bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular Spectroscopy in the USSR
Authors: Rea D. G.
Published: July 2009

Spectroscopic research in the USSR is carried on in a wide variety of research establishments—in universities, in research institutes of the Academy of Sciences, and in institutes of various industries. To the author's knowledge there is no central direction of the research programs. The Soviet Union begins by giving its future spectroscopists a sound educational foundation. At the University of Moscow, all third year physics students carry out experiments on infrared and Raman spectroscopy, emission spectrography including effects of source conditions, fluorescence and phosphorescence studies, Zeeman effect and determination of flame temperatures using various spectroscopic techniques. Those students choosing optics as their major field repeat these experiments during their next two years, but do so on a more sophisticated level. Instruments are first developed in the research laboratories and then, when the demand for their use is great enough, the manufacturing is taken over by a central optical factory in Leningrad. The “commercial” infrared spectrometers are essentially copies of the Perkin-Elmer Models 12 and 21, except that a continuously pumped vacuum bolometer is used as the detector. The performance is considerably poorer with resolution for the double-beam instrument about 10 cm−1 at 1000 cm−1 with a scanning time, from 2 to 15 μ, of 45 min. The only photoconductive detectors in use are room temperature lead sulfide cells. According to one of their physicists, they must make their own photoconductive detectors. Hence, the non-use of them is readily understandable. There appears to be no prism-grating combination in use to give high performance in the infrared.
Ultraviolet Spectroscopy: Aromaticity of Carbonaceous Materials; Absorption Errors
Authors: Friedel R. A. , Queiser J. A.
Published: July 2009

Electronic spectra of carbonaceous materials that are devoid of specific absorption bands may be used to determine limits of polynuclear condensed aromaticities in carbonaceous materials. Band intensity and absorption area methods are described. The maximum polynuclear aromaticities of coal and of coal asphaltene are found to be considerably lower than expected and necessitate the presence of large concentrations of saturated structures. Sources of error in absorption spectra of aromatics are discussed. Several methods are described for the detection and quantitative measurement of fluorescence errors in absorption spectra of a solution, at a specific concentration, and of thin films. The path-length-extension method permits quantitative determination of fluorescence nonlinearity through measurements on a single sample.
Determining the LIF-sensitive period for implantation using a LIF-receptor antagonist
Authors: Mohamet L , Heath J K , Kimber S J
Published: July 2009

Uteri ofLifnull mice do not support embryo implantation. Since deletion of some genes often prevents the survival of null mice to adulthood, we have used a proven inhibitor of leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) signalling to identify the precise window of time during which LIF is requiredin vivo, and assessed the cellular expression of several LIF-associated targets. On day 4 of pregnancy, mice were injected with hLIF-05 (inhibitor) into the uterine lumen, with corresponding volumes of PBS (vehicle) injected into the contralateral horn. On days 5 and 6, the number of implantation sites was recorded and the uteri processed for immunohistochemistry. Blockade of LIF on day 4 reduced embryo implantation by 50% (P≤0.0001) and was effective maximally between 0930 and 1230 h. Antagonism of LIF signalling was evidenced by a lack of phosphorylated STAT3 in the luminal epithelium (LE). Amphiregulin was absent from the LE on day 4 evening and H-type-1 antigen expression was retained in the LE on day 5 in inhibited uteri. Interleukin-1α and oncostatin M expression were reduced in the stroma on day 6, following LIF inhibition. Unexpectedly, PTGS2 expression in stroma was unaffected by LIF inhibitionin vivo, in contrast toLifnull mice. In summary, this suggests that LIF signalling is effective for implantation during a discrete time window on day 4 and antagonism of LIF signalling recapitulates many features exhibited inLifnull uteri. The data presented validates the use of antagonists to investigate tissue specific and temporal cytokine signalling in reproductive function.
Antimicrobial susceptibility of Pasteurella multocida isolated from swine and poultry
Authors: Sellyei Boglárka , Varga Zsuzsanna , Szentesi-Samu Katalin , Kaszanyitzky Éva , Magyar Tibor
Published: July 2009

Pasteurella multocidacauses infectious diseases in a wide range of animal species. Antimicrobial therapy is still an effective tool for treatment. Generally,P. multocidaisolates are susceptible to most of the widely used commercial antimicrobial agents but their excessive and unjustified use accelerates the emergence of resistant strains. We defined the antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of 56P. multocidastrains isolated from poultry (20) and swine [16P. multocidatoxin (PMT) positive and 20 PMT negative] to 16 widely applied antibiotics (apramycin, cefquinome, chloramphenicol, colistin, doxycycline, enrofloxacin, erythromycin, florfenicol, flumequine, neomycin, oxolinic acid, penicillin, trimethoprim potentiated sulphamethoxazole, sulphonamide compounds, tetracycline, tulathromycin) by the disk diffusion method. The majority of the strains was susceptible to most of the antimicrobial agents tested. However, the resistance to sulphonamides, tetracyclines, first-generation quinolones and aminoglycosides was remarkable, and thus the use of these compounds for the treatment of infection caused byP. multocidais not recommended. On the other hand, the antimicrobial activity of the classical penicillin, the newer macrolide (tulathromycin), the third-generation fluoroquinolone (enrofloxacin) and the fourth-generation cephalosporin (cefquinome) proved to be satisfactory against this bacterium.
Identification of chromosome abnormalities in the horse using a panel of chromosome-specific painting probes generated by microdissection
Authors: Bugno Monika , Słota Ewa , Pieńkowska-schelling Aldona , Schelling Claude
Published: July 2009

Fluorescentin situhybridisation (FISH) using a panel of molecular probes for all chromosome pairs obtained by chromosome microdissection of the domestic horse (Equus caballus) was used to diagnose karyotype abnormalities in 35 horses (32 mares, 2 stallions and 1 intersex), which were selected for the study due to infertility (23 horses), reduced fertility (10 horses) and developmental anomalies (2 horses). The use of the FISH technique with probes for each horse chromosome pair enabled the diagnosis of many different chromosome aberrations in this population. Among the horses analysed, 21 animals had normal karyotype — 64,XX (19 mares) and 64,XY (2 stallions). Fourteen animals, constituting 40% of the population studied, showed the following chromosome abnormalities: 63,X (1 mare); 63,X/64,XX (6 mares); 63,X/64,XX/65,XXX (3 mares); 63,X/65,XXX (1 mare); 64,XX/65,XX+Xp (1 mare); 63,X/64,XX/65,XX+Xq (1 mare), and 63,X/64,XX/65,XX+delY (1 intersex). When only the mares studied because of complete infertility were taken into consideration, this proportion exceeded 56%. Due to the increased frequency of the above-mentioned aberrations in the mosaic form of two or more lines, it was necessary to analyse a large number (100–300) of metaphase spreads. The use of specific molecular probes obtained by chromosome microdissection made these diagnoses much easier.
Pharmacologic Treatments for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Mixed‐Treatment Comparison Meta‐analysis
Authors: Baker William L. , Baker Erica L. , Coleman Craig I.
Published: July 2009

Study Objective. To assess the comparative efficacy of pharmacologic agents for the maintenance treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Design. Traditional and mixed‐treatment comparison (MTC) meta‐analyses of randomized controlled trials.

Patients. A total of 31,020 patients with COPD from 43 trials.

Measurements and Main Results. A systematic literature search of various databases (through October 2007) was performed to identify randomized controlled trials of long‐acting β2‐agonists, tiotropium, inhaled corticosteroids, and/or combination therapy with an inhaled corticosteroid and a long‐acting β2‐agonist in patients with COPD. Forty‐three trials were included. Both meta‐analyses were used to evaluate the occurrence of one or more episodes of COPD exacerbation, overall mortality, and patient withdrawal rates. With MTC analysis, long‐acting β2‐agonists, tiotropium, inhaled corticosteroids, and combination inhaled corticosteroid‐long‐acting β2‐agonist therapy each decreased the odds of having an exacerbation by 16%, 31%, 15%, and 24%, respectively, compared with placebo. Moreover, tiotropium use reduced the odds of having at least one exacerbation by 18% compared with long‐acting β2‐agonists and by 19% compared with inhaled corticosteroids alone. Each of the four drug classes was associated with significant odds reductions in patient withdrawals (26–41%) compared with placebo, and both tiotropium and combination therapy significantly decreased the odds of patient withdrawals compared with long‐acting β2‐agonists or inhaled corticosteroids alone. Only combination therapy was associated with a mortality benefit, showing a 29% reduction compared with placebo and a 25% reduction compared with long‐acting β2‐agonists alone. Compared with combination therapy, tiotropium use reduced exacerbations by 9% and increased mortality by only 4%. These findings did not demonstrate significant changes in the sensitivity or subgroup analyses, which were performed to evaluate the effect of heterogeneity among the included studies.

Conclusions. Combination inhaled corticosteroid‐long‐acting β2‐agonist therapy was associated with the greatest positive effect on outcomes in patients with COPD. Of the bronchodilator monotherapies, tiotropium was associated with lower odds of having a COPD exacerbation or withdrawal from a study compared with long‐acting β2‐agonists.

Conclusion: Our MTC meta‐analysis provides a useful and comprehensive evaluation of the beneficial effects of various therapeutic drug classes on outcomes in patients with COPD. Combination inhaled corticosteroid‐long‐acting β2‐agonist therapy had the greatest positive effect on outcomes. Of the bronchodilator monotherapies, tiotropium was associated with lower odds of having an exacerbation or withdrawing from a study compared with long‐acting β2‐agonists.
Factors Associated with Recurrent Coronary Events Among Patients with Cardiovascular Disease
Authors:   Clinical Pharmacy Cardiac Risk Service Study Group, McConnell Karen J. , Olson Kari L. , Delate Thomas , Merenich John A.
Published: July 2009

Study Objective. To determine which factors are associated with recurrent coronary events.

Design. Matched, case‐control study.

Data Source. Electronic databases of a health maintenance organization.

Patients. Of a cohort of adults (mean age 62 yrs, 68% male) who had an incident coronary event, defined as acute myocardial infarction or percutaneous coronary intervention, between January 1, 1999, and June 30, 2004, who survived and who were enrolled in a cardiac risk reduction service within 90 days after the incident event, 259 cases (patients who had a recurrent event between 90 days after the incident event and December 31, 2005) were matched with 688 controls (patients who did not have a recurrent event within this time frame).

Measurements and Main Results. Multivariate conditional logistic regression was used to identify predictors of a recurrent coronary event. Although classic cardiac risk factors and drug therapies were similar for both groups at the time of the incident event, the mean low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) level, non‐high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (non‐HDL) level, and LDL:HDL ratio were higher and HDL levels were lower in the case patients compared with control patients (p<0.001) at the time of the case patients' recurrent events. More case patients received a statin but at a lower dose, defined as less than 40 mg of simvastatin equivalent (cases 45% vs controls 31%, p<0.001). Factors associated with a recurrent event included higher chronic disease score (odds ratio [OR] 1.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0–1.2), higher LDL:HDL ratio (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.5‐3.3), and statin dose less than 40‐mg simvastatin equivalent (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.8‐4.9).

Conclusion. These results support use of a statin at moderate‐to‐high doses as the basis of therapy for secondary coronary event prevention. The LDL:HDL ratio may help determine the degree of LDL lowering beyond traditional treatment goals.
Delayed Seizure Associated with Paclitaxel‐Cremophor EL in a Patient with Early‐Stage Breast Cancer
Authors: O'Connor Tracey L. , Kossoff Ellen
Published: July 2009

Paclitaxel, a microtubule stabilizer, is an effective agent for treating cancer of the breast, ovary, head and neck, and lung. Because paclitaxel is insoluble in water, it is formulated with the micelle‐forming Cremophor EL. Neurologic toxicity is well described with both the drug and this carrier, with most toxicities manifesting as peripheral neuropathy, motor neuropathy, autonomic neuropathy, and myopathy. Toxic effects on the central nervous system, such as seizures or encephalopathy, have been rarely reported; however, the seizures reported were closely related to the time of infusion. We describe a 41‐year‐old woman with no history of seizures who was treated with paclitaxel for breast cancer. Four days after the drug was infused, she developed a generalized tonic‐clonic seizure that could not be attributed to other causes. The patient was treated with phenytoin and was able to complete her adjuvant chemotherapy withnab‐paclitaxel without further events. Her condition was neurologically stable without phenytoin for the next 6 months. Use of the Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale indicated a possible association (score of 3) between the delayed seizure and paclitaxel or its solvent, Cremophor EL. Clinicians should be aware of the potential for seizure activity in patients who receive paclitaxel formulated with Cremophor EL.
Gabapentin Therapy for Pain and Irritability in a Neurologically Impaired Infant
Authors: Haney A. Lauren , Garner Sandra S. , Cox Toby H.
Published: July 2009

Gabapentin is a γ‐aminobutyric acid analog used for numerous neurologic conditions, including neuropathic pain and epilepsy. We describe a 39‐week gestational age, male infant with hypotonicity, functional short gut, and microduplication of chromosome 22 who was treated with gabapentin to control pain and irritability. During his hospitalization, the infant experienced multiple complications including respiratory distress, persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, hypocalcemia, hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia, gastroesophageal reflux, necrotizing enterocolitis, and cholestatic jaundice. Pain associated with related invasive procedures and surgeries was treated with intermittent and scheduled morphine. In addition to postoperative and procedural pain, the infant continued to experience pain and irritability attributed to neurologic impairment, presumably secondary to his chromosomal abnormality. Trials of scheduled lorazepam along with intermittent morphine and phenobarbital were unsuccessful in managing these symptoms. After failure of nonpharmacologic treatment and continued trials of sedatives and analgesics, gabapentin 5 mg/kg at bedtime was started on day of life 98. Improvement in the infant's tone and disposition was noted by numerous health care professionals and the infant's mother. In addition, the infant's pain scores, using the Pain Assessment in Neonates Scale, showed marked improvement. The infant continued to receive gabapentin; the dosage was increased to 10 mg/kg at bedtime after 6 days, then to 5 mg/kg in the morning and 10 mg/kg at bedtime 10 days later. When the infant was 7 months old, his mother requested that gabapentin be discontinued. He was slowly weaned, and the drug was discontinued when he was 11 months old. The infant tolerated gabapentin well except for experiencing nystagmus, which was noted 31 days after starting the drug and resolved after drug discontinuation. Clinicians should be aware of gabapentin as an alternative treatment for pain and irritability in neurologically impaired infants. Further study is needed, however, to verify the drug's safety and efficacy in neonates and infants. Standardized pain scales along with close patient monitoring will help to guide clinicians in dosage titration to optimize therapy.
Plastic Deformation of Polycrystalline Iridium at Room Temperature
Authors: Panfilov Peter , Yermakov Alexander , Antonova Olga V. , Pilyugin Vitalii P.
Published: July 2009

Defect structure and its relationship with deformation behaviour at room temperature of iridium, the sole refractory face centred cubic (f.c.c.) metal, are discussed. Small angle boundaries and pile-ups of curvilinear dislocation segments are the main features of dislocation structure
in polycrystalline iridium at room temperature, while homogeneously distributed rectilinear dislocation segments were the main element of defect structure of iridium single crystals at the same conditions. Small angle boundaries and pile-ups of curvilinear dislocation segments are formed in
iridium single crystals under mechanical treatment at elevated temperatures (≥ 800°C) only. The evolution of defect structure in polycrystalline iridium and other f.c.c. metals under room temperature deformation occurs by the same process: accumulation of dislocations in the matrix
leads to the appearance of both new sub-grains and new grains up to the fine grain (nanocrystalline) structure. Neither single straight dislocations nor their pile-ups are observed in iridium at room temperature if small angle boundaries have been formed. This feature may be considered as
the reason why polycrystalline iridium demonstrates advanced necking (high localised plasticity) and small total elongation.
The Platinum Development Initiative: Platinum-Based Alloys for High Temperature and Special Applications: Part III
Authors: Cornish L. A. , Süss R. , Chown L. H. , Glaner L.
Published: July 2009

Under the Platinum Development Initiative, platinum-based alloys were being developed for high-temperature and special applications for good corrosion and oxidation resistance. Work on ternary alloys had previously identified that the best of these systems for both mechanical properties
and oxidation resistance were Pt86:Al10:Cr4 and Pt86:Al10:Ru4 (1), although the maximum precipitate volume fraction was only ∼ 40% as opposed to ∼ 70% achieved in nickel-based super alloys. Since Pt86:Al10:Cr4
and Pt86:Al10:Ru4 gave the best results, a range of quaternary alloys were also made, using these compositions as a basis. The optimum composition was found to be around Pt80:Al14:Cr3:Ru3. Subsequently, further additions
were made to the quaternary alloys to change selected properties.
Manipulating prohibitin levels provides evidence for an in vivo role in androgen regulation of prostate tumours
Authors: Dart D Alwyn , Spencer-Dene Bradley , Gamble Simon C , Waxman Jonathan , Bevan Charlotte L
Published: July 2009

Current hormonal therapies for prostate cancer are effective initially, but inevitably tumours progress to an advanced, metastatic stage, often referred to as ‘androgen independent’. However, the androgen receptor (AR) signalling pathway is still key for their growth. It is speculated that tumours escape hormonal control via reduction in corepressor proteins. Manipulating such proteins is thus a potential therapeutic strategy to halt or even reverse tumour progression. We aimed to elucidate the effects of altering levels of the AR corepressor and androgen-target protein prohibitin (PHB) on prostate tumour growth. Prostate cancer cells incorporating an integrated androgen-responsive reporter gene and stably expressing vectors to inducibly overexpress or knockdown PHB were generated and used to assess effects on androgen signalling (by real time imaging) and tumour growth both in culture and in vivo. PHB overexpression inhibited AR activity and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) expression as well as androgen-dependent growth of cells, inducing rapid accumulation in G0/G1. Conversely, reduction in PHB increased AR activity, PSA expression, androgen-mediated growth and S-phase entry. In vivo, doxycycline-induced PHB regulation resulted in marked changes in AR activity, and showed significant effects upon tumour growth. Overexpression led to tumour growth arrest and protection from hormonal starvation, whereas RNAi knockdown resulted in accelerated tumour growth, even in castrated mice. This study provides proof of principle that i) reduction in PHB promotes both androgen-dependent and ‘androgen-independent’ tumour growth, and ii) altering AR activity via increasing levels or activity of corepressors is a valid therapeutic strategy for advanced prostate cancer.
Uncoupling protein 2 regulates reactive oxygen species formation in islets and influences susceptibility to diabetogenic action of streptozotocin
Authors: Lee Simon C , Robson-Doucette Christine A , Wheeler Michael B
Published: July 2009

Currently, the physiological function of uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2) in pancreatic islets and its role in the development of diabetes is a matter of great debate. To further investigate the impact of UCP2 on diabetes development, we used streptozotocin (STZ) to experimentally generate diabetes in both wild-type (WT) and UCP2-knockout (UCP2KO) mice. While multiple low-dose STZ injections led to hyperglycemia development over a 14-day period in both WT and UCP2KO mice, we found the development of hyperglycemia to be significantly less severe in the UCP2KO mice. Measurement of insulin and glucagon secretion (in vitro), as well as their plasma concentrations (in vivo), indicated that UCP2-deficiency showed enhanced insulin secretion but impaired α-cell function. Glucagon secretion was attenuated, despite reduced insulin secretion after exposure to STZ, which together contributed to less severe hyperglycemia development in UCP2KO mice. Further experimentation revealed that UCP2-deficient α- and β-cells had chronically higher cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels than the WT prior to STZ application, which correlated with increased basal β- and α-cell mass. Overall, we suggest that increased chronic ROS signaling as a result of UCP2-deficiency contributes to enhanced β-cell function and impairment of α-cell function, leading to an attenuation of STZ-induced hyperglycemia development.
The Need to Operationally Define “Disease” in Psychiatry and Psychology
Authors: Stein David B.
Published: July 2009

A universally accepted operational definition for the term “disease” is not yet established in contemporary psychiatry. In clinical psychology and psychiatry, disease has been used indiscriminately. The term disease has been invoked (even when no systemic etiology or pathology has existed) to describe addictions, a cluster of bizarre symptoms, and to justify crude medically based treatments (e.g., electroshock, lobotomy, involuntary commitment, medication prescription). More recently, sophisticated machines such as CAT scans, PET scans, and MRIs have been used for questionable research conducted to try to identify supposed diseases, to justify the overuse of psychotropic drugs. Economic and industry interests have superseded scientific concerns. To establish scientific rigor in psychiatry and clinical psychology research, an operational definition of disease is proposed.
Role of NGF in Neuronal Plasticity in the Lateral Reticular Nucleus in Chronic Inflammatory Pain
Authors: Pezet Sophie , Marchand  , Thibault Karine , Dauvergne Celine , Gris  , M. Smith Georges , B. McMahon Stephen , Calvino Bernard
Published: July 2009

In pathological states, repetitive inputs from the ascending pathways involved in the genesis and integration of nociception, leads to molecular, anatomical and electrophysiological adaptive changes of these pathways, contributing to the development of pain chronicity. In the past, neurotrophic factors have been implicated in neuronal plasticity in adult central nervous system. We have previously described plastic changes associated with the up-regulation of NGF’s high affinity receptor, TrkA, in the spinoreticular pathway in a chronic inflammatory pain model of arthritis induced by complete Freund’s adjuvant. The present study investigated the role of central NGF in the maintenance of inflammatory pain. Analysis of TrkA and NGF expression revealed that they are expressed in the medial thalamus and several reticular nuclei of the brain stem such as the lateral reticular nucleus (LRt) and not in pathways classically described to be involved in the sensory-discriminative aspect of pain such as the lateral thalamus. In addition NGF was over-expressed in the LRt, lateral thalamus and cortex of polyarthritic rats. Using micro-injection of an adenoviral vector synthesizing NGF (or green fluorescent protein) in the LRt of normal animals, we showed that increased NGF levels in the LRt leads to the development of mechanical hypersensitivity and increased nocifensive behavior following an inflammatory stimulus. These results suggest that, NGF acts centrally as a possible molecular inducer of synaptic plasticity in the LRt in conditions of chronic inflammatory pain.
Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Cultivars of Irish Potato and Cassava Starches
Authors: Mbougueng Pierre Désiré , Dzudie Tenin , Scher Joel , Clergé Tchiégang
Published: July 2009

In this study, starches were extracted from two cultivars of local Irish potatos (Solanum tuberosum,) and tree cultivars of local Cassava (Manihot esculanta). These starches and a commercial Irish potato starch (IPS), where characterized with respect to their physico-chemical and functional properties. Significant differences (P<0.05) were observed among starches as far as their proximate composition were concerned. The commercial starch showed the highest phosphorus content. The amylose content was observed to be significantly lower (P<0.05) in the cassava starches than in the local Irish potato starches. The highest (P<0.05) gelatinisation parameters were those of 2425 starch cultivar. Potato starch granules exhibited the largest granule size at 10, 50 and 90% diameter compared to those of cassava starches. Potato starches had wider particle size distribution compared to cassava starches. There were apparent differences, between species (Cassava and potatoes) with respect to granule morphology and size. No significant colour difference (P>0.05) was observed between the Sipiera starch cultivars and the Irish potatoes commercial starch.
Co-Production of Betacyanine and Eau-De-Vie from Red Beets (Beta vulgaris)
Authors: Hang Yong D , Woodams Edward E
Published: July 2009

An improved process with commercial wine yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Montrachet was developed for co-production of betacyanine (a natural red beet pigment) and red beet eau-de-vie from the juice of red beet roots (Beta vulgaris). Red beet wines contained more than 55 g/L ethanol and approximately 0.95 g/L betacyanine. The samples of red beet eau-de-vie prepared by distillation of red beet wines had 180 g/L ethanol and the stillages contained nearly 2.5 g/L betacyanine.
(Em)Powering the Constitution: Constitutionalism in a New Key
Authors: Kuo Ming-Sung
Published: July 2009

The idea of limited government is the key to constitutionalism in the traditional understanding of the relationship between the constitution and political power. In contrast to the traditionalist view that the constitution is aimed to constrain political power, this essay aims to explore a new understanding of constitutionalism. By way of analyzing the multiple functions of the constitution and taking up the concept of “total constitution" associated with the growing horizontal effect of constitutional rights, this essay argues that the relationship between the constitution and political power needs to be recast on complementary rather than opposing terms. The aspiration to “total constitution" in the sense of a fulfilled constitutionalism is substantiated by the omnipotent constitutional state. Taking account of constitutional omnipotence, political power is instrumental rather than antagonistic to the normative implementation of constitutionalism. Recasting the constitution as an expression of political power is the key to a new understanding of constitutionalism.
New Market Policy Effects on Used Markets: Theory and Evidence
Authors: Smith Loren K.
Published: July 2009

Because of linkages between markets for new and used durable goods, economic policies that target new durable good markets, such as tax incentives or antitrust legislation, are likely to affect used goods markets as well. I use a simple theoretical model to illustrate how an exogenous shock to prices of new durable goods affects prices and trade frequencies of corresponding used goods. The model predicts that if prices of new durable goods increase, then prices of used goods will also increase. In addition, if the distribution of consumer preferences for quality are relatively concentrated among those with a high preference for quality, then trade in used good markets will slow. The predictions of the model are supported by an empirical analysis of the market for new and used wide-body commercial aircraft following a major change in effective aircraft prices caused by the Tax Reform Act of 1986. The Act effectively increased prices of new aircraft by an average of $6.5 million. At the same time, used aircraft prices increased by an average of $2.9 million to $7.7 million and used aircraft sales fell between 23 to 36 percent. These results suggest that policies that affect new durable good markets can have significant effects on used markets as well.
Phytoremediation capacity of poplar (Populus spp.) and willow (Salix spp.) clonesin relation to photosynthesis
Authors: Pajevic Slobodanka , Borisev M. , Nikolic Natasa , Krstic B. , Pilipovic A. , Orlovic S.
Published: July 2009

Good photosynthetic features and a favorable water regimes of woody plants improve their survival and remediation potential under unfavorable ecological conditions. Accordingly, we here present results of testing plant tolerance of Pb, Cd, Ni, and diesel fuel based on gas exchange parameters and WUE of four poplar and two willow clones grown in a greenhouse on soil culture. Photosynthesis and transpiration of plants grown on soils with individually applied heavy metals decreased significantly, but this was less obvious in the case of Cd treatment. A heavy metal mixture in the soil induced significant reduction in photosynthesis (by more than 50%). Diesel fuel as the only pollutant in soil caused very strong and significant inhibition of photosynthesis and transpiration of willow clones. The results indicate genotypic specificity of all investigated physiological parameters and mark poplar clones as very useful in phytoextraction technology for the bio-cleaning of chemically polluted soils.
Macrophytes of the Grliste reservoir (Serbia): Fifteen years after its establishment
Authors: Stankovic Z. , Borisev M. , Simic Slobodanka , Vuckovic Milijana , Igic Ruzica , Vidovic Milka , Miljanovic B.
Published: July 2009

A large number of macrophytes, often in dense populations, have developed on the Grliste Reservoir, Serbia over a period of 15 years. Fast development of vegetation is a consequence of anthropogenic impact in lake management. The methodology used in this research covered 100% of the water body, including all areas with or without aquatic plants. The results indicate that plant communities are still in the early phase of development. This leaves space for future development of competitor macrophyte species (Najas marina, Eleocharis palustris, Typha latifolia, Typha angustifolia, Phragmites australis, etc.) capable of endangering stability of the lake, which will tend toward eutrophication.
Macrophyte distribution and ecological status of the Turiec River (Slovakia): Changes after seven years
Authors: Hrivnák R. , Oťaheľová Helena , Valachovic M.
Published: July 2009

Characteristics of diversity, abundance, distribution, and ecological status of aquatic macrophytes were observed in 2000 and 2007 on a circa 4.5 km long section of the Turiec River using Kohler's method. In comparison to 2000, the total number of macrophytes in 2007 increased markedly (from 25 to 35), although only the numbers of amphi?phytes and helophytes were changed substantially. The number of hydrophytes increased from 11 to 12; an invasive, Elodea canadenis, was the only new species. The relative plant mass of hydrophytes represents the bulk of all recorded species (95 and 80% in 2000 and 2007, respectively), and it was changed for most hydrophytes. The most significant changes were detected for Myriophyllum spicatum (decrease), filamentous algae (decrease), and Potamogeton crispus (increase). In 2007, the mean mass total (MMT) sum of hydrophytes decreased from 16.46 to 14.5. On the other hand, the MMTsum of amphiphytes and helophytes doubled in value (7.4 and 14.1 in 2000 and 2007, respectively). Within hydrophytes, Batrachium species (including B. aquatile and B. trichophyllum), Myriophyllum spicatum, and Potamogeton crispus were ubiquitous (distribution ratio d > 0.5) in 2000, whereas in 2007 only Batrachium species and Potamogeton crispus were ubiquitous. At all times, Batrachium species were the most frequent species in the study area, and their abundance was relatively high (MMT> 2.5). A poor ecological status (MMP = 0.378 and MMP = 0.333 in 2000 and 2007, respectively) of the surveyed river section was found in both years, but a slight decline of quality as determined on the basis of aquatic plants was observed after 7 years.
Synthesis, structure, semiconductive and photoluminescent properties of [{Eu(NC5H4COOH)3(H2O)2}(1.5ZnCl4)·(2H2O)]n
Authors: Chen Wen-Tong , Fang Xiao-Niu , Luo Qiu-Yan , Xu Ya-Ping
Published: July 2009

A novel bimetallic 4f-3d metal-isonicotinic acid inorganic-organic hybrid complex [{Eu(NC5H4COOH)3(H2O)2}(1.5ZnCl4)?(2H2O)]n (1) was synthesized via a hydrothermal reaction and structurally characterized by single- crystal X-ray diffraction. Complex 1 crystallizes in the space group C2/c of the monoclinic system with eight formula units in a cell: a = 23.878(8) ?, b = 20.573(6) ?, c = 15.358(5) ?, ? = 127.276(5)?, V = 6003(3) ?3, C18H23Cl6EuN3O10Zn1.5, Mr = 904.11 g/mol, ? = 2.001 g/cm3, S = 1.077, ?(MoK?) = 3.846 mm-1, F(000) = 3536, R = 0.0270 and wR = 0.0672. Complex 1 has a characteristic, one-dimensional polycationic chain-like structure. A photoluminescent investigation revealed that the title complex displays intense emissions in the orange and red regions. The luminescence spectra show that the red emission is stronger than the orange emission. Optical absorption spectra of 1 revealed the presence of an optical gap of 3.56 eV.
Sorption performance of cysteine-modified bentonite in heavy metals uptake
Authors: Faghihian Hossein , Nejati-Yazdinejad Massoud
Published: July 2009

A local clay, bentonite (N-Ben), was modified by the biologically-based ligand, cysteine (Cys), through a simple sorption technique. The modified sorbent (Cys-Ben) demonstrated affinity for soft and moderately soft heavy metal ions (HMI), such as Cd(II) and Pb(II), probably as a result of the soft basic character of the thiol ligand side chains. The resulting modified system was effective for metal binding with capacities of 0.503 and 0.525 mmol g-1, for Pb(II) and Cd(II), respectively. Comparative batch experiments were performed for removing lead and cadmium from aqueous solutions. The sorption parameters were derived from a Langmuir fit to the sorption isotherms of the studied ions. The study showed that the sorption capacity of Cys-Ben was higher than that of N-Ben for these ions. The effect of pH was examined over the range 2.0-6.0. The sorption capacities of Cys-Ben showed that this modified clay is a good sorbent for the examined heavy metal ions.
The Absence of Dissent
Authors: Young Joni J.
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT: The persistent malaise in accounting research continues to resist remedy. Hopwood (2007) argues that revitalizing academic accounting cannot be accomplished by simply working more diligently within current paradigms. Based on an analysis of articles published in Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, I show that this paradigm block is not confined to financial accounting research but extends beyond the work appearing in the so-called premier U.S. journals. Based on this demonstration I argue that accounting academics must tolerate (and even encourage) dissent for accounting to enjoy a vital research academy.
Starving the Beast: Using Tax Policy and Governmental Budgeting to Drive Social Policy
Authors: Hageman Amy M. , Arnold Vicky , Sutton Steve G.
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT: This study explores the philosophical and theoretical bases underlying U.S. tax and social policy for over 25 years in order to develop a comprehensive framework from which to evaluate the intended and actual effects on wealth distribution and social policy overall. The framework provides a basis for understanding the overarching social agenda of neoconservative leadership as it advocates what has become known as Starve the Beast (STB). The STB strategy focuses on altering taxation structures in order to facilitate desired reallocations in government budgets to effect change in social policy. This study explores the roots of STB beginning with the political philosophy of Leo Strauss, followed by the adaptation of Strauss's philosophy by Irving Kristol (the godfather of neoconservatism) in establishing the basic tenets of neoconservative political theory, and the marriage of neoconservatism with supply-side economics to increase popular support. Through this anthropological study, 11 propositions evolve during the development of a comprehensive view of a complex social policy underlying STB strategies designed to promote wealth retention, less progressive tax rate structures, less spending on social programs, and greater national focus on defense, security, and patriotism. The resulting framework has implications for future tax policy research, as well as enhancing our understanding of the influence of the neoconservative movement on the greater accounting environment.
Setting the P.A.C.E. for Student Success in Intermediate Accounting
Authors: Sanders D. Elaine , Willis Veronda F.
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT: The Department of Accounting at our university implemented a Principles of Accounting Competency Exam (PACE) in an attempt to stem the high failure and withdrawal rates in Intermediate Accounting I. To support the PACE, we created a menu of study alternatives for students needing remedial instruction. During the period under review, we observed evidence of improvement in student success in Intermediate I. This discussion describes the PACE and its implementation during Fall 2006, but more importantly, it describes the supplemental measures we have taken to prepare students for the PACE.
Using Peer-Reviewed Writing in the Accounting Curriculum: A Teaching Note
Authors: Matherly Michele , Burney Laurie
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT: To become successful professionals, accounting students must be able to write effectively. Yet, as faculty, we recognize that many of our students need to improve the quality of their writing. At the same time, we often struggle to find sufficient time to cover course content, much less to devote time and energy to address students' writing competencies. In this teaching note, we describe a writing framework that is a manageable tool for integrating writing activities into courses. The framework incorporates peer review along with features, such as repetition, that prior research suggests lead to writing improvements. The framework provides added benefits by allowing students to review others' work (a typical accounting task), engaging them in critical thinking activities, and exposing them to more course content knowledge. Using a sample of 155 students, the results support our contention that our framework improves students' written communication.
Categories of semigroups in quantum computational structures
Authors: Freytes Hector , Ledda Antonio
Published: July 2009

We investigate a categorial duality between quasi MV-algebras (a variety of algebras arising from quantum computation and tightly connected with fuzzy logic) and a reflective subcategory of l-groups with strong units.
Non-oscillatory criteria for a class of second order non-linear forced neutral-delay differential equations
Authors: Rath R. , Misra N. , Mishra P.
Published: July 2009

In this paper, sufficient conditions are obtained, so that the second order neutral delay differential equation $$
(r(t)(y(t) - p(t)y(t - \tau ))')' + q(t)G(y(h(t)) = f(t)
$$ has a positive and bounded solution, where q, h, f ∈ C ([0, ∞), ℝ) such that q(t) ≥ 0, but ≢ 0, h(t) ≤ t, h(t) → ∞ as t → ∞, r ∈ C
(1) ([0, ∞), (0, ∞)), p ∈ C
(2) [0, ∞), ℝ), G ∈ C(ℝ, ℝ) and τ ∈ ℝ+. In our work r(t) ≡ 1 is admissible and neither we assume G is non-decreasing, xG(x) > 0 for x ≠ 0, nor we take G is Lipschitzian. Hence the results of this paper improve many recent results.
Fixed point of contractive mappings in generalized metric spaces
Authors: Das Pratulananda , Dey Lakshmi
Published: July 2009

We prove a fixed point theorem for contractive mappings of Boyd and Wong type in generalized metric spaces, a concept recently introduced in [BRANCIARI, A.: A fixed point theorem of Banach-Caccioppoli type on a class of generalized metric spaces, Publ. Math. Debrecen 57 (2000), 31–37].
On the Liénard system with two isoclines
Authors: Hayashi Makoto
Published: July 2009

In this paper, the non-existence of limit cycles of a Liénard system ẋ = y−F(x), ẏ = −g(x) is discussed. By using the transformation y = z+ϕ(x) to the system, the new system has two special isoclines. We call the curves Vertical isocline or Horizontal isocline, respectively. It shall be shown that the existence of these isoclines play an important role in the non-existence of limit cycles of the system. The results are applied to many examples, and the known results are improved in certain cases.
‘Geoengineering'–taking Control of Our Planet's Climate
Authors: Irvine Peter , Ridgwell Andy
Published: July 2009

There is international consensus that ‘dangerous’ climate change must be avoided. Yet without radical changes in energy sources and usage and global economies, changes that so far society has been unable or unwilling to make, it seems highly likely that we will start to experience unacceptably damaging and/or societally disruptive global environmental change later this century. What actions can be taken to safeguard future environmental quality, ecosystems, agriculture, economy, and society? A new science–‘geoengineering'–that until recently would have seemed pure science fiction, promises an alternative way of temporarily regaining control of climate. Colossal engineering schemes to shade the sun, make the atmosphere hazier, modify clouds, even throw iron into the ocean, are all being promoted as possible ways out of our dilemma. This article considers the state of this new science, and its implications for society.
Oxidation-Reduction Behaviours, Electrolysis Characteristics and Efficiency of Pd-50at.%Ni Electrode in Alkaline Electrolyte
Authors: Molla Md Ashraful Islam , Sarker Mithun , Islam Rafiqul , Kibria AKM Fazle
Published: July 2009

Convinced on the necessity of finding effective electrodes for electrolyser- the oxidation-reduction behaviors, surface reaction kinetics, stability, electrolysis characteristics and efficiency of a Pd-50at.%Ni electrode have been investigated in 30wt.%KOH electrolyte at room temperature using cyclic voltammetry. Cyclic voltammogram of the electrode showed three couples of oxidation-reduction peaks in between the potential range - 1.0 to + 0.65 V. These peaks were found to be originated from the transformation of zero valent metal to their higher oxides in three consecutive steps and vice versa. The peak potentials, potential differences of the couples and the peak currents were found remarkably different from those of Pd and Ni electrodes. The surface reaction kinetics at Pd-Ni electrode followed the surface reaction trends similar to those of Pd and Ni electrodes. The apparent stability of the electrode was found good. The electrode showed 1.6 and 6.8 times higher oxygen evolution efficiencies than the Ni and Pd electrodes. Addition of Ni with Pd caused hydrogen evolution potentials to move to the negative direction. Tafel plot for the hydrogen evolution reactions (HER) showed two well-defined Tafel regions. Kinetic parameters, i.e., Tafel slope and exchange current density values for the low and high overpotential regions were found 127 mV/dec and 273 mV/dec, and 1.72 x 10-2 mA/cm2 and 1.52 mA/cm2, respectively. Observed slopes indicated its better efficiency over the Pd electrode. Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 33, No. 1, 1-13, 2009 doi: 10.3329/jbas.v33i1.2945
Glass Transition Temperature and Microhardness of Compatible and Incompatible Elastomer/Plastomer Blends
Authors: Mina MF , Michler GH , Balta Calleja FJ
Published: July 2009

Glass transition temperature (Tg) of core-shell particles-toughened poly(methyl- methacrylate) (CSPTPMMA) and natural rubber-toughened PMMA (NRTPMMA), which are basically the PMMA/elastomer blends with different concentrations of elastomer heterogeneously distributed in the samples, was investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and microindentation technique (MT). Microhardness (H) of the samples was measured using MT. Core-shell particles (CSP) with a rubbery shell and natural rubber (NR) were used as reinforcing materials for the production of compatible and incompatible blends, respectively. Results reveal a good correlation of the glass transition temperature (Tg) obtained from DSC and DMA, and that deduced from MT.  The H-value of each sample is compared with its Tg-value. Increase of Tg with the increase of H, which is a general behavior of polymers, is not maintained in the both blends investigated. Contrary to expectation, H is shown to decrease with increasing glass transition temperature in case of CSP-toughened compatible blends while it decreases with the decrease of Tg-value only in case of NR-modified incompatible blends for lower NR concentration (<1 wt%) and does not depend on Tg for rubber content higher than 1 wt%.  Keywords: Glass transition temperature, microhardness, rubber-toughened poly(methyl -methacrylate), core-shell particle, differential scanning calorimetry DOI: 10.3329/jbas.v33i1.2946 Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 33, No. 1, 15-24, 2009
Construction of Laser Raman System Using Diode Laser and Its Performance
Authors: Abedin Kazi M , Habib M Ahasan , Wahadoszamen M , Talukder Aminul I , Haider AFM Yusuf
Published: July 2009

We constructed a laser Raman system using a commercially available infrared diode laser. The diode laser is used without any temperature controller in a stabilized power supply. Good quality Raman spectra of sufficient wavelength resolution were obtained for a variety of chemicals and products, including solid samples. Raman spectra of several edible oils and ghee were also obtained and these were found to be largely free of fluorescence. Finally, Raman spectra of an artificial sweetener and a pharmaceutical product were obtained, showing the feasibility and reliability of the present Raman system in real-life situation.  DOI: 10.3329/jbas.v33i1.2950 Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 33, No. 1, 55-62, 2009