bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationships among Chronological Age, Intelligence, and Rate of Subjective Time
Authors: Mc Grath James J. , O'Hanlon James F.
Published: September 2011

Relationships among 48 Ss' ages and IQs and their rates of subjective times (RST) were examined. A strong positive correlation was obtained between age and RST. In general the older the man, the faster was his RST. The strength of this relationship did depend, however, upon the interval of time S was required to estimate for the determination of his RST. In general, the shorter the interval the stronger was the relationship. No relationship was found between IQ and RST.
Individual Differences in Auditory Reaction Time and Loudness Estimation
Authors: Reason James T.
Published: September 2011

Three measures were computed for each of 32 undergraduate Ss: (1) the rate at which simple RTs to auditory stimuli decrease with sound-intensity, (2) the rate at which numerical estimates of loudness increase over the same stimulus range, (3) the mean of 60 RTs to a 70-db auditory stimulus. A significant rho of .45 was found between the slopes of the RT and loudness functions, but neither slope value was significantly related to the mean RT.
Bibliography of Sensory and Perceptual Deprivation, Isolation, and Related Areas
Authors: Weinstein Sidney , Fisher Larry , Richlin Milton , Weisinger Marvin
Published: September 2011

This 1199-item bibliography is concerned with the general topics of sensory and perceptual deprivation, isolation, relative restriction of sensory input, brain-washing, life in isolated outposts, submarines, etc.
Perspective Reversal Rates and Reports of an Attribute of Apparent Depth in a Flat Stimulus
Authors: Mefferd Roy B. , Leppmann Peter K. , Wieland Betty A.
Published: September 2011

Os who reported that the 2 equal-sized faces of a Necker cube appeared to be of the same size had significantly lower perspective reversal rates than Os who reported that the “near” face appeared to be smaller than the “far” face. It was suggested that Os who failed to report an apparent size difference may fail to perceive depth in the cube and that this is reflected in their low perspective reversal rates.
An Instrument to Measure Visual Discrimination in Young Children
Authors: Stern Carolyn , Lombard Avima
Published: September 2011

An objective test to measure visual discrimination without the confounding of motor coordination was administered to 291 3-, 4-, and 5-yr.-old Negro and Caucasian boys and girls from 2 levels of socioeconomic status. Significant age and race main effects were found but there were no reliable differences for sex or SES.
Effects of Mode of Presentation and Number of Categories on Estimates of Proportion by 4-Year-Olds
Authors: Widom Cathy Spatz , Ginsburg Herbert
Published: September 2011

Two studies of 4-yr.-old Ss were concerned with the effects of mode of presentation (simultaneous versus successive) and number of categories on estimates of proportion. Exp. I compared simultaneous and successive presentations, using two categories of elements. The results indicate that 4-yr.-old children are fairly accurate in their estimates and are able consistently to discriminate proportions differing by .20 but are unable to differentiate those differing by .10. These results replicate fairly well an earlier study by Ginsburg (1967). There was no significant difference in estimates of proportion as a result of mode of presentation. In Exp. II the 13 4-yr.-old children performed at about a chance level on a 3-category simultaneous task.
College Curriculum Choice and Preference for Complexity
Authors: Looft William R. , Stock William A.
Published: September 2011

Rank orders of preference or “liking” for a set of random-shape patterns were obtained from samples of freshman students in four curriculum groupings in a large state university. No differences for preferred levels of complexity were found among the groups. Two possible explanations for this finding are discussed.
Reproduction of Visual and Auditory Rhythm Patterns by Children
Authors: Rosenbusch Marcia Harmon , Gardner D. Bruce
Published: September 2011

Developmental patterns in rhythm perception in two modalities were studied. 80 children, aged 5 to 13, were randomly assigned to either the visual or auditory task of reproducing four different rhythm patterns. Analysis was done for modality, age, and the interaction of age with modality. There were pronounced effects of modality on performance and of age on performance, with no interaction between age and modality. Results are compared with those from other studies concerned with time and rhythm perception and are discussed in terms of the developmental implications. The effect of variance within rhythm patterns and between components is also discussed.
Further Efforts to Find Context Effects in Personality Inventories
Authors: Lieberman Lewis R.
Published: September 2011

2 questionnaires were constructed; 1 consisted of 33 items from the MMPI F scale (most persons respond “false” to these) followed by 62 items from the MMPI Social Introversion ( Si) scale. The other contained Si items before F items. A group of male and one of female Ss (54 Ss per group) responded to each form. The hypothesis that Ss who had the F items first would respond differently to the Si items was not confirmed.
Norms for the Computer-Scored Holtzman Inkblot Technique
Authors: Gorham Donald R. , Moseley Edward C. , Holtzman Wayne H.
Published: September 2011

A computer scoring system has been validated for scoring 17 Holtzman Inkblot Technique variables: Location, Rejection, Form Definiteness, Color, Shading, Movement, Integration, Human, Animal, Anatomy, Sex, Abstract, Anxiety, Hostility, Barrier, Penetration, and Popular. The basic sample was composed of 145 college students to whom the HIT was group administered. An expert scorer's values were the criteria for validating computer scores. Validity of computer scoring was attested by comparability of means and standard deviations, by acceptable correlations between the two methods, and by identical factor structure among 8 rotated factors. The correlation of the computer with the mean of 3 hand scorers equaled or approached the interscorer reliability of the scorers. This report presents norms for over 5,000 Ss. Normal Ss include high school and college students and U. S. Navy enlistees. Clinical Ss include Veterans Administration and state hospital schizophrenics, depressives, psychoneurotics, alcoholics, and chronic brain-syndrome patients. Cultural samples include university students from Argentina, Australia, Colombia, Denmark, Germany, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Japan, Lebanon, Mexico, Nigeria, Panama, Turkey, Venezuela, and Yugoslavia.
The Rod-and-Frame Test: Some Comments on Methodology
Authors: Lester Gene
Published: September 2011

The technique of the Rod-and-frame Test as used by most psychologists is criticized for difficulties in control of head position, starting position effects, control readings, and the effect of instructions. Differences in results reported with Witkin's method and with other methods are discussed.
Modification of Problem-Solving Strategies
Authors: Young Marguerite L.
Published: September 2011

Three procedures for improving problem-solving performance by modifying search strategies were investigated. These were: (a) unaided experience, (b) experience plus exposure to strategies described only as a procedural change, and (c) experience plus exposure to strategies that were explicitly described as solution strategies. 10 Ss were tested under each condition on a series of 3-element conjunctive problems monitored by an automatic programming machine called HEPP. It was found that procedure (a), unaided experience, was the least effective technique for developing efficient search strategies. When problems of increased uncertainty were presented to Ss tested under this condition, the group showed a significant loss in problem-solving efficiency. Ss tested under procedure (b) also showed a loss in efficiency on the transfer task although the loss was not as great as that shown by Ss tested under procedure (a). The most effective method for modifying search strategies was procedure (c). Ss in this group changed to a more efficient strategy and were able to use the strategy to solve problems of increased uncertainty with almost no loss in efficiency of performance.
Hierarchical Attributes for Categorization
Authors: Bearison David J. , Sigel Irving E.
Published: September 2011

120 middle-class white boys and girls of average IQ and ranging in age from 7 to 11 yr. served as Ss in a study dealing with the preference hierarchy of stimulus attributes employed in classification. Items varying in their color, form, and representation were used in a series of preference tasks designed to establish an attribute hierarchy among color, form, and representation. It was hypothesized that the response hierarchy would be color least frequent, form next, and representation most frequent when the three are juxtaposed, but when color and form are juxtaposed, form would be the more dominant. Results indicate that the hypothesis was verified in that form was the more significant preference shown among boys and girls at all ages when form and color were the only two choices offered. Preference for representation was evident for all age groups when the three choices were available.
Three Variables Related to Reaction Time to Compare Single-Digit Numbers
Authors: Aiken Lewis R. , Williams E. Newsom
Published: September 2011

A partial replication and extension of an investigation by Moyer and Landauer (1967) found that mean reaction time to the larger of two single-digit numbers (a) was longer when the larger number was on the left, (b) was an increasing linear function of the size of the larger number of the pair, and (c) showed both a decreasing linear trend and a cubic trend as a function of the difference between the larger and smaller numbers of a pair. The relationships of these findings to those of Moyer and Landauer (1967) are discussed, and some explanations for the similarities and differences are offered.
Responses to Confinement: An Investigation of Sensory Deprivation, Social Isolation, Restriction of Movement and Set Factors
Authors: Zuckerman Marvin , Persky Harold , Link Kathryn E. , Basu Gopal K.
Published: September 2011

An attempt was made to investigate the interactive roles of social isolation, movement restriction, and prior information in the sensory deprivation experiment. 20 Ss were put into an 8-hr. sensory deprivation condition and 20 other Ss into an 8-hr. social isolation (with sensory stimulation) condition. All Ss were also seen on a non-confined control day in the laboratory. The order of the control and experimental days was counterbalanced within each group. These groups were compared with other groups with less movement restriction. The results indicated that the interaction between confinement and familiarity-uncertainty set produced psychological stress effects. Sensory deprivation and uncertainty produced “primary-process” effects; movement restriction enhanced these effects and produced additional discomfort and more autonomic arousal.
Noninstrumental Punishment and Shock Intensity in Observational Learning
Authors: Craig Kenneth D.
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that direct negative reinforcement to observers, solely contingent upon errors in a model's behavior, would facilitate or interfere with the observer's subsequent efforts to learn the task as a function of intensity of punishment (electric shock). 80 Ss were run in a factorial design varying shock intensity, the number of model errors and shock contingency. The task was a complex temporal maze which explicitly required the learning of a series of correct switch selections and implicitly required avoidance of punished switches. The findings indicated that relatively severe noninstrumental punishment disrupted vicarious acquisition of the task insofar as avoidance of punished decisions was concerned. The effects were independent of whether the shock was contingent or noncontingent. Marginal support was found for the contention that mild punishment would facilitate performance beyond the level to which no punishment would influence performance.
Effect of Varying Amount of Realistic Detail in Visual Illustrations Designed to Complement Programmed Instruction
Authors: Dwyer Francis M.
Published: September 2011

This experiment was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of 8 types of visual illustrations used to complement programmed instruction. The various types of visual illustrations were evaluated in terms of their ability to improve student achievement of five criterial measures. Freshman students at The Pennsylvania State University were randomly assigned to one of 9 treatment groups. Each student received a pretest, participated in his respective programmed presentation, and received 4 individual criterial measures. Results indicated that some types of visuals are more effective than others in facilitating student achievement of specific educational objectives. Analyses also indicated that the addition of color in specific types of illustrations is an important instructional variable.
Empirical Formulae for Estimating Appropriate Sample Sizes for Analysis of Variance Designs
Authors: Overall John E. , Dalal Sudhir N.
Published: September 2011

Simple empirical formulae are presented for estimating appropriate sample size for simple randomized analysis of variance designs involving 2, 3, 4 or 5 treatments. In order to use these formulae one must specify the magnitude of a meaningful treatment difference and must have an estimate of the error variance. Sample size estimates derived from the simple formulae have been found to differ from values obtained using constant power curves by no more than one sampling unit on the low side and no more than two sampling units on the high side.
Fluctuations in Perceptual Organization and Orientation and Perception of Apparent Movement
Authors: Mefferd Roy B.
Published: September 2011

Three main percepts of a static flat stimulus were reported, one veridical and two with apparent internal depth but which varied in the degree of perceptual organization. In one of these, the entire stimulus formed a single perceptual unit which “reversed” perspective as a unit in a fashion similar to a Necker cube. This percept elicited no reports of apparent movement, but the other percept did. In the latter, the offset central section formed one perceptual unit that was blurred, and the sharp, distinct parts on either side of it formed another unit. The central unit underwent figure-ground reversals, while the adjacent slats of both elements “changed” orientation independently. The changes in apparent position accompanying the latter fluctuations were often perceived as being due to movement of the central section in the frontal plane.
Subject Anxiety and Recall of Prose Read under Delayed Auditory Feedback
Authors: Hassig Ralph C. , King David J.
Published: September 2011

A short passage of prose was read under delayed auditory feedback (DAF) by 24 high MAS and 24 low MAS Ss, while an equal number of Ss read the passage under immediate auditory feedback (IAF). Reading times were recorded and oral recalls were taken immediately following the reading and 24 hr. later. Reading time was significantly shorter for IAF readings. Under DAF, high MAS Ss read significantly faster than low MAS Ss, although no time difference was found for IAF presentation. Both immediate and delayed recalls were poorer following DAF reading, but the effect of S anxiety did not significantly affect retention of this verbal task.
Relationships between the Goodenough Dam Test and the Columbia Mental Maturity Test for Negro and White Headstart Children
Authors: Sternlof R. E. , Parker H. J. , McCoy J. F.
Published: September 2011

The Colulmbia Mental Maturity Scale showed significantly lower intellectual functioning in deprived Negro children than in similarly deprived white children. Both Negro and white children scored significantly below their chronological ages on the Goodenough Draw-A-Man Test. No group differences were found on the Vineland Social Maturity Scale, and results were congruent with their chronological ages. Caution in the use of these tests with deprived children is suggested.
Measurement of Trait Implication
Authors: Hendrick Clyde
Published: September 2011

Measurement of the relationships among personality traits is important for several areas of research. The popular semantic differential (SD) has certain inherent difficulties. A new dimensional scale was constructed to alleviate the difficulties. A study was conducted to assess the adequacy of the new scale and to compare it with the SD and a previously used scale that assessed trait relationships by means of probability ratings. It was concluded that the new dimensional scale and the probability scale are comparable and recommended that future research could substitute either of them for the SD.
Overt and Covert Hostility in Repressers and Sensitizers
Authors: Parsons Oscar A. , Fulgenzi Lawrence B.
Published: September 2011

Repressers describe themselves as less hostile and aggressive than Sensitizers. How do they compare on the covert (projective) and overt (behavioral) expression of hostility? Repressers, Sensitizers and Control Ss did not differ in the expression of hostility on the Rorschach test. However, in the same Ss, after group discussion, Repressers were rated by experienced judges as more hostile and aggressive than Sensitizers in their interpersonal behavior.
The Adult Growth Examination: Preliminary Comparisons of Physical Aging in Adults by Sex and Race
Authors: Morgan Robert F.
Published: September 2011

That physical aging proceeds at different rates for different groupings of people is illustrated by a preliminary five-item form of a test of body age This Adult Growth Examination (AGE) test was based on norms of hearing, blood, and dental measures from a sample of several thousand Ss examined in a National Health Survey of a representative American sample. Median body age comparisons showed men to age more quickly than women until the age of 50. From 30 on, Negro males have aged an average of 5 more yr. than white males, with the deficit increasing past 50. Women appeared to age fastest in their forties (23 yr. of aging in 10 yr. of calendar); Negro males, starting even with white males at 21, collect their 5-yr. disadvantage between then and 30 (13 yr. of aging in 9 yr. of calendar), their first decade of adult life.
Field Independence and Outcome in Schizophrenia: A U-Shaped Relationship
Authors: Sugerman A. Arthur , Cancro Robert
Published: September 2011

Relationships are examined between field-independence as measured by Series III of the rod-and-frame test in 51 recently hospitalized schizophrenics and outcome 6 mo. later in terms of presence in or out of hospital. An earlier attempt to find a linear relationship between field independence and outcome had proved unsuccessful; however, on the basis of more recent findings, a U-shaped relationship, predicting a poor outcome for extremely field-dependent and extremely field-independent Ss, was predicted and found. Optimal cutting-points assign 39 patients correctly; the most successful predictor in the earlier study, Phillips' scale of premorbid adjustment, had assigned 36 patients correctly. Combining these two measures and predicting a poor outcome for only those patients with extreme field-articulation and poor premorbid adjustment 42 of the 51 patients are assigned correctly. The post hoc nature of findings and the necessity for confirmation are stressed.
Combinatorial Thinking in Adolescents from Graded and Ungraded Classrooms
Authors: Elkind David , Barocas Ralph , Rosenthal Bernard
Published: September 2011

25 adolescents from graded classrooms and 25 from ungraded classrooms (academic underachievers) were matched for age, sex, and IQ. All Ss were administered a test of combinatorial reasoning. Results indicated that young people from the ungraded classrooms made significantly more errors and were more concrete in their strategies than was true for the adolescents from graded classrooms. The results were interpreted as supporting the view that proficiency with symbols is a necessary condition for the effective utilization of combinatorial logic or formal operational thought.
Depth Location of Shafts Filling Half the Space between Mueller-Lyer Fins
Authors: Stacey B. G. , Pike A. R.
Published: September 2011

Using luminous stimuli in a dark room, Ss were required to judge the apparent depth location of shafts filling half the space between the ingoing and outgoing fins of the Mueller-Lyer illusion. Under these conditions there is a reversal of the apparent depth location of the shafts as compared with the usual M-L illusion. This finding is contrary to a prediction derived from the misapplied size-constancy theory but can be interpreted in terms of the size-distance principle.
Racial Differences in Heritability Estimates for Tests of Spatial Ability
Authors: Osborne R. T. , Gregor A. James
Published: September 2011

172 pairs of MZ twins and 112 pairs of like-sexed DZ twins were given a battery of psychological tests which included Surface Development Test, Porteus Mazes, Newcastle Spatial Test, Paper Folding Test, Identical Pictures Test, Perceptual Speed, Object-Aperture Test, Form B, and Cube Comparisons. 242 were boys and 326 girls, of whom 482 were white and 86 Negro. Ages ranged from 13 to 18 yr. Using four different heritability ratios the relative intrapair similarity of MZ and like-sexed DZ twins on selected spatial tests was determined. Although the MZ and DZ intraclass rs are generally higher for the white than for Negro children the heritability estimates which are determined by rMZ rDZ differences are higher for the Negro pupils. Environment does not play a more significant role in the development of spatial ability of Negro children than of white children.
Effects of Frustration and Aggression on Physiological Arousal Level in Depressed Subjects
Authors: Burgess Michael M. , Reivich Ronald S. , Silverman Joel J.
Published: September 2011

Sixteen depressed psychiatric inpatients were tested in a 2 × 2 repeated factorial design involving 2 frustration or no-frustration experiences followed by counterbalanced opportunities to aggress and not aggress physically against the frustrator. Primary dependent measures were heart rate and systolic blood pressure, the critical measures being taken before and during frustration and following aggression. Results demonstrated that no-frustration is associated with larger increases in mean heart rate and systolic blood pressure than frustration while no aggression is associated with larger decreases in mean heart rate and systolic blood pressure than physical aggression. Results were interpreted in light of previous data obtained on college sophomores.
Field Dependency as a Predictor of Responses to Sensory and Social Isolation
Authors: Zuckerman Marvin
Published: September 2011

EFT scores for 40 Ss in an 8-hr. isolation experiment were not specifically correlated with stress responses to sensory or social isolation but were correlated with responses to either type of isolation occurring on S's first day at the laboratory. Familiarization with the laboratory on a preceding day reduced the correlations below significance.
An Exploratory Study of Creativity in Deaf Children
Authors: Pang Henry , Horrocks Carol
Published: September 2011

11 deaf children of average intelligence at a Midwestern school for the deaf were administered the Barron-Welsh Art Scale and the Torrance Figural Tests of Creative Thinking to measure creative abilities. They scored lower than other Ss as it appears that they were not interested in the abstract figures but were more oriented toward the concrete. They scored approximately the same on the Torrance dimensions as a group of normally hearing Ss but were higher on elaboration. Possibly the tendency of the deaf to be concerned with observed data aided them in obtaining high elaboration scores. In conclusion, because of the small N findings must be held cautiously. Clearly, a larger sample is required. Creativity among deaf persons as well as other types of handicapped persons should be thoroughly explored.
Measuring Violence in Children's Cartoons
Authors: Zusne Leonard
Published: September 2011

Measurement of the frequency and duration of violent episodes in children's animated cartoons shown during 1 wk. on 2 TV networks led to the conclusions that (a) significant differences in the amount of violence existed between the 2 networks, and (b) on both networks dramatic (“straight”) cartoons were, on the average, more violent than comic (slapstick) cartoons.
Auditory Perceptual Thresholds for Sensitizers, Defensive and Nondefensive Repressors
Authors: Schill Thomas , Althoff Michael
Published: September 2011

The Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale was used as a measure of defensiveness in conjunction with Byrne's Repression-Sensitization Scale to differentiate defensive and nondefensive repressors. All Ss were given a series of sentences partially masked with white noise. Defensive repressors had a significantly higher auditory perceptual threshold for sexual sentences than either sensitizers or nondefensive repressors. Results were interpreted as support for using a measure of defensiveness to differentiate the “true” repressor from Ss who obtain low Byrne scores simply because they lack the pathology implied in the test items.
Shaping and Increasing Verbalizations in an Autistic Child in Response to Visual-Color Stimulation
Authors: Fineman Kenneth R.
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that systematic visual-color consequences contingent upon verbalizations would be effective in augmenting the rate of sounds as well as shaping specific words and word approximations, in a six-yr.-old autistic child. It was found that verbalizations were augmented over a base rate in a free operant situation. However, in a prompt-response contingency food was significantly more powerful in shaping specific sounds. Reasons for the difference were discussed.
The Barron-Welsh Art Scale as a Predictor of Adolescent Creativity
Authors: Schaefer Charles E.
Published: September 2011

Although there was a consistent trend for the creative adolescents to score higher on the Revised Art Scale (RA) than the controls, the only significant difference was found in the boys' artistic field. Studies using the scale will have to allow for sex and specialty differences in performance.
Examination of Retention Decrement Explanation of Comparative Successive Discrimination Reversal Learning by Birds and Mammals
Authors: Gossette Robert L.
Published: September 2011

The role of successive discrimination reversal in comparative behavioral analysis is briefly summarized with attention to recent criticism of the retention-decrement hypothesis that attempts to account for improvement in performance on this task. Data from 7 mammalian and 10 avian species are presented in support of this criticism. Alternative hypotheses are proposed.
Drama, Inner Creation, and Role-Taking (Empathy): II. Leadership, Historiography, and Winston Churchill
Authors: Stark Stanley
Published: September 2011

This paper, the second in a series, suggests (a) that there is a Rorschachian inner creation side to both leadership and historiography, (b) that the former is illustrated by the Hofferian mass movement leader, and the latter by the “geisteswissenschaftliche,” “literary intellectual” approach to history, and (c) that such a leader will be such a historian. Winston Churchill is one of Hoffer's mass movement leaders. That he is also such a historian is supported by the testimonies of Isaiah Berlin, Denis Brogan, and J. H. Plumb. Their testimonies combined with those of Alan Brooke and B. H. Liddell Hart warrant concluding that as historian and as World War II military leader, Churchill may be fairly described as long on Rorschachian inner creation and short on Rorschachian rationality.
Effect of 2,5-Dimethyoxy-4-Methyl-Amphetamine (Dom) on Psychophysical Responding by a Chimpanzee
Authors: Reynolds Herbert H. , Barker Lewis M. , Joffe Milton H.
Published: September 2011

Specific interest in this study centered on the assessment of perceptual change in the chimpanzee, made possible by a new psychophysical apparatus. S was given single dosages of 5 and 10 mg DOM, separated by appropriate baseline measures. The 5-mg dosage produced a change in 3 of 7 performance variables while the 10-mg dosage produced a change in all 7. The effect of 5 mg DOM, when significant, lasted up to 2¾ hr. The effect of 10 mg DOM, when significant, lasted up to 8 hr. The peak effect of the compound occurred between 2½ and 3 hr. under both dosage levels, with S returning to a baseline level of performance within an 8-hr. experimental period. There were no post-experimental effects which could be attributed to the DOM.
Cultural Deprivation and Pre-School Children's Preferences for Complex and Novel Stimuli
Authors: Hicks Robert A. , Dockstader Steven
Published: September 2011

The preferences of deprived and non-deprived children ( ns = 13) for 70 complex and 70 novel stimuli were measured. A significantly greater number of the non-deprived children showed a preference for the complex and novel stimuli.
Apparent Duration as a Function of Intensity of Vibrotactile Stimulation
Authors: Ekman Goesta , Frankenhaeuser Marianne , Berglund Birgitta , Waszak Michael
Published: September 2011

8 Ss were exposed to vibrotactile stimulation of 250 Hz, applied to the tip of the left index finger. Seven stimulus intensities, ranging from 26 to 48 db, were each combined with three stimulus durations, 50, 250, and 1200 msec. A magnitude-estimation technique with fixed standard was employed to obtain scale values of the apparent duration of each stimulus. The results indicate that apparent duration can be described as a logarithmic function of stimulus intensity. This conclusion is in line with our previous findings concerning apparent duration of electrical stimulation.
Self-Reports by Negro and White Adolescents to the Draw-A-Person
Authors: Wise James H.
Published: September 2011

20 Negro and 20 white adolescents filled out a checklist inquiry designed to ascertain personal qualitative evaluations of their human figure drawings. Results from the self-report inquiry support Dennis's (1966) finding that, when asked to draw a person, Negro American and white American children most often draw white people. Also in accord with Dennis's cultural value-preference hypothesis was the finding that Ss' qualitative descriptions for their figure drawings were characteristically, although not exclusively, favorable. There was also a significant tendency for Negro Ss to enhance their drawings by describing them as “rich” and “very smart” while white Ss tended to describe their persons as “middle income” and “average intelligence.”
Body Perception in Relation to Anxiety among Women
Authors: Compton Norma H.
Published: September 2011

College women were administered instruments to measure their body awareness, body focus, pressure sensitivity thresholds, anxiety and clothing fabric choices. The results demonstrated that levels of awareness and focus on different body sectors are accompanied by different levels of anxiety. A relationship of clothing fabric choices to body awareness and anxiety levels was also demonstrated.
Note on Two-Channel Transmission of Information
Authors: Hancock John , Moore J. William , Smith Wendell I.
Published: September 2011

Ss were provided with information in 3 modes, visual, auditory, and visual-auditory combined. Two-channel presentation was no more effective than one channel alone.
Eye Movements during Embedded Figure Tasks
Authors: Boersma Frederic J. , Muir Walter , Wilton Keri , Barham Richard
Published: September 2011

Corneally reflected EMs of 16 field-independent and 16 field-dependent Ss were examined concomitantly with individually administered hidden figure items. The data suggested that field-independent Ss make more shifts between target and alternatives than do field-dependent Ss and that males are more deliberate in their visual search than females. The results were discussed in terms of two factors reflecting analytical perception, number of shifts, and mean length of time on target.
Role of Motivational and Incentive Levels in the Control of Successive Discrimination Reversal (SDR) Performance in Comparative Analysis
Authors: Gossette Robert L.
Published: September 2011

A number of experiments with SDR methodology have yielded inter-species performance differences that are consistent with taxonomic rankings. However, one troublesome problem that plagues such comparisons is the question of whether or not such differences might be due to uncontrolled variation in either drive ( D) or incentive ( K) levels across species. As an initial step in the evaluation of the problem a series of experiments designed to study the effect of variation of both variables, within and across species, upon SDR measures are reviewed. While it is clear that both D and K do effect SDR measures, previously obtained inter-species performance differences are recovered when species are equated on these variables.
Field Independence as a Conceptual Framework for Prediction of Variability in Ratings of others
Authors: Gruenfeld Leopold , Arbuthnot Jack
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to explain variability in evaluative rating in terms of Witkin's differentiation hypothesis. The dependent variables were several indices of variability, such as variance across ratees and covariance among attributes (halo effect). Independent variables were the Rod-and-frame Test, Kohs Blocks, and both individual and group Embedded-figures Tests. For 55 male students it was predicted that variability of ratings would correlate with the differentiation measures for relatively masculine Ss but not for relatively feminine Ss (the moderator variable). For 48 female nurses, it was predicted that RFT would correlate directly with the dependent variables. The results showed that, as predicted, RFT correlated with each of the dependent variables under conditions of high masculinity for the male Ss. The hypothesis for the female group was also clearly supported. The results obtained with the Kohs Blocks and Embedded-figures Tests did not converge, suggesting that EFT-type tests are inadequate substitutes for the RFT. It was concluded that raters who exhibit high variability in their evaluations of others are relatively more field independent; this means that they are relatively more active and more task- and achievement-oriented. The implications of these findings for research methodology and leadership studies were discussed.
Successive Discrimination Reversal (SDR) Performances of American Alligators and American Crocodiles on a Spatial Task
Authors: Gossette Robert L. , Hombach Arthur
Published: September 2011

There is general agreement that birds and mammals, but not fish, can display error reduction on successive discrimination reversal (SDR) tasks. Reptiles, however, show error reduction on some but not other tasks. To provide further sampling of reptilian SDR performance, two species of crocodilians, the American alligator and the American crocodile, were tested on a spatial discrimination reversal task. Both species displayed error reduction, the alligator being appreciably inferior to the crocodile.
Field Articulation of Enuretic Boys and Their Mothers
Authors: Scallon Richard J. , Herron William G.
Published: September 2011

The description of the personality of the enuretic boy and his mother as characteristically immature had a particular relevance to field articulation as formulated by Witkin, the literature suggesting that both would be predisposed toward a perceptual field-dependence. 60 enuretic and non-enuretic boys, ranging in age from 6 to 12 yr. and coming from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, were selected from a pediatric and psychiatric clinic. The Children's Embedded-figures Test and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale For Children were administered to the boys and the Embedded-figures Test to the mothers. The results indicated: (a) enuretic boys, but not their mothers, tend to be field-dependent, (b) field articulation is not related to level of adjustment in the enuretic boy, and (c) field articulation is not related to IQ to the same degree in lower socioeconomic level children as for those of middle socioeconomic level.
Search for Correlates of Self-Actualization
Authors: Braun John R.
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that self-actualizing Ss, compared with other persons, will be more accurate perceptually, will have superior ability to reason and be logical, and will have greater preference for ambiguous and unstructured stimuli. The Personal Orientation Inventory was used as a measure of self-actualization and was correlated with abbreviated versions of the Seashore Measures of Musical Talents, the Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal, and the Barron-Welsh Art Scale, using 39 undergraduates as Ss. The hypotheses were not supported.
A Circumplex Derived from Personality Ratings
Authors: Silverstein A. B.
Published: September 2011

Peterson reported an orthogonal 2-factor solution based on personality ratings of Ss at 4 age levels. Here, the variables were organized as a circumplex, revealing their sequential order within the factors of the original solution. The organization was remarkably consistent with those found by previous investigators.
Anticipation of Relevant Stimuli and Evoked Potentials: A Comment on Donchin's and Cohen's “Averaged Evoked Potentials and Intramodality Selective Attention”
Authors: Naatanen Risto
Published: September 2011

Donchin and Cohen (1967) reported having demonstrated amplitude differences of late components of occipital evoked potentials related to intramodal selective attention within the visual modality even under conditions in which the relevant stimuli could not be anticipated by S. They delivered flashes at irregular intervals from 2 to 3 sec. and, timed independently of these, background reversals at irregular intervals from 3 to 4 sec. on the same retinal location. The triangular test flash was superimposed on either of the background figures, one or the other of which was present at any given time. When S's attention was directed to the flashes, these elicited occipital potentials with larger late components than when attention was directed to the background reversals. Especially the late positive component (latency to peak 250 to 300 msec.) was considerably enhanced. The same effect was reported to have been observed with respect to the occipital potentials elicited by the background reversals. It is suggested here that the effect was actually induced by the anticipatory and preparatory reactions to the presentation of the relevant stimuli, conditioned by the regularities in the stimulus sequence. These differential anticipatory and preparatory reactions might include momentarily increased cortical activation as well as simultaneous changes in peripheral receptor conditions, such as improved ocular fixation and accommodation in addition to increased diameter of the pupil. In this author's view, these nonspecific factors may have caused the evoked potential amplitude differences between relevant and irrelevant visual stimuli which were interpreted by Donchin and Cohen to reflect intramodal selective attention.
Subjective Intensity and Taste Preference
Authors: Kocher Elizabeth C. , Fisher G. Lawrence
Published: September 2011

Using the method of magnitude estimation with .1M NaCl as standard, Ss rated a number of concentrations of sodium chloride, citric acid, sucrose and quinine hydrochloride for both intensity and preference. The resulting judgments, when plotted as a function of concentration on log-log coordinates, could in most cases be described by linear equations. The slope of the intensity function for each chemical was significantly different from the slope of the corresponding preference function for 4 out of 5 Ss. The slope differences may reflect the existence of an affective taste process that is mobilized when a person attends to the hedonic components of a sapid chemical.
Child Meets Child: Social Interaction between School-Age Boys
Authors: Olpin Michael , Kogan Kate L.
Published: September 2011

A system of recording and analysing interaction, which was originally designed for the study of mother-child interaction was applied to the problem of child-child interaction. The experimental situation involved the first meeting of 2 8-yr.-old boys in a play situation. 5 boys were paired in all possible combinations. Specific individual interactions were analysed on the parameters of dominance, friendliness, and involvement; each S's generalized response characteristics and stimulus characteristics were examined. The contrast between the present findings and the systematic contingencies demonstrated in well-established relationships suggest that this is an effective method for further research.
Effect of Head Movement in Visual-Kinesthetic Localization
Authors: Churchill A. V.
Published: September 2011

The results of a previous experiment showed that visual estimates of kinesthetic localization and kinesthetic estimates of visual localization were equally accurate, but with errors in opposite directions, when S was free to move his head. The present experiment was designed to measure the contribution of head movement to the accuracy of visual and kinesthetic localization. Results indicate that performance is equivalent under the “free-head” and “fixed-head” conditions.
The Perky Effect Revisited: Blocking of Visual Signals by Imagery
Authors: Segal Sydney Joelson , Gordon Pearl-Ellen
Published: September 2011

Perky's 1910 observation that mental images were indistinguishable from external stimuli is considered as two issues: (1) description of images which apparently resemble the unidentified stimulus, has been given, but not satisfactorily measured; (2) poorer detection of ambiguous signals while experiencing images, has been consistently demonstrated. While distraction may play some role, the critical finding was with sensitivity ( d′), which was highest in a simple discrimination task, intermediate when Ss were told both to describe imagery and detect the signals, and poorest when they lacked information that signals might be present during imaging and relied on retrospective judgments (Perky replication). In the intermediate task, alerting Ss to the signals by having them project the slides themselves, did not alter sensitivity or bias (Lx).
Influence of Eye Dominance on the Apparent Centers of Simple Horizontal Lines
Authors: Mefferd Roy B. , Wieland Betty A.
Published: September 2011

Ss with right-eye dominance overestimated with either or both eyes the left segment of horizontal lines, regardless of where they fixated the line as they bisected it. The converse occurred with left-dominant Ss, except when these Ss fixated the right end of the line as they bisected it. It was hypothesized that this might be due to the formation of a sharper more accurate representation in the dominant than the non-dominant cortex, with a consequent overestimation of the more diffuse representation relative to the sharper one.
Attitude Extremity and Latitudes of Acceptance, Rejection and Indifference
Authors: Mascaro Guillermo F.
Published: September 2011

Measures of attitude extremity and measures of latitudes of acceptance, rejection and indifference were administered to 87 Ss (male college students) in order to test social-judgment hypotheses about the relationships among those variables. Pearsonian correlations were computed between extremity scores and sizes of the latitudes. Part of the data provided limited support to social-judgment predictions, but other parts disconfirmed some of the predictions. Different relationships were obtained between extremity and latitudes with the two different measures of attitude extremity (a semantic-differential scale and a Thurstone-type scale) used in this investigation. Possible explanations for the results were discussed, and suggestions were made for further research to answer some of the questions raised.
The Puzzle of Pain
Authors: Murray John B.
Published: September 2011

Pain, as a complex experience, involves sensory, cognitive, and affective ingredients. The literature on these three aspects of pain is reviewed, larger attention being directed to the sensory or physiological research.
Interpersonal Training for an Autistic Child
Authors: Means John R. , Merrens Matthew R.
Published: September 2011

A 3½-yr.-old autistic boy was treated in a program designed co capitalize on prepotent “social” behaviors. Foster mother's observations of treatment were used as a therapeutic training device. Behavioral changes observed during treatment were paralleled in the home.
Stability and Attraction of Perceptual Organizations in the Reversible Figure-Ground Phenomenon
Authors: Pelton Leroy H. , Solley Charles M. , Brent Sandor B.
Published: September 2011

The concepts of stability, defined as the temporal duration of a particular organization, and attraction, defined as the likelihood at any given moment that a particular perceptual organization is being experienced, were studied in regard to the reversible figure-ground phenomenon. Some factors that might increase the stability and attraction of a figural organization were investigated. It was found that neither “complexity” nor “meaningfulness” can increase the stability and attraction of a figural organization of a reversible pattern unless the added elements are functionally integrated with the central contour. However, it is maintained that, while some patterns of stimulation invariably elicit functional integration, there are others which elicit integration for some perceivers and not others.
Effects of Color on Latency of the Autokinetic Phenomenon
Authors: Marone Joseph G. , Coutu Eileen W.
Published: September 2011

Ss were exposed to an autokinetic device under 4 color conditions (blue, green, red, and white). Latency of the phenomenon was reliable. Color had no effect on the latency scores of most Ss; however, 4 Ss gave no movement responses to the red color.
Mood as a Confounding Variable in Eye Dominance, Field Dependence and Reading
Authors: Nadien Margot , Schaeffer Donald S. , Schmeidler G. R.
Published: September 2011

Fast reading related to strong eye dominance and good comprehension for Ss in a good mood (but not for other Ss). Field dependence related to weak eye dominance and poor comprehension for Ss not in a good mood. Mood seems to interact with habitual tendencies to affect response.
Passive vs Active Exposure and other Variables Related to the Occurrence of Hand Adaptation to Lateral Displacement
Authors: Fishkin Steven M.
Published: September 2011

In an experiment concerned with adaptation of the hand to lateral displacement no significant differences between active and passive exposure were found. With one of the dependent variables increasing temporal delays following exposure were associated with decreasing adaptation. However, using a second dependent variable, data suggested the unexpected result that an intermediate amount of delay was associated with maximum adaptation. Also suggested by the data for one measure was the unpredicted result that relatively long exposure durations produced adaptation that dissipated more rapidly at first than adaptation produced by briefer exposures.
Community Violence and Aggression in Dreams: An Observation
Authors: Robbins Paul R. , Tanck Roland H.
Published: September 2011

Dream reports were obtained from two groups of female college students. Data from the first group were obtained during a period in which life in the community was more or less normal. Dreams from the second group were reported during and after a period of extensive community violence. Dreams for both groups were analyzed for the presence of aggressive content. Findings indicated that there was less aggression in the dreams of the second group.