bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Dynamic Control Strategy for Wind Turbines in Wind Farms
Authors: Kawaguchi Takayuki , Shimada Ryuichi
Published: May 2015

This paper presents a new control method for wind turbine groups by use of dynamic control including pump‐up operation. Under conditions of oscillating wind below the rated speed of the wind turbine, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) operation is critical to improving efficiency. Even though, owing to the huge inertia of a wind turbine, the operating point of the wind turbine produces an unavoidable delay at the maximum power point, if dynamic control is used wind turbines respond to the changes in the wind speed more rapidly. The wind turbines hence reach the maximum power point quickly and capture energy from the wind more efficiently. On the other hand, as a result of dynamic operation, the output from a wind turbine fluctuates more severely than during normal operation. In the proposed solution, by taking advantage of the kinematic energy stored in other wind turbines that belong to the same wind farm, not only the efficiency of output power but also the severity of the fluctuations is improved. In the results of simulations, group dynamic operation enables wind farms to improve their efficiency and smooth the output fluctuations from the wind farm.
Characteristics of Parallel Operation of Inverter‐Type Distributed Generators Operated by a Virtual Synchronous Generator
Authors: Sakimoto Kenichi , Miura Yushi , Ise Toshifumi
Published: May 2015

The capacity of distributed generators (DGs) connected to a grid by inverters is growing. The inverters are generally controlled by a phase locked loop (PLL) in order to achieve synchronization with the power system frequency. They cannot have synchronous power. Power systems become unstable if the capacity of the inverter‐type DGs is increased. The concept of controlling inverters to behave like a synchronous generator is studied in this paper. The result is referred to as a “virtual synchronous generator” (VSG). The VSG has synchronous power. Power systems become stable as a result of using the VSG. The VSG is useful in the parallel operation of DGs. The VSG can synchronize with other VSGs, synchronous generators, or the grid. In this paper, a method for the synchronous operation of a VSG is studied, and experimental results on a VSG running in parallel with a synchronous generator and other VSGs are presented.
B‐cell epitope spreading and inflammation in a mouse model of arthritis is associated with a deficiency in reactive oxygen species production
Authors: Khmaladze Ia , Saxena Amit , Nandakumar Kutty Selva , Holmdahl Rikard
Published: May 2015

Autoantibody‐mediated inflammation contributes to the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and anti‐type II collagen (CII) antibodies are present in the serum, synovial fluid, and cartilage of RA patients. We had previously generated and characterized knock‐in mice expressing a germline‐encoded, CII‐specific IgH (B10Q.ACB), which demonstrated positive selection of self‐reactive B cells. Here, we show that despite the spontaneous production of CII‐specific autoantibodies, B10Q.ACB mice are protected from collagen‐induced arthritis. Introducing a mutation in the Ncf1 gene, leading to ROS deficiency, breaks this strong arthritis resistance. Disease development in Ncf1‐mutated B10Q.ACB mice is associated with an enhanced germinal center formation but without somatic mutations of the auto‐reactive B cells, increased T‐cell responses and intramolecular epitope‐spreading. Thus, ROS‐mediated B‐cell tolerance to a self‐antigen could operate by limiting the expansion of the auto‐reactive B‐cell repertoire, which has important implications for the understanding of epitope spreading phenomena in rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases.
Paramagnetic ([5]Trovacenyl)phenylphosphane: Intramolecular Electronic Communication and Construction of Heterobimetallic Palladium and Chromium Complexes
Authors: Lu Feng , Elschenbroich Christoph , Harms Klaus , Burghaus Olaf , Pietzonka Clemens
Published: May 2015

Group 15 P‐atom‐bridged paramagnetic unsymmetric sandwich binuclear di([5]trovacenyl)phenylphosphane (2··) was prepared and characterized by mass spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and X‐ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The investigation of 2·· by means of cyclic voltammetry (CV), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, and magnetic susceptibility (SQUID) revealed weak intramolecular electronic communication. The coordination ability of 2·· with the transition metals palladium and chromium was explored to afford unprecedented heterobimetallic complexes 34· and 44·, respectively, which were characterized by mass spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and/or X‐ray diffraction analysis.
Catalytic Diamino‐Sugar‐Assisted Enantioselective Hydrogenation
Authors: Böge Matthias , Heck Jürgen
Published: May 2015

Carbohydrate ligands have been studied in transition‐metal‐catalyzed hydrogenations in recent decades. Herein, we report the diastereoselective synthesis of trans‐dichlorido(bisphosphane)ruthenium(II) complexes with four different methyl 2,3‐diamino‐4,6‐O‐benzylidene‐2,3‐dideoxy‐α‐D‐hexopyranosides and their application as catalyst precursors in asymmetric hydrogenation reactions. Depending on the hexopyranose, an enantiomeric excess of up to 78 % was obtained.
Binuclear Sulfide Niobium Clusters Coordinated by Diimine Ligands: Synthesis, Structure, Photocatalytic Activity and Optical Limiting Properties
Authors: Rogachev Alexander V. , Gushchin Artem L. , Abramov Pavel A. , Kozlova Ekaterina A. , Vicent Cristian , Piryazev Dmitry , Barlow Adam , Samoc Marek , Humphrey Mark G. , Llusar Rosa , Fedin Vladimir P. , Sokolov Maxim N.
Published: May 2015

Substitution reactions of binuclear niobium cluster anion [Nb2S4(NCS)8]4– with different types of pyridine‐based diimine ligands have been carried out. In the case of 2,2′‐bipyridine (bipy) and its derivatives, only monosubstituted complexes [Nb2S4(NCS)6L]2– have been isolated. In the case of 1,10‐phenanthroline and 2‐(2‐pyridyl)benzimidazole (Hpbz), both mono‐ and disubstituted complexes, [Nb2S4(NCS)6L]2– and [Nb2S4(NCS)4L2], respectively, have been obtained. Crystal structures of (Et4N)2[Nb2S4(NCS)6(bipy)]·0.5bipy·0.7CH3CN and [Nb2S4(pbmz)2(NCS)4]·5DMF·0.8H2O have been determined. All compounds have been characterized by NMR, ESI mass spectrometry, IR, UV/Vis spectroscopy, and CV. TiO2 nanoparticles modified with (Et4N)2[Nb2S4(NCS)6(bipy)] show moderate photocatalytic activity in the reaction of H2 generation from water in the presence of Na2S/Na2SO3 as a sacrificial electron donor system. The linear and nonlinear optical properties of the complexes with bipyridine ligands have been studied; the complexes function as broad‐band optical limiters.
Synthesis and Characterization of Asymmetric 1,2‐Dihydroxy‐5,5′‐bitetrazole and Selected Nitrogen‐Rich Derivatives
Authors: Hafner Katherina , Klapötke Thomas M. , Schmid Philipp C. , Stierstorfer Jörg
Published: May 2015

A selective synthesis of asymmetric 1,2′‐dihydroxy‐5,5′‐bitetrazole monohydrate (4·H2O) from inexpensive starting materials is presented. This bitetrazole derivative contains two N‐oxides at the N1 and at the N2′ position, which both increase the energetic performance. Various energetic salts, such as hydroxylammonium (5), tetraaminobitriazolium (10), and triaminotriazolotriazolium (11) were synthesized. Neutral 4 and hydroxylammonium salt 5 were compared in detail with other tetrazole mono‐ and di‐N‐oxides to gain a deeper insight into the performance increment of N‐oxides in tetrazoles. Compounds 3–5, 9, and 11 were structurally characterized by using single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Additionally, all new compounds were characterized by using NMR, IR and Raman spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, elemental analysis as well as differential thermal analysis (DTA) measurements. The sensitivities of the compounds toward shock, friction, and electrostatic discharge were determined. Finally, the heats of formation were calculated and several detonation parameters were computed with the EXPLO5 v. 6.01 code.
Diiron Benzenedithiolate Complexes Relevant to the [FeFe] Hydrogenase Active Site
Authors: Pandey Indresh Kumar , Mobin Shaikh M. , Deibel Naina , Sarkar Biprajit , Kaur‐Ghumaan Sandeep
Published: May 2015

The reactions of the precursor complex [Fe2(CO)6(μ‐bdt)] F with PPh3, PPh2Me, PPh2H have been investigated. Treatment of F with the phosphine ligands yielded both mono‐ and disubstituted complexes [Fe2(CO)5(μ‐bdt)(PPh3)] (1), [Fe2(CO)4(μ‐bdt)(PPh3)2] (2), [Fe2(CO)5(μ‐bdt)(PPh2Me)] (3), [Fe2(CO)4(μ‐bdt)(PPh2Me)2] (4), [Fe2(CO)5(μ‐bdt)(PPh2H)] (5) and [Fe2(CO)4(μ‐bdt)(PPh2H)2] (6). Crystal structures have been reported for complexes 1–3. Complexes 1, 3 and 5 participate in electrocatalytic proton reduction in the presence of two distinct acids of varying strengths: HClO4 and CF3CO2H.
Analysis and occurrence of dichloropropanol fatty acid esters and related process‐induced contaminants in edible oils and fats
Authors: Kuhlmann Jan
Published: May 2015

A new sensitive method for the indirect determination of ester‐bound 2,3‐dichloro‐1‐propanol (2,3‐DCP), 1,3‐dichloro‐2‐propanol (1,3‐DCP), 2‐chloro‐1,3‐propanediol (2‐MCPD), 3‐chloro‐1,2‐propanediol (3‐MCPD) and 2,3‐epoxy‐1‐propanol (glycidol) in oil matrices is presented. It is based on a mild alkaline‐catalysed release of chlorohydrins and glycidol, followed by a transformation of glycidol to monobromopropanediol (MBPD) according to a modification of the AOCS Official Method Cd 29b‐13 (3‐in‐1 method). The dichloropropanols are separated from the monohalogenated diols and the oil matrix by l/l extraction and determined separately by headspace gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS‐HS). Both MCPD isomers and the glycidol derivative are derivatised with phenylboronic acid (PBA) and analysed by GC‐MS separately. Method validation was performed in an oil matrix using isotopic labelled esterified standards. Linearity was verified for all analytes (r2 > 0.998). The limit of detection (LOD) for all analytes was ≤5 μg/kg. The modified determination of ester‐bound MCPD and glycidol was tested for accuracy by analysing reference samples. All free and bound analytes were investigated regarding their stability against undesired alkaline‐induced transformation. It was also demonstrated that bound MCPD and bound DCP might be generated in oil by heat treatment in the presence of a strong chloride donor. The method was applied to the analysis of a variety of different edible oils. None of the two tested dichloropropanols was detected. By contrast and as might be expected, both bound MCPD and bound glycidol were consistently detected in refined oils.

Practical applications: The presented application is suitable for the parallel determination of ester‐bound dichloropropanols and monochloropropanols and ester‐bound glycidol in edible oils and fats using simple techniques for sample preparation. It covers more analytes and is more sensitive than other previously reported methods. Substitution of the double sample preparation, (a part of the AOCS Official Method Cd 29b‐13), by determining a correction factor for a whole set of samples, may reduce the effort required for sample preparation and raw data analysis. Furthermore, the investigation of basic transformations that may occur during sample preparation can be helpful for a better understanding of the complex chemistry in MCPD and glycidol analysis. Similarly, the results from heating frying fat in the presence of aluminium chloride might help to understand the distribution of chlorohydrin isomers in heat‐treated oils and fats.

Assumed heat‐induced formation pathways of ester‐bound chlorohydrins in an edible oil.
Double C–H Functionalization to Construct Polycyclic Heteroarenes Catalyzed by an Ionic Salt of a Pd Complex with an N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Ligand
Authors: Ghosh Sanjay Kumar , Kuo Bing‐Chiuan , Chen Hsiang‐Yu , Li Jia‐Ying , Liu Shuang‐De , Lee Hon Man
Published: May 2015

A new ionic salt, cis‐[Pd(L)(PPh3)(H2O)2](SO3CF3)2 (A), in which L is an amido‐functionalized N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand, has been prepared by the salt metathesis reaction between [Pd(L)(PPh3)Cl2] and AgOTf in wet acetonitrile. It was successfully characterized by NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. Complex A was found to be effective in catalyzing the double C–H functionalization of various nitrogen‐ and sulfur‐containing heteroarenes to form fused polycyclic heteroaromatic compounds with alkynes in the presence of Cu(OAc)2 and tetra‐n‐butylammonium bromide. Indoles, thiophenes, imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine, and imidazoles were used as substrates. In particular, intriguing imidazo[5,1,2‐cd]indolizine compounds could be obtained under the conditions employed.
First Application of Heterogeneous Cobalt Catalysis in Csp2–N Cross‐Coupling of Activated Chloroarenes under Ligand‐Free Conditions
Authors: Mukherjee Nirmalya , Chatterjee Tanmay , Ranu Brindaban C.
Published: May 2015

A heterogeneous CoII/Al2O3 catalyst efficiently catalyses the N‐arylation of N‐heterocycles and open‐chain secondary amines by activated chloroarenes and chloroheteroarenes under ligand‐free conditions in water to give a series of functionalized tertiary amines. The catalyst was prepared by immobilizing CoBr2 onto the surface of Al2O3, and was characterized by X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis. This catalyst could be recycled up to six times without any appreciable loss of catalytic activity.
Optimization of growth conditions toward two‐stage cultivation for lipid production of chlorella vulgaris
Authors: Liu Junying , Song Yunmeng , Liu Yuhuan , Ruan Roger
Published: May 2015

Increasing concerns about limited fossil fuel and elevated level of atmospheric carbon dioxide are driving force to develop renewable biofuels, and microalgae are considered a particularly promising feedstock for industrialized biofuel due to their inherent advantages. It is imperative to further optimize the growth conditions in order to achieve maximal algal biomass productivity and low down the cost of microalgal biomass production. The research in this project aimed to enhance lipid production of Chlorella vulgaris by optimizing the nutrient supply and growth conditions. The effects of temperature, nitrogen concentration and initial cell density on neutral lipid productivity were evaluated and optimized by response surface method with a 17‐run Box–Behnken design (BBD). With the increase of temperature from 20 to 30°C, the neutral lipid productivity increased up to its peak value at 27°C. However, the 2D contour lines showed the temperature has a significant effect on neutral lipid productivity compared with those of cell density and/or nitrogen concentration. The optimal conditions for the algal growth are 1.5 g L−1 of nitrogen concentration and 50% of cell density at 27.4°C. The optimal lipid productivity obtained from the experiment was in agreement with the model prediction, confirming the validity of the model. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 34: 1801–1807, 2015
Temporal trends of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in eggs of coastal and offshore birds: Increasing PFAS levels associated with offshore bird species breeding on the Pacific coast of Canada and wintering near Asia
Authors: Miller Aroha , Elliott John E. , Elliott Kyle H. , Lee Sandi , Cyr Francois
Published: May 2015

Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) such as perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) and perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSAs) have become virtually ubiquitous throughout the environment, and, based on laboratory studies, have known toxicological consequences. Various national and international voluntary phase-outs and restrictions on these compounds have been implemented over the last 10 to 15 years. In the present study, we examine trends (1990/1991–2010/2011) in aquatic birds (ancient murrelet, Synthliboramphus antiquus [2009 only]; Leach's storm-petrels, Oceanodroma leucorhoa; rhinoceros auklets, Cerorhinca monocerata; double-crested cormorants, Phalacrocorax auritus; and great blue herons, Ardea herodias). The PFCA, PFSA, and stable isotope (δ15N and δ13C) data collected from these species from the Pacific coast of Canada, ranging over 20 to 30 years, were used to investigate temporal changes in PFAS coupled to dietary changes. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), the dominant PFSA compound in all 4 species, increased and subsequently decreased in auklet and cormorant eggs in line with the manufacturing phase-out of PFOS and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), but concentrations continuously increased in petrel eggs and remained largely unchanged in heron eggs. Dominant PFCA compounds varied between the offshore and coastal species, with increases seen in the offshore species and little or variable changes seen in the coastal species. Little temporal change was seen in stable isotope values, indicating that diet alone is not driving observed PFAS concentrations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:1799–1808. © 2015 SETAC
Influence of soil properties and soil leaching on the toxicity of ionic silver to plants
Authors: Langdon Kate A. , McLaughlin Mike J. , Kirby Jason K. , Merrington Graham
Published: May 2015

Silver (Ag) has been shown to exhibit antimicrobial properties; as a result, it is being used increasingly in a wide range of consumer products. With these uses, the likelihood that Ag may enter the environment has increased, predominately via land application of biosolids or irrigation with treated wastewater effluent. The aim of the present study was to investigate the toxicity of Ag to 2 plant species: barley (Hordeum vulgare L. CV Triumph) and tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) in a range of soils under both leached and unleached conditions. The concentrations that resulted in a 50% reduction of plant growth (EC50) were found to vary up to 20-fold across the soils, indicating a large influence of soil type on Ag toxicity. Overall, barley root elongation was found to be the least sensitive to added Ag, with EC50 values ranging from 51 mg/kg to 1030 mg/kg, whereas the tomato plant height showed higher sensitivity with EC50 values ranging from 46 mg/kg to 486 mg/kg. The effect of leaching was more evident in the barley toxicity results, where higher concentrations of Ag were required to induce toxicity. Variations in soil organic carbon and pH were found to be primarily responsible for mitigating Ag toxicity; therefore, these properties may be used in future risk assessments for Ag to predict toxicity in a wide range of soil types. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:2503–2512. © 2015 SETAC
Effectiveness of Item Response Theory (IRT) Proficiency Estimation Methods Under Adaptive Multistage Testing
Authors: Kim Sooyeon , Moses Tim , Yoo Hanwook Henry
Published: May 2015

The purpose of this inquiry was to investigate the effectiveness of item response theory (IRT) proficiency estimators in terms of estimation bias and error under multistage testing (MST). We chose a 2‐stage MST design in which 1 adaptation to the examinees' ability levels takes place. It includes 4 modules (1 at Stage 1, 3 at Stage 2) and 3 paths (low, middle, and high). When creating 2‐stage MST panels (i.e., forms), we manipulated 2 assembly conditions in each module, such as difficulty level and module length, to see if any interaction existed between IRT estimation methods and MST panel designs. For each panel, we compared the accuracy of examinees' proficiency levels derived from 7 IRT proficiency estimators. We found that the choice of Bayesian (prior) and non‐Bayesian (no prior) estimators was of more practical significance than the choice of number‐correct versus item‐pattern scoring. For the extreme proficiency levels, the decrease in standard error compensated for the increase in bias in the Bayesian estimates, resulting in smaller total error. Possible score changes caused by the use of different proficiency estimators would be nonnegligible, particularly for the extreme proficiency level examinees. The impact of misrouting at Stage 1 was minimal under the MST design used in this study.
Thermo‐mechanical Coupling Properties of Proton Exchange Membrane in Liquid Water
Authors: Shi S. , Chen G. , Chen X.
Published: May 2015

In this study, the effects of the combination and interaction of thermal and mechanical loading on mechanical behaviors of proton exchange membranes (PEMs) under immersed condition were investigated. Experiments under two kinds of loading path were performed: the quasi‐simultaneous loading path where mechanical loads and temperature occurred simultaneously and the rectangular loading path where thermal and mechanical loads were inserted in turn. The quasi‐simultaneous loading path is composed of in‐phase, 90° and 180° out‐of‐phase loading paths. Comparison between in‐phase and 180° out‐of‐phase loading paths showed that strain accumulation under in‐phase loading path mainly resulted from creep strain while that under 180° out‐of‐phase loading path were mostly induced by cyclic stress. Accumulation of strain was comprised of tensile strain and creep strain, and these two strain components showed different evolution trends with thermo‐mechanical cycles. In addition, the modulus of the membrane was history‐dependent as indicated from results of rectangular loading path. Through comparing creep strain with strain energy density which is an indicator of damage in the membrane, we came to the conclusion that creep strain contributed to the damage of the membrane in the first three cycles.
Subsurface Trespass Remains Urgent E&P‐Environmental Issue
Authors: Balzofiore Janine A.
Published: May 2015

It's no secret that Texas landowners and oil and gas exploration and production (E&P) companies rarely see eye to eye. However, an unusual event recently left both groups frustrated and seeking finality.
E‐Cadherin enhances neuregulin signaling and promotes Schwann cell myelination
Authors: Basak Sayantani , Desai Darshan J. , Rho Esther H. , Ramos Roselle , Maurel Patrice , Kim Haesun A.
Published: May 2015

In myelinating Schwann cells, E‐cadherin is a component of the adherens junctions that stabilize the architecture of the noncompact myelin region. In other cell types, E‐cadherin has been considered as a signaling receptor that modulates intracellular signal transduction and cellular responses. To determine whether E‐cadherin plays a regulatory role during Schwann cell myelination, we investigated the effects of E‐cadherin deletion and over‐expression in Schwann cells. In vivo, Schwann cell‐specific E‐cadherin ablation results in an early myelination delay. In Schwann cell‐dorsal root ganglia neuron co‐cultures, E‐cadherin deletion attenuates myelin formation and shortens the myelin segment length. When over‐expressed in Schwann cells, E‐cadherin improves myelination on Nrg1 type III+/− neurons and induces myelination on normally non‐myelinated axons of sympathetic neurons. The pro‐myelinating effect of E‐cadherin is associated with an enhanced Nrg1‐erbB receptor signaling, including activation of the downstream Akt and Rac. Accordingly, in the absence of E‐cadherin, Nrg1‐signaling is diminished in Schwann cells. Our data also show that E‐cadherin expression in Schwann cell is induced by axonal Nrg1 type III, indicating a reciprocal interaction between E‐cadherin and the Nrg1 signaling. Altogether, our data suggest a regulatory function of E‐cadherin that modulates Nrg1 signaling and promotes Schwann cell myelin formation. GLIA 2015;63:1522–1536
Don't Mind the Gap: Intuitions, Emotions, and Reasons in the Enhancement Debate
Authors: Giubilini Alberto
Published: May 2015

Reliance on intuitive and emotive responses is widespread across many areas of bioethics. The current debate on biotechnological human enhancement is particularly interesting in this respect. A strand of “bioconservatives” that has explicitly drawn connections to the modern conservative tradition, dating back to Edmund Burke, appeals to the alleged wisdom of our intuitions and emotions to ground opposition to some biotechnologies or their uses. Such reliance on intuitions and emotions is widely acknowledged as one of the distinguishing features of this conservative strand by both its supporters and opponents.

So‐called bioliberals, those who in principle do not oppose human bioenhancement, tend to rely on rational arguments and to see intuitions and emotions mostly as sources of biases. This approach often translates into shifting the burden of proof onto bioconservatives and challenging them to provide arguments against the proposed enhancement to back what bioliberals perceive as merely intuitive, emotive, and irrational reactions.

In this article, I am going to show that the methodological divide between bioliberals and bioconservatives is less significant than at first glance it appears to be and less significant than it is often taken to be. I will do so by defending two theses. The first is that reliance on intuitions and emotions is not a prerogative of bioconservatives: bioliberals have their typical intuitions and emotive responses and are for this reason exposed to potential biases in the same way as bioconservatives are. The second thesis is that reliance on intuitions and emotions is not necessarily antithetic to reason and rationality.
Effects of Geographical Accessibility on the Use of Outpatient Care Services: Quasi‐Experimental Evidence from Panel Count Data
Authors: Elek Péter , Váradi Balázs , Varga Márton
Published: May 2015

In 2010–2012, new outpatient service locations were established in Hungarian micro‐regions, which had lacked such capacities before. We exploit this quasi‐experiment to estimate the effect of geographical accessibility on outpatient case numbers using both individual‐level and semi‐aggregate panel data. We find a 24–27 per cent increase of case numbers as a result of the establishments. Our specialty‐by‐specialty estimates imply that a 1‐min reduction of travel time to the nearest outpatient unit increases case numbers for example by 0.9 per cent in internal care and 3.1 per cent in rheumatology. The size of the new outpatient capacities has a separate effect, raising the possibility of the presence of supplier‐induced demand.

By combining a fixed‐effects logit and a fixed‐effects truncated Poisson estimator, we decompose the effects into increases in the probability of ever visiting a doctor on the one hand and an increase of the frequency of visits on the other hand. We find that new visits were dominant in the vast majority of specialties, whereas both margins were important for example in rheumatology. Finally, we demonstrate the usefulness of the fixed‐effects truncated Poisson estimator in modelling count data by examining its robustness by simulations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The neuroprotective effect of a traditional herbal (kyung‐ok‐ko) on transient middle cerebral artery occlusion‐Induced ischemic rat brain
Authors: Park Sang-In , Lee Jin‐Hee , Chung Yong‐An , Park Moon‐Seo , Sunwoo Hyun , Lee Kwan‐Sung , Sunwoo Yun‐Young
Published: May 2015

Kyung‐ok‐ko (KOK) has been used for the treatment of central nervous system disorders such as amnesia, dementia, and cerebral ischemia. However, the effects of KOK on transient ischemic‐induced neuronal damage are still unclear. We examined whether KOK improves functional recovery and has a neuroprotective effect on infarction volume after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). KOK (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) was administered orally following reperfusion and twice per day for 14 days post‐MCAO. Infarction volume was measured using 2% 2‐3‐5 triphenylterazolium (TTC) staining at 14 days post‐MCAO and alteration in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) after KOK treatment was monitored. Functional improvement was evaluated using adhesive removal and treadmill tests at 1, 7, and 14 days post‐MCAO. Also, apoptotic cell death was assessed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl‐transferase mediated d‐UTP‐biotin nick end (TUNEL) in the peri‐infarction region. The protein level of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐1α (IL‐1α), and interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) was measured in the ischemic core, ischemic border zone, and contralateral hemisphere regions. The KOK‐treated group showed both reduced infarction volume and behavior tests demonstrated a significant improvement as compared to the control. Also, in the KOK‐treated group, rCBF was recovered to near normal levels. The apoptotic cells were significantly decreased as compared with the control group in the ischemic peri‐infarction area. Furthermore, the level of TNF‐α, IL‐1β, and IL‐1α was decreased. These results suggest that KOK may improve functional outcome by inhibiting inflammatory cytokines (TNF‐α, IL‐1β, and IL‐1α) in neuronal injury such as ischemic stroke.
Signal intensity correction for multichannel MR images using radon transformation
Authors: Lee Dong‐Hoon , Hong Cheolpyo , Lee Man‐Woo , Han Bong‐Soo
Published: May 2015

The purpose of this study is to correct signal intensity at low‐field MRI system with multichannel receiver coils using Radon transformation and filtered backprojection (FBP) method. An open‐type 0.32 T MRI system and a body size phantom were used to acquire the MR images. We used various types of coils from 2‐channels to 4‐channels, which minimized the loss of signal. In the intensity correction process, Radon transform was used for the images of each channel and low‐pass filtering was applied to reduce noise. After that FBP was used for the space transform again from the Radon space to the image space. We also made changes to the projection ranges and their intervals, and then confirmed them to evaluate the optimal parameters. All the intensity corrected results were compared with its original sum‐of‐square (SOS) images, and the corrected images showed more uniform and homogeneous intensities than the images without correction. In addition, these results were also shown in the quantitative values through the signal intensity variations according to the cut view along the horizontal lines of the images. The feasibility of our approach and results for signal intensity correction may be useful and helpful for the researchers of low‐field system with multichannel coils.
Urinary Tract Stones and Osteoporosis: Findings From the Women's Health Initiative
Authors: Carbone Laura D , Hovey Kathleen M , Andrews Christopher A , Thomas Fridtjof , Sorensen Mathew D , Crandall Carolyn J , Watts Nelson B , Bethel Monique , Johnson Karen C
Published: May 2015

Kidney and bladder stones (urinary tract stones) and osteoporosis are prevalent, serious conditions for postmenopausal women. Men with kidney stones are at increased risk of osteoporosis; however, the relationship of urinary tract stones to osteoporosis in postmenopausal women has not been established. The purpose of this study was to determine whether urinary tract stones are an independent risk factor for changes in bone mineral density (BMD) and incident fractures in women in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI). Data were obtained from 150,689 women in the Observational Study and Clinical Trials of the WHI with information on urinary tract stones status: 9856 of these women reported urinary tract stones at baseline and/or incident urinary tract stones during follow-up. Cox regression models were used to determine the association of urinary tract stones with incident fractures and linear mixed models were used to investigate the relationship of urinary tract stones with changes in BMD that occurred during WHI. Follow-up was over an average of 8 years. Models were adjusted for demographic and clinical factors, medication use, and dietary histories. In unadjusted models there was a significant association of urinary tract stones with incident total fractures (HR 1.10; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.17). However, in covariate adjusted analyses, urinary tract stones were not significantly related to changes in BMD at any skeletal site or to incident fractures. In conclusion, urinary tract stones in postmenopausal women are not an independent risk factor for osteoporosis. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Transient Increased Calcium and Calcitriol Requirements After Discontinuation of Human Synthetic Parathyroid Hormone 1-34 (hPTH 1-34) Replacement Therapy in Hypoparathyroidism
Authors: Gafni Rachel I , Guthrie Lori C , Kelly Marilyn H , Brillante Beth A , Christie C Michele , Reynolds James C , Yovetich Nancy A , James Robert , Collins Michael T
Published: May 2015

Synthetic human PTH 1-34 (hPTH 1-34) replacement therapy in hypoparathyroidism maintains eucalcemia and converts quiescent bone to high-turnover bone. However, the skeletal and metabolic effects of drug discontinuation have not been reported. Nine subjects with hypoparathyroidism received subcutaneous injections of hPTH 1-34 two to three times daily for 19.8 to 61.3 months and then transitioned back to calcium and calcitriol. Biochemistries and bone mineral density (BMD) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) were assessed at baseline, while on treatment, and at follow-up 3 to 12 months after drug discontinuation. Two subjects developed hypocalcemia when hPTH 1-34 was abruptly discontinued. Thus, to avoid hypocalcemia, subjects were slowly weaned from hPTH 1-34 over several weeks. When hPTH 1-34 was stopped, subjects were requiring two to three times pretreatment doses of calcitriol and calcium to maintain blood calcium levels. Doses were gradually reduced over many weeks until calcium levels were stable on doses similar to baseline. Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP), N-telopeptide (NTX), and osteocalcin (OC) increased significantly with hPTH 1-34; at follow-up, BSAP and NTX had returned to baseline while OC was still slightly elevated. During treatment, BMD was unchanged at the hip and lateral spine but declined at the anterior-posterior (AP) spine, radius, and total body. During weaning, BMD increased, with the hip and lateral spine exceeding pre-hPTH 1-34 values and the whole body returning to baseline. AP spine was increased non-significantly compared to baseline at follow-up. hPTH 1-34 must be gradually weaned in hypoparathyroid patients with high doses of oral medications given to avoid hypocalcemia. The transient increased requirements accompanied by increased BMD after long-term hPTH 1-34 therapy suggest a reversal of the expanded remodeling space favoring bone formation as the skeleton returns to a low-turnover state, reminiscent of the hungry bone syndrome. Further study and close monitoring is required to ensure safe transition to conventional therapy and to elucidate the physiological mechanism of this phenomenon. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Wrist Fracture and Risk of Subsequent Fracture: Findings from the Women's Health Initiative Study
Authors: Crandall Carolyn J , Hovey Kathleen M , Cauley Jane A , Andrews Christopher A , Curtis Jeffrey R , Wactawski-Wende Jean , Wright Nicole C , Li Wenjun , LeBoff Meryl S
Published: May 2015

Wrist fractures are common in postmenopausal women and are associated with functional decline. Fracture patterns after wrist fracture are unclear. The goal of this study was to determine the frequency and types of fractures that occur after a wrist fracture among postmenopausal women. We carried out a post hoc analysis of data from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study and Clinical Trials (1993–2010) carried out at 40 US clinical centers. Participants were postmenopausal women aged 50 to 79 years at baseline. Mean follow-up duration was 11.8 years. Main measures included incident wrist, clinical spine, humerus, upper extremity, lower extremity, hip, and total non-wrist fractures and bone mineral density (BMD) in a subset. Among women who experienced wrist fracture, 15.5% subsequently experienced non-wrist fracture. The hazard for non-wrist fractures was higher among women who had experienced previous wrist fracture than among women who had not experienced wrist fracture: non-wrist fracture overall (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.40, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.33–1.48), spine (HR = 1.48, 95% CI 1.32–1.66), humerus (HR = 1.78, 95% CI 1.57–2.02), upper extremity (non-wrist) (HR = 1.88, 95% CI 1.70–2.07), lower extremity (non-hip) (HR = 1.36, 95% CI 1.26–1.48), and hip (HR = 1.50, 95% CI 1.32–1.71) fracture. Associations persisted after adjustment for BMD, physical activity, and other risk factors. Risk of non-wrist fracture was higher in women who were younger when they experienced wrist fracture (interaction p value 0.02). Associations between incident wrist fracture and subsequent non-wrist fracture did not vary by baseline BMD category (normal, low bone density, osteoporosis). A wrist fracture is associated with increased risk of subsequent hip, vertebral, upper extremity, and lower extremity fractures. There may be substantial missed opportunity for intervention in the large number of women who present with wrist fractures. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Synthesis and Antifungal Activity of Novel Furan‐2,4‐dione Derivatives Containing Substituted Phenylhydrazine Moiety
Authors: Hu Ying , Zhang Li‐Zhi , Ren Zheng‐Jiao , Zhao Zheng , Xu Wen‐Qin , Yang Chun‐Long
Published: May 2015

A series of novel 3‐(2‐(substituted phenyl)hydrazinylmethylidene)furan‐2,4(3H,5H)‐diones were designed and synthesized with ethyl 4‐chloroacetoacetate as the starting material. Their structures were confirmed by FT‐IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, EI‐MS and elemental analysis. Bioassay data demonstrated that these compounds exhibited remarkable antifungal activity against Fusarium graminearum, Botrytis cinerea, Rhizoctonia cerealis and Colletotrichum capsici. Compound 3‐(2‐(4‐bromophenyl)hydrazinylmethylidene)furan‐2,4(3H,5H)‐dione (5g) had excellent bioactivity against Botrytis cinerea with an EC50 value of 0.18 μg/mL ‐ markedly lower than the 0.24 μg/mL of the commercial fungicide procymidone. The result revealed that introducing the halogenated phenylhydrazine at the 3‐position of furan‐2,4(3H, 5H)‐dione was an effective way to design new tetronic acid derivatives as new fungicides.
Voltammetric Determination of Sophoridine Based on Gold Nanoparticles/L‐cysteine/ Graphene Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode
Authors: Wang Fei , Zhao Longtao , Yang Liu , Li Bei , Qiang Liming , Gao Lin
Published: May 2015

A new strategy to make the electrochemical sensor was presented, through combining gold nanoparticles (GNPs) with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) via L‐cysteine (L‐cys) as crosslinker. The resulting electrodes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical methods. And it was applied to develop a high‐sensitive electrochemical sensor for determination of sophoridine. Compared with the bare GCE and reduced graphene oxide modified electrode, the resulting electrodes exhibited excellent response toward the oxidation of sophoridine by significantly enhancing the oxidation peak currents and decreasing the overpotential of sophoridine. Under the selected conditions, there exist the linear relation between the oxidation peak currents and sophoridine concentration in the range of 1.0 x 10‐6∼1.0 x 10‐4 mol L‐1, with detection limit of 4.0 x 10‐7 mol L‐1. At the same time, the method can be successfully applied to the quantitative determination of sophoridine in injection samples and its result is satisfactory.
HPLC Determination of Lansoprazole and Method Application for the Formulation Development of Enteric‐coated Lansoprazole Pellets
Authors: Tsai Tong‐Rong , Cham Thau‐Ming , Wu Yu‐Tse
Published: May 2015

The aim of this study was to develop a validated HPLC method for the determination of lansoprazole in dissolution medium and pellets. For the formulation development, we investigated the role of 2‐hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (HPβCD) on the dissolution of enteric‐coated pellets of lansoprazole prepared by the solution layering technique using a fluid bed coater. Dissolution results demonstrated the coating using Acryl‐Eze protected the formulations from releasing lansoprazole in acid medium for the first 2 h, and the addition of HPβCD improved the dissolution performance by 189%, compared with the group without HPβCD. The DSC analysis displaced an absence of the endothermic peak for the lyophilized products lansoprazole and HPβCD, and FTIR analysis demonstrated the band broadening, shifting or disappearance compared to the spectra of the physical mixture, which indicated the formation of the inclusion complex between lansoprazole and HPβCD. This study has developed a validated HPLC method to measure lansoprazole in test media and pellets, which was applied successfully to the formula tion development of enteric‐coated pellets.
Quantum Control of Coherent ρρ‐Electron Dynamics in Chiral Aromatic Molecules
Authors: Yamaki Masahiro , Mineo Hirobumi , Teranishi Yoshiaki , Lin Sheng Hsien , Fujimura Yuichi
Published: May 2015

Control of mobile π‐electrons is one of the fundamental issues in the organic optoelectronics for designing the next generation ultrafast switching devices. The optimal control simulations of coherent π‐electron rotations in (P)‐2,2’‐biphenol, which is the typical nonplanar aromatic molecule with axial chirality, were performed by taking into account two types of the control targets: one is generation of the maximum π‐angular momentum, and the other is the maintaining of the generated unidirectional angular momentum during a setting time duration. The optimal control pulse for each target is designed. The analysis of the simulation results shows that the effective maintaining of the unidirectional angular momentum can be realized by applying 2π pulse to one of the electronic excited states forming the coherent electronic state. The 2π pulse prevents the reverse rotation of the π‐electrons by dumping the excited state population to the ground state and subsequently by pumping the population back to the excited state. The present results provide a theoretical basis for the designing next generation ultrafast switching devices made by organic aromatic molecules.
The logistics of choice
Authors: Killeen Peter R.
Published: May 2015

The generalized matching law (GML) is reconstructed as a logistic regression equation that privileges no particular value of the sensitivity parameter, a. That value will often approach 1 due to the feedback that drives switching that is intrinsic to most concurrent schedules. A model of that feedback reproduced some features of concurrent data. The GML is a law only in the strained sense that any equation that maps data is a law. The machine under the hood of matching is in all likelihood the very law that was displaced by the Matching Law. It is now time to return the Law of Effect to centrality in our science.
Two‐In‐one sample preparation for plan‐VIew TEM
Authors: Sáfrán György , Szász Noémi , Sáfrán Eszter
Published: May 2015

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) sample preparation requires special skills, it is time consuming and costly, hence, an increase of the efficiency is of primary importance. This article describes a method that duplicates the yield of the conventional mechanical and ion beam preparation of plan‐view TEM samples. As a modification of the usual procedures, instead of one two different samples are comprised in a single specimen. The two pre‐cut slabs, one from each samples, are embedded side by side in the window of a 3 mm dia Ti disk and the specimen is thinned mechanically and by ion milling until perforation that occurs at the interface of the two different slabs. That, with proper implementation, provides acceptable size thin area for the TEM study of both samples. The suitability of the two‐in‐one method has been confirmed through examples. Microsc. Res. Tech. 78:599–602, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Histology of the heterostracan dermal skeleton: Insight into the origin of the vertebrate mineralised skeleton
Authors: Keating Joseph N. , Marquart Chloe L. , Donoghue Philip C. J.
Published: May 2015

Cover illustration. The vertebrate mineralized skeleton and its canonical cell and tissue types are among the most formative innovations in vertebrate evolutionary history. Their origins, however, are poorly understood because living vertebrates either lack or possess all of the component mineralized skeletal systems in their entirety. In this issue of the Journal of Morphology Keating et al. (pp. 657–680) surveyed the dermal skeletal histology of heterostracans, inferred the plesiomorphic heterostracan skeleton and, through histological comparison to other skeletonising vertebrate clades, deduced the ancestral nature of the vertebrate dermal skeleton. The cover shows a transverse section through a cephalothoracic shield of Tesseraspis tesselata.
Long‐term viral shedding and viral genome mutation in norovirus infection
Authors: Miyoshi Tatsuya , Uchino Kiyoko , Yoshida Hisayoshi , Motomura Kazushi , Takeda Naokazu , Matsuura Yoshiharu , Tanaka Tomoyuki
Published: May 2015

The duration of viral shedding in the patients from two outbreaks and four sporadic cases of norovirus (NoV) infections was investigated. The longest period of viral shedding into feces was for 173 days in an inpatient from one case of outbreak. The VP1 sequence from two long‐term viral shedding cases in the outbreak revealed four synonymous and one non‐synonymous mutations in one inpatient at 26 days from the onset of illness, and nine synonymous and two non‐synonymous mutations and a deletion, 10 synonymous mutations and a deletion in other inpatient at 29 days and 54 days from the onset of illness, respectively. Ten of the 11 amino acid positions detected in these two inpatients were in the outermost P2 domain of the viral capsid protein, and mutations at positions 295, 297, and 394 were shared in the inpatients. Mutations in the P2 domain were in epitopes A and D or near epitopes A, C, and E, suggesting that the long‐term carrier state of norovirus infection contributes to the generation of escape mutants by host immunoselection.J. Med. Virol. 87:1872–1880, 2015.© 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interannual variability of the onset of the South China Sea summer monsoon
Authors: Luo Ming , Leung Yee , Graf Hans‐F. , Herzog Michael , Zhang Wei
Published: May 2015

This article investigates the year‐to‐year variability of the onset of the South China Sea summer monsoon (SCSSM) and the possible influences exerted by the surface temperature anomalies over land and sea. Early and late monsoon onsets are related to the temperature anomalies in different regions. It is found that an early onset follows negative sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the central tropical Pacific (CP) Ocean during the preceding winter and spring, corresponding to a CP La Niña. In contrast, a late onset is preceded by the negative surface air temperature anomalies over land in the central Asian continent. Negative SST anomalies in the central‐eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean and the associated warming in the western Pacific induce an anomalously enhanced Walker circulation. This anomalous Walker cell leads to an increase in convection, causing more latent heat release and a subsequent decrease of surface pressure. The anomalous Walker cell and the enhanced latent heat release weaken the Western North Pacific subtropical high and the Philippine Sea anticyclone, favouring a westerly flow from the Indian Ocean, resulting in an early SCSSM onset. On the other hand, negative land surface temperature anomalies cool the atmosphere over land, and locally modify the Hadley circulation, accompanied by the anomalous divergence in the low‐level atmosphere over the western equatorial Pacific. This divergence anomaly reduces the latent heat release and strengthens the anticyclone in the Philippine Sea, thus preventing the westward extension of the westerlies from the Indian Ocean and causing a late SCSSM onset.