bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP): Accomplishments, Challenges, and Policy Recommendations
Authors:   COMMITTEE ON CHILD HEALTH FINANCING, Racine Andrew D. , Long Thomas F. , Helm Mark E. , Hudak Mark , Shenkin Budd N. , Snider Iris Grace , White Patience Haydock , Droge Molly , Harbaugh Norman “Chip”
Published: January 2014

This Policy Statement was revised. See https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2023-064088.

Sixteen years ago, the 105th Congress, responding to the needs of 10 million children in the United States who lacked health insurance, created the State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) as part of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997. Enacted as Title XXI of the Social Security Act, the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP; or SCHIP as it has been known at some points) provided states with federal assistance to create programs specifically designed for children from families with incomes that exceeded Medicaid thresholds but that were insufficient to enable them to afford private health insurance. Congress provided $40 billion in block grants over 10 years for states to expand their existing Medicaid programs to cover the intended populations, to erect new stand-alone SCHIP programs for these children, or to effect some combination of both options. Congress reauthorized CHIP once in 2009 under the Children’s Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act and extended its life further within provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010. The purpose of this statement is to review the features of CHIP as it has evolved over the 16 years of its existence; to summarize what is known about the effects that the program has had on coverage, access, health status, and disparities among participants; to identify challenges that remain with respect to insuring this group of vulnerable children, including the impact that provisions of the new Affordable Care Act will have on the issue of health insurance coverage for near-poor children after 2015; and to offer recommendations on how to expand and strengthen the national commitment to provide health insurance to all children regardless of means.
Extended Periods of Alcohol Intake Negatively Affects Osseointegration in Rats
Authors: de Deco Camila Porto , da Silva Marchini Adriana Mathias Pereira , Marchini Leonardo , da Rocha Rosilene Fernandes
Published: January 2014

The negative effects of chronic and excessive consumption of alcohol on bone metabolism are reported in the literature. Alcoholism causes a reduction in bone quality and delays fracture repair, among other deleterious effects. However, its effect on osseointegration in dental implants is not fully established. The aim of this research was to investigate the influence of prolonged and excessive consumption of alcohol on osseointegration in rats. Thirty-five female rats, 3 months of age, were divided into five groups according to alcohol consumption period: control (no alcohol), and 3, 4, 5, and 6 months of alcohol consumption. All animals received solid food ad libitum. At 8 months of age, all animals received a dental implant in the right femur, and euthanasia was performed 1 month after the implant placement (final n = 27). Quantification of the percentage of bone-implant direct contact was performed by histomorphometry. Serum levels of calcium and phosphate were also measured. The groups that consumed alcohol for longer periods presented decreased percentages of bone-implant direct contact. The difference was higher in implants apical region. Alcohol consumption did not affect serum calcium levels but raised the level of serum phosphate. Alcohol consumption increased caloric intake but also increased weight loss. It was concluded that chronic and excessive consumption of alcohol can impair osseointegration in rats.
Effect of Implant Height Differences on Different Attachment Types and Peri-Implant Bone in Mandibular Two-Implant Overdentures: 3D Finite Element Study
Authors: Ozan Oguz , Ramoglu Serhat
Published: January 2014

Implant-supported overdentures with self-aligning attachment systems are preferred to improve the stability and retention of complete dentures. The positioning of the implant attachments is a very important aspect of two-implant overdentures in obtaining better stress distribution. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare two different attachment systems in a two-implant overdenture by evaluating the stress distributions in peri-implant bone and stresses on the attachments with positioning at different height levels using the 3D FEA method. Six models with ball attachments and 6 models with locator attachments—totaling 12 models (including 2 controls)—with the left implant positioned unilaterally at different height levels were subjected to 3 loading conditions (anterior, right posterior, and left posterior). Data for Von Misses stresses were produced numerically, color coded, and compared among the models for attachments and peri-implant cortical bone. The configurations in which implants presented 3 mm height differences in the bone level showed the most successful results in the peri-implant bone. When stresses on the attachments were compared, greater stress values were obtained from the ball attachments. As a conclusion, the configurations with a considerable (3 mm) height difference between quadrants of the mandible in the anterior segment showed the most successful results in the peri-implant bone. On the contrary, peak stress values around the implant observed from the models with less (1 mm) bone height difference may require leveling of the bone during surgery. However, these findings should be corroborated with clinical studies.
Evaluation of Chemical Constituents and Antioxidant Activity of Coconut Water (Cocus nucifera L.) and Caffeic Acid in Cell Culture
Authors: SANTOS JOAO L.A. , BISPO VANDERSON S. , B.C. FILHO ADRIANO , PINTO ISABELLA F.D. , DANTAS LUCAS S. , VASCONCELOS DAIANE F. , ABREU FABIULA F. , MELO DANILO A. , MATOS ISAAC A. , FREITAS FLORENCIO P. , GOMES OSMAR F. , MEDEIROS MARISA H.G. , MATOS HUMBERTO R.
Published: January 2014

Coconut water contains several uncharacterized substances and is widely used in the human consumption. In this paper we detected and quantified ascorbic acid and caffeic acid and total phenolics in several varieties of coconut using HPLS/MS/MS (25.8 ± 0.6 µg/mL and 1.078 ± 0.013 µg/mL and 99.7 µg/mL, respectively, in the green dwarf coconut water, or 10 mg and 539 µg and 39.8 mg for units of coconut consumed, 500 ± 50 mL). The antioxidant potential of four coconut varieties (green dwarf, yellow dwarf, red dwarf and yellow Malaysian) was compared with two industrialized coconut waters and the lyophilized water of the green dwarf variety. All varieties were effective in scavenging the DPPH radical (IC50=73 µL) and oxide nitric (0.1 mL with an IP of 29.9%) as well as in inhibiting the in vitro production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (1 mL with an IP of 34.4%), highlighting the antioxidant properties of the green dwarf which it is the most common used. In cell culture, the green dwarf water was efficient in protecting against oxidative damages induced by hydrogen peroxide.
Epidemiology of physical inactivity, sedentary behaviors, and unhealthy eating habits among brazilian adolescents
Authors: Barbosa Filho Valter Cordeiro , Campos Wagner de , Lopes Adair da Silva
Published: January 2014

This systematic review analyzed the prevalence of physical inactivity, sedentary behaviors and unhealthy eating habits among Brazilian adolescents. Searches were conducted in five databases (Lilacs, SciELO, Medline, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) and in the references cited in the articles retrieved. The literature search yielded 5,872 potentially relevant titles and a total of 69 studies met all the inclusion criteria. The risk behavior most often evaluated was physical inactivity (48/69; 69.6%), and its prevalence rate ranged from 2.3% to 93.5%. Twenty-eight studies estimated the prevalence of physical inactivity at over 50%. Most studies observed the prevalence of greater physical inactivity among girls. The prevalence of sedentary behaviors (lengthy screen time or TV use) was also frequently over 50%. Several variables were used to identify unhealthy eating habits, and some criteria/studies have indicated unhealthy eating habit estimates at close to 100% among adolescents. In conclusion, the estimates of these risk behaviors among Brazilians adolescents were very close to or even greater than those found in developed countries in several studies analyzed in this review.
Políticas de redução de danos no Brasil
Authors: Inglez-Dias Aline , Ribeiro José Mendes , Bastos Francisco I. , Page Kimberly
Published: January 2014

Considerando a disseminação da epidemia de HIV e o controle de sua transmissão entre usuários de drogas injetáveis (UDI), estratégias de redução de danos foram incorporadas em diversos países, incluindo o Brasil. Considerando a emergência das drogas como tema central na agenda governamental, especialmente o crack, o presente artigo registra e discute as práticas observadas em um programa de pesquisa e atenção aos UDI: o UFO. Foram considerados aspectos tais como acesso e adesão do usuário, dificuldades de financiamento, sustentabilidade e avaliação de resultados. As etapas do estudo envolveram pesquisa documental, observação sistemática e entrevistas com informantes-chave. Destacamos características do UFO que poderiam contribuir para políticas de redução de danos no cenário brasileiro. O programa estudado se apresenta como um exemplo exitoso de iniciativas de redução de danos, obtendo sucesso no acesso e adesão desse grupo, favorecendo seu acesso aos serviços de saúde e prevenção de riscos associados ao uso de drogas.
Alimentação e nutrição na Estratégia Saúde da Família em cinco municípios brasileiros
Authors: Pimentel Viviane Rangel de Muros , Sousa Maria Fátima de , Hamann Edgar Merchán , Mendonça Ana Valéria Machado
Published: January 2014

Trata-se de um estudo nacional para conhecer as dificuldades e as potencialidades de modo a melhorar as ações de alimentação e nutrição desenvolvidas na Estratégia Saúde da Família, a partir do olhar de seus profissionais e daqueles dos Núcleos de Apoio à Saúde da Família de cinco municípios brasileiros de grande porte. Foi utilizada a abordagem qualitativa com desenho de múltiplos casos e a técnica de Grupos Focais para a coleta de dados. O instrumento utilizado foi um roteiro semiestruturado previamente testado e validado, contendo duas perguntas norteadoras. Para a análise dos dados, utilizou-se a técnica do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo, por meio da qual foram construídos os discursos-sínteses, com auxílio do programa Qualiquantisoft. Foram entrevistados 60 profissionais de saúde de várias áreas de formação, entre nutricionistas, enfermeiros e médicos. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que as dificuldades encontradas para a oferta das ações de alimentação e nutrição e a carência de profissionais especialistas nesta área têm limitado o cumprimento dos princípios da integralidade, universalidade e resolubilidade da atenção à saúde.
Discursos sobre sexualidade em um Centro de Testagem e Aconselhamento (CTA)
Authors: Monteiro Simone Souza , Brandão Elaine , Vargas Eliane , Mora Claudia , Soares Priscilla , Daltro Esther
Published: January 2014

Frente à centralidade da via sexual na transmissão do HIV, o trabalho analisa os discursos sobre sexualidade entre profissionais de saúde e usuários em um Centro de Testagem e Aconselhamento (CTA), do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. A metodologia envolveu observação direta do aconselhamento individual pré-teste e a realização de 384 questionários e 14 entrevistas com usuários. Observou-se que o aconselhamento é caracterizado pelo preenchimento do formulário de vigilância epidemiológica, havendo imprecisões na coleta e registro das práticas sexuais dos usuários, decorrentes da falta de estrutura do serviço. Durante o aconselhamento, as orientações ao usuário sobre DST/Aids foram centradas no tipo/número de parceiros sexuais, nos riscos ao HIV e no uso do preservativo. Tal abordagem não favorece o diálogo sobre a trajetória sexual do usuário, suas dúvidas e demandas relativas à sexualidade e a Aids. Os dados dos questionários e entrevistas revelaram a pouca familiaridade dos usuários em relação às categorias homo, hetero e bissexual. Recomenda-se: desvincular o aconselhamento do preenchimento do formulário SI-CTA; incorporar na formação dos aconselhadores os significados e diversidade das experiências sexuais dos sujeitos; investir na estrutura organizacional do serviço.
Referência e Contrarreferência na atenção Secundária em odontologia em Campinas, SP, Brasil
Authors: Vazquez Fabiana de Lima , Guerra Luciane Miranda , Vítor Eduardo de Sant´Anna , Ambrosano Glaucia Maria Bovi , Mialhe Fábio Luís , Meneghim Marcelo de Castro , Pereira Antonio Carlos
Published: January 2014

O artigo tem por objetivo avaliar o referenciamento da demanda de atenção especializada em saúde bucal em Campinas em relação à distribuição da oferta e influência de variáveis socioeconômicas, além de percepção e informações dos usuários sobre à contrarreferência. Estudo observacional exploratório, selecionando duas Regiões Administrativas de Saúde (RAS): uma com Centro de Especialidades Odontológicas (CEO), e outra sem CEO, dividido em 2 fases: 1) todos os encaminhamentos para atenção secundária foram coletados de todas as equipes de Saúde Bucal, além de dados populacionais, socioeconômicos e distribuição dos encaminhamentos; 2) entrevista com 331 usuários, verificando-se a contrarreferência, qualidade de atendimento e razões para faltas ou desistências. Em relação à contrarreferência, a maioria dos usuários realizou os tratamentos especializados, os quais qualificaram como bom e esperaram menos de 1 mês para o agendamento. O modelo de gestão não influenciou estatisticamente no acesso à atenção secundária em saúde bucal. As discrepâncias foram menos evidentes em uma RAS, havendo correlação dos coeficientes de tratamento e variáveis socioeconômicas, além de menor percentual de faltas, demonstrando maior compromisso com a integralidade e equidade.
Alcohol consumption among adolescents:
Authors: Granville-Garcia Ana Flávia , Clementino Marayza Alves , Gomes Monalisa da Nóbrega Cesarino , Firmino Ramon Targino , Ribeiro Gabriella Lima Arrais , Siqueira Maria Betânia Lins Dantas
Published: January 2014

The scope of this paper is to assess the attitudes and behaviors regarding alcohol use and analyze associated factors among schoolchildren in public schools of Campina Grande in the state of Paraíba. A cross-sectional study was carried out involving 574 adolescents, with the application of a semi-structured questionnaire. The chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were used (5% level of significance). Among the adolescents 54.5% had drunk alcohol and 6.7% of them were heavy drinkers. The majority of them drank alcohol between 11 and 14 years of age (42.8%); 26.3% of the adolescents purchased alcoholic beverages; and beer was the most drink most consumed (43.8%). The risk of alcohol drinking was higher between 16 and 19 years of age (OR = 4.44; p < 0.001), among those without religious affiliation (OR = 4.36; p = 0.002), among those who worked (OR = 2.13; p = 0.012) and among those who had a fair to poor relationship with their father (OR = 2.18; p = 0.010). The results of this study underscore the complexity of this issue and the need to pay particular attention to the adolescent population. Public policies alone are not sufficient. Support from family, school and society is essential to curtail early alcohol use and its consequences.
Padrões de consumo de álcool e fatores associados entre adultos usuários de serviço de atenção básica do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
Authors: Jomar Rafael Tavares , Abreu Ângela Maria Mendes , Griep Rosane Harter
Published: January 2014

RESUMO Objetivou-se estimar os padrões de consumo de álcool e identificar fatores associados entre usuários adultos de um serviço de atenção básica no município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Desenvolvido através de inquérito domiciliar com amostra de 301 indivíduos que responderam a um instrumento de coleta que continha o Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test e variáveis de caracterização sociodemográfica e de saúde. A regressão logística foi utilizada para verificar associação entre o padrão de consumo problemático de álcool e as variáveis independentes. Identificaram-se padrões de consumo problemático de álcool entre pessoas do sexo masculino, de cor da pele negra e/ou mestiça, não casadas, sem religião, tabagistas e entre pessoas sem doença crônica acompanhada pela unidade de saúde. Os serviços de saúde devem, portanto, estar preparados para identificar precocemente pessoas que fazem consumo problemático de álcool, a fim de prevenir consequências sociais e de saúde nas populações, espe cial mente nas atendidas pela atenção básica, que tem a promoção da saúde e a prevenção de agravos como práticas sanitárias prioritárias.
Influência da organização da atenção básica e das características sociodemográficas da população na demanda pelo pronto atendimento odontológico municipal
Authors: Fonseca Dirce Aparecida Valerio da , Mialhe Fabio Luiz , Ambrosano Glaucia Maria Bovi , Pereira Antonio Carlos , Meneghim Marcelo de Castro
Published: January 2014

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência dos determinantes sociais e da oferta de serviços na atenção primária em relação à utilização de um serviço de pronto atendimento odontológico em município de médio porte. Foram utilizados para a análise dados de registros de 57.231 usuários do pronto atendimento, período de 2007 a 2009, segundo idade, sexo, data e período do atendimento, índice de exclusão social do bairro de residência e existência de equipe de saúde bucal de referência. Verificou-se que, em média/ano, 5,24% da população utilizou o serviço no período estudado, com maior procura na faixa etária de 20 a 49 anos (63,84%) e equilíbrio entre os sexos. Os procedimentos mais executados foram os cirúrgicos (54,9%) com tendência ao aumento dos procedimentos restauradores (62,8%). Os usuários residentes em áreas de maior exclusão social apresentaram 4,15 vezes mais chance de procurar pelo serviço (p < 0,05). Não foi observada associação estatisticamente significativa entre procura pelo pronto atendimento, sexo e a existência de equipe de saúde bucal na área de residência. Concluiu-se que houve uma maior utilização pelo serviço de urgência odontológico municipal por indivíduos provenientes de áreas mais vulneráveis, demonstrando a importância do mesmo na diminuição das iniquidades em saúde bucal.
O acesso à informação sobre higiene bucal e as perdas dentárias por cárie entre adultos
Authors: Haikal Desirée Sant'Ana , Martins Andréa Maria Eleutério de Barros Lima , Aguiar Pedro Henrique Soares , Silveira Marise Fagundes , Paula Alfredo Maurício Batista de , Ferreira Efigênia Ferreira e
Published: January 2014

Objetivou-se testar a associação entre perdas dentárias por cárie (PDC) e variáveis relativas ao acesso a informações em saúde bucal. Foram analisados dados de 780 adultos (35-44 anos) participantes de um estudo epidemiológico. A variável dependente foi o total de PDC e as independentes foram reunidas em blocos de variáveis: demográficas e socioeconômicas; utilização dos serviços odontológicos; acesso a informações em saúde bucal (informações sobre como evitar problemas bucais, sobre higiene bucal e sobre dieta) e; comportamentais. Conduziu-se regressão linear múltipla hierarquizada. O número médio de PDC foi de 7,03 (EP= 0,31) e 83% dos adultos haviam perdido algum dente por cárie. As PDC foram maiores entre os mais velhos, os com menor escolaridade, as mulheres, os que raramente ou nunca receberam informações sobre higiene bucal, os que escovavam os dentes uma vez ou menos ao dia e entre os que não usavam fio dental. Adultos que raramente/nunca receberam informações dos serviços odontológicos sobre higiene bucal perderam 2,15 dentes a mais por cárie que aqueles que sempre/frequentemente receberam tais informações (p = 0,000). Assim, sugere-se que a garantia do acesso à informação deva ser incentivada a fim de contribuir com maior equidade em saúde bucal.
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors
Authors: Farid Mohamad , Demicco Elizabeth G. , Garcia Roberto , Ahn Linda , Merola Pamela R. , Cioffi Angela , Maki Robert G.
Published: January 2014

Learning Objectives

Explain the characteristics and treatment of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, both in relation to neurofibromatosis type I and otherwise. Cite the unique challenges in optimal management of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Appraise the large amount of new data surrounding the potential molecular drivers, possible targets for therapy in this disease.
Direct Radiocarbon Dating of Late Pleistocene Hominids in Eurasia: Current Status, Problems, and Perspectives
Authors: Kuzmin Yaroslav V , Keates Susan G
Published: January 2014

The corpus of radiocarbon dates run directly on Pleistocene-age human remains in Eurasia (∼120 values, with ∼80 of them found to be reliable) is analyzed and interpreted. The latest Neanderthals are dated to ∼34,000–30,500 BP (∼38,800–35,400 cal BP). They probably coexisted with the first modern humans at ∼36,200–30,200 BP (∼42,500–32,800 cal BP) in the western and central parts of Europe. The earliest direct14C dates on modern humans in Eurasia are ∼34,950–33,300 BP (∼40,400–37,800 cal BP). A paucity of14C dates corresponding to the LGM is evident for Europe, but Asia perhaps had larger populations during this timespan. The main criteria for the selection of bone/tooth material for direct14C dating as now widely accepted are (1) the collagen yield (generally, 1% or more) and (2) the C:N ratio (within the 2.9–3.4 range).
Dating Human Remains from the Historical Period in Belgium: Diet Changes and the Impact of Marine and Freshwater Reservoir Effects
Authors: Ervynck Anton , Boudin Mathieu , van den Brande Tess , van Strydonck Mark
Published: January 2014

An overview will be presented of stable isotope data (δ13C and δ15N) available from animal and human bones from Roman to post-Medieval Belgian sites. The data will be used to assess trends in the human diet and evaluate the possible impact of reservoir effects originating from the consumption of fish derived from marine or freshwater environments. Historical and archaeozoological data demonstrate drastic changes in fish consumption throughout the last 2 millennia and thus suggest that fluctuations through time of the impact of the reservoir effects can be expected. However, the present stable isotope data set does not support this suggestion.
An Archaeological Mystery Revealed by Radiocarbon Dating of Cross-Flow Nanofiltrated Amino Acids Derived from Bone Collagen, Silk, and Hair: Case Study of the Bishops Baldwin I and Radbot II from Noyon-Tournai
Authors: Boudin Mathieu , Boeckx Pascal , Vandenabeele Peter , van Strydonck Mark
Published: January 2014

Excavations in the cathedral of Tournai revealed two sepultures, which were identified by the excavators as those of bishops because of their special location in the cathedral. One burial was assigned to Baldwin I, who died in AD 1068, because (1) a ring with the inscription “BAL” was found and (2) a funeral stone with text was present on top of the grave mentioning the name Baldewinus. The second burial probably belongs to Radbot II, who was the successor of Baldwin I, and died in AD 1098. Both burials contained textiles (silk), the skeleton, a wooden pastoral staff, and human hair was still present on the skull of what was presumed to be Radbot II. All the protein-containing materials were degraded and/or contaminated. Standard sample pretreatment methods were not able to remove all the contaminants. Single and double cross-flow nanofiltration of the hydrolyzed protein-containing materials were performed. The sample quality for radiocarbon dating was improved and14C data revealed interesting and surprising results. The14C dates of the wooden pastoral staff and permeate femur confirm that the skeleton and tomb belong to bishop Baldwin I. The14C dates of hair and permeate skull indicate that the skeleton may indeed belong to bishop Radbot II. The younger14C dates of the wooden pastoral staff and silk samples indicate a postburial disturbance of the site burial during the 12th–13th century.
Chronological Framework for the Early Talayotic Period in Menorca: The Settlement of Cornia Nou
Authors: Anglada Montserrat , Ferrer Antoni , Plantalamor Lluís , Ramis Damià , van Strydonck Mark , De Mulder Guy
Published: January 2014

The prehistoric site of Cornia Nou (Menorca) features a number of well-preserved architectural structures belonging to the Talayotic culture. Over the last 6 yr, a team linked to the Museum of Menorca has conducted an archaeological excavation project of a large rectangular building attached to the south side of a substantial and massivetalayot, which is considered the westerntalayot.The main objective of this paper is to present the chronological framework of this building, specifying the period of use and the time of abandonment of the building, as well as the dating of the different phases of its construction. A total of 2714C analyses were obtained from samples of the stratigraphic layers and architectonic structures inside the South Building (SB). This research has provided new insights concerning the early stages of the Talayotic culture. The14C dates allow us to place the first recorded occupation phase of the SB in an interval dated within 1100–900 BC (phase 4). A second phase in the occupation of the SB dates to ∼900–800 BC (phase 5). A final occupation phase could be situated between 800–600 BC (phase 6). However, this record provides evidence to suggest that the construction of the westtalayotmay pertain to a time before the beginning of the 1st millennium cal BC.
Synchronizing a Late Glacial Abrupt Cooling Event with Paleoenvironmental and Population Changes: Case Study of the Moervaart Paleolake Area (NW Belgium)
Authors: Crombé Philippe , Robinson Erick , van Strydonck Mark
Published: January 2014

Sum probability and Bayesian modeling of a substantial series of radiocarbon dates from a former extensive lake area in NW Belgium, known as the Moervaart area, allow important hydrological changes to be synchronized with Greenland Interstadial lb (or Intra-Allerød Cold Period). It is postulated that the disappearance of nearly all open water systems (Moervaart lake, anastomosing gullies, and dune-slacks) in response to this short but abrupt cooling event was responsible for a nearly total retreat of hunter-gatherers already some centuries before the start of Greenland Stadial 1 (Younger Dryas).
Carbon Exchanges between Bone Apatite and Fuels during Cremation: Impact on Radiocarbon Dates
Authors: Snoeck C , Brock F , Schulting R J
Published: January 2014

An important advance in the radiocarbon dating of archaeological material occurred in the late 1990s, with direct dating of cremated human remains. A crucial part of the argument was the demonstration that comparable results could be obtained from paired dates of charcoal and calcined bone from the same contexts. Recent studies, however, have noted the influence of carbon from the fuel sources, raising a question over the interpretation of the paired charcoal/bone dates. Here, fleshed modern animal joints were burned with “old” fuel of known age, providing experimental evidence under natural conditions, demonstrating a clear effect of the fuel source on the carbon isotopic composition of calcined bone. In most situations in which branchwood was used as fuel, dates on calcined bone should not show any significant offset, as the wood will be of a similar age to the cadaver. For cases in which old wood, coal, or peat are used as fuel, we expect an offset of some decades/centuries, potentially up to millennia. We observed, however, that the amount of14C intake from the fuel is extremely variable (from 39 to 95%). A strong correlation between age offset and δ13C values suggests that the latter might be useful in identifying large inputs from14C-depleted fuels. A level of caution is recommended when14C dating calcined bone in cases where fuels with an inbuilt age may have been used in the cremation process.
14C Analysis and Sample Preparation at the New Bern Laboratory for the Analysis of Radiocarbon with AMS (LARA)
Authors: Szidat Sönke , Salazar Gary A , Vogel Edith , Battaglia Michael , Wacker Lukas , Synal Hans-Arno , Türler Andreas
Published: January 2014

The University of Bern has set up the new Laboratory for the Analysis of Radiocarbon with AMS (LARA) equipped with an accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) MICADAS (MIni CArbon Dating System) to continue its long history of 14C analysis based on conventional counting. The new laboratory is designated to provide routine 14C dating for archaeology, climate research, and other disciplines at the University of Bern and to develop new analytical systems coupled to the gas ion source for 14C analysis of specific compounds or compound classes with specific physical properties. Measurements of reference standards and wood samples dated by dendrochronology demonstrate the quality of the 14C analyses performed at the new laboratory.
14C Dating of Historical Buildings in Japan
Authors: Nakao Nanae , Sakamoto Minoru , Imamura Mineo
Published: January 2014

The radiocarbon dating method was applied to the study of Japanese traditional wooden buildings. The traditional Japanese architecture studied includes the Main Hall of Banna-ji Temple (Buddhist building), Sekisui-in of Kozan-ji Temple (noble house), Hakogi-ke house (farmhouse), and Kawai-ke house (townhouse). 14C dating proved useful as a research method to better understand the history of these buildings and Japanese architecture as a whole.
Radiocarbon Dating to a Single Year by Means of Rapid Atmospheric 14C Changes
Authors: Wacker L , Güttler D , Goll J , Hurni J P , Synal H-A , Walti N
Published: January 2014

In the best case, radiocarbon measurements allow artificial objects to be dated with a precision of 10 calendar years when conventional wiggle-matching onto the IntCal09 calibration curve is applied. More precise dating can only be achieved by using annually resolved 14C calibration data, particularly in timespans when there are rapid changes in atmospheric 14C concentration. The recently observed jump in atmospheric 14C concentration of 1.5% between AD 774 and 775, though expected to be rare, is a good example for such a rapid change. We demonstrate by example that is possible to precisely 14C date the cutting year of a timber in the historically important and well-preserved Holy Cross chapel of the convent St. John the Baptist in Val Müstair, Switzerland.
Utilization of δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S Analyses to Understand14C Dating Anomalies within a Late Viking Age Community in Northeast Iceland
Authors: Sayle Kerry L , Cook Gordon T , Ascough Philippa L , Gestsdóttir Hildur , Hamilton W Derek , McGovern Thomas H
Published: January 2014

Previous stable isotope studies of modern and archaeological faunal samples from sites around Lake Mývatn, within the Mývatnssveit region of northeast Iceland, revealed that an overlap existed between the δ15N ranges of terrestrial herbivores and freshwater fish, while freshwater biota displayed δ13C values that were comparable with marine resources. Therefore, within this specific ecosystem, the separation of terrestrial herbivores, freshwater fish, and marine fish as components of human diet is complicated when only δ13C and δ15N are measured. δ34S measurements carried out within a previous study on animal bones from Skútustaoir, an early Viking age settlement on the south side of Lake Mývatn, showed that a clear offset existed between animals deriving their dietary resources from terrestrial, freshwater, and marine reservoirs. The present study focuses on δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S analyses and radiocarbon dating of human bone collagen from remains excavated from a churchyard at Hofstaoir, 5 km west of Lake Mývatn. The results demonstrate that a wide range of δ34S values exist within individuals, a pattern that must be the result of consumption of varying proportions of terrestrial-, freshwater-, and marine-based resources. For that proportion of the population with14C ages that apparently predate the well-established first human settlement of Iceland (landnám) circa AD 871 ± 2, this has enabled us to explain the reason for these anomalously old ages in terms of marine and/or freshwater14C reservoir effects.
Effects of sample handling methods on substance P concentrations and immunoreactivity in bovine blood samples
Authors: Mosher Ruby A. , Coetzee Johann F. , Allen Portia S. , Havel James A. , Griffith Gary R. , Wang Chong
Published: January 2014

Objective—To determine the effects of protease inhibitors and holding times and temperatures before processing on the stability of substance P in bovine blood samples.

Samples—Blood samples obtained from a healthy 6-month-old calf.

Procedures—Blood samples were dispensed into tubes containing exogenous substance P and 1 of 6 degradative enzyme inhibitor treatments: heparin, EDTA, EDTA with 1 of 2 concentrations of aprotinin, or EDTA with 1 of 2 concentrations of a commercially available protease inhibitor cocktail. Plasma was harvested immediately following collection or after 1, 3, 6, 12, or 24 hours of holding at ambient (20.3° to 25.4°C) or ice bath temperatures. Total substance P immunoreactivity was determined with an ELISA; concentrations of the substance P parent molecule, a metabolite composed of the 9 terminal amino acids, and a metabolite composed of the 5 terminal amino acids were determined with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry.

Results—Regarding blood samples processed immediately, no significant differences in substance P concentrations or immunoreactivity were detected among enzyme inhibitor treatments. In blood samples processed at 1 hour of holding, substance P parent molecule concentration was significantly lower for ambient temperature versus ice bath temperature holding conditions; aprotinin was the most effective inhibitor of substance P degradation at the ice bath temperature. The ELISA substance P immunoreactivity was typically lower for blood samples with heparin versus samples with other inhibitors processed at 1 hour of holding in either temperature condition.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that blood samples should be chilled and plasma harvested within 1 hour after collection to prevent substance P degradation.
Evaluation of thermal antinociceptive effects after oral administration of tramadol hydrochloride to American kestrels (Falco sparverius)
Authors: Guzman David Sanchez-Migallon , Drazenovich Tracy L. , Olsen Glenn H. , Willits Neil H. , Paul-Murphy Joanne R.
Published: January 2014

Objective—To evaluate the thermal antinociceptive and sedative effects and duration of action of tramadol hydrochloride after oral administration to American kestrels (Falco sparverius).

Animals—12 healthy 3-year-old American kestrels.

Procedures—Tramadol (5, 15, and 30 mg/kg) and a control suspension were administered orally in a masked randomized crossover experimental design. Foot withdrawal response to a thermal stimulus was determined 1 hour before (baseline) and 0.5, 1.5, 3, 6, and 9 hours after treatment. Agitation-sedation scores were determined 3 to 5 minutes before each thermal stimulus test.

Results—The lowest dose of tramadol evaluated (5 mg/kg) significantly increased the thermal foot withdrawal thresholds for up to 1.5 hours after administration, compared with control treatment values, and for up to 9 hours after administration, compared with baseline values. Tramadol at doses of 15 and 30 mg/kg significantly increased thermal thresholds at 0.5 hours after administration, compared with control treatment values, and up to 3 hours after administration, compared with baseline values. No significant differences in agitation-sedation scores were detected between tramadol and control treatments.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated oral administration of 5 mg of tramadol/kg significantly increased thermal nociception thresholds for kestrels for 1.5 hours, compared with a control treatment, and 9 hours, compared with baseline values; higher doses resulted in less pronounced antinociceptive effects. Additional studies with other types of stimulation, formulations, dosages, routes of administration, and testing times would be needed to fully evaluate the analgesic and adverse effects of tramadol in kestrels and other avian species.
Evaluation of a single intra-articular injection of autologous protein solution for treatment of osteoarthritis in horses
Authors: Bertone Alicia L. , Ishihara Akikazu , Zekas Lisa J. , Wellman Maxey L. , Lewis Katharine B. , Schwarze Rebecca A. , Barnaba Andrea R. , Schmall Michael L. , Kanter Peter M. , Genovese Ron L.
Published: January 2014

Objective—To evaluate intra-articular autologous protein solution (APS) for the treatment of osteoarthritis in horses.

Animals—40 client-owned horses with naturally occuring osteoarthritis.

Procedures—APS was generated from a dual-device system that concentrated plasma and WBC proteins and enriched platelet growth factors. Horses were randomly assigned to receive an intra-articular injection of 5 mL of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (n = 20) or APS (20), exercised on a treadmill, and evaluated on the basis of lameness grades, kinetic gait analysis, joint circumference, and range of motion for 14 days. Horses that received saline solution were administered APS at termination of the study, and clients scored horses for lameness and discomfort before, 12 weeks after, and 52 weeks after the APS injection.

Results—The APS group had significant improvements in lameness grade, asymmetry indices of vertical peak force, and range of joint motion by 14 days, compared with baseline or control group values. No adverse effects associated with APS treatment were evident. Clients assessed lameness and comfort as improved at 12 and 52 weeks. The APS had greater likelihood (OR, 4.3 to 30.0) of a therapeutic response in horses with a lameness score < 4, < 10% vertical force asymmetry, or absence of marked osteophyte formation, subchondral sclerosis, or joint space narrowing. Concentration of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in APS was 5.8 times that in blood.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Intra-articular administration of APS can be considered an effective treatment option for equine osteoarthritis, with the potential for disease-modifying effects.
Morphological and cellular changes in secondary epidermal laminae of horses with insulin-induced laminitis
Authors: Karikoski Ninja P. , Patterson-Kane Janet C. , Asplin Katie E. , McGowan Thomas W. , McNutt Megan , Singer Ellen R. , McGowan Catherine M.
Published: January 2014

Objective—To determine cellular changes associated with secondary epidermal laminae (SEL) in forefeet and hind feet of ponies with insulin-induced laminitis.

Animals—8 ponies.

Procedures—Laminitis was induced in 4 ponies by IV administration of insulin and glucose; 4 control ponies received saline (0.9% NaCl) solution IV. Laminar tissue samples obtained from the dorsal aspects of the hooves were histologically evaluated. Primary epidermal lamina (PEL) length and width and SEL length, width, and angle were determined. Numbers of epidermal cell nuclei per micrometer and per total length of SEL and numbers of apoptotic and proliferative cells in axial, middle, and abaxial laminar regions were determined.

Results—SEL in treatment group ponies were significantly longer, were significantly narrower, and had a smaller angle relative to PEL in all laminar regions versus control ponies. In treatment group ponies, the number of epidermal cell nuclei per SEL was typically higher and the number of cells per micrometer of SEL was lower in laminar regions, apoptotic cell numbers were higher in abaxial and middle regions in forefeet and hind feet, and proliferating cell numbers were higher in axial laminar regions in forefeet and all laminar regions in hind feet, versus control ponies.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated SEL elongation, narrowing, and alteration in orientation developed in all feet of ponies with insulin-induced laminitis. This was primarily attributable to cell stretching that developed at the same time as an accelerated cell death–proliferation cycle; differences in cell cycle responses among laminar regions between forefeet and hind feet may have been attributable to differences in load bearing.
Characteristics of respiratory tract disease in horses inoculated with equine rhinitis A virus
Authors: Diaz-Méndez Andrés , Hewson Joanne , Shewen Patricia , Nagy éva , Viel Laurent
Published: January 2014

Objective—To develop a method for experimental induction of equine rhinitis A virus (ERAV) infection in equids and to determine the clinical characteristics of such infection.

Animals—8 ponies (age, 8 to 12 months) seronegative for antibodies against ERAV.

Procedures—Nebulization was used to administer ERAV (strain ERAV/ON/05; n = 4 ponies) or cell culture medium (control ponies; 4) into airways of ponies; 4 previously ERAV-inoculated ponies were reinoculated 1 year later. Physical examinations and pulmonary function testing were performed at various times for 21 days after ERAV or mock inoculation. Various types of samples were obtained for virus isolation, blood samples were obtained for serologic testing, and clinical scores were determined for various variables.

Results—ERAV-inoculated ponies developed respiratory tract disease characterized by pyrexia, nasal discharge, adventitious lung sounds, and enlarged mandibular lymph nodes. Additionally, these animals had purulent mucus in lower airways up to the last evaluation time 21 days after inoculation (detected endoscopically). The virus was isolated from various samples obtained from lower and upper airways of ERAV-inoculated ponies up to 7 days after exposure; this time corresponded with an increase in serum titers of neutralizing antibodies against ERAV. None of the ponies developed clinical signs of disease after reinoculation 1 year later.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of this study indicated ERAV induced respiratory tract disease in seronegative ponies. However, ponies with neutralizing antibodies against ERAV did not develop clinical signs of disease when reinoculated with the virus. Therefore, immunization of ponies against ERAV could prevent respiratory tract disease attributable to that virus in such animals.
Associations of various physical and blood analysis variables with experimentally induced Mycoplasma bovis pneumonia in calves
Authors: Fraser Brandon C. , Anderson David E. , White Brad J. , Miesner Matt D. , Lakritz Jeff , Amrine David , Mosier Derek A.
Published: January 2014

Objective—To determine associations of blood analysis variables and orbit and nasal planum surface temperatures with the onset and severity of Mycoplasma bovis pneumonia in calves.

Animals—28 healthy calves.

Procedures—Calves were challenged with M bovis (n = 24) on day 0 or not challenged (4). Blood samples were obtained for cardiac troponin I, CBC, and serum biochemical analyses on various days. Orbit and nasal planum surface temperatures were determined with infrared thermography on various days. Calves were euthanized, gross necropsies were performed, heart and lung samples were collected for histologic evaluation, and microbial cultures of lung samples were performed on day 14. Pneumonia severity was categorized as mild (< 10% lung consolidation) or moderate (≥ 10% lung consolidation). Associations between measured variables and severity of pneumonia or sample collection day were determined.

Results—Plasma cardiac troponin I concentration for the 28 calves was significantly higher on day 14 than it was on day 0 or 7 (least squares mean, 0.02, 0, and 0 ng/mL, respectively). No other variables changed significantly during the study. No substantial gross or histologic abnormalities were identified in cardiac muscle samples. Day 14 plasma fibrinogen concentration was significantly different between calves with mild pneumonia and those with moderate pneumonia (mean, 0.44 and 0.74 g/dL, respectively). Calves with moderate pneumonia had significantly lower least squares mean surface temperature of the dorsal aspect of the nasal planum (18.7°C) versus calves with mild pneumonia (22.9°C).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated the evaluated variables had low value for assessment of bovine respiratory disease complex in calves.
Transferability of Freight Trip Generation Models
Authors: Holguín-Veras José , Sánchez-Díaz Iván , Lawson Catherine T. , Jaller Miguel , Campbell Shama , Levinson Herbert S. , Shin Hyeon-Shic
Published: January 2014

The main objectives of this paper are to assess and define ways to enhance the transferability of freight trip generation (FTG) models. After the key premises that should guide the development of FTG models have been presented, the paper assesses transferability in two ways. The first is through analyses of how well representative FTG models are able to estimate the actual FTG for a number of external validation cases. The second is through FTG econometric models that assess the statistical significance of binary variables that represent specific geographic locations. In addition, the paper introduces and assesses the accuracy of a synthetic correction procedure that is intended to improve the transfer-ability and quality of the estimates provided by the FTG rates available in the literature. The results show that the models developed as part of the National Cooperative Freight Research Program's Project 25, Freight Trip Generation and Land Use, have better prediction capabilities than the models included in other compilations. In addition, the synthetic correction procedures improve transferability, and no locational effects are present in the test data.
Estimation of Warehouse Throughput in Freight Transport Demand Model for the Netherlands
Authors: Davydenko Igor Y. , Tavasszy Lóránt A.
Published: January 2014

This paper presents an extension of the classical four-step freight modeling framework with a logistics chain model. Modeling logistics at the regional level establishes a link between trade flow and transport flow, allows the warehouse and distribution center locations and throughput volumes to be determined, and permits more detailed and accurate policy decision support systems. This paper describes a two-stage logistics model that estimates the volume of regional warehouse throughput. The first stage estimates interregional trade flows by means of a gravity model application and starts from regional production and consumption volumes. The second stage, the logistics chain model, splits the production–consumption flow between direct shipments and shipments that go through warehouse facilities. An aggregate multinomial logit discrete choice model is used to determine the flow volumes for each of the possible logistics chains. Consistency is achieved between the gravity and logistics chain models by a joint estimation of unknown parameters. A new data set from a transport flow survey produced by Statistics Netherlands is used; the data set includes information on the types of loading and unloading location. This data set enables model calibration with respect to regional warehouse throughput. The proposed logistics chain model produces accurate estimates of regional warehouse throughput and plausible parameter values. The paper presents the specification of the new model, the data set used, and the results of the estimation.