bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SYNTHESIS OF ORGANOSILICON COMPOUNDS FOR DRESSING OF NANOCOMPOSITES ON BASIS OF QUARTZ AND HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE
Authors: Gurbanova Rena V. , Kakhramanov Najaf T. , Shatirova Makhruza I. , Muzafarov Aziz M. , Kahramanly Yunis N. , Mamedli Ulviya M.
Published: January 2018

The method of synthesis of epoxy compounds containing silicon on basis of hydrosilylation reaction of allyl derivatives of glycidyl ethers with methyl diethyl silane in the presence of platinum-hydrochloric acid was developed. It was determined that these silanes enter into the reaction with various agents bound with oxirane ring by forming corresponding derivatives of organosilicon compounds. Twelve synthesized organosilicon compounds were used as coupling agents for quartz nanoparticles. It was determined that synthesized organosilicon compounds have good coupling agents promoting improvement of compatibility of mineral filler with polymeric matrix. Quartz nanoparticles (up to 100 nanometers) were used as mineral filler. Nanoparticles quartz received on analytical mill А-11 at speed of rotation of a rotor of 28000 turn/min. The dimension of nanoparticles was defined on the device of model STA PT1600 Linseiz Germany and compounded 20-100 nm. For research of physical-mechanical properties of the polymerous nano composites they subjected to pressing at temperature of 190-200 °С. From the pressed plates samples for definition of breaking stress, specific elongation, flexural strength of the filled composites cut down. Research results of influence of type and concentration of coupling agent and filler upon main physical-mechanical properties of nanocomposites are given. Dressing nanoparticles carried out in 0.5 - 2.0 % water solution of the silicoorganic compound acidified by acetic acid to рН = 3.5, at temperature of 55 °С in flow during 60 min. Optimal concentrations of coupling agents and filler, which provide maximal values of composites physical-mechanical properties, were determined. Main reasons providing improvement of strength properties of finished nanocomposites were revealed. The comparative analysis of the data obtained shows that rather high physical-mechanical properties possess nanocomposites in which as dressing 2-metil-5-metildietylsilil-2- (methylenoxy-1,3-dioxosolano) – pentane was used.Forcitation:Gurbanova R.V., Kakhramanov N.T., Shatirova М.I., Мuzafarov А.М., Kahramanly Yu.N., Mammadli U.M. Synthesis of organosilicon compounds for dressing of nanocomposites on basis of quartz and high density polyethylene. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2018. V. 61. N 2. P. 65-72
Effect of a concurrent training session with different intensities in post-exercise blood pressure responses in normotensive adults
Authors: Medeiros André Luiz F , Sousa Manoela Vieira , Lunardi Morgana , Oliveira Silas Nery , Freitas Cintia De la Rocha
Published: January 2018

The purpose of this study was to analyse the effect of a concurrent training session (CT) with different intensities in post-exercise blood pressure responses in normotensive adults. Ten normotensive adult males (30.7 ± 4.1 years) participated in this study, they performed four experimental protocols: a) Strength Training (ST) at 50% of 1RM and aerobic training (AT) between 50-60% of the Working Heart Rate (WHR); b) ST at 50% of 1RM and AT between 80-90% of the WHR; c) ST at 85% of 1RM and AT between 50-60% of the WHR; d) ST at 85% of 1RM and AT between 80-90% of the WHR. Every protocol presented a decrease in the systolic blood pressure (SBP) 1 minute after finishing the training session, however, only the protocol with the intensity of 50% 1RM and 80-90% WHR presented a significant hypotensive effect (p ≤ 0.05). None of the protocols presented a significant decrease in the diastolic blood pressure. We concluded that the hypotensive effect in the SBP can be observed when the CT is performed at the intensity of 50% of 1RM and of 80-90% of the WHR.
Imagery ability in Boccia: Comparison among federate athletes from different medical sport groups
Authors: Amorim André , Travassos Bruno , Mendes Pedro
Published: January 2018

The aim of this study was to analyse and compare movement visualization ability in federate and non-federate Boccia athletes, and among federate Boccia medical sport groups. Forty-two Boccia athletes (Federate N = 24; Non-federate N = 18) at an average age of 35.8 (SD = 11.19) participated in this study. The Portuguese version of Movement Imagery Questionnaire - 3 (MIQ-3), was used for this study. The participants were evaluated on the internal and external visual imagery. Statistics was carried out following the method of interference based on the magnitude of the effects. Results showed a great effect of expertise in imagery ability. The comparison between federate and non-federate Boccia athletes showed a great effect in the Internal Visual subscale and a moderate effect in the External Visual subscale. It was also observed differences between athletes from different medical-sports groups, revealing that the requirements of the sport linked to their action abilities provides them with different Imagery abilities. These results clearly influence the prescription of imagery training programs for different groups taking into account different medical-practice groups.
Embodied Spectatorship? Interpreting dance reviews around 1900
Authors: Hammergren Lena
Published: January 2018

The article intertwines historiographical analyses with research methods focusing on embodied responses to performances. It argues that dance reviews can be interpreted from a sensorial viewpoint, analyzing ways in which language articulates so-called kinaesthetic, or affective responses. The argument is based on theories of agency and embodiment (Noland). Swedish reviews from performances by Isadora Duncan (Stockholm, 1906), Artemis Colonna (Stockholm, 1903), and Loïe Fuller (Gothenburg, 1907) are investigated, and it is concluded that these kinaesthetic sensations are visible mainly in the language of female writers and spectators. Moreover, in arguing that an embodied spectatorship is important in order to understand the view of the period as a turning point in dance aesthetics, an emphasis is put on the importance of including the practice of dancing by both professionals and amateurs in this historical narrative. Besides embracing the emergence of the professional dance avant-garde, the interpretation focuses on the importance of a corporeal education of the audience. In particular, female audience members seem to, via a dance performance, identify with forms of sensory experience in tandem with visually evaluated objects of art. It is argued that the change in the female viewers’ perceptions had a potential political effect in that it gave voice to both corporeal sensations and women’s experiences in ways new to the public arena. Thus, it is in these experiences the important turning point in dance history emerges, rather than merely in the performances themselves.
History Repeating Itself. The function of turning points and continuity in three historical narratives on operetta
Authors: Strömberg Mikael
Published: January 2018

The article’s primary aim is to discuss the function of turning points and continuity within historiography. That a historical narrative, produced at a certain time and place, influence the way the historian shapes and develops the argument is problematized by an emphasis on the complex relationship between turning points and continuity as colligatory concepts within an argumentative framework. Aided by a number of examples from three historical narratives on operetta, the article stresses the importance of creating new narratives about the past. Two specific examples from the history of operetta, the birth of the genre and the role of music, are used to illustrate the need to revise not only the use of source material and the narrative strategy used, but also how the argument proposed by the historian gathers strength. The interpretation of turning points and continuity as colligatory concepts illustrate the need to revise earlier historical narratives when trying to counteract the repetitiveness of history.
O professor formador e o ensino de didática no curso de Geografia: a perspectiva dos alunos
Authors: Barreto da Cruz Giseli , Da Silva Talita
Published: January 2018

O presente artigo toma como referência dados coletados para fins de uma pesquisa sobre a Didática e o aprendizado da docência no processo de constituição da identidade profissional de futuros professores, desenvolvida no período de 2012 a 2015. Tal pesquisa teve por objetivo analisar conhecimentos sobre a docência, construídos por meio do estudo de Didática, por futuros professores, assim como as consequências da disciplina Didática para o processo de constituição dos saberes profissionais docentes. Como estudantes do curso de licenciatura em Geografia avaliam a sua formação em Didática e o papel do professor formador no processo de aprendizagem da docência? Trata-se de um recorte de um estudo investigativo mais amplo, que abrangeu 14 cursos de licenciatura de uma universidade pública federal localizada no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Como estratégia metodológica, optou-se pela aplicação de questionário e realização de grupos de discussão. A partir de pressupostos teóricos estruturados com base nos estudos de Roldão (2005, 2006), Shulman (1986), Gauthier (1998) e Cochran-Smith e Lytle (1999), buscou-se discutir os temas trabalhados em Didática, as formas de mediação do ensino predominantes nas aulas e o papel do professor formador no processo de constituição da base de conhecimento profissional docente. Os resultados apontam aulas de Didática muito mais centradas nos aspectos teóricos que acompanham o exercício docente, do que na própria docência em si, assim como a necessidade dos formadores, reconhecidos pelos licenciandos como referências de prática, incorporarem ao ensino que desenvolvem a própria prática como parâmetro de formação.
A constituição da profissão docente: um estudo com professores da educação profissional
Authors: Castaman Ana Sara , Dudeque Pianovski Vieira Alboni Marisa , De Oliveira Denise
Published: January 2018

Este artigo, intitulado “A constituição da profissão docente: um estudo com professores da educação profissional”, tem por objetivo compreender como os professores da educação profissional estão construindo sua identidade docente. Para tanto, analisa-se como o Programa Especial de Formação Pedagógica de Docentes para a Educação Básica e Profissional no Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia, Câmpus Sertão promove a profissionalização docente, fazendo com que os participantes construam uma imagem positiva da profissão e adquiram certa autonomia profissional. Como metodologia, adota-se o estudo de caso, com abordagem qualitativa, a partir da percepção dos alunos do referido Programa. Os instrumentos empregados para a coleta de dados foram um questionário estruturado, disponibilizado em ambiente web, com preenchimento on-line, e uma entrevista semiestruturada. Os dados coletados foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo. Conclui-se que a formação do “ser professor(a)” está atrelada ao desenvolvimento pessoal e profissional do sujeito, o qual se compõe de elementos subjetivos e objetivos, que a maioria tem a docência como atividade profissional principal e/ou complementar; outra parcela tem a pretensão de atuar na docência pela carreira profissional e se identificam com a atividade profissional.
Desafios da formação de professores
Authors: Prado de Sousa Clarilza
Published: January 2018

Entendendo que a formação do professor deve ser analisada também de uma perspectiva psicossocial, procura-se, neste texto, analisar como a construção da profissionalidade se articula em um cenário de presentismo – foco exagerado no presente – que se observa na sociedade atual. Como professores em formação, que escolheram uma profissão que tem por característica formar a geração futura, representam o futuro? Quais os valores que orientam as escolhas desses professores? Os programas de formação subsidiam a construção de projetos de futuro baseados em valores como liberdade, direito, justiça social? A subjetividade do professor/aluno é considerada durante o processo de formação? Considerando que a profissão do professor se define no compromisso com a formação do futuro do aluno e da sociedade, negar a possibilidade de preparar para o futuro é negar sua profissão.
Educação ambiental e os processos formativos em tempos de crise
Authors: Guimarães Mauro , Granier Noeli Borek
Published: January 2018

Este estudo investiga as potencialidades de outras epistemologias em processos formativos de educadores ambientais, a partir de experiências de “ComVivência Pedagógica” com comunidades indígenas, enquanto referenciais para outras visões de mundo e para um “reencontro com o natural”. Diante da grave e complexa crise socioambiental atual, parte-se da constatação de que a perspectiva epistemológica da modernidade, construída sob o paradigma disjuntivo e reducionista de abordagem do meio socioambiental, combinado à visão utilitarista da natureza, afasta o ser humano de sua essência de ser natural. Ressaltando que formação de educadores ambientais requer constantemente abordagens que propiciem a desconstrução dos padrões hegemônicos, propõe o diálogo de saberes, pelo prisma da interculturalidade crítica, para a construção de outras formas de ser, fazer e conhecer. As experiências de “reencontro com o natural”, combinadas à estratégia metodológica da “ComVivência Pedagógica” com outros referenciais, revelaram grande pedagogicidade para o processo formativo de educadores ambientais.
Conceptualizing Addiction From an Osteopathic Perspective: Dopamine Homeostasis
Authors: Baron Dave , Blum Kenneth , Chen Anthony , Gold Mark , Badgaiyan Rajendra D.
Published: January 2018

Addiction is a public health crisis in the United States. Understanding the cause and providing effective treatment for patients—in particular, those with substance use disorders—is challenging. Research has demonstrated that addiction is not a flaw in one's moral fiber or a disease of choice; rather, it is driven by alterations in neuronal mechanisms, especially those that involve the neurotransmitter dopamine, which plays a critical role in the brain's reward pathway. Much of osteopathic philosophy is based on the concept of total body homeostasis and allostasis. This article discusses the role of achieving dopamine homeostasis as part of a comprehensive biopsychosocial treatment strategy in the effective management of addiction. The authors aim to motivate osteopathic primary care physicians to incorporate osteopathic philosophy into the treatment of patients with substance use disorders.
Development of Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder and Spinal Arachnoid Cysts in a Patient With Intractable Epilepsy
Authors: Liu Yin , Olek Michael
Published: January 2018

Neuromyelitis optica is an inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that is characterized by severe relapsing attacks of optic neuritis and transverse myelitis. The current case describes a 29-year-old man with intractable epilepsy and diplegic spastic cerebral palsy who was given the diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder after presenting with weakness, incontinence, and decreased visual acuity. His symptoms recurred 21 months after initial presentation. Magnetic resonance imaging of his spine revealed arachnoid cysts with regional mass effects. Differentiation of arachnoid cysts from a demyelinating process may be difficult in the early stages of the disease. Close monitoring of patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder is important, especially in patients with recurrent or refractory symptoms.
The Comparative Impacts of Using Lexical Glossing and Inferencing Strategies on Students’ Reading Comprehension
Authors: Juliana -
Published: January 2018

The study compared the use of the lexical glossing and inferencing strategies that impact toward the students’ reading comprehension. The objective of the study was to find out the effective strategy to use for enhancing the students’ reading comprehension. The population of the study was 40 Informatics Systems students of Potensi Utama University. The data collection was used written test by comparing the scores results after giving the treatment. The written test was conducted to identify students’ reading comprehension performance toward the use of lexical glossing and inferencing strategies. The data was analyzed applying an experimental research design. There were two tests in this study before and after treatment. Before treatment without using the strategies, the first test was applied to first group and second group. After treatment with using the strategies, the second test was applied to the first and second group. The first group was taught using lexical glossing strategy, while the second group was treated using lexical inferencing strategies. The test resulted that the students in the second group using lexical inferencing strategies could guess the unfamiliar word meaning correctly that impact toward the students’ reading comprehension. While the students in the first group using the lexical glossing strategy make erroneous guesses about unfamiliar word meaning that impact on the students’ reading comprehension. Therefore, it can be concluded that lexical inferencing strategy was recommended to teach to enhance the students’ reading comprehension.
Down Deep in the Dark: A Semiotic Approach to Edgar Allan Poe’s the Black Cat
Authors: Karim Lazim Abdul
Published: January 2018

Semiotics is the investigation of the nature, type and function of signs in all walks of life. It is the science of interpreting signs and showing how meaning is generated by and through a shared cultural code.  Being a verbal corpus of imaginatively works of art, literature with all its genres, i.e. poetry, drama, fiction, the short story, etc. lends itself to semiotics scrutiny. Verbal works of artifact as such can be analyzed in terms of semiotic theory. This paper purports to explore Edgar Allan Poe’ The Black Cat as a structure of interconnected signs which are organically rooted into the code of horror. If culture, in one sense, is the complex network of beliefs, behaviors and patterns of thinking, these psychopathic cognitive patterns are wittingly structured in the semiotic system of Poe’s narrative work of art. The study proceeds with the hypothesis that Poe’s The Black Cat is a semiotic metaphor or a representation of the actual world of insanity which is resulted from obsession in things. The short story is analyzed in terms of the newly semiotic approach, namely The Semiotic triangle. This tripartite model is a three-dimensional model whose axes are: syntagmaticity, paradigmaticity and signification. The dimensions are supposed to be the foundations of the construction of Poe’s literary text. One result of the study has shown that fear is not an organic human nature in The Black Cat, but a newly born behavior which has led to a serial of crimes committed by the unnamed author. This abnormal behaviorism is encoded in the semiotic veins of Poe’s newly literary genre, i.e. the narratology of horror. The scope of the study is limited to Poe’s The Black Cat as a par excellent narrative work of that creative genre. The paper is rounded up with concluding remarks elicited from the semiotic analysis.
Utilizing Authentic Materials on Students’ Listening Comprehension: Does it have Any Influence?
Authors: Citra Dewi Resti
Published: January 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of using authentic materials on EFL students’ in listening comprehension. The participants of this study was the second year students of Junior High School in Indonesia, 2014/2015 academic year. The population of this study consisted of five parallel classes with the total number of the students was 190 students. Purposive sampling technique was used in this study. The participants were divided into two groups, the experimental was 38 students and the control group was 38 students. This study used experimental research. The instrument used in collecting data was multiple choice test. The total items of the test was 20 items. The finding shows that t-test (5.09) was higher than t-table (2.02) with the level of significance 0.05 and the degree of freedom (df) = 36. It shows that the hypothesis alternative (ha) was accepted. It means that using authentic materials has influence on students’ achievement in listening comprehension.
Assessing Moroccan University Students’ English Learning Motivation: A Comparative Study
Authors: Omari Otmane , Moubtassime Mohammed , Ridouani Driss
Published: January 2018

This study seeks to survey whether students are motivated to learn English or not and to evaluate the differences within and between three most known universities in Morocco, involving a private one, in terms of students’ English learning motivation. Moreover, factors that make a student more motivated to learn English were investigated. This study examines motivation of university students according to their institution, gender, and other variables. Assessment of university students’ motivation was by scores on items from the Academic Motivation Scale. The sample consisted of 329 undergraduate students from three different Moroccan universities. The most important finding was that participants in general are quite motivated to learn English with a score of (M = 3.80) with regard to the overall score using a 5-point Likert scale, and a higher level of introjected extrinsic motivation (M = 4.11), which means that they do such tasks because they are supposed or asked to do them. Moreover, factors such as how students consider university, their location during the academic year, and their decision behind choosing to go to university were found to affect students’ motivation.
MCLEAN: Multilevel Clustering Exploration As Network
Authors: Alcaide Daniel , Aerts Jan
Published: January 2018

Finding useful patterns in datasets has attracted considerable interest in the field of visual analytics. One of the most common tasks is the identification and representation of clusters. However, this is non-trivial in heterogeneous datasets since the data needs to be analyzed from different perspectives. Indeed, highly variable patterns may mask underlying trends in the dataset. Dendrograms are graphical representations resulting from agglomerative hierarchical clustering and provide a framework for viewing the clustering at different levels of detail. However, dendrograms become cluttered when the dataset gets large, and the single cut of the dendrogram to demarcate different clusters can be insufficient in heterogeneous datasets. In this work, we propose a visual analytics methodology called MCLEAN that offers a general approach for guiding the user through the exploration and detection of clusters. Powered by a graph-based transformation of the relational data, it supports a scalable environment for representation of heterogeneous datasets by changing the spatialization. We thereby combine multilevel representations of the clustered dataset with community finding algorithms. Our approach entails displaying the results of the heuristics to users, providing a setting from which to start the exploration and data analysis. To evaluate our proposed approach, we conduct a qualitative user study, where participants are asked to explore a heterogeneous dataset, comparing the results obtained by MCLEAN with the dendrogram. These qualitative results reveal that MCLEAN is an effective way of aiding users in the detection of clusters in heterogeneous datasets. The proposed methodology is implemented in an R package available athttps://bitbucket.org/vda-lab/mclean.
ПРИНЦИП ИНВАРИАНТНОСТИ ДЛЯ НЕАВТОНОМНЫХ ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНО-ДИФФЕРЕНЦИАЛЬНЫХ УРАВНЕНИЙ С?РАЗРЫВНОЙ ПРАВОЙ ЧАСТЬЮ, "Доклады Академии наук"
Authors: Финогенко И.А.
Published: January 2018

Для неавтономных функционально-дифференциальных уравнений с кусочно-непрерывными правыми частями и с решениями в смысле А.Ф. Филиппова предлагается метод предельных дифференциальных включений для изучения асимптотических свойств решений. Устанавливаются свойства типа инвариантности w-предельных множеств и аналоги принципа инвариантности Ж. Ла-Салля с использованием инвариантно-дифференцируемых функционалов Ляпунова со знакопостоянной производной.
КАРБОНИЗОВАННЫЕ ВОЛОКНА НА ОСНОВЕ ПОЛИВИНИЛОВОГО СПИРТА, "Доклады Академии наук"
Authors: Петкиева Д.В. , Голубев Е.К. , Куркин Т.С. , Кечекьян А.С. , Рудакова Т.А. , Бешенко М.А. , Озерин А.Н.
Published: January 2018

На основе поливинилового спирта получили карбонизованные волокна в виде комплексной технической нити с разрывной прочностью выше 200 МПа и удельной электропроводностью не менее 0,5 См/см. С помощью термогравиметрического и дифференциально-термического анализа, методов Рамановского рассеяния и рентгеновской дифракции в больших углах рассеяния охарактеризовали структуры этих волокон. Структурные параметры карбонизованных ПВС-волокон близки к параметрам карбонизованного каменноугольного пека, полученного термообработкой при 1000 °C. Также исследовали структуру и свойства карбонизованных волокон, модифицированных бисульфатом калия.
ПЕРВЫЙ ОПЫТ ВЫДЕЛЕНИЯ ГИДРОГЕОХИМИЧЕСКИХ ИНДИКАТОРОВ ГРЯЗЕВУЛКАНИЧЕСКОЙ АКТИВНОСТИ, "Доклады Академии наук"
Authors: Ершов В. В. , Никитенко О. А. , Левин Б.В.
Published: January 2018

Впервые в мировой практике реализован гидрогеохимический мониторинг на грязевом вулкане. Измерения проводили в течение полевого сезона 2015 г. из пяти грифонов Южно-Сахалинского грязевого вулкана с различной степенью активности. Установлены статистически значимые различия химического состава сопочных вод в разных грифонах. Данные различия определяются активностью грифонов вулкана.
СМЕНА РЕЖИМОВ В ДИНАМИКЕ ЧИСЛЕННОСТИ ПОПУЛЯЦИИ С ВОЗРАСТНОЙ И ПОЛОВОЙ СТРУКТУРОЙ, "Доклады Академии наук"
Authors: Ревуцкая О. Л. , Кулаков М.П. , Неверова Г.П. , Фрисман Е.Я.
Published: January 2018

На основе математической модели динамики численности популяции с возрастной и половой структурой исследовали взаимосвязь между числом новорождённых и численностью зрелых самок и самцов. Также изучили сценарии переходов между разными режимами динамики численности, которые обусловлены не только изменениями популяционных параметров, определяющих интенсивность воспроизводства, выживаемости и саморегуляции, но и особенностями процесса образования брачных пар. Обнаружили мультистабильность популяционной динамики: возможность альтернативных динамических режимов при одних и тех же значениях популяционных параметров, но при разных начальных условиях.
Design of Multisine Phase References/Standards for Modulated Measurements
Authors: Zhang Y. , Huang J. , Guo X. , He Z. , Wang L. , Zhao W. , Zhang Z. , Lu Z.
Published: January 2018

This paper presents a design methodology of multisine signals, so that they can be used as phase references or standards convenient for modulated measurements. To achieve an extendable measurement bandwidth, the spectrum of each multisine is designed with three successive segments, where the left (lower‐frequency) and right (higher‐frequency) ending ones have the same phase spectra. In this way several multisines, one by one overlapped at the ending segments, can jointly serve as an integrated phase reference/standard signal, which, in theory, has an arbitrarily extendable bandwidth. By the example of “Schroeder” phase relationship, the proposed method is experimentally verified for wideband‐modulated measurements, where the designed multisines are used as the phase references and standards, respectively, of a Nonlinear Vector Network Analyzer test bed. In this work, a phase measurement error less than ±1° is experimentally confirmed for 1,601 t measurements with 160 MHz modulation bandwidth around 2 GHz.
Ice Loading on Propulsion
Authors: Hänninen Samuli , Heideman Torsten
Published: January 2018

The article presents evolution of icebreaking ship propulsion systems. The state of art propulsion technology and relevant ice loading scenarios and models to estimate ice induced loads on ship propulsion will be discussed.
Environmental Impacts from Ships Operating in Polar Regions
Authors: Santos Pedro Victor , Fraser Drummond
Published: January 2018

Climate change and the associated reductions in thickness and extent of ice cover, in addition to various global market forces and an overall interest in the Polar Regions, are contributing to increased levels of shipping and vessel operation in both Arctic and Antarctic waters.

Despite a growing interest in resource development, potential transit routes, and scientific research, the Polar Regions also remain among the most unique and environmentally sensitive places on earth and are particularly prone to negative environmental impacts unique to ship operations. This article highlights some of the more common ship‐associated environmental impacts.

Throughout, particular emphasis is placed on criteria for minimizing the probability of any such negative impact or incident from occurring, in particular through the development of international standards and requirements for ships (e.g., the Polar Code) that are tailored to the unique operating demands of the Polar Regions.
Winterization
Authors: Mejlænder‐Larsen Morten
Published: January 2018

The number of vessels engaged in resource development, tourism, and general shipping of cargo in cold and polar waters is increasing. In many areas, climate change has reduced the extent of the sea ice as the main limiting factor for operation and contributed to a longer ice‐free summer season. However, it is still cold during the winter, and operation during an extended summer season starting earlier and lasting longer needs additional requirements to both the exposed equipment and the persons on board. Winterization is the term used for adapting both the ship and exposed equipment to the additional challenges following operations in cold climate. A winterized vessel is adapted and ready to operate under the expected cold climate conditions in a defined area by fulfilling a set of minimum requirements to the exposed equipment.
Ice Class and Ice‐Going Merchant Ships
Authors: Upcraft Desmond
Published: January 2018

Merchant ships first started year‐round operations in the Baltic Sea in the late 1870s with seaborne trade between northern Finland and Stockholm, Sweden. Ice class rules are principally features that enhance the ship's capability to navigate in ice; however, they should also take into account the environment and the type of operation that the ship is undertaking.

The first Finnish ice class rules were introduced in 1890. Ice class rules and regulations have generally been developed by countries whose ports and harbours are closed in the winter season due to ice, and today's Finnish‐Swedish ice class rules (FSICR) have been adopted by members of the International Associations of Classification Societies (IACS) as the de facto standard for first‐year ice requirements.

First‐year ice is sea ice that is present only during the winter season; in late spring/early summer the ice melts completely. As the ice has only one winter to accumulate, the ice has relatively low ice strength properties. Typically, first‐year ice conditions are found in the Baltic Sea and the St. Lawrence Seaway.

Multi‐year ice is ice that has survived at least one summer and may be 3 m or more in thickness. The ice is usually much stronger than first‐year ice and is found in parts of the Arctic Ocean and Antarctica.

This document will also contain an overview of some of the different types of ice‐going vessels and their different areas of operation, but will predominately focus on ships operating in winter conditions in the northern Baltic Sea.
Aspects of the Maritime Environmental and Ship Routing
Authors: Culshaw Simon
Published: January 2018

World population is likely to double within the next half century. Demand for food, materials, and energy resources will rise in similar proportions.The sea will play an increasingly important role to meet these demands. Over 70% of the surface is covered by water. It must be realised that seabed resources are not inexhaustible and even those which are renewable require time to regenerate. In 1635 an Englishman John Seldon spoke of the possibility of the depletion of fishery and that England should have a right to exercise jurisdiction in English waters. The oceans have been a convenient defense, we extract minerals from the ocean floor the oceans are utilised as global transport system which has never been excellent free.

For humans to survive the maritime environment must be considered for all projects to succeed as each human activity in the oceans they be considered to be detrimental one way or another. If anyone of the uses is imposed on a regime that make any of the others it is likely to be unworkable politically, economically or environmentally.
Offshore Wind Energy Technology
Authors: Kolios Athanasios , Lozano‐Minguez Estivaliz
Published: January 2018

Offshore wind energy technologies have substantially progressed over the past decade contributing substantially to the available capacity that is supplied to the grid. This article presents some of the critical technical and contextual aspects of offshore wind energy technologies with a view on the efficient development and operation of wind farms with larger rotors deployed in deeper waters further offshore. Following a review of the background and state‐of‐the‐art in wind turbine technologies, different wind turbine configurations are presented. The most relevant fixed and floating offshore structures are also discussed. The main aspects of offshore maintenance are then presented followed by an analysis of offshore wind energy economics, which highlight the key cost components of a wind farm throughout its service life and reference is made to their environmental impact. Finally, a series of current offshore wind energy technology challenges is listed to illustrate the current barriers to further development.
Introduction to Offshore Renewables
Authors: Sturman John James
Published: January 2018

As a consequence of seeking alternative electricity supplies to reduce anthropogenic global warming, the exploitation of offshore energy from renewable sources has experienced dramatic growth over the last 20 years. The majority of which has been in offshore wind farms. Other sources of offshore renewable energy, such as wave and tidal, continue to attract a lot of attention, but technical solutions have yet to achieve commercial competitiveness. Ongoing developments in offshore wind exploitation continue to bring it's levelised cost of electricity down.
Ship Types, Duties, and General Characteristics
Authors: Carlton John
Published: January 2018

This article examines the ships that are currently in service in order to meet the needs of maritime commerce. Initially considering briefly a historical context, it then concentrates on the range and diversity of ships in use today. These embrace wet and dry bulk carriers, container ships, gas‐carrying ships, passenger vessels, and a range of special purpose ships of both a seagoing and river transiting nature.
Subsea Mining Vehicles
Authors: Machin Jon
Published: January 2018

In a typical deep‐sea mining operation, an underwater mining tool engages with the seabed to excavate the desired material. A robotic subsea mining vehicle is often used. The vehicle will likely have a propulsion system enabling it to traverse and transfer its weight and other forces to the seabed. This article describes typical seabed mining vehicles and their historical development. The seabed mechanical computations involved are reviewed. Several propulsion options are described such as Caterpillar tracks, Archimedes screws, and towed sleds.
Properties of Materials
Authors: Buswell Deborah , Smart Jack , Singh Binder
Published: January 2018

Major marine equipment includes welded steel structures with alloy propellers and coatings and cathodic protection. Bridges use steel towers, cables, and foundations, all with coatings or cathodic protection. Offshore platforms use a combination of cathodic protection, applied underwater, coatings, and alloys such as stainless steel, titanium, or fiberglass for process equipment and seawater piping. Corrosion resistant steels containing copper are also used, especially in harbors where the copper prohibits the marine growth. It is important to understand the material properties of a material and the environment in which they are to perform to ensure the correct material has been selected. There are many factors that will determine the selection, such as temperature, type of stresses, pressure, compatibility of materials in seawater, hydrocarbons to mention a few. Understanding the properties of materials and how they alter due to environment is critical in design to avoid failure during service.
Marine and Subsea External Seawater Side Corrosion
Authors: Jukes Paul , Singh Binder
Published: January 2018

This article will look at the important factors related to external corrosion. The types of external corrosion covered are uniform corrosion, galvanic corrosion (mixed metals), crevice corrosion, selective leaching (dealloying), pitting corrosion, cavitation damage, stress corrosion cracking, hydrogen embrittlement, liquid metal embrittlement, microbial corrosion, corrosion fatigue, and corrosion under insulation. Corrosion control and monitoring methods are identified, and cathodic protection (CP) techniques along with coatings (FBE, dual‐layer FBE, three‐layer PP, and TSA coatings) are presented. As the marine, oil, and gas industries grow, existing and new challenges will need to be addressed, and guidelines are given to assist the reader.
Systems Completion and Commissioning
Authors: Mills Alan
Published: January 2018

This article is reworked from the 24‐h intensive training workshop, in Systems Completion and Commissioning and Start‐Up through Final Handover to Operations. The course is delivered by Global Falcon Americas, Inc, and approved by the American Petroleum Institute (API) covering the important phases of Commissioning to the initial project Start‐Up of Onshore Process Plants and Offshore Production Facilities.
Strategic Maintenance Management
Authors: Shorten Daniel C.
Published: January 2018

The maintenance needs of machinery is not fixed. Reliability needs will be different from ship to ship. The aversion to risk will also be different depending on the operating context of the ships operation and its particular status at any one time. It is true that all machinery assets will be provided with a recommended maintenance schedule as defined by the manufacturer. However, in the main, the way that the machine will be operated and the context of that operation will not have been considered before the machine that leaves the factory; thus, it will not be reflected in the maintenance handbook. Apart from the period of warrantee, there is no requirement to follow the makers guidelines unless there is no other robustly considered alternative. Therefore, taking a strategic view of maintenance for any given business should be the norm.
Seakeeping: Theoretical Aspects
Authors: Carlton John
Published: January 2018

This article reviews some of the analytical aspects of seakeeping. Starting with the elementary methods of analysis in undamped and damped motion, the review continues through the equations of motion of a ship and strip theory. It then progresses toward the frequency and the linear and nonlinear time domain methods of analysis.
Faults and Fault Protection
Authors: Atutxa Iñigo , Abad Gonzalo , Carlton John
Published: January 2018

This article considers the types of faults and methods of fault protection that may occur. Within the article, protective devices and circuit breakers feature together with harmonic distortion and voltage droop analysis.
Practical Challenges that Flow Assurance Engineers Face During Engineering Design and Field Operations
Authors: Yang Frank
Published: January 2018

This article is an introduction to the field of offshore subsea pipeline engineering calledflow assurance(FA). It focuses on the many practical challenges that FA engineers face during engineering design and field operations. First, the design input data requirements such as fluid compositions and properties, pipeline layouts and configurations, and production forecasts are described. Second, pipeline sizing and thermal hydraulic design such as FA design outputs are discussed with the aim to meet production forecasts and to manage the risks of pipeline plugging such as hydrate and wax. The other frequently encountered FA risks such as asphaltenes, mineral scales, slugging, erosion, corrosion, and management strategies are also covered from design and operational perspectives. This article also illustrates the important features of several software packages FA engineers use most often for multiphase thermal hydraulic modeling such as OLGA, LEDA Flow, and PIPESIM and of the thermodynamic fluid characterizing packages such as PVTsim and Multiflash.
Subsea Trees
Authors: Sharma Kartik
Published: January 2018

Xmas trees are the subsea structures that are installed on the wellhead and provide the means to control and manage the fluid coming out of the well. Subsea flowlines are connected to the trees to transfer the produced fluid through the network of flowlines and pipelines to the topside facility.

This article provides details regarding the functionality of the subsea trees, various types of subsea trees used in the offshore industry, and subsea tree components. It also provides summary of subsea tree installation and testing and commissioning philosophy.

The purpose of this article is to make the user familiar with subsea tree system.
Types of Bottom‐Founded Structures
Authors: Humphrey Gary
Published: January 2018

This article presents a brief historical overview of facilities development for the oil and gas industry. The key milestone projects as well as the changes in structural concepts as the industry expanded to deeper water depths are discussed. The types of foundations and anchorage systems used to support and moor these facilities are also discussed. The evolution for structures and foundations demonstrates the creativity and high level technology required to develop increasingly more difficulty to access offshore hydrocarbons.
Site Assessment for Jack‐Up Rigs
Authors: Humphrey Gary D.
Published: January 2018

Site assessment for jack‐up rigs involves typical offshore technics for shallow, high‐resolution geophysical methods followed by geotechnical coring. The geophysical program provides a good reference for variability across the site and helps to determine if more than one geotechnical boring should be performed. Sometimes, geotechnical borings are performed from the jack‐up rig itself.
Reserve Strength and Redundancy
Authors: Hassanin Ahmed , Jukes Paul
Published: January 2018

Offshore frame structures should exhibit acceptable levels of robustness to withstand extreme environmental loads. Robustness can be explained as a characteristic that describes the capacity of the overall platform based on how each component in the framing structure responds to load and the performance of the structure as a whole. Capacity, redundancy, and ductility are three main characteristics that describe robustness. A robust frame is one with sufficient reserve strength. Isolated tests have been conducted by HSE on multiple frame‐bracing schemes to understand the response of the members and joints in jacket structures. These isolated tests have shown some differences when it comes to actual frame behavior as they assume lower stress situations resulting in more conservative design codes.
Overview of Petroleum Production Technologies—Concepts and System Description
Authors: Tyagi Mayank
Published: January 2018

This article provides a brief overview of petroleum production systems, few secondary recovery concepts, various oil field equipment/components, and some late‐life production technologies. By no means have we aimed to present an exhaustive list of oil field equipment related to production operations.
Steel Catenary Riser (
SCR
)
Authors: Sharma Partha , Stanton Paul
Published: January 2018

The steel catenary riser (SCR) is the preferred riser solution for the cost‐effective development of deepwater fields and has been successfully adapted to a variety of floaters including spars, tension leg platforms (TLPs), semi‐submersibles, and floating production storage and offloading vessels (FPSOs). This article presents an overview of the design, fabrication, installation, commissioning, and operational aspects of SCRs. The American Petroleum Institute has issued a new riser code “Dynamic Risers for Floating Production Systems API Standard 2RD, Second Edition”. This article summarizes four design methods. SCR design is often driven by the fatigue damage considerations at the floater hang‐off location and the touchdown zone (TDZ). The fatigue at the hand‐off region can be mitigated using specialty joints such as flex joint and stress joint. TDZ fatigue is more complicated due to uncertainty associated with pipe–soil interaction process. Finally, installation using different pipe‐laying methods such as S‐lay, J‐lay, and reeling are discussed.
Riser Design
Authors: Thomas William
Published: January 2018

The general elements and step‐by‐step procedure for designing riser systems will be described. The variety of configurations of subsea riser systems is broad, and thus, the detailed design procedure must adapt to the specific issues. Every element covered in this article should nonetheless be considered all for all types of risers. The concept of a global riser analysis is presented. Key failure modes are listed along with failure criteria. The key design parameters are numerous, and thus, with any open‐ended problem, the design procedure can be iterative and fraught with missteps. A rational step‐by‐step design procedure is shown to help ensure a straightforward process with minimal iterations.
Flexible Pipes
Authors: Shen Yijun , Hill Tricia
Published: January 2018

Flexible pipes have been used in the offshore oil and gas industry since 1970s, when Coflexip was awarded a patent to build a high pressure, flexible steel pipe. Flexible pipes rely upon their deformation of the pipe from imposed loads to mobilize the support of embedment materials on both sides of the pipe.

Flexible pipes are already used for versatile offshore oil and gas applications including production, gas lift, gas injection, water injection, and various ancillary lines including potable water and liquid chemical lines, and so on.

Compared with traditional rigid pipes, flexible pipes have the following key advantages: (i) It follows the contours of the seabed and has not large spans; (ii) Good insulation properties and excellent corrosion properties; (iii) It can be made with enhanced flow characteristics; (iv) Diverless installation is possible without metrology necessary; (v) Load‐out and installation is safer, easier, faster, and cheaper than any other pipe application.

As the offshore oil and gas production enters the deepwater fields, flexible pipes get more and more widely application, for example, they can used for the dynamic risers from a subsea pipeline end manifold (PLEM) or riser tower to a floating production system; they are also used for the static risers, static flowlines, subsea jumpers, topside jumpers, and expansion joints.