bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reconstruction of sea-surface temperatures in the Canary Islands during Marine Isotope Stage 11
Authors: Clauzel Thibault , Maréchal Chloé , Fourel François , Barral Abel , Amiot Romain , Betancort Juan-Francisco , Lomoschitz Alejandro , Meco Joaquín , Lécuyer Christophe
Published: November 2019

The study of paleoclimates enables us to improve and better constrain climate models in order to forecast future climate variations. Marine Isotope Stage 11 (MIS11), which began around 425,000 yr BP and lasted about 65,000 yr, is a warm isotope stage of paramount importance, because the astronomical configuration was similar to the one characterizing the Holocene. Therefore, this warm isotope stage is the most appropriate analog to present-day climate known to date. This study aims to provide new data on sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) inferred from the carbon and oxygen isotope compositions of skeletal carbonates of marine invertebrates preserved in two marine deposits of the Canary Islands located at Piedra Alta, Lanzarote, and Arucas, Gran Canaria. According to published isotopic fractionation equations the marine deposit from Arucas recorded SSTs of 15.9 ± 2.2°C on average, while the tsunamite from Piedra Alta recorded SSTs of 21.2 ± 1.9°C on average. Absolute dating, mollusc assemblages, and calculated marine temperatures suggest that the Arucas marine deposit corresponds to the beginning of MIS11, while the Piedra Alta tsunamite was formed during MIS11c. These results show that low latitudes also experienced sizable SST changes during interglacial stages.
Slowing life history (K) can account for increasing micro-innovation rates and GDP growth, but not macro-innovation rates, which declined following the end of the Industrial Revolution
Authors: Woodley of Menie Michael A. , Figueredo Aurelio José , Sarraf Matthew A.
Published: November 2019

Baumard proposes that life history slowing in populations over time is the principal driver of innovation rates. We show that this is only true of micro-innovation rates, which reflect cognitive and economic specialization as an adaptation to high population density, and not macro-innovation rates, which relate more to a population's level of general intelligence.
England first, America second: The ecological predictors of life history and innovation
Authors: Luoto Severi , Rantala Markus J. , Krams Indrikis
Published: November 2019

We present data from 122 nations showing that Baumard's argument on the ecological predictors of life history strategies and innovation is incomplete. Our analyses indicate that wealth, parasite stress, and cold climate impose orthogonal effects on life histories, innovation, and industrialization. Baumard also overlooks the historical exploitation of other nations which significantly enlarged the “pooled energy budget” available to England.
Effects of waveguides on a free-electron laser with two electron beams
Authors: Nam Soon-Kwon , Park Yunseong
Published: November 2019

The effects of the phase variation, the evolution of the electron beam, the evolution of the radiation intensity, and the higher-order modes due to waveguides on a free-electron laser (FEL) oscillator have been analyzed by using two electron beams of different energies based on the proposed FEL facility which is to be operated in the far-infrared and infrared regions. The three-dimensional (3D) effects on a FEL oscillator due to waveguides and higher-order modes were studied using an extended 3D FEL code with two electron beams that we have developed. The effects of the variation on the amplitude of radiation on the electron beam's emittance and energy spreads were also calculated in the case of waveguide for multi-particle and multi-pass numbers by using a new 3D code. The phase variation, the variation in the beam envelope, the evolution of the amplitude, and power were calculated for the fundamental mode. The results were compared with those of the higher-order modes of the wiggler for various TE and TM modes for determining the FEL's performance which is required for high-quality electron beams.
Localization and obstacle avoidance in soccer competition of humanoid robot by gait and vision system
Authors: Chiang Shu-Yin , Lu Jia-Huei
Published: November 2019

In this study, we designed a localization and obstacle avoidance system for humanoid robots in the Federation of International Robot-soccer Association (FIRA) HuroCup united soccer competition event. The localization is implemented by using grid points, gait, and steps to determine the positions of each robot. To increase the localization accuracy and eliminate the accumulated distance errors resulting from step counting, the localization is augmented with image pattern matching using a system model. The system also enables the robot to determine the ball’s position on the field using a color model of the ball. Moreover, to avoid obstacles, the robots calculate the obstacle distance using data extracted from real-time images and determine a suitable direction for movement. With the integration of this accurate self-localization algorithm, ball identification scheme, and obstacle avoidance system, the robot team is capable of accomplishing the necessary tasks for a FIRA soccer game.
Cube complexes and abelian subgroups of automorphism groups of RAAGs
Authors: MILLARD BENJAMIN , VOGTMANN KAREN
Published: November 2019

We construct free abelian subgroups of the group U(AΓ) of untwisted outer automorphisms of a right-angled Artin group, thus giving lower bounds on the virtual cohomological dimension. The group U(AΓ) was studied in [5] by constructing a contractible cube complex on which it acts properly and cocompactly, giving an upper bound for the virtual cohomological dimension. The ranks of our free abelian subgroups are equal to the dimensions of principal cubes in this complex. These are often of maximal dimension, so that the upper and lower bounds agree. In many cases when the principal cubes are not of maximal dimension we show there is an invariant contractible subcomplex of strictly lower dimension.
Combined effects of disease management and food insecurity on physical and mental health in Korean adults
Authors: Kim Hyun Ja , Kim Kirang
Published: November 2019

Objective:

The present study aimed to examine the combined effects of disease management and food insecurity on physical and mental health in a representative Korean population.

Design:

A cross-sectional study.

Setting:

Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2012–2015.

Participants:

Adults aged ≥30 years (n17 934) who participated in the KNHANES.

Results:

Among health-care factors, unmet health-care needs and mental health counselling were different by food insecurity status, with a higher prevalence in adults with food insecurity. The prevalence of underweight was higher in men with food insecurity (5·9 %), whereas the prevalence of obesity was higher in women with food insecurity (37·4 %), than that in men and women with food security. Food insecurity was associated with a high risk of all mental health outcomes. For the combined effects of disease management and food insecurity, unmet health-care needs was related to increased risk of obesity for food-insecure men (Pinteraction= 0·029) and lack of participation in nutrition education or counselling was related to increased risk of obesity for food-insecure women (Pinteraction= 0·010). In addition, higher unmet health-care needs in adults with food insecurity was related to higher risk of mental health outcomes.

Conclusions:

Unmet health-care needs may exacerbate obesity for food-insecure men and mental health problems for both food-insecure men and women. In addition, lack of participation in nutrition education or counselling may exacerbate the obesity for food-insecure women.
Electromagnetic Scattering in Curvilinear Coordinates Using a Generalized Functions Method
Authors: Silva M. T. , Gill E. W. , Huang W.
Published: November 2019

A system of equations for calculating the electric field in curvilinear coordinates without imposing external boundary conditions is proposed. First, the system of equations is derived using generalized functions, without imposing external boundary conditions or a coordinate system. Then, in order to demonstrate the use of the system of equations, the derived system is applied to the case of a spherical scatterer, which is then narrowed to the case of a perfect electrically conducting (PEC) sphere. It is shown that for the particular case of a PEC sphere, the resulting field expression agrees with the Stratton‐Chu solution for the Maxwell's equations, confirming that the proposed method can be used to reach a general solution for the electromagnetic field scattered by a PEC sphere, which allows for the calculation of its cross section.
Modeling How Groundwater Pumping Will Affect Aquatic Ecosystems
Authors: Chakravorty Adityarup
Published: November 2019

Regions with dry climates and heavy agricultural industries may be the most hard-hit.
Peatlands Are Drying Out Across Europe
Authors: Allen Michael
Published: November 2019

Peatlands are some of the world’s largest reservoirs of soil carbon, but new research finds that in Europe they are drying out, putting them at risk of turning from carbon stores to carbon sinks.
Pets, Pot, Prokaryotes, and Other Recommended Reads
Authors:   AGU
Published: November 2019

What Earth and space science stories are we recommending this week?
Training and Diversifying Space Project Principal Investigators
Authors: Baker Daniel , Jakosky Bruce
Published: November 2019

NASA and its partner organizations are working on several fronts to remove barriers to entry into space mission leadership positions.
Smoke Sense Initiative Leverages Citizen Science to Address the Growing Wildfire‐Related Public Health Problem
Authors: Rappold A.G. , Hano M.C. , Prince S. , Wei L. , Huang S.M. , Baghdikian C. , Stearns B. , Gao X. , Hoshiko S. , Cascio W.E. , Diaz‐Sanchez D. , Hubbell B.
Published: November 2019

Smoke Sense is a citizen science project with investigative, educational, and action‐oriented objectives at the intersection of wildland fire smoke and public health. Participants engage with a smartphone application to explore current and forecast visualizations of air quality, learn about how to protect health from wildfire smoke, and record their smoke experiences, health symptoms, and behaviors taken to reduce their exposures to smoke. Through participation in the project, individuals engage in observing changes in their environment and recording changes in their health, thus facilitating progression on awareness of health effects of air pollution and adoption of desired health‐promoting behaviors. Participants can also view what others are reporting. Data from the pilot season (1 August 2017 to 7 January 2018; 5,598 downloads) suggest that there is a clear demand for personally relevant data during wildfire episodes motivated by recognition of environmental hazard and the personal concern for health. However, while participants shared clear perceptions of the environmental hazard and health risks in general, they did not consistently recognize their own personal health risk. The engagement in health protective behavior was driven in response to symptoms rather than as preventive courses of action. We also observed clear differences in the adoption likelihood of various health protective behaviors attributed to barriers and perceived benefits of these actions. As users experience a greater number and severity of symptoms, the perceived benefits of taking health protective actions exceeded the costs associated with the barriers and thus increased adoption of those actions. Based on pilot season data, we summarize key insights which may improve current health risk communications in nudging individuals toward health protective behavior; there is a need to increase personal awareness of risk and compelling evidence that health protective behaviors are beneficial.
Siberian Permafrost Thawing Accelerated at the Bølling/Allerød and Preboreal Warm Periods During the Last Deglaciation
Authors: Katsuta Nagayoshi , Matsumoto Genki I. , Hase Yoshitaka , Tayasu Ichiro , Haraguchi Takashi F. , Tani Eriko , Shichi Koji , Murakami Takuma , Naito Sayuri , Nakagawa Mayuko , Hasegawa Hitoshi , Kawakami Shin‐ichi
Published: November 2019

This study investigated a continuous sediment core, retrieved from the deepest part in Lake Hovsgol, northwestern Mongolia. Its surrounds are occupied by a continuous Siberian permafrost zone. Distinct geochemical and lithological features suggest that the watershed soil was moistened during the last deglaciation, associated with climate amelioration. Especially, the calcareous glacial clay layers (ca 13.7 and ca 11.0 cal. ka BP), with high sulfur content peaks and positive shifts of δ34S values, well correlate with the timing of meltwater pulses 1A and 1B, leading to rapid warming such as Bølling/Allerød and Preboreal Holocene, respectively. This finding allows our interpretation for the calcareous glacial clay layers produced by landslide‐induced debris flow, which resulted from intensive water discharge from rapid thawing of permafrost during the abrupt warming periods. Our correlation with Lake Baikal records suggests that these permafrost thawings have accelerated over the area of the Selenga drainage basin (continental interior Eurasia).
Hydroclimate in the Pamirs Was Driven by Changes in Precipitation‐Evaporation Seasonality Since the Last Glacial Period
Authors: Aichner Bernhard , Makhmudov Zafar , Rajabov Ilhomjon , Zhang Qiong , Pausata Francesco S. R. , Werner Martin , Heinecke Liv , Kuessner Marie L. , Feakins Sarah J. , Sachse Dirk , Mischke Steffen
Published: November 2019

The Central Asian Pamir Mountains (Pamirs) are a high‐altitude region sensitive to climatic change, with only few paleoclimatic records available. To examine the glacial‐interglacial hydrological changes in the region, we analyzed the geochemical parameters of a 31‐kyr record from Lake Karakul and performed a set of experiments with climate models to interpret the results. δD values of terrestrial biomarkers showed insolation‐driven trends reflecting major shifts of water vapor sources. For aquatic biomarkers, positive δD shifts driven by changes in precipitation seasonality were observed at ca. 31–30, 28–26, and 17–14 kyr BP. Multiproxy paleoecological data and modelling results suggest that increased water availability, induced by decreased summer evaporation, triggered higher lake levels during those episodes, possibly synchronous to northern hemispheric rapid climate events. We conclude that seasonal changes in precipitation‐evaporation balance significantly influenced the hydrological state of a large waterbody such as Lake Karakul, while annual precipitation amount and inflows remained fairly constant.
Decadal Predictions of the Probability of Occurrence for Warm Summer Temperature Extremes
Authors: Borchert Leonard F. , Pohlmann Holger , Baehr Johanna , Neddermann Nele‐Charlotte , Suarez‐Gutierrez Laura , Müller Wolfgang A.
Published: November 2019

We use a decadal prediction system with the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 version of the coupled Max Planck Institute Earth System Model to predict the probability of occurrence for extremely warm summers in the Northern Hemisphere. An assimilation run with Max Planck Institute Earth System Model shows a robust response of summer temperature extremes in northern Europe and northeast Asia to North Atlantic sea surface temperature via a circumglobal Rossby wavetrain. When the North Atlantic is warm, warm summer temperature extremes occur with a probability of 20% and 24% in northern Europe and northeast Asia, respectively. In a cold North Atlantic phase, these probabilities are 0% and 8%. A similar difference in probability of occurrence is found in the initialized climate predictions. Consequently, the likelihood of a warm summer temperature extreme occurring in the examined regions in the next 10 years can be inferred from predictions of North Atlantic temperature.
Dynamic Topography Development North of Iceland from Subaerial Exposure of the Igneous Logi Ridge, NE Atlantic
Authors: Tan Pingchuan , Johan Breivik Asbjørn , Mjelde Rolf
Published: November 2019

The Logi Ridge, located north of the West Jan Mayen Fracture Zone, is E‐W oriented and 140–150 km long. The seafloor surrounding the Logi Ridge is ∼0.65 km shallower than the conjugate seafloor east of the Mohn's Ridge, attributed to asymmetry in the regional NE Atlantic dynamic uplift. Eight reflection seismic lines across the Logi Ridge constrain its development. Both the western and eastern parts have flat tops, indicating erosion at sea level. Three different basement types surrounding the Logi Ridge are observed: rough basement represents abyssal hills original or reactivated by later magmatic/tectonic events; smooth basement caused by basalt flows overprinting early sediments; and irregular basement formed by later basalt flows and intrusions. The surrounding sediments have two distinct units, where the unit boundary is Middle Miocene (12–14 Ma). Mass transport from the Logi Ridge appears episodically throughout Late Oligocene to Middle Miocene, when development ends. The end of erosion age can also be estimated from seamount height, or present top seamount depth. In the west there is agreement with the age constrained by the sedimentation, proving little dynamic topography change. In the east, discrepancies between the methods are explained by 0.15–0.3 km dynamic uplift after submergence. Hence, most of the regional dynamic uplift occurred before the end of the Logi Ridge development in the Middle Miocene, suggesting a causative relationship. Minor recent magmatic growth and seafloor uplift over a ∼100 km wide zone southeast of the Logi Ridge may be tied to the younger dynamic uplift in the east.
Eulerian Modeling of the Three‐Dimensional Distribution of Seven Popular Microplastic Types in the Global Ocean
Authors: Mountford A. S. , Morales Maqueda M. A.
Published: November 2019

Detailing the distribution of past and future plastic debris in the marine environment has become a pressing challenge. Plastic pollution poses a potential threat to marine organisms and the marine environment as a whole. Previous studies using Lagrangian particle models have identified five garbage patches within subtropical ocean gyres, with the possibility of a sixth garbage patch within the Barents Sea. We present the first coarse resolution three‐dimensional plastic distribution model to use an Eulerian approach. It considers seven plastic components, three of them buoyant and four nonbuoyant, based upon real world plastic types. Our control results support the observations of positively buoyant plastic accumulations within the five garbage patches. However, there is no evidence of a sixth garbage patch in the Barents Sea. Meanwhile, our simulations reveal a previously unreported accumulation of plastic in the Gulf of Guinea. The negatively buoyant plastic tends to accumulate within the deepest regions of the sea floor, loosely following the bathymetry. In two further experiments, we introduce idealized plastic removal rates to simulate the proportion of plastics that are sequestered within sediments once they reach the sea floor. The results of the simulations show that substantial quantities of plastic debris are subject to vertical transport in the ocean and are therefore present throughout the water column as well as on the sea floor. A final experiment, focusing on neutrally buoyant plastics, shows the potentially ubiquitous presence of small microplastics and nanoplastics in the water column.
Enhanced Diapycnal Mixing Between Water Masses in the Western Equatorial Pacific
Authors: Liang Chang‐Rong , Shang Xiao‐Dong , Qi Yong‐Feng , Chen Gui‐Ying , Yu Ling‐Hui
Published: November 2019

Diapycnal mixing of momentum and heat is crucially important to ocean dynamics, as it affects the state of the ocean and its interactions with the atmosphere. For realistic climate and circulation predictions, the magnitude and distribution of diapycnal mixing must be accurately represented in ocean models. Based on full‐depth microstructure data obtained in the western equatorial Pacific, we demonstrate that there is an enhanced diapycnal diffusivity layer nested below the thermocline of the western equatorial Pacific. Diapycnal diffusivities in this layer range from 5×10−6 to 5× 10−4 m2 s−1, one to two orders of magnitude higher than those predicted by the wave‐wave interaction theory (5 ×10−7−5×10−6 m2 s−1). These enhanced diapycnal mixings are strongly related to the South Pacific Tropical Water intrusion. Stratification is largely weakened by the South Pacific Tropical Water intrusion; thus, the shear can easily trigger shear instabilities and induce strong diapycnal mixing. This enhanced diapycnal diffusivity layer occupies the water column between ~250 and 750 m and spans from the equator to 10°N. Such widespread enhanced diapycnal mixing related to water mass intrusions may play an important role in the dynamics of the equatorial ocean, and it should be taken into account in ocean models.
Investigations of Aerobic Methane Oxidation in Two Marine Seep Environments: Part 1—Chemical Kinetics
Authors: Chan E. W. , Shiller A. M. , Joung D. J. , Arrington E. C. , Valentine D. L. , Redmond M. C. , Breier J. A. , Socolofsky S. A. , Kessler J. D.
Published: November 2019

Microbial aerobic oxidation is known to be a significant sink of marine methane (CH4), contributing to the relatively minor atmospheric release of this greenhouse gas over vast stretches of the ocean. However, the chemical kinetics of aerobic CH4 oxidation are not well established, making it difficult to predict and assess the extent that CH4 is oxidized in seawater following seafloor release. Here we investigate the kinetics of aerobic CH4 oxidation using mesocosm incubations of fresh seawater samples collected from seep fields in Hudson Canyon, U.S. Atlantic Margin and MC118, Gulf of Mexico to gain a fundamental chemical understanding of this CH4 sink. The goals of this investigation were to determine the response or lag time following CH4 release until more rapid oxidation begins, the reaction order, and the stoichiometry of reactants utilized (i.e., CH4, oxygen, nitrate, phosphate, trace metals) during CH4 oxidation. The results for both Hudson Canyon and MC118 environments show that CH4 oxidation rates sharply increased within less than one month following the CH4 inoculation of seawater. However, the exact temporal characteristics of this more rapid CH4 oxidation varied based on location, possibly dependent on the local circulation and biogeochemical conditions at the point of seawater collection. The data further suggest that methane oxidation behaves as a first‐order kinetic process and that the reaction rate constant remains constant once rapid CH4 oxidation begins.
Self‐Acceleration and Instability of Gravity Wave Packets: 3. Three‐Dimensional Packet Propagation, Secondary Gravity Waves, Momentum Transport, and Transient Mean Forcing in Tidal Winds
Authors: Fritts David C. , Dong Wenjun , Lund Thomas S. , Wieland Scott , Laughman Brian
Published: November 2019

Dong et al. (2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030691) employed a new compressible model to examine gravity wave (GW) self‐acceleration dynamics, instabilities, secondary gravity wave (SGW) generation, and mean forcing for GW packets localized in two dimensions (2D). This paper extends the exploration of self‐acceleration dynamics to a GW packet localized in three dimensions (3D) propagating into tidal winds in the mesosphere and thermosphere. As in the 2D packet responses, 3D GW self‐acceleration dynamics are found to be significant and include 3D GW phase distortions, stalled GW vertical propagation, local instabilities, and SGW and acoustic wave generation. Additional 3D responses described here include refraction by tidal winds, localized 3D instabilities, asymmetric SGW propagation, reduced SGW and acoustic wave responses at higher altitudes relative to 2D responses, and forcing of transient, large‐scale, 3D mean responses that may have implications for chemical and microphysical processes operating on longer time scales.
The Land‐Sea Breeze of the Red Sea: Observations, Simulations, and Relationships to Regional Moisture Transport
Authors: Davis Shannon R. , Farrar J. Thomas , Weller Robert A. , Jiang Houshuo , Pratt Lawrence J.
Published: November 2019

Unique in situ observations of atmospheric conditions over the Red Sea and the coastal Arabian Peninsula are examined to study the dynamics and regional impacts of the local land‐sea breeze cycle (LSBC). During a 26‐month data record spanning 2008–2011, observed LSBC events occurred year‐round, frequently exhibiting cross‐shore wind velocities in excess of 8 m/s. Observed onshore and offshore features of both the land‐ and sea‐breeze phases of the cycle are presented, and their seasonal modulation is considered. Weather Research and Forecasting climate downscaling simulations and satellite measurements are used to extend the analysis. In the model, the amplitude of the LSBC is significantly larger in the vicinity of the steeper terrain elements encircling the basin, suggesting an enhancement by the associated slope winds. Observed and simulated conditions also reflected distinct gravity‐current characteristics of the intrinsic moist marine air mass during both phases of the LSBC. Specifically, the advance and retreat of marine air mass was directly tied to the development of internal boundary layers onshore and offshore throughout the period of study. Convergence in the lateral moisture flux resulting from this air mass ascending the coastal topography (sea‐breeze phase) as well as colliding with air masses from the opposing coastline (land‐breeze phase) further resulted in cumulous cloud formation and precipitation.
Dawn‐Dusk Asymmetries in the Martian Upper Atmosphere
Authors: Gupta Neha , Venkateswara Rao N. , Kadhane Umesh R.
Published: November 2019

In this paper, we report the first comprehensive observations of local time asymmetries in densities and scale heights (temperatures) of the Martian upper atmosphere (between 150 and 300 km) measured by the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution mission/Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer. For this purpose, we use the densities and temperatures of Ar. In general, the daytime densities and temperatures are greater than the nighttime values. The maximum and minimum values, however, are observed at the dusk and dawn terminators, respectively. An enhancement at the dusk terminator is persistently observed at all altitudes; however, the time of the peak enhancement shifts toward sunlit hours with increasing altitude. At the dawn terminator, a minimum in density is observed at altitudes of 150–170 km. At higher altitudes, the minimum is observed close to midnight. Accordingly, the dawn‐dusk asymmetry is more prominent at 150–170 km and decreases with increasing altitude. A maximum ratio of six is observed between the dusk and dawn densities at 160 km. In addition, the local time for the maximum ratio at each altitude moves toward sunlit hours with increasing altitude. The observed asymmetry is explained in terms of dynamical heating and cooling due to convergent and divergent winds at the dusk and dawn terminators, respectively. In addition, upward propagating gravity waves generated by the solar terminator wave and O/CO2 radiative cooling are also proposed as important mechanisms contributing to the observed asymmetry.
Nonequilibrium Fractionation During Ice Cloud Formation in iCAM5: Evaluating the Common Parameterization of Supersaturation as a Linear Function of Temperature
Authors: Dütsch Marina , Blossey Peter N. , Steig Eric J. , Nusbaumer Jesse M.
Published: November 2019

Supersaturation with respect to ice determines the strength of nonequilibrium fractionation during vapor deposition onto ice or snow and therefore influences the water isotopic composition of vapor and precipitation in cold environments. Historically, most general circulation models formed clouds through saturation adjustment and therefore prevented supersaturation. To match the observed isotopic content, especially the deuterium excess, of snow in polar regions, the saturation ratio with respect to ice (Si) was parameterized, usually by assuming a linear dependence of Si on temperature. The Community Atmosphere Model Version 5 (CAM5) no longer applies saturation adjustment for the ice phase and thus allows ice supersaturation. Here, we adapt the isotope‐enabled version of CAM5 to compute nonequilibrium fractionation in ice and mixed‐phase clouds based on Si from the CAM5 microphysics and use it to evaluate the common parameterization of Si. Our results show a wide range of Si predicted by the CAM5 microphysics and reflected in the simulated deuterium excess of Antarctic precipitation; this is overly simplified by the linear parameterization. Nevertheless, a linear function, when properly tuned, can reproduce the average observed relationship between δD and deuterium excess reasonably well. However, only the model‐predicted Si can capture changes in microphysical conditions under different climate states that are not due to changes in temperature. Furthermore, parametric sensitivity tests show that with the model‐predicted Si, water isotopes are more closely tied to the model microphysics and can therefore constrain uncertain microphysical parameters.
Infrared nano-spectroscopy of ferroelastic domain walls in hybrid improper ferroelectric Ca3Ti2O7
Authors: Smith K. A. , Nowadnick E. A. , Fan S. , Khatib O. , Lim S. J. , Gao B. , Harms N. C. , Neal S. N. , Kirkland J. K. , Martin M. C. , Won C. J. , Raschke M. B. , Cheong S.-W. , Fennie C. J. , Carr G. L. , Bechtel H. A. , Musfeldt J. L.
Published: November 2019

Ferroic materials are well known to exhibit heterogeneity in the form of domain walls. Understanding the properties of these boundaries is crucial for controlling functionality with external stimuli and for realizing their potential for ultra-low power memory and logic devices as well as novel computing architectures. In this work, we employ synchrotron-based near-field infrared nano-spectroscopy to reveal the vibrational properties of ferroelastic (90$${}^{\circ }$$

∘

ferroelectric) domain walls in the hybrid improper ferroelectric Ca$${}_{3}$$

3

Ti$${}_{2}$$

2

O$${}_{7}$$

7

. By locally mapping the Ti-O stretching and Ti-O-Ti bending modes, we reveal how structural order parameters rotate across a wall. Thus, we link observed near-field amplitude changes to underlying structural modulations and test ferroelectric switching models against real space measurements of local structure. This initiative opens the door to broadband infrared nano-imaging of heterogeneity in ferroics.
Characterization of antibiotic resistance genes in the species of the rumen microbiota
Authors: Sabino Yasmin Neves Vieira , Santana Mateus Ferreira , Oyama Linda Boniface , Santos Fernanda Godoy , Moreira Ana Júlia Silva , Huws Sharon Ann , Mantovani Hilário Cuquetto
Published: November 2019

Infections caused by multidrug resistant bacteria represent a therapeutic challenge both in clinical settings and in livestock production, but the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes among the species of bacteria that colonize the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants is not well characterized. Here, we investigate the resistome of 435 ruminal microbial genomes in silico and confirm representative phenotypes in vitro. We find a high abundance of genes encoding tetracycline resistance and evidence that the tet(W) gene is under positive selective pressure. Our findings reveal that tet(W) is located in a novel integrative and conjugative element in several ruminal bacterial genomes. Analyses of rumen microbial metatranscriptomes confirm the expression of the most abundant antibiotic resistance genes. Our data provide insight into antibiotic resistange gene profiles of the main species of ruminal bacteria and reveal the potential role of mobile genetic elements in shaping the resistome of the rumen microbiome, with implications for human and animal health.
A sodium-ion sulfide solid electrolyte with unprecedented conductivity at room temperature
Authors: Hayashi A. , Masuzawa N. , Yubuchi S. , Tsuji F. , Hotehama C. , Sakuda A. , Tatsumisago M.
Published: November 2019

Solid electrolytes are key materials to enable solid-state rechargeable batteries, a promising technology that could address the safety and energy density issues. Here, we report a sulfide sodium-ion conductor, Na2.88Sb0.88W0.12S4, with conductivity superior to that of the benchmark electrolyte, Li10GeP2S12. Partial substitution of antimony in Na3SbS4 with tungsten introduces sodium vacancies and tetragonal to cubic phase transition, giving rise to the highest room-temperature conductivity of 32 mS cm−1 for a sintered body, Na2.88Sb0.88W0.12S4. Moreover, this sulfide possesses additional advantages including stability against humid atmosphere and densification at much lower sintering temperatures than those (>1000 °C) of typical oxide sodium-ion conductors. The discovery of the fast sodium-ion conductors boosts the ongoing research for solid-state rechargeable battery technology with high safety, cost-effectiveness, large energy and power densities.
The dualism between adatom- and vacancy-based single crystal growth models
Authors: Rost Marcel J. , Jacobse Leon , Koper Marc T. M.
Published: November 2019

In homoepitaxial crystal growth, four basic growth morphologies (idealized growth modes) have been established that describe the deposition of atoms on single crystal surfaces: step-flow, layer-by-layer, mound formation, and random/self-affine growth. Mound formation leads to nano-scale surface patterning. However, the formation of (nano)-islands, patterns, and roughness occurs also during ion bombardment, electrochemical etching and oxidation/reduction cycling. Here we show, in analogy to many particle/anti-particle formalisms in physics, the existence of the dualism between individual adatom and single vacancy growth modes. We predict that all standard adatom growth modes do exist also in their counter, vacancy version. For the particular case of mound formation, we derive the theoretical equations and show the inverse similarity of the solution. We furthermore treat simultaneous growth by adatoms and vacancies, and derive the analytical solution of the growth shape evolution of the mounds. Finally, we present an experimental verification, in which both adatom and vacancy mound formation are active. The theoretically predicted mound shape nicely fits the experimental observation.
Observation of quantum many-body effects due to zero point fluctuations in superconducting circuits
Authors: Léger Sébastien , Puertas-Martínez Javier , Bharadwaj Karthik , Dassonneville Rémy , Delaforce Jovian , Foroughi Farshad , Milchakov Vladimir , Planat Luca , Buisson Olivier , Naud Cécile , Hasch-Guichard Wiebke , Florens Serge , Snyman Izak , Roch Nicolas
Published: November 2019

Electromagnetic fields possess zero point fluctuations which lead to observable effects such as the Lamb shift and the Casimir effect. In the traditional quantum optics domain, these corrections remain perturbative due to the smallness of the fine structure constant. To provide a direct observation of non-perturbative effects driven by zero point fluctuations in an open quantum system we wire a highly non-linear Josephson junction to a high impedance transmission line, allowing large phase fluctuations across the junction. Consequently, the resonance of the former acquires a relative frequency shift that is orders of magnitude larger than for natural atoms. Detailed modeling confirms that this renormalization is non-linear and quantum. Remarkably, the junction transfers its non-linearity to about thirty environmental modes, a striking back-action effect that transcends the standard Caldeira-Leggett paradigm. This work opens many exciting prospects for longstanding quests such as the tailoring of many-body Hamiltonians in the strongly non-linear regime, the observation of Bloch oscillations, or the development of high-impedance qubits.
Author Correction: Competitive endogenous RNA is an intrinsic component of EMT regulatory circuits and modulates EMT
Authors: Liu Yuwei , Xue Mengzhu , Du Shaowei , Feng Wanwan , Zhang Ke , Zhang Liwen , Liu Haiyue , Jia Guoyi , Wu Lingshuang , Hu Xin , Chen Luonan , Wang Peng
Published: November 2019

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Author Correction: A human immune dysregulation syndrome characterized by severe hyperinflammation with a homozygous nonsense Roquin-1 mutation
Authors: Tavernier S. J. , Athanasopoulos V. , Verloo P. , Behrens G. , Staal J. , Bogaert D. J. , Naesens L. , De Bruyne M. , Van Gassen S. , Parthoens E. , Ellyard J. , Cappello J. , Morris L. X. , Van Gorp H. , Van Isterdael G. , Saeys Y. , Lamkanfi M. , Schelstraete P. , Dehoorne J. , Bordon V. , Van Coster R. , Lambrecht B. N. , Menten B. , Beyaert R. , Vinuesa C. G. , Heissmeyer V. , Dullaers M. , Haerynck F.
Published: November 2019

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Author Correction: The importance of Antarctic krill in biogeochemical cycles
Authors: Cavan E. L. , Belcher A. , Atkinson A. , Hill S. L. , Kawaguchi S. , McCormack S. , Meyer B. , Nicol S. , Ratnarajah L. , Schmidt K. , Steinberg D. K. , Tarling G. A. , Boyd P. W.
Published: November 2019

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Study on the gas desorption law and indicator influencing factors of fixed-size coal samples
Authors: Li Lei , Sun Zhongguang , Wang Fakai , Zhang Kaizhi
Published: November 2019

The prediction of dangerous hazards in working faces is an important link to prevent coal and gas outbursts. Improving the accuracy of predictive indicators is of great significance for reducing the phenomenon of being prominently below the critical value and ensuring safe production. The fixed-size desorption index K1 is one of the important indicators for coal face and gas outburst prediction. Based on the diffusion theory and the physical meaning of fixed-size coal samples, the mathematical expression of K1 is established by the self-developed high/low temperature pressure swing adsorption-desorption experimental system. According to the equation, the effects of gas pressure, loss time, coal particle size and diffusion coefficient on K1 are studied. The results show that the K1 index is logarithmically related to the gas pressure. Under the same conditions, the longer the loss time is, the smaller the measured K1 is, and the smaller the particle sizes of the drill cuttings are, the more notable the performance is; the diffusion coefficient represents the ability of gas to bypass micropores and the coal matrix. The greater the ability to bypass the matrix is, the larger the diffusion coefficient under the same conditions is, and the larger K1 is; the coal particle size has a greater influence on K1, and the smaller the size is, the more likely it is that the phenomenon of being prominently below the critical value occurs. Therefore, the particle size composition of coal during on-site measurements is crucial for obtaining the true K1 and the exact critical values.
Ultra-low-loss and large-effective-area fiber for 100 Gbit/s and beyond 100 Gbit/s coherent long-haul terrestrial transmission systems
Authors: Wang Dong , Li Yunbo , Zhang Dechao , Zhou Hongyan , Zhao Yang , Wang Lei , Tang Rui , Zhao Xin , Zhang Lei , Wu Jun , Wang Ruichun , Luo Jie , Zhao Wenyu , Li Han
Published: November 2019

Ultra-low-loss and large-effective-area fiber has been successfully applied in transoceanic transmission, which is considered as a promising candidate for 100 Gbit/s and beyond 100 Gbit/s coherent long-haul terrestrial optical networks. Several theoretical and experimental investigations have been reported, including provincial terrestrial field trial. To support long-haul terrestrial application, it is urgent to prove that the ultra-low-loss and large-effective-area fiber after terrestrial deployment can significantly enhance the performance of long-haul transmission over 1000 km compared with the conventional single mode fiber. In this paper, we extended our previous work and summarized design methods for complex terrestrial environment. To verify the fiber characteristics in long-haul terrestrial transmission, we installed the longest terrestrial ultra-low-loss and large-effective-area fiber link in the world with a total length of 1539.6 km. The results show that the transmission performances of wavelength-division-multiplexed signals with per-channel data rates of 100 Gbit/s, 200 Gbit/s, and 400 Gbit/s over the ultra-low-loss and large-effective-area fiber are all obviously improved, demonstrating that this fiber is more suitable for ultrahigh-speed long-haul terrestrial transmission.
Geometrid caterpillar in Eocene Baltic amber (Lepidoptera, Geometridae)
Authors: Fischer Thilo C. , Michalski Artur , Hausmann Axel
Published: November 2019

Lepidoptera have little fossilization potential due to the presence of delicate structures and hence are exceptional findings, even in ambers that allow their preservation in sufficient detail for interpretation. From Eocene Baltic amber, the volumetrically largest known deposit of amber, there has been no reliable report of any member of the Macrolepidoptera (informal group of higher moths and all butterflies). Any such lepidopteran fossil would provide insight into evolutionary processes during the Eocene, long after flowering plants had completed their initial radiation. Here, we report on a first geometrid caterpillar from Baltic amber which is described as the oldest evidence for the subfamily Ennominae (tribe Boarmiini) and as one of the oldest records of the currently mega-diverse family. The new finding provides an important calibration point for molecular clock analyses within the family Geometridae and predates the basal divergence of Boarmiini from 32–38 to 44 Mya. It also predates the occurrence of this highly specialized form of caterpillar locomotion that allows for rapid movement.
Author Correction: Different influences of facial attractiveness on judgments of moral beauty and moral goodness
Authors: Cui Xuan , Cheng Qiuping , Lin Wuji , Lin Jiabao , Mo Lei
Published: November 2019

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Author Correction: Genomic Prediction of 16 Complex Disease Risks Including Heart Attack, Diabetes, Breast and Prostate Cancer
Authors: Lello Louis , Raben Timothy G. , Yong Soke Yuen , Tellier Laurent C. A. M. , Hsu Stephen D. H.
Published: November 2019

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Electrolyte Development for Solid-state Lithium Batteries
Authors: Bag Sourav , Thangadurai Venkataraman
Published: November 2019

In this chapter, we report on the recent progress in the development of Li-ion electrolytes for next- generation Li batteries. With a brief overview of state-of-the-art organic polymer electrolytes for Li-ion batteries, the status of solid-state (ceramic) Li-ion electrolyte research based on various inorganic compounds including Li3N, Li-β-alumina, Li3PO4, Li4SiO4, Li-based sodium super ionic conductors (NASICON) structure, LiM2(PO4)3 (M = Zr, Ti, Ge), lithium super ionic conductor (LISICON) Li14Zn(GeO4), perovskite-type La(2/3)−xLi3xTiO3 (LLTO), anti-perovskite Li3OX (X = Cl, Br) and garnet-type structure Li5La3M2O12 (M = Nb, Ta, Sb), Li6La2AM2O12 (A = Ca, Sr, Ba; M = Nb, Ta), and Li7La3M2O12 (M = Zr, Hf) are reviewed. Among these solid Li-ion electrolytes, some of the Zr and Ta-based Li-stuffed garnet-type oxides such as Li5La3Ta2O12, Li7La3Zr2O12 and Li7−xLa3Zr2−xTaxO12, and Li4−xSi1−xPxO4 membranes were found to be stable against chemical reaction with elemental Li and electrochemically stable at high voltages, which may enable high energy density Li-ion batteries. Application of selected solid-state Li-ion electrolytes in all-solid-state Li-ion batteries is presented in this chapter.
Visualization of the in situ distribution of contents and hydrogen bonding states of cellular level water in apple tissues by confocal Raman microscopy
Authors: Li Dongmei , Zhu Zhiwei , Sun Da-Wen
Published: November 2019

Raman spectroscopy has been employed for studying the hydrogen bonding states of water molecules for decades, however, Raman imaging data contain thousands of spectra, making it challenging to obtain information on water with different hydrogen bonds.
Green-emitting carbon dot loaded silica nanoparticles coated with DNA-cross-linked hydrogels for sensitive carcinoembryonic antigen detection and effective targeted cancer therapy
Authors: Ji Xiaoting , Lv Haoyuan , Sun Xinxin , Ding Caifeng
Published: November 2019

Bifunctional composite nanospheres for carcinoembryonic antigen sensing and targeted drug delivery, based on carbon dot loaded silica nanoparticles coated with DNA-cross-linked hydrogels.
A non-topotactic redox reaction enabled K2V3O8 as a high voltage cathode material for potassium-ion batteries
Authors: Yang Yusi , Liu Zhifeng , Deng Leqing , Tan Lulu , Niu Xiaogang , Sanad Mustafa M. S. , Zeng Liang , Zhu Zhiping , Zhu Yujie
Published: November 2019

K2V3O8 undergoes a non-topotactic but reversible phase transition between monoclinic KV3O8 and tetragonal K2V3O8 during the electrochemical depotassiation–potassiation process.
Selenoamides modulate dipole–dipole interactions in hydrogen bonded supramolecular polymers of 1,3,5-substituted benzenes
Authors: Berrocal José Augusto , Mabesoone Mathijs F. J. , García Iglesias Miguel , Huizinga Alex , Meijer E. W. , Palmans Anja R. A.
Published: November 2019

Selenoamide moieties introduced into C3-symmetrical molecules enhance supramolecular interactions and confer a remarkable thermal stability to the supramolecular polymers.
Atomistic insights into the screening and role of oxygen in enhancing the Li+ conductivity of Li7P3S11−xOx solid-state electrolytes
Authors: Liu Hanghui , Yang Zhenhua , Wang Qun , Wang Xianyou , Shi Xingqiang
Published: November 2019

A solid-state electrolyte (L7P3S10.25O0.75) with good ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability is successfully designed by oxygen doping.
In situ7Li-NMR analysis of lithium metal surface deposits with varying electrolyte compositions and concentrations
Authors: Küpers Verena , Kolek Martin , Bieker Peter , Winter Martin , Brunklaus Gunther
Published: November 2019

A combined study of SEM,in situ7Li-NMR spectroscopy, and electrochemical investigations is applied to in detail elucidate the lithium deposition phenomena of symmetrical Li‖Li cells containing varying electrolyte compositions and concentrations.
Correction: A theoretical study of the geometries, and electronic and surface properties of sphere-like (SiB)2n (n = 6–27, 30) functional nanomaterials
Authors: Zhao Run-Ning , Lu Zi-Chen , Chen Rui , Han Ju-Guang
Published: November 2019

Correction for ‘A theoretical study of the geometries, and electronic and surface properties of sphere-like (SiB)2n (n = 6–27, 30) functional nanomaterials’ by Run-Ning Zhao et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2019, DOI: 10.1039/c9cp04900b.
In situ fabrication of dynamic self-optimizing Ni3S2 nanosheets as an efficient catalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction
Authors: Liu Yujie , Luan Chenglong , Yang Juntao , Dong Yin , Wang Yao , Qin Congli , Dong Zhun , Wang Shiqing , Dai Xiaoping , Zhang Xin
Published: November 2019

Ni3S2 nanosheets exhibit enhanced oxygen evolution reaction performance by self-optimizing their surface composition.
Type I collagen promotes the migration and myogenic differentiation of C2C12 myoblastsviathe release of interleukin-6 mediated by FAK/NF-κB p65 activation
Authors: Liu Xiaoling , Gao Yanfang , Long Xinyu , Hayashi Toshihiko , Mizuno Kazunori , Hattori Shunji , Fujisaki Hitomi , Ogura Takayuki , Wang Dan Ohtan , Ikejima Takashi
Published: November 2019

Type I collagen has the potential to promote the migration and differentiation of C2C12myoblastviaIL-6 release that was mediated by FAK/NF-κB pathway.