bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functional Phytochemicals from Cranberries: Their Mechanism of Action and Strategies to Improve Functionality
Authors: Vattem Dhiraj A. , Shetty Kalidas
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Induction in the Nucleophilic Addition in the Series of Aromatic Azines
Authors: Egorov I. N. , Zyryanov G. V. , Rusinov V. L. , Chupakhin O. N.
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Dynamic Structural Investigations on the Torpedo Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor by Time‐Resolved Photoaffinity Labeling
Authors: Mourot Alexandre , Grutter Thomas , Goeldner Maurice , Kotzyba‐Hibert Florence
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Medical Benefits of Using Natural Compounds and Their Derivatives Having Multiple Pharmacological Actions
Authors: Kimura Ikuko
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Autothermal Reforming and Partial Oxidation of Methane in Fluidized Reactor over Highly Dispersed Ni Catalyst Prepared from Ni Complex
Authors: Gao Jing , Hou Zhao‐Yin , Shen Kai , Lou Hui , Fei Jin‐Hua , Zheng Xiao‐Ming
Published: June 2006

Highly dispersed Ni catalysts on spherical SiO2 were prepared by simple impregnation of Ni(acac)2, [Ni‐(NH3)6−n(H2O)n]2+, [Ni(en)3]2+ and [Ni(EDTA)]2−. Pulse adsorption of H2 and TEM analysis results confirmed that Ni was dispersed very well on the surface of SiO2 even after calcination (4 h) and reduction (1 h) at high temperature of 800 °C. These highly dispersed and uniquely sized Ni crystallites were more stable and more reactive for both autothermal reforming and partial oxidation of methane in fluidized reactor.
Molecular Modeling on the Recognition of Wobble DNA Including G:T Mismatched Pairs by Two Structures of Chiral Metal Complex Δ, Λ‐[Ru(phen)2hpip]2+
Authors: Zhang Cui‐Ping , Wu Yan‐Bo , Yang Pin
Published: June 2006

In this work, the recognition of DNA including G:T mismatched pairs by the two different structures of [Ru(phen)2hpip]2+ was firstly studied with molecular modeling respectively. The results revealed that all of the four chiral isomers of the two structures could recognize the mismatched DNA from the minor groove orientation especially and the interaction was enantioselective and sitespecific. The two left isomers were more preferential than the right ones. Especially, the structure II which had much lower energy after interacting with DNA was the advantaged structure. Detailed energy analysis indicated that the steric interaction in the process of the complex inserting base stack determined the recognition results and the electrostatic interaction made an effect to some extent.
Applying Theoretical Approach for Predicting the Selective Calcium Channel Blockers Pharmacological Parameter by Biopartitioning Micellar Chromatography
Authors: Wang Su‐Min , Yang Geng‐Liang , Li Zhi‐Wei , Liu Hai‐Yan , Xiao Qin
Published: June 2006

The usefulness of biopartitioning micellar chromatography (BMC) for predicting oral drug acute toxicity and apparent bioavailability was demonstrated. A logarithmic model (an LD50 model) and the second order polynomial models (apparent bioavailability model) have been obtained using the retention data of the selective calcium channel blockers to predict pharmacological properties of compounds. The use of BMC is simple, reproducible and can provide key information about the acute toxicity and transport properties of new compounds during the drug discovery process.
Structural Effects on the Langmuir Monolayers of Calix[4]arene Induced by Lower Rim Aromatic Substitution
Authors: He Wei‐Jiang , Qiu Lin , Li Jun‐Bai , Zhang Yu , Guo Zi‐Jian , Zhu Long‐Gen
Published: June 2006

The Langmuir monolayer properties of lower rim aromatically substituted calix[4]arenes, 5,11,17,23‐tetra‐tert‐butyl‐25,27‐bis(2‐naphth‐1′‐ylacetylaminoethoxy)‐26,28‐dihydroxylcalix[4]arene (BNAEC), 5,11,17,23‐tetra‐tert‐butyl‐25,27‐bis(2‐benzoylamino ethoxy)‐26,28‐dihydroxylcalix[4]arene (BBAEC) and 5,11,17,23‐tetra‐tert‐butyl‐25,27‐bis(2‐cinnamoylaminoethoxy)‐26,28‐dihydroxylcalix[4]arene (BCAEC), have been studied. Film balance measurements and Brewster angle microscopy (BAM) observation demonstrate that all the compounds can form Langmuir monolayers with different molecular limiting areas. BNAEC or BBAEC monolayer is able to form condensed domains during compression, while BCAEC monolayer can never form condensed domain. BNAEC monolayer is more readily to form condensed domain than BBAEC monolayer. Moreover, BNAEC monolayer can form the total condensed phase during compression even when T=28 °C, while BBAEC monolayer can not when T>10 °C. The results imply that different lower rim aromatic substitutions affect essentially the intermolecular interaction and molecular packing in the monolayer at air/water interface.
Substituent Effect on Proton Affinity of Imidazole in Cu,Zn‐Superoxide Dismutase
Authors: Ji Hong‐Fang , Zhang Hong‐Yu
Published: June 2006

To investigate whether the proton‐accepting ability of imidazole in Cu,Zn‐superoxide dismutase (SOD) was possibly modulated by Zn(II) or not, the proton affinity (Ap) of N3 in imidazole group was calculated by density functional theory (DFT) with B3LYP functional. It was found that Zn(II) attenuates the Ap, because of its electron‐withdrawing effect, while the three ligands connected with Zn(II) (residues of two His and one Asp) exert an opposite effect, owing to their electron‐donating ability. This finding suggested that the three ligands should play a role in the normal function of Cu,Zn‐SOD and should be taken into consideration in the future study.
Conformational Studies of 4‐N‐Carbamoyldeoxycytidine Derivatives and Synthesis and Hybridization Properties of Oligodeoxyribonucleotides Incorporating these Modified Bases
Authors: Miyata Kenichi , Kobori Akio , Tamamushi Ryuji , Ohkubo Akihiro , Taguchi Haruhiko , Seio Kohji , Sekine Mitsuo
Published: June 2006

Deoxycytidine derivatives modified with various N‐substituted carbamoyl groups at the 4‐amino group were synthesized. The detailed 1H NMR studies suggest that the 3′,5′‐O‐disilylated N‐carbamoyldeoxycytidine derivative 11 exists as a species having an intramolecular hydrogen bond between the N3 atom and the carbonyl oxygen atom in MeOD but upon addition of CDCl3, the amount of a homodimer species, having intermolecular hydrogen bonds, gradually increases. Oligodeoxyribonucleotides incorporating various 4‐N‐carbamoyldeoxycytidine derivatives were also synthesized. These modified oligodeoxynucleotides can hybridize with the complementary strands without disturbing the structure of DNA duplexes, hence changing the orientation of the carbamoyl group in such a manner that a stable Watson–Crick base pair can be formed with the guanine base at the opposite site. It should be noted that the base recognition ability (G against T, C and A) of these modified cytosine bases can be preserved satisfactorily. These results suggest that the 4‐N‐carbamoyl group is useful as a backbone structure of the linker between various functional residues and oligonucleotides. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Predicting the effectiveness of grant‐making
Authors: Harris Ian , Mainelli Michael , Grant Peter , Harrow Jenny
Published: June 2006

Expertise in monitoring and measuring effectiveness in the grant‐funded sector has been developing and improving for several years. However, can grant‐making bodies improve their effectiveness by using predictive techniques to inform their decision‐making? This paper reports work with two UK grant‐making bodies, the government‐funded New Opportunities Fund (now incorporated into the Big Lottery Fund) and the long‐standing independent grant‐maker City Parochial Foundation.

The study used classification and prediction tools based on support vector machine mathematics to undertake predictive analysis of the data, the results of which were then compared with post hoc qualitative review by practitioners in the grant‐making bodies. The study demonstrates statistically significant predictive capability for a New Opportunities Fund (NOF) programme but not for the City Parochial Foundation's grant programme.

These findings reflect significant procedural and cultural differences between the two grant‐makers, although the differing quantities of data available for analysis in each case was also a factor. In particular, the pre‐funding assessment processes and the post‐project evaluation processes are significantly different.

This paper suggests a model for distinguishing between types of grant‐making body and also assesses various procedural and cultural styles amongst grant‐makers. Further, it demonstrates visualization techniques that can be applied alongside predictive tools to help interpret the predictions. The paper indicates that predictive analytics can improve the funding effectiveness of relatively large, structured grant‐making bodies and identifies areas for further research linking grant‐making practice with organizations' strategic decision‐making.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The interaction of technology in entrepreneurial marketing: an illustrative case from a wine merchant
Authors: Quinton Sarah , Harridge‐March Sally
Published: June 2006

Entrepreneurial organizations frequently have difficulty in standing back from the customer interface in order to plan strategically. Managers in such organizations are rarely strategists in the conventional sense but people performing many tasks and preoccupied with the short term and guided by principles of their founders. There are suggestions that management in small entrepreneurial companies is characterized by limited resources and lack of specialist expertise.

The use of technology in marketing for small firms is often fraught with difficulties but the successful marriage of marketing and technology can lead to the development of a more successful business. The development and evolution of technology has provided small firm retailers with opportunities to widen and enhance their distribution and communication methods by developing interactive channels.

Many small firms limit themselves by the way in which they collect data, which requires forward thinking as to the real purpose and value of it and often there is a tendency to under‐utilize the data in order to get meaningful marketing information from it. Understanding and using technology, whether it be data mining or for some other marketing purpose, presents an entrepreneurial organization with an opportunity for differentiation.

This paper focuses on one small business engaged in using technology in the marketing of wine. A principal theme here is to highlight those activities found lacking in a specific case study. A framework is developed which demonstrates the interaction of technology in marketing and incorporates both operational and conceptual elements. The findings illustrate the challenges faced by small organizations with limited resources which are trying to compete in a crowded retail market place.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aircraft routing under the risk of detection
Authors: Zabarankin Michael , Uryasev Stan , Murphey Robert
Published: June 2006

The deterministic problem for finding an aircraft's optimal risk trajectory in a threat environment has been formulated. The threat is associated with the risk of aircraft detection by radars or similar sensors. The model considers an aircraft's trajectory in three‐dimensional (3‐D) space and represents the aircraft by a symmetrical ellipsoid with the axis of symmetry directing the trajectory. Analytical and discrete optimization approaches for routing an aircraft with variable radar cross‐section (RCS) subject to a constraint on the trajectory length have been developed. Through techniques of Calculus of Variations, the analytical approach reduces the original risk optimization problem to a vectorial nonlinear differential equation. In the case of a single detecting installation, a solution to this equation is expressed by a quadrature. A network optimization approach reduces the original problem to the Constrained Shortest Path Problem (CSPP) for a 3‐D network. The CSPP has been solved for various ellipsoid shapes and different length constraints in cases with several radars. The impact of ellipsoid shape on the geometry of an optimal trajectory as well as the impact of variable RCS on the performance of a network optimization algorithm have been analyzed and illustrated by several numerical examples. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2006
Adolescents’ as active agents in the socialization process: Legitimacy of parental authority and obligation to obey as predictors of obedience☆
Authors: Darling Nancy , Cumsille Patricio , Martínez M. Loreto
Published: June 2006

Adolescents’ agreement with parental standards and beliefs about the legitimacy of parental authority and their own obligation to obey were used to predict adolescents’ obedience, controlling for parental monitoring, rules, and rule enforcement. Hierarchical linear models were used to predict both between‐adolescent and within‐adolescent, issue‐specific differences in obedience in a sample of 703 Chilean adolescents (M age=15.0 years). Adolescents’ global agreement with parents and global beliefs about their obligation to obey predicted between‐adolescent obedience, controlling for parental monitoring, age, and gender. Adolescents’ issue‐specific agreement, legitimacy beliefs, and obligation to obey predicted issue‐specific obedience, controlling for rules and parents’ reports of rule enforcement. The potential of examining adolescents’ agreement and beliefs about authority as a key link between parenting practices and adolescents’ decisions to obey is discussed.
The ‘school of true, useful and universal science’? Freemasonry, natural philosophy and scientific culture in eighteenth-century England
Authors: Elliott PAUL , Daniels STEPHEN
Published: June 2006

Freemasonry was the most widespread form of secular association in eighteenth-century England, providing a model for other forms of urban sociability and a stimulus to music and the arts. Many members of the Royal Society and the Society of Antiquaries, for instance, were Freemasons, while historians such as Margaret Jacob have argued that Freemasonry was inspired by Whig Newtonianism and played an important role in European Enlightenment scientific education. This paper illustrates the importance of natural philosophy in Masonic rhetoric and utilizes material from Masonic histories, lodge records and secondary works to demonstrate that scientific lectures were indeed given in some lodges. It contends, however, that there were other sources of inspiration for Freemasonry besides Newtonianism, such as antiquarianism, and that many other factors as well as the prevalence of Masonic lodges determined the geography of English scientific culture. Although the subject of Freemasonry and natural philosophy has great potential, as Jacob has demonstrated so well, much further work, especially in the form of prosopographical studies of provincial lodges, is required before the nature of the relationship between the two can be fully appreciated.
Primate spermato gene sis: new insights into comparative testicular organisation, spermatogenic efficiency and endocrine control
Authors: Luetjens G. Marc , Weinbauer Gerhard F. , Wistuba Joachim
Published: June 2006

Owing to the close phylogenetic relationship of Platyrrhini (New World monkeys) and Catarrhini (Old World monkeys) to man, nonhuman primates are often used as models for the study of male reproductive physiology and endocrinology. This review aims at providing new data and insights into comparative primate spermato‐genesis, dealing specifically with quantitative aspects of germinal epithelial organisation and germ cell production, and with the roles of gonadotrophic hormones in this process.

Typically, the seminiferous epithelium is composed of specific germ cell associations (spermatogenic stages). In rodents, prosimians and most Catarrhini, tubular cross sections contain a single spermatogenic stage whereas in Platyrrhini, great apes and man multi‐stage tubules are present. Since Platyrrhini represent a more basal type of primate, this spermatogenic feature must have developed convergently. The primate multi‐stage tubular arrangement was previously believed to be associated with low spermatogenic efficiency. However, recent studies using new methodological approaches and comparing primate species from all taxa have revealed that multistage organisation is compatible with highly efficient spermatogenesis. In fact, meta‐analysis demonstrated that the efficiency of spermatogenesis in several nonhuman primate species is comparable to that of rodents which are considered as species with highly efficient germ cell production. The duration of the spermatogenic process was not related to organisation or efficiency of spermatogenesis. Sertoli cell work load was species‐specific but had no impact on germ cell numbers and on the efficiency of spermatogenesis.

The gonadotrophic hormones, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) are the primary regulators of primate testicular function. Recent studies revealed that in New World monkeys chorionic gonadotrophin (CG) ‐ the primate pregnancy hormone ‐ regulates testosterone production instead of LH. Receptor studies demonstrated a dual action of the closely related hormones LH and CG in primates. It is hypothesised that following the divergence of the Platyrrhini lineage from Catarrhini, the LH/CG system evolved independently with ancestral functions of the LH/CG system retained in the neotropical taxa.

In summary, key spermatogenic features are preserved across all primate taxa whereas male reproductive endocrinology features appear substantially different in the neotropical primates compared to other primate lineages.
Holocene history of drift ice in the northern North Atlantic: Evidence for different spatial and temporal modes
Authors: Moros Matthias , Andrews John T. , Eberl Dennis D. , Jansen Eystein
Published: June 2006

We present new high‐resolution proxy data for the Holocene history of drift ice off Iceland based on the mineralogy of the <2‐mm sediment fraction using quantitative X‐ray diffraction. These new data, bolstered by a comparison with published proxy records, point to a long‐term increasing trend in drift ice input into the North Atlantic from 6 to 5 ka toward the present day at sites influenced by the cold east Greenland Current. This feature reflects the late Holocene Neoglacial or cooling period recorded in ice cores and further terrestrial archives on Greenland. In contrast, a decrease in drift ice during the same period is recorded at sites underlying the North Atlantic Drift, which may reflect a warming of this region. The results document that Holocene changes in iceberg rafting and sea ice advection did not occur uniformly across the North Atlantic. Centennial‐scale climate variability in the North Atlantic region over the last ∼4 kyr is linked to the observed changes in drift ice input. Increased drift ice may have played a role in the increase of cold intervals during the late Holocene, e.g., the Little Ice Age cooling.
Intracellular HIV-1 Tat protein represses constitutive LMP2 transcription increasing proteasome activity by interfering with the binding of IRF-1 to STAT1
Authors: Remoli Anna L. , Marsili Giulia , Perrotti Edvige , Gallerani Eleonora , Ilari Ramona , Nappi Filomena , Cafaro Aurelio , Ensoli Barbara , Gavioli Riccardo , Battistini Angela
Published: June 2006

The Tat protein is the transcriptional activator of HIV-1 gene expression, which is not only essential for viral replication, but also important in the complex HIV-induced pathogenesis of AIDS, as both an intracellular and an extracellular released protein. Accordingly, Tat is able to profoundly affect cellular gene expression, regulating several cellular functions, also in non-infected cells. We showed recently that Tat induces modification of immunoproteasomes in that it up-regulates LMP7 (low-molecular-mass polypeptide 7) and MECL1 (multicatalytic endopeptidase complex-like 1) subunits and down-modulates the LMP2 subunit, resulting in a change in the generation and presentation of epitopes in the context of MHC class I. In particular, Tat increases presentation of subdominant and cryptic epitopes. In the present study, we investigated the molecular mechanism responsible for the Tat-induced LMP2 down-regulation and show that intracellular Tat represses transcription of the LMP2 gene by competing with STAT1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 1) for binding to IRF-1 (interferon-regulatory factor-1) on the overlapping ICS-2 (interferon consensus sequence-2)–GAS (γ-interferon-activated sequence) present in the LMP2 promoter. This element is constitutively occupied in vivo by the unphosphorylated STAT1–IRF-1 complex, which is responsible for the basal transcription of the gene. Sequestration of IRF-1 by intracellular Tat impairs the formation of the complex resulting in lower LMP2 gene transcription and LMP2 protein expression, which is associated with increased proteolytic activity. On the other hand, extracellular Tat induces the expression of LMP2. These effects of Tat provide another effective mechanism by which HIV-1 affects antigen presentation in the context of the MHC class I complex and may have important implications in the use of Tat for vaccination strategies.
Outbreak of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Colonization and Infection in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Epidemiologically Linked to a Healthcare Worker With Chronic Otitis
Authors: Bertin Mary L. , Vinski Joan , Schmitt Steven , Sabella Camille , Danziger-Isakov Lara , McHugh Michael , Procop Gary W. , Hall Geraldine , Gordon Steven M. , Goldfarb Johanna
Published: June 2006

Objective.

To describe the investigation and interventions necessary to contain an outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization and infection in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).

Design.

Retrospective case finding that involved prospective performance of surveillance cultures for detection of MRSA and molecular typing of MRSA by repetitive-sequence polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR).

Setting.

Level III NICU in a tertiary care center.

Participants.

Three neonates in a NICU were identified with MRSA bloodstream infection on April 16, 2004. A point prevalence survey identified 6 additional colonized neonates (attack rate, 75% [9 of 12 neonates]). The outbreak strain was phenotypically unusual.

Interventions.

Cohorting and mupirocin therapy were initiated for neonates who had acquired MRSA during the outbreak. Contact precautions were introduced in the NICU, and healthcare workers (HCWs) were retrained in cleaning and disinfection procedures and hand hygiene. Noncolonized neonates and newly admitted patients had surveillance cultures performed 3 times per week.

Results.

Two new colonized neonates were identified 1 month later. HCW X, who had worked in the NICU since June 2003, was identified as having chronic otitis. MRSA was isolated from cultures of swab specimens from HCW X's ear canal and nares. HCW X was epidemiologically linked to the outbreak. Molecular typing (by rep-PCR) confirmed that the isolates from HCW X and from the neonates were more than 90% similar. Retrospective review of NICU isolates revealed that the outbreak strain was initially cultured from a neonate 2 months after HCW X began working on the unit. The epidemic strain was eradicated after removing HCW X from patient care in the NICU.

Conclusion.

An outbreak of MRSA colonization and infection in a NICU was epidemiologically linked to a HCW with chronic otitis externa and nasal colonization with MRSA. Eradication was not achieved until removal of HCW X from the NICU. Routine surveillance for MRSA may have allowed earlier recognition of the outbreak and is now standard practice in our NICU.
Fast 3D profilometer based upon the projection of a single fringe pattern and absolute calibration
Authors: Sansoni Giovanna , Trebeschi Marco , Docchio Franco
Published: June 2006

We present a whole-field, 3D optical digitizer based on phase profilometry and on absolute calibration, which performs shape measurement through the projection of a single pattern of Ronchi fringes, and an absolute calibration of the optical head. A suitably developed procedure, based on accurate fringe analysis, implements phase extraction and allows univocal indexing of the field of view. Accurate models express, in a global reference system, both extrinsic and intrinsic parameters of the camera–projector pair. Proper calibration is performed for lens distortion compensation, and to obtain the absolute measurement of the shapes within a global reference system. The technique requires the acquisition of a single image, shows good robustness against fine variations of the fringe period and adapts well to the measurement of free-form shapes in a very short time. The system is portable, fully reconfigurable depending on the measurement requirements and suitable for a low-cost implementation. In this paper, we present the phase extraction method and the system calibration, and highlight the measurement performance of the digitizer in different set-ups, using free-form objects requiring multi-view acquisition.
Quantitative evaluation of the point method for fish stomach contents analysis
Authors: Marrero C. , Lopez‐Rojas H.
Published: June 2006

To test the accuracy of the point methods a simulation was conducted using simulated stomachs. Results from seven participants told to analyse the stomachs by the point and percentage methods differed considerably among subjects and from the control.
Deviation from the general relationship between RNA concentration and growth rate in fish
Authors: Pelletier D. , Blier P. U. , Lambert Y. , Dutil J‐D.
Published: June 2006

No significant relationships were observed between white muscle RNA concentration and growth rate in adult cod. The use of nucleic acid concentration to estimate growth rate in wild populations of cod should be limited to larvae and juveniles.
Morphological and genetic differentiation of the African clupeidLimnothrissa miodon34 years after its introduction to Lake Kivu
Authors: Hauser L. , Carvalho G. R. , Pitcher T. J.
Published: June 2006

The evolutionary consequences of an artificial introduction of the clupeidLimnothrissa miodonfrom Lake Tanganyika into Lake Kivu, East Africa were examined. In 1959, 57 400 fry (mixture ofLimnothrissaand the related clupeid,Stolothrissa tanganicae), were released into Lake Kivu to boost fisheries production. Comparisons were made between respective source and transplant populations 34 years later (1993) using morphometrics (‘truss’ method), allozymes (29 enzyme‐coding loci) and mitochondrial (mt) DNA variation (RFLP analysis of PCR‐amplified ND5/6 genes). Significant morphological and genetic differentiation between source and transplant samples was detected, with a distinct clustering of KivuLimnothrissaon respective dendrograms, especially at the morphometric and mtDNA levels. Differentiation within Lake Tanganyika was, however, consistently higher than that between lakes. Allozymic diversity was similar in samples from both lakes (Lake Tanganyika: heterozygosity = 0.0658, mean number of alleles=1.44; Lake Kivu: heterozygosity = 0.0655; mean number of alleles = 1.48), however, a significantly lower mtDNA haplotype diversity was detected in Lake Kivu (Lake Tanganyika: 0.905; Lake Kivu: 0.755). Data suggest that high post‐introduction mortality and various demographic factors reduced the effective population size of the introduced population to tens rather than thousands of individuals, resulting in a reduction in genetic diversity and founder effect.
Genetic analysis of population structure of tusk in the North Atlantic
Authors: Johansen T. , Nævdal G.
Published: June 2006

To study the population structure of tusk Brosme brosme in the North Atlantic, samples from six fishing grounds were collected: St Kilda; Storegga; Faroe Islands; Rockall bank; Davis Strait and East Greenland. In addition two samples from the Norwegian coast; Kragerø and Øygarden, were included. Nine enzymes and haemoglobin were analysed by starch gel and agar gel electrophoresis. In addition isoelectric focusing (IEF) was carried out. At least 22 loci were represented. Polymorphisms were shown in eight loci and average heterozygosity was found to be about 0.05. Highest heterozygosity was found in haemoglobin analysed by Smithies buffer pH 8.6. Malate dehydrogenase (MDH‐2) analysed in IEF (pH 3.5‐9.5), and haemoglobin were found as valuable tools for studies of stock structure in tusk. In the Greenland samples only one of the MDH‐2 heterozygotes was found, while in the East Atlantic both the observed heterozygotes were more frequent. The frequencies of the the Hb*b allele were about 0.40 and 0.70 in the samples from east and west Atlantic respectively.
Genetic variation and divergence of Leuciscus pyrenaicus and L. carolitertii (Pisces, Cyprinidae)
Authors: Coelho M. M. , Brito R. M. , Pacheco T. R. , Figueiredo D. , Pires A. M.
Published: June 2006

The taxonomy of the genus Leuciscus in the Iberian Peninsula has been presented on the basis of morphological analysis. Two species are believed to occur in Portuguese inland waters, L. carolitertii, the northern basins chub, and L. pyrenaicus, which was described for the Tejo and southern basins. Since only slight differences in the meristic and morphometric characters are observed, the distinction between the two species has been made previously mainly on the basis of osteology. In order to investigate the patterns of genetic differentiation between these species, 24 sites were sampled for both species, and examined electrophoretically for the study of variation at 27 presumptive loci. The results pointed to different levels of population differentiation among drainages and support the recognition of the species level for L. pyrenaicus and L. carolitertii. Our results also suggested that the distribution area of L. pyrenaicus is probably restricted to Tejo and to the small drainages near Tejo, while L. carolitertii seems to have a widespread distribution area, including Lima, Douro, Vouga, Mondego, Guadina and Sado drainages. Moreover, concerning the southern populations, Mira and Arade, the surprisingly high level of differentiation observed at several loci, supports the existence of a further species occurring in these small drainages. The evolutionary aspects related to that differentiation are discussed.
Studies in Lithium Oxide Systems: V, Li2O‐Li20 B2O3
Authors: SASTRY B. S. R. , HUMMEL F. A.
Published: June 2006

Nine compositions containing 40 to 68% B2O3 were used to study the high‐lithia portion of the system Li2O‐B2O3 by quenching and differential thermal analysis methods. The compounds 3Li2O 2B2O3 and 3Li2O B2O3 melted incongruently at 700°± 6°C, and 715°± 15°C., respectively. The compound 2Li2O B2O3 is assumed to dissociate slightly below 650°± 15° C., although the data could also be interpreted as in‐congruent melting. Below 600°± 6°C. it does dissociate to the 3:2 and 3:1 compounds. In this narrow temperature interval the 2:1 compound had an inversion at 618°± 6°C. Both forms of the 2:1 compound could be quenched to room temperature. X‐ray diffraction data for the compounds are tabulated, and the complete phase diagram for the system Li2O‐B2O3 is presented.
Phase Equilibria in the Ferrite Region of the System FeO‐MgO‐Fe2O3
Authors: PALADINO A. E.
Published: June 2006

Phase equilibria in the ferrite region of the system FeO–MgO–Fe2O3 have been investigated up to 1300°C. over an oxygen‐pressure range of 1.0 to 0.01 atmospheres. The five most important features of the equilibria in this system are as follows: (1) The spinel phase can exist with a deficiency of oxygen in the high‐magnesium compositions, (2) Mg++ replaces Fe++ in Fe3O4 beyond the “stoichiometric MgFe2O4,” corresponding to the formula (MgO)xMgFe2O4, where x = 0.092 ± 0.004 and is independent of temperature, (3) the spinel field does not include single‐phase composition corresponding to Mg‐Fe2O4, (4) the lattice constant of spinels in this system depends on cation distribution, and the extent of distribution changes as a function of temperature in turn depends on the magnesium concentration in the spinel, and (5) the spinel field near its terminus has little or no width.
Stability of Hercynite at High Temperatures
Authors: PILLAY T. C. M. , D'ENTREMONT JOHN , CHIPMAN JOHN
Published: June 2006

The free energy of formation of the spinel FeAl2O4 from its constituent oxides has been determined in the temperature range 1550° to 1700°C. The method used involved determination of the gas ratio PaiO/pH2 in equilibrium with liquid iron, corundum, and hercynite and previously published data on the same gas equilibrium with liquid iron and FeO. The values of AF° at 1550° and 1700°C. are respectively ‐3690 and –3490 cal. per mole.
High‐Temperature Density Determination of Boron Oxide and Binary Rubidium and Cesium Borates
Authors: LI PEI‐CHING , GHOSE ANIL C. , SU GOUQ‐JEN
Published: June 2006

Density determinations of pure B2O3 and binary rubidium and cesium borates have been made in the temperature ranges 450° to 1300°C and 500° to 1100°C respectively. The density of B2O3 can be represented between 600° and 1000°C as d= 1.3388 + 228 (1/T) and for temperatures above 1000°C as d= 1.3947 + 157.9 (1/T), where d is in grams per milliliter and T is in °K. The volume expansion (dV/dT) in the alkali borate systems at 800°C increases with an increase of alkali oxide when the alkali concentration is more than 18 mole %. This increase in the volume expansion follows the order Cs > Rb > K > Na > Li. In the range 15 to 20 mole % alkali oxide a break in the volume expansion was observed. This break suggests a possible change in the structural configuration of the alkali borates.
Single‐Crystal Ferrite Films Prepared by Cathodic Sputtering
Authors: WESTWOOD W. D. , EASTWOOD K. , POULSEN R. G. , SADLER A. G.
Published: June 2006

Single‐crystal thin films were prepared by sputtering in a glow discharge system from a ceramic cathode of nickel ferrite onto a magnesium oxide substrate cleaved parallel to the (100) plane. X‐ray and electron diffraction patterns obtained from the films yield d values which are consistent with values for nickel ferrite spinel. Chemical analysis shows that the iron‐to‐nickel atom ratio is approximately 2:1 as in NiFe2O4. Magnetic measurements also indicated that the films were single‐crystal but the values obtained differ from those of bulk nickel ferrite.
Mechanism and Kinetics of the Decomposition of Solids by a Thermogravimetric Method
Authors: ŠATAVA VLADIMÍR , ŠKVÁRA FRANTIŠEK
Published: June 2006

According to Doyle, the thermogravimetric curve of a decomposition reaction can be expressed by the equation log g(α)–log p(x) = B. The variable x depends on the temperature Tα, at which the fraction of the initial compound decomposed is α. Both g(α) and p(x) depend on temperature; however, B is independent of temperature. The trial‐and‐error method allows, for a given thermogravimetric curve, the determination of the g(α) and p(x) functions fitting the equation and thus an estimation of the probable mechanism of the reaction and of other kinetic parameters (activation energy and frequency factor). To facilitate the analysis of experimental data, a table of log g(α) values for various decomposition mechanisms and a plot of‐log p(x) vs T for various activation energies are presented. The use of the table and the diagram is described.
Determination of Optical Constants for a Scattering and Absorbing Ceramic
Authors: PROGELHOF R. C. , THRONE J. L.
Published: June 2006

The two‐flux model for radiant energy transfer in transparent dielectric materials such as ceramics is extended to include the effect of internal volume emission. A series of experiments on a single specimen by which material optical constants for dielectrics can be determined is proposed.
Swelling Control in Uranium Carbide
Authors: ERVIN GUY
Published: June 2006

Fine particles were dispersed in a fuel structure to trap fission gases as very small bubbles and thereby reduce fuel swelling. The dispersions were made by adding 1.5 to 3.0 wt% W to the UC; the specimens were irradiated to a maximum of ∼2 at.% burnup. Density changes were used as the measure of swelling; there was much scatter in the results. Tungsten reduced the swelling when it was uniformly dispersed. For some samples having excess U and W or a segregated structure, W increased the swelling. The results tentatively confirm that fine particles are of value in reducing fission‐gas swelling of carbide fuels.
Plastic Deformation of Aluminum Oxide by Indentation and Abrasion
Authors: HOCKEY BERNARD J.
Published: June 2006

Transmission electron microscopy provided direct evidence that plastic deformation occurs during the room‐temperature indentation and abrasion of Al2O3. Examination of single‐crystal and polycrystalline specimens showed that high densities of dislocations are produced within the near‐surface regions by mechanical polishing with a fine diamond compound (0.25 μm) and that plastic deformation by both slip and mechanical twinning occurs during the placement of Vickers microhardness indentations. The occurrence of plastic deformation in this normally brittle material is considered to be a consequence of the nature and magnitude of the local stresses developed under pointed indenters and irregularly shaped abrasive particles. Preliminary results on the effect of annealing on the retained substructure are also presented. Annealing at 900°C and higher resulted in the reduction of residual stresses through the motion of dislocations and their rearrangement into lower‐energy configurations.
Effect of Electrolyte pH on Crack Propagation in Glass
Authors: WIEDERHORN S. M. , JOHNSON H.
Published: June 2006

Crack velocities in glass in various acids, bases, and neutral solutions were studied using the double‐cantilever‐beam technique. Results are explained in terms of crack‐tip pH, which is controlled by the electrolyte at low crack velocities and by the glass composition at high velocities. The crack‐velocity data are consistent with the known dependence of strength on pH for soda‐lime silicate glass. Results also suggest that the slope of the universal fatigue curve should depend on surface pH.
High‐Permittivity Temperature‐Stable Ceramic Dielectrics with Low Microwave Loss
Authors: KELL R. C. , GREENHAM A. C. , OLDS G. C. E.
Published: June 2006

The compounds SrZrO3 and CaZrO3 combine high permittivity with low loss and positive temperature coefficient of permittivity. Temperature‐stable materials were produced by forming solid solutions between these zirconates and zirconates or titanates having negative coefficients. The properties of temperature‐stable compositions in the systems Ca(Zr,Ti)O3 and (Ba,Sr)(Zr,Ti)O3 were investigated. At 4 GHz the relative permittivities were from 29 to 35 and the loss tangents from 3 to 11×10−4. Both permittivity and microwave loss increased as the principal alkaline‐earth ion was changed from Ca to Sr to Ba, but the higher losses could be reduced by adding ∼1 mol% Nb or Ta. Dense fine‐grained ceramics with the properties required for microwave applications were prepared.
Electron Diffraction and Microscopy Studies of the Structure of Grain Boundaries in Al2O3
Authors: CARTER C. B. , KOHLSTEDT D. L. , SASS S. L.
Published: June 2006

Electron diffraction and weak‐beam imaging techniques were used to examine the structure and thickness of grain boundaries in polycrystalline Al2O3. Extra diffraction spots from boundaries inclined to the foil surface were detected and related to the periodic structure of the boundary. Relrods from edge‐on boundaries were detected and used to estimate the thickness of the boundary region, i.e. the depth that the displacement field of the boundary penetrates into the two crystals adjacent to the interface.
Elastic Properties of Stabilized HfO2 Compositions
Authors: DOLE S. L. , HUNTER O. , CALDERWOOD F. W.
Published: June 2006

Elastic moduli of several stabilized HfO2 compositions were studied as functions of porosity and temperature. Thermal expansion was also measured for one of the compositions. The modulus vs porosity and thermal‐expansion measurements yielded typical relations. The modulus vs temperature measurements revealed an anomalous nonlinear relation between room temperature and 500°C. Varying microstructural and testing conditions had no effect on the nonlinearity. Only the percent of stabilizer additive caused any change in this behavior. It is proposed that oxygen‐vacancy motion is the probable cause of this behavior.
Flaw Characteristics in Dynamic Fatigue: The Influence of Residual Contact Stresses
Authors: MARSHALL D. B. , LAWN B. R.
Published: June 2006

The effect of residual contact stresses on the dynamic fatigue response of surfaces containing indentation‐induced flaws is studied. Indentation fracture mechanics is used to analyze the growth of well‐defined “median/radial” cracks in combined residual (elastic/plastic) contact and applied (uniform) tensile fields, and thence to determine strength characteristics. In this way a general formulation is obtained for the fatigue strength at constant stress rate. Experimental confirmation of the essential predictions of the theory is obtained from strength tests on Vickers‐indented soda‐lime glass disks in water environment. It is thereby implied that residual stresses can have a significant deleterious influence on the fatigue behavior of any brittle solid whose controlling flaws have a contact history. Such effects need to be considered in the design of structural ceramics, most notably where fracture‐mechanics calibrations of crack‐velocity parameters are used for lifetime predictions.
PTC Effect in BaTiO3 as a Function of Doping with 3d Elements
Authors: IHRIG HOLGER
Published: June 2006

The electrical resistivities, grain sizes, and charge carrier densities of Sb‐doped PTC‐type BaTiO3 ceramics were measured as a function of additional doping with 3d ions of varying concentrations. From analysis of the PTC characteristics on the basis of Heywang's model it proved possible to derive grain‐surface acceptor‐state energies corresponding to the particular 3d dopants, demonstrating the particular significance of doping with Mn, Fe, and Cu ions.
Favorable prognosis of renal cell carcinoma with increased expression of chemokines associated with a Th1‐type immune response
Authors: Kondo Tsunenori , Nakazawa Hayakazu , Ito Fumio , Hashimoto Yasunobu , Osaka Yukinari , Futatsuyama Kazuya , Toma Hiroshi , Tanabe Kazunari
Published: June 2006

The potential role of chemokines in clinical tumors remains poorly understood. Recent investigations have shown the differential expression of chemokine receptors on lymphocytes mediating Th1‐ and Th2‐type immune responses. We examined Th1‐ and Th2‐associated cytokines and chemokines, as well as the expression of their receptors in tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Sixty‐seven patients with sporadic RCC were analyzed for the expression of Th1‐ and Th2‐associated genes using real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Tumor infiltration by CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3)‐positive and CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5)‐positive cells was detected by immunohistochemistry and by flow cytometry. The expression of Th1‐associated genes was significantly increased in tumors compared to normal kidney tissues. The expression of interferon‐γ correlated positively with that of Th1 chemokines. Tumors expressing higher Th1 chemokines did not recur after curative surgery. Multivariate analysis showed that increased monokine induced by interferon (IFN)‐γ (MIG) expression was an independent favorable prognostic factor. Immunohistochemistry showed that the degree of CXCR3‐positive cell infiltration significantly correlated with IFN‐γ inducible protein 10, MIG and IFN‐γ‐inducible T cell a chemoattractant expression (I‐TAC). Flow cytometric analysis showed increased expression of CXCR3 and CCR5 in tumor‐infiltrating T lymphocytes compared to that in peripheral blood T cells. These results suggest that upregulation of the Th1‐type immune response in RCC tumors with a favorable prognosis may be mediated by Th1‐associated chemokines. Integrity of the Th1‐type immune response seems to be required for tumor regression, suggesting that detection and correction of a defect in the Th1‐type response cascade would thus be one of the main targets for tailor‐made immunotherapy and gene therapy in RCC. (Cancer Sci 2006; 97: 780–786)
Smoking is associated with insulin resistance and cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in type 2 diabetic patients
Authors: Anan F. , Takahashi N. , Shinohara T. , Nakagawa M. , Masaki T. , Katsuragi I. , Tanaka K. , Kakuma T. , Yonemochi H. , Eshima N. , Saikawa T. , Yoshimatsu H.
Published: June 2006

Background  Smoking and cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction are associated with high mortality in type 2 diabetic patients. This study tested the hypothesis that smoking is associated with insulin resistance/hyperinsulinaemia and cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in type 2 diabetic patients who are not treated with insulin.

Materials and methods  The study patients were 22 current smokers with type 2 diabetes mellitus (age: 57 ± 5 years, mean ± SD) and 30 age‐matched never‐smoked patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (control group, 57 ± 8 years). The quality of blood glucose was assessed by fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting immunoreactive insulin (F‐IRI), homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). The severity of smoking status was expressed by the Brinkman index, which is calculated as number of cigarettes per day multiplied by years of smoking. Cardiovascular autonomic function was assessed by baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), heart‐rate variability, plasma norepinephrine concentration and cardiac 123I‐metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphic findings.

Results  Baroreflex sensitivity was lower in the current smokers group than in the never‐smoked group (P < 0·05). Early and delayed 123I‐MIBG myocardial uptake values were lower (P < 0·05, and P < 0·01, respectively) and the percentage washout‐rate of 123I‐MIBG was higher (P < 0·0001) in the current smokers group than in the never‐smoked group. Fasting immunoreactive insulin (F‐IRI) concentration (P < 0·0001) and the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index (P < 0·0001) were higher in the current smokers group than the never‐smoked group. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that smoking was independently predicted by F‐IRI and the percentage washout‐rate of 123I‐MIBG.

Conclusions  The results of the study suggested that smoking was associated with cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction and hyperinsulinaemia and that F‐IRI and the percentage washout‐rate of 123I‐MIBG were independent predictors of smoking in these Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.