bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
71 ASAS-EAAP Exchange Speaker Talk: Regulation of pathogen-specific immune function by dietary phytonutrients
Authors: Williams Andrew R
Published: December 2019

Infection with gastrointestinal pathogens is a major limitation to sustainable animal production. The need to reduce treatment with synthetic antimicrobials means that novel approaches to gut health, such as nutritional interventions that regulate or boost immune function, are of great interest. Phytonutrients are defined as plant compounds found in the diet that can have beneficial effects on health, and are becoming increasingly popular in livestock feed. Numerous studies have demonstrated the ability of different phytonutrients, such as polyphenols or essential oil components (EOC), to decrease inflammatory responses in the gut. Furthermore, recent work has demonstrated that some phytonutrients can increase specific immune responses elicited by gastrointestinal pathogens. In ruminants and swine, dietary polyphenols such as procyanidins can enhance the acquisition of cellular and humoral responses to mucosal-dwelling parasites, and ongoing work is investigating the relative contributions of the gut microbiome and direct interactions with immune cells in mediating these effects. EOC such as cinnamaldehyde have also been shown to enhance antibody responses to parasitic helminth infection in pigs, and the mechanisms of how cinnamaldehyde and similar compounds modify the host immune response are being explored. In vitro, cinnamaldehyde has well-documented anti-inflammatory effects but can also regulate a wide range of metabolic processes in different cellular models. Understanding how these effects on metabolic processes influence immune function has the potential to open up new avenues for nutritional modulation of the innate and adaptive immune system. A combination of in vitro systems, laboratory animal (mice) and large animal studies (pigs) are being currently undertaken to explore how cinnamaldehyde and related compounds influence local immune responses in the gut. This presentation will summarize the work being conducted to unravel these mechanistic interactions, as well as some perspectives on the use of defined phytonutrients to regulate immune function during key periods of animal growth.
279 Effects of pre-mortem stress on heat shock protein expression in the longissimus lumborum following harvest
Authors: Briggs Reganne K , Legako Jerrad F , Broadway Paul R , Carroll Jeffery A , Sanchez Nicole C , Smith Zachary K , Inek Nikole E , Thornton-Kurth Kara J
Published: December 2019

Despite similar production practices, meat products from beef cattle exhibit undesirable variation in tenderness and stability of flavor and color. The objective of this study was to determine whether pre-mortem stress impacts expression of heat shock proteins (HSP) in the skeletal muscle following harvest. In this study, 40 Holstein steers underwent a 6 h adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) challenge designed to emulate pre-mortem stress prior to harvest. Skeletal muscle biopsies from the longissimus lumborum were taken prior to the ACTH challenge. During the challenge, complete blood counts (CBC) were collected every 2 h and serum cortisol every 0.5 h from -2 to 6 h of the ACTH challenge. Following the 6 h ACTH challenge, skeletal muscle and blood samples were collected from 10 animals each harvested at 2, 12, 24 and 48 h post-challenge. Immediately following harvest, samples were collected from the longissimus lumborum and again after 14 d of aging. Protein expression of HSPβ1 was analyzed in skeletal muscle samples taken prior to the ACTH challenge, at harvest, and after 14 d of aging. Expression of HSPβ1 was different (P < 0.05) at harvest between animals that were harvested at different points following induction of stress where steers that were harvested at 12 h had decreased expression when compared to those harvested at 48 h. In addition, time of harvest had an effect (P < 0.01) on cortisol concentrations, hemoglobin, hematocrit, white blood cells, neutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils. Number of platelets, lymphocytes, and basophils did not differ (P > 0.05) between animals harvested at different time points. These data demonstrate that HSPβ1 protein expression in the longissimus lumborumafter harvest may be related to pre-mortem stress.
352 Feeding treated wheat straw to weaned pigs improves feed efficiency and impacts mucosal and system immune parameters
Authors: Lewton Jaron R , Michael Medhat A , Rajput Mrigendra , Thelen Kyan M , Moeser Adam J , Rozeboom Dale W
Published: December 2019

A management challenge on swine farms is the successful weaning of piglets. Recently, the management of weaning has become more challenging with society’s goal to diminish antimicrobial use. Dietary fiber is increasingly thought important for improving the gastrointestinal development and function, health and the growth performance of the young animal. The objective was to evaluate the effects of feeding treated wheat straw (TWC, with acid, heat, and calcium carbonate) to weaned pigs. At 27.1 ± 1.3 d of age, 108 crossbred (PIC 327 x Yorkshire) pigs were weaned and randomly allotted to 3 treatments: 1) control, 2) 5% TWS, and 3) 10% TWS. Treatments were imposed over 3 nursery phases (7, 7 and 14 d, respectively). All diets met or exceed the nutrient requirements of NRC (2012) and were isocaloric within each phase. No antibiotic was fed, and neither were pharmacological amounts of copper or zinc. There were 6 pens (6 pigs per pen) per treatment. Pig gains were maintained, and feed efficiency improved with TWS in the diet (Table 1). Relative to controls, inclusion of TWS tended to increase (P = 0.12) major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II expression in peripheral blood circulating monocytes (PBMC), an index of enhanced antigen presentation to the immune system, which may reflect an enhanced development of immune function. A trend (P = 0.10) for lower serum IgA levels (marker of mucosal immunity) was observed in pigs fed 10% TWS, compared with other treatments. Overall these data suggest that dietary TWS benefited growth performance and influenced mucosal and systemic immune measures which may provide benefits to health.
143 Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in midwestern USA beef finishing systems
Authors: Rowntree Jason , Stanley Paige , Beede David , DeLonge Marcia , Hamm Michael
Published: December 2019

Using life cycle analysis (LCA), several studies have concluded that grass-finished beef systems have greater GHG intensities than feedlot-finished (FL) beef systems. These studies evaluated only one grazing management system– continuous grazing – and assumed steady-state soil carbon (C), to model the grass-finishing environmental impact. However, by managing for more optimal forage growth and recovery, adaptive multi-paddock (AMP) grazing can improve animal and forage productivity, potentially sequestering more soil organic carbon (SOC) than continuous grazing. To examine impacts of AMP grazing and related SOC sequestration on net GHG emissions, a comparative LCA was performed of two different beef finishing systems in the Upper Midwest, USA: AMP grazing and FL. We used on-farm data collected from the Michigan State University Lake City AgBioResearch Center for AMP grazing. Impact scope included GHG emissions from enteric methane, feed production and mineral supplement manufacture, manure, and on-farm energy use and transportation, as well as the potential C sink arising from SOC sequestration. Across-farm SOC data showed a 4-year C sequestration rate of 3.59 Mg C ha−1 yr−1 in AMP grazed pastures. After including SOC in the GHG footprint estimates, finishing emissions from the AMP system were reduced from 9.62 to −6.65 kg CO2-e kg carcass weight (CW)−1, whereas FL emissions increased slightly from 6.09 to 6.12 kg CO2-e kg CW−1 due to soil erosion. This indicates that AMP grazing has the potential to offset GHG emissions through soil C sequestration, and therefore the finishing phase could be a net C sink. However, FL production required only half as much land as AMP grazing. This research suggests that AMP grazing can contribute to climate change mitigation through SOC sequestration and challenges existing conclusions that only feedlot-intensification reduces the overall beef GHG footprint through greater productivity.
402 Awardee Talk - Efficiency of nutrient use in ruminants: Current understanding and emerging questions
Authors: Swanson Kendall C
Published: December 2019

Because feed costs represent a large proportion of total costs for ruminant production systems, improving the efficiency of nutrient utilization is an important goal for improving profitability and sustainability. Research on nutrient utilization in ruminants dates back to the 1800s when the first nutrient balance experiments were conducted. The concept of efficiency is complex and can be expressed in many ways. Different approaches should be used when examining economic efficiency vs. biological efficiency, growing vs. mature animals, or answering research questions vs. use in a production setting. Additionally, animal efficiency can be examined at different scales of complexity including animal, tissue, cell, or molecular levels, and at the level of total feed, feedstuff, or specific nutrient. Some of the facets that have been shown to be associated with animal efficiency include body composition, feed intake and digestion, heat production, blood metabolites and hormones, tissue mass, cell proliferation, protein turnover, ion transport, mitochondrial function, mRNA or protein expression profiles, and genomic polymorphisms within the animal, and composition and diversity of the gastrointestinal microbiome. Large amounts of information are being generated at the genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic levels which will add to our knowledge about what factors are associated with animal efficiency. Nutrients, such as amino acids, play an important role to meet requirements for maintenance and production and have many other physiological functions regulating metabolism in the animal. There is potential to develop nutrient supplementation, or feeding, strategies to alter metabolism and improve nutrient utilization. Future research is needed to better define the mechanisms influencing efficiency of utilization of individual nutrients, rather than feed dry matter, and to develop management, nutritional, or animal breeding approaches to improve animal efficiency through altering whole animal, tissue, cellular, and molecular facets known to be associated with differences in animal efficiency.
422 Developing foundational courses to support undergraduate student success in animal science departmental core curriculum
Authors: Dunlap Kathrin , Early Lonisa , Fowler Debra , Wickersham Tryon
Published: December 2019

Today’s student population comes from highly diverse culture and socio-economic backgrounds, entering college with a range of life experiences and professional aspirations. The selection of and success upon entering a major is highly influenced by those factors. As society has progressed the principle purposes of the animal science discipline have remained intact but the industry scope has expanded as has the range of background knowledge and experience of students entering the major. To address these changes a data-driven, student-centered curriculum study was conducted. Amongst the study findings was that there exists a gap between existing student knowledge and skills, and faculty expectations upon entering disciplinary core courses, which were deemed necessary to gain proficiency in areas identified by industry stakeholders. In order to bridge this gap, it was a goal of the department to create foundational level courses that would support the department curriculum. Through the collaborative efforts between faculty within the animal science department and members of the university center for teaching excellence, as well as findings from the data generated as part of the curriculum redesign process, two new courses were identified for development: Farm Animal Biosystems and Livestock Production Systems. These courses illustrate a novel approach to addressing the disparity in student background knowledge and skills. Rather than assuming a level of proficiency with skills and addressing gaps in knowledge or vice versa, these key areas have been identified and separated so as to provide students with a solid foundation in both the scientific and applied components of the discipline, thus promoting success within the remainder of the curriculum. Successful completion of these courses will enable student to enter the specialized discipline core classes with a more uniform knowledge base.
PSIII-13 Preliminary assessment of the impact of liver abscess presence on stress-related physiological parameters associated with well-being in feedlot cattle
Authors: Baier Faith , Grandin Temple , Engle Terry , Edwards-Callaway Lily
Published: December 2019

Liver abscesses can affect cattle performance, though the impact on well-being is relatively unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between liver abscess presence and stress-related parameters in feedlot cattle. Three hundred and sixty-three feedlot steers (675 ± 2.3 kg) that were enrolled in a nutrition feeding experiment were allocated to one of three groups based on the liver abscess score assigned after slaughter. The liver abscess scoring groups were: no liver abscess presence (NLA; n = 316); mild liver abscess presence (MLA; n = 21) and severe liver abscess presence (SLA; n = 24). Two animals were unable to be assigned liver abscess scores. Two days prior to slaughter, at the time of weighing, hair samples were collected from the right rump of each animal and analyzed for cortisol concentrations. Additionally, during restraint, infrared thermography was used to quantify eye temperatures and a mobility score was assigned to each animal upon chute exit. During slaughter, exsanguination blood was collected from 115 of the 363 animals and analyzed for serum cortisol concentrations. Cattle were blocked by nutrition feeding treatments and data were analyzed using analyses of variance to determine differences in outcome variables between liver abscess score groups. All animals were included in the infrared analysis and 115 animals were included in the serum and hair cortisol analyses. Infrared thermography (P = 0.55), hair cortisol (P = 0.96), and serum cortisol (P = 0.21) were similar across all liver abscess scores. All animals exhibited normal mobility, thus these values were not included in the analysis. The data indicate that under the conditions of this experiment, liver abscesses did not impact measured stress-related outcomes. Additional research is necessary to understand the impact of liver abscess presence on other stress-related parameters associated with well-being in cattle.
PSXIV-7 Red blood cells are a better indicator than plasma for predicting subcutaneous trans fatty acid composition in cattle
Authors: Dugan Michael , Rolland David , Block Hushton , Vahmani Payam
Published: December 2019

The trans (t)-18:1 in beef has become of interest as partially-hydrogenated-vegetable-oils are removed from the food supply. Predicting t-18:1 in beef early in the feeding period would be useful if limitations are put on t18:1 in beef. The objective of the present study was to determine which blood component is a better predictor of t18:1 in beef. Accordingly, proportions of t10-18:1 and t11-18:1 (i.e. major t-18:1 isomers) were measured in heifer red blood cells (RBC) and plasma (2 pens of 7 animals) after 0, 28, 56 and 76d on a barley-grain-based diet, and also correlated with post-slaughter subcutaneous fat. Blood components were subjected to direct base then acid methylation, and subcutaneous fat to base methylation after freeze drying. c10-17:1 methyl ester was included as an internal standard. Fatty acid methyl esters were purified using Superclean LC-SI-SPETM and then analyzed by GC using a 100m CP-Sil88 column. Fatty acids were analyzed using the Mixed Models procedure of SAS (v 9.3; SAS Institute, Cary, IN) with time as a repeated measure, and pen as a random factor. Pearson correlation coefficients were generated using the PROC CORR procedure of SAS. Proportions of total t-18:1 declined in both RBC and plasma during later stages of finishing (P < 0.05). At 28d, t11-18:1 decreased and t10-18:1 increased in RBC and plasma (P < 0.05). By 76 d, proportions of t10-18:1 declined in both RBC and plasma to 0 d levels. RBC and plasma t-18:1 compositions were highly correlated for all time points and overall (R≥0.7, P ≤ 0.02). Correlations with post slaughter backfat were, however, consistently greater for RBC compared to plasma. The use of RBC t-18:1 composition may, therefore, be superior for predicting t-18:1 composition in other tissues, and the length of finishing on barley could be useful for manipulating the composition and content of t18:1 in beef.
PSVI-1 Improvement of gut morphology and meat quality of broiler chickens by encapsulated citral and cinnamaldehyde
Authors: Yang Chongwu , Choi Janghan , Mogire Marion , Rodas-González Argenis , Diarra Moussa S , Wang Qi , Gong Joshua , Yang Chengbo
Published: December 2019

This study investigated the effects of encapsulated citral (CIT) and cinnamaldehyde (CIN) on growth performance, intestinal morphology and meat quality in broilers. A total of 320 0-day-age male broilers (Cobb 500) were allocated 32 pens with 8 pens per treatment. The treatments included: 1) Corn-wheat-SBM basal diet (negative control); 2) basal diet with 30 ppm avilamycin premix (positive control); 3) basal diet with 50 ppm encapsulated CIT and CIN (CCL); 4) basal diet with 100 ppm encapsulated CIT and CIN (CCH). There were no significant differences between treatments in growth performance (P > 0.05) at each feeding stage. Additionally, birds had similar relative organ weights of heart, liver, spleen and bursa (P > 0.05). The higher ratios of villus height to crypt depth (VCR; P ≤ 0.05) were detected in broilers fed either CCL or CCH, with an average being 14.67 and 15.13 in the duodenum, and 15.13 and 13.58 in the jejunum, respectively. Regarding meat quality, a higher pH value (pH = 6.21) in the breast was observed in 24-h post mortem chickens fed CCL (P ≤ 0.05). No significant differences of pH were detected in the breast in 96-h post mortem birds. The breast color (redness, yellowness, and lightness) in either 24-h or 96-h post mortem chickens was not significantly different among treatments (P > 0.05). No change in purge loss (%) was observed in the breast after 48 h. The severity of white striping (WS) or woody meat (WB) was higher in the positive control (WS = 0.58; WB = 0.15) than in other treatments (P ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, dietary treatment with encapsulated CIT and CIN improved gut morphology and meat quality of broilers by increasing VCR in the small intestine and reducing the severity of WS/WB in the breast, respectively, without affecting growth performance.
PSVI-30 OmniGen-AF alters metabolic profile and blood cell populations in beef heifers subjected to repeated LPS challenges
Authors: Armstrong Shelby A , Coehlo Molly J , Bascom Scott S , Sharman Evin , McLean Derek J , Chapman James D
Published: December 2019

Studies in cattle fed OmniGen-AF (OG, Phibro Animal Health, Teaneck, NJ) show OG modulates innate immunity and blood metabolites after 45 to 60 d of feeding. Recently, a shorter interval between measured changes in immune signaling following the onset of OG feeding have been measured. However, this work has been limited to cellular signals in healthy, unchallenged beef heifers. This study aimed to investigate immune and metabolic responses in beef heifers challenged with LPS after 28 and 56 d of feeding OG. Angus heifers were randomly assigned based on BW to one of two dietary treatments: TMR top dressed with OG (OG, 4g/45.36 kg BW, n = 7) or placebo (CON, 4g/45.36 kg BW, n = 7). After 28 and 56 d of feeding, heifers were administered an IV LPS bolus (0.125 µg/kg BW). Complete blood counts and serum metabolites were analyzed relative to LPS bolus (hour). Data was analyzed using the PROC Mixed procedure of SAS with hour, treatment, and the interaction evaluated as fixed effects. After 28 days of feeding, heifers fed OG had lower lymphocyte counts (P = 0.03) and a tendency to have higher monocyte counts (P = 0.07) relative to CON. Heifers fed OG also tended to have lower NEFA concentrations in the first LPS challenge (P < 0.10). Insulin concentrations tended to be lower in OG heifers during both LPS challenges (P ≤ 0.06). During the second LPS challenge, eosinophil counts were lower in OG fed heifers (P = 0.04), while lymphocyte counts were decreased in OG heifers over time (treatment x time P = 0.02) post LPS. Feeding OG altered blood cell populations and metabolism in LPS challenged beef heifers after 28 and 56 days of feeding. These data suggest beef heifers fed OG may be better suited to cope with immunological challenges at earlier feeding durations than previously reported.
PSI-30 Identification of fetal microchimerism in older ewes using qPCR
Authors: Teague Hannah M , Niland Erika S , Pierce Natalie L , Taylor J Bret , Brown J Alison
Published: December 2019

The presence of a male co-twin during pregnancy has been found to impact lifetime reproductive performance in the sibling ewe. XY chimerism, thought to originate from a male co-twin, has been observed in ewes, and may be associated with the rare development of freemartins. Fetal ram DNA has been observed in the maternal circulation during pregnancy, but it is unknown if this chimerism persists after parturition. The objective of this study was to determine if fetal male cells were present in soft tissues of older ewes and if so, does the occurrence differ with lifetime offspring sex ratio. Eight ewes approximately 7-years-old and having given birth to at least 71% female (n = 4) or 82% males (n = 4) were tested. DNA was extracted from 10 different tissues from each ewe (n = 80). In triplicate, real-time PCR (qPCR) was used to identify the presence of the SRY gene in each sample. Using the SRY primer pair, male DNA was identified in the brain (between 1.25 ng / µL and 125 pg / µL) and liver (between 125 and 12.5 pg / µL) from a ewe that had given birth to two males during her lifetime. If any additional male fetal DNA was present, it was below the detectable limits. In addition to giving birth to two males, this ewe was also born with two male co-siblings, thus the origin (sibling or offspring) of the male DNA is not known. These data suggest fetal cell transfer in sheep is possible and the frequency of fetal microchimerism is not associated with sex ratio of lifetime offspring.
PSVIII-37 Estimation of genetic parameters for novel meat quality and carcass traits in Duroc pigs
Authors: Willson Hannah E , Oliveira Hinayah , Schinckel Allan , Grossi Daniela
Published: December 2019

In recent years, swine breeding programs have turned their selection attentions from focusing mostly on growth, feed efficiency and percent fat towards including meat quality and carcass traits with aims to efficiently produce nutritious and tasty meat to attend a growing demand for pork. In this context, the success of genetic selection for such traits relies on several factors, especially the heritability (h2) of the traits included in the selection indexes. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate genetic parameters for seven meat quality and carcass traits in Duroc pigs, including: meat lightness (L*), loin pH (pH), marbling (MARB), untrimmed belly weight (UBLW), untrimmed ham weight (UHW), untrimmed loin weight (ULW), and untrimmed shoulder weight (USW). Phenotypic measurements were collected on 2,857 purebred Duroc gilts from a Terminal Sire line. The pedigree-based relationship matrix included 5,316 animals and genetic parameters were estimated using univariate models under the REML approach. The traits studied here were shown to be moderately to highly heritable (h2 estimates were 0.32, 0.42, 0.47, 0.35, 0.24, 0.28, and 0.28 for L*, pH, MARB, UBLW, UHW, ULW, and USW, respectively). Our findings suggest that these traits are under genetic control, and thus, they can be genetically improved if included in selection schemes. The next step will be to estimate the genetic correlation between those traits (among themselves and with other traits), as well as alternatives to efficiently incorporate these traits in the selection indexes.
PSVIII-14 Genetic change in QTLs related with nutritional value of egg in small scaled chicken populations
Authors: Dementeva Natalia , Olga Mitrofanova V , Yulia Silyukova L , Olga Stanishevskaya I , Tatyana Larkina A , Elena Fedorova S , Anatoliy’ Vachrameev B , Artem Dyisin , Alexandra Makarova V , Kudinov Andrei A , Plemyashov Kirill
Published: December 2019

Commercial breeds of chickens are staying under strong selection pressure on increasing of production level. Meanwhile aboriginal breeds are conserving unique adaptation traits, helping them to survive in severe climate. Local breeds combining high resistance, but lower productivity traits are widely kept in smallholders of developing countries. Improving of egg traits in such breeds should be done by selection, not crossing with commercial breeds. Aim of our studies was genetic change of QTL loci linked with yolk size (YS) and egg mass (EM) in resource chicken breeds. Studies were done using 293 samples from Pushkin, Rhode-Island, Amroks, Chinese Silk, Yurlow crawl and Russian White (RW) breeds kept in RRIFAGB Collective Use Centre ‘Genetic Collection of Rare and Endangered Chicken Breeds. EM was recorded in age of 30 weeks. YS was evaluated using ultra sound scanner. Genotyping was performed using illumina 60K Chicken Bead Chip. GWAS studies were performed on RW breed. Sufficient associations of EM were found on chromosome 4 (rs14201361, P < 1.6e-5 & GGaluGA152718, P < 3.3e-5). Correlation of YS and EM were calculated within breeds, difference were from 0.29 to 0.65. Haploblocks were analyzed in QTL region on chromosome 11 linked with YS. Due to selection and genetic drift different haplotype blocks were formed in breeds having different YS. Shown results could be used for improving egg traits in aboriginal domestic breeds. Studies were founded by RFFI project 18-016-00114 A.
PSIII-20 Use of legumes and yeast as main protein sources in extruded canine diets
Authors: Reilly Lauren M , He Fei , Mangian Heather , Hoke Jolene , Davenport Gary
Published: December 2019

Plant-based protein sources have gained popularity as consumer demand for grain-free and novel protein sources increase. However, minimal information is available about the effects on digestibility, gastrointestinal tolerance, and fermentative end-products of novel plant-based proteins in dogs. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate legumes and yeast as protein sources in extruded canine diets. Five diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous with either garbanzo beans (GB), green lentils (GL), peanut flour (PF), dried yeast (DY), or poultry byproduct meal (CON) as the primary protein source. Ten, adult, female beagles (mean age: 5.0 ± 1.2 years, mean BW: 11.9 ± 1.3 kg) were used in a replicated 5x5 Latin square design. Each 14 d period consisted of a 10 d diet adaptation followed by a 4 d total fecal and urine collection. At the end of each period, 5 mL of blood was collected and analyzed for a complete blood count and serum chemistry. Serum metabolites were within normal ranges and all dogs remained healthy throughout the study. Fecal scores, evaluated on a 5-point scale, were considered ideal and did not differ among treatments. Apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter and organic matter was highest (P < 0.05) for CON (86.3% and 91.2%, respectively) and PF (85.6% and 90.3%, respectively) and lowest (P < 0.05) in dogs fed the DY diet (80.1% and 84.3%, respectively). GL had the lowest (P < 0.05) crude protein ATTD (81.5%) with no differences among other treatments (84.6% average). Dogs fed CON, PF, and GB diets had the highest (P < 0.05) acid hydrolyzed fat ATTD, with an average of about 94%. In conclusion, novel plant-based protein sources and yeast are comparable to traditional poultry byproduct meal diet and are appropriate protein sources for canine diets.
PSIII-40 Dietary effects on food intake, body weight, body composition and metabolism of adult female cats after spay surgery
Authors: Iwazaki Eiji , Lee Anne H , Phungviwatnikul Thunyaporn , Valentine Helen , Swanson Kelly S
Published: December 2019

Spay and neuter surgeries are common procedures to control the pet population, but have been associated with increased risk for obesity due to changes in appetite, decreased metabolic rate, and decreased energy expenditure. Dietary management post-spay could help decrease obesity risk, but few research studies have been conducted on cats following spay surgery. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a high-protein, high-fiber diet (HPHF) vs. a moderate-protein, moderate-fiber diet (MPMF) in female cats following spay surgery. Twenty healthy female cats (9.5±0.1 months old) were used. After a 5-wk baseline phase with cats fed MPMF to maintain BW, 16 cats were spayed and randomly allotted to MPMF (n = 8) or HPHF (n = 8), with the remaining cats being sham-operated and fed MPMF (n = 4). Cats were fed to maintain BW for 12 wk, then fed up to twice that amount during the subsequent 12 wk of study. Daily food intake, twice weekly BW and twice weekly BCS were assessed. Body composition using DEXA, serum metabolite concentrations, and voluntary physical activity levels were measured prior to spay (wk 0) and every 6 wk post-spay. A treatment*time effect was observed for food intake (g/d), but not caloric intake (kcal ME/d). Caloric intake was affected by time and treatment effects, being reduced over the first 12 wk and reduced at higher amounts in HPHF and MPMF cats vs. sham cats. BW, BCS and body fat percentage were affected over time. A treatment*time effect was observed for blood urea nitrogen, ALP, and fructosamine, while blood triglycerides, total cholesterol, creatinine, total protein, phosphorus, and bicarbonate were affected by time. Physical activity was also reduced over time. Our results demonstrate that spay surgery affects food intake, BW, metabolism, and physical activity in cats. Dietary intervention in this study, however, led to minor changes.
PSVIII-5 Determination of true digestibility and the endogenous outputs of magnesium in corn for growing pigs by using the regression analysis technique
Authors: Wu Hongzhi , Yin Xindi , Yang Zeyu , Archbold Tania , Fan Wenyi , Wang Weijun , Xu Li
Published: December 2019

Dietary magnesium (Mg) is essential to bone mineralization. Supplemental Mg is typically not considered in commercial swine diets by assuming high bioavailability of Mg from bulky feed ingredients such as corn grain. The objectives of this study were to determine true ileal and fecal digestibility and the endogenous losses of Mg associated with corn in growing pigs by the regression analysis technique. A total of 48 barrows, with an average initial body weight (BW) 32 kg, were randomly assigned to 6 grower pig diets and were fed close to ad libitum for 10 d, with 8-d adaptation and 2-d collection fecal and the terminal ileal digesta samples, according to a randomized complete block design. Six cornstarch-based diets, containing 6 levels of Mg at 0.22, 0.32, 0.38, 0.51, 0.71 and 0.79 g/kg dry matter intake (DMI) of diets, were formulated from corn. There were linear relationships (P < 0.05), expressed as g/kg DMI, between the ileal and fecal outputs of Mg and the total intake of dietary Mg, suggesting that true ileal and fecal Mg indigestibility values (94.8±12.5 vs. 89.2±17.7%); and the ileal and fecal endogenous Mg outputs (0.16±0.02 vs. 0.21±0.11, g/kg DMI of diets) associated with corn could be estimated by the regression analysis. Our results have shown that Mg associated with conventional corn grain was very poorly digested and the gastrointestinal endogenous fecal loss of Mg was significant in the grower pig. Thus, Mg bioavailability in feeds for pigs should be assessed and supplemental of Mg may be warranted in swine diet formulation.
PSV-35 Broiler chicken meat quality
Authors: Plemyashov Kirill , Aristov Alexander , Semenov Sergey , Kudinova Natal’ya , Anipchenko Polina , Nikitin Georgiy , Stekolnikov Anatoly , Ladanova Mariya
Published: December 2019

Over recent years, the range of biologically active substances aimed at the productivity increase, animals preservation, feed use efficiency, product quality improvement and product safety has been significantly expanded. In this regard, the study of the effectiveness of hepatoprotective farm-produced feed additives in the diets of broiler chickens is of particular interest to science and practice. The broiler chickens pectoral muscles of the control group contained 68–0.08% of water, 32–0.06% of dry matter, 20.45–0.08% of protein, and 1.62–0.09% fat. In a comparative analysis of the obtained data, it may be concluded that the use of the feed additive Hepatron 85% as a hepatoprotector improves the detoxification ability of the liver and promotes the regeneration of the liver cells. Betaine as a lipotropic agent contributes to the fat oxidation, enhances appetite, and adds muscle mass. When determining the chemical composition of the muscles of the leg, thigh, body, wings and neck, it was established that the broiler chickens of the experimental group contained 70–0.07% of water, 30–0.05% of dry matter, 19.7±0.08% of protein and 2.11±0.09% of fat. Using the feed with the additive Hepatron 85% causes a 0.5% increase in protein and 0.18% increase in fat compared to the meat of the broiler chickens on general feed. Thus, the inclusion of the feed additive Hepatron 85% in the ration of broiler chickens instead of 50% of methionine and choline contributes to an increase in average daily gains and meat quality improvement in a number of indicators.
PSV-41 Antibacterial activity of ferulic acid and sodium chlorate against Escherichia coli F18 and K88 during incubations with porcine fecal bacteria
Authors: Arzola Claudio , Latham Elizabeth , Anderson Robin , Salinas-Chavira Jaime , Castillo Yamicela , Ontiveros Marina , Felix-Portillo Monserrath , Olivas-Palacios Ana Luisa , Armendariz-Rivas Ruth Lisbeth , Arzola-Rubio Alejandro
Published: December 2019

The influence of ferulic acid (FA) and sodium chlorate (SC) was evaluated in two trials on the growth of Escherichia coli F18 and K88 (F18 and K88) incubated with porcine fecal bacteria. Treatments were 2 levels of FA (0 and 5 mg/mL) and 2 levels of SC (0 and 10 mM/mL). In trial one, ½-strength Mueller Hinton broth mixed with porcine feces (0.5% w/v) was inoculated with a novobiocin and naladixic acid resistant F18-strain. This fecal suspension was transferred to tubes (3/treatment) and anaerobically incubated at 39 oC for enumeration at 0, 6 and 24 h using MacConkey agar supplemented with novobiocin and naladixic acid with aerobic incubation at 37 oC. An interaction (FA x SC) at 6 and 24 h was observed (P < 0.01). At 6 h of incubation, SC alone or combined with FA had the lowest counts (P < 0.05); FA alone was lower than control but higher than SC or SC+FA (P < 0.05). At 24 h, FA alone or combined with SC had the lowest counts (P < 0.05); SC was lower than control but higher than FA or SC+FA (P < 0.05). In trial 2 were used the same procedures of trial 1, except that K88 was used. There was an interaction at 6 h (P < 0.01) where the lowest counts were in FA+SC (P < 0.05). SC alone or FA alone were lower than control but higher than SC+FA (P < 0.05). There was no interaction at 24 h (P = 0.16), where FA reduced the K88 counts (P < 0.01), however it was not affected by SC (P = 0.12). In conclusion, SC reduced E. coli counts; however, at 24 h of incubation greater reductions were observed when FA alone or combined with SC was added into the incubation fluid with porcine feces.
PSVIII-2 Effects of metformin on white adipose tissue transdifferentiation
Authors: Shelby Sarah , Ghnaimawi Saeed , Chen Jinglong , Huang Yan
Published: December 2019

Early piglet mortality due to chilling is a leading cause of economic loss in swine production. Non-shivering thermogenesis can be used by piglets to increase survivability through the utilization of brown adipose tissue (BAT). Recent studies suggest metformin hydrochloride induces “browning,” or transdifferentiation, of white adipocytes into brown adipocytes and increases BAT formation. Uncoupling proteins (UPC) are the principal markers of BAT. Sow treatment with metformin may increase BAT deposition in neonatal piglets. The objective of this study was to determine if metformin contributed to the expression of brown adipocyte markers UCP1, PRDM16, and PGC1α. To further investigate this, mouse 3T3 adipocyte cells were cultured, subdivided into two 6-well plates, and differentiated into mature white adipocytes. Oil Red O staining confirmed mature adipocytes with the presence of large lipid droplets. The experimental group was treated with 1.25 mM metformin hydrochloride (MET). The control group received only the growth medium (CON). The OD260nm/OD280nm was used to assess the quality of the extracted RNA. PCR analysis showed a significant difference in the expression of UCP1 of the MET cells (P < 0.05). PRDM16 and PGC1α expression showed no significant difference in the two groups (P > 0.10). These results indicate that metformin treatment at 1.25 mM contributed to the upregulation of UCP1 and the transdifferentiation of white adipocytes into brown adipocytes. This suggests the potential use of metformin in the upregulation of UCP to induce BAT formation.
PSXIV-30 Effect of aggressive growth promotant strategy on head dimensions of Jersey steers
Authors: Cooper Kimberly , Kirkpatrick Tylo J , Pillmore Sierra L , Tennant Travis , Lawrence Ty
Published: December 2019

Head dimensions of Jersey steers (n = 30) were assessed to quantify differences related to aggressive implant strategy and to determine their correlation to live, carcass performance, and grading traits. Steers were either implanted with Revalor 200 (REV; n = 15) on d0, d70, d140, d210, d280, and d360 or utilized as a control group (CON; n = 15). Every 70 d, steers were digitally imaged with a 100 cm2 standard placed on the head; head length (HL, measured from top of poll to end of hairline superior of nose-pad) and head width (HW, measured from outermost canthus across sagittal plane to opposite canthus) were measured from digital images. All steers were fed a common finishing ration for 420d and humanely harvested on d421. Head length, HW, and ratio of HL:HW a were analyzed in a repeated measures analysis with day as the repeated measure and animal as subject. Head length did not differ between CON and REV groups (P = 0.52; HL = 44 cm). Head width was greater (P < 0.01) for REV (21.8 cm) than CON (20.7 cm). The ratio of HL:HW differed (P < 0.01); CON averaged 2.1 cm, and REV averaged 2.0 cm. Head length was correlated to marbling score (r = 0.50) and yield grade (YG, r = 0.39) whereas HW was correlated to live weight (LW, r = 0.70), hot carcass weight (HCW, r = 0.68), dressed yield percentage (r = 0.44), and LM area (r = 0.38). Correlations of HL:HW were linearly related to HCW (r = -0.40), dressed yield percentage (r = -0.40), KPH percent (r = 0.67), LM area (r = -0.40), marbling score (r = 0.63), and YG (r = 0.49). Correlations between dimensional head-measures and carcass grading outcomes may support the use of such measurements to improve sorting of cattle into appropriate marketing groups.
PSVII-41 Mare colostrum and milk composition through 36 h post-parturition
Authors: Carillo Brianna , Leatherwood Jessica , Latham Christine , Dickson Emily , Vogelsang Martha
Published: December 2019

Sixteen Quarter Horse mares (mean±SEM; 12±5 yr; 5.1±1.0 BCS; 579±9 kg BW) were used to evaluate the time course of the nutrient profile of colostrum and milk following parturition. Mares received a commercial concentrate designed to meet NRC (2007) requirements for gestating mares and were fed to maintain a BCS between 5 and 7. Horses were group housed in dry lots with ad libitium access to coastal Bermudagrass hay and water. As soon as parturition was observed, colostrum was collected by hand pre-suckle (0 h post-parturition), and at 6, 12, 24, and 36 h post-parturition. Samples were evaluated for concentrations of protein, fat, lactose, somatic cell count (SCC), urea nitrogen, and non-fat solids (NFS) by a commercial laboratory. Differences between means were determined using PROC MIXED in SAS (v9.4) with time as a repeated measure. Following parturition, colostrum protein and NFS decreased from h 0 to 6 (protein: 13.1±0.7 to 9.7±0.8%; NFS: 20.9±0.8 to 16.8±0.9%) and from h 6 to 12 (P0.04). Protein continued to show a trend for a decrease from h 12 to 24 (P = 0.08), plateauing around 3%. NFS remained around 10% from h 12 to 36. Conversely, lactose did not change from h 0 to 6 (3.6±0.2 to 3.9±0.2%) but increased from 6 to 12 h (5.5±0.2%) post-parturition (P < 0.0001). Fat, SCC, and urea nitrogen remained unchanged through 36 h post-parturition. These results indicate colostrum protein concentration decreases as early as 6 h post-parturition, and the non-fat solid portion of milk shifts from primarily proteins to lactose. However, the impact of these changes on foal health should be more clearly defined.
PSI-B-14 Late-Breaking: Evaluation of mRNA isoforms expression profile using two approaches to measure meat tenderness from Longissimus thoracis muscle in beef cattle
Authors: Muniz Maria Malane M , Cánovas Angela , Fonseca Larissa Fernanda Simielli , Silva Danielly Beraldo dos Santos , Magalhães Ana Fabrícia Braga , Redondo Isabel Gomez , Ferro Jesus Aparecido , Chardulo Arthou Loyola , Baldi Fernando , Albuquerque Lucia Galvão
Published: December 2019

The Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) and myofibrillar fragmentation index (MFI) are complementary methodologies commonly used to measure beef tenderness. To identify mRNA isoforms differentially expressed became an important tool to provide new insights to better understand the transcripts involved in the regulation of the meat tenderness, using MFI and WBSF measures in Nellore beef cattle. Longissimus thoracis muscle samples from the 20 most extreme bulls (out of 80 bulls set) for WBSF [tender (n = 9) and tough (n = 10) groups] and MFI [high (n = 10) and low (n = 10) groups] traits were collected to perform transcriptomic analysis using RNA-Sequencing. The CLC Genomics Workbench v.12.0 was used to align the fragments of each sample to the bovine reference genome ARS.UCD1.2. An average of 37 million transcripts were expressed in the Nellore muscle transcriptome. A total of 41 and 31 mRNA isoforms were differentially expressed (q≤0.05 and Fold Change greater than 2) between the two groups of divergent bulls for WBSF and MFI traits, respectively. The RPL14-202 mRNA isoform was the only isoform differentially expressed in common between both traits and is one of two known transcripts of the RPL14 gene. The RPL14 gene contains a trinucleotide repeat tract whose length is highly polymorphic and has several biochemical functions. Bulls with tender meat have one base insertion inside this region and possibly has splice site disruption effects. The RPL14-202 mRNA isoform could be used as potential biological marker for beef tenderness. The identified differentially expressed mRNA isoforms (ACTA1-202, ACTN3-201, MYL6-202, MYL6-201, MYBPC2-202) were involved with skeletal muscle cell differentiation, negative regulation of sarcomere organization and regulation of skeletal muscle contraction. mRNA isoforms directly associated with muscle development were identified using different approaches to measure beef tenderness suggesting potential key regulator genes and biomarkers associated with an important consumer valued trait for the beef industry.
PSXIII-34 Late-Breaking: The influence of Nellore cattle supplementation during the growing phase on pasture with urea (high or low) and with or without tannin extracts on the performance, ruminal fermentation and blood parameters
Authors: Cidrini Iorrano A , Prados Laura , Foresto Willian , Mariano Eduarda , Souza William , Siqueira Gustavo R , Resende Flavio D
Published: December 2019

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of cattle supplementation (3g/kg BW) with urea (U) and tannin extracts (TE; SilvaFeed Bypro®️) during the dry season on performance, ruminal fermentation and blood parameters. Trial 1-Sixty-four Nellore (294 ± 15.2 kg BW) were used to determine the effect of supplementation during the growing phase (137d) on performance. The animals were blocked by BW to one of four treatments: 1) 30g urea/kg DM supplement (LU); 2) 30g urea/kg DM supplement + 7g TE/kg DM supplement (LU+TE); 3) 50g urea/kg DM supplement (HU); 4) 50g urea/kg DM supplement + 7g TE/kg DM supplement (HU+TE). Trial 2- Eight ruminally cannulated Nellore fed with trial 1 diet (4 x 4 Latin square) was used to evaluate DM intake and digestibility, ruminal pH, VFA, ruminal ammonia, serum glucose and urea at different times after feeding. The data were analyzed by ANOVA using PROC MIXED, SAS 9.4. There was no interaction (P > 0.10) between U and TE, the treatments did not affect (P > 0.10) ADG, intake or digestibility, VFA total, serum glucose and urea (Table1). However, animals fed TE showed butyrate (Figure 1) tended to higher on time 12-18h (Time × TE; P = 0.06), while the acetate: propionate ratio tended (Time × TE; P = 0.08) to decrease. The isovalerate tended to be higher on time 6h in animals fed HU+TE while LU+TE tended to be higher on time 12-18h. The ruminal pH of the animals fed with LU tended to be lower on time 6h compared to HU, while ruminal ammonia was higher (P < 0.01) to animals fed HU on time 6h compared to LU. Overall, TE and U did not influence the performance of Nellore and the inclusion of TE tended to improve the efficiency in ruminal fermentation.
PSV-38 Fatty acids profile of subcutaneous fat deposition in Nellore bulls classified by feed efficiency
Authors: Batalha Camila Delveaux Araujo , Paz Ana Carolina Almeida Rollo de , Branco Renata Helena , Canesin Roberta Carrilho , Cyrillo Joslaine Noely dos Santos Gonçalves , Mercadante Maria Eugênia Zerlotti , Bonilha Sarah Figueiredo Martins
Published: December 2019

Microbial population and ruminal fermentation patterns differ according residual feed intake (RFI) classes, with possible alterations in biohydrogenation and consequently in fatty acids (FA) profile of subcutaneous fat deposition. This study aimed to evaluate FA profile of subcutaneous fat deposition in Nellore bulls classified by RFI. Data from four different trials, totaling 106 Nellore bulls (475.5 ± 77 kg of slaughter BW and 623 ± 97 d of age at slaughter), previously classified by RFI as positive (PRFI) or negative (NRFI), were used. Fatty acids profile was determined in Longissimus muscle with fat cover samples, collected immediately after boning, vacuum packed and frozen until analysis. Data were analyzed using SAS MIXED procedure, including in the model as fixed effects RFI class and age at slaughter as covariate and as random effects feeding type within trial and year of trial. Least square means were compared by the t-test, being significance determined at P ≤ 0.05 and trends at 0.05 < P ≤ 0.10. Significant difference between RFI classes was only detected for cis-vaccenic FA (C8:1 n7) (2.45 vs 2.29 g/100g; P = 0.049) and tendency for oleic FA (C18:1 n9) (34.9 vs 36.3 g/100g; P = 0.092), for PRFI and NRFI respectively. The sum of total saturated (43.4 g/ 100g), monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated (12.8 g/100g) FA, revealed a significant difference between RFI classes only for total monounsaturated FA (43.2 vs 44.8 g/100g; P = 0.046) for PRFI and NRFI respectively. This difference can be due the tendency detected between RFI classes for oleic FA, which is the monounsaturated FA in the highest concentration in the profile. Monounsaturated FA are essential in human diet because they can contribute to reduced blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels, exerting cardiovascular protection. In conclusion, NRFI Nellore animals have a better FA profile of subcutaneous fat deposition.