bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Revisión sistemática cualitativa del uso de cuestionarios para el diagnóstico de ERGE en pediatría
Authors: Hernández-Pliego RR , Asbun-Bojalil J , Anguiano-Robledo L
Published: April 2016

INTRODUCCIÓN: el uso de cuestionarios para identificar síntomas de enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico (ERGE) y su aplicación en población pediátrica es limitado, sobre todo en niños menores y lactantes, en los que resulta imposible conocer los síntomas debido a la incapacidad de manifestarlos de manera objetiva. OBJETIVO: realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura en población pediátrica con sospecha de ERGE, para evaluar el uso de cuestionarios como herramienta diagnóstica para esta enfermedad. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: se realizó una búsqueda exhaustiva de la literatura en diversas bases de datos. La selección de los estudios fue realizada por dos investigadores expertos en el tema. La estrategia de búsqueda estuvo compuesta de las palabras clave: Gastroesophageal Reflux disease, Infant Gastroesophageal Reflux Questionnaire (IGERQ), infant, child, children, questionnaire. La calidad de los estudios fue evaluada con la escala Newcastle-Ottawa. RESULTADOS: con la estrategia de búsqueda realizada fueron seleccionados tres estudios, los cuales utilizaron diferentes cuestionarios en poblaciones distintas: en 2006, Kleinman evaluó la confiabilidad del cuestionario IGER-Q en 185 pacientes menores de 18 meses obteniéndose 0.86 0.87; en 2005, Deal evaluó 64 pacientes de 1-11 meses y 63 pacientes de 1-4 años reportando una sensibilidad de 90 y 85% para cada grupo de edad, respectivamente y especificidad de 83 y 81.5%, respectivamente; y Stordal, en 2005, evaluó 99 pacientes de 7-16 años con una sensibilidad de 75% y especificidad de 96%.  CONCLUSIÓN: el uso de los cuestionarios como herramienta diagnóstica de ERGE en pacientes pediátricos es escaso y la evidencia clínica disponible no es suficiente para realizar una recomendación apropiada.
Clínica del hambre en la niñez
Authors: Frenk Silvestre
Published: April 2016

El séptimo de los diez capítulos de la famosa monografía Maladie de Famine lleva el título "Clinique de la famine chez les enfants". Su autora fue la doctora A. Braude-Heller, médica en jefe del Hospital Bauman-Berson para niños de Varsovia, Polonia, con la colaboración de dos estudiantes de medicina. Maladie de Famine aparece en la renacida ciudad de Varsovia, en el temprano posbélico año de 1946. Quedando así cumplido el compromiso de sus autores: el de llevar a la luz pública el resultado de las “Investigaciones clínicas sobre el hambre, ejecutadas en el  gueto de Varsovia en 1942”, según reza el subtítulo de la obra.
Apendicitis epiploica. Causa poco común de abdomen agudo en niños. Presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura
Authors: Solórzano-Morales SA , Castillo-Rodríguez SA , Laurindo-Mariano de Oliveira G , Arredondo-Villanueva JG , Ridaura-Sanz C
Published: April 2016

ANTECEDENTE: la apendicitis epiploica es el infarto hemorrágico de un apéndice epiploico cuando existe torsión u ocurre una trombosis espontánea de su drenaje venoso central. Generalmente su diagnóstico es incidental en estudios radiológicos de abdomen que se realizan por otras causas de dolor abdominal. Clínicamente puede simular un cuadro de abdomen agudo, principalmente quirúrgico en niños. Por ello, es importante conocer esta entidad, ya que su diagnóstico correcto hace innecesaria la hospitalización y la cirugía. Por lo general, la apendicitis epiploica se resuelve espontáneamente en cinco a siete días y sólorequiere tratamiento con analgésicos. La mayoría de los casos han sido descritos en pacientes adultos; sin embargo, el caso que presentamos es el segundo diagnosticado en el Instituto Nacional de Pediatría. CASO CLÍNICO: niño de 9 años con diagnóstico clínico presuntivo de apendicitis, se diagnosticó por ultrasonido y tomografía computada como apendicitis epiploica, lo que se corroboró en la pieza anatomopatológica. CONCLUSIONES: nuestro propósito es describir la apendicitis epiploica en niños como causa de abdomen agudo, así como los hallazgos clínicos, ultrasonográficos, de tomografía computada e histopatológicos de esta patología como causa rara de abdomen agudo. Es importante que se conozca el valor de los estudios de imagen de esta entidad a fin de evitar tratamientos invasivos innecesarios.
Histiocitosis de células de Langerhans senescentes. Informe de caso
Authors: Corcuera-Delgado CT , Garza-Elizondo R , González-Flores L , Velasco- Hidalgo L
Published: April 2016

Se presenta el caso de un niño con histiocitosis de células de Langerhans que inicialmente se diagnosticó erróneamente y se le trató quirúrgicamente sin la evaluación integra del paciente.
Localities and sites of the Southeastern-Alpine endemic species Spiraea decumbens Koch in Breginjski kot (Northwestern Slovenia)
Authors: Pavlin Marko , Brus Robert , Dakskobler Igor
Published: April 2016

The eastern distribution limit of Spiraea decumbens s. str. is in Breginjski Kot (northwestern Slovenia), where we recorded 49 localities of this eastern-Alpine endemic plant species. We determined two new localities in a new quadrant (9746/4) on riparian rocks of the Nadiža River under Mt. Mija at Kozja Peč, which is currently the southeasternmost point of its entire distribution area. We conducted a phytosociological survey of 26 localities. This endemic occurs in dolomite rock crevices in stands classified within the association Spiraeo-Potentilletum caulescentis. On dolomite screes and torrential fens it is found to dominate on small areas in the successional stages, classified into the provisional association Aquilegio einseleanea-Spiraeetum decumbentis (alliance Petasition paradoxi) and into the new association Spiraeo decumbentis-Seslerietum calcariae (alliance Caricion austroalpinae). These stages are gradually becoming overgrown with thermophilous deciduous trees, and in one of the relevés we found the studied species in an open hop hornbeam stand classified into the association Fraxino orni-Ostryetum. Its populations are vital and unthreatened, except in the two new localities under Mt. Mija, which call for special protection due to their small size and a possibility of being backfilled with gravel.
Primerjava izbranih krajinsko-ekoloških kazalcev za gozdove v dveh različnih krajinskih tipih
Authors: Pirnat Janez
Published: April 2016

By analysing changes in landscape structure we can trace the influence they have on the evaluation of the diversity function of a forest. In the presented research, it was assessed which indices for computing areas, cores and aggregation tendencies that can be calculated with the Fragstats 4.2 programme best meet our needs, what limits they have and what we should pay special attention to. We considered differences in the resolution of incoming data and different rules for the calculation of raster cells. Both were compared for forests in two different landscape types: Kočevje and Slovenska Istra. The basic surface indices CA and PLAND proved to be the most suitable, while for more demanding purposes, AREA_AM can be used as well. For the evaluation of core areas, basic indices proved to be the most suitable, too, specifically TCA and CPLAND. Other important indices were the index of the number of core areas per surface unit DCAD and indices CORE_AM and DCORE_AM for a more detailed spatial evaluation of core areas, whereas most useful for the evaluation of aggregation tendency proved to be the patch density index PD.
Vpliv prostoživečih velikih rastlinojedov na travniške ekosisteme
Authors: Al Sayegh-Petkovšek Samar , Pokorny Boštjan , Firm Dejan , Jerina Klemen
Published: April 2016

Free-ranging large herbivores are keystone species in terrestrial ecosystems, and have an important ecological role by affecting both the structure and the function of plant communities and other groups of organisms. Large herbivores often increase plant diversity especially in more productive grasslands such as temperate grasslands in Europe. Additionally, other important effects of ruminants are redistribution of nutrients by feeding and subsequent excretion of urine and dung, soil compaction and erosion via trampling and dispersal of seeds, respectively. In Europe, populations of several ruminants species are increasing both in number and geographical distribution, and problems connected with effects of grazing of red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) on grassland in some locations in Slovenia have been increasing as well. Several areas of the Inner Carniola and Kočevje regions have been overgrown with forest, and these areas have the highest density of red deer. Therefore, the pressure of red deer on the remaining grasslands is increasing and may cause important economic loss for land owners. Ungulates can affect the economic profitability of grasslands also indirectly, through the impact on species composition of grasslands and by altering the overall productivity of soil. For proper management of their populations both direct and indirect ecological impacts and value of free-ranging ungulates have to be known. Therefore, an overview of foreign and Slovene studies related to the impacts of free-ranging ruminants on grassland ecosystems is presented in the paper.
PENGGUNAAN BEBERAPA MEDIUM SEMISINTETIK UNTUK PRODUKSI MISELIUM JAMUR MAITAKE (Grifola frondosa (Dickson: Fr.) S. F. Gray) ISOLAT CIANJUR DAN EKSTRAK KASARNYA
Authors: Maharani Maria Mardhitama , Ratnaningtyas Nuniek Ina , Priyanto Slamet
Published: April 2016

Research on the use of some semisynthetic medium for the production of fungal mycelium Maitake (Grifola frondosa (dickson: Fr.) SF Gray) isolates Cianjur and crude extract was performed with an incubation period of 30 days. This study aimed to determine the ability of green bean, cowpea and maize as an alternative material of semisynthetic medium for manufacturing G. frondosa’s mycelium and and to know the production of G. frondosa’s mycelium and the highest crude extract. This study was experimental study with a completely randomized design consisted of 4 treatments : Yeast Potato Dextrose Broth (PDYB) medium, Green bean Yeast Dextrose Broth (GbDYB) medium, Cowpea Yeast Dextrose Broth (CpDYB) medium and Corn Yeast Dextrose Broth (CDYB) medium. The highest average dry weight of mycelium (1,584 g/100ml) was GbDYB medium. The lowest average dry weight of the mycelium (g/100ml 0.244) was PDYB medium. The weight of the crude extract of mycelium in each treatment was lower than the dry weight. The highest weight of the crude extract was obtained from the GbDYB medium treatment (1,22 g) and the lowest was obtained from PDYB medium (0,113 g). Anova test results of different treatment was very significant, meaning that the use of extract of green bean, cowpea and maize greatly affected the growth of G.frondosa’s mycelium. The LSD test between treatment of PDYB medium and CDYB medium was not significant, meaning that the increase of mycelium’s growth  on PDYB medium had no different with the CDYB medium.
KEMAMPUAN TANAMAN GLODOGAN Polyalthia longifolia SONN. SEBAGAI PENEDUH JALAN DALAM MENGAKUMULASI Pb UDARA BERDASARKAN RESPON ANATOMIS DAUN DI PURWOKERTO
Authors: Ardyanto Rizqi Dwi , Santoso Slamet , Samiyarsih Siti
Published: April 2016

Polyalthia longifolia is a plant that used as a roadside in Purwokerto. This study aimed to determine the ability of the plant P. longifolia in the air and accumulate Pb anatomic response to the Pb concentration in the leaves of P. longifolia. The methods of research used survey methods. Roadside plant leaf samples were taken by purposived sampling at six locationsmain street in Purwokerto, there are Jenderal Soedirman, Dr. Soeparno, HR. Bunyamin, Commisioner Bambang Soeprapto and Gerilya. The independent variable was the ambient air Pb and Pb leaf was the dependent variable. The main parameters investigated were air Pb concentrations, Pb leaves, stomata anatomical characters and thick mesophyll tissue. Parameter support was the traffic density. The results showed that the highest concentration of Pb in the air with a concentration of 0.1020 μg/m3 per hour on Gerilya street and the lowest in DR. Soeparno street with concentrations of 0.0048 μg/m3 per hour, it can be concluded that an ambient air Pb in six study sites are still under ambient air quality in Central Java, which is 2 μg/m3 per 24 hours. Leaf Pb concentration was highest in HR. Bunyamin street with a concentration of 0.4980 ± 0.004 ppm and lows in the DR. Soeparno street with concentrations of 0.2786 ± 0.008 ppm. Pb accumulated in leaves affects the density, length, and width of stomata and mesophyll tissue thickness P. longifolia. Pb concentrations was not correlate with the leaf Pb concentration P. longifolia. Pb concentrations of leaves of P. longifolia is closely linked with decreasing density of stomata and mesophyll tissue thickness but not related to the length and width of the stomata.
Por Que (Não) Ler os Clássicos? Uma Crítica ao Mainstream dos Estudos em Estratégia e Finanças
Authors: Faria Evandro Rodrigues de , Mendes Marco Aurélio Souza , Gonçalves Márcio Augusto
Published: April 2016

Este ensaio tem por objetivo apresentar uma crítica à visão funcionalista no ensino em finanças e estratégia. Os principais pressupostos da Moderna Teoria em Finanças e das Escolas de Estratégia baseada em Modelos Preditivos são apresentados, discutidos e criticados. Apresentamos aqui um contraponto a esta visão linear do ensino através de uma análise crítica ao mainstream de finanças e estratégia. Advogamos a necessidade de uma pluralidade pedagógica, onde fossem ensinadas as várias correntes, com o objetivo de formar acadêmicos e profissionais com maior espírito crítico e mais preparados para responderem aos desafios complexos que se colocam no campo das finanças e estratégias nas organizações. Finalmente, destacamos que os clássicos devem ser lidos, mas não de forma clássica e sim a partir de uma visão crítica.
Teaching Mobile Robots Using Custom-Made Tools by a Semi-Direct Method
Authors: Heredia Jorge David Figueroa ,   Department of Precision Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Sahloul Hamdi , Ota Jun ,   Research into Artifacts, Center for Engineering (RACE), The University of Tokyo
Published: April 2016

[abstFig src='/00280002/15.jpg' width=""300"" text='Teach grasping point by custom-made tool' ]We propose a method for conveying human knowledge to home and office assistance robots by teaching them how to perform the process of grasping objects with a custom-made tool. Specifically, we propose a semi-direct teaching method that respects the limitations of the hardware on the robot while utilizing human experience for intuitive teaching. We specify the information necessary for grasping objects through the generation of teaching data, which include the grasping force, relative position, and orientation. To respect the hardware limitations and at the same time allow inexperienced users to perform the teaching process easily, we used a teaching tool that possesses the same mechanism as the end effector of the robot. To simplify the teaching, we developed a sensing system that would reduce the teaching time with accurate measurements. Subsequently, the robot would use the teaching data to grasp the object. Experiments conducted using volunteers demonstrated the validity of the proposed method, wherein the teaching data for three different tasks were generated in less than 30 s each and accurate measurements were obtained for both the grasping position and force for grasping the objects.
Inspection Strategy: Making Pipework Inspection Both Effective and Cost Efficient
Authors: Conder Patricia M , McDonald Kevin I , Stone Mark
Published: April 2016

Corrosion models and the laboratory testing they are based on, give a measure of corrosion rate but not the spatial distribution of corrosion. Corrosion risk assessments can include information on areas that are more susceptible to corrosion and can give a measure of the probability of corrosion occurring, but when the corrosion is localized rather than general, they do not indicate whether the corrosion is evenly spaced or clustered or how the corrosion will develop in extent over time. To deliver inspection, which is both effective and efficient, requires an understanding of the spatial distribution of corrosion along with the fraction of wall area affected by corrosion. Historically low level sampling using Manual Ultrasonic Techniques (MUT) has formed the primary basis for inspection of pipework on offshore oil and gas assets. For extensive corrosion, low level sampling can be effective and cost efficient but for less extensive corrosion, higher coverage is required to reliably reflect the nature of the corrosion.

Simulation of different spatial and depth distributions of corrosion, to reflect a range of base case scenarios, have been carried out in conjunction with simulations of different inspection strategies. Metrics have been developed to compare the effectiveness of different inspection strategies. This paper discusses the aims of inspection and how efficient and cost effective the different inspection strategies, such as sampling or screening, are in meeting these aims. A range of different corrosion base cases including general uniform, random localized and preferential locations will be examined in relation to the most appropriate inspection strategy, defined primarily in terms of coverage. Recognizing these different corrosion cases from previous inspection results and the optimum time to change inspection strategy will also be covered. This paper quantifies the relationship between spatial distribution of corrosion in pipework and the effectiveness of different inspection strategies.
Case Study: Comparison of Microbial Monitoring Techniques Used in the Field and How Their Complementarity Can be Harnessed to Build a Full Picture of the Microbial Life in the Field
Authors: Shaw M. P. , Hoffmann H. , Horne M.
Published: April 2016

Over the past decades, a suite of microbiological and molecular methods has become available to the oil and gas industry to gauge the adverse effect of microbes in installations. A significant challenge exists to compare the output of the different techniques and interpret results to best effect.

In this case study field samples have been collected and analyzed from offshore and onshore oil and gas facilities. While some analysis was conducted in the field, other techniques required sample preservation for laboratory-based analysis at other locations. Samples underwent a range of different monitoring techniques: Single Series Dilution (SSD), ATP measurement, qPCR analysis, and 454 pyrosequencing, a next-generation sequencing (NGS) technique.

The problems in oil and gas facilities caused by microbial growth are well known, risking efficiency, production and revenue. Suitable analysis of industry infrastructure is important in order to understand the health of the system and to appropriately apply suitable mitigation. The case study aims to illustrate how these analyses can be used complementarily.

In this paper the results of the different analyses are outlined, illustrated with particular examples. These results are used to build a comprehensive picture of the health of different areas of the facilities. Furthermore, the relative advantages and disadvantages of these techniques are reviewed, illustrated with first-hand field data from the field, comparing the benefits and limitations of the techniques and how they might work in a complementary way. In addition data will be used to illustrate how resources can be targeted in order to maximize efficiency and effectiveness and minimize costs. The results from a selection of different samples types (planktonic, sessile) are discussed in this paper.
Improving Corrosion Control Efficiencies Using Corrosion Management Principles
Authors: Eckert Richard B. , Koch Gerhardus H.
Published: April 2016

While the current global reduction in oil prices has impacted the operating budgets of many oil and gas operators, the need for corrosion control measures to maintain assets has not correspondingly decreased. To maintain the degree of corrosion control that was possible under more favorable economic conditions, operators must look for ways to improve efficiencies and ensure that corrosion expenditures and programs are providing the greatest benefits possible.

In the current economic climate the need for standardization and the reduction of complexity have also been discussed by industry as a means of increasing efficiency and reducing operating costs. The process of corrosion management, although viewed by some as being complex in itself, is actually essential if operators seek to optimize corrosion control expenses and reduce complexity. In addition, some operators have struggled to achieve mature, fully integrated corrosion management systems and thus may not have been realizing the potential benefits of this approach in the past.

Considering that the core processes in corrosion control can be viewed as threat assessment, prevention/mitigation, and monitoring; a corrosion management system should help ensure that these processes are carried out as efficiently and effectively as possible within the context of the organization. This paper reviews several of the key elements of corrosion management as applicable to upstream oil and gas production, and describes the efficiencies that operators could realize if corrosion management processes are thoughtfully implemented and ingrained in the fabric of their organizations. Four elements that are emphasized include communication, resourcing, organization and integration. A corrosion management approach need not increase complexity and in many cases, it can streamline work flows by eliminating redundant efforts and areas of confusion.

Efficiencies fostered by implementing key elements of corrosion management are illustrated in regard to their effect on optimizing corrosion threat assessment, prevention/mitigation, and monitoring; thereby reducing operating cost, lost production and operational risk.
An Investigation into Uncertainty Correlation in Resource Plays
Authors: DuBois James R , Dunn WIlliam F , Strother John P
Published: April 2016

Unconventional plays requiring large, high cost development programs now dominate the North American onshore Oil and Gas business. Large drilling programs are often justified and forecast based on ‘type curves": forecasts for a typical single well, intended to be repeated as many times as necessary to represent an extensive drilling program. When companies want to add uncertainty analysis to their forecasts, that work often begins with extending the type curve to include a range of possible single well outcomes, often by including the production forecast for a P10 and P90 well on the curve.

When Monte Carlo analysis is performed on this expanded type curve for a substantial program, the program uncertainty all but disappears. This is a simple illustration of the law of large numbers. There is still a considerable amount of uncertainty in resource plays, of course, but it is not due to well-to-well variation, at least in the long term.

We created a set of synthetic tight oil well data and subjected it to a number of Monte Carlo analyses to illustrate this point. In these analyses, we show that correlation among the wells accounts for far more of the uncertainty encountered than does well to well correlation. Factors that might be correlated include long term decline, drilling and completion cost and IPs due to interference and/or reservoir quality. Examples are shown for the decline and cost correlations.
Unconventional Risk and Uncertainty: Show Me What Success Looks Like
Authors: Fulford David S.
Published: April 2016

The translation of risk from conventional to unconventional resources moves the fulcrum from risk of finding, towards risk of commerciality. We are often certain a hydrocarbon producing system exists; but, uncertain in what manner (production profile) it will produce. This reality is incompatible with traditional methods of risking in which recoverable volumes are estimated from volumetric calculation, and risked volumes may be calculated as the product of unrisked volumes and some risk factor. Production profile is then determined after-the-fact. Unconventional resources are typically evaluated from the basis of a type well or production analog first, and then the recoverable volume is emergent from this production profile.

Like the chicken-and-egg problem, uncertainty of recoverable volumes must be estimated in association with one or more production profiles. The threshold of commerciality can be calculated, and the chance of commercial success determined by the intersection of the threshold volume on the distribution of recoverable volume. This distribution is truncated and the outcomes above the threshold are rescaled to represent success outcomes… but, failure outcomes are disregarded.

This paper presents a simple workflow using Frequentist and Bayesian approaches, respectively, for proper risking of uncertain recoverable volumes for an unconventional resource, taking into account the chance of false positives from appraisal well information. A subjective risk tolerance can be included to respect how aggressive or conservative a company may be in pursuit of a project. A method of re-casting production profiles is demonstrated as an improvement over the common method of scaling, or factoring, the initial production rate. The scaling approach may reach unrealistic values of initial production in an attempt to achieve the proper recoverable volumes.

Productive yet uneconomic outcomes should be included in any thorough project evaluation. Failure to do so may overestimate the value of a given project. However, the chance of such outcomes occurring is often seen as a difficult-to-determine value. Quantifying the uncertainty in type well volumes allows evaluation of the imperfectness of information of early well results. Enhanced knowledge of the project risk, the chance of success, a view of the success case, and an understanding of false positive outcomes, can lead to higher quality decisions.
Word Formation Processes and a Technique in Understanding Waria Slang Tulungagung
Authors: Nurhayati Dwi Astuti Wahyu
Published: April 2016

This article describes word formation processes and a technique in understanding Waria  Slang Tulungagung. This study was done through a survey to warias in  Ngunut and Tulungagung surroundings, a small district in East Java- Indonesia, in order to get underlying basis of processes of word formation in waria or Bences variety which are influential toward their language style and their behavior. The instrument- interview &documentation were developed in accordance to get the word formation processes and slang words used by Waria. The study reveals that processes of word formation and technique understanding slang words used by Waria Tulungagung are divided into eleven processes i.e. Derivation, Multiple Process, Acronym, Borrowing, Blending, Reduplication, Synonym, Coinage, Irregular Form, Echoism, Changing of Syllable Vowel and the technique of understanding Waria sentences by removing some suffixes. Finally, the results of this study offers language phenomena arises because of some reasons which are mainly useful for those conducting communication among waria members smoothly, transgender identity and those who are concerned in investigating slang words used by  waria or other varieties as well as suggestions for future research.
Molecular Diagnostic Methods for Detection and Characterization of Human Noroviruses
Authors: Chen Haifeng , Hu Yuan
Published: April 2016

Human noroviruses are a group of viral agents that afflict people of all age groups. The viruses are now recognized as the most common causative agent of nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis and foodborne viral illness worldwide. However, they have been considered to play insignificant roles in the disease burden of acute gastroenteritis for the past decades until the recent advent of new and more sensitive molecular diagnostic methods. The availability and application of the molecular diagnostic methods have led to enhanced detection of noroviruses in clinical, food and environmental samples, significantly increasing the recognition of noroviruses as an etiologic agent of epidemic and sporadic acute gastroenteritis. This article aims to summarize recent efforts made for the development of molecular methods for the detection and characterization of human noroviruses.
Quality of the medical research article; whose responsibility? A necessary enquiry
Authors: Sathian Brijesh , Roy Bedanta , Banerjee Indrajit
Published: April 2016

No abstract.J. Biomed. Sci. 2015, 2(3):19-20.
Pour une véritable théorie de la latitude managériale et du gouvernement des entreprises
Authors: Charreaux Gérard
Published: April 2016

Le problème du contrôle des dirigeants et la notion de gouvernement des entreprises font l'objet depuis longtemps de travaux, souvent liés à des théories de l'organisation parmi les plus connues (théorie des coûts de transaction, théorie de l'agence…). Mais il semble que ces analyses, notamment parce qu'elles sont trop centrées sur les relations avec les actionnaires et négligent l'examen de la « latitude managériale », ne puissent qu'incomplètement rendre compte du statut et du comportement effectif des dirigeants. L'auteur propose ici de suivre diverses pistes pour dépasser cette situation en enrichissant les approches réductrices aujourd'hui dominantes.
Recherche en gestion et intervention
Authors: Moisdon Jean-Claude
Published: April 2016

L'appel aux intervenants extérieurs, lorsqu'un problème se pose à l'entreprise, permet de mettre à jour l'interaction des logiques locales qui, en se superposant, rend difficile l'émergence des points névralgiques et la mise en œuvre de solutions adaptées. Jean-Claude Moisdon décrit ici la démarche ethnographique mise au point par les chercheurs du CGS et du CRG et qui intègre les diverses dimensions de l'entreprise. Cette approche se veut plus incitative que volontariste.
Voluntary Withdrawals, Forced Resignations, Collective Retirements or Just Bad Fortune? A Competing Risks Analysis of Ministerial Turnover in the German Länder (1990-2010)
Authors: Jäckle Sebastian
Published: April 2016

This paper explores the determinants of ministerial duration within the German
Länder between 1990 and 2010. In arguing that different terminal events ceasing
ministerial tenures should be analyzed separately, it distinguishes four exit
types: voluntary, forced, collective (ministers leaving office because their whole
party does so) and exits that are neither volitional acts of the minister nor politically
induced. Depending on the exit type, competing-risks Cox-models show
different effects for one and the same variable on the hazard for ministerial
turnover. Seniority in high-level politics for example helps not to be forced out
of office while it has no effect on voluntary or collective exits. Heading an
important ministry on the other hand increases the chances to rise to other positions
in high politics or private business, but does not impact the other two hazards.
The analysis furthermore shows that the principal-agent-logic known from
Westminster systems with the prime minister being largely sovereign in hiring
and firing cabinet members must be adapted to the German context of frequent
coalition governments. In coalition governments, only ministers from the same
party as the prime minister exhibit higher hazards for forced exits, while ministers
from other coalition partners are much safer in that regard.
Study on the System Design of a Solar Assisted Ground Heat Pump System Using Dynamic Simulation
Authors: Yu Min , Nam Yujin , Yu Youngdong , Seo Janghoo
Published: April 2016

Recently, the use of hybrid systems using multiple heat sources in buildings to ensure a stable energy supply and improve the system performance has gained attention. Among them, a heat pump system using both solar and ground heat was developed and various system configurations have been introduced. However, establishing a suitable design method for the solar-assisted ground heat pump (SAGHP) system including a thermal storage tank is complicated and there are few quantitative studies on the detailed system configurations. Therefore, this study developed three SAGHP system design methods considering the design factors focused on the thermal storage tank. Using dynamic energy simulation code (TRNSYS 17), individual performance analysis models were developed and long-term quantitative analysis was carried out to suggest optimum design and operation methods. As a result, it was found that SYSTEM 2 which is a hybrid system with heat storage tank for only a solar system showed the highest average heat source temperature of 14.81 °C, which is about 11 °C higher than minimum temperature in SYSTEM 3. Furthermore, the best coefficient of performance (COP) values of heat pump and system were 5.23 and 4.32 in SYSYEM 2, using high and stable solar heat from a thermal storage tank. Moreover, this paper considered five different geographical and climatic locations and the SAGHP system worked efficiently in having high solar radiation and cool climate zones and the system COP was 4.51 in the case of Winnipeg (Canada) where the highest heating demand is required.
Aerodynamic Analysis and Three-Dimensional Redesign of a Multi-Stage Axial Flow Compressor
Authors: Ning Tao , Gu Chun-Wei , Ni Wei-Dou , Li Xiao-Tang , Liu Tai-Qiu
Published: April 2016

This paper describes the introduction of three-dimension (3-D) blade designs into a 5-stage axial compressor with multi-stage computational fluid dynamic (CFD) methods. Prior to a redesign, a validation study is conducted for the overall performance and flow details based on full-scale test data, proving that the multi-stage CFD applied is a relatively reliable tool for the analysis of the follow-up redesign. Furthermore, at the near stall point, the aerodynamic analysis demonstrates that significant separation exists in the last stator, leading to the aerodynamic redesign, which is the focus of the last stator. Multi-stage CFD methods are applied throughout the three-dimensional redesign process for the last stator to explore their aerodynamic improvement potential. An unconventional asymmetric bow configuration incorporated with leading edge re-camber and re-solidity is employed to reduce the high loss region dominated by the mainstream. The final redesigned version produces a 13% increase in the stall margin while maintaining the efficiency at the design point.
Assessment of Compliance with PEFC Forest Certification Indicators with Remote Sensing
Authors: Lopatin Eugene , Trishkin Maxim , Gavrilova Olga
Published: April 2016

The majority of Finnish forests (95%) are certified by the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC). It is a worldwide leading forest certification scheme. The aim of this study is to analyze the Finnish National Standard of PEFC certification and identify the indicators that can be reliably estimated with remote sensing (RS) techniques. The retrieved data are further verified with a chosen geographical information system (GIS) application. The rapid increase in certified areas globally has created a certain level of mistrust that makes the evaluation by certification bodies (CB) questionable. Firstly, the area of the field audit is limited, and the verification results are based on sampling techniques. Secondly, the evaluation of the indicators of sustainable forest management (SFM) is based on auditor expertise and thus is prone to bias. Thirdly, the actual condition of large forest stands in Eastern and Northern Finland are not easy to determine and verify. Thus, PEFC certification in Finland, in particular, faces numerous challenges in regard to the quality of field assessment due to the intensive forest management model with a high number of annual felling sites. At the same time, small scale and scattered harvesting sites are difficult to assess. Our proposed approach combined with remote assessment reliably verified 18% of the standard and could substantially reduce the costs associated with field audits in Finland. The results from our verification analysis are spatially explicit and geographically referenced and can be published in open access portals for interested parties. Moreover, it provides improved transparency in field assessments for the PEFC certification. The novel approach proposed here requires further investigation at larger scales (e.g., national level).
Discovery Strategies of Bioactive Compounds Synthesized by Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetases and Type-I Polyketide Synthases Derived from Marine Microbiomes
Authors: Amoutzias Grigoris , Chaliotis Anargyros , Mossialos Dimitris
Published: April 2016

Considering that 70% of our planet’s surface is covered by oceans, it is likely that undiscovered biodiversity is still enormous. A large portion of marine biodiversity consists of microbiomes. They are very attractive targets of bioprospecting because they are able to produce a vast repertoire of secondary metabolites in order to adapt in diverse environments. In many cases secondary metabolites of pharmaceutical and biotechnological interest such as nonribosomal peptides (NRPs) and polyketides (PKs) are synthesized by multimodular enzymes named nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSes) and type-I polyketide synthases (PKSes-I), respectively. Novel findings regarding the mechanisms underlying NRPS and PKS evolution demonstrate how microorganisms could leverage their metabolic potential. Moreover, these findings could facilitate synthetic biology approaches leading to novel bioactive compounds. Ongoing advances in bioinformatics and next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies are driving the discovery of NRPs and PKs derived from marine microbiomes mainly through two strategies: genome-mining and metagenomics. Microbial genomes are now sequenced at an unprecedented rate and this vast quantity of biological information can be analyzed through genome mining in order to identify gene clusters encoding NRPSes and PKSes of interest. On the other hand, metagenomics is a fast-growing research field which directly studies microbial genomes and their products present in marine environments using culture-independent approaches. The aim of this review is to examine recent developments regarding discovery strategies of bioactive compounds synthesized by NRPS and type-I PKS derived from marine microbiomes and to highlight the vast diversity of NRPSes and PKSes present in marine environments by giving examples of recently discovered bioactive compounds.
Mechanically-Tunable Photonic Devices with On-Chip Integrated MEMS/NEMS Actuators
Authors: Du Han , Chau Fook , Zhou Guangya
Published: April 2016

This article reviews mechanically-tunable photonic devices with on-chip integrated MEMS/NEMS actuators. With related reports mostly published within the last decade, this review focuses on the tuning mechanisms of various passive silicon photonic devices, including tunable waveguides, couplers, ring/disk resonators, and photonic crystal cavities, and their results are selectively elaborated upon and compared. Applications of the mechanisms are also discussed. Future development of mechanically-tunable photonics is considered and one possible approach is based on plasmonics, which can confine light energy in the nano-scale space. Optomechanics is another innovation, derived from the strong coupling of optical and mechanical degrees of freedom. State-of-the-art studies of mechanically-tunable plasmonics and on-chip optomechanics are also selectively reviewed.
Microarray-Based Comparative Genomic and Transcriptome Analysis of Borrelia burgdorferi
Authors: Iyer Radha , Schwartz Ira
Published: April 2016

Borrelia burgdorferi, the spirochetal agent of Lyme disease, is maintained in nature in a cycle involving a tick vector and a mammalian host. Adaptation to the diverse conditions of temperature, pH, oxygen tension and nutrient availability in these two environments requires the precise orchestration of gene expression. Over 25 microarray analyses relating to B. burgdorferi genomics and transcriptomics have been published. The majority of these studies has explored the global transcriptome under a variety of conditions and has contributed substantially to the current understanding of B. burgdorferi transcriptional regulation. In this review, we present a summary of these studies with particular focus on those that helped define the roles of transcriptional regulators in modulating gene expression in the tick and mammalian milieus. By performing comparative analysis of results derived from the published microarray expression profiling studies, we identified composite gene lists comprising differentially expressed genes in these two environments. Further, we explored the overlap between the regulatory circuits that function during the tick and mammalian phases of the enzootic cycle. Taken together, the data indicate that there is interplay among the distinct signaling pathways that function in feeding ticks and during adaptation to growth in the mammal.
No Effect of Exercise Intensity on Appetite in Highly-Trained Endurance Women
Authors: Howe Stephanie , Hand Taryn , Larson-Meyer D. , Austin Kathleen , Alexander Brenda , Manore Melinda
Published: April 2016

In endurance-trained men, an acute bout of exercise is shown to suppress post-exercise appetite, yet limited research has examined this response in women. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of exercise intensity on appetite and gut hormone responses in endurance-trained women. Highly-trained women (n = 15, 18–40 years, 58.4 ± 6.4 kg, VO2MAX = 55.2 ± 4.3 mL/kg/min) completed isocaloric bouts (500 kcals or 2093 kJ) of moderate-intensity (MIE, 60% VO2MAX) and high-intensity (HIE, 85% VO2MAX) treadmill running at the same time of day, following a similar 48-h diet/exercise period, and at least 1-week apart. Blood was drawn pre-exercise (baseline), immediately post-exercise and every 20-min for the next 60-min. Plasma concentrations of acylated ghrelin, PYY3–36, GLP-1 and subjective appetite ratings via visual analog scale (VAS) were assessed at each time point. Acylated ghrelin decreased (p = 0.014) and PYY3–36 and GLP-1 increased (p = 0.036, p < 0.0001) immediately post-exercise, indicating appetite suppression. VAS ratings of hunger and desire to eat decreased immediately post-exercise (p = 0.0012, p = 0.0031, respectively), also indicating appetite suppression. There were no differences between exercise intensities for appetite hormones or VAS. Similar to males, post-exercise appetite regulatory hormones were altered toward suppression in highly-trained women and independent of energy cost of exercise. Results are important for female athletes striving to optimize nutrition for endurance performance.
La Convention sur la protection de l'environnement par le droit pénal
Authors: Szönyi Dandachi Amira
Published: April 2016

Dans certaines situations, l'intervention du droit pénal s'avère être le seul moyen pour éviter ou réprimer des atteintes graves à l'environnement. La protection pénale d'un bien commun à l'humanité ne saurait cependant être efficace qu'à condition de bénéficier d'une application coordonnée et uniforme. La Convention de 1998 sur la protection de l'environnement par le droit pénal, élaborée au sein du Conseil de l'Europe, propose un modèle d'harmonisation et de coopération. Elle prévoit notamment une liste de comportements constitutifs d'infraction, ainsi que des règles communes concernant la responsabilité et la procédure pénale. Même si la Convention n'est pas encore en vigueur à ce jour, elle constitue déjà une base solide pour les autres initiatives similaires.
Le bureau d'audiences publiques sur l'environnement (BAPE) : participation publique et évaluation environnementale au Québec
Authors: Halley Paule , Forte Mélissade
Published: April 2016

La procédure d'étude d'impact environnemental et d'examen public préalables à l'autorisation des activités majeures représente le premier régime caractéristique du droit de l'environnement. L'étude d'impact a fait son apparition, en 1969, dans la National Environmental PolicyAct américaine. Par la suite, ce régime fut introduit dans de nombreux pays et des institutions furent créées pour assurer l'examen public des impacts des projets.

En 1978, le Québec fut la première province canadienne à se doter d'une procédure d'étude impact sur l'environnement et d'une institution indépendante, le Bureau d'audiences publiques sur l'environnement (BAPE), chargée de la procédure d'information et de participation du public. Depuis, le BAPE a développé une procédure d'information et de consultation publiques qui s'est avérée efficace et crédible. Avec le temps, le régime d'étude d'impact québécois a révélé qu'il n'était pas sans faille et sans défis à relever.
La zone de protection écologique en méditerranée, un outil efficace de lutte contre la pollution par les navires ? Commentaire de la loi n° 2003-346 du 15 avril 2003 relative à la création d'une zone de protection écologique au large des côtes du territoire de la République (1re partie)
Authors: Deffigier Clothilde
Published: April 2016

La loi du 15 avril 2003 a institué une zone de protection écologique au large de la façade méditerranéenne, afin d'y faciliter la répression des actes illégaux de pollution, causés notamment par les hydrocarbures des navires. Cette zone sous juridiction est conçue comme une déclinaison de la zone économique, conforme au droit international, où l'Etat côtier détient des compétences finalisées en matière écologique et scientifique. Elle pose les questions de l'étendue des droits conférés, de la délimitation de la zone et de sa conciliation avec la liberté de navigation. Son effectivité est garantie par un système répressif spécifique dont les tribunaux du littoral maritime spécialisés sont un élément clef. Elle doit également être assurée par une adaptation des moyens matériels de lutte contre la pollution, mais aussi par une relance de la coopération internationale et communautaire.
Des principes de précaution. Analyse de critères communs et interprétation différenciée
Authors: De Roany Cécile
Published: April 2016

Le principe de précaution est aujourd'hui invoqué par les médias comme remède miracle aux errements de la science. Son développement fulgurant l'a ainsi propulsé au rang de principe phare du droit de l'environnement. Depuis ses premières évocations dans le droit international, au cours des années quatre-vingt, jusqu'à aujourd'hui, de nombreuses conventions y ont recours, multipliant les énoncés sans qu'aucune définition internationalement acceptée n'ait encore vu le jour. Pour autant, il est possible d'extraire de cette multitude de définitions un certain nombre de critères communs, tenant aux conditions de mise en œuvre ou aux moyens de mise en œuvre du principe. Ainsi, toutes les définitions actuelles du principe de précaution reposent à la fois sur l'existence d'incertitudes scientifiques et de risques hypothétiques et un critère de mise en œuvre, qui est la décision politique. Ces critères communs recouvrent cependant des réalités bien diverses, qui permettent des interprétations bien dissemblables du principe de précaution.