bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Glycogen Stores in Trout Tissues Before and After Stream Planting
Authors: Hochachka P. W. , Sinclair A. C.
Published: April 2011

Changes in the glycogen reserves of epaxial and heart muscle of trout were followed after stream planting. Muscle glycogen recovered quickly in large fish; more slowly in smaller ones, and was related to earlier reported changes in liver glycogen and blood lactic acid. Heart glycogen increased initially, but fell again shortly after feeding became stabilized. Muscle glycogen reserves of wild trout were lower in the presence of hatchery fish than in their absence. A depletion of some metabolite, such as glycogen, in conjunction with an increased body demand due to raised basal metabolism was suggested as a factor in delayed mortality.
Radioactive Caesium as a Fish and Lamprey Mark
Authors: Scott D. P.
Published: April 2011

Experiments to test radioactive caesium-137 as a fish and lamprey ammocoete mark are described. The biological half-life (turnover) of caesium in speckled trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) was 47.20 days. A successful field trial was carried out, using Cs-137 for marking ammocoetes for subsequent recapture in streams undergoing chemical treatment for lamprey control.
Dogfish Gelatin
Authors: Geiger Shirley E. , Roberts Eve , Tomlinson N.
Published: April 2011

Gelatin has been prepared from the skin and skeleton (separately) of the dogfish, Squalus suckleyi. The gelling and melting points of a 10% solution were 15 and 22 °C respectively, for gelatin from skin, and 14 and 23 °C for that from skeleton. The skin gelatin contained 16.3%, total nitrogen, 6.4% hydroxyproline, and 0.28% tyrosine. The corresponding values for skeleton gelatin were 15.7, 8.8, and 0.29%. Yields of gelatin were low, being 7% from skin and 2% from skeleton on a wet-weight basis.
Zooplankton of Foxe Basin in the Canadian Arctic
Authors: Grainger E. H.
Published: April 2011

Zooplankton collections from 100 stations in Foxe Basin and immediately adjacent waters of the eastern Canadian arctic, made in 1955, 1956 and 1957, are considered. Available information on physical oceanography of the region is discussed, especially factors with apparent direct relationship to plankton distribution. Zooplankton standing crop on the two sides of Foxe Basin is estimated, and related to water movement, depth, ice cover and turbidity. Zooplankton quantity within the upper 50 m of the basin is estimated as about 50 mg/m3, the western section showing approximately twice the standing crop of the eastern area. Forty-eight species of zooplankton are recorded, dominated numerically by amphipods (12), copepods (10) and medusae (9). Copepods exceed all other groups in biomass, and are represented principally by the species Pseudalibrotus minutus, Calanus glacialis and Calanus hyperboreus. Other especially abundant and widely spread species are Aglantha digitale and Halitholus cirratus (medusae), Sagitta elegans (chaetognath) and Themisto libellula (amphipod). From the occurrence of plankton species and apparent water movements, it is concluded that Foxe Basin is a region of opposed arctic (polar water) and subarctic (mixed polar and Atlantic water) elements, the former entering the basin from the north and dominating most of the north and central parts of the region, the latter entering from the south and influencing chiefly the southernmost part of the basin but probably extending as a minor element up the east side to the northern limits of Foxe Basin. Differences in the zooplankton development in different years are related in part to variations in duration of ice cover
On the Fecundity of Pacific Cod (Gadus macrocephalus Tilesius) from Hecate Strait, British Columbia
Authors: Thomson J. Arthur
Published: April 2011

Egg counts were made on 46 mature female cod. A log-log relationship was established between egg number and body length. It was shown that there is little difference in the number of eggs per unit body length, between cod from Hecate Strait and stocks from colder regions of the Pacific to the north and west. A comparison of the modal size of mature fish from Hecate Strait and West Kamchatka shows that the former mature at a much smaller size. Since egg number is related to size, it is concluded that the cod stocks of Hecate Strait have a much lower reproductive potential than do other populations in the North Pacific.
Skin-diving Observations of Atlantic Salmon and Brook Trout in the Miramichi River, New Brunswick
Authors: Keenleyside Miles H. A.
Published: April 2011

Free-living Atlantic salmon and brook trout were studied at 12 locations in the Miramichi River, New Brunswick, by swimmers wearing skin-diving equipment. Juvenile salmon were found at all locations, but were most numerous in rapids in the river headwaters. Juvenile and adult trout were common in rapids and pools of the headwaters only. Small numbers of adult salmon were seen throughout the river, mostly in pools.The following activities of both species are described: position maintenance relative to surroundings; social, feeding, escape and investigatory behaviour.The potential value of underwater swimming as a tool in fisheries research is briefly discussed.
Decapod Crustacea of the Calanus Expeditions in Frobisher Bay, Baffin Island, 1951
Authors: Squires H. J.
Published: April 2011

About 600 specimens of decapods comprising 11 species were collected by trawl and dredge on the Calanus Shelf and by plankton net at Potter Island by the Calanus expeditions in 1951.Stations at the shallower parts of the shelf yielded the greater number of specimens of decapods, those on the outer slope of the shelf fewer decapods but more echinoderms, and a station deeper and shoreward from the shelf in Victoria Bay no decapods at all.Specimens were mostly of the family Hippolytidae, and were dominated in numbers by Lebbeus groenlandicus. Their size distribution was similar to those from Ungava Bay but maturity was apparently later and at a somewhat larger size. Most species appeared to spawn annually as shown by percentage of mature individuals carrying eggs or ready to spawn in autumn.The decapod fauna on the Calanus Shelf was similar to that of the shallow water areas of Ungava Bay, but lacked species which might show any influence of Atlantic water incursions.Stomach contents evinced feeding on benthos on the shelf, almost all having some fine sand and phytobenthos. A greenish ostracod, large Elphidium-like foraminiferans visible to the unaided eye, and polychaete setae occurred in stomachs quite frequently.
Distribution and Survival of Herring Larvae (Clupea pallasi Valenciennes) in British Columbia Waters
Authors: Stevenson J. C.
Published: April 2011

Through study of the distribution and survival of herring larvae of one of the main populations in British Columbia waters, it is concluded that (a) the principal cause of death in Pacific herring larvae is traceable to their passive transport by inshore water currents to the open sea, and (b) the number of larvae that are not so transported in any particular year determines the strength of the resulting year-class.Greatest concentration of larvae after hatching was found in inshore waters near the spawning grounds, and as they were carried seaward the numbers remaining decreased at an approximately constant rate. The movement of larvae, as noted through sampling, was related to the pattern of water currents, as determined by oceanographic survey. The extensive movement of larvae offshore was explained through seaward moving currents being strongest (a) in waters in which the largest larval broods were present, and (b) at the surface of the water where larvae were heavily concentrated at night. Predation, lack of food, and conditions of temperature and salinity were not considered important mortality factors in inshore areas.Sampling indicated that few larvae carried to sea returned to inshore waters. Furthermore, several pieces of evidence suggested that most larvae carried offshore did not survive. The failure to find either larvae offshore or nearly-metamorphosed juveniles near the mouth of Barkley Sound appeared significant, particularly since schools of the latter were regularly found inshore near the spawning grounds. The factors directly causing death in offshore waters were not determined, but it was suggested that death may be connected with the high salinity of the open sea. It was concluded that the strength of herring year-classes was largely determined by the numbers of larvae that remained in inshore waters during the critical period of larval life.Meteorological factors were considered capable of causing annual variations in current flow and hence in year-class strength, and the delayed effect of snow on river discharge appeared to be of greater importance than the more immediate effect of rainfall. No single meteorological factor, however, seemed to have a dominant influence.
Efficiency and Rate of Yolk Utilization by Developing Embryos and Larvae of the Pacific Sardine Sardinops caerulea (Girard)
Authors: Lasker Reuben
Published: April 2011

The chemical composition of ripe Pacific sardine ovaries, composed primarily of yolk, is almost identical to that of yolk extracted from planktonic sardine embryos and larvae. Caloric measurements were made on ripe ovaries and the values obtained were used to estimate the caloric content of individual sardine embryos and larvae.Water content of sardine egg and larval yolk averages 91.2%. An egg with a yolk volume of 0.56-mm3 has a caloric reserve of 0.30 calorie when spawned. Caloric uptake from the embryonic and larval yolk was measured against time, and caloric utilization due to catabolic processes was analysed by indirect calorimetry (oxygen consumption) with changing embryological development and swimming activity. The caloric value of the remaining yolk 160 hours after spawning; (at 14 °C) is not sufficient to completely support the sardine larva's catabolic processes. This deficit is made up by resorption of tissue and is reflected in a loss of larval weight. Yolk is converted into tissue with an average assimilation coefficient of about 79%.
Bacteriological Studies of Freshwater Fish: II. Furunculosis in Ontario Fish in Natural Waters
Authors: Rabb L. , McDermott L. A.
Published: April 2011

During a period of 29 months, 1044 fish were taken from different sections of 10 streams in southern Ontario and examined for the presence of Aeromonas salmonicida, the bacterium causing furunculosis in fish. Most of the fish examined were brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), and carriers of furunculosis were, with one exception, found only in this species of fish. The one exception was a sculpin (Cottus bairdi). Most of the brook trout found to be carriers were taken from the same section of the Beaver River. As yet, no explanation can be given of the high incidence of furunculosis carriers in these waters, nor is their importance known.
The Occurrence of the Longjaw Cisco, Leucichthys alpenae, in Lake Erie
Authors: Scott W. B. , Smith Stanford H.
Published: April 2011

The longjaw cisco, Leucichthys alpenae, is shown to be a species new to the Lake Erie fauna. The taxonomic work on Lake Erie ciscoes is reviewed. Thirty three specimens of L. alpenae taken in 1946, 1947 and 1957 are compared morphometrically with Leucichthys artedi of Lake Erie, the only other cisco species in the lake. L. alpenae has a longer and deeper head, longer maxillary and fewer gill rakers. L. alpenae is more distinct from L. artedi in Lake Huron than in Lake Erie. The rate of growth of L. alpenae in Lake Erie compares favourably with that in Lake Michigan.
The Free Fatty Acids of Cod Oil: 1. Anomalous Composition by Fatty Acid Chain Length
Authors: Ackman R. G. , Burgher R. D. , Hughes M. L.
Published: April 2011

Discrepancies have been noted in the relative proportions of certain fatty acid components of the free fatty acids of cod oil, compared to the composition of the neutral fraction. These have been studied quantitatively through gas–liquid chromatographic chain-length analyses of the hydrogenated methyl esters of the fractions. It is suggested that specific enzyme and bacterial actions may be responsible.
Range Extensions for Two Species of Caridean Shrimps (Order Decapoda) from the Northeastern Pacific
Authors: Ronholt Lael L.
Published: April 2011

not available
Red and White Muscle of Fish in Relation to Rigor Mortis
Authors: Buttkus Hans
Published: April 2011

The superficial red muscle of lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus) was shown to exhibit unique properties of post-mortem contraction and tension development. In comparison with white muscle, rigor contraction and isometric rigor tension in red muscle were about three times as great. The rate of contraction of the red muscle was dependent on temperature and also on the oxygen concentration in the surrounding atmosphere. The elastic modulus of the red muscle of trout and lingcod increased with increasing post-mortem time. Following the onset of rigor mortis a gradual increase in elasticity was observed. The maximum effects of contraction, tension and elasticity coincided with the onset of rigor mortis and each could therefore be used as a measure of this phenomenon. It was concluded from these experiments that stiffening of a fish with the onset of rigor mortis is not due to contraction or tension development of the muscles, but rather to their changing mechanical properties. A convenient measure of the changing mechanical properties in the muscle was the elastic modulus.Morphological differences between the very active, myoglobin rich, red muscle and the white muscle of lingcod were demonstrated by means of electron micrographs. The high glycogen content in the area of sarcoplasm of the red muscle, as indicated in electron micrographs, was confirmed by chemical analysis. Red muscle in rested fish was shown to contain from 1 to 3 times more glycogen than white muscle.
The Air Blowing of Cod Liver Oil. II. Changes in Fatty Acid Composition as Determined by Gas–Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Jangaard P. M. , Ackman R. G. , Burgher R. D. , Hughes M. L.
Published: April 2011

The effect of air blowing at two temperatures, 80 and 130 °C, on the major component fatty acids of cod liver oil has been determined. As expected, the proportions of the highly unsaturated fatty acids drop rapidly, especially at the higher temperature investigated. The saturated acids are virtually unchanged under the conditions employed, while the proportion of monounsaturated acids shows only a slight drop.
Resumption of Feeding by and Survival of Adult Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) Following Advanced Gonad Development
Authors: McBride J. R. , Fagerlund U. H. M. , Smith M. , Tomlinson N.
Published: April 2011

Adult, migrating, fasting sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) were held in captivity in fresh water without spawning well beyond the time when they would normally have done so and died. A few of the fish were then gonadectomized and force feeding was begun. A few unoperated fish were fed similarly while the remainder served as unoperated, unfed controls. The gonads of the operated fish were well developed. After a period of feeding of about four months some fish in each group had survived. The fed fish had regained their green color and much of their weight and vigor, while the surviving unfed fish were extremely emaciated and listless. At this time voluntary feeding by the force-fed fish was observed for the first time, and it was then found that the five surviving unfed controls would also take food voluntarily. While two of these fish died without apparent improvement in their condition, the other three gradually regained green color, weight and vigor.
Growth and Mortality of Whitefish in Three Unexploited Lakes in Northern Canada
Authors: Kennedy W. A.
Published: April 2011

Whitefish (Coregonus dupeaformis) ages were determined for small samples from Nueltin, MacDonald and MacEwen Lakes, N.W.T., Canada. Growth rate was comparatively fast in MacEwen Lake, intermediate in the others. Natural annual mortality rates of 57, 81 and 74% respectively were derived.
The Biology and Taxonomy of the Burbot, Lota lota, in Heming Lake, Manitoba
Authors: Lawler G. H.
Published: April 2011

Vital statistics on the burbot, Lota lota, of Heming Lake, Manitoba were collected over a period of several years. Age, weight and length data are presented. The maximum age of fish in the sample was 8 years. The largest fish (for which no age was determined) was 33 inches long and weighed 11 pounds. The growth of Heming Lake burbot appears slower than in Lakes Erie and Simcoe. The main types of food found in 1,441 burbot stomachs, in order of highest incidence, were yellow perch, ninespine sticklebacks and crayfish. Winter food was almost exclusively ninespine sticklebacks. The average number of eggs per female was approximately [Formula: see text] million. Spawning probably occurred in early March.The morphometry of the burbot of Heming Lake was described on a sample of over 100 fish. The inadequacy of most of the published data made comparisons with other populations almost impossible. It was concluded that, until statistically significant samples are obtained over the burbot's range, there is insufficient evidence for recognizing subspecific differences and that all should be referred to as Lota lota (Linnaeus).
Intraseasonal Growth in Lake Superior Lake Trout
Authors: Lawrie A. H.
Published: April 2011

Intraseasonal growth curves for lake trout, Cristivomer namaycush (Walbaum), of Lake Superior are deduced from a consideration of the increment in the number of circuli outside the last annulus of the scales as the season (1961) progressed. These curves are generally sigmoid and differ from one another in ways which suggest that they define differences in the onset, rate and duration of growth in the groups of fish concerned. However, the relationship between this measure of scale growth and the more conventional dimensional measures of both scale and fish growth have not been established.
Downstream Movements of Brook Sticklebacks, Eucalia inconstans (Kirtland), in a Small Southern Ontario Stream
Authors: Lamsa A.
Published: April 2011

not available
Observations on the Oil and Component Fatty Acids of the Oil from Newfoundland Capelin
Authors: Ackman R. G. , Jangaard P. M. , Burgher R. D. , Hughes M. L. , MacCallum W. A.
Published: April 2011

The oil recovery from beach-spawning Newfoundland capelin has confirmed an earlier report that the fat content is of the order of 3–4%. The oils recovered from both sexes were examined, that from the female having a significantly higher iodine value. Owing to the sex ratio on the beach a commercial oil might be essentially that from the male capelin and is similar in properties and distribution of major fatty acid components to herring oil. The content of unsaponifiable matter was somewhat higher than in commercial herring oil.
Interspecific Competition and Exploitation
Authors: Larkin P. A.
Published: April 2011

The consequences of exploitation of either or both of a pair of competing species are examined using the Lotka-Volterra equations. The removal of a fixed proportion of a population on an instantaneous basis shifts the equilibrium population sizes for both the exploited species and its competitor. Similar shifts occur when both species are exploited. The maximum sustained yield of a species can be estimated under various degrees of exploitation of its competitor. The maximum combined sustained yield can be estimated for various relative values of the two species. From this analysis it is observed (1) harvesting only one species may provide a mistaken underestimate of capacity for sustained yield, (2) harvesting two species but relating yield to the fishing mortality rate of only one of the two may give a misleading overestimate of further capacity for sustained yield. Similar conclusions can be drawn if exploitation rate is proportional to abundance. A stochastic version of the model is given for study of the effects of exploitation on small populations of competitors.Fixed percentage exploitation and abundance proportional exploitation may be considered as depicting respectively the mode of action of density-independent and density-dependent factors. Accepting these parallels, the model may demonstrate some widely discussed properties of mechanisms of population regulation. Variability in factors both density dependent and density independent which are extrinsic to the biological system can be simulated in the model by random variates.A discrete time model is described which was used with a computer for study of transitions from one steady state to another and extinction probabilities. The computer results confirm the theoretical predictions of the model. In addition it is suggested that there is no apparent difference in the result when competitors are exposed to the same or different random sequences of environmental effects of the same average intensity.It is concluded that this formulation of interspecific competition together with variations should be applied to laboratory or natural situations to test its usefulness as a basis for prediction.
The Spatial Distribution of Fish in Gill Nets
Authors: Berst A. H. , McCombie A. M.
Published: April 2011

The spatial distribution of yellow perch (Perca flavescens), white sucker (Catostomus commersoni), smelt (Osmerus mordax), chub spp. (Coregonus spp.) and alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) caught in gill nets fished in South Bay of Lake Huron is described. The vertical distribution was essentially the same for all catches examined, the fish being concentrated towards the bottom of the net. The lateral distribution varied with species, mesh size and setting. Three types of lateral distribution were recognized, namely random, dispersed and bunched. Possible reasons for these different types and the relation between the distribution of fish in the net and in the water are discussed.
Influence of Light and Temperature on the Reproductive Cycle of the Eastern Brook Trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill)
Authors: Henderson Nancy E.
Published: April 2011

Brook trout were exposed to photoperiods ranging from 4 to 20 hours per day and were held either at 8.5 °C or at 16°. The average diameter of the ova was used as an index of ovarian development while testicular maturation was determined from histological preparations.The gonadal cycles of both male and female trout were markedly affected by different photoperiodic regimes. The influence of long or short photoperiods depends upon the phase of gametogenesis in progress at the time and on the photoperiod in effect during earlier stages of the gonadal cycle. Evidence is presented which suggests that the maturation cycle of the gonads may be regulated by the normal seasonal changes of day length.An accelerated light regime can hasten the time of functional maturity in adult trout, but is without effect when applied to maturing fish in which gametogenesis is taking place for the first time. It is suggested that a stimulative effect of environmental factors is dependent upon maturation of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal mechanism.The rate of gonadal development is the same at 16° as it is at 8.5° provided the fish are exposed to natural day lengths. If fish are subjected to long or to short photoperiods, the gonadal response at 16° is quite different from that at 8.5°.
A Model of Seawater Structure Near the West Coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia
Authors: Lane Robert K.
Published: April 2011

Oceanographic data collected in a line of stations extending seaward of the west coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, were reviewed and analyzed. On the basis of these data and the large-scale meteorological processes of wind, insolation, and precipitation, the characteristic structure of temperature and salinity in the coastal region was denned in five temporal stages throughout the year. These stages are presented as vertical sections along the line with characteristic ranges of values to be found in each of the structural elements.
Life History of Redside Shiners, Richardsonius balteatus, with Particular Reference to Movements In and Out of Sixteenmile Lake Streams
Authors: Lindsey C. C. , Northcote T. G.
Published: April 2011

Movements of shiners through two-way traps on inlet and outlet streams of a small British Columbia lake were studied from 1956 to 1962. The date on which adults first entered the inlet each spring corresponded to the first rise of daily maximum stream temperature above 10 °C. Days on which increased numbers of shiners ascended the inlet were positively associated with days of rising daily maximum water temperature, and were not associated with water levels. Egg deposition occurred both in daylight and darkness. Downstream movement of shiner fry was greatest during periods of turbidity, and occurred largely during darkness. Shiners first spawned at age III or older; some lived to age V or VI. Number of adult shiners over 79 mm fork length was estimated by Petersen marking experiments to be about 13,000 in the 42-acre lake. A large interchange of adults took place in some years between the lake and parts of the watershed upstream; a small interchange occurred downstream. Many shiners entered a stream more than once each year. Many survived to spawn in two or more successive years. Movement into the streams varied markedly in different years and was small compared with the number of adults in the lake. Homing is suggested as a mechanism which determines the proportion of inlet-, outlet-, and lake-spawning in this species.
A Sea Water Aquarium for Marine Animal Experiments
Authors: Stewart James E. , Power H. E.
Published: April 2011

not available
Common Porpoise from the Stomach of a Greenland Shark
Authors: Williamson G. R.
Published: April 2011

not available
An Arrangement for Automatically and Reproducibly Controlling and Varying Illumination in Biological Experiments
Authors: Stewart James E.
Published: April 2011

not available
Glycolysis in Lingcod Muscle During Frozen Storage
Authors: Tomlinson N. , Jonas R. E. E. , Geiger S. E.
Published: April 2011

The lactic acid content and several acid-soluble phosphorus-containing fractions of lingcod muscle have been measured after periods of storage of up to 6 months at storage temperatures between 0 and −30 °C. The fish were killed in an unexercised condition and frozen either in liquid nitrogen or at the temperature of storage. Glycolysis, as indicated by lactic acid accumulation, clearly proceeded at temperatures down to and including −20 °C, and some evidence was obtained to indicate that it may proceed at a very low rate indeed (of the order of 0.5 μmole lactic acid formed/g of muscle/month, or less) at a temperature of −30 °C. Acid-labile and acid-soluble phosphorus decreased during storage at temperatures down to and including −20 °C in muscle frozen by either procedure, but only in the more slowly frozen muscle at −30 °C. Acid-stable and acid-soluble phosphorus decreased at temperatures down to −20 °C, but not at −30 °C.
Vital Statistics of Esox masquinongy in Nogies Creek, Ontario.: I. Tag Loss, Mortality Due to Tagging, and the Estimate of Exploitation
Authors: Muir Barry S.
Published: April 2011

A small population of maskinonge was exploited by a 9-year fishery, using fixed nets under control of the investigator. During the period 1952 to 1960, approximately 4000 maskinonge were handled, 2000 of them being tagged and returned to the population.The rate of loss of the preopercular disc tag increased progressively with time out, so that an estimated 8.5% of the tags had been lost after the end of the first year, 30% after the second and virtually all after the third. The total mortality and tag loss is estimated to range from 25% to 66% during the period from spring to fall for various years. These estimates are used as correcting factors to determine the numbers of tags extant at the start of the fall fishery each year. The rates of recapture of these tags give estimates of exploitation during the fall fisheries, and the average coefficient of catchability, derived from these data, is 0.0026 for fish age IV and older.A method, using simultaneous tag and recapture data, is developed to estimate the coefficient of catchability for each age-group. The estimated coefficients of catchability increase, almost linearly, from 0.0013 for age-group III to 0.0032 for age-group VI+. The average coefficient estimated by this method, 0.0025 for age-group IV and older, agrees well with that estimated independently by the method above.
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Fresh Fish Washing Operations
Authors: MacCallum W. A. , Mullan M. W. , Plaunt Isabel N.
Published: April 2011

The effects of ratio of the amount of fish to that of wash water, kinetic energy of impinging water, method of water application and concentration of available chlorine in the wash water on the washing of eviscerated fresh cod of various caught-ages were studied. The studies were designed to provide information of practical value to engineers interested in designing machines to wash slime and bacteria from fish received at filleting plants. A quantitative relation between kinetic energy of impinging wash water and fish to water ratio was established for one practical type of spray washing equipment. Effective spraying was found to be more efficient than fluming or dipping. However, fish dipped several times in water deposited less bacterial load on a clean surface than fish washed effectively on the skin side only by a jet of water. Thus, washing out the body cavity was found to be important. Caught-age was found to influence the results only for washing methods of relatively low effectiveness, namely in fluming and in washing inefficiently with a jet or spray of water. Ineffective spray washing was shown to be associated with waste of equipment and high costs while serving no useful production purpose. Highly effective methods of spray washing fish of all caught-ages were shown to be suitable for efficient application in fish filleting and skinning lines. Free chlorine concentrations as high as 100 ppm in the wash water did not increase washing effectiveness as measured by a bacteriological method.
Pollock (Pollachius virens (L.)) in the Bay of Fundy
Authors: Steele D. H.
Published: April 2011

Observations made on the biology of the pollock in the western Atlantic, and primarily in the Bay of Fundy region of the northern Gulf of Maine, are presented. The largest landings of pollock in the western Atlantic are made in this area (ICNAF Division 4X). The best catches of large fish are made at temperatures above 1.1 °C, at depths of 20–100 fathoms (35–185 m) on the edges of shoals and banks where food is abundant. Spawning occurs in the winter and takes place in the southern Gulf of Maine and probably also on the Scotian Shelf, but not in the northern Gulf of Maine. The Bay of Fundy pollock are recruited from spawning in the southern Gulf of Maine and possibly on the Scotian Shelf. The pollock found in the Bay of Fundy appear to remain separate from those of the southern Gulf of Maine and the Scotian Shelf in the summer, but migrate south, spawn and probably mix with those of the southern Gulf of Maine, and possibly also those of the Scotian Shelf in the winter. The offshore pollock have a regular gradient in size across the Bay of Fundy; large fish (65–85 cm) are caught on the New Brunswick side, medium-sized fish (60–75 cm) around Grand Manan and smaller fish (45–60 cm) off western Nova Scotia. Catches with different size compositions are also found in small areas. Segregation by size into schools is therefore an important feature of pollock behaviour. The growth rate of pollock is rapid until the approximate time of sexual maturity, which occurs at ages of 4–7 years (50–65 cm) in the males and 5–7 years (55–70 cm) in the females. The growth rate of the immature and young, mature fish is similar to that recorded for other areas, but the older, mature fish appear to grow more slowly. It is suggested that this discrepancy may be due to biased sampling of the old fish in the Bay of Fundy due to the segregation by size. The 0-class pollock found in the shallow, sublittoral zone feed mainly on algae-inhabiting organisms and to a lesser extent on plankton. The 1-year-olds in the same location have a similar diet but consume a greater proportion of planktonic animals. The larger, offshore pollock in the Bay of Fundy are predominantly plankton eaters, and the euphausiid Meganyctiphanes norvegica is by far the most important organism in the diet. On the Scotian Shelf and in the Laurentian Channel fish is the dominant type of food, except for the smallest sizes of pollock.
Fecundity of Grand Bank Haddock
Authors: Hodder V. M.
Published: April 2011

The fecundity of Grand Bank haddock was investigated from 229 specimens collected during the early springs of 1957–61. It was found that fecundity increased at a rate proportional to about the fifth power of the body length and to the square of the age, the correlations between fecundity and length and between fecundity and weight being better than that between fecundity and age. Within any age-group fecundity was found to increase with length. Since the larger fish of an age-group are the first to mature, it is suggested that fecundity of individual fish may be more directly related to the number of times that the fish has spawned than to such parameters as length, weight or age. Certain differences in fecundity, found between the samples of the individual years, are discussed in relation to such environmental conditions as temperature in so far as it determines the degree of haddock concentration (thus affecting the food supply) at certain times which are probably critical during the early development and maturation of the ova.
The Batfish, Dibranchus atlanticus Peters, on the Canadian Atlantic Slopes
Authors: Rees E. I. S.
Published: April 2011

Occurrence of Dibranchus atlanticus on the western Atlantic continental slopes north of the Fundian Channel is discussed. Biological and morphometric measurements were made on 15 specimens.
On the Occurrence of 4,7,10,13,16-Docosapentaenoic Acid in Saury (Cololabis saira) Oil
Authors: Ackman R. G. , Jangaard M.
Published: April 2011

not available
First Record of Mytilicola orientalis Mori in the California Mussel Mytilus californianus Conrad
Authors: Chew K. K. , Sparks A. K. , Katkansky S. C.
Published: April 2011

not available
Abundance and Distribution of Lobster Larvae (Homarus americanus) in Northumberland Strait
Authors: Scarratt D. J.
Published: April 2011

A method is described for catching the planktonic larval stages of the lobster (Homarus americanus Milne Edwards). Estimates are made of the abundance and distribution of each of the four stages in the surface waters of part of the Northumberland Strait (southern Gulf of St. Lawrence) for the years 1949–61, with a more critical analysis for the year 1961. Both abundance and survival of the larvae vary from year to year, although they do not appear to be related with measured hydrographical conditions. It is suggested that the distribution of stage I larvae reflects the location of the parent stock and that surface drift carries the developing larvae to possible areas of settlement.There is no conclusive relationship between the larvae and the subsequent stock, although a possible relationship between the abundance of stage I larvae and parent stock density is described and briefly discussed.
Origin of Marine Fatty Acids. I. Analyses of the Fatty Acids Produced by the DiatomSkeletonema costatum
Authors: Ackman R. G. , Jangaard P. M. , Hoyle R. J. , Brockerhoff H.
Published: April 2011

Analysis of the fatty acid composition of a marine diatom, Skeletonema costatum, shows that the longer-chain highly unsaturated fatty acids characteristic of fish lipids can be produced by some phytoplankton as well as through intermediary zooplankton. Comparison of cultures of various degrees of maturity indicates that the fatty acid composition of mature cultures in laboratory experiments is not necessarily typical of pelagic diatoms. The origin of atypical C16-polyunsaturated fatty acids is discussed.
Apparent Onset of Rigor Mortis in Steelhead Trout (Salmo gairdneri) in the Absence of Loss of Adenosine Triphosphate from the Ordinary Muscle
Authors: Tomlinson N. , Geiger S. E. , Kay W. W.
Published: April 2011

not available
A New Gunnel, Pholis clemensi, from the Coast of Western North America
Authors: Rosenblatt Richard H.
Published: April 2011

A new species, Pholis clemensi, referred to the family Pholidae, is named and described from 12 specimens taken in southern British Columbia waters and the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Pholis clemensi is compared with other members of the genus, and a key is given to the North American species.
Oceanographic Regions and Assessment of Temperature Structure in the Seasonal Zone of the North Pacific Ocean
Authors: Tully John P.
Published: April 2011

There are eight climatic regions from the Equator to the Arctic in the Pacific Ocean. In each region the distinct oceanographic temperature structures and their seasonal sequences are described and related to surface weather processes and transport. Procedures for observation and interpretation of data must be adapted to suit the regional models of structure and behaviour. However, a rational universal system of information presentation is feasible and is demonstrated. The concepts may be extended to other oceans.
Problems in Zoogeography of the Lake Trout, Salvelinus namaycush
Authors: Lindsey C. C.
Published: April 2011

Disagreement exists in the literature as to whether lake trout survived Wisconsin glaciation north or south of the ice sheet. Other freshwater fishes whose range in North America equals or exceeds that of lake trout all survived in both northern and southern refugia. Arguments in favour of a southern refugium for lake trout include their wide distribution eastward to Nova Scotia and New England, their presence in some Mississippi headwaters, and possible late-Wisconsin date of a fossil lake trout south of glaciation. Absence from some habitable lakes along the southern margin of glaciation is attributable to northward shift of isotherms during the hypsithermal period. A northern refugium is suggested by occurrence of lake trout in remote parts of Alaska, and the improbability of their having failed to reach and persist in Alaska prior to last glacial advance. They do not now closely approach Bering Strait, and may be held in check by ecological factors which have been operative also during previous glacial and interglacial periods, on the Bering land bridge as well as on the continent. Hucho taimen is a related Asian counterpart whose dispersal may be similarly controlled. Large lampreys may prevent dispersal of lake trout into lower water courses and the sea.
Club Cells and Granular Cells in the Skin of Lamprey
Authors: Pfeiffer Wolfgang , Pletcher T. F.
Published: April 2011

The club and granular cells in the skin of the lamprey appear to be two forms of the same cell, with the club cells developing into granular cells. Granular cells discharge their content on the surface of the skin. Granular and club cells do not contain mucus. Lampreys and their larvae are rarely found in stomachs of salmonids or other fish, and feeding experiments show that many fish will not eat lampreys and ammocoetes. A distasteful secretion from the granular cells of the skin is suspected of being biologically significant in protecting the lamprey from predacious fish.
Reflectivity of the Chorioidal Tapeta of Selachians
Authors: Nicol J. A. C.
Published: April 2011

The reflecting layer or chorioidal tapetum in the eye of many selachians was examined to determine, especially, whether it is a set feature or whether it can be occluded.Many selachians have a tapetum under the entire fundus of the eye. It consists of highly reflecting cells, towards the outer ends of which there is a layer of melanophores. In active pelagic sharks of the neritic zone (e.g. Squalus, Mustelus), the melanophores send out pigment over the reflecting cells so as to conceal them when the fish is illuminated; the pigment retreats in darkness. In benthic species of the neritic zone, notably Scyliorhinus, the fundus has a black ventral area; a tapetum occurs elsewhere and is not occlusible. The eyes of rays have a black ventral field, and pigment migration over the tapetum is slight. The tapetum is not occlusible in deep-sea squaloids and a chimaerid Hydrolagus affinis.Reflectivity of the dark-adapted tapetum of Squalus acanthias amounts to about 85%. Full expansion of pigment in the light and retreat in darkness occupy about 2 hr in this fish.Pieces of tapeta, freed of retinae, were mounted in Ringer solution, observed, and photographed by oblique illumination from above. The tapetal pigment migrates inwards over the reflecting plates in such preparations of tapeta from fishes that have occlusible tapeta.The suggestion is offered that the tapetum is concealed, either by closure of the pupil or by migration of pigment, so as to avoid displaying eye-shine. Deep-sea squaloids, living in dimly lit environments, do neither.
Growth Rate of Central British Columbia Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha)
Authors: LeBrasseur R. J. , Parker R. R.
Published: April 2011

Pink salmon were sampled at various stages, as fry and fingerling in enclosed waters, as juveniles and subadults in the ocean and as maturing salmon in the commercial fishery. On the basis of length frequency data and from recapture measurements of marked and tagged individuals the instantaneous growth rate in length (gl) for successive 30-day periods was computed. As a result three major growth stanzas were recognized. Following the entrance of fry into the estuary, growth was approximately exponential (gl = 0.559) during an initial 40-day period. Fish increased in length from 3.5 to 8.4 cm. Thereafter, the instantaneous rate of growth gradually declined to a minimum in March (gl = 0.076). During this time the length increased from 8.4 to 32.5 cm. The final growth period was marked by a rapid rate of increase in length in late April and early May (gl = 0.171), followed by a declining rate of increase in length which was finally terminated after the fish had re-entered the coastal waters and the commercial fishery (gl = 0.041). The length data were transformed to weight data from a generalized length–weight regression. During the initial 30-day period the instantaneous growth rate in weight, gw = 6.53. From a value of gw = 2.87 for late May and early June the instantaneous growth rate progressively fell to a low of gw = 1.28 for late March to early April. During late April to early May of the ultimate year, gw = 1.74. The instantaneous growth rate then fell to gw = 1.14 during mid July to early August. It was concluded that growth, in length and weight, of central British Columbia pink salmon is a continuing process with no period of complete cessation from the time the fry enter the sea until the time they re-enter the estuary as adults.
Occurrence and Distribution of Sea Water in Sakinaw Lake, British Columbia
Authors: Northcote T. G. , Johnson W. E.
Published: April 2011

not available
Successful Introduction of Mysis relicta Lovén into Kootenay Lake, British Columbia
Authors: Sparrow R. A. H. , Larkin P. A. , Rutherglen R. A.
Published: April 2011

not available
Distinguishing Characters for the Sculpins Cottus bairdii and C. cognatus in Eastern Canada
Authors: McAllister D. E.
Published: April 2011

not available
Rancidity in Lean Fish Muscle.: I. A Proposed Accelerated Copper-Catalyzed Method for Evaluating the Tendency of Fish Muscle to Become Rancid
Authors: MacLean Jill , Castell C. H.
Published: April 2011

A method that can be carried out within 24–72 hr is suggested for determining the tendency of fish muscle to become rancid. It consists of adding measured, trace amounts of copper ion to muscle that has been blended with water (1:3) followed by storage at 0 °C. Rancidity is observed subjectively by noting the odours that develop and objectively by means of the thiobarbituric acid reaction.
Rancidity in Lean Fish Muscle.: III. The Inhibiting Effect of Bacterial Activity
Authors: Castell C. H. , MacLean Jill
Published: April 2011

Actively growing bacteria suppress the development of copper-catalyzed rancidity in lean fish muscle. Apart from the antioxidant effect of the bacteria themselves, it could not be shown that fish muscle undergoing microbial deterioration became any less susceptible to oxidative rancidity as spoilage progressed.
Sterol Metabolism in the Oyster
Authors: Tamura T. , Truscott B. , Idler D. R.
Published: April 2011

not available
Effects of MS 222 on Glycogen and Lactate Levels in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)
Authors: Black Edgar C. , Connor Anne R.
Published: April 2011

not available
Effects of Salting and Smoking on Protein Quality of Cod
Authors: Munro I. C. , Morrison A. B.
Published: April 2011

Salting and smoking had no effect on the biological value of cod protein, as indicated by Protein Efficiency Ratio, gross protein values, total lysine and methionine content, "available lysine" values, and plasma free lysine and methionine levels in human subjects. It was concluded that smoked and salted codfish can provide protein of high nutritional value.
Some Methods for Estimating Ocean Mortality of Pacific Salmon and Applications
Authors: Fredin R. A.
Published: April 2011

Three methods for estimating oceanic natural mortality rates of Pacific salmon under certain survival conditions are presented. Estimates of ocean mortality rates of Bristol Bay and Karluk sockeye are given. The mortality rate during the year immediately preceding the last 2 months of ocean life of Bristol Bay sockeye that migrated to sea as 3-freshwater fish in 1956 and returned as mature 3-ocean fish in 1959 is estimated to be 28.9%. The average ocean mortality rate during the penultimate year of life of 3-ocean Bristol Bay sockeye is estimated to be 19.5% for the years 1956–57 to 1960–61. The natural mortality rate during the third year of ocean life of 3-freshwater Karluk sockeye is estimated to be 28.2%. Corresponding estimates of average monthly instantaneous mortality rates are 0.028, 0.018, and 0.031, respectively.
Comparative Zone Electropherograms of Muscle Myogens and Blood Hemoglobins of Marine and Freshwater Vertebrates and Their Application to Biochemical Systematics
Authors: Tsuyuki H. , Roberts E. , Vanstone W. E.
Published: April 2011

The muscle myogens of approximately 50 species of fishes, representing specimens from three (Elasmobranchii, Holocephali, Teleostomi) of the four living classes of fishes of the superclass, Gnathostomata, have been separated by starch gel zone electrophoresis. Evidence is presented for the virtual constancy and species specific nature of these myogen as well as their corresponding multiple hemoglobin patterns. The interspecific and intergeneric similarities of myogen patterns within any one family (Salmonidae as well as Scorpaenidae) were remarkably parallel with the existing morphometric classification. The same degree of relationship was not observed in the corresponding hemoglobin patterns. The usefulness of myogen, and less frequently, hemoglobin patterns for obtaining phylogenetic information as well as for species identification purposes is discussed.
Fin Anomalies in the White Sucker, Catostomus commersoni, Population in Heming Lake, Manitoba
Authors: Lawler G. H.
Published: April 2011

not available
Some Abnormalities in Skates (Raja) of the Newfoundland Area
Authors: Templeman Wilfred
Published: April 2011

not available
Sensitivity of Some Acid-Fast Bacteria of Piscine Origin to Certain Chemotherapeutic Substances
Authors: Conroy D. A. , Solarolo E. B.
Published: April 2011

not available
Modification of the Whirling Vessel for Fecundity Studies
Authors: Pitt T. K.
Published: April 2011

not available