bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A sheep model for continuous intrathecal infusion of test substances
Authors: Hassenbusch Samuel J , Satterfield William C , Gradert Tamara Lee
Published: July 2017

Pharmaceutical research and new drug development rely extensively on animal research. The development of novel agents for intrathecal administration requires preclinical studies of toxic effects in an animal model. We have developed a nonrodent animal model for this purpose. Our sheep model:

1 Is an animal whose neural axis is similar to the human

2 Allows for the percutaneous placement of intrathecal catheters

3 Has minimal possibilities of infection because the infusion system is totally implanted

4 Provides continuous infusion of the test agent

5 Generates behavioral, motor, neurological and histo-pathological information so that safety guidelines can be established prior to preclinical studies.
Species differences in hepatocyte induction of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 by omeprazole
Authors: Shih Hsueh , Pickwell George V , Guenette Denis K , Bilir Bahri , Quattrochi Linda C
Published: July 2017

1 Omeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor therapeutically administered for the treatment of gastric ulcers, induces the expression of cytochromes P4501A1/2 (CYP1A1/2) through transcriptional activation mediated by the Ah (dioxin)-receptor. Primary cultures of hepatocytes isolated from rabbit, rat, mouse and human livers were compared for CYP1A1/2 mRNA inducibility by omeprazole (1 to 100 μM).

2 Primary cultures of human hepatocytes were the most sensitive to the inducing effects of omeprazole. Rabbit hepatocytes were the only other cells studied that showed induced CYP1A1/2 mRNA expression from a concentration lower than 100 μM (i.e., 10 μM). Rat hepatocytes were the least sensitive to omeprazole induction. The response of mouse hepatocytes to omeprazole treatment was variable, with CYP1A1/2 mRNA expression being induced in only two of the three cultures examined.

3 Differences in the time dependence of CYP1A1/2 mRNA expression were observed between species. In general, after treatment of hepatocytes with omeprazole the levels of CYP1A1 mRNA peaked prior to that of CYP1A2 mRNA.

4 Due to the interspecific variability of CYP1A mRNA inducibility by omeprazole, we conclude that human hepatocytes in culture are probably the only appropriate animal model for prediction of CYP1A induction in humans.
The role of nitro-reduction and nitric oxide in the toxicity of chloramphenicol
Authors: Holt Daphne E , Bajoria Rekha
Published: July 2017

1 Recent work on the toxicology of chloramphenicol suggests that its propensity to cause damage to the blood forming organs may be related to its potential for nitro-reduction and the subsequent production of nitric oxide.

2 In this study both aerobic and anaerobic nitro-reduction of chloramphenicol by human foetal and neonatal liver results in the production of the amine derivative. However intermediates of the reaction nitroso-or glutathionesulphinamido-chloramphenicol could not be detected by hplc.

3 Perfusion of chloramphenicol through isolated lobules of human placentae caused a decrease in blood pressure at a time which coincided with a peak of nitric oxide production. However, although the pressure drop could be reversed by an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase, the nitric oxide profile remained the same.

4 These observations suggest that involvement of the para-nitro group of chloramphenicol could cause both hemotoxicity and hypotension in susceptible individuals.
Decision-Making: An Illustration of Theory Building
Authors: Roberts Beryl J.
Published: July 2017

This is the presidential paper given at the Tenth Annual Meeting of the Society of Public Health Educators, Atlantic City, October 18, 1959.
The Brookline Aging Project—Some Implications for Health Education
Authors: McCormick John G. , Taubenhaus Leon J.
Published: July 2017

This investigation was supported by Public Health Research Grant RG6609 from the Division of Medical Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington, D. C.
Building National Health Education Services
Authors: Ramakrishna Venkataram
Published: July 2017

This is the Eighth Annual Dorothy B. Nyswander Lecture and the first of these to be delivered by a former student of Dr. Nyswander. It was given in Berkeley on April 24, 1964 at the University of California School of Public Health. The lectureship was established in honor of Dr. Nyswander upon her retirement as Professor of Health Education at the University of California. Her “retirement” has been characterized by tremendous activity as a consultant in various parts of the world. At the time this lecture was delivered she had been in India for 3 years as a Ford Foundation adviser and had been working closely with the author in his capacity as director of the Central Health Education Bureau in India's Ministry of Health. Dr. Ramakrishna obtained his M.P.H. degree at Berkeley in 1955 under a World Health Organization fellowship. The following year he initiated the bureau which he still heads.
Recent advances in the pharmacological control of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) and the implications for multiple sclerosis treatment
Authors: Bolton C
Published: July 2017

The autoimmune, cell-mediated condition experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the representative model for the inflammatory central nervous system disease MS. EAE has been extensively employed to determine the efficacy of pharmacological agents that may be of ultimate use in the treatment of MS. A wide variety of drugs has been examined for activity in EAE but, over the last decade, three groups of compounds have emerged with clear and reproducible ability to modify significantly the onset and progression of the disease. The immunosuppressants, the modulators of catecholamine activity and the antineoplastic agents have convincingly altered the course of EAE and, as a consequence, provided understanding of the mechanisms of disease expression and offered further insight into the pathogenesis of MS. The article stresses the usefulness of EAE as a model to identify prospective pharmacological treatments for MS and, in particular, considers those compounds subsequently assessed for their ability to interfere with the progression of the human disease.
The brief repeatable battery of neuropsychological tests for multiple sclerosis: a preliminary serial study
Authors: Bever CT , Grattan L , Panitch HS , Johnson KP
Published: July 2017

The Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Tests (BRB-N) for MS consisting of the selective reminding, 10136 spatial recall, symbol digit modalities, paced auditory serial addition (PASAT) and word list generation tests is a sensitive measure of early cognitive impairment in MS patients. We administered it to 19 chronic stable MS patients every 60 days for 120 days to examine variability. The mean coefficient of variation for the tests ranged from 18% to 22%. A significant practice effect was seen in the PASAT results (P<0.05) using the Wilcoxon signed rank test These results suggest that cognitive fluctuations analogous to motor fluctuations may occur in MS patients and that the BRB-N may be useful in clinical trials of agents expected to alter cognitive function in MS patients if test-retest variability and practice effects are taken into account Further study is warranted.
Bridging the gaps: can we afford not to invest in global health?
Authors: Wall Stig
Published: July 2017

This journal, although having the prefix Scandinavian, wants to convey to its readers a contemporary global perspective on public health. We suggest that this means that we should also reflect on public health developments outside Scandinavia (which are certainly not unrelated to the development within) as well as share public health lessons from within the Scandinavian countries with the international public health community. The past year has seen a promising commitment to address the overriding public health issue - that of the health gap. In this editorial I want to share with the readers of Scandinavian Journal of Public Health some events relating to three dimensions of the gap: that of health itself, that of health research and that of health information.
Organizational fairness and psychological distress in hospital physicians
Authors: Sutinen R. , Kivimäki M. , Elovainio M. , Virtanen M.
Published: July 2017

Aims: Prior research has reported high levels of stress for physicians, but determinants of this stress are poorly understood. We explored whether problems in decision-making procedures and treatment of employees, as expressed in the theory of organizational fairness, may contribute to psychological distress in hospital physicians. Methods: Structural equation modelling (LISREL) was based on survey responses from 251 male and 196 female physicians working in 11 public hospitals in Finland. Results: Low organizational fairness increased the risk of psychological distress in male physicians but not in female physicians. In the former group, the association between organizational fairness and psychological distress was partially mediated by decreased job control and increased workload. Conclusions: These findings suggest that broadening the view from the traditional psychosocial work characteristics to justice in management may assist in efforts to promote physicians' health and well-being.
Sequelae of Accidental Near-drowning in Childhood
Authors: Eriksson Rolf , Fredin Hans , Gerdman Peter , Thorson Jan
Published: July 2017

Patients admitted to hospital because of near-drownings were followed-up 2–7 years after the admissions. The material comprises 36 children and 15 adults, which is the total number of patients cared for because of accidental near-drownings within the Uppsala Hospital Region 1964–1968. The region contains one-sixth of Sweden's population. Hospital records were examined and parents of the children were interviewed by telephone. Two seriously disabled cases were found. The annual figure for severely and permanently disabled children, injured by near-drownings, is estimated at 2 or 3 for all Sweden. The corresponding point prevalence is estimated to be anything between 50 and 120 patients; this too concerns patients disabled as children. The incidence of children with non-fatal of permanent organic brain injuries due to accidental near-drowning is small compared with the corresponding mortality. Maybe the small probability of being saved within the short time required for this final result is a suitable explanation.
The Alcoholic's Wife and Her Conflicting Roles
Authors: Albretsen Carl S. , Vaglum Per
Published: July 2017

This follow-up study is concerned with the prognosis of roles and symptom-formation in a group of twelve wives of alcoholics 2 1/2–3 years after their first admittance to our psychiatric department. Our first study offered evidence for an understanding of these women's role transition from “rescuer”, “dummy” or “alcoholic” to “patient” as a result of an alteration in their present relationships and/or internal psychological situation in the direction of an intolerable role, that of the “persecutor”. The follow-up study further confirms these findings. Women in the “rescuer”-role were asymptomatic. Women with symptoms (in the “patient” or the “persecutor” role) still seemed to be caught in a human role web where they had no opportunity to return into the “rescuer” role. This seemed to be due partly to their husbands' worsening behaviour, and partly to a “wife-rescuer” still operating, trying to force the wives into a “persecutor” role vis-à-vis their husbands.
Health and the Population
Authors: Heinild Svend
Published: July 2017

The vast technical advances achieved by man in the Western civilized world within recent centuries are briefly reviewed. It is pointed out in this context that the diagnostic procedures in the field of medicine have surpassed by far the therapeutic potentialities. A series of diseases due to life in misery such as tuberculosis, malnutrition, diseases involving the gastro-intestinal canal, avitaminosis, etc., are almost totally eradicated and, in contrast to the general belief, primarily because the material circumstances of life in our generation have been radically changed, secondly because of the “wonderful advances in the field of medical science”. The present study is concerned with a question of fundamental importance, namely whether a change in the vital circumstances as total as that experienced in the Occident within the recent 100 years at least, also may exert a positive influence on the mentality of man or whether he eternally is to remain the same, carrying along his existentialistic problems of life, uninfluenced by the evolution.
A Mail Inquiry into Pensioners' Living Conditions
Authors: Persson Harald
Published: July 2017

An investigation made by local government agency into the social conditions and state of health of old people had an answer frequency of 89 %. This investigation has been followed up with inquiries into the non-response group. The main result is a striking difference between the non-response group and the response group as to the state of health. Far more people in the non-response group said that they were in good health. Fewer people took medicine in the non-response group. One way of explaining this difference is that there are more relatively young old-aged pensioners in the non-response group. Finally, the possibilities are discussed of using mail questionnaires as an alternative to expensive interview investigations when old people's needs of care are investigated and also the possibilities of using the questionnaire interview investigation made by a local government agency as an instrument for checking the health of old people.
The Contribution of a Health Survey to a Family Practice
Authors: Abramson J. H. , Epstein L. M. , Kark Sidney L. , Kark Emily , Fischler B.
Published: July 2017

A community health survey provided a family practice in Jerusalem with a considerable amount of new information about its patients, with particular reference to ischaemic heart disease and the major risk factors for atherosclerotic disease. Many previously unknown cases of hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia were revealed among young adults. The survey findings, analysed together with data available in the clinical records of the practice, provided a systematic community picture of the prevalence of risk factors for coronary heart disease; this information has formed the basis for a community medicine programme designed to reduce the risk of these diseases. The survey findings provide base-line data for the subsequent controlled evaluation of this programme.
The Concept of Health
Authors: Bonnevie Poul
Published: July 2017

The nature of disease requires a qualitative as well as a quantitative estimation. Diagnostic procedures take the former aspect, though not the latter, into consideration. Such an estimation might be made possible, however, by considering the various abilities by which the individual may achieve a well-balanced adaptation, and by taking into account the active socio-ecological factors.
Distribution and Clustering of Social Problems in an Aided Population Group
Authors: Heløe Leif Arne
Published: July 2017

In a rural community in southern Norway, data on housing conditions, major diseases and impairments, and on the use of medicines, were obtained by interviewing 216 recipients of social insurance and/or welfare assistance aged 20–60 who were participating in a subsidized dental program. Information on dental status was obtained from clinical records. 87 % of all persons had running water in their quarters, but only 21 % had an indoor toilet. 16 % meant that their housing were in a poor condition. Owing to disabling conditions, 23 % of the group were unable to work and 28 % were limited as to extent or type of work. The most common reasons for their disability were rheumatism, diseases of the circulatory system, and mental or nervous disorders. Dental health was generally poor. Only 18 % had 20 or more natural teeth remaining while 67 % were wearing some kind of removable denture. Nearly every second upper denture needed replacement owing to major defects. Multiple problems were most common among persons who were dependent on state benefit as well as welfare assistance.
Should Relatives Be Informed That Autopsy Is intended?
Authors: Britton Mona
Published: July 2017

According to a recommendation of the Swedish JO (Ombudsman) relatives of deceased patients were informed that autopsy was intended. Subsequently, 278 (94%) of them were interviewed. The aim was to investigate whether the notification procedure had had positive consequences for them or whether, from their point of view, it could equally well or preferably be omitted. (1) 13% of the relatives denied that they had been informed. This was more common among those who had not commented at all when the intention was presented. It seemed that many of them had never realized that the matter had been mentioned. (2) Generally it seems that the information procedure provided an opportunity for relatives who object to autopsy to express their views. (3) Relatives had a better knowledge of the cause of death when they had been made aware that a post-mortem was intended than when they had not. (4) On the basis of their own experience, the vast majority (79%) considered that information about intended autopsy should be given to relatives of patients dying in hospitals.

Finally, suggestions are offered concerning the procedure to be adopted for informing relatives of an intended autopsy.
Sociomedical Development Work at a Social Welfare Office In a Metropolitan Area
Authors: Svanström Leif , Urwitz Viveca
Published: July 2017

The physicians of the Sociomedical Clinic at Malmö General Hospital each serve ten hours a week at the local social welfare offices in Malmö. The better part of the time is devoted to thorough examination and evaluation with a view to socio-medical rehabilitation of long-term clients of the social welfare offices. The article presents a part of a survey concerning 101 patients who have received such socio-medical rehabilitation. The survey is based on material in records from hospitals, the social welfare offices (concerning social welfare, alcoholism and child welfare), the county regional employment board and the state social insurance office. The material has been structured according to a questionnaire and then statistically arranged. The article gives a picture of the patients' social and medical backgrounds as well as their status at the commencement of rehabilitation. The article furthermore discusses the cooperation between the open social and medical care on the basis of data obtained in the survey.
Diagnostic Process and Rheumatic Diseases
Authors: Allander Erik
Published: July 2017

The diagnostic process can be described as a continuous interaction between doctor and layman, whether neither computers nor tests represent final solutions. In this process, exchange and comparison of disease concepts and their components take place. The situation is analysed from the viewpoints of clinical work and epidemiology in the case of the rheumatic diseases, especially rheumatoid arthritis. The layman's part in the diagnostic process is considerable, both in terms of quantity and quality. It is concluded that our knowledge is strikingly limited and that future study should be devoted to doctor and patient as a unit when they together create diagnosis. Furthermore, international comparability of results and measurement of health levels require an expansion of our knowlege of the diagnostic process.
The Reliability of Auto-anamnesis
Authors: Westrin Claes-Göran
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this paper is to study the reliability of auto-anamnestic information. This was carried out on the one hand by checking low back auto-anamnesis against index data among low back sick-listed individuals, on the other hand by comparing the interviewed individuals' statements to two doctors with different personal and professional backgrounds. Among the low back sick-listed individuals almost all claimed to suffer anamnestic low back trouble. 25% of those with only one spell of low back sick-listing denied having been low back sick-listed. The agreement between the investigators was satisfactory regarding part of the information but very unsatisfactory regarding other parts, as for example the degree of “seriousness” of the back trouble. Among the individuals interviewed a correlation could be found between some personality-psychology variables and the reliability of anamnestic answers. The results show that in epidemiological investigations it is necessary to bear in mind that auto-anamnestic information is influenced by such sources of error as the special social norms and dispositions of the investigators as well as personality traits of the investigated individuals.
Distribution of Doctor's Consultations, Operations, and Symptoms with Special Relevance to Social Factors
Authors: Allander Erik
Published: July 2017

In 1968 6074 Swedes representing a nation-wide random sample of the adult population 15–75 years old were interviewed as to their standard of living. Questions were put on 47 specified symptoms and other medical data such as previous operations and number of doctor's consultations 12 months prior to the interview. There was a female dominance in nearly every category as to number of visits. However, females reported 38–57% more symptoms per visit than did males. It is concluded that there is a substantial reserve of unmet demand for medical care among females. Sex-specific symptoms such as menstrual distress did not significantly influence the conclusions. Lower social class seems to be underrepresented in doctor's consultations when their higher symptom level and morbidity are taken into account. For appendectomy and tonsillectomy high social class was overrepresented by 1.6 and 2.4 times, respectively. The ten most common symptoms were analysed against number of doctor's consultations. It was found that for males, nervous symptoms gradually became more common with increasing number of visits. This could not be established for females, where nervous symptoms were equally common irrespective of the number of doctor's consultations.
The Population Study of Women in Göteborg 1974–1975 —the Second Phase of a Longitudinal Study: General Design, Purpose and Sampling Results
Authors: Bengtsson Calle , Hallberg Leif , Hällström Tore , Hultborn Arvid , Isaksson Björn , Lennartsson Jan , Lindquist Olof , Lindstedt Sven , Noppa Henry , Redvall Lars , Samuelsson Sverker
Published: July 2017

A study of a population sample of women in Göteborg aged 38–60 years was carried out in 1968–1969. This population sample has been re-studied during the years 1974–1975. Altogether 1302 women participated in this second study, which means 89.1% of those studied in 1968–1969 and 80.3% of those initially sampled. Twenty-six women had died during the interval between' the two studies, more than half of them from neoplastic disease. Information is given about those who had moved or were inaccessible at the time of the second study or who refused to participate. The performance of the examination is described and research projects are outlined.
A Survey of Criminal Homicide in Nigeria
Authors: Emovon Adesuwa C. , Lambo Thomas Adeoye
Published: July 2017

Reports on 500 cases of murder were extracted from the case records of the Federal Supreme Court of Nigeria. Offenders were nearly always men and the victims were males in 64% of cases. The weapons were most often machetes or cutlasses. The killer and the victim were often related or were friends; only 8% were strangers. In 42% of cases, financial motives were involved.
Work and Disability at the Age of 30 Years: A Sociomedical Study of a Birth-cohort from Bergen: I. Description of Project and Methods
Authors: Kinge Finn Olav , Bjerkedal Tor
Published: July 2017

The aim of the study was to quantify conditions of impaired or lost ability to work at the age of 30 years and to illustrate some of the possible underlying causes. The study is based on a cohort of 1570 persons, all live births in the year 1940 of mothers then residing in Bergen. The birth-cohort was followed up in the compulsory school system at the age of 14 years, and again at the age of 30 years, concluding as of 1st June 1971. Public records and registers were searched for information on living conditions, including social situation at the time of birth, school attended at the age of 14 years, income and disability at the age of 30 years. More detailed medical, psychological, educational, social and occupational histories were collected and individual medical/psychological tests were administered to a stratified random sample of the cohort. The sample was taken after stratification of the cohort according to the type of school attended in Bergen at the age of 14 years. It was supplemented with persons who had attended special schools for the educable mentally retarded and with persons who had received care from the national services for the mentally retarded. The final sample consisted of 262 persons.

Results of the study will be presented in a series of articles. This article presents a description of the project and of the methods used in collecting the various data. The other articles will be published in Scand J Soc Med, Acta Neurol Scand, Acta Ophthal and Scand Audiol. They deal with the frequency of permanent, occupational disability at the age of 30 years and disability as related to medical, psychological and educational background. Also selfsupporting ability as well as earned income are discussed in an article. Some possible underlying causes of work-insufficiency are explored from a mainly social/educational and psychological point of view in two articles. Three articles deal with some specific medical conditions as related to school background and intellectual ability namely encephalopathy, visual and hearing impairments.
Work and Disability at the Age of 30 Years: A Sociomedical Study of a Birth-cohort from Bergen II. Frequency of disability
Authors: Kinge Finn Olav
Published: July 2017

An attempt is made here to quantify occupational disability at the age of 30 years. The term disability is used in a broader sense than defined in the National Insurance Scheme, and covers all permanent occupational disability irrespective of cause. Disability is evaluated in terms of earned income and in accordance with the definition used under the National Insurance Scheme. The study is based on a cohort of 1570 persons, all live births in 1940 of mothers then residing in Bergen. Relevant information on earned incomes and on disability pensions was extracted from the files of the National Insurance Institution for 1331 persons of the cohort residing in Norway on 1st June 1971. Among the 30-year-old men residing in Norway the frequency of disability irrespective of cause was 3.1%, whereas the proportion receiving disability pension was 1.8%. The difference of 1.3% is explained mainly by the fact that alcoholism in itself is not accepted as grounds for a disability pension. Of the women, 88.3% were married. Among these, 0.7% were receiving disability pension. Of the unmarried women in the cohort, 20% (10 persons) were found to be disabled, irrespective of cause. They were all receiving disability pension.
Effect of Loneliness on Mortality After Retirement
Authors: Niemi Timo
Published: July 2017

In the present study, the effect of the type and number of available objects on post-retirement mortality was examined. The hypothesis is that the fewer available objects people have upon retirement, the greater will be the mortality after retirement. The material was divided into three groups: married (assumed to have the greatest object potential), widowed or divorced (second greatest), and single (least potential). The material consisted of men retired on old age pension in 1964. Of these, 792 were married, 119 were widowed or divorced, and 77 were single. No statistically significant differences in mortality between groups on the basis of marital status could be found, although the results tended to favour the hypothesis. The number of suicides and accidents in the group of men dying within two years of retirement exceeded the expected values, but this increase was distributed fairly evenly between groups on the basis of marital status.
Application of Diagnostic Criteria in the Diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Ahlbom Anders , Nordlander Rolf
Published: July 2017

A random sample of all patients with a registered diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was selected from the hospitalisation register of Stockholm County in 1973. The sample consisted of 269 patients. The medical records of these patients were scrutinized concerning the fulfilment of criteria of a diagnosis of AMI. The criteria of AMI chosen were those established in a Swedish cooperative study (6). 33 patients did not fulfil the diagnosis of AMI, corresponding to an estimated proportion of 10%. In 4% this was due to more technical reasons such as the use of incorrect code numbers, and in 6% the diagnosis had been made without the criteria being fulfilled.
Work and Disability at the Age of 30 Years: A Sociomedical Study of a Birth-cohort from Bergen V. Social background and recruitment to the school system
Authors: Svendsen Dagmund , Kinge Finn Olav
Published: July 2017

The basis of the present study is a cohort of 1 570 persons, all live births in 1940 of mothers then residing in Bergen. This birth-cohort was followed up in the compulsory school system at the age of 14 years. Information from the “parsons' lists” (birth registers) was gathered concerning the parents' social background, while facts about the students' recruitment to the compulsory school system in Bergen were obtained from the local files of the various schools and the files of The National Services for the Mentally Retarded. For the purpose of collecting more detailed information, a sample was taken from the birth-cohort. This sample was formed on the basis of a stratification of the cohort according to type of school attended at 14 years of age. By supplementing the group comprising persons attending Special Schools for the Educable Mentally Retarded and the group including persons cared for by the National Services for the Mentally Retarded, a total sample of 262 persons was reached. It is found that recruitment to the school system varies considerably with socio-economic background. Children of higher officials were highly over-represented in Junior High School, while children of workers were noticeably under-represented at this type of school. Children of workers were over-represented in Continuation School, Elementary School classes for slow learners and Special Schools for the educable mentally retarded. However, a proportionally very similar representation of the social groups in the services for the mentally retarded was found.
Health Complaints and Work Conditions among Lacquerers in the Danish Furniture Industry
Authors: Sabroe Svend , Olsen Jørn
Published: July 2017

In the present work, morbidity rates were based upon 418 replies to postal inquiries sent to 478 members of the carpenters/cabinet makers trade union in the Århus area of Denmark. Lacquerers, when compared with former lacquerers and non-lacquerers, have an excess of neuro-physiological symptoms and symptoms from the respiratory tract. The statistical association between exposure to lacquers and lung symptoms persists after checking for differences in age, smoking habits, and exposure to dust. Organic solvents are an important component of lacquers. Far too little is yet known of solvents' long-term effects on the human body. Most of our present knowledge concerns the short-term toxic effects on the nervous system. This study further points out a relation between lung symptoms and exposure to organic solvents, and it is suggested that further research into this association must be carried out.
Adjustment and Behaviour of Finnish and Southern European Immigrant Children in Stockholm: 1. The Teachers' Assessment
Authors: Aurelius Göran
Published: July 2017

The adjustment and behaviour of immigrant schoolchildren were studied by means of teacher interviews. The material consisted of 50 Finnish and 37 southern European children. For comparison, 44 Swedish migrant children were also sampled. All had settled in the County of Stockholm three years prior to the study. Swedish children who had lived in the county for more than four years served as controls. In the teachers' opinions the immigrants as a whole had adjustment difficulties more often than the controls, but the proportion of children with such difficulties was no higher than among the migrant Swedish children. Compared with the controls the immigrant children showed a higher frequency of symptoms relating to a disordered self-esteem. The immigrant children were also considered to have a lower status and to be less trustworthy than the controls. The schooling of these children demands serious attention in order to prevent discrimination and to promote a feeling of personal worth among the children.
The Mortality of Male Old-age Pensioners Following Spouse's Death
Authors: Niemi Timo
Published: July 2017

The effect of the death of the spouse on mortality of retired men was investigated. The material comprised 939 married men retired on old age pension, 174 of whom had lost their spouse after retirement. During the first six months following the wife's death, more than the expected number died, though no increase in mortality could be shown over a longer term. Circulatory diseases and tumours were over-represented as causes of death among those who died within six months of the wife's death. Loss of an important object relationship may lead to sudden cardiac death, or the development of a disease may be accelerated.
Work and Disability at the Age of 30 Years: A Sociomedical Study of a Birth-cohort from Bergen VI. Education, Intellectual Ability and Occupation
Authors: Svendsen Dagmund , Kinge Finn Olav
Published: July 2017

The relationships between occupation, education and intellectual ability at 30 years of age are analysed with particular reference to type of school attended at the age of 14 years. Data utilized are derived from interviews, psychological tests, local files of various schools, and journals of the National Services for Mentally Retarded. The study comprises all live births in the year 1940 of mothers then residing in Bergen, a total of 1 570 persons. A sample was taken from this cohort after stratification according to type of school attended at age 14 years. The sample was supplemented with persons who had either attended Special Schools for the educable Mentally Retarded (EMR) or received care from the Services for the Mentally Retarded (SMR). The final sample consisted of 262 persons. A relationship was found for both sexes between type of school attended at the age of 14 years and level of general education at the age of 30. For men, both occupational training acquired and intellectual ability at 30 years were also clearly related to type of school attended at age 14 years. The test performance of the male group was superior to that of the female group. Differing careers in the two sexes may provide a clue as to the reason underlying this finding.
Seasonal Variations in the Incidence of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Stockholm
Authors: Ahlbom Anders
Published: July 2017

The aim of the present paper was to ascertain whether or not there is a seasonal trend in the incidence of acute myocarcial infarction (AMI) in Stockholm. The material consisted of hospitalized patients with a diagnosis of AMI, recorded in a medical information system, and of deaths recorded in the cause-of-death register. The hospital stays and the deaths together totalled 4020 cases of AMI occurring in 1973. In contrast to the results of other studies, no seasonal trend was found.
Physical Work Capacity in Men and Women Aged 18 to 65
Authors: Jonsson Björn G. , Åstrand Irma
Published: July 2017

A probability sample ( n = 1 050) of the population of a region in central Sweden performed a submaximal excercise Jest on bicycle ergometers. The participants were men and women aged 18 to 65 taking part in the REBUS study 1969–71 (4). In multivariate analyses, heart rate at the rate of work 100 W and 50 W was found to correlate significantly with sex, body weight and stature, blood pressure at rest, physical training in leisure time, and physical strain at work. No significant partial correlation was found between heart rate at work and alcohol consumption. Smoking was found to correlate significantly with heart rate at the rate of work 50 W. A high heart rate at a given rate of work indicates a low working capacity. However, in contrast to other studies, heart rate was found to decrease with age at submaximal work loads. Both the estimated maximal aerobic power of the population studied and the estimated work load at heart rate 170, W170, were found to be rather low compared with findings in other studies in Scandinavia. Concerning the maximal aerobic power of men, our results were closely compatible with results given by Chiang et al. (5) from 1064 men in the Tecumseh investigation in the USA. A linear function with heart rate at work on the Y-axis and rate of work on the X-axis was estimated for each subject. It was found that the mean intercept of these functions grew smaller with age and that women had a steeper slope than men. Subjects of the same sex had approximately the same slope, irrespective of age. It must be an implication of this finding concerning the relation between age and heart rate at work that in research work the use of W170 as an indicator of physical work capacity will introduce a systematic deviation when comparing older subjects with younger ones. An overestimation of the capacity of the older subjects will result.
Relation of Social Problems and Habitual Vulnerability to Medical Cases
Authors: Nyström Sune
Published: July 2017

This paper deals with two aspects of the concept of illness: the relation of illness to social problems and the connection between illness and habitual vulnerability. A frame of reference is given, and on that basis some studies will be reported that throw light on the problems just mentioned.
Temporal Characteristics Related to Leave from Work and Pregnancy among Mothers with Congenitally Malformed Offspring
Authors: Nurminen Markku , Holmberg Peter C.
Published: July 2017

The possible impact of occupational factors on the furtherance of congenital defects has been under study at our department for the past 4 years. The topic has assumed a special interest because of the importance of the issue involved, namely the search for a possibility to prevent teratogenesis, and partly because the applicable methods are different from those of ‘customary’ epidemiology. In connection with a register-based, case-referent study utilizing supplementary information, acquired via questioning, of conditions at the mothers' work places, we analysed various time-related events in their pregnancy. We found that the groups compared differed from each other with regard to the correct timing of the births, despite the fact that the distribution of the times of stopping work for various reasons were alike. Among mothers who were granted sick leave from work the diagnosis of anencephaly became less common close to the estimated date of delivery, and conversely for the diagnosis of hydrocephaly. The findings of the present study may suggest that the time of assignment for a statutory maternity leave be considered. Methodological issues in study design are also briefly discussed.
Dental Visits, Dental Health Status and Need for Dental Treatment in a Danish Industrial Population
Authors: Petersen Poul Erik
Published: July 2017

The purpose of the present investigation was to study the utilization of dental services, the distribution of dental diseases and treatment needs in a Danish industrial population. The study covered the male population at a Danish shipyard, and a sample of 988 workers and clerical and managerial staff was drawn by stratified random sampling. 841 persons were interviewed regarding dental visits and attitudes towards dental health services and data on dental health and treatment needs were collected. 61% of the participants aged 15–64 years made regular dental visits at least once a year. The percentages of regular visitors varied according to age and occupation, from 68 to 82% among clerical staff to 34 to 51% among workers. The mean DMF-T increased from 16.6 in the age group 15–24 to 27.0 among the 55–64-year-olds. Untreated dental decay was predominant among workers and persons never seeing a dentist, whereas there were more filled teeth and fewer missing teeth among staff and regular visitors. The periodontal status was less satisfactory in the older age groups and among workers, and most denture wearers were found in the age group 35–64 and among workers. Concordant to the findings on dental health status, dental treatment needs due to caries and periodontal disease as well as prosthetic treatment needs varied according to age, occupation and dental visits. More radical treatment types were needed in the older age groups, among workers and non-regular visitors. The present study seems to indicate that dental diseases in the adult Danish population are not under control.
Fish Tapeworm, a Disappearing Health Problem in Finland
Authors: Räisänen Simo , Puska Pekka
Published: July 2017

The occurrence of the tapeworm ( Diphyllobothrium latum) in eastern Finland in 1975–81 was studied and findings were compared with previous results. The fish tapeworm has previously been shown to be a common health problem, especially in these parts of Finland. The prevalence rates of fish tapeworm eggs in large consecutive routine series of hospital laboratories have decreased to a level of 1–4% among the population. The results also indicate some possible differences in the rates and trends between different provinces in eastern Finland. The reasons for the occurrence and changing trends of the fish tapeworm in eastern Finland are discussed.
The Consequences to the Injured of Occupational Accidents: A Follow-up Study of an Emergency Department Material
Authors: Lings Svend , Jensen Jørn , Christensen Soren , Møller Jens T.
Published: July 2017

The consequences of occupational accidents to the injured have been studied in a follow-up investigation of an emergency department material comprising almost 7000 patients. The accident resulted in sick leave for 51% (on average 14.9 working days), in a reduced income for 31% (on average 2 125 Danish 1982 kroner), in a prolonged physical handicap for 6%, in hospitalization for 4.2% (on average 27 days), and in occupational consequences for 1.5%.
Monitoring and Evaluation of Primary Health Care in Rural Zambia
Authors: Freund Paul J. , Kalumba Katele
Published: July 2017

This paper presents the major findings of an on-going monitoring and evaluation study of Primary Health Care with emphasis on child and maternal health services sponsored by UNICEF and the Government of Zambia. The objectives of this research are to evaluate and monitor the implementation of Primary Health Care in remote rural areas. Two contrasting ecological regions were selected for investigation, one in Western Province and the other in Northern Province and a core sample of 100 households from each area were selected to be monitored for 4 years. The research methodology included structured questionnaires, observation of community activities, designing and implementing community and household-based information systems, key informant interviewing, and reviewing health facility records and village registers. The findings regarding disease patterns, health service untilization, nutrition, maternal/reproductive data, health recording systems, and activities of community health workers are compared and constrasted for the two areas. Environmental and other constraints have impeded the effective provision of health services and has resulted in high morbidity, nutrition problems and inadequate child/maternal health, in both areas. An alternative model for health provision which emphasizes community-level needs is presented. Finally, the importance of community-based studies to national health policy planning is stressed.
The New Medical Education at the Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University—A Challenge for Both Students and Teachers
Authors: Areskog Nils-Holger
Published: July 2017

The medical faculty at the Linköping University was established in 1970. Until 1986 the medical students spent their first two preclinical years in Uppsala and the last three and a half years in Linköping following a conventional medical curriculum. In the fall of 1986 the Health University (Faculty of Health Sciences) was established with a common organization and educational aims i.e. problem-based learning and multiprofessional education for six health educations, physicians, nurses, physioterapists, occupational therapists, laboratory technologists and community care managers. The medical education in Linköping then became complete with a thorough innovation of the curriculum. The first students following the new curriculum will have their final examinations in January 1992. The experiences of teachers and students are overwhelmingly positive as shown in an evaluation from the other five health curricula of shorter duration. Since no medical students have so far completed their studies according to the new curriculum no corresponding evaluation for the medical education is yet available. However, the author here describes his experiences in the new role as tutor and examiner.
Unemployment and Cardiovascular Risk Indicators Data from the MONICA Survey in Northern Sweden
Authors: Janlert Urban , Asplund Kjell , Weinehall Lars
Published: July 2017

We studied the effect of unemployment, or the threat of unemployment, on indicators of cardiovascular risk in a randomly selected cross-sectional sample of the population aged 25–64 years in northern Sweden with interviews and a health examination. In men, unemployment for more than one year correlated significantly with systolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol level, HDL-quotients, cigarette smoking and physical inactivity. In women, unemployment correlated significantly with body mass index, HDL-quotient, cigarette smoking and physical inactivity. Our results support the hypothesis that correlations between unemployment and cardiovascular disease found in other studies could be partly explained by elevated risk indicators due to unemployment.
The HIV Pandemic in Sweden: What do people Really think about Mandatory HIV Testing?
Authors: Herlitz Claes
Published: July 2017

This study examines (1) how the general population of Sweden defines the concept of mandatory HIV testing; (2) what measures people consider should be taken against HIV infected individuals if mandatory testing is introduced; and (3) how the opinion of mandatory testing is affected if people consider the matter from a personal rather than neutral point of view. The two first questions were investigated in personal interviews with 1651 randomly selected individuals aged 16–74 years (Study 1). The third question was investigated in an experimental study among Swedish college/university students (Study 2). A total of 58% of the respondents in Study 1 favoured mandatory HIV testing. Confronted with a situation where mandatory testing is introduced and someone refuses to take a test 40% favoured forced testing and 24% favoured fines. If someone is identified as being HIV infected three out of four recommended action only in case this person exposes others to risk. In Study 2 mandatory testing was not, as could be expected, considered to be more repellent if the issue was viewed from a personal point of view than from a neutral one.