bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Review of current technologies and methods supplementing brace treatment in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis
Authors: Chan Andrew , Lou Edmond , Hill Doug
Published: May 2013

Purpose

To report on the current technologies and methods supplementing brace treatment in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

Methods

A comprehensive literature review was performed to determine the effectiveness of bracing, to report on imaging techniques that can assist in the assessment of bracing, to understand the roles of the biomechanical treatment concepts on bracing and to address the importance of the quality of life of the brace wearers.

Results

The effectiveness of bracing still remains controversial. Many technologies are still in development to improve the bracing process and quantify the effects of bracing. Imaging techniques with decreased or no radiation are promising in providing more frequent data on curve progression for patients. Computer-assisted design models have been used for both fitting and manufacturing the brace to patient contours. Ultrasound has been developed as a new means of diagnosing scoliosis and determining the effects of a brace on a patient's spine in real time. The brace treatment outcomes are correlated to the quantity and the quality of brace usage. Compliance monitors and force sensors have been developed to track the quality of brace usage. Improvements to brace wear also require consideration of patient quality of life. Surveys have been developed to describe the effects of family influence and self-image on bracing effectiveness of patient quality of life.

Conclusions

Bracing remains a highly qualitative process, relying on the empirical judgment of the physicians and orthotists, along with buy-in with the patient. The suggested improvements will help to push bracing into a more evidence-based practice.
Achieving Superior SME Performance: Overarching Role of Marketing, Innovation, and Learning Capabilities
Authors: Sok Phyra , O'Cass Aron , Sok Keo Mony
Published: May 2013

While most studies examine the effect of marketing, innovation, and learning capabilities (often separately) on performance, this study develops a unified model to investigate the combined effect of these capabilities on performance. This study further examines the complementary effect of these capabilities on performance. This study draws on the resource-based view theory to examine 171 manufacturing SMEs. The findings suggest that marketing, innovation, and learning capabilities are positively related to SME performance. In addition, these capabilities interact with one another to create great synergy in achieving SME performance.
Mapping connectivity in the developing brain
Authors: Dennis Emily L. , Thompson Paul M.
Published: May 2013

Recently, there has been a wealth of research into structural and functional brain connectivity, and how they change over development. While we are far from a complete understanding, these studies have yielded important insights into human brain development. There is an ever growing variety of methods for assessing connectivity, each with its own advantages. Here we review research on the development of structural and/or functional brain connectivity in both typically developing subjects and subjects with neurodevelopmental disorders. Space limitations preclude an exhaustive review of brain connectivity across all developmental disorders, so we review a representative selection of recent findings on brain connectivity in autism, Fragile X, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, Williams syndrome, Turner syndrome, and ADHD. Major strides have been made in understanding the developmental trajectory of the human connectome, offering insight into characteristic features of brain development and biological processes involved in developmental brain disorders. We also discuss some common themes, including hemispheric specialization – or asymmetry – and sex differences. We conclude by discussing some promising future directions in connectomics, including the merger of imaging and genetics, and a deeper investigation of the relationships between structural and functional connectivity.
The cannabinoid Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) ameliorates insulin sensitivity in two mouse models of obesity
Authors: Wargent E T , Zaibi M S , Silvestri C , Hislop D C , Stocker C J , Stott C G , Guy G W , Duncan M , Di Marzo V , Cawthorne M A
Published: May 2013

Background:

Cannabinoid type-1 (CB1) receptor inverse agonists improve type 2 diabetes and dyslipidaemia but were discontinued due to adverse psychiatric effects. Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) is a neutral CB1 antagonist producing hypophagia and body weight reduction in lean mice. We investigated its effects in dietary-induced (DIO) and genetically (ob/ob) obese mice.

Methods:

We performed two dose-ranging studies in DIO mice; study 1: 0.3, 1, 2.5, 5 and 12.5 mg kg−1, oral twice daily for 30 days and study 2: 0.1, 0.5, 2.5 and 12.5 mg kg−1, oral, once daily for 45 days. One pilot (study 3: 0.3 and 3 mg kg−1, oral, once daily) and one full dose-ranging (study 4: 0.1, 0.5, 2.5 and 12.5 mg kg−1, oral, once daily) studies in ob/ob mice for 30 days. The CB1 inverse agonist, AM251, oral, 10 mg kg−1 once daily or 5 mg kg−1 twice daily was used as the positive control. Cumulative food and water intake, body weight gain, energy expenditure, glucose and insulin levels (fasting or during oral glucose tolerance tests), plasma high-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol, and liver triglycerides were measured. HL-5 hepatocytes or C2C12 myotubes made insulin-resistant with chronic insulin or palmitic acid were treated with 0, 1, 3 and 10 μM THCV or AM251.

Results:

THCV did not significantly affect food intake or body weight gain in any of the studies, but produced an early and transient increase in energy expenditure. It dose-dependently reduced glucose intolerance in ob/ob mice and improved glucose tolerance and increased insulin sensitivity in DIO mice, without consistently affecting plasma lipids. THCV also restored insulin signalling in insulin-resistant hepatocytes and myotubes.

Conclusions:

THCV is a new potential treatment against obesity-associated glucose intolerance with pharmacology different from that of CB1 inverse agonists/antagonists.
White-striped freetail bat in Tasmania – resident, vagrant or climate change migrant?
Authors: Cawthen Lisa
Published: May 2013

The white-striped freetail bat (Austronomus australis) is distributed throughout mainland Australia, but historically has not been known from the island of Tasmania, off south-eastern mainland Australia. Between 2009 and 2012, echolocation calls identified as those of A. australis were recorded in Tasmania during bat call surveys. There are three hypotheses that could explain the discovery of this species in Tasmania: that A. australis is a previously undetected resident; it is a vagrant; or it is undergoing a southwards range expansion or shift. Based on the limited evidence available, including this species’ long-range flight capabilities (including over open water out to sea), I suggest that this species is a periodic vagrant to Tasmania and that monitoring is necessary to identify whether this species is undergoing a southwards range extension into Tasmania.
Effect of proximity of buloke (Allocasuarina luehmannii) trees on buloke early sapling survival in a semiarid environment
Authors: Morgan John W. , Kviecinskas Paulius A. , Maron Martine
Published: May 2013

Agricultural intensification has led to the dramatic decline of buloke (Allocasuarina luehmannii) and the plant communities it dominates in southern Australia. Conservation of remnant buloke woodlands and revegetation of agricultural land are both required for the persistence and improved ecological function of this threatened community. We examined the effect of proximity of mature buloke trees on early sapling survival, to provide guidelines for revegetation aimed at enhancing degraded remnants. We planted buloke saplings at different distances from the base of remnant mature trees at a site in western Wimmera, Victoria, with and without herbaceous competition. Mature buloke trees altered most soil nutrients (positively), soil water content (negatively) and soil conductivity (positively) at different gradients from the tree base, depending on the factor measured. Mature buloke trees had a strong negative effect on conspecific sapling survival in the first summer after planting in both the presence and absence of an herbaceous understorey, possibly because of the strong effect of trees on soil moisture. Competition from mature buloke was high nearest to the trees (up to 9 m from tree base), but competition from the native understorey also appeared important for saplings in the tree gaps, as evidenced by their improved survival when the understorey was removed. We suggest that to establish buloke saplings in areas where mature trees already occur (i.e. enhancement plantings around isolated paddock trees), planting tubestock outside the canopy of mature buloke is necessary to enhance establishment success.
Multicomponent Synthesis of Novel 2-Aryl-5-((1-aryl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methylthio)-1,3,4-oxadiazoles using CuI as Catalyst and their Antimicrobial Evaluation
Authors: Sindhu Jayant , Singh Harjinder , Mohan Khurana Jitender , Sharma Chetan , Aneja Kamal Rai
Published: May 2013

A series of novel 2-aryl-5-((1-aryl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methylthio)-1,3,4-oxadiazoles have been synthesised by C–S bond formation and azide–alkyne cyclocondensation between [5-(aryl)-[1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl]methanethiol, propargyl bromide, and substituted aryl azides in one pot with an aim to explore their effect on the in vitro growth of microorganisms causing microbial infection. In vitro antibacterial activity was determined against four strains, namely Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and antifungal activity against two fungal strains, namely Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus.
A New Series of Two-Ring-Based Side Chain Liquid Crystalline Polymers: Synthesis and Mesophase Characterization
Authors: Mohan Reddy Goddeti Siva , Narasimhaswamy Tanneru , Jayaramudu Jarugala , Sadiku Emmanuel Rotimi , Raju Konduru Mohana , Ray Suprakas Sinha
Published: May 2013

A new series of side chain liquid crystalline polymers containing a core, a butamethylenoxy spacer, ester groups, and terminal alkoxy groups were synthesised and their structures were confirmed. The core was constructed with two phenyl rings and an ester linking unit. All the polymers were characterised by hot-stage polarising optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, variable temperature X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and gel permeation chromato-graphy. The polymers were found to be liquid crystalline. The nematic and smectic A (SA) phases were observed for the homologues with short-terminal chains (C2 and C6), whereas the homologues with longer chains (C8 to C12) exhibited a smectic C phase. The thermal stability of the polymers was found to be in the range of 293 to 326°C and the molecular weights of the polymers were found to vary from 6 × 103 to 1.3 × 104.
Synthesis and Characterisation of [(en)2Co]3+ Complexes Coordinated by Substituted Thiourea Ligands
Authors: Roecker Lee , Aiyegbo Mohammed , Al-Haddad Aladdin , Fletcher Emily , Kc Ravi , Hurst Jason , Lane Timothy , Larsen Ryan , Noinaj Nicholas , Teh Say Lee , Wade Samuel K. , Parkin Sean
Published: May 2013

Substituted thiourea ligands bind in a bidentate manner forming a four-membered ring through the sulfur atom and a deprotonated thiourea nitrogen atom when reacted with [(en)2Co(OSO2CF3)2]+ in tetramethylene sulfone. Reaction of unsymmetrical ligands results in the formation of coordination isomers, some of which can be separated by column chromatography using Sephadex SPC-25. Coordination isomers are easily distinguishable based on visible and 1H NMR spectroscopy . Twelve para-substituted and one meta-substituted ligands were studied: N,N′-dibenzylthiourea (1a); N-(R)phenyl-N′-benzylthiourea {R = H (2a), NO2 (2b), CH3 (2c)}; N-(R)phenyl-N′-(R′)phenylthiourea {R, R′: H, H (3a), H, CH3 (3b), OCH3, NO2 (3c), CH3, NO2 (3d)}; N-methyl-N′-(R)phenylthiourea {R = H (4a), CH3 (4b), OCH3 (4c), NO2 (4d), 3-CH3 (4e)}. The solid state structure (X-ray) of one isomer of Co-4a as its perchlorate salt confirms the coordination mode suggested by 1H NMR spectroscopy and shows that the Co–N bond trans to the coordinated thiourea sulfur induces a structural trans effect of 0.019 Å.
Dynamics of sperm subpopulations based on motility and plasma membrane status in thawed ram spermatozoa incubated under conditions that support in vitro capacitation and fertilisation
Authors: García-Álvarez Olga , Maroto-Morales Alejandro , Ramón Manuel , del Olmo Enrique , Jiménez-Rabadán Pilar , Fernández-Santos M. Rocio , Anel-López Luis , Garde J. Julián , Soler Ana J.
Published: May 2013

The present study evaluated modifications occurring in thawed ram spermatozoa during incubation in different media that supported in vitro capacitation and fertilisation, and examines how these changes relate to IVF. Thawed sperm samples were incubated under capacitating (Cap) and non-capacitating (non-Cap) conditions for 0, 1 and 2 h and used in an IVF test. During incubation, changes related to membrane status and the motility pattern of spermatozoa were assessed, the latter being used to characterise sperm subpopulations. A significantly greater increase (P ≤ 0.05) in the percentage of spermatozoa with higher membrane fluidity was observed in samples incubated with Cap medium from the beginning of incubation. In addition, changes over time in the distribution of the motile subpopulation were particularly evident when spermatozoa were incubated with Cap medium, with a noted increase in spermatozoa classified as ‘hyperactivated like’, with major changes occurring after 1 h incubation. Both characteristics (i.e. membrane fluidity and the percentage of the hyperactivated-like subpopulation) were significantly related with in vitro fertility, and only sperm samples incubated with the Cap medium were capable of fertilising oocytes. These results support the idea that changes in sperm membrane fluidity and motility pattern (i.e. an increase in hyperactivated spermatozoa) are needed for fertilisation to take place.
A framework for optimising capital investment and operations in livestock logistics
Authors: Higgins Andrew , Watson Ian , Chilcott Chris , Zhou Mingwei , García-Flores Rodolfo , Eady Sandra , McFallan Stephen , Prestwidge Di , Laredo Luis
Published: May 2013

Despite the longevity, scale and importance of northern Australia’s beef industry, recent disruptions to external markets have demonstrated a degree of vulnerability to shocks in the supply chain. Matching the industry’s long-evident resilience to climatic variability with resilience to changes in markets and supply chains requires careful planning. One component of this is how investments in infrastructure will need to be planned to facilitate adaptive responses to market changes. This paper provides an outline of a modelling framework that links strategic and operational dynamic models of logistics along the supply chain from the property to the abattoir or port. A novelty of the methodology is that it takes into account the high granularity of individual livestock transport vehicle movements and the ability to scale up to an almost complete view of logistics costs across the entire beef industry of northern Australia. The paper illustrates how the methodology could be used to examine the effects of changes in logistics infrastructure on efficiency and costs using examples from the states of Northern Territory, Western Australia and Queensland.
Cryo–electron tomography reveals a critical role of RIM1α in synaptic vesicle tethering
Authors: Fernández-Busnadiego Rubén , Asano Shoh , Oprisoreanu Ana-Maria , Sakata Eri , Doengi Michael , Kochovski Zdravko , Zürner Magdalena , Stein Valentin , Schoch Susanne , Baumeister Wolfgang , Lučić Vladan
Published: May 2013

Synaptic vesicles are embedded in a complex filamentous network at the presynaptic terminal. Before fusion, vesicles are linked to the active zone (AZ) by short filaments (tethers). The identity of the molecules that form and regulate tethers remains unknown, but Rab3-interacting molecule (RIM) is a prominent candidate, given its central role in AZ organization. In this paper, we analyzed presynaptic architecture of RIM1α knockout (KO) mice by cryo–electron tomography. In stark contrast to previous work on dehydrated, chemically fixed samples, our data show significant alterations in vesicle distribution and AZ tethering that could provide a structural basis for the functional deficits of RIM1α KO synapses. Proteasome inhibition reversed these structural defects, suggesting a functional recovery confirmed by electrophysiological recordings. Altogether, our results not only point to the ubiquitin–proteasome system as an important regulator of presynaptic architecture and function but also show that the tethering machinery plays a critical role in exocytosis, converging into a structural model of synaptic vesicle priming by RIM1α.
The hypoxia factor Hif-1α controls neural crest chemotaxis and epithelial to mesenchymal transition
Authors: Barriga Elias H. , Maxwell Patrick H. , Reyes Ariel E. , Mayor Roberto
Published: May 2013

One of the most important mechanisms that promotes metastasis is the stabilization of Hif-1 (hypoxia-inducible transcription factor 1). We decided to test whether Hif-1α also was required for early embryonic development. We focused our attention on the development of the neural crest, a highly migratory embryonic cell population whose behavior has been likened to cancer metastasis. Inhibition of Hif-1α by antisense morpholinos in Xenopus laevis or zebrafish embryos led to complete inhibition of neural crest migration. We show that Hif-1α controls the expression of Twist, which in turn represses E-cadherin during epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) of neural crest cells. Thus, Hif-1α allows cells to initiate migration by promoting the release of cell–cell adhesions. Additionally, Hif-1α controls chemotaxis toward the chemokine SDF-1 by regulating expression of its receptor Cxcr4. Our results point to Hif-1α as a novel and key regulator that integrates EMT and chemotaxis during migration of neural crest cells.
West and Central African iron ore development and its impact on world prices
Authors: Hurst Luke
Published: May 2013

The focus of the paper is on the potential of iron ore supplies from West and Central Africa to enter the export market over the short and medium terms and how this could impact the supply‐side capacity and market price. To assess this, three export development scenarios (low, medium and high risk) are constructed for 17 iron ore mines (over 27 production expansion projects) in West and Central Africa. The projections for African iron ore are compared with the latest medium‐term import forecasts and suggest that the development of West and Central African iron ore has the potential to create significant downward pressure on the price of iron ore exports over the medium term. The increased export capacity could push marginal producers – mainly in China but also in India and elsewhere – out of the market.
Economic valuation of recreational fishing in Western Australia: statewide random utility modelling of fishing site choice behaviour
Authors: Raguragavan Jananee , Hailu Atakelty , Burton Michael
Published: May 2013

Allocation of fish resources is a controversial subject. This is partly because of our limited understanding of the values of fishing opportunities. This study investigates fishing site choices in Western Australia using national survey data covering eight major fishing regions and forty‐eight fishing sites. We estimate a random utility model (RUM) of site choice with a supporting negative binomial model of angler‐specific expected catch rates. Value estimates for fish types, fishing site attribute changes and access values are presented and discussed.
Wild Dragons in the City: Urban Political Economy, Affordable Housing Development and the Performative World‐making of Economic Models
Authors: Christophers Brett
Published: May 2013

This article explores the potential to mobilize in an urban context the key insights of the burgeoning literature on the performativity of economics. It argues that our understanding of contemporary urban political‐economic transformation needs to explicitly recognize the active role of economics in making and remaking the urban world, as opposed to merely describing and analysing it in some kind of passive, detached fashion. It develops this argument through the elaboration of a case study of just such world‐making in action: the growing use in the United Kingdom, since the early 2000s, of economic models for assessing the viability of affordable housing provision in new residential developments. The world of urban redevelopment that such models attempt to describe formulaically has, the article submits, increasingly come to act according to the model and the assumptions it contains; the model, in this sense, has been progressively actualized in the urban landscape. The article conceptualizes such performative economic models as examples of what Michel Callon calls economics ‘in the wild’, and it focuses on the work of the leading commercial developer and marketer of such models in the affordable housing planning environment over the last decade — a consulting company called Three Dragons.
Expanding horizons for students with dyslexia in the 21st century: universal design and mobile technology
Authors: Reid Gavin , Strnadová Iva , Cumming Therese
Published: May 2013

This paper discusses the role of mobile technology in supporting people with dyslexia within the theoretical framework of Universal Design for Learning. The authors discuss how students with dyslexia can use mobile technology to address a diverse range of academic needs (such as reading, composing text, notetaking, metacognition and studying skills). Curriculum issues and teacher training are also examined.
Demand for Seasonal Wage Labour in Agriculture: What Does Family Farming Hide?
Authors: Darpeix Aurélie , Bignebat Céline , Perrier‐Cornet Philippe
Published: May 2013

This article draws on the agricultural household literature to understand the dynamics of wage labour on farms in a context of family farming. The recent evolution towards an increased use of seasonal wage labour motivates the original distinction of three types of labour: family labour, permanent‐wage labour and seasonal‐wage labour. Considering the two wage labour types and hiring cost for seasonal workers, our empirical results based on 2000 French data on fruit and vegetable farms suggest that the choice between hiring permanent or seasonal wage labour is not only determined by the seasonality of the activity. Indeed, the characteristics of the local labour market also affect the trade‐off between permanent and seasonal wage labour. This result provides insights on the substitutability of the two labour types, especially when the local labour market is tight. Moreover, the substitution of seasonal‐wage labour for permanent‐wage labour can occur in the agricultural sector as a mean of increasing flexibility as well as reducing costs and commitments. Finally, family labour is found to substitute for wage labour and more specifically for seasonal‐wage labour.
Tier‐1 assays for assessing the toxicity of insecticidal proteins produced by genetically engineered plants to non‐target arthropods
Authors: Li Yun‐He , Romeis Jörg , Wu Kong‐Ming , Peng Yu‐Fa
Published: May 2013

In assessing an insect‐resistant genetically engineered (IRGE) crop before its commercialization, researchers normally use so‐called “Tier‐1 assays” as the initial step to determine the effects of the crop on non‐target organisms. In these tests, the insecticidal proteins (IPs) produced by the IRGEs are added to the diets of test organisms in the laboratory. Test organisms in such assays can be directly exposed to much higher concentrations of the test IPs than they would encounter in the field. The results of Tier‐1 assays are thus more conservative than those generated in studies in which the organisms are exposed to the IPs by feeding on IRGE plant tissue or in the case of predators or parasites, by feeding on invertebrate prey or hosts that have fed on IRGE plant tissue. In this report, we consider three important factors that must be considered in Tier‐1 assays: (i) methods for delivery of the IP to the test organisms; (ii) the need for and selection of compounds used as positive controls; and (iii) methods for monitoring the concentration, stability and bioactivity of the IP during the assay. We also analyze the existing data from Tier‐1 assays regarding the toxicity of Bt Cry proteins to non‐target arthropod species. The data indicate that the widely used Bt proteins have no direct toxicity to non‐target organisms.
Case of invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma mimicking chronic eosinophilic pneumonia
Authors: Beom Jong Wook , Lee Jong Hoo
Published: May 2013

Invasive mucinous carcinoma is difficult to distinguish from other lung diseases; therefore, confirmation of the diagnosis may be delayed. A 64‐year‐old woman was admitted with a six‐month history of cough, febrile sensation, and shortness of breath, with worsening symptoms. A computed tomography scan of the chest revealed bilateral homogenous ground‐glass opacities and consolidation with subpleural predominance. The percentage of eosinophils in the serum and induced sputum was elevated and a diagnosis of chronic eosinophilic pneumonia was established. Despite administration of a systemic steroid, she did not rapidly respond. We performed a percutaneous needle biopsy and finally confirmed invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma.
Valuation scepticism, liquidity benefits and closed‐end fund premiums/discounts: evidence from fair value disclosures
Authors: Cullinan Charles P. , Zheng Xiaochuan
Published: May 2013

Closed‐end fund investors may view assets valued using level 2 and 3 inputs more sceptically because of the subjectivity of these inputs (valuation scepticism), or these assets could be viewed favourably because they allow small investors to access illiquid securities (liquidity benefit). We find that funds holding level 3 assets have higher value when funds trade at a premium, but lower value when funds trade at a discount. Both of these effects are magnified for funds with higher levels of unrealized appreciation. Our results suggest that liquidity benefit (valuation scepticism) is more important when funds trade at a premium (discount).
Concurrent chemoradiation versus radiotherapy alone in cervical carcinoma: A randomized phase III trial
Authors: Srivastava Kirti , Paul Sayan , Chufal Kundan Singh , Shamsundar Sunkappa Dayashankara , Lal Punita , Pant Mohan C , Bhatt Madanlal , Singh Sudhir , Gupta Rajeev
Published: May 2013

Aim

Chemo‐radiotherapy (CRT) is the standard of care for treating almost all cervical carcinoma patients on the basis of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) alert. The disease burden in developing countries is more advanced with poor general condition than in patients in the trials prompting the NCI alert. Therefore, practicing CRT as standard of care should be tested in these patients.

Methods

A randomized controlled trial was conducted comparing radiotherapy (RT) alone with CRT (cisplatin 40 mg/m2 weekly × 5) in patients with localized stage Ib to IVa cervical carcinoma between September 2006 and December 2008. External beam RT was delivered using a telecobalt unit. This was followed by 12–18 Gy of brachytherapy.

Results

In total, 305 patients were recruited: RT alone (150) and CRT (155). The median follow up was 34 months. Locoregional relapse‐free survival (LRFS) at 2 years was 55 and 54% for the RT and CRT group, respectively, with a median LRFS time of 27 and 30 months for the RT and CRT group, respectively, (P = 0.624). Overall survival (OS) at 2 years was 58 and 60%, with a median OS of 31 and 34 months for the RT and CRT group, respectively; (P = 0.9). The toxicity profile, both acute and late, were comparable in both groups;

Conclusion

No improvement in outcome was seen with addition of cisplatin. In the Indian subcontinent where patients present at late stages with poor general condition and limited access to good supportive care, RT alone still remains a valid option.
The association between serological and dietary vitamin D levels and hepatitis C‐related liver disease risk differs in African American and white males
Authors: White D. L. , Tavakoli‐Tabasi S. , Kanwal F. , Ramsey D. J. , Hashmi A. , Kuzniarek J. , Patel P. , Francis J. , El‐Serag H. B.
Published: May 2013

Background

Vitamin D may affect the severity of HCV‐related liver disease.

Aim

To examine the association between serum vitamin D levels and advanced liver disease in a multiethnic US cohort of HCV patients, and account for dietary and supplemental intake.

Methods

We measured serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D levels and used FibroSURE‐ActiTest to assess hepatic pathology in a cohort of HCV‐infected male veterans. We estimated and adjusted for daily intake of vitamin D from diet using a Dietary History Questionnaire, and dispensed prescriptions prior to study enrolment. We used race‐stratified logistic regression analyses to evaluate the relationship between serum vitamin D levels and risk of advanced fibrosis (F3/F4–F4) and advanced inflammation (A2/A3–A3).

Results

A total of 163 African American (AA) and 126 White non‐Hispanics were studied. Overall, ~44% of AAs and 15% of Whites were vitamin D deficient (<12 ng/mL) or insufficient (12–19 ng/mL); 4% of AAs and 9% of White patients had an elevated level (>50 ng/mL). Among AAs, patients with elevated serum vitamin D levels had significantly higher odds of advanced fibrosis (OR = 12.91, P = 0.03) than those with normal levels. In contrast, AAs with insufficient or deficient levels had > two‐fold excess risk of advanced inflammation (P = 0.06). Among White males there was no association between vitamin D levels and advanced fibrosis (F3/F4–F4) or inflammation (A2/A3–A3) risk.

Conclusions

We observed potential differences in the association between vitamin D levels and degree of HCV‐related hepatic fibrosis between White and African American males. Additional research is necessary to confirm that high serum vitamin D levels may be associated with advanced fibrosis risk in African American males, and to evaluate whether racial differences exist in HCV‐infected females.
Update on the use of pathogen‐reduced human plasma and platelet concentrates
Authors: Seltsam Axel , Müller Thomas H.
Published: May 2013

The use of pathogen reduction technologies (PRTs) for labile blood components is slowly but steadily increasing. While pathogen‐reduced plasma is already used routinely, efficacy and safety concerns impede the widespread use of pathogen‐reduced platelets. The supportive and often prophylactic nature of blood component therapy in a variety of clinical situations complicates the clinical evaluation of these novel blood products. However, an increasing body of evidence on the clinical efficacy, safety, cost‐benefit ratio and development of novel technologies suggests that pathogen reduction has entered a stage of maturity that could further increase the safety margin in haemotherapy. This review summarizes the clinical evidence on PRTs for plasma and platelet products that are currently licensed or under development.
Tenuigenin Attenuates α‐Synuclein‐Induced Cytotoxicity by Down‐Regulating Polo‐Like Kinase 3
Authors: Zhou Jin‐Xia , Zhang Hao‐Bo , Huang Yue , He Yi , Zheng Yan , Anderson John P. , Gai Wei‐Ping , Liang Zhi‐Gang , Wang Yong , Ren Xin‐Miao , Wang Qi , Gong Xiao‐Li , Yang Jian , Wang Xuan , Halliday Glenda , Wang Xiao‐Min
Published: May 2013

Background and aims

Tenuigenin (Ten) is a Chinese herbal extract with antioxidative and antiinflammatory effects on toxin‐induced cell models of Parkinson's disease (PD); however, its effects on α‐synuclein toxicity‐based PD models remain unknown. α‐synuclein hyperphosphorylation is a key event in PD pathogenesis and potential target of therapeutic interventions. We tested whether Ten alleviates α‐synuclein‐induced cytotoxicity via reducing kinases that phosphorylate α‐synuclein.

Methods

SH‐SY5Y cells transiently transfected with wild‐type or A53T mutant α‐synuclein were used to evaluate the effect of Ten on the levels of α‐synuclein phosphorylation‐related kinases. Cells treated with 10 μM Ten for 24 h were measured for viability (proliferation and apoptosis assays) and cellular proteins harvested and fractioned. The levels of total and phosphorylated α‐synuclein and five associated kinases (polo‐like kinase [PLK] 1–3, casein kinase [CK] 1–2) were evaluated by Western blotting.

Results

Overexpression of either wild‐type or A53T mutant α‐synuclein decreased cell viability and increased α‐synuclein phosphorylation. Ten treatment‐protected cells from this α‐synuclein‐induced toxicity and dramatically reduced α‐synuclein phosphorylation and PLK3 (but not other kinase) levels.

Conclusion

In α‐synuclein cell model of PD, Ten is effective in attenuating α‐synuclein‐induced toxicity and α‐synuclein phosphorylation probably via targeting PLK3, suggesting it could be an efficient therapeutic drug to treat α‐synuclein‐related neurodegeneration.
Vicariant speciation due to 1.55 Ma isolation of theRyukyu islands,Japan, based on geological andGenBank data
Authors: Osozawa Soichi , Su Zhi‐Hui , Oba Yuichi , Yagi Takashi , Watanabe Yasushi , Wakabayashi John
Published: May 2013

TheRyukyu island arc, originally a continental margin arc, separated from theChinese continent by the rifting of theOkinawa trough, a process which began at 1.55 million years ago (Ma) and continues to the present. In addition, theRyukyu arc was simultaneously divided into the northernAmami–Okinawa and southernYaeyama islands by theKerama rift valley, and consequently formed two isolated island units. TheKuroshio warm current began to flow into theOkinawa trough from theYonaguniStrait, and flow out through theTsushima andTokara straits also at 1.55 Ma, and these seaways effectively acted as barriers between theRyukyu islands andTaiwan,China andJapan. Through this geological process, vicariant speciation generatedRyukyu endemic animal species. We support this hypothesis by drawing linearized maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic trees of the species in four endemic insect groups (peacock butterfly,Chinese windmill butterfly, golden‐ringed dragonfly, window firefly) usingGenBank sequence data. We determined the precise branching ages for these phylogenetic trees, and show simultaneous speciation at 1.55 Ma forAmami–Okinawa andYaeyama units. TheTaiwan andTsushima straits, barriers betweenTaiwan andChina, andJapan andKorea, respectively, did not form sufficient barriers to migration during glacial low stands, and species were intermingled. A marine embayment may have posed as a migration barrier between northern and southernChina in theQuaternary or a little earlier. From our study we also estimate the precise molecular evolution rate and justify the molecular clock.
Methods and models to study irrigation
Authors: Shen Ya , Gao Yuan , Lin James , Ma Jingzhi , Wang Zhejun , Haapasalo Markus
Published: May 2013

The success of endodontic treatment depends on the eradication of microbes from the root canal system and prevention of reinfection. The factors that remain a challenge in the irrigation and disinfection of the root canal include biofilm resistance, poor penetration of the irrigant, and exchange of irrigants in the highly complex root canal anatomy. Progress in the search for better irrigants and irrigant delivery is necessary. A variety of different study models have been used in endodontic research on irrigation. In this article, the various models are discussed in light of relevant literature.
Calling behaviour under climate change: geographical and seasonal variation of calling temperatures in ectotherms
Authors: Llusia Diego , Márquez Rafael , Beltrán Juan F. , Benítez Maribel , do Amaral José P.
Published: May 2013

Calling behaviour is strongly temperature‐dependent and critical for sexual selection and reproduction in a variety of ectothermic taxa, including anuran amphibians, which are the most globally threatened vertebrates. However, few studies have explored how species respond to distinct thermal environments at time of displaying calling behaviour, and thus it is still unknown whether ongoing climate change might compromise the performance of calling activity in ectotherms. Here, we used new audio‐trapping techniques (automated sound recording and detection systems) between 2006 and 2009 to examine annual calling temperatures of five temperate anurans and their patterns of geographical and seasonal variation at the thermal extremes of species ranges, providing insights into the thermal breadths of calling activity of species, and the mechanisms that enable ectotherms to adjust to changing thermal environments. All species showed wide thermal breadths during calling behaviour (above 15 °C) and increases in calling temperatures in extremely warm populations and seasons. Thereby, calling temperatures differed both geographically and seasonally, both in terrestrial and aquatic species, and were 8–22 °C below the specific upper critical thermal limits (CTmax) and strongly associated with the potential temperatures of each thermal environment (operative temperatures during the potential period of breeding). This suggests that calling behaviour in ectotherms may take place at population‐specific thermal ranges, diverging when species are subjected to distinct thermal environments, and might imply plasticity of thermal adjustment mechanisms (seasonal and developmental acclimation) that supply species with means of coping with climate change. Furthermore, the thermal thresholds of calling at the onset of the breeding season were dissimilar between conspecific populations, suggesting that other factors besides temperature are needed to trigger the onset of reproduction. Our findings imply that global warming would not directly inhibit calling behaviour in the study species, although might affect other temperature‐dependent features of their acoustic communication system.
Indirect emissions of forest bioenergy: detailed modeling of stump‐root systems
Authors: Liski Jari , Kaasalainen Sanna , Raumonen Pasi , Akujärvi Anu , Krooks Anssi , Repo Anna , Kaasalainen Mikko
Published: May 2013

Indirect carbon dioxide emissions from producing bioenergy from tree stumps and roots depend critically on the decomposition rate of these harvest residues if they were left in forest to decay. We developed a method to improve the current estimates of these emissions. First, the 3D structure of uprooted stump‐root systems was modeled based on terrestrial laser‐scanning data. Second, information obtained on the size distribution of the stumps and the roots was used to simulate their decomposition and to estimate the indirect emissions. The method was able to describe the structure of stump‐root systems at a clear‐cut boreal Norway spruce test site. Compared with earlier results based on the diameter of stumps alone, the new estimates of the decomposition rate were slightly higher and, consequently, those of the indirect emissions slightly lower. The method is useful to collect information on the indirect emissions of stump‐root bioenergy quickly in different forests.
Climatic control of forest herb seed banks along a latitudinal gradient
Authors: Plue Jan , De Frenne Pieter , Acharya Kamal , Brunet Jörg , Chabrerie Olivier , Decocq Guillaume , Diekmann Martin , Graae Bente J. , Heinken Thilo , Hermy Martin , Kolb Annette , Lemke Isgard , Liira Jaan , Naaf Tobias , Shevtsova Anna , Verheyen Kris , Wulf Monika , Cousins Sara A. O.
Published: May 2013

Aim

Seed banks are central to the regeneration strategy of many plant species. Any factor altering seed bank density thus affects plant regeneration and population dynamics. Although seed banks are dynamic entities controlled by multiple environmental drivers, climatic factors are the most comprehensive, but still poorly understood. This study investigates how climatic variation structures seed production and resulting seed bank patterns.

Location

Temperate forests along a 1900 km latitudinal gradient in north‐western (NW) Europe.

Methods

Seed production and seed bank density were quantified in 153 plots along the gradient for four forest herbs with different seed longevity: Geum urbanum, Milium effusum, Poa nemoralis and Stachys sylvatica. We tested the importance of climatic and local environmental factors in shaping seed production and seed bank density.

Results

Seed production was determined by population size, and not by climatic factors. G. urbanum and M. effusum seed bank density declined with decreasing temperature (growing degree days) and/or increasing temperature range (maximum–minimum temperature). P. nemoralis and S. sylvatica seed bank density were limited by population size and not by climatic variables. Seed bank density was also influenced by other, local environmental factors such as soil pH or light availability. Different seed bank patterns emerged due to differential seed longevities. Species with long‐lived seeds maintained constant seed bank densities by counteracting the reduced chance of regular years with high seed production at colder northern latitudes.

Main conclusions

Seed bank patterns show clear interspecific variation in response to climate across the distribution range. Not all seed banking species may be as well equipped to buffer climate change via their seed bank, notably in short‐term persistent species. Since the buffering capacity of seed banks is key to species persistence, these results provide crucial information to advance climatic change predictions on range shifts, community and biodiversity responses.
Latitudinal gradients in phylogenetic relatedness of angiosperm trees in North America
Authors: Qian Hong , Zhang Yangjian , Zhang Jian , Wang Xianli
Published: May 2013

Aim

To test two predictions of the phylogenetic niche conservatism hypothesis for the latitudinal diversity gradient: (1) species in colder regions tend to be more phylogenetically related to each other (i.e. greater phylogenetic clustering) than those in warmer regions, and (2) clades are younger in colder regions.

Location

North America.

Methods

Correlation analysis was used to relate richness, mean clade age and phylogenetic relatedness (measured as phylogenetic species variability and net relatedness index) of angiosperm trees in 1175 regional assemblages (each with 12100 km2) to latitude and minimum temperature. The analysis was conducted for North America north of Mexico as a whole as well as for each of the three longitudinal bands (eastern, central and western) of North America.

Results

Species richness and mean clade age are negatively correlated with latitude and positively correlated with minimum temperature. Tree species in regional assemblages tend to be more phylogenetically related (clustered) in regions at higher latitudes with lower temperatures.

Main conclusions

The results of this study support two of the major predictions of the phylogenetic niche conservatism hypothesis for the latitudinal diversity gradient: species tend to be more phylogenetically clustered and ages of clades tend to be younger in colder regions, compared with those in warmer regions.
Interspecific differences in tree growth and mortality responses to environmental drivers determine potential species distributional limits in Iberian forests
Authors: Benito‐Garzón Marta , Ruiz‐Benito Paloma , Zavala Miguel A.
Published: May 2013

Aim

Tree growth may be enhanced by carbon dioxide fertilization unless drought stress becomes too severe, yet the likely increase in tree growth under a warmer climate is still controversial. Tree mortality has increased in some regions, but its multifactorial nature makes the prediction of likely global trends difficult. The aims of this work are: (1) to assess which abiotic, structural and competition factors influence tree growth and tree mortality in mainland Spain, and (2) to evaluate whether these processes would drive species distributions and would improve current niche model predictions.

Location

Continental Spain.

Methods

We projected species distributional models by integrating nonparametric tree growth and tree mortality models based on repeated surveys of diameter at breast height and mortality for 40,721 trees distributed in 45,301 plots, which include the 11 most common canopy tree species in continental Spain, as measured in the second and third National Forest Inventories, with a mean lag time of 11 years.

Results

Tree growth and tree mortality were explained by an assemblage of many factors, among which climate and competition played a key role. The accuracy of models including tree growth and tree mortality in predicting tree habitat suitability was comparable to classical niche models based on species occurrence. Projections under climate change showed for 9 out of 11 species, a likely increase in tree growth that would be counteracted by an increase in tree mortality, suggesting that even if growth rates increase, mortality would limit the species ranges under global warming expectations.

Main conclusions

Growth and mortality are major determinants of species distributions. Under future climate change expectations, our model suggests that growth may increase for some Iberian species, but even in this case, species ranges at the rear edge would be limited by an increase in mortality rates.
Correlation between changes in bodyweight and changes in ascites volume in liver cirrhosis patients with hepatic edema in short‐term diuretic therapy
Authors: Sakaida Isao , Okita Kiwamu
Published: May 2013

Aim

Although it is an important treatment challenge to treat ascites with diuretic therapy, no objective markers have been established to assess improvement of ascites. However, change in bodyweight has been used as a marker of change in ascites volume. Thus, we evaluated the relationship between changes in bodyweight and changes in ascites volume in liver cirrhosis patients with ascites.

Methods

We calculated ascites volume in patients using the simple 5‐point method by conventional computed tomography and conducted a correlation analysis between changes in bodyweight and changes in ascites volume as a part of our double‐blind phase 3 trial of tolvaptan.

Result

Change in bodyweight (x‐axis) was correlated with change in ascites volume (y‐axis) in all included patients (r = 0.52). A strong correlation were observed between the changes in patients without lower limb edema (r = 0.61). These correlations between the changes were expressed by the following linear regression equations: y = −0.102 + 0.206x or y = −0.033 + 0.292x, respectively. Proportions of change in ascites volume to change in bodyweight were estimated to be nearly 30%. Therefore, bodyweight reduction was confirmed to lead to improvement in ascites.

Conclusion

Change in bodyweight can be an objective marker to assess improvement of hepatic edema in the short‐term diuretic therapy in everyday clinical practice. Decrease in ascites volume was estimated to account for nearly 30% of bodyweight reduction.