bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Poetry of Architecture: Browning and Historical Revivalism
Authors: Humble Nicola
Published: October 2008

In book five ofsordello(1840), Browning images the process of historical change in architectural terms. History is a building to be destroyed and rebuilt by successive generations:

… at his arm's wrench,

Charlemagne's scaffold fell; but pillars blench

Merely, start back again — perchance have been

Taken for buttresses: crash every screen,

Hammer the tenons better, and engage

A gang about your work, for the next age

Or two, of Knowledge, part by Strength and part

By Knowledge! (5: 221–28)

The metaphor engages with the nineteenth century's great preoccupation with the historically-determined nature of architectural form — its sense that, as Owen Jones declared in 1856, “architecture is the material expression of the wants, the faculties, and the sentiments, of the age in which it is created” (5). The Classical-Gothic opposition that structured most contemporary debates about aesthetic value in architecture is economically encapsulated by Browning in the mutation of the collapsed Classical pillars into Gothic buttresses. It is the economy of the reference that indicates Browning's easy familiarity with those contemporary architectural debates. He makes use of architectural images and ideas in a number of poems, a fact that has gone relatively unremarked in Browning studies. The theme occurs throughoutSordelloand is a major element in “Old Pictures in Florence” and “Bishop Blougram's Apology.” His interest in architecture, I contend, derived, like that of most of his contemporaries, from his preoccupation with history. I intend to examine the precise manifestation of that interest and the ways in which he illuminated, synthesized, and rejected elements of the architecture debates, which reveal much about the particular nature of his concern with history.
Attic Windows and Street Scenes: Victorian Images of the City on the Stage
Authors: Newey Katherine
Published: October 2008

In 1843, during a decade marked by political and cultural recognition of the industrialization and urbanization of Britain, a number of plays concerned with city life and the representation of the city were produced on the popular stage in London. These plays were variously called The Bohemians of Paris, The Scamps of London, The Mysteries of Crime, The Mysteries of London or The Mysteries of Paris. Arguably the first and most influential play about the city in the nineteenth century was William Thomas Moncrieff's Tom and Jerry; or Life in London (first performed in 1821). Imitated and adapted throughout the century (Nicoll 96–97), Moncrieff's play was itself an adaptation of Pierce Egan's book, Life in London, which was illustrated by the brothers George and Robert Cruikshank. This particular combination of writers and illustrators is a powerful one, as, collectively and individually, these artists had much to do with the activity and energy of urban popular culture in the first half of the nineteenth century. George Cruikshank, especially, is important in the modernization of the popular art of this period, while William Moncrieff was a prolific dramatist and notable for his use of topical material. Not only was Moncrieff one of the first dramatists to adapt Egan's Life in London for the stage, but his interest in the theatricality of the city and its richness as theatrical source material continued in later melodramas, particularly The Heart of London and The Scamps of London. It is in the Scamps, Bohemians, and Mysteries plays that early century representations of the city assume their most powerful form, and it is William Moncrieff's version which will be my specific focus here.
The History of an Unnatural Act: Infanticide andAdam Bede
Authors: Gould Rosemary
Published: October 2008

On march 30, 1859, according to aTimescourt report, a young woman named Mary Jones was tried for the crime of willful murder of her illegitimate child: for infanticide. She had concealed her pregnancy and the labor, and a suspicious neighbor found the child's corpse with its throat cut and the bloody knife lying next to it. Jones pled guilty to the charge. The court reporter writes that she “sobbed out a few incoherent words” to the effect that she was in too much agony after the birth to know what she was doing. Jones could only be found guilty if the baby was proved to be born alive, and to this end a surgeon testified that it was and that the cut throat was the cause of death. The jury accordingly found her guilty but recommended mercy. The judge, Mr. Baron Martin, is quoted as saying, “he hoped that her unfortunate example would be a warning to other young women.” He sentenced her to death, apparently thinking the jury's verdict required him to do so. Afterwards, however, as theTimesreported on April 8, Jones's execution was respited, through the intervention of the Home Secretary which was invited by the judge.
Dramatic Disappearances: Mary Elizabeth Braddon and the Staging of Theatrical Character
Authors: Lindemann Ruth Burridge
Published: October 2008

Finding themselves with more money and more time in which to spend it, the middle classes began in the 1860s to renegotiate their relationship to the arts, and to theater in particular. Recording and rendering visible this process of cultural change are the popular sensation novels of Mary Elizabeth Braddon, author of Lady Audley's Secret, and the numerous dramatic adaptations of her work. Braddon shares with Charles Dickens and Sir Walter Scott the distinction of being one of the novelists whose work was most frequently adapted for the stage. Unlike Dickens, however, she often responded favorably to the efforts of her adapters. This congenial relationship resulted, no doubt, from the three years she spent performing on the provincial stage in the late 1850s. Her continuing interest in the theater and theater people is reflected in their frequent appearance in her novels.
The Waning George Eliot
Authors: Auerbach Nina
Published: October 2008

Taken together, the four books under review here make me feel, not too comfortably, like a character inMiddlemarch: in the aggregate, recent work on George Eliot is so slight that it evokes books unwritten, mighty tasks not only unfinished, but unbegun. The comparative modesty of even excellent work like Rosemarie Bodenheimer's, the sense that criticism is returning, in a smaller compass with more scrupulous vision, to ground already broken, is symptomatic of a void in our generation's imagination. An adequate appraisal of George Eliot needs an ambition as encompassing as George Eliot's own, but we seem to have directed our intensity to smaller, slyer writers.
Viewing the Victorians: Recent Research on Victorian Visuality
Authors: Moore Kevin Z.
Published: October 2008

Since carol christ's pioneering research in 1975 on the “finer optic” of Victorian poetry, the optic has become even finer in all senses of the word: refined, particular, precise, scientific, and, most importantly, thoroughly historical and material. The optical is no longer a metaphor, but a reality: a device, apparatus, or gadget whose lens-crafted appearance on the scene of vision enhances and alters “visuality,” a recently coined term for “how we moderns see seeing.” Terms which once stood solely upon metaphorical ground, as in W. D. Shaw's “The Optical Metaphor: Victorian Poetics and the Theory of Knowledge” (Victorian Studies, 1980), now refer to concrete practices, scientific optically monitored experiments, and lens and mirror evidentiary and entertainment venues that shaped internal and external life as “modern” during Queen Victoria's reign. In fact, her reign from 1837 until 1901 exactly corresponds with the era that saw the invention and gradual institutionalization of photo- and cinematographic techniques of imaging.
Psychologische Merkmale von Leistungshochspringern und die Prognose ihrer Leistungsentwicklung
Authors: Niklas Frank , Keil Jan-Gerrit , Schneider Wolfgang
Published: October 2008

Zusammenfassung. Diese Untersuchung versucht ein psychologisches Anforderungsprofil von Hochspringern zu erstellen und die Entwicklung ihrer Hochsprungleistung vorherzusagen. Insgesamt 35 Leistungshochspringerinnen und -hochspringer wurden hierzu hinsichtlich ihrer Konzentrationsfähigkeit (d2), ihres Leistungsmotivs (AMS-Sport), ihres Selbstkonzepts und der Kontrollüberzeugungen (FKK), ihrer Stressverarbeitung (SVF-120) sowie hinsichtlich des Konzepts „Sensation Seeking” (SSS-V) getestet und befragt. Weiterhin wurden ihre Hochsprungleistungen erfasst. Es zeigten sich bei einem Normvergleich ein signifikanter Unterschied hinsichtlich der Konzentrationsfähigkeit und ein ähnliches Leistungsmotiv, wie es bei einer Vergleichsgruppe von Spitzensportlern verschiedener Sportarten auftritt. Weiterhin ergaben sich tendenzielle Unterschiede beim Selbstkonzept. Zur Vorhersage der Leistungsentwicklung für die folgende Hallen- und Sommersaison wurde regressionsanalytisch vorgegangen. Hierbei konnte die Leistungsentwicklung signifikant durch das Konstrukt „Sensation Seeking” und, für die längerfristige Leistungsprognose, durch positive Stressverarbeitungsstrategien vorhergesagt werden.
Außerpartnerschaftliche Beziehungen – die individuelle Belastung der Partner und die partnerschaftliche Zufriedenheit nach dem Erleben von Untreue
Authors: Plack Kristin , Kröger Christoph , Hahlweg Kurt , Klann Notker
Published: October 2008

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Studien aus den USA zeigen, dass das Erleben von Untreue ein bedeutendes Problem für viele Paare darstellt und zu Depressivität, Belastungsreaktionen und Trennung bzw. Scheidung führen kann. Fragestellung: Ist die individuelle und partnerschaftliche Belastung bei Paaren, die zu Beginn einer Paarberatung Konflikte im Zusammenhang mit Außenbeziehungen berichten höher, als bei Paaren, die keine Konflikte durch Außenbeziehungen angeben? Methode: Re-analytische Überprüfung der Daten von N = 464 Paaren, die um Paarberatung nachgesucht hatten ( Kröger, Hahlweg & Klann, 2007 ). Erfasst wurden die individuelle Belastung (Depression, Psychosomatische Beschwerden) und Partnerschaftsvariablen (Zufriedenheit, Problembereiche). Ergebnisse: Paare, die Konflikte im Zusammenhang mit Außenbeziehungen angaben, waren im Vergleich zu Paaren ohne diese Konflikte insgesamt depressiver, unzufriedener mit ihrer Partnerschaft und gaben mehr partnerschaftliche Probleme an. Schlussfolgerung: Es konnten Zusammenhänge zwischen dem Erleben von Untreue und einer hohen individuellen und partnerschaftlichen Belastung gezeigt werden. Spezifische Implikationen für zukünftige Fragestellungen werden diskutiert.
Zur faktoriellen Struktur des deutschsprachigen BDI-II
Authors: Keller Ferdinand , Hautzinger Martin , Kühner Christine
Published: October 2008

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Das Beck-Depressionsinventar (BDI) wurde 1996 einer Revision (BDI-II) unterzogen und liegt seit 2006 auch in deutschsprachiger Version vor. Die faktorielle Struktur des Instruments wurde bereits in internationalen Studien untersucht mit dem Ergebnis, dass in psychiatrischen und gesunden nichtstudentischen Stichproben zwei hoch korrelierte Faktoren (kognitiv und somatisch-affektiv) angenommen werden können. Fragestellung: Im vorliegenden Beitrag soll die faktorielle Struktur des deutschsprachigen BDI-II untersucht werden. Methoden: An zwei Stichproben (266 Depressive und 582 Gesunde) wurde mit explorativen und konfirmatorischen Faktorenanalysen untersucht, welche faktorielle Struktur sich als am geeignetsten erweist. Ergebnisse: Eine Lösung mit zwei Faktoren erwies sich in beiden Stichproben nach Inspektion verschiedener statistischer Kriterien und inhaltlicher Überlegungen als am passendsten. Die Faktoren ließen sich inhaltlich als kognitiv und als somatisch-affektiv bezeichnen. Schlussfolgerungen: Für das deutsche BDI-II ergibt sich im Einklang mit internationalen Studien eine Aufsplittung in zwei hoch korrelierte Faktoren.
Evaluation eines deutschsprachigen Instrumentes zur Erfassung positiver und negativer automatischer Gedanken bei Kindern und Jugendlichen
Authors: Huffziger Silke , Meyer Thomas D. , Seemann Simone , Horn Andrea B. , Groen Gunter , Pössel Patrick
Published: October 2008

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Negative automatische Gedanken stellen nach Beck eine wichtige Ursache für depressive Störungen dar. Fragestellung: Überprüfung der psychometrischen Gütekriterien des deutschen „Fragebogens für negative und positive automatische Gedanken” (FAG) bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Methode: Der Fragebogen wurde an einer unselektierten Stichprobe aus der Allgemeinbevölkerung (n = 952) zwischen 11 und 16 Jahren untersucht. Die Stichprobe wurde in die beiden Gruppen ≤13 Jahre und >13 Jahre aufgeteilt. Ergebnisse: In der Gruppe ≤13 Jahre wurden die Skalen „negative Selbstaussagen” und „positive Selbstaussagen”, in der Gruppe >13 Jahre die Skalen „negative Selbstaussagen”, „Selbstvertrauen” und „Wohlbefinden” faktorenanalytisch extrahiert. Die internen Konsistenzen der FAG-Skalen lagen zwischen .75 und .89. Alle Skalen wiesen signifikante Zusammenhänge mit Depressivität auf und differenzierten zwischen höher und niedriger depressiven Teilnehmern. Schlussfolgerung: Insgesamt bestätigen die Ergebnisse die Reliabilität und Validität des FAG bei Kindern und Jugendlichen.
Dimensionen zwangsspezifischer Einstellungen
Authors: Ertle Andrea , Wahl Karina , Bohne Antje , Moritz Steffen , Kordon Andreas , Schulte Dietmar
Published: October 2008

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Dysfunktionale Einstellungen und daraus resultierende Fehlinterpretationen auftretender Intrusionen stellen den Kern des kognitiv-behavioralen Modells der Zwangsstörung dar. Fragestellung: Struktur und psychometrische Eigenschaften der deutschen Version des „Obsessive-Beliefs Questionnaire” (OBQ) zur Erfassung zwangstypischer kognitiver Verzerrungen wurden untersucht. Methode: Konfirmatorische und explorative Faktorenanalysen an einer nicht-klinischen (n = 247) sowie einer Patientenstichprobe (n = 188) kamen zum Einsatz. Interne Konsistenz, Retest-Reliabilität, konvergente und diskriminante sowie Kriteriumsvalidität wurden ermittelt. Ergebnisse: Die Originalstruktur konnte nicht repliziert werden und eine Itemreduktion wurde vorgenommen. Die gekürzten Skalen weisen zufrieden stellende Kennwerte für Reliabilität sowie Validität auf. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Analysen legen die Verwendung einer gekürzten Version des OBQ für den deutschen Sprachraum nahe.
Mapping surface currents from HF radar radial velocity measurements using optimal interpolation
Authors: Kim Sung Yong , Terrill Eric J. , Cornuelle Bruce D.
Published: October 2008

An optimal interpolation (OI) method to compute surface vector current fields from radial velocity measurements derived from high‐frequency (HF) radars is presented. The method assumes a smooth spatial covariance relationship between neighboring vector currents, in contrast to the more commonly used un‐weighted least‐squares fitting (UWLS) method, which assumes a constant vector velocity within a defined search radius. This OI method can directly compute any quantities linearly related to the radial velocities, such as vector currents and dynamic quantities (divergence and vorticity) as well as the uncertainties of those respective fields. The OI method is found to be more stable than the UWLS method and reduces spurious vector solutions near the baselines between HF radar installations. The OI method produces a covariance of the uncertainty of the estimated vector current fields. Three nondimensional uncertainty indices are introduced to characterize the uncertainty of the vector current at a point, representing an ellipse with directional characteristics. The vector current estimation using the OI method eliminates the need for multiple mapping steps and optimally fills intermittent coverage gaps. The effects of angular interpolation of radial velocities, a commonly used step in the preprocessing of radial velocity data prior to vector current computation in the UWLS method, are presented.
Solar activity and economic fundamentals: Evidence from 12 geographically disparate power grids
Authors: Forbes Kevin F. , St. Cyr O. C.
Published: October 2008

This study uses local (ground‐based) magnetometer data as a proxy for geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) to address whether there is a space weather/electricity market relationship in 12 geographically disparate power grids: Eirgrid, the power grid that serves the Republic of Ireland; Scottish and Southern Electricity, the power grid that served northern Scotland until April 2005; Scottish Power, the power grid that served southern Scotland until April 2005; the power grid that serves the Czech Republic; E.ON Netz, the transmission system operator in central Germany; the power grid in England and Wales; the power grid in New Zealand; the power grid that serves the vast proportion of the population in Australia; ISO New England, the power grid that serves New England; PJM, a power grid that over the sample period served all or parts of Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia; NYISO, the power grid that serves New York State; and the power grid in the Netherlands. This study tests the hypothesis that GIC levels (proxied by the time variation of local magnetic field measurements (dH/dt)) and electricity grid conditions are related using Pearson's chi‐squared statistic. The metrics of power grid conditions include measures of electricity market imbalances, energy losses, congestion costs, and actions by system operators to restore grid stability. The results of the analysis indicate that real‐time market conditions in these power grids are statistically related with the GIC proxy.
Estimating catchment evaporation and runoff using MODIS leaf area index and the Penman‐Monteith equation
Authors: Zhang Y. Q. , Chiew F. H. S. , Zhang L. , Leuning R. , Cleugh H. A.
Published: October 2008

This paper shows the feasibility of using steady state water balances of gauged catchments to calibrate a spatially explicit evaporation model and then applying this to estimate mean annual runoff for 120 gauged catchments in the Murray‐Darling Basin (MDB) of Australia from 2001 to 2005. We used remotely sensed leaf area indices from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) mounted on the polar‐orbiting Terra satellite with the Penman‐Monteith equation, gridded meteorology, and a two‐parameter biophysical model for surface conductance (Gs) to estimate 8‐day average evaporation at 1‐km resolution. Parameters for the Gs model were optimized using steady state water balance estimates (precipitation minus runoff) in the gauged catchments in three precipitation zones of the MDB, and the calibrated evaporation model was then used to estimate evaporation (ERS) and runoff from gauged and ungauged catchments in the MDB. Mean annual calibrated estimates of ERS compared well with water balance estimates, indicated by a root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) of 78.6 mm/a and the Nash‐Sutcliffe coefficient of efficiency (CE) of 0.68. Reasonable agreement was obtained between the estimated mean annual runoff (RRS) (rainfall minus ERS), and the measured runoff (RMSE = 71.0 mm/a and CE = 0.75). Cross validation showed that estimated ERS and RRS were almost as good as the calibrated ones. Furthermore, RRS has an accuracy similar to that of a seven‐parameter conceptual rainfall‐runoff model in the gauged catchments. The results show that the evaporation model can be easily applied to estimate steady state evaporation and runoff and that ERS can be used with rainfall‐runoff models to improve accuracy of estimated runoff in ungauged catchments.
First observations of surface ozone concentration from the summit region of Mount Everest
Authors: Semple John L. , Moore G. W. K.
Published: October 2008

The extreme height of Mount Everest is such that its summit region may periodically be in the lower stratosphere. In this regard it provides a unique location for observing the exchange of ozone between the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Here we report the first surface ozone measurements from the summit region of Mount Everest. Simultaneous measurements were recorded at different elevations on the north side from base camp (5676 m) to the summit (8848 m) during May 2005. The concentrations measured were as high as 70 ppb. Meteorological diagnostics suggest that the stratosphere as well as the long range transport of polluted tropospheric air masses from South East Asia are sources of the observed ozone. There is evidence that the source region for ozone in the vicinity of Mount Everest may vary with the onset of the summer monsoon.
An ensemble of European summer and winter temperature reconstructions back to 1500
Authors: Riedwyl N. , Luterbacher J. , Wanner H.
Published: October 2008

An ensemble of statistical methods is applied to reconstruct European temperature variability back to 1500. We apply principal component (PC) regression, regularized expectation maximization (RegEM) and composite‐plus‐scaling (CPS) to multi‐proxy data. The reconstructions for summer and winter European temperature averages, and spatial fields related to warmest and coldest decades are analyzed and discussed. PC regression and RegEM perform more similarly compared to CPS, and more robust reconstructions are achieved for winter than for summer. We conclude that temperature reconstructions can not be improved significantly by replacing the reconstruction technique only. Discordances are very likely to be due to limited spatial and temporal availability of the proxy data. The comparison reveals that seasonal temperature variability is likely more variable than indicated earlier, still pointing out the exceptional warmth of the late 20th century. However, further evidence is needed, as the summer reconstruction results of the three techniques are not yet fully coherent.
Evidence for temporal variability of Enceladus' gas jets: Modeling of Cassini observations
Authors: Saur Joachim , Schilling Nico , Neubauer Fritz M. , Strobel Darrell F. , Simon Sven , Dougherty Michele K. , Russell Christopher T. , Pappalardo Robert T.
Published: October 2008

Time variability of Enceladus' gas plume is deduced from a joint investigation of Cassini spacecraft magnetic field data obtained during the first three flybys E0, E1 and E2 and neutral density measurements during the E2 flyby with a model that describes Enceladus' plasma interaction with individual jets. We infer a total plume content of ∼7 × 1032 H2O molecules corresponding to a mass loss rate of ∼1600 kg/s for the E0 flyby and ∼9 × 1031 H2O molecules corresponding to a mass loss of ∼200 kg/s for the E1 and E2 flybys. The magnetic field measurements also support upstream/downstream changes of the plume activity locations. On the first three Enceladus flybys Cassini did not fly through the densest parts of the plumes, which were a factor of 10–100 times higher at the same altitudes.
Comparison of bulk sea surface and mixed layer temperatures
Authors: Grodsky Semyon A. , Carton James A. , Liu Hailong
Published: October 2008

Mixed layer temperature (MLT) and bulk sea surface temperature (SST) are frequently used interchangeably or assumed to be proportional in climate studies. This study examines historical analyses of bulk SST and MLT from contemporaneous ocean profile observations during 1960–2007, looking for systematic differences between these variables. The results show that globally and time‐averaged MLT is cooler than SST by approximately 0.1°C. MLT is cooler than SST in upwelling zones where abundant net surface warming is compensated for by cooling across the base of the mixed layer. In the upwelling zone of the equatorial eastern Pacific this negative MLT‐SST difference varies out of phase with seasonal SST, reaching a negative extreme of −0.8°C in boreal spring when SST is warm, solar radiation is high, and winds are weak. In contrast, on interannual timescales MLT‐SST varies in phase with SST with small differences during El Niños as a result of low solar heating and enhanced rainfall and with large differences, approaching −0.8°C, during La Niñas. On shorter diurnal timescales, during El Niños, MLT‐SST differences associated with temperature inversions occur in response to nocturnal cooling in the presence of near‐surface freshening. Near‐surface freshening produces persistent shallow (a few meters depth) warm layers in the northwestern Pacific during boreal summer when solar heating is strong. In contrast, shallow cool layers occur in the Gulf Stream area of the northwest Atlantic in boreal winter when fresh surface layers caused by lateral exchange are cooled by abundant turbulent heat loss. The different impacts of shallow barrier layers on near‐surface temperature gradients in these different dynamical regimes are explored with a one‐dimensional mixed layer model.
Evaluating CloudSat ice water content retrievals using a cloud‐resolving model: Sensitivities to frozen particle properties
Authors: Woods Christopher P. , Waliser Duane E. , Li Jui‐Lin , Austin Richard T. , Stephens Graeme L. , Vane Deborah G.
Published: October 2008

The A‐Train satellite constellation has dramatically increased the temporal and spatial coverage of atmospheric ice water content estimates. The new data are derived by retrieval algorithms designed to estimate atmospheric cloud ice water content from remotely sensed measurements. Such retrieval algorithms rely on simplifying assumptions regarding the characteristics of ice particles in the atmosphere. In this study, the sensitivities of CloudSat ice water content retrievals to frozen particle characteristics are tested by generating CloudSat‐like retrievals from profiles of known ice water content. CloudSat actively measures vertical profiles of radar reflectivity in clouds with a 94‐GHz cloud‐profiling radar. Ice water content is retrieved in each cloudy profile at temperatures below 0°C. To assess the CloudSat radar‐only ice water content retrieval algorithm (version 5.0 in Release 3 [R03] and version 5.1 in Release 4 [R04] of 2B‐CWC‐RO), we apply a 94‐GHz reflectivity simulator to profiles of ice water content generated by a cloud‐resolving numerical model and comprising various frozen particle species (ice, snow, and graupel). The CloudSat ice water content retrieval algorithm is applied to the profiles of simulated reflectivity, and the results are compared to the modeled profiles of known frozen water mass. The results from each version of the algorithm are shown to be sensitive to the characteristics of the frozen particle size distributions and particle densities. Tests of version 5.0 indicate that height varying information could improve retrievals. Despite the addition of a height varying component implemented in version 5.1, similar positive biases are indicated in the tests of each algorithm.
Convective cloud identification and classification in daytime satellite imagery using standard deviation limited adaptive clustering
Authors: Berendes Todd A. , Mecikalski John R. , MacKenzie Wayne M. , Bedka Kristopher M. , Nair U. S.
Published: October 2008

This paper describes a statistical clustering approach toward the classification of cloud types within meteorological satellite imagery, specifically, visible and infrared data. The method is based on the Standard Deviation Limited Adaptive Clustering (SDLAC) procedure, which has been used to classify a variety of features within both polar orbiting and geostationary imagery, including land cover, volcanic ash, dust, and clouds of various types. In this study, the focus is on classifying cumulus clouds of various types (e.g., “fair weather, ”towering, and newly glaciated cumulus, in addition to cumulonimbus). The SDLAC algorithm is demonstrated by showing examples using Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) 12, Meteosat Second Generation's (MSG) Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI), and the Moderate Resolution Infrared Spectrometer (MODIS). Results indicate that the method performs well, classifying cumulus similarly between MODIS, SEVIRI, and GOES, despite the obvious channel and resolution differences between these three sensors. The SDLAC methodology has been used in several research activities related to convective weather forecasting, which offers some proof of concept for its value.
Arrestin‐like proteins mediate ubiquitination and endocytosis of the yeast metal transporter Smf1
Authors: Nikko Elina , Sullivan James A , Pelham Hugh R B
Published: October 2008

Many plasma membrane proteins in yeast are ubiquitinated and endocytosed, but how they are recognized for modification has remained unknown. Here, we show that the manganese transporter Smf1 is endocytosed when cells are exposed to cadmium ions, that this endocytosis depends on Rsp5‐dependent ubiquitination of specific lysines and that it also requires phosphorylation at nearby sites. This phosphorylation is, however, constitutive rather than stress‐induced. Efficient ubiquitination requires Ecm21 or Csr2, two members of a family of arrestin‐like yeast proteins that contain several PY motifs and bind to Rsp5. Ecm21 also binds to phosphorylated Smf1, providing a link between Rsp5 and its substrate. PY motif‐containing arrestin‐like proteins are found in many species, including humans, and might have a general role as ubiquitin ligase adaptors.
Midinfrared type-II InAs∕GaSb superlattice photodiodes toward room temperature operation
Authors: Li Jian V. , Hill Cory J. , Mumolo Jason , Gunapala Sarath , Mou Shin , Chuang Shun-Lien
Published: October 2008

We study midinfrared type-II InAs∕GaSb superlattice p-i-n photodiodes for high temperature operation. Representative samples exhibit a 3.9μm cutoff wavelength at 250K and detectivity of 4.9×1013, 1.0×1010, and 2.4×109cmHz1∕2∕W at 78, 240, and 300K, respectively. Longer-wavelength devices exhibit a 5.2μm cutoff wavelength at 240K, and detectivity of 1.3×1013 and 1.5×109cmHz1∕2∕W at 78 and 240K, respectively. The electron beam induced current technique is used to investigate the spatially varying carrier collection efficiency contribution to the quantum efficiency at different biases and temperatures. The residual doping in the i region is determined to be 6.0×1013cm−3 (n type) at 78K. The prospect of operating focal plane arrays based on the sample studied around 240K is quite promising.
Impact of Kr gas mixing in oxygen plasma etching of ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) copolymer films
Authors: Yoon Joo-Won , Ohmi Shun-ichiro , Park Byung-Eun , Ishiwara Hiroshi
Published: October 2008

Oxygen plasma etching characteristics of ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) copolymer films are investigated. It was found in MFM (M: metal; F: ferroelectric) capacitors that plasma damage effects to the ferroelectric properties were insignificant when Au metal masks were used. On the contrary, C-V (capacitance versus voltage) characteristics were significantly degraded in plasma-etched MFIS (I: insulator; S: semiconductor) diodes. The origin of this phenomenon is speculated to be degradation of the SiO2∕Si interface by energetic oxygen ions and then mixing of Kr gas to the oxygen plasma is attempted to decrease the plasma damage.
Predicting accurate vibrational frequencies for highly anharmonic systems
Authors: Njegic Bosiljka , Gordon Mark S.
Published: October 2008

Improvements in the manner in which the potential energy surface (PES) is generated in the vibrational self-consistent field (VSCF) method have been implemented. The PES can now be computed over a flexible range of displacements and following normal mode displacement vectors expressed in internal rather than Cartesian coordinates, leading to higher accuracy of the calculated vibrational frequencies. The coarse-grained parallelization of the PES calculations, which is computationally by far the most expensive part of the VSCF method, enables the usage of higher levels of theory and larger basis sets. The new VSCF procedure is discussed and applied to three examples, H3+, HNO2, and HNO3, to illustrate its accuracy and applicability.
An analysis of the correlation energy contribution to the interaction energy of inert gas dimers
Authors: Snook Ian , Per Manolo C. , Russo Salvy P.
Published: October 2008

An accurate description of electron correlation is essential for the calculation of interaction energies in cases where dispersion energy is a major component, for example, for the rare gas atoms, physisorption on graphite, and graphene-graphene interactions. Such calculations are computationally demanding using supermolecule methods and the energies calculated lack a simple, physical interpretation. Alternatively density functional theories (DFTs) may be used to give an approximate estimate of the correlation energy. However, the physical nature of this DFT estimate of electron correlation energy is not well understood and, in fact, most current DFT methods do not describe dispersion energy at all. Hence, an analysis of the correlation energy contribution to interaction energies where dispersion energy is important is needed. In order to do this we provide an analysis of the correlation energy contribution to the potential energy curves of He2, Ne2, and Ar2 in terms of the Hartree–Fock (HF) interaction term ΔEintHF, a dispersion energy term Edisp and an electron correlation term ΔEintC. ΔEintC includes all other correlation energy effects besides Edisp and is shown to be repulsive, of a similar short range character to, but of smaller magnitude than ΔEintHF. This analysis was used to develop a theoretical model which gives a very good estimate of the potential energy wells for He2, Ne2, Ar2, HeNe, HeAr, and NeAr.
Magnetotransport, thermoelectric power, thermal conductivity and specific heat of Pr2/3Sr1/3MnO3 manganite
Authors: Panwar Neeraj , Rao Ashok , Singh R. S. , Syu W. K. , Kaurav N. , Kuo Y.-K. , Agarwal S. K.
Published: October 2008

Magnetotransport and thermal studies of Pr2/3Sr1/3MnO3 polycrystalline sintered bulk sample are reported here. The resistivity ρ(T) and thermoelectric power S(T) data show an insulator to metal (I-M) phase transition at TP≈294 K and TS≈290 K, respectively. Magnetization measurement confirms that the sample undergoes a transition from paramagnetic to ferromagnetic phase at a defined Curie temperature TC=280 K. A substantial increase in magnetoresistance from 2.5% at 280 K to 5% at 77 K has been noticed in a low magnetic field 0.15 T. Small polaron hopping model is found to be operative above the transition temperature TP, whereas electron-electron and electron-magnon scattering processes govern the low temperature metallic behavior. A detailed analysis of thermoelectric power in the ferromagnetic regime suggests that the complicated temperature dependence of S may be understood on the basis of electron-magnon scattering. A transition from decreasing high temperature thermal conductivity (due to local anharmonic distortions associated with small polarons), to an increasing thermal conductivity (due to decreasing of phonon-phonon scattering) and thereafter a peak at ∼100 K (signifying a crossover from Umklapp to defect-limited scattering) have also been noticed. Specific heat measurements depict a pronounced anomaly near the TC, indicating the magnetic ordering and magnetic inhomogeneity in the sample.
Electron scattering from gas-phase glycine molecules
Authors: Tashiro Motomichi
Published: October 2008

Low-energy electron collisions with gas-phase glycine molecules have been studied using the fixed-nuclei R-matrix method based on state-averaged complete-active-space self-consistent-field orbitals. A total of 40 electronic states of neutral glycine, including 3s and 3p Rydberg excited states, are included in the R-matrix model. A large peak is observed in the A″ partial elastic cross section around 3.4 eV, which originates from the π∗ shape resonance. In addition, many sharp narrow peaks coming from core excited resonances are seen in the elastic and inelastic cross sections at energies above 5 eV. Although the effect of the Rydberg orbitals on the elastic cross section is insignificant, these orbitals are crucial to represent core excited resonances in the inelastic cross sections. In previous experiments on dissociative electron attachment to gas-phase glycine, noticeable product ion peaks have been observed at electron collision energies around 1–2 and 5–10 eV. The resonance positions obtained in our calculations are generally close to these experimental results.
An ab initio molecular orbital study of the nuclear volume effects in uranium isotope fractionations
Authors: Abe Minori , Suzuki Tatsuya , Fujii Yasuhiko , Hada Masahiko , Hirao Kimihiko
Published: October 2008

This paper discusses the nuclear volume dependence of uranium isotope fractionations in the U3+–U4+ and U4+–UO22+ systems by reference to a series of ab initio molecular orbital calculations. Nuclear volume-dependent terms (≡ln Knv) in isotope fractionation coefficients (≡ε) are calculated from the energetic balance of the isotopomers involved in the systems. We used the Dirac–Coulomb Hartree–Fock (DCHF) method with the Gaussian-type finite-nucleus model. We employed three types of generally contracted Gaussian basis sets to check the basis set dependences. In the U3+–U4+ system, the present values of ln Knv for uranium, other than those with the smallest double-zeta basis set, are in good agreement with previous values of ln Knv obtained from a numerical atomic multiconfigurational DCHF method with the Fermi-type finite-nucleus model. The present calculations reasonably reproduce the experimental value of ε in the U3+–U4+ system, and the value of ln Knv in the U4+–UO22+ system, obtained empirically by temperature-dependent fitting of the experimental ε values. For instance, in the U4+–UO22+ system, the present ab initio ln Knv value for a U235–U238 isotope pair is 0.002 09 using the largest basis set, while the experimental value is 0.002 24. This paper also shows that nuclear volume effects are negligibly small on the U–O bond length and two force constants of UO22+. Hence, the molecular vibrational terms of the isotope fractionation coefficients mainly depend on the nuclear mass rather than the nuclear volume.
A quantum chemical study of H2S2: Intramolecular torsional mode and intermolecular interactions with rare gases
Authors: Maciel Glauciete S. , Barreto Patricia R. P. , Palazzetti Federico , Lombardi Andrea , Aquilanti Vincenzo
Published: October 2008

The structural and energetic properties of the H2S2 molecule have been studied using density functional theory, second-order Møller–Plesset method, and coupled cluster theory with several basis sets. In order to extend previous work on intra- and intermolecular dynamics of the chirality changing modes for H2O2 and its derivatives, our focus has been on the torsion around the S–S bond, along with an extensive characterization of the intermolecular potentials of H2S2 with the rare gases (He, Ne, Ar, and Kr). Use is made of previously defined coordinates and expansion formulas for the potentials which allow for a faithful representation of geometrical and symmetry properties of these systems that involve the interaction of an atom with a floppy molecule. The potential energy surfaces obtained in this work are useful for classical and quantum mechanical simulations of molecular collisions responsible for chirality changing processes of possible interest in the modeling of prebiotic phenomena.
Drying-induced bifurcation in a hydrogel-actuated nanostructure
Authors: Hong Wei , Zhao Xuanhe , Suo Zhigang
Published: October 2008

Hydrogels have enormous potential for making adaptive structures in response to diverse stimuli. In a structure demonstrated recently, for example, nanoscale rods of silicon were embedded vertically in a swollen hydrogel, and the rods tilted by a large angle in response to a drying environment [Sidorenko et al., Science 315, 487 (2007)]. Here we describe a model to show that this behavior corresponds to a bifurcation at a critical humidity, analogous to a phase transition of the second kind. The structure adapts to the drying environment in two ways. Above the critical humidity, the rods stand vertical, enabling the hydrogel to develop tension and retain water. Below the critical humidity, the rods tilt, enabling the hydrogel to reduce thickness and release water. We further show that the critical humidity can be tuned.
Liquid-vapor coexistence for nanoparticles of various size
Authors: in’ t Veld Pieter J. , Horsch Mark A. , Lechman Jeremy B. , Grest Gary S.
Published: October 2008

We present molecular dynamics simulations of the liquid-vapor phase coexistence of pure nanoparticle systems with three different model nanoparticle interactions. Our simulations show that the form of the interaction potential between nanoparticles strongly influences their coexistence behavior. For nanoparticles interacting with an integrated Lennard-Jones potential, the critical temperature and critical density increase with increasing particle size. In contrast, nanoparticles interacting via a Lennard-Jones potential shifted to the surface of the nanoparticle do not exhibit the expected size dependence of the phase diagram. For this model, the critical temperature decreases with increasing nanoparticle size. Similar results were observed for composite nanoparticles, with the interactions truncated at a finite distance.
All oxide ferromagnet/semiconductor epitaxial heterostructures
Authors: Nielsen A. , Brandlmaier A. , Althammer M. , Kaiser W. , Opel M. , Simon J. , Mader W. , Goennenwein S. T. B. , Gross R.
Published: October 2008

Oxide based ferromagnet/semiconductor heterostructures offer substantial advantages for spin electronics. We have grown (111) oriented Fe3O4 thin films and Fe3O4/ZnO heterostructures on ZnO(0001) and Al2O3(0001) substrates by pulsed laser deposition. High quality crystalline films with mosaic spread as small as 0.03°, sharp interfaces, and rms surface roughness of 0.3 nm were achieved. Magnetization measurements show clear ferromagnetic behavior of the magnetite layers with a saturation magnetization of 3.2μB/f.u. at 300 K. Our results demonstrate that the Fe3O4/ZnO system is an intriguing and promising candidate for the realization of multifunctional heterostructures.
Stabilization of the work function of indium tin oxide using organic surface modifiers in organic light-emitting diodes
Authors: Sharma Asha , Kippelen Bernard , Hotchkiss Peter J. , Marder Seth R.
Published: October 2008

We herein report on the performance and improved stability of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) in which the transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode is modified using organic surface modifiers based on phosphonic acid anchoring groups. In contrast to air plasma treatment, a commonly used technique to increase the work function of ITO, treatment of the ITO surface with a partially fluorinated phosphonic acid results in a comparable change in work function but with a higher stability over time. The resultant lifetime of OLEDs also increased when this phosphonic acid modified ITO was used.
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy with sub-diffraction-limited resolution using near-field optical probes
Authors: Vobornik Dusan , Banks Daniel S. , Lu Zhengfang , Fradin Cécile , Taylor Rod , Johnston Linda J.
Published: October 2008

We report fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) measurements using near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) probes to produce a sub-diffraction-limited observation area. An order of magnitude reduction in the area compared to confocal FCS has been achieved. We also demonstrate a simple means to model the autocorrelation decay due to diffusion within the excitation profile at the NSOM probe aperture. The use of probes with smaller apertures is expected to provide an additional order of magnitude reduction in the observation area, thus enabling the study of cellular membranes with higher concentrations of fluorophores than is currently possible with diffraction-limited techniques.
Dust-ion-acoustic solitons in plasmas with non-Maxwellian electron distribution function
Authors: Pajouh H. Hakimi , Abbasi H.
Published: October 2008

Stationary dust-ion-acoustic (DIA) solitons in plasma with non-Maxwellian electron distribution function (DF) are studied. This is an important issue in low-pressure electrical gas discharges that the particle DF is generally non-Maxwellian. In the discharge plasmas, the electron temperature is usually much greater than the ion temperature. Thus, neglecting the ions velocity distribution, the electron DF is modeled by the generalized Lorentzian (κ)-DF. The formalism is derived near the ion-plasma frequency. In this range of frequency, the ion dynamics is considerable and the dust-ion-acoustic solitons are the stationary solution of the governing equations. Electron trapping is included in the model as the result of nonlinear resonant interaction of the DIA soliton with electrons. The solitons attributes and influence of the non-Maxwellian electrons are studied.
Implications of catalyst control for carbon nanotube based thermal interface materials
Authors: Liu Xi , Zhang Yi , Cassell Alan M. , Cruden Brett A.
Published: October 2008

We report on the characterization of a carbon nanotube (CNT) based thermal interface material grown by chemical vapor deposition on catalysts formed by a micelle templating method. The micelle templating method allows for controllable diameter and density in the CNT array that is not easily achieved by other techniques. In this work, we characterize the activity of the catalyst to be at least 10% by a root-counting method. This activity differs from that reported in other works, although the disparity may be largely explained by understanding the approximations in other characterizations. Characterization of thermal interface resistance shows nonmonotonic dependencies on length and catalyst/nanotube density, with optimum values of approximately 0.08 K cm2/W. This exceeds that characterized by others in the literature for a single CNT film interface and state of the art thermal greases. Dependencies on length and density are explained by considering how the compliancy of the CNT array is impacted by these variables.
Plasma etching of SiO2 using remote-type pin-to-plate dielectric barrier discharge
Authors: Park Jae Beom , Kyung Se Jin , Yeom Geun Young
Published: October 2008

Atmospheric pressure plasma etching of SiO2 was examined using a modified remote-type dielectric barrier discharge (DBD), called “pin-to-plate DBD.” The effect of adding four gases CF4, C4F8, O2, and Ar to the base gas mixture containing N2 (60 slm) (slm denotes standard liters per minute)/NF3 (600 SCCM) (SCCM denotes cubic centimeter per minute at STP) on the SiO2 etch characteristics was investigated. The results showed that the SiO2 etch rate decreased continuously with increasing C4F8 (200–800 SCCM) addition, whereas the SiO2 etch rate increased with increasing CF4 (1–10 slm) addition up to 7 slm CF4. This increase in the SiO2 etch rate up to 7 slm CF4 was attributed to the effective removal of Si in SiO2 by F atoms through the removal of oxygen in SiO2 by carbon in the CFX in the plasma. However, the decrease in SiO2 etch rate with further increases in CF4 flow rate above 7 slm was attributed to the formation of a thick C–F polymer layer on the SiO2 surface. A SiO2 etch rate of approximately 243 nm/min was obtained with a gas mixture of N2 (60 slm)/NF3 (600 SCCM)/CF4 (7 slm), and an input voltage and operating frequency to the source of 10 kV and 30 kHz, respectively. The addition of 200 SCCM Ar to the above gas mixture increased the SiO2 etch rate to approximately 263 nm/min. This is possibly due to the increased ionization and dissociation of reactive species through penning ionization of Ar.