bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PENDELEGASIAN PERATURAN DARI UNDANG-UNDANG KEPADA PERATURAN MENTERI SECARA LANGSUNG DALAM KERANGKA SISTEM PRESIDENSIAL
Authors: Afdalis A
Published: December 2020

Penelitian ini berangkat dari permasalahan adanya praktik pendelegasian peraturan langsung dari undang-undang kepada peraturan menteri secara langsung yang berpotensi bertentangan dengan semangat sistem presidensial yang dianut di Indonesia dan semangat pasal 5 ayat (2) Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945.Penelitian dilaksanakan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui pembentukan undang-undang dalam sistem presidensial di Indonesia, dan praktik pendelegasi peraturan dari undang-undang kepada peraturan menteri secara langsung dalam sistem presidensial di Indonesia, serta pendelegasi peraturan dari undang-undang yang baik dimasa yang akan datang.Dalam penelitian ini, metodologi yang dilaksanakan adalah penelitian normatif. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Pertama, Pembentukan undang-undang dalam sistem presidensial Indonesia mempunyai ke khasan tersendiri. Hal itu dapat dilihat dengan adanya kekuasaan pembentukan peraturan perundang-undangan yang besar yang dimiliki Presiden dalam konstitusi Indonesia. Kedua, Pendelegasian secara langsung dari undangundang kepada peraturan menteri dalam praktiknya masih sering dilakukan, dalam kurun waktu 2015 sampai dengan 2017 terdapat 16 undang-undang yang memberikan delegasilangsung kepada Peraturan Menteri. Pendelegasian secara langsung dari undang-undang kepada peraturan menteri secara filosifis terkesan mengingkari sistem presidensial di Indonesia. Secara historis, praktik pendelegasian peraturan dari undang-undang kepada peraturan menteri secara langsung dipahami sebagai bagian dari proses transformasi praktikal yang tidak sempurna dari sistem parlementer pasca Maklumat Pemerintah 14 November 1945 hingga saat ini.
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN TUGAS RUMAH TERHADAP PENINGKATAN PRESTASI BELAJAR SISWA KELAS XI PADA MATA PELAJARAN IPS AKUNTANSI
Authors: Murapi Ikang , Basarudin Basarudin , Dwiana Firnando Yogha Satria
Published: December 2020

Tujuan dari  penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah ada pengaruh pemberian tugas rumah terhadap peningkatan prestasi belajar pada mata pelajaran Akuntansi siswa kelas XI SMUN I Praya Tahun Pelajaran 2019/2020. Desain yang digunakan dalam  penelitian ini adalah eksperimen dengan pendekatan kuantitatif dan penelitian menggunakan pre-test post-test. Sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah semua yang menjadi populasi sebanyak 2 kelas yang berjumlah 74 orang dengan rincian 36 orang siswa dan 38 siswi karena jumlahnya kurang dari 100 orang maka semua populasi langsung menjadi sampel. Peneliti juga menggunakan beberapa instrumen dalam mengumpulkan data yaitu  pedoman observasi, pedoman dokumentasi,dan test. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukan peningkatan prestasi belajar siswa yang cukup signifikan, hal ini dapat dilihat dari analisis data yang menggunakan analisa statistik dan mendapatkan nilai t hitung lebih besar dari nilai t tabel dimana t hitungnya sebesar 7,64 setelah dikonsultasikan dengan tabel pada taraf signifikan 5 % didapatkan nilai t tabel sebesar 1,98. Dengan demikian penggunaan metode tugas rumah berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan prestasi belajar siswa kelas XI Pada Mata Pelajaran Akuntansi di SMUN 1 Praya Lombok Tengah Tahun Pelajaran 2019/2020.
Analisis Nilai Kecukupan Modal Pada Bank Konvensional yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia
Authors: Putri Nadela Difia , Yuniningsih Yuniningsih , Wikartika Ira
Published: December 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh profitabilitas, kredit macet, likuiditas, efisiensi dan simpanan terhadap kecukupan modal pada bank konvensional yang tergabung dalam Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI). Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder, berupa laporan keuangan tahunan dan performa perusahaan dari 38 bank konvensional yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI). Sampel perusahaan diperoleh dengan metode sensus. Alat analisis yang digunakan adalah regresi linear berganda, uji asumsi klasik, uji t, uji F, dan koefisien determinasi (R2) dengan profitabilitas, kredit macet, likuiditas, efisiensi dan simpanan sebagai variabel independen, dan kecukupan modal sebagai variabel dependen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa profitabilitas, kredit macet dan efisiensi tidak berpengaruh terhadap kecukupan modal. Sedangkan likuiditas mempunyai pengaruh negatif dan simpanan mempunyai pengaruh positif terhadap kecukupan modal.
Lahan Nganggur Tidak Lagi Tidur Dengan Akad Mudharabah
Authors: Nashar Nashar
Published: December 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui respon masyarakat petani pada tanaman tebu lahan kering, model pembiayaan syari’ahnya, kesesuaian model pembiayaan syariah dengan akad bagi hasil yang dilakukan oleh pihak penyandang dana, serta dampak model pembiayaan syari’ah pada pertanian tebu lahan kering masyarakat petani di Kecamatan Pegantenan Kabupaten Pamekasan Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis analisis diskriptif interpretatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa model pembiayaan syariah dengan memakai akad bagi hasil, atas akad kerjasama antara pihak Pemerintah dan pihak PTPN dengan masyarakat petani tebu lahan kering, ternyata memberikan dampak yang positif atau berimplikasi terhadap peningkatan kesejahteran para petani tebu lahan kering di Kabupaten Pamekasan khususnya di Kecamatan Pegantenan. Jadi dengan adanya program pembudidayaan tebu lahan kering bisa memberikan perubahan ekonomi yang signifikan dalam kehidupan petani di wilayah Kecamatan Pegantenan
Azogueras, trapicheras y dueñas de minas en los centros mineros de Charcas (Bolivia), siglo XVIII
Authors: Gavira Márquez María Concepción
Published: December 2020

Este trabajo pretende poner en evidencia la participación de las mujeres en la minería colonial andina. En mi trayectoria como investigadora he encontrado múltiples testimonios de mujeres que han tenido la profesión de “azogueras” y “trapicheras” en centros mineros como Oruro, Chayanta, Paria, Carangas, es decir mujeres propietarias de las instalaciones mineras que además ejercían la profesión a la par que los hombres, gestionando las empresas, sacando azogues, negociando con habilitadores y trabajadores, registrando la plata, realizando compañías…etc. En esta ocasión, pondremos especial interés en destacar alguna de estas importantes empresarias mujeres, las cuales suponemos que debieron tener unas condiciones no siempre favorables pero pud y dejar múltiples testimonios de su participación en la minería durante el siglo XVIII.
Refinement of the Matching Coefficients of the Mathematical Model of Spacecraft Motion Using the Concept of “Generalized Observability”
Authors:   Joint Stock Company “Russian Space Systems”, Tyulin А. E. , Kruglov A. V. ,   Joint Stock Company “Russian Space Systems”, Betanov V. V. ,   Joint Stock Company “Russian Space Systems”
Published: December 2020

The aim of this paper is to improve the scientific and methodological support of identification tasks when specifying the parameters of spacecraft motion. The article examines a systematic approach to ensuring the specification of the ballistic coefficient in the mathematical model of the spacecraft motion. For emergency situations, an approach was used that takes into account the object–system “task–solution tool”, which allows taking into account the errors of all elements of the navigation tool. The introduced structural property “generalized observability” makes it possible to solve the problem of Sb refinement in traditional and non-traditional conditions in the practice of operational navigation and ballistic support of spacecraft flight.
Proposals for the Creation of a Satellite System for Data Collection and Transmission Based on Domestic Spacecraft
Authors:   Joint Stock Company “Russian Space Systems”, Dorofeev Yu. B. , Tulisov D. A. ,   Joint Stock Company “Russian Space Systems”
Published: December 2020

The paper shows the necessity for tracking the location and condition of both stationary and moving objects. The solution of this problem is possible by creating a domestic satellite system for data collection and transmission that provides automated collection of information on the state and coordinates of various objects serviced within this system regardless of their location on the globe. The choice of the optimal option for building a satellite data collection and transmission system is justified. The article presents the data on the existing scientific and technical groundwork of Joint Stock Company “Russian Space Systems” for creating a satellite data collection and transmission system. The main functions and principles of creation and tasks solved by the system for data collection, procession, and transmission are shown. The main design and technical solutions, composition, features of operation, and the main characteristics of such a system and its components are given. The procedure of creation and deployment of such a system is proposed.
Adaptation of the CMS Radio Link According to the Information Rate in the Presence of Interference
Authors:   Joint Stock Company “Russian Space Systems”, Kruglov A. V. , Khomov O. I. ,   Joint Stock Company “Russian Space Systems”
Published: December 2020

In modern command and measurement systems (CMS), phase-shift keyed signals are widespread, which, with relatively simple methods of formation, have a low level of side lobes of the autocorrelation function (ACF). Also, in recent years, a number of studies have been carried out on the implementation of the principle of constructing the CMS, based on the adaptation of processing algorithms to the properties of useful signals and interference. On the basis of this principle, an algorithm for adapting the CMS radio link has been developed, which makes it possible to analyze information channels at various speeds and automatically connect the selected channel, which is an urgent task for controlling low-orbit spacecraft. The article proposes a receiver scheme with parallel reception of several information channels with different information transfer rates. The analysis of autocorrelation and cross-correlation functions made it possible to conclude that the data obtained do not contradict the assumptions about the possibility of implementing an adaptive receiver with the choice of an information channel in terms of speed. It is shown that the use of such a receiving device with an algorithm for selecting and switching information channels according to the reception rate provides a significant gain in information transmission time in comparison with traditional reception and switching of speeds by commands in conditions of complex interference stop.
Utilización de software de Big Data en la arquitectura y la planificación urbano-territorial
Authors: Barbero Dante Andrés , Chévez Pedro Joaquín , Discoli Carlos Alberto , Martini Irene
Published: December 2020

Un problema recurrente en arquitectura y planificación urbano-territorial es poder encontrar grupos de elementos con características homogéneas. En arquitectura, las clasificaciones edilicias/constructivas se deducen a partir de un número de parámetros o variables, y si se analiza la estructura urbana es posible identificar áreas homogéneas según el tipo de uso de suelo, cobertura de servicios, entre otros aspectos. Cuando el volumen de datos para procesar es tal que no se pueden analizar mediante métodos convencionales, es necesario recurrir a técnicas de Big Data. En este trabajo se utilizará un framework para Big Data (Apache Spark) para descubrir áreas homogéneas en cuanto a cobertura de servicios urbanos básicos de infraestructura y saneamiento. Identificar tales áreas permitirá localizar lugares con similares prestaciones, inferir nuevas demandas en función de posibles crecimientos urbanos e identificar lugares de la periferia hacia donde puede crecer la ciudad, entre otros posibles usos.
Dampak Pembelajaran Dari Masa Pandemi Covid-19 terhadap Motivasi Belajar Siswa SMP di Kota Bukittinggi
Authors: Robandi Dedi , Mudjiran Mudjiran
Published: December 2020

Pandemi Covid-19 memberikan dampak yang siknifikan baik dalam segi ekonomi maupun pendidikan. Pendidikan secara daring serta bekerja dari rumah untuk para tenaga pendidik ialah pergantian yang wajib dilakukan oleh guru agar dapat tetap melakukan pemebalajaran dan berinteraksi dengan siswa. Pembelajaran dengan jarak jauh mempunyai tujuan supaya kualitas pembelajaran tingkatkan serta relevansi pembelajaran dan tingkatkan pemerataan akses serta ekspansi pembelajaran. Pembelajaran jarak jauh yang diselenggarakan dengan penjaminan mutu yang baik serta cocok dengan kebutuhan pemangku kepentingan ialah salah satu mekanisme ekspansi akses pembelajaran besar. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketehui bahawa motivasi belajar siswa pada pembelajaran berbasis daring 11% siswa berada pada kategori sangat tinggi, 38% siswa berada pada kategori cukup, 27% siswa berada pada kategori motivasi sedang dan 24% siswa berada pada kategori motivasi rendah. Dari hasil ini dapat diketahui bahwa pencapain hasil motivasi belajar belum maksimal, maka diperlukan upaya-upaya untuk meningkatkan motivasi belajar siswa sehingga lebih maksimal
Hekimbaşı Muṣṭafā Behcet Efendi’nin Rūḥye Risālesi üzerine bir çalışma: Eser gerçekten Störck’ten bir çeviri mi?
Authors: ACİDUMAN Ahmet , ACIDUMAN Gözde
Published: December 2020

Osmanlı Devleti’nde, üçüncü hekimbaşılığı döneminde, 14 Mart 1827’de Tıbḫāne-i Āmire’nin açılmasını sağlayan ve büyük bir kısmı tıp üzerine olmak üzere, çeşitli eserler telif ve tercüme eden Muṣṭafā Behcet Efendi (1774-1834), Türk tıp tarihinin önemli ve öncü isimlerinden birisidir. Türk tıp tarihi literatürü gözden geçirildiğinde Muṣṭafā Behcet Efendi’nin hayatı ile telif ve tercüme ettiği eserlerini de kapsayan önemli çalışmaların yapıldığı ve yayımlandığı görülmektedir. Risāle-i Telḳīh-i Baḳarī [Çiçek Aşısı Risalesi], Vezāʾif-i Aʿżā [Fizyoloji Tercümesi], Tertīb-i Eczā, Kolera Risālesi, Frengi Risālesi, Buffon’un Histoire Naturelles’inin tercümesi [Tārīḫ-i Ṭabīʿī], Hezār Esrār gibi eserlerinin yanı sıra, bu çalışmanın da konusunu oluşturan Rūḥye Risālesi isimli bir eseri de bulunmaktadır. Türk tıp tarihi literatüründe Rūḥye Risālesi’ni ele alan eserlerde adı geçen risalenin Hekimbaşı Muṣṭafā Behcet Efendi tarafından yazılmış olduğu genelde kabul edilen bir bilgi olmakla birlikte, bazı yazarlar tarafından Şānīzāde Meḥmed Aṭāʾullah Efendi’nin de Störck’ten bu adla bir çeviri yapmış olduğunu ileri sürdükleri görülmektedir. Bu makalede Rūḥye Risālesi’nin orijinini açıklamaya yönelik ilginç bulguların sunulması ve bu bilgilerin Türk tıp tarihi literatürüne kazandırılması amaçlanmıştır.
Distal radius fractures – Treatment with volar locking plates - Functional results according to fracture type
Authors: Patiño Juan Martin , Rullan Corna Alejandro Felix , Michelini Alejandro , Abdon Ignacio
Published: December 2020

Background: The aim of this study is to determine if there are differences in functional results in patients presenting fractures of the distal radius treated with volar locking plates and, secondarily, to compare these results according to fracture type (AO).

Methods:  39 patients treated between January 2013 and December 2015 were evaluated. They were 19 women and 20 men, with an average of 60 years old and a range between 18 and 86 years old. The average follow up was of 46 months. We made radiographic postoperative measurements of the ulnar tilt angle of the radius, the volar tilt angle of the radius and styloid height. We evaluated residual pain with VAS (Analogue Visual Scale). The objective and subjective function were evaluated with the DASH inquiry (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand) and Mayo wrist score.

Results: The mean flexion was of 51º, the extension was 55º, pronation was 80º, and supination was 75º. The mean ulnar tilt angle was 19, 66°, the mean volar tilt angle was  2.07°, and the mean styloid height was 8.97 mm. The average DASH was 14.38  and the average Mayo was of 78.58. There was no significant statistical correlation between the fracture complexity and the analyzed variables.

Conclusions: In this series, volar locking plates were a valid option for the resolution of unstable distal radius fractures in its different patterns and in a wide age range.
Study of early childhood development and its relationship with parenting practices in poverty contexts within the city of Córdoba
Authors: Bezzone Nora , Lodeyro Penélope , Spaini Lucrecia , Vieitez Alejandra , Turello Patricia , Heredia Estela , Nieto María José , Ramos Fernanda , Fernández Ruth Alicia
Published: December 2020

Introduction: This study addresses the relationship between social determinants in poverty contexts, parenting practices, and the psychomotor development of children aged 0 to 5 in the city of Córdoba. Methods: The Screening for psychomotor development problems at primary care level (PRUNAPE, Prueba Nacional de Pesquisa), the Parenting Practices Instrument (Instrumento de Prácticas de Crianza), and the Family Environment Questionnaire (Cuestionario de Ambiente Familiar) were applied to the mother-child coupling (246 cases). The data were analyzed based on the frequency of the categorical variables, and the summary measures of assessable variables and associations were evaluated with the chi-squared test for categorical variables, ANOVA and non-parametric test for the assessable ones. Results: A 95% confidence level was considered. Children have a close relationship with their social and environmental determinants, the development of 3 out of 10 children is at risk. The father’s educational level (p<0.001) and the mother’s employment status (or father’s) (p<0.001) were associated. The parenting practice risk was predominant in cases where the adult does not interpret the child's signals 16.66%; does not interact with songs, stories nor games 16.66%, and does not receive parenting help 20.73%. Children whose parents do not perceive their autonomy have approximately twice the risk of not passing the PRUNAPE (p<0.02, OR: 1.96; IC: 1.11-3.49). Conclusion: It may be assumed that the course of development, as a process, is associated with adult-child interaction, mother-child communication and the visualization that parents have of the children’ autonomy.
Türkiye’de Twitter’ın Kamusal Tartışmalardaki Rolü Üzerine Bir Araştırma
Authors: KIYAN Zafer , KOCAGER Uğur
Published: December 2020

Türkiye’de Twitter kullanıcıları her gün hashtagler aracılığıyla çeşitli konularda tartışmalar yapmaktadırlar. Bu tartışmalar hem Twitter’ın kamusal alan açısından rolünü görmek hem de Türkiye’deki kamusal tartışma kültürünü anlamak açısından büyük bir olanak sunmaktadır. Bu çalışma Twitter dolayımlı tartışmaları analiz ederek Twitter’ın kamusal alan açısından rolünü ve Türkiye’deki kamusal tartışma kültürünü anlamaya yarayacak anlamlı sonuçlar üretmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma, Dahlgren’in (1995) kuramına yaslanarak Twitter dolayımlı tartışmaları üç ayrı boyutta analiz etmektedir: yapısal, temsili ve etkileşimsel. Çalışmanın nicel verisi üç örnekolaya ilişkin altı hashtag ve bunların altında üretilen 18,500 tweetten oluşmaktadır. Tweetlerin analizinde iki farklı yöntem kullanılmıştır: niteliksel içerik analizi ve sosyal ağ analizi. Çalışma üç sonuç üretmiştir. Twitter’ın yapısal boyut açısından analizi bu platformun kamusal tartışmalarda dışlayıcı değil görece kapsayıcı olduğunu göstermiştir. Böyle olmakla birlikte, Twitter’ın temsili boyut açısından analizi kullanıcıların bu platformda kamusal tartışmalara katkı sağlayacak nitelikte içerik üretmediklerini ortaya çıkarmıştır. Twitter’ın etkileşimsel boyut açısından analizi ise bu platformun retweet özelliğinin kamusal tartışmaları genişletmekten çok kendi içine kapattığını göstermiştir.
HIST1H2BE is differentially expressed in the brain metastases of patients with metastatic breast cancer.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: December 2020

Metastasis to the brain is a clinical problem in patients with breast cancer (1-3). We mined published microarray data (4, 5) to compare primary and metastatic tumor transcriptomes to discover genes associated with brain metastasis in patients with metastatic breast cancer. We found that histone cluster 1, H2be, encoded by HIST1H2BE, was among the genes whose expression was most different in the brain metastases of patients with metastatic breast cancer as compared to normal breast tissues and primary tumors of the breast. HIST1H2BE mRNA was present at increased quantities in brain metastatic tissues as compared to primary tumors of the breast and to normal breast tissues. Up-regulation of HIST1H2BE expression may be relevant to the biology by which tumor cells metastasize from the breast to the brain in humans with metastatic breast cancer.
HIST1H2AB is differentially expressed in the brain metastases of patients with metastatic breast cancer.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: December 2020

Metastasis to the brain is a clinical problem in patients with breast cancer (1-3). We mined published microarray data (4, 5) to compare primary and metastatic tumor transcriptomes to discover genes associated with brain metastasis in patients with metastatic breast cancer. We found that histone cluster 1, H2ab, encoded by HIST1H2AB, was among the genes whose expression was most different in the brain metastases of patients with metastatic breast cancer as compared to normal breast tissues and primary tumors of the breast. HIST1H2AB mRNA was present at increased quantities in brain metastatic tissues as compared to primary tumors of the breast and to normal breast tissues. Up-regulation of HIST1H2AB expression may be relevant to the biology by which tumor cells metastasize from the breast to the brain in humans with metastatic breast cancer.
analisis data berkala menggunakan metode semi average
Authors: Yudi Ridho Anggoro
Published: December 2020

Data collected from time to time to describe the development of an activity (development of production, prices, sales results, population, number of accidents, number of crimes, etc.). Trend (T) (or secular trend) is a long-term movement that shows a trend towards one direction of increase and decrease as a whole over the past 10 years, trends are very useful for making forecasts. The methods commonly used include the Semi Average Method and the Least Square Method. Group the data into two groups with the same number of years and number of periodic series. Calculate the semi-total for each group by adding up the periodic series values for each group. Find the average computed for each group to get the semi average. To determine the linear trend value for certain years, it can be formulated as follows: Y '= periodic data (time
Does Affective Polarization Undermine Democratic Norms or Accountability? Maybe Not
Authors: Broockman David , Kalla Joshua , Westwood Sean
Published: December 2020

Scholars warn that affective polarization undermines democratic norms and accountability: they speculate that if citizens were less affectively polarized, they would be less likely to endorse norm violations, overlook copartisan politicians' shortcomings, oppose compromise, adopt their party's views, or misperceive economic conditions. We argue the contrary: affective polarization is not likely to influence political choices. We support this argument with four experiments which manipulate citizens' affective polarization with a trust game and trace downstream consequences, such as reactions to information about their representatives. In these experiments (total N=9,837), we produce the equivalent of three decades of change in affective polarization, but find no evidence that these changes influence many political behaviors---only some general questions about interpersonal attitudes. A fifth experiment (N=2,504) finds similar results with alternative manipulations of affective polarization. Our results suggest caution about assuming that reducing affective polarization would meaningfully bolster democratic norms or accountability.
Review Jurnal Understanding The Canadian Foreign Policy Ratified Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) in 2018
Authors: Tombora Irma Tri Annisya
Published: December 2020

Review Jurnal mengenai Penandatanganan perjanjian Asia-Pacific Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) di mana untuk menganalisis kepentingan Ekonomi Kanada dalam meratifikasi Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) pada tahun 2018.
PPT Statistika Kelompok 5
Authors: Kurniawan Bryan Eric
Published: December 2020

Angka Indeks Tertimbang dan Tidak Tertimbang
Analisis Data Perubahan Harga Pangan Per Tahun Menggunakan Angka Indeks Tertimbang dan Tak Tertimbang
Authors: Kurniawan Bryan Eric
Published: December 2020

Angka Indeks adalah suatu angka yang dibuat sedemikian rupa sehingga dapat dipergunakan untuk melakukan perbandingan antara kegiatan yang sama, (produksi ekspor, hasil penjualan, jumlah uang beredar dan sebagainya) dalam dua waktu yang berbeda. Maka dari itu kita dapat mengetahui secara detail Angka indeks untuk data seperti menentukan tahun dasar, menentukan angka indeks relative sederhana, angka indeks agregatif sederhana dan lain-lain. Ada 2 metode analisis yaitu metode paasche adalah angka indeks yang tertimbang dengan faktor penimbangnya kuantitas tahun n (Tahun yang dihitung angka indeksnya) atau Qn. Metode laspeyres merupakan angka indeks yang ditimbang dengan faktor penimbangnya yaitu kuantitas di tahun dasar atau awal tahun (Qo). Jadi, indeks laspeyres pada tahun 2004 mengalami kenaikan sebesar 5%. Tujuannya adalah Sebagai barometer atau petunjuk dari keadaan ekonomi secara umum.Sebagai pedoman dalam menetapkan berbagai kebijakan dan juga administrasi perusahaan.Sebagai deflator. Sebagai pedoman untuk membeli berbagai jenis barang. Sebagai pedoman untuk mengatur upah gaji buruh atau untuk menyesuaikan kenaikan gaji buruh saat terjadi inflasi.
Social perception of wearing masks: An exploratory study
Authors: Khatun Tayeba
Published: December 2020

Covid-19 changed our daily lifestyle in different ways, may it be in the form of social distancing, lockdowns, or wearing masks. Masks will be included in long run as a daily essential accessory even when the situation becomes normal. Thus, impression formation, perception, schema and related phenomenon of stereotyping are sure to be effected. This study is an attempt to explore the probable facial features and type of masks that provides the perceiver a cue to make a rough idea of occupation to which the person wearing the mask is associated with. The qualitative analysis of the data provides us a clear understanding that there lies a pattern or basic idea of which mask type is most likely to be used by which professional. Also, there is an underlying pattern in which particular facial features are associated with a job type. This study clearly directs for future studies on similar grounds.
HIST1H2BI is differentially expressed in the brain metastases of patients with metastatic breast cancer.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: December 2020

Metastasis to the brain is a clinical problem in patients with breast cancer (1-3). We mined published microarray data (4, 5) to compare primary and metastatic tumor transcriptomes to discover genes associated with brain metastasis in patients with metastatic breast cancer. We found that histone cluster 1, H2bi, encoded by HIST1H2BI, was among the genes whose expression was most different in the brain metastases of patients with metastatic breast cancer as compared to normal breast tissues and primary tumors of the breast. HIST1H2BI mRNA was present at increased quantities in brain metastatic tissues as compared to primary tumors of the breast and to normal breast tissues. Up-regulation of HIST1H2BI expression may be relevant to the biology by which tumor cells metastasize from the breast to the brain in humans with metastatic breast cancer.
HIST1H2AH is differentially expressed in the brain metastases of patients with metastatic breast cancer.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: December 2020

Metastasis to the brain is a clinical problem in patients with breast cancer (1-3). We mined published microarray data (4, 5) to compare primary and metastatic tumor transcriptomes to discover genes associated with brain metastasis in patients with metastatic breast cancer. We found that histone cluster 1, H2ah, encoded by HIST1H2AH, was among the genes whose expression was most different in the brain metastases of patients with metastatic breast cancer as compared to normal breast tissues and primary tumors of the breast. HIST1H2AH mRNA was present at increased quantities in brain metastatic tissues as compared to primary tumors of the breast and to normal breast tissues. Up-regulation of HIST1H2AH expression may be relevant to the biology by which tumor cells metastasize from the breast to the brain in humans with metastatic breast cancer.
Counterfactual Thinking and Recency Effects in Causal Judgment
Authors: Henne Paul , Kulesza Aleksandra , Perez Karla , Houcek Augustana
Published: December 2020

People tend to judge more recent events, relative to earlier ones, as the cause of some particular outcome. For instance, people are more inclined to judge that the last basket, rather than the first, caused the team to win the basketball game. This recency effect, however, reverses in cases of overdetermination: people judge that earlier events, rather than more recent ones, caused the outcome when the event is individually sufficient but not individually necessary for the outcome. In five experiments (N = 5507), we find evidence for the recency effect and the primacy effect for causal judgment. Traditionally, these effects have been a problem for counterfactual views of causal judgment. However, we argue that an extension of a recent counterfactual model of causal judgment explains both the recency and the primacy effect. In line with the predictions of our extended counterfactual model, we also find that, regardless of causal structure, people tend to imagine the counterfactual alternative to the more recent event rather than to the earlier one. Moreover, manipulating this tendency affects causal judgments in the ways predicted by this extended model: asking participants to imagine the counterfactual alternative to the earlier event weakens the interaction between recency and causal structure, and asking participants to imagine the counterfactual alternative to the more recent event strengthens the interaction between recency and causal structure. We discuss these results in relation to work on counterfactual thinking, causal modeling, and late-preemption.
Data Analisa Mengunakan Moving average
Authors: ramadhan Anantio
Published: December 2020

Universitas Bina Nusantara Informatika
Financial Constraints and Purchase Happiness
Authors: Dias Rodrigo S , Sharma Eesha , Fitzsimons Gavan
Published: December 2020

Financial constraints change attention, choice, and consumption in important ways. This work examines how financial constraints affect one important outcome at a later stage of the consumer decision-making process: purchase happiness. Eight high-powered studies (N = 7,481) demonstrate that financial constraints decrease the happiness consumers derive from their purchases. This, in turn, leads to a consequential outcome: less favorable consumer reviews. This effect occurs because consumers who feel more (vs. less) financially constrained are more likely to consider opportunity costs when evaluating their purchases. Furthermore, this effect is independent of consumers’ objective constraints (e.g. income) and social class, is not due to a general decrease in life satisfaction or mood, and is robust across several purchase types. Consistent with our proposed mechanism, the effect attenuates when opportunity costs are made salient and when consumers consider purchases for which opportunity costs are naturally less salient (i.e., planned purchases). Moreover, although financial constraints decrease actual purchase happiness, they increase expected purchase happiness, suggesting that financial constraints can have differential effects across decision-making stages. Finally, we meta-analyze our file drawer (17,750 participants; 33 studies) to examine how the effect differs across purchase types and discuss theoretical and practical contributions for consumers and marketers.
Reward and emotion: An affective neuroscience approach
Authors: Nummenmaa Lauri , Sander David
Published: December 2020

Pleasure and reward are central for motivation, learning, feeling and allostasis. Although reward is without any doubt an affective phenomenon, there is no consensus concerning its relationship with emotion. In this mini-review we discuss this conceptual issue both from the perspective of theories of reward and emotion as well as human systems neuroimaging. We first describe how the reward process can be understood and dissected as intertwined with the emotion process, in particular in light of the appraisal theories, and then discuss how different facets of the reward process can be studied using neuroimaging and neurostimulation techniques. We conclude that future work needs to focus on mapping the similarities and differences across stimuli and mechanisms that are involved in reward processing and in emotional processing, and propose that an integrative affective sciences approach would provide means for studying the emotional nature of reward.
Education Policies and Practices for Basic and Primary Education Development in Nepal
Authors: Acharya Bisna
Published: December 2020

Education policies are considered as the strategic link between the education's vision and day-to-day operations of education system of a nation. The comprehensive education policies allow to the decision makers and employees to understand their role and responsibilities within predefined limits. Education policies allow management to guide operations without constant management intervention. Education policies in Nepal have been considered as a predetermined course of action which is established to provide a guide toward accepted strategies and objectives. These policies identify the key activities and provide a general strategy to decision-makers on how to handle issues as they arise. Policies also help to eliminate the common misunderstandings by identifying job responsibilities and establishing boundaries for the job holders. The present study deals with the issues regarding Education Policy Practice focusing on development of basic and primary education in Nepal. Therefore, the major concern of the study is to examine the development of basic and primary education in Nepal.
Turning Curse Side of Nationalism and National Sentiment to Blessing
Authors: Giri Pradeep Kumar
Published: December 2020

Nationalism and national sentiment could be considered blessing on the one hand and curse on the other understood properly from various perspectives. These notions can be considered blessing in the sense that they arouse the feeling of unity, nearness, oneness and ownness among the conationals or compatriots; they can be understood as curse in the sense that they create borders, divide humans into various different groups and sub-groups which arouses the parochial feeling of conational which sometimes results in conflict, civil war and division of a country. Nationalism, viewed from positive perspective, can be understood as an effective means or a tool that can work to arouse the feeling of unity, nearness, and ownness among the people belonging to a certain nation. In essence, it requires that all individuals belong to a nation for the realization of their true moral worth. As a result, they owe their primary loyalty to their nation over any other sub-groups to maintain the moral value. Viewed from negative perspective, nationalism, mostly the extreme form of nationalism, leads the individuals, their sub-groups, and nation to a dark moment. Racial hatred and ethnic cleansing--consequences of extreme kind of national sentiment--can be considered as some instances. The curse side of nationalism and national sentiment can be turned into blessing by properly handling the spirit of nationalism and national sentiment with positive thinking.
Antara Larangan dan Pengecualian: Ihwal Partisipasi Aktif Imam dalam Partai Politik dan dalam Jabatan Publik
Authors: Jehaut Rikardus
Published: December 2020

This article - inspired by the notorious case of an Indonesian priest in North Sumatra running for public office despite stern and repeated warnings from his bishop not to do so - aims to elaborate the theme of active participation of priests in politics in the light of can. 285 § 3 and can. 287, § 2 of Code of Canon Law, using the method of juridical exegesis and historical-critical analysis of various legal grounds and various affirmations of the Church's Magisterium. Through careful study, the author shows that the Church, while acknowledge the political right of priests as well as the provision for exeption, imposing a prohibition on them from participating actively in the political arena. The ratio legis behind such prohibition are threefold, namely safeguard canonically the identity and the mission of the priests; priest as a symbol of unity, fraternity and peace; respect for the peculiar duties of the laity in politics. The author argues that the priests should not be given a permission to take any public office and should not take sides in the area of party politics since there are no situation that make it necessary to intervene in that way.

 

Key words: Active participation, politic, priest, prohibition, exeption
Cross-sectional Specimen Preparation of Fragile Failure Location in Thin-Film Transistors Using Focused Ion Beam Etching and Transmission Electron Microscope
Authors: Miura N. , Tsujimato K. , Kanehara R. , Tsutsui N. , Tsuji S.
Published: December 2020

This paper describes how faulty thin-film transistors (TFTs) having fragile structures in themselves can be characterized by cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (X-TEM) through the achievement of pinpoint accuracy in focused ion beam (FIB) etching. We demonstrate X-TEM analysis for faulty TFTs caused by mechanical damages, microvoid in their multilayers and long aluminum whiskers growing from the electrodes. X-TEM specimen were prepared by FIB etching without losing unique structures owing to fragile locations. Cross-sectional bright-field TEM micrographs clearly showed the details of cross sectional structure of fragile location. This pin-point X-TEM is quite helpful to identify faults and to reveal root causes of failures.
Characterization and Elimination of Forward Snapback Defects in GaAs Light Emitting Diodes
Authors: Zimmer J. , Nielsen D. , Anderson T.A. , Schade M. , Saha N. , Thome G.
Published: December 2020

The p-n junction of a GaAs light emitting diode is fabricated using liquid phase epitaxy (LPE). The junction is grown on a Si doped (~1018/cm3) GaAs substrate. Intermittent yield loss due to forward voltage snapback was observed. Historically, out of specification forward voltage (Vf) parameters have been correlated to abnormalities in the junction formation. Scanning electron (SEM) and optical microscopy of cleaved and stained samples revealed a continuous layer of material approximately 2.5 to 3.0 μm thick at the n-epi/substrate interface. Characterization of a defective wafer via secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) revealed an elevated concentration of O throughout the region containing the defect. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) data taken from a wafer prior to growth of the epi layers did not reveal any unusual oxidation or contamination. Extensive review of the processing data suggested LPE furnace pressure was the obvious source of variability. Processing wafers through the LPE furnace with a slight positive H2 gas pressure has greatly reduced the occurrence of this defect.
A Review of Wet Etch Formulas for Silicon Semiconductor Failure Analysis
Authors: Lee T.W.
Published: December 2020

WET ETCHING is an important part of the failure analysis of semiconductor devices. Analysis requires etches for the removal, delineation by decoration or differential etching, and study of defects in layers of various materials. Each lab usually has a collection of favored etch recipes. Some of these etches are available premixed from the fab chemical supply. Some of these etches may be unique, or even proprietary, to your company. Additionally, the lab etch recipe list will usually contain a variety of classical "named etches". These recipes, such as Dash Etch, have persisted over time. Although well-reported in the literature, lab lists may not accurately represent these recipes, or contain complete and accurate instructions for their use. Time seems to have erased the understanding of the purpose of additives such as iodine, in some of these formulas. To identify the best etches and techniques for a failure analysis operations, a targeted literature review of articles and patents was undertaken. It was a surprise to find that much of the work was quite old, and originally done with germanium. Later some of these etches were modified for silicon. Much of this work is still applicable today. Two main etch types were found. One is concerned with the thinning and chemical polishing of silicon. The other type is concerned with identifying defects in silicon. Many of the named etches were found to consist of variations in a specific acid system. The acid system has been well characterized with ternary diagrams and 3-D surfaces. The named etches were plotted on this diagram. The original formulas and applications of the named etches were traced to assure accuracy, so that the results claimed by the original authors, may be reproduced in today's lab. The purpose of this paper is to share the condensed information obtained during this literature search. Graphical data has been corrected for modem dimensions. Selectivities have been located and discussed. The contents of more than 25 named etches were spreadsheeted. It was concluded that the best approach to delineation is a two-step etch, using uncomplicated and well-characterized standard formulas. The first step uses a decoration or differential etch technique to define the junctions. Formulations for effective decoration etches were found to be surprisingly simple. The second step uses a selective etch to define the various interconnections and dielectric layers. Chromium compounds can be completely eliminated from these formulas, to meet environmental concerns. This work, originally consisting of 30 pages with 106 references, has been condensed to conform with the formatting requirements of this publication.
Realistic Database for Semiconductor Device Analysis
Authors: Kim C.G. , Sun B.S. , Koo J.H. , Jang G.J. , Lee S.Y.
Published: December 2020

When one department performs extensive analysis, the need for common data within a database structure may be required. A realistic paperless database was developed to solve department needs. This database is carried out with the combination of a Client Module, Operation Module and Management Module. The Client Module includes on-line request for analysis, intensive query, retrieval of the analysis result with digital image and image processing. The Operation Module provides real-time digital data acquisition from the analysis equipment, which have the data types of image, text or graph and real-time data transmission to a dedicated server Digital Alpha 4100. The Management Module includes approval of the request for analysis from the Client Module, creation of reports about analysis results and statistical service for the subjects like failure modes in a device, operation time of equipment and so on. These modules allow multi-users to access the database through the Web on the Intranet. Our database can be also linked to the in-line database and the failure analysis with DRT SEM and physical analysis can become more effective with the use of in-line inspection data. This paper presents the framework of the database along with a technical description of the database implementation.
Tin Corrosion Induced by Corrosive De-Ionized (DI) Water
Authors: Khandekar Shekhar , Vedula Lakshmi , Malshe Vinod
Published: December 2020

Very highly purified water such as De-ionized (DI) water tends to become very corrosive once exposed to the atmosphere. This “Hungry Water” as known in the water purification world is known to be a major source of corrosion [1]. The DI water was responsible for corrosion of tin during autoclave (pressure cooker) testing of Integrated Circuit (IC) devices assembled in plastic Quad Flat Package (QFP) with fine pitch leads. The copper leads of these packages are plated with solder. The copper leads of the packages are plated with solder composed of Lead and Tin. Due to the effect of corrosive water, Tin from solder corroded during the autoclave testing and formed thin whiskers of solder. These whiskers created a leakage path between the leads causing the devices to fail for pin to pin leakage.
Failure Analysis of Discolored Bondpads in Wafer Fabrication
Authors: Hua Younan N.
Published: December 2020

Discolored bondpads & non-stick failure in 0.6 μm wafer fab process with the hot Al alloy metallization was investigated. SEM, EDX & AES techniques were used to identify the root causes. Failure analysis results showed that discolored bondpads & non-stick failure were caused by TiN residue introduced during L95 bondpad opening wafer fab process. TiN residue on bondpad might have led to non-stick bondpad issue. The results also showed that it was difficult to determine the trace amount of TiN residue on bondpad using EDX technique due to its limitations. In this work, Auger surface analysis technique was used to determine TiN residue on bondpads with Al/TiW/Ti metallization. Auger results showed that Ti & N peaks were detected on discolored bondpads. It has resulted in non-stick bondpad failure. The solution to eliminate TiN residue on bondpads was to increase etch time at L95 bondpad opening wafer fab process. After using the new recipe with longer etch time, Auger results on the bondpads showed that no Ti & N peaks were detected and the bond-pull testing also passed.
LSI Process Diagnosis for High Reliability Usage
Authors: Imai Miki , Tanaka Daiki , Hosoda Katsuhiko , Noda Katsuhumi , Matsuda Sumio
Published: December 2020

Conventional reliability test using accelerated test is not suitable for selection of high-reliability LSI device, because it needs high cost and long testing time. Then observation methods such as construction analysis have been used in a part of the test. Construction analysis can detect faults on leads, packages wires and chip surfaces. However, recent LSI device structures have multilayers one, and most part of faults exist in inner layers. The faults are due to LSI wafer process imperfection such as inaccurate process design or device structural defects. LSI process diagnosis has been developed for the quality and reliability evaluation with the observation of device structures. It consists of fault detection and estimation of risk that the faults cause to fail more than one of devices through many manufacturing lots. Typically, cross sectional SEM for observation and data base or theory of reliability for risk estimation are used in this method.