bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anselm’s life, work, and contexts
Authors: Williams Thomas
Published: November 2022

Anselm’s work was shaped by a number of contexts: monastic, intellectual, public, and ecclesiastical. Anselm’s fundamental commitment was to the monastic life, formed by prayer, committed to obedience, and expressed in a communal life marked by deep friendship and mutual encouragement. Many of his works were written in response to requests by his fellow monks; his letters of friendship and spiritual counsel are noteworthy for their deep feeling and for their rigorous expectations. For Anselm, the acceptance of ecclesiastical authority affords a monk the freedom to focus wholeheartedly on God; similarly, the acceptance of theological authority sets one free to think about ‘the deep things of God’ with confidence that one’s thinking will not go astray. He therefore made freer and more creative use than his contemporaries of the tools of dialectic—techniques of linguistic analysis and argumentation—that had been revived in the eleventh century. Anselm was happiest when he could be both fully a monk and fully a dialectician, but other responsibilities intruded. He became prior and then abbot of Bec and was ultimately named archbishop of Canterbury by William II. Anselm foresaw that he would have endless conflict with the venal and hot-headed king, but as a matter of obedience to what he saw as a divine call for the welfare of the church in England, he accepted. The demands of obedience proved more difficult still when Anselm was drawn into the English phase of the investiture controversy, a struggle to free the Church from lay control.
The great restoration project
Authors: Williams Thomas
Published: November 2022

The explanation of the fall of the angels applies equally to the sin of Adam and Eve. From the beginning, human beings freely threw away justice and chose what they thought would make them happy. They thereby missed out on God’s purpose for them. But God’s purposes do not change, so God is committed to restoring human beings to the possibility of knowing and loving him that was his aim in creating them. Anselm’s account of this great restoration project—his theory of the atonement—is his greatest legacy to systematic theology. Sin, Anselm argues, is of infinite seriousness, because it is an affront to the infinite honour of God. By sinning, our first parents put themselves and all their natural descendants in an intolerable situation: there is nothing any of them can do to repair the breach, because even if they could offer themselves wholly to God, that is no more than they owe God anyway. God cannot simply dismiss the debt; such moral frivolity would be incompatible with the perfection of the divine character. So God the Son takes the debt on himself by becoming human. He willingly offers his own life as satisfaction for sin. Because his life belongs to one who has a divine nature, it is infinitely valuable, and therefore a more than adequate satisfaction; because he is also a descendant of Adam, he can make the offering as one of the race of debtors, so that the satisfaction is offered by us to God.
Microbiomes, nutrition, and metabolic health
Authors: Douglas Angela E.
Published: November 2022

This chapter covers the effects of the microbiome on the nutrition and metabolic health of the host. The discipline of nutritional science highlights having adequate nutrients to grow and reproduce. Some microorganisms deliver essential nutrients and regulate numerous aspects of gut function and the nutritional health of animals. In certain animals, especially plant-feeding mammals and some insects, the metabolic activities of the microbiome enable the host to subsist on diets that would otherwise be nutritionally inadequate. The chapter also reviews the growing evidence that perturbation to the microbiome can contribute to human malnutrition. Dysfunction in the microbiome can aggravate stunted growth and impair development of undernourished children. Microbiome factors have also been implicated in metabolic syndrome of adults, with evidence that certain bariatric surgery procedures can restructure the gut microbiome for improved health.
Microbiomes, the brain, and behaviour
Authors: Douglas Angela E.
Published: November 2022

This chapter explores the patterns and processes underlying microbiome impacts on brain function and the behaviour of animals, including humans. Various lines of evidence indicate that the presence and composition of the gut microbiome can influence learning, memory, and the emotional state of animals. These effects may be mediated by compounds released from microorganisms that enter the bloodstream and are transported to the brain, or by direct effects on nerve cells in the gut. Research on laboratory mice and fruit flies implicates perturbation of the microbiome in the onset and severity of several neurological disorders, notably autism and Alzheimer’s disease.
SNRMPACDC: computational model focused on Siamese network and random matrix projection for anticancer synergistic drug combination prediction
Authors: Li Tian-Hao , Wang Chun-Chun , Zhang Li , Chen Xing
Published: November 2022

Synergistic drug combinations can improve the therapeutic effect and reduce the drug dosage to avoid toxicity. In previous years, an in vitro approach was utilized to screen synergistic drug combinations. However, the in vitro method is time-consuming and expensive. With the rapid growth of high-throughput data, computational methods are becoming efficient tools to predict potential synergistic drug combinations. Considering the limitations of the previous computational methods, we developed a new model named Siamese Network and Random Matrix Projection for AntiCancer Drug Combination prediction (SNRMPACDC). Firstly, the Siamese convolutional network and random matrix projection were used to process the features of the two drugs into drug combination features. Then, the features of the cancer cell line were processed through the convolutional network. Finally, the processed features were integrated and input into the multi-layer perceptron network to get the predicted score. Compared with the traditional method of splicing drug features into drug combination features, SNRMPACDC improved the interpretability of drug combination features to a certain extent. In addition, the introduction of convolutional networks can better extract the potential information in the features. SNRMPACDC achieved the root mean-squared error of 15.01 and the Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.75 in 5-fold cross-validation of regression prediction for response data. In addition, SNRMPACDC achieved the AUC of 0.91 ± 0.03 and the AUPR of 0.62 ± 0.05 in 5-fold cross-validation of classification prediction of synergistic or not. These results are almost better than all the previous models. SNRMPACDC would be an effective approach to infer potential anticancer synergistic drug combinations.
Inborn errors of immunity with loss- and gain-of-function germline mutations in STAT1
Authors: Asano Takaki , Utsumi Takanori , Kagawa Reiko , Karakawa Shuhei , Okada Satoshi
Published: November 2022

STAT1 dysfunction causes a wide range of immune dysregulation phenotypes, which have been classified into four disease types, namely, (i) autosomal recessive (AR) complete STAT1 deficiency, (ii) AR partial STAT1 deficiency, (iii) autosomal dominant (AD) STAT1 deficiency, and (iv) AD STAT1 gain of function (GOF), based on their mode of inheritance and function. Disease types (i, ii, and iii) are caused by STAT1 loss-of-function (LOF) mutations, whereas disease type (iv) is caused by STAT1 GOF mutations. Therefore, the functional analysis of mutations is necessary for the precise diagnosis.
Survival of patients with congenital ventricular septal defect
Authors: Eckerström Filip , Nyboe Camilla , Maagaard Marie , Redington Andrew , Hjortdal Vibeke Elisabeth
Published: November 2022

Aims

The long-term survival of patients with isolated congenital ventricular septal defect (VSD) is not well described. The aim of this study was to describe the survival of a national cohort of patients with VSD compared with the general population.

Methods and results

Using Danish nationwide medical registries, all patients diagnosed with congenital VSD (n = 9,136) in the period 1977–2018 were included. Patients with chromosomal abnormalities and concomitant congenital cardiac malformations other than atrial septal defect were excluded. Each patient was matched by birthyear and sex with ten controls from the general Danish population. Kaplan−Meier survival function and Cox proportional hazard regression were used to compute survival and mortality risk. Median follow-up was 22 years (interquartile range: 11–37). VSD patients displayed lower survival (P<0.001) yielding a hazard ratio (HR) for mortality of 2.7 [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.4–3.0] compared with matched controls. The adjusted HR for mortality among patients with unrepaired VSD was 2.7 (95% CI: 2.4–3.0) and 2.8 (95% CI: 2.1–3.7) for patients with surgically closed VSD. Stratified by era of VSD diagnosis, the HR for mortality was 3.2 (95% CI: 2.8–3.7) for unrepaired patients diagnosed before 1990 and 2.4 (95% CI: 2.0–2.7) for patients diagnosed later. Cardiac-related death was the commonest cause of death among unrepaired (30%) and surgically closed (65%) patients.

Conclusion

Patients with VSD had lower survival compared with the general population. The HR for mortality was increased over 2.5-fold in patients with unrepaired defect (Eisenmenger syndrome excluded) and over 1.5-fold in patients with surgically closed defect (excluding surgical mortality).
Feasibility of seismic time-lapse monitoring of CO2 with rock physics parametrized full waveform inversion
Authors: Hu Qi , Grana Dario , Innanen Kristopher A
Published: November 2022

Carbon capture and storage is an important technology for greenhouse gas mitigation. Monitoring of CO2 storage should, in addition to locating the plume, provide quantitative information on CO2 saturation. We propose a full waveform inversion (FWI) algorithm for the prediction of the spatial distribution of CO2 saturation from time-lapse seismic data. The methodology is based on the application of a rock-physics parametrized FWI scheme that allows for direct updating of reservoir properties. We derive porosity and lithology parameters from baseline data and use them as input to predict CO2 saturation from monitor data. The method is tested on synthetic time-lapse data generated for the Johansen formation model. Practical issues associated with field data applications, such as acquisition limitations, construction of the initial model, noise and uncertainty in the rock physics model, are taken into account in the simulation. The results demonstrate the robustness of our approach for reconstructing baseline and monitor models. We also illustrate the potential of the approach as compared to conventional two-step inversion algorithms, in which an elastic FWI prediction of velocities and density is followed by rock physics inversion.
Revolutionary amnesia and the nature of prerogative power
Authors: Kershaw David
Published: November 2022

What is the nature and source of prerogative power? Where does it come from and how was it created? British constitutional law makes several assumptions in these regards. It assumes that these powers are inherent in or intrinsic to the Crown and it assumes that these powers are common law powers, meaning that they are constituted or conferred by the common law. This article takes issue with these conceptions of the nature of prerogative power. It shows that the idea that prerogative powers are sourced in the common law is derived from the seventeenth century’s theory of the ancient constitution; a theory famously advocated by Sir Edward Coke and embodied in his observation that “the King hath no prerogative but that which the law of the land allows him.” However, as the article shows, this theory of the ancient constitution was not an accepted theory of law in the seventeenth century, but rather an intensely contested political theory. It occupied a battlefield of constitutional ideas along with theories of kingly power sourced in conquest and the divine. Moreover, although these theories disagreed about the source and extent of prerogative power, they all posited a protocorporate Crown wedded to dynastic succession. The article shows that, from the perspective of a corporate Crown, the Glorious Revolution of 1689 resulted in the effective dissolution or dormancy of the kingly corporation embodied in James II, requiring that the Crown and kingly power be remade anew in the United Kingdom’s last “historically first” constitutional event. Through a close reading of the Bill of Rights and the proceedings of the Convention Parliament of 1689, the article evidences the statutory remaking of the Crown and prerogative powers and shows how from 1689 to today prerogative powers should be understood as a grander form of statutorily delegated power.
Firearms and Mental Health
Authors: Pirelli Gianni , DeMarco Sarah
Published: November 2022

This chapter provides medical and mental health professionals with an overview of the professional literature pertaining to firearms and mental health as well as emerging roles in their respective disciplines. It begins with a review of the literature on mental illness and violence generally, followed by a more nuanced review of the professional literature and commentary on mental illness and firearm-involved violence. Within the same type of format, the chapter proceeds with a review of domestic violence and intimate partner violence, and then suicide. Finally, emerging roles for medical and mental health professionals are addressed, particularly within the context of considerations associated with violence, domestic violence and intimate partner violence, suicide, and firearm law and policy.
Forensic Mental Health Assessment and Firearm-Specific Evaluations
Authors: Pirelli Gianni , DeMarco Sarah
Published: November 2022

In this chapter, medical and mental health professionals are provided with an overview of forensic mental health assessment principles as well as a framework for conducting firearm-specific evaluations. The section addressing firearm-specific evaluations is divided into subsections addressing scenarios involving gun applicants; mental health expungements; and gun rights restoration matters, including forfeiture, reinstatement, “red flag,” and related scenarios. The following part of this chapter is an overview of violence and suicide risk assessment models and approaches. The last section pertains to firearm-specific assessment. Two formal, published frameworks are reviewed—Relief from Disability and Pirelli Firearm-10—followed by considerations for conducting evaluations with law enforcement, corrections, and military personnel.
Sociopolitical Violence and Child Development
Authors: Cummings E. Mark , Wentz Bethany , Lee Michelle
Published: November 2022

Over one billion children around the globe are exposed to political violence and armed conflict. Current literature identifies the risks and challenges that growing up amidst violence poses to optimal child development, and these risks and challenges require that researchers continue to pursue process-oriented examination and intervention for the youth in these contexts. With a particular focus on research in Northern Ireland, this chapter will showcase the depth and breadth of the extant body of scientific work in this arena. A developmental psychopathology perspective is employed to integrate the current empirical literature on this topic, including processes contributing to maladaptive and prosocial outcomes. While researchers have made remarkable progress in this area, considerable challenges and significant gaps in knowledge remain; most notably, relatively few longitudinal, process-oriented studies have been conducted. The chapter concludes with an illumination of the path forward for future research from a developmental psychopathology perspective.
Preventing and Responding to Violence Against Children
Authors: Miller-Graff Laura E. , Moeschberger Scott L. , Maloney Catherine A.
Published: November 2022

Violence against children (VAC) is a complex social problem, and this edited volume offers important insights for how researchers, practitioners, and policymakers can continue to advance work on the prevention and response to VAC in all of its forms. Specifically, researchers should employ a diverse conceptualization of violence, considering the co-occurring and compounding effects of violence on the lives of children. Researchers should also continue to forward longitudinal and process-oriented work, as well as mixed-methods work focusing on trajectories of both risk and resilience. This will further advance well-contextualized and holistic understandings of children’s flourishing. Practitioners should regularly engage in multisystemic and multisectoral partnerships to support comprehensive models of care, with the prevention of violence as a critical goal of these efforts. Similarly, policymakers should consider how to support integrated networks that address children’s holistic needs.
Stents and grafts
Authors: Balla Sujana , Nieman Koen
Published: November 2022

Stents and grafts each pose specific imaging challenges. In selected patients cardiac CT can provide valuable information in well-performed studies. This chapter highlights the appropriate use and interpretation of cardiac CT in patients with stents and grafts. Also discussed are the challenges of imaging stents and bypass grafts and ways to optimize image quality and reconstruction for adequate interpretation.
Graft vasculopathy in transplanted hearts
Authors: Bartykowszki Andrea
Published: November 2022

Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) is the leading cause of mortality post-heart transplantation at 1 year and beyond. CAV consists of diffuse narrowing by concentric intimal hyperplasia of the coronary arteries (different from the more focal classical coronary artery disease found in non-transplanted hearts). Additionally, CAV tends to be clinically more insidious, as typical symptoms like angina are rare owing to the absence of innervation. Consequently, transplanted patient undergo regular (often annual) invasive angiography to exclude the presence and progression of silent CAV. However, in experienced centres coronary CT angiography may be a valuable alternative to invasive angiography to evaluate CAV avoiding the risks inherent with invasive procedures. The higher resting heart rates and inefficiency of beta-receptor antagonists encountered in heart transplant recipients pose significant technical challenges to CT imaging.
Mitral valve disease
Authors: Guglielmo Marco
Published: November 2022

Cardiac CT is gaining increased importance in mitral valve disease evaluation. Cardiac CT provides a detailed anatomical assessment of the entire mitral apparatus, including papillary muscles, chordae tendinea, mitral annulus, and leaflets. As a consequence, cardiac CT ensures precise information on the mitral regurgitation mechanism for both functional and degenerative valvulopathy. More importantly, cardiac CT has become fundamental in transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR). Indeed, it is able to depict accurately and reproducibly the complex three-dimensional anatomy of the mitral annulus and left ventricle outflow tract, providing essential measures for TMVR, including the so-called ‘neo’ left ventricle outflow tract (LVOT), preventing the fearsome complication of LVOT obstruction.
European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging certification standards in cardiac CT
Authors: Baggiano Andrea
Published: November 2022

Certification in health care is meant to guarantee patients the best diagnosis or treatment, while it represents an opportunity for physicians to expand their knowledge and acquire professional credibility. Considering the high technical and clinical expertise necessary to perform a good CT angiography scan, the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) decided to create a certification process that will test all the candidates on the indications and contraindications for appropriate cardiac CT patient referral, the principles of cardiac CT scan acquisition techniques and dose-saving algorithms, image display and interpretation, and reporting. Three levels of competency have been created, tailored to candidate’s requirements, with specific thresholds of continuing medical education credits and practical cases. Moreover, to gain a competency level of 2 or 3, a written exam composed of two parts (multiple-choice questions and interpretation of clinical cases) must be passed.
Quality in radiotherapy
Authors: Morgan Andrew , MacDougall Niall
Published: November 2022

This chapter, ‘Quality in Radiotherapy’, demonstrates how the implementation and development of quality systems over the past 30 years has contributed to the radiotherapy process in the United Kingdom. The nomenclature surrounding quality systems is defined and the subtle differences between accuracy and precision are clarified, as are those between quality control (QC) and quality assurance (QA). Important developments in equipment technology highlight the significant quality improvements that have occurred in the delivery accuracy of radiotherapy through image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT). Significant radiotherapy incidents are used as learning points to demonstrate the consequences of quality failure.
The ABCDs of Dignity-Conserving Care
Authors: Chochinov Harvey Max
Published: November 2022

The ABCDs of dignity-conserving care acknowledges that everyone working in healthcare brings certain innate qualities, outlooks, and ways of engaging with patients that profoundly shape each clinical encounter. Attitude, behavior, compassion, and dialogue address core competencies healthcare providers must be mindful of to achieve dignity in care. This chapter describes the ABCDs in detail, along with introducing the concept of the Platinum Rule (i.e., doing unto patients as they would want done unto themselves); appreciating the critical role of the healthcare provider as a witness, and how that helps shape the patient experience; and describing the Patient Dignity Question (i.e., What do I need to know about you as a person to take the best care of you possible?).
The Model of Optimal Therapeutic Communication
Authors: Chochinov Harvey Max
Published: November 2022

This chapter presents a unique, data-driven model of effective communication, akin to an anatomical dissection of what makes clinical encounters work. This model brings together the need to understand patient responses (Chapter 1) while invoking healthcare provider approaches and characteristics (Chapter 2), leading to optimal therapeutic communication. Elements of the model include theraputic approaches, creating a safe space, personal growth and self-care, therapeutic pacing, therapeutic presence, and therapeutic humility. The model is based on the collective input and wisdom of scores of healthcare professionals and offers guidance and direction for achieving dignity in care.
A Military Community Cohort Study Reveals Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Inflammation Mediator Genes That Associate With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Myers Jamie L , Xia Hui , Caballero Manuel Y , Valtier Sandra , Chaudry G Jilani
Published: November 2022

Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a prevalent metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia of varying degrees. Genetic and lifestyle variations are known to influence the onset and severity of T2DM. Among the genetic variations reported to confer susceptibility to the disease are certain single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Here, we report the analysis of 18 such SNPs in a military community cohort of 716 subjects, comprising 477 diabetic and 239 control subjects. The population studied included active-duty military personnel, veterans, and their families. The SNPs analyzed in this work occur in nine different genes, comprising six interleukin (IL) genes (IL1A, IL1B, IL4, IL6, IL10, and IL18), fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) gene, and cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 genes (CNR1, CNR2). The products of these genes are players in different conditions, including inflammation, a process linked with diabetes.

Materials and Methods

The T2DM and control (no diabetes) DNA samples were acquired from an archived sample repository (Center for Advanced Molecular Detection, 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Joint Base San Antonio [JBSA]-Lackland, TX). The blood samples had been previously collected from gender- and race-mixed cohorts under a protocol approved by the 59th Medical Wing Institutional Review Board. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping was done by real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using TaqMan assay reagents. The statistical analysis software 9.3 (SAS 9.3) was used for statistical analyses to reveal associations between the SNP genotypes and T2DM.

Results

Out of the 18 SNPs analyzed, six showed statistically significant association with T2DM in the overall cohort (P < .05). The odds ratio for these associations varied from 1.57 to 3.16. The rs16944 T/T homozygous genotype (IL1B) showed the strongest association with T2DM, with P = .005. In the White cohort, five of these six SNPs and one other, rs806368 (cannabinoid receptor 1), associate with T2DM. However, the gender-specific analysis of the White cohort revealed only two SNP associations with T2DM in the female cohort, rs16944 (IL1B) and rs2295632 (FAAH), both also showing association in the overall mixed cohort. Likewise, four SNPs showed T2DM association in the White male cohort, with rs187238 (IL18) being uniquely significant in this group.

Conclusions

The IL1B SNP rs16944 showed consistent statistically significant association with T2DM and therefore is likely a promising biomarker for T2DM. We note, however, that this association in a generic sense may be with the inflammatory process that accompanies T2DM and not per se with T2DM.
Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): extended intragroup light in a group at z = 0.2 from deep Hyper Suprime-Cam images
Authors: Martínez-Lombilla Cristina , Brough Sarah , Montes Mireia , Baena-Gallé Roberto , Akhlaghi Mohammad , Infante-Sainz Raúl , Driver Simon P , Holwerda Benne W , Pimbblet Kevin A , Robotham Aaron S G
Published: November 2022

We present a pilot study to assess the potential of Hyper Suprime-Cam Public Data Release 2 (HSC-PDR2) images for the analysis of extended faint structures within groups of galaxies. We examine the intragroup light (IGL) of the group 400138 (Mdyn = 1.3 ± 0.5 × 1013 M⊙, z ∼ 0.2) from the Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA) survey using Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program Public Data Release 2 (HSC-SSP PDR2) images in g, r, and i bands. We present the most extended IGL measurement to date, reaching down to $\mu _{g}^{\rm {lim}}=30.76$ mag arcsec−2 (3σ; 10 × 10 arcsec2) at a semimajor axis of 275 kpc. The IGL shows mean colour values of g − i = 0.92, g − r = 0.60, and r − i = 0.32 (±0.01). The IGL stellar populations are younger (2–2.5 Gyr) and less metal rich ([Fe/H] ∼ −0.4) than those of the host group galaxies. We find a range of IGL fractions as a function of total group luminosity of ${\sim} 2\!-\!36 {{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ depending on the definition of IGL, with larger fractions the bluer the observation wavelength. The early-type to late-type galaxy ratio suggests that 400138 is a more evolved group, dominated by early-type galaxies, and the IGL fraction agrees with that of other similarly evolved groups. These results are consistent with tidal stripping of the outer parts of Milky Way-like galaxies as the main driver of the IGL build-up. This is supported by the detection of substructure in the IGL towards the galaxy member 1660615 suggesting a recent interaction (<1 Gyr ago) of that galaxy with the core of the group.
The Thing Metabolome Repository family (XMRs): comparable untargeted metabolome databases for analyzing sample-specific unknown metabolites
Authors: Sakurai Nozomu , Yamazaki Shinichi , Suda Kunihiro , Hosoki Ai , Akimoto Nayumi , Takahashi Haruya , Shibata Daisuke , Aoki Yuichi
Published: November 2022

The identification of unknown chemicals has emerged as a significant issue in untargeted metabolome analysis owing to the limited availability of purified standards for identification; this is a major bottleneck for the accumulation of reusable metabolome data in systems biology. Public resources for discovering and prioritizing the unknowns that should be subject to practical identification, as well as further detailed study of spending costs and the risks of misprediction, are lacking. As such a resource, we released databases, Food-, Plant- and Thing-Metabolome Repository (http://metabolites.in/foods, http://metabolites.in/plants, and http://metabolites.in/things, referred to as XMRs) in which the sample-specific localization of unknowns detected by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry in a wide variety of samples can be examined, helping to discover and prioritize the unknowns. A set of application programming interfaces for the XMRs facilitates the use of metabolome data for large-scale analysis and data mining. Several applications of XMRs, including integrated metabolome and genome analyses, are presented. Expanding the concept of XMRs will accelerate the identification of unknowns and increase the discovery of new knowledge.
Parental experiences of the impact of grooming and criminal exploitation of children for county lines drug trafficking
Authors: Dando Coral J , Ormerod Thomas C , Atkinson-Sheppard Sally
Published: November 2022

Background

County lines is used to describe the illicit drug supply model whereby drugs are transported from one area of the country to another, often by children believed to have been physically and psychologically coerced to do so. County lines is a serious threat to public health, with significant negative impacts on the physical and psychological health and wellbeing of children and families.

Methods

We conducted in-depth interviews with parents of children involved in county lines to understand their experiences and the impact of grooming and recruitment. Interviews were conducted between December 2019 and January 2021. Thematic analysis identified four primary themes: (i) out of nowhere behaviour change, (ii) escalation and entrenchment, (iii) impact of intervention failures and (iv) destructive lifestyle choices.

Results

Parents from across England all reported similar experiences, and so these data offer novel insight into potential grooming and recruitment indicators. All were frustrated by the prevailing vulnerable narrative, which they argued hindered understanding. A lack of consultation, and reports of numerous intervention failures was common.

Conclusion

The importance of giving parents a voice and involving them as a potential first line of defence, and how the current vulnerability narrative appears to be closing impactful education opportunities are discussed.
Costs and import costs of past, present, and future TB drug regimens: a case study for Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan
Authors: Kohler Stefan , Sitali Norman , Achar Jay , Paul Nicolas
Published: November 2022

Background

Tuberculosis (TB) drugs and their import are costly. We assessed how shorter TB drug regimens, which were non-inferior or superior in recent TB trials, can affect the costs for purchasing and importing TB drugs.

Methods

We estimated the drug costs and import costs of 39 longer and shorter TB drug regimens using TB drug prices from the Global Drug Facility and import cost estimates for a TB program in Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan. Drug regimens from recent TB trials were compared with TB drug regimens following present or past World Health Organization recommendations.

Results

We estimated an import cost of $4.19 and a drug cost of $43 per standard 6-month drug-sensitive (DS)-TB regimen. A new 17-week DS-TB regimen from the TBTC Study 31 currently requires more tablets and is more expensive to import ($6.08) and purchase ($233). The TB program can substantially decrease import costs ($2.26–14) and drug costs ($391–2308) per multidrug-resistant (MDR)-TB regimen when using new 6-month or shorter drug regimens from the Nix-TB, NExT, TB PRACTECAL, ZeNix, or BEAT TB trials instead of 9–20-month regimens with import costs of $9.96–507 and drug costs of $354–15 028. For a commonly used 20-month all-oral, bedaquiline-containing MDR-TB regimen, we estimated costs of $41 for drug import and $1773 for drug purchase.

Conclusions

The implementation of a new and shorter DS-TB regimen may increase the costs for drug purchase and import. The implementation of new and shorter MDR-TB regimens may decrease the costs for drug purchase and/or drug import.
In flagranti- Functional morphology of copulatory organs of odontopygid millipedes (Diplopoda: Juliformia: Spirostreptida)
Authors: Brandt Justus , Reip Hans Simon , Naumann Benjamin
Published: November 2022

The copulatory organs of many animal groups exhibit a high degree of morphological complexity and diversity that is thought to have evolved on the basis of different selective mechanisms including lock- and-key mechanism, pleiotropy, sperm competition, internal courtship and female choice. Identifying the effects of these different selective mechanisms on copulatory organs one of the central topics of the study of sexual selection. To tackle this challenge, knowledge of the functions of all parts of the copulatory organs is indispensable. Here we study the functional morphology of the gonopods (male copulatory organs) and vulvae (female copulatory organs) in the odontopygid millipedeSpinotarsus(Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae). While the vulvae of female odontopygids are rather simple, male gonopods are complex, walking leg-derived copulatory organs that exhibit many movable sub-parts. Using μCT-based 3D reconstruction, confocal laser scanning microscopy and mating observations we revise the functional morphology of odontopygid gonopods, propose biological roles and evaluate the possible involvement of different selective mechanisms underlying their evolution.
CYTOKINE-BASED MULTI-EPITOPE PROTEIN FOR BINDING TO CCR7-POSITIVE CELLS
Authors: Beihaghi Maria , Marashi Hasan , Karimi Reihaneh , Beihaghi Mohammad Reza , Chaboksavar Masoud , Zabetian Mahsa
Published: November 2022

Drugs based on cytokine genes increase the body’s immunity against cancer and several viral diseases. Cytokines such as CCL21 and CCL19 specifically bind to the CCR7 receptor and have anti-tumor properties and a prognosis of tumorigenesis. An epitope of IL-Iβ is also involved in various cellular activities such as neutrophil activation, T and B lymphocyte cell production, antibody production, and fibroblast proliferation. They bind to secretory proteins without any inflammatory response. GM-CSF adjuvant is one of the growth factors of white blood cells (WBC) that stimulates stem cells to produce granulocytes and myocytes. In our project, we designed and synthesized codon-optimized multiepitope genes construct from human genes. The molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and binding affinity of this recombinant protein and CCR7 receptor were examined through in silico analyses. This construct was introduced into the pET-28a vector that was cloned in Ecoli to explore this recombinant protein. The purified multiepitope protein produced a strong signal in Dot-blot, SDS-PAGE, and Western-blot assays comparable to the positive control. The assessments of FTIR measurement and MALDI-TOF MS displayed that synthetic gene constructs correctly be expressed in E. coli. We also investigated the potential activity of the purified multiepitope protein in stimulating migration and proliferation of MCF7CCR7+ cancer cell line using wound healing assay. Also, in this study, the MTT method was used to determine the half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) of all multiepitope protein concentrations. We used Agarose assay on PBMCsCCR7+ to observe whether PBMC cells and chemoattractants attract to each other. Also, we found that intraperitoneal injection of recombinant antigen affected the level of WBC in BALB/c mice, and the level of WBC in tumor mice increased significantly compared to healthy mice. Our project aims to produce the first multi-epitope vaccine with many beneficial advantages such as low-cost price and any major or significant complications that can be used as biomarkers for cancer screening and prognosis tests to immunize the patient before chemotherapy.
Effectiveness factors of food safety management systems: a systematic literature review
Authors: Maiberger Thomas Willi , Sunmola Funlade T.
Published: November 2022

Purpose

Food safety management systems (FSMSs) are implemented in food supply chains primarily to adhere to regulations as well as meet customer requirements. The literature contains examples of successful and failed implementation of FSMSs, including the influencing factors. This paper aims to explore the literature on the effectiveness factors of FSMSs to identify the literature findings, the emerging themes and suggestions for future research.

Design/methodology/approach

A systematic literature review (SLR) is used to synthesise research on the factors influencing the effectiveness of FSMSs. The methodology consists of formulating the research questions, identifying, selecting and evaluating relevant studies, analysing, synthesising and presenting findings.

Findings

The effectiveness factors of FSMSs identified from the literature are clustered into five categories, namely (1) FSMS culture; (2) FSMS inspection, verification and audit; (3) FSMS knowledge; (4) Legal regulations; and (5) Prerequisite programmes. Moreover, it was determined that the effectiveness factors featured in a variety of contexts.

Research limitations/implications

SLR is an objective, rigorous and reliable approach to exploring the effectiveness factors of FSMSs. However, the results are contingent on research studies selected for review, which depends on the research criteria used, available and accessible research studies and the criteria for inclusion and exclusion of studies. This dependency introduces bias, an intrinsic limitation of the SLR approach.

Originality/value

In this study, the effectiveness factors of FSMSs are identified utilising an SLR approach, integrating findings from previously reported research. The factors and resulting emerging themes identified in this study are beneficial, including in improving food safety management practices.
The relationship between facilities management service quality and patients’ health-care experience: the mediating effect of adequacy of health-care resource
Authors: Amankwah Oti , Choong Weng Wai , Boakye-Agyeman Naana Amakie
Published: November 2022

Purpose

With challenges in health-care facilities management (FM) and adequacy of health-care resources constraints in most developing countries, improving patient’s health-care experience has become of strategic importance in public health-care delivery. This paper aims to investigate the mediating effect of adequacy of health-care resources on the relationship between the quality of health-care FM services and patient’s health-care experience.

Design/methodology/approach

This cross-sectional study adopts a quantitative approach based on a questionnaire survey conducted on 660 patients of three teaching hospitals in Ghana. In total, 622 valid questionnaires were used for data analysis using partial least squares structural equation modelling.

Findings

The mediating effect of adequacy of health-care resources on the relationship between responsiveness and tangibility and patients’ health-care experience were supported, while that of empathy, reliability and assurance were not supported. The relationship between and adequacy of health-care resources and patients’ health-care experience was also supported.

Research limitations/implications

The study limitation is that it was only the teaching hospitals that were surveyed. In future studies, a comparative analysis can be conducted between both public and private hospitals. Other constructs and relationships such as the mediating effect of the quality of health-care administrative process on the relationship between FM service quality and patients’ health-care experience as well as the moderation effect of adequacy of health-care resource on the relationship between FM service quality and patients’ health-care experience can also be tested. Future studies on the same subject can use health-care workers as the respondents of the study.

Practical implications

The result should inspire health-care managers to prioritize attention on health-care FM to create and sustain a decent health-care environment. Facilities managers should ensure standards are not compromised by keeping health-care resources in good condition through the organisation and management of resources.

Originality/value

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is one of the pioneer studies to test the mediating effect of adequacy of health-care resources on the relationship between patient’s health-care experience and health-care FM service quality. The proposed framework can be adapted to various sectors and countries as this empirical validation extends knowledge.
Connectedness of green investments and uncertainties: new evidence from emerging markets
Authors: Ogbonna Ahamuefula Ephraim , Olubusoye Olusanya Elisa
Published: November 2022

Purpose

This study aims to investigate the response of green investments of emerging countries to own-market uncertainty, oil-market uncertainty and COVID-19 effect/geo-political risks (GPRs), using the tail risks of corresponding markets as measures of uncertainty.

Design/methodology/approach

This study employs Westerlund and Narayan (2015) (WN)-type distributed lag model that simultaneously accounts for persistence, endogeneity and conditional heteroscedasticity, within a single model framework. The tail risks are obtained using conditional standard deviation of the residuals from an asymmetric autoregressive moving average – ARMA(1,1) – generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity – GARCH(1,1) model framework with Gaussian innovation. For out-of-sample forecast evaluation, the study employs root mean square error (RMSE), and Clark and West (2007) (CW) test for pairwise comparison of nested models, under three forecast horizons; providing statistical justification for incorporating oil tail risks and COVID-19 effects or GPRs in the predictive model.

Findings

Green returns responds significantly to own-market uncertainty (mostly positively), oil-market uncertainty (mostly positively) as well as the COVID-19 effect (mostly negatively), with some evidence of hedging potential against uncertainties that are external to the green investments market. Also, incorporating external uncertainties improves the in-sample predictability and out-of-sample forecasts, and yields some economic gains.

Originality/value

This study contributes originally to the green market-uncertainty literature in four ways. First, it generates daily tail risks (a more realistic measure of uncertainty) for emerging countries’ green returns and global oil prices. Second, it employs WN-type distributed lag model that is well suited to account for conditional heteroscedasticity, endogeneity and persistence effects; which characterizes financial series. Third, it presents both in-sample predictability and out-of-sample forecast performances. Fourth, it provides the economic gains of incorporating own-market, oil-market and COVID-19 uncertainty.
Cooling off innovation hotspots: smaller businesses need to look wide and deep
Authors: Sinha Kanhaiya Kumar , Saunders Chad , Raby Simon Oliver
Published: November 2022

Purpose

This paper aims to provide evidence-based managerial advice for identifying, developing and managing a broad-based innovation system for organizations to reap optimal performance outcomes.

Design/methodology/approach

The general review is based upon large-scale peer-reviewed academic studies of innovation practices in organizations and their performance outcomes and synthesized here through two illustrative case studies. The first case deals with Brightsquid Secure Communications as they expanded their product-focused innovation practices to include broad-based organizational improvements, while the second case focuses on Trimet Building Products and their use of broad-based innovation to turn around declining revenue.

Findings

Using the SME context, this study outlines an innovation management model that highlights the importance of leadership attention on organization-wide innovation and the interdependence of investments across functions.[AQ2] To enhance their performance, SMEs must implement broad learning programs across the organization that provides formal and informal cross-training and takes a cross-functional approach to innovation and problem-solving.

Originality/value

Reviewing and integrating the literature on different innovation types and outcomes, this study proposes a novel broad-based innovation model that guides firms that overemphasize improvements within a single function. Further, drawing on the learning literature, this paper recommends an organizational learning and collaboration model to achieve organization-wide innovation for optimal outcomes.
Scoping child mental health service capacity in South Africa disadvantaged communities: community provider perspectives
Authors: Nhedzi Abyshey , Haffejee Sadiyya , O'Reilly Michelle , Vostanis Panos
Published: November 2022

Purpose

This study aims to establish the perspectives of community providers on challenges and enablers in developing child mental health capacity in disadvantaged communities in South Africa.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors involved 29 community providers operating in a large urban-deprived area in the Gauteng Province, east of Johannesburg. Community providers had educational, social and health care backgrounds. Their perspectives were captured through three focus groups, two participatory workshops and reflective diaries. Data were integrated and subjected to inductive thematic analysis.

Findings

Three interlinked themes were identified. Community mobilization was viewed as pre-requisite through mental health awareness and strategies to engage children, youth and parents. Service provision should take into consideration contextual factors, predominantly inequalities, lack of basic needs and gender-based issues (domestic violence, teenage pregnancy and single motherhood). Participants referred to severe mental health needs, and related to physical health conditions, disabilities and impairments, rather than to common mental health problems or wellbeing. They proposed that capacity building should tap into existing resources and integrate with support systems through collaborative working.

Practical implications

Child mental health policy and service design in Majority World Countries (MWCs), should involve all informal and structural support systems and stakeholders. Contextual factors require consideration, especially in disadvantaged communities and low-resource settings, and should be addressed through joined up working.

Originality/value

Children’s mental health needs are largely unmet in MWC-disadvantaged communities. These findings capture the experiences and perspectives of various community providers on how to enhance mental health provision by mobilizing communities and resources.