in Europe for use in patients with severe hemophilia of all ages.

Aims

To assess availability, acceptance, adverse events, efficacy and laboratory monitoring of emicizumab and the effect of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic on its use.

Methods

Online questionnaire sent to 144 hemophilia treatment centres (November 2020 to January 2021).

Results

Forty‐six physicians from 21 countries responded, with a total of 3420 patients with severe HA under their care. Emicizumab was widely available, for 100% of inhibitor patients and 88% of non‐inhibitor patients. No major adverse events were reported. Four reported deaths in patients on emicizumab were not thought to be related to emicizumab. An annualized bleeding rate (ABR) of zero was achieved in 73% of inhibitors patients. Haemostasis was satisfactory in the majority of minor (93.7%) and major (90.7%) surgical procedures performed while on emicizumab. Inhibitor titers were monitored in 78.4% of inhibitor patients on emicizumab, but chromogenic FVIII assay was only available in 73% of centres. The COVID‐19 pandemic did not have a major impact on the adoption of emicizumab in most centres (64.9%).

Conclusion

Three years after its rollout in Europe, emicizumab is widely available. Clinical efficacy and safety were evaluated to be very good, keeping in mind the inherent limitations of the study. Unmet needs include establishment of treatment guidelines for surgery and breakthrough bleeding, limited expertise, especially in young children, and availability of laboratory assays.
Characteristics of scalded dough fermented by co‐cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y10, Wickerhamomyces anomalus Y13 and Torulaspora delbrueckii Y22
Authors: Zhou MengMeng , Li ZhiJian
Published: July 2021

Scalding process could change properties of dough. Co‐culture of yeasts could improve the quality of product. In this study, characteristics of scalded dough with co‐cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y10, Wickerhamomyces anomalus Y13 and Torulaspora delbrueckii Y22 were investigated. Most starch granules lost shape and crystal pattern after scalding, meanwhile, gluten network had become weak, suggesting the gelatinisation of starch and damage of gluten protein. After fermentation, Y13 and Y22 cell populations increased rapidly. However, the cell number of Y10 decreased from 6.91 Lg CFU per gram dough to 5.42 Lg CFU per gram dough. Gluten protein aggregated into chunks after 8 h of fermentation, meanwhile, the water molecules in dough were bound more tightly. These results indicated that scalded dough provide a unique environment for the growth of yeasts, and further affect the characteristics of dough during fermentation.
Effect of H2 addition during PECVD on the moisture barrier property and environmental stability of H:SiNx film
Authors: Kim Jingyu , Jeong Wooseok , Lee Seunghee , Jeong Sehun , Ko Park Sang‐Hee
Published: July 2021

A hydrogenated silicon nitride (H:SiNx) film with enhanced moisture barrier property and environmental stability was developed using plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) with the addition of H2 gas at 100°C. The moisture barrier property and film density of the 100‐nm‐thick H:SiNx film were ameliorated by increasing the H2 gas flow rate during PECVD. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy studies demonstrated that the improved performance was a result of an increase in the amount of Si–N bonds compared to hydrogen‐terminated bonds with an increase in the H2 gas flow rate. It is believed that H2 gas assisted the formation of aminosilane, which contributed to the condensation of silicon nitride by lowering the activation energy for radicalization reactions of silane and ammonia. After the 85°C/85% RH test, the optimized H:SiNx film maintained a water vapor transmission rate lower than 5 × 10−5 g/m2/day owing to the suppression of oxidation. The optimized H:SiNx film was rarely oxidized owing to the decrease in hydrogen‐terminated bonds and increase in the film density. The results indicated that the introduction of H2 gas during the PECVD process strengthened the environmental stability of the H:SiNx film.
Perimitral ventricular tachycardia associated with remote inferior myocardial infarction
Authors: Varma Niraj
Published: July 2021

Introduction

Circuits underlying ventricular tachycardias (VTs) accompanying remote inferior myocardial infarction (IMI) are regarded to be located in the scar. Rotation around the mitral annulus (MA) had also been postulated. We tested whether entrainment mapping could confirm whether MA rotation in VTs post‐IMI represented a “driving circuit.”

Methods

Three patients with IMI (male, left ventricular ejection fraction range 13%–40%) with hemodynamically tolerated VT (cycle length 365–690 ms) were studied with activation and entrainment mapping of the MA.

Results

Patients showed QRS morphologies reported for VTs following IMI: LBBB (left bundle branch block) pattern and/or right bundle pattern. Entrainment revealed the entire MA perimeter constituted the circuit, that is, macroreentry (path length greater than 13 cm in one case). Areas showing prolonged fractionated electrograms (accounting for over 50% of tachycardia cycle length) demonstrated concealed entrainment indicative of slow conduction through (and not around) the scar. Concealed entrainment was observed along the MA, with similar stimulus–QRS intervals when pacing during normal sinus rhythm. Radiofrequency ablation of the inferior isthmus from scar to MA (epicardially in one case) abolished tachycardia. In follow‐up, two patients had no VT recurrence and maintained NYHA Class 1 functional status during several years of follow‐up. The other patient continued to deteriorate with rapidly progressive HF, had recurrent VT within 3 months, proceeding to transplant within 9 months. Our findings confirm a single‐loop perimitral circuit, which is largely (if not exclusively) protected by anatomical barriers. This differs from the established “figure‐of‐8” VT model.

Conclusion

Single‐loop macroreentrant mitral annular circuits may underlie some VTs following inferior wall infarcts.
TNF‐α induces up‐regulation of MicroRNA‐27a via the P38 signalling pathway, which inhibits intervertebral disc degeneration by targeting FSTL1
Authors: Shi Jie , Wang Shaoyi , He Qiting , Liu Kaiwen , Zhao Wei , Xie Qing , Cheng Lei
Published: July 2021

The mechanism of intervertebral disc degeneration is still unclear, and there are no effective therapeutic strategies for treating this condition. miRNAs are naturally occurring macromolecules in the human body and have many biological functions. Therefore, we hope to elucidate whether miRNAs are associated with intervertebral disc degeneration and the underlying mechanisms involved. In our study, differentially expressed miRNAs were predicted by the GEO database and then confirmed by qPCR and in situ hybridization. Apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells was detected by flow cytometry and Bcl2, Bax and caspase 3. Deposition of extracellular matrix was assessed by Alcian blue staining, and the expression of COX2 and MMP13 was detected by immunofluorescence, Western blot and qPCR. Moreover, qPCR was used to detect the expression of miR27a and its precursors. The results showed that miR27a was rarely expressed in healthy intervertebral discs but showed increased expression in degenerated intervertebral discs. Ectopic miR27a expression inhibited apoptosis, suppressed the inflammatory response and attenuated the catabolism of the extracellular matrix by targeting FSTL1. Furthermore, it seems that the expression of miR27a was up‐regulated by TNF‐α via the P38 signalling pathway. So we conclude that TNF‐α and FSTL1 engage in a positive feedback loop to promote intervertebral disc degeneration. At the same time, miR27a is up‐regulated by TNF‐α via the P38 signalling pathway, which ameliorates inflammation, apoptosis and matrix degradation by targeting FSTL1. Thus, this negative feedback mechanism might contribute to the maintenance of a low degeneration load and would be beneficial to maintain a persistent chronic disc degeneration.
Voxel‐based specific regional analysis system for Alzheimer’s disease utility as a screening tool for unrecognized cognitive dysfunction of elderly patients in diabetes outpatient clinics: Multicenter retrospective exploratory study
Authors: Ueba Yoko , Murakami Takaaki , Yamamoto Taizo , Kuroe Akira , Yamasaki Masahide , Kaneda Daita , Otani Daisuke , Kiyobayashi Sakura , Ikeda Kaori , Yabe Daisuke , Ogura Masahito , Inagaki Nobuya
Published: July 2021

Aims/Introduction

An efficient screening strategy for identification of cognitive dysfunction remains a clinical issue in the management of elderly adults with diabetes. A magnetic resonance imaging voxel‐based specific regional analysis system for Alzheimer’s disease (VSRAD) has been developed as an automated brain morphometry system that includes the hippocampus. We carried out a multicenter retrospective study to evaluate the utility of VSRAD for screening cognitive dysfunction in diabetes outpatient clinics.

Materials and Methods

We enrolled patients with diabetes aged >65 years who underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging scans for the purpose of a medical checkup between November 2018 and May 2019. Patients who were already suspected or diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment and/or dementia as well as those with a history of cerebrovascular disease were excluded.

Results

A total of 67 patients were enrolled. Five patients were diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment or dementia (clinical cognitive dysfunction). Patients with clinical cognitive dysfunction showed a significantly higher z‐score in VSRAD analysis (2.57 ± 0.47 vs 1.15 ± 0.55, P < 0.01). The sensitivities and specificities for diagnosis of clinical cognitive dysfunction were 80 and 48% for the Mini‐Mental State Examination, 100 and 89% for the z‐score, and 100 and 90% for the combination of the Mini‐Mental State Examination score and z‐score, respectively.

Conclusions

VSRAD analysis can distinguish patients with clinical cognitive dysfunction in the elderly with diabetes, and also shows reasonable sensitivity and specificity compared with the Mini‐Mental State Examination alone. Thus, VSRAD analysis can be useful for early identification of clinical cognitive dysfunction in the elderly with diabetes.
Unified Divergence and the Development of Collective Leadership
Authors: Croft Charlotte , McGivern Gerry , Currie Graeme , Lockett Andy , Spyridonidis Dimitrios
Published: July 2021

What is collective leadership and how is it developed? Despite growing interest in collective leadership its definition, and understandings of the contextually situated process through which it develops, are limited. We draw on a five‐year longitudinal study to explain how collective leadership develops through ongoing negotiations between strategic ambiguity and reification. We delineate between directed work, collective work, and collective leadership to bring conceptual and definitional clarity to the field. We develop a process model to explain how contextual conditions influence the development of collective leadership. Introducing the concepts of accommodated divergence, directed convergence, and unified divergence we show how interorganizational collaborations can move from collective work to collective leadership. We argue that ‘unified divergence’ enables us to provide a more precise conceptual definition of collective leadership, which we define as: the interaction of strategic ambiguity and inward‐ and outward‐facing reification practices, resulting in agreed collective aims, alignment and coordination of activities, commitment to collective success, and the maintenance of divergent perspectives.
Principal components analysis of descriptive sensory data: Reflections, challenges, and suggestions
Authors: Næs Tormod , Tomic Oliver , Endrizzi Isabella , Varela Paula
Published: July 2021

This article presents a discussion of principal components analysis of descriptive sensory data. Focus is on standardization, many correlated variables, validation, and the use of descriptive data in preference mapping. Different ways of performing the analysis are presented and discussed with focus on how to obtain informative and reliable results. The results will be commented on in light of experience. All methods will be illustrated by calculations based on real data. The article ends with a list of suggestions for all the topics covered.

Practical Application

The article is about using principal components analysis (PCA) in sensory science. The applicability of the methods and ideas presented in this article are relevant for all types of descriptive sensory data. The ideas are general and comprise areas such as standardization, validation, and many correlated variables. The target group of readers for the article is the sensory scientist who uses PCA on a daily basis and who may have questions regarding how to use the method the best possible way.
The terrestrial impact crater record: A statistical analysis of morphologies, structures, ages, lithologies, and more
Authors: Kenkmann Thomas
Published: July 2021

The number of newly discovered and confirmed impact structures on earth is growing continuously. In this review paper, the main attributes of 198 confirmed impact structures and 10 further structures, for which final confirmation based on the identification of shock features is not yet entirely satisfying, are presented. The impact craters are compared statistically, with regard to their morphology, structure, and status of erosion or burial. The size– and age–frequency distributions of terrestrial impact structures are presented. Additional aspects concern target petrography and shock effects found in the craters. Based on the discovery statistics of presently known crater structures, an estimate can be made of the number of craters that await discovery. The paper is complementary to the recently published atlas of terrestrial impact structures by Gottwald et al. (2020).
Thinking about Progress: From Science to Philosophy
Authors: Dellsén Finnur , Lawler Insa , Norton James
Published: July 2021

Is there progress in philosophy? If so, how much? Philosophers have recently argued for a wide range of answers to these questions, from the view that there is no progress whatsoever to the view that philosophy has provided answers to all the big philosophical questions. However, these views are difficult to compare and evaluate, because they rest on very different assumptions about the conditions under which philosophy would make progress. This paper looks to the comparatively mature debate about scientific progress for inspiration on how to formulate four distinct accounts of philosophical progress, in terms of truthlikeness, problem‐solving, knowledge, and understanding. Equally importantly, the paper outlines a common framework for how to understand and evaluate these accounts. We distill a series of lessons from this exercise, to help pave the way for a more fruitful discussion about philosophical progress in the future.
Cuticular conductance of adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces and its relation to minimum leaf surface conductance
Authors: Márquez Diego A. , Stuart‐Williams Hilary , Farquhar Graham D. , Busch Florian A.
Published: July 2021

Cuticular conductance to water (gcw) is difficult to quantify for stomatous surfaces due to the complexity of separating cuticular and stomatal transpiration, and additional complications arise for determining adaxial and abaxial gcw. This has led to the neglect of gcw as a separate parameter in most common gas exchange measurements. Here, we describe a simple technique to simultaneously estimate adaxial and abaxial values of gcw, tested in two amphistomatous plant species.

What we term the ‘Red‐Light method’ is used to estimate gcw from gas exchange measurements and a known CO2 concentration inside the leaf during photosynthetic induction under red light. We provide an easy‐to‐use web application to assist with the calculation of gcw.

While adaxial and abaxial gcw varies significantly between leaves of the same species we found that the ratio of adaxial/abaxial gcw (γn) is stable within a plant species. This has implications for use of generic values of gcw when analysing gas exchange data.

The Red‐Light method can be used to estimate total cuticular conductance (gcw‐T) accurately with the most common setup of gas exchange instruments, i.e. a chamber mixing the adaxial and abaxial gases, allowing for a wide application of this technique.