bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fieldbus technology based, distributed control in process industries: a case study with LonWorks Technology
Authors: Mahalik N.P. , Moore P.R.
Published: July 2002

During recent years, in the field of real‐time instrumentation and process control, there has been a trend away from centralized control system. Distributed control by using fieldbus technology is only the first step to application of intelligence in the field devices. Compares centralized systems with the distributed systems, differentiates the conventional LANs from the fieldbus technology and reviews the related technology and the current status of the international fieldbus standards. Describes some of the standard fieldbuses. Highlights the advantages of using fieldbuses in the real‐time process control and discusses what are the points to be considered before selecting a fieldbus. Highlights fieldbus‐based design development methodology involved in order to build a real‐time industrial distributed control system (RIDCS). Presents a case study with the LonWorks Technology; a fieldbus category system.
Activity based costing in manufacturing: two case studies on implementation
Authors: Sohal Amrik S. , Chung Walter W.C.
Published: July 2002

This paper presents two case studies on the implementation of activity based costing (ABC). The first case is a company based in Melbourne, Australia, which manufactures engineering components. The second case study is a specialty chemicals company based in Hong Kong. The case studies discuss the introduction of ABC and the benefits and problems experienced during implementation in each company. Based on the experiences of the two companies, factors critical to successful implementation of ABC systems are identified.
Study on multifunctional rapid prototyping manufacturing system
Authors: Yan Yongnian , Zhang Renji , Lu Qingping , Du Zhaohui
Published: July 2002

Multi‐functional rapid prototyping manufacturing system (M‐RPMS) is an important potential developing field and tendency of RP technique. Application area of the M‐RPMS has been discussed in this paper. It is believed that the M‐RPMS has to be developed both for industrial and academic purposes. The openness of software and hardware, the diversity of RP processes and the highest function/cost ratio are the outstanding speciality of the M‐RPMS. This paper also introduces the design principle of the M‐RPMS, the calculation method for function integration degree (FID), the running of SLS in the M‐RPMS and the key of early stage rapid feedback design system.
A comparison between manual and hybrid methods in parts inspection
Authors: Mital Anil , Govindaraju M. , Subramani B.
Published: July 2002

Seeks to determine whether hybrid inspection performance is superior to manual performance in a generic manufacturing setup. Explains the design of an experiment to achieve this comparison. Results include the fact that the hybrid method took substantially less time and caused fewer inspection errors. Notes that cost factors would need to be carefully considered before selection of a preferred method but that ultimately the hybrid method should be the logical choice.
A systems engineering approach to manufacturing systems analysis
Authors: Mason‐Jones R. , Berry D. , Naim M.M.
Published: July 2002

The paper reviews the systems movement and suggests that systems engineering is required for successful problem solving and the redesign of manufacturing systems. A case study is outlined to indicate the application of systems engineering in manufacturing systems analysis. The urgent requirement for a new management team to gain insight into internal manufacturing processes and perceived problems provided a major driving force behind the project. The analysis revealed that the perceived problem of lack of automated handling within the assembly area was just one factor leading to poor manufacturing performance. System complexity and a lack of internal systems integration was highlighted; attributable to a number of causes categorised as organisational and attitudinal as well as technological.
A modular approach toward flexible manufacturing
Authors: Kaula Rajeev
Published: July 2002

A conceptual framework for structuring a flexible manufacturing system (FMS) environment called an open automation architecture (OAA) is proposed. The framework is based on the open‐systems approach to information system development. OAA proposes partitioning of the manufacturing environment into autonomous manufacturing entities called logical manufacturing shops, that communicate and cooperate during the manufacturing of products. The partitioning in OAA is not based on the traditional structuring of machines on the shop floor. Each logical manufacturing shop is structured to provide for data and process integration within its processing domain, supported by a stable grouping of machines on the shop floor. The framework is illustrated with a manufacturing case and a discussion of information system support in the form of expert systems.
Genetic algorithm approach in PCB assembly
Authors: Ong Nan‐Shing , Pheng Khoo Li
Published: July 2002

A printed circuit board (PCB) assembly consists of a circuit board and a variety of components in different shapes and sizes placed at specific locations on the board. They are used extensively in a variety of products by many industries today. These products include, for example, computer terminals, televisions, electronic instruments, and process controllers. There are many types and models of automatic machines available for placing components on the boards. The component placement operation consists of all steps necessary to remove a component from its packaging materials and mount it onto the PCB. The components are supplied either from a set of feeders, magazines or matrix trays. Because of the extreme accuracy required, automatic equipment is mandatory for all but the smallest production volumes.
Centralization, decentralization, recentralization ‐ Educational reform in China
Authors: Hawkins John N.
Published: July 2002

China’s educational leaders have long debated the pluses and minuses of decentralization of control and resources of China’s vast educational enterprise. During various periods of post‐1949 China, the central authorities have devolved control to the provinces, key cities, and rural communes, only to recentralize later usually due to political reforms. In this chapter various stages of the educational reform movement begun in 1985 will be considered and we will focus on what motivated the reforms in the context of China’s unique political culture. Some specific features of educational decentralization will be examined such as finance, curriculum and management. We conclude that while the current leadership appears to be committed to decentralization, they remain conflicted over the need to maintain control while at the same time respond creatively to the needs of the new market economy.
Knowing when to hold ’em and fold ’em
Authors: Nestor‐Baker Nancy
Published: July 2002

This article furthers understanding of the tacit knowledge of school administrators and provides a fresh look at the issue of boundedness in the superintendency. The tacit knowledge of a group of Ohio superintendents was examined in light of superintendent classification as place‐bound (rising through the ranks in one school district) or career‐bound (assuming the superintendency in multiple districts across the span of a career). Tacit knowledge items were culled from interviews conducted with the superintendents. The 469 items were sorted by an expert panel and then cluster analyzed to determine categories of tacit knowledge for place‐bound and career‐bound superintendents. A total of 21 categories describe the tacit knowledge across the superintendent group. Differences in categories and amounts of tacit knowledge were found between the place‐bound superintendents and the career‐bound superintendents.
The historical performance of Singapore property stocks
Authors: Hiang Liow Kim
Published: July 2002

Investigates the investment performance of listed Singapore property
companies over the past 21 years. Risk‐adjusted performance for the companies remained inferior to stock market
performance. There is some evidence that the companies’ investment performance was not consistent over time. Also finds that
property companies’ performance is tied to the stock and property markets. Finally, property stocks failed to provide hedges
against observed, expected and unanticipated inflation.
Currency swaps as a hedging technique for an international real estate investment
Authors: Worzala Elaine M. , Johnson Richard D. , Lizieri Colin M.
Published: July 2002

Uses Monte Carlo simulation to demonstrate the benefits of employing a currency swap to hedge the exchange rate exposure in a single international real estate investment. The only cashflow exposed to the currency fluctuations is the appreciation associated with the investment. Shows that this hedging technique has some potential for protecting the investor from adverse currency fluctuations if an international real estate investment is made. However, promises to explore unresolved issues in future research. Demonstrates that some elements of exchange rate risk may be hedged, resulting in improved risk‐adjusted returns. Thus extends earlier research in international property investment and suggests that international real estate strategies based on diversification (as opposed to currency plays) may be more effective than has been argued in previous research.
Retail borrowing: insights and implications on returning used merchandise
Authors: Piron Francis , Young Murray
Published: July 2002

Defines a particular form of returned purchases and explores its pervasiveness. Consumers who engage in “retail borrowing” purchase items with the deliberate intention to return such items once they have been used satisfactorily. To facilitate the purchases of good and to act responsibly when purchased items may be defective retailers have extended generous return policies to consumers. Increasingly however some consumers have taken advantage of such policies to “borrow” needed items from retailers. Provides an insight into retail borrowing and the type of most commonly “borrowed” products. Also identifies reasons that trigger the willingness to “borrow” from retailers and discuss the emotions and thoughts that accompany the behavior. Discusses the managerial and social perspectives of the phenomenon.
The supplier‐retailer relationship in the context of strategic groups
Authors: José Más Ruíz Francisco
Published: July 2002

Aims to extend the individual analysis of one supply sector to that of another, thereby permitting a more detailed examination, not only of the bilateral relationships that exist between the supply and the retail sectors, but also of the influence that such relationships have on the client‐retailers’ loyalties to, or mobility among, their different supply firms. Employs a cognitive approach based on the study of strategic groups. This should afford us a better understanding of the links that exist between the supply and the retail sectors, as well as the retail companies’“fickleness”, or mobility among their suppliers. The methodology employs cluster analysis to define groups, and logit models to explain the client‐companies’ mobility. The results imply that the quality, the design and the price of a supplier’s product have proven to be good indicators of its client group’s migration trends over a given period of time.
Impacts of large discount stores on small US towns: reasons for shopping and retailer strategies
Authors: Brennan David P. , Lundsten Lorman
Published: July 2002

Five small Minnesota towns are examined one year after the arrival of six large discount stores. Three hundred consumers were surveyed to determine reasons for store choice and how the new discounters affected shopping. Findings indicate that consumers shop at discounters for low prices and large variety and specialty stores for the unique items they cannot find elsewhere. They shop at the new discounters more and the existing stores less. Specialty stores need to differentiate themselves from discounters by increasing product assortments in the key categories carried, upgrading quality with branded merchandise not available to discounters, and maintaining good in‐stock positions.
Retail changes associated with Wal‐Mart’s entry into Maine
Authors: Davidson Sharon M. , Rummel Amy
Published: July 2002

The state of Maine was selected for study, since adequate sales tax records were available during the early 1990s, when Wal‐Mart entered the state. The sales tax reports were used to document the retail sales of Wal‐Mart towns, neighboring towns, and other towns in the state, in the years before and after a Wal‐Mart store’s arrival. The change in each community’s various categories of retail trade (building supply, food stores, general merchandise, other retail, auto and restaurants) was examined. The results indicate that the towns in each of the three categories were affected in the same manner: Wal‐Mart towns attract new shoppers and total retail sales increased at rates substantially higher than other towns in the state, while neighboring towns’ retail sales levels declined or increased at very low rates.
Local resistance to larger retailers: the example of market towns and the food superstore in the UK
Authors: Hallsworth Alan G. , Worthington Steve
Published: July 2002

One important arena for the study of the impact of larger retailers is, in the UK, the market town. This paper shows how locational policies of larger retailers – akin to WalMart openings in the US Midwest – are affecting these traditional towns in rural areas. The paper takes a case study approach by examining the pioneering fightback using the local loyalty card first adopted by Leominster in Herefordshire. Through time it emerges that the community has not been able to sustain its trading opposition to a large format intruder. However, its successes are noted – and study is made of copycat schemes in the UK. A paradox emerges: the most cohesive smaller communities with many independent retailers lack the resources to maintain the fight. Larger settlements can and do support more viable card schemes: but these towns (and cities) having greater populations are themselves already dominated by larger retailers.
US shopping mall attributes: an exploratory investigation of their relationship to retail productivity
Authors: LeHew Melody L. A. , Fairhurst Ann E.
Published: July 2002

In light of several successful US mall repositionings, industry experts have encouraged other less productive properties to follow their lead. This study investigates the relationship between selected mall attributes and productivity. A mail survey was sent to a random sample of mall marketing managers. Chi‐square and correlation analysis was used to identify the attributes that were significantly related to productivity. Super‐regional malls located in large, densely populated cities with high income residents were the most successful properties. The results suggest that the attributes of successful malls cannot be transferred or adapted by lower performing malls. Market strategy variables that could be duplicated were not significantly related to high productivity.
Drivers to relational strategies in retailing
Authors: Egan John
Published: July 2002

Retailing, at first sight, appears to be an industry suitable for the exploitation of relational strategies. Despite this authors disagree about whether Relationship Marketing strategies are appropriate across the wide spectrum of retailing activities or whether the benefits are limited to certain retail types. This paper seeks to clarify whether a claim for universality can be made or, if not, clarify those “conditions” which most strongly support, or otherwise, the introduction of relational strategies.
Design management – the unexplored retail marketing competence
Authors: Vazquez Delia , Bruce Margaret
Published: July 2002

Food retailers invest heavily in design expertise to create exciting packaging and to develop store environments to entice customers to buy premium food products, and to strengthen their competitive edge. The process by which food retailers manage design has not been documented and this is an oversight in the field of design management that this paper addresses. Cases of four UK retailers are presented and their approaches to design management are compared and discussed. A model of retail design management is presented which represents current “better practice” in UK food retail; in addition, a model of the seven Ps of design management is presented to foster better understanding of the role of food retail design management function.
Towards plural forms, franchising/company‐owned systems, in the French cosmetics retail industry
Authors: Cliquet Gérard , Croizean Jean‐Philippe
Published: July 2002

The cosmetics retail industry in France is changing for at least two reasons: first, more and more services are available within cosmetics stores and, second, large groups like LVMH or Marionnaud are themselves looking for retail chains in order to exert greater control over their distribution systems. The findings from an exploratory study of several cosmetics retail companies operating in the French market seem to indicate that developing services is the best way of retaining business independence and resisting predators. Moreover, the development of new services leads these companies to implement plural form organisations. Many managerial and strategic advantages can be drawn from this type of organisation compared to pure franchise or company‐owned arrangements. A model is proposed to explain the evolution of organisational forms in cosmetics chains.
Store patronage prediction for foreign‐owned supermarkets
Authors: Zarkada‐Fraser Anna , Fraser Campbell
Published: July 2002

Attitudes of Australian and Greek‐Australian consumers towards hypothetical foreign‐owned and domestic‐owned supermarkets in Australia were studied. Although attitudes towards the domestic‐owned supermarket were found to be identical between the Australians and the Greek‐Australians, the latter were significantly more supportive of the foreign supermarket. Consumer ethnocentrism was found to be correlated with a negative attitude towards a foreign‐owned supermarket. Finally, the more the migrants identified with their cultural origin, the more support they showed towards the foreign supermarket. The findings of this paper provide an insight to the complex nature of the relationship between ethnic identity and consumer behaviour.
Distribution Reform in China:
Authors: Kong‐Wing Chow Clement , Wing Kwong Tsang Eric
Published: July 2002

The distribution system in China has been undergoing rapid changes since
the implementation of the economic reform in late 1978. The relative
performance of the major players in distribution, namely state
enterprises, collective enterprises and private businesses has had
significant changes. The private sector has been the winner in terms of
market share and efficiency. In addition to the entrepreneurial spirit
and operational efficiency of the private sector, argues that there are
two other important factors accounting for its success. The first
determining factor is the relaxation of government policy which has
legalized and fostered the development of the sector. The second factor
is the change in consumption patterns during the reform. Less staple
food but more consumer goods and services are purchased than in the
past. These change have further contributed to the booming of the
private sector in the distribution system.
European Retailing:
Authors: Tordjman Andre
Published: July 2002

Argues that convergent trends in environmental evolution have led to
convergent swings towards structural changes in the European retailing
market. However, substantial differences continue to survive, each
country preserving its specificities, the fruits of its history and
culture. The single European market is not therefore uniform and,
compared with the manufacturing industry, remains localized.
The Role of Customer‐contact Personnel in the Marketing of a Retail
Bank′s Services
Authors: Julian Craig C. , Ramaseshan B.
Published: July 2002

Examines the role and importance of customer‐contact personnel in the
marketing of a bank′s financial services and the importance of customer
service in retail banking. Customer‐contact personnel from suburban
branches of an Australian retail bank identified their level of
agreement with statements dealing with customer purchase perceptions,
customer purchase behaviour, the personal selling of services and their
role and importance in the marketing of the bank′s financial services.
The results were interesting in that they indicated several key factors
that affected service purchase encounters. These factors included the
organization′s reputation, the role of the customer‐contact personnel in
the service encounter, level of reward given to the customer‐contact
personnel for their contribution, the significance of an official sales
training programme, word‐of‐mouth communication and the relationship
between the salesperson and the customer.
Shoplifting in Retail Clothing Outlets:
Authors: Lin Binshan , Hastings Deborah Ann , Martin Christopher
Published: July 2002

Presents a report of the study about shoplifting problems in retail
clothing outlets which was carried out during the autumn of 1993, with
the primary purpose of examining managers′ attitudes towards shoplifting
in some detail and the secondary purpose of identifying coping
strategies that can be used by retailing managers to deal with
shoplifting. Investigates four crucial issues: layout design, magnitude
of the problem, prosecution efforts and detection and prevention
considerations. Includes recommendations and implications based on a
survey taken to help retailers with their shoplifting problems.
East European retailing: a consumer perspective
Authors: Dentiste Mueller Rene , Broderick Amanda J.
Published: July 2002

Describes an extensive consumer survey carried out in 1993 in
Bulgaria, the Czech Republic and Hungary. Empirical findings provide an
understanding of the food retail systems in Eastern Europe, consumer
behaviour and consumer satisfaction with the various forms of food
retailing. The cross‐cultural descriptive comparisons support and expand
on current literature in East European retail systems, and bridge an
information gap by incorporating East European consumer views. The
analysis is particularly useful for domestic and international retailers
when considering their development strategies. Primary findings show
that frequency of shopping (the majority shop at least three times a
week) and distance to shop (within walking distance) is due to lack of
an adequate domestic infrastructure. Surprisingly, the majority of
Bulgarians and Czechs use private shops most often, whereas state‐owned
stores seem to be prevalent in Hungary. Perceptions of stores in terms
of layout, cleanliness, atmosphere, good service, quality foods, good
variety of foods, favour private shops and mirror Western perceptions
about the substandard nature of Communist food retailing. Hungary is
exceptional in that the best prices are perceived in state‐owned shops.
Retail influence on food technology and innovation
Authors: Ejye Omar Ogenyi
Published: July 2002

Food technology and innovation have had a large impact on British
food retailing affecting suppliers, retailers and their markets.
Technology has invaded many areas of the British food industry providing
efficient technical knowledge and new products. Innovative retailers
have anticipated the food market metamorphosis and have repositioned
their retail activities to take advantage of the changing market
environment. The central objective of this study was to assess
retailers′ technical innovations in food manufacturing, and to achieve
this a research technique was adopted and conducted with leading UK food
retailers. The results suggested that food retailers′ technological
capabilityi affects the method of own‐label procurement and choice of
suppliers. Those retailers who were able to influence food innovation
all have large food technology departments, employing food technologists
to meet consumer food requirements and legal obligations, and who
collaborate with their suppliers to develop new products. Concludes that
innovation is vital to the future of both food manufacturers and
retailers, and novel and significantly different new products and/or
services will ensure success either way.
Speculative inventories in the food retailing industry: a comment
on French practices
Authors: Paché Gilles
Published: July 2002

Examines the reasons driving French food retailers to build major
speculative inventories through forward buying from their suppliers.
First analyses the origin of the phenomenon and its strategic basis.
Then, using the model of postponement‐speculation proposed by Louis
Bucklin in the mid‐1960s, explains why forward buying does not conflict
with a reduction of in‐store inventories. Finally, offers comments on
the future of speculative inventories in the French context, which is
characterized by permanently conflicting relations between manufacturers
and distributors. To do so, reference is made to information collected
in the course of interviews with the logistics managers of ten of the
leading companies in the sector.
Memories of the way stores were and retail store image
Authors: Joyce Mary L. , Lambert David R.
Published: July 2002

Research shows that store image is an important component of a consumer’s store choice and use of a store environment. Most of this research ignores how store image might vary across different consumer segments. Examines the impact of age on final consumers’ perceptions of retail store image. Reveals that shopper age significantly affects perceptions of store image. Younger consumers feel more positive about both store characteristics and salesperson attributes than do older shoppers. Retailers employing store image research should be mindful of how the age of different consumers could affect their findings.
Business distance and global retailing: a model for analysis of key success/failure factors
Authors: Dupuis Marc , Prime Nathalie
Published: July 2002

Proposes a preliminary model of analysis of the key success and failure factors in retail internationalization. Indicates that a business distance between the domestic and target markets is creating a “prism effect” on the original competitive advantages. Gives the examples of the internationalization of French hypermarket in the USA (failure) and in Asia (success) as illustrations. Outlines future research directions and managerial implications.
Retail format change in US markets
Authors: Rousey Sarah P. , Morganosky Michelle A.
Published: July 2002

Asks how consumers are responding to the diverse array of retail choices as new formats continue to emerge in US retailing and increasingly in overseas markets. Through the collection of interview data, analyses penetration levels and patronage movement as well as market change push and pull factors. Studies ten retail formats including department stores, speciality stores, mass merchandisers, discount stores, mail order catalogues, off‐price stores, manufacturers’ outlets, warehouse clubs, used stores and television home shopping channels. Consumers evidenced high levels of cross‐shopping between formats. Discusses the means by which various formats deliver value to the consumer in light of current market strategies.
The location and merchandising of non‐food in supermarkets
Authors: Hart Cathy , Davies Mark
Published: July 2002

Refers to the tendency in UK supermarkets for diversification into non‐food areas which has emphasized the need to improve how and where the products are presented to the customers. Service diversifications, such as dry cleaners or opticians, have traditionally been situated as separate “shops” behind the checkouts. Contrastingly, product range diversifications such as stationery, entertainment and clothing have tended to be incorporated into the main shopping aisles. Attempts to identify whether consumers would prefer these non‐food ranges to be differently merchandised, and more specifically, whether consumer preferences are different between retailers? Asks what alternative display formats may be used and which specific ranges are considered appropriate for these formats. Using six different retail multiples, examines the perceptions and preferences of 500 shoppers from the results of an attitude survey carried out in two UK cities. Finally, provides recommendations for retail management.
Moment of truth for Indonesia’s food retailers
Authors: Walker David
Published: July 2002

Retail trade in Indonesia is on the verge of momentous change. Indonesian retailers have been protected from foreign competitors but these rules may be relaxed. Foreign retailers, quite naturally, are likely to be attracted to any country with a large population base. That in Indonesia approaches 200 million but there are only 350 supermarkets currently in operation. There is also only one real supermarket chain. The remainder, for the most part, are small independent operators with selected regional representation. In this environment, it is not surprising that the Indonesian consumer continues to rely heavily on the traditional and non‐supermarket trade. Describes the changes taking place and the pace at which these are happening. Taking place also is a slow but steady shift in consumer purchasing patterns away from the traditional outlets to supermarkets. Concludes that not only is Indonesian retailing in a process of change, but also that this change is dramatic and exciting. For those without a commitment to change there will be no future.
Retailing in Thailand
Authors: Feeny Antony , Vongpatanasin Theera , Soonsatham Arphaporn
Published: July 2002

Explains that in under 40 years the retailing industry in Thailand has developed from a traditional and backward industry into one that by the turn of the century may be as modern and vibrant as any in the world. However, uneven distribution of economic activity has meant that most of the major developments have taken place in Bangkok which accounts for 50 per cent of gross domestic product, but wealth and retailing activity are now spreading to the rest of the country where more than 80 per cent of the population live. Describes the diversity of Thai retailing. Explains its historical development, and outlines the differences between retailing in provincial Thailand and in Bangkok. Describes the different types of stores now being developed and the recent modernizing trends in the industry. Suggests the likely future trends in retailing over the next few years.
The importance of country‐of‐origin information and perceived product quality in Uzbekistan
Authors: Zain Osman M. , Yasin Norjaya M.
Published: July 2002

There has been a proliferation of studies on product perceptions based on the country of origin. Most of these studies were conducted in western or developed countries. Studies in the less developed nations are still scarce, especially research conducted in the former Soviet Union. With the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the former Soviet republics offer vast new market opportunities for businesses. However, successful marketing can only be achieved through knowledge about the market, including perceptions of imported products. Aims to contribute to the limited knowledge about market expectations in the former Soviet republics, specifically Uzbekistan. Gathers information on country‐of‐origin perspectives with regard to product perceptions and the importance of product origin information. Based on data collected through personal interviews in Tashkent, the capital city of Uzbekistan.
Commentary Closed‐circuit television in town centres
Authors: Jones Peter , Turner David , Hillier David
Published: July 2002

Closed‐circuit television (CCTV) surveillance systems are becoming an increasingly popular weapon in the battle against crime in town and city centres. Provides a commentary on the employment of CCTV and suggests that they are most effective as part of an integrated and coherent town centre management strategy.
More than just a name above the shop: a comparison of the branding strategies of two UK fashion retailers
Authors: Birtwistle Grete , Freathy Paul
Published: July 2002

UK fashion retailing is characterised by high levels of market concentration, centralisation and outlet standardisation. In the pursuit of market share, the multiple fashion retailers are implementing branding strategies that aim to differentiate their product offer and reinforce their market positioning. Empirical research, via key informant interviews, examined the branding decisions of two multiple fashion retailers and established four main methods of brand differentiation.
Retail services ride the waves
Authors: Jones Peter , Pal John
Published: July 2002

Within the UK, the continuing development of out of town retail outlets is well documented in the literature. The process is usually depicted as a set of four waves. However, all four waves focus on the retailing of goods rather than of services. Asserts that there are growing indications that retail services complexes are playing an increasingly leading role in the process of retail decentralisation. Describes some of the contributions to the growth of out of town services retailing and outlines a number of planning issues associated with them. Focuses on multiplex cinemas, leisure complexes and hyperpubs.
Consumer values and the importance of store attributes
Authors: Erdem Orhan , Ben Oumlil A. , Tuncalp Secil
Published: July 2002

Retailing business is greatly affected by the patronage behavioral orientations of shoppers. Understanding these orientations can assist retailers in developing appropriate marketing strategies toward meeting the needs and wants of consumers. One important factor explaining consumer behavioral orientations is their values. Another important factor affecting consumer behavioral orientations is the store image, an image shaped by store attributes. This study examines the linkage between consumer values and the importance of some salient store attributes. Marketing management implications are also discussed.
Touching Big Brother
Authors: Davies Simon G.
Published: July 2002

The evolution of information technology is likely to result in intimate
interdependence between humans and technology. This fusion has been
characterized in popular science fiction as chip implantation. It is,
however, more likely to take the form of biometric identification using
such technologies as fingerprints, hand geometry and retina scanning.
Some applications of biometric identification technology are now
cost‐effective, reliable and highly accurate. As a result, biometric
systems are being developed in many countries for such purposes as
social security entitlement, payments, immigration control and election
management. Whether or not biometry delivers on its promise of
high‐quality identification, it will imperil individual autonomy.
Widespread application of the technologies would conflict with
contemporary values, and result in a class of outcasts.
Information technology transfer to a developing country
Authors: Kirlidog Melih
Published: July 2002

Notes that, like the technology itself, almost all research in information systems originates in Western countries, particularly the USA, where conditions are very different from developing countries. In order to examine the implications of transferring information technology to the developing countries, identifies four Turkish organizations which had pioneered executive information systems (EIS). Conducts extensive interviews with both the executive users and the support staff explaining that the scarcity of EIS applications in the country required such a qualitative case‐study approach. Observes that conditions in developing countries are greatly different from those of developed countries, and the reasons for research into such differences in conditions are manifold, the maturity level of IT and the sociocultural environment being the most important aspects. Concludes that the cultural environment has very important implications for organizational and managerial practices as well as for the implementation of information technologies which attempt to provide increasingly close support to managerial decision making.
The relationship between information technology and corporate financial reporting
Authors: Xiao Zezhong , Sangster Alan , Dodgson Jeffrey H.
Published: July 2002

Argues that previous evaluative studies of the impact of information technology (IT) on accounting have focused too much on accountants, and thus have largely neglected broader social and organizational issues. Adopting a contingency perspective, investigates the relationship between IT and corporate financial reporting through the analysis of responses to a postal questionnaire survey of 1,515 UK public companies. Finds that IT use is associated more with internal reporting change (IRC) than with external reporting change (ERC), implying that IT use may have enlarged the information asymmetry between internal and external users. The association between IT use and IRC is found to be stronger in smaller companies than in large ones; and the correlation between IT use and ERC is found to vary depending on the existence of a management compensation plan, and to be conditional on the level of gearing. Discusses the implications of these findings.
Against method‐ism
Authors: Introna Lucas D. , Whitley Edgar A.
Published: July 2002

Provides a critique of method‐ism ‐ the view that methodology is necessary and sufficient for information systems’ development success; method‐ism presupposes also that systems developers understand the value of methodology and will prefer to work with it rather than without it. Argues, against method‐ism, that method flows from understanding, and not the reverse. Hence method cannot be a substitute for understanding. Discusses the way in which humans tend to interact with the world by means of ready‐to‐hand tools, using the ideas of Heidegger and Ihde. Shows that tools are used only if available (ready‐to‐hand) in the world of doing. If a methodology is not ready‐to‐hand, it will break down and be ignored in the pragmatics of getting the job done. Presents a number of arguments why methodologiesby designwill tend to break down (not be ready‐to‐hand) and hence be discarded.
National cultural differences in theory and practice
Authors: Harvey Francis
Published: July 2002

Examines the influence national culture has on the design of information systems through a comparative study of geographic information systems (GIS) design in the USA and Germany. Hofstede’s (1980) dimensions of national culture provide the theoretical framework for this research. Applying Hofstede’s dimensions, evaluates differences in the design documents and actual practice of design of King County, Washington, USA and Kreis (County) Osnabrück, Germany. The findings support Hofstede’s characterization at the conceptual level of design documents, but indicate that the practice of design in the German county deviates considerably from Hofstede’s characterization: whereas Germanic national cultural characteristics suggest a very regulated top‐down design process, the actual practice of design in Kreis Osnabrück involves, in fact, a great deal of negotiations. They lead to the formalization of efforts and preparation of standards. These negotiations are obscured by the cultural emphasis on regulation, as Hofstede did indeed predict through high uncertainty avoidance. In comparison, the findings in King County support Hofstede’s characterization that Anglo‐American national culture involves negotiations at all stages of design. These findings lead to a reconsideration of Hofstede’s national cultural dimensions. Formal design documents replicate national culture characteristics, obscuring the details of practice. Hofstede’s national cultural dimensions provide a valuable framework, but the practice of design in both counties is ultimately a process of negotiation.
Diffusion of information technologies and changes in the telecommunications sector
Authors: Lèbre La Rovere Renata
Published: July 2002

Brazil’s telecommunications sector has been going through a process of privatization that will change conditions for information technologies (IT) diffusion among Brazilian firms. The impacts of privatization will be especially important to Brazilian firms that are still in the early stages of IT diffusion, such as small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs). The aim of this paper is to discuss the impacts of privatization of telecommunications on IT diffusion among Brazilian SMEs. The paper will first analyze the factors that stimulate SMEs to adopt IT, such as the positive impacts on competitiveness. The paper will then describe how the changes that are taking place in the telecommunications sector can influence IT diffusion. In the third section, the paper will consider the case of Brazil, discussing the specificities of IT diffusion in SMEs from developing countries. As a conclusion the paper will discuss how policy measures can be taken so that Brazilian SMEs can benefit from the changes in the telecommunications sector.
Consumer research in the restaurant environment. Part 3: analysis, findings and conclusions
Authors: Kivela Jakia , Inbakaran Robert , Reece John
Published: July 2002

In the preceding article “Consumer research in the restaurant environment, Part 2”, the operationalisation of the theoretical model of dining satisfaction and return patronage (IJCHM, Vol. 11 No. 6), was developed and described. This was preceded by Part 1 (IJCHM, Vol. 11 No. 5), in which a model of dining satisfaction and return patronage was proposed and conceptualised. Based on an extensive review of the relevant consumer behaviour literature, proposed model (Part 1), the development of the research instrument, sampling frame and procedures (Part 2), and the analytical analysis used in the study, this paper is the final contribution to the three‐part series and it reports on the findings of the study. Overall, the encouraging results of this study can be summarised as having provided: a clearer understanding of customers’ dining satisfaction perceptions; a clearer understanding of restaurants attribute performance that determine satisfaction as a consequence of dining experience; and a robust prediction of return as a result of dining satisfaction.
An investigation of multicultural training practices in the restaurant industry: the training cycle approach
Authors: Lee Changuk , Chon Kye‐Sung
Published: July 2002

The restaurant industry is dealing with diversity in terms of its workforce, international customers and multinational business operations. Acknowledging diversity through multicultural training is beginning to appear in some restaurant companies. This study investigates how franchised restaurants utilize multicultural training programs from a training cycle approach. The findings indicate that high employee turnover rates are the primary reason that the majority of companies do not have a cultural diversity training program. Companies with a diversity training program report that such training is successful in improving interpersonal cross‐cultural skills.
Tourism students’ perceptions of work values: a case of Taiwanese universities
Authors: Chen Joseph S. , Hei‐Lin Chu Kay , Wu Wu‐Chung
Published: July 2002

This study investigated students’ perceptions of work values and occupational choice propensity. A total of 311 hospitality majors at four different universities in Taiwan were analyzed in the study. The work value inventory (WVI) scale, containing 45 attributes, developed by Super, was used to assess students’ perceptions of work values. The study found “supervisory relations”, “work surroundings”, and “way of life” were the most important work values among respondents. Three mutually exclusive clusters of respondents were identified. This research suggests a longitudinal study measuring students’ perceptions of work value before and after entering the workforce.
Bullying and harassment in the workplace
Authors: McMahon Lucy
Published: July 2002

This paper examines the results of a survey carried out on the subject of bullying and harassment in the workplace, with particular reference to the hospitality industry. Following a brief overview of the area, the paper examines a cross‐border study undertaken in 1998. The study included the analysis of cases from the Republic of Ireland and from Northern Ireland and also a comparative case study was undertaken to explore and compare the extent of bullying and harassment in the hospitality industry in the two regions. The results of the case analysis show that, in a majority of cases both North and South, women were the instigators of claims of harassment and an organisationally superior male employee was the alleged harasser. Nearly half of the claims initiated were eventually dismissed both North and South, while those claimants who were successful in their claims received low levels of compensation in comparison with their American counterparts. The hospitality case studies showed the primary focus of policy was on sectarian harassment in the North, while in the Republic of Ireland it was on sexual harassment. The case studies also identified the lack of training in the area and the need for more focused policies to deal with all forms of harassment.
Towards a valuation framework for hotels as business entities
Authors: Nilsson Marie , Harris Peter J. , Kett Russell
Published: July 2002

Presents an evaluation of the theoretical context and practical application of different methods of hotel valuation, with particular emphasis on the methods related to the income‐generating capacity of a hotel. The findings reveal a wide range of variation and complexity between methods and that each method has benefits and limitations and requires adjustments and assumptions in different market conditions. However, it is concluded that the more sophisticated “income‐based” income capitalisation methods constitute the most effective basis for a framework on which to derive the open market value for a hotel as an ongoing business entity, but that one or more of the other main valuation approaches should be drawn on in order to effect the reconciliation of a hotel’s final value.
Security management and crime in hotels
Authors: Gill Martin , Moon Chris , Seaman Polly , Turbin Vicky
Published: July 2002

This article presents the results of an exploratory investigation into the role of the security manager in the UK hotel industry, an area of management that has been under‐researched. In addition, this paper provides qualitative evidence about the range of crime experienced by hotels, and how this crime is managed. The paper utilises information from in‐depth interviews with five specialised security managers representing large hotels in London and 65 owners and managers of small hotels in London, Salisbury, Leicester and Brighton, UK. The findings indicate that the role of the security manager, at least in these hotels, is perceived to have undergone a process of transformation. Traditional security responsibilities of guarding and loss prevention have been broadened to include health and safety, IT security, disciplinary action, fire safety and insurance. Hotels are also shown to be unique contexts, facing a broad range of crime problems.