bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The importance of inversion disorder in the visible light induced persistent luminescence in Cr3+doped AB2O4(A = Zn or Mg and B = Ga or Al)
Authors: Basavaraju Neelima , Priolkar Kaustubh R. , Gourier Didier , Sharma Suchinder K. , Bessière Aurélie , Viana Bruno
Published: November 2014

The visible light persistent luminescence seen in Cr3+doped AB2O4(A = Zn, Mg; B = Ga, Al) is mainly due to the site inversion present around Cr ions.
Detecting free hemoglobin in blood plasma and serum with luminescent terbium complexes
Authors: Morgner Frank , Lecointre Alexandre , Charbonnière Loïc J. , Löhmannsröben Hans-Gerd
Published: November 2014

An optical analysis of the interaction of luminescent terbium complexes with hemoglobin is presented. Terbium probes allow for hemoglobin detection in biosamples with high speed and accuracy at low costs.
Measurement and PC-SAFT modelling of three-phase behaviour
Authors: Rodríguez-Palmeiro Iago , Rodríguez Oscar , Soto Ana , Held Christoph
Published: November 2014

Liquid–liquid–liquid phase equilibria of ternary systems (water + surfactant ionic liquid + n-dodecane) were measured experimentally. Phase behaviour was accurately predicted by PC-SAFT using only pure-component parameters.
Role of the support on the performance and stability of Pt-based catalysts for furfural–acetone adduct hydrodeoxygenation
Authors: Faba L. , Díaz E. , Ordóñez S.
Published: November 2014

The roles of metal dispersion and support properties of Pt catalysts on their performance for HDO of condensation adducts have been determined.
Nitrogen-doped nanotubes-decorated activated carbon-based hybrid nanoarchitecture as a superior catalyst for direct dehydrogenation
Authors: Zhao Zhongkui , Dai Yitao , Ge Guifang
Published: November 2014

Nitrogen-doped activated carbon-based nanoarchitecture fabricated through a facile pyrolysis approach demonstrates enhanced catalysis in the oxidant- and steam-free dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene.
A 2,2′-bipyridine coordination complex of [ICl2]+
Authors: Shaw Andrew J. M. , Corbo Robert , Wilson David J. D. , Dutton Jason L.
Published: November 2014

A straightforward synthesis of a new type of iodine(iii) complex is presented – anN′Nchelated [ICl2]+cation.
Salinity increases the toxicity of silver nanocolloids to Japanese medaka embryos
Authors: Kataoka Chisato , Ariyoshi Tadashi , Kawaguchi Hideo , Nagasaka Seiji , Kashiwada Shosaku
Published: November 2014

In aquatic environments, silver nanotoxicity depends on salinity.
Selective TERS detection and imaging through controlled plasmonics
Authors: Wang Hao , Carrier Stacey L. , Park Sheldon , Schultz Zachary D.
Published: November 2014

Enhanced Raman spectroscopy offers capabilities to detect molecules in the complex molecular environments and image chemical heterogeneity in a wide range of samples. It has been shown that plasmonic interactions between a TERS tip and a metal surface produce significant enhancements. In this report we show how SERS spectra from purified molecules can be used to selectively image proteins on surfaces and in cell membranes. The SERS response from the purified protein can be used to create a multivariate regression model that can be applied to nanoparticles that bind to protein receptors. Filtering the observed TERS spectra with the regression model can then selectively image the protein receptor. Experiments with mutant proteins suggest that key amino acids provide significant contributions to the observed TERS signal, which enables the differentiation of protein receptors. These results demonstrate the selectivity that can be obtained in TERS images through a controlled plasmonic interaction. This approach has further implications for identifying membrane receptors that bind specific molecules relevant to drug targeting and chemical signaling.
Direct production of indoles via thermo-catalytic conversion of bio-derived furans with ammonia over zeolites
Authors: Xu Lujiang , Jiang Yuanye , Yao Qian , Han Zheng , Zhang Ying , Fu Yao , Guo Qingxiang , Huber George W.
Published: November 2014

In this study we demonstrate that indoles can be directly produced by thermo-catalytic conversion of bio-derived furans with ammonia over zeolite catalysts.
Two novel topological structures of [Cu(CN)] coordination polymers modified by flexible triazole ligands
Authors: Xu Hui , Zhou Bo-Yu , Yu Kai , Su Zhan-Hua , Zhao Zhi-Feng , Sun Wen-Long , Zhou Bai-Bin
Published: November 2014

Triazole ligands have been introduced into the {Cu(CN)} skeleton to produce appealing polymers, which exhibit certain thermal stability and fluorescence properties.
Rapid and convenient synthesis of stable silver nanoparticles with kiwi juice and its novel application for detecting protease K
Authors: Chen Bin Bin , Liu Hai , Huang Cheng Zhi , Ling Jian , Wang Jian
Published: November 2014

Stable AgNPs were synthesized by a facile approach, and further developed as a colorimetric nanoplatform for selectively detecting protease K.
Synthetic strategies to achieve further-functionalised monoaryl phosphate primary building units: crystal structures and solid-state aggregation behavior
Authors: Dar Aijaz A. , Mallick Abhijit , Murugavel Ramaswamy
Published: November 2014

The synthesis of a new class of functionalized organophosphates, potential building units in materials and zeolite chemistry, has been reported.
Synthesis and antitumor activity of novel 2-substituted indoline imidazolium salt derivatives
Authors: Xu Xiao-Liang , Yu Chun-Lei , Chen Wen , Li Ying-Chao , Yang Li-Juan , Li Yan , Zhang Hong-Bin , Yang Xiao-Dong
Published: November 2014

A series of novel 2-substituted indoline imidazolium salt derivatives were synthesized and their antitumor structure–activity relationship studies were reported.
The backbone rigidity and its influence on the morphology and charge mobility of FBT based conjugated polymers
Authors: Wu Kuan-Yi , Chiu Chun-Chieh , Chuang Wei-Tsung , Wang Chien-Lung , Hsu Chain-Shu
Published: November 2014

Modulation of the backbone rigidity via proper side chain placement and vinylene group incorporation allowed optimization of solid-state order and OFET performances.
Alternating voltage induced porous Co3O4sheets: an exploration of its supercapacity properties
Authors: Jing Mingjun , Yang Yingchang , Zhu Yirong , Hou Hongshuai , Wu Zhibin , Chen Qiyuan , Ji Xiaobo
Published: November 2014

An alternating voltage induced method has been developed for the fabrication of porous Co3O4sheets.
Block copolymer-guided fabrication of shuttle-like polyaniline nanoflowers with radiating whiskers for application in supercapacitors
Authors: Mi Hongyu , Zhou Jiapan , Zhao Zongbin , Yu Chang , Wang Xuzhen , Qiu Jieshan
Published: November 2014

Superfine shuttle-shaped polyaniline (PANI) nanoflowers with radiating whiskers have been prepared by block copolymer-assisted microemulsion method, and exhibited high rate capability and good cycling performance.
Hemoglobin detection using curcumin nanoparticles as a colorimetric chemosensor
Authors: Pourreza Nahid , Golmohammadi Hamed
Published: November 2014

This article presents a simple and efficient measurement system for quantitative sensing of blood hemoglobin (Hgb) using curcumin nanoparticles (CURNs).
Crystallization and dielectric properties of Fe2O3 doped barium strontium titanate borosilicate glass
Authors: Yadav Avadhesh Kumar , Gautam C. R. , Singh Prabhakar
Published: November 2014

An attempt has been made to prepare barium strontium titanate borosilicate glasses in the system, 64[(Ba1−xSrx)·TiO3]–30[2SiO2·B2O3]–5[K2O]–1[Fe2O3] (0.4 ≤ x ≤ 1.0), using the conventional melt-quench method.
Reassembling nanometric magnetic subunits into secondary nanostructures with controlled interparticle spacing
Authors: Saikia Koushik , Sen Debasis , Mazumder Subhasish , Deb Pritam
Published: November 2014

Nanoparticle clusters have become attractive secondary nanostructures due to their collective physical properties, which can be modulated as a function of their internal structure.
Pyrrolic nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes: physicochemical properties, interactions with Pd and their role in the selective hydrogenation of nitrobenzophenone
Authors: Ombaka Lucy M. , Ndungu Patrick G. , Nyamori Vincent O.
Published: November 2014

The selective synthesis of pyrrolic N-CNTs, which promote the catalytic activity, and selectivity of PdN/CNTs used to hydrogenate nitrobenzophenone.
Cu(i)-catalyzed microwave-assisted synthesis of 1,2,3-triazole linked with 4-thiazolidinones: a one-pot sequential approach
Authors: Kumar Yogesh , Matta Akanksha , Kumar Prashant , Parmar Virinder S. , Van der Eycken Erik V. , Singh Brajendra K.
Published: November 2014

A novel copper(i) catalyzed, microwave-assisted, one-pot, four-component, sequential reaction has been developed for the synthesis of 3-phenyl-2-[4-{(1-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methoxy}phenyl]thiazolidin-4-ones.
Thermal, light and pH triple stimulated changes in self-assembly of a novel small molecular weight amphiphile binary system
Authors: Jia Kangle , Cheng Yuming , Liu Xiong , Li Xuefeng , Dong Jinfeng
Published: November 2014

Temperature, light and pH induced morphological of C10AZOC2IMB and 4FS binary systems.
Unique AAO films with adjustable hierarchical microstructures
Authors: Li Yi , Qin Yuyan , Ling Zhiyuan , Hu Xing , Shen Yanhua
Published: November 2014

Anodic aluminium oxide (AAO) films with novel nano-/submicron-/micron-porous hierarchical structures have been fabricated by using a simple anodization method.
Disposable dual sensor array for simultaneous determination of chlorogenic acid and caffeine from coffee
Authors: Vasilescu Ioana , Eremia Sandra A. V. , Penu Ramona , Albu Camelia , Radoi Antonio , Litescu Simona C. , Radu Gabriel-Lucian
Published: November 2014

Schematic representation of the developed disposable dual sensor array.
Encapsulation of Pt(iv) prodrugs within a Pt(ii) cage for drug delivery
Authors: Zheng Yao-Rong , Suntharalingam Kogularamanan , Johnstone Timothy C. , Lippard Stephen J.
Published: November 2014

This report describes a novel strategy for delivery of adamantyl-functionalized payloads using a supramolecular system, with a focus on Pt(iv) prodrugs.
Tuning of resistive memory switching in electropolymerized metallopolymeric films
Authors: Cui Bin-Bin , Mao Zupan , Chen Yuxia , Zhong Yu-Wu , Yu Gui , Zhan Chuanlang , Yao Jiannian
Published: November 2014

Sandwiched electrical devices of an electropolymerized diruthenium metallopolymeric film show excellent resistive memory switching.
Uniform MoO2@carbon hollow nanospheres with superior lithium-ion storage properties
Authors: Liu Xiaolin , Wu Di , Ji Wenxu , Hou Wenhua
Published: November 2014

Uniform MoO2@C hollow nanospheres are facilely fabricated through a hydrothermal process, and exhibit superior lithium-ion storage properties.
The effect of oxygen transfer mechanism on the cathode performance based on proton-conducting solid oxide fuel cells
Authors: Hou Jie , Qian Jing , Bi Lei , Gong Zheng , Peng Ranran , Liu Wei
Published: November 2014

Two different types of proton-blocking composite cathode materials with different oxygen transfer mechanisms used for H-SOFCs were evaluated for the first time.
Device optimization of CsSnI2.95F0.05-based all-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells with non-linear charge-carrier-density dependent photovoltaic behaviors
Authors: Ma Shuai , Shang Mingwei , Yu Liyan , Dong Lifeng
Published: November 2014

Interconnection between hole-transport material and nanoporous electrode is significant for CsSnI2.95F0.05-based all-solid-state DSCs; hole injection determines its non-linear photovoltaic response.
Three dimensional palladium nanoflowers with enhanced electrocatalytic activity towards the anodic oxidation of formic acid
Authors: Zhang Bingqing , Peng Hongliang , Yang Lijun , Li Hualing , Nan Haoxiong , Liang Zhenxing , Song Huiyu , Su Huaneng , Li Can , Liao Shijun
Published: November 2014

Pd nanoflowers (Pd-NF) composed of ultrathin Pd nanosheets show significantly enhanced activity towards the electro-oxidation of formic acid compared to ordinary Pd nanoparticles.
A high surface area ordered mesoporous BiFeO3 semiconductor with efficient water oxidation activity
Authors: Papadas Ioannis , Christodoulides Joseph A. , Kioseoglou George , Armatas Gerasimos S.
Published: November 2014

A mesoporous BiFeO3 semiconductor, possessing a large internal surface area, regular pore structure and highly crystalline walls, exhibits excellent oxygen evolution reaction performance with long-term cycling stability.
Directly bonded hybrid of graphene nanoplatelets and fullerene: facile solid-state mechanochemical synthesis and application as carbon-based electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction
Authors: Guan Jian , Chen Xiang , Wei Tao , Liu Fupin , Wang Song , Yang Qing , Lu Yalin , Yang Shangfeng
Published: November 2014

The first directly bonded hybrid of graphene nanoplatelets and C60 is successfully synthesized using a facile solid-state mechanochemical method via ball milling with LiOH as a catalyst.
Synthesis of mechanically reinforced silica aerogels via surface-initiated reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization
Authors: Maleki H. , Durães L. , Portugal A.
Published: November 2014

Mechanically reinforced polymer–silica aerogels have been successfully prepared by using surface-initiated reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization.
Phosphine oxide functionalized pyrenes as efficient blue light emitting multifunctional materials for organic light emitting diodes
Authors: Mallesham Godumala , Swetha Chidirala , Niveditha Surukonti , Mohanty Maneesha Esther , Babu Nanubolu Jagadeesh , Kumar Arunandan , Bhanuprakash Kotamarthi , Rao Vaidya Jayathirtha
Published: November 2014

Efficient electron transporting blue emitting materials obtained from excimer emission assisted by thermally activated delayed fluorescence.
Nanocluster seed-mediated synthesis of CuInS2 quantum dots, nanodisks, nanorods, and doped Zn-CuInGaS2 quantum dots
Authors: Perera Sanjaya D. , Zhang Haitao , Ding Xiaoyue , Nelson Andrew , Robinson Richard D.
Published: November 2014

A facile nanocluster seed-mediated protocol to synthesize different morphologies of CuInS2 quantum dots and photoluminescent Zn-CuInGaS2.
Performance improvement of GaN-based light-emitting diodes grown on Si(111) substrates by controlling the reactor pressure for the GaN nucleation layer growth
Authors: Lin Yunhao , Zhou Shizhong , Wang Wenliang , Yang Weijia , Qian Huirong , Wang Haiyan , Lin Zhiting , Liu Zuolian , Zhu Yunnong , Li Guoqiang
Published: November 2014

Highly-efficient GaN-based LEDs on Si(111) substrates were achieved using MOCVD with a suitable reactor pressure for the GaN nucleation layer growth.
Synthesis and self-assembly of 5,5′-bis(phenylethynyl)-2,2′-bithiophene-based bolapolyphiles in triangular and square LC honeycombs
Authors: Gao Hongfei , Cheng Huifang , Yang Zonghan , Prehm Marko , Cheng Xiaohong , Tschierske Carsten
Published: November 2014

A series of X-shaped bolapolyphiles based on a luminescent π-conjugated core forms nano-structured fluids with a triangular or square honeycomb structure.
Coupling of plasmon and 3D antireflection quasi-photonic crystal structure for enhancement infrared absorption
Authors: Tian Junlong , Zhang Wang , Fang Xiaotian , Liu Qinglei , Gu Jiajun , Deng Tao , Wang Yuhua , Zhang Di
Published: November 2014

In this study, the carbon-matrix Ag wing with a hierarchical sub-micron antireflection quasi-photonic crystal structure (HSAS) was fabricated by a simple and promising method.
Structural characterization of the late competence protein ComFB from Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Sysoeva Tatyana A. , Bane Lukas B. , Xiao Daphne Y. , Bose Baundauna , Chilton Scott S. , Gaudet Rachelle , Burton Briana M.
Published: November 2014

Many bacteria take up DNA from their environment as part of the process of natural transformation. DNA uptake allows microorganisms to gain genetic diversity and can lead to the spread of antibiotic resistance or virulence genes within a microbial population. Development of genetic competence (Com) in Bacillus subtilis is a highly regulated process that culminates in expression of several late competence genes and formation of the DNA uptake apparatus. The late competence operon comF encodes a small protein of unknown function, ComFB. To gain insight into the function of ComFB, we determined its 3D structure via X-ray crystallography. ComFB is a dimer and each subunit consists of four α-helices connected by short loops and one extended β-strand-like stretch. Each subunit contains one zinc-binding site formed by four cysteines, which are unusually spaced in the primary sequence. Using structure- and bioinformatics-guided substitutions we analyzed the inter-subunit interface of the ComFB dimer. Based on these analyses, we conclude that ComFB is an obligate dimer. We also characterized ComFB in vivo and found that this protein is produced in competent cells and is localized to the cytosol. Consistent with previous reports, we showed that deletion of ComFB does not affect DNA uptake function. Combining our results, we conclude that ComFB is unlikely to be a part of the DNA uptake machinery under tested conditions and instead may have a regulatory function.
Imaging tumour heterogeneity of the consequences of a PKCα–substrate interaction in breast cancer patients
Authors: Weitsman Gregory , Lawler Katherine , Kelleher Muireann T. , Barrett James E. , Barber Paul R. , Shamil Eamon , Festy Frederic , Patel Gargi , Fruhwirth Gilbert O. , Huang Lufei , Tullis Iain D.C. , Woodman Natalie , Ofo Enyinnaya , Ameer-Beg Simon M. , Irshad Sheeba , Condeelis John , Gillett Cheryl E. , Ellis Paul A. , Vojnovic Borivoj , Coolen Anthony C.C. , Ng Tony
Published: November 2014

Breast cancer heterogeneity demands that prognostic models must be biologically driven and recent clinical evidence indicates that future prognostic signatures need evaluation in the context of early compared with late metastatic risk prediction. In pre-clinical studies, we and others have shown that various protein–protein interactions, pertaining to the actin microfilament-associated proteins, ezrin and cofilin, mediate breast cancer cell migration, a prerequisite for cancer metastasis. Moreover, as a direct substrate for protein kinase Cα, ezrin has been shown to be a determinant of cancer metastasis for a variety of tumour types, besides breast cancer; and has been described as a pivotal regulator of metastasis by linking the plasma membrane to the actin cytoskeleton. In the present article, we demonstrate that our tissue imaging-derived parameters that pertain to or are a consequence of the PKC–ezrin interaction can be used for breast cancer prognostication, with inter-cohort reproducibility. The application of fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded patient samples to probe protein proximity within the typically <10 nm range to address the oncological challenge of tumour heterogeneity, is discussed.
Tuning the signalling output of protein kinase C
Authors: Antal Corina E. , Newton Alexandra C.
Published: November 2014

Precise control of the amplitude of protein kinase C (PKC) signalling is essential for cellular homoeostasis, and disruption of this control leads to pathophysiological states such as cancer, neurodegeneration and diabetes. For conventional and novel PKC, this amplitude is meticulously tuned by multiple inputs that regulate the amount of enzyme in the cell, its ability to sense its allosteric activator diacylglycerol, and protein scaffolds that co-ordinate access to substrates. Key to regulation of the signalling output of most PKC isoenzymes is the ability of cytosolic enzyme to respond to the membrane-embedded lipid second messenger, diacylglycerol, in a dynamic range that prevents signalling in the absence of agonists but allows efficient activation in response to small changes in diacylglycerol levels. The present review discusses the regulatory inputs that control the spatiotemporal dynamics of PKC signalling, with a focus on conventional and novel PKC isoenzymes.
PKCη is an anti-apoptotic kinase that predicts poor prognosis in breast and lung cancer
Authors: Zurgil Udi , Ben-Ari Assaf , Rotem-Dai Noa , Karp Galia , Krasnitsky Ella , Frost Sigal A. , Livneh Etta
Published: November 2014

The successful treatment of cancer in a disseminated stage using chemotherapy is limited by the occurrence of drug resistance, often mediated by anti-apoptotic mechanisms. Thus the challenge is to pinpoint the underlying key factors and to develop therapies for their direct targeting. Protein kinase C (PKC) enzymes are promising candidates, as some PKCs were shown to be involved in regulation of apoptosis. Our studies and others have shown that PKCη is an anti-apoptotic kinase, able to confer protection on tumour cells against stress and chemotherapy. We have demonstrated that PKCη shuttles between the cytoplasm and the nucleus and that upon DNA damage is tethered at the nuclear membrane. The C1b domain mediates translocation of PKCη to the nuclear envelope and, similar to the full-length protein, could also confer protection against cell death. Furthermore, its localization in cell and nuclear membranes in breast cancer biopsies of neoadjuvant-treated breast cancer patients was an indicator for poor survival and a predictor for the effectiveness of treatment. PKCη is also a novel biomarker for poor prognosis in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Thus PKCη presents a potential target for therapy where inhibition of its activity and/or translocation to membranes could interfere with the resistance to chemotherapy.
The many hats of protein kinase Cδ: one enzyme with many functions
Authors: Qvit Nir , Mochly-Rosen Daria
Published: November 2014

A large number of protein substrates are phosphorylated by each protein kinase under physiological and pathological conditions. However, it remains a challenge to determine which of these phosphorylated substrates of a given kinase is critical for each cellular response. Genetics enabled the generation of separation-of-function mutations that selectively cause a loss of one molecular event without affecting others, thus providing some tools to assess the importance of that one event for the measured physiological response. However, the genetic approach is laborious and not adaptable to all systems. Furthermore, pharmacological tools of the catalytic site are not optimal due to their non-selective nature. In the present brief review, we discuss some of the challenges in drug development that will regulate the multifunctional protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ).
Lipid-based patterning of the immunological synapse
Authors: Huse Morgan
Published: November 2014

The immunological synapse controls T-lymphocyte function by polarizing effector responses towards the antigen-presenting cell. In this review, I discuss the molecular pathways required for synapse assembly, focusing on the central roles played by lipid second-messenger signalling.
The emerging quest for the optimal angiostatic combination therapy
Authors: Griffioen Arjan W. , Weiss Andrea , Berndsen Robert H. , Abdul U. Kulsoom , te Winkel Marije T. , Nowak-Sliwinska Patrycja
Published: November 2014

Angiostatic therapies are now routinely embedded in the daily clinical management of cancer. Although these agents clearly benefit patient survival rates, the effect is only moderate with sometimes considerable side effects. A major cause of failure in this respect is the induction of resistance and tolerability against these drugs. Most angiostatic drugs are tyrosine kinase inhibitors that aim to inhibit or neutralize the activity of tumour-produced growth factors. Frustrating the tumour cells in this way results in genetic adaptations in the cells, turning them into mutants that are dependent on other growth mechanisms. It may therefore be necessary to shift to another class of drugs that directly target the tumour vasculature. It is evident that improvement of future angiogenesis inhibitors can only arise from two efforts. First, through the identification of better targets, preferably specifically expressed in the tumour vasculature. Secondly, through the development of combination therapies. The present review highlights the current efforts and challenges in trying to develop effective angiostatic combination therapies.
Capillary growth in human skeletal muscle: physiological factors and the balance between pro-angiogenic and angiostatic factors
Authors: Hellsten Ylva , Hoier Birgitte
Published: November 2014

In human skeletal muscle, the capillary net readily adapts according to the level of muscular activity to allow for optimal diffusion conditions for oxygen from the blood to the muscle. Animal studies have demonstrated that stimulation of capillary growth in skeletal muscle can occur either by mechanical or by chemical signalling. Mechanical signals originate from shear stress forces on the endothelial cell layer induced by the blood flowing through the vessel, but include also mechanical stretch and compression of the vascular structures and the surrounding tissue, as the muscle contracts. Depending on the mechanical signal provided, capillary growth may occur either by longitudinal splitting (shear stress) or by sprouting (passive stretch). The mechanical signals initiate angiogenic processes by up-regulation or release of angioregulatory proteins that either promote, modulate or inhibit angiogenesis. A number of such regulatory proteins have been described in skeletal muscle in animal and cell models but also in human skeletal muscle. Important pro-angiogenic factors in skeletal muscle are vascular endothelial growth factor, endothelial nitric oxide synthase and angiopoietin 2, whereas angiostatic factors include thrombospondin-1 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase. Which of these angiogenic factors are up-regulated in the muscle tissue depends on the mechanical and chemical stimulus provided and, consequently, the process by which capillary growth occurs. The present review addresses physiological signals and angiogenic factors in skeletal muscle with a focus on human data.
Extracellular cell stress proteins as biomarkers of human disease
Authors: Pockley A. Graham , Henderson Brian , Multhoff Gabriele
Published: November 2014

Although heat-shock (cell stress) proteins are commonly considered as being intracellular molecular chaperones that undertake a number of cytoprotective and cellular housekeeping functions, there is now a wealth of evidence to indicate that these proteins can be released by cells via active processes. Many molecular chaperones are secreted, or exist as cell surface proteins which can act as powerful signalling agonists and also as receptors for selected ligands. Levels of heat-shock (cell stress) proteins in biological fluids are now being associated with a plethora of clinical conditions, and these proteins therefore have potential utility as biomarkers of disease and/or response to therapeutic intervention. The present article summarizes current knowledge relating to extracellular cell stress proteins as biomarkers of human disease.
Redefining the role(s) of endothelial αvβ3-integrin in angiogenesis
Authors: Atkinson Samuel J. , Ellison Tim S. , Steri Veronica , Gould Emma , Robinson Stephen D.
Published: November 2014

For nearly two decades now, the RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp)-binding αvβ3-integrin has been a focus of anti-angiogenic drug design. These inhibitors are well-tolerated, but have shown only limited success in patients. Over the years, studies in β3-integrin-knockout mice have shed some light on possible explanations for disappointing clinical outcomes. However, studying angiogenesis in β3-integrin-knockout mice is a blunt tool to investigate β3-integrin's role in pathological angiogenesis. Since establishing our laboratory at University of East Anglia (UEA), we have adopted more refined models of genetically manipulating the expression of the β3-integrin subunit. The present review will highlight some of our findings from these models and describe how data from them have forced us to rethink how targeting αvβ3-integrin expression affects tumour angiogenesis and cancer progression. Revisiting the fundamental biology behind how this integrin regulates tumour growth and angiogenesis, we believe, is the key not only to understanding how angiogenesis is normally co-ordinated, but also in success with drugs directed against it.
Selenocysteine robustness versus cysteine versatility: a hypothesis on the evolution of the moonlighting behaviour of peroxiredoxins
Authors: Saccoccia Fulvio , Angelucci Francesco , Boumis Giovanna , Desiato Gianni , Miele Adriana E. , Bellelli Andrea
Published: November 2014

Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) and glutathione peroxidases (Gpxs) provide the majority of peroxides reducing activity in the cytoplasm. Both are peroxidases but differences in the chemical mechanism of reduction of oxidative agents, as well as in the reactivity of the catalytically active residues, confer peculiar features on them. Ultimately, Gpx should be regarded as an efficient peroxides scavenger having a high-reactive selenocysteine (Sec) residue. Prx, by having a low pKa cysteine, is less efficient than Gpx in reduction of peroxides under physiological conditions, but the chemistry of the sulfur together with the peculiar structural arrangement of the active site, in typical Prxs, make it suitable to sense a redox environment and to switch-in-function so as to exert holdase activity under redox-stress conditions. The complex macromolecular assembly would have evolved the chaperone holdase function and the moonlighting behaviour typical of many Prxs.
A review of ELTD1, a pro-angiogenic adhesion GPCR
Authors: Favara David M. , Banham Alison H. , Harris Adrian L.
Published: November 2014

Epidermal growth factor, latrophilin and seven-transmembrane domain-containing 1 (ELTD1), an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) belonging to the adhesion GPCR family, has recently been identified as a potential cancer biomarker and a novel regulator of angiogenesis. In this mini-review, we present an overview of the current literature on ELTD1 and present bioinformatics data showing ELTD1's sequence conservation, its expression in cancer cell lines and its mutational frequency in human cancers. Additionally, we present sequence homology alignment results confirming ELTD1 to be a hybrid comprising motifs shared with individual members in both adhesion GPCR subfamilies 1 and 2. Finally, we discuss why tumour endothelial ELTD1 expression may confer a good prognosis yet still represent a therapeutic target.
Protein moonlighting in iron metabolism: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)
Authors: Boradia Vishant Mahendra , Raje Manoj , Raje Chaaya Iyengar
Published: November 2014

Iron is essential for the survival of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. It functions as a cofactor for several vital enzymes and iron deprivation is fatal to cells. However, at the same time, excess amounts of iron are also toxic to cells due to the formation of free radicals via the Fenton reaction. As a consequence of its double-edged behaviour, the uptake and regulation of iron involves an intricate balance of acquisition, trafficking, recycling and shuffling between various tissues and organs. This is accomplished by differential regulation of genes involving numerous proteins and enzymes. Several of the proteins identified in these processes, such as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), aconitase and lactoferrin (Lf), possess multiple functions within the cell. Such proteins are referred to as moonlighting or multifunctional proteins, whereby proteins initially thought to possess a single well-established function have subsequently been discovered to exhibit alternative functions. In many cases, these multiple functions are conserved across species.
Moonlighting and pleiotropy within two regulators of the degradation machinery: the proteasome lid and the CSN
Authors: Pick Elah , Bramasole Laylan
Published: November 2014

The distinction between pleiotrotic and moonlighting roles of proteins is challenging; however, this distinction may be clearer when it comes to multiprotein complexes. Two examples are the proteasome lid and the COP9 signalosome (CSN), which are twin enzymes with 1:1 paralogy between subunits. In each complex, one out of eight subunits harbours a JAMM/MPN+ metalloprotease motif. This motif contributes the canonical activity of each complex: hydrolysis of covalently attached ubiquitin by Rpn11 in the proteasome lid and hydrolysis of ubiquitin-related 1 (Rub1/Nedd8) from Cullins by Csn5 in the CSN. In both complexes, executing this activity suggests pleiotropic effects and requires an assembled full complex. However, beyond canonical functions, both Rpn11 and Csn5 are involved in additional unique, complex-independent functions, herein referred to as moonlighting activities.
Immunoglobulin heavy-chain-binding protein (BiP): a stress protein that has the potential to be a novel therapy for rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Panayi Gabriel S. , Corrigall Valerie M.
Published: November 2014

Immunoglobulin heavy-chain-binding protein (BiP) or glucose-regulated protein 78 (Grp78) is a vital ubiquitous resident of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). As an intracellular chaperone, BiP correctly folds nascent polypeptides within the ER and regulates the unfolded protein response ensuring protection of the cell from denatured protein and reinforcing its anti-apoptotic role, when the cell is under stress. Additionally, BiP is a member of the heat-shock protein (HSP) 70 family and, as a stress protein, is up-regulated by conditions of reduced oxygen and glucose. Cell stress induces surface expression and secretion of BiP. Consequently, BiP is detectable in several bodily fluids including serum, synovial fluid (SF) and oviductal fluid. However, as an extracellular protein, BiP has additional properties that are quite distinct from the intracellular functions. Extracellular BiP is immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory causing development of tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs), induction of regulatory T-cells, abrogation of osteoclast development and function, induction of anti-inflammatory cytokine production, including interleukin (IL)-10, IL-1 receptor antagonist and soluble tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-receptor type II, and attenuation of TNFα and IL-6. Together, these functions help drive the resolution of inflammation. Disease models of inflammatory arthritis have helped to demonstrate the novel mode of action of BiP in which the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are dissociated. The three murine models to be discussed each show BiP induced long-term therapeutic protection and therefore has potential for long-lasting drug-free therapy in rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
Syndecans in angiogenesis and endothelial cell biology
Authors: De Rossi Giulia , Whiteford James R.
Published: November 2014

Syndecans are multifunctional heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) with roles in cell adhesion, migration, receptor trafficking and growth-factor interactions and signalling. Studies using syndecan null animals have revealed limited roles for syndecans during development; however, under conditions of challenge or insult, several phenotypes have emerged. Angiogenesis is an important process both in development and in wound healing, but also in pathologies such as cancer and chronic inflammatory conditions. In the present paper, we summarize the main studies elucidating the role of syndecans in angiogenesis and their potential as novel therapeutic targets.
Notch functions in developmental and tumour angiogenesis by diverse mechanisms1
Authors: Kangsamaksin Thaned , Tattersall Ian W. , Kitajewski Jan
Published: November 2014

The Notch signalling pathway is a key regulator of developmental and tumour angiogenesis. Inhibition of Delta-like 4 (Dll4)-mediated Notch signalling results in hyper-sprouting, demonstrating that Notch regulates tip-stalk cell identity in developing tissues and tumours. Paradoxically, Dll4 blockade leads to reduced tumour growth because the newly growing vessels are poorly perfused. To explore the potential for targeting Notch, we developed Notch inhibitors, termed the Notch1 decoys. A Notch1 decoy variant containing all 36 epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like repeats of the extracellular domain of rat Notch1 has been shown to inhibit both Dll and Jagged class Notch ligands. Thus this Notch1 decoy functions differently than Dll4-specific blockade, although it has the potential to inhibit Dll4 activity. Expression of the Notch1 decoy in mice disrupted tumour angiogenesis and inhibited tumour growth. To understand the mechanism by which Notch blockade acts, it is important to note that Notch can function in multiple cell types that make up the vasculature, including endothelial cells and perivascular cells. We investigated Notch function in retinal microglia and determined how myeloid-expressed Notch can influence macrophages and angiogenesis. We found that myeloid-specific loss of Notch1 reduced microglia recruitment and led to improper microglia localization during retinal angiogenesis. Thus either pharmacological inhibition of Notch signalling or genetic deficiencies of Notch function in microglia leads to abnormal angiogenesis.
Split for the cure: VEGF, PDGF-BB and intussusception in therapeutic angiogenesis
Authors: Gianni-Barrera Roberto , Bartolomeo Mariateresa , Vollmar Brigitte , Djonov Valentin , Banfi Andrea
Published: November 2014

Therapeutic angiogenesis is an attractive strategy to treat patients suffering from ischaemic conditions and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF) is the master regulator of blood vessel growth. However, VEGF can induce either normal or aberrant angiogenesis depending on its dose localized in the microenvironment around each producing cell in vivo and on the balanced stimulation of platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) signalling, responsible for pericyte recruitment. At the doses required to induce therapeutic benefit, VEGF causes new vascular growth essentially without sprouting, but rather through the alternative process of intussusception, or vascular splitting. In the present article, we briefly review the therapeutic implications of controlling VEGF dose on one hand and pericyte recruitment on the other, as well as the key features of intussusceptive angiogenesis and its regulation.
Differential targeting of cPKC and nPKC decodes and regulates Ca2+ and lipid signalling
Authors: Hui Xin , Kaestner Lars , Lipp Peter
Published: November 2014

Protein kinases C (PKCs) are ubiquitously expressed and play critical roles in a plethora of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Owing to PKCs’ highly conserved phosphorylation consensus sequence, it has been difficult to distinguish the role of individual PKC isoforms. Recently, the identification of novel membrane targeting via subcellularly targeted diacylglycerol production found for novel PKCs (nPKCs), together with a characterization of their putative functions, has shed new light on the specific roles of individual PKCs in cellular processes.
Can bioinformatics help in the identification of moonlighting proteins?
Authors: Hernández Sergio , Calvo Alejandra , Ferragut Gabriela , Franco Luís , Hermoso Antoni , Amela Isaac , Gómez Antonio , Querol Enrique , Cedano Juan
Published: November 2014

Protein multitasking or moonlighting is the capability of certain proteins to execute two or more unique biological functions. This ability to perform moonlighting functions helps us to understand one of the ways used by cells to perform many complex functions with a limited number of genes. Usually, moonlighting proteins are revealed experimentally by serendipity, and the proteins described probably represent just the tip of the iceberg. It would be helpful if bioinformatics could predict protein multifunctionality, especially because of the large amounts of sequences coming from genome projects. In the present article, we describe several approaches that use sequences, structures, interactomics and current bioinformatics algorithms and programs to try to overcome this problem. The sequence analysis has been performed: (i) by remote homology searches using PSI-BLAST, (ii) by the detection of functional motifs, and (iii) by the co-evolutionary relationship between amino acids. Programs designed to identify functional motifs/domains are basically oriented to detect the main function, but usually fail in the detection of secondary ones. Remote homology searches such as PSI-BLAST seem to be more versatile in this task, and it is a good complement for the information obtained from protein–protein interaction (PPI) databases. Structural information and mutation correlation analysis can help us to map the functional sites. Mutation correlation analysis can be used only in very restricted situations, but can suggest how the evolutionary process of the acquisition of the second function took place.
An evolutionary perspective on protein moonlighting
Authors: Copley Shelley D.
Published: November 2014

Moonlighting proteins serve one or more novel functions in addition to their canonical roles. Moonlighting functions arise when an adventitious interaction between a protein and a new partner improves fitness of the organism. Selective pressure for improvement in the new function can result in two alternative outcomes. The gene encoding the newly bifunctional protein may duplicate and diverge so as to encode two proteins, each of which serves only one function. Alternatively, genetic changes that minimize adaptive conflict between the two functions and/or improve control over the time and place at which each function is served can lead to a moonlighting protein. Importantly, genetic changes that enhance a moonlighting function can occur in the gene encoding the moonlighting protein itself, in a gene that affects the structure of its new partner or in a gene encoding a transcription factor that controls expression of either partner. The evolutionary history of each moonlighting protein is complex, depending on the stochastic occurrence of genetic changes such as gene duplication and point mutations, and the effects of those changes on fitness. Population effects, particularly loss of promising individuals due to random genetic drift, also play a role in the emergence of a moonlighting protein. The ultimate outcome is not necessarily the ‘optimal’ solution to the problem of serving two functions, but may be ‘good enough’ so that fitness becomes limited by some other function.
The role of ERK5 in endothelial cell function
Authors: Nithianandarajah-Jones Gopika N. , Wilm Bettina , Goldring Christopher E.P. , Müller Jürgen , Cross Michael J.
Published: November 2014

Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5), also termed big MAPK1 (BMK1), is the most recently discovered member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family. It is expressed in a variety of tissues and is activated by a range of growth factors, cytokines and cellular stresses. Targeted deletion of Erk5 in mice has revealed that the ERK5 signalling cascade is critical for normal cardiovascular development and vascular integrity. In vitro studies have revealed that, in endothelial cells, ERK5 is required for preventing apoptosis, mediating shear-stress signalling and regulating tumour angiogenesis. The present review focuses on our current understanding of the role of ERK5 in regulating endothelial cell function.
Constellation rotation and symbol detection for data‐dependent superimposed training
Authors: Dou Gaoqi , Li Congying , Gao Jun , Guo Fuliang
Published: November 2014

The problem of symbol misidentification (SMI) for data‐dependent superimposed training (DDST) is considered. The constraint conditions on the discrete Fourier transform matrix are derived and constellation rotation (CR) at the transmitter to avoid the SMI is proposed. Simulation results show that the DDST with CR can eliminate the symbol error floor and yield better detection performance than the original one.
Investigation of oxidation process in self‐terminating gate recess wet etching technique for AlGaN/GaN normally‐off MOSFETs
Authors: Liu Jingqian , Wang Jinyan , Xu Zhe , Jiang Haisang , Yang Zhenchuan , Wang Maojun , Yu Min , Xie Bing , Wu Wengang , Ma Xiaohua , Zhang Jincheng , Hao Yue
Published: November 2014

A self‐terminating gate recess wet etching technique with thermal oxidation of the AlGaN/GaN layer followed by etching in potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution was recently proposed by the present authors for normally‐off AlGaN/GaN metal–oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs). In this present reported work, the oxidation process inside the AlGaN/GaN heterostructure involved in this technique was analysed using several material characterisation methods. The measurement results show that the concentration and depth of the O element distribution increase with increased thermal oxidation temperature. It is worth noting that after 650°C oxidation almost no O element could be found in the GaN layer and the O element mainly locates in the AlGaN layer with an obvious correlation between the distribution of Al and O elements, where the Al(Ga)‐oxide was detected by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, which could be etched by 70°C KOH. Thus, self‐terminating wet etching on the AlGaN/GaN material is achieved.
Low‐cost high gain printed log‐periodic dipole array antenna with dielectric lenses for V‐band applications
Authors: Haraz Osama M. , Alshebeili Saleh A. , Sebak Abdel‐Razik
Published: November 2014

Three different V‐band high gain printed log periodic dipole array (PLPDA) antenna prototypes are proposed. The antenna prototypes are fabricated and tested. A good agreement between the experimental and simulated results is obtained. Results show that those antenna prototypes can operate from 42 to 82 GHz with a fractional impedance bandwidth of 64.5% covering the whole V‐band (50–75 GHz). At 60 GHz, the three antenna prototypes have peak gain of 12.64, 23.31 and 26.79 dBi with a gain variation of 3.5 dBi across the whole V‐band with stable radiation patterns over the operating band. The proposed PLPDA antenna prototypes achieve good side‐lobe suppression, excellent front‐to‐back ratio in both E‐ and H‐planes and low cross‐polarisation levels over the entire frequency range.
Modified back‐to‐back current source converter and its application to wind energy conversion systems
Authors: Abdelsalam Ibrahim , Adam Grain Philip , Holliday Derrick , Williams Barry W.
Published: November 2014

The back‐to‐back (BTB) converter is used in power conversion applications such as machine drives, wind energy conversion systems (WECS), uninterruptible power supplies and high‐voltage, direct current transmission systems. Various topologies have evolved around voltage source converters and current source converters (CSCs) in an attempt to meet various design and reliability constraints. This paper proposes a new CSC‐based BTB converter suitable for WECS application. The proposed configuration addresses the main drawbacks of the conventional BTB CSCs, such as the over‐voltage frequently experienced by switches during commutation. The inverter side converter has zero switching losses. The proposed WECS offers the following advantages: simple and easy control, reduced switching frequency and maximum power point tracking with controllable grid active and reactive power. A low‐voltage ride‐through (LVRT) solution is also provided in the proposed WECS. PSCAD/EMTDC simulation is used to assess the steady‐state and dynamic behaviours of the proposed system under different operating conditions and during LVRT. Experimental results allow steady‐state and dynamic behaviour assessment of the proposed system under different operating conditions.