bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transfer learning enhanced convolutional neural network for efficient monitoring of a rate-adaptive coherent transmission system
Authors: Ding Chen , Xiao Qiarong , Li Zijian , Wei Zixian , Huang Chaoran , Shu Chester
Published: November 2024

With the demand for capacity and the complex evolution of network topology, flexible coherent communication transceivers are being considered for deployment in a short reach (< 40 km) scenario. The probability constellation shaping (PCS)-based system provides the capability to continuously change the data rate of communication systems, thus calling for the need to monitor both the link rate and the network performance. In this work, a transfer learning (TL)-enhanced entropy and performance estimation scheme is developed to monitor a rate-continuous coherent optical transmission system with various signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). The scheme is demonstrated over a 40-km coherent transmission system with a line rate varying from 128 to 192 Gbps. The entropy is varied from 4 to 6 bits with an interval of 0.05 bits, corresponding to a fine-grained rate of 1.6 Gbps. The mean absolute error (MAE) of entropy tasks reaches 0.158 bits with TL, while that of SNR tasks is reduced to 0.44 dB with TL (for 6 bits of entropy). Our solution allows fine-grained monitoring of link rate and SNR for future adaptive optical communication systems.
Theoretical analysis of the phase characteristics in few-cycle laser coherent beam combining
Authors: Zhang Guoli , Liang Xiao , Xie Xinglong , Xue Hao , Haq Rashid Ul , Sun Meizhi , Zhu Ping , Zhu Jianqiang
Published: November 2024

To meet the increasing demand for high-energy (Joule-level) few-cycle pulses in strong-field physics research, coherent beam combining (CBC) presents an effective method to further enhance the power of few-cycle pulse sources. However, due to the broad spectrum and ultrashort pulse duration of few-cycle pulses, achieving efficient beam combining is particularly challenging. In this paper, we employ the angular spectrum (ASM) method to numerically simulate the propagation of few-cycle pulses in a focusing system. By constructing a three-dimensional (2D + 1D) model, we accurately quantify the effects of laser parameters such as carrier-envelope phase (CEP) difference, time delay (TD), dispersion between beams, and combining configurations on the combining efficiency and CEP shift. The study results provide design guidelines for high energy few-cycle laser systems based on coherent beam combining and reveal the possibility to significantly enhance the combining efficiency while maintaining high CEP stability, which will finally provide a reliable light source for advancing the frontier of strong-field physics.
Tunable collective electromagnetic induced transparency-like effect due to coupling of dual-band bound states in the continuum
Authors: Chen Jian , Huang Rixing , Zhao Xueqian , Fan Qingxi , Chang Kan , Zhang Zhenrong , Li Guangyuan
Published: November 2024

The coupling between dual-band or multi-band quasi-bound states in the continuum (q-BICs) is of great interest for their rich physics and promising applications. Here, we report tunable collective electromagnetic induced transparency-like (EIT-like) phenomenon due to coupling between dual-band collective electric dipolar and magnetic quadrupolar q-BICs, which are supported by an all-dielectric metasurface composed of periodic tilted silicon quadrumers. We show that this collective EIT-like phenomenon with a strong slow light effect can be realized by varying the nanodisk diameter or the tilt angle and that the transparency window wavelength, the quality factor, and the group index can all be tuned by changing the nanodisk size. We further find that as the nanodisk size decreases, the slow light effect becomes stronger, and higher sensitivity can be obtained for the refractive index sensing. Interestingly, the sensitivity first increases exponentially and then reaches a plateau as the nanodisk size decreases, or equivalently as the group index increases. We, therefore, expect this work will advance the understanding of the collective EIT-like effect due to coupling between q-BICs, and the findings will have potential applications in slow-light enhanced biochemical sensing.
AI-powered simulation-based inference of a genuinely spatial-stochastic gene regulation model of early mouse embryogenesis
Authors: Ramirez Sierra Michael Alexander , Sokolowski Thomas R.
Published: November 2024

Understanding how multicellular organisms reliably orchestrate cell-fate decisions is a central challenge in developmental biology, particularly in early mammalian development, where tissue-level differentiation arises from seemingly cell-autonomous mechanisms. In this study, we present a multi-scale, spatial-stochastic simulation framework for mouse embryogenesis, focusing on inner cell mass (ICM) differentiation into epiblast (EPI) and primitive endoderm (PRE) at the blastocyst stage. Our framework models key regulatory and tissue-scale interactions in a biophysically realistic fashion, capturing the inherent stochasticity of intracellular gene expression and intercellular signaling, while efficiently simulating these processes by advancing event-driven simulation techniques. Leveraging the power of Simulation-Based Inference (SBI) through the AI-driven Sequential Neural Posterior Estimation (SNPE) algorithm, we conduct a large-scale Bayesian inferential analysis to identify parameter sets that faithfully reproduce experimentally observed features of ICM specification. Our results reveal mechanistic insights into how the combined action of autocrine and paracrine FGF4 signaling coordinates stochastic gene expression at the cellular scale to achieve robust and reproducible ICM patterning at the tissue scale. We further demonstrate that the ICM exhibits a specific time window of sensitivity to exogenous FGF4, enabling lineage proportions to be adjusted based on timing and dosage, thereby extending current experimental findings and providing quantitative predictions for both mutant and wild-type ICM systems. Notably, FGF4 signaling not only ensures correct EPI-PRE lineage proportions but also enhances ICM resilience to perturbations, reducing fate-proportioning errors by 10-20% compared to a purely cell-autonomous system. Additionally, we uncover a surprising role for variability in intracellular initial conditions, showing that high gene-expression heterogeneity can improve both the accuracy and precision of cell-fate proportioning, which remains robust when fewer than 25% of the ICM population experiences perturbed initial conditions. Our work offers a comprehensive, spatial-stochastic description of the biochemical processes driving ICM differentiation and identifies the necessary conditions for its robust unfolding. It also provides a framework for future exploration of similar spatial-stochastic systems in developmental biology.
Prevalence of disability and associated functional limitations among older adults in Brazil
Authors: Souto Rayone Moreira Costa Veloso , Corassa Rafael Belo , Souto Júnior José Veloso , Morais Neto Otaliba Libânio
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Disabilities are a serious public health, social and human rights issue. Few studies address the relationship between disabilities and functioning among older adults. The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of disability and its’ association with comorbidities and functional limitations in Brazilian elderly individuals.

Methods

Data from the National Health Survey—PNS 2019 was used. Prevalence rates with its corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated for variables of interest. Chi-squared tests and multiple logistic regression were conducted to investigate associations and estimate crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) using Stata 17.0 software. The critical value (p<0.05) was considered.

Results

The overall prevalence of disability was 58.3% (95% CI 57.2–59.4). Moderate/severe disabilities accounted for 24.1 (95% CI 23.1–25.1) and was high among elderly people females (27.9%, 95% CI 26.5–29.3), unemployed (28.4%, 95% CI 27.3–29.6), with an income of up to one minimum wage (30.6%, 95% CI 29.1–32.2), lower education (28.7%, 95% CI 27.5–29.9) and not married (28.5%, 95% CI 27.1–29.9). Crude odds ratios of having functional limitations were 4.5 times higher among individuals with three or more comorbidities, and 32.5 times higher among those with two or more disabilities, compared to those without these conditions.

Conclusion

Having a disability is an important predictor of functional limitations, especially among women, and people with lower income and education. To address this problem, public health policies such as encouraging physical activity among the elderly in Brazil should be implemented.
Identification and outcomes of acute kidney disease in patients presenting in Bolivia, Brazil, South Africa, and Nepal
Authors: Evans Rhys D. R. , Sharma Sanjib K. , Claure-Del Granado Rolando , Cullis Brett , Burdmann Emmanuel A. , Franca FOS , Aguiar Junio , Fredlund Martyn , Hendricks Kelly , Iturricha-Caceres Maria F. , Rai Mamit , Shah Bhupendra , Kafle Shyam , Harris David C. , Rocco Mike V.
Published: November 2024

Background

The International Society of Nephrology proposes an acute kidney disease (AKD) management strategy that includes a risk score to aid AKD identification in low- and low-middle-income countries (LLMICs). We investigated the performance of the risk score and determined kidney and patient outcomes from AKD at multiple LLMIC sites.

Methods and findings

Adult patients presenting to healthcare facilities in Bolivia, Brazil, South Africa, and Nepal were screened using a symptom-based risk score and clinical judgment. Those at AKD risk underwent serum creatinine testing, predominantly with a point-of-care (POC) device. Clinical data were collected prospectively between September 2018 and November 2020. We analyzed risk score performance and determined AKD outcomes at discharge and over follow-up of 90 days. A total of 4,311 patients were at increased risk of AKD, and 2,922 (67.8%) had AKD confirmed. AKD prevalence was 80.2% in patients enrolled based on the risk score and 32.5% when enrolled on clinical judgment alone (p < 0.0001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.73 for the risk score to detect AKD. Death during admission occurred in 84 (2.9%) patients with AKD and 3 (0.2%) patients without kidney disease (p < 0.0001). Death after discharge occurred in 206 (9.7%) AKD patients, and 1865 AKD patients underwent reassessment of kidney function after discharge; 902 (48.4%) patients had persistent kidney disease including 740 (39.7%) patients reclassified with de novo or previously undiagnosed chronic kidney disease (CKD). The study was pragmatically designed to assess outcomes as part of routine healthcare, and there was heterogeneity in clinical practice and outcomes between sites, in addition to selection bias during cohort identification.

Conclusions

The use of a risk score can aid AKD identification in LLMICs. High rates of persistent kidney disease and mortality after discharge highlight the importance of AKD follow-up in low-resource settings.
Risk factors for anaemia among pregnant women: A cross-sectional study in Upper East Region, Ghana
Authors: Asobuno Clotilda , Adjei-Gyamfi Silas , Aabebe Felix Gumaayiri , Hammond John , Taikeophithoun Chansathit , Amuna Norbert Ndaah , Aoki Tsunenori , Aiga Hirotsugu
Published: November 2024

Background

Anaemia in pregnancy (AIP) is a public health concern due to its devastating effects on women and their unborn babies, resulting in increased maternal and neonatal deaths in developing countries. Despite several Ghanaian health policies to combat AIP, AIP is still on the rise. It becomes imperative to identify geographic-specific factors for developing appropriate interventions for the management of AIP. However, Kassena Nankana West District (KNWD) in the Upper East Region of Ghana lacks a study on anaemia risk factors, therefore, this study estimated the prevalence and risk factors for anaemia among pregnant women in the district.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted from February to March 2023 in the KNWD. Approximately 376 pregnant women in their third trimester were randomly selected from 10 health facilities by utilizing the antenatal register as the sampling frame. Anthropometric, obstetric, sociodemographic, and health facility resource characteristics were collected using structured questionnaires and from antenatal records. Mixed-effect logistic regression was used to identify independent factors of anaemia at 95% confidence interval.

Results

Prevalence of AIP was 53.9% (95%CI:48.5%–58.8%). Mild, moderate, and severe anaemia prevalence was 16.9%, 35.3%, and 1.7% respectively. Malaria infection during pregnancy (aOR = 1.64; 95%CI:1.03–2.62) and accessing health facilities without trained laboratory personnel (aOR = 5.49; 95%CI:1.67–18.00) were associated with increased odds of AIP. Belonging to the major ethnic group (aOR = 0.52; 95%CI:0.28–0.85), accessing health facilities without laboratory services (aOR = 0.14; 95%CI:0.04–0.47), and accessing health facilities without sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine drugs (aOR = 0.22; 95%CI:0.06–0.86) in KNWD were also associated with decreased odds of AIP.

Conclusion

KNWD has a severe burden of AIP. Maternal and health facility-related factors were associated with AIP in the district. These factors are preventable. Therefore, the provision of functional laboratory services with dedicated technical personnel, regular supply of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine drugs to the health facilities, and enhanced community education on malaria prevention are recommended for anaemia control in the district.
Advancing ensemble learning techniques for residential building electricity consumption forecasting: Insight from explainable artificial intelligence
Authors: Moon Jihoon , Maqsood Muazzam , So Dayeong , Baik Sung Wook , Rho Seungmin , Nam Yunyoung
Published: November 2024

Accurate electricity consumption forecasting in residential buildings has a direct impact on energy efficiency and cost management, making it a critical component of sustainable energy practices. Decision tree-based ensemble learning techniques are particularly effective for this task due to their ability to process complex datasets with high accuracy. Furthermore, incorporating explainable artificial intelligence into these predictions provides clarity and interpretability, allowing energy managers and homeowners to make informed decisions that optimize usage and reduce costs. This study comparatively analyzes decision tree–ensemble learning techniques augmented with explainable artificial intelligence for transparency and interpretability in residential building energy consumption forecasting. This approach employs the University Residential Complex and Appliances Energy Prediction datasets, data preprocessing, and decision-tree bagging and boosting methods. The superior model is evaluated using the Shapley additive explanations method within the explainable artificial intelligence framework, explaining the influence of input variables and decision-making processes. The analysis reveals the significant influence of the temperature-humidity index and wind chill temperature on short-term load forecasting, transcending traditional parameters, such as temperature, humidity, and wind speed. The complete study and source code have been made available on our GitHub repository at https://github.com/sodayeong for the purpose of enhancing precision and interpretability in energy system management, thereby promoting transparency and enabling replication.
Computational analysis of the deleterious non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) in TYR gene impacting human tyrosinase protein and the protein stability
Authors: Fan Wei , Ji Heng Li , Kakar Mohibullah , Ahmed Shabbir , Alobaid Hussah M. , Shakir Yasmeen
Published: November 2024

Tyrosinase, a copper-containing oxidase, plays a vital role in the melanin biosynthesis pathway. Mutations in the tyrosinase gene can disrupt the hydroxylation of tyrosine, leading to decreased production of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA). Consequently, this impairs the subsequent formation of dopaquinone, a key precursor in melanin pigment synthesis. This study aimed to identify the deleterious non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) within the TYR gene that exert an influence on the human TYR protein. Additionally, we evaluated the impact of 10 FDA-approved drugs on the protein stability of mutated structures, exploring the potential for inhibitory pharmaceutical interventions. Through various bioinformatics tools, we detected 47900 nsSNPs, particularly K142M, I151N, M179R, S184L, L189P, and C321R, which were found to be the most deleterious variants, decreasing the protein stability. These drugs (Sapropterin, Azelaic Acid, Menobenzone, Levodopda, Mequinol, Arbutin, Hexylresorcinol, Artenimol, Alloin and Curcumin) interacted with the binding sites in four mutant models K142M, I151N, M179R, and S184L proving that these ligands directly bind with the active site of mutant tyrosinase protein to inhibit it’s working. On the other hand, two mutant models L189P and C321R did not show any binding site residue interaction with any ligands. In conclusion, this in-silico analysis of deleterious nsSNPs in the TYR gene, coupled with the evaluation of ligands/drugs on mutated tyrosinase structures not only advances our understanding of molecular variations but also highlights promising pathways for targeted inhibitory interventions in the intricate network of melanin biosynthesis.
Prospective longitudinal study of men who have sex with men and transgender women to determine HIV incidence in two provinces in Thailand
Authors: Namwat Chawetsan , Leela-Apiradee Warong , Tiawilai Thawat , Dear Nicole , Wansom Tanyaporn , Kitsiripornchai Suchai , Premsri Nakorn , Akapirat Siriwat , Crowell Trevor A. , Francisco Leilani , Li Qun , Robb Merlin L. , Smith Kirsten S. , Heger Elizabeth A. , Fukuda Mark M. , O’Connell Robert J. , Rerks-Ngarm Supachai , Vasan Sandhya ,   for the RV348M Study Group
Published: November 2024

Background

In Thailand, HIV transmission is well characterized in large urban centers such as Bangkok and Chiang Mai but less so outside of these areas. The main purpose of this study was to assess HIV incidence and associated risk factors in Nakhon Ratchasima and Ratchaburi.

Methods

Participants assigned male sex at birth were enrolled in this prospective observational cohort study between November 2017 and July 2018. HIV and syphilis testing and sociobehavioral questionnaires were administered over 18 months. HIV incidence rates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using a Poisson distribution. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% CIs for associations between potential risk factors and HIV seroconversion.

Results

A total of 1003 participants were enrolled. Overall HIV incidence was 1.56 per 100 person-years (95% CI:1.02–2.44) and similar at both sites. In the fully adjusted model, sex with a sex worker in the past six months was associated with reduced risk of seroconversion (aHR:0.10, 95% CI:0.01–0.77). In the reduced adjusted model, receptive anal sex (aHR:3.40, 95% CI:1.32–8.74) and STI diagnosis in the past six months (aHR:3.58, 95% CI:1.19–10.76) were associated with seroconversion, while sex with a sex worker in the past six months was associated with reduced risk of seroconversion (aHR:0.11, 95% CI:0.02–0.67). Additionally, 56% reported interest in taking PrEP and 82% reported willingness to participate in a hypothetical future vaccine trial.

Conclusions

Recent receptive anal sex practices were associated with HIV acquisition in these populations, highlighting the continued need for interventions encouraging safer anal sex practices to reduce HIV incidence.
Development of an optimized protocol for generating knockout cancer cell lines using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, with emphasis on transient transfection
Authors: Mousavi Kahaki Seyed Alireza , Ebrahimzadeh Nayereh , Fahimi Hossein , Moshiri Arfa
Published: November 2024

The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system offers cost-effectiveness, high efficiency, precision, and ease of use compared to traditional gene editing techniques. In this study, we employed findings from prestigious investigations to develop an optimized approach for generating knockout cancer cell lines using a transient transfection method. This protocol introduces a distinctive approach that follows rigorous guidelines for designing gRNA to reduce off-target effects, a major challenge in CRISPR applications. Our step-by-step instructions allow researchers, particularly those with limited laboratory equipment and funding, as well as those undertaking CRISPR projects for the first time, to generate knockout cell lines using CRISPR technology in just ten weeks. This protocol covers all needs for enhancing various yields, such as transfection efficiency, and includes leveraging robust bioinformatics tools, conducting essential assays, isolating monoclonal cells via limiting dilution, validating knockout cells, and providing comprehensive troubleshooting recommendations. Using this method, we successfully created several new generations of colorectal cancer cell lines with monoallelic and biallelic knockouts of the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) gene. Our method, optimized for a wide spectrum of cancer cell lines, makes CRISPR more accessible for applications in personalized and precision medicine. It expands opportunities for novel investigations into cancer mechanisms and paves the way for potential therapeutic interventions.
High prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in pregnant women in Benin
Authors: Tchibozo Eyram Maria Concheta , Houehanou Sonou Yessito Corine , Ariyoh Amidou Salmane , Hountondji Fabrice , Zantou Femi , Lacroix Philippe , Houinato Dismand Stephan , Bezanahary Holy
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Modifiable cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) are highly prevalent in SubSaharan African communities. In these countries the burden of CVRF during early pregnancy has been poorly documented.

Aim

The objective of this study was to describe the frequency of CVRF in pregnant women before the 20th week of gestation in Benin

Methods

Consecutive pregnant women with a gestational age < 20th week were included in 30 maternity clinics in Benin. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to determine characteristics associated with CVRF.

Results

1244 pregnant women were included (680 (54.7%) in urban areas and 584 (45.3%) in rural areas). The median age was 26 years. The frequencies of high blood pressure (HBP), obesity and diabetes were 18.9%, 15.0% and 3.1% respectively. Very few women (25.3%) were aware of the HBP disorder. HBP was associated with an age ≥ 35 years (OR = 1.7, 95%CI:1.1–2.7), a rural setting (OR = 2.6; 95%CI:1.9–3.5), an insufficient consumption of fruits and vegetables (OR = 3.2; 95%CI:2.0–5.3) and a history of at least 2 fetal losses (OR = 1.9; 95% CI [1.4–2.7]). The risk of being overweight was associated with an age >24 years old (OR = 1.6; 95%CI:1.1–2.2) conversely a rural setting was protective (OR = 0.7; 95%CI:0.5–0.9). Obesity was associated with an age > 35 years old (OR = 4.1; 95%CI:2.5–6.8) and a rural setting (OR = 0.3; 95%CI: 0.2–0.5).

Conclusion

The frequency of CVRF in women before 20th week of gestation was high. Most of the women were unaware of the disorder. Thus the screening of CVRF among women of reproductive age might be relevant.
Comparing machine learning approaches for estimating soil saturated hydraulic conductivity
Authors: Moosavi Ali Akbar , Nematollahi Mohammad Amin , Omidifard Mohammad
Published: November 2024

Characterization of near (field) saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kfs) of the soil environment is among the crucial components of hydrological modeling frameworks. Since the associated laboratory/field experiments are time-consuming and labor-intensive, pedotransfer functions (PTFs) that rely on statistical predictors are usually integrated with the existing measurements to predict Kfs in other areas of the field. In this study some of the most appropriate machine learning approaches, including variants of artificial neural networks (ANNs) were used for predicting Kfs by some easily measurable soil attributes. The analyses were performed using 100 measurements in Bajgah Agricultural Experimental Station. First, physico-chemical inputs as bulk density (BD), initial water content (Wi), saturated water content (Ws), mean weight diameter (MWD), and geometric mean diameter (GMD) of aggregates, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE) were measured. Then, radial basis functions (RBFNNs), multilayer perceptron (MLPNNs), hybrid genetic algorithm (GA-NNs), and particle swarm optimization (PSO-NNs) neural networks were utilized to develop PTFs and compared their accuracy with the traditional regression model (MLR) using statistical indices. The statistical assessment indicated that PSO-NNs with the lowest RMSE and MAPE as well as the highest correlation coefficient (R) value provided the most accurate and robust prediction of Kfs. The prediction models ranked as PSO-NNs (R = 0.958; RMSE = 0.343; MAPE = 9.47), GA-NNs (R = 0.949; RMSE = 0.404; MAPE = 11.83), MLPNNs (R = 0.933; RMSE = 0.426; MAPE = 12.13), RBFNNs (R = 0.926; RMSE = 0.452; MAPE = 14.30), and MLR (R = 0.675; RMSE = 0.685; MAPE = 22.54) in terms of their performances for the test data set. Results revealed that all NN models particularly PSO-NNs were efficient in prediction of Kfs. However, further evaluations may be recommended for other soil conditions and input variables to quantify their potential uncertainties and wider potential and versatility before they are used in other geographical locations/soil conditions.
Prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection in Kenya: A study nested in the Kenya Population-based HIV Impact Assessment 2018
Authors: Ondondo Raphael O. , Muthusi Jacques , Oramisi Violet , Kimani Daniel , Ochwoto Missiani , Young Peter , Ngugi Catherine , Waruru Anthony , Mwangi Jane , Chao Ann , Bronson Megan , Dobbs Trudy , Ng’ang’a Lucy , Bowen Nancy , Aoko Appolonia , Armstrong Paige A. , Aman Rashid , Bulterys Marc
Published: November 2024

Background

Sub-Saharan Africa region bears the highest chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection burden worldwide. National estimates of HBV burden are necessary for a viral hepatitis program planning. This study estimated the national prevalence of HBV infection in Kenya among people aged 15–64 years.

Methods

Of 27,745 participants age 15–64 years in the Kenya Population-based HIV Impact Assessment (KENPHIA) 2018 household survey, we analyzed data for all persons living with HIV (PLHIV; n = 1,521) and a random sample of HIV-negative persons (n = 1,551), totaling to 3,072 participants. We tested whole blood samples for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) using Determine™ HBsAg rapid test and used population projections to estimate national disease burden. Pearson chi square was performed and the weighted prevalence proportions presented.

Findings

Of the 3,072 participants,124 tested HBsAg positive, resulting in a weighted national HBV prevalence of 3.0% (95% CI: 2.2–3.9%). This translated to an HBV infection burden of 810,600 (95% CI: 582,700–1,038,600) persons age 15–64 years in Kenya. Distribution of HBV prevalence varied widely (p<0.001) by geography, ranging from 0.1% in Eastern Kenya regions to over 5% in northern and western Kenya. Prevalence of HBV infection was higher in PLHIV (4.7%; 95% CI: 3.3–6.0%) compared to HIV-negative persons (3.0%; 95% CI: 2.1–3.9%), and was highest among persons: age 45–54 years (6.4%; 95% CI: 3.3–9.5%), those who reported no formal education (10.7%; 95% CI: 5.1–16.4%), in polygamous marriages (6.8%; 95% CI: 1.7–11.8%), and in the lowest wealth quintile (5.3%; 95% CI: 2.8–7.7). When adjusted for covariates, lack of formal education (aOR = 4.2; 95% CI: 1.5–12.6) was significantly associated with HBV infection. In stratified analysis by HIV status, residing in rural areas and history of blood transfusion were independently associated with HBV infection among PLHIV, while lack of formal education and no history of blood transfusion were associated with HBV infection among HIV-negative participants (p<0.05).

Interpretation

HBV prevalence among persons aged 15–64 years in Kenya was 3.0%. Higher prevalence was documented among persons without formal education, in the lowest wealth quintile, and those living in Kenya’s North-Eastern, Rift Valley-North and Nyanza regions. Targeted programmatic measures to strengthen interventions against HBV infections including newborn vaccination and treatment of infected adults to limit mother-to-child transmission, would be helpful in reducing burden of HBV-associated viral hepatitis.
Intersectionality and benefit receipt: The interplay between education, gender, age and migration background
Authors: Slabbekoorn Jos , Maas Ineke , Vrooman J. Cok
Published: November 2024

This study examines differences in benefit receipt using an intersectional approach. Intersectionality theory emphasizes the importance of the interplay of multiple social dimensions. Taking this as a starting point, the paper investigates how different combinations of three demographic variables plus education buffer or amplify benefit receipt and thereby create relatively advantaged and disadvantaged groups. Administrative data were used, sourced from Dutch registers that provide accurate and detailed information on benefit receipt for the entire Dutch population, including small and hard-to-reach segments. Multilevel Analyses of Individual Heterogeneity and Discriminatory Accuracy (MAIHDA) are performed to assess which intersectional groups are relatively advantaged or disadvantaged with respect to benefit receipt. Intersectional group differences are more pronounced for social assistance than for unemployment insurance. Complex combinations of education, gender, age and migration background are required to better understand differences in benefit receipt, especially for unemployment insurance.
The specialized inner ear labyrinth of worm-lizards (Amphisbaenia: Squamata)
Authors: Clark Geneva E. , Palci Alessandro , Laver Rebecca J. , Hernandez-Morales Cristian , Perez-Martinez Christian A. , Lewis Patrick J. , Thies Monte L. , Bell Christopher J. , Hipsley Christy A. , Müller Johannes , Montero Ricardo , Daza Juan D.
Published: November 2024

High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) has become a widely used tool for studying the inner ear morphology of vertebrates. Amphisbaenians are one of the most specialized groups of fossorial reptiles but are poorly understood relative to other squamate reptile. In this paper we survey the anatomy of the inner and middle ear of these fossorial reptiles using HRCT models and we describe qualitatively and quantitatively (using 3D morphometrics) the anatomy of the inner ear. Amphisbaenians are diverse in skull anatomy, especially in the configuration of the snout, which correlates with digging modes. We demonstrate that the ear also exhibits a diversity of configurations, which are independent of phylogenetic relationships. Results from morphological analyses also allow us to describe 11 new potentially informative phylogenetic characters including some that help to diagnose amphisbaenians, such as: 1) the globular vestibule, ii) semicircular canals arranged in a circular trajectory, and iii) an extensive area of interaction between the columella footplate and the lagenar recess. Among extant amphisbaenians, Rhineura floridana has the most unusual inner ear configuration, including a horizontal semicircular canal that is in the same orientation as the inclined snout. The new morphological information helps us to better understand the morphology of headfirst-burrowing fossorial reptiles and contributes new data for resolution of phylogenetic relationships among amphisbaenians.
Experimental and simulation study on compressive failure of rock with pre-Y-shaped cracks
Authors: Peng Chao , Du Xiaotong , Li Zhan , Liu Wanrong , Huang Bin
Published: November 2024

A large number of joints and fissures are prevalent in the rock mass, which has an important influence on the mechanical properties of the rock mass. To study the failure mechanical characteristics of Y-cracked rocks, the paper analyzes the influence of different angles of prefabricated Y-cracked rocks on the mechanical strength characteristics of the rocks and the crack extension evolution through uniaxial compression indoor tests and discrete element PFC2D numerical simulation. The results indicate that the stress-strain curves of rocks containing prefabricated cracks exhibit five stages: the initial pore-fracture compaction stage, the elastic stage, the crack stable development stage, the crack unstable development stage, and the post-peak rupture. The peak strength of the specimen shows an evolutionary process of decreasing, then increasing, and then decreasing with the increase of the Y-shaped crack angle. The failure of the sample is mainly caused by the shear crack expansion at the crack tip. The different Angle cracks directly affect the mechanical properties of the sample and the generation and evolution of new cracks. The final failure of rock is mainly the result of microcrack propagation, convergence and penetration to form macroscopic damage zone. Finally, combined with PFC numerical simulation, the distribution of micro-cracks and the damage pattern of rock damage are compared and analyzed, and it is found that the two are in good agreement, which reflects the rationality of the model.
High street retail environment interventions and their theorised impacts on health and wellbeing: A scoping review
Authors: Rinaldi Chiara , McGill Elizabeth , Petticrew Mark , Knai Cécile , Egan Matt
Published: November 2024

Health outcomes are influenced by social and environmental determinants of health. As places where people work, live, meet and consume, high street retail environments are influential in shaping health. In recent decades, high streets have been in decline, prompting policies to revitalise retail environments and support local businesses, particularly in European and North American countries. The aim of this scoping review was to systematically map evidence on retail environment interventions, to gain a deeper understanding of the current evidence base assessing their possible health and wellbeing impacts. The objectives were to identify different types of interventions and the outcomes they address; and the mechanism through which interventions are theorised to influence health and equity. Peer-reviewed studies were identified through academic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, EconLit, Web of Science and Social Policy and Practice) using relevant search terms. Additional (grey) literature was identified using citation scanning and online searches. Studies were eligible if they evaluated interventions with a significant focus on supporting the retail environment, reported on at least one health and wellbeing outcome and were written in English. Relevant data were extracted and presented descriptively. An interpretive approach was taken to analyse theories of change. The searches identified 53 peer-reviewed studies and nine grey literature reports. Interventions were categorised as follows: area-based initiatives, business improvement districts, business incentives, and demand-side incentives. Studies predominantly evaluated impacts on social and environmental determinants of health. Some studies measured impacts on self-rated (mental) health, physical activity and food consumption and purchasing. Studies reported evidence of both improved and worsening outcomes. Theories of change were often under-specified and reductionist, lacking a clear understanding of the complex systems in which interventions take place. Future interventions could benefit from more comprehensive theories of change that meaningfully integrate economic, and health and wellbeing outcomes. This requires intersectoral collaboration.
Epistemic trust and associations with psychopathology: Validation of the German version of the Epistemic Trust, Mistrust and Credulity-Questionnaire (ETMCQ)
Authors: Weiland Anna-Maria , Taubner Svenja , Zettl Max , Bartmann Leonie C. , Frohn Nina , Luginsland Mirijam , Volkert Jana
Published: November 2024

Epistemic trust, defined as trust in socially transmitted knowledge, is discussed as a psychopathological factor in the context of new transdiagnostic approaches for the assessment of mental disorders. The aim of this study is to test the factorial, convergent, and discriminant validity of the German version of the new Epistemic Trust, Mistrust and Credulity–Questionnaire (ETMCQ). Data were collected cross-sectionally from the German-speaking general population (N = 584) and in a second sample of clinical (n = 30) and non-clinical (n = 30) participants. The previously proposed three-factor structure of the ETMCQ was analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis. The ETMCQ’s ability to differentiate between clinical and non-clinical participants was tested with t-tests. Correlations with early childhood trauma, maladaptive personality traits, and impairments in personality functioning were examined. The relationship between epistemic trust and mentalization was analyzed in a structural equation model. Regarding the factorial validity, the model fit of the originally proposed ETMCQ proved to be insufficient. The model fit to the data was good for a shortened 12-item version. The study was unable to identify any significant differences between clinical and non-clinical participants. For mistrust and credulity, correlations with associated constructs supported their construct validity. However, the results for the trust subscale were heterogeneous. The study offers initial empirical support for a revised 12-item self-report measure of epistemic trust and for the link between mistrust and credulity with markers of psychopathology. Further investigation of the ETMCQ and its psychometric properties, as well as research on integration of epistemic trust into new, transdiagnostic approaches to psychopathology is needed.
Tailored recruitment interventions to improve bowel cancer screening in Arabic and Mandarin speaking groups: Modelled cost-effectiveness
Authors: Lal Anita , Mohebi Mohammadreza , Wyatt Kerryann , Ghosh Ayesha , Broun Kate , Gao Lan , McCaffrey Nikki
Published: November 2024

Background

Effective bowel cancer screening is freely available in Australia, however, there are inequities in utilisation amongst non-English speakers at home. This study estimates the health impacts and cost-effectiveness of recruitment interventions targeted at Arabic and Mandarin speaking populations in Victoria, Australia to increase bowel cancer screening participation.

Methods

A Markov microsimulation model simulated the development of bowel cancer, considering National Bowel Cancer Screening Program participation rates. Culturally specific recruitment interventions e.g., community education and tailored paid media for 50–74-year-olds were compared to usual practice. A cost-utility analysis was conducted over a 50-year time horizon from a healthcare perspective, to estimate the cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) based on plausible effectiveness levels. Costs are in 2019 Australian dollars.

Results

Intervention costs were $6.90 per person for the Arabic speaking group and $3.10 for Mandarin speakers. The estimated cost/QALY was $2,781 (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: $2,144─$3,277) when screening increased by 0.2% in the Arabic group, and an estimated 5–6 additional adenoma and cancer cases were detected. In the Mandarin group, the estimated cost/QALY was $1,024/QALY (95%UI: $749─$1,272) when screening increased by 1.1%, and an estimated 18–23 additional adenoma and cancer cases were detected.

Conclusions

Culturally specific recruitment interventions to increase bowel cancer screening are inexpensive and likely to be cost-effective. Improvements in capturing language spoken at home by the National program would facilitate more precise estimates of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of these interventions.
Bessel statistical convergence: New concepts and applications in sequence theory
Authors: Ibrahim Ibrahim S. , Yousif Majeed A. , Mohammed Pshtiwan Othman , Baleanu Dumitru , Zeeshan Ahmad , Abdelwahed Mohamed
Published: November 2024

This research introduces novel concepts in sequence theory, including Bessel convergence, Bessel boundedness, Bessel statistical convergence, and Bessel statistical Cauchy sequences. These concepts establish new inclusion relations and related results within mathematical analysis. Additionally, we extend the first and second Korovkin-type approximation theorems by incorporating Bessel statistical convergence, providing a more robust and comprehensive framework than existing results. The practical implications of these theorems are demonstrated through examples involving the classical Bernstein operator and Fejér convolution operators. This work contributes to the foundational understanding of sequence behavior, with potential applications across various scientific disciplines.
Performance evaluation of virtually deployed road networks for inter-drone communications
Authors: Miyakita Kazuyuki , Sato Fuga , Nakano Keisuke
Published: November 2024

This paper considers message delivery through direct communication between drones in an epidemic manner. One method of increasing communication opportunities is to enlarge the communication range. However, this approach is not always possible due to power consumption or equipment limitations. As a novel alternative to this method, we consider setting a virtually deployed road network (VDRN) for drones. By making drones move in a distributed manner along a VDRN, they pass close to each other more frequently, increasing communication opportunities. Through theoretical analysis, we clarify how much a VDRN can improve contact performance. We also investigate how much the use of a VDRN can increase travel time, since moving along such a network can cause detours. By comparing the numerical results for the above two methods of increasing communication opportunities, we examine the required duration of detours for VDRNs to achieve the same level of contact performance as enlarging the communication range.
Spatial correlation network structure of operational efficiency and its driving factors: A case study of star-rated hotels in China
Authors: Tao Jilei , Jin Xiulong , Cheng Hai , Wang Qinan
Published: November 2024

Accurately grasping the spatial network correlation structure of operational efficiency in star-rated hotels and its influencing factors is of great significance for promoting high-quality coordinated development of star-rated hotels and the regional tourism reception industry. Using a comprehensive approach integrating the Super-DEA model, modified gravity model, and social network analysis to explore the evolving characteristics of spatial network structure in operational efficiency of provincial star-rated hotels in China from 2013 to 2022, and their underlying mechanisms. The results indicate that: (1) During the study period, the average operational efficiency of star-rated hotels in China was 0.618, with spatial efficiency values showing a distribution pattern of "Eastern > Central > Western > Northeastern". (2) The spatial correlation network of operational efficiency among provincial star-rated hotels in China overall exhibits characteristics of densification, hierarchical structure, and reinforcement. Provinces such as Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Jiangsu in the eastern region play central roles as "central actors" in the network, while provinces in the western and northeastern regions such as Heilongjiang, Tibet, and Xinjiang play roles as "passive actors" in the spatial network. (3) Members of the “Net benefit” and “Two-way spillover” are primarily from the eastern and some central provinces, while members of the “Net overflow” are mainly from the northeastern and western provinces. (4) Factors such as economic development level, residents’ consumption level, and distance from provincial capital cities collectively drive the evolution and optimization of the spatial network structure of operational efficiency among provincial star-rated hotels in China. This study not only enriches the research findings on hotel operational efficiency but also provides a reference for constructing a cross-regional collaborative mechanism to enhance the operational efficiency of star-rated hotels.
Proteomic and ubiquitinome analysis reveal that microgravity affects glucose metabolism of mouse hearts by remodeling non-degradative ubiquitination
Authors: Zhang Xin , Zhou Xuemei , Tu Zhiwei , Qiang Lihua , Lu Zhe , Xie Yuping , Liu Cui Hua , Zhang Lingqiang , Fu Yesheng
Published: November 2024

Long-term exposure to a microgravity environment leads to structural and functional changes in hearts of astronauts. Although several studies have reported mechanisms of cardiac damage under microgravity conditions, comprehensive research on changes at the protein level in these hearts is still lacking. In this study, proteomic analysis of microgravity-exposed hearts identified 156 differentially expressed proteins, and ubiquitinomic analysis of these hearts identified 169 proteins with differential ubiquitination modifications. Integrated ubiquitinomic and proteomic analysis revealed that differential proteomic changes caused by transcription affect the immune response in microgravity-exposed hearts. Additionally, changes in ubiquitination modifications under microgravity conditions excessively activated certain kinases, such as hexokinase and phosphofructokinase, leading to cardiac metabolic disorders. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of cardiac damage under microgravity conditions.
Characterizing the role of PP2A B’’ family subunits in mechanical stress response and plant development through calcium and ABA signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Yoon Hyuk Sung , Fujino Kaien , Liu Shenkui , Takano Tetsuo , Tsugama Daisuke
Published: November 2024

Protein phosphatase 2AB’’ (PP2A B’’) family subunits have calcium-binding EF-hand motifs, facilitating interaction with PP2A substrates. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the PP2A B’’ family subunits consist of six members, AtB’’α-ε and FASS. These subunits can interact with a basic leucine zipper transcription factor, VIP1, and its close homologs. Mechanical stress triggers PP2A-mediated dephosphorylation of VIP1 and its close homologs, leading to nuclear localization and gene upregulation to alleviate touch-induced root bending and leaf damage. However, the physiological roles of PP2A B’’ family subunits in the mechanical stress response in Arabidopsis remain unclear. This study aims to characterize such roles. A quadruple knockout mutant with T-DNA insertions in AtB’’α, AtB’’β, AtB’’γ, and AtB’’δ was generated. atb’’αβγδ mutants exhibited no significant damage upon brushing or touch-induced root bending compared to the wild type. Transcriptome analysis showed a significant decrease in the expression of CYP707A3, a gene potentially targeted by VIP1 that regulates abscisic acid (ABA) catabolism, in the atb’’αβγδ mutant compared to wild type leaves. However, other genes, including XTH23, EXLA1, and CYP707A1, also VIP1 targets, exhibited similar induction in both brushed atb’’αβγδ mutants and wild type leaves. We observed an enrichment of the CAMTA motif, CGCG(C/T) in the promoters of genes showing downregulated expression levels in brushed atb’’αβγδ leaves compared to brushed wild type leaves. These findings suggest that PP2A B’’ family subunits exhibit functional redundancy in the VIP1-dependent pathway but influence CAMTA-dependent gene expression under mechanical stress. Under calcium-deficient and ABA-supplemented conditions, growth of atb’’αβγδ seedlings was retarded when compared to wild type and single knockout mutants, atb’’γ and atb’’δ, indicating a crucial role in plant development by modulating calcium or ABA signaling.