bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Decadal, Temporal and Seasonal Variation of Black Carbon Aerosol at High Altitude Region of Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: Priyanga S. , Boomiraj K. , Jothimani P. , Kannan Balaji , Dheebakaran Ga. , Maheswari M.
Published: August 2023

Climate change is accelerating at an unprecedented pace due to escalating greenhouse gas emissions, emphasizing the urgency of understanding its drivers. Aerosols present in the atmosphere, play an significant role in the intricate climate system. In this study, we examine the temporal and seasonal trends of black carbon aerosol, a significant contributor to warming, in the high-altitude locale of Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India. Utilizing the Aethalometer instrument, this research presents a comprehensive analysis of black carbon concentrations over a decade (2013-2023). Observations reveal distinct patterns, with higher concentrations during certain months and seasons. Specifically, April consistently exhibited the highest concentrations, while the monsoon season recorded the lowest. The exceptional decline in 2020, attributed to COVID-19 lockdown measures, highlights the significant role of anthropogenic activities.

These findings underscore the significance of proactive black carbon monitoring in regions like Ooty. The study contributes valuable insights into the complex interplay between black carbon aerosols and climate systems, especially in high-altitude environments. It underscores the need for continued research to comprehensively understand black carbon's implications on local and global climate dynamics. In conclusion, this research establishes a foundation for grasping the intricate dynamics of black carbon aerosols in Ooty and serves as a stepping stone for broader insights into their role in shaping climate patterns and effects. By addressing these critical knowledge gaps, we can better inform mitigation strategies and policy decisions aimed at tackling climate change.
Response of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) to Split Application of Nitrogen under North Gujarat Agro-Climatic Condition
Authors: Vaghela S. J. , Patel J. K. , Patel R. N. , Zapadiya D. M.
Published: August 2023

A field experiment was conducted during rabi 2018-19 and 2019-20 to study the effect of split application of nitrogen under mini sprinkler system on potato yield and economics in North Gujarat Agro-climatic condition on loamy sand soil at Potato Research Station, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Deesa. The Recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) of potato for North Gujarat is 275:138:275 NPK kg/ha. The results revealed that the significantly higher total tuber yield (67.81 t/ha) and net return (`206104/ha) was recorded in 50 % N (103 kg) as basal and remaining 50 % N (103 kg) in two equal splits at 30 and 45 DAP along with 110 P2O5 and 275 kg K2O/ha as basal application with saving of 25 % N under North Gujrat Agro-climatic condition of Gujarat.
Impact of Different Nutrient Management Practices on the Nutrient Dynamics of Wheat Crop in Western Uttar Pradesh, India
Authors: Pandey Prabhat Ranjan , Singh S. P. , Dhyani B. P. , Kumar Yogesh , Singh Adesh , Kumar Ashok , Kumar Suneel
Published: August 2023

The field experiment was conduct at Crop Research Center of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, (U.P.) during winter season of 2021-22 and 2022.The Experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replication and seven treatments i.e. T1: Control, T2: 100% NPK (150, 75, 60), T3: 75% NPK+ FYM @ 7.5 t ha-1, T4: 75% NPK + Vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1, T5: 100% NPK + Paddy straw @ 2.0 t ha-1, T6: 100% NPK + Paddy straw @ 2.0 t ha-1 + Pusa Decomposer @ 20 lit. ha-1, T7: 100% NPK + Paddy straw @ 2.0 t ha-1 + Vermicompost @ 1.0 t ha-1. Various growth and yield characteristics were observed and statistically analyzed. The absorption of wheat grain and straw as well as the nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content were greatly enhanced by the addition of 100% NPK + Paddy straw @ 2.0 t/ ha-1 + Vermicompost @ 1.0 t/ ha-1 over both years. The increased fertilizer levels resulted in a significant increase in the nutritional content and uptake in plants. The nutrient content and uptake in wheat grain and straw increased significantly over control plots when 100% NPK + Paddy straw @ 2.0 t/ha + Vermicompost @ 1.0 t/ha was applied, but it was on par with 100% NPK + Paddy straw @ 2.0 t/ha + Pusa Decomposer @ 20 lit./ha.
Agronomic Assessment of Sugarcane Genotypes under Varied Fertilizer Levels
Authors: Patil A. S. , Pawar G. R. , Thorat B. S.
Published: August 2023

Investigations were carried out at Vasantdada Sugar Research Institute (VSI), Manjari, Pune to assess the performance of elite sugarcane genotypes under agro-climatic condition of peninsular zone during 2022. Eight sugarcane genotypes along with three local checks were evaluated for their growth and yield attributes, cane yield and quality performance. The behavior of the genotypes with regard to cane yield, yield components and quality remained variable during the study. The data indicated that the application of 25% of extra fertilizer dose over RDF showed numerically higher cane and CCS yield (121.33 and 18.69 t/ha). Genotype Co 16006 recorded maximum germination (66.39%), tiller population (97.50 thousand/ha) and Cane and CCS yield (140.07 and 22.65 t/ha) compared to the rest of the genotype. Superior juice quality was observed in CoVSI 16121.
Psychosocial Profile of Adolescents Living in Orphanages and Adolescents Living with Biological Parents
Authors: Shekhawat Karishma , Gopalan Rejani Thudalikunnil
Published: August 2023

Orphans living on their own or living in institutions go through many psychological problems like stress, anxiety, sadness, depression, poor interpersonal relations, etc. This study aimed to compare the psychosocial profile of adolescents living in orphanages and adolescents living with their biological parents. The participants of the study were divided into two groups, adolescents living in orphanages and adolescents living with parents (50 participants each). The age range of participants was between 12-17 years. Sociodemographic data sheet, Adolescent Self-Esteem Questionnaire, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, Balanced Emotional Empathy Scale, Acceptance and Action Questionnaire, Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and EPOCH Measure of Adolescent Wellbeing tools were employed. The results revealed significant differences in self-esteem, psychological flexibility, psychological adjustment, emotion regulation and well-being between adolescents living in orphanages (Group 1) and adolescents living with their biological parents (Group 2). Group 1 more often tried to conceal their emotions and avoid expressing their feelings. The well-being experienced by them was lower than Group 2. Also, a positive correlation was found between well-being and self-esteem, emotional empathy, psychological flexibility, psychological adjustment and emotion regulation. For Group 2, well-being shared a positive correlation with self-esteem, psychological flexibility, psychological adjustment and emotion regulation. On correlation analysis, both groups showed differences only in emotional empathy. It was also noticed that a longer duration of stay in an orphanage related to better well-being. Simple linear regression suggested that length of stay at the orphanage (number of years spent in orphanage), self-esteem, emotional empathy and cognitive reappraisal of emotion regulation are the strongest predictors of well-being experienced by Group 2 participants. Conclusively, more attention should be paid to bring about solutions to increase the well-being of adolescents living in orphanages with help of mental health professionals who can help them directly as well as indirectly through people living around them.
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activities of Medicinal Plants Used against Microbial Infections in Pregnant Women in Delta State, Nigeria
Authors: Adomi Patience O. , Idundun Ruth
Published: August 2023

Pregnant women are important people in society. As such, their health condition is paramount. Healthy babies reflect the health condition of fetus in the womb and the mother. In Nigeria, pregnant women consult local midwives for the purpose of their health and that of their unborn children. Medicinal plant ingestion is common among pregnant women as they believe it is safe and effective for curing ailment and maintaining good health. Microbial diseases that infect pregnant women are numerous. There is therefore a need to detect other bioactive compounds which could be used for treating and maintaining good health in pregnant women. The study was designed to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of medicinal plants used for pregnancy care. Medicinal plants used were identified by oral interview. Microorganisms were isolated and identified by standard methods from urine samples. Result from oral interviewers showed that some medicinal plants and substances including kaolin clay were used by pregnant women. Microrganisms identified were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and others including Candida albicans. Ficus exasperata and Solenostemon monostachyus were active against Candida albicans at 12.5mg/ml but not active on any bacteria. Peperomia pellucida had no inhibitory effect on any of the microorganism. In conclusion, Ficus exasperata and Solenostemon monostachyus could be used to treat microbial infections caused by Candida ablicans during pregnancy.
Healthcare Seeking Behaviour of Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease in the Tamale Teaching Hospital, Ghana
Authors: Lekuu Agatha , Yidana Adadow
Published: August 2023

Background: The burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing globally, and the trend has been projected to continue due to the increasing incidence of diabetes and hypertension among the population. Considering CKD is a chronic condition, it necessitates ongoing monitoring and treatment, and all healthcare workers. The objective of the study is to establish the healthcare-seeking behavior of patients with chronic kidney disease in the Tamale Teaching Hospital.

Methods: The study employed a descriptive study design was adopted following a qualitative research method. The study selected ten participants for the interview. An interview guide was used to elicit information from the participants. the data was analyzed using content analysis, where themes were formed.

Results: Participants exhibited varied knowledge relating to their conditions which in a way influenced their health-seeking behaviour. Overall, the participants express positive knowledge and attitude towards their condition and which envisages that it translates into positive healthcare-seeking behavior. Most participants stated that they don’t have any alternative source to seek healthcare services related to CKD. Very few of them would like to seek herbal treatment in addition to the care they receive from the hospital. Almost all the CKD patients were having difficulty in paying for the healthcare services they are receiving at the hospital.

Conclusion: The participants revealed positive health-seeking behaviour, and have developed good faith and trust in healthcare providers. Their major challenge has to do with paying for their healthcare needs as CKD patients. It is thus recommended that health insurance packages should be created for CKD patients.

The paper has contributed to increasing knowledge of the health-seeking behaviour of people living with chronic kidney disease and the financial difficulty they go through, and the need for action to be taken to help chronic kidney disease patients.
Comparative Analysis of the Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Pain and Discomfort in Truck Drivers by Age Group
Authors: Brito Gabriel R. , Queiroz Maria E. S. , Coelho Lukas O. , Negreiros Damila M. M. , Castro João P. R. , Almeida Anna P. R. , Trindade Ângela C. da , Holanda Francisco S. , Jesus Anny B. F. de , Cunha Lucas N. B. , Queiroz Roger A. M. , Martins Nycollas J. N. , Souza Guilherme S. , Feitosa Isadora C. , Leal Marianna A. P.
Published: August 2023

Aims: To investigate the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain and discomfort reported by truck drivers compared to advancing age.

Study Design: This is a descriptive study with a qualitative approach.

Place and Duration of Study: University of Gurupi, Campus Paraíso do Tocantins - Brazil, from January to June 2023.

Methodology: Descriptive study with a qualitative approach with relevance of 95% in (P<0.05) and degree of freedom = 1 with comparative percentage analysis of the data obtained through the (qvs 80) questionnaire. The study was submitted and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Gurupi (CEP/Unirg) under opinion number 5,694,439, through resolution 466 of December 12, 2012 of the National Health Council. Data collection was carried out at Posto Marajó Paraíso do Tocantins II LTDA, in the municipality of Paraíso do Tocantins.

Results: Main complaints of pain in truck drivers under 51 years old: 13 per cent back pain, 11 per cent pain in the head and/or eyes, 3% arms and/or shoulders, 1% pain in the wrists and/or hands, 3 per cent pain in the feet and/or legs, 59 per cent did not feel pain and 10 per cent multiple involvements.

In the case of truck drivers aged over 49 years, 8% of respondents reported pain in the spine, 6% pain in the head and/or eyes, 0% in the arms and/or shoulders, 3% felt pain in the wrists and/or hands, 0% constant discomfort in the feet and/or legs, and 60% indicated that they did not feel pain and 23% indicated multiple attacks.

Conclusion: It was reported that the frequency of pain in truck drivers is not directly related to age, but to the working conditions performed by truck drivers, since more than 70% of drivers who report single or multiple pain and discomfort are younger than 50 years.
Reclamações e ambiguidades nos arquivos do abolicionismo
Authors: Rocha Gabriel de Avilez
Published: August 2023

Resenha de:NAFAFÉ, José Lingna. Lourenço da Silva Mendonça and the Black Atlantic Abolitionist Movement in the Seventeenth Century. Nova York: Cambridge University Press, 2022. 468 p.
Reis e rainhas negros no mundo atlântico
Authors: Kraay Hendrik
Published: August 2023

Resenha de:VALERIO, Miguel A. Sovereign Joy: Afro-Mexican Kings and Queens, 1539-1640. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022. 264 p.
Presas sob suspeita:
Authors: Silva Renato Araújo da
Published: August 2023

Resenha de:HORTA, José da Silva; ALMEIDA, Carlos; MARK, Peter (orgs.). Marfins africanos no Mundo Atlântico, 1400-1900. Lisboa: Centro de História da Universidade de Lisboa, 2021. 707 p.
Trends in Well-Being Among Youth in Australia, 2017-2022
Authors: Dumuid Dorothea , Singh Ben , Brinsley Jacinta , Virgara Rosa , Curtis Rachel G. , Brinkman Sally , Maher Carol A.
Published: August 2023

Importance

Little is known about temporal trends in children’s well-being and how the COVID-19 pandemic may have influenced the well-being of young Australians. Certain demographic groups may be more vulnerable to experiencing declines in well-being.

Objective

To examine well-being trends over 6 consecutive years among South Australian students and explore the influence of sociodemographic characteristics.

Design, Setting, and Participants

Longitudinal analyses of annual (2017 to 2022) cross-sectional data of students in grades 4 through 9 (n = 40 392 to 56 897 per year) attending South Australian government schools from the Well-being and Engagement Collection (WEC) census.

Exposures

Calendar year (2017-2022) and sociodemographic characteristics (sex, school grade, parental education, language spoken at home, residential region) from school enrollment records.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Students self-reported life satisfaction, optimism, happiness, cognitive engagement, emotional regulation, perseverance, worry, and sadness.

Results

Over 6 years (2017 to 2022), a total of 119 033 students (mean [SD] age, 12.1 y; 51.4% male) participated in this study. Most well-being measures declined over time, with consistent worsening of well-being from 2020 onward. For example, compared with 2017, sadness was 0.26 (95% CI, 0.25-0.27) points higher in 2020 (standardized mean difference [SMD], 0.27) and remained elevated by more than 0.26 points (SMD, 0.27) in 2021 and 2022. At almost every time point, greatest well-being was reported by students of male sex (except cognitive engagement and perseverance), in earlier school grades, with highest parental education, speaking a language other than English at home, and residing in outer regional and remote settings (for satisfaction, optimism, and emotional regulation). Sociodemographic differences in well-being were generally consistent over time; however, sex differences widened from 2020 for all indicators except cognitive engagement and perseverance. For example, between 2017 and 2022, sadness increased by 0.27 (95% CI, 0.25-0.29) more points among females than males (SMD, 0.28).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this longitudinal analysis of annual census data, there were downward trends in students’ well-being, especially since 2020. The largest sociodemographic disparities were observed for students of female sex, those in later school grades, and those with lowest parental education. Urgent and equitable support for the well-being of all young people, particularly those facing disparity, is imperative.
Functions ofSRPK,CLKandDYRKkinases in stem cells, development, and human developmental disorders
Authors: Hogg Elizabeth K. J. , Findlay Greg M.
Published: August 2023

Human developmental disorders encompass a wide range of debilitating physical conditions and intellectual disabilities. Perturbation of protein kinase signalling underlies the development of some of these disorders. For example, disrupted SRPK signalling is associated with intellectual disabilities, and the gene dosage of DYRKs can dictate the pathology of disorders including Down's syndrome. Here, we review the emerging roles of the CMGC kinase families SRPK, CLK, DYRK, and sub‐family HIPK during embryonic development and in developmental disorders. In particular, SRPK, CLK, and DYRK kinase families have key roles in developmental signalling and stem cell regulation, and can co‐ordinate neuronal development and function. Genetic studies in model organisms reveal critical phenotypes including embryonic lethality, sterility, musculoskeletal errors, and most notably, altered neurological behaviours arising from defects of the neuroectoderm and altered neuronal signalling. Further unpicking the mechanisms of specific kinases using human stem cell models of neuronal differentiation and function will improve our understanding of human developmental disorders and may provide avenues for therapeutic strategies.
Lasting response by vertical inhibition with cetuximab and trametinib inKRAS‐mutated colorectal cancer patient‐derived xenografts
Authors: Reissig Timm M. , Ladigan‐Badura Swetlana , Steinberg Anja , Maghnouj Abdelouahid , Li Ting , Verdoodt Berlinda , Liffers Sven T. , Pohl Michael , Wolters Heiner , Teschendorf Christian , Viebahn Richard , Admard Jakob , Casadei Nicolas , Tannapfel Andrea , Schmiegel Wolff , Hahn Stephan A. , Vangala Deepak B.
Published: August 2023

Although approximately half of all metastatic colorectal cancers (mCRCs) harbour mutations inKRASorNRAS, hardly any progress has been made regarding targeted treatment for this group over the last few years. Here, we investigated the efficacy of vertical inhibition of the RAS‐pathway by targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) in patient‐derived xenograft (PDX) tumours with primaryKRASmutation. In total, 19 different PDX models comprising 127 tumours were tested. Responses were evaluated according to baseline tumour volume changes and graded as partial response (PR; ≤ − 30%), stable disease (SD; between −30% and +20%) or progressive disease (PD; ≥ + 20%). Vertical inhibition with trametinib and cetuximab induced SD or PR in 74% of analysed models, compared to 24% by monotherapy with trametinib. In cases of PR by vertical inhibition (47%), responses were lasting (as long as day 137), with a low incidence of secondary resistance (SR). Molecular analyses revealed that primary and SR was driven by transcriptional reprogramming activating the RAS pathway in a substantial fraction of tumours. Together, these preclinical data strongly support the translation of this combination therapy into clinical trials for CRC patients.
The brown honeyeater (Lichmera indistincta) is an effective pollinator in Australian blueberry orchards
Authors: Santos Karen C. B. S. , Davis Abby E. , Rocchetti Maurizio , Hocking Brad , Schermeister Bar , Rader Romina
Published: August 2023

The brown honeyeater (Lichmera indistincta) is a common bird species in Australia and is a pollinator of many native plant species but there are no records demonstrating evidence of effective pollination by honeyeaters in commercial cropping systems.

We observed L. indistincta visiting rabbiteye blueberry flowers at a commercial berry orchard on the Mid North Coast of New South Wales and evaluated their capacity to transfer pollen. We did this by bagging flowers to prevent visitation prior to anthesis; after anthesis, we unbagged the flowers and waited for L. indistincta visits. After a single visit, we collected the stigma and mounted it on a slide to evaluate stigmatic pollen load.

We observed the birds visiting blueberry flowers and foraging on nectar. We also found that L. indistincta deposited similar amounts of pollen to other common insect pollinator species, such as honeybees and stingless bees. As the commercial berry orchard blocks are surrounded by diverse remnant vegetation, we hypothesize that the vegetation is likely providing habitat for these birds.

Our results indicate that berry growers with management practices that protect and support remnant vegetation surrounding blueberry orchard blocks may benefit from higher blueberry pollination services by supporting diverse pollinators within fields.
Humoral and T Cell Response to SARS‐CoV‐2 Vaccination in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Isnardi Carolina A. , Landi Margarita , Cruces Leonel , Maid Pablo , Calle Montoro Claudia , Alfaro María A. , Roldán Brian M. , Gómez Vara Andrea B. , Giorgis Pamela , Ezquer Roberto A. , Crespo Rocha María G. , Reyes Gómez Camila R. , Correa María Á , Cerda Osvaldo L. , Rosemffet Marcos G. , Carrizo Abarza Virginia , Catalan Pellet Santiago , Perandones Miguel , Reimundes Cecilia , Longueira Yesica , Turk Gabriela , Quiroga María F. , Laufer Natalia , De La Vega María C. , Citera Gustavo , Pons‐Estel Guillermo J. , Schneeberger Emilce E.
Published: August 2023

Objective

The objective of this study was to assess the SARS‐CoV‐2–specific humoral and T cell response after a two‐dose regimen of SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods

In this observational study, patients with RA who are ≥18 years of age and vaccinated for SARS‐CoV‐2 according to the Argentine National Health Ministry's vaccination strategy were included. Anti–SARS‐CoV‐2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies (ELISA‐COVIDAR test), neutralizing activity (cytotoxicity in VERO cells), and specific T cell response (IFN‐γ ELISpot Assay) were assessed after the first and second dose.

Results

A total of 120 patients with RA were included. Mostly, homologous regimens were used, including Gam‐COVID‐Vac (27.5%), ChAdOx1 (24.2%), and BBIBP‐CorV (22.5%). The most frequent combination was Gam‐COVID‐Vac/mRNA‐1273 (21.7%). After the second dose, 81.7% presented with anti–SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies, 70.0% presented with neutralizing activity, and 65.3% presented with specific T cell response. The use of BBIBP‐CorV and treatment with abatacept (ABA) and rituximab (RTX) were associated with undetectable antibodies and no neutralizing activity after two doses. BBIBP‐CorV was also associated with the absence of T cell response. The total incidence of adverse events was 357.1 events per 1,000 doses, significantly lower with BBIBP‐CorV (166.7 events per 1,000 doses, P < 0.02).

Conclusion

In this RA cohort vaccinated with homologous and heterologous regimens against COVID‐19, 2 out of 10 patients did not develop anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG, 70% presented with neutralizing activity, and 65% presented with specific T cell response. The use of BBIBP‐CorV was associated with deficient humoral and cellular response, whereas treatment with ABA and RTX resulted in an impaired anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG formation and neutralizing activity.
Performance evaluation of a non linear PID controller using chaotic gravitational search algorithm for a twin rotor system
Authors: Sivadasan J. , Shiney J. Roscia Jeya
Published: August 2023

A novel strategy using a chaotic gravitational search algorithm (CGSA) based nonlinear PID control scheme, which is validated through a laboratory helicopter model called the twin rotor system, is presented in this paper. In this work, CGSA is used as a stochastic based global optimization algorithm for controller design in the twin rotor system adopted. The fine chaotic search process used in CGSA obtains the optimal solution in the iterative process based on the current best solution. The goal of the controller design in this paper is to stabilize the twin rotor system with considerable cross couplings to reach the selected position and follow the desired trajectory effectively. The addition of nonlinear functions to the PID controller structure initiates better error tracking and facilitates smooth output under changing input conditions. The design objective is to implement a nonlinear PID control scheme for the angular displacements of the twin rotor system with minimization of the integral square error (ISE) as the fitness function in the algorithm. The statistical performance of the controller is analyzed by considering the best, worst, mean, and standard deviations of ISE. In this work, simultaneous control of pitch and yaw angles is considered to get rid of the coupling effect between the two rotors. From the simulation results it is observed that the proposed work shows better performance than the other evolutionary computation techniques. The results also indicate the advantage of the proposed CGSA based tuning for the two degree of freedom MIMO control with standard reference trajectories as per the TRMS330‐10 model.
Resilin in Insect Flight Systems
Authors: Appel Esther , Michels Jan , Gorb Stanislav N.
Published: August 2023

Compared to wingless insects, pterygote insects profit from numerous wing‐related benefits including a wider distribution range, the exploitation of various food resources and the escape from water‐ or land‐confined predators. In order to maintain the wings´ functionality, the wing design and resistance to material fatigue are of key importance. This is even more essential for survival when considering that wings are used for millions of wing beat cycles but cannot be repaired and do not contain inner muscles so that their aerodynamic performance is mainly based on passive, structure‐based wing deformations. One of the components serving this purpose is the endowment of certain wing components with the elastomeric protein resilin building stable and complex material composites with the tanned cuticle. Resilin endows the respective structures with, e.g., higher flexibility and compliance and enables elastic energy storage. In this study, the occurrence of resilin in the insect flight system is reviewed based on previous studies of several insect orders including Odonata, Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Dermaptera, and Diptera, and the function of resilin is discussed with reference to the respective structures.
Cooperative Liquid Crystal Photo‐Polymerization and ‐Alignment with In Situ Monitoring for Substrate Independent Patterning of Optical Anisotropy
Authors: Zhou Joy , Seo Jinwon , Wu Yudian , Ambulo Cedric P. , Marsh Zachary M. , Lee Kyungmin N. , Godman Nicholas P. , Page Zachariah A.
Published: August 2023

Spatial control over molecular order in polymeric systems will enable advancements in healthcare and photonics, from soft actuators to data storage and encryption. Liquid crystalline (LC) materials are attractive for their intrinsic combination of long‐range anisotropy and fluidity that enables alignment. Photoalignment represents an attractive noncontact ordering mechanism. However, contemporary hurdles preventing widespread implementation of photoalignment include the use of high‐intensity light sources, restrictions to thin films (<1 µm) and specific substrates, multistep LC syntheses, and costly processing. Herein, an interplay between photo‐polymerization and ‐alignment with commercially relevant LCs is reported. Systematic, in situ monitoring of optical anisotropy using a custom microscopy setup provides unique mechanistic insight and facilitates optimization. The optimized process occurs rapidly (<10 min) from an isotropic state with a one‐step exposure to low‐intensity blue linearly polarized light. As a result, substrate‐independent photoalignment of thick (≈6–38 µm), optically transparent LC networks is demonstrated, along with a wide LC‐matrix scope that includes thiol‐containing elastomers. Furthermore, photopatterning provides excellent fidelity (<5 µm) and access to complex images with multiangle optical anisotropy. This user‐friendly process will facilitate production of “smart” (stimuli‐responsive) plastics for improved human health and information security.
B‐Site Doping of Metal Halide Perovskite Nanoplatelets Influences Their Optical Properties
Authors: Litvin Aleksandr P. , Margaryan Igor V. , Yin Wenxu , Zhang Xiayou , Zheng Weitao , Rogach Andrey L.
Published: August 2023

Metal halide perovskite nanoplatelets (NPls) have recently joined a rich family of 2D semiconductor nanomaterials. Quantum and dielectric confinement in these nanostructures endow them with useful optical properties, which include, but are not limited to, high linear and nonlinear absorption coefficients, narrow and tunable emission bands, and high photoluminescence quantum yield. These characteristics render perovskite NPls promising for applications in lighting, photodetection, nonlinear optics, and photocatalysis. Doping is a universal approach for tuning optical and electronic properties of semiconductor materials, and the B‐site doping of perovskite NPls allows the further improvement and adjustment on demand of the above‐mentioned optical properties and may result in the appearance of fundamentally new behavior through embedding optically active dopants. In this mini‐review, the basic knowledge about perovskite NPls is shortly summarized in terms of their colloidal synthesis, and then the B‐site doping of perovskite NPls is considered in terms of the existing approaches (in situ and post‐synthetic doping) and its effect on the optical characteristics (doping with self‐emitting ions such as Mn2+ and rare‐earth elements; consequences for the nonlinear optical response).
Double‐Key Optical Information Encryption Enabled by Multi‐State Excitation–Emission of Mn‐Doped Metal Chlorides
Authors: Zhao Yijun , Zhao Hao , Di Yunsong , Liu Cihui , Xing Fangjian , Wen Xiaoming , Jia Baohua , Gan Zhixing
Published: August 2023

Given the paramount importance of information security and confidentiality, various optical information encryption (OIE) strategies are developed based on luminescence. However, the protected information usually can be decrypted, and there is a lack of high‐level security because only one protection key can be applied. Herein, a double‐key OIE strategy is developed based on multi‐state excitation–emission of Mn‐doped metal chlorides (MMCs). The information delivered by different MMCs can be encrypted based on the similar orange luminescence of Mn d–d transition. The distinguishable excitation conditions, switchable luminescence, and unique afterglow in MMCs enable new encryption mechanisms with a great potential for high confidentiality multi‐key encryption. It is demonstrated that four information channels can be encrypted into a single luminescent pattern, concealing the true information by three interference messages, which greatly increases the security. As a demo, an encrypted quick response (QR) code is created, which can only be decrypted with both the “excitation wavelength key” and “capture time key.” The double‐key mechanism enhances the level of security and confidentiality without using expensive equipment or external stimuli.
Electrochemical Oxidative C−C Bond Functionalization of Methylenecyclopropanes with Diselenides/Ditellurides Leading to 2‐Substituted‐3,4‐Dihydronaphthalenes
Authors: Zhan Lei , Gao Lei , Pan Ying‐Ming , He Mu‐Xue , Ma Xian‐Li , Mo Zu‐Yu
Published: August 2023

This study presents an approach for the electrochemical oxidation ring‐opening/cyclization reaction of methylcyclopropane with diselenides/ditellurides, leading to the synthesis of diverse 2‐substituted‐3,4‐dihydronaphthalene derivatives with exceptional selectivity and efficiency. This methodology involves C(sp3)−H functionalization, ring opening and cyclization processes. One characteristic of this method is its ability to accommodate a wide range of substrates with various functional groups.
In Situ Synthesis of Porous Plate‐Like Li4Ti5O12 Lithium‐Ion Battery Anode with Advanced Li+ Storage Mechanism and Enhanced Electrochemical Kinetics
Authors: Zhang Jin , Feng Qi , Cheng Weijie , Zhang Lifeng , Huang Jianfeng , Wang Yong , Kong Xingang
Published: August 2023

Spinel Li4Ti5O12 as the anode material for lithium‐ion batteries possessed “zero strain” characteristics, high safety, good stability, rapid Li+ diffusion rate, and fast charging and discharging performance, and has been used commercially. In this work, a porous plate‐like structure for Li4Ti5O12 is constructed via an economic in situ topological reaction with H1.07Ti1.73O4·H2O as the precursor. In terms of Li+ storage, not only the typical intercalation reaction of Li4Ti5O12 can be fully carried out, but also the Li+ storage in the form of pseudocapacitance can be introduced due to its porous structure, thus the enhanced Li+ storage mechanism can be realized and the reversible capacity in the work (197 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1) break the bottleneck of 175 mAh g−1 for Li4Ti5O12. In terms of electrochemical reaction kinetics, its plate‐like shape effectively avoids agglomeration of particles reducing the charge transfer resistance, and the micropores increase the diffusion rate of Li+ (3.3 times faster than the commercial Li4Ti5O12 nanoparticles). During the practical test, it can maintain the reversible capacity of 134 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles at the huge current density of 1.0 A g−1 and show good compatibility with commercial LiFePO4 cathode, which proves its great practical potential for LIBs.
Characterizing bubble behavior in a pseudo‐2D fluidized bed of wet particles
Authors: Xu Qiushi , Guan Xiaoping , Ocone Raffaella , Yang Ning
Published: August 2023

By applying digital image analysis on the bubble characteristics in a two dimensional wet‐particle fluidized‐bed, we report two‐stage evolution of bubble characteristics with increasing liquid content. In the first stage, bubble number and uniformity of bubble fraction increase, while bubble average diameter and aspect ratio decrease. In the second stage, these characteristics shift toward an opposite direction. This two‐stage evolution of bubble characteristics are analogous to that of reducing particle size in dry‐particle fluidization, and the fluidizing properties of particles shifts from Geldart Group B to Group A and then to Group C. Furthermore, liquid addition causes a continuous decrease of bubble fraction and bubble flow rate. This is different from dry‐particle fluidization, in which reducing particle size causes an increase trend. An explanation for this difference is that liquid addition increases the equivalent size of agglomerates in wet‐particle fluidization, which is opposite to the effect of reducing particle size.
Is artificial intelligence getting too much credit in medical genetics?
Authors: Alkuraya Imen F.
Published: August 2023

Artificial intelligence has lately proven useful in the field of medical genetics. It is already being used to interpret genome sequences and diagnose patients based on facial recognition. More recently, large‐language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT have been tested for their capacity to provide medical genetics information. It was found that ChatGPT performed similarly to human respondents in factual and critical thinking questions, albeit with reduced accuracy in the latter. In particular, ChatGPT's performance in questions related to calculating the recurrence risk was dismal, despite only having to deal with a single disease. To see if challenging ChatGPT with more difficult problems may reveal its flaws and their bases, it was asked to solve recurrence risk problems dealing with two diseases instead of one. Interestingly, it managed to correctly understand the mode of inheritance of recessive diseases, yet it incorrectly calculated the probability of having a healthy child. Other LLMs were also tested and showed similar noise. This highlights a major limitation for clinical use. While this shortcoming may be solved in the near future, LLMs may not be ready yet to be used as an effective clinical tool in communicating medical genetics information.
A Tandem Reaction in the Synthesis of New 4,8‐Disubstituted‐pyrimido[5,4‐d]pyrimidine Derivatives
Authors: Rocha Ashly , Lopes André , Teixeira Sofia , Carvalho M. Alice
Published: August 2023

Pyrimido[5,4‐d]pyrimidines are biologically important compounds with diverse activity depending on the substituent groups around the heterocycle. The 3,4‐dihydropyrimido[5,4‐d]pyrimidines are efficiently converted to the aromatic derivatives by Dimroth rearrangement promoted by reaction with piperidine, in a very slow process. Subsequently, the aromatic derivatives are converted to new 4,8‐disubstituted‐pyrimido[5,4‐d]pyrimidine derivatives by reaction with aldehydes in an acidic medium. The 4,8‐disubstituted‐pyrimido[5,4‐d]pyrimidines are also obtained much more efficiently by a tandem reaction between the 3,4‐dihydropyrimido[5,4‐d]pyrimidines, piperidine and a variety of aldehydes. The cascade reaction approach has a broad application since phenyl, haloaryl, alkoxy‐aryl, hydroxy‐aryl, and heteroaryl aldehydes are compatible with the reaction conditions. The reactions were studied by 1H NMR. These studies support the reaction mechanisms proposals. The tandem approach involves the formation of ionic reactive intermediates that allows explain this approach's efficiency.
Artificial intelligence for dementia genetics and omics
Authors: Bettencourt Conceicao , Skene Nathan , Bandres‐Ciga Sara , Anderson Emma , Winchester Laura M. , Foote Isabelle F. , Schwartzentruber Jeremy , Botia Juan A. , Nalls Mike , Singleton Andrew , Schilder Brian M. , Humphrey Jack , Marzi Sarah J. , Toomey Christina E. , Kleifat Ahmad Al , Harshfield Eric L. , Garfield Victoria , Sandor Cynthia , Keat Samuel , Tamburin Stefano , Frigerio Carlo Sala , Lourida Ilianna ,   the Deep Dementia Phenotyping (DEMON) Network, Ranson Janice M. , Llewellyn David J.
Published: August 2023

Genetics and omics studies of Alzheimer's disease and other dementia subtypes enhance our understanding of underlying mechanisms and pathways that can be targeted. We identified key remaining challenges: First, can we enhance genetic studies to address missing heritability? Can we identify reproducible omics signatures that differentiate between dementia subtypes? Can high‐dimensional omics data identify improved biomarkers? How can genetics inform our understanding of causal status of dementia risk factors? And which biological processes are altered by dementia‐related genetic variation? Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning approaches give us powerful new tools in helping us to tackle these challenges, and we review possible solutions and examples of best practice. However, their limitations also need to be considered, as well as the need for coordinated multidisciplinary research and diverse deeply phenotyped cohorts. Ultimately AI approaches improve our ability to interrogate genetics and omics data for precision dementia medicine.

Highlights

We have identified five key challenges in dementia genetics and omics studies.

AI can enable detection of undiscovered patterns in dementia genetics and omics data.

Enhanced and more diverse genetics and omics datasets are still needed.

Multidisciplinary collaborative efforts using AI can boost dementia research.
Temporal Pattern of Cortical Hypoxia in Multiple Sclerosis and Its Significance on Neuropsychological and Clinical Measures of Disability
Authors: Adingupu Damilola D. , Evans Taelor , Soroush Ateyeh , Hansen Ayden , Jarvis Scott , Brown Lenora , Dunn Jeff F.
Published: August 2023

Objective

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a degenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and axonal damage. It has been hypothesized that hypoxia plays a role in the pathogenesis of MS. This study was undertaken to investigate the reproducibility of non‐invasively measured cortical microvascular hemoglobin oxygenation (StO2) using frequency domain near‐infrared spectroscopy (fdNIRS), investigate its temporal pattern of hypoxia in people with MS (pwMS), and its relationship with neurocognitive function and mood.

Methods

We investigated the reproducibility of fdNIRS measurements. We measured cortical hypoxia in pwMS, and the relationships between StO2, neurocognitive function, fatigue, and measures of physical disability. Furthermore, we cataloged the temporal pattern of StO2 measured at 1‐week intervals for 4 weeks, and at 8 weeks and ~1 year.

Results

We show that fdNIRS parameters were highly reproducible in 7 healthy control participants measured over 6 days (p > 0.05). There was low variability between and within subjects. In line with our previous findings, we show that 33% of pwMS (n = 88) have cortical microvascular hypoxia. Over 8 weeks and at ~1 year, StO2 values for normoxic and hypoxic groups did not change significantly. There was no significant association between cognitive function and StO2. This conclusion should be revisited as only a small proportion of the relapsing‐remitting MS group (21%) was cognitively impaired.

Interpretation

The fdNIRS parameters have high reproducibility and repeatability, and we have demonstrated that hypoxia in MS is a chronic condition, lasting at least a year. The results show a weak relationship between cognitive functioning and oxygenation, indicating future study is required. ANN NEUROL 2023;94:1067–1079
GABRA1‐Related Disorders: From Genetic to Functional Pathways
Authors: Musto Elisa , Liao Vivian W. Y. , Johannesen Katrine M. , Fenger Christina D. , Lederer Damien , Kothur Kavitha , Fisk Katrina , Bennetts Bruce , Vrielynck Pascal , Delaby Delphine , Ceulemans Berten , Weckhuysen Sarah , Sparber Peter , Bouman Arjan , Ardern‐Holmes Simone , Troedson Christopher , Battaglia Domenica I. , Goel Himanshu , Feyma Timothy , Bakhtiari Somayeh , Tjoa Linda , Boxill Martin , Demina Nina , Shchagina Olga , Dadali Elena , Kruer Michael , Cantalupo Gaetano , Contaldo Ilaria , Polster Tilman , Isidor Bertrand , Bova Stefania M. , Fazeli Walid , Wouters Leen , Miranda Maria J. , Darra Francesca , Pede Elisa , Le Duc Diana , Jamra Rami Abou , Küry Sébastien , Proietti Jacopo , McSweeney Niamh , Brokamp Elly , Andrews Peter Ian , Gouray Garcia Marie , Chebib Mary , Møller Rikke S. , Ahring Philip K. , Gardella Elena
Published: August 2023

Objective

Variants in GABRA1 have been associated with a broad epilepsy spectrum, ranging from genetic generalized epilepsies to developmental and epileptic encephalopathies. However, our understanding of what determines the phenotype severity and best treatment options remains inadequate. We therefore aimed to analyze the electroclinical features and the functional effects of GABRA1 variants to establish genotype–phenotype correlations.

Methods

Genetic and electroclinical data of 27 individuals (22 unrelated and 2 families) harboring 20 different GABRA1 variants were collected and accompanied by functional analysis of 19 variants.

Results

Individuals in this cohort could be assigned into different clinical subgroups based on the functional effect of their variant and its structural position within the GABRA1 subunit. A homogenous phenotype with mild cognitive impairment and infantile onset epilepsy (focal seizures, fever sensitivity, and electroencephalographic posterior epileptiform discharges) was described for variants in the extracellular domain and the small transmembrane loops. These variants displayed loss‐of‐function (LoF) effects, and the patients generally had a favorable outcome. A more severe phenotype was associated with variants in the pore‐forming transmembrane helices. These variants displayed either gain‐of‐function (GoF) or LoF effects. GoF variants were associated with severe early onset neurodevelopmental disorders, including early infantile developmental and epileptic encephalopathy.

Interpretation

Our data expand the genetic and phenotypic spectrum of GABRA1 epilepsies and permit delineation of specific subphenotypes for LoF and GoF variants, through the heterogeneity of phenotypes and variants. Generally, variants in the transmembrane helices cause more severe phenotypes, in particular GoF variants. These findings establish the basis for a better understanding of the pathomechanism and a precision medicine approach in GABRA1‐related disorders. Further studies in larger populations are needed to provide a conclusive genotype–phenotype correlation. ANN NEUROL 2024;95:27–41
Preparation of microcellular polycaprolactone/cellulose nanocrystal/carbon black conductive composites using the Pickering emulsion method combined with supercritical batch foaming technology
Authors: Huang Jie , Li Zhiyi , Liu Fengxia , Wei Wei , Xu Xiaofei , Liu Zhijun
Published: August 2023

The “two‐step” strategy composed of Pickering emulsion method and supercritical batch foaming technology is successfully conducted to prepare the microcellular polycaprolactone (PCL)/cellulose nanocrystal (CNC)/carbon black (CB) conductive composites. Benefitting from the segregated CNC/CB networks established in the PCL matrix, the obtained microcellular conductive composites can present improved electrical and mechanical performance, and uniform foam structures. The percolation threshold (φc) is estimated as low as ~0.84 wt%, and the minimum tensile strain and strength belonging to the foamed composite with 10 wt% of CB content still maintain 15% and 3.95 MPa, respectively. This study hopes to provide an attempt to prepare microcellular conductive composites with great comprehensive performance.