bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Disruption of STAT3 by Niclosamide Reverses Radioresistance of Human Lung Cancer
Authors: You Shuo , Li Rui , Park Dongkyoo , Xie Maohua , Sica Gabriel L. , Cao Ya , Xiao Zhi-Qiang , Deng Xingming
Published: December 2013

A major challenge affecting the outcomes of patients with lung cancer is the development of acquired radioresistance. However, the mechanisms underlying the development of resistance to therapy are not fully understood. Here, we discovered that ionizing radiation induces phosphorylation of Janus-associated kinase (JAK)-2 and STAT3 in association with increased levels of Bcl2/Bcl-XL in various human lung cancer cells. To uncover new mechanism(s) of radioresistance of lung cancer, we established lung cancer cell model systems with acquired radioresistance. As compared with radiosensitive parental lung cancer cells (i.e., A549, H358, and H157), the JAK2/STAT3/Bcl2/Bcl-XL survival pathway is significantly more activated in acquired radioresistant lung cancer cells (i.e., A549-IRR, H358-IRR, and H157-IRR). Higher levels of STAT3 were found to be accumulated in the nucleus of radioresistant lung cancer cells. Niclosamide, a potent STAT3 inhibitor, can reduce STAT3 nuclear localization in radioresistant lung cancer cells. Intriguingly, either inhibition of STAT3 activity by niclosamide or depletion of STAT3 by RNA interference reverses radioresistance in vitro. Niclosamide alone or in combination with radiation overcame radioresistance in lung cancer xenografts. These findings uncover a novel mechanism of radioresistance and provide a more effective approach to overcome radioresistance by blocking the STAT3/Bcl2/Bcl-XL survival signaling pathway, which may potentially improve lung cancer outcome, especially for those patients who have resistance to radiotherapy. Mol Cancer Ther; 13(3); 606–16. ©2013 AACR.
Sensitization of human cancer cells to gemcitabine by the Chk1 inhibitor MK-8776: cell cycle perturbation and impact of administration schedule in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Montano Ryan , Thompson Ruth , Chung Injae , Hou Huagang , Khan Nadeem , Eastman Alan
Published: December 2013

Background

Chk1 inhibitors have emerged as promising anticancer therapeutic agents particularly when combined with antimetabolites such as gemcitabine, cytarabine or hydroxyurea. Here, we address the importance of appropriate drug scheduling when gemcitabine is combined with the Chk1 inhibitor MK-8776, and the mechanisms involved in the schedule dependence.

Methods

Growth inhibition induced by gemcitabine plus MK-8776 was assessed across multiple cancer cell lines. Experiments used clinically relevant “bolus” administration of both drugs rather than continuous drug exposures. We assessed the effect of different treatment schedules on cell cycle perturbation and tumor cell growth in vitro and in xenograft tumor models.

Results

MK-8776 induced an average 7-fold sensitization to gemcitabine in 16 cancer cell lines. The time of MK-8776 administration significantly affected the response of tumor cells to gemcitabine. Although gemcitabine induced rapid cell cycle arrest, the stalled replication forks were not initially dependent on Chk1 for stability. By 18 h, RAD51 was loaded onto DNA indicative of homologous recombination. Inhibition of Chk1 at 18 h rapidly dissociated RAD51 leading to the collapse of replication forks and cell death. Addition of MK-8776 from 18–24 h after a 6-h incubation with gemcitabine induced much greater sensitization than if the two drugs were incubated concurrently for 6 h. The ability of this short incubation with MK-8776 to sensitize cells is critical because of the short half-life of MK-8776 in patients’ plasma. Cell cycle perturbation was also assessed in human pancreas tumor xenografts in mice. There was a dramatic accumulation of cells in S/G2 phase 18 h after gemcitabine administration, but cells had started to recover by 42 h. Administration of MK-8776 18 h after gemcitabine caused significantly delayed tumor growth compared to either drug alone, or when the two drugs were administered with only a 30 min interval.

Conclusions

There are two reasons why delayed addition of MK-8776 enhances sensitivity to gemcitabine: first, there is an increased number of cells arrested in S phase; and second, the arrested cells have adequate time to initiate recombination and thereby become Chk1 dependent. These results have important implications for the design of clinical trials using this drug combination.
Investigation of damping and toughness properties of epoxy-based nanocomposite using different reinforcement mechanisms: polymeric alloying, nanofiber, nanolayered, and nanoparticulate materials
Authors: Rostamiyan Yasser , Mashhadzadeh Amin Hamed , Fereidoon Abdolhossein
Published: December 2013

In this study, structural damping and toughness characteristics of epoxy-based nanocomposite containing four different mechanisms of reinforcing investigated. These mechanisms are using multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) as nanofiber, clay as nanolayer, SiO2 as particulate nanofiller, and high impact polystyrene (HIPS) for polymeric alloying. The epoxy resin used was diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) cured by cycloaliphatic polyamine. Natural frequency and damping coefficient are computed from the Stochastic Subspace Identification-Data Driven (SSI-Data) method. These parameters measured by Laser Doppler Vibrometer. In addition, impact resistance of these four types of composites is tested. The test results are compared between different weight percent loading of each reinforcement and also between different mechanisms. Also, morphological properties of DGEBA/CNT, DGEBA/clay, DGEBA/SiO2, and DGEBA/HIPS were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Atypical clinic presentation of pandemic influenza A successfully rescued by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation — our experience and review of the literature
Authors: Bonacchi Massimo , Ciapetti Marco , Di Lascio Gabriella , Harmelin Guy , Sani Guido , Peris Adriano
Published: December 2013

The novel pandemic influenza A (H1N1) caused an epidemic of critical illness, and some patients developed severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or severe cardiopulmonary failure despite the use of conventional management. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support may successfully rescue these severely ill patients. We demonstrate the causative role of H1N1 in refractory ARDS of a previously healthy 15-year-old man who presented to the intensive care unit with a hypoxic and persistent cardiogenic shock refractory to conventional management as the leading symptom of influenza A. Because of compromised cardiopulmonary function, venovenous ECMO was applied 24 h after admission. Despite that the patient was manifesting heart failure, we decided the placement of venovenous ECMO because we believed that the real problem was the uncontrollable hypoxia and hypercapnia. A normal left ventricular ejection fraction was documented on a 2D echocardiography on day 2. The patient, after 6 days of ECMO, recovered completely and was successfully weaned from the mechanical ventilator on the 9th day after admission. The patient was discharged from the hospital on the 15th day. This experience showed that ECMO can be lifesaving for severe H1N1 infection also in patients with atypical clinical presentation of influenza.
Refurbishment of structures on the Manchester Metrolink phase 3
Authors: Stacy Mungo , Burr Martin , Jones Peter , Kenworthy Nick , McClean John , McKeown Francis , Molyneux Stuart
Published: December 2013

The Metrolink phase 3 project in Manchester, UK, has created around 60 km of new tram lines and has incorporated over 380 structures including 160 bridges and tunnels. Nearly 80 bridges were refurbished, repaired or strengthened to provide a low-maintenance system with a minimum 50-year structural design life. The new tram lines have been built on new dedicated alignments and on former railway corridors, reusing existing structures with an age of up to 140 years. Various contractual and technical approaches were taken to address the risk due to structure condition, including risk-sharing arrangements and phased scope determination. Particular issues encountered by the project include: limited information on structure condition; corrosion of metallic structures; scope risk; strategy for repair versus replacement; vehicle incursion risk; determining appropriate specifications; retention of cast-iron structures and modifications to parapets due to electrification. The conclusions include lessons learned for projects dealing with the renewal and upgrade of legacy structures in an affordable manner.
Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance Study on Electrodeposition of Pt on Au-QCM
Authors: Yadav Amar Prasad
Published: December 2013

Platinum was electrodeposited on an Au-QCM in 40 mM H2PtCl6 solution using an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance. At 0.2 V vs. SHE, a 4-electron reduction of Pt-ion took place. On the other hand, at 0.6 V a mixture of 2-electron and 4-electron reduction took place.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v30i0.9328Journal of Nepal Chemical Society Vol. 30, 2012 Page: 1-4 Uploaded date: 12/16/2013
Morphology of Ethylene/1-Octene Copolymers and Their Blends with High Density Polythylene: A Microscopic Evaluation
Authors: Adhikari Rameshwar
Published: December 2013

The investigation into morphology formation in ethylene/1-octene copolymers (EOCs) comprising variable 1-octene content and their blends with high density polyethylene (HDPE) and hence their tensile mechanical properties have been reported. The morphological analysis by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the macrophase separation of the components in the blends. In contrast to well defined spherulitic morphology and lamellar structure of the HDPE, the EOCs exhibited progressively distorted lamellar morphology with increasing 1-octene content. At high 1-octene content, the EOC samples possessed the ‘worm-like’ crystals, which resemble the ‘fringed micelles’ discussed in the literature. The blends allow a balance of mechanical properties (stiffness and toughness) over a wide range as shown by tensile stress strain behavior of the blends.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v30i0.9329Journal of Nepal Chemical Society Vol. 30, 2012 Page: 5-12 Uploaded date: 12/16/2013
Synthesis of Geopolymer from Coal Fly Ash
Authors: Jha Vinay Kumar , Budhamagar Gautam Prasad
Published: December 2013

In the present work, geopolymers have been synthesized from coal fly ash (CFA) using NaOH and Na2SiO3 as activators. Some parameters like alkali concentration, amount of Na2SiO3 and curing time have been varied in order to improve the quality of geopolymeric product. The geopolymerization process has been performed using 3-8M NaOH solutions, Na2SiO3 to CFA mass ratios of 0.25-1.25 and curing time variation from 5-15 days. The curing temperature was fixed at 40ºC in all cases. In the variation of NaOH concentration, the maximum compressive strength of 2.3 MPa was obtained with CFA treated with 6M NaOH solution. Similarly during the variation of amount of Na2SiO3, the maximum compressive strength of 17.6 MPa was obtained with Na2SiO3 to CFA mass ratio of 1.25. Furthermore, the compressive strength was found increasing up to 20.3 MPa with increasing curing time.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v30i0.9331Journal of Nepal Chemical Society Vol. 30, 2012 Page:  24-28 Uploaded date: 12/16/2013
An Ecofriendly Alternative for the Removal of Cd (II) and Cu (II) from Aqueous Medium
Authors: Kour Jagjit , Cagnin M. , Homagai P. L. , Pokhrel M. R. , Ghimire K. N. , Masi A.
Published: December 2013

Different types of agricultural waste materials have been explored for their efficiency in removing heavy metal ions from aqueous solution. A biomass of Desmostachya bipinnata (DB) was investigated as the potential bio-adsorbent for the removal of Cd (II)) and Cu (II) from wastewater. The surface of DB was chemically grafted with ethylenediamine. It was characterized by elemental, FTIR and SEM analysis. The maximum adsorption capacity of MDB in the removal of Cd (II) and Cu (II) were 30.4mg/g and 41.6 mg/g at their optimum pH 6 and 5, respectively. The experimental data followed the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetic model The research results indicated that D. bipinnata can be an alternative, efficient and ecofriendly material for the removal of Cd (II) and Cu (II) from wastewater.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v30i0.9333Journal of Nepal Chemical Society Vol. 30, 2012 Page:  37-44 Uploaded date: 12/16/2013
A New Process for the recovery of bio-accumulated cadmium from Scallops
Authors: Ghimire Kedar Nath
Published: December 2013

A novel process for cadmium recovery from mid gut of scallops is investigated based on the systematic information of the process system. Adsorption of cadmium was accompanied according to the cation exchange mechanism and the equilibrium pH increased to around 7 due to the isomorphous substitution of cadmium with that calcium of SAJR. A complete recovery of cadmium has been achieved from the process that we have developed from this study.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v30i0.9337Journal of Nepal Chemical Society Vol. 30, 2012 Page:  62-65 Uploaded date: 12/16/2013
Exhausted Tea Leaves – a low cost bioadsorbent for the removal of Lead (II) and Zinc (II) ions from their aqueous solution
Authors: Shrestha Bindra , Homagai P. L. , Pokhrel M. R. , Ghimire K. N.
Published: December 2013

An efficient and cost effective bioadsorbent has been prepared from exhausted tea leaves using hydrazine monohydrate. The aminated tea leaves (ATL) was characterised by elemental and spectral analysis. The batch adsorption study was performed using ATL for the removal of Pb++ and Zn++ from their aqueous solution. Adsorption experiment was conducted as the function of solution pH, initial metal concentration and contact time. The maximum adsorption capacity of the adsorbent was found to be 120.8 mg/g for Pb++ and 79.76 mg/g for Zn++. These results indicated that the aminated tea leaves hold great potential to remove Pb++ and Zn++ from aqueous solution.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v30i0.9383Journal of Nepal Chemical Society Vol. 30, 2012 Page: 123-129 Uploaded date: 12/20/2013
Liquid Phase Chemical Deposition of High Tech ZnSe Thin Flims
Authors: Pingale P. C. , Mane S. T. , Lendave S. A. , Kamble S. S. , Suryawanshi R. V. , Singh Arvind , Kothari D. C. , Deshmukh L. P. , Sharon M.
Published: December 2013

Being a promising and potential candidate for optoelectronic device applications, zinc selenide thin films were obtained for the first time on the glass microslides using a liquid phase chemical bath deposition. The deposition conditions, such as bath temperature (70 0C), deposition time (210 mins.), reaction pH (10.5± 0.2) and quantity of hydrazine hydrate (reducing agent) were finalized and the possible growth mechanism and reaction kinetics have been suggested. As the ZnSe films grow well in strong reducing atmosphere, the quantity of hydrazine hydrate was varied from 2 ml to 15 ml and ZnSe samples were obtained. The final product ZnSe thin films are physically hard, tightly adherent, relatively uniform and diffusely reflecting with light brown colored tinge in smoky appearance. An EDS analysis showed that the film stoichiometry depends on quantity of the added reducing agent in the bath. Structural studies were carried out on these films by an X-ray diffraction technique using Cukα radiation. It appeared that the ZnSe films are hexagonal wurtzite in structure with preferred orientation along <101>. The calculated d-values, intensities of reflections and lattice parameters matched with that of the JCPD data. The calculated particle size decreased with quantity of hydrazine hydrate added in the bath (decrease in Zn/Se ratio). The optical absorption measurements in the range of wavelength from 300-1100 nm showed direct type of transitions with an optical gap decreased from 2.71 eV to 2.60 eV for the change of Zn/Se ratio from 0.993 to 0.571. The surface features revealed by SEM showed that the crystallites are nonuniformly distributed and spherical in shape. From micrographs it is seen that crystallite size decreased with increasing amount of hydrazine hydrate. Some overgrowth like structures (of the same size and shapes) has also been observed at high concentration of hydrazine hydrate.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v30i0.9384Journal of Nepal Chemical Society Vol. 30, 2012 Page: 130-137 Uploaded date: 12/20/2013
Microwave-Induced Synthesis of Some Novel Fungicidal Pyrazole Derivatives
Authors: Mishra A. D.
Published: December 2013

A series of novel pyrazole derivatives have been synthesized from propanoyl hydrazine and aromatic aldehydes under microwave irradiations. The reaction leads to condensation in ethanolic solution to give corresponding hydrazones which undergo subsequent cyclisation to furnish pyrazole derivatives in presence of formic acid. The reaction rate is enhanced considerably by using microwaves with excellent yield as compared to conventional heating method. The reactions took 4-7 minutes for completion with 78-92% yield. All the synthesized pyrazole derivatives showed promising antifungal activities against Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus Flavus. Microwave-induced organic synthesis has been proved quite beneficial and eco-friendly method in terms of limited use of chemicals, short reaction time and good yield with higher degree of purity.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v30i0.9385Journal of Nepal Chemical Society Vol. 30, 2012 Page:  138-142 Uploaded date: 12/20/2013
Photovoltaic Studies of Cd1-xCoxS Based Electrochemical Cells
Authors: Deshmukh L. P. , Mane S. T. , Lendave S. A. , Pingale P. C. , Suryawanshi R. V. , Pirgonde B. R.
Published: December 2013

The Cd1-xCoxS (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) thin films were deposited on chemomechanically and ultrasonically cleaned stainless steel substrates by a liquid phase chemical bath deposition technique. The preparative parameters, (viz. growth temperature (56°C), deposition time (80 minutes), reaction pH (11±0.2) and the rate of mechanical churning (70±2)) and deposition conditions were used as optimized previously. The electrode/electrolyte interfaces were then set up between the n-type Cd1-xCoxS (0 ≤ x < 0.5) photosensing electrodes and a sulphide/polysulphide (0.25 M ) redox electrolyte in H-shaped corning glass cells. A graphite rod treated in a cobalt sulphate solution for 24 hours was employed as a counter electrode. The as- fabricated cells were then characterized through the voltage-current and voltage-capacitance characteristics in dark, photovoltaic power output characteristics under constant illumination, and different responses of the cells to incident light. The PV performance parameters such open-circuit photopotential (Vph), short circuit photocurrent (Iph), series and shunt resistances (Rs & Rsh), efficiency (η), form factor (ff), dark ideality factor (nd), ideality factor under illumination(nL), built-in potential (ΦB), dark current (ID), the flat band potential(Vfb), junction capacitance under flat band condition (cj), cut off wavelength(λc) and photogenerated carrier life time(τ) were evaluated for various cells with a special emphasis given to the electrode composition (x). In general, photovoltaic output performance of the Cd1-XCoXS based electrochemical cell is improved after Co implantation (x=0.1) in CdS.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v30i0.9387Journal of Nepal Chemical Society Vol. 30, 2012 Page:  151-158 Uploaded date: 12/20/2013
The Isolation and Characterisation of Seco-phthalide Isoquinoline Alkaloid from Corydalis species
Authors: Jha Ram Narayan
Published: December 2013

Chromatographic resolution of crude base fraction of the methanolic extract of the whole plant of Corydalis longipes on Silca-gel column yielded one Seco-phthalide isoquinoline alkaloid, N-methylhydrasteine hydroxyl lactam. Its structure was established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic data analysis and comparison with spectroscopic data reported.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v30i0.9389Journal of Nepal Chemical Society Vol. 30, 2012 Page:  165-167 Uploaded date: 12/20/2013
Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Features in Fellow Eyes of Patients with Idiopathic Macular Hole
Authors: Chhablani Jay , Kumar Kshitiz , Ali Tariq Reza , Narayanan Raja
Published: December 2013

Purpose

To describe the vitreomacular interface and foveal structural changes in fellow eyes of patients with idiopathic macular holes using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT).

Methods

Retrospective analysis of consecutive medical records and SD-OCT images of the fellow eyes of patients with macular hole was done. Changes of the vitreoretinal interface and foveal structures on SD-OCT scan of the 101 fellow eyes of 101 subjects with full-thickness macular hole were studied and compared with 101 eyes of 101 age-matched healthy subjects.

Results

Sixty-four patients (57.65%) were female. Mean age at presentation was 60.44 ± 12.17 years. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in eyes with macular hole was 0.86 logMAR units and in fellow eyes was 0.41 logMAR units. Seven eyes had macular hole in the fellow eye at the time of presentation. The majority of the fellow eyes (87/101, 78.37%) were phakic. The average base diameter of macular hole was 1105 ± 451.63 μm. Incidence of vitreomacular traction, epiretinal membrane, lamellar hole, and inner foveal split was more common (<0.05) in fellow eyes in comparison to healthy eyes. In contrast, posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) and perifoveal PVD was more common in age-matched control eyes. There was no statistically significant correlation between foveal abnormalities of fellow eyes with base diameter of eyes with macular hole, BCVA, and duration of symptoms.

Conclusions

Fellow eyes of patients with idiopathic macular hole have a high frequency of abnormal vitreoretinal interface and foveal abnormalities, which predisposes to formation of macular hole.
Treatment of Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head Utilising Free Vascularised Fibular Graft: A Systematic Review
Authors: Ali Syed Ahmed , Christy Jonathan M. , Griesser Michael J. , Awan Hisham , Pan Xueliang , Ellis Thomas J.
Published: December 2013

We conducted a systematic review to determine whether the literature supports the use of free vascularised fibular graft (FVFG) over other salvage procedures for the treatment of avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head, and if there are patient-specific and defect-specific factors that may predict better outcomes after FVFG. Fifteen total studies were identified for inclusion. Three comparative studies showed an overall statistically significant superiority of FVFG over NVFG; two comparative studies demonstrated FVFG better than core decompression. One study show a better but not statistically significant superiority of FVFG comparing with vascularised iliac pedicle bone graft procedures, likely due to small sample size. This review suggests that vascularised fibular grafting is a better treatment option than core decompression and nonvascularised fibular grafting.
Valsa viburni, a rare fungus in Europe?
Authors: Hayova Vera
Published: December 2013

The paper provides brief illustrated description and general distribution of Valsa viburni. The fungus is found to be highly host-specific and confined to Viburnum lantana. According to currently available data on its distribution, the species has small number of records, fragmented range and is shown to be rare in Europe. However, before assessment of the species, information on any additional unrecorded specimens is needed. On the example of V. viburni, some issues on fungal conservation for species of microfungi are considered.
Interactions between externally forced climate signals from sunspot peaks and the internally generated Pacific Decadal and North Atlantic Oscillations
Authors: van Loon Harry , Meehl Gerald A.
Published: December 2013

When the Pacific Decadal Oscillation is in phase with the 11 year sunspot cycle, there are positive sea level pressure (SLP) anomalies in the Gulf of Alaska, nearly no anomalous zonal SLP gradient across the equatorial Pacific, and a mix of small positive and negative sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies there. When the two indices are out of phase, positive SLP anomalies extend farther south in the Gulf of Alaska and west into eastern Russia, with a strengthened anomalous zonal equatorial Pacific SLP gradient and larger magnitude and more extensive negative SST anomalies along the equatorial Pacific. In the North Atlantic, when the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is in phase with the sunspot peaks, there is an intensified positive NAO SLP pattern. When the NAO is out of phase with the peaks, there is the opposite pattern (negative NAO). The relationships are physically consistent with previously identified processes and mechanisms and point the way to further research.
Influence of the western North Atlantic and the Barents Sea on European winter climate
Authors: Gerber Franziska , Sedláček Jan , Knutti Reto
Published: December 2013

Despite global warming, Europe experienced several unusually cold winters in recent years. Reduced sea ice concentration in the Arctic and increased sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the Atlantic are independently hypothesized as possible triggers for such cold winters. We investigate the individual and combined influence of Barents Sea and Atlantic sea ice and SST conditions on European winter temperatures. In our simulations cold extremes become more frequent, but the imposed sea ice and/or SST anomalies only weakly affect European winter mean temperatures. We argue that a forced cooling of European mean temperatures would have to include additional mechanisms, but the variability of European winter temperatures is large, and cold winters could just be the result of internal variability.
Importance of frictional effects and jet instability on the morphodynamics of river mouth bars and levees
Authors: Canestrelli Alberto , Nardin William , Edmonds Douglas , Fagherazzi Sergio , Slingerland Rudy
Published: December 2013

In this work, extensive numerical simulations have been performed to assess the hydrodynamic and morphodynamic behavior of a river jet debouching in a large quiescent water body. A refined three‐dimensional grid has been used to capture the transition zone between a stable jet and an unstable meandering jet. The model results show that the stability number S, which is a function of friction and river mouth aspect ratio, and the mouth Reynolds number are the two parameters that describe the stable/unstable character of the jet. From a morphodynamic point of view, a stable jet always tends to form a mouth bar. However, a decrease of the stability number together with jet instability increase the delivery of sediments to the jet margins, favoring the formation of subaerial levees and elongated channels. Frictional effects play a major role to set the distance at which the mouth bar becomes stagnant. The importance of the stability number in setting depositional patterns at the river mouth is larger than other variables (i.e., momentum of the jet and potential vorticity) and therefore should be considered in the design of restoration schemes for deltaic land.
Evaluation of interpolation techniques for the creation of gridded daily precipitation (1 × 1 km2); Cyprus, 1980–2010
Authors: Camera Corrado , Bruggeman Adriana , Hadjinicolaou Panos , Pashiardis Stelios , Lange Manfred A.
Published: December 2013

High‐resolution gridded daily data sets are essential for natural resource management and the analyses of climate changes and their effects. This study aims to evaluate the performance of 15 simple or complex interpolation techniques in reproducing daily precipitation at a resolution of 1 km2 over topographically complex areas. Methods are tested considering two different sets of observation densities and different rainfall amounts. We used rainfall data that were recorded at 74 and 145 observational stations, respectively, spread over the 5760 km2 of the Republic of Cyprus, in the Eastern Mediterranean. Regression analyses utilizing geographical copredictors and neighboring interpolation techniques were evaluated both in isolation and combined. Linear multiple regression (LMR) and geographically weighted regression methods (GWR) were tested. These included a step‐wise selection of covariables, as well as inverse distance weighting (IDW), kriging, and 3D‐thin plate splines (TPS). The relative rank of the different techniques changes with different station density and rainfall amounts. Our results indicate that TPS performs well for low station density and large‐scale events and also when coupled with regression models. It performs poorly for high station density. The opposite is observed when using IDW. Simple IDW performs best for local events, while a combination of step‐wise GWR and IDW proves to be the best method for large‐scale events and high station density. This study indicates that the use of step‐wise regression with a variable set of geographic parameters can improve the interpolation of large‐scale events because it facilitates the representation of local climate dynamics.
Strain Sensing Behavior and Its Mechanisms of Electrically Conductive PPy‐Coated Fabric
Authors: Wang Junpu , Xue Pu , Tao Xiaoming , Yu Tongxi
Published: December 2013

This paper studies the strain sensing behavior and its mechanisms of polypyrrole (PPy)‐coated Lycra/Nylon knitted fabric. Firstly, the sensing behavior of PPy‐coated knitted fabric under cyclic tension is investigated. The results show the efficiency of developed conductive fabric in sensing strain of a structure under simple tension or cyclic tension. Then, the sensing mechanisms are thoroughly analyzed, based on the experimental observation on deformation characteristics of knitted fabric. The deformation process of knitted fabric is identified as four stages, i.e., yarn slippage, change of contacted fibers, bending of yarns, as well as elongation of yarns. It is found that the electrical resistance varies differently in the four stages, and the micro‐cracks of the coating surface during fiber extension contributes most to the resistance variation of the fabric among the four deformation stages. Finally, the sensing behavior of the conductive fabric is qualitatively described as a function of tensile strain.
Biocompatible, Uniform, and Redispersible Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Cancer‐Targeted Drug Delivery In Vivo
Authors: Zhang Quan , Wang Xiaoling , Li Pei‐Zhou , Nguyen Kim Truc , Wang Xiao‐Jun , Luo Zhong , Zhang Huacheng , Tan Nguan Soon , Zhao Yanli
Published: December 2013

Engineering multifunctional nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery shows promising potentials to revolutionize the cancer chemotherapy. Simple methods to optimize physicochemical characteristics and surface composition of the drug nanocarriers need to be developed in order to tackle major challenges for smooth translation of suitable nanocarriers to clinical applications. Here, rational development and utilization of multifunctional mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs) for targeting MDA‐MB‐231 xenograft model breast cancer in vivo are reported. Uniform and redispersible poly(ethylene glycol)‐incorporated MSNPs with three different sizes (48, 72, 100 nm) are synthesized. They are then functionalized with amino‐β‐cyclodextrin bridged by cleavable disulfide bonds, where amino‐β‐cyclodextrin blocks drugs inside the mesopores. The incorporation of active folate targeting ligand onto 48 nm of multifunctional MSNPs (PEG‐MSNPs48‐CD‐PEG‐FA) leads to improved and selective uptake of the nanoparticles into tumor. Targeted drug delivery capability of PEG‐MSNPs48‐CD‐PEG‐FA is demonstrated by significant inhibition of the tumor growth in mice treated with doxorubicin‐loaded nanoparticles, where doxorubicin is released triggered by intracellular acidic pH and glutathione. Doxorubicin‐loaded PEG‐MSNPs48‐CD‐PEG‐FA exhibits better in vivo therapeutic efficacy as compared with free doxorubicin and non‐targeted nanoparticles. Current study presents successful utilization of multifunctional MSNP‐based drug nanocarriers for targeted cancer therapy in vivo.
Fractionated gemtuzumab ozogamicin and standard dose cytarabine produced prolonged second remissions in patients over the age of 55 years with acute myeloid leukemia in late first relapse
Authors: Pilorge Sylvain , Rigaudeau Sophie , Rabian Florence , Sarkozy Clémentine , Taksin Anne L. , Farhat Hassan , Merabet Fathia , Ghez Stéphanie , Raggueneau Victoria , Terré Christine , Garcia Isabelle , Renneville Aline , Preudhomme Claude , Castaigne Sylvie , Rousselot Philippe
Published: December 2013

Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (fGO), a humanized anti‐CD33 monoclonal antibody linked to calicheamicin in combination with intensive chemotherapy gives high response rates in adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients in relapse. However, reduced intensity chemotherapy in combination with fractionated GO has not been tested in aged relapsing patients. Patients from our institution with CD33+ AML aged 55 years or more in first late relapse (≥6 months) were proposed participation in a GO compassionate use program. Induction therapy consisted in fractionated GO (fGO; 3 mg/m2, days 1, 4, 7) with standard‐dose cytarabine (200 mg/m2/day, 7 days). Patients were consolidated with two courses of GO and intermediate dose cytarabine. Twenty‐four patients (median age 68 years) received fGO with cytarabine. Median follow‐up was 42 months. The response rate was 75%, including complete remission (CR) in 16 patients and CR with incomplete platelet recovery (CRp) in two patients. Two‐year overall survival (OS) was 51% (95% CI: 28–69) and 2 years relapse‐free survival (RFS) was 51% (95%CI: 25–72). Duration of second CR (CR2) was longer than first CR (CR1) in 9 out of 18 patients. Minimal residual disease (MRD) was negative in evaluable patients in CR2, particularly in NPM1 mutated cases. Toxicity was in line with that of the same fractionated single agent GO schedule. Fractionated GO with low intensity chemotherapy produced high response rates and prolonged CR2 in aged AML patients in first late relapse. Am. J. Hematol. 89:399–403, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Allogeneic stem cell transplantation as initial salvage for patients with acute myeloid leukemia refractory to high‐dose cytarabine‐based induction chemotherapy
Authors: Jabbour Elias , Daver Naval , Champlin Richard , Mathisen Michael , Oran Betul , Ciurea Stefan , Khouri Issa , Cornelison A Megan , Ghanem Hady , Cardenas‐ Turanzas Marylou , Popat Uday , Ravandi Farhad , Giralt Sergio , Garcia‐Manero Guillermo , Cortes Jorge , Kantarjian Hagop , de Lima Marcos
Published: December 2013

Outcomes of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) who are refractory to high‐dose Cytarabine (HiDAC)‐based induction are dismal. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) as initial salvage may be effective and potentially superior to conventional salvage chemotherapy. Eighteen percent (285 of 1597) of AML patients were primary refractory to HiDAC‐based regimens at the MD Anderson Cancer Center between 1995 and 2009. AHSCT was the initial salvage in 28 cases. These patients were compared against 149 patients who received salvage chemotherapy, but never received AHSCT. Patients receiving salvage chemotherapy were older, had higher bone marrow blasts percentage, and higher incidence of unfavorable cytogenetics (P < 0.001). Median time from induction to AHSCT was 76 days. Objective response was achieved in 23 of 28 patients (82%) undergoing AHSCT. The incidence of grade III/IV acute and chronic graft versus‐host‐disease was 11% and 29%, respectively. Median follow up for living patients is 80 months. Median overall survival (OS) was 15.7 months and 2.9 months for AHSCT and chemotherapy, respectively (P < 0.001); the 3‐year OS rates were 39% and 2%, respectively. ASHCT as initial salvage therapy was identified as an independent prognostic factor for survival in multivariate analysis (HR = 3.03; P < 0.001). Initial salvage therapy with AHSCT in patients with primary HiDAC refractory AML is feasible and may yield superior outcomes to salvage chemotherapy. Am. J. Hematol. 89:395–398, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Factors associated with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome and chronic graft‐versus‐host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation
Authors: Gazourian Lee , Rogers Angela J. , Ibanga Ruby , Weinhouse Gerald L. , Pinto‐Plata Victor , Ritz Jerome , Soiffer Robert J. , Antin Joseph H. , Washko George R. , Baron Rebecca M. , Ho Vincent T.
Published: December 2013

Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) is a form of chronic graft vs. host disease (cGVHD) and a highly morbid pulmonary complication after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We assessed the prevalence and risk factors for BOS and cGVHD in a cohort of HSCT recipients, including those who received reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) HSCT. Between January 1, 2000 and June 30, 2010, all patients who underwent allogeneic HSCT at our institution (n = 1854) were retrospectively screened for the development of BOS by PFT criteria. We matched the BOS cases with two groups of control patients: (1) patients who had concurrent cGVHD without BOS and (2) those who developed neither cGVHD nor BOS. Comparisons between BOS patients and controls were conducted using t‐test or Fisher's exact tests. Multivariate regression analysis was performed to examine factors associated with BOS diagnosis. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS 9.2. We identified 89 patients (4.8%) meeting diagnostic criteria for BOS at a median time of 491 days (range: 48–2067) after HSCT. Eighty‐six (97%) of our BOS cohort had extra‐pulmonary cGVHD. In multivariate analysis compared to patients without cGVHD, patients who received busulfan‐based conditioning, had unrelated donors, and had female donors were significantly more likely to develop BOS, while ATG administration was associated with a lower risk of BOS. Our novel results suggest that busulfan conditioning, even in RIC transplantation, could be an important risk factor for BOS and cGVHD. Am. J. Hematol. 89:404–409, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Twenty‐two survivors over the age of 1 year with full trisomy 18: Presenting and current medical conditions
Authors: Bruns Deborah , Campbell Emily
Published: December 2013

The purpose of the study is to provide data about 22 survivors over the age of 1 year with full trisomy 18 (12–59 months). Mothers completed the online, mixed method Tracking Rare Incidence Syndrome (TRIS) Survey provides data on birth information (e.g., gestational age, birth weight) and medical conditions identified at birth and at the time of survey completion. Data indicate similar birth characteristics to other studies and presence of syndrome related medical conditions including cardiac conditions, use of a variety of feeding methods, apnea, respiratory difficulties, and kidney issues. Associated interventions, sometimes considered “aggressive” or “intensive” treatments including cardiac surgeries were noted in the sample. Implications for treatment are provided and the need for additional research with this clinical subgroup is needed. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Microduplication 3q13.2q13.31 identified in a male with dysmorphic features and multiple congenital anomalies
Authors: Karavitakis Emmanouil , Kitsiou‐Tzeli Sofia , Xaidara Athena , Kosma Konstantina , Makrythanasis Periklis , Apazidou Eleni , Kanavakis Emmanuel , Tzetis Maria
Published: December 2013

Constitutional microdeletions affecting 3q13.2q13.31 are rare and attempts for genotype–phenotype correlations have only recently been made in a cohort of 28 patients. The major phenotypic features of this rare syndrome are hypotonia, developmental delay, and facial anomalies. In this study, we report on a male infant with a novel reciprocal 3.671 Mb microduplication at the genomic region 3q13.2q13.31 associated with dysmorphic features and multiple congenital anomalies. The current patient was investigated by high‐resolution array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). This is the first report of a microduplication 3q13.2q13.31 that shares a lot of common clinical features with those carrying the microdeletion. The 3q13.2q13.31 duplicated region in our patient contains nine dosage sensitive genes, amongst them the genes ATG3, CCDC80, KIAA2018, NAA50, ZDHHC23, DRD3, ZBTB20, GAP43, LSAMP. As it is the case for many other well‐described reciprocal deletion/duplication syndromes, some have very different clinical features (Williams–Beuren deletion syndrome, WBS/WBS triplication) [Somerville et al. (2005); N Engl J Med 353:1694–1701], while others share similar phenotypic features (22q11.2 microdeletion/microduplication) [Portnoi (2009); Eur J Med Genet 52:88–93]. In conclusion, we describe the main phenotypic features of a possibly novel microduplication 3q13.2q13.31 syndrome. Additionally five of the dosage‐sensitive genes and BOC gene are suggested to be responsible for the main phenotypic features. Evaluation of multiple patients with the microduplication is needed for full delineation of this syndrome. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A patient with the classic features of Phelan‐McDermid syndrome and a high immunoglobulin E level caused by a cryptic interstitial 0.72‐Mb deletion in the 22q13.2 region
Authors: Simenson Kristi , Õiglane‐Shlik Eve , Teek Rita , Kuuse Kati , Õunap Katrin
Published: December 2013

Phelan‐McDermid syndrome, also known as the 22q13 deletion syndrome, is a chromosomal microdeletion syndrome characterized by neonatal hypotonia, normal growth, profound developmental delay, absent or delayed speech, and minor dysmorphic features. Almost all of the 22q13 deletions published so far have been described as terminal. It is believed that the SHANK3 gene is the major candidate gene for the neurologic features of the syndrome. Here we describe a patient with a 0.72‐Mb interstitial 22q13.2 deletion, intellectual disability, autistic behavior, epilepsy, mild dysmorphic features, and no deletion in the SHANK3 gene. The patient also has urticarial rash and an elevated level of immunoglobulin E, the latter has previously been described only once in a patient with monosomy 22q13.2‐qter and SHANK3 gene deletion. To our knowledge, this is one of the smallest interstitial deletion in this region which has been published up to now. Although the patient has the classic phenotype of the 22q13 terminal deletion syndrome, the etiology for the neurologic and immunological features must be due to genes located more proximal to SHANK3 and this is also supported by other previously published cases of interstitial 22q13.2 deletions. The deleted area in our patient is gene‐rich (26 genes), containing several known genes with different functions. Two of them—NFAM1 and TNFRSF13C are involved in immune system functioning. We suggest the haploinsufficiency of these genes might be related to hyper IgE syndrome in our patient. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bilateral striatal necrosis in two subjects with Aicardi–Goutières syndrome due to mutations in ADAR1 (AGS6)
Authors: La Piana Roberta , Uggetti Carla , Olivieri Ivana , Tonduti Davide , Balottin Umberto , Fazzi Elisa , Orcesi Simona
Published: December 2013

Aicardi–Goutières syndrome (AGS) is a genetic inflammatory disease. The classic neuroradiological picture mimics that of congenital infections in that Aicardi–Goutières syndrome is characterized by leukoencephalopathy, brain atrophy and intracranial calcifications. To date, bilateral striatal necrosis has not been reported in patients with AGS. We report on two patients with clinical diagnosis of Aicardi–Goutières syndrome in which brain MRI and CT scans demonstrated bilateral striatal necrosis. The diagnosis of Aicardi–Goutières syndrome in these two patients was genetically confirmed after the recent discovery that mutations in the ADAR1 (AGS6) gene may cause Aicardi–Goutières syndrome. This is the first report of bilateral striatal necrosis in association with Aicardi–Goutières syndrome. These results expand the neuroradiological phenotype of Aicardi–Goutières syndrome. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
9q31.1q31.3 deletion in two patients with similar clinical features: A newly recognized microdeletion syndrome?
Authors: Mucciolo M. , Magini P. , Marozza A. , Mongelli P. , Mencarelli M.A. , Hayek G. , Tavalazzi F. , Mari F. , Seri M. , Renieri A. , Graziano C.
Published: December 2013

Interstitial deletions of the long arm of chromosome 9 are rare and most patients have been detected by conventional cytogenetic techniques. Disparities in size and localization are large and no consistent region of overlap has been delineated. We report two similar de novo deletions of 6.3 Mb involving the 9q31.1q31.3 region, identified in two monozygotic twins and one unrelated patient through array‐CGH analysis. By cloning the deletion breakpoints, we could show that these deletions are not mediated by segmental duplications. The patients displayed a distinct clinical phenotype characterized by mild intellectual disability, short stature with high body mass index, thick hair, arched eyebrows, flat profile with broad chin and mild prognathism, broad, and slightly overhanging tip of the nose, short neck with cervical gibbus. The twin patients developed a metabolic syndrome (type 2 diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, vascular hypertension) during the third decade of life. Although long‐term follow‐up and collection of additional patients will be needed to obtain a better definition of the phenotype, our findings characterize a previously undescribed syndromic disorder associated with haploinsufficiency of the chromosome 9q31.1q31.3 region. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ecological divergence and talar morphology in gorillas
Authors: Dunn Rachel H. , Tocheri Matthew W. , Orr Caley M. , Jungers William L.
Published: December 2013

Gorillas occupy a variety of habitats from the west coast to eastern central Africa. These habitats differ considerably in altitude, which has a pronounced effect on forest ecology. Although all gorillas are obligate terrestrial knuckle‐walking quadrupeds, those that live in lowland habitats eat fruits and climb more often than do those living in highland habitats. Here we test the hypothesis that gorilla talus morphology falls along a morphocline that tracks locomotor function related to a more inverted or everted foot set. This proposed morphocline predicts that gorillas living in lowland habitats may have a talocrural joint configured to facilitate a more medially oriented foot during climbing, suggesting that they may be more adaptively committed to arboreality than gorillas living in highland habitats. To quantify the relative set of the foot in gorillas, we chose two three‐dimensional measurements of the talocrural joint: mediolateral curvature of the trochlea and relative surface area of the lateral malleolus. Our results show that, in comparison to their eastern counterparts, western gorillas have talar features that reflect a more medially directed sole of the foot. This morphology likely facilitates foot placement in a wider range of positions and minimization of shearing stresses across the joint when the foot is loaded on more curved or vertically oriented substrates as occurs during climbing and other arboreal behaviors. In contrast, eastern gorilla talar morphology is consistent with habitual placement of the foot with the sole directed more inferiorly, suggesting more effective loading during plantigrade push‐off on terrestrial substrates. Am J Phys Anthropol 153:526–541, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.