bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The zoogeomorphology of case‐building caddisfly: Quantifying sediment use
Authors: Mason Richard J. , Rice Stephen P. , Wood Paul J. , Johnson Matthew F.
Published: May 2019

Caddisfly (Trichoptera) larvae are an abundant and widespread aquatic insect group characterized by the construction of silk structures, including nets and cases. Case‐building caddisfly have the potential to modify the sorting and mobility of sand and fine gravel via: (1) case construction, resulting in altered sediment properties; (2) transporting sediment incorporated into cases over the river bed; and (3) changing the structure of river beds via burrowing activity. To investigate these mechanisms, it is necessary to understand the mass, size distribution and spatial variability of sediment use by case‐building caddisfly larvae.

We quantified the mineral sediment used by individuals and communities of case‐building caddisfly in 27 samples, from three sites on a gravel‐bed stream. The mass and size distribution of sediment in individual cases varied between taxa (mass = 0.001–0.83 g, D50 = 0.17–4 mm). The mean mass of sediment used by the caddisfly community was 38 g m−2 and varied locally. Sediment use was predominantly coarse sand (D50 = 1 mm). 64% of sediment use was attributable to Agapetus fuscipes (Glossosomatidae).

Due to within‐species variability in case mass, the abundance of most taxa, including A. fuscipes, was only weakly associated with the mass of sediment used by this species, at the river scale. Whilst the caddisfly community used a small percentage of the total sediment available (average 2.99% of the 1–1.4 mm size fraction), A. fuscipes used more fine sediment in their cases at sites where it was more available. Despite variability in local habitat, all sites supported diverse case‐building caddisfly communities utilizing mineral sediment. Consequently, geomorphological effects of case‐building caddisfly are potentially widespread. The results provide novel insights into the specific grain sizes and quantities of fine sediment used by caddisfly larvae, which represents an important step towards understanding their zoogeomorphic activities. © 2019 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
The effects of Chinese milk vetch returning with nitrogen fertilizer on rice yield and greenhouse gas emissions
Authors: Liu Ying , Tang Haiying , Muhammad Aamer , Huang Guoqin
Published: May 2019

Fertilizer management and straw returning are effective measures to regulate greenhouse gas emissions and increase crop yields, which have attracted wide attention in agricultural production. To clarify the effect of Chinese milk vetch returning with nitrogen fertilizer on rice yield and greenhouse gas emissions in paddy field, field experiments were conducted during 2017–2018 and four treatments were proposed in this study, including the treatments with Chinese milk vetch returning plus different nitrogen fertilizer application amount, namely RA, RB, RC, and control CK (winter fallow without Chinese milk vetch returning). The results showed that treatments RA, RB, and RC significantly increased the early rice yield by 15.35%, 12.94%, and 15.35%, respectively (P<0.05), and treatment RA had the best effect on the annual yield (P<0.05) compared with control CK. Meanwhile, all the treatments with Chinese milk vetch returning plus nitrogen fertilizer increased the global warming potential, but the difference between RA, RB, and control CK was not significant (P>0.05); the greenhouse gas intensity produced by RA was 11.76% lower than control CK. In summary, treatment RA, followed by RB, had the best effect in increasing rice production and reducing greenhouse gas emissions in paddy fields. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial and temporal variations in source, diagenesis, and fate of organic matter in sediments of the Netravati River, India
Authors: Fernandes Dearlyn , Wu Ying , Shirodkar Prabhaker Vasant , Pradhan Umesh Kumar , Zhu Zhuo‐Yi , Zhang Jing , Limbu Samwel Mchele
Published: May 2019

Organic matter (OM) such as organic nitrogen plays a substantial role in the global biogeochemical cycling of bio‐reactive components—amino acids (AA) in aquatic environments. Spatial and temporal variations in source, diagenesis, and fate of organic nitrogen such as AA in sediments of small tropical rivers and the role of oxbow/meandering loops under changing climatic conditions are poorly investigated. This study assessed the spatial and seasonal variations in OM composition, source, and diagenesis of a tropical small mountainous river—Netravati River, India, for 1 year. Water samples were determined for suspended particulate matter, and surface sediments were examined for bulk parameters, surface area (SA), and the L‐ and D‐enantiomers of AA. The L‐ and D‐enantiomers of AA displayed subtle seasonal variations in composition and depicted varying degrees of diagenesis. The concentration of D‐enantiomer of AA was high and showed substantial contributions from bacteria, terrestrial source, and in situ production. The D‐arginine was the most abundant D‐enantiomer of AA in the study area, possibly due to extracellular secretion by bacterial species and adsorption onto sediments, and thus, it was protected from degradation. Degradation index was more negative at the oxbow and meandering loop stations during the dry season suggesting that local geomorphologic settings steer the diagenesis of OM within the river. A negative relationship between gamma‐aminobutyric acid and organic carbon:surface area (OC:SA) ratio and a positive correlation between tyrosine and OC:SA ratio suggested accelerated loss of OM. Furthermore, the concentrations of most bulk parameters were higher in the lower reaches during monsoon and premonsoon seasons. Taken together, changes in seasons have an operational control in distinguishing the composition, source, and diagenesis of spatial OM distribution. Moreover, oxbows and river meandering loops influence the diagenetic processes in small tropical river systems.
The efficacy of a single imaginal exposure‐writing assignment in reducing posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms: A pilot study
Authors: Vinke Yvonne D. , Truijens Femke , van Polanen Petel Esmee , van Emmerik Arnold A. P.
Published: May 2019

Objective

This online study examined the effects of a single imaginal exposure‐writing assignment on posttraumatic stress (PTS) and comorbid depressive symptoms.

Method

Forty‐six participants with PTS were allocated to either a single imaginal exposure‐writing assignment, a nontrauma writing assignment, or to a nonwriting control condition, and were reassessed 2 and 5 weeks after baseline. Of the 49 participants, 36 were female, with an average age of 23. Participation was conducted through Qualtrics. Effects were assessed with the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS) and the Beck Depression Inventory‐II (BDI‐II).

Results

PTS and depressive symptoms decreased over time regardless of the study condition.

Conclusions

We found no support for the efficacy of a single imaginal exposure‐writing assignment in reducing PTS or comorbid depressive symptoms. Suggestions are given for future studies that attempt to identify a minimal dose of imaginal exposure writing for PTS.
The protective effects of grit on suicidal ideation in individuals with trauma and symptoms of posttraumatic stress
Authors: Marie Laura , Taylor Sarah E. , Basu Natasha , Fadoir Nicholas A. , Schuler Kaitlyn , McKelvey Daniel , Smith Phillip N.
Published: May 2019

Objective

It is important to understand factors that moderate the likelihood of developing suicidal thoughts following traumatic exposure and posttraumatic stress symptoms.

Method

In this cross‐sectional study, a moderated atemporal mediation analysis was conducted in a sample of 709 college students (71% female, M
age = 19.90 years, 67% Caucasian) to test the associations between trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and suicidal ideation, with grit entered as a moderator of all paths in the equation.

Results

PTSD symptoms mediated the association between trauma and suicidal ideation. Grit moderated the direct pathway from PTSD symptoms to suicidal ideation.

Conclusions

Grit and other constructs of resiliency may inform strength‐focused interventions to remediate the impact of trauma and posttraumatic stress symptoms and potentially reduce suicidal thoughts and risk for suicide.
RETRACTED: Upregulated expression of ROCK1 promotes cell proliferation by functioning as a target of miR‐335‐5p in non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Tang Haicheng , Du Wenwen , Jiang Yongqian , Li Hongmiao , Bo Hongjian , Song Shu
Published: May 2019

Lung cancer is regarded as one of the dominant causes in cancer patients among men and women all over the world. Rho‐associated coiled‐coil forming protein kinase l (ROCK1) is characterized as pivotal downstream effectors of the small GTPase RhoA and reported to participate in tumor metastasis. miR‐335‐5p acts as tumor suppressor microRNA and is identified to be downregulated in tumor tissues. miR‐335‐5p/ROCK1 axis has been demonstrated to promote cell proliferation and metastasis in gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma and so on. However, the role it plays in promoting cell proliferation in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrated that the upregulated expression of ROCK1 was highly correlated with downregulated expression of miR‐335‐5p in NSCLC tissues and cell lines. Mechanistically, Knockdown of ROCK1 inhibited cell proliferation in vitro, accompanied by cell cycle change confirmed by flow analysis. Furthermore, miR‐335‐5p can downregulate the ROCK1 expression by directly binding to the 3′‐untranslated region in posttranscriptional level. In vivo animal model showed similar results. Our findings highlighted the crucial role that miR‐335‐5p acted as a tumor suppressor to modulate cell proliferation and cell cycle progression via downregulating ROCK1 expression. And this miR‐335‐5p/ROCK1 axis contributed to NSCLC pathogenesis and might be promising targets for NSCLC therapy.
LncRNA‐ATB promotes TGF‐β‐induced glioma cells invasion through NF‐κB and P38/MAPK pathway
Authors: Tang Feng , Wang Hongliang , Chen Erfeng , Bian Erbao , Xu Yadi , Ji Xinghu , Yang Zhihao , Hua Xiangyang , Zhang Yile , Zhao Bing
Published: May 2019

Glioma constitutes the most aggressive primary intracranial malignancy in adults. We previously showed that long noncoding RNA activated by TGF‐β (lncRNA‐ATB) promoted the glioma cells invasion. However, whether lncRNA‐ATB is involved in TGF‐β‐mediated invasion of glioma cells remains unknown. In this study, quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis were used for detecting the mRNA and protein expression of related genes, respectively. Transwell assay was performed to assess the impact of lncRNA‐ATB on TGF‐β‐induced glioma cells migration and invasion. Immunofluorescence staining was utilized to characterize related protein distribution. Results showed that TGF‐β upregulated lncRNA‐ATB expression in glioma LN‐18 and U251 cells. Overexpression of lncRNA‐ATB activated nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) pathway and promoted P65 translocation into the nucleus, thus facilitated glioma cells invasion stimulated by TGF‐β. Similarly, lncRNA‐ATB markedly enhanced TGF‐β‐mediated invasion of glioma cells through activation P38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (P38/MAPK) pathway. Moreover, both the NF‐κB selected inhibitor pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate ammonium and P38/MAPK specific inhibitor SB203580 partly reversed lncRNA‐ATB induced glioma cells invasion mediated by TGF‐β. Collectively, this study revealed that lncRNA‐ATB promotes TGF‐β‐induced glioma cell invasion through NF‐κB and P38/MAPK pathway and established a detailed framework for understanding the way how lncRNA‐ATB performs its function in TGF‐β‐mediated glioma invasion.
Editorial for the special Issue “Jörg Steinbach”
Authors: Mamat Constantin
Published: May 2019

This special issue of Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals is dedicated to commemorate the outstanding scientific work of Jörg Steinbach, former director of the Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research at the Helmholtz‐Zentrum Dresden‐Rossendorf (HZDR) and full professor for Bioinorganic and Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry at the Technical University Dresden. Current legal regulations brought to an end the formal attachment of Professor Steinbach to the TU Dresden as well as the directorship of the institute within his 65th birthday. A festive symposium has been held at the HZDR on the occasion of his retirement on September 5th, 2018, one day after the inauguration of the new Centre for Radiopharmaceutical Tumor Research at the HZDR.
Physical function and pain intensity in patients with metastatic bone disease
Authors: Janssen Stein J. , Pereira Nuno Rui Paulino , Thio Quirina C.B.S. , Raskin Kevin A. , Bramer Jos A.M. , Lozano‐Calderon Santiago A. , Schwab Joseph H.
Published: May 2019

Background

Patient reported outcome data in bone metastatic disease are scarce and it would be useful to have normative data and understand what patients are at risk for poor function and more pain.

Objectives

We aimed to assess what factors are independently associated with physical function and pain intensity in patients with bone metastasis.

Methods

We included data from 211 patients with bone metastasis who completed a survey (2014‐2016) including the PROMIS Physical Function Cancer and PROMIS Pain Intensity questionnaires.

Results

Prostate (P < .001) and thyroid carcinoma (P = .007) were associated with better function and having other disabling conditions (P = 0.035) was associated with worse function. Prostate carcinoma (P = .001) and lymphoma (P = .007) were associated with less pain. There was a moderate correlation between pain and function (P < .001). Function was substantially worse as compared to a US reference population of patients with cancer (P < .001), whereas pain was slightly less compared to the US general population average (P < .001).

Conclusions

Patients with bone metastasis have a poor physical function. Physical function and pain intensity depend on tumor histology, but also on potentially modifiable factors such as other disabling conditions.

Level of Evidence

Level III, prognostic study.
A nomogram for predicting survival and retroperitoneal lymph node dissection treatment in patients with resected testicular germ cell tumors
Authors: Wu Yougen , Meyers Jeffrey P. , Shi Guowei , Jin Zhi , Xia Ju , Gu Yuting , Qian Qingqing , Hong Yang
Published: May 2019

Background and Objectives

To build nomogram incorporating potential prognostic factors for predicting survival outcomes of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) patients after resection of the primary tumor.

Methods

Data of TGCT patients from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (2010‐2016) who underwent resection of the primary tumor were collected. Overall survival (OS) and cancer‐specific survival (CSS) were analyzed by using Cox regression models, nomogram, Kaplan‐Meier method, and log‐rank test.

Results

We identified 7272 TGCT patients. Age at diagnosis, histology, tumor size, American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system, and number of metastases sites were independent prognostic factors and were integrated into nomograms. The nomograms had higher C‐indexes for both OS and CSS compared with the AJCC 7th staging system (0.881 vs 0.831 and 0.895 vs 0.856, respectively). Moreover, the new stratification of risk groups based on the nomograms showed a more significant distinction between Kaplan‐Meier curves for survival outcomes than the AJCC staging system. Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection was associated with statistically improved survival probability in the nomogram middle‐risk group in resected TGCT patients.

Conclusion

The novel nomogram‐based staging system could provide satisfactory risk stratification and survival prediction ability beyond traditional AJCC staging systems.
Intervertebral disc kinematics in active duty Marines with and without lumbar spine pathology
Authors: Onodera Keenan , Berry David B. , Shahidi Bahar , Kelly Karen R. , Ward Samuel R.
Published: May 2019

Military members are required to carry heavy loads frequently during training and active duty combat. We investigated if operationally relevant axial loads affect lumbar disc kinematics in forty‐one male active duty Marines with no previous clinically diagnosed pathology. Marines were imaged standing upright with and without load. From T2‐weighted magnetic resonance images, intervertebral disc (IVD) health and kinematic changes between loading conditions and across lumbar levels were evaluated using two‐way repeated measures analysis of variance tests. IVD kinematics with loading were compared between individuals with and without signs of degeneration on imaging. Linear regression analyses were performed to determine associations between IVD position and kinematic changes with loading. Fifty‐eight percent (118/205) of IVDs showed evidence of degeneration and 3% (7/205) demonstrated a disc bulge. IVD degeneration was not related to posterior annular position (P > .205). Changes in sagittal intervertebral angle were not associated with changes in posterior annular position between baseline and loaded conditions at any lumbar level (r < 0.267; P = .091‐.746). Intervertebral angles were significantly larger in the lower regions of the spine (P < .001), indicating increased local lordosis when moving in the caudal direction Disc height at the L5/S1 level was significantly smaller (6.3 mm, mean difference = 1.20) than all other levels (P < .001) and baseline posterior disc heights tended to be larger at baseline (7.43 mm ± 1.46) than after loading (7.18 ± 1.57, P = .071). Individuals with a larger baseline posterior annular position demonstrated greater reduction with load at all levels (P < .002), with the largest reductions at L5/S1 level. Overall, while this population demonstrated some signs of disc degeneration, operationally relevant loading did not significantly affect disc kinematics.
GRP78‐Targeted HPMA Copolymer‐Photosensitizer Conjugate for Hyperthermia‐Induced Enhanced Uptake and Cytotoxicity in MCF‐7 Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Battogtokh Gantumur , Gotov Oyuntuya , Subrahmanyam Nithya , Ko Young Tag , Ghandehari Hamidreza
Published: May 2019

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising cancer treatment approach. However, the photosensitizers (PS) used for PDT are often limited by their poor solubility and selectivity for tumors. The goal of this study is to improve water solubility and delivery of the photosensitizer 2‐[1‐hexyloxyethyl]‐2‐divinyl pyropheophorbide‐a (HPPH) to breast cancer cells. An N‐(2‐hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer–HPPH photosensitizer conjugate is synthesized with heat shock receptor glucose‐regulated protein 78 (GRP78), targeting to GRP78 receptors of MCF‐7 cells, which are upregulated under mild hyperthermia. It is found that the uptake of the GRP78 targeted pep‐HPMA‐HPPH copolymer conjugate in MCF‐7 cells is improved through heat induction. Under mild hyperthermia the targeted copolymers are more effective compared to free HPPH. These results show potential for the utility of mild hyperthermia and copolymer delivery vehicles to enhance the efficacy of photodynamic therapy.
Influences of NH4+ ions and thin electrolyte layers (TEL) thickness on the corrosion behavior of AZ91D magnesium alloy
Authors: Liu Dong , Li Yanyan , Yu Dezhong , Zhou Yong , Ding Yigang
Published: May 2019

In this study, the influences of NH4
+ ions and the thin electrolyte layer (TEL) thickness on the corrosion behavior of the AZ9D magnesium alloy in NH4+‐containing environments were investigated by electrochemical measurements and surface characterization. The experimental results indicate that NH4+ greatly accelerates the corrosion of AZ91D magnesium alloy whether in a bulk solution or in a TEL. As the TEL thickness decreasing, the corrosion resistance of the AZ91D magnesium alloy is strengthened. According to the corrosion morphology, electrochemical analysis, and characterization analysis of corrosion products, the corrosion mechanism of AZ91D under TELs with different thicknesses is divided into three stages: (a) uniformly distributed corrosion pits with deep depth and large size when TEL thickness is higher than or equal to 500 μm; (b) slightly corrosion with randomly distributed corrosion pits and the accumulation of small amount of corrosion product when TEL thickness is between 100 μm and 200 μm; (c) no corrosion pit with only deposition of corrosion product when TEL thickness is lower than or equal to 100 μm. Among which, the roles of NH4+, TEL thickness, and corrosion product are emphasized and discussed in the corrosion process of AZ91D magnesium alloy under TEL with different thicknesses.
A Remarkably Large Phase‐Transition Effect in a Random Copolymer of Oligo(ethylene glycol) Methyl Ether Methacrylate (OEGMA)500 Induced by the Photochemistry of the 2‐(Hydroxyimino)aldehyde Group
Authors: D’Acunzo Francesca , De Santis Serena , Masci Giancarlo , Nardi Martina , Renzi Polyssena , Sobolev Anatoly Petrovich
Published: May 2019

The effect of UV irradiation on the cloud points (CP) of aqueous solutions of a random 1:1 copolymer of oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (OEGMA500) and a 2‐(hydroxyimino)aldehyde (HIA) functionalized methacrylate is presented. CPs are determined by visible spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering (DLS). 1H and 13C NMR experiments are carried out in D2O and DMSO‐d6
on the polymer and on an HIA‐functionalized model of the photoresponsive repeat unit. UV‐irradiated solutions exhibit an unprecedented increase of the phase‐separation temperature for an OEGMA photoresponsive copolymer (10–22 °C, depending on concentration and irradiation conditions). Phase separation is reversible with little hysteresis. With both pristine and irradiated polymer solutions, aggregate dimensions are <10 nm (DLS) at room temperature. Aggregates of >100 nm form at the CP and gradually grow as temperature increases, whereas the light‐induced processes of the repeat unit model in DMSO‐d6
are well identified (e.g., oxime E/Z isomerization and Norrish‐Yang cyclization of the aldehyde moiety), it is not straightforward to extrapolate such behavior to the polymeric solution in water. The remarkably large phototriggered thermal effect in the present work motivates further investigations on the solvent‐dependent photochemistry of HIA as a promising functional group for the synthesis of multi‐stimuli responsive materials.
Lessons learned from SMAD4 loss in squamous cell carcinomas
Authors: Hernandez Ariel L. , Young Christian D. , Wang Jing H. , Wang Xiao‐Jing
Published: May 2019

SMAD4 is a potent tumor suppressor and a central mediator of the TGFß signaling pathway. SMAD4 genetic loss is frequent in squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). Reports of SMAD4 expression in SCCs vary significantly possibly due to inter‐tumor heterogeneity or technical reasons. SMAD4 loss is an initiation event for SCCs. In tumor epithelial cells, SMAD4 loss causes increased proliferation, decreased apoptosis, and “Brca‐like” genomic instability associated with DNA repair defects. SMAD4 loss also plays a role in the expansion of cancer stem cells. Epithelial SMAD4 loss causes overexpression of TGFß that is released into the tumor microenvironment and contributes to SCC progression through proinflammatory and immune evasive mechanisms. SMAD4 loss, while not a direct therapeutic target, is associated with multiple targetable pathways that require further therapeutic studies. Altogether, SMAD4 loss is a potential biomarker in SCCs that should be further studied for its values in prognostic and therapeutic predictions. Such information will potentially guide future biomarker‐driven clinical trial designs and improve SCC patient outcomes.
Toilet training of preschoolers with disabilities: The perspectives of teacher aides
Authors: Shoshani Shira , Schreuer Naomi
Published: May 2019

Aims

To examine toilet‐training (TT) challenges among children with developmental disabilities (DD), as perceived by teacher aides working in special education preschools, the TT practices they adopt, and their perspectives on TT and parental cooperation.

Methods

A qualitative phenomenological approach was adopted to analyze in‐depth interviews conducted with 10 teacher aides, working in special education preschools. Interviews were audio‐recorded, transcribed, and analyzed by three researchers according to 20 categories, organized into the themes that emerged from the data.

Results

Three themes emerged from the data analysis: (1) The TT process is much more complex for children with DD than for typically developing children. (2) The central role played by teacher aides in the TT process and the TT approaches they adopt. (3) The degree to which the child's family is involved in and cooperates with the preschool staff in the context of TT.

Conclusions

TT among children with DD requires a graded and child‐specific mediation process, including the parents and the educational staff. Teacher aides are revealed as an excellent resource for information about the child under their care. From the rich interviews, we obtained: principles and practical guidance as to how to provide gradual tailor‐made TT for children with DD; principles to enhance parents’ engagement in TT; and appropriate TT outcomes. The ecological theoretical frameworks used to shed light on the teacher aides’ and the context role as significant mediators in TT. The study lays the groundwork for further research on TT among children with DD.
Strategic port classification: International clustering‐based approach for decision‐making optimization
Authors: Azzam Islam Ahmed , Al‐Khatib Saleh Fahed , Albataineh Waed Mohammad
Published: May 2019

This comprehensive study aims to identify from a strategic perspective a new port classification approach based on port features and characteristics. Data of 3,685 ports worldwide have been collected, and 25 dimensions with 62 factors have been identified and utilized to analyze and classify ports worldwide. The K‐means clustering technique has been utilized to conduct the port classification process at several levels. First, ports have been classified into two general clusters (low capabilities and moderate‐to‐high capabilities). Then only ports with moderate‐to‐high potentials were classified and taxonomized. In addition to identifying and classifying ports with moderate‐to‐high capabilities, findings of the second round demonstrate the existence of three main clusters. The new port classification has been used to provide new insights about the top 50 terminal ports as a real case study. This innovative approach is valuable for most port‐related decision‐making situations and facilitates the global supply chain management processes.
Examination of the Lumbar Movement Pattern during a Clinical Test and a Functional Activity Test in People with and without Low Back Pain
Authors: Marich Andrej V. , Hwang Ching‐Ting , Sorensen Christopher J. , van Dillen Linda R.
Published: May 2019

Background

It is assumed that the lumbar movement pattern observed during a clinical test is representative of the movement pattern used during a functional activity. Very little is known about how the lumbar movement pattern during a clinical test is associated with the lumbar movement pattern during a functional activity and how the lumbar movement pattern is associated with functional limitation.

Objective

The purpose was to examine the lumbar movement pattern during a clinical test and a functional activity test in people with and people without low back pain (LBP), and the relationship of lumbar motion to LBP‐related functional limitation.

Design

Observational study.

Participants

16 back‐healthy adults and 32 people with chronic LBP.

Methods

Participants performed a standardized clinical test of forward bending and a functional activity test of picking up an object.

Main Outcome Measurements

Maximal lumbar excursion and lumbar excursion at 0% to 50% and 50% to 100% of movement time were examined.

Results

Significant associations were present between the two movement tests for both back‐healthy people and people with LBP (r = 0.47‐0.73). In people with LBP the amount of lumbar motion in the 0% to 50% of movement time interval for both tests was significantly associated with functional limitation (r = 0.43‐0.62).

Conclusion

Lumbar movement patterns were similar between the two tests, and lumbar motion early in the movement of a functional test was related to self‐report of functional limitation.

Level of Evidence

III
Gene modifiers of cystic fibrosis lung disease: A systematic review
Authors: Shanthikumar Shivanthan , Neeland Melanie N. , Saffery Richard , Ranganathan Sarath
Published: May 2019

Background

Lung disease is the major source of morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF), with large variability in severity between patients. Although accurate prediction of lung disease severity would be extremely useful, no robust methods exist. Twin and sibling studies have highlighted the importance of non‐cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) genes in determining lung disease severity but how these impact on the severity in CF remains unclear.

Methods

A systematic review was undertaken to answer the question “In patients with CF which non‐CFTR genes modify the severity of lung disease?” The method for this systematic review was based upon the “Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA)” statement, with a narrative synthesis of results planned.

Results

A total of 1168 articles were screened for inclusion, with 275 articles undergoing detailed assessment for inclusion. One hundred and forty articles were included. Early studies focused on candidate genes, whereas more recent studies utilized genome‐wide approaches and also examined epigenetic mechanisms, gene expression, and therapeutic response.

Discussion

A large body of evidence regarding non‐CFTR gene modifiers of lung disease severity has been generated, examining a wide array of genes. Limitations to existing studies include heterogeneity in outcome measures used, limited replication, and relative lack of clinical impact. Future work examining non‐CFTR gene modifiers will have to overcome these limitations if gene modifiers are to have a meaningful role in the care of patients with CF.
Social‐contextual exposure of ethnic groups in urban China: From residential place to activity space
Authors: Tan Yiming , Chai Yanwei , Chen Zifeng
Published: May 2019

Studies on ethnic segregation in recent decades have shifted the focus from the residential area towards people's activity locations, and policy focus requires more effort in identifying the most segregated individuals among ethnic minorities. Meanwhile, research on ethnic segregation in urban China from the activity‐based perspective remains to be examined. Thus, we analyse ethnic segregation beyond residential neighbourhoods in Chinese cities by measuring individuals' exposure to the social context in neighbourhoods where they perform daily activities (e.g., work). We conduct an empirical study in Xining City based on activity diaries with the focus on the Hui minorities and Han majorities. We find that a substantial amount of activities occur outside the respondents' home neighbourhoods, thereby resulting in notable ethnic segregation beyond home neighbourhoods. In addition, using one‐sided exposure indices and multilevel regression models, we find that different social groups may be exposed to considerably different ethnic environments in activity locations even if they live in ethnically similar neighbourhoods and identify that individuals with low income or low‐level education among the Hui minorities may have greater risks of segregation in activity locations than others. Therefore, the gaps in income and educational attainment between the Hui minorities and Han majorities should be mitigated to foster high opportunities of encounters and social integration.
3‐2: Importance of Object Contour Retention in 3D Space Based on “The Law of Inertia” Hypothesis in Human Perception, with Analysis of 2D‐ and 3D‐ Footsteps Illusion
Authors: Ohtsuka Sakuichi , Nakagawa Hiromaru , Fukaya Yoshitaka , Torisato Naoya , Hira Shoko
Published: May 2019

We tested the footsteps illusion under both occluding‐ and occluded‐conditions in 2D and 3D environments. Experiments suggest that 1) object contours have an essential role, and 2) the illusion is not perceived as the simple consequences of edge‐contrast deterioration but is the result of top‐down reinforcement learning triggered by attention.
6‐2: Novel Liquid Crystal Display Mode “UV2A II” with Photo Alignment Technology for a Large‐Screen 8K Display
Authors: Terashita Shinichi , Watanabe Kouichi , Shimoshikiryoh Fumikazu
Published: May 2019

We have developed a new liquid crystal display mode UV2A II which is suitable for a large screen 8K display and commercialized as the 80” 8K TV. UV2A II has brought large superiority that are 1.3 times higher transmittance, 35% faster response, and wider viewing angle property to compare with UV2A.
7‐4: Late-News Paper: Holographic head‐up display with adaptive brightness of ambient light
Authors: Liu Yueda , Li Yan , Chen Quanming , Li Sida , Su Yikai
Published: May 2019

We propose a holographic head‐up AR display with adaptive brightness of ambient tight based on geometry phase (GP) holographic lens and a cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) film. By tuning the diffraction efficiency of a geometry phase (GP) holographic lens, the ratio of ambient light to virtual light is controlled to adapt to different driving environments. This approach provides a solution for more efficient and safer display for automobiles.
8‐3: A Novel Degradation Compensation Method for AMOLED Panel Based on CTP Model
Authors: Gao Wenbao , Qiu Haijun , Wang Dawei , Feng Youxiong , Lai Zhengde , Wu Baixian , Li Suncun , Xu Haining , Lin Yaoming , Wu Shike , Cao Yajun , Lin Yan , Ma Zhenqiang
Published: May 2019

This paper proposed a new compensation method to alleviate OLED burn‐in issue. The method is complemented by doing degradation level analysis based on proposed CTP model which builds the relationship between OLED decay and various influences. A compensation algorithm is applied to adjust each subpixel's gray value for eliminating image retention.
10‐3: High Refractive Index Glass Wafers for Augmented Reality Devices using Waveguide Technology: Recent Advances in Control of Quality Parameters and their Correlation with Device Properties
Authors: Sprengard Ruediger , Sjogren Brian , Nass Peter , Ottermann Clemens , Lange Berthold , Damm Thorsten , Plapper Volker , Dietrich Volker , Maurer Ulrich , Fang Helen , Weng Nicolas , Wang Alex , Apitz Dirk , Brauneck Ulf , Wyrowski F. , Hellmann C. , Crailsheim H.
Published: May 2019

Waveguide Technology is widely believed to constitute one of the most promising approaches to realize affordable Augmented Reality (AR) / Mixed Reality (MR) devices combining smallest form‐factor with uncompromised image quality allowing for full immersion user experience. Optical waveguides are made from special grade glass wafers. The characteristics of such wafers are directly determining image properties, such as Field‐of‐View, contrast, brightness, distortion of the image projected into the user's eye and many more. We are reporting latest advances in measuring and controlling key quality parameters with focus on total thickness variation, optical homogeneity and thickness tolerance of the wafers. We discuss the impact of these parameters on image quality using optical modelling of the waveguides.
12‐5: Late‐News Paper: Study on Characteristics of OLED Devices with Different Position of EML Dopant
Authors: Park Heemin , Song Seungyong , Lee Duckjung , Choung Jiyoung , Im Sungsoon , Kim Seungwon , Chu Hyeyong
Published: May 2019

In order to understand the principles of devices fabricated using non‐vacuum thermal evaporation (VTE) method, we studied the characteristics of organic light emitting diode (OLED) device with different the position of the emitting layer (EML) dopant by using current‐voltage‐luminescence (IVL) and impedance spectroscopy (IS). As the EML dopant position changes from bottom to top, the current efficiency was found to be decreased despite of the same J‐V characteristics. It is thought to be due to the recombination at host only layers close to HTL. C‐V result shows that capacitance is increased by accumulated holes at host only layer and RC values are observed to be changed at only EML layer via cole‐cole plot. Plus the low efficient recombination at host only layer, which emits the low emission at 430nm, has been found by spectrum analysis. Totally, the devices with different position of the EML dopant could be characterized by impedance and spectrum analysis even if J‐V shows no difference.
13‐2: Novel Pixel Design In‐Plane Super‐Fast Response (ip‐SFR) LCD for Smartphone and PC Monitor
Authors: Hanaoka Kazutaka , Katayama Takashi , Higashida Shinpei , Kanashima Atsuko , Sasaki Takahiro , Yoshida Hidefumi , Shimada Shinji
Published: May 2019

We developed a high‐speed response LCD for smartphones and PC monitors. By arranging the electrode pattern that is most efficient in obtaining high speeds in the pixel, high speed was realized while maintaining high transmittance. We prototyped a 5.3 inch drop‐in type VR specification high‐speed LCD display for smartphones, and good display characteristics were obtained.
13‐4: Passively Addressed Helix‐Free Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal for Fast Response Bi‐Stable Display
Authors: Sun Zhibo , Srivastava Abhishek , Cheung Alex , Vashchenko Valerii , Kwok Hoi-Sing
Published: May 2019

A helix free ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) panel using the passively addressed driving scheme has been realized. The FLC layer thickness is 4um. Asymmetric boundary conditions have been used for providing high contrast and steady multiplex operation. The electro‐optical performance of the panel shows fast switching time around 87us and good bi‐stability in the meantime. A 4um 64*64 passively addressed FLC display prototype has been achieved and successfully multiplexed.
14‐2: Dynamic Peripheral Communication for Advanced Automotive Applications
Authors: Peiler Kimberly , Weiser Johnathan , Bullough John D. , Skinner Nicholas P. , Rea Mark S.
Published: May 2019

A dynamic peripheral‐vision communication system provides cues and feedback to augment automotive interior environments. Vehicle occupants are alerted to information, status, movement, and intended vehicle actions such as braking and turning. They are also made aware of the vehicle environment including location and external hazards.
15‐1: PWM Pixel Circuit with LTPS TFTs for Micro‐LED Displays
Authors: Kim Jin-Ho , Shin Sangmin , Kang Kisun , Jung Chulgyu , Jung Youngki , Shigeta Tetsuya , Park Sang-Young , Lee Ho Seop , Min Jongsul , Oh Jongsu , Kim Yong-Sang
Published: May 2019

Micro‐LEDs have a characteristic for wavelength shifts depending on a current density. Therefore, a PAM pixel circuit generates wavelength shifts according to the current of gray scale control for micro‐LED display. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a new PWM pixel circuit for gray scale controls using LTPS TFTs.
17‐2: Invited Paper: Laser Safety Considerations in Laser Beam Scanning Light Field Displays
Authors: Zhong Zhangyi
Published: May 2019

Laser Beam Scanning (LBS) technology is one of the light field display technologies which are considered cures for the vergence‐accommodation problem in Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR) and Mixed Reality (MR). When Lasers are applied to the human eye, special caution is needed. This paper will discuss the different laser damage mechanisms with the human eye under LBS settings. Traditionally rated Class 1 lasers are not always safe in this case.
19‐2: Impact of Chemical Degradation at HTL/EML Interface on Device Performance of Blue OLEDs
Authors: Jiang Yibin , Zhou Dong-Ying , Dong Shou-Cheng , Tang Ching W.
Published: May 2019

We examined the impact of chemical degradations at the HTL/EML interface on blue OLED performance. Our study showed that photo‐induced C‐N dissociation of HTL materials has little effect on the blue OLED lifetime while photochemical reactions with water/oxygen on the HTL surface can severely degrade the device efficiency and lifetime.
20‐3: High Efficiency Wire Grid Polarizer for Quantum Dot Color Filter LCD
Authors: Liu Yujie , Zhang Shiyu , Shi Ge , Niu Haijun , Fang Zheng , Yang Song , Han Jiahui , Wang Yuyao , Sun Yanliu , IM Yunsik , Chen Xiaochuan , Zhu Ming
Published: May 2019

In quantum dot color filter (QDCF) LCD blue backlight is converted to red/green light separately by red/green quantum dot materials. In cell polarizer is necessary due to the depolarization of quantum dot material. WGP is more promising as in cell polarizer. Therefore it is particularly important to insure the transmittance of blue light as high as possible. In the article, the stacks of WGP and the upper and lower layers were designed to improve the transmittance of blue light. WGP with the upper and lower layers by chemical vapor deposition was fabricated by using nano‐imprinting lithography. The blue light transmittance of WGP in the panel without the upper and lower layers was about 24%. We optimized the design of thin film without changing the structure of WGP to make the transmittance to be increased to 40%. Experimental results showed that the proposed design could achieve a fairly high transmittance 39%.
22‐2: HDR Dynamic Tone Mapping with Enhanced Rendering Control
Authors: Ikizyan Ike
Published: May 2019

High dynamic range (HDR) video standards have been evolving from static tone mapping (e.g. HDR10) to dynamic tone mapping. This enables tone mapping customized for each scene or frame. This paper introduces an enhanced tone mapping curve formulation which helps improve rendering precision for shadow details and addresses the display's low‐end luminance characteristics.
22‐3: 2400 Nits Edge‐Lit LCD and Adaptive EOTF for HDR and Brilliant Images
Authors: Grüning Michael , Ritter Julian , Schmidt Maxim , Xu Chihao
Published: May 2019

For displaying HDR images, an Edge‐Lit LCD was amended and achieves 2400 nits brightness. A new adaptive EOTF combining the strength of Gamma function and Barten CSF is developed. Based on brilliance analysis, dull images are displayed at lower power without glaring viewers, while brilliant images appear vivid and naturalistic.
24‐3: 10Gbps Low‐Power Transceiver PHY for Next Generation Display Interface
Authors: Jose Anup , Abramzon Valentin , Elzeftawi Mohamed , Wang Michael , Kim Kyunglok , Song Younghoon , Moballegh Shiva , Kamali Jalil , Amirkhany Amir , Xiong Wei
Published: May 2019

This paper presents a 10Gbps half‐rate forwarded‐clock transceiver PHY. In order to minimize power consumption and maximize jitter‐tracking between clock and data, the design utilizes a novel IQ‐generation (IQ‐gen) circuit as the RX front‐end of the clock path. The prototype TX and RX PHY achieve a 0.3UI timing margin at a BER = 1e−12 and a power efficiency of 1.5mW/Gbps at 10Gbps. The proposed architecture is suitable for next‐generation display interfaces such as MIPI D‐PHY 3.0.
25‐3: Highly Efficient, All‐Inkjet‐Printed, Deep Red Quantum Dot Light Emitting Diodes from Positive Aging
Authors: Zhang Shuren , Wu Yuan-Chun , Jiao Shibo , Li Yuanyuan , Yuan Wei , Zhang Shijie , Iguchi Shinsuke , Lu Po-Yen , Zhou Hang
Published: May 2019

In this work, we report all‐inkjet‐printed deep red quantum dot light emitting diodes (QLEDs) for achieving large‐scale and pixelated QLED display. The devices exhibit a current efficiency of 6.44 cd/A at the luminance of 1000 cd/m2 which is the best result to date for inkjet‐printed red QLEDs. This high efficiency results from uniform HIL/HTL/QDs/ZnO films via suppressing coffee ring effect and a positive aging effect which means the efficiency increased with time.
26‐2: Invited Paper: HyperfluorescenceTM‐ and TADF‐based OLEDs Development Update
Authors: Endo Ayataka , Tang Ping Kuen Daniel
Published: May 2019

Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitting materials have drawn a huge attention across the community since the first realization of pure organic and highly efficient organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). Latest progress of Red, Green and Blue TADF and HyperfluorescenceTM development will be reported.
27‐1: Study on the effect of controlling the pretitle angle using RM with multipolymerizable functional group
Authors: Li Qian , Zhang Yu , Wei Hongquan , Cui Wei , Tseng Te-Jen , Hsieh Chung-Ching , Chiu Chung-yi
Published: May 2019

RM have played an integral role in the produce of generating the pretilt angle. In this study,we use Reactive Mesogen with multipolymerizable functional group and adopt UV curing process to investigate the pretilt alignment of liquid crystal ,and normal RM (RM with two polymerizable functional group) as a reference. The pretilt angle formation and reliability performance of different RM are discussed.
27‐2: Novel Pixel Design to Improve Color Shift of Multi‐Domain Polymer Sustained Alignment LCD
Authors: Tien Kun-Cheng , Liao Chien-Huang , Li Shu-En , Wu Jia-Long , Tsai Feng-Yueh
Published: May 2019

Optimization of the retardation value and the electrode patterns of RGB sub‐pixels in VA‐mode LCD was found to get better viewing angle experience. Furthermore, the skin color shift level is competitive with the conventional 8‐domain, but the transmittance loss is only less than 4%.
29‐1: Invited Paper: International Standers Development of Electronic Paper Displays
Authors: Takahashi Tatsumi
Published: May 2019

Several international standards developments of electronic paper display devices (EPD) are explained as the results of the past seven years activities in the fields of IEC/TC 100/TA 10, IEC/TC 110/WG 7, and ISO/TC 159/SC 4/WG 2. It will be also explained the stakeholder's involvements, the battle fields, and the future perspectives.
29‐3: Late‐News Paper: Improvement of Chroma and Theoretical Analysis of Silver Deposition‐Based Multicolor Electrochromic Device
Authors: Sugita Tomoko , Nakamura Kazuki , Kobayashi Norihisa
Published: May 2019

We reported Ag deposition‐based electrochromic device which showed reversible color change from transparent to chromatic coloration, black and silver‐mirror in a single device. In this study, we newly enabled this device to achieve green coloration and analyzed relationship between optical properties and morphology of silver nanoparticles at four chromatic states.
29‐4: Late‐News Paper: Stepped and Tiered Line Text Layout for Improving Reading Rate in Japanese Electronic Text Readers
Authors: Kobayashi Jumpei , Shinbori Eiji , Kawashima Toshio
Published: May 2019

We propose a new Japanese text layout for increasing the reading rate. The proposed layout aligns characters in a stepwise manner using the smallest Japanese linguistic unit (bunsetsu) with an incremental indentation. The reading rate obtained using the proposed layout is approximately 1.6‐times faster compared to a conventional Japanese layout.
31‐1: Distinguished Paper: Measurement and Categorization of Alternate Subpixel Layout Near‐Eye Display Systems
Authors: Hoffman David M. , McKenzie Chris , Koprowski Brion , Iqbal Asif , Balram Nikhil
Published: May 2019

We analyzed displays with alternate subpixel layouts to assess the effective detail size that they can reproduce. The measurements can then be used to classify the display to an appropriate XR system tier. Responsive application design can then tailor content for the best possible experience on each system tier.