bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Damage Modes in Impacted Thermoset and Thermoplastic Composites
Authors: Srinivasan K. , Jackson W.C. , Smith B.T. , Hinkley J.A.
Published: March 2007

Composite materials remain extremely vulnerable to out-of-plane impact loads, which may lead to severe losses in strength and stiffness. Impact induced damage is often a complex mixture of transverse cracks, delaminations and fiber failures. An ex perimental investigation was undertaken to quantify damage tolerance and resistance in composite materials impacted using the drop-weight method. Tests were conducted on laminates of several different carbon-fiber composite systems such as epoxies, modified epoxies, and amorphous and semicrystalline thermoplastics. In this paper, impacted com posite specimens have been examined using destructive and nondestructive techniques to establish the characteristic damage states. Specifically, optical microscopy, ultrasonic and scanning electron microscopy techniques have been used to identify impact induced damage mechanisms. Damage propagation during post impact compression was also stud ied.
Creep and Stress Rupture Testing of Polyethylene Sheet under Equal Biaxial Tensile Stresses
Authors: Duvall D.E. , Edwards D.B.
Published: March 2007

A medium density (approximately 0.94 g/cm3) polyethylene sheet, approx imately 1.5 mm thick, was subjected to equal biaxial tension stresses by way of an axisym metric loading system. Tests were conducted at room temperature and at loads of ≤60% of the product's short term ultimate load capability to generate creep data under this load ing regime. Tests were also carried out at 60 and 80°C to evaluate the stress rupture char acteristics of the product. The experimental apparatus and test conditions are described. Creep data are presented in the form of isochronous stress-strain curves. Stress rupture data for ductile yelding failures are also presented.
The Effect of Mandrel Material on the Processing-Induced Residual Stresses in Thick Filament Wound Composite Cylinders
Authors: White S.R. , Zhang Z.
Published: March 2007

Residual stresses are known to be detrimental to a number of mechanical properties in composite materials. The mechanisms by which they develop in the filament winding of composite cylinders and tubes is not fully understood. In this work a process model is presented to predict the residual stresses induced during the processing of two- layer composite cylinders. Chemical shrinkage, thermal expansion/contraction, and cure- dependent mechanical properties are accounted for in the model. The influence of mandrel stiffness and thermal expansion coefficient is examined and a case study of an aluminum and a steel mandrel is compared. The residual stress field is shown to be strongly affected by the mandrel thermal expansion coefficient.
Variation of Mat Surface Density and Its Effect on Permeability Evaluation for RTM Modelling
Authors: Gauvin Raymond , Kerachni Abdelmalek , Fisa Bohuslav
Published: March 2007

Continuous fiber strands mats are often used in Resin Transfer Molding (RTM). This paper presents the results of an extensive experimental study where the varia tion of mat surface density was investigated on five commercially available mats. The in- plane permeability for all these mats was also measured and compared with models found in literature. Since none of these models gave a satisfactory prediction for all the mats, a new empirical model is proposed. This model, with a set of specific parameters for each mat, can easily be stored in the data bank of any RTM flow simulation software.
Mechanical Behavior and Fracture Mechanism in Flat Braided Composites. Part 3: Mechanically Fastened Joint in Flat Braided Bar
Authors: Fujita Akihiro , Hamada Hiroyuki , Maekawa Zenichiro , Ohno Etsuji , Yokoyama Atsushi
Published: March 2007

In this work, fracture behavior and strength of mechanically fastened joint in the flat braided bar were studied. Joint strength of the braided flat bar with the braided hole was higher than that of the braided flat bar with the machined hole. In the braided hole, although joint geometry decreased, the failure mode was safe bearing failure. The calculated results agreed well with the experimental results, and it was possible to estimate the fracture behavior and joint strength of the braided flat bar with a circular hole by this analysis method. It is better for joint design that the fibers form the braided hole, around the hole, and form a reinforcement configuration with high modulus and strength as a uni directional composite.
Just How Good are Knitted Fabrics
Authors: Dewalt Peter L. , Reichard Ronnal P.
Published: March 2007

Knitted fabrics have been available in the FRP market for over a decade. Although the market share of these fabrics has been steadily increasing, incomplete understanding often leads to inefficient or improper use of the materials. Examples of lam inates for several different applications comparing the use of traditional reinforcement fabrics with equivalent laminates using knitted fabrics are presented to illustrate the proper use of knitted fabrics and the trade-offs of cost, weight, stiffness and strength.
The Anisotropy Effect on the Stiffness and Toughness of Encapsulated Fiber Composites
Authors: Theocaris Pericles S. , Demakos C.B.
Published: March 2007

The variation of the effective moduli in encapsulated fiber composites, which consist of anisotropic phases, is presented in this paper. The strain energy rate released by an edge crack in a rectangular composite thin sheet was evaluated and provided information for the toughness of the material prior to fracture. A typical composite mate rial was macroscopically assumed as a transversely isotropic medium, whereas the repre sentative volume element used for its description is formed by a cylindrical fiber of either a transversely isotropic, or a purely isotropic material, a transversely isotropic cylindrical annulus as coating of the fiber, and an annulus of the matrix covering the encapsulated fiber. The matrix consisted either of isotropic or transversely isotropic material, which is further surrounded by the equivalent composite, which averaged the actual properties of the bulk of the composite containing the dispersed encapsulated fibers. Solutions for the longitudinal and transverse elastic moduli ELc and ETc as well as the shear moduli GLc and GTc of the composite are defined in a closed form. Their variation in terms of the relative extent of the matrix is also evaluated. Finally, interesting information concerning the vari ation of the elastic stiffness of the composite due to anisotropy of the matrix was found. Furthermore, the strain energy density released by an edge crack in a rectangular compos ite sheet was determined for the various models with anisotropic fibers or matrices studied in this paper.
Developing a Multidisciplinary Pet Placement Program for Community-Based Elderly
Authors: Netting F. Ellen , Wilson Cindy C. , New John C.
Published: March 2007

This article describes the Knoxville, Tennessee Pet Placement Program developed by a multidisciplinary team consisting of a public health educator, a veterinarian, and a social worker. The project was funded by the Levi Strauss Foundation and the Aetna Life and Casualty Foundation, and sponsored by the Greater Knoxville Senior Citizens Home Aide Service. The Functional Assessment Inventory (FAI) and the Pet Attitude Inventory (PAI) were used to evaluate the project. One hundred and three elderly persons were interviewed, and twenty-two persons requested animal companions.
Alzheimer's Disease: Caregivers' Perceptions of Burden
Authors: Jenkins Terry S. , Parham Iris A. , Jenkins Larry R.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine factors contributing to the burden of primary caregivers of Alzheimer's Disease patients. Burden was measured by the Burden Interview while the patient's level of functioning was rated by caregivers on the Symptom Questionnaire and the Dementia Rating Scale. In addition, the relationship between burden and a number of other relevant variables including stress responses, help orientation, social support, and predisease caregiver-patient relationship was assessed.

The cross-sectional analyses suggest that burden is uncorrelated overall with level of dementia. However, there are significant differences in level of burden reported by respondents caring for patients in varying stages of the disease. While burden was found to be negatively correlated with the predisease caregiver-patient relationship, burden was positively correlated with stress response and support group impact. Finally, no relationship between burden and help orientation was found.

The retest analysis was based upon data collected from subjects retested nine months following the original testing. As predicted, level of dementia, burden, and support group attendance exhibited significant increases. Additionally, caregivers reported a decrease in help beliefs consistent with the medical model. Theoretical and methodological issues are discussed and recommendations for future research are made.
The Cuban Elderly and Their Service Use
Authors: Starrett Richard A. , Decker James T. , Araujo Adelina , Walters Gary
Published: March 2007

Empirical studies on use of services by the elderly are absent from the research literature. Existing studies are concerned primarily with health service use rather than social service use by special population groups. Moreover, most aging Hispanic utilization research has been descriptive instead of attempting to develop and test structural models that explain service use behavior. Our purpose is to develop and evaluate, via path analysis, a model of social service use by the Cuban elderly. We use a framework that Andersen and Newman (1973) proposed to categorize the variables employed. The findings indicate that the enabling factors (awareness of social service and annual family income) and the predisposing factors (nativity, age, and age density) take on greater importance in directly predicting social service use than need for social services.
Mortality of Elderly Mentally Retarded Persons in California
Authors: Eyman Richard K. , Call Thomas L. , White James F.
Published: March 2007

We examined the mortality experiences of 87,352 mentally retarded persons who were receiving services from the State of California between March 1984 and October 1987. Our purpose was to examine how demographic, diagnostic, and adaptive behavior characteristics were related to the mortality of older retarded people in comparison to their younger counterparts. The findings revealed that persons with Down's syndrome among other diagnostic categories, for example, infection and intoxication, unknown prenatal influences, and so on, had a relatively high mortality rate after age 55. Other characteristics related to high mortality among elderly retarded people included residence type, mobility, eating, and toileting skills. Of particular interest was the finding that regression in mobility, eating, or toileting skills among the older clients was associated with unusually elevated mortality rates.
An Examination of Total Charges in the Long-Term Health Care Industry
Authors: Ullmann Steven G.
Published: March 2007

A significant amount of work relating to long-term health care costs has appeared in the literature. Although shortcomings exist, there is at least some understanding of the relationships underlying costs. The subject of charges for long-term health care, however, has essentially been ignored in the literature to date. The purpose of this study was to gain an initial understanding of those factors underlying differences in charges per resident. The study used descriptive data from the 1977 National Nursing Home Survey and regression analysis to examine the relative effects of three sets of characteristics on charges per resident: characteristics of the facility, characteristics relating to the resident's medical needs, and characteristics relating to the socioeconomic status of the resident.
Old Age and Unemployment: Predictors of Perceived Control, Depression, and Loneliness
Authors: Hansson Robert O. , Briggs Stephen R. , Rule Bonnie L.
Published: March 2007

A survey explored predictors of perceived control, depression, and loneliness among chronically unemployed adults age 50 and older. As expected, these cognitive and emotional states were significantly related to the situational aspects of unemployment (e.g., length, remaining bene fits). However, they were also consistently related to such personality characteristics as assertiveness and lack of shyness, and the ability to take another's perspective. This article discusses implications for unemployment counseling for older adults.
Family Support Groups of the Alzheimer's Association: An Analysis of Attendees and Nonattendees
Authors: Molinari Victor , Nelson Naomi , Shekelle Susan , Crothers Marie K.
Published: March 2007

This study contrasted the perceptions about support groups of 96 family caregivers who attend Alzheimer's Association family support groups with those of 40 caregivers who do not attend these groups. Surveys were completed by 78 family caregivers attending 9 separate Alzheimer's disease support groups and by 58 telephone callers to an Alzheimer's Association Helpline (18 attendees and 40 nonattendees). Those who attend these open-ended support groups are almost uniformly positive about their experiences. Compared with those who do not attend support groups, attendees have fewer people in their households, say that the time and location of the support groups are convenient, are more clear about the purpose of support groups, hadsomeone advise them to attend, perceive that groups yield emotional support not received elsewhere, and believe that groups allow them to show concern for others with similar problems. Responses to information/education and convenience categories discriminated attendees from nonattendees.
Interorganizational Linkages and Service and Personnel Shortages in Rural Nursing Homes
Authors: Brannon Diane , Dansky Kathryn , Kassab Cathy , Gamm Larry
Published: March 2007

Increased demands on nursing homes for more diversified and technically complex services pose particular challenges for rural facilities. Because coordinating mechanisms have been proposed as a management strategy to deal with these issues, we studied the relationship between interorganizational linkages and shortages of personnel and services in a sample of 152 rural Pennsylvania nursing homes. Significant shortages of health care personnel that are central to long-term care were reported, as were shortages of services, especially for ventilator-dependent and demented residents. Although no evidence exists that coordination efforts were effective remedies to these problems in early 1992, it is apparent that managing patient/resident flows between hospitals and nursing homes through contractual agreements and other forms of "coordination" was identified as a strategy. Further research is required to assess the effectiveness of these types of agreements in terms of ensuring the continuity and quality of long-term care services in rural areas.
American Indian Family Caregivers' Perceptions of Burden and Needed Support Services
Authors: Hennessy Catherine Hagan , John Robert
Published: March 2007

American Indian families are frequently the primary providers of long-term care for functionally dependent elders. In spite of the rapid growth in the numbers and needs of older American Indians, little is known about the experiences and perceived needs of their informal caregivers. This study used focus groups with family caregivers of frail elders from 5 tribes to elicit caregivers' views of their situation and needed support services. Findings revealed a strong cultural mandate to provide elder care despite the lack of access to essential long-term care services. Major sources of caregiver burden included anxiety about managing in-home medical care, problems in dealing with psychosocial aspects of care, strains on family relations, and negative effects on personal health and well-being. Desired services identified by these caregivers included caregiver training and support groups, enhanced care coordination, adult day care and respite. Cultural considerations in developing these services are discussed.
Bereavement Events Among Elderly Men: The Effects of Stress and Health
Authors: Fitzpatrick Tanya R.
Published: March 2007

Previous bereavement studies have focused on the loss of a spouse and have been limited to surviving women. Studies of the effect of the death of a friend or of male survivors remain sparse. This article reviews the literature on bereavement events as they relate to elderly men who have experienced the loss of a spouse, adult child, parent, sibling, or friends. Several psychoanalytic, cognitive and sociobiological theories are examined along with stress and health-related factors that are said to influence grief and mourning. The review of the literature indicates that health is particularly affected by stressful life events such as the loss of a spouse, child, parent, sibling, or friend, and that elderly men are at a disadvantage as evidenced by higher rates of psycho logical and physical disorders The necessity to extend research beyond present theories and to consider specific social supports as they buffer the impact of stress on the health of bereaved elderly men is discussed.
Assessing the Effectiveness of Government and Industry Media Campaigns on Seniors' Perceptions of Reference-Based Pricing Policy
Authors: Brunt J. Howard , Chappell Neena L. , Maclure Malcolm , Cassels Alan
Published: March 2007

Introduction of a cost-containment program, reference-based pricing (RBP), to British Colum bia's Pharmacare system illuminates the competing perspectives and agendas of government and the pharmaceuttcal industry when implementing health care funding policy affecting seniors. We examine the intensive public relations campaigns and media messages used by these stakeholders, exploring the impact they had on seniors'views about RBP. Whereas Pharmacare stressed the fiscal ments of RBP, industry focused on the possible threat to public health and attempted to rally seniors and health care providers against it. A survey of seniors shortly after the policy's introduction indicates much skepticism about the anti-RBP information received from industry and moderate support for the policy, which was seen as good stewardship of tax dollars. The pharmaceutical industry's campaign was unsuccessful because Pharmacare's messages resonated more effectively with seniors'views on public health policy.
Exploring Strain in Community and Nursing Home Family Caregivers
Authors: Bowman Karen F. , Mukherjee Snigdha , Fortinsky Richard H.
Published: March 2007

This research compared strain among 581 family caregivers of nursing home and community dwelling older persons whose level of cognitive impairment ranged from none to severe. The study explored differences between the two caregiver groups in global and domain-specific strain, the impact of elders' cognitive impairments on strain, and correlates of strain. In models controlling for important correlates of caregiving, findings revealed no differences between caregiver groups on any measure of strain. Cognitive impairment was associated with increases in all strain measures for community caregivers, but only increased overall and emotional strain for nursing home caregivers. Characteristics of caregivers and caregiving situations were related to strain differently, depending on the domain of strain and examined and the site of care. Implications for practice in nursing home settings are discussed.
Promoting Help-Seeking Behavior for Urinary Incontinence
Authors: Johnson Theodore M. , Busby-Whitehead Jan , Ashford-Works Carolyn , Clarke M. Kimberly , Fowler Lauren , Williams Mark E.
Published: March 2007

The authors evaluated the effectiveness of a combined primary care physician education and public awareness campaign about urinary incontinence. The campaign was designed to (a) trig ger help-seeking behavior in older adults with urine leakage problems and (b) encourage pri mary care providers to offer appropriate treatment for urinary incontinence (UI). Outcome measures included datafrom helpline callers and physician surveys before and after the two in terventions. Most callers who later sought care turned to their primary care physician. The me dian estimated number of patients presenting with UI in primary care doctor's offices changed from 9 per month to 11 per month, a change that was not statistically significant. Physicians'op timism for the potential gains from incontinence treatment increased.
Corrections Has Not Been Tried
Authors: Macdougall Ellis C.
Published: March 2007

A growing number of Corrections "experts" are calling for curtailment of the "rehabilitation model." They argue that it has been tried and it simply does not work. This article argues that it really has not been tried, that it has been found difficult and thus simply has not been given a fair trial. The author divides Corrections into four sub-units detention, probation, institutions, and parole and other community services. He cites reasons why each has failed why each has been "organized for failure." Then he gives his views of a method of reforming the system and organizing it to succeed. Finally, he develops a model Corrections "system" for the year 1986, with emphasis on "rehabilitation" rather than "security" and warehousing of offenders.
Peer Accountability as a Primary Control Mechanism in Police Agencies
Authors: Kerstetter Wayne A.
Published: March 2007

Reform efforts of the 1960s have lead, in the 1970s, to proposals to modify the organizational structure of police agencies, to increase police responsiveness to the community' and to enhance the job satisfaction of the increasinglv well-educated police officers. This paper discusses four such organizational models and critiques a notion (peer accountability' as a primary control mechanism) central to these proposals in the light of recent research.
Implementing Determinate Sentencing in Illinois: Conscience and Convenience
Authors: Cullen Francis T. , Gilbert Karen E. , Cullen John B.
Published: March 2007

It is frequently asserted that criminal justice reform movements fail because the ideological model underlying the reform ('conscience") is corrupted by the politics and pragmatics in the system ("convenience"). Through a survey of the generalpublic and criminaljusticeparticipants in Illinois which measured the conscience that prevailedin the state during its sentencing reform, this premise is reconsidered. It is suggested that the specifics of the determinate sentencing law implemented in Illinois did not represent a corruption of conscience. Instead, it appears that the law, while shaped by the structure of interests in the state, also largely conformed to existing attitudes regarding criminal sanctioning. It is further argued that the combination of conscience and convenience dictated that neither a conservative nor a liberal model of determinate sentencing would befully instituted. In effect, a piecemeal reform was passed which promised to get tough on crime, but whose unanticipated consequences may prove troubling.
The Reconceptualization of Viqjence in Criminal Justice Education Programs
Authors: Brown Stephen E.
Published: March 2007

Three indicators of research and teaching were examined to assess empirically the degree of academic focus upon four specific forms of violence: interpersonal violence within families, drunk driving, violent white-collar offenses and involuntary smoking. Possible explanations for the relative neglect of these pervasive forms of violence is proposed. It is argued that criminal justice academicians must reconceptualize violence in broader terms that will direct teaching and research toward all forms of violence in our society.
The Utility of Experiential Case Studies in Police Education: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Miller Larry S. , Braswell Michael C.
Published: March 2007

Case studies have long been utilized in a variety of disciplines for educational and training purposes enhanc ing the student learning process. The experiential case study model presents a problem solving approach to a criminal justice oriented situation with no precise, clear-cut solutions. The utility of this model allows the student to apply theoretical concepts and principles to practical situations. An evaluation of the model was made in a quasi-experimental research design with two groups of criminal justice students. The results supported the experi ential approach over a traditional teaching method.
The Proactive Responsibility of East German Criminal Courts
Authors: Wolfe Nancy Travis
Published: March 2007

While all courts have specific legal mandates, the socialist tribunals of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) have a different legal mandate when hearing a case: to perform an educational function, to identify criminogenic factors in the society, and to take steps to rectify the situation. Not only does this mission entail an effort to influence positively the individuals affected by the case being heard, but the courts also have authority to compel work and residential units, governmental agencies, and social organizations to respond to their criticisms. In the effort to curtail crime, the courts can call upon lay volunteers to serve in a variety of capacities in all stages of the judicial process, including the execution of court decisions. Thus the function of a GDR court involves more than judicial responsibility; it encompasses an extensive social role as well.
Criminal Justice Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States: 1989 Term
Authors: Maddex James L.
Published: March 2007

The last decisions of the Supreme Court's 1989 term were delivered on June 27, 1990. Fourth Amendment and death penalty issues, which are perennial leaders on the criminal justice side of the Court's docket, occupied an even greater than usual proportion of full review cases. Among the search and seizure topics addressed were protective sweeps, the rights of an overnight guest, anonymous tips leading to investigative detentions, and a state's use of sobriety checkpoints. The primary focus of the capital punishment decisions was upon the definition and role of aggravating and mitigating factors. Two cases considered the relationship between the right to counsel and the protection against compulsory self-incrimination in the context of Miranda requirements, and another dealt with the use of a videotape of the behavior of a DUI arrestee. In the area of fair trial, the Court revisited the ongoing debate over the racial factor in jury selection and offered hope to states that are attempting to facilitate the testimony of child victims. Among the controversial issues addressed by the Court beyond the context of criminal procedure were the administration of antipsychotic medication to an unwilling prison inmate, the power of Congress to criminalize flag desecration, and the use of controlled substances as part of a religious ceremony.
Criminal Justice Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States: 1991 Term
Authors: Maddex James L.
Published: March 2007

The 1991 Term of the Supreme Court produced the smallest number of "signed opinion" cases in several decades. Cases in this category are given full review, as opposed to those that are decided summarily and those that are not accepted for review at all. As in previous terms, cases presenting criminal justice and related issues rep t a sificant percentage, approximately one third this term, of the 108 cases having signed opinions. However, there was a notable absence of cases in two of the categories that usually occupy a prominent place in the Revew's criminal justice survey each year: In the 1991 Term, there were no substantive decisions dealing with traditional searches and seizures or interrogations and confessions.
Integrated Analysis of Recycling and Incineration Programs By Goal Programming Techniques
Authors: Chang Ni-Bin , Wang S.F.
Published: March 2007

The combustion temperature control for the potential emissions of trace organic compounds during incineration and the possible decrease of heat values by recycling of municipal solid waste (MSW) have created a mutually influenced relationship in the integrated solid waste management systems. This paper proposes a goal programming model to evaluate the compatibility issues between MSW recycling and incineration. Based on several management planning scenarios, the new management disciplines to be mastered by this model exists for both public and private agencies responsible for solid waste collection, recycling, and treatment tasks. From en gineering and management perspectives, it shows that such linkage is feasible and essential to facilitate the decision makers for achieving the goals of economic efficiency and environmental protection simultaneously in a multi-purpose solid waste management system. © 1997 ISWA
The Cytotoxic Potential of Household Waste During Composting
Authors: Roepstorff Vibe , Sigsgaard Torben
Published: March 2007

During the last 10 years an increasing number of plants for re-use of refuse have been constructed in Europe and the U.S.A. During the same period several cases of occupational respiratory diseases among workers have been reported in the recycling industry. The aim of this project was to show, in vitro, if there is any change in the cytotoxic potential of garbage dust during the process of converting household waste to compost. Two cell lines have been exposed to extracts of waste fuel pellets and compost, taken from three different time periods in the composting process. Sig nificant differences were found in the cytotoxic potential of extracts of household waste (P<0.05). Extracts of 0.48 mg well-1 raw compost, fresh compost and matured compost show a cytotoxic effect at 97, 41 and 44%, respectively of unexposed cells. In conclusion, these results show the greatest cytotoxic potential when the microbial activity seems to be at its height in the composting process. Earlier, studies on the effect of endotoxin (lipopolysacchande, LPS) on the cells, and with pure endotoxin did not find any cytotoxic effect in the assay. Further mvestigations are needed in order to find which micro-organisms or components from these are responsible for the cytotoxic potential. © 1997 ISWA
Recovery of Gallium From Coal Fly Ash By a Dual Reactive Extraction Process
Authors: Gutiérrez Beatriz , Pazos Carmen , Coca José
Published: March 2007

The extraction of gallium from coal fly ash by leaching and extraction with commercial extractants Amberlite LA-2 and LIX 54N dissolved in kerosene was studied. Leaching of gallium and other metals from the fly ash was carried out with 6 M hydrochloric acid. The leaching liquor is first contacted with Amberlite LA-2 which extracts the gallium and iron. The iron is then precipitated with sodium hydroxide, while gallium remains in solution. Gallium is extracted selectively from the base solution with LIX 54; the resulting stripped solution contains 83% of the gallium present in the leaching liquor. A flow diagram for this dual-extraction process is proposed. © 1997 ISWA
Antimony, its sources, applications and flow paths into urban and industrial waste: a review
Authors: van Velzen D. , Langenkamp H. , Herb G.
Published: March 2007

This paper investigates the sources of antimony (Sb) in municipal/industrial waste and the consequences of the pres ence of antimony in the input of waste.The average Sb con centration of the feed stream to waste incinerators is approx imately 42 mg/kg. More than 50% of the antimony originates from all types of flame retardants and approximately 35% comes from flame retardants used in consumer electrical and electronic equipment. There is a tendency to decrease the application of halogenated products (and thus of antimony) in flame retardants. Also, the other fields of application of antimony show a decreasing trend. There are no indications that a substantial increase of the concentration of antimony in the feed to municipal waste incinerators will occur in the near future. During the incineration process, the antimony compounds are only found in the bottom ash and fly ash. No volatile Sb compounds are present in the flue gas. This means that efficacious particle removal systems are sufficient for a complete Sb removal during incineration.
A Model of Voluntary Turnover in State Government
Authors: Selden Sally Coleman , Moynihan Donald P.
Published: March 2007

While many researchers have examined turnover in private sector firms, only a few studies have focused on quit rates in the public sector organization This article develops and tests a conceptual model of voluntary turnover in state government. The most significant finding is that state employees are less likely to quit in states with on-site childcare State governments that allow greater internal opportunity for movement are also more successful at retaining employ ees. In addition, state employees who are represented by unions and are better paid are less likely to quit.
Whistle-Blowing in the Public Service: an Overview of the Issues
Authors: Bowman James S.
Published: March 2007

Whistle-blowing, as a form of dissent in American bureaucracies, first emerged in force during the late 1960's and early 1970's, and was institutionalized in the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978. This article explores the phenomenon of whistle-blowing, including its origins, organizational contexts, and the need to provide protection for the person who blows the whistle. The author suggests several internal and external devices which can be implemented by an organization to make whistle-blowing less necessary, but concludes that whistle- blowing is a manifestation of serious organizational and governmental problems. As long as these problems exist, so will the need to blow the whistle.
Performance Appraisal: a Policy Implementation Analysis
Authors: Brown Robert W.
Published: March 2007

This article describes five conditions which are conducive to effective implementation of public policies. These conditions are used as a policy analysis model to examine the new performance appraisal program under the Civil Service Reform Act. The analysis concludes that successful im plementation is guardedly possible if certain actions are taken by policy administrators, and favorable rulings emerge from third-party institutions such as the Federal Labor Relations Authority, Merit Systems Protection Board, General Accounting Office, and the courts. Among the recommended actions are increased use of nonmonetary incentives, development of legislative support and organized program constituents, melding of performance appraisal into the regular management processes, and a vigorous program of research and evaluation.
Reward Expectancies and Other Work-Related Attitudes in Public and Private Organizations: a Review and Extension
Authors: Rainey Hal G. , Traut Carol , Blunt Barrie
Published: March 2007

In recent years numerous studies have compared such work-related attitudes of employees of public and private organizations as work satisfaction, organizational commitment, and perceived relations between performance and rewards ("reward expectancies"). These comparisons are rele vant to various theoretical and institutional design issues, including civil service reform. This paper reviews these studies and discusses problems in methodology and in the aggregation of findings in this area of research. It then reports a comparison of "extrinsic expectancies" — perceived rela tions of pay and promotion to performance — on the part of public and private employees in two states. The results replicate a previous study which found weaker extrinsic reward expectancies on the part of public employees. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications for theory and for administrative reform.
A Comparative Analysis of AIDS Related Attitudes Between Public and Private Sector Employees
Authors: Kfeton Kato B. , Brewton Denisg L.
Published: March 2007

A literature- derived ques tionnaire con taining measures of fear and knowledge of AIDS was administered to a random sample of private sector employees in Florida. Results were compared to an earlier survey of public sector employees representing various govern ment agencies.
Federal Pay Inside and Outside The Beltway
Authors: Lewis Gregory B.
Published: March 2007

Using two large samples of federal employees, this article explores the respective roles of qualifications, racial and sexual discrimination, and locational advantages in explaining why federal employees earn so much more in Washington than in the rest of the country. Higher levels of education and experience, lower levels of sex-based pay inequality, and more advantageous grade ratios explain much of the difference. Overall, headquarters-field differences in qualifications and responsibilities do not appear to justify the size of the pay disparity.
Factors Affecting Municipal Satisfaction with Health Care Plans
Authors: Perry Ronald W. , Cayer N. Joseph
Published: March 2007

Rising health care costs are causing employers to search for alternatives to contain costs of health care benefits. Common alternatives to the traditional indemnity plans are health maintenance organizations (HMOs) and Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOs) Conventional wisdom suggests that satisfaction with alternatives is lower than with indemnity plans. This study examines levels of satisfaction with indemnity, HMO, and PPO plans based on a national survey of personnel directors and develops a model of factors that should influence satisfaction
Learning from Parallel Organizational Development Efforts in Two Public Sector Settings
Authors: Mikkelsen Aslaug , Saksvik Per Øystein
Published: March 2007

As part of a workplace health improvement program, a pilot study organizational development intervention was carried out in two post offices m the Norwegian Postal Service. The intervention activities reflected three strong OD traditions: (1) the literature on participation and workplace democracy; (2) the literature on workplace stress, especially focusing on job redesign/environmental factors; and, (3) the literature on organizational learning This article descnbes and evaluates the intervention actions that were taken. The OD effort featured a uniform model for implementation, but significant variations between the two offices were observed. Generally, the OD effort was viewed as a success by employees, their supervisors and external consultants. They all tended to agree that the 12-week intervention had created new insights and led to concrete improvements in the workplace m both offices studied.
Measuring Organizational Learning Climate
Authors: Mikkelsen Aslaug , Grønhaug Kjell
Published: March 2007

This paper reports a cross-national (British and Norwegian) rephcation and validation study of the "Learning Cli mate Questionnaire" (LCQ) According to the developers of the LCQ instrument, the organizational learning climate is a multi-dimensional construct composed ofseven dimensions (scales) The main focus in the research reported here is on the dimensionality of the organizational learning climate construct While the Cronbach's alpha statistics for the seven composite scales were reasonably high, subsequent analyses revealed only modest support for the assumed dimen sionality ofthe LCQ construct With respect to validity considerations, the predictive validity ofthe LCQ scales and of the general learning climate factor were found to be rather high when job stress, organizational commitment and job satisfaction were used as criterion variables
Saving Land but Losing Ground
Authors: Hibbard Michael , Lurie Susan
Published: March 2007

Over the past quarter century, normative planning theory has argued that planning should be participatory. And a body of empirical studies has found that mainstream planning practice is participatory in some sense. At the same time, however, there is a competing body of empirical studies that disputes the claim that planning is participatory in any meaningful way. As participation becomes more and more prominent in shaping the practice of local government planning, it is important to try to shed light on this apparent contradiction. To that end, the authors have investigated the development of the most recent comprehensive plan for Jackson/Teton County, Wyoming. What appeared to be a process of high involvement and inclusiveness did not lead to community consensus around the plan, nor did it affirm the merits of planning. This study is an exploration of why participatory planning failed to achieve its potential in a community with a history of local problem solving.
Educating the Educators
Authors: Auffrey Christopher , Romanos Michael
Published: March 2007

A field project was conducted in Thailand in the summer of 1998 to train an interdisciplinary and multinational faculty team about globalization using sustainable development as the project framework. The experiment sought to test the assumptions that international faculty collaborations in overseas projects would expand the members’ global awareness and that the project locale would also benefit from the introduction of a global approach to sustainable development. These assumptions were found to be valid, with qualifications. The fieldwork proved to be a decisive globally focused educational experience for all the faculty disciplines involved, although in sometimes unexpected ways; the sustainable development approach and its global linkages provided a welcome alternative planning framework for the local host institutions.
Upward Mobility and the Filtering Process
Authors: Myers Dowell
Published: March 2007

A major revision is proposed to current em pirical theories about filtering in the hous ing market The trickle-down model is overly simplified and one-sided because it focuses only on dwelling decline There is a second process — upward mobility — that must be expressly understood. The chief advantage of the upward mobility model is that it provides a more dynamic description of households' participation in the filtering process. The article begins by reviewing theories of the filtering pro cess and then proposes a unified model emphasizing the role of upward mobility. Following this, two data sets are analyzed to discover whether upward mobility is in fact as prevalent as postulated by the unified filtering model. A major question is whether it is possible for the housing market as a whole to be characterized by upward mobility.
The Implications of Marxian Rent Theory For Community-Controlled Redevelopment Strategies
Authors: Lauria Mickey
Published: March 2007

Community-controlled implementation organizations are necessary to initiate the process of urban redevelopment in deterio rated low-income urban neighborhoods The Classical Economic Urban Redevelop ment Model includes a set of parallel development actors who compete to affect and control this redevelopment process A major component of this competition is the extraction and subsequent utilization of rent The purpose of this paper is to develop a theoretical basis for this com ponent of the competition and to use it to suggest strategies for community- controlled redevelopment The theoretical model suggests that community-controlled organizations should focus their opposi tion on absentee landlords and private developers rather than on realtors and financial institutions It also suggests that the avenue for opposition should entail community ownership and control through land trusts, development corporations, and neighborhood improvement associations
The Overlaying Map Technique: Problems and Suggested Solutions
Authors: Anjomani Ardeshir
Published: March 2007

This paper identifies three basic problems associated with the Overlaying Map Technique, and suggests ways to overcome them The first problem relates to practical aspects of the suggested solutions to the problem of implied addition of ordinal scale numbers in the application of the method The second problem concerns the addition of positive values for both the negative and positive effects of factors The third problem is the general difficulty of deriving the final results, and the fact that the final result of the method does not represent an optimum solution Two methods of obtaining the suitability ratings in ratio scale are suggested to overcome the first two problems, an alternative method for deriving the final results, using the ratio scale ratings is suggested, and a linear assignment model is proposed to overcome the optimization problem
Environmental Design in the Developing World: Some Thoughts on Design Education
Authors: Banerjee Tridib
Published: March 2007

Disaffected by the quality of modernizing environments, students from the developing world come to the West, desirous of an education that will show them how to design and plan environments that best satisfy local needs But, unfortunately, conventional design training in the U S often amounts to a socialization to professional world views and values of the Western world Little relevance is offerred, therefore, in approaching the staggering environmental problems of most Third World countries which continue to experience polarized development and explosive urban growth. It is argued in this paper that there is a serious need to re-think the nature of education for Third World designers who come to the West for advanced professional training In developing this argument, some of the typical concerns of Third World environmental design are discussed Preliminary ideas about how the design curriculum can be reoriented to be more responsive to the needs of foreign students are also presented
Integrative Planning Workshops: The Michigan Experience
Authors: Vakil Anna , Marans Robert W. , Feldt Allan
Published: March 2007

This paper contributes to the contin uing debate on the usefulness and role of student workshops in plan ning curriculum. It traces the devel opment of, and systematically evalu ates a course introduced at the University of Michigan in early 1988 which focused on providing techni cal assistance to a neighborhood or ganization located in Detroit's inner city. In evaluating the course, gen eral issues raised in the literature on student workshops are addressed such as the conflict between produc ing an end product and analysis of policy alternatives, the relationship between theory and workshop courses, and the appropriate role of faculty members. In addition, the potentials, constraints, and possible improvements of a student work- shop focusing on inner city neigh- 4 borhood development issues are dis cussed, and an argument is made for including in the planning curriculum a course of this nature as a means of expanding students' understand ing of differing agendas.
Linking Geographic Information Systems and Trip Reduction: Limitations in a Pilot Application
Authors: Burns Elizabeth K.
Published: March 2007

Implementation problems limit the contribution of new methods to transporta tion planning practice. This case study documents the introduction of geographic information systems (GIS) to a large employer's trip reduction program. This paper's comparative approach outlines six organizational conditions for a successful match of client expectations and GIS performance, describes the Arizona State University (ASU) trip reduction effort, and uses the six conditions to evaluate this application. When technical and administra tive problems prevented a quick contribution to measurable trip reduction, the GIS effort lost employer support.