bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cultural Strategies for Managing Weeds and Soil Moisture in Cover Crop Based No-Till Soybean Production
Authors: Wells M. Scott , Reberg-Horton S. Chris , Mirsky Steven B.
Published: August 2014

A four site-year study was conducted in North Carolina to evaluate the effects of soybean planting timing and row spacing on soil moisture, weed density, soybean lodging, and yield in a cover crop-based no-till organic soybean production system. Soybean planting timing included roll-kill/planting and roll-kill/delayed planting where soybean planting occurred either on the same day or approximately 2 wk later, respectively. Soybean row spacing included 19, 38, and 76 cm, and all treatments included a weedy check and weed-free treatment. Rye biomass production averaged above 10,000 kg ha−1dry matter, which resulted in good weed control across all sites. Despite having good weed control throughout all treatments, weed coverage was highest in the 76-cm row-space treatment when compared to both the 19-cm and 38-cm row spacing in two of the four site-years. Soybean lodging is a potential consequence of no-till planting of soybeans in high residue mulches, and of the three row spacings, the 19-cm spacing exhibited the greatest incidence of lodging. Row spacing also influenced soybean yield; the 19- and 38-cm row spacing out yielded the 76-cm spacing by 10%. Soil volumetric water content (VWC) was higher in the cereal rye mulch treatments compared to the no rye checks. Furthermore, delaying soybean planting lowered soil water evaporation. However, the increased soil VWC in the rolled-rye treatment did not translate into increased soybean yield. The rolled-rye treatment exhibited significant (P < 0.01) increases in soil VWC when compared to the no-rye treatment at three of the four site-years. These results highlight planting date flexibility and potential risk to lodging that producers face when no-till planting organic soybeans.
The Role of Nurse Plants in Facilitating the Germination of Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) Seeds
Authors: Martinkova Zdenka , Honek Alois , Pekár Stano
Published: August 2014

At germination, seedlings may be encouraged by the surrounding vegetation. This facilitation was studied in dandelions in a manipulative experiment to determine whether a nurse plant, either maple trees or alfalfa, assisted in the germination of dandelion seeds and whether there was a difference in germination when additional moisture (irrigation) was provided on top of rainfall. Seeds were sown into 33-cm2“arenas” and surrounded by plastic collars, which prevented the seed from being eaten by predators. Germination was recorded at 1- to 2-d intervals, and the percentage of the seeds that germinated and their time to 50% germination (T50) was calculated. The nurse plant was consistently associated with seed germination. Compared with bare ground, the germination percentage was lower under tree cover, whereas T50was shorter under the cover of herbaceous plants (alfalfa). The values for the germination percentage and T50were similar under tree and herb nurse plants when the soil was irrigated. Nurse plants facilitated germination via their effects on understory humidity. Facilitating the germination of dandelions through the presence of nurse plants contributes to their propagation in crops.
Nicosulfuron Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism in Annual Bluegrass and Four Turfgrass Species
Authors: Sidhu Sudeep S. , Yu Jialin , McCullough Patrick E.
Published: August 2014

Nicosulfuron provides POST weed control in corn, pastures, and grassy roadsides, and has potential for use in fine turfgrass. The objective of this research was to evaluate tolerance, absorption, translocation, and metabolism of nicosulfuron in annual bluegrass and four turfgrass species. In greenhouse experiments, relative tolerance of grasses to nicosulfuron (35, 70, or 140 g ai ha−1) from high to low was bermudagrass = zoysiagrass > tall fescue > creeping bentgrass > annual bluegrass. In laboratory experiments, grasses had similar foliar and root absorption of14C-nicosulfuon. Annual bluegrass and creeping bentgrass averaged 80% greater radioactivity per unit dry mass in shoots than bermudagrass following root uptake of14C-nicosulfuron, but other species were similar to these grasses. At 72 h after treatment (HAT), annual bluegrass metabolized 36% of absorbed14C-nicosulfuron, which was less than bermudagrass, tall fescue, and zoysiagrass that metabolized 47 to 58%. Creeping bentgrass metabolism of nicosulfuron was similar to annual bluegrass. Tall fescue had similar levels of metabolism to bermudagrass and zoysiagrass, averaging 67%, at 168 HAT but produced fewer metabolites. Overall, turfgrass tolerance to nicosulfuron is associated with relative herbicide concentrations in shoots and differential species metabolism.
Thiencarbazone-Methyl Efficacy, Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism in Vining Weed Species
Authors: Leonie Willeke , Krähmer Hansjörg , Santel Hans-Joachim , Claupein Wilhelm , Gerhards Roland
Published: August 2014

The efficacy, absorption, translocation, and metabolism of thiencarbazone-methyl (TCM) in hedge bindweed, field bindweed, ivyleaf morningglory, tall morningglory, and wild buckwheat were evaluated in greenhouse experiments and field trials. Forty-eight hours after foliar microapplication,14C-TCM absorption was highest in ivyleaf morningglory (60%), followed by field bindweed (50%), wild buckwheat (35%), tall morningglory (17%), and hedge bindweed (9%). In all species,14C-TCM was translocated systemically. By 24 h after application,14C-TCM was detected in all parts of the plants. The translocation pattern is species-specific, with more translocation in tall morningglory and wild buckwheat. In all vining weeds14C-TCM was almost not metabolized whereas corn metabolized almost all14C-TCM 48 h after application. The efficacy of TCM was analyzed using dose–response curves. Wild buckwheat had the lowest value for the dose at which 50% of the activity occurs (2.1 g ai ha−1TCM), followed by hedge bindweed and ivyleaf morningglory. Field studies confirmed the high control of wild buckwheat with TCM. Even at the lowest tested concentration of TCM, wild buckwheat was controlled by over 90%. In contrast, efficacy of TCM in field trials against perennial vining weeds was very low, 25% for field bindweed and 65% against hedge bindweed. Control efficacy could be well explained by the translocation pattern of TCM in vining weeds.
Portfolio conservation of metapopulations under climate change
Authors: Anderson Sean C. , Moore Jonathan W. , McClure Michelle M. , Dulvy Nicholas K. , Cooper Andrew B.
Published: August 2014

Climate change is likely to lead to increasing population variability and extinction risk. Theoretically, greater population diversity should buffer against rising climate variability, and this theory is often invoked as a reason for greater conservation. However, this has rarely been quantified. Here we show how a portfolio approach to managing population diversity can inform metapopulation conservation priorities in a changing world. We develop a salmon metapopulation model in which productivity is driven by spatially distributed thermal tolerance and patterns of short‐ and long‐term climate change. We then implement spatial conservation scenarios that control population carrying capacities and evaluate the metapopulation portfolios as a financial manager might: along axes of conservation risk and return. We show that preserving a diversity of thermal tolerances minimizes risk, given environmental stochasticity, and ensures persistence, given long‐term environmental change. When the thermal tolerances of populations are unknown, doubling the number of populations conserved may nearly halve expected metapopulation variability. However, this reduction in variability can come at the expense of long‐term persistence if climate change increasingly restricts available habitat, forcing ecological managers to balance society's desire for short‐term stability and long‐term viability. Our findings suggest the importance of conserving the processes that promote thermal‐tolerance diversity, such as genetic diversity, habitat heterogeneity, and natural disturbance regimes, and demonstrate that diverse natural portfolios may be critical for metapopulation conservation in the face of increasing climate variability and change.
Discrete Element Modelling of Masonry Infilled Steel Frames with Multiple Window Openings Subjected to Lateral Load Variations
Authors: Sarhosis V. , Tsavdaridis K.D. , Giannopoulos I.
Published: August 2014

Steel framed structures are routinely infilled with masonry or concrete walls. The infill offers in-plane shear resistance
that adds to the one from the steel frame. However, the stiffness effect on the entire frame’s response is usually
neglected. In recent years, researchers have recognised the lack of in-depth understanding on infilled steel frames; hence
specialised computational tools have been developed to provide an easy way of assessing these interactive structural systems
and aid practising engineers in evaluating the overall behaviour.

A computational model to study the behaviour of masonry infilled steel frames for the non-standard case of variable potential
positions of openings and their interaction, when subjected to in-plane monotonic loading, is herein developed. Using
the Discrete Element Method (DEM) and the software UDEC, the masonry wall is modelled as an assemblage of distinct
deformable blocks while the mortar joints as zero thickness interfaces. The numerical model validated against full
scale experimental tests found in the literature and a good agreement obtained. In addition, a series of parametric studies
were performed to draw the significance of the size and location of the openings on the lateral load capacity, as well as the
stiffness and failure mechanisms of the infilled steel frames.􀀁From the results analyses, it was found that the inclusion of
multiple openings significantly reduces the strength and stiffness of the system. In particular, placing an opening close to
the point of application of the lateral load will result to further reduction of masonry infill’s stiffness.
The Effectiveness of a Lumbopelvic Monitor and Feedback Device to Change Postural Behavior: A Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Ribeiro Daniel Cury , Sole Gisela , Abbott J. Haxby , Milosavljevic Stephan
Published: August 2014

Study Design

Feasibility randomized controlled trial.

Objectives

To assess the feasibility of a trial to investigate the effectiveness of a lumbopelvic monitor as a feedback device for modifying postural behavior during daily work-related activities.

Background

Frequent or sustained flexed postures play a role in the development or maintenance of nonspecific low back pain. The provision of postural feedback could help individuals with or at risk of nonspecific low back pain improve their postural awareness and avoid hazardous or pain-provoking postures.

Methods

Sixty-two participants employed in a health care organization were randomly allocated into 1 of 3 groups: a control group, an intermittent feedback group, and a constant feedback group. Adherence and follow-up rates were assessed. Differences in postural pattern between baseline and follow-up measurements were used to assess the effectiveness of the lumbopelvic monitor as a postural feedback device.

Results

Adherence was approximately 75%. With the exception of 1 center, the follow-up overall rates exceeded the a priori desired threshold of 80%. Within-group comparisons revealed no significant differences in postural pattern for the control group and intermittent feedback group. The constant feedback group showed a significant reduction in flexed posture at the follow-up period compared with the baseline period. Differences between groups did not reach statistical significance; however, the constant feedback group, compared with the control group, demonstrated an effect size (d) of 0.60.

Conclusion

The provision of constant postural feedback seems promising for promoting changes in postural behavior. This feasibility trial identified adherence and follow-up rates and sample-size estimates important to the conduct of a fully powered efficacy trial.

Level of Evidence

Therapy, level 2b-. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2014;44(9):702–711. Epub 6 August 2014. doi:10.2519/jospt.2014.5009
Management Strategies for Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Knee in the Skeletally Immature Athlete
Authors: Eismann Emily A. , Pettit Robert J. , Wall Eric J. , Myer Gregory D.
Published: August 2014

Synopsis

Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is a disorder resulting in focal breakdown of the subchondral bone, with potential disruption of the overlying articular cartilage. The femoral condyles of the knee are the most common locations for OCD, and the incidence of OCD appears to be increasing among active children. Juvenile OCD (JOCD) can be distinguished from adult OCD by the presence of open growth plates. Due to a lack of evidence on its early diagnosis, optimal treatment, and long-term course of healing, JOCD presents a unique challenge for the health care team. Approximately 50% to 67% of stable JOCD lesions heal successfully with nonoperative treatment. For unstable lesions and stable lesions that fail nonoperative treatment, a variety of surgical interventions can be utilized to stimulate bony healing and address articular cartilage lesions. It is recommended that rehabilitation of JOCD be tailored to the individual patient, based on the stage and radiographic status of the lesion and the mode of surgery employed when surgically addressed. Although there is a growing body of literature on this condition, the etiology and optimal methods for treatment, rehabilitation, and evaluating outcomes remain inconclusive due to a lack of quality evidence.

Level of Evidence

Therapy, level 5. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2014;44(9):665–679. Epub 6 August 2014. doi:10.2519/jospt.2014.5140
Cartography and Renewal in Rebecca Solnit’sInfinite City: A San Francisco Atlas
Authors: Manolescu Monica
Published: August 2014

Abstract:

This article explores the ways in which contemporary American writer Rebecca Solnit renews traditional approaches to map making by emphasizing both the imaginative and the communal in cartography, through a combination of maps and storytelling. Presented like a traditional atlas and featuring twenty-two historical or subjective maps of the city, accompanied by essays, Infinite City illustrates not only the huge interest in maps and mapping manifest in American art since the 1960s but also the emergence of an alternative, community-based type of cartography. Inspired by literary models ( Italo Calvino’s Les Villes invisibles ) and critical cartography, Infinite City opens up the field of mapping to both interdisciplinary dialogue and subjective narrative. This article looks at how Infinite City navigates between the individual and communal relevance of mapping, while also examining its attempts to “un-discipline” cartography and place it within a larger community of disciplines and fields (literature, critical theory, visual arts).
A new large-diameter ice-core drill: the Blue Ice Drill
Authors: Kuhl Tanner W. , Johnson Jay A. , Shturmakov Alexander J. , Goetz Joshua J. , Gibson Chris J. , Lebar Donald A.
Published: August 2014

The Blue Ice Drill (BID) is a large-diameter agile drill system designed by the Ice Drilling Design and Operations group of the University of Wisconsin–Madison to quickly core-clean 241 mm diameter ice samples from near-surface sites. It consists of a down-hole motor/gear reducer rotating a coring cutter and core barrel inside an outer barrel for efficient cuttings transport in solid ice. A variable-frequency drive and custom control box regulates electrical power to the drill. Torque reaction is accomplished on the surface via handles attached to a torsion stem. Core recovery is achieved with either core dogs in the sonde or with a separate core recovery tool. All down-hole tools are suspended on a collapsible tripod via ropes running on a capstan winch. The BID is operated by a minimum of two people and has been used successfully during two seasons of coring on a blue ice area of Taylor Glacier, Antarctica. An updated version of the drill system, BID-Deep, has been designed to recover cores to depths up to 200 m.
MicroRNAome genome: A treasure for cancer diagnosis and therapy
Authors: Berindan‐Neagoe Ioana , Monroig Paloma del C. , Pasculli Barbara , Calin George A.
Published: August 2014

The interplay between abnormalities in genes coding for proteins and noncoding microRNAs (miRNAs) has been among the most exciting yet unexpected discoveries in oncology over the last decade. The complexity of this network has redefined cancer research as miRNAs, produced from what was once considered “genomic trash,” have shown to be crucial for cancer initiation, progression, and dissemination. Naturally occurring miRNAs are very short transcripts that never produce a protein or amino acid chain, but act by regulating protein expression during cellular processes such as growth, development, and differentiation at the transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and/or translational level. In this review article, miRNAs are presented as ubiquitous players involved in all cancer hallmarks. The authors also describe the most used methods to detect their expression, which have revealed the identity of hundreds of miRNAs dysregulated in cancer cells or tumor microenvironment cells. Furthermore, the role of miRNAs as hormones and as reliable cancer biomarkers and predictors of treatment response is discussed. Along with this, the authors explore current strategies in designing miRNA‐targeting therapeutics, as well as the associated challenges that research envisions to overcome. Finally, a new wave in molecular oncology translational research is introduced: the study of long noncoding RNAs.CA Cancer J Clin 2014;64:311–336. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Soil Carbon Stocks in Two Hybrid Poplar-Hay Crop Systems in Southern Quebec, Canada
Authors: Winans Kiara , Whalen Joann , Cogliastro Alain , Rivest David , Ribaudo Lisa
Published: August 2014

Tree-based intercropping (TBI) systems, consisting of a medium to fast-growing woody species planted in widely-spaced rows with crops cultivated between tree rows, are a potential sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). TBI systems contribute to farm income in the long-term by improving soil quality, as indicated by soil carbon (C) storage, generating profits from crop plus tree production and potentially through C credit trading. The objectives of the current study were: (1) to evaluate soil C and nitrogen (N) stocks in soil depth increments in the 0–30 cm layer between tree rows of nine-year old hybrid poplar-hay intercropping systems, to compare these to C and N stocks in adjacent agricultural systems; and (2) to determine how hay yield, litterfall and percent total light transmittance (PTLT) were related to soil C and N stocks between tree rows and in adjacent agricultural systems. The two TBI study sites (St. Edouard and St. Paulin) had a hay intercrop with alternating rows of hybrid poplar clones and hardwoods and included an adjacent agricultural system with no trees (i.e., the control plots). Soil C and N stocks were greater in the 0–5 cm depth increment of the TBI system within 1 m of the hardwood row, to the west of the poplar row, compared to the sampling point 1 m east of poplar at St. Edouard (p = 0.02). However, the agricultural system stored more soil C than the nine-year old TBI system in the 20–30 cm and 0–30 cm depth increments. Accumulation of soil C in the 20–30 cm depth increment could be due to tillage-induced burial of non-harvested crop residues at the bottom of the plow-pan. Soil C and N stocks were similar at all depth increments in TBI and agricultural systems at St. Paulin. Soil C and N stocks were not related to hay yield, litterfall and PTLT at St. Paulin, but hay yield and PTLT were significantly correlated (R = 0.87, p < 0.05, n = 21), with lower hay yield in proximity to trees in the TBI system and similar hay yields in the middle of alleys as in the agricultural system. Nine years of TBI practices did not produce significant gains in soil C and N stocks in the 0–30 cm layer, indicating that the total C budget, including C sequestered in trees and unharvested components (litterfall and roots), must be assessed to determine the long-term profitability of TBI systems in Canada.
Time Averaged Transmitter Power and Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields from Mobile Phone Base Stations
Authors: Bürgi Alfred , Scanferla Damiano , Lehmann Hugo
Published: August 2014

Models for exposure assessment of high frequency electromagnetic fields from mobile phone base stations need the technical data of the base stations as input. One of these parameters, the Equivalent Radiated Power (ERP), is a time-varying quantity, depending on communication traffic. In order to determine temporal averages of the exposure, corresponding averages of the ERP have to be available. These can be determined as duty factors, the ratios of the time-averaged power to the maximum output power according to the transmitter setting. We determine duty factors for UMTS from the data of 37 base stations in the Swisscom network. The UMTS base stations sample contains sites from different regions of Switzerland and also different site types (rural/suburban/urban/hotspot). Averaged over all regions and site types, a UMTS duty factor for the 24 h-average is obtained, i.e., the average output power corresponds to about a third of the maximum power. We also give duty factors for GSM based on simple approximations and a lower limit for LTE estimated from the base load on the signalling channels.
The Inhibition of Aluminum Corrosion in Sulfuric Acid by Poly(1-vinyl-3-alkyl-imidazolium Hexafluorophosphate)
Authors: Arellanes-Lozada Paulina , Olivares-Xometl Octavio , Guzmán-Lucero Diego , Likhanova Natalya , Domínguez-Aguilar Marco , Lijanova Irina , Arce-Estrada Elsa
Published: August 2014

Compounds of poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs), derived from imidazole with different alkylic chain lengths located in the third position of the imidazolium ring (poly(1-vinyl-3-dodecyl-imidazolium) (PImC12), poly(1-vinyl-3-octylimidazolium) (PImC8) and poly(1-vinyl-3-butylimidazolium) (PImC4) hexafluorophosphate) were synthesized. These compounds were tested as corrosion inhibitors on aluminum alloy AA6061 in diluted sulfuric acid (0.1–1 M H2SO4) by weight loss tests, polarization resistance measurements and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. Langmuir’s isotherms suggested film formation on bare alloy while standard free energy indicated inhibition by a physisorption process. However, compound efficiencies as inhibitors ranked low (PImC12 > PImC8 > PImC4) to reach 61% for PImC12 in highly diluted acidic solution. Apparently, the high mobility of sulfates favored their adsorption in comparison to PILs. The surface film displayed general corrosion, and pitting occurred as a consequence of PILs’ partial inhibition along with a continuous dissolution of defective patchy film on formation. A slight improvement in efficiency was displayed by compounds having high molecular weight and a long alkyl chain, as a consequence of steric hindrance and PIL interactions.
Immobilization of Brassica oleracea Chlorophyllase 1 (BoCLH1) and Candida rugosa Lipase (CRL) in Magnetic Alginate Beads: An Enzymatic Evaluation in the Corresponding Proteins
Authors: Yang Chih-Hui , Yen Chih-Chung , Jheng Jen-Jyun , Wang Chih-Yu , Chen Sheau-Shyang , Huang Pei-Yu , Huang Keng-Shiang , Shaw Jei-Fu
Published: August 2014

Enzymes have a wide variety of applications in diverse biotechnological fields, and the immobilization of enzymes plays a key role in academic research or industrialization due to the stabilization and recyclability it confers. In this study, we immobilized the Brassica oleracea chlorophyllase 1 (BoCLH1) or Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) in magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles-loaded alginate composite beads. The catalytic activity and specific activity of the BoCLH1 and CRL entrapped in magnetic alginate composite beads were evaluated. Results show that the activity of immobilized BoCLH1 in magnetic alginate composite beads (3.36 ± 0.469 U/g gel) was higher than that of immobilized BoCLH1 in alginate beads (2.96 ± 0.264 U/g gel). In addition, the specific activity of BoCLH1 beads (10.90 ± 1.521 U/mg protein) was higher than that immobilized BoCLH1 in alginate beads (8.52 ± 0.758 U/mg protein). In contrast, the immobilized CRL in magnetic alginate composite beads exhibited a lower enzyme activity (11.81 ± 0.618) than CRL immobilized in alginate beads (94.83 ± 7.929), and the specific activity of immobilized CRL entrapped in magnetic alginate composite beads (1.99 ± 0.104) was lower than immobilized lipase in alginate beads (15.01 ± 1.255). A study of the degradation of magnetic alginate composite beads immersed in acidic solution (pH 3) shows that the magnetic alginate composite beads remain intact in acidic solution for at least 6 h, indicating the maintenance of the enzyme catalytic effect in low-pH environment. Finally, the enzyme immobilized magnetic alginate composite beads could be collected by an external magnet and reused for at least six cycles.
Nitrogen-Rich Multinuclear Ferrocenophanes as Multichannel Chemosensor Molecules for Transition and Heavy-Metal Cations
Authors: Sola Antonia , Espinosa Arturo , Tárraga Alberto , Molina Pedro
Published: August 2014

[m.n] Multinuclear ferrocenophanes prepared by aza-Wittig reaction of bisiminophosphoranes derived from 1,1'-diazidoferrocene and isophthaladelhyde or 2,5-diformylthiophene, behave as efficient electrochemical and chromogenic chemosensor molecules for Zn2+, Pb2+, and Hg2+ metal cations. Whereas the OSWV of receptor 3, bearing two m-phenylene units in the bridges, display one oxidation peak, receptor 4 incorporating two thiophene rings in the bridges, exhibits two well-separated oxidation peaks. In both receptors only the addition of Zn2+, Pb2+, and Hg2+ metal cations induced a remarkable anodic shift of ferrocene/ferrocenium redox couple. Likewise, in the absorption spectra of these receptors the low energy band is red-shifted by Δλ = 165 − 209 nm, and these changes promoted a significant color changes which could be used for the naked eye detection of these metal cations. The coordination modes for two representative cases were unveiled by DFT calculations that show an unsual coordination in the [42Pb]2+ complex with the Pb2+ cation in a distorted cubic N4S4 donor cage.
Virus-Vectored Influenza Virus Vaccines
Authors: Tripp Ralph , Tompkins S.
Published: August 2014

Despite the availability of an inactivated vaccine that has been licensed for >50 years, the influenza virus continues to cause morbidity and mortality worldwide. Constant evolution of circulating influenza virus strains and the emergence of new strains diminishes the effectiveness of annual vaccines that rely on a match with circulating influenza strains. Thus, there is a continued need for new, efficacious vaccines conferring cross-clade protection to avoid the need for biannual reformulation of seasonal influenza vaccines. Recombinant virus-vectored vaccines are an appealing alternative to classical inactivated vaccines because virus vectors enable native expression of influenza antigens, even from virulent influenza viruses, while expressed in the context of the vector that can improve immunogenicity. In addition, a vectored vaccine often enables delivery of the vaccine to sites of inductive immunity such as the respiratory tract enabling protection from influenza virus infection. Moreover, the ability to readily manipulate virus vectors to produce novel influenza vaccines may provide the quickest path toward a universal vaccine protecting against all influenza viruses. This review will discuss experimental virus-vectored vaccines for use in humans, comparing them to licensed vaccines and the hurdles faced for licensure of these next-generation influenza virus vaccines.
A System Dynamics Model to Conserve Arid Region Water Resources through Aquifer Storage and Recovery in Conjunction with a Dam
Authors: Niazi Amir , Prasher Shiv , Adamowski Jan , Gleeson Tom
Published: August 2014

Groundwater depletion poses a significant threat in arid and semi-arid areas where rivers are usually ephemeral and groundwater is the major source of water. The present study investigated whether an effective water resources management strategy, capable of minimizing evaporative water losses and groundwater depletion while providing water for expanded agricultural activities, can be achieved through aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) implemented in conjunction with water storage in an ephemeral river. A regional development modeling framework, including both ASR and a dam design developed through system dynamics modeling, was validated using a case study for the Sirik region of Iran. The system dynamics model of groundwater flow and the comprehensive system dynamics model developed in this study showed that ASR was a beneficial strategy for the region’s farmers and the groundwater system, since the rate of groundwater depletion declined significantly (from 14.5 meters per 40 years to three meters over the same period). Furthermore, evaporation from the reservoir decreased by 50 million cubic meters over the simulation period. It was concluded that the proposed system dynamics model is an effective tool in helping to conserve water resources and reduce depletion in arid regions and semi-arid areas.
Tracking Inflows in Lake Wivenhoe during a Major Flood Using Optical Spectroscopy
Authors: Aryal Rupak , Grinham Alistair , Beecham Simon
Published: August 2014

Lake Wivenhoe is the largest water storage reservoir in South-East Queensland and is the primary drinking water supply storage for over 600,000 people. The dam is dual purpose and was also designed to minimize flooding downstream in the city of Brisbane. In early January, 2011, record inflows were experienced, and during this period, a large number of catchment pollutants entered the lake and rapidly changed the water quality, both spatially and vertically. Due to the dendritic nature of the storage, as well as multiple inflow points, it was likely that pollutant loads differed greatly depending on the water depth and location within the storage. The aim of this study was to better understand this variability in catchment loading, as well as water quality changes during the flood event. Water samples were collected at five locations during the flood period at three different depths (surface, mid-depth and bottom), and the samples were analysed using UV and fluorescence spectroscopy. Primary inflows were identified to persist into the mid-storage zone; however, a strong lateral inflow signature was identified from the mid-storage zone, which persisted to the dam wall outflow. These results illustrate the heterogeneity of inflows in water storages of this type, and this paper discusses the implication this has for the modelling and management of such events.
Dopamine Release Impairment in Striatum after Different Levels of Cerebral Cortical Fluid Percussion Injury
Authors: Chen Yuan-Hao , Huang Eagle Yi-Kung , Kuo Tung-Tai , Ma Hsin-I , Hoffer Barry J. , Tsui Pi-Fen , Tsai Jing-Jr , Chou Yu-Ching , Chiang Yung-Hsiao
Published: August 2014

To investigate the role of dopamine release in cognitive impairment and motor learning deficits after brain injury, different levels of traumatic brain injury (TBI) were made in rats by using fluid percussion at two different atmospheres (2 Psi and 6 Psi). Tonic and phasic bursting dopamine release and behavior tests followed at several time points. We used in vitro fast-scan cyclic voltammetry to survey dopamine release in the striatum and analyzed the rats’ behavior using novel object recognition (NOR) and rotarod tests. Both tonic and bursting dopamine release were greatly depressed in the severely (6 Psi) injured group, which persisted up to 8 weeks later. However, in the 2 Psi-injured group, the suppression of bursting dopamine release occurred at 1~2 weeks after injury, but there were no significant differences after 4 weeks. Tonic dopamine release was also diminished significantly at 1~2 weeks after the injury; partial recovery could then be seen 4 weeks after injury. A significant deficiency in the fixed speed rotarod test and NOR test were noted in both 2 Psi and 6 Psi groups initially; however, the changes recovered in the 2 Psi group 2 weeks after injury while persisting in the 6 Psi group. In conclusion, striatal evoked dopamine release was affected by fluid percussion injury, with behavioral deficits showing differences as a function of injury severity. The severe fluid percussion injury (6 Psi) group showed more dopamine release defects, as well as cognitive and motor deficiencies. Recovery of dopamine release and improvement in behavioral impairment were better in the mild TBI group.
Nanoporous composites prepared by a combination of SBA-15 with Mg–Al mixed oxides. Water vapor sorption properties
Authors: Pérez-Verdejo Amaury , Sampieri Alvaro , Pfeiffer Heriberto , Ruiz-Reyes Mayra , Santamaría Juana-Deisy , Fetter Geolar
Published: August 2014

This work presents two easy ways for preparing nanostructured mesoporous composites by interconnecting and combining SBA-15 with mixed oxides derived from a calcined Mg–Al hydrotalcite. Two different Mg–Al hydrotalcite addition procedures were implemented, either after or during the SBA-15 synthesis (in situ method). The first procedure, i.e., the post-synthesis method, produces a composite material with Mg–Al mixed oxides homogeneously dispersed on the SBA-15 nanoporous surface. The resulting composites present textural properties similar to the SBA-15. On the other hand, with the second procedure (in situ method), Mg and Al mixed oxides occur on the porous composite, which displays a cauliflower morphology. This is an important microporosity contribution and micro and mesoporous surfaces coexist in almost the same proportion. Furthermore, the nanostructured mesoporous composites present an extraordinary water vapor sorption capacity. Such composites might be utilized as as acid-base catalysts, adsorbents, sensors or storage nanomaterials.
Sacrolide A, a new antimicrobial and cytotoxic oxylipin macrolide from the edible cyanobacterium Aphanothece sacrum
Authors: Oku Naoya , Matsumoto Miyako , Yonejima Kohsuke , Tansei Keijiroh , Igarashi Yasuhiro
Published: August 2014

Macroscopic gelatinous colonies of freshwater cyanobacterium Aphanothece sacrum, a luxury ingredient for Japanese cuisine, were found to contain a new oxylipin-derived macrolide, sacrolide A (1), as an antimicrobial component. The configuration of two chiral centers in 1 was determined by a combination of chiral anisotropy analysis and conformational analysis of different ring-opened derivatives. Compound 1 inhibited the growth of some species of Gram-positive bacteria, yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and fungus Penicillium chrysogenum, and was also cytotoxic to 3Y1 rat fibroblasts. Concern about potential food intoxication caused by accidental massive ingestion of A. sacrum was dispelled by the absence of 1 in commercial products. A manual procedure for degrading 1 in raw colonies was also developed, enabling a convenient on-site detoxification at restaurants or for personal consumption.
Integrating Just Culture Into Nursing Student Error Policy
Authors: Penn Cathy E.
Published: August 2014

Errors in health care settings are common and potentially dangerous to patients. Errors will arise as novice nursing students practice skills in complex health care settings. This article describes one baccalaureate nursing program’s approach toward student errors that integrates core competencies described in the Institute of Medicine’s Health Professions Education report, the Quality and Safety in Education for Nurses project, and the position statement on Just Culture by the American Nurses Association. A consistent approach to defining and categorizing data about nursing student errors provides faculty with a framework for coaching students to safer nursing practice. Aggregate data may be used to identify gaps in the nursing program’s curriculum. [
J Nurs Educ
. 2014;53(9, Suppl.):S107–S109.]
Narrative Thematic Analysis of Baccalaureate Nursing Students’ Reflections: Critical Thinking in the Clinical Education Context
Authors: Naber Jessica L. , Hall Joanne , Schadler Craig Matthew
Published: August 2014

This study sought to identify characteristics of clinically situated critical thinking in nursing students’ reflections, originally part of a study guided by Richard Paul’s model of critical thinking. Nurses are expected to apply critical thinking in all practice situations to improve health outcomes, including patient safety and satisfaction. In a previous study, Paul’s model of critical thinking was used to develop questions for reflective writing assignments. Within that study, 30 nursing students completed six open-ended narratives of nurse–patient clinical encounters during an 8-week period. Improvements were seen in critical thinking scores after the intervention. This article reports the qualitative analysis of the content of six open-ended narratives. Six overarching themes were identified and combined into a tentative conceptual model. Faculty’s understanding of the characteristics of critical thinking in the context of clinical education will help them to teach and evaluate students’ progress and competencies for future practice. [
J Nurs Educ
. 2014;53(9, Suppl.):S90–S96.]
Cue Recognition by Undergraduate Nursing Students: An Integrative Review
Authors: Burbach Beth E. , Thompson Sarah A.
Published: August 2014

Patients express multiple cues, ranging from subtle to overt. Clinical cues may signal changes or the presence of stability in the patient’s condition. Little is known about the number and types of cues recognized by beginning nurses. This article reports the results of an integrative review of the literature published between 1964 and 2013 concerning recognition of clinical cues by undergraduate nursing students. Search terms included
cue
,
cue recognition
,
clinical cue
, and
clinical reasoning
. Twenty-seven studies met inclusion criteria. Initial evidence exists of differences in cue recognition between novice and expert nurses. Influences on cue recognition include familiarity with the patient or the patient’s health condition. Cue recognition does not necessarily predict presence or quality of nursing actions. International research concerning cue recognition by nurses is in its infancy. Opportunities exist to further the science through use of rigorous design and multisite sampling. [
J Nurs Educ
. 2014;53(9, Suppl.):S73–S81.]
A Critical Review of Physiotherapy as a Clinical Service in Occupational Health Departments
Authors: Chetty Laran
Published: August 2014

Physiotherapy has been recognized as a new addition to occupational health departments. Despite the recognition and progressive implementation of physiotherapy in occupational health, evidence of role efficacy is limited. The authors critically reviewed the literature on the role and responsibilities of physiotherapists in occupational health. A comprehensive literature search was conducted. Numerous databases were electronically searched between 1990 and 2013. The literature review revealed limited evidence that physiotherapists have a role in evaluating health outcomes, conducting workplace assessments, managing musculoskeletal caseloads to reduce absenteeism, and accepting both clinical and management referrals. More research is needed to consolidate physiotherapy's role in occupational health and strengthen the evidence base.
Health Care Workers' Reported Discomfort While Wearing Filtering Face-Piece Respirators
Authors: Locatelli Sara M. , LaVela Sherri L. , Gosch Megan
Published: August 2014

Filtering face-piece respirators (FFRs) are one method of protecting health care workers from airborne particles; however, research suggests adherence is poor, perhaps due to worker discomfort. Three separate focus groups were conducted at two Veterans Affairs health care facilities. Seventeen health care workers who reported using FFRs as part of their job duties were in the focus groups. Focus group transcripts were coded using qualitative descriptive coding techniques. Participants described experiences of discomfort and physical mask features they believed contributed to discomfort. Participants believed FFRs influenced patient care because some patients felt uneasy and changed health care workers' behaviors (e.g., doffing procedures, loss of concentration, rushed patient care, and avoidance of patients in isolation resulting from FFR discomfort). Assessment of comfort and tolerability should occur during fit-testing. These factors should also be taken into account by management when training employees on the proper use of FFRs, as well as in future research to improve comfort and tolerability.
Predictors of Married Female Nurses' Health
Authors: Fang Li , Hung Chich-Hsiu
Published: August 2014

Excessive workload from employment and household duties may negatively affect married female nurses' health. This study explored job stress, family stress, social support, and health status among married female nurses to identify predictors of nurses' health status. Using a cross-sectional design, 233 married female nurses were recruited from two regional teaching hospitals. The results showed that working hours per week, job stress, and overcommitment to their jobs were significant determinants of health status. Based on study findings, nursing supervisors should avoid scheduling nurses to work more than 48 hours per week. Job stress adjustment courses could enable nurses to relax after work, avoiding overcommitment.
LYMPHATIC INFILTRATION DETECTION IN BREAST CANCER H&E IMAGE PRIOR TO LYMPHADENECTOMY
Authors: Kuo Yung-Lung , Ko Chien-Chuan , Lee Ming-Ji
Published: August 2014

The occurrence of invasive breast cancer and lymphatic infiltration (LI) is highly relevant. Even though medical screening and imaging technology has made considerable progress today, there are many patients with metastasis phenomenon of axillary lymph gland at the first inspection of breast cancer. This is because the early signs of LI are very difficult to detect. To prevent the breast cancer cells spreading to distant organs through the lymphatic system or bloodstream, physicians usually recommend breast cancer patients for lymphadenectomy (lymph node dissecting). However, it is estimated that about 70% of patients with early breast cancer undergo unnecessary lymphadenectomy. Nowadays, LI is examined through a microscope and results are obtained by the doctor's experience and expertise. It is time-consuming, labor-intensive and prone to inter-observer discrepancy. Therefore, in this paper, we present a multistage model of automated system of lymphocyte detection. Cell nuclei, including lymphocyte, from the patients' H&E images are first segmented. Then the lymph nodes are classified morphologically with support vector machine in which the corresponding feature vectors are extracted according to scale-invariant feature transform. The experimental result demonstrates the agreement between the automated lymphocyte detection and physician manual detection. In addition to helping the early breast cancer patients avoid unnecessary lymphadenectomy surgery, the system also confirmed that it would greatly reduce the burden for physicians.
Lyside sulphur (Lepidoptera: Pieridae): origin and possible modes of transport of an Ontario, Canada specimen
Authors: Otis Gard W. , Alex Smith M. , Spero Jonathan
Published: August 2014

A dead lyside sulphur (Kricogonia lyside(Godart, 1819): Lepidoptera: Pieridae) was found in Guelph, Ontario, Canada, on 4 April 2011. DNA barcode analysis indicates it likely originated in Texas, United States of America or northern Mexico. The occurrence of this specimen coincided with a very strong weather system extending from southern Texas into eastern Canada on 3–4 April 2011. All possible means of it reaching Ontario are unlikely: natural dispersal, natural transportation on the jet stream, transportation on a vehicle, importation of a pupa on produce, and direct human transport. Unfortunately, there was no way to differentiate between these possibilities.
The Immunotherapeutic Role of Regulatory T Cells in Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis Infection
Authors: Ehrlich Allison , Moreno Castilho Tiago , Goldsmith-Pestana Karen , Chae Wook-Jin , Bothwell Alfred L. M. , Sparwasser Tim , McMahon-Pratt Diane
Published: August 2014

Leishmania (Viannia) parasites are etiological agents of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the New World. Infection is characterized by a mixed Th1/Th2 inflammatory response, which contributes to disease pathology. However, the role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in Leishmania (Viannia) disease pathogenesis is unclear. Using the mouse model of chronic L. (V.) panamensis infection, we examined the hypothesis that Treg functionality contributes to control of pathogenesis. Upon infection, Tregs (CD4+Foxp3+) presented with a dysregulated phenotype, in that they produced IFN-γ, expressed Tbet, and had a reduced ability to suppress T cell proliferation in vitro. Targeted ablation of Tregs resulted in enlarged lesions, increased parasite load, and enhanced production of IL-17 and IFN-γ, with no change in IL-10 and IL-13 levels. This indicated that an increased inflammatory response was commensurate with disease exacerbation and that the remaining impaired Tregs were important in regulation of disease pathology. Conversely, adoptive transfer of Tregs from naive mice halted disease progression, lowered parasite burden, and reduced cytokine production (IL-10, IL-13, IL-17, IFN-γ). Because Tregs appeared to be important for controlling infection, we hypothesized that their expansion could be used as an immunotherapeutic treatment approach. As a proof of principle, chronically infected mice were treated with rIL-2/anti-IL-2 Ab complex to expand Tregs. Treatment transitorily increased the numbers and percentage of Tregs (draining lymph node, spleen), which resulted in reduced cytokine responses, ameliorated lesions, and reduced parasite load (105-fold). Thus, immunotherapy targeting Tregs could provide an alternate treatment strategy for leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) parasites.
Antigen Signal Strength during Priming Determines Effector CD4 T Cell Function and Antigen Sensitivity during Influenza Virus Challenge
Authors: Nagaoka Mika , Hatta Yasuko , Kawaoka Yoshihiro , Malherbe Laurent P.
Published: August 2014

TCR signal strength during priming is a key determinant of CD4 T cell activation, but its impact on effector CD4 T functions in vivo remains unclear. In this study, we compare the functionality of CD4 T cell responses induced by peptides displaying varying binding half-lives with MHC class II before and after influenza virus infection. Although significant quantitative and qualitative differences in CD4 T cell responses were observed before infection between mice vaccinated with low- or high-stability peptides, both mice mounted robust early Th1 effector cytokine responses upon influenza challenge. However, only effector CD4 T cells induced by low-stability peptides proliferated and produced IL-17A after influenza challenge. In contrast, effector T cells elicited by higher-stability peptides displayed a terminally differentiated phenotype and divided poorly. This defective proliferation was T cell intrinsic but could not be attributed to a reduced expression of lymph node homing receptors. Instead, we found that CD4 T cells stimulated with higher-stability peptides exhibited decreased responsiveness to low levels of Ag presentation. Our study reveals the critical role of TCR signal strength during priming for the function and Ag sensitivity of effector CD4 T cells during viral challenge.