bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tunisian Dealer Behaviour in FX Market
Authors: Kouki Imen , Haque Mahfuzul
Published: April 2010

This study attempts to model the pricing decision of a Tunisian FX dealer for the Dollar (USD/TND) and the Euro (EUR/TND) based on the daily exchange rates. Using GMM estimation, we find evidence to support for the information and inventory effects for the USD/TND, but not for the EUR/TND. For different types of order, the dealer’s domestic order, interbank order is informative for the USD/TND and also for the foreign interbank orders. Our results indicate that with the inclusion of Central Bank of Tunisia (TCB), intervention seems to be significant only on the dealer’s pricing decision for USD/TND.
An Operationalisation of Managerial Risk-Taking and its Performance Implications in the Tunisian Context
Authors: Belanes Amel , Hachana Rym
Published: April 2010

This article assesses managerial risk-taking and their performance in the Tunisian context. Drawing on a Tunisian sample of 46 listed companies during 1997–2006, our modelling offers a factor score of managerial risk-taking which takes into account both financial and strategic dimensions. We find that the Tunisian firms tend to be more conservative and risk-averse, which might lead to performance decline. Our analysis also highlights a non-linear relationship between managerial risk-taking and performance.
Assessment of ADHD Documentation From Candidates Requesting Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) Accommodations for the National Board of Osteopathic Medical Examiners COMLEX Exam
Authors: Joy Javed A. , Julius Rose J. , Akter Rashida , Baron David A.
Published: April 2010

Purpose: Every year increasing numbers of candidates request special accommodations for high-stakes medical licensing examinations, due to ADHD, on the basis of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). This poses significant challenges for both the applicant and the medical boards and has significant financial, legal, and ethical implications. The purpose of this survey is to review all applications requesting ADA accommodations, on the basis of ADHD, submitted to the National Board of Osteopathic Medical Examiners (NBOME) COMLEX exam. Method: The authors review all 50 requests for special accommodations, on the basis of ADHD, submitted to the NBOME between 2005 and 2007. All requests are reviewed by the investigators independently and then cross-checked to determine interrater reliability. Results: Of all applicants, only 14% (7/50) provide sufficient documentation to support a diagnosis of ADHD. Interrater reliability is high. Conclusions: The majority of applicants who request special testing accommodations on the basis of ADHD do not provide adequate documentation to the medical boards to support the diagnosis.
On Friendship, Boobs and the Logic of the Catalogue
Authors: Schwarz Ori
Published: April 2010

Mobile photography and the emergence of lay self-portraiture are often interpreted as emancipatory processes of increasing agency and self-revelation. This article challenges this view by examining photos published in online albums and social network sites (SNSs). Bourdieuvian field analysis is utilized to reveal the local forms of capital that characterize those sites as fields of cultural production. Special attention is given to the enabling function of photos in the exchange between cultural, corporeal and social capital. Unlike both ‘home mode’ photos aimed for family and friends and professional photos aimed for strangers, photos in SNSs are an instrument aimed at making strangers into friends through their incorporation in a consumerist visual representation of society as a catalogue. Rather than an expression of a reflexively chosen identity, the photos produced by different actors are explained by their corresponding position in the field and composition of capital, as well as by the photos’ functionality.
Understanding the emerging relationship between complementary medicine and mainstream health care: A review of the literature
Authors: Wiese Marlene , Oster Candice , Pincombe Jan
Published: April 2010

The history of the relationship between complementary medicine (CM) and mainstream health care has shifted from the early days of pluralism, through hostility and exclusion, to one of grudging acceptance. The current situation is one of a tacit acknowledgement and in some cases open endorsement by biomedicine for a number of forms of CM practice, largely driven by the popularity of CM to consumers in our increasingly market driven health care system. How this relationship is ultimately worked out will impact both on the practice of CM and biomedicine, and on the health care choices available to consumers. In this article we review the research and commentary literature on the current and emerging relationship between biomedicine and CM. In particular we explore the ways in which mainstream inclusion of CM is discussed in the literature, and the biomedical and CM perspectives of mainstream CM inclusion. Finally we discuss the implications of the emerging relationship for CM, and CM practitioners and consumers.
On justificatory liberalism
Authors: Wall Steven
Published: April 2010

In a number of publications, Gerald Gaus has presented an ambitious account of political morality that gives the ideal of public justification pride of place. This article critically discusses Gaus’s characterization and defense of the ideal of public justification in politics. It also presents an account and an argument in support of first-person political justification.
Teamwork for Innovation: A Content Analysis of the Highly Read and Highly Cited Literature on Innovation
Authors: Folkestad James , Gonzalez Rene
Published: April 2010

Globalization is an ongoing process that is bearing witness to unprecedented change. The industrial age rewarded organizations that cloistered scarce information, creating closed secretive organizations. Digitization of information is creating an entirely new era based on information abundance. This information abundance allows workers around the world to connect to digitized resources and compete globally for work. A premium is now being paid to organizations that create innovative solutions from within this information-abundant ecosystem. This study identifies highly read books and highly cited research articles on innovation and conducts a cross-case inductive analysis on the key terms related to teamwork.The dominant emergent theme that an innovative culture is essential provides important insight for human resource development professionals as they build teams in an effort to compete globally for innovative work.
Two Strategies for Leveraging Teams Toward Organizational Effectiveness: Scenario Planning and Organizational Ambidexterity
Authors: Chermack Thomas J. , Bodwell Wendy , Glick Maggie
Published: April 2010

The purpose of this article is to position two key tools (which may already be in use in organizations) as tools for leveraging teams toward organizational effectiveness. These tools are scenario planning, and organizational ambidexterity. Scenario planning has already been positioned as HRD’s strategic learning system, and organizational ambidexterity is an emerging framework. These two tools have team building components that could be featured to take advantage of this function. The task of this article is to reposition these strategic tools with an emphasis on how they leverage teams as their primary means for improving organizational effectiveness. The key components of each are described, focusing on how teams can be used as the primary mode for accomplishing the purposes of each tool.
Korean American Storeowners’ Perceived Barriers and Motivators for Implementing a Corner Store-Based Program
Authors: Song Hee-Jung , Gittelsohn Joel , Kim MiYong , Suratkar Sonali , Sharma Sangita , Anliker Jean
Published: April 2010

Based on substantial formative research, the authors developed and implemented a year-long corner store-based program in East Baltimore focusing on Korean American (KA) stores. To understand acceptability of the intervention by storeowners, the authors examined the motivating factors for program participation, barriers to program implementation, perceived effectiveness of intervention materials, and perceptions about the program. Data collection methods included in-depth interviews with seven corner store owners, field notes by interventionists, and a follow-up survey. Stores varied considerably in terms of owners’ perceptions about the program, supportive atmosphere, and acceptability of intervention strategies. The storeowners who showed strong or moderate support for the program were more likely to sustain the stocking of promoted foods such as cooking spray and baked or low-fat chips after the program was completed as compared to less supportive stores. The level of support and active participation of storeowners can greatly influence the success of corner store-based nutrition interventions.
A tutorial on principal stratification-based sensitivity analysis: application to smoking cessation studies
Authors: Egleston Brian L , Cropsey Karen L , Lazev Amy B , Heckman Carolyn J
Published: April 2010

Background One problem with assessing effects of smoking cessation interventions on withdrawal symptoms is that symptoms are affected by whether participants abstain from smoking during trials. Those who enter a randomized trial but do not change smoking behavior might not experience withdrawal-related symptoms.

Purpose We present a tutorial of how one can use a principal stratification sensitivity analysis to account for abstinence in the estimation of smoking cessation intervention effects. The article is intended to introduce researchers to principal stratification and describe how they might implement the methods.

Methods We provide a hypothetical example that demonstrates why estimating effects within observed abstention groups is problematic. We demonstrate how estimation of effects within groups defined by potential abstention that an individual would have in either arm of a study can provide meaningful inferences. We describe a sensitivity analysis method to estimate such effects, and use it to investigate effects of a combined behavioral and nicotine replacement therapy intervention on withdrawal symptoms in a female prisoner population.

Results Overall, the intervention was found to reduce withdrawal symptoms but the effect was not statistically significant in the group that was observed to abstain. More importantly, the intervention was found to be highly effective in the group that would abstain regardless of intervention assignment. The effectiveness of the intervention in other potential abstinence strata depends on the sensitivity analysis assumptions. Limitations We make assumptions to narrow the range of our sensitivity analysis estimates. While appropriate in this situation, such assumptions might not be plausible in all situations.

Conclusions A principal stratification sensitivity analysis provides a meaningful method of accounting for abstinence effects in the evaluation of smoking cessation interventions on withdrawal symptoms. Smoking researchers have previously recommended analyses in subgroups defined by observed abstention status in the evaluation of smoking cessation interventions. We believe that principal stratification analyses should replace such analyses as the preferred means of accounting for post-randomization abstinence effects in the evaluation of smoking cessation programs. Clinical Trials 2010; 7: 286—298. http://ctj.sagepub.com
Identifying the Attributes of an Effective Restaurant Chain Endorser
Authors: Magnini Vincent P. , Garcia Cristel , Honeycutt Earl D.
Published: April 2010

Given the prevalence of using celebrity endorsers as part of restaurants’ merchandising promotions (and the potential complications), this study examined the following preferences of a consumer panel of 278 respondents: (1) their favorite chain restaurant, (2) a celebrity who would be an effective endorser for the chain, and (3) a primary reason for selecting this endorser. Based on their responses, the leading driver for an effective restaurant chain endorser was congruence between the image and values of the celebrity endorser and those of the restaurant brand— in other words, a good fit. Celebrity power was the second most important factor for selecting a celebrity endorser, followed by an individual’s perceived ability to relate to the endorser. Based on a novel demographic analysis, the study found that parents were significantly more likely to consider the match of an endorser’s image and values, women and younger persons relied more heavily on physical attractiveness, and older respondents and less frequent diners focused more on trustworthiness.
The RNA interference pathway affects midgut infection- and escape barriers for Sindbis virus in Aedes aegypti
Authors: Khoo Cynthia CH , Piper Joseph , Sanchez-Vargas Irma , Olson Ken E , Franz Alexander WE
Published: April 2010

Background

The RNA interference (RNAi) pathway acts as an innate antiviral immune response in Aedes aegypti, modulating arbovirus infection of mosquitoes. Sindbis virus (SINV; family: Togaviridae, genus: Alphavirus) is an arbovirus that infects Ae. aegypti in the laboratory. SINV strain TR339 encounters a midgut escape barrier (MEB) during infection of Ae. aegypti. The nature of this barrier is not well understood. To investigate the role of the midgut as the central organ determining vector competence for arboviruses, we generated transgenic mosquitoes in which the RNAi pathway was impaired in midgut tissue of bloodfed females. We used these mosquitoes to reveal effects of RNAi impairment in the midgut on SINV replication, midgut infection and dissemination efficiencies, and mosquito longevity.

Results

As a novel tool for studying arbovirus-mosquito interactions, we engineered a transgenic mosquito line with an impaired RNAi pathway in the midgut of bloodfed females by silencing expression of the Aa-dcr2 gene. In midgut tissue of the transgenic Carb/dcr16 line, Aa-dcr2 expression was reduced ~50% between 1-7 days post-bloodmeal (pbm) when compared to the recipient mosquito strain. After infection with SINV-TR339EGFP, Aa-dcr2 expression levels were enhanced in both mosquito strains. In the RNAi pathway impaired mosquito strain SINV titers and midgut infection rates were significantly higher at 7 days pbm. There was also a strong tendency for increased virus dissemination rates among the transgenic mosquitoes. Between 7-14 days pbm, SINV was diminished in midgut tissue of the transgenic mosquitoes. Transgenic impairment of the RNAi pathway and/or SINV infection did not affect longevity of the mosquitoes.

Conclusions

We showed that RNAi impaired transgenic mosquitoes are a useful tool for studying arbovirus-mosquito interactions at the molecular level. Following ingestion by Ae. aegypti, the recombinant SINV-TR339EGFP was confronted with both MEB and a midgut infection barrier (MIB). Impairment of the RNAi pathway in the midgut strongly reduced both midgut barriers for the virus. This confirms that the endogenous RNAi pathway of Ae. aegypti modulates vector competence for SINV in the midgut. The RNAi pathway acts as a gatekeeper to the incoming virus by affecting infection rate of the midgut, intensity of infection, and dissemination from the midgut to secondary tissues.
Identification and characterization of NAGNAG alternative splicing in the moss Physcomitrella patens
Authors: Sinha Rileen , Zimmer Andreas D , Bolte Kathrin , Lang Daniel , Reski Ralf , Platzer Matthias , Rensing Stefan A , Backofen Rolf
Published: April 2010

Background

Alternative splicing (AS) involving tandem acceptors that are separated by three nucleotides (NAGNAG) is an evolutionarily widespread class of AS, which is well studied in Homo sapiens (human) and Mus musculus (mouse). It has also been shown to be common in the model seed plants Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa (rice). In one of the first studies involving sequence-based prediction of AS in plants, we performed a genome-wide identification and characterization of NAGNAG AS in the model plant Physcomitrella patens, a moss.

Results

Using Sanger data, we found 295 alternatively used NAGNAG acceptors in P. patens. Using 31 features and training and test datasets of constitutive and alternative NAGNAGs, we trained a classifier to predict the splicing outcome at NAGNAG tandem splice sites (alternative splicing, constitutive at the first acceptor, or constitutive at the second acceptor). Our classifier achieved a balanced specificity and sensitivity of ≥ 89%. Subsequently, a classifier trained exclusively on data well supported by transcript evidence was used to make genome-wide predictions of NAGNAG splicing outcomes. By generation of more transcript evidence from a next-generation sequencing platform (Roche 454), we found additional evidence for NAGNAG AS, with altogether 664 alternative NAGNAGs being detected in P. patens using all currently available transcript evidence. The 454 data also enabled us to validate the predictions of the classifier, with 64% (80/125) of the well-supported cases of AS being predicted correctly.

Conclusion

NAGNAG AS is just as common in the moss P. patens as it is in the seed plants A. thaliana and O. sativa (but not conserved on the level of orthologous introns), and can be predicted with high accuracy. The most informative features are the nucleotides in the NAGNAG and in its immediate vicinity, along with the splice sites scores, as found earlier for NAGNAG AS in animals. Our results suggest that the mechanism behind NAGNAG AS in plants is similar to that in animals and is largely dependent on the splice site and its immediate neighborhood.
Physical activity in pregnancy: a qualitative study of the beliefs of overweight and obese pregnant women
Authors: Weir Zoe , Bush Judith , Robson Stephen C , McParlin Catherine , Rankin Judith , Bell Ruth
Published: April 2010

Background

Whilst there has been increasing research interest in interventions which promote physical activity during pregnancy few studies have yielded detailed insights into the views and experiences of overweight and obese pregnant women themselves. The qualitative study described in this paper aimed to: (i) explore the views and experiences of overweight and obese pregnant women; and (ii) inform interventions which could promote the adoption of physical activity during pregnancy.

Methods

The study was framed by a combined Subtle Realism and Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) approach. This enabled us to examine the hypothetical pathway between beliefs and physical activity intentions within the context of day to day life. The study sample for the qualitative study was chosen by stratified, purposive sampling from a previous study of physical activity measurements in pregnancy. Research participants for the current study were recruited on the basis of Body Mass Index (BMI) at booking and parity. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with 14 overweight and obese pregnant women. Data analysis was undertaken using a Framework Approach and was informed by TPB.

Results

Healthy eating was often viewed as being of greater importance for the health of mother and baby than participation in physical activity. A commonly cited motivator for maintaining physical activity during pregnancy is an aid to reducing pregnancy-related weight gain. However, participants often described how they would wait until the postnatal period to try and lose weight. A wide range of barriers to physical activity during pregnancy were highlighted including both internal (physical and psychological) and external (work, family, time and environmental). The study participants also lacked access to consistent information, advice and support on the benefits of physical activity during pregnancy.

Conclusions

Interventions to encourage recommended levels of physical activity in pregnancy should be accompanied by accessible and consistent information about the positive effects for mother and baby. More research is required to examine how to overcome barriers to physical activity and to understand which interventions could be most effective for overweight/obese pregnant women. Midwives should be encouraged to do more to promote activity in pregnancy.
Flexible Fishing
Authors: Gaynor Jennifer L.
Published: April 2010

This article looks at changes in the coastal environment and political economy of Eastern Indonesia and considers how these changes have created transformations in the lives of coastal people, primarily of the Sama. Scattered throughout island Southeast Asia, the Sama live and work at sea and along the rural littoral—the vast stretches of this archipelagic region's nonurban coastal zone. Historically Sama people have played a key role in the maritime produce trades of the region. Like artisanal fishers elsewhere, they have seen their resource base depleted and their labor marginalized by the expansion of commercial fishing. Drawing on a mix of archival research, oral history interviews, and long-term ethnographic fieldwork, the current essay describes and examines particular shapes of social transformation. Along with cultural analysis, geographical perspectives offer tools to help explain the spatial reorganization and decentralization of production that has affected women and men, older livelihood pursuits and newer ones.
Vicissitudes of Urban Nature
Authors: Gandy Matthew
Published: April 2010

Gary Braasch is a photographer who has been documenting the changing global environment since 1975. This issue's “Curated Spaces” section comprises a photo essay with photographs from his ten-year project, “World View of Global Warming,” and the resulting book, Earth under Fire: How Global Warming Is Changing the World (2007). In his corresponding essay, Matthew Gandy, the author of Concrete and Clay: Reworking Nature in New York City (2002), investigates the historical linkages between nature and cities in the southern and northern reaches of the world, reminding readers that environmental justice is not only rooted in the local but also blossoms transnationally.
Concentration of Normal Stresses in Flat Plates and round Bars with Periodic Notches
Authors: Dragoni E , Castagnetti D
Published: April 2010

The stress concentrations produced by tensile loading of elastic solids with periodic notches are addressed. The criterion suggested by Neuber, which likens the periodic notch to a single notch of similar shape but smaller depth, is evaluated. According to Neuber, the depth reduction factor only depends on the ratio between the depth and pitch of the periodic notch, regardless of its particular shape. This work benchmarks the criterion against many axially loaded flat plates and round bars with periodic V-notches, which are analysed by means of the boundary element method. The investigation highlights a strong disparity between Neuber's predictions and numerical findings. However, upon slight adjustment of the depth reduction factor with respect to Neuber's proposal, a satisfactory agreement is achieved. The good correlation holds true both for shallow notches (notched semi-infinite plate) and for deep notches (notched plates or bars of finite width), which were not covered in Neuber's work. Excellent correspondence is also found for the stress concentration around an infinite row of equispaced circular holes loaded longitudinally, a solution taken from the literature as a test case. These results lead to the conclusion that Neuber's criterion, supplemented with the newly disclosed depth reduction factor, can be applied to periodic notches of whatever geometry under normal stresses.
Twinning in structural material with a hexagonal close-packed crystal structure
Authors: Preuss M , da Fonseca J Quinta , Allen V , Prakash D G L , Daymond M R
Published: April 2010

The paper aims to provide a brief and comprehensible overview of the current understanding of twin nucleation and growth in structural metallic materials with a hexagonal close-packed crystal structure. It describes possible experimental methods to improve this understanding, which is required to implement twin nucleation and growth in crystal plasticity models using mechanistically meaningful criteria. These aspects are further discussed by presenting results from deformation experiments carried out on a zirconium alloy (ZIRLO™) and Ti–6 wt% Al–4 wt% V (Ti–6Al–4V). It is shown that very significant texture changes after even small levels of plastic deformation can be observed in both materials, strongly suggesting the presence of extensive
Droplets Atop a Wrinkled Substrate
Authors: Zhang Y , Fan H , Huang W , Chen Y
Published: April 2010

Liquid droplets atop both isotropically and anisotropically patterned substrate surfaces are investigated experimentally. The patterns are realized by means of elastic wrinkling/buckling of a thin layer of gold coated atop polystyrene shape memory polymer. Static contact angles are measured, and images showing the shapes of droplets are captured. The results obtained from isotropically patterned substrates suggest that surface roughness has no apparent effect on the static contact angles in this study. However, atop anisotropically patterned substrates, both the static contact angles and shapes of droplets vary with the direction of wrinkles and size of droplets.
Organic Transistors Based on Octamethylenetetrathiafulvalenes
Authors: Inoue Jun-ichi , Kanno Masato , Ashizawa Minoru , Seo Chayeon , Tanioka Akihiko , Mori Takehiko
Published: April 2010

Organic field-effect transistors (OFET) based on octamethylenetetrathiafulvalene (OMTTF) and the t-butyl derivative are investigated. The parent OMTTF shows poor transistor performance owing to the flat molecular arrangement, but the t-butyl substitution realizes standing molecular arrangement and high OFET performance. The tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) complex of OMTTF exhibits n-channel properties despite the strong donor ability of OMTTF.
Magnetorheology of Magnetic Poly(vinyl alcohol) Gels with High Mechanical Toughness
Authors: Negami Keisuke , Mitsumata Tetsu
Published: April 2010

A magnetic-field-sensitive gel that demonstrates both drastic changes in dynamic modulus and high mechanical toughness was obtained. The magnetic gel consists of cross-linked poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), iron oxide particles, and water. The storage and loss shear moduli of the magnetic gel remarkably increased by applying a magnetic field, similarly to magnetic carrageenan gels. Compression revealed high mechanical toughness of the magnetic PVA gel and the maximum strain of 0.64 was achieved without inducing permanent strain.
Osage Mission: The Story of Catholic Missionary Work in Southeast Kansas
Authors: Mack John
Published: April 2010

In 1820, Osage chiefs traveled from southeast Kansas to St. Louis to ask Bishop Louis DuBourg to visit their villages, promising that “he could pour waters on many heads.” Through their experience with French traders, the Osage had come to trust Catholic priests; thus, as Protestant clergy began to petition the government for the right to establish missions on Osage lands, the chiefs turned to the “Chief of the Black Robes.” By negotiating a relationship with the Roman Catholic Church, the Osage hoped to preserve their identity as “Children of the Middle Waters.” The author examines the ensuing relationship between the Osage and the Jesuit priests.
The Anger of the Abbots in the Thirteenth Century
Authors: Jordan William Chester
Published: April 2010

The thirteenth century was witness to a variety of assaults on monastic privileges. Lay rulers attempted to restrict further accumulation of property by abbeys and to coerce the religious into deflecting their charity into paths that directly served the material interests of the Crown. Bishops relentlessly attacked the exemption of many individual monasteries and of whole orders from episcopal supervision and jurisdiction. The abbots fought back furiously and with modest success in the thirteenth century, but developments in the later Middle Ages and the early-modern period rendered even this partial success ephemeral.
The Science of Salvation: French Diocesan Catechisms and Catholic Reform (1650–1800)
Authors: Carter Karen E.
Published: April 2010

In seventeenth- and eighteenth-century France, catechism played a vital role in the Catholic Reformation. During this period bishops issued new catechisms for their dioceses to ensure that the truths of the Catholic religion would be taught with exactness. This essay examines these catechisms and analyzes the bishops’ measures to establish the catechism as a set of step-by-step instructions designed to teach children correct Catholic behavior and basic Catholic principles. Bishops believed the material in their catechisms, which they termed the “science of salvation,” would ensure orthodoxy and orthopraxy in each new generation of Catholic believers.
The Recent Boom in Shanghai Studies
Authors: Fogel Joshua A.
Published: April 2010

Since the mid-1980s there has been a great deal of scholarly interest focused on the history of modern Shanghai. In association with the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, both the University of California at Berkeley and Cornell University were recipients of Luce Foundation grants that brought Shanghai scholars to North America, resulting in an outpouring of books and articles. In addition, there has been a simultaneous surge of interest among Japanese scholars and, on a smaller scale, French and German scholars. A significant slice of this new research focuses on cultural and intellectual history. This essay examines much of that new material and suggests reasons for why such a development has taken place.
Innocence of Experience: Rousseau on Puberty in the State of Civilization
Authors: McAlpin Mary K.
Published: April 2010

This article contributes to current discussions of the origins of modern sexuality by exploring an episode from Book II of Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Confessions (1782), in the context of eighteenth-century childhood hygiene theory. In this episode, the sixteen-year-old Rousseau is the object of an aggressive sexual advance on the part of another young man, and witnesses this young man’s orgasm. By stressing his unusual immunity to understanding the sexual nature of this encounter, Rousseau places himself outside the cultural argument that moral degradation was bringing on premature puberty (ejaculation, in males) and thus degradation of the human species in eighteenth-century Europe.
A Scottish Jacobin: John Oswald on Commerce and Citizenship
Authors: Plassart Anna
Published: April 2010

John Oswald was a Scottish journalist and pamphleteer who gained fame in the 1790s for his scandalous lifestyle and democratic political views. He was considered by his British contemporaries as the incarnation of the crimes of Jacobinism. This article seeks to reassess Oswald’s place in the history of political thought by placing him within the context of his own Scottish background. Oswald’s radical views were neither directly inspired by his French revolutionary friends, nor typical of the English and Scottish radical scenes. Rather, Oswald is better understood as a paradoxical heir to a mixed Scottish tradition of civic virtue and historical analysis of commercial society.
Baroque Optics and the Disappearance of the Observer: From Kepler’s Optics to Descartes’ Doubt
Authors: Gal Ofer , Chen-Morris Raz
Published: April 2010

Seventeenth-century optics naturalizes the eye while estranging the mind from objects. A mere screen, on which rests a blurry array of light stains, the eye no longer furnishes the observer with genuine re-presentations of visible objects. The intellect is thus compelled to decipher flat images of no inherent epistemic value, accidental effects of a purely causal process, as vague, reversed reflections of wholly independent objects. Reflecting on and trespassing the boundaries between natural and artificial, orderly and disorderly, this optical paradox is a Baroque phenomenon; and it is the origin of Descartes’ celebrated doubt---whether we know anything at all.
Musical References in Brucioli’s Dialogi and Their Classical and Medieval Antecedents
Authors: Cummings Anthony M.
Published: April 2010

Among the distinguished intellectuals of sixteenth-century Italy was Antonio Brucioli, renowned for participating in the gatherings in the garden of the Rucellai in Florence during the second decade of the sixteenth century. Since Delio Cantimori’s fundamental article and Giorgio Spini’s fundamental monograph, Brucioli’s Dialogi have been valued for the insight they afford into the discussions of the Rucellai group. Twice in the Dialogi Brucioli offers a revealing discussion of music. The references reflect intellectual traditions of great significance and longevity and afford valuable insight into the late-Renaissance reception of such venerable doctrines.
One Concept of Liberty: Towards Writing the History of a Political Concept
Authors: Podoksik Efraim
Published: April 2010

It is often assumed that European thought contained several conceptually distinct and equally influential notions of liberty. The article challenges this perception, arguing that European history was dominated by one concept of liberty. It attempts to show that the tendency to dismiss the idea of one concept of liberty is premature. Such an attitude is caused either by misplaced interpretations of ancient texts, by exaggerated historicism, or by an anachronistic reading of early modern political thought. The article suggests that the paradigm change is in order, and that the time is ripe for composing a history of one concept of liberty.
Theorist at Work: Talcott Parsons and the Carnegie Project on Theory, 1949–1951
Authors: Isaac Joel
Published: April 2010

In this article, I pursue two related goals. First, I aim to put theory back into our picture of the development of the American human sciences during the Cold War. While historians have rightly highlighted the empiricist methodologies employed by postwar human scientists, I show how an influential group of social scientists, led by the sociologist Talcott Parsons, attempted to establish theorizing as the primary means of interdisciplinary inquiry. My second goal is to show that the “abstract” theory envisioned by Parsons and his followers can and should be studied as a material practice.
Hearing Joyce Speak: The Phonograph Recordings of “Aeolus” and “Anna Livia Plurabelle” as Audiotexts
Authors: Curtin Adrian
Published: April 2010

Joyce’s phonograph recordings, made in 1924 and 1929 of excerpts from “Aeolus” and “Anna Livia Plurabelle,” have not received detailed critical attention. Literary scholars have noted the circumstances of the recordings but have not analyzed them as recordings. In this essay, I propose that Joyce’s phonograph recordings have more than a novelty or historical value and are instead important audio documents that merit careful analysis and “close listening.” In considering Joyce’s recordings as audiotexts—a term borrowed from the analysis of recorded poetry—the linguistic profusion of Joyce’s writing meets the sonic profusion of oral delivery, and this intersection of the verbal and the vocable opens up new possibilities of critical interpretation, relating to Joyce’s performance of self, to his relationship to the Irish tradition of seanchas (lore), and to the voluptuous pleasure—what Roland Barthes calls signifiance —of reading, writing, and listening.
An Obsession with Plenitude: The Aesthetics of Hoarding in Finnegans Wake
Authors: Moran Patrick W.
Published: April 2010

Reading recent psychological discourse on compulsive hoarding in relation to Shem the Penman’s dangerously cluttered inkbottle house, this essay reopens critical questions about Joyce’s stylistic engagement with waste, excess, and obsessive cataloguing. Hoarders and readers of Finnegans Wake are alike prone to anxieties concerning the potential value of items. Whether encountering a piece of trash or a seemingly valueless portmanteau word, both the hoarder and the Joycean create cognitively rich associative networks for accumulated material or linguistic objects. The hermeneutics of such a practice calls for a reconsideration of Joyce’s later aesthetics and a productive critique of the literary genre of Wake criticism.
Waking the King: Faction and Fission in Finnegans Wake
Authors: Benjamin Roy
Published: April 2010

This essay argues that the Wake views the civil conflicts of 1922 as symptomatic of a much older malady rooted in the myth of the Irish High Kingship. The central parallel is the Wake ’s conflation of Roderick O’Connor, the last High King of Ireland, and Rory O’Connor, a key figure in the Irish Civil War. Such political disasters as Dermot MacMurrough’s alliance with Henry II and the betrayal of Charles Stewart Parnell are seen as part of a larger pattern of self-division and betrayal that grew out of the power struggle of kings. This malady was exacerbated by such things as a lack of clarity about laws of succession, the factional proliferation of royal centers, and the tendency to appeal to outside powers to settle internal disputes. Rather than being de-centered, the Wake is seen as multi-centered, fissured by opposing camps. The partisan idealization of these figures and Brian Boru by the O’Brien and Cormac MacArt by the O’Neill in order to legitimate political ambitions also served to disturb the harmony of Irish society and make it vulnerable to colonial incursions. Finally, the “rain of Tarar” unleashed by the Irish Civil War is seen as an extension of “the reign of Tara” in which an arbitrary power posed as a harmonizing royal center. This seemingly interminable battle of the brothers is also mediated by a, perhaps utopian, vision of reconciliation and truce.
“Our Day at Triv and Quad”: John Ruskin and the Liberal Arts in Finnegans Wake II.2
Authors: Eagle Christopher
Published: April 2010

This article offers a detailed reading of chapter II.2 of Finnegans Wake , the “Night Lessons” section in which three children (Shem, Shaun, and Isabel) practice their grammar and arithmetic. It begins by tracing the history of the medieval Trivium/Quadrivium system on which Joyce models the children’s lessons. Joyce was first made aware of the pedagogical and iconographic history of the “triv and quad” in 1898, through his reading of John Ruskin’s Mornings in Florence . As is demonstrated, Ruskin’s influence on Joyce persisted from Joyce’s early college essay “The Study of Languages” to FW II.2 written forty years later. Joyce’s longstanding interest in “triv and quad” reflects his sense of a profound union between grammar and arithmetic. In Finnegans Wake , this results in a primitive language based on the archaic sense of “de-nomination” in which numbering and naming are still thought of as a single practice. Ultimately, Joyce’s re-coupling of grammar and arithmetic helps us better to comprehend his own sense of the new language of “wakese” as both verbally suggestive (or polysemous) and arithmetically precise.
Britain’s Wild West: Joyce’s Encounter with the “Apache Chief”
Authors: Winston Greg
Published: April 2010

This essay reconsiders “An Encounter” in light of a newly discovered source text for “The Apache Chief,” the only issue of the popular, contemporary juvenile papers named in Joyce’s story. It argues that “An Encounter” can be read as a subversive parody of the same so-called penny-dreadful publication it references, establishing an ironic distance between the young narrator’s misadventure in the Dublin streets and the idealized heroism of Joe Dillon’s library of Wild-West tales. With “The Apache Chief” as meaningful pre-text, “An Encounter” functions as Joyce’s critique of the discourse of race, gender, and nation in the boys’ magazines of Dublin-born media magnate Alfred Harmsworth, Lord Northcliffe. Paralleling the subject positions of native Irish and Native-American, the story reveals and responds to the ways in which The Halfpenny Marvel and other periodicals intended for a younger readership exported imperialist ideologies from center to periphery and narrates an attempt to resist this colonizing influence.
“Cochise the Apache Chief,” by Paul Herring
Authors: Winston Greg
Published: April 2010

This reproduction is a complete facsimile of the Wild-West tale referred to as “The Apache Chief” in the Dubliners story “An Encounter.” On 25 June 1895, it appeared in the story-paper The Halfpenny Marvel , Volume 4, Number 86, pp. 1–14. Published in London, the magazine targeted a young male audience throughout Britain and Ireland. This facsimile was produced from a copy located in the British Library with the kind assistance of Maria Lampert. It appears to be the only extant copy of the story and is reprinted here by permission of the British Library.
How Joyce Acquired the “Stale Smut of Clubmen”: Photo Bits in the Early Twentieth Century
Authors: Levin Jennifer Burns
Published: April 2010

This article contends that Joyce endowed middlebrow hero Leopold Bloom with avant-garde tastes in his pornographic reading and that this portrayal offers an unusual glimpse of the earliest British mass-market fetish publications and their middle-class audience. It argues that Joyce relied on anachronistic, explicit versions of Photo Bits , a comic newspaper considered to be the first pin-up magazine, to contextualize Bloom’s sexual interests. The article compares Photo Bits in 1904 and 1909 and provides correspondences in Ulysses for details in the advertisements and language in 1909, conjecturing that Joyce may have seen the magazine during his trip to Dublin that year. It also offers a potential source for a still-undiscovered novel, Sweets of Sin , that plays a recurring role in Ulysses .
The Fortification of Gaul and the Economy of the Third and Fourth Centuries
Authors: Bachrach Bernard S.
Published: April 2010

An effort is made here to cast light on three areas related to converting the open urbs of Bordeaux into a fortress city during the later third and early fourth centuries. First, some tentative estimates are offered regarding various aspects of the expenditure of human, animal, and material resources that were involved in this project. Secondly, using Bordeaux as a guide, some even more tentative suggestions are made regarding the overall costs of the strategic initiatives that resulted in the fortification of some one hundred cites. Finally, some suggestions are made regarding whether this type of exercise can be of some value, if perhaps only heuristically, in helping us to understand the economic and demographic nature of the "Crisis of the Third Century" in light of its aftermath.
The Technique of Barbarian Settlement in the Fifth Century: A Personal, Streamlined Account with Ten Additional Comments
Authors: Goffart Walter
Published: April 2010

In 1844, E.-T. Gaupp set in motion sophisticated interpretations of the small body of evidence left by the barbarian settlements in the western Roman empire. A critique of Gaupp with an alternative, tax-based theory was published in 1980 and, although widely heeded, has been very controversial. In 2007, Guy Halsall drew a baseline for the subject, concluding that Gaupp was outdated and that either the alternative of 1980 or another comprehensive explanation was now needed. The present article conveys the 1980 revision in a reconsidered and streamlined form. It then adds discussions of ten associated points, highlighted by a new description of Vandal conditions in Africa and by an appraisal of Halsall's multi-sided interpretation of the settlements.
The Technique of Barbarian Settlement in the Fifth Century: A Reply to Walter Goffart
Authors: Halsall Guy
Published: April 2010

Walter Goffart's article prompts me to reply on several general points. First, I gladly concede the importance of his recent works on the meaning of "land," which further nuances his 1980 thesis and accept that my own 2007 discussion suffered from a failure to think in these terms. That said, his article completely misrepresents my own discussion of the subject of hospitalitas. Attention is drawn to these distortions and to inconsistencies in Goffart's own reasoning, both at a general level and in the discussion of the meanings of land. Overall, it is argued that the preferable way of thinking about the fifth-century settlement of "barbarians" is to maintain flexible interpretations, attentive to context and receptive to the multiple meanings that the documents will sustain, rather than trying to force the evidence into single, one-size-fits-all explanations and claiming the latter to be the only interpretation possible.
Two Hundred and Seventy-Four Addenda and Corrigenda to the Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire from the Latin-Speaking Balkans
Authors: Handley Mark A.
Published: April 2010

This study doubles the available evidence for office holders and senators from the late antique Balkans by publishing a large number of addenda and corrigenda to PLRE. The people collected are recorded on inscriptions from Latin-speaking provinces ranging from Raetia in the west to Scythia Minor in the east. Current scholarship on these provinces has neglected this evidence, preferring to characterize the late antique Balkans as a region almost wholly lacking in civilian society. The new evidence from Dalmatia further allows a reassessment of the position of Salona in the fifth century, and the careers of the emperors who retired there.
Philoponus and the Coptic Eucharist
Authors: MacCoull L.S.B.
Published: April 2010

In centenary commemoration of what happened on 21 February 1910 This study proposes to show that John Philoponus' sixth-century philosophical commentary and biblical exegesis, especially his hexaemeral work De opificio mundi, was deeply connected with and reflective of the eucharist as it was thought about and enacted in the Egypt of his era, the time of the separation of the Miaphysite church. Creation, the De opificio 's subject, always is described in the eucharistic liturgies Philoponus and his Christian students would have experienced, and the heavenly powers he enumerates also appear similarly in anaphoras. When he discusses the imperial image, it is in terms that echo the public prayers for emperors offered at eucharists; and he mentions a realistic detail of contemporary social life that also resonates with a well-known passage in an Egyptian eucharistic text. Analysis of this evidence leads to the conclusion that Philoponus in his teaching role thought profoundly about what the eucharist meant to fellow Miaphysite Christians in Justinian's Egypt.
Art, Ceremony, and City Walls: The Aesthetics of Imperial Resurgence in the Late Roman West
Authors: Dey Hendrik
Published: April 2010

This study focuses on an unusual and underappreciated group of city walls built in north-central Gaul beginning in or shortly after 275 CE, all of which featured elaborate polychrome patterning in their exterior facades. Without discounting the capacity of these walls to regulate access, it is suggested here that notions of defense are wholly inadequate to explain why there was such an effort to make these structures as elaborate and visually striking as possible. It will be argued that the polychrome Gallic walls are, in the first place, a response to the exigencies of a particular moment, when the "legitimate" emperors and their representatives sought to reassert the prerogatives, and exalt the profile, of the central government in the heartland of the erstwhile secessionist Imperium Galliarum. In a more general sense, these walls, like other aesthetically-embellished circuits elsewhere in the empire, also should be seen as powerful complements to, and backdrops for, the increasingly complex and hieratic battery of ritual and ceremony deployed from the late third century to proclaim the glory and unimpeachable stability of an imperial regime chronically weakened by civil wars and attempted coups d'etat.
Mémoire et autorité: Chateaubriand ironiste
Authors: Knee Philip
Published: April 2010

The article attempts to highlight Chateaubriand's ideological and æsthetic ambivalence as he responds to the transformation of religious and political authority with the advent of democracy. Five forms of irony are identified in his work, from the Essai sur les révolutions to the Mémoires d'outre-tombe and the Vie de Rancé . They express the varying representations he gives of what is both irreconcilable and inescapable in his historical experience.