bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Photoluminescence Properties of SrLaAlO4: Ti Green-Emitting Phosphor
Authors: Watanabe Naoto , Hayashi Yamato , Fukushima Jun , Takizawa Hirotsugu
Published: August 2016

Ti-doped SrLaAlO4 green-emitting phosphor was synthesized via solid-state reactions in air and N2 atmosphere. Sample heated in air showed no emission, however, sample heated in N2 showed broad green emission around 492 nm and broad near-infrared emission around 950 nm by 321 nm near-ultraviolet excitation. XPS measurement and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra suggest that Ti in the sample was reduced to Ti3+ state when the sample was heated in N2. Possible emission mechanism of the sample can be explained as O2-–Ti3+ charge-transfer transition.
Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Al2O3-Filled Epoxy Composites
Authors: Zhang Xiao Ping , Sun Fan , Wang Bo , Yang Jian Feng , Ding Wei Dong , Kim Chang Yeoul
Published: August 2016

The paper presents studies of influences of platelet-shape alumina content on the morphology, mechanical and thermal properties of Al2O3/epoxy composites. The alumina particles were pre-treated with surface modifier, and its addition contents were ranged from 17 to 40vol.%. It was found that tensile strength and thermal conductivity increased with the increase of the alumina contents. The fracture surface investigation showed that several strengthening mechanisms, including particles pull-out, crack pinning, plastic void growth and deformation were the main factors for the increments of the tensile strength of the Al2O3/epoxy composites. Comparing with pure epoxy polymer, the creep strain values at 70 °C for 1800 s and recovery strain after 3600 s of 40vol.%Al2O3/epoxy composites was lower as 0.23% and 70%, respectively. It was due to effective prohibition of the slippage and disentanglement of epoxy polymer molecules by the rigid Al2O3.
Effect of Reinforcement on the Tribological Behavior of CuFe-Based Composites
Authors: Guo Hai Xia , Qu Nan , Yang Jian Feng , Matsushita Jun-Ichi , Kim Seung Ho , Lee Soo Wohn
Published: August 2016

Two types of CuFe matrix composites with different reinforcements: silica and alumina particulates were developed using powder metallurgy. The mechanical properties were determined from Brinell hardness and flexural strength. The dry sliding friction and wear performance of the composites were investigated by the friction test. The results indicated that mechanical properties of alumina were superior to those of silica. The friction tests of the composites showed that the alumina reinforcement particle provides better braking performance. A wear track examination of composites showed that same abrasive wear. Our results indicated that composites with alumina reinforcement particles of high compatibility are to be preferred for braking performance.
The Investigation of Electrical Properties for Mica/Epoxy Insulation Stator Bars during the Thermal Cycle Aging Test
Authors: Nie Liang Liang , Li Zhi Wei , Tao Shi Di , Liu Zhao , Jin Hai Yun , Gao Nai Kui
Published: August 2016

As the pumped storage stations played an important role in peak and frequency modulation, the reversible pump turbines were often subjected to rapid temperature transitions. In this research, considering the complexity operation condition of these kinds of motors, a novel thermal cycle aging platform was designed and the thermal cycling aging test was conducted on epoxy/mica insulation stator bars. Dielectric loss angle tangent (tanδ), capacitor (C), leakage current (I) and other electrical properties of stator bars were investigated at different aging time. The results showed that, tanδ and C of the stator bars increased with increasing aging time, while I (current) did not change significantly.
Cationic Distribution and Electrical Properties of Ni0.6Mn2Si0.4-xAlxO4 (0≤x≤0.04) NTC Thermistor
Authors: Liang Sen , Zhang Xiao , Li Hai Bo , Gao Mang Mang , Li Jin
Published: August 2016

Negative temperature coefficient (NTC) ceramics with general composition Ni0.6Mn2Si0.4-xAlxO4 (0≤x≤0.04) were prepared by conventional solid-state reaction method and were investigated for cationic distribution and electrical properties. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed that the Si cations occupied the tetrahedral site. The valence states of Mn ions were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectral (XPS). The results showed that Mn4+ content decreased from 0.19 mol to 0.185 mol when the Si molar content declined from 0.4 to 0.1, i.e. the content of Mn4+ was 0.197mol when x was equal to 0.4. Besides, the resistivity (ρ25) reached the minimum value when the Si molar content was 0 (ρ25=4.07×104Ω·cm).
Satellite observations of stratospheric hydrogen fluoride and
comparisons with SLIMCAT calculations
Authors: Harrison Jeremy J. , Chipperfield Martyn P. , Boone Christopher D. , Dhomse Sandip S. , Bernath Peter F. , Froidevaux Lucien , Anderson John , Russell III James
Published: August 2016

Abstract. The vast majority of emissions of fluorine-containing molecules are anthropogenic in nature, e.g. chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). Many of these fluorine-containing species deplete stratospheric ozone and are regulated by the Montreal Protocol. Once in the atmosphere they slowly degrade, ultimately leading to the formation of hydrogen fluoride (HF), the dominant reservoir of stratospheric fluorine due to its extreme stability. Monitoring the growth of stratospheric HF is therefore an important marker for the success of the Montreal Protocol. We report the comparison of global distributions and trends of HF measured in the Earth's atmosphere by the satellite remote-sensing instruments ACE-FTS (Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier transform spectrometer), which has been recording atmospheric spectra since 2004, and HALOE (HALogen Occultation Experiment), which recorded atmospheric spectra between 1991 and 2005, with the output of SLIMCAT, a state-of-the-art three-dimensional chemical transport model. In general the agreement between observation and model is good, although the ACE-FTS measurements are biased high by  ∼  10 % relative to HALOE. The observed global HF trends reveal a substantial slowing down in the rate of increase of HF since the 1990s: 4.97 ± 0.12 % year−1 (1991–1997; HALOE), 1.12 ± 0.08 % year−1 (1998–2005; HALOE), and 0.52 ± 0.03 % year−1 (2004–2012; ACE-FTS). In comparison, SLIMCAT calculates trends of 4.01, 1.10, and 0.48 % year−1, respectively, for the same periods; the agreement is very good for all but the earlier of the two HALOE periods. Furthermore, the observations reveal variations in the HF trends with latitude and altitude; for example, between 2004 and 2012 HF actually decreased in the Southern Hemisphere below  ∼  35 km. An additional SLIMCAT simulation with repeating meteorology for the year 2000 produces much cleaner trends in HF with minimal variations with latitude and altitude. Therefore, the variations with latitude and altitude in the observed HF trends are due to variability in stratospheric dynamics on the timescale of a few years. Overall, the agreement between observation and model points towards the ongoing success of the Montreal Protocol and the usefulness of HF as a metric for stratospheric fluorine.
Intercomparison of two cavity ring-down spectroscopy analyzers for
atmospheric 13CO2  ∕ 12CO2 measurement
Authors: Pang Jiaping , Wen Xuefa , Sun Xiaomin , Huang Kuan
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Isotope ratio infrared spectroscopy (IRIS) permits continuous in situ measurement of CO2 isotopic composition under ambient conditions. Previous studies have mainly focused on single IRIS instrument performance; few studies have considered the comparability among different IRIS instruments. In this study, we carried out laboratory and ambient measurements using two Picarro CO2δ13C analyzers (G1101-i and G2201-i (newer version)) and evaluated their performance and comparability. The best precision was 0.08–0.15 ‰ for G1101-i and 0.01–0.04 ‰ for G2201-i. The dependence of δ13C on CO2 concentration was 0.46 ‰ per 100 ppm and 0.09 ‰ per 100 ppm, the instrument drift ranged from 0.92–1.09 ‰ and 0.19–0.37 ‰, and the sensitivity of δ13C to the water vapor mixing ratio was 1.01 ‰ ∕ % H2O and 0.09 ‰ ∕ % H2O for G1101-i and G2201-i, respectively. The accuracy after correction by the two-point mixing ratio gain and offset calibration method ranged from −0.04–0.09 ‰ for G1101-i and −0.13–0.03 ‰ for G2201-i. The sensitivity of δ13C to the water vapor mixing ratio improved from 1.01 ‰ ∕ % H2O before the upgrade of G1101-i (G1101-i-original) to 0.15 ‰ ∕ % H2O after the upgrade of G1101-i (G1101-i-upgraded). Atmospheric δ13C measured by G1101-i and G2201-i captured the rapid changes in atmospheric δ13C signals on hourly to diurnal cycle scales, with a difference of 0.07 ± 0.24 ‰ between G1101-i-original and G2201-i and 0.05 ± 0.30 ‰ between G1101-i-upgraded and G2201-i. A significant linear correlation was observed between the δ13C difference of G1101-i-original and G2201-i and the water vapor concentration, but there was no significant correlation between the δ13C difference of G1101-i-upgraded and G2201-i and the water vapor concentration. The difference in the Keeling intercept values decreased from 1.24 ‰ between G1101-i-original and G2201-i to 0.36 ‰ between G1101-i-upgraded and G2201-i, which indicates the importance of consistency among different IRIS instruments.
Modelling 3D permeability distribution in alluvial fans using facies architecture and geophysical acquisitions
Authors: Zhu Lin , Gong Huili , Dai Zhenxue , Guo Gaoxuan , Teatini Pietro
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Alluvial fans are highly heterogeneous due to complex depositional processes, which make difficult to characterize the spatial distribution of the hydraulic conductivity K. An original methodology is developed to identify the spatial statistical parameters (mean, variance, correlation range) of the hydraulic conductivity in a three-dimensional setting by using geological and geophysical data. The Chaobai River alluvial fan in the Beijing Plain, China, is used as an example to test the proposed approach. Due to the non-stationary property of the K distribution in the alluvial fan, a multi-zone parameterization approach is applied to analyze the conductivity statistical properties of different hydrofacies in the various zones. The composite variance in each zone is computed to describe the evolution of the conductivity along the flow direction. Consistently with the scales of the sedimentary transport energy, the results show that conductivity variances of fine sand, medium-coarse sand, and gravel decrease from the upper (Zone 1) to the lower (Zone 3) portion along the flow direction. In Zone 1, sediments were moved by higher-energy flooding, which induces bad sorting and larger conductivity variances. The composite variance confirms this feature with statistically different facies from Zone 1 to Zone 3. The results of this study provide insights to improve our understanding on conductivity heterogeneity and a method for characterizing the spatial distribution of K in alluvial fans.
On the path to the digital rock physics of gas hydrate-bearing sediments –
processing of in situ synchrotron-tomography data
Authors: Sell Kathleen , Saenger Erik H. , Falenty Andrzej , Chaouachi Marwen , Haberthür David , Enzmann Frieder , Kuhs Werner F. , Kersten Michael
Published: August 2016

Abstract. To date, very little is known about the distribution of natural gas hydrates in sedimentary matrices and its influence on the seismic properties of the host rock, in particular at low hydrate concentration. Digital rock physics offers a unique approach to this issue yet requires good quality, high-resolution 3-D representations for the accurate modeling of petrophysical and transport properties. Although such models are readily available via in situ synchrotron radiation X-ray tomography, the analysis of such data asks for complex workflows and high computational power to maintain valuable results. Here, we present a best-practice procedure complementing data from Chaouachi et al. (2015) with data post-processing, including image enhancement and segmentation as well as exemplary numerical simulations of an acoustic wave propagation in 3-D using the derived results. A combination of the tomography and 3-D modeling opens a path to a more reliable deduction of properties of gas hydrate-bearing sediments without a reliance on idealized and frequently imprecise models.
Reduced melt on debris-covered glaciers: investigations from Changri Nup
Glacier, Nepal
Authors: Vincent Christian , Wagnon Patrick , Shea Joseph M. , Immerzeel Walter W. , Kraaijenbrink Philip , Shrestha Dibas , Soruco Alvaro , Arnaud Yves , Brun Fanny , Berthier Etienne , Sherpa Sonam Futi
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Approximately 25 % of the glacierized area in the Everest region is covered by debris, yet the surface mass balance of debris-covered portions of these glaciers has not been measured directly. In this study, ground-based measurements of surface elevation and ice depth are combined with terrestrial photogrammetry, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and satellite elevation models to derive the surface mass balance of the debris-covered tongue of Changri Nup Glacier, located in the Everest region. Over the debris-covered tongue, the mean elevation change between 2011 and 2015 is −0.93 m year−1 or −0.84 m water equivalent per year (w.e. a−1). The mean emergence velocity over this region, estimated from the total ice flux through a cross section immediately above the debris-covered zone, is +0.37 m w.e. a−1. The debris-covered portion of the glacier thus has an area-averaged mass balance of −1.21 ± 0.2 m w.e. a−1 between 5240 and 5525 m above sea level (m a.s.l.). Surface mass balances observed on nearby debris-free glaciers suggest that the ablation is strongly reduced (by ca. 1.8 m w.e. a−1) by the debris cover. The insulating effect of the debris cover has a larger effect on total mass loss than the enhanced ice ablation due to supraglacial ponds and exposed ice cliffs. This finding contradicts earlier geodetic studies and should be considered for modelling the future evolution of debris-covered glaciers.
Determinants of Competitiveness of the Swaziland Sugar Industry
Authors: Ndlangamandla Knowledge , Kibirige Douglas , Rugambisa Jeremiah I.
Published: August 2016

The issue of abolishment of trade agreements preferences pose a great threat to the sugar industry in Swaziland. Using both the Relative Trade Advantage and Porter`s 1990 National Diamond concept, the major objective of the study was to examine the comparative advantage of the sugar industry in the global market with the aim of establishing the contributing factors and constraints to the competitiveness of the Swaziland sugar industry. The Relative Trade Advantage (RTA) method developed by Balassa was used to determine Swaziland global comparative advantage of the sugar industry. The study found that the Swaziland sugar industry had a relatively highly comparative advantage in the global market in terms of producing sugar. The results from the regression model indicated that global sugar market prices, exchange rate and export values had a significant influence on the Swaziland Relative Trade Advantage indices. The Porter`s (1990) National Diamond model analysis revealed factors that enhance competitiveness of the sugar industry include compensation of management, business approach to human resource, relationship and networking, telecommunication and internet service, availability of credit and availability of unskilled labour as well as production of high quality products. Some factors that have a major constraining effect on the competitiveness were the small local market size, cost of financing business, cost of transport, cost of supply of inputs, public sector effectiveness on service delivery and exchange rates. Therefore, the government in consultation with the industry representatives should consider development and implementation of an industry policy strategy for the sugar industry intended to ensure its survival. Other strategies would be to improve efficiencies at both field and factory levels as well as diversification or value addition on the product.
The Effect of Immediate and Delayed Error Correction on Accuracy of EFL Learners’ Oral Production
Authors: Safari Fatemeh
Published: August 2016

The concept of corrective feedback in learning a second language has gained more importance and it has been the subject of many researches during recent years. Therefore, considering some aspects that affect it such as when and how to correct, and also what types of corrective feedback are more preferable and effective is of crucial concern. The aim of this study is to find the most effective type of error correction (especially the best time: whether immediately or delayed) in the case of accuracy of Iranian EFL learners’ oral production. Thus, in order to investigate this study, 30 homogenous intermediate EFL learners were selected randomly (female) aged 13 to 30 from Tak English language institute in Dezful, Iran. The participants were divided into 2 groups of 15. For G1 errors were corrected immediately and for G2 with some delay, i.e. after finishing their speech during a term. At the end of the term, each student were asked to discuss one of the topics they have covered during the term, while their voices were recorded and transcribed later. Measures of accuracy were developed to examine the results. Data analysis indicated that both Immediate and Delayed Error Correction had positive effects on the accuracy of learners’ oral production. However, it was evident that although both types of CF were beneficial, the effects of Immediate Error Correction were larger than the other. In conclusion, regarding the specific purpose of language learning in a specific situation and classroom, it is recommended that teachers should be familiarized with all types of CF and then cautiously select the most appropriate one.
The Investigation of Working Memory in Monolinguals, Bilinguals and Trilinguals
Authors: Moradi Nashmineh , Gholami Hamid
Published: August 2016

The aim of the present study was to figure out if there are any differences between monolinguals, bilinguals and trilinguals regarding their working memory capacity. This study was exposed fact in design and was a quantitative correlational study. For the purpose of this study, 90 Iranian participants were selected from different universities and foreign language institutes. For all monolingual samples Persian was their only language, for bilinguals Persian was their first language and Kurdish was their second language, and trilinguals were participants with the ability, in addition to Persian and Kurdish, to speak in English. The results of the three research questions indicated that monolinguals and bilinguals had no significant difference regarding their working memory capacity, the result was the same for monolinguals and trilinguals, but there was a significant difference between bilinguals and trilinguals in their working memory capacity.
The Widow, the Wife, and the Courtesan: A Comparative Study of Social Reform in Premchand's Sevasadan and the Late Nineteenth-Century Bengali and Urdu Novel
Authors: Shandilya Krupa
Published: August 2016

This paper argues for reading late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century South Asian social reform novels in multiple linguistic traditions in conjunction with each other in order to gain a broader understanding of the novels' articulations of women's agency. I argue that Hindi novelist Munshi Premchand's Sevasadan (1917) (The House of Service) critiques the institution of marriage, much like the Bengali widow remarriage novel Kishnakanter Uil (1878) (Krishnakanta's Will) by Bankimchandra Chatterjee and Charitraheen (1913) (Characterless) by Saratchandra Chatterjee. Sevasadan draws on Urdu educational reform novels such as Nazir Ahmad's Fasana-e-Mubtala (1885) (The Story of Mubtala) and M.H. Ruswa's Umrao Jaan Ada (1899) to evoke an alternative triangulation of sexuality, respectability, and femininity through the figure of the courtesan. However, reformist and nationalist anxieties about women's sexuality prevent her from becoming a viable alternative. The novel then espouses a specifically Gandhian nationalist ideology, which opens up space for a new figure—the Indian woman, rather than the Hindu woman. Sevasadan, then, unlike the Bengali and Urdu social reform novels, offers a nationalist solution to the question of social reform. However, this solution remains unrealized within the scope of the novel for the birth of the nation is inhibited by the mores of Hindu society.
Anxieties of Post-Coloniality: Postcolonialism and Odia Literature
Authors: Mund Subhendu
Published: August 2016

Postcolonialism has been an all-encompassing discourse that has significantly transformed our ways of looking at the narration of coloniality in the writings of the erstwhile colonies. While it focuses primarily on the literatures in the Englishes (including our own English), the literatures in the bhashas (Indian language literatures) seem to have eluded the postcolonial scholarship. My paper interrogates basic questions involving the perceptions about and the reception of the bhashas. Does Indian English literature represent the Indian experience? Is it alone postcolonial, not the other literatures of India? My paper aims at addressing these anxieties of postcolonialism in theory and practice is in relation to the literatures of India, the bhasha literatures—some of which are more than a thousand years old. It will historicize the complicity between the colonial condition and narration, focusing on major Odia writers like Fakir Mohan Senapati (1843–1918) and Manoj Das (b. 1934).
Non-Association of Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR) Polymorphisms with Homocysteine Levels, Venous or Arterial Thromboses in 1,141 North-Central Appalachian Patients
Authors: Khimani Farhad , Perrotta Peter , Hobbs Gerry , Hogan Thomas
Published: August 2016

Objectives: MTHFR polymorphism testing has been used by clinicians for thrombophilia risk assessment. We questioned the utility of such testing.

Methods: 1,141 patients age 18 and above had MTHFR testing for both C677T and A1298C polymorphisms, 2006 through 2012. Available plasma homocysteine levels were obtained and ICD-9 billing codes were grouped to identify venous or arterial clots in these patients.

Results: 901 women and 240 men were tested; median age in women was 33 years (range 18-86); median age in men was 47 years (range 18-83). County of residence mapping confirmed that this MTHFR tested population was from north-central Appalachia. Only 144 (13%) of the 1,141 patients had no polymorphism at either the C677T or the A1298C locus; only 4 patients (0.4%) had 3 or more polymorphisms; 993 patients (87%) had either one or two polymorphisms.

We found polymorphism frequency pattern similar in both sexes. Although men had higher homocysteine levels, MTHFR polymorphisms did not associate with homocysteine levels in either sex. In 901 women tested, the ICD-9 coded incidence of arterial clots was 20%, and of venous clots was 21%; in 240 men tested, the incidence of arterial clots was 48% and of venous clots was 40%. MTHFR polymorphisms did not associate with arterial or venous clots in either sex.

Based on CPT billing codes, a minimal cost estimate was $137,000 for performing these 1,141 MTHFR tests.

Conclusions: MTHFR testing was costly and did not add useful information during thrombophilia evaluation in this patient population. 
The Construction of Teaching Model on College English Writing from the Perspective of Cognitive Genre
Authors: Wenjuan Hao , Rui Liang
Published: August 2016

Teaching is a spiral rising process. A complete teaching should be composed of five parts: theoretical basis, goal orientation, operating procedures, implementation conditions and assessment. On the basis of the genre knowledge, content-based approach and process approach, this text constructs the Teaching Model of College Writing Instruction, in order to give the better guide to teaching and improve the students’ ability of critical thinking and writing.
Mera Tolerancia
Authors: Pereira Menaut Antonio Carlos , Pereira Sáez Carolina
Published: August 2016

Resumen:A pesar de las apariencias y proclamaciones oficiales, la tolerancia no está hoy de moda. Por ello lo primero que procede es recordar en qué consiste realmente y mostrar cómo es: asistemática, pluriforme, no estrictamente racional, e imprescindible para la vida social. Estudiaremos después la relación que tiene con el Derecho y con los derechos (que no es unívoca), así como los factores ambientales favorables o desfavorables.En cuanto al método, evitamos el razonamiento abstracto y buscamos el histórico y basado en la realidad.Abstract:In spite of appearances and declarations to the contrary, toleration is a not altogether fashionable notion these days. We must, therefore, start by recalling what it really is. Further to that we shall show how it is: unsystematic, taking multiple forms, not strictly rational -- yet utterly essential for the smooth running of social life. We shall consider its relationship with Law as wellas with rights, themselves hardly univocal, and liberties. We shall look atelements in today’s environment that are both favourable and unfavourable toit. Our methodology will eschew abstraction and look to historical and concreteapproaches that stick close to reality. Summary:BY WAY OF AN INTRODUCTION. A REMINDER. SOMEPROBLEMS CONCERNING TOLERANCE: Tolerance and theLaw. Tolerance and Rights.The Paradox of Tolerance. Tolerance and Relativism. Tolerance and Religion. BY WAY OF A CONCLUSION: SOME FACTORS FAVOURING OR HINDERING TOLERANCE. REFERENCES.
La participación directa de los ciudadanos en la Constitución española y las consultas populares en el ámbito estatutario
Authors: Álvarez Vélez María Isabel
Published: August 2016

Resumen:En el presente estudio se aborda un análisis sobre las características de la democracia representativa y de la democracia directa, especialmente sobre el referéndum y su diferencia con respecto a las consultas populares. Algunas Comunidades Autónomas tienen competencia para convocar consultas populares, lo que ha supuesto, especialmente en el caso de Cataluña, que el Tribunal Constitucional haya tenido que aclarar el alcance de dichas consultas y su inconstitucionalidad cuando se pretende equipararlo al referéndum.Abstract:In the present study, we analyze the characteristics of representative democracy and direct democracy, especially on the referendum and its difference from the popular consultations. Some Autonomous Communities have the power to call referendums, which has led, especially in the case of Catalonia, the Constitutional Court has had to clarify the scope of such consultations and unconstitutional when trying to equate the referendum.Summary:I. ABOUT DIRECT DEMOCRACY AND CITIZEN PARTICIPATION. II. REFERENDUM AS A MEANS OF DIRECT PARTICIPATION IN THE CONSTITUTION OF 1978. III. POPULAR CONSULTATIONS IN THE STATUTE OF AUTONOMY, SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CATALONIA. 1. The autonomic regulation of the popular consultation and the intervention of the Constitutional Court. 2. The use in Catalonia of competition in popular consultations. IV. CONCLUSION.
Las limitaciones del Parlamento recién constituido durante la prorrogatio gubernamental
Authors: Gómez Corona Esperanza
Published: August 2016

Resumen:Mucho se ha escrito sobre el sentido y las limitaciones del gobierno en funciones, instituto necesario porque la labor de gobierno no puede paralizarse por la sucesión natural de titulares al frente del mismo.El recurso a la prorrogatio de los órganos constitucionales sigue siendo válido para explicar este fenómeno.Menos interés ha suscitado el papel del Parlamento válidamente constituido tras la celebración de elecciones, en el tiempo que media entre esa constitución y la investidura del titular de la Presidencia del Gobierno.En las páginas que siguen abordaremos esta última cuestión, tratando de dilucidar si el sistema parlamentario de gobierno presente entre nosotros también en las Comunidades Autónomas introduce alguna variante en el funcionamiento parlamentario, más allá del derivado por las propias limitaciones gubernamentales del Ejecutivo en funciones.Abstract:Much has been written about the sense and limitation of the caretaker Government, deemed a necessary body since the governmentaltasks may not be paralyzed due to the natural succession thereof.Resourcing to an extension (prorrogatio) of the mandate of constitutionalbodies as caretakers still stands as a valid explanation of this phenomenon. The role of the Parliament validly constituted through elections during the vacatio leading to the appointment of the new president has attracted less interest. This work aims at addressing this understudied issued in an attempt to elucidate whether the Spanish parliamentary system of government, operating both at theState and regional levels, introduces any variant in the functioning of the Parliament beyond the common limitations of the caretaker Government.Summary:I. Preliminary. II. Outgoing government. II.1 Outgoing state government. II.2 Outgoing autonomic government. III. The limitations of the new elected Parliament during the extended mandate of the caretaker government. III.1 Internal proceedings. III.2 Parliamentary functions. IV. Concluding remarks
El régimen jurídico del plurilingüismo en la enseñanza no universitaria en España
Authors: Manent Alonso Luis , Guardia Hernández Juan José
Published: August 2016

Resumen:Hasta ahora los diferentes modelos educativos de la enseñanza en lenguas se han venido clasificando en sistemas de opción y conjunción lingüística según posibilitasen elegir el idioma que iba a ocupar un lugar central en la enseñanza o no. Sin embargo la introducción en los planes de estudio de varias Comunidades Autónomas de lenguas extranjeras, no solo como materia de estudio sino como medio de transmisión de conocimientos, reclama la inclusión de nuevos parámetros que tengan en cuenta el número de lenguas vehiculares de la enseñanza, distinguiendo complementariamente los modelos monolingües,bilingües y plurilingües.A partir de estas variables, y utilizando la terminología de la Comisión Europea, los autores proponen una nueva sistematización de los modelos lingüísticos de las Comunidades Autónomas con lengua cooficial capaz de abarcar toda su complejidad. También señalan sus límites, de acuerdo con la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Constitucional y los tribunales ordinarios, y realizan una apuesta por el aprendizaje integrado de contenidos y lenguas (AICLE).Abstract:Until the present, idiomatic models of education have distinguished between linguistical choice or conjunction, whether it was possible to choose the language which would occupy a central space at school or not. Nevertheless, the teaching of foreign languages in the educational schemes of several Spanish regional governments, not only as a subject but also as a way of study non linguistic areas, requires new patterns that include the languages in which education is offered, in particular, monolingualism, bilingualism and plurilingualism.Knowing all these varieties, and using the European Commission´s common vocabulary, the authors propose a new classification for the linguistic models held by the Spanish regional governments with two equally recognized languages. Regarding the Constitutional Court case-law and other jurisprudence, they also point the limits and advocate for content and language integrated learning (CLIL). Summary:I. Introduction. II. Idiomatic education models. A) Linguistic conjuction. B) Linguistic option. A) Monolingualism: international, common and language inmersion. 2 B) Multilingualism: bilingualism y plurilingualism. III. Spanish linguistic models of regions with equally recognized languages. 1) Regional law. A) Catalonia. B) Valencian Community. C) Galicia. D) Balearic Islands. E) Navarre. F) Basque Country. 2) State Law. IV. Conclusion.
PLS Finance and Monetary Policy: A New Measure Mooted
Authors: Hasan Zubair
Published: August 2016

Islam banishes interest. This raises two questions contextual to Central Banking. First, can Islamic banks create credit like the conventional? We shall argue that Islamic banks cannot avoid credit creation; an imperative for staying in the market where they operate in competition with their conventional rivals. Evidently, the interest rate policy would not be applicable to them as a control measure. This leads us to the second question: What could possibly replace the interest rate for Islamic banks? In reply, the paper suggests what it calls a leverage control rate (LCR) as an addition to Central Banks' credit control arsenal. The proposed rate is derived from the sharing of profit ratio in Islamic banking. It is contended that the new measure has an edge over the old fashioned interest rate instrument which it can in fact replace with advantage. It can possibly be a common measure in a dual system.
Albuminurija i intima-media kompleks karotidnih arterija kao surogat markeri ateroskleroze kod pacijenata sa tipom 2 dijabetesa
Authors: Popović-Pejčić Snježana , Soldat-Stanković Valentina , Stanković Siniša
Published: August 2016

Uvod. Kliničko procjenjivanje aterosklerotskih komplikacija u tipu 2 dijabetesmelitusa (DM) je preusmjereno na otkrivanje subkliničkih oblika aterosklerozeprimjenom neinvazivnih dijagnostičkih metoda. Surogat markeri subkliničkeateroskleroze su intima media kompleks (IMK) karotidnih arterija i albuminurija.Cilj rada je bio da se analizira povezanost prisustva albuminurije idebljine IMK karotidnih arterija sa nijemom ishemijom miokarda kod pacijenatasa tipom 2 DM.Metode. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo 62 ispitanika oboljela od tipa 2 dijabetesabez istorije o prisutnosti kardiovaskularnih bolesti (KVB), starosne dobi 40-70godina. Ispitanicima je urađena ergometrija i na osnovu dobijenih rezultatao prisutnosti ishemijske bolesti srca (IBS) podijeljeni su u dvije grupe. Prvugrupu je sačinjavalo 25 ispitanika kojima je dokazana IBS, a drugu grupu37 ispitanika bez IBS. Ispitanicima je ultrazvučno izmjerena debljina IMKkarotidnih arterija i određen albumin u 24-časovnom urinu, te su dobijenevrijednosti upoređene sa rezultatima ergometrijskog testiranja u obje grupe.Rezultati. Pacijenti sa IBS su bili stariji, sa dužim trajanjem dijabetesa, dislipidemijomi višim vrijednostima HbA1c u odnosu na grupu bez IBS (p<0,05).Utvrđena je statistički značajno veća vrijednost debljine IMK karotidniharterija u grupi ispitanika sa IBS (1,08±0,17 mm) u odnosu na ispitanike bezIBS (0,78±0,17 mm) (p<0,001). U grupi ispitanika sa IBS, albuminurija je bilaprisutna kod 22 ispitanika, dok je kod ispitanika bez IBS, albuminurija bilaprisutna kod 9 ispitanika, što je statistički značajno više u grupi ispitanika saIBS u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu (p<0,001).Zaključak. Pacijenti sa povećanom debljinom IMK karotidnih arterija i prisutnomalbuminurijom imaju veći rizik od nastanka IBS.Ključne riječi: dijabetes melitus, intima media kompleks, albuminurija
Anatomske karakteristike arterijske vaskularizacije dorzalne strane stopala
Authors: Ćurčić Branislava , Marić Radmil , Erić Dražen
Published: August 2016

Uvod. Dorzalna strana stopala i prsti su često pod uticajem mikrovaskularnih ineuropatskih komplikacija, zbog čega je potrebno dobro razumijevanje arterijskihkarakteristika ovog predjela. Cilj rada je registrovanje mikroanatomskihkarakteristika arteria dorsalis pedis (ADP): mjesto nastanka, prečnik i anastomozenjenih bočnih i završnih grana, kao i varijacije ovih arterija.Metode. Mikromorfometrijska ispitivanja su rađena na 20 potkoljenica istopala, oba pola, starosti od 40 do 75 godina. Ispitivanje je rađeno korozionomtehnikom dobijanja vaskularnih otisaka ADP i njenih grana. Mjerenja disekcionihi korozionih preparata su obavljena okularnim mikrometrom, nakončega su preparati fotografisani digitalnim fotoaparatom, dok su detalji nadobijenim preparatima slikani pomoću stereomikroskopa i digitalne kamere.Rezultati. U svim slučajevima ADP je nastajala od arteria tibialis anterior. U25% slučajeva imala je dominatnu ulogu u izgradnji dubokog tabanskog luka.U 85% slučajeva njena prva bočna grana je bila arteria tarsalis lateralis. U 95%slučajeva završavala se sa arteria plantaris profunda i arteria metatarsalis dorsalisprima. U 100% slučajeva je postojala terminalna anastomoza između arteriadorsalis pedis i arteria plantaris lateralis.Zaključak. U svim ispitivanim uzorcima ADP je nastala kao grana arteriatibialis anterior, imala je najveći kalibar u poređenju sa ostalim arterijamadorzuma stopala i terminalno je anastomozirala sa arteria plantaris lateralis.U većini slučajeva prva bočna grana ADP je arteria tarsalis lateralis. U manjeod polovine slučajeva ADP nije davala lučnu arteriju (a. arcuata) kao svojubočnu granu, dok je u četvrtini slučajeva dominanto izgrađivala dubokitabanski arterijski luk.
Upotreba alkohola kod učenika srednjih škola
Authors: Letić Nada , Marković-Basara Tatjana
Published: August 2016

Uvod. Adolescencija protiče u znaku velikih psihičkih promjena koje su rezultatbiološkog sazrijevanja. Alkohol stvara prividnu sigurnost i može postatiznačajan psihološki stimulans, a njegovo redovnije uzimanje biće prvi korakka stvaranju psihičke, a kasnije i fizičke zavisnosti. Cilj rada je utvrđivanjeučestalosti i faktora rizika upotrebe alkohola među adolescentima.Metode. Uzorkom je obuhvaćeno 610 učenika srednjih škola u Banja Luci (360ženskog i 250 muškog pola), uzrasta od 14 do 18 godina. U istraživanju jekorišćen Upitnik o rizičnom ponašanju autora K. Berg-Kelly (Q-2000). Podacisu statistički obrađeni i analizirani.Rezultati. Od 610 ispitanih srednjoškolaca, 90% konzumira alkohol, a alkoholnikada nije probalo njih 9,8%. Statistički je značajna razlika u učestalostiupotrebe alkohola prema polu (p<0,01): muški ispitanici znatno češće upotrebljavajualkohol (95,1%) od ženskih (86,5%). Takođe, uočena je značajnarazlika u upotrebi alkohola prema uzrastu (p<0,01): srednjoškolci uzrastaod 17 do 18 godina više upotrebljavaju alkohol u odnosu na one od 15 do 16godina. Srednjoškolci koji pokazuju probleme u ponašanju češće konzumirajualkohol (p<0,01). Roditelji 59,2% srednjoškolaca su upoznati sa povremenimkonzumiranjem alkohola, a njih 38,9% to i odobrava. Ispitani srednjoškolcinajčešće upotrebljavaju vino (47,3%) i pivo (39,7%), koje nabavljaju samostalnou kafićima (46,1%) i prodavnicama (38,7%).Zaključak. Rezultati ukazuju na značajnu učestalost upotrebe alkohola ipotrebu uvođenja mjera za rano prepoznavanje i sprečavanje prvih tendencijaka upotrebi alkohola. Neophodno je uspostavljanje roditeljske kontrolei bolja kontrola sprovođenja zakona kojim se zabranjuje prodaja alkoholamaloljetnicima.
Preparation of Si nano-crystals with controlled oxidation state from SiO disproportionated by ZrO2 ball-milling
Authors: Okamoto Yuji , Harada Yoshitomo , Ohta Narumi , Takada Kazunori , Sumiya Masatomo
Published: August 2016

We demonstrate that a SiO disproportionation reaction can be achieved simply by high energy mechanochemical milling. The planetary ball-milling of ZrO2 for a few minutes generated Si nano-crystals. Milling conditions including rotation speed, ball number, milling time, and type of ball material were able to control the oxidation states of Si. The ball-milled SiO powder was tested as an anode of a lithium battery. ZrO2 contamination from the vial and balls was eliminated by dipping the ball-milled SiO powder in (NH4)HSO4 molten salt and heating for 5 min. The disproportionated SiO powder showed characteristics comparable to those of a powder prepared by a conventional heating process taking several hours.
Cu patterning on Si substrate using solution-processed Ti–Cu oxide films and electroless plating
Authors: Miyazeki Yusuke , Horiuchi Yoshio , Noh Joo-Hyong , Cordonier Christopher E. J. , Honma Hideo , Arakawa Taro
Published: August 2016

We demonstrated for the first time the Cu patterning on Si using Ti and Cu oxide (TiCu-ox) films patterned by photolithography and electroless plating without etching or surface modification. The TiCu-ox films had a porous structure and acted as adhesion layers. The TiCu-ox films were patterned by photolithography on Si and glass for comparison, followed by Cu deposition by electroless plating. Fine Cu patterns on the patterned TiCu-ox films were formed. The smallest line/space widths on glass and Si were 3.2/0.8 and 3.6/4.4 µm, respectively. The deposited Cu layers had high adhesion strength and low sheet resistance.
Inter-page-crosstalk reduction in holographic data storage system through phase modulation in signal region
Authors: Lin Xiao , Huang Yong , Cheng Yabin , Liu Jinpeng , Xu Ke , Li Xiaotong , Tan Xiaodi
Published: August 2016

We propose a method that utilizes degeneration noise to reduce inter-page-crosstalk by encoding certain phase distribution according to the noise distribution in the signal region. Due to the phase correlation of noise, modulated degeneration noise can eliminate each other and thus the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) can be improved. To evaluate the SNR improvement, we introduced a new parameter called noise ratio factor (NRF), which is defined as the ratio of SNR with phase encoding to SNR without phase encoding. Then we use NRF distribution to guide us to encode phase in the signal region in the most effective way. Numerical simulation study shows that special designed phase modulation can reduce inter-page-crosstalk.
Lobar Torsion After Thoracoscopic Esophagectomy, and Prevention Method to Detect Its Incidence During the Operation
Authors: Miyawaki Yutaka , Nakajima Yasuaki , Tokairin Yutaka , Kawada Kenro , Ogo Taichi , Saito Katsumasa , Fujiwara Naoto , Okada Takuya , Kawano Tatsuyuki
Published: August 2016

Lobar torsion is a rare but fatal complication, with such cases being mostly treated with pulmonary resection. Only a few cases of pulmonary torsion following esophagectomy have thus far been reported, and all cases occurred subsequent to transthoracic esophagectomy. We herein present the case of a patient with the right middle lobe torsion after thoracoscopic esophagectomy in a 64-year-old male. As the patient exhibited a hemodynamically unstable condition immediately after surgery and bronchoscopy and computed tomography revealed right middle lobe torsion, urgent surgery was performed. As torsion of right middle lobe was confirmed during a second operation, repositioning for torsion was performed. Fortunately, right middle lobe was aerated and exhibited a good complexion immediately after repositioning; therefore, pneumonectomy was not performed. Because it is difficult to observe the process of reinflation of a collapsed lung under direct vision in order to prevent lobar torsion when performing thoracoscopic esophagectomy, it is imperative to confirm the patency of the proximal bronchi during the operation using bronchoscopy.
Long‐term variability of dust optical depths on Mars during MY24–MY32 and their impact on subtropical lower ionosphere: Climatology, modeling, and observations
Authors: Sheel Varun , Haider S. A.
Published: August 2016

Dust optical depths (τ) for nine Martian years (MY24–MY32) in the subtropical region (25–35°S) have been used to classify distinct dust scenarios. These data are based on observations at 9.3 µm from the Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Odyssey missions and encompass the regional dust storms which occur every year around solar longitude (Ls) ~ 220° and the two major dust storms of MY25 and MY28. Constrained by these observations and the Mars Climate Sounder observations of detached dust layers, we estimate altitude profiles of dust concentrations. We discuss the characteristics of dust aerosol particles of different size between 0.2 and 3.0 µm by assuming a modified gamma distribution. We then use a comprehensive ion‐dust model to calculate ion densities and conductivities in the lower ionosphere of Mars in the absence of dust storm at τ = 0.1 and Ls = 150° and for three dust storm periods viz., (1) major dust storm at τ = 1.7 and Ls = 210°, (2) major dust storm at τ = 1.2 and Ls = 280°, and (3) regional dust storm at τ = 0.5 and Ls = 220°. The model with 12 neutral species considers galactic cosmic rays as a source of ionization. Results show that the density of the dominant hydrated cluster ions and the electrical conductivity are reduced by an order of magnitude near the surface for a few months until the dust storm settles down to its normal condition.
The deep accumulation of 10Be at Utsira, southwestern Norway: Implications for cosmogenic nuclide exposure dating in peripheral ice sheet landscapes
Authors: Briner Jason P. , Goehring Brent M. , Mangerud Jan , Svendsen John Inge
Published: August 2016

Cosmogenic nuclide exposure dating is a widely used method for constraining past ice sheet histories. We scrutinize a recently published data set of cosmogenic 10Be data from erratic boulders in Norway used to constrain the deglaciation of the western Scandinavian Ice Sheet to 20 ka. Our model of the 10Be inventory in glacial surfaces leads us to conclude that the chronology may be afflicted by the deep subsurface accumulation of 10Be during long‐lasting ice‐free periods that resulted in 10Be ages >10% too old. We suggest that the majority of the dated erratic boulders contain a uniform level of inherited muon‐produced 10Be and were derived from bedrock depths >2.5 m and most likely ~4 m. The implication of our finding is that for landscapes that experience long ice‐free periods between brief maximum glacial phases, glacial erosion of >5 m is required to remove detectable traces of inherited 10Be.
Propagation of ULF waves from the upstream region to the midnight sector of the inner magnetosphere
Authors: Takahashi Kazue , Hartinger Michael D. , Malaspina David M. , Smith Charles W. , Koga Kiyokazu , Singer Howard J. , Frühauff Dennis , Baishev Dmitry G. , Moiseev Alexey V. , Yoshikawa Akimasa
Published: August 2016

Ultralow frequency (ULF) waves generated in the ion foreshock are a well‐known source of Pc3‐Pc4 waves (7–100 mHz) observed in the dayside magnetosphere. We use data acquired on 10 April 2013 by multiple spacecraft to demonstrate that ULF waves of upstream origin can propagate to the midnight sector of the inner magnetosphere. At 1130–1730 UT on the selected day, the two Van Allen Probes spacecraft and the geostationary ETS‐VIII satellite detected compressional 20 to 40 mHz magnetic field oscillations between L ∼ 4 and L ∼ 7 in the midnight sector, along with other spacecraft located closer to noon. Upstream origin of the oscillations is concluded from the wave frequency that matches a theoretical model, globally coherent amplitude modulation, and duskward propagation that is consistent with expected entry of the upstream wave energy through the dawnside flank under the observed interplanetary magnetic field. The oscillations are attributed to magnetohydrodynamic fast‐mode waves based on their propagation velocity of ∼300 km/s and the relationship between the electric and magnetic field perturbations. The magnitude of the azimuthal wave number is estimated to be ∼30. There is no evidence that the oscillations propagated to the ground in the midnight sector.