bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Za anketu vam treba približno 3 minute, a novu knjižnicu dobivate zauvijek!
Authors: Đukec Kero Ivančica , Krpan Kristina , Pikić Aleksandra
Published: October 2018

Cilj. Ovim istraživanjem željelo se saznati u kojoj su mjeri Zagrepčani i Zagrepčanke otvoreni prema uslugama najmodernijih europskih i svjetskih narodnih knjižnica, a koje bi im nova gradska knjižnica mogla ponuditi.

Metodologija. Istraživanje se provelo metodom ankete, i to njezinom mrežnom inačicom, u razdoblju od 19. srpnja do 19. rujna 2017. godine na uzorku od 1311 ispitanika. Anketni upitnik bio je sastavljen od tri dijela. Prvi dio ankete sastojao se od 28 tvrdnji koje su tematski opisivale knjižnične usluge, fizički prostor i smještaj građe, dodatne usluge i dodatne pogodnosti. U drugom dijelu ankete ispitanicima je bilo omogućeno slobodno komentiranje, dok su se na kraju nalazila demografska pitanja o spolu i dobi ispitanika.

Rezultati. Rezultati su pokazali da je ispitanicima općenito jako važno u novoj knjižnici imati usluge poput npr. besplatnog bežičnog interneta, pristupa bazama podataka i/ili priključnih mjesta za korisničke uređaje. Žene su reagirale pozitivnije od muškaraca kada je u pitanju mogućnost pristupa bazama podataka, dostupnost prostora za grupni i individualni rad, raspoloživost većeg broj računala, uređaja za samozaduživanje i samorazduživanje itd. Statistički značajne razlike našle su se i među različitim dobnim skupinama ispitanika. Najčešće su se u mišljenju razlikovale skupine ispitanika u dobi od 16 do 24 godine naspram onih od 55 do 64 godine. Najmlađi ispitanici bili su suzdržaniji po pitanju predloženih usluga i pogodnosti, dok je spomenuta skupina starijih ispitanika iskazala veću otvorenost prema novinama. Činjenica da su mlađi ispitanici konzervativniji u pogledu onoga što im knjižnica može ponuditi u odnosu na njihove 40 godina starije sugrađane svojevrsno je iznenađenje.

Originalnost/vrijednost. U kampanji za novu zgradu Gradske knjižnice u Zagrebu posljednjih godina izmijenilo se mnogo aktera, održani su okrugli stolovi, izložbe, ispunjeni brojni obrasci i prijave, no nedostajala je najvažnija karika – građani Zagreba. Ovim istraživanjem Knjižnice grada Zagreba pozvale su građane da iskažu svoje mišljenje o tome što bi im Gradska knjižnica trebala predstavljati i nuditi.
Sedamdeset godina Knjižnice Marina Držića
Authors: Dragaš Božica
Published: October 2018

Cilj. Cilj je rada ukratko prikazati 70-godišnju povijest mreže Knjižnice Marina Držića, koju čine Knjižnica Marina Držića kao središnja knjižnica te tri njezina ogranka: Dječja knjižnica Marina Držića, Knjižnica Ivana Gorana Kovačića i Knjižnica Savica. Knjižnica Marina Držića dio je mreže Knjižnica grada Zagreba.

Pristup/metodologija/dizajn. Kronološki prikaz daje se od osnutka područne knjižnice 1948. godine, kao prve narodne knjižnice na području zagrebačke četvrti Trnje, do aktualnih pokazatelja rada svih sastavnica mreže Knjižnice Marina Držića. Podaci o Knjižnici prikupljeni su u Državnom arhivu Zagreb, arhivi Knjižnice Marina Držića, stručnim radovima objavljenim o programima Knjižnice te na knjižničnim mrežnim stranicama.

Rezultati. Povijesni pregled pokazuje povezanost razvoja Knjižnice, njezina fonda, usluga i programa s društvenim, kulturnim i urbanističkim zbivanjima u lokalnoj sredini, kao i demografskom dinamikom zajednice u kojoj djeluje. U radu je vidljivo da je Knjižnica svoj knjižnični fond, usluge i programe oblikovala na osnovi praćenja potreba zajednice. Rad također upozorava na problem nedostatnosti knjižničnih prostora, koji su u Knjižnici Marina Držića znatno manji od standardima predviđenih minimuma, što ne samo da otežava ispunjavanje svih uloga koje današnja knjižnica ima nego ih dijelom i posve onemogućava.

Originalnost/vrijednost. Rad je prvi kronološki prikaz povijesti Knjižnice Marina Držića te bi mogao biti polazište za iscrpnije istraživanje i podrobniji opis. S obzirom na to da o nastanku i razvoju zagrebačkih narodnih knjižnica postoji vrlo malo publiciranih radova, ovaj rad pridonosi izgradnji mozaika povijesti zagrebačkih knjižnica te može biti poticaj i nekoj drugoj knjižnici da načini sličan kronološki presjek ako ga još nema.
Relativistic mass paradox
Authors: as Jayaram
Published: October 2018

Relativistic mass is still to be analyzed correctly. This paper aims at giving a paradox using a thought experiment and hence to make reader to understand the concept.
Exploring the Economic, Environmental, and Travel Implications of Changes in Parking Choices due to Driverless Vehicles: An Agent-Based Simulation Approach
Authors: Harper Corey D. , Hendrickson Chris T. , Samaras Constantine
Published: October 2018

Fully driverless automated vehicles (AVs) could considerably alter the proximity value of parking, due to an AV’s ability to drop passengers off at their destination, search for cheaper parking, and return to pick up their occupants when needed. This study estimates the potential impact of privately-owned driverless vehicles on vehicle miles traveled (VMT), energy use, emissions, parking revenue, and daily parking cost savings in the city of Seattle, Washington from changes in parking decisions using an agent-based simulation model. Each AV is assumed to consider the cost to drive to each parking spot, the associated daily parking cost, and the parking availability at each location, and the AV ranks each choice in terms of economic cost. The simulation results indicate at the low penetration rates (5 to 25 percent AV penetration) AVs in downtown Seattle would travel an additional 3.5- 4.0 miles per day on average, and high penetration rates (50 to 100 percent AV penetration) would travel an additional 5.6-8.4 miles per day on average. The results also suggest that as AV penetration rates increase, parking lot revenues decrease significantly and could likely decline to the point where operating a lot is unsustainable economically, if no parking demand management policies are implemented. This could lead to changes in land use as the amount of parking needed in urban areas is reduced and cars move away from the downtown area for cheaper parking. This analysis provides an illustration of the first-order effects of AVs on the built environment and could help inform near and long- term policy and infrastructure decisions during the transition to automation.
Media Pembelajaran Anak Usia Dini
Authors: Guslinda
Published: October 2018

Cara berfikir anak usia dini yang masih berada pada tahap pra operasional sangat membutuhkan media, sumber dan APE dalam pembelajarannya. Penggunaan media, sumber belajar dan APE yang tepat tentu akan dapat memberikan stimulus yang tepat juga terhadap perkembangan anak. Untuk itu guru sangat dituntut untuk kreatif dalam mengembangkan media, sumber belajar, atau APE. Media pembelajaran anak usia dini perannya sangat penting dalam membantu pendidik dalam proses belajar pembelajaran di dalam kelas maupun di luar kelas. Media pembelajaran anak usia dini dapat digunakan sesuai dengan jenis medianya seperti visual, audio, dan audio visual secara multifungsi. Sekaligus media pembelajaran ini dapat dikembangkan berdasarkan aspek budaya, seni, lingkungan, tema pembelajaran, dan aspek perkembangan anak.Pengembangan aspek perkembangan anak usia dini dapat dicapai dengan adanya pemberian stimulus yang tepat. Untuk dapat memberikan stimulus yang tepat perlu adanya wawasan dan keterampilan dari pendidik. Guru adalah orang yang memiliki peran penting dalam pengembangan pembelajaran dalam mengembangkan media, sumber belajar, dan APE untuk anak usia dini.
Hiperpigmentasi
Authors: Minerva Prima
Published: October 2018

Warna kulit dan rambut penting bagi nilai estetik seseorang. Warna kulit secara alamiah ditentukan oleh beberapa komponen yang terdapat dalam kulit yaitu : ketebalan, peredaran darah, kadar hemoglobin, karoten dan melanin pada kulit. Kelangsungan proses inilah yang akan menentukan apakah pewarnaan kulit berlangsung normal atau berlebih. Penduduk Indonesia termasuk ras Malanesia yang memiliki warna kulit umumnya sawo matang dan termasuk golongan 4 dan 5 menurut criteria Fitzpatrick. Namun akibat perubahan nilai estetika penduduk dewasa ini kebanyakan menginginkan kulitnya menjadi lebih putih seperti ras kaukasian (Eropa) sehingga perubahan warna kulit menjadi lebih gelap maka menjadi sebuah problem yang besar bagi wanita pada umumnya. Melalui tulisan ini dibahas tentang teori tentang penyebab hiperpigmentasi pada kulit serta panduan bagaimana mencegah dan merawat kulit yang mengalami hiperpigmentasi.
Merayakan Kelahiran Bromartani
Authors: Wahyudi Wendi Ahmad
Published: October 2018

Mungkin tak banyak tahu bahwa pada hari ini, tepatnya 123 tahun yang lalu. Sebuah catatan sejarah digoreskan. Memang bukan sebuah peristiwa yang sangat berpengaruh dalam lahirnya Indonesia sebagai sebuah negara bangsa dikemudian hari. Tapi catatan sejarah ini penting bagi perjalanan pers di Indonesia. Penggores catatan sejarah tersebut dilakukan oleh Bromartani yang menjadi surat kabar pertama di Indonesia–Hindia Belanda pada saat itu–yang terbit dalam bahasa pribumi. Surat kabar ini terbit dalam bahasa Jawa. Memang namanya tak segaung Bintang Hindia, Bintang Timoer, atau Medan Prijaji dalam cerita sejarah pers Indonesia. Hal itu (mungkin) bisa sedikit dimaklumi, karena memang pendiri surat kabar tersebut bukanlah seorang pribumi. Tetapi malah didirikan oleh seorang Belanda totok. Namun, jika membicarakan surat kabar berbahasa pribumi, Bromartani lah yang menggoreskan tinta sejarah itu pertama kali.
Inovasi Pendidikan Pembelajaran Ekonomi (Metode Pembelajaran Untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Ekonomi)
Authors: Armiati Armiati
Published: October 2018

Pembelajaran ekonomi pada umumnya merupakan pembelajaran konsep yang bersifat hafalan. Fokus utama pembelajaran ekonomi itu adalah bagaimana menghadirkan kondisi riil dari aktivitas-aktivitas pelaku ekonomi yang terdiri dari produsen, konsumen dan distributor dalam situasi nyata. Sampai saat ini mayoritas guru-guru ekonomi di sekolah masih menggunakan metode pembelajaran yang konvensional seperti ceramah, tanya jawab dan pemberian tugas. Hal ini membuat pelajaran ekonomi tidak menarik dan membosankan. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan pembelajaran ekonomi tersebut, salah satu inovasi yang bisa dilakukan oleh guru adalah dengan menggunakan metode pembelajaran simulasi berbasis inkuiri. Melalui metode tersebut, dapat memberikan wawasan untuk mengajarkan konsep-konsep ekonomi yang lebih kreatif dan inovatif dan siswa diajak terlibat langsung dalam proses KBM.
Mind-Wandering and Mindfulness as Mediators of the Relation Between Online Vigilance and Well-Being
Authors: Johannes Niklas , Veling Harm , Dora Jonas , Meier Adrian , Reinecke Leonard , Buijzen Moniek
Published: October 2018

As mobile technology allows users to be online anywhere and at all times, a growing number of users report feeling constantly alert and preoccupied with online streams of online information and communication—a phenomenon that has recently been termed online vigilance. Despite its growing prevalence, the consequences of this constant orientation towards online streams of information and communication for users’ well-being are largely unclear. In the present study, we investigated whether being constantly vigilant is related to cognitive consequences in the form of increased mind-wandering and decreased mindfulness, and examined the resulting implications for well-being. To test our assumptions, we estimated a path model based on survey data (N = 371). The model supported the majority of our preregistered hypotheses: Online vigilance was indeed related to mind-wandering and mindfulness, but only mindfulness mediated the relation with decreased well-being. Thus, those mentally preoccupied with online communication were overall less satisfied with their lives and reported less affective well-being when they also experienced reduced mindfulness.
Identifying the representational structure of affect using fMRI
Authors: Mattek Alison , Burr Daisy A. , Shin Jin , Whicker Cady L. , Kim M. Justin
Published: October 2018

The events we experience day to day can be described in terms of their affective quality: some are rewarding, others are upsetting, and still others are inconsequential. These natural distinctions reflect an underlying representational structure used to classify the affective quality of events. In affective psychology, many experiments model this representational structure with two dimensions, using either the dimensions of valence and arousal, or alternatively, the dimensions of positivity and negativity. Using an fMRI dataset, we show that these affective dimensions are not strictly linear combinations each other, and show that it is critical that all four dimensions be used to examined the data. Our findings include (1) a gradient representation of valence anatomically organized along the fusiform gyrus, and (2) distinct subregions within bilateral amygdala tracking arousal versus negativity. Importantly, these patterns would have remained concealed had either of the prevailing 2-dimensional approaches been adopted a priori.
Do Religious Primes Increase Risk Taking? Evidence Against “Anticipating Divine Protection” in Two Preregistered Direct Replications
Authors: Gervais Will M , McKee Stephanie Elizabeth , Malik Sarah
Published: October 2018

Do reminders of God encourage people to take more risks? A recent paper (Kupor, Laurin, & Levav, 2015) reported 9 studies that all yielded statistically significant results consistent with hypothesis. We conducted two large-sample preregistered direct replications (total N = 1104) of studies in this paper (Studies 1a and 1b), and evaluated replicability via 1) statistical significance, 2) a “small telescopes” approach (Simonsohn, 2015), 3) Bayes factors (Gronau, Ly, & Wagenmakers, 2017), and 4) meta-analyses pooling across original and replication studies. None of these approaches found replicable effects. Combining both original studies and both replications yields strong evidence in support of the null over a default alternative hypothesis, BF01 = 11.04, meaning that the totality of evidence speaks against the possibility that religious primes increase nonmoral risk taking in these designs. This suggests that support for the “anticipating divine protection” hypothesis may be overstated. Preprint https://psyarxiv.com/8f7qd/
Putting the age of criminal and tort liability into context: a dialogue between law and psychology
Authors: Ferreira Nuno
Published: October 2018

The concepts of ‘liability age’ and ‘capacity responsibility’ have been widely dissected by researchers in various ﬁelds. However, their application to both criminal and tort liability of children remains inconsistent. Furthermore, rarely has an interdisciplinary approach adequately dealt with these concepts and their impact on legal norms. This text investigates the notion of criminal and tort liability age in connection with the notion of capacity responsibility, in relation to children, and further questions the adequacy of the relevant legal norms. This endeavour to improve the applicable legal norms is supported by an analysis of the pertinent ﬁndings in the ﬁeld of psychology, particularly in respect of the moral development of children. Informed by an excursion through the ideas of Piaget, Kohlberg, and Gilligan, among others, regarding the moral development of children, the text also serves to assess the impact of concepts of moral responsibility and maturity, in relation to the development of the legal norms, which determine the age of liability of children. The text concludes with a proposal for a criminal and tort liability age framework, based upon indicative/presumptive age milestones, and an integrated approach to all relevant circumstances in casu.
Buscando simetrias no fim do mundo: pessoas, mamíferos marinhos e objetos na Antártica do século XIX
Authors: Nolasco Raquel Caldas
Published: October 2018

Esta pesquisa buscou pensar os contextos de caça de mamíferos marinhos ocorridos durante as primeiras ocupações humanas na Antártica, no início do século XIX. Para isso foram utilizados conceitos da Antropologia e Arqueologia Simétrica, entendendo que não apenas as pessoas tiveram papel ativo na história dessas atividades, mas também outros atores. Considerando que mamíferos marinhos e objetos também atuaram nesse contexto, buscou-se mostrar como esses atores se relacionaram durante o período em que estiveram compartilhando do ambiente antártico. Através de vestígios arqueológicos encontrados nas Ilhas Shetland do Sul e de documentação escrita sobre o tema, criou-se uma nova narrativa, em que novos personagens puderam ser inseridos na história do continente antártico.
Diálogos con los muertos. Ideología y cementerio
Authors: McGuire Randall H.
Published: October 2018

Los arqueólogos están acostumbrados a asumir una relación directa entre la inversión funeraria y el estatus social (Binford, 1971; Saxe, 1970; Tainter, 1978; O’Shea, 1984; Bartel, 1982). Muchos han supuesto que los ricos siempre han adquirido para sí las formas de exhibición mortuoria más suntuosas. Para estos investigadores, el ritual mortuorio, la forma de enterramiento, el ajuar funerario y los monumentos reflejan directamente la dimensión social, que a su vez es el resultado de las relaciones materiales que determinaron el nivel evolutivo de la cultura.Recientemente, un número cada vez mayor de investigadores han rechazado la conceptualización del ritual funerario como algo determinado y en ningún caso determinante, y en su lugar han ubicado al ritual mortuorio en el ámbito de la ideología (Hodder, 1982; Pearson, 1982; Shanks & Tilley, 1982; Miller & Tilley, 1984; Kristiansen, 1984).  Ellos consideran al análisis de los restos mortuorios como un caso particular dentro del estudio más general sobre cómo la ideología legitima el orden social. Ellos destacan el poder y las anomalías entre los poderosos y los que carecen de poder en las sociedades como una dinámica interna para el cambio cultural. Como ideología, el ritual funerario no se refiere necesariamente a las relaciones reales de poder en una sociedad, sino a una expresión idealizada de estas relaciones. El ritual actúa ideológicamente para mantener el orden social al distorsionar la verdadera naturaleza de las relaciones sociales. El ritual funerario es, por lo tanto, una parte activa de la negociación y la lucha entre los poderosos y los que carecen de poder en la sociedad.Mi propósito inicial al estudiar las lápidas de los últimos 180 años en el condado de Broome, Nueva York, fue determinar si proporcionaban un reflejo directo de la estratificación social en la comunidad. Luego de un breve examen, fue evidente que en algunos períodos temporales sí lo hacían y en otros no. El supuesto de que reflejan directamente el orden social dentro de una única etapa evolutiva claramente no se confirma. Más importante aún, la respuesta a mi pregunta inicial planteó temas mucho más fascinantes que la investigación original.
جهود عرفان عبد الحميد في دراسة الأديان: النصرانية أنموذجا Contributions of ‘Irfān ‘Abd al-Ḥamīd in comparative study of religion: Christianity as a case study
Authors: توري Sekou Toure سيكو , وان محمد أمين Wan Mohd Azam Mohd Amin وان محمد عزام بن , الخلف (Awad Al-Khalaf) عوض
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Muslim scholars have done great contribution to the field of Comparative Religion in Islamic heritage. In contemporary era numbers of Muslim experts appear in the field of studying religions, names such as Aḥmad Shalabī, Abū Zahrah, al-A‘ẓamī, al Fārūqī and ‘Irfān ‘Abd al- Ḥamīd Fattāḥ are among them. This paper aims at shading light to the efforts, methods and contributions of al-marḥūm Faṭṭāḥ’s in his work of studying Christianity and other religions. A qualitative methodology in which the critical textual analysis approach has been used in studying materials related to Faṭṭāḥ. Findings indicate that Faṭṭāḥ presented Christian faith in consistence with the historical development of Christianity..
تحليل مفهوم الحاكمية في فكر سيد قطب
Authors: Al-Banna Ibrahim Abd Allah , Mohd Daud Noor Amali bin
Published: October 2018

This article analyzes the conceptual framework of ‘al-ḥākimiyyah'  (the sovereignty) in Sayyed Quṭb’s discourse. It characterizes the definition of al-ḥākimiyyah, categories as well as examples of the notion in Quṭb’s point of view. The article also investigates views of scholars who support Quṭb as well as those who oppose him in regards to this notion. The study concludes that al-ḥākimiyyah in Quṭb’s viewpoint only acknowledges and legitimizes the sovereignty of God, and man has no right to claim the legitimacy. As part of God’s characteristics, the understanding of al-ḥākimiyyah will never compromise any mixture of īmān  and refusal of Divine jurisdiction together. In relation to the concept, the article also clarifies that any attempts of associating takfīr (pronouncement someone as unbeliever) to Quṭb,can be accounted as baseless accusation and unsubstantiated.

Keywords: Al-ḥākimiyyah, Sayyed Quṭb, supporters, oppositions, Divine Lordship
DEALING WITH ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES: PREPARING A FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION, POLICY AND LAWS IN MALAYSIA
Authors: Mohamad Nor Asiah
Published: October 2018

Much has been said about the environment, nevertheless, much of the action has yet to be seen to materialize. Even, endeavours currently in implementation do not seem to promise any good results. Yet, all seem to agree that mankind is the main cause of the destruction and losses. Man comes and goes. The present laws and policies never caveat any progress or improvement. It is mooted in this paper that what is needed for the future is simply education. A good educational system will ensure that each individual, layman or professional, goes through the same process of receiving information and knowledge. In this paper, it is submitted that Islam lays a good foundation for teaching and learning about the environment. Man-made laws alone are insufficient to create consistent awareness and consciousness as far as a duty to take good care of the environment is concerned. Natures is a great gift from the Creator for mankind, yet, they never make any effort to realize this. Thus, the foundation must fix its pillars to the belief that protecting the environment is an act of faith.
NON CUSTODIAL TREATMENT OF OFFENDERS: THE MALAYSIAN APPROACH∗
Authors: Akram Mohammad
Published: October 2018

Crime as a social phenomenon has existed throughout the history of mankind, however it is increasingly realized that to reduce the crime rate and deleterious effects of crime on society, a constructive and meaningful policy is required. There is a growing awareness that one such constructive approach is the change from custodial measures of punishment to non-custodial measures. This policy is in line with crime control programs. In all societies efforts are being made to control crime as well as to relieve offenders, their families and societies as a whole from the ill-effects of crime by adopting community-oriented programs of punishment. This article examines closely the aims, the effectiveness and the use of various noncustodial measures. The measures to be discussed in this paper include absolute and conditional discharge, binding over, probation, fine, community services and attendance centers.
INDONESIA’S RESPONSE TO ILO 185 CONVENTION AN ANALYSIS
Authors: Hasan Firman
Published: October 2018

To protect its labour who work overseas Indonesia has initiated cooperation with some Middle Eastern countries and some organizations such as United Nations High Commission on Refugees (UNHCR) and International Organization of Migration (IOM). ILO Convention 185/2003 has been put in place as a result of the American pressure on the International Labour Organisation (ILO). While the benefits of the convention are difficult to deny there are also concerns about its potential abuse and other problems arising from its implementation.
‘NECESSITY’ IN CRIMINAL AND MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE: A COMPARISON OF COMMON LAW AND ISLAMIC LAW CONCEPTS
Authors: Candlish John
Published: October 2018

The jurisprudential concept of ‘necessity,’ which had its origins in the criminal aspects of both Common Law and Islamic Law, is becoming increasingly important in medical law, especially in relation to organ transplantation, therapeutic cloning, and in vitro fertilisation techniques. Criminal aspects remain closely related to the further concept of ‘duress’ (vitiation of free will) and civil/medical aspects to that of ‘proportionality’ (that the deviation from a norm must be related to the benefit obtained). This paper attempts to examine attitudes of Common Law and Islamic Law to these issues, after some preliminary remarks as to the difficulties and dangers of generalisation. However it may be confidently affirmed that the concepts of necessity and proportionality are well embedded in both systems. Notably also, in both systems there is an abhorrence of commercial transactions involving body parts. There are divergences however - Common Law, broadly, allows any sort of transplantation, for example for cosmetic reasons, whereas as Islam regards this as essential only for the saving of life. In respect of therapeutic cloning there appears to be little divergence of views. In respect of in vitro fertilization, in all Common Law jurisdictions non-spousal sperm donors, anonymous or otherwise, are freely available, and may indeed be paid, whereas in Islam the spousal father must also be the biological father. It is a novelty of the modern world, however, that in almost all countries, even those with a majority Muslim population (like Malaysia) secular law allows freedom of choice so that involvement in these modern medical techniques devolves on personal morality.
CONSUMER REDRESS MECHANISMS IN MALAYSIA: PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES
Authors: Amin Naemah
Published: October 2018

An efficient, inexpensive and informal redress machinery is indeed essential for attaining consumer protection. In this respect the ordinary court system in Malaysia is generally perceived to be unable to satisfy consumers’ needs. Thus the establishment of the Tribunal for Consumer Claims in 1999 and the Tribunal for Homebuyer Claims in 2002 may be considered as two major landmarks in the development of consumer protection law in Malaysia. It is the aim of this paper to examine the current status of these two Tribunals, which shares many common features save for the jurisdiction. Although records show that the Tribunals have received tremendous response from consumers in Malaysia, there are yet many improvements to be made. In addition this paper examines the challenges faced by the Tribunals in the course of offering an informal, faster and cheaper procedure to consumers. Some of these major challenges are enforcement of the Tribunals judgement, accessibility, publicity and judicial review.
RECOVERABILITY OF ECONOMIC LOSS ARISING FROM DEFECTIVE BUILDINGS IN MALAYSIA: BALANCING THE JUST INTERESTS
Authors: Hussain Ahangar Mohd Altaf
Published: October 2018

The judicial approach to the recoverability of economic loss arising from defective buildings has been uncertain globally. Malaysia has been no exception to this process. Until recently, it either allowed or disallowed such claim irrespective of the status of the defendant and public interest. However, in two reported cases of 2006, namely Majlis Perbandaran Ampang Jaya v Steven Phoa Cheng Loon and Lim Teck Kong v Dr. Abdul Hamid Abdul Rashid, the court came out with two different judgments although the plaintiffs in both cases claimed defective building economic loss. The varying decisions took into consideration the status of the defendants and public interest rather than the nature of claim. Analysis of both judgments suggests that the Malaysian judiciary is playing a constructive role in the evolution of a just society in Malaysia.
WIFE BATTERING FROM AN ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE AND MALAYSIAN LEGAL PROVISIONS
Authors: Hussin Nasimah , Muhammad Ramizah Wan
Published: October 2018

Wife battering is a ground for divorce in the Malaysian Shariah Courts. Some husbands claim that it is their prerogative right to discipline their wives by corporal punishment based on their superficial understanding of the Qur’anic text 4:34 which seems to justify this argument. Some feminist organizations condemn this and allege that if physical assault is lawful in Islam, it leads to a woman’s persecution. This paper examines the issue of wife battering from both Islamic perspective and Malaysian legal provisions. It clarifies the misconception that exists regarding the above issue which is in fact, due to lack of understanding and prejudice against Islamic law.
PRINCIPLES TO BE FOLLOWED IN PARTIAL HARMONIZATION BETWEEN ISLAMIC FIQH AND MAN-MADE LAW
Authors: Amanullah Muhammad
Published: October 2018

Nowadays all over the Muslim world, with exceptions, Man-made law, inherited from the civil or common law of the colonial power, such as Britain, France, etc., is widely being used. According to some scholars, present Man-made law of the Muslim world has been also partially influenced by the Islamic fiqh. Therefore, there are sporadic similarities between them. Additionally, many rulings that are found in Man-made law of any Muslim country do not exist in Islamic fiqh books because these rulings are related to the issues, which did not exist in the past. Hence, if an Islamic government were established today, it would not be able to abandon all of them. On the other hand, many contemporary Muslim jurists maintain that all that belongs to Man-made law are considered to be kufr (unbelief), whereas majority of the scholars of Man-made law consider that Islamic fiqh is not suitable for the contemporarylife of Muslims.1 In this situation there should be some bridge between these two opposite views, so that Islamic fiqh would get some benefits from the Man made law and vice versa. The basic objective of this is to suggest some principles for partial harmonization between Islamic fiqh and Man-made law. In order to achieve this objective, the researcher will try to explore principles of Islamic jurisprudence (Uṣūl al-Fiqh) and select some of these principles that suit this partial harmonization process. Likewise, he will investigate the opinions of contemporary Muslim jurists regarding this issue.
A RE-ASSESSMENT OF AUDITORS’ OFFICE IN ENHANCING ACCOUNTABILITY
Authors: Krishnan Loganathan
Published: October 2018

In the context of contemporary corporate atmosphere, auditors are pivotal. They act as a financial guardian in the interests of stockholders and stakeholders. Hence, there is a gradual trend of increasing reliance on auditors and their report. Most importantly, the report is lodged at the Companies Commission of Malaysia to enable stockholders and stakeholders to view the report. Hence, this study will examine the office of auditors pertaining to laws governing eligibility, appointment, qualification, disqualification, resignation and removal. The study will determine whether there are any weaknesses in the relevant laws which contribute to the passive role played by auditors. The study then proceeds to scrutinise whether the powers and rights entrusted to the auditors are adequate in protecting the interests of the stockholders and stakeholders. In doing so, the study will show that the powers and rights of the auditors are superficial in truly protecting the interests of the stockholders and stakeholders. The study will then recommend the necessary reforms to be made to the relevant provisions of the Companies Act 1965 to enhance the accountability of auditors. This is important since there is also a growing trend to make professionals more accountable.
Ahmad Ibrahim Memorial Lecture; FIFTY YEARS OF CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT IN MALAYSIA
Authors: Abas Tun Salleh
Published: October 2018

It is has been a long time since I stood in front of academics and an illustrious audience. Today I consider it a great honour for me to deliver the 9th Memorial Lecture in honour of a great man, the late Professor Emeritus Tan Sri Ahmad Ibrahim who spent all his energy and  learning towards spreading Islamic law. However I feel somewhat diffident and inadequate to the task having regards to the fact that the last twenty years of my life were spent away from active public service.
MUSLIM WOMEN’S RIGHTS TO MUTʿAH AFTER DISSOLUTION OF MARRIAGE UNDER ISLAMIC LAW: AN ABSOLUTE OR LIMITED RIGHT
Authors: Mohd Azizah , Malek Normi Abd
Published: October 2018

A Muslim divorced woman is entitled to several rights after dissolution of her marriage. Those rights include maintenance during ʿiddah, right to accommodation during ʿiddah, right to the custody of children, right to any deferred mahr, right to a share in jointly acquired property and right to mutʿah or consolatory gift. These rights are meant particularly to protect the interests and welfare of the divorced wife after dissolution of her marriage. Mutʿah is a property which is a replacement or an addition to the dower given to the divorced wife, to console and to assist her in facing life after divorce especially if she is divorced without just cause. This paper seeks to examine whether this right is absolute for all divorced wives or whether it is only limited to a particular situation where for example the wife is divorced without just cause or where the divorce is not initiated by the wife. For that purpose, the principle on mutʿah under the Sharīʿah and provisions of Islamic law in Malaysia will be examined, to determine the extent of its application to the Muslim community in Malaysia.
PRINCIPLE 10, THE AARHUS CONVENTION AND STATUS OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS IN THE MALAYSIAN LAWS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO EIAs
Authors: Ansari Abdul Haseeb
Published: October 2018

Like many countries that are really keen to strike a meaningful balance between environment and development and for the wish to employ environment impact assessment (EIA) as a necessary tool, Malaysia has made it mandatory with respect to nineteen activities that are likely to leave deleterious effects on the environment. The law provides for adhering to the widely accepted procedure, including people’s participation, especially of those who might be affected by proposed development projects or any other activity to which an EIA is a necessary requirement. In spite of the fact that the law enshrines the cardinal points of Principle 10 of the Rio Declaration and the Aarhus Convention and is comparable with similar laws in some developed countries, the conditions of the components of the environment are not improving. Some say it is because of the flaccidness on the part of those who are responsible to approve EIAs; some others blame irresponsible developers and factory owners and poor enforcement of the environmental law as a whole, including poor public participation. In fact, both are responsible for the deleterious conditions of the environment and its various unfettered harmful processes. The paper limits its scope to critical appraisal of the law pertaining to EIA, its enforcement in the country with special emphasis on public participation, and offers constructive and functional suggestions pertaining to public participation so that it is properly enforced and serves the desired objective of sustainable development and protection of the environment.
THE LAW OF DAMAGES IN MALAYSIA: HAS THE LAW ON THE MULTIPLIER FOR THE LOSS OF DEPENDENCY BEEN SETTLED?
Authors: Nicholson Charles
Published: October 2018

The law applicable in a claim for loss of support by the dependants of a deceased victim in Malaysia is found in the relevant provisions contained in the Civil Law Act 1956, amended in 1984. It would have been thought that with the passing of these statutory amendments, the legislature had removed the judicial discretion, if any, with finality in the law being established. However, that was not how the courts interpreted these amendments to be and the resulting conflicting judicial approaches that evolved was observed to have created confusion in the application of these enacted provisions. The article examines the position of the law in Malaysia and in particular, the appropriate multiplier to be adopted when calculating the loss of support and how the law evolved through the exercise of judicial discretion observed from the number of reported judgments since the amendments. The article concludes that the recent judgments of the Federal Court may not have resolved these concerns observed in this area of the law.
SOME THOUGHTS ON SEPARATION OF POWERS: WESTMINSTER MODEL versus AMERICAN MODEL
Authors: Ismail Ibrahim bin
Published: October 2018

The focus of this paper is of the working system of government based on the theory of separation of powers. The theory in its original idea is hardly implemented in the world today. Necessary modifications and adjustments ought to be made to suit the adopting countries. As a result of the theory, there exists two dominant world governmental systems, which have been championed by the United Kingdom and the United States of America. The UK’s system is better known as the Westminster model or parliamentary system; whereas the USA’s system is popularly known as the presidential system. Each system has its own strengths and weaknesses. This paper also highlights the influence of the theory through constitutional provisions and judicial pronouncements, which indicates the modification of the two models to suit countries like Malaysia.
THE NON-RECOGNITION OF ISLAMIC MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE
Authors: McDermott John
Published: October 2018

The general rule regarding the validity of foreign marriages followed by most US courts is that a marriage if validly performed is valid everywhere. But there are exceptions based on public policy. Thus, while a non-incestuous, monogamous marriage performed in a Muslim country between consenting adults would be recognized in the United States, a polygamous marriage most likely will not. Bigamy is a crime in all states, although the husband is rarely prosecuted unless there are other factors, e.g., spousal abuse or fraud. The U.S. Constitution’s protection of an individual’s religious rights might be asserted as a basis for allowing Muslim men to have more than one wife but it seems unlikely to succeed as the Supreme Court rejected a similar argument in a case involving a Mormon man who had several wives as permitted by his religion. However, several state supreme courts have recently held that a State cannot constitutionally ban same sex marriages; this article explores the possibility that similar bans on polygamous marriage might be held to be unconstitutional. The article also explores the difficulties encountered in attempting to have a US court give effect to a Ṭalāq divorce, especially where the Ṭalāq is not confirmed by a court or other judicial body.
VIABILITY OF ISLAMIC BANKING AND FINANCE IN SOUTH AFRICA: A LOOK AT THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND GOVERNANCE
Authors: Taliep Moegamat Igshaan , Hassan Rusni , Yusoff Adnan
Published: October 2018

South Africa has a total Muslim population of more than 1 million people representing 2.1% of total population (Islamic Finance News, 27th October 2010), thus creating the demand for Islamic banking and finance. Though the concept of Islamic banking in South Africa can be traced back to several decades, the practical implementation only started in late 1980s with slow initial start up. Presently, while the industry is relatively modest in term to figures, Islamic banking is strategically important for economic development of the country. South African Islamic banking is set to expand at a rapid rate as the new players identify huge opportunity in the country. However, Islamic banks face a series of challenges in the South African market. Increasing framework are the significant challenges for all institutions in the Islamic banking markets. This paper looks at the challenges of the legal framework and governance in implementing Islamic banking and finance in South Africa.
THE LEGALITY OF A LIVING TRUST AS AN INSTRUMENT FOR ISLAMIC WEALTH MANAGEMENT: A MALAYSIAN PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Halim Akmal Hidayah
Published: October 2018

At present, the use of living trust is advocated as one of the best mechanisms to be considered for Islamic wealth management in Malaysia. Whilst the purpose of creating a living trust is to benefit the beneficiary, the settlor retains complete control and enjoyment over the trust property during his lifetime, and the beneficiary will only benefit the trust property after the death of the settlor. This instrument has been legally recognised to be applicable to Muslims in Malaysia and is enforceable against the settlor or his estate, irrespective of whether or not possession of the property was given to the beneficiary during the lifetime of the settlor or whether or not the settlor enjoyed the property during his lifetime. This situation is inconsistent with the rule of Islamic law on gift (hibah) and succession, especially when the beneficiary is a person who has the legal capacity to own property and who may be one of the legal heirs of the deceased-settlor. This article seeks to examine the execution of living trust by Muslims in Malaysia so that the rights of the beneficiaries under such trust are legally ascertained according to the Islamic law.
GOOD GOVERNANCE AND PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN AFRICA: THE ROLE OF THE LEGISLATURE IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY
Authors: Salman R K
Published: October 2018

This article is intended to detail the extent of human rights abuse in Africa and broad conceptual issues of good governance and why it is needed in Africa. It commences with a belief that many African countries have been mis-ruled and as such needs good governance. It assumes that good governance on a continuing basis requires an effective institutional infrastructure and that functioning legislatures can help in that respect. It also contends that good governance and to a large extent some level of functioning democracy is related. The paper shows that effective legislature helps to sustain democracy where it exists and elsewhere help to democratize by fulfilling the promise inherent in the public’s right to be represented. If given necessary opportunity, representative institutions can connect people to their government by giving them a forum where their needs can be articulated. But to achieve this, cooperation of other institutional bodies are inevitable. Therefore, section I of the paper examines the African concept of human rights and chronicles the problems of Africa which is tagged violation of human rights and bad leadership. Sections II explores the concept of good governance, its genesis and what it entails. The section links human rights to good governance and states why it is needed in Africa. While section III explains the modern concept of legislature, what legislatures do, and how they do it. The section advocates for some mechanisms which will enhance effective performance of legislature. The paper concludes with a strong hope that the legislature can significantly impact on good governance and human rights if given cooperation by media, human rights bodies and other arms of government.
IMPLEMENTATION OF ISLAMIC CRIMINAL LAW IN INDONESIA: TAʿZĪR PUNISHMENT AS A SOLUTION?
Authors: Santoso Topo
Published: October 2018

This article deals with the recent development of Islamic criminal law in Indonesia, particularly taʿzīr crime. The application of taʿzīr crime accommodates many different groups because taʿzīr is part of Islamic criminal law (supported by Sharīʿah proponents), and the modified nature of taʿzīr punishment is potentially acceptable to the Indonesian people. However, there is still a lot of criticism concerning its application and in practice, there is a sort of compromise and moderation, in a form of “inconsistent application of Islamic criminal law” or “incomprehensive implementation of Islamic criminal law.” The punishment should be adapted according to the people’s tolerance and acceptance. People may tolerate imprisonment, fine, community service order, or even whipping but not stoning. It is submitted that a kind of “mediation” or middle way adopted in implementing Islamic criminal law is by moderation or modification of its punishment. Since neither the Qur’ān nor the Ḥadīth is determinative of taʿzīr punishment, the function of applying the appropriate punishmment can be left to the discretion of a judge or a ruler, thus minimising any rejection or criticism. However, from fiqh or Islamic jurisprudence, the question whether that kind of approach (to moderate the punishment) can be accepted still needs to be answered.
THE EVIDENTIAL WEIGHT OF THE ELECTRONIC DOCUMENT UNDER JORDANIAN LAW: AN OVERALL COMMENT
Authors: Al-Qassaymeh Maen Mohammad Ali S.
Published: October 2018

It is submitted that electronic commerce has become factual truth as it creates legal relations among persons, whether they are natural or juristic persons. It has become an important part of internal and international trade when merchants negotiate and conclude contracts without regard to their place of residence. The conventional written document which is deemed the most important instrument that performs an evidential role in conventional contracts is disappearing in this cyberspace commerce. This phenomenon has led to the generating of an alternative instrument, which is the electronic document that performs the same evidential role as the conventional document. This article analyses the evidential weight of the electronic document in Jordanian Law and the extent to which this document satisfies the basic requirements to achieve its evidential role. It also discusses the simultaneous extent of compliance of Jordanian Electronic Transaction Law (JETL)1 to the international criteria and the internal conventional criteria.
ANALYSIS OF THE CAPITULATORY REGIME IN EGYPT IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY
Authors: Crivellaro Jacopo
Published: October 2018

This essay analyses the legal regime of Capitulations in Egypt at the apogee of European abuse of the privilege in the Nineteenth Century. Capitulations were trade oriented prerogatives granted to the European merchants by the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire during the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Century. With the weakening of the Ottoman Empire, the privileges were gradually extended to the point that they awarded foreigners substantial immunity from local jurisdiction and legislation. Once Egypt acquired a greater self-governing status with the successful campaigns of Mohammed Ali, the Capitulatory texts were further enlarged by a substantial body of customary law. Custom operated to exempt Western citizens from compliance with local legislation and immunize them from local jurisdiction. The custom acquired an even more aggressive stance when foreign residents were permitted to sue local defendants and request the application of the foreign resident’s law. Essentially, Consular tribunals, by administering an inequitable consular justice often in favour of the foreign party eviscerated the local judicial system of any authority. The practice only subsided with the institution of Mixed Courts of Jurisdiction in 1876 and the Montreaux Convention of 1936.