bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plasmonically enabled two-dimensional material-based optoelectronic devices
Authors: Wang Hao , Li Shasha , Ai Ruoqi , Huang He , Shao Lei , Wang Jianfang
Published: February 2020

The recent progress in the use of surface plasmons to improve the performance of two-dimensional material-based optoelectronic devices is discussed.
Highly efficient oxygen photosensitization of carbon dots: the role of nitrogen doping
Authors: Wu Shihong , Zhou Ronghui , Chen Hanjiao , Zhang Jinyi , Wu Peng
Published: February 2020

The role of nitrogen doping in the highly efficient oxygen photosensitization of carbon dots is underlined.
Cytotoxic triterpenoids fromAntrodia camphorataas sensitizers of paclitaxel
Authors: Li Bin , Kuang Yi , Zhang Meng , He Jun-Bin , Xu Lu-Lu , Leung Chung-Hang , Ma Dik-Lung , Lo Jen-Yu , Qiao Xue , Ye Min
Published: February 2020

In an attempt to discover anticancer triterpenoids from the medicinal fungusAntrodia camphorata, a total of 60 triterpenoids (1–60) including 18 new ones (antcamphins M–X,1–18) were isolated from its dish cultures.
Oxygen evolution reaction: a perspective on a decade of atomic scale simulations
Authors: Divanis Spyridon , Kutlusoy Tugce , Ingmer Boye Ida Marie , Man Isabela Costinela , Rossmeisl Jan
Published: February 2020

Multiple strategies to overcome the intrinsic limitations of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) have been proposed by numerous research groups.
Autonomous analysis to identify bijels from two-dimensional images
Authors: Gould Emily M. , Macmillan Katherine A. , Clegg Paul S.
Published: February 2020

Experimental parameters alone cannot predict whether a bijel will form. A machine learning tool can help classify bijel images.
Strategic harmonization of silica shell stabilization with Pt embedding on AuNPs for efficient artificial photosynthesis
Authors: Kumar Dinesh , Park Chan Hee , Kim Cheol Sang
Published: February 2020

The Pt nanoparticles embedding on AuNPs through amorphous silica layer stabilizing plasmonic nanostructure for efficient CO2 photoreduction.
Improving the thermoelectric performance of p-type PbSe via synergistically enhancing the Seebeck coefficient and reducing electronic thermal conductivity
Authors: Huang Zhiwei , Wang Dongyang , Li Caiyun , Wang Jinfeng , Wang Guangtao , Zhao Li-Dong
Published: February 2020

CdTe alloying dramatically enhanced the thermoelectric performance of p-type PbSe by enhancing Seebeck coefficients and reducing electronic thermal conductivity.
Organic solar cells based on cellulose nanopaper from agroforestry residues with an efficiency of over 16% and effectively wide-angle light capturing
Authors: Wu Junying , Che Xinpeng , Hu Hui-Chao , Xu Huimin , Li Bin , Liu Yanjun , Li Jianguo , Ni Yonghao , Zhang Xingye , Ouyang Xinhua
Published: February 2020

Cellulose nanopaper (CNP) was successfully demonstrated for enhanced efficiency and effectively wide-angle light capturing of organic solar cells (OSCs).
Enhanced output performance and stability of triboelectric nanogenerators by employing silane-based self-assembled monolayers
Authors: Wang Chun-Chieh , Chang Chih-Yu
Published: February 2020

A promising strategy to simultaneously enhance the performance and stability of TENGs is developed by using silane-based self-assembled monolayers.
The Clinical Significance of the Failure to Perceive Vertigo in the Postcaloric Period Despite a Robust Caloric Response
Authors: Piker Erin G. , Jacobson Gary P. , Romero Daniel , Wang Ye , Smith Kaylee
Published: February 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this project was to explore the association between the perception of motion during caloric testing and two tasks associated with central vestibular processing: postural stability and visuospatial memory.

Method

This was a prospective study of 25 patients who were found to have nonvestibular etiologies of their symptoms and normal vestibular function test results and who underwent caloric testing with a mean maximum slow phase eye velocity for each irrigation of 15° or greater. Following each caloric irrigation, patients were asked whether they had any sensation of movement. Patients were grouped based on the presence or absence of motion during the caloric exam (motion perception vs. absent perception). Postural stability was assessed using computerized dynamic posturography, and visuospatial memory was assessed using a memory match card game application.

Results

There were no significant differences between groups on any measures of peripheral vestibular function. However, the Absent Perception Group showed greater postural instability during Condition 5 of posturography and performed significantly worse on a task of visuospatial working memory. Both age and absence of motion perception predicted abnormal performance on measures of postural stability and visuospatial working memory.

Conclusions

There appears to be clinical implications to a lack of motion perception during the caloric exam in patients with an otherwise normal peripheral vestibular system. Based on the current findings, we are unable to determine whether differences in postural stability and visuospatial memory were due to age or a central vestibular processing deficit.
A global maximum principle for optimal control of general mean-field forward-backward stochastic systems with jumps
Authors: Hao Tao , Meng Qingxin
Published: February 2020

In this paper we prove a maximum principle of optimal control problem for a class of general mean-field forward-backward stochastic systems with jumps in the case where the diffusion coefficients depend on control, the control set does not need to be convex, the coefficients of jump terms are independent of control as well as the coefficients of mean-field backward stochastic differential equations depend on the joint law of (X(t), Y (t)). Since the coefficients depend on measure, higher mean-field terms could be involved. In order to analyse them, two new adjoint equations are brought in and several new generic estimates of their solutions are investigated. Utilizing these subtle estimates, the second-order expansion of the cost functional, which is the key point to analyse the necessary condition, is obtained, and where after the stochastic maximum principle. An illustrative application to mean-field game is considered.
Three-Dimensional Simulation Analysis of the Influence of Slat Structural Parameters on Slat Aerodynamic Noise
Authors: Wang Hongjian , Tian Junyuan , Luo Wang
Published: February 2020

Slat aerodynamic noise is one of important components of the frame noise. Adjusting the parameters of the slat structure can suppress the slat noise radiation effectively. Based on the typical multi-element airfoil 30P30N, firstly, by means of adjusting the parameters of slat structure, such as changing relative positions between slat and main airfoil and closing slat gap etc., a new slat profile is obtained; Then, based on the DDES simulation method, the characteristics of vortex distribution is analyzed for the new airfoil structure model, and the directivity and SPL of the far field noise are also investigated; Finally, through comparison analysis of the parameters, the physics of the generation of slat aerodynamic noise is discovered, and effects of slat parameters on the features of slat aerodynamic noise are also obtained. The results of the study show that the vortex strength of the flow around the slat has close relation to the source of slat noise. By means of adjusting slat position parameters and morphing of the slat's trailing edge, the vortex strength of the flow close to the slat cusp is reduced effectively, and further largely reducing the slat noise radiation, which can be achieved with preserving high lift coefficient of the airfoil.
Design and Research Co-Simulation Platform of Navigation and Dynamics on Planetary Rovers
Authors: Zhang Bowen , Huang Tieqiu , Xing Yan , Teng Baoyi
Published: February 2020

The overall design idea of simulation platform of the planetary rover coupling navigation and dynamics is proposed to address the dilemma faced in the design of a navigation control system for Mars and other planetary exploration tasks. Based on the modified Bekker model, through subroutine secondary development, the dynamics model for the wheel-soil contact planetary rover in soft soil environment with the MSC.ADAMS software was established. Following the establishment of the interactive parallel simulation system via C++, the dynamic model worked in parallel collaboration with the navigation control system to resolve the closed-loop system where co-simulation was formed, achieving the seamless linkage between and parallel efficient operation of the navigation control system and the dynamic model. Simulation was conducted on the special working conditions of the planetary rover, such as body lift, wheel lift and creep, after suitable selection of soil characteristic parameters. The results showed that the platform enabled the dynamics simulation of the planetary rover to be completed, laying the foundation for designing the navigation control system of the planetary rover.
Practical thermal model for a radiant tubes annealing furnace
Authors: García-Martino Angel , Prieto María Manuela
Published: February 2020

Modeling of vertical radiant tube annealing furnaces has proven to be one of the best tools to improve the performance of a galvanizing line. However, there is a lack of a practical model able to consider the temperature and status of the radiant tubes, which are key elements in the capacity of the furnace. The model proposed divides the furnace in several segments and compares the radiated heat, that is exchanged between the radiant tubes and the strip, and the heat required to increase the temperature of the mass flow on the strip. This comparison is represented as an implicit equation where the strip‘s temperature is obtained by iteration. The model is validated calculating the final temperature of more than five hundred coils divided in four different steel families. The 90% of the calculated temperatures are within a 2% deviation range compared to the measured temperatures. This model combines good accuracy in the results with low computational times, allowing the simulation of hundreds of coils in a few minutes.
Aktueller Stand der Antibiotikaprophylaxe bei Ösophagusvarizenblutungen in Deutschland
Authors: Zhelegu Irda , Ebert Matthias Philip , Vogelmann Roger
Published: February 2020

Hintergrund Eine Antibiotikaprophylaxe bei Patienten mit oberer gastrointestinaler Blutung bei Leberzirrhose reduziert das Risiko für bakterielle Infektionen sowie die Frühmortalität signifikant. Ziel der Studie ist es, den aktuellen Stand der Antibiotikaprophylaxe in gastroenterologischen Abteilungen in Deutschland zu erheben.

Methodik Evaluation zu Indikation, Dauer und Wahl des Antibiotikums bei einer Ösophagusvarizenblutung bei Leberzirrhose durch eine Befragung von gastroenterologischen Abteilungen in Deutschland.

Ergebnisse Von 779 kontaktierten Gastroenterologien haben 326 an der Studie teilgenommen. 98,5 % der befragten Kliniken führen eine prophylaktische Antibiotikagabe bei Ösophagusvarizenblutungen bei Leberzirrhose durch (n = 321/326). Das Child-Pugh-Stadium der Leberzirrhose war nur in 7,1 % (n = 23/322) der Fälle wichtig bei der Entscheidung zur Antibiotikagabe. Eine prophylaktische Antibiotikatherapie wurde auch in 19,4 % (n = 62/320) der Fälle vor einem elektiven Ösophagusvarizenbanding ohne Blutung gegeben. Cephalosporine der 3. Generation sind die am häufigsten verwendeten Antibiotika (66,5 %; n = 248/373), gefolgt von Fluorchinolonen (19,9 %; n = 74/373). Die Prophylaxe wird in 32,3 % der Fälle (n = 104/322) für 3 Tage durchgeführt, in 9,3 % (n = 30/322) für 1 Tag und entsprechend nur in 24,8 % (n = 80/322) über den in den deutschen Leitlinien empfohlenen Zeitraum von 7 Tagen. Ein hausinterner SOP (standard of procedure) zur Antibiotikaprophylaxe ist nur in 45,1 % (n = 147/326) vorhanden.

Schlussfolgerung Unsere Studie zeigt, dass die angewandten Standards zur prophylaktischen Antibiotikatherapie bei Ösophagusvarizenblutungen in Deutschland stark variieren. Studien zur notwendigen Dauer der Prophylaxe und zur Abhängigkeit vom Stadium der Leberzirrhose könnten unnötige Antibiotikagabe verhindern. Das Vermeiden einer Antibiotikaprophylaxe bei einem elektiven Banding von Ösophagusvarizen, die nicht empfohlen und von knapp 20 % der Teilnehmer durchgeführt wird, könnte schon jetzt den Antibiotikaverbrauch reduzieren.
Unusual and Rare Pneumocephalus Presentations in a Tertiary Care Center: Management Strategies and Review of Literature
Authors: Viswanathan Rajanandhan , Sanjeevi Venkatesan , Dhandapani Balasubramanian
Published: February 2020

Pneumocephalus has various forms of presentations and a diverse etiology ranging from trauma to iatrogenic craniotomies and spinal surgeries. Most cases are benign and uncomplicated and resolve with minimal or no intervention. Few cases of pneumocephalus or pneumoventricles are either persistent despite treatment or present in various unique forms leading to considerable difficulty in the diagnosis and management of these patients. In this study, we analyze six cases of pneumocephalus with unusual and rare form of presentations and discuss their management strategies along with a review of relevant literature.
Cerebellar Cryptococcoma in an Immunocompetent Adult: A Rare Occurrence Report of a Case and Review of Literature
Authors: Kumar Manish , Bajaj Ankur , Tewari Manoj Kumar , Singh Paramjit , Radotra Bishan Das
Published: February 2020

This study reports a rare case of cryptococcoma of the brain and review the related literature. An intracranial lesion, in a healthy, middle-aged adult who underwent surgery with a preoperative diagnosis of neoplastic/metastatic lesion, which turned out to be cryptococcoma, is being reported. Histopathological examination revealed that this immunocompetent patient had cryptococcoma of the cerebellum. He responded to antifungal chemotherapy (amphotericin B initially for 2 weeks and later oral fluconazole for 10 weeks) very well. Occurrence of cryptococcomas in immunocompetent patients is rare and responds to antifungal chemotherapy very well. Only six cases (including this) have been reported in literature till now.
1 Hz Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Primary Motor Cortex: Impact on Excitability and Task Performance in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Engelhardt Melina , Picht Thomas
Published: February 2020

Objective Neuronavigated repetitive transcranial stimulation (rTMS) at a frequency of 1 Hz was shown to reduce excitability in underlying brain areas while increasing excitability in the opposite hemisphere. In stroke patients, this principle is used to normalize activity between the lesioned and healthy hemispheres and to facilitate rehabilitation. However, standardization is lacking in applied protocols, and there is a poor understanding of the underlying physiologic mechanisms. Furthermore, the influence of hemispheric dominance on the intervention has not been studied before. A systematic evaluation of the effects in healthy subjects would deepen the understanding of these mechanisms and offer insights into ways to improve the intervention.

Methods Twenty healthy subjects underwent five 15-minute sessions of neuronavigated rTMS or sham stimulation over their dominant or nondominant motor cortex. Dominance was assessed with the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory. Changes in both hemispheres were measured using behavioral parameters (finger tapping, grip force, and finger dexterity) and TMS measures (resting motor threshold, recruitment curve, motor area, and cortical silent period).

Results All subjects tolerated the stimulation well. A pronounced improvement was noted in finger tapping scores over the nonstimulated hemisphere as well as a nonsignificant reduction of the cortical silent period in the stimulated hemisphere, indicating a differential effect of the rTMS on both hemispheres. Grip force remained at the baseline level in the rTMS group while decreasing in the sham group, suggesting the rTMS counterbalanced the effects of fatigue. Lastly, dominance did not influence any of the observed effects.

Conclusions This study shows the capability of the applied low-frequency rTMS protocol to modify excitability of underlying brain areas as well as the contralateral hemisphere. It also highlights the need for a better understanding of underlying mechanisms and the identification of predictors for responsiveness to rTMS. However, results should be interpreted with caution because of the small sample size.
Social capital, human capital and ethnic occupational niches: an analysis of ethnic and gender inequalities in the Spanish labour market
Authors: Bolíbar Mireia
Published: February 2020

This article analyses the role of different types of social capital in the integration of immigrants into the labour market of Catalonia (Spain), according to the geographical distribution and ethnic characteristics of immigrants’ contacts. It aims to test the role of social networks, human capital and the ethno-stratification of the labour market in immigrants’ labour market performance; and to contribute to understanding the often overlooked but complex interactions between these factors and gender inequalities. Results show that transnational ties constitute a weak resource in obtaining job benefits, that labour-intensive ethnic occupational niches confine immigrants to low-skilled positions to a great extent and that, even controlling for human capital and industrial sectors, having supportive links with native-born Spaniards has a positive effect on migrants’ occupational status. Finally, gendered differences are also evident in respect of returns on social capital, indicating that the sexually segregated occupational structure of the Spanish labour market makes social capital a weaker resource for women immigrants.
Translation and solidarity in the century with no future: prefiguration vs. aspirational translation
Authors: Baker Mona
Published: February 2020

The future and how we envision and anticipate it has been the subject of scholarly attention for some time, especially from political theorists, scholars of human geography, and anthropologists. This article draws on some of this literature, but particularly the work of Franco ‘Bifo’ Berardi, the Italian Marxist theorist and activist, to explore the implications of two activist strategies that have recently received some attention from translation scholars: prefiguration and aspirational translation. It reflects on the different orientations to the future implied in these two strategies and suggests that their relative appeal is impacted by the rise of semiocapitalism in what Berardi refers to as ‘the century with no future’, and by varying experiences of activists located in different regions of the world. The work of translation and how translators orient themselves to the future, it is argued, can play an important role in arresting if not reversing the ongoing erosion of those possibilities still inscribed in the present despite semiocapitalism’s growing control over every area of human life.
High Curie temperature in Eu-doped GaN caused by volume-compensated Ga-vacancy
Authors: Masago Akira , Shinya Hikari , Fukushima Tetsuya , Sato Kazunori , Katayama-Yoshida Hiroshi
Published: February 2020

This study computationally demonstrates that room-temperature ferromagnetism, which has been experimentally observed in Eu-doped GaN, is induced by holes in N 2p states (i.e., Zener’s double exchange interaction) that arise on the assumption that Ga vacancies appear as a result of the introduction of Eu ions (i.e., volume compensation). The calculated Curie temperature (TC) suddenly increases over a certain range of Ga-vacancy concentrations and gradually increases with an increasing concentration of Eu ions. High TC above room temperature is dominated by Zener’s double exchange mechanism in partially occupied N 2p hole-states, which itinerate throughout the whole crystals, and low TC is dominated by Zener’s p-f exchange mechanism in Eu 4f and N 2p hybridization. We can reasonably explain the surprising experimental data of 4000 μB per Gd atom in Gd-doped GaN reported by Dhar et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 037205 (2005)].
Interplay between doping and size effects on Y1-xEuxMn2O5 nanorods
Authors: Hsu Ting-Wei , Yang Chun-Chuen , Tung Yung-Hsiang , Kao Cheng-Wei , Wu Wei-Chun , Lee Yu-Ting , Lin Kuen-Song
Published: February 2020

Y1-xEuxMn2O5 nanorod samples (x = 0, 0.5, and 1) were prepared and crystallized in an orthorhombic structure with the Pbam space group. Magnetic susceptibility experiments revealed that the size effect reduced the effective magnetic moment and interaction among magnetic moments. All six samples exhibited AFM ordering and canted AFM domain below 50 K, and adjustable by varying the size of the nanorods. Hysteresis experiments revealed the size effect induced exchange bias. Room-temperature Raman spectra revealed a red-shift in all of x = 0 and x = 1 samples in an applied magnetic field, indicating that a spin-phonon interaction existed at room temperature.
Chiral symmetry and scale invariance breaking in spin chains
Authors: Torres Felipe , Kiwi Miguel , Vargas Nicolas M. , Monton Carlos , Schuller Ivan K.
Published: February 2020

The effects of the Dzyaloshinsky-Moriya interaction on finite size one-dimensional (1D) magnetic chains are investigated as a function of their length. The magnetic configuration the system adopts for varying boundary conditions are explored analytically, which leads to the appearance of chiral configurations that play a crucial role. The coercive and exchange bias fields show an unexpected chain length dependence, caused by the boundary conditions and by chiral symmetry breaking, which in turn leads to the breakdown of scale-invariance. Our treatment yields results in agreement with experimental evidence and ongoing research on phthalocyanine iron chains bonded to hydrogen.
High-field spatial imaging of charge transport in silicon at low temperature
Authors: Stanford C. , Moffatt R. A. , Kurinsky N. A. , Brink P. L. , Cabrera B. , Cherry M. , Insulla F. , Kelsey M. , Ponce F. , Sundqvist K. , Yellin S. , Young B. A.
Published: February 2020

We present direct imaging measurements of charge transport across a 1 cm × 1 cm × 4 mm-thick crystal of high purity silicon (∼15 kΩ-cm) at temperatures of 5 K and 500 mK. We use these data to measure lateral diffusion of electrons and holes as a function of the electric field applied along the [111] crystal axis and to verify our low-temperature Monte Carlo software. The range of field strengths in this paper exceed those used in our previous study [R. A. Moffatt et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 114, 032104 (2019)] by a factor of 10 and now encompass the region in which some recent silicon dark matter detectors operate [R. Agnese et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 051301 (2018)]. We also report on a phenomenon of surface charge trapping, which can reduce expected charge collection.
Photonic integration for UV to IR applications
Authors: Blumenthal Daniel J.
Published: February 2020

Photonic integration opens the potential to reduce size, power, and cost of applications normally relegated to table- and rack-sized systems. Today, a wide range of precision, high-end, ultra-sensitive, communication and computation, and measurement and scientific applications, including atomic clocks, quantum communications, processing, and high resolution spectroscopy, are ready to make the leap from the lab to the chip. However, many of these applications operate at wavelengths not accessible to the silicon on insulator-based silicon photonics integration platform due to absorption, power handling, unwanted nonlinearities, and other factors. Next generation photonic integration will require ultra-wideband photonic circuit platforms that scale from the ultraviolet to the infrared and that offer a rich set of linear and nonlinear circuit functions as well as low loss and high power handling capabilities. This article provides an assessment of the field in ultra-wideband photonic waveguides to bring power efficient, ultra-high performance systems to the chip-scale and enable compact transformative precision measurement, signal processing, computation, and communication techniques.
Optimized emulsifier combination based microencapsulated phase change materials (MicroPCMs): Preparation, characterization, and applications
Authors: Fan Zhigeng , Han Pengju , Zhang Zhiguo , Hu Zhijun
Published: February 2020

Microencapsulated phase change materials (microPCMs) using urea-formaldehyde as the shell material and tetradecane as the phase change material were successfully prepared via in situ polymerization reaction in an oil-in-water emulsion. Four groups of emulsifiers containing ionic or nonionic kinds were investigated through the performance of the as-prepared microPCMs including micro-topography, thermal energy storage, and thermal stability. The emulsifying capacity and the underlying mechanism of the emulsifiers were also evaluated and discussed. Experimental results showed that the combined emulsifier group of Triton X-100/sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate as the emulsifier provided the optimal emulsification for the preparation of microPCMs. The as-prepared microPCMs were then combined with expanded polyurethane in two manners to fabric thermal insulation composites with the phase change energy storage (PES) function. The thermal insulation and PES properties of the functional composites were evaluated using a thermal imager and wireless thermocouple. Both the composites revealed a distinct temperature transition region in their temperature–time curves, which demonstrated that the PES functional composites had been successfully fabricated. The research results may provide reliable data support for practical applications of microPCMs in the PES functional composite field.
Radiation damage and dose limits in serial synchrotron crystallography at cryo- and room temperatures
Authors: de la Mora Eugenio , Coquelle Nicolas , Bury Charles S. , Rosenthal Martin , Holton James M. , Carmichael Ian , Garman Elspeth F. , Burghammer Manfred , Colletier Jacques-Philippe , Weik Martin
Published: February 2020

Radiation damage limits the accuracy of macromolecular structures in X-ray crystallography. Cryogenic (cryo-) cooling reduces the global radiation damage rate and, therefore, became the method of choice over the past decades. The recent advent of serial crystallography, which spreads the absorbed energy over many crystals, thereby reducing damage, has rendered room temperature (RT) data collection more practical and also extendable to microcrystals, both enabling and requiring the study of specific and global radiation damage at RT. Here, we performed sequential serial raster-scanning crystallography using a microfocused synchrotron beam that allowed for the collection of two series of 40 and 90 full datasets at 2- and 1.9-Å resolution at a dose rate of 40.3 MGy/s on hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) crystals at RT and cryotemperature, respectively. The diffraction intensity halved its initial value at average doses (
D
1/2
) of 0.57 and 15.3 MGy at RT and 100 K, respectively. Specific radiation damage at RT was observed at disulfide bonds but not at acidic residues, increasing and then apparently reversing, a peculiar behavior that can be modeled by accounting for differential diffraction intensity decay due to the nonuniform illumination by the X-ray beam. Specific damage to disulfide bonds is evident early on at RT and proceeds at a fivefold higher rate than global damage. The decay modeling suggests it is advisable not to exceed a dose of 0.38 MGy per dataset in static and time-resolved synchrotron crystallography experiments at RT. This rough yardstick might change for proteins other than HEWL and at resolutions other than 2 Å.
Isotopic evidence for quasi-equilibrium chemistry in thermally mature natural gases
Authors: Thiagarajan Nivedita , Xie Hao , Ponton Camilo , Kitchen Nami , Peterson Brian , Lawson Michael , Formolo Michael , Xiao Yitian , Eiler John
Published: February 2020

Significance

The mechanisms of natural gas formation are important to the carbon cycle and predicting where economical amounts of natural gas form. However, the formation mechanisms of natural gas are not clear, with hypotheses including both irreversible chemical processes such as thermal cracking of long-chain hydrocarbons and thermodynamic equilibrium processes such as transition metal catalysis. Here we show that hydrocarbon species in natural gases are initially produced by irreversible cracking chemistry, but, as thermal maturity increases, the H and C isotopic distributions within and among coexisting light
n
-alkanes approach thermodynamic equilibrium, either at the conditions of gas formation or during reservoir storage. Our finding has significant implications for natural gas exploration.
Basis for metabolite-dependent Cullin-RING ligase deneddylation by the COP9 signalosome
Authors: Lin Hong , Zhang Xiaozhe , Liu Li , Fu Qiuyu , Zang Chuanlong , Ding Yan , Su Yang , Xu Zhixue , He Sining , Yang Xiaoli , Wei Xiayun , Mao Haibin , Cui Yasong , Wei Yi , Zhou Chuanzheng , Du Lilin , Huang Niu , Zheng Ning , Wang Tao , Rao Feng
Published: February 2020

The Cullin-RING ligases (CRLs) are the largest family of ubiquitin E3s activated by neddylation and regulated by the deneddylase COP9 signalosome (CSN). The inositol polyphosphate metabolites promote the formation of CRL–CSN complexes, but with unclear mechanism of action. Here, we provide structural and genetic evidence supporting inositol hexakisphosphate (IP
6
) as a general CSN cofactor recruiting CRLs. We determined the crystal structure of IP
6
in complex with CSN subunit 2 (CSN2), based on which we identified the IP
6
-corresponding electron density in the cryoelectron microscopy map of a CRL4A–CSN complex. IP
6
binds to a cognate pocket formed by conserved lysine residues from CSN2 and Rbx1/Roc1, thereby strengthening CRL–CSN interactions to dislodge the E2 CDC34/UBE2R from CRL and to promote CRL deneddylation. IP
6
binding-deficient
Csn2

K70E/K70E

knockin mice are embryonic lethal. The same mutation disabled
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Csn2 from rescuing UV-hypersensitivity of
csn2
-null yeast. These data suggest that CRL transition from the E2-bound active state to the CSN-bound sequestered state is critically assisted by an interfacial IP
6
small molecule, whose metabolism may be coupled to CRL–CSN complex dynamics.
The uncharacterized geneEVEcontributes to vessel element dimensions inPopulus
Authors: Ribeiro Cíntia L. , Conde Daniel , Balmant Kelly M. , Dervinis Christopher , Johnson Matthew G. , McGrath Aaron P. , Szewczyk Paul , Unda Faride , Finegan Christina A. , Schmidt Henry W. , Miles Brianna , Drost Derek R. , Novaes Evandro , Gonzalez-Benecke Carlos A. , Peter Gary F. , Burleigh J. Gordon , Martin Timothy A. , Mansfield Shawn D. , Chang Geoffrey , Wickett Norman J. , Kirst Matias
Published: February 2020

The radiation of angiosperms led to the emergence of the vast majority of today’s plant species and all our major food crops. Their extraordinary diversification occurred in conjunction with the evolution of a more efficient vascular system for the transport of water, composed of vessel elements. The physical dimensions of these water-conducting specialized cells have played a critical role in angiosperm evolution; they determine resistance to water flow, influence photosynthesis rate, and contribute to plant stature. However, the genetic factors that determine their dimensions are unclear. Here we show that a previously uncharacterized gene,ENLARGED VESSEL ELEMENT(EVE),contributes to the dimensions of vessel elements inPopulus, impacting hydraulic conductivity. Our data suggest thatEVEis localized in the plasma membrane and is involved in potassium uptake of differentiating xylem cells during vessel development. In plants,EVEfirst emerged in streptophyte algae, but expanded dramatically among vessel-containing angiosperms. The phylogeny, structure and composition ofEVEindicates that it may have been involved in an ancient horizontal gene-transfer event.
Multistep peripherin-2/rds self-assembly drives membrane curvature for outer segment disk architecture and photoreceptor viability
Authors: Milstein Michelle L. , Cavanaugh Breyanna L. , Roussey Nicole M. , Volland Stefanie , Williams David S. , Goldberg Andrew F. X.
Published: February 2020

Significance

Rod and cone photoreceptors are sensory neurons that underlie vertebrate vision. Rods and cones each use specialized membranous organelles, called outer segments (OSs), to transduce photons into cellular signals. This report investigates the molecular basis for normal OS structure. It demonstrates that peripherin-2/rds (P/rds), a photoreceptor-specific protein associated with a broad range of inherited retinal diseases, shapes membranes to help build the distinctive architecture of photoreceptor OSs. More specifically, it reveals the normal function of P/rds as a curvature-generating protein that is essential for high-fidelity organelle formation, and advances understanding of how sight-robbing genetic defects impair P/rds function to negatively affect OS structure.
Erk1/2 inactivation promotes a rapid redistribution of COP1 and degradation of COP1 substrates
Authors: Ouyang Weiming , Guo Pengfei , Takeda Kazuyo , Fu Qiong , Fang Hui , Frucht David M.
Published: February 2020

Significance

COP1 is an evolutionarily conserved ubiquitin ligase that plays a critical role in regulating the growth patterns of plants in response to light. Light exposure promotes COP1 export from the nucleus, preventing COP1-mediated degradation of transcription factors that regulate light-mediated development (photomorphogenesis). We report that, similar to its regulation in plants, mammalian COP1 localization is modulated by environment signals. Inactivation of a key mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway (e.g., via exposure to anthrax lethal toxin) induces the rapid transit of COP1 from the nuclear envelope to the nucleoplasm. This activity leads to degradation of COP1’s nuclear transcription factor substrates, which are critical for cell survival and proliferation, allowing mammalian cells to adapt rapidly to changing extracellular cues.
Widespread organ tolerance to Xist loss and X reactivation except under chronic stress in the gut
Authors: Yang Lin , Yildirim Eda , Kirby James E. , Press William , Lee Jeannie T.
Published: February 2020

Long thought to be dispensable after establishing X chromosome inactivation (XCI), Xist RNA is now known to also maintain the inactive X (Xi). To what extent somatic X reactivation causes physiological abnormalities is an active area of inquiry. Here, we use multiple mouse models to investigate in vivo consequences. First, when
Xist
is deleted systemically in post-XCI embryonic cells using the Meox2-Cre driver, female pups exhibit no morbidity or mortality despite partial X reactivation. Second, when
Xist
is conditionally deleted in epithelial cells using Keratin14-Cre or in B cells using CD19-Cre, female mice have a normal life span without obvious illness. Third, when
Xist
is deleted in gut using Villin-Cre, female mice remain healthy despite significant X–autosome dosage imbalance. Finally, when the gut is acutely stressed by azoxymethane/dextran sulfate (AOM/DSS) exposure, both
Xist
-deleted and wild-type mice develop gastrointestinal tumors. Intriguingly, however, under prolonged stress, mutant mice develop larger tumors and have a higher tumor burden. The effect is female specific. Altogether, these observations reveal a surprising systemic tolerance to Xist loss but importantly reveal that
Xist
and XCI are protective to females during chronic stress.
An unexpected catalyst dominates formation and radiative forcing of regional haze
Authors: Zhang Fang , Wang Yuan , Peng Jianfei , Chen Lu , Sun Yele , Duan Lian , Ge Xinlei , Li Yixin , Zhao Jiayun , Liu Chao , Zhang Xiaochun , Zhang Gen , Pan Yuepeng , Wang Yuesi , Zhang Annie L. , Ji Yuemeng , Wang Gehui , Hu Min , Molina Mario J. , Zhang Renyi
Published: February 2020

Significance

Regional haze adversely affects human health and possibly counteracts global warming by greenhouse gases, but its formation and radiative forcing remain unclear. Here we present field measurements to show reduced frequency but not severity for heavy haze and little-improved moderate haze, when SO
2
is significantly reduced in China. Our laboratory experiments identify black carbon (BC)-catalyzed sulfate formation involving NO
2
and NH
3
. Radiative transfer calculations accounting for this BC chemistry indicate small net climatic cooling/warming but large surface cooling, atmospheric heating, and air stagnation. Our work reveals that this BC catalytic chemistry dominates the formation, trend, and radiative forcing of regional haze, suggesting the necessity of simultaneous reduction in emissions of SO
2
, NO
x
, NH
3
, and BC for air-quality improvement.
Zero morphemes in paradigms
Authors: Gerner Matthias , Ling Zhang
Published: February 2020

This paper sheds a new light on the notion of zero morphemes in inflectional paradigms: on their formal definition
(§ 1), on the way of counting them (§ 2–3) and on the way of conceptualizing them at a deeper, mathematical level (§ 4). We define (zero) morphemes in the language of cartesian set products and propose a method of counting
them that applies the lexical relations of homophony, polysemy, allomorphy and synonymy to inflectional paradigms (§ 2). In this line, two homophonic or synonymous morphemes are different morphemes, while two
polysemous and allomorphic morphemes count as one morpheme (§ 3). In analogy to the number
zero in mathematics, zero morphemes can be thought of either as minimal elements in a totally ordered set or as neutral element in
a set of opposites (§ 4). Implications for language acquisition are discussed in the
conclusion (§ 5).
Biosynthetic gene cluster identification and biological activity of lucilactaene from Fusarium sp. RK97-94
Authors: Kato Sho , Motoyama Takayuki , Futamura Yushi , Uramoto Masakazu , Nogawa Toshihiko , Hayashi Toshiaki , Hirota Hiroshi , Tanaka Akira , Takahashi-Ando Naoko , Kamakura Takashi , Osada Hiroyuki
Published: February 2020

We identified the biosynthetic gene cluster for lucilactaene, a cell cycle inhibitor from a filamentous fungus Fusarium sp. RK 97–94. The luc1 knockout strain accumulated demethylated analogs, indicating the involvement of Luc1 methyltransferase in lucilactaene biosynthesis. Lucilactaene showed potent antimalarial activity. Our data suggested that methylation and ether ring formation are essential for its potent antimalarial activity.
Estimation of Green House Gas (GHG) emission at Telaga Punggur landfill using triangular, LandGEM, and IPCC methods
Authors: Yodi  , Suryawan I W K , Afifah A S
Published: February 2020

Landfill gas (LFG) is one of the largest greenhouse gas (GHG) contributors. By knowing the GHG inventory, disaster prevention efforts can be carried out. The purpose of this study was to determine the GHG quantity of the Telaga Punggur landfill sector using triangular, LandGEM, and IPCC method. CH4 and CO2 that is calculated from Telaga Punggur landfill waspeaked in 2021. LandGEM application estimated CH4 and CO2 emissions which are 1.7x107 m3 and 1.1x107 m3 at peak year, 2021. Total GHG for 2021 is 2.3x107 m3/year with LandGEM program, 2.2x107 m3/year with IPCC program, and 1.5x107 m3/year with triangular program.
Development of an online assessment based on the Shareable Content Object Reference Model (SCORM) to optimize the use of BeSmart UNY
Authors: Jati H , Irmawati D , Utami P , Destiana B , Sukirman  , Hariyanto D
Published: February 2020

This study aimed at developing an Online Assessment based on the Shareable Content Object Reference Model (SCORM) package. This study focused on: (1) obtaining an online assessment design based on SCORM package for the subject of Medical Instrumentation and Electronics based on needs analysis; (2) examining the functionality of the developed online assessment and (3) analyzing the usability of the developed online assessment. This software development process used the ADDIE development model. The testing stage of this study was conducted to verify and to validate the software. The software verification process was performed with functionality testing by media and material experts, and usability testing by users. The results indicated that: (1) it was obtained the design of an online assessment based on SCORM package for the subject of Medical Instrumentation and Electronics, including an online assessment in Besmart packed with SCORM Packages in the form of quiz integration (multiple-choice, short answer, true or false, drag and drop questions); (2) the functionality testing by material experts with a score of 3.88 and a media expert with a score of 4.16 suggested that the developed online assessment was feasible in the aspect of functionality; (3) usability testing by users achieved the score of 3.88 indicating that the developed online assessment was feasible in the aspect of usability.
The independence learning and learning outcomes of Mathematical analysis of students at civil engineering department, faculty of engineering, Universitas Negeri Padang
Authors: Abdullah R , Silalahi J
Published: February 2020

This research is motivated by the high percentage of students who get low scores in Mathematics Analysis Courses. The purpose of this study was to reveal the contribution of learning independence to the learning outcomes of Mathematical Analysis of Building Engineering Education Study Program students, Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Padang. This study was designed as a quantitative research. The population was 63 students of Building Engineering Education Study Program in 2015, the samples were taken by totally. Instruments in the form of questionnaires that have been tested for validity and reliability. The findings of the study showed that the contribution of learning independence to the learning outcomes of Mathematical Analysis of students of Building Engineering Education Study Program, Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Padang was 35.28%.
Developing instructional media integrated with learning style instrument for industrial electronics study programs of vocational high schools
Authors: Mashoedah  , Hartmann M , Herman DS , Zamroni
Published: February 2020

The study was aimed at revealing (1) how the instructional media of industrial electronics integrated with learning style instrument was developed, (2) the feasibility of the instructional media of industrial electronics integrated with the learning style instruments, (3) the effect of the instructional media on learning achievement, and (4) the effect of the instructional media on learning satisfaction.

The study employed the Design and Development Research (DDR) model. The development procedure used the Specific Project Phases Cluster. The prototype of the product was tested by subject matter, software, and media experts related to the teaching media as a whole, and through a small group field test among a number of students. The data were collected through questionnaires in the form of Likert scale and were analyzed descriptively quantitatively.

The results of the study showed the instructional media was developed through the design and development research (DDR) model with the Design & Development Tools cluster which served as a part of the Product and Tool research main cluster, the instructional media was feasible to use without revision, there was a statistically significant difference in the learning achievement before and after the use of the instructional media, with the effect size of d=1.49 (d>0.8), so the effect of the media was categorized to have a large effect, and the instructional media could bring positive effects on the learning satisfaction.
Designing PBL steps in vocational course based on students’ readiness and teachers’ discussion
Authors: Setiawan A H , Takaoka R
Published: February 2020

This research is intended to design project-based vocational courses which focus on CAD construction drawing course using e-learning. The main objective is improving the student’s competence in drawing by decomposing the Project-Based Learning (PBL) using flipped classroom strategy with providing course materials in e-learning. The development procedure is arranged as follow: survey and identification, planning, designing, and developing phases. For preparing the planning and designing phase, observations, course reviews, and surveys had been conducted as the result of this current paper as follows: 1) How to decide the vocational course; 2) Student’s readiness to access personal computer; 3) Designing PBL steps. Observation, courses review, and group discussion were done for determining the course subject. Surveys were held to know the availability of the course to be conducted with minimum facilities and the student readiness to access personal computer, and determined the principles activities considered for the success of this course project by decomposing the PBL approach and flipped classroom strategy, group discussions had been done to get the views of the vocational teachers and lecturers. The results show that the CAD construction drawing is selected as the vocational course; the student’s readiness to access personal computer and their positive opinion of the e - learning is in the very high category; the teachers and lecturers approved the development of CAD construction drawing course using e-learning to be conducted and give the recommendation to do the seven PBL steps.
Electricity course on vocational training centers: a contribution to unemployment management
Authors: Darmawan I A , Budiyanta N E , Aribowo D , Fatkhurokhman M , Hamid M A , Guntara Y , Nurhaji S
Published: February 2020

This study aims to determine the extent of the contribution of electricity education and training programs organized by vocational training centers in overcoming an unemployment problem. This research was conducted using the Context Input Process Product (CIPP) model evaluation approach. This research was designed by determining the classification of the success of the program implementation into 4 categories, namely, Very Good, Good, Poor, and Very Poor. The research data is presented in quantitative descriptive so that the obtained information can be understood easily. Based on the findings refer to the CIPP model, the aspect of the context in implementing the program was considered to be very good. Meanwhile, the Input, Process, and Product Aspects are in a good category. Thus, in general, the implementation of the Vocational Training Centers or Balai Latihan Kerja (BLK) Education and training program in the electricity sector can be said to run well and sufficiently contribute to overcoming an unemployment problem.
Developing a learning video of the total station for building stake out
Authors: Rochmadi S , Hidayat N
Published: February 2020

This study aims to develop a learning video of the total station for building stake out, and evaluating its feasibility. This study applied a Define, Design, Develop and Disseminate (4D) research and development model by Thiagarajan. The findings are as follows. (1) The developed product is a learning video of 351,690 kilobyte (KB) in an MP4 format with the duration of 10 minutes 18 seconds. (2) The feasibility scores of the developed learning video, on a scale of 1-4, are 3.64 by the learning media expert, 3.64 by the learning material expert, and 3.24 by the students.