bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ELECTROMYOGRAM AND THE RESPIRATORY PATTERN
Authors: Yoshii Naosaburô , Ueda Kôichiro , Uno Toshio
Published: March 2008

Different respiratory patterns were provoked experimentally in rabbit and were analyzed with simultaneous recording of pneumogram and of electromyograms from the inspiratory muscle (diaphragm), expiratory muscle (m. transversus thoracis or m. intercostalis internus) and deep expiratory muscle (m. obliquus abdominis externus).

1. Normal respiration with normal rhythm (eupnea) is maintained by alternate contractions of inspiratory and expiratory muscles. A decresse in the depth of respiration is caused by decreased activity of expiratory muscles and an increase, on the contrary, by increased discharge of inspiratory muscles.

2. In the case of increased respiration rate with increased depth of respiration (hyperpnea), three types can be differentiated: an alternating increase in contraction of both the inspiratory and expiratory muscles, the increase of inspiratory muscles alone, and that of expiratory muscle alone.

3. In the case of increased rate with decreased depth of respiration (panting), there are also three types distinguishable: a type with decreased discharge of inspiratory muscles, another type with continuous discharge of inspiratory muscles and still another type with both high amplitude discharge of inspiratory and continuous discharge of abdominal muscles.

4. Gasping is characterized by big discharge of inspiratory muscles with either synchronized discharges of expiratory muscles or without such of expiratory ones.

5. Synchronized continuous discharging of both inspiratory and expiratory muscles are observed in the cases of inspiratory apnea or of spitting.

6. Continuous discharging of expiratory muscles occurs in the case of expiratory apnea and is accompanied in some cases by weak intercurrent discharges of inspiratory muscles.

7. It is evidenced by the present study that the behavior of respiratory centers could not be fully understood relying on changes in pneumogram alone.
REGULATORY INFLUENCE OF AMYGDALOID NUCLEI UPON THE UNITARY ACTIVITY IN VENTROMEDIAL NUCLEUS OF HYPOTHALAMUS
Authors: Sawa Masaichi , Maruyama Naoshige , Hanai Taiji , Kaji Shizuo
Published: March 2008

Under barbiturate anesthesia, the unitary activity of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus of 10 adult cats was picked up with the use of glass pipette electrodes, and the electrical stimulation on the three principal nuclei (lateral, medial and intermediate) of the amygdaloid nuclear complex was observed with reference to spike activities.

The electrical stimulation given to the principal nuclei of the amygdala caused either inhibition of the unitary spike activity of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus or the transition of the responses from inhibition to facilitation.

With regard to stimulus parameter, it was observed that low voltage, low frequency, and short pulse duration caused inhibitory response, while high voltage, high frequency (20–40 c/s) and long pulse duration gave rise to the inhibition‐facilitation response. In most cases, this facilitation phenomenon, we believe, is related to the seizure discharges induced in the stimulated portions. When the stimulation was repeated with the same stimulus parameter, these responses were gradually intensified, and the transition from inhibition to facilitation was observed. The stimulation given to each of the three principal nuclei caused the above responses, but there was some variance in the degree thereof, which was related to the degree of the reversal tendency of the responses. An explanation concering the functional properties of amygdala was made on the basis of the above results.
TETANY, MENTAL ILLNESS, AND FLUORINE
Authors: Spira Leo
Published: March 2008

Fluorine represents the long‐sought poison producing tetany.

Tetany often leads to the development of mental illness. Two patients who for 3 years were suffering from severe depression accompanied by brown pigmentation of the skin were submitted to treatment directed against chronic fluorine poisoning. At the end of 3 months, in one of them both the mental condition and the pigmentation were simultaneously reversed; in the other, definite improvement occurred.

Certain signs and symptoms common to tetany, to mental illness, and to chronic fluorine poisoning are recorded.

Fluor stellt das langgesuchte Tetaniegift dar.

Tetanie führt in zahlreichen Fällen zur Entwicklung von Geistesstörungen. Zwei Patienten, welche 3 Jahre lang an schwerer Depression litten und eine braune Hautverfärbung zeigten wurden einer gegen chronische Fluorvergiftung gerichteten Behandlung unterzogen. Nach Ablauf von 3 Monaten gingen in dem einen Fall sowohl die Geistesstörung als auch die abnorme Hautverfärbung gleichzeitig zurück; im anderen trat eine wesentliche Besserung ein.

Gewisse der Tetanie, der Psychose und der chronischen Fluorvergiftung gemeinsamen Symptome werden beschrieben.

Le fluor représente le poison longtemps recherché de la tétanie.

La tétanie amène souvent l'apparition de troubles mentaux. Deux malades, qui depuis trois ans souffraient d'une grave dépression accompagnée d'une pigmentation brune de la peau, furent soumis au traitement spécifique de l'empoisonnement chronique par le fluor. Au bout de trios mois on constata que chez l'un d'eux l'état mental pathologique et la pigmentation anormale s'atténuaient simultanément; chez l'autre eut lieu une amélioration définitive.

On remarque que certains signes et symptômes sont communs à la tétanie, aux troubles mentaux et à l'empoisonnement chronique par le fluor.
Germ‐line mutation of KCNQ2, p.R213W, in a Japanese family with benign familial neonatal convulsion
Authors: Sadewa Ahmad H. , Sasongko Teguh H. , Gunadi  , Lee Myeong J. , Daikoku Kazunari , Yamamoto Akiyo , Yamasaki Takemi , Tanaka Shigenori , Matsuo Masafumi , Nishio Hisahide
Published: March 2008

Background: Benign familial neonatal convulsion (BFNC) is an autosomal‐dominantly inherited epilepsy of neonates. The KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 genes have been cloned as the responsible genes for BFNC. Detection of mutations in these genes is helpful for confirmation of BFNC or differential diagnosis of convulsive disorders in the neonatal period.

Methods: A Japanese family with BFNC was investigated. Two siblings were clinically diagnosed as having BFNC. KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 were screened for mutations using a combination of polymerase chain reaction and denaturing high‐performance liquid chromatography. Nucleotide substitutions were confirmed by direct sequencing.

Results: In the affected siblings a C‐to‐T heterozygous substitution was detected at nucleotide 683 (c.683C>T) in KCNQ2, leading to substitution of arginine with tryptophan at amino acid position 213 (p.R213W) in the S4 voltage‐sensing domain of the KCNQ2 protein. The detected mutation may disrupt this highly conserved region among potassium channel proteins. The c.683C>T substitution in KCNQ2 was not present in the parents. KCNQ3 was also analyzed and a single nucleotide polymorphism, c.1241A>G (National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), SNP ID: rs2303995), was detected in the index family.

Conclusions: Two siblings with BFNC had a novel heterozygous missense mutation, p.R213W, in KCNQ2. This mutation may affect potassium gating, leading to neuronal excitability or convulsions in the patients. Furthermore, neither of the parents had the p.R213W mutation, indicating that it was a germ‐line mutation. The possibility of recurrence of such a germ‐line mutation in the next siblings should be explained during genetic counseling.
Paternal X could relate to arithmetic function; study of cognitive function and parental origin of X chromosome in Turner syndrome
Authors: Ergür Ayça T. , Öcal Gönül , Berberoglu Merih , Tekin Mustafa , Kiliç Birim G. , Aycan Zehra , Kutlu Alev , Adiyaman Pelin , Sıklar Zeynep , Akar Nejat , Sahin Aynur , Akçayöz Duygu
Published: March 2008

Background: 45,X Turner syndrome (TS) female subjects have visuospatial skill and social cognition deficits that may arise from X‐linked imprinting. The aim of the present study was to compare phenotypic characteristics and neurocognitive pattern of 12 monosomic TS girls, according to X‐linked imprinting.

Methods: Microsatellite markers were used to determine the parental origin of the missing chromosome X. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Revised (WISC‐R) was administered as measures of general intellectual functioning. The results were compared in TS patients with maternally derived X chromosome (Xm) and paternally derived X chromosome (Xp).

Results: Six out of 12 patients (50%) had Xm, and the other six (50%) had Xp chromosome. There was no difference in the total, verbal and performance IQ score between the TS subgroups with Xm and Xp. When the WISC‐R subtest score patterns were compared, the mean arithmetic scores were significantly poorer in the Xm TS than in the Xp TS.

Conclusion: In monosomic TS cases, paternal imprinting may predict arithmetic ability, on the other hand, reductionist consideration defined by genetic imprinting is not sufficient to confirm this. Further studies should be undertaken to clarify this situation.
Multiple drug‐resistant gene 1 in children with steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome
Authors: Funaki Satoshi , Takahashi Shori , Wada Naohiro , Murakami Hitohiko , Harada Kensuke
Published: March 2008

Background: A full dose of corticosteroid is required to induce complete remission (CR) in steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS), unless it is possible to taper and discontinue along with the course after CR. But the mechanism of this change in steroid sensitivity remains unknown. P‐glycoprotein (PGP) can eliminate given corticosteroids from cytoplasm, which results in corticosteroid resistance. Therefore, drug delivery was analyzed using real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of multiple drug‐resistant gene 1 (MDR1; encoding PGP) mRNA expression.

Methods: Fourteen patients with SSNS (male/female: 14/0; age: 1–23 years; mean 10.4 years) were enrolled in the study. MDR1 mRNA gene expression of peripheral blood nucleated cells (PBNC), before and after CR (19 sets of blood samples), was quantified using real‐time PCR.

Results: The MDR1 mRNA levels before CR were variable in each patient, but there was an apparent decrease in the MDR1 gene expression of PBNC after CR (P < 0.003).

Conclusion: PGP may play a role in the tapering of corticosteroids after CR in SSNS.
Early diagnosis of Kawasaki disease in patients with cervical lymphadenopathy
Authors: Yanagi Sadamitsu , Nomura Yuichi , Masuda Kiminori , Koriyama Chihaya , Sameshima Koji , Eguchi Taisuke , Imamura Mari , Arata Michiko , Kawano Yoshifumi
Published: March 2008

Background: Among typical patients with Kawasaki disease (KD), a few KD patients present with only fever and cervical lymphadenopathy at admission (KDL). These patients have a significant risk for misdiagnosis, delay in treatment for KD, and development of coronary artery abnormalities. Therefore, the development of an easy tool for early diagnosis in these patients is desirable.

Methods and Results: Patients who presented with only fever and cervical lymphadenopathy at admission were studied. Of these, 14 patients were eventually diagnosed with KD (KDL) and 24 patients were successfully treated using antibiotics (control). KDL patients were significantly older than control patients (P > 0.022). Among the laboratory findings, neutrophil counts (P > 0.003), C‐reactive protein (CRP; P < 0.001), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST; P > 0.018) were significantly different between the groups. To discriminate KDL patients from controls, cut‐off points of the aforementioned parameters (KDL indices) were determined using the receiver operating characteristic curves in order to maximize sensitivity and accuracy (age, 5.0 years; neutrophil counts, 10 000/μL; CRP, 7.0 mg/dL; AST, 30 IU/L). One point was assigned if a subject exceeded the cut‐off point in a KDL index. If a patient with three or four KDL indices was considered to have KD, the sensitivity was 78% and the specificity 100%. None of the patients with one or zero KDL index developed KD.

Conclusions: KDL indices may be helpful in discriminating KDL from lymphadenitis at admission. It is important to monitor the symptoms of KD in a patient with three or four KDL indices at admission.
Genotype–phenotype correlation in children with familial Mediterranean fever in a Turkish population
Authors: Duşunsel Ruhan , Dursun Ismail , Gündüz Zübeyde , Poyrazoğlu M. Hakan , Gürgöze Metin Kaya , Dundar Munis
Published: March 2008

Background: The aim of the present study was not only to review clinical and demographic features of child‐onset familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) patients but also to investigate whether there is a phenotype–genotype correlation in the same patient population.

Methods: The medical records of 102 patients with FMF were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were classified into three groups according to mutations: group 1, Met694Val–Met694Val (homozygote); group 2, Met694Val–other; and group 3, other–other. These groups were compared with regard to gender, age of onset, age of diagnosis, time interval between disease onset and diagnosis, fever, abdominal pain, arthritis, chest pain, erysipelas‐like erythema, edema, amyloidosis, number of attacks per year before and after treatment, consanguinity, severity score, response of colchicines treatment, and family history of FMF and amyloidosis.

Results: The presence of M694V homozygote was found to be associated with amyloidosis. Homozygosity for M694V was found in 46 patients (45%).

Conclusions: M694V homozygosity is associated with phenotype II and amyloidosis compared to other common genotypes in patients with FMF. Despite current knowledge on FMF, prospective clinical studies with large numbers of patients and different ethnic groups will help us to clarify this considerable disease.
Increased numbers of macrophages in tracheal aspirates in premature infants with funisitis
Authors: Arai Hirokazu , Matsuda Takefumi , Goto Ryoji , Takada Goro
Published: March 2008

Background: Funisitis is a manifestation of the fetal inflammatory response syndrome, and intrauterine inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of lung injury in premature infants. The aim of the present paper was to examine the relationship between funisitis and lung injury in premature infants born at <28 weeks gestation. The present study focuses on the number of macrophages in tracheobronchial aspirate fluid (TAF).

Methods: The numbers of CD68‐positive cells in cell cytopreps in TAF collected at <24 h of age were determined on immunocytochemistry. The funisitis (+) group (n > 8) was compared with the funisitis (−) group (n > 16).

Results: There were no significant differences in gestational age and birthweight between these groups. The duration of intermittent positive pressure ventilation was significantly longer in the funisitis (+) group compared with the funisitis (−) group (P < 0.05). Funisitis (+) infants had increases of CD68+ macrophages in their TAF. The appearance of Wilson–Mikity syndrome (WMS), characteristic of the severe variant of chronic lung disease (CLD), was associated with funisitis (+) infants with higher numbers of macrophages.

Conclusion: The presence of macrophages at birth plays an important role in the neonatal lung with funisitis.
Effects of sociodemographic factors on febrile convulsion prevalence
Authors: Aydin Adem , Ergor Alp , Ozkan Hasan
Published: March 2008

Background:The aim of the present study was to determine the lifetime risk (LTR) of febrile convulsion and the effects of socioeconomic factors affecting this risk among school children in Izmir province, Turkey.

Methods:Information was collected from school children aged 7–17 years in a school‐based cross‐sectional study. Stratified cluster sampling technique was used to define the study population, which represents the schools located in the metropolitan area of Izmir. Data were collected through a standard questionnaire from the parents.

Results:LTR was 9.7% (girls, 9.3%; boys, 10.1%,P > 0.05). The risk of febrile convulsion for children whose fathers’ education level was equal to or less than primary school was 2.13 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1–4.0) and, for children whose fathers were blue collar workers it was 1.4 (95%CI: 1.0–1.8).

Conclusion:LTR for febrile convulsion was relatively high in this population, consistent with studies from other developing countries. Lower socioeconomic status and lack of knowledge about febrile convulsions were main factors related to this risk.
Early development in Williams syndrome
Authors: Tsai Sen‐Wei , Wu Shyi‐Kuen , Liou Ying‐Ming , Shu San‐Ging
Published: March 2008

Background: The aim of the present study was to gain a better understanding of the motor performance in Williams syndrome for early intervention of rehabilitation programs.

Methods: Eleven Williams syndrome patients were evaluated from the pediatric clinics. Seven patients younger than 42 months were evaluated with the Bayley II Test for mental development index (MDI) and psychomotor development index (PDI). Four patients older than 42 months were evaluated with the Bruininks–Oseretsky Test (short form) of motor profile. The raw scores were measured and converted to the standard scores for comparison.

Results: A significantly mental and psychomotor development delay of 6.1 and 5.7 months individually was found compared to that of the mean age (P > 0.0047 and 0.0053). Juvenile Williams syndrome patients were apparently retarded (<10‰ rank) in motor development in comparison with persons of the same age. The results showed that motor performance was severely delayed not only in Williams syndrome children but also in Williams syndrome juveniles.

Conclusion: It is important for clinicians to work out a comprehensive plan to help the motor development of patients with Williams syndrome in addition to treating their medical problems, and upper limb dexterity may be the goal for training.
Late‐onset circulatory dysfunction of premature infants and late‐onset periventricular leukomalacia
Authors: Kobayashi Satoru , Fujimoto Shinji , Koyama Norihisa , Fukuda Sumio , Iwaki Toshimitsu , Tanaka Taihei , Kokubo Minoru , Ohki Shigeru , Okanishi Tohru , Togari Hajime
Published: March 2008

Background: The sudden appearance of hypotension and oliguria without obvious cause following stable circulation and respiration in preterm infants is frequent in Japan. Such episodes are referred to as late‐onset circulatory dysfunction of premature infants (LCD). Volume expanders and inotropic agents are often ineffective against this condition, whereas i.v. steroids are significantly effective. A major problem is that cystic periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) often develops a few weeks after an episode. The aim of the present study was to clarify the risk factors, including LCD, related to cystic PVL.

Methods: A case–control study was performed for preterm infants who were delivered at <33 weeks of gestation and admitted to seven neonatal intensive care units in Japan. Cystic PVL infants were stratified into early‐onset PVL diagnosed within 28 days of age and late‐onset PVL diagnosed after more than 28 days of age. The reported and new risk factors for PVL, for each group of PVL infants, and for all PVL infants, were compared with controls.

Results: Thirty‐two infants were diagnosed with cystic PVL (17 early‐onset and 15 late‐onset). All PVL infants significantly differed from controls on Apgar score, number of abortions and pregnancies, intraventricular hemorrhage, and LCD. LCD was diagnosed in 28.1% of both PVL groups compared with 6.3% of controls (P = 0.02). Multivariate analysis demonstrated significant association between late‐onset PVL and LCD.

Conclusion: LCD was significantly associated with cystic PVL, especially late‐onset PVL. Elucidating the cause of LCD might reduce the incidence of PVL and improve the neurological prognosis of preterm infants.
Did the goodwill accounting standard impose material economic consequences on Australian acquirers?
Authors: James Kieran , How Janice , Verhoeven Peter
Published: March 2008

This research explores the empirical association between takeover bid premium and acquired (purchased) goodwill, and tests whether the strength of the association changes after the passage of approved accounting standard AASB 1013 in Australia in 1988. AASB 1013 mandated capitalization and amortization of acquired goodwill to the income statement over a maximum period of 20 years. We use regressions to assess how the association between bid premium and acquired goodwill varies in the pre‐AASB and post‐AASB 1013 periods after controlling for confounding factors. Our results show that reducing the variety of accounting policy options available to bidder management after an acquisition results in a systematic reduction in the strength of the association between premium and goodwill.
Internal audit, alternative internal audit structures and the level of misappropriation of assets fraud
Authors: Coram Paul , Ferguson Colin , Moroney Robyn
Published: March 2008

In recent years, the importance of good corporate governance has received significant public and regulatory attention. A crucial part of an entity's corporate governance is its internal audit function. At the same time, there has been significant public concern about the level of fraud within organizations. The purpose of this study is to assess whether organizations with an internal audit function are more likely to detect and self‐report fraud than those without. In this study, we use a unique self‐reported measure of misappropriation of assets fraud for the first time. The fraud data are from the 2004 KPMG Fraud Survey, which reported fraud from 491 organizations in the private and public sector across Australia and New Zealand. The internal audit data are from a separate mail survey sent to the respondents of the KPMG Fraud Survey. We find that organizations with an internal audit function are more likely than those without such a function to detect and self‐report fraud. Furthermore, organizations that rely solely on outsourcing for their internal audit function are less likely to detect and self‐report fraud than those that undertake at least part of their internal audit function themselves. These findings suggest that internal audit adds value through improving the control and monitoring environment within organizations to detect and self‐report fraud. These results also suggest that keeping the internal audit function within the organization is more effective than completely outsourcing that function.
Integrating a virtual learning environment into a second‐year accounting course: determinants of overall student perception
Authors: Wells Paul , De Lange Paul , Fieger Peter
Published: March 2008

Rapid acceptance of, and changes in, information technology are revolutionizing the way educators teach and students learn. This study reports on the use of Blackboard as a tool for creating a virtual learning environment (VLE). Responses from undergraduate accounting students in New Zealand provide data on the use of the VLE as a learning aid. Findings suggest that the students have openly embraced the VLE and support its adoption by faculty members in other courses. However, students appear unwilling to actively participate in two‐way online activities. This has implications for faculty contemplating the adoption of a VLE in their courses.
Dividend payout and executive compensation: theory and evidence
Authors: Bhattacharyya Nalinaksha , Mawani Amin , Morrill Cameron
Published: March 2008

Bhattacharyya (2007) develops a model in which compensation contracts motivate high‐quality managers to retain and invest firm earnings, while low‐quality managers are motivated to distribute income to shareholders. In equilibrium, the model shows that there is a positive (negative) relationship between the earnings retention ratio (dividend payout ratio) and managerial compensation. Results of tests of US data show that executive compensation is positively (negatively) associated with earnings retention (dividend payout). Our results indicate that corporate dividend policy is perhaps best understood by considering the payout ratio (dividends divided by earnings), rather than the level of cash dividends alone.
THE UNDERPINNINGS OF COUNTRY RISK ASSESSMENT
Authors: Schroeder Susan K.
Published: March 2008

Abstract This paper surveys the history and current status of country risk assessment. The motivation is to understand why it is that country risk assessors have such a poor track record in anticipating the onset of financial crises. The development of the field reflects changes in the composition of international capital flows. These changes have confounded a definition of country risk, especially if a definition is centered on a particular event. It is then argued that the field has reached an impasse, and this impasse is related to the methods of abstraction and the current crisis of vision within the science of economics. This crisis of vision, as it pertains to theories of financial crises, has led to increased reliance on quantitative methods in the field of country risk. The paper concludes by proposing a new direction for the field, the first step towards which is to recognize that the object of country risk assessment is not to monitor for a particular event or symptom of financial crisis, but, rather, to monitor for a particular state of the economy.
Good Calories, Bad Calories by Gary Taubes; New York: AA Knopf
Authors: Bray G. A.
Published: March 2008

Good Calories, Bad Calories has much useful information and is well worth reading. Gary Taubes's tenets related to obesity can be summarized in four statements (i) He believes that you can gain weight and become obese without a positive energy balance; (ii) He also believes that dietary fat is unimportant for the development of obesity; (iii) Carbohydrate, in his view, is what produces obesity and (iv) Insulin secreted by the carbohydrate is the problem in obesity. However, some of the conclusions that the author reaches are not consistent with current concepts about obesity. There are many kinds of obesity, and only some depend on diet composition. Two dietary manipulations produce obesity in susceptible people: eating a high‐fat diet and drinking sugar‐ or high‐fructose corn syrup‐sweetened beverages. Insulin is necessary but not sufficient in the diet‐dependent obesities. When diet is important, it may be the combination of fat and fructose (the deadly duo) that is most important. Regardless of diet, it is a positive energy balance over months to years that is the sine qua non for obesity. Obese people clearly eat more than do lean ones, and food‐intake records are notoriously unreliable, as documented by use of doubly labelled water. Underreporting of food intake is greater in obese than in normal‐weight people and is worse for fat than for other macronutrient groups. Accepting the concept that obesity results from a positive energy balance does not tell us why energy balance is positive. This depends on a variety of environmental factors interacting with the genetic susceptibility of certain individuals. Weight loss is related to adherence to the diet, not to its macronutrient composition.
REVIEWS
Authors: GARDNER A. J. A.
Published: March 2008

PROBLEMS OF MODERN GOVERNMENT, PROBLEMS OF MODERN GOVERNMENT. Edited by R. MACGREGOR DAWSON

“PASSED TO YOU, PLEASE.” By J. P. W. MALLALIEU
A RESPONSIBLE BUREAUCRACY IN GREAT BRITAIN?
Authors: Hudson H. R.
Published: March 2008

(This essay was awarded First Prize in the Sir George Murray Essay Competition for 1952. Mr. Hudson, who is a member of the New South Wales Regional Group, is a student in the Faculty of Economics in the University of Sydney.)
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Derwent S.
Published: March 2008

Staff Reporting. By Isabel E. P. Menzies and E. Anstey. With a foreword by Sir Horace Wilson. Published for the Institute of Public Administration by George Allen &I Unwin Ltd., London. Price, 10s. 6s. (stg.).

Autoizoiny and Delegation in County Governgnent: A Study of Delegation In Education and Local Health Administration. By Eninieline W. Cohen. With a foreword by Professor William A. Robson, Institute of Public Administration, London, 1952. Pp. ix+81. Price 6s. (stg.).
PARLIAMENT AND THE BUDGET, 1960‐61
Authors: Reid G. S.
Published: March 2008

“The battle between free trade and protection, ending in a revolution of our commercial system, had awakened men to the enormous truth,—that budgets are not merely affairs of arithmetic, but in a thousand ways go to the root of the prosperity of individuals, the relation of classes, and the strength of kingdoms.” John Morle The Life of W. E. Gladstone. Macmillan, London (1905), Vol. 1, 451.:
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN VICTORIA1
Authors: Mithen P. P.
Published: March 2008

To sum up the views I have expressed, I would say that the present geographical division of Victoria into municipal districts is a brake on the system as a whole. Not only is it expensive, it makes efficient service to the people more difficult, and in some cases impossible, it tends to cause a loss of functions and it prevents municipalities undertaking new services which could be of benefit to ratepayers.

The municipal franchise is out of line with modern thinking; it tends to lessen public interest in municipal affairs and deprives many good citizens of the right to vote and to act as councillors.

Many of the more progressive municipalities are now undertaking new fields of health and social services and provision of amenities, but their activities are hampered by the necessity to spend so much of their revenues on roads. There is a need for more of the funds raised from road users to be devoted to road works, thereby freeing council revenues for other purposes, but as far as can be seen at present councils will have to rely for the bulk of their revenue on rates, with assistance from Government subsidies.

Many councils have been weakened by the loss of experienced councillors, but, on the other hand, the standard of administrative service available to councils is rising. Generally, I believe that local government, despite the fact that it is labouring under some handicaps, not all of which it is anxious to remedy, is doing a pretty good job in the circumstances, better in some municipalities than in others depending on the quality of the council, and its staff; and where that quality is good, councils are gradually getting on top of their problems.
DELEGATION: A CASE STUDY
Authors: Moore B. N.
Published: March 2008

Whether to delegate or not to delegate has been an active issue in the New South Wales Public Service since 1960.

There has been considerable delegation of personnel authority to department heads during the period 1960–68, and the benefits of this programme have been significant.

The following rules seem to govern the selection of areas ripe for further delegation:

The “monopoly” rule: Where a department has a virtual monopoly over a particular occupational group in the Service, it should have authority to employ members of that group.

The “rubber‐stamp” rule: Where the rate of approval to departmental submissions approaches 100 per cent in any area, delegation of authority should be considered.

The “guide‐line” rule: Where the Board finds it possible to formulate guide‐lines for the making of decisions within its own office, these guide‐lines should be communicated to the departments, together with authority to make the appropriate decisions.

The “no‐harm” rule: Whenever authority can be exercised in a department without breaching any general or departmental limitation, delegation should be considered.

The following limitations to delegation of further personnel authority are seen to exist:

The “size” limitation: The small size of many departments limits the scope for further delegations of authority.

The “geographical” limitation: The geographical dispersion of departmental staff is a factor that limits the scope for further delegations of authority. Regional decentralization, paradoxically, often leads to centralization of personnel authority.

The “uniformity” limitation: The need to achieve uniformity in the Service, from one department to another, limits the scope for further delegations of authority. The ideal of uniformity, however, has probably been over‐emphasized in the past because of the early history of the Public Service Board, and the centralized system of arbitration within which it operates.

Other limitations: Factors unique to individual departments, such as historical influences and lack of competence in personnel administration, impose specific barriers to further delegations of authority.
THE PERMANENT HEAD*
Authors: Cooley A. S.
Published: March 2008

The position of Permanent Head of a ministerial department is a central feature of the Westminster system of government as it evolved in Britain during the nineteenth century. It has been adopted and applied in Australia with some variations. It is not surprising, therefore, that when debate takes place about the system of public administration the role and functions of Permanent Heads receive much attention.
THE MODERN TASK OF JUDICIAL ADMINISTRATION IN NEW SOUTH WALES*
Authors: Kerr Sir John
Published: March 2008

The purpose of this address will be to argue that the task of judicial administration in New South Wales is qualitatively different at the present time from what it has been in the past and special thought and attention and special administrative machinery are required to cope with it. Since the Second World War the business of the courts has been growing, as have judicial numbers, but until recent times the growth has been coped with by relying on established administrative machinery and techniques. The problem was regarded as a quantitative one to be handled by increased staff in the registries, more judges, more courtrooms and so on. But today the scope of the problem demands much more imaginative solutions. It is really different in kind from previous problems in the judicial field.
OUTCOMES OF VARIOUS MODES OF ADMINISTERING AUSTRALIAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES
Authors: Black Alan W.
Published: March 2008

The outcomes of various modes of administration may be summarized as follows:

Under both ministerial and departmental control, the prior experience and predispositions of the Minister were critical factors affecting the colleges. Under departmental control, the background and attitudes of senior officers within the department were also important. Various instances of this were cited.

There tended to be proportionately fewer dismissals of principals or resignations in protest by them under departmental control than when colleges were controlled by Ministers of the Crown or governing councils. Several reasons for this trend were suggested.

Under all systems of control the colleges were subject from time to time to direct or indirect political pressure. For example, there were instances in which parents invoked or attempted to invoke political pressure to save their sons from expulsion from a college. Such pressures played a part in the dismissal or resignation of several principals.

Another factor which led to the resignation of two principals who were directly responsible to a Minister was the belief that their jurisdiction had been transgressed by another senior public servant.

Under departmental control a principal was likely to be caught up in intradepartmental politics. The fortunes of the college depended somewhat upon his success in this arena.

In determining the policies and practices to be adopted on the college farm, a principal generally had greater freedom under Education Department control than under Agriculture Department control. On the other hand, teaching practices were generally subject to closer departmental supervision in the former case than in the latter.

One problem with any system of control is that of maintaining a balance between continuity in policy on the one hand and sensitivity to demands for change on the other. In general, control over the colleges by government departments or governing councils tended to be conservative in emphasis, to stress continuity. By contrast, where control was directly exercised by Ministers of the Crown and where there were relatively frequent changes in incumbency of the relevant portfolio, continuity in policy was less assured.

The life of advisory committees was typically marked by early enthusiasms and influence in dealing with urgent matters of policy. After these matters had been dealt with there was generally a decline in activity and influence, growing disillusion among members, and eventually reconstitution or replacement of the committee.
FINANCIAL RELATIONSHIPS AND SECTION 96
Authors: Lane W. R.
Published: March 2008

The Australian federation, by comparison with many others, is in a fortunate position. It does not have to deal with a legacy of interregional hostilities arising from racial, religious or other cultural differences. Although economic development has not proceeded at a uniform pace in the different States and some of them are better endowed with economic resources than others, average real incomes and living standards do not exhibit extreme differences between one State or region and another. Despite its large area and comparatively small population, the various regions of Australia are economically interdependent and the population has a high degree of geographical mobility.
REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN QUEENSLAND
Authors: Barton Sir Charles
Published: March 2008

In 1974–75 the Queensland Government will spend approximately $1 million on the co‐ordination of activities directed towards development of the State. Each year the Co‐ordinator‐General is required by the government to furnish to the Minister—in this case the Premier—a plan for a co‐ordinated programme of works, which programme, if approved by 'the Minister, is submitted for approval to the Governor in Council. This programme includes not only those works carried out by government departments but also the loan works proposals of local authorities and semi‐government bodies such as Harbour Boards, River Improvement Trusts and Abattoir Boards which borrow on the debenture loan market or are granted Treasury loans.
THE FEDERAL PRINCIPLE AND NATIONAL PLANNING
Authors: Uren Tom
Published: March 2008

I am pleased to be able to speak today to this conference of the Royal Institute of Public Administration. Your conference comes at a time of renewed interest in federalism. In the past year or so there has been an upsurge of new studies and assessments of federalism in the universities and in the press. New life has been breathed into a subject which for so long has seemed dead in spirit, if not in die flesh.
TAX SHARING IN AUSTRALIA AND WEST GERMANY*
Authors: Spahn P. Bernd
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Certain aspects of the new Australian tax sharing arrangements are analysed against the background of West German experiences. Emphasis is laid on Federal‐State relations in outlining the basic characteristics of the German machinery and the Australian arrangements. Compared to the Australian situation, the tax sharing base in West Germany is much broader and has indeed contributed to the safeguarding of State autonomy to a large extent. On the other hand, the German States have no individual power to legislate on taxes or tax surcharges. Although tax sharing is a powerful instrument in mitigating financial imbalances in a federation, it tends to conflict with the idea of a centrally controlled stabilization and distribution policy. In Germany, tax sharing is complemented by a complex coordination machinery stabilizing joint decision making of the Federal government and the States. In areas such as demand management, financial planning and allocation policies there seems to be need for such complementary arrangements, since tax sharing alone cannot achieve sufficient coordination among the different administrative levels of a federation.
NATIONAL AND STATE COORDINATION OF AUSTRALIAN COLLEGES OF ADVANCED EDUCATION
Authors: Harman Grant
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Until recently little work has been done on the government of post‐secondary education in Australia. The development of the present arrangements for the coordination of post‐secondary education is thus described and analysed, as are the structure and functions of the two national agencies and the various State bodies which have responsibility for coordination of colleges of advanced education. This analysis shows the growing size, complexity and costs of this sector of education, and the increasing involvement of the Commonwealth government in an area of traditional State responsibility. Yet there is still no single agency to coordinate the various activities of the Commonwealth government in higher education and only two States have such agencies. For the colleges of advanced education there are two national coordinating bodies, and at State level the arrangements vary markedly. There is also great variety in the relationships between individual colleges (which themselves differ greatly) and their State agencies, but overall there appears to be tension and dissatisfaction. In three ways could these relationships be improved: creating a greater degree of mutual recognition of rights and responsibilities; a revision of areas over which control is exercised; and a revision of the actual mechanics of coordination. Further, the assumption by the Commonwealth government of full financial responsibility for all tertiary education in January 1974 has added new sources of tension in the relationships between Federal and State governments and their agencies. The present pattern, however, is not static, but in a process of change.
ACCOUNTABILITY, EFFICIENCY AND THE ROYAL COMMISSION ON AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATION
Authors: Cutt James
Published: March 2008

Abstract: This paper deals first with alternative concepts of accountability and efficiency. It views accountability—and associated concepts of efficiency—in a hierarchy of increasing sophistication and potential usefulness, but corresponding operational difficulty. The lowest level is fiscal or fiduciary accountability, relating to the actual expenditure of funds and procedures by which that expenditure is accounted for. The second level is efficiency accountability, defined in terms of the ratio of some physical measure of output to cost. The most sophisticated level is effectiveness accountability, in which the output measures used reflect the attainment of objectives or programs. Corresponding to these levels is a hierarchy of approaches to auditing, namely financial, efficiency, and effectiveness auditing.

The second part of the paper looks at the present situation in Australia and at the recommendations of the Royal Commission on Australian Government Administration in terms of this framework. It argues that the government should commit itself to a continuing, comprehensive process of analysis and evaluation of public programs and activities aimed at making programs efficiently effective in a manner consistent with regular financial procedures. A “package” for implementing this approach—including revised institutional arrangements—is discussed in terms of the difficulties likely to be encountered—difficulties such as the shortage of capable personnel and problems of extending analytical practices to the State and local spheres of government.
EFFICIENCY AND EFFECTIVENESS: PROBLEMS OF ASSESSMENT
Authors: Walker Neil V.
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The paper focuses on the Coombs Commission's recommendations on efficiency and effectiveness in the Commonwealth Public Service. The recommendations involve the allocation of organizational responsibility for efficiency and effectiveness to the Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet, the Public Service Board, Treasury and the Auditor‐General and individual responsibility to the departmental manager through the establishment of a “Forward Estimating Budgetary” process. However the Commission has given little guidance in the matter of the technological tools which must be developed in order to secure its implementation.

The Commonwealth Public Service Board has developed over the last two years a program of Staff Utilization Reviews (S. U. Rs) as one of its management improvement programs. The paper canvases the technological aspects of efficiency and effectiveness drawing upon the development and operational experience of the S.U.R. program. It concludes that much resource‐intensive work must be done before the Commission's recommendations can be implemented but Australian and overseas experience confirms the potential fruitfulness of that work.
THE RELEVANCE OF COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT TO SOCIAL WELFARE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
Authors: Graycar Adam
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Citizen involvement is regarded as a desirable component of public policy making, particularly policy in the social welfare field. This paper examines different conceptions of social welfare and different conceptions of citizen participation. Participation is a term with many shades of meaning, and policy makers should distinguish between sociotherapy, market research and citizen power, all of which come under the rubric “citizen participation”. Different conceptions of participation are appropriate in different policy circumstances and these circumstances are examined with reference to two recent Australian participatory programs in the welfare field. The paper concludes with an examination of the applicability of participation, leadership and expertise to public administration, and argues that these three values exist in a dialectical relationship and that social justice and the effectiveness of programs will be limited if too much reliance is placed on any one of these values.
ADMINISTRATIVE STYLE AND SIR FREDERIC EGGLESTON*
Authors: Holmes Jean
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Sir Frederic Eggleston's place as a political intellectual in Australia is an established one, arising out of the framework of his political thought and administrative experiences as a Minister of the Crown in Victoria in the 1920s. For Eggleston the essence of politics lay in political ideas and philosophical debate about those beliefs. In his view Australian political life would be immensely enriched if political leaders had the freedom and leisure to discuss philosophical goals, and this could only be achieved by hiving off the day‐to‐day work of government into autonomous corporations run quietly and efficiently by responsible managers. Broad policy was a matter for legislation, while its detailed implementation was best carried out by public corporation managers, protected by the legislation from sectional electorate pressures.

Although Sir Frederic found the justification for his political framework in Victoria's political and administrative circumstances at the turn of the century, when sectional pressures through the legislature brought the State to the brink of disaster and insolvency, it can also be shown that the roots of his political beliefs and administrative prescriptions reach back into his childhood and young manhood. He left the narrow confines of his church‐oriented childhood home for the wider cultural and intellectual delights of his maternal relatives' social circle in the early 1900s. a move linked in his mind with his all‐important membership of the Gladstone Debating Society. This dichotomous life experience flowed through into his political perceptions, finding substance in his notion of Parliament as a debating forum for “great men who articulate the ideas which give expression to /our culture's/ aspirations and set gsals for its activities” while for efficiency's sake, “a business service undertaken by the State must be isolated from the State”.

He judged Victoria's State enterprises from this perspective. In so far as they went quietly about their business, were financially sound and did not intervene in the political arena. then they met his criteria; where they did not exercise “austerity and restraint” they suffered his criticism. There is a clear link between this judgement and his own political experience which reminds us that “politics is personal and the personal is political” is both truism and warning.