bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ON THE CONVOLUTION INVERSE OF DISCRETE SEQUENCES
Authors: UGOWSKI Henryk , DYKA Andrzej
Published: February 2008

The aim of this paper is to prove the existence and unicity of the convolution inverse for a certain class of real functions of the discrete argument. The properties of these inverses, in particular the errors that arise from the truncation of the infinite sequences that represent them, are examined. In the second part of this paper subtitled “Application in solving convolution equations” the possibility of using convolution inverses for determining the solution to the Fredholm equations of the first kind is discussed.
USE OF MONTE CARLO METHOD FOR SINGULAR INTEGRAL EVALUATION IN BOUNDARY ELEMENTS
Authors: KAGAWA Yukio , MURAI Tadakuni
Published: February 2008

A numerical integration scheme using the Monte Carlo method is discussed to evaluate the singular integral in boundary elements. A numerical demonstration is given for some potential problems. Results evaluated by the Monte Carlo method are compared with the analytical ones for accuracy and computation time. Examination shows the validity and capability of the approach.
3D NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TRANSIENT PROCESSES IN SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
Authors: ADAMSONE A.I. , POLSKY B.S.
Published: February 2008

A half‐implicit absolutely stable method for 3D simulation of the transient processes in semiconductor devices is proposed. The calculations of transient processes in bipolar transistor were carried out and were compared with the results of 2D simulation.
TRANSIENT SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE SIMULATION INCLUDING ENERGY BALANCE EQUATION
Authors: LYUMKIS E.D. , POLSKY B.S. , SHUR A.I. , VISOCKY P.
Published: February 2008

An efficient numerical method for the solution of hot‐carrier transport equations describing transient processes in submicrometer semiconductor devices is proposed. The calculations of transient processes in submicrometer MOS transistor were carried out and compared with the results obtained by conventional drift‐diffusion model.
OVERVIEW OF TEAM WORKSHOP PROBLEM 8 RECENT RESULTS: A COIL OVER A CRACK
Authors: CHAUSSECOURTE P.
Published: February 2008

Problem 8 of the TEAM workshop comes from non‐destructive testing. A differential probe moves above a block with a crack. An overview of recent results is presented.
ON THE UNIQUENESS OF THE SOLUTION TO THE DRIFT—DIFFUSION MODEL IN SEMICONDUCTOR ANALYSIS
Authors: NACHAOUI Abdeljalil , NASSIF Nabil R.
Published: February 2008

This paper is concerned with the analysis of global uniqueness of the solution to the drift—diffusion models, for stationary flow of charges carriers in semiconductor devices. Two uniqueness cases are found. Firstly, small applied voltages with a proof introducing new ‘quasi‐monotony condition’ verified for solutions in W and not necessarily in H. Secondly, large applied voltage to the semiconductor with small 2D domain, and not large doping functions. These uniqueness cases allow the construction of algorithms that yield converging sequences of solutions.
INCLUSION OF ELECTRON‐PLASMON SCATTERING IN ENSEMBLE MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS
Authors: Mansour Nabil S. , Brennan Kevin F.
Published: February 2008

We compare two approaches of incorporating the long‐range Coulomb electron‐electron interaction into Monte Carlo simulations of bulk, degenerate GaAs, i.e., the semi‐classical approach of solving the Poisson equation self‐consistently, and the first order quantum mechanical treatment in which the electron‐plasmon interaction is included as an additional scattering mechanism. The critical issues involved in the semi‐classical, direct approach are the mesh size, charge assignment to the mesh nodes, and interpolation of the field at the particle location. All of these factors determine the stability of the system, the accuracy and computational time required in the calculation. The steady‐state electron drift velocity in bulk GaAs calculated using the direct, semi‐classical approach for the electron‐plasmon interaction is significantly less than the corresponding bulk drift velocity in the absence of the electron‐plasmon interaction. The alternative approach of treating the electron‐plasmon interaction as a scattering mechanism is attractive since it is computationally easier to include and is, at least to first order, quantum mechanically based. It is found that the calculated steady‐state electron drift velocity in bulk GaAs based on this model is affected in the opposite way, i.e., the velocity is greater than in the absence of the electron‐plasmon interaction. The cause of the discrepancy in the calculated results of the two approaches is not too surprising since they attack the problem from very different directions. Neither model can at present be considered complete. Further detailed investigations are required to achieve a better model for the electron‐plasmon interaction.
EFFECTS OF LATTICE TEMPERATURE IN MOSFET ANALYSIS UNDER NON‐ISOTHERMAL CONDITIONS
Authors: Hayashi Hirokazu , Dang Ryo
Published: February 2008

Effects of lattice temperature on MOSFET characteristics and a rough distribution of carrier temperature, are studied using a non‐isothermal device simulator which also includes the effect of temperature gradient on the current density. To clarify the mechanism of the increase in lattice temperature, the source of heat generation is investigated. We have confirmed that the increase in lattice temperature results mainly from the generation of Joule heat, representing the product of the electric field and the electron current density. We also found that, as the gate length becomes short, the lattice temperature rises exponentially. In addition, it is found that the lattice temperature shows a localized increase of 77 degrees under normal biasing conditions in the MOSFET with a gate length of 0.5[ μ m].
CHARACTERISTICS METHOD FOR SOLVING THE SPATIALLY INHOMOGENEOUS BOLTZMANN EQUATION
Authors: GEURTS B.J.
Published: February 2008

A new algorithm for the inhomogeneous Boltzmann equation in one spatial and velocity dimension, based on the method of characteristics, is presented. Using the analytic solution to the Boltzmann equation along its characteristics, the solution to the classical transport problem in semiconducting structures within the relaxation time approximation for the collision integral is obtained iteratively. An n+nn+‐diode is studied numerically and the effects of ballastic electrons on low‐order moments are investigated.
ENTROPY RELATIONSHIPS FOR DATA SEQUENCE HISTOGRAMS
Authors: ROMÁN‐ROLDÁN R.
Published: February 2008

A quantized probability distribution is defined for a sequence of digital data produced by a Bernoulli source. From it, both a grouped distribution and a histogram are obtained. Their entropies are considered, and relationships between them are derived. Some applications are described, and a commentary about microscopic uncertainty versus macroscopic information is presented, with a related entropic modulation factor.
INFINITE ELEMENTS FOR CYLINDRICAL GEOMETRIES
Authors: BADEA E.A. , PISSANETZKY S.
Published: February 2008

A simple infinite element for cylindrical problems is considered. The element matches with linear triangular ring elements and bilinear quadrilaterals. It is assumed that the magnetic vector potential decays with p−n towards infinity. For boundaries having a general shape, the element matrix is calculated numerically using m‐point Gaussian quadrature. Analytical expressions are given for elements with edges parallel to one of the coordinate axes.
TRANSITION MATRIX COMPUTATION FOR A PERIODICALLY TIME‐VARYING SYSTEM
Authors: SALEH A.O.M. , LAUGHTON M.A.
Published: February 2008

A quantitative method for the estimation of the discrete transition matrix is developed for the periodic time‐varying system of state differential equations governing electrical synchronous machine behaviour. The approach allows the eigensystem of this transition matrix to be calculated to an arbitrary accuracy without significant added computational burden by using modal structural properties of the state‐space equations.
GENERALIZED PROCEDURE FOR TRANSIENT SIMULATION OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND CIRCUITS
Authors: YU FAN , BAINES G.D. , CHALMERS B.J.
Published: February 2008

This paper describes a versatile electrical machine drive simulation procedure. Based on the trapezoidal rule, an arbitrarily configured power electronic circuit is discretized into an equivalent circuit of companion branches, and nodal equations are then set up automatically. The state equations of electrical machines are also solved using the trapezoidal rule. To simplify the procedure and save computing time, the circuit and motor equations are calculated separately and interfaced through Park's transformation. The generalized procedure described in this paper is illustrated by application to the transient performance of an inverter‐fed permanent‐magnet synchronous motor with high pulse‐width‐modulated chopping ratio and ramped reference signal frequency. Computed results are correlated with experimental measurements.
ADAPTIVE DIGITAL RELAYING USING LEAST MEAN SQUARES ALGORITHMS
Authors: HAWEEL T.I.
Published: February 2008

Simple algoritims are developed to track the harmonic structure of the voltages or currents in a power system. The algorithms are based on fitting the measured signal adaptively to an appropriate model in a least mean squares (LMS) sense. The update is accomplished employing the well known adaptive LMS and signed LMS algorithms. The input sequence at each iteration consists of samples of harmonic sinusoids with a fundamental equal to the power frequency. It is shown that such input satisfies the persistence of excitation condition. It is also shown that the algorithms are computationally simple, practically tractable, and exhibit guaranteed stability. The performance of the algorithms and their efficiency in digital relaying in power system protection problems are demonstrated.
SINGULAR AND NEAR‐SINGULAR INTEGRALS IN HIGH‐PRECISION DERIVATIVE COMPUTATION
Authors: OMERAGIĆ D. , SILVESTER P.P.
Published: February 2008

Accurate numerical differentiation of approximate data by methods based on Green's second identity often involves singular or nearly singular integrals over domains or their boundaries. This paper applies the finite part integration concept to evaluate such integrals and to generate suitable quadrature formulae. The weak singularity involved in first derivatives is removable; the strong singularities encountered in computing higher derivatives can be reduced. To find derivatives on or near the edge of the integration region, special treatment of boundary integrals is required. Values of normal derivative at points on the edge are obtainable by the method described. Example results are given for derivatives of analytically known functions, as well as results from finite element analysis.
SUMMARY OF RESULTS FOR TEAM WORKSHOP PROBLEM 13 (3‐D NONLINEAR MAGNETOSTATIC MODEL)
Authors: NAKATA T. , TAKAHASHI N. , FUJIWARA K.
Published: February 2008

Seven computer codes developed by five groups are applied to the benchmark problem 13 of the TEAM Workshop which consists of steel plates around a coil (a nonlinear magnetostatic problem). The solutions are compared with each other and with experimental results.
DIELECTRIC SCATTERING FROM A CYLINDER EMBEDDED IN A LAYERED MEDIUM
Authors: PAPAGIANNAKIS A.G. , TSIBOUKIS T.D. , KRIEZIS E.E.
Published: February 2008

The dyadic Green's function for a horizontally stratified dielectric medium is computed. The general electric field integral equation describing the scattering from an arbitrary dielectric scatterer embedded in one of the layers is formulated using the dyadic Green's function of the respective layer. For the numerical solution of the equation the method of moments is used. Numerical results are given for the case of a cylinder buried in the middle of a five‐layer space for various cases of plane wave excitation.
BOUNDARY LIMITED HIGH FIELD TRANSPORT IN ULTRA SMALL DEVICES
Authors: Al‐OMAR A. , KRUSIUS J.P.
Published: February 2008

Boundary limited transport in small compound semiconductor devices is studied within the self‐consistent Monte Carlo method. New stable microscopic models fully accounting for stochastic carrier exchange at boundaries have been developed for ohmic, tunneling, and Schottky barrier boundaries. These new models are demonstrated with applications to the one‐dimensional GaAs resistor, N+‐N‐N+ diode and the N+‐N Schottky diode.
ON THE CONDITIONING OF THE STEADY STATE SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE PROBLEM
Authors: ASCHER U. , MARKOWICH P.A. , SCHMEISER C. , STEINRÜCK H. , WEISS R.
Published: February 2008

In this paper we carry out a conditioning analysis for the steady state semiconductor device problem. We consider various quasilinearizations as well as Gummel‐type iterations and obtain stability bounds which may allow ill‐conditioning in general. These bounds are exponential in the potential variation, and are sharp e.g. for a thyristor. But for devices where each smooth subdomain has an Ohmic contact, e.g. a pn‐diode, moderate bounds guaranteeing well‐conditioning are obtained. Moreover, the analysis suggests how various row and column scalings should be applied in order for the measured condition numbers of the linearized discrete problem to correspond more realistically to the true loss of significant digits in the calculations.
CLOSED‐FORM METHOD FOR SOLVING THE STEADY‐STATE GENERALISED ENERGY‐MOMENTUM CONSERVATION EQUATIONS
Authors: AZOFF E.M.
Published: February 2008

The Boltzmann transport equation applied to electron transport in a heterostructure semiconductor is discussed. The closed‐form methods for solving the heterostructure energy‐momentum conservation equations are considered and the energy flux conservation equation is suggested as an additional equation to be solved in the hydrodynamic hot electron transport model. Suitable numeric stable discretisation schemes for the conservation equations are presented.
PHYSICS FOR MODELS OF GALLIUM ARSENIDE DEVICES
Authors: BENNETT Herbert S. , LOWNEY Jeremiah R.
Published: February 2008

Numerically simulating the behavior of GaAs devices requires a model for the distorted densities of states, band edge shifts, ΔΕc and ΔΕv, and effective intrinsic carrier concentrations, nie. The subscripts c and v denote the conduction and valence bands, respectively. Klauder's self‐energy methods (third‐level and fifth‐level) are applied to calculate the effects of carrier‐dopant ion interactions on the densities of states for GaAs. The effects of carrier‐carrier interactions have been calculated according to the theory of Abram et al. modified for 300 K. These calculations span most of the range of densities encountered in GaAs devices. This range is 5 × 1016 cm−3 to 1019 cm−3 for n‐type GaAs and from 1018 cm−3 to 1020 cm−3 for p‐type GaAs. We present in this paper theoretical data on how ΔΕc, ΔΕv, and nie vary with dopant densities. The variations with dopant and/or carrier densities of the distorted densities of states, Fermi energies screening radii, and first Born shifts will be given in a future publication.
A NOVEL METHOD FOR SOLVING THE CONTINUITY EQUATIONS
Authors: FITZSIMONS C.J.
Published: February 2008

This paper examines methods for the numerical solution of the continuity equations with the carrier concentrations as dependent variables. The emphasis is on the use of the preconditioned conjugate gradient method to solve the linear system arising from the discretisation of a continuity equation. This is achieved by a simple symmetrisation of the system matrix, which symmetrisation can be used for most discretisations arising from the Scharfetter‐Gummel method.
THE EXTRACTION OF TERMINAL CHARGES FROM TWO‐DIMENSIONAL DEVICE SIMULATIONS OF MOS TRANSISTORS
Authors: PRENDERGAST E.J. , LLOYD P. , DIRKS H.
Published: February 2008

Quasi‐static models of n‐terminal semiconductor devices usually express terminal currents as the sum of steady‐state and transient components. We consider here the formulation where these transient components are assumed to be time derivatives of charges associated with the terminals and these charges are completely specified by the terminal voltages applied to the device. This paper describes a method for extracting these terminal charges from two‐dimensional device simulations of MOS transistors. The technique was used to obtain terminal charges for an n‐channel MOS transistor and some results are presented. In addition, charge tables were generated and used in a table model for MOS transistors. The transient behavior of a circuit using this table model is compared with a physical time‐domain simulation.
A COMPARISON OF SOME METHODS FOR THE SOLUTION OF THE NONLINEAR POISSON EQUATION IN SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE MODELLING
Authors: FITZSIMONS CONOR J.
Published: February 2008

This paper examines several modifications to Newton's method for the numerical solution of the nonlinear Poisson equation which describes the electrostatic potential distribution in a semiconductor device. Two methods for a more efficient solution of the equation when the device is a Metal‐Oxide‐Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor are proposed. Their extension to the solution of the fully coupled system of equations is also discussed. The modifications to Newton's method are also compared numerically.
ONE‐DIMENSIONAL MODELLING OF DIFFUSION IN SEMICONDUCTORS DURING CRYSTAL GROWTH
Authors: HEARNE M.T. , ROGERS T.G. , TUCK B.
Published: February 2008

A simple approach is developed for modelling the distribution of dopant in crystals grown by the Czochralski technique. Allowance is made for the temperature dependence of the diffusivity and for the diffusion of dopant behind the moving boundary. It is found that the effect can make a significant difference to the final dopant distribution. The diffusion process is modelled using a discrete method, previously developed for situations in which the boundary is static.
A NONITERATIVE ALGORITHM FOR DECONVOLUTION‐INVERSE FILTERING USING THE CHEBYSHEV MINIMAX NORM FOR THE APPROXIMATION ERROR
Authors: DYKA Andrzej , UGOWSKI Henryk
Published: February 2008

A new computational noniterative algorithm which gives the solution to a linear deconvolution‐inverse filtering problem is proposed and its properties are studied. It is proved, in some specific cases of input signal, that the algorithm discussed gives the solution, which is equal to that with the Chebyshev minimax norm for the approximation error. In a general case of input signal the solution obtained provides a good prompt for determining an “appropriate subsystem” of n + 1 linear equations of n unknowns, which directly gives the Chebyshev minimax norm based solution.
ON THE COMBINED USE OF THE POLAR AND RECTANGULAR COORDINATES APPROACH FOR TRANSMISSION LINE OVERLOAD ALLEVIATION
Authors: EKWUE A.O.
Published: February 2008

An alternative formulation of a linear method for transmission line overload alleviation is described based on the relationship between the line currents and voltage parameters defined in rectangular coordinates; the fast‐decoupled loadflow method is used for base calculations. Tests are carried out on the Saskatchewan Power Corporation 6‐bus network and the IEEE 14‐bus system.
A COMPARISON OF VARIOUS DISCRETIZATION SCHEMES FOR THE STATIONARY SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE CONTINUITY EQUATION
Authors: SCHWARZENBACH H. , UNGRICHT H.
Published: February 2008

Using a simple test‐problem, we compare numerical results for the stationary semiconductor device continuity equation for electrons, obtained by the well known Box‐scheme, by Zlamal's Finite Element and by van Welij's Finite Element scheme as well as by two new discretization schemes. To interpret these results a classification of the considered schemes is proposed.
A SPLITTING SCHEME FOR A DRIFT‐DIFFUSION MODEL OF SEMICONDUCTORS
Authors: BEREZIN Yu.A. , DMITRIEVA O.E.
Published: February 2008

In this paper, the authors describe a more efficient and economical method for a splitting scheme for drift‐diffusion models for semiconductors. It enables one to calculate stationary and non‐stationary processes in semiconductor plasma.
SOME ASPECTS OF OPTIMUM DESIGN OF ELECTROMAGNETIC DEVICES
Authors: SIKORA J. , KWIATKOWSKI W. , KRAUS H.
Published: February 2008

A new method of designing electromagnetic devices especially high‐voltage ones, is presented. As a result of applying a sequential quadratic programing algorithm and a very effective algorithm for non‐linear minimax optimization, a flexible method for computer aided design of high‐voltage and semiconductor devices has been obtained. The minimax algorithm is based on a successive linear approximation of the functions defining the problem. In each iteration step these functions are computed with the aid of the finite element method. The resulting linear subproblems are solved in the minimax sense subject to the linear equality and inequality constraints. Applications of these two methods for the designing some parts of the high‐voltage devices are presented.
PROPERTY IN STORE
Authors: Langton Robert
Published: February 2008

The past decade has seen a tremendous change among retailers in their attitudes towards their property assets. Many changes had been mooted but it was only towards the end of the sixties that the full potential of retailers' property assets was realised.
Belgium:
Authors: De Bodt J.P.
Published: February 2008

There are not many shopping centres in Belgium but such as there are have an imaginative approach to the question of promotion. One of them puts on a major cultural exhibition regularly; another features youth orchestras. The Belgian dancer, Bejart, took a beginner's dancing class on a shopping centre mall. Perhaps more importantly, shopping centres in Belgium are moving ever closer towards ‘integral planning’ — integration with the community, a principle well established with shopping centres in Sweden. This article is taken from M. De Bodt's paper to the World Conference on Distribution.
The changing role of own labels
Authors: Livesey Frank
Published: February 2008

Own labels are now particularly strong in the grocery field and have become an accepted feature of the retail scene. Although own labels originally emphasised the economy aspect, this was followed by a greater emphasis on consistency of quality allied to economy. They have now taken their place as part of the overall strategy of the company.
Second Innings for Albert Gubay
Authors: Moir Christine
Published: February 2008

Headlines were made when Kwik Save's chief and founder Albert Gubay gave up control of his company early this year and abruptly left for New Zealand. One of the most successful of the discounters, Kwik Save built itself up mainly on food, but has recently extended into non‐food and particularly durable goods. The company began in North Wales and has spread throughout the north west of England, notably Lancashire and Cheshire. RDM staff writer Christine Moir has recently been in New Zealand; this article is based on an exclusive interview with Albert Gubay himself and discusses his plans for the future.
The catalogue showroom comes to town
Authors: Towsey Ralph
Published: February 2008

The phenomenal rise of mail order — armchair shopping — has been well documented. More recently, discount trading has made a marked impact on the retail scene in this country. Now we are seeing the emergence of a new form of retailing which is a combination of both — the catalogue showroom, which enables customers to make their initial selection in a catalogue, then visit the ‘showroom’ and buy the merchandise at a considerable discount. One of the few retail innovations to emerge from the United States in recent years, this new form of trading has undergone certain adaptations in its passage across the Atlantic. First we examine the principles of the system, and then take a look at Richard Tompkins' Argos showrooms, recently launched in a highly professional blaze of publicity.
Planning the move to the Continent
Authors: Jackson Graham I.
Published: February 2008

More than twenty British retailers are now proudly displaying their fascias on the other side of the Channel. Other companies certainly have the same idea in mind. What decisions have to be made before this adventurous step is taken? Which is the best country to break into, how should negotiations be conducted? Graham Jackson has undertaken some research and suggests certain guidelines for the European minded British retailer.
Training for Buying
Authors: Forrester R.A.
Published: February 2008

One image of a buyer is of the man who leans heavily on ‘flair’, wielding limitless power and doing scrappy calculations on the back of an old envelope. With the coming of EDP and sophisticated stock control systems, has this image now been superseded by the ‘desiccated calculating machine — or docs the answer lie somewhere between? Bob Forrester has been running a course for retail buyers and found that what they had in common, the novices and the veterans, was little or no training for the job. This has prompted him to put forward some ideas on the training requirements for buyers.
BOOKSHOPS: Is there a revival in trade?
Authors: Noble D.H.
Published: February 2008

As television has grown from the mild diversion it was in the early 1950s to the national obsession it has now become, so our cultural watchdogs have warned us that, amongst other things, it would be instrumental in killing the function of reading. Yet there is evidence that this is by no means true; the burgeoning years of paperbacks have coincided with the boom years of TV, and how much ‘serious’ reading has in fact been stimulated by TV's more cultural offerings? Whatever the truth of the matter, D.H. Noble argues that currently we are witnessing a resurgence in the bookshop business.
PLANNING THE IDEAL DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
Authors: Butcher Geoffrey
Published: February 2008

Which factors need to be examined in planning the most suitable, flexible and cheapest distribution network? Certain elements can be juggled with in working towards the solution: the type of transport, frequency of delivery, service levels — even the numbers and locations of supply points. In this article, Geoffrey Butcher emphasises the importance of the overall approach, whether for auditing a system here and now or planning for the 1990's. In future articles he will discuss transport and warehouse design.
The Art of Debt Collecting
Authors: Elliott Simon
Published: February 2008

Times have changed since the days when debtors languished in the Fleet prison, but how does the law affect undercharging on invoices for example? The customer may now have recourse to the small claims court but the retailer is protected by the Attachment of Earnings Act 1971. “Wise retailers”, writes our legal correspondent, “take the law on debt collecting carefully into account” — and that includes recent changes in the legislation.
PURL&PLAIN PROFITS
Authors: Ellsworth Theodore D.
Published: February 2008

With reports of commodity shortages and the US energy crisis never far from the headlines, it would seem that America is in for a do‐it‐yourself boom, dictated partly by increased leisure and partly by necessity. In this paper Professor Ellsworth predicts sharp rises in the sales of craft yarns as the American housewife picks up her needles; and he offers advice to the retailer on how to benefit.
STOCK CONTROL AT MAC FISHERIES
Authors: Lilley Pat
Published: February 2008

Much has been written about the use of electronic cash registers at the point of sale as part of a system for improving stock control. MacFisheries, with 72 supermarkets in the South and Midlands, approaches the problem from a different angle. They use an MSI portable recording system which is, in their view, appropriate to the systems they have adopted in the stores for stock control and for achieving the right target service level. Pat Lilley claims that the MSI system reduces inventory to two weeks sales; cuts down shrinkage; improves service levels and speeds up the process of replenishing.
SUPERMARKETS & SUPERSTORES
Authors: Cynog‐Jones T.W.
Published: February 2008

The Institute of Grocery Distribution published last month a report on “The Physical Characteristics of Supermarkets opened during 1973”. It is reviewed here by T.W. Cynog‐Jones, formerly Research Officer to the IGD.
THE FRONTIERS ARE DOWN
Authors: Bohrer Harry
Published: February 2008

Jennifer Tanburn of Lintas, well‐known for her frequent reports on shops and shopping, has chosen retail trends in the Common Market as the theme of her latest book. It is the result of an extensive tour of Europe (and a visit to the States) which she made last year, and it is reviewed here by Harry Bohrer.
HUMAN DIMENSIONS IN RETAILING
Authors: de Somogyi Jan
Published: February 2008

“Physical and Human Dimensions of Growth” was the title of the first part of this paper, published in our last issue. In the following pages the writer concerns himself with the responsibility of the retailer to society in a wide sense — in terms of store location, shop design, multi‐national retailing and in terms of its economic contribution. Throughout the paper Jan de Somogyi stresses identity of interest rather than friction and conflict in human relations. The paper is published by kind permission of the Manchester Statistical Society, from whom copies may be obtained.
TRANSPORT & THE MARKETING PHILOSOPHY
Authors: Beckham R
Published: February 2008

RHM is one of the principal groups in the food trade who run their distribution on an in‐house basis, and in the view of disinterested observers, it is not only an efficient operation but one which adheres to the “total concept” philosophy of PDM. Bob Beckham's view is that distribution is a customer‐satisfying process in response to a marketing initiative, or a consumer demand, and he warns that it is too easy for the distribution manager to become over preoccupied with the sectional interests of transport costs to the detriment of the overall purpose of the business. This is a summarised version of a paper paper delivered to a seminar organised jointly by the Institute of Marketing and the Centre for Physical Distribution Management.
THE CHOICE OF SERVICE LEVEL
Authors: Watson‐Gandy C.D.T. , Christofides N.
Published: February 2008

The problem of what level of service to provide to customers is frequently a source of argument between marketing and distribution personnel. This article examines the factors that can affect the range of choices and, with particular reference to a practical example, describes a method of determining the costs implied by changing the service level.
Planning depot siting and capacity
Authors: Mann Alan F
Published: February 2008

In the first part of this feature, published in our last issue, the writer outlined the systems approach to the planning of a distribution network. This second part takes the form of a case study, and examines a company in the food industry confronted with the problem of planning its depot siting and capacity. But in any such exercise it is important to make full use also of management experience and judgment.
THE UK AND THE EEC
Authors: Lowe James
Published: February 2008

The message from James Lowe's presentation at the FMF Conference came through loud and clear: the UK's performance in comparison with other EEC countries is grim. We are 7th in terms of comparative consumer spending; by 1976 our national income per head will be 7th (with only Italy and Ireland less than ours); and in the growth of private consumption per person, we are lowest. But in retail terms, we have a more advanced distribution industry than the other member countries, particularly in food. The efficiency of our large‐scale multiple organisations is unquestionable.
FOOD RETAILING: HOW TO KEEP COSTS DOWN?
Authors: MacLaurin Ian
Published: February 2008

“The large store is the future”, states Ian MacLaurin, in a positive affirmation of belief in the superstore. In the hypermarket lies the most practical answer to the problem of reduced costs and lower price. In distribution terms, the advantages of one massive delivery to a single hypermarket are obvious. Apart from the hypermarket, there are other target areas for cost reduction: transport and delivery, packaging, advertising, stock control — even items such as store lighting and administration. In an economic climate where margins are being government‐controlled it becomes not merely desirable but mandatory to examine these areas with the closest possible attention. This is a summary of Ian MacLaurin's paper to the Food Manufacturers' Federation conference at Bournemouth.
MAIL ORDER˜ The impact of the computer
Authors: Newman R.
Published: February 2008

Mail order, the success story of the 1960s, is still putting up an impressive performance: in 1974 it grew at an estimated 16% as compared with 12% for retail trade in general. Computing techniques have been applied in mail order to order processing, credit control, accounting, stock control, and merchandising. By the early 1970s most companies had established good systems which in general were able to cope with the substantial growth of the 1970s. Most effort in these areas is now directed to refining and reviewing established systems, but in addition the leading companies have moved into more sophisticated areas, such as developing systems for selective advertising and promotion, in‐depth sales and catalogue analysis.
TRAINING IN DISTRIBUTION: HOW MUCH IS BEING DONE?
Authors: Hutt Rosemary , Atkinson A.G.
Published: February 2008

In previous issues writers from the Institute of Manpower Studies have described the manpower survey which they undertook in 1972/73 for the DITB, and which provided much material for the DITB in planning its training policy. In this article they move on from the question of employment and manpower and look at the overall picture of training in distribution — what kinds of training are being provided? Which groups of people in which firms are being trained? What is the relationship between the use of different training methods and the size of the firms studied?
Foodstore advertising leaps ahead ˜ But companies' images are still blurred
Authors: Nielsen John
Published: February 2008

Up until 1973 advertising by grocery retailers was not spectacular, but in 1974 it leaped ahead, especially that put out by the big multiples and voluntary groups. Clearly, a realisation of what advertising can do for the retailer has penetrated, if somewhat belatedly. But too many retailers, in their anxiety to emphasise price, fail to put over a sufficiently distinctive image which will make an impact on the housewife.
How strategic advertising can speed up retail change
Authors: Nielsen John
Published: February 2008

In an ariticle last year, (RDM, May/June 1975, p.22, Foodstore Advertising), I deferred consideration of what was then a new advertising campaign—the now familiar “Wonder of Woolworth”. Time has given a new perspective to the task and enabled me to write about developments in retailing which I would scarcely have believed possible eleven months ago.
The case for contract warehousing
Authors: Hawkins Gerald
Published: February 2008

The ever spiralling cost of distribution operations has led to the idea of contract warehousing being reviewed in a new light. The present policy for retailers has been towards cutting down on money tied up in stock in order to leave finance available for other purposes but this usually results in an increased number of deliveries of small volume. The continuing increase in transport costs also creates a situation which calls for the reappraisal of most accepted distribution set ups. These factors are amongst many which illustrate the inflexibility of a company operated system. Some of them are discussed by Gerald Hawkins, of Butlers Warehousing & Distribution Ltd.
THE RETAILER AND HIS VITAL ROLE IN THE ECONOMY
Authors: Redmayne
Published: February 2008

In recent years there has been a significant change in the pattern of relationships within the economy: between the disposal of the output of British manufacturers abroad and in the home market, and the relationship of that with retail buying at home and abroad. This changing pattern requires a more lively acceptance of the place of retailing in the national economy. It is the retail trade's obligation to explain these facts to Press, Parliament and public. This was the main thesis propounded by Lord Redmayne, deputy chairman of the House of Fraser and until recently Chairman of the Retail Consortium, in a special address to the Industrial Society, which we summarise here.
Training in Distribution
Authors: JS Hart Stephen
Published: February 2008

The problem of how to assess the value of training in terms of its effects on turnover and profitability is not a new one for retail management. Certain specific consequences—declining staff turnover, absenteeism, and accident rates—are relatively easily quantifiable. Reduction in customer complaints can also be recorded. But training is sure to have results outside the scope of those identified by evaluation. The writer discusses a number of case studies in training and concludes with the plea that more research needs to be done.
Approaches to retail management:
Authors: Walters David
Published: February 2008

In this analysis of a progressive Co‐op society—Cambridge & District Co‐operative Society Ltd—one characteristic which clearly emerges is that of an integrated management system which uses modern management techniques to maximise its success. Contribution accounting has been found most successful; increasing sophistication in product management is helping the Society to become more competitive. Cambridge Co‐op is essentially a conglomerate operation. Its £31m turnover is generated from a massive edge‐of‐town discount store, seven department stores, 62 food stores, 5 pharmacies, dairy processing, fuel delivery and funeral services. Peter Paxton has been chief executive officer for some years. This is the first of a series of analytical articles by David Walters in which he will look at a number of companies in turn, with special attention to product range management, store location policy, manpower planning, and management control systems.
Current situation and prospects for the retailer
Authors: Hall Lady
Published: February 2008

A cyclical upturn in the economy began in the autumn of last year. Government policies preclude any significant rise in consumer spending this year, but there should be a modest recovery in the volume of retail sales in all sectors in 1977. This is the view of Lady Hall, of NEDO, who recently prepared the paper which follows for the EDC for the Distributive Trades. Lady Hall also notes that prices are likely to continue rising faster than earnings for some time to come. In the course of 1977, the rate of inflation may very possibly fall below its current level of 13%.
DELIVERED ON TIME: The case for ‘delivery assurance’
Authors: Kerner Hans
Published: February 2008

Quality assurance, pioneered by such firms as Marks and Spencer, has been with us for many years and is even specified by a British Standard. In this article Hans Kerner argues the case for a similar “delivery assurance” which could help reduce stock levels, save some manufacturers from bankruptcy and improve Britsih industry's tarnished image in the export market.
Control over large units in France
Authors: Dawson J.A.
Published: February 2008

In 1973 the Loi Royer was passed in France with the object of curbing large‐scale hypermarkets and shopping centres. But although in 1974 and 1975 the rate of large shop openings decreased dramatically this may have been due more to the recession in the French economy than to the effects of the legislation. In this article John Dawson examines in detail the applications for different types of development.
Trade Unions and the Employment Protection Act in Distribution
Authors: Bourn BSc C.J.
Published: February 2008

The recent Employment Protection Act gives new rights both to trade unions and to individual employees. Because union membership in distribution is not high, unions will be looking closely at distribution in the light of the Act, which contains procedures for compulsory recognition of trade unions.
Pallet pools / The European marketplace
Authors: Richter Oliver
Published: February 2008

The Fourth International Biennial Conference on Warehousing and Centralised Distribution, organised by the International Association of Chain Stores (CIES), presented delegates with three days of intensive instruction on everything from increasing productivity to the role of the security officer. Held in Zurich towards the end of last year the conference attracted speakers from France, Italy, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland, North America and Britain—Oliver Richter of GKN. His paper on the development of a national pallet pool is published below. It is followed by the paper given by W.H. Jonkers of van der Berghs who urges less emphasis on low prices and a move to greater efficiency fostered by close links between manufacturers and retailers.
Prospects for survival
Authors: MacLaurin Ian C
Published: February 2008

As we wallow in the self‐pitying gloom of a British winter bandying words like depression, recession, unions and greed, we short‐sightedly forget what the Club of Rome or “Blueprint for Survival” preached a few years back; what Edward Heath reminded his audience of a few weeks ago—that Britain imports 50% of her food and that the world's population will double by the turn of the century. Supplies—and time—are running out. At a recent Kemp‐Gee conference held in London, Ian MacLaurin examined “reality” for today's food retailer and predicted that by the '80s there will be only five major food multiples left in business—and to a large extent myopic management will be to blame. The time has come to stop fooling ourselves, he urged, and face the moment of truth before it is too late.
PILE 'EM HIGH
Authors: Chamberlayne Richard
Published: February 2008

One does not have to look very far to find the reason for development of the high stacking warehouse. The cost/unit volume of building envelope reduces significantly with height and any reduction in plan area is a further cost benefit. There are many factors to consider in a simple pallet storage operation and many pitfalls for the unwary. Such physical aspects as pallet condition and type, load instability, variation in size and load overhang, stock levels, order size, picking procedures, re‐order levels and through‐put. All this before the fire officer and factory inspector have thrown in the usual number of justifiable spanners and before you get to the insurance company! This paper was originally presented at a High Stacking Conference organised by SHD and held in London recently.
Approaches to retail management:
Authors: Walters David
Published: February 2008

Perhaps the most controversial feature of the UK retailing scene over the past few years has been the emergence of the hypermarket; the principal company concerned has been Carrefour, who will shortly open their fourth unit at Minworth, near Sutton Coldfield. Carrefour's senior management maintain there is nothing complicated about their operation—that it has in fact been developed from the simple principles of wholesaling. This is the third in the series of “Analysis” articles in which Dr David Walters looks at a company's organisation policy, location policy, product range, pricing and promotional policies.
THE USE OF MINI‐COMPUTERS IN RETAILING
Authors: Eccles M.D.L.
Published: February 2008

One of the reasons for the dramatic growth of the mini‐computer market is the realisation on the part of retail managements in both small and large companies that this type of equipment is versatile, powerful and relatively cheap. In this article Mike Eccles defines a mini, discusses the problems of buying and selection, and examines some specific retail applications. The author is a management consultant with Gil Jones & Associates, specialising in management information systems for retail organisations. He has recently been engaged in a programme of research into the growing importance of the mini‐computer in retailing. His findings will be published in full later this year in a Report. Mike Eccles will be presenting a paper on this subject at the forthcoming OnLine Conference on Retail Data Processing, to be held in London on June 2–3.
Eldon Square: concept and reality
Authors: Chapman R.G.
Published: February 2008

Newcastle's Eldon Square, in the heart of the city's commercial centre, opened early last year after a favourable response from would‐be retail tenants. With over 1.6 million sq ft of gross floorspace, it is Capital & Counties' largest development in the UK. The Centre was discussed from a number of viewpoints at the College of Shopping Centre Education—the meeting of the International Council of Shopping Centres—held in London recently, and the papers which follow are summarised from those delivered at the conference. We begin with the architect's view, then that of the principal tenant, a John Lewis department store, and conclude with a discussion of some of the leasing and real estate aspects.
THE USE OF AN OWN BRAND CREDIT CARD SYSTEM
Authors: Guilbert J.M.
Published: February 2008

Credit cards are now widely accepted by the public, and in recent years some retailers have introduced their own. This secures customer loyalty, but can be a costly system to administer. MCS have developed a new service designed to overcome operational problems and to help retailers promote their own credit card systems.
National brands and own labels
Authors: Bennion B.G.
Published: February 2008

The use of own label requires complete dedication and commitment by all levels of management retailing the product; it must also be backed by constant and rigorous quality control to ensure that customer confidence is built on a solid foundation. Mr. Bennion was speaking at a recent symposium organised by the CIES on the subject of Assortment Management, attended by 115 delegates from ten countries.
A voice response system for wholesaling
Authors: Harrison Colin G.
Published: February 2008

It was initially the attraction of very cheap terminals (then around £150 each) which led John Menzies in 1974 to install a Wavetek audio response system for data collection. This paper, delivered at the OnLine conference on Retail Data for Management in June, outlines the application.
Customer account profitability
Authors: Gattorna John , Walters David
Published: February 2008

Customer account profitability can provide a much clearer understanding of the relative profitability of all customers; and the use of it may well prompt a company to seek a more cost effective distribution channel. This is the first of a series of articles in which CAP will be discussed; this article will define CAP and develop a basic model; it will also report on initial research conducted within the food industry to establish the extent to which it is used in management decision making.
SHOPLIFTING
Authors: Davey Ray
Published: February 2008

Nobody knows with any accuracy what is stolen from retail outlets each year, nor precisely the breakdown between staff and customer theft. And what about losses at the back door? Some generalisations, however, are valid: people of all age‐groups steal food, while it is the young who are most illegally active in boutiques, and the very young in sweetshops. But how much are retailers themselves to blame, for insufficient attention to what is in essence a management function?
Selecting POS data equipment
Authors: Walters David
Published: February 2008

Most retail managements at some time or other must consider the application of EDP equipment at the point of sale in retailing. This article suggests a strategy for companies confronted with this dilemma; it attempts to marshal the factors involved in reaching a decision. It is a synthesis of the views of retailers who have been through this experience formulated into a decision‐making framework.