bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of Re-Usable Yeast-Gellan Gum Micro-Bioreactors for Potential Application in Continuous Fermentation to Produce Bio-Ethanol
Authors: Tan Sook Mun , Heng Paul Wan Sia , Chan Lai Wah
Published: October 2011

The objectives of this study were to investigate the feasibility of encapsulating yeast cells using gellan gum by an emulsification method and to evaluate the fermentation efficiency and the reusability of the micro-bioreactors produced. It was found that yeast cells could be successfully encapsulated to form relatively spherical micro-bioreactors with high specific surface area for mass transfer. Cell viability was found to be reduced by one log reduction after the emulsification process. The ethanol yield of the micro-bioreactors was comparable to that of free yeast in the first fermentation cycle. The micro-bioreactors remained intact and could be re-used up to 10 cycles of fermentation. Despite cell breakthrough, relatively high ethanol yields were obtained, indicating that the micro-bioreactors also functioned as regenerative reservoirs of yeast.
Dependence of Optical and Microstructure Properties of Thiol-Capped Silver Nanoparticles Embedded in Polymeric Matrix
Authors: Longo Angela , Carotenuto Gianfranco , Palomba Mariano , Nicola Sergio De
Published: October 2011

Thiol-capped silver nanoparticles were prepared by in situ thermal decomposition of different silver(I)-thiolates precursors in a polymeric matrix. Depending on the structure of the organic coating, contact-free distribution of metal nanoparticles or nanoparticles aggregates were achieved. The structure and morphology of nanocomposites was analyzed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Nanoparticles’ interaction was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and UV-Visible spectroscopy. In particular, only silver nanoparticles coated by n-alkyl thiols aggregated, while a contact-free dispersion was obtained by cyclohexyl thiol-capped silver nanoparticles.
Coexistence of WiFi and WiMAX Systems Based on PS-Request Protocols
Authors: Kim Jongwoo , Park Suwon , Rhee Seung Hyong , Choi Yong-Hoon , Chung Young-uk , Hwang Ho Young
Published: October 2011

We introduce both the coexistence zone within the WiMAX frame structure and a PS-Request protocol for the coexistence of WiFi and WiMAX systems sharing a frequency band. Because we know that the PS-Request protocol has drawbacks, we propose a revised PS-Request protocol to improve the performance. Two PS-Request protocols are based on the time division operation (TDO) of WiFi system and WiMAX system to avoid the mutual interference, and use the vestigial power management (PwrMgt) bit within the Frame Control field of the frames transmitted by a WiFi AP. The performance of the revised PS-Request protocol is evaluated by computer simulation, and compared to those of the cases without a coexistence protocol and to the original PS-Request protocol.
A Dynamic Function for Energy Return on Investment
Authors: Dale Michael , Krumdieck Susan , Bodger Pat
Published: October 2011

Most estimates of energy-return-on-investment (EROI) are “static”. They determine the amount of energy produced by a particular energy technology at a particular location at a particular time. Some “dynamic” estimates are also made that track the changes in EROI of a particular resource over time. Such approaches are “bottom-up”. This paper presents a conceptual framework for a “top-down” dynamic function for the EROI of an energy resource. This function is constructed from fundamental theoretical considerations of energy technology development and resource depletion. Some empirical evidence is given as corroboration of the shape of the function components.
Framework for Enhancing the Supply-Demand Balance of a Tri-Supply Urban Water Scheme in Australia
Authors: Bertone Edoardo , Stewart Rodney A.
Published: October 2011

Fit-for-purpose potable source substitution of appropriate water end uses with rainwater or recycled water is often essential to maintain water security in growing urban regions. This paper provides the results of a detailed supply-demand forecasting review of a unique tri-supply (i.e., potable, A+ recycled and rain water sources reticulated to household) urban water scheme located in Queensland, Australia. Despite the numerous benefits of this scheme, system efficiency (e.g., reduced demand levels, water treatment, low chemical and energy use) and economic viability (i.e., capital and operating costs per kL of supply) aspects need to be considered against derived potable water savings. The review underpinned the design of a framework to enhance the schemes supply-demand balance and reduce the unit cost of alternative source supplies. Detailed scenario and sensitivity analysis identified the possibility of a refined scheme design, whereby the A+ recycled water supply would be reticulated to the cold water input tap to the washing machine, and the rain tank that originally supplied this end use be removed from future constructed households. The refined scheme design enhances the present recycled plant utilisation rate and reduces the cost to home owners when building their dwelling due to the removed requirement to install a rain tank to indoor end uses; such actions reduce the overall unit cost of the scheme.
On the origins of Africa Proconsularis, I [The amalgamation of Africa Vetus and Africa Nova]
Authors: Fishwick Duncan
Published: October 2011

Une analyse de R.G. 24, 2, Strabon 17, 3, 25 et Dio 53, 12, 4-7 ne fournit aucun témoignage d'où il ressort clairement que les provinces républicaines d'Africa Vêtus et d'Africa Nova furent unifiées en 27 av. J.-C. Le texte de Dio en particulier donne ce qui est évidemment une liste des provinces telles qu'elles existaient au moment où il avait rédigé son histoire. Comme le révèle R.G. 25, 2, l'Afrique était en effet déjà une unité en 32 av. J.-C, conclusion confirmée par les fasti triumphales, qui font allusion à une seule province d'Afrique à partir de 35 av. J.-C. Sans aucun doute, la fusion des provinces républicaines doit être attribuée à l'importance stratégique de l'Afrique dans les années immédiatement précédentes. Par contre, étant donné les événements confus survenus en Afrique de 44 à 40 av. J.-C, il est peu probable que l'on ait pu unifier formellement les deux Afriques avant l'administration de Lèpide (40-36 av. J.-C).
De Paris à Ziane : identification d'un groupe julio-claudien
Authors: Queyrel François
Published: October 2011

This article publishes sculptures from the Tunisian site of Ziane : two Julio-Claudian portraits, rediscovered in the Cabinet des Médailles, show Agrippina the Elder and a Julio-Claudian prince, presumably Nero Julius Caesar ; several headless bodies, most of them kept in the storerooms of the Louvre, belong, as do the two heads, to a Julio-Claudian group originally exposed on the forum of Ziane which may be dated, at least according to some of the statues, to Caligula's reign. A presentation of the discovery of the site in the XlXth century offers mentions of this group and contributes to the history of the archaeological exploration of Tunisia.
The fustis as a soldier's weapon
Authors: Speidel Michael P.
Published: October 2011

Often mistaken for a centurion's badge of office (vitis), the fustis was a nightstick used by riot police. It is portrayed on soldiers' gravestones from Rome of which a new example is published here. Several soldiers stationed in Caesarea also wielded the fustis which shows that the garrison of Mauretania' s capital functioned as riot police. The fustis, moreover, was the weapon of beneficiarii, perhaps to enforce tax-paying. It is seen, together with wax tablets for record-keeping, on their gravestones from Rome, Greece, and Mauretania.
Origine et diffusion d'une forme peu courante de céramique africaine. [Nouvelle contribution à la connaissance du commerce de Byzacène au IIIe s. après J.-C.]
Authors: Gonzalez Villaescusa Ricardo
Published: October 2011

En el presente artículo se identifica una forma ceramica cuya zona de producción se encuentra probablemente en la región de la Byzacena. Su origen y distribución permiten conjeturar una estructura comercial jerarquizada, reflejo de un comercio africano ligado al auge social y económico qua goza esta región desde mediados del siglo III d. de C. El contexto material que pone en evidencia este sistema comercial es el mismo que el originado por la exportación masiva, a través del Mediterráneo, del aceite de la Byzacena en contenedores de esta región y la dispersión de la vajilla de mesa conocida como sigillata africana « C ».
Un témoignage humaniste sur la latinité africaine et le grec parlé par les « Choriates » : Paolo Pompilio
Authors: Charlet Jean-Louis
Published: October 2011

L'humaniste romain Paolo Pompilio (vers 1455-1491) a laissé dans ses Notationes (Vat. lat. 2222, f° 120 r-v) quelques observations intéressantes sur des traces de latinité en Afrique au XVe siècle (lingua franca à Jerba [ ?] latin [ ?] dans la région de Gafsa, des Nementcha et de l'Aurès) et sur le dialecte grec parlé par les Choriates aux abords de Constantinople (dialecte qui compte plus de trois cas).
La disparition des Sourds ?
Authors: Virole Benoît
Published: October 2011

Résumé Nous listons les facteurs contribuant au risque de disparition de la communauté des Sourds et ceux contribuant à son maintien. La diffusion actuelle de la langue des signes dans le monde entendant rend peu probable sa disparition.
Surdité, normes et vie : un rapport indissociable
Authors: Benvenuto Andrea
Published: October 2011

Résumé Depuis le xix e  siècle, la surdité fonctionne comme analyseur anthropologique définissant les contours de l’humain en termes de normal et de pathologique. Toute une anthropologie de la différence centrée sur le couple surdité biologique-culture structure les deux grands discours sur les sourds, le discours médical réparateur et le discours socio-anthropologique. C’est dans un rapport à un milieu de vie (Canguilhem) que la surdité se construit comme handicap et comme différence culturelle et linguistique. Avec le sociologue Bernard Mottez, le concept de rapport devient central : la surdité est une expérience partagée. Sur le plan philosophique, ce concept dénoue les liens de causalité entre surdité et ordre social, et crée une indétermination d’où émerge le sujet sourd.
Le psychologue clinicien sourd existe-t-il ?
Authors: Denis Virginie
Published: October 2011

Résumé Malgré la publication de Bernard Mottez Les Sourds existent-ils ? et celle d’André Minguy Le réveil sourd en France , la France connaît encore mal la culture sourde. Les Sourds existent-ils ? Oui, ils existent depuis la première civilisation humaine. Sont-ils handicapés ? Non, ils ne sont pas visiblement handicapés. Physiquement et psychologiquement, ils sont normaux. La seule différence, c’est l’ouïe. Dans la communication avec l’autre étranger, la situation devient handicapante. De nos jours, de plus en plus de Sourds se mobilisent dans les milieux universitaire et professionnel : ils font des études supérieures et ont un accès aux savoirs grâce à la présence des interprètes en langue des signes. Dans cet article, je souhaite présenter mon parcours universitaire et professionnel qui m’a permis d’ouvrir un accueil en langue des signes au public sourd, car ce dernier a aussi un droit d’accès aux soins psychologiques.
Un dépistage ultra précoce au nom du bien des sourds contre l'avis des sourds
Authors: Dagron Jean
Published: October 2011

Résumé La volonté d’imposer un dépistage ultra précoce de la surdité suscite une résistance grandissante car elle est un pas supplémentaire dans la mise en place d’une filière de soins. Cette surmédicalisation privatise l’interdiction de fait de la langue des signes dans le secret des cabinets médicaux. Le conflit de valeurs structurel dans le monde de la surdité oppose maintenant les médecins. Obtenir des garanties sur les modalités d’annonce, d’informations et d’accompagnement des familles et de leurs enfants sourds est un enjeu central de pouvoir.
Raconte-moi les mots…
Authors: Blouin Corinne , Pylouster Claire-Marie
Published: October 2011

Résumé Psychologue et eje dans un centre qui accueille des enfants sourds-aveugles avec handicaps associés, nous proposons aux enfants un atelier comptines, qui s’appuie sur leurs propositions sensori-motrices et les objets qu’ils affectionnent, pour les aider à faire du lien, favoriser leur exploration, leur expression et construire l’échange. La structure ludique et répétitive de la comptine donne une certaine sécurité de base et les aide à varier leurs expressions et émotions. Les mains deviennent médiatrices et les objets, supports de représentation et de symbolisation. L’espace-temps de la comptine sollicite tous les sens, donne aux enfants sourds-aveugles des informations et du sens au monde qui les entoure. Les comptines permettent la coconstruction d’une histoire et aident l’enfant à devenir sujet, avec la découverte de soi, de l’autre, de la culture et du langage.
Ouvriers en esat : des représentations professionnelles de métier hétérogènes
Authors: Ducret-Garcia Anne
Published: October 2011

Résumé Les esat poursuivent une double mission : offrir une insertion professionnelle adaptée aux adultes handicapés et assurer par des soutiens une aide à l’autonomie personnelle et sociale. Les ouvriers qui y travaillent ne sont pas des salariés mais des usagers d’une structure médico-sociale. Dans ce contexte empreint de paradoxes, nous allons voir que les ouvriers construisent des représentations professionnelles hétérogènes et qu’il sera intéressant de les prendre en compte dans l’élaboration du projet de l’établissement et des projets individualisés de chaque travailleur.
Les négligences : une maltraitance minorée, négligée dans le système de protection de l'enfance
Authors: Tchernicheff Igor
Published: October 2011

Résumé Dans cet article, l’auteur a mis l’accent sur des formes volontairement minorées de maltraitance : les négligences parentales faites à enfant. En s’exerçant plus insidieusement que ses formes les plus spectaculaires (maltraitances physiques, abus sexuels), elles produisent autant de dégâts psychiques dont les effets se prolongent chez l’enfant devenu adulte.
Interdépendances marchandes et solidarité par la monnaie dans le trueque argentin
Authors: Saiag Hadrien
Published: October 2011

Résumé Ainsi, les expériences de trueque à l’œuvre dans deux localités voisines, Rosario et Capitán Bermúdez (Poriajhú) sont fort contrastées. L’étude des modalités d’accès aux moyens de paiement (libellés en crédito) est au cœur de notre argumentation : nous proposons d’en déduire la forme que prennent les interdépendances et la relation au groupe. Or, elles diffèrent grandement entre Rosario et Poriajhú : dans les premiers, certains groupes sociaux se trouvent dans une situation dominatrice, car ils sont à même de passer fréquemment d’un système de compte à l’autre (crédito/peso). Au contraire, le maintien d’une parité entre le compte en peso et en crédito au sein de Poriajhú ne permet pas ce passage : l’accès aux moyens de paiement met ses participants sur un pied d’égalité. Une question majeure reste cependant en suspend : comment penser un régime de monnayage à même de soutenir l’activité économique tout en mettant ses utilisateurs sur un pied d’égalité ?
L'instabilité de la liberté comme non-interférence : le cas d'Isaiah Berlin
Authors: Pettit Philip
Published: October 2011

Résumé Chez Hobbes, la liberté de choix exige la non-frustration : l'option que vous préférez doit être accessible. Chez Berlin, elle exige la non-interférence : toute option, préférée ou non, doit être accessible ­ toutes les portes doivent être ouvertes. Mais l'argument de Berlin à l'encontre de Hobbes suggère l'argument parallèle selon lequel la liberté exige quelque chose d'encore plus robuste : à savoir, que chaque option soit accessible et que personne n'ait le pouvoir d'en bloquer l'accès ; les portes doivent être ouvertes, et il ne doit y avoir aucun portier puissant. C'est la liberté comme non-domination. La thèse de cet article est que la liberté comme non-interférence est une option instable entre la liberté comme non-frustration et la liberté comme non-domination.
Structural Reforms: A European Perspective
Authors: Ilzkovitz Fabienne , Dierx Adriaan
Published: October 2011

JEL : D61, D70, L40, P17
Esquisse du positionnement européen des pôles de compétitivité belges
Authors: Capron Henri
Published: October 2011

JEL : L52, O32, O57
Which reforms for a fair and sustainable pension system?
Authors: Castanheira Micael , Galasso Vincenzo
Published: October 2011

Résumé Le poids des retraites sur la sécurité sociale est appelé à devenir insoutenable en l’absence de réforme. Deux types de réformes sont typiquement considérés : le passage à un régime de capitalisation et celui à un régime de comptes notionnels. Nous évoquons ici les forces et avantages principaux des trois régimes : le système actuel permet d’assurer une plus forte redistribution mais tend à générer un déficit chronique. La capitalisation assure que la pension de chacun correspond bien à son investissement mais est soumise aux risques des marchés financiers. La solution semble donc passer par le régime des comptes notionnels, qui reste proche du système actuel, si ce n’est que le calcul de la pension est lié à une logique d’épargne virtuelle sur un compte pensions notionnel, contrôlé par le gouvernement. Cette réforme doit cependant être menée en parallèle avec une réforme du marché du travail pour s’assurer que le chômage des jeunes est réduit et n’est pas concentré sur certaines franges de la population, qui verraient alors la facture des années sans emploi leur être présentée une deuxième fois lors du passage à la pension. JEL : H55, I38, J18
Team-Based Learning: Systematic Research Review
Authors: Sisk Rebecca J.
Published: October 2011

Team-based learning (TBL) is an active learning method developed to help students achieve course objectives while learning how to function in teams. Many faculty members have adopted TBL because it is a unique teaching method, but evidence about its effectiveness is unclear. Seventeen original studies on TBL are presented in this systematic review of research. The studies include descriptive, explanatory, and experimental research published from 2003 to 2011 in the nursing, medical, education, and business literature. Generally, students are satisfied with TBL and student engagement is higher in TBL classes. Evidence also exists that students in TBL classes score higher on examinations. However, further high-quality experimental studies are needed to confirm that TBL positively affects examination scores and other learning outcomes and to determine whether TBL produces students who have the ability to function well in groups.
Climate Control: Creating a Multifaceted Approach to Decreasing Aggressive and Assaultive Behaviors in an Inpatient Setting
Authors: Linette Donna , Francis Susan
Published: October 2011

Creating an environment that is safe for everyone is a goal for all inpatient mental health units. How to address the aggressive and assaultive behaviors is the challenge. This article discusses how using a multidisciplinary team with a variety of approaches can help create a culture that supports safety.
Gypsum plasterboard walls: inspection, pathological characterization and statistical survey using an expert system
Authors: Gaião C. , De Brito J. , Silvestre J. D.
Published: October 2011

This paper presents an expert system to support the inspection and diagnosis of partition walls or wall coverings mounted using the Drywall (DW) construction method. This system includes a classification of anomalies in DW and their probable causes.

This inspection system was used in a field work that included the observation of 121 DWs. This paper includes a statistical analysis of the anomalies observed during these inspections and their probable causes. The correlation between anomalies and causes in the sample is also thoroughly analyzed. Anomalies are also evaluated for area affected, size, repair urgency and aesthetic value of the affected area.

The conclusions of the statistical analysis allowed the creation of an inventory of preventive measures to be implemented in the design, execution and use phases in order to lessen the magnitude or eradicate the occurrence of anomalies in DW. These measures could directly help improve the quality of construction.
La privatización de la salud. El caso de la industria farmacéutica
Authors: Foladori Guillermo
Published: October 2011

El nuevo milenio muestra una aparente paradoja. La intensificación del proceso de globalización que, según los voceros de los organismos internacionales, constituye el camino para que los países pobres salgan de su atraso histórico, y el resurgimiento y profundización de enfermedades infecciosas, que colocan a muchos de los países pobres en situación catastrófica, viendo su población diezmada y reducida la esperanza de vida a niveles medievales. Esa paradoja ha cristalizado en una crisis del sistema de producción mercantil de medicamentos. Los actores son las empresas farmacéuticas transnacionales y las organizaciones que defienden los intereses de los enfermos. En este artículo pretendemos hacer una revisión de esta crisis de la salud a nivel mundial. También mostraremos las dos tendencias que se manifiestan. Por un lado, la privatización de la salud pública a través de las asociaciones público-privado (Private-Public Partnerships-PPP), y por otro, una mayor autonomía de los países en la satisfacción de sus necesidades a través de la salud pública y en contra de las tendencias impuestas por las instituciones internacionales.
Los movimientos sociales urbanos. Un análisis de la obra de Manuel Castells
Authors: Martínez López Miguel
Published: October 2011

Se examina aquí el estatuto teórico de la noción de 'movimientos sociales urbanos' (MSU), tomando como eje de discusión las contribuciones de Manuel Castells. En primer lugar, se evalúan las limitaciones que ha alcanzado este campo de investigación en las últimas tres décadas y el problema que se encuentra al explicar las transformaciones de los MSU tradicionales y la aparición de nuevos MSU. En segundo lugar, se exponen las tres etapas teóricas en las que Castells concibió los MSU, desde su caracterización proactiva en el ámbito del consumo colectivo, pasando por la integralidad de las dimensiones (económicas, políticas y culturales) del significado urbano que podían transformar, hasta llegar a su casi disolución conceptual. A continuación se revisan con detalle las críticas que recibieron sus concepciones en cuatro aspectos fundamentales: autonomía de los MSU, análisis de sus efectos, poder explicativo de los contextos relevantes y centralidad analítica de las relaciones internas del movimiento (composición social, organizativa y contexto de redes de relación). En conjunto, en este artículo, se demuestra que algunas de las fructíferas líneas de estudio aportadas por las investigaciones de Castells precisan ser complementadas y refinadas teóricamente con las contribuciones criticas aquí recogidas aun cuando éstas no fueran integradas satisfactoriamente en la evolución conceptual de aquél.
Liberalismo y profesión docente
Authors: Mougán Rivero Carlos
Published: October 2011

En general, la tarea docente ha estado comprometida, de acuerdo con una moral laica de orientación racional, con la divulgación del conocimiento. Bajo el paradigma de la concepción liberal e ilustrada, se entendía que dicha tarea contribuía a la mejora del individuo y a la consecución de un mundo mejor. La crisis postmoderna de la educación liberal ha supuesto el desencantamiento de la ética de la profesión docente y ha suscitado reacciones que suprimen o minimizan su compromiso con la promoción de valores cívicos. Frente a ello se defiende el carácter político de la función docente y se argumenta a favor de la necesidad de redefinir este perfil profesional desde una perspectiva que acentúa la importancia que el sistema de enseñanza bajo control público y el profesorado tienen para el mantenimiento y la profundización en la democracia.
La renta básica y el poder de negociación de "los que viven con permiso de otros"
Authors: Raventós Daniel , Casassas David
Published: October 2011

Sin independencia socioeconómica no hay libertad. Las grandes desigualdades generan inmensas desproporciones de poder. Las grandes asimetrías de poder que existen en nuestras sociedades dan lugar a un problema de falta de libertad real para una gran parte de la población. Esta parte de la población, nada insignificante desde el punto de vista numérico, no tiene garantizada la existencia ciudadana puesto que carece de libertad como no-dominación. La Renta Básica de ciudadanía constituye un instrumento capaz de hacer real el derecho de existencia de toda la población a través, entre otros medios, de un aumento del poder de negociación de los pobres y de los dominados.
¿Oriente es Oriente? Feminismo e Islamismo en Marruecos
Authors: Ramírez Fernández Ángeles
Published: October 2011

El presente artículo analiza los movimientos de mujeres en Marruecos, confrontándolos a lo que viene siendo el esquema habitual de tratamiento: movimientos feministas, de tipo occidental, frente a movimientos islamistas, más "auténticos", pero de carácter represivo. A través de un análisis de los cambios jurídicos en Marruecos, así como de los modelos de "mujer" que defiende cada movimiento, el artículo muestra que el esquema explicativo de la dicotomía de islamismo frente a feminismo para explicar la cuestión no es válido. Su uso no es neutro, y en ocasiones puede tener consecuencias perversas, que primitivizan al "otro". En cambio, el estudio de estos movimientos en el contexto social y político marroquí, puede arrojar luz sobre un problema que estimula, en ocasiones, y bloquea, en otras, el cambio en Marruecos.
Escenarios para la acción colectiva
Authors: Miller Moya Luis Miguel
Published: October 2011

El presente artículo revisa diversas teorías y modelos sobre acción colectiva. Existen muchos tipos de acción colectiva y que no pueden ser capturados por el mismo modelo formal. Por ello, presentamos tres escenarios a partir de la relación entre los intereses individuales y los colectivos, a saber: (1) dilemas sociales; en los que todos los componentes de un grupo, o la mayor parte del mismo, actuando de acuerdo con sus intereses particulares, obtienen un resultado peor del que hubieran obtenido si hubieran ignorado sus propios intereses; (2) grupos privilegiados, donde un subconjunto de individuos con un nivel de intereses o recursos por encima de la media desempeña un papel crucial en la fase inicial de la acción colectiva, creando, así, las condiciones para la incorporación de otros individuos; y (3) coordinación, donde los actores tienen intereses similares y, aunque puede no importarles qué solución será la impuesta, están de acuerdo en que algún tipo de solución es necesaria.
Maneras de comer hoy. Comprender la modernidad alimentaria desde y más allá de las normas
Authors: García Arnaiz Mabel
Published: October 2011

Numerosos estudios sobre las maneras de comer en las sociedades industrializadas han tenido como finalidad analizar hacia donde va la alimentación. No obstante, la mayoría de estos estudios han privilegiado una orientación económica (interesándose por las compras y la evolución del gasto) o nutricional (interesándose por la evolución de la dieta). Desde estas perspectivas, las prácticas actuales, incluidas bajo el paraguas de la denominada modernidad alimentaria, son objeto de inquietudes facultativas y de incertidumbres socio-económicas sobre las que se debe actuar e intervenir. Algunas de las hipótesis formuladas desde la antropología y la sociología aceptando la desestructuración de las maneras de comer contemporáneas han sido utilizadas para reafirmar, en buena medida, tanto la intervención médico-nutricional como el negocio de la industria alimentaria, mientras que otras hipótesis han criticado abiertamente la aceptación de esta supuesta degradación. En el centro del debate está la necesidad de diseñar estudios que metodológicamente puedan caracterizar las maneras de comer y dar cuenta de los factores que verdaderamente determinan las prácticas alimentarias, su transformación o su inmutabilidad
Globalización, valores sociales y choque de civilizaciones
Authors: García Ferrando Manuel
Published: October 2011

De las numerosas ideas y variados temas que Huntington desarrolla en su conocida obra El Choque de Civilizaciones y la Reconfiguración del Orden Mundial, la tesis de la pretendida oposición entre la civilización islámica y la cristiano occidental es, con mucho, la que más ha trascendido al ámbito del debate político y de la opinión pública, sobre todo y de manera preocupante, a partir de los actos terroristas de Septiembre de 2001. La utilización de los resultados que ofrece la Encuesta Mundial de Valores, dirigida por Inglehart en los años 2000-2001, permite someter a prueba la tesis de las diferencias culturales entre una muestra amplia de países cristiano occidentales y de países islámicos. Como se pone de manifiesto en el presente artículo, los resultados obtenidos en el análisis comparativo llevado a cabo permiten concluir que, en efecto, existen importantes diferencias culturales entre ambos grupos de países, aunque de tales diferencias no se deriva, necesariamente, un choque de civilizaciones.
« Li chivalier se desportoient / Lai ou dames les apeloient. » Exemples de circulation des premiers vers d’Yvain ou le Chevalier au lion
Authors: Lodén Sofia , Obry Vanessa
Published: October 2011

Cet article propose une réflexion sur le premier folio du manuscrit de Lyon de la Chanson de Roland, où le récit de la bataille de Roncevaux est précédé des dix premiers vers d’Yvain ou le Chevalier au lion de Chrétien de Troyes. Le passage mettant en scène le roi Arthur et sa cour sert d’introduction à ce qui suit et influence la lecture de la chanson de geste. En observant ces mêmes vers dans les adaptations allemande, norroise et suédoise du Chevalier au lion, ainsi que dans une version française du xvie siècle, on voit que le prologue de Chrétien s’adapte à chaque nouveau contexte, alors que le besoin d’en référer à une autorité royale reste inchangé. Dans les adaptations nordiques, Charlemagne est le point de référence de la présentation d’Arthur, ce qui témoigne d’un besoin d’introduire le roi breton à un public qui ne le connaît pas. Dans le manuscrit de Lyon, la situation est inverse : la cour arthurienne constitue une mise en contexte de Charlemagne et des batailles épiques, pour un public qui a de nouvelles attentes. Dans les deux cas, c’est le roi – Charlemagne ou Arthur – qui sert d’autorité à l’autre roi et aux textes eux-mêmes. Dans le manuscrit de Lyon, l’image d’une cour où l’on raconte des histoires remplace l’oralité de la chanson de geste et le prologue, atypique dans la production de son auteur, se trouve doté d’un rôle nouveau, celui de prologue-type.
The Plasticity of Regulatory T Cell Function
Authors: Pillai Meenu R. , Collison Lauren W. , Wang Xiaohua , Finkelstein David , Rehg Jerold E. , Boyd Kelli , Szymczak-Workman Andrea L. , Doggett Teresa , Griffith Thomas S. , Ferguson Thomas A. , Vignali Dario A. A.
Published: October 2011

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) can suppress a wide variety of cell types, in diverse organ sites and inflammatory conditions. Whereas Tregs possess multiple suppressive mechanisms, the number required for maximal function is unclear. Furthermore, whether any interrelationship or cross-regulatory mechanisms exist to orchestrate and control their utilization is unknown. In this study, we assessed the functional capacity of Tregs lacking the ability to secrete both IL-10 and IL-35, which individually are required for maximal Treg activity. Surprisingly, IL-10/IL-35 double-deficient Tregs were fully functional in vitro and in vivo. Loss of IL-10 and IL-35 was compensated for by a concurrent increase in cathepsin E (Ctse) expression, enhanced TRAIL (Tnfsf10) expression, and soluble TRAIL release, rendering IL-10/IL-35 double-deficient Tregs functionally dependent on TRAIL in vitro and in vivo. Lastly, whereas C57BL/6 Tregs are normally IL-10/IL-35 dependent, BALB/c Tregs, which express high levels of cathepsin E and enhanced TRAIL expression, are partially TRAIL dependent by default. These data reveal that cross-regulatory pathways exist that control the utilization of suppressive mechanisms, thereby providing Treg functional plasticity.
Proximal Femoral Allograft for Major Segmental Femoral Bone Loss: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Rogers B. A. , Sternheim A. , Backstein D. , Safir O. , Gross A. E.
Published: October 2011

As the indications for total hip arthroplasty increase, the prevalence of extensive proximal femoral bone loss will increase as a consequence of massive osteolysis, stress shielding and multiple revisions. Proximal femoral bone stock deficiency provides a major challenge for revision hip arthroplasty and is likely to account for a significant future caseload. Various surgical techniques have been advocated included impaction allografting, distal press-fit fixation and massive endoprosthetic reconstruction. This review article provides a systematic review of the current literature to assess the outcome of revision hip arthroplasty using allograft to reconstruction massive proximal femoral bone loss.
Femoral Neck Shaft Angle in Men with Fragility Fractures
Authors: Tuck S. P. , Rawlings D. J. , Scane A. C. , Pande I. , Summers G. D. , Woolf A. D. , Francis R. M.
Published: October 2011

Introduction. Femoral neck shaft angle (NSA) has been reported to be an independent predictor of hip fracture risk in men. We aimed to assess the role of NSA in UK men.Methods. The NSA was measured manually from the DXA scan printout in men with hip (62, 31 femoral neck and 31 trochanteric), symptomatic vertebral (91), and distal forearm (67) fractures and 389 age-matched control subjects. Age, height, weight, and BMD (g/cm2: lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total femur) measurements were performed.Results. There was no significant difference in mean NSA between men with femoral neck and trochanteric hip fractures, so all further analyses of hip fractures utilised the combined data. There was no difference in NSA between those with hip fractures and those without (either using the combined data or analysing trochanteric and femoral neck shaft fractures separately), nor between fracture subjects as a whole and controls. Mean NSA was smaller in those with vertebral fractures (129.2°versus 131°:P=0.001), but larger in those with distal forearm fractures (129.8°versus 128.5°:P=0.01).Conclusions. The conflicting results suggest that femoral NSA is not an important determinant of hip fracture risk in UK men.
The History of Cystinosis: Lessons for Clinical Management
Authors: Goodyer Paul
Published: October 2011

Cystinosis is a rare disorder, and, accordingly, progress on the understanding and treatment of this disease has been relatively slow. Although cystinosis was identified over 100 years ago, the history of cystinosis is marked by a few sudden leaps forward in our understanding rather than by a sustained research effort fuelled by the larger research community. Major conceptual break-throughs include (a) its discovery in 1903, (b) recognition of the renal Fanconi syndrome, (c) realization that tissue accumulation of cystine reflects a defective channel in the lysosomal membrane, (d) translation of this discovery to trials of cysteamine, (e) discovery of theCTNSgene, and (f) report of successful stem cell therapy in the cystinotic mouse. This paper focuses on the importance management lessons from these milestones and the potential new therapeutic strategies which may be looming in the near future.
Five Municipal Case Studies on Adapting to Climate Change for Professional Planners
Authors: Hill P R , Mate D J
Published: October 2011

From 2002 to 2006, the Earth Sciences Sector of Natural Resources Canada implemented a program entitled "Reducing Canada's Vulnerability to Climate Change". Within this program, one project, "Municipal Case Studies: the planning process and climate change" aimed
to generate scientific knowledge on a sample of the major climate change impacts facing Canadian communities. One of the desired outcomes of this project was that professional planners would use geoscientific information in planning for climate change. The case studies were selected to address
issues such as water resource depletion, coastal erosion due to higher sea levels, and permafrost melting. In order to make the results of the case studies accessible to the planning community, City Spaces Consulting Ltd., a planning consulting firm based in Victoria, British Columbia, was
contracted to produce summary reports of the five case studies and draw out the planning implications of the results.
This Open File presents these summary reports in both official languages. We would like to acknowledge the contributions of the numerous scientific collaborators and community participants in these studies that are listed in the individual reports. Natural Resources Canada scientists led two of the
case studies (Calgary: Steve Grasby; Delta: Phil Hill). The other three were led by the University of Victoria (Graham Island: Ian Walker), Université Laval (Salluit: Michel Allard) and Environment Canada (New Brunswick coast: Réal Daigle) with NRCan scientist
participation.
�So they do not profit this people at all� (Jr 23:32). A critique of prophecy
Authors: Wessels Wilhelm J.
Published: October 2011

Jeremiah 23:9�40 is a section of the Bible that is dedicated to the issue of true and false prophets. This section follows the cycle of the kings in Jeremiah 21:1�23:8. Both these cycles form part of an editorial unit 21:1�24:10. The kings and the prophets, along with the priests constituted the leadership in Israelite society. The view presented in 21:1�23:40 is that of a failed leadership and the result was the Babylonian exile. In this article the focus is on the prophets who are regarded as false. Jeremiah 23:9�40 is a collection of oracles ascribed to Jeremiah by tradition. In most instances the oracles are of a general nature and lack contextual concreteness. The literary context created by the compilers of 21:1�23:40 is essential to the argument presented in this article. According to Jeremiah 23:32 the false prophets �� do not profit the people at all� (New Revised Standard Version of the Bible [NRSV]). The line of reasoning in this article will be that, as religious leaders, prophets should benefit the people. In the context of 21:1�23:40 they had failed to do this. If the prophets had been in proper communication with Yahweh, they would not have misled the people. From the point of view of the collectors, most probably in an exilic context, the message is clear: the prophets have failed the people, the exile is a reality, and there is no longer any room for false prophets. Jeremiah 23:25�32 makes it clear that, if prophetic words do not profit Yahweh�s people, they should be regarded as false and misleading.The passage for discussion in this article is Jeremiah 23:25�32. The very last sentence in this passage (v. 32) seems to be the culminating point of the complaint against the opposing prophets: �so they do not profit this people at all�. The purpose of this article is to address this issue of prophets benefiting the ordinary people. From this final sentence one can conclude that one of the marks of a true prophet is that ordinary people should benefit from his performance as a prophet. The question will be, �What can a prophet contribute to society that will benefit the people?� If we ask this question in the current context, the highlighting of the negative aspect of the prophets will guide us to what the expectation of the writer (prophet) was. Prophets, according to the classical definition of their function, are supposed to communicate to people the messages they receive from Yahweh (Redditt 2008:6; cf. also Blenkinsopp 1996:28�30).1 In verse 28 of the passage under discussion Yahweh says: �� let the one who has my word speak my word faithfully� (NRSV). The role of the prophets is to act as channels of communication between Yahweh and the people. Yahweh sends his messages to his covenant people through the prophets he has commissioned for this purpose.
Efficacy of blossom thinning treatments to reduce fruit set and increase fruit size of Ambrosia and Aurora Golden Gala™ apples
Authors: Hampson Cheryl , Bedford Karen
Published: October 2011

Hampson, C. and Bedford, K. 2011. Efficacy of blossom thinning treatments to reduce fruit set and increase fruit size of Ambrosia and Aurora Golden Gala™ apples. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 983–990. The usefulness of several blossom thinning treatments to reduce fruit set and improve the final fruit size of two new Canadian apple (Malus×domestica Borkh.) cultivars was investigated. Ambrosia and 8S6923 (also called Aurora Golden Gala™) apple trees in a high density commercial superspindle planting were used. Ammonium thiosulphate (ATS) at 1.6% vol/vol or Crocker's fish oil and lime sulphur (FOLS) at 2+2% vol/vol were applied at 20 and 80% full bloom with an airblast sprayer. The chemical blossom thinning treatments were compared with a positive control [hand blossom thinning (HBT)], done at open cluster to king bloom stage, and a negative control (no blossom thinning). All trees received follow-up hand thinning as necessary to end up with a commercial crop load (single fruits about 15 cm apart). Hand blossom thinning resulted in about 95% single-fruit clusters and obviated the need for further thinning, but required considerable labour. Both ATS and FOLS reduced initial set (fruit number per tree, mean fruit number per cluster), but neither eliminated the need for follow-up fruitlet thinning. The two chemicals had similar efficacy in many respects, but FOLS was superior in certain specific measures of performance. In 2009, ATS negatively altered the fruit size distribution for 8S6923. For 8S6923, HBT improved fruit size without reducing yield. Ambrosia fruit size was less responsive to blossom thinning, and in the second year, yield was lower for trees receiving HBT. No fruit russet occurred on either cultivar. Return bloom was sufficient for a full crop for both cultivars after both years. 8S6923 was more productive than Ambrosia but was more difficult to thin.
The Sensory Profile: The Performance of a National Sample of Children Without Disabilities
Authors: Dunn Winnie , Westman Kay
Published: October 2011

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to obtain data about a national sample of children without disabilities on the 125-item revision of the Sensory Profile, a tool derived from sensory history items reported in the literature and designed to evaluate children’s responses to commonly occurring sensory events.

Method. Parents of 1,115 children completed the Sensory Profile. The children were 3 to 10 years of age and did not have disabilities. Parents used a 5-point Likert scale to report the percentage of time their children engaged in each behavior Researchers then analyzed the data, using multivariate methods to identify trends in performance and age and gender differences.

Results. Ninety-one (73%) of the profile’s 125 items were found to be uncommon behaviors for this national sample of children without disabilities. Although age and gender differences were significant (p < .001), effect sizes were so small (i.e., below .2) that differences were not meaningful for clinical application (i.e., mean differences less than .5 points). Only two items in the visual category approached a 1-point difference when comparing younger and older children.

Conclusion. There were no meaningful gender differences on the revised Sensory Profile, and only 2 items approached a meaningful difference related to age. Nearly three fourths of the items on the profile were uncommon for children without disabilities. If children with various disabilities display these behaviors, the Sensory Profile can be useful in evaluation and program planning for children with disabilities.
The Use of Service Learning in Client Environments To Enhance Ethical Reasoning in Students
Authors: Greene David
Published: October 2011

Objective. This study examined the effects of two service learning experiences on the psychosocial and moral reasoning development of occupational therapy students. The assumption was that ethical reasoning ability can be facilitated through participation in value-laden experiences.

Method. Participants visited older adults in nursing homes (n = 19) or interacted with persons with disabilities in community settings (n = 33). All participants reflected on their experiences through weekly journals. Psychosocial and moral reasoning development were measured at the beginning and end of the experiences with the Student Development Task and Lifestyle Inventory and the Sociomoral Reflection Measure-Short Form.

Results. Participants in both groups exhibited a significant time-related increase in psychosocial development but no increase in moral reasoning. Participants interacting with persons with disabilities exhibited a decrease over time in moral reasoning compared with the participants interacting with older adults.

Conclusion. Service learning effected a change in the participants’ psychosocial development indicative of developing an appreciation for dignity, equality, and justice. These are core concepts in occupational therapy and are viewed as important in ethical reasoning. The lack of advancement and current level of moral reasoning in these undergraduate students raises a question as to their readiness to engage in ethical reasoning as entry-level practitioners.
Tactile Defensiveness and Stereotyped Behaviors
Authors: Baranek Grace T. , Foster Laura G. , Berkson Gershon
Published: October 2011

Objectives. This study explores the constructs of stereotyped behaviors (e.g., repetitive motor patterns, object manipulations, behavioral rigidities) and tactile defensiveness as relevant to occupational therapy theory and practice and attempts to test their purported relationships in children with developmental disabilities.

Method. Twenty-eight children with developmental disabilities and autism were assessed on eight factors of stereotyped behavior via a questionnaire and by four measures of tactile defensiveness. The subjects’ scores from the questionnaire were correlated with their scores on the tactile defensiveness measures to see what, if any, relationship among these behaviors exists.

Results. Significant relationships emerged from the data, indicating that subjects with higher levels of tactile defensiveness were also more likely to evidence rigid or inflexible behaviors, repetitive verbalizations, visual stereotypies, and abnormal focused affections that are often associated with autism. No significant association was found between motor and object stereotypies and tactile defensiveness. These relationships could not be explained solely by maturational factors.

Conclusion. The results suggest that clinicians should include observations of stereotyped behaviors, particularly behavioral rigidities, in conjunction with assessments of sensory defensiveness because these are related phenomena that may pose unique challenges for children with developmental disabilities and autism. Further study is needed to determine the causal mechanisms responsible for these relationships.