bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contiguity of proactive and reactive inhibitory brain areas: a cognitive model based on ALE meta-analyses
Authors: Gavazzi Gioele , Giovannelli Fabio , Currò Tommaso , Mascalchi Mario , Viggiano Maria Pia
Published: August 2020

Cognitive control is a critical feature in adapting our behavior to environmental and internal demands with two types of inhibition having been identified, namely the proactive and the reactive. Aiming to shed light on their respective neural correlates, we decided to focus on the cerebral activity before or after presentation of the target demanding a subject’s stop as a way to separate the proactive from the reactive components associated with the tasks. Accordingly, we performed three Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE) meta-analyses of fMRI studies exploring proactive and reactive inhibitory phases of cognitive control. For this purpose, we searched for fMRI studies investigating brain activity preceding or following target stimuli. Eight studies (291 subjects, 101 foci) were identified for the proactive analysis. Five of these studies and those previously analyzed by others (348 subjects, 199 foci) were meta-analyzed to explore the neural correlates of reactive inhibition. Overall, our results showed different networks for the two inhibitory components. Notably, we observed a contiguity between areas in the right inferior frontal gyrus pertaining to proactive inhibition and in the right middle frontal gyrus regarding reactive inhibition. These neural correlates allow proposal of a new comprehensive model of cognitive control.
A Strong Unique Continuation Property for the Heat Operator with Hardy Type Potential
Authors: Banerjee Agnid , Garofalo Nicola , Manna Ramesh
Published: August 2020

In this note we prove the strong unique continuation property at the origin for the solutions of the parabolic differential inequality $$\begin{aligned} |\Delta u - u_t| \le \frac{M}{|x|^2} |u|, \end{aligned}$$

|
Δ
u
-

u
t

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≤

M

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x
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2

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u
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,

with the critical inverse square potential. Our main result sharpens a previous one of Vessella concerned with the subcritical case.
Local projections for high-dimensional outlier detection
Authors: Ortner Thomas , Filzmoser Peter , Rohm Maia , Brodinova Sarka , Breiteneder Christian
Published: August 2020

A novel approach for outlier detection is proposed, called local projections, which is based on concepts of the Local Outlier Factor (LOF) (Breunig et al. in Lof: identifying density-based local outliers. In: ACM sigmod record, ACM, volume 29, pp. 93–104, 2000) and ROBPCA (Hubert et al. in Technometrics 47(1):64–79, 2005). By using aspects of both methods, this algorithm is robust towards noise variables and is capable of performing outlier detection in multi-group situations. The idea is to focus on local descriptions of the observations and their neighbors using linear projections. The outlyingness of an observation is determined by a weighted distance of the observation to all identified projection spaces, with weights depending on the appropriateness of the local description. Experiments with simulated and real data demonstrate the usefulness of this method when compared to existing outlier detection algorithms.
Bone metastases from differentiated thyroid carcinoma: current knowledge and open issues
Authors: Nervo A. , Ragni A. , Retta F. , Gallo M. , Piovesan A. , Liberini V. , Gatti M. , Ricardi U. , Deandreis D. , Arvat E.
Published: August 2020

Bone represents the second most common site of distant metastases in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). The clinical course of DTC patients with bone metastases (BM) is quite heterogeneous, but generally associated with low survival rates. Skeletal-related events might be a serious complication of BM, resulting in high morbidity and impaired quality of life. To achieve disease control and symptoms relief, multimodal treatment is generally required: radioiodine therapy, local procedures—including surgery, radiotherapy and percutaneous techniques—and systemic therapies, such as kinase inhibitors and antiresorptive drugs. The management of DTC with BM is challenging: a careful evaluation and a personalized approach are essential to improve patients’ outcomes. To date, prospective studies focusing on the main clinical aspects of DTC with BM are scarce; available analyses mainly include cohorts assembled over multiple decades, small samples sizes and data about BM not always separated from those regarding other distant metastases. The aim of this review is to summarize the most recent evidences and the unsolved questions regarding BM in DTC, analyzing several key issues: pathophysiology, prognostic factors, role of anatomic and functional imaging, and clinical management.
Hodge theorem for the logarithmic de Rham complex via derived intersections
Authors: Hablicsek Márton
Published: August 2020

In a beautiful paper, Deligne and Illusie (Invent Math 89(2):247–270, 1987) proved the degeneration of the Hodge-to-de Rham spectral sequence using positive characteristic methods. Kato (in: Igusa (ed) ALG analysis, geographic and numbers theory, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1989) generalized this result to logarithmic schemes. In this paper, we use the theory of twisted derived intersections developed in Arinkin et al. (Algebraic Geom 4:394–423, 2017) and the author of this paper to give a new, geometric interpretation of the Hodge theorem for the logarithmic de Rham complex.
Laser-Induced Graphene: En Route to Smart Sensing
Authors: Huang Libei , Su Jianjun , Song Yun , Ye Ruquan
Published: August 2020

The discovery of laser-induced graphene (LIG) from polymers in 2014 has aroused much attention in recent years. A broad range of applications, including batteries, catalysis, sterilization, and separation, have been explored. The advantages of LIG technology over conventional graphene synthesis methods are conspicuous, which include designable patterning, environmental friendliness, tunable compositions, and controllable morphologies. In addition, LIG possesses high porosity, great flexibility, and mechanical robustness, and excellent electric and thermal conductivity. The patternable and printable manufacturing process and the advantageous properties of LIG illuminate a new pathway for developing miniaturized graphene devices. Its use in sensing applications has grown swiftly from a single detection component to an integrated smart detection system. In this minireview, we start with the introduction of synthetic efforts related to the fabrication of LIG sensors. Then, we highlight the achievement of LIG sensors for the detection of a diversity of stimuli with a focus on the design principle and working mechanism. Future development of the techniques toward in situ and smart detection of multiple stimuli in widespread applications will be discussed.
Mediate relation between electrical and thermal conductivity of soil
Authors: Schwarz Hans , Bertermann David
Published: August 2020

Thermal conductivity is a key parameter for many soil applications, especially for dimensioning shallow and very shallow geothermal systems based on the possible heat extraction rate and for modelling heat transfer processes around high voltage underground cables. Due to the limited purview of direct thermal conductivity measurements, for an investigation of extensive areas, usually other geophysical methods like electrical resistivity tomography measurements are applied. To derive thermal conductivity of soil from geoelectrical measurements a relation between electrical and thermal conductivity is needed. Until now only few approaches worked on a direct correlation between both conductivities. Due to the difficulties of a direct relation, within this study a modular approach of a mediate correlation between electrical and thermal conductivity was investigated. Therefore, a direct relationship between a corrected electrical conductivity and water content as well as the standard and simple thermal conductivity model of Kersten (Bull of the Univ Minnesota 28:1–227, 1949) was used. To develop this concept soil types of sand, silt loam and clay were investigated where different saturation steps and pressure loads were applied. For each configuration electrical and thermal conductivity as well as water content and bulk density was determined. To refine the results of the calculated water content a corrective factor was applied. Furthermore, bulk density as an inlet parameter of the Kersten equation was also derived based on electrical conductivity. The suggested proceeding enables the determination of thermal conductivity solely based on electrical conductivity without prior soil property information.
Defence Economics
Authors: Hartley Keith
Published: August 2020

This Element introduces students, policy-makers, politicians, governments and business-people to this new discipline within economics. It presents the recent history of the subject and its range of coverage. Traditional topics covered include models of arms races, alliances, procurement and contracting, as well as personnel policies, industrial policies and disarmament. Newer areas covered include terrorism and the economics of war and conflict. A non-technical approach is used and the material will be accessible to both economists and general readers.
Investigating reconstructed inflows and pathogen infection patterns between low-relief and high-relief subtropical oyster reefs
Authors: Walther Benjamin D. , Bachand Paxton T. , Hinson Andrew , O’Donnell Colin A. , Turner Jeffrey W.
Published: August 2020

Flood and drought events cause significant freshwater inflow fluctuations in estuaries, potentially leading to physiological stress and altered abundances of pathogens such as Vibrio vulnificus and Perkinsus marinus in oysters. To assess the effects of freshwater pulses to oyster reefs in subtropical estuaries in Texas, this study accomplished two goals: 1) reconstructed a reef-specific history of freshwater pulses through shell stable isotope analysis, 2) quantified the abundance of V. vulnificus and P. marinus through culture-dependent and culture-independent microbiology analyses. Oysters from a low-relief and high-relief reef experienced similar fluctuations in shell isotopes, indicating similar ranges of past environmental conditions. V. vulnificus and P. marinus were detected throughout the study but the abundance of these microorganisms was not correlated with environmental parameters or one another. Importantly, the P. marinus infection intensity was always lower at the high-relief reef, which suggests that high-relief reefs may experience lower infection frequencies.
We must rigorously follow basic infection control procedures to protect our healthcare workers from SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Dooley Samuel W. , Frieden Thomas R.
Published: August 2020

Because severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spreads easily and healthcare workers are at increased risk of both acquiring and transmitting infection, all healthcare facilities must rapidly and rigorously implement the full hierarchy of established infection controls: source control (removal or mitigation of infection sources), engineering and environmental controls, administrative controls, and personal protective equipment.
Utility of repeat testing for COVID-19: Laboratory stewardship when the stakes are high
Authors: Rearigh Lindsey M. , Hewlett Angela L. , Fey Paul D. , Broadhurst M. Jana , Brett-Major David M. , Rupp Mark E. , Van Schooneveld Trevor C.
Published: August 2020

As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to circulate, testing strategies are of the utmost importance. Given national shortages of testing supplies, personal protective equipment, and other hospital resources, diagnostic stewardship is necessary to aid in resource management. We report the low utility of serial testing in a low-prevalence setting.
Deactivation of SARS-CoV-2 with pulsed-xenon ultraviolet light: Implications for environmental COVID-19 control
Authors: Simmons Sarah E. , Carrion Ricardo , Alfson Kendra J. , Staples Hilary M. , Jinadatha Chetan , Jarvis William R. , Sampathkumar Priya , Chemaly Roy F. , Khawaja Fareed , Povroznik Mark , Jackson Stephanie , Kaye Keith S. , Rodriguez Robert M. , Stibich Mark A.
Published: August 2020

Objectives:

Prolonged survival of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on environmental surfaces and personal protective equipment may lead to these surfaces transmitting this pathogen to others. We sought to determine the effectiveness of a pulsed-xenon ultraviolet (PX-UV) disinfection system in reducing the load of SARS-CoV-2 on hard surfaces and N95 respirators.

Methods:

Chamber slides and N95 respirator material were directly inoculated with SARS-CoV-2 and were exposed to different durations of PX-UV.

Results:

For hard surfaces, disinfection for 1, 2, and 5 minutes resulted in 3.53 log10, >4.54 log10, and >4.12 log10 reductions in viral load, respectively. For N95 respirators, disinfection for 5 minutes resulted in >4.79 log10 reduction in viral load. PX-UV significantly reduced SARS-CoV-2 on hard surfaces and N95 respirators.

Conclusion:

With the potential to rapidly disinfectant environmental surfaces and N95 respirators, PX-UV devices are a promising technology to reduce environmental and personal protective equipment bioburden and to enhance both healthcare worker and patient safety by reducing the risk of exposure to SARS-CoV-2.
Children, seen and heard: a descriptive study of all children (aged 12 years and under) referred for acute psychiatric assessment in Tallaght University Hospital over a 10-year period
Authors: Maguire E. , Glynn K. , McGrath C. , Byrne P.
Published: August 2020

Objectives:

A review of the literature demonstrates that relatively little is known about acute psychiatric presentations in children (0–12 years), compared with adolescents or young adults (12 years+). This study aims to review psychiatric presentations of children to a CAMHS Liaison Service at Children’s Hospital Ireland (CHI) at Tallaght University Hospital over a 10-year period.

Methods:

A retrospective study was undertaken of case notes of all children aged 12 years and under who were referred to the CAMHS Liaison Service between January 2009 and December 2018 (n = 318). Data were anonymised and inputted into SPSSv25 for analysis. The relationships between presentations and methods of self-harm over time were measured using Pearson’s correlation. Associations between categorical variables were analysed using chi-squared tests.

Results:

There was a significant increase in presentations of under-12s over the 10-year period (r(8)=0.66, p = 0.02). There was also a significant increase in children presenting with a disturbance of conduct and/or emotions over time (r(8) = 0.79, p < 0.001). There was a significant association between female gender and ingestion (X2 = 12.73, df = 1, p < 0.05) and between male gender and ligature as a method of self-harm (X2 = 5.54, df = 1, p < 0.05). Over half (53%) of children presented with suicidal thoughts and 22% presented with suicidal behaviours. The reported use of ligature as a method of self-harm emerged only from 2012 among cases studied.

Conclusions:

Children aged 12 years and under are presenting in increasing numbers with acute mental health difficulties, including suicidal thoughts and behaviours. There is a worrying trend in methods of self-harm, particularly in high lethality behaviours such as attempted strangulation.
Annual cycle in flow of Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica: contribution of variable basal melting
Authors: Klein Emilie , Mosbeux Cyrille , Bromirski Peter D. , Padman Laurie , Bock Yehuda , Springer Scott R. , Fricker Helen A.
Published: August 2020

Ice shelves play a critical role in modulating dynamic loss of ice from the grounded portion of the Antarctic Ice Sheet and its contribution to sea-level rise. Measurements of ice-shelf motion provide insights into processes modifying buttressing. Here we investigate the effect of seasonal variability of basal melting on ice flow of Ross Ice Shelf. Velocities were measured from November 2015 to December 2016 at 12 GPS stations deployed from the ice front to 430 km upstream. The flow-parallel velocity anomaly at each station, relative to the annual mean, was small during early austral summer (November–January), negative during February–April, and positive during austral winter (May–September). The maximum velocity anomaly reached several metres per year at most stations. We used a 2-D ice-sheet model of the RIS and its grounded tributaries to explore the seasonal response of the ice sheet to time-varying basal melt rates. We find that melt-rate response to changes in summer upper-ocean heating near the ice front will affect the future flow of RIS and its tributary glaciers. However, modelled seasonal flow variations from increased summer basal melting near the ice front are much smaller than observed, suggesting that other as-yet-unidentified seasonal processes are currently dominant.
ESTIMATION OF THE OCCURRENCE TIME OF THE Δ14C PEAK IN AD 775 BASED ON THE OXIDATION TIME OF 14C IN THE ATMOSPHERE AND Δ14C VALUES IN SUBANNUAL TREE RINGS
Authors: Park Junghun , Seo Jeong-Wook , Hong W , Park G , Sung Kilho , Park Yong Jin , Kim Yo-Jung
Published: August 2020

The 14C peak in AD 775 (M12) has been measured and confirmed globally in several studies since it was first measured in annual tree rings by Miyake et al. (2012). However, M12 data measurements in early- and latewood are limited. This paper presents the Δ14C values in early- and latewood from AD 762–776 Zelkova serrata tree rings from Bangu-dong, Ulsan, South Korea (35°33′N, 129°20′E). The results indicate no early rise in Δ14C values in the latewood of AD 774 in this sample located at mid-latitude. A comparison of the results of this and previous studies suggests latitude dependence (Büntgen et al. 2018); that is, the early rise of Δ14C in AD 774 was not observed at mid-latitudes in South Korea but was observed at high latitudes in Finland. The half-oxidation time of 14C was estimated from a detailed analysis of a small bomb peak in AD 1962. Based on the half-oxidation time, the Δ14C rise in the latewood, but not in the earlywood, of AD 774 in Finland, and the absence of a Δ14C rise in both the early- and latewood of AD 774 in South Korea, the 14C spike was estimated to have been produced from late April to mid-June in AD 774.
The Ambiguous Ethics of Music’s Ineffability: A Brief Reflection on the Recent Thought of Michael Gallope and Carolyn Abbate
Authors: SCHERZINGER MARTIN
Published: August 2020

Michael Gallope’s book Deep Refrains is an in-depth study of the ineffable core of musical experience.4 But it engages ineffability without eliminating the pragmatic material of music’s economic, technological and even ethical mediations; and it posits a synergistic relationship between these realms. Gallope casts equal doubt on the determinism that construes music’s ineffability as wholly absorbed in mediation and on the vitalism that construes it as radically open. Framed by and theoretically grounded in the thinking of four twentieth-century philosophers (Ernst Bloch, Theodor W. Adorno, Vladimir Jankélévitch and Gilles Deleuze), the book deftly steers between the Scylla of music’s irreducible sensuous materiality (and its attendant invitation to decipherment) and the Charybdis of its elusive ineffability (and its attendant vanishing act in the face of decipherment). The book begins by reflecting on the fascinations and prohibitions of the harmoniaia in ancient Greek philosophy. Already here, Gallope revises the standard interpretation of these founding texts, demonstrating the ways in which Socrates, Glaucon, Aristotle and others in fact consider music as at once deeply mysterious and also strictly rule-governed. This conception of music’sperplexing precision is shown to be shared in ‘global’ contexts less available to music history, including (for example) the Ikhwan Al-Safa, an eleventh-century priesthood of Islamic scholars. At the same time, Gallope draws attention to the continuity between simplified taxonomies of the ancients and the instrumentalization of their axioms for contemporary engagements with affect, so rampant in the era of emerging neuromedia. Instead of recoiling from music’s indeterminacy (retreating to silence, say, or insisting on music’s unspeakable mystery), Gallope attempts to unpack the critical potential at the heart of auditory experience. On the other hand, he argues, such potential is not harnessed by marking the movements of music’s conceptual nomenclatures alone. Noting that music ‘never speaks like a language, nor is it entirely nonlinguistic’, Gallope seeks to account for the specificity of its ‘vague impact’.5 In other words, while there is a residue of conceptual mediation at work in all sonic encounter, music’s ‘sensory impact’ cannot be subsumed by that residue.
Appropriations of Gregorian Chant inFin-de-siècleFrench Opera:Couleur locale– Message-Opera – Allusion?
Authors: LESSMANN BENEDIKT
Published: August 2020

This article compares three French operas from thefin de sièclewith regard to their appropriation of Gregorian chant, examining their different ideological and dramaturgical implications. In Alfred Bruneau’sLe rêve(1891), the use of plainchant, more or less in literal quotation and an accurate context, has often been interpreted as naturalistic. By treating sacred music as a world of its own, Bruneau refers to the French idea of Gregorian chant as ‘other’ music. In Vincent d’Indy’sL’étranger(1903), a quotation ofUbi caritasdoes not serve as an occasional illustration, but becomes essential as part of the leitmotif structure, thus functioning as the focal point of a religious message. Jules Massenet’sLe jongleur de Notre-Dame(1902) provides a third way of using music associated with history and Catholicism. In this collage of styles, plainchant is not quoted literally, but rather alluded to, offering in this ambiguity a mildly anti-clerical satire.
When to Worry about Sensitivity Bias: A Social Reference Theory and Evidence from 30 Years of List Experiments
Authors: BLAIR GRAEME , COPPOCK ALEXANDER , MOOR MARGARET
Published: August 2020

Eliciting honest answers to sensitive questions is frustrated if subjects withhold the truth for fear that others will judge or punish them. The resulting bias is commonly referred to as social desirability bias, a subset of what we label sensitivity bias. We make three contributions. First, we propose a social reference theory of sensitivity bias to structure expectations about survey responses on sensitive topics. Second, we explore the bias-variance trade-off inherent in the choice between direct and indirect measurement technologies. Third, to estimate the extent of sensitivity bias, we meta-analyze the set of published and unpublished list experiments (a.k.a., the item count technique) conducted to date and compare the results with direct questions. We find that sensitivity biases are typically smaller than 10 percentage points and in some domains are approximately zero.
The role of ecological opportunity in shaping host–parasite networks
Authors: D'Bastiani Elvira , Campião Karla M. , Boeger Walter A. , Araújo Sabrina B. L.
Published: August 2020

Despite the great interest to quantify the structure of host–parasite interaction networks, the real influence of some factors such as taxonomy, host body size and ecological opportunity remains poorly understood. In this paper, we investigate the general patterns of organization and structure of interactions in two anuran–parasite networks in the Brazilian Pantanal (seasonally flooded environment) and Atlantic Forest (non-flooded forest). We present theoretical models to test whether the structures of these host–parasite interaction networks are influenced by neutrality, host taxonomy and host body size. Subsequently, we calculated metrics of connectance, nestedness and modularity to characterize the network structure. We demonstrated the structure networks were influenced mainly by body size and taxonomy of the host. Moreover, our results showed that the seasonally flooded environment present networks with higher connectance/nestedness and lower modularity compared to the other environment. The results also suggest that seasonal floods may promote ecological opportunities for new species associations.
Spatiotemporal trends of Chagas disease-related mortality in the Northeast of Brazil, 2007–2017
Authors: Sousa G. J. B. , Farias M. S. , Cestari V. R. F. , Garces T. S. , Maranhão T. A. , Moreira T. M. M. , Silva L. F. , Sales J. T. L. , Florêncio R. S. , Pereira M. L. D.
Published: August 2020

Chagas disease (CD) is a neglected disease and endemic in Brazil. In the Brazilian Northeast Region, it affects millions of people. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the spatiotemporal trends of CD mortality in the Northeast of Brazil. This ecological study was designed, in which the unit of analysis was the municipality of the Brazilian northeast. The data source was the Information System of Mortality. It was calculated relative risk from socioeconomic characteristics. Mortality rates were smoothed by the Local Empirical Bayes method. Spatial dependency was analysed by the Global and Local Moran Index. Scan spatial statistics were also used. A total of 11 287 deaths by CD were notified in the study. An expressive parcel of this number was observed among 70-year-olds or more (n = 4381; 38.8%), no schooling (n = 4381; 38.8%), mixed-race (n = 4381; 62.3%), male (n = 6875; 60.9%). It was observed positive spatial autocorrelation, mostly in municipalities of the state of Bahia, Piauí (with high-high clusters), and Maranhão (with low-low clusters). The spatial scan statistics has presented a risk of mortality in 24 purely spatial clusters (P < 0.05). The study has identified the spatial pattern of CD mortality mostly in Bahia and Piauí, highlighting priority areas in planning and control strategies of the health services.
Gross, microscopic, radiologic, echocardiographic and haematological findings in rats experimentally infected withAngiostrongylus cantonensis
Authors: Wun Matthew K. , Davies Sarah , Spielman Derek , Lee Rogan , Hayward Doug , Malik Richard
Published: August 2020

Although the gross and microscopic pathology in rats infected withAngiostrongylus cantonensishas been well described, corresponding changes detected using diagnostic imaging modalities have not been reported. This work describes the cardiopulmonary changes in mature Wistar rats chronically infected with moderate burdens ofA. cantonensisusing radiology, computed tomography (CT), CT angiography, echocardiography, necropsy and histological examinations. Haematology and coagulation studies were also performed. Thoracic radiography, CT and CT angiography showed moderately severe alveolar pulmonary patterns mainly affecting caudal portions of the caudal lung lobes and associated dilatation of the caudal lobar pulmonary arteries. Presumptive worm profiles could be detected using echocardiography, with worms seen in the right ventricular outflow tract or straddling either the pulmonary and/or the tricuspid valves. Extensive, multifocal, coalescing dark areas and multiple pale foci affecting the caudal lung lobes were observed at necropsy. Histologically, these were composed of numerous large, confluent granulomas and fibrotic nodules. Adult worms were found predominantly in the mid- to distal pulmonary arteries. An inflammatory leukogram, hyperproteinaemia and hyperfibrinogenaemia were found in most rats. These findings provide a comparative model forA. cantonensisin its accidental hosts, such as humans and dogs. In addition, the pathological and imaging changes are comparable to those seen in dogs infected withAngiostrongylus vasorum, suggesting rats infected withA. cantonensiscould be a model for dogs withA. vasoruminfection.
Deep learning-based classification of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression following trauma utilizing visual and auditory markers of arousal and mood
Authors: Schultebraucks Katharina , Yadav Vijay , Shalev Arieh Y. , Bonanno George A. , Galatzer-Levy Isaac R.
Published: August 2020

Background

Visual and auditory signs of patient functioning have long been used for clinical diagnosis, treatment selection, and prognosis. Direct measurement and quantification of these signals can aim to improve the consistency, sensitivity, and scalability of clinical assessment. Currently, we investigate if machine learning-based computer vision (CV), semantic, and acoustic analysis can capture clinical features from free speech responses to a brief interview 1 month post-trauma that accurately classify major depressive disorder (MDD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Methods

N= 81 patients admitted to an emergency department (ED) of a Level-1 Trauma Unit following a life-threatening traumatic event participated in an open-ended qualitative interview with a para-professional about their experience 1 month following admission. A deep neural network was utilized to extract facial features of emotion and their intensity, movement parameters, speech prosody, and natural language content. These features were utilized as inputs to classify PTSD and MDD cross-sectionally.

Results

Both video- and audio-based markers contributed to good discriminatory classification accuracy. The algorithm discriminates PTSD status at 1 month after ED admission with an AUC of 0.90 (weighted average precision = 0.83, recall = 0.84, and f1-score = 0.83) as well as depression status at 1 month after ED admission with an AUC of 0.86 (weighted average precision = 0.83, recall = 0.82, and f1-score = 0.82).

Conclusions

Direct clinical observation during post-trauma free speech using deep learning identifies digital markers that can be utilized to classify MDD and PTSD status.
Phonetic variation and change in the Cockney Diaspora: The role of place, gender, and identity
Authors: Cole Amanda , Evans Bronwen G.
Published: August 2020

Recent research has suggested that two linguistic processes are displacing Cockney: the emergence of Multicultural London English (MLE) in inner London and dialect levelling (e.g. Kerswill & Williams 2005). This study investigates firstly whether Cockney phonetic features have ‘moved East’ to Essex (Fox 2015), and secondly the features’ indexicality in relation to place and identity. Fifty-four participants from Debden, an outpost of the Cockney Diaspora, completed a sociolinguistic interview. Vowel measurements were made from a wordlist and passage, and quantitative attitudinal and qualitative data were extracted from a questionnaire and interviews. Overall, changes in identity as a result of social change exceeded linguistic changes, and linguistic labels were not interpreted uniformly across the community. Whilst Cockney variants were largely maintained in young speakers, they were transposed onto an ‘Essex’ accent. Furthermore, some young women but no young men considered themselves Cockney, likely due to the matrifocal nature of Cockney. (Cockney, phonetic variation and change, dialect levelling, identity, indexicality, gender)
The partisan politics of the penal–welfare nexus: a quantitative analysis of party influence on the relationship between penal and welfare policies
Authors: Staff Helge , Wenzelburger Georg
Published: August 2020

Evidence of a link between the retrenchment of the welfare state and the expansion of the penal state has sparked a debate about the existence of a nexus. In this study, we critically explore this link by focusing on political parties. First, we argue that welfare and penal policies are likely to follow distinct paths, with left-liberal/green parties pushing for less punitive penal and market-liberal/conservative parties for less generous welfare policy. Second, we only expect a nexus between both policy domains if conservative or “third way” social democratic governments are in power. The former follows a coherent ideology, the latter compensates for welfare retrenchment with tough-on-crime policies. We test these claims quantitatively on a unique dataset covering all changes to welfare and penal legislation in Denmark, Germany, the United Kingdom and France between 1990 and 2014 and find our expectations supported except conservative influence on the penal–welfare nexus.
Projecting effectiveness after ending a randomized controlled trial: a two-state Markov microsimulation model
Authors: Yuan Fei , Bangdiwala Shrikant I. , Tong Wesley , Lamy Andre
Published: August 2020

Objective

To investigate the behavior of restricted mean survival time (RMST) and designs of a two-state Markov microsimulation model through a 2 × 4 × 2 full factorial experiment.

Method

By projecting patient-wise 15-year-post-trial survival, we estimated life-year-gained between an intervention and a control group using data from the Cardiovascular Outcomes for People Using Anticoagulation Strategies Study (COMPASS). Projections considered either in-trial events or post-trial medications. They were compared based on three factors: (i) choice of probability of death, (ii) lengths of cycle, and (iii) usage of half-a-cycle age correction. Three-way analysis of variance and post-hoc Tukey's Honest Significant Difference test compared means among factors.

Results

When both in-trial events and post-trial study medications were considered, monthly, quarterly, or semiannually were not different from one other in projected life-year-gained. However, the annual one was different from the others: mean and 95 percent confidence interval 252.2 (190.5–313.9) days monthly, 251.8 (192.0–311.6) quarterly, 249.1 (189.7–308.5) semiannually, and 240.8 (178.5–303.1) annually. The other two factors also impacted life-year-gained: background probability (269.1 [260.3–277.9] days projected with REACH-based-probabilities, 227.7 [212.6–242.8] with a USA life table); half-a-cycle age correction (245.5 [199.0–292] with correction and 251.4 [209.1–293.7] without correction). When not considering post-trial medications, only the choice of probability of death appeared to impact life-year-gained.

Conclusion

For a large trial or cohort, to optimally project life-year-gained, one should consider using (i) annual projections, (ii) life table probabilities, (iii) in-trial events, and (iv) post-trial medication use.
Evaluation of an ensemble-based distance statistic for clustering MLST datasets using epidemiologically defined clusters of cyclosporiasis
Authors: Nascimento Fernanda S. , Barratt Joel , Houghton Katelyn , Plucinski Mateusz , Kelley Julia , Casillas Shannon , Bennett Carolyne (Cody) , Snider Cathy , Tuladhar Rashmi , Zhang Jenny , Clemons Brooke , Madison-Antenucci Susan , Russell Alexis , Cebelinski Elizabeth , Haan Jisun , Robinson Trisha , Arrowood Michael J. , Talundzic Eldin , Bradbury Richard S. , Qvarnstrom Yvonne
Published: August 2020

Outbreaks of cyclosporiasis, a food-borne illness caused by the coccidian parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis have increased in the USA in recent years, with approximately 2300 laboratory-confirmed cases reported in 2018. Genotyping tools are needed to inform epidemiological investigations, yet genotyping Cyclospora has proven challenging due to its sexual reproductive cycle which produces complex infections characterized by high genetic heterogeneity. We used targeted amplicon deep sequencing and a recently described ensemble-based distance statistic that accommodates heterogeneous (mixed) genotypes and specimens with partial genotyping data, to genotype and cluster 648 C. cayetanensis samples submitted to CDC in 2018. The performance of the ensemble was assessed by comparing ensemble-identified genetic clusters to analogous clusters identified independently based on common food exposures. Using these epidemiologic clusters as a gold standard, the ensemble facilitated genetic clustering with 93.8% sensitivity and 99.7% specificity. Hence, we anticipate that this procedure will greatly complement epidemiologic investigations of cyclosporiasis.
High intensities of population movement were associated with high incidence of COVID-19 during the pandemic
Authors: Yang Huikuan , Chen Dandan , Jiang Qunfang , Yuan Zhaohu
Published: August 2020

Increased population movements and increased mobility made it possible for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, which is mainly spread by respiratory droplets, to spread faster and more easily. This study tracked and analysed the development of the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in the top 100 cities that were destinations for people who left Wuhan before the city entered lockdown. Data were collected from the top 100 destination cities for people who travelled from Wuhan before the lockdown, the proportion of people travelling into each city, the intensity of intracity travel and the daily reports of COVID-19. The proportion of the population that travelled from Wuhan to each city from 10 January 2020 to 24 January 2020, was positively correlated with and had a significant linear relationship with the cumulative number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 in each city after 24 January (all P < 0.01). After the State Council launched a multidepartment joint prevention and control effort on 22 January 2020 and compared with data collected on 18 February, the average intracity travel intensity of the aforementioned 100 cities decreased by 60−70% (all P < 0.001). The average intensity of intracity travel on the nth day in these cities during the development of the outbreak was positively related to the growth rate of the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases on the n + 5th day in these cities and had a significant linear relationship (P < 0.01). Higher intensities of population movement were associated with a higher incidence of COVID-19 during the pandemic. Restrictions on population movement can effectively curb the development of an outbreak.
Ongoing tuberculosis transmission among second-generation Ethiopian immigrants
Authors: Bishara H. , Green M. , Chemtob D. , Saffouri A. , Zelikman L. , Weiler-Ravell D.
Published: August 2020

Despite considerable efforts to control tuberculosis (TB) among Ethiopian immigrants in Israel, an outbreak of TB among second-generation Ethiopian immigrants that involved native Israelis occurred between January 2011 and December 2019. The aim of this article is to report on this outbreak and discuss the patient and health system barriers that led to its propagation. Overall, 13 culture-positive TB patients were diagnosed in this outbreak. An additional 36 cases with identical mycobacterium tuberculosis genotypes were identified through cross-checking with the National TB Laboratory Registry. Among the 32 close contacts of the index case, 18 (56.3%) reported for screening and treatment of latent TB infection (LTBI) was recommended for 11 (61.1%) of them. However, none completed treatment and eight eventually developed TB. Of the 385 close contacts identified in this outbreak, 286 (74.3%) underwent contact investigation, 154 (53.8%) were recommended LTBI treatment, but only 26 (16.9%) completed the treatment. Routine contact investigation and treatment practice measures failed to contain the cascade of infection and disease, leading to the spread of the infecting strain of TB. This report highlights the challenges to identify the high-risk group and address barriers to care among such a vulnerable population.
The Spanish Civil War: New Approaches and Historiographic Perspectives
Authors: Calleja Eduardo González
Published: August 2020

The bibliography on the Spanish Civil War is almost unattainable, but the matter continues to elicit such interest that it remains open to new historiographic trends. For example, the ‘classic’ military history of the conflict, cultivated prominently in recent years by Gabriel Cardona, Jorge Martínez Reverte and Anthony Beevor, does not renounce the microhistory or cultural perspective. These constitute the theoretical framework of the New Military History and its corollary the New Combat History, which combine philological, anthropological, psychological and historiographical perspectives to various degrees. In the specific field of the war experiences pioneered by George L. Mosse, the concepts of brutalisation, barbarisation and demodernisation of military operations, coined by Omer Bartov to describe the particularities of the Eastern campaign during the Second World War, are being used by Spanish historians dedicated to the study of the violence and atrocities of the civil war and post-war. Focusing on the field of political history, government management or diplomacy has been studied almost exhaustively, but this is not the case for the principal phenomenon of political violence in the 1930s in Europe, namely paramilitarisation. It is surprising that the latest studies on the issue at the European level (Robert Gerwarth, John Horne, Chris Millington and Kevin Passmore) do not include any essays on the enormous incidence of paramilitary violence in Spain before, during and after the civil war.
Economic Incentives as Tools of Foreign Policy: Polish Engagement in Ukraine
Authors: Matera Paulina
Published: August 2020

In 2014, the new Ukrainian authorities decided to adopt a pro-Western foreign policy course. The EU supported this ambition: an Association Agreement with Ukraine was signed. This paved the way for the use of economic incentives, conditioned by the introduction of specific reforms. Besides acting within the EU, the Polish government also proposed independent support, mainly in the form of development assistance. Thus, this article aims to evaluate the efficacy of the Polish economic incentives, as well as to identify the factors that either strengthen or weaken such effectiveness. In this process, multiple variables are applied in the contexts of Polish policy goals and the situation in Ukraine. The article concludes that the applied incentives are properly aligned with the objectives that have been set. They could be effective despite the political obstacles in both Poland and Ukraine.
Bench over Ballot: The Fight for Judicial Supremacy and the New Constitutional Politics, 1910–1916
Authors: Istre Logan Stagg
Published: August 2020

The nature of American constitutional politics was forever changed during the Progressive Era. In the nineteenth century, the process of constitutional interpretation was a vague and decentralized enterprise balanced between the courts and the public square. The meaning of the Constitution was decided as much at the polls or on the battlefield as in court opinions. This balance started to give way at the turn of the century as federal courts began asserting greater authority in the definition of constitutional bounds. “Bench over Ballot” illustrates how the assertion of judicial supremacy in the Progressive Era precipitated a fight that upended the traditional dynamic of American politics. Populist-progressives championed the people's ultimate right to correct judicial decisions while traditionalist-conservatives stood for judicial supremacy to ensure a “government of laws.” The outcome of the political battle in 1912 was a consensus between Wilsonian progressives and Taftian conservatives in favor of judicial supremacy that banished the notion of popular supremacy and transformed the nature of constitutional politics from a popular, decentralized process to a vicious battle over the personal composition of the bench—a phenomenon deeply familiar over a century later.
Introduction: (Re)integrating Feminist Security Studies and Global Political Economy: Continuing the Conversation through Empirical Perspectives
Authors: Martin de Almagro Maria , Ryan Caitlin
Published: August 2020

Attempts to integrate feminist security studies (FSS) and feminist global political economy (GPE) were first meticulously studied in the Critical Perspectives sections of the June 2015 and December 2017 issues of this journal. Although the debate has gained presence in workshops, at international conferences, and even on dedicated websites, the diverse contributions have remained rather theoretical (e.g., Bergeron, Cohn, and Duncanson 2017; Hudson 2015). The aim of these Critical Perspectives essays is to take the integration of FSS and GPE one step further by presenting empirically grounded contributions that help us contextualize the existing theoretical debates. By focusing on postwar contexts, the pieces here take seriously the material conditions of women's empowerment from a perspective attuned to the gendered and racialized logics structuring social orders in postwar states. We believe that these are the spaces where war economies and peace economies meet and where (gendered) structural transformation of societies is possible. Like the two previous collections, we do not understand FSS and GPE as additive (Chisholm and Stachowitsch 2017). Rather, we understand them as traditions that share a common goal, namely, to undermine the racialized neoliberalism and patriarchal capitalism underpinning international intervention and postwar reconstruction projects.
The constitutional economics of the World Health Organization
Authors: Ip Eric C.
Published: August 2020

This paper brings a constitutional economics perspective to bear on the World Health Organization (WHO), the flagship United Nations intergovernmental health organisation, which is obligated by its Constitution to achieve ‘the highest possible level of health’ for the world's peoples. The WHO has in the seven decades of its existence used its formidable legislative powers only sparingly. It has been widely chided for being weak in regional coordination and unresponsive to transnational emergencies like the West African Ebola outbreak of 2014–2016. In 2020, it found itself at the centre of the COVID-19 pandemic and in the middle of the Sino-American geopolitical tug-of-war. This paper traces the discordance between the Constitution's stated purposes and the actual track record of the WHO not back to its organisational culture nor to weak leadership but to the design of the Constitution itself. It analytically distinguishes the Constitution's expressive from its instrumental halves, and shows that, whilst the former embodies a ‘constitutional moment’ of international health solidarity right after the Second World War, the latter embodies a reserved and limited delegation from member-states that are jealous of their sovereignty.
Widowhood and mortality: a Danish nationwide register-based cohort study
Authors: Blanner C. , Mejldal A. , Prina A. M. , Munk-Jørgensen P. , Ersbøll A. K. , Andersen K.
Published: August 2020

Aims

Widowed people have increased mortality compared to married people of the same age. Although most widowed people are of older age, few studies include the oldest old. As life expectancy is increasing, knowledge of widowhood into older age is needed. This study aimed to examine mortality and widowhood in older age by comparing mortality in widowed and married people by sex, age, time since spousal loss and cause of death.

Methods

A Danish register-based matched cohort study of 10% of widowed persons ⩾65 years in the years 2000–2009. For each randomly drawn widowed person, five married persons were matched on sex and age. Mortality rate ratios (MRR) were calculated using Poisson regression, and stratified according to sex and 5-year age intervals. MRRs were furthermore calculated by time since spousal loss and by specific cause of death.

Results

The study included 82 130 persons contributing with 642 914.8 person-years. The overall MRR between widowed and married persons with up to 16 years of follow-up was 1.25 (95% CI 1.23–1.28). At age ⩾95 years for men, and ⩾90 years for women, no differences in mortality rates were seen between widowed and married persons. Mortality in widowed persons was increased for most specific causes of death, with the highest MRR from external causes (MRR 1.53 [1.35–1.74]) and endocrine diseases (MRR 1.51 [1.34–1.70]).

Conclusions

Widowhood was associated with increased mortality in older age for both men and women until age ⩾95 and ⩾90 years, respectively. Increased mortality was observed for almost all causes of death.