bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Fortifiers and Additional Protein on the Osmolarity of Human Milk
Authors: Kreissl Alexandra , Zwiauer Valentina , Repa Andreas , Binder Christoph , Haninger Natalja , Jilma Bernd , Berger Angelika , Haiden Nadja
Published: July 2013

Objectives:

The present guidelines of the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend that osmolarity not exceed 450 mOsm/kg (or approximately an osmolarity of 400 mOsm/L) for breast milk or infant formulae, to minimize the risk factors for necrotizing enterocolitis. A commercial protein supplement has been developed to meet special protein requirements (4.0–4.5 g · kg−1 · day−1) of infants with a birth weight <1000 g. Because its effect on osmolarity has not been systematically studied, we characterized the effects of fortification on the osmolarity of human milk (HM).

Methods:

Osmolarity of fresh and processed HM was measured at baseline, after fortification with a commercial HM fortifier and after further supplementation with additional protein increasing in 0.5‐g steps up to 4.0 g. Measurements were performed immediately after adding fortifier and/or protein and after 24 hours. In addition, changes in osmolarity were determined after adding therapeutic additives such as iron, multivitamin supplement, and calcium‐phosphorus capsules.

Results:

Native HM samples (n = 84) had 297 mOsm/L, (median; 95% confidence interval 295–299 mOsm/L). Adding HM fortifier increased osmolarity up to 436 mOsm/L (95% confidence interval 431–441 mOsm/L). Additional protein supplementation increased osmolarity by 23.5 mOsm/L per 0.5‐g step, up to a maximum of 605 mOsm/L. Pasteurization decreased osmolarity by 20–30 mOsm/L (P < 0.001), and storage for 24 hours slightly increased osmolarity (by 11.5 mOsm/L P = 0.0002). Therapeutic additives increased osmolarity up to 868 mOsm/L.

Conclusions:

Adding HM fortifier and additional protein to HM increased osmolarity to >400 mOsm/L and therefore above the recommended threshold. Because of the excessive increase in osmolarity combinations of HM + fortifier and additional protein should not be applied together with multivitamins or other additives.
Preschool Physical Activity and Functional Constipation
Authors: Driessen Lisa M. , Jong Jessica C. Kiefte‐de , Wijtzes Anne , de Vries Sanne I. , Jaddoe Vincent W.V. , Hofman Albert , Raat Hein , Moll Henriette A.
Published: July 2013

Objectives:

Decreased physical activity levels in children may partly explain the rising prevalence of functional constipation in childhood. The aim of the present study, therefore, was to examine the association between physical activity and functional constipation during the preschool period.

Methods:

This study was embedded in the Generation R study, a large prospective birth‐cohort study in Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Physical activity was measured by an Actigraph accelerometer in 347 children (182 boys, 165 girls; mean age 25.1 months) and data were expressed as counts per minute. Data were categorized into light activity (302–614 counts/15 seconds), moderate activity (615–1230 counts/15 seconds), and vigorous activity (≥1231 counts/15 seconds). Functional constipation in the third and fourth year of life was defined according to the Rome II criteria.

Results:

Children spending time in the highest tertile of light (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.34; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.13–0.87), moderate (adjusted OR 0.37; 95% CI 0.14–0.97), and total activity (adjusted OR 0.37; 95% CI 0.15–0.92) at the age of 2 years had significantly less functional constipation in the fourth year of life. For functional constipation in the third year of life, the results were in similar direction but not statistically significant. Additionally, children with physical activity of more than the WHO recommendation of 60 min/day had significantly less functional constipation in the fourth year of life (adjusted OR 0.48; 95% CI 0.24–0.97).

Conclusions:

Physical activity is associated with a decreased risk of functional constipation in the preschool period, but this may be time dependent.
Comparison of the structure of (E)-2-(2-benzylidenehydrazinylidene)quinoxaline with those of its chloro- and bromobenzylidene analogues
Authors: Gomes Ligia Rebelo , Low John Nicolson , Rodrigues Ana S. M. C. , Wardell James L. , de Souza Marcus V. N. , Noguiera Thais C. M. , Pinheiro Alessandra C.
Published: July 2013

(E)-2-(2-Benzylidenehydrazinylidene)quinoxaline, C15H12N4, crystallized with two molecules in the asymmetric unit. The structures of six halogen derivatives of this compound were also investigated: (E)-2-[2-(2-chlorobenzylidene)hydrazinylidene]quinoxaline, C15H11ClN4; (E)-2-[2-(3-chlorobenzylidene)hydrazinylidene]quinoxaline, C15H11ClN4; (E)-2-[2-(4-chlorobenzylidene)hydrazinylidene]quinoxaline, C15H11ClN4; (E)-2-[2-(2-bromobenzylidene)hydrazinylidene]quinoxaline, C15H11BrN4; (E)-2-[2-(3-bromobenzylidene)hydrazinylidene]quinoxaline, C15H11BrN4; (E)-2-[2-(4-bromobenzylidene)hydrazinylidene]quinoxaline, C15H11BrN4. The 3-Cl and 3-Br compounds are isomorphous, as are the 4-Cl and 4-Br compounds. In all of these compounds, it was found that the supramolecular structures are governed by similar predominant patterns,viz.strong intermolecular N—H...N(pyrazine) hydrogen bonds supplemented by weak C—H...N(pyrazine) hydrogen-bond interactions in the 2- and 3-halo compounds and by C—H...Cl/Br interactions in the 4-halo compounds. In all compounds, there are π–π stacking interactions.
Bis{2-[(phenylimino)ethyl]-1H-pyrrol-1-ido-κ2N,N′}nickel(II): a supramolecular structure formed by C—H...π hydrogen bonds
Authors: Su Bi-Yun , Wang Jia-Xiang , Liu Xiang , Li Qian-Ding
Published: July 2013

In the title compound, [Ni(C12H11N2)2], the NiIIcation lies on an inversion centre and has a square-planar coordination geometry. This transition metal complex is composed of two deprotonatedN,N′-bidentate 2-[(phenylimino)ethyl]-1H-pyrrol-1-ide ligands around a central NiIIcation, with the pyrrolide rings and imine groups lyingtransto each other. The Ni—N bond lengths range from 1.894 (3) to 1.939 (2) Å and the bite angle is 83.13 (11)°. The Ni—N(pyrrolide) bond is substantially shorter than the Ni—N(imino) bond. The planes of the phenyl rings make a dihedral angle of 78.79 (9)° with respect to the central NiN4plane. The molecules are linked into simple chains by an intermolecular C—H...π interaction involving a phenyl β-C atom as donor. Intramolecular C—H...π interactions are also present.
Performance of multiple energy harvesting elements in a small‐scale windmill
Authors: Truyen Luong Hung , Seo Goo Nam
Published: July 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the characteristics of PCGEs used in a small‐scale windmill in terms of the number of PCGEs.

Design/methodology/approach

Experiments were performed in cases where one, two, or four PCGEs are attached to the frame of the windmill, with optimization of different gap distances between exciting and secondary magnets carried out to determine the optimal configuration for generating the peak voltage and harvesting the maximum wind energy for the same range of wind speeds.

Findings

The experimental results show that the prototype can harvest energy in urban regions with low wind speeds and convert the wasted wind energy into electricity for city use.

Originality/value

The experimental results show that the prototype can harvest energy in urban regions with low wind speeds and convert the wasted wind energy into electricity for city use.
Principals’ perceptions of “quality” in Mauritian schools using the Baldrige framework
Authors: Claude Ah‐Teck Jean , Starr Karen
Published: July 2013

Purpose

This article aims to report the findings of a research project exploring Mauritian principals’ receptivity to the main tenets inherent in Total Quality Management (TQM). The Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award (MBNQA) framework (aligned with, and an outcome of, the TQM movement) provides a set of criteria for organizational quality assessment and improvement in the business, healthcare and education sectors. Given the imperative to improve the quality of schools in Mauritius, this study was designed to investigate the usefulness of the widely accepted MBNQA framework in the Mauritian context.

Design/methodology/approach

A nationwide questionnaire survey of school principals explored the nature and strength of the Baldrige theory of relationships between leadership, systems and processes of primary and secondary schools and the ensuing outcomes. Correlation and regression analyses were conducted.

Findings

The findings indicate that Mauritian school leaders play a critical role in influencing school outcomes directly and indirectly through the inner workings of the schooling system.

Research limitations/implications

The research relied on principals’ views as the unique source of data about school leadership. The perspectives of the other stakeholders within schools, including teachers, students and parents, should also count and would offer a richer description of leadership reality in Mauritian schools.

Originality/value

This is the first ever study assessing empirically the notion of “quality” in primary and secondary schools in Mauritius at the national level. It contributes new perspectives about leadership for school improvement.
Women secondary principals in Texas 1998 and 2011: movement toward equity
Authors: Marczynski Jean C. , Gates Gordon S.
Published: July 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to analyze data gathered in 1998 and 2011 from representative samples of women secondary school principals in Texas to identify differences in personal, professional, leadership, and school characteristics.

Design/methodology/approach

Two proportionate, random samples were drawn of women secondary principals 13 years apart. The Texas Education Directory provided the sampling frame and school data were downloaded from the Public Education Information Management System. Principals were sent surveys including measures of situational and distributed leadership as well as demographic questions. Response rates of 65 percent and 42 percent were achieved on the 1998 and 2011 surveys respectively.

Findings

While the percentage of secondary schools led by women principals shows little change and is similar to previous research, a more nuanced examination of these women and their schools evidences progress. The diversity for women administrators has increased and women are more likely to hold positions in urban schools. Years of teaching experience has decreased and women appear to be entering the profession at a younger age. Change on both variables reflects averages for male principals. Leadership scores indicated lower adaptability and more directive styles for women in 2011; however, scores on the Distributed Leadership Inventory were high.

Originality/value

Schools led by women in 2011 possessed a larger proportion of students of poverty but no differences were noted in school enrollment or student passing rates on accountability tests. The authors encourage districts to continue fair hiring policies and argue women have become more competitive for the large urban high school principalships.
Testing FMCG innovations: experimental real store versus virtual
Authors: Bressoud Etienne
Published: July 2013

Purpose

– In order to cope with the challenge of developing successful fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) innovations, market research vendors offer several methodologies to test concepts. The purpose of this article is to examine the discrepancy between the well-established experimental real store methodology and the most recent of these alternative methodologies that is the virtual store.

Design/methodology/approach

– A parallel testing of a new adult cereal was conducted in France with 200 shoppers in each store.

Findings

– Results show that all attitudinal measurements are similar in terms of cognition and conation, but affect and behavior cannot be compared across both methodologies. In conclusion, virtual store testing is a new method that does not exactly fit with one of the previous.

Research limitations/implications

– The study is limited to a single product and should be generalized to more product categories.

Practical implications

– Virtual store should be used carefully in order to take capital expenditure decisions. It generates different attitudes and behaviors, but more research is needed in order to debate on predictability.

Originality/value

– With the emergence of virtual stores to test FMCG innovations, this paper is of high value for practitioners who have to proceed to several tests, with different objectives, before a product launch.
Adding value to insurance products: the AXA Irish experience
Authors: Brophy Richard
Published: July 2013

Purpose

– While competition within car and home insurance increases through more players and also unfamiliar entrants to the market (supermarkets), the purpose of this paper is to report on a study of one large insurer in Ireland which attempts to differentiate itself from its peers.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper does this through a literature review of the insurance market and customer relationship management, and a detailed study of the company loyalty programme and its application to its customers.

Findings

– The loyalty programme employed suits the particular sector in terms of purchase intention and also gives the customer of the insurance brand a sense of belonging and relevance where they can avail themselves of savings on related products.

Research limitations/implications

– Information sourced is based on published data from the company and other peer reviewed journals. This is a study on a simple loyalty programme that can be applied to low frequency purchases.

Practical implications

– This simplified loyalty programme gives the brand high recognition values in terms of how the brand is made relevant to the customer through discounted related products.

Originality/value

– As loyalty programmes are not a usual feature of financial services, this paper highlights a unique programme in operation that is being replicated elsewhere.
Extending technology for market disruption: a case study
Authors: M. Notarantonio Elaine , J. Quigley Jr Charles
Published: July 2013

Purpose

– In an environment that is hyper-dynamic and faced with economic turmoil, it is crucial that organizations identify innovative competitive strategy. Using principles from Clayton Christensen
'
s The Innovator
'
s Dilemma, KVH Industries embarked upon a strategic market planning mission. This paper aims to describe how this company successfully turned a competitive disadvantage to an advantage by examining the market mindset and utilizing disruptive innovation to introduce a new product.

Design/methodology/approach

– This paper utilizes a case study to demonstrate successful application of disruptive innovation.

Findings

– A new evolutionary product was indicated in the research.

Research limitations/implications

– There may be some lack of generalizability due to this being a case study for a specific brand in a specific industry.

Practical implications

– It is unclear whether a revolutionary, rather than an evolutionary, product introduction would be more successful. Practitioners should recognize the competitive opportunities afforded through “disruptive innovation” strategies.

Originality/value

– This paper is of value to practitioners to see the success of one company
'
s dismissal of a revolutionary product introduction in favor of a product launch that represents a “just good enough” alternative to competitors
'
products. It also demonstrates that there are risks associated with using a brand extension approach rather than individual branding.
The relationship between entrepreneurial marketing and the characteristics of Thai hotels and their managers
Authors: Boonchoo Pattana , Wadeson Nigel , Tsang Denise
Published: July 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore empirically whether there are meaningful relationships between key entrepreneurial marketing (EM) variables and the demographic characteristics of the organization and its manager.

Design/methodology/approach

The data were gathered from a sample of 369 hotels from all regions of Thailand through the use of a postal survey. Several multiple regression models were used to test the relationships in the study. Interaction terms were added to some models to test the moderating effects of major demographic variables on various EM attributes.

Findings

The study shows which types of hotels and which types of managers were associated with EM characteristics. The results indicate that demographic characteristics, such as age, size, location, experience, and gender, significantly explain sets of entrepreneurial marketing variables. It was found, for instance, that both a young hotel and a large hotel are positively associated with entrepreneurial marketing, while owner management is positively associated with market orientation and negatively associated with growth aspirations but has no significant relationship with entrepreneurial orientation.

Originality/value

The paper provides a comprehensive overview of selected relationships between key EM dimensions in the existing literature. It is suggested that future research involves a more in‐depth exploration of some of the relationships found in this study.
Interoperability of implicit and explicit firm‐level knowledge accumulation
Authors: Lai Wen‐Hsiang
Published: July 2013

Purpose

The essence of core competitiveness in an enterprise is the ability to embed knowledge into the routine work of the enterprise and to transform personal knowledge into corporate assets. The purpose of this paper is to explore this area.

Design/methodology/approach

This study reviews three interoperated variables of external knowledge acquisition, enterprise knowledge accumulation, and knowledge accumulation mechanism to construct a model of knowledge interoperability within firms.

Findings

This study finds that in the thin film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT‐LCD) industry, implicit knowledge collected through the interactive coordination mechanism has a significant impact on the knowledge accumulation of the enterprise, where knowledge is accumulated in real technology systems and employees’ skills. The more willing companies are to invest resources in the shaping of knowledge and the environment, the more successful they will be in transforming implicit knowledge into explicit knowledge.

Research limitations/implications

This study points to a new direction of interchanging implicit and explicit knowledge within firms.

Practical implications

This study argues that an improved interoperability of firm‐level knowledge can mitigate problems of knowledge integration and sharing, leading to better decisions and greater partner synergies.

Social implications

Knowledge transformation allows employees to share and transfer valuable experience and knowledge within the enterprise and forms a knowledge‐intensive corporate culture or work environment, creating so‐called learning‐ and innovation‐oriented enterprises.

Originality/value of paper

This study provides the impetus of valuable experience and knowledge of employees to be fully shared and passed on, resulting in a corporate culture and working atmosphere that creates the so‐called learning‐oriented enterprise or innovative enterprise.
Capitalism 2.0: implications for management 2.0
Authors: Page West G.
Published: July 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a collection of articles representing the best papers and invited contributions from attendees at the 4th Annual Global Drucker Forum, an international conference focused on future challenges facing management.

Design/methodology/approach

The recent financial crisis has presented twin challenges confronting the next generation of management: a transformation toward a new environment in which market‐driven efficiency and the concern for a functioning society are better aligned, and the nature of management practice that successfully addresses this alignment. Dimensions of these challenges are discussed in five articles in this special issue. This summary of the articles and underlying themes is provided by a professor whose teaching and research focus on strategy and entrepreneurship in free markets.

Findings

The articles in this issue discuss the need in organizations for adaptive flexibility, new ways of thinking, leadership behaviour at the individual and system level, and systems thinking to overcome short termism. Themes underlying these challenges include the challenges of managing in the present for the future, the need to create a learning organization, and the complexity of managing holistically.

Research limitations/implications

The paper suggests themes that might benefit from future management research.

Originality/value

This paper summarizes cutting‐edge issues for management that were discussed at a recent international conference, and synthesizes six authors' research contributions that address dimensions of these issues.
Effective leadership of knowledge workers: results of an intercultural business study
Authors: Bildstein Ingo , Gueldenberg Stefan , Tjitra Hora
Published: July 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to link Peter F. Drucker's seminal theoretical conceptions with empirical insights on what constitutes perception of effective knowledge worker leadership in an intercultural environment. Both a fundamental shift of mind in theorizing and much more empirical research is needed, to fully understand the underlying view of leadership as a socially distributed activity. However, in a true Druckerian spirit, to take this new lens on leadership is neither magic nor rocket science – but it constitutes a road visible but not yet seen.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors link key recommendations on expert leadership from the timeless 1999 Drucker paper on knowledge worker productivity to the results of qualitative in‐depth interviews with over 100 top‐level leaders and their direct reports in China, Indonesia, and Singapore. Because leadership is all about influencing other people, the authors are especially interested on what constitutes good leadership from the followers' point of view.

Findings

One of the key findings is that perceived leadership effectiveness heavily depends upon fit to followers' expectations. As a result, a leadership style, which is effective in one country can wreak havoc when unreflectively transferred into another cultural environment. Hence being able to step back and to reflect on the appropriateness of one's leadership behavior is the key element of a globally successful leader.

Practical implications

Too many experts are currently sent to foreign assignments without proper preparation for good adaptation of their leadership behavior. A new leadership conception informed by psychological consideration provides expert leaders with recommended action on how to best deal with the group dynamics resulting from dealing with the twenty‐first century's most valuable asset entrusted to their care. This mind‐shift will overcome leadership barriers to international business, and optimize knowledge work results.

Originality/value

This contribution is one of the first studies about perceived knowledge worker leadership effectiveness in Asia. Integration of the paper's findings with recent Western leadership conceptualizations focusing on sharing and distributing leadership responsibilities will help build a richer understanding.
Parma Co‐Lab: organizational challenge for research and learning
Authors: Valla Sara
Published: July 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to describe the initial phases of the formation of the Co‐Lab as a community at the University of Parma, which aims to foster informal ways of collaboration among students, professors, researchers, with a view to increasing results in learning and knowledge sharing.

Design/methodology/approach

An ethnographical approach is applied; a constant observation inside the context through contact with participants in their environment allows the documentation of different approaches in the activity field. The context involves the DILL international Master's in Digital Library Learning. The Co‐Lab agenda relies on constant problem solving and considering technology as the servant of needs for continuous learning.

Findings

Collaboration is only possible by sharing a common domain and language, enthusiasm and commitment. This is one of the benefits of an informal community of practice; nevertheless Co‐Lab needs to be recognized as an informal, albeit valuable, community and supported by the institution.

Research limitations/implications

The author combines a technical background with a social observation inside a context with which she interacts constantly.

Practical implications

The Co‐Lab approach to practices might be the response to the needs of academic education and research in the current technological environment. It may require the acceptance by the institutional organization of the informal paradox and non‐hierarchical approach to achieve practical advantages.

Originality/value

Research carried out by an observer with technological background inside the context where students and professors interact can foster an increased awareness of diverse problems.
Reading and learning from screens versus print: a study in changing habits
Authors: Stoop Judith , Kreutzer Paulien , Kircz Joost
Published: July 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to research the difference in reading and learning from print versus electronic media in a professional and educational setting. To what extent does the materiality of the medium influence the efficiency and effectively of the reader? What is needed to create “digital born” information rich texts? In Part 1, sustained reading of information and knowledge rich texts is addressed.

Design/methodology/approach

In‐depth comparative tests with a great number of subjects between print‐on‐paper, e‐ink screens and LCD screens. In Part 1 the results of tests with sustained reading of information and knowledge rich texts are reported.

Findings

All tests show that print‐on‐paper is still a superior medium for learning and digesting complicated and elaborate texts, whilst electronic screens are appreciated for quick information gathering, communication and navigation. Electronic representations of information and knowledge demand that the structure of the writing has to change.

Research limitations/implications

Given the rapid development in electronic displays, many issues – in particular ergonomical – become a “moving target”. An important limitation – which is one of the quests of this research – is the lack of sufficient genuine digital born texts.

Practical implications

The need to start and review the writing process; the appearance but also the structure of information and knowledge rich texts. A second issue is the need to develop easy capabilities to make an electronic text as easy a “tool” as the print text, with underlining, comments and notes.

Social implications

The development of novel ways of publishing educational texts.

Originality/value

Deep qualitative research in comparison with quantitative tests. Comparison between professional information acquisition and learning.
Frankfurt Book Fair 2012: an educator's perspective
Authors: Hollich Shanna
Published: July 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to give an overview and a few highlights from the author's experience at the 2012 Frankfurt Book Fair.

Design/methodology/approach

The author visited the Frankfurt Book Fair from October 10 through October 12, visiting a wide variety of vendors across all exhibition halls and attending a number of special presentations. All empirical data are based on personal observations recorded by journal during and directly after each fair visit.

Findings

The fair was an excellent chance to learn more about the publishing industry, particularly with respect to the author's prior interests in education and children's and young adult literature. The event is so large, and the vendors so numerous, that all areas of interest to publishers, librarians, educators, booksellers, and others in the book trade are represented.

Originality/value

This report should be of particular interest to those thinking of attending the Frankfurt Book Fair for the first time, as well as those who are familiar with the event but were unable to attend in 2012. Educators and library media specialists will find this viewpoint to be written from a perspective that is especially relevant to them and their work.
Avoiding ebook “big deals”: alternatives to ebook backlists
Authors: Proctor Julia
Published: July 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to assert that libraries should actively seek and request alternatives to purchasing older ebook content rather than buying large ebook backlists. Currently publishers are offering the equivalent of the “big deal” with monographs through ebook backlists, and this is not a model that can or should be sustained by libraries.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper discusses experience the author gained through evaluating major ebook backlist promotional offers from 2012 and 2013, reviews library literature concerning ebook use, and reviews current purchase methods such as patron‐driven acquisition and firm ordering as alternatives to purchasing large ebook backlist packages.

Findings

There does not appear to be agreement in library literature about use and preference for ebooks, but there does appear to be a consensus that users expect the availability of ebook content. However, that expectation is not reason enough to purchase older content in large quantities in a format that still has problematic limitations. Patron‐driven acquisition and targeted firm ordering allow libraries to buy older content in ebook format with more information about the need for that content. Also, publishers should become more involved in offering alternatives to ebook backlist purchase models.

Originality/value

This discussion sheds light on the fact that while the ebook format may be new, the content and the purchase models often are not. Libraries need to advocate for effective purchase models now rather than becoming dependent on publishers to provide content libraries already own.
Disliking the like
Authors: Nina Ñusta , Boers Raoul
Published: July 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to raise awareness of the differences in European and American perspectives on privacy and to question whether most users of web services, such as Facebook, are equipped with the proper level of media literacy skills in order to manage the responsibility for their own privacy.

Design/methodology/approach

Discussion of theoretical concepts on privacy, from the perspectives of both law and social sciences.

Findings

Promoting government responsibility for the privacy of individual citizens seems problematic in an online context, as it threatens to open the door to censorship. One should wonder whether citizens need protection from what is perceived as infringement to the rights of privacy, while these citizens are actually consumers, using commercially provided services with policies that they have agreed to. The European Commission has been following closely what is happening to personal data online. Several forms of legislation have been brought into force aiming to enhance the protection of personal data of European citizens. This European protectionism often clashes with the privacy policies of, largely American, commercial organisations such as Facebook and Google.

Research limitations/implications

Further research should be carried out on whether the general user is media literate enough to be able to mitigate their privacy online. Legislators are focussed on handing responsibilities to the users themselves, however users could benefit from a more paternalistic approach.

Originality/value

This paper combines perspectives on online privacy from the multi‐disciplinary perspectives of law and social sciences. These two viewpoints are not often combined in critical literature. This paper serves as a discussion piece for future research and media literacy programs in higher education.
A comparison of academic libraries: an analysis using a self‐organizing map
Authors: Ennis Damien , Medaille Ann , Lambert Theodore , Kelley Richard , Harris Frederick C.
Published: July 2013

Purpose

This paper aims to analyze the relationship among measures of resource and service usage and other features of academic libraries in the USA and Canada.

Design/methodology/approach

Through the use of a self‐organizing map, academic library data were clustered and visualized. Analysis of the library data was conducted through the computation of a “library performance metric” that was applied to the resulting map.

Findings

Two areas of high‐performing academic libraries emerged on the map. One area included libraries with large numbers of resources, while another area included libraries that had low resources but gave greater numbers of presentations to groups, offered greater numbers of public service hours, and had greater numbers of staffed service points.

Research limitations/implications

The metrics chosen as a measure of library performance offer only a partial picture of how libraries are being used. Future research might involve the use of a self‐organizing map to cluster library data within certain parameters and the identification of high‐performing libraries within these clusters.

Practical implications

This study suggests that libraries can improve their performance not only by acquiring greater resources but also by putting greater emphasis on the services that they provide to their users.

Originality/value

This paper demonstrates how a self‐organizing map can be used in the analysis of large data sets to facilitate library comparisons.
Regaining customer relevance: the outside‐in turnaround
Authors: Day George , Moorman Christine
Published: July 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to report on the authors' in‐depth investigations of six successful turnarounds, which found that renewal was accomplished by a new management team that stepped outside the boundaries and constraints of the company and looked at its market through the eyes of customers and competitors.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors describe how to perform an outside‐in turnaround that refocuses the company on the needs and expectations of the customer. This customer focus energizes and focuses the entire organization toward a shared sense of purpose.

Findings

The forces moving a company to an inside‐out view are persistent and powerful. They must be countered with a tough resolve to ensure a company meets its customers' test for relevance.

Practical implications

The challenge of beginning a successful outside‐in turnaround is to find the right balance between realism and optimism.

Originality/value

The authors show how leading and sustaining an outside‐in turnaround means giving the organization a clear sense of purpose around the unifying theme of delivering superior customer value.
Pulp feeders alter plant interactions with subsequent animal associates
Authors: Fedriani José M. , Delibes Miguel
Published: July 2013

Community context can alter the likelihood of interactions among community members and thus exert critical ecological effects with potential evolutionary implications. For instance, plant–animal mutualisms can be exploited by third species that usurp the resources and/or service that the mutualists offer, while delivering limited or no benefits in return.

We experimentally revealed for the first time how exploiters of plant–disperser mutualisms (i.e. pulp feeders) alter the frequency of plant interactions with subsequent mutualistic (seed dispersers) and antagonistic (seed predators) animal associates. In doing so, we chose to study the endozoochore Pyrus bourgaeana, which interacts with a diverse assemblage of frugivores including exploiters (pulp‐feeding rabbits), legitimate seed dispersers (mammalian carnivores) and seed and fruit predators (rodents and deer, respectively). We hypothesized that pulp feeders would render fruit barely rewarding, affecting subsequent tree–animal interactions.

As predicted, pulp removal lessened tree dispersal success (i.e. lowered interaction frequency with seed dispersers) causing an indirect negative effect on its fitness. Furthermore, pulp feeders facilitated foraging by seed‐eating rodents, leading to a negative indirect effect on seed survival. Nonetheless, these negative effects of pulp removal on tree fitness were partly counterbalanced by a noticeable decrease in fruit predation by deer. Because both seed dispersers and seed predators preferred large fruits, they exerted selection pressures on fruit size in opposite directions; thus, the net selection regime on fruit size experienced by the tree appeared largely contingent on community composition.

Synthesis. Our results illustrate how interactions among functionally distinct frugivores can act synergistically or antagonistically and thus alter their ecological outcomes in ways that differ from those predicted by pairwise interactions. Further research on the relationships between fruiting plants and their consumers will certainly further our understanding of how community context can modify ecological and evolutionary outcomes of complex multispecies interactions.
Predictors of antenatal alcohol use among Australian women: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Anderson AE , Hure AJ , Forder P , Powers JR , Kay‐Lambkin FJ , Loxton DJ
Published: July 2013

Objective

To identify predictors of antenatal alcohol consumption among women who usually consume alcohol.

Design

Prospective cohort study.

Setting

Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health (ALSWH).

Population or Sample

A total of 1969 women sampled from the ALSWH 1973–78 cohort.

Methods

Women were included if they were pregnant in 2000, 2003, 2006 or 2009. The relationship between antenatal alcohol consumption and sociodemographics, reproductive health, mental health, physical health, health behaviours, alcohol guidelines and healthcare factors was investigated using a multivariate logistic regression model.

Main outcome measures

Alcohol use during pregnancy.

Results

Most (82.0%) women continued to drink alcohol during pregnancy. Women were more likely to drink alcohol during pregnancy if they had consumed alcohol on a weekly basis before pregnancy (odds ratio [OR] 1.47; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.13–1.90), binge drank before pregnancy (OR 2.28; 95% CI 1.76–2.94), or if they were pregnant while alcohol guidelines recommended low alcohol versus abstinence (OR 1.60; 95% CI 1.26–2.03). Drinking during pregnancy was less likely if women had a Health Care Card (OR 0.63; 95% CI 0.45–0.88) or if they had ever had fertility problems (OR 0.64; 95% CI 0.48–0.86).

Conclusions

Most Australian women who drank alcohol continued to do so during pregnancy. Prepregnancy alcohol consumption was one of the main predictors of antenatal alcohol use. Alcohol guidelines, fertility problems and Health Care Card status also impacted antenatal alcohol consumption.
Minimal benefit of respiratory‐gated radiation therapy in the management of thoracic malignancy
Authors: Hau Eric , Rains Melissa , Browne Lois , Muirhead Rebecca , Yeghiaian‐Alvandi Roland
Published: July 2013

Background

Respiratory‐gated radiotherapy (RGRT) is used in several centres around the world. However, there is continuing controversy regarding the benefit of this technique. The aims of this study are to quantify the dosimetric benefits and the potential predictive factors.

Methods

Thirty‐four consecutive patients were planned using the RGRT and the Free Breathing (FB) approach and compared with regard to target volume coverage and normal tissue parameters. Potential predictive factors were also evaluated.

Results

Tumour coverage was similar 94.4% versus 95.5%. Use of RGRT was not associated with a significant reduction in spinal cord, oesophagus or cardiac dosimetric parameters. However, it did reduce the lung mean dose by 1.33 Gy (P < 0.001) and V20 by 2.2% (P < 0.001). Only superior/inferior displacement of >1 cm was predictive of a >5% reduction in lung V20 parameter, and these patients all had a gross tumour volume (GTV) of <100 cm3.

Conclusions

The dosimetric benefit of applying RGRT is small when applied in an unselected population of patients. Superior/inferior displacement of >1 cm for tumours with GTV less than 100 cm3 may be used to select patients who may derive a >5% reduction in lung V20 parameters.
Measuring and managing radiologist workload: A method for quantifying radiologist activities and calculating the full‐time equivalents required to operate a service
Authors: MacDonald Sharyn LS , Cowan Ian A , Floyd Richard A , Graham Rob
Published: July 2013

Introduction

Accurate and transparent measurement and monitoring of radiologist workload is highly desirable for management of daily workflow in a radiology department, and for informing decisions on department staffing needs. It offers the potential for benchmarking between departments and assessing future national workforce and training requirements. We describe a technique for quantifying, with minimum subjectivity, all the work carried out by radiologists in a tertiary department.

Methods

Six broad categories of clinical activities contributing to radiologist workload were identified: reporting, procedures, trainee supervision, clinical conferences and teaching, informal case discussions, and administration related to referral forms. Time required for reporting was measured using data from the radiology information system. Other activities were measured by observation and timing by observers, and based on these results and extensive consultation, the time requirements and frequency of each activity was agreed on. An activity list was created to record this information and to calculate the total clinical hours required to meet the demand for radiologist services.

Results

Diagnostic reporting accounted for approximately 35% of radiologist clinical time; procedures, 23%; trainee supervision, 15%; conferences and tutorials, 14%; informal case discussions, 10%; and referral‐related administration, 3%. The derived data have been proven reliable for workload planning over the past 3 years.

Conclusions

A transparent and robust method of measuring radiologists' workload has been developed, with subjective assessments kept to a minimum. The technique has value for daily workload and longer term planning. It could be adapted for widespread use.
Sleep disturbances and changes in urinary 6‐sulphatoxymelatonin levels in patients with breast cancer undergoing lumpectomy
Authors: HANSEN M. V. , MADSEN M. T. , WILDSCHIØDTZ G. , ROSENBERG J. , GÖGENUR I.
Published: July 2013

Background

Sleep disturbances and changes in self‐reported discomfort and melatonin secretion are common in the post‐operative period. We aimed to study the distribution of sleep stages in the perioperative period and evaluate changes in secretion of the melatonin metabolite aMT6s and subjective parameters of sleepiness, pain, general well‐being and fatigue in patients undergoing surgery for breast cancer.

Methods

Twelve patients, 30–70 years, undergoing lumpectomy were included. Polysomnography was performed the night before surgery (PREOP), the night after (PO1) and 14 days after (PO14). Recordings were scored as awake, light‐sleep, slow‐wave sleep and rapid‐eye‐movement (REM) sleep. Sleep stages were analysed as % of total sleep time (TST). Self‐reported discomfort was assessed using questions about the level of fatigue, well‐being, pain and sleepiness. Urinary aMT6s was measured by radioimmunoassay.

Results

There was significantly decreased REM sleep on PO1 (5.9% of TST) compared with PREOP (18.7% of TST) (P < 0.005). An increase in light sleep was observed on PO1 (68.4% of TST) compared with PREOP (55.0% of TST) (P < 0.05). No significant changes in TST, sleep latency, sleep period or total time awake were found. The observed sleep changes were normalised after 2 weeks. No significant changes were found in pain, well‐being, fatigue or sleepiness. Night secretion of aMT6s showed a trend towards a decrease from PREOP to PO1 (P = 0.09) and normalisation on PO14 (P = 0.27 between PREOP and PO14).

Conclusion

Patients with breast cancer undergoing lumpectomy had significantly disturbed sleep architecture the night after surgery, and these changes were normalised after 2 weeks.
Transcultural validity of the Hypomania Checklist–32 (HCL‐32) in patients with major depressive episodes
Authors: Gamma Alex , Angst Jules , Azorin Jean‐Michel , Bowden Charles L , Perugi Giulio , Vieta Eduard , Young Allan H
Published: July 2013

Objectives

There is mounting evidence that current diagnostic systems inadequately recognize clinically relevant levels of hypomania in depressed patients, thereby leading to an under‐diagnosis of bipolar disorders and the associated risk of treatment that is inappropriate or may actually worsen illness course. The Hypomania Checklist–32 revised version 2 (HCL‐32‐R2) is a self‐rating scale for hypomanic symptoms specifically developed to address this problem. The goal of this study was to assess the transcultural validity of the HCL‐32‐R2.

Methods

Measurement invariance of HCL‐32‐R2 responses from the multinational Bipolar Disorders: Improving Diagnosis, Guidance, and Education (BRIDGE) Study of 5635 patients with major depressive episodes (MDEs) was assessed by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis across five cultural regions.

Results

Two previously identified factors were reproduced and explained 60% of the variance in test responses. Only three out of 32 items had cross‐culturally variable factor loadings. Some moderate measurement invariance was also found with regard to age and gender. In discriminating unipolar from bipolar disorder, the HCL‐32‐R2 showed a sensitivity of 82% with a specificity of 57% when current DMS‐IV criteria for bipolar disorder were used, and substantially higher specificity of 73% when evidence‐based modified criteria were applied.

Conclusions

The psychometric properties of the HCL‐32‐R2 were largely culture‐independent. This finding replicates that of our previous international study and is a step towards validating the HCL‐32‐R2 as a broadly applicable screening instrument for hypomanic features, facilitating the detection of hidden bipolarity in depressed patients.
Pre‐modern Islamic Medical Ethics and Graeco‐Islamic‐Jewish Embryology
Authors: Ghaly Mohammed
Published: July 2013

This article examines the, hitherto comparatively unexplored, reception of Greek embryology by medieval Muslim jurists. The article elaborates on the views attributed to Hippocrates (d. ca. 375 BC), which received attention from both Muslim physicians, such as Avicenna (d. 1037), and their Jewish peers living in the Muslim world including Ibn Jumayʽ (d. ca. 1198) and Moses Maimonides (d. 1204). The religio‐ethical implications of these Graeco‐Islamic‐Jewish embryological views were fathomed out by the two medieval Muslim jurists Shihāb al‐Dīn al‐Qarāfī (d. 1285) and Ibn al‐Qayyim (d. 1350). By putting these medieval religio‐ethical discussions into the limelight, the article aims to argue for a two‐pronged thesis. Firstly, pre‐modern medical ethics did exist in the Islamic tradition and available evidence shows that this field had a multidisciplinary character where the Islamic scriptures and the Graeco‐Islamic‐Jewish medical legacy were highly intertwined. This information problematizes the postulate claiming that medieval Muslim jurists were hostile to the so‐called ‘ancient sciences’. Secondly, these medieval religio‐ethical discussions remain playing a significant role in shaping the nascent field of contemporary Islamic bioethics. However, examining the exact character and scope of this role still requires further academic ventures.