bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aplicación del modelo Bristow-Campbell para estimar la irradiación solar global en la zona alto andina de la región Tacna
Authors: Caceres Masco Lilian , Torres Muro Hugo , Chávez Delgado Jhony
Published: July 2020

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo, explicar el proceso de determinación de la irradiación solar global para una superficie horizontal en la zona altoandina y andina de la región Tacna a través del modelo empírico propuesto por Bristow - Campbell (1984), y así contar con una base de datos, para ello se recopilo registros diarios de temperatura máxima y mínima de siete estaciones meteorológicas distribuidas en la zona de estudio, durante el periodo 2014-2017. La zona altoandina y andina presenta valores anuales de irradiación solar global superiores a los 5.5 kWh m-2d-1,  siendo el distrito de Susapaya, provincia de Tarata que presenta el mayor índice de energía solar promedio anual de 6.23 kWh m-2d-1 por lo tanto, es viable y rentable las aplicaciones solares en estas zonas, con tecnologías adecuadas para regiones frías.
Impacto de diversificación y la volatilidad en carteras de inversión: Bolsa de Valores de Lima
Authors: Juli Chambilla Dany Elias
Published: July 2020

El objetivo del presente artículo es determinar el efecto de la diversificación y la frontera eficiente en el portafolio de inversión de la Bolsa de Valores de Lima en los últimos 4 años. El tipo de investigación realizado es del tipo cuantitativo y explicativo, se ha utilizado la cotización diaria de 11 títulos que se negocian en la Bolsa de Valores de Lima en el periodo 2015-2019, para los que se determina la rentabilidad y su volatilidad diaria. Como resultado de la experiencia se tiene la relación inversa entre número de títulos y varianza de la cartera. Lo que muestra claramente que, a medida que una cartera se ve incrementado cada vez con mayor número de títulos, va disminuyendo el valor de la volatilidad de la cartera. Como resultado de la experiencia se tiene que, a medida que se incluye más títulos a una cartera de inversiones, se ve reducida la volatilidad de la cartera de inversiones.
Efecto del tipo de cambio real multilateral en las exportaciones e importaciones del Perú en el periodo 1991 – 2019
Authors: Pozo Castillo Wendy , Ortiz Mollo Roeyver , Gomez Mamani Juan Alexis
Published: July 2020

El presente trabajo de investigación busca determinar el efecto del tipo de cambio real multilateral sobre las exportaciones e importaciones del Perú en el periodo 1991 - 2019. Los datos empleados para realizar el análisis correspondiente son reales mensuales bajo el Test de raíz unitaria (Dickey Fuller) y Test de Cointegración de Johansen, con la finalidad de identificar la existencia de cointegración entre las variables. Los resultados indican que el efecto del tipo de cambio real multilateral en las exportaciones fue de 1.00 y muestran un efecto negativo comparado con las importaciones que fue de -1.11. Finalmente, entre los mecanismos que se pueden sugerir está mantener políticas macroeconómicas estables y buscar la diversificación del comercio exterior del Perú con otros países para aumentar las exportaciones de bienes nacionales.
Enfoque de diversificación internacional y el riesgo en portafolio de inversiones
Authors: Chura Palacios Luz , Ajrota Feliciano Angela
Published: July 2020

La investigación tuvo como objetivo principal demostrar el efecto de la Diversificación Internacional sobre el riesgo de Portafolio de Inversiones y tuvo como objetivos secundarios la obtención de una frontera eficiente para el análisis y el cotejo de opciones de inversión en diversos mercados internacionales. El presente trabajo fue una investigación no experimental, cuantitativa de corte transversal, descriptiva y explicativa que se fundamentó en la cuantificación de indicadores de activos financieros que cotizan en la Bolsa de Valores de Chile, Brasil, Estados Unidos, Suiza, España, Hungría, India y Japón en el periodo comprendido entre 2011-2019 para la formación de carteras de inversión. Para efectos de la presente investigación, se tomó como universo de referencia 40 acciones que cotizan en la Bolsa de Valores de Chile, Brasil, Estados Unidos, Suiza, España, Hungría, India y Japón. No obstante, tras un proceso de depuración basado en los niveles de correlación entre activos, quedaron 24 acciones, organizadas en 3 activos por cada mercado. Posteriormente, se obtuvieron la rentabilidad y la varianza aplicando el análisis de optimización de carteras. De esta manera, se obtuvieron las ocho fronteras eficientes para los ocho mercados internacionales. En la formación de portafolios de inversión, se aplicó la teoría de diversificación internacional, para ello se compararon niveles de rentabilidad ajustada con el riesgo de portafolios. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron identificar que la diversificación entre países representa una alternativa significativa para maximizar la rentabilidad. Además, representa una alternativa significativa para la reducción del riesgo de los portafolios de inversión. A través de un enfoque país, existen alternativas de diversificación debido al bajo nivel de correlación.
Efecto del turismo en la economía de la Región Tacna
Authors: Pinto Ranilla Paulino Celso
Published: July 2020

El trabajo de investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar la actividad del turismo en la Región Tacna, que en los últimos diez años se ha convertido en una de las actividades más incidentes en la vida económica de la Región. El flujo de turistas chilenos que arriban a la ciudad de Tacna, un promedio de 3000 visitantes diarios, ha generado impactos positivos sobre las actividades de comercio, gastronomía, hoteles y restaurantes, manufactura y construcción. En el trabajo se analizó la evolución del flujo de turistas chilenos que ha venido recibiendo la ciudad de Tacna, en el periodo 2003 hasta 2017. Fue un trabajo de tipo relacional y de análisis documental, habiendo acopiado los datos del PBI y del flujo turístico de las publicaciones oficiales del Perú, asimismo, se han utilizado referencias teóricas referidas a la evaluación del impacto. Como resultado, al estudiar la relación de las actividades económicas del turismo con otras actividades, se han encontrado relaciones considerablemente altas y sostenidas. Se concluye que, se demuestra que efectivamente el arribo de turistas tiene incidencia en el crecimiento de la economía de la Región Tacna.
Derivados financieros y los efectos del fenómeno El Niño en la rentabilidad de las empresas pesqueras y agroindustriales peruanas
Authors: Chambi Condori Pedro Pablo
Published: July 2020

El objetivo del presente artículo fue demostrar el efecto del fenómeno El Niño (FEN) en la rentabilidad patrimonial de las empresas pesqueras y agroindustriales peruanas, y su cobertura con la adaptación de contratos de derivados. La investigación fue cuantitativa, descriptiva y explicativa, teniendo como base la cuantificación de factores que influyen en la disminución de la rentabilidad patrimonial de las empresas pesqueras y agroindustriales peruanas, en el periodo 2010 a 2018. La muestra seleccionada por convención estuvo conformada por 4 empresas que cotizan en la Bolsa de Valores de Lima. Por un lado, obteniendo los estados financieros anuales de las empresas y, por otro lado, el registro estadístico de la presencia del FEN y la temperatura de las regiones en las que están ubicadas las empresas en estudio. Teniendo, como resultado, evidencias de incidencia negativa por parte de los factores temperatura y del FEN en la rentabilidad patrimonial de las empresas, cuyos valores se exhiben en la tabla 2 y modelo (1) y el precio de la cobertura con derivados. Los resultados obtenidos muestran el efecto negativo de los factores temperatura y del FEN en la rentabilidad patrimonial de las empresas pesqueras y agroindustriales peruanas, cuyo aseguramiento es posible adoptando la contratación en OTC de opciones de venta en posición larga, que asegure la pérdida de valor en la rentabilidad de las empresas.
Baja tasa de referencia y crédito barato
Authors: Pilco Flores Cesar Tirso
Published: July 2020

El objetivo de la investigación es resaltar la importancia que tiene la tasa de interés de referencia interbancaria como una variable fundamental que tiene incidencia en el nivel de inversiones en una economía y; consecuentemente, que ha de impactar positivamente en el nivel de empleo. El método utilizado para la presente investigación es la revisión documental del panel de las tasas de interés de referencia que muestran los diversos bancos centrales en el mundo. Como resultado de la investigación se obtiene que las autoridades monetarias, en diversos países, gestionan la tasa de interés de referencia en épocas de crisis para animar la dinámica de la actividad económica, sobre todo la inversión que podrían realizar las empresas en esas circunstancias. Se tiene como conclusión que, la tasa de referencia o tasa de interés de referencia es el principal instrumento de política monetaria que tienen la mayoría de los bancos centrales de reserva. Si disminuye la tasa de referencia, esto haría que el banco ABC le preste dinero al banco XYZ a un menor costo; al ser la tasa más baja, habrá un incentivo para que los bancos se presten entre sí; y este dinero “más barato” se coloca vía préstamos bancarios, impulsando los emprendimientos, negocios, y la economía.
Plataformas webs y recursos online centrados en habilidades comunicativo-lingüísticas para familias de personas con autismo
Authors: Gallardo Montes Carmen del Pilar , Caucel Cara María Jesús , Capperucci Davide
Published: July 2020

La diversidad de recursos a los que se puede acceder de manera rápida y sencilla de forma online abre un mundo de posibilidades de ayuda y apoyo a familias de personas con Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA). A su vez, las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC) se presentan como un conjunto de herramientas motivadoras para personas con esta condición y fáciles de integrar en la terapia y en actividades del día a día. Este trabajo pretende ofrecer a las familias plataformas webs ricas en recursos para el desarrollo de la comunicación y el lenguaje, siendo estas unas de las principales limitaciones que presentan las personas con autismo.  Las familias son el eje principal en el desarrollo íntegro del menor, por lo que una colaboración activa desde edades tempranas va a favorecer el progreso del niño y con ello su calidad de vida. En este sentido, la estimulación de habilidades comunicativas desde el nacimiento será crucial para su desarrollo e interacción social. De esta forma, se muestran diez plataformas webs cuyo principal objetivo es el de ofrecer ideas, recursos, materiales y experiencias fruto del trabajo diario con personas con autismo, principalmente destinado a favorecer habilidades comunicativas y lingüísticas.
OGEO: Sistema de navegación interior para la orientación y movilidad de personas con discapacidad visual
Authors: Gomez Manuel , Rodríguez Víctor , Vejarano Rafael , Montes Hector
Published: July 2020

El movilizarse libremente implica, para las personas con discapacidad visual, adquirir técnicas de orientación y movilidad que les permita ejercer su autonomía e independencia. La orientación le permite reconocer su posición con respecto al entorno, mientras que la movilidad le permite moverse de manera segura y eficiente de un lugar a otro. Sin embargo, el recorrer un lugar desconocido es un reto para una persona con discapacidad visual (PcDV). En este trabajo de investigación y desarrollo se construye OGeo, un sistema de orientación y navegación para interiores de edificios que mediante el uso de balizas (dispositivos iBeacon) y celulares basados en Android permite que una PcDV pueda desplazarse en el interior de un edificio. El sistema está basado en instrucciones de voz, que guiarán a la PcDV de un punto A hasta un punto B, con instrucciones precisas, paso a paso. El objetivo fundamental, desde un punto de vista social, es el de aportar ayudas en la inclusión social de las PcDV, en donde es evidente que proporcionará una mayor inserción escolar.
Material Analysis Supporting Cement Industry Muara Dua Area South Oku Regency South Sumatera
Authors: Battu Desianto Payung , Jamaluddin Jamaluddin , Praktikno Fathony Akbar
Published: July 2020

Material cement industry are mostly formed by carbonate and silica. Geology of Muara Dua area was contain those material used in cement industry. Mineralogy of carbonate this area mostly formed by Calcium (Ca) contained on Calcite (CaCO3), Dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) while Silica, Alumina, Iron Oxide element found as SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO on rock. Research area mostly generated by tectonically complex where the sedimentation mostly controlled the existence of material using in cement industry. Three analysis method were conducted which are Geological Mapping to describe macro petrology, Petrography analysis to determine mineralogy microscopic and Geochemical method using XRF to identified chemical mineralogy of rock. Limestone is one of lithology unit that develop on research area where known as Packstone to Wackestone (Petrography) while "Calcitic Limestone” to “Marly Limestone” classification from Geochemical analysis (XRF). Another material such as Silica and trass material are definitely found on this research area to support cement industry. Element for support cement industry that exist on Muara Dua area formed due to sedimentation process that effected by tectonic and volcanic.
Rock Types Classification and Distribution on Anabanua Village, Barru Regency, South Sulawesi
Authors: Ariansyah Muhammad Resky , Massinai Muhammad Fawzy Ismullah , Massinai Muhammad Altin
Published: July 2020

Anabanua Village, Barru Regency is one of the areas in South Sulawesi that has quite unique geological conditions. This condition inseparably comes from the complicated geological process that took place during the formation of the island, Sulawesi. In Anabanua Village, there are many types of rocks such as sedimentary rocks, metamorphic rocks and igneous rocks. This paper aims to map and classify the types of rock by taking samples on different places in the research area. Then we observe the samples physical properties. The results showed, from taking 10 rock samples in different places, they have various characteristics. 8 of them were sedimentary rocks, they are Limestone Quartz, Limestone Sand, Shale, Sandstone, Coal, Limestone Bioturbation, Breccia, and Chert Stone. The other 2 samples were metamorphic rocks, they are Greenschist and Quartzite.
PASTURE MANAGEMENT AND ANIMAL PRODUCTION
Authors: Brougham R.W.
Published: July 2020

I have had the privilege of attending this Conference for 30 years. I treasure the Association as it has enabled me to be associated with many of New Zealand's pastoral farmers, researchers and extension workers. The soil/plant/animal complex of pastoral farming is not an easy topic to cover under the heading of "Pasture Management and Animal Froduction", especially when I have been asked to cover developments and progress since the formation of the Association. For convenience, a review of this large topic for New Zealand may best be dealt with in three sections - first, a look at farming 50 years ago, then at the present situation with a discussion of some of the developments that have occurred over the past 50 years, and lastly a brief look ahead.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A WEST COAST DAIRY FARM IN A HIGH RAINFALL AREA
Authors: Woodham A.H.
Published: July 2020

The development and management of a West Coast dairy farm at Kowhitirangi is described. Problems peculiar to intensive dairying in a high rainfall area are outlined.
PASTURE SPECIES AND CULTIVARS FOR REGIONS
Authors: Corkill L. , Williams W.M. , Lancashire J.A.
Published: July 2020

The origin of the pasture species grown in New Zealand and the development of ecotypes are briefly described. The effects of environmental factors such as rainfall, temperature, soil type, soil fertility, grazing pressure, and pests and diseases on plant breeding objectives and choice of species in different regions of the country are discussed. The value of incorporating plant material from Mediterranean sources into New Zealand-bred cultivars of ryegrass, white clover and Lotus is illustrated, but the importance of local plant collections in the development of cultivars such as Nui and Ellett ryegrass and a hill country white clover is also emphasized. The possibility of breeding cultivars specifically for overseas markets is discussed.
ESTABLISHMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF 'GRASSLANDS MAKU' LOTUS IN ACID, LOW FERTILITY TUSSOCK GRASSLANDS
Authors: Scott R.S. , Mills E.G.
Published: July 2020

'Grasslands Maku' lotus (Lotus pedunculatus Cav.) is a legume with high potential for the development of acid (pH < 5.2), phosphate-deficient soils which represent approximately half of the area of the tussock grasslands of New Zealand. Experiments at a number of sites have shown Maku lotus to produce about three times the yields from clovers under similar levels of superphosphate topdressing. The superiority of lotus is attributed to its greater P efficiency on acid soils high in exchangeable Al. Maku can be established with low topdressing (100 kg superphosphate/ha) . Because of its responsiveness to additional P (and given more reafistic seed prices), it lends itself to low-cost development with low fertilizer input followed by intensification of the programme by topdressing as the development generates capital. Good establishment can be obtained from oversowing at 2 to 3 kg seed/ha and allowing time for increased density via rhizome spread. Rhizome development can be enhanced by deferring grazing in the establishment year until April following spring oversowing. While lime (0.5 t/ha) increases establishment, the economics of liming as a means of economizing in seed is doubtful. When the lotus was allowed to regrow to 15 cm, grazing with sheep to 2.5 cm compared with grazing by cattle to 7.5 cm did not affect yields. Evidence under farm conditions suggests lotus will persist on acid soils under close and continuous grazing.
THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF LEGUMES IN THE REHABILITATION OF LEVELLED GOLD DREDGE TAILINGS, TARAMAKAU RIVER, N.Z.
Authors: Fitzgerald R.E.
Published: July 2020

Recent increases in the value of gold have led to renewed interest in gold mining - particularly by the dredging of the river flats bordering West Coast rivers. In any future licensing of such dredging, the rehabilitation of the "destroyed" land will be a major consideration. Nitrogen is the main nutrient limiting the growth of radiata pine on the gold dredge tailings; this paper outlines initial results of an exploratory legume-fertilizer trial on levelled tailings in the Taramakau River valley. Twelve legume species were grown with and without superphosphate (+ MO, Mg and K). Tree lucerne (Cytisus proliferus) , Russell lupin (Lupinus polyphyllus) and yellow tree lupin (L. arboreus) grew well without the application of fertilizer but the pasture legumes had substantially increased dry matter production where P was added - in white clover (Trifolium repens) dry matter production was increased from 5.4 to 8.9 t/ha; and total N was 180 and 310 kg N/ha. Tree nutrition and growth were greatly improved by association with a vigorous legume species, In addition, the presence of legumes improved the appearance of the tailings and with a pasture species grazing potential was created
THE EFFECT OF HAY CONSERVATION ON SHEEP PRODUCTIVITY ON AN IRRIGATED ALL-GRASS FARM
Authors: Hayman J.M. , Baird J.H.
Published: July 2020

Hay conservation failed to improve the productivity of sheep mtationally grazed at 20 ewes/ha on irrigated all-grass farmlets in Canterbury. There was a tendency (not statistically significant) for sheep on "no hay" farmlets to be heavier at mating and to wean heavier lambs. Some implications of grassland farming without hay are discussed.
STORAGE LOSSES IN ROUND HAY BALES
Authors: Scales G.H. , Moss R.A. , Quin B. F.
Published: July 2020

Storage of compact and soft-centred round bales in an exposed position without protection from the weather resulted in total dry matter losses, including inedible waste, of 16 to 27%. Negligible losses occurred in bales stored in a haybarn. Siting bales in the lee of a shelterbelt generally halved losses but was not as effective as covering bales with polythene caps. Elevating bales off the ground by the use of posts failed to substantially reduce storage losses.
SOIL AND GRASSLAND: IF GRASS NEEDS SOIL, DOES SOIL NEED GRASS?
Authors: Gibbs H.S.
Published: July 2020

THIS subject sets a problem of where to begin. As a soil scientist, my choice would be soil and that choice fits into the evolutionary history of the earth which shows soil occurring under forests and existing for millions of years before grasses. It is not known if soil changes assisted the birth of grasslands or followed their expansion, but we do know that soil and grassland now form a natural partnership over parts of the earth. In New Zealand that partnership has been extensively forced on soils formed under forest or shrublands and my purpose is to review the effects - the benefits or otherwise of this compulsory marriage. In doing so, I would admit that grasses have a higher status than soil. They have been described as "the benediction of nature" whereas soil does not inspire such poetry - perhaps the best being "Soil is mud moistened with love".
THE SOIL PATTERN AND TRENDS IN WEST COAST AGRICULTURE SINCE 1964
Authors: Wright D.B.
Published: July 2020

The physical features, climate and soils of the West Coast are described. Expansion since 1964 of dairy production, sheep and beef cattle numbers, and areas of improved grassland are highlighted, as is the role of the Crown in land development and settlement. While isolation and distance, development costs, river problems, and farmer attitude and knowledge are considered limitations, great scope exists for increased production by the adoption, of more intensive techniques, including horticulture on the best coastal soils, and by development of waste land.
SOME EFFECTS OF GRAZING DURATION AND SUB- DIVISION ON PASTURE UTILIZATION IN HILL COUNTRY
Authors: Sheath G.W.
Published: July 2020

In hill country, imbalance in feed supply and demand, and animal preference for favoured pastured types and localities result in variable utilization of pasture by grazing animals. The effects of grazing duration (3,6,9, 12, 15 days), and easy/ steep land area ratio, on utilization patterns of pasture grazed by sheep were assessed in two experiments (late summer, mid-winter) at Whatawhata Hill Country Research Station. Where feed allowance was equal and post-grazing residuals of ( 1.0 t DM/ha were achieved, greater pasture utilization (DM per ewe grazing day) occurred with longer duration/ lower stock density combinations. Consequently, for these combinations, low pasture mass was achieved relatively earlier and final utilization was more uniform. In both experiments there was a preference by stock to graze pasture on easy rather than steep land. This preference was greater during early stages of the grazing period, with longer grazing durations, and when the paddock was dominantly steep. The implications of the results to farming practice are discussed.
WEED CONTROL OPTIONS IN HILL COUNTRY
Authors: Rolston M.P. , Lambert M.G. , Clark D.A.
Published: July 2020

Weed control in hill country requires a combination of biological control, management and herbicides. Gorse (Ulex europaeus) and nodding thistle (Carduus nutans) two important hill country weeds are used as examples. Management factors include, subdivision, pasture competition, stocking rate, grazing management and type of animal. Goats, goat-sheep mixtures, and sheep mob grazed have been found to restrict gorse to acceptable low densities and low heights. Herbicide options include blanket spraying and spot spraying. Clover damage and reductions in nitrogen fixation rates occur with MCPA, 2,4-D, and 2,4,5-T. Key Words: gorse, nodding thistle, goats, grazing management, MCPA, 2.4-D, 2,4,5-T, nitrogen fixation.
PASTURE MANAGEMENT AND HILL COUNTRY PRODUCTION
Authors: Clark D.A. , Lambert M.G. , Chapman D.F.
Published: July 2020

Pasture and animal production from farmlets rotationally grazed with sheep(RGS), set stocked with sheep (SSS) and rotationally grazed with cattle (RGC) were compared for 5 years. Herbage accumulation rate, herbage mass, tiller and stolen growth and defoliation and sheep diet selection were measured. RGC increased perennial ryegrass (L&urn perenne L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) content. RGS herbage mass was 1000 kg DM/ ha greater than SSS by January. Despite differences in ewe liveweight and herbage mass profiles, grazing management had no effect on total wool production. In the first two years SSS had higher weaning weight per ha than RGS. Under high grazing pressure sheep selected a diet ranging from 85% dry matter digestibility in December to 56% in June. Total leaf growth was similar for RGS and SSS pastures because greater leaf extension rates for RGS were compensated for by higher tiller numbers in SSS swards. The total leaf length grazed was the same for RGS and SSS pastures because the greater leaf length grazed per tiller for RGS was offset by more frequent grazing of more numerous tillers in SSS. Rotational grazing may allow greater conservation in spring and provide extra feed at very high grazing pressures, but at commercial grazing pressures pasture rationing is unlikely to give greater animal production
INFLUENCE OF PASTURE ALLOWANCE AN0 MASS DURING LATE PREGNANCY ON EWE AND LAMB PERFORMANCE
Authors: Rattray P.V. , Jagusch K.T. , Duganzich D.M. , Maclean K.S. , Lynch R.J.
Published: July 2020

For 6 weeks in late pregnancy groups of Coopworth ewes (53-55 kg) were grazed on a range of pasture allowances in each of 2 years (1978: 5 allowances, ranging from I .O to 7.0 kg DM/ewe/day; 1979: 6 allowances, ranging from 0.7 to 4.0 kg DM/ewe/day) on ryegrass-white clover pasture of2 contrasting pre-grazing herbage masses (I 145 and 2895 kg DM/ha in 1978; I100 and 2700 kg DM/ha in influenced by feeding level. After lambing, ewes grazed a common pasture allowance. There were no consistent carry-over effects of late pregnancy feeding of kg in 1978, and 55-70 kgin 1979. Those on the pasture with higher mass were 1-5 kg heavier at each allowance than those on the lower mass. In spite of the large differences in ewe body weight just prior to lambing there were no effects on ewe or lamb mortality, pregnancy toxaemia or bearings. Birth weights were not consistently influenced by feeding level. After lambing, ewes grazed a common pasture allowance. There were no consistent carry-over effects of late pregnancy feeding on milk production or lamb weaning weights. Fleece weights differed between extreme treatments by 0.3-0.5 kg. After lambing, ewes compensated in terms of live weight, These results demonstrate the great buffering capacity of 52-55 kgewes (6 weeks prepartum) under the conditions of these trials. The management implications are that under such circumstances strict rationing of pasture can continue right up until lambing, conserving pasture insitu for the much more important period immediately post-lambing.
THE EAST CAPE EXPERIENCE
Authors: Fitzharris M.J.
Published: July 2020

It will be recalled that the East Cape Project incorporating Poverty Bay/East Coast areas was titled "Wise Land Use and Community Development", and that the main objectives of the project were social ones; stabilizing communities by providing employment, and building up farmer confidence through stabilization of the soils by afforestation.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS AND HILL COUNTRY PRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Walter D.E.
Published: July 2020

More than twenty papers have been delivered at this 1981 New Zealand Grassland Association meeting and almost all have dealt with two aspects of farming - how to grow more feed for livestock and how to convert this feed into production. All of the participants and speakers here must at some stage, whether in the research centre or in the field, have wondered how much of this information was going to hit where it counted. Would it end up being preached to the converted again, played with by the farmer 'guinea pigs', scoffed at by many as more impractical academic garbage? Just how much impact on farming production and development will your findings and recommendations have? Could it be, like a seagull on top of a lighthouse, your earnest calls will be largely drowned out by the forces of the elements? 'fhere is no shortage of cynics in our community, and plenty under the label of farmers:But the mere fact of having a discussion on socio-economic effects on hill country production and development confirms growing awareness over the past few years that other factors than farming technology may be inhibiting growth on these farms.
PEOPLE, PLANNING AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Fischer Patsy
Published: July 2020

Nearly sixty years ago a committee reported to the Government on the deterioration of Crown Lands. It commented on management techniques for difficult hill country, the capital and maintenance costs involved in development and problems related to access. It suggested "The improving of communication in these backblocks would assist in making the social side of the life more attractive, and induce more married men with families to take land; at present the lack of roads and the difficulty in obtaining adequate educational facilities, make residence on this class of land hard for the womanfolk."
IMPROVlNG PRODUCTION FROM SEMI DEVELOPED TARANAKI HILL COUNTRY
Authors: Hodges R.
Published: July 2020

Our farm at Tarata illustrates most of the problems and short-comings of Taranaki Hill Country. I enjoy farming the hills and I am optimistic that, with the help of researchers, advisers and others we can rise to meet the challenges of the future. If we don't go forward we will go back. For instance; an enterprising and enthusiastic entrepreneur from Auckland is planting much of two recently acquired farms near us into pine trees. Unless we can meet the challenge the way is open for much more land to be planted in trees. We face a challenge too from developments on the better, traditional fattening country. Dairying and horticulture are taking much of this land out from fattening store stock produced in the hills and we will have to look to fattening much more of our stock at home. This can't be done on browntop - Danthonia pastures. The following is a brief summary of our farm enterprise, intended to illustrate some of the needs of hill country in general as I see them.
FIELD DAY
Authors: Dick A.
Published: July 2020

The objective in organising this day was to show the delegates intensive dairying in Taranaki, its potential and some of the limiting factors.
FUNGICIDE SEED TREATMENT OF RYEGRASSES TO IMPROVE SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT AND INCREASE FORAGE YIELDS
Authors: Falloon R.E.
Published: July 2020

Treatment of seed of four ryegrass cultivars (Lolium spp.) with captan or thiram before sowing increased herbage yields from field plots 3 months after sowing by 33% (Ruanui), 51% (Manawa), 51% (Paroa) and 104% (Moata). Herbage yields and numbers of established plants were closely correlated. A second trial measured yield of Ruanui during 12 months following sowing. Captan seed treatment increased dry matter by 51% at conventional seeding rates (17.5 kg/ ha). Dry matter from plots sown with captan treated seed at 2.2 kg/ha did not differ from that from plots sown with untreated seed at 17.5 kg/ ha. Routine treatment of ryegrass seed to improve seedling establishment is strongly recommended.
THE EFFECT OF FERTILISER NITROGEN ON THE PRODUCTION OF PASTURE AND MILK ON DAIRY FARMLETS: 1971-1974
Authors: Holmes C.W.
Published: July 2020

Measurements of pasture and animal production were made over 3 years on selfcontained dairy farmlets. The application of 350 to 440 kg N per ha annually resulted in the growth of an additional 2,800 to 3,600 kg DM/ ha and the response rate varied between 7.4 to 10.5 kg extra DM grown per kg N applied. Milkfat production increased by an average of 97 kg per ha annually as a result of nitrogen application at higher stocking rates, but only by 59kg per ha at lower stocking rates. At present costs and prices the use of urea as in the present trial would be uneconomical.
ECONOMICS OF NITROGEN USE IN DAIRYING
Authors: Buxton D.A.L.
Published: July 2020

During the last 10 to 15 years, the use of fertiliser N at low rates on New Zealand dairy farms has become more popular. There are many ways in which fertiliser N can be used to increase pasture and milkfat production. Five of those options are analysed, viz. I. High rates of N. 2. Bridging a spring feed deficit. 3. Increasing stocking rate. 4. Earlier calving. 5. More cow condition. Research work is finding the best times and rates of application of N. The extra pasture produced must then be utilised to maximise milkfat responses. Trials have shown that the use of high rates of fertiliser N ( > 80 kg N/ha) is unlikely to be profitable on N.Z. dairy farms. N used to enable more cows to be wintered, and then milked in early spring, appears to be very profitable, due to better utilisation of later spring-autumn pasture growth. The other three options are also profitable, but the increase in total farm milkfat production is only 3 to 4%. The options need to be tested more thoroughly with models and grazing experiments.
GRAZING MANAGEMENT OF PERENNIAL RYEGRASS/ WHITE CLOVER PASTURE IN-LATE SPRING
Authors: Korte C.J.
Published: July 2020

The patterns of herbage accumulation and the tiller dynamics of a "Grasslands Nui" perennial ryegrass dominant pasture were compared under two grazing intensity treatments in late spring. Rank stemmy herbage developed with lax grazing whereas dense leafy pasture developed with close grazing. Dead herbage and uneaten stems in rank pastures shaded photosynthetic tissue. Leafy swards had a higher herbage accumulation rate and a higher tiller density than stemmy swards. Methods of achieving leafy pasture on farms by combinations of hard grazing, forage conservation and mechanical topping are discussed briefly.
A SURVEY OF SILAGE QUALITY ON NORTHLAND DAIRY FARMS
Authors: Betteridge K. , Sedcole J.R.
Published: July 2020

A survey was made on 31 dairy farms of the botanical and chemical composition of pasture being ensiled and of the chemical composition of the resultant silages. Despite the wide range in grass (37-100s) and legume (O-SO%) components, drymatter content (20-56v/o), soluble carbohydrate (4-19s) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) (43-69%) contents, NDF was the only component significantly correlated with dry matter digestibility (range 53-76%) (r = -0.77; P > 0.01). Wilting time ranged from 2-47 hours except in seven of the silages which were not wilted. Four silages were not covered with polythene but were similar in chemical composition to other silages when sampled in summer. Phosphorus (P) (.lS-.42% DM) and nitrogen (N) (l.O-2.2% DM) in silage were below published requirements for cows in mid lactation in more than 75% of the silages. It is suggested that either or both of these minerals may limit milk production from cows fed a predominantly silage ration during summer. Ensiling of less-mature pasture is advocated to ensure a more digestible feed which is likely to contain adequate levels of P and N.
LIME AND DAIRY PRODUCTION
Authors: Thomson N.A.
Published: July 2020

In a four year grazing trial with dairy cows the application of 5000 kg lime/ ha (applied in two applications of 2500 kg/ha in winter of the first two years) significantly increased annual pasture production in two of the four years and dairy production in one year. In three of the four years lime significantly increased pasture growth over summer/autumn with concurrent increases in milk production. In the last year of the trial lime had little effect on pasture growth but a relatively large increase in milkfat production resulted. A higher incidence of grass staggers was recorded on the limed farmlets in spring for each of the four years. In the second spring immediately following the second application of lime significant depressions in both pasture and plasma magnesium levels were recorded. By the third spring differences in plasma magnesium levels were negligible but small depressions in herbage magnesium resulting from lime continued to the end of the trial. Lime significantly raised soil pH, Ca and Mg levels but had no effect on either soil K or P. As pH levels of the unlimed paddocks were low (5.2-5.4) in each autumn and soil moisture levels were increased by liming, these factors may suggest possible causes for the seasonality of the pasture response to lime
EFFECT AND CONTROL OF CALIFORNIAN THISTLE IN DAlRY PASTURE
Authors: Hartley M.J. , Thomson N.A.
Published: July 2020

Pasture infested with Californian thistle (Cirsium arvense) was treated in a large scale paddock trial for thistle control using MCPA, MCPB and mechanical topping. and the effect on cattle production measured. All treatments gave significant control of Californian thistle with little difference between MCPB and MCPA but MCPA depressed clover and cattle liveweight gains significantly. Topping while successful in controlling Californian thistle on this trial may not be as effective under a dairy rotation.
A COMPARISON OF THREE PERENNIAL RYEGRASS CULTIVARS UNDER CATTLE GRAZING IN THE WAIKATO
Authors: Goold G.J.
Published: July 2020

Three perennial ryegrass cultivars (L&urn perennr L.), Grasslands 'Ruanui', Grasslands 'Nui' and Yates 'Ellett' were sown in two experiments on different peat soils at Moanatuatua. Both experiments were alternately mown and grazed with Friesian cattle after an establishment period on each soil. Ruanui swards, grown with white clover (Trfolium repens L.) were the least productive one both a partially-developed and a well-developed peat. "Ellett' and 'Nui' swards produced 28% and 20% more total DM than 'Ruanui' on a well developed peat and 16% and 5%, respectively, on a partially-developed peat, over a 21 cut period from September 1976-September 1979. Pasture growth rates were generally lower on the partially-developed peat and cultivar differences were minimized in this experiment. Peak sward growth rates occurred in December-January on both peat soils. Whereas all three ryegrass cultivar swards reached a peak growth rate of approximately 70 kg DM/ha/day on the partially-developed peat, and Ruanui and Nui reached similar levels on the developed peat, Ellett swards attained higher growth rates (90 kg DM/ha/day) on the more fertile peat. Sward growth rates of Ellett and Nui pastures were consistently higher than those of Ruanui in the autumn. Ellett pastures contained more ryegrass and less white clover than Ruanui swards with Nui being intermediate in grass and clover composition. The value of Ellett and Nui on fertile, organic soils in the Waikato is emphasised.
INTENSIVE DAIRYING IN TARANAKI
Authors: Mead C.C.
Published: July 2020

I believe this conference is about New Zealand's greatest asset. It concerns the growing of grass in a "grassland" country. I believe too, that as farmers, we have a tremendous responsibility to use this asset to the best of our ability. I am fortunate to be farming in South Taranaki on the Waimate Plains. This area was originally fern covered which made development easier, and has been established for dairying for about 100 years. The soil type is free draining Egmont black loam. Our rainfall varies from 30-50" a year. I like to think myself as a true grassland farmer concentrating on these five points: (1) Growing the maximum amount of pasture. (2) Managing a dairy herd to eat all the pasture I grow. (3) Maintaining a high quality herd. (4) Obtaining the milk they produce in a simple efficient manner. (5) Having good staff relationships. During the development of this farm I have put these points into practice. A 48ha dairy unit adjacent to my home property was purchased in 1970. At that time it was producing 9000 kg of butterfat. In my first season it produced 14,000 kg from 125 cows and last year it produced 28,180 kg from 160 cows, (Figure 1) with 35 heifers grazed off from May to May.
LUCERNE CULTIVARS: INTERACTION WITH SITE, MANAGEMENT AND GRASS
Authors: Easton H.S. , Stiefel W.
Published: July 2020

Lucerne cultivars were compared at different Manawatu sites and under different management regimes in twelve trials. Cool season plot yields were increased by introducing grass, only for cool season dormant cultivars. Cool season active cujtjvars appeared to be more tolerant of frequent cutting. Rere and Oranga, the aphid r&stant cultivars bred in New Zealand, performed well. Cool season active cultivars are a better means of increasing available feed in early spring than sowing grass into lucerne stands. Keywords: Lucerne, lucerne-grass mixtures, management, genotypeenvironment interactions, cool season growth.
Marlbourough Field tour
Authors: Jones Bronwyn
Published: July 2020

Few field days would offer the diversity of country, altitude and subjectmatter of the recent New Zealand Grassland Association's excursion around Marlborough. The 280 or so people in Blenheim for the association's conference, which was held from November 1 to 4, toured hill and flat country from the Wairau Valley to Kekerengu.
LEGUME OVERSOWING ON HILL COUNTRY IN MARLBOROUGH
Authors: Rhodes P.J. , Clare R.J.
Published: July 2020

Legumes oversown onto hill country in Marlborough were compared in six trials. At low altitude sites with northerly aspects, legume establishment was negligible unless resident vegetation was treated with herbicide prior to oversowing. On a southerly aspect, legumes established without herbicide although yields were higher if it was applied. 'Grasslands Pawera' red clover outyielded other legumes at 350m. producing 4.6 and 10.1 t DM/ha on a sunny and shady face respectively. Pawera also produced more than lucerne, 'Grasslands Maku' lotus, 'Grasslands Huia' white clover, alsike clover and subterranean clover at altitudes of 780 and lOOOm, but yields were highest from lucerne at 600m and lotus at 1300m. Factors which may have influenced legume establishment and yields are discussed. Keywords: clovers, lotus, lucerne, herbicide, hill country, aspect, altitude.
DRYIAND LUCERNE ESTABLISHMENT BY OVERDRILLING IN CENTRAL OTAGO
Authors: Brash D.W.
Published: July 2020

Two field trials in semi-arid Central Otago compared lucerne establishment drilled in spring using five types of overdrilling equipment, with and without the use of glyphosate applied in early spring to control the resident vegetation. A cultivated treatment was included. The first trial, on a deep soil, gave 45-61% of viable seed establishing from overdrilling after herbicide application, similar to the cultivation treatment. Without herbicide establishment was 10-240/o. The second trial, on a shallow stony soil, gave very low (O-7%) establishment owing to inadequate control of sorrel by cultivation and herbicide and to the dry spring. Differences in drill performance were small. Keywords: lucerne. Medicago sativa L, brown grey earth, pasture improvement, overdrilling, cultivation, soil moisture, herbicide dessication. drill coulter.
PERFORMANCE OF ELEMENTAL SULPHUR, SULPHUR-SUPERPHOSPHATE AND SUPERPHOSPHATE ON DRY INLAND SOUTH ISLAND HILL COUNTRY
Authors: Mclntosh P.D. , Sinclair A.G.
Published: July 2020

Four trials were established on sunny and shady slopes at two altitudes in Sdeficient dry inland hill country in North Otago, to compare the effectiveness of three commercial S fertilisers - elemental S, "wet-mix" S-superphosphate, and superphosphate - during the legume establishment phase of pasture development. The effects of single initial applications of these fertilisers were followed by harvesting legumes over three years. All sites were severely deficient in S but showed variable response to P; no P responses being recorded on the steeper, higher altitude sites. In terms of DM response per kg S applied superphosphate was slightly more effective than S-superphosphate and both were markedly more effective than elemental S over the 3- year period. Aspect had little or no influence on relative P and S requirements or fertiliser effectiveness. Responses to elemental S were approximately linear up to 100 kg S/ha, and application of lesser rates of elemental S are not recommended. On the basis of DM produced per weight of applied fertiliser, "wet-mix" S-superphosphate was superior to superphosphate, and about 200 kg/ha S-superphosphate is suggested as a minimum initial application rate for legume introduction on these soils (yellow-grey earths). An initial dressing at this rate maintained around 70% of potential yield over the 3 year trial period. Keywords: elemental S, Ssuperphosphate, hill soils, yellow-grey earths, legume establishment, fertiliser, sulphur
Use of pasture silage as a summer supplement for ewes
Authors: Rattray P.V.
Published: July 2020

This paper reviews a number of trials conducted at Ruakura, where pasture silage was supplemented to ewes on restricted summer grazing. Early trials showed that such supplementation increased total intake and gains. Further improvements were obtained by wilting or chopping the silage. Initially flushing responses were disappointing, but subsequent work showed high quality pasture silage to be ideal for such purposes (up to 50-70 extra eggs shed and 5050 extra lambs born/l 00 ewes to silage groups) and for improving wool growth. This response was related to the amount of silage fed (from 0.25 to 0.75 kg DM/day), and was obtained with as little as 10 days feeding. The practical implications are discussed. Keywords: Sheep, nutrition, silage, flushing, ovulations, lambs born
CHAIRMAN'S SUMMARY
Authors: Lancashire J.A.
Published: July 2020

In this summary I do not intend to cover in detail all the current information available on ryegrass staggers, because most of it can be found by reading the ten papers presented in the session. Instead emphasis will be placed on many of the interesting points raised in the discussion and on areas where we lack information or where there are real or apparent differences of opinion.
PRODUCTION POTENTIALS OF HILL COUNTRY IN THE NORTHERN SOUTH ISLAND
Authors: Joblin A.D.H.
Published: July 2020

Hill country, defined as land over 15O slope, comprises 51% of the agricultural land resource and 44% of the grassland in the Northern South Island. This steeper land is assessed as carrying 20% of the current grazing stock numbers, with an estimated capacity to expand by 13 million stock units to support 31% of the region's livestock. The ability to achieve this potential will be influenced by the profitability of farming the land more intensively. At present the South Island hill and high country is farmed much more extensively than North Island hill country with net incomes of $9 and $1.5/ha respectively compared with $53 and $30/ha for hill and hard hill country in the North Island. Production output figures show similar trends. The challenge to research workers, advisers and farmers is to develop farming systems that will lead to a profitable expansion of production to the South Island hill and high country's potential. These systems will need to recognise the crucial importance of summer drought as a limiting factor to these production increases. Keywords: Hill country, slope, vegetation, production potentials, productivity, economic returns, costs, microsite pasture production, research requirements.
RYEGRASS STAGGERS: AN OVERVIEW OF THE NORTH CANTERBURY SITUATION AND POSSIBLE COSTS TO THE FARMER
Authors: Everest P.G.
Published: July 2020

Ryegrass staggers places limitations on the management alternatives available to farmers over the late summer/early autumn period. When severely affected stock are unable to be moved. Stock losses of 2~10% have been recorded in North Canterbury. The direct monetary loss to a farmer with 2000 ewes, with an additional 4% death rate in stock due to ryegrass staggers could be around $1440, about half of the farmer's total expenditure on animal health for the year. Severely affected animals may also experience a production loss due to their inability to graze. To attempt to reduce these losses by providing other feed alternatives is expensive. For example, two months feeding of hay if purchased, would cost $5400.