bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of platelet-activating factor–induced cutaneous edema and erythema in dogs
Authors: Watanabe Miwa , Osada Hironari , Shimizu Sunao , Goto Shun , Nagai Makoto , Shirai Junsuke , Sasaki Kazuaki , Shimoda Minoru , Itoh Hiroshi , Ohmori Keitaro
Published: August 2016

OBJECTIVE To characterize platelet-activating factor (PAF)–induced edema and erythema in the skin of dogs and compare those reactions with histamine-induced cutaneous reactions.

ANIMALS 6 healthy Beagles.

PROCEDURES Experiments were performed at ≥ 2-week intervals. Each dog received ID injections (5 μg/site) of PAF C16, PAF C18, lyso-PAF, and histamine. Edema (mean diameter) and erythema scores (none, mild, moderate, or severe) were assessed 30 minutes after the injections. Dogs received ID injections of PAF and histamine each with various concentrations of WEB 2086 (PAF receptor antagonist) or underwent ID testing with PAF and histamine before and 3 hours after oral administration of cetirizine hydrochloride or prednisolone (at 2 doses each).

RESULTS ID injections of PAF C16 and PAF C18, but not lyso-PAF, induced comparable levels of edema and erythema. The PAF-induced edema and erythema peaked at 30 minutes and lasted for 6 hours after the injection; histamine-induced edema and erythema peaked at 30 minutes and lasted for 3 hours after the injection. Edema sizes and erythema scores were significantly smaller and lower, respectively, for PAF than for histamine. The WEB 2086 inhibited PAF-induced but not histamine-induced edema and erythema. Cetirizine slightly, but significantly, repressed PAF-induced edema and erythema as well as histamine-induced cutaneous reactions. Prednisolone suppressed both PAF-induced and histamine-induced edema and erythema.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In canine skin, the duration of PAF-induced inflammation was longer than that of histamine-induced inflammation. The PAF- and histamine-induced cutaneous reactions were effectively suppressed by oral administration of prednisolone. The importance of PAF in dogs with anaphylaxis and allergic disorders warrants further investigation.
A case of wet purpura due to etoricoxib induced thrombocytopenia
Authors: Manappallil Robin George , Krishnan Vinod
Published: August 2016

Etoricoxib  is  a  selective  cyclo-oxygenase  2  inhibitor,  commonly  used  in  treatment  of  rheumatoid  arthritis,  gout  and  back  pain.  Pretibial  edema  and  erythema,  gastric  irritation  and  risks  of  cardiovascular  and  cerebrovascular  thrombotic  events  are  some  of  the  reported  adverse  effects  due  to  etoricoxib.  This  case  report  is  regarding  a  patient  who  presented  with  wet  purpura  following  etoricoxib  intake.  Drug  induced  thrombocytopenia  is  an  unreported  side  effect  of  etoricoxib.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.7(5) 2016 135-137
Pancytopenia following rituximab therapy in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis: Could filgrastim be a temporary solution?
Authors: Manappallil Robin George
Published: August 2016

Rheumatoid  arthritis  is  a  chronic  inflammatory  disease  affecting  the  peripheral  joints  and  can  also  have  extraarticular  manifestations.  The  introduction  of  biological agents  have  opened  new  windows  to  the  treatment  of  rheumatoid  arthritis.  Rituximab  is  a  monoclonal  antibody  directed  against  CD20  cells,  thereby  reducing  the  inflammation.  There  have  been  reports  of  neutropenia,  but  pancytopenia  is  an  uncommon  incident.  Filgrastim, a  human  granulocyte  colony  stimulating  factor,  can  stimulate  neutrophil  production.  The  patient  being  described  is  a  case  of  rheumatoid  arthritis,  who  developed  severe  pancytopenia  following  rituximab  therapy.  She  was  given  filgrastim  injections,  which  temporarily  normalized  her  leucopenia  and  neutropenia.  This  report  emphasizes  the  possibility  of  developing  pancytopenia  following  rituximab  injection  and  the  need  of  regular  follow  up  of  complete  blood  counts.  In  such  cases,  filgrastim  may  be  a  temporary  solution. Also  special  consideration  should  be  given  to  the  increased  risk  of  infections  after  taking  rituximab.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.7(5) 2016 138-141
The prevalence of secretor status and co-expression of lewis antigen in voluntary blood donors
Authors: Bharath R Raj , Arumugam P
Published: August 2016

Background: Blood group substances are present in soluble form in a majority of individuals in secretion such as saliva and body fl uids. Secretor status refers to the presence (SeSe and Sese) or absence (sese) of secretor gene which secrete ABH soluble substances. Secretor status can be used to resolve ABO discrepancies of people whose blood group cannot be identified by routine blood grouping and it can also help in identifying patients who may be a high risk group for getting certain diseases. Aims and Objectives:Our aim and objectives of the study is to fi nd out the Prevalence of Secretor Status and Co-expression of Lewis Antigens among the Voluntary Blood Donors.Materials and Methods:This study was conducted in sixty volunteers and the method used to determine the secretor status was hemagglutination inhibition method. Their blood was used to detect the type of Lewis (Le) antigen since the type of Lewis antigen correlated with the secretor status of the individual.Results:Among the sixty subjects tested, forty fi ve of them were found to be secretors and fifteen of them were Non-secretors. The number of Lewis (a+b-) individuals were twelve, Lewis (a-b+) were thirty nine and Lewis (a-b-) were nine.Conclusion:The prevalence of secretors was 75% and non-secretors were 25% respectively. We found 65 % of the volunteers were found to be Le (a-b+) positive, 20% were Le (a+b-) and the remaining 15% were Le (a-b-) which correlated with the ABH antigen secretor status.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.7(5) 2016 93-96
Effect of sleep duration and physical activity on certain important body composition parameters among medical students
Authors: Modi Sarita , Siddiqui Nazeem , Bose Sukhwant
Published: August 2016

Background: In this highly advanced era and competitive world everyday life offers  less time for sleep and physical activity and the result is serious consequences on physical fitness and health of the society  and particularly the young generation.Aims and Objectives:The present study was undertaken to find out the influence of sleep deprivation and physical activity on body composition parameters of college students.Materials and Methods: Total 98 students of MBBS 1st professional at Sri Aurobindo Medical College and Post Graduate Institute, Indore of both sexes were recruited for the study. Students were divided as Adequate sleep duration at night (ASDN ≥7 hours) and Inadequate sleep duration at night (ISDN <7 hours) groups Anthropometric measurements were done and information of sleep parameters and physical activity recorded. Body composition analysis was done by Bio-impedance analysis (BIA).Results: Sleep duration was significantly associated with Body fat %(BF%) and Body mass index (BMI) in boys but not in girls. There was significant difference in obesity parameters like BF% and BMI between ASDN and ISDN in both sexes. Significant difference was also observed on comparing Physical activity with BF% and BMI of entire group.Conclusion: sleep length is inversely associated with obesity in boys but not in girls. It also affects physical activity which further aggravates obesity.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.7(5) 2016 56-60
Peripheral cell line suppression in dengue infection in relation to serological status
Authors: Krishnamurthy Vani , Rajashekar Rajalakshmi , Doreswamy Srinivasa Murthy
Published: August 2016

Background: Dengue infection occurs in epidemic and can be fatal. Bleeding due to thrombocytopenia and hypovolemic shock due to capillary leak is the predominant clinical feature. Bone marrow suppression as a cause of thrombocytopenia and neutropenia is well documented. This is generally recognised as decrease in the count of formed elements in the peripheral blood. However, relation of such a phenomenon with the serological stage of the disease is less studied. Aims and Objectives:We aimed to quantify the magnitude of peripheral cell line suppression in relation to serological status of dengue illness.Materials and Methods:This was a retrospective study. Dengue infection was diagnosed by clinical and serological parameters. The proportion of patients with peripheral cell line suppression and their association with the different serological phases was described.Results:Records of 219 Dengue positive patients were analysed retrospectively. Most common serological status was positive IgG which was noted in 68.9%, this was followed by NS1 antigen positivity in 39.7% of the patients. Around 40% of the patients had peripheral cell line suppression of two or more formed elements at the time of diagnosis. Sixty-four percent of them had low platelet and WBC counts. All the three formed elements were decreased in 14% of our patients. Of these , 23% were in the initial phase of the illness and 33.3% during post primary phase.Conclusion: Decrease in the formed elements in the peripheral blood suggesting bone marrow suppression is seen in nearly 40% of the patients with Dengue infection at the time of diagnosis. This was highest during post primary phase followed by initial phase of the illness.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.7(5) 2016 52-55
Sickle cell disease: Awareness, knowledge and attitude among undergraduate students of a Nigerian tertiary educational institution
Authors: Ugwu Ngozi Immaculata
Published: August 2016

Background: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited abnormality of the red blood cell characterized by chronic haemolytic anemia with numerous clinical consequences.Aims and Objectives: The objective of this study is to assess the level of awareness, knowledge and attitude to people living with SCD among undergraduate students of a tertiary educational institution in Abakaliki, South eastern, Nigeria.Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out was carried out, and participants were selected using multistage sampling technique. Data was collected using a pre-tested, self-administered questionnaire  and analyzed using SPSS software, version 20.Results: A total of 329 participants were studied, made up of 158 (48%) males and 171 (52%) females. Mean age of the participants was 22.3± 2.7years. All the participants (100%) were aware of the existence of SCD with lectures (35%) and health workers (19.1%) being the most common sources of information. One hundred and ninety one (58.1%) participants showed adequate knowledge about SCD but many of them showed some misconceptions. This study also found that majority of the participants, 291 (88.4%) have positive attitude towards people living with SCD.  Majority of those who have adequate knowledge about SCD showed positive attitude while the reverse is the case for those who have inadequate knowledge.Conclusion: This study found knowledge gaps about SCD among the participants. Health education should be intensified to impact sufficient comprehensive knowledge about SCD to enable the students take informed decision about their marriage so as to prevent procreation of children affected with SCD.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.7(5) 2016 87-92
Oxidative stress index as a biochemical parameter in major depressive disorder
Authors: Gupta Soma , Kunti Sanjoy , Chatterjee Sharmistha , Dutta Suvendu , Nath Saswati , Das Harendra Nath
Published: August 2016

Background: Oxidative stress is considered to be involved in pathogenesis of different diseases including Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). In laboratory, this can be measured by a biochemical parameter called Oxidative stress Index (OSI), which can be calculated as the ratio percentage of Total peroxide to the total anti-oxidant potential.Aims and Objectives: This study was undertaken to determine OSI in MDD and healthy control and to find out whether any significant difference exists among the mean values of OSI in MDD and healthy controls. It was also aimed to find out whether OSI can be correlated with the severity of MDD. The validity of OSI as a biochemical parameter to diagnose MDD was also evaluated.Materials and Methods: In this study OSI was determined in 101 cases of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) along with 106 age and sex matched controls by measuring Total Peroxides (TP) and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC). TP was measured by (FOX 2) method and TAC was measured by The Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) method. The correlation of OSI & severity of depression was assessed by Spearman rank Correlation test. ROC curve was used for determining the validity of OSI for diagnosis of Depression.Result: Significant increase in OSI was observed in MDD (2.33 + 0.457) when compared to healthy controls (1.311 + 0.352). The increase was also found to be associated with severity of MDD (Spearman coefficient of rank correlation, rho = 0.289). The diagnostic ability of OSI was evaluated by ROC curve, which showed Area under curve as 0.96. The optimal cut off value of OSI was found to be 1.83, with 87.13% sensitivity and 92.45% specificity.Conclusion: Oxidative stress may play a role in pathogenesis of MDD as indicated by measuring OSI. This parameter is found to be significantly associated with severity of disease. The diagnostic ability of OSI for MDD is quite satisfactory. However, further study is needed to validate this finding.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.7(5) 2016 31-35
Hysterosalpingographic patterns and relevance in the management of infertility in a Nigerian tertiary health Institution
Authors: Eduwem D U , Akintomide A O , Bassey D E , Ekott M I
Published: August 2016

Background: Infertility is a major clinico-social problem not only in Nigeria; but the whole of the sub-saharan Africa and other parts of the world. In Nigeria it accounts for over 50% of attendance in Gynaecological clinics. Hysterosalpingography (HSG) is still a very valuable imaging modality in the work-up of women with infertility; especially in some communities in Nigeria where modern non-invasive diagnostic modalities are not readily available in most of the health institutions.Aims and Objectives: The study aims at evaluating the HSG findings among women with infertility to further highlight the relevance of this imaging modality in the management of infertility.Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of 205 consecutive Hysterosalpingograms from the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital between October 2013 and September 2015 was done. The Radiological findings and demographic data of the patients were documented and analyzed.Results: Pathologies were reported on 176 (85.8%) Hysterosalpingograms while 29 (14.14%) were normal. The age range of the patients was between 21 and 55 years and the commonest age group was 31 – 35 years. The commonest pathological findings were in the uterus; namely uterine fibroids, 86 (41.95%), uterine synaechiae, 19 (9.26%), Asherman syndrome and congenital abnormalities, 5 each (2.43%). The next commonest pathologies were those associated with tubal occlusionsConclusion: Hysterosalpingography still plays a major investigative role in the evaluation and management of women with infertility. The commonest abnormalities seen in this study were in the uterus.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.7(5) 2016 70-74
Our Heart and Soul: Social Value and the St. John’s Funding Cuts
Authors: Lawrie Johanna
Published: August 2016

This article investigates the social grounds for public funding of the arts and how this valuation has shifted as economic justifications are now being considered. The funding cuts in St. John’s during December 2015—and their eventual reinstatement—serves as a particular site of investigation. The protests against these cuts spurred a dialogue regarding the values that justify public funding for the arts. However, the justification and valuation of the arts is now responding to the shifting language of “investment,” comparing the arts to other profitable industries. This emphasis on the arts as an economic contributor has, in some ways, shifted the social and cultural values of the arts to become additional or fringe benefits of public support. In the case of the St. John’s funding cuts, I examine the duality of social and economic evaluation and how these justifications for public support are working in tandem to defend arts funding.
The Newfoundland and Labrador Folk Festival, a Case Study of Growth, Staging Place, and the Not-for-Profit Reality
Authors: Graham-Laidlaw Maile
Published: August 2016

After almost four decades, the Newfoundland and Labrador Folk Festival has evolved from a one-day, 100-person event highlighting folk music performers of rural Newfoundland to a large-scale, three-day event that draws major acts from the mainland and beyond. Staged by the Newfoundland and Labrador Folk Arts Society, a St. John’s–based charitable organization, the festival is increasingly faced with the realities of growth and the challenges of fulfilling the organization’s place-based mandate as the festival widens its scope. Part of this challenge is the simple logistics of festival planning and funding realities. Drawing on my experience with the organization, this paper examines the course of that growth and the realities of organizing a large-scale outdoor event with a not-for-profit approach, as well as the challenges, both cultural and practical, of performing Newfoundland on the folk fest stage.
Dance Dramaturgy: Expanding the Discourse
Authors: Behrndt Synne
Published: August 2016

Pil Hansen and Darcey Callison’s Dance Dramaturgy: Modes of Agency, Awareness and Engagement (2015) marks an important consolidation of a dance dramaturgy discourse. With contributions from ten international writers, the anthology explores the role of the dramaturg and the processes of dramaturgy from different critical and creative perspectives.
Revealing Detergent Efficiency and Mechanism by Real-Time Measurement Using a Novel and Tailored QCM-D methodology
Authors: Olesen Kenneth , van Leeuwen Caspar , Andersson Fredrik I.
Published: August 2016

Currently there is a lack of knowledge on how to scientifically and rapidly screen new detergent formulations. To address this, we employed the Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation technique which allows real-time acquisition of the cleaning process. Using an automated multichannel setup enabled rapid, simultaneous screening of eight formulations in regard to cleaning rate, soil swelling and soil removal. Herein, 9 commercially available dishwashing formulations are screened and ranked based on their ability to remove/swell standardized cooking grease soiled onto a silica surface. Moreover, we observed that soil swelling can be monitored via the dissipation factor. In summary, we present a real-time in-situ method for detergent formulation screening during the R&D phase of new detergents.
Understanding Interactions of Surfactants and Enzymes: Impact of Individual Surfactants on Stability and Wash Performance of Protease Enzyme in Detergents
Authors: Hellmuth Hendrik , Dreja Michael
Published: August 2016

Enzymes and surfactants are both essential ingredients that determine the performance of modern laundry detergents. We have conducted an investigation of the interaction of surfactants and enzymes under laundry detergent application conditions in order to understand the influence of individual ingredients and to optimize detergent performance. We can show that for a given protease enzyme, individual surfactants in a constant detergent matrix have a significant impact on relevant stability and performance parameter. While certain anionic surfactants like e.g. linear alkylbenzene sulfonate show strong protease inactivation, nonionic surfactants did only show slight inactivation over time. On the other hand, proteolytic performance of protease on test stains was most driven by fatty alcohol ether sulfate. Knowledge about the impact of individual surfactants on proteases will enable the best choice of ingredients for mixed surfactant systems with optimized enzyme performance and stability.
Potentials and Impacts of Low Temperature Electric Household Dishwashing
Authors: Gorny Susanne , Bichler Sandra , Seifert Monika , Kessler Arnd , Stamminger Rainer , Wrubbel Noelle
Published: August 2016

To further reduce energy consumption of dishwashing programmes and still obtain satisfying cleaning results, water temperatures in the programme steps are decreased and running times are prolonged. To which extent the cleaning factor duration is able to compensate for temperature has been insufficiently researched until now. This study quantifies the effects of a pre-rinse step, of the duration and water temperatures in different dishwashing programme steps on the cleaning performance and energy consumption in mathematical models. Using those models it is shown that even a (cold) pre-rinse step increases the cleaning performance and that energy consumption is reduced by 25–28% and the cleaning performance decreases, especially on heavily soiled load items and of fatty soilings on plastic surfaces, if the water temperature in the cleaning step is lowered to 30°C.
Effects of Relevant Detergent Components on the Cleaning Performance in Low Temperature Electric Household Dishwashing
Authors: Gorny Susanne , Bichler Sandra , Stamminger Rainer , Seifert Monika , Kessler Arnd , Wrubbel Noelle
Published: August 2016

Lowering water temperatures in the cleaning step of a dishwashing program to 30°C leads to reduced energy consumption and decreased cleaning performances on persistently soiled dish- and cookware and of fatty soilings on hydrophobic surfaces. This study focusses on the question if the observed decline of the cleaning performance can be compensated for by aligning the formulation of the dishwashing detergent. A Design of experiments-method is used to quantify the effects of detergent components on the cleaning performance in mathematical models. The calculated models are used to adjust the amount of those components in a detergent formulation that increases the cleaning performance in low temperature electric household dishwashing. The modeled formulation has been verified in practical experiments.
Stock Model Based Bottom-up Accounting for Washing Machines: Worldwide Energy, Water and Greenhouse Gas Saving Potentials 2010–2030
Authors: Götz Thomas , Tholen Lena
Published: August 2016

Washing laundry is one of the most widespread housework tasks in the world. Washing machines, performing this task already in many private households, are now responsible for about 2% of the global electricity consumption. Worldwide, more than 840 million domestic washing machines are in use, with an annual consumption exceeding 92 TWh of electricity and 19 billion m3 of water as well as causing emissions of more than 62 megatons CO2eq. In North America, Western Europe and Pacific OECD countries, most households own a washing machine. In these economies standard and label policy programs already addressed and reduced the specific electricity and water consumption of washing machines per wash cycle. Nevertheless, in other world regions, the level of ownership for washing machines is still well below saturation and high growth rates can be observed in developing and newly industrialising countries. As washing machines use water, electricity, chemical substances and process time as resources, also the absolute worldwide resource consumption and emissions of these appliances are still on the rise. Due to different washing habits and practices as well as types of washing machines in different world regions, the specific consumption of resources for doing the laundry is varying to a large extent. On that score, this paper presents an overview of the current situation worldwide as well as respective saving potentials. Bottom-up scenario calculations, carried out for the 11 world regions according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change classification, show that large energy, water and greenhouse gas savings are possible with the ‘Best Available Technologies’ today, and even higher savings will be possible with next generation ‘Best Not yet Available Technologies’. According to model results, these savings are usually also very cost-effective. Following these calculations, it is highly advisable for policymakers world-wide to pay even more attention to improvement options in order to implement ambitious and product-specific policy packages, including minimum performance standards and labelling schemes.
Differentiated Evaluation of Washing Performance in Washing Machines of Test Stain Strips as a Function of Temperature, Washing Duration and Load Size
Authors: Lambert Edith , Maitra Writi , Scheid Frederik , Niestrath Marina , Gorny Susanne , Stamminger Rainer
Published: August 2016

Since the washing performance of household washing machines must comply with certain limit values, like the ecodesign requirements in Europe, the method of washing performance evaluation is crucial. Today, the washing performance is defined as an overall washing performance in IEC 60456:2010, constituting an calculation of the average sum of reflectance values of five different stain monitors. As a result, the different washing characteristics of each individual stain are totally neglected. This study investigates how the washing cycle affects the individual stains, when washing temperature, washing time and load size are varied systematically. The results show individual stains contribute differently to the overall washing performance. For a proper assessment of the washing performance, the individual stains’ contributions to the overall washing performance are required to be considered. A supplement of temperature sensitive stain monitors is suggested. E.g., as tea has a crucial contribution at higher temperature, this stain should have a higher influence in washing performance assessment when good bleaching or hygiene performance is requested.
TIG deposition of Ti on steel substrates using Cu as interlayer
Authors: Mitelea Ion , Uţu Ion Dragoş , Cutean Simona , Crăciunescu Corneliu Marius
Published: August 2016

The deposition of Ti on steel substrates using a Cu interlayer was experimentally investigated using the tungsten inert gas technique with a mechanized feeding system. First, a Cu layer was deposited on the steel surface before the coating process for the production of the Ti layer. The resulting depositions exhibit a good penetration following the occurrence of two heat affected zones with a dense, compact and free-of-cracks microstructure. The investigations by scanning electron microscopy and by X-ray diffraction showed the formation of compounds in the Ti-Cu system and the absence of chemical combinations between Ti and Fe that can strongly affect the toughness characteristics of the deposited layer. The measurement of the cross-sectional hardness shows a significant increase in the surface compared to that of the substrate.
Effect of Al addition on microstructure and properties of an Fe-B-Al alloy
Authors: Ju Jiang , Fu Hanguang , Lei Yongping
Published: August 2016

The Fe-B-Al alloy containing 0 to 10.0 wt.-% Al was melted in a vacuum induction furnace. Effects of the aluminum addition on the microstructure and properties of Fe-B-Al alloys were studied by means of optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), hardness testing and MMG-500 type pin-on-disk high temperature vacuum wear testing. The results showed that the as-casted microstructure of the aluminum-free Fe-B alloy consisted of α-Fe, Fe2(B,C), and Fe23(B,C)6 type borocarbides. However, the as-casted microstructure of the Fe-B-Al alloy consists of a Fe3Al type intermetallic compound when the aluminum content is more than 6.0 wt.-%. Compared with the aluminum-free Fe-B alloy, parts of the borocarbide networks are broken, and the fracture tendency became more obvious with the increase of the aluminum content. Boron is mainly distributed over the borocarbide. Aluminum is mainly distributed over the matrix and Fe3Al type intermetallic compound. Compared with the aluminum-free Fe-B alloy, the addition of a small amount of aluminum reduces slightly the hardness. The hardness gradually increased with the further increasing of the aluminum content. The hardness reached 48.1 HRC when aluminum content was 10.0 wt.-%. The high temperature wear resistance of Fe-B-Al alloy gradually increased with the increase of the aluminum content. When the aluminum content reached 10.0 wt.-%, the high temperature wear resistance of the alloy was the best.
Wear behavior of multilayer coated carbide tools in finish dry hard turning
Authors: Cakan Ahmet
Published: August 2016

The aim of this study is to explore wear behaviors of carbide tools with a multilayer TiCN + Al2O3 + TiN coating on AISI-4340 and AISI-52100 hardened steel substrates generated by the medium temperature chemical vapor deposition (MTCVD) method in finish dry hard turning. Microscopic and microstructural wear aspects of multilayer-coated carbide tips were quantified at three cutting speeds using a constant feed rate of 0.027 mm × rev−1 and a constant cutting depth of 0.2 mm. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were used to investigate worn tool surfaces, wear products and wear mechanisms. Wear mechanisms observed involved abrasion, adhesion, plastic flow, material transfer and tribochemical effects depending on mechanical and thermal conditions generated on the wear zones. Transfer layer formation with different morphologies was distinguished to occur at the rake-chip interface.
Analyzing the diffusion weldability of copper and porcelain
Authors: Tolun Fatmagul , Celik Sare
Published: August 2016

Diffusion welding is one of the exclusive welding methods that provides a perfect material interface after joining of different materials and results in high mechanical properties at high temperatures. In particular, this technique can be used for joining porcelain and metal that have distinctly different features. In this study, diffusion welding of copper to porcelain has been investigated. After the diffusion welding with different parameters, shear tests have been applied to the samples in order to investigate the weld properties and the changes in hardness in the weld region. In order to elucidate the changes in microstructure and composition in the weld region, SEM, EDX and XRD analyses were performed on the samples. As a result, the joining of copper and porcelain materials can successfully be performed by diffusion welding. Samples have the highest weld strength, if they are joined by diffusion welding at 900 °C for 60 min and at 4.5 MPa.
Application of micro-magnetic testing systems for non-destructive analysis of wear progress in case-hardened 16MnCr5 gear wheels
Authors: Tenkamp Jochen , Haack Matthias , Walther Frank , Weibring Max , Tenberge Peter
Published: August 2016

Micro-magnetic testing methods are qualified for non-destructive quantification of hardness, hardness depth and residual stresses. Among others they are applied for detection of grinding burn in gear wheels, but an application for wear condition monitoring has not yet been published. In this paper, results of initial research of determination of wear condition in gear wheels by application of micro-magnetic testing systems are presented. For comparison of different wear conditions, gears were loaded for increasing numbers of cycles in a test rig based on FVA information sheet 54/7 and DIN ISO 14635 part 1. Operating conditions were altered by usage of different lubricants. Afterwards, wear conditions were determined by conventional techniques, i. e., measuring change in profile and loss of material. Four measurement principles were evaluated for change in micro-magnetic properties determination, magnetic Barkhausen noise analysis, permeability and eddy-current measurements, as well as harmonic analysis of tangential field strength. A general suitability of micro-magnetic testing approach for characterization of wear condition of gear wheels could be demonstrated by comparison of micro-magnetic properties with common wear indicators. Micro-magnetic properties were not solely influenced by wear condition, as the selected oil, and hence the tribochemical conditions in contact also showed a significant effect on measured values. Therefore, further survey is required for direct correlation of micro-magnetic properties with (micro-)structural material changes.
Effects of temperature on fatigue limits and fracture morphologies of 40Cr steels formed by warm extrusion
Authors: Wei Liu , Dejun Kong
Published: August 2016

A 40Cr steel was formed with warm extrusion under different temperatures, and the tensile fatigue limits after the warm extrusion were calculated according to the Roca rule. The metallographic microstructure and chemical compositions of the extrusion samples were analyzed with an optical microscope and photoelectric direct-reading spectrometer, respectively; the residual stress and residual austenite were investigated on a stress tester. The fracture morphologies were analyzed with a field-emission scanning electron microscope, and the mechanism by which the warm extrusion temperatures affected the fatigue fracture of the 40Cr steel was discussed. The results show that the grains are refined by warm extrusion at 550°C, the C weight fraction on the sample surface is 0.39%, and the compressive residual stress and content of residual austenite are −297 MPa and 5.3%, respectively, increasing the fatigue life of the samples. The grain sizes of the extrusion samples at 650 and 750°C are larger than those at 550°C, the corresponding C content of the sample surface is 0.39% and 0.38%, respectively, and the compressive residual stresses and contents of residual austenite decrease, leading to a decrease in the fatigue life. The fatigue strength of the samples by warm extrusion at 550, 650, and 750°C is 382, 412, and 385 MPa, respectively. The fracture morphology of the sample at 550°C is a dimple, while that at 650 and 750°C is a cleavage step and river pattern, respectively.
Framework for Defining Asset Features to Monitor and Assess Earth-Retaining Structures
Authors: Rasdorf William , Butler Cedrick J. , Findley Daniel J. , Gabr Mohammed A. , Bert Steven A.
Published: August 2016

Permanent earth-retaining structures (ERSs), including retaining walls, have been systematically managed, inventoried, and assessed by several government organizations, including the City of Cincinnati, Ohio; the Oregon and Pennsylvania Departments of Transportation; and the Central Federal Lands Highway Division of FHWA (for the National Park Service). For a comprehensive ERS asset management program, a careful evaluation of the structural health, criticality, and risk of ERSs is essential for proper management (preservation, rehabilitation, or replacement) of these aging assets. However, many transportation agencies struggle with the evaluation and incorporation of risk in their ERS management programs. This study addressed the development of a framework that would evaluate risk and would define its relationship to ERS condition (likelihood of failure) and ERS criticality (consequence of failure). A methodology for relating risk to routine inspection cycles for ERSs and remedial actions for those in distress is proposed.
Soil Dynamic Stress of a Transition Zone Influenced by the Shield Tunnel Beneath a Railroad
Authors: Shan Yao , Zhou Shunhua , Gong Quanmei , Wang Binglong , Shu Yao , Zhao Zhiguo
Published: August 2016

Uneven settlement and variation in track stiffness are inherent issues of culvert–embankment transition zones. Therefore, the construction of a shield tunnel (a temporary support structure for tunnel construction) in the vicinity of a transition zone may aggravate track geometry deterioration, increase maintenance demand, and cause poor ride quality. This study investigated the influence of shield tunnel construction on the distribution of soil dynamic stress. A construction project of shield tunnels for a metro line beneath an existing railroad was employed as a case study. A plane strain model that was realized by the finite element analysis method was employed to investigate the distribution discipline of the soil dynamic stress in transition zones, which was induced by the passing train and the shield tunnel beneath the railway. The results indicate that the existence of a shield tunnel structure will increase the soil dynamic stress in the transition zone. Because of the tunnel structure, the soil dynamic stress is 38% greater than the soil dynamic stress in the case without a tunnel at a depth of 16 m. Consequently, a recommended treatment is introduced according to the properties of the surrounding soil. Numerical simulation revealed that this treatment is appropriate for reducing the soil dynamic stress in a transition zone.
Quality Improvement of Subgrade Through Intelligent Compaction
Authors: Barman Manik , Nazari Moeen , Imran Syed Asif , Commuri Sesh , Zaman Musharraf
Published: August 2016

Proper quality control and quality improvement strategies during compaction can improve the quality of the subgrade and minimize premature failures of asphalt pavements. This paper discusses the use of the Intelligent Compaction Analyzer (ICA), which was developed at the University of Oklahoma, in quality control and quality improvement during compaction of stabilized subgrade. Six case studies were conducted to demonstrate the ability of the ICA in monitoring subgrade density and subgrade modulus (known as ICA modulus) in real time. The ICA modulus correlated reasonably with the subgrade modulus backcalculated from the falling weight deflectometer data ( R2 = .63), fairly with the dynamic cone penetrometer test results ( R2 = .50), and excellently with the in situ subgrade resilient modulus ( R2 = .72 to .97). The subgrade modulus in undercompacted areas could be increased by more than 50% by applying additional roller passes.
Structural Behavior of a Multi-Layer Based Microbeam Actuator
Authors: Alofi Abdulrahman , Ouakad Hassen , Tausiff Mohammad
Published: August 2016

In this paper, the structural behavior of a micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) composed of two electrically coupled parallel clamped-clamped microbeams is investigated. An Euler Bernoulli beam model is considered along with the nonlinear electric actuating force to get the equation of motion governing the structural behavior of the actuator. A reduced-order modeling (ROM) based on the Galerkin expansion technique, while assuming linear undamped mode shapes of a straight fixed-fixed beam as the basis functions, is assumed as a discretization technique of the equations of motion in this investigation. The results showed that the double-microbeam MEMS actuator configuration requires a lower actuation voltage and a lower switching time as compared to the single microbeam actuator. Then, the effects of both microbeams air gap depths were investigated. Finally, the eigenvalue problem was investigated to get the variation of the fundamental natural frequencies of the coupled parallel microbeams with the applied actuating DC load.
Irrigation Analysis Based on Long-Term Weather Data
Authors: Mahan James , Lascano Robert
Published: August 2016

Irrigation management is based upon delivery of water to a crop in the correct amount and time, and the crop’s water need is determined by calculating evapotranspiration (ET) using weather data. In 1994, an ET-network was established in the Texas High Plains to manage irrigation on a regional scale. Though producers used the ET-network, by 2010 public access was discontinued. Why did producers allow a valuable irrigation-management tool to be eliminated? Our objective was to analyze the effect of declining well capacities on the usefulness of cotton ET (ETc) for irrigation. Thirty years (1975–2004) of daily ETc data were used to compare irrigation demand vs. irrigation responses at four locations, analyzed for multiple years and range of well capacities for three irrigation-intervals. Results indicated that when well capacities declined to the point that over-irrigation was not possible, the lower well capacities reduced the value of ETc in terms of the number of irrigations and total amount of water applied. At well capacities <1514 L·min−1 the fraction of irrigations for which ETc information was used to determine the irrigation amount was <35% across years and irrigation intervals. The value of an ETc-based irrigation may fall into disuse when irrigation-water supplies decline.
Emergent Behaviors in a Bio-Inspired Platform Controlled by a Physical Cellular Automata Cluster
Authors: Assaf Tareq , Mayne Richard , Adamatzky Andrew , Melhuish Chris
Published: August 2016

This work illustrates behavior patterns and trajectories of a bio-inspired artificial platform induced by a cellular automata (CA)-based control strategy. The platform embeds both CA control as physical electronic architecture and a distributed hardware layer as effectors. In this work, we test both the functionality of the novel hardware’s components as well as the device’s capabilities in locomotion tasks. We also observe the trajectories and patterns emerging from different initial states of the CA excitation and hardware configurations. Two main result sets emerge from this study: the first set illustrates different trajectories according to different initial excitation of the physical CA controller layer. The second set suggests the potential of the developed platform for generating complex patterns of control, as well as indicating emergent characteristics similar to those common to morphological computation approaches in generating localized perturbations without affecting or notifying the central controller.
Imaging in Colorectal Cancer: Progress and Challenges for the Clinicians
Authors: Van Cutsem Eric , Verheul Henk , Flamen Patrik , Rougier Philippe , Beets-Tan Regina , Glynne-Jones Rob , Seufferlein Thomas
Published: August 2016

The use of imaging in colorectal cancer (CRC) has significantly evolved over the last twenty years, establishing important roles in surveillance, diagnosis, staging, treatment selection and follow up. The range of modalities has broadened with the development of novel tracer and contrast agents, and the fusion of technologies such as positron emission tomography (PET) and computed tomography (CT). Traditionally, the most widely used modality for assessing treatment response in metastasised colon and rectal tumours is CT, combined with use of the RECIST guidelines. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that tumour size does not always adequately correlate with clinical outcomes. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a more versatile technique and dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE)-MRI and diffusion-weighted (DW)-MRI may be used to evaluate biological and functional effects of treatment. Integrated fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET/CT combines metabolic and anatomical imaging to improve sensitivity and specificity of tumour detection, and a number of studies have demonstrated improved diagnostic accuracy of this modality in a variety of tumour types, including CRC. These developments have enabled the progression of treatment strategies in rectal cancer and improved the detection of hepatic metastatic disease, yet are not without their limitations. These include technical, economical and logistical challenges, along with a lack of robust evidence for standardisation and formal guidance. In order to successfully apply these novel imaging techniques and utilise their benefit to provide truly personalised cancer care, advances need to be clinically realised in a routine and robust manner.
A Novel Effect of CO2 Laser Induced Piezoelectricity in Ag2Ga2SiS6 Chalcogenide Crystals
Authors: Parasyuk Oleg , Myronchuk Galyna , Fedorchuk Anatolij , El-Naggar Ahmed , Albassam Abdullah , Krymus Andrii , Kityk Iwan
Published: August 2016

We have discovered a substantial enhancement of the piezoelectric coefficients (from 10 to 78 pm/V) in the chalcogenide Ag2Ga2SiS6 single crystals. The piezoelectric studies were done under the influence of a CO2 laser (wavelength 10.6 μm, time duration 200 ns, lasers with power densities varying up to 700 MW/cm2). Contrary to the earlier studies where the photoinduced piezoelectricity was done under the influence of the near IR lasers, the effect is higher by at least one order, which is a consequence of the phonon anharmonic contributions and photopolarizations. Such a discovery allows one to build infrared piezotronic devices, which may be used for the production of the IR laser tunable optoelectronic triggers and memories. This is additionally confirmed by the fact that analogous photoillumination by the near IR laser (Nd:YAG (1064 nm) and Er:glass laser (1540 nm)) gives the obtained values of the effective piezoelectricity at of least one order less. The effect is completely reversible with a relaxation time up to several milliseconds. In order to clarify the role of free carriers, additional studies of photoelectrical spectra were done.
Point-of-Care Diagnostics for Improving Maternal Health in South Africa
Authors: Mashamba-Thompson Tivani , Sartorius Benn , Drain Paul
Published: August 2016

Improving maternal health is a global priority, particularly in high HIV-endemic, resource-limited settings. Failure to use health care facilities due to poor access is one of the main causes of maternal deaths in South Africa. “Point-of-care” (POC) diagnostics are an innovative healthcare approach to improve healthcare access and health outcomes in remote and resource-limited settings. In this review, POC testing is defined as a diagnostic test that is carried out near patients and leads to rapid clinical decisions. We review the current and emerging POC diagnostics for maternal health, with a specific focus on the World Health Organization (WHO) quality-ASSURED (Affordability, Sensitivity, Specificity, User friendly, Rapid and robust, Equipment free and Delivered) criteria for an ideal point-of-care test in resource-limited settings. The performance of POC diagnostics, barriers and challenges related to implementing POC diagnostics for maternal health in rural and resource-limited settings are reviewed. Innovative strategies for overcoming these barriers are recommended to achieve substantial progress on improving maternal health outcomes in these settings.
Smallholder Forestry in the Western Amazon: Outcomes from Forest Reforms and Emerging Policy Perspectives
Authors: Pacheco Pablo , Mejía Elena , Cano Walter , De Jong Wil
Published: August 2016

The forest reforms unfolding during the last two decades in the western Amazon have embraced policy regimes founded on the principles of sustainable forest management. The policy frameworks adopted for smallholder forestry aimed to clarify forest rights including those of the indigenous people and smallholders, support the adoption of sustainable forest management and put a system in place to assure a legal timber supply. The emerging forest policy regimes have significantly shaped who has access to the forest, how the forest resources are used and the benefits that are utilized. We argue that forest reforms have not addressed some critical constraints facing smallholders in managing their forests either individually or collectively. Informal timber extraction persists with contradictory effects on smallholders and forests. Local participants continue to make a significant contribution in meeting a growing demand for timber through vigorous market networks that combine legal and illegal sources of timber supply. Some recent changes to forest policy frameworks emphasize approaches towards additional integrated forest management, simplification of regulations and incentives for improved forest management. We critically reflect on the scope, implementation and expected outcomes of these policy frameworks.