bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ameliorative Effects of Potassium on the Salinity Stress in Plants: A Review
Authors: Sayed S. A. A. El , Hellal F. A. , El–Rab Nadia Gad , Zewainy R. M.
Published: March 2019

Salt stress is one of the major abiotic stresses decreasing crop production, particularly in dry and semi–arid regions. Reclamation of salt–damaged soil is important as it is sweeping cultivable land day by day. Potassium is an essential element for plant development which is an extremely active ion in the soil system. Potassium is second to nitrogen in plant tissue levels ranging from 1 to 3% by weight. As a cation, potassium is highly mobile in plant and moderately mobile in the soil system. The essentiality of potassium is identified with its multiple roles in plants. Among these are the maintenance of cell turgor pressure and cell lengthening, osmoregulation, leaf and stomata movements, enzyme activation, phloem solute transport, cation/anion balancing, control of membrane polarization, cytoplasmic pH regulation, chloroplast structure and functioning, protein and starch synthesis, and energy preservation across membranes. As almost all of these processes are directly associated to plant adaptation to the in hospitable environment. It could be concluded that potassium uptake, transportation, and homeostasis play important role in conferring salt tolerance in plants.
Impacts of Cooking Times (Steaming and Cooking on Embers) on Some Physico-Functional Parameters of Yam (Dioscorea bulbifera) Flours Cv Dougon-won Consumed in Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Ekissi Gbocho Serge Elvis , Achy Jacques Yapi , Kouadio Martin Tanoh , Fagbohoun Bedel Jean , Kouamé Lucien Patrice
Published: March 2019

Impacts of cooking times (steaming and cooking on embers) on some physico-functional parameters of yam (D. bulbifera) flours cv Dougou-won were determined during 10, 20 and 30 min. Results showed that steaming and cooking on embers increased significantly (P <0.05) the dispersibility (D), water absorption capacity (WAC), paste clarity (PC), water solubility index (WSI), swelling power (SP), least gelation capacity (LGC) and solubility (S) but decreased significantly (P <0.05) foam capacity (FC), wettability (W) and foam stability (FS) of flours (D. bulbifera) cv Dougou-won. Steaming increased significantly (P <0.05) oils absorption capacity (OAC) and bulk density (BD). However, cooking on embers decreased significantly (P <0.05) oils absorption capacity (OAC) but not affected significantly (P <0.05) bulk density (BD). The steaming time (30 min) is recommended to considerably influence the physico-functional parameters of the yam (D. bulbifera) flours cv Dougou-won.
Effect of Vadasz Number on Magnetoconvection in a Darcy Porous Layer with Concentration Based Internal Heating
Authors: Israel-Cookey C. , Ebiwareme L. , Amos E.
Published: March 2019

In this research article, the effect of Vadasz number on magnetoconvection in a Darcy Porous Layer with concentration based internal heating is studied. The flow is governed by the Oberbeck-Boussineq model for Newtonian fluid. The stability analysis method based on the perturbation of infinitesimal amplitude is carried out using the normal mode analysis. The onset criterion for both the stationary and oscillatory convection on the stability of system is obtained. The analysis examines the effects of pertinent parameters on the stability of the system: magnetic field parameter, solutal Rayleigh number, Lewis number and Vadasz number. The result show that, internal heat parameter,  and Lewis number, , hastens the onset of instability in the system, whereas magnetic field, , Vadasz number,  and solutal Rayleigh number,  delay the onset of instability.
Analysis of a Fractional-order “SVEIR” Epidemic Mo del with a General Nonlinear Saturated Incidence Rate in a Continuous Reactor
Authors: Hajji Miled El , Sayari Sayed
Published: March 2019

In this paper, I propose a fractional-order mathematical five-dimensional dynamical system  modeling a SVEIR model of infectious disease transmission in a chemostat. A profound qualitative analysis is given. The analysis of the local and global stability of equilibrium points is carried out. It is proved that if R > 1, then the disease-persistence (endemic) equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable. However, if R ≤ 1, then the disease-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable in R 5. Finally, some numerical tests are done using the ”PECE” method in order to validate the obtained results.
Appraisement of Variability and Association among the Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) Genotypes Found in North-East India
Authors: Chhetri Ashok , Hazarika B. N. , Wangchu Lobsang , Singh Siddhartha , Alice Athikho Kayia , Singh M. Chandrakumar
Published: March 2019

The present investigations were carried out on forty genotypes of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) to determine the extent of variability present in the material and association among different traits. The genotypes were collected from six north-eastern states of India viz. Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Tripura during the two years 2016 and 2017. Selection and identification of superior genotypes were done following IPGRI jackfruit descriptor. The experiment was laid using randomized block design with three replications during the year 2016 and 2017 under Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Central Agricultural University, Pasighat, East Siang, Arunachal Pradesh. The phenotypic coefficients of variability and genotypic coefficients of variability were recorded highest values for weight of fresh flake without seed (52.69% & 50.52%, respectively), stalk length (51.09% & 49.06%, respectively) and fruit weight (48.11% & 45.86%, respectively). High heritability coupled with high genetic gain was observed for stalk length, fruit weight, weight of fresh flake with seed and weight of fresh flake without seed traits. Genetic advance was recorded highest for 100-seed weight followed by stalk length and lowest for flake/fruit ratio followed by seed width traits. Yield per plant showed significant and positive genotypic correlation coefficient with fruit diameter, rachis diameter, fruit weight, petiole length, fruit length and flake length traits. The path coefficient analysis revealed that weight of fresh flake with seed has maximum positive direct effect on fruit yield per tree followed by weight of flakes per kg of fruit.
Targeting the thioredoxin system as a novel strategy against B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Fidyt Klaudyna , Pastorczak Agata , Goral Agnieszka , Szczygiel Kacper , Fendler Wojciech , Muchowicz Angelika , Bartlomiejczyk Marcin Adam , Madzio Joanna , Cyran Julia , Graczyk‐Jarzynka Agnieszka , Jansen Eugene , Patkowska Elzbieta , Lech‐Maranda Ewa , Pal Deepali , Blair Helen , Burdzinska Anna , Pedzisz Piotr , Glodkowska‐Mrowka Eliza , Demkow Urszula , Gawle‐Krawczyk Karolina , Matysiak Michal , Winiarska Magdalena , Juszczynski Przemyslaw , Mlynarski Wojciech , Heidenreich Olaf , Golab Jakub , Firczuk Malgorzata
Published: March 2019

B‐cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP‐ALL) is a genetically heterogeneous blood cancer characterized by abnormal expansion of immature B cells. Although intensive chemotherapy provides high cure rates in a majority of patients, subtypes harboring certain genetic lesions, such as MLL rearrangements or BCR‐ABL1 fusion, remain clinically challenging, necessitating a search for other therapeutic approaches. Herein, we aimed to validate antioxidant enzymes of the thioredoxin system as potential therapeutic targets in BCP‐ALL. We observed oxidative stress along with aberrant expression of the enzymes associated with the activity of thioredoxin antioxidant system in BCP‐ALL cells. Moreover, we found that auranofin and adenanthin, inhibitors of the thioredoxin system antioxidant enzymes, effectively kill BCP‐ALL cell lines and pediatric and adult BCP‐ALL primary cells, including primary cells cocultured with bone marrow‐derived stem cells. Furthermore, auranofin delayed the progression of leukemia in MLL‐rearranged patient‐derived xenograft model and prolonged the survival of leukemic NSG mice. Our results unveil the thioredoxin system as a novel target for BCP‐ALL therapy, and indicate that further studies assessing the anticancer efficacy of combinations of thioredoxin system inhibitors with conventional anti‐BCP‐ALL drugs should be continued.
Image quality evaluation of ultrasound imaging systems: advanced B‐modes
Authors: Sassaroli Elisabetta , Crake Calum , Scorza Andrea , Kim Don‐Soo , Park Mi‐Ae
Published: March 2019

The Quality assurance of ultrasound clinical imaging systems is essential for maintaining their performance to the highest level and for complying with the requirements by various regulatory and accrediting agencies. Although there is no standardization yet, most of the quality assessment procedures available in literature are proposed for B‐mode and Doppler imaging. However, ultrasound imaging systems offer a variety of advanced imaging modes, besides B‐mode and Doppler, which are primarily aimed at improving image quality. This study presents computer‐based methods for evaluating image quality for the advanced imaging modes of ultrasound imaging systems: harmonic imaging, spatial compounding imaging, adaptive speckle reduction, and tissue aberration correction. The functions and parameters proposed for evaluating image quality are: grayscale mapping function, image contrast, contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR), and high‐contrast spatial resolution. We present our computer‐based methods for evaluating image quality of these modes with a number of probe and scanner combinations, which were employed to image targets in ultrasound phantoms. The functions and parameters here proposed in image quality performance evaluation are: grayscale mapping function, image contrast, CNR, and high‐contrast spatial resolution. We show that these quantities could be useful in developing standardized methods for evaluating the advanced ultrasound imaging modes, especially when the advanced mode resulted in subtle visual differences.
Peptide‐Mediated Liposome Fusion as a Tool for the Detection of Matrix Metalloproteinases
Authors: Mazur Federico , Chandrawati Rona
Published: March 2019

Biological cells continue to inspire the development of technologies toward rapid, sensitive, and selective detection of analytes. Membrane fusion is a key biological event in living cells that involves a highly selective recognition mechanism controlled by different functional proteins. Herein, liposome–liposome fusion mediated by coiled‐coil forming peptides JR2EC and JR2KC to mimic biological membrane fusion is reported. The liposome fusion event is monitored through fluorescence generation and this mechanism forms the basis of a detection assay for matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which are key homeostatic proteases. Using this approach, a limit of detection of 0.35 µg mL−1 MMP‐7 in biological samples is obtained, and this assay does not require washing, separation, or amplification steps. The developed tool could be extended for the detection of other proteolytic enzymes of the MMP family (diagnostic or prognostic markers) and has the potential for screening of peptide libraries against a target of interest.
Strain Hardening of Phases in High‐Alloy CrMnNi Steel as a Consequence of Pre‐Deformation Studied by Nanoindentation
Authors: Lehnert Robert , Weidner Anja , Motylenko Mykhaylo , Biermann Horst
Published: March 2019

Metastable high‐alloy CrMnNi steels exhibit a martensitic phase transformation from austenite via an intermediate hexagonal phase arranged in deformation bands − often referred to as ϵ‐martensite − into α’‐martensite, resulting in the well‐known transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) effect. The hardness of individual microstructural constituents (austenite, ϵ‐martensite, α’‐martensite) is studied by nanoindentation in a scanning electron microscope. The indentation hardness of the austenite in both its undeformed state and after tensile deformation, with elongation of up to 14%, is measured in order to study the influence of plastic deformation as well as of the grain orientation of the austenite. The microstructure after deformation is characterized by means of electron backscatter diffraction. Load–displacement curves are recorded in both a pre‐deformed specimen and in an undeformed specimen, with both having similar grain orientations relative to the axis of indentation. Pronounced pop‐in events are observed for undeformed austenite and ϵ‐martensite. Indentation hardness values are determined for all microstructural constituents and compared to the undeformed state in order to obtain information on the influence of the orientation of austenitic grains and the plastic deformation. A significant increase in indentation hardness is observed, while some tendencies for orientation dependence are found. In addition, pop‐in events occurring in ϵ‐martensite are analyzed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). α’‐martensite is found underneath such indents, and is formed during the indentation process.
Tuning a Binary Ferromagnet into a Multistate Synapse with Spin–Orbit‐Torque‐Induced Plasticity
Authors: Cao Yi , Rushforth AndrewW. , Sheng Yu , Zheng Houzhi , Wang Kaiyou
Published: March 2019

Ferromagnets with binary states are limited for applications as artificial synapses for neuromorphic computing. Here, it is shown how synaptic plasticity of a perpendicular ferromagnetic layer (FM1) can be obtained when it is interlayer exchange‐coupled by another in‐plane ferromagnetic layer (FM2), where a magnetic field‐free current‐driven multistate magnetization switching of FM1 in the Pt/FM1/Ta/FM2 structure is induced by spin–orbit torque. Current pulses are used to set the perpendicular magnetization state, which acts as the synapse weight, and spintronic implementation of the excitatory/inhibitory postsynaptic potentials and spike timing‐dependent plasticity are demonstrated. This functionality is made possible by the action of the in‐plane interlayer exchange coupling field which leads to broadened, multistate magnetic reversal characteristics. Numerical simulations, combined with investigations of a reference sample with a single perpendicular magnetized Pt/FM1/Ta structure, reveal that the broadening is due to the in‐plane field component tuning the efficiency of the spin–orbit torque to drive domain walls across a landscape of varying pinning potentials. The conventionally binary FM1 inside the Pt/FM1/Ta/FM2 structure with an inherent in‐plane coupling field is therefore tuned into a multistate perpendicular ferromagnet and represents a synaptic emulator for neuromorphic computing, demonstrating a significant pathway toward a combination of spintronics and synaptic electronics.
Mini‐Generator Based on Reciprocating Vertical Motions Driven by Intracorporeal Energy
Authors: Zhang Lina , Cheng Mengjiao , Luo He , Zhang Haibo , Ju Guannan , Liu Peng , Zhou Yifeng , Shi Feng
Published: March 2019

Most implantable devices rely on a power supply from batteries and require replacement surgeries once the batteries run low. Mini‐generators that harvest intracorporeal energy available in the human body are promising replacements of batteries and prolong the lifetime of implantable devices, thus reducing surgery pain, risks, and cost. Although various sources of energy available in the human body are used for electricity generation using piezoelectric and triboelectric materials or intravascular turbines, concerns about material durability or thrombus risks remain, and developing novel strategies to fabricate a mini‐generator to harvest the intracorporeal energy is still challenging. Herein, a mini‐generator system is designed by exporting the systolic/diastolic blood pressure from the femoral artery of a sheep to trigger the pressure‐responsive reciprocating vertical motions of a conductor. By applying a magnetic field, an induced voltage of 0.32 V and a stable output power of 13.86 µW are obtained, which is promising to power a state‐of‐the‐art pacemaker (8–10 µW). The noncontact electricity generation strategy provides a novel avenue to sustainable power supply for implantable devices.
Band Structure Engineering of Interfacial Semiconductors Based on Atomically Thin Lead Iodide Crystals
Authors: Sun Yan , Zhou Zishu , Huang Zhen , Wu Jiangbin , Zhou Liujiang , Cheng Yang , Liu Jinqiu , Zhu Chao , Yu Maotao , Yu Peng , Zhu Wei , Liu Yue , Zhou Jian , Liu Bowen , Xie Hongguang , Cao Yi , Li Hai , Wang Xinran , Liu Kaihui , Wang Xiaoyong , Wang Jianpu , Wang Lin , Huang Wei
Published: March 2019

To explore new constituents in two‐dimensional (2D) materials and to combine their best in van der Waals heterostructures is in great demand as being a unique platform to discover new physical phenomena and to design novel functionalities in interface‐based devices. Herein, PbI2 crystals as thin as a few layers are synthesized, particularly through a facile low‐temperature solution approach with crystals of large size, regular shape, different thicknesses, and high yields. As a prototypical demonstration of band engineering of PbI2‐based interfacial semiconductors, PbI2 crystals are assembled with several transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers. The photoluminescence of MoS2 is enhanced in MoS2/PbI2 stacks, while a dramatic photoluminescence quenching of  WS2 and WSe2 is revealed in WS2/PbI2 and WSe2/PbI2 stacks. This is attributed to the effective heterojunction formation between PbI2 and these monolayers; type I band alignment in MoS2/PbI2 stacks, where fast‐transferred charge carriers accumulate in MoS2 with high emission efficiency, results in photoluminescence enhancement, and type II in WS2/PbI2 and WSe2/PbI2 stacks, with separated electrons and holes suitable for light harvesting, results in photoluminescence quenching. The results demonstrate that MoS2, WS2, and WSe2 monolayers with similar electronic structures show completely distinct light–matter interactions when interfacing with PbI2, providing unprecedented capabilities to engineer the device performance of 2D heterostructures.
Amino Acid Immobilization of Copper Surface Diffusion on Cu(111)
Authors: Guisinger Nathan P. , Mannix Andrew J. , Rankin Rees B. , Kiraly Brian , Phillips Jesse A. , Darling Seth B. , Fisher Brandon L. , Hersam Mark C. , Iski Erin V.
Published: March 2019

Surface diffusion and molecular self‐assembly are two critically important processes in chemistry and nature. Amino acids deposited on a Cu(111) surface driving a separation at the 2D limit between self‐assembling molecules and diffusing copper atoms is reported. Since the self‐assembling amino acids prefer non‐planar, tridentate bonding with neighboring adatoms, they attach to and immobilize diffusing copper adatoms on the surface. This chemical interaction freezes out the copper diffusion causing the condensation of “solid” copper adatom islands on the surface. Such separation and immobilization are observed for eight different amino acids, suggesting the generality of this phenomenon beyond a single amino acid species. Furthermore, at elevated temperatures, a disruption of the prototypical Ostwald ripening of adatom islands is also observed. These results provide fundamental insight into chiral molecular self‐assembly and its interplay with metal atom surface diffusion.
Highly Efficient, Flexible Wireless‐Powered Circuit Printed on a Moist, Soft Contact Lens
Authors: Takamatsu Taiki , Chen Yunhan , Yoshimasu Toshihiko , Nishizawa Matsuhiko , Miyake Takeo
Published: March 2019

Contact lens with built‐in electronics is a next‐generation wearable product with potential applications such as biomedical sensing and wearable displays. However, fabricating a wireless‐powered circuit on a moist, soft contact lens, via common dry lithography, makes producing smart contact lenses challenging. Here, electrochemically (EC) printing a wireless‐powered circuit onto a moist, soft contact lens is demonstrated. EC printing involves adding a conductive polymer at the interface between a metal contact and a hydrogel‐based contact lens, resulting in strong adhesion of the circuit to the lens without losing high power transfer efficiency (50%) from an eyeglass transmitter to the printed receiver lens. The energy transfer characteristics during eye movement are modeled using the Neumann equation and Kirchhoff's voltage law for wireless power transfer. The energy transfer efficiency between the eyeglass transmitter and the printed receiver lens is derived, and illumination of a wireless‐powered single light‐emitting diode display as a function of eye rotation angle is demonstrated. This work opens the door to integrating more complex circuits at soft contact lens interface to produce smart contact lens with increased functionality.
Hollow Carbon Spheres and Their Hybrid Nanomaterials in Electrochemical Energy Storage
Authors: Liu Tao , Zhang Liuyang , Cheng Bei , Yu Jiaguo
Published: March 2019

Electrochemical energy storage is of extraordinary importance for fulfilling the utilization of renewable and sustainable energy sources. There is an increasing demand for energy storage devices with high energy and power densities, prolonged stability, safety, and low cost. In the past decade, numerous research efforts have been devoted to achieving these requirements, especially in the design of advanced electrode materials. Hollow carbon spheres (HCS) derived nanomaterials combining the advantages of 3D HCS and porous structures have been considered as alternative electrode materials for advanced energy storage applications, due to their unique features such as high surface‐to‐volume ratios, encapsulation capability, together with outstanding chemical and thermal stability. In this review, the authors first present a comprehensive overview of the synthetic strategies of HCS, and elucidate the design and synthesis of HCS‐derived nanomaterials including various types of HCS and their nanohybrids. Additionally, their significant roles as electrode materials for supercapacitors, lithium‐ion or sodium‐ion batteries, and sulfur hosts for lithium sulfur batteries are highlighted. Finally, current challenges in the synthesis of HCS and future directions in HCS‐derived nanomaterials for energy storage applications are proposed.
Three‐dimensional reconstruction of soybean nodules provides an update on vascular structure
Authors: Livingston David , Tuong Tan , Nogueira Marco , Sinclair Thomas
Published: March 2019

Premise of the Study

In many cases, the functioning of a biological system cannot be correctly understood if its physical anatomy is incorrectly described. Accurate knowledge of the anatomy of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merril] nodules and its connection with the root vasculature is important for understanding its function in supplying the plant with nitrogenous compounds. Previous two‐dimensional anatomical observations of soybean nodules led to the assumption that vascular bundles terminate within the cortex of the nodule and that a single vascular bundle connects the nodule to the root. We wanted to see whether these anatomical assumptions would be verified by digitally reconstructing soybean nodules in three dimensions.

Methods

Nodules were dehydrated, embedded in paraffin, and cut into 15 μm thick sections. Over 200 serial sections were stained with safranin and fast green, and then photographed using light microscopy. Images were digitally cleared, aligned, and assembled into a three‐dimensional (3D) volume using the Adobe program After Effects.

Key Results

In many cases, vascular bundles had a continuous connection around the nodules. The 3D reconstruction also revealed a dual vascular connection originating in the nodule and leading to the root in 22 of the 24 nodules. Of the 22 dual connections, 11 maintained two separate vascular bundles into the root with independent connections to the root vasculature.

Conclusions

A more robust and complex anatomical pathway for vascular transport between nodules and root xylem in soybean plants is indicated by these observations and will contribute to a better understanding of the symbiotic relationship between soybean plants and nitrogen‐fixing bacteria within the nodules.
Apixaban for the prevention of thromboembolism in immunomodulatory‐treated myeloma patients: Myelaxat, a phase 2 pilot study
Authors: Pegourie Brigitte , Karlin Lionel , Benboubker Lotfi , Orsini‐Piocelle Frédérique , Tiab Mourad , Auger‐Quittet Sophie , Rodon Philippe , Royer Bruno , Leleu Xavier , Bareau Benoit , Cliquennois Manuel , Fuzibet Jean‐Gabriel , Voog Eric , Belhadj‐Merzoug Karim , Decaux Olivier , Rey Philippe , Slama Bohrane , Leyronnas Cecile , Zarnitsky Charles , Boyle Eileen , Bosson Jean Luc , Pernod Gilles ,   for the IFM Group
Published: March 2019

The risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) is higher in myeloma patients receiving immunomodulatory compounds. A VTE prophylaxis using low‐molecular‐weight heparin or aspirin is therefore proposed. Apixaban is an oral direct anti‐Xa. Several studies have shown the efficacy and safety of apixaban in VTE prophylaxis compared to enoxaparin. The objective of this prospective phase 2 pilot study was to assess the risk of VTE and bleeding in patients with myeloma treated with immunomodulatory compounds lenalidomide (len) or thalidomide (thal), using apixaban in a preventive scheme. Myeloma patients requiring Melphalan‐Prednisone‐Thalidomide in the first line, or Lenalidomide‐Dexamethasone in the relapse setting received apixaban, 2.5 mg x 2/day for 6 months. Venous (pulmonary embolism—PE, or symptomatic proximal or distal deep vein thrombosis—DVT, or all proximal asymptomatic events detected by systematic proximal bilateral compression ultrasound) or arterial thrombotic events, and bleeding events (ISTH 2005) were registered. One hundred and four patients were enrolled (mean age 69.8 ± 7.8 years), 11 in first line and 93 in relapse. Two venous thrombotic events were observed, for example, an asymptomatic proximal DVT and a symptomatic distal DVT, in the context of apixaban stopped 14 days before, due to lenalidomide‐induced thrombocytopenia. No PE or arterial cardiovascular events were reported. Only one major and 11 CRNM hemorrhages were reported. These data must now be confirmed on a randomized large study.
Diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma: 2019 update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and treatment
Authors: Liu Yang , Barta Stefan Klaus
Published: March 2019

Disease Overview

Diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common type of aggressive non‐Hodgkin lymphoma originating from the germinal center, and it represents a heterogeneous group of diseases with variable outcomes that are differentially characterized by clinical features, cell of origin (COO), molecular features, and most recently, frequently recurring mutations.

Diagnosis

DLBCL is ideally diagnosed from an excisional biopsy of a suspicious lymph node, which shows sheets of large cells that disrupt the underlying structural integrity of the follicle center and stain positive for pan‐B‐cell antigens, such as CD20 and CD79a. COO is determined by immunohistochemical stains, while molecular features such as double‐hit or triple‐hit disease are determined by fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis. Commercial tests for frequently recurring mutations are currently not routinely used to inform treatment.

Risk Stratification

Clinical prognostic systems for DLBCL, including the rituximab International Prognostic Index, age‐adjusted IPI, and NCCN‐IPI, use clinical factors for the risk stratification of patients, although this does not affect the treatment approach. Furthermore, DLBCL patients with non‐germinal center B‐cell (GCB)‐like DLBCL (activated B‐cell like and unclassifiable) have a poorer response to up‐front chemoimmunotherapy (CI) compared to patients with GCB‐like DLBCL. Those with c‐MYC‐altered disease alone and in combination with translocations in BCL2 and/or BCL6 (particularly when the MYC translocation partner is immunoglobulin) respond poorly to up‐front CI and salvage autologous stem cell transplant at relapse.

Risk‐Adapted Therapy

This review will focus on differential treatment of DLBCL up‐front and at the time of relapse by COO and molecular features.
Catalyst‐Free Reductive Coupling of Aromatic and Aliphatic Nitro Compounds with Organohalides
Authors: Rauser Marian , Eckert Raphael , Gerbershagen Max , Niggemann Meike
Published: March 2019

A rare reductive coupling of nitro compounds with organohalides has been realized. The reaction is initiated by a partial reduction of the nitro group to a nitrenoid intermediate. Therefore, not only aromatic but also aliphatic nitro compounds are efficiently transformed into monoalkylated amines, with organohalides as the alkylating agent. Given the innate reactivity of the nitrenoid, a catalyst is not required, resulting in a high tolerance for aryl halide substituents in both starting materials.
Total Syntheses of (+)‐Sarcophytin, (+)‐Chatancin, (−)‐3‐Oxochatancin, and (−)‐Pavidolide B: A Divergent Approach
Authors: He Chuan , Xuan Jun , Rao Peirong , Xie Pei‐Pei , Hong Xin , Lin Xufeng , Ding Hanfeng
Published: March 2019

A concise and divergent approach for the total syntheses of four cembrane diterpenoids, namely (+)‐sarcophytin, (+)‐chatancin, (−)‐3‐oxochatancin, and (−)‐pavidolide B, has been developed, and it also led to the structural revision of (−)‐isosarcophytin. The key steps of the strategy feature a double Mukaiyama Michael addition/elimination, a Helquist annulation, two substrate‐controlled facial‐selective hydrations, and a pinacol rearrangement. The described syntheses not only achieved these natural products in an efficient manner, but also provided insight into the biosynthetic relationship between the two different skeletons.
Anorganische CsPbX3‐Perowskit‐Solarzellen: Fortschritte und Perspektiven
Authors: Zhang Jingru , Hodes Gary , Jin Zhiwen , Liu Shengzhong (Frank)
Published: March 2019

Perowskite auf Halogenidbasis haben sich aufgrund ihrer hervorragenden optoelektronischen Eigenschaften zu einem der wichtigsten Themen in der Photovoltaik‐Forschung entwickelt. Insbesondere wurden bei organisch‐anorganischen Perowskit‐Solarzellen (PSCs) rasche Fortschritte beim Wirkungsgrad (PCE, power conversion efficiency) erreicht, mit einem derzeitigen Rekordwert von 23.7 % PCE. Die an sich instabile Beschaffenheit dieser Materialien, insbesondere gegenüber Feuchtigkeit und Wärme, stellt jedoch ein Problem bezüglich ihrer Langzeitstabilität dar. Der Ersatz der fragilen organischen Gruppe durch robustere anorganische Cs+‐Kationen ergibt Caesiumbleihalogenide CsPbX3 (X=Halogenid), die thermisch viel stabiler und meist auch stabiler gegen andere Faktoren sind. Seit dem ersten Bericht im Jahr 2015 ist der PCE von CsPbX3‐basierten PSCs von 2.9 % bis auf heute 17.1 % mit deutlich verbesserter Stabilität gestiegen. In diesem Aufsatz sollen die bisherigen Ergebnisse auf dem Gebiet zusammenfasst und Lösungen für Entwicklungsengpässe vorgeschlagen werden.
Regio‐ and Enantio‐selective Chemo‐enzymatic C−H‐Lactonization of Decanoic Acid to (S)‐δ‐Decalactone
Authors: Manning Jack , Tavanti Michele , Porter Joanne L. , Kress Nico , De Visser Sam P. , Turner Nicholas J. , Flitsch Sabine L.
Published: March 2019

The conversion of saturated fatty acids to high value chiral hydroxy‐acids and lactones poses a number of synthetic challenges: the activation of unreactive C−H bonds and the need for regio‐ and stereoselectivity. Here the first example of a wild‐type cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP116B46 from Tepidiphilus thermophilus) capable of enantio‐ and regioselective C5 hydroxylation of decanoic acid 1 to (S)‐5‐hydroxydecanoic acid 2 is reported. Subsequent lactonization yields (S)‐δ‐decalactone 3, a high value fragrance compound, with greater than 90 % ee. Docking studies provide a rationale for the high regio‐ and enantioselectivity of the reaction.
Ca2PbGa8O15: Rational Design, Synthesis, and Structure Determination of a Purely Tetrahedra‐Based Intergrowth Oxide
Authors: Jiang Pengfei , Jiang Fuwei , Yue Mufei , Ju Jing , Xu Chunling , Cong Rihong , Yang Tao
Published: March 2019

Intergrowth oxides, like Aurivillius, Ruddlesden–Popper phase, comprise functional layers and exhibit interesting physical properties. The hitherto known intergrowth structures mainly were composed of closed‐packing of oxygen ions, and it is very challenging to develop new types of intergrowth structures. We proposed the possible match between the tridymite and grossite, both of which are purely tetrahedra‐based structures. We synthesized Ca2PbGa8O15 ((Ca0.5Pb0.5Ga2O4)2(CaGa4O7)) and its structure was solved by ab‐initio method. Pb2+ is vitally important to stabilize this first example of tetrahedra‐based intergrowth oxide. The appropriate size difference between Pb2+ and Ca2+ causes the layered type cationic ordering, and reduced the thermodynamic potential, in addition, the high hybridization between Pb 6s6p and O 2p orbitals further consolidate the covalency of the tetrahedra‐base framework.
Enantioselective Arylation of Benzylic C−H Bonds by Copper‐Catalyzed Radical Relay
Authors: Zhang Wen , Wu Lianqian , Chen Pinhong , Liu Guosheng
Published: March 2019

A novel enantioselective copper‐catalyzed arylation of benzylic C−H bonds, using alkylarenes as a limiting reagent, has been developed. A chiral bisoxazoline ligand bearing an acetate ester moiety plays a key role in both the reactivity and enantioselectivity of the reaction. The reaction provides efficient access to various chiral 1,1‐diarylalkanes in good yields with good to excellent enantioselectivities, and displays excellent functional‐group tolerance.
Blends of photovoltaic‐grade ethylene–vinylacetate copolymers and low‐density ethylene–octene copolymers, their morphology and their thermal, mechanical, and rheological properties
Authors: Ehrich Christian , Schulze Stefan‐H. , Ramezani Farzad , Klehm Jessica , Androsch René
Published: March 2019

Blends of photovoltaic‐grade ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), defined by high VA‐content and low crystallinity, and low‐density ethylene–octene copolymer (EO) have been investigated with regard to their processing, thermal and mechanical properties as well as their morphology. It was found that the amount of EO in the blend has a strong influence on the shear thinning behavior, melt viscosity and therefore the required extrusion temperature and resulting ability to incorporate temperature‐sensitive additives like a peroxidic crosslinking agent. A phase separated morphology was found for all blend compositions, though partial miscibility leading to co‐crystallization was observed for EVA rich blends. EO rich blends show lower glass transition and higher melting point compared to neat EVA and exhibit higher elastic modulus at elevated temperatures as well as greater elongation at break during tensile testing while the light transmission is diminished. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 47714.
Dispersal and mortality of translocated thick‐shelled river mussel Unio crassus Philipsson, 1788 adults revealed by radio tracking
Authors: Zając Katarzyna , Zając Tadeusz A. , Adamski Paweł , Bielański Wojciech , Ćmiel Adam M. , Lipińska Anna M.
Published: March 2019

Freshwater mussels are one of the most endangered groups of animals. Translocation is a common conservation measure for protecting them, but the success of this procedure varies widely, and the reasons for failure are frequently unknown.

The dispersal and mortality of freshwater mussels was studied using a novel method: the radio tracking of Unio crassus translocated to new sites during a reintroduction project for this threatened species in the River Biała (Poland).

Individual mussels were equipped with radio transmitters (10 mussels at each of four sites during low water in autumn, and 10 mussels at each of 11 sites during the spring flood). After being released into the water, the mussels generally moved away from the bank, and then performed erratic movements, dispersing over a larger area on flat parts of the riverbed, finally congregating on steep parts of the river bed in shallow water (0.20 m) near the bank.

Mussel mortality was surprisingly low: all survived the autumn trial, and 80% of the radio‐tracked adults survived the spring flood. Some of them were displaced quite far within the channel (>100 m), apparently suffering no harm. The confirmed cases of mortality were a few individuals that had become stranded on gravel bars formed during the flood that were now drying out.

Long‐distance displacement was more frequent in lotic or regulated parts of the channel and in the parts where the channel morphology was unstable during the flood.

Radiotelemetry should be used to test the suitability of receptor sites before translocation, in order to find places where mussels will choose to stay, and to standardize mussel detectability when monitoring relocation success.
Ticks (Acari: Ixodoidea) in China: Geographical distribution, host diversity, and specificity
Authors: Zhang Yan‐Kai , Zhang Xiao‐Yu , Liu Jing‐Ze
Published: March 2019

Ticks are obligate blood‐sucking ectoparasites, which not only directly damage through bites but also transmit many pathogens. China has a high diversity of tick species, 125 species have been reported, including 111 hard tick and 14 soft tick species. Many of the ticks are important vectors of pathogens, resulting in zoonoses. The dynamics of ticks are affected by both the host and habitat environment. However, systematic studies on the geographical distribution, host diversity, and specificity of ticks are limited in China. To achieve this goal, the relevant available data were summarized and analyzed in this study. Ticks are distributed in all parts of China and Xinjiang has the most records of ticks. The distribution of ticks in adjacent areas is similar, indicating that the habitat environment affects their distribution. Most ticks are widely distributed, whereas some species are endemic to their distributed regions. Ticks are parasitic on mammals, birds, and reptiles, of which mammals are the main host species. Overall, most ticks parasitize different hosts, only a few ticks have strict host specificity, such as ticks that are specifically parasitic on reptiles and bats. In addition, environmental changes and control efforts also influence the dynamics of ticks. These results can better reveal tick biological traits and are valuable for tick control.
2‐Phenylquinoline–Sugar Hybrids as Photoswitchable α‐Glucosidase Inhibitors
Authors: Kitamura Takashi , Okuyama Mai , Takahashi Daisuke , Toshima Kazunobu
Published: March 2019

Purpose‐designed 2‐phenylquinoline (PQ)‐sugar hybrids 1 and 2 were synthesized and evaluated for their photodegradation activities against an α‐glucosidase target. The results indicated that PQ‐mannose hybrid 2 selectively and effectively photodegraded α‐glucosidase and significantly inhibited its enzymatic activity upon irradiation with long‐wavelength UV light in the absence of any additives under neutral and aqueous conditions. Furthermore, 2 selectively and effectively inhibited α‐glucosidase activity only with photo‐irradiation even in complex cell lysate.
The future of biomass and bioenergy deployment and trade: a synthesis of 15 years IEA Bioenergy Task 40 on sustainable bioenergy trade
Authors: Junginger Hans Martin , Mai‐Moulin Thuy , Daioglou Vassilis , Fritsche Uwe , Guisson Ruben , Hennig Christiane , Thrän Daniela , Heinimö Jussi , Hess J Richard , Lamers Patrick , Li Chenlin , Kwant Kees , Olsson Olle , Proskurina Svetlana , Ranta Tapio , Schipfer Fabian , Wild Michael
Published: March 2019

Current biomass production and trade volumes for energy and new materials and bio‐chemicals are only a small fraction to achieve the bioenergy levels suggested by many global energy and climate change mitigation scenarios for 2050. However, comprehensive sustainability of large scale biomass production and trading has yet to be secured, and governance of developing biomass markets is a critical issue. Fundamental choices need to be made on how to develop sustainable biomass supply chains and govern sustainable international biomass markets. The aim of this paper is to provide a vision of how widespread trade and deployment of biomass for energy purposes can be integrated with the wider (bio)economy. It provides an overview of past and current trade flows of the main bioenergy products, and discusses the most important drivers and barriers for bioenergy in general, and more specifically the further development of bioenergy trade over the coming years. It discusses the role of bioenergy as part of the bioeconomy and other potential roles; and how it can help to achieve the sustainable development goals. The paper concludes that it is critical to demonstrate innovative and integrated value chains for biofuels, bioproducts, and biopower that can respond with agility to market factors while providing economic, environmental, and societal benefits to international trade and market. Furthermore, flexible biogenic carbon supply nets based on broad feedstock portfolios and multiple energy and material utilization pathways will reduce risks for involved stakeholder and foster the market entry and uptake of various densified biogenic carbon carriers. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
The Comprehensive Resource Model®: Overview of basic affects in adversity & effective treatment for complex reactions to trauma
Authors: Hull Alastair M. , Corrigan Frank M.
Published: March 2019

Much of the theoretical focus in post‐traumatic stress disorder has been on the role of the amygdala, the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex. Crucially, in unresolved traumatic experiences that underlie clinical presentations, this focus misses the brain areas key to the defence responses of fight, flight and freeze—and the associated affects of anger, fear and grief. The periaqueductal gray in the midbrain, with the hypothalamus, is essential for these somatic and emotional responses to traumatic experiences. We argue that when treatment approaches thought to work at the higher brain levels have been ineffective, it is because they have failed to engage the midbrain and hypothalamic sources of the affective responses to the trauma and to the memory of it. Basic affects have been so overwhelming that dissociation, or a similarly protective neurochemical capping mechanism, has prevented full resolution of the affective content of the adversity. Treatment with the Comprehensive Resource Model®(CRM) aims to clear the clinically relevant residues of adverse experiences by resolving the emotional responses accessed through the body memories. When the trauma has led to overwhelming distress, and/or dissociation, there is a necessity for robust resourcing to be in place before the emotional intensity of that distress is accessed. Resourcing needs to be as proximal to the re‐experience as possible to promote complete resolution and in some psychotherapy modalities, the supports provided are somewhat remote from the crucial moments of processing. Therefore, we describe how theCRMseeks to have robustly resourced states present concurrently with traumatised states to avoid overwhelming emotional distress. This allows safe entry into the deepest pain residual from the traumatic event so that it is not overwhelming during processing of the memory, and does not lead to further dissociation, allowing the individual to remain fully present throughout. This “stepping into the affect” can then be so rapidly effective that we also argue thatCRMis not an exposure treatment; re‐orientation to the deepest content of the experience resolves the residual distress quickly and permanently through memory reconsolidation. Re‐learning at upper brain levels will then follow from the revoking of the affective power, which has previously driven stimulus/context and response learning in the amygdala, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.
Stability Is Not Everything: The Case of the Cyclisation of a Thrombin‐Binding Aptamer
Authors: Riccardi Claudia , Meyer Albert , Vasseur Jean‐Jacques , Russo Krauss Irene , Paduano Luigi , Oliva Rosario , Petraccone Luigi , Morvan François , Montesarchio Daniela
Published: March 2019

With the aim of developing a new approach to obtain improved aptamers, a cyclic thrombin‐binding aptamer (TBA) analogue (cycTBA) has been prepared by exploiting a copper(I)‐assisted azide–alkyne cycloaddition. The markedly increased serum resistance and exceptional thermal stability of the G‐quadruplex versus TBA were associated with halved thrombin inhibition, which suggested that some flexibility in the TBA structure was necessary for protein recognition.
Treating hemolysis due to perivalvular leaks: It is all about modifying micro‐jets and not the volume of regurgitation
Authors: Gilchrist Ian C.
Published: March 2019

Key Points

Paravalvular leak closure may have a therapeutic effect on the extent of hemolysis that some patients experience after valve surgery.

Reduction of hemolysis is most likely in a patient with a mechanical valve and is not necessarily correlated with the volume of regurgitative flow or its subsequent reduction.

Hemolysis associated with biological valves are less likely to respond to perivalvular leak closure suggesting that mechanisms other than net volume of regurgitation or micro‐jets are present and should be considered.
Efficient Production of Furanic Diether in a Continuous Fixed Bed Reactor
Authors: Hu Hualei , Hu Danxin , Jin Haitao , Zhang Pilan , Li Guozheng , Zhou Hao , Yang Yong , Chen Chunlin , Zhang Jian , Wang Lei
Published: March 2019

The selective conversion of 2,5‐bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (BHMF) to 2,5‐bis(ethoxymethyl)furan (BEMF) was investigated in a fixed bed reactor over several heterogeneous solid acid catalysts, including Amberlyst‐15, ZSM‐5, Mordenite, and a series of hierarchically structured ZSM‐5 zeolites (HSZ). The HSZ catalysts exhibited superior catalytic performance to other three commercial catalysts. The highest yield of BEMF (90.46 %) was obtained over the HSZ‐150 catalyst under the reaction condition of 140 °C, 2.0 MPa of H2, and 0.3 h−1 of WHSV. Moreover, the HSZ‐150 catalyst displayed an extremely good stability in the etherification reaction, maintaining more than 80 % yield of BEMF for about 80 h. The outstanding catalytic performance of the HSZ‐150 catalyst could be ascribed to that the presence of mesopores enhanced the etherification activity by alleviating the diffusion limitation, and the appropriate acidity improved the BEMF selectivity via suppressing the side reactions.
Phosphite‐thioether/selenoether Ligands from Carbohydrates: An Easily Accessible Ligand Library for the Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Functionalized and Unfunctionalized Olefins
Authors: Margalef Jèssica , Borràs Carlota , Alegre Sabina , Alberico Elisabetta , Pàmies Oscar , Diéguez Montserrat
Published: March 2019

A large family of phosphite‐thioether/selenoether ligands has been easily prepared from accessible L‐(+)‐tartaric acid and D‐(+)‐mannitol and applied in the M‐catalyzed (M=Ir, Rh) asymmetric hydrogenation of a broad number of substrates (46 in total). Its highly modular architecture has been crucial to maximize the catalytic performance. Improving most of the reported approaches, this ligand family presents a broad substrate scope. By selecting the ligand parameters high enantioselectivities (ee's up to 99 %) have therefore been achieved in a broad range of both, functionalized and unfunctionalized substrates. Interestingly, both enantiomers of the hydrogenation products can be usually achieved by changing the ligand parameters.