bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elastic, Dynamic Viscoelastic and Model-Derived Fibril-Reinforced Poroelastic Mechanical Properties of Normal and Osteoarthritic Human Femoral Condyle Cartilage
Authors: Ebrahimi Mohammadhossein , Finnilä Mikko A. J. , Turkiewicz Aleksandra , Englund Martin , Saarakkala Simo , Korhonen Rami K. , Tanska Petri
Published: August 2021

Osteoarthritis (OA) degrades articular cartilage and weakens its function. Modern fibril-reinforced poroelastic (FRPE) computational models can distinguish the mechanical properties of main cartilage constituents, namely collagen, proteoglycans, and fluid, thus, they can precisely characterize the complex mechanical behavior of the tissue. However, these properties are not known for human femoral condyle cartilage. Therefore, we aimed to characterize them from human subjects undergoing knee replacement and from deceased donors without known OA. Multi-step stress-relaxation measurements coupled with sample-specific finite element analyses were conducted to obtain the FRPE material properties. Samples were graded using OARSI scoring to determine the severity of histopathological cartilage degradation. The results suggest that alterations in the FRPE properties are not evident in the moderate stages of cartilage degradation (OARSI 2-3) as compared with normal tissue (OARSI 0-1). Drastic deterioration of the FRPE properties was observed in severely degraded cartilage (OARSI 4). We also found that the FRPE properties of femoral condyle cartilage related to the collagen network (initial fibril-network modulus) and proteoglycan matrix (non-fibrillar matrix modulus) were greater compared to tibial and patellar cartilage in OA. These findings may inform cartilage tissue-engineering efforts and help to improve the accuracy of cartilage representations in computational knee joint models.
Improved risk estimation of locoregional recurrence, secondary contralateral tumors and distant metastases in early breast cancer: the INFLUENCE 2.0 model
Authors: Völkel Vinzenz , Hueting Tom A. , Draeger Teresa , van Maaren Marissa C. , de Munck Linda , Strobbe Luc J. A. , Sonke Gabe S. , Schmidt Marjanka K. , van Hezewijk Marjan , Groothuis-Oudshoorn Catharina G. M. , Siesling Sabine
Published: August 2021

Purpose

To extend the functionality of the existing INFLUENCE nomogram for locoregional recurrence (LRR) of breast cancer toward the prediction of secondary primary tumors (SP) and distant metastases (DM) using updated follow-up data and the best suitable statistical approaches.

Methods

Data on women diagnosed with non-metastatic invasive breast cancer were derived from the Netherlands Cancer Registry (n = 13,494). To provide flexible time-dependent individual risk predictions for LRR, SP, and DM, three statistical approaches were assessed; a Cox proportional hazard approach (COX), a parametric spline approach (PAR), and a random survival forest (RSF). These approaches were evaluated on their discrimination using the Area Under the Curve (AUC) statistic and on calibration using the Integrated Calibration Index (ICI). To correct for optimism, the performance measures were assessed by drawing 200 bootstrap samples.

Results

Age, tumor grade, pT, pN, multifocality, type of surgery, hormonal receptor status, HER2-status, and adjuvant therapy were included as predictors. While all three approaches showed adequate calibration, the RSF approach offers the best optimism-corrected 5-year AUC for LRR (0.75, 95%CI: 0.74–0.76) and SP (0.67, 95%CI: 0.65–0.68). For the prediction of DM, all three approaches showed equivalent discrimination (5-year AUC: 0.77–0.78), while COX seems to have an advantage concerning calibration (ICI < 0.01). Finally, an online calculator of INFLUENCE 2.0 was created.

Conclusions

INFLUENCE 2.0 is a flexible model to predict time-dependent individual risks of LRR, SP and DM at a 5-year scale; it can support clinical decision-making regarding personalized follow-up strategies for curatively treated non-metastatic breast cancer patients.
Functional recovery after percutaneous revascularization of coronary chronic total occlusions: insights from cardiac magnetic resonance tissue tracking
Authors: Everaars Henk , Schumacher Stefan P. , Stuijfzand Wijnand J. , van Basten Batenburg Martijn , Huynh Jennifer , van Diemen Pepijn A. , Bom Michiel J. , de Winter Ruben W. , van de Ven Peter M. , van Loon Ramon B. , van Rossum Albert C. , Opolski Maksymilian P. , Nap Alexander , Knaapen Paul
Published: August 2021

To evaluate the effect of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of coronary chronic total occlusions (CTOs) on left ventricular (LV) strain assessed using cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) tissue tracking. In 150 patients with a CTO, longitudinal (LS), radial (RS) and circumferential shortening (CS) were determined using CMR tissue tracking before and 3 months after successful PCI. In patients with impaired LV strain at baseline, global LS (10.9 ± 2.4% vs 11.6 ± 2.8%; P = 0.006), CS (11.3 ± 2.9% vs 12.0 ± 3.5%; P = 0.002) and RS (15.8 ± 4.9% vs 17.4 ± 6.6%; P = 0.001) improved after revascularization of the CTO, albeit to a small, clinically irrelevant, extent. Strain improvement was inversely related to the extent of scar, even after correcting for baseline strain (B =  − 0.05; P = 0.008 for GLS, B =  − 0.06; P = 0.016 for GCS, B =  − 0.13; P = 0.017 for GRS). In the vascular territory of the CTO, dysfunctional segments showed minor improvement in both CS (10.8 [6.9 to 13.3] % vs 11.9 [8.1 to 15.0] %; P < 0.001) and RS (14.2 [8.4 to 18.7] % vs 16.0 [9.9 to 21.8] %; P < 0.001) after PCI. Percutaneous revascularization of CTOs does not lead to a clinically relevant improvement of LV function, even in the subgroup of patients and segments most likely to benefit from revascularization (i.e. LV dysfunction at baseline and no or limited myocardial scar).
Optimal Emission Prices Over the Business Cycles
Authors: Lintunen Jussi , Vilmi Lauri
Published: August 2021

We prove that under the most typical circumstances optimal emission prices are procyclical, i.e., prices should be lower during recessions. The procyclicality is more likely when emissions propagate very slowly into environmental damage. A prime example of such process is$$\hbox {CO}_2$$CO2emissions. We show that carbon prices should be closely linked to the fluctuations of the marginal utility of consumption, which implies relatively modest magnitude of carbon price fluctuations. Our findings imply that climate policies should focus on setting the carbon price to the optimal growth path level and give carbon price fluctuations only a secondary role. Opposite to the carbon price, the cyclicality of optimal emissions depends on the production technology in the energy sector, and may become countercyclical in future if the technology mix becomes less fossil dependent.
Exploring the impact of sustainability (ESG) disclosure on firm value and financial performance (FP) in airline industry: the moderating role of size and age
Authors: Abdi Yaghoub , Li Xiaoni , Càmara-Turull Xavier
Published: August 2021

This study aims at exploring the impact of ESG scores on the value and FP of firms in the airline industry. The potential moderating role of firm size and age has also been studied in an effort to disentangle their relationships in this context. In particular, the analysis involves interaction effects for two types of firms: full-service and low-cost carriers. Based on the collected data from 38 airlines worldwide for the period 2009 to 2019, we observed that contributions to governance initiatives improve a firm’s market-to-book ratio. We also found that a firm’s participation in social and environmental activities is positively and significantly rewarded by a higher level of financial efficiency. Additionally, firm size is the relevant moderator for the association between sustainability disclosure and both firm value and FP in the air transport industry. We therefore propose that a managerial strategy of participating in these initiatives may adapt them based on their total assets as proxy of firm size. In regard to firm age, we did not find it to be a significant moderator.
The zebrafish cationic amino acid transporter/glycoprotein-associated family: sequence and spatiotemporal distribution during development of the transport system b0,+ (slc3a1/slc7a9)
Authors: Ellingsen Ståle , Narawane Shailesh , Fjose Anders , Verri Tiziano , Rønnestad Ivar
Published: August 2021

System b0,+ absorbs lysine, arginine, ornithine, and cystine, as well as some (large) neutral amino acids in the mammalian kidney and intestine. It is a heteromeric amino acid transporter made of the heavy subunit SLC3A1/rBAT and the light subunit SLC7A9/b0,+AT. Mutations in these two genes can cause cystinuria in mammals. To extend information on this transport system to teleost fish, we focused on the slc3a1 and slc7a9 genes by performing comparative and phylogenetic sequence analysis, investigating gene conservation during evolution (synteny), and defining early expression patterns during zebrafish (Danio rerio) development. Notably, we found that slc3a1 and slc7a9 are non-duplicated in the zebrafish genome. Whole-mount in situ hybridization detected co-localized expression of slc3a1 and slc7a9 in pronephric ducts at 24 h post-fertilization and in the proximal convoluted tubule at 3 days post-fertilization (dpf). Notably, both the genes showed co-localized expression in epithelial cells in the gut primordium at 3 dpf and in the intestine at 5 dpf (onset of exogenous feeding). Taken together, these results highlight the value of slc3a1 and slc7a9 as markers of zebrafish kidney and intestine development and show promise for establishing new zebrafish tools that can aid in the rapid screening(s) of substrates. Importantly, such studies will help clarify the complex interplay between the absorption of dibasic amino acids, cystine, and (large) neutral amino acids and the effect(s) of such nutrients on organismal growth.
Rapid indicators for monitoring the health of Chlamydomonas nivalis biomass during preservation
Authors: Bemejo-Padilla E. , Kinsou H. , Filali R. , Perez-Bibbins B. , Taidi B.
Published: August 2021

Microalgae are photosynthetic microorganisms that have increasingly attracted interest in the last decade due to their potential for industrial applications. One crucial aspect for the industrial-scale valorisation of algae biomass concerns the quality control during its preservation before being treated to obtain the end-product. Monitoring biomass quality is essential and can be potentially accomplished with the aid of specific biochemical indicators called biomarkers. In this context, the main aim of this work was to identify potential indicators of microalgae biomass viability that could be used as markers of its quality during storage/preservation for commercial operations. The health status of a suspension of Chlamydomonas nivalis was assessed at 4 ºC and 25 ºC during 10 days of storage. The use of the pulse-amplitude-modulation technique, based on chlorophyll fluorescence, was a valuable indicator of the culture viability. The measurement of DNA and of chlorophyll in the supernatant, indicative of cell lysis, also provided satisfactory results; in the case of the DNA, the limit of detection was 3.9 µg DNA·mL−1. The effect of different concentrations of a well-known and cheap preservative, acetic acid, was also evaluated at 4 ºC. This work identified three suitable biomarkers to be used as rapid indicators of the quality of the microalgal suspension prior to its reception for biorefinery activities.
An automated iterative approach for protein structure refinement using pseudocontact shifts
Authors: Cucuzza Stefano , Güntert Peter , Plückthun Andreas , Zerbe Oliver
Published: August 2021

NMR structure calculation using NOE-derived distance restraints requires a considerable number of assignments of both backbone and sidechains resonances, often difficult or impossible to get for large or complex proteins. Pseudocontact shifts (PCSs) also play a well-established role in NMR protein structure calculation, usually to augment existing structural, mostly NOE-derived, information. Existing refinement protocols using PCSs usually either require a sizeable number of sidechain assignments or are complemented by other experimental restraints. Here, we present an automated iterative procedure to perform backbone protein structure refinements requiring only a limited amount of backbone amide PCSs. Already known structural features from a starting homology model, in this case modules of repeat proteins, are framed into a scaffold that is subsequently refined by experimental PCSs. The method produces reliable indicators that can be monitored to judge about the performance. We applied it to a system in which sidechain assignments are hardly possible, designed Armadillo repeat proteins (dArmRPs), and we calculated the solution NMR structure of YM4A, a dArmRP containing four sequence-identical internal modules, obtaining high convergence to a single structure. We suggest that this approach is particularly useful when approximate folds are known from other techniques, such as X-ray crystallography, while avoiding inherent artefacts due to, for instance, crystal packing.
Changes in Immune Cell Types with Age in Breast are Consistent with a Decline in Immune Surveillance and Increased Immunosuppression
Authors: Zirbes Arrianna , Joseph Jesuchristopher , Lopez Jennifer C. , Sayaman Rosalyn W. , Basam Mudaser , Seewaldt Victoria L. , LaBarge Mark A.
Published: August 2021

A majority of breast cancers (BC) are age-related and we seek to determine what cellular and molecular changes occur in breast tissue with age that make women more susceptible to cancer initiation. Immune-epithelial cell interactions are important during mammary gland development and the immune system plays an important role in BC progression. The composition of human immune cell populations is known to change in peripheral blood with age and in breast tissue during BC progression. Less is known about changes in immune populations in normal breast tissue and how their interactions with mammary epithelia change with age. We quantified densities of T cells, B cells, and macrophage subsets in pathologically normal breast tissue from 122 different women who ranged in age from 24 to 74 years old. Donor-matched peripheral blood from a subset of 20 donors was analyzed by flow cytometry. Tissue immune cell densities and localizations relative to the epithelium were quantified in situ with machine learning-based image analyses of multiplex immunohistochemistry-stained tissue sections. In situ results were corroborated with flow cytometry analyses of peri-epithelial immune cells from primary breast tissue preparations and transcriptome analyses of public data from bulk tissue reduction mammoplasties. Proportions of immune cell subsets in breast tissue and donor-matched peripheral blood were not correlated. Density (cells/mm2) of T and B lymphocytes in situ decreased with age. T cells and macrophages preferentially localized near or within epithelial bilayers, rather than the intralobular stroma. M2 macrophage density was higher than M1 macrophage density and this difference was due to higher density of M2 in the intralobular stroma. Transcriptional signature analyses suggested age-dependent decline in adaptive immune cell populations and functions and increased innate immune cell activity. T cells and macrophages are so intimately associated with the epithelia that they are embedded within the bilayer, suggesting an important role for immune-epithelial cell interactions. Age-associated decreased T cell density in peri-epithelial regions, and increased M2 macrophage density in intralobular stroma suggests the emergence of a tissue microenvironment that is simultaneously immune-senescent and immunosuppressive with age.
“Blessed are the Nations with High Levels of Schizophrenia”: National Level Schizophrenia Prevalence and Its Relationship with National Levels of Religiosity
Authors: Dutton Edward , Madison Guy
Published: August 2021

Schizophrenia is correlated with religious delusions but, heretofore, the relationship between schizophrenia prevalence and religiosity has not been explored at the national level. Examining this relationship, we find that national level schizophrenia prevalence is correlated with national level religiosity and strongly negatively correlated with national level atheism across 125 countries. When controlling for cognitive performance and economic development in multiple regression analyses, the proportion of the variance explained was 2.9% (p < .005) for Religiousness and 5.1% for Atheism (p < .00005). Alternative causal interpretations of this association are discussed.
Set-theoretic Yang–Baxter & reflection equations and quantum group symmetries
Authors: Doikou Anastasia , Smoktunowicz Agata
Published: August 2021

Connections between set-theoretic Yang–Baxter and reflection equations and quantum integrable systems are investigated. We show that set-theoretic R-matrices are expressed as twists of known solutions. We then focus on reflection and twisted algebras and we derive the associated defining algebra relations for R-matrices being Baxterized solutions of the A-type Hecke algebra $${\mathcal {H}}_N(q=1)$$

H
N

(
q
=
1
)

. We show in the case of the reflection algebra that there exists a “boundary” finite sub-algebra for some special choice of “boundary” elements of the B-type Hecke algebra $${\mathcal {B}}_N(q=1, Q)$$

B
N

(
q
=
1
,
Q
)

. We also show the key proposition that the associated double row transfer matrix is essentially expressed in terms of the elements of the B-type Hecke algebra. This is one of the fundamental results of this investigation together with the proof of the duality between the boundary finite subalgebra and the B-type Hecke algebra. These are universal statements that largely generalize previous relevant findings and also allow the investigation of the symmetries of the double row transfer matrix.
Intuitions, theory choice and the ameliorative character of logical theories
Authors: dos Santos César Frederico
Published: August 2021

Anti-exceptionalists about logic claim that logical methodology is not different from scientific methodology when it comes to theory choice. Two anti-exceptionalist accounts of theory choice in logic are abductivism (defended by Priest and Williamson) and predictivism (recently proposed by Martin and Hjortland). These accounts have in common reliance on pre-theoretical logical intuitions for the assessment of candidate logical theories. In this paper, I investigate whether intuitions can provide what abductivism and predictivism want from them and conclude that they do not. As an alternative to these approaches, I propose a Carnapian view on logical theorizing according to which logical theories do not simply account for pre-theoretical intuitions, but rather improve on them. In this account, logical theories are ameliorative, rather than representational.
Defective food concepts
Authors: Borghini Andrea , Piras Nicola , Serini Beatrice
Published: August 2021

Our aim in this paper is to employ conceptual negotiation to inform a method of rethinking defective food concepts, that is concepts that fail to suitably represent a certain food-related domain or that offer representations that run counter to the interests of their users. We begin by sorting out four dimensions of a food concept: (i) the data upon which it rests and the methodology by which those data are gathered; (ii) the ontology that sustains it; (iii) the social acts that serve to negotiate and establish the concept; (iv) and the aims and values that it fosters. We then discuss the conditions that make a food concept defective, pointing out four types of defects—fragility, polarization, incoherence, and schizophrenia—which we illustrate by means of two specific examples: local food and healthy food.
Explainable recommendation: when design meets trust calibration
Authors: Naiseh Mohammad , Al-Thani Dena , Jiang Nan , Ali Raian
Published: August 2021

Human-AI collaborative decision-making tools are being increasingly applied in critical domains such as healthcare. However, these tools are often seen as closed and intransparent for human decision-makers. An essential requirement for their success is the ability to provide explanations about themselves that are understandable and meaningful to the users. While explanations generally have positive connotations, studies showed that the assumption behind users interacting and engaging with these explanations could introduce trust calibration errors such as facilitating irrational or less thoughtful agreement or disagreement with the AI recommendation. In this paper, we explore how to help trust calibration through explanation interaction design. Our research method included two main phases. We first conducted a think-aloud study with 16 participants aiming to reveal main trust calibration errors concerning explainability in AI-Human collaborative decision-making tools. Then, we conducted two co-design sessions with eight participants to identify design principles and techniques for explanations that help trust calibration. As a conclusion of our research, we provide five design principles: Design for engagement, challenging habitual actions, attention guidance, friction and support training and learning. Our findings are meant to pave the way towards a more integrated framework for designing explanations with trust calibration as a primary goal.
Auswirkungen von Studienkosten auf herkunftsspezifische Ungleichheiten bei der Studienaufnahme und der Studienfachwahl
Authors: Engelhardt Carina , Lörz Markus
Published: August 2021

Trotz Bildungsexpansion und verschiedener bildungspolitischer Bemühungen bestehen beim Übergang ins Studium und in der Studienfachwahl bis heute erhebliche herkunftsspezifische Unterschiede. Inwieweit bildungspolitische Reformen die sozialen Ungleichheiten im Hochschulbereich verändern und welche Studierendengruppen auf solche reagieren, wurde bislang jedoch selten untersucht. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschäftigt sich daher am Beispiel der BAföG-Reform 1983 mit der Frage, inwieweit kostenbezogene Veränderungen den Übergang ins Studium und im Speziellen die Studienfachwahl beeinflussen. Ausgehend von kulturellen Reproduktionsprozessen und rationalen Entscheidungsprozessen werden verschiedene theoretische Erklärungsansätze skizziert und im Rahmen eines Differenz-in-Differenzen(DID)- und Regressions-Diskontinuitäts(RD)-Designs hinsichtlich ihrer empirischen Evidenz getestet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die BAföG-Reformen im Zeitraum von 1976–1986 zu einer Verstärkung der Ungleichheiten beim Übergang ins Studium geführt haben, aber bei der Studienfachwahl in die umgekehrte Richtung wirken. Aufgrund der Erhöhung der Studienkosten verzichten Studienberechtigte aus weniger privilegierten Familien zwar häufiger auf ein Studium, aber diejenigen, die sich für eine Studienaufnahme entscheiden, wählen in zunehmendem Maße lukrativere Studienrichtungen. Das Bildungsverhalten der Studienberechtigten aus privilegiertem Elternhaus wird dagegen erwartungsgemäß von der BAföG-Reform weniger stark beeinflusst.
On which common ground to build? Transferable knowledge across cases in transdisciplinary sustainability research
Authors: Wuelser Gabriela , Adler Carolina , Breu Thomas , Hirsch Hadorn Gertrude , Wiesmann Urs , Pohl Christian
Published: August 2021

To support societal problem solving, transdisciplinary research (TDR) uses knowledge co-production focusing on relevance and validity in a studied case and its particular social–ecological context. In the first instance, the resulting situated knowledge seems to be restricted to these single cases. However, if some of the knowledge generated in TDR could be used in other research projects, this would imply that there is a body of knowledge representing this special type of research. This study used a qualitative approach based on the methodology of grounded theory to empirically examine what knowledge is considered transferable to other cases, if any. 30 leaders of 12 Swiss-based TDR projects in the field of sustainable development were interviewed, representing both academia and practice. The transferable knowledge we found consists of the following: (1) Transdisciplinary principles, (2) transdisciplinary approaches, (3) systematic procedures, (4) product formats, (5) experiential know-how, (6) framings and (7) insights, data and information. The discussion of TDR has predominantly been focusing on transdisciplinary principles and approaches. In order to take knowledge co-production in TDR beyond an unmanageable field of case studies, more efforts in developing and critically discussing transferable knowledge of the other classes are needed, foremost systematic procedures, product formats and framings.
Automated Testing and Characterization of Additive Manufacturing (ATCAM)
Authors: Mazhari Arash Alex , Ticknor Randall , Swei Sean , Krzesniak Stanley , Teodorescu Mircea
Published: August 2021

The sensitivity of additive manufacturing (AM) to the variability of feedstock quality, machine calibration, and accuracy drives the need for frequent characterization of fabricated objects for a robust material process. The constant testing is fiscally and logistically intensive, often requiring coupons that are manufactured and tested in independent facilities. As a step toward integrating testing and characterization into the AM process while reducing cost, we propose the automated testing and characterization of AM (ATCAM). ATCAM is configured for fused deposition modeling (FDM) and introduces the concept of dynamic coupons to generate large quantities of basic AM samples. An in situ actuator is printed on the build surface to deploy coupons through impact, which is sensed by a load cell system utilizing machine learning (ML) to correlate AM data. We test ATCAM’s ability to distinguish the quality of three PLA feedstock at differing price points by generating and comparing 3000 dynamic coupons in 10 repetitions of 100 coupon cycles per material. ATCAM correlated the quality of each feedstock and visualized fatigue of in situ actuators over each testing cycle. Three ML algorithms were then compared, with Gradient Boost regression demonstrating a 71% correlation of dynamic coupons to their parent feedstock and provided confidence for the quality of AM data ATCAM generates.
Hypersensitivity Reactions to Platinum Agents and Taxanes
Authors: Tsao Lulu R. , Young Fernanda D. , Otani Iris M. , Castells Mariana C.
Published: August 2021

Hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) to chemotherapy agents can present a serious challenge to treating patients with preferred or first-line therapies. Allergic reactions through an immunologic mechanism have been established for platinum and taxane agents, which are used to treat a wide variety of cancers including gynecologic cancers. Platin HSRs typically occur after multiple cycles of chemotherapy, reflecting the development of drug IgE sensitization, while taxane HSRs often occur on first or second exposure. Despite observed differences between platin and taxane HSRs, drug desensitization has been an effective method to reintroduce both chemotherapeutic agents safely. Skin testing is the primary diagnostic tool used to risk-stratify patients after initial HSRs, with more widespread use for platinum agents than taxanes. Different practices exist around the use of skin testing, drug challenge, and choice of desensitization protocol. Here, we review the epidemiology, mechanism, and clinical presentation of HSRs to platinum and taxane agents, as well as key controversies in their evaluation and management.
Characteristics of immune and inflammatory responses among different age groups of pediatric patients with COVID-19 in China
Authors: Ji Su-Qiong , Zhang Min , Zhang Yong , Xia Kun , Chen Yuan , Chu Qian , Wei Yong-Chang , Zhou Fu-Ling , Bu Bi-Tao , Tu Hong-Lei , Cao Ya-Yun , Hu Li-Ya
Published: August 2021

Background

Severe cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among pediatric patients are more common in children less than 1 year of age. Our aim is to address the underlying role of immunity and inflammation conditions among different age groups of pediatric patients.

Methods

We recruited pediatric patients confirmed of moderate COVID-19 symptoms, admitted to Wuhan Children's Hospital from January 28th to April 1st in 2020. Patients were divided into four age groups (≤ 1, 1–6, 7–10, and 11–15 years). Demographic information, clinical characteristics, laboratory results of lymphocyte subsets test, immune and inflammation related markers were all evaluated.

Results

Analysis included 217/241 (90.0%) of patients with moderate clinical stage disease. Average recovery time of children more than 6 years old was significantly shorter than of children younger than 6 years (P = 0.001). Reduced neutrophils and increased lymphocytes were significantly most observed among patients under 1 year old (P < 0.01). CD19+ B cells were the only significantly elevated immune cells, especially among patients under 1 year old (cell proportion: n = 12, 30.0%, P < 0.001; cell count: n = 13, 32.5%, P < 0.001). While, low levels of immune related makers, such as immunoglobulin (Ig) G (P < 0.001), IgA (P < 0.001), IgM (P < 0.001) and serum complement C3c (P < 0.001), were also mostly found among patients under 1 year old, together with elevated levels of inflammation related markers, such as tumor necrosis factor γ (P = 0.007), interleukin (IL)-10 (P = 0.011), IL-6 (P = 0.008), lactate dehydrogenase (P < 0.001), and procalcitonin (P = 0.007).

Conclusion

The higher rate of severe cases and long course of COVID-19 among children under 1 year old may be due to the lower production of antibodies and serum complements of in this age group.
Cardiovascular examination using hand-held cardiac ultrasound
Authors: Jenkins Sam , Shiha Mohamed G. , Yones Eron , Wardley James , Ryding Alisdair , Sawh Chris , Flather Marcus , Morris Paul , Swift Andrew J. , Vassiliou Vassilios S. , Garg Pankaj
Published: August 2021

Echocardiography is the first-line imaging modality for assessing cardiac function and morphology. The miniaturisation of ultrasound technology has led to the development of hand-held cardiac ultrasound (HCU) devices. The increasing sophistication of available HCU devices enables clinicians to more comprehensively examine patients at the bedside. HCU can augment clinical exam findings by offering a rapid screening assessment of cardiac dysfunction in both the Emergency Department and in cardiology clinics. Possible implications of implementing HCU into clinical practice are discussed in this review paper.
Establishment of an interdisciplinary board for bone and joint infections
Authors: Otto-Lambertz Christina , Yagdiran Ayla , Schmidt-Hellerau Kirsten , Meyer-Schwickerath Charlotte , Eysel Peer , Jung Norma
Published: August 2021

Purpose

The incidence of bone and joint infections is increasing while their treatment remains a challenge. Although guidelines and recommendations exist, evidence is often lacking and treatment complicated by complex clinical presentations and therapeutic options. Interdisciplinary boards shown to improve management of other diseases, seem potentially helpful. We describe the establishment of an osteomyelitis board to show the existing demand for such a platform.

Methods

All patients discussed in the board for bone and joint infections between October 2014 and September 2020 were included in this retrospective study. Data were extracted from patient records and analyzed descriptively.

Results

A total of 851 requests related to 563 patients were discussed in the board during the study period. After a run-in period of 3 years, a stable number of cases (> 170/year) were discussed, submitted by nearly all hospital departments (22 of 25). Recommendations were mainly related to antibiotic treatment (43%) and to diagnostics (24%). Periprosthetic joint infections were the most frequent entity (33%), followed by native vertebral osteomyelitis and other osteomyelitis. In 3% of requests, suspected infection could be excluded, in 7% further diagnostics were recommended to confirm or rule out infection.

Conclusions

A multidisciplinary board for bone and joint infections was successfully established, potentially serving as a template for further boards. Recommendations were mainly related to antibiotic treatment and further diagnostics, highlighting the need for interdisciplinary discussion to individualize and optimize treatment plans based on guidelines. Further research in needed to evaluate impact on morbidity, mortality and costs.
On trees with unique locating kernels
Authors: Bród Dorota
Published: August 2021

A locating-dominating set of a graph G is a set D of vertices such that for every two vertices $$x,y\in V(G)\setminus D$$

x
,
y
∈
V
(
G
)
\
D

the sets $$N(x)\cap D$$

N
(
x
)
∩
D

and $$N(y)\cap D$$

N
(
y
)
∩
D

are non-empty and different. In this paper, we define the locating kernel of a graph G, i.e., a subset of its vertex set which is independent and a locating-dominating set. We provide a constructive characterization of trees with a unique locating kernel.
Implementing a Mind-Body Skills Group in Psychiatric Residency Training
Authors: Ranjbar Noshene , Erb Matt , Tomkins Julie , Taneja Krishna , Villagomez Amelia
Published: August 2021

Objective

The burnout crisis in healthcare has led to interventions promoting resiliency and wellness among residents. One such intervention is a 10-week Mind-Body Skills Group including didactics and experiential exercises, self-expression, and small-group support. A Mind-Body Skills Group for residents and fellows in the University of Arizona-Tucson Department of Psychiatry aimed to teach skills for self-care and patient care.

Methods

In 2018–2020, 50 University of Arizona-Tucson psychiatric residents and fellows participated in Mind-Body Skills Groups. After finishing the course, 44 participants completed a survey about satisfaction with the course and its content, comfort sharing experiences with the group, use of mind-body skills for participants’ own self-care and wellness, use of these skills with patients, and likelihood of recommending the Mind-Body Skills Group to colleagues.

Results

Eighty-four percent of survey respondents were satisfied or very satisfied with the Mind-Body Skills Group. Eighty percent used skills learned in the course for their own self-care and 61% used the skills with patients on at least a weekly basis. Eighty-nine percent indicated they were likely or very likely to use mind-body skills with patients in the future. Ninety-five percent of respondents felt safe sharing personal feelings and experiences in the group, and 95% would strongly recommend or likely recommend the course to colleagues. Results for in-person and online groups were not significantly different.

Conclusions

A 10-week Mind-Body Skills Group during psychiatric residency was well received by participants. The course influenced personal health behaviors, which may bolster resiliency and reduce risk for burnout.
A Risk Characterization of Regulatory Arbitrage in Financial Markets
Authors: Minto Andrea , Prinz Stephanie , Wulff Melanie
Published: August 2021

This article analyses regulatory arbitrage in financial markets from a risk-based perspective. It assesses regulatory arbitrage in terms of the risk it may pose to the attainment of a regulatory objective, in this case financial stability. Its most distinct contribution to the literature is the application of the NOAEL approach—thus far mainly used in public health literature and regulatory toxicology—to the legal analysis and management of arbitrage risks. We propose several qualitative parameters relating to the likelihood of regulatory arbitrage and the negative impact if such arbitrage should occur. The article ultimately aims to help frame the ongoing debate about policy-making and the use of risk assessment methodologies to cope with regulatory arbitrage in financial markets.
Advances and Challenges in Two-Dimensional Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskites Toward High-Performance Light-Emitting Diodes
Authors: Ren Miao , Cao Sheng , Zhao Jialong , Zou Bingsuo , Zeng Ruosheng
Published: August 2021

Two-dimensional (2D) perovskites are known as one of the most promising luminescent materials due to their structural diversity and outstanding optoelectronic properties. Compared with 3D perovskites, 2D perovskites have natural quantum well structures, large exciton binding energy (Eb) and outstanding thermal stability, which shows great potential in the next-generation displays and solid-state lighting. In this review, the fundamental structure, photophysical and electrical properties of 2D perovskite films were illustrated systematically. Based on the advantages of 2D perovskites, such as special energy funnel process, ultra-fast energy transfer, dense film and low efficiency roll-off, the remarkable achievements of 2D perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) are summarized, and exciting challenges of 2D perovskite are also discussed. An outlook on further improving the efficiency of pure-blue PeLEDs, enhancing the operational stability of PeLEDs and reducing the toxicity to push this field forward was also provided. This review provides an overview of the recent developments of 2D perovskite materials and LED applications, and outlining challenges for achieving the high-performance devices."Image missing"
A phytopathometry glossary for the twenty-first century: towards consistency and precision in intra- and inter-disciplinary dialogues
Authors: Bock Clive H. , Pethybridge Sarah J. , Barbedo Jayme G. A. , Esker Paul D. , Mahlein Anne-Katrin , Del Ponte Emerson M.
Published: August 2021

Phytopathometry can be defined as the branch of plant pathology (phytopathology) that is concerned with estimation or measurement of the amount of plant disease expressed by symptoms of disease or signs of a pathogen on a single or group of specimens. Phytopathometry is critical for many reasons, including analyzing yield loss due to disease, breeding for disease resistance, evaluating and comparing disease control methods, understanding coevolution, and studying disease epidemiology and pathogen ecology. Phytopathometry underpins all activities in plant pathology and extends into related disciplines, such as agronomy, horticulture, and plant breeding. Considering this central role, phytopathometry warrants status as a formally recognized branch of plant pathology. The glossary defines terms and concepts used in phytopathometry based on disease symptoms or visible pathogen structures and includes those terms commonly used in the visual estimation of disease severity and sensor-based methods of disease measurement. Relevant terms from the intersecting disciplines of measurement science, statistics, psychophysics, robotics, and artificial intelligence are also included. In particular, a new, broader definition is proposed for “disease severity,” and the terms “disease measurement” and “disease estimate” are specifically defined. It is hoped that the glossary contributes to a more unified cross-discipline approach to research in, and application of the tools available to phytopathometry.
On the replacement of steel by NITINOL as coupling agent in automobile shaft
Authors: Barik Lokanath , Samal Saswat , Behera Ajit , Rajak Dipen Kumar , Pruncu Catalin I.
Published: August 2021

Automobile couplings generally fail due to excessive misalignment in shafts and torque overload which ultimately generates vibration in the assembly. These vibrations weaken the coupling structure and ultimately get transmitted to the shaft leading to fatigue failure. Additionally, the complexity in the design of standard coupling is related to lower durability. In this system, when the radial space is larger, it triggers a bulkier transmission. Shape memory alloy such as NITINOL is a special class of smart material that possesses superelasticity which means it can retain deformation of about 8%. This material has a high degree of strength, greater elastic and shear modulus than existing coupling materials, such as steel, and has unique vibration damping features. Coupling made of NITINOL is simple in design and requires lesser space with minimal maintenance. They provide higher durability and are much reliable in operation over a wide range of temperatures. This paper aims to review the NITINOL material used in coupling technology industries and the parameters governing its shape memory effect. The knowledge gathered from this work enables to further extend the technological contribution to NiTi coupling at large-scale production in the automobile sector with direct effect on longer life for the transmission system.
Suicidal Behaviors in a Nationally Representative Sample of School-Going Adolescents Aged 12–17 Years in Eswatini
Authors: Quarshie Emmanuel Nii-Boye , Atorkey Prince , García Karla Patricia Valdés , Lomotey Samuel Afotey , Navelle Pascal Landindome
Published: August 2021

The burgeoning body of evidence suggests that the aggregated 12-month prevalence estimates of suicidal behaviors (ideation, planning, and attempt) are relatively higher among in-school adolescents in Africa, although country-specific data on the phenomena are still inadequate from the continent. We sought to estimate the 12-month prevalence and identify some of the correlates of suicide behaviors among school-going adolescents in Eswatini. We analyzed the nationally representative data from the 2013 Eswatini World Health Organization Global School-based Student Health Survey, using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate statistical approaches. Of the 2,513 analytical samples, 17.0% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 15.4–18.4%) reported suicidal ideation, 21.0% (95% CI: 19.3–22.6%) made a suicide plan, and 15.5% (95% CI: 14.1–16.9%) attempted suicide during the previous 12 months. The final adjusted logistic models indicated health risk behavior (i.e., marijuana use), adverse interpersonal factors within the family (e.g., intrusion of privacy by parents), and school contextual factors (e.g., bullying victimization, physical fights) to be associated with increased odds of suicidal behaviors among females. However, predominantly, school-related interpersonal factors (e.g., bullying victimization, physical fights) showed strong associations with increased odds of suicidal behaviors among males. Generally, parental monitoring, parental understanding, and social support at school were associated with reduced odds of suicidal behaviors. The multi-level nature of our findings underscores the need for multi-contextual and multi-sectoral intervention and prevention programs and policy approaches targeted at mitigating the onset of suicidal ideation and possible transition to suicidal planning, attempt, and potential death by suicide in this young population.
Appearance Satisfaction as a Predictor of Specific Sexual Problems and Associated Distress
Authors: Øverup Camilla S. , Strizzi Jenna Marie , Cipric Ana , Træen Bente , Hald Gert Martin
Published: August 2021

INTRODUCTION

Appearance dissatisfaction is a sensitive issue and has been tied to depression, dissatisfaction in romantic relationships, and reduced sexual satisfaction.

Aim

This study sought to examine associations between appearance satisfaction and specific sexual problems and related distress, testing also the moderating role of relationship satisfaction.

Methods

A large web-sample of Norwegians in romantic relationships (N = 2,903) completed a one-time survey.

Outcomes

Participants reported on their experience of five different sexual problems and associated level of distress.

RESULTS

We found that appearance satisfaction was associated with reporting fewer sexual problems, and specifically, with a smaller likelihood of experiencing problems with lack of enjoyment, lack of excitement, and lack of climax. Furthermore, appearance satisfaction was unrelated to overall sexual problem-related distress, but was associated with feeling less distress about lack of excitement and lack of climax. Relationship satisfaction did not serve as a moderator of the associations.

Clinical Translation

These findings suggest the importance of attending to appearance satisfaction when working with clients with multiple sexual problems, particularly those related to excitement and enjoyment.

Strengths and Limitations

Strengths of the study include a large sample of partnered adults and assessment of specific sexual problems and associated distress. A limitation is that outcomes were assessed using single items, rather than multi-item scales.

CONCLUSION

The study highlights the importance of examining the presence of sexual problems and associated distress separately, and to consider appearance satisfaction as a predictor of sexual functioning.
Remote Sensing and Indigenous Communities
Authors: Sanger Matthew C. , Barnett Kristen
Published: August 2021

Although remote sensing techniques are increasingly becoming ubiquitous within archaeological research, their proper and ethical use has rarely been critically examined, particularly among Native American communities. Potential ethical challenges are outlined, along with suggested changes to archaeological frameworks that will better address Native American concerns. These changes center on a revised view of remote sensing instruments as being potentially invasive and extractive, even if nondestructive. Understanding the potentially invasive and extractive nature of these tools and methods, archaeologists are urged to work closely with Native/Indigenous communities to create more holistic practices that include community knowledge holders and to actively discourage stereotypes that pit archaeologists and Native/Indigenous communities against one another. Considering the speed at which remote sensing is being used in archaeology, these changes need to be embraced as soon as possible so that future work can be conducted in an ethical manner.
Drop-on-demand painting of highly viscous liquids
Authors: Kamamoto Kyota , Onuki Hajime , Tagawa Yoshiyuki
Published: August 2021

Graphical Abstract
Antimicrobial stewardship in patients with confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Authors: Moore Sarah E. , Wilde Ashley M. , Bohn Brian C. , Song Matthew , Schulz Paul
Published: August 2021

Hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients receiving antibiotics (n = 173) were retrospectively assigned to the early or late discontinuation groups. The length of therapy was shorter in the early discontinuation group (3 vs 7 days; P < .0001). Mortality rates (14.3% vs 20.7%; P = .316) and length of stay (7 vs 9 days; P = .063) were similar.
Cross-boundary weed management in protected area–centered ecosystems: how can it work and what makes it harder to achieve?
Authors: Otto Natalie , Brunson Mark
Published: August 2021

Invasive species management in natural landscapes is generally executed at the scale of independent jurisdictions, yet the ecological processes and biodiversity to be protected from invasion occur over large spatial scales and across multiple jurisdictions. Jurisdictional land boundaries can influence the flows and dynamics of ecological systems, as well as the social systems that exist in these complex landscapes. Land management entities in large, protected area–centered ecosystems may use different approaches to address cross-boundary management challenges. To understand these differing strategies and their effects on cooperative invasive plant management, we interviewed employees with federal, county, and state agencies, research organizations, nonprofits, and local stakeholder groups in two national parks and their surrounding lands in California, USA. Although all participants stressed the importance of working together, they did so along a continuum of strategies ranging from simple communication to coordination of independent efforts to active collaboration. Barriers to collaboration can be categorized as originating within or externally to the management unit, including limited resources, differing agency priorities, paperwork requirements, and lack of support by higher-level managers. Strategies to reduce barriers depend on where they originate.