bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Makt genom myndighetsspråk – myt och verklighet
Authors: Tiililä Ulla
Published: January 2018

Myndighetsspråk är i många avseenden förknippat med makt, men ofta på ett annat sätt än man i allmänhet tror. I denna artikel talar jag om de maktskikt som finns inom myndighetsspråk; hierarkin inom den offentliga makten bygger till exempel på kedjor av texter. Å andra sidan visar jag att vissa språkdrag som anses vara uttryck för maktbruk kan vara befogade till exempel av textuella skäl. Jag visar också att i en finsk kontext kan talet om ett klart myndighetsspråk innebära problem. Den finländska förvaltningslagen kräver att myndighetsspråket inte enbart ska vara klart utan också sakligt och begripligt. Tyvärr finns det problem på alla nivåer, inte enbart när det gäller klarhet. SummaryAspects of power in the language of public administration – myth and reality The language of public administration is profoundly tied up with power, but often in a different way than we generally think. In this article I will first examine the power aspects of the language of administration; the hierarchy and the power relationships within administration are based on language and on chains of texts. I will then concentrate on some phenomena which are often thought to be a matter of power but which may also be textually motivated. Finally, I will discuss the concept of clarity in a Finnish context: the Finnish Administrative Procedure Act states that the language of administration should not only be clear but also comprehensible and appropriate. Unfortunately, the problems of administrative language are not confined to the area of clarity.
Om forholdet mellem sprog og magt i statsadministrationen
Authors: Tynell Jesper
Published: January 2018

Sproglige spidsfindigheder spiller en central rolle, når danske embedsmænd skærer tal, jura og faktuelle oplysninger til, så de bedst muligt understøtter regeringens politik udadtil. Det fremgår af bogen ’Mørkelygten’, der bygger på emails, notater og op mod hundrede samtaler med embedsmænd om konkrete sager, hvor Folketinget og befolkningen er blevet præsenteret for mere eller mindre vildledende oplysninger. Men også embedsværkets interne sprogbrug vidner om en vis normalitet i denne praksis. SummaryLinguistic hair-splitting plays a central role when Danish officials carve up figures and legal and factual information in ways that best suit the Government’s public policy. This emerges from the book ‘Mørkelygten’ (‘The Dark Light’), which is based on emails, notes and almost a hundred conversations with officials on specific matters where Parliament and the public have been presented with more or less misleading information. But the use of language within the civil service also bears witness to a certain normality in this practice.
Can Art-Technology Co-Operations Provide a Paradigm for Artistic Research?
Authors: Lehner Maximilian
Published: January 2018

âExperiments in Art and Technologyâ shows how artists and engineers can create art and genuine technological innovation. With examples from art-technology collaborations I want to discuss the criteria of knowledge production within art. In these works, it is not âresearch for the artsâ which transforms art into Artistic Research, but the specific artistic stance taken during the research process. This idea extends the philosophical concepts of artistic research. Borgdorff (2012a) as well as Mersch (2015) defend the position of art in academia but put artistic research in a solitary position, unable to relate to other disciplines. With art technology examples I want to present works that correspond with the requirements of Artistic Research but do not match the theory. They do not only have a proximity to (applied) mode 2 research, but show a new kind of knowledge which stays in the experimental state. The paper addresses the question of how collaborations between engineers and artists can be considered in the discourse on research in the arts, and if they could turn out to be useful for a new paradigm on the notion of knowledge in Artistic Research.
Harun Farocki. In Comparison, sobre el trabajo y su significado
Authors: Otxoteko Mikel
Published: January 2018

Este texto se centra en In Comparison, la pelÃ­cula de 2009 de Harun Farocki, para poner de relieve su actualidad estÃ©tica, especialmente sugerente desde la perspectiva de los nuevos realismos y materialismos filosÃ³ficos, dada la particular forma de indagaciÃ³n que en ella emplea su autor. Farocki, gran admirador del cine de Robert Bresson, plantea la cuestiÃ³n del trabajo desde una perspectiva no analÃ­tica. La propuesta metodolÃ³gica que lanza serÃ¡ una comparaciÃ³n, actividad cinematogrÃ¡fica que realizarÃ¡ segÃºn su propia Ã©tica como director. AsÃ­, se detendrÃ¡ a observar la labor de la fabricaciÃ³n del ladrillo: los Â«cimientos de la sociedadÂ», en fÃ¡bricas de paÃ­ses como Burkina Faso, la India o Suiza. No obstante, nos interesa seÃ±alar que serÃ¡ una exploraciÃ³n intensiva, en la que nada de lo directamente mostrado en la pantalla es lo relevante, solo aquello que indirectamente surge en la mente del espectador a partir del juego de las imÃ¡genes. En este sentido, la tÃ©cnica de montaje se torna crucial, pues el relato que construye en torno a la tÃ©cnica se desarrolla implicando fundamentalmente ritmos y temporalidades; es decir, aquellas intensidades que constituyen el hÃ¡bito fabril de los operarios en las distintas realidades geogrÃ¡ficas y culturales.
Art, Knowledge, and Reflexivity
Authors: Mersch Dieter
Published: January 2018

The essay addresses the manifold relationships between art and research under the perspective of the artsâ own way of thinking, separating artistic knowledge-production from science. While in science âresearchâ means a goal-guided action that has the purpose of developing truth, in the arts research is related to an open âsearchâ without being bound to gaining results. Obviously, art works neither with concepts nor with propositions, nor does it need any theory or general model or ways of verifying theses and making them valid. There is also no method to follow, nor does art depend on public justifications through critique. Rather, art is based in practices that let something appear and make it perceivable, and by doing so producing new insights. Hence, artistic cognition and recognition it not based in logic, but in certain non-discursive media-âlanguagesâ which allow for non-propositional reflections on their own structure and limitations, using actions, performances, images, material objects, compositions and montage or multimedia installations that go against the grain in order to push perceptibility to its limits where contradictions become apparent.
A walk in the maze: Variation in Late Jurassic tridactyl dinosaur tracks - A case study from the Late Jurassic of the Swiss Jura Mountains (NW Switzerland)
Authors: Castanera Diego , Belvedere Matteo , Marty Daniel , Paratte Géraldine , Lapaire-Cattin Marielle , Lovis Christel , Meyer Christian A
Published: January 2018

Background. Minute to medium-sized (FL less than 30 cm) tridactyl dinosaur tracks are the most abundant in the Late Jurassic tracksites of Highway A16 (Reuchenette Formation, Kimmeridgian) in the Jura Mountains (NW Switzerland). During excavations, two morphotypes, one gracile and one robust, were identified in the field. Furthermore, two large-sized theropod ichnospecies (Megalosauripus transjuranicus and Jurabrontes curtedulensis) and an ornithopod-like morphotype (Morphotype II) have recently been described at these sites. Methods. The quality of preservation (preservation grade), the depth of the footprint, the shape variation and the footprint proportions (FL/FW ratio and mesaxony) along the trackways have been analysed using 3D models and false-colour depth maps in order to determine the exact number of morphotypes present in the tracksites. Results. The study of the footprints (n = 93) collected during the excavations has made it possible to identify and characterize the two morphotypes distinguished in the field. The gracile morphotype is mainly characterized by a high footprint length/width ratio, high mesaxony, low divarication angles and clear, sharp claw marks and phalangeal pads (2-3-4). By contrast, the robust morphotype is characterized by a lower footprint length/width ratio, weaker mesaxony, slightly higher divarication angles and clear, sharp claw marks (when preserved), whereas the phalangeal pads are not clearly preserved although they might be present. Discussion. The analysis does not allow the two morphotypes to be associated within a morphological continuum. Thus, they cannot be a consequence of extramorphological variations on similar tracks produced by a similar/single trackmaker. Comparison of the two morphotypes with the larger morphotypes described in the formation (Megalosauripus transjuranicus, Jurabrontes curtedulensis and Morphotype II) and the spatio-temporal relationships of the trackways suggest that the smaller morphotypes cannot reliably be considered small individuals of the larger morphotypes. The morphometric data of some specimens of the robust morphotype (even lower values for the length/width ratio and mesaxony) suggest that more than one ichnotaxon might be represented within the robust morphotype. The features of the gracile morphotype (cf. Kalohipus) are typical of “grallatorid” ichnotaxa with low mesaxony whereas those of the robust morphotype (cf. Therangospodus and ?Therangospodus) are reminiscent of Therangospodus pandemicus. This work sheds new light on combining an analysis of variations in footprint morphology through 3D models and false-colour depth maps, with the study of possible ontogenetic variations and the identification of small-sized tridactyl ichnotaxa for the description of new dinosaur tracks.
Movements and habitat use of satellite-tagged whale sharks off western Madagascar
Authors: Diamant Stella , Rohner Christoph A , Kiszka Jeremy J , Guillemain d’Echon Arthur , Guillemain d’Echon Tanguy , Sourisseau Elina , Pierce Simon J
Published: January 2018

Whale sharks Rhincodon typus, the world’s largest fish, are routinely sighted off the northwest coast of Madagascar, particularly off the island of Nosy Be. Dedicated whale shark tourism has been developing in the area since 2011. During our first dedicated survey, from September-December 2016, we photo-identified 85 individual whale sharks, ranging from 3.5–8 m in total length (all juveniles). None had been previously identified from other known whale shark aggregations. We tagged eight sharks with tethered SPOT5 tags in October 2016, with tracking durations of 9–199 days. Kernel density plots showed that the main activity hotspot for tagged sharks was around the Nosy Be area. Three individuals were resighted back at Nosy Be in late 2017, after having lost their tags. A secondary hotspot was identified off Pointe d’Analalava, 180 km southeast of Nosy Be. Five sharks swam off the shelf into the northeastern Mozambique Channel, between Madagascar and Mayotte, and one of these continued to near the Comoros islands. Two sharks swam to southern Madagascar, with minimum track distances of 3414 km and 4275 km. The species is presently unprotected in Madagascar, although a small proportion of the high-use area we identified in this study is encompassed within two marine protected areas adjacent to Nosy Be. Whale sharks are globally endangered, and valuable to the local economy, so there is a clear rationale to identify and mitigate impacts on the sharks within the two hotspots identified here.
“Vivi Pericolosamente”: Christie Davies, Italians and dangerous things
Authors: Chiaro Delia
Published: January 2018

This essay provides a brief overview of English jokes targeting Italians, and  sets out to show how internet memes are a progression of traditional jokes in which Italians are the butts but with a modern twist.
Introduction
Authors: Chiaro Delia , Kuipers Giselinde
Published: January 2018

Introduction to a special issue in memory of Professor Christie Davies
Polish highlander jokes and their targets
Authors: Chłopicki Władysław , Brzozowska Dorota
Published: January 2018

The aim of the paper is to show the characteristic features of jokes about Polish highlanders and analyse them to identify the comic script of a highlander. This group of jokes is treated as a good illustration of Christie Davies’s ethnic jokes theory concerning witty versus stupid and centre versus periphery oppositions, as well as mind over matter in general. A particular type of reasoning and the use of regional dialect are distinctive features of the joke targets that make it possible to perceive these jokes as a culturally specific phenomenon. The head shepherd (called baca) is the key character of the cycle. He is a very down-to-earth person, who is proud of his practical wisdom and has a very relaxed attitude to life. His lifestyle is usually contrasted with that of ceper – often a tourist – treated as a kind of intruder who asks stupid questions and does not know how to appreciate life and what really matters in it. The jokes about highlanders are analysed within the paradigm of General Theory of Verbal Humor, and particularly its reasoning and reversal Logical Mechanisms. Even though Christie Davies treated the Logical Mechanism with some scepticism, claiming it is of no use in the GTVH (Davies 2004, 2011b), he would not probably mind the logic of highlanders’ utterances and behaviour being analysed. We believe he may even have enjoyed that.
True German and phony English laughter: Schmidt-Hidding was still Schmidt
Authors: Hempelmann Christian F.
Published: January 2018

Schmidt-Hidding’s (b. 1903, d. 1967) lexical field study on the area of Humor und Witz [humor and wit/jokes] (1963b) receives attention in humor research to this day, especially in German-speaking countries. His diamond-shaped illustration of the two dimensions of the field of humor, not least in its aim to distinguish “earthy” German from “courteous” English humor, has become well-known. In view of this continued interest in the final write-up of Schmidt-Hidding’s work on humor (1963a, 1963b), in which he consistently ignores his earlier related publications under the name of Schmidt, this paper aims to discourage researchers from basing their work on it for two reasons. The more important one is the flawed, or at least muddled and definitely outdated, methodology of his study. The more delicate one that is focused on here is that the motivation for and the ideological direction of the study are strongly influenced by its author’s National Socialist ideology, which Schmidt-Hidding had possibly assumed for opportunistic reasons and abandoned after World War II. I will first document this ideological alignment with National Socialism from Schmidt’s earlier work, basically a prelude to his  Schlüsselwörter (1963a). Then I’ll briefly present the methodological flaws, to the degree that Schmidt-Hidding was sufficiently explicit about his method to make that possible. This approach of interpreting a complex issue in its historical and social contexts, along with showing what the issue is in contrast to analogous issues, is the important research agenda that Davies brought to humor research.
“Make love, not war…Get married and do both”: Negative aspects of marriage in anti-proverbs and wellerisms
Authors: T. Litovkina Anna
Published: January 2018

In the present study I am going to explore negative aspects  of marriage and the ways it  is viewed  and conceptualized in the body of Anglo-American anti-proverbs (i.e., deliberate proverb innovations (also known as alterations, parodies, transformations, variations, wisecracks, mutations, or fractured proverbs) and wellerisms (a form of folklore normally made up of three parts: 1) a statement, 2) a speaker who makes this remark, and 3) a phrase that places the utterance into  an  unexpected, contrived situation. The meaning of the proverb, proverbial phrase or other statement is usually distorted by being placed into striking juxtaposition with the third part of the wellerisms). Another aim of the study is also to depict those who adhere  to the institution of marriage, that is, wives and husbands, and analyse their nature, qualities, attributes and behaviours as revealed through Anglo-American anti-proverbs and wellerisms. My discussion is organized in two parts. The anti-proverbs and wellerisms discussed in the present study were taken primarily from American and British written sources.  The texts of anti-proverbs were drawn from hundreds of books and articles on puns, one-liners, toasts, wisecracks, quotations, aphorisms, maxims, quips, epigrams, and graffiti   collected in two dictionaries of anti-proverbs compiled by Anna T. Litovkina and Wolfgang Mieder (see  Mieder & Tóthné Litovkina 1999;  T. Litovkina & Mieder 2006). The texts of wellerims are primarily quoted from the dictionary of wellerisms (see  Mieder & Kingsbury 1994).
“This is not a political party, this is Facebook!”: Political jokes and political (mis)trust in crisis-ridden Greece
Authors: Tsakona Villy
Published: January 2018

The present study attempts to combine Raskin’s (1985) and Davies’ (2011) methodological approaches to political jokes to investigate Greek political jokes targeting politicians and circulated during the first 4 years of the Greek crisis. The proposed analysis identifies, on the one hand, what Greek people perceive as politicians’ main incongruities, namely their flaws that prevent them from fulfilling their roles ‘appropriately’. On the other hand, the particularities of the sociopolitical context in Greece and, most importantly, the pervasive lack of political trust among Greeks allow for an interpretation of the jokes under scrutiny as expressions of disillusionment and disappointment with politicians and the political system in general, and as manifestations of mild, playful aggression towards them. The findings of the study reveal that the accusations raised in the jokes against politicians capture and reproduce quite accurately most of the aspects and causes of political mistrust in Greece.
Amphibian and reptile biodiversity in the semi-arid region of the municipality of Nopala de Villagrán, Hidalgo, Mexico
Authors: Roth-Monzón Andrea J. , Mendoza-Hernández Andrés Alberto , Flores-Villela Oscar
Published: January 2018

Current global changes are putting both biodiversity and the processes that depend on it at risk. This is especially true for semi-arid regions and the flagship groups that inhabit them, such as amphibians and reptiles. Semi-arid regions are often thought to have lower biodiversity and thus have been overlooked, resulting in the underestimation of their biological richness. Therefore, the aim of this study was to conduct an inventory of amphibians and reptiles in the semi-arid municipality of Nopala de Villagrán, Mexico, and analyze its biodiversity in relation to the seasons, vegetation and microhabitat. During a year of fieldwork, we found 24 species in the area, most of them of low abundance, and one of which was recorded for the first time for the state of Hidalgo. We documented five amphibian species and 19 reptile species. We also found that observed species richness was higher in the rainy season and in xeric scrub vegetation, although only the season differences were significant according to rarefaction curves. Our findings highlight the importance of seasonality and vegetation type for the species that inhabit this semi-arid region. This study broadens our understanding of the importance of semi-arid regions and, by extension, that of other areas with similar characteristics.
Survey highlights the need to expand offerings of introductory pharmacy practice experiences in psychiatry and neurology: Benefits and example experiences
Authors: Bostwick Jolene R. , Leung Gillian P. , Smith Tawny L. , Ahmed Uzma , Bainbridge Jacquelyn L. , Peyronnet Jean-Xavier
Published: January 2018

Introduction:

Introductory pharmacy practice experiences (IPPEs) are 1 requirement schools and colleges of pharmacy must fulfill to meet accreditation standards. The purpose of this manuscript is to report existing IPPEs in psychiatry and neurology across the United States.

Methods:

Two separate electronic surveys were administered to individual College of Psychiatric and Neurologic Pharmacists members with board certification in psychiatric pharmacy with an academic affiliation and academic institutions in the 2014-15 academic year to assess the neuropsychiatric curriculum in pharmacy programs. Results focusing on IPPEs were summarized using descriptive statistics.

Results:

Academic institutional data reveal only 37.3% offered IPPEs in psychiatry, and 6.7% offered neurology. The number of available IPPEs is low even if a program offered an available rotation. The majority of College of Psychiatric and Neurologic Pharmacists member respondents (69.9%) did not offer IPPEs in psychiatry in the 2014-15 academic year, and none offered an IPPE in neurology. More than half of individual respondents feel their institution should increase IPPEs in psychiatry and neurology in order to enhance their curriculum.

Discussion:

To expand IPPE availability, pharmacy programs should increase early exposure of pharmacy students to patients with psychiatric and neurologic conditions. Longitudinal experiences may allow students to engage in hands-on experiences, which may impact future career aspirations and reduce stigma. Current example IPPEs at the authors' institutions are included to stimulate discussion and action among readers on how IPPEs in these practice areas may be developed. Implementation of IPPEs in psychiatry and neurology is needed for students to gain experience working with these patients.
Surveys of substance use disorders education in US pharmacy programs
Authors: Thomas Kelan , Muzyk Andrew J.
Published: January 2018

Introduction:

Substance use disorders (SUDs) are a significant US health problem affecting roughly 20 million Americans, but there continues to be limited access to SUD treatment and inadequate addiction medicine training. Therefore, it is important to understand how SUD education is being delivered to US health professionals, including pharmacists.

Methods:

A recent survey of US pharmacy programs' neuropsychiatry curricula was evaluated to identify any progress made toward increasing SUD education since the last national survey in 2004 and determine any remaining gaps between what is currently being taught and American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) curricular guidelines for SUD education updated in 2010. A survey of psychiatric pharmacists, regarding what they thought should be taught, was also evaluated and compared with the 2010 AACP curricular guidelines.

Results:

Our survey of US pharmacy programs demonstrated that 94% of programs reported teaching SUD content in 2014-15, which has increased from 81% reported in a survey study from 2004. There was also an increase for average hours of SUD didactic instruction, which increased from 2.2 hours in 2004 to 2.7 hours in 2015. The majority of members (84%) recommended at least 2 hours of SUD instruction, and 27% recommended teaching ≥4 hours.

Discussion:

There was an overall increase in SUD instruction, but the average hours taught still falls short of 2010 AACP curricular guideline recommendation suggesting ≥4 hours. Furthermore, a majority of the psychiatric pharmacists we surveyed did not agree with the AACP curricular guideline recommendation because only 27% of members recommended ≥4 hours of SUD instruction, and the average hours recommended was only 2.7 hours.
Trends and Variability of Global Fire Emissions Due To Historical Anthropogenic Activities
Authors: Ward Daniel S. , Shevliakova Elena , Malyshev Sergey , Rabin Sam
Published: January 2018

Globally, fires are a major source of carbon from the terrestrial biosphere to the atmosphere, occurring on a seasonal cycle and with substantial interannual variability. To understand past trends and variability in sources and sinks of terrestrial carbon, we need quantitative estimates of global fire distributions. Here we introduce an updated version of the Fire Including Natural and Agricultural Lands model, version 2 (FINAL.2), modified to include multiday burning and enhanced fire spread rate in forest crowns. We demonstrate that the improved model reproduces the interannual variability and spatial distribution of fire emissions reported in present‐day remotely sensed inventories. We use FINAL.2 to simulate historical (post‐1700) fires and attribute past fire trends and variability to individual drivers: land use and land cover change, population growth, and lightning variability. Global fire emissions of carbon increase by about 10% between 1700 and 1900, reaching a maximum of 3.4 Pg C yr−1 in the 1910s, followed by a decrease to about 5% below year 1700 levels by 2010. The decrease in emissions from the 1910s to the present day is driven mainly by land use change, with a smaller contribution from increased fire suppression due to increased human population and is largest in Sub‐Saharan Africa and South Asia. Interannual variability of global fire emissions is similar in the present day as in the early historical period, but present‐day wildfires would be more variable in the absence of land use change.
Patterns of Urban Housing Shape Dengue Distribution in Singapore at Neighborhood and Country Scales
Authors: Seidahmed Osama M. E. , Lu Deng , Chong Chee Seng , Ng Lee Ching , Eltahir Elfatih A. B.
Published: January 2018

Dengue is the most important human arboviral disease in Singapore. We classified residential areas into low‐rise and high‐rise housing and investigated the influence of urban drainage on the distribution of dengue incidence and outdoor breeding at neighborhood and country scales. In Geylang area (August 2014 to August 2015), dengue incidence was higher in a subarea of low‐rise housing compared to high‐rise one, averaging 26.7 (standard error, SE = 4.83) versus 2.43 (SE = 0.67) per 1,000 people. Outdoor breeding drains of Aedes aegypti have clustered in the low‐rise housing subarea. The pupal density per population was higher in the low‐rise blocks versus high‐rise ones, 246 (SE = 69.08) and 35.4 (SE = 25.49) per 1,000 people, respectively. The density of urban drainage network in the low‐rise blocks is double that in the high‐rise ones, averaging 0.05 (SE = 0.0032) versus 0.025 (SE = 0.00245) per meter. Further, a holistic analysis at a country‐scale has confirmed the role of urban hydrology in shaping dengue distribution in Singapore. Dengue incidence (2013–2015) is proportional to the fractions of the area (or population) of low‐rise housing. The drainage density in low‐rise housing is 4 times that corresponding estimate in high‐rise areas, 2.59 and 0.68 per meter, respectively. Public housing in agglomerations of high‐rise buildings could have a positive impact on dengue if this urban planning comes at the expense of low‐rise housing. City planners in endemic regions should consider the density of drainage networks for both the prevention of flooding and the breeding of mosquitoes.
Decline in Antarctic Ozone Depletion and Lower Stratospheric Chlorine Determined From Aura Microwave Limb Sounder Observations
Authors: Strahan Susan E. , Douglass Anne R.
Published: January 2018

Attribution of Antarctic ozone recovery to the Montreal protocol requires evidence that (1) Antarctic chlorine levels are declining and (2) there is a reduction in ozone depletion in response to a chlorine decline. We use Aura Microwave Limb Sounder measurements of O3, HCl, and N2O to demonstrate that inorganic chlorine (Cly) from 2013 to 2016 was 223 ± 93 parts per trillion lower in the Antarctic lower stratosphere than from 2004 to 2007 and that column ozone depletion declined in response. The mean Cly decline rate, ~0.8%/yr, agrees with the expected rate based on chlorofluorocarbon lifetimes. N2O measurements are crucial for identifying changes in stratospheric Cly loading independent of dynamical variability. From 2005 to 2016, the ozone depletion and Cly time series show matching periods of decline, stability, and increase. The observed sensitivity of O3 depletion to changing Cly agrees with the sensitivity simulated by the Global Modeling Initiative chemistry transport model integrated with Modern Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications 2 meteorology.
The Effects of Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure Changes on the Substorm Auroras and Energetic Electron Injections on 24 August 2005
Authors: Li L. Y. , Wang Z. Q.
Published: January 2018

After the passage of an interplanetary (IP) shock at 06:13 UT on 24 August 2005, the enhancement (>6 nPa) of solar wind dynamic pressure and the southward turning of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) cause the earthward movement of dayside magnetopause and the drift loss of energetic particles near geosynchronous orbit. The persistent electron drift loss makes the geosynchronous satellites cannot observe the substorm electron injection phenomenon during the two substorm expansion phases (06:57–07:39 UT) on that day. Behind the IP shock, the fluctuations (~0.5–3 nPa) of solar wind dynamic pressure not only alter the dayside auroral brightness but also cause the entire auroral oval to swing in the day‐night direction. However, there is no Pi2 pulsation in the nightside auroral oval during the substorm growth phase from 06:13 to 06:57 UT. During the subsequent two substorm expansion phases, the substorm expansion activities cause the nightside aurora oval brightening from substorm onset site to higher latitudes, and meanwhile, the enhancement (decline) of solar wind dynamic pressure makes the nightside auroral oval move toward the magnetic equator (the magnetic pole). These observations demonstrate that solar wind dynamic pressure changes and substorm expansion activities can jointly control the luminosity and location of the nightside auroral oval when the internal and external disturbances occur simultaneously. During the impact of a strong IP shock, the earthward movement of dayside magnetopause probably causes the disappearance of the substorm electron injections near geosynchronous orbit.
Lightning Evolution In Two North Central Florida Summer Multicell Storms and Three Winter/Spring Frontal Storms
Authors: Caicedo J. A. , Uman M. A. , Pilkey J. T.
Published: January 2018

We present the first lightning evolution studies, via the Lightning Mapping Array (LMA) and radar, performed in North Central Florida. Parts of three winter/spring frontal storms (cold season) and two complete summer (warm season) multicell storms are studied. Storm parameters measured are as follows: total number of flashes, flash‐type classification, first flashes, flash initiation altitude, flash initiation power, flash rate (flashes per minute), charge structure, altitude and temperature ranges of the inferred charge regions, atmospheric isotherm altitude, radar base reflectivity (dBZ), and radar echo tops (EET). Several differences were found between summer multicell and winter/spring frontal storms in North Central Florida: (1) in winter/spring storms, the range of altitudes that all charge regions occupy is up to 1 km lower in altitude than in summer storms, as are the 0°C, −10°C, and −20°C isotherms; (2) lightning activity in summer storms is highly correlated with changes in radar signatures, in particular, echo tops; and (3) the LMA average initiation power of all flash types in winter/frontal storms is about an order of magnitude larger than that for summer storms. In relation to storms in other geographical locations, North Central Florida seasonal storms were found to have similarities in most parameters studied with a few differences, examples in Florida being (1) colder initiation altitudes for intracloud flashes, (2) charge regions occupying larger ranges of atmospheric temperatures, and (3) winter/spring frontal storms not having much lightning activity in the stratiform region.
Lorenz Curve and Gini Coefficient Reveal Hot Spots and Hot Moments for Nitrous Oxide Emissions
Authors: Saha Debasish , Kemanian Armen R. , Montes Felipe , Gall Heather , Adler Paul R. , Rau Benjamin M.
Published: January 2018

Identifying hot spots and hot moments of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in the landscape is critical for monitoring and mitigating the emission of this potent greenhouse gas. We propose a novel use of the Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient (G) to improve the estimation of the mean as well as the spatial and temporal variation of N2O emissions from a bioenergy landscape. The analyses indicate that the G was better correlated (R2 = 0.72, P < 0.001) with daily N2O emissions than the coefficient of variation and skewness. A hot moment for N2O emissions occurred after a storm event, with a heterogeneous spatial distribution of N2O emissions (G = 0.65); in contrast, CO2 emissions remained spatially uniform throughout the same period (G = 0.36). Volumetric soil air content below 0.03 m3 m−3 occurred more frequently in the wetter footslope positions and created N2O hot spots, with a high temporal inequality during the growing season (G = 0.75). In contrast, well‐drained shoulder positions were cold spots, with uniformly distributed and low N2O emissions (G = 0.44). The spatial N2O inequality mirrored the landscape wetness generated by rain events, while biogeochemical equality prevailed in the landscape. The Lorenz curve and G are tools to standardize the spatial and temporal variation of N2O emissions across diverse landscapes and management scenarios. These two inequality indicators, in association with spatial maps, can help delineate the critical spatial mosaics and temporal windows of N2O emissions and guide landscape‐scale monitoring and mitigation strategies to reduce N2O emissions.
The Hydride Precipitation Mechanisms in the Hydrogenated Weld Zone of Ti–0.3Mo–0.8Ni Alloy Argon‐Arc Welded Joints
Authors: Liu Quan‐Ming , Zhang Zhao‐Hui , Liu Shi‐Feng , Yang Hai‐Ying
Published: January 2018

A review of the microstructural evolution and phase transformation in the hydrogenated weld zone of Ti–0.3Mo–0.8Ni alloy argon‐arc welded joints has been considered. The role of crystallographic, microstructural, and precipitation mechanisms on the defect‐free properties of the hydrogenated weld zone has been analyzed, and hydride phase formations have been revealed by the influence of hydrogen on the microstructural characteristics of the weld zone. The results show face‐centered cubic (FCC) δ and face‐centered tetragonal (FCT) γ hydride phase formations are found in the hydrogenated 0.21 wt% H weld zone. Large lamellar, slender plate δ and long needle γ hydrides can only precipitate from the alpha lamellae, and not from the transformed beta phase due to the high hydrogen solubility found in the beta phase. Formation of the δ and γ hydrides are the result of αH phase separation reaction: αH → α (H lean region) + δ (H rich region) and αH → γ (H rich region), respectively. The precipitation mechanisms and characteristics of the δ and γ hydrides formed in alpha phase are discussed in detail. Dislocation multiplication around the hydrides is promoted effectively by hydrogen addition, the fact that the quantity of dislocations around the δ hydride increased obviously compared to γ hydride indicated the αH → δ phase transformation result in a greater volume expansion rate.
Impact Toughness of Ultrafine‐Grained Commercially Pure Titanium for Medical Application
Authors: Polyakov Alexander Vadimovich , Semenova Irina Petrovna , Bobruk Elena Vladimirovna , Baek Seung Mi , Kim Hyoung Seop , Valiev Ruslan Zufarovich
Published: January 2018

This study aims at achieving the best combination of strength, ductility, and impact toughness in ultrafine‐grained (UFG) Ti Grade 4 produced by equal‐channel angular pressing via Conform scheme (ECAP‐C) with subsequent cold drawing. UFG structures with various parameters (e.g., size and shape of grains, dislocation density, conditions of boundaries) are formed by varying the treatment procedures (deformation temperature and speed at drawing, annealing temperature). The tensile and impact toughness tests were performed on samples with a V‐shaped notch and different structures of commercially pure Ti Grade 4 in the coarse‐grained and UFG states. The results demonstrated that grain refinement, higher dislocation density, and their elongated shape were obtained as a result of drawing at 200 °С, which led to a decrease in both the uniform elongation at tension and the impact toughness of Ti Grade 4. Short‐term annealing at 400–450 °C could improve the impact toughness of UFG Ti with a non‐significant decrease in strength. This short‐term annealing contributes to the dislocation density decrease without considerable grain growth as a result of the recovery and redistribution of dislocations. The dependence of impact toughness on the strain hardening ability of UFG Ti was discussed.
Propagation Loss‐Immune Biocompatible Nanodiamond Refractive Index Sensors
Authors: Shugayev Roman , Bermel Peter
Published: January 2018

Propagation loss is a key impeding parameter affecting accuracy, range, and applicability of fluorescent microscopy techniques. In this work, a new nanophotonic platform for propagation loss mitigated fluorescent imaging using lifetime ratiometric measurement is proposed. By applying this methodology to local parameter sensing, a method for high sensitivity local refractive index measurement via lifetime/energy monitoring of fluorescent crystal color centers is numerically demonstrated. As the base of this platform, biocompatible diamond nanodisk structures are investigated that enable sensitive, propagation loss‐immune monitoring of refractive index changes both in vitro and in vivo.
Enhanced Light Extraction from OLEDs Fabricated on Patterned Plastic Substrates
Authors: Hippola Chamika , Kaudal Rajiv , Manna Eeshita , Xiao Teng , Peer Akshit , Biswas Rana , Slafer Warren Dennis , Trovato Tom , Shinar Joseph , Shinar Ruth
Published: January 2018

A key scientific and technological challenge in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) is enhancing the light outcoupling factor ηout, which is typically <20%. This paper reports experimental and modeling results of a promising approach to strongly increase ηout by fabricating OLEDs on novel flexible nanopatterned substrates that result in a >2× enhancement in green phosphorescent OLEDs (PhOLEDs) fabricated on corrugated polycarbonate (PC). The external quantum efficiency (EQE) reaches 50% (meaning ηout ≥50%); it increases 2.6x relative to a glass/ITO device and 2× relative to devices on glass/poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) or flat PC/PEDOT:PSS. A significant enhancement is also observed for blue PhOLEDs with EQE 1.7× relative to flat PC. The corrugated PC substrates are fabricated efficiently and cost‐effectively by direct room‐temperature molding. These substrates successfully reduce photon losses due to trapping/waveguiding in the organic+anode layers and possibly substrate, and losses to plasmons at the metal cathode. Focused ion beam gauged the conformality of the OLEDs. Dome‐shaped convex nanopatterns with height of ∼280–400 nm and pitch ∼750–800 nm were found to be optimal. Substrate design and layer thickness simulations, reported first for patterned devices, agree with the experimental results that present a promising method to mitigate photon loss paths in OLEDs.
Cobalt(III)−Catalyzed C−H Activation: A Secondary Amide Directed Decarboxylative Functionalization of Alkynyl Carboxylic Acids Wherein Amide NH‐group Remains Unreactive
Authors: Muniraj Nachimuthu , Prabhu Kandikere Ramaiah
Published: January 2018

A Co(III)‐catalyzed C−H activation reaction for ortho‐alkenylation of benzamides (aryl/heteroaryl) and C2‐alkenylation of indole derivatives have been developed using alkynyl carboxylic acid as an alkene source. A high regioselectivity has been achieved in the formation of disubstituted alkenes, and the possible cyclic products were not observed. This efficient alkenylation shows a broad range of substrate scope with a good functional group tolerance. The application of the methodology has been showcased by transforming an alkenylated amide to a 3‐hydroxy isoindolinone derivative.

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A Micropatterned Multielectrode Shell for 3D Spatiotemporal Recording from Live Cells
Authors: Cools Jordi , Jin Qianru , Yoon Eugene , Alba Burbano Diego , Luo Zhenxiang , Cuypers Dieter , Callewaert Geert , Braeken Dries , Gracias David H.
Published: January 2018

Microelectrode arrays (MEAs) have proved to be useful tools for characterizing electrically active cells such as cardiomyocytes and neurons. While there exist a number of integrated electronic chips for recording from small populations or even single cells, they rely primarily on the interface between the cells and 2D flat electrodes. Here, an approach that utilizes residual stress‐based self‐folding to create individually addressable multielectrode interfaces that wrap around the cell in 3D and function as an electrical shell‐like recording device is described. These devices are optically transparent, allowing for simultaneous fluorescence imaging. Cell viability is maintained during and after electrode wrapping around the cel and chemicals can diffuse into and out of the self‐folding devices. It is further shown that 3D spatiotemporal recordings are possible and that the action potentials recorded from cultured neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes display significantly higher signal‐to‐noise ratios in comparison with signals recorded with planar extracellular electrodes. It is anticipated that this device can provide the foundation for the development of new‐generation MEAs where dynamic electrode–cell interfacing and recording substitutes the traditional method using static electrodes.
Spin Solid versus Magnetic Charge Ordered State in Artificial Honeycomb Lattice of Connected Elements
Authors: Glavic Artur , Summers Brock , Dahal Ashutosh , Kline Joseph , Van Herck Walter , Sukhov Alexander , Ernst Arthur , Singh Deepak K.
Published: January 2018

The nature of magnetic correlation at low temperature in two‐dimensional artificial magnetic honeycomb lattice is a strongly debated issue. While theoretical researches suggest that the system will develop a novel zero entropy spin solid state as T → 0 K, a confirmation to this effect in artificial honeycomb lattice of connected elements is lacking. This study reports on the investigation of magnetic correlation in newly designed artificial permalloy honeycomb lattice of ultrasmall elements, with a typical length of ≈12 nm, using neutron scattering measurements and temperature‐dependent micromagnetic simulations. Numerical modeling of the polarized neutron reflectometry data elucidates the temperature‐dependent evolution of spin correlation in this system. As temperature reduces to ≈7 K, the system tends to develop novel spin solid state, manifested by the alternating distribution of magnetic vortex loops of opposite chiralities. Experimental results are complemented by temperature‐dependent micromagnetic simulations that confirm the dominance of spin solid state over local magnetic charge ordered state in the artificial honeycomb lattice with connected elements. These results enable a direct investigation of novel spin solid correlation in the connected honeycomb geometry of 2D artificial structure.
Toward complement inhibition 2.0: Next generation anticomplement agents for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Authors: Risitano Antonio M. , Marotta Serena
Published: January 2018

Therapeutic complement inhibition by eculizumab has revolutionized the treatment of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) with a major impact on its natural history. Nevertheless, emerging unmet clinical needs may benefit from the development of novel complement inhibitors. Novel strategies of complement inhibition exploit different agents targeting C5, as well as compound intercepting the complement cascade at the level of its key component C3, or even upstream at the level of components involved in complement alternative pathway initiation. Many of these agents are already in their clinical development; preliminary data together with a deep understanding of PNH biology may help to anticipate their possible clinical effect. Novel anti‐C5 agents include monoclonal antibodies (even long‐lasting) as well as other small molecules bioavailable by subcutaneous administration; an anti‐C5 small interfering RNA has been developed too. All these anti‐C5 agents seem to recapitulate safety and efficacy of current eculizumab treatment; their main improvement pertains to better patient's convenience due to longer dosing interval and/or possible subcutaneous self‐administration. The possibility of achieving a deeper C5 inhibition has been shown as well, but its actual clinical meaning remains to be elucidated. Upstream complement inhibitors include the anti‐C3 small peptide compstatin (and its derivatives), and small inhibitors of complement factor D or complement factor B. This class of compounds anticipates a possible efficacy in prevention of C3‐mediated extravascular hemolysis, in addition to inhibition of intravascular hemolysis, eventually leading to improved hematological responses. The availability of all these compounds will result soon in a substantial improvement of PNH management.
A 3D Nanostructured Hydrogel‐Framework‐Derived High‐Performance Composite Polymer Lithium‐Ion Electrolyte
Authors: Bae Jiwoong , Li Yutao , Zhang Jun , Zhou Xingyi , Zhao Fei , Shi Ye , Goodenough John B. , Yu Guihua
Published: January 2018

Solid‐state electrolytes have emerged as a promising alternative to existing liquid electrolytes for next generation Li‐ion batteries for better safety and stability. Of various types of solid electrolytes, composite polymer electrolytes exhibit acceptable Li‐ion conductivity due to the interaction between nanofillers and polymer. Nevertheless, the agglomeration of nanofillers at high concentration has been a major obstacle for improving Li‐ion conductivity. In this study, we designed a three‐dimensional (3D) nanostructured hydrogel‐derived Li0.35La0.55TiO3 (LLTO) framework, which was used as a 3D nanofiller for high‐performance composite polymer Li‐ion electrolyte. The systematic percolation study revealed that the pre‐percolating structure of LLTO framework improved Li‐ion conductivity to 8.8×10−5 S cm−1 at room temperature.
Reversible Phase Transition of Robust Luminescent Hybrid Hydrogels
Authors: Li Zhiqiang , Wang Guannan , Wang Yige , Li Huanrong
Published: January 2018

We report herein on remote control over a reversible phase transition of robust luminescent hybrid hydrogels as enabled by the rational selection and incorporation of photoswitches. Azobenzene units functionalized with a guanidinium group were utilized as the photoswitches and incorporated through a host–guest inclusion method involving α‐cyclodextrins functionalized with 2,6‐pyridinedicarboxylic acid (PDA) groups. While the guanidinium functional groups bind to the negatively charged Laponite matrix surface to connect organic and inorganic components, the PDA groups enable simultaneous coordination with different lanthanide metal ions, thus rendering the hydrogel broadly luminescent. Owing to its conformation‐dependent binding behavior with α‐cyclodextrin, the isomerization of azobenzene induced association or dissociation of the inclusion complexes and thus lead to a reversible photocontrolled sol↔gel phase transition of the luminescent hybrid hydrogels.