bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fluorogene Markierung von 5‐Formylpyrimidin‐Nucleotiden in DNA und RNA
Authors: Samanta Biswajit , Seikowski Jan , Höbartner Claudia
Published: December 2015

5‐Formylcytosin (5fC) und 5‐Formyluracil (5fU) sind natürliche modifizierte Nucleobasen, die durch Oxidation aus 5‐Methylcytosin und Thymin (oder 5‐Methyluracil) entstehen. Hier beschreiben wir die chemoselektive Markierung von 5‐Formylpyrimidinnucleotiden in DNA und RNA mithilfe fluorogener Aldolkondensationsreaktionen mit 2,3,3‐Trimethylindolderivaten. Unter milden und spezifischen Reaktionsbedingungen entstehen aus 5fU und 5fC Hemicyanin‐artige Chromophore mit charakteristischen photophysikalischen Eigenschaften. Die Reaktionsbedingungen wurden an DNA‐Oligonucleotiden optimiert und konnten direkt auf RNA übertragen werden. Der positionsspezifische Nachweis gelang durch Fluoreszenzmessung und Primerverlängerungsexperimente. Diese Methode der direkten Markierung von 5‐Formylpyrimidinen wird zur Untersuchung von Vorkommen, enzymatischen Transformationen und biologischen Funktionen von epigenetischen/epitranskriptomischen Modifikationen von Nucleobasen in DNA und RNA beitragen.
Influence of decellularized pericardium matrix on the behavior of cardiac progenitors
Authors: Jalili‐Firoozinezhad Sasan , Rajabi‐Zeleti Sareh , Marsano Anna , Aghdami Nasser , Baharvand Hossein
Published: December 2015

Following myocardial infarction, heart muscle has a limited capacity of self‐healing. Biological platforms providing the natural biochemical and biophysical cues of the native myocardium might be crucial to address current therapeutic shortcomings. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of decellularized human pericardium (DPc), as a bioactive platform, on viability, attachment, proliferation and differentiation of human cardiac progenitors (CPs), and evaluate the possibility of using DPc as a substitute of tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) substrate for culturing CPs in vitro. The decellularization process removed more than 99% of the cellular components from Pc, yet well preserved its macro‐/micro‐structure and extracellular collagen and glycosaminoglycan content. DPc supported the viability, attachment, metabolism and proliferation of CPs, and enhanced their differentiation into mature cardiomyocytes compared to TCPS. Decellularized pericardium appeared thus to have a high potential for cardiac cell culture and could be applied as a superior alternative to common TCPS. DPc could be then utilized for further tissue engineering applications. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43255.
BIOINFORMATICS, TISSUE DISTRIBUTION, AND SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION ANALYSES OF FK506 BINDING PROTEIN 12B FROM SILKWORMS
Authors: Li Si , Fei JingJing , Cheng DanDan , Jin Yongfeng , Zhang Wenping , Zhang Yaozhou , Lv Zhengbing
Published: December 2015

FK506 binding proteins (FKBPs) are intracellular receptors of the immunosuppressant FK506 and play important roles in the correct folding of new proteins and the self‐assembly of biological macromolecules. FKBP12 is a member of the FKBP family that is widely expressed and highly conserved in many species. In this study, we identified the complete cDNA sequence encoding the FKBP12 ortholog in Bombyx mori, named Bm‐FKBP12B (GenBank accession no. DQ443423). Multiple‐sequence alignment among different species revealed a high similarity among FKBP12 paralogs and orthologs. Bioinformatics analysis of the Bm‐FKBP12B gene showed that it is located on chromosome 20 and consists of three exons and two introns. We cloned, expressed, and purified the Bm‐FKBP12B protein in Escherichia coli and generated a specific polyclonal antibody against Bm‐FKBP12B. The real‐time quantitative reverse‐transcription (qRT) PCR and Western blotting results showed that Bm‐FKBP12B was present throughout all of the development stages, but it was abundant in the adult and embryo stages. Bm‐FKBP12B expression was higher in the silk gland and gut, suggesting that it might play important roles in regulating gene expression in the silk gland and during silk fiber formation. Bm‐FKBP12B protein was distributed in the cytoplasm, nucleus, and nuclear membrane.
Array‐based molecular karyotyping in fetal brain malformations: Identification of novel candidate genes and chromosomal regions
Authors: Krutzke Sophia K. , Engels Hartmut , Hofmann Andrea , Schumann Madita M. , Cremer Kirsten , Zink Alexander M. , Hilger Alina , Ludwig Michael , Gembruch Ulrich , Reutter Heiko , Merz Waltraut M.
Published: December 2015

BACKGROUND

For the majority of congenital brain malformations, the underlying cause remains unknown. Recent studies have implicated rare copy number variations (CNVs) in their etiology.

METHODS

Here, we used array‐based molecular karyotyping to search for causative CNVs in 33 fetuses of terminated pregnancies with prenatally detected brain malformations and additional extracerebral anomalies.

RESULTS

In 11 fetuses, we identified 15 CNVs (0.08 Mb to 29.59 Mb), comprising four duplications and eleven deletions. All larger CNVs (> 5 Mb) had also been detected by prenatal conventional karyotyping. None of these CNVs was present in our 1307 healthy in‐house controls (frequency < 0.0008). Among these CNVs, we prioritized six chromosomal regions (1q25.1, 5q35.1, 6q25.3‐qter, 11p14.3, 15q11.2‐q13.1, 18q21.1) due to their previous association with human brain malformations or owing to the presence of a single gene expressed in human brain. Prioritized genes within these regions were UBTD2, SKA1, SVIP, and, most convincingly, GPR52. However, re‐sequencing of GPR52 in 100 samples from fetuses with brain malformations or patients with intellectual disability and brain malformations revealed no disease‐causing mutation.

CONCLUSION

Our study suggests chromosomal regions 1q25.1, 5q35.1, 6q25.3‐qter, 11p14.3, 15q11.2‐q13.1, and 18q21.1 to be involved in human brain development. Within three of these regions, we suggest UBTD2, GPR52, and SKA1 as possible candidate genes. Because the overall detection rate of array‐based molecular karyotyping was slightly higher (23%) than that of conventional prenatal karyotyping (20%), we suggest it's use for prenatal diagnostic testing in fetuses with nonisolated brain malformations. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:16–26, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Epidemiologic characteristics and time trend in the prevalence of anotia and microtia in China
Authors: Deng Kui , Dai Li , Yi Ling , Deng Changfei , Li Xiaohong , Zhu Jun
Published: December 2015

Background

Previous studies have shown an inconsistent time trend on the prevalence of anotia and microtia. Little has been reported on the epidemiologic characteristics of anotia and microtia in the Chinese population.

Methods

Data from 1996–2007 were obtained from the Chinese Birth Defects Monitoring Network in China. Birth prevalence of anotia and microtia were assessed according to demographic characteristics and annual time trend. Poisson regression was used to calculate crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (APRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for selected demographic characteristics and subgroups of anotia and microtia.

Results

A total of 1933 cases with anotia/microtia were identified among 6,308,594 live births, stillbirths, and terminations of pregnancy, yielding a rate of 3.06 per 10,000 births. Isolated anotia/microtia had a prevalence of 2.25 per 10,000 births, whereas among nonisolated cases, the prevalence was 0.81 per 10,000 births. The prevalence rates of anotia/microtia increased significantly during 1996–2007 (p < 0.05). Birth prevalence of isolated anotia/microtia was significantly higher among western births (APR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.10–1.40), mothers residing in urban areas (APR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.15–1.46), mothers more than 35 years of age (APR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.01–1.57), and males (APR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.24–1.53). No significant associations were observed between nonisolated anotia/microtia and geographic areas, maternal residence, and infant sex (except for maternal age).

Conclusion

An increasing trend of the birth prevalence of anotia and microtia is observed in China. Higher prevalence risk of isolated anotia and microtia is found among western births, mothers residing in urban areas, older mothers, and males. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:88–94, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tailoring surgery to elderly patients with cancer
Authors: Audisio R A
Published: December 2015

Better assessments needed to assess frailty
Validation of an oncoplastic breast simulator for assessment of technical skills in wide local excision
Authors: Leff D R , Petrou G , Mavroveli S , Bersihand M , Cocker D , Al-Mufti R , Hadjiminas D J , Darzi A , Hanna G B
Published: December 2015

Background

Simulation enables safe practice and facilitates objective assessment of technical skills. However, simulation training in breast surgery is rare and assessment remains subjective. The primary aim was to evaluate the construct validity of technical skills assessments in wide local excision (WLE).

Methods

Surgeons of different grades performed a WLE of a 25-mm palpable tumour on an in-house synthetic breast simulator. Procedures were videotaped (blinded), reviewed retrospectively, and independently rated against a procedure-specific global rating scale by two consultant breast surgeons. Specimen radiographs were obtained and the macroscopic distance from the ‘tumour’ edge to the resection margin was recorded in four cardinal directions. Expert consensus was used to construct an Oncoplastic Deviation Score (ODS), assigning points for excessively wide (more than 10 mm) and, conversely, close (less than 5 mm) macroscopic margins.

Results

Thirty-four surgeons (12 consultant surgeons, 12 specialty trainees and 10 core trainees) participated in the study. Video-based rating scores varied hierarchically with operator expertise (P < 0·050). Inter-rater reliability was excellent (α ≥ 0·80, P < 0·050 for all scales), and inter-rater agreement was moderate (κ = 0·132–0·361, P < 0·050 for all scales). Statistically significant differences were observed on pairwise comparisons between each grade of surgeon in scores for ‘exposure’, ‘skin flap development’, ‘glandular remodelling’, ‘skin closure’ and ‘final product review’ (P < 0·050). Consultants received significantly fewer ODS points than specialty trainees (P = 0·012) and core trainees (P = 0·028). Compared with experts (median 9·0 mm), wider margins were observed amongst specialty trainees (median 12·0 mm) and narrower margins amongst core trainees (median 7·1 mm) (P = 0·001).

Conclusion

Video ratings of performance and a proposed ODS differentiate surgeons based on technical skills in WLE and may be useful for objective assessment of breast surgery trainees.
Copper(II) Complexes Containing N,N′‐Bidentate N‐(Pyridin‐2‐ylmethyl)aniline and Its Derivatives: Synthesis, Structure and Magnetic Property
Authors: Ahn Seoung Hyun , Lee Hyosun
Published: December 2015

The reaction between [CuCl2

.
2H2O] and N,N′‐bidentate N‐(pyridin‐2‐ylmethyl)aniline (La
) and its derivatives (Lb
and Lc
) in methanol yielded new Cu(II) complexes; namely polynuclear [CuLaCl2
]n
, dinuclear [CuLb
(μ‐Cl)Cl]2
, and mononuclear [CuLcCl2
], respectively. Monomeric [CuLcCl2
] showed a distorted square planar geometry around copper metal‐based on X‐ray crystallography. The polymeric [CuLaCl2
]n
and dimeric [CuLb
(μ‐Cl)Cl]2
had a chloro‐bridged five‐coordinated and a distorted square pyramidal geometry around the Cu(II) center. The Cu∙∙∙Cu′ distance was 3.915(1) Å in [CuLaCl2
]n
and 3.928(1) Å in [CuLb
(μ‐Cl)Cl]2
. Interestingly, magnetic susceptibility (χ) measurements of complexes [CuLaCl2
]n
and [CuLb
(μ‐Cl)Cl]2
exhibited a weak antiferromagnetic interaction.
Synthesis of New Highly Substituted and Hindered 1‐Hydroxyindole‐2‐carboxylates
Authors: Park Yeon Kyeong , Kim Hyejin , Lee Sang Hyup
Published: December 2015

The synthesis of new, highly substituted, and hindered 1‐hydroxyindole‐2‐carboxylates 1 is described. Substrates 2, prepared through a two‐step synthetic sequence, were treated with relatively weak nucleophiles in the presence of SnCl2
 · 2H2O to afford compounds 1. In particular, nucleophiles of low reactivity and/or high steric hindrance reacted efficiently to give 1 in good to modest yields.
Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Studies of Zinc Acetate in 1‐Ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium Acetate for Zinc Electrodeposition
Authors: Ghazvini Maryam Shapouri , Pulletikurthi Giridhar , Lahiri Abhishek , Endres Frank
Published: December 2015

In this paper, we report on the electrodeposition of zinc from the ionic liquid 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate ([EMIm]OAc) with various concentrations of zinc acetate [Zn(OAc)2] at 100 °C. The electrochemical behavior of zinc complexes in [EMIm]OAc was determined by cyclic voltammetry. Raman and infrared spectroscopy were employed to study the coordination of Zn2+ ions with OAc−, and it was found that upon increasing the Zn(OAc)2 concentration the intensity of the band for the free acetate anion weakened, due to binding with Zn2+ ions. A minimum concentration of 4 m Zn(OAc)2 was required to observe bulk zinc deposition, and in that case, the reducible species present in the solution were probably a mixture of Zn(OAc)2 and Zn(OAc)+. Furthermore, the scanning electron microscopy results revealed microcrystals of zinc composed of many nanostructures distributed on the substrate, and X‐ray diffraction analysis indicated that a Zn–Au alloy along with Zn films was obtained.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal and Magnetic Structure of Sr2BIrO6 (B: Sc, Ti, Fe, Co, In) in the Framework of Multivalent Iridium Double Perovskites.
Authors: Kayser Paula , Alonso Jose A. , Mompean Federico J. , Retuerto Maria , Croft Mark , Ignatov Alexander , Fernandez‐Diaz Maria T.
Published: December 2015

Polycrystalline samples of Sr2BIrO6 (B: In, Sc, Fe, Co, Ti) are prepared from citrate precursors using stoichiometric mixtures of Sr(NO3)2, IrO2, In2O3, Sc2O3, FeC2O4, Co(NO3)2, and TiC10H14O5 in aqueous solutions of citric acid and HNO3 followed by heating of the resulting resins (600 °C, 12 h) and calcination in air (1100—1200 °C, 12 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Atomic Layer Deposition of Lithium Phosphorus Oxynitride.
Authors: Nisula Mikko , Shindo Yohei , Koga Hideyuki , Karppinen Maarit
Published: December 2015

LiPON thin films for potential use as a conformal solid‐state electrolyte coating in 3D Li‐ion microbattery technology are fabricated by simultaneously incorporating P and N via (Et‐O)2(NH2)PO together with LiN(Tms)2 as the Li precursor.
ChemInform Abstract: High Thermoelectric Performance and Enhanced Mechanical Stability of p‐Type Ge1‐xSbxTe.
Authors: Perumal Suresh , Roychowdhury Subhajit , Negi Devendra S. , Datta Ranjan , Biswas Kanishka
Published: December 2015

Ge1‐xSbxTe (x = 0—0.1) is prepared from the elements (evacuated quartz tubes, 1223 K, 6 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Effects of Indium Contents on Photocatalytic Performance of ZnIn2S4 for Hydrogen Evolution under Visible Light.
Authors: Song Kelin , Zhu Rongshu , Tian Fei , Cao Gang , Ouyang Feng
Published: December 2015

ZnInxS4+y (x = 1.6, 2.0, 2.3, 2.6, 2.9, 3.1) photocatalysts are prepared by hydrothermal reaction of appropriate amounts of ZnSO4, In(NO3)3, and Me(NH2)CS in H2O (autoclave, 160 °C, 1 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Assembly of Sandwich‐Type 3‐D Supramolecular Coordination Polymers Based on Hexa‐Molybdenum Chain and {PMo12O40} Heteropolyanion.
Authors: Wan Siqi , Yu Kai , Wang Lu , Su Zhanhua , Zhou Baibin
Published: December 2015

Yellow block crystals of H3O[Mo6(bipy)6O17] [PMo12O40]·2H2O are hydrothermally synthesized from a mixture of H3PMo12O40, Ba(NO3)2, bipy, HNO3, and H2O (autoclave, pH 2.0, 170 °C, 3 d; 40% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Manganese(II)‐Catalyzed Esterification of N‐β‐Hydroxyethylamides.
Authors: Nishii Yuji , Akiyama Shoko , Kita Yusuke , Mashima Kazushi
Published: December 2015

This protocol enables selective cleavage of amide bonds through a mechanism involving N,O—acyl rearrangement and transesterification.
ChemInform Abstract: Study of Sustainability and Scalability in the Cp*Rh(III)‐Catalyzed Direct C—H Amidation with 1,4,2‐Dioxazol‐5‐ones.
Authors: Park Yoonsu , Jee Soyeon , Kim Jeung Gon , Chang Sukbok
Published: December 2015

Optimized conditions without using chlorinated solvents are presented for the synthesis of 3‐phenyl‐1,4,2‐dioxazol‐5‐one as well as its application in the directed Rh‐catalyzed C—H amidation.
ChemInform Abstract: Nonstabilized Azomethine Ylides as Reagents for Alkylaminomethylation of Aromatic Ketones via 5‐Aryloxazolidines.
Authors: Moshkin Vladimir S. , Buev Evgeny M. , Sosnovskikh Vyacheslav Y.
Published: December 2015

Conditions for the two‐step transformation of cyclic and acyclic aryl ketones to 2‐alkylamino‐1‐arylethanols are elaborated.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of GABA Amides via the Nucleophilic Addition of Amines to 3,3‐Disubstituted Cyclopropenes.
Authors: Maslivetc Vladimir A. , Rubina Marina , Rubin Michael
Published: December 2015

The title synthesis follows the nucleophilic addition, ring‐opening of the resulting cyclopropanes, and in‐situ reduction of enamine or imine intermediates sequence.
ChemInform Abstract: Air Stable Pincer (CNC) N‐Heterocyclic Carbene—Cobalt Complexes and Their Application as Catalysts for C—N Coupling Reactions.
Authors: Ibrahim Halliru , Bala Muhammad Dabai
Published: December 2015

Two new thermally and air stable pincer NHC‐Co complexes are synthesized.
ChemInform Abstract: Ni‐Catalyzed Regioselective Hydrocarboxylation of Alkynes with CO2 by Using Simple Alcohols as Proton Sources.
Authors: Wang Xueqiang , Nakajima Masaki , Martin Ruben
Published: December 2015

A novel practical Ni‐catalyzed hydrocarboxylation of internal alkynes with CO2 using cheap alcohols as proton source is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Synthesis of Symmetrical N,N′‐Alkylidene Bis‐Amides Catalyzed by a Heteropolyacid.
Authors: Maleki Behrooz , Zonoz Farrokhzad Mohammadi , Akhlaghi Hossien Ali
Published: December 2015

The molybdenum heteropolyacid used in the presented protocol has the advantage to be non‐corrosive, environmentally benign, and thermally stable.
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient Method for the Synthesis of Aryl Methyl Sulfides via Cu(I)‐Mediated Methylthiolation of Haloarenes with DMSO.
Authors: Ghosh Ketaki , Ranjit Sadananda , Mal Dipakranjan
Published: December 2015

A variety of aryl bromides and iodides are efficiently converted into aryl methyl sulfides using DMSO as a convenient source of the S‐methyl group.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Free Sonogashira Reactions Catalyzed by a Palladium(II) Complex Bearing Pyrenealdehyde Thiosemicarbazonate under Ambient Conditions.
Authors: Prabhu Rupesh Narayana , Pal Samudranil
Published: December 2015

The use of the title catalyst allows the coupling of various aryl bromides and chlorides with phenylacetylene at room temperature under aerobic conditions to give diarylacetylenes.
ChemInform Abstract: α‐Alkylidene‐γ‐butyrolactone Synthesis via One‐Pot C—H Insertion/Olefination: Substrate Scope and the Total Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Cedarmycins A and B.
Authors: Lloyd Matthew G. , D'Acunto Mariantonietta , Taylor Richard J.K. , Unsworth William P.
Published: December 2015

A series of α‐alkylidene‐γ‐butyrolactones is prepared by a C—H insertion/olefination sequence from the corresponding diazophosphonates.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Vinylogous Michael Reaction of Cyclic Enones with Silyloxy Furans.
Authors: Jadhav Amol P. , Bhaskara Rao V. U. , Singh Pradeep , Gonnade R. G. , Singh Ravi P.
Published: December 2015

The reaction of substituted cyclohexenones and 2‐silyloxyfurans delivers the corresponding Michael‐adducts in moderate to high yields and with very high diastereo‐ and enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Straightforward Approach Toward Dihydrothiazoles via Intramolecular Bromocyclization.
Authors: Sadat‐Ebrahimi Seyed Esmail , Ganjizadeh Zarj Marzieh , Moghimi Setareh , Yahya‐Meymandi Azadeh , Mahdavi Mohammad , Arab Saman , Shafiee Abbas , Foroumadi Alireza
Published: December 2015

The intramolecular bromium ion‐assisted cyclization of benzoyl chlorides furnishes dihydrothiazole derivatives by an easy procedure.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of 2‐Amino‐2‐chromene and 2‐Amino‐3‐cyano‐4H‐pyran Derivatives Promoted by Potassium Fluoride.
Authors: Maleki Behrooz , Sheikh Safoora
Published: December 2015

An eco‐friendly protocol for the synthesis of the title compounds is presented using a one‐pot three‐component condensation reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 6‐Arylisocytosines and Their Potential for Hydrogen Bonding Interactions.
Authors: Patel Alpa , Lewis William , Searle Mark S. , Stevens Malcolm F.G. , Moody Christopher J.
Published: December 2015

None of the synthesized compounds show any interaction with telomeric DNA (h‐TEL).
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of 2,3‐Dihydroquinazolin‐4(1H)‐ones under Catalyst‐ and Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Das Gupta Arpita , Samanta Swati , Mallik Asok K.
Published: December 2015

As a valuable addition to current protocols two efficient methods are presented for the synthesis of dihydroquinazolinones from anthranilamide with an aldehyde or a ketone.
ChemInform Abstract: Improved Microwave‐Assisted Catalyst‐Free Synthesis of 9‐Aryl‐5,9‐dihydropyrimido[4,5‐d][1,2,4]triazolo [1,5‐a]pyrimidine‐6,8(4H,7H)‐dione Derivatives.
Authors: Farahi Mahnaz , Karami Bahador , Banaki Zohreh
Published: December 2015

Title compounds are synthesized by this new green and regioselective one‐pot reaction of triazoles, aromatic aldehydes, and barbituric acids.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Reactions of Donor Cyclopropanes: Efficient Routes to cis‐ and trans‐Tetrahydrofurans.
Authors: Dunn Jonathan , Dobbs Adrian P.
Published: December 2015

The yield and diastereoselectivity of the SnCl4‐mediated reaction of cyclopropanes (III) with α‐ketoaldehydes (IV) depends on the reaction temperature.
ChemInform Abstract: [1,2,5]Selenadiazolo[3,4‐b]pyrazines: Synthesis from 3,4‐Diamino‐1,2,5‐selenadiazole and Generation of Persistent Radical Anions.
Authors: Rakitin Oleg A. , et al.
Published: December 2015

Novel selenadiazolediamine (II) is prepared and used in the synthesis of selenadiazolopyrazines by Koerner—Hinsberg cyclocondensation with 1,2‐dicarbonyls.
ChemInform Abstract: Eight New Cycloartane Triterpenoids from Beesia calthifolia with Hepatoprotective Effects Against D‐Galactosamine Induced L02 Cell Damage.
Authors: Gan Li‐She , Zheng Dan‐Jun , Liu Qian , Zhou Jing , Zhang Min‐Zhe , Yao Wei , Shao Bai‐Hao , Mo Jian‐Xia , Zhou Chang‐Xin
Published: December 2015

Eight new cycloartane triterpenoids are isolated from the ethanol extract of the rhizomes of Beesia calthifolia along with six known compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Strongylophorines, New Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Inhibitors, from the Marine Sponge Strongylophora strongilata Collected at Iriomote Island.
Authors: Lee Jong‐Soo , Abdjul Delfly B. , Yamazaki Hiroyuki , Takahashi Ohgi , Kirikoshi Ryota , Ukai Kazuyo , Namikoshi Michio
Published: December 2015

The new meroditerpene 26‐O‐ethylstrongylophorine‐14 (I) is isolated from the Okinawan marine sponge Strongylophora strongilata together with six known strongylophorines.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of Synargentolide B.
Authors: Ramulu Udugu , Rajaram Singanaboina , Ramesh Dasari , Suresh Babu Katragadda
Published: December 2015

An asymmetric synthesis of (I) is presented starting from (S)‐2‐hydroxypropanoate via Horner—Wadsworth—Emmons olefination, Sharpless dihydroxylation, zinc allylation, and ring‐closing metathesis.
ChemInform Abstract: New Phenolic Compounds from the Seeds of Nigella glandulifera and Their Inhibitory Activities Against Human Cancer Cells.
Authors: Sun Lu , Liu Yu‐Ming , Chen Bao‐Quan , Liu Qing‐Hua
Published: December 2015

Three new phenolic compounds (I), (II), and (III) are isolated from the seeds of Nigella glandulifera together with a known compound.
ChemInform Abstract: New Antiinflammatory Norcembranoids from the Soft Coral Sinularia numerosa
Authors: Yin Chen‐Ting , Wen Zhi‐Hong , Lan Yu‐Hsuan , Chang Yu‐Chia , Wu Yang‐Chang , Sung Ping‐Jyun
Published: December 2015

isolation and structure elucidation of two new norcembranoids, sinumerolide A (I) and its epimer, 7E‐sinumerolide A (II)
ChemInform Abstract: Natural Inorganic Nanoparticles — Formation, Fate, and Toxicity in the Environment
Authors: Sharma Virender K. , Filip Jan , Zboril Radek , Varma Rajender S.
Published: December 2015

Review: 53 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal Nanoclusters: Novel Probes for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications
Authors: Tao Yu , Li Mingqiang , Ren Jinsong , Qu Xiaogang
Published: December 2015

Review: 254 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: β‐Xylopyranosides: Synthesis and Applications
Authors: Brusa Charlotte , Muzard Murielle , Remond Caroline , Plantier‐Royon Richard
Published: December 2015

Review: 260 refs.
Neu entwickelte Materialien für energieeffizientes Kühlen. Die magnetische Kühlung auf dem Weg in erste Anwendungen
Authors: Scharf Florian , Zhang Lian , Seeler Fabian , Dötz Florian
Published: December 2015

Der Vakuumkompressor ist in der Kältetechnologie seit mehr als 100 Jahren das Maß aller Dinge. Die Entdeckung neuer Materialien mit sehr großem magnetokalorischem Effekt ermöglicht mittlerweile den Bau einer neuartigen Kältemaschine mit deutlich höherer Effizienz. Die momentan verfügbaren Prototypen sind in der Lage, neu entwickelte Materialien in Wärmetauschern mit spezieller Geometrie in einem Gesamtsystem zu testen. Essentiell ist die Entwicklung eines zuverlässigen, computergestützten Modells, das im Vergleich mit experimentellen Daten eine kontinuierliche Optimierung der gesamten Wärmepumpe ermöglicht.
Energy‐efficient scheduling algorithms for batch‐of‐tasks (BoT) applications on heterogeneous computing systems
Authors: Sajid Mohammad , Raza Zahid , Shahid Mohammad
Published: December 2015

One of the major design constraints of a heterogeneous computing system is optimal scheduling, that is, mapping of tasks on the processing nodes in order to optimize the QoS parameters. Because of the huge energy consumption by computing resources, negative environmental effects and reduced system reliability, energy has unavoidably been added as a new parameter to the list of QoS parameters. Energy optimization in scheduling strategies along with makespan makes it an even more challenging combinatorial optimization problem. This work proposes two energy‐aware scheduling algorithms G1 and G2 to schedule a batch‐of‐tasks, made of a collection of independent tasks, on heterogeneous processors in order to minimize the makespan and the energy consumption. The proposed algorithms schedule tasks based on weighted aggregation cost function to the appropriate processors followed by task migration phase designed to further minimize the makespan and the energy consumption. The study evaluates the performance of the proposed algorithms with some of the peers, that is, MinMin, MINSuff on account of makespan, energy consumption, flowtime, and utilization. An experimental study reveals that the proposed algorithm (G2) consistently performs better under various test conditions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychotherapeutic Intervention in the Demobilization Process: Addressing Combat‐related Mental Injuries with Narrative Exposure in a First and Second Dissemination Stage
Authors: Köbach Anke , Schaal Susanne , Hecker Tobias , Elbert Thomas
Published: December 2015

Background

Depending on the exposure to traumatic stressors and combat, 20% to 50% of ex‐combatants present with trauma‐related disorders, and more than half of the members of armed groups have a proclivity to violence. Therefore, psychotherapeutic assistance should address both, trauma‐related suffering and the lowered threshold for aggressive behaviour.

Objective

Supporting the demobilization process of ex‐combatants in the eastern DR‐Congo, we implemented a version of Narrative Exposure Therapy adapted for Forensic Offender Rehabilitation (FORNET).

Method

In two successive dissemination stages (DS), local counsellors conducted FORNET. In DS1, they were trained by clinical experts, and in DS2, the by then experienced counsellors trained and supervised a second group of local counsellors (DS2). The training consisted of a 3‐week workshop covering theoretical concepts and practical therapeutic skills. In DS1 and DS2, a total of 98 demobilizing combatants received an intervention; treatment‐as‐usual served as the control condition. Posttraumatic stress disorder, appetitive aggression, depression severity and drug dependence were assessed prior to the intervention and 6 and 12 months later; additionally, we assessed reintegration success.

Results

Six months post‐intervention, FORNET significantly reduced Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms but had less effect on the trait of appetitive aggression; moreover, beneficial effects were found for depression severity and drug dependence as well as for reintegration indices. Treatment gains were retained at 12 months.

Conclusions

Individuals without previous training in psychotherapy can learn to effectively apply the brief intervention FORNET and support the demobilization process in ongoing conflicts. The study suggests that it is possible to pass down psychotherapeutic techniques over generations of counsellors. © 2015 The Authors. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

Posttraumatic stress symptoms, depression and clinically relevant levels of drug dependence can effectively be reduced with a version of Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET) adapted for Forensic Offender Rehabilitation (FORNET).

The intervention is effective in the context of ongoing conflict.

Individuals without previous training in psychotherapy can learn to effectively apply the brief intervention FORNET.

It is possible to pass down psychotherapeutic techniques like FORNET over generations of counsellors.

Psychotherapeutic interventions like FORNET may facilitate the transition to peace in war‐torn regions.
Can galectin‐3 be a useful marker for conventional papillary thyroid microcarcinoma?
Authors: Gweon Hye Mi , Kim Jeong‐Ah , Youk Ji Hyun , Hong Soon Won , Lim Beom Jin , Yoon Sun Och , Park Young Mi , Son Eun Ju
Published: December 2015

Background

Galectin‐3 staining of fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) samples is very useful for diagnosis of thyroid malignancy. As reported in several studies, galectin‐3 is associated with prognostic factor in papillary thyroid carcinoma, but its expression and prognostic role has not been evaluated in papillary microcarcinoma (PTMC). This study was performed to investigate the prevalence of galectin‐3 in preoperative ultrasonography (US)‐guided FNA cytology and to evaluate the association between galectin‐3 expression and prognostic factors of PTMC.

Methods

Between January 2011 and December 2012, 440 conventional PTMCs which had undergone US‐guided FNA with galectin‐3 analysis and underwent subsequent surgery were enrolled. Preoperative US features and clinicopathologic results including extrathyroidal extension and lymph node metastasis were compared between galectin‐3 positive and galectin‐3 negative PTMC.

Results

Of the 440 PTMCs, 201 (45.7%) PTMCs had galectin‐3 positivity in preoperative FNA samples. There was no significant difference in US features between galectin‐3 positive and negative PTMC. Galectin‐3 expression had no significant association with prognostic factors such as extrathyroidal extension (44.8% vs. 44.8%, P = 0.999) and lymph node metastasis (25.9% vs. 26.8%, P = 0.914) in conventional PTMC.

Conclusion

Preoperative galectin‐3 analysis using FNA cytology may be not advisable in patients with conventional PTMC. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:103–107. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development of the shoulder girdle musculature
Authors: Pu Qin , Huang Ruijin , Brand‐Saberi Beate
Published: December 2015

The muscles of the shoulder region are important for movements of the upper limbs and for stabilizing the girdle elements by connecting them to the trunk. They have a triple embryonic origin. First, the branchiomeric shoulder girdle muscles (sternocleidomastoideus and trapezius muscles) develop from the occipital lateral plate mesoderm using Tbx1 over the course of this development. The second population of cells constitutes the superficial shoulder girdle muscles (pectoral and latissimus dorsi muscles), which are derived from the wing premuscle mass. This muscle group undergoes a two‐step development, referred to as the “in–out” mechanism. Myogenic precursor cells first migrate anterogradely into the wing bud. Subsequently, they migrate in a retrograde manner from the wing premuscle mass to the trunk. SDF‐1/CXCR4 signaling is involved in this outward migration. A third group of shoulder muscles are the rhomboidei and serratus anterior muscles, which are referred to as deep shoulder girdle muscles; they are thought to be derived from the myotomes. It is, however, not clear how myotome cells make contact to the scapula to form these two muscles. In this review, we discuss the development of the shoulder girdle muscle in relation to the different muscle groups. Developmental Dynamics 245:342–350, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Flt3 ligand improves the innate response to respiratory syncytial virus and limits lung disease upon RSV reexposure in neonate mice
Authors: Remot Aude , Descamps Delphyne , Jouneau Luc , Laubreton Daphné , Dubuquoy Catherine , Bouet Stephan , Lecardonnel Jérôme , Rebours Emmanuelle , Petit‐Camurdan Agnès , Riffault Sabine
Published: December 2015

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe bronchiolitis in infants worldwide. The immunological factors responsible for RSV susceptibility in infants are poorly understood. Here, we used the BALB/c mouse model of neonatal RSV infection to study the mechanisms leading to severe disease upon reexposure to the virus when adults. Two major deficiencies in neonatal lung innate responses were found: a poor DCs mobilization, and a weak engagement of the IFNI pathway. The administration of Flt3 ligand (Flt3‐L), a growth factor that stimulates the proliferation of hematopoietic cells, to neonates before RSV‐infection, resulted in increased lung DC number, and reconditioned the IFNI pathway upon RSV neonatal infection. Besides, neonates treated with Flt3‐L were protected against exacerbated airway disease upon adult reexposure to RSV. This was associated with a reorientation of RSV‐specific responses toward Th1‐mediated immunity. Thus, the poor lung DCs and IFNI responses to RSV in neonates may be partly responsible for the deleterious long‐term consequences revealed upon adult reexposure to RSV, which could be prevented by Flt3‐L treatment. These results open new perspectives for developing neonatal immuno‐modulating strategies to reduce the burden of bronchiolitis.
Balancing Benefits and Risks of Immortal Data
Authors: Zarate Oscar A. , Brody Julia Green , Brown Phil , Ramirez‐Andreotta Monica D. , Perovich Laura , Matz Jacob
Published: December 2015

An individual's health, genetic, or environmental‐exposure data, placed in an online repository, creates a valuable shared resource that can accelerate biomedical research and even open opportunities for crowd‐sourcing discoveries by members of the public. But these data become “immortalized” in ways that may create lasting risk as well as benefit. Once shared on the Internet, the data are difficult or impossible to redact, and identities may be revealed by a process called data linkage, in which online data sets are matched to each other. Reidentification (re‐ID), the process of associating an individual's name with data that were considered deidentified, poses risks such as insurance or employment discrimination, social stigma, and breach of the promises often made in informed‐consent documents. At the same time, re‐ID poses risks to researchers and indeed to the future of science, should re‐ID end up undermining the trust and participation of potential research participants.

The ethical challenges of online data sharing are heightened as so‐called big data becomes an increasingly important research tool and driver of new research structures. Big data is shifting research to include large numbers of researchers and institutions as well as large numbers of participants providing diverse types of data, so the participants’ consent relationship is no longer with a person or even a research institution. In addition, consent is further transformed because big data analysis often begins with descriptive inquiry and generation of a hypothesis, and the research questions cannot be clearly defined at the outset and may be unforeseeable over the long term. In this article, we consider how expanded data sharing poses new challenges, illustrated by genomics and the transition to new models of consent. We draw on the experiences of participants in an open data platform—the Personal Genome Project—to allow study participants to contribute their voices to inform ethical consent practices and protocol reviews for big‐data research.
Disrupted rich club network in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia and early‐onsetAlzheimer's disease
Authors: Daianu Madelaine , Mezher Adam , Mendez Mario F. , Jahanshad Neda , Jimenez Elvira E. , Thompson Paul M.
Published: December 2015

In network analysis, the so‐called “rich club” describes the core areas of the brain that are more densely interconnected among themselves than expected by chance, and has been identified as a fundamental aspect of the human brain connectome. This is the first in‐depth diffusion imaging study to investigate the rich club along with other organizational changes in the brain's anatomical network in behavioral frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), and a matched cohort with early‐onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD). Our study sheds light on how bvFTD and EOAD affect connectivity of white matter fiber pathways in the brain, revealing differences and commonalities in the connectome among the dementias. To analyze the breakdown in connectivity, we studied three groups: 20 bvFTD, 23 EOAD, and 37 healthy elderly controls. All participants were scanned with diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and based on whole‐brain probabilistic tractography and cortical parcellations, we analyzed the rich club of the brain's connectivity network. This revealed distinct patterns of disruption in both forms of dementia. In the connectome, we detected less disruption overall in EOAD than in bvFTD [false discovery rate (FDR) criticalPperm = 5.7 × 10−3, 10,000 permutations], with more involvement of richly interconnected areas of the brain (chi‐squaredP = 1.4 × 10−4)—predominantly posterior cognitive alterations. In bvFTD, we found a greater spread of disruption including the rich club (FDR criticalPperm = 6 × 10−4), but especially more peripheral alterations (chi‐squaredP = 6.5 × 10−3), particularly in medial frontal areas of the brain, in line with the known behavioral socioemotional deficits seen in these patients.Hum Brain Mapp 37:868–883, 2016. ©2015 The Authors. Human Brain Mapping Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Degree Qualifications Profile (DQP) and Tuning: What Are They and Why Do They Matter?
Authors: Jankowski Natasha A. , Marshall David W.
Published: December 2015

This chapter provides a brief overview of the Degree Qualifications Profile and related Tuning process, summarizing lessons learned from institutional engagement with both. The value and purpose for working with each are explored.
Captopril: Clinical Pharmacology and Benefit‐to‐Risk Ratio in Hypertension and Congestive Heart Failure
Authors: Vlasses Peter H. , Ferguson Roger K. , Chatterjee Kanu
Published: December 2015

Captopril, a competitive antagonist of angiotensin converting enzyme, has been marketed in the United States for the treatment of resistant hypertension. Despite extensive study, its exact mechanism of action remains unclear; decreased renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone and sympathoadrenal system activity as well as increased bradykinin and prostaglandin E and F activity have been postulated. The drug decreases peripheral vascular resistance. Controlled trials in resistant hypertension of various etiologies and chronic congestive heart failure have demonstrated sustained effectiveness and therapeutic benefits. Side effects include skin rash, loss of taste, proteinuria, and leukopenia; higher doses and concomitant renal dysfunction appear to be predisposing factors. The benefit‐to‐risk ratio for captopril clearly justifies its use in resistant cases of hypertension and congestive heart failure, but further experience is needed to evaluate its use in milder forms of these diseases.
A 12‐hour Evaluation of the Analgesic Efficacy of Diflunisal, Propoxyphene, A Propoxyphene‐Acetaminophen Combination, and Placebo in Postoperative Oral Surgery Pain
Authors: Forbes James A. , Foor Virginia M. , Bowser Michael W. , Calderazzo Joseph P. , Shackleford Robert W. , Beaver William T.
Published: December 2015

One‐hundred thirty‐two outpatients with pain following oral surgery were randomly assigned, on a double‐blind basis, to a single oral dose of diflunisal 500 or 1000 mg, propoxyphene napsylate 100 mg, a combination of propoxyphene napsylate 100 mg with acetaminophen 650 mg, or placebo. Using a self‐rating record, subjects rated their pain and its relief hourly for 12 hours after medication. Measures of total and peak analgesia were derived from the patient's subjective reports. Diflunisal 500 and 1000 mg were significantly superior to placebo and propoxyphene alone for every measure of total and peak analgesia, and the effect of diflunisal persisted for 12 hours. Diflunisal 1000 mg was significantly superior to the propoxyphene‐acetaminophen combination for all measures of analgesia. Although the propoxyphene‐acetaminophen combination was significantly superior to placebo for most measures of analgesia, propoxyphene alone was significantly superior for only two measures. Adverse effects attributed to all drugs were mild and transitory.
Variation in Postoperative Analgesic Requirements in the Morbidly Obese Following Gastric Bypass Surgery
Authors: Bennett Richard , Batenhorst Randal , Graves David A. , Foster Thomas S. , Griffen Ward O. , Wright Ballard D.
Published: December 2015

Patient‐controlled analgesia is a relatively new method of administering intravenous narcotics for postoperative pain relief. The technique involves the self‐administration of a given analgesic in a bolus dose with the aid of a timed infusion and sequencing device. Ten morbidly obese patients undergoing elective gastric bypass surgery were treated in a prospective, unblinded, pilot project to evaluate the efficacy of patient‐controlled analgesia. Analgesic therapy was satisfactory in all patients. The mean total dose of morphine sulfate administered during the first 36 hours postoperatively was 66 mg, an average of 1.7 mg/hr. There was a tenfold variation (17.5–175 mg) in the 36 hr total dose. The total dose was not related to body surface area, age, sex, dose per injection, or anesthetic agent. The large variation in individual narcotic analgesic requirements could be a major factor in the suboptimal management of postoperative pain with conventional dosing. Patient‐controlled analgesia may circumvent these problems.
Cefuroxime: Mechanisms of Action, Antimicrobial Activity, Pharmacokinetics, Clinical Applications, Adverse Reactions and Therapeutic Indications
Authors: Gold Bess , Rodriguez William J.
Published: December 2015

Cefuroxime is a second generation cephalosporin with a broad antimicrobial activity against both Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative organisms. It has excellent in vitro activity against staphylococcal strains, streptococcal strains (other than enterococci), N. gonorrhoeae, H. influenzae and N. meningitidis. It also has excellent in vitro activity against members of the Enterobacteriaceae with the exception of Serratia and indole‐positive Proteus. Ps. aeruginosa and B. fragilis are resistant. Cefuroxime is relatively free of serious side effects. It is metabolically stable, and most of it is excreted unchanged in the urine. Three fourths of it are distributed in the extravascular compartment. Blood levels exceed the in vitro minimum inhibitory concentrations for many important gram negative pathogens. Clinical studies have shown cefuroxime to be effective therapy for infections of soft tissue, respiratory tract, urinary tract, genital tract (caused by N. gonnorrhoeae) and the central nervous system. Superinfections with Ps. aeruginosa and enterococcal strains may present a problem. In spite of excellent diffusion into bone and joint tissues, the available clinical data are too limited to make a recommendation for its use in bone and joint infections.
Cromolyn Sodium: A Review
Authors: Shapiro Gail G. , König Peter
Published: December 2015

Cromolyn is a white crystalline powder which is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Its therapeutic value lies in its functions as an inhaled or topically applied agent.

Cromolyn has been approved in the United States for asthma therapy since 1973. It was marketed at that time as a drug to reduce the corticosteroid requirements of severe asthmatics. It clearly did not live up to that claim. Initial enthusiasm for cromolyn was replaced by disillusionment.

In the last few years, investigators have taken another look at cromolyn and have a renewed interest in it. Cromolyn's mechanisms of action remain only partially understood. It appears to block allergic mediator release from certain mast cells. It may also decrease bronchial hyperreactivity.

The frequency of drug toxicity at customary dosages is extremely low. Adverse effects tend to be mild, short‐lived and without sequelae.

Currently, cromolyn is a first line therapy for mild to moderate asthma requiring chronic treatment. It is also of proven efficacy in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis and vernal keratoconjunctivitis.
Pharmacology and Clinical Use of Mexiletine
Authors: Fenster Paul E. , Comess Keith A.
Published: December 2015

Mexiletine is an antiarrhythmic agent with structural and electrophysiologic properties similar to those of lidocaine. Mexiletine decreases ventricular automaticity while shortening both action potential duration and effective refractory period. The drug may be administered orally or intravenously. Hepatic metabolism is the major route of elimination. The elimination half‐life is approximately 10 hours, but longer in patients with acute myocardial infarction, chronic congestive heart failure or hepatic insufficiency. Mexiletine suppresses ventricular ectopy in the acute phase of myocardial infarction. The drug is effective for some patients in whom lidocaine has failed. It suppresses chronic ventricular ectopy and is well tolerated in approximately two‐thirds of stable outpatients treated with this agent. In that population, mexiletine is comparable in efficacy to quinidine, procainamide and disopyramide. It is effective in 30–50% of patients with ventricular arrhythmias refractory to other antiarrhythmic drugs. In patients with refractory arrhythmias, the efficacy of mexiletine may be enhanced by combination with propranolol, quinidine or amiodarone. Adverse reactions limit use of mexiletine in approximately 20% of patients. Gastrointestinal and central nervous system side effects are the most common. Mexiletine does not depress myocardial function. Aggravation of arrhythmias is uncommonly observed. The usual intravenous dose of mexiletine is 150–250 mg over at least 10 minutes. Long‐term oral dosages are usually 200–300 mg 3 or 4 times daily.