bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
War and Equality: The Social Background of the Victims of the Finnish Winter War
Authors: Toivonen Timo
Published: March 2007

On 30 November 1939, Russian troops invaded Finland, thus beginning the Winter War - a war which has been viewed as a question of the `fate of the Finnish nation'. Only some 20 years had passed since independence in 1917 and since the bloody Civil War between Reds and Whites in 1918. As a consequence of the latter, major cleavages in Finnish society remained up until the final years of the 1930s. Equality in sacrifice was a highly sensitive question. It can be assumed that the greater the differential in casualty rates between soldiers from different social backgrounds, the worse the combat morale. This study compares the social backgrounds of those who were killed in the Winter War with those who survived. We find an uneven distribution of victims by socio-economic group, with considerable differences. Casualties were disproportionately high among unskilled workers from the countryside, indicating that people with the same social background as the Reds in the Civil War suffered most from the Winter War. If equality in sacrifice was so important, then we can assume this to have strongly influenced political opinion after the war. After the Winter War, the Communist Party was forbidden in Finland; however, Communist support remained strong. Inequality of sacrifice may be one explanation for this.
Globalization and Peace: Assessing New Directions in the Study of Trade and Conflict
Authors: Barbieri Katherine , Schneider Gerald
Published: March 2007

`Globalization' has largely superseded the term `economic interdependence' to describe the rapidly growing links between nations, economies, and societies. The effects that the internationalization of the world system has on social equality, the environment, and economic growth are, however, still largely disputed. In this article, we discuss the literature that covers another intensively debated issue and which attempts to assess the relationship between trade and interstate conflict. Although liberal economists maintain that economic interdependence exerts an unconditionally pacifying influence on interstate relations, we show that the most recent formal work expects that trade will have a negligible and, in the perspective of one important model at least, even an amplifying effect on conflict. Much empirical work, by contrast, supports the claim that the relationship between trade and conflict is direct and not mitigated by contextual factors. We review the different controversies on the link between economic interdependence and militarized disputes and outline some major challenges that have not yet been adequately dealt with in the scientific study of war and peace.
Liberalism and Interdependence: Extending the Trade-Conflict Model
Authors: Polachek Solomon W. , Robst John , Chang Yuan-Ching
Published: March 2007

The question of whether trade affects conflict is important for public policy. To date, theoretical studies have treated trade or the gains from trade as exogenous. However, a dyad's gains from trade are influenced by a number of factors, including foreign aid, tariffs, contiguity, and relative country size. This article presents a mathematical model to extend the conflict-trade model to incorporate foreign aid, tariffs, contiguity, and country size. In particular, we examine how the gains from trade are affected by these factors, with foreign aid, and contiguity increasing the gains from trade and tariffs reducing the gains from trade. Small countries have larger trade gains when trading with a large country than with a small country. If countries seek to protect their trade gains, the model predicts that foreign aid and contiguity will decrease conflict, while tariffs will increase conflict. The contiguity result suggests that conflict between neighboring countries would be greater than observed if not for the mitigating effects of trade. Trade with large countries decreases conflict more than trade with small countries. In addition, rather than concentrating solely on bilateral interactions, the models are specified in enough detail to garner implications concerning the effects of changes in the terms of trade on third parties. Empirical results, generally supporting the hypotheses, are presented using a sample from the Conflict and Peace Data Bank.
The Risk of Offending on Homicide Victimization: A Case Control Study
Authors: DOBRIN ADAM
Published: March 2007

Little research has been done to examine the risk an individual's criminal offending has on subsequent lethal victimization. Theoretical explanations for this relationship stem from the lifestyle theory, which suggests that offenders are at risk of victimization because they frequently interact with other criminals, cannot rely on legal authorities for protection, or become the objects of retaliatory behavior. A sample of homicide victims and two samples of nonvictims from Prince George's County, Maryland, have been collected for a case control study. The nonvictim samples were drawn from Maryland Motor Vehicle Administration records. In various bi- and multivariate models, the results find strong support for the premise that previous offending increases the risk of homicide victimization.
Delinquent Generations in New Zealand
Authors: Slater S.W. , Darwin J.H. , Ritchie Wendy Lynne
Published: March 2007

Application of Wilkins' "delinquent generations" hypothesis to New Zealand Children's Court statistics for 1947-60 suggests that, as theorized, social disturbances associated with the Second World War (1939-1945) had affected certain cohorts of children born during or just before it, in such a way as to render them more likely than other children to appear before the Children's Court later in life.

An independent method of analysis, based on the theory of normalization of variables with large means, leads to the same conclusion. It further shows that the results are highly significant in the sense of statistical theory.

The hypothesis put forward by Wilkins, which has survived tests in England and Wales, Scotland, Denmark, and now New Zealand, is clearly a contribution of some importance to the understanding of international trends in delinquency.
The Inmate Volunteer
Authors: Morrison June
Published: March 2007

This study attempts to determine whether the act of volun teering by an inmate for a constructive prison program was a discriminative factor in his postinstitutional behavior. Two paradoxical assumptions underlying volunteering are described: (1) that the volunteer is more highly motivated to change than the nonvolunteer; (2) that the volunteer in a correctional setting is not more highly motivated to change. A scale was developed to measure the postrelease success of parolees and expiration-of- sentence releasees. Results support the hypothesis that volunteers tend to identify with a noncriminal reference group in the be ginning and terminal phases of incarceration. During the middle phase of imprisonment, the significant inverse relationship be tween volunteering and postrelease success suggests these volun teers identify with the values of a criminogenic reference group.
A Behavioral Analysis of a Social Control Agency: Synanon
Authors: Karen Robert L. , Bower Roland C.
Published: March 2007

The function of the therapeutic agency is essentially no more than the control of social behavior, and agents of the therapeutic agency use techniques based on a particular theory of behavior causation and control. In the behavioral analysis, emphasis is placed on past and present environmental conditions and their effects on current behavior. The agent or therapist thus manipu lates the person's environment to produce changes in behavior through social interaction.

Synanon, a group aimed at rehabilitating narcotics addicts, provides an interesting example of a social control agency in a setting which uses, among other things, principles of operant conditioning (conditioning of speech and movement) through the definition of overt response classes (responses having similar or identical consequences and occurring in the same stimulus situation), response contingent consequences (consequences that consistently occur as the result of certain responses—reinforce ment or punishment), and other behavior control procedures through its program of membership interaction. Documents, interviews, and field observations provide examples of Synanon procedures (especially operant conditioning) that are analogous to those employcd by modern behavior therapists. Synanon's program, although it has some weaknesses, is relatively successful in helping the member to overcome his addiction to narcotics.
A Climatological Model for Forecasting the Demand for Police Service
Authors: Heller Nelson B. , Markland Robert E.
Published: March 2007

The rate of citizen calls for police service exhibits marked seasonal fluctuations, generally reaching a peak during the summer months and slacking off to a low point in midwinter. Data from St. Louis, Chicago, and Detroit indicates a high correlation between the number of calls per week and meteorological variables such as aver age temperature and hours of daylight. Simple regression models, using the weekly norms for the weather variables, are employed to forecast the weekly demand for police service in each of the three cities. Since the weather data are easily obtained from the local weather bureau, and only a single year of police data is needed to estimate the regression coefficients, police planners may find such climatological models handy for scheduling patrol deployments and officers' vacations.
Parole Violation Patterns and Commitment Offense
Authors: Neithercutt M.G.
Published: March 2007

Uniform Parole Reports data on parolees now allow the use of more than 100,000 case records in the scrutiny of patterns of parole violations as these relate to commitment offense groups. For this exploration, it was postulated that parolees viewed as "dangerous" would be most likely to be returned to prison as technical viola tors, those "dangerous" persons being typified by such commit ment offenses as Willful Homicide, Aggravated Assault, and Forcible Rape.

The results suggest that property offenders are not held to the same standard of parole performance as are person offenders, in that person offenders are much more frequently coded as techni cal violators though their parole violation rates are consistently far below those of property offenders. It is suggested that this de facto policy has implications for society.

A hierarchy of "dangerousness," based on violation patterns, is discussed.
An Analytical Model of the Passage of Defendants through a Court System
Authors: Slivka Ronald T. , Cannavale Frank
Published: March 2007

A random sample of 1,067 adult arrest cases for non-summary offenses was drawn from Philadelphia Police Department files and each case was traced through the court proceedings to the point of exit from the judicial system. Careful statistical analyses of the pass age times between arrest and exit revealed that a set of differential equations could be used to model the passage of a defendant between major events in the judicial process. The fit of the data to the descrip tive equations is excellent and allows the model to be used for quan titative as well as qualitative aspects of court research, planning, and evaluation.

Following an introduction to this study and a description of the characteristics of the random sample, passage states of the court system are defined and explicit model equations describing defen dant flow through the court are developed. The equation solutions are then explored as they relate to defendant passage times extracted from the random sample. Finally, potential uses of the model are discussed, some of which are currently being explored by the authors. A number of examples of interest to court research personnel as well as court administrators are cited.
On Assessing the Effects of Official Reactions to Juvenile Delinquency
Authors: Fisher Gene A. , Erickson Maynard L.
Published: March 2007

Intervention effects have been minimized or denied in delin quency literature. The theoretical and methodological difficulties of assessing intervention effects are discussed. A set of methods featuring the interrupted time series experimental design are de veloped and illustrated with data from the Provo Experiment. Pro nounced effects of intervention are found, independent of the effects due to maturation and differential opportunity. The findings comport closely to a social control model and provide little sup port for labeling theory. Replications and elaborations of the design are urged.
Women's Liberation and the Female Delinquent
Authors: James Jennifer , Thornton William
Published: March 2007

Presumed changes in patterns of crime by females are drawing the attention of the popular media as well as that of sociologists and criminologists. Increases in the rate of crime by women and shifts in the nature of women's criminal involvement are commonly attributed to the emergence of the women's liberation movement. Ac cording to one perspective, the influence of the women's movement on crime is direct; feminist women, or women holding favorable attitudes toward feminism, are more likely than women with more traditional attitudes to engage in criminal mis conduct. Other investigators posit an indirect association between the feminist movement and changes in female crime, arguing that the feminist movement filters down to young, black, and poor women in the form of increasing criminal op portunities, growing group support for illegal behavior, and weakening social con trols, especially by parents. Confining our interest to the delinquency of adolescent girls, we examine not only the direct effects of feminist attitudes on delinquency involvement, but also the indirect influence of the women's movement on delin quency through the intervening variables of delinquency opportunity, the avail ability of social support for delinquency, and parental social controls.

Data were collected through an anonymous self-report questionnaire adminis tered to 287 eighth through twelfth grade girls attending schools in a small city in the Northwest. After analyzing the students' responses through nonparametric cor- relational techniques and regression analysis, we conclude that attitudes toward feminism have little direct effect on social delinquency but do have slight direct effects on property and aggressive delinquency. This influence is negative—a find ing that contradicts most conventional wisdom about the relationship of feminist attitudes to delinquency, Furthermore, there is some indication that girls encoun tering high degrees of delinquency opportunity and social support for delinquency who have low levels of parental social control are less likely to be aggressively delin quent when they hold favorable, rather than unfavorable, attitudes toward feminism.
Unobtrusive Research Methods in Criminal Justice: Using Graffiti in the Reconstruction of Institutional Cultures
Authors: KLOFAS JOHN , CUTSHALL CHARLES
Published: March 2007

The analysis of graffiti can provide insight into the structure of inmate societies and the process of socialization in correctional communities. Although institutional cultures have been studied using a variety of methods, researchers have neglected the use of unobtrusive measures that can provide independent sources of data to test theories or challenge existing findings. This study uses content analysis of graffiti collected from the walls of an abandoned juvenile correctional facility. Informant interviews and newspaper accounts provide supplemental data. Drawing on studies of graffiti from other settings, this research attempts to reconstruct, historically, aspects of confinement at the Institute for Juvenile Guidance in Bridgewater, Massachusetts. The research focuses on dimensions that include the formation of informal groups and changes in the experiences of inmates during the course of their commitment.
Changes in the Victimization of Women: Is There A “New Female Victim”?
Authors: SMITH M. DWAYNE
Published: March 2007

A debate emerging during the past decade considered the possible development of a “new female criminal.” Involved in this discussion is whether sex-role changes associated with the women's movement have contributed to this development. Lost in the debate is the possibility that these changes, regardless of their influence on female crime, may have affected women's risk of criminal victimization. To explore this possibility, data from the period 1973-1982 are reviewed for the crimes of robbery, personal larceny, assault, and homicide. A substantial increase in the proportion of female victimizations is found for robbery, along with a more modest gain for personal larceny. In contrast, the proportion of female victimizations involving violent crime is shown to be relatively stable. Reasons for this differential are discussed in terms of the dynamics of the two types of crimes (property/violent) and specific components of victimization theory.
Differentiating the Effects of Juvenile Court Sentences on Eliminating Recidivism
Authors: WOOLDREDGE JOHN D.
Published: March 2007

Conflicting results from research examining the effects of delinquent sentencing on recidivism have caused debate over what direction the juvenile court should take in treating delinquents. Correcting for several methodological problems of past research, this study examines the relative effectiveness of twelve different juvenile court dispositions on eliminating recidivism among 2,038 juvenile offenders from four Illinois jurisdictions. Results support the idea that an emphasis on community treatment should not be abandoned for an emphasis on proportionality and punishment, and that sentences of detention should be limited to relatively short terms to reduce probabilities of recidivism.
From Barbarism Toward Decency: Alabama's Long Road to Prison Reform
Authors: CONRAD JOHN P.
Published: March 2007

In this article I recount the seventeen years of litigation in the Federal courts in Newman v. Alabama and Pugh v. Locke. These cases sought injunctive relief from abusive and overcrowded conditions of confinement in the Alabama prisons. The political resistance to change is described. The measures taken by successive administrators of the Department of Corrections to achieve compliance with the decrees of the Federal court are discussed. The court's monitoring of compliance with a Human Rights Committee is evaluated. Its unprecedented designation of the governor as Receiver for the Department of Corrections and the accomplishments of the Receiver are described. The monitoring of an Implementation Committee is narrated. The enormous difficulties of organizational change in a conflict-ridden political climate, complicated by incompetent administrative personnel are analysed. I emphasise the crucial importance of judicial intervention in bringing about successful organizational change in substandard correctional administration where the political establishment supports the status quo.
Relativism and Cross-Cultural Criminology: A Critical Analysis
Authors: LEAVITT GREGORY C.
Published: March 2007

While the advantages and need for cross-cultural analysis have been extolled since the writings of Emile Durkheim, the appearance and recognition of this comparative approach has been slow in coming to criminology. The scarcity of cross-cultural research and theory in criminology can be substantially traced to relativistic propositions embedded in criminological treatises. A critical examination of relativism in criminology, however, reveals a concept that is poorly developed or understood and is unconvincing as a barrier to cross-culturally derived generalizations.
Opportunity, Choice, and Criminal Victimization: A Test of a Theoretical Model
Authors: MIETHE TERANCE D. , MEIER ROBERT F.
Published: March 2007

The present article examines the key concepts underlying victimization theories (i.e., exposure, proximity, target attractiveness, guardianship). Measures of each concept are developed and evaluated in terms of their ability to explain individuals' risks of residential burglary, personal theft, and personal violence. Using data from 5,271 respondents in the British Crime Survey, mixed empirical support is found for the structural-choice model underlying current victimization theories. Specifically, the structural components of these theories (proximity and exposure) are more consistently related to victimization experiences than the target-selection or choice components (attractiveness and guardianship). Multiplicative models that test for interaction among these major variables also produce results that are contrary to theoretical productions. The authors conclude that present theories do not adequately describe individuals' risks of victimization and discuss some alternative directions for future research on criminal victimization.
Casinos, Crime, and Real Estate Values: Do They Relate?
Authors: BUCK ANDREW J. , HAKIM SIMON , SPIEGEL URIEL
Published: March 2007

This study analyzes the effect of a new large export-based industry on crime in its region, and in turn on property values. Urban economic models suggest that, ceteris paribus, land values diminish with distance from a central place which “produces” employment, income and other amenities. The new industry has the negative byproduct of crime, which is hypothesized to have a reversed, although systematic effect, on land values. Thus, theoretically, the net effect of (dis)amenities as a function of distance from the central city is ambiguous. Applying the model to casinos in Atlantic City shows that the frequency of violent crimes, burglaries, and robberies diminish with distance and appear to have a depressing effect on property values especially in localities accessible to the central city. The negative effect of crime diminishes with distance. The effect on property values appears to be significantly higher in the postcasino relative to the precasino era. However, the positive effects of the central city on real estate values diminish with distance. Thus development and crime affect property values inversely as a function of distance. The discounted value of the cost of crime resulting from casinos, as reflected in unrealized assessed real estate valuation, appears to be on average 24 million dollars per square mile in the 12 accessible localities, and 11.2 million dollars per square mile in the 52 less accessible localities.
Informal Sanction Threats and Corporate Crime: Additive Versus Multiplicative Models
Authors: ELIS LORI A. , SIMPSON SALLY S.
Published: March 2007

Using data drawn from a factorial survey, this research examines the degree to which decisions to engage in corporate crime are affected by perceived informal sanction threats. Specifically, the analysis examines whether the perceived risk of informal detection and social costs associated with that risk inhibit offending decisions in an additive or interactive manner. Perceived formal sanction threats at the individual and firm levels and moral beliefs concerning the illegal activity are included as control variables in this analysis. Findings indicate that the perceived risk of informal detection and the perceived social costs of informal detection do not decrease levels of intended behavior in either an additive or multiplicative fashion. However, informal sanction certainty, perceived immorality of the act, and several individual- and firm-level characteristics are related significantly to offending decisions.
The Influence of Crack Cocaine on Robbery, Burglary, and Homicide Rates: A Cross-City, Longitudinal Analysis
Authors: BAUMER ERIC , LAURITSEN JANET L. , ROSENFELD RICHARD , WRIGHT RICHARD
Published: March 2007

After tracking one another closely for decades, the U.S. robbery rate increased and the burglary rate declined in the late 1980s. The authors investigate the impact of crack on this divergence using a two-stage hierarchical linear model that decomposes between-and within-city variation in crime rates for 142 cities. Given its prominence in discussions of crack and criminal violence, homicide offending is also examined. Net of other influences, cities with higher levels of crack use experienced larger increases in robbery and decreases in burglary. Cities with greater levels of crack had higher homicide rates but did not show more rapid increases in these rates than other cities. The results suggest that the emergence and proliferation of crack shifted the balance of urban offending opportunities and rewards from burglary to robbery.
Can You Take Dictation?
Authors: Melnick Susan L. , Pullin Diana
Published: March 2007

The new teacher testing initiatives present a new opportunity and a new challenge to clarify thinking about the nature of the teaching profession and about the preparation of well-qualified individuals to meet the impending shortage of teachers for the nation’s schools. This article examines recent implementation of the controversial Massachusetts Educator Certification Tests and the educational, legal, and public policy issues in the implementation of a teacher testing program.
High-Stakes Testing of Students with Disabilities
Authors: Thurlow Martha L. , Johnson David R.
Published: March 2007

States and districts are required by the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act Amendments of 1997 (Public Law 105-17) to have students with disabilities participate in state and district assessments and to report on their performance. High-stakes testing is a significant part of standardsbased reform and educational accountability. However, there are both intended and unintended consequences of high-stakes testing on students with disabilities. There is the potential for these assessments to result in many benefits for students with disabilities, but educators need to know about the ways to ensure that this happens. Participation on Individualized Education Plan teams, good decisions about accommodations and alternate assessments, and careful thought about diploma options and related issues can help students realize the benefits of high-stakes testing.
The Value of Critical Perspectives in Teacher Education
Authors: Beyer Landon E.
Published: March 2007

Among the thorniest of issues that teacher educators deal with is the relationship between theory and practice. Moreover, there are a number of theoretical traditions on which we can draw to create new programs in teacher education or critique ongoing programs. This article discusses the range of theories that are available and their characteristics and orientations. Though critical theory has not been widely used in teacher education, it is valuable in helping us see the connections between commonsense practices in schools and institutions and ideologies in the wider society. Critical theory promises both critique and new directions, as it focuses on issues related to social justice, equality, and democratic values. An example of what a teacher education program that is based in critical theory might look like is included.
Playing it Safe as a Novice Teacher
Authors: Chubbuck Sharon M. , Clift Renee T. , Allard Joanne , Quinlan Jane
Published: March 2007

Prompted by the continuing attrition rate of novice teachers, this study examines 1st-year teachers’ needs in the context of a university-regional partnership sponsored support program for novice teachers, the Novice Teacher Support Project (NTSP). Using the concept of reality shock as occurring in the interaction of person and environment, the authors examined novice teachers’ expressed needs and how those needs are met. Throughout all the findings, the novice teachers expressed a need for safety, a mix of support and challenge that was best provided by a combination of both internal resources from the district and external resources such as the NTSP. The authors suggest conceptualizing support as an interactive process that includes person, school context, support context, and personal relationships. This can help support the creation of the type of emotionally and professionally safe environments new teachers need to develop their professional lives.
Great Expectations: Emergent Professional Development Schools
Authors: Winitzky Nancy , Stoddart Trish , O'Keefe Patti
Published: March 2007

Of all the reform efforts in teacher education, the professional development school (PDS) shows the greatest promise, because its aim is to tie reforms in teacher education to reforms in schools. We describe an evolving partnership between the University of Utah and the Salt Lake City School District to create professional development schools, and we discuss several dilemmas confronted in the process: didactic versus constructivist views of teaching and learning, replicative versus reflective orientations, basic versus applied research, program continuity versus equity in faculty loads, coherence versus democracy, and collaboration versus academic freedom.
Interrogating Cultural Diversity: Inquiry and Action
Authors: Cochran-Smith Marilyn , Lytle Susan L.
Published: March 2007

There are no monolithic solutions to the complex and often unique problems of understanding and responding to the increasing cultural diversity in schools and classrooms in the United States. Preservice and in service teacher education programs need processes that prompt teachers and teacher educators to raise questions about issues of race, class, and ethnicity and to develop courses of action that are valid for particular communities. Teacher research has been proposed as one powerful process toward this end. Drawing on examples from preservice and in service teacher education projects in urban Philadelphia, we suggest that teachers can use research in work with other teachers and teacher educators to examine what they think they already know about race, class, and ethnicity, what they see when they observe their own students as learners, and what they choose to do about the disparities that often exist in their classrooms, schools, and communities.
Quandaries of War and of Union in North America: 1763 to 1861
Authors: SCHOFIELD NORMAN
Published: March 2007

The key theoretical idea underlying this article is that an institutional equilibrium in the economic domain can be destroyed or transformed by rapid belief changes in the political domain. Events circa 1776, 1787, and 1860 in the United States are all examined in an attempt to understand the interaction between these economic and political transformations. More explicitly, the author views the economic domain as fundamentally three dimensional, characterized by the use of land, labor, and capital. In contrast to general economic reasoning, he considers the equilibrium in this domain to be institutional, rather than the consequence of the interplay of economic forces. Threats, generated in the political domain, have consequences in the economic domain, and these in turn induce belief changes in the political domain. Such belief changes may bring about war, or constitutional disequilibrium, leading possibly to a new political economic stasis.
Computer-Assisted Phrase Reading for Japanese Efl Learners
Authors: Watanabe Tomoe
Published: March 2007

This paper reports the results of a study which investigated the effect of phrase reading practice for Japanese EFL students. The reading practice was conducted on computer. The two research questions guided the study: 1) Does phrase reading practice have a more positive effect on the improvement of reading comprehension of EFL university students than ordinary reading practice? 2) Is there any difference in the impact of phrase reading practice according to reading ability?

As a result, both modes of reading practice significantly improved students' reading comprehension. However, no significant difference was found in the improvement of reading comprehension between phrase reading and ordinary reading groups. Nor was there significant difference in the impact of phrase reading practice by reading ability.
Eil Curriculum Development
Authors: McKay Sandra Lee
Published: March 2007

In this paper the author argues that current changes in the nature of English and English language learners warrants a re-evaluation of two widely accepted notions of ELT curriculum development, namely, that the goal of English learning is native speaker competence and that native speaker cul ture should inform instructional materials and teaching methods. Recogniz ing the current status of English as an international language (EIL), the author describes central features of an international language and how these influence the relationship between language and culture. The paper then proceeds to demonstrate how native speaker models and culture need to be carefully examined in reference to EIL curriculum development.
Contrastive Pragmatics and Language Teaching: Apologies and Thanks in English and Thai *T
Authors: Intachakra Songthama
Published: March 2007

The assumption that native speaker usage is the sole reference point in determining the content of teaching materials has long held sway in lan guage teaching. Recently this philosophy has come to be questioned with the emergence of the notion of English as an International Language and the idea that non-native users of English are also a significant speech network (Kachru 1992), ones who need to be acknowledged in the process of curriculum planning. The present paper seeks to add to this discussion by examining how the study of cross cultural pragmatics can contribute to language teaching and curriculum development.
Exploring the Teaching of Discourse Intonation
Authors: Goh Christine C.M.
Published: March 2007

The first part of this paper outlines a study conducted in Malaysia to investigate whether a systematic teaching of intonation would increase learners' awareness of its role in discourse. Two upper secondary classes of similar proficiency were selected for this purpose. The second part gives a detailed description of interesting intonation features in the data and discusses implications for teaching intonation in schools.
The Strategy Use in Listening Comprehension for Efl Learners in Taiwan
Authors: Chien Ching-ning , Li Wei
Published: March 2007

This study aims to identify the listening strategies of Chinese learners of English in an EFL context using a sample of students from Chung Yuan Christian University in Taiwan. Two aspects of listening strategies have been studied: firstly to find out whether there is any difference in strategy use between the mostly advanced learners and the lowest-level learners at grammar and vocabulary, and secondly to compare four groups of different proficiency levels in their application of various categories of listening strategies, and to identify the casual relationship between a range of strategies and a good performance in listening assessment. In order to find out how differently the sample groups interpret oral language, various testings, questionnaires, and interviews were undertaken. ANOVA was employed to analyze the variance in the use of the most commonly used listening strategies between paired groups. The results indicate that there is a significant difference in strategy use between better-listening groups and poor- listening groups. The highest-ranking groups are good at using a greater number or the three categories of strategies simultaneously. The importance of learners' attitude towards foreign language learning cannot be ignored about a better performance in listening comprehension.
Voyage visionnaire et errance prophétique: du nomadisme à la fondation
Authors: MARY André
Published: March 2007

In Africa, “travellers” is usually an allusion to sorcerers, who have the ability to be in two places at once and who fly by night to feed on the flesh of others. Those who profit by this type of travel pay, sooner or later, with their own lives. Among the Fang people in Gabon, those initiated into the cult of Bwiti undergo a visionary experience in their journey through the world of Eboga, but their experience is also an ordeal from which they might not return. The prophetic vocation itself is linked to an initial retreat from the world which, on return, draws the chosen into nomadism. For an African prophet, return to the land and one's territory is part of the success and fulfilment of one's enterprise. Finally, the foundation of the “sacred site” is affirmed by the faithful who make pilgrimage to the holy place or to the tomb of the prophet.
Japanese Paradox: Secular State, Religious Society
Authors: SHIOSE Yuki
Published: March 2007

The evolution of Japanese religious attitudes mirrors to a great extent the changes in relations between the religious institutions and the state. Between the Meiji era and today these changes have been considerable, particularly since the Japanese military defeat. Before American occupation, the hegemony of state religion (State Shintoism) paradoxically alienated people from religious organizations. After the dismantling of Japanese “theocracy” and the separation of the state from the church, Japanese people rediscovered religion in the social and private sphere. Put another way, Japanese citizens rediscovered their gods thanks to the divorce of state and religion.
Globalization and Collective Identities
Authors: BOKSER-LIWERANT Judit
Published: March 2007

Globalization implies multiple processes that are not uniform, as they take place in a differentiated manner in time and place. They are also of a multi-faceted and contradictory nature. The diverse and paradoxical nature of globalization processes has given rise to new identities with different levels of aggregation, such as global identities and has given renewed importance to ethnic and religious identities in the shaping and re-ordering of global, regional, national and local spaces. Paralleling these trends has been a resurgence of theoretical debate about the challenges posed by globalization, such as the identity and freedom of the individual vis-à-vis community and belonging; justice vis-à-vis membership; diversity and pluralism; collective identities and religion; and the changing scope of the private and public spheres. The author explores some of the new challenges and trends and their expression in the theoretical debate.
Problèmes Étatiques, Piété Religieuse et Mémoire au Congo-zaïre
Authors: YAMBA Bandeja
Published: March 2007

The author argues that the flowering of religion in former Zaïre is basically a product of the collapse of the legitimacy of the post-colonial political system, of the persistence of the economic crisis and the dissolution of the national social fabric. At the same time, the author attempts to show that all religious movements and their inherent practices tend to become, in the absence of unifying national symbols, common denominators capable of capturing the national imagination at the moment of its appearance.
Changement social et changement culturel dans le Mezzogiorno italien
Authors: Scarpati Rosario
Published: March 2007

In the Italian Mezzogiorno with its overpopulation and its archaic economic structure, modern economic and social life emphases the contrasts. The A. analyses these aspects and the processus of urbanisation which occurs there. He explains the dilemma of Italy divi sed between two socio-economic systems, and which has to choose between economical and sociological still insufficient models, these which can give the bases of a harmonious and accelerated regional development.
For a Field-Induced Research With a View To Church Action
Authors: Remy J.
Published: March 2007

La liaison recherche-action est un stimulant à condition que le chercheur ne soit pas prisonnier de son public. Néanmoins, il doit être préoccupé de comprendre les questions qui se posent à l'homme d'action, avant d'entreprendre sa recherche. Il en va de même de sa volonté de voir son public accepter et utiliser son travail. Ceci implique, outre une mise au point pedagogique, un effort pour un transcodage des résultats de la recherche en termes d'action. Ceci implique que l'on distingue diverses étapes de collaborations, ainsi que divers rôles du sociologue qu'il con vient de ne pas confondre. Ces problèmes sont mieux perçus à partir des diverses modalités de collaborations entre disciplines, ce qui est également une condition indispensable d'une recherche au service de l'action.

D'où le chercheur, dans cette perspective, doit désirer un double contrôle, l'un provenant de son milieu professionnel, l'autre de la réaction des hommes d'action. Il en va de même du stimulant découlant des relations entre disciplines, qui éclairent par convergence la mise en oeuvre de l'action.
The Religious Attitudes of University Students
Authors: Anzai Shin
Published: March 2007

L'auteur cherche à mesurer les attitudes des étudiants universitaires face à la religion. Une liste de 36 questions fut distribuée à 600 etudiants de première année des universités de Tōkyō, Kanagawa, Chiba et Saitama.

Contre toute attente, 81 % des intéressés répondirent au questionnaire. Les réponses furent analysées selon deux axes principaux : les attitudes face à la religion présentée comme signifiante en soi et celles face à la religion envisagée comme en contradiction avec le projet humain contemporain.

A partir des résultats, l'auteur conclut que la majorité des étudiants ne reconnait pas de vérité objective dans la religion, mais tient celle-ci pour une expression de la faiblesse et de l'angoisse de l'homme. D'après l'auteur, leur refus personnel de la religion provient d'une vision scientiste et sceptique. Cependant de nombreuses nuances doivent être apportées à une conclusion trop absolue, comme le montrent les résultats.
Theories on Religious Communal Development
Authors: Treece James William
Published: March 2007

Cet article esquisse une comparaison entre six théories sur le développement religieux communautaire et cinq groupes communautaires. Les théories sont : celle de Moberg sur les cinq étapes du « cycle de vie de l'Eglise » ; la proposition de Niebuhr selon laquelle la seconde génération d'une secte est moins zélée que la première ; la notion wéberienne de leader ship charismatique et aussi l'Ethique Protestante et l'Esprit du Capitalisme ; la thèse de Eric Hoffer selon laquelle un mouve ment tire sa force de la préoccupation de l'avenir ; enfin, l'idée de Martindale selon laquelle la socialisation, la maîtrise de la nature et le contrôle social sont indispensables à la survie d'un système social.

Les cinq communautés étudiées pour éprouver les théories sont la fraternité de Béthanie, la « Koinonia Farm », la commu nauté St. Julian, les Hutterites et le « Mayeem Kareem ». La fraternité de Béthanie tient une place privilégiée dans l'étude à cause de son développement rapide. L'Auteur en conclut que Béthanie continuera de se développer, car elle a réussi à contrôler les trois domaines centraux jugés importants par Martindale. La théorie de Martindale apparaît ainsi la plus pertinente pour expliquer le déclin ou la persistance des communautés religieuses.
Les Eglises du Transplant : le Protestantisme d'immigration en Argentine
Authors: Lalive d'epinay Christian
Published: March 2007

The author gives the results of a study on eleven Protestant Churches, called « immigrant Churches », in the Republic of Argentina. He refutes a current interpretation which sees in the condition of the immigrant the reason for the rise of ethnic churches, by pointing out the existence of meta-ethnic religious societies which come from the initiative of immi grants. Here the determinant is the ecclesiastical tradition which influences the immigrant, and not the status of immi grant. The author attempts to define the ethnic church of immigrants, and to discover its origins, its conditions of development and its orientations. (Whether it accomodates to society or whether it is divisive).
Catholicism and Nationalism in Latin America
Authors: Turner Frederick C.
Published: March 2007

Dans l'Amérique latine contemporaine, le catholicisme et le nationalisme semblent être en corrélation étroite et positive. Dans les pays où l'édification et l'intégration nationale sont les plus avancées, la force institutionnelle de l'Eglise est aussi à son point maximum. Une corrélation statistique a été établie dans les différentes républiques latino-américaines entre la typologie du nationalisme construite par K.H. Silvert et la proportion de prêtres par habitants. On a obtenu un coeffi cient de corrélation .554, avec un niveau de signification de .05.

Cette information statistique vient appuyer ce que l'on sait sur l'interprétation que donnent du nationalisme, à travers leurs interviews et leurs déclarations, les ecclésiastiques latino américains. Les interviews et les lettres pastorales montrent que les autorités religieuses reconnaissent la force du natio nalisme et que, si certains associent les appels nationalistes à des invitations aux réformes, d'autres rejettent tout rôle poli tique ou clairement nationaliste de l'Eglise. L'analyse de la répartition du personnel religieux étranger à travers le con tinent montre que l'enracinement du nationalisme n'a qu'une faible incidence sur le nombre de prêtres attribué à chaque pays.
Les rôles religieux dans le contexte multi-racial sud-africain : le profil du ministère dans le calvinisme et le catholicisme
Authors: Higgins Edward , Rousseau André
Published: March 2007

In the first part of the article the author describes the position of Calvinism and Catholicism in South Africa from the historical, demographic and socio-cultural points of view. Following this there is a report, with comments, on two studies carried out on religious roles in these two Churches. The first of these studies was conducted by C.J. Alant on the role of the pastor in the Dutch Reformed Church (Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk) and the second by J. Kiernan on the Catholic priest.

Among the most outstanding aspects of these two studies the author emphasises that in both Churches the roles of religious still are closely linked with their functions relating to the sacraments and worship. He emphasises that, as a result, these role models tend to maintain the status quo ; from the point of view of non-involvement in politics and privatisation of religion the Catholic priest may be able to play a more vital role than the Calvinist pastor.
Loi Rituelle et Structuration de l'Attitude Religieuse chez l'Enfant
Authors: Jaspard Jean-Marie
Published: March 2007

The author bases himself on a series of previous broader research work, concerning the religious mediations in the world of the 6-to-12-year old child. He takes up once again some of the data which he thinks may help him understand the impact of ritual laws and norms in the structuring of the socialized religious attitude. The results reveal sharp differen ces between boys and girls in the degree of interest in ritual laws as well as in the function allotted to them. The religious attitude tends to be more socialized and ritualized among boys, while it tends to be loosely and subjectively structured among girls. An analysis of how boys and girls approach respectively the Divine makes this clear. Among girls, it discloses a close presence relationship with God that is experienced as being with and, among boys, an identification oriented life relation ship which mediates through necessarily ritualized acts. The stability and the function of the law are obviously correlated with this double perception of the divine and shape the resultant religious attitude.

This study among children shows that any socio-cultural structure as the religious rite does not shape some unique attitude automatically, but that it is assimilated by the in dividual according to his desire and deep psychological tendencies.
Description du Niveau Actuel de la Religiosité dans les Régions de Belokany, Zakataly et Kakhi (*)
Authors: Datunashvili I.I.
Published: March 2007

Beginning with a short historical sketch, the author describes religious life in three rayons of the Azerbaidjan SSSR in the early 1960s where the dominant religion is Sunnite Islam. Considerable attention is paid to the informal religious structure as reflected in the cult of healing saints, and in the funerary ritual. He concludes that local people are not sufficiently militant against Islam.