bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
¡Qué divertido es divorciarse!: La desentimentalización del divorcio en el teatro madrileño antes y después de la Segunda República
Authors: Villamil-Acera Rakhel
Published: June 2014

En 1932 se aprueba la ley del divorcio en España impulsada por el gobierno de la Segunda República. La prensa de la época recogía las posturas divorcistas y antidivorcistas de intelectuales, escritores y políticos, mientras los escritores del teatro cómico explotaban un tema tan actual como controvertido para una sociedad arraigada en la tradición católica. Lo que realmente explotaron fue el melodrama como recurso dramático para restaurar un orden que se veía amenazado y que formaba parte del horizonte de expectativas del público del teatro comercial. Así ocurrió con Anacleto se divorcia de Pedro Muñoz Seca en 1933, como seis años antes Enrique Jardiel Poncela había hecho en Una noche de primavera sin sueño pero en este caso, bajo la ley del divorcio del Código Civil de 1889. En ambas obras, el acto preformativo del divorcio se desentimentaliza quedando así anulado. En este ensayo se analiza la conexión entre la moral oculta del melodrama estudiada por Peter Brooks y Linda Williams y la funcionalidad del discurso cómico de las obras citadas siguiendo la teoría sobre el humor de Henri Bergson para entablar un diálogo con el contexto de producción teatral.
Raza y poesía: Chiqui Vicioso y la reconfiguración de la identidad dominicana
Authors: Abreu-Torres Dania
Published: June 2014

Definir la identidad dominicana es un proyecto complejo, y en su construcción, se confunden el orgullo nacional, los prejuicios raciales y la relación conflictiva con Haití. Desde la consolidación de la República Dominicana como nación-estado a raíz del régimen de Rafael L. Trujillo y la masacre de haitianos en 1937, la dominicanidad se estableció con violencia y miedo como antihaitiana, católica e hispana. La herencia africana se olvidó como un medio para diferenciarse del vecino Haití. No fue hasta el asesinato de Trujillo en 1961 y ya entrada la década de 1970, cuando finalmente esta realidad comenzó a cambiar. Escritores, intelectuales y educadores se dieron a la tarea de revisar los postulados de la identidad nacional e incluir a los olvidados, especialmente la cultura africana. La escritora Chiqui Vicioso, quien se ha dado a conocer internacionalmente por su obra poética y teatral, formó parte de este grupo y a través de su poesía desentraña el mito nacional del trujillato y lo renueva. En tres poemarios representativos de esta búsqueda, Viaje desde el agua , Un extraño ulular traía el viento y Eva/Sión/Es , Vicioso muestra un proceso de autoreconocimiento de sus raíces, tanto africanas como caribeñas, reconfigurando su identidad y proponiendo una nueva dominicanidad.
O ano em que meus pais saíram de férias de Cao Hamburger: Desmistificação ou propagação do mito de democracia racial?
Authors: Stein Shawn
Published: June 2014

Este ensaio considera a representação da experiência judaica brasileira em O Ano em que meus pais saíram de férias (2006) do diretor brasileiro Cao Hamburger. O filme retrata complexas questões identitárias através de uma perspicaz, e um pouco romantizada, história de imigração invertida. Uma criança brasileira, Mauro, é forçada a ter uma experiência de exílio em uma comunidade judaica, à qual ele antes não sabia que pertencia. Ao longo do enredo, Hamburger aproveita a circunstância especial de Mauro para meditar sobre o que significa ser judeu no Brasil, e desta maneira tenta vincular os critérios que diferentes povos usam para determinar a “autenticidade” de pessoas estranhas com os preconceitos, estereótipos, sentimentos de xenofobia e pressões de assimilação que as dinâmicas identitárias tendem a gerar. O filme invoca a moda do multiculturalismo e o polêmico mito de “democracia racial” no Brasil para demonstrar a natureza relativa das noções de exilados, originários e forasteiros.
Students’ Motivations for Choosing (or Not) to Study Portuguese: A Survey of Beginning-level University Classes
Authors: Bateman Blair E. , de Almeida Oliveira Desirée
Published: June 2014

Although previous literature has discussed ways of promoting the study of Portuguese, to our knowledge no study has ever directly surveyed students to ascertain why they chose to learn the language. This study reports on a survey of the motivations of first- and second-year Portuguese students to study the language, and contrasts their motivations with those of students of French, German, Italian, and Spanish. In addition, the study reports on students’ opinions as to the usefulness of Portuguese in comparison with these other European languages. Results showed that Portuguese students consisted of two separate groups, Spanish speakers and non-Spanish speakers, each with distinct motivations for language learning, which differed from those of students of other European languages. Based on the findings, we offer recommendations for the recruitment and instruction of Portuguese students at the post-secondary level, with particular emphasis on Portuguese for Spanish speakers.
Counter-discursive and Erotic Agency: The Case of the Black Slaves in Miguel de Cervantes’s “El celoso extremeño”
Authors: Ruiz Eduardo
Published: June 2014

Cervantes’s novela creates a complex protagonist due in part to the involvement of the slaves’ destructive and creative energies: a linguistic and erotic paradox. Linguistically the female slave foregrounds the historical dichotomy between ladinos and bozales and the related problematic of conversion, while the eunuch, a double of the master, brings forth the subject’s erotic deficiency, the basis of an ironic cure through the slaves’ survival and the master’s demise. The eunuch’s Janus-like liminality further complicates the identity gaps of the protagonist, who dies offering a metaphorical image of self-destructive authorship (the silkworm) followed by the rise of other actors who stake spatial and property claims of their own—a dynamic loss highlighting the essential roles played by colonial space and marginal others in the construction of the master’s psychological persona.
Ecological Spirituality as the Theme of Buddhist-Christian Dialogue at the Seton Interreligious Research Center, Seoul, Korea
Authors: Kim Sung Hae
Published: June 2014

This article first introduces the history and character of the Seton Interreligious Research Center in Seoul Korea. Then it presents the contents of the ten-month lecture series entitled “The Ecological Spirituality of Buddhism and Christianity” as a representative work of Buddhist-Christian dialogue undertaken for the last twenty years. Seven scholars are involved in this dialogue, three Buddhists and four Christians, including one Catholic nun who is a specialist in Buddhism. Ecology proves to be an effective as well as needed topic for Buddhist and Christian interreligious dialogue, because our contemporary ecological crisis demands not only the collaboration of religions, but also reveals our most fundamental religious values.
Jesus Christ Encountering Gautama Buddha: Buddhist-Christian Relations in South Korea
Authors: Senécal Bernard
Published: June 2014

Korea’s Presidential Council on Nation Branding works hard to match the country’s international image with the level of its economic clout. Despite the so-called “Han River Miracle,” democratization, and cutting edge technology in several key industries, contemporary Korea seems to be in serious want of the wisdom that can give everlasting peace and joy to each of her citizens. In answer to this dramatic social situation, the development of a constructive Buddhist-Christian encounter in Korea could become a remarkable source of wisdom, not only for Koreans but also for mankind. To be sure, with Buddhists and Christians representing 42.95 and 55.1 percent respectively of the 53.8 percent of its citizens claiming a religion, Korea has the privilege of being uniquely situated for a meeting of the followers of Christianity and Buddhism. Yet in spite of these promising circumstances, this essay points to the existence of a huge gap between Buddhists and Christians in Korea—a state of affairs that has a negative impact on social life—and analyzes the reasons behind it. Against the backdrop of the Buddhist-Christian encounter, the Jogye Order’s “2011 Aśoka Declaration” to promote interreligious dialogue and social peace, and a Christian alternative community seeking to achieve the same goal at a grassroots level, represent prophetic initiatives to develop the wisdom needed to foster peace on the Korean peninsula and in Northeast Asia.
Wŏnhyo’s Theory of Hwajaeng and Buddhist-Christian Dialogue
Authors: Ko Young Woon
Published: June 2014

This article examines Buddhist-Christian dialogue through the hwajaeng theory of Wŏnhyo (617–686 CE), one of the greatest masters in the history of Korean Buddhism. Considered a cosmological explanation of existences in the universe, his theory of hwajaeng lays a great emphasis on the harmony of all existences in their mutual non-obstruction. Through Wŏnhyo’s theory of hwajaeng , I argue that the different principles and religious doctrines addressed by Buddhism and Christianity are not antagonistic but creative sources for each other.

Wŏnhyo’s hwajaeng theory is significant for understanding the paradoxical nature of language, which necessitates the metaphorical understanding of religious scriptures and doctrinal propositions to keep opening one’s religious knowledge and faith. Wŏnhyo’s hwajaeng theory espouses the significance of both the insider’s and outsider’s views. The insider (emic) viewpoint is necessary because it gives inside information about the beliefs and traditions within a religious tradition. The outsider (etic) viewpoint is also important because it illustrates how other people view one’s own religion and how it relates to others. I contend that taking the insider’s and outsider’s views promotes affirmation and negation toward the way of integration, which is in proportion to Wŏnhyo’s hwajaeng method to be continuously constructed through others.
Wŏn Buddhism, Christianity, and Interreligious Dialogue
Authors: Park Jin Y.
Published: June 2014

This paper examines the influence of Christianity in the formation of new Buddhism and the reformation agenda of traditional Buddhism during the first half of the twentieth century in Korea. By new Buddhism, I am specifically referring to Wŏn Buddhism (圓佛敎), established by Sot’aesan Pak Chungbin 少太山 朴重彬 (1891–1943) in 1916. Since its foundation, Wŏn Buddhism has grown into one of the four major religious groups in South Korea, along with traditional Buddhism, Catholicism, and Protestantism. The paper begins by reviewing some of major issues in the Buddhist reform movements and Wŏn Buddhism. It then goes on to detail the formalistic similarities between Wŏn Buddhism and Christianity. The next section examines the visible influences of traditional East Asian religions in Wŏn Buddhism. In its final part, the paper considers Sot’aesan’s approaches to different religious traditions and the eclectic nature of Wŏn Buddhism as a possible model for an interreligious dialogue, to include Buddhist-Christian dialogue.
Liberating Zen: A Christian Experience
Authors: Jung Kyeongil
Published: June 2014

This article argues that Buddhist-Christian dialogue in Korea needs to be socially responsible and engaging because the religious neighbors and suffering neighbors in the country are inseparable. Also, it challenges an assumption that Buddhism in general and Zen in particular are by nature socially disengaging. Korean Zen, like any other religious tradition, has both promises and problems in regard to its response to the reality of social suffering. On the one hand, with its emphases on engaged mindfulness , non-attachment , and bodhisattva compassion , Zen may encourage Buddhists (and non-Buddhists) to transform the self and society. On the other hand, Zen shows its limitations, such as enlightenment essentialism and ethical non-differentiation , which discourage Buddhists from engaging in social action. Thus, this article examines both what is liberating and what needs to be liberated in Korean Zen from the viewpoint of a Christian who practices Zen.
Getting to the Heart of Science: Rosalie Bertell’s Eco-Feminist Approach to Science and Anti-Nuclear Activism
Authors: Rumiel Lisa
Published: June 2014

This article focuses on Rosalie Bertell’s activist work with Indigenous communities in the Marshall Islands, Canada, and the United States. It examines how Bertell’s religious identity and her involvement in the eco-feminist, social justice, and anti-nuclear movements influenced her to develop a distinct approach to epidemiology. Bertell drew upon eco-feminist philosophy to challenge predominant ideas about scientific objectivity and detachment as they developed in modern epidemiology. She adopted a situated approach to epidemiology by relying on her expertise in biostatistics and incorporating a multi-disciplinary set of tools for perceiving radiation damage in the body to do small-scale community health studies. Bertell’s study model was shaped by the specific environmental health concerns of communities, designed to encourage community involvement, and intended for use as a political tool. Most significantly, with it she challenged the notion that scientists could achieve scientific objectivity only through detachment from the subjects of one’s analysis.
Wollstonecraft as an International Feminist Meme
Authors: Botting Eileen Hunt , Wilkerson Christine Carey , Kozlow Elizabeth N.
Published: June 2014

This article charts the rise of Mary Wollstonecraft as a international feminist meme in 1890s Britain, Germany, and the United States as a result of the centennial markers of her 1792 Rights of Woman and 1797 death. To this end, we conduct a comparative rhetorical and ideological study of the symbolic political uses of Wollstonecraft by four leaders of women’s movements at the turn of the twentieth century: Millicent Fawcett of Britain, Bertha Pappenheim and Lily Braun of Germany, and Carrie Chapman Catt of the United States. We trace the emergence of two dominant feminist memes of Wollstonecraft between 1890 and 1941: the womanly women’s rights advocate and the feminist pioneer. With their mimetic makeovers of Wollstonecraft, feminist leaders and activists exploited intersections of race, class, gender, and nation to build the authority, appeal, and sense of history and purpose of their movements.
Transnational Pan-American Feminism: The Friendship of Bertha Lutz and Mary Wilhelmine Williams, 1926–1944
Authors: Marino Katherine M.
Published: June 2014

This paper explores Bertha Lutz and Mary Wilhelmine Williams’s trans-national, Pan-American friendship in the interwar years. Lutz was the leader of Brazil’s suffrage movement and Williams was a U.S. historian and member of the National Woman’s Party and Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom. They collaborated together to advance Pan-American feminism, a belief that the Western Hemisphere shared a common history and that, through unity, women of the Western Hemisphere could bring about greater equality for women and world peace, which they saw as two inextricably linked goals. The women’s influence over each other’s feminist activism was mutual; in turn, each utilized ideas forged through their friendship to shape the feminist movement in her respective country. The case revealed in this paper thus prompts a reconsideration of interwar international and Pan-American feminism, so often described as a hegemonic, one-way ideological project of North American and European women.
“The Hand that Rocks the Cradle Should Rock the U. of C.”: The Faculty Wife and the Feminist Era
Authors: Turk Katherine
Published: June 2014

This article analyzes struggles among women at the University of Chicago to rearticulate their role on campus in the 1960s and 1970s. In those years, feminist politics generated a controversy between female students and instructors who sought access to the university on their own terms and the faculty wives who proclaimed the value of their supportive labors. The wives argued that their unpaid work for their families and the university earned them a respected role on campus. Feminists countered that women should instead seek recognition as men’s peers. Administrators chafed against the new climate of women’s liberation. In the end, feminists won new access to academic jobs but were frustrated in their campaigns for more systemic changes. This partial success helped to remake the domestic labor that facilitates academic careers as a private concern, thus marginalizing the reproductive labor that still typically falls to women—even those who teach and study alongside of men.
Soundtrack of a Nation: Race, Place, and Music in Modern Brazil
Authors: Finn John C.
Published: June 2014

Ao longo do século passado, os vínculos entre a música e a raça mostram como o ritmo, a melodia, a harmonia e a dissonância têm sido sempre presente onde brasileiros negociar seus lugares físicos e simbólicos na sociedade. Este artigo concentra-se em apenas dois cruzamentos da raça e a música no Brasil: a transformação do samba de som localizada a música nacional, bem como a criação e sucesso global do samba-reggae. Esta análise deve informar qualquer situação onde a música ou qualquer outra forma social/cultural estão presentes na criação da identidade cultural e, simultaneamente, uma força usada para fins explicitamente político ou econômico.
Making the Municipio: Political Geographies in Colonial Guatemala
Authors: Sampeck Kathryn E.
Published: June 2014

Los límites de la región de los Izalcos de Guatemala colonial son objeto de numerosos documentos en el archivo municipal de Caluco, El Salvador. Comparación de documentos legales sobre tenencia de la tierra del siglo XVI que más tarde indica que la reformulación continuosa del conocimiento del paisaje en estos procedimientos se ha perpetuado más antiguas formas de organización del paisaje. Conocimiento espacial dependía de la identificación de mojones sobresalientes. Topónimos, reconocimientos textuales y un reconocimiento de límites indican que el estado dictó la decisión final, pero al llegar a esa decisión involucró comarcas indígenas y su participación en la negociación para definir la relevancia, cuyos efectos se produjo los límites del departamento de Sonsonate y sus municipios que observamos hoy.
The puquina Language in the Early Colonial Southern Andes (1548-1610): A Geographical Analysis
Authors: Faura Nicanor Domínguez
Published: June 2014

La revisión crítica de una fuente histórica fundamental sobre las lenguas indígenas habladas hacia 1600 en el antiguo obispado de Charcas, la llamada Copia de los curatos , combinada con la representación cartográfica de la información que este texto proporciona, permiten una reconstrucción más adecuada y precisa de la dispersión territorial de la lengua puquina en la época colonial temprana. Los documentos publicados que se utilizan para complementar este análisis y reconstrucción requieren ser empleados no solo como fuentes de información para el estudio de la lingüística histórica andina, sino que deben ser entendidos en su proceso de composición dentro del contexto administrativo de la iglesia y el estado coloniales. El conocimiento de los cambios jurisdiccionales en el sur andino durante los siglos XVI y XVII, y su yuxtaposición sobre las jurisdicciones indígenas prehispánicas, resultan cruciales para entender los alcances y limitaciones de este valioso documento.
Estimating Amazonian Indian Numbers in 1492
Authors: Denevan William M.
Published: June 2014

Desde 1965 he hecho varios intentos para estimar la población nativa de la Amazonía en 1492. Mi método original fue determinar las densidades de cada hábitat, que se proyectan a los totales para la Gran Amazonia de 5.1 a 6. 8 millones. Ahora he rechazado este método, dado que las poblaciones más densas se agruparon sobre todo en vez de uniformemente dispersado. Sin embargo, sigo creyendo que un total de, al menos, cinco y seis millones es razonable, y hasta diez millones cuando se consideran densas poblaciones mantenidas por la terra preta .
Anorexia Nervosa as a Passion
Authors: Charland Louis C. , Hope Tony , Stewart Anne , Tan Jacinta
Published: June 2014

Abstract: Contemporary diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa explicitly refer to affective states of fear and anxiety regarding weight gain, as well as a fixed and very strong attachment to the pursuit of thinness as an overarching personal goal. Yet current treatments for that condition often have a decidedly cognitive orientation and the exact nature of the contribution of affective states and processes to anorexia nervosa remains largely uncharted theoretically. Taking our inspiration from the history of psychiatry, we argue that conceptualizing anorexia nervosa as a passion is a promising way forward in both our understanding and treatment of that condition. Building on the theory of the passions elaborated by Théodule Ribot, the founder of scientific psychology in France, we argue that there is convincing empirical evidence in defense of the empirical hypothesis that anorexia nervosa is a passion in Ribot’s specific, technical sense. We then explore the implications of this finding for current approaches to treatment, including cognitive–behavioral therapy, and clinical and ethical issues associated with treatment refusals.
Internalism, Emotionism, and the Psychopathy Challenge
Authors: Zhong Lei
Published: June 2014

Abstract: The phenomenon of psychopathy has been regarded as a putative challenge to motivational internalism, which asserts a necessary connection between moral judgment and motivation. An increasingly popular internalist response to the psychopathy challenge is to argue that psychopaths do not make genuine moral judgments because they lack moral emotions (e.g., sympathy and guilt), which are alleged to be causally constitutive of moral judgments. In this paper, I attempt to reject the emotion-based internalist response by appeal to most recent empirical research on psychopathy, moral cognition, and moral dilemmas. I argue that emotion is not causally responsible for even normal people’s moral judgment (although emotion may titrate the severity of moral judgment).
Alcoholism, Disease, and Insanity
Authors: Segal Gabriel M. A.
Published: June 2014

Abstract: It is argued that alcoholism, and substance addiction generally, is a disease. It is not of its nature chronic or progressive, although it is in serious cases. It is better viewed as a psychological disease than a neurological one. It is argued that each time an alcoholic takes a drink, this is the result of choice; however, in cases of serious affliction, such choices are compulsive and may be called ‘involuntary’ in that they are made against the subject’s will, motivated by an overwhelmingly powerful desire that he wishes he did not have and not to act on. Alternative accounts in terms social learning theory and behavioral economics are critiqued. The conception of alcoholism as a tripartite disease composed of a ‘physical allergy,’ a mental obsession, and a ‘spiritual malady’ is defended from a contemporary scientific point of view.
Working Students’ Perceptions of Paying for College: Understanding the Connections between Financial Aid and Work
Authors: Ziskin Mary , Fischer Mary Ann , Torres Vasti , Pellicciotti Beth , Player-Sanders Jacquelyn
Published: June 2014

Based on 22 focus groups conducted at institutions located in a Midwestern metropolitan region, this study explores working, commuting and adult-learner college students’ implicit theories about financial aid policy and seeks to understand how students make sense of their own experiences in paying for college. The institutions participating in the study included two region-serving public universities and two campuses of a multi-campus community college. In analyzing the data, we draw in part on a social reproduction perspective and employ critical qualitative methods to highlight both individual and structural roles within the higher education system.
The Impact of Hispanic-Serving Institutions (HSIs), Emerging HSIs, and Non-HSIs on Latina/o Academic Self-Concept
Authors: Cuellar Marcela
Published: June 2014

Knowledge is presently limited on experiences and outcomes at four-year Hispanic-Serving Institutions (HSIs) and emerging HSIs. Multiple regression analyses, performed on data from the Cooperative Institutional Research Program, illuminate how background characteristics and student experiences at four-year HSIs, emerging HSIs, and non-HSIs influence Latina/o academic self-concept. The sample included 2,123 Latina/os at 249 colleges and universities, including 18 HSIs and 14 emerging HSIs. Differences emerged between academic self-concept at matriculation and four years later. Distinctions between predictors of academic self-concept at these institutional types indicate that these contexts matter when assessing Latina/o outcomes.
Divided Identity: Part-Time Faculty in Public Colleges and Universities
Authors: Levin John S. , Hernandez Virginia Montero
Published: June 2014

This article addresses the identity claims of part-time faculty at three types of higher education institutions. Using culture theory and professional identity theory, the article documents that part-time faculty members across institutions have a divided sense of identity. On the one hand, they perceive themselves as professionals based on their position in the classroom and their commitment to teaching. On the other hand, part-timers reflected the ambiguity of their professional status in the social and cultural context of their departments and institutions. The dynamics of either positive or negative self-perceptions as professionals were based on their personal stories, career stage, and career goals.
“Dial Gauge versus Senses 1–0”: German Car Mechanics and the Introduction of New Diagnostic Equipment, 1950–1980
Authors: Krebs Stefan
Published: June 2014

Automobile sounds contain information on the technical state of the car; these sounds can be used to monitor the car while driving, and, in case of a flaw, to diagnose its source. For German car mechanics, listening to car sounds was, since the institutionalization of the trade in the 1930s, a legitimate entrance to diagnostic knowledge. The introduction of new diagnostic equipment in the 1950s contested the epistemic status of diagnostic listening. Manufacturers and trade authors claimed that these new testing instruments alone gave objective measurements, whereas old-fashioned bodily practices like diagnostic listening were too subjective and thus insufficient for automobile diagnostics. However, contesting the status of sensory diagnosis implicated the contestation of the car mechanics’ socio- technical position. This is why German mechanics did not embrace diagnostic technology until the 1980s and continued to deploy their sensory skills when diagnosing malfunctions.
Of Clunkers and Camaros: Accelerated Vehicle Retirement Programs and the Automobile Enthusiast, 1990–2009
Authors: Lucsko David N.
Published: June 2014

This article examines the theory and practice of “accelerated vehicle retirement,” or “scrappage,” programs during the 1990s and 2000s. Scrappage programs, championed by smokestack-industry executives, as well as local, state, and federal authorities, sought to purge the streets of older cars so that their supporters could meet their federal- and state- level air-quality-improvement targets on the cheap. Put another way, these programs aimed to reduce the overall emissions of the nation’s fleet of cars—and, thus, to reduce overall air pollution—by hastening the pace of motor-vehicle obsolescence. Ultimately, vigorous opposition to these programs, especially though not exclusively among antique-and classic-car enthusiasts, led to their abandonment in all but a handful of cases. By examining both the origin and evolution of scrappage programs and the emergence of organized opposition to them, the article contemplates the relationship between the old and the new in the twentieth-century United States.
Historical Trends in Educational Decentralization in the United States and Developing Countries: A Periodization and Comparison in the Post-WWII Context
Authors: Edwards Jr. D. Brent , DeMatthews David
Published: June 2014

In the present work, we fill a gap in the writing on the decentralization of educational governance by periodizing and comparing trends that have fallen under this label in both the United States and developing countries in the post-WWII period (1945-present). The findings are informed by a review of 127 decentralization-related studies from seven leading, peer-reviewed journals in comparative and international education, in addition to the Journal of Education Policy, Journal of Educational Administration, and Harvard Education Review. We combine this review with works that address larger political and economic shifts and, in so doing, are able to delineate two pushes for decentralization in the United States. In developing countries, the term decentralization has emerged during three distinct periods. Beyond characterizing the nature of decentralization in general terms over time, we also compare key features of these trends and the forces that brought them about. One key finding is that the application of community-level decentralization in developing countries has not been as widespread as global rhetoric during the 1990s and 2000s would imply. A second key finding is that there has been a relatively recent shift away from decentralization towards other forms of accountability-based reforms in both the United States and developing countries.
Relationship Between Selected Strength and Power Assessments to Peak and Average Velocity of the Drive Block in Offensive Line Play
Authors: Jacobson Bert H. , Conchola Eric C. , Smith Doug B. , Akehi Kazuma , Glass Rob G.
Published: June 2014

Jacobson, BH, Conchola, EC, Smith, DB, Akehi, K, and Glass, RG. Relationship between selected strength and power assessments to peak and average velocity of the drive block in offensive line play. J Strength Cond Res 30(8): 2202–2205, 2016—Typical strength training for football includes the squat and power clean (PC) and routinely measured variables include 1 repetition maximum (1RM) squat and 1RM PC along with the vertical jump (VJ) for power. However, little research exists regarding the association between the strength exercises and velocity of an actual on-the-field performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of peak velocity (PV) and average velocity (AV) of the offensive line drive block to 1RM squat, 1RM PC, the VJ, body mass (BM), and body composition. One repetition maximum assessments for the squat and PC were recorded along with VJ height, BM, and percent body fat. These data were correlated with PV and AV while performing the drive block. Peal velocity and AV were assessed using a Tendo Power and Speed Analyzer as the linemen fired, from a 3-point stance into a stationary blocking dummy. Pearson product analysis yielded significant (p ≤ 0.05) correlations between PV and AV and the VJ, the squat, and the PC. A significant inverse association was found for both PV and AV and body fat. These data help to confirm that the typical exercises recommended for American football linemen is positively associated with both PV and AV needed for the drive block effectiveness. It is recommended that these exercises remain the focus of a weight room protocol and that ancillary exercises be built around these exercises. Additionally, efforts to reduce body fat are recommended.
Early Assessment of Functional Capacity with Patients After Degenerative Change in the Spine — Preliminary Reports
Authors: Ślusarz Robert , Jabłońska Renata , Królikowska Agnieszka
Published: June 2014

Introduction. Degenerative Disease of the spine is characterised by progressive damage of the intervertebral disc and articular cartilage, which deteriorates biomechanical properties of the spine promotes micro-traumatic effect in articular capsules and the ligament system.Aim. The study aims at assessing the functional capacity in patients before and after surgery treatment of the dege­nerative change in the spine.Material and Methods. Tests were carried out in the Department and Clinic of Neurosurgery and Neurotraumatology at CM UMK on the group of 58 patients operated on because of the degenerative change in the spine. Direct observation with the use of measurements before and after operations treatment was applied. In the assessment of patient there was applied Functional Capacity Scale — FCS, Functional Independence Measure — FIM, Oswestry Disability Index — ODI and Functional Index Repty — FIR.Results. There was observed a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) in pain intensity before and after surgery. Pain intensity after surgery was significantly reduced. There were also observed statistically significant correlations (p<0.05) between the FCS scale and FIM (rs=0.5260), ODI (rs=-0.4325) and FIR (rs=0.4451).Conclusions. It was proved that functionality of patients after the surgery on the day of discharging form hospital had been significantly improved compared to the pre-surgical period. The analysis of patient’s condition showed a statistically significant correlation between each scale applied in the assessment of the functional condition. (JNNN 2014;3(1):25–30)
Sport w szkole i wstrząśnienie mózgu — co należy wiedzieć
Authors: Evans Vicki
Published: June 2014

Every country around the world enjoys some sort of sport. The Olympics sees countries from all over the globe participate in elite sport, in both winter and summer competitions. Australia is widely known for cricket and rugby, America for baseball and gridiron football (amongst others). These sports are played at an elite level as well as beginners from early ages as young as 4yrs in the backyard. Yet it is also these sports that can deliver a ball at the speed of 112km/h (rugby), 105km/h (baseball), 150km/h (cricket) and 211km/h (soccer). This is the same force that a car collision can produce. That force eventually finds a target and in some cases unfortunately, it is a head. Damage to the brain is not only from the impact of the ball hitting its target, rather, the shearing forces of acceleration-deceleration injury that can cause extensive injuries. There has been much discussion of late regarding concussion in sport and the accumulative effects of head blows resulting in varying degrees of memory loss and dementia later in life. The media has been saturated with heightened awareness of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). This however, is still being researched. It is true that each concussion compounds the one before, but rather than focus on the injury, managers/coaches and sporting codes should be focusing on the identification and proper management of a suspected concussion and the return-to-play protocols. This is especially important in our schools where growing brains need nurturing. This paper will focus on concussion recognition and management in school sport. (JNNN 2014;3(1):31–38)
The Role of the Nurse in the Treatment of Back Pain
Authors: Antczak Anna , Haor Beata , Głowacka Mariola , Biercewicz Monika
Published: June 2014

The development of civilization has led to the increasing prevalence of spinal problems. Lifestyle in the form of long hours of sitting or standing significantly affect the reduction in spinal mobility and promotes complaint back pain. Its structure is closely related to the functioning of the human being. Back pains are varied in terms of pathogenesis uprising. A common feature is pain that occurs in the lumbar area — the cross and the cross — the hip, with varied backgrounds and character. Treatment is based on conservative methods, such as drug treatment and rehabilitation, and surgery. An important role is played by prevention of backaches distributed among learners and workers. This article aims to highlight the role of nurses over patients with spinal pain syndromes in various stages of treatment. The nurse must take care individually and holistically. It is based mainly on alleviating pain and help the patient because of the temporary reduction in physical activity, which impedes the proper functioning. It is aimed at the comprehensive preparation of the patient and his family for self-care. (JNNN 2014;3(1):39–43)
‘From blood to blood’: de‐differentiation of hematopoietic progenitors to stem cells
Authors: Pereira Carlos‐Filipe , Lemischka Ihor R , Moore Kateri
Published: June 2014

Recent studies have reported that fibroblasts or differentiated pluripotent cells can be reprogrammed with transcription factors (TFs) into cells with hematopoietic potential. A study published in Cell now suggests that committed blood precursors may provide a source for blood stem cell transplantation after reprogramming (Riddell et al, 2014). The authors report that a combination of eight TFs reprogram murine committed blood progenitors into long‐term engrafting and serially transplantable hematopoietic stem cells with a molecular signature similar to their endogenous counterparts.
Extensive and Biased Intergenomic Nonreciprocal DNA Exchanges Shaped a Nascent Polyploid Genome, Gossypium (Cotton)
Authors: Guo Hui , Wang Xiyin , Gundlach Heidrun , Mayer Klaus F X , Peterson Daniel G , Scheffler Brian E , Chee Peng W , Paterson Andrew H
Published: June 2014

Genome duplication is thought to be central to the evolution of morphological complexity, and some polyploids enjoy a variety of capabilities that transgress those of their diploid progenitors. Comparison of genomic sequences from several tetraploid (AtDt) Gossypium species and genotypes with putative diploid A- and D-genome progenitor species revealed that unidirectional DNA exchanges between homeologous chromosomes were the predominant mechanism responsible for allelic differences between the Gossypium tetraploids and their diploid progenitors. Homeologous gene conversion events (HeGCEs) gradually subsided, declining to rates similar to random mutation during radiation of the polyploid into multiple clades and species. Despite occurring in a common nucleus, preservation of HeGCE is asymmetric in the two tetraploid subgenomes. At-to-Dt conversion is far more abundant than the reciprocal, is enriched in heterochromatin, is highly correlated with GC content and transposon distribution, and may silence abundant A-genome-derived retrotransposons. Dt-to-At conversion is abundant in euchromatin and genes, frequently reversing losses of gene function. The long-standing observation that the nonspinnable-fibered D-genome contributes to the superior yield and quality of tetraploid cotton fibers may be explained by accelerated Dt to At conversion during cotton domestication and improvement, increasing dosage of alleles from the spinnable-fibered A-genome. HeGCE may provide an alternative to (rare) reciprocal DNA exchanges between chromosomes in heterochromatin, where genes have approximately five times greater abundance of Dt-to-At conversion than does adjacent intergenic DNA. Spanning exon-to-gene-sized regions, HeGCE is a natural noninvasive means of gene transfer with the precision of transformation, potentially important in genetic improvement of many crop plants.
The Impact Of Parental Feeding Practices On Their Children’s Appetitive Traits: A Study Among Children Aged 5-11 Years Old In Dubai Private Schools
Authors: Yekani Hajar Aman Key , Mushtaq Yusra , Abdi Behnaz Farahani , Abdi Hamed , Sotoodeh Razieh
Published: June 2014

This study explores associations between parental feeding practices and childrens appetitive traits, putting to test the hypotheses that a) parental “restriction” is associated with having a child with stronger food approach tendencies (food enjoyment (FE) and food over responsiveness (FR)), and b) parental pressure to eat is associated with having a child with food avoidance tendencies (satiety responsiveness (SR),slowness in eating (SE) and food fussiness(FF)).The participants from 55 nationalities, targeting 1083 parents of 5-to 11-year-old children from 7 private schools in Dubai, UAE, who completed self-reported questionnaires over the 2011-2012 school year. The questionnaire has been a tailored amalgamation of CEBQ and CFQ in order to measure the children’s appetitive traits and parental feeding practices, respectively. The findings of this quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional analysis confirmed the hypotheses in that “parental restriction” was positively associated with child food responsiveness (r, 0.183), and food enjoyment (r, 0.102). On the other hand, parental pressure to eat was positively associated with child satiety responsiveness (r,0.265), slowness (r, 0.253), and fussiness (r, 0.174) and negatively with food enjoyment (r, -0.214) and food responsiveness (r, - 0.142). To conclude, as far as the figures depict, the parents controlling their children’s food intake would seemingly a reverse impact on their eating behaviour in the short term.
The Effectiveness of Life Skills Education With Religious Approach to Safety, Mental Health and Self-Esteem in Elementary School Students
Authors: Hajizadehanari Khalil , Fard Seyed Massoud Haji Seyed Hossini , Hajizadehanari Hassan , Yaghoubzadeh Ali , Farhadian Ali , Askari Mansoor
Published: June 2014

This study is concerned with the effectiveness of religious life skills training, and its impact on the mental health and self-esteem of elementary school children. The statistical population of the study includes all the male students studying in fifth grade of elementary school in district 12 of Tehran in the educational year 2011-12. Method: Morgan Table was used for determining the size of the sample which was 60. The sixty students were randomly assigned to the experimental and the control groups. A pre-test was administered to both groups and then the experimental group received 16 sessions of religious life skills instruction in 16 weeks. The present study is quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. Research Tools: Goldberg General Health Questionnaire GHQ-28, Coopersmiths Self-Esteem Inventory (GCSE) and the Practical Guide to the Instruction of Religious Life Skills were the instruments used in this research. The reliability of Goldbergs General Health Questionnaire was reported to be 0.91 and the reliability of the scale of Coopersmiths Self- Esteem Inventory with bisection method was 0.83 and with Cronbachs alpha was 0.84. To test the hypotheses, T- test for independent groups was used. Findings: Religious life skills training improves students mental health. Religious life skills training improves students self-esteem. The impact of life skills training on physical symptoms of anxiety and insomnia were significant, but the impact was insignificant on social dysfunction and severe depression in students. The effectiveness of life skills training on global self-esteem, social self-esteem and academic self-esteem was significant, but was insignificant on family self-esteem. The research method of the study is quasi-experimental.
Knowledge About HIV / AIDS: The Influence of Lifestyles And Self-Regulation in Adolescents
Authors: Chaves Cláudia , Bento Manuela , Ferreira Manuela , Duarte João
Published: June 2014

Background: Adolescents’ vulnerability to HIV/AIDS infection arises from their immaturity, sexual risk behaviours as well as factors of a social, economic, cultural and gender nature (Ministério da Saúde, 2012). Adolescence is a stage of the lifecycle in which managing constant and daily temptations and gaining and maintaining healthy lifestyles are difficult tasks and a test of the powers of self-regulation. Purpose: To analyze the relationship between socio-demographic variables, school context, lifestyles, self-regulation skills and knowledge about HIV/AIDS in adolescents in secondary education in Portugal. Methods: Quantitative, cross-sectional, analytical, descriptive and correlational study with a sample of 971 adolescents in secondary education. The evaluation protocol includes a socio-demographic questionnaire, the school context, lifestyles, the Reduced Questionnaire of Self-regulation (Carey, Neal Collins, 2004 adapted by Castillo Dias, 2009), Knowledge About AIDS Scale for Adolescents (Zimet et al., 1989). Results: sample of 50.80% boys, ages equal to or less than 16 years (43.40%), residing in rural areas (66.40%), cohabiting with parents (77.30%). The correlations indicate that among adolescents’ knowledge about AIDS and the subscale setting goals there is a positive and significant correlation (r = 0.224, p = 0.000), as well as the overall value of the Self-regulation Scale. Significant and negative correlations are presented for the impulse control subscale (r = -0.257, p = 0.000) and not significant to the overall self-regulation value (r = -0.041, p = 0.099), ranging in reverse, meaning that more knowledge about AIDS, better self-regulation with regard to impulses subscale. Conclusion: Self-regulated behaviour requires control of immediate needs, mobilization of thoughts, feelings and behaviours for purposes of long-term health, especially with regard to the prevention of HIV/AIDS.
Positive Psychology in School-Based Psychological Intervention: A Study of the Evidence-Base
Authors: Dawood Runa
Published: June 2014

Psychological school-based (SB) interventions are long standing and increasingly influenced by the evolving evidence-base. The current consensus of interventions utilises predominantly cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) techniques. Despite their efficacy, they possess a number of weaknesses and there is an argument to propose the application of positive psychology (PP) to address these shortcomings. This paper reviews the efficacy of PP interventions in schools by evaluating 28 articles from a number of databases, focusing on child, adolescent and school professionals’ populations globally. Included articles focus on SBPP interventions revealing outcomes for mental health or well-being in children and adolescents between the ages of 5 to 16. Articles with a solely educational focus were excluded. Meta-analysis and review articles in SB CBT are also considered as a comparison for the SB PP evidence base. Articles are synthesised according to intervention purpose. The results are varied revealing PP to be effective in improving positive traits and well-being, but a scarcity of data does not support the reliability of these findings for the purpose of introducing large-scale PP SB intervention programmes. Further, discrepancies in certain results are found due to sex differences highlighting the need for extensive research into such inconsistencies. An in-depth description of the context of school-based interventions and a discussion of these findings are provided. Conclusions are made regarding recommendations for future research.
A Comparative Study on Accountability of Educational Think Tanks Around the World
Authors: Chen Robin Jung Cheng
Published: June 2014

This paper presents the analysis on educational think tanks performance evaluation from the examples of UK, US, Taiwan and Singapore. The author adopted qualitative approach with 21 participants, including educational research institute administrators, researchers and scholars to collect the data. With comparing the materials from different four countries, the paper shows the trend and the core concept on doing and preparing the accountability of educational think tanks.
The Importance of Belonging for Adolescents in Secondary School Settings
Authors: O’Brien Kelly Ann , Bowles Terry Vincent
Published: June 2014

It has been shown that belonging has a significant impact on a range of factors associated with wellbeing. These factors include general life satisfaction, cognitive performance, academic work and physical health. These associations have been demonstrated across a range of settings, including secondary schools. This paper provides an overview of belonging and its importance in secondary schools.