bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Common Pool Resources: Current Status and Future Prospects
Authors: Vira Bhaskar
Published: October 2023

In poor countries, CPRs1 make a valuable contribution to the sustainable livelihoods of rural populations. This includes the collection of fuelwood, fodder, crop wastes, cow dung, organic manure, small timber, and other products that are derived from the bark, seeds, flowers, and fruit of trees, as well as water for drinking, cooking, and irrigation, and local fisheries. The existence of imperfect factor markets results in an intimate link between the rural economy and its natural resource base. Inadequate rural employment opportunities, especially in the slack season, imply that the local commons can make substantial contributions to household incomes. Another important function of local CPRs is as insurance against uncertainty, in the absence of complete contingent markets.
Luxembourg
Authors: Spielmann* Dean
Published: October 2023

The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg ratified the European Human Rights Convention and its Additional Protocol on 3 September 1953 following approval by Parliament, 1 in accordance with Article 37, paragraph of the Constitution. The Convention came into force through the deposit of this instrument of ratification-in this case the tenth. All the Additional Protocols have also been ratified by Luxembourg and form part of domestic law.
Portugal
Authors: Madureira João
Published: October 2023

Six months after the approval of its democratic Constitution, Portugal signed the European Convention on Human Rights, on 22 November 1976, the same day it was admitted as a new member state of the Council of Europe. The Convention was approved for ratification by law 65/78 of 13 October 1978 and the ratification procedure was completed in 9 November the same year. In early 1979 Portugal recognized the competence of the Commission, under Articles 25 of the Convention and 6(2) of the Fourth Protocol, as well as the jurisdiction of the Court, in the light of Articles 46 of the Convention and 6(2) of the said Protocol.2 The text then approved included the modifications introduced by Protocols Nos. 2, 3, and 5, the ratification being extended to the First and Fourth Protocols to the Convention.
Switzerland
Authors: Borghi Marco
Published: October 2023

When Switzerland joined the European Convention on Human Rights, it was with the same caution it has always displayed in subscribing to multilateral international commitments, particularly those setting up supranational organizations and communities. Anti-accession arguments cited neutrality, a fear of foreign judges, loss of sovereignty, and even the cost (!) of the Strasbourg institutions.’ It was not until 6 May 1963 that Switzerland joined the Council of Europe and, with this basic condition fulfilled, the federal authorities still had to embark upon an exceptional Convention accession procedure, whereby the Federal Council, despite being empowered to sign the agreement by itself, approached Parliament in December 1968 to ask its permission, failed to obtain it from one House, and only succeeded in December 1972. After the Federal Council signed and Parliament ratified, Switzerland was unable to deposit the instrument of ratification until 28 November 1974. Furthermore, the Federal Council only renewed the declaration on the ‘competence of the Commission’ within the meaning of Article 25 of the Convention for a period of three years.
The Development of State Pensions
Authors: Blake David
Published: October 2023

The earliest attempts by the state to guarantee a minimum standard of living at the subsistence level were the Poor Laws of 1597 and 1601 under the reign of Elizabeth I, which resulted from the threat to law and order caused by roaming bands of poor, starving people. Each local authority became responsible for collecting funds through a poor rate and for allocating poor-law relief to deserving individuals. Parts of the Poor Laws were still in operation until the National Assistance Act came into force in 1948.
The Basic State Pension Scheme, the Minimum Income Guarantee, and the Pension Credit
Authors: Blake David
Published: October 2023

The basic state pension (BSP) (also known as the social security retirement pension or simply the retirement pension) is based on the state pension scheme that was introduced by the 1975 Social Security Act and came into effect on 6 April 1978. The early legislation concerning the state pension schemes was consolidated in the Social Security Contributions and Benefits Act 1992 and the Social Security Administration Act 1992.
Pension Choices and Retirement Decisions
Authors: Blake David
Published: October 2023

In this chapter we compare the different types of pension choices currently open to individuals and companies, and also consider various decisions that have to be made relating to retirement, such as the age of retirement, whether or not to take a lump sum, and what non-pension sources of income might be available during retirement.
Pensions and Public Policy
Authors: Blake David
Published: October 2023

In this chapter we examine some of the public-policy issues concerning pensions in the UK. The Conservative government that came into power in 1979 made some radical changes to the UK pensions scene. It was motivated by such factors as the desire to promote individual enterprise in a market economy and the desire to reduce the cost to the state of providing pensions. This trend was continued by the Labour government that came into power in 1997, although this government was also more concerned with helping poorer pensioners than were the preceding Conservative governments.
Pension-fund Management
Authors: Blake David
Published: October 2023

This chapter discusses the functions of pension-fund managers. It examines the ways in which the fund managers of occupational pension schemes assess and execute the trustees’ portfolio preferences as expressed in the statement of investment principles (SIP) that is required by the 1995 Pensions Act. It also examines how the assets in personal pension schemes are managed. It then discusses the two main types of fund-management strategies, passive and active, particularly as they apply to share and bond portfolios. We also consider how to measure and assess pension-fund performance.
Pension-fund Investment Performance
Authors: Blake David
Published: October 2023

The measurement of the investment performance of occupational pension funds was not seriously undertaken in the UK until the beginning of the 1970s. It was not until then that the trustees of pension funds became sufficiently aware of the relative performance of different pension funds to begin to have their own performance measured in some systematic way. More recently personal pensions have come on to the scene, and their investment performance also has to be measured.
Introduction
Authors: Einaudi Luca
Published: October 2023

This book analyses a European debate on monetary unification, which took place in the 1860s. The debate was started in the first years of the Latin Monetary Union (LMU) formed by France, Italy, Belgium, and Switzerland in 1865 and later joined by Greece. After the formation of the LMU, and the subsequent French diplomatic offensive in favour of a common monetary system, an intense international discussion began over the creation of a ‘universal money’, with the ‘universal’ taken to consist of the ‘civilized world’, which was understood to mean Europe and the USA. Governments and economists considered monetary unification as being theoretically beneficial, although not necessarily in the form proposed by France. All European governments agreed to participate in an international monetary conference in Paris in 1867, which voted unanimously in favour of universal monetary unification coupled with a gold standard, the LMU-franc system, and decimalization of coinage.
The Political and Monetary Situation in Europe in 1865
Authors: Einaudi Luca
Published: October 2023

In 1865 the prestige of the second Empire in Europe had reached its zenith. The French army had not been defeated since 1815 and was considered by most, especially by the French themselves, as the best in the world. Napoleon III regarded himself as the arbitrator of European conflicts and felt he could encourage Prussian ambitions to unite part of Germany one day and support Austrian resistance to such a plan on another occasion. Bismarck travelled across France to pay a respectful visit to Napoleon in Biarritz, and Moltke, who was to besiege and seize Paris, was still an obscure Prussian general. The events of years following 1865, marked by a French defeat in Mexico, by embarrassment over the Prussian victory against Austria in 1866, and by humiliation after the war of 1870-1 against Germany, showed that most of the ‘grandeur’ of lmperial France was only a delusion. The French army had not kept pace with Prussian military reforms and the inconsistency of Napoleonic policy produced its bitter fruits.
The Formation of the Latin Monetary Union and the International Monetary Conference of 1867
Authors: Einaudi Luca
Published: October 2023

The name ‘Latin Monetary Union’ (LMU), universally attached to the Monetary Convention of 1865, was not attributed by the negotiators of the treaty. According to Parieu it was introduced by the British press (The Times and The Globe) in 1866 to stress the southern European character of the Union and its possible expansion to countries such as Spain, but not to Great Britain which was part of the Anglo-Saxon world.
Enthusiasm and Resistance to Union in Britain and Germany
Authors: Einaudi Luca
Published: October 2023

The international debate on a common European coinage initiated by the formation of the Latin Monetary Union reached the United Kingdom as well as the Continent. The British attitude towards the French and Continental proposals for monetary unification was ambivalent, reflecting the desire to compete on equal terms without being excluded from a Continental monetary union but also the attempt to strengthen the pound as the key international currency. Although some early discussion on international coinage took place in England between 1853 and 1868, attention focused only with the Royal Commission of 1868, followed by the economist W. S. Jevons’s intervention. An important debate developed in 1869 when the Chancellor of the Exchequer Lowe decided to change governmental policy and look for an agreement with France.
Le Dreuff and History of Philosophy
Authors: * Genevieve Lloyd
Published: October 2023

In some brief sections in the {Third Notebook’ of Hipparchia’s Choice Michele Le Dceuff distinguishes three ways of thinking of the relations between philosophy and history of philosophy. We can, she says, think of the philosophers themselves as knowing absolutely what they are saying, as having an absolute transparency to themselves: There is no ‘unthought’ to be explored in elucidating what they have said. It is a way of thinking of philosophy, she continues, that belongs with the idea of philosophy as ‘self founding and thus ‘a founding discourse.’ The aim of history of philosophy is then, say, ‘to understand Plato’s thought as well or almost as well as Plato did and, naturally, to explain it to the dear students who need a bit of a hand,’ correcting along the way the errors of earlier interpreters or those the beginner cannot fail to make. It is a familiar way of engaging in history of philosophy: The commentator positions herself at the speaking position of the author, stripping away the misinterpretations that have preceded her, to ofter a clear articulation of what the author really said.
Sorcerer Love: A Reading of Plato, Symposium, ‘Diotima’s Speech’
Authors: lrigaray* Luce
Published: October 2023

In the Symposium, the dialogue on love, when Socrates finishes speaking, he gives the floor to a woman: Diotima. She does not take part in these exchanges or in this meal among men. She is not there. She herself does not speak. Socrates reports or recounts her words. He praises her for her wisdom and her power and declares that she is his initiator or teacher when it comes to love, but she is not invited to teach or to eat. Unless she didn’t want to accept an invitation? But Socrates says nothing about that. And Diotima is not the only example of a woman whose wisdom, especially about love, is reported in her absence by a man.
The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural and Agricultural Policies in 1958
Authors: Chan Alfred L
Published: October 2023

For all Chinese officials, the Great Leap Forward emerged with the force of a hurricane that could not be resisted. While many top leaders were repeatedly badgered and humiliated, still others who were untainted were under tremendous pressure to prove themselves, or better still, jump on the Maoist bandwagon. This was the strategy followed by Tan Zhenlin, General Secretary of the Secretariat who was also in charge of agriculture. As to the more junior officials such as Wang Heshou, the Minister of Agriculture, there was little choice but to go with the flow. The GLF began in the agricultural sector, and the obsession during the Leap with maximizing agricultural production and rural institutional changes thrust agricultural officials and the Ministry of Agriculture (MA) into the limelight. The MA owed its enhanced power and responsibilities entirely to Mao and his special attention to rural and agricultural affairs, but the trade-off was that it had to perform and constantly improvise according to the numerous conflicting policy initiatives and multiple goals continuously being mooted by Mao throughout 1958. As in most of the ministries, the leaders of the MA were veteran revolutionaries, and the ethos of the MA was rooted in the traditional values of peasant mobilization and revolutionary changes.
Agricultural and Rural Policies in Guangdong, 1958
Authors: Chan Alfred L
Published: October 2023

Guangdong was a vanguard of the Leap in 1957/8, as its leaders had always been radical followers of Mao. Yet, nothing in the past could have prepared the province for the draconian measures of the Leap and the urges to change everything overnight. The Leap required the leadership to plunge into a bold social experiment, and to centralize direct control over the lives and daily routines of millions. It was totally uncharted territory. Why did the Leap policies appeal to the Guangdong leadership? How did it deal with the radical orientation and incessant demands for change? How did Tao Zhu and other leaders twist and steer the province into following their wills? In what manner were GLF policies implemented?
The Terror: Revolutionary Defence or Paranoia?
Authors: McPhee Peter
Published: October 2023

The central purpose of the Terror was to institute the emergency and draconian measures necessary at a time of military crisis. By the end of 1793, the threat of civil war and invasion had at least been countered. However, decrees were passed by the Convention and Committee of Public Safety which went well beyond national defence and revealed a Jacobin vision of a regenerated society worthy of the grandeur of the Enlightenment and the Revolution. This was to be created, for example, by a secular and republican education system and a national programme of social welfare.
Ending the Revolution, 1795-1799
Authors: McPhee Peter
Published: October 2023

Ten days after the overthrow of Robespierre on 9 Thermidor, Rose de Beauharnais was released from Les Carmes prison. Her husband Alexandre was not so fortunate: he had resigned from the army in August 1793, but was then tried on a charge of conspiracy with the enemy, and executed on 5 Thermidor. Rose, a woman of 31, was the daughter of the owner of a sugar plantation on the Caribbean island of Martinique; however, she had been pro-revolutionary, comfortable with being addressed as tu and citoyenne. Nevertheless, her name had made her suspect in the murderous spring of 1794.
The Significance of the Revolution
Authors: McPhee Peter
Published: October 2023

A Revolution which had begun in 1789 with boundless hopes for a golden era of political liberty and social change had ended in 1799 with a military seizure of power. It had not proved possible to stabilize the Revolution after the initial overthrow of the ancien régime and the proclamation of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen in August 1789. Instead, French people had had to endure a decade of political instability, civil war, and armed conflict with the rest of Europe.
The UK Model
Authors: Vass Peter
Published: October 2023

The UK model of regulation for ‘network industries’ (water, energy, transport, and communications) reflects, I suggest, a balance; a balance of pragmatic evolution informed, and constrained, by a coherent policy framework and ‘institutional’ roles and responsibilities designed to address the objectives of regulation. The UK system therefore combines experience and practical adaptation with consistency, and discretion with accountability; firm foundations for a rational regulatory policy which seeks to maintain public confidence and achieve an outcome in the best long-term interests of all.
Sweden: A Case of Lighter or Tighter Telecommunications Regulation?
Authors: Andersson Curt
Published: October 2023

Sweden was one of the early countries to introduce new telecommunications (telecoms) regulation, opening up to competition formally in 1993. This transition had a history of more than a decade during which business users, politicians, and the internal EEC debate played the roles of change agents. Business users were partly looking at the low US tariffs in comparison with practices elsewhere; but there was also an emerging need within multinational firms to take more detailed control of their telecoms systems. This was the case not least in the automotive industry, where electronic trading and just-in time delivery of parts were becoming crucial to the main business. In consequence, Volvo was one of the most active advocates of a more flexible system. Through the European Round Table of Industrialists, liberalization became a key issue also in discussions with the European Commission, which in its 1987 Green Paper drew up a framework for telecommunications as a competitive industry. The political interest in Sweden turned out to be spread across the field from conservatives and liberals to the social democrats, who were in power at the time when reforms were first envisaged.
Liberalization of Energy Markets: The German Way
Authors: Böge Ulf
Published: October 2023

The European Commission set the course for competition in the European energy sector with the Single Market directive on electricity and gas. The aim was to liberalize the monopolized gas and electricity markets in all EU member states by introducing rules on open network access.
Alternative Models for Future Regulation
Authors: Buigues P A , Guersent O , Pons J F
Published: October 2023

It was not by chance that Community liberalization policy came into being in the 1980s. At a time when, following the Single Act, the legislative programme for the creation of the single market on 1 January 1993 was being put in place, the establishment of the single market suddenly made this simple fact obvious: whole sectors of the market would be excluded from the internal market and its anticipated benefits because they were characterized by exclusive rights or a monopoly.
Regulating the internet?
Authors: Cremer Jacques
Published: October 2023

My purpose in this chapter is to survey some aspects of the governance of the internet that, as an economic theorist, I find particularly interesting. I will try to reflect on its strengths and weaknesses, and to sketch some ways in which one can begin thinking about the desirability of government intervention.
The Economics of Localized Technological Knowledge: Learning Recombination and Increasing Returns
Authors: Antonelli Cristiano
Published: October 2023

This chapter briefly introduces the notion of localized technological knowledge and reconsiders its evolution from the Arrovian notion of technological knowledge as public information. It lays down the basic elements and introduces the hypothesis of increasing returns in the production of knowledge. It puts forward the basic conditions for increasing returns to take place: internal learning and access to external knowledge. In so doing, it introduces the analysis of Chapter 4 which is devoted to the role of dynamic efficiency wages and Chapter 5 where the conditions under which localized technological knowledge can become a collective activity are analysed.
Localized Technological Knowledge as a Collective Activity
Authors: Antonelli Cristiano
Published: October 2023

This chapter explores the conditions under which localized technological knowledge can acquire collective properties. In Section 1, the role of absorption and assimilation efforts to take advantage of external knowledge are explored. The conditions under which collective knowledge can exhibit increasing returns are identified. Section 2 elaborates the distinction between technological knowledge as a collective activity and the public-good tradition of analysis. Section 3 shows how the notion of technological knowledge as a collective activity makes it possible to integrate the Marshallian tradition of analysis, based upon externalities, and the Coasian approach to transaction costs. Section 4 stresses the role of the collective commons of technological knowledge and puts in perspective the role of technological communication in a systemic analysis of technological knowledge and technological change.
Wage bargaining and price-setting
Authors: Bårdsen Gunnar , Eitrheim Øyvind , Jansen Eilev S , Nymoen Ragnar
Published: October 2023

In the course of the 1980s interesting developments took place in macroeconomics. First, the macroeconomic implications of imperfect competition with price-setting firms were developed in several papers and books; see, for example, Bruno (1979), Bruno and Sachs (1984), Blanchard and Kiyotaki (1987), and Blanchard and Fisher (1989: ch. 8). Second, the economic theory of labour unions, pioneered by Dunlop (1944), was extended and formalised in a game theoretic framework; see, for example, Nickell and Andrews (1983), Hoel and Nymoen (1988). Models of European unemployment, that incorporated elements from both these developments, appeared in Layard and Nickell (1986), Carlin and Soskice (1990), Layard et al. (1991), and Lindbeck (1993).
Introduction: Practices and Narratives of Romantic Travel
Authors: Leask Nigel
Published: October 2023

In the late Middle Ages] the interest attached to the narratives of travels was …wholly dramatic, and the …admixture of the marvellous, gave them almost an epic colouring …They had that character of unity which every work of art requires; everything was associated with one action, and made subservient to the narration of the journey itself …In the midst of the obscurity in which the East and the interior of Asia were shrouded, distance seemed only to magnify the grand proportions of individual forms. This unity of composition is almost wholly wanting in most of our recent voyages, especially where their object is the acquirement of scientific knowledge.
Cycles of Accumulation, Aesthetics of Curiosity, and Temporal Exchange
Authors: Leask Nigel
Published: October 2023

The eighteenth-century popularity of books of voyages and travels reflected the rise of European commercial and colonial expansion. It is appropriate that the contemporary wave of scholarly interest in travel writing should follow in the wake of Edward Said’s pathbreaking Orientalism (1978) and the interest in the discourses of colonialism which it stirred up, especially in literary studies. Ironically, as Steve Clark points out, ‘because of post-colonial scholarship, travel writing …has become interesting for us again; but usually as a kind of love that dare not speak its name’. Said’s constructivist notion of ‘orientalism’ is acknowledged in the present study to the extent to which the voices and descriptions of indigenous peoples reported by travellers are read as mirrors of their own cultures, and their insistence on ‘objectivity’ is understood as being at least partly rhetorical in function.
Indian Travel Writing and the Imperial Picturesque
Authors: Leask Nigel
Published: October 2023

Southey’s review of Valentia’s Travels provided him with the opportunity to lament the poverty of modern Indian travelogues compared with the rich seventeenth-century legacy of Thomas Coryat, François Bernier, and Sir Thomas Roe. Although Southey’s criticism of colonial ‘incuriosity’ was some-what mitigated by his acknowledgement of the contribution to British knowledge about India made by Asiatic Researches and the ‘very valuable, though unarranged diary of Dr [Francis] Buchanan’ (to which I return below), he reserved for Lord Valentia, who had toured India between 1802 and 1805, the accolade of being ‘the only English traveller who for more than a hundred years has visited India for the purpose of gratifying his own curiosity and imparting his observations to the public’.
An Enquiry into the Nature and Effects of the Paper Credit of Great Britain (excerpts)
Authors: Thornton Henry
Published: October 2023

Now a high state of confidence contributes to make men provide less amply against contingencies. At such a time, they trust, that if the demand upon them for a payment, which is now doubtful and contingent, should actually be made, they shall be able to provide for it at the moment; and they are loth to be at the expence of selling an article, or of getting a bill discounted, in order to make the provision much before the period at which it shall be wanted. When, on the contrary, a sea son of distrust arises, prudence suggests, that the loss of interest arising from a detention of notes for a few additional days should not be regarded.
The Central Banking Role of Clearinghouse Associations
Authors: Timberlake Richard H
Published: October 2023

Most professional economists believe that the free market system is the optimal means for allocating resources and for distributing products and incomes. However, economists have traditionally made an exception of money. Even among the classicists, money was viewed as a special case requiring some amount of government regulation over its supply. The difference in outlook is most manifest when the question is raised to university students (or to any other group of people): ‘What would happen if everyone were permitted to issue money without constraint?’ The typical answer is ‘chaos.’ Yet, if this question substitutes ‘ballpoint pens’ for ‘money; the answer becomes a conventional market analysis with no chaotic implications.
Banking Panics: The Role of the First-Come, First-Served Rule and Information Externalities
Authors: Chen Yehning
Published: October 2023

Moral hazard is always an important factor contributing to banking crises. The savings and loan crisis of the United States demonstrated that distressed fmancial institutions with negative equity values have a strong incentive to pursue high risks. Imprudent bank lending is also cited as a major cause of banking problems happen ing to Mexico, Japan, and Southeast Asian countries in the 1990s. Moreover, the huge losses some banks suffer from their positions in fmancial derivatives show that there are highly risky investment opportunities that banks can gamble on. These facts imply that the threat of moral hazard is real and serious in the banking industry.
Systemic Risk, Interbank Relations, and Liquidity Provision by the Central Bank
Authors: Freixas Xavier , Parigi Bruno M , Rochet Jean-Charles
Published: October 2023

The possibility of a systemic crisis affecting the major fmancial markets has raised regulatory concern all over the world. Whatever the origin of a financial crisis, it is the responsibility of the regulatory body to provide adequate fire walls for the crisis not to spill over other institutions. In this paper we explore the possibilities of contagion from one institution to another that can stem from the existence of a network of fmancial contracts. These contracts are essentially generated from three types of operations: the payments system, the interbank market, and the market for derivatives.1 Since these contracts are essential to the financial intermediaries’ function of providing liquidity and risk sharing to their clients, the regulating authorities have to set patterns for central bank intervention when con fronted with a systemic shock.
The Asian Crisis: Lessons for Crisis Management and Prevention
Authors: Brealey Richard
Published: October 2023

Woody Allen, in a graduation day speech, remarked: ‘More than any other time in history, mankind faces a crossroads. One path leads to despair and utter hopeless ness. The other to total extinction. Let us pray we have the wisdom to choose correctly: The international financial institutions must have felt that they confronted a similar predicament when faced by the successive financial crises in Asia, Russia and Brazil. These events have prompted renewed debate about crisis prevention and resolution. In particular, it has been argued that the IMF should serve as an international equivalent of the domestic lender of last resort, which can assist countries hit by a creditor panic or currency flight.
On the Need for an International Lender of Last Resort
Authors: Fischer Stanley
Published: October 2023

The frequency, virulence, and global spread offmancial crises in emerging market countries in the last five years—Mexico in 1994, with the subsequent tequila con tagion in Latin America and for a day or two in east Asia; east Asia in 1997 and 1998, with contagion spreading crisis within the region; Russia in 1998, itself affected by Asian contagion, with the Russian contagion spreading to Latin America in addition to eastern Europe and the rest of the former Soviet Union—has led to the most serious rethinking of the structure of the international fmancial system since the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system in 1971. In the coming months and years, governments and international institutions will be putting in place a series of changes designed to strengthen the international fmancial system.
Fulfilment in an Age of Limited Possibilities
Authors: Thomas Keith
Published: October 2023

This book is concerned with some of the different ways in which the inhabitants of early modern England sought to live fulfilling lives. Of course, people at that time did not talk of fulfilment. The word had not come into existence; it does not even appear in Samuel Johnson’s great Dictionary of 1755. It is only in the last century or so that expressions like ‘human fulfilment’ or ‘self-realization’ have entered everyday usage; and it might seem anachronistic to apply them to the early modern period when such terms were unfamiliar.
Honour and Reputation
Authors: Thomas Keith
Published: October 2023

In early modern England, the desire to secure the favourable opinion of other people was a primary determinant of human behaviour. Soldiers performed feats of bravery in order to win honour; craftsmen and labourers gained respect by diligent and skilful application to their work; and a major concern of those who pursued riches, spent money, and acquired possessions was to make a favourable impression upon others. For John Locke, ‘the principal spring’ from which the actions of men took their rise was ‘credit and reputation’, while, for Adam Smith, ‘perhaps the strongest of all our desires’ was that of deserving and obtaining the respect of our equals.
Friendship and Sociability
Authors: Thomas Keith
Published: October 2023

It is a feature of modern Western society that the private realm of home, family, and personal relationships is often largely detached from the public sphere of work, politics, and professional activities. At the same time, it is to this domestic sphere that many people look for their deepest satisfactions. Social psychologists claim that friendship, love, marriage, and lasting partnerships are a major source of what they call SWB (Subjective Well-Being). Married or unmarried, heterosexual or homosexual, it is in close personal relationships with others that we hope to find fulfilment.
Fame and the Afterlife
Authors: Thomas Keith
Published: October 2023

Looking back on his life in 1709, Bishop Gilbert Burnet affirmed that it was only religion which could afford ‘true or complete happiness’; in his experience, the pleasures of sense soon became nauseating; public life merely revealed the crookedness of human nature; learning was always imperfect; even friendship ‘of the best and noblest sort’ had yielded him ‘vanity and vexation of spirit’. True religion, however, was an unfailing ‘joy and delight’.
Introduction
Authors: Laynesmith J L
Published: October 2023

What did it mean to be a queen in fifteenth-century England-a period in which so many kings were violently cast from the English throne in so short a space of years? While scholars have long argued over the implications of these events for the nature of kingship, their impact upon the role of the kings ‘ wives has not been considered. Yet the questions of legitimate inheritance or of the appropriate and rightful exercise of authority which lay at the heart of the Wars of the Roses inevitably impinged also upon those who shared the king ‘s throne and his bed. This book is not a traditional biography of women who were married to kings but an examination of the office of queenship in one of the most turbulent periods of England ‘s history.
Games in Extensive Form
Authors: Ritzberger Klaus
Published: October 2023

Trees Since non-cooperative game theory studies games with complete rules, all possible histories or plays can be enumerated—a play being a complete his tory of what happens in the game from the start to the end. Moreover, all events that happen during a play can be enumerated. Therefore, it is possible to specify until which event certain plays are indistinguishable. This gives rise to the concept of a tree.
Solving Games
Authors: Ritzberger Klaus
Published: October 2023

One could argue that predicting the outcome of a game is a matter of under standing the particular game, its historical context, the relations between the players, their psychology, etc. All these concrete matters may be important for any given game. Hence, many of them get summarized by the payoff function and the rules of the game. Solution theory, however, abstracts from the specific circumstances and attempts to identify general principles which are independent of the particular game under scrutiny.
Introduction
Authors: Bell Andrew S
Published: October 2023

Transnational litigation is to the domestic breed as three-dimensional chess is to the garden variety, or as the triphibious warfare of MacArthur is to a land battle of World War I.
Venue and the Plaintiff—The Incentives for Forum Shopping
Authors: Bell Andrew S
Published: October 2023

‘Since Savigny, it has been customary to regard the attainment of uniform solutions as the chief purpose of private international law.’ The intuitively attractive corollary of this succinct statement of the guiding aspiration of the modern conflict of laws is that the venue in which a piece of litigation is tried should not affect the outcome or result of that litigation. As Justice Jackson said in a leading choice of law case, ‘the purpose of a conflict-of-laws doctrine is to assure that a case will be treated in the same way under the appropriate law regardless of the fortuitous circumstances which often determine the forum’. Consequently, there should be no occasion for parties to a dispute ‘to litigate in order to determine where they shall litigate’.
The Agency-Delegated Function and its Implications
Authors: Kume Ikuo
Published: October 2023

In every nation, it is important to achieve a balance between centripetal and centrifugal forces to maintain political stability. A highly centralized political system cannot achieve effective governance, much less a democratic regime. This point is dramatically shown by the collapse of the Soviet Union and other Eastern European socialist regimes. At the same time, the highly decentralized system typically faces a difficult integration problem.
Local Government Development: Some Lessons from Japanese Experience
Authors: Muramatsu Michio , Iqbal Farrukh , Kume Ikuo
Published: October 2023

Recent years have seen an upsurge of interest in policy reforms involving intergovernmental fiscal and administrative relations, with a strong bias towards increasing the autonomy available to sub-national units. This trend towards decentralization is observed in developing and developed countries alike. It is estimated that more than 60 developing or transitional countries in the world are currently implementing some form of decentralization.
A Little Learning: Women and (Intellectual) Work
Authors: Doouff Michele Le
Published: October 2023

Politically belonging to the generation of 1968 and the French feminist movement, Le Dceuff has remained throughout the years an outspoken social critic, especially with regards to the French government and national educational policies. Although much of her work has been on Francis taken as a sign of a postmodern stance. On the contrary, her style is rather nourished by classical influences while her philosophical position is founded in a critical epistemology.
The Difference between the Sexes, a Historical Difference
Authors: Fraisse Genevieve
Published: October 2023

Genevieve Fraisse is a research associate at the National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), where she produces a distinctive blend of philosophical the Democracy, in which she argues that the democratic ideal of equal human rights supports the inclusion of women in the public sphere and politics. More provocatively, she also argues that the concept of liberal feminism (for which she provides a century-the rise of industrialism, Darwinism, socialism, and the first wave of feminism.
The Prescribed Sex
Authors: Prokhoris Sabine
Published: October 2023

Sabine Prokhoris trained at the Ecole Normale Superieure. Currently she is a professor of philosophy, and a practising psychoanalyst in Paris. She is also an editor of the journal les Temps modernes. She is particularly engaged in the public debate surrounding the ‘Civil Pact of Solidarity’ (PACS) working actively with the Association of Gay and Lesbian Parents and Future Parents. Prokhoris remarks that her most recent Le Sexe present: la difference sexuelle en question (2000; The Prescribed Sex: Sexual Difference in Question) was born out of a combination of anger and sadness in the face of the role played by psychoanalysis in the political debates around PACS generally, but especially with regard to the regulations concerning the right of same-sex partners to adopt children.
Is Love a Place of Sexuated Knowledge?
Authors: Badiou Alain
Published: October 2023

Philosopher, writer, and social critic Alain Badiou was born in 1937 in Rabat, Morocco. He studied at the Ecole Paris IV, Sorbonne. He taught philosophy at the de Reims between 1963 and 1965 and at the Reims from 1965 until 1992. Badiou is currently a professor of philosophy at, where he leads a research group on the topic of Lieux et transformations de la philosophies (Places and Transformations of Philosophy). He also holds a professorship at the Ecole Paris.
Introduction
Authors: Mouré Kenneth
Published: October 2023

In Dashiell Hemet’s That’ Thin Man (1934), a drunken friend warns detective Nick Charles to get his money out of the Golden Gate Trust in San Francisco, as he’s heard it is on the rocks. Charles claims he much there. Asked what he does with his money Charles replies: ‘Me and the French hoard gold.’ Hammett’s reference reflected a widespread belief that French gold accumulation was the single most important factor in the define of world prices and economic activity since IY29, the fundamental cause of the Great Depression. The friend shakes his head and gripes, ‘It’s fellows like you that put the country on the bum.’ Charles retorts, ‘And it s fellows like me that don’t go on the bum with it.’1
Towards Modern Central Banking, 1936–1939
Authors: Mouré Kenneth
Published: October 2023

The Popular Front election victory in May 1936 increased pressure on the franc. Uncertainty regarding the new Socialist-led government, the obviously inflationary thrust of its programme, the strikes that greeted its victory, the wage increases granted in the Avignon Accords of 7 June, and fears that the new government would impose exchange controls all provoked flight from the franc and central bank gold losses that eased briefly during the summer, then resumed with greater force in August and September. The franc could not be maintained at its 1928 parity, and it was devalued on 1 October.1 A French exchange stabilization fund was established to maintain the franc at its new parity linked to the pound sterling. Holland and Switzerland, the remnants of the gold bloc, also devalued. It was the belated, inauspicious end of the inter-war gold standard.
Propaganda Wars and Cultural Treaties
Authors: Caute David
Published: October 2023

In June 1945, one month after the defeat of Nazi Germany, Moscow laid on a lavish celebration to mark the 220th anniversary of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Among those invited to the grandiose gathering were eminent scientists and scholars from the United States and many European countries. Formal conferences and visits to laboratories during the day were followed by grand nights at the opera, the ballet, concerts, plays-the full panoply and embrace of Soviet state culture. The Scientific Correspondent of the London Times (7 July) described in awed tones a banquet in ‘the great white and gold hall of St George in the Kremlin, glittering with the lights of thousands of electric candles’. Alongside Stalin, the Soviet leaders and Academicians sat at the high table, with an abundance of music, singing, and dancing between the speeches and toasts.
Soviet Cinema Under Stalin
Authors: Caute David
Published: October 2023

Stalin’s daughter Svetlana Alliluyeva, while still a schoolgirl, was frequently taken by her father to the Kremlin theatre to see films until two in the morning. ‘How many wonderful films were shown for the first time on the little screen in the Kremlin! There was Chapayev, the Gorky trilogy, films about Peter the Great, Circus and Volga-Volga. All the best Soviet films were launched in that hall in the Kremlin.’ Svetlana Alliluyeva recalled that during her father’s later years foreign films not released to the public were shown at weekends in government dachas. Most of them were American. Dmitri Shostakovich recalled that ‘Stalin loved films and he saw The Great Waltz, about Johann Strauss, many times, dozens of times . . . Stalin also liked Tarzan films, he saw all the episodes.
Watch Hunts: Losey, Kazan, Miller
Authors: Caute David
Published: October 2023

Despite some suicides, the American Inquisition did not as a rule break necks or even thumbs; it broke careers, it removed jobs, livelihood, the right to function. Surveillance, wire-tapping, mail-opening, men with long shadows positioned at street corners, the FBI. Joseph Losey, Elia Kazan, and Arthur Miller experienced the full force of the pax americana on home ground: Congressional committees, vigilante organizations like the Legion, private investigative agencies hired by studios and networks-all of whom aimed to render Soviet Russia’s friends and admirers unemployable.
Shostakovich’s Testimony
Authors: Caute David
Published: October 2023

The most controversial Soviet composer to suffer Zhdanov’s denunciation in 1948 and the ensuing public onslaught was Dmitri Shostakovich. This taut, nervy genius remained throughout his life a grid of high-voltage tensions: international in outlook yet fiercely protective of the Russian tradition; a Communist who publicly praised the Party’s interventions in music yet feared and despised them; a modernist who frequently warned against the excesses of Western innovation. Shostakovich developed a kind of tidal motion in his compositions by which the dark depths contradicted the happy surge of the surface.
Passports for Paintings: Abstract Expressionism and the CIA
Authors: Caute David
Published: October 2023

On 20 March 1957 B. J. Cutler, Moscow correspondent of the Herald Tribune, reported how a chimpanzee’s finger painting had been ‘seized as a weapon in the ideological cold war’ and ‘used by Communist art propagandists in an effort to discredit the entire field of modern art’. This Soviet campaign was touched off when the 6-year-old simian Betsy was given a ‘one-chimp’show in Baltimore and local connoisseurs bought $125-worth of her work, including Cabbage Worms for $40 and Hell for $25. The story was widely picked up in the USSR. A
The British and the Hellenes
Authors: Holland Robert , Markides Diana
Published: October 2023

Greece, Lord Palmerston once remarked, was ‘an emotional word’. His first intervention in foreign policy during 1827, indeed, took the form of a passionate statement that both expediency and principle dictated a more generous drawing of the boundaries of a new Greek state than the European powers were willing to grant. Hellenic themes remained emotional for many leading figures in British governments thereafter. William Gladstone became—despite some of his actions in office—a Hellenic icon, and his last notable outburst in public affairs during 1896 embraced the plight of Cretan Christians, alongside Armenians, under the despised rule of Sultan Abdul Hamid. Lord Salisbury swung between early sympathy for Hellenism, highly coloured by his High Church religiosity, to a withering contempt of Greece as ‘the blackmailer of Europe’. For Lloyd George, the promotion of that country as a new regional power under the leadership of the charismatic Eleutherios Venizelos became integral to his vision of a brave new world after 1918—though the Greeks were to pay a high price for taking this a shade too seriously. Winston Churchill developed an ‘obsession’ with Greek affairs during the Second World War. Something of that obsession was shared by Anthony Eden, though one refracted through an overcharged reaction to the Cyprus Question as it unfolded during the early 1950s. The relationship at the heart of this book, with all its contradictory impulses, touched parts of British political culture that few others reached.
The Abandonment of the Ionian Protectorate, 1859–1864
Authors: Holland Robert , Markides Diana
Published: October 2023

In appointing Sir Henry Storks as Lord High Commissioner, the British government had selected somebody with previous experience of the Islands, since he had served there as a Royal Engineer twenty years before. In fact, as we noted earlier, even before Gladstone had begun his own mission, Storks seems to have already been designated his eventual successor. He enjoyed a high reputation after a distinguished record in the Crimean conflict, being responsible for much of the logistics in the eventual withdrawal of the British Army from that peninsula. But his intended task in the Islands was not to preside over another evacuation. Although Gladstone’s reform plan had failed, his reports contained many suggestions for the proper conduct of affairs. In essence, the challenge facing Storks was to play the role already envisaged by Gladstone as an ideal Lord High Commissioner, one who rooted out petty corruption, who acted vigorously and implacably up to the limits of British responsibility but no further, and who occupied the narrow but Olympian heights of a more efficient and cleansed Protection. This was to be reform without the reforms, and Storks approached the task with a British regimental zeal. Hopeful that the recent mission had put the Protectorate’s opponents on the defensive, he reconvened a normal session of the local Parliament on 2 March 1859.