Μαρτυρίες ιστορικών πηγών και αρχαιολογικών ευρημάτων για μια μορφή "βιολογικού" πολέμου με τη χρήση των μελισσών στο Βυζάντιο
Authors: ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΔΟΥ Σοφία 
Published: November 2014

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mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--> </p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst"><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','serif'">EVIDENCE FROM WRITTEN SOURCES AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL FINDS FOR A TYPE OF &ldquo;BIOLOGICAL WAR&rdquo; USING BEES IN BYZANTIUM</span></strong></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','serif'">&nbsp;</span></strong></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','serif'">The use of animals as a military weapon, particularly the sting of bees, doesn&rsquo;t consist an invention of the Middle Ages. It is traced as early as the biblical times. First references are recorded during the Roman<span class="msoIns"><ins datetime="2013-10-04T11:16" cite="mailto:Babis"> </ins></span>campaigns in the region of Pontus<span class="msoIns"><ins datetime="2013-10-03T17:43" cite="mailto:Marina%20Koumanoudi">,</ins></span> while the lethal biological weapon of bees was further developed as a method of defense and attack mainly in the West, and especially during the Crusaders&rsquo; <span>&nbsp;</span>sieges. </span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','serif'">In all probability, Byzantium employed biological weapons, including bees,following roman practices. Literary sources from Patristic to historiographical texts and Saints&rsquo; Lives refer to the effect of smoke on bees, in a parabolic manner, and recognize the bees&rsquo; sting as a<span class="msoIns"><ins datetime="2013-10-04T10:45" cite="mailto:Babis"> </ins></span>devious device against real enemies (e.g.barbarians) and invisible opponents (demons). Byzantine writers applauded the use of such insidious methods of warfare, on the other hand, the admiration of a victory, based on vigour and bravery was highly appreciated. </span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','serif'">Archaeological finds which could shed more light to this practice are scarce but indicative. Cylindrical earthenware vessels were the most common type of early Byzantine<span class="msoIns"><ins datetime="2013-10-04T11:18" cite="mailto:Babis"> </ins></span>beehives, identified by the shallow incisions in the inner surface of the walls. Four intact <span>&nbsp;</span>samples of this type of pottery were found inside a tower of the Hexamilion Fortress at Isthmia (6<sup>th</sup> century), one of the most important military complexes of Justinian period. The unexpected location and the specific artifact types<span class="msoIns"><ins datetime="2013-10-04T10:50" cite="mailto:Babis"> </ins></span>suggest alternative interpretations<span class="msoIns"><ins datetime="2013-10-04T11:18" cite="mailto:Babis"> </ins></span>for their use, among them their possible military use. </span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','serif'">This paradox aspect of biological war did not die out, instead it inspired much more elaborated, devious methods of warfere<span class="msoIns"><ins datetime="2013-10-04T11:17" cite="mailto:Babis"> </ins></span>in the aftermath of the Middle Ages. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p>