bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Rise of the Total Abstinence Model. Recommendations Regarding Alcohol Use During Pregnancy in Finland and Denmark
Authors: Leppo Anna , Hecksher Dorte
Published: April 2011

AIMS

Adverse effects of alcohol on the fetus are currently defined as a serious public health problem in all western countries. Exposure of the fetus to alcohol may result in a spectrum of adverse effects, referred to collectively as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Different countries vary in terms of policy regarding alcohol consumption during pregnancy. This paper sets out to examine and compare official recommendations on alcohol intake during pregnancy in Finland and Denmark since the 1970s. In addition, the paper analyses the rationale behind these recommendations.

Methods and Data

The method used is qualitative content analysis. The data consists of 1) health education material for pregnant women and 2) reports and guidelines produced by government health authorities. The data comes from Finland and Denmark and covers the period between the 1970's and today.

Results

The article demonstrates how the official Finnish and Danish recommendations regarding alcohol intake during pregnancy have in the last decades fluctuated between a more permissive and a total abstinence approach. Both countries have recently adopted a total abstinence message. This policy line is not, however, based on research evidence pertaining to the harmfulness of a small-to-moderate alcohol intake during pregnancy but rather on the principle of precaution. The Finnish data contains very little information about the background of the changing recommendations whereas the Danish trajectories are explained in policy documents and expert debates. The paper suggests that the recent adoption of a total abstinence message in Finland and Denmark is closely linked to a change in the social and cultural climate regarding FASD. Moreover, it is argued that the adoption of the total abstinence model in Finland and Denmark is part of a wider international trend.

Conclusions

The knowledge gap with regards to the fetal effect of low-to-moderate levels of alcohol consumption combined with an urge to protect the fetus makes the formulation of health education messages complicated. The paper discusses problematic features in the current Finnish and Danish policy arguing that the recommendations to pregnant women contain contradictory elements. Future research should focus on women's and health professionals’ risk perceptions and international trends with regards to the total abstinence model.
Implementation of Substitution Treatment in Finland: Beyond Rationalisation and Medicalisation
Authors: Selin Jani
Published: April 2011

AIMS

Finnish treatment of drug abuse has during the last two decades shifted from a predominantly psychosocial approach to a more medical mode. This is especially evident in the rapid implementation of substitution treatments (STs). My aim is to show that labelling this development as ‘medicalisation’ or ‘rationalisation’ as a form of medical progress will not increase our understanding of the change.

MATERIAL AND DESIGN

I analysed texts from several periodicals with psychosocial, social policy and medical perspectives between 1997 and 2005. Four basic conceptual and argumentative underpinnings emerged which gave credence to the medical and rationalapproach, and the validity of these four elements was then investigated. I also collected all the texts on drug addiction and its treatment from two medical journals in 1965–1976 to examine the way in which drug addiction was conceptualised during this earlier phase.

Results

The material shows that there are at least four reasons why medicalisation and rationalisation cannot explain the implementation of substitution treatments in Finland. First, progress in medical research on addiction did not make STs necessary. Second, the effectiveness of substitution treatments hinges on a particular kind of scientific rationality that cannot be equated with rationality per se. Third, it was not the 1990s and 2000s that drug addiction was coded as a medical problem for the first time. Fourth, it is difficult to include into the medicalisation theory how people actively want to be ‘medicalised’. Medical knowledge and technology open up new domains of knowledge with possible relations to practices of power and offer people new ways of self-understanding. How these different practices work is a question of empirical research. Both ‘rationalisation’ and ‘medicalisation’ are concepts often used in an inflationary way, and this may make them insensitive as analytical instruments.
The Effects of Missing Data When Surveying Alcohol Habits
Authors: Wennberg Peter , Svensson Johan , Ramstedt Mats
Published: April 2011

AIMS

This study aimed at describing the effects of missing data when surveying alcohol consumption using a Random Digit Dialling procedure.

Methods

Data was part of the Monitor project including repeated monthly data on the alcohol habits in the general Swedish population. Non-respondents during four months were followed up a year later and asked to do a shortened telephone interview and were compared to a concurrent sample of respondents (n=2552 versus n=6005). Further, using a second approach, the monthly levels of non-response was related to the level of measured alcohol use in a time series analysis (n=67500).

Results

The results indicated no differences in the level of reported alcohol or tobacco use with except for a slightly higher proportion of alcohol abstainers in the sample of initial non-response. The time series showed no pattern of co-variation between the obtained non-response levels and the assessed levels of alcohol or tobacco use.

Conclusions

On the basis of the results it was meaningful to make a distinction between “soft” non-respondents (responding after extensive contacting effort) and “hard” non-respondents (not responding albeit extensive effort) and the results suggest that inclusion of the “soft” non-respondents does not by necessity lead to higher levels of assessed alcohol use.
Periphyllus californiensis Shinji, 1917 (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) - an invasive aphid species new to Poland
Authors: Junkiert Łukasz , Wieczorek Karina , Wojciechowski Wacław
Published: April 2011

Periphyllus californiensis Shinji, 1917 (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) - an invasive aphid species new to Poland

Periphyllus californiensis Shinji, 1917, an aphid species associated with Acer palmatum and A. japonicum, was recorded in the Botanic Garden of the Jagiellonian University, Kraków, in 2009 and 2010. This invasive species, new to Poland, is presented (apterous viviparous female, alate viviparous female) and described in detail. A key to the Polish species of the genus Periphyllus van der Hoeven, 1863 is provided.
The first records of the Nearctic treehopper Stictocephala bisonia in Poland (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Membracidae) with some comments on this potential pest
Authors: Świerczewski Dariusz , Stroiński Adam
Published: April 2011

The first records of the Nearctic treehopper Stictocephala bisonia in Poland (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Membracidae) with some comments on this potential pest

Stictocephala bisonia Kopp et Yonke, 1977 has been recorded for the first time in three localities in Poland. This is a Nearctic species introduced into Europe at the beginning of the 20th century and has expanded its range ever since. We briefly characterize this new treehopper and provide a key to the identification of the Polish species of Membracidae.
Contribution to knowledge of the butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) of north-eastern Poland with a description of a new tineid species from the genus Monopis Hübner, 1825
Authors: Šumpich Jan , Liška Jan , Dvořák Ivo
Published: April 2011

Contribution to knowledge of the butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) of north-eastern Poland with a description of a new tineid species from the genus Monopis Hübner, 1825

This work contains faunistic data on the occurrence of 677 butterfly and moth species found during 2000-2008 in north-eastern Poland (Podlasie Province). The species Monopis fenestratella (Heyden, 1863), Amphisbatis elsae Svensson, 1982, Coleophora ptarmicia Walsingham, 1910 and Epermenia falciformis (Haworth, 1828) were found in Poland for the first time. Recent data are provided for five other species - Monochroa servella (Zeller, 1839), Teleiodes aenigma Sattler, 1983, Dichomeris limosella (Schläger, 1849), Aethes rutilana (Hübner, 1817) and Eana derivana (LA Harpe, 1858) - known in Poland only from historical data. The occurrence in Podlasie of 75 species is reported for the first time, and the occurrence of 6 other species is confirmed for this area after more than 50 years. This work also describes a new species, Monopis bisonella Šumpich, sp. n. A number of species are very rare in Poland and occur only locally. These include Nemapogon wolffiellus Karsholt & Nielsen, 1976, Coleophora trifariella Zeller, 1849, Sophronia chilonella (Treitschke, 1833), Syncopacma sangiella (Stainton, 1863), Helcystogramma albinerve (Gerasimov, 1929), Cochylis flaviciliana (Westwood, 1854), Acleris comariana (Lienig & Zeller, 1846), Apotomis semifasciana (Haworth, 1811), Cydia coniferana (Saxesen, 1840), Euphydryas maturna (Linnaeus, 1758), Lopinga achine (Scopoli, 1763), Scopula nemoraria (Hübner, 1799), Epirrhoe tartuensis Moels, 1965 and Schrankia taenialis (Hübner, 1809). A complete list of the species found is provided in the Appendix at the end of this work.
Netelia (Prosthodocis) japonica (Uchida, 1928) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in the Polish fauna
Authors: Kostro-Ambroziak Agata
Published: April 2011

Netelia (Prosthodocis) japonica (Uchida, 1928) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in the Polish fauna

Netelia (Prosthodocis) japonica (Uchida, 1928) is reported for the first time from Poland on the basis of a female collected in Podlasie. A key to the subgenera of the genus Netelia Gray, 1860 recorded in Poland is provided.
Aphidivorous hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) at field boundaries and woodland edges in an agricultural landscape
Authors: Bennewicz Janina
Published: April 2011

Aphidivorous hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) at field boundaries and woodland edges in an agricultural landscape

The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence and structure of the populations and communities of hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) in particular types of midfield thickets (field boundaries and forest islands) characteristic of the lower Vistula valley. The investigation was carried out in 1998-2001. The midfield thickets were situated in an agricultural area. Syrphids were caught in yellow Moericke traps and with an entomological net. In the agricultural landscape the forest islands were visited by the highest percentage of aphidophagous syrphid species. Such midfield thickets (margins of forest islands) - habitats with a stable and diverse vegetation - can provide an attractive food resource for syrphids. Moreover, they offer hoverflies favourable conditions for shelter and, probably, development. Such habitats are thus key aspects of comprehensive crop protection.
SPECT/CT in the Management of Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus
Authors: Meftah Morteza , Katchis Stuart D. , Scharf Stephen C. , Mintz Douglas N. , Klein Devon A. , Weiner Lon S.
Published: April 2011

Background:

The treatment of osteochondral lesion of the talus (OLT) is mainly based upon the stage of the disease so accurate imaging is crucial. SPECT/CT combines bone scan with high-resolution CT and can provide functional-anatomical images in a single stage. The purpose of this study was to assess the value of SPECT/CT in the management of OLT.

Materials and Methods:

From 2004 to 2009, 22 patients with OLT were identified that had both SPECT/CT and MRI of the foot and ankle. All charts were reviewed to ascertain the reason for ordering the SPECT/CT and the additional information obtained. AOFAS outcome scores were calculated at the time of followup.

Results:

Twelve patients underwent ankle arthroscopy for debridement or drilling of the osteochondral lesion. The mean AOFAS score in these 12 patients was 83.6. SPECT/CT helped preoperative planning by identifying the exact location of the active lesion, especially in multifocal disease or revision surgeries while showing the depth of the active lesion. Ten patients had conservative management due to minimal or no activity over the lesion on SPECT/CT images. The mean AOFAS score in these ten patients was 78.8 which was comparable to the operative group.

Conclusion:

We believe SPECT/CT was able to provide additional diagnostic value by demonstrating a co-existing pathology as a potential cause of pain and in preoperative planning by showing the depth of activity and the precise location of the active segment in multiple lesions. Level of Evidence: III, Retrospective Case Control Study
Automated Cuff Occlusion Pressure Effect on Quality of Operative Fields in Foot and Ankle Surgery: A Randomized Prospective Study
Authors: Younger Alastair SE , Manzary Mojieb , Wing Kevin J. , Stothers Keith
Published: April 2011

Background:

Limb occlusion pressure, which is present when blood flow ceases, has not had a practical method described for attainment. An automated tourniquet system was modified to set tourniquet pressure based on measurement of limb occlusion pressure (LOP). In this single surgeon randomized prospective study, the effectiveness of this system was assessed on patients undergoing foot and ankle surgery.

Materials and Methods:

Two hundred forty-four patients were randomized to the study group of automated pressure ( n = 112) or to the control group ( n = 132). The primary outcome measure was tourniquet pressure used for either group. Secondary measures included the time to set the pressure and number of patients failing LOP measurement. The tourniquet field was assessed intraoperatively and postoperatively in a blinded manner.

Results:

The tourniquet pressure was significantly lower in the study group at 198. 5 ± 20. 2 mmHg compared to 259. 6 ± 4. 4 in the control group ( p < 0. 001). The time to measure the LOP was 20 ± 6 seconds. Six patients failed to be measured. The quality of the surgical field was judged to be better in the study group based on all three methods of assessment.

Conclusion:

LOP measurement was a practical way of setting tourniquet pressures for limb surgery. The automated pressure averages were lower than those routinely used by most surgeons for thigh tourniquets. Level of Evidence: I, Prospective Randomized Study
First Web Space Soft Tissue Release in Bunion Surgery: Functional Outcomes of a New Technique
Authors: Panchbhavi Vinod K. , Rapley Jay , Trevino Saul G.
Published: April 2011

Background:

The current approach to soft tissue release in bunion surgery is through an incision in the dorsum of the first web space between the first and second metatarsals. However, the soft tissue release through this approach can be excessive or inadequate for the correction required. In addition, it leaves a visible scar. A new technique described here provides a stepwise protocol to limit the extent of soft tissue release to only what is required for the correction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate functional outcomes of the new technique.

Materials and Methods:

The authors conducted a retrospective chart review of 76 patients (88 procedures) and functional outcome analysis of 38 patients (44 procedures) who underwent first web space release utilizing the new technique. The mean followup was 3.8 years. The mean age was 50.8 (range, 24 to 74) years; 98% were female patients and 2% were male.

Results:

The majority of the patients (89%) had good or excellent results. The surgical scar was hidden between the first and second toes in the web fold. The average Olerud-Molander score was 86.4 out of 100. None of the patients reviewed had nerve injury, recurrence of deformity, hallux varus, or revision surgery.

Conclusion:

The new technique for the first web space soft tissue release was a reliable technique that can be used as an adjunctive surgical procedure in correction of hallux valgus. Since the incision is in the web fold, the resulting scar is hidden. Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Effect of Surgeon Training, Fracture, and Patient Variables on Calcaneal Fracture Management
Authors: Kwon John Y. , Diwan Amna , Susarla Seenu , Chacko Aron T. , Rodriguez Edward K.
Published: April 2011

Background:

There appears to be a general lack of consensus in treating calcaneus fractures. Many different patient-based variables such as smoking, diabetes, or occupation, may influence treatment decisions possibly more so than the nature of the injury itself. Indications for operative versus nonop-erative treatment are often unclear. The goals of this study were to determine if lack of consensus exists, determine which factors most influence orthopaedic surgeons in choosing operative versus nonoperative treatment and determine if there are differences in treatment based on fellowship training and exposure to these injuries.

Materials and Methods:

Practicing orthopaedic surgeons of various backgrounds and training were administered an electronic survey. The survey consisted of clinical vignettes and questions regarding fellowship training, demographics and exposure to calcaneus fractures. Orthopaedic surgeons were asked to weigh the importance of patient-based variables in determining operative versus nonoperative treatment.

Results:

For patients with an uncomplicated medical history, there was a general consensus on treatment as guided by the Sanders classification. For those with a complex medical history, there was less consensus on management despite fracture pattern. Foot & ankle fellowship-trained surgeons (F&AT) ranked calcaneal deformity as more important than trauma fellowship-trained surgeons (NFT), and ranked peripheral vascular disease (PVD)/diabetes mellitus (DM) more important than did both trauma fellowship-trained surgeons (TFT) and NFT surgeons. There was no significant difference in choosing operative versus nonoperative treatment for surgeons treating more calcaneus fractures (more than four per month) versus those who treated fewer (less than one a month).

Conclusion:

There was general agreement among surgeons regarding the most important variables for determining management of calcaneus fractures. How this information is utilized varies according to practitioner and leads to varying consensus. There was generalized consensus regarding management in cases of anatomic deformity at either end of the spectrum of severity and non-complex medical histories. When additional confounders were added, the agreement between surgeons declined.
Resection Arthroplasty, External Fixation, and Negative Pressure Dressing for First Metatarsophalangeal Joint Ulcers
Authors: Stone Craig , Smith Nicholas
Published: April 2011

Background:

A frequent complication for the diabetic patient is neuropathic ulceration on the plantar surface of the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint which can be difficult to manage. Debridement and resection arthroplasty with temporary external fixation and VAC dressing (Kinetic Concepts Inc, San Antonio, TX) is an alternative operative treatment to amputation. This study examined the outcomes of one center's experience with patients who have undergone this procedure.

Materials and Methods:

This retrospective cohort study examined patients who underwent the procedure between March 2002 and March 2010. Information was obtained on relevant outcomes including: the initial procedure, secondary procedures on either foot, total time in external fixation, time until amputation, cause of ulceration and co-morbid conditions. During the study period, 16 patients underwent resection arthroplasty with external fixation for first MTP ulceration. Fourteen of these patients had underlying diabetes mellitus, one had Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and one had neuropathy of unknown cause. All were available for followup at the end of the study period. Median followup was 38 (range, 3 to 96) months.

Results:

At latest followup, six patients required amputation, either trans-metatarsal or transtibial, to treat their recurring ulceration.

Conclusion:

Resection arthroplasty with temporary external fixation appears to be a safe, effective and possible alternative to amputation for the treatment of neuropathic ulceration of the first MTP. Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Moment Arms of the Ankle Throughout the Range of Motion in Three Planes
Authors: McCullough Matthew B.A. , Ringleb Stacie I. , Arai Kenichiro , Kitaoka Harold B. , Kaufman Kenton R.
Published: April 2011

Background:

The moment, a force applied at a distance, is responsible for movement and balance. A key component of the moment is the moment arm. The moment arms of nine muscles surrounding the ankle complex during motion in three planes, were studied.

Materials and Methods:

Five cadaveric feet were mounted in a testing device that created moments in the sagittal, coronal and transverse planes. Axial and tendon loads were applied as the foot was passively moved in these planes. Tendon excursions and bone kinematics were monitored. The moment arm was calculated using the tendon excursion method and averaged across all specimens.

Results:

The largest average moment arm during plantarflexion/dorsiflexion, was the Achilles (mean, 53.1; SD, 5.1 mm). During internal/external rotation the largest moment arm was the peroneus brevis (mean, 20.5; SD, 6.4 mm). During inversion/eversion, the largest moment arm was the peroneus longus (31 mm; SD, 2.3 mm).

Conclusion:

This study quantified the functional moment arms of nine tendons of the ankle/foot. The involvement of multiple tendons in multiple planes of motion should be considered in computational models and when deciding treatments.

Clinical Relevance:

The correlation between moment arms and muscle function has significant effects on treatment efficacy. Information on the balance of moments around the ankle will assist in achieving optimal biomechanical behavior following operative treatments.
Managing Collaboration in the Thirty Years War: Culture, Politics and the Influence of Donald Wildmon
Authors: Brewer Edward C. , Taylor Kay
Published: April 2011

Abstract:

In the analysis of America's cultural and political wars of the late twentieth century, no comprehensive analysis exists of the actions and issues of Donald Wildmon and the American Family Association. Wildmon came to public attention in the 1970s as a critic of “offensive” television programs and has since remained a key player in the Religious Right. This paper will provide an overview of the development of Wildmon's influence—specifically focusing on early consumer boycotts, his war on pornography and the NEA, his political influence among other Religious Right groups, and the growth of his reach.
Implicit Biblical Motifs in Almodóvar's Hable con ella and Volver The Bible as Intertext
Authors: Mirguet Françoise
Published: April 2011

Abstract:

This article explores implicit biblical motifs in two films by Pedro Almodóvar: Hable con ella (2002) and Volver (2006). Implicit motifs designate echoes to biblical texts that have textual basis but cannot be proven intentional. The article starts by providing some theoretical basis by referring to the notion of intertextuality and suggesting criteria. It then traces biblical motifs in the two films mentioned above (both in individual scenes and in the general plot), whether they occur directly, through gender or generational reversals or through the mediation of other texts. The reinterpretation or transgression of biblical motifs shed light on the film's own cultural context and on the intertextual process in general.
From the Sacred to the Performative: Tamil Film Star Fan Clubs, Religious Devotion and the Material Culture of Film Star Portraits
Authors: Rogers Martyn
Published: April 2011

Abstract:

With the increasing blurring of the boundaries between the sacred realm of religion and the profane world of commerce, it is often argued that authentic religious faith is increasingly threatened by the forces of late capitalism. Using the example of Tamil film spectatorship, the article argues otherwise. Drawing on Tamil film fans' “devotional” practices dedicated to local film stars, the paper asserts that Tamil film only remains relevant to its local audiences as long as consumption practices enable fans to subordinate the principles of commercial film to locally embedded religious sentiments and dispositions, rather than vice versa.
Unpardonable Sins: The Mentally Ill and Evangelicalism in America
Authors: Weaver John
Published: April 2011

Abstract:

This article explores the troubled relationship between evangelicals and the mentally ill community, focusing primarily on a Reformed/fundamentalist movement known as nouthetics or biblical counselling. I argue that for a large number of evangelicals, mentally ill people represent a diseased “other” population, in many ways as inherently “sinful” as gays and lesbians. Through this analysis, I promote a better understanding of mentally ill evangelicals, and more importantly, a better understanding of what the term “mentally ill” specifically denotes among evangelicals.
The Ends of Sacrifice: Mel Gibson's Apocalypto as a Christian Apology for Colonialism
Authors: Yelle Robert A.
Published: April 2011

Abstract:

The article argues that Mel Gibson's film Apocalypto (2006) offers a Christian defence of European colonialism as the agency that ends the brutality of Mayan sacrifice. In doing so, the director deploys symbols and techniques borrowed from Christian typology, which depicted the Crucifixion as the end of Jewish sacrifice. A comparison of Apocalypto with Gibson's earlier film The Passion of the Christ (2004) suggests that the former is actually a sequel to the latter. Apocalypto extends Gibson's robust defence of traditional Christianity to the New World, and is a counterargument to protests against Columbus Day.
Innovation dank Zusammenarbeit von Forstpraxis und -forschung am Beispiel Bucheggberg (SO) | Innovation thanks to cooperation between forestry practice and research taking Bucheggberg (SO) as an example
Authors: Lemm Renato , Stebler Ulrich , Thees Oliver
Published: April 2011

Innovative developments can be encouraged, increased in number and become more widespread by means of awards and honours and the associated financial support these bring. Taking the example of Bucheggberg (in Canton Solothurn, Switzerland), the article demonstrates how innovations arose through cooperation between practice and research, and how the presentation of the Binding Forest Award led to the realization of the innovative approach on site. It follows the further development and how transfer to other enterprises was favoured. Specifically the article describes the adaptation of the fragmented forest management to the requirements of the economy. To this end it was necessary to introduce modern information technology in the management of wood depots (Ifis Polver) and joint timber commercialisation (Ifis Uno).
Vers une gestion intégrée des pâturages boisés – carte de visite du paysage jurassien | Towards an integrated management of the wooded pastures – typical of the Jura landscape
Authors: Baumgartner Renaud
Published: April 2011

The wooded pastures arose from the colonisation of the valleys and high plateaux of the Jurassic Arc. They are the product of a mixed exploitation combining agricultural and silvicultural elements, and are dependent for their conservation on a form of management where a balance between cattle grazing and wood cutting is maintained. The abandon of farmland and fewer cattle at pasture in summer, the small returns from logging and the introduction of grants based on surface area of agriculturally used land (SAU) have together completely disturbed this balance. The necessity of an integrated management system which takes into account the interests of agriculture, silviculture, nature, landscape and leisure activities has led to the creation of interdisciplinary commissions on wooded pastures of the Bernese Jura and the Jurassic Arc. An Interreg IIIA project France-Switzerland has enabled the creation of a model integrated management plan. Due to the lack of funds from the Federal Office of Agriculture, the cantonal services promote the development of integrated management plans.
Braucht der Wald in Europa ein verbindliches Abkommen? | Do forests need a binding agreement at European level?
Authors: Dürr Christoph
Published: April 2011

The ministers of the 46 member countries of Forest Europe, as the Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe (MCPFE) is now called, will decide at the conference in Oslo in June 2011 whether they would like to convert the existing process into a legally binding forest agreement. Switzerland fundamentally supports the establishment of such an agreement and has participated in the corresponding clarification processes. This contribution presents the developments made up to now, and explains the advantages such an agreement would have for Switzerland and the obstacles that remain to be overcome.
Waldpolitisch relevante Gremien in Europa | Important forest policy organisations in Europe
Authors: Dürr Christoph
Published: April 2011

International forest policy is mainly shaped by the participation of countries at global level, which is why forest-related organisations in Europe and their political processes have received little attention up to now. Meanwhile, however, global forest policy is being increasingly influenced by regional processes. Efforts are underway in the context of various European processes to put sustainable forest management on a firmer footing and make it better known outside the sector. Hence the safeguarding of national interests in the European context is becoming more important for Switzerland. This contribution presents the main forest policy organisations in Europe from Switzerland's perspective, i.e. Forest Europe, the FAO European Forestry Commission, the UNECE Timber Committee, the European Union and the European Forest Institute, so as to provide a better understanding of where European forest policy originates.
Phylogenetic perspectives on diversification, biogeography, and floral evolution of Collinsia and Tonella (Plantaginaceae)
Authors: Baldwin Bruce G. , Kalisz Susan , Armbruster W. Scott
Published: April 2011

•Premise of the study: Collinsia was the subject of classic biosystematic studies by Garber and colleagues and is increasingly investigated to address major evolutionary questions. Lack of phylogenetic data from more than one gene region and one taxonomic exemplar has left relationships, diversity, and phytogeography of Collinsia in question and has limited understanding of its diversification.

•Methods: Phylogenetic analyses representing 179 populations of Collinsia and closely related Tonella were conducted based on DNA sequences of nuclear ribosomal transcribed spacers, the single‐copy nuclear gene CYCLOIDEA‐1, and part of the chloroplast matK/trnK intron region to reexamine systematic hypotheses and extend understanding of the importance of floral characters, chromosome evolution, interfertility, crossability, hybridization, edaphic factors, and ecogeographic barriers to diversification in the group.

•Key results: Informal “sections” of Collinsia are artificial, although pedicel length and other traditional deep‐level taxonomic characters are more conservative evolutionarily than flower size. Evolutionary loss of crossability and interfertility in Collinsia appears to be largely a byproduct of divergence. Although most taxa appear to have arisen by divergent evolution, multiple lines of evidence indicate a homoploid hybrid constitution of C. tinctoria, possibly explaining an occurrence of convergent chromosome evolution. Phylogeographic and cryptic diversity is extensive.

•Conclusions: Diversity in Collinsia is greater than previously documented. Recently divergent lineages are often associated with distinct habitat (including soil) and geographic factors, different flower sizes, and contrasting chromosomal arrangements. Evidence for a hybrid constitution of diploid C. tinctoria is consistent with lack of strong intersterility barriers between closely related taxa.
Interactions between GA, auxin, and UNI expression controlling shoot ontogeny, leaf morphogenesis, and auxin response in Pisumsativum (Fabaceae): Or how the uni‐tac mutant is rescued
Authors: DeMason Darleen A. , Chetty Venkateswari J.
Published: April 2011

• Premise of the study: Leaf morphogenesis, including that of compound leaves, provides the basis for the great diversity of leaf form among higher plants. Leaf form is an important character by which plants adapt to their environment. The common garden pea provides a developmental model system for understanding leaf development in the legumes and a contrasting one for other groups of plants.

• Methods: We used genetic, tissue culture, and physiological methods, as well as DR5::GUS expression and qRT‐PCR, to explore the interactions between the hormones gibberellic acid (GA) and auxin and Unifoliata (UNI) gene expression that control leaf morphogenesis in pea.

• Key results: Rate of increase in leaf complexity during shoot ontogeny (i.e., heteroblasty) and adult leaf complexity are controlled by GA through UNI. Leaves on greenhouse‐grown uni‐tac mutants are rescued by weekly GA or auxin applications. Auxin responsiveness is reduced in uni‐tac shoot and root tips and in wild‐type shoot tips treated with auxin transport inhibitors. GA and auxin increase UNI mRNA levels in uni‐tac as well as that of other transcription factors.

• Conclusions: GA and auxin positively promote leaf dissection during leaf morphogenesis in pea by prolonging the time during which acropetally initiated pinna pairs are produced. GA‐generated elaboration of leaf morphogenesis is in distinct contrast to that in other species, such as tomato and Cardamine. Instead, GA and auxin play common and supportive roles in pea leaf morphogenesis as they do in many other aspects of plant development.
A molecular phylogenetic approach to western North America endemic Artemisia and allies (Asteraceae): Untangling the sagebrushes
Authors: Garcia Sònia , McArthur E. Durant , Pellicer Jaume , Sanderson Stewart C. , Vallès Joan , Garnatje Teresa
Published: April 2011

• Premise of the study: Artemisia subgenus Tridentatae plants characterize the North American Intermountain West. These are landscape‐dominant constituents of important ecological communities and habitats for endemic wildlife. Together with allied species and genera (Picrothamnus and Sphaeromeria), they make up an intricate series of taxa whose limits are uncertain, likely the result of reticulate evolution. The objectives of this study were to resolve relations among Tridentatae species and their near relatives by delimiting the phylogenetic positions of subgenus Tridentatae species with particular reference to its New World geographic placement and to provide explanations for the relations of allied species and genera with the subgenus with an assessment of their current taxonomic placement.

• Methods: Bayesian inference and maximum parsimony analysis were based on 168 newly generated sequences (including the nuclear ITS and ETS and the plastid trnSUGA‐trnfMCAU and trnSGCU‐trnCGCA) and 338 previously published sequences (ITS and ETS). Genome size by flow cytometry of species from Sphaeromeria was also determined.

• Key results: The results support an expanded concept and reconfiguration of Tridentatae to accommodate additional endemic North American Artemisia species. The monotypic Picrothamnus and all Sphaeromeria species appear nested within subgenus Tridentatae clade.

• Conclusions: A redefinition of subgenus Tridentatae to include other western North American endemics is supported. We propose a new circumscription of the subgenus and divide it into three sections: Tridentatae, Filifoliae, and Nebulosae. The position of the circumboreal and other North American species suggests that subgenus Artemisia is the ancestral stock for the New World endemics, including those native to South America.
Angiosperm phylogeny: 17 genes, 640 taxa
Authors: Soltis Douglas E. , Smith Stephen A. , Cellinese Nico , Wurdack Kenneth J. , Tank David C. , Brockington Samuel F. , Refulio‐Rodriguez Nancy F. , Walker Jay B. , Moore Michael J. , Carlsward Barbara S. , Bell Charles D. , Latvis Maribeth , Crawley Sunny , Black Chelsea , Diouf Diaga , Xi Zhenxiang , Rushworth Catherine A. , Gitzendanner Matthew A. , Sytsma Kenneth J. , Qiu Yin‐Long , Hilu Khidir W. , Davis Charles C. , Sanderson Michael J. , Beaman Reed S. , Olmstead Richard G. , Judd Walter S. , Donoghue Michael J. , Soltis Pamela S.
Published: April 2011

• Premise of the study: Recent analyses employing up to five genes have provided numerous insights into angiosperm phylogeny, but many relationships have remained unresolved or poorly supported. In the hope of improving our understanding of angiosperm phylogeny, we expanded sampling of taxa and genes beyond previous analyses.

• Methods: We conducted two primary analyses based on 640 species representing 330 families. The first included 25260 aligned base pairs (bp) from 17 genes (representing all three plant genomes, i.e., nucleus, plastid, and mitochondrion). The second included 19846 aligned bp from 13 genes (representing only the nucleus and plastid).

• Key results: Many important questions of deep‐level relationships in the nonmonocot angiosperms have now been resolved with strong support. Amborellaceae, Nymphaeales, and Austrobaileyales are successive sisters to the remaining angiosperms (Mesangiospermae), which are resolved into Chloranthales + Magnoliidae as sister to Monocotyledoneae + [Ceratophyllaceae + Eudicotyledoneae]. Eudicotyledoneae contains a basal grade subtending Gunneridae. Within Gunneridae, Gunnerales are sister to the remainder (Pentapetalae), which comprises (1) Superrosidae, consisting of Rosidae (including Vitaceae) and Saxifragales; and (2) Superasteridae, comprising Berberidopsidales, Santalales, Caryophyllales, Asteridae, and, based on this study, Dilleniaceae (although other recent analyses disagree with this placement). Within the major subclades of Pentapetalae, most deep‐level relationships are resolved with strong support.

• Conclusions: Our analyses confirm that with large amounts of sequence data, most deep‐level relationships within the angiosperms can be resolved. We anticipate that this well‐resolved angiosperm tree will be of broad utility for many areas of biology, including physiology, ecology, paleobiology, and genomics.
From Low-Energy to Net Zero-Energy Buildings: Status and Perspectives
Authors: Voss Karsten , Musall Eike , Lichtmeß Markus
Published: April 2011

“Net Zero-Energy Building” has become a popular catchphrase to describe the synergy between energy-efficient building and renewable energy utilisation to achieve a balanced energy budget over an annual cycle. Taking into account the energy exchange with a grid overcomes the limitations of energy-autonomous buildings with the need for seasonal energy storage on-site. Although the expression, “Net Zero-Energy Building,” appears in many energy policy documents, a harmonised definition or a standardised balancing method is still lacking. This paper reports on the background and the various effects influencing the energy balance approach. After discussing the national energy code framework in Germany, a harmonised terminology and balancing procedure is proposed. The procedure takes not only the energy balance but also energy efficiency and load matching into account.
A Model for Integrating Environmental Sustainability into Architectural Education
Authors: Trebilcock Maureen
Published: April 2011

This article proposes a model for integrating environmental sustainability into architectural education that derives from the analysis of sustainable architectural design in practice. The research methodology is based on nine case studies of architectural practices that are pioneers in environmentally sustainable design. The design process of a building from each practice was mapped using information gathered by interviews with the members of the design team, plans, diagrams and sketches. The case studies highlight the skills and knowledge that the architect needs to acquire to integrate sustainability into the design process. This reveals that architectural education might focus on developing attitudes, explicit knowledge, tacit knowledge and skills that interweave intuitive, analytical and social dimensions in a holistic manner.
Barriers and Impediments to a Holistic Approach to Promoting Super-Energy-Efficient (SEE) Homes
Authors: Chen Qian , Kinzel Gary , Zimmerman Allen , Potter Scott , Lichtensteiger Michael
Published: April 2011

Reducing energy consumption and environmental impacts of homes remains a critical task for researchers and practitioners. Although numerous energy efficient (EE) home strategies have been developed, their adoption across the entire industry has still been limited. Nationwide, only a small number of EE homes have been built under several well-known EE home programs. Therefore, the research question of, “what prevents EE homes from being widely accepted and built?” needs to be addressed and investigated thoroughly. This paper presents the findings—a comprehensive set of barriers and impediments to the wide spread adoption of EE homes—from an on-going effort made by an alliance of researchers, educators, builders, suppliers, appraisers, real estate agents, and other parties associated with the home construction industry. These findings are being used to develop and implement a holistic action plan to advance the cause of EE homes through research, education, and outreach. The provided insights will also help other researchers, educators, practitioners and government agencies re-evaluate the strategies used in promoting EE homes and improve the effectiveness of on-going and future programs.
Advanced Glycation End Products Inhibit Both Infection and TransmissionIn Transof HIV-1 from Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells to Autologous T Cells
Authors: Nasreddine Nadine , Borde Chloé , Gozlan Joël , Bélec Laurent , Maréchal Vincent , Hocini Hakim
Published: April 2011

Highly active antiretroviral therapy is associated with carbohydrate metabolic alterations that may lead to diabetes. One consequence of hyperglycemia is the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) that are involved in diabetes complications. We investigated the impact of AGEs on the infection of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) by HIV-1 and the ability of MDDCs to transmit the virus to T cells. We showed that AGEs could inhibit infection of MDDCs with primary R5-tropic HIV-1Ba-L by up to 85 ± 9.2% and with primary X4-tropic HIV-1VN44 by up to 60 ± 8.5%. This inhibitory effect of AGEs was not prevented by a neutralizing anti-receptor for advanced glycation end products (anti-RAGE) Ab, demonstrating a RAGE-independent mechanism. Moreover, AGEs inhibited by 70–80% the transmission in trans of the virus to CD4 T cells. Despite the inhibitory effect of AGEs on both MDDC infection and virus transmission in trans, no inhibition of virus attachment to cell membrane was observed, confirming that attachment and transmission of the virus involve independent mechanisms. The inhibitory effect of AGEs on infection was associated with a RAGE-independent downregulation of CD4 at the cell membrane and by a RAGE-dependent repression of the CXCR4 and CCR5 HIV-1 receptors. AGEs induce the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-12, but not RANTES or MIP-1α, and did not lead to MDDC maturation as demonstrated by the lack of expression of the CD83 molecule. Taken together, our results suggest that AGEs can play an inhibiting role in HIV-1 infection in patients who accumulate circulating AGEs, including patients treated with protease inhibitors that developed diabetes.
MHC Class II-Restricted Interaction between Thymocytes Plays an Essential Role in the Production of Innate CD8+ T Cells
Authors: Min Hye Sook , Lee You Jeong , Jeon Yoon Kyung , Kim Eun Ji , Kang Byung Hyun , Jung Kyeong Cheon , Chang Cheong-Hee , Park Seong Hoe
Published: April 2011

We have recently shown that MHC class II-dependent thymocyte–thymocyte (T–T) interaction successfully generates CD4+ T cells (T–T CD4+ T cells), and that T–T CD4+ T cells expressing promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger protein (PLZF) show an innate property both in mice and humans. In this article, we report that the thymic T–T interaction is essential for the conversion of CD8+ T cells into innate phenotype in the physiological condition. CD8+ T cells developed in the presence of PLZF+ CD4+ T cells showed marked upregulation of eomesodermin (Eomes), activation/memory phenotype, and rapid production of IFN-γ on ex vivo stimulation. Their development was highly dependent on the PLZF expression in T–T CD4+ T cells and the IL-4 secreted by PLZF+ T–T CD4+ T cells. The same events may take place in humans, as a substantial number of Eomes expressing innate CD8+ T cells were found in human fetal thymi and spleens. It suggests that PLZF+ T–T CD4+ T cells in combination with Eomes+ CD8+ T cells might actively participate in the innate immune response against various pathogens, particularly in human perinatal period.
Proinflammatory Environment Dictates the IL-17–Producing Capacity of Human Invariant NKT Cells
Authors: Moreira-Teixeira Lúcia , Resende Mariana , Coffre Maryaline , Devergne Odile , Herbeuval Jean-Philippe , Hermine Olivier , Schneider Elke , Rogge Lars , Ruemmele Frank M. , Dy Michel , Cordeiro-da-Silva Anabela , Leite-de-Moraes Maria C.
Published: April 2011

CD1d-reactive invariant NKT (iNKT) cells have been implicated in a number of experimental models of human pathologies. Given the scope of their immunoregulatory activities mediated through distinct cytokine patterns, it has been proposed that this functional diversity originates from distinct iNKT subpopulations. In this study, we report that human CD161+ iNKT cells are intrinsically endowed with the capacity to generate IL-17, but require TGF-β, IL-1β, and IL-23 to carry out this potential. IL-17–producing iNKT cells are already present in cord blood but, in contrast to peripheral blood iNKT cells, they cannot generate IFN-γ. These IL-17 producers respond to aryl hydrocarbon receptor stimulation and express IL-23 receptor and retinoic acid-related orphan receptor C, similar to conventional T helper 17 cells, from which they differ by their restricted ability to coproduce IL-22. In conclusion, IL-17 production by human iNKT cells depends on two critical parameters, namely an intrinsic program and a proinflammatory environment.